text:
Campigny

Campigny may refer to places in France:

 * Campigny, Calvados
 * Campigny, Eure

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Campigny


text:
Campigny, Calvados

Campigny is a commune in the Calvados department and Normandy region of north-western France.

title: Campigny, Calvados


text:
Canapville

Canapville is the name of several communes in Normandy, France:

 * Canapville, Calvados
 * Canapville, Orne

title: Canapville


text:
Canapville, Calvados

Canapville is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

title: Canapville, Calvados


text:
Canchy

Canchy may refer to the following places in France:

 * Canchy, Calvados, in the Calvados département
 * Canchy, Somme, in the Somme département

title: Canchy


text:
Canchy, Calvados

Canchy is a commune in the Calvados department and Normandy region of north-western France.

title: Canchy, Calvados


text:
Peter Van Loan

Peter Leo Van Loan, (born April 18, 1963) is a former Canadian politician who served as the Member of Parliament for the electoral district of York—Simcoe from 2004 to 2018. He was the Leader of the Government in the House of Commons from 2007 to 2008 and again from 2011 to 2015.

Biography
Born in Niagara Falls, Ontario, Van Loan is of Estonian heritage on his maternal side. His mother and grandparents fled Estonia during World War II and immigrated to Canada.

Van Loan was educated at the University of Toronto and York University and holds a bachelor's degree, a Masters in International Relations and an additional master's degree in geography. Van Loan graduated from York University's Osgoode Hall Law School and was admitted to the Bar of Ontario in 1989.

Prior to his election to public office, Van Loan was a partner and Chair of the Planning and Development Law Group at the law firm of Fraser Milner Casgrain LLP in Toronto, Ontario. Van Loan was also an Adjunct Professor of Planning at the University of Toronto. He served as president of the Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario during Mike Harris' term of office and then of the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada for a brief period. He resigned from the latter post in 2000 after a series of disagreements with its leader, Joe Clark.

Van Loan was a key figure in the unsuccessful attempt to convince Premier of New Brunswick Bernard Lord to run for the leadership of the federal Progressive Conservatives in late 2002. He was a key organizer in the "Yes" Campaign, led by Tory Leader Peter MacKay, to ratify the merger of the Progressive Conservative Party and the Canadian Alliance into the Conservative Party of Canada. Van Loan then again attempted to recruit Lord to run for the leadership of the new party, and again was unsuccessful.

In an article from January 24, 2008, Van Loan was classified as one of "Harper's 12", the twelve most influential people in Ottawa, by Maclean's Magazine. Other cabinet ministers included were Jim Prentice, John Baird, and Jim Flaherty.

On October 30, 2008, Jay Hill replaced Van Loan as Government House Leader and Steven John Fletcher took over the Minister for Democratic Reform post. Van Loan became the Minister for Public Safety, as Stockwell Day became the Minister of International Trade. On these changes Don Martin wrote: "The House of Commons might become a slightly friendlier place now that Peter Van Loan has lost the job of Question Period cheap shot specialist to become Public Safety Minister, a good move that seems to back Harper’s pledge to play nice with others during the upcoming session."

On January 19, 2010, Prime Minister Stephen Harper designated Van Loan as the next Minister of International Trade.

On December 5, 2012, on the floor of the House of Commons Van Loan was involved in an altercation with NDP Leader Tom Mulcair. Van Loan crossed the aisle and used an inappropriate word during the confrontation. He was restrained by Defence Minister Peter MacKay.

Van Loan was one of thirteen Canadians banned from travelling to Russia under retaliatory sanctions imposed by Russian President Vladimir Putin in March 2014. In response to the ban, Van Loan said that the ban was "not of serious consequence" and that he would "not be losing sleep over being on the list."

On July 29, 2018, Van Loan announced that he would be retiring from politics. He retired from the House of Commons on September 30. In the by-election, his seat was held for the Conservatives by candidate Scot Davidson.

title: Peter Van Loan


text:
User:Jaan513

My name is Jaan Rebane and I live in Estonia.

E-mail: jaan_r@yahoo.com

Watch my Estonian page for more information. You'll have to know (or you'll learn) a little bit of Estonian, too.

In the English Wikipedia I'm usually just adding language links to articles.

de:Benutzer:Jaan513 et:Kasutaja:Jaan513 fi:Käyttäjä:Jaan513

title: User:Jaan513


text:
Canteloup

Canteloup may refer to communes in France:

 * Canteloup, Calvados, in the Calvados département
 * Canteloup, Manche, in the Manche département

title: Canteloup


text:
Serie B

The Serie B, officially known as Serie BKT for sponsorship reasons, is the second-highest division in the Italian football league system after the Serie A. It has been operating for over ninety years since the 1929–30 season. It had been organized by Lega Calcio until 2010 and the Lega Serie B ever since. Common nicknames for the league are campionato cadetto and cadetteria, since cadetto is the Italian name for junior or cadet.

History
A junior football championship was created in Italy in 1904; after seven editions of the major tournament of FIGC. It was called Second Category, and was composed of senior squads of town clubs and by youth teams of city clubs. If the first ones won the championship, they would be promoted to First Category, which consequently improved in size: the first team to reach the honour, was Pro Vercelli in 1907, which even won the scudetto in 1908. FIGC attempted many times to introduce relegations on the contrary, but the reform was really adopted only in 1921 by the secessionist CCI in its Northern League, which consisted of a First Division and a Second Division: the first teams to be relegated were AC Vicenza and FC Inter even if, after the reunion with FIGC, the regulations were changed, and Venezia was demoted instead of the Milanese club. Even if part of the same league, differently from First Division, Second Division was based on local group with proximity criteria.

Only in 1928 was the big reform conceived by FIGC president Leandro Arpinati: after a year, a new second division based on the same national format of the major tournament would be born. Serie B began in 1929 with 18 clubs and continued until World War II, after which it was divided again between the northern and the southern part of the country in the aftermath of the war. The championship became national again in 1948, and for many years in the second half of the 20th century, it was played by 20 clubs. In 2003–04, a single group of 24 teams was formed, the largest in the history of all levels of the Italian championship. After 2004, a 22-team format was introduced together with playoffs.

After Serie A split with Serie B to form Lega Serie A, Lega Serie B was reformed on 7 July 2010. The league signed a new sponsor bwin for 2010–11 and 2011–12 seasons; changed the league name from Serie B TIM to Serie Bwin. The League changed again its name in Serie B ConTe.it due to sponsorship reasons.

Serie B is the lowest division in which five clubs have ever played: Torino, Juventus, Milan, Roma and Lazio.

Competition
During the regular season each club plays the others twice (a double round-robin system), once at their home stadium and once at that of their opponents, for 38 games. The games of the first leg (andata) and of the second leg (ritorno) are played in the same order. Teams receive three points for a win and one point for a draw. No points are awarded for a loss.

From the 2006–07 season to 2019–20, the Serie B champion was awarded the Ali della Vittoria (Wings of Victory) cup. The trophy was 63 cm high and weighed 5 kg. Its design represented the wings of Nike, the Greek goddess of victory, holding a cup similar to an Olympic flame. From the 2021–22 season, the Coppa Nexus replaced the previous trophy.

Serie B was composed of 20 teams until the 2002–03 season. It was enlarged to 24 teams for the 2003–04 season due to legal problems relating to Calcio Catania relegation. The league reverted to 22 teams for the 2004–05 season, while Serie A expanded from 18 to 20 teams.

Below is a complete record of how many teams played in each season throughout the league's history;
 * 18 clubs: 1929–1933
 * 26 clubs (in two groups): 1933–1934
 * 32 clubs (in two groups): 1934–1935
 * 18 clubs: 1935–1936
 * 16 clubs: 1936–1937
 * 17 clubs: 1937–1938
 * 18 clubs: 1938–1943
 * 60 clubs (in three groups): 1946–1947
 * 54 clubs (in three groups): 1947–1948
 * 22 clubs: 1948–1950
 * 21 clubs: 1950–1951
 * 22 clubs: 1951–1952
 * 18 clubs: 1952–1958
 * 20 clubs: 1958–1967
 * 21 clubs: 1967–1968
 * 20 clubs: 1968–2003
 * 24 clubs: 2003–2004
 * 22 clubs: 2004–2018
 * 19 clubs: 2018–2019
 * 20 clubs: 2019–present

Promotion and relegation
At the end of the season, three teams are promoted to Serie A and four teams are relegated to Serie C.

The top two teams are automatically promoted and the third place team is only automatically promoted if they are more than 14 points clear of the fourth placed team.

If the third place team is not more than 14 points clear of the fourth place team then the teams from third place to eighth place enter a play-off to decide the final promotion spot.

The play-off system has three rounds and the rules are as follows.

The preliminary round between fifth and eighth and between sixth and seventh are a single match on the ground of the best placed in the regular season. In the event of a tie at the end of normal time, extra time will be played. If the game is still tied at the end of extra time, the highest ranked team goes through, without taking a penalty shootout.

The semi-finals are a two-legged competition with a first leg at home for the teams that played in the preliminary round and a second leg at home for the third and fourth placed teams in the regular season. In the event of a tie in the aggregate result, the best-ranked team in the regular season progresses to the final, without extra time and penalties.

The final is played between the winners of the semi-finals over two legs, the latter at the home of the best-placed team in the league. In the event of a tie, the best-placed team in the regular season is promoted to Serie A, without the need for extra time or penalties. In the event that the two finalists have finished the regular season on equal points, the second leg includes extra time and penalties if required.

In the relegation zone, the three last-placed teams (18th, 19th and 20th) are automatically demoted to Serie C. If the 16th-placed team is 5 or more points ahead of the 17th-placed team, then the 17th-placed team becomes the 4th and final team to be demoted, otherwise, the conditions for a playoff more commonly called playout exist.

If the playout is necessary, the 16th and 17th-placed teams are paired in a two-legged series with home-field advantage in the 2nd leg going to the 16th-placed team. The team with the higher aggregate score remains in Serie B while the loser becomes the fourth team relegated to Serie C. If an aggregate tie exists at the end of regulation play of the 2nd leg, the 16th-placed team is saved, and the 17th-placed team is demoted, unless the two teams ended the season with equal points, in which case there will be extra-time and a penalty shoot-out if still tied.

Seasons in Serie B
This is the complete list of the 142 clubs that have taken part in the 91 Serie B seasons played from the 1929–30 season until the 2024–25 season.

The teams in bold compete in Serie B in the 2024–25 season. The teams in italics represent defunct teams. The year in parentheses represents the most recent year of participation at this level.

 * 66 seasons: Brescia (2025)
 * 53 seasons: Verona (2019), Modena (2025)
 * 49 seasons: Bari (2025)
 * 47 seasons: Palermo (2025)
 * 40 seasons: Monza (2022)
 * 39 seasons: Pescara (2021), Venezia (2024)
 * 38 seasons: Padova (2019), Pisa (2025)
 * 37 seasons: Vicenza (2022), Como (2024)
 * 36 seasons: Reggiana (2025)
 * 34 seasons: Catania (2015), Novara (2018), Genoa (2023)
 * 33 seasons: Cesena (2025), Cremonese (2025)
 * 32 seasons: Messina (2008)
 * 31 seasons: Taranto (1993), Salernitana (2025)
 * 30 seasons: Cagliari (2023), Parma (2024), Ternana (2024), Catanzaro (2025)
 * 29 seasons: Lecce (2022), Perugia (2023), Spezia (2025)
 * 28 seasons: Atalanta (2011)
 * 27 seasons: Livorno (2020), Ascoli (2024)
 * 26 seasons: Cosenza (2025)
 * 25 seasons: Foggia (2019), Reggina (2023)
 * 24 seasons: SPAL (2023)
 * 22 seasons: Triestina (2011), Empoli (2021)
 * 21 seasons: Sambenedettese (1989), Ancona (2010), Varese (2015), Alessandria (2022)
 * 19 seasons: Lucchese (1999), Pistoiese (2002), Avellino (2018)
 * 18 seasons: Udinese (1995), Piacenza (2011), Cittadella (2025), Sampdoria (2025),
 * 16 seasons: Arezzo (2007) Treviso (2009)
 * 15 seasons: Crotone (2022), Mantova (2025)
 * 14 seasons: Legnano (1957)
 * 13 seasons: Pro Patria (1966), Siena (2014), Pro Vercelli (2018), Frosinone (2025)
 * 12 seasons: Fanfulla (1954), Napoli (2007), Torino (2012), Bologna (2015), Lecco (2024)
 * 11 seasons: Vigevano (1948), Lazio (1988),
 * 10 seasons: Marzotto (1961), Prato (1964), Chievo (2021)
 * 9 seasons: Rimini (2009), AlbinoLeffe (2012)
 * 7 seasons: Siracusa (1953), Ravenna (2001)
 * 6 seasons: Seregno (1935), Viareggio (1948), Brindisi (1976), Fidelis Andria (1999), Grosseto (2013), Virtus Entella (2021), Sassuolo (2025), Juve Stabia (2025)
 * 5 seasons: Savona (1967), Campobasso (1987), Fiorentina (2004), Potenza (1968), Carpi (2019), Trapani (2020), Benevento (2023)
 * 4 seasons: Monfalcone (1933), Casale (1947), Pro Sesto (1950), Pavia (1955), Barletta (1991), Virtus Lanciano (2016), Latina (2017)
 * 3 seasons: Derthona (1935), Grion Pola (1935), L'Aquila (1937), Sanremese (1940), Piombino (1954), Cavese (1984), Savoia (2000), Nocerina (2012), Pordenone (2022), Carrarese (2025), Südtirol (2025)
 * 2 seasons: Fiumana (1942), Biellese (1947), Crema (1948), Gallaratese (1948), Pro Gorizia (1948), Rieti (1948), Scafatese (1948), Suzzara (1948), Vogherese (1948), Trani (1965), Milan (1983),Casertana (1992), Licata (1990), Casertana (1991), Acireale (1995), Castel di Sangro (1998), Gubbio (2012)
 * 1 season: Molinella (1940), Maceratese (1941), M.A.T.E.R. (1943), Alba Trastevere (1947), Arsenale Taranto (1947), Forlì (1947), Mestrina (1947), Sestrese (1947), Bolzano (1948), Centese (1948), Magenta (1948), Vita Nova (1948), Roma (1952), Massese (1971), Sorrento (1972), Matera (1980), Alzano Virescit (2000), Fermana (2000), Juventus (2007), Gallipoli (2010), Portogruaro (2011), Feralpisalò (2024)

The Serie B–C Alta Italia post-war championship
This championship was organized by geographical criteria with only Northern Italy Serie B and the best Northern Italy Serie C teams taking part. Southern Italy Serie B teams took part to 1945–46 Serie A. For this reason, this championship is not included in the statistics.

 * Alessandria – Alessandria
 * Ausonia Spezia – La Spezia
 * Biellese – Biella
 * Casale – Casale Monferrato
 * Cesena – Cesena
 * Como – Como
 * Crema – Crema
 * Cremonese – Cremona
 * Cuneo – Cuneo
 * Fanfulla – Lodi
 * Forlì – Forlì
 * Gallaratese – Gallarate
 * Lecco – Lecco
 * Legnano – Legnano
 * Mantova – Mantua
 * Novara – Novara
 * Padova – Padua
 * Panigale – Bologna
 * Parma – Parma
 * Piacenza – Piacenza
 * Pro Gorizia – Gorizia
 * Pro Patria – Busto Arsizio
 * Pro Sesto – Sesto San Giovanni
 * Pro Vercelli – Vercelli
 * Reggiana – Reggio Emilia
 * Savona – Savona
 * Seregno – Seregno
 * Sestrese – Genoa
 * SPAL – Ferrara
 * Suzzara – Suzzara
 * Trento – Trento
 * Treviso – Treviso
 * Udinese – Udine
 * Verona – Verona
 * Vigevano – Vigevano
 * Vogherese – Voghera

Champions and promotions
a Not promoted for Serie A reduction.

b Modena and Novara were both awarded champions in 1937–38.

c Six teams were promoted in 2003–04 due to the expansion of Serie A from 18 to 20 teams.

Performance by club
 Updated as of 2023–24 season

Titles by region
 Updated as of 2023–24 season

Titles by city
 Updated as of 2023–24 season

Promotions by region
 Updated as of 2023–24 season

title: Serie B


text:
Worcestershire Wildlife Trust

Worcestershire Wildlife Trust is one of 46 wildlife trusts throughout the United Kingdom, part of The Wildlife Trusts partnership, the UK's largest charity network dedicated to conserving all our habitats and species. It was founded in 1968 to conserve, protect and restore Worcestershire's wildlife.

The trust owns and manages over 70 nature reserves across the county, totalling about 2000 acres (8 km2), part of their vision for a "Living Landscape for Worcestershire". The trust has nearly 20,000 members and more than 350 volunteers.

List of reserves
Reserves include:

 * Brotheridge Green Nature Reserve
 * Chaddesley Woods NNR
 * Christopher Cadbury Wetland Reserve (popularly called "Upton Warren")
 * The Devil's Spittleful and Blackstone Farm Fields, which includes the Devil's Spittleful and is adjacent to Wyre Forest District Council's Rifle Range Nature Reserve.
 * Feckenham Wylde Moor
 * Fosters Green Meadows NNR
 * Grafton Wood
 * Hollybed Farm Meadows
 * Hunthouse Wood
 * Knapp and Papermill
 * Laight Rough
 * Lower Smite Farm
 * Monkwood
 * Newbourne Wood
 * Piper's Hill & Dodderhill Common (known locally as Hanbury Woods)
 * Trench Wood
 * Tiddesley Wood
 * Wilden Marsh

title: Worcestershire Wildlife Trust


text:
List of fortifications

This is a list of fortifications past and present, a fortification being a major physical defensive structure often composed of a more or less wall-connected series of forts.

Individual fortifications
listed by name
 * A Famosa, built in the 16th century in Malacca by the Portuguese following their defeat of the Malaccan Sultante
 * Alderney
 * Alpine Wall
 * Anastasian Wall, built in the 5th century across the Thracian peninsula for the protection of Constantinople
 * Antonine Wall, built by the Romans in northern Britain
 * Atlantic Wall, constructed by the Germans during the Second World War
 * Babylon Fortress in Old Cairo.
 * Baggush Box
 * Bar Lev Line
 * Beijing city fortifications
 * British anti-invasion preparations of the Second World War
 * British hardened field defences of World War II
 * Castle of Bouka, Preveza, Greece
 * Brimstone Hill Fortress, Saint Thomas Middle Island, Saint Kitts and Nevis
 * Cairo Citadel, Egypt
 * Castle Islands Fortifications, Bermuda
 * Chester city walls, Chester, England
 * Corradino Lines, Paola, Malta
 * Cottonera Lines, Cottonera, Malta
 * Czechoslovak border fortifications
 * Danevirke
 * Devils Battery, Halifax Harbour, Nova Scotia
 * Defense line of Amsterdam
 * The Dutch Water Line, protecting the core provinces of the Netherlands, utilising the flooding of areas with water
 * Elvas Fortifications, the largest bulwarked dry ditch system in the world, protecting the Portuguese garrison border town of Elvas
 * Festungsfront Oder-Warthe-Bogen
 * Floriana Lines, Floriana, Malta
 * Fort Carré
 * Fort Jesus, built in the 15th century in Mombassa by the Portuguese
 * Götavirke (Sweden)
 * Great Wall of China, built as a protection from the northern steppe nomads
 * Great Abatis Border
 * Gustav Line, a fortified German defensive line in Italy during the Second World War
 * Hadrian's Wall, built by the Romans in northern Britain
 * Hexamilion wall, built across the Isthmus of Corinth
 * Hilsea Lines, built to protect Portsmouth
 * Hindenburg line
 * Humaitá
 * Hindenburg Wall
 * Intramuros, Manila
 * Justinian Walls (in several locations along the borders of the Byzantine empire)
 * Klis Fortress in Croatia
 * Krepost Sveaborg, Imperial Russian First World War fortifications around Helsinki
 * Limes Germanicus, Roman defensive line along the Rhine and in South-western Germany
 * Limes Moesiae - defensive frontier system in Southeast Europe, a collection of Roman fortifications between the Black Sea shore and Pannonia, present-day Hungary, consisting primarily of forts along the Danube (so-called Danubian Limes) to protect the Roman provinces of Upper and Lower Moesia south of the river
 * Lines of Torres Vedras, built to protect the Lisbon Region, during the Peninsular War
 * London Wall, the Roman wall around the city
 * Maginot Line, built by France in the 1930s
 * Mannerheim Line, built by Finland across the Karelian Isthmus
 * Metaxas Line, built during 1936–1940 by Greece along its frontier with Bulgaria
 * Molotov Line
 * Montségur
 * National Redoubt (Belgium)
 * Newcastle town wall
 * Offa's Dyke, an 8th-century earthwork dividing England and Wales
 * Grim's Ditch
 * Per Albin Line (Sweden)
 * Petrovaradin fortress, in Northern Serbia, Austrian fortress from the 18th century
 * Rupel Fortress, in Northern Greece, later incorporated in the Metaxas Line
 * Rupnik Line
 * Santa Margherita Lines, in Cospicua, Malta
 * Saxon Shore, in southern Britain and northern France
 * Siegfried Line, constructed along Nazi Germany's western borders in the 1930s
 * Stalin Line, built along the Soviet Union's western borders in the 1930s
 * Suomenlinna, an 18th-century fortress in Helsinki
 * Victoria Lines, in northern Malta
 * York city walls

Europe

 * Ceintures de Lyon, built in the 19th century to surround the city of Lyon, France
 * Walled city of Jajce, Bosnia
 * Walled city of Počitelj, Bosnia
 * Walled city of Vratnik, Bosnia
 * Walls of Constantinople (modern day Istanbul), surrounding the city since the 4th century
 * Walls of Dubrovnik, Croatia
 * Roman walls of Lugo, Galicia, surrounding the city since the 1st century
 * Walls of Ávila, Spain
 * Walls of Nicosia, Cyprus
 * Walls of Ston, Croatia
 * Fortifications of Antwerp, Belgium
 * Fortifications of Birgu, Malta
 * Fortifications of Chania, Crete, Greece
 * Fortifications of Famagusta, Cyprus
 * Fortifications of Heraklion, Crete, Greece
 * Fortifications of London, England
 * Lines of Communication (London), English Civil War fortifications built around London between 1642 and 1643
 * London Defence Positions
 * Outer London Defence Ring
 * Military citadels under London
 * Fortifications of Kotor, Montenegro
 * Fortifications of Mdina, Malta
 * Fortifications of Messina, Sicily, Italy
 * Fortifications of Metz, France
 * Fortifications of Portsmouth, England
 * Fortifications of Senglea, Malta
 * Fortifications of Valletta, Malta
 * Defence lines of the Netherlands
 * List of town walls in England and Wales
 * Rocca di Manerba del Garda (Lombardy), Italy

Africa

 * Egypt

title: List of fortifications


text:
Gordon County

Gordon County may refer to:

 * Gordon County, Georgia, United States
 * Gordon County, New South Wales, Australia

title: Gordon County


text:
Canteloup, Calvados

Canteloup is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

title: Canteloup, Calvados


text:
Charitas

Charitas is one of the 48 neighborhoods in which the city of Niterói, in Brazil is divided.

The area was part of the Jesuitic Sesmaria, where the Jesuits built a cemetery and a church consecrated to Saint Francis Xavier. The name of the neighborhood derives from the Latin word caritas, meaning charity, which is inscribed on the church's door.

In the 18th century, a landowner donated to the Saint Joseph Seminar, in Rio de Janeiro, the piece of land that came to be the Jurujuba Farm and upon which a mansion, known as Casarão (big house) was built.

In 1853, the Saint Isabel Naval Hospital was opened and originally run by the sanitarist Francisco de Paula Cândido, in whose honor the neighborhood was first named "Paula Cândido". The hospital's function was to isolate the sick people that came with the ships that docked in Rio de Janeiro's harbor. Later, the hospital was turned into a safe house to receive children that had been infected with tuberculosis known as Preventório, after which the local beach came to be known.

In the 1940s, an aeroclub was built in the area. It still exists and can handle small, private planes and helicopter landings and take-offs.

The neighborhood's limits are: the waters of the Guanabara Bay, the neighborhood of Piratininga (at the Viração Hill) and the neighborhoods of Jurujuba and São Francisco (contiguous boundary). Its territory is located in the São Francisco Ensenada, which is the land comprised between the Viração Hill and the shore.

The local population of approximately 3,854 (in 1991) represents 0.88% of Niterói's total population. A small chanty town exists on the Preventório Hill.

In June 2024, the beach at Charitas was considered suitable for swimming, except for the stretch to the right of the Clube Naval.

title: Charitas


text:
Bucklebury

Bucklebury is a village and civil parish in West Berkshire, England, about 5 mi north-east of Newbury and 1–3 miles north of the A4 road. The parish has a population of 2,116, but the village is much smaller. Bucklebury Common, with an area of over 1 km2, is one of the largest commons in the ceremonial and historic county of Berkshire.

Toponymy
The place-name "Bucklebury" is first attested in the Domesday Book of 1086, where it appears as Borgeldeberie, which means "Burghild's fortified place or borough" ("Burghild" is a woman's name).

Geography
The parish of Bucklebury has three main parts. The original village is on the banks of the River Pang close to its three sources in the parish. Directly south of Bucklebury village and on higher ground is Bucklebury Common, which is 826 acre of open grazing on managed heather and woodland. The common is, under the Inclosure Acts, open to villagers only as commoners and privately owned. At the eastern boundary of the common is Chapel Row, incorporating local landmarks such as the Blade Bone public house, a doctors' surgery and a teashop.

The village of Upper Bucklebury became the parish's largest residential area in the late 20th century. This is on a hill about a 1.5 mi south-west of Bucklebury village at the western tip of the common. Upper Bucklebury has a general store, a public house, a modern Church of England church, All Saints, and a Church of England primary school.

The hamlet of Marlston is also in the parish. It is mostly fields, with a smaller area of woodland.

History
Bucklebury was a royal manor owned by Edward the Confessor (reigned 1042–66). The village and parish church are recorded in the Domesday Book of 1086. Henry I (reigned 1100–35) granted Bucklebury to the Cluniac Reading Abbey, which retained it until it lost all its lands to the Crown with the Dissolution of the Monasteries in 1540.

Wooden bowl-making was "still carried on" in 1923 on or next to Bucklebury Common using its wood. Until 1950, such wood was also used by handle-maker Harry J. Wells. Over 100 tools used at his workshop at Heatherdene, Bucklebury Common are in the Museum of English Rural Life collection.

In the Second World War much of Bucklebury Common was cleared for the stationing of troops. Some of the concrete paths laid down still remain and are now used as bridleways.

Parish church
The Church of England parish church of Saint Mary has a style consistent with being built in the second half of the 11th century. The ornate south doorway is late Norman and was added in about 1170. A north transept was added to the nave at the end of the 12th or beginning of the 13th century. Late in the 13th century, a second arch was added to turn the transept into a two-bay north aisle. One of the windows in the south wall of the nave was added in the 14th century.

In the 15th century, the nave and north aisle were lengthened westwards by adding a third bay, and new east and two new north windows were inserted in the north aisle. In the second half of the 15th century, the Perpendicular Gothic bell tower was added. The chancel was rebuilt in 1591 and the porch was added in 1603. The chancel was partly rebuilt again in 1705 and the porch has also been rebuilt. A vestry has also been added. The church contains tombs of the Winchcombe family. The whole structure is nationally listed for heritage/architecture in the highest category, Grade I.

The Rectory has an early 18th-century frontage. In 1966 the garden included two sculptures by Henry Moore: Draped Reclining Woman 1957–1958 and Reclining Figure (1961–1962).

Ministry and worship
The ecclesiastical parish has very similar boundaries to the civil (secular) parish and gives its name to a benefice of three churches. This reaches into two parishes to the east to provide six churches, each with its own style of worship. A late December carol service and separate Christmas Eve and Christmas Day communions are held. 2bsd is the collective name for the churches of Bucklebury, Bradfield and Stanford Dingley. The parishes of Bucklebury with Marlston, Bradfield and Stanford Dingley from a group of rural parishes with six very different church buildings architecturally as well.

Bucklebury House and estate
The 1,600–acre (647 ha) agricultural Bucklebury manor estate was confiscated from Reading Abbey at the Dissolution of the Monasteries in 1540 and granted to John Winchcombe (died 1557), who built himself a fine Elizabethan mansion. When it was owned by the Hartley family, a fire in 1830 destroyed the greater part of the house, which was later demolished. The parts left standing were the kitchen, with a huge fireplace, the brewhouse, and the stables, which had been rebuilt by Winchcombe's descendant-in-law, Lord Bolingbroke in the early 18th century, although on the stables is a date 1626 with the initials H. W. for Henry Winchcombe (died 1642).

After the fire, the family built themselves a smaller house on the estate, eventually called Bucklebury Manor, but for the most part they lived on their Gloucestershire estates instead. When the last of the Hartleys died in 1881, Bucklebury and the other family estates passed to four sisters: the Countess de Palatiano, Mrs Webley-Parry, Mrs Acreman White, and Mrs Charles Russell. Their families each became lords of the manor in turn and lived at the smaller Bucklebury Manor until 1957. In that year, Major Derrick Hartley Russell restored the remains of the old mansion to form the present Bucklebury House. His son, Willie, is the current lord of the manor.

Bucklebury Manor
This is a small Georgian country house on Pease Hill, which briefly served as the local manor house between 1906 and 1957. It is currently the home Michael and Carole Middleton, the parents of the Princess of Wales.

In popular culture
In Tolkien's legendarium "Bucklebury Ferry" is run by Buckland Hobbits to Bucklebury, their main town, across the Brandywine river.

Notable residents
In birth order:
 * Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke (1678–1751), politician and philosopher
 * Henry Octavius Coxe (1811–1881), librarian and scholar
 * George Palmer (1818–1897), proprietor of the Huntley & Palmers biscuit manufacturers
 * George William Palmer (1851–1913), Liberal Member of Parliament, son of George Palmer
 * George Lailey (1869–1958), last professional practitioner of the craft of bowl-turning using a pole lathe
 * Hutin Britton (1876–1965), actress
 * Robert Still (1910–1971), composer
 * Coral Atkins (1936–2016), actress, known for A Family at War and Emmerdale.
 * Chris Tarrant (born 1946) OBE, TV and radio presenter
 * Carole Middleton (born 1955), mother of Catherine, Princess of Wales, Philippa Matthews (born 1983), and James Middleton (born 1987)
 * Catherine, Princess of Wales (born 1982), wife of William, Prince of Wales, heir to the British throne

title: Bucklebury


text:
User talk:Elliott Shultz

Hey Elliot: Welcome to Wikipedia. If you have any problems or questions and don't want to ask publicly on the Village pump, you can drop me a line at my talk page. Good work on No Child Left Behind, by the way →Raul654 18:16, Mar 10, 2004 (UTC)

Request for Usurpation
Hello, Elliott Shultz. A request has been made at Changing username/Usurpations to usurp, or "take over", your username because you have not used it to edit, and another user would like to use it to edit. Changing username/Usurpations says that any unused username may be usurped if the user is given seven days notice to object and does not do so.

If you have an email set in your preferences, you should be getting an email from a bureaucrat or changing username clerk explaining how to consent or object to this process.

If you do not object to being renamed to a new username in order for another user to utilize the name you currently have, please log in and post a reply here saying so (you may also tell us what username you would like to be renamed to, or we will provide you with a generic one).

If you do nothing : the request will be filled after seven days, and your account will be moved to a generic username. You may request that it be moved to a new username of your choice at any time.

If you object to being renamed : please log in and make an edit. You may make an edit here saying "No", you may make an edit to blank this page, or any other edit you like; making any edit at all prevents your username from being usurped, because users with edits cannot have their usernames usurped.

Please note that even if your current username is usurped, you can still edit and your data will not be lost; your preferences, watchlist, and other user settings will be transferred to a new username.

Thank you for your time. Elliott Shultz (talk) 17:15, 22 February 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Elliott Shultz


text:
William Cornysh

William Cornysh the Younger (also spelled Cornyshe or Cornish) (1465 – October 1523) was an English composer, dramatist, actor, and poet.

Life
In his only surviving poem, which was written in Fleet Prison, he claims that he has been convicted by false information and thus wrongly accused, though it is not known what the accusation was. He may not be the composer of the music found in the Eton Choirbook, which may alternatively be by his father, also named William Cornysh, who died c. 1502. The younger Cornysh had a prestigious employment at court, as Master of the Children of the Chapel Royal; and being responsible for the musical and dramatic entertainments at court and during important diplomatic events such as at the Field of the Cloth of Gold in 1520; and visits to and from the courts of France and the Holy Roman Empire, which he fulfilled until his death. He died in 1523, his birth date unknown.

Musical works
The Eton Choirbook (compiled c. 1490–1502) contains several works by Cornysh: Salve Regina (found in several other sources as well), Stabat mater, Ave Maria mater Dei, Gaude virgo mater Christi, and a lost Gaude flore virginali. The Caius Choirbook (c. 1518–1520) contains a Magnificat. Other sources refer to lost works: three Masses, another Stabat mater, another Magnificat, Altissimi potentia, and Ad te purissima virgo. He also produced secular vocal music and the notable English sacred anthem Woefully arrayed. There is also an extended and somewhat erudite three-part instrumental work based on steps of the hexachord and its mutations, Fa la sol, and another untitled piece. These secular works are found in the so-called Fayrfax Book (copied in 1501).

If all the earlier sacred music is by the same Cornysh (junior) as the secular music then he was a composer of some breadth, although not without parallel. The works by "Browne" in the Fayrfax Book display a similar difference in style to those by the John Browne of the Eton Choirbook, but are probably the same composer nonetheless. The occurrence of Cornysh's Magnificat (in the same style as the Eton works) falls nearly two decades after the death of the older Cornysh, and thus is far more likely the work of the younger Cornysh, by then by far one of the country's most important musicians. Furthermore, the works by Cornysh in the Eton Choirbook seem to be amongst the most "modern" in that collection. While they do not pursue the simplifying approach of Fayrfax (an almost exact contemporary of Cornysh junior, and fellow at Court and Chapel), and remain in a more old-fashioned florid melodic style, they adopt proto-madrigalian manners (for example in the setting of words like "clamorosa", "crucifige" and "debellandum" in the Stabat mater) and have a particularly developed sense of tonal movement (for example, in the Stabat mater, the closing "Amen" features deliberate use of F sharps as leading notes to give a sense of tonal cadence into G, or employing E flats at "Sathanam" to give a tonal cadence onto B flat, emphasizing the "strong" nature of the text at that moment, employing the bass-movement V-I), as well as adopting a more modern sense of the expressive appoggiatura in melodic shapes and in bringing out the stresses of the Latin by such devices (for example, again the Stabat mater, the use of appoggiaturas in the Bassus part to express "ContriSTANtem et doLENtem" in the first few measures, and again at "Contemplari doLENtem cum filio?"), and the use of purely rhetorical gestures (such as the exclamation "O" by full choir in the middle of the soloists' section starting the Stabat mater). It is not impossible to see in these mannerisms the work of a great dramatist.

The works of John Browne are given pride of place in the Eton manuscript. It seems that in the examples given above that Cornysh may have been emulating Browne (his own Stabat mater features a celebrated madrigalian setting of "crucifige", and his O Maria salvatoris Mater features the exclamation "En" (="Oh") in a similar way to Cornysh's interjection in his Stabat mater).

Thus it seems that the Eton Cornysh was writing after Browne, and this would place his work amongst the later ones of the Eton Choirbook: additionally the approaches do not seem to be those of an older man, being much more suggestive of a young and original composer. The traditional ascription of all the works to Cornysh junior is the one more generally accepted. However, the possibility that the Eton works are the works of a generation earlier remains, and has interesting implications if true.

The musicologist David Skinner, in the booklet to The Cardinall's Musick's CD Latin Church Music, puts forward the proposition that the pre-Reformation Latin church music (including the works in the Eton manuscript) was composed by the father, whilst the son is the composer of the pieces in English and the courtly songs.

title: William Cornysh


text:
Gordonsville

Gordonsville is the name of several towns in North America:

United States

 * Gordonsville, Kentucky
 * Gordonsville, Minnesota
 * Gordonsville, Tennessee
 * Gordonsville, Virginia

Canada

 * Gordonsville, New Brunswick

title: Gordonsville


text:
Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters

Founded in 1925, The Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters and Maids, commonly referred to as the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters (BSCP), was the first labor organization led by African Americans to receive a charter in the American Federation of Labor (AFL). The BSCP gathered a membership of 18,000 passenger railway workers across Canada, Mexico, and the United States.

Beginning after the American Civil War, the job of Pullman porter had become an important means of work by African-Americans. The leaders of the BSCP—including A. Philip Randolph, its founder and first president, Milton Webster, vice president and lead negotiator, and C. L. Dellums, vice president and second president—became leaders in the Civil Rights Movement, especially concerning fair employment and continued to play a significant role in the movement after it focused on the eradication of segregation in the Southern United States. BSCP members such as E. D. Nixon were among the leadership of local desegregation movements by virtue of their organizing experience, constant movement between communities, and freedom from economic dependence on local authorities.

As a result of a decline in railway transportation in the 1960s, BSCP membership declined. It merged in 1978 with the Brotherhood of Railway and Airline Clerks (BRAC), now known as the Transportation Communications International Union.

The Pullman Company
In the 1920s and 1930s the Pullman Company was one of the largest single employers of black people and had created an image for itself of enlightened benevolence via financial support for black churches, newspapers, and other organizations. It also paid many porters well enough to have a middle-income lifestyle and prominence within their own communities.

Working for the Pullman Company was, however, less glamorous than the image the company promoted. Porters depended on tips for much of their income and thus on the generosity of white passengers who often referred to all porters as "George", the first name of George Pullman, the company's founder (see also Society for the Prevention of Calling Sleeping Car Porters "George"). The company required porters to travel 11,000 miles, nearly 400 hours, per month to earn a basic wage. In 1934, porters on regular assignments worked an average of over 73 hours per week and earned 27.8 cents an hour while workers in manufacturing jobs averaged under 37 hours per week and earned an average of 54.8 cents per hour. They spent roughly ten percent of their time in unpaid "preparatory" and "terminal" set-up and clean-up duties, and they had to pay for their food, lodging, and uniforms, which could consume up to half of their wages. They were also charged whenever their passengers stole a towel or a water pitcher. Porters could ride at half fare on their days off—but not on Pullman coaches. They were not eligible for promotion to conductor, a job reserved for whites, despite frequently performing some of the conductor duties.

The company had squelched any efforts they made to organize during the first decades of the 20th century by isolating or firing union leaders. Like many other large companies of the time, the company employed spies to keep tabs on their employees; in extreme cases, company agents assaulted union organizers.

When 500 porters met in Harlem on August 25, 1925, they decided to make another effort to organize. During this meeting, they secretly launched their campaign, choosing Randolph, not employed by Pullman and thus beyond retaliation, to lead the effort. The union chose a motto to sum up their resentment over the working conditions: "Fight or Be Slaves".

Organizing the union

The AFL, despite touting equal rights for workers, was actively discriminatory. Furthermore, and foremost, white supremacy remained entrenched in almost every institution that existed in the US, and these racist beliefs, both subtle and overt, precluded the white labor movement from recognizing the black workers or their organized fronts.

In the 1920s, as some elements within the AFL began to lower these barriers, while groups as diverse as the Urban League, the Socialist Party of America and Communist Party began to focus on the rights of black workers. Randolph himself was a prominent member of the Socialist Party. From its inception, the BSCP fought to open doors in the organized labor movement in the US for black workers, even though it faced staunch opposition and blatant racism. As BSCP co-founder and First Vice President Milton Price Webster, put it, "...any time we have an American institution composed of white people there is prejudice in it....In America, if we should stay out of everything that's prejudiced we wouldn't be in anything."

As early as 1900, efforts were put forth by various collectives of Pullman porters to organize the porters into a union, each effort having been crushed by Pullman. In 1925, in the early days of organizing the BSP union, Randolph was invited, by BSCP union organizer Ashley Totten, to address the Porters Athletic Association, in New York City. Exhibiting a sound understanding of the plight of the black worker and the need for a genuine labor union, Randolph was asked to undertake the job of organizing the porters into a bona fide labor union. The Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters was launched on the night of August 25, 1925.

Key to the success of the union was to galvanize membership by way of a national membership drive, with three of the Pullman company's largest terminals being most important—Chicago, Oakland, and St. Louis. The man to see in Chicago was Milton Price Webster. He was the son of enslaved parents from Clarksville, Tennessee, who, after successfully purchasing their own freedom, eventually moved to Chicago, where Webster was raised. A former Pullman Porter of twenty years, and a devoted husband (Louie Elizabeth Harris) and father of three, Webster had been fired by the company for attempting to organize porters in the Railroad Men's Benevolent Association.

Webster was a man of strong convictions. As a Lincoln Republican and a tenured, highly respected captain of Chicago's Sixth Ward black Republican machine, Webster was a stern, but gregarious leader of men who was well connected throughout the Chicago politic. Not the orator of Randolph's skill, and not college educated, Webster devoured books and the news of the day, and was a stalwart back room negotiator. He captured his audience with his command of the subject, his keen wit and sharp intellect, and his commitment to alleviating the struggles of the working man.

Although skeptical of Randolph's socialist affiliations, on the recommendations of fellow union organizer John C. Mills of Chicago, Webster facilitated a series of public meetings for Randolph and Chicago porters, nightly for two weeks. At the initial meeting, after hearing Randolph speak, Webster turned to Mills, agreeing that Randolph was the man to head the organization of the new union. For the next two weeks, nightly meetings were held, with two speakers campaigning for Chicago chapter membership—Milton Webster opening and A. Philip Randolph closing—effectively launching the Chicago division of the Brotherhood.

The Pullman Company's response was to denounce, with support from the ministers and African American newspapers whom it had cultivated (or bought), the new union as an outside entity motivated by foreign ideologies, while sponsoring its own company union, variously known as the Employee Representation Plan or the Pullman Porters and Maids Protective Association, to represent its loyal employees. Local authorities, such as Boss Crump in Memphis, Tennessee in some cases helped the company by interfering with or banning BSCP meetings.

For the first several years of its existence, the union continued fighting the Pullman Company, its allies in the black community, the white power structure, and rival unions within the AFL that were hostile to its members' job claims. The BSCP also tried to involve the federal government in its fight with the Pullman Company: on September 7, 1927, the brotherhood filed a case with the Interstate Commerce Commission, requesting an investigation of Pullman rates, porters' wages, tipping practices, and other matters related to wages and working conditions; the ICC ruled that it did not have jurisdiction.

While it had organized roughly half of the porters within the company, the union was seemingly no closer to obtaining recognition than it had been in 1925. By 1928 BSCP leaders decided that the only way to force the issue was to strike the company. The leadership was, however, divided on what a strike could accomplish: some rank-and-file leaders wanted to use the strike as a show of strength and an organizing tool, while Randolph was more cautious, hoping to use the threat of a strike as the lever to get the federal National Mediation Board established pursuant to the Railway Labor Act to bring the Pullman Company to the table while mobilizing support from supporters outside the industry.

After secretly meeting with the Pullman Company, the NMB refused to follow precedent it had set in the case of a group of white railroad workers, and refused to act on behalf of the BSCP. The NMB argued that the brotherhood was incapable of disrupting the Pullman sleeping car service. Although the union had voted for a strike, the Pullman Company convinced the NMB that the union did not have the strength in numbers or resources to pull it off. In July 1928, the NMB formally retired the case and Randolph called off the strike just hours before it was scheduled to begin. Randolph, Webster, and the leadership of the BSCP recognized, in the end, that a strike at that time would have seriously crippled the brotherhood, agreeing that the union was still not strong enough to carry off a strike against the powerful corporate giant like Pullman.

That provoked an internal crisis, deepened by the Great Depression, paucity of funding for the union, and perpetual reprisals against the porters by the Pullman company, which led to a sharp drop in BSCP membership. The union might have disappeared altogether if it had not been for the vigilance and dedication of Randolph, Webster, Totten, Mills, C. L. Dellums, Bennie Smith, S. E. Grain, E. J. Bradley, Paul Caldwell, George Price, C. Francis Stratford and Roy Lancaster, who formed the initial organizers and board members of the BSCP.

The relationship between Randolph and Webster, the long-standing first vice president of the BSCP and the head of the Chicago Division, was centered on their common devotion to a common cause. Together they had a mutually aggressive and genuine commitment to the imperative that the black worker be organized to improve the working conditions, workers rights and the lives of black workers, their families and their communities.

In 1929, the American Federation of Labor granted affiliated status to individual chapters of the BSCP as local unions rather than to the international organization as a whole. The locals were Chicago, Cleveland, Denver, Detroit, Fort Worth, Kansas City, Los Angeles, New Orleans, New York City, Oakland, St. Louis, St. Paul, and Washington, D.C.

By 1933, BSCP membership dropped to 658, and the headquarters lost telephone and electric service because of nonpayment of bills. In 1934 the Roosevelt administration amended the RLA, then passed the Wagner-Connery Act, which outlawed company unions and covered porters, the following year. The BSCP immediately demanded that the NMB certify it as the representative of these porters. The BSCP defeated the company union in the election held by the NMB and on June 1, 1935, was certified.

Negotiations for increasing labor standards with the Pullman Company began but were repeatedly deadlocked. The BSCP requested the assistance of the National Mediation Board in April 1937, a time when the company was still using informants to report on union meetings.

A contract between the BSCP and the Pullman Company was signed on August 25, 1937. It went into effect in October 1937, raising the wages of porters and maids, establishing a basic 240-hour month, and providing time-and-a-half overtime pay after 260 hours. Pullman claimed the wage increases would cost the company approximately $1,500,000 per year. The company also agreed to pay for the uniforms of porters after they'd been employed for ten years.

Role of women
The BSCP was founded for all Pullman attendants, including maids. Many of the maids were well-educated African-American or Chinese-American women but were classified as "unskilled service workers," expected to clean berths, care for the unwell, and give free manicures to passengers.

Six weeks after the foundation of the BSCP, female Pullman employees and relatives of male union members formed the Women's Economic Councils, officially recognized as the International Ladies' Auxiliary to the BSCP in 1938. Many of these women had worked in New York's booming garment industry and gained experience in union activism within the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union, which sought to increase African-American membership in the late 1920s. This adjunct organization focused on fundraising and disseminating pro-union information to the general public. Maids were often fired for union activism.

Individuals also made impacts. When her husband was fired due to his BSCP work, Rosina C. Tucker successfully demanded his reinstatement; she later became a founding member of the ILA, a recruiter for the BSCP, and a civil rights activist in Washington, D.C. Halena Wilson (1895–1975), president of the Chicago ILA, pushed the chapter to fight for wage and price controls and consumer cooperatives and against poll taxes. Frances Albrier organized her fellow Pullman maids during the 1920s, recalling: "Our responsibility was trying to educate the black public and black women" about the union.

International growth
During 1917–1939 working conditions on Canadian railways and transportation industries were poor. Porters working under the Canadian National Railways (CNR) began resistance movements, demanding representation and bargaining rights.

In 1942, the union expanded divisions into the Canadian cities of Montreal, Toronto and Winnipeg followed later by Calgary, Edmonton and Vancouver. There was widespread enthusiasm amongst Canadian workers for the adoption of BSCP. Just three years after expanding to Canadian provinces, the work of the BSCP brought about reforms in wages, working standards among other matters, while expanding the number of workers represented by the union.

Civil rights leadership
The BSCP won a charter from the AFL in 1935, the same year it was certified by the NMB. In the years before then, when the AFL refused to recognize the organization itself, Randolph accepted "federal local" status for a number of locals of the BSCP—an unsatisfactory compromise that assumed that these locals had no union of their own, and allowed them to affiliate directly with the AFL on that basis. That half-measure, however, allowed Randolph into AFL conventions and other meetings, where he advocated organization of black workers on an equal footing with whites. Randolph kept the BSCP in the AFL, where most of the railroad brotherhoods remained, after John L. Lewis led the split that resulted in the formation of the Congress of Industrial Organizations.

Randolph expanded his agenda once he became the leader of the foremost black labor organization in the US. Randolph was chosen as the leader of the National Negro Congress, an umbrella organization founded in 1937 that united many of the major black civil rights organizations of the day. Randolph later resigned from the NNC in a dispute over policy with communist activists within it. The NNC went into eclipse, while Randolph's stature continued to grow.

In 1941 he used the threat of a march on Washington and support from the NAACP, Fiorello La Guardia and Eleanor Roosevelt to force the administration to ban discrimination by defense contractors and establish the Fair Employment Practices Committee to enforce that order. Milton Webster, the BSCP's First Vice-president, worked to make the FEPC an effective tool in combatting employment discrimination. Randolph achieved his other demand—the end of racial segregation within the military—seven years later, when President Harry S. Truman signed Executive Order 9981 banning it.

BSCP members played a significant role in the Civil Rights Movement in the 1940s and 1950s. E. D. Nixon, a BSCP member and the most militant spokesperson for the rights of African Americans in Montgomery, Alabama for most of the 1940s and 1950s, exemplified the leadership that the union provided. Nixon could take advantage of his experience organizing under difficult circumstances and his immunity to economic reprisals from local businesses and authorities. BSCP members also helped spread information and create networks between the different communities their work took them to, bringing the newspapers and political ideas they picked up in the North back to their hometowns.

Randolph helped negotiate the return of the CIO to the AFL in 1955. Randolph by that time had achieved elder statesman status within the civil rights movement, even as changes in the railroad industry were gradually displacing many of the union's members.

Randolph and one of his chief lieutenants, Bayard Rustin—who, ironically, had bitterly criticized Randolph for calling off the 1941 March on Washington—were the moving force behind the 1963 March on Washington. As Randolph said from the podium at that march:"Let the nation know the meaning of our numbers. We are not a pressure group. We are not an organization.  We are not a mob.  We are the advance guard of a massive moral revolution that is not confined to the Negro, nor is it confined to civil rights, for our white allies know that they are not free while we are not."In 1953, when Violet King Henry became the first black woman lawyer in Canada (and the first black law graduate in Alberta) the union's president and vice-president traveled to Alberta to recognize her.

Merger with BRAC
Passenger rail travel dropped sharply after its peak in the 1940s, when the BSCP had 15,000 members, to the 1960s, when only 3000 porters had regular runs. After four decades of service as the first vice president of the BSCP, Milton Webster was designated to be Randolph's successor as president when Randolph retired. That transition never occurred. In February 1965, Webster suffered a fatal heart attack in the lobby of the Americana Hotel in Bal Harbour, Florida while he and Randolph were attending an AFL-CIO Convention. C. L. Dellums replaced Randolph as president of the BSCP in 1968.

The BSCP merged with the Brotherhood of Railway and Airline Clerks (BRAC) a decade later. Dellums' successor and last president of the BSCP as an independent organization, Leroy J. Shackelford, became president of BRAC's Sleeping Car Porters Division. In 1984, the Sleeping Car Porters Division was combined, along with Amtrak clerical employees, into a new Amtrak Division of the union having approximately 5000 members, 3500 clerical and 1500 in on-board services, comprising the largest single unit of organized labor on the Amtrak system.

Upon Mr. Shackelford's retirement in 1985, his position was not filled, its duties devolving upon the general chairman of the BRAC Amtrak Division, Michael J. Young, and his successors. Thus ended the direct lineage of BSCP leadership, with Young becoming the first non-African American to lead the on-board group.

The three unions representing Amtrak on-board service workers, BRAC, the Hotel Employees and Restaurant Employees (HERE), and the Transport Workers Union (TWU) joined to form the Amtrak Service Workers Council (ASWC). Craft lines and separate seniority lists for on-board workers were eliminated, with one labor agreement covering all. The chairmanship of the ASWC rotates annually among the chief executive officers of each constituent union's Amtrak bargaining unit.

Stage and film
In 1982 an award-winning documentary was produced titled Miles of Smiles, Years of Struggle. An oral history book of the same name inspired by and based on the film was produced several years later.

The story of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters was made into the 2002 Robert Townsend film 10,000 Black Men Named George starring Andre Braugher as A. Philip Randolph.

The play Pullman Porter Blues (2012) by Cheryl West dramatizes a night aboard the Panama Limited train and the challenges and tensions among three generations of Pullman Porters.

The Porter (2022) is an 8-part CBC and BET television drama. It is a work of fiction partly inspired by the creation of the BSCP.

Notable Pullman porters

 * Frank L. Boyd
 * Big Bill Broonzy
 * Matthew Henson
 * Claude McKay
 * Benjamin Mays
 * Oscar Micheaux
 * Mozart Mimms
 * E. D. Nixon
 * Gordon Parks
 * Simon Haley
 * Cecil Newman
 * Milton Webster

title: Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters


text:
Avesnes-sur-Helpe

Avesnes-sur-Helpe (Avenne aan de Helpe), Picard: Avinne-su-Helpe) is a commune in the Nord department in northern France. It is a sub-prefecture of the Nord department. It is situated 14 km from the Belgian border, and 18 km south of Maubeuge, the nearest larger town. The river Helpe Majeure, a tributary of the Sambre, flows through the town. Upstream of Avesnes on the river there is the Lac du Val-Joly, an artificial lake.

History
Avesnes was founded in the 11th century. The first known lord was Wedric II of Avesnes (born about 990), son of Wedric I de Morvois. The house of Avesnes played an important role in the low countries, including several Counts of Holland. It was destroyed by Louis XI in 1477 after his victory in the Burgundian Wars. Historically a part of the County of Hainaut, it became French in 1659 as a result of the Treaty of the Pyrenees, and was fortified by Vauban, although it was captured by Prussia in 1815.

Avesnes was heavily fortified, with fortifications that were continually modernised, from the 11th century up until 1867 when its fortifications, like those of other isolated bastions, were deemed to be redundant. In the 1870 some of the fortifications were demolished to allow easier access to the town.

Culture
Many of the buildings on the main streets in this town are made of dimension stone, like the 200 ft bell tower of the main church, St Nicholas, which dates from the 16th century.

The Tour de France race cycled through town in its 1999 progression around France.

The region of Avesnes-Sur-Helpe is known for its distinctive cheeses: the Maroilles cheese and also the "boule d'Avesnes", a local cone-shaped red cheese that is coated in paprika.

The high school in the region is the Lycée Jesse de Forest, named for an Avesnes native son who was responsible for the earliest settlement of the Dutch and Huguenots in what is now New York.

title: Avesnes-sur-Helpe


text:
Gordonville

Gordonville is the name of several towns in the United States:
 * Gordonville, Alabama
 * Gordonville, Missouri
 * Gordonville, Pennsylvania
 * Gordonville, Texas

title: Gordonville


text:
USS Siboney

Two ships of the United States Navy have been named USS Siboney, after the town of Siboney, Cuba, the site of American landings in the Spanish–American War.
 * USS Siboney (ID-2999) was a civilian ship requisitioned in World War I as a troopship and returned to the Ward Line (New York and Cuba Mail Steamship Company) after the war.
 * USS Siboney (CVE-112) was an escort carrier in service from 1945 to 1956.

title: USS Siboney


text:
USS Vella Gulf

Two ships of the United States Navy have been named USS Vella Gulf, after the 1943 battle of Vella Gulf in the Solomon Islands. The names of these are sometimes incorrectly reported as Vela Gulf.

 * The first USS Vella Gulf (CVE-111) was an escort carrier in service for just over a year, during 1945 and 1946.
 * The second USS Vella Gulf (CG-72) is a guided missile cruiser commissioned in 1993 and on active service as of 2016.

title: USS Vella Gulf


text:
Funbox

A funbox is a standard element of a skatepark. It generally consists of a box shape with a flat top and a ramp on two or more sides. A funbox may also include other elements that allow for more complicated skateboarding tricks.

Like other skatepark features, funboxes are used by skateboarders, roller skaters using inline skates or quad skates, and BMX-riders.

Features
Table-top - The main characteristic of a funbox is the standard table-top; the flat top of the main structural box component. The table-top can vary in height and surface area.

Ramps - To allow access to the table-top, a funbox will generally be surrounded (on two or more sides) by ramps or stairs to allow tricks or transitions on, off or over the table-top.

Other elements - A funbox may also include a number of other elements including ledges, rails, spines, copings, angled ramps, wall sections to allow "wallrides" and improvised street furniture pieces.

A funbox with ramps on opposite sides may allow for the conduct of aerial tricks. As such, funboxes are commonly placed in line with the "outlet" of a larger ramp to allow for a build-up of speed. Typically, a funbox with ramps or transitions on all sides of the table will be placed in the middle of a park.

Construction
Funboxes are generally constructed of concrete (as a permanent element in a skatepark) or wood (as a moveable or customizable element for street skateboarding). Some variations include steel frames and both concrete and wood constructions will often include steel copings or rails. Some funboxes will be constructed in sections to allow for further customization.

The construction must resist dynamic structural load resulting from aerial tricks or jumps onto the funbox.

title: Funbox


text:
Claude Berrou

Claude Berrou (born 23 September 1951 in Penmarch) is a French professor in electrical engineering at École Nationale Supérieure des Télécommunications de Bretagne, now IMT Atlantique. He is the sole inventor of a groundbreaking quasi-optimal error-correcting coding scheme called turbo codes as evidenced by the sole inventorship credit given on the fundamental patent for turbo codes. The original patent filing for turbo codes issued in the US as US Patent 5,446,747.

A 1993 paper entitled "Near Shannon Limit Error-correcting Coding and Decoding: Turbo-codes" published in the Proceedings of IEEE International Communications Conference was the first public disclosure of turbo codes. This 1993 paper listed three authors because it was formed from three separate submissions that were combined due to space constraints. The three authors listed on the 1993 paper are: Berrou, Glavieux, and Thitimajshima. Because the 1993 paper was the first public introduction of turbo codes (patents remain unpublished until issued), coinventorship credit for the discovery to turbo code is often erroneously given to Glavieux and/or Thitimajshima. While Berrou and Glavieux did go on to do supplemental work together, the original development of turbo codes was performed by Berrou alone.

Berrou also codeveloped turbo equalization (see turbo equalizer.) Turbo equalization is also known as iterative reception or iterative detection.

Turbo codes have been used in all the major cellular communications standards since 3G and are currently part of the LTE (Long Term Evolution) cellular protocol. They are also used in the Inmarsat satellite communications protocol and well as the DVB-RCS and DVB-RCS2 communications protocols.

Hard disk drives started using turbo equalization for their read channel in 2008. By 2012 all hard disk drives used turbo equalization and this remains the case to this day.

In 2009, he was elected as an IEEE fellow for invention of turbo codes, generalization of the turbo principle in receivers, and influence in standardization.

Between mobile phones and hard disk drives, several billion devices have incorporated key technology developed by Claude Berrou.

Key research activities
His current research activities are now concentrated on the application and extension of the turbo technology in various domains, including his research on artificial thinking, because turbo decoding has been recognized as a new instance of the very general principle of belief propagation; one application of this principle has been invented for the decoding of low-density parity-check codes (LDPC codes also known as Gallager codes, in honor of Robert G. Gallager, who developed the LDPC concept in his doctoral dissertation at MIT in 1960 as a theoretical model whose practical implementation was not widely developed until recently). The turbo principle is generalized now by Claude Berrou and his lab team for the processing of various functions such as the demodulation, the detection or the equalization using a network of multiple convolution codes working in parallel with probabilistic feedback.

Other subjects of interest include all their possible applications in the field of artificial intelligence, for example with a better understanding of natural biological thinking and memory for the implementation of such model using neural networks for the processing of pulsed signals with software and hardware methods with auto-selected and self-maintained combinations of activation cycles of adjacent neurons.

Publications
He is the author or coauthor of several books related to turbocodes and their encoding/decoding methods or implementation devices:
 * Codes et turbocodes (Codes and turbo codes) by Claude Berrou with Karine Amis Cavalec, Alain Glavieux, Matthieu Arzel, Michel Jezequel, Charlotte Langlais, Raphaël Le Bidan, Samir Saoudi, Gérard Battail, Emmanuel Boutillon, Yannick Saouter, Emeric Maury, Christophe Laot, Sylvie Kerouedan, Frédéric Guilloud, and Catherine Douillard. Paris: Springer (2007), 397 p. (Iris), ISBN 978-2-287-32739-1.
 * Codage de canal — des bases théoriques aux turbocodes (Channel encoding — from theoretical grounds to turbocodes) by Alain Glavieux with Patrick Adde, Gérard Battail, Ezio Biglieri, Michel Jezequel, Alain Poli, Sandrine Vaton, Ramesh Pyndiah, Annie Picart, Catherine Douillard, and Claude Berrou. Paris: Hermès Science / Lavoisier (2005), 453 p. (Traité IC2 : Traitement du signal et de l’image), ISBN 2-7462-0953-5.

He wrote many chapters in various books related to turbocodes in US publications, published several articles in various international research magazines with scientific review committees, and made many communications in international conferences with review committees.

During his work on turbocodes and parallel convolutive encoding and decoding, he has authored several registered patents for methods and devices implementing this technology:
 * Procédé de codage convolutif correcteur d’erreurs pseudo-systématique, procédé de décodage et dispositifs correspondants (Apparatus of pseudo-systematic error-correcting convolutive coding, associated decoding process and devices) by Claude Berrou and Patrick Adde (Institut TELECOM; Telecom Bretagne; France Telecom & TDF), France, April 1991.
 * Procédé de décodage d’un code convolutif à maximum de vraisemblance et pondération des décisions et décodeur correspondant (Apparatus of decoding for a convolutive code with maximum likelihood and weighted decisions, and associated decoder) by Claude Berrou (Institut TELECOM; Telecom Bretagne), France, April 1992.
 * Procédé de codage correcteur d’erreurs à au moins deux codages convolutifs systématiques en parallèle, procédé de décodage itératif, module de décodage et décodeur correspondants (Apparatus of error-detecting encoding using at least two systematic convolutive encodings in parallel, process of iterative decoding, and associated decoding module and decoder) by Claude Berrou (Institut TELECOM; Telecom Bretagne; France Telecom & TDF), France, April 1992.
 * Décodage itératif de codes produits (Iterative decoding of product codes) by Ramesh Pyndiah, Alain Glavieux and Claude Berrou (Institut TELECOM; Telecom Bretagne; France Telecom), France, November 1993.
 * Dispositif de réception de signaux numériques à structure itérative, module et procédé correspondants (Numeric signals device with iterative structure, associated module and process), by Catherine Douillard, Alain Glavieux, Michel Jezequel and Claude Berrou (Institut TELECOM; Telecom Bretagne; France Telecom & TDF), France, February 1995.
 * Procédé et dispositif de codage convolutif de blocs de données et procédé et dispositif de décodage correspondants (Apparatus and devices for the convolutive encoding of data blocks, and associated process and decoding device) by Claude Berrou and Michel Jezequel (Institut TELECOM; Telecom Bretagne; France Telecom et TDF), France, April 1996.
 * Procédé et dispositif de codage à au moins deux codages en parallèle et permutation améliorée, et procédé et dispositif de décodage correspondants (Apparatus and device for the encoding with at least two parallel encoders and enhanced permutation, and associated process and decoding device) by Claude Berrou and Alain Glavieux (Institut TELECOM; Telecom Bretagne; GET), France, July 1999.
 * Procédé de qualification de codes correcteurs d’erreurs, procédé d’optimisation, codeur, décodeur et application correspondants (Apparatus for the qualification of error-correcting codes, and associated optimization process, encoder, decoder and application) by Claude Berrou, Michel Jezequel and Catherine Douillard (Institut TELECOM; Telecom Bretagne; France Telecom & GET), France September 2001.

Distinctions
He has received several distinctions:
 * the SEE Ampère Medal (1997).
 * the Golden Jubilee Award for Technological Innovation of IEEE Information Theory Society (1998), together with Alain Glavieux and Punya Thitimajshima.
 * the IEEE Richard W. Hamming Medal (2003), together with Alain Glavieux.
 * the French Grand Prix France Télécom of Académie des sciences (2005).
 * the Marconi Prize (2005).

He was nominated for the European Inventor of the Year Award (2006).

He was elected a member of the French Academy of Sciences in 2007.

title: Claude Berrou


text:
Alain Glavieux

Alain Glavieux (4 July 1949, Paris – 25 September 2004) was a French professor in electrical engineering at École Nationale Supérieure des Télécommunications de Bretagne. He was the coinventor with Claude Berrou and Punya Thitimajshima of a groundbreaking coding scheme called turbo codes.

Glavieux received the Golden Jubilee Award for Technological Innovation from the IEEE Information Theory Society together with Berrou and Thitimajshima in 1998, the IEEE Richard W. Hamming Medal together with Berrou in 2003, and the French Academy of Sciences Grand Prix France Telecom award in 2003.

He died on 25 September 2004 at the age of 55 from illness.

title: Alain Glavieux


text:
User:Deego

Email deego AT gnufans DOT org

These are the edits I have made.

title: User:Deego


text:
Bones (studio)

Bones Inc. (株式会社ボンズ) is a Japanese animation studio. It has produced numerous series, including RahXephon, No. 6, Wolf's Rain, Scrapped Princess, Eureka Seven, Angelic Layer, Darker than Black, Soul Eater, Ouran High School Host Club, both the 2003 and 2009 adaptations of Fullmetal Alchemist, Star Driver, Gosick, Mob Psycho 100, Space Dandy, Noragami, Bungo Stray Dogs, and My Hero Academia. Its headquarters are located in Igusa, Suginami, Tokyo.

History
Bones was founded by Sunrise staff members Masahiko Minami, Hiroshi Ōsaka and Toshihiro Kawamoto in October 1998. One of their first projects was collaborating with Sunrise on Cowboy Bebop: Knockin' on Heaven's Door, a feature film based on the Cowboy Bebop anime series.

In 2007, the studio suffered the loss of co-founder Hiroshi Ōsaka, well known for his works as character designer on series such as Mobile Suit Victory Gundam, Mobile Fighter G Gundam and The Mars Daybreak. Ōsaka had been battling with cancer, and died from the disease on September 24, 2007. He was 44 years old.

After the death of Ōsaka, two new additions have been made to the studio's board of directors: Makoto Watanabe and Takahiro Komori. Komori is well known as a character designer and animator who has been with the studio since its inception. His previous works as designer consist of Angelic Layer, Scrapped Princess, and Darker than Black.

Studios
Like studio Sunrise, where some of its founders previously worked, Bones is divided into smaller studios which are focused on their own anime projects.

 * Studio A: Led by producer Naoki Amano and mainly known for Gosick, Wolf's Rain, Angelic Layer, Hiwou War Chronicles, Noragami and Carole & Tuesday.
 * Studio B: Mainly known for Eureka Seven, RahXephon, Space Dandy, and Mob Psycho 100.
 * Studio C: Led by producer Yoshihiro Oyabu; It's known for Fullmetal Alchemist, Darker than Black: The Black Contractor, Soul Eater and Ouran High School Host Club. It's currently working exclusively on My Hero Academia.
 * Studio D: Led by Mari Suzuki and mainly known for Fullmetal Alchemist: Brotherhood and No. 6. Since 2015, it works on Bungo Stray Dogs.
 * Studio E: The newest studio, led by Makoto Watanabe and mainly known for the Eureka Seven: Hi-Evolution trilogy and Metallic Rouge.

Original video animation

 * RahXephon Interlude: Her and Herself/Thatness and Thereness (August 7, 2003)
 * Wolf's Rain (January 23, 2004 – February 25, 2004)
 * Fullmetal Alchemist: Premium Collection (March 29, 2006)
 * Ghost Slayers Ayashi: Ayashi Diving Comedy (August 22, 2007 – October 24, 2007)
 * Darker than Black: Beneath the Fully Bloomed Cherry Blossoms (March 26, 2008)
 * Fullmetal Alchemist Brotherhood (August 26, 2009 – August 25, 2010)
 * Prototype (part of Halo Legends) (2010)
 * Darker than Black: Gaiden (January 27, 2010 – July 21, 2010)
 * Eureka Seven Ao: The Flowers of Jungfrau (September 20, 2012)
 * Noragami (February 17, 2014 - July 17, 2014)
 * Hitsugi no Chaika (March 10, 2015)
 * Noragami Aragoto (November 17, 2015 - March 17, 2016)
 * Snow White with the Red Hair (January 5, 2016)
 * Blood Blockade Battlefront (June 3, 2016)
 * Eureka Seven Ao:Final (January 2017)
 * Bungo Stray Dogs (August 31, 2017)
 * Mob Psycho 100 Reigen -The Miraculous Unknown Psychic- (March 18, 2018)
 * My Hero Academia - All Might: Rising (February 13, 2019)
 * Mob Psycho 100: The Spirits and Such Consultation Office's First Company Outing ~A Healing Trip that Warms the Heart~ (September 25, 2019)
 * SK8 the Infinity (TBA)

Video games

 * Robot Alchemic Drive (Enix, November 4, 2002)
 * Rahxephon Blu Sky Fantasia (Bandai, August 7, 2003)
 * Fullmetal Alchemist and the Broken Angel (Square Enix, December 25, 2003)
 * Fullmetal Alchemist: Stray Rondo (Bandai, March 25, 2004)
 * Fullmetal Alchemist: Sonata of Memories (Bandai, July 22, 2004)
 * Fullmetal Alchemist 2: Curse of the Crimson Elixir (Square Enix, September 22, 2004)
 * Fullmetal Alchemist 3: The Girl Who Succeed God (Square Enix, July 21, 2005)
 * Eureka Seven vol. 1: The New Wave (Bandai, October 27, 2005)
 * Eureka Seven vol. 2: The New Vision (Bandai, May 11, 2006)
 * Fullmetal Alchemist: Prince of the Dawn (Square Enix, August 13, 2009)
 * Fullmetal Alchemist: Daughter of the Dusk (Square Enix, December 10, 2009)
 * Liberation Maiden (Part of Guild01; Level-5, May 31, 2012)
 * Professor Layton vs. Phoenix Wright: Ace Attorney (Capcom/Level-5, November 29, 2012)
 * Phoenix Wright: Ace Attorney - Dual Destinies (Capcom, July 25, 2013)
 * Persona 4: Dancing All Night (Atlus, June 25, 2015)

Music videos

 * Lotte music video - Shinsekai by Bump of Chicken (December 11, 2018)
 * Pokémon Special Music Video「GOTCHA！」- Acacia by BUMP OF CHICKEN (Pokémon/Nintendo/Creatures Inc./GAME FREAK inc., September 29, 2020)

title: Bones (studio)


text:
Vsevolod Pudovkin

Vsevolod Illarionovich Pudovkin (Всеволод Илларионович Пудовкин; 28 February 1893 – 30 June 1953) was a Soviet film director, screenwriter and actor who developed influential theories of montage. Pudovkin's masterpieces are often contrasted with those of his contemporary Sergei Eisenstein, but whereas Eisenstein utilized montage to glorify the power of the masses, Pudovkin preferred to concentrate on the courage and resilience of individuals. He was granted the title of People's Artist of the USSR in 1948.

Biography
Vsevolod Pudovkin was born in Penza into a Russian family, the third of six children. His father Illarion Yepifanovich Pudovkin came from peasants of the Penza Governorate, the village of Shuksha and worked in several companies as a manager and a door-to-door salesman. Vsevolod's mother Yelizaveta Aleksandrovna Pudovkina (née Shilkina) was a housewife.

A student of engineering at Moscow University, Pudovkin saw active duty during World War I, being captured by the Germans. During this time he studied foreign languages and did book illustrations. After the war, he abandoned his professional activity and joined the world of cinema, first as a screenwriter, actor and art director, and then as an assistant director to Lev Kuleshov.

In 1924, he married Anna Zemtsova. Pudovkin asserted that his wife encouraged him for pursuing a career as a filmmaker.

His first notable work was a comedy short Chess Fever (1925) co-directed with Nikolai Shpikovsky. José Raúl Capablanca played a small part in it, with a number of other cameos presented. In 1926 he directed what would become one of the masterpieces of silent movies: Mother, where he developed several montage theories that would make him famous. Both movies featured Pudovkin's wife Anna Zemtsova in supporting female parts (she left cinema shortly after).

"The film is not shot, but built, built up from the separate strips of celluloid that are its raw material."

His first feature was followed by The End of St. Petersburg (1927), and Storm over Asia (also known as The Heir of Genghis Khan, 1928), titles which compose a trilogy at the service of the bolshevik revolutionary policy.

In 1928, with the advent of sound film, Pudovkin, Sergei Eisenstein and Grigori Aleksandrov signed the Manifest of Sound, in which the possibilities of sound are debated, and always understood as being in a state of tension and nonsynchronization with the image. This idea would be brought to bear in his next pictures: A Simple Case (1932) and The Deserter (1933), works that do not match the quality of earlier work.The Heir to Genghis Khan (or Storm over Asia; 1928). Pudovkin was publicly charged with formalism for his experimental sound film A Simple Case, which he was forced to release without its sound track. In 1935 he was awarded the Order of Lenin.

After an interruption caused by health concerns, Pudovkin returned to movie making, this time with a number of historical epics: Victory (1938); Minin and Pozharsky (1939) and Suvorov (1941). The last two were often praised as some of the best movies based on Russian history, along with the works of Sergei Eisenstein. Pudovkin was awarded a Stalin Prize for both of them in 1941.

During World War II he was evacuated to Kazakhstan where he directed several patriotic war movies. He also played a small part in the Ivan the Terrible movie (as God's fool). With the end of war he returned to Moscow and continued his work at the Mosfilm studio, making biographical and war movies. In 1947 he was awarded another Stalin Prize for his work on Admiral Nakhimov, and in 1950 — his second Order of Lenin and a third Stalin Prize for Zhukovsky. His last work was The Return of Vasili Bortnikov (1953).

Apart from directing, screenwriting and acting, Pudovkin was also an educator and a journalist, author of several books on film theory, professor at VGIK, president of the cinema section at VOKS (since 1944) and a member of the Soviet Peace Committee.

Vsevolod Pudovkin died on 30 June 1953 in Dubulti, Latvian SSR after a heart attack. He was buried at the Novodevichy Cemetery. One of the streets in Moscow is named after Pudovkin (see Pudovkin street).

Published works

 * Film Technique and Film Acting Grove Press. 1958.

title: Vsevolod Pudovkin


text:
Talk:Earley parser

FINISHED and PARTS-OF-SPEECH
The pseudocode references FINISHED(state) which is not defined. I am guessing that it means that the current position in the production is at the end.

PARTS-OF-SPEECH is undefined too.

 * I'd also like someone who has the book the pseudocode is based on to clarify what PARTS-OF-SPEECH is. BernardoSulzbach (talk) 20:27, 16 January 2021 (UTC)

[Untitled]
The article says that rules like a -> a b will cause both top-down and bottom-up parsers to go into an infinite loop, but I thought it was only top-down parsers that had a problem with left-recursion. Any comments? — Cadr
 * Since no-one's commented, I'll go ahead and change the page... — Cadr
 * It's not exactly true, top down parsers like LL(1) will enter in a infinite loop, but other top-down parsers, indeterministic LL, (and I think some kind of top-down parser that uses breadth-first search also) will eventually finish.

Works on all CFGs?
http://pages.cpsc.ucalgary.ca/~aycock/spark/doc.html seems to suggest that "[...] should work with any Backus-Naur form (BNF) grammar, including grammars with empty right-hand sides and ambiguous grammars. There are apparently a few rather obscure cases where Earley's parsing algorithm fails, but they're not likely to crop up in any reasonable application." — Preceding unsigned comment added by 18.111.116.225 (talk) 16:26, 24 April 2012 (UTC)

 * The Dragon book claims that Earley parsers can handle all CFGs. Two other (googled) references repeat that (http://tratt.net/laurie/tech_articles/articles/parsing_the_solved_problem_that_isnt, http://tom-ridge.blogspot.com/2011/06/simple-functional-sound-and-complete_22.html). I can't find anywhere else that someone claims Earley parsers don't parse all CFGs, so I would tend to remove the discuss tag unless you can cite more substantial evidence. JustinBlank (talk) 16:42, 25 October 2012 (UTC)

 * Hopcroft+Ullman 1979 (p.145), claim that Earley's algorithm is the "most practical, general, context-free recognition algorithm". Aycock's restriction may refer to his particular implemetation only. I remove the ((discuss)) tag in the article. - Jochen Burghardt (talk) 14:18, 1 April 2016 (UTC)

NP-complete?
Parsing Unrestricted languages is not NP-complete, it is much harder.

It can be easily shown (simulation of Turing machines by grammars gives an immediate reduction of the halting problem to parsing of general languages) that the problem is not computable.

Unless anybody objects, I'll correct it.

--UrsusArctos 22:37, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Be careful with the meaning of the word "parse", though. You could argue that you don't have to be able to decide a language in order to parse it, and consequently even unrestricted languages would be "parseable" in a sense, i.e. the sense that if there was a parse, you would get it eventually. I'm not sure there's any general agreement on whether this would count as "parsing" or not, so I think we should word it carefully. Otherwise yeah, the NP-complete thing is incorrect. Cadr 12:15, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Turning the recognizer into a parser
Everyone describes Earley's algorithm as a parser, but no-one ever bothers to explain how you turn the recognizer into a parser. My understanding is that you modify the completer to record a backpointer.. but exactly what item gets the backpointer and what it is to point to is still kind of a mystery to me. I believe that the new item you are creating should receive the backpointer and it should point to the item you are copying (to advance the dot in). However this is not sufficient, you also need some mechanism to inherit backpointers, otherwise you end up with a disconnected tree. Can anyone clarify this process?

 * That would be very useful! Unfortunately, I haven't found any description about that yet... --ThSoft 21:39, 14 September 2006 (UTC)
 * My understanding is that you generate a certains number of Earley items, which may or may not be part of *a* complete parse. --92.137.198.224 (talk) 11:42, 1 August 2010 (UTC)
 * It's all laid out in Earley's dissertation (1968). I just added references to it. In the article that was already listed, the part that you're really wanting to see says "for more information, see my dissertation" (basically). I just got it implemented myself in Java. Good luck! Limited Atonement (talk) 19:12, 12 September 2012 (UTC)

 * Be forewarned that the method described in Earley's paper for reconstructing parse trees from the Earley sets may have problems. As stated by Elizabeth Scott, 2008, "adding multiple pointers to a given instance of a non-terminal can create errors"; that paper, citing an example of Tomita , says the grammar "S ::= SS | b" on the input "bbb" will correctly identify derivations of bbb, but will also include erroneous derivations of bbbb and bb.  (Scott's paper says it provides an algorithm for correct construction of the parse forest; I am trying to work through this as well as Aycock's various works on this subject now.) Pnkfelix (talk) 11:29, 2 March 2013 (UTC)

 * I just finished getting through Elizabeth Scott's paper and implementing a toy JavaScript parser (with an annotated version), so I added that to the JS implementations section and wrote a section for the main page covering the things that I understand about generating the parse forest. I think I've followed the rules, but it's the first edit I've made on Wikipedia that wasn't just a typo fix, so let me know if I've screwed anything up. JoshGrams (talk) 11:03, 16 September 2015 (UTC)

 * Actually, you don't need to modify the recognizer at all to reconstruct your parse tree. States are all you need.  You need to start from the completed start rule, then search for the rules that may have caused its completion.  I call that the "un-complete" step. There are analogous "un-predict" and "un-scan" steps. Which is applicable depends on the state rule you are examining.  Also don't forget to backtrack.  This should look like a straightforward tree construction recursive algorithm. If your parse is not ambiguous, you will always find one and only one possibility at each step.  I have done one such reconstruction manually. I have yet to automate it. 88.180.140.48 (talk) 16:34, 23 October 2013 (UTC)

Error in the algorithm description?
I believe that:

 * Prediction: For every state in S(k) of the form (X → α • Y β, j) (where j is the origin position as above), add (Y → • γ, j+1) to S(k) for every production with Y on the left-hand side.

Should be changed to:

 * Prediction: For every state in S(k) of the form (X → α • Y β, j) (where j is the origin position as above), add (Y → • γ, k) to S(k) for every production with Y on the left-hand side.

This is a change of "j+1" to "k". See the example. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.116.85.20 (talk) 17:14, 4 December 2007 (UTC)

 * You were correct and this has been fixed in the meantime. Commenting to help future talk page readers. BernardoSulzbach (talk) 20:24, 16 January 2021 (UTC)

Unused symbol
Z is defined to represent a single nonterminal. However, it never gets used anywhere for the rest of the page. I believe that its definition should be removed. If nobody objects, I'll correct it. Opaldraggy (talk) 04:09, 14 December 2008 (UTC)

Added Parse::Marpa
I've added Parse::Marpa under External Links. It's a new implementation of a parser based on Earley's algorithm, with the improvements suggested by Aycock and Horspool. I'm the author of this Perl module, but I believe this edit is in compliance with WP:COS. --Jeffreykegler (talk) 01:58, 11 January 2009 (UTC)

Propose tidy of eternal links
I'd like to remove the subsections from external links section, so it would look the example below, any objections? This would be to make it concise and to avoid repeating information.

Example doesn't agree with stated algorithm
In the algorithm pseudocode, the line for each state in chart[i] is perhaps misleading. In the example, S(0), say, Rule 4 is generated from rule 3. This either means that chart[i] is looped over multiple times (?) or somehow self-generates more items?. This should be made clear in the pseudocode. Limited Atonement (talk) 13:56, 10 September 2012 (UTC)

Ambiguity Concerning "Input Position"
The words "Input Position" show up on the page twice (as of now), and it means a different thing each time. The first one is explained, "input position (which represents a position between tokens)", but the second one is not explained: "input position k is called S(k)", but must refer to the input position between grammatical terminals or nonterminals. I may be incorrect, but I've been working with this for a while now, and believe it to be true. Limited Atonement (talk) 21:13, 10 September 2012 (UTC)

 * The second and first uses of the term are consistent and the second is correct, though it took me some thought to see that and at this point I've more than a little experience with these matters. However, the original definition of "input position" is, strictly speaking, wrong -- in an input of length n, positions 0 and n are not "between" tokens.  I hope my new language is better.

 * Position in an Earley parse turns out to be a very deep concept, and it plays a major role in the Earley-derived Marpa parser.--Jeffreykegler (talk) 00:41, 11 September 2012 (UTC)

Incomplete Example?
The algorithm states "Prediction: For every state in S(k) of the form (X -> a . Y b, j) ..., add [all productions with Y on the left]." However, in the example, the state in S(k) (M -> . M * T, 0) does not expand as expected (it is nowhere expanded!). Limited Atonement (talk) 15:11, 11 September 2012 (UTC)

 * I've just made some changes to the description of the algorithm in the way of cleaning up terminology and clarification. The pseudo-code does not mention two important points.  First, that duplicate states are never added to a state set.  Second, that the loop over the prediction/scanning/completion operations must be performed as long as new states are being added to the state set.

 * Regarding the loop. I think it might worth noting this. For instance, I thought that you could not do it if you had a left recursive. However, I realized that this would not happen if duplicate rules are ignored. This part is not obvious and is sometimes omitted in books.

 * The second point is often missing in both descriptions and implementations, in part because it is not in Earley's original paper. This is a well-known bug with Earley's original description of his algorithm.  Newer variants of Earley's, such as Marpa and the Aycock-Horspool algorithm, have found ways to make one pass through the queue sufficient, but these are complex and adding the loop is the standard way to restate the classic Earley's algorithm in bug-free form.--Jeffreykegler (talk) 18:26, 13 September 2012 (UTC)

Jurfafsky&Martin description does not fit the generic case
The scanner phase of the algorithm is tailored for the output of a POS tagger. Furthermore, it apparently describes the case of several (possible) tags per word. This is not the original Earley algorithm, I believe. It is an extension. I suggest fixing the scanner phase. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Srchvrs (talk • contribs) 20:03, 11 December 2012 (UTC)

Possible Errors
Hi, I have been reading this article while studying and tried to follow the example. Some things seem odd to me, but I'm not sure if it's me misunderstanding or an error:

In S(2) (1) it originates from a scan in S(1) and shouldn't it thus be: (1) S → S + • M     (1)

and S(3) (4) it originates from a complete in S(2) and shouldn't it thus be: (4) S → S + M •     (2)

--Mac C. Million (talk) 11:48, 8 February 2017 (UTC)

Algorithm incomplete?
I have implemented the Early parser myself, and I noticed a problem with indirect rules (like in the following grammar).

In that grammar, since the symbol `` can be completed, the algorithm continues to ``, but `` introduces ``, just that since `` was already in the state set, it is not added again and so `` can never be completed. This can be fixed by going through the whole state again and finishing all states that are already finished again (better suggestions welcome).

Cpiber (talk) 09:07, 4 August 2021 (UTC)

this https://aclanthology.org/pdf/P/P84/P84-1073.pdf doesn't exists could use https://aclanthology.org/P84-1073.pdf — Preceding unsigned comment added by 168.196.26.41 (talk) 02:50, 20 June 2023 (UTC)

Wouldn't it be better to name the origin position always j?
tuple (X → α • β, i) the position i in the input at which the matching of this production began: the origin position

Later on: (X → α • Y β, j) (where j is the origin position as above)

Why not name the variable for the origin position always 'j' for consistency? 2001:628:404:208:6043:1418:A51E:6232 (talk) 01:40, 5 July 2023 (UTC)

Possible typo
"The scanner creates an SPPF node representing the non-terminal it is scanning." The scanner is looking for a, where a is a terminal. Shouldn't 'non-terminal' be 'terminal'? 2001:628:404:208:FCF4:5ED3:4A4D:2DC2 (talk) 18:25, 9 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Earley parser