text:
User talk:Krulle

Hello, welcome to Wikipedia.

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Again, welcome! Chris Roy 20:06, 15 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Nomination of Fred Ford for deletion
A discussion has begun about whether the article Fred Ford, which you created or to which you contributed, should be deleted. While contributions are welcome, an article may be deleted if it is inconsistent with Wikipedia policies and guidelines for inclusion, explained in the deletion policy.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Fred Ford until a concensus is reached, and you are welcome to contribute to the discussion.

You may edit the article during the discussion, including to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion template from the top of the article.  Chzz  ► 08:16, 6 September 2010 (UTC)

title: User talk:Krulle


text:
User talk:Guillaumito

Hello, welcome to Wikipedia.

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Again, welcome! Chris Roy 20:06, 15 Mar 2004 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Guillaumito


text:
User talk:Eimell

Hello, welcome to Wikipedia.

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Again, welcome! Chris Roy 20:07, 15 Mar 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Eimell


text:
User talk:Kaid

Hello, welcome to Wikipedia.

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Again, welcome! Chris Roy 20:07, 15 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Just saw your note
Hi! re:talk:Assiti Shards series... come see answer! Fra nkB 05:47, 4 May 2006 (UTC)

While I'm here, I see you're new, so copy this (Cut out in edit mode) User:fabartus/Welcome message to someplace like here: user Kaid/sandbox where you can parse and play with it. Best regards, and ask if you need a hand. Fra nkB 05:53, 4 May 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kaid


text:
User talk:Apv

Hello, welcome to Wikipedia.

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Again, welcome! Chris Roy 20:07, 15 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Message posted on Saturday, May 12, 2007
Please do not post copyrighted material to Wikipedia without permission from the copyright holder. For legal reasons, we cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from other web sites or printed material; such additions will be deleted. You may use external websites as a source of information, but not as a source of sentences. Wikipedia takes copyright violations very seriously, and persistent violators will be blocked from editing.

andy 10:27, 12 May 2007 (UTC)

Um… Dude. That was 3 years ago. One of my first edits. I have no memory of it and it was one sentence… If I lifted it verbatim, it was a newbie accident. Also, the sentence doesn't even appear in the page you cited, or any page, according to Google, so I'm really not sure if you're even piling on the right person.

User:apv Wed Jun 20 14:01:57 PDT 2007

AfD nomination of The Devil's Dictionary X
An editor has nominated The Devil's Dictionary X, an article on which you have worked or that you created, for deletion. We appreciate your contributions, but the nominator doesn't believe that the article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in his/her nomination (see also "What Wikipedia is not").

Your opinions on whether the article meets inclusion criteria and what should be done with the article are welcome; please participate in the discussion by adding your comments at and please be sure to sign your comments with four tildes ( ~ ).

You may also edit the article during the discussion to improve it but should not remove the articles for deletion template from the top of the article; such removal will not end the deletion debate. Thank you. BJBot (talk) 20:59, 8 February 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Apv


text:
Renal physiology

Renal physiology (Latin rēnēs, "kidneys") is the study of the physiology of the kidney. This encompasses all functions of the kidney, including maintenance of acid-base balance; regulation of fluid balance; regulation of sodium, potassium, and other electrolytes; clearance of toxins; absorption of glucose, amino acids, and other small molecules; regulation of blood pressure; production of various hormones, such as erythropoietin; and activation of vitamin D.

Much of renal physiology is studied at the level of the nephron, the smallest functional unit of the kidney. Each nephron begins with a filtration component that filters the blood entering the kidney. This filtrate then flows along the length of the nephron, which is a tubular structure lined by a single layer of specialized cells and surrounded by capillaries. The major functions of these lining cells are the reabsorption of water and small molecules from the filtrate into the blood, and the secretion of wastes from the blood into the urine.

Proper function of the kidney requires that it receives and adequately filters blood. This is performed at the microscopic level by many hundreds of thousands of filtration units called renal corpuscles, each of which is composed of a glomerulus and a Bowman's capsule. A global assessment of renal function is often ascertained by estimating the rate of filtration, called the glomerular filtration rate (GFR).

Formation of urine
The kidney's ability to perform many of its functions depends on the three fundamental functions of filtration, reabsorption, and secretion, whose sum is called renal clearance or renal excretion. That is:

 * Urinary excretion rate = Filtration rate – Reabsorption rate + Secretion rate

Although the strictest sense of the word excretion with respect to the urinary system is urination itself, renal clearance is also conventionally called excretion (for example, in the set term fractional excretion of sodium).

Filtration
The blood is filtered by nephrons, the functional units of the kidney. Each nephron begins in a renal corpuscle, which is composed of a glomerulus enclosed in a Bowman's capsule. Cells, proteins, and other large molecules are filtered out of the glomerulus by a process of ultrafiltration, leaving an ultrafiltrate that resembles plasma (except that the ultrafiltrate has negligible plasma proteins) to enter Bowman's space. Filtration is driven by Starling forces.

The ultrafiltrate is passed through, in turn, the proximal convoluted tubule, the loop of Henle, the distal convoluted tubule, and a series of collecting ducts to form urine.

Reabsorption
Tubular reabsorption is the process by which solutes and water are removed from the tubular fluid and transported into the blood. It is called reabsorption (and not absorption) both because these substances have already been absorbed once (particularly in the intestines) and because the body is reclaiming them from a postglomerular fluid stream that is well on its way to becoming urine (that is, they will soon be lost to the urine unless they are reclaimed).

Reabsorption is a two-step process beginning with the active or passive extraction of substances from the tubule fluid into the renal interstitium (the connective tissue that surrounds the nephrons), and then the transport of these substances from the interstitium into the bloodstream. These transport processes are driven by Starling forces, diffusion, and active transport.

Indirect reabsorption
In some cases, reabsorption is indirect. For example, bicarbonate (HCO3−) does not have a transporter, so its reabsorption involves a series of reactions in the tubule lumen and tubular epithelium. It begins with the active secretion of a hydrogen ion (H+) into the tubule fluid via a Na/H exchanger:

 * In the lumen
 * The H+ combines with HCO3− to form carbonic acid (H2CO3)
 * Luminal carbonic anhydrase enzymatically converts H2CO3 into H2O and CO2
 * CO2 freely diffuses into the cell
 * In the epithelial cell
 * Cytoplasmic carbonic anhydrase converts the CO2 and H2O (which is abundant in the cell) into H2CO3
 * H2CO3 readily dissociates into H+ and HCO3−
 * HCO3− is facilitated out of the cell's basolateral membrane

Influence of hormones
Some key regulatory hormones for re-absorption include:
 * aldosterone, which stimulates active sodium re-absorption (and water as a result)
 * anti-diuretic hormone, which stimulates passive water re-absorption

Both hormones exert their effects principally on the collecting ducts.

Tubular secretion occurs simultaneously during re-absorption of filtrate. Substances, generally produced by body or the by-products of cell metabolism that can become toxic in high concentration, and some drugs (if taken). These all are secreted into the lumen of renal tubule. Tubular secretion can be either active or passive or co-transport. Substances mainly secreted into renal tubule are; H+, K+, NH3, urea, Creatinine, histamine and drugs like penicillin. Tubular secretion occurs at Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT) and Distal Convoluted Tubule (D.C.T); for example, at proximal convoluted tubule, potassium is secreted by means of sodium-potassium pump, hydrogen ion is secreted by means of active transport and co-transport, i.e. anti-porter, and ammonia diffuses into renal tubule.

Hormone secretion
The kidneys secrete a variety of hormones, including erythropoietin, calcitriol, and renin. Erythropoietin is released in response to hypoxia (low levels of oxygen at tissue level) in the renal circulation. It stimulates erythropoiesis (production of red blood cells) in the bone marrow. Calcitriol, the activated form of vitamin D, promotes intestinal absorption of calcium and the renal reabsorption of phosphate. Renin is an enzyme which regulates angiotensin and aldosterone levels.

Maintaining homeostasis
The kidney is responsible for maintaining a balance of the following substances:

The body is very sensitive to its pH. Outside the range of pH that is compatible with life, proteins are denatured and digested, enzymes lose their ability to function, and the body is unable to sustain itself. The kidneys maintain acid-base homeostasis by regulating the pH of the blood plasma. Gains and losses of acid and base must be balanced. Acids are divided into "volatile acids" and "nonvolatile acids". See also titratable acid.

The major homeostatic control point for maintaining this stable balance is renal excretion. The kidney is directed to excrete or retain sodium via the action of aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone (ADH, or vasopressin), atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and other hormones. Abnormal ranges of the fractional excretion of sodium can imply acute tubular necrosis or glomerular dysfunction.

Acid-base
Two organ systems, the kidneys and lungs, maintain acid-base homeostasis, which is the maintenance of pH around a relatively stable value. The lungs contribute to acid-base homeostasis by regulating carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration. The kidneys have two very important roles in maintaining the acid-base balance: to reabsorb and regenerate bicarbonate from urine, and to excrete hydrogen ions and fixed acids (anions of acids) into urine.

Osmolality
The kidneys help maintain the water and salt level of the body. Any significant rise in plasma osmolality is detected by the hypothalamus, which communicates directly with the posterior pituitary gland. An increase in osmolality causes the gland to secrete antidiuretic hormone (ADH), resulting in water reabsorption by the kidney and an increase in urine concentration. The two factors work together to return the plasma osmolality to its normal levels.

ADH binds to principal cells in the collecting duct that translocate aquaporins to the membrane, allowing water to leave the normally impermeable membrane and be reabsorbed into the body by the vasa recta, thus increasing the plasma volume of the body.

There are two systems that create a hyperosmotic medulla and thus increase the body plasma volume: Urea recycling and the 'single effect.'

Urea is usually excreted as a waste product from the kidneys. However, when plasma blood volume is low and ADH is released the aquaporins that are opened are also permeable to urea. This allows urea to leave the collecting duct into the medulla, creating a hyperosmotic solution that "attracts" water. Urea can then re-enter the nephron and be excreted or recycled again depending on whether ADH is still present or not.

The 'single effect' describes the fact that the ascending thick limb of the loop of Henle is not permeable to water but is permeable to sodium chloride. This allows for a countercurrent exchange system whereby the medulla becomes increasingly concentrated, but at the same time setting up an osmotic gradient for water to follow should the aquaporins of the collecting duct be opened by ADH.

Blood pressure
Although the kidney cannot directly sense blood, long-term regulation of blood pressure predominantly depends upon the kidney. This primarily occurs through maintenance of the extracellular fluid compartment, the size of which depends on the plasma sodium concentration. Renin is the first in a series of important chemical messengers that make up the renin–angiotensin system. Changes in renin ultimately alter the output of this system, principally the hormones angiotensin II and aldosterone. Each hormone acts via multiple mechanisms, but both increase the kidney's absorption of sodium chloride, thereby expanding the extracellular fluid compartment and raising blood pressure. When renin levels are elevated, the concentrations of angiotensin II and aldosterone increase, leading to increased sodium chloride reabsorption, expansion of the extracellular fluid compartment, and an increase in blood pressure. Conversely, when renin levels are low, angiotensin II and aldosterone levels decrease, contracting the extracellular fluid compartment, and decreasing blood pressure.

Glucose formation
The kidney in humans is capable of producing glucose from lactate, glycerol and glutamine. The kidney is responsible for about half of the total gluconeogenesis in fasting humans. The regulation of glucose production in the kidney is achieved by action of insulin, catecholamines and other hormones. Renal gluconeogenesis takes place in the renal cortex. The renal medulla is incapable of producing glucose due to absence of necessary enzymes.

Measurement of renal function
A simple means of estimating renal function is to measure pH, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, and basic electrolytes (including sodium, potassium, chloride, and bicarbonate). As the kidney is the most important organ in controlling these values, any derangement in these values could suggest renal impairment.

There are several more formal tests and ratios involved in estimating renal function:

title: Renal physiology


text:
User talk:Sloan2

Hello, welcome to Wikipedia.

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Again, welcome! Chris Roy 20:07, 15 Mar 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Sloan2


text:
User talk:Tdiddi

Hello, welcome to Wikipedia.

You might find these links helpful: How to edit a page, How to write a great article, Naming conventions, Manual of Style. You should read our policies at some point too.

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Again, welcome! Chris Roy 20:08, 15 Mar 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Tdiddi


text:
User talk:KirbyMeister

Hello, welcome to Wikipedia.

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Again, welcome! Chris Roy 20:08, 15 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Half million pool
Kirby - I noticed your vote over at the Half-million pool - "Sometime in this month". Could you please pick a specific date? →Raul654 17:19, Jun 16, 2004 (UTC)

Thanks
Thanks for your help on the Five Principles. Stargoat 19:04, 16 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * Funny enough, I'm actually trying to seperate this Strategic Bombing and strategic bombing during WWII article I'm working on. Might take me another hour or two to finish up though.  There was too much information on WWII for the article (comprised ~3/4 of the article).  blah. Stargoat 19:10, 16 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Wikinews demo up and running
Hi!

I'm writing to let you know that the Wikimedia Board of Trustees has approved the first stage of the Wikinews project. There's now a fully operational English demo site at demo.wikinews.org. This will be used for experimenting with various review models and basic policies before the site is launched officially in about a week. demo.wikinews.org will become the English version later. You voted for the Wikinews project, so I'm asking for your participation now. Everything is open, nothing is final. What Wikinews will and can be depends in large part on you. There already is a global Wikinews mailing list for discussing the project. If you are interested at all, please subscribe -- coordination is of key importance. There's also an IRC channel #wikinews on irc.freenode.net. Realtime discussion can help to polish up articles. If you're looking for something to do, check out the articles in development and articles in review. Or start a new story in the Wikinews workspace, or ignore the proposed review system - it's up to you. I hope you'll join us soon in this exciting experiment.--Eloquence* 02:00, Nov 17, 2004 (UTC)

Chinese Wikinews
Glad to see some people here have spines (regarding the Wikimedia Meta vote on a Chinese Wikinews). This is so disgusting, more than 6 people have signalled there interest in a Chinese Wikinews, so why the fsck shouldn't one be started. Any ideas as to what we can do about it? This whole thing has seriously bummed me out. We need to find some way to replace everyones' backbones. I mean, the ChiComs haven't even indicated that they oppose a Chinese Wikinews. This is the equivalent of saying "How high?" when they haven't even asked us to jump. Ah, well. Looks like another weak-kneed US corporation is about to bow to the wishes of the CCP. --Ce garcon 10:16, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * The China Commies havent even ack`d The Free Encyclopedia, unless you call the blocking incident acknowledgement.

 * Although I'm not suprised that the Chinese editors are mostly spineless - They grow up being subject to all kinds of Commie-Elitist propaganda, I'm suprised they even view zh-*, much less edit it. Seriously, if the Chinese think that the reason why Wikipedia hasnt been Great Firewalled is because the "PR" of C actually tolerates them, then they are going to feel very b****slapped once the "PR" of C blocks it permenantly.

 * I'm wating for the "PR" of C to piss off their populace so much that we have a revolt - and have it documented by the US media. KirbyMeister 21:59, 1 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * And now... some success! +sj + 11:21, 17 March 2006 (UTC)

WP:NPA and WP:CIVIL
Please respect Wikipedia policies. If you feel that an editor or admin has done wrong, the proper place to make that known is on WP:RFC, not with an insulting attacking message on your userpage. Comment on the action, not the contributor. FCYTravis 22:37, 1 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Well, it looks like your right, and I already signed an RFC. Removing userbox... KirbyMeister 22:47, 1 January 2006 (UTC)

Manga
You voted for Manga to be the comics collaboration of the month and it has been selected! Let's knock this article into shape. Remember, to make it to featured article status, it will need to be well referenced. ike9898 14:43, 4 March 2006 (UTC)

 * w00t! KirbyMeister 18:12, 4 March 2006 (UTC)

Help Request
KirbyMeister,

User:Enormousdude has taken up editing Mormon articles. His edits tend to consist of duplicating information from the controversy sections and then pasting them into other sections. Either that or they consist of other non-facts, duplicate mistakes, or other garbage. I have pretty much reached my limit on reverting him, and he will not respond to my requests to discuss the issue. Any help you could give would be appreciated, particularly with the Book of Mormon article. Thanks. --Hetar 06:13, 14 March 2006 (UTC)

Situation of administrator abuse
Hi, I'm in a potentially awkward position with an Administrator. I have read the Wiki pages on dispute resolution but I'm still not sure how to proceed.

The Admin ContiE has a personal grudge against me for reasons I do not fully understand. He has been this way since I began frequenting wikipedia.

I have done work improving the furvert article. He has basically gone on a crusade against any edit I make. He controls every furry category article and several others ruthlessly. He is an iron fist and bans anyone he edit wars with. I had uploaded pictures and he deleted them with no talking. He seems to believe I am every person he has had an edit war against. He is always using personal attacks, calling me troll without reason. I uploaded them again and he voted them for deleted, but to his surprise the person who runs the images, thank you Nv8200p, found they were acceptable once I tagged them properly. Just recently he removed both the images without himself discussing it in the talk page (unless he was the same person who discussed only one) with the edit here  Then ContiE assumed bad faith, added his constant insult of troll in the talk page. It appears on a completed different wiki, a comedy one in all things, somebody else stole my username and I believe this was Conti himself and uploaded them. ContiE showed it as his reason. While vandalism like his, I would revert and mention it, he would ban me permanently if I undid his edit. That is why I am asking admins for help. He holds a couple of accounts on wikipedia and I think they are administrators so I have to be careful who I tell about this. Arights 06:31, 10 April 2006 (UTC)

Look, a Kirby!! <(^_^)>
Hallo, Meister. -- Ķĩřβȳ ♥  Ťįɱé  Ø  07:07, 19 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Hi. KirbyMeister 19:21, 24 February 2007 (UTC)

File:Wikipedia-rgcolorspace-examples.png listed for deletion
An image or media file that you uploaded or altered, File:Wikipedia-rgcolorspace-examples.png, has been listed at Files for deletion. Please see the discussion to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Calliopejen1 (talk) 12:34, 8 April 2009 (UTC)

File:Wikipedia-rgcolorspace.png listed for deletion
A file that you uploaded or altered, File:Wikipedia-rgcolorspace.png, has been listed at Files for deletion. Please see the to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted.  F ASTILYsock (T ALK ) 05:44, 6 April 2010 (UTC)

Phallocracy listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Phallocracy. Since you had some involvement with the Phallocracy redirect, you might want to participate in the redirect discussion (if you have not already done so). GeorgeLouis (talk) 19:33, 30 August 2013 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
Hi, You appear to be eligible to vote in the current Arbitration Committee election. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to enact binding solutions for disputes between editors, primarily related to serious behavioural issues that the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the ability to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate, you are welcome to review the candidates' statements and submit your choices on the voting page. For the Election committee, MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 22:16, 30 November 2015 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Unbounded system

The article Unbounded system has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "just a definition page - there are no sources and not enough information out there to flesh this out into a page"

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion.  - car chasm (talk) 20:20, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

title: User talk:KirbyMeister


text:
User talk:ComradeAxe

Hello, welcome to Wikipedia.

You might find these links helpful: How to edit a page, How to write a great article, Naming conventions, Manual of Style. You should read our policies at some point too.

If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump, or ask me on my talk page. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian!
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Again, welcome! Chris Roy 20:08, 15 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Hi, just wondering why you blanked XM177 after writing it. Thanks! Wmahan. 05:27, 2004 Apr 28 (UTC)

title: User talk:ComradeAxe


text:
User talk:Phoniexmofo

Hello, welcome to Wikipedia.

You might find these links helpful: How to edit a page, How to write a great article, Naming conventions, Manual of Style. You should read our policies at some point too.

If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump, or ask me on my talk page. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian!
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Again, welcome! Chris Roy 20:09, 15 Mar 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Phoniexmofo


text:
User talk:Monaco Kati~enwiki

Hello, welcome to Wikipedia.

You might find these links helpful: How to edit a page, How to write a great article, Naming conventions, Manual of Style. You should read our policies at some point too.

If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump, or ask me on my talk page. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian!
 * You can introduce yourself on the new users page.
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Again, welcome! Chris Roy 20:09, 15 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Monaco Kati. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Monaco Kati~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 01:56, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 16:32, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Monaco Kati~enwiki


text:
User talk:Cptchipjew

May 2010
Welcome to Wikipedia. Although everyone is welcome to contribute to Wikipedia, at least one of your recent edits, such as the one you made to User talk:Cptchipjew, did not appear to be constructive and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any test edits you would like to make, and read the welcome page to learn more about contributing constructively to this encyclopedia. Thank you. ~ Nerdy Science Dude  (✉ message • changes) 23:04, 4 May 2010 (UTC)

{{unblock reviewed|1=So kids, this is the Wikipedia of today...

The story so far:
About 3 and a half years ago I voted to delete on a VfD for an article about some no-name blogger that very few people had heard of. The idea was pretty simple. The article was clearly written by the subject, and there was no encyclopedia merit to it whatsoever. Members of the GNAA also involved themselves in this particular VfD, as they were on some sort of trolling-campaign to get blogger related articles deleted from Wikipedia. On the 29th of November, 2006, a Wikipedia admin by the name of Tawker decided to go on a rampage and ban a bunch of the people that voted to delete. Why? Because if the GNAA was involved, it was surely just a big troll and sockpuppet brigade. Forget about the fact that the article was ultimately deleted for the very reason the VfD was created. Apparently, if a troll is involved, nobody is willing to listen, and an administrator carpetbomb ensues. I liken this behavior by the Wikipedia admins to the following: * Country X bombing the bejeesus out of Country Y, killing numerous civilians because one member of Country Y shot one member of Country X. * Some non-existent legal system where the burden of proof somehow falls on the accused, not the accuser. Although I've attempted to get myself unblocked 3 or 4 times, each time it is rejected. Of course, the admins choosing to reject the unblock have no idea why the original block was put into place, nor are they going to expend any effort to try to find out why. Now unblock me, or just revise this change, or reject the request, and prove to the world what you've become.|decline=Decline per WP:NOTTHEM. You still haven't addressed the issue of your block, which is your trolling and harassment. Your only reply is 'LOL', That doesn't indicate you'd be a helpful contributor to the project. If you still feel this block is unfair, you may appeal to ARBCOM Q  T C 00:15, 5 May 2010 (UTC)}}

Orphaned non-free image File:Steelydan-twoagainstnature.jpg
 Thanks for uploading File:Steelydan-twoagainstnature.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

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title: User talk:Cptchipjew


text:
User talk:Johnny.dk

Hello, welcome to Wikipedia.

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Again, welcome! Chris Roy 20:10, 15 Mar 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Johnny.dk


text:
User talk:Cdpanic

Hello, welcome to Wikipedia.

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Again, welcome! Chris Roy 20:10, 15 Mar 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Cdpanic


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User talk:Esbenv

Hello, welcome to Wikipedia.

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Again, welcome! Chris Roy 20:10, 15 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Orphaned fair use image (Image:Umdnj.gif)
Thanks for uploading Image:Umdnj.gif. I notice the 'image' page currently specifies that your image can be used under a fair use license. However, the image is currently orphaned, meaning that is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If your image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why your image was deleted. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful.

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title: User talk:Esbenv


text:
Talk:Artistamp

Untitled
Now that there is a separate article on Imperial Post, information here might be pared down? --Daniel C. Boyer 20:10, 15 Mar 2004 (UTC)

disambiguation
the term cinderella needs disambiguation or an inline definition

Henderson's countries
One of them, "Land of Muggy", actually has its own WP page, a stub that should probably be discarded since all the relevant information is on this page.

Another, Aldabra, has its own WP page because it is a real place. Does it really belong with the other imaginary locations for which Henderson has generated postage? -- Antaeus Feldspar 17:50, 10 Sep 2004 (UTC)

It is a real place -like a number of Henderson's fantasies - but it is not a country. It belongs here because in inventing stamps for Aldabra, Henderson implies it is a political entity, which it is not. --Gene_poole 23:45, 10 Sep 2004 (UTC)

10,0000
??? 82.152.205.47 (talk) 22:53, 26 March 2010 (UTC)

Why is there a picture of a blank stamp?
The first image is of a blank piece of paper. Not clear why. John Nagle (talk) 06:37, 13 July 2015 (UTC)

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User talk:Remmuh

Hello, welcome to Wikipedia.

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If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump, or ask me on my talk page. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian!
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Again, welcome! Chris Roy 20:10, 15 Mar 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Remmuh


text:
Hydrogen ion

A hydrogen ion is created when a hydrogen atom loses an electron. A positively charged hydrogen ion (or proton) can readily combine with other particles and therefore is only seen isolated when it is in a gaseous state or a nearly particle-free space. Due to its extremely high charge density of approximately 2×1010 times that of a sodium ion, the bare hydrogen ion cannot exist freely in solution as it readily hydrates, i.e., bonds quickly. The hydrogen ion is recommended by IUPAC as a general term for all ions of hydrogen and its isotopes. Depending on the charge of the ion, two different classes can be distinguished: positively charged ions and negatively charged ions.

Cation (positively charged)
A hydrogen atom is made up of a nucleus with charge +1, and a single electron. Therefore, the only positively charged ion possible has charge +1. It is noted H+.

Depending on the isotope in question, the hydrogen cation has different names:

In addition, the ions produced by the reaction of these cations with water as well as their hydrates are called hydrogen ions:
 * Hydron: general name referring to the positive ion of any hydrogen isotope (H+)
 * Proton: 1H+ (i.e. the cation of protium)
 * Deuteron: 2H+, D+
 * Triton: 3H+, T+

 * Hydronium ion: H3O+
 * Zundel cation: H5O2+ (named for Georg Zundel)
 * Eigen cation: H9O4+ (or H$3$O$+$ •3H$2$O) (named for Manfred Eigen)

Zundel cations and Eigen cations play an important role in proton diffusion according to the Grotthuss mechanism.

In connection with acids, "hydrogen ions" typically refers to hydrons.

In the image at left the hydrogen atom (center) contains a single proton and a single electron. Removal of the electron gives a cation (left), whereas addition of an electron gives an anion (right). The hydrogen anion, with its loosely held two-electron cloud, has a larger radius than the neutral atom, which in turn is much larger than the bare proton of the cation. Hydrogen forms the only cation that has no electrons, but even cations that (unlike hydrogen) still retain one or more electrons are still smaller than the neutral atoms or molecules from which they are derived.

Anion (negatively charged)
Hydrogen anions are formed when additional electrons are acquired:

 * Hydride: general name referring to the negative ion of any hydrogen isotope (H−)
 * Protide: 1H−
 * Deuteride: 2H−, D −
 * Tritide: 3H−, T −

Uses
Hydrogen ions drive ATP synthase in photosynthesis. This happens when hydrogen ions get pushed across the membrane creating a high concentration inside the thylakoid membrane and a low concentration in the cytoplasm. However, because of osmosis, the H+ will force itself out of the membrane through ATP synthase. Using their kinetic energy to escape, the protons will spin the ATP synthase which in turn will create ATP. This happens in cellular respiration as well though the concentrated membrane will instead be the inner membrane of the mitochondria.

Hydrogen ions concentration, measured as pH, is also responsible for the acidic or basic nature of a compound. Water molecules split to form H+ and hydroxide anions. This process is referred to as the self-ionization of water.

Ocean acidification
The concentration of hydrogen ions and pH are inversely proportional; in an aqueous solution, an increased concentration of hydrogen ions yields a low pH, and subsequently, an acidic product. By definition, an acid is an ion or molecule that can donate a proton, and when introduced to a solution it will react with water molecules (H2O) to form a hydronium ion (H3O+), a conjugate acid of water. For simplistic reasoning, the hydrogen ion (H+) is often used to abbreviate the hydronium ion.

Ocean acidification is the direct consequence of elevated concentrations of hydrogen ions and carbonate saturation from significant absorption of carbon dioxide (CO2) by the world's oceans. The pre-industrial state of the ocean's carbonate chemistry has been notably stable, including the balance of its pH. Following the industrial revolution, anthropogenic emissions of burning fossil fuels, cement production, and changes in land use, have increased the oceans uptake of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere by 30%. In the ocean, the absorption capacity of this greenhouse gas is 59 times higher than in the atmosphere; the ocean acts as the largest carbon sink on the planet, playing a significant role in climate regulation. In addition to carbon fluxes, the natural process of carbon sequestration from the atmosphere into the deep ocean is facilitated by two systems, the biological pump and the solubility pump. The solubility pump is a physico-chemical process that transfers CO2 at the air-sea interface. Based on Henry's Law, the amount of dissolved CO2 in an aqueous solution is directly proportional to the partial pressure of CO2 in the atmosphere. To maintain equilibrium, a state of high atmospheric partial pressure of CO2 leads to an increased oceanic exchange of this gas by molecular diffusion. In the surface waters, dissolved atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2(aq)) reacts with water molecules to form carbonic acid (H2CO3), a weak diprotic acid. Diprotic acids consist of two ionizable hydrogen atoms in each molecule. In an aqueous solution, partial dissociation of carbonic acid releases a hydrogen proton (H+) and a bicarbonate ion (HCO3−), and subsequently, the bicarbonate ion dissociates into an additional hydrogen proton and a carbonate ion (CO32-). The dissolving and dissociating of these inorganic carbon species generate an increase in the concentration of hydrogen ions and inversely lowers ambient surface ocean pH. The carbonate buffering system governs the acidity of seawater by maintaining dissolved inorganic carbon species in chemical equilibrium.

The chemical equation consists of reactants and products that may react in either direction. More reactants added to a system yield more product production (the chemical reaction shifts to the right) and if more product is added, additional reactants will form, shifting the chemical reaction to the left. Therefore, in this model, a high concentration of the beginning reactant, carbon dioxide, produces an increased amount of end-product (H+ and CO32-), thus lowering pH and creating a more acidic solution. The natural buffering system of the ocean resist the change in pH by producing more bicarbonate ions generated by free acid protons reacting with carbonate ions to form an alkaline character. However, increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations may exceed the buffering capacity threshold, consequently resulting in higher rates of ocean acidification. Shifts in the ocean's carbonate chemistry has the potential to manipulate ocean biogeochemical cycles for many elements and compounds causing profound impacts on marine ecosystems. Furthermore, the solubility of CO2 is temperature dependent; elevated surface water temperatures reduce CO2 solubility. A continual rise in atmospheric partial pressure of CO2 could potentially convert the ocean from acting as sink (the vertical transport of carbon to the depths of the ocean) to becoming a source (CO2 degassing from the ocean), further increasing global temperatures.

title: Hydrogen ion


text:
User talk:Ulrich Rosemeyer~enwiki

Thanks for filling in Diana's text - I love her work but don't know enough about her. I'm going in to improve the flow of the English a bit, but all of the content is wonderful. Please keep up your efforts! Radagast 20:12, Mar 15, 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks for improving my English. That´s what I planned to ask for, but the connection was cut yesterday. I just begin to remember my school-english, it´s long ago. Actually I am looking forward to grow better during the next wikis. You´re always welcome to refine my edits. I think biographies are fit for practicing, so next I like to complete the stories of Oscar Peterson and Ray Brown. Maybe all my Jazz favorits will be seen this year. I also love Dianas music and I´m rather expectant on?/to?/about? ;-) the brand new record. Unfortunately there wasn´t time for a concert yet. So far, and keep your eyes on me :-) --Rossi 18:21, Mar 16, 2004 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
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Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 20:04, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ulrich Rosemeyer~enwiki


text:
Seto Kaiba

Seto Kaiba (海馬 瀬人) is a fictional character in the manga Yu-Gi-Oh! by Kazuki Takahashi. As the majority shareholder and CEO of his own multi-national gaming company, Kaiba Corporation, Kaiba is reputed to be Japan's greatest gamer and aims to become the world's greatest player of the American card game, Duel Monsters (Magic & Wizards in the Japanese manga). In all mediums, his arch-rival is the protagonist of the series, Yugi Mutou, who is also a game player while Zigfried Von Schroeder is also his arch-rival. He is the modern day counterpart of Atem's cousin son of Aknadin nephew of Aknamkanon and one of the Pharaoh Atem's Six High Priests, "Priest Seto", who appears in the manga's final arc. Kaiba has also appeared in related anime and feature films. His signature monster is the Blue-Eyes White Dragon.

Seto Kaiba originates from one of the stories Takahashi heard from a friend involving a selfish card collector. Like the card collector, Kaiba is obsessed with gaming, but Takahashi also gave Kaiba a calmer demeanor when developing his relationship with his rival. He was first voiced by Hikaru Midorikawa in Japanese, with Kenjirō Tsuda replacing him in the sequel Duel Monsters. Eric Stuart voiced him in all of his English appearances.

Critical reception to Kaiba has been mixed; he has been compared to simplistic anime rivals based on his multiple attempts to defeat Yugi and become the superior Duel Monsters player. While his development in the film Dark Side of Dimensions was praised for being a major focus in the narrative, critics still felt Kaiba's obsession with Duel Monsters and focus on his original goal made him come across as a one-dimensional character. Nevertheless, the character has become popular amongst fans of the series, who felt that his motives made him more enjoyable despite lacking substance.

Creation and development
Seto Kaiba originates from stories Kazuki Takahashi's friend told him. According to one of these stories, there was a person who played trading cards and asked another person to play with them; however, this person was unwilling to play with him because he was not an expert. Displeased upon hearing about this person, Takahashi decided to use them as inspiration for a manga character, resulting in Kaiba's creation.

In the making of the series, Takahashi wanted to create an appealing creature for his Duel Monster fight with Yugi Mutou. This creature was named the "Blue-Eyes White Dragon", as he wanted it "to evoke a feeling that would allow readers to conjure up its colors". This later led to the creation of Kisara for the series' final arc and the reveal of her origins being connected with Kaiba.

According to Takahashi, while Yugi and Kaiba are rivals, they are not close friends. He believes, however, the most important part of their relationship is before Yugi's duel against Marik's alter-ego. Before the game begins, Kaiba passes Yugi a card that could help him in the game. This scene felt like one of the most difficult scenes to write because of the pair's rivalry.

The dub refers to him as Priest Seto's reincarnation. In the manga and Japanese sub, Kaiba is instead the counterpart to Priest Seto— not the reincarnation, because Priest Seto is seen in the afterlife. Just as Yugi is not a reincarnation of Atem, but instead is a modern day counterpart. Instead destiny repeats and guides them into certain roles that are similar. Seto Kaiba is seen rejecting destiny, due to the desire to control his own destiny and future. According to Takahashi, the feelings of "Priest Seto" (神官セト) for Kisara are the basis behind Kaiba's modern-day obsession with the Blue Eyes White Dragon.

Takahashi views Kaiba as Yugi's archnemesis and thus considers Yugi a highly important character because, without him, Kaiba would not have a reason to exist.

In the second Japanese anime adaptation of the Yu-Gi-Oh series, Kaiba is voiced by Kenjiro Tsuda. Tsuda expressed a dislike towards his character, as he would not befriend him; according to him "I definitely don't want to become friends with him. I don't think anyone really does". He also added that if he ever met Kaiba, he would say "Glad to see you're doing well" and "I'm always in your care." Nevertheless, he regarded Kaiba as both a "strong" and "unique" character on his own.

English voice actor Eric Stuart felt he was connected to Kaiba. He noted that most fans tend to view him as a villain, but he instead views him as a rival, stating that Kaiba's role is to strengthen Yugi's skills. However, he noted that for the film Dark Side of Dimensions, Kaiba has changed since his introduction due to his obsession with power, and so he wanted to give him an edge in his personality. Nevertheless, he views Kaiba's characterization as consistent.

In the Yu-Gi-Oh! manga
In his introduction, Kaiba discovers that the grandfather of his classmate, Yugi Mutou, owns the rare Blue-Eyes White Dragon card, and takes it from him. Dark Yugi emerges from within Yugi's Millennium Puzzle to challenge Kaiba to a Shadow Game to reclaim it. Kaiba is ultimately defeated, suffering Dark Yugi's Penalty Game: Experience of Death (死の体感). Afterward, he plots to take revenge against Yugi and acquires the other three Blue-Eyes White Dragon cards through extortion and blackmail and builds "Death T," a "theme park" made up of deadly games designed to kill Yugi and his friends. He defeats Sugoroku and tears up his Blue-Eyes White Dragon; he also subjects him to an artificial Penalty Game, forcing Yugi to participate in Death-T or else he will kill him. Yugi once again defeats him and uses the power of his Millennium Puzzle to subject Kaiba to a Penalty Game, leaving him in a coma.

Later on, Duel Monsters creator and Millennium Eye wielder Maximillion Pegasus schemes to take control of Kaiba Corporation (海馬コーポレイション) from Seto by conspiring with its board of directors, the Big Five, and abducting his brother Mokuba. After Kaiba awakens from his coma, he learns of Pegasus' plans and his kidnapping of Mokuba and travels to Duelist Kingdom, where he regains his deck and briefly battles Jonouchi. Kaiba and Yugi later play the game atop the castle parapets, and Kaiba is nearly defeated until he endangers his life by balancing on the edge of the turret. Dark Yugi nearly kills Kaiba, but Yugi forces him to forfeit the game so Kaiba is not killed. Kaiba goes on to duel Pegasus, but is overcome by the power of his Millennium Eye and is defeated. Pegasus gives Kaiba the Mind Card Penalty Game, sealing his soul into a card; when Dark Yugi defeats Pegasus in a Shadow Game during the final round of the tournament, both Kaiba and his brother are freed from their Penalty Games.

In the Battle City arc, Kaiba is summoned to the Domino City museum by Egyptologist Ishizu Ishtar, where he is shown an ancient stone tablet that depicts a battle between what appears to be his past self and the Pharaoh. He is interested in her tale of the God Cards – three powerful one-of-a-kind cards that Pegasus had entrusted to her. However, two of them were stolen by her brother Marik and his Ghouls organization, and she gives the third – God of Obelisk – to Kaiba, encouraging him to hold a tournament to lure in Marik and his organization. Seeking to obtain the remaining two God Cards for himself and eliminate Marik and his organization, Kaiba agrees and begins his "Battle City" competition. During the tournament, Kaiba teams up with Dark Yugi to rescue Mokuba and Yugi's friends from Marik's clutches. Afterward, Yugi, Kaiba and Jonouchi enter the finals, unaware that Marik has made a deal with Dark Bakura, and he, along with Marik and Marik's stepbrother Rishid, are registered as well. Kaiba trumps Ishizu's prophecy of defeat and claims victory. Kaiba faces Yugi in the semifinals, and the two unleash their God Cards against the other. Yugi manages to defeat Kaiba and go on to the final battle against Dark Marik. Kaiba gives Yugi the card Fiend Sanctuary prior to the duel, and with it, Yugi is able to hold off the attacks of Dark Marik's Sun Dragon Ra and defeat him in his Shadow Game.

In the anime
Shortly after his return from the Duelist Kingdom, the Big Five attempt to appease an outraged Kaiba by revealing they have finalized his virtual reality game software, and invite him to test it out for himself. However, this is actually an attempt to eliminate Kaiba, but Yugi and his friends manage to rescue him. The Big Five log into the virtual world in an attempt to stop them from escaping, but they are defeated in a duel and their minds become trapped in the virtual reality program. Some time later, in the midst of the Battle City tournament, the Big Five's digital consciousnesses are discovered stranded in cyberspace by a mysterious boy named Noah, who recruits them for a revenge campaign against Kaiba. Noah admits to being Gozaburo Kaiba's biological son, and claims his mind exists as a computer program after he was fatally wounded as a child and later digitized. After Noah is defeated, Gozaburo reveals himself to be alive inside the Virtual World and sets a series of orbital missiles to launch and destroy the world. While Kaiba stops Gozaburo, a reformed Noah reprograms one of the satellites to attack the main computer database and helps Yugi and his friends escape.

In Season 4 of the anime, Kaiba, along with Jonouchi and Yugi, is one of three duelists chosen to fight the brainwashed Atlantean King Dartz. During the season, Kaiba meets Amelda, an orphan whose brother and parents were killed by KaibaCorp-owned military forces under Gozaburo's command although Gozabura is actually Dartz in disguise. Due to his love for his brother, Kaiba becomes sympathetic to Amelda and carries his soul-less body to safety after their duel. Kaiba and Dark Yugi eventually duel Dartz, and although Kaiba loses, Dark Yugi defeats Dartz and Kaiba is restored, taking part in the battle against the Great Leviathan.

In the first half of season 5, KaibaCorp's stock prices are at an all-time low as a result of a failed takeover by Dartz, and when Kaiba hosts a tournament to restore the company's reputation, Zigfried von Schroeder Kaiba's arch rival and enemy infiltrates it and hacks Kaiba's computer systems. Upon catching Zigfried, Kaiba dispatches him in a duel. However, Zigfried has his brother Leon duel Yugi in the finals. During the duel, Zigfried tricks Leon into activating Golden Castle of Stromberg, releasing a computer virus into Kaiba's system and forcing Leon to attack, thus forcing his hand. However, Yugi prevails while Kaiba, who anticipated such a plan, had his computer systems backed up.

Kaiba's only appearance in the original manga version of the Millennium World arc is in the last chapter. Although he does not take part in the Shadow RPG during the Millennium World arc of the manga, in the anime, Dark Bakura gives him the Millennium Eye, which begins to show him visions and convinces him to fly to Egypt to determine if they are real or not. During the final battle, he is able to hold his ground against Zorc. In the original Japanese anime, Kaiba eventually acknowledges his past and the events that occurred within the Memory World Shadow RPG.

Yu-Gi-Oh! (1999 film)
Kaiba is the main antagonist of the Yu-Gi-Oh! movie, which was produced by Toei Animation in 1999. In this film, he learns about Shougo Aoyama's Red-Eyes Black Dragon and organizes a tournament where strong duelists are invited and attendance is mandatory. Shougo and Yugi are later pursued by Kaiba's henchmen from KaibaCorp, with Kaiba's henchmen overpowering them and stealing Yugi's Millennium Puzzle. Yugi enters Kaiba's tournament to show Shougo that one can have both the potential and the power to become a true Duelist. After the game, Kaiba tells Yugi that their battle is not over yet and informs him he is the only one in the world worth fighting as he leaves the arena.

Yu-Gi-Oh! The Movie: The Pyramid of Light
Kaiba appears in Yu-Gi-Oh! The Movie: The Pyramid of Light. In the wake of his defeat at the Battle City Tournament, he begins to suggest a means of defeating the three Egyptian God Cards that Yugi now holds to defeat him and reclaim his title as world champion. His quest leads him to Pegasus, as he theorized that he would not have created the Egyptian God Cards without creating a means of destroying them. After wagering his three Blue-Eyes White Dragons against the card that Pegasus promised him, Kaiba succeeds in winning their duel, only to find two cards within Pegasus's deck that could accomplish what he sought. Kaiba challenges Yugi to yet another duel in his Duel Dome, and puts the first of the two cards into play – the enigmatic "Pyramid of Light," which prevents the Egyptian God Cards from participating in the battle. As the duel proceeds, however, it is revealed that Kaiba had been used as a puppet for the ancient Egyptian sorcerer, Anubis, who placed the Pyramid of Light card in Pegasus's deck. The Pyramid's powers drain the lifeforces of Yugi and Kaiba as the duel progresses, eventually resurrecting Anubis, who dispatches Kaiba and takes his place in the duel. With Kaiba's aid, however, Yugi puts the second mighty card into play – the "Blue-Eyes Shining Dragon", which is able to destroy any card in play. The Shining Dragon destroys the Pyramid of Light and later wipes out Anubis.

Yu-Gi-Oh! The Dark Side of Dimensions
Kaiba appears in Yu-Gi-Oh! The Dark Side of Dimensions, in which he commissions an excavation to retrieve the disassembled Millennium Puzzle from the ruins of the Millennium chamber. The item had previously housed the spirit of his longtime rival, Pharaoh Atem, whom he hopes to "return to life" in order to settle their ancient score. The excavation is interrupted by Diva, who faces Kaiba in a game of Duel Monsters and steals two pieces of the recovered Puzzle. He keeps one fragment and gives the other to his younger sister Sera, who passes it on to Yugi, as he is the only one who can reassemble the Puzzle, having been the host of Atem. Kaiba has a computer that rebuilds the Millennium Puzzle and discovers the last two pieces are missing. He abducts Diva and approaches Yugi so he can have the two partake in the showcasing of his updated Duel Disk virtual reality technology. He intends to duel both Diva and Yugi, while gambling their pieces of the puzzle. However, Yugi is furious with Diva over what he did to Bakura and insists he duel him instead, which Kaiba agrees to. Yugi defeats Diva, resulting in Bakura's return to reality, and while dueling Kaiba, he re-completes the Millennium Puzzle, revealing that the spirit of Atem is no longer inside it. Diva becomes corrupted by the evil powers of the Millennium Ring, and duels both Yugi and Kaiba. Kaiba sacrifices himself during the Duel and makes a final plea for Yugi to call forth Atem. Yugi succeeds in doing so, and he and Atem defeat Diva. Atem and the Millennium Puzzle then fade away, and Kaiba and everyone else return to reality. The film concludes with Kaiba using his technology in conjunction with the Quantum Cube to transport his own consciousness to the afterlife and face Atem.

Appearances in other media
Though not seen much in the Yu-Gi-Oh! GX series. Kaiba is mentioned as the owner and founder Duel Academy (Duel Academia), who named the dormitories personally. He also appears in flashbacks, once when Jaden remembers a competition he entered that was held by KaibaCorp and when a reporter sneaks into Duel Academy. The Duel Spirit Kaibaman also appears. He also appears physically, the first time being when he makes a bet on his ownership of the school; he also appears when Sartorius visits him to request the use of his Kaiba Land amusement park. Kaiba has not made any appearances since, though it has been shown that he is the only surviving citizen of Trueman's invasion in Domino City. The Kaiba Dome is seen often in Yu-Gi-Oh! 5D's. His company Kaiba Corp is responsible for turning Domino City into New Domino City.

Kaiba also appears in some of the Yu-Gi-Oh! video games as an opponent which the player can duel against or play as, as well as the crossover Jump Force.

Reception
Critical reception to Kaiba has been mixed. DVD Talk describes Kaiba as an unlikely ally to Yugi, but saw his defeat in the third story arc as predictable. For the fourth season, the reviewer described Kaiba as one of the last heroes. Dan Green and Eric Stuart's voice talents were praised, though their deliveries were subject to negative response. THEM Anime Reviews criticized Kaiba, comparing him with another rival, Vegeta, as both possess simplistic characterizations due to their obsession with the leads. Anime News Network described him as a stereotypical manga rival while pointing out the actions he takes to be the best Duel Monster gamer. Although ANN mocked the multiple duels between Kaiba and Yugi, ANN praised the balance between their cards as done by Kazuki Takahashi. Manga News described him as too cold-hearted a character in the manga's initial chapter; however, the writer noted that he changes in the narrative after being defeated by Yugi and briefly sent into a coma. Chris Homer from The Fandom Post praised Kaiba's actions in the final arc as he joins Dark Yugi in his fight against Bakura and Zorc in Ancient Egypt while dealing with the life of his predecessor, "Priest Seto".

The duels between Kaiba's and Yugi in Pyramid of Light were made fun of by DVD Talk for being a method of creating new cards to be bought by the audience. While reviewing Dark Side of Dimensions, IGN praised Yugi's growth alongside his friends' as they interact, making them more mature than in the manga and anime. IGN, however, wrote that although Yugi appears to be the movie's main character, he is overshadowed by Kaiba. Anime News Network labelled him as "still everyone's favorite egoistic lunatic", as there was no progress in regards to his lack of character arc. The Fandom Post criticized the obsessive relationship between Kaiba and the Pharaoh, which came across as romantic. However, the regular Yugi's rivalry with Kaiba received a positive response. Richard Eisenbeis from Kotaku reviewed the movie favorably, finding Kaiba to be the most important character in the plot, but criticized Kaiba's personality for his obsession with Yugi, wanting to face the late Dark Yugi as he does not see Yugi as a worthy opponent. Nevertheless, he finds that thanks to Kaiba, the movie is able to deliver an interesting narrative, despite finding the new characters lacking in appeal. Anime UK News found Kaiba's actions inconsistent but praised the deliveries of his Japanese voice actor, Kenjiro Tsuda, which he described as "overdramatic echoing". Though also commented as the film's lead, Atomix found Kaiba's obsession to face Dark Yugi exaggerated, and lamented the narrative did not focus in other prominent members from the cast. Blu Ray panned Kaiba's characterization for his actions in regards to a rematch with Yami as being repetitive due to the scenario having been done before.

title: Seto Kaiba


text:
Balboa, Panama

Balboa is a district of Panama City, located at the Pacific entrance to the Panama Canal. It was the former capital of the Panama Canal Zone under American administration

History
The town of Balboa, founded by the United States during the construction of the Panama Canal, was named after Vasco Núñez de Balboa, the Spanish conquistador credited with discovering the Pacific Ocean. The name was suggested to the Panama Canal Zone authorities by the Peruvian ambassador to Panama. Prior to being drained, filled, and leveled by the United States Army Corps of Engineers, the hilly area north of Panama City was home to a few subsistence ranches and unused marshlands.

The town of Balboa, like most towns in the Canal Zone, was served by the Canal Zone Government–operated schools, post office, police and fire stations, commissary, cafeteria, movie theater, service center, bowling alley, and other recreational facilities and company stores. There were several schools in the area, including Balboa Elementary School, Balboa High School, and the private St. Mary's School. The town was also home to two private banks, a credit union, a Jewish Welfare Board, several Christian denomination churches, civic clubs (such as the Elks Club and the Knights of Columbus), a Masonic Lodge, a YMCA, several historic monuments, and a miniature Statue of Liberty donated by the Boy Scouts of America.

Panama Canal Treaties
Until 1979, when the Canal Zone as a solely US territory was abolished under the terms of the Panama Canal Treaties, the town of Balboa was the administrative center of the Canal Zone, and remained so until midday on December 31, 1999, by which time, according to the Torrijos-Carter Treaties, the Panama Canal and all its assets and territories were fully returned to the Panamanian government.

Panama Canal Administration Building
The Panama Canal Administration Building, the former seat of the Canal Zone Government and Panama Canal Company, is located in Balboa Heights and continues to perform its duties as the main administration building for the agency that runs the Panama Canal — previously the Panama Canal Commission, now the Panama Canal Authority. The building has large murals painted by William B. Van Ingen depicting the construction of the canal.

Balboa Naval Transmitting Station
A United States Navy very-low-frequency transmitting station (callsign NBA) near Balboa began service around 1915. It transmitted orders to submerged submarines.

Port of Balboa
Balboa is the Pacific-side port of the Panama Canal. The port has a dry dock in Panamax size (even the gates have a construction similar to that of the locks of the Panama canal). In 2012, Balboa was ranked the busiest container port in Latin America.

Balboa has a multimodal (ship-to-train) terminal, called the Pacific Terminal, connected to Colón by the Panama Canal Railway. This allows transportation of containers by train across the isthmus. The railway also runs a passenger service between Panama City and Colón, once a day, each way.

Current highlights
Formerly a part of the Canal Zone, Balboa is now part of Panama City's township of Ancón. Since its incorporation into the Republic of Panama, part of Balboa has been developed to enhance the port's capacity and to adapt to private ownership of residences (previously owned by the U.S. Government/Canal Zone Government/Panama Canal Company, and rented to employees thereof) and some small companies and restaurants. The rapid growth of the West-side population of Panama's province has resulted in increased car traffic because one of the only two ways available to cross towards the west side of the country is the Bridge of the Americas, which is an issue being solved by the construction of new streets. Demographic changes resulting from the departure of most of the American population (because of Torrijos-Carter Treaties) brought the closure of related facilities and institutions, such as Balboa High School and some English-language churches, obviously because they were mostly available for Americans.

Sightseeing highlights for anyone visiting Balboa today include the Administration Building, Mi Pueblito Afroantillano, scenic overlook of Ancon Hill (from which a set of locks of the Canal can be seen), monument Homenaje a la Democracia, the Goethals Memorial, the Prado, two handicraft markets, three bed-and-breakfast hotels, and a country store and café near the Administration Building.

The population as of the 1990 census was 1,214.

title: Balboa, Panama


text:
Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology

Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology (also known as TJHSST, TJ, or Jefferson) is a Virginia state-chartered magnet high school in Fairfax County, Virginia operated by Fairfax County Public Schools. The school occupies the building of the previous Thomas Jefferson High School, constructed in 1964. A selective admissions program was initiated in 1985 through the cooperation of state and county governments and corporate sponsorship from the defense and technology industries. It is one of 18 Virginia Governor's Schools, and a founding member of the National Consortium for Specialized Secondary Schools of Mathematics, Science and Technology.

Attendance at the school is open to students in six local jurisdictions based on academic achievement described in essays, the Student Portrait Sheet, problem-solving skills, assessed by the Problem Solving Essay, grade-point average, and socio-economic background. Before the 2020–21 school year, the admissions process also involved a math, reading, and science exam.

20th century
Thomas Jefferson High School was constructed and opened in 1964. Fairfax County Public Schools' superintendent William J. Burkholder and his staff began working on the idea of a science high school in 1983 with advice from the superintendent's business/advisory council. Burkholder announced the plans for the magnet school in January 1984. The school board chose Thomas Jefferson High School as the location for the new magnet school in June 1984 and approved the funding in February 1985.

The school was originally intended to only serve Fairfax County students, but after Virginia governor Charles S. Robb chose Fairfax County as the location of a regional science and technology school, the school board voted to accept the funding from the state and allow students from Arlington, Loudoun, and Prince William counties and from the Cities of Fairfax and Falls Church to attend as well. The business community played a significant role in the creation of the school, providing around $3 million in contributions and advice on the school's curriculum. Hazleton Laboratories, Honeywell, AT&T, Virginia Power, Sony Corporation, Hewlett-Packard, and Xerox, and other companies made contributions in equipment or finances to the school before it opened. Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology opened in fall 1985 with 400 ninth-graders and 125 seniors who were selected from 1,200 applicants.

21st century
From 2013 to 2017, the school underwent renovations, adding additional research labs, internet cafes, three-dimensional art galleries, a black box theater, and a dome reminiscent of President Thomas Jefferson's Monticello. The renovations cost $90 million.

Admissions
The school is part of the Fairfax County Public Schools system of Fairfax County, Virginia. Students from Fairfax, Arlington, Loudoun, and Prince William counties and from the Cities of Fairfax and Falls Church are eligible for admission. Students must be enrolled in Algebra 1 or a higher level math class in 8th grade and have a minimum GPA of 3.5 to be eligible.

The admissions process is based on grade point average, a math or science related problem solving essay, a student portrait sheet demonstrating skills and character, and details about a student's socio-economic background including whether they are economically disadvantaged, a special education student, or an English language learner. Each public school is allocated a number of seats equal to 1.5% of that school's 8th grade student population; the remaining seats are unallocated and offered to the highest evaluated remaining students. During the admissions process, students are identified only by a number; admissions officers do not know their race, ethnicity, sex, or name.

Before the 2020–21 school year, the admissions process also included a math, reading, and science exam.

Demographics and exam controversy
The admissions process and the demographics of the student body it produces, in particular the under-representation of black and Hispanic students relative to the school system overall, have been a source of controversy throughout the school's history.

After the school's early graduating classes included relatively few black and Hispanic students, FCPS created a race-based affirmative action program to admit more black and Hispanic students. The program was in effect for the admissions process for the graduating classes of 1997 through 2002; the county ended it because of legal challenges to similar programs. Following the end of this program, the share of black and Hispanic students at the school decreased from 9.4 percent in 1997–98 to 3.5 percent in 2003–04. Black and Hispanic students remained significantly under-represented at the school through the 2000s and 2010s.

In 2012, a civil rights complaint against the school was filed with the U.S. Department of Education Office of Civil Rights by Coalition of the Silence, an advocacy group led by former county School Board member Tina Hone, and the Fairfax chapter of the NAACP, alleging that it discriminated against black, Hispanic, and disabled students. In response, the Office of Civil Rights, in September 2012, opened an investigation.

In 2020, the school board made a number of significant changes to the admissions process meant to increase the ratio of black and Hispanic students admitted. These included the elimination of the application fee; the increase of the number of admitted students from around 480 to 550; the elimination of an entrance exam; the allocation of seats to each middle school equal to 1.5% of their 8th grade student population; and the addition of "experience factors" including whether students are economically disadvantaged, English language learners, or special education students. Following these changes, the proportion of black and Hispanic students admitted increased from 4.52% to 18.36% while the proportion of Asian Americans decreased from 73.05% to 54.36%. The proportion of female students admitted also increased, from 41.80% to 46.00%, and to 55.45% the next year.

In March 2021, the Coalition for TJ, an advocacy group opposed to the changes and represented by the Pacific Legal Foundation, sued the Fairfax County school board, alleging that the 2020 changes to the admissions process discriminated against Asian Americans. In February 2022, judge Claude M. Hilton of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia ruled in Coalition for TJ v. Fairfax County School Board in the Coalition for TJ's favor and ordered the school to return to the previous admissions process. The school board appealed the decision to the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit and in March 2022 that court issued a stay on the order that allowed the school to continue the new admissions process while the case was pending. The Supreme Court of the United States rejected a request to vacate the stay in April 2022. The case was heard in the court of appeals on September 16, 2022, and decided on May 23, 2023. The Fourth Circuit, by a 2 to 1 vote, reversed the district court and restored the new admission plan. The Fourth Circuit's decision was appealed to the Supreme Court, but the Supreme Court rejected to review the case on February 20, 2024 with Justice Clarence Thomas and Justice Samuel Alito dissenting from the denial.

Curriculum
TJ's curriculum is focused on college preparation and provides students with the opportunity to achieve in all disciplines, with an emphasis on science and technology.

TJ3Sat and TJREVERB projects
The Systems Engineering Course designed and built a CubeSat which was launched on November 19, 2013, from Wallops Flight Facility in Virginia. Orbital Sciences Corporation donated the CubeSat Kit to the school on December 6, 2006, and provided the launch for the satellite. After a successful launch at 8:15PM EST, TJ3SAT became the first satellite launched into space that was built by high school students. The launched satellite contained a 4-watt transmitter operating on amateur radio frequencies, and a text-to-speech module to allow it to broadcast ASCII-encoded messages sent to it from Jefferson.

TJREVERB, a 2U CubeSat, is the school's second CubeSat mission. After a 6-year period of planning, building, and testing from 2016 to 2022 that was interrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic, REVERB was launched aboard SpaceX's CRS-26 on November 26, 2022, at 2:20PM EST. REVERB was deployed from the International Space Station on December 29, 2022, via Nanoracks. The satellite is being located through crowdsourcing, with help from AMSAT. It will test the Iridium satellite radio and connect to the students' ground station through email.

Computer Systems Lab
The school's computer systems lab is one of the few high school computing facilities with a supercomputer. In 1988, a team from the school won an ETA-10P supercomputer in the SuperQuest competition, a national science competition for high school students. The ETA-10P was damaged by a roof leak in the 1990s. Cray Inc. donated a new SV1 supercomputer, known as Seymour, to the school on December 4, 2002, which is on display as of 2021.

The lab also supported a number of Sun Microsystems thin clients for use by students enrolled in AP Computer Science. In 2008, the school received a grant from Sun Microsystems for $388,048, which was student-written. The Syslab was given 7 Sun workstations, 12 Sun servers, and 145 Sun Rays for distribution throughout the school. These were placed in the existing AP Computer Science Lab and the science classrooms, support backend services, and serve as kiosks placed around the school for guests, students, and faculty. However, the Sun Rays were taken out of the AP Computer Science Lab due to teachers' objections. By 2014, the Sun Ray clients were decommissioned, and replaced with Linux-based thin clients running LTSP.

Awards and recognition
In 2021 and 2022, U.S. News & World Report ranked TJ as the best overall high school in the United States. It was previously ranked fourth in 2020, tenth in 2019, and sixth in 2018. In 2016, the school placed first in Newsweek's annual "America's Top High Schools" rankings for the third consecutive year. The average SAT score for the graduating class of 2020 was 1528 and the average ACT score was 34.5.

The school had 14 Intel Science Talent Search Semifinalists in 2007, 15 in 2009, and 13 in 2010. In 2024, 7 were named.

In 2007, for schools with more than 800 students in grades 10–12, TJ was cited as having the highest-performing AP Calculus BC, AP Chemistry, AP French Language, AP Government and Politics, U.S., and AP U.S. History courses among all schools worldwide. In 2014, 3864 AP Exams were taken by students; over 97% earned a score of 3, 4, or 5.

President Barack Obama signed the America Invents Act into law on September 16, 2011, at the school. The law was made to reform U.S. patent laws.

In 1997, 2000, 2013, and 2017, the wind ensemble of the school was among fifteen high-school bands invited to the Music for All National Concert Band Festival in Indianapolis.

Merit award controversy
In December 2022, it was reported that during the previous five years, some students at the school who had been named National Merit Scholarship Commended Scholars had not been notified of their achievement until several months after the school was given the awards to distribute to the students, too late for the students to include with their college applications. A lawyer named Shawnna Yashar, whose son was one of the students at the school whose commendation information had not been reported by the school, said, "Keeping these certificates from students is theft by the state." School officials stated that the issue was a "one-time human error."

Notable alumni

 * Yohannes Abraham, government official
 * Chris Avellone, game designer
 * Praveen Balakrishnan, Chess Grandmaster
 * Sandra Beasley, poet
 * Bob Bland, fashion designer and activist
 * Ian Caldwell, author
 * Mark Changizi, theoretical cognitive scientist
 * Mike Elias, baseball executive
 * Mark Embree, mathematician and Rhodes Scholar
 * Eric Froehlich, professional poker and Magic: The Gathering player
 * Sara Goldrick-Rab, sociologist
 * Stephanie Hannon, CTO of Hillary Clinton presidential campaign, 2016
 * Darius Kazemi, programmer, artist, and co-founder of Feel Train
 * Sophia Kianni, climate activist
 * Andrew Kirmse, game developer and computer programmer
 * Ehren Kruger, screenwriter
 * Christo Landry, professional long-distance runner
 * Howard Lerman, entrepreneur, co-founder of Yext
 * Jose Llana, actor
 * Geoffrey von Maltzahn, biological engineer, founder of Indigo Agriculture
 * Mehret Mandefro, film/television producer, writer, physician, anthropologist
 * Ashley Miller, screenwriter
 * Kathryn Minshew, CEO and co-founder of The Muse
 * Anthony Myint, restaurateur
 * Aparna Nancherla, comedian
 * Amna Nawaz, broadcast journalist
 * Thao Nguyen, singer-songwriter
 * Michael Hun Park, United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit
 * Emma Pierson, computer scientist and Rhodes Scholar
 * Conor Russomanno, creator of OpenBCI
 * Robert Sarvis, lawyer
 * Monika Schleier-Smith, experimental physicist and MacArthur Fellow (2020)
 * Andrew Seliskar, swimmer
 * Joshua Specht, author of Red Meat Republic, history professor at University of Notre Dame
 * Meagan Spooner, author
 * Chris Sununu, Governor of New Hampshire
 * Vlad Tenev, co-founder of Robinhood
 * Owen Thomas, journalist
 * Dustin Thomason, author
 * Anne Toth, Head of Data Policy at the World Economic Forum
 * Greg Tseng, entrepreneur, co-founder and CEO of Tagged
 * Helen Wan, novelist and lawyer
 * Staci Wilson, soccer player, Olympian


text:
Microsoft Visio

Microsoft Visio (formerly Microsoft Office Visio) is a diagramming and vector graphics application and is part of the Microsoft 365 family. The product was first introduced in 1992 by former American software company Visio Corporation, and its latest version is Visio 2021. Microsoft acquired the assets of Visio Corporation in 2000. A lightweight version of Visio is now included with all commercial SKU of Microsoft 365 and is known as Visio in Microsoft 365. It has two other subscription based SKUs. Visio Plan 1 includes the Visio web app whereas Visio Plan 2 provides access to both the web app and the Desktop application.

Features
Microsoft Visio is used to create diagram types such as flowcharts, org charts, floor plans, network diagrams, UML diagrams, mind maps and more. It is also commonly used for scenarios such as Process Mapping and Visual Collaboration. The latest version of Visio also has data visualization that allows users to create diagrams from Excel data and also embed Visio diagrams in Power BI dashboards.

Microsoft made Visio 2013 for Windows available in two editions: Standard and Professional. The Standard and Professional editions share the same interface, but the Professional edition has additional templates for more advanced diagrams and layouts, as well as capabilities intended to make it easy for users to connect their diagrams to data sources and to display their data graphically. The Professional edition features three additional diagram types, as well as intelligent rules, validation, and subprocess (diagram breakdown). Visio Professional is also offered as an additional component of an Office365 subscription.

On 22 September 2015, Visio 2016 was released alongside Microsoft Office 2016. A few new features have been added such as one-step connectivity with Excel data, information rights management (IRM) protection for Visio files, modernized shapes for office layout, detailed shapes for site plans, updated shapes for floor plans, modern shapes for home plans, IEEE compliant shapes for electrical diagrams, new range of starter diagrams, and new themes for the Visio interface.

Database modeling in Visio revolves around a Database Model Diagram (DMD).

File formats
All of the previous versions of Visio used VSD, the proprietary binary-file format. Visio 2010 added support for the VDX file format, which is a well-documented XML Schema-based ("DatadiagramML") format, but still uses VSD by default only.

Visio 2013 drops support for writing VDX files in favor of the new VSDX and VSDM file formats, and uses them by default. Created based on Open Packaging Conventions (OPC) standard (ISO 29500, Part 2), a VSDX or VSDM file consists of a group of XML files archived inside a Zip file. VSDX and VSDM files differ only in that VSDM files may contain macros. Since these files are susceptible to macro virus infection, the program enforces strict security on them.

While VSD files use LZW-like lossless compression, VDX is not compressed. Hence, a VDX file typically takes up 3 to 5 times more storage. VSDX and VSDM files use the same compression as Zip files.

Visio also supports saving files in SVG files, other diagramming files and images. However, images cannot be opened by the program.

History
Visio began as a standalone product produced by Shapeware Corporation; version 1.0 shipped in 1992. A pre-release, Version 0.92, was distributed free on a floppy disk along with a Microsoft Windows systems readiness evaluation utility. In 1995, Shapeware Corporation changed their name to Visio Corporation to take advantage of market recognition and related product equity. Microsoft acquired Visio in 2000, re-branding it as a Microsoft Office application. Like Microsoft Project, however, it has never been officially included in any of the bundled Office suites. Microsoft included a Visio for Enterprise Architects edition with some editions of Visual Studio .NET 2003 and Visual Studio 2005.

Along with Microsoft Visio 2002 Professional, Microsoft introduced Visio Enterprise Network Tools and Visio Network Center. Visio Enterprise Network Tools was an add-on product that enabled automated network and directory services diagramming. Visio Network Center was a subscription-based website where users could locate the latest network documentation content and exact-replica network equipment shapes from 500 leading manufacturers. Visio Enterprise Network Tools was discontinued in July 2002. The following year, Microsoft released a patch which gave Enterprise Network Tools users access to the network equipment shapes via Visio's built-in Find Shape feature. Visio 2007 was released on November 30, 2006.

Microsoft Visio adopted ribbons in its user interface in Visio 2010. Microsoft Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Access and Outlook (to some extents) had already adopted the ribbon with the release of Microsoft Office 2007.

November 19, 2012: BPMN 2.0 was utilized within Microsoft Visio.

Versions

 * Visio v1.0 (Standard, Lite, Home)
 * Visio v2.0
 * Visio v3.0
 * Visio v4.0 (Standard, Technical)
 * Visio v4.1 (Standard, Technical)
 * Visio v4.5 (Standard, Professional, Technical)
 * Visio v5.0 (Standard, Professional, Technical)
 * Visio 2000 (v6.0; Standard, Professional, Technical, Enterprise) – later updated to SP1 and Microsoft branding after Visio Corporation's acquisition
 * Visio 2002 (v10.0; Standard, Professional)
 * Visio for Enterprise Architects 2003 (VEA 2003) – based on Visio 2002 and included with Visual Studio .NET 2003 Enterprise Architect edition
 * Office Visio 2003 (v11.0; Standard, Professional)
 * Office Visio for Enterprise Architects 2005 (VEA 2005) – based on Visio 2003 and included with Visual Studio 2005 Team Suite and Team Architect editions
 * Office Visio 2007 (v12.0; Standard, Professional)
 * Visio 2010 (v14.0; Standard, Professional, Premium)
 * Visio 2013 (v15.0; Standard, Professional)
 * Visio 2016 (v16.0; Standard, Professional, Office 365)
 * Visio Online Plan 1 (Web based editor), Visio Online Plan 2 (Desktop, Office 365)
 * Visio 2019 (v16.0; Standard, Professional)
 * Visio 2021 (Standard, Professional)

There are no Visio versions 7, 8, or 9, because after Microsoft acquired and branded Visio as a Microsoft Office product, the Visio version numbers followed the Office version numbers. Version 13 was skipped owing to triskaidekaphobia.

Visio does not have a macOS version, which has led to the growth of several third-party applications which can open and edit Visio files on Mac.

On 7 May 2001, Microsoft introduced Visio Enterprise Network Tools (VENT), an add-on for Visio 2002 scheduled for release on 1 July 2001, and Visio Network Center, a subscription-based web service for IT professionals who use Microsoft Visio for computer network diagramming. VENT was discontinued on 1 July 2002 because of very low customer demand.

title: Microsoft Visio