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List of public lecture series

Recurrent series of notable public lectures are presented in various countries.

Australia

 * The Boyer Lectures delivered by prominent Australians, broadcast annually by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation.
 * The Errol Solomon Meyers Memorial Lecture, held annually at the University of Queensland in Brisbane.
 * The George Ernest Morrison Lecture in Ethnology, held annually at the Australian National University in Canberra.

Canada

 * The Massey Lectures are held at and sponsored by Massey College at the University of Toronto annually
 * The Watts Lectures are held several times each year at the University of Toronto Scarborough

Denmark

 * The H.C. Ørsted Lectureship held at and sponsored by The Technical University of Denmark, annually
 * Public Lectures in Science (In Danish: Offentlige Foredrag i Naturvidenskab) sponsored by Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, and held in Vejle, Horsens, Herning and Aarhus.

India

 * Vasant Vyakhyanmala is a traditional annual spring lecture series held in Pune, India, for the last 140 years and hosted by Vaktruttvottejak Sabha.
 * NITI (National Institute for Transforming India), India lectures series: Transforming India

New Zealand

 * Victoria University of Wellington public lecture series.

United Kingdom

 * The Dingwall Beloe Lecture Series, held at the British Museum annually, intended to make new contributions to the history of horology, with a particular international focus.
 * Gresham College gives free public lectures since it was founded in 1597
 * The Reith Lectures, broadcast annually on the BBC, founded in honour of Lord Reith
 * The Romanes Lectures, on "any topic in the Arts, Science, or Literature", given annually at the University of Oxford founded by George Romanes
 * The Royal Institution Christmas Lectures have presented scientific ideas to young people in an entertaining manner since 1825.

United States

 * The Art, Technology, and Culture (ATC) Lecture Series, at University of California, Berkeley in Berkeley, CA
 * The Charles Eliot Norton Lectures at Harvard University, in Cambridge, MA
 * Distinctive Voices, sponsored by the National Academy of Sciences, presents lectures on a wide range of scientific and technical topics at the Beckman Center in Irvine, CA and the Jonsson Center in Woods Hole, MA
 * The Morgenthau Lectures, at the Carnegie Council in New York
 * The Watson Lecture Series, at the California Institute of Technology, which began in 1922, presents lectures on science and engineering from the institute's researchers

United States

 * The Irving E. Carlyle Lecture Series at Wake Forest University
 * Landon Lecture Series at Kansas State University
 * Whizin Center Public Lecture Series at the American Jewish University

United States

 * Evolution of Flight Lecture Series from American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA)

Canada

 * UBC CS Distinguished Lecture Series

Greece

 * Distinguished Lecturer Series - Leon The Mathematician] at School of Informatics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki

United States

 * CDS Lecture Series at Intelligent Servosystems Laboratory, Institute for Systems Research at University of Maryland, College Park
 * MURL Lecture Series at Multi-University/Research Laboratory (MURL) as a group of institutions:
 * School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University;
 * Laboratory for Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology;
 * Microsoft Research;
 * School of Engineering, Stanford University;
 * Dept. of Computer Science, University of Washington; and
 * Xerox Palo Alto Research Center.

United Kingdom

 * Caird Medal lecture series at the National Maritime Museum
 * E. A. Lowe Lectures, given triennially at Corpus Christi College, University of Oxford, on palaeography
 * Ford Lectures, given annually at Oxford University on British history
 * Lyell Lectures, given annually at Oxford University on the history of the book or bibliography
 * McKenzie Lectures, given annually at Oxford University on the history of the book, scholarly editing, textual criticism, or bibliography
 * Panizzi Lectures, given annually at the British Library on a topic in bibliography or book history
 * Sandars Lectures, given annually at Cambridge University on a topic in bibliography or book history
 * Lees Knowles Lectures, given annually military history at Trinity College, Cambridge
 * Raleigh Lectures on History at the British Academy, London, England,
 * Black History for Action at Lambeth Town Hall, London, England.
 * Keynes Lectures in Economics at the British Academy, London, England.

United States

 * A. W. Mellon Lectures in the Fine Arts
 * Alice G. Smith Lecture, University of South Florida
 * Chicago Humanities Festival
 * Columbia Lectures in International Studies
 * James Ford Bell Lecture
 * Jefferson Lecture
 * Massey Lectures
 * Sigmund H. Danziger Jr. Memorial Lecture in the Humanities

Hungary

 * Eötvös József Lecture

The Netherlands

 * Nexus Lectures since 1994
 * Mosse Lectures, given annually in Amsterdam

United States

 * Robert C. Vance Distinguished Lecture Series at Central Connecticut State University

United Kingdom

 * Hamlyn Lectures

United Kingdom

 * Sir David Wallace Lecture Series at Loughborough University

United States

 * Spring Lecture Series at University of Arkansas

Australia

 * The Melbourne Neuroscience Public Lecture Series at The Melbourne Neuroscience Institute, University of Melbourne

Canada

 * Treva Glazebrook Lecture Series at University of Western Ontario

United States

 * CSHL Adult Lectures at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
 * Contemporary Neurology and Neuroscience Evening Lecture Series at Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine
 * Cognitive Neuroscience Lecture Series at Center for Neural Science|the Center for Neural Science, New York University
 * Duke Neurobiology Lecture Series at Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center
 * Frontiers in Neuroscience Lecture Series by the Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Emory University
 * Gardner Murphy Memorial Lecture Series by the American Society for Psychical Research
 * HHMI's Neuroscience Lecture Series at Howard Hughes Medical Institute
 * IHF Distinguished Lecture Series on Brain, Learning and Memory at Irvine Health Foundation
 * Interdisciplinary Seminar at Oklahoma Center for Neuroscience (OCNS)
 * Distinguished Lecturer Series at UC Davis M.I.N.D. Institute
 * Mind, Brain and Behavior Distinguished Lecture Series at Center for Cognitive Neurosciences, Duke University
 * Mind/Brain Lecture Series at Swartz Foundation
 * MNIF Public Lecture Series at Montana Neuroscience Institute Foundation
 * Neuroscience Lecture Series at University of Wisconsin–Madison
 * NRC Lecture Series at Neuroscience Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
 * NUIN Lecture Series at the Northwestern University Institute for Neuroscience
 * Pinkel Endowed Lecture Series at Institute for Research in Cognitive Science, University of Pennsylvania
 * Wyeth Distinguished Lecture Series in Behavioral Neuroscience at Rutgers University
 * Yerkes Neuroscience Lecture Series by Neuroscience Division, Yerkes National Primate Research Center

Canada

 * Perimeter Institute's Public Lecture Series at Perimeter Institute

United Kingdom

 * Sir Nevill Mott Lecture Series at Loughborough University

United States

 * Fermilab Lecture Series at Fermilab
 * Henry Norris Russell Lectureship before the American Astronomical Society
 * Jansky Lectureship before the National Radio Astronomy Observatory
 * Leon Pape Memorial Lecture Series at California State University at Los Angeles
 * Lyman Parratt Lecture Series at Cornell University
 * Theodore von Kármán Lecture Series at Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL)
 * Richtmyer Memorial Award Lectureship, by the American Association of Physics Teachers

Italy

 * Giuseppe Bigi Memorial Lecture Series, Milan

Spain

 * Program ConCiencia at the University of Santiago de Compostela

title: List of public lecture series


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Baron Glenarthur

Baron Glenarthur, of Carlung in the County of Ayr, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created in 1918 for the Scottish businessman Sir Matthew Arthur, 1st Baronet. He had already been created a baronet, of Carlung in the County of Ayr, on 28 November 1902. The title of the barony was derived from the joining of his mother's maiden surname name of Glen and his patronymic Arthur.

He was the oldest son of Glasgow merchant, James Arthur who founded Arthur & Company Limited, James Arthur was originally in business with the Frasers. Matthew was also first cousin to Sir Thomas Glen-Coats, 1st Baronet. , the titles are held by his great-grandson, the fourth Baron, who succeeded his father in 1976. He notably held office in the Conservative administrations of Margaret Thatcher and is now one of the ninety elected hereditary peers that remain in the House of Lords after the passing of the House of Lords Act 1999.

Barons Glenarthur (1918)

 * Matthew Arthur, 1st Baron Glenarthur (1852–1928)
 * (James) Cecil Arthur, 2nd Baron Glenarthur (1883–1942)
 * Matthew Arthur, 3rd Baron Glenarthur (1909–1976)
 * Simon Mark Arthur, 4th Baron Glenarthur (b. 1944)

The heir apparent is the present holder's only son, Hon. Edward Alexander Arthur (b. 1973).

Line of succession

 * Coronet of a British Baron.svg Matthew Arthur, 1st Baron Glenarthur (1852–1928)
 * Coronet of a British Baron.svg (James) Cecil Arthur, 2nd Baron Glenarthur (1883–1942)
 * Coronet of a British Baron.svg Matthew Arthur, 3rd Baron Glenarthur (1909–1976)
 * Coronet of a British Baron.svg Simon Mark Arthur, 4th Baron Glenarthur (born 1944)
 * (1) Hon. Edward Alexander Arthur (b. 1973)
 * (2) Hon. Matthew Richard Arthur (b. 1948)
 * (3) Matthew Frederick Michael Arthur (b. 1981)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Baron Glenarthur


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Printer

Printer may refer to:

Technology

 * Printer (publishing), a person
 * Printer (computing), a hardware device
 * Optical printer for motion picture films

People

 * Nariman Printer (fl. c. 1940), Indian journalist and activist
 * James Printer (1640–1709), Native American from the Nipmuc tribe who worked as a printer in Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.
 * Casey Printers (born 1981), U.S. football player

Places

 * Printer, Kentucky, an unincorporated community and coal town in Floyd County, Kentucky, U.S.
 * Printer's Alley, an alley in downtown Nashville, Tennessee, U.S., that was historically home to multiple publishers
 * Printer's Park, a small park in the Bronx, New York City, U.S.

title: Printer


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Baron Glendyne

Baron Glendyne, of Sanquhar in the County of Dumfries, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created on 23 January 1922 for the businessman Sir Robert Nivison, 1st Baronet. He was a senior partner in the firm of R. Nivison and Co, stockbrokers. Nivison had already been created a Baronet on 21 July 1914. the titles are held by his great-grandson, the fourth Baron, who succeeded his father in 2008.

Barons Glendyne (1922)
There is currently no heir to the barony.
 * Robert Nivison, 1st Baron Glendyne (1849–1930)
 * John Nivison, 2nd Baron Glendyne (1878–1967)
 * Robert Nivison, 3rd Baron Glendyne (1926–2008)
 * John Nivison, 4th Baron Glendyne (b. 1960)

title: Baron Glendyne


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User:Recentchanges

Welcome; re: username
Hi! Always glad to see a new Wikipedian around, and I'm happy to see that you've jumped into editing in several subject area. Some articles can be particularly contentious, as I'm sure you've noticed on Evolution, where some of your contributions were reverted. Reading the talk pages can be very useful for judging how problems and conflicts on those artices have been resolved in the past, or for discussing your edits if someone else objects to them.

One other thing: Your username shares the same name as a Wikipedia feature, and this could potentially be confusing to some users. It also runs against Wikipedia policy at Username (see the section "No deliberately confusing usernames"), so it's possible that an overzealous administrator might even ban you for this without looking closely at your edit history. You should probably consider changing your username (see Changing username) in order to avoid confusion and adhere to policy.

If you have any questions, please don't hesitate to ask... -- Seth Ilys 22:53, 24 Feb 2004 (UTC)

title: User:Recentchanges


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Baron Glentoran

Baron Glentoran, of Ballyalloly in the County of Down, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created on 8 July 1939 for the Unionist politician Herbert Dixon. In 1950 he also succeeded his elder brother as third Baronet, of Ballymenock (see below). His son, the second Baron, was also a politician and served as the last Speaker of the Senate of Northern Ireland. the titles are held by the latter's son, the third Baron, who succeeded in 1995. He is a former Olympic bobsleigh gold medallist as well as a soldier, businessman and politician. Lord Glentoran was one of the ninety elected hereditary peers who remain in the House of Lords after the passing of the House of Lords Act 1999, and sat on the Conservative benches until his June 2018 retirement under the House of Lords Reform Act 2014.

The Dixon baronetcy, of Ballymenock in the County of Antrim, was created in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom in 1903 for Daniel Dixon. He served as Lord Mayor of Belfast and also represented Belfast North in the House of Commons. His eldest son, the second Baronet, was a member of the Senate of Northern Ireland and also served as Lord Lieutenant of Belfast. On his death in 1950 the title passed to his younger brother, the aforementioned Herbert Dixon, who had already been raised to the peerage as Baron Glentoran.

The family seat is Drumadarragh House, near Ballyclare, County Antrim.

Dixon baronets, of Ballymenock (1903)

 * Sir Daniel Dixon, 1st Baronet (1844–1907)
 * Sir Thomas James Dixon, 2nd Baronet (1868–1950)
 * Sir Herbert Dixon, 3rd Baronet (1880–1950) (had already been created Baron Glentoran in 1939)

Barons Glentoran (1939)

 * Herbert Dixon, 1st Baron Glentoran (1880–1950)
 * Daniel Stewart Thomas Bingham Dixon, 2nd Baron Glentoran (1912–1995)
 * (Thomas) Robin Valerian Dixon, 3rd Baron Glentoran (b. 1935)

The heir apparent is the present holder's eldest son, the Hon. Daniel George Dixon (b. 1959).

The heir apparent's heir apparent is his son, Anthony Thomas Dixon (b. 1987).

Line of succession

 * Ulster.svg Rt. Hon. Sir Daniel Dixon of Ballymenock, 1st Baronet (1844–1907)
 * Ulster.svg Sir Thomas James Dixon, 2nd Baronet (1868–1950)
 * Coronet of a British Baron.svg Herbert Dixon, 1st Baron Glentoran (1880–1950)
 * Coronet of a British Baron.svg Col. Daniel Stewart Thomas Bingham Dixon, 2nd Baron Glentoran (1912–1995)
 * Coronet of a British Baron.svg Maj. (Thomas) Robin Valerian Dixon, 3rd Baron Glentoran (born 1935)
 * (1) Hon. Daniel George Dixon (b. 1959)
 * (2) Anthony Thomas Dixon (b. 1987)
 * (3) Marcus Hope Dixon (b. 1989)
 * (4) Hon. Andrew Wynne Valerian Dixon (b. 1961)
 * (5) Rory Hugh Thomas Dixon (b. 1999)
 * (6) Hon. Patrick Anthony Dixon (b. 1963)
 * (7) Hon. Peter Herbert Dixon (b. 1948)

title: Baron Glentoran


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Minister for Defence (Ireland)

The Minister for Defence (An tAire Cosanta) is a senior minister in the Government of Ireland and leads the Department of Defence. The current Minister for Defence is Micheál Martin, TD. He is also Minister for Foreign Affairs.

The department is responsible for the Irish Defence Forces. The Ministers and Secretaries Acts 1924 assigned the minister the additional title of Commander-in-Chief as the Chairman of the Council of Defence. The Defence Act 1954 removed this title, as a result of the reconstitution of the Council of Defence. The President of Ireland, a largely ceremonial role, is considered the Supreme Commander of the Defence Forces. In practice, the Minister acts on the President's behalf and reports to the Irish Government. The Minister for Defence is advised by the Council of Defence on the business of the Department of Defence.

The Minister is assisted by the Minister of State at the Department of Defence, Jennifer Carroll MacNeill, TD.

Ministers for Defence since 1919
{{legend|#E6E6AA|Denotes acting Minister|border=black}}
 * Notes

title: Minister for Defence (Ireland)


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Duck (bridge)

In the card game of contract bridge, to duck (or ducking) means to play low to a trick to which one has led, losing it intentionally in order to set up a suit or to preserve a control or entry. While mechanically identical, a duck is a manoeuver in one's own suit, while a hold up is in a suit played by the opponents. Nevertheless, the terms are used interchangeably with duck or ducking more common.

Example
There are no side entries to the North hand. South is on lead and if he plays to the ace and then the king and another, East will win the third trick. The remaining two small cards are good, but there is no way to get to them.

Proper procedure is to duck the first (or second) trick. Then, when the lead is regained, playing to the ace (or the king if the ace was taken before ducking) will establish the suit and the remainder of the cards can be cashed.

Note that defenders can benefit by a hold up play. North, as a defender with (A K 4 3 2) and no outside entries, may do well to hold up on the first or second round of the suit, especially in a notrump contract.

title: Duck (bridge)


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One Worldwide Plaza

One Worldwide Plaza is the largest tower of Worldwide Plaza, a three-building commercial and residential complex in the Hell's Kitchen neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City. Designed by David Childs of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (SOM), One Worldwide Plaza is an office building measuring 778 ft tall, with an alternative address of 825 Eighth Avenue. It is the easternmost building in the Worldwide Plaza complex, which occupies the entire city block bounded by Eighth Avenue, Ninth Avenue, 49th Street, and 50th Street and is built on the site of New York City's third Madison Square Garden. Adjacent to One Worldwide Plaza to the west are a public plaza and two residential buildings.

The classically inspired building contains a three-story granite base, a brick midsection with setbacks, and a pyramidal copper roof with a glass lantern. Inside, there are storefronts and entrances to the New York City Subway's 50th Street station, while three double-height lobbies lead to different sets of office floors.

Worldwide Plaza was developed in the late 1980s by a syndicate led by William Zeckendorf Jr. Upon opening, One Worldwide Plaza was nearly fully occupied, with two anchor tenants: advertising agency Ogilvy & Mather and law firm Cravath, Swaine & Moore. During the mid-1990s, the office space was leased at a very low price. The Blackstone Group acquired the complex in 1996 and sold it to Equity Office Properties in 1998. When Blackstone took over Equity Office in 2007, it sold the office building to Harry Macklowe, who lost the building to foreclosure. George Comfort and Sons took over One Worldwide Plaza in 2009. American Realty Capital New York bought a controlling ownership stake in 2017, selling off a non-controlling stake to RXR Realty and SL Green Realty.

Site
One Worldwide Plaza is part of Worldwide Plaza, which occupies the entire city block bounded by Eighth Avenue, Ninth Avenue, 49th Street, and 50th Street in the Hell's Kitchen neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City. Worldwide Plaza was developed in the late 1980s by a syndicate led by William Zeckendorf Jr. One Worldwide Plaza, the easternmost structure in the complex, was designed by David Childs of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (SOM). To the west are two residential buildings, Two and Three Worldwide Plaza, designed by Frank Williams; they are respectively composed of a 39-story tower and a series of five- and six-story-tall townhouses. In addition, the complex contains 57000 ft2 of retail space, as well as theaters and a garage. According to Zeckendorf, Worldwide Plaza was intended to be "a self-contained community and also a destination point for other people in the city".

The Worldwide Plaza complex is built on the site of New York City's third Madison Square Garden (MSG). Following the opening of the current Madison Square Garden arena at 34th Street, the former arena was closed in 1968 and demolished. By the 1980s, the surrounding area consisted mostly of lower-income tenements and small retail buildings, and The New York Times described the area as "a neighborhood best known for pornography and cheap bars".

Architecture
One Worldwide Plaza is a 50-story office skyscraper measuring 778 ft high, with a pyramidal roof at its top. Several architectural details of One Worldwide Plaza were inspired by early-1930s classical designs, specifically the Art Deco style. The building is divided horizontally into three sections: a base, shaft, and capital. The materials used in its construction were sourced from a variety of locations. The brick was manufactured by Glen-Gery at a factory in Pennsylvania, while the windows were made in Wisconsin. By contrast, the roofing and precast concrete were made in Canada, the structural steel was bought in Luxembourg, and the project used Brazilian granite and Italian marble. HRH Construction was the building's general construction contractor.

Including the residential buildings, the complex was to cover 2 e6ft2, more than the maximum size allowed without zoning bonuses. Under normal zoning regulations, the maximum floor area ratio (FAR) for any building on Worldwide Plaza's site was 10, but the developers received two bonuses of 2 FAR each, bringing the FAR to 14. The developers added a midblock plaza for the first bonus and renovated the adjacent 50th Street station for the second bonus.

Facade
The base of the building is three stories tall and is designed to relate to the neighboring residential buildings. It is clad with gray-purple granite and contains outwardly curved entrances on all four sides. These curved sections contain Renaissance-inspired colonnades with granite pilasters, behind which is an oval passageway with a vaulted ceiling. The building's two original anchor tenants, advertising agency Ogilvy & Mather and law firm Cravath, Swaine & Moore, had their own entrances. This was because Ogilvy & Mather had requested a private entrance during the building's construction. Ogilvy & Mather's entrance faced 49th Street; Cravath, Swaine & Moore's entrance faced Eighth Avenue; and other tenants had an entrance facing west. The entrance on the northern elevation, facing 50th Street, is used for retail rather than as an office lobby.

The rest of the facade is made largely of brick and is designed in a manner reminiscent of the Gothic Revival style. Glen-Gery was hired to manufacture the brick because it was one of the few contractors capable of manufacturing the tinted brick that the developers wanted. The main section of the building is clad with maize-colored brick, but the windows at the center of each elevation are emphasized by vertical strips of rust-colored brick. The facade originally contained single-paned windows, which gave the effect of a flat facade. The building contains several setbacks, which are decorated with white brick that is designed to evoke the appearance of stone. The building's shallow setbacks give it a much larger floor area than older Art Deco skyscrapers in New York City, which had deeper setbacks and consequently less interior space.

The tower is topped by a pyramidal copper roof with round dormer windows. The pyramid has eight sides and measures 150 ft tall. The design of the roof was inspired by the pyramidal roofs of several other New York City office buildings in the early 20th century, such as the New York Life Building and the Helmsley Building. The building is crowned by a pyramidal glass lantern.

Interior
Childs constructed three lobbies at One Worldwide Plaza, each with a separate entrance. Each lobby was originally decorated with Fiore di Pesco marble. There are storefronts along the ground-level colonnade adjacent to the three lobbies, as well as on both levels of each lobby. In addition, there are restrooms along the western side of the arcade. The two-story-high lobby on Eighth Avenue was used by Cravath, Swaine & Moore, which installed security checkpoints on both levels of the lobby, reducing the amount of retail space there. On each side, visitors had to take an escalator from ground level to the upper lobby, where they could access the elevators. Each lobby had access to a bank of elevators. There are four elevator banks in total, comprising 22 passenger elevators and two truck elevators. The building's base also contained a day-care center sponsored by Cravath, Swaine & Moore for its employees' children. Northwest of the lobbies is a truck elevator on 50th Street.

The building contains a steel superstructure weighing 19000 ST. Each floor slab is made of concrete, which is poured onto a metal deck. The floor slabs measure 165 by. The maximum structural load on each column was 2000 ST on average. These loads were carried down into the concrete spread footings at the building's foundation. The superstructure was stiffened by moment frames at the building's perimeter, which were braced to the elevator core. Concrete masonry units were then installed around the outermost beams of the superstructure, providing waterproofing.

One Worldwide Plaza contains 1.5 e6ft2 of office space. The upper stories each have 20000 to 72000 ft2 of rentable space. Each story has an open plan, and the slab-to-slab height of each story is 13 ft. The restrooms, staircases, and elevators are clustered near the building's core. The banks of elevators taper off at higher levels. For example, the 21st and 28th stories have space for three banks of elevators, although only two elevator banks serve these levels. Cravath, Swaine & Moore originally occupied the 38th to 49th stories. The New York Times described the offices as using 50 ST of marble and 1285000 ft2 of mahogany.

Public plaza
A mid-block public plaza separates One Worldwide Plaza from Two and Three Worldwide Plaza. The New York City Department of City Planning (DCP) had approved the construction and maintenance of the public plaza in exchange for additional floors in the office tower. The plaza originally covered 26800 ft2, but its owner reduced the plaza's size by 10 percent in 2002 as part of a lawsuit settlement. During the summer, the plaza hosts the Worldwide Plaza Summer Concert Series. Jerold S. Kayden wrote of the buildings' plaza: "Its half-acre size, numerous movable chairs, comfortable ledge seating, food service at north and south ends, decorative water fountain, and landscaping of trees and shrubs render it highly functional for the diverse audience."

The landscaping of the plaza includes over 40 trees, numerous plantings, and seating. The plaza also contains a fountain called The Seasons, which was designed by sculptor Sidney Simon. Four bronze statues of standing nude women, each representing a season, hold up a globe. Below the globe are four fountains, each carved in the shape of a man's head.

Amenities
The complex also has a health club measuring 35000 ft2. The health club was originally operated by Bally Health and Tennis. Beneath the plaza is a 450-spot parking garage with 450 or 473 parking spaces.

Beneath the public plaza, there was originally a multiplex cinema with six screens, operated by the Cineplex Odeon Corporation. The multiplex's lobby was just below ground level, while the auditoriums themselves were in the second basement level. The cinema operated until 2001 and was converted into New World Stages, a complex of five Off-Broadway theaters, in 2004. The multiplex was completely reconstructed as part of that project. The modern theatrical complex contains a double-level lobby, accessed by escalators from 50th Street.

Subway entrance

One Worldwide Plaza's basement contains two entrances to the southbound platform of the 50th Street station of the New York City Subway, served by the. There is an elevator entrance on 49th Street and an escalator entrance on 50th Street. The entrances were built in exchange for 162000 ft2 of additional space. They contain a mezzanine, escalators, elevators, and stairs. The Zeckendorfs also commissioned artist Matt Mullican to create an etched-granite mural for the station, which cost $150,000. The mural, measuring 70 ft tall, contains black relief panels depicting the site's history. A closed stairway on 49th Street was also refurbished as part of the project.

Early proposals
After the third Madison Square Garden was demolished in 1968, the site was operated as a parking lot for nearly two decades. Several proposals for redeveloping the site had all failed due to a lack of funding. In 1966, a "Cinema City" with two office towers, two Broadway theaters, four movie theaters, and several film and recording studios was proposed for the site. Three years later, New York City Center proposed developing a four-theater complex, a film production center, and a new home for the American Film Institute on the site. In 1973, Cushman & Wakefield and Skidmore, Owings & Merrill were hired to study the feasibility of constructing a large commercial showroom complex on the site similar to the Merchandise Mart in Chicago or AmericasMart in Atlanta. The complex would be topped by a tower.

In December 1976, developers Frank Stanton and Victor Elmaleh of the World‐Wide Group proposed Hippodrome Park, an indoor amusement park that would cost $30 million. The name was a homage to the former New York Hippodrome. The amusement park would have been designed by Randall Duell and would have included a variety of rides, restaurants, and films. The structure would have been enclosed in glass, which would have allowed the park to operate year-round; it would also have contained a 500-seat parking lot in the basement. The City of New York was supportive of the project as part of its initiative to clean up nearby Times Square. Ultimately, the developers chose not to spend $12 million on an option for the site.

Conglomerate Gulf and Western Industries acquired control of the site in 1977 as part of its acquisition of the Madison Square Garden Corporation. The company devised plans in 1980 for a mixed-use project on the site, including an office building on Eighth Avenue and apartments on Ninth Avenue, both designed by SOM. Its proposal called for a three-story retail podium supporting a 52-story office building and two 60-story apartment towers; the development would have contained a combined 2.3 e6ft2. Gulf and Western operated the site as a parking lot in the meantime. The company had decided to sell the site by 1984, as its long term strategy did not include the redevelopment of the old Madison Square Garden.

Development
Gulf and Western sold the site to a group led by William Zeckendorf Jr. in December 1984 for $100 million. His partners in the project included Arthur G. Cohen, an independent real-estate investor; Victor Elmaleh and Frank Stanton, the principals of the World Wide Realty Corporation; and KG Land New York Corporation, a subsidiary of Japanese company Kumagai Gumi. The group had to raise a $12.5 million letter of credit and finalize their sale within 18 months. Zeckendorf and his partners announced in January 1985 that they had selected SOM to design the new complex. Zeckendorf hoped that the development would improve the character of Hell's Kitchen and Eighth Avenue, similar to how the construction of Axa Equitable Center four blocks northeast was intended to improve Seventh Avenue. It was one of several development projects planned within Hell's Kitchen, which at the time was characterized by physical decay and high crime. Zeckendorf said of Hell's Kitchen: "Ten years from now people will look back and marvel at how bad this neighborhood was."

Planning
SOM began designing the project in early 1985. The advertising agency Ogilvy & Mather, which was negotiating to lease a large amount of space in the building, was involved in the design. Zeckendorf's syndicate announced in November 1985 that it would erect a mixed-use complex on the MSG site, costing $500 million. The complex would include a 45-story office building on Eighth Avenue, as well as a 38-story condominium tower and several 6- and 7-story residential buildings to the west. There would also be six underground movie theaters, a health club, and a 450-space parking garage. Ogilvy would occupy 600000 ft2 in the office building. Ogilvy provided additional funds for the complex's construction in exchange for a 17 percent equity stake and some of One Worldwide Plaza's income. In addition, the complex would receive an eight-year, $60 million tax abatement. The developers obtained two zoning bonuses for the site by adding a midblock plaza and renovating the 50th Street station.

Members of the local Manhattan Community Board 4 opposed Zeckendorf's project, citing the buildings' height and the lack of low- and moderate-income housing. Community members also raised concerns that the development would cause gentrification by pushing out lower-income tenants and family businesses. Some residents protested the project by requesting that Ogilvy & Mather withdraw from the project. Zeckendorf Company officials began negotiating with community board members "the day after" the board announced its opposition, and Zeckendorf announced in early 1986 that he would add affordable housing to the neighborhood. He proposed renovating 132 apartments in other parts of the neighborhood, rather than adding these apartments to his new development. Zeckendorf made six other modifications to the project to improve neighborhood residents' quality of life, including storefronts for local merchants, a day-care center, and job training.

In July 1986, the New York City Board of Estimate approved Zeckendorf's development. Manhattan borough president David Dinkins, a supporter of the project, said the developers could not sell 60 of the complex's luxury units until all of the affordable units had been sold. The developers had to acquire another 70 affordable units to provide enough affordable housing for the complex. They ultimately fulfilled this requirement by acquiring six buildings on the block to the south. That October, Gulf and Western finalized its sale of the site to the joint venture of Zeckendorf, Cohen, KG Land, and Worldwide Holdings Corp. Zeckendorf also leased the theatrical complex to the Cineplex Odeon Corporation.

Construction
A groundbreaking ceremony for the complex was held on November 12, 1986. That month, workers began excavating the site to 17 feet below grade; the excavation was completed by February 1987. Newsday reported that the development of Worldwide Plaza would relocate the western boundary of Midtown Manhattan westward to Eighth Avenue. In June 1987, the Sonnenblick-Goldman Corporation secured a $545 million construction loan from a syndicate of 15 banks in the United States, Japan, Canada, and Europe. The financing was one of the largest real estate loans in New York City history. In exchange for receiving the loan, the development group provided a letter of credit and personal guarantees worth $100 million. The Wall Street Journal described the loan as part of a trend wherein "the mere mention of a Zeckendorf project had bankers falling over each other to offer financing".

At the time of Worldwide Plaza's development, demand for office space in New York City had declined following Black Monday in 1987. The design of One Worldwide Plaza's basement and ground level was impacted by the location of the new subway entrances at the base. While the developers negotiated with the New York City Transit Authority (NYCTA) for a year and a half, contractors started pouring the foundations. The concrete for the foundation was poured by April 1987, and work on the steel superstructure began the following month.

The construction of the complex proceeded as scheduled until July 1987, when ironworkers went on strike for three weeks, delaying the project by approximately one month. By the end of 1987, it was taking longer than expected to install the stonework inside the lobby. Installation of the exterior masonry had fallen three months behind schedule and did not commence until February 1988. The stonework ultimately cost significantly more than HRH Construction's original estimate.

Completion
One Worldwide Plaza was topped-out with a ceremony on May 20, 1988, in which ironworkers inscribed their names on a beam that was then lifted to the roof. Work on the interior finishes began that month. The interior fit-out of Ogilvy's offices, originally slated to begin in April 1988, did not begin until that November. The completion of Worldwide Plaza was ultimately delayed by four months and exceeded the original budget by 10 percent.

Most of the space at One Worldwide Plaza was leased even before the building was completed. In August 1988, the law firm Cravath, Swaine & Moore leased 370000 sqft in exchange for a 7 percent equity stake in Worldwide Plaza. The lease occurred at a time when the offices of all of Manhattan's accounting firms and corporate law firms were east of Sixth Avenue. The law firm's lease also stipulated that Zeckendorf buy and demolish an adult movie theater just north of One Worldwide Plaza. Cravath, Swaine & Moore and Ogilvy & Mather each had their own entrances and elevators, and the developers gave large "work letters" to both firms, compensating for the cost of interior furnishings. These two tenants alone accounted for 55 percent of the space. By early 1989, more than 90 percent of the space at One Worldwide Plaza had been leased. Advertising agency N. W. Ayer & Son agreed to move into 335000 sqft at One Worldwide Plaza, and it also took an equity stake in the complex. Record label PolyGram had leased 120000 sqft.

Opening and early years
Worldwide Plaza was completed in 1989, and a temporary certificate of occupancy was issued that February. The Worldwide Cinemas multiplex beneath the complex opened in June 1989, and Cravath, Swaine & Moore moved into One Worldwide Plaza that September. Ogilvy's offices were completed behind schedule, costing the developers several million dollars. By then, Zeckendorf was developing several additional structures along the midtown section of Eighth Avenue, including two buildings directly next to Worldwide Plaza. Soon after the complex opened, Lifetime Cable Network also leased space at One Worldwide Plaza, as did electronics company Philips. The residences within the complex were not fully sold until 1993, and a quarter of the retail space was still empty in 1996.

Although the offices were fully occupied in the mid-1990s, the office space was not as profitable as Zeckendorf had originally projected. Three of One Worldwide Plaza's largest tenants had only agreed to rent space in exchange for equity, while other tenants such as PolyGram, Microsoft, and Roberts & Holland paid less rent per square foot compared to other Midtown buildings. In addition, Deutsche Bank held a $600 million mortgage loan on Worldwide Plaza. In the wake of Black Monday, the developers were barely able to make mortgage payments as long as the building's original tenants continued to pay rent.

By 1996, Deutsche Bank was looking to sell its mortgage. Zeckendorf's syndicate wished to find a partner to help buy the mortgage from Deutsche Bank, with little success. At the time, One Worldwide Plaza was fully occupied by several large tenants with long leases, but the average rent for office space had decreased about one-third since 1990. That October, the Blackstone Group bought the mortgage from Deutsche Bank for $300 million. Blackstone extended PolyGram's and Ayer's leases. Ogilvy had decided to relocate, though other companies quickly expressed interest in Ogilvy's vacant space. In October 1998, Equity Office Properties agreed to acquire the complex for about $310 million, and it also agreed to assume the $268.1 million in debt on the property. As part of a pilot program, Captivate Network installed electronic screens in One Worldwide Plaza's elevators, and the majority of the building's elevators had these screens by late 1999.

2000s and early 2010s
The administration of mayor Rudy Giuliani sued the owners of Worldwide Plaza and two other buildings in 2000, alleging that these buildings' privately owned public spaces violated city laws. At Worldwide Plaza, two restaurants had illegally taken over many movable chairs and tables, which had been installed there as "public amenities". The suit was settled in mid-2002 after Equity Office applied to convert ten percent of the plaza's space into a private dining area for the complex's restaurants. Meanwhile, the Loews Cineplex at Worldwide Plaza closed in early 2001 after its operator went bankrupt. The former multiplex temporarily served as office space for accounting firm Deloitte later that year after that firm's offices were destroyed in the September 11 attacks. The multiplex then became an Off-Broadway venue, Dodger Stages (now New World Stages), in 2004.

In February 2007, after a bidding war with Vornado Realty Trust, Blackstone acquired Equity Office's portfolio, including One Worldwide Plaza and seven other buildings. The firm immediately resold the structures to Harry B. Macklowe as part of a $7 billion transaction; One Worldwide Plaza alone was worth $1.7 billion. Macklowe took out a $7.6 billion loan to fund the acquisitions, which was to come due within twelve months. Macklowe personally pledged $1 billion, as well as interests in twelve other properties, as a guarantee. By February 2008, the Macklowe Organization had no way to refinance the debt from the previous year. As such, Macklowe surrendered One Worldwide Plaza to his lender, Deutsche Bank. After selling Macklowe's other buildings, Deutsche Bank announced in June 2009 that it would sell One Worldwide Plaza. The next month, Deutsche Bank agreed to sell the building for $600 million to George Comfort and Sons. One Worldwide Plaza was only 46 percent occupied at the time, and the building still had a 40 percent vacancy rate at the end of the year.

Television station WNET leased space at One Worldwide Plaza in 2010. Japanese investment bank Nomura agreed to lease around 900000 sqft in 2011, bringing the building to 95 percent occupancy. The bank beat out law firm Wilmer Hale, which had also been interested in the space. George Comfort & Sons put the building up for sale in August 2012, reportedly hoping for a $1.7 billion valuation, almost triple what the company had paid just three years prior. By October 2012, bids for the building only reached around $1.5 billion. Potential buyers were reportedly worried about the building's tenants including Nomura, which had recently had its credit rating downgraded by Moody's Investors Service, and Cravath, after the law firm Dewey & LeBoeuf had declared bankruptcy earlier that year. Deutsche Bank provided a $710 million mortgage on the property in February 2013.

American Realty Capital ownership
American Realty Capital New York Recovery REIT, one of several companies owned by New York real estate mogul Nicholas Schorsch, acquired a 48.9 percent interest in the property for $220 million in November 2013, as well as the rights to buy the remaining 51.1%. The move came several months after Scott Rechler's RXR Realty had attempted to purchase the building for $1.25 billion. RXR sued American Realty Capital in an attempt to prevent the latter from acquiring ownership of the building. RXR continued its lawsuit even after American Realty Capital had bought the building. During the 2010s, Cravath, Swaine & Moore and Nomura Securities each continued to occupy roughly 700000 sqft. M. Shanken Communications (owner of Wine Spectator) and CBS-TV both leased space in 2014, followed the next year by Howard J. Rubenstein's Rubenstein Associates and Prometheus Global Media. These transactions brought the building to full occupancy.

American Realty Capital placed One Worldwide Plaza for sale in January 2017. The firm exercised its option to purchase an additional 49.9 percent stake in June 2017 for $277 million, bringing the company's ownership to 98.8%. While the company had initially hoped to sell its entire stake in the building, bidders were discouraged by the property's existing $870 million mortgage, and foreign entities had decreased their investment in New York real estate. American Realty Capital opted to sell only a non-controlling stake in the building and pursue a refinancing. That September, RXR Realty and SL Green Realty agreed to purchase a 48.7 percent stake in One Worldwide Plaza, valuing the building at $1.73 billion. Following the acquisition, American Realty Capital owned 50.1 percent of the building's equity and George Comfort & Sons maintained a 1.2 percent stake. At the time, the tenants included Nomura Holdings; Cravath, Swaine and Moore; CBS; and WebMD.

Goldman Sachs agreed to provide a $1.2 billion loan to refinance the property following the acquisition. The commercial mortgage-backed security (CMBS) loan closed on October 17 and was one of the largest CMBS loans on a New York office building since the financial crisis of 2007–08. Shortly after origination, Goldman Sachs syndicated 25 percent of the loan to Deutsche Bank. The loan consisted of $940 million in senior debt and a $260 million junior loan. At the time, an appraisal valued the property at $1.74 billion since the building was 98.4 percent occupied and generating net cash flows of over $85 million a year. In November 2019, West Monroe Partners leased one floor. By 2023, Nomura sought to downsize its space at One Worldwide Plaza, while Cravath, Swaine & Moore planned to relocate to Hudson Yards. These two tenants collectively occupied 70 percent of the building, prompting concerns that a $940 million loan on the Worldwide Plaza complex could not be paid off. By January 2024, One Worldwide Plaza was valued at $1.2 billion, a one-third decrease from its 2018 valuation.

Reception
When One Worldwide Plaza was announced, New York Times architecture critic Paul Goldberger criticized the cheapness of the building's materials, including the use of brick and the lack of granite, as well as the large massing of the tower and the small size of the driveway. He also noted the building's inspiration from the New York Life Building and Crown Building. Nonetheless, Goldberger wrote: "In general, this is the sort of plan the West Side of midtown Manhattan has been waiting for."

Following Worldwide Plaza's completion, Goldberger declared that the project had "turned one of the harshest blocks of midtown Manhattan into a glittering island of corporate luxury." He did describe One Worldwide Plaza's lower stories as resembling "stone wallpaper" because the cladding was so thin. Herbert Muschamp, also of the Times, regarded the building as one of the city's "Art Deco retreads". Jonathan Yardley of The Washington Post wrote: "Worldwide within its single city block thus epitomizes the transformation from commercial to residential, and it does so in buildings of singular handsomeness and distinction." The architect Robert A. M. Stern described One Worldwide Plaza as "the first office building of any importance to be built west of Eighth Avenue" since 330 West 42nd Street was completed in 1931. Ylonda Gault of Crain's New York wrote that One Worldwide Plaza's completion had "catapulted Mr. Childs to celebrity status in architect circles".

Conversely, Daniel Bluestone wrote for Design Book Review in 1992: "For all of its massive display of urbanity, the recoil of the development from its neighborhood is striking." Nicolai Ouroussoff described One Worldwide Plaza as having a "pointless circular arcade" and said that, like the Hearst Tower several blocks north, the building had a "strained relationship to the streets below". Brendan Gill, writing for The New Yorker in 1990, criticized the project as having "cool reasonableness", which he saw as "a defect that its designers and builders must have seen as a virtue". Gill also disliked the fact that the complex's largest structure (One Worldwide Plaza) was on Eighth Avenue rather than the middle of the block, and he believed the classical detailing to be excessive. Eric Nash wrote in 2005 that the building "lacks Rockefeller Center's sweetly naive spirit, yet still manages to be a distinctive presence on the midtown skyline".

Worldwide Plaza's construction was documented in a five-episode PBS miniseries. In addition, Karl Sabbagh wrote the book Skyscraper: The Making of a Building to complement the PBS miniseries. Goldberger wrote that the series was focused largely on the process of actually constructing Worldwide Plaza, rather than "the majesty and ambition of the American skyscraper", as Childs had intended for One Worldwide Plaza to be.

title: One Worldwide Plaza


text:
Wikipedia talk:Press releases/Logbook/February 25, 2004

I've done most of the UK media. I haven't done the Sunday papers. Associated Press' email address for press releases bounces - someone will have to fax them. I haven't touched the US media, or Australia, Canada, South Africa or New Zealand. I hope someone else can continue this evening. Thanks. Secretlondon 23:01, Feb 24, 2004 (UTC)

An anon user left me the following message: For the Associated Press, you might want to consider faxing it to AP Business News, New York, fax: 212-621-1587, for attention of Anick Jesdanun, their Internet reporter. See http://www.ap.org/pages/aptoday/ap_contacts2.html -- 217.158.106.73 22:42, 24 Feb 2004 (UTC). Secretlondon 23:05, Feb 24, 2004 (UTC)

Should just anyone do this? Right after emailing the New York Times, I wondered if maybe it should come from soneone more official than a random admin. Anyway, I'm happy to keep at this, but I'm a little concerned that maybe Jimbo or someone has connections they plan to employ with USA Today, LA Times, etc. Anyhow, I've taken care of every major paper (and every daily university paper I know of) in Washington State, as well as the Oregonian, so my little corner of the world is taken. Hopefully someone can post here telling me if I should keep contacting papers. Jwrosenzweig 23:55, 24 Feb 2004 (UTC)

There's no obvious contact information for the BBC newsroom: does anyone have the right E-mail addresses? -- Anon.

 * newsonline@bbc.co.uk will get to their online news editorial team. --Imran 17:55, 25 Feb 2004 (UTC)

I can't do this myself, but I see Metro www.metro.co.uk (UK/Scotland newspaper) and BBC News news.bbc.co.uk aren't on the log yet. fabiform | talk 01:24, 25 Feb 2004 (UTC)

I think it has to come from us. Clearly no-one else is going to do it otherwise. Sending it out doesn't make us the contacts. If some of the people who helped write the thing had helped send it out we would have the world covered by now. Secretlondon 07:46, Feb 25, 2004 (UTC)

It is currently going through the kuro5hin story submission queue. Some comments from that include:

 * is verging on advertising

 * The only *news* in the article is that it got to 500000, which it hasn't before. Well, one day it was at 400000. Was it news that it got to 400000? Will we be seeing more articles when it gets to 600000 or 700000? What about when it gets to 524288, which is a nice round power of two; will we see articles touting the "news" that Wikipedia reached 2^19 articles?

On the positive side, it is currently 31 votes for posting versus 19 against. Jrincayc 16:28, 25 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Organization
Unless someone argues against in the next half-an-hour, I'm organizing the links by country, if applicable. That way, we can identify areas of the world we've missed, easier. -- user:zanimum

Taipei Times
Please send to the Taipei Times. -- Kaihsu 18:51, 2004 Feb 26 (UTC)

Canada
No one seems to have sent to anywhere in Canada. I'm not an an admin, but I'm willing to send to a couple of Canadian pubs. Should I be sending the full text, or just the URL of the press release? Fagan
 * As a fellow Canadian, I noticed that too. Go ahead, send the whole release (I have experience in the press, if you only sent them a link, they'd never look at it), with a subject line of "PR: Wikipedia publishes 500,000 articles in 50 languages". Make sure you list the papers/magazine immediately, I might start on Canada soon, too. Any particular area of Canada, or just the major dailies? -- user:zanimum

 * I'm taking an internet break, but sometime today I'll send it around if I can think of any pubs you haven't already done by then. Maybe we find some leads from my news page (see links at the bottom) http://www.faganfinder.com/news/ . I'm Ontarian, but that won't restrict where I submit to.

 * Okay, I've submitted to a couple of Canadian places.

100 largest US papers
http://www.wheretodoresearch.com/News/US_Newspapers.htm lists the 100 largest US papers by circulation. If anyone/multiple people want to go to this list, send to some of these, that would be great. -- user:zanimum

Why not just maintain a list and streamline the process?
I'm wondering if having individuals send the release to papers on their own and log it here makes the most sense. I would think it would be easier to keep a list of e-mail addresses of media somewhere, have people add their favourite or local paper, and whenever a new release comes out, have one person just send it to everyone. Thoughts? -- user:moink
 * Yes, eventually we will have this. Once this release has died down, I'll create an address book of all of this information. But for now, it's best to let Wikipedians take the matter into their own hands. And it saves time for everybody, if the work is shared. -- user:zanimum


text:
17-Mile Drive

17-Mile Drive is a scenic road through Pebble Beach and Pacific Grove on the Monterey Peninsula in California, much of which hugs the Pacific coastline and passes famous golf courses, mansions and scenic attractions, including the Lone Cypress, Bird Rock and the 5,300-acre Del Monte Forest of Monterey Cypress trees.

The drive serves as the main road through the gated community of Pebble Beach. Inside this community, nonresidents have to pay a toll to use the road. Like the community, the majority of 17-Mile Drive is owned and operated by the Pebble Beach Corporation. The 17-Mile Drive is a 17 mi-long scenic loop having five primary entrances - the main highway entrance at California State Route 1, and entrances in Carmel and Pacific Grove.

History
In 1602 the Monterey Peninsula was mapped by Spanish explorers. By 1840 the area now called Pebble Beach was a rancho left to widow Carmen Garcia Barreto Maderiaga Maria by her husband. She sold the 4000 acre property for $500 in 1846. Ownership passed several times until 1862 when the property was purchased at auction for 12 cents an acre by David Jacks. At the time, the area was called "Stillwater Cove". Jacks leased the land to the "China Man Hop Company", a small village with a population of about 30 Chinese fishermen living in shacks built upon the rocky shoreline.

In 1880, Jacks sold the land to the Pacific Improvement Company (PIC), a consortium of The Big Four railroad barons: Charles Crocker, Mark Hopkins, Collis Huntington and Leland Stanford. By 1892, the PIC laid out a scenic road that they called the 17-Mile Drive, meandering along the beaches and among the forested areas between Monterey and Carmel. Within short order, the area became a tourist destination with the building of the Hotel Del Monte.

The hotel was the starting and finishing point for 17-Mile Drive, (originally called the 18-mile Drive by hotel operators). The drive was offered as a pleasure excursion to hotel guests, and was intended to attract wealthy buyers of large and scenic residential plots on PIC land. Sightseers riding horses or carriages along the 17-Mile Drive sometimes stopped at Pebble Beach to pick up agate and other stones polished smooth by the waves, and they commented on a few unusual tree formations known as the Witch Tree and the Ostrich Tree—the latter formed by two trees leaning on each other. At that time, the Chinese fishing community continued in existence despite mounting anti-Chinese sentiment among Monterey residents of European heritage. At roadside stands, Chinese-American girls sold shells and polished pebbles to tourists. In the 1900s, the automobile began replacing horses on 17-Mile Drive, and by 1907 there were only automobiles. The drive featured region's historical sites, forests, and on to the coastal scenic attractions in the Hotel Del Monte Park Reservation, as it was known at the time. Drawn by six bay horses, President Benjamin Harrison took the coach ride through the reservation in 1891. The coach was adorned with the national colors "and the harness on the horses was lined with bunting and roses as far as possible." In the newspaper The Monterey Cypress, President Harrison noted "This is a lovely spot. I only wish I could stay here a week." In 1887, the hotel was destroyed by fire and replaced with a new structure. The Del Monte Golf Course was added in 1897 as part of the hotel and is today the oldest operating course west of the Mississippi. In 1919, the Los Angeles Times called the 17-Mile Drive one of the "great wonders of the world."

On February 27, 1919, Samuel Finley Brown Morse formed the Del Monte Properties Company, and acquired the extensive holdings of the Pacific Improvement Company, which included the Del Monte Forest and the Hotel Del Monte. Another fire destroyed that structure and was replaced by a third hotel. This new hotel was finished in 1926 and requisitioned by the United States government as a training facility in 1942. After World War II, the Hotel del Monte building and surrounding grounds were acquired by the United States Navy for its Naval Postgraduate School and the building was renamed Herrmann Hall. The Del Monte Forest, including the famed 17-Mile Drive, remained under the ownership of Del Monte Properties Company.

On March 30, 1977, the Del Monte Properties Company was reincorporated as the Pebble Beach Corporation. In May 1979, 20th Century Fox, later bought by Marvin Davis, purchased the Pebble Beach Corporation. When the film company was sold to Rupert Murdoch in 1985, Davis kept several company assets not directly related to the film and TV industry, including the Pebble Beach Company. In 1990 Davis sold the company to Japanese businessman Minoru Isutani, who made it a subsidiary of the Japanese resort company Taiheiyo Club Inc. under a holding company called the Lone Cypress Company. In 1999 the Pebble Beach Company was acquired from Cypress by an investor group led by Clint Eastwood, Arnold Palmer, and Peter Ueberroth.

Route description

At the north end, a portion of the early route through Pacific Grove begins at the intersection of Del Monte Blvd and Esplanade Street. The famous portion of 17-Mile Drive then begins a few miles south of this point. The crossing of Highway 68 (Holman Highway/Sunset Drive) and 17-Mile Drive marks the entrance to Pebble Beach.

From the Sunset Drive/Pacific Grove gate, the drive runs inland past Spanish Bay, then adjacent to beaches and up into the coastal hills, providing scenic viewpoints. The route allows for self-directed travel and stopping, with frequent turnouts along the roadway in many locations along the route. Without stops, it takes a minimum of 20 minutes to reach Carmel. The numerous turnouts allow stopping to take pictures, or getting out to stroll along the ocean or among the trees. Visitors receive a map that points out some of the more scenic spots. In addition, a red-dashed line is marked in the center of the main road to guide visitors, and help prevent them from venturing into the adjacent neighborhood streets.

Scenic attractions
Primary scenic attractions include Cypress Point, Bird Rock, Point Joe, Pescadero Point, Fanshell Beach & Seal Point. The famous "Witch Tree" landmark, often used as scenic background in movies and television, was formerly at Pescadero Point. The tree was blown down by a storm on January 14, 1964. Pescadero Point is also the site of the Ghost Tree, a landmark Monterey Cypress tree. The tree gives its name to a dangerous extreme surfing location known to have storm waves. Currently, the surf break of Ghost Tree is off limits to surfers and watercraft.

Chief among the scenic attractions is the Lone Cypress, a salt-pruned Monterey cypress (macrocarpa) tree which is the official symbol of Pebble Beach and a frequent fixture of television broadcasts from this area. In 1990 the Monterey Journal reported that Pebble Beach's lawyer, Kerry C. Smith, said "The image of the tree has been trademarked by us," and that it intended to control any display of the cypress for commercial purposes. The company had warned photographers that "they cannot even use existing pictures of the tree for commercial purposes." Other legal commentators have questioned the Pebble Beach Company's ability to invoke intellectual property laws to restrict others' use of such images.

title: 17-Mile Drive


text:
Talk:POSTNET

Comments
The PDF link below is a page from the Domestic Mail Manual. Currently (12/2005) the barcoding standards page is available at http://pe.usps.com/cpim/ftp/manuals/dmm300/708.pdf and I added that to the article as a reference. I also added a couple of notes on the bar count of the various codes and a clarification on including the delivery point when doing the checksum.

Hi. I found this page which has a link to the POSTNET specification (and something called PLANET, which is another kind of coding, I think). Its a USPS standard, but the link isn't a USPS page:

http://www.triskelion-ltd.com/po-c840.pdf

you might want to put that on your page also. That page also says you can encode longer local delivery codes (not just zip and zip+4)
 * 1) smellycat

I (a few edits ago) changed the lower-half bar into Unicode using box drawing techniques. This works in any Unicode-capable browser. — Xoder|✆ 16:13, May 3, 2004 (UTC)
 * Since Internet Explorer does not support those characters (and it unfortunately remains the most common browser), I switched it to a different format using and commands on the | character . It looks okay on all but the Chick skin (in the my preferences section).  Rossami (talk) 21:38, 4 April 2006 (UTC)

Yeah, well that's not acceptable. Doesn't render in Firefox. Using any method which does not render in all browsers properly is unacceptable. The and tags are deprecated as far as I can tell, or Firefox is being stupid. Modifying to use proper font sizing tags to achieve same effect. Jeff The Riffer 02:01, 9 May 2007 (UTC)

Hello, I added some information on Postnet barcode formats used since the mid-1980s by USPS. I'll try to come back and add some more, having been involved with USPS automated mail processing since 1988 I think I have something to add. Eric S

unsigned comment moved from the article page
note to potential contributors: it would be interesting to know why the post office adopted this bar code standard instead of any of the other more common bar code systems?

Well anonymous commenter, the US Postal Service is one of the single biggest users of robotics and automated systems. There's many different barcode systems out there, but most of them are designed for commercial usage. Postal processing equipment has to be able to scan barcodes at frequences as high as 100 times per minute, and fit in very small spaces. Jeff The Riffer 02:01, 9 May 2007 (UTC)

PostNet International Franchise Corporation
I removed a self-link to "PostNet International Franchise Corporation". If there ever was such a corporation, it would be interesting to explain it in the article. -- Beland 15:50, 21 June 2007 (UTC)

Reverted back to Unicode
Reverted the POSTNET barcodes back to Unicode. Unicode is a widely used industry standard that is supported by a wide range of browsers. Unicode supports full length and half length bars, which is what the barcodes are, so why not use Unicode? Information should not be encoded stylistically (like using FONT tags), and quite frankly, the FONT tagged version doesn't look like the real POSTNET barcodes, which is what they're supposed to represent.

Also, the edit regarding the frame bars is incorrect, as the frame bars serve merely as termination points, and are not in and of themselves part of the encoded data set. -- Eulerskunk 20:26, 24 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Widely used? Yes.  Universally used?  No.  My browser at work, for example, is not supporting it properly.  (MS IE 6.02  Being a work-computer, I can not update it myself either.  And my IT department is unlikely to make such a fix just so I can work on Wikipedia stuff.)  If you have a better solution that's more widely readable, be bold.  But reverting to a format that returns empty boxes instead of characters is unhelpful to our readers.  The font-tagged version isn't perfect but it's the closest we've been able to manage so far that is universally readable.  Rossami (talk) 20:39, 24 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Thanks to user:I do not exist who elegantly solved the problem for all of us by replacing the individual characters with images. Rossami (talk)

Example bars - inductive leap?
The example cites a ZIP+4 of 55555-1237 which with the check digit of 2, gives "an encoded data of 5555512372". However, the bars that follow "Together with the initial and terminal frame bars" represent, by their code, BAR 7 3 0 1 8 7 2 7 3 2 BAR. How this comes from the data is not explained. ??? --Piledhigheranddeeper (talk) 22:27, 8 October 2009 (UTC)

Ah. I see now it was vandalism. reverting...--Piledhigheranddeeper (talk) 22:32, 8 October 2009 (UTC)

Is POSTNET being deprecated?
USPS' own website suggests that the Intelligent Mail barcode may be replacing the POSTNET barcode. I don't know enough about the background behind this to make any informed edits. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Srtwin (talk • contribs) 20:04, 18 January 2011 (UTC)
 * For receiving bulk mail discount rates, yes. USPS doesn't really want anyone to know that the codes kept on being scanned for much longer. This doesn't get you the discount rates but does get expedited handling, since succesful reading puts your mail ahead of the non-barcoded mail in the queue, potentially shaving days off of the transit time. Also, the newer code requires the sender to have registered for a mailer-ID, to add a unique number to each mailpiece, and to keep track of numbers used for uniqueness. This makes the POSTNET code much easier to work with. If anyone knows whether they still scan POSTNET or when they stopped (or will stop, which would be stupid) scanning, do add. Also, I found a 3+1 code on a mailpiece sent internationally from the USA to the Netherlands in 1999. Were there any guidelines on what to do on such mailpieces, IOW is this a fluke or a valid special case?  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.171.129.171 (talk) 05:57, 23 May 2020 (UTC)

Article needs history section : When was POSTNET invented ?
When was this invented and by whom ? When was it adopted and disgarded ? The article reads like it was written by 5 year old.

Dwarfkingdom (talk) 00:26, 7 August 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:POSTNET