text:
User talk:ShaneCavanaugh

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Dersonlwd Talk 04:51, 24 Feb 2004 (UTC)

On Loveless

 * Instead of a string of edits and reversals, I'll try and make my points here as to my insistence on keeping the references to critical response in the Loveless article:

a)"receiving rave reviews by most of the British music press at the time it came out" seems significant to me in that this album in particular was, well, object of rave reviews. The point being not that it's generally considered good, but that compared to many other albums of the time, and many albums in general, it obtained a great ammount of positive attention, to the point of pure hype, and is still regularly touted as one of the greatest musical references of modern music, as if it were some sort of holy cow. Even now, albums get compared to (or when reviewed, are passingly associated with, even if jokingly) Loveless as soon as they veer off into noisy-pop territory. It's mentioned in the article already, yes, but in passing, and only to make the point that it didn't sell quite as well as expected, and using the first piece of info (acclaim) as a conduct for the second (low sales) doesn't seem precise to me, rather, they should be presented seperately and both with some attention. As my edit, I think, would leave it.

b)"and still often resurfacing on reviewer's lists of best albums to date.", meaning that it is still kept as an important musical reference by a number of people. Though said rankings list does show the point, it doesn't make it as explicitly, especially being at the very end of the article.

I'd like to get your reasoning as to the invalidity of these better explained here, hopefully, and maybe you can suggest a better way of phrasing this, or give me a convincing enough reason not to phrase it at all, which honestly, I haven't seen so far. Otherwise, since it's a tad ridiculous that two editors in particular are pulling this back and forth, we could take it to the article's talk page and maybe reach for a consensus. If you don't respond, I'll assume putting it back as it was before your reversal is okay. Cheers, Zeppocity 04:49, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I don't have any problem with your points, as they are valid. My only problem is the placement of your points. The first paragraph, as I see it, is to be as succinct as possible, with the rest of the article to articulate the subject. Since there's already a paragraph on how Loveless was received by critics, mentioning your points there would be best, I think. Also, your point that you mentioned here about Loveless's hype might also be a topic worth mentioning, though carefully of course. I'll copy this to your Talk page because I'm not sure if you're going to check back here or at your own page. I'll also put it on the Loveless article's Talk page because it's relevant.ShaneCavanaugh 05:11, August 21, 2005 (UTC)

Bougereau Gallery
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MBV
I hadn't finished, no, it was just late and I had to go to bed. I'm mostly sourcing from spiral scratch at the moment, it's the most comprehensive on their history, beforte moving onto the other stuff. I'm not sure how you want to play it with regards your stuff, I'd feel a bit of a tealeaf if I appropriated your stuff. Mind, maybe you can clarify something that's been puzzling me: that interview with Shields where he said him and Colm met at a karate compo, the ages he quotes there aren't compatible with the dates of birth we've got for them, there's only 18 months between them so something is wrong somewhere if Shields says he was 15 and Colm was 12. That said I can source another ref which states Colm was 12. I wonder where the dates of birth were sourced from. I know Shields is noted for a hazy memory... Steve block talk 16:18, 24 February 2006 (UTC)

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Image:My Bloody Valentine.jpg
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title: User talk:ShaneCavanaugh


text:
Transition metal alkoxide complex

A transition metal alkoxide complex is a kind of coordination complex containing one or more alkoxide ligands, written as RO-, where R is the organic substituent. Metal alkoxides are used for coatings and as catalysts.

By metathesis reactions
Many alkoxides are prepared by salt-forming reactions from a metal chlorides and sodium alkoxide:
 * MCl_{n} + n NaOR  ->  M(OR)_{n}  +  n NaCl

Such reactions are favored by the lattice energy of the NaCl, and purification of the product alkoxide is simplified by the fact that NaCl is insoluble in common organic solvents.

For electrophilic metal halides, conversion to the alkoxide requires no or mild base. Titanium tetrachloride reacts with alcohols to give the corresponding tetraalkoxides, concomitant with the evolution of hydrogen chloride:

 * TiCl4 + 4 (CH3)2CHOH ->  Ti(OCH(CH3)2)4 + 4 HCl

The reaction can be accelerated by the addition of a base, such as a tertiary amine. Other electrophilic metal halides can be used instead of titanium, for example NbCl5.

By electrochemical processes
Many alkoxides can be prepared by anodic dissolution of the corresponding metals in water-free alcohols in the presence of electroconductive additive. The metals may be Co, Ga, Ge, Hf, Fe, Ni, Nb, Mo, La, Re, Sc, Si, Ti, Ta, W, Y, Zr, etc. The conductive additive may be lithium chloride, quaternary ammonium halide, or other. Some examples of metal alkoxides obtained by this technique: Ti(OCH(CH3)2)4, Nb2(OCH3)10, Ta2(OCH3)10, [MoO(OCH3)4]2, Re2O3(OCH3)6, Re4O6(OCH3)12, and Re4O6(OCH(CH3)2)10.

Hydrolysis and transesterification
Aliphatic metal alkoxides decompose in water: where R is an organic substituent and L is an unspecified ligand (often an alkoxide). A well-studied case is the irreversible hydrolysis of titanium isopropoxide:

 * Ti(OR)4 + 2 H2O  ->  TiO2  +  4 HOR

By controlling the stoichiometry and steric properties of the alkoxide, such reactions can be arrested leading to metal-oxy-alkoxides, which usually are oligonuclear. Other alcohols can be employed in place of water. In this way one alkoxide can be converted to another, and the process is properly referred to as alcoholysis (although there is an issue of terminology confusion with transesterification, a different process - see below). The position of the equilibrium can be controlled by the acidity of the alcohol; for example phenols typically react with alkoxides to release alcohols, giving the corresponding phenoxide. More simply, the alcoholysis can be controlled by selectively evaporating the more volatile component. In this way, ethoxides can be converted to butoxides, since ethanol (b.p. 78 °C) is more volatile than butanol (b.p. 118 °C).

Formation of oxo-alkoxides
Many metal alkoxide compounds also feature oxo-ligands. Oxo-ligands typically arise via the hydrolysis, often accidentally, and via ether elimination:
 * 2 L_{n}MOR -> (L_{n}M)2O  +  ROR

Additionally, low valent metal alkoxides are susceptible to oxidation by air.

Characteristically, transition metal alkoxides are polynuclear, that is they contain more than one metal. Alkoxides are sterically undemanding and highly basic ligands that tend to bridge metals.

Upon the isomorphic substitution of metal atoms close in properties crystalline complexes of variable composition are formed. The metal ratio in such compounds can vary over a broad range. For instance, the substitution of molybdenum and tungsten for rhenium in the complexes Re4O_{6−y}(OCH3)_{12+y} allowed one to obtain complexes Re_{4−x}Mo_{x}O_{6−y}(OCH3)_{12+y} in the range 0 ≤ x ≤ 2.82 and Re_{4−x}W_{x}O_{6−y}(OCH3)_{12+y} in the range 0 ≤ x ≤ 2.

Insertion into M-OR bond
Alkoxide ligands are often nucleophilic. They often undergo insertion reactions with unsaturated substrates such as carbon dioxide and isocyanates.
 * Mo2(O\st\sBu)6 + 2 CO2 ->  Mo2(O2CO\st\sBu)2(O\st\sBu)4

Hydrogenolysis
The metal-alkoxide bond is susceptible to hydrogenolysis, especially for platinum metal derivatives:
 * L(n)M\sOR + H2 ->  L(n)MH  +  HOR

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Transition metal alkoxide complex


text:
Semiprimitive ring

In algebra, a semiprimitive ring or Jacobson semisimple ring or J-semisimple ring is a ring whose Jacobson radical is zero. This is a type of ring more general than a semisimple ring, but where simple modules still provide enough information about the ring. Rings such as the ring of integers are semiprimitive, and an artinian semiprimitive ring is just a semisimple ring. Semiprimitive rings can be understood as subdirect products of primitive rings, which are described by the Jacobson density theorem.

Definition
A ring is called semiprimitive or Jacobson semisimple if its Jacobson radical is the zero ideal.

A ring is semiprimitive if and only if it has a faithful semisimple left module. The semiprimitive property is left-right symmetric, and so a ring is semiprimitive if and only if it has a faithful semisimple right module.

A ring is semiprimitive if and only if it is a subdirect product of left primitive rings.

A commutative ring is semiprimitive if and only if it is a subdirect product of fields,.

A left artinian ring is semiprimitive if and only if it is semisimple,. Such rings are sometimes called semisimple Artinian,.

Examples

 * The ring of integers is semiprimitive, but not semisimple.
 * Every primitive ring is semiprimitive.
 * The product of two fields is semiprimitive but not primitive.
 * Every von Neumann regular ring is semiprimitive.

Jacobson himself has defined a ring to be "semisimple" if and only if it is a subdirect product of simple rings,. However, this is a stricter notion, since the endomorphism ring of a countably infinite dimensional vector space is semiprimitive, but not a subdirect product of simple rings,.

title: Semiprimitive ring


text:
User:Datapacrat

Nothing much to say yet. Only learned how to sign posts about an hour ago. DataPacRat 07:12, Feb 25, 2004 (UTC)

I'm an urban hermit, a hiker, a rationalist, a skeptic, a freethinker, an empiricist, a materialist, a naturalist, a scientist, a bibliophile, an INTJ, a white hat hacker, a secular humanist, a teetotaler, a social-liberal civil-libertarian monarchist, a furry fan, a playtester, a licensed amateur radio operator, an ordained minister of the First Church of Atheism, a card-carrying pirate, the Star Lord, a Lord of the Rose, and a proud member of the Bayesian Conspiracy.

I try to operate by Crocker's Rules.

My online presences are pretty much all linked to at my Google Profile. DataPacRat (talk) 10:11, 11 February 2013 (UTC)

title: User:Datapacrat


text:
User talk:77rogerli

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Dersonlwd Talk 04:53, 24 Feb 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:77rogerli


text:
User talk:Kevinddr

Hello, welcome to Wikipedia. Here are some useful links in case you haven't already found them:

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Dersonlwd Talk 04:55, 24 Feb 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kevinddr


text:
User:David Newton/Ship Tables

Japanese Navy

Royal Thai Navy

RN Standard Table

USN/RN Standard Table

RFA Standard Table

RMAS Standard Table

RAN Standard Table

RCN Standard Table

RNZN Standard Table

USN Standard Table

USN/MSC Standard Table

MSC Standard Table

title: User:David Newton/Ship Tables


text:
Primitive ring

In the branch of abstract algebra known as ring theory, a left primitive ring is a ring which has a faithful simple left module. Well known examples include endomorphism rings of vector spaces and Weyl algebras over fields of characteristic zero.

Definition
A ring R is said to be a left primitive ring if it has a faithful simple left R-module. A right primitive ring is defined similarly with right R-modules. There are rings which are primitive on one side but not on the other. The first example was constructed by George M. Bergman in. Another example found by Jategaonkar showing the distinction can be found in.

An internal characterization of left primitive rings is as follows: a ring is left primitive if and only if there is a maximal left ideal containing no nonzero two-sided ideals. The analogous definition for right primitive rings is also valid.

The structure of left primitive rings is completely determined by the Jacobson density theorem: A ring is left primitive if and only if it is isomorphic to a dense subring of the ring of endomorphisms of a left vector space over a division ring.

Another equivalent definition states that a ring is left primitive if and only if it is a prime ring with a faithful left module of finite length (, Ex. 11.19, p. 191).

Properties
One-sided primitive rings are both semiprimitive rings and prime rings. Since the product ring of two or more nonzero rings is not prime, it is clear that the product of primitive rings is never primitive.

For a left Artinian ring, it is known that the conditions "left primitive", "right primitive", "prime", and "simple" are all equivalent, and in this case it is a semisimple ring isomorphic to a square matrix ring over a division ring. More generally, in any ring with a minimal one sided ideal, "left primitive" = "right primitive" = "prime".

A commutative ring is left primitive if and only if it is a field.

Being left primitive is a Morita invariant property.

Examples
Every simple ring R with unity is both left and right primitive. (However, a simple non-unital ring may not be primitive.) This follows from the fact that R has a maximal left ideal M, and the fact that the quotient module R/M is a simple left R-module, and that its annihilator is a proper two-sided ideal in R. Since R is a simple ring, this annihilator is {0} and therefore R/M is a faithful left R-module.

Weyl algebras over fields of characteristic zero are primitive, and since they are domains, they are examples without minimal one-sided ideals.

Full linear rings
A special case of primitive rings is that of full linear rings. A left full linear ring is the ring of all linear transformations of an infinite-dimensional left vector space over a division ring. (A right full linear ring differs by using a right vector space instead.) In symbols, $$R=\mathrm{End}(_D V)$$ where V is a vector space over a division ring D. It is known that R is a left full linear ring if and only if R is von Neumann regular, left self-injective with socle soc(RR) ≠ {0}. Through linear algebra arguments, it can be shown that $$\mathrm{End}(_D V)\,$$ is isomorphic to the ring of row finite matrices $$\mathbb{RFM}_I(D)\,$$, where I is an index set whose size is the dimension of V over D. Likewise right full linear rings can be realized as column finite matrices over D.

Using this we can see that there are non-simple left primitive rings. By the Jacobson Density characterization, a left full linear ring R is always left primitive. When dimDV is finite R is a square matrix ring over D, but when dimDV is infinite, the set of finite rank linear transformations is a proper two-sided ideal of R, and hence R is not simple.

title: Primitive ring


text:
Dornier Do J Wal

The Dornier Do J Wal ("whale") is a twin-engine German flying boat of the 1920s designed by Dornier Flugzeugwerke. The Do J was designated the Do 16 by the Reich Air Ministry (RLM) under its aircraft designation system of 1933.

Design and development
The Do J had a high-mounted strut-braced parasol wing with two piston engines mounted in tandem in a central nacelle above the wing; one engine drove a tractor and the other drove a pusher propeller. The hull made use of Claudius Dornier's patented sponsons on the hull's sides, first pioneered with the earlier, Dornier-designed Zeppelin-Lindau Rs.IV flying boat late in World War I. The Do J made its maiden flight on 6 November 1922. The flight, as well as most production until 1932, took place in Italy because of the restrictions on aviation in Germany after World War I under the terms of the Treaty of Versailles. Dornier began to produce the Wal in Germany in 1931; production went on until 1936.

In the military version (Militärwal in German), a crew of two to four rode in an open cockpit near the nose of the hull. There was one machine gun position in the bow in front of the cockpit and one or two amidships. Beginning with Spain, military versions were delivered to Argentina, Chile and the Netherlands for use in their colonies; examples were also sent to Yugoslavia, the Soviet Union and to the end of production Italy and Germany. The main military users, Spain and the Netherlands, manufactured their own versions under licence. Several countries, notably Italy, Norway, Portugal, Uruguay and Germany, employed the Wal for military tasks.

The civil version (Kabinenwal or Verkehrswal) had a cabin in the nose, offering space for up to 12 passengers, while the open cockpit was moved further aft. Main users of this version were Germany, Italy, Brazil and Colombia.

The Do J was first powered by two 265 kW (355 hp) Rolls-Royce Eagle IX engines. Later versions used nearly every available engine on the market from makers like Hispano-Suiza, Napier & Son, Lorraine-Dietrich, BMW, and even the US-built Liberty V-12 engine. The 10 to-Wal used by Deutsche Lufthansa for their mail service across the South Atlantic from 1934 to 1938 had a range of 3,600 km, and a ceiling of 3,500 m (11,480 ft).

Over 250 Wals were built by CMASA and Piaggio in Italy, CASA in Spain, Kawasaki in Japan, Aviolanda in the Netherlands and Dornier in Germany.

Numerous airlines operated Wals on scheduled passenger and mail services with great success. The source Robert L. Gandt, in 1991, (pages 47–48) lists the following carriers: SANA and Aero Espresso of Italy; Aero Lloyd and Deutsche Luft Hansa of Germany; SCADTA of Colombia; Syndicato Condor of Brazil; Nihon Koku Yuso Kaisha of Japan. According to Nicolaou, 1996 the Dornier Wal was "easily the greatest commercial success in the history of marine aviation".

The Colombian Air Force used Wals in the Colombia–Peru War in 1932–1933.

The Dornier Do 18 was a completely updated successor to the Wal but shared little more than the general configuration.

Pioneering flights
The Norwegian polar explorer Roald Amundsen accompanied by Lincoln Ellsworth, pilot Hjalmar Riiser-Larsen, and three other team members used two Dornier seaplanes in his unsuccessful attempt to reach the North Pole in 1925. His two aircraft, N-24 and N-25, landed at 87° 44' north. It was the northernmost latitude reached by any aircraft up to that time. The planes landed a few miles apart without radio contact, yet the crews managed to reunite. One of the aircraft, the N-24, was damaged. Amundsen and his crew worked for over three weeks to prepare an airstrip to take off from the ice. They shoveled 600 tons of ice while consuming only one pound (454 g) of daily food rations. In the end, six crew members were packed into the N-25. Riiser-Larsen took off, and they barely became airborne over the cracking ice. They returned triumphantly after widely being presumed dead.

On 18 August 1930, Wolfgang von Gronau started on a transatlantic flight in the same Dornier Wal (D-1422) Amundsen had flown, establishing the northern air route over the Atlantic, flying from Sylt (Germany)-Iceland-Greenland-Labrador-New York 4,670 mi) in 47 flight hours. In 1932 von Gronau flew a Dornier Wal (D-2053) called the "Grönland Wal" (Greenland Whale) on a round-the-world flight.

In 1926 the captain Ramón Franco became a national Spanish hero when he piloted the Plus Ultra on a trans-Atlantic flight, following the route pioneered by Portuguese aviators Sacadura Cabral and Gago Coutinho in the first flight across the South Atlantic in 1922. His co-pilot was Julio Ruiz de Alda Miqueleiz; the other crew members were Teniente de Navio (Navy Lieutenant) Juan Manuel Duran and the mechanic Pablo Rada. The Plus Ultra departed from Palos de la Frontera, in the Province of Huelva, Spain, on 22 January and arrived in Buenos Aires, Argentina, on 26 January. It stopped over at Gran Canaria, Cape Verde, Pernambuco, Rio de Janeiro and Montevideo. The 10,270 km journey was completed in 59 hours and 39 minutes.

The event appeared in most major newspapers worldwide, although some of them underlined the fact that the airplane itself, plus the technical expertise were foreign. Throughout the Spanish-speaking world, the Spanish aviators were wildly acclaimed, particularly in Argentina and Spain where thousands gathered at Plaza de Colón in Madrid.

In 1929 Franco attempted another trans-Atlantic flight, this time crashing the airplane in the sea near the Azores. The crew was rescued days later by the aircraft carrier HMS Eagle of the British Royal Navy.

The Portuguese military aviator major Sarmento de Beires and his crew (captain Jorge de Castilho as navigator and lieutenant Manuel Gouveia as flight engineer) made the first aerial crossing of the Atlantic Ocean by night in a Dornier J named Argos. The crossing was made on the night of the 16 to 17 March 1927, from the Bijagós Archipelago in Portuguese Guinea to Fernando de Noronha island in Brazil.

Two Dornier Wals (D-ALOX Passat and D-AKER Boreas) also played an important role in the Third German Antarctic Expedition of 1939.

South Atlantic air mail

The biggest and last versions of the Wal, the eight and ten tonne variants (both versions also known as Katapultwal ), were operated by Lufthansa on their South Atlantic airmail service from Stuttgart, Germany to Natal, Brazil. On route proving flights in 1933, and a scheduled service beginning in February 1934, Wals flew the trans-ocean stage of the route, between Bathurst, the Gambia in West Africa and Fernando de Noronha, an island group off South America. At first, there was a refueling stop in mid-ocean. The flying boat would land on the open sea, near a converted merchant ship. This vessel was equipped with a "towed sail" onto which the aircraft taxied. From there it was winched aboard by a crane, refueled, and then launched by catapult back into the air. However, landing on the big ocean swells tended to damage the hull of the flying boats, especially the smaller 8-tonne Wal. From September 1934 a second merchantman was available, so that Lufthansa now had a support ship at each end of the trans-ocean stage, providing radio navigation signals and catapult launchings. When they did not have to take off from the water under their own power, the flying boats could carry more fuel. Once the incoming mail from Europe had arrived in West Africa (also by Wal from the Canary Islands), the support ship would steam out to sea in the direction of South America for 36 hours before using its catapult to launch the airplane. On the return trip a Wal would fly the stage from Natal to Fernando de Noronha, and then be carried out to sea overnight. The same airplane was then catapulted off to fly to West Africa the following morning, i.e., after twelve hours travel on the ship. From April 1935 the ships no longer carried the flying boats out to sea. The Wal was launched offshore, and flew the entire distance across the ocean. This cut the time it took for mail to get from Germany to Brazil from four days down to three.

The first ship converted to a mid-Atlantic refueling stop was the SS Westfalen, a freight and passenger liner that became out-dated for carrying mail and passengers shortly after World War I due to its small size and low cruising speed. The second vessel was the MS Schwabenland. In 1936 a new support ship went into service, the MS Ostmark, which Lufthansa had purpose-built as a seaplane tender.

Wals made over 300 crossings of the South Atlantic in regular mail service (Gandt, 1991, pages 47–48). The 8-tonne Wal was not a success, only two being built. The six 10-tonne Wals flew the South Atlantic from 1934 until late 1938, although aircraft of more recent design began replacing them from 1937.

From 1925 the French airline Compagnie Générale Aéropostale operated an airmail service on much the same route, from France to Brazil. The mail was flown only as far as Dakar in Senegal, West Africa, and then shipped across the South Atlantic to Natal aboard converted destroyers. The ocean crossing alone took five days, the whole trip eight days. From 1930 Aéropostale began trying to make the ocean crossing by air, but kept losing planes and crews and suffered from a lack of political support. Air France, of which Aéropostale had become a part, only began operating an all air service between Europe and South America in January 1936, nearly two years after Lufthansa. That the Germans had succeeded in establishing the world's first regular intercontinental airline service before their competition was due, in no small part, to the sturdy and seaworthy Wal and its reliable BMW engines.

(This section is based on "Graue & Duggan", Gandt  and Nicolaou. )

Variants
''Data from:
 * Do J Kas Wal
 * 2x Hispano-Suiza engines. Transport and military flying boat.

 * Do J Wal
 * 2x Rolls-Royce Eagle IX engines. Transport and military flying boat. Exported to Argentina, Chile and the Soviet Union.

 * Do J Wal
 * 2x Rolls-Royce Kestrel engines. Transport and military flying boat. Exported to Yugoslavia.

 * Do J Wal
 * 2x Lorraine-Dietrich engines. Transport and military flying boat. Used in the Netherlands East Indies

 * Do J Wal
 * 2x Renault engines

 * Do J Wal
 * 2x Farman 12Wer engines.

 * Do J Wal
 * 2x Napier Lion V engines

 * Do J Wal
 * 2x Rolls-Royce Eagle engines. Passenger carrying flying boat.

 * Do J Wal
 * 2x Isotta-Fraschini Asso

 * Do J Wal
 * 2x Fiat A.22 R engines.

 * Do J Gas Wal
 * 2x Gnôme-Rhöne Jupiter engines.

 * Do J Bas Wal
 * 2x BMW VI engines

 * Do J II Wal
 * 2x BMW VI engines

 * Do J II Wal
 * 2x Siemens Jupiter engines

 * Do J II Bas Wal
 * 2x BMW VI engines. Passenger carrying flying boat.

 * Do J IIa Bos Wal
 * 2x BMW VI engines. Post carrying flying boat.

 * Do J IIaK Bos Wal
 * 2x BMW VI engines. Used for catapult-launched Atlantic crossings.

 * Do J IIb Bos Wal
 * 2x BMW VIIa engines. "Grönland"-Wal.

 * Do J II Ses Wal
 * 2x Siemens Sh 20 engines. Wal

 * Do J IId Bis Wal
 * 2x BMW VI engines.

 * Do J IId Bis Wal
 * 2x Curtiss Conqueror To Colombia

 * Do J II 16a Bis Wal
 * 2x BMW VI engines. – Dornier Do 16

 * Do J IId Wal
 * 2x BMW VI engines. – Militär-Wal

 * Do J IIe 16 Bos Wal
 * 2x BMW VI engines

 * Do J IIf Bos Wal
 * 2x BMW VI U engines

 * Do O Wal
 * "Atlantico" c/n 34 and "Pacifico" c/n 35 built by CMASA in Italy. Used for an expedition to South America in 1924. Shipped to and assembled on the island of Curaçao. Sold to Sindicato Condor and later to Varig. Still in use, 1936.

 * Do 16
 * re-designation of J II military Wal aircraft

Operators

 * Argentine Naval Aviation
 * Varig
 * Syndicato Condor
 * Chilean Air Force
 * Chilean Navy
 * SCADTA
 * Colombian Air Force
 * Royal Danish Navy
 * 🇩🇪 Germany
 * Condor Syndikat
 * Deutscher Aero Lloyd
 * Deutsche Luft Hansa
 * 🇮🇹 Italy
 * Aero Espresso Italiana
 * Società Anonima Navigazione Aerea
 * Netherlands Naval Aviation Service
 * Portuguese Air Force
 * Soviet Air Force
 * 🇪🇸 Spain
 * LAPE
 * Spanish Republican Air Force
 * Spanish Republican Navy
 * Spanish State
 * Spanish Air Force
 * Spanish Navy
 * Kingdom of Yugoslavia
 * Yugoslav Royal Navy
 * Soviet Air Force
 * 🇪🇸 Spain
 * LAPE
 * Spanish Republican Air Force
 * Spanish Republican Navy
 * Spanish State
 * Spanish Air Force
 * Spanish Navy
 * Kingdom of Yugoslavia
 * Yugoslav Royal Navy
 * Yugoslav Royal Navy

Aircraft on display

 * Plus Ultra, at Lujan, Argentina.
 * Plus Ultra replica at Museo del Aire de Cuatro Vientos in Madrid, Spain.
 * Dornier Museum Friedrichshafen, at Friedrichshafen airport, Germany (full scale replica)

Accidents and incidents

 * 3 December 1928: a Syndicato Condor Dornier Wal registration P-BACA, crashed in Guanabara Bay while attempting to avoid a collision with another aircraft of the same company, during a celebratory flight upon the arrival of Alberto Santos Dumont in Rio de Janeiro. Ten passengers and four crew members died. This was the first accident with an aircraft registered in Brazil that had victims other than the crew and that received wide media coverage.
 * 11 September 1931: a Syndicato Condor Dornier Wal registration P-BALA, while taking-off from Potengi river in Natal, collided with a boat. Three crew members died.

title: Dornier Do J Wal


text:
Altaf Fatima

Altaf Fatima (الطاف فاطمہ; 10 June 1927 – 29 November 2018) was a Pakistani Urdu novelist, short story writer, and teacher (specializing in Muhammad Iqbal). Altaf Fatima was born in Lucknow, she moved to Lahore during the Partition, earning MA and BEd from the University of Punjab. Her novel Dastak Na Do ("Do not Knock") is regarded as one of the defining works in the Urdu language. An adaptation was presented on Pakistan television and an abridged translation was serialised by the Karachi monthly, Herald. In 2018, Fatima received the KLF Urdu Literature award at the 9th Karachi Literature Festival for her book, Deed Wadeed. She died on 29 November 2018.

Novels

 * Nishaan-i-Mehfil (1975)
 * Dastak Naa Do (1964) (The One Who Did Not Ask (Novel) English translation published by Heinemann in 1994)
 * Chalta Musafir (1981)
 * Khwabgar (2008)

Collection of short stories

 * Woh Jissay chaha gaya(1969)
 * Jab Deewarein Girya Karti Hain (1988)
 * Taar-i-Ankaboot (1990)
 * Deed Wadeed (2017)
 * Gawahi Akhir e Shab Ki (2018)

Translations

 * Naghmay ka Qatal (Urdu Translation of Harper Lee's novel To Kill a Mockingbird)
 * Mere Bachay Meri Daulat (Urdu Translation of My Children, My Gold by Debbie Taylor)
 * Barrey Aadmi, Aur Unke Nazariyat. A collection of political essays
 * Moti. Urdu Translation of The Pearl by John Steinbeck
 * Sach Kahaniyan (2000) (Urdu translation of Truth Tales i.e. Gujrati, Marathi, Tamil and Hindi Short Stories)
 * Zaitoon ke Jhund (2016) (Urdu translation of Santa Claus in Baghdad by Elsa Marston)
 * Japani Afsana Nigar Khawateen (1994) (Urdu translation of collection of Japanese short stories )
 * Haveli ke Ander. (Urdu translation of Inside the Haveli by Rama Mehta)
 * Urdu translation of collection of South American short stories
 * Bengali translation of Altaf Fatima’s Urdu short story Kahin Yeh Purvai to Nahin (کہیں یہ پروائی تو نہیں) by Subhamay Ray

Tanqeed

 * Urdu Adab Mein Fann e Sawaneh Nigari ka Irtiqa (1961)

General

 * Rozmarra Aadaab (1963)

title: Altaf Fatima


text:
SR (programming language)

SR (short for Synchronizing Resources) is a programming language designed for concurrent programming.

Resources encapsulate processes and the variables they share, and can be separately compiled. Operations provide the primary mechanism for process interaction.

SR provides a novel integration of the mechanisms for invoking and servicing operations. Consequently, it supports local and remote procedure call, rendezvous, message passing, dynamic process creation, multicast, semaphores and shared memory.

Version 2.2 has been ported to the Apollo, DECstation, Data General AViiON, HP 9000 Series 300, Multimax, NeXT, PA-RISC, RS/6000, Sequent Symmetry, SGI IRIS, Sun-3, Sun-4 and others.

title: SR (programming language)


text:
Prehistory to 1st century BC in Canada

Events from the BCs in Canada.

Events

 * c. 16,500: Prehistoric hunters (Paleo-Indians) migrate from Asia across the Bering strait land bridge to settle
 * 8000 BC: Ice age ending. Rising waters cover Bering land bridge.
 * 5200 BC: The Stó:lō people are living alongside the Fraser River near what is now Mission, B.C. (Some say they may have been as early as 9000 BC)
 * 5000 BC: Native peoples have spread into what is now Northern Ontario and South-eastern Quebec.
 * c. 3500 BC: In Canada's south-west Yukon, the beaver tooth gouge comes into use. It becomes an important tool for woodworking in the subarctic area.
 * c. 2700 BC: Copper implements and ornaments are fashioned by the "Old Copper" culture of Wisconsin from ore found in the area around Lake Superior.
 * 2000 BC: Inuit peoples begin to move into what is now the Northwest Territories.
 * c. 1900 BC: The Red Paint People, who live on the banks of Maine's Penobscot River, spread red ochre over their dead and their grave offerings.
 * c. 1600 BC: In Illinois, Wisconsin, Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, and Ontario, the glacial Kame peoples use the gravel ridges formed by melting glaciers for burial sites.
 * c. 1400 BC: At a cemetery near Port aux Choix in Newfoundland, treasured and useful articles, as well as carved images of animals and birds, are buried with the dead.
 * c. 1100 BC: Woodland hunters in eastern North America depended on the canoe in their search for game. River travel gives them access to new forest areas.
 * c. 1000 BC: The Woodland tradition of eastern North America begins. This tradition is characterized by burial mounds and elaborate earthworks.
 * c. 700 BC: The civilization at Poverty Point, Louisiana, is at its peak, importing materials from as far away as the Great Lakes and Appalachian Mountains areas.
 * c. 500 BC: North-west Coast native peoples begin to flourish.

title: Prehistory to 1st century BC in Canada


text:
1st millennium in Canada

Events from the first millennium AD in Canada.

Events

 * c. AD 175: Funeral offerings in graves at the Norton Mounds in Michigan are elaborate. Materials imported from great distances indicate vigorous trade.
 * c. AD 500: The Thule people arrive in Alaska
 * c. AD 550: In the Upper Mississippi and Great Lakes areas, Woodland peoples construct their burial mounds in the shape of birds or animals.
 * c. AD 985-1014: Norsemen led by Leif Erikson, son of Erik the Red, set up outposts in North America like L'Anse aux Meadows with encounters with the Inuit, Beothuk, and Mi'kmaqs.

title: 1st millennium in Canada


text:
11th century in Canada

Events from the 11th century in Canada.

Events

 * 985–1014: Viking explorations. Norsemen, including Erik the Red and Leif Ericson, set up outposts in North America and encounter Inuit, Beothuks and Micmacs.
 * c. 1000: Thule people arrive in Nunavut.
 * c. 1000: Leif (the Lucky) Ericson reaches L'Anse aux Meadows, in Newfoundland.
 * c. 1000: The land that would become Canada supports 300,000 native people.
 * c. 1007: Gudrid (born in Iceland around 950) gives birth to a son, Snorri Thorfinnsson, the first European child born in North America.
 * c. 1014: The first European colony in North America is established at L'Anse aux Meadows, Newfoundland.

title: 11th century in Canada


text:
National Gallery of Canada

The National Gallery of Canada (Musée des beaux-arts du Canada), located in the capital city of Ottawa, Ontario, is Canada's national art museum. The museum's building takes up 46,621 m2, with 12,400 m2 of space used for exhibiting art. It is one of the largest art museums in North America by exhibition space.

The institution was established in 1880 at the Second Supreme Court of Canada building, and moved to the Victoria Memorial Museum building in 1911. In 1913, the Government of Canada passed the National Gallery Act, formally outlining the institution's mandate as a national art museum. The museum was moved to the Lorne building in 1960.

In 1988, the museum was relocated to a new building designed for this purpose. The National Gallery of Canada is situated in a glass and granite building on Sussex Drive, with a notable view of the Canadian Parliament buildings on Parliament Hill. The building was designed by Israeli architect Moshe Safdie and opened in 1988.

The museum's permanent collection includes over 93,000 works from European, American, and Asian, Canadian, and Indigenous artists. In addition to exhibiting works from its permanent collection, the museum also organizes and hosts a number of travelling exhibitions.

History
The Gallery was first formed in 1880 by Canada's Governor General, John Campbell, 9th Duke of Argyll in conjunction with the establishment of the Royal Canadian Academy of Arts. In 1882, moved into its first home on Parliament Hill, housed in the Second Supreme Court of Canada building.

Eric Brown was named the first director in 1910. In 1911, the Gallery moved to the Victoria Memorial Museum building, sharing it with the National Museum of Natural Sciences. In 1913, the first National Gallery Act was passed, outlining the Gallery's mandate and resources. During the 1920s, the building was expanded. The art gallery was given four floors, and a separate entrance was created for the art museum. In addition, a firewall was built between the natural sciences museum and the National Gallery. But, the Gallery was still in temporary space in the Victoria Memorial Museum building. Longterm plans were to move it to a new permanent location, with spaces dedicated to the viewing of art. By the 1950s, the space in the Victoria Memorial Museum building had grown inadequate for the museum's collections. In 1952, the museum launched a design contest for architects to design a permanent home for the gallery. But the museum failed to garner support from the government of Louis St. Laurent, resulting in the museum having to abandon the winning bid.

To provide a workable compromise for the National Gallery, St. Laurent's government offered the National Gallery the eight-storey Lorne office building for use. The National Gallery moved into the nondescript office building on Elgin Street. The building has since been demolished and replaced by a 17-storey office building to house the Federal Finance Department.

In 1962, Charles Comfort, the museum's director, was criticised after half of the works on display at an exhibition for Walter Chrysler's European works were exposed as forgeries by American journalists. Comfort had allowed the Gallery to host the exhibition although he had been warned about the works by the director of the Montreal Museum of Fine Arts.

The National Museums of Canada Corporation (NMC) absorbed the National Gallery of Canada in 1968. During the 1970s, the NMC diverted funds from the National Gallery to form regional galleries. The museum completed renovations to the Lorne building in 1976. By 1980, it had become apparent that the National Gallery would need to relocate, given the poor condition of the building, historic use of asbestos there, and inadequate exhibition areas that provided only enough space for two per cent of the collection to be exhibited at any given time.

After the Canadian constitution was patriated in 1982, Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau announced a shift in policy focus towards the "creation of a nation," with priority given towards the arts in an effort to enrich Canadian identity. In same year, Minister of Communications Francis Fox declared the government's commitment to erect a new permanent buildings for its national museums, including the National Gallery, and the Museum of Man within five years. The director of the National Gallery, Jean Sutherland Boggs, was chosen by Trudeau to oversee construction of the national gallery and museums. The museum began construction for its permanent museum building on Sussex Drive in 1985, and was opened in May 1988.

The diversion of funds by the NMC to help fund regional museums was ended in 1982, and the National Museums of Canada formally dissolved in 1987. As a result of the dissolution, the National Gallery reacquired its institutional independence, and its mandate and powers outlined by its formative legislative act prior to 1968.

The Canadian Museum of Contemporary Photography (CMCP), formerly the Stills Photography Division of the National Film Board of Canada, was an affiliated institution of the National Gallery established in 1985. In 1988, the CMCP's administration was amalgamated to that of the National Gallery's. The CMCP later moved to its new location at 1 Rideau Canal, and continued to operate there until its closure in 2006. Its collection was later absorbed into the National Gallery's in 2009.

In December 2000, the National Gallery announced it suspected approximately 100 works from its collection was plunder stolen by the Nazis during the Second World War. The gallery posted images of works suspected of being stolen art online, permitting its last legal owners to examine and possibly lay claim to the works. In 2006, the museum restituted a painting by Édouard Vuillard that had been looted by the Nazis from Alfred Lindon in 1942, The Salon of Madame Aron, to Lindon's heirs.

In December 2009, the National Gallery of Canada and the Art Gallery of Alberta issued a joint press release announcing a three-year partnership, which saw the use of the Art Gallery of Alberta's galleries to exhibit works from the National Gallery's collection. The program was the first "satellite program" between the National Gallery of Canada, and another institution, with similar initiatives launched in other Canadian art galleries in the following years.

Marc Mayer was named the museum's director, succeeding Pierre Théberge, on 19 January 2009. On 19 April 2019, he was succeeded by Alexandra Suda, who was appointed the 11th Director and chief executive officer of the National Gallery of Canada. Under Sasha Suda, the Gallery underwent a major re-branding, dubbed Ankosé, to be more inclusive and work towards reconciliation. After only three years, Suda resigned. Angela Cassie was then appointed interim Director and CEO in July 2022.

Building
The museum's present building was designed by Moshe Safdie & Associates, with construction beginning in 1985, and the building opening in 1988. The building has a total floor area of 46621 m2. In 2000, the Royal Architectural Institute of Canada chose the National Gallery as one of the top 500 buildings produced in Canada during the last millennium. The National Gallery of Canada is housed in a building on Sussex Drive, adjacent to the ByWard Market district. The building is the fourth edifice to house the art museum.

An independent crown corporation, the Canadian Museums Construction Corporation was established to build the museum with a budget of C$185 million. Following the 1984 Canadian federal election, Prime Minister Brian Mulroney dissolved the corporation. However, because the groundwork for the building was already completed, Mulroney chose to continue funding construction for the museum, albeit at a reduced total budget of C$162 million.

Exterior
The building's northern, eastern, and western exterior facade is made up of pink-granite walls, or glass-windows. The southern exterior facade features an elongated glass wall, supported by concrete pylons grouped in fours. The profile of the southern facade was designed to mimic a cathedral, with the concrete pylons being used similarly to the flying buttresses found on Gothic cathedrals. The eastern portion of the building's southern facade transitions into a low-levelled crystalline glass cupola, which holds the museum's main entrance; and its western portion, which features a three-tiered glass cupola. The three-tiered glass cupola is formed out of rectangular glass and narrow steel supports. The second tier of the cupola is formed out of rectangles and equilateral triangles that are further subdivided into eight or twelve smaller equilateral triangles. All these glass pieces are joined by steel struts. The third tier of the cupola is formed with similar designs, although the triangular glass panes are isosceles triangles. The isosceles triangles converge upwards, with its apexes towards the centre. The building's three-tiered cupola is positioned in a manner in which the cupola would be flanked by the Peace Tower and the Library of Parliament to the west when approaching the museum from the east.

Interior
The interior entrance lobby is floored with pink-granite, and includes a straight 4 m wide ramp which slopes upward towards the west. Safdie noted the importance of the ramp in his design, stating that one should "go through some kind of procession to make your way into something as important as the National Gallery," and that it gave the visitor the feeling of making an ascent to a ritual, a ceremony. The walls of the entrance lobby are lined with rectangular cut pink granite, excluding the southern wall, which is part of the glass-walled exterior facade. A glass and steel ceiling reminiscent of Gothic cathedral architecture, extends the entire way of the ramp. However, as opposed to most Gothic cathedrals, the ceiling has several concrete columns spaced out to support the roof. The summit of the ramp leads towards the Great Hall of the building, situated in the three-storey glass cupola.

The interior courtyard of the building includes the Taiga Garden. The garden was designed by Cornelia Oberlander, who modelled the painting Terre Sauvage by A. Y. Jackson; a painting in the National Gallery's permanent collection. The garden attempts to mimic the landscape depicted in the painting, the Canadian shield; although limestone is substituted in place of the granite typically found at the Canadian shield.

Collection
As of October 2018, the National Gallery of Canada's permanent collection holds over 93,625 works, representing several artistic movements and eras in art history. The Gallery has a large and varied collection of paintings, works on paper, sculptures and photographs. The earliest works acquired by the museum were from Canadian artists, with Canadian art remaining the focus of the institution. However, its collection also includes several works from artists around the world. The museum's collection has been built up through purchases and donations. The museum organizes its own travelling exhibitions to exhibit its collection, travelling across Canada and abroad. The National Gallery is the largest lender of artwork in Canada, sending out approximately 800 pieces a year. The museum's prints and drawings collection includes 27,000 works on paper dating from the 15th century to the present. The prints and drawing collection includes 10,000 works on paper by Canadian artists; more than 800 of these prints and drawings being crafted by Inuit artists. The prints and drawing collection also includes 2,500 drawings and 10,000 prints by American, Asian, and European artists.

The museum also has approximately 400 works from Asian artists, dating from the 200 CE to 19th century. The museum's Asian collection began in the early 20th century, with a number of works originating from the collection of Nasli Heeramaneck. The museum's also has a collection of photographs. A number of the photographs in the collection originated from the defunct Canadian Museum of Contemporary Photography.

Until the mid-1980s, the Gallery's mandate did not include collecting art by Indigenous peoples. It was a settler institution. This has been much critiqued and led to important changes in the gallery from the 1980s onwards. Despite a major re-hang in 2003 of the Canadian galleries to include Indigenous art for the first time, the Gallery continues to work towards more equitable representation of Indigenous art, particularly in the historic galleries.

The largest work in the Gallery is the entire interior of the Rideau Street Chapel, which formed part of the Convent of Our Lady Sacred Heart, The interior decorations of the Rideau Street Chapel were designed by Georges Couillon in 1887. The chapel interior was acquired by the museum in 1972, when the convent was slated for demolition. The interior's 1,123 pieces was dismantled, stored and reconstructed within the gallery as a work of art in 1988.

Canadian and Indigenous works
The museum's Canadian collection includes works dating from 18th century New France, to the 1990s. The collection includes paintings from pre-Confederation; abstract paintings and other postwar art; and the Henry Birks Collection of Canadian Silver. Early pre-Confederation paintings were among the first items in the Canadian collections, with the National Gallery's earliest works originating from Canadian artists at the Royal Canadian Academy of Arts. The museum's Canadian collection holds a large number of works by the Group of Seven. The museum also holds a large collection of Tom Thomson works, with the museum adding The Jack Pine to its collection in 1918. The museum also holds the largest collection of works by Alex Colville. Other artists featured in the collections includes William Berczy, Jack Bush, Paul-Émile Borduas, Emily Carr, Robert Field, Vera Frenkel, Theophile Hamel, Joseph Légaré, Cornelius Krieghoff, Fernand Leduc, Alexandra Luke, Ken Lum, James Wilson Morrice, John O'Brien, Antoine Plamondon, William Raphael, Jean-Paul Riopelle, William Ronald, Michael Snow, Lisa Steele, Jeff Wall, Joyce Wieland, Paul Wong, and members of the Regina Five.

In commemoration of the 150th anniversary of Canada in 2017, the museum of undertook a C$7.4 million renovation to open the Canadian and Indigenous Art: From Time Immemorial to 1967 gallery. The gallery exhibits the progression of Canadian art and history, exhibiting Canadian and Indigenous works side by side. These works are exhibited in a manner which examines the intertwined relations between the two groups of people.

The Indigenous collection includes works by Indigenous artists around the world, although it has an emphasis on works by the Indigenous peoples of Canada. The museum collection acquired its first works by First Nations and Metis artists in the early 20th century. However, the makers of these works were often not acknowledged as Indigenous, because the Gallery's mandate did not include collection of art by Indigenous peoples until the 1980s. The museum acquired its first Inuit works in 1956, crafted by artists in Nunavik. The Gallery's acquisition of Inuit works, at a time when it was not actively collecting art by other Indigenous peoples, is related to the Government's instrumentalization of Inuit art to create jobs in the North and to assert Canadian sovereignty there. In 1979, Henry Birks bequeathed a large collection to NGC consisting primarily of Quebecois pre-confederation silver; this bequest of more than 12,000 objects included around 16 works by Indigenous artists. In 1989 and 1992, the Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development bequeathed 570 works by Inuit artists. A number of Indigenous artists whose works are featured in the collection include Kenojuak Ashevak, Kiawak Ashoona, Qaqaq Ashoona, Carl Beam, Faye HeavyShield, Osuitok Ipeelee, Rita Letendre, Norval Morrisseau, Shelley Niro, David Ruben Piqtoukun, Abraham Anghik Ruben, Lucy Tasseor Tutsweetok, Jeffrey Thomas, John Tiktak, and Lawrence Paul Yuxweluptun.

Contemporary
The museum's contemporary collection includes 1,500 works from artists since the 1990s. The collection features a number of works from Canadian, and its Indigenous artists. The first Indigenous Canadian contemporary artwork acquired by the National Gallery was in 1987, a piece by Anishinaabe artist Carl Beam. In 2017, Bob Rennie donated a contemporary art collection to the National Gallery in honour of Canada' 150th anniversary. The collection includes 197 paintings, sculptures, and mixed-media pieces with most of it originating from Vancouver-based artists including Geoffrey Farmer, Rodney Graham, Brian Jungen, and Ian Wallace. The Rennie collection also includes some international contemporary works, including from Doris Salcedo.

In 1990 the Gallery bought Barnett Newman's Voice of Fire for $1.8 million, igniting a storm of controversy. However, since that time its value has appreciated to approximately C$40 million as of 2014. In 1999, the museum acquired a sculpture of a giant spider, Maman, by Louise Bourgeois for a cost of C$3.2 million. The sculpture was installed in the plaza in front of the Gallery. In 2011 the gallery installed Canadian sculptor Joe Fafard's Running Horses next to the Sussex Drive entrance, and American artist Roxy Paine's stainless steel sculpture One Hundred Foot Line at Kìwekì Point behind the gallery. Other contemporary artists whose works are featured in the National Gallery's collection includes David Altmejd, Lee Bul, Janet Cardiff, Bharti Kher, Christian Marclay, Elizabeth McIntosh, Chris Ofili, Paine, Ugo Rondinone, and Joanne Tod.

European, American, and Asian
The European, American, and Asian collection area includes most of the museum's works by non-Canadian artists. The museum acquired its first European work in 1907, the painting Ignatius Sancho by Thomas Gainsborough. Conversely, the museum did not begin to develop its collection of American art until the 1970s.

The museum's collection includes American and European works dating from the Renaissance through to the 20th century. In addition to Western art, the collection area also has 400 works from India, Nepal, and Tibet.

The museum's European collection has since expanded either through acquisitions or gifts. Such works include La Tour Eiffel by Marc Chagall, acquired by the museum in 1956 for $C16,000. In 2018, the museum planned to sell the piece to fund other acquisitions, but abandoned those plans after it was found to be unpopular with the public. In 2005, the Gallery acquired a painting by Italian Renaissance painter Francesco Salviati for $4.5 million. In 2018, the museum acquired The Partie Carée by James Tissot from the collection of David R. Graham, putting it on display in December 2018. It is the third work by Tissot to be acquired by the museum since 1921. Other works from the collection include The Death of General Wolfe by Anglo-American artist Benjamin West. Other artists featured in the museum's European collection includes Alejo Fernández, Vilhelm Hammershøi, Gustav Klimt, Élisabeth Vigée Le Brun, Henri Matisse, Charles Meynier, Claude Monet, Rembrandt, and Vincent van Gogh.

Library and archives
The library and archives of the National Gallery of Canada holds an extensive collection of art literature on Canadian art. The library and archives was established alongside the museum in 1880, and contains documents on western art from the Late Middle Ages to the present. The collection includes 275,000 books, exhibition catalogues, and periodicals; 76,000 documentation files; and 95,000 microforms. The archives serves as the institutional archive for the museum.

The library and archives' special collections includes over 50,000 auction catalogues, in addition to 182,000 slides and 360,000 research photographs. The Library and Archives' Exceptional Materials and Notable Subject Collections contains a number of rare imprints, books, and bookplates on Canadian artists, as well as items relating to historians of Canadian art.

Management
The federal government assumed responsibility for the museum in 1913, with the enactment of the National Gallery of Canada Act. The museum became a Crown corporation on 1 July 1990 with the proclamation of the Museums Act. The Museum Act serves as the museum's governing legislation. It empowers a board of trustees to serve as the museum's governing body, with the board, through the chair, being accountable to the Minister of Canadian Heritage, who is ultimately responsible for the Museum. The CEO and director are charged with day-to-day management of the gallery.

The museum is affiliated with several associations, including the Canadian Museums Association, the Ontario Association of Art Galleries, the Canadian Heritage Information Network, and the Virtual Museum of Canada.

Directors
The following is a list of directors of the National Gallery of Canada:

 * Eric Brown (1910–1939)
 * Harry Orr McCurry (1939–1955)
 * Alan Jarvis (1955–1959)
 * Charles Comfort (1960–1965)
 * Jean Sutherland Boggs (1966–1976)
 * Hsio-yen Shih (1977–1981)
 * Joseph Martin (1983–1987)
 * Shirley Thomson (1987–1997)
 * Pierre Théberge (1998–2008)
 * Marc Mayer (2009–2019)
 * Alexandra Sasha Suda (2019–2022)
 * Angela Cassie (interim 2022–)

European and American collection

 * Auguste Rodin, Age of Bronze, 1875–1876, cast in 1901
 * Henri Matisse, Yellow Odalisque, 1926
 * M. C. Escher, Stars, 1948
 * Barnett Newman, Voice of Fire, 1967

title: National Gallery of Canada


text:
Talk:Altaf Fatima

Untitled
I have some interest to keep this text and probably redistribute it via my userpage or at some website, always under the terms of GFDL. However, the author is anonymous and his/her talkpage contains a message by snoyes regarding vandalism. So, I am afraid there is a high probability this text to be a copyright violation or something similar. How can I be assured it is really licensed under GFDL and what should I do before trying to re-publish it? Optim 05:20, 24 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Well, according to the Internet, Altaf Fatima is an Urdu poet who was born in 1929, so I doubt that her works are in the public domain. RickK 05:38, 24 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Thank you very much for the info! Optim 05:53, 24 Feb 2004 (UTC)

''I breathe, I love, I feel. Those fundamental truths seem to lead me on in a sea of hesitant motion. For it is with such ideas that one can no longer be free, free of obstruction and malice. But I do yearn for the thought of another day, another time, another place. Yes, that is freedom, freedom of the kind that has no boundaries, rather it involves the soul from it's history.''

The text above was moved into the talk page by Optim. Probably some poem by Altaf Fatima. If someone thinks it is ok to have it in the article, you can move it back. Optim 06:30, 24 Feb 2004 (UTC)

VfD

 * Altaf Fatima - It may be beautiful, but it says nothing. Darkcore 05:08, 24 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Probably a copyright violation. From the talk page: Well, according to the Internet, Altaf Fatima is an Urdu poet who was born in 1929, so I doubt that her works are in the public domain. RickK 05:38, 24 Feb 2004 (UTC) - Optim 06:25, 24 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * Not a vote. I replaced the poem with a stub article, and I moved the poem to the talk page. 73 Google hits. So, I supoose that now any votes to keep or delete it will have to do mostly with whether she is famous enough or not. Optim 06:33, 24 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * Not a vote. Only one of her books appears to be popular enough (in the UK) to be listed on Amazon and be widely available. LOC has some more of her books list in their catalog.
 * New article is sub-stub. Put on Cleanup and delete if not improved. Andre Engels 13:18, 24 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep - needs cleanup - Texture 16:11, 24 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Anthony DiPierro 17:46, 28 Feb 2004 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as stub, and the rating on other projects was brought up to Stub class. BetacommandBot 17:15, 9 November 2007 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 11:23, 25 October 2021 (UTC)
 * Altaf Fatima.jpg

title: Talk:Altaf Fatima


text:
15th century in Canada

Events from the 15th century in Canada.

Events

 * 1450 - the Iroquois form the Great League of Peace and Power.
 * 1492 - Christopher Columbus (1451–1506), backed by Spain, reaches San Salvador Island (Guanahani to the natives), "discovering the New World" and encountering Arawak and Taíno people. Thinking he is in India, he calls them Indians.
 * 1494 - Treaty of Tordesillas divides the colonial world between Spain and Portugal.
 * 1497-98 - John and Sebastian Cabot explore east coast of North America for England. They kidnap three Micmac men.
 * 1497 - Giovanni Caboto (John Cabot, 1450–98), a Venetian in English service, during a voyage underwritten by Bristol merchants, claims Newfoundland for England on June 24, laying the basis for English claims to Canada and inspiring a series of further explorations.
 * 1498 - English explorer John Cabot, making a second voyage to North America (looking for Northwest Passage to India), travels the coast of Labrador, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and trades furs with Micmacs.
 * 1498-99 - Portuguese explorer João Fernandes Lavrador first sights and sails along the coasts of the Labrador Peninsula.

title: 15th century in Canada


text:
Air Gabon

Air Gabon was the national, state-owned airline of Gabon, operating out of Libreville International Airport to a variety of destinations across western and southern Africa, as well as to Europe. Founded in 1951, the airline went bankrupt in 2006.

History
Air Gabon was founded in 1951 as Compagnie Aerienne Gabonaise operating regional flights out of Libreville using Beechcraft and De Havilland aircraft. It became the national flag carrier in 1968, then renamed Société Nationale Transgabon.

Compagnie Nationale Air Gabon was established in May 1977, after Gabon withdrew from the Air Afrique consortium in December 1976. The new airline was formed from the nucleus of Société Nationale Transgabon with the mandate to operate long-haul international services from Libreville. At the time of the airline's foundation, the fleet comprised three Fokker F-28s, two Douglas DC-6s, one Douglas DC-4, one de Havilland Canada DHC-5 Buffalo, and one Sud Aviation Caravelle. Ownership in the airline was shared between the Gabonese government (70%) and Sofepag (30%), an Air France-associated company.

In April 1977, the airline placed an order for a Boeing 747-200 and Boeing 737 at a cost of approximately US$55 million. In 1978 President of Gabon Omar Bongo gave the airline his personal transport, a Fokker F-28, for use on services. On 5 October the airline's Boeing 747, named President Léon M'ba, arrived as part of the wet lease agreement signed the previous year. On 26 February 1979 one of the airline's Douglas DC-6s crashed into a swamp 11 km from Moanda, killing the aircraft's three occupants.

The DC-6s and DC-4 were replaced in 1979 by two Vickers Vanguard turboprops, and the airline's international route network was expanded to Marseille, Nice, Paris and Rome. Regionally, Air Gabon operated to ten African countries, and served 26 destinations on its domestic network. The airline leased and chartered various single engine aircraft in the early 1980s to operate services to domestic destinations which saw sporadic service, and in 1982 a CASA C-212 Aviocar operated with the airline for a short time. The airline ordered a Lockheed L-100-30 Hercules in 1984 after it was given a loan by the Export-Import Bank, which when delivered in late 1985 replaced the Vickers Vanguards.

In 1986, the airline underwent recapitalisation efforts, which saw the government's stake increase to eighty percent, with the French Sofepag's share decreasing to twenty percent. In 1989 the airline acquired a Fokker 100 and in 1993 two ATR 72s were ordered to replace the Fokker F28s. The airline commenced services to Johannesburg in South Africa in late 1993. By 1996, the airline had commenced direct services to London with the Boeing 747 Combi, and its international network saw services being operated from Libreville to Abidjan, Bamako, Bangui, Cotonou, Dakar, Douala, Geneva, Kinshasa, Johannesburg, Lagos, Lomé, Malabo, Marseille, Nice, Paris, Pointe-Noire and Rome.

The first flight for the reshaped airline went from Libreville to Lomé and Abidjan. The launch of European services from Libreville followed suit, with the inauguration of a regular flight to Paris (which was later dropped again). By then, the fleet consisted of two Fokker F28s, a Boeing 737-200 and a Boeing 747-200. Air Gabon restored Paris to Libreville flights in December 2004 with its Boeing 767-200, an aircraft type which had been introduced in 1998. In March 2006, Air Gabon was shut down due to bankruptcy. Initially, the launch of a new Gabonese national carrier as a joint-venture with Royal Air Maroc under the name Air Gabon International was planned, but has never materialized.

Fleet

Over the years, Air Gabon operated the following aircraft types:

Accidents and incidents

 * On 8 December 1994, at 10:40 local time, an Air Gabon ATR 72 (registered F-OHOC) veered off the runway at Oyem Airport upon landing after a flight from Bitam Airport. Even though the plane hit some trees, there were no fatalities among the 17 passengers and 4 crew members on board.
 * On 9 August 1997, an Air Gabon Boeing 727 en route from Franceville to Kigali, Rwanda with more than 100 Rwandan refugees on board who were to be deported, was hijacked by two of the passengers who attacked the pilot twenty minutes after take-off and demanded the plane be diverted to South Africa. Instead, the pilot returned to Franceville, where the perpetrators surrendered to police forces.
 * On 19 December 2003, Air Gabon Flight 471, a Boeing 737-300 (registered TR-LFZ) en route from Franceville to Libreville overran the runway upon landing at Libreville International Airport at 18:44 local time, after having circled the airport for 30 minutes due to bad weather. The aircraft crashed through a boundary fence and came to rest a few hundred metres behind the runway threshold. There were no fatalities among the 125 passengers and 6 crew members on board, but the plane was damaged beyond repair.

title: Air Gabon


text:
16th century in Canada

The 16th century in Canada saw the first contacts, since the Norsemen 500 years earlier, between the indigenous peoples in Canada living near the Atlantic coast and European fishermen, whalers, traders, and explorers.

Following the discovery of the Americas by Christopher Columbus in 1492 and the subsequent voyage to the land that became known as Canada by John Cabot in 1497, Europeans visited the Atlantic coast with increasing frequency. Cabot's report of abundant codfish drew European fishermen to the waters near Canada. Most of the visits in the 16th century were unrecorded, although by mid-century the number of European fishing boats and whaling ships visiting Newfoundland, Labrador, the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and Nova Scotia ran into the hundreds annually. Many of the Europeans came ashore to trade with the indigenous peoples or process their catch.

The tribes of indigenous people living in the area visited by Europeans were the Inuit in Labrador, the Beothuk in Newfoundland, the Micmaq in Nova Scotia and the southern part of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, the St. Lawrence Iroquoians along the St. Lawrence River in Quebec and Ontario, and the Innu (Montagnais), north of the St. Lawrence River. The tribes of the Wabenaki and Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) Confederacies would also play a role in the history of Canada during this century.

The principal resources drawing Europeans to Canada were a seemingly inexhaustible fishery of cod and marine mammals (for oil). Toward the end of the century, trading with indigenous people for furs became important.

Events: 1500 to 1550

 * 1501: At the direction of the king of Portugal, Gaspar Corte-Real led three caravels to North America, probably sailing along the eastern coast of Newfoundland and possibly to Labrador. Two vessels made it back to Portugal with as many as 49 captured indigenous people, probably Beothuk. Corte-Real and his vessel disappeared, fate unknown.
 * 1502. The Cantino World Map was the first map showing the world-wide discoveries of Portugal. The map shows a representation of what is probably Newfoundland with the caption that this land belongs to Portugal.
 * c. 1502: A vessel, the Gabriel, owned by Bristol merchants returned from North America with three indigenous captives. This vessel (or another one in the same year) may also have brought the first cargo of codfish from the Americas to Europe.
 * 1504: Breton and Norman fishermen from France are known to have begun fishing near "New Found Land," probably on the Grand Banks southeast of Newfoundland.
 * 1504: Sebastian Cabot, the son of John Cabot, headed a two ship expedition from Bristol to North America and came back to England with a cargo of salted codfish and fish livers.
 * 1504: Portugal imposed tariffs on American codfish imported into the country.
 * 1506: A ship's captain, Jean Denys, visited Newfoundland on a fishing expedition. He was from Honfleur in Normandy and was the first Frenchman known to have visited Canada.
 * 1508: France sent out an exploratory mission of two ships from the city of Dieppe under the command of Thomas Aubert. He brought back to France seven indigenous captives, the first the French had seen. Aubert named the St. Lawrence River and said he ascended the river for 80 leagues, about 350 km. He reported that the country was rich in fur-bearing animals.
 * 1508-1509: Sebastian Cabot sailed from Bristol and looked for a Northwest Passage to Asia, possibly entering Hudson Bay before his mutinous crew made him turn back. He then turned south and followed the Atlantic coast to the approximate latitude of Washington, D.C. before returning to England.
 * 1517: Basque fishermen visited Newfoundland for the first time.
 * 1520: João Álvares Fagundes sailed to the Americas on behalf of Portugal. He sailed along the south coast of Newfoundland. Some historians believe he founded a short-lived colony on Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia.
 * 1523-24: Giovanni da Verrazzano, sailing for France, sailed along the Atlantic coast from North Carolina north to Nova Scotia and Newfoundland.
 * 1529: A large wooden enclosure built in the 1520s at the Baie de Chasteaux, Labrador indicates that whaling was underway in the Strait of Belle Isle.
 * 1534: In his first voyage to the Americas, Frenchman Jacques Cartier circled the Gulf of St. Lawrence. On the southern shore of the Gaspe Peninsula near the future town of Carleton-sur-Mer he met a group of 300 Micmaq people who were fishing from canoes. Later, he met a group of more than 200 Iroquoians, men, women, and children on Gaspe Bay. They had travelled in 40 canoes to Gaspé to fish for Atlantic mackerel which abounded in the area. They were more than 600 km from their home of Stadacona, on the site of present-day Quebec City. Both the Micmaq and the Iroquoians met the French "very familiarly" probably indicating previous trading contacts with Europeans. Cartier seized two Iroquoians and took them back to France with him.
 * 1535-1536: Cartier with three ships and 110 men returned to Canada. He sailed up the St. Lawrence River and reached the St. Lawrence Iroquoian villages of Stadacona and Hochelaga (now Quebec City and Montreal). He was guided by the two Iroquoians he had seized on his previous voyage. Cartier wintered near Stadacona. Twenty-five of his men died of scurvy before the Iroquoians told him that tea made from the needles of the white cedar tree would prevent the disease. After growing conflict, Cartier kidnapped about ten of the Iroquoians, including the leader, Donnacona, and sailed back to France. Cartier told stories in France of the existence of a rich kingdom of Saguenay in the interior of North America.
 * 1536: Spanish Basque whaling ventures began at Red Bay in southernmost Labrador on the Strait of Belle Isle. The Basques whaling operation in the 16th century was large, with an average of 15 large and often armed ships and 600 men visiting Red Bay annually during the next 40 years to hunt bowhead and right whales. Bowhead whales migrated through the Strait of Belle Isle beginning in October and right whales in June. Red Bay has been designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site to preserve the remains of the whale oil processing operations at the site.
 * 1537: Iron goods in quantity were being traded by Europeans to Indigenous peoples for marten skins in the Strait of Belle Isle.
 * c. 1540: Many thousands of fur skins were being transported from Canada to France each year.
 * 1541: Jacques Cartier and Sieur de Roberval led an attempt to colonize Quebec. Cartier left France with five ships and 500 colonists and founded the first French settlement in America, Charlesbourg-Royal, at the mouth of the Rivière du Cap Rouge in what would become Quebec City. However, he encountered problems with the St. Lawrence Iroquoians at Stadacona and in other sites. His account of experiences ends at this point and what happened afterward at Charlesbourg-Royal is unknown.
 * 1542: Cartier abandoned Charlesbourg-Royal and set off for France with his remaining ships and men. He met Roberval in Newfoundland and was ordered to turn back to Charlesbourg-Royal, but Cartier defied the order and left secretly for France. Roberval and his three ships continued on to Charlesbourg-Royal where he reestablished the colony. The colony was beset by problems of cold winters, famine, tension with the Iroquoians, and Roberval's dictatorial temperament.
 * 1542: At Blanc-Sablon in the Strait of Belle Isle, a St. Lawrence Iroquoian chief from Stadacona dined on board a Basque vessel and bragged of killing 35 woodcutters in the settlement established by Cartier. The Spanish Basques and the Iroquoians appear to have forged a partnership against other indigenous people of the region and other European powers. The name "Iroquois" probably derives from a Basque language word, as does the names of several other indigenous peoples in the region.
 * 1543: Roberval abandoned his colony at Charlesbourg-Royal and returned to France with all the colonists. The only wealth he had found was fool's gold and false diamonds. Cartier's and Roberval's failures in Canada inspired the proverb "as false as Canadian diamonds." For the next 50 years, France had no interest in attempting to establish a colony in Canada.

Events: 1550-1599

 * 1550: Pottery found at the Red Bay Basque whaling station in the Strait of Belle Isle is suggestive of the presence of St. Lawrence Iroquoians at the site, more than 1000 km from their villages along the St. Lawrence River. An Englishmen visiting the area said that the indigenous people helped the Basques "with great diligence and patience to kill, cut up and boil the whales to make...oil."
 * 1570s: Isolated from the trade in Canada, and also from trade originating from the coast of the future United States, the Mohawk tribe of the Haudenosaunee or Iroquois Confederacy aggressively attacked northward from their homeland along the Mohawk River in New York. Possibly they were assisted by neighbouring Algonquin speaking tribes who contested the control of the St. Lawrence River by the St. Lawrence Iroquoians. Many historians believe that the disappearance of the St. Lawrence Iroquoians by about 1580 was caused by the Mohawk attacks.
 * 1576: With three small ships, Martin Frobisher of England made his first attempt to find a Northwest Passage. He landed in Frobisher Bay on Baffin Island, persuaded that he had found a way to the "South Sea" (the Pacific Ocean) and Asia. He came into contact with the Inuit. Five of his men disappeared, apparently captured by the Inuit. Frobisher took an Inuit hostage in retaliation.
 * 1577: With financial support from the Queen of England, Frobisher set out with three vessels and about 150 men for the Americas on his second expedition. He again found his way to Frobisher Bay and spent his time loading his ships with 200 tons of "gold." He also captured three Inuit and attempted to find the five men he had lost on his previous expedition. Returning to England, his "gold" turned out to be worthless.
 * 1578: Frobisher departed England with 15 ships and 400 men with the objective of founding a colony in the Arctic lands he had previously visited. He landed in Greenland and entered the Hudson Strait between the mainland of Canada and Baffin Island which could have led him to a Northwest Passage, but he turned back because of bad weather and ice-clogged waters and returned to England.
 * 1578: Records suggest that 500 French, primarily Breton and Norman, fishing boats were engaged in the Newfoundland fishery. Basque and Portuguese fishing boats may have numbered 200 to 300. English fishing boats numbered about 50.
 * 1579. The English parliament closed all ports to imports of Basque whale oil, effectively ending the Spanish Basque dominance of whaling in Canada. Only five Basque whalers visited North American waters in 1579, down from an average of 30 in the earlier 1570s. Basques, mostly French Basques, continued to be important in Canada for whaling and trade, especially trading for furs.
 * c. 1580. The St. Lawrence Iroquoians disappeared from the St. Lawrence Valley, possibly destroyed by warfare, European diseases, or dispersed among other nearby peoples, such as the Huron-Wendat. All these scenarios may have played a role in their disappearance. Their disappearance opened up the Saint Lawrence River valley to European traders, especially the French who would soon be dominant in the region.
 * 1583. After being absent for 40 years, the French returned to the St. Lawrence River. Members of the French Basque Hoyarsabal family of Saint-Jean-de-Luz ascended the river and traded and hunted whales at Tadoussac. Jacques Noël also ascended the St. Lawrence to Montreal, the site of the abandoned colony of his uncle, Jacques Cartier, and the St. Lawrence Iroquoian town of Hochelaga. The Iroquoians had disappeared.
 * 1584: Micheau de Hoyarsabal took with him for trade with the indigenous people at Tadoussac 100 copper kettles, 1,921 knives, 50 axes, several swords, a variety of textile products, and glass beads. The most important products traded by the indigenous people were beaver pelts, other valuable furs, and caribou and moose hides. In the late 16th century Tadoussac became an important multi-national trading center with an estimated 100 European ships visiting annually.
 * 1585: The Anglo-Spanish War (1585-1604) began. England sent ships to the Grand Banks, the Newfoundland expedition led by Bernard Drake, and captured many boats in the Portuguese and Spanish fishing fleets. The British and French gradually replaced the Spanish and Portuguese fishermen in Canadian waters.
 * 1590. Basque fisherman named a place "Pequeña Canada" (Little Canada), located at the mouth of the Saint-Augustin River near the Strait of Belle Isle. The name "Canada" is the Iroquoian word for settlement or village and possibly indicates that some of the St. Lawrence Iroquoians who had disappeared before 1583 had settled at this place.
 * 1598: The Marquis de la Roche de Mesgouez was appointed lieutenant-general of Canada by the king of France and established a colony with 50 men, mostly convicts, on Sable Island. The colony lasted until 1603 when it dissolved in chaos.
 * 1599: Samuel de Champlain, who would later establish the first permanent French colony in Canada, set out on his first voyage from France to the Caribbean Sea.

title: 16th century in Canada