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1997 World Series

The 1997 World Series was the championship series of Major League Baseball's (MLB) 1997 season. The 93rd edition of the World Series, it was a best-of-seven playoff between the American League (AL) champion Cleveland Indians and the National League (NL) champion Florida Marlins. The Marlins, who were underdogs, defeated the Indians, four games to three, to win their first World Series championship. Game 7 was decided in extra innings on a walk-off single hit by Édgar Rentería. The series began on October 18 and ended on October 26 (though Game 7 ended just after midnight local time October 27). Marlins pitcher Liván Hernández was named the World Series Most Valuable Player.

The Indians advanced to the World Series by defeating the New York Yankees in the AL Division Series, three games to two, and then the Baltimore Orioles in the AL Championship Series, four games to two; it was Cleveland's second World Series appearance in three years. The Marlins advanced to the World Series by defeating the San Francisco Giants in the NL Division Series, three games to none, and then the Atlanta Braves in the NL Championship Series, four games to two; the Marlins set an MLB record by reaching a World Series in just their fifth season of existence. This was the fourth time in World Series history a Game 7 went into extra innings, and was the most recent occasion until the 2016 World Series, in which the Indians also lost in extra innings. The Marlins' championship made them the first wild card team to ever win the World Series.

This was the only World Series that Paul Beeston would preside over as CEO of MLB. The previous four World Series had been presided over jointly by the league presidents (first Dr. Bobby Brown and then Gene Budig for the AL, Leonard Coleman for the NL).

Game 1
The first World Series game in the state of Florida, Game 1 featured a youngster and a veteran facing each other on the mound. Fresh off his NLCS MVP performance, Liván Hernández took the mound for the Marlins and quickly gave up a run in the first thanks to a double by leadoff man Bip Roberts and an RBI single by David Justice. Indian starter Orel Hershiser got by the first two innings unscathed. However, after the Marlins tied the game in the third on Edgar Renteria's RBI groundout with two on, they scored four runs in the fourth. Moisés Alou's three-run home run off the left field foul pole put the Marlins up 4–1 and Charles Johnson followed with a home run to make it 5–1. After Manny Ramírez's home run in the fifth cut the lead to 5–2, Hershiser allowed a one-out walk and single in the bottom of the inning before Jeff Conine's RBI single made it 6–2 Marlins. Jeff Juden relieved Hershiser and after a force-out at second, threw a ball four wild pitch that let Bobby Bonilla score from third. Jim Thome's home run cut the lead to 7–3 in the sixth, then the Indians got another run in the eighth off Jay Powell when Marquis Grissom walked with two outs and scored on Brian Giles's double, but Florida closer Robb Nen came in the ninth and got out of a jam by striking out Sandy Alomar Jr. and Thome with two men aboard.

Game 2
Game 2 matched up Florida ace Kevin Brown against Chad Ogea, who had lost two games in the ALCS. Both teams scored in the first, thanks to RBI singles by David Justice for the Indians after Omar Vizquel doubled with one out and Jeff Conine for the Marlins with two on. Ogea barely escaped further damage when Moisés Alou got under a hanging curveball, but merely flied out to the warning track, missing his second three-run homer in as many nights by inches. After that, Ogea settled in and did not allow any more runs in $6 2/3$ innings. Brown pitched well until the fifth when the Indians took the lead by stringing together three singles by Matt Williams, Sandy Alomar Jr., and Marquis Grissom. Later in the inning, with runners on second and third, Bip Roberts drove in a pair of runs with a single up the middle giving the Tribe a 4–1 lead. The three-run lead ballooned to five when Alomar hit a laser into the left field stands for a two-run home run in the sixth. The Indians' 6–1 win tied the series heading to Cleveland.

Game 3
Game 3 was a wild affair that ended with the Marlins grabbing a 2–1 series lead. Charles Nagy of the Indians faced Al Leiter of the Marlins. Both pitchers fared poorly, with Leiter giving up seven runs (four earned) in $4 2/3$ innings and Nagy gave up five in six innings. In the top of the first, Gary Sheffield started the scoring with a home run to left. In the bottom half, the Indians retaliated with two runs thanks to two broken bat RBI singles by Matt Williams and Sandy Alomar Jr. Nagy's bases loaded walk to Sheffield tied the game in the third, before Florida took a 3–2 lead in the fourth on Darren Daulton's home run. However, the Indians got a gift in the bottom of the fourth, when they drew four free passes, then a throwing error by third baseman Bobby Bonilla on Manny Ramírez's single allowed two more runs to score. The Tribe went up 7–3 on Jim Thome's two-run home run to right in the fifth inning, which also knocked Leiter out of the game. His home run was nullified in the sixth by Jim Eisenreich's two-run home run that cut the lead to 7–5. In the seventh, Craig Counsell hit a leadoff single off Brian Anderson and moved to second on a groundout, then Édgar Rentería's single and Gary Sheffield's double off Mike Jackson (who was charged with a blown save) each drove in a run, making the score 7–7. In the ninth, Bonilla drew a leadoff walk off reliever Eric Plunk and scored on Daulton's single aided by an error that let Daulton go to third. After a strikeout to Alou (his third of the night) and intentional walk to pinch-hitter Cliff Floyd, an error by first baseman Thome on Plunk's pickoff attempt allowed Daulton to score. After Charles Johnson singled, Alvin Morman relieved Plunk and an error by second baseman Tony Fernández on Counsell's ground ball allowed Floyd to score. After Morman retired Devon White, a walk to Rentería loaded the bases before José Mesa relieved Morman and allowed two-run singles to Sheffield and Bonilla aided by a wild pitch that gave the Marlins at 14–7 lead. In the bottom of the inning, the Indians loaded the bases on a walk and two singles with one out off Robb Nen before Tony Fernández's sacrifice fly and Marquis Grissom's single scored a run each, then Bip Roberts' two-run double cut the lead to 14–11, but Omar Vizquel grounded out to end the game. Dennis Cook got the win in relief by tossing a scoreless eighth and Plunk got the loss. This was the highest scoring game for 20 years until the fifth game of the 2017 World Series between the Houston Astros and the Los Angeles Dodgers; it was also the fourth time a team had scored seven runs in the ninth inning of a postseason game and the first since the 1990 ALCS. Marlins batter Gary Sheffield had five RBIs in the game to lead all batters.

Game 4
This back-and-forth World Series continued that way in Game 4. Both teams were greeted by snow during batting practice and freezing temperatures throughout this contest. The official gametime temperature of 35 °F (3.3 °C) remains the coldest recorded in World Series history. As the game progressed, media outlets reported wind chill readings as low as 18 °F (−7.8 °C). Two rookies opposed each other on the mound, Jaret Wright for the Indians and Tony Saunders for the Marlins. In the bottom of the first, Omar Vizquel singled with one out before Manny Ramírez's two-run home run put the Indians up 2–0. Matt Williams then singled with two outs and scored on Sandy Alomar's double. In the third, Ramírez drew a leadoff walk, moved to second on an error and scored on David Justice's single. After another walk, Alomar's single scored Justice. After a third walk loaded the bases, Antonio Alfonseca relived Saunders and allowed an RBI single to Tony Fernández. The Marlins got on the board in the fourth on Jim Eisenreich's RBI single with two on, then Moisés Alou's two-run home run after a walk in the sixth cut the Indians' lead to 6–3, but that was as close as the Marlins got. In the bottom of the inning, Alomar's bases-loaded groundout off Ed Vosberg made it 7–3 Indians. Next inning, Fernández hit a leadoff single, moved to second on a ground out and scored on Brian Giles's single. In the eighth, Williams' two-run home run after a walk capped the game's scoring at 10–3 as the Indians tied the series at two games apiece which guaranteed a return to Florida. Wright allowed three runs in six sharp innings and Brian Anderson wrapped up Wright's win with a three-inning save.

Game 5
Game 5 was a rematch of Game 1's starting pitchers Liván Hernández and Orel Hershiser. The Marlins struck first when Darren Daulton hit a ground-rule double and scored on Charles Johnson's single. After a walk to Craig Counsell, Devon White's RBI double made it 2–0 Marlins. The Indians cut it to 2–1 in the bottom of the inning when Jim Thome tripled and scored on Sandy Alomar's single. Next inning, Alomar launched a towering three-run home run after two walks to Thome and Matt Williams to put the Indians up 4–2. In the sixth, Moisés Alou hit his second three-run home run off Hershiser in as many games and his third home run of the Series to put the Marlins up 5–4. Eric Plunk then walked Craig Counsell with the bases loaded to force in Jeff Conine, with the run charged to Hershiser. The Marlins added to their lead in the seventh when Alou hit a leadoff single off Jeff Juden, stole second, moved to third on a groundout, and scored on Johnson's single. Next inning, Alou's single scored pinch-runner Alex Arias (running for Bonilla) with two on off José Mesa extended the lead to 8–4. Livan pitched terrifically in the middle innings, not allowing any runs until the ninth. An error and single put two on with no outs for the Indians. Robb Nen in relief allowed a two-run single to David Justice (both of the runs charged to Hernández), then a two-out RBI single to Thome before Alomar flew out to right to end the game and give the Marlins a 3–2 series lead heading back to Florida.

Game 6
Game 6's attendance of 67,498 was the highest single-game attendance for the World Series since Game 5 of the 1959 World Series, when 92,706 people filled the football-oriented Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum. The Series returned to the warmer climate of Miami for Game 6. Kevin Brown opposed Chad Ogea again and again Brown inexplicably struggled while Ogea flourished. Chad himself drove in the first two runs with a bases-loaded single in the second, and Manny Ramírez hit a sacrifice fly in the third (after Omar Vizquel hit a leadoff double and stole third) and the fifth (after a leadoff double and subsequent single). Darren Daulton's sacrifice fly with two on in the fifth that scored Moisés Alou from third gave the Marlins their only run of the game. With the Tribe leading 4–1 in the sixth, Ogea ran into serious trouble. The Marlins put runners on second and third with two out as reliever Mike Jackson replaced Ogea. Marlins catcher Charles Johnson stepped to the plate and proceeded to hit a sharp grounder that was headed for left field and looked like a base hit. Indians shortstop Omar Vizquel, who won the Gold Glove that year, dove for the ball, grabbed it, sprung to his feet, and hurled a perfect strike to first base just before Johnson arrived. The play ended the threat and broke the Marlins' spirits. In the ninth, closer José Mesa wrapped up the win despite allowing a triple to Devon White to tie the Series at 3–3.

Game 7
For the decisive final matchup of the World Series, the first time since 1991 that a Game 7 would be played, the Marlins sent Al Leiter to the mound to start. Leiter had been the starter for the Marlins in the high-scoring Game 3 in Cleveland, where he gave up a total of seven runs and did not make it out of the fifth inning, but was spared a potential loss when the Marlins rallied to win. The potential existed for a Game 3 rematch of Leiter and Indians ace Charles Nagy. Nagy managed to pitch six innings and gave up five runs, all earned, in his outing. Like Leiter, he was left with a no-decision after the Cleveland bullpen allowed Florida to tie the game and later win. However, Indians manager Mike Hargrove, celebrating his 48th birthday this day, chose to give the start to rookie Jaret Wright on short rest. Wright had yet to lose a decision in the postseason to this point, and had won Game 4 earlier in the series.

The Marlins managed one hit in the 1st inning, a double off the bat of Édgar Rentería. That was the only hit Wright gave up through six innings, and the Indians staked him to a 2–0 lead in the third. With nobody out, Jim Thome walked and Marquis Grissom singled him to second. After Wright bunted the runners into scoring position, Leiter struck out Omar Vizquel for the second out. The next batter, Tony Fernández, singled to drive both runners in.

The Indians threatened again in the fifth inning, as Vizquel singled with one out. He stole second while Fernandez batted, putting himself in scoring position. Leiter struck Fernandez out, then gave an intentional walk to Manny Ramirez to put two runners on. Vizquel then managed to steal third base, but Leiter struck out David Justice to end the inning. He would leave the game after retiring the Indians in order in the sixth.

Meanwhile, not only had Wright allowed a single hit through six innings, but he had also managed to keep the Marlins off of the bases. Entering the seventh inning, he had only allowed a total of four baserunners; in addition to the Rentería double, he had walked Gary Sheffield in the first and Leiter in the fifth, and Darren Daulton had reached on a three-base error when Ramirez misplayed a line drive.

The Marlins finally broke through in the bottom of the seventh as Bobby Bonilla hit Wright's first pitch over the right-center field wall for a home run to cut the lead to 2–1. After striking out Charles Johnson and walking Craig Counsell, Wright was removed from the game in favor of Paul Assenmacher who was scheduled to pitch to Cliff Floyd. Marlins manager Jim Leyland elected to send Kurt Abbott to the plate after the pitching change; Assenmacher retired him on a fly ball, then got Devon White swinging to end the inning.

In the top of the ninth inning, Cleveland again threatened. After Antonio Alfonseca walked Matt Williams to lead off the inning and Sandy Alomar Jr. reached on a fielder's choice to take Williams off the bases, Félix Heredia gave up a single to Thome which advanced Alomar to third. He was then pulled in favor of closer Robb Nen. Nen induced a groundball from Grissom to Rentería at shortstop, who elected to throw Alomar out at home, thanks in part to a great pick and tag by Johnson. He then got Brian Giles to fly out to end the inning.

The Indians sent closer José Mesa to the mound to try to win the series in the bottom of the ninth inning. Moisés Alou led off with a single, and Bonilla struck out swinging on a 3–2 pitch. Johnson then followed with a single to advance Alou to third, bringing Counsell to the plate. On a 1-1 pitch, Counsell hit a deep fly ball to right that nearly went over the wall, which would have won the series for the Marlins. Although Ramirez was able to catch the ball on the warning track for the second out, Alou was able to score from third without a throw and the score was tied at 2. Mesa managed to get out of the inning by retiring Jim Eisenreich.

Nen struck out the side in the top of the 10th inning. In the bottom of the frame, Mesa gave up back-to-back one-out singles, and after striking out John Cangelosi looking on a 3-2 pitch, Hargrove elected to finally use his ace starter and brought Nagy into the game to face Alou, who flied out to end the inning. After walking Williams, leading off the top of the 11th inning, Jay Powell retired Cleveland in order thanks to an alert fielder's choice on a sacrifice bunt by Alomar, which Powell fielded and threw out the lead runner at 2nd, followed by a Jim Thome inning-ending double play.

Bonilla led off the bottom off the eleventh by singling to center. Gregg Zaun, who replaced Johnson after pinch running for him in the bottom the ninth, stepped in for his first at bat and was asked to bunt Bonilla over. Zaun popped the ball up on the bunt attempt, however, and Bonilla barely beat Nagy’s throw back to first to try to double him off.

Counsell followed with a slow ground ball to the second base side. Bonilla stopped halfway between first and second, choosing to let the ball roll by before trying to advance; if the ball had touched him, he would have been called out for runners' interference. By doing this, he not only saved the Marlins an out, but also forced Fernandez, playing behind the second base bag, to lose sight of the ball as it rolled to him. The veteran second baseman was not able to field the grounder cleanly, and Bonilla was able to advance to third on the error with Counsell reaching first.

Nagy walked Eisenreich, the next batter, intentionally, loading the bases for White. Instead of playing for the double play, Hargrove pulled the infield in to try to cut off the winning run, since Bonilla was a much slower baserunner than White and would be able to score if White beat out the relay throw on a double play. White grounded to second, and Fernandez immediately threw home for the force out to retire Bonilla.

While the bases were still loaded, as White reached on the fielder’s choice, there were now two outs and Nagy faced Rentería with a chance to get out of the jam and extend the game. Rentería, behind 0-1, hit a hard line drive back up the middle. Nagy tried to field the ball, but it hit off of his glove and went into center field. Counsell scored the series winning run, then leaped into the air in celebration.

After Game 7, the trophy presentation, usually taking place in the winning team's locker room regardless of venue, took place on the field for the first time ever before the crowd of 67,204. It was presided over by then-Chairman of the Executive Committee Bud Selig, who first did the honors in 1995 and would officially become Commissioner of Baseball in 1998. This is now a standard procedure whenever the champions are the home team of the deciding game (the only exception being 1999, when the New York Yankees chose to celebrate in their locker room, likely due to the controversy involving Yankees outfielder Chad Curtis and NBC Sports reporter Jim Gray during an interview following Game 3). However, this would not become a regular practice until 2001 as the next three World Series (1998, 1999, & 2000) had the trophy presentation in the winning teams clubhouse.

It was the first time since that the two teams alternated wins throughout the World Series.

In only their fifth season of existence, the Marlins were the quickest expansion team to reach (and win) the World Series until, when the Arizona Diamondbacks did it in their fourth year. Coincidentally, both World Series ended with a game-winning RBI single with Craig Counsell being on the basepath for each.

Composite box
1997 World Series (4–3): Florida Marlins (N.L.) beat Cleveland Indians (A.L.)

Aftermath
Liván Hernández was named the Most Valuable Player of the 1997 World Series. Chad Ogea became the first pitcher since Mickey Lolich in 1968 to have at least two hits and two RBIs in a World Series. The Marlins won despite not having Alex Fernandez, their number-two starter, who did not pitch due to a rotator cuff injury.

On October 31, 1997, most of the key contributors of the 1997 Marlins were traded, including Moisés Alou, who was sent to the Houston Astros, and Al Leiter to the New York Mets, in a fire sale so infamous that it has come to synonymize the term in the baseball world. The Marlins also lost Jeff Conine to the Kansas City Royals in free agency and Darren Daulton who retired. World Series MVP hurler Liván Hernández, however, stayed with the team for two more years. The Marlins finished 54–108 in 1998, the worst performance ever by a defending World Series champion. As a result, these Marlins are mockingly referred to as the first "Rent-A-Team" to win the World Series. Midway through the 1998 season, the Marlins would trade Jim Eisenreich, Bobby Bonilla, Gary Sheffield, and Charles Johnson to the Los Angeles Dodgers for Todd Zeile and Mike Piazza. Piazza would be traded shortly after to the Mets in return for prospects, one of which was Preston Wilson.

Jim Leyland, responding to reports that he would retire if the Marlins won the World Series, told NBC during the celebration, "My wife doesn't like me that much. I can't retire." However, he resigned in the wake of their awful performance in 1998. He managed the Colorado Rockies in 1999, then scouted for several years before joining the Detroit Tigers as manager in 2006. Leyland led the Tigers to World Series appearances in 2006 and 2012. Leyland was hired as Tigers manager by Dave Dombrowski, the architect of the 1997 Marlins. Dombrowski would later build another World Series-winning team, the 2018 Boston Red Sox, and also oversaw a World Series appearance from the 2022 Philadelphia Phillies.

Marlins owner H. Wayne Huizenga, who dodged questions about selling the team during the on-field celebration, ultimately sold the team to John W. Henry after the 1998 season. Henry in turn sold it to former Montreal Expos owner Jeffrey Loria in 2001 as part of a deal to purchase the Boston Red Sox. Loria would return the team to a World Series victory in 2003. That season started with only one of the 1997 World Series players left on the roster: pitcher Rick Helling. Helling was traded mid-season to the Texas Rangers. However, the team traded with the Baltimore Orioles for Jeff Conine. Conine would be the only 1997 Marlin to participate in the 2003 World Series victory. The 1997 and 2003 seasons marked the Marlins' only trips to the postseason until 2020, when the Marlins lost the NLDS to the Atlanta Braves.

The failure of José Mesa to save Game 7 ultimately ignited a heated feud with teammate Omar Vizquel. In Vizquel's autobiography, the veteran shortstop called Mesa a "choker." The two men ended their longtime friendship. Mesa later vowed to "...hit him every time" he faced him, and also stated that he wanted to kill Vizquel. Though Mesa did not actually bean Vizquel every time he subsequently faced him, he did hit him with pitches at least twice.

The Indians would go on to win the AL Central three of the following four years, returning to the ALCS the following season. However, they were defeated in six games by the record-setting New York Yankees. They would not advance to another World Series until 2016, where they gave up a 3-1 series lead and allowed the Chicago Cubs to win their first World Series in 108 years.

The core of the 1990s Indians teams would break up in the early 2000s, most notably with Manny Ramirez joining the Boston Red Sox in 2001 and Jim Thome joining the Philadelphia Phillies in 2003. The 1997 Indians failed to end the Cleveland sports curse, which stood at 33 years since the 1964 Cleveland Browns won the city's most recent championship. The Curse would eventually end in 2016, when the Cleveland Cavaliers won the NBA Title, giving the city its first major sports title in 52 years.

The total attendance of 403,627 fans is the second-largest in World Series history. The high attendance is due to the fact that the series went the full seven games and the large seating capacity at Pro Player Stadium. All four games played in Miami had over 67,000 in attendance. This Series only trails the 1959 World Series, which drew 420,784 spectators. That Series had three of its six games played at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum and drew over 92,000 for each game played at the Coliseum.

Radio and television coverage
NBC Sports, as per the terms of the then-current broadcasting contract, televised the World Series nationally. It was the first World Series telecast to air exclusively on the network since 1988; they were originally scheduled to air the 1995 World Series alone as part of its joint venture with ABC Sports and Major League Baseball dubbed The Baseball Network, but the 1994 strike cancelled that year's World Series and NBC and ABC ultimately alternated coverage of the 1995 World Series. Bob Costas led the broadcast, with Bob Uecker and Joe Morgan as analysts. Hannah Storm and Keith Olbermann hosted the pregame show, with Olbermann and Jim Gray serving as field reporters for the respective teams. Storm and Gray presided over the on-field celebration after Game 7.

CBS Radio, which had covered the World Series consecutively since, did so for the final time in 1997. The national radio broadcasting rights would move over to ESPN the following season. Vin Scully, in what would prove to be his last World Series call before he retired in 2016, was the lead broadcaster for the eleventh time for CBS. Jeff Torborg joined Scully as analyst, making his third and final appearance. John Rooney hosted the studio segments for the series for the eleventh consecutive World Series.

This was the last World Series for Indians Radio Network announcer Herb Score, as he retired at season's end. Score's broadcast partner, Tom Hamilton, would take over as lead announcer and he remains in that position as of the 2021 season. It also marked the final game carried by Indians flagship station WKNR (1220); the broadcast rights would be moved to WTAM for the 1998 season.

title: 1997 World Series


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Talk:International Development Research Centre

Politics of "international development"
Wow ... Wikipedia is amazing. I'm typing this from the IDRC LAN - I visited here and checked to see if this page existed. This could be an entry in one of a series of articles on the politics of "international development" ... possibly some entries already exist. - Comment added by 198.62.158.205 00:26, 19 March 2004.
 * Maybe you should create an account :-) Development material is lacking and needs work. --tranquileye 11:27, 17 September 2005 (UTC)

Proposed edit
The OECD statistic (second paragraph) is not very specific to IDRC, and the same paragraph appears verbatim on the Global Affairs Canada page. If there is an interest in indicating Canada's contributions to international development organizations, I would propose instead the statistic from IDRC's 2021-22 annual report, indicating that IDRC's parliamentary appropriation reflects 3% of Canada's international assistance envelope.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Talk:Television channel

This list is of TV networks, not stations
At first I thought of moving the entire page to television network, but there is already an article there. We really need to have a list of television networks page, or perhaps one by country (as in the networks article) and one by network only (as in this stations article). –radiojon 23:28, 2004 Mar 18 (UTC)

Massive problems
Please see my comments in Talk:Lists of television channels if you are interested in standardizing the various television station/channel pages.- dcljr 02:44, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)

US centric
Article seems to be too centered on the United States... —Cantus… ☎   08:20, Feb 4, 2005 (UTC)

 * Cantus, all things applying to the US are marked as such, I do not see any problem with a US-centric view. Some of the article applies to europe and other countries, like the mention of PAL. If someone has information on other countries, he or she will add that information at a later date.  I beleive you are overthinking NPOV. --Mboverload 09:06, Feb 4, 2005 (UTC)

 * If you believe it's too US-centric, maybe you should take a shot at broadening it out. It's very clearly not in need of a neutrality note -- it's almost laughable. Boisemedia 03:07, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Removed NPOV Mboverload 04:47, Feb 10, 2005 (UTC)

 * Really, this complaint is meritless and negative. There is a big difference between a biased article and one that has a lot of information about one country and not so much about others.  If there is not enough information about international facts, or television in other countries, you have the solution in your hands.Apollo (talk) 14:41, 3 May 2008 (UTC)

Is "channel" the right name?
I've always been under the assumption that calling, say, NBC, CTV or ESPN a "television channel" was faulty because a channel, be it physical or virtual, is simply the location on which a television signal is sent. Until very recently I assumed Wikipedia had reached the similar consensus opinion, but apparently not.

Would the term "television service" be more appropriate as a blanket term for stations, networks, and cable/satellite-based undertakings? The CRTC uses "specialty services" for the latter group whereas U.S. equivalents ("cable networks") are sometimes dubbed "programming services" for legal purposes. - Stickguy 20:08, 1 December 2005 (UTC)

 * I think perhaps service may be a confusing term as it could be applied to a broad network or an aspect of a television station. I agree with what you say about channel though and think that station is the most sensible unambiguous description. Dainamo 23:02, 18 December 2005 (UTC)

 * "Station" is the correct only when referring to over-the-air broadcasts. In common usage, the term "television channel" refers to television stations and to their cable/satellite counterparts.  This broader category is the subject of the article.

 * The word "channel" can refer to a frequency band, but it also can refer to "a route of communication or access" or "a course or pathway through which information is transmitted."

 * I agree that "television service" is too vague. Cable/satellite companies are "television services," as are businesses that repair television sets.  —Lifeisunfair 23:16, 18 December 2005 (UTC)

 * For most Europeans, including people in Ireland and the UK, a TV or radio "station" is a building/company from where a TV or radio signal is being broadcast, just as railway stations and fire stations are buildings. In a world where one company sends one signal from one transmitter, calling that signal (feed) a "station" would be okay, but in a world where many broadcasters produce multiple feeds on a nation-wide or even global scale, the term just doesn't make sense. For 20-30 years most terrestrial broadcasters in Europe have had at least two TV feeds - nowadays often four or five, like the BBC and ITV in the UK - which are broadcasted across a whole country via a network of unmanned relay transmitters, with local or regional news perhaps inserted at specific timeslots in some of these feeds. And broadcasters for satellite and cable may offer even more feeds, like Discovery with 12 different feeds for the US market and 4-9 feeds in Europe (depending on country). The same is true for radio, where, for instance, the Danish public service broadcaster DR now is producing 27 parallell radio feeds (thanks to DAB and the internet).
 * To call each such a feed a "station" doesn't make sense, but "channel" does. On old TV sets the dial for switching between feeds was called a "channel selector", so using the term "channel" for the individual feeds make perfect sense for normal viewers (although the TV manucaturers originally introduced the term "channel" to mean a pre-set frequency).
 * I know that the term "station" has been the norm in the US and Canada, and it made perfect sense for a long time, when the radio and TV landscape largely consisted of local broadcasters with a transmitter on the roof, filling out their locally produced material with the feed from an affiliated network (a form of radio and TV distribution almost unknown in Europe, where most radio and TV has always been run on a national scale). However, cable, satellite, DAB, DTT and IPTV has totally changed this, even in the US. Today's broadcasters are more like publishing houses that produce a variety of magazines for different target groups, and the apropriate term for their "magazines" would be "channels" (with the individual programmes being the articles that make up these magazines, and the often separate playout company that handles the actual transmissions being the printing company). Interestingly enough, I've noticed that Discovery in the US call their feeds "channels", just like they do in Europe.
 * So, I would like to propose that the English language Wikipedia adopts the follwing terms:
 * Broadcaster or TV company/radio company - an enitity that produces one or more feeds for TV or radio.
 * Playout company - a company, often not owned by the broadcaster, that handles the actual transmission of each channel for one or several broadcasters.
 * TV channel/radio channel - a single feed from a broadcaster.
 * TV network/radio network - a group on broadcasters working together or being affiliates of a central broadcaster (i.e not a stand-alone broadcaster like CNN och Discovery, nor just the 'spider" in a network).
 * I understand that many may object to parts of this, as it means getting used to a new terminology, but the broadcasting world has changed drastically since the mid 1920's, when most of the current US terminology were coined, and the old terminology doesn't make much sense today.Thomas Blomberg 19:59, 6 January 2006 (UTC)

Station versus Channel versus Network
These terms have been adapted somewhat from their original meanings as technology advances. A station is place where electromagnetic radiation emanates for reception in a surrounding region. A channel is a number assigned to a frequency band within which a station broadcasts its program content. A network originally was a group of stations that broadcast common program content that originates at a network center. Signals were often relayed from one station to the next in round robin fashion in order that program distribution would occur. Nowadays, a network is seen both as the place where program material orginates (more properly a network operation center) and as a company that produces or arranges for the production of program material that will attact paying advertisers. For example, station WRC-TV operates on Channel 4 and serves the Metropolitan Washington, D.C., area. That station is owned and operated by NBC, a network owned by General Electric. Some stations are not owned and operated by a network. They are called affiliates. All stations broadcast some non-network, local content. Community Antenna Television (CATV) is the ancestor of today's cable television. In mountainous terrain, it was customary for an entrepreneur to erect a receiving antenna on a high plateau and run cables to receivers in the valley. Subscribers could then profitably operate television receivers that were useless without a signal. It occurred to operators of CATV systems that they could inject their own programming for reception in the valley and charge fees to advertisers. Cable television thus was born. Widespread availability of cable television was spurred by geostationary satellites, which relay program content from a network operation center to cable television operators who resell the program content (with or without advertising) to a public that is willing to pay dozens of dollars per month for the privilege. The channels on which cable television program content is received need bear no relation to channels associated with terrestrial television stations. A cable network is like a non-cable network in that there is a network that produces and distributes program content and a network operation center that sends program content aloft, yet such can only be received in cooperation with a cable television system operator. A non-cable network's program content is intended to be transmitted by terrestrial television stations. Cable television system operators distribute terrestrial television station programming via wire so that subscribers may enjoy a better reception experience such as those valley folks did back in the day of CATV. (It is understood that a variation on cable television, known as direct broadcast satellite, exists. It permits subscribers to enjoy the same programs offered by cable television system operators via signals received directly from orbiting satellites.) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Mrockman  (talk • contribs) 1:30 (UTC), 7 May 2006

Merge proposal
I see that it has been suggested that Television network and this article be merged together. Discuss here or at Talk:Television network --Jerome Potts (talk) 23:26, 29 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Do not merge. - They are two different things - network is much more specific - and I think the distinction is important enough to warrant separate articles. --64.247.122.178 (talk) 00:53, 3 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Do not merge. - It is certainly a problem without a perfect solution. However, there is information that would go into an articles on television "channels" that would not go into an article on "networks", so my humble opinion would be to leave them separate.  In general, I prefer the lesser evil of redundancy. Apollo (talk) 14:46, 3 May 2008 (UTC)

I started writing a response here, but my conclusion was that we need a central point for discussion, so I've started a discussion at WikiProject Television about how best to organise this. - IMSoP (talk) 02:19, 12 October 2008 (UTC)

Digital Television Section
It doesn't seem that encyclopedic and its optionated especially in the last section I think. team6and7 (talk) 22:19, 5 November 2010 (UTC)

Hatnote restored
I disagree with the removal of the hatnotes with the rationale "rmv inappropriate hat (links already presented with proper context in first sentence)".

One shouldn't have to read the article itself to differentiate between alternate uses of the term; by definition it's not the article you're looking for if you need that information! The hatnote makes the different options clearer and more upfront than having to digest article content. (Not *that* much here, admittedly, but it's still the principle that applies).

On top of this, television station has since been delinked anyway. We could- in theory- relink it, but since that'd be for navigation purposes rather than for the benefit of the article itself, I'd rather not and keep them separate. Ubcule (talk) 19:41, 20 April 2018 (UTC)

 * The {{See also}} hatnote was plainly inappropriate, since such links belong in the See also section at the bottom of the page. Links to Television network and Television station are a bit more arguable, but the {{Distinguish}} template was not the correct one to use, since it's for similarly spelled terms which have obviously unrelated meanings. IMO, this falls under Linking to articles that are related to the topic, which is an inappropriate use of hatnotes. --Paul_012 (talk) 19:51, 20 April 2018 (UTC)
 * On reflection, you're probably correct about the "see also".
 * However, the inclusion of television station and television network are definitely warranted because in many areas (including- but not restricted to- the United Kingdom and Australia), the term "channel" is often used interchangeably with "station"... referring to what Wikipedia describes as a television network(!) (though that term isn't really used as much here). (#) In other words, neither the television station or television channel article covers what *we* usually mean when we refer to a "TV channel" or "TV station" in colloquial speech!
 * In short, there's a lot of blurring due to varying formal and informal uses of the terms in different regions, so we should be very clear on which article refers to which.
 * (#) For example "BBC One is the flagship television channel of the British Broadcasting Corporation" and "In 1993 the Australian Broadcasting Authority allocated licences for a sixth television channel for non-profit community and educational use on a trial basis".
 * Ubcule (talk) 20:23, 20 April 2018 (UTC)
 * Your addition using the About template is fine by me. --Paul_012 (talk) 20:33, 20 April 2018 (UTC)

"Virtual number"
The lede starts: "A television channel is a broadcast frequency or virtual number"...

I am not sure "virtual number" is a good definition. What is a "virtual" number, when all numbers are abstract (even real numbers)? Virtual number is a term used in telephony and is not the sense meant here. We have virtual channel later in the article and that is really what is meant, but saying "A television channel is a... virtual channel" seems somewhat circular.

is used several times (as plaintext) at virtual channel, to which it redirects. The term "descriptor" is also used, but this seems to mean all the metadata associated with a logical channel, not just the channel number.

Maybe the more-general "assigned number" or "allocated number" might be better? Within the lede, we don't really have to explain how they are assigned or allocated. 178.164.139.37 (talk) 08:29, 1 January 2019 (UTC)

Merge proposal
See Television Channel Chocolateediter (talk) 09:10, 3 October 2020 (UTC)

Requested move 28 November 2022

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: not moved. (closed by non-admin page mover) – robertsky (talk) 14:55, 5 December 2022 (UTC)

Television channel → Television frequency – I think this page should be used for some the more generic Television station article. Television channel could otherwise turned into a disambiguation article between television station and television frequency. PhotographyEdits (talk) 11:56, 28 November 2022 (UTC) The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * Oppose for the simple fact that a page by the name Television channel frequencies exists, which uses both "channel" and "frequenc[ies]", and is apparently a list of the subject of the article requesting to be moved. Due to this, there will be confusion involved due to a lack of consistency. Either way, the latter article needs to be moved to a "List of..." title, but whatever that is, the article proposed to be moved and the list article may need to have synchronous titles if they truly refer to the same subject (which it looks like they do, but I'm not completely sure.) Steel1943  (talk) 16:48, 28 November 2022 (UTC)
 * Oppose per above. Rreagan007 (talk) 22:10, 28 November 2022 (UTC)

Transmission
Ramp up the power at the Pullman site. It’s pathetic. The reception drops out. The pixels cross and move. The sound drops out. Impossible to enjoy a program. Impossible to connect to a personal email to complain. Please forward to someone to fix the problem. Richland resident 2600:6C54:7800:15BF:1859:6C4A:A5D8:C958 (talk) 20:34, 25 January 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Television channel


text:
Battleaxe (band)

Battleaxe are an English heavy metal band from Sunderland. As one of the bands of the new wave of British heavy metal scene, they started out with the name Warrior and morphed into Battleaxe in early 1981. The band consisted of Dave King (vocals), Brian Smith (bass), Steve Hardy (guitar), and Ian Thompson (drums). After playing around the area and honing their craft, they entered the recording studio to make a demo called "Burn This Town". In doing so, they garnered the attention of Roadrunner Records, and the result was their first album, Burn This Town.

Cover art controversy
Once a release deal had been struck with Roadrunner Records, the master tapes were forwarded to the record production and the album title Burn this Town was created. The company requested some concept ideas for the cover artwork, so the band asked a friend and local artist Arthur Ball if he could come up with suggestions. He then produced the first Burn this Town cover artwork as it is known now, however only as a rough proof drawing. Arthur planned to re-draw the whole thing again to a much higher standard once it was to be approved by the record company. However, when Roadrunner received the proof artwork for approval, they went ahead and pressed 2000 units for a worldwide release without the band's consent. The graphic looked amateurish, and the band worried what this might do to their reputation. However, the album sold well. The band began developing a reputation in the region as a solid heavy metal outfit.

Changing of "Ians"
A short time after finishing the recordings of the album Burn This Town at Guardian studios County Durham, Ian Thompson was badly injured with a skull fracture when attacked by someone with an iron bar. Thompson's injuries were extensive and required a long time to heal. During this time, the band's momentum was still growing as they were signed by Roadrunner Records and contracted to complete a second album by the end of the year. Ian McCormack, Satan's ex-drummer, was asked to fill the drum position until Thomson had recovered. However, when Power from the Universe was released on both the Roadrunner and Music for Nations labels, the band suddenly found themselves garnering unexpected fame. Listeners stated that this album showed a more refined and mature sound, and the album was voted as having one of the best heavy metal openers of the time with the song "Chopper Attack". Battleaxe continued on with the same lineup to complete a BBC Radio One Session on the Tommy Vance Friday Rock show. They were included in a nationwide tour supporting Saxon, and invited to a Leeds Queens Hall Festival with Twisted Sister, Girlschool, Anvil, Spyder and Plus.

Personnel changes
On the eve of a major appearance at Hammersmith Odeon London in support of Saxon on their Crusader tour, some A&R staff from Atlantic Records were showing interest. After the show, they wanted the band to organize a showcase for them. However, Steve Hardy unexpectedly quit, and they had to pull out of what could have been a major signing. It took almost two years before a new lineup was found that was somewhere near the quality and spirit to what they had. This was a severe blow to their career and put the band on hold until they could regain their footing. They toured the UK in support of Madam X, who had to pull out of the tour due to an illness, leaving Battleaxe to headline. They finished the tour at the Dominion Theatre in London.

The new lineup included Mick Percy and John Stormont. Their lead and rhythm guitar combination gave band's performances a fuller sound live as well as in the studio. Soon after, they went into Neat Records studio to record the tracks "Radio Thunder," "Girl Crazee," and "Killer Woman." These tracks were added to their 1987 EP, Nightmare Zone. John Stormont contributed a lead break performance on the track "Killer Woman." John left the band and there was a rotating door of musicians until 1987 when they recruited Jason Holt on guitar and Stew Curtan on drums (after Ian McCormack retired). During this period of instability, the band met drummer Paul AT Kinson from Newcastle, who filled in now and then but didn't officially join the band until a later date. With this lineup, their sound had strengthened, becoming more powerful and adding versatility that was not possible with one guitarist. However, this new lineup lasted only a short time as it became hard for Battleaxe to tour. Metallica, who had recently appearing on the metal scene, wanted to tour the UK and Europe with Battleaxe but changed their minds because of politics. However, Battleaxe was added to a compilation album with Metallica, Manowar, and other major bands. From 1995-1998, the band hired another guitarist for a short while and did a one-off show to a small audience at Klenal Hall Biker's Festival. Plans were made to record a third album, and they went into the studio to record the demos that would become the Nightmare Zone EP. The third album was originally going to be called Metal Edge, but they were not able to secure interest from a record label, and the band began to lose interest. Due to financial limitations, touring and performing live gigs simultaneously was impossible. In 2007 the four piece, Mick Percy (guitar), Paul AT Kinson (ex Jess Cox/Skyclad/Bob Dee-USA) and the two founding members, Brian Smith (bass), and Dave King (vocal) (not the Fastaway vocalist Dave King) shot a video to the track Chopper Attack. The video appeared to relaunch the band onto the reemerging new wave of British heavy metal scene.

Later developments
In 2008, some Swedish fans set up a website dedicated to Battleaxe, which caught the attention of a new generation of fans. In 2010, the band returned to the metal scene, performing their first live show in Europe at Headbangers Open Air.

In 2011 and 2012 the band played Hard Rock Hell (UK), Hammerfest (UK) and Heavy Metal Night (Italy).

Dave King and Brian Smith rejected an album deal with Limb Music (Germany).

Dave King and Brian Smith signed a four-album (re-release/new album) deal with SPV Steamhammer in 2013. For unknown reasons, drummer Paul AT Kinson and guitarist Mick Percy were written out of the contract.

They re-released the first two albums, Burn This Town and Power From The Universe, on the band's thirtieth anniversary along with the third release of their newest album Heavy Metal Sanctuary. In 2020, SPV Steamhammer re-released Power from the Universe.

The first three albums received mixed reviews from around the world and a prominent rock journalist reviewed the re-release of Power From The Universe.

2014 saw the departure of drummer Paul AT Kinson following the Keep It True Festival (Germany). Kinson had worked with the band on various demos and small shows since the early 1990s. He also helped to relaunch the band along with Dave King between 2007 and 2014, and was the producer of two official videos for the band during that period, as well as the main producer and co-writer the 2014 album Heavy Metal Sanctuary.

Ricky Squires (ex Heavy Metal Kids etc.) joined Battleaxe, replacing Kinson on drums, in May 2014, prior to their debut show at Bloodstock Open Air Festival. However, the distance between Squires (living in Ayrshire) and the band in Newcastle upon Tyne, made it difficult to continue.

Battleaxe is using stand-in session drummer Steve Rix who played regularly with the late Chris Tsangarides (the band had planned to use Tsangarides to produce their new album in 2017/2018).

Gary Young (Avenger) stood in on drums for Battleaxe at metal festival BroFest (UK).

As of 2022, the band is working on a new album at White Wolf Recording Studios in County Durham. They hope to go back on tour in the future.

Members For Burn This Town

 * Dave King — vocals
 * Brian Smith — bass
 * Steve Hardy — guitar
 * Ian Thompson — drums

Members For Power from the Universe

 * Dave King — vocals
 * Brian Smith — bass
 * Steve Hardy — guitar
 * Ian McCormack — drums

Post Universe Lineup 1

 * Dave King — vocals
 * Brian Smith — bass
 * Ian McCormick — drums
 * John Stormont — guitar
 * Mick Percy — guitar

Post Universe Lineup 2

 * Dave King — vocals
 * Brian Smith — bass
 * Mick Percy — guitar
 * Jason Holt — guitar
 * Stewart Curtan — drums

Nightmare Zone Lineup

 * Dave King — vocals
 * Brian Smith — bass
 * Mick Percy — guitar
 * John Stormont — guitar
 * Ian McCormack — drums

Heavy Metal Sanctuary: Line Up

 * Dave King – vocals
 * Mick Percy – guitar
 * Brian Smith – bass
 * Paul Kinson – drums

Lineup
2007 – 2014
 * Dave King — vocals
 * Brian Smith — bass
 * Mick Percy — guitar
 * Paul AT Kinson – drums

2014 – Present
 * Dave King — vocals
 * Brian Smith — bass
 * Mick Percy — guitar
 * Ricky Squires / Steve Rix – drums

Discography

 * "Burn This Town" - Single — Burn This Town/Battleaxe (1981)
 * Burn This Town - Album (Original Sleeve) (1983)
 * Burn This Town - Album (Redesigned Sleeve) (1984)
 * Power from the Universe - Album (1984)
 * Burn This Town - CD Reissue (2005)
 * Power from the Universe - CD Reissue (2005)
 * Nightmare Zone - EP CD (Recorded 1987) (2005)
 * Heavy Metal Sanctuary - Album (2014)

Discography compilations

 * Roxcalibur - Burn This Town & Battleaxe (1982)
 * Hell on Earth - Ready to Deliver (1983)
 * Metal Battle - Ready to Deliver (1983)
 * Metal Hammer Sampler - Running out of time (1984)
 * Welcome to the Metal Zone - Chopper Attack (1985)

title: Battleaxe (band)


text:
User talk:Adoran2

Hello there, welcome to Wikipedia! I hope you like the place and decide to stay. If you ever need editing help visit How does one edit a page or how to format them visit our manual of style. Experiment at Sandbox. If you need pointers on how we title pages visit Naming conventions. If you have any other questions about the project then check out Help or add a question to the Village pump. Meelar 23:31, 18 Mar 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Adoran2


text:
Iron Crown (disambiguation)

Iron Crown can refer to:

 * Iron Crown of Lombardy, part of the regalia of the Kingdom of Italy
 * Order of the Iron Crown (Kingdom of Italy), an order associated with the Iron Crown of Lombardy
 * Order of the Iron Crown (Austria), an order of merit of Austria and Austria-Hungary until 1918

Entertainment

 * "Kanawa" ("鉄輪" "The Iron Crown"), a Japanese Noh play
 * Iron Crown Enterprises, a roleplaying game publisher
 * Iron Crown (Pokémon), a fictional species of Pokémon

Film

 * The Iron Crown (La corona di ferro), 1941 Italian adventure film
 * Mythica: The Iron Crown, 2016 American fantasy film

Other uses

 * SS Iron Crown, Australian iron ore carrier sunk in WWII
 * Iron Crown Airport (FAA id: 22OR), Marion County, Oregon, USA
 * King of the Lombards, from his crown, the Iron Crown

title: Iron Crown (disambiguation)


text:
Developmental disorder

Developmental disorders comprise a group of psychiatric conditions originating in childhood that involve serious impairment in different areas. There are several ways of using this term. The most narrow concept is used in the category "Specific Disorders of Psychological Development" in the ICD-10. These disorders comprise developmental language disorder, learning disorders, developmental coordination disorders, and autism spectrum disorders (ASD). In broader definitions, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is included, and the term used is neurodevelopmental disorders. Yet others include antisocial behavior and schizophrenia that begins in childhood and continues through life. However, these two latter conditions are not as stable as the other developmental disorders, and there is not the same evidence of a shared genetic liability.

Developmental disorders are present from early life onward. Most improve as the child grows older, but some entail impairments that continue throughout life. These disorders differ from Pervasive developmental disorders (PPD), which uniquely describe a group of five developmental diagnoses, one of which is autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Pervasive developmental disorders reference a limited number of conditions whereas development disorders are a broad network of social, communicative, physical, genetic, intellectual, behavioral, and language concerns and diagnoses.

Emergence
Learning disabilities are diagnosed when the children are young and just beginning school. Most learning disabilities are found under the age of 9.

Young children with communication disorders may not speak at all, or may have a limited vocabulary for their age. Some children with communication disorders have difficulty understanding simple directions or cannot name objects. Most children with communication disorders can speak by the time they enter school, however, they continue to have problems with communication. School-aged children often have problems understanding and formulating words. Teens may have more difficulty with understanding or expressing abstract ideas.

Causes
The scientific study of the causes of developmental disorders involves many theories. Some of the major differences between these theories involves whether environment disrupts normal development, if abnormalities are pre-determined, or if they are products of human evolutionary history which become disorders in modern environments (see evolutionary psychiatry). Normal development occurs with a combination of contributions from both the environment and genetics. The theories vary in the part each factor has to play in normal development, thus affecting how the abnormalities are caused.

One theory that supports environmental causes of developmental disorders involves stress in early childhood. Researcher and child psychiatrist Bruce D. Perry, M.D., Ph.D, theorizes that developmental disorders can be caused by early childhood traumatization. In his works, he compares developmental disorders in traumatized children to adults with post-traumatic stress disorder, linking extreme environmental stress to the cause of developmental difficulties. Other stress theories suggest that even small stresses can accumulate to result in emotional, behavioral, or social disorders in children.

A 2017 study tested all 20,000 genes in about 4,300 families with children with rare developmental difficulties in the UK and Ireland in order to identify if these difficulties had a genetic cause. They found 14 new developmental disorders caused by spontaneous genetic mutations not found in either parent (such as a fault in the CDK13 gene). They estimated that about one in 300 children are born with spontaneous genetic mutations associated with rare developmental disorders.

Diagnosis
The first diagnosed case of ASD was published in 1943 by American psychiatrist Leo Kanner. There is a wide range of cases and severity to ASD so it is very hard to detect the first signs of ASD. A diagnosis of ASD can be made accurately before the child is 3 years old, but the diagnosis of ASD is not commonly confirmed until the child is somewhat older. The age of diagnosis can range from 9 months to 14 years, and the mean age is 4 years old in the USA. On average each case of ASD is tested at three different diagnostic centers before confirmed. Early diagnosis of the disorder can diminish familial stress, speed up referral to special educational programs and influence family planning. The occurrence of ASD in one child can increase the risk of the next child having ASD by 50 to 100 times.

Abnormalities in the brain
The cause of ASD is still uncertain. What is known is that a child with ASD has a pervasive problem with how the brain is wired. Genes related to neurotransmitter receptors (serotonin and gamma-aminobutyric acid [GABA]) and CNS structural control (HOX genes) are found to be potential target genes that get affected in ASD. Autism spectrum disorder is a disorder of the many parts of the brain. Structural changes are observed in the cortex, which controls higher functions, sensation, muscle movements, and memory. Structural defects are seen in the cerebellum too, which affect the motor and communication skills. Sometimes the left lobe of the brain is affected and this causes neuropsychological symptoms. The distribution of white matter, the nerve fibers that link diverse parts of the brain, is abnormal. The corpus callosum, the band of nerve fibers, that connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain also gets affected in ASD. A study also found that 33% of people who have AgCC (agenesis of the corpus callosum), a condition in which the corpus callosum is partially or completely absent, had scores higher than the autism screening cut-off.

An ASD child's brain grows at a very rapid rate and is almost fully grown by the age of 10. Recent fMRI studies have also found altered connectivity within the social brain areas due to ASD and may be related to the social impairments encountered in ASD.

Symptoms
The symptoms have a wide range of severity. The symptoms of ASD can be broadly categorised as the following:

Persistent issues in social interactions and communications
These are predominantly seen by unresponsiveness in conversations, lesser emotional sharing, inability to initiate conversations, inability to interpret body language, avoidance of eye-contact and difficulty maintaining relationships.

Repetitive behavioral patterns
These patterns can be seen in the form of repeated movements of the hand or the phrases used while talking. A rigid adherence to schedules and inflexibility to adapt even if a minor change is made to their routine is also one of the behavioral symptoms of ASD. They could also display sensory patterns such as extreme aversion to certain odors or indifference to pain or temperature.

There are also different symptoms at different ages based on developmental milestones. Children between 0 and 36 months with ASD show a lack of eye contact, seem to be deaf, lack a social smile, do not like being touched or held, have unusual sensory behavior and show a lack of imitation. Children between 12 and 24 months with ASD show a lack of gestures, prefer to be alone, do not point to objects to indicate interest, are easily frustrated with challenges, and lack of functional play. And finally children between the ages 24 to 36 months with ASD show a lack of symbolic play and an unusual interest in certain objects, or moving objects.

Treatment
There is no specific treatment for autism spectrum disorders, but there are several types of therapy effective in easing the symptoms of autism, such as Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA), Speech-language therapy, Occupational therapy or Sensory integration therapy.

Applied behavioral analysis (ABA) is considered the most effective therapy for Autism spectrum disorders by the American Academy of Pediatrics. ABA focuses on teaching adaptive behaviors like social skills, play skills, or communication skills and diminishing problematic behaviors like self-injury. This is done by creating a specialized plan that uses behavioral therapy techniques, such as positive or negative reinforcement, to encourage or discourage certain behaviors over-time.

Occupational therapy helps autistic children and adults learn everyday skills that help them with daily tasks, such as personal hygiene and movement. These skills are then integrated into their home, school, and work environments. Therapists will oftentimes help patients learn to adapt their environment to their skill level. This type of therapy could help autistic people become more engaged in their environment. An occupational therapist will create a plan based on the patient's needs and desires and work with them to achieve their set goals.

Speech-language therapy can help those with autism who need to develop or improve communication skills. According to the organization Autism Speaks, “speech-language therapy is designed to coordinate the mechanics of speech with the meaning and social use of speech”. People with low-functioning autism may not be able to communicate with spoken words. Speech-language Pathologists (SLP) may teach someone how to communicate more effectively with others or work on starting to develop speech patterns. The SLP will create a plan that focuses on what the child needs.

Sensory integration therapy helps people with autism adapt to different kinds of sensory stimuli. Many children with autism can be oversensitive to certain stimuli, such as lights or sounds, causing them to overreact. Others may not react to certain stimuli, such as someone speaking to them. Many types of therapy activities involve a form of play, such as using swings, toys and trampolines to help engage the patients with sensory stimuli. Therapists will create a plan that focuses on the type of stimulation the person needs integration with.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is a neurodevelopmental disorder that occurs in early childhood. ADHD affects 8 to 11% of children in the school going age. ADHD is characterised by significant levels of hyperactivity, inattentiveness, and impulsiveness. There are three subtypes of ADHD: predominantly inattentive, predominantly hyperactive, and combined (which presents as both hyperactive and inattentive subtypes). ADHD is twice as common in boys than girls but it is seen that the hyperactive/impulsive type is more common in boys while the inattentive type affects both sexes equally.

Symptoms
Symptoms of ADHD include inattentiveness, impulsiveness, and hyperactivity. Many of the behaviors that are associated with ADHD include poor control over actions resulting in disruptive behavior and academic problems. Another area that is affected by these disorders is the social arena for the person with the disorder. Many children that have this disorder exhibit poor interpersonal relationships and struggle to fit in socially with their peers. Behavioral study of these children can show a history of other symptoms such as temper tantrums, mood swings, sleep disturbances and aggressiveness.

Treatment options
The treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) commonly involves a multimodal approach, combining various strategies to address the complex nature of the disorder. This comprehensive approach includes psychological, behavioral, pharmaceutical, and educational interventions tailored to the individual's specific needs. Here's a breakdown of the different components:

 * Psychological Interventions:
 * Counseling and Psychoeducation - Individuals with ADHD may benefit from counseling sessions that provide a safe space to discuss challenges, develop coping strategies, and improve self-esteem. **Psychoeducation helps individuals and their families understand the nature of ADHD and learn effective management techniques.
 * Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) - CBT aims to modify negative thought patterns and behaviors associated with ADHD. It helps individuals develop organizational skills, time management, and problem-solving abilities.

 * Behavioral Interventions:
 * Parent Training - Parents often participate in training programs to learn behavior management techniques. This may involve setting clear expectations, using positive reinforcement, and implementing consistent consequences for behavior.
 * Behavioral Modification Programs - These programs focus on shaping positive behaviors and reducing impulsive or disruptive behaviors in various settings, including home and school.

 * Pharmaceutical Interventions:
 * Stimulant Medications - Stimulant medications, such as methylphenidate (e.g., Ritalin) and amphetamines (e.g., Adderall), are commonly prescribed to manage symptoms of ADHD. These medications enhance the activity of neurotransmitters like dopamine and norepinephrine, helping to improve attention and impulse control.
 * Non-stimulant Medications - In cases where stimulants are not suitable or effective, non-stimulant medications like atomoxetine (Strattera) or guanfacine (Intuniv) may be prescribed.

 * Educational Interventions:
 * Individualized Education Plans (IEPs) - In educational settings, IEPs are developed to accommodate the unique learning needs of students with ADHD. This may involve classroom modifications, additional support, and specific teaching strategies.
 * 504 Plans - These plans outline accommodations for students with ADHD in mainstream educational settings, such as extended test-taking time or preferential seating.

The effectiveness of the treatment plan depends on the individual's specific challenges and responses to interventions. A collaborative and multidisciplinary approach involving parents, educators, mental health professionals, and healthcare providers is crucial for developing and implementing a successful ADHD management plan. Regular monitoring and adjustments to the treatment plan may be necessary to meet the evolving needs of individuals with ADHD.

Behavioral therapy
Sessions of counselling, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), making environmental changes in noise and visual stimulation are some behavioral management techniques followed. But it has been observed that behavioral therapy alone is less effective than therapy with stimulant drugs alone.

Drug therapy
Medications commonly utilized in the treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) include stimulants like methylphenidate and lisdexamfetamine, as well as non-stimulants such as atomoxetine. These medications can effectively manage ADHD symptoms by targeting neurotransmitter imbalances. However, it is important to be aware of potential side effects associated with these medications. Common side effects may include headaches, which can often be mitigated by adjusting the dosage or administration timing. Gastrointestinal discomfort, including stomach pain or nausea, is another possible side effect, and taking the medication with food or modifying the dosage may help alleviate these symptoms. Additionally, while rare, changes in mood such as feelings of depression have been reported. Careful monitoring and communication with healthcare providers are essential to address and manage any side effects, ensuring the overall effectiveness and well-being of individuals undergoing ADHD treatments.

SSRI antidepressants may be unhelpful, and could worsen symptoms of ADHD. However ADHD is often misdiagnosed as depression, particularly when no hyperactivity is present.

Other disorders

 * Learning disabilities, such as Dysgraphia
 * Communication disorders and Auditory processing disorder
 * Developmental coordination disorder
 * Genetic disorders, such as Down syndrome or Williams syndrome
 * Tic disorders such as Tourette syndrome
 * Stuttering
 * Intellectual disability

title: Developmental disorder


text:
Clarks Fork Yellowstone River

The Clarks Fork of the Yellowstone River (sometimes called the Clark's Fork River) is a tributary of the Yellowstone River, 150 mi (241 km) long in the U.S. states of Montana and Wyoming.

It rises in southern Montana, in the Gallatin National Forest in the Beartooth Mountains, approximately 4 mi (6 km) northeast of Cooke City and southwest of Granite Peak. It flows southeast into the Shoshone National Forest in northwest Wyoming, east of Yellowstone National Park, then northeast back into Montana. It passes Belfry, Bridger, Fromberg, and Edgar, and joins the Yellowstone approximately 2 mi (3 km) southeast of Laurel.

title: Clarks Fork Yellowstone River


text:
Convair R3Y Tradewind

The Convair R3Y Tradewind was an American 1950s turboprop-powered flying boat designed and built by Convair.

Design and development
Convair received a request from the United States Navy in 1945 for the design of a large flying boat using new technology developed during World War II, especially the laminar flow wing and still-developing turboprop technology. Their response was the Model 117. It was a large high-wing flying boat with Allison T40 engines driving six-bladed contra-rotating propellers. It had a sleek body with a single-step hull and a slender high-lift wing with fixed floats. The Navy ordered two prototypes on 27 May 1946. Designated XP5Y-1, the first aircraft first flew on 18 April 1950 at San Diego. In August the aircraft set a turboprop endurance record of eight hours six minutes. The Navy decided not to proceed with the patrol boat version, instead directing that the design should be developed into a passenger and cargo aircraft.

One of the XP5Y-1 prototypes was lost in a non-fatal accident on 15 July 1953, while design and development continued on the passenger and cargo version of the aircraft. The transport and cargo version was designated the R3Y-1 Tradewind and first flew on 25 February 1954. Major changes were the removal of all armament and of the tailplane dihederal, the addition of a 10 ft (3.05 m) port-side access hatch, and redesigned engine nacelles to accept improved T40-A-10 engines. Cabin soundproofing and air conditioning were added for pressurized accommodation for 103 passengers or 24 tons of cargo. As a medevac aircraft, 92 stretcher cases could be carried.

A total of eleven aircraft were built. The first two prototypes built were in P5Y configuration, armed with 8,000 lb (3,600 kg) of munitions (bombs, mines, depth charges, torpedoes) and five pairs of 20 mm cannon in fore and aft side emplacements and a tail turret. The next five were built as R3Y-1 aircraft, intended for troop transport and inflight refueling tanker service. The final six were built as the R3Y-2 variant with a lifting nose and high cockpit (similar in concept to the C-5 Galaxy's nose and cockpit) for heavier transport and landing-ship duties.

The front-loading R3Y-2 aircraft with a hinged nose and high cockpit were intended to be a Flying LST (landing craft). In practice, it was discovered that it was almost impossible for the pilots to hold the aircraft steady and nose on to the beach while the aircraft was loaded or unloaded. The aircraft were converted into tankers for the inflight refueling role. They had a short service life due to unsolvable reliability problems of their Allison T40 turboprop engines, a fate common to most T40-powered aircraft, such as the Douglas A2D Skyshark attack aircraft.

Operational service
The R3Y set a transcontinental seaplane record of 403 mph in 1954 by utilizing the speed of high-altitude jetstream winds. This record still stands.

After service trials the aircraft were delivered to a U.S. Navy air transport squadron, VR-2, on 31 March 1956. Problems with the engine/propeller combination led to the ending of Tradewind operations and the unit was disbanded on 16 April 1958.

The six R3Y-2s were converted into four-point in-flight tankers using the probe-and-drogue method. In September 1956 one example was the first aircraft to successfully refuel four others simultaneously in flight in 1956, refueling four Grumman F9F Cougars.

The program was halted after thirteen aircraft were built, the reason being the unreliability of the Allison T-40 turboprops. The crash of one of the two XP5Y-1 aircraft was judged due to catastrophic engine failure; when little progress was made with the engine problems, the Navy halted the program. Subsequently, three more aircraft were lost through engine failures, and the Navy gave up on the T-40 and aircraft powered by it. All the P5Y and R3Y aircraft were grounded in 1958 and subsequently broken up.

Variants

 * XP5Y-1
 * Prototype patrol flying boat, two built.

 * R3Y-1
 * Transport aircraft for the United States Navy with side loading door, 5 built.

 * R3Y-2
 * Assault transport aircraft for the USN with shorter nose incorporating an upward-opening loading door, later converted to four-point tankers for probe-and-drogue operations, six built.

Operators
🇺🇸 United States
 * United States
 * United States Navy

title: Convair R3Y Tradewind