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River Cherwell

The River Cherwell ( or ) is a tributary of the River Thames in central England. It rises near Hellidon, Northamptonshire and flows southwards for 40 mi to meet the Thames at Oxford in Oxfordshire.

The river gives its name to the Cherwell local government district and Cherwell, an Oxford student newspaper.

Pronunciation
Cherwell is pronounced, particularly near Oxford, and in north Oxfordshire. The village of Charwelton uses the river name. It lies upriver in Northamptonshire, suggesting that the pronunciation has long vied for use.

Drainage basin
The river drains an area of 943 km2. The Cherwell is the second largest tributary of the Thames by average discharge (after the River Kennet).

Upper course
The Cherwell is the northernmost Thames tributary. It rises in the ironstone hills at Hellidon, 2 mi west of Charwelton near Daventry. Helidon Hill, immediately north, forms a watershed: on the south side, the Cherwell feeds the Thames, in turn the North Sea; opposite, the Leam feeds the Warwickshire's Avon through Worcestershire into the Severn, the head of the Bristol Channel. Another source rises east of Charwelton and feeds headwaters of the Nene, an inflow of the North Sea at The Wash and the source of the similar River Great Ouse is nearby.

South of Charwelton, the Cherwell passes between the villages of Hinton and Woodford Halse.

Two miles further on, the river swings westward a few miles, passing below the village of Chipping Warden through Edgcote, site of a Romano-British villa, then entering Oxfordshire at Hay's Bridge on the A361's Daventry to Banbury stretch.

Cropredy and the Upper Oxford Canal
Half-a-mile north of the village of Cropredy, the Cherwell resumes south. The Oxford Canal enters the valley here, and roughly follows, on its route to Oxford until Thrupp near Kidlington. The canal connects the Coventry Canal to the Thames, and the Act of Parliament authorising it was passed in 1769. A few years earlier, Oxford merchants had proposed canalising the river as far as Banbury.

Construction of the canal began near Coventry. The canal reached Banbury in 1778, however it was a further 12 years before the southernmost section was completed and the first boats reached Oxford in January 1790.

The Cherwell skirts the east side of Cropredy itself and passes under Cropredy Bridge, site of a major battle of the English Civil War in 1644, a long encounter with riverside skirmishes concentrated along 3 mi of bank between Hay's bridge and a ford at Slat Mill near Great Bourton. King Charles's forces beat the Parliamentarian army. The bridge has a plaque with words: "Site of the Battle of Cropredy Bridge 1644. From Civil War deliver us." The bridge was rebuilt in 1780 and this plaque is a facsimile of the original one. Cropredy's church holds battle relics. Local tradition holds that locals hid the church's eagle lectern in the Cherwell in case marauding soldiers damaged or stole it.

South of the bridge, the river runs through fields used for the annual Cropredy Festival, a three-day music event run by the band Fairport Convention. It then passes an ex-water mill as usual created by a weir holding back a millpond and a mill race (leat); this is the highest major mill. Upstream simpler mills are suspected from the Domesday Book and similar land returns.

Banbury
After a few miles the Cherwell passes under the M40 motorway and the industrial hinterland of Banbury, a town centred on the river, passing another mill position. From here, a main line railway runs alongside on the west side. This line was built by the Great Western Railway and links London and Oxford with Birmingham and the north. South, the railway closely follows the valley.

A Roman villa at nearby Wykham Park dates from around the year 250. Much later the Saxons built the first settlement: west of the flow. On the opposite bank is the Saxon-established Grimsbury, now absorbed into Banbury.

Banbury Castle was built in 1135 to command the river and valley. The castle was extended and rebuilt many times. In the civil war it became a Royalist stronghold and was besieged during the winter of 1644–1645. A second siege began in January 1646 and lasted until April when a surrender was negotiated. After petition to the much-empowered House of Commons in 1648, it was demolished.

A great water mill ground grain near the castle. The brick-built building and miller's cottage have been modernised and extended as Banbury's main theatre and arts centre.

South of Banbury
South of Banbury, the valley widens. On the west bank is a large housing estate built in the 1970s, Cherwell Heights, and a mile south the ancient village of Bodicote on high ground west of the river. Downstream, most of the valley's villages are similarly set back to enable flood-meadows.

After Bodicote, the river passes an industrial estate at Twyford Mill before reaching King's Sutton, a village noted for its rare, high spire which overlooks the river. At Kings Sutton the Sor and Mill Lane brooks join. Two miles further, the Cherwell reaches a neighbourhood Nell Bridge and passes under a main road leading to Aynho, a village a mile east on a low hill, overlooking.

Shortly after this comes a crossing of the Oxford Canal at a right-angle, flowing in on the east and out over a weir. Such level river crossings are rare nationally. The canal, a few yards below, has Aynho Weir Lock, unusual as instead of rectangular form, it has a wide, lozenge chamber – the lock lowers the canal by 12 in – the form speedily tops up the water as often used up in the fall of locks below.

By the weir the railway's older line continues down the valley to Oxford; east of it, a more direct route (opened in 1910 by the Great Western Railway) runs via Bicester and High Wycombe to London, originally connecting Paddington station, succeeded by London's newest main terminus, Marylebone.

The Cherwell supplied water to the engines on the Oxford route, feeding long troughs on top of the sleepers between rails for scooping up water at stations or at low speed.

Lower course, Somerton, Heyford, Rousham and Shipton
From Aynho, the Cherwell meanders, overlooked by hilltop villages. Somerton and Heyford, the only villages adjacent, once had water mills. That at Lower Heyford (noted as pre-Conquest and in 1086 there in the Domesday Book) was last rebuilt in the early 19th century, milling until 1946.

At Rousham, the river passes a famous landscape garden designed by William Kent. It features many statues and a near-replica Roman pagan "temple" which overlooks. The river terrace is named the Praeneste after the temple in Palestrina near Rome.

Two miles south, the river is crossed by a medieval packhorse bridge at Northbrook and a further mile south the course of Akeman Street, a Roman road. South, the valley narrows and becomes more wooded.

The Cherwell passes under the Woodstock to Bicester road and shortly after the Oxford Canal flows into it from the east. The next mile of the river is used by boats as part of the canal, passing a now-demolished cement works once supplied by canal narrowboats and which used river water.

After sharing their course for about 1 mi, the watercourses diverge at Shipton Weir Lock (in larger, lozenge form) west of which is Shipton on Cherwell.

East of Shipton, the deserted village of Hampton Gay fronted the river, main remnants being its disused church in the watermeadows and ruins of a manor house.

Below, the river reaches Thrupp where the Oxford Canal finally leaves the valley.

In hills to the east, a Romano-British settlement stood near Kidlington and a contemporary villa in a west-bank parish, Islip. To its east is a wide plain, Otmoor, drained by the multi-headwater Ray, the largest tributary, which joins at a weir in Islip, known as The Stank.

The city of Oxford
Entering Oxford, the average flow rate of the Thames is 17.6 m3/s then exiting after taking in the Cherwell it is 24.8 m3/s.

The Cherwell reaches the northern outskirts of Oxford and runs south on the eastern edge of North Oxford to the city centre. Near Summertown it passes the Victoria Arms riverside public house/restaurant at Marston and then under a modern bridge, part of Marston Ferry Road. A little further south, it passes Wolfson College (a graduate college of the University of Oxford), the Cherwell Boathouse (where punts can be hired) and the playing fields of the Dragon School. Next is Lady Margaret Hall, the first of the previously all-women's colleges.

The river is then flanked by Oxford University Parks and passes under Rainbow Bridge. Parson's Pleasure and Dame's Delight were for typically nude bathing for men and women respectively, now defunct. Below the Parks, the river splits into up to three streams, with a series of islands. One is Mesopotamia, which is a long thin island just south of the Parks with a scenic, tree-lined path. At the northern end are punt rollers next to a weir. St Catherine's College is on the largest island formed by the split of the river. It also flows past Magdalen College.

The river conjoins again into two close streams to flow under Magdalen Bridge. Early on May Morning, students used to jump off the bridge, a dangerous tradition if the river is low, so more recently the bridge has been closed on May Day. The river splits again. To the west is the Oxford Botanic Garden. To the east are Magdalen College School and St Hilda's College. The river then skirts Christ Church Meadow before flowing into the Thames (or Isis) through two branches; the island in between has the main shared college boathouses for rowing.

Easter and Summer punting is popular on the Oxford stretch. (A punt is a long, flat-bottom, low-topsides, boat propelled by a pole pushed against the river bed.) Punts are typically hired from a punt station by Magdalen Bridge, or the Cherwell Boathouse (just to the north of the University Parks). It is possible to punt all the way from the Isis, north past the University Parks, and out beyond the ring road.

History
The lowest point saw early settlement. The river is known as the divide of the Dobunni to the west and the Catuvellauni to the east (Celtic tribes documented at the time of Romanisation).

At Oxney, Oxford a Romano-British settlement grew up, being naturally protected from raids by the large rivers. This settlement dominated the pottery trade in what is now central southern England, distributing it by boats on the Thames and its tributaries.

In 2023, a Viking sword from between 850 and 975AD was found in the river.

Navigation
The river itself has never been properly navigable. In the 17th century weirs were fewer and goods seem to have been laden up to Banbury in modest flat-bottomed boats. A load of coal was taken up the river in 1764 as a test. Since the opening of the Oxford Canal in 1790 only a few sections are navigable, mainly to canoes and punts of shallow draft.

Literature
The Cherwell was mentioned by John Betjeman (1906–1984) in his poetry:

 The Cherwell carried under Magdalen Bridge Its leisure puntfuls of the fortunate Who next term and the next would still come back.

The Withywindle river in J. R. R. Tolkien's fantasy The Lord of the Rings has been identified with the Cherwell near Tolkien's home in Oxford. Growing beside the Withywindle was the evil character Old Man Willow; Tolkien made a careful pencil and coloured pencil drawing of the character while he was writing the chapter "The Old Forest". Tolkien's son John suggests that the drawing was based on one of the few unpollarded willows on the Cherwell at Oxford. The Tolkien Society and the Mythopoeic Society have placed a Tolkien memorial bench beside the Cherwell in the University Parks.

title: River Cherwell


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2000 London Assembly election

The first elections for members of the London Assembly were held on 4 May 2000, alongside the first mayoral election.

The assembly elections used the mixed member proportional representation, a form of additional member system, with 14 directly elected constituencies and 11 London-wide top-up seats.

Results

!rowspan=3 colspan=2 | Parties !colspan=10 | Additional member system !rowspan=2 colspan=5 | Total seats !colspan=5 |Constituency !colspan=5 |Region ! Votes !! % !! +/− !! Seats !! +/− ! Votes !! % !! +/− !! Seats !! +/− ! Total !! +/− !! %

 * || Total || 1,585,785 || ||  || 14 ||   || 1,659,630 ||  ||   || 11 ||  || 25 ||   ||
 * }
 * }

London Assembly Representation

 * Labour - 9
 * Conservative - 9
 * Liberal Democrat - 4
 * Green Party - 3

Party Leaders in 2000

 * Labour - Tony Blair
 * Conservative - William Hague
 * Liberal Democrat - Charles Kennedy
 * Green Party - Mike Woodin and Margaret Wright

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: 2000 London Assembly election


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Wonder Twins

The Wonder Twins (Zan and Jayna) are a fictional extraterrestrial twin brother and sister superhero duo who first appeared in Hanna-Barbera's American animated television series The All-New Super Friends Hour. The pair can activate their superpowers by touching their fists and saying the phrase "Wonder Twin powers, activate!" Jayna can transform into any animal, and Zan can become water in any state. The pair also have a pet monkey, Gleek, who assists in their crime-fighting activities.

They subsequently appeared in comics based on the animated series and were later introduced into the main DC Comics Universe. They have since appeared in other media, including the animated series Teen Titans Go! and the live-action TV series Smallville.

Broadcast and publication history
The duo made their debut in The All-New Super Friends Hour ("Joy Ride", September 10, 1977) and then appeared in The World's Greatest Super Friends, Super Friends, and Super Friends: The Legendary Super Powers Show. Zan (voiced by Michael Bell) and Jayna (voiced by Louise Williams from 1977-1983 and B. J. Ward in 1984 ) are siblings from the planet Exxor (also spelled Exor) who were being informally trained by the superheroes. Unlike their predecessors, Wendy Harris and Marvin White, this pair was able to participate in combat with abilities of their own.

Hanna-Barbera animator Darrell McNeil recalls the twins were created by Norman Maurer, the Super Friends series developer/story editor. They were originally called Dick and Jane, and their sidekick was Mighty Monkey, before finally becoming Zan, Jayna, and Gleek. The names "Zan" and "Jayna" derived from the Edgar Rice Burroughs characters Tarzan and his romantic interest Jane. According to McNeil: "Originally Zan (Dick) had 'Plastic Man' powers and Jayna (Jane) could transform into anything, not just animals, but they were scaled back to their present powers as it made the other Super Friends (even Superman) seem almost superfluous". Jayna's distinctive hairdo was based on that of an animation checker at Hanna-Barbera, while the pointed ears were inspired by the character Spock from the Star Trek franchise. The twins' personalities were heavily based on Donny and Marie Osmond, who were extremely popular at the time and had their own show on ABC as well.

The Wonder Twins were the most prominently featured characters in their first season on Super Friends. However, by the final seasons, the twins were largely marginalized in favor of well established DC Comics teenage superheroes like Firestorm, and were wholly eliminated in the final season in favor of Cyborg.

The characters were introduced to comics in issue #7 of the Super Friends tie-in series (cover-dated October 1977, but published in July), by E. Nelson Bridwell and Ramona Fradon. The Super Friends comic book provided considerably more details of the Wonder Twins' background and how they came to join the team than was provided in the television series. Because of the different production lag times between animation and comics, the first comic book appearance is chronologically before the first television appearance.

In the 1990s, they were introduced into the main DC Universe in Extreme Justice #9 (October 1995), by Ivan Velez, Jr. and Al Rio. The series rewrote and updated their origin story. Velez, an avowed die-hard fan of the Wonder Twins, intended to begin a revival of the characters, but was taken off the series after the first issue with the Wonder Twins. Though the twins remained with the series until its cancellation with #18, they were used only sparingly after Velez's departure.

Following the cancellation of Extreme Justice, the Wonder Twins showed up only sporadically in the DC Universe. After 2003, they made no significant appearance for sixteen years. In 2019, however, the characters enjoyed a revival when DC published a six-issue Wonder Twins miniseries, written by Mark Russell and drawn by Stephen Byrne. The series was a critical and commercial success, and was extended into a 12 issue maxi-series.

In November 2019, the first 6 issues of "Wonder Twins" were collected as a trade paper back, and released under the title "Wonder Twins - Activate". In the following August, the second six issues of the maxi-series were released in another trade paper back titled "The Fall & Rise of the Wonder Twins".

Super Friends
Little background is provided for the Wonder Twins in Super Friends, save that they are superheroes-in-training that are friends of the Super Friends and were born on November 6.

According to the 1977 Super Friends comic book by writer E. Nelson Bridwell and artist Ramona Fradon, Zan and Jayna are Exxorian metahumans, genetic throwbacks to an ancient race of Exxorian shapeshifters. Their parents died to a plague when they were young, and, because of their origin, no Exxorians want to adopt them. They are adopted by the owner of a space circus who only wants to use them as sideshow freaks. However, the circus' clown (or "laugh-maker") is a kind man and raises them. He also gives them Gleek as a pet. Eventually, as teens, the pair escapes the circus and hides on a planet where a space villain called Grax (an enemy of Superman) has established his headquarters. Spying on him, they learn that Grax is planning to destroy the Earth with hidden superbombs. The twins decide to travel to Earth and warn the Justice League, which is how they come to replace Wendy and Marvin (who were planning on retiring as heroes anyway) as their sidekicks. The heroes arrange for the kids to live with an old scientist named Professor Carter Nichols and they even take secret identities as Johan and Joanna Fleming. "Johan" and "Johanna" were supposedly transfer students from Esko, Sweden, disguised with blonde hair (Zan wore a wig, while Jayna used her powers to transform into a human to change her hair color and ear shape), to allow them to attend Gotham City High School.

According to the twins' self-titled 2019 series, Zan is older by three minutes.

In comics
In 1996, the twins were introduced into post-Crisis DC continuity in the series Extreme Justice as escaped slaves of an alien overlord. Unable to speak English, they inadvertently attack some civilians and the Justice League. During their fight with the JLA, Zan becomes an ice golem, a water monster, and a demonic-looking whirlpool, while Jayna becomes a griffin, a werewolf, and a sea serpent. The pair are later emancipated by the Justice League and join Captain Atom's team in issue #16 (May 1996). That same year, they appeared in the crossover storyline "Final Night" and in the series Total Justice.

In a 2002–03 storyline by Peter David and Todd Nauck in Young Justice, they help avenge the murder of Empress' parents, wearing uniforms which resembled T-shirts and jeans. In late 2003, they appeared in the fourth issue of the Marvel-DC intercompany crossover miniseries JLA/Avengers, which was written by Kurt Busiek and illustrated by George Pérez.

In 2007, they appeared in Teen Titans vol. 3 #70, and in 2011, and in DCU: Legacies #9, a story by Len Wein and Rob Leigh.

In "Smallville: Titans", a story arc in the series Smallville season 11, Zan and Jayna are members of the team with Conner Kent/Superboy, Speedy, Blue Beetle and Miss Martian at Jay Garrick's school for the "gifted".

In Superpowers, a 2017 backup series in Cave Carson Has A Cybernetic Eye, cartoonist Tom Scioli offers a slightly different version of the origin of the Wonder Twins, set on an alternate Earth.

In February 2019, the first issue of a 12-issue mini-series was released on Wonder Comics, titled Wonder Twins.

Powers and abilities
The Wonder Twins' powers are activated when they touch each other and speak the phrase, "Wonder Twin powers, activate!" Physical contact is required. If the two are out of reach of each other, they are unable to activate their powers. As they are about to transform, they would each announce their intended form. "Shape of...", "Form of..."

Zan can transform into water at any state (solid, liquid, gas) and add to his mass by incorporating water in his immediate area. In the case of becoming solid ice, he can also become any form he chooses, from a 5000 ft humanoid ice giant to a cage for a criminal to complex machinery (such as a jet engine, as he did in the episode "Eruption"). In the episode "Pressure Point", he changes into a gelatinous form. In "Terror from the Phantom Zone", he was able to transform into liquid nitrogen. In addition, he can transform himself into atmospheric disturbances (usually very localized) involving water, such as a blizzard, a monsoon, waterspout or a typhoon, as he did in the episodes "The Water Beast", "The Beasts are Coming", and "Stowaways".

Jayna can transform into any animal, whether real, mythological, indigenous to Earth, or indigenous to some other planet like Exxor. Since she must vocalize her choice of form to assume, she must know the common name. As revealed in "The Mummy of Nazca", naming the wrong animal will cause her to assume the wrong animal's form. She has been known to take the form of anything from a mosquito to a whale, as in "The Water Beast" episode.

In the Super Friends comic book, their powers were shown to be more extensive. By transforming into an animal of Kryptonian origin, for instance, Jayna could gain both the creature's natural abilities and the super-powers that all Kryptonians possess under Earth-like conditions; she was even capable of overpowering Superman in the form of a Kryptonian animal. Similarly, Zan was able to transform into anything tangentially related to water or ice, including a frost giant in the "Demons of Exxor" episode.

In addition to their powers of transformation, the two share a telepathic link, enabling one to alert the other over a distance when in dire circumstances, as revealed in the episode "The Village of Lost Souls".

The Wonder Twins have a pet Space Monkey named Gleek, who has a useful prehensile tail and who can act as a conduit for the twins to activate their powers should they be out of reach. Gleek also serves as a courier when the twins need to travel: Jayna will typically transform into a large eagle, and Zan will transform into water, "jumping" into a bucket which Gleek will hold while being clutched by Jayna in her eagle form.

A rarely seen aspect of their powers is the ability to break mind control. On at least two occasions ("Pied Piper From Space" and "Circus of Horrors"), while the twins were under the influence of mind control, Gleek caused them to make contact and the activation of their powers freed them instantly from the mind control.

Television

 * Steven Hyde and Jackie Burkhart assume the roles of the Wonder Twins within Michael Kelso's imagination in the That '70s Show episode "Ramble On".
 * Jayna appears in the Family Guy episode "Fast Times at Buddy Cianci Jr. High", voiced by Rachael MacFarlane. Additionally, Peter Griffin (voiced by Seth MacFarlane) appears as a former member of the Wonder Twins.
 * Zan appears in the Harvey Birdman: Attorney at Law episode "Very Personal Injury", voiced by Michael Bell.
 * A pair of characters inspired by the Wonder Twins called Downpour and Shifter appear in Justice League Unlimited, both voiced by Grey DeLisle. They are genetically-engineered superheroes created by Project Cadmus to serve as members of their Ultimen and operate independently of the Justice League, though the former group are led to believe that they are regular metahumans. In the episode "Ultimatum", the Ultimen discover the truth behind their creation and that they are suffering from cellular breakdown. They attack their manager Maxwell Lord in an attempt to find Cadmus member Amanda Waller, but are defeated by the League and taken back into Cadmus' custody. In the episode "Panic in the Sky", Cadmus utilizes an army of Ultimen clones in their siege on the League's Watchtower.
 * Zan and Jayna appear in the Smallville episode "Idol", portrayed by David Gallagher and Allison Scagliotti respectively. This version of the pair are implied to be from another world and pass themselves off as humans of Swedish descent. Their origin is expanded upon in Smallville Season 11, where Zan and Jayna are shown to have been human children from an unidentified country on Earth who were evicted by their father for having metahuman powers. Additionally, the twins go on to join Jay Garrick's Teen Titans.
 * The Wonder Twins appear in the Teen Titans Go! episode "You're Fired", with Zan voiced by Khary Payton and Jayna by Tara Strong.
 * Kat Hudson, lead designer on DC Super Hero Girls and other projects, developed a pitch for an animated series based on the Wonder Twins. Despite the full pitch, the project ultimately did not come to fruition.

Film

 * The Wonder Twins appear in The Lego Batman Movie.
 * The Wonder Twins make a cameo appearance in Teen Titans Go! To the Movies.
 * In February 2022, a DC Extended Universe film centered around the Wonder Twins was in development, with Adam Sztykiel writing and directing, in his directorial debut. Marty Bowen and Wyck Godfrey were reported as producers on the film, which was to be a joint-venture production between DC Films, Temple Hill Entertainment, and HBO Original Films and star KJ Apa and Isabel May as Zan and Jayna. The film was developed with an intended streaming release, exclusively through HBO Max, though it was later canceled due to budget cuts at Warner Bros. Discovery.

Video games

 * The Wonder Twins appear as character summons in Scribblenauts Unmasked: A DC Comics Adventure.
 * The Teen Titans Go! incarnations of the Wonder Twins appear in Lego Dimensions. Additionally, The Lego Batman Movie incarnations make cameo appearances in the film's eponymous DLC pack.

Miscellaneous
The Wonder Twins appear in the Adult Swim web series The New Adventures of the Wonder Twins. This version of the pair are well-meaning but inept superheroes whose attempts at heroism always end in tragic failure.

title: Wonder Twins


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Antoine Jacques Claude Joseph, comte Boulay de la Meurthe

Antoine Jacques Claude Joseph, comte Boulay de la Meurthe (19 February 1761 – 4 February 1840), was a French politician and magistrate.

Biography
Boulay was the son of an agricultural labourer, born at Chamousey (Vosges). He became orphaned at an early age and was adopted by his uncle l'Abbé POIROT.

Called to the bar at Nancy in 1783, he presently went to Paris, where he rapidly acquired a reputation as a lawyer and a speaker. He supported the revolutionary cause in Lorraine, and fought at Valmy (1792) and Wissembourg (1793) in the republican army. But his moderate principles brought suspicion on him, and during the Terror he had to go into hiding.

He represented La Meurthe in the Council of Five Hundred, of which he was twice president, but his views developed steadily in the conservative direction. Fearing a possible renewal of the Terror, he became an active member of the plot for the overthrow of the Directory in November 1799. He was rewarded by the presidency of the legislative commission formed by Napoleon to draw up the new constitution; and as president of the legislative section of the council of state he examined and revised the draft of the civil code.

In eight years of hard work as director of a special land commission he settled the titles of land acquired by the French nation at the Revolution, and placed on an unassailable basis the rights of the proprietors who had bought this land from the government. He received the grand cross of the Legion of Honour and the title of count, was a member of Napoleon's privy council, but was never in high favour at court.

After Waterloo he tried to obtain the recognition of Napoleon II. He was placed under surveillance at Nancy, and later at Halbesstadt and Frankfort-on-Main. He was allowed to return to France in 1819, but took no further active part in politics, although he presented himself unsuccessfully for parliamentary election in 1824 and 1827. He died in Paris on 4 February 1840.

His books on English history, contained much indirect criticism of the Directory and the Restoration governments. He devoted the last years of his life to writing his memoirs, which, with the exception of a fragment, remained unpublished as of 1911.

Works
He published two books on English history: A fragment of his memoirs:
 * Essai sur les causes qui, en 1649, amenérent en Angleterre l'établissement de la république (Paris, 1799)
 * Tableau politique des règnes de Charles II et Jacques II, derniers rois de la maison de Stuart (The Hague, 1818)
 * Théorie constitutionnelle de Sieyès (1836)

Family
His elder son, Comte Henri Georges Boulay de la Meurthe (1797-1858), was a constant Bonapartist, and after the election of Louis Napoleon to the presidency, was named (January 1849) vice-president of the republic. He zealously promoted popular education, and became in 1842 president of the society for elementary instruction.


text:
Talk:Cherwell (district)

Disambiguate?
I think this is moving towards needing a disambiguation page. "Cherwell" is:

 * a newspaper
 * a district
 * a river

And plenty of the links to plain "Cherwell" mean the river, although the page is about the district (I'm fixing these).

What do people think? Marnanel 20:57, 19 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * I disagree, midly. Student newspapers aren't important enough to evict a page, and there are a number of other places where we use the 'River ' prefix to disambiguate - see Adur vs River Adur.  Morwen 21:01, Mar 19, 2004 (UTC)

 * Good point... I suppose it's no big deal to fix the few pages which link to Cherwell to mean the river. In fact, I just did it. Marnanel 21:08, 19 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Pronunciation
The article gives a phonetic pronunciation "Charwell" but this is only used in the south of the district and in Oxford. In the Banbury area the pronunciation is as written "Cherwell". I'm not sure how to render this in IPA or how to add the characters to the page. Bruern Crossing (talk) 22:11, 23 January 2010 (UTC)
 * I don't either; but in the north of the county at least, the "Cher" part of "Cherwell" is pronounced like the "Chur" in "Churn". It's true that several words are pronounced differently in Oxford; the best known examples are "Charwell" (for Cherwell); "Maudlin" (for Magdalen) and "Isis" (for Thames). Even the name of the city has different pronounciations depending upon whether you're a native of Oxford, come from the county outside the city, or are a university student. It's a hotbed really. -- Red rose64 (talk) 22:42, 23 January 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cherwell (district)


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Donatello (Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles)

Donatello, nicknamed Don or Donnie/Donny, is a superhero and one of the four main characters of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles comics and all related media. He is the smartest and often gentlest of his brothers, wearing a purple mask over his eyes. He wields a bō staff, his primary signature weapon in all media. He is the adoptive and mutated son of Master Splinter and the brother of Leonardo, Raphael, and Michelangelo. He is the most rational and logical of the turtles, and second-in-command of the team. Donatello has a natural aptitude for science and technology and often speaks in technobabble. His ninja skills are the lowest of the four turtles; as he relies on gadgets over combat skills. Like all of the brothers, he is named after a Renaissance artist; in this case, he is named after Italian sculptor Donatello. He is the favorite turtle of co-creator Peter Laird, who served as the basis of Donatello's personality.

Mirage Comics
In the comics, Donatello is depicted as the calmest turtle. While the comics' portrayal of the team has no official command structure, he is depicted as the next in command in the early stories, and the closest brother to Leonardo. In the first issue, he is the one that killed the Shredder by knocking him and his grenade off the roof. The second issue elaborated more on each turtles' personalities and opened with Donatello soldering a circuit. Later in the issue, Donatello states that he is "familiar with some computer systems" and helps April O'Neil deactivate the Mousers. During the turtles' exile to Northampton, Donatello becomes obsessed with fixing up and repairing the many broken things within the farmhouse they were living in. Most notably he spent days and nights fixing the boiler to give his family hot running water and builds a windmill and a water wheel to provide electricity. He also finds an old typewriter and writes his own personal credo.

In the Donatello one-shot, Donatello encounters an artist called Kirby (an homage to the comic artist Jack Kirby) whose mysterious crystal brings his drawings to life before disappearing. The two newfound friends journey to a dimension inhabited by Kirby's creations and help the heroes defeat the invading monsters.

In the Shades of Grey storyline, Casey Jones encounters the turtle by a ravine as he was pondering "the fractal structure of natural patterns". Casey accuses the turtle of using big words and acting better than everyone else. Donatello suggests they should continue the conversation when Casey is sober. Grabbing a stick, an angry Jones continually pokes the turtle until he loses his temper and sends Casey careening into the water.

In the City at War storyline, the turtles return to New York to put an end to the Foot Clan's civil war. During a battle with Shredder's Elite Guards in the ruins of the Second Time Around Shop, Donatello falls through the floor and breaks his leg. Seeing their ally Karai subdued and about to be killed, Donatello grabs one of the Foot's machine guns and repeatedly shoots the Foot Elite. Donatello is visibly shaken by the violence and throws the gun away. At the end of the story the turtles, April and Casey move back to New York save for Donatello who chooses to stay in Northampton with Master Splinter to heal from his injury as well as reflect on everything that had happened. After encountering the turtle vigilante ally Nobody in civilian guise he returns with him to New York to help his brothers battle Baxter Stockman.

In the current comics, Donatello finds an armored truck in the sewers which apparently had been part of a bank robbery in the sixties. Along with Raphael and Casey Jones, he undertakes the task of fixing up the vehicle. Donatello decides to accompany the Utroms on a mission to Tepui to search for two missing research teams. The group are attacked by strange wooden creatures who shrink them to miniature size. The creatures turn out to be a group of Utroms which had been stranded in the Jungle during their first stay on Earth and had been living in secret thanks to their Quantum Inversion Redimensioning device which could alter their size. The process could not be reversed on Donatello, possibly due to his mutation, leaving him the size of an action figure. While the Utroms work on returning him to normal, Donatello put his new size to use infiltrating a terrorist organizations warehouse. He has also made a robotic body for him made to resemble a turtle to help him move around.

Image Comics
In the Image Comics incarnation of the TMNT, he became a cyborg after his body was partially destroyed after he was shot and dropped out of a helicopter (he maintained a positive attitude nonetheless, although he was constantly at risk of losing his mind to the cyborg half). He was almost killed by Image character Deathwatch by having his brain drained of mutagen, while assailing with mental torture tactics. Leonardo blamed the CPU of his injured brother's armor for his subsequent brain death; however, Donatello was not dead but was somehow separated from his body, and with the help of his brothers he returned to his body. In the independent published series of the Image Comics, Issue #24, Don's armor began to malfunction and was so powerful Donatello was on his last legs until he made a deal with Baxter Stockman who Don was reluctant to work with but had no choice. Donatello is rid of most of his body metal by issue #25 and Baxter informs him his shell had regrown and as a result he was back to being a non-cyborg turtle. Baxter died once more when Don's metal particles would not help restore his body; as a result Baxter requested Donatello give April O'Neil his regards and he died laughing maniacally. Donatello then went on to battle Lady Shredder and the foot clan with his brothers and Pimiko. Donatello was then by the end of the issue completely rid of all metal particles and had kept his and Baxter's ordeal a secret.

In the official IDW-published conclusion, TMNT Urban Legends, after Dr. X activated an EMP, the living armor abandoned Donatello for a new host, where it was discovered the armor had been impeding Donatello's natural healing abilities.

Archie Comics
Donatello's appearance in the Archie publications were largely based on the 1987 Fred Wolf incarnation, but with Mirage writers on board at Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Adventures such as Steve Murphy and Ryan Brown, a lot of references to his Mirage counterpart were made. Donatello was showcased to be pure of heart and soul, being able to pass through the Netherworld unscathed. He was also chosen of the Turtles by a group of Aliens known as the Sons of Silence to share their wisdom. He was one of the few who could telepathically communicate with them. Donatello was almost a pacifist, detesting every time he used violence.

IDW Publishing
Donatello was seemingly killed at the end of issue #44 when Leonardo, Raphael and Michelangelo were on a mission to stop Krang from transforming the Earth using an alien device called the "Technodrome". Donatello was left at the home base, and while the others were away, he was attacked by Bebop and Rocksteady. After a brief fight, Rocksteady smashed Donatello's shell, nearly killing him.

The news of Donatello's apparent death spread across the internet and IGN conducted an interview with script writer Tom Waltz, where he called the final scene a beautiful rendered scene, catching the emotion of the family. He also claimed there was no earthly way that Donatello could survive, but at the same time, he said it was not the end of him and his career.

In Issue #45, it was revealed that Donatello was not dead as his spirit was in an alternate plane and he was barely clinging to life. Leonardo, Michelangelo and Raphael carried Donatello's body into the freezer to slow down the bleeding and increase his chance of survival. Fugitoid says he needs to go to Burrow Island to get the equipment to save Donatello. Splinter finds Donatello's spirit and guides his son back to earth, however, due to Donatello wearing a helmet to keep his consciousness alive, his mind is in Metalhead, while his own body is being restored to how it was before his near demise.

In Issue #46, In Harold's lab, Donatello-as-Metalhead finishes prepping his body to be moved to the lair. He tries his best to remain brave, but being trapped in a robot body has been an upsetting experience. The Fugitoid tries to help Donnie adapt to having his mind in a robot body while Harold sees to Metalhead's repairs (the robot having been trashed by Bebop and Rocksteady). Raphael storms off with Alopex following behind him. Raphael starts regretting leaving Donatello behind and seeing him in a robot body is too much for Raphael to handle, but as soon as Alopex and Leonardo give him some comfort he eventually accepts Donatello as Metalhead and he, Leo and Mikey go on patrol while Donatello and the Fugitoid transfer Donnie's turtle body to the lair of the turtles while Harold gets some equipment to help Donatello get back into his own body.

In issue #47, He mentioned to Fugitoid and Harold he is connected to his body's vital signs. Indicating he could still feel his body and was slowly getting back to normal. In issue #50, Metalhead self-destructed and Donatello returned to his organic body which has now been outfitted with an artificial shell. Since then he has been fighting alongside his brothers.

1987 animated series
Donatello appears in the 1987 animated television series, voiced by Barry Gordon, and understudied for 7 episodes by Greg Berg. In this series, he is depicted as the genius of the group who invents many of the turtles' vehicles and equipment including the Turtle Van, the Turtle Blimp and the Turtle Com. He is the calmer turtle out of the 4 turtles. Donatello made many revolutionary inventions, the most notable being the portable portal capable of opening gateways to other dimensions as well as an early warning system which warns of impending attacks from other dimensions or from Krang and Shredder.

Gordon reprised the role of the 1987 Donatello in five episodes of the 2012 TV series, "Wormquake!", "Trans-Dimensional Turtles" and the three part series final "Wanted: Bebop & Rocksteady".

Coming Out of Their Shells Tour
The 1990 TMNT: Coming Out of Their Shells would have its first show broadcast from Radio City Music Hall on Pay Per View and later released on VHS. Donatello would be depicted as playing both a portable electric keyboard and in some iterations of the show after this initial show, a keyboard guitar. He was also depicted as having constructed all of the Turtles instruments. The Making Of VHS tape, which was set in the fictional 'universe' of the concert, depicted the Turtles as real people, and expanded on Donatello's interest in electronics, and confirms the concert's claim that he constructed the Turtles' instruments. He is also shown helping backstage during the construction of the set for the inaugural show.

1997 live-action series
Donatello appeared in the live-action series, Ninja Turtles: The Next Mutation, as well as the crossover episode of Power Rangers in Space, portrayed by Richard Yee and voiced by Jason Gray-Stanford.

2003 animated series
Donatello appears in the 2003 animated series, voiced by Sam Riegel. However he is more pacifistic in this incarnation. His skin color is a medium olive green color; this particular color is only used for him in the 2003 animation.

In the S3E21 titled Same as It Never Was, Donatello is transported into a future by Ultimate Drako where Shredder has taken over the planet and the Turtles were unable to stop him and lost Splinter and Casey Jones to him and later split up because of infighting due to Donatello's absence.

In the S4E17 Outbreak, during an outbreak of mutations of people and animals in New York, Donatello got a nasty gash by a monster while fighting several monsters with his brothers.

Then in the episode two-part episode "Return of Savanti", in Season 4, Donatello caught the sniffles. Later, in the episode "Adventures in Turtlesitting", he went from a turtle who was home ill with the flu to a monster himself as a result of being infected by the outbreak.

In the seventh season, also called "Back to the Sewer", Donatello blamed himself for Master Splinter's decompiling and vowed to restore his bits from cyberspace. This obsession caused him to disregard anything else, such as the gang war between the Foot Clan and the Purple Dragons, as unimportant. It was not until seeing his brothers in danger from the Cyber Shredder did he realize he was ignoring his responsibilities to help them and promised not to let his obsession with saving Master Splinter take control again.

2012 animated series
Donatello appears in Nickelodeon's 2012 animated series, voiced by Rob Paulsen. In this version, Donatello has a crush on April O'Neil (who is also in her teenage years in this adaptation). Despite Donatello being quiet, sensitive, and friendly, and a genius he also can be sarcastic and is here more prone to panicking and losing his temper. Donatello is active and purpose-driven, but at times does not understand and/or has a hard time grasping the lectures of Master Splinter. A running gag is Raphael scolding or hitting him whenever he explains something in scientific terms. His character design was also updated, giving him a gap in his teeth and a taller, leaner appearance than his brothers. In this version, he wields a bō staff that converts to a naginata (Japanese halberd).

Donatello also shows to have a heart as big as his intelligence as he, like his brother Michelangelo, care for humans and creatures that others find a nuisance like The Pulverizer and Bigfoot. His passion to help others is most demonstrated when he creates a retro-mutagen to undo mutations that happen throughout the series.

2018 animated series
Donatello appears once again in the 2018 series Rise of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, voiced by Josh Brener. This version is described as "an unflappable mechanical genius and tech wizard whose ninja skills are second only to his coding." This incarnation of Donatello is more confident, level-headed, avoidant of physical contact, and sarcastic. He wields a high-tech bō staff modified by rocket boosters.

In Rise of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: The Movie, Donnie mostly takes a backseat with Mikey, looking out for each other while they fight against the Krang. The two manage to seize control of the Technodrome, with Donnie organically connecting to the ship's main controls, before being ripped out by Krang Leader. After Leo sacrifices himself to save Earth from the Krang invasion, Mikey is able to open a portal to the prison dimension with the help of Donnie and Raph and rescue Leo.

Original trilogy (1990–1993)
Donatello appears in the first three live action films. He is depicted as more childish than he was in the Mirage comics and the 1987 animated series, as he is shown joking around more. He is voiced by Corey Feldman in the first movie. In the second film, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles II: The Secret of the Ooze, Adam Carl provided his voice. He finds himself dejected when professor Perry reveals that the turtles' creation was a mere accident, as the ooze was just the result of chemical spillage rather than a deliberate product, but Splinter comforts him by telling him their worth is not defined by their past. He later assists Perry with the creation of an antidote to the Ooze, which the turtles use on Shredder's mutant minions, Tokka and Rahzar. In the third film, Feldman reprises his role from the first film. He is the only Turtle who is not tempted to stay in the Feudal Japan of the past, saying that he can't live without technology.

2007 film
Donatello has a supporting role in the 2007 film, voiced by Mitchell Whitfield. In the film, Donatello runs an IT tech support line to earn money for the family and keeps an eye on Mikey. He also serves as the turtles' unofficial leader until Leonardo returns from training in Central America.

Reboot series (2014–2016)
Donatello appears in Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2014), portrayed by Jeremy Howard. In this film, Donatello is the brains of the team and relies heavily on high-tech equipment and gear. His personality in this film is very calm and measured, and was also given a much more nerdy portrayal than in previous adaptations, on account of his large glasses with the middle taped. He also has a similar personality to his 1987 and 2003 counterparts where he is always talking of calculations and constantly confusing his brothers with them. He is also the one who stopped the toxic poison that Shredder had activated on Sacks Tower. Like Michelangelo and Leonardo, Donatello wears a glove on his left hand, has a tech pack on his shell and boots although you can partly see his toes making only him, Raphael and Michelangelo the only turtles to stay true to their other incarnations with the two toes. Donatello appears in the sequel, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows, with Howard reprising his role. In the film, Donatello discovers the mutagen Shredder used on Bebop and Rocksteady can be used to turn the turtles into humans, which Michelangelo overhears, leading to a brief friction between the team. He later hacks into the Technodrome's computer, allowing the turtles to find the beacon Krang is using to build it and send it back to Krang's native dimension.

DC crossover film
Donatello appears in the direct-to-video crossover film Batman vs. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, voiced by Baron Vaughn. He is the one who located the Batcave after an encounter with Batman. After becoming allies, he soon becomes fast friends with Batgirl and concocts an anti-mutagen alongside her to reverse the effects and nullify the plans of the Shredder and Ra's al Ghul, who developed a mutant army out of their henchmen. Near the climax, Ghul breaks Donatello's arm from a counter attack, resulting in Donatello having to guide Michelangelo through disabling the mutagen-disseminating device, which he does by recklessly smashing its parts. At the film's conclusion, Donatello's arm is placed in a sling by Alfred before he partakes in eating pizza with his brothers and newfound allies.

Mutant Mayhem
Donatello appears in Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Mutant Mayhem, the first animated Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles film since TMNT (2007). He is shown to wear glasses, in contrast to his previous designs, and is voiced by Micah Abbey. It's established that this iteration of Donnie is a late bloomer, as shown by his younger sounding voice. He ends up forming a strong bond with Wingnut and Leatherhead due to their shared interest in technology, and is a fanboy, particularly with Attack on Titan and the Marvel Cinematic Universe franchise, being fond of Mark Ruffalo.

He is due to appear in the upcoming Tales of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles and sequel film, with Abbey reprising his role.

Video games
In the video games based on the 1987 animated series, Donatello has the longest range, although he cannot inflict as much damage as Leonardo, who has the second-longest range; one notable exception is the first NES game, where Donatello both did the most damage and had the longest range, though his attacks were slow. This has been carried over into the games inspired by the 2003 animated series. In TMNT: Smash Up, he is voiced by Sam Riegel.

Donatello is one of the main playable characters in Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows, where he is voiced by Yuri Lowenthal. Donatello also appears in the 2014 film-based game, voiced by Oliver Vaquer.

Donatello is featured as one of the playable characters from Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles as DLC in Injustice 2, voiced by Joe Brogie. While Leonardo is the default turtle outside the gear loadout, he, Michelangelo, and Raphael can only be picked through the said loadout selection similar to the premier skin characters.

Donatello is in Smite as a Sun Wukong skin, voiced by Landon McDonald. He is also available as a skin in Brawlhalla.

Donatello is also a main playable character in the sequel to Turtles in Time, titled Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Shredder's Revenge. In the game, Donatello once more carries a high range stat, balanced by an average power stat and low speed. This is the first official Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles game in which he is played by his original voice actor, Barry Gordon.


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Classical swine fever

Classical swine fever (CSF) or hog cholera (also sometimes called pig plague based on the German word Schweinepest) is a highly contagious disease of swine (Old World and New World pigs). It has been mentioned as a potential bioweapon.

Clinical signs
Swine fever causes fever, skin lesions, convulsions, splenic infarctions and usually (particularly in young animals) death within 15 days.

The disease has acute and chronic forms, and can range from severe, with high mortality, to mild or even unapparent.

In the acute form of the disease, in all age groups, there is fever, huddling of sick animals, loss of appetite, dullness, weakness, conjunctivitis, constipation followed by diarrhoea, and an unsteady gait. Several days after the onset of clinical signs, the ears, abdomen and inner thighs may show a purple discoloration. Animals with acute disease die within 1–2 weeks. Severe cases of the disease appear very similar to African swine fever. With low-virulence strains, the only expression may be poor reproductive performance and the birth of piglets with neurologic defects such as congenital tremor.

Immunization
A small fraction of the infected pigs may survive and are rendered immune. Artificial immunization procedures were first developed by Marion Dorset.

Epidemiology
The disease is endemic in much of Asia, [Central and South America, and parts of Europe and Africa. It was believed to have been eradicated in the United Kingdom by 1966 (according to the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs), but an outbreak occurred in East Anglia in 2000. On January 31, 1978 USDA Secretary Bob Bergland declared that the United States was free of the disease. The appearance of CSF in Italy and Spain was traced by in a retroactive genetic analysis. Greiser-Wilke et al., 2000 traced these to shipments of piglets from the Netherlands.

Other regions believed free of CSF include Australia, Belgium (1998), Canada (1962), Ireland, New Zealand, and Scandinavia.

Virus
The infectious agent responsible is a virus CSFV (previously called hog cholera virus) of the genus Pestivirus in the family Flaviviridae. CSFV is closely related to the ruminant pestiviruses that cause bovine viral diarrhoea and border disease.

The effect of different CSFV strains varies widely, leading to a wide range of clinical signs. Highly virulent strains correlate with acute, obvious disease and high mortality, including neurological signs and hemorrhages within the skin.

Less virulent strains can give rise to subacute or chronic infections that may escape detection, while still causing abortions and stillbirths. In these cases, herds in high-risk areas are usually serologically tested on a thorough statistical basis.

Infected piglets born to infected but subclinical sows help maintain the disease within a population. Other signs can include lethargy, fever, immunosuppression, chronic diarrhoea, and secondary respiratory infections. The incubation period of CSF ranges from 2 to 14 days, but clinical signs may not be apparent until after 2 to 3 weeks. Preventive state regulations usually assume 21 days as the outside limit of the incubation period. Animals with an acute infection can survive 2 to 3 months before their eventual death.

Eradicating CSF is problematic. Current programmes revolve around rapid detection, diagnosis, and slaughter. This may possibly be followed by emergency vaccination (ATCvet codes: for the inactivated viral vaccine,  for the live vaccine). Vaccination is only used where the virus is widespread in the domestic pig population and/or in wild or feral pigs. In the latter case, a slaughter policy alone is usually impracticable. Instead, countries within the EU have implemented hunting restrictions designed to limit the movement of infected boars, as well as using marker and emergency vaccines to inhibit the spread of infection. Possible sources for maintaining and introducing infection include the wide transport of pigs and pork products, as well as endemic CSF within wild boar and feral pig populations.

Strains

 * 1 – including 1.1,  1.2,  1.3,  1.4,  the unassigned 1.x
 * 2 – including 2.1,  2.2,  2.3
 * 3 – including 3.1, 3.2,  3.3, 3.4

Standard diagnostic tests include

 * Fluorescent antibody test (FAT) –  detection of viral protein using fluorescent labelled antibodies in tissue
 * Serum Enzyme-linked-immunosorbent assay (ELISA) – detection of host animal antibody response in serum samples.
 * Antigen ELISA – detection of viral protein (antigen) in serum samples.
 * RT-qPCR test – detection of viral RNA in samples, especially useful to differentiate strains. Direct genetic typing for CSF was first developed by Greiser-Wilke et al., 2000 to trace descendants of the 1997-1998 EU epizootic.
 * Virus isolation – isolation of virus in cell culture.

Histopathological examination

 * Histology of the brain shows vasculoendothelial proliferation and perivascular cuffing (cuffing is highly suggestive when accompanied by other signs, but is not pathognomonic for the disease).

title: Classical swine fever


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The Pajama Game

The Pajama Game is a musical based on the 1953 novel 7½ Cents by Richard Bissell. The book is by George Abbott and Richard Bissell; the music and lyrics are by Richard Adler and Jerry Ross. Dances were staged by Bob Fosse in his choreography debut. The story deals with labor troubles and romance in a pajama factory.

The original Broadway production opened on May 13, 1954, at the St. James Theatre, and ran for 1,063 performances, with a brief stop at the Shubert Theatre at the end of the run. It was revived in 1973, and again in 2006 by The Roundabout Theatre Company. The original production, produced by Frederick Brisson, Robert E. Griffith and Harold S. Prince, won a Tony Award for Best Musical. The 2006 Broadway revival won a Tony Award for Best Revival of a Musical. The musical is a popular choice for community and school group productions.

The original West End production opened at the London Coliseum on October 13, 1955, where it ran for 588 performances.

Characters

 * Sid Sorokin, the handsome new factory superintendent who falls in love with Babe, despite their being on opposite sides of the labor dispute central to the plot.
 * Katherine "Babe" Williams, the leader of the Union Grievance Committee, who falls in love with Sid.
 * Myron "Old Man" Hasler, the strict head of the pajama factory who keeps a secret.
 * Gladys Hotchkiss, Hasler's attractive, quick-witted secretary, who dates Hines and is chased by Prez.
 * Vernon Hines, the factory timekeeper, who thinks Gladys flirts too much and, as a result is always jealous.
 * Prez, the head of the union and a skirt chaser, despite being a married man.
 * Mabel, the mother hen of the factory and Sid's secretary.
 * Mae, a loud-mouthed member of the Grievance Committee, who accepts Prez's advances, much to his surprise.
 * Pop, Babe's kind and agreeable father.
 * Max, a salesman.
 * Charley, a worker in the factory and the handyman.
 * Joe, a factory worker and Prez's right-hand man.
 * Brenda, a member of the Grievance Committee.
 * Virginia, a factory girl and union activist.
 * Poopsie, a factory girl and union activist.
 * Gus, an unhappy factory helper whom Sid shoves.

Plot
Act I

Vernon Hines, the efficiency expert at the Sleep-Tite Pajama Factory in Cedar Rapids, Iowa, breaks the fourth wall to introduce the story ("The Pajama Game Opening"). Inside the factory, workers churn out pajamas at a backbreaking pace ("Racing with the Clock"). In the middle of this, Sid Sorokin has come from out of town to work in the factory as the new superintendent ("A New Town Is a Blue Town"). The union, led by Prez, is seeking a wage raise of seven-and-a-half cents an hour, though the company president, Myron Hasler, refuses to give way. Katherine "Babe" Williams is the leader of the Union Grievance Committee. Sid and Babe are in opposite camps, yet romantic interest is sparked at their first encounter. Despite cajoling from her fellow garment workers, Babe appears to reject Sid ("I'm Not At All in Love"). Meanwhile, Hines is in love with Gladys Hotchkiss, the company president's secretary, but is pushing her away with his jealous behavior. After witnessing a fight between the couple, Sid's secretary, Mabel, tries to help Hines break from his jealous ways ("I'll Never Be Jealous Again"). Meanwhile, Sid, rejected again by Babe, is forced to confide his feelings to a dictaphone ("Hey There").

During the annual company picnic, kicked off with the official Sleep-Tite Company Anthem ("Sleep-Tite"), Hines demonstrates his knife throwing act while intoxicated, almost striking Babe while attempting to knock an apple off her head. Prez chases after Gladys, who rejects his advances ("Her Is"). Babe warms up to Sid, and they turn the entire picnic into a celebratory dance ("Once a Year Day"). As the picnic-goers head home, Prez turns his attentions to Mae, who responds in the positive far more quickly and aggressively than he'd expected ("Her Is (Reprise)"). At Babe's home, Sid's romantic overtures are deflected by Babe, who makes casual conversation on tangential subjects ("Small Talk"). Eventually the walls come down between the two, who admit their love for one another ("There Once Was a Man"), but their estrangement is reinforced when they return to the factory. A slow-down is staged by the union, strongly supported by Babe ("Racing with the Clock (Reprise)"). Sid, as factory superintendent, demands an "honest day's work" and threatens to fire slackers. Babe, however, is still determined to fight for their cause, and intentionally jams the factory line, causing a breakdown, and Sid reluctantly fires her. As she leaves, he begins to wonder again whether a romance with her is a mistake ("Hey There (Reprise)").

Act II

At the Union meeting, after a rallying speech by Prez, Gladys (Mae in the 2006 revival) performs for the rest of the union, with "the boys from the cutting room floor" ("Steam Heat"). After the main meeting, the Grievance Committee meets at Babe's house, to discuss further tactics, such as mismatching sizes of pajamas and sewing the fly-buttons onto the bottoms such that they are likely to come off and leave their wearer pants-less. At the meeting, as Prez and Mae's relationship is waning, Sid arrives and tries to smooth things over with Babe. Despite her feelings for Sid, she pushes him away ("Hey There (Reprise)").

Back at the factory, the girls reassure Hines, who is personally offended by the slow down, that he is doing nothing wrong ("Think of the Time I Save"). Hasler has a meeting in his office with Max, one of the company's traveling salesmen, about an incident that occurred in Peoria, Illinois. Hines is called in to try on pajama pants, which fall down in front of everybody just as Gladys walks in. Believing that he is fooling around, she angrily dismisses him. Sid, now convinced that Babe's championship of the union is justified, takes Gladys out for the evening to a night club, Hernando's Hideaway ("Hernando's Hideaway"), where he wheedles the key to the company's books from her. Hines and Babe each discover the pair and assume they are becoming romantically involved. Babe storms out, and Hines believes his jealous imaginings have come true ("I'll Never Be Jealous Again Ballet").

Using Gladys' key, Sid accesses the firm's books and discovers that Hasler has already tacked on the extra seven and one-half cents to the production cost, but has kept all the extra profits for himself. Hines, still jealous out of his mind, has broken into Gladys' office, and flings knives past Sid and Gladys, narrowly missing an increasingly paranoid Mr. Hasler. After detaining Hines, Sid then brings about Hasler's consent to a pay raise and rushes to bring the news to the Union Rally, already in progress ("7½ Cents"). This news brings peace to the factory and to his love life, allowing him to reconnect with Babe ("There Once Was a Man (Reprise)"). Everyone goes out to celebrate at Hernando's Hideaway clothed in company brand pajamas ("The Pajama Game Finale").

Musical numbers

 * Act I
 * "The Pajama Game Opening" – Hines
 * "Racing With the Clock" – Factory Workers
 * "A New Town Is a Blue Town" – Sid
 * "I'm Not At All in Love" – Babe and Factory Girls
 * "I'll Never Be Jealous Again" – Mabel and Hines
 * "Hey There" – Sid
 * "Racing With the Clock" (Reprise) – Factory Workers
 * "Sleep-Tite" – Company
 * "Her Is" – Prez and Gladys
 * "Once a Year Day" – Sid, Babe, and Company
 * "Her Is" (Reprise) – Prez and Mae
 * "Small Talk" – Sid and Babe
 * "There Once Was a Man" – Sid and Babe
 * "Hey There" (Reprise) – Sid

 * Act II
 * "Steam Heat" – Gladys (Mae in 2006) and the Box Boys
 * "The World Around Us" (added to 2006 production) – Sid
 * "Hey There" (Reprise) – Babe
 * "If You Win, You Lose" (added to 2006 production) – Sid and Babe
 * "Think of the Time I Save" – Hines and Factory Girls
 * "Hernando's Hideaway" – Gladys and Company
 * "The Three of Us (Me, Myself and I)" (added to 2006 production) – Hines and Gladys
 * "7½ Cents" – Prez, Babe and Factory Workers
 * "There Once Was a Man" (Reprise) – Sid and Babe
 * "The Pajama Game Finale" – Full Company

Notes on the music
Two of the songs, "There Once Was a Man" and "A New Town Is a Blue Town", were actually written by Frank Loesser, although they were uncredited.

"Hernando's Hideaway"
For the 2006 revival, Harry Connick Jr. played the piano, when Gladys (Megan Lawrence), Sid, and Company were on stage for "Hernando's Hideaway". "The length and form of the song remain steady", Kathleen Marshall said, "but he can improvise within it."

"Steam Heat"
In the original production, and in the film version, the famed dance number "Steam Heat" was danced by Gladys. In the 2006 revival, the number was made with Mae (Joyce Chittick), instead of Gladys. Kathleen Marshall explains: "Hines accuses Gladys of being a flirt, and she's not. So does it make sense that she'd go and strut her stuff in front of the whole union? Hines would say, 'Aha, you floozy, I caught you!' Also, she's the boss's secretary, so why would she be at a union meeting? I think it's much more fun that Gladys doesn't really let go until she goes out with Sid, gets real drunk, and throws caution to the wind."

"The Three of Us (Me, Myself and I)"
Words and music by Richard Adler; in 2006, Hines (Michael McKean) performed the new number, "The Three of Us" at show's end with Gladys (Megan Lawrence). At the time of the revival, Adler was quoted as saying that he wrote the song for Jimmy Durante in 1964. "It was written for Jimmy Durante", says McKean, "and Durante used to do it in his act, but he never recorded it, so it's kind of an orphan." The song was actually featured in the 1966 television musical, Olympus 7-000, part of the ABC Stage 67 series which also produced Stephen Sondheim's Evening Primrose. Eddie Foy Jr. (who had played Hines in the original Broadway and movie versions of The Pajama Game) introduced the song in Olympus 7-000 and sings it on the Command Records soundtrack album. Donald O'Connor, Larry Blyden and Phyllis Newman co-starred in the TV special with Foy.

"The World Around Us"
"The World Around Us" was part of the 1954 Broadway previews and opening, but was dropped during the first week of the Broadway run, replaced by Babe's reprise of "Hey There". This would leave Sid with no songs in the second act, aside from the reprise of "There Once was a Man". The number was restored for the 2006 Broadway revival, allowing star Harry Connick Jr. to have a second-act song.

"If You Win, You Lose"
Words and music by Richard Adler; for the 1973 revival, in place of the second-act "Hey There" reprise, there was a new song, "Watch Your Heart". Retitled "If You Win, You Lose", the song has been included in recent productions of the show and was in the 2006 Broadway production.

Original Broadway
The original Broadway production opened at the St. James Theatre on May 13, 1954, and closed on November 24, 1956, after 1,063 performances. It was directed by George Abbott and Jerome Robbins and was the first Broadway show to feature the choreography of Bob Fosse. The production's scenic designer and costume designer was Lemuel Ayers. The original cast included Eddie Foy Jr. (Hines), Stanley Prager (Prez), Gordon Woodbrun (Joe), Ralph Dunn (Hasler), Carol Haney (Gladys), John Raitt (Sid Sorokin), Reta Shaw (Mabel), Buzz Miller (Second Helper), Janis Paige (Babe Williams), Rae Allen (Poopsie) and Jack Waldron (Salesman).

This production is also noted for jump-starting the career of Shirley MacLaine. An unknown 20-year-old at the time, she was selected to understudy Carol Haney's role. Starting in late May 1954, MacLaine filled the role while Haney was out of commission with an injured ankle. Director/producer Hal B. Wallis was an audience member at one of MacLaine's performances, and signed her as a contract player for Paramount Pictures. The production received the Tony Award for Best Musical, and Carol Haney's performance and Bob Fosse's choreography were also honored.

Original London
The Pajama Game opened at the London Coliseum on 13 October 1955 and ran for 588 performances – an undoubted hit. Edmund Hockridge played Sid Sorokin and Joy Nichols played Babe Williams. Max Wall, in a rare outing to the musical stage, played Hines, Elizabeth Seal, who later found stardom playing the lead role in Irma La Douce, played Gladys, and Frank Lawless played Prez.

Original Australia and New Zealand
The original Australian production presented by J.C. Williamson commenced at Her Majesty's Theatre, Melbourne on February 2, 1957.

The cast was led by Toni Lamond as Babe Williams and William Newman as Sid Sorokin, with Keith Petersen as Hines, Jill Perryman as Mabel, Don Richards as Prez and Tikki Taylor as Gladys.

It subsequently toured to Sydney's Empire Theatre, commencing June 12, 1957, followed by Her Majesty's Theatre, Brisbane from November 12, 1957. The show then made a return engagement to Her Majesty's Theatre, Melbourne, commencing Boxing Day, December 26, 1957.

The production continued touring through 1958, first to His Majesty's Theatre, Perth from May 3, 1958, then to Theatre Royal, Adelaide from June 18, 1958.

After its Australian season, the tour commenced its New Zealand season on February 10, 1958 at His Majesty's Theatre, Auckland, followed by the Grand Opera House, Wellington, from March 12, 1958, where it concluded its run.

Film, 1957
The film version was released by Warner Bros. in 1957 and featured the original stage cast except for Janis Paige, whose role is played by Doris Day, and Stanley Prager, whose role is played by Jack Straw.

Broadway revival, 1973
A Broadway revival opened on December 9, 1973, at the Lunt-Fontanne Theatre, but it closed on February 3, 1974, after just 65 performances. It was directed by George Abbott, one of the two directors of the original production in 1954, with choreography by Zoya Leporska. The cast included Hal Linden, Barbara McNair, and Cab Calloway as Hines.

West End, 1999
A West End revival arrived at the Victoria Palace Theatre in October 1999 having originated at Birmingham Rep and transferred to the Victoria Palace via Toronto. Directed by Simon Callow, it briefly starred Ulrika Johnson as Babe (Birmingham Rep), but she left the production when it travelled to Toronto where Babe was played by Camilla Scott, then in London, Leslie Ashe. Sid Sorokin was played by Graham Bickley throughout, earning himself a Dora Award nomination for 'Outstanding Performance by a male in a Principal Role' in Toronto. It also starred John Hegley and Anita Dobson with choreography by David Bintley. It closed on 18 December 1999.

Broadway, 2006
The Roundabout Theatre Company revival, produced by special arrangement with Jeffrey Richards, James Fuld Jr. and Scott Landis, opened on February 23, 2006 and closed on June 17, 2006, after 129 performances (and 41 previews). Kathleen Marshall was choreographer and director, with a cast starring Harry Connick Jr., making his Broadway acting debut as Sid, Kelli O'Hara as Babe, Michael McKean as Hines, Roz Ryan as Mabel, and Megan Lawrence as Gladys. The revival included three added songs by Richard Adler. The original book by George Abbott and Richard Bissell was revised by Peter Ackerman. This revival cast made a recording that was included in full on the two-part album Harry on Broadway, Act I with Connick Jr. and O'Hara recording a second set of selections from the 2001 musical Thou Shalt Not.

Chichester Festival Theatre and West End, 2013/2014
Directed by Richard Eyre, the UK 2013 revival of The Pajama Game opened on April 22 at Chichester Festival Theatre's Minerva Theatre and the cast included television personality Gary Wilmot. The production's sold-out run at Chichester ended on 8 June 2013, and on 1 May 2014 it transferred to the West End's Shaftesbury Theatre. The West End transfer received positive reviews from a number of national media outlets. The production ran for a limited season at the Shaftesbury Theatre, closing on 13 September 2014.

Recordings

 * The 1954 cast recording, originally issued by Columbia Records and currently available on Sony Masterworks.
 * The 1957 film soundtrack recording, originally issued by Columbia Records and currently available on Collectables Records.
 * An EP of the Australian cast was recorded during the New Zealand leg of the tour. The track list included "The Pajama Game", "Her Is", "Hey There", "I'll Never Be Jealous Again", and "7 1/2 Cents".
 * The cast recording for the 2006 revival is a two-disc set: The first disc contains the Broadway cast recording from The Pajama Game; and as a suggestion from the Sony record company, there is a second disc, which contains new recordings of songs from Harry Connick, Jr.'s, compositions for the 2001 musical Thou Shalt Not, performed by Harry Connick Jr., and Kelli O'Hara. The double album is produced by Tracey Freeman and Harry Connick Jr.

title: The Pajama Game


text:
List of comics publishing companies

This list of comics publishing companies lists companies, specifically publishing companies who primarily publish comics. Comic art is an art medium used to present ideas or stories via images. The images are usually arranged in panels in a sequence that conveys the story. Sounds are expressed using speech balloons and onomatopoeia. European comics have existed since 1837, when Swiss artist Rodolphe Töpffer published Histoire de Mr. Vieux Bois. The oldest comic publishing company on this list is the now-defunct book publishing company, David McKay Publications that was founded in 1882 and published comics from 1935 to 1950. Most comic publishing companies were established in the United States, where comics became popular in the mid-1900s.

title: List of comics publishing companies


text:
List of cities in Pennsylvania

There are 56 municipalities classified as cities in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. Each city is further classified based on population, with Philadelphia being of the first class, Pittsburgh of the second class, Allentown of the second class A, and the remaining 53 cities being of the third class.

While the default form of government for third class cities is the Third Class City Code, only 18 cities still use this form of government. The City of Parker is the only city that still operates under a special act, and has a weak mayor-council form of government. All three cities not of the third class, along with 22 third class cities, have adopted home rule charters, which give the cities broader powers to manage their affairs. When a city adopts a home rule charter, it does not lose its status as a city nor its classification.

Two cities have adopted optional plans under the same law. From 1957 to 1972, third class cities were able to adopt optional charters, of which 10 remain in effect. Cities that operate under home rule charters, optional plans, or optional charters are also found in the List of Pennsylvania municipalities and counties with home rule charters, optional charters, or optional plans.

Home rule municipalities that are styled as cities but not classified as cities are not included below.

List of cities in Pennsylvania
† County Seat

title: List of cities in Pennsylvania


text:
Plateau

In geology and physical geography, a plateau (: plateaus or plateaux), also called a high plain or a tableland, is an area of a highland consisting of flat terrain that is raised sharply above the surrounding area on at least one side. Often one or more sides have deep hills or escarpments. Plateaus can be formed by a number of processes, including upwelling of volcanic magma, extrusion of lava, and erosion by water and glaciers. Plateaus are classified according to their surrounding environment as intermontane, piedmont, or continental. A few plateaus may have a small flat top while others have wider ones.

Formation
Plateaus can be formed by a number of processes, including upwelling of volcanic magma, extrusion of lava, plate tectonics movements, and erosion by water and glaciers.

Volcanic
Volcanic plateaus are produced by volcanic activity. The Columbia Plateau in the north-western United States is an example. They may be formed by upwelling of volcanic magma or extrusion of lava. The underlining mechanism in forming plateaus from upwelling starts when magma rises from the mantle, causing the ground to swell upward. In this way, large, flat areas of rock are uplifted to form a plateau. For plateaus formed by extrusion, the rock is built up from lava spreading outward from cracks and weak areas in the crust.

Tectonic
Tectonic plateaus are formed by tectonic plate movements which cause uplift, and are normally of a considerable size, and a fairly uniform altitude. Examples are the Deccan Plateau in India and the Meseta Central on the Iberian Peninsula.

Erosion
Plateaus can also be formed by the erosional processes of glaciers on mountain ranges, leaving them sitting between the mountain ranges. Water can also erode mountains and other landforms down into plateaus. Dissected plateaus are highly eroded plateaus cut by rivers and broken by deep narrow valleys. An example is the Scottish Highlands.

Classification
Plateaus are classified according to their surrounding environment.

 * Intermontane plateaus are some of the highest and most extensive plateaus in the world, enclosed by fold mountains. Examples are the Tibetan Plateau between the Himalayas and Kunlun Mountains, Altiplano plateau between two ranges of Andes.
 * Lava or volcanic plateaus are the plateau that occur in areas of widespread volcanic eruptions. The magma that comes out through narrow cracks or fissures in the crust spread over large area and solidifies. These layers of lava sheets form lava or volcanic plateaus. The Antrim Plateau in Northern Ireland, the Deccan Plateau in India, and the Columbia Plateau in the United States are examples of lava plateaus.
 * Piedmont plateaus are bordered on one side by mountains and on the other by a plain or a sea. The Piedmont Plateau of the Eastern United States between the Appalachian Mountains and the Atlantic Plain is an example.
 * Continental plateaus are bordered on all sides by plains or oceans, forming away from the mountains. An example of a continental plateau is the Antarctic Plateau in East Antarctica.

Africa
The highest African plateau is the Ethiopian Highlands which cover the central part of Ethiopia. It forms the largest continuous area of its altitude in the continent, with little of its surface falling below 1,500 metres (4,921 ft), while the summits reach heights of up to 4,550 metres (14,928 ft). It is sometimes called the Roof of Africa due to its height and large area.

Another example is the Highveld which is the portion of the South African inland plateau which has an altitude above approximately 1,500 metres, but below 2,100 metres, thus excluding the Lesotho mountain regions. It is home to some of the largest South African urban agglomerations.

In Egypt are the Giza Plateau and Galala Mountain, which was once called Gallayat Plateaus, rising 3,300 ft above sea level.

Antarctica
Another very large plateau is the icy Antarctic Plateau, which is sometimes referred to as the Polar Plateau or King Haakon VII Plateau, home to the geographic South Pole and the Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station, which covers most of East Antarctica where there are no known mountains but rather 3000 m high of superficial ice and which spreads very slowly toward the surrounding coastline through enormous glaciers. The polar ice cap is so massive that the echolocation measurements of ice thickness have shown that large areas are below sea level. But, as the ice melts, the land beneath will rebound through isostasy and ultimately rise above sea level.

Asia
The largest and highest plateau in the world is the Tibetan Plateau, sometimes metaphorically described as the "Roof of the World", which is still being formed by the collisions of the Indo-Australian and Eurasian tectonic plates. The Tibetan Plateau covers approximately 2500000 km2, at about 5000 m above sea level. The plateau is sufficiently high to reverse the Hadley cell convection cycles and to drive the monsoons of India towards the south. The Deosai Plains in Pakistan are situated at an average elevation of 4,114 meters (13,497 ft) above sea level. They are considered to be the second highest plateaus in the world.

Other major plateaus in Asia are: Najd on the Arabian Peninsula, elevation 762 to 1,525 m (2,500 to 5,003 ft), Armenian Highlands (≈400000 km2, elevation 900-2100 m), Iranian Plateau (≈3700000 km2, elevation 300-1500 m), Anatolian Plateau, Mongolian Plateau (≈2600000 km2, elevation 1000–1500 m), and the Deccan Plateau (≈1900000 km2, elevation 300-600 m).

North America
A large plateau in North America is the Colorado Plateau, which covers about 337000 km2 in Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico, and Utah.

In northern Arizona and southern Utah the Colorado Plateau is bisected by the Colorado River and the Grand Canyon. This came to be over 10 million years ago, a river was already there, though not necessarily on exactly the same course. Then, subterranean geological forces caused the land in that part of North America to gradually rise by about a centimeter per year for millions of years. An unusual balance occurred: the river that would become the Colorado River was able to erode into the crust of the Earth at a nearly equal rate to the uplift of the plateau. Now, millions of years later, the North Rim of the Grand Canyon is at an elevation of about 2450 m above sea level, and the South Rim of the Grand Canyon is about 2150 m above sea level. At its deepest, the Colorado River is about 1830 m below the level of the North Rim.

Another high-altitude plateau in North America is the Mexican Plateau. With an area of 601882 km2 and average height of 1,825 metres, it is the home of more than 70 million people.

Oceania
The Western Plateau, part of the Australian Shield, is an ancient craton covering much of the continent's southwest, an area of some 700,000 square kilometres. It has an average elevation between 305 and 460 metres.

The North Island Volcanic Plateau is an area of high land occupying much of the centre of the North Island of New Zealand, with volcanoes, lava plateaus, and crater lakes, the most notable of which is the country's largest lake, Lake Taupō. The plateau stretches approximately 100 km east to west and 130 km north to south. The majority of the plateau is more than 600 metres above sea level.

South America
A tepui, or tepuy , is a table-top mountain or mesa found in the Guiana Highlands of South America, especially in Venezuela and western Guyana. The word tepui means "house of the gods" in the native tongue of the Pemon, the Indigenous people who inhabit the Gran Sabana.

Tepuis can be considered minute plateaus and tend to be found as isolated entities rather than in connected ranges, which makes them the host of a unique array of endemic plant and animal species. Some of the most outstanding tepuis are Neblina, Autana, Auyan and Mount Roraima. They are typically composed of sheer blocks of Precambrian quartz arenite sandstone that rise abruptly from the jungle, giving rise to spectacular natural scenery. Auyán-tepui is the source of Angel Falls, the world's tallest waterfall.

The Colombian capital city of Bogota sits on an Andean plateau known as the Altiplano Cundiboyacense roughly the size of Switzerland. Averaging a height of 2600 m above sea level, this northern Andean plateau is situated in the country's eastern range and is divided into three main flat regions: the Bogotá savanna, the valleys of Ubaté and Chiquinquirá, and the valleys of Duitama and Sogamoso.

The parallel Sierra of Andes delimit one of the world highest plateaux: the Altiplano, (Spanish for "high plain"), Andean Plateau or Bolivian Plateau. It lies in west-central South America, where the Andes are at their widest, is the most extensive area of high plateau on Earth outside of Tibet. The bulk of the Altiplano lies within Bolivian and Peruvian territory while its southern parts lie in Chile. The Altiplano plateau hosts several cities like Puno, Oruro, El Alto and La Paz the administrative seat of Bolivia. Northeastern Altiplano is more humid than the Southwestern, the latter of which hosts several salares, or salt flats, due to its aridity. At the Bolivia-Peru border lies Lake Titicaca, the largest lake in South America.

title: Plateau


text:
NCAA Division III men's basketball tournament

The NCAA Division III men's basketball tournament (officially styled as "Championship" instead of "Tournament") is a tournament to determine the NCAA Division III national champion. It has been held annually from 1975 to 2019 & since 2022, but not played in 2020 and 2021 due to COVID-19 issues.

From 1996 to 2012 and 2014 to 2018, the NCAA Division III men's basketball championship was held at the Salem Civic Center in Salem, Virginia. The event had been hosted by the Old Dominion Athletic Conference and the City of Salem. From 2017 to 2020 & since 2022, the tournament has been a 64-team single-elimination tournament, with teams advancing from four sectionals to the semifinals and final in Fort Wayne.

For 2013, as part of the celebration of the 75th NCAA Division I tournament, the championship games in both the NCAA Division II and Division III tournaments were played at Philips Arena, now known as State Farm Arena, in Atlanta. From 2014 to 2018, the final game returned to Salem. Currently, the Final Four is held in Fort Wayne, Indiana at Allen County War Memorial Coliseum. For 2020 only, the national semifinals were to be played in Fort Wayne, but the championship game was to have returned to Atlanta, with the NCAA choosing to hold the championship games of both Divisions II and III as part of the festivities surrounding the men's Division I Final Four; however, the NCAA decided to abandon the tournament after the second round, 16 teams remaining. The NCAA also canceled the 2021 tournament after a majority of D-III conferences chose not to play due to continued COVID-19 issues. Of teams and conferences that played, D3Hoops' top two ranked teams, No. 1 Randolph-Macon College and No. 2 Trine University, opted to play a self-organised mythical national championship game. Randolph-Macon won, 69-55.

Trine is the defending national champion, beating Hampden–Sydney 69–61 in the 2024 championship.

Qualification
Since 2023–24, a total of 64 bids have been available for each tournament:
 * 42 automatic bids, awarded to the champions of all Division III conferences.
 * 22 at-large bids.

Conference tournaments
Schools in italics are, as of the current 2023–24 basketball season, no longer members of that specific conference.

Summary

 * Source:
 * Notes

Locations

 * Reading, Pennsylvania 1975–1976
 * Rock Island, Illinois 1977–1981
 * Grand Rapids, Michigan 1982–1988
 * Springfield, Ohio 1989–1992
 * Buffalo, New York 1993–1995
 * Salem, Virginia 1996-2018 (semifinals only in 2013)
 * Atlanta 2013 (championship game only)
 * Fort Wayne, Indiana 2019, 2022–

Programs with at least 20 appearances in the Division III tournament

 * List below only includes teams that are currently in Division III.


text:
Talk:Polywater

Lead
I know it spoils the narrative, but shouldn't pathological science appear in the opener? Wetman 21:09, 19 Mar 2004 (UTC)

inconsistency
There seems to be an inconsitency in the article. At the beginning, the properties of the hypothetical substance are said to include a "freezing point of −40 °C or lower, a boiling point of 150 °C or greater". Later, it is said that sweat was found to have the same properties, and that "when subjected to chemical analysis, samples of polywater were invariably contaminated with other substances (explaining the changes in melting and boiling points)". I don't know what sort of contaminations could cause such enormous changes in the freezing point and boiling point, but I'm pretty sure that a) sweat doesn't have these properties and that b) if some contamination were indeed able to produce such properties, it wouldn't take sophisticated chemical analysis to see that the water was contaminated. Fpahl 17:31, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)

I know it spoils the narrative, but shouldn't too much freaking time on your hands be in the opener?

Via Colligative properties, water can easily be given lower melting point and higher boiling point by the addition of organic solutes. It's just part of the way individual atoms interact in a less ordered fashion. Regular salt in large enough quantities can do this as well, hence why sweat has different properties than water.--Shibbolethink (talk) 17:43, 23 February 2015 (UTC)

 * I agree with Fpahl that there seems to be an inconsistency in this article. Shibbolethink is technically correct that adding regular salt to water can easily lower its melting point below 0 C. However, the freezing-point depression article says that salty water (such as sweat) will always freeze at around -21 C or above. The freezing-point depression of water from regular salt *cannot* produce a "freezing point of -40 C or lower" mentioned in the article, no matter how much salt is added to the water. --DavidCary (talk) 19:10, 31 December 2020 (UTC)

Category
Should this really be in Category:Hoaxes in science? I thought a hoax was more when it is intentional, rather than a mistake, like this... Phlip 14:16, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

I agree. The Russians really thought they were onto something. Reminds me of cold fusion. --Lyle 04:44, 26 April 2006 (UTC)

In Fiction
Though ice nine from Cat's Cradle and polywater are similar, I'm not sure anybody ever proposed that polywater was self-catalytic as ice nine was in the book.Bjsamelsonjones 16:41, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

 * "A material similar to polywater, Ice-9, also figures prominently in Kurt Vonnegut's Cat's Cradle." -- I edited this out as Cat's Cradle is already mentioned in the article, and they really aren't the same at all (just one "doomsday scenario" was similar to the ice nine scenario). --24.16.251.40 05:50, 11 September 2006 (UTC)

 * F. J. Donahoe did publish a warning about polywater in 1969, in the journal Nature. He called it the most dangerous material on earth. And speculated that polywater was the reason for Venus missing water. So polywater was speculated as self-catalytic by some. Reko (talk) 12:59, 22 February 2008 (UTC)

I wanted to correct the above statement. Concerns or discussions of any 'self catalytic' properties (?) of Ice-9, arise from an unfortunate and bizarre misunderstanding of the term 'HOT ICE'. The Heat comes not from some inherent ability of the substance, but rather the fact that Ice-9, can only exist in extreme pressure at the center of Mega-Planets etc. Where there is high pressure (from the mass of the planet) and variation thereof (from dynamic orbital/gravitational flexing) there is heat! Ice-9 is simply what used to be water but was then somehow trapped (then likely frozen) before being put under extreme pressure as a planet grew around it. It would warm up. It would melt. THEN as the pressure increased, the liquid would be forced to do what we used to think water could not do: COMPACT. It can only do so by reducing any 'unused' space at the Molecular level. Therefore, the water molecules are essentially forced by pressure, to align in the most compact configuration possible, A CRYSTAL is what we usually call this phenomenon in nature. WELL THIS COMPACT CONFIGURATION, HAPPENS TO COINCIDE WITH THE CONFIGURATION OF 4TH PHASE (OR 'CRYSTALINE') WATER! They arrive at their configuration by completely different means, and one is orders of Magnitude more 'compacted', but a Crystalline structure is a crystalline structure, the heat from the pressure concerning Ice-9 is a non-sequiter. Heat and pressure are separate issues, that do not invalidate the simple obvious connection between two substances that have their MOST IMPORTANT and indeed DEFINING TRAIT in common their CRYSTALLINE STRUCTURE! SchoolHomeVR (talk) 11:31, 6 September 2020 (UTC)

New science providing updated info on polywater
UW Professor Gerald Pollack published The Fourth Phase of Water. His science suggests an explanation for what happened in Fedyakin's lab ~50 years ago.

Pollack's science is presented in this new book. He discussed it in the lecture to the UW faculty on 2/24/2008. A recording of that lecture is available on Youtube. That same lecture is available from the University of Washington's Annual Faculty Lectures collection in iTunes U. The book is a better source for info about the Polywater controversy, but I could locate a pertinent quote (with timestamp) from the lecture. I converse with Pollack on e-mail; I can see if other sources are available.

 * Here's a site criticizing Pollack's work as pseudoscience:
 * http://moreisdifferent.com/2015/11/19/debunking-exclusion-zone-water/
 * It's a scientist's personal web site, so it probably doesn't meet WP:RS. However, he lists a number of references that do meet WP:RS and could be used for material discussion the "fourth phase"
 * --168.215.132.201 (talk) 19:09, 11 December 2019 (UTC)

Nikolai Fedyakin
Is there any information on Nikolai Fedyakin? Franks writes, "Did Fedyakin move to Moscow to continue his work there? If so, what became of him? It is not easy to find out, because letters addressed to him are never answered," as of 1981. Mcguire (talk) 14:45, 31 January 2014 (UTC)

The Outer Limits
In season 2, episode 11, polymerized water was the reason for a new ice age. But instead of water having a lower freezing temperature, it had a higher one, causing a new ice age. -G — Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.31.37.239 (talk) 03:26, 7 January 2015 (UTC)

Polywater Gap?
I feel there should probably be a bit more information about why the US was so concerned by the supposed "Polywater Gap". Was it just that the Soviets seemingly had something we didn't, or did they suspect that the substance might actually have some potentially game-changing practical application? Because if such applications were thought to exist, it really isn't made clear in the text what those might have been. BrokenEye3 (talk) 09:57, 9 December 2017 (UTC)

American Polywater Inc.
American Polywater is the largest of several companies that make cable lubricants to reduce friction when pulling power or communications cables through ducts. These products are usually specially engineered mixtures of water with some polymer additives; they have to be chemically compatible with the cable jacket and the duct materials. Cable lubricants are used to install probably 100,000s or millions of miles of underground cable per year. (At our small municipal utility serving 50,000-ish people, we probably install several hundred miles of power cable annually - multiply this by 6000 just for the U.S. -- and that doesn't include many more miles of communications cable for telephone and cable TV companies)

API's product does not use or claim to use the bogus polywater described in this article.

I went to Google their products using "polywater" and the first hit was this article. It could really confuse people making a similar search.

Based on working in this industry for a number of years and the ubiquity of API's products, I'm certain API is notable per WP:N and WP:CORP. That said, a quick search for news articles came up with material for the last year that's possibly marginal by Wikipedia standards (WP:RS)- articles in reliable trade publications but that may or may not have been written by API people (WP:SPONSORED).

I used to be a prolific Wikipedia editor so I'm familiar with Wikipedia's standards. Nowadays I'm just a driveby user that fixes mistakes when I see them. I'm at work and do not have the time or freedom to legitimately prepare an American Polywater stub.

For now, I'm just adding a hatnote to the effect that API is something else.

--166.82.104.10 (talk) 16:46, 10 December 2019 (UTC)

 * More info:
 * These are not "sponsored" articles
 * --166.82.104.10 (talk) 19:08, 10 December 2019 (UTC)
 * These are not "sponsored" articles
 * --166.82.104.10 (talk) 19:08, 10 December 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Polywater


text:
List of towns and boroughs in Pennsylvania

This is a list of towns and boroughs in Pennsylvania. There are currently 956 municipalities classified as boroughs and one classified as a town in Pennsylvania. Unlike other forms of municipalities in Pennsylvania, boroughs and towns are not classified according to population.

Boroughs designated in the table below with a dagger (†) are home rule municipalities and are also found in the List of Pennsylvania municipalities and counties with home rule charters, optional charters, or optional plans. The state classifies these as boroughs for certain purposes, even though they do not operate under the Borough Code in Pennsylvania Law and may not contain the word "Borough" in their corporate names. Home rule municipalities that are styled as towns but classified as townships are not included in this list.

In addition, two boroughs, Quakertown and Weatherly, have adopted optional plans, which allow them to change their form of local government but do not significantly change those boroughs' relationships with the state.

Boroughs
† Home rule municipality