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Self-governing colony

In the British Empire, a self-governing colony was a colony with an elected government in which elected rulers were able to make most decisions without referring to the colonial power with nominal control of the colony. This was in contrast to a Crown colony, in which the British Government ruled and legislated via an appointed Governor, with or without the assistance of an appointed Council. Most self-governing colonies had responsible government.

Self-governing colonies for the most part had no formal authority over constitutional matters such the monarchy and the constitutional relationship with the United Kingdom. The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in London serves as the ultimate avenue of appeal in matters of law and justice.

Colonies have sometimes been referred to as "self-governing" in situations where the executive has been under the control of neither the imperial government nor a local legislature elected by universal suffrage but by a local oligarchy state. In most cases such control had been exercised by a ruling class from a settler community.

In 1983, the then-remaining British colonies, self-governing (notably Bermuda) or Crown (notably Hong Kong), were re-designated as British Dependent Territories, and in 2002 as British Overseas Territories.

North America (1619–1949)
The term "self-governing colony" has sometimes been used in relation to the direct rule of a Crown colony by an executive governor, elected under a limited franchise, such as in Massachusetts between 1630 and 1684.

The first local legislatures raised in the English overseas possessions were the House of Burgesses of Virginia (1619) and the House of Assembly of Bermuda (1620), originally part of Virginia. The Parliament of Bermuda, which now also includes a Senate, is the third-oldest in the Commonwealth of Nations, after the Tynwald and Westminster (currently the Parliament of the United Kingdom). Of the three, only Bermuda's has legislated continuously, with the Royalist camp maintaining control of the archipelago during the Commonwealth of England and the Protectorate.

However, in the modern sense of the term, the first self-governing colony is generally considered to have been the Province of Canada, in 1841; the colony gained responsible government in 1849. All the colonies of British North America became self-governing between 1848 and 1855, except the Colony of Vancouver Island. Nova Scotia was the first colony to achieve responsible government in January–February 1848 through the efforts of Joseph Howe, followed by the Province of Canada later that year. They were followed by Prince Edward Island in 1851, New Brunswick, and Newfoundland in 1855 under Philip Francis Little. The Canadian colonies were federated as a Dominion in stages between 1867 and 1873, except for Newfoundland, which remained a separate self-governing colony, was a separate Dominion in 1907–1934, reverted to being a crown colony in 1934, and joined Canada in 1949. However, the term "self-governing colony" is not widely used by Canadian constitutional experts.

Australasia (1852–1907)
In Australasia, the term self-governing colony is widely used by historians and constitutional lawyers in relation to the political arrangements in the seven British settler colonies of Australasia — New South Wales, New Zealand, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria and Western Australia — between 1852 and 1901, when the six Australian colonies agreed to Federation and became a Dominion. New Zealand remained a separate colony until 1907, when it too became a Dominion.

Southern Africa (1852–1980)
In southern Africa, the Cape Colony was granted representative government in 1852, followed by responsible government in 1872. Natal became self-governing in 1893, Transvaal in 1906 and Orange River Colony in 1908. These four colonies were united as a unitary Dominion, the Union of South Africa, in 1910). Southern Rhodesia (later Zimbabwe), became a self-governing colony in 1923.

Europe (1921–1964)
Malta was also a self-governing colony between 1921 and 1933, 1947 and 1958, and 1962 until independence two years later.

Dominions/Commonwealth realms
Dominions were self-governing entities during the mid-to-late-19th century and early 20th century, with much more autonomy than self-governing colonies. In the Dominions, prior to the Statute of Westminster in 1931, a Governor General, officially the monarch's representative, was an officer of the British government.

After the agreement on the Balfour Declaration 1926 and the Statute of Westminster 1931, the Dominions were recognized as equal to the United Kingdom. After that time, the Dominions were largely free to act in matters of defence and foreign affairs, if they so chose and "Dominion" gradually acquired a new meaning: a state which was independent of Britain, but which shared the British monarch as the official head of state. The term Dominion has since largely fallen out of use and been replaced with the term Realm.

Modern times (1981–present)
In 1981, under the British Nationality Act 1981 and reflecting the change in status toward devolved self-government (and depriving colonials of the rights of abode and work in the United Kingdom), self-governing and Crown colonies were renamed "British Dependent Territories". This terminology caused offence to both loyalists and nationalists in the territories and was changed in 2002, by the means of the British Overseas Territories Act 2002, to British Overseas Territories.

title: Self-governing colony


text: User:Pareisduno

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Pareisduno


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Baron Basing

Baron Basing, of Basing Byflete and of Hoddington, both in the County of Southampton, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created in 1887 for the Conservative politician and former President of the Local Government Board, George Sclater-Booth. On his death the title passed to his eldest son, the second Baron, and then to his son, the third Baron. On the latter's death in 1983 this line of the family failed. The title was inherited by the late Baron's first cousin, the fourth Baron. He was the son of Charles Lutle Sclater-Booth, second son of the first Baron. the title is held by the fourth Baron's grandson, the sixth Baron, who succeeded his father in 2007.

The family surname of Sclater-Booth is pronounced "Slater-Booth".

Barons Basing (1887)

 * George Sclater-Booth, 1st Baron Basing (1826–1894)
 * George Limbrey Sclater-Booth, 2nd Baron Basing (1860–1919)
 * John Limbrey Robert Sclater-Booth, 3rd Baron Basing (1890–1969)
 * George Lutley Sclater-Booth, 4th Baron Basing (1903–1983)
 * Neil Lutley Sclater-Booth, 5th Baron Basing (1939–2007)
 * Stuart Anthony Whitfield Sclater-Booth, 6th Baron Basing (b. 1969)

The heir apparent is the present holder's son Luke Waters Sclater-Booth (b. 2000)

title: Baron Basing


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Bennett Cerf

Bennett Alfred Cerf (May 25, 1898 – August 27, 1971) was an American writer, publisher, and co-founder of the American publishing firm Random House. Cerf was also known for his own compilations of jokes and puns, for regular personal appearances lecturing across the United States, and for his weekly television appearances for over 17 years on the panel game show What's My Line?

Early life and education
Cerf was born on May 25, 1898, in Manhattan, New York City, to a Jewish family of Alsatian and German ethnicity. Cerf's father Gustave Cerf was a lithographer; his mother, Frederika Wise, was heiress to a tobacco-distribution fortune. She died when Bennett was 15; shortly afterward, her brother Herbert moved into the Cerf household and became a strong literary and social influence on the teenager.

Cerf graduated from Townsend Harris High School in Queens in 1916, the same public school as publisher Richard Simon, author Herman Wouk, and playwright Howard Dietz. He spent his teenage years at 790 Riverside Drive, an apartment building in Washington Heights, which was home to two of his friends who became prominent as adults: Howard Dietz and Hearst newspapers financial editor Merryle Rukeyser. Cerf received his Bachelor of Arts from Columbia College of Columbia University (1919) and his Litt.B. (1920) from its School of Journalism.

Career
After graduating from Columbia University, Cerf worked briefly as a reporter for the New York Herald Tribune and for some time in a Wall Street brokerage. He then was named a vice president at Boni & Liveright, a publishing company.

In 1925, Cerf and Donald S. Klopfer formed a partnership to purchase the rights to the Modern Library from Boni & Liveright, and they went into business for themselves. The two increased the popularity of the series, and in 1927, they began publishing general trade books that they had selected at random.

Random House
Cerf and Klopfer's acquisition of Modern Library was the beginning of their publishing business, which they later named Random House. The publishing company used as its logo a little house drawn by Cerf's friend and fellow Columbia alumnus Rockwell Kent.

Cerf's talent in building and maintaining relationships brought contracts with such writers as William Faulkner, John O'Hara, Eugene O'Neill, James Michener, Truman Capote, Theodor Seuss Geisel, and others. He published Atlas Shrugged, written by Ayn Rand, though he vehemently disagreed with her philosophy of Objectivism. He admired her "sincerity" and "brillian[ce]", and the two became lifelong friends.

In 1933, Cerf won United States v. One Book Called Ulysses, a landmark court case against government censorship, and thereafter he was the first in the United States to publish James Joyce's unabridged Ulysses. (Originally published in Paris by Sylvia Beach in 1922. One chapter from its previous serialization in Margaret Anderson and Jane Heap's Chicago-based literary magazine, The Little Review, had led to its being found "a work of obscenity".)

In 1932, Random House had the rights to publish the book in the United States, and they arranged for a test case to challenge the implicit ban so as to publish the work without fear of prosecution. The publisher, therefore, made an arrangement to import the book and to have a copy seized by the United States Customs Service when it arrived. After seizure, the United States attorney took seven months before deciding whether to proceed further; although the assistant U.S. attorney assigned to assess the work's obscenity considered it a "literary masterpiece", he also felt it was obscene within the meaning of the law. The office then sued under the Tariff Act of 1930, which allowed a district attorney to bring an action against obscene literature. Cerf later presented the book in question to Columbia University.

In 1944, Cerf published the first of his books of jokes and anecdotes, Try and Stop Me, with illustrations drawn by Carl Rose. A second book, Shake Well Before Using, was published in 1949. Then, he became a member of the Peabody Awards board of jurors, where he served from 1946 to 1967 and 1970–1971. He was chair juror of the Peabody Jurors Board from 1954 to the end of his first term in 1967, and published a weekly column, "The Cerf Board", in the Sunday supplement magazine This Week. Cerf was also inducted into Omicron Delta Kappa in 1967 at Florida Southern College.

In 1959, Maco Magazine Corporation published what became known as "The Cream of the Master's Crop", a compilation of Cerf's jokes, gags, stories, puns, and wit.

Television appearances
Before 1951, Cerf was an occasional panelist on the NBC game show Who Said That?, on which celebrities tried to identify the speakers of quotations taken from recent news reports. In 1951, he began appearing weekly on What's My Line?, where he stayed for 16 years, until the show ended its run on CBS, in 1967. Until his death, Cerf continued to appear regularly on the CBS Films (now Viacom) syndicated version of What's My Line?, along with Arlene Francis. Cerf was known as "Bennett Snerf" in a Sesame Street puppet parody of What's My Line? During his time on What's My Line?, Cerf received an honorary degree from the University of Puget Sound, and an honorary doctorate of letters in November 1965 from William Jewell College, in Liberty, Missouri.

Cerf twice was a juror at the Miss America pageant.

Cerf was interviewed in 1967 and 1968 by Robin Hawkins, a freelancer working for the Oral History Research Office at Columbia University. Cerf said that he was "genuinely proud of" the awards that had been bestowed on him by The Yale Record and The Harvard Lampoon.

In July 1970, Cerf was the subject of an exposé by Jessica Mitford, published in Atlantic Monthly, which denounced the business practices of the Famous Writers School, which Cerf founded.

Characterizations
S. J. Perelman's 1945 feuilleton "No Dearth of Mirth, Fill Out the Coupon", describes Perelman's fictionalized encounter with a jokebook publisher named Barnaby Chirp. Perelman's 1962 play The Beauty Part features the caricature Emmett Stagg of the book-publishing empire Charnel House, who was based on Cerf and played on Broadway by William LeMessena. He was similarly portrayed as publisher Bennett Blake on The Patty Duke Show in the 1964 episode "Auld Lang Syne". In 2006, Peter Bogdanovich portrayed Cerf in the film Infamous.

Personal life
Cerf married actress Sylvia Sidney on October 1, 1935; they divorced six months later, on April 9, 1936.

On September 17, 1940, he married actress Phyllis Fraser, a cousin of Ginger Rogers, with whom he had two sons, Christopher and Jonathan.

In the early 1950s, while maintaining a Manhattan residence, Bennett and Phyllis Cerf bought an estate at Mount Kisco, New York, which became his country home for the rest of his life. A Mount Kisco street named Cerf Lane, named after him, runs from Croton Avenue in Mount Kisco.

Death
Cerf died of natural causes in Mount Kisco, on August 27, 1971, aged 73. He had undergone surgery shortly before his death. He was survived by his wife and sons.

Legacy
Random House published his posthumous autobiography, At Random: The Reminiscences of Bennett Cerf, in 1977, which Phyllis Cerf and a former Random House Editor Albert Erskine put together from his interviews for Columbia's oral history program along with his diaries and scrapbooks.

Bennett Cerf Drive, just outside the City of Westminster in Carroll County, Maryland, is named after him. This is the location of the Random House Westminster Distribution Center and Offices, one of two Random House distribution facilities in the U.S., as well as the location of Bennett Cerf Park.

title: Bennett Cerf


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Umatilla

Umatilla may refer to:

Umatilla people and culture

 * Umatilla people, a Native American tribe from Oregon
 * Umatilla Indian Reservation, an Indian reservation in Oregon
 * Umatilla language, a Native American language from the Plateau Penutian group
 * Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation, a Native American tribal entity in the U.S. state of Oregon

Places

 * Umatilla County, Oregon, a county in Oregon
 * Umatilla, Oregon, a city located in Umatilla County, Oregon
 * Umatilla, Florida, a city in Lake County, in the U.S. state Florida

 * Umatilla River, a river in Oregon

 * Umatilla Chemical Depot, a U.S. Army facility near the city of Umatilla, Oregon

title: Umatilla


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HMS Reaper (D82)

USS Winjah (CVE-54) (originally AVG-54, later ACV-54), was a Bogue-class escort carrier of the United States Navy, leased to the Royal Navy during World War II.

Winjah was laid down on 5 June 1943 at Tacoma, Washington, by Seattle-Tacoma Shipbuilding. She was assigned to the United Kingdom under lend-lease on 23 June; she was redesignated CVE-54 on 15 July; launched on 22 November; and delivered to the British on 18 February 1944. From March to August 1945 she was part of the British Pacific Fleet attached to the 30th Aircraft Carrier Squadron.

Renamed HMS Reaper (D82), the carrier operated in the Royal Navy for the duration of World War II. After arriving at Norfolk, Virginia, on 13 May 1946, Reaper was decommissioned on 20 May and returned to the United States Government. Authorized for disposal on 14 June, Winjah was struck from the Navy Registry on 8 July and sold to the Waterman Steamship Company of Mobile, Alabama, on 12 February 1947 as South Africa Star. She was scrapped in Japan in May 1967.

Just after World War II, Reaper was responsible for bringing from Cherbourg Harbour many examples of former German Luftwaffe aircraft captured by the American military's Operation Lusty over to North America, such as the sole examples of the Arado Ar 234 jet reconnaissance bomber, and the Heinkel He 219 night fighter, that exist in American aviation museums in the 21st century. The aircraft arrived by air from Germany to Querqueville Airfield which is under a kilometer away from Cherbourg.

Design and description
These ships were larger and had a greater aircraft capacity than all the preceding American built escort carriers. They were also all laid down as escort carriers and not converted merchant ships. All the ships had a complement of 646 men and an overall length of 492 ft, a beam of 69 ft and a draught of 25 ft. Propulsion was provided by two boilers and a steam turbine connected to one shaft, giving 9,350 shaft horsepower (SHP), which could propel the ship at 16.5 kn.

Aircraft facilities were a small combined bridge/flight control on the starboard side, two aircraft lifts 43 ft by 34 ft, one aircraft catapult and nine arrestor wires. Aircraft could be housed in the 260 ft by 62 ft hangar below the flight deck. Her armament comprised: two 4"/50, 5"/38 or 5"/51 Dual Purpose guns in single mounts, sixteen 40 mm Bofors anti-aircraft guns in twin mounts and twenty 20 mm Oerlikon anti-aircraft cannons in single mounts. The ship had a maximum aircraft capacity of twenty-four aircraft which could be a mixture of Grumman Martlets, Vought F4U Corsairs or Hawker Sea Hurricane fighter aircraft and Fairey Swordfish or Grumman Avenger anti-submarine torpedo bombers.

title: HMS Reaper (D82)


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Jean-Luc Nancy

Jean-Luc Nancy (, ; 26 July 1940 – 23 August 2021) was a French philosopher. Nancy's first book, published in 1973, was Le titre de la lettre (The Title of the Letter, 1992), a reading of the work of French psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan, written in collaboration with Philippe Lacoue-Labarthe. Nancy is the author of works on many thinkers, including La remarque spéculative in 1973 (The Speculative Remark, 2001) on Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Le Discours de la syncope (1976) and L'Impératif catégorique (1983) on Immanuel Kant, Ego sum (1979) on René Descartes, and Le Partage des voix (1982) on Martin Heidegger.

In addition to Le titre de la lettre, Nancy collaborated with Lacoue-Labarthe on several other books and articles. Nancy is credited with helping to reopen the question of the ground of community and politics with his 1985 work La communauté désoeuvrée (The Inoperative Community), following Blanchot's The Unavowable Community (1983) and Agamben responded to both with The Coming Community (1990). One of the very few monographs that Jacques Derrida ever wrote on a contemporary philosopher is On Touching, Jean-Luc Nancy.

Biography
Jean-Luc Nancy graduated in philosophy in 1962 from the University of Paris. He taught for a short while in Colmar before becoming an assistant at the Strasbourg Institut de Philosophie in 1968. In 1973, he received his doctorate with a dissertation on Kant under the supervision of Paul Ricœur. Nancy was then promoted to Maître de conférences (associate professor) at the Université des Sciences Humaines de Strasbourg. In the 1970s and 1980s, Nancy was a guest professor at universities all over the world, from the University of California to the Freie Universität in Berlin. He has been invited as a cultural delegate of the French Ministry of External Affairs to speak in Eastern Europe, Britain and the United States. In 1987, Nancy became a Docteur d'État at the Université de Toulouse-Le-Mirail for a thesis on freedom in Heidegger under the supervision of Gérard Granel. The jury was composed of Jean-François Lyotard and Jacques Derrida. It was published as L'expérience de la liberté (1988).

In the late 1980s and early 1990s, Nancy suffered serious medical problems. He underwent a heart transplant and his recovery was made more difficult by a long-term cancer diagnosis. He stopped teaching and participating in almost all of the committees with which he was engaged, but continued to write. Many of his best known texts were published during this time. An account of his experience, L'intrus (The Intruder), was published in 2000. Nancy was a professor at the University of Strasbourg. Nancy was also Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel Chair and Professor of Philosophy at The European Graduate School.

Filmmaker Claire Denis has made at least two movies inspired by Jean-Luc Nancy and his works. Many other artists have worked with Nancy as well, such as Simon Hantaï, Soun-gui Kim and Phillip Warnell. Nancy has written about the filmmaker Abbas Kiarostami and featured prominently in the film The Ister.

Nancy died on 23 August 2021 at the age of 81.

Les Fins de l'homme
In 1980, Nancy and Lacoue-Labarthe organized a conference at Centre culturel international de Cerisy-la-Salle on Derrida and politics entitled "Les Fins de l'homme" ("The Ends of Man"). The conference solidified Derrida's place at the forefront of contemporary philosophy, and was a place to begin an in-depth conversation between philosophy and contemporary politics. Further to their desire to rethink the political, Nancy and Lacoue-Labarthe set up in the same year the Centre de Recherches Philosophiques sur la Politique (Centre for Philosophical Research on the Political). The centre was dedicated to pursuing philosophical rather than empirical approaches to political questions, and supported such speakers as Claude Lefort and Jean-François Lyotard. By 1984, however, Nancy and Lacoue-Labarthe were dissatisfied with the direction work at the centre was taking, and it was closed down.

During that period Lacoue-Labarthe and Nancy produced several important papers, together and separately. Some of these texts appear in Les Fins de l'homme à partir du travail de Jacques Derrida: colloque de Cerisy, 23 juillet-2 août 1980 (1981), Rejouer le politique (1981), La retrait du politique (1983), and Le mythe nazi (1991, revised edition; originally published as Les méchanismes du fascisme, 1981). Many of these texts are gathered in translation in Retreating the Political (1997).

La Communauté désœuvrée
Nancy's first book on the question of community, La Communauté désœuvrée (The Inoperative Community, 1986), is perhaps his best-known work. This text is an introduction to some of the main philosophical themes Nancy continued to work with. Nancy traces the influence of the notion of community to concepts of experience, discourse, and the individual, and argues that it has dominated modern thought. Discarding popular notions, Nancy redefines community, asking what can it be if it is reduced neither to a collection of separate individuals, nor to a hypostasized communal substance, e.g., fascism. He writes that our attempt to design society according to pre-planned definitions frequently leads to social violence and political terror, posing the social and political question of how to proceed with the development of society with this knowledge in mind. La Communauté désœuvrée means that community is not the result of a production, be it social, economic or even political (nationalist) production; it is not une œuvre, a "work of art" ("œuvre d'art", but "art" is here understood in the sense of "artifice").

"'The community that becomes a single thing (body, mind, fatherland, Leader...) ...necessarily loses the in of being-in-common. Or, it loses the with or the together that defines it. It yields its being-together to a being of togetherness. The truth of community, on the contrary, resides in the retreat of such a being.' (Preface, xxxix)."

L'Expérience de la liberté
Nancy's dissertation for his Doctorat d'État looked at the works of Kant, Schelling, Sartre and Heidegger, and concentrated on their treatment of the topic of freedom. It was published in 1988 as L'Expérience de la Liberté (The Experience of Freedom). Since then, Nancy has continued to concentrate on developing a reorientation of Heidegger's work. Nancy treats freedom as a property of the individual or collectivity, and looks for a "non-subjective" freedom which would attempt to think the existential or finite origin for every freedom. Nancy argues that it is necessary to think freedom in its finite being, because to think of it as the property of an infinite subject is to make any finite being a limit of freedom. The existence of the other is the necessary condition of freedom, rather than its limitation.

Le sens du monde
Nancy addresses the world in its contemporary global configuration in other writings on freedom, justice and sovereignty. In his 1993 book Le sens du monde (The Sense of the World), he asks what we mean by saying that we live in one world, and how our sense of the world is changed by saying that it is situated within the world, rather than above or apart from it. To Nancy, the world, or existence, is our ontological responsibility, which precedes political, judicial and moral responsibility. He describes our being in the world as an exposure to a naked existence, without the possibility of support by a fundamental metaphysical order or cause. Contemporary existence no longer has recourse to a divine framework, as was the case in feudal society where the meaning and course of life was predetermined. The contingency of our naked existence as an ontological question is the main challenge of our existence in contemporary global society.

All of these themes relating to world are taken up again by Nancy in his 2002 book La création du monde ou la mondialisation (The Creation of the World or Globalization), where he makes the distinction between globalization as a deterministic process and mondialisation as an open-ended "world-forming" process. Here, he connects his critique with Marx's critique of political economy, which saw "free labour" as what produces the world. Nancy argues that an authentic "dwelling" in the world must be concerned with the creation of meaning (enjoyment) and not final purposes, closed essences, and exclusive worldviews. The present system of expanding cities and nodes in the planetary techno-scientific network (tied to capitalism) leads to the loss of world, because the world is treated as an object (globe), even though the self-deconstruction of ontotheology increasingly made it the "subject" of its own creation.

Être singulier pluriel
In his book Être singulier pluriel (Being Singular Plural, 2000), Nancy tackles the question of how we can speak of a plurality of a "we" without making the "we" a singular identity. The premise of the title essay in this book is that there is no being without "being-with," that "I" does not come before "we" (i.e., Dasein does not precede Mitsein) and that there is no existence without co-existence. In an extension from his thoughts on freedom, community, and the sense of the world, he imagines the "being-with" as a mutual exposure to one another that preserves the freedom of the "I", and thus a community that is not subject to an exterior or pre-existent definition.

"'There is no meaning if meaning is not shared, and not because there would be an ultimate or first signification that all beings have in common, but because meaning is itself the sharing of Being.'"

The five essays that follow the title piece continue to develop Nancy's philosophy through discussions of sovereignty, war and technology, ecotechnics, identity, the Gulf War and Sarajevo. Nancy's central concern in these essays remains the "being-with", which he uses to discuss issues of psychoanalysis, politics and multiculturalism, looking at notions of "self" and "other" in current contexts.

Artistic analysis
Nancy has also written for art catalogues and international art journals, especially on contemporary art. He also writes poetry and for the theatre and has earned respect as an influential philosopher of art and culture. In his book Les Muses published in 1994 (The Muses, 1996), he begins with an analysis of Hegel's thesis on the death of art. Among the essays in The Muses is a piece on Caravaggio, originally a lecture given at the Louvre. In this essay, Nancy looks for a different conception of painting where painting is not a representation of the empirical world, but a presentation of the world, of sense, or of existence. Nancy has published books on film and music, as well as texts on the problem of representation, on the statute of literature, on image and violence, and on the work of On Kawara, Charles Baudelaire, and Friedrich Hölderlin.

Film theory
Nancy's text L'intrus formed the basis for French director Claire Denis's film of the same name.

He has written extensively on film, including The Evidence of Film, a short work on Abbas Kiarostami.

Nancy appears in the film The Ister, based on Martin Heidegger's 1942 lectures on Friedrich Hölderlin's poem "Der Ister" (published as Hölderlin's Hymn "The Ister"). The film focuses on the relation of politics, technology and myth.

Nancy has developed three films in conjunction with artist-filmmaker Phillip Warnell. He appears in their 2009 film Outlandish: 'Strange Foreign Bodies', which also features a text he wrote specifically for the project, Étranges Corps Étrangers. Nancy contributed a poem, 'Oh The Animals of Language' to Warnell's 2014 feature-length film 'Ming of Harlem: Twenty One Storeys in the Air'. Warnell and Nancy worked on a new text-film collaboration which was completed in 2017, 'The Flying Proletarian'.

Titles in French

 * La Remarque spéculative (Un bon mot de Hegel). Paris: Galilée, 1973.
 * La titre de la lettre. Paris: Galilée, 1973 (with Philippe Lacoue-Labarthe).
 * Le Discours de la syncope. I. Logodaedalus. Paris: Flammarion, 1975.
 * L'absolu littéraire. Théorie de la littérature du romantisme allemand. Paris: Seuil, 1978 (with Philippe Lacoue-Labarthe).
 * Ego sum. Paris: Flammarion, 1979.
 * Les Fins de l'homme à partir du travail de Jacques Derrida: colloque de Cerisy, 23 juillet-2 août 1980. 1981 (ed., with Lacoue-Labarthe).
 * Rejouer le politique. 1981 (ed., with Lacoue-Labarthe).
 * Le partage des voix. Paris: Galilée, 1982.
 * La retrait du politique. 1983 (ed., with Lacoue-Labarthe).
 * La communauté désoeuvrée. Paris: Christian Bourgois, 1983.
 * L'Impératif catégorique. Paris: Flammarion, 1983.
 * L'oubli de la philosophie. Paris: Galilée, 1986.
 * Des lieux divins. Mauvezin: T.E.R, 1987.
 * L'expérience de la liberté. Paris: Galilée, 1988.
 * Une Pensée finie. Paris: Galilée, 1990.
 * Le poids d'une pensée. Québec: Le griffon d'argile, 1991.
 * Le mythe nazi. La tour d'Aigues: L'Aube, 1991 (with Philippe Lacoue-Labarthe, revised edition; originally published as Les méchanismes du fascisme, 1981).
 * La comparution (politique à venir). Paris: Bourgois, 1991 (with Jean-Chrisophe Bailly).
 * Corpus. Paris: Métailié, 1992.
 * Le sens du monde. Paris: Galilée, 1993.
 * Les Muses. Paris: Galilée, 1994.
 * Être singulier pluriel. Paris: Galilée, 1996.
 * Hegel. L'inquiétude du négatif. Paris: Hachette, 1997.
 * L'Intrus. Paris: Galilée, 2000.
 * Le regard du portrait. Paris: Galilée, 2000.
 * Conloquium, in Roberto Esposito, Communitas. trad. de Nadine Le Lirzin, Paris: PUF, 2000.
 * La pensée dérobée. Paris: Galilée, 2001.
 * The evidence of film. Bruxelles: Yves Gevaert, 2001.
 * La création du monde ou la mondialisation. Paris: Galilée, 2002.
 * À l’écoute. Paris: Galilée, 2002.
 * Nus sommes. La peau des images. Paris: Klincksieck, 2003 (with Federico Ferrari).
 * Noli me tangere. Paris: Bayard, 2003.
 * "L'extension de l'âme". Metz: Le Portique, 2003.
 * "L''il y a' du rapport sexuel". Paris: Galilée, 2003.
 * La déclosion (Déconstruction du Christianisme 1). Paris: Galilée, 2005.
 * Sur le commerce des pensées: Du livre et de la librairie. Paris: Galilée, 2005.
 * Iconographie de l'auteur. Paris: Galilée, 2005 (with Federico Ferrari).
 * Tombe de sommeil. Paris: Galilée, 2007.
 * Juste impossible. Paris: Bayard, 2007.
 * À plus d'un titre: Jacques Derrida. Paris: Galilée, 2007.
 * Vérité de la democratie. Paris: Galilée, 2008.
 * Le poids d'une pensée, l'approche. Strasbourg: La Phocide, 2008.
 * Je t'aime, un peu, beaucoup, passionnément.... Paris: Bayard Centurion, 2008.
 * Démocratie, dans quel état ?, with Giorgio Agamben, Alain Badiou, Daniel Bensaïd, Wendy Brown, Jacques Rancière, Kristin Ross and Slavoj Žižek, La Fabrique, 2009.
 * L'Adoration, Paris, Galilée, 2010.
 * Atlan : les détrempes, Paris, Hazan, 2010.
 * À Vengeance ? de Robert Antelme, in Robert Antelme, Vengeance ?. Hermann, 2010.
 * La Ville au loin. Strasbourg: La Phocide, 2011.
 * Maurice Blanchot, passion politique. Paris: Galilée, 2011.
 * Politique et au-delà. Interview with Philipp Armstrong and Jason E. Smith, Paris: Galilée, 2011.
 * Dans quels mondes vivons-nous?, with Aurélien Barrau, Paris: Galilée, 2011.
 * L’Équivalence des catastrophes (Après Fukushima), Paris: Galilée, 2012.
 * La Possibilité d'un monde, Paris: Les petits platons, 2013.
 * Jamais le mot "créateur"..., with Simon Hantaï, Paris, Galilée, 2013.
 * L’Autre Portrait, Paris, Galilée, 2013.
 * Être singulier pluriel, nouvelle édition augmentée, Paris, Galilée, 2013.
 * Le Philosophe boiteux, Le Havre, Franciscopolis/Presses du réel, 2014.
 * La Jouissance. Questions de caractère, with Adèle Van Reeth, Paris, Plon, 2014.
 * La Communauté désavouée, Paris, Galilée, 2014.
 * Inventions à deux voix. Entretiens, with Danielle Cohen-Levinas, Paris, Éditions du Félin, 2015.
 * Proprement dit : Entretien sur le mythe, with Mathilde Girard, Paris, Lignes, 2015.
 * Journal des Phéniciennes, Paris, Christian Bourgois, 2015.
 * Banalité de Heidegger, Paris, Galilée, 2015.
 * Demande : Littérature et philosophie, Paris, Galilée, 2015.
 * Entretien sur le christianisme (Paris, 2008), with Bernard Stiegler and Alain Jugnon, in: Bernard Stiegler, Dans la disruption : Comment ne pas devenir fou ?, Paris, Les Liens qui Libèrent, 2016.
 * Que faire ?, Paris, Galilée, 2016.
 * Signaux sensibles, entretien à propos des arts, with Jérôme Lèbre, Paris, Bayard, 2017.
 * La Tradition allemande dans la philosophie, with Alain Badiou, Paris, Éditions Lignes, 2017.
 * Sexistence, Paris, Galilée, 2017.
 * Exclu le Juif en nous, Paris, Galilée, 2018.
 * Hegel, l'inquiétude du négatif, Paris, Galilée, 2018.
 * Derrida, suppléments, Paris, Galilée, 2019.
 * La peau fragile du monde, Paris, Galilée, 2020.
 * Mascarons de Macron, Paris, Galilée, 2021.
 * Cruor, Paris, Galilée, 2021.

English translations

 * The Literary Absolute: The Theory of Literature in German Romanticism. With Philippe Lacoue-Labarthe. Albany: SUNY Press, 1988.
 * The Inoperative Community. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1991.
 * The Title of the Letter: A Reading of Lacan. With Philippe Lacoue-Labarthe. Albany: SUNY Press, 1992.
 * The Birth to Presence. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1993.
 * The Experience of Freedom. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1993.
 * The Muses. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1996.
 * The Gravity of Thought. New Jersey: Humanities Press, 1997.
 * Retreating the Political. With Philippe Lacoue-Labarthe; edited by Simon Sparks. London: Routledge, 1997.
 * The Sense of the World. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1998.
 * Being Singular Plural. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2000.
 * The Speculative Remark: One of Hegel's Bons Mots. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001.
 * Hegel: The Restlessness of the Negative. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2002.
 * A Finite Thinking. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003
 * The Ground of the Image. New York: Fordham University Press, 2005.
 * Multiple Arts (The Muses II). Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2006.
 * The Creation of the World or Globalization. Albany: SUNY Press, 2007.
 * Listening. New York: Fordham University Press, 2007.
 * The Discourse of the Syncope: Logodaedalus. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2007.
 * Dis-Enclosure: The Deconstruction of Christianity. New York: Fordham University Press, 2008.
 * Philosophical Chronicles (Perspectives in Continental Philosophy). New York: Fordham University Press, 2008.
 * Noli Me Tangere: On the Raising of the Body. New York: Fordham University Press, 2008.
 * Corpus. New York: Fordham University Press, 2008.
 * On the Commerce of Thinking: On Books and Bookstores. New York: Fordham University Press, 2009.
 * The Fall of Sleep. New York: Fordham University Press, 2009.
 * The Truth of Democracy. New York: Fordham University Press, 2010.
 * God, Justice, Love, Beauty: Four Little Dialogues. New York: Fordham University Press, 2011.
 * In Place of Utopia. In Existential Utopia: New Perspectives on Utopian Thought. New York & London: Continuum, 2012.
 * Adoration: The Deconstruction of Christianity II. New York: Fordham University Press, 2012.
 * The Pleasure in Drawing. New York: Fordham University Press, 2013.
 * Being Nude. The Skin of Images. With Federico Ferrari; New York: Fordham University Press, 2014.
 * The Disavowed Community. New York: Fordham University Press, 2016.
 * Foreword of Gandhi and Philosophy: On Theological Anti-politics, London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2018.
 * Dies Irae. London: University of Westminster Press, 2019.
 * "A Passing." New York: Contra Mundum Press, 2020. Introduction to Marguerite Duras, The Darkroom.
 * Sexistence. New York: Fordham University Press, 2021.
 * Jean-Luc Nancy and Shaj Mohan, On Bernard Stiegler: Philosopher of Friendship, Bloomsbury Philosophy, UK, 2024.

title: Jean-Luc Nancy


text:
Baron Burton

Baron Burton, of Burton-on-Trent and of Rangemore in the County of Stafford, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created in 1897 for the prominent brewer, philanthropist and Liberal politician Michael Bass, 1st Baron Burton. He had already been created a baronet in 1882 and Baron Burton in 1886. However, the three titles had different remainders. The Bass family descended from William Bass, who founded the brewery business of Bass & Co in Burton upon Trent in 1777. His grandson Michael Thomas Bass transformed the company into one of the largest breweries in the United Kingdom. He also represented Derby in Parliament as a Liberal for thirty-five years and was a great benefactor to the town of Burton. However, Bass declined every honour offered to him, including a baronetcy and a peerage.

His son, Michael Arthur Bass, was also involved with the family business (which now had become Bass, Ratcliff, Gretton and Co), and sat as Liberal Member of Parliament for Stafford, East Staffordshire and Burton. Like his father he was also a benefactor of Burton. In 1882 Bass was created a Baronet of Stafford in the County of Stafford, in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom. The title was in honour of his father (who was then still alive), and was created with remainder to his younger brother Hamar Alfred Bass. In 1886 Bass was further honoured when he was raised to the peerage as Baron Burton, of Rangemore and of Burton-on-Trent in the County of Stafford, with remainder to the heirs male of his body. In 1897 he was also created Baron Burton, of Burton-on-Trent and of Rangemore in the County of Stafford, with remainder, in default of male issue, to his daughter and her issue male. On Lord Burton's death in 1909 he was succeeded in the baronetcy according to the special remainder by his nephew, the second Baronet, on whose death in 1952 the title became extinct.

The barony of 1886 became extinct as he had no sons, while he was succeeded in the barony of 1897 according to the special remainder by his daughter Nellie Lisa Baillie, the second Baroness. She was the wife of Colonel James Evan Bruce Baillie (d. 1931) of Dochfour in Inverness-shire. After her first husband's death she married as her second husband Major William Eugene Melles (d. 1953). Her eldest son from her first marriage, George Evan Michael Baillie, was a Brigadier in the British Army, but was killed during the Second World War. Lady Burton was therefore succeeded by her grandson (the son of George Evan Michael Baillie), the third holder of the barony. He was notably a member of the Inverness-shire County Council and of the Inverness District Council and also served as Deputy Lieutenant of Inverness-shire.

From about 1870, Glenquoich Estate was rented by Lord Burton, and "at his hands it has had careful nursing, with all the benefits and advantages of large outlays in numerous improvements, for even in the single matter of roads alone upwards of a hundred and thirty miles of carriage drives and pony tracks have been made, by which means the lodge on the shore of Loch Quoich has been placed in communication with all parts of the deer ground". Glenquoich is a very large sporting estate west of Invergarry, Inverness-shire.

Bass baronets, of Stafford (1882)

 * Michael Arthur Bass, 1st Baron Burton and 1st Baronet (1837–1909)
 * Sir William Arthur Hamar Bass, 2nd Baronet (1879–1952)

Barons Burton, First creation (1886)

 * Michael Arthur Bass, 1st Baron Burton (1837–1909)

Barons Burton, Second creation (1897)

 * Michael Arthur Bass, 1st Baron Burton (1837–1909)
 * Nellie Lisa Melles, 2nd Baroness Burton (1873–1962)
 * Michael Evan Victor Baillie, 3rd Baron Burton (1924–2013)
 * Evan Michael Ronald Baillie, 4th Baron Burton (b. 1949)

The heir apparent is the present holder's son James Evan Baillie (b. 1975).

 * Michael Thomas Bass (1799—1884)
 * Coronet of a British Baron.svg Michael Arthur Bass, 1st Baron Burton [1886], 1st Baron Burton [1897], 1st Baronet [1882] (1837—1909)
 * Coronet of a British Baron.svg Nellie Lisa Bass, 2nd Baroness Burton (1873—1962)
 * Brigadier Hon. George Evan Michael Baillie (1894—1941)
 * Coronet of a British Baron.svg Michael Evan Victor Baillie, 3rd Baron Burton (1924—2013)
 * Coronet of a British Baron.svg Evan Michael Ronald Baillie, 4th Baron Burton (b. 1949)
 * (1) Hon. James Evan Baillie (b. 1975)
 * (2) Wilbur Michael John Baillie (b. 2012)
 * (3) Albert William Evan Baillie (b. 2015)
 * (4) Hon. Hamish Michael Baillie (b. 1979)
 * (5) Hon. Alexander James Baillie (b. 1963)
 * (6) Jamie Archibald Baillie (b. 2001)
 * Hamar Alfred Bass (1842—1898)
 * Ulster.svg Major Sir William Arthur Hamar Bass, 2nd Baronet (1879—1952)

Note
An earlier Barony of Burton was created in the Peerage of Great Britain in 1712 for Henry Paget, who one year later succeeded his father as 7th Baron Paget of Beaudesert. In 1714 he was also created Earl of Uxbridge. For information on these titles see the Marquess of Anglesey.

title: Baron Burton


text:
Baron Burnham

Baron Burnham, of Hall Barn in the Parish of Beaconsfield in the County of Buckingham, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created on 31 July 1903 for the influential newspaper magnate Sir Edward Levy-Lawson, 1st Baronet, owner of The Daily Telegraph. He had already been created a Baronet, of Hall Barn in The Parish of Beaconsfield in the County of Buckingham and of Peterborough Court in the City of London, in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom on 13 October 1892. Levy-Lawson was the son of Joseph Moses Levy, who acquired The Daily Telegraph only months after its founding.

Lord Burnham was succeeded by his eldest son, the second Baron. He followed his father in the management and ownership of the newspaper, but sold it in 1928 to Lord Camrose and partners. Lord Burnham also sat as a Member of Parliament. On 16 May 1919, he was created Viscount Burnham, of Hall Barn in the County of Buckingham, in the Peerage of the United Kingdom.

However, he had no surviving male issue and the viscountcy became extinct on his death, while he was succeeded in the baronetcy and barony by his younger brother, the third Baron. He was succeeded by his son, the fourth Baron. He was a Major-General in the Territorial Army. His younger son, the sixth Baron (who succeeded his elder brother in 1993), was active on the Conservative benches in the House of Lords and served as a Deputy Speaker between 1995 and 2001 and 2002 and 2005 and as Conservative Deputy Chief Whip from 1997 to 2001. Lord Burnham was one of the 90 elected hereditary peers who were allowed to remain in the House of Lords after the passing of the House of Lords Act 1999. , the title is held by his son, the seventh Baron, who succeeded in 2005.

The family retained an interest in The Daily Telegraph after it was sold in 1928. The fourth Baron and his son the sixth Baron were both executives of the newspaper until the Camrose interests were in turn displaced by Conrad Black in 1986.

The first Baron's sons retained the name Levy-Lawson though predominantly using Lawson, and the fourth Baron was registered with it at birth, but subsequently they have used Lawson only.

Levy-Lawson baronets (1892)

 * Edward Levy-Lawson, 1st Baronet (1833–1916) (created Baron Burnham in 1903)

Baron Burnham (1903)

 * Edward Levy-Lawson, 1st Baron Burnham (1833–1916)
 * Harry Lawson Webster Levy-Lawson, 2nd Baron Burnham (1862–1933) (created Viscount Burnham in 1919)

Viscount Burnham (1919)

 * Harry Lawson Webster Levy-Lawson, 1st Viscount Burnham (1862–1933)

Baron Burnham (1903; reverted)

 * William Arnold Webster Levy-Lawson, 3rd Baron Burnham (1864–1943)
 * Edward Frederick Lawson, 4th Baron Burnham (1890–1963)
 * William Edward Harry Lawson, 5th Baron Burnham (1920–1993)
 * Hugh John Frederick Lawson, 6th Baron Burnham (1931–2005)
 * Harry Frederick Alan Lawson, 7th Baron Burnham (born 1968)

There is no heir to the baronetcy and the barony.

title: Baron Burnham


text:
Bernard Tucker

Bernard William Tucker (January 22, 1901 - 1901:01:22, December 19, 1950) was an English ornithologist. He was lecturer in zoology at Oxford University, a long-time editor of British Birds and one of the authors of The Handbook of British Birds. He was the first Secretary of the British Trust for Ornithology (BTO) and founder of the Oxford Ornithological Society in 1921.

Tucker was born at Northaw, Hertfordshire to William and Constance Susan Tucker and was educated at Harrow School and Magdalen College, Oxford, gaining first class honours in 1923. He took an interest in birds even as a young boy. He spent 1924 at the Zoological Station in Naples investigating parasitism in crustaceans. In 1925 he was appointed Demonstrator in the Zoological Laboratory, Cambridge. In 1926 he became Demonstrator in Zoology and Comparative Anatomy at Oxford University. In 1946 he became the first person to be appointed as a reader in ornithology in a British University. Tucker along with Max Nicholson played a key role in leading the collaborative Oxford Bird Census in 1927. According to the Nicholson and J D Witherby in their obituary, Tucker was the least dramatic of men, but he did much to bring about a revolution in ornithology and to guard it against the reaction which awaits a revolution if it goes too far and too fast.

During his stint in Naples he met Gladys Allen whom he married on 11 July 1925.

A subspecies of the Bornean treepie was named after him as Dendrocitta sinensis tuckeri by Tom Harrisson and C.H. Hartley in 1934 but this is no longer considered a valid subspecies. The BTO awards a Bernard Tucker Medal in his memory.

title: Bernard Tucker


text:
Baron Biddulph

Baron Biddulph, of Ledbury in the County of Hereford, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created on 1 August 1903 for the banker and politician Michael Biddulph. He was a partner in the London banking firm of Cocks, Biddulph and Co and also sat in the House of Commons for Herefordshire as a Liberal from 1868 to 1885 and for Ross from 1885 to 1900 as a Liberal Unionist. His father Robert Biddulph had previously represented Hereford in Parliament while his younger brother Sir Robert Biddulph was Governor of Gibraltar. the title is held by the first Baron's great-great-grandson, the fifth Baron, who succeeded his father in 1988. In 1978 he assumed the additional surname of Maitland, which is the maiden surname of his mother, Lady Mary Helena Maitland, granddaughter of Ian Colin Maitland, 15th Earl of Lauderdale. She is a Patroness of the Royal Caledonian Ball.

The Barons Biddulph are related to the Biddulph baronets of Westcombe. The first Baron Biddulph was a descendant of Anthony Biddulph, uncle of Sir Theophilus Biddulph, 1st Baronet, of Westcombe.

The family seat is Makerstoun House, near Kelso, Scottish Borders.

Barons Biddulph (1903)

 * Michael Biddulph, 1st Baron Biddulph (1834–1923)
 * John Michael Gordon Biddulph, 2nd Baron Biddulph (1869–1949)
 * Michael William John Biddulph, 3rd Baron Biddulph (1898–1972)
 * Robert Michael Christian Biddulph, 4th Baron Biddulph (1931–1988)
 * Anthony Nicholas Colin Maitland-Biddulph, 5th Baron Biddulph (b. 1959)

The heir apparent is the present holder's son Robert Julian Maitland Biddulph (b. 1994)

title: Baron Biddulph


text:
User talk:ToddBishop

Could you not include artist specific information in an article just called "Discography"? It is misleading to other users wanting to know what a discography is. -- Graham :) 18:51, 7 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Second warning, if you add the link Discography to an article, it creates a generic article, not just one linking to that performer. Please stop it, we have had to delete two already, and I note you've already started one on another page.  If you don't stop, we may have to block you from editing. -- Graham  :) 19:18, 7 Mar 2004 (UTC)

I moved your information about Elvin Jones to that article, and made Discography into the start of an article about discography, as it should be from that title. -- Infrogmation 19:23, 7 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Unreferenced BLPs
Hello ToddBishop! Thank you for your contributions. I am a bot alerting you that 1 of the articles that you created  is tagged as an Unreferenced Biography of a Living Person. The biographies of living persons policy requires that all personal or potentially controversial information be sourced. In addition, to ensure verifiability, all biographies should be based on reliable sources. If you were to bring this article up to standards, it would greatly help us with the current Category:All_unreferenced_BLPs article backlog. Once the article is adequately referenced, please remove the unreferencedBLP tag. Here is the article:

Thanks!--DASHBot (talk) 05:43, 25 January 2010 (UTC)
 * 1) Al Foster -

title: User talk:ToddBishop


text:
Hydrosol

Hydrosol may refer to:
 * Sol (colloid) of which the dispersion medium is water
 * Herbal distillate

title: Hydrosol


text:
Baron Blyth

Baron Blyth, of Blythwood in the Parish of Stansted Mountfichet in the County of Essex, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created in 1907 for Sir James Blyth, 1st Baronet. He was a Director of the gin-making firm of W. & A. Gilbey as well as an expert on wine culture and wine commerce. Before his elevation to the peerage, Blyth had been created a Baronet, of Blythwood in the Parish of Stansted Mountfitchet in the County of Essex, on 30 August 1895. His eldest son, the second Baron, was a Director of W. and A. Gilbey. The latter was succeeded by his nephew, the third Baron. He was the son of Audley James Blyth, second son of the first Baron. the titles are held by the third Baron's grandson, the fifth Baron, who succeeded his father in 2009.

Barons Blyth (1907)

 * James Blyth, 1st Baron Blyth (1841–1925)
 * Herbert William Blyth, 2nd Baron Blyth (1868–1943)
 * Ian Audley James Blyth, 3rd Baron Blyth (1905–1977)
 * Anthony Audley Rupert Blyth, 4th Baron Blyth (1931–2009)
 * James Audley Ian Blyth, 5th Baron Blyth (b. 1970)

The heir apparent is the present holder's son Hugo Audley Jasper Blyth (b. 2006).

title: Baron Blyth


text:
Michiana

Michiana is a region in northern Indiana and southwestern Michigan centered on the city of South Bend, Indiana. The Chamber of Commerce of St. Joseph County, Indiana defines Michiana as St. Joseph County and "counties that contribute at least 500 inbound commuting workers to St. Joseph County daily." Those counties include Elkhart, La Porte, Marshall, St. Joseph, and Starke in Indiana, and Berrien and Cass in Michigan. As of the 2010 census, those seven counties had a population of 856,377 (647,271 in Indiana and 209,106 in Michigan).

The name is a portmanteau of "Michigan" and "Indiana" and was chosen as the winning entry, purportedly submitted by Indiana politician Thurman C. Crook, among others, in a contest to name the area held by the Associated South Bend Merchants in 1934. The term is frequently used throughout the area, particularly by local radio and television stations based in South Bend that serve the entire area, but also by businesses that seek to draw customers from Indiana into Michigan or vice versa. A 2016 report stated that residents in the Michigan portion are particularly fond of the term because it contains part of the state name as opposed to generic terms for the area such as "the South Bend region."

Government
The Michiana Area Council of Governments (MACOG) is the official Metropolitan Planning Organization for north central Indiana and the South Bend-Mishawaka metropolitan area. MACOG conducts planning for transportation, water quality, and economic development. Currently, 22 cities and towns as well as 29 townships participate in MACOG. Despite the Michiana name, none of these participants are currently from the state of Michigan, although Berrien and Cass Counties were until they along with Van Buren County were combined into their own MPO, what is now called the Southwest Michigan Planning Commission.

Counties
Indiana Counties
 * St. Joseph County: Population: 272,912 (as of 2020)
 * Elkhart County: Population: 207,047 (as of 2020)
 * LaPorte County: Population: 111,467 (as of 2010)
 * Marshall County: Population: 46,095 (as of 2020)
 * Starke County: Population: 23,363 (as of 2010)

Michigan Counties
 * Berrien County: Population: 154,316 (as of 2020)
 * Cass County: Population: 51,589 (as of 2020)

Largest cities
For a complete list, see List of cities and towns in Michiana

 * South Bend, Indiana Population: 103,453 (2020)
 * Elkhart, Indiana Population: 53,923 (2020)
 * Mishawaka, Indiana Population: 51,063 (2020)
 * Goshen, Indiana Population: 34,517 (2020)
 * Michigan City, Indiana Population: 32,075 (2020)
 * Granger, Indiana Population: 30,337 (2020)
 * La Porte, Indiana Population: 22,471 (2020)
 * Niles, Michigan Population: 11,876 (2021)
 * Plymouth, Indiana Population: 10,384 (2021)
 * Benton Harbor, Michigan Population: 8,982 (2021)

Greater Michiana
Greater Michiana includes the following 15 counties in Indiana and Michigan: The Chamber of Commerce of St. Joseph County (Indiana) defines Greater Michiana as "counties within a 60-mile driving distance to St. Joseph County" that are not included in the seven counties making up Michiana "proper." However, the driving distance presumably refers to the distance between the metropolitan South Bend area and significant population centers in outlying areas, since a strict definition allowing for 60 miles from any point in St. Joseph County would add even more counties to the Greater Michiana area. For example, Walkerton in southwestern St. Joseph County is located approximately 30 miles from Monterey in northeastern Pulaski County, yet Pulaski is not included in the Chamber's list of Greater Michiana counties.

Because Michiana is not a legal or political entity, opinions differ about what counties and communities constitute the region. Some definitions of the entire Michiana area include fewer than 15 counties; others include Pulaski County and exclude some other outlying counties, notably, those in extreme Northwest Indiana, whose residents identify more closely with Chicago than with the South Bend area.

Michiana's borders overlap with those of the Chicago metropolitan area, and the two regions have significant cultural ties. South Bend in particular has strong ties to Chicago: it is home to the last stop on the South Shore Line, a commuter rail line connecting Chicago's downtown and south side to Indiana, and the nearby University of Notre Dame is noted for its strong connection with Chicago. Berrien County, Michigan, is known as a common summer vacation destination for wealthy Chicagoans; the Wall Street Journal called the area "the Hamptons of the Midwest".

Economy
Throughout the twentieth century, the economy of Michiana was based on heavy industry, especially as connected to the automobile industry centered in nearby Detroit. In 1960, 41% of the employment was in manufacturing, followed by 17% in hospitality 8% in business services, 6% in transportation, 5% in education, and 5% in agriculture, with healthcare at 4% and government at 2%. Deindustrialization had a major impact after 1970, and by 2013, only 27% of the employment was in manufacturing, 20% was in hospitality, 12% in healthcare, 11% in government, 8% in business services, 5% in transportation, and 4% in education. In 2013, three of the top 10 Michiana employers were in the Elkhart area and focused on recreational vehicles, trailers, and related products, including Forest River with 7600 employees, Thor Industries with 7500, and Drew industries with 4700. Many hospitals were consolidated, as health spending doubled and tripled. By 2013 three health systems were among the top 10 employers: Beacon Health System (7000 employees; based in Elkhart and South Bend); Lakeland Regional Health System (4100 employees; based in St. Joseph and Niles), and Saint Joseph Regional Medical Center (2700; based in Mishawaka and Plymouth). The University of Notre Dame had 5700 employees in the educational sector, and the South Bend Community School Corporation had 3000. Whirlpool Corporation, the appliance maker, with 3400 employees, is based in Benton Harbor. Martin's Super Markets operated 21 grocery stores in the region with 3100 employees. With the loss of manufacturing, per capita income in Michiana has declined from 105% of the national average in 1960 to 82% in 2013.

Points of interest
For more information and other points of interest not listed below, see the articles on the individual communities in the region.

Historical sites

 * The History Museum (South Bend, Indiana)

Museums

 * Fort St. Joseph Museum (Niles, Michigan)
 * LaPorte County Historical Society Museum (LaPorte County, Indiana)
 * Old Lighthouse Museum (Michigan City, Indiana)
 * Studebaker National Museum (South Bend, Indiana) (R.V. Museum) (Elkhart, IN)

Universities

 * Andrews University (Berrien Springs, Michigan)
 * Bethel University (Indiana) (Mishawaka, Indiana)
 * Goshen College (Indiana) (Goshen, Indiana)
 * Holy Cross College (Indiana) (Notre Dame, Indiana)
 * Indiana University South Bend (South Bend, Indiana)
 * Kalamazoo College (Kalamazoo, Michigan)
 * Saint Mary's College (Indiana) (Notre Dame, Indiana)
 * University of Notre Dame (Notre Dame, Indiana)
 * Ivy Tech Community College (Elkhart, Indiana and South Bend, Indiana)
 * Western Michigan University (Kalamazoo, Michigan)

Parks

 * Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore
 * Kingsbury Fish and Wildlife Area (Indiana)
 * Potato Creek State Park (Indiana)
 * Warren Dunes State Park (Michigan)
 * Warren Woods State Park (Michigan)

Transportation

 * South Bend International Airport

 * South Shore Line

title: Michiana


text:
Baron Beaverbrook

Baron Beaverbrook, of Beaverbrook in the Province of New Brunswick in the Dominion of Canada and of Cherkley in the County of Surrey, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created in 1917 for the prominent media owner and politician Sir Max Aitken, 1st Baronet. He had already been created a baronet, of Cherkley in the County of Surrey, on 3 July 1916. When Aitken died, his son disclaimed the barony three days later, stating that "there shall only be one Lord Beaverbrook in my lifetime". Since 1985, the title has been held by the latter's son, the third Baron.

The first Baron Beaverbrook's daughter, Janet Gladys Aitken, was the mother of John Edward Aitken Kidd. He is the father of Jemma Wellesley, Marchioness of Douro, and Jodie Kidd. Another member of the Aitken family is the Conservative politician Jonathan Aitken, who is the great-nephew of the first Baron Beaverbrook.

The family seat is Denchworth Manor, near Wantage in Oxfordshire. Replicas of the first Baron's two favourite cats can be viewed in the public research room of the Provincial Archives of New Brunswick.

Barons Beaverbrook (1917)

 * William Maxwell "Max" Aitken, 1st Baron Beaverbrook (1879–1964)
 * John William Maxwell "Max" Aitken, 2nd Baron Beaverbrook (1910–1985) (disclaimed 1964)
 * Maxwell William Humphrey Aitken, 3rd Baron Beaverbrook (b. 1951)

The heir apparent is the present holder's son, Maxwell Francis Aitken (b. 1977). The heir apparent's heir apparent is his son, Maxwell Alfonso Aitken (b. 2014).

Line of succession

 * Coronet of a British Baron.svg William Maxwell Aitken, 1st Baron Beaverbrook (1879–1964)
 * Ulster.svg Sir John William Maxwell Aitken, 2nd Baronet (1910–1985) (disclaimed 1964)
 * Coronet of a British Baron.svg Maxwell William Humphrey Aitken, 3rd Baron Beaverbrook (b. 1951)
 * (1) Maxwell Francis Aitken (b. 1977)
 * (2) Maxwell Alfonso Aitken (b. 2014)
 * (3) Alexander Rory Aitken (b. 1978)
 * Captain Peter Rudyard Aitken (1912–1947)
 * (4) Timothy Maxwell Aitken (b. 1944)
 * (5) Theodore Maxwell Aitken (b. 1976)
 * (6) Charles Howard Filstead Aitken (b. 1979)
 * (7) Peter Michael Aitken (b. 1946)
 * (8) James Aitken
 * (9) Jason Aitken

title: Baron Beaverbrook


text:
User talk:Obarraiz

Please could you say where your images come from? Thank you. Secretlondon 18:53, 7 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Miguelangelb.gif is mine, because he was my grandfather, and its a family picture although you may find it in several websites. My mother´s lastname is Burelli. The other picture cerroavila.gif i found it in urru.org, which is a public website were people post their pictures and you can express yourself in forums. Their are no copyrights due to its sharing principle. If in any case the picture has copyrights it was not expressed when posted in urru.org

title: User talk:Obarraiz


text:
King's German Legion

The King's German Legion (KGL; Des Königs Deutsche Legion, semantically erroneous obsolete German variations are Deutsche Legion des Königs, Englisch–Deutsche Legion, Deutsche Legion) was a British Army unit of mostly expatriated German personnel during the period 1803–16. The legion achieved the distinction of being the only German force to fight without interruption against the French during the Napoleonic Wars.

The legion was formed within months of the dissolution of the Electorate of Hanover in 1803 and constituted as a mixed corps by the end of 1803. Although the legion never fought autonomously and remained a part of the British Army during the Napoleonic Wars (1804–15), it played a vital role in several campaigns, most notably the Walcheren Campaign, the Peninsular War, and the Hundred Days (1815).

The legion was disbanded in 1816. Several of the units were incorporated into the army of the Kingdom of Hanover, and became later a part of the Imperial German Army after unification in 1871.

The British German Legion, recruited for the Crimean War, is sometimes erroneously referred to as the "King's German Legion".

History

After the occupation of Hanover by Napoleonic troops the Convention of Artlenburg, also called the Convention of the Elbe, was signed on 5 July 1803 and formally dissolved the Electorate of Hanover. Consequently, the Elector's army was disbanded. Many former Hanoverian officers and soldiers fled the French occupation of Hanover to Britain; George III, the deposed Elector of Hanover, was also King of the United Kingdom.

The same year, Major Colin Halkett and Colonel Johann Friedrich von der Decken were issued warrants to raise a corps of light infantry, to be named "The King's German Regiment". On 19 December 1803, Halkett's and von der Decken's levies were combined as a basis of a mixed corps (includes all arms: mounted, infantry, artillery) renamed the King's German Legion. The KGL infantry were quartered in Bexhill-on-Sea and the cavalry in Weymouth, Dorset. Some units were involved in a street fight in Tullamore, Ireland with a British Light infantry unit in the so-called Battle of Tullamore. The number of officers and other ranks grew over time to approximately 14,000, but during the 13 years of its existence, close to 28,000 men served in the legion at one time or another. Initially, most of the officers were appointed with temporary rank, but in 1812 all the officers of the legion were given permanent rank in the British Army for 'having so frequently distinguished themselves against the enemy.' It saw active service as an integral part of the British Army from 1805 to 1816, after which its units were disbanded.

Cavalry

 * 1st Regiment of Dragoons (1804–1812, red jacket)
 * changed into: 1st Regiment of Light Dragoons (1812–1816, blue jacket)
 * 2nd Regiment of Dragoons (1805–1812, red jacket)
 * changed into: 2nd Regiment of Light Dragoons (1812–1816, blue jacket)
 * 1st Regiment of Hussars
 * 2nd Regiment of Hussars
 * 3rd Regiment of Hussars

Infantry

 * 1st Light Infantry Battalion
 * 2nd Light Infantry Battalion
 * 1st Line Battalion
 * 2nd Line Battalion
 * 3rd Line Battalion
 * 4th Line Battalion
 * 5th Line Battalion
 * 6th Line Battalion
 * 7th Line Battalion
 * 8th Line Battalion

Artillery and engineers

 * King's German Artillery
 * 2 horse batteries
 * 4 foot batteries
 * King's German Engineers

Campaigns
Although the legion never fought autonomously or as a single unit, its units participated in campaigns in Hanover, Pomerania, Copenhagen and Walcheren, the Peninsular War under General Sir John Moore; and the retreat to Corunna; the Peninsular Campaign under the Duke of Wellington, including the battles of Bussaco, Barrosa, Fuentes de Onoro, Albuera, Ciudad Rodrigo, Salamanca, Garcia Hernandez, Burgos, Venta del Pozo, Vittoria, San Sebastian, Nivelle, Orthez, Sicily, and the eastern parts of Spain, Northern Germany and Göhrde. In the Peninsular Campaign, the Germans enhanced the veteran core of the British army. At Sabugal, in April 1811, several hundred German hussars augmented the Light Division, and the Hussars found the proper ford of the Coa River. At the Battle of Garcia Hernandez, the Dragoons performed the unusual feat of smashing two French square formations in a matter of minutes.

At the Battle of Waterloo, the 2nd Light Battalion – with members of the 1st Light Battalion and the 5th Line Battalion – defended the farmhouse and road at La Haye Sainte. As the 5th Line Battalion under Oberst Ompteda was on its way to reinforce the defenders of Haye Sainte, the French cavalry attached to Jean-Baptiste Drouet, Comte d'Erlon's Corp I rode them down; only a few of the intended relievers survived. After a six-hour defence, without ammunition, or reinforcements, the Germans were forced to abandon the farm, leaving the buildings in shambles and their dead behind.

Legacy

The legion was known for its excellent discipline and fighting ability. The cavalry was reputed to be among the best in the British army. According to the historian Alessandro Barbero, the King's German Legion "had such a high degree of professionalism that it was considered equal in every way to the best British units." After the victory at Waterloo, the Electorate of Hanover was re-founded as the Kingdom of Hanover. However, the Army of Hanover had been reconstituted even before the final battle, so that there were two Hanoverian armies in existence including at the Battle of Waterloo. In 1816 the legion was dissolved and some officers and men were integrated into the new Hanoverian army.

Battle honours

 * Peninsular War
 * Waterloo
 * Battle of Venta del Pozo (1st and 2nd Light Infantry Battalion)
 * García Hernández (near Salamanca) (1st Regiment of Dragoons )
 * El Bodón (1st Regiment of Hussars)
 * Barrosa, near Cádiz, Spain (2nd Regiment of Hussars)
 * Göhrde (3rd Regiment of Hussars)

Regimental colonels
The following officers served as colonels of the regiment or colonels commandant to KGL units:
 * The King's German Legion
 * 1803–1816: Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge

 * 1st Light Dragoons
 * 1804–1813: George, Baron Bock
 * 1813–1815: John, Count Walmoden Gimborn
 * 1815–1816: William de Dornberg

 * 2nd Light Dragoons
 * 1806–1810: Otto, Baron Schutte
 * 1810–1814: Claus, Baron Decken
 * 1814–1816: Adolphus, Baron Veltheim

 * 1st Hussars
 * 1804–1816: Charles, Baron Linsingen

 * 2nd Hussars
 * 1804–1816: Victor, Baron Alten

 * 3rd Hussars
 * 1804–1810: John, Baron Reden
 * 1810–1814: Adolphus, Baron Veltheim
 * 1814–1816: Frederick de Arentsschildt

 * 1st Light Battalion
 * 1804–1816: Charles, Baron Alten

 * 2nd Light Battalion
 * 1803–1816: Colin Halkett

 * 1st Line Battalion
 * 1803–1816: Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge

 * 2nd Line Battalion
 * 1804–1816: Adolphus, Baron Barsse

 * 3rd Line Battalion
 * 1805–1816: Henry de Hinuber

 * 4th Line Battalion
 * 1804–1809: Ernest, Baron Langwerth
 * 1809–1816: Sigismund, Baron Low

 * 5th Line Battalion
 * 1804–1810: George de Drieberg
 * 1810–1813: George Klingsohr
 * 1813–1815: Christian, Baron Ompteda
 * 1815–1816: Louis, Baron Bussche

 * 6th Line Battalion
 * 1804–1816: Augustus Honstedt

 * 7th Line Battalion
 * 1806–1816: Frederick, Baron Dreschel

 * 8th Line Battalion
 * 1804–1816: Peter du Plat

 * Foreign Veteran Battalion
 * 1814–1816: Claus, Baron Decken

 * King's German Artillery
 * 1803–1816: Frederick, Baron Decken

Memorials

 * Plaques on the outside wall of 'La Haye Sainte'
 * Monument opposite 'La Haye Sainte' commemorating the dead of the KGL
 * Hanover – the Waterloo-column
 * Hanover – near the Waterloo Square in front of the archives stands a statue of Carl von Alten
 * Hanover – also near the archives is a plaque commemorating Major Georg Baring
 * Hanover – the Legion’s-bridge crossing the river Ihme, was originally named Waterloo-Bridge and is now renamed for the King's German Legion
 * Osnabrück – The Heger Tor, formerly called the Waterloo Tor, or the Waterloo Gate, commemorating the officers and soldiers of the KGL
 * Commemorative stone at Wittingen, Lower Saxony. Inscription: Des Königs Deutsche Legion 1803–1815 – Peninsula, Waterloo, Göhrde
 * On the Gehrdener mountain is a stone commemorating Carl Ludewig von Holle, fallen in Waterloo
 * On the monument for the Battle of Vittoria is a plaque for the KGL

German army
After the unification of Germany, some of the old KGL units that had served in the Hanoverian Army were perpetuated in the Imperial German Army, which eventually led to their serving in the Reichswehr and the Wehrmacht. These were:
 * Kavallerie-Regiment 13–1st Regiment of Light Dragoons
 * Kavallerie-Regiment 13–2nd Regiment of Light Dragoons
 * Kavallerie-Regiment 14–1st Regiment of Hussars
 * Infanterie-Regiment 16–1st Line Battalion
 * Infanterie-Regiment 17–1st Light Battalion

title: King's German Legion


text:
Kirk Johnson

Kirk Cyron Johnson (born June 29, 1972) is a Canadian former professional boxer who competed from 1993 to 2010, and challenged once for the WBA heavyweight title in 2002.

Amateur career
Johnson represented Canada at the 1992 Olympics in Barcelona, where he lost in the quarter-finals against eventual silver medallist David Izon (Nigeria).

Highlights
Junior World Championships, Bayamon, Puerto Rico, August 1989: Trofeo Italia, Mestre, Venice, Italy, March 1991: World Championships, Sydney, Australia, November 1991:
 * 1/4: Defeated Pencho Dzhurov (Bulgaria) KO 1
 * 1/2: Defeated Bobby Harris (United States) RSCH 1
 * Finals: Defeated Dmitriy Avdalyan (Soviet Union) on points, 24–11
 * 1/4: Defeated Peter Hart (Hungary) RET 1
 * 1/2: Lost to Peter Stettinger (Germany) by unanimous decision, 0–5
 * 1/4: Lost to Félix Savón (Cuba) RET 2

Box-Am Tournament, Badalona, Spain, February 1992: North & Central American Olympic Qualifications, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, April 1992: Summer Olympics, Barcelona, Spain, July–August 1992:
 * 1/4: Defeated Georgios Stefanopoulos (Greece) on points, 12–7
 * 1/2: Defeated Sandor Deak (Hungary) RET 2
 * Finals: Lost to Félix Savón (Cuba) on points, 5–14
 * 1/2: Defeated Aridio Fana (Dominican Republic) on points, 18–2
 * Finals: Defeated Jose Aníbal Marrero (Puerto Rico) on points, 28–4
 * 1/8: Defeated Joseph Akhasamba (Kenya) RSC 2
 * 1/4: Lost to David Izonritei (Nigeria) on points, 5–9

His amateur record was 76 wins and 7 losses.

Professional career
Johnson had his first professional bout on April 24, 1993, against Andre Smiley.

In his first title fight in 2002 Johnson faced John Ruiz for the WBA Heavyweight Title. In the tenth round Johnson was disqualified for low blows while losing on all of the judges' scorecards. Johnson appealed the disqualification to the WBA, on the grounds that referee Joe Cortez had erred in calling some of the low blows and did not act impartially (both Ruiz and Cortez are of Puerto Rican descent). Though many boxing commentators agreed that the disqualification was unwarranted, the appeal was ultimately denied by the WBA.

On December 6, 2003, Johnson faced the Ukrainian contender and future champion Vitali Klitschko in New York's Madison Square Garden. He was easily defeated by Klitschko, losing by a second-round knockout.

Johnson compounded the Klitschko embarrassment by coming into this fight at 260 pounds — an all-time high for him. Johnson weighed 232 pounds in his biggest win, over future WBC Heavyweight Champion Oleg Maskaev, in 2000.

Comeback
After the Klitschko fight, Johnson staged a comeback. He knocked out Mexican heavyweight Gilbert Martinez in July 2004 and won a technical decision over Cuban Yanqui Díaz in June 2005, although he lost his next bout (later changed to a technical decision) against Californian Javier Mora in March 2006. Mora appeared to have accidentally stepped on Johnson's foot, causing Johnson to dislocate his knee. This decision was subsequently appealed and the result changed to a No Decision. Johnson has since recovered from his knee injury.

On April 29, 2010, Johnson returned to the ring after a four-year absence and fought journeyman Douglas Robertson defeating him via first-round TKO.

Johnson's record is now at 37–2–1 (27 KOs), with one No Decision.

Halifax Regional Police lawsuit
In 2003, after dropping out of a planned fight against then-heavyweight champion Lennox Lewis because of an injury, Johnson launched a protracted legal battle against the Halifax Regional Police. During the inquiry, Johnson claimed that because of racism and racial profiling by the Halifax Regional Police he had his car stopped 28 times over five years while in Halifax. Johnson was awarded $10,000 in damages, in addition to $4,790 to cover his travel expenses. The police service was also ordered to create a scholarship in Johnson's name. It is awarded annually to a student from North Preston. Since 2003, 16 students have received awards.

title: Kirk Johnson


text:
François de Laval

Francis-Xavier de Montmorency-Laval, commonly referred to as François de Laval (30 April 1623 – 6 May 1708), was a French Catholic prelate who served as Apostolic Vicar of New France from 1658 to 1674 and as Bishop of Quebec from its creation in 1674 until he retired due to poor health in 1688. He continued to work in New France until his death in 1708.

Among his accomplishments was the founding of the Séminaire de Québec in 1663. Laval was a member of the Montmorency family, but renounced his rights as heir so he could pursue his ecclesiastical career.

He was beatified by Pope John Paul II on 22 June 1980 and Pope Francis declared him a saint on 3 April 2014.

Early life
Laval was born on 30 April 1623 in Montigny-Sur-Avre in the ancient Province of Perche, now the Department of Eure-et-Loir. His father Hugues de Laval, a member of the House of Laval, was the Seigneur of Montigny, Montbaudry, Alaincourt and Revercourt. His mother Michelle de Péricard was from a family of hereditary officers of the Crown in Normandy. Despite his family's heritage, his parents were not considered to be wealthy. Montigny was considered equivalent to a good-sized market-town. Laval had five brothers and two sisters. His youngest brother Henri entered the Benedictine Order and his sister Anne Charlotte entered the Congregation of Sisters of the Blessed Sacrament.

Laval's mother served as an example of piety and encouraged him to be charitable to those who were less fortunate. Often described as destined for an ecclesiastical lifestyle, Laval was recognized as a clear-sighted and intelligent boy and he was admitted into the "privileged ranks of those who comprised the Congregation of the Holy Virgin." This was a society founded by the Jesuits, who aimed to inspire young people to adopt religious lifestyles, and encouraged regular prayer and spiritual practices. At the age of eight, Laval received the tonsure and took minor orders, which then allowed him to enter the College of La Flèche in 1631, an institution that educated the sons of the elite families and guaranteed him a good education. There Laval came into contact with reports of the Jesuit missions to the Huron in Canada, which inspired him to become a missionary, like his patron saint Francis Xavier.

In 1637, Laval was appointed a canon of the Cathedral of Évreux by the Bishop of Évreux. The death of Laval's father in September 1636 left his family in a precarious financial situation. François received revenue from the prebend attached to his position as a canon, which allowed him to continue his education. Once he completed his classical education at the age of nineteen, Laval left La Flèche to study philosophy and theology at the College de Clermont in Paris.

However the death of his two eldest brothers in the battles at Nördlingen in 1634 and Freiburg in 1644 made him the head of the family. His mother, the Bishop of Évreux, and his cousin all argued he should abandon his ecclesiastical career. Instead Laval helped his mother settle the family's affairs and renounced his rights of primogeniture, which then passed to his brother Jean-Louis.

Laval returned to his studies in Paris and on 1 May 1647 he was ordained a priest. The Bishop of Évreux, regretting his earlier attempt to persuade Laval to change his career path, appointed him archdeacon of his diocese in December 1647. In this post Laval oversaw 155 parishes and four chapels. Laval was said to approach this task with fervour and enthusiasm. In the following years, he devoted himself to establishing order in the parishes, providing relief for the poor, caring for the sick, and engaging in various charitable activities. In 1654, presented with the possibility of serving as a missionary in Asia, he resigned as archdeacon, but the project was abandoned and he was left without a clerical position.

Freed of all responsibility, Laval spent three years at a spiritual retreat near Caen known as the Hermitage, founded by Jean de Bernières de Louvigny, a lay leader in the reform of the Catholic Church in France. There he also made the acquaintance of the founder's nephew, Henri de Bernières, who became an invaluable assistant in later years. In addition to prayer and charitable work, he took on the responsibility of reforming a monastery whose morals were thought to be too lax and became the administrator of two monasteries of nuns. His dedication to these projects earned him commendation from François de Servien, Bishop of Bayeux, who described him as a priest "of great piety, prudent and of unusually great competence in business matters, [who had set] fine examples of virtue".

Background
New France had no bishop for the first 50 years of its European settlement. Colonial religious officials, either Recollects or Jesuits, managed spiritual affairs. In 1646, under pressure from Rome, the Archbishop of Rouen was recognized as the authority over the Church in New France, but his authority was limited to granting faculties to clergy traveling to the colony. Yet no one denied the need for an established ecclesiastical presence.

Appointing a bishop was a contentious issue disputed between the Jesuits and the newly arrived Sulpicians. The former were quite accustomed to working independently and they believed a Sulpician bishop would make the Church in the colony subordinate to the Crown. The Sulpicians proposed one of their own, Gabriel Thubières de Levy de Queylus, as bishop, while the Jesuits supported Laval and gained royal approval easily with the support of the queen mother, Anne of Austria. Securing papal confirmation was another challenge.

The Holy See remained reserved regarding Laval's nomination, as the Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith wanted to assert papal authority in the colony rather than allow the Jesuits to exercise control in a new diocese that was part of the ecclesiastical structure of the Catholic Church in France. Instead of naming Laval bishop of the diocese of New France, he was made a bishop of a newly created apostolic vicariate, a type of jurisdiction directly managed by the Holy See through the Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith: the Apostolic Vicariate of New France.

Vicariate of New France
On 3 June 1658, the papal bulls were signed appointing Laval vicar apostolic of New France and titular bishop of Petra in Palestina. On 8 December 1658, in the church of the Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés in Paris, Laval received his episcopal consecration from Cardinal Celio Piccolomini, Apostolic Nuncio to France, assisted by Bishop Hardouin de Péréfixe de Beaumont of Rodez and Bishop André du Saussay of Toul as co-consecrators. Laval took an oath of loyalty to the French king and sailed from La Rochelle for New France on 13 April 1659. On 16 June he arrived at Quebec. He began work immediately and on the day he arrived he baptized a young Huron and gave a dying man his last sacraments.

While small in size, the colony still provided a number of challenges to Laval. He found himself having to make concessions where he never thought to before to a population that, while scarce, was spread out, and was less inclined to continue under strict church discipline. Additionally, he had to deal with the Sulpician de Queylus, who had been managing Church affairs in the colony as vicar general under the authority of the Archbishop of Rouen, who continued to claim ecclesiastical jurisdiction over New France. De Queylus continued to assert his authority for nearly two years, while Laval repeatedly appealed to the king and the Holy See for support.

Laval struggled a great deal throughout his career to defend the church's power against state intrusion. Upon his arrival, Laval was adamant in asserting his primacy over the governor. He was immediately in opposition with Governor d’Argenson, particularly regarding ceremony and protocol. Also, the issue of selling alcohol to the natives further fueled their feud. Laval believed that intoxicated natives were an embarrassment to the colony and endangered the lives of those around them. He quickly imposed the threat of excommunication on those who continued to deal in this trade. Governor D’Argenson abhorred this action, deeming it an intrusion of church into state affairs. D’Argenson soon resigned and was replaced by d’Avaugour, who, in order to avoid any conflict with Laval, decreed harsh penalties against anyone caught selling alcohol to the natives. Again, Laval was displeased, believing that excommunication was a far more humane consequence. When alcohol was again being sold freely to natives, in a moment of despair over the state of New France, Laval departed for France in August 1662 to consult with Louis XIV on the matter. Laval succeeded in bringing about d’Avaugour's recall the following year.

When Laval returned to New France he had increased powers. King Louis XIV had assured Laval that he would have a future appointment as bishop, requested that he establish a Sovereign Council in Quebec, and even asked Laval to choose New France's next governor. For governor, Laval chose Chevalier de Mézy, a friend from his time at the Hermitage of Caen. In the developing Sovereign Council, which held its first session 18 September 1663, Mézy represented the first figure of authority, followed by Laval, and Gaudais-Dupon, commissioner. Laval appointed Mézy hoping to have an ally among high-ranking state official. In the trade of alcohol to the natives he did find in Mézy an ally; together the two forbade the trading of alcohol. However, constituting the Sovereign Council revealed that the two represented conflicting interests in matters of church and state. Soon, another conflict between Laval and governor ensued, leading Laval to take to the streets with drums to tell his version of the feud. Upon Mézy's death, the Sovereign council was reorganized. Intendant Jean Talon was added, and immediately assumed the functions previously exercised by Laval. With this change in the council Laval began to attend the council's meetings less frequently; from then on Laval retreated somewhat from state affairs and focused purely on ecclesiastical matters.

One of Laval's principal projects as apostolic vicar was the education and training of priests and church administrators. The Major Seminary of Quebec opened on 26 March 1663. Affiliated with the Séminaire des Missions Étrangères, in Paris. In October 1668, Laval added a minor seminary to train boys It was meant to train boys who might have priestly vocation both of French and indigenous origins. It opened with eight French students and six Huron, but grew quickly as French missionaries, especially Sulpicians, arrived to serve as teachers. Laval wanted these teachers to spread the word that his institution was to establish a sense of charity and love for religion in the colony and not another source of law or authority.

Laval's view of the Grand Séminaire was greater than a mere teaching academy. He hoped that it would become a home for all parochial priests. Laval encouraged them to see it as their true home and as a place to which they may turn to in sickness or old age. Furthermore, he wanted the seminary to become a paymaster for all priests and parishes, which meant that it had to be well funded. In order to accomplish this feat, Laval donated most of his own fortune to the seminary since it had now become his home as well. He also convinced the king, Louis XIV, to give him the income of three different abbeys in France. Moreover, since his institution was expected to pay off all priests, Laval thought it would be normal to receive the incomes levied by their parishes. This idea was however met with a lot of resistance from the population, which was not accustomed to contributing to the upkeep of religious institutions. His original goal of demanding a tax worth one-thirteenth of the produce of farms was met with violent resistance, which forced him to reduce it to one-twenty-sixth.

Laval shared a large part of his administrative work with other clerics to develop their experience. To lead the seminary he appointed his companion from France, Henri de Bernière, linking this role with Bernière's other assignment a pastor of the parish of Quebec. Furthermore, he also appointed five other directors who would form the bishop's advisory body.

In 1668 he appointed the previously troublesome de Queylus as the first Superior of a new seminary in Ville-Marie. Around the same time he founded a school of arts and crafts at Saint-Joachim to provide practical education for craftsmen and farmers.

Diocese of Quebec
In 1674, fifteen years after his arrival in New France, Laval asked that the vicariate be promoted to a diocese. The Holy See established the Diocese of Quebec on 1 October 1674, naming Laval as its first bishop.

He revisited the issue of alcohol sales to the indigenous peoples. In 1675, Laval, over the objections of Governor Louis de Buade de Frontenac, excommunicated all who sold alcohol to them. On 24 May 1679 Laval succeeded in obtaining a royal decree banning the trade.

In 1678, he obtained a royal edict stating that permanent curacies would be established in the colony. In 1681, he drew up the boundaries of parishes.

Retirement
Laval eventually realised that his health was declining and that he could no longer run his large diocese, which extended from Acadia to Lake Michigan. In 1688, he passed on his responsibilities as bishop to Jean-Baptiste de La Croix de Chevrières de Saint-Vallier.

Laval continued to collaborate with the colony's high religious authorities, until his last days. He helped the poor with his presence and his gifts of charity. He never missed a Mass or a day of fasting, despite his ever declining health. By 1707, he had developed an ulcer which eventually took his life on 6 May 1708. His body was placed in a coffin in the cathedral; however his heart was kept in the chapel of the seminary to which he had dedicated most of his life and fortune.

Veneration
Laval's remains have been entombed in a shrine for personal veneration in the Cathedral-Basilica of Notre-Dame de Québec. His cause was formally opened on 24 September 1890, granting him the title of Servant of God. He was beatified by Pope John Paul II in 1980. He was granted Equivalent canonization on 3 April 2014 by Pope Francis.

In 1663, Laval founded Séminaire de Québec and in 1852 it was named renamed to Université Laval in his honour. The city of Laval, Quebec, immediately north of Montreal, is also named after him.

title: François de Laval


text:
USS Roi

USS Roi (CVE-103) was a Casablanca-class escort carrier of the United States Navy. She was named after the Battle of Roi, in which the United States captured the island of Roi-Namur. Built for service during World War II, the ship was launched in June 1944, commissioned in July, and acted as a transport and as a replenishment carrier. During the latter months of the war, she provided aircraft and supplies to the Fast Carrier Task Force, continuing until the end of the war. Postwar, she participated in Operation Magic Carpet. She was decommissioned in May 1946, and she was sold for scrapping in December.

Design and description

Roi was a Casablanca-class escort carrier, the most numerous type of aircraft carrier ever built, and designed specifically to be mass-produced using prefabricated sections, in order to replace heavy early war losses in the early engagements of the Pacific War. Standardized with her sister ships, she was 512 ft long overall, had a beam of 65 ft, and a draft of 20 ft. She displaced 8188 LT standard, 10902 LT with a full load. She had a 257 ft long hangar deck and a 477 ft long flight deck. She was powered with two Skinner Unaflow reciprocating steam engines, which drove two shafts, providing 9000 hp, thus enabling her to make. The ship had a cruising range of 10240 nmi at a speed of 15 kn. Her compact size necessitated the installment of an aircraft catapult at her bow, and there were two aircraft elevators to facilitate movement of aircraft between the flight and hangar deck: one each fore and aft.

One 5 in/38 caliber dual-purpose gun was mounted on the stern. Anti-aircraft defense was provided by 8 Bofors 40 mm anti-aircraft guns in single mounts, as well as 12 Oerlikon 20 mm cannons, which were mounted around the perimeter of the deck. By the end of the war, Casablanca-class carriers had been modified to carry thirty 20-mm cannons, and the amount of 40-mm guns had been doubled to sixteen, by putting them into twin mounts. These modifications were in response to increasing casualties due to kamikaze attacks. Casablanca-class escort carriers were designed to carry 27 aircraft, but the hangar deck could accommodate more. Because Roi was never utilized in a combat operation, she usually operated with about 60 aircraft on board, the maximum carrying capacity at which take-offs would still be possible.

Construction
Her construction was awarded to Kaiser Shipbuilding Company, Vancouver, Washington under a Maritime Commission contract, on 18 June 1942, under the name Alava Bay, as part of a tradition which named escort carriers after bays or sounds in Alaska. She was renamed Roi, after the capture of the island Roi-Namur during the Battle of Kwajalein, as part of a new naval policy which named subsequent Casablanca-class carriers after naval or land engagements. The escort carrier was laid down on 3 March 1944, MC hull 1140, the forty-ninth of a series of fifty Casablanca-class escort carriers. She therefore received the classification symbol CVE-103. She was launched on 2 June 1944; sponsored by Mrs. William Sinton; transferred to the United States Navy and commissioned on 6 July 1944, with Captain Percy Haverly Lyon in command.

World War II
Upon being commissioned, Roi underwent a shakedown cruise down the West Coast to San Diego. She then underwent several transport missions, first departing from San Diego on 13 August, carrying a load of 287 passengers and 71 aircraft bound for Manus Island and Espiritu Santo. She returned to port on 27 September, and conducted another transport run to Manus on 21 October. On 2 December, she made another transport run, making stops at Guam and Eniwetok. After completing her mission, she arrived at Alameda, California for overhaul. After overhaul was completed, she made two more round-trip transport missions to bases in the Marshalls and Mariana Islands. She then headed for Pearl Harbor, where she underwent training operations. There, she was also assigned to become a replenishment carrier supporting the frontline Fast Carrier Task Force, providing replacement aircraft, supplies, and fuel for the fleet carriers. The replenishment carrier fleet enabled the fast carriers to operate at sea for a sustained period of time without having to return to port to replenish.

After loading 61 replenishment aircraft, she sailed for Guam, where she joined Task Force 30.8, the replenishment escort carrier task group. She rendezvoused with the Fast Carrier Task Force (Task Group 38) on designated days, in order to replace losses sustained in operations against mainland Japan. She began operations on 4 July 1945, along with fellow escort carriers USS Admiralty Islands (CVE-99), USS Hollandia (CVE-97), and USS Thetis Bay (CVE-90). She rendezvoused with the fast carriers on 12 July, 16 July, and 20 July. After exhausting her replacement aircraft, she stopped at Guam on 21 July to replenish. She departed on 27 July, with a full load of 61 aircraft, and conducted rendezvous again with the fast carriers on 14 August. Shortly afterwards, while she was at sea, the Japanese surrender was announced. She then joined the main contingent of the Third Fleet, in support of the Occupation of Japan.

Following the end of the war, Roi joined the Operation Magic Carpet fleet, which repatriated U.S. servicemen from around the Pacific. She conducted several Magic Carpet runs throughout 1945 until she was released from the fleet. She then reported to Bremerton, Washington, where she was deactivated and decommissioned on 9 May 1946. She was struck from the Navy list on 21 May, and sold on 31 December to Zidell Machinery & Supply of Portland, Oregon for scrapping. Roi was awarded one battle star for her World War II service.

title: USS Roi


text:
Vallejo

Vallejo may refer to:

Places

 * Vallejo, California, United States, named after Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo
 * Vallejo Station, an inter-modal transit station in the city
 * Vallejo Estate, Sonoma, California, a house and grounds on the National Register of Historic Places
 * Vallejo Flour Mill, Fremont, California, a California Historical Landmark
 * Estadio de Vallejo, Valencia, Spain, a now closed stadium
 * Vallejo metro station (Spanish: Estación Vallejo), a station along Line 6 of the Mexico City Metro

Ships

 * USS Vallejo, several ships of the United States Navy
 * Vallejo (ferry), an 1879 houseboat and former ferry

Other uses

 * Vallejo (surname), including a list of people with the name
 * Vallejo (band), a rock band based in Austin, Texas
 * Vallejo (album)

title: Vallejo


text:
BareNaked

BareNaked is the fourth studio album by actress and recording artist Jennifer Love Hewitt. It was released on October 8, 2002. The album became her most successful album to date, reaching the top 40 at no. 37 on the Billboard 200, making it her first album to appear on that chart. BareNaked spawned two singles, "BareNaked" and "Can I Go Now", and included a remake of Kris Kristofferson's "Me and Bobby McGee". The UK and Japanese editions of the album came with a bonus track called "Just Try", previously released as the B-side to "Can I Go Now".

Personnel

 * Jennifer Love Hewitt – vocals
 * Andrew Boston – DJ
 * Dustin Boyer – guitar
 * Meredith Brooks – acoustic guitar, electric guitar, background vocals
 * Livingstone Brown – bass, keyboard, chant
 * Chris Canute – hand drums
 * Goldo – keyboard, vocals
 * Glen Holmen – bass
 * Abe Laboriel Jr. – drums
 * Michael Parnell – keyboard
 * Carolyn Perry – background vocals
 * Darlene Perry – background vocals
 * Sharon Perry – background vocals
 * Rose Stone – background vocals
 * Emerson Swinford – acoustic guitar, guitar

Production

 * Producers: Meredith Brooks, Gregg Alexander
 * Engineers: Meredith Brooks, David Cole, Dave Darling, Goldo, Brad Haehnel, Phil Kaffel, Jeff Peters
 * Mixing: Livingstone Brown, Brad Haehnel, Richard Travali
 * Mastering: Chaz Harper
 * Digital editing: Meredith Brooks, Andy Goldmark, Goldo, Michael Parnell
 * Programming: Livingstone Brown, Dave Darling, Goldo
 * Arranger: Dustin Boyer, Chris Canute
 * Art direction: Nick Gamma, Jackie Murphy
 * Design: Nick Gamma, Jackie Murphy
 * Photography: Anthony Mandler
 * Make-up: Agostina Lombardo

title: BareNaked