text:
User talk:Miya

Wikidata weekly summary #554
Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.

 * Discussions
 * New requests for permissions/Bot:
 * Bean49Bot 2. Task/s: Adding statements to plwikisource items with no statements.
 * RPI2026F1Bot 4. Task/s: Reconstruct npm dependencies.
 * Closed request for permissions/Bot:
 * RKBot (approved). Task/s: Create Wikidata items for "Kulturdenkmal in Hamburg" (heritage monument in Hamburg - Q28661501) from the official list "Denkmalliste Hamburg" (P1822 is the identifier for this list) published as http://static.hamburg.de/fhh/opendata/kb/DenkmallisteHamburg.xml.
 * Andriy.vBot (approved). Task/s: I need to connect a lot of pages (more than 10 thousand) about russian villages that were created with interwiki links in ukwiki.

 * Events
 * Upcoming
 * Next Linked Data for Libraries LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group call January 10, 2023: Egon Willighagen will be introducing us to SARS-CoV-2 queries, a well-documented series of Wikidata queries around the SARS-CoV-2 virus and the pandemic. This work contributes to Wikiproject COVID-19 and documentation is currently available in Japanese, Dutch, Spanish, and Portuguese. Agenda
 * Talk to the Search Platform / Query Service Team—January 11, 2023. Time: 16:00-17:00 UTC / 08:00 PDT / 11:00 EDT / 17:00 CET
 * The full version of View it! Tool is out! The new user script uses structured data to display related media in any Wikimedia content pages—including Wikidata items—in an on-wiki image panel or gallery view. Please join the public launch and demo of the full version of this new tool on Thursday, January 12th, 5:00 UTC via Zoom (Meeting ID: 160 454 5329) to learn more and discuss forthcoming editing features.
 * The next Wikidata+Wikibase office hours will take place on Wednesday, 17:00 UTC on Wednesday, 18th January 2023 (18:00 Berlin time) in the Wikidata Telegram group. The Wikidata and Wikibase office hours are online events where the development team presents what they have been working on over the past quarter, and the community is welcome to ask questions and discuss important issues related to the development of Wikidata and Wikibase.
 * About 2 months left to register for the first digital@IANLS workshop: Learn the basics of Wikidata and how to use it in your Neo-Latin research. Event is online, free, and open to all. More info on event and registration.
 * Ongoing
 * Weekly Lexemes Challenge #75, Tools

 * Press, articles, blog posts, videos
 * Videos
 * Editor uses Wikidata to find new uses for existing drugs and speed up approval process for new treatments.
 * Early Demo of Wikibase Export by Renat Shigapov and Professional Wiki
 * Papers
 * "Is GPT-3 a Good Data Annotator?" with experiments based on Wikidata - guided generation of labeled data.
 * Slides
 * Elena Simperl's keynote summary on Wikidata and knowledge engineering research.

 * Tool of the week
 * Web Hub allows users to navigate between origin and destination on the web using information from Wikidata, primarily on Wikimedia sites.

 * Other Noteworthy Stuff
 * Digital Dictionary of the German Language completed their first iteration of Lexicographical data donation to Wikidata. The number of German lexemes increased accordingly by 185000.

 * Did you know?

 * Newest properties:
 * General datatypes: travel advisory category, model lexeme, does not use
 * External identifiers: NIP, UniProt disease ID, DBpia journal ID, Garuda journal ID, Hungarian Film Archive person ID, ComingSoon.it person ID, DBpia publisher ID, Disused stations ID, MQWW poet ID, Nîmes cemeteries ID, REGON ID, Shōsetsuka ni Narō user ID, Sinta journal ID, Sinta author ID, SMA ID, Spiritains ID, Strazha ID, Tabelog restaurant ID, TV Maze person ID, utas.hu ID, VG-lista album ID, Afisha person ID, Catalogo storico ragionato degli scrittori sardi dal IV al XXI secolo ID, Macmillan Dictionary entry (British English), Macmillan Dictionary entry (American English), Wyndham hotel ID, VideoGameGeek series/franchise ID, Plex GUID, Digital Hanja Dictionary ID, Africultures structure ID, Military Historical Archive exile army member ID, The Israeli Opera (English) person ID, J.League referee ID, PodLink ID, VG-lista song ID, Webtoon creator ID, WikiRate company ID, Yahoo! Japan News publisher ID, Concepticon ID, Ès lettres ID, Dictionary of Variant Chinese Characters ID, eBookJapan books ID, STEDT ID, Matrix room, British Music Collection score ID, Nişanyan Sözlük lexeme ID, Green's Dictionary of Slang ID, Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English Online entry, Anadolu Agency infographic ID, Infopédia entry

 * New property proposals to review:
 * General datatypes: change of, salary level, applies to property, protected entity, Wikidata property example for qualifiers
 * External identifiers: Britannica Kids kids level article ID, Britannica Kids students level article ID, Britannica Kids scholars level article ID, Online Aboriginal Language Dictionary ID, International Encoded Han Character and Variants Database character ID, A Comparative Study of Modern Chinese and Cantonese ID, J-STAGE journal ID, Sens critique contributor ID, PlaymakerStats.com competition ID, The Homicide Report person ID, Film.ru serial ID, identifiant SFMTA, California Birth Index person ID, esid, The Counted person ID, Russiancinema.ru person ID, Roblox experience ID

 * Query examples:
 * Pairs of opposites (source)
 * Ratio of paintings at the Museum of Brittany (source)
 * Top album languages found on Wikidata right now (2023.01.08) (source)
 * Cheeses named after towns (source)

 * Development
 * REST API: Preparing the first release to test.wikidata.org on January 17th and to Wikidata on January 24th
 * Entity Schemas: Continuing to investigate and prototype technical approaches for version 2
 * Mismatch Finder: Working on giving mismatch providers access to the reviews of the mismatches they uploaded (T304794)
 * Investigated how to best do language switching for the Query Builder and Mismatch Finder. So far they only support it by specifying the language via a URL parameter and not yet via the UI (T324653)
 * Query Service:
 * Lexeme IDs now have tooltips so you can see the Lemma in the SPARQL code, similar as for Items and Properties (T255245)
 * Fixed a bug where the y-axis label on a graph were misaligned and hard to read (T325808)
 * Lexicographical data:
 * Statements linking to a Sense now also show the language of the Lexeme to make it easier to see for example which language a translation statement refers to (T207392)
 * Fixed a bug in the language dropdown on Special:NewLexeme (T324743)
 * The Lemma of a Lexeme is now shown in the title of the revision history of the Lexeme as well (T312660)
 * Vector 2022 theme: worked on making the search on Wikidata work in this new theme. You can test it on test.wikidata.org now and next week on Wikidata. (T316093)
 * mul language code:
 * Continued investigation around how to handle language fallbacks on mobile, which is a blocker for adding this language code (T323098)
 * Preventing the addition of descriptions for mul (T313027)
 * Constraint violations: Working on also showing them to non-logged in users (T272132)

You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here. If you want to help, you can also have a look at the tasks needing a volunteer.

 * Monthly Tasks
 * Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above.
 * Comment on property proposals: all open proposals
 * Contribute to a Showcase item.
 * Help translate or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
 * Help merge identical items across Wikimedia projects.
 * Help write the next summary!

Read the full report · Unsubscribe · Mohammed Sadat (WMDE) 16:34, 9 January 2023 (UTC)

Wikidata weekly summary #555
Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.

 * Discussions
 * New requests for permissions/Bot:
 * RenmBot 2. Task/s: The bot adds/edits labels/descriptions of Wikidata items in Ukrainian. At the beginning, the bot will correct "проект" to "проєкт" in descriptions. These changes are caused by Ukrainian orthography of 2019 (Q56368731) (see en:Ukrainian orthography of 2019).
 * Bean49Bot 3. Task/s: Add parent astronomical body to asteroid belt asteroids, required by multiple constraints.
 * JhsBot 7. Task/s: Change stress markings on Norwegian Bokmål lexeme IPA transcription (P898) statements.
 * Closed request for permissions/Bot: Heinmabot. Task/s: Add GOV ids to Polish places. (approved)
 * Closed request for comments: Adopt Help:SitelinksToRedirects as policy (implemented)

 * Events
 * Upcoming
 * The next Wikidata+Wikibase office hours will take place on Wednesday, 17:00 UTC on Wednesday, 18th January 2023 (18:00 Berlin time) in the Wikidata Telegram group. The Wikidata and Wikibase office hours are online events where the development team presents what they have been working on over the past quarter, and the community is welcome to ask questions and discuss important issues related to the development of Wikidata and Wikibase.
 * Wikimedia Research Showcase on January 18. Featuring a presentation of the paper Learning to Predict the Departure Dynamics of Wikidata Editors.
 * Next LD4 Wikibase Working Hour on Tuesday 17th January: Update on wikibase.cloud by Evelien Zandbergen, product manager for Wikibase.cloud at Wikimedia Deutschland.
 * Ongoing
 * Weekly Lexemes Challenge #76, Wikipedia
 * Past
 * LD4-Wikidata Group Call: Wikidata Queries around the SARS-CoV-2 virus and pandemic, 10th January.

 * Press, articles, blog posts, videos
 * Blogs
 * Wikimedia Israel and the Israel Film Archive bring Short films from Israel’s History to Wikidata
 * Deploying Wikidata to different graph databases and what works best: Blazegraph, QLever, QEndpoint, Amazon Neptune
 * Papers
 * Gender equality in library science and book history Italian journals: a focus on boards, authors and peer-reviewers
 * Videos/Audios
 * Mémoires minoritaires, mémoires LGBTI (French): Documenting Queer (LGBTIQ+) history on Wikipedia and Wikidata (Radio/Podcast) (source)
 * LIVE Wikidata editing #102 - YouTube
 * Wikispore, Wikidata, and Small Wikis with Sam Wilson - YouTube
 * Introduction to Wikidata with Alex Lum (2022) - YouTube
 * iPres 2022 - Long Paper 153: A Digital Preservation Wikibase - YouTube

 * Tool of the week
 * Auhority Control data to Wikidata item - helps to create Wikidata Items based on authority control records.
 * A new Wikidata distributed game that populates instance of statements using a neural network.

 * Other Noteworthy Stuff
 * You can apply for a scholarship for Wikimania.
 * Call for projects and mentors for Google Summer of Code 2023 and Outreachy Round 26 is ongoing!
 * The upcoming steward elections are open for nominations.
 * Wikibase Suite: wmde.10 (Mediawiki 1.38) compatible release updates
 * Applications are open now for Wikidata Fellowship by Wikimedia Australia

 * Did you know?

 * Newest properties:
 * General datatypes: does not use: item or concept not used by the subject but that could have been expected, member of Roman tribe: Roman tribe in which one was inscribed
 * External identifiers: Infopédia entry, 1001Tracklists track ID, 1001Tracklists DJ ID, 1001Tracklists source ID, MyAnimeList company ID, MQWW work ID, Biblissima Authority File, Kitsu manga ID, Kitsu anime ID, CiNii Research ID, Digital Library of Mathematical Functions ID, United States House of Representatives ID, ComicWalker content ID, The Numbers franchise ID

 * New property proposals to review:
 * General datatypes: heir or beneficiary: people or organizations that received, or will receive, (all or part of) the subject's property or title, disinherited: someone who received or will receive no or little the subject's property or title even if otherwise eligible, (partially) the opposite of Wikidata:Property proposal/heir or beneficiary, Northstar Travel’s 10-Tier Classification System: [none], 神奇宝贝百科页面标识符: article name on 52Poké Wiki, a Pokémon encyclopedia, value contains sense: qualifier to indicate the sense of a lexeme part of a monolingual text value, form applies to sense: this form is only or mainly applicable this sense, clan: [none]
 * External identifiers: Landgate Object ID, IRIS Trentino-South Tyrol IDs, IRIS Venice IDs, Sinta affiliation ID, Knowledge portal ID, Fréjus et Toulon ID, MangaSeek IDs, Dicionário Priberam ID, Michaelis ID, Dicionário Aulete ID, Dicionário Aberto ID, Léxico ID, Dicio ID, GamesRadar+ ID, Bosworth-Toller's Anglo-Saxon Dictionary Online ID, Online Etymology Dictionary ID, norsk fangeregister soningsinstitusjon ID, Dictionary of the Russian Language (Ozhegov) ID, Great Encyclopedic Dictionary ID, AllMovie genre ID, Artlog person ID, Artlog institution ID

 * Query examples:
 * Map of sub-categories of a Commons category (source)
 * Number of sitelinks to redirects by wiki (source)
 * Top album languages found on Wikidata right now (source)
 * Airports named after poets (source)

 * Development
 * Vector 2020 skin: the search that works properly with Wikidata has been deployed
 * Entity Schemas: Making progress on the proof of concept that will help us figure out the technical way forward
 * REST API: getting ready to deploy the first version to test.wikidata.org on February 17th
 * Lexicographical data: When linking to a Sense in a statement the language of the Lexeme for that Sense is now also shown. This makes it easier to understand translation statements for example (T207392)
 * Constraints: Constraint violations are now also shown to logged out users (T272132)
 * Fixing a regression where Wikipedia and co are no longer notified about a disconnected sitelink when the Item that contains the sitelink is deleted (T326082)

You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here. If you want to help, you can also have a look at the tasks needing a volunteer.

 * Monthly Tasks
 * Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above.
 * Comment on property proposals: all open proposals
 * Contribute to a Showcase item.
 * Help translate or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
 * Help merge identical items across Wikimedia projects.
 * Help write the next summary!

Read the full report · Unsubscribe · Mohammed Sadat (WMDE) 16:36, 16 January 2023 (UTC)

Wikidata weekly summary #556
Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.
 * Events
 * Past
 * Wikidata+Wikibase office hour session log: Telegram office hour 2023-01-18
 * Upcoming
 * Next Linked Data for Libraries LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group call January 24, 2023: We will be discussing plans for 2023, and requesting feedback and ideas for future programming. Based on a previous recommendation to host a discussion on advocacy for Wikidata within libraries, we will introduce and provide time to complete a short survey to foster conversation in a future Group Call. Please come ready to share your thoughts Agenda
 * Introductions to Wikidata, online meetings organized by Wikimedia Australia on January 25, 26 and 31

 * Press, articles, blog posts, videos
 * Blogs
 * Is there something better than Blazegraph for Wikidata?
 * Videos
 * [Wikimedia Research Showcase] Featuring a presentation of the paper Learning to Predict the Departure Dynamics of Wikidata Editors.
 * Podcasts
 * Civic Hacker Podcast: Using Wikidata to Connect Constituents With Their Government

 * Tool of the week
 * Romain de Bossoreille has generated a map named Space Industry around the World using data from The Space Devs, Wikidata and OpenStreetMap.

 * Other Noteworthy Stuff
 * [WMDE Survey for Wikidata data Reusers] Help us Improve Wikidata by Sharing Your Experience on Ontology Issues and Data Reuse Impact.
 * Second round of Research Fund proposals are under review. They include Wikidata related proposals. Your input is welcome!
 * Wikimedia Foundation's Community Survey: The proposals submission and discussion phase is open until February 6th.

 * Did you know?

 * Newest properties:
 * General datatypes: none
 * External identifiers: Jeju's culture and language ID, J-STAGE journal ID, Film.ru serial ID, IRIS UNITN author ID, IRIS FBK author ID, IRIS-OpenPub author ID, Muse Open Archive author ID, ARCA author ID, Air Iuav author ID, Intercontinental Dictionary Series unit ID, Hungarian Football Federation player ID, Knowledge portal ID, MangaSeek work ID, MangaSeek magazine ID, MangaSeek award ID, Oroklini Library ID, elexiko ID, Neologismenwörterbuch ID, Deutsches Fremdwörterbuch ID, Sprichwörterbuch ID, Kommunikationsverben ID, Kleines Wörterbuch der Verlaufsformen im Deutschen ID, PR TIMES company ID

 * New property proposals to review:
 * General datatypes: attracts (organisms attracted by this taxon), salary level (level of someone's salary), change of (property this process changes), database contains records about (indicate the types of items that the database has records about)
 * External identifiers: Plant Finder ID (Chicago Botanic Garden), Norwegian prisoner register detentioncamps ID, Glitchwave franchise ID, Glitchwave game company ID, Glitchwave game ID, Ushakov Dictionary ID, Jiddisch-Nederlands Woordenboek ID, Glitchwave character ID, WW1 fallen/missing soldier ID (MHA), Glitchwave platform ID, Spotify user ID (Jan 2023), Livres Hebdo author ID, Livres Hebdo award ID, Livres Hebdo tag ID, Dictionary of Archives Terminology ID, TikTok place ID, Magazine Pocket series ID, identifiant SFMTA, International Encoded Han Character and Variants Database character ID, Online Aboriginal Language Dictionary ID, Tribal Council number, Aragonario ID (6th version), Rate Your Music venue ID, Rate Your Music concert ID, Dicionário inFormal ID, Qobuz artist numeric ID, TOOI identifier, Fonts In Use ID, Rate Your Music film ID, Rate Your Music film genre ID, NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms entry, Spreaker show ID, Sjøfolk Ship ID, NCI Dictionary of Genetics Terms entry

 * Query examples:
 * Map of places that places in Rennes are named after (source)
 * Map of places named after a place in Rennes, color coded by distance of the place from Rennes (source)

 * Development
 * Wikibase REST API: The new API is now available for testing on Test.Wikidata
 * Ontology issues: We finalized and published the survey to better understand which types of ontology issues are most problematic for reusers of our data.
 * Wikipedia and co: Fixing a regression where there is no entry in recent changes and watchlist when an Item is deleted that was connected to an article on that wiki (T326082)

You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here. If you want to help, you can also have a look at the tasks needing a volunteer.

Read the full report · Unsubscribe · Lea Lacroix (WMDE) 16:34, 23 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Monthly Tasks
 * Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above.
 * Comment on property proposals: all open proposals
 * Suggested and open tasks!
 * Contribute to a Showcase item.
 * Help translate or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
 * Help merge identical items across Wikimedia projects.
 * Help write the next summary!

Wikidata weekly summary #557
Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.
 * Events
 * A citation hunt program was organized for secondary school students at IIS School in Dubai as part of the 74th Republic Day celebration of India. 16 students participated, with different mother tongues and from different states of India living as expatriates in Dubai. The goal was to increase references for Wikidata statements based on research. The students were introduced to the importance of protecting India's history on the internet, and were taught how to edit Wikipedia and Wikidata. They were given a special event page on Wikidata with instructions and a list of Wikidata items to add citations to, and they searched for references in their textbooks and search engines to add to the Wikidata items.More details are given here.
 * Next Linked Data for Libraries LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group Working Hour January 30, 2023: The #1Lib1Ref campaign is afoot, so we will be working on adding references to Wikidata statements. We'll have some data for you to work with, but you're welcome to bring your own. We'll be mainly working with adding webpages as sources, but if you want to get experience using books or articles as sources, we recommend bringing some to the session to use as references for Wikidata items you have identified. You are, as always, welcome to bring your own project to work on Event page

 * Press, articles, blog posts, videos
 * Blogs
 * Building a Life Sciences Knowledge Graph with a Data Lake (uses Wikidata as a main source)
 * Papers
 * Systematic review of Wikidata in Digital Humanities projects
 * Videos
 * Interoperable Europe: First workshop on Wikidata and Wikibase

 * Tool of the week
 * theyrule.net is a website that helps to explore the boardroom connections of the largest US companies.

 * Other Noteworthy Stuff
 * AfLIA's online course Wikidata is open. Participation is free for all librarians, museums, archives and other information professionals in Africa. Call is open until 7th February 2023 (12 midnight GMT).
 * LetsQuiz is a new website generating quizzes using data from Wikidata.
 * from WMF Wishathon: The Autosuggest linking Wikidata item after creating an article Wish is complete and the work merged. It is available for testing in Beta, and will be deployed to users with the first train of 2023 scheduled for this week. Learn more about the gadget created at meta
 * Building cool apps and services on top of Wikidata's data but running into ontology issues? We'd love to hear from you in this survey to make things better for you.
 * Status update on the 2022 Wikidata and Wikibase development plan
 * Development plan and activities for 2023 for Wikidata as a platform and the Wikibase ecosystem

 * Did you know?

 * Newest properties:
 * General datatypes: applies to use with property (qualifier that specifies that the statement refers to usage with the property)
 * External identifiers: Dicionário Priberam ID, NPB umpire ID, Magazine Pocket series ID, addons.mozilla.org user, Packagist username, Hackage username, RubyGems username, PyPI username, Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan ID, Ushakov Dictionary ID, Glitchwave franchise ID, Glitchwave game company ID, Glitchwave game ID, Glitchwave platform ID, Glitchwave character ID, Artlog artist ID, pixiv comic work ID, pixiv comic product ID, British Music Collection composer ID

 * New property proposals to review:
 * General datatypes: place of resident registration at death (the place or administrative unit where the deceased person was registered as having his or her residence at the time of their death), has instance (thing(s) which this subject describes or encompasses, inverse property of P31), Norwegian media rating (In short, the Norwegian version of Denmark's Medierådet rating (P5970), an age rating system for motion pictures, video, internet and tv content), iconically alludes to (item that is iconically represented in the execution of this lexeme), credits URL (URL of an official webpage with a list of credits and roles attributed to various people, organizations or applications that contribute(d) to this item's existence), alternate universe counterpart (this fictional character/entity is an alternate universe counterpart of the subject), number of penalty kicks scored, precedes/follows various things (this lexeme form appears only when preceding another lexeme form with this phonological feature)
 * External identifiers: NCI Drug Dictionary entry, Professional shogi player number, Women's professional shogi player number, LPSA professional shogi player number, esid, Real Academia de Doctores de España ID, authors.gr ID, GLANSIS ID, literatura.lv ID, Fallout Wiki ID, Base de Dados de Livros de Fotografia profile ID, Vintage Fashion Guild Labels, Enciclopedia dell'Italiano ID, Soprintendenza di Salerno e Avellino place ID, World Loanword Database word ID, numéro d'une installation sportive en France, Waddi Punjabi Lughat entry, Pāia-sadda-mahaṇṇavo entry, VMI Historical Rosters Database ID, Podbay show ID, Walt Disney movie ID, The Counted person ID, Panjab Digital Library ID, eTK ID, eVK2 ID, Russiancinema.ru person ID, World Sailing sailor ID, Internet Game Database franchise ID, Mosfilm IDs, Warsaw Uprising insurgent ID, DOSBox Compatibility ID, HAA member ID, Sindhi English Dictionary ID

 * Query examples:
 * Modern descendants of the Achaemenes (Achaemenid dynasty of rulers of Persia, 7th century BCE)

 * Development
 * Wikibase REST API: The first version of the new API is released on Wikidata now \o/ We'd love to hear your feedback on what to improve next in the API.
 * Property Suggester: We updated the data for the Property Suggester so suggestions for new statements to add to an Item should be more in line with current Property usage on other similar Items again.
 * Fixed an issue with Item deletions not showing up on Wikipedia and co if they affect an article on that wiki (T326082)
 * Vector 2022: Made it possible to add a new sitelink on Wikipedia and co in the new Vector 2022 language selector (T310259)
 * Lua: Working on two new Lua functions, getDescriptionByLang (T230839) and getBadges (T305378)

You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here. If you want to help, you can also have a look at the tasks needing a volunteer.

Read the full report · Unsubscribe · Lea Lacroix (WMDE) 19:13, 30 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Monthly Tasks
 * Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above.
 * Comment on property proposals: all open proposals
 * Suggested and open tasks!
 * Contribute to a Showcase item.
 * Help translate or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!
 * Help merge identical items across Wikimedia projects.
 * Help write the next summary!

Wikidata weekly summary #558
Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.

 * Discussions
 * New requests for permissions/Bot:
 * BiodiversityBot 3 Task/s: TreatmentBank (Q54857867) is a CC0 resource that contains data on taxonomic treatments, treatment citations, figures, tables, material citations and bibliographic reference. It contains valuables links mapping scholarly articles, taxa and taxonomic treatments. This bot task involves linking research papers on taxa to taxa and related taxonomic treatments.
 * Closed request for permissions/Bot:
 * Bean49Bot 4 Task/s: Add Springer Nature person ID and Springer Nature article ID by moving from exact match property.
 * Cmtqwikibot Task/s: Adds country of origin (P495) Canada (Q16), with qualifier located in the administrative territorial entity (P131) Quebec (Q176) and reference stated in (P248) CineTV (Q41001657) to works in Quebec.
 * SakuraBot Task/s: interwiki maintenance
 * JhsBot 7 Task/s: Change stress markings on Norwegian Bokmål lexeme IPA transcription (P898) statements.

 * Events
 * Upcoming
 * Next Linked Data for Libraries LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group call February 7, 2023: We thought we'd try something different next week, in honor of Valentine's Day month: What's Your Wikidata Passion? What is your central Wikidata interest right now? It can be a work or personal project or just what you like to edit when you have time. We'd love to have an open mic session, completely informal. Please add yourselves to the list on our agenda here if you would like to talk for 5 minutes or so and share your screen, with no need for formal slides. Or just show up and talk on the spur of the moment. This will be a community session where we welcome all to participate! Agenda
 * Wiki for Refugees Editathons on the 4th and 11th of February 2023 (Wikimedia Uganda)
 * Black History Month 2023: University of Toronto (February 8th)
 * Ongoing
 * Weekly Lexemes Challenge #79, Archaeology (see previous challenges: Random concepts #2, Spices)
 * Past
 * Wikibase Live Sessions (2023.01.26)

 * Press, articles, blog posts, videos
 * Blogs
 * Diff blog: Summary of the results of a recent survey on Wikimedia content partnerships tools by WMSE. The detailed report is available on meta.wikimedia.org and as a PDF on Wikimedia Commons.
 * A Game of Data
 * 'wikishootme' Is Like a Real World Version of Pokémon Go
 * Turn the AC on, by Magnus Manske
 * Papers
 * Unsupervised Entity Linking with Guided Summarization and Multiple-Choice Selection (Uses GPT-3 and Wikidata)
 * Visibility Matters: Giving Credit Where It's Due in Natural History Collections, Siobhan Leachman, The Linnean, December 2022
 * Falcon 2.0: An Entity and Relation Linking Tool over Wikidata
 * The URW-KG: a Resource for Tackling the Underrepresentation of non-Western Writers
 * From unstructured texts to semantic story maps
 * Videos
 * Wikimentor Africa - Creating a website based on Wikidata, without development skills day two (in French) - Part1, Part 2
 * Tools for linking Wikidata and OpenStreetMap, FOSDEM 2023 - YouTube
 * Etymology and Wikidata on OpenStreetMap -YouTube
 * LIVE Wikidata editing: #103, #104
 * Working with ISBNs (in Italian) - 3 part YouTube playlist
 * Round table "Women, Science and Wikidata" (in Catalan) - YouTube
 * Managing Wikimedia Projects through Wikidata: Geert Van Pamel- Wikimedia Belgium - YouTube
 * SEMIC Talks: Wikibase with Dennis Diefenbach - YouTube
 * observablehq
 * Garden Phylogeny - NCBI breakdown of common garden foods with photographs by Phytotheca
 * other
 * One way to design a system to be a good external identifier in Wikidata by Salgo60

 * Tool of the week
 * Let's Quiz is a game that generates random quizzes to test your knowledge & learn something new every day.
 * User:Nikki/AddTermboxLanguage.js - makes it easier to add/edit labels to an item in a language other than the ones shown by default.

 * Other Noteworthy Stuff
 * Building cool apps and services on top of Wikidata's data but running into ontology issues? We'd love to hear from you in this survey to make things better for you.
 * Wikimedia developer satisfaction survey 2023, open until Fri, 17 Feb 2023.
 * Maintenance on ElasticSearch. As part of this, some Wikibase.Cloud functionality might be disrupted.
 * Reminder that the deadline for the Semantic Web Journal Special Issue on Wikidata is approaching (but extended)! Get your journal papers ready for the 14.02.23
 * Wikidata surpassed 1 million Lexemes with the addition of etymologi (L1000000)

 * Did you know?

 * Newest properties:
 * General datatypes: Happy Planet Index score (The Happy Planet Index (HPI) is an index of human well-being and environmental impact that was introduced by the New Economics Foundation in 2006), credits URL (URL of an official webpage with a list of credits and roles attributed to various people, organizations or applications that contribute(d) to this item's existence), digital equivalent of (the subject is the digital equivalent of what?)
 * External identifiers: Los Angeles County Coroner's Office Case Search person ID, Roblox experience ID, WW1 fallen/missing soldier ID (MHA), RISM siglum, N-Anime anime ID, N-Anime seiyū ID, Livres Hebdo author ID, International Encoded Han Character and Variants Database ID, Artlog institution ID, Barcelona City Council Heritage Catalog identifier, TikTok place ID, Jiddisch-Nederlands Woordenboek ID, Real Academia de Doctores de España ID, AllMovie genre ID, authors.gr ID, Dictionary of Archives Terminology ID

 * New property proposals to review:
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title: User talk:Miya


text:
Kumyks

Kumyks (Къумукълар, Кумыки) are a Turkic ethnic group living in Dagestan, Chechnya and North Ossetia. They are the largest Turkic people in the North Caucasus.

They traditionally populate the Kumyk plateau (northern Dagestan and north-eastern Chechnya), lands bordering the Caspian Sea, areas in North Ossetia, Chechnya and along the banks of the Terek river. They speak the Kumyk language, which until the 1930s had been the lingua-franca of the Northern Caucasus.

Territories where Kumyks have traditionally lived, and where their historical state entities used to exist, are called Kumykia (Къумукъ, Qumuq). All of the lands populated by Kumyks were once part of the independent Tarki Shamkhalate.

Population and present settlement area
Kumyks comprise 14% of the population of the Republic of Dagestan, the third-largest population of Chechnya, and the fifth-largest population of North Ossetia, all of which are parts of the Russian Federation.

Kumyks are the second largest Turkic-speaking ethnic group after Azerbaijanis in the Causasus, the largest Turkic people of the North Caucasus and the third largest ethnic group of Dagestan.

According to the Russian national census of 2010 there were more than 500,000 Kumyks in Russia.

Russian Federation
In terms of administrative division in their native lands, Kumyks today are mostly divided between a few administrative regions of Russia, such as Republic of Dagestan, Republic of North-Ossetia, Chechen Republic.

Turkey and the Middle East
In the 19th century, during and following the Caucasian War, numbers of Kumyks were subject to or willingly resettled (made hijra) to the Ottoman Empire as a result of Russian deportation campaigns in the region.

In the 1910s-1920s, during the Bolshevik Revolution, another emigration wave to Turkey took place. Among the muhajirs (migrants) of that period were many prominent Kumyk nobility.

Kumyks also used to move to Syria and Jordan, where a few Kumyk families still live. The Syrian village of Dar-Ful was established in 1878-1880 by Kumyk emigrants.

There is no official state census of ethnic minorities in Turkey (ethnic or racial censuses are outlawed), but according to the studies of 1994–1996, there were more than 20 settlements with Kumyk population.

""

Ethnonym
The majority of researchers (Bakikhanov, S.A. Tokarev, A.I. Tamay, S. Sh. Gadzhieva) derive the name "Kumyk" from a Turkic ethnonym Kimak, or from another name for Kipchaks — Cuman.

According to P. Uslar, in the 19th century the names "Kumyk" and "Kumuk" pertained to the Turkic speaking population of the Northern Caucasian lowlands. In Dagestan, Chechnya and Ingushetia, the name Kumyk, or originally Kumuk pertained to the Kumyks only. Y. Fyodorov wrote, based on sources from the 8–19 cc., that "Gumik — Kumyk — Kumuk" is originally a Dagestani toponym from the Middle Ages.

In various Russian, European, Ottoman and Persian sources Kumyks were also called Dagestan Tatars (or Dagestan Turks), Circassian and Caucasus Tatars.

Origin
There is no universal opinion regarding the origin of the Kumyks. Some scholars propose that the population of the Kumyk plains of the 8th-10th centuries were directly ancestral to modern Kumyks. A view close to that is that the Kumyks appeared in Dagestan along with the Khazars in the 8th century and stayed afterwards. Whereas others believe that the Kumyks appeared in Dagestan in the 12th-13th centuries along with Kipchaks.

Kumyk verbal tradition carried through ages some proverbs and sayings coming from the times of the Khazar Kaghanate.

S. Tokarev wrote that: "...Kumyks have very diverse ancestry. Its ancient stratum is, undoubtedly, pre-Turkic, Japhetic. There is an opinion that people of Kami, Kamaks, mentioned as long ago as by Ptolemaeus, are historically related to Kumyks. Their turkization started at the times of Khazars already, in the second half of the first millennium... Arrival of Cumans extended Turkic element further. That time point, marked by dissolution of the Khazar Kaghanate, is likely to be the period of the core formation for Kumyks, although some researchers (Bartold) linked their appearance to the latter period, when remains of Cumans defeated by Mongols fled to the lands of Dagestan."

A modern interpretation was proposed that "from the Turkified Lezgins, Kumyks also emerged".

However, professor of Caucasus studies L. Lavrov doubted the "Turkification" hypothesis of Kumyk origin: "It's unlikely that Kumyks might be Turkified Dagestanians, as some claim. Rather, their ancestors are considered to be Kipchaks, Khazars and, probably, other Turks of the early Middle Ages. It would be preferable to also identify whether Kamaks, who used to be settled in the North Dagestan in the beginning of our era, are related to Kumyks." Another prominent Russian Orientalist, V. Minorsky, proposed his adjustment to the views mentioned, stating that: "Today's Kumyk Turks, who populate North Eastern part of Dagestan, along the shore, possibly come from the basic Khazar stratum, strengthened and assimilated by the later re-settlers from the Kipchak steppes."

The final stages of the Kumyk ethnogenesis stretched from the 12th-17th centuries.

Some of the Turkic peoples who assimilated into the Kumyk nation were those of Tumens from the Tumen Khanate (Caucasian Tumen), which emerged in the 15th century as a fragment of the dissolved Golden Horde; those of Bothe Bogans, Sople and pre-Cuman Turks, who populated the Botheragan-Madjar region in the 7th century, which encompassed the vast North Caucasian plains.

History

Kumyks historically were related to the states of the Caucasian Huns, Cuman-Kipchaks, and the Golden Horde.

The beginning of the Kumyk nation is often considered to be in the Khazar Kaganate era.

Until the 19th century, the Kumyks were a largely feudal, decentralized entity of strategical geographic and political importance for Russia, Persia and the Ottomans, headed by a leader called the Shamkhal (originally Shawkhal, in Russian sources Shevkal). The Kumyk polity known as the Shamkhalate of Tarki was mentioned as early as the 14th century by Timurid historians.

Other Kumyk states included the Endirey Principality, Utamish Sultanate, Tumen Possession, Braguny Principality, Mekhtuly Khanate, Kaytag Uzminate and others.

Expansion of the Russian state, Ottoman Empire and Persia
In the 16th century, Kumyk rulers tried to balance their relationships with their three neighbouring states, and as a result the Shamkhalate established itself as a considerable regional power. The two Empires and yet-to-be one Russian state considered the Caspian area as their influence domain.

Shamkhal Chopan became a subject of the Ottoman Empire in the late 16th century, and participated in the 1578-1590 Ottoman-Persian war.

The 1560s marked the start of the numerous campaigns of the Russian army against Kumyks, provoked by the requests of the Georgians and Kabardians. Commander Cheremisinov seized and plundered the capital of Tarki in 1560. The Tumen khanate, allied with the Shamkhalate also resisted the invasion, but in 1588 was conquered by Russia. The Russians established the Terki stronghold (Not to be mistaken for Tarki) in its former capital. Tumen ruler Soltaney fled to the protection of Sultan-Mahmud of Endirey, recognized today as a pan-Caucasian hero. In 1594, the other Campaign of Khvorostinin in Dagestan was organised, during which Russian forces and Terek Cossacks seized Tarki again, but were blocked by the Kumyk forces and forced to retreat to Terki, which resulted in a stampede.

In 1604–1605, Ivan Buturlin conducted one more campaign against the Kyumks, often known as the Shevkal Campaign. This also failed and resulted in a significant loss for Russia at the Battle of Karaman. The united forces of the Dagestani peoples under the banners of the Kumyk Shamkhalian, Prince Soltan-Mahmud of Endirey prevailed, and according to the prominent Russian historian Karamzin, stopped Russian expansion for the next 118 years until the rule of Peter I.

In 1649 and 1650 Nogai leader Choban-murza sought the protection of their allies in the Shamkhalate. Russia, at war with the Nogais, sent 8,000 men in order to force the nomadic tribe to return to Russian territory. Surkhay-Shawkhal III attacked and routed Russian troops at the Battle of Germenchik. Kumyk military success continued from 1651 to 1653, when the Kumyks, this time in an alliance with Safavid forces, destroyed the Russian fortress at the river Sunzha. Iranian Shah Abbas II intended to strengthen the Persian hold on the Kumyk lands, which didn't match with Surkhay's plans. In an alliance with Kaytag Uzmi Rustem, Surkhay III confronted Persians but was forced to withdraw. Nevertheless, the high losses disrupted the Shah's intentions of building fortresses in the Kumyk lands.

Resistance to Peter I
In the 18th century, Russian Emperor Peter I organised the Persian Campaign of the 1722—1723. The Endirey principality was the first to oppose the Russian forces, and despite their defeat, caused great losses which shocked the Emperor. Kumyks of the Utamish Soltanate also fiercely resisted during the Battle at the River Inchge. Peter I stated afterwards: "If these people had a comprehension of the Military Science [Art], no other nation could take arms against them." The Tarki Shamkhalate initially took a pro-Russian stance, but after a new Russian fortress had been built they confronted Russia again. However, this time the Shamkhalate couldn't unite the neighboring local peoples and remained alone in their struggle. Russian historian Sergey Solovyov wrote: "In October 1725 general-majors Kropotov and Sheremetev embarked to devastate the possessions of the Shamkhal and burned down twenty settlements, including Tarki, the capital of the Shamkhal, which comprised 1,000 households; the total number of destroyed households amounts to 6,110. Shamkhal, having only 3,000 troops, couldn't resist the overwhelming number of Russians, who had in their ranks 8,000 Cossacks and Kalmyks only, not counting the regular troops, and two infantry regiments and two cavalries; Adil-Girey [Shamkhal] left Tarki and together with the Turkish ambassador had sent letters to other mountaineer possessors, asking for help, but got a refusal."

Caucasian War
Russian 19th century general Gregory Phillipson, known for his important actions in subjugating the Adyghe and Abaza ethnic groups at the left flank of the Caucasian front in Circassia, wrote: "I had vague knowledge about Caucasia and the Caucasian war, although professor Yazikov on the lectures in the military geography used to tell about one and the other; and according to his words it turned out that the most valiant and inimical to us tribe was that of the Kumyks."Kumyks were one of the major forces in the late 18th century Sheikh Mansur's insurgence. Kumyk prince Chepalow, in alliance with Mansur made several attempts to attack the Russian stronghold of Kizlyar. In the final battle, Mansur led the Kumyk forces himself. Despite the formal acceptance of the Russian sovereignty over the Shamkhals at the beginning of the Caucasian war (resulting from the Treaty of Gulistan), there were numerous revolts in Kumykia. In 1825 the village of [Old] Aksay was destroyed and 300 men from the settlement were gathered for their participation in the insurgence against Russian Empire led by the Chechen leader Taymiyev Biybolat, and murdered when Ochar-Haji, one of the Kumyks, killed two Russian generals on the spot. In the same year the people of Endirey joined forces with mountain communities against the Russians. In total, there were at least five revolts in Shamkhalate and on the Kumyk plateau (called also Kumyk plains): the Anti-Russian revolt, resulting in the defeat of Northern Kumyks (Endirey and Aksay principalities) and the then-disestablished Mekhtula Khanate, the Shamkhalate Revolt of 1823, participation in Beybulat Taymiyev's revolt (who though recently had pledged allegiance to Russia), the Shamkhalate Revolt of 1831, the revolt at the Kumyk plains in 1831 and the Shamkhalate Revolt of 1843.

There were also preparations for an insurgency on the Kumyk plains in 1844 and for a general Kumyk insurgency in 1855, which had been planned as a joined action with the advance of Imam Shamil, but the advance didn't progress enough into the Kumyk lands. In the insurgency in Dagestan in 1877–1878, one of the major centres of conflict was the Kumyk village of Bashly.

Despite the devastation brought by the Imperial Army for their attempts to rise against Russia, the Kumyk plains were also exposed to plundering forays from the neighboring tribes. For instance, in 1830, one Chechen leader, Avko, gathered forces in a call to allegedly join the troops of the leader of the Caucasian resistance, Gazi-Muhammad, but at the last moment declared the true reason "to use the opportunity to attack the city of Endirey and plunder Kumyks' cattle". However, the troops disbanded in disappointment. Gazi-Muhammad himself tried to make Kumyks resettle higher in the mountains from the plains and join his resistance by destroying Kumyk settlements, as stated in the Russian military archives:

"Kazi-mulla, trying to hold Kumyks close, came up with a strange trick: destroying their auls [settlements] in order to force them to resettle in the mountains by depriving of living spaces. On the 24th of July he, in front of our troops, made the first experiment on Endirey village and burned down the third of it. Prince [Knyaz] Bekovich [Russian officer] at that time was burning Kumyks' bread at the slopes of the mountains..."

During the Caucasian War, Kumyks found themselves between a rock and a hard place, not always supported by the insurgents on one hand, and being a target of retaliation from Russians on the other. The same archives also described that:

"...Kazi-mulla... used all the means to push away from us the population of the Small Chechnya and Kachkalik ridge, which however remained loyal to us only by their appearance, and namely because they didn't want to get 	between two fires as Kumyks did."Kumyks during the War gave the Caucasus many common heroes. Imam of Dagestan and Chechnya Shamil was of Kumyk descent,  as well as his companion and the second pretender to the Imam's position Tashaw-Hadji. Also, Kumyks were the leaders of the earlier Dagestani revolts, such as Soltan Ahmed-Khan of the Avars, and Umalat-bek of Boynak (the heir of the Tarki throne), companion of the imam Gazi-Muhammad Razibek of Kazanish, trusted companion of the Imam Shamil — Idris of Endirey.

Colonization by Russia
The tsarist and Soviet government pursued a policy of settling the Kumyk lands with other peoples from the end of the 18th and the beginning of the 19th century.

Back in 1811 Tormasov is known to order "to incline the Chechens to retire from the mountains to the plane." Another governor of the Caucasus, Vorontsov, pursued the same policy of "colonizing" the possessions of the Kumyks, also by Chechens, arguing that "the Kumyks have no right to those lands." Kumyk possessions also included such areas as Kachkalyk and Aukh, gradually settled by Chechens, and the region of Salatavia.

In the late 1870s, the entire southern part of the Khasavyurt district, from Gerzel-aul to Endirey, was populated by Chechens, sometimes by force, by the decree of Russia. From 1870 to 1877, the number of Chechens in the region increased from 5,912 Aukh to 14,000 Chechens and continued to rise to 18,128 in 1897. The possessions of the Kumyks in the Terek-Sunzha interfluve were lost, some of them along with the Kumyk population are now part of Chechnya.

In the 1850s, the Kumyk princes of the Kumyk district of the Terek region voluntarily gave up half of their lands in favor of the Kumyk people, however, documents confirming the relevant rights were issued only to the princes and uzdens, and the rights of the rest of the population were not documented. Local authorities, using various pretexts, moved newcomers to Kumyk lands. This policy of neglecting the right of the Kumyk population was recorded as continuing in 1907.

Dissolution of Shamkhalate and the Kumyk okrug (district)
When the Caucasian War ended on 30 December 1869, the Kumyk district of the Terek oblast (Northern Kumykia) was dissolved and renamed as Khasavyurt okrug.

According to The Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, issued at the turn of the 19 - 20th centuries, there were 32,087 thousand Kumyks in Dagestan (which at that time did not comprised the Northern Kumykia ). According to an 1891 survey, 108,800 Kumyks lived in the Dagestan and Terek oblasts of the Russian Empire.

Somewhat earlier, in 1867 the Tarki Shamkhalate was abolished by the Russian authorities, which might be considered as the end of the Kumyk statehood.

1916 revolt, Russian Revolution, Soviet and Modern times
In mid-July 1916 (late July 1916 N.S.), Kumyk rebels rose up against Russian authorities in Aksay. The cause of the uprising laid in the Kumyk's unwillingness to be conscripted into the Russian Imperial Army. The uprising ended on 24 July (6 August N.S.), when the draft was cancelled.

During the establishment of the Soviet Union, Kumyk political elite were an active part in the creation of the Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus. Haydar Bammate was the Minister of Foreign Affairs and one of the ideologists of the state, Prince Rashitkhan Kaplan was the Minister of Internal Affairs, one of the major military leaders was prince Nuh-bek Tarkovskiy, and Zubair Temirhanov was the speaker of the Alliance Council ("Mejlis" - Senate) of the Republic.

In 1926 the Soviet Population Census stated that there were 94 549 Kumyks in the Russian empire, indicating demographic crisis, compared to the 1891 data.

Demographics
In 1795 Russian Empire's estimates give a number of 100 thousand people in the lands of Shamkhal (including other than Kumyks).

In 1833 rough estimations showed around 88 thousand Kumyks within the areas of influence of the Russian Empire. In 1866, after the end of the Caucasian War, some estimations showed around 78 thousand. In 1886, 1891 and 1897 accordingly — 88, 108, 83 thousand, in 1916 — 98 thousand.

The Soviet census of 1926 showed 88 thousand. Thus, there are no indications of any growth almost in a century, due to wars, emigration from Russian-conquered territories and disease.

Due to the continuous resettlement policies by the Russian Empire, then the Soviet government, and continuing today in the modern Republic of Dagestan of the Russian Federation, during the 19th through 21st century the native territories of Kumyks have been dramatically reduced; Kumyks became a minority in their own lands.

Deportation
By the decree of Stalin's government, on the 12 of April 1944 the Kumyk population of historical Kumyk capital Tarki and adjacent villages were entirely deported to the Central Asian SSRs (Chechens, Karachays, Balkars and Crimean Tatars also were deported). The reason was stated as "freeing the area for the agricultural needs" of mountain peoples being resettled in the region. The deportation, despite the historical record in Russian law, is still not acknowledged by the Russian government. As a result of this event, the local population lost for years their ancient capital of Tarki, which led to the permanent destruction of most of the Kumyk cultural heritage.

Reasoning for Ethnocide
As UNPO describes the membership of Kumyks as follows: "Under Soviet occupation, a policy of ethnocide was implemented and leaders of the Kumyk movements were repressed, persecuted and killed. The introduction of mono-culture agriculture, the exploitation of the soil and deforestation led to an economic and ecological crisis in the area. In addition, the Kumyk people were unable to preserve their culture, as, for example, they were denied the right to write their language in the traditional Arabic script or teach their language in schools.

During their UNPO membership, the Kumyk people advocated for an administrative reform in the Republic of Dagestan and seek self-determination in the form of national autonomy. They also strived to preserve their traditional way of life, culture and customs." In 1925 Russian scholar Nikolay Trubetskoy expressed opinions, which may explain the given policy of Russia with regard to Kumyks: "Kumyk is the 'international' language of almost the entire North Caucasus (from the Caspian Sea to Kabarda inclusive), Azerbaijani dominates in most of the Transcaucasia (except the Black Sea coast) and, in addition, in Turkish Armenia, Kurdistan and Northern Persia. Both of these languages are Turkic. It must be held in mind that with the intensification of economic life, the use of 'international' languages acquires such importance that it displaces native languages: many auls of the southern districts of Dagestan have already become completely 'Azerbaijanified'. It is hardly in Russia's interests to allow such a Turkification of Dagestan. After all, if the whole of Dagestan becomes Turkic, then there will be a continuous mass of Turks from Kazan to Anatolia and Northern Persia, which will create the most favorable conditions for the development of Pan-Turan ideas with a separatist, Russophobic bias. Dagestan should be used as a natural barrier to the Turkification of this part of Eurasia."Communist leader of Dagestan, who conducted the deportation of Kumyks, reasoned non-ethnical administrative bordering of Dagestan in this way: "“Firstly, it [meaning splitting Dagestan by non-ethnic principle] was necessary to do this for economic reasons. If it were decided to grant national autonomy to at least the main peoples of Dagestan (Avars, Dargins, Kumyks, Lezgins, Laks, Tabasarans), then the main wealth of Dagestan (arable land, pastures) would go to the Kumyks, because they were located on their territory... Secondly, political and ethnic considerations were taken into account. So, the Avars in the entire history of their existence did not have a unified state entity... '"

Language
Kumyks speak the Kumyk language, which is a part of the Kipchak-Cuman subfamily of the Kipchak family of the Turkic languages. It is a direct descendant of the Khazar languages and in addition contains words from the Bulghar and Oghuz substratum.

Nikolay Baskakov, based on a famous 12th century scripture named Codex Cimanicus, included modern Kumyk, Karachai-Balkar, Crimean Tatar, Karaim, and the language of Mamluk Kipchaks in the Cuman-Kipchak languages. Alexander Samoylovich also considered Cuman-Kipchak close to Kumyk and Karachai-Balkar.

Kumyk had been a lingua-franca of a great part of the Northern Caucasus, from Dagestan to Kabarda, until the 1930s.

In 1848, a professor of the "Caucasian Tatars" (Kumyks) Timofey Makarov published a grammar of Kumyk, the first ever grammar written in Russian for a language spoken in the North Caucasus. "From the peoples speaking Tatar language I liked the most Kumyks, as for their language's distinction and precision, so for their closeness to the European civilization, but most importantly, I take in account that they live on the Left Flank of the Caucasian Front, where we're conducting military actions, and where all the peoples, apart from their own language, speak also Kumyk." Kumyk was an official language of communication between North-Eastern Caucasian nations and Russian administration.

Amongst the dialects of the Kumyk there are Kaitag, Terek (Güçük-yurt and Braguny), Buynaksk (Temir-Khan-Shura) and Xasavyurt. The latter two became basis for the literary language.

Kumyk is the oldest script literary language of Dagestan. During the 20th century, the writing system of the language was changed twice: during Soviet times in 1929 traditional Arabic script (called ajam) was substituted by the Latin script, and then in 1938 by Cyrillic script.

The closest languages to Kumyk are the Karachai-Balkar, Crimean Tatar, and Karaim languages.

More than 90% of Kumyks in Russia, according to the 2010 census, also speak Russian, and those in Turkey and the Levant (Sham) speak Turkish and Arabic.

In Russian and European classical literature
German poet Paul Fleming, travelling together with the Holstein embassy through Kumyk lands in 1633 and 1636, had dedicated to Kumykia and its towns a few verses.

The Kumyk language was a subject of studies for Russian classical authors such as Leo Tolstoy and Mikhail Lermontov, both of whom served with the Imperial Russian Army in the Caucasus. The language is present in such works of Tolstoy as "The Raid", Cossacks, Hadji Murat, and Lermontov's "A Hero of Our Time".

Tolstoy described Kumyk village of Khamamatyurt in his "Hunting in the Caucasus".

Alexander Bestuzhev-Marlinsky also featured the Kumyk language and Kumykia in his works "Molla-nur" and "Ammalat-bek", and described in some details Russian military raids on Kumyk settlements in his "Letters from Dagestan".

Alexander Dumas also described some areas of Kumykia and the time when he was a guest of a Kumyk prince Ali Qazanalp.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Kumyks


text:
Kumyk

Kumyk may refer to:
 * Kumyks
 * Kumyk language

title: Kumyk


text:
Rama (disambiguation)

Rama is the legendary Indian king regarded as an incarnation of Vishnu.

Rama may also refer to:

Within the scriptures of India

 * Rama in Jainism
 * Rama in Sikhism
 * Parashurama (Rama with an axe), a partial incarnation of Vishnu
 * Balarama (the strong Rama), brother of Krishna
 * another name of Lakshmi

Kings

 * Rama (Kings of Thailand)
 * Ram Khamhaeng (1279–1298)
 * Ramathibodi I (1350–1369), Uthong
 * Ramathibodi II (1491–1529), Chettathirat
 * Ramathibodi III, the Great (1656–1688), Narai
 * Rama I, the Great (1782–1809), Buddha Yodfa Chulaloke
 * Rama II of Siam (1809–1824), Buddha Loetla Nabhalai
 * Rama III (1824–1851), Nangklao
 * Rama IV (1851–1868), Mongkut
 * Rama V, the Great (1868–1910), Chulalongkorn
 * Rama VI (1910–1925), Vajiravudh
 * Rama VII (1925–1935), Prajadhipok
 * Rama VIII (1935–1946), Ananda Mahidol
 * Rama IX, the Great (1946–2016), Bhumibol Adulyadej
 * Rama X (2016–present), Vajiralongkorn

 * Rulers of Cambodia
 * Barom Reameathibtei (1363–1373), Borommarama
 * Ramathipadi I (1642–1658), Ponhea Chan
 * Barom Ramadhipati (1700–1701/1710–1722), Ang Em
 * Ramathipadi III (1748–1749/1756–1757), Ang Tong
 * Ramathipadi IV (1775–1779), Ang Non

 * Rulers of the Hanthawaddy Kingdom
 * Binnya Ran I (1424–1446)
 * Binnya Ran II (1492–1526)

 * Rulers of the Kingdom of Cochin
 * Rama Varma VIII (1775–1790)
 * Rama Varma IX (1790–1805)
 * Rama Varma X (1805–1809)
 * Rama Varma XI (1828–1837)
 * Rama Varma XII (1837–1844)
 * Rama Varma XIII (1844–1851)
 * Rama Varma XIV (1864–1888)
 * Rama Varma XV (1895–1914)
 * Rama Varma XVI (1915–1932)
 * Rama Varma XVII (1932–1941)

 * King of Rama, title used by the Kings of Hungary

Other people

 * Annabelle Rama (born 1952), Filipina actress and talent manager
 * Edi Rama (born 1964), Albanian politician and artist
 * Rama Government, the cabinet formed by Rama after he was elected as prime minister
 * Mike Rama (born 1954), Filipino politician
 * Napoleon Rama (1923–2016), Filipino lawyer, journalist and writer
 * N. T. Rama Rao (1923–1996), Indian film actor, director, producer, and politician
 * N. T. Rama Rao Jr. (b. 1983), Indian Telugu film actor
 * Osmundo Rama (1914–1998), Filipino physician and politician
 * Rama (actress) (fl. 1990, 2010–present), Indian film actress
 * Rezart Rama (born 2000), Albanian footballer
 * Vicente Rama (1887–1956), Filipino legislator, publisher and writer; father of Napoleon and Osmundo, grandfather of Annabelle and Mike

Historical personalities

 * Nityananda Rama, the Vaishnava saint
 * "The Rama" (1530–1572), Jewish religious teacher Moses Isserles
 * Frederick Lenz, a spiritual teacher who used Rama as his teaching name

Places

 * Rəmə, Azerbaijan
 * Rama (Gaul), a town in ancient Gaul
 * Rama, Bosnia and Herzegovina, a historical region of Bosnia and Herzegovina
 * Rama, Ethiopia
 * Rama, Jenin, a Palestinian village in the Jenin Governorate
 * Rama, Ontario, Canada
 * Rama, Saskatchewan, Canada
 * Rama Lake (Bosnia and Herzegovina), near Prozor
 * Rama Lake (Pakistan), a lake near Astore, Pakistan
 * Rama River (disambiguation), several rivers
 * Ramatha (or Rama), a former Roman Catholic titular bishopric in Palestine
 * El Rama, a municipality in the South Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region, Nicaragua
 * Rameh, a town in northern Israel
 * Al-Ram, a town near Jerusalem

Entertainment

 * Rama (character), a DC Comics Indian superhero based on the Hindu god
 * Ramachandra (film), a 2003 film
 * Rendezvous with Rama, the first in a series of books known as the "Rama series" by Arthur C. Clarke and Gentry Lee
 * Rama (video game), a 1997 video game based on the books

Other uses

 * Rama (fish), a genus of catfish
 * Rama (food), a brand of margarine
 * Rama people, in Nicaragua
 * Rama language, spoken by the Rama people
 * Rama Records, a record label
 * Research Moored Array for African-Asian-Australian Monsoon Analysis and Prediction (RAMA)
 * Order of Rama, a Thai military award
 * RAMa (Régiment d'Artillerie de Marine), a type of formation in the French Army, such as
 * 1st Marine Artillery Regiment (1st RAMa)
 * 11th Marine Artillery Regiment (11th RAMa)
 * a previous name of the interstellar object ʻOumuamua

title: Rama (disambiguation)


text:
John G. Carlisle

John Griffin Carlisle (September 5, 1834 –July 31, 1910) was an American attorney and Democratic Party politician from Kentucky. He represented Kentucky in the United States House of Representatives from 1877 to 1890, serving as the 31st Speaker of the House from 1883 to 1889, and served in the United States Senate from 1890 to 1893. He served as the 41st Secretary of the Treasury, in the second administration of President Grover Cleveland, from 1893 to 1897—a period that included the Panic of 1893. As a Bourbon Democrat he was a leader of the conservative, pro-business wing of the party, along with Cleveland.

Biography
Carlisle was born in what is now Kenton County, Kentucky. He was well educated and took a post as a teacher in Covington, Kentucky. His father died in 1853 and he was left to support his family. He studied law under John W. Stevenson, and joined the law firm of William Kinkeard in Covington at the age of 23. Carlisle married Mary Jane Goodson on January 15, 1857, and they had five children, all of whom predeceased them.

Despite the political difficulties that taking a neutral position during the American Civil War caused him, Carlisle spent most of the 1860s in the Kentucky General Assembly, serving in the Kentucky House of Representatives and two terms in the Kentucky State Senate, and was elected Lieutenant Governor of Kentucky in 1871, succeeding his former law mentor Stevenson.

House of Representatives
After Carlisle's term as Lieutenant governor ended in 1875, he ran for and won a seat in the United States House of Representatives for Kentucky's 6th district. On the main issues of the day, Carlisle was in favor of coining silver, but not for free coinage, and favored lower tariffs. He became a leader of the low-tariff wing of the Democratic Party, and was chosen by House Democrats to become Speaker in 1883 over Samuel J. Randall, a leader of the party's protectionist wing.

As Speaker, Carlisle was both admired for and handicapped by his fairness and congeniality: "His name belongs in the short list of great Speakers. His opinions read like the decisions of an eminent judge. His impartiality and the sweetness of his manner prompted the minority members to present him a loving-cup as an evidence of their affection. But dilatory motions, the disappearing quorum, and his refusal to ascertain the presence of a quorum by counting the House made him the slave of filibusters." "[H]e is the ablest man they have on that side of the House," said his Republican rival and successor Thomas Brackett Reed, "[b]ut no Speaker could do any better with his hands tied by the rules we are working under."

Carlisle became a leader of the conservative Bourbon Democrats and was mentioned as a presidential candidate but the Democrats passed him over at their conventions for Winfield S. Hancock in 1880 and Grover Cleveland in 1884. Discomfort with nominating a southerner after the Civil War played a role in Carlisle's failure to win either nomination. In 1892 Carlisle was again proposed as a candidate for president at the Democratic convention, but this time Carlisle asked that he not be considered. It was reported at the time that Carlisle dropped out with the understanding that Cleveland, once re-elected, would appoint him to his Cabinet.

Senate and Treasury Department
In May 1890, the Kentucky legislature elected Carlisle to the United States Senate to fill the nearly four years remaining in the unexpired term of the late Sen. James B. Beck. He served until February 1893, when he resigned to become Secretary of the Treasury under Cleveland, who had been elected president in November 1892.

Carlisle's tenure as Secretary was marred by the Panic of 1893, a financial and economic disaster so severe that it ended Carlisle's political career. In response to a run on the American gold supply, Carlisle felt forced to end silver coinage. He also felt compelled to oppose the 1894 Wilson–Gorman Tariff bill. These two stands were widely unpopular among agrarian Democrats. In 1896 Carlisle strenuously opposed Democratic presidential nominee William Jennings Bryan, supporting a splinter Gold Democrat candidate, once-Illinois Governor Palmer, instead.

By 1896, the once remarkably popular Carlisle was so disliked due to his stewardship of the currency that he was forced to leave the stage in the middle of a speech in his home town of Covington due to a barrage of abuse. Feeling rejected, he retired from public life and sold his house in Covington.

Later career and death
By May 1899, the North American Trust Company had directors such as John G. Carlisle, Adlai E. Stevenson, and Wager Swayne.

He moved to New York City, where he practiced law, and died on July 31, 1910, at age 75, and is buried in Linden Grove Cemetery in Covington, Kentucky.

Legacy
Carlisle County, Kentucky was established in 1886.

title: John G. Carlisle


text:
Kipchaks

The Kipchaks or Qipchaqs, also known as Kipchak Turks or Polovtsians, were Turkic nomads and then a confederation that existed in the Middle Ages inhabiting parts of the Eurasian Steppe.

First mentioned in the eighth century as part of the Second Turkic Khaganate, they most likely inhabited the Altai region from where they expanded over the following centuries, first as part of the Kimek–Kipchak confederation and later as part of a confederation with the Cumans. There were groups of Kipchaks in the Pontic–Caspian steppe, China, Syr Darya and Siberia. Cumania was conquered by the Mongol Empire in the early 13th century.

Terminology
The Kipchaks interpreted their name as meaning "hollow tree" (cf. Middle Turkic: kuv ağaç); according to them, inside a hollow tree, their original human ancestress gave birth to her son. Németh points to the Siberian qıpčaq "angry, quick-tempered" attested only in the Siberian Sağay dialect (a dialect of Khakas language). Klyashtorny links Kipchak to qovı, qovuq "unfortunate, unlucky"; yet Golden sees a better match in qıv "good fortune" and adjectival suffix -čāq. Regardless, Golden notes that the ethnonym's original form and etymology "remain a matter of contention and speculation".

History
On the Kipchak steppe, a complex ethnic assimilation and consolidation process took place between the 11th and 13th centuries. The western Kipchak tribes absorbed people of Oghuz, Pecheneg, ancient Bashkir, Bulgar and other origin; the eastern Kipchak merged with the Kimek, Karluk, Kara-Khitai and others. They were all identified by the ethnonym Kipchak. Groups and tribes of possible Mongolic or para-Mongolic extraction were also incorporated into the eastern Kipchak conglomerate. Peter Golden argues that the Ölberli were pushed westwards due to socio-political changes among the para-Mongolic Khitans, such as the collapse of the Liao dynasty and formation of the Qara Khitai, and attached themselves to the eastern Kipchak confederation where they eventually came to form a part of the ruling strata and elite. Golden identifies the Ölberli with the Qay whom are recorded as the Xi in Chinese sources and Tatabı in Turkic inscriptions, and were of Mongolic or para-Mongolic background - likely stemming from the Xianbei.

Chinese histories only mentioned the Kipchaks a few times: for example, Yuan general Tutuha's origin from Kipchak tribe Ölberli, or some information about the Kipchaks' homeland, horses, and the Kipchaks' physiognomy and psychology.

The Kipchaks were first unambiguously mentioned in Persian geographer ibn Khordadbeh's Book of Roads and Kingdoms as a northernly Turkic tribe, after Toquz Oghuz, Karluks, Kimeks, Oghuz, J.f.r (either corrupted from Jikil or representing Majfar for Majğar), Pechenegs, Türgesh, Aðkiš, and before Yenisei Kirghiz. Kipchaks possibly appeared in the 8th-century Moyun Chur inscription as Türk-Qïbchaq, mentioned as having been part of the Turkic Khaganate for fifty years; even so, this attestation is uncertain as damages on the inscription leave only -čq (𐰲𐰴) (*-čaq or čiq) readable. It is unclear if the Kipchaks could be identified with, according to Klyashtorny, the [Al]tï Sir in the Orkhon inscriptions (薛延陀; pinyin: Xuè-Yántuó), or with the Juéyuèshī (厥越失) in Chinese sources; however, Zuev (2002) identified 厥越失 Juéyuèshī (< MC *kiwat-jiwat-siet) with toponym Kürüshi in the Ezhim river valley (Ch. Ayan < MCh. 阿豔 *a-iam < OTrk. Ayam) in Tuva Depression. Linguist Bernard Karlgren and some Soviet scholars (e.g. Lev Gumilyov ) attempted to connect the Kipchaks to the Qūshé ~ Qūshí (屈射), a people once conquered by the Xiongnu; however, Golden deems this connection unlikely, considering 屈射's Old Chinese pronunciation *khut m-lak and Eastern Han Chinese *kʰut źa ~ kʰut jak/jɑk (as reconstructed by Schuessler, 2009:314,70). The relationship between the Kipchaks and Cumans is unclear.

While part of the Turkic Khaganate, they most likely inhabited the Altai region. When the Khaganate collapsed, they became part of the Kimek confederation, with which they expanded to the Irtysh, Ishim and Tobol rivers. They then appeared in Islamic sources. In the 9th century Ibn Khordadbeh indicated that they held autonomy within the Kimek confederation. They entered the Kimek in the 8th- or beginning of 9th century, and were one of seven original tribes. In the 10th-century Hudud al-'Alam it is said that the Kimek appointed the Kipchak king. The Kimek confederation, probably spearheaded by the Kipchaks, moved into Oghuz lands, and Sighnaq in Syr Darya became the Kipchak urban centre. Kipchak remnants remained in Siberia, while others pushed westwards in the Qun migration. As a result, three Kipchak groups emerged:
 * Kipchaks of the Pontic–Caspian steppe.
 * Kipchaks of the Syr Darya, associated with the Khwarazmian dynasty.
 * Kipchaks of Siberia, later composing the Siberian Tatars.

The early 11th century saw a massive Turkic nomadic migration towards the Islamic world. The first waves were recorded in the Kara-Khanid Khanate in 1017–18. It is unknown whether the Cumans conquered the Kipchaks or were simply the leaders of the confederacy of the Kipchak–Turkic tribes. What is certain is that the two peoples gradually mingled politically and that, from the second half of the 12th century onwards, the names Cumans and Kipchaks became interchangeable to refer to the whole confederacy.

The Mongols defeated the Alans after convincing the Kipchaks to desert them through pointing at their likeness in language and culture. Nonetheless, the Kipchaks were defeated next. Under khan Köten, Kipchaks fled to the Principality of Kiev (the Ruthenians), where the Kipchaks had several marriage relations, one of which was Köten's son-in-law Mstislav Mstislavich of Galicia. The Ruthenians and Kipchaks forged an alliance against the Mongols, and met at the Dnieper to locate them. After an eight-day pursuit, they met at the Kalka River (1223). The Kipchaks, who were horse archers like the Mongols, served as the vanguard and scouts. The Mongols, who appeared to retreat, tricked the Ruthenian–Kipchak force into a trap after suddenly emerging behind the hills and surrounding them. The fleeing Kipchaks were closely pursued, and the Ruthenian camp was massacred.

The nomadic Kipchaks were the main targets of the Mongols when they crossed the Volga in 1236. The defeated Kipchaks mainly entered the Mongol ranks, while others fled westward. Köten led 40,000 families into Hungary, where King Bela IV granted them refuge in return for their Christianization. The refugee Kipchaks fled Hungary after Köten was murdered.

After their fall, Kipchaks and Cumans were known to have become mercenaries in Europe and taken as slave warriors. In Egypt, the Mamluks were in part drawn from Kipchaks and Cumans.

In 1239–1240, a large group of Kipchaks fleeing from the Mongols crossed the Danube. This group, which has an estimated population of over 10 thousand, wandered for a long time to find a suitable place to settle in Thrace. John III Doukas Vatatzes, who wanted to prevent Kipchaks invasion of Byzantine lands and to benefit from their military capabilities, invited Kipchaks in Byzantine service. He settled some of them in Anatolia (what is now Turkey), to protect Byzantine from foreign invasions. When the Ottomans conquered the lands they lived in, these Kipchaks intermixed with the Turkmen and were assimilated among Turks. The Kipchaks who settled in Western Anatolia during the reign of Nicea Emperor III. John Doukas Vatatzes are the ancestors of a community called Manav living in Northwest Anatolia today.

Another Kipchak migration in Anatolia dates back to the period of the Chobanids Beylik, which ruled around Kastamonu (a city in Anatolia). Hüsameddin Emir Çoban, one of the Seljuk emirs, crossed the Black Sea and made an expedition to the Kipchak steppes and returned with countless booty and slaves. As a result of the expedition, a few Kipchak families in Crimea were brought to Sinop by sea via Sudak and settled in the Western Black Sea region. In addition, maritime trade intensified with the Crimea and Kipchak regions in the Isfendiyarids Beylik.

Language
The Kipchak–Cuman confederation spoke a Turkic language (Kipchak language, Cuman language) whose most important surviving record is the Codex Cumanicus, a late 13th-century dictionary of words in Kipchak, Cuman, and Latin. The presence in Egypt of Turkic-speaking Mamluks also stimulated the compilation of Kipchak/Cuman-Arabic dictionaries and grammars that are important in the study of several old Turkic languages.

When members of the Armenian diaspora moved from the Crimean peninsula to the Polish-Ukrainian borderland, at the end of the 13th century, they brought Kipchak, their adopted Turkic language, with them. During the 16th and the 17th centuries, the Turkic language among the Armenian communities of the Kipchak people was Armeno-Kipchak. They were settled in the Lviv and Kamianets-Podilskyi areas of what is now Ukraine.

The literary form of the Cuman language became extinct in the 18th century in the region of Cumania in Hungary. Cuman in Crimea, however, became the ancestor of the central dialect of Crimean Tatar.

Mongolian linguistic elements in the Kipchak–Kimek confederation remain "unproven"; though that confederation's constituent Tatar tribe possibly had been Mongolic speakers who later underwent Turkification.

Religion
The Kipchaks practiced Tengrism. Muslim conversion occurred near Islamic centres. Some Kipchaks and Cumans were known to have converted to Christianity around the 11th century, at the suggestion of the Georgians, as they allied in their conflicts against the Muslims. A great number were baptized at the request of Georgian King David IV, who also married a daughter of Kipchak Khan Otrok. From 1120, there was a Kipchak national Christian church and an important clergy. Following the Mongol conquest, Islam rose in popularity among the Kipchaks of the Golden Horde.

Kimek
The confederation or tribal union which Kipchaks entered in the 8th- or beginning of 9th century as one of seven original tribes is known in historiography as that of the Kimek (or Kimäk). Turkic inscriptions do not mention the state with that name. 10th-century Hudud al-'Alam mentions the "country of Kīmāk", ruled by a khagan (king) who has eleven lieutenants that hold hereditary fiefs. Furthermore, Andar Az Khifchāq is mentioned as a country (nāḥiyat) of the Kīmāk, 'of which inhabitants resemble the Ghūz in some customs'.

In the 9th century Ibn Khordadbeh indicated that they held autonomy within the Kimek confederation. They entered the Kimek in the 8th- or beginning of 9th century, and were one of the seven original tribes. In the 10th-century's Hudud al-'Alam it is said that the Kimek appointed the Kipchak king.

Physical appearance
The looks of a typical Kipchak are a matter of debate. This is because in spite of their Eastern origins, several sources point at them being white, blue-eyed, and blond. It is important to elaborate, however, that the full range of available data sketches a more complex picture. While the written sources often emphasize a fair complexion the craniometric and genetic data, as well as some historical descriptions, support the image of a people highly heterogenous in appearance. Skulls with East Asian features are often found in burials associated with the Kipchaks in Central Asia and Europe.

An early description of the physical appearance of Kipchaks comes from the Great Ming Code (大明律) Article 122, in which they were described as overall 'vile' and having blonde/red hair and blue/green eyes. Han Chinese were not required to marry with Kipchaks. Fair complexion, e.g. red hair and blue or green eyes, were already noted by the Chinese for some other ancient Turkic tribes, such as the Yenisei Kirghiz, while the Tiele (to whom the Qun belonged) were not described as foreign looking, i.e. they were likely East Asian in appearance. It is noted that "Chinese histories also depict the Turkic-speaking peoples as typically possessing East/Inner Asian physiognomy, as well as occasionally having West Eurasian physiognomy." Lee and Kuang believe it is likely "early and medieval Turkic peoples themselves did not form a homogeneous entity and that some of them, non-Turkic by origin, had become Turkicised at some point in history." The Yenisei Kirghiz are among those suggested to be of turkicised or part non-Turkic origin. According to Lee & Kuang, who cite Chinese historical descriptions as well as genetic data, the turcophone "Qirghiz" may have been of non-Turkic origin, and were later Turkified through inter-tribal marriage. Gardizi believed the red hair and white skin of the Kipchaks was explained by mixing with the "Saqlabs" (Slavs), while Lee & Kuang note the non-Turkic components to be better explained by historical Iranian-speaking nomads.

Genetics
Lee and Kuang suggest that the high frequency (63.9%) of the Y-DNA haplogroup R-M73 among Karakypshaks (a tribe within the Kipchaks) allows inference about the genetics of Karakypshaks' medieval ancestors, thus explaining why some medieval Kipchaks were described as possessing "blue [or green] eyes and red hair.

A genetic study published in Nature in May 2018 examined the remains of two Kipchak males buried between c. 1000 AD and 1200 AD. One male was found to be a carrier of the paternal haplogroup C and the maternal haplogroup F1b1b, and displayed "increased East Asian ancestry". The other male was found to be a carrier of the maternal haplogroup D4 and displayed "pronounced European ancestry".

Kipchak peoples and languages
The modern Northwestern branch of the Turkic languages is often referred to as the Kipchak branch. The languages in this branch are mostly considered to be descendants of the Kipchak language, and the people who speak them may likewise be referred to as Kipchak peoples. Some of the groups traditionally included are the Manavs, Karachays, Siberian Tatars, Nogays, Bashkirs, Kazakhs, Kyrgyz, Volga Tatars, and Crimean Tatars. There is also a village named Kipchak in Crimea. Qypshaq, which is a development of "Kipchak" in the Kazakh language, is one of the constituent tribes of the Middle Horde confederation of the Kazakh people. The name Kipchak also occurs as a surname in Kazakhstan. Some of the descendants of the Kipchaks are the Bashkirian clan Qipsaq.

Radlov believed that among the current languages Cuman is closest to the Mishar dialect of the Tatar language. Especially the regional Mishar dialects of Sergachsky district have been named as "faithfully close to original Kipchak".

Notable people
Kipchak confederations
 * Ayyub Khan ( 1117), Kipchak leader
 * Bačman ( 1229–1236), Kipchak leader in the Lower Volga
 * Qačir-üküle ( 1236), Kipchak leader in the Lower Volga
 * Köten ( 1223–1239), Kipchak leader

Kipchak ancestry
 * Al-Mansur Qalawun, Mamluk sultan of Egypt (r. 1279–1290)
 * Baibars, Mamluk sultan of Egypt (r. 1260–1277)
 * El Temür, chancellor of the Chinese-Mongolian Yuan dynasty
 * Faris ad-Din Aktai, Mamluk emir
 * Nasir ad-Din Qabacha, Mamluk Sultan of Multan

title: Kipchaks


text:
Kipchak

Kipchak may refer to:

 * Kipchaks, a medieval Turkic people
 * Kipchak languages, a Turkic language group
 * Kipchak language, an extinct Turkic language of the Kipchak group
 * Kipchak Khanate or Golden Horde
 * Kipchak Mosque, a mosque in the village of Gypjak
 * Kipchak (village)
 * Kipchak (Aimaq tribe), a tribe of Kyrgyz origin in Afghanistan
 * Desht-i Kipchak
 * Qıpçaq, village and municipality in the Qakh Rayon of Azerbaijan
 * Qepchaq (disambiguation), places in Iran

title: Kipchak


text:
BENlabs

BENlabs, formerly BEN Group Inc, is a Los Angeles–based product placement, influencer marketing and licensing company. The company offers AI-driven product placement, influencer marketing services, music partnerships, rights clearance, and personality rights management services for the entertainment industry.

The company was founded in Seattle by Bill Gates in 1989 as Interactive Home Systems, and later renamed Corbis. The company's original goal was to license and digitize artwork and other historic images for the prospective concept of digital frames. In 1997, Corbis changed its business model to focus on licensing the imagery and footage in its collection.

The Corbis collection included contemporary creative, editorial, entertainment, and historical photography as well as art and illustrations. Among its acquisitions were the 11 million piece Bettmann Archive, acquired in 1995; the Sygma collection in France (1999); and the German stock image company ZEFA (2005). Corbis also had the rights to digital reproduction for art from the Hermitage Museum in St. Petersburg, Russia, the Philadelphia Museum of Art and the National Gallery in London.

Corbis later expanded into providing services for the entertainment industry, including brand integration and rights clearance services. In January 2016, Corbis announced that it had sold its image licensing businesses to Unity Glory International, an affiliate of Visual China Group. VCG licensed the images to Corbis's historic rival, Getty Images, outside China. Corbis retained its entertainment businesses under the name Branded Entertainment Network, which has since evolved to BENlabs.

Lines of business
BEN Group's Inc's businesses include product placement services, the celebrity photo agency Splash News, as well as Greenlight, a business that provides clearances for images, music, video, and licenses personality rights for commercial use. BEN directly represents the personality rights of various figures, including Albert Einstein, Buzz Aldrin, Sophia Loren, Charlie Chaplin, Maria Callas, Andy Warhol, Martin Luther King Jr., Marvin Gaye, Muhammad Ali, Steve McQueen, and Thomas Edison among others. In 2015, BEN Group Inc acquired Plaid Social Labs, a leader in digital influencer marketing and integrations. In 2016, BEN Group Inc sold Splash.

Founding
Bill Gates founded the company in 1989 under the name Interactive Home Systems; he envisioned a system for allowing customers to decorate their homes with revolving displays of artwork, including works by notable painters, using digital frames and technology that had yet to have been developed. The company's name was changed to Continuum Productions in 1992 and later, to Corbis Corporation. Interactive television was suggested as a way to deliver the content, but as the development of the planned product was under way, Corbis focused on digitizing content and acquiring rights to images. Corbis signed agreements with the National Gallery of London, the Library of Congress, the Sakamoto Archive, the Philadelphia Museum of Art, and the State Hermitage Museum in St. Petersburg, Russia.

In October 1995, the company purchased the Bettmann Archive collection, which included the pre-1983 photo library of United Press International and its predecessor photo agencies, Acme and INP, the photo arm of the International News Service. Prior to acquiring the Bettmann Archive, Corbis represented roughly 500,000 images, a total that increased substantially when the Bettmann drawings, artworks, news photographs, and other illustrations were added to the company's portfolio. In all the Bettmann Archive contained 19 million images. The archive was stored 220 feet underground in a refrigerated cave in the Iron Mountain storage facility,

In 1995, the company won a contract with its first major photographer, Roger Ressmeyer, followed by several more, including Galen Rowell; this signalled growing interest in the world of professional photography, which up to that point had not taken the company seriously. In 1996 the company acquired the exclusive rights to approximately 40,000 images photographed by wilderness photographer Ansel Adams.

In 1997, Corbis named company veterans, Steve Davis and Tony Rojas, co-CEOs. Corbis also hired David Rheins to run Corbis' Productions, and Leslie Hughes to lead the company's B2B image licensing division, Corbis Images. These hires marked the company's shift to a more market focused entity. Corbis Productions published several award-winning CD-ROM titles such as A Passion for Art: Renoir, Cézanne, Matisse, and Dr. Barnes, compiled from the Barnes Foundation collection, and Leonardo da Vinci, which showcased the Codex Leicester.

In 1998, Leslie Hughes was named President of Corbis Images. The company expanded internationally and through product development and further acquisitions. The company acquired Digital Stock Corp., a supplier of royalty-free images to further expand its offering. In 1998, another division was added to Corbis Images when the company acquired Outline Press Syndicate, Inc., a supplier of celebrity portrait photography. Renamed Corbis Outline, the company syndicated studio portraits and candid photographs of actors, musicians, athletes, politicians, business leaders, scientists, and other celebrities and provided the images for sale to a broad range of national magazines. The same year, Corbis also acquired Westlight, adding over 3 million images to their archives while scanning best selling images.

In June 1999, the company acquired the French news photo agency Sygma, adding 40 million additional images to the company's collection, and expanding Corbis's portfolio beyond 65 million images. The archive is today stored in a preservation and access facility outside Paris.

In 2000, Microsoft (a fellow venture of Gates) purchased the rights through Corbis to the image Bucolic Green Hills, which it renamed to Bliss for the default wallpaper of Windows XP. The image was taken in the Los Carneros American Viticultural Area of Sonoma County, California, United States by photographer Charles O'Rear in 1996, who previously sent it to Westlight which Corbis had acquired in 1998.

2000–2010
Corbis's business-to-business image licensing business expanded with the growth of the internet in the early part of the decade. The company also expanded geographically, making multiple acquisitions such as the Stock Market and expanding into the footage licensing market with the acquisition of Sekani.

 * In 2000, after the company's dramatic growth in the professional licensing business, Corbis named Leslie Hughes President of the newly consolidated Markets and Products Group (CMPG). The new group represented the consolidation of formerly separate business units, professional licensing and business communicator (small office).
 * In 2001 Corbis built a state-of-the-art preservation facility in western Pennsylvania to house the Bettmann Archive. Corbis committed to preserving the collection for generations to come, and  to allow continued access to this extraordinary collection.
 * In late 2002, Leslie Hughes stepped down as President of Corbis' Markets and Products Group. Steve Davis was named as sole CEO, and Tony Rojas was appointed the company's president.
 * In 2005, the company expanded further into Europe with the acquisition of zefa, and into Australia in 2006, with the acquisition of Australian Picture Library.
 * In April 2007, the company announced it was naming new leadership. Steve Davis stepped down as CEO, and Gary Shenk was named as the new CEO as of July 1. Shenk oversaw aggressive cost-cutting efforts to improve the company's financial performance and address the rise of low-cost competitors. The company experienced several waves of layoffs for the next several years, shed non-profitable lines of business and reduced its number of offices globally.
 * In November 2007, Corbis announced that it would be purchasing Veer and would continue to operate it as a separate brand.
 * In early June 2007, Corbis announced that it was creating a microstock website, SnapVillage. The company said it intended to use its microstock site as a farm club to find photographers who could also sell their photographs on the main Corbis Web site. In late June, the company launched SnapVillage, with about 10,000 images initially viewable. SnapVillage was closed due to low sales in early 2009 and rolled into Veer.
 * Corbis rebranded its Rights Services Division, previously a Division of Corbis Images, as "GreenLight" in 2008.
 * In July 2008 Corbis sold eMotion LLC, its media management division, to Open Text Corporation.
 * In May 2009, Corbis opened the Sygma Preservation and Access Facility outside Paris, France, housing tens of millions of photographic elements from the past half century in Europe. The company in 2009 also re-launched its Corbis Motion website with hundreds of thousands of new video clips, after signing a new partnership with Thought Equity Motion.
 * In 2010, Corbis increased its focus on serving web and mobile customers, with the introduction of low-resolution file sizes images that were more affordable for Web and Mobile use. Corbis also relaunched its Veer.com website with a greater focus on affordable images and fonts to compete more effectively against low cost competitors.
 * In 2010, Corbis was found to have committed fraud against Infoflows Corporation.
 * In this decade, Corbis has discussed its financial direction in moving towards profitability multiple times without success.

2011–2013

 * In January 2011, Shirley Jones sued Corbis alleging the company violated her publicity rights, and seeking class-action status for other celebrities. The case was thrown out in June 2011, with the court forcing Jones to pay Corbis's legal fees and other costs.
 * July 2011 – Five Photographers take Corbis to court for misuse of corporate assets in closing Corbis Sygma.
 * July 2011 – Corbis acquires Splash News, a Los Angeles–based firm that deals in celebrity photography.
 * August 2011 –Corbis and the Associated Press announce a distribution deal to try to reach each other's customers for current and archival photographs. Corbis' collection includes the library of onetime AP-rival UPI, acquired in the purchase of Bettmann.
 * January 2012 – Corbis acquires the product placement agency Norm Marshall Group.
 * May 2012 – Washington State Appellate Court upholds jury verdict that Corbis committed fraud.
 * Nov 2012 – Corbis expands global media footprint and acquires breaking news photojournalism newswire, Demotix, following successful investment and global distribution partnership.

Since 2016: Sale of image licensing business
On January 22, 2016, Corbis announced that it had sold its general image licensing business, including the Corbis Images, Corbis Motion and Veer libraries and their associated assets, to Unity Glory, an affiliate of Visual China Group. The sale did not include the Corbis Entertainment business, which would remain owned by the company under a new name. Concurrently, it was announced that VCG would exclusively license distribution of the Corbis images library outside China to its rival, Getty Images. VCG has historically served as the exclusive distributor of Getty content in China. Distribution of Corbis content was transitioned to Getty's outlets, and the company manages Corbis's physical archives on behalf of VCG. Of the deal, Getty CEO Jonathan Klein remarked that after 21 years in business, it was "lovely to get the milk, the cream, cheese, yogurt and the meat without buying the cow."

In May 2016, following the handover of the Corbis images business to Unity Glory and Getty, Corbis Entertainment was renamed Branded Entertainment Network, and re-located its operations to Los Angeles. CEO Gary Shenk stated that the company had organized over 5,000 brand placements in 2015, with clients including Cadillac, Jose Cuervo, Microsoft, and others. In 2018, Ricky Ray Butler, was named CEO. In 2020 BEN won the Agency of the Year award at the 10th Streamy Awards.

In February 2023, BEN Group was rebranded as BENlabs.

title: BENlabs