text:
Talk:Kind of Blue

RIAA, platinum jazz album
Relevant comments about this album at Talk:Time Out (album). Dan56 (talk) 23:56, 8 December 2012 (UTC)

Needs some editing/condensing
Not to denigrate this great album, but the article says it's considered "one of the greatest albums of all time" about half a dozen times throughout the text. Okay, we get it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:643:8101:6A37:791E:365D:CD23:EE4B (talk) 18:41, 14 October 2015 (UTC)
 * My "greatest" count reaches 10. But a shame, in my view, that we can't turn it Up to eleven. Martinevans123 (talk) 18:46, 14 October 2015 (UTC)
 * I removed one "greatest" as it appeared redundant in its given section. The others seem appropriate, given the contexts in which they appear (even if do appear to some as being overly numerous).--JayJasper (talk) 18:55, 14 October 2015 (UTC)

RfC: Description of the recording artist for this album
In light of a recent edit war--*sighhhhhh*..... Should the existing description of Miles Davis in the opening sentence of the lead--"American jazz trumpeter, composer, and bandleader"--be reduced to "American jazz musician"? Dan56 (talk) 18:52, 8 May 2017 (UTC)

Votes

 * No - "Musician" is vague--obviously the opening line for any album article will be this is an album by some fucking "musician" of some sort--and it doesn't hurt the prose in any way by adding a few extra words that actually give the reader some useful information about this album's artist. You know, some clue as to what his role is? Dan56 (talk) 18:52, 8 May 2017 (UTC)
 * Change to just "American jazz trumpeter" - in the jazz genre, basically any musician of any renown whatsoever is going to be de facto a bandleader and composer at times, so putting those words here doesn't really add any useful information. Korny O'Near (talk) 16:24, 9 May 2017 (UTC)
 * American jazz trumpeter. A walk through the list of Featured album articles shows that simpler descriptions are the norm (indeed, it's nearly unanimous judging by the two dozen or so that I checked).  And despite the proposer's statement to the contrary, it does hurt the prose to add all that extra verbiage.  NewYorkActuary (talk) 03:23, 10 May 2017 (UTC)
 * "American jazz trumpeter" per Korny O'Near and NewYorkActuary. The sentence is verbose with all three. AndrewOne (talk) 12:39, 10 May 2017 (UTC)
 * "American jazz musician" or * "American jazz trumpeter" We don't go around prefacing people's names with every role they've every taken up. For instance, if an article mentions Paul Krugman, it might state simply "According to Paul Krugman,.." or perhaps, "According to economist Paul Krugman, ...". It should not state "According to economics professor, Nobel prize winner, and New York Times columnist Paul Krugman, ...". LK (talk) 06:13, 11 May 2017 (UTC)
 * That's a false equivalency; an entire article in which the musician is discussed everywhere in relation to the topic begs for more context of that musician's relevant roles; Davis' role as a bandleader was more prominent than his role as a trumpeter on Agharta, for instance. Dan56 (talk) 16:49, 11 May 2017 (UTC)
 * And you should feel entirely free to cite that prominence to a reliable source within the article. He is first and foremost an American jazz trumpeter. As an aside, I wish people would stop over-using the phrase "false equivalency"; 9 times out of 10 it is used incorrectly, and pisses me the fuck off, being the grammar barbarian I am. - Jack Sebastian (talk) 05:16, 6 June 2017 (UTC)
 * Most sources discussing Agharta--and his other electric-period work, for that matter--do this. And on what other occasion have I used the phrase?? Dan56 (talk) 09:40, 6 June 2017 (UTC)
 * Look at the weight of the references that note him as a jazz musician and trumpeter and balance those against those refs that emphasize another part of his career; which will make it easier to decide what he is primarily known for and as. Secondly, I must extend my apologies to you; I don't know if you have used "false equivalency" before. I just now it is madly overused by people who misapply it, and my gag reflex kicks in any time someone uses it outside of its legal and political usages. Mea Culpa. - Jack Sebastian (talk) 03:18, 7 June 2017 (UTC)
 * American jazz musician is more accurate to encompass his whole body of work outside of trumpet performance Wolfson5 (talk) 01:19, 14 May 2017 (UTC)
 * The average reader isn't familiar with his whole body of work, if it's even relevant to this article. Dan56 (talk) 01:59, 14 May 2017 (UTC)
 * American jazz musician - Since musician encompasses all three titles. Meatsgains (talk) 23:55, 19 May 2017 (UTC)
 * It encompasses those three titles specifically? Because if not, it's open ended and too ambiguous to be of any use to a reader not familiar with Davis. Dan56 (talk) 11:44, 20 May 2017 (UTC)
 * No. Miles Davis is notable for all three musical roles. If we need to reduce verbosity, American jazz trumpeter is preferred, as he's most notable for this. Using the word "musician" instead of "trumpeter" sacrifices information while gaining nothing in return. ReverendWayne (talk) 20:06, 25 June 2017 (UTC)
 * American jazz trumpeter. Yes the guy was so much more. Yes the guy was a genius. But these three words sum up his general notability, expecially in the context of this album. Martinevans123 (talk) 20:19, 25 June 2017 (UTC)

Discussion
, I'm sure jazz aficionados will find it unnecessary, but these articles are aimed at the layperson  And otherwise music fans who know nothing of jazz--since it's dying in the mainstream--won't consider the artist of the album the de facto composer; they'll just as likely assume he doesn't write what he plays. Perhaps ditching "bandleader" only, since it's suggested in the following sentences' discussion of "Davis's sextet"? Dan56 (talk) 17:17, 9 May 2017 (UTC)
 * Okay, but just because he's a composer doesn't mean that he wrote the material on this album. (Or on any of his albums; it could be that he only composed for others.) So if the goal is to clarify that he wrote the songs on this album, that's the wrong way to go about it. Korny O'Near (talk) 17:50, 9 May 2017 (UTC)
 * It would certainly suggest it, strongly. Just as saying he's a trumpeter would suggest he played trumpet on this album. Dan56 (talk) 18:49, 9 May 2017 (UTC)
 * And I would suggest just as strongly that we follow almost every other article about jazz albums and keep the lead succint. LK (talk) 06:09, 11 May 2017 (UTC)
 * There's a thin line between succinct and scant that you're failing to see. There's also the fact that every article is different and your idea of a "succinct" opening description will be less sufficient at one article than it would at another. Dan56 (talk) 16:50, 11 May 2017 (UTC)

Alerted by RfC bot. I'm not sure why "bandleader" is used in his WP page; every group has a band leader. Specifying what notable role he had would be best, if applicable (e.g., lead singer, lead trumpeter in an ensemble, etc), otherwise 'bandleader' is superfluous. So I would certainly not add it here. For an article on any recording, mention only what the artist is most notable for in the lead intro. If that is composing and playing trumpet, then "American jazz trumpeter and composer" suffices. Whether or not he wrote songs on the album is irrelevant to his notability as a composer (if he is indeed notable as a composer). Lapadite (talk) 03:20, 17 May 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 6 external links on Kind of Blue. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20140107035926/http://www.jazz.com/dozens/the-dozens-the-golden-anniversary-of-porgy-and-bess to http://www.jazz.com/dozens/the-dozens-the-golden-anniversary-of-porgy-and-bess
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080705185024/http://www.columbiajazz.com/newsletter2/brew.html to http://www.columbiajazz.com/newsletter2/brew.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090107062442/http://www.jazzextra.com/biographies/miles-davis.php to http://www.jazzextra.com/biographies/miles-davis.php
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090110001615/http://www.allaboutjazz.com/php/news.php?id=21627 to http://www.allaboutjazz.com/php/news.php?id=21627
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20081020222901/http://www.pitchforkmedia.com/node/146120 to http://www.pitchforkmedia.com/node/146120
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090116083241/http://www.oakton.edu/user/~larry/miles/main/covers/columbia/kindofblue.html to http://www.oakton.edu/user/~larry/miles/main/covers/columbia/kindofblue.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 08:09, 12 May 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Kind of Blue. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080227113055/http://www.tower.com/details/details.cfm?wapi=106692819 to http://www.tower.com/details/details.cfm?wapi=106692819

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 16:23, 10 December 2017 (UTC)

RfC: What material should be included in the lead paragraph?

 * The following discussion is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

Recently, the paragraphs in the lead were rearranged by, so that information about the album's release date, recording, and the musician's concept for the album were replaced in the first paragraph with information about how the album has been critically received, accolades, and so forth. Lawrencekhoo cited the guideline that the lead should establish notability of the topic. In restoring the original layout, I cited MOS:LEAD which says the lead paragraph "should establish the context in which the topic is being considered by supplying the set of circumstances or facts that surround it," and in my opinion, critical opinions are not facts. The practice throughout WP:ALBUMS articles appears to prioritize the original layout here, but admittedly my opinion is not a strong one when reading: "The notability of the article's subject is usually established in the first few sentences. Like in the body of the article itself, the emphasis given to material in the lead should roughly reflect its importance to the topic, according to reliable, published sources." So I'm not sure. Dan56 (talk) 14:34, 16 September 2018 (UTC)

Votes

 * Support the restoration. Martinevans123 (talk) 14:36, 16 September 2018 (UTC)
 * Support the restoration. By the way,, you did the right thing by taking this to RfC. It was a good way to prevent an edit war. -- I dream of horses If you reply here, please ping me by adding to your message  (talk to me) (My edits) @  19:40, 30 September 2018 (UTC)
 * Support the restoration via the rationale above. Summoned by a bot. Comatmebro (talk) 21:18, 8 October 2018 (UTC)

Discussion

 * MOS discusses a limited (1-2 sentences) discussion of notability. So while I agree that some discussion should exist, I think the current version is excessive and should be substantially reduced. Run-on sentences should not be used to get around the limit.  Even a non-musical person like me understands the notability of this album, so I can't imagine this should take more than a sentence.--Rpclod (talk) 13:13, 19 September 2018 (UTC)
 * Per s' comment above, I went ahead and added a category to the RfC to widen the net a bit. I dream of horses If you reply here, please ping me by adding to your message (talk to me) (My edits) @  19:37, 30 September 2018 (UTC)

 * The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

Reverse the pianist credits?
This seems very contorted:

pianist Wynton Kelly, ... with former band pianist Bill Evans appearing on most of the tracks in place of Kelly

Shouldn't it be something like:

pianist Bill Evans with new pianist Wynton Kelly appearing on one track.

- Immigrant laborer (talk) 16:15, 17 August 2019 (UTC)

Compact disc track numbering
I can see that you believe it should be noted that if an album had tracks one to five on side one and tracks one to four on side two, then it should be announced in the track listing section that the compact disc is numbered it tracks one through nine. I'm sorry but I feel that this little tag placed at the bottom of every track listing scans terribly on the page, and indeed insults the reader's intelligence. Since a compact disc has no sides, of course the track listing format does not indicate any, so tracks are numbered through rather than broken up into sides with side two starting off at one again. I don't think that needs to be reiterated. PJtP (talk) 02:31, 2 September 2019 (UTC)

 * Which reader? The teenage reader who "accounts for only seven percent of CD sales", if they even buy and know what a CD is? Dan56 (talk) 04:23, 2 September 2019 (UTC)

"It must have been made in heaven."
Re this revert: "Who was Jimmy Cobb and why do we care about him?" Really? This article is a "WP:Good Article" and that quote has been placed under "Recording" for at least 10 years. Martinevans123 (talk) 07:39, 19 August 2021 (UTC)
 * I know who Jimmy Cobb is. But Wikipedia articles should be written for people unfamiliar with the article subject in mind - we can't count on them knowing who Cobb is, or on them reading the article prose to find out. The simple fix in this situation is just to write "Drummer Jimmy Cobb" in the caption - it just adds context.
 * The bigger problem is why this quote is important enough to box out separately from the prose. It's very short, and it seems (though even this is not clear) to be a pretty generic statement along the lines of "It's a good album". That's not revealing or enlightening, and it's nothing that couldn't be inserted or paraphrased in the article body instead. Popcornfud (talk) 12:27, 19 August 2021 (UTC)
 * That's a shame. For over ten years it's attracted no adverse comment? I think it's pretty plain and simple. I really don't see any value in "paraphrasing" it - a bit like reducing the Mona Lisa to painting by numbers. Martinevans123 (talk) 12:35, 19 August 2021 (UTC)
 * ... however, looking at the Kahn (2000) source here I can't find that quote, certainly not on page 111. Can you? Thanks. Martinevans123 (talk) 12:59, 19 August 2021 (UTC)
 * Can't see it. Google does produce this possible alternative source (the Times) for the quote, but it's behind a paywall so I can't check it myself right now, and I also am concerned the Times may have sourced it from the Wikipedia article, a possible case of WP:CITOGENESIS. Will need checking. Popcornfud (talk) 13:19, 19 August 2021 (UTC)
 * I'd refrain from making arguments along the lines of For over ten years it's attracted no adverse comment? - it suggests that if something sticks around long enough it shouldn't be changed and/or is impervious to criticism, which a) doesn't make much sense and b) would make it difficult to make progress in many areas.
 * I'm not sure what you're saying with the Mona Lisa comparison... I don't see what value the quote adds to the article at all. Popcornfud (talk) 13:14, 19 August 2021 (UTC)
 * My real point is that this has been a Good Article for over ten years. As regards Mona Lisa - it's just taking a poetic quote, by a very famous musician, who played on the album, and reducing it to a mere prose factoid. But hey, encyclopaedias are all about facts, aren't they. Martinevans123 (talk) 13:29, 19 August 2021 (UTC)
 * To be quite frank with you, as someone who has written and reviewed plenty of GAs and FAs over the years, I regularly discover FAs (let alone GAs) with dramatic room for improvement; I no longer put a lot of stock in the badges, especially ones that are years old, when review standards were quite different.
 * Assuming we can find a source for the quote, I wouldn't object to integrating the quote into the article body in some place where it contextually makes sense. Something like Cobb said the album "must have been made in heaven". But it isn't the sort of quote that makes sense to draw out and place in a separate quote box, other than to sort of glorify it. As I said in my original edit, I don't think it even really makes sense to someone skimming the article (and quote boxes/images/captions are read by skimming first - they should be able to stand alone). Popcornfud (talk) 13:42, 19 August 2021 (UTC)
 * Those seven words still make perfect sense to me. Yes, I was basking in its glory. For this place, I thought it was cool. Silly me. Martinevans123 (talk) 13:47, 19 August 2021 (UTC)
 * There's a book source, from Brian J. Fraser (2004), here. And The Times used it in it's 2020 obituary for Cobb here. Martinevans123 (talk) 10:17, 22 August 2021 (UTC)
 * , thanks for finding those sources. I've used them to integrate the quote into a place where I think it makes more sense, with context. Popcornfud (talk) 14:26, 28 August 2021 (UTC)
 * Yeah, well, whateva. "Heaven is a place, where nothing ever happens (to cool quote boxes)." Martinevans123 (talk) 17:59, 28 August 2021 (UTC)
 * There's a book source, from Brian J. Fraser (2004), here. And The Times used it in it's 2020 obituary for Cobb here. Martinevans123 (talk) 10:17, 22 August 2021 (UTC)
 * , thanks for finding those sources. I've used them to integrate the quote into a place where I think it makes more sense, with context. Popcornfud (talk) 14:26, 28 August 2021 (UTC)
 * Yeah, well, whateva. "Heaven is a place, where nothing ever happens (to cool quote boxes)." Martinevans123 (talk) 17:59, 28 August 2021 (UTC)

Jimmy Cobb is introduced in the lead. Piotr Jr. (talk) 07:32, 29 August 2021 (UTC)
 * Um yes, he's linked in the second sentence. But allegedly we can't count on people "reading the article prose to find out who he is." Martinevans123 (talk) 08:22, 29 August 2021 (UTC)
 * I don't want to dwell too much on this because IMO the lack of context is not the biggest problem with the quotebox. The biggest problem is why it was significant enough to pull out into a box in the first place.
 * However, it's good practice, in box captions, to provide context for what it is the box is showing (a quote or a photo or whatever) and help the reader understand why it is significant without having to read the entire article first. Although we're talking about a quote box here, and not an image caption, the guidance at MOS:CAPCONTEXT applies here.
 * As I said above, this issue would have been easily rectified by simply adding "Drummer Jimmy Cobb". Popcornfud (talk) 09:51, 29 August 2021 (UTC)
 * In any case it's not a big deal, if you both feel this quote is self-evidently significant and valuable enough to draw out in a quote box, and can't be paraphrased, go and put it back. and we can just mention "Drummer" in there to solve the context issue. We just need to make sure it has the correct source on it this time. Popcornfud (talk) 09:56, 29 August 2021 (UTC)
 * As I said before, I really don't see how this quote can be usefully "paraphrased". lol. I thought the quote box was elegant. I think the prose alternative is entirely pedestrian. Just my opinion. Martinevans123 (talk) 10:08, 29 August 2021 (UTC)
 * In any case it's not a big deal, if you both feel this quote is self-evidently significant and valuable enough to draw out in a quote box, and can't be paraphrased, go and put it back. and we can just mention "Drummer" in there to solve the context issue. We just need to make sure it has the correct source on it this time. Popcornfud (talk) 09:56, 29 August 2021 (UTC)
 * As I said before, I really don't see how this quote can be usefully "paraphrased". lol. I thought the quote box was elegant. I think the prose alternative is entirely pedestrian. Just my opinion. Martinevans123 (talk) 10:08, 29 August 2021 (UTC)

Add section on "Kind of Bloop" incident
Copystrike on the coverage high profile case. --Greatder (talk) 08:32, 20 September 2021 (UTC)
 * Could you explain what you're talking about? Many thanks. Martinevans123 (talk) 08:57, 20 September 2021 (UTC)

basically someone made an 8bit chiptune of their personal interpretation of the music and got sued for using the pixelated version of album picture. It blew up. Some links:
 * - https://boingboing.net/2011/06/23/why-fair-use-doesnt.html
 * - https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/benjaminj4/why-remix-culture-needs-new-copyright-laws
 * - https://observer.com/2011/06/andy-baio-jay-maisel-kind-of-bloop-lawsuit-sue-2011-06-24/
 * - https://www.litigationandtrial.com/2011/06/articles/attorney/trademark-copyright-infringement/kind-of-bloop-an-statutory-damages/

--Greatder (talk) 15:06, 20 September 2021 (UTC)
 * I see. Thanks for explaining. Yes, it looks relevant. Martinevans123 (talk) 15:11, 20 September 2021 (UTC)
 * This is not essential to an understanding of the article's topic. Piotr Jr. (talk) 03:48, 21 September 2021 (UTC)
 * The article's topic is the album. This is a trivial item in the story of the album cover. Piotr Jr. (talk) 03:54, 21 September 2021 (UTC)
 * It had relevant and wide reception in news cycle and the article needs to be updated to reflect those news and discussions. --Greatder (talk) 04:00, 21 September 2021 (UTC)

I don't consider any of the sites you referenced to be relevant or indicative of widespread coverage. And in and of itself, the story seems like a footnote. Piotr Jr. (talk) 04:24, 21 September 2021 (UTC)

In fact, two of your sources are listed at WP:RSP with cautionary notes. Piotr Jr. (talk) 04:27, 21 September 2021 (UTC)

Why do we need an entire section dedicated to this story? How is more than one sentence summarizing its connection to the album not sufficient enough? How does mentioning more help readers understand Kind of Blue better? How does not mentioning it at all deprive this article of all requisite information to understand the album? These are the questions we should be asking ourselves. You are free to add the information yourself to the article, but stop tagging it as if it needs this. It doesn't. Piotr Jr. (talk) 04:48, 21 September 2021 (UTC)

 * Not really "influence" is it. But kind of legacy-ish? One sentence may well be enough. Martinevans123 (talk) 09:06, 21 September 2021 (UTC)

Notes on 'Background' edit, 15–04–22
This edit does not constitute vandalism, nor does it change the meaning or context of the material, nor does it include information not found in already cited sources. It includes incremental changes made in good faith to improve the previous version of this paragraph, which had several areas in need of improvement: 1) the letter 'a' in 'alto' was incorrectly capitalized 2) the sentence's readability is hindered by its clumsy grammar and punctuation as well as its long length 3) the events mentioned near the end of sentence were listed non-chronologically: the mention of 'Kelly...November, 1958' precedes 'Cobb...May, 1958' 4) the sentence as written states that the pianist (Evans) was replaced in 1958, but that a drummer was added— the latter is incorrect, as the previous lineup also had a drummer (Philly Joe Jones) who was replaced in 1958 by Jimmy Cobb. Hagaland (talk) 05:43, 16 April 2022 (UTC)

Thank you. But you've left the first paragraph uncited. 𝒮𝒾𝓇 𝒯𝑒𝒻𝓁𝑜𝓃 (talk | contribs) 15:15, 16 April 2022 (UTC)

Done. (I don't have a problem with providing a reference, but it's worth noting that no other information/instrumentalist in that paragraph was cited; perhaps you can enlighten me regarding why...) Hagaland (talk) 20:53, 17 April 2022 (UTC)

Because you split it from the other text, which had citations toward the end. Which is customary to place a citation covering a whole paragraph at the end and not repeat it elsewhere (WP:OVERCITE). So can you check your previous revisions and see which citation was verifying that entire paragraph? 𝒮𝒾𝓇 𝒯𝑒𝒻𝓁𝑜𝓃 (talk | contribs) 21:44, 17 April 2022 (UTC)

Certified sales
What is the point in the 3,495,572 (with reference) under certified sales, when it has been certified platinum 5 times in the US (i.e., sales over 5 million)?

1) It's out of date: It went platinum one more time since this reference was added.

2) Surely the certification agency is the best source.

If it wasn't a good article I'd just do this myself, but perhaps I'm missing some nuance here. Dhalamh (talk) 09:34, 5 May 2022 (UTC)

 * Your suggestion was boldy implemented. Citing online magazine Vulture over the RIAA is ridiculous. Cambial — foliar❧ 10:24, 5 May 2022 (UTC)

Playing times
1. The SACD booklet gives 5:37 for "Blue in Green", instead of 5:27.

2. The booklet with the SACD says that the tape recorder was running at the wrong speed for the first three tracks, so they were played back sharp and faster on all releases until the gold Mastersound release. Bubba73 You talkin' to me? 03:33, 10 August 2022 (UTC)

 * Good to make a note (or footnote) of these, all referenced to reliable sources, of course... a la Agharta (album). But the main listing of lengths should be the originals, I think. 𝒮𝒾𝓇 𝒯𝑒𝒻𝓁𝑜𝓃 (talk | contribs) 13:27, 10 August 2022 (UTC)

 * I agree, except maybe list both times. I presume that the ones on the SACD are different from the originals, but I don't know. Bubba73 You talkin' to me? 02:18, 11 August 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kind of Blue


text:
St George's Fields

St George's Fields was an area of Southwark in south London, England.

History
Originally the area was an undifferentiated part of the south side of the Thames, which was low-lying marshland unsuitable even for agricultural purposes. There is evidence of Roman occupation. As at Lambeth Marsh, the settlement was built on raised through roads over the marsh lands. These were likely summer residences, for in winter the land was under water. A monastery is known to have existed at Bermondsey before 715 AD. Bermondsey is likely to have been a higher, drier spot in an otherwise marshy area.

The area was part of the king's demesne. In 1082, according to the "Annales Monasterii de Bermundeseia", Alwinus Child obtained a royal license to found a monastery dedicated to St Saviour, most likely on the site of the earlier one. In 1086, the monastery became part of the Cluniac network under the Priory of St Mary's of La Charité-sur-Loire. Bermondsey Priory later acquired additional properties neighbouring their home manor.

The area takes its name from the nearby Church of St George the Martyr, which according to the Annals of Bermondsey Abbey was founded by Thomas Ardern and Thomas his son in 1122. The small de Ardern family property occupied the corner of the junction of the high street and "old" Kent street (now Tabard Street); presumably this had been acquired from Canterbury after 1086. It may have been a hamlet that had developed at what is the junction of the Roman roads now known as Stane Street and Watling Street. This too was given to Bermondsey Priory in 1122 by the Arderns along with the church of St George the Martyr which is in that precinct. The Rectors were appointed by the Priory/Abbey until the Reformation changes and its dissolution.

Suffolk Place
In 1479 William Brandon was appointed Knight Marshal of the Marshalsea Court, and therefore, of Marshalsea prison. The Brandons also came to control the King's Bench Prison. Prisons, at that time, were run as private concerns for profit, as a sort of forced lodging for debtors and those awaiting trial. As they became more prominent at court the Brandons grew wealthier and acquired from the Abbey parts of the western side of the high street to create a large mansion. and grounds including, notably, Moulton Close, which is now Geraldine Mary Harmsworth Park around the Imperial War Museum. The house became known as Brandon Place.

Charles Brandon, the last of the male line, became Earl Marshal in 1510 and was created Duke of Suffolk in 1514; he married Henry VIII's sister in 1516. The mansion then became known as Suffolk Place. In 1536 Charles gave Suffolk Place, rebuilt by him in fine Renaissance style in 1522, to King Henry VIII in exchange for Norwich Palace on the Strand. Shortly after, in June 1536, Bermondsey Abbey was induced to "grant" its land to the king as part of the Dissolution of the Monasteries: hence he now owned all of the Abbey’s manor west of the high street. Henry VIII gave this building to Queen Jane Seymour in 1537. It appears that it was the king's intention to create a new royal hunting park and the Brandon mansion was to serve as its lodge. However, he seems to have lost interest in the project after the Queen died of post-natal complications shortly after the birth of Edward VI.

Property of the City
The manor belonged to the Crown for only fourteen years, as in 1550 the City acquired it from Edward VI's government and also the Canterbury manor on the east side of the high street. The Abbot's manor became known as "The King's Manor". This was presumably because of the royal presence at the old Suffolk House. This had been specifically excluded from the City’s jurisdiction by clauses in the 1550 charter. The building remained a royal mansion; in 1554 Queen Mary stayed overnight with her new husband King Philip II of Spain as part of their progress to London. The City's jurisdiction in Southwark now stretched across from the various borders with Lambeth and Bermondsey. These lands were paid for through the use of the endowments of the Bridge House Estates. From this point the City nominated the Rector of St George's, as to the present day.

The area having been over the course of time drained, St George's Fields, comprised broad open meadows. At the restoration, during Charles II's progress from Dover to London, the Lord Mayor and Aldermen feted the king under a large tent erected in St George's Fields, where on 29 of May 1660, a great banquet was held prior to the king's entering the City. According to Samuel Pepys and John Evelyn, six years later, St George's Fields were one of the places of refuge to which the poorer citizens retreated with such of their goods and chattels as they could save from the Great Fire of London. It also became a place much favoured by open-air preachers, who were not allowed to hold forth in London.

The City's control of the area of St George's Fields allowed its development. From 1750 the creation of the new roads associated with the new Westminster Bridge and the improvements to the old London Bridge created the traffic nexus at Newington which because of these changes became known as Elephant and Castle, and the junction of St George's Circus was required to connect these with the 1769 Blackfriars Bridge Road / London Road. The City also decided to relocate the Bethlem Royal Hospital from Moorfields in 1815. The location at the edge of the territory it had control of in St George's Fields, the site of the Dog and Duck tavern, was thought at the time to be sufficiently rural for the institution but also convenient to the built up area.

St George's Fields was the scene of riots in 1768, agitating for the release of John Wilkes and, more seriously, was the starting point of the Gordon Riots in 1780 which began in the movement to repeal the act of parliament removing penalties for Catholics.

The obelisk at St George's Circus

The obelisk at St George's Circus was built in 1771 in honour of Brass Crosby, the Lord Mayor of the City of London. It was moved to the north apex of Geraldine Mary Harmsworth Park, (the remnant of Moulton Close) a short distance to the southwest, in front of the museum, in 1905, and put back in its original spot in the late 1990s.

The obelisk was mentioned in the novel David Copperfield by Charles Dickens: "there was a long-legged young man with a very little empty donkey-art, standing near the Obelisk, in the Blackfriars Road, whose eye I caught as I was going by, and who, addressing me as 'Sixpenn'orth of bad ha'pence,' hoped 'I should know him agin to swear to' — in allusion, I have no doubt, to my staring at him. I stopped to assure him that had not done so in a bad manner, but uncertain whether he might or might not like a job."

St George's Cathedral, Southwark
Although there had been a Catholic chapel at London Road a new and much larger church was required for an increasing local population. As the area is known as St George's Fields and the site of the new church was on St George's Road its dedication to England's Patron Saint was suggested immediately. It was designed by Augustus Pugin, who married there, being considered the most important Catholic church in England when it was built. It could seat about 3,000 persons, and the building was 240 feet long by 72 feet wide. The church was solemnly opened by Bishop Wiseman on 4 July 1848. To mark the occasion Pope Pius IX sent a golden chalice and paten as a gift. Two years later Pope Pius IX restored the English hierarchy and St George's was chosen as the diocesan church of St George's Cathedral, Southwark, of the new Archdiocese of Southwark, which was to cover the whole of southern England. For the next half-century, until the opening of Westminster Cathedral, St George's was the centre of Catholic life in London. As a cathedral it actually predates by more than half a century that of the Anglican Southwark Cathedral.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: St George's Fields


text:
Lockheed WC-130

The Lockheed WC-130 is a high-wing, medium-range aircraft used for weather reconnaissance missions by the United States Air Force. The aircraft is a modified version of the C-130 Hercules transport configured with specialized weather instrumentation including a dropsonde deployment/receiver system and crewed by a meteorologist for penetration of tropical cyclones and winter storms to obtain data on movement, size and intensity.

The USAF's Air Weather Service (AWS) received its first C-130 Hercules in 1962 to conduct air sampling missions in the wake of a resumption of atmospheric weapons testing by the Soviet Union in September 1961. The Air Force was then in the process of replacing its fleet of WB-50 weather reconnaissance aircraft with WB-47E jets but by 1965 the AWS had decided it would better served by the WC-130 in the manned weather reconnaissance role. Since that year the Air Force and Air Force Reserve have operated a total of 50 WC-130s in five variants. The WC-130J Weatherbird is the current weather data collection platform for the 53rd Weather Reconnaissance Squadron.

Only one WC-130 has been lost during operational missions, H-model 65-0965, on 12 October 1974, flying in Typhoon Bess northeast of The Philippines. A former weather recon aircraft, H-model 65-0968, was lost on 2 May 2018 while serving with the Puerto Rico Air National Guard on its final ferry flight to retirement. Two WC-130B models were lost to crashes after being sold to international customers, and another operational WC-130B aircraft was destroyed on the ground by a hurricane.

Development
In 1954 the Air Weather Service (AWS) replaced its WB-29 Superfortresses as its primary weather reconnaissance platform with a fleet of WB-50Ds deployed in seven squadrons. Between 1956 and 1960 six WB-50 accidents resulted in the loss of an entire crew and caused the deaths of 66 crew members; metal fatigue and other structural problems with the type was to end its service by 1965. The C-130 Hercules was desired by the AWS as the best alternative but budgetary limitations prevented the procurement of new aircraft for the mission. Headquarters Air Force had always considered aerial weather reconnaissance an expendable luxury when budget cuts were necessary or when funds were needed for expensive programs. In 1958 its desire to field a large ICBM deterrent force resulted in the shutdown of two AWS squadrons, followed by three more in March 1960. The problems with the WB-50, brought to a head in May 1960 by fuel leaks that grounded the entire 66-plane fleet, accelerated the process, which scheduled a complete phaseout by 1963. AWS fought against the decision, however, and the proposed permanent shutdown of AWS's flying mission alarmed high-level operational commanders worldwide, including the admiral commanding the United States Pacific Command. The commander of the Strategic Air Command, General Thomas S. Power, recommended that the WB-50s be replaced by B-47s that were being phased out by SAC, and when Gen. Curtis E. LeMay gave his support for the proposal, modification of 34 WB-47Es in 1963 for the AWS was approved and the re-activation of three discontinued weather recon squadrons scheduled for 1962.

In the meantime a bilateral moratorium with the Soviet Union on the atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons was starting its third year when a suggestion was made that the classified air sampling program monitoring the moratorium and being conducted by at least five USAF commands be consolidated under a single manager and agency. AWS lobbied for the mission and submitted a plan in February 1961 naming itself the single manager. LeMay, now Air Force Chief of Staff, approved the plan on 31 August 1961; the next day the Soviet Union resumed nuclear testing. Headquarters Air Force authorized the acquisition of five new C-130Bs factory-configured for the sampling mission to be delivered in April 1962 when AWS would become the air sampling single-manager. These became the first weather-mission C-130 aircraft.

After the five C-130Bs became operational with AWS, conversions of six C-130Es followed in 1965 but as weather platforms. A dropsonde system was installed in all the C-130Bs and the designation of all C-130 weather variants was permanently changed to "WC-130" on 25 August 1965. Three WC-130As were created in Southeast Asia in 1967 and 11 more WC-130Bs were added in 1970 to replace the WB-47s, which had been abruptly retired from service in September 1969. The first of 15 WC-130Hs was converted in 1973 from rescue command and control aircraft (that had themselves been modified from C-130Es). Service life of some of these variants over-lapped as they operated with the 53rd, 54th, 55th and 56th Weather Reconnaissance Squadrons. The -E and -H models have had the greatest longevity in service, 28 and 32 years respectively. Of the seven original weather reconnaissance squadrons, four of which received the WC-130 at some point, only the 53d WRS remains active, now assigned to the Air Force Reserve Command (AFRC).

The WC-130J model, introduced in 1999, is currently the weather reconnaissance platform for the 53rd WRS, part of the 403rd Wing of the Air Force Reserve Command at Keesler AFB, Mississippi. Many of the WC-130s replaced in the weather reconnaissance mission were subsequently redistributed after de-modification to other AFRC and Air National Guard wings for use again in their original tactical airlift role or as training aircraft, while others were sold to foreign air forces.

Mission
The WC-130 provides vital tropical cyclone forecasting information and is the primary weather data collector for the National Hurricane Center, supplemented by the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration's WP-3D Orion. They penetrate tropical cyclones and hurricanes at altitudes ranging from 500 to 10000 ft above the ocean surface depending upon the intensity of the storm. The most important function of these reconnaissance aircraft is to collect high-density, high-accuracy weather data from within the storm's environment. This includes penetration of the center or hurricane eye of the storm. This vital information is instantly relayed by satellite to the National Hurricane Center to aid in the accurate forecasting of hurricane movement and intensity.

Variants and operational history
The Lockheed C-130 has been operated as a Weather Reconnaissance aircraft in the following sub-types:

WC-130B (1962–1973)
Five new C-130Bs factory-configured for air sampling were delivered to the 55th Weather Reconnaissance Squadron at McClellan Air Force Base, California, in 1962. After operational testing and evaluation, three were distributed to the 54th, 56th, and 57th WRS and the 55th deployed one of its remaining two to Eielson Air Force Base, Alaska. In 1965 all had dropsonde systems installed at the Warner Robins Air Materiel Area (WRAMA) and were transferred to the 53rd WRS at Ramey Air Force Base, Puerto Rico, for use in the Hurricane Hunter mission. The first of thousands of such missions for the just-designated WC-130 was flown on 27 August 1965 into the eye of Hurricane Betsy, the most destructive hurricane in recorded history to that time.

In the aftermath of Hurricane Camille in August 1969 and the simultaneous shutdown of the WB-47 program, funds were appropriated to fund Project Seek Cloud, an upgrade of tropical storm reconnaissance capability by an increase in C-130 platforms and an upgrade in meteorological equipment. 12 additional C-130B transports were obtained from Pacific Air Forces and modified in 1970–1971 with the new equipment suite. One was soon transferred to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) but the other 11 went into military service, three to the 54th to replace the WC-130As and the rest to the 53rd, which had transferred four of its five original B-models to other squadrons after receiving Seek Cloud retrofits. Efforts to develop forward-looking and side-looking weather radars were unsuccessful. The second batch of C-130Bs were in service only a few years before all were de-modified and turned over to the reserve forces.

The WC-130Bs were powered by four Allison T56-A-7A turboprop engines rated at 4,050 shp, had a cruising speed of 350 knot, a radius of action of 1,200 miles with a payload of 25,000 lb, and a service ceiling of 30,000 feet.

WC-130E (1965–1993)
In 1965 the Air Force procured six E-model variants to replace six WB-47Es in the 54th Weather Reconnaissance Squadron at Anderson Air Force Base, Guam. Three veteran airlifters were transferred from the Tactical Air Command (TAC) and three obtained new. All were modified with the AMT-1 dropsonde system and assigned to the 54th WRS, where they remained until 1972. From then to 1987, when they were assigned permanently to the 53d WRS, the E-models were assigned to the operational demands of all the operational weather reconnaissance squadrons. In 1989 they were upgraded with the Improved Weather Reconnaissance System ("I-Wars") utilizing the Omega Navigation System previously installed in WC-130H model and remained in regular operational service until retired in 1993.

WC-130A (1967–1970)
Three C-130A transports were obtained from TAC in 1966 during the Vietnam War to conduct Operation Popeye, a rain-making operation in Southeast Asia. In early 1967 they were modified for an additional weather reconnaissance mission by installation of the AMT-1 dropsonde system. Two were based for the dual missions on a rotational basis at Udorn Royal Thai Air Force Base, Thailand, with a third at Anderson AFB for maintenance and crew changes. Missions were flown by crews of the 54th WRS and included synoptic weather reconnaissance to all areas of SEA. All three reverted to C-130A standard in 1971 after their replacement by upgraded models.

WC-130H (1973–2005)
With the drawdown of U.S. participation in the war in Southeast Asia, a number of extended-range HC-130H CROWN airborne controllers assigned to the Aerospace Rescue and Recovery Service (a sister agency of the Air Weather Service in the Military Airlift Command) became excess because of budgetary reductions. With Hurricane Camille still fresh in the minds of Congress and the American public and retention of the AWS flying mission still strong in MAC Headquarters, AWS proposed to Headquarters Air Force in March 1972 that its 16 WC-130Bs be replaced by a like number of the available HC-130Hs. The request was approved in December 1972 but altered a month later. AWS was ordered to retain three of the Bs and could give up the other 13 in return for 11 HC-130Hs. $4.5 million was budgeted for WRAMA to transfer the Seek Cloud equipment from the Bs to the newer Hs, and the changeover occurred between June 1973 and July 1974. Four additional HC-130Hs were converted in 1975.

A total of 15 HC-130H rescue Hercules were eventually modified with Seek Cloud equipment and designated WC-130H, replacing all 16 WC-130Bs in the weather reconnaissance squadrons. The WC-130H was equipped with the more powerful Allison T56-A-15 turboprop engines rated at 4,910 shp and had wing-mounted fuel tanks that provided an additional 2,720 usgal of fuel, extending the WC-130H's radius of action at maximum cruise speed (230 kn (KIAS), 350 kn (KTAS)) to 2,250 nmi.

A contract was awarded Tracor Aerospace on 29 September 1987 to build and install 20 IWRS suites but two days later the 54th WRS was inactivated, leaving only ten WC-130s in service, seven with the 53d WRS and three in the Air Force Reserve. Even so, the IWRS system went operational in the WC-130H in 1988 and remains standard equipment.

Manned weather reconnaissance continued to be reduced when AWS finally divested itself of its flying mission in 1991 by inactivating the 53d WRS and transferring both the mission and its few remaining aircraft assets to the Air Force Reserve Command (AFRC). But the devastation wrought by Hurricane Andrew in 1992 again demonstrated the need for "hurricane hunting" and state-of-the-art equipment to accomplish it, and the 53d was resurrected as a full-time unit of AFRC in 1993. The WC-130s were transferred back to it but the H-models were showing their age and between 1999 and 2005 all were replaced by the new, technologically-advanced J-variant.

WC-130J (1999–present)
The WC-130J was the first variant obtained new from the factory since 1965. Ten were procured and assigned to the 53d WRS, now the only manned weather reconnaissance unit in the Department of Defense. The new model encountered teething problems that delayed its Initial Operational Capability until just before the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season. Conversion of the Lockheed Martin C-130J Super Hercules greatly enhanced the capability and safety of the WC-130 in its penetration of tropical cyclones on critical "fix" missions. The WC-130J carries a minimum crew of five: pilot/aircraft commander, co-pilot, combat systems officer, aerial reconnaissance weather officer and weather reconnaissance loadmaster. The 53d WRS maintains twenty air crews (ten full-time and ten part-time) to meet its capabilities obligations in support of requirements for the National Hurricane Operations Plan of five sorties per day from Keesler AFB and two from deployed locations. Weather data instrumentation and the dropsonde delivery and recording systems are mounted in the aircraft on removable pallets at the front end of the cargo compartment, giving the aircraft a standard cargo mission capability also.

The aircraft is not equipped for aerial refueling, but with wing-mounted auxiliary fuel tanks is capable of staying aloft almost 18 hours at an optimum cruise speed of more than 300 mph. An average weather reconnaissance mission lasts 11 hours and covers almost 3500 mi. The crew collects and reports weather data as often as every minute.

The Aerial Reconnaissance Weather Officer operates the computerized weather reconnaissance equipment, generates the "horizontal data" measurements (also known as "Recco"), and acts as flight director inside the storm environment. The weather officer also evaluates other meteorological conditions such as turbulence, icing, visibility, cloud types and amounts, and ocean surface winds. The ARWO uses the equipment to determine the storm's center and analyze atmospheric conditions such as pressure, temperature, dew point and wind speed to create a Vortex Data Message sent to the National Hurricane Center.

A critical piece of weather equipment on board the WC-130J is the GPS Dropsonde Windfinding System, a cylindrically-shaped instrument about 16 in long and 3.5 in in diameter and weighing approximately 2.5 lb. The dropsonde is equipped with a high frequency radio and other sensing devices and is released from the aircraft over water. As the instrument descends to the sea surface, it measures and relays to the aircraft a vertical atmospheric profile of the temperature, humidity and barometric pressure and wind data. The dropsonde is slowed and stabilized by a small parachute. Through use of the Advanced Vertical Atmospheric Profiling System (AVAPS), the Dropsonde System Operator generates the "vertical data" (also referred to as "Drops") needed by the NHC, receiving, analyzing and encoding the data for transmission by satellite.

Between May 2007 and February 2008, all ten WC-130J were equipped with the Stepped-Frequency Microwave Radiometer (SFMR or "Smurf"), which continuously measures the surface winds and rainfall rates below the aircraft, mounted in a radome on the right wing outboard of the number four engine.

The WC-130J provides data vital to tropical cyclone forecasting. The WC-130J usually penetrates hurricanes at an altitude of approximately 10000 ft to collect meteorological data in the vortex, or eye, of the storm. The aircraft normally flies a radius of about 100 mi from the vortex to collect detailed data about the structure of the tropical cyclone.

The information collected makes possible advance warning of hurricanes and increases the accuracy of hurricane predictions and warnings by as much as 30%. Collected data are relayed directly to the National Hurricane Center, in Miami, Fla., a Department of Commerce weather agency that tracks hurricanes and provides warning service in the Atlantic area.

Accidents and incidents

 * Swan 38 – On 12 October 1974, a newly modified WC-130H (65-0965) assigned to the United States Air Force's 54th Weather Reconnaissance Squadron and its six crew disappeared during Typhoon Bess. No trace of the aircraft or its crew has ever been found.

Operators
The WC-130 is exclusively operated by the United States Air Force, especially by its Air Force Reserve Command. As of May 2014, 10 are in the USAF's inventory, all belonging to the reserve.

 * United States Air Force
 * Air Force Reserve Command
 * 53rd Weather Reconnaissance Squadron

Former squadrons

 * 54th Weather Reconnaissance Squadron (1965-1987)

title: Lockheed WC-130


text:
User talk:Paul Vogel/216.99.245.184

Look, I've tried to point out your error, and I've unfortunately failed to make you see it. You'll notice white separatist is now a fair and balanced article; much superior to the unattributed quote you tried to pass off as an NPOV article.

Now, will you stop pasting that quote all over the place under inappropriate titles like "Separatists"? Thanks. -- Hadal 21:09, 29 Feb 2004 (UTC)

On the contrary, you were the one that "failed" to present a NPOV or "fair and balanced" article on "White Separatism", with you and other pc bigots always trying to present "White Separatism" as being only "White Supremacy", remember? Yes, I agree that the new article is better and that the quote attributation is appropriate, but, it still was a NPOV accurately and honestly reflecting what and how any "White Separatist" himself, actually defines himself as being and as believing. Thanks! :D

 * Whatever.. if you can't see that presenting one view to the exclusion of all others is unquestionably biased, I don't know what to tell you. I'll agree that there may be an ideological distinction between white supremacy and white separatism (however flimsy that distinction may be), but that quote was not an acceptable "article" on the subject. I've never heard the term "PC bigot" before; seems like an oxymoron to me, but hey.

Whatever, indeed! LOL! :D

I do see, and that is why I always insist upon a NPOV in any articles. Remember, you were the one's insisting upon only your own PC POV, and NOT the NPOV which indicates that the two terms, "separatism" and "supremacism" were quite separate and distinct.

On the contrary, the term "PC bigot" is not any "oxymoron" when you do understand that "Political Correctness" is only a Marxist Dogmatism that is always being enforced by "PC bigots" that do censor and deny any Freedom of Speech for their own political critics.

 * Please realise that creating a page like "Separatsists" only to direct people to "white separatist" is completely inappropriate and misleading. Please do not do this again. Thank you, -- Hadal 21:27, 29 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Duh..., obviously, that was actually only a "typo". The revised article to White separatist is NPOV enough now to stand unreverted and uncontested. Thank you. :D

Paul -- if you don't immediately stop you will be banned from the site. You've been warned many times. BCorr ¤ Брайен 23:08, Feb 29, 2004 (UTC)

YAWN.....I only revert or edit for a NPOV and for objective and factual accuracy. Ban all you like, the TRUTH will remain...ALWAYS... whether you POV do think so, and do censor and do ban it, or not!-PV

title: User talk:Paul Vogel/216.99.245.184


text:
Wikipedia talk:Selected anniversaries/March 20

Dachau
As of March 2004 [[Dachau concentration camp] is a stub
 * 1933 - Dachau, the first Nazi concentration camp, is completed.
 * No longer a stub, and it's now posted. -- PFHLai 21:55, 2005 Mar 19 (UTC)

Fire in Boston
Is there an article about the Great Fire of Boston? If not, let's delete it from this page. RickK | Talk 07:09, 14 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Not yet, but Boston has that info in it. Item restored. --mav 09:34, 14 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * I removed it as this fire seems not too significant, esp. when compared to Great Boston Fire of 1872 and Cocoanut Grove fire. And, we do have bigger 'old news' items with decent Wikipages to feature this year. -- PFHLai 21:55, 2005 Mar 19 (UTC)

Equinox
I don't know if this is the right place to say this but it's odd how the equinox is considered "2004" since it's really every year. How can we fix this?

 * So does Christmas. See Selected anniversaries/December 25. --mav 17:30, 20 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * Actually, the Vernal equinox can be anywhere from March 19 to 22. It's off by a few hours every year, more in a leap year. Please see Gregorian Calendar. -- PFHLai 07:19, 2005 Mar 18 (UTC)

Invasion of Iraq

 * 2003 - Invasion of Iraq: In the early hours of the morning, U.S.-led forces entered Iraqi territory.

As of March 19, 2004 there are NPOV and accuracy disputes on that page. When/if this changes then this entry can be placed back in. --mav 22:36, 19 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * The NPOV tag is still on the page 2003 invasion of Iraq this year. This anniversary will probably have to stay off the MainPage for another year. The template is full, anyway. -- PFHLai 21:55, 2005 Mar 19 (UTC)
 * Same problem persists in 2006. --PFHLai 07:24, 9 March 2006 (UTC)

Valentine's Alternative

 * Steak and Blowjob day Steak & Blowjob day is a waste of time effort and energy... Because lets face it most men DON'T make an effort on Valentines Day.

Lots of non-Gregorian based observations in 2008
Looks like a bunch of non-Gregorian calendar based holidays and observations that are normally on these Selected anniversaries pages will fall on the same day in 2008. Of course, the WP:SA currently says "a maximum of ... 3 holidays/observances per day", but it would feel POV to pick one or more of these observations to omit this year just to strictly observe the Wikipedia guideline, right? Zzyzx11 (Talk) 06:01, 28 January 2008 (UTC)

2012 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 04:54, 19 March 2012 (UTC)
 * Omitted: Dutch East India Company; Arts Club of Chicago; Landing on Emirau; Zidovudine
 * Included: Linköping Bloodbath (first appearance); Hundred Days (4th consecutive appearance, last on February 26, 2011—not a particularly relevant date); Uncle Tom's Cabin (6th appearance, last in 2010); Cyclone Larry (2nd appearance, last in 2010)
 * Repeats: Maximinus Thrax (2nd consecutive appearance, 2 total)

2013 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 07:10, 19 March 2013 (UTC)
 * Moved to Ineligible: Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property (maintenance + short); 2003 invasion of Iraq (maintenance)
 * Omitted: Independence Day in Tunisia (ineligible—maintenance); Maximinus Thrax; Linköping Bloodbath; Hundred Days; Uncle Tom's Cabin; Cyclone Larry
 * Included: Dutch East India Company (6th appearance, last in 2011); Arts Club of Chicago (2nd appearance, last in 2011; 90th anniversary); Douglas MacArthur's escape from the Philippines/Douglas MacArthur (both: first appearance); Zidovudine (8th appearance, last in 2011); Warrington bomb attacks (first appearance)

2014 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 01:33, 19 March 2014 (UTC)
 * Omitted: Arts Club of Chicago; Douglas MacArthur's escape from the Philippines/Douglas MacArthur; Zidovudine; Warrington bomb attacks
 * Included: Tunisia (rescued from Ineligible); Hundred Days (7th appearance, last in 2012); Republican Party (United States) (first appearance); Landing on Emirau (2nd appearance, last in 2011; 70th anniversary); Cyclone Larry (3rd appearance, last in 2012)
 * Repeats: Dutch East India Company (2nd consecutive appearance, 7 total)

Officially start of the Hundred Days???
One of the item of "On this day" is that "After escaping from exile in Elba, Napoleon Bonaparte (pictured) entered Paris, officially beginning his "Hundred Days" rule." Really? Did Napoleon proclaim of Hundred Days rule? Did he perhaps state he would only be back for a short time. With just enough time to travel to Waterloo have a chat with |Wellington and then take a long holiday? The term "Hundred Days" was invented after this period so there never was an official start. Better would it be to say that historians see his arrival in Paris as the start of the Hundred Days. Scafloc (talk) 09:31, 20 March 2014 (UTC)
 * Rewrote it as beginning the period known as the "Hundred Days". Thanks. — howcheng  {chat} 15:41, 20 March 2014 (UTC)

2015 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 06:39, 18 March 2015 (UTC)
 * Omitted: Dutch East India Company; Hundred Days (normally would repeat, seeing as it's the 200th anniversary, but Napoleon was just featured on February 26, also for its 200th); Landing on Emirau; Cyclone Larry
 * Included: Maximinus Thrax (3rd appearance, last in 2012); Linköping Bloodbath (2nd appearance, last in 2012); Uncle Tom's Cabin (7th appearance, last in 2012); Arts Club of Chicago (3rd appearance, last in 2013); Warrington bomb attacks (2nd appearance, last in 2013)

2016 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 10:43, 18 March 2016 (UTC)
 * Rescued from Ineligible (unused): 2003 invasion of Iraq
 * Omitted: Maximinus Thrax; Linköping Bloodbath; Uncle Tom's Cabin; Arts Club of Chicago; Warrington bomb attacks
 * Included: Dutch East India Company (8th appearance, last in 2014); Great Boston Fire of 1760 (first appearance); Douglas MacArthur's escape from the Philippines/Douglas MacArthur (Escape: 2nd appearance; MacArthur: 5th appearance; both last in 2013); Zidovudine (9th appearance, last in 2013); Cyclone Larry (4th appearance, last in 2014; 10th anniversary)

 * The old ineligible link for the March equinox from 2011 was pointing to a different article, new dedicated article has no cleanups; added to section as well (note: both google and facebook are leading with a March equinox page today). — xaosflux  Talk 05:13, 20 March 2016 (UTC)

Reference: http://www.religiouslife.emory.edu/documents/Baha_i%20Holy%20Days%2050%20year%20calendar.pdf  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 120.22.5.196 (talk) 00:58, 21 March 2016 (UTC)
 * There has been a mistake with Naw-Rúz (Bahá'í calendar). It varies with the spring equinox and is on March 20 in 2016. It should be included on the March 20 page (it was accidentally placed on the March 21 page).

2017 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 07:03, 20 March 2017 (UTC)
 * Moved to Ineligible: 2003 invasion of Iraq (maintenance)
 * Omitted: Dutch East India Company (ineligible—maintenance); Great Boston Fire of 1760; Douglas MacArthur's escape from the Philippines/Douglas MacArthur; Zidovudine; Cyclone Larry
 * Included: Maximinus Thrax (4th appearance, last in 2015); Linköping Bloodbath (3rd appearance, last in 2015); Hundred Days (8th appearance, last in 2014); Landing on Emirau (3rd appearance, last in 2014); Warrington bomb attacks (3rd appearance, last in 2015); Isaac Newton (first appearance); Amanda Clement (first appearance); Fernando Torres (first appearance)

2018 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 07:03, 20 March 2018 (UTC)
 * Moved to Ineligible: Cyclone Larry (maintenance)
 * Omitted: Linköping Bloodbath (ineligible—maintenance); Hundred Days (ineligible—maintenance); Landing on Emirau; Warrington bomb attacks; Isaac Newton; Amanda Clement; Fernando Torres
 * Included: Uncle Tom's Cabin (8th appearance, last in 2015); USS Langley (CV-1) (first appearance); Zidovudine (10th appearance, last in 2016); Adrienne Lecouvreur (first appearance); Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck (first appearance); Willie Brown (politician) (first appearance)
 * Repeats: Maximinus Thrax (2nd consecutive appearance, 5 total); Warrington bomb attacks (2nd consecutive appearance, 4 total; 20th anniversary)

2019 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 17:21, 20 March 2019 (UTC)
 * Moved to Ineligible: Great Boston fire of 1760 (maintenance); Isaac Newton (maintenance)
 * Omitted: March equinox (ineligible—maintenance); Tunisia (ineligible—maintenance); USS Langley (CV-1); Zidovudine; Adrienne Lecouvreur; Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck; Willie Brown (politician)
 * Included: Arts Club of Chicago (4th appearance, last in 2015); 1939 German ultimatum to Lithuania (first appearance; 80th anniversary); Alexios III of Trebizond (first appearance); Elizabeth Rona (2nd appearance, last in 2017; also appears on July 27, her death anniversary); Ai (poet) (first appearance)
 * Repeats: Maximinus Thrax (3rd consecutive appearance, 6 total); Uncle Tom's Cabin (2nd consecutive appearance, 9 total); Warrington bomb attacks (3rd consecutive appearance, 5 total)

2020 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 16:45, 21 March 2020 (UTC)
 * Rescued from Ineligible (unused): Isaac Newton
 * Omitted: Arts Club of Chicago; 1939 German ultimatum to Lithuania; Alexios III of Trebizond; Elizabeth Rona; Ai (poet) (ineligible—maintenance)
 * Included: Douglas MacArthur's escape from the Philippines/Douglas MacArthur (Escape: 3rd appearance, MacArthur: 6th, both last in 2016); Zidovudine (11th appearance, last in 2018); Maurice Csák (first appearance); Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck (2nd appearance, last in 2018; 150th birthday); Dorothy Campbell (first appearance; 75th anniversary)
 * Repeats: Maximinus Thrax (4th consecutive appearance, 7 total); Uncle Tom's Cabin (3rd consecutive appearance, 10 total); Warrington bombings (4th consecutive appearance, 6 total)

2021 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 07:19, 23 March 2021 (UTC)
 * Omitted: Maximinus Thrax; Uncle Tom's Cabin; Douglas MacArthur's escape from the Philippines/Douglas MacArthur; Warrington bombings; Maurice Csák; Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck; Dorothy Campbell
 * Included: Republican Party (United States) (2nd appearance, last in 2014; rescued from Ineligible); Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property (5th appearance, last in 2009; rescued from Ineligible); 1939 German ultimatum to Lithuania (2nd appearance, last in 2019); 2014 Kabul Serena Hotel attack (first appearance); Muhammad bin Tughluq (first appearance); Isaac Newton (2nd appearance, last in 2017); Eva Burrows (first appearance)
 * Repeats: Zidovudine (2nd consecutive appearance, 12 total)

2022 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 16:08, 21 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Deleted: Elizabeth Rona (appears elsewhere)
 * Omitted: Republican Party (United States); Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property; 1939 German ultimatum to Lithuania; Zidovudine; Muhammad bin Tughluq; Isaac Newton; Eva Burrows
 * Included: Maximinus Thrax (8th appearance, last in 2020); Hundred Days (9th appearance, last in 2017); USS Langley (CV-1) (2nd appearance, last in 2018; 100th anniversary); Douglas MacArthur's escape from the Philippines/Douglas MacArthur (Escape: 4th appearance; MacArthur: 7th; both last in 2020; 80th anniversary); Benjamin Truman (first appearance); Maud Menten (first appearance); S. Arasaratnam (first appearance)
 * Repeats: 2014 Kabul Serena Hotel shooting (2nd consecutive appearance, 2 total)


text:
Tom (river)

The Tom (Томь, ; Том; Том) is a river in Russia, a right tributary of the Ob in central Siberia. Its watershed lies within the Republic of Khakassia, Kemerovo Oblast, and Tomsk Oblast. It is 827 km long, and has a drainage basin of 62000 km2.

The Tom flows from the Abakan Range (a northern continuation of the Altai Mountains) northward through the Kuznetsk Basin. It joins the Ob approximately 50 km north of Tomsk.

Cities on the Tom River include Mezhdurechensk, Novokuznetsk, Kemerovo, Yurga, Tomsk, and Seversk.

The Aba people live near the Tom River.

Main tributaries
The largest tributaries of the Tom are, from source to mouth:

 * Belsu (right)
 * Usa (right)
 * Mrassu (left)
 * Kondoma (left)
 * Aba (left)
 * Verchnaya Ters (right)
 * Srednaya Ters (right)
 * Nizhnaya Ters (right)
 * Chernovoy Naryk (left)
 * Taydon (right)
 * Unga (left)
 * Basandayka (right)
 * Iskitim (left)
 * Ushayka (right)

title: Tom (river)


text:
User:Bensaccount

{| align="center" style="width: ; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-top: 1em; background-color: transparent; border: solid medium #000000; -moz-border-radius: 15px; -webkit-border-radius: 15px;" Define and describe Silence as consensus Facts precede opinions Be Bold Assume good faith Ignore all rules Avoid instruction creep
 * Crystal Clear app ktip.svg

title: User:Bensaccount


text:
The Private Life of Helen of Troy

The Private Life of Helen of Troy is a 1927 American silent comedy adventure film about Helen of Troy based on the 1925 novel of the same name by John Erskine, and adapted to screen by Gerald Duffy. The film was directed by Alexander Korda and starred María Corda as Helen, Lewis Stone as Menelaus, and Ricardo Cortez as Paris.

Cast

 * María Corda as Helen
 * Lewis Stone as Menelaus
 * Ricardo Cortez as Paris
 * George Fawcett as Eteoneus
 * Alice White as Adraste
 * Bill Elliott as Telemachus
 * Tom O'Brien as Ulysses
 * Bert Sprotte as Achilles
 * Mario Carillo as Ajax
 * Charles Puffy as Malapokitoratoreadetos
 * George Kotsonaros as Hector
 * Emilio Gorgato as Sarpedon
 * Constantine Romanoff as Aeneas
 * Alice Adair as Aphrodite
 * Helen Fairweather as Athena
 * Virginia Thomas as Hera
 * Agostino Borgato (uncredited)
 * Sonia Karlov (uncredited)
 * Inez Marion (uncredited)
 * Jack Stambaugh as Extra (uncredited)
 * John Westwood as Extra (uncredited)
 * Clifford Ingram as Chariot Driver (uncredited)
 * Gusztáv Pártos as Nobleman (uncredited)

Reception
Released at the end of the silent film era, The Private Life of Helen of Troy was nominated for an Academy Award in 1929, the year of the Awards' inception, in the category of Best Title Writing. Duffy died on June 25, 1928, and was the first person to be posthumously nominated for an Academy Award.

That same year, the first "talkie", The Jazz Singer, received an honorary award for introducing sound to film, and the category for which The Private Life of Helen of Troy was nominated was dropped by the second Academy Awards.

Preservation
Two sections from the beginning and end, running about 27–30 minutes in total, are reportedly all that survive of The Private Life of Helen of Troy; they are preserved by the British Film Institute.

title: The Private Life of Helen of Troy


text:
Birgit Prinz

Birgit Prinz (born 25 October 1977) is a German former footballer, two-time FIFA Women's World Cup champion and three-time FIFA World Player of the Year. In addition to the German national team, Prinz played for 1. FFC Frankfurt in the Frauen-Bundesliga as well as the Carolina Courage in the Women's United Soccer Association (WUSA), the first professional women's league in the United States. Prinz remains one of the game's most prolific strikers and is the second FIFA Women's World Cup all-time leading scorer with 14 goals (second only to Marta from Brazil). In 2011, she announced the end of her active career. She currently works as a sport psychologist for the men's and women's teams of Bundesliga club TSG 1899 Hoffenheim.

Club career
Prinz began her career at SV Dörnigheim FC. She made her Bundesliga debut for FSV Frankfurt, where she played from 1993 to 1998. During that time Prinz won two Bundesliga titles and two German Cups. In 1997 and 1998 she was the Bundesliga top scorer. In 1998, she moved to local rivals 1. FFC Frankfurt, where she has had her biggest success at club level. In 13 seasons at the club, Prinz won six Bundesliga and eight German Cup titles. She also won the Bundesliga top-scorer award twice more in 2001 and 2007. Prinz won the UEFA Women's Cup three times with Frankfurt, in the 2001–02, 2005–06 and 2007–08 seasons. She also reached the final in 2004, but lost to the Swedish side Umeå IK.

For two seasons, Prinz joined Carolina Courage in the professional women's league WUSA in the United States. During her short stint in America she claimed the 2002 WUSA Championship. After the 2003 World Cup, Prinz declined an offer from AC Perugia to play in Italy's men's Serie A, fearing her transfer would be used as a publicity stunt and she would end up on the bench.

In her time at FFC Frankfurt, Prinz won many personal awards, including a record eight German Female Footballer of the Year awards from 2001 to 2008. She was named the FIFA World Player of the Year in 2003, 2004 and 2005. For four consecutive years from 2007 to 2010 she came second, behind Brazil's Marta.

International career
At the age of 16, Prinz made her debut for the Germany national team in July 1994 against Canada. She came on after 72 minutes and scored the game-winner in the 89th minute. One year later, she won her first major title at the 1995 European Championship, scoring in the final. In the same year, she was named to Germany's squad for the 1995 FIFA Women's World Cup, where they lost to Norway in the final match. She remains the youngest player ever to appear in a World Cup Final.

For the next decade, Prinz had one of the most successful international careers in women's football. She won four more UEFA European Championships in 1997, 2001, 2005 and 2009. At the Summer Olympics she won bronze three times with the German team, in 2000, 2004 and 2008. At the 2003 FIFA Women's World Cup, Prinz helped Germany win its first World Cup title in the women's game. She was honoured as the tournament's best player and top-scorer. Prinz became the women's national team captain at the end of 2003, and remained until her retirement. Four years later, at the 2007 FIFA Women's World Cup, she captained the team to Germany's second World Cup title; she was awarded the Silver Ball as the second-best player at the tournament.

Prinz holds several national and international records. With 14 goals, she is the second all-time leading goalscorer at FIFA Women's World Cups. From 2008 until 2012, Prinz and Brazil's Cristiane both held the tournament record of ten goals at the Summer Olympics, although Cristiane has now surpassed Prinz. For the German national team Prinz appeared 214 times and scored 128 goals, and is the team's most capped player and top goalscorer.

Personal life
Prinz is a trained physical therapist. In 2010, she graduated with her master's degree in psychology from the Goethe University Frankfurt. Since January 2012, she has worked as a sport psychologist in the youth academy, women's U-17 and women's Bundesliga teams at TSG 1899 Hoffenheim.

International

 * Scores and results list Germany's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Prinz goal.

At World Cup and Olympic Tournaments
Prinz competed in five FIFA Women's World Cup: Sweden 1995, USA 1999, USA 2003, China 2007 and Germany 2011; and four Olympics: Atlanta 1996, Sydney 2000, Athens 2004, and Beijing 2008. Altogether she played in 43 matches and scored 24 goals at those nine global tournaments. With Germany, Prinz is a two-time world champion from USA 2003 and China 2007, and a runner-up from Sweden 1995, as well as a three-time bronze medalist from Sydney 2000, Athens 2004 and Beijing 2008.

Honours
FSV Frankfurt
 * Bundesliga: 1994–95, 1997–98
 * German Cup: 1994–95, 1995–96

1. FFC Frankfurt
 * UEFA Women's Cup: 2001–02, 2005–06, 2007–08; runner-up 2003–04
 * Bundesliga (7): 1998–99, 2000–01, 2001–02, 2002–03, 2004–05, 2006–07, 2007–08
 * German Cup (8): 1998–99, 1999-00, 2000–01, 2001–02, 2002–03, 2006–07, 2007–08, 2010–11

Germany
 * WUSA Championship: 2002
 * FIFA World Cup: 2003, 2007; runner-up 1995
 * UEFA European Championship: 1995, 1997, 2001, 2005, 2009
 * Olympic bronze medal: 2000, 2004, 2008
 * Algarve Cup: 2006

Individual
 * FIFA World Player of the Year: 2003, 2004, 2005; runner-up 2002, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010
 * German Player of the Year (8): 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008
 * UEFA Women's Championship Golden Player: 1995
 * Second all-time leading goalscorer FIFA Women's World Cup – 14 goals (second to Marta)
 * Second all-time leading goalscorer Women's Olympic Football Tournament – 10 goals (second to Cristiane)
 * Golden Ball: 2003 FIFA Women's World Cup
 * FIFA Women's World Cup top scorer: 2003
 * 2003 FIFA Women's World Cup All star team: 2003
 * Silver Ball: 2007 FIFA Women's World Cup
 * 2007 FIFA Women's World Cup All star team: 2007
 * Bundesliga top scorer: 1996–97, 1997–98, 2000–01, 2006–07
 * Silbernes Lorbeerblatt: 2003, 2007

title: Birgit Prinz


text:
Goal (ice hockey)

In ice hockey, a goal is scored when the puck entirely crosses the goal line between the two goal posts and below the goal crossbar. A goal awards one point to the team attacking the goal scored upon, regardless of which team the player who actually deflected the puck into the goal belongs to (see also own goal). Typically, a player on the team attempting to score shoots the puck with their stick towards the goal net opening, and a player on the opposing team called a goaltender tries to block the shot to prevent a goal from being scored against their team.

The term goal may also refer to the structure in which goals are scored. The ice hockey goal is rectangular in shape; the front frame of the goal is made of steel tube painted red and consists of two vertical goalposts and a horizontal crossbar. A net is attached to the back of the frame to catch pucks that enter the goal and also to prevent pucks from entering it from behind. The entire goal is considered an inbounds area of the playing surface, and it is legal to play the puck behind the goal. Under NHL rules, the opening of the goal is 72 in wide by 48 in tall, and the footprint of the goal is 40 in deep.

Method of scoring
The object of the game of ice hockey is to score more goals than the opposing team. Goaltenders and defencemen are concerned primarily with keeping the other team from scoring a goal, while forwards are primarily concerned with scoring goals on the other team. Forwards also have to be defensively responsible while defencemen need to press offensively, and it is not unknown for goalies to attempt to position the puck for a counterattack, or even attempt to shoot against an unguarded net.

For a goal to be scored, the puck normally must entirely cross the goal line between the posts and under the crossbar of the goal frame. A goal is not allowed under any of the following conditions:
 * the puck is sent into the goal from a stick raised above the height of the crossbar
 * the puck is intentionally kicked, batted, or thrown into the net by an attacking player; a puck may deflect off an attacking player's skate or body provided that player does not make a deliberate attempt to kick or redirect the puck with their body
 * the puck enters the net directly after deflecting off an official
 * the goaltender is impeded from preventing the goal by an attacking player
 * the scoring shot caused the scoring team to become offside, even if the team is no longer offside at the time of the goal
 * the scoring team had too many people on ice at the time of the goal
 * the goal was scored with a broken stick
 * the net was dislodged prior to the puck entering it
 * the goaltender shoots the puck after crossing the center line (however, replacing the goaltender with an extra attacker is allowed).
 * the puck breaks into two or more pieces prior to any portion of it entering the goal.

Additionally, in many leagues, a goal does not count if a player from the attacking team has a skate or stick in the goal crease before the puck. The National Hockey League (NHL) abolished this rule starting in the 1999-2000 season after the disputed triple-overtime goal in the 1999 Stanley Cup Finals. Brett Hull of the Dallas Stars scored the series-clinching goal against the Buffalo Sabres. There are those who believe that video replay shows Hull's skate in the crease prior to the puck.

A goal may be awarded if a player would normally be awarded a penalty shot, but the opposing team had substituted a skater for a goaltender. In such rare cases, a goal is awarded rather than allowing a penalty shot attempt on an empty goal net.

Credit for goals and assists
Typically, the last player on the goal-scoring team to touch the puck before it goes into the net is credited with scoring that goal. Zero, one, or two other players on the goal-scoring team may also credited with an assist for helping their teammate to score the goal. If another player on the goal-scoring team touched the puck to help score the goal before the goal-scoring player touched it without an opposing player intervening (touching the puck in between), then that player gets an assist. If yet another player on the goal-scoring team also touched the puck before that without an opposing player intervening, then that player also gets an assist.

For a hockey player, a goal or an assist credited to them is also considered a point; thus the number of goals scored by that player plus the number of assists for them equals the number of points for that player. However, a rule says that only one point can be credited to any one player on a goal scored. This means one player cannot be credited with a goal and an assist for the same goal scored; instead the player would only get credit for a goal and a different player may get credit for an assist, if applicable. It also means that one player cannot be credited with two assists for the same goal scored; instead the player would only get credit for one assist and a different player may get credit for the other assist, if applicable.

Usually on a hockey team, forwards score the most goals and get the most points, although defensemen can score goals and often get assists. In professional play, goaltenders only occasionally get an assist, and only very rarely score a goal when the opposite net is empty (without a goaltender).

Scoring statistics
The number of goals scored is a closely watched statistic. Each year the Rocket Richard Trophy is presented to the NHL player to have scored the most goals. The trophy is named after Maurice Richard, the first player to score 50 goals in a season, at a time when the NHL regular season was only 50 games (compared to 82 today). The player to have scored the most goals in an NHL season is Wayne Gretzky. Gretzky is also the fastest to 50 goals; during his record-setting 1981–82 season, in which he finished with 92 goals, he scored his 50th goal in the Edmonton Oilers' 39th game of the season.

The overall amount of goal scoring is also closely watched. In recent years, goal scoring has decreased. Many believe the game is less entertaining because of this, and blame the change on the increasing size of goaltending equipment and the advent of defensive systems such as the neutral zone trap. Fans of defensive hockey counter by saying the high scoring of the 1980s was an anomaly, and this shift represents a return to the norm. For the 2004-05 American Hockey League season, four major rule changes were made that were intended to increase the scoring in games and make it more popular among casual fans:

 * 1) increasing the size of the attack zones by narrowing the neutral zone two feet each side and thus moving the goal line back two feet
 * 2) restrictions on the goaltender playing the puck
 * 3) permitting offside players to negate the penalty by "tagging up" with the blue line
 * 4) changing the offside rule by permitting passes which cross the center line and one blue line (but not between both blue lines in certain restrictions).

The AHL rules were slightly modified and adopted in the NHL and ECHL for 2005-06, when the NHL returned after the 2004 lockout.

Types of goals
There are a number of different types of goals for which separate statistics are kept, but all count equally:

 * An even strength goal is a goal scored when both teams have the same number of players on the ice.
 * A power play goal (PPG) is a goal scored by a team on a power play, that is, with a numerical advantage in players due to a penalty being served by one or more of the other team's players.
 * A shorthanded goal (SHG) is a goal scored by a team that is on the penalty kill, that is, at a numerical disadvantage due to a penalty being served by one or more of its players
 * An empty net goal (ENG) is a goal scored when there is no goalie guarding the net because he has been pulled for an extra attacker
 * A penalty shot goal is a goal scored on a penalty shot, that is, a one-on-one confrontation between a single offensive player and the goaltender as a result of a penalty
 * An awarded goal is a goal that is automatically awarded when a goalie has been pulled and their team commits a foul that would otherwise have triggered a penalty shot
 * An own goal is when a player puts the puck into their own net, scoring for the other team, giving goal credit to the last player on the other team to touch the puck
 * An overtime goal is a goal scored in sudden-death overtime
 * A go-ahead goal is the goal that puts one team ahead of another after the game has been tied
 * A game-tying goal or an equaliser is a goal that causes the game to be tied, scored by a team that is down one goal (prior to the 1984-85 season, the NHL credited game-tying goals to the final scorers for both teams in tie games).
 * A game-winning goal (GWG) is the goal scored to put the winning team in excess of the losing team's final score, e.g., if the score is 4–2, the game-winning goal would be the third goal scored for the winning team.

Related terms
The goal judge is an official positioned off-ice behind each goal for the specific purpose of indicating when the puck has crossed the goal line and entered the goal. For arenas so equipped, the goal judge turns on a red light behind the goal when they see the puck cross the goal line. As in all matters, however, the referee retains final authority and can override the opinion of the goal judge.

The two teammates of the scorer who last touched the puck before them, provided that no opponent touched it in between, are each credited with an assist. Assists and goals count equally to comprise a player's statistical scoring total.

If a hockey player causes the puck to enter their own team's net — which in soccer is called an own goal — credit for the goal goes to the last player on the scoring team to have touched the puck. No assists are awarded. If a shot deflects off a defender and enters the net, it is not considered an own goal.

Other phrases include a garbage goal, for a goal scored more as the result of luck or opportunism than skill, and a breakaway goal for a goal scored when a player has gotten behind the defenders to face the goaltender alone.

When a player scores three goals in a game it is known as a hat-trick. A natural hat trick occurs when a player scores three consecutive goals, uninterrupted by any other player scoring for either team. A Gordie Howe hat trick occurs when a player scores a goal, gets an assist and gets in a fight.

Any puck heading towards the net is counted as a shot. When the goaltender prevents the shot from entering the net, they are credited with a save. Shots resulting in saves by the goaltender or goals scored are considered shots on goal (or shots on net). A shot which is blocked by an opposing player before it reaches the goaltender is not considered a shot on net. Also, if the puck is deflected wide of the net by another player (regardless of team) it is not counted as a shot on net. If a goaltender traps the puck that was heading towards the goal, but wide, it is often not counted as a shot; nor are shots that bounce off the crossbar or posts.

Goal horn
The trend of sounding a horn when the home team scores a goal originated in the 1973 Stanley Cup Finals between the Montreal Canadiens and the Chicago Black Hawks. Black Hawks owner Bill Wirtz had the horn of his yacht installed in the team’s home arena, Chicago Stadium, and had it sound after Black Hawks goals. This practice become commonplace in professional hockey. In 2022, all goal horns are paired with a song. Some notable ones include Lithium by Nirvana used by the Seattle Kraken, The Fratellis' Chelsea Dagger, used by the Chicago Blackhawks, Tim McGraw's I Like It, I Love It, which has a couple words substituted to fit the Nashville Predators, and Ray Castoldi, the music director and organist and Madison Square Garden's Slapshot, a song used by the New York Rangers since 1995.

title: Goal (ice hockey)


text:
Scandinavian defence union

The Scandinavian defence union was a historical idea to establish a military alliance between Sweden, Norway, Finland and Denmark after the end of World War II, but the idea did not come about when Denmark, Iceland and Norway joined NATO in 1949 at the request of the United States, while Finland and Sweden did not.

Historically, Finland had fought two wars against the Soviet Union, Denmark and Norway had been occupied by Germany between 1940 and 1945, and Sweden, having been a neutral state throughout the war, had still felt the effects on either side.

In the 2000s, military cooperation between the Nordic nations increased, especially through Nordefco. It has generally not been regarded as a mutual defence union, but since the 2010s an increasing number of defence agreements were implemented. In 2022, Finland and Sweden requested to join NATO.

The governments of the three Nordic NATO members released statements saying that they would use all necessary means in the defence of Finland and Sweden if they were attacked before they became members. Finland became a member of NATO on 4 April 2023 and Sweden on 7 March 2024.

Finland
Finland had fought two wars, the Winter War and the Continuation War, against the Soviet Union; and also one minor war, the Lapland War, against Nazi Germany. Before these wars Finland had close relations with the Scandinavian countries. After the Continuation War where the Soviet Union forced Finland to sue for peace, but failed in its goal of conquering and annexing the country (in a manner similar to the Baltic States),

Finland became neutral and retained a democratic government and a market economy. However, as the country shared 1,300 kilometres of border with the USSR, the position of the Soviet Union could not be ignored in Finnish politics. Regarding the Finnish membership in the Scandinavian defence union, far reaching discussions at state-level were made with the other candidate countries.

These discussions were abruptly ended, when Sweden made a specific requirement, that approval from the Soviet Union must be received if Finland was to join. The Soviet answer was bluntly negative and Finland stayed neutral. In 1948, Finland had signed the Agreement of Friendship, Cooperation, and Mutual Assistance with the Soviet Union, and according to the Soviet point of view, this agreement prohibited Finland's membership in any alliances that it could consider being of military nature, even in those created for defensive reasons.

Denmark and Iceland
Both Denmark and Iceland showed a clear preference for joining the Scandinavian Defence Union over NATO. According to a 2018 literature review, the reasons why Danes preferred a Scandinavian military alliance over a North-Atlantic one were "ideology (pan-Scandinavianism), the domestic political situation, a strong belief in Swedish military power, and, especially given the different policies of the three Nordic countries, various lessons drawn from the Second World War."

Norway and Denmark
The proposed union was discussed by a joint Scandinavian committee during the winter of 1948-1949, but the Cold War tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union, and preparations for a western alliance that would result in the North Atlantic Treaty proved that the efforts were in vain. When it became known that the western alliance would not be able to supply the Scandinavian countries with armaments before meeting their own pressing needs, this issue ultimately proved to be the turning point for Norway, which resigned from the talks. Denmark was still willing to enter into an alliance with Sweden, but the Swedes saw few advantages in this and the proposal failed. Norway and Denmark subsequently became signatory parties of the North Atlantic Treaty and members of NATO.

Sweden
Sweden chose not to join NATO, despite a fierce debate on the issue. One of the strongest proponents was Herbert Tingsten, editor-in-chief of Dagens Nyheter, the largest newspaper in Sweden, who used editorials to argue why Sweden should join. He found a great opponent in the foreign minister of the time Östen Undén, who argued that Sweden should stay non-aligned and remain neutral in case of war. The position of Sweden as a member of the western world was not in doubt, but it could not, based on the choices it had made on foreign policy, join the western military alliance.

Nordic Battlegroup
Whilst not a defence union, the Nordic Battlegroup is a multi-national military unit. It is one of eighteen European Union Battlegroups that support European Union defence and security objectives. It consists of around 2,500 troops from Sweden, Finland, Norway, Ireland, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania.

Nordic Defence Cooperation
The Nordic Defence Cooperation (Nordefco) is an ad-hoc collaboration established between the Nordic countries in 2009 for finding common solutions, strengthening the national defences and increasing cooperation between them. It has not generally been seen as a mutual defence pact and it is not regarded as a command structure, but its members have increasingly added features that show some resemblance to a defence pact. In 2021, the defence ministers of Denmark, Norway and Sweden signed an agreement of increased cooperation among their militaries with a coordination structure that would make it easier to "act together in peace, crisis or conflict" in the southern Nordic region, and in 2022 it was agreed to further enhance the capabilities by allowing access to each other's airspace and military infrastructure.

A similar agreement for the northern Nordic region already existed between Finland, Norway and Sweden, which was further updated in 2022. Following Finland's and Sweden's request to join NATO, Denmark, Iceland and Norway released a statement saying that in the case of an attack on Finland or Sweden before they had become part of NATO, all necessary means would be used to help in their defence. Finland became a member of NATO on 4 April 2023. and Sweden on 7 March 2024.

title: Scandinavian defence union