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Talk:National Day of Mourning (United States protest)

Date checking
The formal National Day of Mourning activities did begin in 1970, according to web sources. It is unclear whether the references to a violent confrontation in 1968 refer to informal activities, or if it is just a botched date. I'll do some more looking. Brian Rock 15:47, Mar 16, 2004 (UTC)

 * There was apparently some violence directed against the protesters in 1997. This was widely reported on in 1998, so this might be the actual date. The text of the article would point to the late 1980s, though, so the issue in my mind is still unresolved. Brian Rock 16:01, Mar 16, 2004 (UTC)

 * After finding more web-based info supporting the 1997 date, I've decided to change it. Brian Rock 16:08, Mar 16, 2004 (UTC)

Coverage
The whole article focuses rather too narrowly on this one specific "National Day of Mourning" without reference to the institution of a national day of mourning, or national days of mourning due to other circumstances, e.g. the death of heads of state, or large-scale accidents. Burschik 15:36, 24 Nov 2004 (UTC)

NPOV
Anyone who reads the opening paragraphs will see the NPOV problems in this article.

 * Thanksgiving day, for them, is a reminder of the genocide of millions of Native people, the theft of Native lands, and the relentless assault on Native culture. Participants in National Day of Mourning honor Native ancestors and the struggles of Native peoples to survive today. It is a day of remembrance and spiritual connection as well as a protest of the racism and oppression which Native Americans continue to experience.

While the treatment of Native Americans by European settlers was, by today's standards, horrific, the language and tone used in this article has a very obvious POV. Jrkarp 21:58, 23 November 2005 (UTC)

 * I disagree. Sounds like you disagree with what the National Day of Mourning is, and not what the wikipedia article says about it.  Bugg42 18:38, 24 November 2005 (UTC)

 * No, I completely understand why they have it, and I couldn't care less if they do. However, the words that I put in bold do not convey pure fact; they are obviously intended to convey the point of view of the author.  They are hardly neutral. Jrkarp 04:58, 25 November 2005 (UTC)

 * "No I completely understand why they have it, and I couldn't care less if they do". Obviously this guy is racist imperialist and flagged this for shits and giggles.

 * what you highlighted in bold are true, factual statements — Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.204.6.138 (talk) 01:11, 29 November 2013 (UTC)

I'd agree that the article appears to convey a point of view, but in a different way than described above. The sections "Will the Protest Ever End?" and "Wamsutta's Speech" seem to be included to make a point rather than providing meaningful information for the article. They could have just as easily have been included as external links to other sites. For example, the entire "Will the Protest Ever End?" section could have been easily replaced with a simple sentence outlining the concerns of Moonanum James and a link to his comments. Statements such as "When police brutality no longer exists in communities of color" seem to be included to make them more visible rather than as a way to make the material accessible to the reader.

 * I agree with your points, and see that as further evidence of bias as well. Jrkarp 04:59, 25 November 2005 (UTC)

 * It might be worth noting in this discussion that the words in bold are taken from the plaque that the town of Plymouth erected at Cole's Hill to acknowledge the National Day of Mourning. They are not, then, the words of this article's author but the "official" description of how the day came into being."

 * Wouldn't it be more effective and informative to cite the plaque and not paraphrase from it? It seems like an important thing to point out.

Jrkarp, the genocide on indians isn't a POV statement. It's a fact. NO ONE can deny that it has taken place! And no one can deny that indians still are becoming victims of vicious racism. The inclusion of the paragraph "Will the Protest Ever End?" is also needed, as very few of the readers of the article would bother to open the link and read it if it wasn't. But if you have heard any criticism of the protest you should feel free to include that too, if you think that would make it less POV:ish.--DaGrob 17:18, 23 November 2006 (UTC)

And why are you trying to deny native americans their right to speak out against police brutality, racism and imperialism? They have a right to express why they think that Thanksgiving is humiliating and demeaning!--DaGrob 17:26, 23 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Jrkarp isn't trying to deny freedom of speech--there are important policies of Wikipedia that should be followed in order to form a proper encyclopedia. I'd also argue that the inclusion of "Will the Protest Never End" is a completely unnecessary section; the information and references the speech should be included in the body of the text if it is important. Including full texts of speeches, while perhaps something for wikisource, is definitely not best as is. Read What wikipedia is not Moonty 08:47, 24 November 2006 (UTC)

"The genocide on indians isn't a POV statement. It's a fact. NO ONE can deny that it has taken place!" >> Not according to historic records. The vast majority of American Indians sucummed to disease NOT genocide. I have changed this writeup to reflect the widely held historic view and scientific evidence. From: Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies by Jared Diamond (1997), "Death by Disease" by Ann F. Ramenofsky in "Archaeology" (March/April 1992), Mayflower: A Story of Courage, Community, and War by Nathaniel Philbrick (2006) NHRodman 18:14, 2 January 2007 (UTC)

In the context of the discussion about how this article should read, the question of whether a genocide did or did not happen is irrelevant. Those battles belong in other entries. It is worth noting that entries on the Christmas holiday do not delve into the question of whether or not jesus actually existed, was born, was a god, etc. The only salient detail is that the holiday commemorates something that the faithful believe happened. Likewise, this article should explain that the Day of Mourning is thought to commemorate what some people allege, believe, contend, and think happened. That is, the point of THIS article is to explain the holiday/tradition, not to take sides on whether that tradition is based on fact or fiction.

There are plenty of other places in Wiki-land for you to hash out the truth behind claims about genocide. In that regard, it might be interesting for people interested in following up this issue to consult the U.N. definition of genocide, and see whether the Indian's experince meets those criteria. My hunch is it probably does, especially when one considers such things as the intentional destruction of cultural values and lifestyle. But again, I will leave that to others to decide.

A final thought would be that there is something anachronistic in using that term here, as "genocide" was specifically used to refer to 20th century events, namely, the Holocaust. No one alive at the time of the Pilgrims and Puritans would have recognized or thought in terms of "genocide," in other words. Admittedly, since 1945 the usage of the term has been expanded to cover things besides the Holocaust, e.g., Rwanda, Kosovo, etc. (See, e.g., http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10007043) This makes sense, but in the interest of clarity, a re-write of this article might therefore use wording like the following: "... in actions that, if they happened as is alleged, would today be described as genocide against the Indian community...."

C d h 01:42, 2 August 2007 (UTC)

Date confusion
The National Day of Mourning is an annual protest held on the third Thursday of November (known to many as Thanksgiving) in the United States of America since 1970.

Thanksgiving is on the fourth Thursday of the month. Is the National Day of Mourning the same day as Thanksgiving, or the third Thursday? Either way, the above intro should change. --PurpleRain 21:13, 24 November 2006 (UTC)

National Day of Mourning?
Isn't a national day of mourning when the President of the United States signs a proclamation stating all flags are to be flown at half-staff, businesses are to close early, etc. Like what happened when Ronald Reagan died? Happyme22 17:34, 25 June 2007 (UTC)

Wampsutta or Wamsutta?
I've seen it both ways. --Goldfndr 02:29, 30 October 2007 (UTC)

Bias
The second opening paragraph was full of so much anti-Indian hate that I deleted it. It added NOTHING to the article but bias. Whoever wrote the paragraph needs to realize that inherent within the idea of citing sources is CORRECTLY citing sources. I am a colonial history doctoral student and this paragraph completely misrepresented Diamond and the literature. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.180.242.96 (talk) 06:47, 30 October 2007 (UTC)

Likewise, I edited a part of the Later Protests section to remove part of two sentences. I edited "Speakers are by invitation only, so they enforce their own point of view." to delete the second half of the sentence, since it appeared to be aimed at assigning motive to the protest organizers, which reflects a negative bias that is not supported by documentation. I also removed the word only from an earlier sentence that originally read "All are welcome, but the UNAINE remind participants that this is a day when only the Native people speak about their history and struggles, including contemporary ones." The sentence after that, stating that speakers are by invitation only should clarify who chooses the speakers, and removes any assignment of motive that is not supported by the words or actions of the UNAINE.The1TrueBen (talk) 20:42, 19 November 2012 (UTC)

Speech
I removed the speech at the end of the article. A full transcript of a speech is not encyclopedic material. If the speech is to be included, a subsection about the speech should be added, and quotes from the speech should be used, as opposed to the entire thing. Jrkarp (talk) 16:42, 22 November 2007 (UTC)

1997 violence section removed
In looking over the 1997 violence section, I realized that essentially the entire section was almost word-for-word copied from one of its sources, namely. There are two issues here: first, we can't accept verbatim text from another source unless it was posted by the copyright holder of that source or it is otherwise licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. See Copyright violation. For this reason, I've removed the text completely.

Obviously the article is poorer without any account of this issue at all. However, I have a second concern that I would like those restoring the section to consider: relying heavily on sources with a particular point of view (as this section did) is not consistent with the policy Neutral point of view. We are obligated to find neutral news sources for statements of fact, or to indicate whose point of view we are presenting if we are presenting a particular viewpoint. Various points of view should be balanced and cited if at all possible. -- SCZenz (talk) 23:06, 22 November 2007 (UTC)

Context and other sources
This article really needs additional, third-party, valid sources. Obviously the day of protest was started in an era of protest, but academics have studied that time and must have written about this as well, or journalists have, and in a wider sense than just covering a particular day's activities. There has been much writing about Native American activities and history. These are the sources that should be used, not just the UAINE organization's own accounts. What is the perspective of other American Indian tribes? Do any disagree? How about the ones making good revenue from casinos and other facilities? Times have changed since 1970 - all evils may not be cured, in terms of the speech at the end, but much has changed. I would agree that a National Day of Mourning, in the traditional sense, should be explained.--Parkwells (talk) 18:57, 20 October 2009 (UTC)

Please note that the Wampanoag question the involvement of UAINE in the Day of Mounrning. The absence of Native community voices (contrast with political activists) makes this article questionable. See also: http://www.pilgrimhall.org/daymourn.htm — Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.141.142.162 (talk) 21:52, 19 November 2011 (UTC)

Historical issues
The Thanksgiving page says the first official Thanksgivings were 1621 and '23, proclaimed by Governor Bradford, and not '37 proclaimed by Winthrop as stated here. Can this be reconciled? 129.215.25.81 (talk) 11:12, 24 November 2011 (UTC)

External links modified (February 2018)
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Look-over, source check, tone, etc.
I'm going to look this article over, check and archive sources, attempt to improve the tone and maybe add some pictures (I will carefully review the preceeding discussions above). I will work in my sandbox but please feel free to leave suggestions here. Light&highbeautyforever (talk) 15:53, 13 November 2021 (UTC)


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Earth-leakage circuit breaker

An earth-leakage circuit breaker (ELCB) is a safety device used in electrical installations with high Earth impedance to prevent shock. It detects small stray voltages on the metal enclosures of electrical equipment, and interrupts the circuit if a dangerous voltage is detected. Once widely used, more recent installations instead use residual-current devices (RCDs, RCCBs or GFCIs) which instead detect leakage current directly.

Purpose
The main purpose of Earth leakage protectors is to prevent injury to humans and animals due to electric shock.

History
This is a category of devices, which are used to protect instruments, circuits and operators, while Earth leakage. Early ELCBs were voltage operated devices (VO-ELCB), detecting a voltage rise between installation metalwork, and an external electrode. These have now been replaced by current sensing devices (RCD/RCCB). In modern literature voltage sensing devices are called ELCB or VOELCB and current sensing devices are called RCCB or RCD.

Voltage sensing ELCBs were first introduced about sixty years ago. Current sensing ELCBs were first introduced about forty years ago. For many years, the voltage operated ELCB and the differential current operated ELCB were both referred to as ELCBs because it was a simpler name to remember. But the use of a common name for two different devices gave rise to considerable confusion in the electrical industry.

If the wrong type was used on an installation, the level of protection given could be substantially less than that intended, in particular the voltage operated type can only protect against faults or shocks to metalwork connected to the circuit ground, connected to the VOELCB, it cannot detect current leaving a live wire and running to ground by another path, such as via a person standing on the earth.

To eliminate this confusion, the IEC decided to apply the term residual current device (RCD) to differential-current-operated ELCBs. Residual current refers to any residue when comparing current in the outbound and return currents in the circuit. In a single phase circuit this is simply the live or phase current minus the neutral current. In a 3 phase circuit all current carrying conductors must be sensed.

Operation
An ELCB is a specialised type of latching relay that has a building's incoming mains power connected through its switching contacts so that the ELCB disconnects the power when earth leakage is detected.

The ELCB detects fault currents from live to the Earth (ground) wire within the installation it protects. If sufficient voltage appears across the ELCB's sense coil, it will switch off the power, and remain off until manually reset. A voltage-sensing ELCB does not sense fault currents from live to any other Earthed body.

Types
There are two types of Earth-leakage circuit breaker:
 * voltage operated (referred as ELCB in this article) and,
 * current operated (referred to as RCCB in this article).

Voltage-operated (ELCB)
Voltage ELCBs have been in widespread use since then, and many are still in operation but are no longer installed in new construction. A voltage-operated ELCB detects a rise in potential between the protected interconnected metalwork (equipment frames, conduits, enclosures) and a distant isolated Earth reference electrode. They operate at a detected potential of around 50 volts to open a main breaker and isolate the supply from the protected premises.

A voltage-operated ELCB has a second terminal for connecting to the remote reference Earth connection.

The Earth circuit is modified when an ELCB is used; the connection to the Earth rod is passed through the ELCB by connecting to its two Earth terminals. One terminal goes to the installation Earth CPC (circuit protective conductor, aka Earth wire), and the other to the Earth rod (or sometimes other type of Earth connection).

Disadvantages
Compared with a current-sensing system, voltage sensing systems have several disadvantages which include:

 * A wire break in the fault to load section, or in the earth to ground section, will disable operation of the ELCB.
 * Requirement of an additional third wire from the load to the ELCB.
 * Separate devices cannot be grounded individually.
 * Any additional connection to Earth on the protected system can disable the detector.
 * The ELCB senses equipment faults and cannot detect if a person accidentally touches an energized part of the ELCB.

Current sensing devices (RCD/RCCB)
RCD/RCCB is the commonly used ELCB type. An RCCB typically consists of a current transformer, which has multiple primary windings and one secondary winding. Neutral and line (or lines in multiple phase systems) wires act as the primary windings. A wire wound coil is the secondary winding. The current through the secondary winding is zero at the balanced condition. In the balanced condition, the flux due to the current through the phase wire will be neutralized by the current through the neutral wire, since the current, which flows from the phase will be returned to the neutral. When a fault occurs, a small current will flow to the ground also. This makes an imbalance between line and neutral current creating an unbalanced magnetic field. This induces a current through the secondary winding, which is connected to the sensing circuit. This will sense the leakage and send signal to tripping system.

Voltage Sensing Advantages
Voltage sensing ELCBs have a few advantages over current sensing RCDs: 1) They are less sensitive to fault conditions, and therefore have fewer nuisance trips. (This does not mean they always do, as practical performance depends on installation details and the discrimination enhancing filtering in the ELCB.) Therefore, by electrically separating cable armour from the cable circuit protective conductor, an ELCB can be arranged to protect against cable damage only, and not trip on faults in downline installations. 2) Voltage sensing ELCBs will also trip on DC current faults to ground which a transformer interfaced RCD/RCCB is unable to sense, with similar issues with frequencies significantly above mains frequency. This may lead to ground faults on variable speed drives between the drive electronics and motor not being detected for example.

Voltage Sensing Disadvantages
Voltage sensing ELCBs have some disadvantages:
 * They do not detect faults that do not pass current through the CPC to the Earth rod.
 * They do not allow a single building system to be easily split into multiple sections with independent fault protection, because Earthing systems are usually bonded to pipework.
 * They may be tripped by external voltages from something connected to the Earthing system such as metal pipes, a TN-S Earth or a TN-C-S combined neutral and Earth.
 * As with RCDs, electrically leaky appliances such as some water heaters, washing machines and cookers may cause the ELCB to trip.
 * ELCBs introduce additional resistance and an additional point of failure into the Earthing system.

Earth bypassing
It is not unusual for an ELCB protected installation to have a second unintentional connection to Earth somewhere, one that does not pass through the ELCB sense coil. This can occur via metal pipework in contact with the ground, metal structural framework, outdoor home appliances in contact with soil, and so on.

When this occurs, fault current may pass to Earth without being sensed by the ELCB. Despite this, perhaps counterintuitively, the operation of the ELCB is not compromised. The purpose of the ELCB is to prevent Earthed metalwork rising to a dangerous voltage during fault conditions, and the ELCB continues to do this just the same, the ELCB will still cut the power at the same CPC voltage level. (The difference is that higher fault current is then needed to reach this voltage.)

Nuisance trips
While voltage and current on the earth line is usually fault current from a live wire, this is not always the case, thus there are situations in which an ELCB can nuisance trip.

When an installation has two connections to Earth, a nearby high current lightning strike will cause a voltage gradient in the soil, presenting the ELCB sense coil with enough voltage to cause it to trip.

If the installation's Earth rod is placed close to the Earth rod of a neighbouring building, a high Earth leakage current in the other building can raise the local ground potential and cause a voltage difference across the two Earths, again tripping the ELCB. Close Earth rods are unsuitable for ELCB use for this reason, but in real life such installations are sometimes encountered.

Both RCDs and ELCBs are prone to nuisance trips from normal harmless Earth leakage to some degree. On one hand ELCBs are on average older, and hence tend to have less well developed filtering against nuisance trips, and on the other hand ELCBs are inherently immune to some of the causes of false trips RCDs suffer, and are generally less sensitive than RCDs. In practice RCD nuisance trips are much more common.

Another cause of nuisance tripping is due to accumulated or burden currents caused by items with lowered insulation resistance. This may occur due to older equipment, or equipment with heating elements, or even wiring in buildings in the tropics where prolonged damp and rain conditions can cause the insulation resistance to lower due to moisture tracking. If there is a 30 mA protective device in use and there is a 10 mA burden from various sources then the unit will trip at 20 mA. The individual items may each be electrically safe but a large number of small burden currents accumulates and reduces the tripping level. This was more a problem in past installations where multiple circuits were protected by a single ELCB.

Heating elements of the tubular form are filled with a very fine powder that can absorb moisture if the element has not be used for some time. In the tropics, this may occur, for example if a clothes drier has not been used for a year or a large water boiler used for coffee, etc. has been in storage. In such cases, if the unit is allowed to power up without RCD protection then it will normally dry out and successfully pass inspection. This type of problem can be seen even with brand new equipment.

Failure to respond
Some ELCBs do not respond to rectified fault current. This issue is the same in principle with ELCBs and RCDs, but ELCBs are on average much older and specifications have improved considerably over the years, so an old ELCB is more likely to have some fault current waveform that it will not respond to.

With any mechanical device, failures occur, and ELCBs should ideally be tested periodically to ensure they still work.

If either of the Earth wires become disconnected from the ELCB, it will no longer trip and the installation will often no longer be properly Earthed.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Earth-leakage circuit breaker


text:
Subaru B9 Scrambler

The Subaru B9 Scrambler (also known as the Subaru B9SC) is an open two-seat concept sports car from Subaru featuring classic styling. It is 4.2 m long and powered by a 140 hp gasoline-electric hybrid engine. It was designed by Andreas Zapatinas.

Design
This concept car was first shown in 2003 at the Tokyo Motor Show. It was designed with influence from Subaru's aircraft heritage, with the front end appearing to look like the cross section of an airliner, with a central jet intake and wings. This theme was originally developed for the Subaru B11S which had been exhibited in Spring 2003. The lower panels of the B9 are dent resistant.

Car and Driver speculated the Pontiac Solstice roadster could have been based on the same platform as the B9 Scrambler, as General Motors held a minority stake in Subaru's parent company, Fuji Heavy Industries, from 1999 to 2005.

Technical
The automobile features a 2.0 litre flat-4 cylinder hybrid powertrain, which Subaru calls the Sequential Series Hybrid Electric Vehicle (SSHEV). In the SSHEV, the 134 hp electric motor alone is used to move the car up to 80 km/hour, at which point the 138 hp gasoline engine takes over. Under 80 km/hour, the gasoline engine may be used to charge the battery or under heavy acceleration. It is Subaru's first hybrid powertrain, and Subaru president Kyoji Takenaka stated that existing conventionally-powered Subaru models required "no modification" to install the SSHEV.

The ride height can be adjusted through a self-leveling air suspension. Front and rear-facing cameras, coupled with a radar system are used in an intelligent cruise control and lane departure warning system.

In popular media

 * The B9SC is a featured vehicle in the 2005 video game WRC: Rally Evolved.

title: Subaru B9 Scrambler


text:
Fritz the Cat

Fritz the Cat is a comic strip created by Robert Crumb. Set in a "supercity" of anthropomorphic animals, it focused on Fritz, a tabby cat who frequently went on wild adventures that sometimes involved sexual escapades. Crumb began drawing the character in homemade comic books as a child, and Fritz would become one of his best-known characters.

The strip first appeared in Help! and Cavalier magazines, and subsequently in publications associated with the underground comix scene between 1965 and 1972; Fritz the Cat comic compilations elevated it to one of the underground scene's most iconic features.

Fritz the Cat received further attention when it was adapted into a 1972 animated film of the same name. The directorial debut of animator Ralph Bakshi, it was the first animated feature film to receive an X rating in the United States, and the most successful independent animated feature to date. Crumb ended the strip later that year due to disagreements with the filmmakers.

Overview
Fritz the Cat was created in 1959 by Robert Crumb in a homemade comic book story called "Cat Life", based on the experiences of Fred, the family cat. The character's next appearance was in a 1960 story entitled "Robin Hood". By this point, the cat had become anthropomorphic and had been renamed Fritz, a name derived from a minor unrelated character who appeared briefly in "Cat Life". Fritz appeared in the early 1960s Animal Town strips drawn by Charles and Robert Crumb. Sometimes Fritz was accompanied by Fuzzy the Bunny, who served as an alter ego for Charles, his creator.

Fritz the Cat is set in a "modern 'supercity' of millions of animals." Stories begin simply and become increasingly chaotic and complex as the narrative responds to uncontrollable forces. The look of Fritz the Cat comics was characterized by the use of the Rapidograph technical pen and a simple drawing style Robert Crumb used to facilitate his storytelling. Crumb states that much of the comic books he enjoyed as a child were talking animal comics, particularly those of Carl Barks. Crumb was later influenced by Walt Kelly's daily anthropomorphic animal comic strip Pogo; Crumb did not copy Kelly's comics directly, but states that he imitated his drawing style closely; Crumb admired Kelly's storytelling style, which "seemed [to be] plotless and casually done. The characters talked to each other and nothing much happened. Just a lot of foolishness takes place". Crumb said of his anthropomorphic work:

"I can express something [with animals] that is different from what I put into my work about humans ... I can put more nonsense, more satire and fantasy into the animals ... they're also easier to do than people ... With people I try more for realism, which is probably why I'm generally better with animals."

In 1964, when he was not working at American Greetings, Crumb drew many Fritz the Cat strips for his own amusement. Some of them were later published in Help! and Cavalier magazines and in underground comix. Fritz also appears briefly in Crumb's graphic novel Big Yum Yum Book: The Story of Oggie and the Beanstalk, drawn in 1964, but not published until 1975. Several characters from the anthropomorphic universe of Fritz the Cat appeared in another Crumb comic strip, The Silly Pigeons, drawn in 1965 and intended for Help! In 1970, Crumb redrew an early Fuzzy the Bunny story written by Charles Crumb in 1952; it was published in Zap Comix #5.

Characters
Marty Pahls, Crumb's childhood friend, describes Fritz as "a poseur", whose posturing was taken seriously by everyone around him. Fritz is self-centered and hedonistic, lacking both morals and ethics. Thomas Albright describes Fritz as "a kind of updated Felix with overtones of Charlie Chaplin, Candide, and Don Quixote." Fritz had a "glib, smooth and self-assured" personality, characteristics Crumb felt he himself lacked. According to Pahls, "To a great extent, Fritz was his wish-fulfillment ... [the character allowed Robert to] do great deeds, have wild adventures, and undergo a variety of sex experiences, which he himself felt he couldn't. Fritz was bold, poised, had a way with the ladies—all attributes which Robert coveted, but felt he lacked."

Crumb denied any personal attachment to the character, stating, "I just got into drawing him ... He was fun to draw." As Crumb's personal life changed, Fritz's did too. According to Pahls, "For years, [Crumb] had few friends and no sex life; he was forced to spend many hours at school or on the job, and when he came home he 'escaped' by drawing home-made comics. When he suddenly found a group of friends that would accept him for himself, as he did in Cleveland in 1964, the 'compensation' factor went out of his drawing, and this was pretty much the end of Fritz's impetus."

An early untitled 10-page story, drawn in 1964 and released in 1969 as part of R. Crumb's Comics and Stories (Rip Off Press), depicts Fritz as a beatnik caricature who has an incestuous tryst with his sister. In "Fred, the Teen-Age Girl Pigeon," Fritz is portrayed as a pop music star. The strips "Fritz the Cat" and "Fritz Bugs Out" portray him as a hip poet and college dropout in the hippie scene. "Fritz Bugs Out" uses anthropomorphic characters to comment on race relations, with crows representing African Americans. Fritz is portrayed as a self-conscious hypocrite, obsessed with his racism and associated guilt, while crows are portrayed as "hip innocents". "Fritz the Cat, Secret Agent for the C.I.A.," inspired by the popularity of the James Bond series, portrays Fritz as a member of the Central Intelligence Agency. "Fritz the No-Good" depicts him becoming involved with terrorist revolutionaries; he also abuses and rapes one of the group members’ girlfriends.

Fritz has an on-again/off-again relationship with a female fox named Winston; they break up at the beginning of "Fritz Bugs Out". Later in the story, she attempts to convince him not to "bug out", but eventually agrees to go on a road trip with him. When her car overheats and stalls in the desert, Fritz abandons her. Winston is also a character featured in the 1972 film, as is this storyline—Fritz's Volkswagen Beetle dodging big rig trucks on the highway in the middle of the night and later running out of gas in the middle of nowhere. She reappears in "Fritz the Cat Doubts His Masculinity" and in "Fritz the No-Good", where they reunite after Fritz is thrown out of his wife's apartment. Fuzzy the Bunny, who appeared in the early Animal Town strips, reappears as a college student in "Fritz Bugs Out" and as a revolutionary in "Fritz the No-Good".

Publication history
Help!, a magazine published by former Mad editor Harvey Kurtzman, published two stories featuring Fritz, including the character's first public appearance in January 1965, "Fritz Comes on Strong". In this debut story, Fritz brings a young female cat home and strips all her clothes off before getting on top of her to pick fleas off of her. Preceding the publication of the story, Kurtzman sent Crumb a letter which read, "Dear R. Crumb, we think the little pussycat drawings you sent us were just great. Question is, how do we print them without going to jail?"

Although Kurtzman agreed to publish the story, he requested that Crumb alter the final two panels; the published version depicted Fritz standing next to her. Crumb later recalled that the original ending "wasn't that dirty ... only slightly risque by today's standards". In May 1965, Help! published a second Fritz story, "Fred, the Teen-Age Girl Pigeon". In this episode Fritz is a guitar-playing pop idol and he brings Fred, a female pigeon groupie, to his hotel room and proceeds to eat her. John Canaday's New York magazine review of Head Comix describes this punch line as "outrageous brilliance [that] is rivaled only by Evelyn Waugh's last lines in The Loved One."

"Fritz Bugs Out" was serialized in Cavalier from February to October 1968. In the summer of 1968, Fritz the Cat strips appeared in the Viking Press compilation titled Head Comix, which focused exclusively on Crumb's material. In 1969, Ballantine Books paid Crumb a $5,000 advance for the publication rights to a compilation of three stories featuring Fritz. Crumb used the money to purchase a three-acre lot. In 2017, Crumb's original cover art for the Ballantine collection sold at auction for $717,000, the highest sale price to that point for any piece of American cartoon art.

Crumb abandoned the character the same year as the Ballantine collection, but previously unpublished stories appeared in Promethean Enterprises No. 3 and 4 in 1971 and Artistic Comics (Golden Gate Publishing Company) in 1973. "Fritz the Cat 'Superstar'" — featuring the death of the character — was the last new story released; it was published in The People's Comics (Golden Gate) in 1972.

In 1978, Bélier Press published The Complete Fritz the Cat, which brought together all the published stories featuring Fritz, as well as previously unpublished drawings and unfinished comics. At the artist's request, a 10-page story drawn in 1964 and previously published in R. Crumb's Comics and Stories (Rip Off Press) in 1969 was excluded from this collection. In April 1993, Fantagraphics Books published The Life & Death of Fritz the Cat, compiling nine major strips, including the 1964 story previously excluded from The Complete Fritz the Cat. Fritz the Cat strips also appear in The Complete Crumb Comics series. An unpublished page featuring Fritz that had been intended for Help!, as well as comics featuring other characters related to the anthropomorphic universe of Fritz the Cat, appeared in The R. Crumb Coffee Table Art Book in 1998.

List of appearances
These Fritz comics were intended for publication:
 * "Fritz Comes on Strong," Help! #22 (Jan. 1965)
 * "Fred, the Teen-Age Girl Pigeon," Help! #24 (May 1965)
 * Cavalier (Feb.–Oct. 1968) — two storylines:
 * "Fritz Bugs Out"
 * "Fritz the No-Good"
 * untitled ["Fritz is a sophisticated, up-to-the-minute young feline who lives in a modern "supercity"..."], R. Crumb's Head Comix (Viking Press, November 1968) — originally intended for a never-published comic book titled Fug
 * "Special Agent for the C.I.A.", R. Crumb's Fritz the Cat (Ballantine Books, Oct. 1969)
 * "Fritz the Cat: 'Superstar'," The People's Comics (Golden Gate Publishing, Sept. 1972)

'''These Fritz comics were from Crumb's sketchbooks and/or were not originally intended for publication. They are presented here in approximate chronological order of creation:'''
 * Sept. 1959–Feb. 1960: "Cat Life," The Complete Fritz the Cat (Bélier Press, 1978) — story drawn on composition notebook paper
 * March 12, 1960: "Robin Hood," The Complete Crumb Comics #1 — The Early Years of Bitter Struggle (Fantagraphics, Oct. 1987) — signed and dated
 * March 22–April 3, 1960: untitled Animal Town story ["Darn! That last town I got chased out of didn't have a train to New York"], The Complete Crumb Comics #1 — The Early Years of Bitter Struggle (Fantagraphics, Oct. 1987) — signed
 * Dec. 10, 1960: "A Christmas Tale," The Complete Crumb Comics #1 — The Early Years of Bitter Struggle (Fantagraphics, Oct. 1987) — signed
 * May 1961: untitled Animal Town story ["Well, sir, after nine years of isolated study and meticulous labor"]," The Complete Crumb Comics #1 — The Early Years of Bitter Struggle (Fantagraphics, Oct. 1987)
 * May 4, 1961: "R. Crumb's Animal Town Comics," Prime Cuts #3 (Fantagraphics, May 1987) — sign and dated
 * May 22, 1961: untitled Animal Town story ["Attention, ladies and gentlemen! Your attention please!"]," The Complete Crumb Comics #1 — The Early Years of Bitter Struggle (Fantagraphics, Oct. 1987)
 * June 8, 1961: untitled Animal Town story ["What's going on here? What is this congregating on the streets?"]," The Complete Crumb Comics #1 — The Early Years of Bitter Struggle (Fantagraphics, Oct. 1987)
 * April 1964: untitled ["R. Crumb's Comics and Stories"], R. Crumb's Comics and Stories #1 (Rip Off Press, [June] 1969)
 * Aug. 1964: "Fritz the Cat, Ace Salesman," The Complete Crumb Comics #3 — Starring Fritz the Cat (Fantagraphics, Nov. 1988)
 * 1965: untitled ["Oh Fritz! This is marvelous! I'm in love with your car! I really am!"], The R. Crumb Coffee Table Art Book (Little, Brown, 1997) — unpublished page from Help
 * summer 1965: "Fritz the Cat, Magician," Promethean Enterprises No. 3 (1971)
 * c. 1967: "Fritz the Cat Becomes a Drug Addict," The Complete Fritz the Cat (Bélier Press, 1978)

Creation dates unknown:
 * Promethean Enterprises No. 4 (fall 1971)
 * Artistic Comics (Golden Gate Publishing, 1973)
 * "Fritz the Cat Doubts His Masculinity,"The Complete Fritz the Cat (Bélier Press, 1978)

Cultural impact
Following the publication of the compilations Head Comix and R. Crumb's Fritz the Cat, Crumb received increased attention and Fritz the Cat became one of the most familiar features on the underground comix scene and Crumb's most famous creation. The strip's association with the 1960s counterculture is so strong that for example the 1975 song Motorcycle Mama, being a nostalgic remembrance of the 1960s, by Swedish singer-songwriter Harpo mentions Fritz the Cat among other cultural icons of the decade such as Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band, Jimi Hendrix, Ravi Shankar, Easy Rider, Woodstock, Bob Dylan, and Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, and according to Dez Skinn, author of Comix: The Underground Revolution, the strip served as an inspiration for Omaha the Cat Dancer.

Like many other of Crumb's creations, Fritz the Cat has remained not without detractors. In Graphic Novels: A Bibliographic Guide to Book-Length Comics, D. Aviva Rothschild criticized the stories printed in the collection The Life & Death of Fritz the Cat as being misogynist, racist, and violent. He felt that, "They also tend to ramble, as if Crumb were making them up as he went along." Rothschild concluded that, "Even though Fritz the Cat is a classic, there are better, more coherent Crumb books around."

The stories served as the basis for a pair of film adaptations produced by Steve Krantz, Fritz the Cat (1972), directed by Ralph Bakshi, and The Nine Lives of Fritz the Cat (1974), directed by Robert Taylor. The first film adaptation of Fritz the Cat was ranked 51st on the Online Film Critics Society's list of the top 100 greatest animated films of all time and 56th on Channel 4's list of the 100 Greatest Cartoons.

Animated adaptations
In 1969, New York animator Ralph Bakshi came across a copy of R. Crumb's Fritz the Cat and suggested to producer Steve Krantz that it would work as a film. After meeting with Bakshi, Crumb loaned him one of his sketchbooks as a reference, but was unsure of the film's production and refused to sign the contract. Bakshi and Crumb were unable to reach an agreement after two weeks of negotiations but Krantz secured the film rights from Crumb's wife, Dana, who had a power of attorney. Crumb received $50,000, distributed over the course of production, and ten percent of Krantz's proceeds.

Fritz the Cat was the first animated feature film to receive an X rating from the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA). The film's distributor capitalized on the rating in the film's advertising material, which touted the film as being "X rated and animated!" Released on 12 April 1972, it opened simultaneously in Hollywood and Washington, D.C. The film became a worldwide hit, grossing over $100 million (USD) and was the most successful independent animated feature ever. Crumb disliked how the film presented the sexual content and politics, denouncing Fritz's dialogue in the final sequences of the film, which includes a paraphrased quote from The Beatles song "The End", as "red-neck and fascistic." Nonetheless, the film is credited with extending Crumb's reputation beyond the underground comix scene.

Following the film's release, Crumb quickly produced the story "Fritz the Cat 'Superstar'," in which he satirized Bakshi and Krantz. Crumb portrayed Fritz in a script conference for Fritz Goes to India, a fictional sequel to the film. Crumb's story ends with a neurotic ex-girlfriend killing Fritz. She murders him by stabbing him in the back of the head with an ice pick due to Fritz's overt sexism.

After the film's release, the American humor magazine the National Lampoon published a comics story written by mordant humorist Michael O'Donoghue, and drawn by Randall Enos in a parody of Crumb's style, called "Fritz the Star in 'Kitty Glitter.'" The four-page piece portrayed the Fritz character as a jaded and complacent Hollywood star going through the motions of celebrities of the day: appearing on talk shows, commercials, and telethons mouthing vaguely liberal platitudes, before cynically guiding the conversation over to promoting his next movie. Other comics cats make appearances, including Felix the Cat, Krazy Kat, and underground comix cats Pat (from Jay Lynch's Nard n' Pat) and Kim Deitch's Waldo. The strip ends with a nightmarish full-page vista of "Crumbland", where all of Crumb's countercultural icons have been turned into commercial commodities.

In 1974, Krantz produced a sequel, The Nine Lives of Fritz the Cat, without participation from either Bakshi or Crumb.

title: Fritz the Cat


text:
Charles Krauthammer

Charles Krauthammer (March 13, 1950 – June 21, 2018) was an American political columnist. A moderate liberal who turned independent conservative as a political pundit, Krauthammer won the Pulitzer Prize for his columns in The Washington Post in 1987. His weekly column was syndicated to more than 400 publications worldwide. While in his first year studying medicine at Harvard Medical School, Krauthammer became permanently paralyzed from the waist down after a diving board accident that severed his spinal cord at cervical spinal nerve 5. After spending 14 months recovering in a hospital, he returned to medical school, graduating to become a psychiatrist involved in the creation of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders III in 1980. He joined the Carter administration in 1978 as a director of psychiatric research, eventually becoming the speechwriter to Vice President Walter Mondale in 1980.

In the late 1970s and early 1980s, Krauthammer embarked on a career as a columnist and political commentator. In 1985, he began writing a weekly column for The Washington Post, which earned him the 1987 Pulitzer Prize for Commentary for his "witty and insightful columns on national issues". He was a weekly panelist on the PBS news program Inside Washington from 1990 until it ceased production in December 2013. Krauthammer had been a contributing editor to The Weekly Standard, a Fox News contributor, and a nightly panelist on Special Report with Bret Baier on Fox News.

Krauthammer received acclaim for his writing on foreign policy, among other matters. He was a leading conservative voice and proponent of United States military and political engagement on the global stage, coining the term Reagan Doctrine and advocating both the Gulf War and the Iraq War.

In August 2017, due to his battle with cancer, Krauthammer stopped writing his column and serving as a Fox News contributor. He died on June 21, 2018.

Early life and career
Krauthammer was born on March 13, 1950, in the New York City borough of Manhattan. His father, Shulim Krauthammer (November 23, 1904 – June 1987), was from Bolekhiv, Ukraine (then the Austro-Hungarian Empire), and later became a naturalized citizen of France. His mother, Thea (née Horowitz; July 28, 1921 – February 14, 2019 ), was from Antwerp, Belgium. The Krauthammer family was a French-speaking household. When he was 5, the Krauthammers moved to Montreal. Through the school year, they resided in Montreal and spent the summers in Long Beach, New York. Both of his parents were Orthodox Jews, and he graduated from Herzliah High School.

Krauthammer attended McGill University in Montreal, graduating in 1970 with first-class honours in economics and political science. At that time, McGill University was a hotbed of radical sentiment, something that Krauthammer said influenced his dislike of political extremism. "I became very acutely aware of the dangers, the hypocrisies, and sort of the extremism of the political extremes. And it cleansed me very early in my political evolution of any romanticism." He later said: "I detested the extreme Left and extreme Right, and found myself somewhere in the middle." The following year, after graduating from McGill, he studied as a Commonwealth Scholar in politics at Balliol College, Oxford, before returning to the United States to attend medical school at Harvard.

A diving accident during his first year of medical school left Krauthammer paralyzed from the waist down. He remained with his Harvard Medical School class during his hospitalization, graduating in 1975. He credited Hermann Lisco, associate dean of students, for making it happen.

From 1975 through 1978, Krauthammer was a resident in psychiatry at Massachusetts General Hospital, serving as chief resident his final year. During his time as chief resident, he noted a variant of manic depression (bipolar disorder) that he identified and named secondary mania. He published his findings in the Archives of General Psychiatry. He also co-authored a path-finding study on the epidemiology of mania.

In 1978, Krauthammer relocated to Washington, D.C., to direct planning in psychiatric research under the Carter administration. He began contributing articles about politics to The New Republic and, in 1980, served as a speechwriter to Vice President Walter Mondale. He contributed to the third edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. In 1984, he was board certified in psychiatry by the American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology.

Career as columnist and political commentator

In 1979, Krauthammer joined The New Republic as both a writer and editor. In 1983, he began writing essays for Time magazine, including one on the Reagan Doctrine, which first brought him national acclaim as a writer. Krauthammer began writing regular editorials for The Washington Post in 1985 and became a nationally syndicated columnist. Krauthammer coined and developed the term Reagan Doctrine in 1985, and he defined the U.S. role as sole superpower in his essay "The Unipolar Moment", published shortly after the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989.

In 1990, Krauthammer became a panelist for the weekly PBS political roundtable Inside Washington, remaining with the show until it ceased production in December 2013. Krauthammer also appeared on Fox News Channel as a contributor for many years.

Krauthammer's 2004 speech "Democratic Realism", which was delivered to the American Enterprise Institute when Krauthammer won the Irving Kristol Award, set out a framework for tackling the post-9/11 world, focusing on the promotion of democracy in the Middle East.

In 2013, Krauthammer published Things That Matter: Three Decades of Passions, Pastimes and Politics. An immediate bestseller, the book remained on The New York Times bestseller list for 38 weeks and spent 10 weeks in a row at number one.

His son Daniel is responsible for the final edits on a book that was posthumously released, The Point of It All: A Lifetime of Great Loves and Endeavors, that was published in December 2018.

Personal life
In 1974, Krauthammer married his wife, Robyn, a lawyer who stopped practicing law in order to focus on her work as an artist. They had one child, Daniel Krauthammer. Charles Krauthammer's brother, Marcel, died in 2006.

Krauthammer was Jewish, raised largely in the Orthodox tradition, but in his adult life he variously described himself as "not religious" and "a Jewish Shinto" who engaged in "ancestor worship". At the same time, while he considered himself a skeptic regarding religious fanaticism and those claiming to hold certainty of any particular theological dogma, he was also quite scornful of atheism, once being quoted as saying that of all the belief systems he was aware of, "the only one I know is NOT true is atheism." His beliefs were sometimes described as a version of the "ceremonial Deism" exhibited by some of the U.S. Founding Fathers, particularly Thomas Jefferson. He was also influenced by his study of Maimonides at McGill University with Rabbi David Hartman, the head of Jerusalem's Shalom Hartman Institute and professor of philosophy at McGill during Krauthammer's student days.

Krauthammer was a member of both the Chess Journalists of America and the Council on Foreign Relations. He was co-founder of Pro Musica Hebraica, a not-for-profit organization devoted to presenting Jewish classical music, much of it lost or forgotten, in a concert hall setting.

Krauthammer was a big baseball fan. He enjoyed chess to a point that he gave it up later in life, fearing he was addicted.

In the final presidential election of his life, that of 2016, he openly refused to support either candidate and declared his intention to cast a write-in vote after giving extensive explanations for why he could support neither Hillary Clinton nor Donald Trump.

Death
In August 2017, Krauthammer had a cancerous tumor removed from his abdomen. The surgery was thought to have been successful; however, on June 8, 2018, Krauthammer announced that his cancer had returned and that doctors had given him only weeks to live. On June 21, he died of small intestine cancer in an Atlanta, Georgia hospital. He was 68. Krauthammer was survived by his wife and son. Mitch McConnell, Chris Wallace, David Nakamura, Megyn Kelly, John Roberts, Bret Baier, Mike Pence, and others paid tribute to him.

Bioethics and medicine
Krauthammer was a supporter of abortion legalization (although he believed Roe v. Wade was wrongly decided) and opposed to euthanasia.

Krauthammer was appointed to President George W. Bush's Council on Bioethics in 2002. He supported relaxing the Bush administration's limits on federal funding of discarded human embryonic stem cell research. Krauthammer supported embryonic stem cell research using embryos discarded by fertility clinics with restrictions in its applications. However, he opposed human cloning. He warned that scientists were beginning to develop the power of "creating a class of superhumans". A fellow member of the council, Janet D. Rowley, insists that Krauthammer's vision was still an issue far in the future and not a topic to be discussed at the present time.

In March 2009, Krauthammer was invited to the signing of an executive order by President Barack Obama at the White House but declined to attend because of his fears about the cloning of human embryos and the creation of normal human embryos solely for purposes of research. He also contrasted the "moral seriousness" of Bush's stem cell address of August 9, 2001, with that of Obama's address on stem cells.

Krauthammer was critical of the idea of living wills and the current state of end-of-life counseling and feared that Obamacare would just worsen the situation:

"When my father was dying, my mother and brother and I had to decide how much treatment to pursue. What was a better way to ascertain my father's wishes: What he checked off on a form one fine summer's day years before being stricken; or what we, who had known him intimately for decades, thought he would want? The answer is obvious."

Energy and global warming
Krauthammer was a longtime advocate of radically higher energy taxes to induce conservation.

Krauthammer wrote in The Washington Post on February 20, 2014, "I'm not a global warming believer. I'm not a global warming denier." Objecting to declaring global warming settled science, he contended that much that is believed to be settled turns out not to be so.

Foreign policy
Krauthammer first gained attention in the mid-1980s when he first used the phrase "Reagan Doctrine" in his Time magazine column. The phrase was a reference to the American foreign policy of supporting anti-communist insurgencies around the globe (most notably Nicaragua, Angola, and Afghanistan) as a response to the Brezhnev Doctrine and reflected a U.S. foreign policy that went beyond containment of the Soviet Union to rollback of recent Soviet influence in the Third World. The policy, which was strongly supported by Heritage Foundation foreign policy analysts and other conservatives, was ultimately embraced by Reagan's senior national security and foreign policy officials. Krauthammer's description of it as the "Reagan Doctrine" has since endured.

In "The Poverty of Realism" (New Republic, February 17, 1986), he asserted:

"that the end of American foreign policy is not just the security of the United States, but what John F. Kennedy called 'the success of liberty.' That means, first, defending the community of democratic nations (the repository of the liberal idea) and second, encouraging the establishment of new liberal policies at the frontier, most especially in the Third World." The foreign policy, he argued, should be both "universal in aspiration" and "prudent in application", thus combining American idealism and realism. Over the next 20 years these ideas developed into what is now called "democratic realism".

In 1990, at the end the Cold War, Krauthammer wrote several articles entitled "The Unipolar Moment". Krauthammer used the term "unipolarity" to describe the world structure that was emerging with the fall of the Soviet Union, with world power residing in the "serenely dominant" Western alliance led by the United States. Krauthammer predicted that the bipolar world of the Cold War would give way not to a multipolar world in which the U.S. was one of many centers of power, but a unipolar world dominated by the United States with a power gap between the most powerful state and the second most powerful state that would exceed any other in history. He also suggested that American hegemony would inevitably exist for only a historical "moment" lasting at most three or four decades.

Hegemony gave the United States the capacity and responsibility to act unilaterally if necessary, Krauthammer argued. Throughout the 1990s, however, he was circumspect about how that power ought to be used. He split from his neoconservative colleagues who were arguing for an interventionist policy of "American greatness". Krauthammer wrote that in the absence of a global existential threat, the United States should stay out of "teacup wars" in failed states, and instead adopt a "dry powder" foreign policy of nonintervention and readiness. Krauthammer opposed purely "humanitarian intervention" (with the exception of overt genocide). While he supported the 1991 Gulf War on the grounds of both humanitarianism and strategic necessity (preventing Saddam Hussein from gaining control of the Persian Gulf and its resources), he opposed American intervention in the Yugoslav Wars on the grounds that America should not be committing the lives of its soldiers to purely humanitarian missions in which there is no American national interest at stake.

Krauthammer's major 2004 monograph on foreign policy, "Democratic Realism: An American Foreign Policy for a Unipolar World", was critical both of the neoconservative Bush doctrine for being too expansive and utopian, and of foreign policy "realism" for being too narrow and immoral; instead, he proposed an alternative he called "Democratic Realism".

In a 2005 speech later published in Commentary magazine, Krauthammer called neoconservatism "a governing ideology whose time has come." He noted that the original "fathers of neoconservatism" were "former liberals or leftists". More recently, they have been joined by "realists, newly mugged by reality" such as Condoleezza Rice, Richard Cheney, and George W. Bush, who "have given weight to neoconservatism, making it more diverse and, given the newcomers' past experience, more mature".

In a 2008 column entitled "Charlie Gibson's Gaffe", Krauthammer elaborated on the changing meanings of the Bush Doctrine in light of Gibson's questioning of Republican vice-presidential candidate Sarah Palin regarding what exactly the Bush Doctrine was, which resulted in criticism of Palin's response. Krauthammer states that the phrase originally referred to "the unilateralism that characterized the pre-9/11 first year of the Bush administration," but elaborates, "There is no single meaning of the Bush doctrine. In fact, there have been four distinct meanings, each one succeeding another over the eight years of this administration."

Israel
Krauthammer has been described as "predictably tak[ing] Israel's side and devot[ing] a significant amount of his... writing to defending steadfast U.S. support for Israel". Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu described his relationship with Krauthammer as "like brothers".

Krauthammer strongly opposed the Oslo accords and said that Palestinian Liberation Organization leader Yasir Arafat would use the foothold it gave him in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip to continue the war against Israel that he had ostensibly renounced in the Israel–Palestine Liberation Organization letters of recognition. In a July 2006 essay in Time, Krauthammer wrote that the Israeli–Palestinian conflict was fundamentally defined by the Palestinians' unwillingness to accept compromise.

During the 2006 Lebanon War, Krauthammer wrote a column, "Let Israel Win the War": "What other country, when attacked in an unprovoked aggression across a recognized international frontier, is then put on a countdown clock by the world, given a limited time window in which to fight back, regardless of whether it has restored its own security?" He later criticized Israeli prime minister Ehud Olmert's conduct, arguing that Olmert "has provided unsteady and uncertain leadership. Foolishly relying on air power alone, he denied his generals the ground offensive they wanted, only to reverse himself later."

Krauthammer supported a two-state solution to the conflict. Unlike many conservatives, he supported Israel's Gaza withdrawal as a step toward rationalizing the frontiers between Israel and a future Palestinian state. He believed a security barrier between the two states' final borders will be an important element of any lasting peace.

When Richard Goldstone retracted the claim $1 1/2$ years after the issuance of the UN report on the 2008 Gaza war that Israel intentionally killed Palestinian civilians, including children, Krauthammer strongly criticized Goldstone, saying that "this weasel-y excuse-laden retraction is too little and too late" and called "the original report a blood libel ranking with the libels of the 19th century in which Jews were accused of ritually slaughtering children in order to use the blood in rituals". Krauthammer thought that Goldstone "should spend the rest of his life undoing the damage and changing and retracting that report".

9/11, Iraq, and the War on Terror
Krauthammer laid out the underlying principle of strategic necessity restraining democratic idealism in his controversial 2004 Kristol Award Lecture: "We will support democracy everywhere, but we will commit blood and treasure only in places where there is a strategic necessity—meaning, places central to the larger war against the existential enemy, the enemy that poses a global mortal threat to freedom."

The 9/11 attacks, Krauthammer wrote, made clear the new existential threat and the necessity for a new interventionism. On September 12, 2001, he wrote that, if the suspicion that bin Laden was behind the attack proved correct, the United States had no choice but to go to war in Afghanistan. He supported the Second Iraq War on the "realist" grounds of the strategic threat the Saddam regime posed to the region as UN sanctions were eroding and of his alleged weapons of mass destruction and on the "idealist" grounds that a self-sustaining democracy in Iraq would be a first step toward changing the poisonous political culture of tyranny, intolerance, and religious fanaticism in the Arab world that had incubated the anti-American extremism from which 9/11 emerged.

In October 2002, he presented what he believed were the primary arguments for and against the war, writing, "Hawks favor war on the grounds that Saddam Hussein is reckless, tyrannical, and instinctively aggressive, and that if he comes into possession of nuclear weapons in addition to the weapons of mass destruction he already has, he is likely to use them or share them with terrorists. The threat of mass death on a scale never before seen residing in the hands of an unstable madman is intolerable—and must be preempted. Doves oppose war on the grounds that the risks exceed the gains. War with Iraq could be very costly, possibly degenerating into urban warfare."

He continued: "I happen to believe that the preemption school is correct, that the risks of allowing Saddam Hussein to acquire his weapons will only grow with time. Nonetheless, I can both understand and respect those few Democrats who make the principled argument against war with Iraq on the grounds of deterrence, believing that safety lies in reliance on a proven (if perilous) balance of terror rather than the risky innovation of forcible disarmament by preemption."

On the eve of the invasion, Krauthammer wrote, "Reformation and reconstruction of an alien culture are a daunting task. Risky and, yes, arrogant." In February 2003, Krauthammer cautioned that "it may yet fail. But we cannot afford not to try. There is not a single, remotely plausible, alternative strategy for attacking the monster behind 9/11. It's not Osama bin Laden; it is the cauldron of political oppression, religious intolerance, and social ruin in the Arab-Islamic world—oppression transmuted and deflected by regimes with no legitimacy into virulent, murderous anti-Americanism." Krauthammer in 2003 wrote that the reconstruction of Iraq would provide many benefits for the Iraqi people, once the political and economic infrastructure destroyed by Saddam was restored: "With its oil, its urbanized middle class, its educated population, its essential modernity, Iraq has a future. In two decades Saddam Hussein reduced its GDP by 75 percent. Once its political and industrial infrastructures are reestablished, Iraq's potential for rebound, indeed for explosive growth, is unlimited."

On April 22, 2003, Krauthammer predicted that he would have a "credibility problem" if weapons of mass destruction were not found in Iraq within the next five months.

In a speech to the Foreign Policy Association in Philadelphia, he argued that the beginnings of democratization in the Arab world had been met in 2006 with a "fierce counterattack" by radical Islamist forces in Lebanon, Palestine, and especially Iraq, which witnessed a major intensification in sectarian warfare. In late 2006 and 2007, he was one of the few commentators to support the troop surge in Iraq.

In 2009, Krauthammer argued that the use of torture against enemy combatants was impermissible except in two contexts: (a) when "[an] innocent's life is at stake," "[the] bad guy you have captured possesses information that could save this life, [and he] refuses to divulge"; and (b) when torture may lead to "the extraction of information from a high-value enemy in possession of high-value information likely to save lives".

Ideology
Meg Greenfield, editorial page editor for The Washington Post who edited Krauthammer's columns for 15 years, called his weekly column "independent and hard to peg politically. It's a very tough column. There's no 'trendy' in it. You never know what is going to happen next." Hendrik Hertzberg, also a former colleague of Krauthammer while they worked at The New Republic in the 1980s, said that when the two first met in 1978, Krauthammer was "70 percent Mondale liberal, 30 percent 'Scoop Jackson Democrat', that is, hard-line on Israel and relations with the Soviet Union"; in the mid-1980s, he was still "50–50: fairly liberal on economic and social questions but a full-bore foreign-policy neoconservative". Hertzberg in 2009 called Krauthammer a "pretty solid 90–10 Republican". Krauthammer was described by some as having been a conservative.

Presidential elections
A few days before the 2012 United States presidential election, Krauthammer predicted it would be "very close" with Republican candidate Mitt Romney winning the "popular [vote] by, I think, about half a point, Electoral College probably a very narrow margin". Although admitting his incorrect prediction, Krauthammer maintained, "Obama won but had no mandate. He won by going very small, very negative."

Before the 2016 United States presidential election, Krauthammer stated that "I will not vote for Hillary Clinton, but, as I've explained in my columns, I could never vote for Donald Trump".

In July 2017 following the release by Donald Trump Jr. of the email chain about the Trump Tower meeting on June 9, 2016, Krauthammer opined that even bungled collusion is still collusion.

Religion
Krauthammer received a rigorous Jewish education. He attended a school where half the day was devoted to secular studies and half the day was devoted to religious education conducted in Hebrew. By the time he graduated from high school at the age of 16, Krauthammer was able to write philosophical essays in Hebrew. His father demanded that he learn Talmud; in addition to his school's required Talmud studies, Krauthammer took extra Talmud classes three days a week. This was not enough for his father who hired a rabbi to provide private instruction on the Talmud three nights a week.

Krauthammer's attachment to Judaism was strengthened through his study of Maimonides at McGill University under Rabbi David Hartman. Krauthammer said, "I had discovered the world, and was going to leave all of this [Judaism] behind, because I was too sophisticated for it. And then in my third year I took Hartman's course in Maimonides, and I'm thinking this is pretty serious stuff. It stands up to the Greeks, stands up to the philosophers of the age, and it gave me sort of a renewed commitment to and respect for my own tradition, which I already knew, but was ready to throw away. And I didn't throw it away as a result of that encounter."

Krauthammer stated that "atheism is the least plausible of all theologies. I mean, there are a lot of wild ones out there, but the one that clearly runs so contrary to what is possible, is atheism".

Krauthammer opposed the Park51 project in Manhattan for "reasons of common decency and respect for the sacred. No commercial tower over Gettysburg, no convent at Auschwitz, and no mosque at Ground Zero. Build it anywhere but there."

Krauthammer was critical of intelligent design, "a self-enclosed, tautological 'theory' whose only holding is that when there are gaps in some area of scientific knowledge — in this case, evolution — they are to be filled by God. It is a 'theory' that admits that evolution and natural selection explain such things as the development of drug resistance in bacteria and other such evolutionary changes within species, but that every once in a while God steps into this world of constant and accumulating change and says, 'I think I'll make me a lemur today.' A 'theory' that violates the most basic requirement of anything pretending to be science — that it be empirically disprovable." Of Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District, he wrote: "Dover distinguished itself this Election Day by throwing out all eight members of its school board who tried to impose 'intelligent design' — today's tarted-up version of creationism — on the biology curriculum." Of the Kansas evolution hearings, he wrote: "In order to justify the farce that intelligent design is science, Kansas had to corrupt the very definition of science, dropping the phrase 'natural explanations for what we observe in the world around us,' thus unmistakably implying — by fiat of definition, no less — that the supernatural is an integral part of science. This is an insult both to religion and to science." He concluded: "How ridiculous to make evolution the enemy of God. What could be more elegant, more simple, more brilliant, more economical, more creative, indeed more divine than a planet with millions of life forms, distinct and yet interactive, all ultimately derived from accumulated variations in a single double-stranded molecule, pliable and fecund enough to give us mollusks and mice, Newton and Einstein? Even if it did give us the Kansas State Board of Education, too." He noted the scientific consensus on evolution, arguing that the religion–science controversy was a "false conflict".

Supreme Court nominations
Krauthammer criticized President George W. Bush's 2005 nomination of Harriet Miers to succeed Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor. He called the nomination of Miers a "mistake" on several occasions. He noted her lack of constitutional experience as the main obstacle to her nomination.

On October 21, 2005, Krauthammer published "Miers: The Only Exit Strategy", in which he explained that all of Miers's relevant constitutional writings are protected by both attorney–client privilege and executive privilege, which presented a unique face-saving solution to the mistake: "Miers withdraws out of respect for both the Senate and the executive's prerogatives." Six days later, Miers withdrew, employing that argument:

"As I stated in my acceptance remarks in the Oval Office, the strength and independence of our three branches of government are critical to the continued success of this great Nation. Repeatedly in the course of the process of confirmation for nominees for other positions, I have steadfastly maintained that the independence of the Executive Branch be preserved and its confidential documents and information not be released to further a confirmation process. I feel compelled to adhere to this position, especially related to my own nomination. Protection of the prerogatives of the Executive Branch and continued pursuit of my confirmation are in tension. I have decided that seeking my confirmation should yield."

The same day, NPR noted, "Krauthammer's scenario played out almost exactly as he wrote." Columnist E. J. Dionne wrote that the White House was following Krauthammer's strategy "almost to the letter". A few weeks later, The New York Times reported that Krauthammer's "exit strategy" was "exactly what happened" and that Krauthammer "had no prior inkling from the administration that they were taking that route; he was later given credit for giving the Bush administration a plan."

Other issues
Krauthammer was an opponent of capital punishment, writing: "there is no convincing evidence that the death penalty deters. Murder rates in states with the death penalty are just as high as in neighboring states without it. In states where the death penalty has been introduced, murder rates do not, on average, go down. And in states where the death penalty has been abolished, murder rates do not go up. When something as barbaric as cold-blooded execution by the state makes no appreciable contribution to public safety, it deserves abolition."

In 2017, Krauthammer argued in favor of a border wall at the Mexico–United States border.

Works

 * Cutting Edges: Making Sense of the Eighties, Random House (1988) ISBN 978-0394548012, ISBN 0394548019
 * Democratic Realism: An American Foreign Policy for a Unipolar World (2004 speech)
 * Things That Matter: Three Decades of Passions, Pastimes and Politics, Crown Forum (2013) ISBN 978-1770496538, ISBN 177049653X
 * The Point of It All: A Lifetime of Great Loves and Endeavors (with Daniel Krauthammer), Crown Forum (2018) ISBN 978-1984825483, ISBN 1984825488

Awards and accolades
Krauthammer's New Republic essays won him the "National Magazine Award for Essays and Criticism". The weekly column he began writing for The Washington Post in 1985 won him the Pulitzer Prize for commentary in 1987. On June 14, 1993, he was awarded the Honorary degree of Doctor of Letters from McGill University.

In 1999, Krauthammer received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement. His acceptance speech at the 1999 Summit in Washington, D.C., is included in his book, The Point of It All: A Lifetime of Great Loves and Endeavors, published after his death.

In 2006, the Financial Times named Krauthammer the most influential commentator in America, stating that "Krauthammer has influenced US foreign policy for more than two decades."

In 2009, Politico columnist Ben Smith wrote that Krauthammer had "emerged in the Age of Obama as a central conservative voice, the kind of leader of the opposition that economist and New York Times columnist Paul Krugman represented for the left during the Bush years: a coherent, sophisticated and implacable critic of the new president." In 2010, The New York Times columnist David Brooks said Krauthammer was "the most important conservative columnist." In 2011, former congressman and MSNBC host Joe Scarborough called him "without a doubt the most powerful force in American conservatism. He has [been] for two, three, four years."

In a December 2010, press conference, former president Bill Clinton – a Democrat – called Krauthammer "a brilliant man". Krauthammer responded, tongue-in-cheek, that "my career is done" and "I'm toast." Krauthammer also received the William F. Buckley Award for Media Excellence in 2013.

Krauthammer's other awards included the People for the American Way's First Amendment Award, the Champion Media Award for Economic Understanding from Amos Tuck School of Business Administration, the first annual Bradley Prize, the 2002 "Mightier Pen" award from the Center for Security Policy, the 2004 Irving Kristol Award, and the 2009 Eric Breindel Award for Excellence in Opinion Journalism, an annual award given by the Eric Breindel Foundation.

title: Charles Krauthammer


text:
Rueil-Malmaison

Rueil-Malmaison or simply Rueil is a commune in the western suburbs of Paris, in the Hauts-de-Seine department, Île-de-France region. It is located 12.6 km from the centre of Paris. It is one of the wealthiest suburbs of Paris.

Name
Rueil-Malmaison was originally called simply Rueil. In medieval times the name Rueil was spelled either Roialum, Riogilum, Rotoialum, Ruolium, or Ruellium. This name is made of the Celtic word ialo (meaning 'clearing, glade' or 'place of') suffixed to a radical meaning 'brook, stream' (rivus, rû), or maybe to a radical meaning 'ford' (Celtic ritu).

In 1928, the name of the commune officially became Rueil-Malmaison in reference to its most famous tourist attraction, the Château de Malmaison, home of Napoleon's first wife Joséphine de Beauharnais.

The name Malmaison comes from Medieval Latin mala mansio, meaning 'ill-fated domain', 'estate of ill luck'. In the Early Middle Ages Malmaison was the site of a royal residence which was destroyed by the Vikings in 846.

History

The Rueil barracks of the Swiss Guard were constructed in 1756 under Louis XV by the architect Axel Guillaumot, and have been classified Monument historique since 1973. The Guard was formed by Louis XIII in 1616 and massacred at the Tuileries on 10 August 1792 during the French Revolution.

Rueil is famous for the Château de Malmaison where Napoleon and his first wife Joséphine de Beauharnais lived. Upon her death in 1814, she was buried at the nearby Saint-Pierre-Saint-Paul church, which stands at the centre of the city.

During the Franco-Prussian War of 1870, Rueil was located on the front line.

At the end of the 19th century, Impressionist painters like Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Édouard Manet and Claude Monet came to paint the Seine River which crosses the town.

Sights
The Château de Malmaison, the residence of Napoléon's first wife Joséphine de Beauharnais, is located in Rueil-Malmaison. It is home to a Napoleonic museum.

Economy
The main campus of the French Institute of Petroleum research organisation is in Rueil. The city has also become home to many large companies moving out of La Défense business district, located only 5 km from Rueil, a trend first established by the move of Esso headquarters to Rueil.

There are about 850 service sector companies located in Rueil, 70 of which employ more than 100 people. A business district called Rueil-sur-Seine (previously known as "Rueil 2000") was created near the RER A Rueil-Malmaison station to accommodate these companies. The business district is equipped with a fiber-optic network.

Several major French companies have their world headquarters in Rueil-Malmaison, such as Schneider Electric and VINCI. Schneider had its head office in Rueil-Malmaison since 2000; previously the building Schneider occupies housed the Schneider subsidiary Télémécanique.

Several large international companies have also located their French headquarters in Rueil-Malmaison, such as ExxonMobil, AstraZeneca, American Express and Unilever.

Transportation
Rueil-Malmaison is served by Rueil-Malmaison station on RER A. In the future, the commune will be served by Rueil – Suresnes – Mont Valérien station on Line 15 of the Grand Paris Express (GPE), which will be located on the border with the commune of Suresnes, as well as a western extension of Île-de-France tramway Line 1.

Healthcare
The Stell Hospital, a teaching hospital of Sorbonne University, is located in Rueil-Malmaison.

Museums
The area has a local history museum the Musée d'histoire locale de Rueil-Malmaison. Since 21 May 2016 it has been home to the Ancient Egyptian mummy of a 5 year old called Ta-Iset.

Education
Public schools:
 * 15 preschools
 * 15 elementary schools
 * Six junior high schools: Les Bons-Raisins, Henri-Dunant, La Malmaison, Les Martinets, Marcel-Pagnol, Jules-Verne
 * Two senior high schools: Lycée Richelieu, Lycée polyvalent Gustave-Eiffel

Private schools:
 * Collège et lycée Madeleine-Daniélou
 * Collège Notre-Dame
 * École maternelle et élémentaire Saint-Charles-Notre Dame
 * Ecole maternelle élémentaire Charles-Peguy
 * Ecole Montessori Bilingue de Rueil-Malmaison
 * Ecole Montessori Bilingue de Rueil-Malmaison

There are tertiary educational institutions in the area.

Engineering College:
 * IFP School

Notable residents

 * Jean-Marie Le Pen and his wife, Jany Le Pen, used to live in a two-story house on Rue Hortense
 * N'Golo Kanté grew up in a small flat with his family in Rueil-Malmaison

Twin towns – sister cities
Rueil-Malmaison is twinned with:

 * 🇪🇸 Ávila, Spain
 * 🇩🇪 Bad Soden, Germany
 * 🇹🇳 Le Bardo, Tunisia
 * 🇺🇿 Bukhara, Uzbekistan, since 1999
 * Dubrovnik, Croatia, since 2011
 * 🏴 Elmbridge, England, United Kingdom
 * Fribourg, Switzerland
 * Helsingør, Denmark
 * 🇱🇻 Jelgava, Latvia, since 2006
 * 🇮🇱 Kiryat Malakhi, Israel, since 1 June 1985
 * 🇦🇹 Kitzbühel, Austria, since 1979
 * 🇺🇸 Lynchburg, United States
 * 🇲🇽 Oaxaca, Mexico
 * 🇧🇦 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
 * 🇷🇺 Sergiyev Posad, Russia, since 1989
 * 🇷🇴 Timișoara, Romania
 * 🇯🇵 Tōgane, Japan, since 1990
 * 🇱🇧 Zouk Mikael, Lebanon, since 2009

title: Rueil-Malmaison


text:
Codebook

A codebook is a type of document used for gathering and storing cryptography codes. Originally, codebooks were often literally books, but today "codebook" is a byword for the complete record of a series of codes, regardless of physical format.

Cryptography
In cryptography, a codebook is a document used for implementing a code. A codebook contains a lookup table for coding and decoding; each word or phrase has one or more strings which replace it. To decipher messages written in code, corresponding copies of the codebook must be available at either end. The distribution and physical security of codebooks presents a special difficulty in the use of codes compared to the secret information used in ciphers, the key, which is typically much shorter.

The United States National Security Agency documents sometimes use codebook to refer to block ciphers; compare their use of combiner-type algorithm to refer to stream ciphers.

Codebooks come in two forms, one-part or two-part:
 * In one-part codes, the plaintext words and phrases and the corresponding code words are in the same alphabetical order. They are organized similar to a standard dictionary. Such codes are half the size of two-part codes but are more vulnerable since an attacker who recovers some code word meanings can often infer the meaning of nearby code words. One-part codes may be used simply to shorten messages for transmission or have their security enhanced with superencryption methods, such as adding a secret number to numeric code words.
 * In two-part codes, one part is for converting plaintext to ciphertext, the other for the opposite purpose. They are usually organized similarly to a language translation dictionary, with plaintext words (in the first part) and ciphertext words (in the second part) presented like dictionary headwords.

The earliest known use of a codebook system was by Gabriele de Lavinde in 1379 working for the Antipope Clement VII.

Two-part codebooks go back as least as far as Antoine Rossignol in the 1800s.

From the 15th century until the middle of the 19th century, nomenclators (named after nomenclator) were the most used cryptographic method.

Codebooks with superencryption were the most used cryptographic method of World War I.

The JN-25 code used in World War II used a codebook of 30,000 code groups superencrypted with 30,000 random additives.

The book used in a book cipher or the book used in a running key cipher can be any book shared by sender and receiver and is different from a cryptographic codebook.

Social sciences
In social sciences, a codebook is a document containing a list of the codes used in a set of data to refer to variables and their values, for example locations, occupations, or clinical diagnoses.

Data compression
Codebooks were also used in 19th- and 20th-century commercial codes for the non-cryptographic purpose of data compression.

Codebooks are used in relation to precoding and beamforming in mobile networks such as 5G and LTE. The usage is standardized by 3GPP, for example in the document TS 38.331, NR; Radio Resource Control (RRC); Protocol specification.

title: Codebook


text:
Ring (diacritic)

A ring diacritic may appear above or below letters. It may be combined with some letters of the extended Latin alphabets in various contexts.

Distinct letter
The character Å (å) is derived from an A with a ring. It is a distinct letter in the Danish, Norwegian, Swedish, Finnish, Walloon, and Chamorro alphabets. For example, the 29-letter Swedish alphabet begins with the basic 26 Latin letters and ends with the three letters Å, Ä, and Ö.

Overring
The character Ů (ů) a Latin U with overring, or kroužek is a grapheme in Czech preserved for historic reasons, and represented a vowel shift. For example, the word for "horse" used to be written kóň, which evolved, along with pronunciation, into kuoň. Ultimately, the vowel disappeared completely, and the uo evolved into ů, modern form kůň. The letter ů now has the same pronunciation as the letter ú (long ), but changes to a short o when a word is morphed (e.g. nom. kůň → gen. koně, nom. dům → gen. domu), thus showing the historical evolution of the language. Ů cannot occur in initial position, while ú occurs almost exclusively in initial position or at the beginning of a word root in a compound. These characters are used also in Steuer's Silesian alphabet. The pronunciation has prevailed in some Moravian dialects, as well as in Slovak, which uses the letter ô instead of ů.

The ring is used in some dialects of Emilian and Romagnol to distinguish the sound (å) from  (a).

ů was used in Old Lithuanian in Lithuania Minor from the 16th till the beginning of the 20th century and for a shorter time in 16th-century Lithuania Major for diphthong.

The ring was used in the Lithuanian Cyrillic alphabet promoted by Russian authorities in the last quarter of the 19th century with the letter У̊ / у̊ used to represent the  diphthong (now written uo in Lithuanian orthography).

ẘ and ẙ are used in the ISO 233 romanization of the Arabic alphabet. A fatḥah followed by the letter ⟨ﻭ⟩ (wāw) with a sukūn (ـَوْ) is romanized as aẘ. A fatḥah followed by the letter ⟨ﻱ⟩ (yā’) with a sukūn over it (ـَيْ) is romanized as aẙ.

Ring upon e (e̊) is used by certain dialectologists of Walloon (especially Jean-Jacques Gaziaux) to note the vowel typically replacing  and  in the Brabant province central Walloon dialects. The difficulty of type-writing it has led some writers to prefer ë for the same sound.

Many more characters can be created in Unicode using the combining character, including the above-mentioned у̊ (Cyrillic у with overring) or ń̊ (n with acute and overring).

The standalone (spacing) symbol is. The unrelated, but nearly identical degree symbol is.

Although similar in appearance, it is not to be confused with the Japanese handakuten, a diacritic used with the kana for syllables starting with h to indicate that they should instead be pronounced with. In Japanese dialectology, handakuten is used with kana for syllables starting with k to indicate their consonant is, with syllables starting with r to indicate their consonant is l though this does not change the pronunciation, with kana u to indicate its morph into kana n, and with kana i to indicate the vowel is to be said as.

In Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics, there are two ring characters: ᐤ (Cree and Ojibwe final w, or Sayisi o) and ᣞ (Cree and Ojibwe final w or final y). This second smaller ring can combine as a diacritic ring above in Moose Cree and Moose-Cree influenced Ojibwe as a final y; in Inuktitut, the ring above the /_i/ character turns it into a /_aai/ character. In Western Cree, /_w_w/ sequence is represented as ᐝ.

In addition to the combining character option, Unicode has some precomposed characters:

Underring
The underring is used in IPA to indicate voicelessness, and in Indo-European studies or in Sanskrit transliteration (IAST) to indicate syllabicity of sonorants.

Unicode encodes the underring as a combining character at. Unicode also has precomposed characters for the letters $⟨A⟩$ and $⟨a⟩$ with undering ( and ). Precomposed character encodings for 'R with ring below', 'L with ring below', 'R with ring below and macron', and 'L with ring below and macron' were proposed, because of their use in Sanskrit transliteration and the CSX+ Indic character set. This proposal was rejected, because they are already encoded as combining character sequences.

Pashto
In Pashto romanization, $⟨ḁ⟩$ is used to represent.

Emilian
In Emilian, $⟨e̥⟩$ can be used to represent unstressed in very accurate transcriptions.

Romagnol
In Romagnol, $⟨e̥⟩$ is used to represent in diphthongs, e.g. Santarcangelo dialect ame̥ig  'friend', ne̥ud  'naked'.

Half rings
Half rings also exist as diacritic marks; these are characters and. These characters are used in the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet, respectively for mediopalatal pronunciation and strong-onset vowels. These characters may be used in the International Phonetic Alphabet, denoting less and more roundedness, as alternatives to half rings below and. They are here given with the lowercase a: a͑ and a͗, a̜ and a̹.

is similar in appearance but differs from a͗ because its compatibility decomposition uses instead of.

Other, similar signs are in use in Armenian: the and the.

Breve and inverted breve are also shaped like half rings, respectively, the bottom and top half of a circle.

Other uses
The ring is used in the transliteration of Abkhaz to represent the letter ҩ. It may also be used in place of the abbreviation symbol ॰ when transliterating the Devanagari alphabet.

Letters with ring
Å|Åå · Ǻ|Ǻǻ · Å̂å̂ · Å̃å̃ · Å̄å̄ · Å̆å̆ · Ā̊ā̊ · Ą̊ą̊ · Å̱å̱ · Ḁ|Ḁḁ · Ḁ̂ḁ̂ · D̊d̊ · E̊e̊ · E̊̄e̊̄ · G̊g̊ · I̊i̊ · J̊j̊ · L̥l̥ · L̥̄l̥̄ · O̊o̊ · Ō̊ō̊ · Q̊q̊ · R̥r̥ · R̥̄r̥̄ · S̊s̊ · S̥s̥ · Ů|Ůů · Ů́ů́ · Ů̃ů̃ · Ũ̊ũ̊ · Ū̊ū̊ · V̊v̊ · W̊ẘ · X̊x̊ · Y̊ẙА̊а̊ · У̊у̊

Similar marks
The ring as a diacritic mark should not be confused with the dot or diacritic marks, or with the degree sign °.

The half ring as a diacritic mark should not be confused with the comma or ogonek diacritic marks.

title: Ring (diacritic)


text:
RCD

RCD may refer to:

Science and technology

 * Residual-current device, a safety device that breaks an electrical circuit
 * Rabbit calicivirus disease, a disease caused by the Rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus
 * Registered clock driver chips, part of registered memory DIMMs
 * Resistor-capacitor delay in electronic circuits

Organisations

 * Rassemblement Congolais pour la Démocratie (Rally for Congolese Democracy), a rebel group in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
 * The Royal Canadian Dragoons, a Canadian Forces armoured regiment
 * Rassemblement Constitutionnel Démocratique (Democratic Constitutional Rally), a political party in Tunisia
 * Rally for Culture and Democracy, a political party in Algeria
 * Regional Cooperation for Development, a former multi-governmental organization of Iran, Pakistan and Turkey

Football clubs

 * RCD Mallorca (Real Club Deportivo or Catalan: Reial Club Deportiu)
 * RCD Espanyol de Barcelona
 * Real Club Deportivo de La Coruña

Other uses

 * Rural cluster development, a form of subdivision of residential housing
 * Registered Community design, an industrial design right that covers the European Community
 * Recreational Craft Directive, a European Union directive for pleasure boats
 * Rochdale railway station, Greater Manchester, England (National Rail station code)

title: RCD


text:
User talk:Schmig~enwiki

Power Laughing A distant cousin of Power Napping, a "technique" spawned within the most desperate recesses of the spin-centric, sub-executive culture of corporate America. Involves laughing confidently and loudly amongst colleagues when within earshot of superiors, thus expressing that one is a team player, confident, likeable, at ease with one's workload.

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Schmig. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Schmig~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 02:37, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 18:36, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Schmig~enwiki


text:
Frederick G. Payne

Frederick George Payne (July 24, 1904 – June 15, 1978) was an American businessman and politician. A member of the Republican Party, he served as a U.S. Senator from Maine from 1953 to 1959. He previously served as the 60th Governor of Maine from 1949 to 1952.

Early life and education
Frederick Payne was born in Lewiston, Maine, to Frederick and Nellie (née Smart) Payne. He received his early education at public schools in his native city, graduating from Jordan High School. As a child, he worked as a newsboy, grocery clerk, theater usher, and dishwasher. He studied at the Bentley School of Accounting and Finance in Boston, Massachusetts, graduating in 1925.

Early business and political career
Payne then worked as a financial manager and chief disbursing officer for the Maine & New Hampshire Theaters Company, which operated 132 movie theaters in New England. He began his political career as mayor of Augusta, serving from 1935 to 1941. In 1940, he unsuccessfully ran for the Republican nomination for Governor of Maine, losing to state Senator Sumner Sewall. After Sewall was elected governor, he named Payne as the state finance commissioner and budget director. He resigned in 1942 in order to serve with the U.S. Air Force during World War II, reaching the rank of a lieutenant colonel. Following his military service, he worked as manager of Waldoboro Garage Company from 1945 to 1949.

Governor of Maine
In 1948, Payne was elected the 60th Governor of Maine after defeating his Democratic opponent, Biddeford mayor Louis Lausier, by a margin of 66%-34%. He was later re-elected in 1950, defeating Democrat Earl Grant by 61%-39%. During his tenure, he created a two-percent sales tax, expanded the Maine Development Commission, and began a long-range highway modernization program financed by a $27 million bond issue.

During Payne's second term as governor, he was accused of accepting a bribe involving the state liquor industry. A wine bottler claimed he paid $12,000 to a Boston promotion man for the latter's supposed influence with Payne and the state liquor chairman. However, after testifying before a special investigating committee, Payne was cleared of all charges.

U.S. Senator
In 1952, Payne was elected to the U.S. Senate. He defeated incumbent Senator Owen Brewster in the Republican primary, and went on to defeat Democrat Roger P. Dube in the general election.

During the late 1950s, after a series of lurid magazine articles and Hollywood films helped to sensationalize youth gangs and violence, Payne supported legislation to ban automatic-opening or switchblade knives. During congressional hearings, Payne suggested that he believed immigrants to be the source of gang violence: "Isn't it true that this type of knife, switchblade knife, in its several different forms, was developed, actually, abroad, and was developed by the so-called scum, if you want to call it, or the group who are always involved in crime?" The ban on switchblade knives was eventually enacted into law as the Switchblade Knife Act of 1958. Senator Payne and other congressmen supporting the Switchblade Knife Act believed that by stopping the importation and interstate sales of automatic knives (effectively halting sales of new switchblades), the law would reduce youth gang violence by blocking access to what had become a symbolic weapon. However, while switchblade imports, domestic production, and sales to lawful owners soon ended, later legislative research demonstrated that youth gang violence rates had in fact rapidly increased, as gang members turned to firearms instead of knives. Payne did not vote on the Civil Rights Act of 1957.

Payne was soundly defeated for reelection in 1958 by Democratic Governor Ed Muskie. He died in 1978 in Waldoboro, Maine, aged 73.

title: Frederick G. Payne