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Chesney and Wolfe

Chesney and Wolfe, were a British television comedy screenwriting duo consisting of Ronald Chesney (born René Lucien Cadier; 4 May 1920 – 12 April 2018) and Ronald Wolfe (born Harvey Ronald Wolfe-Luberoff; 8 August 1922 – 18 December 2011). They were best known for their sitcoms The Rag Trade (1961–1963, 1977–1978), Meet the Wife (1963–1966), On the Buses (1969–1973) and Romany Jones (1972–1975). When their partnership began in the mid-1950s, Chesney was already known to the public as a harmonica player.

Ronald Chesney
Chesney, was born in London of French descent, the son of Marius, a silk trader, and Jeanne (née Basset). He left the French Lycée school in London at the age of 16, and began using his English name.

Chesney initially learned piano, but decided instead a career as a chromatic harmonica player, performing professionally from the age of 17. Touring the ABC Cinema chain, he played on BBC Radio broadcasts from 1937, the first being Palace of Varieties. Declared unfit to serve in the Second World War because of the removal of a tuberculosis-infected kidney, he taught the harmonica to troops in a BBC radio series, which ran for 42 weeks, beginning in 1940. After the war, he began to diversify into the classical repertoire.

Chesney became a well-known performer, entertaining troops, performing at the London Palladium and Royal Albert Hall, and working with Duke Ellington and Gracie Fields. He was President of the National Hohner Song Band League (later the National Harmonica League) from 1951.

Ronald Wolfe
Wolfe was born in London, a cousin of actor Warren Mitchell, and the grandson of Russian Jewish immigrants. His parents ran a kosher restaurant in Whitechapel, which served performers from the variety theatre across the road. He was educated at the Central Foundation Boys' Grammar School in Islington. For a while he was a stand-up comedian. "I came from vaudeville and music halls", he once said. During the Second World War, he was an army radio operator, and after being demobbed he worked as a radio engineer for Marconi.

In the early 1950s, he began to write for the Jewish comedian Max Bacon; after Bacon introduced him to the BBC, Wolfe contributed material for radio shows. Starlight Hour (1951), broadcast on the BBC Light Programme, was a series which featured Beryl Reid. Wolfe became Reid's regular writer, providing material for her characters, Brummie Marlene and the naughty schoolgirl, Monica. After Reid joined the cast of the radio comedy series Educating Archie, Wolfe joined the writing team for the series which Eric Sykes had created. The series featured ventriloquist Peter Brough and his dummy Archie Andrews.

Early collaborations
Chesney's harmonica playing was featured as a musical interlude on Educating Archie; this led to his first meeting with Wolfe in 1955. They wrote the show's last four seasons, initially with another of the show's writers, Marty Feldman. A one-off special for BBC Television in 1956, entitled Here's Archie, was written by Wolfe, but still featured Chesney with his harmonica act. It also starred Irene Handl.

The first regular television work for Chesney and Wolfe, writing in partnership with Feldman, was in 1958 when ITV franchise holder Associated-Rediffusion made a television version of Educating Archie. Persuaded by Wolfe, Chesney soon gave up performing professionally, so that they could form a writing partnership. He did, however, tutor Sylvia Syms for her harmonica-playing role in the film No Trees in the Street (1959). By this time, they had also written material for Tommy Steele and Ken Dodd, including pantomimes for both. The sitcom It's A Deal (1961) turned out to be their last work for radio. It starred Sid James as a dishonest property developer, with Dennis Price as his partner, but lasted for only a single series of 13 episodes.

The Rag Trade
Around the same time, the two men created The Rag Trade (1961–63), starring Peter Jones as Harold Fenner, ungenerous head of Fenner Fashions, Miriam Karlin as the shop steward, Paddy, and Reg Varney as the foreman trying to mediate the conflict between employer and employed in a London East End sweat-shop. Sheila Hancock and Barbara Windsor were also in the cast, plus the diminutive Esma Cannon. Directed (and produced) by Dennis Main Wilson, Karlin wrote in her autobiography that Main Wilson had an "amazing capacity for picking the right people" for a cast.

Rejected by Associated-Rediffusion, who thought factory workers would not watch it, the pitch was picked up by Frank Muir and Denis Norden who were then comedy advisers for BBC Television. Unusually for the time, the series featured strong female roles, who it has been said gained the best lines, and it was a popular and critical success, being watched by more than 11 million viewers. Karlin's chain-smoking character had the catchphrase "Everybody out!" "I know all about working people and the struggles of the small businessman," Ronald Wolfe once said. "Writers who come from orthodox middle-class backgrounds can’t write The Rag Trade-type show. They just don’t know what makes the man in the street laugh." The show was turned into a stage version which had a run in London's West End at the Piccadilly Theatre in 1962.

Later 1960s shows
Chesney and Wolfe repeated their success with the BBC sitcom Meet the Wife (1964–66) starring Thora Hird and Freddie Frinton. It was originally a one-off Comedy Playhouse pilot called "The Bed" (1963). Again, this featured working class characters and humour. Frinton's character was a plumber, while Hird's had social aspirations. It ran for five series. In 1964, for Australian television, they wrote the first six episodes of a 13 episode comedy series, Barley Charlie, concerning the inheritance by two sisters of a run down garage with one lazy employee.

The partnership wrote The Bed-Sit Girl (1965–66) for Sheila Hancock, who played a young typist frustrated by her current life. One of the series' characters, a neighbour (played by Derek Nimmo) of Hancock's title character, carried over to a follow-up series: Sorry I'm Single (1967) starred Nimmo as a callow mature student sharing a house with three young women. Wild, Wild Women (1969), starring Barbara Windsor and Pat Coombs and set in 1902, was effectively a period-drama variation on The Rag Trade, but only one series was produced.

On the Buses
Their next series was ITV's On the Buses, which ran from 1969 to 1973, leading them to be called the Other Two Ronnies. Rejected by the BBC, it was commissioned by Frank Muir, now Head of Entertainment at the then recently established London Weekend Television, who said it was "rather at the baked beans end of my menu". The series had an audience of up to 20 million, and was more popular at the time than Dad's Army.

It starred Reg Varney as bus driver Stan Butler, with Bob Grant as his bus conductor Jack Harper. Doris Hare was his Mum (originally played by Cicely Courtneidge), Michael Robbins his brother-in-law Arthur, Anna Karen as his plain sister Olive. Stephen Lewis as bus inspector Cyril Blake, usually referred to as 'Blakey', delivered the series' catchphrases "I 'ate you, Butler" and "I'll get you for this, Butler". Both Varney and Grant's characters were womanisers. As David Stubbs wrote for The Guardian in 2008, Grant and Varney were playing "two conspicuously middle-aged men" pursuing "an endless array of improbably available 'dolly birds'".

The series, although a rating success, was nevertheless critically derided at the time of its first broadcast. It led to three film spin-offs, which Chesney and Wolfe both co-wrote and co-produced. The first of these was more successful at the British box office than the year's James Bond film Diamonds Are Forever (1971). On the Buses American remake, Lotsa Luck (1973–74), ran for a season on NBC. When On the Buses ended, Wolfe and Chesney followed it with Don't Drink the Water (1974–75), which starred Stephen Lewis's Blakey character abroad in Spain with his sister (played by Pat Coombs). It lasted for two series.

Later work
The ITV sitcom Romany Jones ran from 1973 to 1975, with an initial pilot in 1972, was set on a caravan site. Originally it starred Dad's Army actor James Beck (who died in 1973, after recording the second series) with Jo Rowbottom and Jonathan Cecil also appearing. It lasted four series, being the most successful in the ratings of their series after On the Buses. It led to a sequel, featuring the characters played by Arthur Mullard and Queenie Watts moving into a council house, entitled Yus, My Dear (1976). The latter series, which had comparatively low ratings, has a reputation, shared with Romany Jones, of being one of the worst-ever sitcoms.

In 1977, following the BBC's rejection of a new pilot episode, The Rag Trade was revived by LWT for the ITV network, with Peter Jones and Miriam Karlin returning; it lasted for two series. Anna Karen was "transplanted" into the cast (as Anthony Hayward expressed it in 2011) to play her Olive character from On The Buses. Karlin, however, encouraged to return to the role by a promise from Chesney and Wolfe of a more ethnically diverse cast, ultimately regretted her involvement, believing the sole black character was merely a token.

Their last two series as a comedy scriptwriting partnership were Watch This Space (BBC 1980) set in an advertising agency with Liza Goddard, Peter Blake and Christopher Biggins, and Take a Letter, Mr. Jones (Southern 1981), a role-reversal comedy created for John Inman, which also starred Rula Lenska.

An episode of 'Allo 'Allo! (1989) and Fredrikssons Fabrik – The Movie (1994) were the partnership's last scripts.

Later life
From the 1980s, Wolfe taught comedy writing at London's City University in 1986 and 1988. His text book Writing Comedy first appeared in 1992. He was also a contributor to The Stage newspaper. Ronnie Wolfe – My Life in Memoirs appeared in 2010. Written 20 years earlier, it was launched at BAFTA in November 2010. Chesney was no longer a regular harmonica player in his last years; he preferred to play jazz on his grand piano at home.

Wolfe died on Sunday 18 December 2011, aged 89, three days after sustaining head injuries from a fall at a care home in London. He had married Rose Krieger in 1953; she served as his secretary and estimated that she had typed 95% of his scripts. The couple had two daughters. "He was the most incredible husband and we had 58 years of superb marriage harmony", his wife said in tribute.

Chesney died at Kingston Hospital on 12 April 2018, aged 97. He was survived by his wife Patricia, to whom he was married for 70 years, and their two children, Marianne and Michael.

Television credits

 * Here's Archie (1956) BBC
 * Educating Archie (1958–59) Associated-Rediffusion/ITV
 * The Rag Trade (1961–1963, 1977–1978) BBC, LWT/ITV
 * Comedy Playhouse – "The Bed" (1963, pilot for Meet the Wife) BBC
 * Meet the Wife (1964–1966) BBC
 * Barley Charlie (1964) Nine Network, Australia
 * The Bed-Sit Girl (1965–66) BBC
 * Sorry I'm Single (1967) BBC
 * According To Dora (1968–69) BBC
 * Comedy Playhouse (Series 7) – "Wild, Wild Women" (1968, pilot) BBC
 * Wild, Wild Women (1969, series) BBC
 * On the Buses (1969–1973) LWT
 * The Other Reg Varney (1970, repeated as The Reg Varney Comedy Hour in 1972) LWT
 * Romany Jones (1972, pilot) Thames Television/ITV
 * Romany Jones (1973–75, series) LWT/ITV
 * Don't Drink the Water (1974–75) LWT/ITV
 * Yus, My Dear (1976) LWT/ITV
 * Comedy Special – "The Boys and Mrs B" (1977) BBC
 * Watch This Space (1980) BBC
 * Take a Letter, Mr. Jones (1981) Southern/ITV
 * 'Allo 'Allo! (1989, episode "Down the Drain", series 5) BBC

Film credits

 * I've Gotta Horse (1965)
 * On the Buses (1971)
 * Mutiny on the Buses (1972)
 * Holiday on the Buses (1973)
 * Fredrikssons Fabrikk – The Movie (Norway 1994)

title: Chesney and Wolfe


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title: User:Wood091


text:
Fashion Nugget

Fashion Nugget is the second studio album by alternative rock band Cake. It was released in 1996, and contains 14 songs. "The Distance" and "I Will Survive" became the most successful singles on the record, with the prior peaking at number 22 in the UK and at number 4 on the US Alternative Airplay Chart. The album was recorded at Paradise Studios in Sacramento, California.

On December 9, 1996, the album was certified gold by the RIAA, and the next year, the album was certified platinum for shipments of one million copies.

Style
The album contains elements of alternative rock, rock, funk, hip hop,  rockabilly, jazz, country,  pop rock, folk rock, and Latin music.

Personnel
Cake
 * John McCrea – lead vocals, acoustic guitar and keyboards
 * Greg Brown – electric guitar and keyboards
 * Vince DiFiore – trumpet and percussion
 * Victor Damiani – bass
 * Todd Roper – drums and percussion

Guests
 * Greg Vincent – pedal steel guitar (track 12)

Appearances in other media

 * The Daria episode "The Road Worrier" featured the song "Frank Sinatra". The song "Daria" was used as closing credits for "The New Kid" and "Friend Is a Four-Letter Word" was the closing credit theme of episode 13 of season 4 : "Dye! Dye! My Darling".
 * The song "Frank Sinatra" was also featured at the close of The Sopranos episode "The Legend of Tennessee Moltisanti".
 * Cake's cover of "I Will Survive" was featured in the 1998 French film Those Who Love Me Can Take the Train, the 2004 Japanese movie Survive Style 5+, the 2002 film Secretary,the 2003 german movie "Herr Lehmann" and the 2003 Canadian comedy, Mambo Italiano.
 * "Open Book" was featured on the soundtrack to the 2001 film Sidewalks of New York.
 * "Stickshifts and Safetybelts" is featured in the film Waking Up in Reno.
 * "Stickshifts and Safetybelts" was featured on the Las Vegas callback episode of Season 6 of So You Think You Can Dance.
 * For two years, "The Distance" was used in the TV advert for the Powers Irish Grand National, a horse race which takes place in County Meath, Ireland every Easter Monday.
 * An instrumental version of "The Distance" was used in Episode 13 of Season 11 of The Simpsons, called "Saddlesore Galactica".
 * Excerpts of "Stickshifts and Safetybelts" are often used as bumpers on The Splendid Table, which is produced by American Public Media and airs on public radio stations nationwide.
 * The cover of "I Will Survive" and other songs from Fashion Nugget are used in the German film Herr Lehmann.
 * An instrumental and uptempo version of the song "Italian Leather Sofa" plays over the opening credits of Mission Hill.
 * "Perhaps, Perhaps, Perhaps" is featured on the soundtrack of the movies Dream for an Insomniac and Welcome to Woop Woop.
 * The cover of "I Will Survive" was used in the Italian movie L'uomo in più (One man up).
 * "Perhaps, Perhaps, Perhaps" was used in Snapple commercials
 * "The Distance" was used in Amazon Echo commercials in 2015.
 * PBS Kids used "The Distance" in a commercial for Maya & Miguel
 * The cover of "I Will Survive" appears in The Click, a pilot for the MTV show Undergrads.
 * A cover of "Friend is a Four Letter Word" was sung by the cast of Dear White People (season 4, episode 7).
 * "Frank Sinatra" was used in episode 2 of Pepsi, Where's My Jet?
 * "The Distance" was used in the episode "SHNGRLA" of Twisted Metal.

title: Fashion Nugget


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Haikou

Haikou is the capital and most populous city of the Chinese province of Hainan. Haikou city is situated on the northern coast of Hainan, by the mouth of the Nandu River. The northern part of the city is on the Haidian Island, which is separated from the main part of Haikou by the Haidian River, a branch of the Nandu. Administratively, Haikou is a prefecture-level city, comprising four districts, and covering 2280 km2. There are 2,046,189 inhabitants in the built-up area, all living within the four urban districts of the city.

Haikou was originally a port city, serving as the port for Qiongshan. During the Chinese Civil War, Haikou was one of the last Nationalist strongholds to be taken by the Communists — with the Battle of Hainan Island in 1950. Currently, more than half of the island's total trade still goes through Haikou's ports. The Temple of the Five Lords is located to the southeast of the city.

The city is home to Hainan University, a comprehensive research university under the Project 211 and the Double First Class University Plan in certain disciplines, which has its main campus on Haidian Island.

History
The hanzi characters comprising the city's name,, mean ocean/sea and mouth/port, respectively. Thus, the name "Haikou" is also a word for "seaport" – similar to Portsmouth in Britain. Haikou originally served as the port for Qiongshan, the ancient administrative capital of Hainan island, located some 5 km inland to the south east. During its early history Haikou was a part of Guangdong province. In the 13th century it was fortified and became a military post under the Ming dynasty (1368–1644). The port is located west of the mouth of the Nandu River, Hainan's principal river. When Qiongshan was opened to foreign trade under the Treaty of Tianjin in 1858, Haikou started to rival the old administrative city. It was formerly known internationally as 'Hoihow', based on the Cantonese pronunciation by the British Raj officers. In 1926, Haikou overtook Qiongshan in population and it was declared a separate administrative city.

The city and island of Hainan stayed under the control of the Nationalists until April 1950, when it fell to the Communists during the Landing Operation on Hainan Island.

Since 1949, Haikou has maintained its position as Hainan's main port, handling more than half of the island's total trade. It has replaced Qiongshan as the island's administrative capital. In 1988, Haikou was made a prefecture-level city as well as the capital of the newly created Hainan Province.

Haikou old town contains a small portion of the oldest buildings in Haikou city that returnees from overseas built. The houses are a mixture of styles including Portuguese, French, and Southeast Asian. The streets used to be divided into different areas selling Chinese and western medicine, for silk and bespoke clothes, one for fresh fish and meat, and others for the sale of incense, candles, paper, ink, and other goods.

Various projects are currently under discussion to decide the best way to restore and preserve these historical buildings.

Geography
Haikou is situated on the north coast of Hainan Island, by Haikou Bay, facing the Leizhou Peninsula across the Qiongzhou Strait that stretches west from Beibu Bay near Vietnam to the James Shoal bordering the South China Sea to the west. Most of the city is almost completely flat and only a few metres above sea level. It has an area of 2,304.84 km2. The Meishe River winds through the east side of the city flowing northward to the Haidian River.

The northern part of Haikou City, the district of Haidian Island, is separated from the main part of Haikou by the Haidian River, a tributary of the Nandu River. The district is accessed by one of four bridges, the largest being Haikou Century Bridge, which connects the Guomao district with Haidian Island at the estuary of the Haidian River. From east to west the remaining three road connections are provided by the Renmin, Heping and Xinbu Bridges.

Directly to the northeast of Haikou and to the east of Haidian Island is Xinbu Island.

Climate
Haikou is on the northern tropical zone, and is part of the Intertropical Convergence Zone. April to October is the active period for tropical storms and typhoons, most of which occur between August and September. May to October is the rainy season with the heaviest rainfall occurring in September. The city has a tropical wet and dry climate (Köppen Aw).

Environment
, Haikou has the second best air quality among major cities nationally, preceded only by Lhasa, Tibet. However, since approximately 2009, due to an increase in the number of automobiles, there has been somewhat worsening air pollution.

According to the 2005 statistical book issued by the National Bureau of Statistics, Haikou scored the highest among China's main cities in air quality, with 366 days (2004) of ambient air quality equal to or above grade II, with only 0.033 milligrams/m2 of particulate matter (the least of all main cities), 0.003 milligrams/m2 of sulphur dioxide (only Lhasa had less), and 0.013 milligrams/m2 of nitrogen dioxide (the least of all main cities).

In 1995, the Haikou city government began an initiative to improve the quality of life for its residents. With the approval of the World Health Organization, and Ministry of Health, a ten-point plan was undertaken to address such issues as:

 * Community health care
 * Vaccinations for children
 * Waste recycling
 * Green belts and urban trees
 * Environmentally friendly construction
 * Public toilets (These are available throughout the city, are staffed, and well maintained.)
 * Sewage treatment
 * Communications
 * Noise pollution

The groundwater is of international standard, and is classified as mineral water.

By 2004, the city had established 43 new community health service centers reaching 85 percent of the population. The initiative has increased the size of Haikou's green spaces to 2,000 hectares, with trees lining 40 percent of its roads. Noise pollution has dropped from 61.1db to 58.2db and 300 public toilets have been built. All industrial effluents, industrial waste water and solid waste, and all live sewage, is now processed through centralized treatment centers, and is disposed of without environmental impact. These improvements and others have increased life expectancy in Haikou to 78.26 years.

Haikou city has also built 163 model ecological villages. Now, over 200,000 villagers in 933 villages have tap water in their homes.

Comprehensive city-improvement campaign
During 2015 and 2016, large-scale city improvements have taken place as part of a province-wide initiative called "double create" (双创). It is described by government sources as a campaign to create a cleaner city and create a more civilized city. It is focused on traffic and commerce, but has also improved the overall appearance of the city, tackling air pollution from industry emissions, aiming to ensure the safety of drinking water sources, improving public security in such places as hospitals, schools, malls, and visitor attractions. Details of these improvements include:

 * Traffic: Many new street crossings with traffic lights were installed around the city to improve two-wheel vehicles (consisting mainly of electric motorbikes) and pedestrian travel. Throughout the city, teams of police have been stationed at major intersections to ensure that two-wheel vehicles obey the law. Although there are many side lanes for these bikes, the actual pedestrian sidewalks serve as legal, one-way routes. Police at intersections stop vehicles either going the wrong way, or running red lights and the offenders may be forced to wear a red sash, stop other offenders, and lecture them.
 * Commerce: Around August 2015, teams of officers physically removed nearly all illegal structures used for business in the city (a province-wide campaign) which were commonly made of corrugated metal or cinderblocks and were shop extensions or simply unused space that had been built upon. Street vendors were banned (most of whom sold vegetables or fruit), as was the night operation of roadside BBQ sites and the placement of tables onto the sidewalks by restaurants. These night time food operations were once common throughout the city.
 * Roads and sidewalks: Many small roads have been repaved including narrow lanes in old neighbourhoods. Also, many sidewalks have been upgraded with new brick. Bricks are used as sidewalk material in Haikou because of the large amount of ficus trees, the roots of which deform the surrounding sidewalk.
 * Demolition and reconstruction: A number of entire neighbourhoods within the city have been, and are being, entirely demolished with new buildings and roads being built.
 * Starting around the beginning of 2018, the city government funded painting and cladding of a number of buildings in the city centre.

Water and sewage treatment
The treatment of Haikou's wastewater, and the supply of tap water is operated by the French company Veolia Water. The partial privatization agreement gives 49 percent ownership to Veolia Water in a 30-year joint venture with Haikou Water Group (2012–2042).

Demographics
According to the 2010 Census, the prefecture-level city of Haikou has a registered population of 2,046,189 inhabitants, 537,848 more than the population declared on the past census in 2000. The average annual population growth during the period 2000–2010 was of 3.1 percent. Most of the population of Haikou are Han Chinese (around 97.75 percent, according to the 2010 Census).

Districts
Haikou is divided in four districts. The information presented here uses 2010 Census data.

Neighbourhoods
There are several distinct neighborhoods within the city, including:

Guomao
Guomao is a relatively affluent area located on the coast between Longquan Road to the east running west for more than one kilometre. The west part of this area has experienced substantial development since about 2007, and now contains dozens of newly built high-rise residential apartment buildings.

Bo'ai Road

This historical area is located on the south side of the Haidian River, at the northern part of mainland Haikou. Much of the area comprises arcade style, dilapidated buildings with European fusion-type architectural facades with Indian and Arabic influences. The buildings are almost all painted white, and are usually no more than a few storeys tall. The eastern part of the area is mainly residential. The western part contains hubs for such items as exotic foods, pets, and fabrics. The building facades and roads have been restored in most of the area, Zhongshan Road being the most notable.

Hainan University area
Located on Haidian Island, this area comprises the entire portion of the island west of its main north–south road, Renmin Dadao. It appears similar to a typical student ghetto, containing many small, inexpensive food stands and restaurants.

Haikou West Coast
A new neighbourhood is under development in Xiuying District around seven km west of downtown Haikou. Located within the neighbourhood are Hainan International Convention And Exhibition Center and Wuyuan River Stadium. Also, a number of government offices have moved there and numerous residential apartment complexes are being built.

Parks and recreational areas

 * Evergreen Park is a 71.3 hectare park located on Binhai Road about 200 m west of the southern foot of Haikou Century Bridge. It is the largest park in Haikou, containing approximately ten thousand coconut trees and several hundred species of South Asian ornamental plants, however, most of the park consists of grassy fields.
 * Baishamen Park (White Sand Gate Park) was created in 2010 and is located on the north shore of Haidian Island. The park contains a small amusement park, and consists mostly of grass fields, with little tree cover.
 * Changying Global 100 Fantasty Park is an under-construction amusement park around 12 km west of downtown Haikou.
 * Golden Bull Mountain Ridge Park (Jinniuling Park) includes a small zoo, a lake, diverse flora, and a high percentage of forest areas, including a large bamboo forest. It is located on Haixiu Road, west of Longquan Road, the main north–south avenue in Haikou.
 * Binhai Park is located east of Evergreen Park. There is a bougainvillea hybrid exhibition held each year. This park has a small lake and building used for community purposes in the middle.
 * Haikou People's Park is a recently refurbished park located in the downtown area on Haixiu Road next to East Lake. The park draws large numbers of people each morning who engage in exercises, predominantly tai chi, fitness dancing, and aerobics.
 * Hainan International Friendship Park is planned to occupy 180,000 m2 of land, with a length of over 2,000 m.
 * Hongcheng Lake (红城湖) is one of the largest water bodies in the city being around equal in size to the lake at Golden Bull Mountain Ridge Park. It has three islands, the largest of which contains a defunct hotel. The lake is a popular location for fishermen. At night, hawker stalls are set up along the roadsides for tourists and locals to drink and dine.
 * Holiday Beach is a 7 km-long beach and visitor attraction adjacent to the west side of Haikou.
 * Dongzhai Port Nature Reserve lies some 15 km south east of Haikou and was the first protected mangrove forest zone in China.
 * Meishe River National Wetland Park, an eco-park located on the Meishe River

Other notable locations

 * Zhongjie Road (忠介路), a shopping street with a long history
 * Jiefang East Road, a busy shopping street located west of the Bo'ai Road area
 * Guoxing Avenue, a main east–west street with many notable buildings
 * The Haikou Tower is an under-construction supertall skyscraper. Located on Guoxing Avenue at Haifu Road, it will be 94-storeys, and is scheduled for completion between 2020 and 2023.

Economy

The GDP per capita was US$3,573 in 2008, ranked number 43 among 659 Chinese cities. In 2011, the city's GDP reached 71.3 billion yuan, amounting to about 30 percent of the province's total.

Haikou exports substantial quantities of agricultural produce and livestock. There is a small amount of industry, including canning, textiles, rice hulling, and light engineering.

The "International Tourism and Central Business District" is under construction on the west part of Guoxing Avenue. The road was once only home to government buildings. Starting around 2011, HNA and other groups began erecting office buildings. Also located at the western end of Guoxing is the HNA Building, the headquarters of Hainan Airlines.

Near the southern end of Haikou, automotive manufacturer Haima Automobile has its global headquarters.

The Haikou Free Trade Zone (Haikou FTZ) (海口保税区) is a state-level, 1.93 km2 area located between Nanhai Road and Yehai Road. It was approved on October 21, 1992, by the State Council.

Education
Several major educational institutions are located in Haikou:
 * Hainan University has its main campus on Haikou's Haidian Island, with the South China Tropical Agricultural University, now part of the university, located in the southern part of the city.
 * Hainan Normal University is the oldest institution for higher learning, with a new campus in Guilinyang. It has an enrolment of more than 20,000, including approximately 200 foreigner students.
 * Hainan Medical College, founded in 1993, offers degrees in medicine. It is located in the southern part of the city.
 * Qiongtai Normal University is located in Qiongshan District, with a new campus in Guilinyang.
 * Haikou College of Economics, located by Guoxing Avenue, with a new campus in Guilinyang.
 * Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences is located across the road from Hainan Medical College.
 * Hainan Middle School

Transportation
[[File:Transportation in the Haikou area 01.png|thumb|Main transportation hubs in Haikou:

A: Haikou Port New Seaport area

B: South Port

C: Haikou Railway Station

D: Haikou Port Xiuying Port area

E: Haikou New Port

F: Haikou Transportation Center (main bus station)

G: Haikou East Railway Station

H: Haikou Meilan International Airport ]]

Urban
Haikou has an extensive urban bus service. Standard fare is 1 yuan, with no bus pass, ticket, or transfer system in place. Urban minibuses operated prior to 2009, but have since been phased-out. Taxi automobiles and electric motorbikes operate throughout the city. During 2009–2010, petrol-fueled motorbike taxis were banned and seized by police at numerous checkpoints within the city.

Haikou has experienced a substantial increase in cars since the early 2000s. Traffic on main streets, once light, is now similar to other major cities, with rush hour problems that have prompted the city to expand several main roads and build a new elevated road from the west end of Guoxing Avenue to new developments west of Holiday Beach.

Many main roads in the city have a side lane, separated by a median, for two-wheeled vehicles.

Physical barriers were installed on many of the main two-way streets throughout the city in order to separate opposing lanes. These were installed for safety reasons to prevent pedestrians from crossing the streets at locations other than intersections.

Roundabouts are not prevalent in Haikou, being used mainly on Hai Xiu road, and a few other locations.

Traffic cameras are used at many main intersections in the city, with tickets being issued by post for traffic light infractions.

There is one tunnel in the city, the Qiaozhong Road Tunnel.

Shared bicycles
The Haikou Public Bicycle System has about 20,000 bicycles. A pre-paid swipe card system is used to gain access to them. Starting on January 24, 2017, privately run app-based "dockless" shared bikes came into service. By April, there were about 40,000 of these types of bikes available. Ofo, Mobike, and "Quick to" all cost 2 RMB per hour. Ofo and "Quick to" bikes have tires with tubes, meaning many are left around the city with flat tires. The Haikou Public Bicycle System has installed a number of new, more modern bikes with tires that cannot be punctured. Part of Mobike's fleet also uses these types of tires.

Air
Haikou is served by Haikou Meilan International Airport (IATA: HAK, ICAO: ZJHK[1]), which is located 25 km from the city.

In January 2011, Haikou was selected to be the first test site for an experiment allowing private helicopter flight in China.

Rail
A railway links Haikou to the mainland. A ferry service transports the railway cars, along with other motor vehicles across the strait.

The Hainan East Ring Railway links Haikou and Sanya. There are 15 stations in between, either in operation or still under construction. Trains are designed to travel at 250 km/h. Travel time from Haikou to Sanya is approximately 1 hour and 22 minutes. The main station in Haikou is Haikou East railway station located near the southern end of Long Quan Road. In 2018, the Haikou South Station, the main bus station, relocated and is now directly to the south east of the Haikou East Railway Station.

In 2015, the Hainan western ring high-speed railway started operation. This second high-speed railway runs along the west coast of Hainan connecting with the Hainan Eastern Ring Railway.

Starting July 1, 2019, the Haikou Suburban Trains began operation. Up to 7 CRH6F-A (CRH6F with only 4 carriages) trains with specially-designed liveries will operate between Haikou station and Meilan station. The longest distance it will travel one-way is around 38 kilometers with 4 stations in between.

Road
Three main highways connect Haikou to other parts of Hainan, running east, west, and south through the middle of the province. The Haiwen expressway connects the city with Wenchang to the southeast. The main bus station is Haikou Transportation Center, located beside Haikou East railway station.

Seaports
Haikou has four seaports for passenger and cargo service. Haikou New Port, formerly known as the Inner Harbour, is located on the southern side of the mouth of the Haidian River. Approximately 7 km west of Haikou New Port is Haikou Xiuying Port. This port is considerably larger, and is the main distribution centre for cargo entering Hainan. It is also a major port for immigration onto Hainan Island. Around 20 km west of downtown Haikou are South Port and Haikou Port New Seaport.

Arts and culture
Several large public buildings now occupy Guoxing Avenue, the new area for arts and culture. These include the Hainan Provincial Museum, the Hainan Provincial Library, and the Hainan Centre for the Performing Arts. These are all located near to one another on the south side of the road, west of Haikou College of Economics, Haikou campus.

At the west side of Evergreen Park is the Haikou Great Hall of the People, a concert hall, and Hainan Exhibition & Convention Center, a large centre for trade shows and other commercial events. Haikou City Stadium, is the main venue for sports events, and is located at the southeast corner of Evergreen Park. The Wuyuan River Stadium opened in April 2018. It is located west of downtown Haikou, near the newly built Haikou West Coast. With a capacity of over 40,000, it is the largest stadium in the province.

Older cultural sites include the now-restored buildings of the Bo'ai Road area, the tomb of Hai Rui, Xiuying Fort in the Guomao area, the Temple of the Five Lords, the cemetery for the martyrs of Hainan's Battle of the Liberation, and the former temple Haikou Yazhou Gu Cheng.

Nightlife
Bars and KTV are patronized until after midnight. There are several popular bar streets within the city. Up until 2015, roadside BBQ sites were common throughout the city. A large-scale campaign to clean up the city has since prohibited them.

Tourism
Also known as the "Coconut city", Haikou is an important tourist destination for China. The city received 4.11 million tourists in 2002, up 7.99 percent from 2001. In 2019, the number of tourists in Haikou has exceeded 83.11 million. The city earned approximately three billion yuan (361 million US dollars) from the tourism industry during that period, up 11 percent from the previous year.

Haikou is also developing its Meetings, Incentives, Conferencing, Exhibitions industry. The local government set up the Haikou Convention and Exhibition Bureau in June 2012 and pledged RMB35 million (US$5.6 million) to support the development of the MICE industry. More international hotel chains are also arriving. By 2013, international brands included Shangri-La, Westin (opening September 2013 ), and Sheraton.

In 2016, the China Merchants holdings group unveiled its plans to develop Shenzhen, Haikou and Sanya as the three destination ports that its South China Sea passenger cruises would serve. Subsequently, a large passenger cruise terminal was inaugurated in Shenzhen in October 2016.

Sister cities
Haikou has international relationships with these places:

title: Haikou


text:
User talk:Rick Block

If you're here to respond to a comment I posted on your talk page, feel free to reply on your talk page (so the question and answer are together). I ALWAYS watch talk pages I've posted comments to for a while. If you leave me a message, I'll respond here unless you ask me not to.

Archives: 2018 • 2017 • 2016 • 2015 • 2014 • 2013 • 2012 • 2011 • 2010 • 2009 • 2008 • 2007 • 2006 • 2005 • 2004

Indexing CFDs
I was replacing one of the templates in Categories for discussion/Archive debates and I noticed that the CFD archive indices stop after February 2018. Is there a reason the archives stopped being created? Primefac (talk) 20:51, 2 January 2019 (UTC)
 * This is on my list to look at - I noticed a week or so ago. The way it's supposed to work is the bot waits until all the open discussions for the month are closed (one way or another), and then creates the monthly index. Without looking at it, my guess is something changed that is making the bot think there are still open discussions. -- Rick Block (talk) 00:55, 3 January 2019 (UTC)
 * I think it's fixed and have added indices for the missing months (there's still an unclosed request from November, so the indices stop with October). -- Rick Block (talk) 18:13, 13 January 2019 (UTC)

ArbCom 2019 special circular

This message was sent to all administrators following a recent motion. Thank you for your attention. For the Arbitration Committee, Cameron11598 02:19, 4 May 2019 (UTC)

Administrator account security (Correction to Arbcom 2019 special circular)
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Proposed deletion of File:Montyflip.png

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2019 US Banknote Contest
Sent by ZLEA at 23:30, 19 October 2019 (UTC) via MediaWiki message delivery (talk)

Username changed
Hey, I brought this up at the talk page for List of Wikipedians by featured article nominations as well. But, could you update the list so my old username, User:Dan56, is changed to my new name? isento (talk) 17:46, 15 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Looks like you figured out how to do this yourself :) Rick Block (talk) 21:58, 19 February 2020 (UTC)

Rick Bot
Hi. Rick Bot seems to have missed me off as the nominator of Siege of Lilybaeum (250–241 BC) at Featured articles promoted in 2020 (June) and I am wary of inserting anything manually for fear of breaking something. Gog the Mild (talk) 21:13, 18 June 2020 (UTC)

Precious anniversary
--Gerda Arendt (talk) 07:08, 25 June 2020 (UTC)

Featured topic promotion lists
Hi, I just came across Featured topics promoted in 2020 and noticed that your bot strikes through all the nominations after a while, for example to indicate that Featured topics/Operas by Claudio Monteverdi was demoted 9 minutes after it was promoted. Something seems to be wrong with Rick Bot's "autoupdate" function. If this is difficult to fix, I guess just turning off the strikethrough (and not mentioning it in the header) would make these pages less confusing. —Kusma (t·c) 20:44, 9 August 2020 (UTC)
 * I'll take a look at it this weekend. -- Rick Block (talk) 00:33, 15 August 2020 (UTC)
 * I believe I've fixed it. The layout of WP:FT apparently changed some time ago and the bot has not been able to determine the list of FTs. This also affects WP:WBFTN. Thanks for letting me know about this. If you notice any further issues, please let me know. -- Rick Block (talk) 13:20, 16 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Looks much better, thank you for fixing this! —Kusma (t·c) 16:51, 16 August 2020 (UTC)

"Wikipedia:WPCG" listed at Redirects for discussion
A discussion is taking place to address the redirect Wikipedia:WPCG. The discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2020 August 30 until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. — SMcCandlish ☏ ¢ 😼  07:36, 30 August 2020 (UTC)

A brownie for you!

 * You're welcome! -- Rick Block (talk) 00:32, 17 February 2021 (UTC)

Precious anniversary
--Gerda Arendt (talk) 08:28, 25 June 2021 (UTC)

Bot question
Hello, Rick,

I was looking over List of administrator hopefuls the other day and noticed that there were quite a few editors listed on it who were blocked as sockpuppets or had been indefinitely blocked, some of them over a decade ago. So, I removed their names and the ones who had a "I want to be an admin someday" userbox, well, I removed it from their user page. None of these editors will be returning. Unfortunately, when RickBot updated the page, it removed the editors who had had the userboxes removed but it re-added all of the names that I had manually removed from the page. This is puzzling to me because I thought editors could add their names to the list (because they didn't have the admin userboxes) so it seems like it should be possible to remove them, too.

I know that this page probably gets very few views, but is there any way that manual changes won't be undone by RickBot? I just took the accounts off again but I don't want to do this regularly. Thanks for any help you can offer. Liz Read! Talk! 04:16, 13 July 2021 (UTC)
 * The bot cues off the contents of category:Wikipedia_administrator_hopefuls which is populated by the userboxes, so to remove someone the userbox has to be removed. Note that the userbox can be on a subpage. -- Rick Block (talk) 16:26, 14 July 2021 (UTC)

Several bugs in CfD indexing I found
* Pppery * it has begun... 15:17, 20 July 2021 (UTC)
 * 1) Categories for discussion/Archive debates/2020 September index, Categories for discussion/Archive debates/2020 November index, Categories for discussion/Archive debates/2020 December index, and Categories for discussion/Archive debates/2021 February index were never created.
 * 2) The bot gets confused by the markup in 's signature, causing things to render with stray apostrophes and in italic instead of the intended bold.
 * 3) The bot occasionally seems to conflate two discussions into one entry. For example, see the entry for Category:Activists from Dedham, Massachusetts at Categories for discussion/Archive debates/2020 April index, which has become merged with a separate discussion for Category:Activists from Toronto. The "Category" link goes to the first category, the "Discussion_log" link goes to the discussion for the second category, and the "Decision" link concatenates the closing statements of both together.
 * 4) Several historical indexes were created too soon, and are therefore missing some discussions. For example, Categories for discussion/Archive debates/2019 October index was created on the first of the month and doesn't include any discussions closed after the first of the month.
 * Thanks! I'll look into these, maybe this weekend. Franky, I've never been sure anyone ever uses these indices.-- Rick Block (talk) 15:05, 22 July 2021 (UTC)
 * I made an update to the bot source which seems to have fixed 2 and 3, and have manually updated the indices from January 2020 through April 2021 (and Oct 2019). At this point I'm not sure why it misses some months and runs early. I'll look at it some more tomorrow. -- Rick Block (talk) 18:04, 24 July 2021 (UTC)
 * I think I may have a clue as to the issue here. A couple of weeks ago, I was going over some old CfD logs for the last few months, and went to one of my sandboxes to transclude a bunch of CfD logpages. But for some reason I was unable to save the page! I don't recall the exact error message, but I believe it was a blacklisted link. (And all I was trying to do was transclude the log pages, so it's confusing that this would even be picked up by a filter). Anyway, I don't remember exactly which page it was, but I believe it was from one of the months your bot is currently having trouble with. If I were you, what I'd try is having it dump its rendered page to a text file, and then create the page manually (I believe sysops bypass the filter, or at least have an option to click through it). jp×g 05:04, 5 October 2021 (UTC)

Active admins
Hi, Rick Bot seems to have removed a number of seemingly active admins in the u-z username category... Eddie891 Talk Work 22:02, 28 September 2021 (UTC)
 * Is the bot down? The last update was 29 September. ☆ Bri (talk) 22:23, 19 October 2021 (UTC)
 * Yes, the bot is down. I have a certificate issue of some kind I haven't been able to resolve yet. Seems to be related to this, but as far as I can tell I don't have the expired certificate. -- Rick Block (talk) 22:48, 20 October 2021 (UTC)

Nomination for deletion of Template:Places in Bedfordshire/script
Template:Places in Bedfordshire/script has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the entry on the Templates for discussion page. Tom (LT) (talk) 03:14, 23 October 2021 (UTC)

WP:WBFAN
Hi - I don't know if you are aware, but Rick Bot has not been updating List of Wikipedians by featured article nominations for promoted and demoted featured articles since the end of September. Also Featured articles promoted in 2021 has been updated manually since then. RetiredDuke (talk) 14:14, 25 October 2021 (UTC)
 * Yes, I know. I have certificate issues I'm working through. Shouldn't be too much longer. -- Rick Block (talk) 20:44, 29 October 2021 (UTC)

Administrators will no longer be autopatrolled
A recently closed Request for Comment (RFC) reached consensus to remove Autopatrolled from the administrator user group. You may, similarly as with Edit Filter Manager, choose to self-assign this permission to yourself. This will be implemented the week of December 13th, but if you wish to self-assign you may do so now. To find out when the change has gone live or if you have any questions please visit the Administrator's Noticeboard. 20:06, 7 December 2021 (UTC)

Rick Bot
Hi there. I refer to this edit by Rick Bot:. My previous username was Freikorp. Most of my featured article nominations were made under this name, though obviously new ones are made under my current name. As per a suggestion at Wikipedia talk:List of Wikipedians by featured article nominations, I manually updated the list to merge my contributions made under my two different names, as I am not happy to be featured on the list twice. Rick Bot, however, has reverted me fixing this issue. Is there any way we can stop it from doing that, and allow me to merge my nominations? I'm not sure how it collects data, but I'm open to modifying the original nominations to feature my current username, if that fixes this issue. Thanks. Damien Linnane (talk) 00:33, 19 December 2021 (UTC)
 * I responded there. -- Rick Block (talk) 16:04, 19 December 2021 (UTC)

Category:Real closed field has been nominated for renaming
Category:Real closed field has been nominated for renaming. A discussion is taking place to decide whether this proposal complies with the categorization guidelines. If you would like to participate in the discussion, you are invited to add your comments at the category's entry on the categories for discussion page. Thank you. –LaundryPizza03 ( d c̄ ) 10:58, 30 December 2021 (UTC)

Category:Formally real field has been nominated for deletion
Category:Formally real field has been nominated for deletion. A discussion is taking place to decide whether this proposal complies with the categorization guidelines. If you would like to participate in the discussion, you are invited to add your comments at the category's entry on the categories for discussion page. Thank you. –LaundryPizza03 ( d c̄ ) 08:06, 31 December 2021 (UTC)

How we will see unregistered users
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18:12, 4 January 2022 (UTC)

Nomination for deletion of Template:Datecnum
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"Sentry®Safe" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect Sentry®Safe and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2022 April 15 until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. BD2412 T 05:15, 15 April 2022 (UTC)

New administrator activity requirement
22:53, 15 April 2022 (UTC)

Re: Update my name at FAN user list
Hi. I tried to update my username here at the list of Wikipedians by FA nominations, but your bot's next autoupdate undid that. Can you please restore the updated name? Thank you. 𝒮𝒾𝓇 𝒯𝑒𝒻𝓁𝑜𝓃 (talk | contribs) 17:10, 6 May 2022 (UTC)
 * Name changes have to be done in the by-year lists, like this. I think I caught them all. -- Rick Block (talk) 21:42, 7 May 2022 (UTC)

Always precious
Ten years ago, you were found precious. That's what you are, always. --Gerda Arendt (talk) 06:00, 25 June 2022 (UTC)

WBFAN missing one?
Hi — looks like John Raymond science fiction magazines, promoted a few weeks ago, isn’t showing up in WBFAN? Mike Christie (talk - contribs - library) 20:55, 5 November 2022 (UTC)
 * I think this edit will fix it. Not sure why it was missing. Mike Christie (talk - contribs -  library) 22:35, 9 November 2022 (UTC)
 * Now fixed; thanks. Mike Christie (talk - contribs - library) 17:37, 10 November 2022 (UTC)

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Administrative permissions and inactivity reminder
This is a reminder that established policy provides for removal of the administrative permissions of users who have made fewer than 100 edits over a 60-month period. You are receiving this annual reminder since you have averaged less than 50 edits per year over the last 5 years.Inactive administrators are encouraged to reengage with the project in earnest rather than to make token edits to avoid loss of administrative permissions. Resources and support for reengaging with the project are available at WikiProject Editor Retention/administrators. If you do not intend to be engaged with the project in the foreseeable future, please consider voluntarily resigning your administrative permissions by making a request at the bureaucrats' noticeboard.Thank you for your past contributions to the project. — JJMC89 bot 00:22, 1 January 2023 (UTC)

Nomination for deletion of Template:Prefecture navobox
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Category:French Polynesian people has been nominated for renaming
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Wikipedia:List of Wikipedians by featured list nominations issue
Hi, filing a bug report for Rick Bot, though it looks like you may not see it - in the last update to List of Wikipedians by featured list nominations, all of the promoted lists were stuck at the bottom commented out as not having nomination history, and Featured lists promoted in 2023 was not updated. It looks like FACbot updated Featured list candidates/Featured log/September 2023 correctly, so not sure yet what happened. -- Pres N  15:53, 19 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Must have just been a hiccup, Rick Bot fixed itself the next day's run. -- Pres N  21:53, 19 September 2023 (UTC)

"Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Archive debates/June index" listed at Redirects for discussion
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Proposed deletion of Noboribetsu (disambiguation)

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Administrative permissions and inactivity reminder
This is a reminder that established policy provides for removal of the administrative permissions of users who have made fewer than 100 edits over a 60-month period. You are receiving this annual reminder since you have averaged less than 50 edits per year over the last 5 years.Inactive administrators are encouraged to reengage with the project in earnest rather than to make token edits to avoid loss of administrative permissions. Resources and support for reengaging with the project are available at WikiProject Editor Retention/administrators. If you do not intend to be engaged with the project in the foreseeable future, please consider voluntarily resigning your administrative permissions by making a request at the bureaucrats' noticeboard.Thank you for your past contributions to the project. — JJMC89 bot 00:31, 1 February 2024 (UTC)

german version of illustration Monty Hall Problem - Standard probabilities
Hello Rick, I updated the german version of the "Monty Hall Problem" article. It uses your illustration "Monty Hall Problem - Standard probabilities.svg" now. In addition, I used Libre Office Draw to change the text to german language. Unfortunately some of the colours disappear when I use Libre Office Draw. However, I uploaded my result to File:Monty Hall Problem - Standard probabilities_de.svg to commons. Now I'd like to ask you if you could please change the text with your tool chain, so all colours stay unchanged, and replace my intermediate german version with a final version from yourself. I like your illustration, thanks for providing it in the first place :-) Best regards, Buecherdiebin (talk) 12:04, 9 March 2024 (UTC)

 * Hallo! The image you're talking about was apparently created by (based on an image I created with no text at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Monty-RightCarSwitch.svg). I can't find the original image on the computer I'm currently using (a Mac). I suspect I created this image on a Windows PC that I no longer have access to, probably using Microsoft Powerpoint. Perhaps  might be able to help? -- Rick Block (talk) 23:46, 31 March 2024 (UTC)

 * I'm afraid I don't have the configuration I had when I created the image. maybe you can update the image and upload your version in both languages, so that the colorus match? Other option would be to crop the image and recreate the text yourself in a new tool. Diego (talk) 06:41, 1 April 2024 (UTC)
 * @Diego Moya Thank you for this feedback. In the meantime I managed to create a JPEG File with German Text and matching colours. I will use this and maybe replace it later when I find a Tool which updates the SVG File without funny Side effects. Buecherdiebin (talk) 07:31, 1 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Done. Today I tried "Scribus" and it worked fine :-). Buecherdiebin (talk) 09:38, 8 April 2024 (UTC)

Featured article nomination counter bug
Hey there! Thought you might want to know that WP:WBFAN lists (courtesy ping) twice, putting one of them under User:Gerda Arendt. Not sure where that comes from! Thanks :) theleekycauldron (talk • she/her) 08:26, 26 May 2024 (UTC)

 * Thanks! Looks like this edit fixed it. -- Rick Block (talk) 22:36, 18 June 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:Rick Block


text:
Frequency mixer

In electronics, a mixer, or frequency mixer, is an electrical circuit that creates new frequencies from two signals applied to it. In its most common application, two signals are applied to a mixer, and it produces new signals at the sum and difference of the original frequencies. Other frequency components may also be produced in a practical frequency mixer.

Mixers are widely used to shift signals from one frequency range to another, a process known as heterodyning, for convenience in transmission or further signal processing. For example, a key component of a superheterodyne receiver is a mixer used to move received signals to a common intermediate frequency. Frequency mixers are also used to modulate a carrier signal in radio transmitters.

Types
The essential characteristic of a mixer is that it produces a component in its output which is the product of the two input signals. Both active and passive circuits can realize mixers. Passive mixers use one or more diodes and rely on their non-linear relation between voltage and current to provide the multiplying element. In a passive mixer, the desired output signal is always of lower power than the input signals.

Active mixers use an amplifying device (such as a transistor or vacuum tube) that may increase the strength of the product signal. Active mixers improve isolation between the ports, but may have higher noise and more power consumption. An active mixer can be less tolerant of overload.

Mixers may be built of discrete components, may be part of integrated circuits, or can be delivered as hybrid modules.

Mixers may also be classified by their topology: Selection of a mixer type is a trade off for a particular application.
 * An unbalanced mixer, in addition to producing a product signal, allows both input signals to pass through and appear as components in the output.
 * A single balanced mixer is arranged with one of its inputs applied to a balanced (differential) circuit so that either the local oscillator (LO) or signal input (RF) is suppressed at the output, but not both.
 * A double balanced mixer has both its inputs applied to differential circuits, so that neither of the input signals and only the product signal appears at the output. Double balanced mixers are more complex and require higher drive levels than unbalanced and single balanced designs.

Mixer circuits are characterized by their properties such as conversion gain (or loss), noise figure and nonlinearity.

Nonlinear electronic components that are used as mixers include diodes and transistors biased near cutoff. Linear, time-varying devices, such as analog multipliers, provide superior performance, as it is only in true multipliers that the output amplitude is proportional to the input amplitude, as required for linear conversion. Ferromagnetic-core inductors driven into saturation have also been used. In nonlinear optics, crystals with nonlinear characteristics are used to mix two frequencies of laser light to create optical heterodynes.

Diode
A diode can be used to create a simple unbalanced mixer. This type of mixer produces the original frequencies as well as their sum and their difference. The important property of the diode is its non-linearity (or non-Ohmic behavior), which means its response (current) is not proportional to its input (voltage). The diode does not reproduce the frequencies of its driving voltage in the current through it, which allows the desired frequency manipulation. The current $$I$$ through an ideal diode as a function of the voltage $$V_D$$ across it is given by
 * $$I=I_\mathrm{S} \left( e^{qV_\mathrm{D} \over nkT}-1 \right)$$

where the important property of non-linearity results from $$V_D$$ being in $$e$$'s exponent. The exponential can be expanded as
 * $$e^x = \sum_{n=0}^\infty \frac{x^n}{n!}$$

and can be approximated for small $$x$$ (that is, small voltages) by the first few terms of that series:
 * $$e^x-1\approx x + \frac{x^2}{2}$$

Suppose that the sum of the two input signals $$v_1+v_2$$ is applied to a diode, and that an output voltage is generated that is proportional to the current through the diode (perhaps by providing the voltage that is present across a resistor in series with the diode). Then, disregarding the constants in the diode equation, the output voltage will have the form
 * $$v_\mathrm{o} = (v_1+v_2)+\frac12 (v_1+v_2)^2 + \dots$$

The first term on the right is the original two signals, as expected, followed by the square of the sum, which can be rewritten as $$(v_1+v_2)^2 = v_1^2 + 2 v_1 v_2 + v_2^2$$, where the multiplied signal is obvious. The ellipsis represents all the higher powers of the sum which we assume to be negligible for small signals.

Suppose that two input sinusoids of different frequencies are fed into the diode, such that $$v_1=\sin at$$ and $$v_2=\sin bt$$. The signal $$v_0$$ becomes:
 * $$v_\mathrm{o} = (\sin at +\sin bt)+\frac12 (\sin at +\sin bt)^2 + \dots$$

Expanding the square term yields:
 * $$v_\mathrm{o} = (\sin at +\sin bt)+\frac12 (\sin^2 at + 2 \sin at \cdot \sin bt + \sin^2 bt) + \dots$$

Ignoring all terms except for the $$\sin at \sin bt$$ term and utilizing the prosthaphaeresis (product to sum) identity,
 * $$\sin a \sin b = \frac{\cos(a - b) - \cos(a + b)}{2}$$

yields,
 * $$v_\mathrm{o} = \cos((a-b)t)-\cos((a+b)t) + \dots$$

demonstrating how new frequencies are created from the mixer.

Switching
Another form of mixer operates by switching, which is equivalent to multiplication of an input signal by a square wave. In a double-balanced mixer, the (smaller) input signal is alternately inverted or non inverted according to the phase of the local oscillator (LO). That is, the input signal is effectively multiplied by a square wave that alternates between +1 and -1 at the LO rate.

In a single-balanced switching mixer, the input signal is alternately passed or blocked. The input signal is thus effectively multiplied by a square wave that alternates between 0 and +1. This results in frequency components of the input signal being present in the output together with the product, since the multiplying signal can be viewed as a square wave with a DC offset (i.e. a zero frequency component).

The aim of a switching mixer is to achieve the linear operation by means of hard switching, driven by the local oscillator. In the frequency domain, the switching mixer operation leads to the usual sum and difference frequencies, but also to further terms e.g. ±3fLO, ±5fLO, etc. The advantage of a switching mixer is that it can achieve (with the same effort) a lower noise figure (NF) and larger conversion gain. This is because the switching diodes or transistors act either like a small resistor (switch closed) or large resistor (switch open), and in both cases only a minimal noise is added. From the circuit perspective, many multiplying mixers can be used as switching mixers, just by increasing the LO amplitude. So RF engineers simply talk about mixers, while they mean switching mixers.

The mixer circuit can be used not only to shift the frequency of an input signal as in a receiver, but also as a product detector, modulator, phase detector or frequency multiplier. For example, a communications receiver might contain two mixer stages for conversion of the input signal to an intermediate frequency and another mixer employed as a detector for demodulation of the signal.

title: Frequency mixer