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Quinnipiac University

Quinnipiac University is a private university in Hamden, Connecticut. The university grants undergraduate, graduate, and professional degrees. It also hosts the Quinnipiac University Polling Institute.

History
What became Quinnipiac University was founded in 1929 by Samuel W. Tator, a business professor and politician. Phillip Troup, a Yale College graduate, was another founder, and became its first president until his death in 1939. Tator's wife, Irmagarde Tator, a Mount Holyoke College graduate, also played a major role in the fledgling institution's nurturing as its first bursar. Additional founders were E. Wight Bakke, who later became a professor of economics at Yale, and Robert R. Chamberlain, who headed a furniture company.

The new institution was conceived in reaction to Northeastern University's abandonment of its New Haven, Connecticut, program at the onset of the Great Depression. Originally, it was located in New Haven and called the Connecticut College of Commerce. On opening its doors in 1929, it enrolled under 200, and its first graduating class comprised eight students. In 1935, the college changed its name to the Junior College of Commerce. In 1951, the institution was renamed Quinnipiac College, in honor of the Quinnipiac Indian tribe that once inhabited Greater New Haven. In 1952, the school relocated to a larger campus in New Haven, and also assumed administrative management of Larson College, a private women's college.

In 1966, Quinnipiac moved to its current campus in the Mount Carmel section of Hamden, Connecticut, at the foot of Sleeping Giant Park. During the 1970s, Quinnipiac began to offer master's degrees.

Student journalism controversy
The university's official student newspaper is The Quinnipiac Chronicle. In 2007 and 2008, Quinnipiac briefly drew national attention over the university's control over the Chronicle and other aspects of students' speech.

In the fall 2007 semester, junior Jason Braff, then-editor of the Chronicle, openly criticized a university policy that forbade the newspaper from publishing news online before it was published in print. Manuel Carreiro, Quinnipiac's vice president and dean of students, allegedly threatened to fire Braff for disagreeing with school policies.

Quinnipiac officials decided to make the Chronicle independent from the university. Angry with this plan, Braff and other staff decided to leave the Chronicle at the end of the Spring 2008 semester; all applicants for editorial positions withdrew. Former Chronicle staff members founded Quad News, an independent online paper. University officials alledgedly instructed varsity coaches, staff and athletes not to speak to Quad News reporters. They also threatened to shut down the university's chapter of the Society of Professional Journalists (SPJ), claiming that their meetings were used as a cover for Quad News meetings. Quad News stopped their meetings with SPJ. Eventually, editors on both The Chronicle and Quad staffs recognized each other as legitimate.

2010 title IX discrimination case
On July 21, 2010, a federal judge ruled that Quinnipiac violated Title IX of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 by failing to provide equal treatment to women's athletic teams. The judge, Stefan Underhill, determined that Quinnipiac's decision to eliminate the women's volleyball team as well as its attempt to treat cheerleading as a competitive sport and its manipulation of reporting with regard to the numbers of male and female athletes amounted to unlawful discrimination against female students. Underhill ruled that competitive cheerleading was currently too underdeveloped and unorganized and then ordered that the school maintain its volleyball program for the 2010–11 season.

2015 ADA discrimination case
In 2015, the university reached a settlement with the federal government over allegations that the university violated the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) by "placing a student who had been diagnosed with depression on a mandatory medical leave of absence without first considering options for the student's continued enrollment." The university agreed to pay the former student over $32,000 to pay off her student loan and compensate her for "emotional distress, pain and suffering". The university also had agreed to implement a new policy of nondiscrimination against applicants or students on the basis of disability, examine changes that will allow students with mental health disabilities to participate in educational programs while seeking mental health treatment and provide additional ADA training for all staff.

2020 COVID-19 case
In 2020, two students reached a $2.5 million settlement with the federal government, alleging the shift in remote learning during the COVID-19 pandemic devalued the promised educational experience. The students alleged the virtual environment deprived them of promised in-person instruction, campus events, and relationship building. The school denied these allegations, saying virtual instruction was in the best interest due to public health and safety concerns. Quinnipiac University students who attended the college during this time received a chunk of the $2.5 million payout.

Academics
Quinnipiac offers 58 undergraduate majors and 22 graduate programs, including Juris Doctor and medical doctor programs. Its Frank H. Netter MD School of Medicine admitted 60 students to its first class in 2013. Quinnipiac University is accredited by the New England Commission of Higher Education.

In 2021, 72.5% of undergraduate applicants were accepted with matriculated students having an average GPA of 3.47. Quinnipiac is "test optional" for standardized tests for undergraduate applicants, but encourages submitting SAT or ACT scores, or both. For those submitting scores, the average SAT score was 1175 and average ACT score was 26. Test scores are required for Quinnipiac's Accelerated Dual-Degree Bachelor's/JD (3+3) and Dual-Degree BS/MHS in Physician Assistant (4+27 months) programs, or for those that have been homeschooled.

The university operates several media outlets, including a professionally run commercial radio station, WATX, founded by journalist and Quinnipiac professor Lou Adler. The university also operates a student-run FM radio station WQAQ, which concurrently streams on the Internet. An award-winning student-run television station, Q30 Television, is streamed online. Also, a student-produced newspaper, the Chronicle, established in 1929, publishes 2,500 copies every Wednesday. Students also run a literary magazine, the Montage, a yearbook, the Summit, the Quinnipiac Bobcats Sports Network (an online sports-focused broadcast), and the Quinnipiac Barnacle (a parody news organization). Unaffiliated with the school, but run by students, is also an online newspaper, the Quad News.

Quinnipiac is home to one of the world's largest collections of art commemorating the Great Irish Famine. The collection is contained in Ireland’s Great Hunger Museum (Músaem An Ghorta Mhóir) just off the Mount Carmel Campus.

Rankings
Quinnipiac is 170th in the U.S. News & World Report 2024 rankings of national universities. For 2021, U.S. News & World Report ranked the physician assistant school 15th nationwide, the law school 122nd, the medical school 94–122, and the business school 99–131.

Zippia name Quinnipiac University as the No. 1 college in the United States for getting a job in 2021, but Zippia did not report salaries.

Campuses
Quinnipiac University consists of three campuses: the Mount Carmel campus off of Mount Carmel Avenue in Hamden; the York Hill campus off of Sherman Avenue in Hamden, and the North Haven Campus in North Haven, just north of New Haven, Connecticut.

The oldest of these campuses is the Mount Carmel Campus, at the foot of Sleeping Giant State Park. The Arnold Bernhard Library, Carl Hansen Student Center, university administration, and many of the student residences are found on this campus. The campus area is a census-designated place (CDP); it first appeared as a CDP in the 2020 Census with a population of 3,639.

The York Hill Campus, located on a hill about a half-mile from the Mount Carmel Campus, began with the development of the M&T Bank Arena (formerly People’s United Arena). In 2010 this was joined by a new student center as well as expanded parking and residence facilities as part of a $300 million expansion of the 250 acre campus. York Hill is a "green" campus, making use of renewable energy and environmentally friendly resources, including one of the first major wind farms integrated into a university campus.

For statistical reporting purposes, the Mount Carmel and York Hill campuses were listed together as the Quinnipiac University census-designated place prior to the 2020 census.

In 2007, Quinnipiac acquired a 100 acre campus in North Haven, Connecticut, from Anthem Blue Cross Blue Shield, and has been gradually converting it for use by graduate programs at the university.

Quinnipiac Polling Institute
Quinnipiac's polling institute receives national recognition for its independent surveys of residents throughout the United States. It conducts public opinion polls on politics and public policy as a public service as well as for academic research. The poll has been cited by major news outlets throughout North America and Europe, including The Washington Post, Fox News, USA Today, The New York Times, CNN, and Reuters.

The polling operation began informally in 1988 in conjunction with a marketing class. It became formal in 1994 when the university hired a CBS News analyst to assess the data being gained. It subsequently focused on the Northeastern states, gradually expanding during presidential elections to cover swing states as well. The institute receives funding from the university, with its phone callers generally being work study students or local residents. The polls have been rated highly by FiveThirtyEight for accuracy in predicting primary and general elections. In 2017 Politico called the Quinnipiac poll "the most significant player among a number of schools that have established a national polling footprint."

Student life
Quinnipiac is home to seven fraternities and nine sororities.

The National Panhellenic Conference is an umbrella organization which was created in 1902 for 26 women's sororities.

Athletics
The Quinnipiac Bobcats, previously the Quinnipiac Braves, comprise the school's athletic teams. They play in NCAA Division I in the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference, except for the men's and women's ice hockey teams, which are part of ECAC Hockey, and the women's field hockey team, which joined Big East Conference starting with the 2016 season. There are seven men's varsity sports and 14 women's varsity sports, with no football team.

The team with the largest following on campus and in the area is the men's ice hockey team under established coach Rand Pecknold, which has been nationally ranked at times; during the 2009–2010 season they entered the top ten of the national polls for the first time. The team was the number-one nationally ranked hockey program for parts of the 2012–2013 season, reaching the Frozen Four for the first time in the program's history. They advanced to the national championship, ultimately falling to rival Yale. They also advanced to the 2016 Frozen Four, losing to North Dakota in the national championship game. In 2023, the Bobcats defeated Minnesota 3-2, 10 seconds into overtime, to capture the 2023 NCAA Men's Ice Hockey Championship, the first NCAA National Championship for Quinnipiac in any sport.

The Quinnipiac women's ice hockey program had their most success in the 2009–10 NCAA Division I women's ice hockey season. Quinnipiac University added a women's golf and women's rugby team in the 2010–11 academic year.

In the late 2000s the men's basketball team gained a greater following under new head coach Tom Moore, a disciple of UConn Huskies men's basketball coach Jim Calhoun. Both men's and women's ice hockey and basketball teams play at the $52 million M&T Bank Arena, opened in 2007. The women's lacrosse team has also been quite strong. Men's cross country captured 4 NEC titles in 5 years between 2004 and 2008. The athletics program has been under pressures common to other universities, and at the close of the 2008–2009 academic year, men's golf, men's outdoor track, men's indoor track and women's volleyball were dropped as a cost-cutting measure, although the last of these was restored (as a result of a Title IX suit ).

Notable alumni

 * Lexie Adzija - ice hockey player
 * Sam Anas – ice hockey player
 * Matthew Batten – baseball player
 * Bryce Van Brabant – ice hockey player
 * Reid Cashman – ice hockey coach
 * Ryan Cleckner – former Army sniper and veteran activist
 * Connor Clifton – ice hockey player
 * Evan Conti – basketball player and coach
 * John Delaney – baseball coach
 * William D. Euille – former mayor of Alexandria, Virginia
 * James Feldeine (born 1988) – basketball player
 * Mary-Jane Foster – co-founder of the Bridgeport Bluefish
 * John Franklin - comedian
 * Jared Grasso – basketball coach
 * Freddy Hall – soccer goalkeeper
 * Eric Hartzell – ice hockey player
 * Dorit Kemsley – Real Housewives of Beverly Hills star
 * Themis Klarides – deputy minority leader of the Connecticut House of Representatives
 * Chelsea Laden - star of Destination Fear on the Travel Channel.
 * Murray Lender – former CEO of Lender's Bagels
 * Ilona Maher - rugby player
 * Ann Marie McNamara – food safety pioneer
 * Molly Qerim – sports anchor and moderator for ESPN's First Take
 * Carley Shimkus – reporter and co-host for Fox News
 * Devon Toews – ice hockey player
 * Arnold Voketaitis – opera singer and teacher
 * William C. Weldon – former CEO of Johnson & Johnson
 * Turk Wendell – Major League Baseball player

title: Quinnipiac University


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University of Hartford

The University of Hartford (UHart) is a private university in West Hartford, Connecticut. Its 350 acre main campus extends into neighboring Hartford and Bloomfield. The university is accredited by the New England Commission of Higher Education.

History
The University of Hartford was chartered through the joining of the Hartford Art School, Hillyer College, and The Hartt School in 1957.

In 2021, University of Hartford announced it will begin the process to move all of its 17 athletic programs from Division I to Division III. Students and alumni from the University of Hartford attempted to sue the university, claiming that the university "reneged on its commitment" to the student-athletes. The university filed its intent to move to Division III in January 2022 and is expected to become a member of DIII no later than September 1, 2025, unless the move is halted in the courts.

Academics
The University of Hartford has fewer than 6,000 full-time and part-time graduate and undergraduate students. The university offers 82 bachelor's degree programs, 10 associate degrees, 28 graduate degrees, and 7 certificates or diplomas. The student-faculty ratio is 9:1. The university's academics are organized into seven schools and colleges:

Gengras Student Union
Gengras Student Union houses the student government, the university post office, student organizations including the student newspaper The Informer and the Student Television Network (STN), a cafeteria, a convenience store, and the Gengras food court, featuring Einstein Bros. Bagels, Burger Studio, and Moe's. A major renovation of the Gengras Student Union began in early 2017.

The Harry Jack Gray Center
Centrally located on campus, the Harry Jack Gray Center houses the Mortensen Library and the Allen Memorial Library. After the renovation of the library in 2016, the university announced the library would be renamed Harrison University Libraries in honor of University President Walter Harrison. Also located here are the Joseloff Gallery, the university bookstore, the School of Communications, the Visual Communication Design Department, the Department of Architecture, WWUH (91.3 MHz FM) radio station, the Wilde Auditorium, the Kent McCray Television Studio, the Gray Conference Center, the Museum of Jewish Civilization, and the 1877 Club restaurant. It was the former home of the Museum of American Political Life, which housed the second largest collection of political memorabilia in the United States after the Smithsonian.

Alfred C. Fuller Music Center
The main Hartt School Complex, the center is composed of Millard Auditorium, Paranov Hall, and O'Connell Hall, a one-story extension of Paronov Hall. Originally, Abrahms Hall was included in the Fuller Complex. A renovation of Millard Auditorium was completed in 2017.

Beatrice Fox Auerbach Hall
Auerbach Hall is named after businesswoman Beatrice Fox Auerbach. It is one of the largest academic buildings on campus and is home to the Barney School of Business. During the 2018–19 academic year, Auerbach Hall underwent a major renovation which included a 10,000-square-foot addition for the Barney School including additional classrooms and a trading room.

Hillyer Hall
Built in 1962, Hillyer Hall was the first classroom building on campus. Hillyer Hall is home to the College of Arts and Sciences, College of Education, and Hillyer College. In 2012, the Shaw Center was completed to provide additional classrooms and offices for Hillyer College. The building is named after John C. "Jay" Shaw (Class of '74) and wife Debi of Greenwich, who donated $1.5 million to the project.

University High School of Science and Engineering
This public magnet high school, formerly located on the university's Albany Avenue campus, is now located on the east side of the campus. The University High School was established in 2004 as a partnership of the Hartford Public Schools, the University of Hartford, and the Capitol Region Education Council. It is based on the early college initiative mode: University High School students are able to earn college credits while they attend high school. The high school enrolls two hundred students, seventy percent of whom are from Hartford. The other thirty percent come from towns in central Connecticut. Students are selected through a lottery from a pool of applicants, as required by the state of Connecticut.

Mort and Irma Handel Performing Arts Center

Dedicated in 2008, the Mort and Irma Handel Performing Arts Center is a 55000 sqftfacility that is the instructional home for collegiate and Community Division students studying theatre, Musical Theater and Dance at the Hartt School. It contains five dance studios, four theatre rehearsal studios, three vocal studios, and two black box theatres, as well as faculty offices, a community room, and a cafe.

The University Residences
There are four different styles of on-campus housing. All provide students with access to the university's T-3 broadband internet network, cable television, and telephones.

 * Six residential suite-style complexes - A through F - are each capable of housing 312 students. All complexes feature study lounges, laundry facilities, and activity rooms.
 * Regents Park consists of suite-style independent living for sophomores and juniors. It is a large building of four wings of suites typically outfitted with a living room and partial kitchen. It has north, south, east, and west wings.
 * The Village Apartments, consisting of seven quads (four groupings of apartments forming a rectangular area), are an independent-living apartment area for upperclassmen. Each apartment has a kitchen and can house two to six students.
 * Park River Apartments provides apartment-style independent living for third- or fourth-year students. Each unit is a full apartment complete with a full-size bathroom and a kitchen (including a full-size refrigerator, dishwasher, sink, and cabinets).
 * Hawk Hall houses 204 freshmen and eight resident assistants. Hawk Hall features Residential Learning Communities (RLC), grouped by wings on each floors. Some RLC themes (past and present) include Women in Science, Engineering, and Technology (WISET), Wellness, Leadership, Destinations, Environmental Awareness, the Adult Journey, Honors: Making a Difference in The World, Community Service, and Hawk Spirit. The five-story residence hall has lounges with floor-to-ceiling windows. The first floor includes a spacious lounge with a flat-screen TV, two SMART classrooms, and a kitchen.

Chase Arena at Reich Family Pavilion
Chase Arena at Reich Family Pavilion is home to the men's and women's basketball teams and the women's volleyball team. Opened in 1990, the arena is named in honor of the Chase Family in West Hartford. Included in the building is the Mary Baker Stanley Pool and the university's athletic administration offices. Entertainment at the arena has included Girl Talk, Wale, and Ludacris. Past visiting politicians include Governor Dannel P. Malloy, former President Bill Clinton, and President Barack Obama.

Asylum Avenue Campus
Located 2 mi west of downtown Hartford, and once home to the Hartford College for Women, it now includes academic classrooms and graduate student campus housing in fourteen townhouses and Johnson House. It contains a cafeteria, computer lab, and studio space.

Hursey Center
The Francis X. and Nancy Hursey Center for Advanced Engineering and Health Professions, inaugurated in the fall of 2021, serves as a key addition to the campus of the University of Hartford. The center, named after alumnus Francis "Frank" Hursey, who is a pioneer in pressure swing adsorption oxygen technology with contributions to NASA's Apollo Program, and his wife, Nancy, a retired registered nurse, spans 60,000 square feet and aims to merge the couple's passions for nursing and engineering.

The Hursey Center is designed to support the expanding programs within the College of Engineering, Technology, and Architecture, as well as the College of Education, Nursing, and Health Professions. The building's design incorporates gathering spaces around its vicinity and throughout the academic quad, featuring a green roof that integrates the structure with its environmental surroundings, in line with sustainable building practices.

The center is home to a range of laboratories and classrooms tailored to specific fields of study. This includes a health simulation suite and labs dedicated to motion analysis, human performance, strength and conditioning, health and physical assessment, functional and physical rehabilitation, robotics, 3D-printing, mechanical engineering, and cybersecurity, among others. The facility also houses an immersive simulation suite, outpatient exam skills suite, occupational therapy skills/integration lab, makerspace, and labs dedicated to aerospace, turbomachinery, concrete and surveying, and CNC machining.

List of university presidents

 * 1) Vincent B. Coffin (1959–1967)
 * 2) Archibald M. Woodruff (1967–1977)
 * 3) Stephen Joel Trachtenberg (1977–1988)
 * 4) Humphrey Tonkin (1989–1998)
 * 5) Walter Harrison (1998–2017)
 * 6) Gregory S. Woodward (2017–2023)
 * 7) Stephen Mulready (2023–2024)
 * 8) Lawrence P. Ward (2024–present)

A cappella groups
Such groups at the University of Hartford are governed by the A Cappella Coalition and hold auditions at the beginning of each year for new members.
 * L'shir
 * Hawkapella
 * Uharmonies
 * HartAttack

Music for a Change

 * Launched in the spring of 2000, the Music for a Change benefit concert series raises money for Greater Hartford charities and nonprofit organizations. Headliners have included Arlo Guthrie, Alison Krauss and Union Station, Art Garfunkel, Aztec Two-Step, Citizen Cope, Dionne Warwick, George Winston, Jonathan Edwards, Kris Kristofferson, Marc Cohn, Pat Metheny, Richie Havens, Shawn Colvin, Susan Tedeschi, Tom Paxton, Tom Rush, The Wailers, and Wynton Marsalis.

Athletics
The Hartford Hawks participate in the NCAA Division III in the Commonwealth Coast Conference. The university fields 18 varsity sports, nine men's sports: baseball, basketball, cross country, golf, lacrosse, soccer, and indoor and outdoor track & field; and nine women's sports: basketball, cross country, golf, lacrosse, soccer, softball, indoor and outdoor track & field, and volleyball.

WSAM student-run radio
Founded on February 2, 1974, WSAM is the university's only student-run radio station. It streams its radio shows online through Mixlr. It hosts annual concerts such as Live from the Lawn every opening weekend and a Halloween show every Halloween weekend.

The Informer – student newspaper
With a legacy from The Hillyer Callboard, the student newspaper of Hillyer College, dating from the 1920s, the Informer is the official student newspaper of the University of Hartford. Since 1976, the student-run Informer has published 24 times every academic year, coming out every Thursday. Circulation is 3,000 and the paper is distributed all over campus.

Student Television Network – STN Channel 2
The Student Television Network is a completely student-run station that broadcasts on stn2.tv and their YouTube page. Founded by then-graduate student Chuck King and a group of interested students in 1993, STN became a popular student organization. Though separate from the School of Communication, it provides relevant experience for students pursuing careers in television. STN started its weekly news program broadcast, "STN Channel 2 News," on February 9, 1993. Currently, new broadcasts are live once a week and then played throughout the week. In addition to weekly news broadcasts, STN produces and broadcasts several live Hartford Hawks sports productions throughout the year, and hosts a number of other student-created programs.

Notable alumni
Currently the university has over 94,000 alumni worldwide.

 * Kenny Adeleke (born 1983), basketball player
 * Robert Black (bassist)
 * William Bridgeo, state representative
 * Leo Brouwer, musician
 * Kathleen Clark, playwright
 * David Cordani, CEO of Cigna
 * Steve Davis, jazz trombonist
 * Mark Dion, artist
 * Jim Ford, actor and stuntman
 * Henry Genga, Connecticut State Representative
 * A. J. Hammer, television host of Showbiz Tonight on CNN, radio personality
 * Liane Hansen, National Public Radio host of Weekend Edition Sunday
 * Jack Hardy, singer and songwriter
 * Seymour Itzkoff, professor, researcher in intelligence
 * Johnathan Lee Iverson, first black ringmaster of Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus
 * Wilfred X. Johnson, first black Connecticut state legislator
 * Jerry Kelly, professional golfer, PGA Tour
 * Erik Mariñelarena, filmmaker
 * William J. Murphy, former Speaker of the House of the State of Rhode Island
 * Peter Niedmann, composer
 * Chuck Pagano, chief technology officer of ESPN
 * Tim Petrovic, professional golfer, PGA Tour
 * Joseph M. Suggs Jr. (B.S. 1978), mayor of Bloomfield and Connecticut State Treasurer (1993–1995)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: University of Hartford


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title: User:Esk


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University of New Hampshire

The University of New Hampshire (UNH) is a public land-grant research university with its main campus in Durham, New Hampshire. It was founded and incorporated in 1866 as a land grant college in Hanover and moved to Durham in 1893, and adopted its current name in 1923.

The university's Durham campus comprises six colleges. A seventh college, the University of New Hampshire at Manchester, occupies the university's campus in Manchester. The University of New Hampshire School of Law is in Concord, the state's capital. The university is part of the University System of New Hampshire and is classified among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity".

, its combined campuses made UNH the largest state university system in the state of New Hampshire, with over 15,000 students. It was also the most expensive state-sponsored school in the United States for in-state students.

History
The Morrill Act of 1862 granted federal lands to New Hampshire for the establishment of an agricultural-mechanical college. In 1866, the university was first incorporated as the New Hampshire College of Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts in Hanover, New Hampshire, in association with Dartmouth College. The institution was officially associated with Dartmouth College and was directed by Dartmouth's president. Durham resident Benjamin Thompson left his farm and assets to the state for the establishment of an agricultural college. On January 30, 1890, Benjamin Thompson died and his will became public. On March 5, 1891, Governor Hiram A. Tuttle signed an act accepting the conditions of Thompson's will. On April 10, 1891, Governor Tuttle signed a bill authorizing the college's move to Durham, New Hampshire.

In 1892, the Board of Trustees hired Charles Eliot to draw a site plan for the first five campus buildings: Thompson, Conant, Nesmith, and Hewitt Shops (now called Halls) and the Dairy Barn. Eliot visited Durham and worked for three months to create a plan prior to the move to Durham. The Class of 1892, excited about the pending move to Durham, held commencement exercises in an unfinished barn on the Durham campus. On April 18, 1892, the Board of Trustees voted to "authorize the faculty to make all the arrangements for the packing and removal of college property at Hanover to Durham." The Class of 1893, followed the previous class and held commencement exercises in unfinished Thompson Hall, the Romanesque Revival campus centerpiece designed by the prominent Concord architectural firm of Dow & Randlett.

In fall 1893, classes officially began in Durham with 51 freshmen and 13 upperclassmen, which was three times the projected enrollment. Graduate study was also established in fall 1893 for the first time. The number of students and the lack of state funds for dormitories caused a housing crunch and forced students to find housing in town. The lack of housing caused difficulty for attracting women to the university. In 1908, construction on Smith Hall, the first women's dorm, was completed using private and state funds. Prior to the construction of Fairchild Hall in 1915 for male students, 50 freshmen lived in the basement of DeMerritt Hall. With the continuing housing shortage for men, the administration encouraged the growth of the UNH Greek system. From the late 1910s through the 1930s, the fraternity system expanded and provided room and board for male students.

In 1919 supervising architect Eric T. Huddleston prepared a master plan for the campus which guided development of the school for the next thirty years. As supervising architect Huddleston is credited with the design of over a dozen campus buildings. In 1923, Governor Fred H. Brown signed a bill changing the name of the college to University of New Hampshire. The university was incorporated on July 1, 1923.

In the spring of 2015, the university was given $4 million from the estate of Robert Morin, who had been a librarian at the university for almost 50 years. Having lived a frugal and secluded life, he allowed for his life's savings to be given to the university without restraint. In 2016, the news that the university was spending $1 million on a new video screen for the football stadium provoked criticism, both on and off campus. Critics thought that the difference between that amount and the $100,000 the university transferred to the library was inappropriate.

Academics
The University of New Hampshire is the flagship of the University System of New Hampshire. UNH is composed of eleven colleges and graduate schools, offering 2,000 courses in over 100 majors. The eleven colleges of UNH are:

 * College of Engineering and Physical Sciences (CEPS)
 * College of Liberal Arts (COLA)
 * College of Life Sciences and Agriculture (COLSA)
 * Thompson School of Applied Science (TSAS)
 * College of Health and Human Services (CHHS)
 * University of New Hampshire at Manchester (UNHM)
 * UNH Graduate School
 * Peter T. Paul College of Business and Economics (PCBE), formerly the Whittemore School of Business and Economics (WSBE)
 * University of New Hampshire School of Law
 * Carsey School of Public Policy
 * School of Marine Science and Ocean Engineering

The university is a member of the New England Board of Higher Education's New England Regional Student Program (NERSP) where New England public universities and colleges offer a number of undergraduate curricula with special considerations to students from other New England states. If an out-of-state student's home state school does not offer a certain degree program offered by UNH, that student can receive the in-state tuition rate, plus 75 percent if enrolled in the program.

The Thompson School of Applied Science (TSAS), first established in 1895 and now a division of COLSA, confers an associate degree in applied science in seven different programs: Applied Animal Science, Forest Technology, and Veterinary technology. Four other degree programs were discontinued in spring of 2018.

The coastal proximity of the university affords excellent programs in marine biology and oceanography. Facilities include the Jackson Estuarine Laboratory at Adams Point in Durham, and the Shoals Marine Laboratory jointly operated with Cornell University on Appledore Island in the Isles of Shoals.

The University of New Hampshire Observatory is operated by the Department of Physics for educational purposes.

There are three main university-wide undergraduate research programs: Undergraduate Research Opportunities Program (UROP), Undergraduate Research Fellowship (SURF), and International Research Opportunities Program (IROP).

The university offers many opportunities for students to study abroad through managed programs, exchange programs and approved programs. The university runs/manages 22 study abroad programs in locations which include Cambridge, England; London, England; Edinburgh, Scotland; Brest, France; Dijon, France; Grenoble, France; Budapest, Hungary; Osaka, Japan; Utrecht, Netherlands; Maastricht, Netherlands; Ascoli Piceno, Italy; New Zealand; India; South Africa; Kenya; and Granada, Spain. The university also accepts credit from over 300 approved programs that are run through other institutions. The university organizes an annual summer abroad program at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge University. There are also over 100 National Exchange Program opportunities.

In 2010, the Franklin Pierce Law Center in Concord was incorporated into the University of New Hampshire System and renamed the University of New Hampshire School of Law. It is the only law school in the state of New Hampshire. The School of Law offers Juris Doctor degrees in addition to graduate studies in Intellectual Property and Commerce & Technology. The University of New Hampshire Law School is renowned for its intellectual property law programs, consistently ranking in the top ten of U.S. News & World Report rankings. In 2012, it was ranked 4th behind the University of California at Berkeley, Stanford University and George Washington University.

The Peter T. Paul College of Business and Economics building was opened for occupancy in January 2013. Formerly the Whittemore School of Business and Economics (WSBE), the Paul School offers degrees in Business Administration (featuring focuses in Accounting, Entrepreneurial Venture Creation, Finance, Information Systems Management, International Business and Economics, Management, and Marketing), Hospitality, and Economics (either in B.A. or B.S).

As of the 2015 fall semester, the university had 12,840 undergraduate students and 2,500 graduate students enrolled in more than 200 majors. The student body comprises 47% in-state students, 49% out-of-state students, and 4% international students; and is 54% female and 46% male.

Admissions
Admission to UNH is rated as "selective" by U.S. News & World Report.

UNH received 18,040 applications for admission to the Fall 2019 incoming freshman class; 15,159 were admitted (an acceptance rate of 84.0%), and 2,731 enrolled. The middle 50% range of enrolled freshmen SAT scores was 1080-1260 for the composite, 540-640 for evidence-based reading and writing, and 530-630 for math, while the ACT composite middle 50% range was 22–28.

Rankings
U.S. News & World Report ranks New Hampshire tied for 143rd among 389 "national universities" and tied for 65th out of 209 "top public schools" in 2021. The University of New Hampshire is accredited by the New England Commission of Higher Education.

In 2012, the Department of Education ranked the University of New Hampshire as having the sixth most expensive in-state tuition for a public four-year college. The University of New Hampshire ranks lowest in the country for the amount of subsidy it receives from the state.

Money magazine ranked the University of New Hampshire 117th out of 744 in its "Best Colleges For Your Money 2019" report.

Research
The university is classified among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity". According to the National Science Foundation, UNH spent $146 million on research and development in 2018, ranking it 137th in the nation.

University library
The University Library consists of the main Dimond Library and three science libraries specializing in chemistry, physics, and computer science, mathematics, and engineering. One enters The Dimond Library on the third floor. It has three quiet study reading rooms, seating for 1,200, Zeke's Café, and the Dimond Academic Commons (DAC), in which is offered computer workstations, IT help, the Connors Writing Center, Geospatial Information Services Center, and research help. Other areas of the library provide access to media equipment, collaborative work spaces, and laptop ports.

The Parker Media Lab (PML) is an interdisciplinary audio and visual self-service recording space located in the Dimond Library. The PML was designed to support the creation of professional, academically focused content and is available for use by any University of New Hampshire (UNH) student, staff, or faculty member. The space includes: A One Button Studio for video recording, complete with a camera, audio equipment, and lights; A Lightboard (transparent whiteboard), to support presentations and content delivery; A Mac computer with advanced editing capabilities; A Whisper Room (sound isolation studio) with two professional quality microphones and headsets. The Parker Media Lab (PML) is located on the second floor of the Dimond Library, room 237. It is available for self-service use during all Dimond Library operating hours.

University of New Hampshire InterOperability Laboratory (UNH-IOL)
Students and staff, mainly belonging to majors of Electrical Engineering, Computer Engineering, and Computer Science students work at the UNH InterOperability Laboratory, which tests networking and data communication devices and products. The UNH-IOL interviews and accepts applications from students of all majors and varying backgrounds of job experience and expertise.

More than 100 graduate and undergraduate student employees work with full-time UNH-IOL staff, gaining hands-on experience with developing technologies and products. The companies and organizations that work with the UNH-IOL benefit from cost-effective testing services, as well as the opportunity to recruit future engineers from the UNH-IOL workforce.

Carsey School of Public Policy
The Carsey School of Public Policy at the University of New Hampshire conducts policy research on vulnerable children, youth, and families and on sustainable community development. They give policy makers and practitioners the timely, independent resources they need to effect change in their communities.

Student life
The university has about 250 student organizations grouped by academics and careers, community service, political and world affairs, arts and entertainment, culture and language, fraternities and sororities, hall councils, honor societies, leisure and recreation, media and publications, religious, special interest, and student activism.

The use and control of the Student Activity Fee are given by the University System of New Hampshire Board of Trustees to the Student Senate, and one of its subcommittees, the Student Activity Fee Committee (SAFC).

Student government
The Student Senate of the University of New Hampshire is the on-campus, undergraduate student government. The Student Senate controls the use of its own student activity fee, and directly governs student organizations that receive a regular, annual budget from it. The Student Senate also formulates student stances on university policy, and attempts to lobby its position to administrators and the local and state government. According to its Constitution, the Student Senate "[serves] as an advocate for all undergraduate students, deriving its power from the consent of the governed and developed on the principle that all undergraduate students of the University of New Hampshire have the right to participate in its governance. Such participation encourages the development of student expertise in University affairs and places significant responsibility on students for their involvement with the policies, rules, and regulations which affect the quality of education and the experience of students at the University of New Hampshire." The Student Senate at UNH is noted for being one of the few remaining student governments in the United States that are free of a faculty or staff advisor.

The Graduate Student Senate (GSS) represents all graduate students at UNH, with senators elected from all colleges (College of Engineering & Physical Sciences, College of Liberal Arts, College of Life Sciences & Agriculture, College of Health & Human Sciences, Paul College of Business & Economics) as well as from the Graduate School and graduate housing. The executive committee, composed of 6-7 members, includes a President, Vice President, Communications Officer, Financial Affairs Officer, External Affairs Officer, and Community Coordinator, with the most recent Past President serving at the discretion of the current President.

Fraternity and sorority life
Approximately 15% of undergraduate students are affiliated with fraternities and sororities recognized by the university. The Office of Student Involvement and Leadership, the Inter-fraternity Council (IFC) and Panhellenic Council (Panhel) oversee the 13 recognized social fraternities and eight recognized social sororities. Many of the fraternities and sororities have houses on Madbury Road and Strafford Avenue in Durham. These houses are not owned by or on university property. In addition, several unrecognized fraternities continue their operations despite derecognition from the university.

The school's first fraternity was Zeta Epsilon Zeta, which was established in 1894. In March 1917, it became a chapter of Sigma Alpha Epsilon.

Current Demographics
According to College Factual's 2021 Diversity Report 9,849 undergraduates were white, 419 Hispanic, 339 Asian, 255 multi-ethnic, 125 Black or African-American, and 1 pacific Islander. The race of an additional 542 was unknown and 417 international students were not counted in the survey. Among graduate students, 1,031 were white, 35 Hispanic, 26 Black or African American, 24 Asian, 15 multi-ethnic, and 1 pacific islander. The races of 41 graduate students were unknown and an additional 277 were international and not counted in the survey.

Student organizations
The student-led Diversity Support Coalition (DSC) aims to offer resources to groups "affected by institutionalized oppression based on race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, sex, gender identity and expression, age, ability, native language, national origin, and/or religion at UNH."

Multiple organizations on campus are focused on providing women in professional fields access to relational and ideational resources promoting success. Women-focused groups on campus include Her Campus, UNH Data Driven Women, Women in Business, the Society of Woman Engineers, and Women in Science.

Athletics
The school's athletic teams are the Wildcats, and they compete in the NCAA Division I. New Hampshire is a member of the America East Conference for basketball, cross country, track and field, soccer, swimming & diving and tennis; and women's lacrosse, crew, field hockey, and volleyball. The women's gymnastics program competes in the Eastern Atlantic Gymnastics League at the Division I level. They also compete in Hockey East in men's and women's ice hockey, Eastern Collegiate Ski Association for skiing, as well as the Coastal Athletic Association for football at the Football Championship Subdivision (FCS, formerly known as Division I-AA) level.

The university's colors are white and blue, and its mascots are two wildcats known popularly around campus as Wild E. Cat and Gnarlz. The introduction of a wildcat as a mascot came in 1926; it has had a plethora of different names and even forms throughout the campus' history. In 2000 Wild E. Cat was introduced, followed by Gnarlz in 2008.

In addition to varsity athletics, the university offers many club sports through the Department of Campus Recreation, including aikido, archery, baseball, crew, cycling, dance, fencing, figure skating, golf, men's lacrosse, Nordic skiing, rugby, sailing, softball, tennis, taekwondo, men and women's ultimate Frisbee, wrestling, and the Woodsmen Club.

The recognized fight song of UNH is "On to Victory", the most current version of which was arranged by Tom Keck, Director of Athletic Bands from 1998 to 2003. In 2003, "UNH Cheer" (originally titled "Cheer Boys") was resurrected from the university archives by Erika Svanoe, Director of Athletic Bands from 2003 to 2006.

Durham campus
The University of New Hampshire is located in the town of Durham, a rural small town on the Amtrak line to Boston. The Durham campus is 1100 acre, with 300 acre in the "campus core" and 800 acre of open land on the west edge of campus. The campus core is considered to be the university property within a 10-minute walk from Thompson Hall, the symbolic and near-geographic center of campus. The campus core contains many of the academic and residential buildings, while the outer campus contains much of the agriculture land and buildings. The university owns a total of 2600 acre of land. For the 2020–2021 school year, in order to go on campus students were required to self-test twice weekly to enter campus buildings and use the university's buses.

Housing
As of 2006, the university housed 55% of all undergraduate students. Beginning with the Fall 2023 semester, first year and transfer students under the age of 21 are required to spend at least 4 semesters in on-campus housing. Exemptions must be approved by UNH Housing. Previously in the fall 2020 semester about 96% of incoming freshmen chose to live on campus, and over 70% of returning sophomores did as well.

Several of the university's dormitories have specific themes, including a substance-free dormitory, an international dormitory, and several first year-only dormitories. In addition, many buildings have designated quiet floors for study.

Stoke Hall is the largest residence building on campus. It houses over 700 undergraduate students.

In 2015, UNH installed life-saving automated external defibrillators in two fraternity houses.

Manchester campus
As of March 2015, University of New Hampshire at Manchester is located in the 110000 sqft Pandora Mill at 88 Commercial Street, on the banks of the Merrimack River in Manchester's historic Amoskeag Millyard. The move to 88 Commercial Street increased the physical plant of the college by almost 50%, as from 2001 to 2014 the school was located in the 75000 sqft University Center building at 400 Commercial Street.

Concord Campus
The University of New Hampshire Franklin Pierce School of Law is a located in Concord, New Hampshire. It was founded in 1973 by Robert H. Rines as the Franklin Pierce Law Center, and operated independently until 2010, when it was formally incorporated to be a part of the University of New Hampshire.

National Historic Chemical Landmark
Conant Hall was dedicated as a National Historical Chemical Landmark—the first in New Hampshire. Conant Hall was the first chemistry building on the Durham campus, and it was the headquarters of the American Chemical Society from 1907 to 1911, when Charles Parsons was the society's secretary. In addition, from 1906 to 1928, the hall housed the laboratories of Charles James, who was an innovative developer of separation and analytical methods for compounds of rare earth elements.

Notable alumni
Notable alumni of the University of New Hampshire include world-renowned author John Irving (B.A. 1965), National Book Award-winning author Alice McDermott (M.A. 1978), filmmaker Jennifer Lee (B.A. 1992), television producer Marcy Carsey (B.A. 1966), actor and comedian Mike O'Malley (B.A. 1988), and several former governors of the state of New Hampshire, including John Lynch, the 80th governor of the state from 2005-2013. Joan Ferrini-Mundy is the current president of the University of Maine.

Notable faculty

 * John Aber, professor of natural resources and the environment, notable ecologist, author
 * Grant Drumheller, painter, professor of art
 * Meredith Hall (b. 1949), author of The New York Times bestseller Without a Map, lecturer of English
 * Jochen Heisenberg (b. 1939), professor emeritus of physics, son of famed German physicist and Nobel laureate Werner Heisenberg
 * Charles James (chemist) (1880–1928), among the discoverers of the element lutetium
 * Rochelle Lieber, linguist, professor of linguistics
 * John D. Mayer, professor of psychology, co-developer of Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test (MSCEIT) and notable author and expert on personality psychology
 * Joshua Meyrowitz (b. 1949), author of No Sense of Place, professor emeritus of communication
 * Robert Morin (1938–2015), Dimond Library cataloger who donated his $4 million estate to the university
 * Donald Murray (1924–2006), Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist, professor emeritus of English
 * Chanda Prescod-Weinstein, cosmologist and activist, professor of physics and women's studies
 * Lori Robinson (c. 1959), general in the USAF, first female commander of North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD)
 * Lucy E. Salyer, historian of American immigration law
 * Edwin Scheier (1910–2008), sculptor, fine art professor emeritus
 * Mary Scheier (1908–2007), sculptor, artist-in-residence emeritus
 * Charles Simic (b. 1938), Pulitzer Prize-winning poet, professor of English, U.S. Poet Laureate (2007–08)
 * Murray A. Straus (1926–2016), sociologist and professor, creator of the Conflict tactics scale
 * Clark Terry (1920–2015), jazz trumpeter, affiliate faculty, Department of Music (1988-2015)
 * Laurel Thatcher Ulrich (b. 1938), professor of history at the University of New Hampshire 1980-1995
 * Stacy D. VanDeveer (b. 1967), political scientist, professor of political science and chair of the Department of Political Science
 * Yitang Zhang (b. 1955), number theorist, professor of mathematics, MacArthur Fellow

Campus sites of interest

 * Durham–UNH station, historic train depot, home of UNH Dairy Bar
 * Jesse Hepler Lilac Arboretum
 * UNH Museum of Art
 * Whittemore Center, home to UNH Wildcat men's and women's hockey. Capacity is 6,501 for sporting events, 7,500 for concerts and other events.
 * Lundholm Gym, home to UNH Wildcat men's and women's basketball and women's gymnastics
 * Wildcat Stadium, home to UNH Wildcat football
 * Thompson Hall, first structural home of the University of New Hampshire
 * Memorial Union Building (MUB)
 * University of New Hampshire Observatory

title: University of New Hampshire


text:
Talk:Adelaide (disambiguation)

Adelaide as a first name
Listing the world's Adelaides would be a pointless task. Like other disambiguation pages of first names, this list should be of Adelaides not known by a surname. --Wetman 07:42, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * That’s the sig of a shade from the WP:pioneering days! ... and I think it may be calling on me to take a trip down memory lane, to finally learn whether that handle has a backstory more interesting than those of, say, Angela ... …and maybe Maverick. —2601:199:C201:FD70:B9D6:E7C:7517:8664 (talk) 11:45, 20 September 2020 (UTC)(ex-User:Jerzy), ex-User:JerzyA)) 11:45, 20 September 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Adelaide (disambiguation)


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University of Mobile

The University of Mobile is a private Baptist university in Prichard, Alabama, in Mobile County. It is affiliated with the Alabama Baptist Convention (Southern Baptist Convention).

History
The university was founded in 1961 by the Alabama Baptist State under the name of Mobile College. In 1993, the college was renamed the University of Mobile in reference to its location in Mobile County, not to be confused with the City of Mobile. For the 2018-2019 year, it had 1,885 students.

Organization
The University of Mobile is governed by a board of trustees. Members are recommended by the president of the university, reviewed by the Committee on Boards at the Alabama Baptist State Convention, and appointed by the Alabama Baptist State Convention. Elected trustees serve 4-year terms with reelection possible up to a maximum of 12 continuous years, after which an individual must be off the board for at least one year before becoming eligible to return. Life trustees must have held an elected position on the board for 20 years and may then be presented by the president for election to the life position. As of April 2008, the university had 33 elected trustees and four life trustees.

Academics

 * College of Arts and Sciences
 * School of Business
 * School of Christian Studies
 * School of Education
 * School of Nursing
 * The Alabama School of the Arts

The University of Mobile has also established engineering partnership programs with Auburn University and the University of South Alabama by which students may receive a bachelor's degree from the University of Mobile and a bachelor's degree in engineering from the participating university.

Student life
The University of Mobile has 1,577 students from thirty states and twenty-four nations. Overall, sixty-five percent of the students enrolled are from the Mobile area or surrounding counties while seventeen percent are from other areas in Alabama. Forty percent of the student body reside on campus. Sixty-five percent of the students are Southern Baptist.

Residential life
At its inception, Mobile College was entirely a commuter school until the first residence halls, Arendall and Bedsole Halls (originally named East and West Dorms, respectively), were completed. Along with Arendall and Bedsole, President Weaver also oversaw the addition of housing cottages, which would eventually be named Avery Woods. President Magnoli oversaw the addition of the university's fourth student housing unit, the 3-storied Ingram Hall. Under President Foley the university residential area expanded to include Samford Hall, Faulkner Hall, and the Timbers.

Athletics
The Mobile athletic teams are called the Rams. The university is a member of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA), primarily competing in the Southern States Athletic Conference (SSAC; formerly known as Georgia–Alabama–Carolina Conference (GACC) until after the 2003–04 school year) since the 2010–11 academic year. The Rams previously competed in the Gulf Coast Athletic Conference (GCAC) from 1985–86 to 2009–10.

Mobile competes in 22 intercollegiate varsity sports: Men's sports include baseball, basketball, bowling, cross country, golf, soccer, tennis and track and field (indoor and outdoor); while women's sports include basketball, beach volleyball, bowling, cross country, golf, soccer, softball, tennis, track and field (indoor and outdoor) and volleyball; and co-ed sports include competitive cheer and spirit squad.

The university colors are garnet, black and gray, and a ram is the mascot. The school's intercollegiate program began in 1985 as one of the first acts of the newly appointed President Magnoli. The university has won national championships in men's tennis in 1993; women's tennis (1994); men's golf, men's tennis, and women's soccer in 1997; women's golf (1998); men's soccer (2002); and women's softball (2006).

Notable alumni

 * Michael Azira - professional soccer player
 * Erin Bethea - actress
 * Big Daddy Weave - contemporary Christian band
 * Gina DeVettori - actress
 * Joe Espada - professional baseball coach
 * Donna Givens - American politician from Alabama
 * Miller Reese Hutchison - inventor of hearing aids and Klaxton horn, associate of Thomas Alva Edison
 * Sunny Mabrey - actress
 * J. C. Romero - professional baseball player
 * Saúl Rivera - professional baseball player
 * Sarah Thomas - college and professional football referee

title: University of Mobile


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Lake Balkhash

Lake Balkhash (Балқаш көлі, Balqaş kölı, ; озеро Балхаш) is a lake in southeastern Kazakhstan, one of the largest lakes in Asia and the 15th largest in the world. It is located in the eastern part of Central Asia and sits in the Balkhash-Alakol Basin, an endorheic (closed) basin. The basin drains seven rivers, the primary of which is the Ili, bringing most of the riparian inflow; others, such as the Karatal, bring surface and subsurface flow. The Ili is fed by precipitation, largely vernal snowmelt, from the mountains of China's Xinjiang region.

The lake currently covers about 16400 km2. However, like the Aral Sea, it is shrinking due to diversion and extraction of water from its feeders. The lake has a narrow, quite central, strait. The lake's western part is fresh water and its eastern half is saline. The eastern part is on average 1.7 times deeper than the west. The largest shore city is named Balkhash and has about 66,000 inhabitants. Main local economic activities include mining, ore processing and fishing.

There is concern about the lake's shallowing due to desertification of microclimates and water extraction for multiplied industrial output. Moreover, the impacts of climate change may also negatively affect the lake and its ecosystems.

History and naming
The present name of the lake originates from the word "balkas" of Tatar, Kazakh and Southern Altai languages which means "tussocks in a swamp".

From as early as 103 BC up until the 8th century, the Balkhash polity surrounding the lake, whose Chinese name was Yibohai 夷播海, was known to the Chinese as 布谷/布庫/布蘇 "Bugu/Buku/Busu." From the 8th century on, the land to the south of the lake, between it and the Tian Shan mountains, was known in Turkic as Jetisu "Seven Rivers" (Semirechye in Russian). It was a land where the nomadic Turks and Mongols of the steppe mingled cultures with the settled peoples of Central Asia.

In 1864, the lake and its neighboring area were ceded to the Russian Empire under the Treaty of Tarbagatai. With the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the lake became part of Kazakhstan.

The origin of the lake
Balkhash lies in the deepest part of the vast Balkhash-Alakol depression, which was formed by a sloping trough between mountains of the Alpine orogeny and the older Kazakhstan Block during the Neogene and Quaternary. Rapid erosion of the Tian Shan has meant the depression subsequently filled with sand river sediments in what is geologically a very short time span. The basin is a part of Dzungarian Alatau, which also contains lakes Sasykkol, Alakol and Aibi. These lakes are remnants of an ancient sea which once covered the entire Balkhash-Alakol depression, but was not connected with the Aral–Caspian Depression.

Description
All the rivers of this region that carry their waters from high mountains flow into Lake Balkhash, however, none of them flows out. The major ones are: Ili, Aksu and Karatal. River Tokrau flows from the north, but its waters get lost in the sands before reaching the lakeshore. The lake is divided into two parts by the Saryesik peninsula (which means "Yellow Door" in the Kazakh language). These two parts are connected by the Uzynaral strait. In ancient times Balkhash was much larger and many lakes in the area were part of it, such as Zhalanashkol, Itishpes, Alakol and Sasykkol. Even farther back it was a sea, stretching all the way to the Dzungarian Alatau.

As recently as 1910 the lake was considerably larger with an estimated area of 23,464 km2. By 1946 this had shrunk to 15,730 km2.

Relief
The lake covers about 16,400 km2 (2000), making it the largest lake wholly in Kazakhstan. Its surface is about 340 m above sea level. It has a gentle curve (sickle) shape yet with jagged shorelines. Its length is about 600 km and the width varies from 9–19 km in the eastern part to 74 km in the western part. Saryesik Peninsula, near the middle of the lake, hydrographically divides it into two very different lakes. The western lake covers 58% of the surface area but only 46% of the volume. It is thus relatively shallow, quiet and filled with freshwater. The eastern lake is much deeper and saltier. These parts are connected by the Uzynaral Strait ( – "long island") – 3.5 km wide and about 6 metres deep.

The lake includes several small basins. In the western part, are two depressions 7–11 meters deep. One extends from the western coast (near Tasaral Island) to Cape Korzhyntubek, whereas the second lies south from the Gulf Bertys, which is the deepest part of the "half". The average depth of the eastern basin is 16 m and has the maximum depth (of 26 m).

The average depth of the lake is 5.8 metres, and the total volume of water is about 112 km3.

The western and northern shores of the lake are high (20–30 m) and rocky; they are composed of such Paleozoic rocks as porphyry, tuff, granite, schist and limestone and keep traces of ancient terraces. The southern shores near the Gulf Karashagan and Ili River are low (1–2 m) and sandy. They are often flooded and therefore contain numerous water pools. Occasional hills are present with the height of 5–10 m. The coastline is very curvy and dissected by numerous bays and coves. The large bays of the western part are: Saryshagan, Kashkanteniz, Karakamys, Shempek (the southern pole of the lake), and Balakashkan Ahmetsu, and those in the eastern part are: Guzkol, Balyktykol, Kukuna, Karashigan. The eastern part also includes peninsulas Baygabyl, Balay, Shaukar, Kentubek and Korzhintobe.

The lake contains 43 islands with a total area of 66 km2; however, new islands are being formed due to the lowering of water level, and the area of the existing ones is increasing. The islands of the western part include Tasaral and Basaral (the largest), as well as Ortaaral, Ayakaral and Olzhabekaral. The eastern islands include Ozynaral, Ultarakty, Korzhyn and Algazy.

Feeding the lake and the water level
The Balkhash-Alakol Basin covers 512,000 km2, and its average surface water runoff is 27.76 km3/year, of which 11.5 km3 comes from China. The drainage basin of the lake is about 413,000 km2; with 15% in the north-west of Xinjiang in China and a negligible part from mountains along the Kyrgyz-Kazakh border. Lake Balkhash thus takes 86% of water inflow from Balkhash-Alakol basin. The Ili accounts for 73–80% of the inflow: 12.3 km3/year or 23 km3 per year. The river rises in a very long, narrow, high sided valley lined by the Tian Shan mountains and is mainly fed by glacier. These have a sporadic degree of relief precipitation, their predominant type. Inflow is often greatest and most regulated during the glacial melting season: June to July. The river forms a quite narrow delta of 8,000 km2 that serves as an multi-year accumulator type of regulator.

The eastern part of the lake is fed by the rivers Karatal, Aksu and Lepsy, as well as by groundwater. The Karatal rises on the slopes of Dzungarian Alatau and is the second-largest inflow. The Ayaguz, which fed the east half until 1950, seldom reaches Lake Balkhash.

The western half's inflow averages 1.15 km3 greater, per year.

The area and volume vary due to long-term and short-term fluctuations in water level. Long-term fluctuations had an amplitude of 12–14 metres. Since the year 0 CE they saw minimal water between the 5th and 10th centuries; and maximal between the 13th and 18th centuries. In the early 20th century and between 1958 and 1969, lake swelled to cover about 18,000 km2. In droughts such as the late 1900s, 1930s and 1940s, the lake shrank to about 16,000 km2 having a drop in level of about 3 metres. In 1946, the area was 15,730 km2 (volume 82.7 km3). From the late 1900s, the lake is shrinking due to the diversion of the rivers supplying it. For example, Kapshagay Hydroelectric Power Plant was built on Ili in 1970. Filling the associated Kapshagay Reservoir disbalanced the lake, worsening water quality, especially in the eastern part. Between 1970 and 1987, the water level fell by 2.2 metres, the volume reduced by 30 km3 salinity in the west half was increasing. Projects were proposed to slow the changes down, such as by splitting the lake in two with a dam, called off as the Soviet Union saw recession, democratisation and secession. The minimal water level of recent decades (340.65 meters AOD) was in 1987, when the filling Kapshagay Reservoir was completed. The level recovered to 342.5 m by January 2005, attributed to exceptional precipitation in the late 1990s.

Water composition
Balkhash is a semi-saline lake. Chemical composition strongly depends on the hydrographic features of the reservoir. Water in the west half is nearly fresh, with the content of total dissolved solids about 0.74 g/L, and cloudy (visibility: 1 metre); it is used for drinking and industry. The east half has less silt in suspension (visibility: 5.5 metres) but resembles oceanic sea water in salinity, with concentration of 3.5–6 g/L. The average salinity of the lake is 2.94 g/L. Long-term (1931–70) average precipitation of salts in the lake is 7.53 million tonnes and the reserves of dissolved salts are about 312 million tonnes. The water in the western part has a yellow-gray tint, and in the eastern part the color varies from bluish to emerald-blue.

Climate
The climate of the lake area is continental. The average mean temperature is about 24 °C with 30 C highs in July and the average mean temperature is −14 °C in January. Average precipitation is 131 mm per year and the relative humidity is about 60%. Wind, dry climate and high summer temperatures result in high evaporation rate – 950 mm in cold and up to 1200 mm in dry years. Wind has average speed of 4.5–4.8 m/s and blows mainly southward in the western part and to the south-west in the eastern part. The wind induces waves up to 2–3.5 m in height and steady clockwise currents in the western part.

There are 110–130 sunny days per year with the average irradiance of 15.9 MJ/m2 per day. Water temperature at the surface of the lake varies from 0 °C in December to 28 °C in July. The average annual temperature is 10 °C in the western and 9 °C in the eastern parts of the lake. The lake freezes every year between November and early April, and the melting is delayed by some 10–15 days in the eastern part.

Flora and fauna
The shores of the lake contain individual willow trees and riparian forests, mostly composed of various species of Populus. Plants include common reed (Phragmites australis), lesser Indian reed mace (Typha angustata ) and several species of cane – Schoenoplectus littoralis, S. lacustris and endemic S. kasachstanicus. Under water grow two types of Myriophyllum – spiked (M. spicatum) and whorled (M. verticillatum); several kinds of Potamogeton – shining (P. lucens), perfoliate (P. perfoliatus), kinky (P. crispus), fennel (P. pectinatus) and P. macrocarpus; as well as common bladderwort (Utricularia vulgaris), rigid hornwort (Ceratophyllum demersum) and two species of Najas. Phytoplankton, the concentration of which was 1.127 g/L in 1985, is represented by numerous species of algae.

The lake used to have a rich fauna, but since 1970, biodiversity began to decline due to deterioration of water quality. Before then, there were abundant shellfish, crustaceans, chironomidae and oligochaeta, as well as zooplankton (concentration 1.87 g/L in 1985 ), especially in the western part. The lake hosted about 20 species of fish, 6 of which were native: Ili marinka (Schizothorax pseudoaksaiensis), Balkhash marinka (S. argentatus), Balkhash perch (Perca schrenkii), Triplophysa strauchii, T. labiata and Balkhash minnow (Rhynchocypris poljakowii). Other fish species were alien: common carp (Cyprinus carpio), spine, Oriental bream (Abramis brama orientalis), Aral barbel (Luciobarbus brachycephalus), Siberian dace (Leuciscus baicalensis), tench (Tinca tinca), European perch (Perca fluviatilis), wels catfish (Silurus glanis), osman (Diptychus), Prussian carp (Carassius gibelio) and others. The fishery was focused on carp, perch, asp (Leuciscus aspius) and bream.

Abundant and dense reeds in the southern part of the lake, especially in the delta of the Ili River, served as a haven for birds and animals. Changes in the water level led to the degradation of the delta – since 1970, its area decreased from 3,046 to 1,876 km2, reducing wetlands and riparian forests which were inhabited by birds and animals. Land development, application of pesticides, overgrazing and deforestation also contributed to the decrease in biodiversity. Of the 342 species of vertebrates, 22 are endangered and are listed in the Red Book of Kazakhstan. Forests of the Ili delta were inhabited by the rare (now probably extinct) Caspian tiger and its prey, wild boar. Around the 1940s, Canadian muskrat was brought to the Ili delta; it quickly acclimatized, feeding on Typha, and was trapped for fur, up to 1 million animals per year. However, recent changes in the water level destroyed its habitat, bringing the fur industry to a halt.

Balkhash is also the habitat of 120 types of bird, including cormorants, marbled teal, pheasants, golden eagle and great egret; 12 of those are endangered, including great white pelican, Dalmatian pelican, Eurasian spoonbill, whooper swan and white-tailed eagle.

Cities and economy

In 2005, 3.3 million people lived in the basin of the Lake Balkhash, including residents of Almaty – the largest city of Kazakhstan. The largest city on the lake is Balkhash with 66,724 inhabitants (2010). It is on the northern shore and has a prominent mining and metallurgy plant. A large copper deposit was discovered in the area in 1928–1930 and is being developed in the villages north of the lake. Part of the motorway between Bishkek and Karaganda runs along the western shore of the lake. The western shore also hosts military installations built during the Soviet era, such as radar missile warning systems. The southern shore is almost unpopulated and has only a few villages. The nature and wild life of the lake attract tourists, and there are several resorts on the lake. In 2021, Lake Balkhash was selected as one of the top 10 tourist destinations in the country of Kazakhstan.

Fishing
The economic importance of the lake is mostly in its fishing industry. Systematic breeding of fish began in 1930; the annual catch was 20 thousand tonnes in 1952, it increased to 30 thousands in the 1960s and included up to 70% of valuable species. However, by the 1990s production fell to 6,600 tonnes per year with only 49 tonnes of valuable breeds. The decline is attributed to several factors, including the halt of reproduction programs, poaching and decline in water level and quality.

Energy projects
In 1970, the 364-megawatt Kapshagay Hydroelectric Power Plant was built on the Ili River, drawing water out of the new Kapshagay Reservoir for irrigation. Ili's water is also extensively used upstream, in the Xinjiang province of China, for the cultivation of cotton. Currently, there is a project for an additional counter-regulatory dam 23 km downstream from the Kapchagay. The associated 49.5-MW Kerbulak Hydroelectric Power Plant will partially solve the problem of providing electricity to the southern areas of Kazakhstan and will serve as a buffer for daily and weekly fluctuations in the water level of the Ili River.

Energy supply to the south-eastern part of Kazakhstan is an old problem, with numerous solutions proposed in the past. Proposals to build power plants on Balkhash in the late 1970s and 1980s stalled, and the initiative to erect a nuclear plant near the village Ulken met strong opposition from environmentalists and residents. Therefore, in 2008, the Kazakh government reconsidered and announced building of a Balkhash Thermal Power Plant.

Navigation
There is a regular ship navigation through the lake, the mouth of the Ili River, and the Kapchagay Reservoir. The main piers are Burylbaytal and Burlitobe. The ships are relatively light due to the limiting depth in some parts of the lake; they are used mainly for catching fish and transporting fish and construction materials. The total length of the waterway is 978 km, and the navigation period is 210 days/year.

Navigation on the Lake Balkhash originated in 1931 with the arrival of two steamers and three barges. By 1996, up to 120,000 tonnes of building materials, 3,500 tonnes of ore, 45 tonnes of fish, 20 tonnes of melons and 3,500 passengers were transported on Balkhash (per year). During 2004 there were 1000 passengers and 43 tonnes of fish.

In 2004, the local fleets consisted of 87 vessels, including 7 passenger ships, 14 cargo barges and 15 tugboats. The government projected that 2012 would see in the Ili-Balkhash basin 233,000 tonnes of construction materials, at least 550,000 tonnes of livestock, fertiliser and foodstuffs and at least 53 tonnes of fish. Development of eco-tourism is expected to increase the passengers to 6,000 people per year.

Environmental and political issues

Academics and government advisors fear major loss of ecosystems in the lake. Unabashed industrial extraction would likely emulate the environmental disaster at the Aral Sea. Since 1970, the 39 km3 outflow of water to fill the Kapchagay Reservoir led to a 66% fall in inflow from the Ili. The concomitant decrease the lake's level was about 15.6 cm/year, much greater than the natural decline of 1908–1946 (9.2 cm/year). The shallowing is acute in the western "half". From 1972 until 2001, a small salt lake Alakol, 8 km south of Balkhash, had practically disappeared and the southern part of the lake lost about 150 km2 of water surface. Of the 16 existing lake systems around the lake only five remain. The desertification process involved about $1/3$ of the basin. Salt dust is blown away from the dried areas, contributing to the generation of Asian dust storms, increase the soil salinity and adversely influencing the climate. Increasing formation of silt in the river's delta further reduces the inflow of water to the lake.

Another factor affecting the ecology of the Ili-Balkhash basin is emissions due to mining and metallurgical processes, mostly at the Balkhash Mining and Metallurgy Plant operated by Kazakhmys. In the early 1990s, the emission level was 280–320 thousand tonnes per year, depositing 76 tonnes of copper, 68 tonnes of zinc and 66 tonnes of lead on the surface of the lake. Since then, emissions have almost doubled. Contaminants are also brought from the dump sites by the dust storms.

In 2000, a major conference, Balkhash 2000, brought together environmental scientists from different countries, as well as representatives of business and government. The conference adopted a resolution and appeal to the government of Kazakhstan and international organizations, suggesting new ways of managing the ecosystems of Alakol and Balkhash basins. At the 2005 International Environmental Forum devoted to Lake Balkhash, Kazakhmys announced that by 2006 it will restructure its processes, thereby reducing emissions by 80–90%.

Contamination of Balkhash originates not only locally, but is also brought by inflow of polluted water from China. China also consumes 14.5 km3 of water per year from the Ili River, with a planned increase of 3.6 times that. The current rate of the increase is 0.5–4 km3/year. In 2007, the Kazakhstan government proposed a price reduction for sales of Kazakh products to China in exchange for reduction of water consumption from Ili River, but the offer was declined by China.

title: Lake Balkhash


text:
Post University

Post University is a private for-profit university in Waterbury, Connecticut. It was founded in 1890 as Post College. The university offers over 25 undergraduate and graduate programs in day, evening, and online courses.

History
Post University was founded in 1890 as Post College. The school offered training in typing, bookkeeping, business writing, and other courses. In 1897, Harry C. Post acquired the school and renamed the school Waterbury Business College, where he became the college's first principal. The school again changed its name in 1931 to Post College, where it would keep its namesake until 1990.

In 1965, the school moved to its current location on Country Club Road in Waterbury, Connecticut. Harold B. Leever was named chair of the board of trustees. The Leever Student Center is named in his honor. The school expanded again by adding the Traurig Library in honor of Rose Traurig. In 1970, the school opened its first off-campus site in Meriden, Connecticut.

In 1976, Post College became a four-year institution and began offering accelerated degree programs aimed at helping Vietnam veterans earn college degrees. In 1980, the college began offering baccalaureate degrees, and a few years later acquired its athletic facilities to support men's and women's varsity sports.

In the 1990s, the school became affiliated with Teikyo University and changed its name to Teikyo Post University. The school began offering distance learning programs in 1997.

In 2004, the school changed to a new board of trustees and became Post University. The school expanded its liberal arts programs and graduate-level courses. In 2007, Post offered Connecticut's first fully online Master of Business Administration degree program. In 2012, the business school was renamed to Malcolm Baldrige School of Business, after former United States Secretary of Commerce Malcolm Baldrige, Jr.

In 2015, John L. Hopkins was appointed as the CEO of the university.

In 2021, Post University acquired American Sentinel University, a for-profit college with 1400 undergraduate students and 1300 graduate students. The school became American Sentinel College of Nursing and Health Sciences at Post University.

Campus
Post University sits on a 58 acre campus located near Interstate 84 (Yankee Expressway) in Waterbury, Connecticut.

Post Tree
The Post Tree is a Camperdown elm (Ulmus Camperdownii) that once served as the backdrop for the university's logo. The tree measures 13 feet in height with an average spread of 28 feet. The trunk's circumference is 110 inches. The Post Tree is over a half century old. In 2014, it was added to the list of Connecticut's Notable Trees, and has become part of Connecticut's natural historic record. The elm has been used for student events and as a place to take photos.

Residence halls
There are six student residence halls on campus. West Hall houses approximately 100 first-year students and was renovated in 2011. Middle Hall houses approximately 44 first-year students. Paparazzo Hall houses 44 first-year students and was renovated in 2013. South Hall houses approximately 60 upperclassmen students and was renovated in 2012. East Hall houses approximately 60 upperclassmen students. Okinaga Hall is the newest constructed apartment-style residence hall for upperclassmen.

Torrance Hall
Torrance Hall houses main campus admissions and the president's office. It was the former home to Walter Torrance and family and was renovated in 1965 after a fire destroyed the back of the building.

Traurig Library
The Traurig Library has one floor and stores over 13,000 books and media, as well as a boardroom for meetings, and the office for academic affairs.

Campus Halls
Hess Hall features classrooms, the registrar, the financial aid office, human resources, and IT. North hall houses Career Services, the Communications Office, Associate Faculty lounge, Commuter Student Lounge, and the Photography Lab. MacDermid Hall has chemistry and biology labs and classrooms, and the university's largest lecture hall. The art department facilities are also found here, including two studio spaces and a ceramics kiln. The Leever Student Center has the Campus Store, Eagle's Nest – common area for special events and club meetings, the dining hall, cyber café, and Counseling Center.

LaMoy Field
LaMoy Field is a multipurpose facility to support Post's athletic programs and football team. The field was updated to a turf field in 2011. Next to the turf field is the softball field, featuring a turf outfield and a clay infield, and dugouts.

Drubner Athletic Center
Drubner Athletic Center ("Drub") supports the basketball, volleyball, and tennis teams. The facility also houses the campus fitness center, weight room and esports lab.

Administration
The organization is a private, for-profit school; since 2004, it has been a wholly owned subsidiary of Post Education, Inc., a Delaware C corporation. John L. Hopkins is the current president and CEO. Don Mroz was president of Post University and was founding dean of the Malcolm Baldrige School of Business. In 2016, John L. Hopkins was named chief executive officer of the university.

Accreditation
Post University is accredited by the New England Commission of Higher Education (NECHE). The Malcolm Baldrige School of Business is nationally accredited by the Accreditation Council for Business Schools and Programs (ACBSP).

Athletics
Post University, known athletically as the Eagles, is a member of the National Collegiate Athletic Association Division II, primarily competing in the Central Atlantic Collegiate Conference (CACC). Men's sports include baseball, basketball, cross country, golf, ice hockey, lacrosse, soccer, football, tennis, and track and field; while women's sports include basketball, bowling, cross country, golf, hockey, lacrosse, soccer, softball, tennis, track and field, and volleyball. Non-varsity programs include cheerleading, and equestrian sports. An esports lab was opened on Post University's main campus in 2022.

Notable alumni

 * Gregory C. Knight, adjutant general of the Vermont National Guard beginning in 2019
 * Jazmín Benítez, professional wrestler better known by her ring name, Mercedes Martinez.
 * Mario Abdo Benítez, former president of Paraguay
 * Selim Noujaim, member of the Connecticut House of Representatives
 * Michael Jarjura, former Mayor of Waterbury, Connecticut

title: Post University


text:
Timeline of Melbourne history

The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.

Pre-European settlement

 * Aboriginal Australians settled the area for at least 30,000 years.

19th century’s timeline

 * 1800 – James Grant explores the south-east of Australia
 * 1801 – John Murray sails into Port Phillip in the Lady Nelson
 * 1803 – Charles Robbins and Charles Grimes explore the entirety of Port Phillip and discover the Yarra River in the HMS Cumberland (1803)
 * 1803 – David Collins sent from Sydney to establish a settlement for the British Government. Unaware of previous discoveries, Collins settles near present-day Sullivan Bay on the Mornington Peninsula. This settlement is abandoned five months later.
 * 1834 – Henty family establish first long-term European settlement in Victoria at Portland
 * 1835 – John Batman 'buys' the 2,430 km2 that Melbourne would be founded on from the local Aboriginal nation, the Wurundjeri. The Batman Deed is now widely recognised to be more of a treaty than a sale.
 * 1835 – Melbourne is founded by John Batman and John Pascoe Fawkner
 * 1836 – William Lonsdale built the first government block, declaring Melbourne the capital of the Port Phillip district
 * 1837 – 28 March – Hoddle Grid of streets for the central business district is surveyed by Robert Hoddle
 * 1837 – 10 April - Melbourne named by Governor General Richard Bourke
 * 1837 – 1 June – First inner-city land sale
 * 1838 – Melbourne is declared a legal port and administrative centre, opening the way for vastly increased immigration
 * 1838 – Melbourne Cricket Club is founded
 * 1838 – Second inner-city land sale
 * 1839 – Third inner-city land sale. Quarrying of bluestone began out of the Melbourne Corporation Quarry at Clifton Hill.
 * 1840 – First petition for the separation of Port Phillip District from New South Wales drafted by Henry Fyshe Gisborne and presented to Governor George Gipps.
 * 1841 – First seaport and market are opened
 * 1842 – Melbourne Municipal Corporation Act was passed in Sydney. Melbourne City Council is formed.
 * 1842 – Birth of Saint Mary MacKillop
 * 1845 – First Princes Bridge constructed connecting both sides of the Yarra
 * 1846 – The Melbourne Botanic Gardens is founded
 * 1847 – Melbourne declared a city by Queen Victoria on 25 June.
 * 1847 – Melbourne Building Act was proposed in 1847 based on Sydney act of 1833.
 * 1848 – Melbourne Hospital founded (from 1935 the hospital is called The Royal Melbourne Hospital)
 * 1848 – First Catholic bishop appointed
 * 1849 – "Melbourne Building Act" was passed.
 * 1851 – Beginning of the Victorian gold rush with discovery of gold at Buninyong
 * 1851 – Victoria becomes a colony, separate from New South Wales
 * 1851 – First state Lieutenant-Governor Charles La Trobe inaugurated
 * 1852 – City's first gas works is opened
 * 1853 – The University of Melbourne is founded
 * 1854 – The Melbourne Terminus (first Flinders Street station building) is completed
 * 1854 – First steam railway journey in Australia from Melbourne Terminus (on the current site of Flinders Street station) to Sandridge (later Port Melbourne)
 * 1854 – Melbourne Exhibition held in conjunction with Exposition Universelle (1855)
 * 1854 – The State Library of Victoria is founded
 * 1854 – First telegraph service, to Williamstown
 * 1854 – The first Town Hall is completed
 * 1855 – First state Governor Sir Charles Hotham inaugurated
 * 1855 – The Melbourne Museum is founded
 * 1856 – Stonemasons win the eight-hour day
 * 1857 – First reservoir water supply (at Yan Yean Reservoir) tapped outside city limits
 * 1857 – Queen Victoria Market is founded
 * 1857 – Victoria's first country railway from Geelong to Melbourne is built
 * 1857 – City streets first lit by gas lighting
 * 1858 – 7 August – a game of football played between Melbourne Grammar School and Scotch College
 * 1858 – First inter-city telegraph services, to Adelaide and Sydney
 * 1859 – 14 May – Melbourne Football Club, Australia's oldest football club, is founded
 * 1859 – Spencer Street station (then Batman's Hill Station) and Princes Bridge railway station completed
 * 1859 – Construction of the General Post Office begins
 * 1859 – First Melbourne Trades Hall building opened.
 * 1860 – Burke & Wills expedition departed from Royal Park.
 * 1861 – National Gallery of Victoria is founded
 * 1861 – First Melbourne Cup
 * 1861 – Victorian Exhibition held
 * 1861 – Melbourne's population reaches 125,000
 * 1862 – Melbourne Zoo founded
 * 1863 – Batman's Hill levelled
 * 1865 – Melbourne overtakes Sydney to become Australia's most populous city
 * 1866 – Intercolonial Exhibition of Australasia held
 * 1867 – Melbourne Town Hall begins construction
 * 1869 – Royal Mint is completed
 * 1874 – Supreme Court building is completed
 * 1875 – Victorian Intercolonial Exhibition held
 * 1877 – First Test cricket match, between Australia and England, at the Melbourne Cricket Ground. First season of the Victorian Football Association.
 * 1878 – Xavier College, in Kew, is founded after the increased need of boarding space for the oldest Jesuit School in Melbourne, St Pat's.
 * 1878 – Ruyton Girls' School, also in Kew is founded by Charlotte Anderson. Its land includes the heritage listed Henty House, built by the seminal Hentys of Sussex.
 * 1880 – Ned Kelly hanged in Melbourne Gaol
 * 1880 – Royal Exhibition Building opened
 * 1880 – Melbourne International Exhibition held
 * 1883 – Historic Yarra-Yarra Falls (near Queens Bridge) removed using explosives
 * 1884 – Victorian International Exhibition held
 * 1885 – First cable tram line opens in the Melbourne cable tramway system
 * 1885 – Victorians' Jubilee Exhibition
 * 1887 – Melbourne Town Hall is completed
 * 1888 – Victorian Juvenile Industrial Exhibition and Centennial International Exhibition held
 * 1890 – Melbourne and Metropolitan Board of Works is formed
 * 1894 – City streets first lit by electric lighting
 * 1897 – First season of the Victorian Football League
 * 1897 – First part of the mains sewage system becomes operational

20th century

 * 1900 – Upper Ferntree Gully to Gembrook narrow-gauge railway (now Puffing Billy Railway) opens
 * 1900 – Construction of the current Flinders Street station building begins
 * 1901 – Commonwealth of Australia is formed. Melbourne becomes national capital
 * 1902 – Sydney reclaims title from Melbourne as Australia's most populous city
 * 1903 – City Baths are opened
 * 1905 – First Australian Open championship
 * 1905 – Melbourne Continuation School, Victoria's first state secondary school, is founded in Spring Street
 * 1906 – First electric tram service commences
 * 1907 – General Post Office is completed
 * 1910 – Current Flinders Street station building is completed
 * 1913 – The Domed Reading Room of the State Library is opened
 * 1916 – Strict height limit of 132 feet (40 metres) imposed on all buildings
 * 1916 – Introduction of 6:00pm closing for all hotels (abolished in 1966)
 * 1919 – Electric suburban train services commence on the Broadmeadows line
 * 1923 – W-class trams introduced.
 * 1923 – 1923 Victorian Police strike
 * 1924 – First radio station 3AR (now known as Radio National.)
 * 1927 – Federal Parliament is moved to Canberra, the new national capital
 * 1928 – Melbourne City Council installs the city's first set of traffic lights at Collins & Swanston Streets
 * 1934 – Centenary of Melbourne
 * 1934 – Shrine of Remembrance completed and dedicated
 * 1940 – Last cable tram service ends operation
 * 1943 – Russell Street Police Headquarters building is completed
 * 1954 – April—Victorian Railways closes the Upper Ferntree Gully to Gembrook narrow-gauge railway (now Puffing Billy Railway)
 * 1954 – First Moomba parade
 * 1954 – Proposal to demolish much of East Melbourne and Jolimont Yard to make way for an inner city ringroad.
 * 1955 – City's first parking meters are installed
 * 1955 – ICI building given special exception from CBD height limits
 * 1956 – First television station HSV-7
 * 1956 – Olympic Games held in Melbourne
 * 1957 – Plot ratio height limits introduced to CBD (dependent upon floor space and light angles), plazas and open space. By laws introduced for compulsory carspace for all new city buildings. 1.45 m setbacks for 'Little' streets introduced to widen footpaths.
 * 1959 – Sidney Myer Music Bowl opened
 * 1961 – Proposal to demolish Flinders Street station and replace it with office blocks.
 * 1962 – Puffing Billy Railway is re-opened as a tourist attraction
 * 1963 – Death of Archbishop Mannix aged 99.
 * 1966 – Abolition of 6:00pm closing of hotels (introduced in 1916)
 * 1967 – first woman city councillor Clare Cascarret
 * 1969 – Proposal to demolish the Regent Theatre for multi-storey development.
 * 1970 – Green Bans begin in Carlton, and are led by Norm Gallagher. Green Bans would later be applied to the City Baths, Flinders Street Station, Hotel Windsor, Newport Power Station, the Old Treasury Building, Princess Theatre, Queen Victoria Market, Regent Theatre, the Royal Botanical Gardens, Royal Parade and St Patrick's Cathedral, among many other locations.
 * 1970 – (15 October) 35 construction workers die when a span of the West Gate Bridge collapses
 * 1974 – Underground City Loop construction begins
 * 1975 – Z-class tram introduced
 * 1975 – 1 March, Colour television introduced.
 * 1979 – Workers at the Union Carbide-owned Altona Petrochemical Plant take control of the workplace for 52 days in protest of their firing.
 * 1982 – City Loop subway opened
 * 1983 – (8 February) Melbourne dust storm and (16 February) Ash Wednesday fires occur
 * 1983 – Melbourne Fringe Festival founded
 * 1985 – B-class trams introduced
 * 1986 – Car-bombing outside the Russell Street Police Headquarters kills one police officer
 * 1986 – Rialto Towers completed and becomes the city's tallest building as well as the tallest in the southern hemisphere
 * 1986 – Pablo Picasso's The Weeping Woman is stolen from National Gallery of Victoria by activists. Returned a week later.
 * 1986 – Melbourne International Arts Festival founded
 * 1987 – Hoddle Street Massacre, killing 7 and injuring 19.
 * 1987 – Queen Street Massacre, killing 8 and injuring 5.
 * 1987 – Port Melbourne and St Kilda train lines are converted to light rail
 * 1990 – Tram drivers across the city go on strike and attempt to implement workers control in the Tram network.
 * 1990 – Southbank Promenade opens, paving the way for urban renewal in Southbank
 * 1991 – Melbourne experiences a severe economic slump; City property markets crash and CBD vacancy rates reach all-time high.
 * 1992 – Pedestrianisation of Swanston Street creates Swanston Street Walk
 * 1992 – Postcode 3000 policy attracts residents to the city centre, warehouses and offices are converted into apartments and CBD vacancy rates drop
 * 1994 – Opening of the Melbourne Observation Deck in Rialto Towers
 * 1994 – Tasty nightclub raid
 * 1995 – Host City to the World Police & Fire Games
 * 1996 – Development of the Docklands area begins
 * 1996 – Construction of the CityLink freeways begins
 * 1996 – Melbourne Convention & Exhibition Centre opens
 * 1996 – Melbourne hosts its first Australian Grand Prix at the Albert Park Circuit
 * 1997 – Crown Melbourne, Melbourne's first gambling centre opens
 * 1999 – Bolte Bridge opens for traffic

21st century

 * 2000 – New Melbourne Museum opened
 * 2000 – CityLink freeways open, including two new tunnels, a new cross-harbour bridge, and electronic tolling
 * 2000 – Docklands Stadium completed
 * 2002 – Federation Square opens
 * 2002 – Controversial Melbourne 2030 planning policy introduced, aimed to increase population in designated 'activity centres' and curb urban sprawl, promises to increase public transport usage to 20% of motorised trips by 2020
 * 2003 – 2003 Melbourne Thunderstorm
 * 2004 – Melbourne Victory FC is formed
 * 2005 – 2005 Melbourne Thunderstorm
 * 2006 – Southern Cross railway station redevelopment opens to passengers, renamed from Spencer Street station
 * 2006 – Commonwealth Games held in Melbourne
 * 2006 – Construction on Eureka Tower is completed, making it the tallest building in Melbourne and tallest observation deck in the Southern Hemisphere.
 * 2007 – 2007 FINA Swimming World Championships are held
 * 2008 – New Eastlink freeway completed
 * 2008 – M1 upgrade begins
 * 2009 – Black Saturday bushfires around Melbourne, the worst fires in the history of the city leave 180 people dead
 * 2009 – Melbourne Heart FC is formed
 * 2009 – Melbourne's population reaches 4 million people, expanding by an unprecedented 90,000 people a year
 * 2010 – Severe Thunderstorm 6 March, once in a century storm with 10 cm hail stones
 * 2010 – Melbourne celebrates 175th birthday
 * 2011 – Say Yes demonstrations draw 10,000 people who support increased investment in renewable energy
 * 2015 – Construction commences on Australia 108 which, once complete, will be the tallest building in Melbourne
 * 2017 – Six people were killed and thirty wounded in the January 2017 Bourke St car attack, followed by the death of one person and the injury of seventeen in the December 2017 Flinders St car attack
 * 2018 – Major construction begins on the Metro Tunnel, a 9-km underground rail tunnel through the CBD and the biggest public transport project since the City Loop
 * 2018 – 170,000 people march through the city in response to unfair working conditions and low wages
 * 2019 – 300 Anti-Fascists and 150 Neo-Nazis clash at St Kilda beach
 * 2020 – Melbourne is hit the hardest by the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia and as a result Melbourne becomes one of the most locked-down cities in the world
 * 2021 - Local newspapers try to claim Melbourne becomes the most locked-down city in the world. There is no evidence for this, and cities such as Leicester in England suffered much worse lockdowns of over a year, while Peru maintained strict controls for far longer. Deaths from COVID19 in Melbourne were very low compared to Europe and the Americas in 2020-21. Minor far right 'cooker' protests against strict lockdowns and mandatory vaccinations in the construction industry broke out throughout the city during the second half of the year. See COVID-19 protests in Australia

title: Timeline of Melbourne history