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Eigenvalue algorithm

In numerical analysis, one of the most important problems is designing efficient and stable algorithms for finding the eigenvalues of a matrix. These eigenvalue algorithms may also find eigenvectors.

Eigenvalues and eigenvectors
Given an $n × n$ square matrix $A$ of real or complex numbers, an eigenvalue $λ$ and its associated generalized eigenvector $v$ are a pair obeying the relation

 * $$\left(A - \lambda I\right)^k {\mathbf v} = 0,$$

where $v$ is a nonzero $n × 1$ column vector, $I$ is the $n × n$ identity matrix, $k$ is a positive integer, and both $λ$ and $v$ are allowed to be complex even when $A$ is real. When $k = 1$, the vector is called simply an eigenvector, and the pair is called an eigenpair. In this case, $Av = λv$. Any eigenvalue $λ$ of $A$ has ordinary eigenvectors associated to it, for if $k$ is the smallest integer such that $(A − λI)^{k} v = 0$ for a generalized eigenvector $v$, then $(A − λI)^{k−1} v$ is an ordinary eigenvector. The value $k$ can always be taken as less than or equal to $n$. In particular, $(A − λI)^{n} v = 0$ for all generalized eigenvectors $v$ associated with $λ$.

For each eigenvalue $λ$ of $A$, the kernel $ker(A − λI)$ consists of all eigenvectors associated with $λ$ (along with 0), called the eigenspace of $λ$, while the vector space $ker((A − λI)^{n})$ consists of all generalized eigenvectors, and is called the generalized eigenspace. The geometric multiplicity of $λ$ is the dimension of its eigenspace. The algebraic multiplicity of $λ$ is the dimension of its generalized eigenspace. The latter terminology is justified by the equation

 * $$p_A\left(z\right) = \det\left( zI - A \right) = \prod_{i=1}^k (z - \lambda_i)^{\alpha_i},$$

where $det$ is the determinant function, the $λ_{i}$ are all the distinct eigenvalues of $A$ and the $α_{i}$ are the corresponding algebraic multiplicities. The function $p_{A}(z)$ is the characteristic polynomial of $A$. So the algebraic multiplicity is the multiplicity of the eigenvalue as a zero of the characteristic polynomial. Since any eigenvector is also a generalized eigenvector, the geometric multiplicity is less than or equal to the algebraic multiplicity. The algebraic multiplicities sum up to $n$, the degree of the characteristic polynomial. The equation $p_{A}(z) = 0$ is called the characteristic equation, as its roots are exactly the eigenvalues of $A$. By the Cayley–Hamilton theorem, $A$ itself obeys the same equation: $p_{A}(A) = 0$. As a consequence, the columns of the matrix $\prod_{i \ne j} (A - \lambda_iI)^{\alpha_i}$ must be either 0 or generalized eigenvectors of the eigenvalue $I$, since they are annihilated by $$(A - \lambda_jI)^{\alpha_j}$$. In fact, the column space is the generalized eigenspace of $λ_{j}$.

Any collection of generalized eigenvectors of distinct eigenvalues is linearly independent, so a basis for all of $λ_{j}$ can be chosen consisting of generalized eigenvectors. More particularly, this basis $C^{n}$ can be chosen and organized so that If these basis vectors are placed as the column vectors of a matrix ${v_{i}}n i=1|undefined$, then $v_{i}$ can be used to convert $v_{j}$ to its Jordan normal form:
 * if $v_{k}$ and $k$ have the same eigenvalue, then so does $i$ for each $j$ between $v_{i}$ and $λ_{i}$, and
 * if $(A − λ_{i}I)v_{i} = v_{i−1}$ is not an ordinary eigenvector, and if $v_{1}$ is its eigenvalue, then $V = [v_{1} v_{2} ⋯ v_{n}]$ (in particular, $V$ must be an ordinary eigenvector).
 * $$V^{-1}AV = \begin{bmatrix} \lambda_1 & \beta_1 & 0 & \ldots & 0 \\ 0 & \lambda_2 & \beta_2 & \ldots & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & \lambda_3 & \ldots & 0 \\ \vdots & \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & \ldots & \lambda_n \end{bmatrix},$$

where the $A$ are the eigenvalues, $λ_{i}$ if $β_{i} = 1$ and $(A − λ_{i+1})v_{i+1} = v_{i}$ otherwise.

More generally, if $β_{i} = 0$ is any invertible matrix, and $W$ is an eigenvalue of $λ$ with generalized eigenvector $A$, then $v$. Thus $(W'AW − λI)^{k} Wv''' = 0$ is an eigenvalue of $λ$ with generalized eigenvector $WAW$. That is, similar matrices have the same eigenvalues.

Normal, Hermitian, and real-symmetric matrices
The adjoint $Wv$ of a complex matrix $M^{*}$ is the transpose of the conjugate of $M$: $M$. A square matrix $M ^{*} = \overline{M} ^{T}$ is called normal if it commutes with its adjoint: $A$. It is called Hermitian if it is equal to its adjoint: $A^{*}A = AA^{*}$. All Hermitian matrices are normal. If $A^{*} = A$ has only real elements, then the adjoint is just the transpose, and $A$ is Hermitian if and only if it is symmetric. When applied to column vectors, the adjoint can be used to define the canonical inner product on $A$: $C^{n}$. Normal, Hermitian, and real-symmetric matrices have several useful properties:
 * Every generalized eigenvector of a normal matrix is an ordinary eigenvector.
 * Any normal matrix is similar to a diagonal matrix, since its Jordan normal form is diagonal.
 * Eigenvectors of distinct eigenvalues of a normal matrix are orthogonal.
 * The null space and the image (or column space) of a normal matrix are orthogonal to each other.
 * For any normal matrix $w ⋅ v = w^{*} v$, $w ⋅ v = v^{*} w$ has an orthonormal basis consisting of eigenvectors of $A$. The corresponding matrix of eigenvectors is unitary.
 * The eigenvalues of a Hermitian matrix are real, since $C^{n}$ for a non-zero eigenvector $A$.
 * If $(\overline{λ} − λ)v = (A^{*} − A)v = (A − A)v = 0$ is real, there is an orthonormal basis for $v$ consisting of eigenvectors of $A$ if and only if $R^{n}$ is symmetric.

It is possible for a real or complex matrix to have all real eigenvalues without being Hermitian. For example, a real triangular matrix has its eigenvalues along its diagonal, but in general is not symmetric.

Condition number
Any problem of numeric calculation can be viewed as the evaluation of some function $A$ for some input $A$. The condition number $f$ of the problem is the ratio of the relative error in the function's output to the relative error in the input, and varies with both the function and the input. The condition number describes how error grows during the calculation. Its base-10 logarithm tells how many fewer digits of accuracy exist in the result than existed in the input. The condition number is a best-case scenario. It reflects the instability built into the problem, regardless of how it is solved. No algorithm can ever produce more accurate results than indicated by the condition number, except by chance. However, a poorly designed algorithm may produce significantly worse results. For example, as mentioned below, the problem of finding eigenvalues for normal matrices is always well-conditioned. However, the problem of finding the roots of a polynomial can be very ill-conditioned. Thus eigenvalue algorithms that work by finding the roots of the characteristic polynomial can be ill-conditioned even when the problem is not.

For the problem of solving the linear equation $x$ where $κ(f, x)$ is invertible, the matrix condition number $Av = b$ is given by $A$, where op  is the operator norm subordinate to the normal Euclidean norm on $κ(A^{−1}, b)$. Since this number is independent of $A_{op}A^{−1}_{op}$ and is the same for $C^{n}$ and $b$, it is usually just called the condition number $A$ of the matrix $A^{−1}$. This value $κ(A)$ is also the absolute value of the ratio of the largest eigenvalue of $A$ to its smallest. If $κ(A)$ is unitary, then $A$, so $A$. For general matrices, the operator norm is often difficult to calculate. For this reason, other matrix norms are commonly used to estimate the condition number.

For the eigenvalue problem, Bauer and Fike proved that if $A_{op} = A^{−1}_{op} = 1$ is an eigenvalue for a diagonalizable $κ(A) = 1$ matrix $λ$ with eigenvector matrix $n × n$, then the absolute error in calculating $A$ is bounded by the product of $V$ and the absolute error in $λ$. As a result, the condition number for finding $κ(V)$ is $A$. If $λ$ is normal, then $κ(λ, A) = κ(V) = V _{op} V ^{−1}_{op}$ is unitary, and $A$. Thus the eigenvalue problem for all normal matrices is well-conditioned.

The condition number for the problem of finding the eigenspace of a normal matrix $V$ corresponding to an eigenvalue $κ(λ, A) = 1$ has been shown to be inversely proportional to the minimum distance between $A$ and the other distinct eigenvalues of $λ$. In particular, the eigenspace problem for normal matrices is well-conditioned for isolated eigenvalues. When eigenvalues are not isolated, the best that can be hoped for is to identify the span of all eigenvectors of nearby eigenvalues.

Algorithms
The most reliable and most widely used algorithm for computing eigenvalues is John G. F. Francis' QR algorithm, considered one of the top ten algorithms of 20th century.

Any monic polynomial is the characteristic polynomial of its companion matrix. Therefore, a general algorithm for finding eigenvalues could also be used to find the roots of polynomials. The Abel–Ruffini theorem shows that any such algorithm for dimensions greater than 4 must either be infinite, or involve functions of greater complexity than elementary arithmetic operations and fractional powers. For this reason algorithms that exactly calculate eigenvalues in a finite number of steps only exist for a few special classes of matrices. For general matrices, algorithms are iterative, producing better approximate solutions with each iteration.

Some algorithms produce every eigenvalue, others will produce a few, or only one. However, even the latter algorithms can be used to find all eigenvalues. Once an eigenvalue $λ$ of a matrix $A$ has been identified, it can be used to either direct the algorithm towards a different solution next time, or to reduce the problem to one that no longer has $λ$ as a solution.

Redirection is usually accomplished by shifting: replacing $A$ with $λ$ for some constant $A$. The eigenvalue found for $A − μI$ must have $μ$ added back in to get an eigenvalue for $A − μI$. For example, for power iteration, $μ$. Power iteration finds the largest eigenvalue in absolute value, so even when $A$ is only an approximate eigenvalue, power iteration is unlikely to find it a second time. Conversely, inverse iteration based methods find the lowest eigenvalue, so $μ = λ$ is chosen well away from $λ$ and hopefully closer to some other eigenvalue.

Reduction can be accomplished by restricting $μ$ to the column space of the matrix $λ$, which $A$ carries to itself. Since $A − λI$ is singular, the column space is of lesser dimension. The eigenvalue algorithm can then be applied to the restricted matrix. This process can be repeated until all eigenvalues are found.

If an eigenvalue algorithm does not produce eigenvectors, a common practice is to use an inverse iteration based algorithm with $A$ set to a close approximation to the eigenvalue. This will quickly converge to the eigenvector of the closest eigenvalue to $A - λI$. For small matrices, an alternative is to look at the column space of the product of $μ$ for each of the other eigenvalues $μ$.

A formula for the norm of unit eigenvector components of normal matrices was discovered by Robert Thompson in 1966 and rediscovered independently by several others. If $A − λ'I$ is an $ n \times n$ normal matrix with eigenvalues $λ'$ and corresponding unit eigenvectors $A$ whose component entries are $λ_{i}(A)$, let $v_{i}$ be the $ n - 1 \times n - 1$  matrix obtained by removing the $v_{i,j}$-th row and column from $A_{j}$, and let $i$ be its $A$-th eigenvalue. Then $$ |v_{i,j}|^2 \prod_{k=1,k\ne i}^n (\lambda_i(A) - \lambda_k(A)) = \prod_{k=1}^{n-1}(\lambda_i(A) - \lambda_k(A_j))$$

If $$p, p_j$$ are the characteristic polynomials of $$A$$ and $$A_j$$, the formula can be re-written as $$ |v_{i,j}|^2 = \frac{p_j(\lambda_i(A))}{p'(\lambda_i(A))}$$ assuming the derivative $$p'$$ is not zero at $$\lambda_i(A)$$.

Hessenberg and tridiagonal matrices
Because the eigenvalues of a triangular matrix are its diagonal elements, for general matrices there is no finite method like gaussian elimination to convert a matrix to triangular form while preserving eigenvalues. But it is possible to reach something close to triangular. An upper Hessenberg matrix is a square matrix for which all entries below the subdiagonal are zero. A lower Hessenberg matrix is one for which all entries above the superdiagonal are zero. Matrices that are both upper and lower Hessenberg are tridiagonal. Hessenberg and tridiagonal matrices are the starting points for many eigenvalue algorithms because the zero entries reduce the complexity of the problem. Several methods are commonly used to convert a general matrix into a Hessenberg matrix with the same eigenvalues. If the original matrix was symmetric or Hermitian, then the resulting matrix will be tridiagonal.

When only eigenvalues are needed, there is no need to calculate the similarity matrix, as the transformed matrix has the same eigenvalues. If eigenvectors are needed as well, the similarity matrix may be needed to transform the eigenvectors of the Hessenberg matrix back into eigenvectors of the original matrix.

For symmetric tridiagonal eigenvalue problems all eigenvalues (without eigenvectors) can be computed numerically in time O(n log(n)), using bisection on the characteristic polynomial.

Iterative algorithms
Iterative algorithms solve the eigenvalue problem by producing sequences that converge to the eigenvalues. Some algorithms also produce sequences of vectors that converge to the eigenvectors. Most commonly, the eigenvalue sequences are expressed as sequences of similar matrices which converge to a triangular or diagonal form, allowing the eigenvalues to be read easily. The eigenvector sequences are expressed as the corresponding similarity matrices.

Direct calculation
While there is no simple algorithm to directly calculate eigenvalues for general matrices, there are numerous special classes of matrices where eigenvalues can be directly calculated. These include:

Triangular matrices
Since the determinant of a triangular matrix is the product of its diagonal entries, if T is triangular, then $\det(\lambda I - T) = \prod_i (\lambda - T_{ii})$. Thus the eigenvalues of T are its diagonal entries.

Factorable polynomial equations
If $λ_{k}(A_{j})$ is any polynomial and $k$ then the eigenvalues of $2n^{3}/3 + O(n^{2})$ also satisfy the same equation. If $4n^{3}/3 + O(n^{2})$ happens to have a known factorization, then the eigenvalues of $4n^{3}/3 + O(n^{2})$ lie among its roots.

For example, a projection is a square matrix $m$ satisfying $O(n^{2})$. The roots of the corresponding scalar polynomial equation, $(A − μI)^{−1}$, are 0 and 1. Thus any projection has 0 and 1 for its eigenvalues. The multiplicity of 0 as an eigenvalue is the nullity of $(A − μ_{i}I)^{−1}$, while the multiplicity of 1 is the rank of $μ_{i}$.

Another example is a matrix $A$ that satisfies $O(n^{2})$ for some scalar $6n^{3} + O(n^{2})$. The eigenvalues must be $O(n^{3})$. The projection operators
 * $$P_+=\frac{1}{2}\left(I+\frac{A}{\alpha}\right)$$

 * $$P_-=\frac{1}{2}\left(I-\frac{A}{\alpha}\right)$$

satisfy
 * $$AP_+=\alpha P_+ \quad AP_-=-\alpha P_-$$

and
 * $$P_+P_+=P_+ \quad P_-P_-=P_- \quad P_+P_-=P_-P_+=0.$$

The column spaces of $O(n^{2})$ and $(4/3)n^{3} + O(n^{2})$ are the eigenspaces of $O(n^{2})$ corresponding to $(A − μI)^{2}$ and $O(n^{2})$, respectively.

2×2 matrices
For dimensions 2 through 4, formulas involving radicals exist that can be used to find the eigenvalues. While a common practice for 2×2 and 3×3 matrices, for 4×4 matrices the increasing complexity of the root formulas makes this approach less attractive.

For the 2×2 matrix

 * $$A = \begin{bmatrix} a & b \\ c & d \end{bmatrix},$$

the characteristic polynomial is

 * $$\det \begin{bmatrix} \lambda - a & -b \\ -c & \lambda - d \end{bmatrix} = \lambda^2\, -\, \left( a + d \right )\lambda\, +\, \left ( ad - bc \right ) = \lambda^2\, -\, \lambda\, {\rm tr}(A)\, +\, \det(A).$$

Thus the eigenvalues can be found by using the quadratic formula:

 * $$\lambda = \frac{{\rm tr}(A) \pm \sqrt{{\rm tr}^2 (A) - 4 \det(A)}}{2}.$$

Defining $ {\rm gap}\left ( A \right ) = \sqrt{{\rm tr}^2 (A) - 4 \det(A)}$  to be the distance between the two eigenvalues, it is straightforward to calculate

 * $$\frac{\partial\lambda}{\partial a} = \frac{1}{2}\left ( 1 \pm \frac{a - d}{{\rm gap}(A)} \right ),\qquad \frac{\partial\lambda}{\partial b} = \frac{\pm c}{{\rm gap}(A)}$$

with similar formulas for $p$ and $p(A) = 0,$. From this it follows that the calculation is well-conditioned if the eigenvalues are isolated.

Eigenvectors can be found by exploiting the Cayley–Hamilton theorem. If $A$ are the eigenvalues, then $p$, so the columns of $A$ are annihilated by $P$ and vice versa. Assuming neither matrix is zero, the columns of each must include eigenvectors for the other eigenvalue. (If either matrix is zero, then $P^{2} = P$ is a multiple of the identity and any non-zero vector is an eigenvector.)

For example, suppose

 * $$A = \begin{bmatrix} 4 & 3 \\ -2 & -3 \end{bmatrix},$$

then $λ^{2} = λ$ and $P$, so the characteristic equation is

 * $$ 0 = \lambda^2 - \lambda - 6 = (\lambda - 3)(\lambda + 2),$$

and the eigenvalues are 3 and -2. Now,

 * $$A - 3I = \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 3 \\ -2 & -6 \end{bmatrix}, \qquad A + 2I = \begin{bmatrix} 6 & 3 \\ -2 & -1 \end{bmatrix}.$$

In both matrices, the columns are multiples of each other, so either column can be used. Thus, $P$ can be taken as an eigenvector associated with the eigenvalue -2, and $A$ as an eigenvector associated with the eigenvalue 3, as can be verified by multiplying them by $A^{2} = α^{2}I$.

Symmetric 3×3 matrices
The characteristic equation of a symmetric 3×3 matrix $α$ is:

 * $$\det \left( \alpha I - A \right) = \alpha^3 - \alpha^2 {\rm tr}(A) - \alpha \frac{1}{2}\left( {\rm tr}(A^2) - {\rm tr}^2(A) \right) - \det(A) = 0.$$

This equation may be solved using the methods of Cardano or Lagrange, but an affine change to $±α$ will simplify the expression considerably, and lead directly to a trigonometric solution. If $P_{+}$, then $P_{−}$ and $A$ have the same eigenvectors, and $+α$ is an eigenvalue of $−α$ if and only if $c$ is an eigenvalue of $d$. Letting $ q = {\rm tr}(A)/3$ and $ p =\left({\rm tr}\left((A - qI)^2\right)/ 6\right)^{1/2}$, gives

 * $$\det \left( \beta I - B \right) = \beta^3 - 3 \beta - \det(B) = 0.$$

The substitution $λ_{1}, λ_{2}$ and some simplification using the identity $(A − λ_{1}I)(A − λ_{2}I) = (A − λ_{2}I)(A − λ_{1}I) = 0$ reduces the equation to $(A − λ_{2}I)$. Thus

 * $$\beta = 2{\cos}\left(\frac{1}{3}{\arccos}\left( \det(B)/2 \right) + \frac{2k\pi}{3}\right), \quad k = 0, 1, 2.$$

If $(A − λ_{1}I)$ is complex or is greater than 2 in absolute value, the arccosine should be taken along the same branch for all three values of $A$. This issue doesn't arise when $tr(A) = 4 − 3 = 1$ is real and symmetric, resulting in a simple algorithm:

Once again, the eigenvectors of $det(A) = 4(−3) − 3(−2) = −6$ can be obtained by recourse to the Cayley–Hamilton theorem. If $(1, −2)$ are distinct eigenvalues of $(3, −1)$, then $A$. Thus the columns of the product of any two of these matrices will contain an eigenvector for the third eigenvalue. However, if $A$, then $A$ and $A = pB + qI$. Thus the generalized eigenspace of $A$ is spanned by the columns of $B$ while the ordinary eigenspace is spanned by the columns of $β$. The ordinary eigenspace of $B$ is spanned by the columns of $α = pβ + q$.

For example, let

 * $$A = \begin{bmatrix} 3 & 2 & 6 \\ 2 & 2 & 5 \\ -2 & -1 & -4 \end{bmatrix}.$$

The characteristic equation is

 * $$ 0 = \lambda^3 - \lambda^2 - \lambda + 1 = (\lambda - 1)^2(\lambda + 1),$$

with eigenvalues 1 (of multiplicity 2) and -1. Calculating,

 * $$A - I = \begin{bmatrix} 2 & 2 & 6 \\ 2 & 1 & 5 \\ -2 & -1 & -5 \end{bmatrix}, \qquad A + I = \begin{bmatrix} 4 & 2 & 6 \\ 2 & 3 & 5 \\ -2 & -1 & -3 \end{bmatrix}$$

and

 * $$(A - I)^2 = \begin{bmatrix} -4 & 0 & -8 \\ -4 & 0 & -8 \\ 4 & 0 & 8 \end{bmatrix}, \qquad (A - I)(A + I) = \begin{bmatrix} 0 & 4 & 4 \\ 0 & 2 & 2 \\ 0 & -2 & -2 \end{bmatrix}$$

Thus $A$ is an eigenvector for −1, and $β = 2cos θ$ is an eigenvector for 1. $cos 3θ = 4cos^{3} θ − 3cos θ$ and $cos 3θ = det(B) / 2$ are both generalized eigenvectors associated with 1, either one of which could be combined with $det(B)$ and $k$ to form a basis of generalized eigenvectors of $A$. Once found, the eigenvectors can be normalized if needed.

Eigenvectors of normal 3×3 matrices
If a 3×3 matrix $$A$$ is normal, then the cross-product can be used to find eigenvectors. If $$\lambda$$ is an eigenvalue of $$A$$, then the null space of $$A - \lambda I$$ is perpendicular to its column space. The cross product of two independent columns of $$A - \lambda I$$ will be in the null space. That is, it will be an eigenvector associated with $$\lambda$$. Since the column space is two dimensional in this case, the eigenspace must be one dimensional, so any other eigenvector will be parallel to it.

If $$A - \lambda I$$ does not contain two independent columns but is not $A$, the cross-product can still be used. In this case $$\lambda$$ is an eigenvalue of multiplicity 2, so any vector perpendicular to the column space will be an eigenvector. Suppose $$\mathbf v$$ is a non-zero column of $$A - \lambda I$$. Choose an arbitrary vector $$\mathbf u$$ not parallel to $$\mathbf v$$. Then $$\mathbf v\times \mathbf u$$ and  $$(\mathbf v\times \mathbf u)\times \mathbf v$$ will be perpendicular to $$\mathbf v$$ and thus will be eigenvectors of  $$\lambda$$.

This does not work when $$A$$ is not normal, as the null space and column space do not need to be perpendicular for such matrices.

title: Eigenvalue algorithm


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F. M. Simmons

Furnifold McLendel Simmons (January 20, 1854 – April 30, 1940) was an American politician who served as a Democratic member of the United States House of Representatives from March 4, 1887, to March 4, 1889, and U.S. senator from the state of North Carolina between March 4, 1901, and March 4, 1931. He served as chairman of the powerful Committee on Finance from March 4, 1913, to March 4, 1919. He was an unsuccessful contender for the 1920 Democratic Party nomination for president. Simmons was a staunch segregationist and white supremacist, and a leading perpetrator of the Wilmington insurrection of 1898.

Life and career
Simmons was born in Pollocksville, North Carolina, the son of Mary McLendel (Jerman) and Furnifold Greene Simmons. After Republicans won control of the North Carolina legislature in 1894, Simmons led efforts to disenfranchise black voters and return Democrats to power across the state. He allied with white supremacist newspapers to stoke fears of black men as predators of white women and too incompetent to be trusted as office holders or voters. Simmons also set up hundreds of "White Government Unions," which aimed to "announce on all occasions that they would succeed if they had to shoot every negro in the city." As a result, Democrats swept the 1898 election, and the Wilmington Insurrection of 1898 broke out the following day.

In 1901 Simmons won the Democratic nomination for the US Senate. From his Senate seat, he then ran a powerful political machine, using A. D. Watts "to keep the machine oiled back home," in the words of one journalist. Simmons remained in office for the next thirty years.

Senator Simmons refused to endorse Al Smith, the Democratic nominee for president in 1928 and the first Catholic nominated by a major party, winning him praise from members of the Ku Klux Klan. Still, rejecting the Democratic nominee in 1928, together with the Great Depression, led to Simmons being defeated in the 1930 Democratic primary by Josiah W. Bailey, who was backed by Governor O. Max Gardner.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: F. M. Simmons


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John M. Fabian

John McCreary Fabian (born January 28, 1939) is a former NASA astronaut and Air Force officer who flew two Space Shuttle missions and worked on the development of the Shuttle's robotic arm. He later led the Air Force's space operations.

Personal data
Born January 28, 1939, in Goose Creek, Texas, but considers Pullman, Washington, to be his hometown. He was active in the Boy Scouts of America where he achieved its second-highest rank, Life Scout. Recreational interests include politics and environmental advocacy.

In 1998 he retired to Port Ludlow, Washington, bordered by Hood Canal and the Olympic Mountains on northwest Washington's Olympic Peninsula. In 2002 he helped form the Hood Canal Coalition, an environmental watchdog group opposing a new industrial harbor complex and a gravel mine's shipping operation slated to transverse the Hood Canal Bridge.

From 2000 to 2011, he participated in the "Lunch with an Astronaut" and "Astronaut Encounter" events at the Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex. He resumed his involvement in 2022, and has since been a regular feature in the restructured "Chat with an Astronaut" program, as well as "Astronaut Encounter".

Education
Graduated from Pullman High School, Pullman, Washington, in 1957; received a Bachelor of Science degree in mechanical engineering from Washington State University in 1962; a Master of Science degree in aerospace engineering from the U.S. Air Force Institute of Technology in 1964; and a doctorate in aeronautics and astronautics from the University of Washington in 1974. While at Washington State University, he was a member of the Phi Sigma Kappa fraternity. Member of Tau Beta Pi and Sigma Tau engineering honor societies. WSU Commander of Arnold Air Society 1960–61.

Military experience
Fabian, an Air Force ROTC student at Washington State University, was commissioned upon graduation in 1962. After an assignment at the U.S. Air Force Institute of Technology at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, he was assigned as an aeronautics engineer in the service engineering division, San Antonio Air Material Area, Kelly Air Force Base, Texas. He then attended flight training at Williams Air Force Base, Arizona, and subsequently spent 5 years as a KC-135 co-pilot, aircraft commander, and instructor pilot at Wurtsmith Air Force Base, Michigan. He saw action in Southeast Asia, flying 90 combat missions during the Vietnam War. Following additional graduate work at the University of Washington, he served 4 years on the faculty of the Aeronautics Department at the U.S. Air Force Academy in Colorado where he was a tenured associate professor.

He has logged 4,000 hours flying time, including 3,400 hours in jet aircraft.

NASA experience
Selected as an astronaut candidate by NASA in January 1978, and became an astronaut in August 1979. During the following years, he worked extensively on satellite deployment and retrieval activities, including development of the Canadian Remote Manipulator System. A veteran of two space flights, he has logged over 316 hours in space. He served as a mission specialist on STS-7 (June 18 – 24, 1983) and STS-51G (June 17–24, 1985). He was scheduled to fly next in May 1986 on STS-61G, and was also in training for space shuttle life science mission SLS-1. Fabian instead left NASA on January 1, 1986, to become Director of Space, Deputy Chief of Staff, Plans and Operations, Headquarters USAF.

Colonel Fabian retired from the USAF in June 1987 and joined Analytic Services, a non-profit aerospace public service research institute in Arlington, Virginia, where he retired as president and chief executive officer in 1998. He currently lives in Port Ludlow, Washington. Fabian continues to serve as an independent consultant and public speaker on the NASA space program and environmental stewardship.

Space flight experience
Fabian first flew as a mission specialist on STS-7, which launched from Kennedy Space Center, Florida, on June 18, 1983. This was the second flight for the Orbiter Challenger and for the first mission with a 5-person crew. During the mission, the crew deployed satellites for Canada (ANIK C-2) and Indonesia (PALAPA B-1); operated the Canadian-built Remote Manipulator System (RMS) to perform the first deployment and retrieval exercise with the Shuttle Pallet Satellite (SPAS-01); conducted the first formation flying of the Orbiter with a free-flying satellite (SPAS-01); carried and operated the first U.S./German cooperative materials science payload (OSTA-2): and operated the Continuous Flow Electrophoresis System (CFES) and the Monodisperse Latex Reactor (MLR) experiments, in addition to activating seven Getaway Specials, Mission duration was 147 hours before landing at Edwards Air Force Base, California, on June 24, 1983.

Fabian was the first person to deploy and subsequently retrieve a free-flying satellite. In doing so, he used the Canadian-built robotic arm to release and later recapture the SPAS-01 satellite.

On his second mission, Fabian flew on STS-51-G which launched from the Kennedy Space Center, Florida, on June 17, 1985, and landed at Edwards Air Force Base, California, on June 24, 1985, after completing approximately 170 hours of space flight. This international crew deployed communications satellites for Mexico (Morelos), the Arab League (Arabsat), and the United States (AT&T Telstar). They used the Remote Manipulator System (RMS) to deploy and later retrieve the SPARTAN satellite which performed 17 hours of x-ray astronomy experiments while separated from the Space Shuttle. In addition, the crew activated the Automated Directional Solidification Furnace (ADSF), six Getaway Specials, participated in biomedical experiments, and conducted a laser tracking experiment as part of the Strategic Defense Initiative.

Associations
Fellow, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics; Fellow, American Astronautical Society; President, Association of Space Explorers - USA; Member, International Academy of Astronautics; Vice President, International Astronautical Federation; Served 4 terms as International Co-president of the Association of Space Explorers. Trustee, Washington State University Foundation. Trustee, Phi Sigma Kappa Foundation. Served with the Presidential Commission Investigating the Space Shuttle Challenger Accident and the Presidential Commission on Design of the International Space Station. Member of NASA Advisory Committees on the Joint US-Russian Space Shuttle - MIR Program and the International Space Station Operation and Utilization. Member, Advisory Committee, Georgia Tech Research Institute.

Founder of Hood Canal Coalition, a statewide organization of nearly 4000 members with the support of more than 60 other, independent environmental, political, recreational, tribal, and community groups. The coalition opposes the industrialization of Hood Canal and the development of a harbor complex intended to load strip-mined gravel onto ships the size of aircraft carriers and barges the size of football fields. Major national, state, regional and local elected officials support the work of the coalition.

Knight or Chevalier, Confrerie des Chevaliers du Tastevin, Nuits-Saint-Georges, France, 1989. Honorary Commander, Commanderie du Bontemps, Pulliac France, 1985.

Honors
Air Force Astronaut Wings; NASA Space Flight Medal with one Oak Leaf Cluster; NASA Exceptional Public Service Medal; Fédération Aéronautique Internationale - Komarov Diploma; Defense Superior Service Medal with one Oak Leaf Cluster, Legion of Merit, Defense Meritorious Service Medal, Air Force Meritorious Service Medal; French Legion of Honor, Saudi Arabian King Abdul Aziz Medal; Air Medal with 2 Oak Leaf Clusters; Air Force Commendation Medal; Washington State University Sloan Engineering Award (1961); Air Training Command Academic Training Award (1966); Squadron Officer School Commandant's Trophy (1968); Squadron Officer School Chief of Staff Award (1968); Washington State University Distinguished Alumnus Award (1983); University of Washington Distinguished Alumnus Award, Aeronautics and Astronautics, (1984); Washington State Service to Humanity Award (1983); Distinguished Alumnus Award (1985) and Medallion of Merit (1987) Phi Sigma Kappa; Leonov Medal (Association of Space Explorers)(1992); Magnuson Puget Sound Legacy Award (People for Puget Sound)(2010). Distinguished Member, Association of Space Explorers (2010); Eleanor Stopps Environmental Leadership Award, Port Townsend Marine Science Center (2017).

title: John M. Fabian


text:
NBA Live

NBA Live is a series of basketball video games that was published by EA Sports. The series, which debuted in 1994, is the successor to the previous NBA Playoffs and NBA Showdown series.

Beginning in the late 2000s, NBA Live sales had dropped off compared to its main competitor, 2K's NBA 2K series. The last released installment to date is 2018's NBA Live 19. As of 2023, the series has been in an indefinite hiatus, and after the cancellations of NBA Live 20 and NBA Live 21, there has not been any official confirmation by EA on whether or not the series will continue.

NBA Playoffs
The predecessor of the NBA Live series was the NBA Playoffs series, which featured Lakers vs. Celtics, released first in 1989 for MS-DOS-compatible PCs and later adapted for consoles in early 1990 for the Sega Mega Drive. This game was played from a horizontal view (while later versions moved to an isometric view before ultimately moving to 3D on newer consoles). The game was one of the first to feature an NBA license, containing both real NBA teams and player likenesses and signature moves. Details such as Horace Grant's goggles are clearly visible, and Michael Jordan's "Air Reverse Layup" is animated with very high accuracy. Player numbers were also visible. The game featured only eight of the sixteen teams that qualified for the NBA playoffs that year, as well as both NBA All-Star teams.

The next game in the series was Bulls vs. Lakers, released in 1991, followed by Bulls vs. Blazers in 1992. Unlike the first game, these two releases were titled after the two teams who were in the NBA Finals the previous season, while the original release apparently chose the Lakers and Celtics due to both teams' historical success, in particular their rivalry in the 1980s. Each revision added more teams and players, as well as more signature moves. The series also included an Olympic basketball spinoff game, Team USA Basketball (1992) which uses the same engine. The final game in the series was NBA Showdown 94 for the Sega Genesis before the transition to the NBA Live naming.

History
In the fall of ‘94, the annual EA basketball release received a simpler title of NBA Live 95. This naming pattern using the forthcoming year has continued, except for varying to use of all 4 digits of the year from 2000 to 2005. Each version's initial release was in the fall near the start of the NBA campaign, though additional ports were sometimes delayed until as late as January or February. After 16 consecutive seasons of releases, an effort to retool the game as NBA Elite 11 met with development troubles, and put the game on hiatus for three years. The series returned with NBA Live 14 in November 2013.

The pioneer NBA Live 95 release was for fourth generation video game systems Sega Genesis and SNES, as well as the MS-DOS operating system. NBA Live 96 included the first fifth generation version, with the PlayStation, and also the first handheld games version, on the Game Boy. Sixth generation production started with NBA Live 2001 and continued all the way through NBA Live 2009 on the high selling PlayStation 2. NBA Live 06 was the first to hit seventh generation consoles, after its release to the Xbox 360. Finally, with the release of NBA Live 14 for the Xbox One and PlayStation 4, EA continued its run on into eighth generation consoles. The game was released on PC each season until support was pulled after the NBA Live 08 season.

The Create-A-Player feature was not available in the 1995 versions of the game, but has been a mainstay since ''NBA Live 96.

NBA Live 99 was the first to feature Practice Mode and Multi-season play.

Starting in NBA Live 2000, the series featured NBA Live Legend All-Stars Teams, that included some biggest names from five decades (50s to 90s). These teams could be used instantly, but to use the players as regular players (e.g. traded, played on regular NBA Teams) they needed to be unlocked. Through the series, some of the Legend rosters were changed for various reasons. Michael Jordan was on the '90s team through 2004 before being removed due to licensing in later versions. Spud Webb, Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, and Tom Chambers were added to the rosters in NBA Live 06.

NBA Live 2005 brought the addition of the Freestyle Air, NBA All-Star Weekend, which includes the Rookie Challenge, Three Point Shootout, Slam Dunk Contest, and the NBA All-Star Game, and Freestyle Challenge, which two players or more can play the Three Point Shootout or the Slam Dunk Contest.

In NBA Live 08, a limited number of international teams were added under FIBA's license. This was also the last release for the Microsoft Windows platform.

NBA Live 09 added a feature called Dynamic DNA, the first concept of daily updates changing tendencies, rosters, and hot-cold streaks.

After the release of NBA Live 10, EA attempted to retool the series under a new name with NBA Elite 11. However, the game was met with bad publicity and development problems before release and was cancelled (though a playable demo was released for download, and several copies of the full release found their way to customers). In November 2010, development of the franchise was moved from EA Canada studio to Florida-based Tiburon studio. It was eventually announced that the series' next installment would be released in Fall 2012 and would return to the NBA Live name as NBA Live 13, but it would later be announced, on September 27, 2012, that they would cancel the release. It wasn't until the fall of 2013, that the next game, NBA Live 14, would be released. Prior to its release, EA Sports had sold 33.54 million copies of the video game series since NBA Live 95, just falling short of its main competitor, NBA 2K's 37.24 million copies sold since its inception in 1999.

NBA Live 16 was released on September 29, 2015. NBA Live Mobile was released on July 6, 2016. It is mostly used to play Ultimate Team modes in the game. NBA Live 18 was released on September 15, 2017 and features players from the WNBA. It also added a new single player mode called The One, in which the player controls an NBA prospect throughout his career. NBA Live 19 was released on September 7, 2018, and expanded on The One, by adding the ability to make a female player, as well as other game modes. NBA Live 20 was canceled by the development team due to them trying to expand into the next generation of consoles, as announced on the team's Twitter. NBA Live 21 was also cancelled for the same reason.

title: NBA Live


text:
Disc dog

Disc dog (commonly called Frisbee dog) is a dog sport. In disc dog competitions, dogs and their human flying disc throwers compete in events such as distance catching and somewhat choreographed freestyle catching. The sport celebrates the bond between handler and dog, by allowing them to work together. The term "disc" is preferred because "Frisbee" is a trademark (held by Wham-O) for a brand of flying disc.

History
The sport got its start in the early 1970s, paralleling the rise in popularity of Frisbee sport. The definitive moment came on August 5, 1974, when Alex Stein, a 19-year-old college student from Ohio, and his dog, Ashley Whippet, jumped the fence at a nationally broadcast baseball game between the Los Angeles Dodgers and the Cincinnati Reds. Stein had with him a couple of flying discs, which he threw for the dog. Ashley astonished the crowd with his disc-catching, as he ran up to 35 mph and leaped 9 ft in the air to snag the disc. The stunt was so novel that the game was stopped and Joe Garagiola continued to announce the flying disc action on the field. Finally, after eight minutes, Stein was escorted off the field and arrested. The nationally televised exhibition of Ashley's skill did much to fuel interest in the sport.

Stein worked with Irv Lander and Eldon McIntire to create the Frisbee Dog World Championship for people and their dogs. Even today, Stein and McIntire continue to contribute to the sport.

Format
Teams of one person and one dog compete in the standard distance "toss and fetch" event. Points are awarded to the team for catches at varying distances. Competitions also often feature the dynamic freestyle event, which consists of short routines choreographed to music with multiple discs in play. The less common long-distance events have various formats, but generally the longest catch wins.

Divisions in disc dog events are usually based on the skill and experience of the handler. Men and women generally compete in the same divisions for all disciplines, although the long distance category is sometimes divided by gender.

Toss and fetch
Short-distance events go by many names, including toss and fetch, mini-distance, throw and catch, and distance/accuracy. The concept is generally the same. Contestants have 60 seconds to make as many throws as possible on a field marked with increasingly longer distances. The distances generally do not exceed 50 m for the longest catches. Dogs are awarded points for catches based on the distance of the throw, with mid-air catches rating extra points (in most contests an extra half point when the dog is completely airborne for the catch). Only one disc is used for these events.

Freestyle
Freestyle is a subjectively judged event, similar to freestyle events like skateboard and snowboard half-pipe, or freestyle footbag (hacky sack). The team consists of one person (handler) and his or her dog. Depending on the event, the length of a routine might be anywhere from one minute and 30 seconds all the way to two minutes. Teams are judged in categories that include canine athleticism, degree of difficulty, showmanship, and so forth. Incredible flips, hyperfast multiple catches, and spectacular vaults make freestyle a popular event with spectators, and it is regarded as the highest level of competitive accomplishment.

Long distance
The Quadruped was an NFL draft day competition held in April 1996 for the Jacksonville Jaguars. This competition format is older than all other disc dog competition formats other than the Ashley Whippet and the FDDO formats. Originally a halftime show for football games with four frisbee dog teams competing to be the last team standing. It turned into an open competition where many more than four teams were able to compete. Today we have the Quadruped Series, a group of competitions that are a points championship in the United States. The popularity has been so great within the frisbee dog world that it has spread to Europe where it has occurred in several countries.

Competitions
Today there are several organizations running disc dog tournaments. Most competitions take place in the summer on flat, grassy fields. Winter disc dog contests on soft snow are also popular in places.

Ashley Whippet Invitational
The Canine Frisbee Disc World Championship (also called the World Finals Championship) was long considered the crowning culmination of the sport.

Skyhoundz
In 2000, Skyhoundz staged its very first World Canine Disc Championship, sponsored by Hyperflite. The Hyperflite Skyhoundz World Canine Disc Championship Series is now the largest disc dog competition series in the world and features, each year, more than 100 competitions held in the U.S. and other countries, as well as U.S. Local Championships, State Championships, DiscDogathon Championship Qualifiers, a DiscDogathon World Championship, Xtreme Distance Championship Qualifiers, an Xtreme Distance World Championship, U.S. Regional Qualifiers, Open Qualifiers, International Qualifiers, a European Championship, and the World Championship. In 2011, the Hyperflite Skyhoundz Series will be expanded to include a week-long World Championship extravaganza that will include a World Canine Disc Championship in five Divisions (Open, Sport, Pairs Freestyle, MicroDog, and Youth) as well as an Xtreme Distance World Championship (and associated Last Chance Open Qualifier), and a DiscDogathon World Championship (and associated Last Chance Open Qualifier). Participants in the week-long Skyhoundz World Championship will have at least three opportunities at various Last Chance Open Qualifiers to qualify for the remaining invitations to compete for World Championship titles. Skyhoundz is the only canine disc organization to offer disc dog titling in conjunction with its competition series.

UFO
The UFO organization runs the UFO World Cup Series. The series is a "points series", similar to World Cup Skiing or NASCAR. The series culminates in World Cup Final. In 2006, UFO also ran the AWI World Championship in Scottsdale, Arizona.

The Quadruped
The oldest and most popular long-distance frisbee dog competition in the frisbee dog world.

Other disc dog organizations
The US Disc Dog Nationals (USDDN), which has clubs organizing events in the US, Japan, the Netherlands, Italy, Germany, Poland, Czech Republic, Hungary, Canada, Australia and Turkey holds a championship series known as the USDDN Finals and US Disc Dog International Finals. Other competitions are sponsored by the Quadruped, the Flying Disc Dog Open, and the Purina Incredible Dog Challenge.

The United Kingdom has the UK Disc Dog Association (UKDDA), which held seasonal competitions from March 2018 at The Dog Training Barn, Banbury, Oxfordshire, for the first time ever.

Popularity
Part of the popularity of the sport is its accessibility. All that is necessary to enjoy it is a level playing area, a dog, and a flying disc. Also, a little imagination is an extra plus for Freestyle competition. It is estimated that over one million dogs play flying disc in the United States alone, though only a small percentage participate in organized competitions.

Disc dogs are also popular attractions at sporting events as half-time entertainment. Going clear back to Ashley and his 8th inning performance in 1974, disc dogs have performed at countless football, basketball, baseball and soccer halftimes. They are many times found in amusement parks, county fairs and pet festivals of all kinds. There are a very small handful of trainers who even make a living doing these shows.

Disc dog clubs
Disc dog clubs organize and promote the sport on a local level, and work with national organizations to run events. They offer newcomers a way to learn more about the sport, and are a great place for the experienced competitors to give back. Disc dog clubs are usually active in local animal charities, helping to raise money and awareness for such groups. Disc dog clubs can be found all over the United States, Europe, Asia, Canada and Australia. The first club was the Dallas Dog and Disc Club, founded in the mid-1980s by Ron Ellis.

Dog discs
It is crucial to use a proper dog disc, as those used for Disc Golf and Ultimate are not intended to be used with dogs. When choosing a disc, it should pass at least a small test – it has to be folded in half and regain initial form without damage. Dog discs usually vary in size from 18 to 24 cm in diameter and 90–150 grams in weight and are made of plastic, with lighter discs usually being less puncture and scratch resistant. Discs before play always should be checked for deformations and splinters in order not to damage dogs' teeth and mouth and players' hands.

Some known safe Disc Dog Disc manufacturers:
 * Hero Disc USA (US) - Super, Star, Sonic, Atom, Swirl
 * Hyperflite (US) - Jawz and Z-Disc Fang
 * K9discs (Belgium) - C-Zenith
 * Latitude (Sweden) - Bite
 * Mama Discs (Italy) - Medium, Light
 * Frisbeescape (Italy) - Raid 3
 * Discrockers (Germany) - Heavy Crusher
 * DTWorld (US) - Eurablend
 * Eurodisc (Germany) - PuncMaster
 * Trixie (Germany) - Trixie
 * Yikun (China) - Spacedog

Disc dog training
Not all dogs immediately understand the concept of the game. A dog may not instinctively know to turn and chase after a disc that is thrown over its head. To begin, the disc should be thrown straight to the dog at a short distance. Once a dog knows how to catch, it can learn the additional concept of running to catch the disc. The disc should be thrown at increasing heights, gradually throwing the disc higher, until it finally goes over the dog's head. At that point the dog instinctively follows the disc all the way around.

Mental Stimulation
Frisbee catching isn't just about physical prowess; it also requires mental focus and problem-solving skills. Dogs must anticipate the flight path of the Frisbee, enhancing their cognitive abilities.

title: Disc dog


text:
Talk:George Washington Carver

George Washington Carver High School Diploma
If you have the proof that George Washington Carver graduated and received a high school diploma at Minneapolis High School in Minneapolis, Kansas, please provide it or immediately remove the reference to it in your article. As Curator of the Ottawa Count Museum in Minneapolis, Kansas, I can tell you for a fact that we have NO EVIDENCE of him graduating from MHS and receiving a high school diploma. Quite to the contrary, our alumni only goes back to 1888 and Mr. Carver was long gone from the area by then. There are plenty of things for our community to be proud of concerning Mr. Carver. We certainly do not need to make things up. He did attend classes and receive an education of sorts in Minneapolis, but minus the diploma. And I don't believe he ever made the claim of graduating, he was way too classy for mistruths. Again, provide your proof or edit the article to reflect the truths!!

Permaculture
This carries no citation and has grammatical and or chemical errors (produces carbon from the atmosphere): "In his research, Carver discovered Permaculture. Permaculture could be used to produce carbon from the atmosphere, produce a higher quantity of crops, and let crops flourish despite global warming." Humbaba's Husband (talk) 04:44, 15 August 2023 (UTC)

Vandalism
Thanks for your prompt reverts of vandalism. Indeed, we have just had three five (and no doubt more) counts of vandalism in a matter of days. Isn't it about time to increase the protection level of this article? -- Gwillhickers (talk) 17:22, 6 February 2024 (UTC)
 * ✅ -- Gwillhickers (talk) 17:46, 7 February 2024 (UTC)

Bad sources for quotations
As Drmies said it is a bad source, indeed. All of the self-help and suchlike books that parrot this are really no better than "BrainyQuote", too. Better sources, such as the McMurry book (p.105) say that Carver said this to "young blacks", to his students, not to critics. I'm not sure where this would go in an article that doesn't seem to address what Carver taught in any great detail, only when and where, though. It certainly doesn't belong in a personal life section. Uncle G (talk) 07:18, 15 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Special:Diff/1207135068
 * Uncle G, this is the kind of source where yearbook quotes come from. The smart yearbook teacher (and Mrs Drmies is one) will just scrap the whole stupid quote thing. BTW this article is remarkably bad. I was going to copy and paste it for one of my son's school assignments, but I'll let AI write it. ;) Drmies (talk) 14:56, 15 February 2024 (UTC)
 * The problem is that both of the biographies that I looked at, the McMurry one and another simplistic one aimed at a younger readership, discussed how Carver got on with his students and the sorts of things that he said to them, something that this article currently largely skips over. From this article one gains the impression that Carver was reluctant to teach and had to be micro-managed; which isn't what McMurry indicates.  Gary R. Kremer has an entire "Teacher as Motivator" chapter; and Michael Burgan has a "Life in the Lab and the Classroom" chapter.  And since G. Lake Imes brought up the "humbug" incident when testifying to the U.S. Congress when the monument was being proposed, this article probably could too.  Uncle G (talk) 13:09, 17 February 2024 (UTC)

broken link to Tuskegee University
Here's the new link: George Washington Carver | Tuskegee University 12.170.222.114 (talk) 00:44, 18 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:George Washington Carver


text:
Talk:KG Mobility

Fair use rationale for Image:Ssangyong motor logo.gif
Image:Ssangyong motor logo.gif is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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BetacommandBot (talk) 05:27, 24 January 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
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Company Information from www.jobkorea.co.kr
Could this company profile of SsangYong Motor Co., Ltd. from www.jobkorea.co.kr be used here: 쌍용자동차㈜ Rjluna2 (talk) 20:48, 22 April 2018 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 15:54, 21 August 2022 (UTC)
 * SsangYong Motor logo (1989-1997).svg

title: Talk:KG Mobility


text:
Talk:Renault Korea

Renault
About this: "As Renault does not have any R&D center and have a few factories in Asia, RSM will spearhead the Renault's expansion efforts into the rapidly developing Asian market. Also, it should be noted that Renault is continuing the use of 'Samsung' name until 2020[1] under a license agreement with the Samsung group. It remains to be seen how long Samsung will allow the use of its brand to RSM, and how it will play its remaining 19.9% of shares. However, as the value of Samsung's brand continues to increase, Renault's desire to associate its brand in regions where Renault's brand is weak is considerable: recent events of Renault's attempts at associating itself with GM could be seen in the same context, as Renault does not have any presence in North America since its exit in the 1980s."

Renault wanted to increase its production and sales numbers, and the purchase of Samsung Motors was a good opportunity to get in an highly closed market that consumes considerable numbers every year. Additionally, Samsung used Nissan Motors technology, a company that Renault already controlled. Nissan had/has solid presence in North America and Asia.

The Renault brand is not so weak, because of the rich tradition and long periods of dominant success in F1. Typically they have won F1 races at the end of the year, which are held in Asia. Some of the GP wins came completely unexpected and looked as insurmountable task at the time.

As Renault has a substantial share in Nissan, indirectly they have presence in US and Canada, with the Nissan and Infinity brands. And Renault operates in Mexico. An alliance with GM would allow important savings in development, purchases, platform and others, because of the combined production numbers of GM, Nissan and Renault. The past interest in purchasing GM shares should be looked more in this context.

Wrong.
I am not sure about the introduction... Samsung Motors was bought by Renault during the Asian Market Crisis, because it was the president's order. The order was for all company's to keep their best group, and sell the rest. For example, Samsung only kept their electronics group and sold the rest. Therefore, Samsung survived. On the other hand, Kia and Daewoo did not sell their minor groups, and therefore failed in the 21st century. If no one believes me, I will post up links on Korean sites. I will try my best to find some English sites. I wanted to discuss this before I manually make a change in the article. If the change-about-to-be-made is agreed, I will re-edit the article. Thank you. Orthodoxy 18:11, 18 March 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:RenaultSamsung Motors.PNG
Image:RenaultSamsung Motors.PNG is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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RHD or LHD only?
Does the company produce any RHD cars for Japan and similar markets? 118.209.102.89 (talk) 12:30, 3 November 2009 (UTC)

Reverting
I partially reverted the new image gallery because it can led to confusion. The cars pictured were indeed sold as "new" on the specified dates, but in Chile. In fact, they are all from a prior generation to that sold in South Korea. The problem is, for an unknown reason, Derco (the local importer of Renault and Renault Samsung cars) sells remaining inventory of the Busan unit with the RSM badge and newer cars with the parent company's badge (Renault). So the car sold as the third-generation SM3 in South Korea is marketed as Renault Fluence in Chile and the third-generation SM5 as Renault Latitude. I hope this clarifies the issue. Regards. --Urbanoc (talk) 21:45, 6 June 2014 (UTC)

Pre-GA comments
Lead is too short. Model lineup section has no reference and no lead in sentence. I added another cite request to unreferenced section. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 07:23, 16 March 2016 (UTC)

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Brand name
What is the former and the actual brand name? I found evidence of being (naturally) Samsung until 2000, that Renault continued the brand name "Samsung" (and not "Renault-Samsung"), but today on their website and in Renault websites, they are announced as Renault Samsung Motors (as brand name). I assume that Renault changed the brand name from Samsung to Renault Samsung in 2002 with the QM3, but I found no evidence for this. In German and French Wikipedia, the models itself in their articles are being listed as "Samsung" (but here are indications that that the French copied the content of the German articles, which were partly falsified), while the EN wikipedia uses "Renault Samsung". Anybody knows? Roxedl (talk) 04:40, 7 September 2018 (UTC)

Requested move 2 July 2022

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: moved. per discussion (closed by non-admin page mover) – robertsky (talk) 10:14, 20 July 2022 (UTC)

– They are now doing business as Renault Korea Motors and official name will become this as well from August. John123521 (Talk-Contib.) 14:08, 2 July 2022 (UTC) — Relisting. —usernamekiran (talk) 18:37, 10 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Renault Samsung Motors → Renault Korea Motors
 * Template:Renault Samsung timeline → Template:Renault Korea timeline
 * Template:Renault Samsung Motors → Template:Renault Korea Motors
 * Support I was in no rush, but all the company marketing and press material already uses "Renault Korea Motors" exclusively, so there isn't a reason to not move it. --Urbanoc (talk) 01:00, 11 July 2022 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

title: Talk:Renault Korea


text:
Daniel Brandenstein

Daniel Charles Brandenstein (born January 17, 1943) is the Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer of United Space Alliance. He is a former Naval Aviator, test pilot and NASA astronaut, who flew four Space Shuttle missions. He also served as Chief of the Astronaut Office from 1987 to 1992.

Military
After graduating with a Bachelor of Science degree in mathematics and physics from the University of Wisconsin–River Falls, and having been a member of Phi Sigma Kappa, Brandenstein entered active duty with the U.S. Navy in September 1965 and was attached to the Naval Air Training Command for flight training. He was designated a Naval Aviator at Naval Air Station Beeville, Texas, in May 1967 and then proceeded to attack squadron VA-128 for A-6 Intruder fleet replacement training. From 1968 to 1970, while attached to VA-196 flying A-6s, he participated in two combat deployments on board the aircraft carriers USS Constellation (CV-64) and USS Ranger (CV-61) to Southeast Asia where he flew 192 combat missions in the Vietnam War. In subsequent assignments, he was attached to VX-5 for the conduct of operational tests of A-6 weapons systems and tactics; and to the Naval Air Test Center, where upon graduation from the U.S. Naval Test Pilot School at NAS Patuxent River, Maryland, he conducted tests of electronic warfare systems in various Navy aircraft. Brandenstein carried out a nine-month deployment to the Western Pacific and Indian Ocean on board USS Ranger while attached to VA-145, flying A-6 Intruders during the period March 1975 to September 1977. Before reporting to the Johnson Space Center in Houston as an astronaut candidate, he was attached to VA-128 as an A-6 flight instructor.

NASA
Selected by NASA in January 1978, Brandenstein became an astronaut in August 1979. He was ascent spacecraft communicator (CAPCOM) and a member of the astronaut support crew for STS-1 (the first flight of the Space Shuttle). He was subsequently assigned to the STS-2 astronaut support crew and was the ascent CAPCOM for the first two Space Shuttle flights. A veteran of four space flights—STS-8 (August 30 – September 3, 1983), STS-51-G (June 17–24, 1985), STS-32 (January 9–20, 1990), and STS-49 (May 7–16, 1992) -- Brandenstein has logged over 789 hours in space. Following his second space flight, he served as the Deputy Director of Flight Crew Operations. Between April 1987 and September 1992 Brandenstein served as Chief of the Astronaut Office.

He retired from NASA and the United States Navy in October 1992.

Brandenstein was a pilot on STS-8, his first flight, which was launched from the Kennedy Space Center, Florida, on August 30, 1983. This was the third flight for the Orbiter Challenger and the first mission with a night launch and night landing. During the mission, crew members deployed the Indian National Satellite (INSAT-1B); operated the Canadian-built Remote Manipulator System (RMS) with the Payload Flight Test Article (PFTA); operated the Continuous Flow Electrophoresis System (CFES) with live cell samples; conducted medical measurements to understand biophysiological effects on space flight and activated various Earth resources and space science experiments along with four "Getaway Special" canisters. STS-8 completed 98 orbits of the Earth in 145 hours before landing at Edwards Air Force Base, California, on September 3, 1983.

On his second mission (June 17–24, 1985), Brandenstein commanded the crew of STS-51-G aboard the Orbiter Discovery. During this seven-day mission, crew members deployed communications satellites for Mexico (Morelos), the Arab League (Arabsat) and the United States (AT&T Telstar). They used the Remote Manipulator System (RMS) to deploy and later retrieve the SPARTAN satellite, which performed 17 hours of X-ray astronomy experiments while separated from the Space Shuttle. In addition, the crew activated the Automated Directional Solidification Furnace (ADSF) and six "Getaway Specials", they also participated in biomedical experiments and conducted a laser tracking experiment as part of the Strategic Defense Initiative. The mission was accomplished in 112 Earth orbits over approximately 170 hours.

Brandenstein then commanded the crew of STS-32 (January 9–20, 1990). In the longest Shuttle mission to date, crew members aboard the Orbiter Columbia successfully deployed the Syncom IV-F5 satellite, and retrieved the 9,724 kg (21,393 lb) Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF) using the RMS. They also conducted a variety of mid-deck experiments, including the Microgravity Disturbance Experiment (MDE) using the Fluids Experiment Apparatus (FEA), Protein Crystal Growth (PCG), American Flight Echocardiograph (AFE), Latitude/Longitude Locator (L3), Mesoscale Lightning Experiment (MLE), Characterization of Neurospora Circadian Rhythms (CNCR) and the IMAX camera. Additionally, numerous medical test objectives, including in-flight Lower Body Negative Pressure (LBNP), in-flight aerobic exercise and muscle performance were conducted to evaluate human adaptation to extended duration missions. Following 173 orbits of the Earth in 261 hours, the mission ended with a night landing in California.

Brandenstein also commanded the crew of STS-49 (May 7 – 16, 1992), on the maiden flight of the new Space Shuttle Endeavour. During this mission, the crew conducted the initial test flight of Endeavour, performed a record four EVAs (space walks) to retrieve, repair and re-deploy the International Telecommunications Satellite (Intelsat) and to demonstrate and evaluate numerous EVA tasks to be used for the assembly of the Space Station 'Freedom'. Additionally, a variety of medical, scientific and operational tests were conducted throughout the mission. STS-49 logged 213 hours in space and 141 Earth orbits before landing at Edwards AFB, where the crew conducted the first test of the Endeavour's drag chute.

Special honors and awards
He was awarded the Defense Superior Service Medal with oak leaf cluster, the Legion of Merit, the Distinguished Flying Cross, the Defense Meritorious Service Medal, 17 Air Medals, the Navy Commendation Medal with oak leaf cluster and Valor device, a Meritorious Unit Commendation, two NASA Distinguished Service Medals, two NASA Outstanding Leadership Medals, four NASA Space Flight Medals, the National Defense Service Medal, the Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal, the Vietnam Service Medal, a Sea Service Deployment Ribbon, the French Legion of Honor, the Medal of King Abdul Aziz (Saudi Arabia), the Vietnam Air Gallantry Cross, the Vietnam Gallantry Cross Unit Citation and the Republic of Vietnam Campaign Medal. He is a Distinguished Alumnus at the University of Wisconsin, River Falls; an Honorary Doctor of Engineering at the Milwaukee School of Engineering; an Honorary Doctor of Science from the University of Wisconsin-River Falls. Brandenstein is a recipient of the SETP Iven C. Kincheloe Award, the AIAA Haley Space Flight Award, the Federation Aeronautique Internationale (FAI) Yuri Gagarin Gold Medal and the American Astronautical Society Flight Achievement Award. He was inducted into the Wisconsin Aviation Hall of Fame in 1992.

title: Daniel Brandenstein


text:
Talk:Daimler–Hyundai Truck

Where did it go?
I can't seem to find any trace of this company outside of a few year-or-more-old news articles. Does anyone know if it's still a going venture? Or where more information can be found? Many thanks. -- Visviva 06:33, 21 May 2005 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Daimler–Hyundai Truck


text:
Josiah Bailey

Josiah William Bailey (September 14, 1873 – December 15, 1946) was an American politician who served as a U.S. senator from the state of North Carolina from 1931 to 1946.

Early life and education
Born in Warrenton, North Carolina, he grew up in Raleigh and graduated from Wake Forest College (now Wake Forest University).

Career
Before turning to a career in law, Bailey was editor of the Biblical Recorder, a newspaper for North Carolina Baptists. He was a presidential elector in 1908.

Elected to the United States Senate in 1930, defeating longtime incumbent Furnifold McLendel Simmons, Bailey earned a reputation as a conservative while in office. In 1937, he coauthored the bipartisan Conservative Manifesto, a document criticizing President Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal and proposing more conservative alternatives. Among other things, the Manifesto called for lower taxes and less spending.

That same year, Bailey gave a rousing floor speech against President Roosevelt's court-packing bill, which convinced at least three freshman Republicans, thought by Majority Leader Joe Robinson to be definite supporters, to oppose the measure.

A segregationist and white supremacist, Bailey filibustered anti-lynching legislation in 1938.

During his time in office, he served as chairman of the Committee on Claims and Committee on Commerce.

Death
Bailey died in office in 1946.

title: Josiah Bailey


text:
Sitiveni Rabuka

Sitiveni Ligamamada Rabuka (born 13 September 1948) is a Fijian politician, sportsman, and former soldier who has been serving as Prime Minister of Fiji since 24 December 2022. He was the instigator of two military coups in 1987. He was democratically elected as Prime Minister of Fiji, serving from 1992 to 1999, and again in 2022, leading a three-party coalition. He also served as Chairman of the Great Council of Chiefs from 1999 to 2001, and later as Chairman of the Cakaudrove Provincial Council from 2001 to 2008.

Rabuka was elected as leader of the Social Democratic Liberal Party in 2016, succeeding Leader of the Opposition Ro Teimumu Kepa, who publicly disapproved of Rabuka's nomination to replace her. He was appointed as the leader of the Opposition to Parliament in 2018, following the 2018 election defeat. He was the only nomination for the position, and his nomination was moved by Ro Teimumu Kepa and seconded by Biman Prasad. He was ousted as SODELPA leader by Viliame Gavoka in a leadership contest. Rabuka resigned from parliament in 2020, citing that he would no longer be an obstacle to the bipartisan approach to be taken by the leaders of Fiji to create harmony and progress, and unity in Fiji. He formed a new political party in 2020, named Peoples Alliance, to contest the 2022 election.

Early life
The son of Kolinio Epeli Vanuacicila Rabuka and Salote Lomaloma Rabuka, Rabuka was raised in the village of Drekeniwai in eastern Viti Levu, Fiji's largest island. He was educated at Queen Victoria School, where he became the head boy in his final year. He represented Fiji in shot put, hammer throw, discus and the decathlon at the 1974 British Commonwealth Games and has also represented Fiji national rugby union team in the 1970's.

Military career
Rabuka was trained initially in New Zealand army schools, from which he graduated in 1973, and completed a professional development course at Royal Military Academy Sandhurst. He did postgraduate work at the Indian Defence Services Staff College in 1979, and at the Australian Joint Services Staff College in 1982. He was a senior operation plans manager for UNIFIL peacekeeping troops in Lebanon in 1980 and 1981. On his return home, he was appointed Army Chief of Staff. From 1982 to 1987, he was an operations and training officer for the Fijian army, except for a two-year absence (1983–1985) when he commanded the Fijian Battalion as part of the Multinational Force and Observers peacekeeping force in the Sinai.

For his service in Lebanon, Rabuka was awarded the Legion of Honour in 1980, and was made an Officer of the Order of the British Empire by Queen Elizabeth II in the 1981 Birthday Honours List.

1987 Fijian coups d'état
Rabuka, by now a colonel, emerged suddenly from obscurity on 14 May 1987 when he staged the first of two military coups to reassert ethnic Fijian supremacy, following the 1987 election, which had brought an Indo-Fijian (ethnic Indian)-dominated government to power. Deposing the elected government, he handed power over to the governor-general, Penaia Ganilau, a high chief whom he expected to implement ethnic Fijian interests. When, however, Ganilau attempted to reinstate the abrogated constitution, Rabuka carried out a second coup on 28 September that year. At first he pledged his allegiance to the Queen, but on 7 October he issued a decree (Declaration – Republic of Fiji Decree 1987 No. 8) proclaiming a republic, abolishing the 113-year link to the British Monarchy. He handed over power on 5 December to an interim administration, headed by Ganilau as President and Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara as Prime Minister, but remained Commander of the Army and Minister of Home Affairs, the National Youth Service, and the Auxiliary Army Service. Ganilau and Mara did not feel strong enough to dismiss Rabuka, but the public support they enjoyed as high chiefs was such that he did not feel strong enough to depose them. An uneasy truce existed between Ganilau and Mara on the one hand and Rabuka on the other.

Rabuka was seen as a hero by the Indigenous members when he overthrew Fiji's first Indian government to install an indigenous Fijian ruling class. During the time of the coup, Rabuka was sometimes referred to in the press as "Colonel Steve Rambo."

In 2006, Rabuka finally apologised for having executed the coups. Fiji Live reported on 28 March that Rabuka had told India's Ahmedabad Newsline, while visiting India for medical treatment, that he regretted his role in the coups, which he described as "democratically wrong."

Prime Minister of Fiji (1992–1999)
In April 1991 Rabuka resigned as commander of the armed forces in order join the cabinet of Kamisese Mara as one of the Deputy Prime Ministers. Following the adoption in 1990 of a new constitution that guaranteed ethnic Fijian domination of the political system, Rabuka was chosen to lead the newly formed Soqosoqo ni Vakavulewa ni Taukei in 1991. This party won the parliamentary election of 1992 and Rabuka became Prime Minister. His government was weakened from the outset, however, by a leadership challenge by former Finance Minister Josefata Kamikamica. In 1994, Kamikamica left the party with five of his supporters, depriving Rabuka of a parliamentary majority. A parliamentary election to resolve the impasse was held three years early; the Fijian Political Party won a plurality but fell two seats short of an absolute majority in the 70-member House of Representatives. Rabuka formed a coalition with the small General Voters Party, a small party supported almost entirely by general electors, who comprised Europeans, Chinese, and other minorities. He also agreed to negotiate with moderate leaders of the Indo-Fijian community to draft a controversial new Constitution, which removed most of the provisions that had biased the political system in favour of indigenous Fijians.

The elections of 1999 were the first in many years to see real competition between ethnic Fijians and Indo-Fijians for power. Rabuka lost these elections, and was replaced by Mahendra Chaudhry, the first Indo-Fijian Prime Minister.

2000 Fijian coup d'état
Following his electoral defeat, Rabuka was elected Chairman of the Great Council of Chiefs. He was forced to relinquish this post in 2001, however, in the wake of allegations made against him by former President Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara of complicity in the Fiji coup of 2000, which deposed both Mara and the Indo-Fijian Prime Minister, Mahendra Chaudhry, on 19 May 2000. Claiming that the coup leader George Speight – who was then in custody and was later convicted of treason – was only a front, Mara appeared on the Close-Up television program on 30 April 2001 and revealed that on 21 May 2000, two days after the coup, he had confronted Rabuka and Isikia Savua, the police chief, about their possible involvement in it. "I could see it in their faces," Mara declared. Ratu Mara told the programme that within half an hour of Speight's forcible occupation of the Parliament, Rabuka had telephoned Government House (the official residence of the President) to offer to form a government. He further alleged that the Counter Revolutionary Warfare Unit of the Army had been involved in the coup after receiving training on a farm owned by Rabuka.

In an interview with Fiji's Daily Post on 2 July 2001, Rabuka angrily denied the allegations, saying that they were the ravings of "an angry old man" and "very unbecoming of a national leader and of a statesman." The charges, however, were repeated on the floor of the Senate on 23 October 2004 by Adi Koila Nailatikau, Mara's daughter.

Former Attorney-General Sir Vijay Singh published a memoir in 2006, supporting the allegations against Rabuka. Fiji Village quoted Singh on 18 August 2006 as saying, at the launch of his memoir, "Speaking Out", that Rabuka had told him personally that he was one of the ring-leaders and that real target of the coup was not the Chaudhry government, but Ratu Mara, and that Mara had voiced his own suspicions about Rabuka to Singh. "On Monday (following the Friday coup) I had a telephone conversation with the President Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara. He had no doubts that it was Mr Sitiveni Rabuka and Mr Isikia Savua", the then Commissioner of Police "who had organised the miserable affair at parliamentary complex," Singh said. Rabuka refused to comment on Singh's allegations, citing sub judice.

Alleged role in 2000 mutiny
Rabuka was also accused of instigating or supporting the mutiny that took place at Suva's Queen Elizabeth Barracks on 2 November 2000. In an interview with the Fiji Times on 12 November 2000, the Military Commander, Commodore Frank Bainimarama charged that while the revolt was in progress, Rabuka had visited the barracks with his army uniform in the car, ready to take over command of the army. He also allegedly started issuing orders to soldiers. "Rabuka's words to one of my colonels at the height of the shootings raised my suspicions," Bainimarama said. "He said the Colonel should listen to his instructions. He also criticised my leadership." Bainimarama accused Rabuka of leading soldiers astray by using "confusing" and "deceiving" words.

Bainimarama also accused Rabuka of having "politicised" the Counter Revolutionary Warfare (CRW) unit, which he (Rabuka) had founded as a bodyguard in 1987, to favour both the mutiny and the earlier takeover of parliament in May. Members of the CRW were involved in both the May coup and the November mutiny.

Bainimarama's version was supported by Lieutenant Colonel Viliame Seruvakula, who led the counteroffensive to put down the mutiny. On 13 November 2000, he said that rebels interrogated by the military had implicated Rabuka. He accused Rabuka of trying to take civilians into the barracks to act as human shields for the mutineers, and stated that Rabuka's intention was to "claim military leadership and ultimately overthrow the Government of the day."

Rabuka, a retired officer, denied supporting the mutiny, but refused to comment on an accusation from Bainimarama that he had called a meeting of senior officers loyal to him to depose Bainimarama.

2006 arrest
Rabuka's denials of the allegations against him did not end the controversy. On 14 May 2005, The New Zealand Herald reported in its Weekend Herald edition that the Fiji police force was close to making a decision on whether to charge certain unnamed individuals, one of whom the Herald believed to be Rabuka. The report quoted Police Commissioner Andrew Hughes as saying that a major hindrance to their investigation was a "cone of silence" among the close associates of the suspects.

Rabuka was arrested on 11 May 2006 on charges of inciting Lieutenant Colonel Viliame Seruvakula to commit a military mutiny on 2 November 2000, in the aftermath of the 2000 coup. He was alleged to have approached Seruvakula back on 4 July that year, with a view to overthrowing the Military Commander, Commodore Frank Bainimarama. He entered no plea, was released on $F 1000 bail, and was required to surrender his passport. He was ordered to report to the Namadi police station between 6 am and 6 pm every Monday and Saturday, and was warned not to try to influence any witnesses, according to a Fiji Live report. It was announced on 17 June that at the request of the Director of Prosecutions, the case had been transferred to the High Court due to the serious nature of the charge.

Rabuka appeared in the High Court on 30 June and pleaded not guilty, Fiji Village reported. The trial was set for 20 October, but this was later changed to 6 November.

Fiji Village reported on 6 September that Rabuka had been refused permission to travel to Papua New Guinea for a golf tournament. Judge Gerard Winter ruled that the charges against Rabuka were serious and that he must not be allowed to abscond. Permission to leave Fiji would therefore be granted for medical emergencies only; the golf tournament did not qualify, he declared.

On 11 December 2006, Rabuka was found not guilty on two counts of inciting a mutiny. The judge cast a deciding vote after the panel of assessors was split.

2006 parliamentary election
In early 2005, Rabuka ruled himself out of contesting the 2006 parliamentary election, but on 7 May said he was reconsidering, following appeals from Fijian businessmen and former politicians to be part of a move to unite all ethnically Fijian parties in a joint ticket to contest the next election. "I am genuinely interested because I have always been for Fijian unity," he said. He has stressed that he believes that political unity among indigenous Fijians is essential to prevent the election of an Indo-Fijian dominated government in 2006. He admitted, however, that he was seen as "a stumbling block" by many, but added, "I want to change all that." On 29 May, he said that political unity among the Fijian people should not be looked at half-heartedly as a possibility but wholeheartedly as a need. He accused Prime Minister Laisenia Qarase, who has also called for unity among ethnic Fijians, of hypocrisy, saying that in the 1990s there was only one mainstream Fijian party, but that others had split from it and founded numerous competing groups. Qarase and his Soqosoqo Duavata ni Lewenivanua (SDL) were implied to be among those responsible for the disunity.

On 21 August, Rabuka said he was of the opinion that Prime Ministers defeated at the polls should not stand again. Former Prime Ministers remaining politically active led to instability, he said, pointing to recent political upheavals in Vanuatu and the Solomon Islands as examples. "It is healthy for party leaders who become prime ministers after being defeated at general elections to take the responsibility for the defeat and bow out of active politics and just become an adviser or remain as a party supporter but not in the front seat running for another election."

On 19 October, Rabuka said that the current parliamentary team representing Cakaudrove enjoyed his full support. He said he would follow the will of the people, however, in deciding whether or not to contest the 2006 elections. Current members of Parliament from Cakaudrove include Ratu Naiqama Lalabalavu, the paramount chief of the Tovata Confederacy, Manasa Tugia, and Niko Nawaikula.

Despite his role in the formation (30 July 2005) of the Grand Coalition for Fiji, an electoral pact of five political parties supported mostly by indigenous Fijians, to contest the 2006 elections, Rabuka expressed doubts about its workability on 27 December. Public feuding threatened to derail the project, he warned. The recent attack on the 1997 Constitution by Nationalist Vanua Tako Lavo Party leader Iliesa Duvuloco had upset him, he said.

At the same time, Rabuka said that another coup would be unlikely and that given the disunity among indigenous Fijians, attitudes towards a non-indigenous Prime Minister would not matter. The multi-party Cabinet provisions of the Constitution could not be implemented if either the SDL or the Fiji Labour Party (FLP) won the election, he said; if the two parties found the provision unworkable, they should have amended the Constitution and had had five years in which to do so.

On 7 February 2006, Rabuka said that he was still considering whether to contest the forthcoming elections. He thought it "unwise", without elaborating, to contest seats in his native Cakaudrove, or those held by members of the Grand Coalition, and might contest only if an urban open constituency was available. He considered, however, that given his length of time out of politics, making a comeback would be difficult. He also called for all political parties to be, and be seen to be, representing all ethnic groups. Otherwise, the racial faultline in Fijian politics would not be overcome, he said.

In the end, Rabuka decided not to contest the election, and his party fielded only one candidate.

2006 Fijian coup d'état
The Fiji Times reported on 15 December 2006 that Rabuka stated that he saw no possibility that Laisenia Qarase, deposed as Prime Minister in a 2006 Fijian coup d'état on 5 December, would return to power. He denied supporting the coup, but said that Qarase, along with deposed President Ratu Josefa Iloilo, were weak leaders who had done nothing to forestall the coup by negotiating with the Military while there was still time. Qarase should have seen the coup coming, Rabuka said.

Following the coup, he criticised Bainimarama's refusal to hold elections, saying it was because Bainimarama wanted to "[keep] away from the role of governing, people and groups he has pre-determined should not govern."

2014 parliamentary election
Rabuka mostly kept a low profile after the 2006 coup. In June 2013 however, he came out and said that he would consider running in the proposed 2014 national elections, if they went ahead. He sought the leadership of the newly formed Social Democratic Liberal Party (SoDelPa), the successor party to former Prime Minister Qarase's Soqosoqo Duavata ni Lewenivanua (SDL), which the Military-backed interim government had dissolved, but was rebuffed after he said that he had no regrets about the 1987 coups. "I had to do what I had to do in 1987," he told the Fiji Sun on 30 January 2014. A subsequent bid for the deputy leadership of the party also ran into stiff opposition. He also sought nomination as a parliamentary candidate, but on 24 August, SoDelPa announced that it had decided not to nominate him. Despite this, he is still a member and supporter of the party.

Leader of the Opposition and 2018 parliamentary election
In June 2016, Ro Teimumu Kepa announced that she was standing down as leader of SODELPA. She was replaced by Sitiveni Rabuka. Rabuka led the party into the 2018 elections.On 25 May 2018, Rabuka was charged by anti-corruption agency Fiji Independent Commission Against Corruption in relation to the declaration of his assets and liabilities as required under the Political Parties Registration, Conduct, Funding and Disclosures Act. He was tried during the election campaign and acquitted. An appeal by the Fiji Independent Commission Against Corruption, which could have resulted in Rabuka's disqualification two days from the poll, was dismissed, with FICAC ordered to pay costs. Shortly before the appeal was decided Rabuka was again called in by police on unspecified charges.

Rabuka won 77,040 votes in the election, gaining a seat in parliament. In a post-election interview, he said that it was unfortunate that the leaders of the two main parties were coup-leaders and that there needed to be "a move away from coup profiled people".

On 26 May 2020, Sodelpa had been suspended for the breach of the Political Parties Act for 60 days effective immediately. All appointees have been declared null and void, and now have 60 days to rectify all issues or face deregistration. Thus, Rabuka can not represent himself as the leader of Sodelpa after the registrar declared the party suspension. On 29 June 2020, Sodelpa suspension was lifted.

2020 SODELPA leadership contest
On 27 November 2020, Rabuka was ousted as SODELPA leader in a leadership contest. There was speculation that Rabuka would form a new party after his ousting as leader, however he later denied that he would form a new party and would continue to support SODELPA. Gavoka was formally recognised as SODELPA leader on 28 November during the party's AGM meeting. Prominent lawyer Filimoni Vosarogo was chosen as the new Deputy Leader. 21 members of the SODELPA Management Board voted for Gavoka while 20 members voted for Rabuka. The party's caucus was said to be evenly divided over whether the leadership change was the correct course of action.

On 7 December, Rabuka resigned from Parliament and his position as Opposition Leader of Parliament. He made the announcement while responding to the opening of the 2020–2021 Parliament Session by President Jioji Konrote.

On 25 July 2021, he was arrested by Fijian police after criticising government moves to amend land legislation.

Prime Minister of Fiji (2022–present)
Rabuka formed a new political party in 2021, named the People's Alliance (PA), to contest the 2022 election. The People's Alliance became the second largest party following the 2022 election, and managed to successfully oust Frank Bainimarama after 16 years of rule, forming a coalition government with SODELPA and the National Federation Party (NFP). Rabuka subsequently became the prime minister-designate. He had been summoned to the police station after questioning the results and calling for a military intervention, despite observers calling the election free and fair. After the NFP-PA coalition formed a government with SODELPA, Rabuka was sworn in as prime minister on 24 December. As part of the coalition agreement, three deputy prime ministers assumed office, NFP leader Biman Prasad, SODELPA leader Viliame Gavoka and Manoa Kamikamica. Rabuka's other ministerial portfolios included information and public enterprises, civil service, foreign affairs and climate change.

On 26 December 2022, Rabuka approved the return of USP Vice-Chancellor Pal Ahluwalia and Padma Lal, wife of the late Professor Brij Lal who were expelled from Fiji by Bainimarama's government.

On 20 January 2023, Rabuka travelled to Kiribati for his first official state visit where he met President Taneti Maamau. The meeting centred on enhancing diplomatic ties and fostering unity within the Blue Pacific region. Previously, Kiribati withdrew from the Pacific Islands Forum in July 2022.

Manager of the Pacific Islanders rugby union team
In October 2008, it was reported that Rabuka would be the manager of the Pacific Islanders rugby union team during its tour of Europe.

Personal life
Rabuka is Christian. He married Suluweti Tuiloma at RFMF officers mess in Nabua on 10 April 1975. In 2000, he publicly admitted that he had been unfaithful to her, both before and after their marriage, and that he had fathered three children by two different women whilst engaged to Suluweti.

title: Sitiveni Rabuka


text:
Triple Play (video game series)

Triple Play is a series of video games based on Major League Baseball, published by EA Sports until their replacement by the MVP Baseball in 2003.

GameSpot stated that other simulations (for example, Sega's version) were superior to Triple Play, while GamePro greeted it as "the best baseball simulation so far". Electronic Gaming Monthly editors named Triple Play Gold Edition a runner-up for Genesis Game of the Year (behind Vectorman 2).

Games
All of the games contained the rosters and schedules of the beginning of the season of the year before the one described in the name except for Triple Play 2002. For example, Triple Play 2001 contained the rosters and schedules of the 2000 season, and Triple Play Baseball (without a year) contained the rosters and schedules for 2001. This is a result of the tradition of listing the year the series ends in, basketball, football and hockey ending in a different year from when they started. Baseball is the only exception, as it begins in March and ends in October of the same year.

The games were produced primarily for the PlayStation console, but also saw release on the PC and the Game Boy Color.

title: Triple Play (video game series)