text:
Talk:Horst Köhler

Untitled
He is more of an high ranking Goverment Official than a politican meaning to my knowledge he was never elected to any office but instead hold high offices to where you get appointed to.

 * Maybe "senior civil servant" would be better, then. Any other possible wordings? –Hajor 19:21, 6 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Maybe he could be called 'Premier Citizen', or 'High Citizen'. Talking about 'electing a Federal President' leaves a bit of an after taste. As I remember from Germany, there are negotiations when election time comes up and when they have agreed on the future office holder, they call for the Federal Assembly to meet. They then have a vote which really is more of an appointment. In my view, they should really be honest enough to say that the Federal Assembly appoints the Federal President. Youngsters think there are real elections going on and when they grow up they are disappointed that this bit of democracy was more a piece of theatre. They feel cheated and disillusioned - why not say what it really is?

Less symantics, I am somewhat speechless, that just for once a German President speaks an honest word and tells the truth, he must resign. This has been forgotten in all the hooha, it seems. 121.209.50.162 (talk) 07:21, 5 June 2010 (UTC)

Köhler was elected with just one single vote more than was necessary, although the camp that was supposed to back him had a larger majority. The Federal Assembly elects, it does not simply appoint, the Federal President. Cs32en  Talk to me  08:48, 5 June 2010 (UTC)
 * The difference between election and appointment is that one person appoints, but a collection of votes from different persons elect. And, yes, the President is a politician. The English neither vote for their Head of State. If we are friendly, we remember such persons as Adenauer and call the Federal Assembly a piece of conclavism in light form (the words "habemus praesidentem" have been coined already); of course, there are negotiations, but there is also a free and secret vote (the latter is usually not the case in the Bundestag, when voting about laws).--93.133.204.189 (talk) 23:40, 29 July 2011 (UTC)

Parents of Horst Köhler, German settlers in Poland
Following text was twice removed from the article. I think it is relevant, but if you don't like the historical background, I disagree with the false statements, so I am going to cut the text to minimum. Either true background or basic info.

He was born as the seventh of eight children into a family of Germans from Glückstal in Romanian Bessarabia, who were settled in the village of Skierbieszów, Zamosc County, Eastern Poland in 1942 in the course of collonisation effort planned in Generalplan Ost. His parents had left Bessarabia during Nazi-Soviet population transfers 1940 that followed its annexations to Soviet Union on the conditions of Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact. His family later fled to Leipzig, and in 1953 they fled to Ludwigsburg in Baden-Württemberg.

If somebody wants to learn more: Sources for the Fall of German populations in the East Cautious 12:08, 27 May 2004 (UTC)

Reversion
I have reverted the article to the last edit by Cautious. Now Burschenschafter, if you're reading this: my rejection of your edit has nothing to do with you personally, or with my agreement or disagreement with the sentiments you expressed. I am personally ambivalent about them. What concerns me is the neutrality of the article. Wikipedia policy calls for all articles to be written from a Neutral Point of View. What you wrote could be construed as bias. To say that his parents "had to leave" Bessarabia when the Soviets annexed it is untrue: there are still ethnic Germans living there today. It may not be nice for them, and I'm sure it wasn't nice in the 1940s for Germans who stayed there, but leaving WAS a choice, not an obligation. Therefore, I have reverted it. I notice, however that you have improved the grammar. I'm going to go over it in a moment to preserve the grammatical corrections you made. Thanks for those!David Cannon 11:44, 3 Jun 2004 (UTC)

narrowly elected
To say he was narrowly elected might be true, still he was elected in the first ballot which cannot be taken for granted. Perhaps someone reword it. --Akkolon 08:19, 3 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Foreign Language Skills
Can someone speak to this? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 129.170.67.78 (talk) 17:01, 15 September 2008 (UTC)

Page Protection Notice
I am protecting this page for 24 hours, so that this seemingly endless edit war between Burschenschafter and a number of others can be thrashed out on the talk page. I will remain neutral in this, but we can't have reverting and counter-reverting every other day. Both of you, please explain your reasons for acting as you are doing. Thank you. David Cannon (Administrator), 29 July 2024 (UTC)

Unprotection notice
I am unprotesting this article, not because the problem has been dealt with (it hasn't been), but simply to keep my promise that the protection would be for 24 hours only. I will re-protect the page later if necessary, and if the problem persists, I will take it to arbitration.

I still want all involved to explain their position. Fundamentally: my understanding is that the German-Polish border changed after both world wars. The question here is whether Kohler's birthplace was internationally recognized as German territory at that time or whether it was recognized as Polish territory, occupied by Germany. I don't know the answer to that question. That's what I would like explained - with sources, if possible. If any of you could give me a satisfactory answer as to which side of the border Kohler's birthplace was legally on at the time of his birth, I think we could resolve the issue at hand by insisting on accuracy. David Cannon (administrator), 29 July 2024 (UTC)

Protection notice : Please provide sources, or else stop
This warning is for Burschenschafter, Yeti, and Space Cadet: I've said before that we can't have Wikipedia articles operating like merry-go-rounds. This endless cycle of reverting and counter-reverting without adding anything meaningful to the content has got to stop. I want all three of you to provide SOURCES that will clarify definitely which side of the Polish-German frontier Kohler's birthplace was LEGALLY on at the time of his birth. There is no question that it is in Poland now. The question is whether it was LEGALLY Polish or German territory at the time of his birth (I know it was German-occupied, but whose was it?). All of you, please provide sources. I am protecting this page from editing for 24 hours. This period may be extended if none of you provide sources for what you are saying. I am seriously considering notifying the Mediation Committee, in order to get this dispute resolved. NOTE: The face that I have protected Burschenschafter's version is not an endorsement of it, but only a recognition that it is the last version that I found here. David Cannon (administrator), 29 July 2024 (UTC)

Unprotection notice + Final warning
I am unprotecting this page after three days of protection, although the dispute has not been resolved. In fact, not one of you has even replied! This happened before, also. Reverting, counter-reverting again and again - then going completely silent when "called" on it - then back to the same old ways again afterwards? I hope that will not prove to be the case again. I still want all three of you to come up with SOURCES for your claims and counterclaims. If I have to protect the page one more time, I'm going to call in the Mediation Committee. This is my final warning. David Cannon (administrator), 29 July 2024 (UTC)

NPOV version
Facts are NPOV. I was previously unsure, but have ascertained that Kohler's birthplace was, in fact, Polish territory. It was under the General Government of Hans Frank; it was NOT part of the territory that Nazi Germany annexed. Nor was it part of the German territory that was transferred to Poland after the war. It was nothing other than Polish territory, which was under Nazi occupation. Note: Opinions are POV, but this is not an opinion. It is a plain fact. David Cannon 11:31, 9 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * A "Nazi occupation" cannot exist, because there is not a state called "Nazi". Nor is Iraq under "Republican" occupation. "Nazi" is the short name of a political party, not of any state. Thus, it is POV, just like "neocon-occupied Iraq" or "Republican-occupied" Iraq or "Likud-occupied"/"Zionist-occupied" Palestine would be POV. The same thing applies to Poland. It would be POV to refer to the city where Lech Walesa lived as "stalinist-occupied Germany" (given that the stalinists ruled the Peoples Republic of Poland).

 * I have now reworded it. "Köhler was born in Skierbieszów in Poland (then under German military occupation)" is accurate and NPOV.

"He is married to Brian Cutaia, born Eva Luise Bohnet"
"He is married to Brian Cutaia, born Eva Luise Bohnet" what does this mean?? Köhler is married to Eva. who is Brian Cutaia????

Possible corrections
Is it ok with the author to delete the passage: "Köhler now is very popular in Germany because of his frankness." because there is no evidence underlining this statmenet. Vice versa: Köhler isn't very popular at all in germany. And he can't be described by "frankness". In the way he represents himself in public he is a donnish and a cold technocrat.
 * "Köhler isn't very popular at all in germany."
 * And there is evidence for this statement? I don't see how any of these contrary statements is any more valid than the other. You critizise the lack of evidence, but you don't provide any source that supports your statement, either.
 * "Donnish" and "cold technocrat" are attributes which may reflect your personal opinion. 62.152.162.1 (talk) 00:48, 29 January 2008 (UTC)

CDU membership
The article claimed: Köhler laid down his membership in the CDU during presidency as precedent requires. There is no such precedent. Further, article 55 Basic Law defines what a president may be and what not. Party membership is allowed. Additionally, the German web page does not mention that. Instead, it lists him in the category member of CDU '-Zickzack 13:45, 17 May 2006 (UTC)'
 * Most presidents seem to let their party membership rest during the presidency (Brockhaus says all, but there are claims that Heinemann didn't, I'm not sure). In a way, their party affiliation doesn't count while they are president. Perhaps we should explain that in a footnote, especially if we can get information about the status of Köhler's CDU membership from a reliable source? Kusma (討論) 17:14, 21 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Brockhaus need not constitute proof, yet Das Parlament says the same. So, I think Köhler should be listed as a party member (CDU) in both template and article -- together with a reference, as you propose, saying that he lets the membership rest during presidency. -- Zz 12:04, 4 December 2006 (UTC)

German presidents remain members of their respective party while being in office. http://www.welt.de/politik/article3106716/Schwan-attackiert-Koehler-CDU-schaeumt.html 80.132.37.19 (talk) 17:49, 12 February 2009 (UTC)

The German President isn't allowed to be a member of a party durning his presidency. In the German Wikipedia you can find the same Information: Horst Köhler isn't a member of the CDU in the moment. In the German Wikipedia you can't find anything about a party-membership in the first lines! They always say, for example '' .. is the President of the Federal Republic of Germany since July 1. 2004''.

 * That's rubbish!! There is no legal requirement of a President quitting his party. The only case I know positively is President Weizsäcker, who simply made his membership dormant but didn't quit. I never heard of Presidents Herzog or Rau quitting their memberships, so there is no precedent. Anyway, precedent would be irrelevant in German law. Oh, and Wikipedia cannot be a source for Wikipedia. Not even the German one (which actually states clearly that he is a CDU politician). Str1977 (talk) 15:19, 31 May 2010 (UTC)

He isn't a member of the CDU! He was the candidate of the CDU but durning his presidency he isn't a member of the party! --Sulzbeach (talk) 15:58, 31 May 2009 (UTC)

 * Your first statement is false and unsourced. Your second is irrelevant as yes, he was nominated by CDU, CSU and FDP at this 2nd election. He was nominated by CDU and CSU at his first. That doesn't make him a member of all these parties - he has only ever been a member of the CDU. If you have a source for him quitting his party (which of course is possible but not required by anyone), bring it on. Str1977 (talk) 15:22, 31 May 2010 (UTC)

Wow... just wow
The amount of vandalism that has been conducted on this page is why people do not allow wikipedia to be used as a credible source. I wish that this be locked until the sheer amount of vandalism is undone, which could take a long time, and remain locked so that such acts of vandalism do not occur. I have taken steps today to help alleviate the problems, but I know very little about this man the sheer volume of material needed to be fixed is daunting. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Kesselring88 (talk • contribs) 03:23, 21 March 2008 (UTC)

candidate of the CDU/CSU
At the election in 2004, Horst Köhler was just the candidate of the Christian Democrats! Not of the liberal FDP! At the election in 2009, he was the common candidate of the Christian Democrats and the FDP! Thats a difference! Please change this!Thanks! --Sulzbeach (talk) 19:02, 10 June 2009 (UTC)

Successor
Jens Börnsen is according to the German Grundgesetz the new acting President and thus the successo of Köhler. He is, however, only taking over the rights and obligations of the President, not the title. -- Chtrede (talk) 13:39, 31 May 2010 (UTC)

And as such, he is not the sucessor. The only sucessor of a Bundespräsident is another Bundespräsident. The Bundesratspräsident, what Böhrnsen actually is, is merely filling in for the President. He would do so if the President merely were absent or ill, he does so now. He is not President of Germany as discharging the duties of head of state for the time being.

And since you like to talk about the Grundgesetz, here is the text, article 57:

"Die Befugnisse des Bundespräsidenten werden im Falle seiner Verhinderung oder bei vorzeitiger Erledigung des Amtes durch den Präsidenten des Bundesrates wahrgenommen."

There is nothing in there about the President of the Bundesrat becomes President or acting President. It merely puts forth who discharges the duties and rights of the office during absense. Str1977 (talk) 14:07, 31 May 2010 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 18:16, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Horst Köhler


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Talk:Command economy

Definitions
I got out my econ notes from a while back, if someone wants to rewrite the article with these definitions assuming they get no objections, go ahead:

There are two different ways to catergorize an economy into two.

Little Regulation Heavy Regulation

and

Low Government Expenditure High Government Expenditure

Heavy regulation AND high government expenditure are command economies, heavily regulated economies are planned (price wages enforced by the Nazis for example (although I didn't mean the example to be so extreme)), little regulation is decentralized, low government expenditure is capitalist, high government expenditure is socialist, and free market is both low government expenditure and little regulation.

Note that these are very subjective, and are not as simple as saying "Above 50% government expenditure as a portion of the GDP is socialist," because France has above 50% government expenditure as a portion of GDP and some people refer to it as Capitalist and some as Socialist. Similarly the argument goes for little and heavy regulation, some may say that the U.S. is decentralized while others are extreme enough to say it's a planned economy, the difference in opinion comes from the subjectivity of the two terms (I, for example, say that the U.S. is a planned economy because I'm pissed off and opposed to the regulations on power companies; but that's my opinion). China considers itself Socialist, while many other consider it Capitalist. Some consider the Soviet Union Capitalist because of it's Black Market activities. And so on.

In other words:

Little Regulation AND low government expenditure=Free Market Economy

Little Regulation=Decentralized Heavy Regulation=Planned

and

Low Government Expenditure=Capitalist High Government Expenditure=Socialist

High government Expenditure AND heavy Regulation=Command Economy

Oh! And a mixed economy is any economy that is thought of as a mix between socialist and Capitalist, technically this is all countries, but it is also a subjective factor (Subjective in that the percentiles aren't really placed, it's not like below 10% government expenditure is Capitlist, from 10-90 is mixed, and Socialist is >90).

If no one else ends up objecting to this, I'll begin unstubbing this command economy article. Fephisto 16:04, 6 December 2005 (UTC)

Previous redirection
This page previously redirected to Planned Economy. I've de-directed because I've just made substantial changes to both articles and hope they can grow separately from now on. The Land 14:55, 14 November 2005 (UTC)

Definitions: Reply
Those are characteristics that may be used to find economies that approximate command economies. It sounds like criteria set out in the opening of a research paper. That's fine, but the previous definition was the abstract definition used in economic theory. A pure command economy has probably never existed much like a free-market economy has never existed. Your professor most likely presented criteria for finding real-world approximations to the pure command economy of economic theory. However, a rigorous definition must be made for purposes of economic modeling. The model that follows has important results for economic theory such as the high transaction costs and price signals that are mentioned in paragraph two.

We cannot infer very many interesting results on the basis of a qualitative judgement of regulation and government expenditure in GDP. But we can infer quite a bit if we rigorously define a command economy according to central control of price and output.

In any case, there are many definitions and I need to do more research on it. Off to Jstor I go...

--10lbs of potatoes 18:44, 20 December 2005 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Command economy


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Wikipedia talk:List of interwiki redirects

The page can be updated with the following query: SELECT cur_namespace, cur_title, cur_text FROM `brokenlinks`, cur WHERE bl_to LIKE '%:%' AND bl_from = cur_id AND cur_is_redirect=1 LIMIT 1000 A few of the results will be defective redirects in namespaces other than the article namespace. -- User:Docu

Rationale
What is the rationale for this page? As far as I can see, it should much rather be a category, but without a good rationale, I'd lean towards just getting rid of it (with no disrespect intended for the contributors). --Swift 00:57, 18 September 2006 (UTC)
 * I had no idea either! But I've found the rationale on Template talk:Tip of the day/archive 01. The problem is that "What links here" does not work across wikis. --Kubanczyk (talk) 14:24, 14 May 2008 (UTC)


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Talk:Core

IP cores
Should there be a reference to "IP cores" here? -User:RatOmeter
 * clarified reference to IP cores in entry on Semiconductor intellectual property core Artemgy (talk) 07:52, 8 October 2019 (UTC)

Split other technology from computers
The first section (currently the longest) is "Computers and technology", but most of this is about information technology, but there are two other entries - core (manufacturing) and nuclear reactor core that seem incongruous together with the rest.

I propose separating Computers and technology into "Information technology" and "Engineering". At this point Information technology might not be quite the longest section in this article, so it might be sensible to to move both these new sections under the umbrella section of Science (of which they are both arguably part).

Any views? Artemgy (talk) 07:52, 8 October 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Core


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Exergonic reaction

In chemical thermodynamics, an exergonic reaction is a chemical reaction where the change in the free energy is negative (there is a net release of free energy). This indicates a spontaneous reaction if the system is closed and initial and final temperatures are the same. For processes that take place in a closed system at constant pressure and temperature, the Gibbs free energy is used, whereas the Helmholtz energy is relevant for processes that take place at constant volume and temperature. Any reaction occurring at constant temperature without input of electrical or photon energy is exergonic, according to the second law of thermodynamics. An example is cellular respiration.

Symbolically, the release of free energy, $G$, in an exergonic reaction (at constant pressure and temperature) is denoted as

 * $$\Delta G=G_{\rm{p}}-G_{\rm{r}}<0.\,$$

Although exergonic reactions are said to occur spontaneously, this does not imply that the reaction will take place at an observable rate. For instance, the disproportionation of hydrogen peroxide releases free energy but is very slow in the absence of a suitable catalyst. It has been suggested that eager would be a more intuitive term in this context.

More generally, the terms exergonic and endergonic relate to the free energy change in any process, not just chemical reactions. By contrast, the terms exothermic and endothermic relate to an enthalpy change in a closed system during a process, usually associated with the exchange of heat.

title: Exergonic reaction


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OpenCores

OpenCores is a community developing digital open-source hardware through electronic design automation (EDA), with a similar ethos to the free software movement. OpenCores hopes to eliminate redundant design work and significantly reduce development costs. A number of companies have been reported as adopting OpenCores IP in chips, or as adjuncts to EDA tools. OpenCores is also sometimes cited as an example of open source in the electronics hardware community.

OpenCores has always been a commercially owned organization. In 2015, its core active users established the independent Free and Open Source Silicon Foundation (FOSSi Foundation), and created another directory on the librecores.org website as the basis for all future development, independent of commercial control. It has been shut down to redirect to a post on the FOSSi Foundation website seven years later in favor of a simple web search, reasoning that "free and open source silicon is no longer a dream".

History
Damjan Lampret, one of the founders of OpenCores, stated on his website that it began in 1999. The new website and its objectives were reported publicly by EE Times in 2000 and CNET News in 2001. Through the following years it was supported by advertising and sponsorship, including by Flextronics.

In mid-2007 an appeal was put out for a new backer. That November, Swedish design house ORSoC AB agreed to take over maintenance of the OpenCores website.

EE Times reported in late 2008 that OpenCores had passed the 20,000 subscriber mark. In October 2010 it reached 95,000 registered users and had approximately 800 projects. In July 2012 it reached 150,000 registered users.

During 2015, ORSoC AB formed a joint venture with KNCMiner AB to develop bitcoin mining machines. As this became the primary focus of the business, they were able to spend less time with the opencores.org project. In response to the growing lack of commitment, the core OpenRISC development team set up the Free and Open Source Silicon Foundation (FOSSi), and registered the librecores.org website as the basis for all future development, independent of commercial control.

Licensing
In the absence of a widely accepted open source hardware license, the components produced by the OpenCores initiative use several different software licenses. The most common is the GNU LGPL, which states that any modifications to a component must be shared with the community, while one can still use it together with proprietary components. The less restrictive 3-clause BSD license is also used in some hardware projects, while the GNU GPL is often used for software components, such as models and firmware.

The OpenCores library
The library will consist of design elements from central processing units, memory controllers, peripherals, motherboards, and other components. Emerging semiconductor manufacturers could use the information and license designs for free.

The emphasis is on digital modules called "cores", commonly known as IP Cores. The components are used for creating both custom integrated circuits (ASICs) and FPGAs.

The cores are implemented in the hardware description languages Verilog, VHDL or SystemC, which may be synthesized to either silicon or gate arrays.

The project aims at using a common non-proprietary system bus named Wishbone, and most components are nowadays adapted to this bus.

Among the components created by OpenCores contributors are:

 * OpenRISC – a highly configurable RISC central processing unit
 * Amber (processor core) – an ARM-compatible RISC central processing unit
 * A Zilog Z80 clone
 * USB 2.0 controller
 * Tri Ethernet controller, 10/100/1000 Mbit
 * Encryption units, for example DES, AES and RSA
 * HyperTransport Tunnel
 * A PIC16F84 core
 * Zet – an x86 compatible core

OpenRISC ASIC
In April 2011 OpenCores opened donations for a new project to develop a complete system on a chip design based on the OpenRISC processor and implement it into an ASIC-component. OpenCores affiliated with OpenCores, for example OpenSPARC and LEON.

title: OpenCores


text:
Total cost of ownership

Total cost of ownership (TCO) is a financial estimate intended to help buyers and owners determine the direct and indirect costs of a product or service. It is a management accounting concept that can be used in full cost accounting or even ecological economics where it includes social costs.

For manufacturing, as TCO is typically compared with doing business overseas, it goes beyond the initial manufacturing cycle time and cost to make parts. TCO includes a variety of cost of doing business items, for example, ship and re-ship, and opportunity costs, while it also considers incentives developed for an alternative approach. Incentives and other variables include tax credits, common language, expedited delivery, and customer-oriented supplier visits.

Use of concept
TCO, when incorporated in any financial benefit analysis, provides a cost basis for determining the total economic value of an investment. Examples include: return on investment, internal rate of return, economic value added, return on information technology, and rapid economic justification.

A TCO analysis includes total cost of acquisition and operating costs, as well as costs related to replacement or upgrades at the end of the life cycle. A TCO analysis is used to gauge the viability of any capital investment. An enterprise may use it as a product/process comparison tool. It is also used by credit markets and financing agencies. TCO directly relates to an enterprise's asset and/or related systems total costs across all projects and processes, thus giving a picture of the profitability over time.

Computer and software industries
TCO analysis was popularized by the Gartner Group in 1987. The roots of this concept date at least back to the first quarter of the twentieth century. Many different methodologies and software tools have been developed to analyze TCO in various operational contexts.

TCO is applied to the analysis of information technology products, seeking to quantify the financial impact of deploying a product over its life cycle. These technologies include software and hardware, and training.

Technology deployment can include the following as part of TCO:

 * Computer hardware and programs
 * Network hardware and software
 * Server hardware and software
 * Workstation hardware and software
 * Installation and integration of hardware and software
 * Purchasing research
 * Warranties and licenses
 * License tracking/compliance
 * Migration expenses
 * Risks: susceptibility to vulnerabilities, availability of upgrades, patches and future licensing policies, etc.
 * Operation expenses
 * Infrastructure (floor space)
 * Electricity (for related equipment, cooling, backup power)
 * Testing costs
 * Downtime, outage and failure expenses
 * Diminished performance (i.e. users having to wait, diminished money-making ability)
 * Security (including breaches, loss of reputation, recovery and prevention)
 * Backup and recovery process
 * Technology/user training
 * Audit (internal and external)
 * Insurance
 * Information technology personnel
 * Corporate management time
 * Long term expenses
 * Replacement
 * Future upgrade or scalability expenses
 * Decommissioning

In the case of comparing TCO of existing versus proposed solutions, consideration should be put toward costs required to maintain the existing solution that may not necessarily be required for a proposed solution. Examples include cost of manual processing that are only required to support lack of existing automation, and extended support personnel.

Facilities and built environment
Total cost of ownership can be applied to the structure and systems of a single building or a campus of buildings. Pioneered by Doug Christensen and the facilities department at Brigham Young University starting in the 1980s, the concept gained more traction in educational facilities in the early 21st century.

The application of TCO in facilities goes beyond the predictive cost analysis for a new building’s “first cost” (planning, construction and commissioning), to factor in a variety of critical requirements and costs over the life of the building:

 * replacement of energy, utility, and safety systems;
 * continual maintenance of the building exterior and interior and replacement of materials;
 * updates to design and functionality;
 * and recapitalization costs.

A key objective of planning, constructing, operating, and managing buildings via TCO principals is for building owners and facility professionals to predict needs and deliver data-driven results. TCO can be applied any time during the life of a facility asset to manage cost inputs for the life of the structure or system into the future.

Developing standards for TCO in facilities
APPA, an ANSI Accredited Standards Developer, published APPA 1000-1 – Total Cost of Ownership for Facilities Asset Management (TCO) – Part 1: Key Principles as an American National Standard in December 2017.

APPA 1000-1 provides financial officers, facility professionals, architects, planners, construction workforce, and operations and maintenance (O&M) personnel the foundation of a standardized and holistic approach to implementing TCO key principles. Implementation of TCO key principles can improve decision making, maximizing financial strategies over the life of an asset, starting at the planning and design stage and extends to the end of the asset's life.

APPA 1000-2, slated for publication in 2019, will focus on implementation and application of key TCO principals in facility management.

Transportation
The TCO concept is easily applicable to the transportation industry and to motor vehicle ownership, for example, the TCO defines the cost of owning an automobile from the time of purchase by the owner, through its operation and maintenance to the time it leaves the possession of the owner. Comparative TCO studies between various models help consumers choose a car to fit their needs and budget.

Some of the key elements incorporated in the cost of ownership for a vehicle include:
 * Depreciation costs
 * Fuel costs
 * Insurance
 * Financing
 * Repairs
 * Fees and taxes
 * Maintenance costs
 * Opportunity costs
 * Downtime costs.

title: Total cost of ownership


text:
WWEV-FM

WWEV-FM (91.5 MHz) is a non-commercial Christian radio station licensed to Cumming, Georgia, and serving the Northeast Atlanta metropolitan area. It is owned by RLN Global, Inc. and calls itself Victory 91.5. The station has a contemporary Christian format with some Christian talk and teaching programs. WWEV-FM funds its operations by asking for listener donations and holding periodic fundraising drives on the air.

The Victory 91.5 studios and offices are on Sawnee Drive in Cumming. The transmitter is off Tower Road on Sawnee Mountain.

Early years
The station signed on the air on December 15, 1981. It was originally owned by the Curriculum Development Foundation and broadcast at only 220 watts. It has always been a Christian radio station, but with different programming and music at its founding. In its early days, the radio station was totally automated. The music and announcers were pre-recorded. The tapes were shuttled back and forth to the transmitter site on Sawnee Mountain in Cumming. The operations were in a one-room portable building at the base of the tower on top of the mountain. Bad weather made changing the tapes dangerous and difficult.

Jim Pennington was the first General Manager and in the early years Bonnie Voss was the only on-air personality. The station hired Mike Fernandez as the afternoon announcer in 1983. His slot was called "Heading Home with Mike." Fernandez was instrumental in bringing contemporary Christian music to the station. In 1984, Tim Bagley was hired to do fill in work but later started one of the longest running Christian rock shows in the United States, "Powersource".

Music
In the early history of the station the music was different from the current style. Most of the playlist could be classified as inspirational with some southern gospel artists. The music included such artists as Doug Oldham, George Beverly Shea, The Continental Singers and The Haven of Rest Quartet.

The format was changed to all contemporary in 1985 when Barry Holt became the General Manager. The music aired on the station is selected for its message content. Music makes up most of the 24-hour day, targeted to young and middle-aged listeners, with special emphasis on youth on Saturday night. A couple of hours each day are set aside for Christian talk and teaching.

Technology
Victory 91.5 made the switch from https://victory915.com to https://victory.radio on May 9, 2017. The radio station was one of the first to have access to the EBU's new gTLD.

title: WWEV-FM


text:
WCLK

WCLK (91.9 FM) – branded as Jazz 91.9 – is a non-commercial jazz radio station licensed to serve Atlanta, Georgia. Owned by Clark Atlanta University, the station covers much of the Atlanta metropolitan area. The WCLK studios are located on the Clark University campus at the Robert W. Woodruff Library, while the station transmitter is located in Atlanta's North Druid Hills section. In addition to a standard analog transmission, WCLK broadcasts over two HD Radio digital subchannels, and is available online.

History
On April 10, 1974, WCLK signed on the air for the first time. Initially, it only broadcast at 54 watts, on a 340-foot tower. Its coverage area only extended a few miles around Clark University, a precursor to Clark Atlanta before its merger with Atlanta University in 1988. Over time, its power and antenna height were upgraded, giving the station a signal that covers all of Atlanta and its adjacent suburbs. WCLK was granted a Federal Communications Commission construction permit in early 2009 to downgrade its effective radiated power (ERP) from 6,000 watts to 480 watts, but its antenna height above average terrain was more than tripled, going to 991 feet from 308 feet, so its overall coverage area remained the same as before.

WCLK previously aired several NPR talk and information shows not heard on Atlanta's primary NPR station, WABE, during the time that WABE's schedule included daytime broadcasts of classical music. When WABE switched to news and talk for most of the day starting in 2014, WCLK dropped the NPR talk shows to air a schedule of mostly jazz music and related genres, but remains affiliated with NPR for some news and jazz programming.

WCLK collaborated with the City of Atlanta to create the Jazz of the City Atlanta portrait featuring over 100 jazz musicians surrounding Mayor Shirley Franklin in the Atlanta City Hall Atrium. The color photograph by Seve "Obasina" Adigun and Gregory Turner, taken in April 2007, mirrors the iconic, classic, black-and-white image, A Great Day in Harlem 1958 by Art Kane.

Nationally distributed shows produced at WCLK include Jazz in the New Millennium and The SOUL of Jazz. Both are distributed by the African-American Public Radio Consortium.

WCLK was relayed by two broadcast translators, whose ranges were entirely within its main broadcast area. Its former six-watt translator W250BC in Riverdale was sold for $100,000 to Extreme Media Group in November 2007, then to commercial broadcaster Cumulus Media in February 2009. WCLK was then relayed by W275BK in Decatur, which broadcast 170 watts on 102.9, owned by the Radio Assist Ministry.

WCLK currently has an FM translator, W209CG, 89.7 MHz in Tallapoosa, Georgia.

title: WCLK


text:
User:Ulrich Rosemeyer~enwiki

Ulrich Rosemeyer (*1963) lives in Gifhorn, Germany.

Since Sept 2002 he´s retraining in physiotherapy. He hopes to finish in the first run at Sept 2005 :-) Its a hard job to do.

He loves Reading, Writing, Scrabble&reg, Running, Swimming, and Biking. He unlikes alcohol and cigs. Against all superfluity he minds driving, handies and TV.

Wikipedia catched his eye at 3rd march 2004. The "SPIEGEL" (magazine) wrote about the increasing rush in Germany and the big success worldwide. He was suddenly inspired and Wikipedia engrained his heart as there was nothin´before. Practicing the first steps was an evening to do and so he began to write.

So long he has waited on such an open space. That´s "real internet" in his opinion. Mankind should never stop to "talk" like this in order to preserve the knowledge and to become a peaceful and happy community.

He hopes to find enough time to widen also the English Wikipedia. So far :-)

wikis: Diana Krall -

de:Benutzer:Ulrich Rosemeyer

title: User:Ulrich Rosemeyer~enwiki


text:
WVFJ-FM

WVFJ-FM (93.3 MHz, "The JOY FM") is a non-commercial radio station licensed to Greenville, Georgia, and serving West-Central Georgia, including portions of Metro Atlanta and the Columbus-Auburn-Opelika area. It is owned by the Radio Training Network with studios and offices in Tyrone. WVFJ broadcasts a Contemporary Christian radio format. It is currently silent after a tornado destroyed its tower in Greenville, off Forest Road. The station is constructing a new tower and continues to broadcast on line and on a network of rebroadcasters and FM translators.

WVFJ-FM is a Class C0 station. It had an effective radiated power (ERP) of 38,000 watts. The tower had a height above average terrain (HAAT) of 491 meters (1,611 ft). That may change with the new tower.

WFDR-FM and WQCK
The station's original call sign was WFDR-FM, signing on the air in 1967. It was the sister station to WFDR AM 1370 in Manchester. The call sign was a reference to former U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt, who had his Little White House vacation home in nearby Warm Springs, Georgia.

On the last day of October 1981, the station changed its call sign to WQCK. Two years later, it adopted its current call letters of WVFJ-FM on July 7, 1983.

Christian radio
On February 13, 1981, Atlanta businessman Bill Watkins and his wife Joyce founded Provident Broadcasting Company in order to create a radio ministry for the benefit of Christians and others seeking spiritual inspiration. WVFJ, which began using the moniker "The JOY FM", was their first station. It operated as a commercial radio station, selling advertising to support its operations. In 1998, it moved its radio studios from the small community of Manchester into Atlanta radio market as Metro Atlanta's first Contemporary Christian station. The transmitter was moved closer to Atlanta to Greenville.

Provident Broadcasting Company was a wholly-owned subsidiary of Watkins Associated Industries, Incorporated. The group's stated mission was to provide wholesome family programming filled with joy, hope, and encouragement.

In March 2011, WVFJ became officially owned by Radio Training Network. One of the changes under new ownership was that after 30 years, WVFJ became a non-commercial, listener-supported station instead of selling advertising. In May, WVFJ added 11,000 watts to its effective radiated power.

WVFJ-FM is in a three-way competition for the Christian Contemporary audience in the Atlanta market. Listeners can also choose 104.7 WFSH-FM, a commercial station known as "The Fish," owned by the Salem Media Group. And the Tennessee-based Educational Media Foundation owns 106.7 WAKL, part of the non-commercial K-Love network.

Tower collapse
On January 12, 2023, WVFJ's transmitter tower was destroyed by a tornado. A series of tornados in Georgia and Alabama resulted in seven fatalities and caused millions of dollars in damage.

The station is in the process of restoring the tower and getting back on the air. While the tower is reconstructed, programming continues to be heard on line and on a series of rebroadcasters and FM translators in Georgia and Alabama.

In May of 2024, construction of the new tower was completed at the same location as the previous tower and the station began to broadcast at full power.

Translator network
The station is retransmitted on W270AS 101.9 in Carrollton to the northwest and W231AO 94.1 in Columbus, all located southwest of Atlanta in Western Georgia. It is also listed as the primary station for multiple other translator applications filed by Edgewater Broadcasting in 2003, in what was called the "Great Translator Invasion".

All of its translators are in Western Georgia and Eastern Alabama. Two translators rebroadcast WVFJ's HD Radio digital subchannels, one airing Contemporary worship music and one airing Christian hip hop.

Notable DJ

 * Rob Redding

title: WVFJ-FM


text:
William W. Ellsworth

William Wolcott Ellsworth (November 10, 1791 – January 15, 1868) was a Yale-educated attorney who served as the 30th governor of Connecticut, a three-term United States Congressman, a justice of the State Supreme Court.

Biography
Born in Windsor on November 10, 1791, Ellsworth was the son of Founding Father Oliver Ellsworth, and son-in-law of Noah Webster, who named Ellsworth executor of his will. His twin brother was Henry Leavitt Ellsworth, first Commissioner of the United States Patent Office. He completed preparatory studies, and graduated from Yale College in 1810. He studied law at Tapping Reeve's Litchfield Law School in Litchfield, was afterwards admitted to the bar in 1811.

Among Ellsworth's Yale classmates was Samuel F. B. Morse, whose idea of the telegraph would later be championed by Ellsworth's twin brother Henry Leavitt Ellsworth during his term as the first Commissioner of the U.S. Patent Office.

On September 14, 1813, he was married to Emily S. Webster, eldest daughter of Rebecca Greenleaf and Noah Webster Jr., publisher of dictionaries. Noah Webster named Ellsworth as one of the executors of his will of 1843.

Career

Ellsworth was appointed professor of law at Trinity College in 1827, which position he held until his death. His law partner starting in 1817 was his brother-in-law Chief Justice of the Connecticut Supreme Court Thomas Scott Williams, who was elected to the U.S. Congress that year and sought a younger partner to manage his practice in his absence. (Judge Williams was married to Ellsworth's sister.) Aged 26, Ellsworth took up the reins of Congressman Williams' law practice, the largest in the state.

As an Anti-Jacksonian Ellsworth was elected to the Twenty-first, Twenty-second, and Twenty-third United States Congresses and served from March 4, 1829, to July 8, 1834, when he resigned.

Ellsworth was elected governor of Connecticut 1838–1842. During his tenure, a progressive method for voter registration was constituted and a school commission was founded.

In 1847, Elsworth became judge of the Connecticut Supreme Court and served from 1847 to 1861, when, by the constitutional provision relative to age, he retired. He twice declined to accept the nomination to the United States Senate, and retired from public life.

Death
Ellsworth died in Hartford on January 15, 1868. The former Congressman and Governor is interred at the Old North Cemetery in Hartford.

The lawyer and orator Rufus Choate said of Ellsworth before the Massachusetts General Assembly: "If the land of Shermans, Griswolds, Daggets and Williams, rich as she is in learning and virtue, has a sounder lawyer, a more upright magistrate, or an honester man in her public service, I know not his name."

title: William W. Ellsworth


text:
Talk:Critique of the marketing concept

 * Previous deletion debate

title: Talk:Critique of the marketing concept


text:
WSBB-FM

WSBB-FM (95.5 MHz) is a commercial radio station licensed to Doraville, Georgia, and serving Metro Atlanta. It is owned by the Cox Media Group. WSBB-FM is simulcast with WSB, both airing a news/talk radio format. On the air, the stations are referred to as "95.5 WSB", only occasionally mentioning the FM station's call sign or the AM station's frequency.

The studios and offices are on West Peachtree Street NE in Atlanta, in the WSB-TV and Radio Group Building. The transmitter is on the WSB-FM broadcast tower in Edgewood, just east of Downtown Atlanta. WSBB-FM broadcasts in the HD Radio hybrid format.

Early years
The station first signed on the air on May 1, 1948, as WGAU-FM on 99.5 MHz in Athens, Georgia. It broadcast at 3,600 watts, simulcasting sister station WGAU, still owned by Cox. In 1956, when Channel 11 (now WXIA-TV) came on the air in Atlanta, WGAU-FM created a second harmonic at 199.0, on top of the video carrier of WXIA-TV at 199.25. That caused interference for WXIA-TV, so WGAU-FM got permission from the Federal Communications Commission to move to 102.5 MHz. In 1962, WGAU-FM began broadcasting each day in stereo for six hours, the second station in Georgia to devote a significant part of its day to playing music in stereo. In 1962, WGAU-FM moved to 95.5 FM.

Country (1968–1999)
In 1968, the station became WNGC, standing for "North Georgia Country". It was North Georgia's first full-time FM country music station and one of the first stand-alone FM country stations in the nation, not simply rebroadcasting a country AM station. WNGC went to a 24 hours a day schedule in 1976 and began broadcasting with an effective radiated power of 100,000 watts from the Neese Tower in Madison County.

Rhythmic (1999–2010)
In 1999, Clarke Broadcasting, long-time owner of WNGC and WGAU, wanted to sell its Athens properties. Cox Radio acquired the stations for $78 million. Cox decided to flip WNGC to Top 40, briefly using the WYAP call letters before settling on WBTS, using the moniker "The Beat".

On September 25, 1999, the country format was dropped and the station began stunting with a loop of "Wild Thing" by Tone-Loc. When "The Beat" officially signed on September 27, its direction focused on mainstream pop, dance, and rock, even though it had a rhythmic lean. Under the direction of Program Director Dale O'Brian, it would drop all mainstream pop/rock and go rhythmic full-time. The rhythmic direction paid off in the Arbitron ratings, putting them among the top 10 stations in Atlanta. With this hip-hop bent, WBTS competed with WVEE and WHTA, while on the top-40 side it competed with WWWQ and WSTR. With the implementation of Portable People Meters in the Atlanta Arbitrons, WBTS had the second-most listened-to cume in the market behind WVEE.

In October 2005, the station switched its slogan from "Atlanta's New #1 Hit Music Station" to "Atlanta's New #1 for Hip Hop". Despite the shift, Cox was still billing the station as rhythmic top 40 (as the station still added rhythmic-friendly pop artists like Pink to its playlist) and continued to report to R&R's rhythmic reporting panel. Also in 2005, Cox received FCC approval to change WBTS's city of license from Athens, a city 40 miles from Atlanta, to Doraville, a suburb of Atlanta; the station's studios and transmitter did not move with that change. In August 2006, the station tapped on-air personality Murph Dawg from WHZT, a Cox station in Greenville to host a new morning show with 6-year Atlanta veteran Stacy C, billing it as "Murph Dawg in the Morning with Stacy C". The alliance was short-lived, and after only a few months, Murph Dawg found himself solo. In May 2007, WBTS hired a member of WHTA's "The A-Team" morning show, CJ. The newly created morning show "Murph Dawg & CJ in the Morning" rose in the 18-34 demographics. In Spring 2008, WBTS hit its highest numbers in station history, with a 6.5 share in 18–34. "Murph Dawg & CJ in the Morning" hit 5th place, with later dayparts reaching the Top 2 and Top 3 ranks. In August 2008, WBTS again pulled a personality from across the street at WHTA, tapping overnight jock and mixer Mami Chula to fill the Night Show position that had been vacant since former night host Austin left in November 2007 for a gig in Indianapolis.

Other personalities that made up the WBTS weekday lineup included K-Dubb in middays, and Maverick in afternoons. Kenny Hamilton, Traci Steele, Johnny D, and Mo Reilley rounded-out the weekend lineup with DJ Kidd handling the primary mix show duties. The station program director was Cagle with Maverick as the assistant program director/music director.

In 2009, WBTS gained another competitor, as Clear Channel's WWVA-FM flipped from Spanish contemporary to rhythmic contemporary, becoming "105-7 the Groove". (WWVA-FM later hired Mami Chula for nights and Maverick for middays and programming duties after WBTS left the rhythmic format.)

News/talk (2010–present)
On August 16, 2010, Cox abruptly flipped WBTS to a simulcast of WSB. Cox Radio officials said that the move was necessary to keep WSB, long the dominant radio station in Atlanta, relevant to younger listeners who did not usually listen to AM radio. WBTS's DJs and sales staff were offered jobs at other stations in the Cox Atlanta cluster. The callsign was changed to WSBB-FM that October 1, a move made to adjust the callsign to parallel its AM parent (the heritage WSB-FM callsign remains at 98.5 FM).

On July 31, 2019, WSB and WSBB rebranded as "95.5 WSB". While AM 750 remains the primary signal, all references to it were dropped aside from hourly legal station identification. WSBB-FM began broadcasting from its new transmitter location east of Atlanta on August 20, 2019. Besides a desire to reach younger listeners, WSBB-FM also serves to improve WSB's coverage in areas where the AM side's daytime signal has usually been weak. WSB's daytime coverage area is not nearly as large as that of other 50,000-watt AM stations due to Georgia's poor ground conductivity.

Programming
WSB's Scott Slade hosted Atlanta's Morning News until February 2023, when he stepped back from full-time hosting. He was succeeded by evening news anchor Chris Chandler, and remains semi-retired as a fill-in host. AMN is followed by a local program hosted by former WSB-TV traffic reporter Mark Arum. Conservative talk show The Sean Hannity Show airs middays, syndicated via Premiere Networks (two hours of Hannity's program are tape delayed on late evenings). WSB personality Erick Erickson hosts the noontime slot held long-term by Rush Limbaugh, followed by The Von Haessler Doctrine hosted by Eric Von Haessler. The local talk show The Shelley Wynter Show (hosted by Shelley Wynter) airs in the early evening hours, while Sean Hannity's remaining hours and conservative talk host Mark Kaye air through the overnight. WSB/WSBB-FM also airs several weekend talk programs, including syndicated shows hosted by Kim Komando and Bill Handel.

WSB and WSBB-FM serve as the flagship radio stations for the University of Georgia Bulldog Radio Network, carrying all Bulldogs football and basketball games.

title: WSBB-FM


text:
Kiel probe

A Kiel probe is a device for measuring stagnation pressure or stagnation temperature in fluid dynamics. It is a variation of a Pitot probe where the inlet is protected by a "shroud" or "shield." Compared to the Pitot probe, it is less sensitive to changes in yaw angle, and is therefore useful when the probe's alignment with the flow direction is variable or imprecise.

title: Kiel probe


text:
Endergonic reaction

In chemical thermodynamics, an endergonic reaction (also called a heat absorbing nonspontaneous reaction or an unfavorable reaction) is a chemical reaction in which the standard change in free energy is positive, and an additional driving force is needed to perform this reaction. In layman's terms, the total amount of useful energy is negative (it takes more energy to start the reaction than what is received out of it) so the total energy is a net negative result, as opposed to a net positive result in an exergonic reaction. Another way to phrase this is that useful energy must be absorbed from the surroundings into the workable system for the reaction to happen.

Under constant temperature and constant pressure conditions, this means that the change in the standard Gibbs free energy would be positive,

 * $$\Delta G^\circ > 0$$

for the reaction at standard state (i.e. at standard pressure (1 bar), and standard concentrations (1 molar) of all the reagents).

In metabolism, an endergonic process is anabolic, meaning that energy is stored; in many such anabolic processes, energy is supplied by coupling the reaction to adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and consequently resulting in a high energy, negatively charged organic phosphate and positive adenosine diphosphate.

Equilibrium constant
The equilibrium constant for the reaction is related to ΔG° by the relation:

 * $$K = e^{-\frac{\Delta G^\circ}{RT}}$$

where T is the absolute temperature and R is the gas constant. A positive value of ΔG° therefore implies

 * $$K < 1 \,$$

so that starting from molar stoichiometric quantities such a reaction would move backwards toward equilibrium, not forwards.

Nevertheless, endergonic reactions are quite common in nature, especially in biochemistry and physiology. Examples of endergonic reactions in cells include protein synthesis, and the Na+/K+ pump which drives nerve conduction and muscle contraction.

Gibbs free energy for endergonic reactions
All physical and chemical systems in the universe follow the second law of thermodynamics and proceed in a downhill, i.e., exergonic, direction. Thus, left to itself, any physical or chemical system will proceed, according to the second law of thermodynamics, in a direction that tends to lower the free energy of the system, and thus to expend energy in the form of work. These reactions occur spontaneously.

A chemical reaction is endergonic when non spontaneous. Thus in this type of reaction the Gibbs free energy increases. The entropy is included in any change of the Gibbs free energy. This differs from an endothermic reaction where the entropy is not included. The Gibbs free energy is calculated with the Gibbs–Helmholtz equation:

 * $$\Delta G = \Delta H- T \cdot \Delta S$$

where:

 * $T$ = temperature in kelvins (K)
 * $\Delta G$ = change in the Gibbs free energy
 * $\Delta S$ = change in entropy (at 298 K) as $\Delta S = \sum S(\text{Product}) - \sum S(\text{Reagent})$
 * $\Delta H$ = change in enthalpy (at 298 K) as $\Delta H = \sum H(\text{Product}) - \sum H(\text{Reagent})$

A chemical reaction progresses non spontaneously when the Gibbs free energy increases, in that case the $\Delta G$ is positive. In exergonic reactions the $\Delta G$ is negative and in endergonic reactions the $\Delta G$ is positive:

 * $$\Delta_\mathrm{R} G < 0$$ exergonic
 * $$\Delta_\mathrm{R} G > 0$$ endergonic

where $$ \Delta_\mathrm{R} G $$ equals the change in the Gibbs free energy after completion of a chemical reaction.

Making endergonic reactions happen
Endergonic reactions can be achieved if they are either pulled or pushed by an exergonic (stability increasing, negative change in free energy) process. Of course, in all cases the net reaction of the total system (the reaction under study plus the puller or pusher reaction) is exergonic.

Pull
Reagents can be pulled through an endergonic reaction, if the reaction products are cleared rapidly by a subsequent exergonic reaction. The concentration of the products of the endergonic reaction thus always remains low, so the reaction can proceed.

A classic example of this might be the first stage of a reaction which proceeds via a transition state. The process of getting to the top of the activation energy barrier to the transition state is endergonic. However, the reaction can proceed because having reached the transition state, it rapidly evolves via an exergonic process to the more stable final products.

Push
Endergonic reactions can be pushed by coupling them to another reaction which is strongly exergonic, through a shared intermediate.

This is often how biological reactions proceed. For example, on its own the reaction
 * $$ X + Y \longrightarrow XY$$

may be too endergonic to occur. However it may be possible to make it occur by coupling it to a strongly exergonic reaction – such as, very often, the decomposition of ATP into ADP and inorganic phosphate ions, ATP → ADP + Pi, so that
 * $$ X + \mathit{ATP} \longrightarrow \mathit{XP} + \mathit{ADP}$$
 * $$ \mathit{XP} + Y \longrightarrow \mathit{XY} + P_i$$

This kind of reaction, with the ATP decomposition supplying the free energy needed to make an endergonic reaction occur, is so common in cell biochemistry that ATP is often called the "universal energy currency" of all living organisms.

title: Endergonic reaction


text:
WSRV

WSRV (97.1 FM) – branded 97.1 The River – is a commercial radio station licensed to Gainesville, Georgia, and serving Metro Atlanta. It is owned by the Cox Media Group. WSRV broadcasts a classic rock radio format. The studios and offices are in the Cox Television and Radio Facility on West Peachtree Street near the Brookwood neighborhood of Atlanta.

WSRV has an effective radiated power (ERP) of 100,000 watts. The transmitter tower is off Eagle Ranch Road in Braselton, at the northeastern edge of Metro Atlanta. WSRV uses the HD Radio technology. Its HD2 digital subchannel carries an alternative rock format known as "The Other Side of The River." The HD3 subchannel simulcasts the talk format on WSB. The HD4 subchannel simulcasts the Latin Pop format on WCHK.

Early years
On November 1, 1965, the station signed on as WWQT. It was the FM counterpart to AM 1580 WLBA Gainesville (now WPGY Ellijay), and were owned by the Hall County Broadcasting Company. WWQT was powered at 100,000 watts but only using a 440-foot tower, so it wasn't heard over much of Metro Atlanta.

In 1972, it was bought by Radio Athens, Inc., and would adopt the WFOX call sign. WFOX initially aired a Top 40 format, still targeting the Gainesville area of Northeastern Georgia. In 1983, the station was acquired by Shamrock Broadcasting, which had plans to make it a large market station.

Move to metro Atlanta
In 1985, Shamrock moved WFOX's tower closer to the more lucrative Atlanta media market, flipped to adult contemporary, and increased their new tower height to 1,550 feet. In 1989, Shamrock was acquired by Chancellor Media. From January 1989 to January 2003, the station aired an oldies format as "Fox 97."

In 2000, AMFM (the former Chancellor Media) was bought by Clear Channel Communications, which already owned several Atlanta stations. To meet federally mandated ownership limits, Cox Radio acquired the station.

Cox Radio ownership
On January 31, 2003, WFOX began stunting by simulcasting several of its sister stations from across the country, including WPYM in Miami, WAPE in Jacksonville, KCCN in Honolulu, KKBQ in Houston, KHPT in Houston, WBLI on Long Island, WHZT in Upstate South Carolina, KINE in Honolulu and WDYL in Richmond.

On February 3, 2003, WFOX switched to an uptempo Urban AC format as "97.1 Jamz." At first, the station ran with no DJs. Because co-owned WALR-FM ("Kiss 104.1") was so popular in the Atlanta market playing a more traditional Urban AC format, "Jamz" primarily aired '80s/'90s R&B, hip-hop and current songs, targeting primarily 25- to 39-year-olds. The station's main competitors were WVEE and WHTA, with whom it competed for the coveted 18 to 34 demographic, the same demo that rhythmic contemporary-formatted sister station WBTS targeted.

Classic hits
On January 1, 2006, the station flipped to "97.1 The River," with a mix of classic hits and classic rock, targeting people ages 25–54. The playlist was familiar and hit-oriented, like most classic hits stations, but leaned towards primarily rock songs from the late 1960s, 70s and 80s, with no pop or dance music.

On April 17, 2006, WFOX changed its own call sign to WSRV, to match the "River" moniker, which is a nod to the Chattahoochee River. The WFOX call letters would move to another Cox Radio station, the former WEFX, in Norwalk, Connecticut.

Classic rock
WSRV would later move to a more standard classic rock playlist, even though it still identifies itself on the air as "Classic Hits." In addition, WSRV plays a few 1990s titles but no 2000s music. "Rock Blocks," which feature three songs in a row from the same artist/group, sometimes including deep cuts and live material, are featured during the day and on weekends.

On June 19, 2006, Lexie Kaye became the River's first female, on-air personality doing mornings solo every weekday from 5:30 am–8:30 am. Lexie was the only live on-air personality for the River, doing all remote broadcasts and concert promotions. Chris Miller was the program director for WSRV - FM.

In October 2011, rock singer Eddie Money became the host of “Money in the Morning,” an experiment that lasted about three months.

In September 2013, WSRV upgraded to an interactive radio station. Listeners can control the music by like/dislike the songs, and record themselves then send it to be played on the air. Whatever song has the most likes when the previous one finishes is next to play.

WSRV is currently broadcasting digital radio using the HD Radio system, and features adult alternative rock on its HD-2 channel branded as "The Other Side of The River". Steve Craig, formerly of 99X, is featured as the host of "The Other Side...". Both stations stream live via WSRV's website.

Signal
WSRV's city of license is Gainesville, Georgia, in Hall County. Its transmitter is in the southern tip of Hall County, just across the line from Braselton. WSRV can be considered a "move-in" station, since it originally concentrated on the Gainesville area. While still licensed to that city, its transmitter moved closer to Atlanta to target the larger Atlanta market.

WSRV's broadcast range covers almost all of Northeast Georgia, even heard in a tiny portion of Upstate South Carolina. Other cities covered include Athens, Cartersville, Roswell and Toccoa. Depending on radio propagation conditions, with a good radio and antenna, the station can be picked up as far away as Knoxville, Tennessee, and at times, Greenville, South Carolina. Due to WSRV's transmitter location, listeners may have some trouble picking up the signal in Atlanta suburbs south and west of the city. The station has asked the FCC to downgrade to Class C0 while moving its transmitter even closer to Atlanta.

Broadcast translators
WSRV's HD2 digital subchannel carries "The Other Side of the River," an alternative rock format. It feeds two FM translators: W249CK FM 97.7 in Duluth (transmitting with 75 watts), and W228CA FM 93.5 Suwanee, transmitting with 230 watts. The translators are heard mainly in Gwinnett and adjacent northeast metro counties.

WSRV was previously the primary station for W243CE 96.5 FM, a translator in Winder, Georgia. Licensed for just five watts of effective radiated power, it is owned by Davis Broadcasting of Atlanta. It was originally permitted in 2004 and started in 2007 by Radio Assist Ministry, a company that speculatively filed for thousands of translator stations and then rented or resold them for profit.

The station had a construction permit to move to the WSRV/WSBB radio tower, increase to the maximum translator power of 250 watts, and exponentially increase its height from 4 to 392 m. This would give it the broadcast range of a Class A station. Following a change in rules by the FCC, W243CE was instead moved all the way to Columbus, Georgia, in the west central part of the state, to give an FM signal to WOKS (AM 1340).

On April 16, 2018, WSRV-HD3 began simulcasting on translator W222AF 92.3 FM Marietta with an urban contemporary format, branded as "Power 92.3 Jamz." Cox removed the W222AF programming in December 2018, due to a dispute with the programmer who was leasing the translator from its owner.

title: WSRV


text:
Gallia Belgica

Gallia Belgica ("Belgic Gaul") was a province of the Roman Empire located in the north-eastern part of Roman Gaul, in what is today primarily northern France, Belgium, and Luxembourg, along with parts of the Netherlands and Germany.

In 50 BC, after the conquest by Julius Caesar during his Gallic Wars, it became one of the three parts of Gaul (Tres Galliæ), the other two being Gallia Aquitania and Gallia Lugdunensis. An official Roman province was later created by emperor Augustus in 22 BC. The province was named for the Belgae, as the largest tribal confederation in the area, but also included the territories of the Treveri, Mediomatrici, Leuci, Sequani, Helvetii and others. The southern border of Belgica, formed by the Marne and Seine rivers, was reported by Caesar as the original cultural boundary between the Belgae and the Celtic Gauls, whom he distinguished from one another.

The province was re-organised several times, first increased and later decreased in size. Diocletian brought the northeastern Civitas Tungrorum into Germania Inferior, joining the Rhineland colonies, and the remaining part of Gallia Belgica was divided into Belgica Prima (in the eastern area of the Treveri, Mediomatrici and Leuci, around Luxembourg and the Ardennes), and Belgica Secunda (between the English Channel and the upper Meuse).

The capital of Belgica Prima, Trier, became an important late western Roman capital.

Roman conquest

In 57 BC, Julius Caesar led the conquest of northern Gaul, and already specified that the part to the north of the Seine and Marne rivers was inhabited by a people or alliance known as the Belgae. This definition became the basis of the later Roman province of Belgica. Caesar said that the Belgae were separated from the Celtic Gauls to their south by "language, custom and laws" (lingua, institutis, legibus) but he did not go into detail, except to mention that he learnt from his contacts that the Belgae had some ancestry from east of the Rhine, which he referred to as Germania. Indeed, the Belgian tribes closest to the Rhine he distinguished as the Germani cisrhenani. (Strabo stated that the differences between the Celts and Belgae, in language, politics and way of life was a small one. ) Modern historians interpret Caesar and the archaeological evidence as indicating that the core of the Belgian alliance was in the present-day northernmost corner of France; the Suessiones, Viromandui and Ambiani as well perhaps as some of their neighbours who lived in the area, Caesar identified as Belgium or Belgica. These were the leaders of the initial military alliance he confronted, and they were also more economically advanced (and therefore less "Germanic" according to Caesar's way of seeing things) than many of their more northerly allies such as the Nervii and Germani Cisrhenani.

Apart from the southern Remi, all the Belgic tribes allied against the Romans, angry at the Roman decision to garrison legions in their territory during the winter. At the beginning of the conflict, Caesar reported the allies' combined strength at 288,000, led by the Suessione king, Galba. Due to the Belgic coalition's size and reputation for uncommon bravery, Caesar avoided meeting the combined forces of the tribes in battle. Instead, he used cavalry to skirmish with smaller contingents of tribesmen. Only when Caesar managed to isolate one of the tribes did he risk conventional battle. The tribes fell in a piecemeal fashion and Caesar claimed to offer lenient terms to the defeated, including Roman protection from the threat of surrounding tribes. Most tribes agreed to the conditions. A series of uprisings followed the 57 BC conquest. The largest revolt was led by the Bellovaci in 52 BC, after the defeat of Vercingetorix. During this rebellion, it was the Belgae who avoided direct conflict. They harassed the Roman legions, led personally by Caesar, with cavalry detachments and archers. The rebellion was put down after a Bellovaci ambush of the Romans failed. The revolting party was slaughtered.

Formation under Augustus

Following a census of the region in 27 BC, Augustus ordered a restructuring of the provinces in Gaul. Therefore, in 22 BC, Marcus Agrippa split Gaul (or Gallia Comata) into three regions (Gallia Aquitania, Gallia Lugdunensis and Gallia Belgica). Agrippa made the divisions on what he perceived to be distinctions in language, race and community – Gallia Belgica was meant to be a mix of Celtic and Germanic peoples. The capital of this territory was Reims, according to the geographer Strabo, though later the capital moved to modern-day Trier. The date of this move is uncertain.

Modern historians however view the term 'Gaul' and its subdivisions as a "product of faulty ethnography" and see the split of Gallia Comata into three provinces as an attempt to construct a more efficient government, as opposed to a cultural division. Successive Roman emperors struck a balance between Romanizing the people of Gallia Belgica and allowing pre-existing culture to survive.

The Romans divided the province into four civitates, corresponding generally to ancient tribal boundaries. The capital cities of these districts included modern Cassel (replaced by Tournai as Menapian civitas), Bavay (replaced by Cambrai as Nervian civitas), Thérouanne, Arras, Saint-Quentin, Soissons, Reims, Beauvais, Amiens, Tongeren, Trier, Toul and Metz. These civitates were in turn were divided into smaller units, pagi, a term that became the French word "pays".

Roman government was run by Concilia in Reims or Trier. Additionally, local notables from Gallia Belgica were required to participate in a festival in Lugdunum (modern Lyon), which typically celebrated or worshipped the emperor's genius. The gradual adoption of Romanized names by local elites and the Romanization of laws under local authority demonstrate the effectiveness of this concilium Galliarum. With that said, the concept and community of Gallia Belgica did not predate the Roman province, but developed from it.

Reform of Domitian (around 90)
During the 1st century AD (estimated date 90 AD), the provinces of Gaul were restructured. Emperor Domitian reorganized the provinces in order to separate the militarized zones of the Rhine from the civilian populations of the region. The northeastern part of Gallia Belgica was split off and renamed Germania Inferior, later to be reorganized and renamed as Germania Secunda. This included the eastern part of modern Belgium, the southernmost part of the modern Netherlands, and a part of modern Germany. The eastern part was split off to become Germania Superior (parts of western Germany and eastern France) and the southern border of Gallia Belgica was extended to the south. The newer Gallia Belgica included the cities of Camaracum (Cambrai), Nemetacum (Arras), Samarobriva (Amiens), Durocortorum (Reims), Dividorum (Metz) and Augusta Treverorum (Trier).

Attack by the Chauci (173)
In 173, the later emperor Didius Julianus, then governor of Gallia Belgica, had to repel a serious invasion of the Chauci, a Germanic tribe that lived along the shores of the Wadden Sea at the respective northern and northwestern coast of present-day Netherlands and Germany. The attack occurred in the drainage basin of the river Scheldt (present-day Flanders and Hainaut). Archaeologists have found evidence that large farms near Tournai and the village Velzeke (near Ghent) had to be abandoned. Further the capitals in the areas of the former tribes of the Atrebates, Morini and the Nervians were either burnt down (Nemetacum (Arras)) or had to be rebuilt in the last quarter of the second century, Colonia Morinorum (Thérouanne) and Bagacum Nerviorum (Bavay).

Crisis of the 3rd century and Gallic Empire
With the Crisis of the Third Century and the partition of the Empire, Roman control over Gaul deteriorated in the 3rd century. In 260, Postumus became emperor of a breakaway Gallic Empire. He proved able to stop the incursions from the Franks. Only in 274 was Roman control restored by the new emperor Aurelian in the Battle of Châlons. The cost of this defeat in the long run proved very high indeed. With the Gallic army defeated and not returning to the Rhine border, the Franks overran the neighbouring province of Germania Inferior. The Rhineland (to the Ripuarian Franks) and the area between the Rhine and the main road between Boulogne and Cologne, present-day South Holland, Zeeland, Flanders, Brabant and Limburg, the last three in both the present-day Netherlands and Belgium (to the Salian Franks) were de facto lost forever for the Roman empire. This gave the Salian Franks a base from which they could expand some 130 years later, beginning after the disastrous Rhine crossing in 406, to conquer the whole area of the former province of Gallia Belgica and start the Merovingian kingdom, the first immediate forerunner state of Western civilization.

Reform of Diocletian (around 300)
Emperor Diocletian restructured the provinces around 300, and split Belgica into two provinces: Belgica Prima and Belgica Secunda. Belgica Prima had Augusta Treverorum (Trier) as its main city, and consisted of the eastern part. The border between Belgica Prima and Belgica Secunda was approximately along the Meuse.

Prosperous fourth century
The eastern part of Gallia Belgica, especially the valley of the Moselle became very prosperous in the fourth century, particularly in the decades that Augusta Treverorum (Trier) was the capital of the Western Roman Empire. The Roman poet Ausonius wrote a famous poem on the Mosella.

Germanic conquests (after 406)
Around 350 Salian Franks who were already living in Batavia were settled in Texandria. Texandria was most likely for a large part overlapping with the area now known as the Kempen. Eventually, in 406, a large alliance among the Vandals, Alans and Suebi, under great pressure from the Huns, after first having been defeated by the Ripuarian Franks in the neighbourhood of Cologne in Germania Inferior, successfully crossed the Rhine in the neighbourhood of present-day Koblenz and entered Gallia Belgica by way of the Moselle valley. They subsequently destroyed large parts of Gallia Belgica, before eventually moving on to Hispania (present-day Spain). This invasion and the accompanying widespread destruction broke the backbone of Roman power in at least the northern part of Gallia Belgica. After this invasion the Franks were able to conquer valuable agricultural land south of the Via Belgica, the very important main road between Cologne and Boulogne, that had been the backbone of Roman defense strategy between 260 and 406.

In 452, a major battle was fought at the Catalaunian fields (between the Seine and the Moselle). A coalition of Romans, Visigoths and Franks fought an army led by the legendary Hunnic leader Attila. The outcome of this battle itself was inconclusive, but as a consequence of this battle the Huns and their allies left the area of Gallia Belgica, where they had plundered nearly all major cities, except Paris.

After the Western Roman Empire had already collapsed in Galla Belgica for some time the Gallo-Roman "Kingdom of Soissons" (457–486) managed to maintain control over the area around Soissons. The Franks however emerged victorious and Belgica Secunda in the 5th century became the center of Clovis' Merovingian kingdom. During the 8th century in the Carolingian Empire the former area of Gallia Belgica was split into Neustria (roughly Belgica Secunda, main cities Paris, Reims) and Austrasia (roughly Belgica Prima and Germania Inferior, main cities Trier, Metz, Cologne). After the death of Charlemagne's son, Louis the Pious, the Carolingian Empire was divided by the Treaty of Verdun in 843. The three sons of Louis the Pious divided his territories into three kingdoms: East Francia (the forerunner of modern Germany), West Francia (west of the Scheldt river) a part of which (Ile de France), from the middle of the 10th century became the kernel of modern France, and Middle Francia which was succeeded by Lotharingia. Though often presented as the dissolution of the Frankish empire, it was in fact the continued adherence to Salic patrimony. Lotharingia was divided in 870 by the Treaty of Meerssen under West and East Francia.

Legacy
The name Belgica continued to be used in the Low Countries as the Latin language name of the entire territory until the modern period. In the 1500s, the Seventeen Provinces were then divided into the independent Belgica Foederata or the federal Dutch Republic and the Belgica Regia or the royal Southern Netherlands under the Habsburgian crown. Belgica Foederata continued to be used from 1581 up to the French Revolution. Even after that, the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, created in 1815 was still known as Royaume des Belgiques, and it was only with the 1831 separatist revolution in the south of the country and subsequent creation of modern Belgium and Dutch recognition of the new nation in the Treaty of London (1839) that the name became reserved for Belgium to the exclusion of the Netherlands.

title: Gallia Belgica


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WUMJ

WUMJ (97.5 FM, "Majic 107.5/97.5") is a radio station simulcasting an urban adult contemporary format with sister station WAMJ 107.5 FM. Licensed to the suburb of Fayetteville, Georgia, it serves the Atlanta metropolitan area. It first began broadcasting in 1978 under the call sign WKUE-FM. The station is currently owned by Radio One of Atlanta, through licensee Radio One Licenses, LLC. Since 1995, it has always been an urban station taking on three variations of the format due to frequency swaps in 2001 and 2009.

History
The station was originally assigned the WKUE-FM call sign on December 4, 1978 on 97.7 FM. On September 3, 1990, the call sign was changed to WQUL as "Kool 97.7 FM".

Mainstream urban (1995–2001)
When Griffin, then-owner of the station, upgraded to a class C3 station on July 17, 1995, its tower was moved closer to Atlanta and moved down to the 97.5 FM frequency. The format was changed to Mainstream Urban with the new callsign, WHTA. At the launch, then-"Hot 97.5" was the first urban station in Atlanta to feature hip hop and rap music in regular rotation, given the fact that hip hop and rap music on radio was still a niche genre at the time for Atlanta in spite of its major African American presence in the audience and the music culture. WHTA became the second permanent urban competitor behind WALR to challenge heritage station WVEE, although that station was primarily R&B/Soul-oriented until it incorporated hip hop full-time in 2000. (Former competitor WBTS did not compete directly with WHTA until 2001 when it gravitated its top 40 format from pop to rhythmic, two years after it launched.) Thus, it was the only pure hip hop and R&B station based in Atlanta for the first five years on the air.

While the station was an initial moderate success among the young adult audience in the region (especially inner-city Atlanta), WHTA suffered a setback with its signal coverage. Due to the transmitter location being based in Tyrone and a smaller signal wattage, it was barely audible in the northern portions of Atlanta beyond the downtown area. When Radio One took over operations later on, there were plans to give WHTA a simulcast on 107.5 as WTHA until the new owners changed their minds instead and launched its adult urban format there as WAMJ. (This was the original incarnation of "Majic 107.5".) This led morning show host Ryan Cameron (now hosting mornings at WVEE) to lobby for a frequency change for WHTA by putting together a petition from listeners at the risk of losing his job under Radio One's management. It proved successful, and thus on November 1, 2001, owner Radio One finally moved the radio format and the WHTA call letters to the stronger 107.9 as "Hot 107.9" where it still airs today.

Urban gospel (2001–2009)
After WHTA relocated to 107.9, 97.5 FM relaunched as urban gospel station "Praise 97.5" with the call sign WEGF originally until December 5, 2001 when the call sign was again changed to WPZE. This was one of the earliest Radio One gospel stations marked with the "Praise" nickname which spread to its other stations over the course of the decade. In March 2007, WPZE began to carry the Yolanda Adams Morning Show based out of Houston via sister KROI-FM, although that station has since been moved to a subchannel of KMJQ in that same city. In 2008, WPZE went on to become the flagship for the locally based CoCo Brother Live Show, which airs in the early nighttime. CoCo Brother originally worked at WHTA before landing the show, and also hosts Lift Every Voice on BET. On February 16, 2009, the Praise branding moved to 102.5.

Urban adult contemporary (2009–2016)
After WPZE relocated to 102.5, the 97.5 frequency changed to a simulcast of Majic 107.5 with the new callsign WUMJ. This would also result in the end of smooth jazz music on 107.5 (then WJZZ) as the WAMJ call sign relocated back to that frequency to reincarnate the "Majic" branding there.

Classic hip hop (2016)
On January 10, 2016, WUMJ broke from the "Majic" simulcast and began simulcasting translator W275BK's classic hip hop format as "Boom 102.9/97.5". The change is coordinated with the debut of the syndicated Ed Lover Show in mornings starting on the 11th on Radio One's classic hip-hop stations. The addition of WUMJ increases Boom's coverage to the south of Atlanta, including the Peachtree City and Newnan areas. General Manager Tim Davies stated in a press release that most of Majic's audience moved over to 107.5 following the upgrade of its signal three years ago, making 97.5 expendable.

Urban adult contemporary (2016–present)
On July 29, 2016 WUMJ returned to a simulcast of urban adult contemporary-formatted Majic 107.5.

title: WUMJ


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WNSY

WNSY (100.1 FM) is a commercial radio station in northwest Georgia, licensed to Talking Rock. It is owned by Davis Broadcasting of Atlanta and it simulcasts WWWE on 1310 kHz in Decatur. The two stations, along with an Atlanta FM translator station at 101.1 MHz, simulcast a smooth jazz radio format. The stations use the dial position of the translator, calling themselves "101.1 WJZA."

WNSY's transmitter is near Jasper, Georgia, about 50 miles north of metro Atlanta. Its broadcast range is most of northwest Georgia, but too far from Atlanta to be heard in the city and its close-in suburbs.

History
The station's construction permit was applied for from the Federal Communications Commission in 1995. It went on the air as WCHK-FM in 1998. The original WCHK-FM 105.5 is now WBZY 105.7 and owned by iHeartMedia. The station at 100.1 became oldies Sunny 100 in 1999.

In January 2007, Davis Broadcasting of Columbus, Georgia, completed the purchase of WNSY and WCHK. WNSY, Sunny 100 went off the air on the morning of January 22, 2007, and returned on February 1 with the simulcast of WLKQ, carrying Regional Mexican programming.

Listeners to Sunny 100 were surprised by the loss of the station. For the next 14 months, only two FM stations in Northwest Georgia carried any sort of oldies genre: WATG "95.7 The Ridge" in Rome and WSRV "97.1 The River" in Atlanta, both under the classic hits format.

The original WCHK-FM
McClure owned the original WCHK-FM, which was located at 105.5 FM and broadcast a locally oriented format that was a mix of country and Southern Gospel music. It was a simulcast of WCHK AM 1290, the original station of Cherokee Broadcasting, named for Cherokee County, Georgia. The CHK in turn stands for Cherokee.

In 1991 the station received FCC approval to upgrade to a much stronger signal and move to the 105.7 frequency, allowing it to be heard throughout the metro Atlanta media market. This moved the station from its allotment on Bear Mountain near Waleska, to the new tower next to Interstate 575 in Holly Springs, Georgia. (It has since moved to Sweat Mountain, even closer to Atlanta.)

The station remained under local management for a little over a year, briefly as "North Metro's K-105", then with a revamped format as "Atlanta's Classic Country 105.7". In 1993 the frequency was leased by local marketing agreement (LMA) to Jacor (which would later merge with Clear Channel) and simulcasted WGST AM 640 under the WGST-FM callsign, especially since that station was extremely difficult to receive at night even locally. In 2000, Clear Channel abandoned the WGST simulcast, and the station became WMXV "Mix 105.7".

In 2003, when then WFOX (now WSRV) FM 97.1 abandoned its oldies format, Clear Channel picked up the format, becoming WLCL "Cool 105.7". For the next year, Cherokee Broadcasting was the legal owner of the licenses of two oldies stations in the same area, WNSY and WLCL (although Cherokee Broadcasting only operated WNSY). The 105.7 frequency was sold outright to Clear Channel in 2004, and oldies was abandoned on 105.7 in May 2005.

title: WNSY


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WNNX

WNNX (100.5 FM) is a commercial radio station licensed to College Park, Georgia, featuring a classic alternative format as "99X". Owned by Cumulus Media, the station serves the Atlanta metropolitan area. WNNX's studios are located in Sandy Springs, while the transmitter resides atop the Westin Peachtree Plaza Hotel in Downtown Atlanta. In addition to a standard analog transmission, WNNX is available online.

Moving from Alabama
The 100.5 frequency has been in metro Atlanta, licensed to College Park, since early 2001. Before then, the station was licensed to Anniston, Alabama, as WHMA-FM. It started out as a simulcast of WHMA (1400 AM). WHMA-AM-FM were network affiliates of ABC. In the 1970s, WHMA-FM began airing its own country music format as "Alabama 100." (After the move, that call sign shifted to another existing station in Alabama, becoming 95.3 WHMA-FM "The Big 95" in Alexandria.)

Interested in moving the station to the more lucrative Atlanta radio market, owner Robert Gammon proposed that WHMA-FM be re-licensed to Sandy Springs. It would remain at 100,000 watts effective radiated power (ERP) as a Class C station. An agreement had already been made with the nearest co-channel station, WSSL-FM in upstate South Carolina for it to move its transmitter a bit further from Atlanta. However that station was sold to Clear Channel Communications in the interim and the agreement was negated. Additionally, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) ruled that Sandy Springs was "not a community", citing its unincorporated status and letters of support from local organizations in Sandy Springs that had "Atlanta" as their addresses. At that time, Sandy Springs was part of unincorporated Fulton County, before it became an incorporated city in 2006.

After exhausting his funds in pursuit of the reallocation, Gammon sold WHMA-FM to Susquehanna Radio. In a revised application before the FCC, Susquehanna proposed a different city of license, College Park. The FCC approved the application, mostly because the new application downgraded the class of the station from C (up to 100 kW at 600 meters or 1,968 feet) to C3 (up to 25 kW at 100 meters or 328 feet) to protect the licensed broadcast range of WSSL-FM. Susquehanna was also forced to slightly null the station's signal away from the direction of WSSL-FM, to stay in compliance with spacing rules. When it went on the air in Atlanta, the station had an effective radiated power of 3,000 watts, using the Turner Broadcasting tower, which gave it a height above average terrain (HAAT) of less than 1,000 feet.

The move created spectrum space for two new radio stations in Alabama, but forced two low-power stations off the air: Southern Polytechnic State University low-power station WGHR and Georgia Public Broadcasting FM translator W264AE, both on 100.7 MHz.

Q100 (2001–2008)
The first format for 100.5 FM in Atlanta was Top 40 station WWWQ ("Q100"), which made its debut on January 23, 2001. It was the first mainstream Top 40 outlet in Atlanta since WAPW flipped to alternative as WNNX in October 1992, as well as a brief stint on WBTS when it debuted in 1999. Despite its 3,000 watt signal, Q100 often received higher Arbitron listenership ratings than several of its 100,000-watt competitors, including sister station 99X.

Susquehanna continued to pursue a larger signal for the station, eventually earning approval from the FCC to go from Class C3 to Class C2. The upgrade occurred on October 24, 2005 at 5:00 PM, when the station moved from the Turner Broadcasting tower to the Westin Peachtree Plaza Hotel. WWWQ was now powered at 12,500 watts, using a tower that better covered the Atlanta market. In 2006, Cumulus Media acquired Susquehanna, including both 99X and Q100.

Rock 100.5 (2008–2022)

On January 11, 2008, Cumulus announced that Q100 would move to the 100,000-watt signal at 99.7 MHz, replacing "99X", on January 25. The transition began on January 21, when WWWQ's "The Bert Show" was simulcast on both stations. (99X's morning show was cancelled the week before.) 99X signed off on 99.7 FM/HD1 and moved to 99.7-HD2, with Q100 moving to 99.7 FM/HD1, at 5:30 a.m. on January 25. On the same day, at 6 a.m., 100.5 began stunting, first with Beyoncé Knowles singing "To the Left" (from her song "Irreplaceable") and morning show host Bert Weiss redirecting listeners to the new frequency. At 10 a.m., the stunting then switched to a loop where eight different formats were presented, with listeners having the option to call the station and vote on which was their favorite. On January 28, 2008, at 5:45 a.m., The Regular Guys announced the debut of "Rock 100.5", carrying a radio format similar to their previous station WKLS (formerly "96 Rock"), which itself changed formats to active rock as "Project 9-6-1". Rock 100.5's first song was "Baba O' Riley" by The Who. WWWQ and WNNX swapped call signs the following day.

In 2010, WNNX became the FM flagship radio station of the Atlanta Braves for that season through 2013, along with WCNN, which continues carrying the team's games to this day. The rights were moved to then-sister station WYAY starting with the 2014 season. After WYAY was sold to the Educational Media Foundation in 2019, WNNX resumed carrying Braves broadcasts. In 2022, WNNX once again dropped their Braves affiliation.

Throughout the station's existence, WNNX has shifted among different genres of rock. When "Rock 100.5" first launched, the station aired a predominantly album-oriented rock format. In April 2009, the station began leaning towards adult album alternative. In 2010, the station shifted back to its broad-based AOR format, which lasted until late 2011, when the station shifted towards classic rock. Ratings for the station at that time were shaky, as the station usually pulled between a 1.5 and 2 share.

WNNX returned to a mainstream rock direction in 2012, following the flips of WKLS from active rock to Top 40/CHR and WZGC from adult album alternative to sports in the Fall of that year.

Merger with "98-9 The Bone"
On January 28, 2013, WNNX and sister station W255CJ ("98-9 The Bone") began promoting changes to the two stations on their Facebook and Twitter pages, promoting a "bigger and better change" to come starting February 1. There were rumors that Cumulus' Atlanta management was planning a merger of the two formats on one frequency, presumably on 100.5.

The official change took place on that Friday, February 1, at Midnight, when 98.9 and 100.5 began simulcasting. At 10 AM, the official relaunch took place, as WNNX shifted to active rock. The first song after the relaunch was "Chalk Outline" by Three Days Grace. The simulcast lasted until February 4 at Noon, when 98.9 flipped to a new format, Christian country, under the name "The Walk."

"Atlanta's Classic Rock"
After broadcasting an active rock format for barely a year, the station shifted back to classic rock on January 3, 2014, now competing with Cox Media Group's WSRV. WNNX's playlist was similar to what it was in 2012, prior to its shift to active rock.

"Atlanta's Rock Station"
The station's next format adjustment began in mid-2016 with a slogan tweak to "Atlanta's Rock Station." No personnel changes were made, and the music was slightly updated to focusing more on chart topping rock hits between the 1980s, 1990s, and recurrent releases, including the grunge era of rock played more. This format direction helped increase the station's ratings. On August 30, 2019, WNNX shifted back to an active rock lean in their mainstream rock format.

99X on 100.5 (2022–present)
On December 1, 2022, WNNX dropped Elliot in the Morning after eight months. The next day, at 5 p.m., after playing "Enter Sandman" by Metallica, WNNX dropped the rock format and began stunting with a loop of "Bitter Sweet Symphony" by The Verve, with sweepers stating "It's coming, same as it ever was. Monday morning, 6 a.m." The stunt was likely an allusion to the anniversary of a stunt pulled by former 99X DJ Sean Demery in October 1997, when he garnered local attention after playing the song in a similar loop shortly after its release. At the promised time, WNNX flipped to classic alternative as "99X”, marking the return of the 99X brand to a full powered signal for the first time since 2008. The first song on the revived "99X" was "Video Killed the Radio Star" by The Buggles, the same song that had launched the original incarnation 30 years prior. A letter on the station's website and Twitter page declared that the station's full-staffed launch had been set for January 3, 2023, effectively making the interim period a soft launch of the format; while there had been no official confirmation from Cumulus or the station at the time of launch, Cumulus hired several original station staffers for the station's new incarnation, including Steve Barnes, Leslie Fram, Steve Craig, Will Pendarvis, Jill, and Matt ‘Organic’ Jones.

title: WNNX