text:
Talk:Vernal equinox

Comment from November 2002
This page _mentioned_ the difference between the northern and southern hemispheres, but much of it presupposed that humans live in the northern hemisphere.

"...refers to when..." is a horribly clumsy and imprecise locution, not used in good writing.

The "autumnal equinox" page would bear similar editing, but I have to get back to work. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 131.183.81.100 (talk) 18:58, 1 November 2002 (UTC)

Reversed naming in southern hemishere?
I was under the impression that the vernal equinox was always the one in March, and the one in September was always the invernal equinox or hibernal equinox, even in the Southern Hemisphere. –radiojon 19:23, 2004 Sep 8 (UTC)

Old wives tale
I am not overjoyed by the use of the non-politically correct "old wives tale" here and I do not think it is appropriate to report every societal aberration in an encyclopedia. Perhaps if this has to be kept "old wives tale" could go to the Wiktionary and there be referred to "folk legend." Or a separate entry "Vernal Equinox Egg Myth" could be added. After all, some people expect earthquakes or weather anomalies when the planets line up a certain way, some people say it's bad luck to step on cracks in the sidewalk or have your path crossed by a black cat, and the Chinese, I have been told, believe it is a bad luck omen, a symbol of death, to give a clock as a gift. But that does not appear under "clocks" I believe; if it's anywhere it should be under "omen," "charm" or "harbinger of death" or the like Pdn 14:31, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I personally think a mention about clocks in various cultures and what they might represent would be a worthy addition to any article about clocks. I'm going to mention this on the clock page...  There isn't any mention of superstition about ladders on the ladder page, but black cat is all about the superstition regarding the felines.  Your point about using the term "old wives' tale" is possibly a valid one, though... I'm not sure how correct it would be to use the term instead of something more clear.  I dunno, I just see it as useful information, provided it's significant enough.  I've never heard of this egg myth before, so it's likely unnecessary, but on the other hand, if most Chinese people feel strongly about the clock gift-giving, I feel that might be worthy of inclusion.  After all, Timbits have a page despite some people wanting to remove it, since the little things are so immensely a part of Canadian culture they might as well be mentioned in the Canada article (if they aren't already)... JC 09:14, 15 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Please allow political correctness to die the undignified death it deserves. Anyone offended by the term "old wives' tale" has too much time on their hands thx1138 16:40, 20 April 2006 (UTC)

Practical effects
I would like to add the following text, copied from Earth Day, to the end of the introduction
 * It is the precise moment that spring begins in the Northern Hemisphere and autumn in the Southern Hemisphere. At this global moment, night and day are equal all over the world, the sun sets at the South Pole and rises at the North Pole and anyone standing on the equator at noon will not cast a shadow.

--Etimbo | Talk 11:12, 20 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * You are supposed to be bold when editing Wikipedia, so go ahead. If any other editor does not like it, they will modify it. — Joe Kress 20:54, Mar 20, 2005 (UTC)

 * I normally like to give people advanced warning before changing the introduction to articles so that I don't ruffle feathers; but you have spurred me into action and I have made the change! --Etimbo | Talk 12:37, 21 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Day longer than night
"Because the Sun is not a point but a ball, and because sunlight is refracted downwards by the atmosphere, the day by that definition is some 7 minutes or more longer, making the practical equality of day and night happen a few days towards the winter side."

Is there an astronomer who can set this straight? I claimed day was 26 minutes longer than night on the vernal equinox and cited the sunrise and sunset tables for London on 21 March 2005: 6:00 a.m. sunrise--6:13 p.m. sunset. That's signficantly more than 7 minutes.

And this theory that it is both the fact that the sun is a ball and that sunlight is refracted downwards by the atmosphere [so we're seeing the reflection of the sun in the horizon?] seems to me to be bogus. How much of the difference between day and night is caused by this refraction? I'll bet it's a second or third order effect.

Is there anyone in Wiki land who actually knows? 209.150.62.164 01:54, 17 September 2005 (UTC)

Quote from the arcticle day:
 * "The Sun is not a point, but has an apparent size of about 32 minutes of arc. Additionally, the atmosphere refracts sunlight in such a way that some of it reaches the ground even when the Sun is below the horizon by about 34 minutes of arc. So the first light reaches the ground when the centre of the Sun is still below the horizon by about 50 minutes of arc. The difference in time depends on the angle at which the Sun rises and sets (itself a function of latitude), but amounts to almost seven minutes at least.

The 50″ mentioned is 0.5*32+34. So the refraction part is not a minor effect. The almost seven minutes happens on the equator (sun rising at 4 minutes per degree, counting both morning and evening effect). At higher latitude the Sun rises at an angle, so the time must be divided by the cosine of the latitude. London is at 51°30′, with a cosine of 0.62, leading to an increased duraction by 61%, amounting to about 11 minutes. Not so far from your mentioned (rounded) daylength from 06:00 till 18:13. Of course, the night gets shorter by the same amount, so indeed there is a factor two missing in the difference. I will correct. You will find a wealth information at. −Woodstone 09:00, 18 September 2005 (UTC)

 * It took me a while to compose my response so Woodstone beat me, but I consider a few more effects, so I add my answer in full.

 * If the Sun moved at its average annual rate then it would take exactly half of a mean solar day or 12 hours for the center of the Sun to move from the eastern geometric or airless horizon to the western geometric or airless horizon at the equinox. The equation of time causes the Sun to arrive at its various cardinal points like noon or sunrise or sunset earlier or later by as much as 17 minutes at various times of the year. At the equinox the equation of time causes the sun to be east of the mean sun by about 7.5 minutes, causing it to arrive at both sunrise and sunset late. Because both are late by the same amount, there is no affect on the length of daylight. But the equation of time is actually the summation over the course of a year of many true solar days that can be as much as 30 seconds longer or shorter than a mean solar day. At the vernal equinox the true solar day is 24 hours 0 minutes 20 seconds long. This increases the amount of daylight by 10 seconds.

 * Sunlight moves faster in thin air than when the air is denser. This causes sunlight to bend away from the thin air above ground level and toward the denser air at ground level, allowing us to see objects like the Sun while they are still beyond and below the spherical surface of the Earth. At standard temperature and pressure, the refraction is 34' (arc minutes). The Sun is close enough to form an apparent disk of about half a degree. It must move half that or on average an additional 16' below the horizon before its upper limb or edge disappears below the horizon. At the equator the Sun moves vertically to the horizon, so the 34' of refraction increases the length of daylight by 2.27 minutes over that on an airless Earth at both sunrise and sunset, assuming that the eye of the observer is at sea level; while the 16' radius increases the length of daylight by another 1.06 minutes at both sunrise and sunset, assuming there are no mountains or other obstructions. Totaling sunrise and sunset increases the length of daylight by 6.67 minutes (6m 40s) at the equinox, but only at the equator.

 * At higher latitudes like London, the Sun crosses the horizon at an angle to the vertical equal to its latitude, here 51°32'. Imagine a right triangle at the eastern and western horizons. Its upper vertex touches the horizon due east or west, its right angle is 50' below the horizon, and its other vertex is also 50' below the horizon slightly north of due east or west. The angle at the upper vertex equals the latitude of the observer. The hypotenuse is longer than the vertical side by 1/cos(latitude), so here it is 82'51", taking 5.52 minutes to traverse, increasing the length of daylight at the equinox by 11.05 minutes when both sunrise and sunset are considered.

 * You cannot arbitrarily double the 13 minute late sunset to get 26 minutes. The difference between 6:01 am and 6:13 pm (both rounded to the nearest minute) is 12 hours and 12 minutes, which is quite close to my calculated increase in daylight of 11.05 minutes. Adding half of the true solar day for a true daylight increase of 11.22 minutes makes the comparison even better, which would be better yet if both sunrise and sunset were given to the second. I have ignored a few other effects, principally the fact that the triangles are really spherical, not planar, thus spherical trigonometry should be used to calculate the 'hypotenuse', which is part of a great circle.

 * — Joe Kress 20:39, 18 September 2005 (UTC)

Hi Joe, excellent detailed explanation. In your edit summary you deny the factor two. However your calculations confirm that the day is 11.22 minutes longer than 12 hours. Of course that makes the night 11.22 minutes shorter, so the day is 22.44 min longer than the night. That is the factor two I meant. −Woodstone 22:06, 18 September 2005 (UTC)

 * You're right. But because I misunderstood it, others would also, so I'll reword it. That also means that I should not have dismissed the doubling of 13 minutes by 209.150.62.164 as quickly as I did. — Joe Kress 04:52, 19 September 2005 (UTC)

Please correct misconceptions
The orbital diagram is beautiful, but misleading. It suggests that the earth's axis points in a different direction at different seasons of the year. It does not. The earth's axis should be tipped in the same direction for both the summer and winter solstice illustrations. You should then change the direction from which the sunshine comes from -- from the right in one, and from the left in the other -- just as it actually does when the earth shifts position by 180 degrees in its orbit. I'd omit the illustration for the equinoxes entirely. Anything you would draw would suggest that the earth's axis is oriented straight up and down, which is of course not correct. In reality, the sunlight would be streaming perpendicular to the page, which is not possible to draw in a two-dimensional illustration.

It would also probably be better to use the terms "December Solstice" and "June Solstice" instead of "winter" and "summer." That way, it is correct for all hemispheres. That is how the International Planetarium Society solves this dilemma for its members located in both hemispheres. User:BartBenjamin —Preceding undated comment added 19:05, 22 September 2005 (UTC)

Picture

 * Someone should probably try and find a picture that isn't just a reuse from equinox-- Hello  'from ' SPACE undefined 00:29, 15 November 2005 (UTC)

Merge
I suggest that March_equinox merged in this article. Most of information seems to be repeatitive. Mahanchian 11:25, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Someone created March equinox from this article because he did not like this article's "northern hemisphere bias". — Joe Kress 09:36, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I would like to suggest MARCH EQUINOX the main article (hemispherically unbiased), redirected to by FIRST POINT OF ARIES and VERNAL EQUINOX; likewise SEPTEMBER EQUINOX redirect to by FIRST POINT OF LIBRA and AUTUMNAL EQUINOX. Or even better: one EQUINOX article (calendrically unbiased) for all of them. --Tauʻolunga 08:01, 1 July 2006 (UTC)

 * The problem I have with any merge is that in astronomy the northern vernal equinox is the origin of ecliptic longitude (0°), right ascension (0h), and the sidereal day (0h). The southern vernal equinox has no special significance in astronomy. The same applies to astrology. Although the First point of Aries conicides with the northern vernal equinox in western astronomy, in the Hindu calendar it now occurs in April because that calendar ignores precession. — Joe Kress 19:50, 2 July 2006 (UTC)

 * The article would split up in at least 4 main parts: heliocentric view, from which the season explanation would follow; geocentric view to do the same thing; geocentric view focusing on the rest (i.e. coordinate systems); others (astrology, Hindu,…) --Tauʻolunga 21:11, 2 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I don't understand the your distinction between heliocentric and geocentric seasons. — Joe Kress 00:25, 5 July 2006 (UTC)
 * I did not say h & g seasons, I said h & g viewpoints to explain the seaons. I found often that the drawing of the Earth with its titled axis in its orbit around the Sun is easier to comprehend by the students than the drawing of the ecliptic on the celestial sphere. --Tauʻolunga 02:35, 5 July 2006 (UTC)

Reason for variation of date
Could someone who knows why add why the date of the equinox changes irregularily (sometimes the 20th, sometimes the 21st)? The already mentioned precession is an extremely minor effect and cannot be responsible for this. I suspect the reason is the moon or maybe even jupiter but I'm definitely not sure enough of that to add it to the article. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.219.217.200 (talk • contribs)

I have the same problem. All thoughout my youth and early adulthood the Equinox always occurred on the 21st. One of the reasons this stuck with me so well is that I then was able to state that my birth occurred on the first full day of Spring ie the 22nd. I would be extremely interested in hearing how and when this change happened. Michael Cunningham, Milwaukee WI

 * See Gregorian calendar for a graph showing the variability in the date of the astronomical winter solstice. The astronomical vernal equinox has a similar variability due to the extra quarter day in the length of the vernal equinox year (365.2424 days) and the leap days of the Gregorian calendar used to account for it, both those every four years and the centurial leap days skipped. But only the astronomical equinox varies—the ecclesiastical vernal equinox has (almost) always been on March 21, and still is there. The latter is used to determine Easter (see computus). — Joe Kress 09:36, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Vernal equinox


text:
Point Pinole Regional Shoreline

Point Pinole Regional Shoreline is a regional park on the shores of the San Pablo Bay, California (the northern arm of the San Francisco Bay), in the United States. It is approximately 2315 acre in area, and is operated by the East Bay Regional Park District. It includes the Dotson Family Marsh (formerly Breuner Marsh) and the Point Pinole Lagoon and hosts the North Richmond Shoreline Festival.

History
Point Pinole is located in the city of Richmond, California. It is on the site of a number of former explosives factories; the largest of these was operated by the Giant Powder Company, which was relocated to this relatively remote spot following accidental explosions at its former sites in San Francisco and at Albany Hill. Giant had built the first dynamite manufacturing plant in the United States at a site known as Glen Canyon Park, which started up on March 19, 1868. On November 26, 1869, there was an explosion that destroyed every building on the site (including the fence around the plant). The plant was forced to move farther away from heavily populated areas. Another explosion occurred at the Albany Hill plant in 1892, before Giant built its last plant in the lightly populated area of Pinole Point. Giant created a small unincorporated community, which it named Giant, California. Later, the Giant community became the established Croatian community of Sobrante.

Although the Point Pinole factory operated until 1960, when Bethlehem Steel Company acquired the property from Atlas Powder Company, little trace of it now remains. After several years, the East Bay Regional Park District acquired the property and opened Point Pinole to the public as a park in 1973. A plaque denotes the site as a California Historical Landmark. The facility's former tramway grades provide a network of nearly 20 km of gently sloping paths for hiking, cycling and horse-riding. The other relic of the park's industrial past is the large number of eucalyptus glades groves which were planted around the factory site to buffer against potential explosions.

The park features the promontory of Point Pinole, located where the East Bay shoreline turns from running south towards Berkeley and Oakland to running eastwards, inland. Geologically, it is a result of movement on the Hayward Fault which runs along its western edge, creating a low scarp. It offers superb views across the bay in all directions, towards San Francisco to the southwest, Mount Tamalpais and the Marin Headlands to the northwest, inland across San Pablo Bay to the north and east, and Mt. Diablo inland to the southeast. Fresh and ocean waters mix at this point, so the marine life is rich; a leisure pier has been built at the end of promontory, replacing a former jetty used by the factories, and is a popular location for angling.

The parks trails are almost level allowing for easy walks. There is a $3 parking fee and a $2 per dog fee. In 2008 the park acquired the adjoining Breuner Marsh site and added it to the Point Pinole Regional Shoreline park. EBRPD renamed it the Dotson Family Marsh.

Environment and wildlife
The park is a mixture of grassland and woodland, with beaches and low cliffs, and it has a particularly rich bird life, including many ducks and shorebirds, and the endangered black rail. It is located on the Pacific Flyway, so many migrant species are also seen. The marsh provides habitat for several creatures, including the Ridgway's rail and the salt marsh harvest mouse.

Whittell Marsh is the site of one of the few remaining Native American shellmounds in the San Francisco Bay Area.

The park is located on the Hayward Fault, whose exact position is marked by monuments erected by the United States Geological Survey. The USGS has a seismometer posted along the Union Pacific Railroad, which divides the park from the mainland; the park is reached via a bridge across the railroad.

The San Francisco Bay Trail runs through the park. The park can be reached by the AC Transit bus service, by car, or by bicycle. Pedestrian and cyclist admission is free, but there is a parking fee.

Playground area
The playground at Point Pinole park was temporarily closed for construction from mid-August through October, 2017. During this time, the playground was resurfaced with wood fiber, equipment replaced with a net climber and a stand-up spinner, and a wheelchair-accessible path and picnic tables were added. All park paths remained open to the public during this work.

Atlas Road Bridge
On April 22, 2017, EBRPD dedicated the Atlas Road Bridge, a combination vehicle and wheelchair-compliant pedestrian bridge that connects to the San Francisco Bay Trail. This activity included building a new main entrance and parking area. The new entrance provides a bridge over active railroad tracks, which had been a hazard for pedestrians approaching the park from the parking lot. The project cost $11.7 million, which was largely funded by local bond Measure CC, the City of Richmond and grants from the following grantors:

 * California State Parks
 * California Natural Resources Agency
 * Contra Costa Transportation Authority

The new bridge is part of a multi-phase project that will eventually lead to additional picnic areas, a new playground and the route to a new interpretive center for the park.

Dotson Family Marsh
At the same ceremony in April 2017, EBRPD also renamed and dedicated Breuner Marsh as the Dotson Family Marsh, honoring a family led by Reverend Richard Dotson, who had worked for many years to keep Breuner Marsh wild and open to the public, opposing several attempts to develop the tract for commercial ventures. Rev. Dotson was able to organize residents of his own neighborhood in Richmond, Parchester, reminding them that the builder of their houses had promised they would always have access to the bay. He also recruited the Sierra Club as an influential ally in the three-decade legal fight against the developers. Dotson's group prevailed, and EBRPD acquires the marsh through eminent domain in March 2008. The district then attached the marsh to Point Pinole Regional Shoreline.

Habitat restoration
The Dotson Marsh restoration project is intended to adapt the PPS to a self-sustaining wetland complex that will include filtering polluted run-off water. It also provides adaptations for anticipated sea level rise caused by climate change. The cost of restoration is estimated at $14 million, with at least 10 different entities providing funds.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Point Pinole Regional Shoreline


text:
User:Hannes Karnoefel

Have a nice day! I have contributed already a lot on the Dutch language Wikipedia (because I'm dutch and live in the beautiful province of Limburg close to the German border) and also several on the English. My interests are: Hannes Karnoefel 10:59, 13 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * 1) Painting and art. I'm an amateur painter myself..
 * 2) History
 * 3) Religion
 * 4) Science Fiction especially Alternate History
 * 5) Weird science : UFO, Creationism, Speculative theories in the 'hard' sciences like Mathematics, cosmology, physics, information technology, parapsychology, Transhumanism, Technological Singularity, etc. Maybe has to do with my interests in SF ;-)

User:Hannes_Karnoefel/monobook.css

nl:user:Hannes Karnoefel

title: User:Hannes Karnoefel


text:
Talk:Constructible polygon

Incomplete
We do not show how to construct n-gons where n is a power of a prime number!

Some comments.
Link to Gaussian period, which explains the cyclotomic technology Gauss used.

I'd like to see a page on Disquisitiones Arithmeticae, as it is.

The Wantzel part is fairly simple Galois theory, once one has identified the Galois group of the cyclotomic field. Something I'm not sure is always emphasised is the role of the totally real field inside the cyclotomic field, ie the field generated by the cos(θ) for the angles one wants. Here totally real means that the roots of the quadratics one wants to solve to do the constuction are all real (rather than imaginary).

Charles Matthews 10:59, 13 Mar 2004 (UTC)

question
Question: the article claims that specific concrete constructions are known for ALL constructible polygons. Yet, it then gets it down to the case for those associated to Fermat primes, and throws up its hands and seems to say, "we're not sure about 16,000-whatever, and we haven't told you how to do this in general". The article seems to contradict itself. Which is true? Do we know how, or not? Revolver 13:04, 14 Nov 2004 (UTC)

I don't think there's a mystery. Using Gaussian periods one can get an algorithm for producing the quadratic equations one needs to solve. In principle, getting from an explicit quadratic equation in terms of constructible reals, having real roots, to an explicit geometric construction of the length of a root, is nothing genuinely deep. Just effectively pointless in practice. But I suppose one could ask about it as a computer science project.

Charles Matthews 13:59, 14 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Let me see if I understand you correctly. It seems you're saying there's a definite algorithm to give you the construction, which I interpret to mean that explicit constructions are "known". In this case, the only "problem" with the 200-page example might be with the details, were any mistakes made...but not in the question of whether it is known HOW to do it (i.e. how to write it down). Revolver 20:33, 14 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Isn't it really all about handling nested radicals, as data structures? I have never looked deeply into it, though? Charles Matthews 20:47, 14 Nov 2004 (UTC)

how do you construct a 15-gon?
At the bottom the article says:

Thus an n-gon is constructible if

n = 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 15, 16, 17, 20, 24, ...

How do you construct a 15-gon with a compass and straight edge? (Its not a power of 2 co-prime.)

Desrosier 08:45, 29 August 2006 (UTC)

 * To construct an angle of 2π/15, if we can construct 2π/5 and 2π/3? Is that so hard? Charles Matthews 09:02, 29 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I recommend constructing simultaneously a regular pentagon and a regular trigon, centered at the same point and sharing one vertex. The angle spanning between some secondary vertex of the pentagon to some secondary vertex of the trigon can be used to properly space vertices on the circumscribed circle. CogitoErgoCogitoSum (talk) 15:49, 21 October 2023 (UTC)

Ambiguousness
"Gauss conjectured that this condition was also necessary, but he offered no proof of this fact, which was proved by Pierre Wantzel in 1837." Does "which was proved by Pierre..." refer to the proof of the sufficient, or to the necessary? — metaprimer (talk) 01:58, 28 October 2007 (UTC)

List
Perhaps you should list which polygons can be constructed. At least up to lets say a 100 sided figure. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Tailsfan2 (talk • contribs) 00:17, 11 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Listing the first few and linking the OEIS seems enough to me. Algebraist 19:00, 13 June 2009 (UTC)
 * The location of the list and the general wording of the article make it sound as though the only constructible n-gons are those that fit the (2^k)*F model. However, the n-gons that are powers of 2 (n = 1,2,4,8...) can't be calculated this way.  Unless I'm completely missing something here (and that is entirely possible) there should be some mention that power of 2 n-gons come from the degenerate 2-sided polygon.Djibouti (talk) 21:43, 17 February 2010 (UTC)

Construction of a regular pentagon
The moving diagram is pretty, but inefficient. After the first side is constructed, the other corners can easily be stepped off by compass. 82.163.24.100 (talk) 16:27, 10 March 2010 (UTC)

Hermes criticism
The article currently says "Conway has cast doubt on the validity of Hermes' construction, however." The citation is a forum post which quotes an email from John Conway. The guts of Conway's criticism is "I can hardly believe that he really got anywhere, because the size of the problem is much bigger than one might suppose." Conway ends the email with "I would very much like to see this calculation done, since there might well be some patterns that would enable one to write down the answer more simply than the way sketched above." This criticism is very weak, and he professes his suspicion that his method is inefficient (so perhaps the problem is smaller than he thinks). It's an offhand comment qualified by "I can hardly believe", and it seems the only reason the criticism is mentioned is because Conway is famous. I think the reference and comment in the article should be removed, or replaced by a real source of criticism if any exist. The Hermes article doesn't include this information either, and it's a disservice to him to call into question his most famous achievement with such poor supporting evidence. 67.158.43.41 (talk) 02:23, 21 February 2011 (UTC)
 * I agree. I am removing the statement. --kundor (talk) 20:50, 16 November 2014 (UTC)

Animation
There's an animation of the construction of a 257-gon on the Italian Wikipedia, but i dont know how to put it in (im not good with computers). Somebody do it please! search 257-gono on the Italian Wikipedia. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.65.217.167 (talk) 02:35, 17 March 2011 (UTC)

What about constructible 3d polygons?
Imagine if instead of fixing one end of a compass on a point in a 2d surface, we fix that point in three dimensional space? In 2D we could a trace a circle, while in 3D, we can imagine tracing a sphere (though it would take an unimaginably long time). Is there such a thing as "constructible" 3d polygons, or whatever such might actually be called in geometry?siNkarma86—Expert Sectioneer of Wikipedia undefined 05:34, 19 December 2012 (UTC)

What's a "3d polygon"? John Baez (talk) 16:24, 26 February 2013 (UTC)

undefined 12:38, 27 February 2013 (UTC)
 * Sorry about the confusion. I meant polyhedra.siNkarma86—Expert Sectioneer of Wikipedia

33-, 65- and 129-sided polygons
Right now the article says:

Restating the Gauss-Wantzel theorem:
 * A regular n-gon is constructible with ruler and compass if and only if n = 2k+1 (k ≥ 2) or if n = 2kp1p2...pt where k is a non-negative integer, t is a positive integer, and each pi is a (distinct) Fermat prime.

There's no condition here saying that 2k+1 needs to be a Fermat prime or even prime. So, according to this statement, regular polygons with 33, 65 and 129 sides are constructible. But that doesn't sound right at all. Could someone fix this? John Baez (talk) 16:24, 26 February 2013 (UTC)

I can't fix it. 33=3*11 but 11-gon is not constructible. 65=5*13 but 13-gon is not constructible. 14:17, 4 August 2014 (UTC)~ — Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.185.51.170 (talk)

360
Since construction of a 360-sided polygon is impossible using straightedge and compass alone, how wwre the Ancients able to divide the circle in 360 degrees? Actually… were they? CielProfond (talk) 02:33, 25 February 2017 (UTC)

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Gauss-Wantzel theorem
A regular n-gon can be constructed with compass and straightedge if and only if n is a power of 2 or the product of a power of 2 and any number of distinct Fermat primes. Is the use of the word "distinct" only encompassing the occurrence of more than 1 Fermat prime numbers ? If so, it will not encompass 1 Fermat prime as a distinct amount of Fermat primes and thus the statement of the theorem is incomplete. If it does encompass 1 Fermat prime as a distinct amount of Fermat primes, then this should be made more specific. EuclidIncarnated (talk) 16:54, 26 April 2024 (UTC)

 * The problem has been sorted on the Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Mathematics page and there does not seem to be any reasons for this page to be edited, thank you for your contributions. EuclidIncarnated (talk) 18:20, 28 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Constructible polygon


text:
IV Corps (United Kingdom)

IV Corps was a corps-sized formation of the British Army, formed in both the First World War and the Second World War. During the First World War the corps served on the Western Front throughout its existence. During the Second World War it served in Norway and Britain until it was transferred to India, which was threatened with attack after Japan entered the war.

Prior to the First World War
In 1876 a Mobilisation Scheme for eight army corps was published, with '4th Corps' headquartered at Dublin and comprising the regular units of Irish Command, supported with militia. In 1880, it was organised as follows:
 * 1st Division (Dublin)
 * 1st Brigade (Dublin)
 * 1st Bn. 22nd Foot (Dublin), 82nd Foot (Dublin), 3rd Bn. Rifle Brigade (Dublin)
 * 2nd Brigade (Belfast)
 * Queen's Edinburgh Light Infantry Militia (Dalkeith), 1st Lanark Militia (Hamilton), 2nd Lanark Militia (Lanark)
 * Divisional Troops
 * Highland Light Infantry Militia (Inverness), 3rd Dragoon Guards (Dublin), 19th Company Royal Engineers (Southampton)
 * Artillery
 * O/3rd Brigade RA (The Curragh)
 * 2nd Division (The Curragh)
 * 1st Brigade (The Curragh)
 * 1st Bn. 16th Foot (Athlone), 38th Foot (The Curragh), 95th Foot (The Curragh)
 * 2nd Brigade (The Curragh)
 * 1st West York Militia (Pontefract), 2nd West York Militia (York), 3rd West York Militia (Doncaster)
 * Divisional Troops
 * 4th West York Militia (Leeds), 2nd Dragoon Guards (Dublin), 6th Company Royal Engineers (The Curragh)
 * Artillery
 * P/3rd Brigade RA (The Curragh), K/2nd Brigade RA (Kilkenny), I/2nd Brigade RA (Athlone)
 * 3rd Division (Cork)
 * 1st Brigade (Cork)
 * 1st Somerset Militia (Taunton), 2nd Somerset Militia (Bath), Hereford Militia (Hereford)
 * 2nd Brigade (Limerick)
 * 1st Warwick Militia (Warwick), 2nd Warwick Militia (Leamington Spa), Glamorgan Militia (Cardiff)
 * Divisional Troops
 * 1st Bn. 7th Foot (Cork), 19th Hussars (Ballincollig), 18th Company Royal Engineers (Cork)
 * Artillery
 * N/3rd Brigade RA (Clonmel), M/3rd Brigade RA (Limerick), H/2nd Brigade RA (Fermoy)
 * Cavalry Brigade (The Curragh)
 * 2nd Dragoons (Dundalk), 7th Hussars (Cahir), 20th Hussars (Newbridge), I Battery B Brigade RHA (Ballincollig)
 * Corps Artillery
 * H Battery B Brigade RHA (Newbridge), B Battery A Brigade RHA (Dublin), G Battery B Brigade RHA (Dublin)

This scheme had been dropped by 1881.

The 1901 Army Estimates (introduced by St John Brodrick when Secretary of State for War) allowed for six army corps based on the six regional commands: IV Corps was to be formed by Eastern Command with headquarters in London. It was to comprise 27 artillery batteries (18 Regular, 6 Militia and 3 Volunteer) and 25 infantry battalions (8 Regular, 8 Militia and 9 Volunteers). Lieutenant General Lord Grenfell was appointed acting General Officer Commanding-in-Chief (GOCinC) of IV Corps in April 1903. Under Army Order No 38 of 1907 the corps titles disappeared, but Eastern Command continued to be a major administrative organisation, controlling two cavalry brigades and one infantry division (4th Division).

First World War
The Corps had its origin in a force operating independently against the German invasion of Belgium under the command of Lieut-Gen Sir Henry Rawlinson. It was transferred from War Office control to the British Expeditionary Force on 9 October 1914, and the BEF"s commander, Sir John French, constituted it as IV Corps. It bore part of the brunt of the defence in the early stages of the First Battle of Ypres. Initially it comprised the 7th Infantry Division and 3rd Cavalry Division, but these were transferred in late October. IV Corps was reconstituted on 6 November. It then fought at the Battle of Neuve Chapelle and subsidiary actions, the Battle of Aubers Ridge, and The Battle of Festubert, the Battle of Loos and associated actions. Rawlinson's failure to bring reserves to the IV Corps front lines allowed the Imperial German Army to regroup and caused the BEF counteroffensive to fail to break through.

In 1916 the corps was commanded by Sir Henry Wilson. The corps was initially holding a stretch of five miles from Loos to just south of Givenchy, between Hubert Gough's I Corps in the north and French 9th Army Corps (part of Victor d'Urbal's Tenth Army) in the south. Wilson, noting the difference in quality between his divisions, took a keen interest in training and did much lecturing.

In March the British took over line from French Tenth Army. IV Corps was moved south of Givenchy, opposite Vimy Ridge, which gave the Germans the advantage of height. 47th Division conducted effective mining operations on 3 May and 15 May. A surprise German attack on the evening of Sunday 21 May moved forward 800 yards, capturing 1,000 yards of the British front line. The subsequent counterattack failed and Wilson was almost "degummed" (relieved of command).

Wilson resisted pressure from Haig to conduct a limited attack until after 1 September. With another "Big Push" due on the Somme in September, Wilson's attack was postponed until October, and GHQ now wanted the whole of Vimy Ridge taken, which would mean a joint attack with XVII Corps. Edmonds later wrote that Wilson's preparations had laid the foundations for the successful capture of Vimy Ridge in April 1917. The attack at Vimy never took place as IV Corps was incorporated into Gough's Reserve Army, where it remained in reserve during the Battle of the Ancre.

The corps also took part in the German Retreat to the Hindenburg Line, the Battle of Cambrai and associated actions, the First Battles of the Somme and associated actions, the Second Battle of the Somme, the Battle of St. Quentin Canal and associated actions, and the final advance in Picardy.

Composition in the First World War
The composition of army corps changed frequently. Some representative orders of battle for IV Corps are given here.

Order of Battle at Ypres 10 November 1914:

General Officer Commanding (GOC): Lieutenant-General Sir Henry Rawlinson
 * Brigadier-General, General Staff: R.A.K. Montgomery
 * Brigadier-General, Royal Artillery: A.H. Hussey
 * Colonel, Royal Engineers: R.U.H. Buckland
 * 7th Division
 * 8th Division

By the time of the battles of Aubers Ridge and Festubert (May 1915), IV Corps still had 7th and 8th Divisions under command, but had been reinforced by 49th (West Riding) Division of the Territorial Force.

Order of Battle in 1916

Once the era of trench warfare had set in on the Western Front (1915–17), the BEF left its army corps in position for long periods, so that they became familiar with their sector, while rotating divisions as they required rest, training, or transfer to other sectors. Thirteen different divisions passed through IV Corps during Wilson's eleven-month tenure, and only one, the 47th, stayed for longer than six months.

In December 1915 IV Corps consisted of 1st (formerly a regular division), 47th (London Territorials) and 15th (Scottish) Division and 16th (Irish) Division (both New Army). Henry Wilson was impressed by the standard of training in the 15th but not the 16th. In the spring it lost 1st, 15th and 16th Divisions and gained 2nd (formerly a regular division) from I Corps. IV Corps also gained 23rd (New Army). At this time, with the army having recently grown tenfold in size, there was little in the way of formal ongoing assessment of officers' performance, so Gough, the Reserve Army commander, passed on his informal (and low) opinion of the 2nd Division GOC William G. Walker, who was later relieved. (Wilson Diary 24 February 1916).

In early April the 23rd Division was taken away, and a number of guns with it. By August, IV Corps contained two divisions, the 63rd (Royal Naval) Division and the 9th (Scottish) Division (New Army). Some of IV Corps artillery was moved down to the Somme. Then the 63rd and 9th Divisions were taken away, then in October the whole Corps was transferred to Gough's Reserve Army on the Somme, although it was used as a holding formation rather than being deployed into the front line. At one point, by 18 October, IV Corps had no divisions at all.

During 1916, able staff officers were still in short supply and such men were poached from IV Corps and its component divisions by Rawlinson for Fourth Army HQ.

Order of Battle at the start of the final advance in Picardy (27 September 1918)

GOC: Lieutenant-General Sir George Harper
 * 5th Division
 * 37th Division
 * 42nd (Eastern Lancashire) Division
 * New Zealand Division

Norway
The Corps was reformed in Alresford in Hampshire in February 1940 in anticipation of operations in Norway, or perhaps Finland (part of a projected intervention in the Russo-Finnish Winter War). From March to May 1940 parts of the corps fought at Narvik and Trondheim in the Norwegian campaign. Its commander was Lieutenant General Claude Auchinleck.

Home Forces
After the Norwegian campaign ended, the Corps first commanded most of the armoured reserves preparing to face the proposed German invasion of Britain (Operation Sea Lion), while the other corps headquarters which had been evacuated from Dunkirk in Operation Dynamo were reorganised. IV Corps was envisaged as a counter-attack force under Lieutenant-General Sir Francis Nosworthy. Once the danger of invasion was over, the corps was heavily involved in training and developing tactical doctrine. The corps was based at Guilsborough House near Northampton until August 1940 when it moved to Latimer House near Chesham.

Order of Battle Autumn 1940
 * 2nd Armoured Division (16 June–4 August 1940)
 * 42nd (East Lancashire) Division (9 September–6 November 1940)
 * 43rd (Wessex) Division (19 June–5 November 1940)
 * 31st Independent Brigade Group (1 August 1940–15 February 1941)
 * HQ Royal Artillery
 * 154th (Leicestershire Yeomanry) Army Field Regiment
 * 67th Medium Regiment

Iraq
In January 1942 the Corps headquarters was dispatched to Iraq, as part of Middle East Command. Its commander was Lieutenant General Thomas Corbett. In 1942, Corbett was appointed Chief of Staff of Middle East Command and Lieutenant General Noel Irwin took over IV Corps.

India / Burma
Following the Japanese conquest of Burma, several British divisions from Britain and the Middle East, and IV Corps headquarters, were deployed to India, then filled out with Indian Army Corps of Signals and line-of-communications units. It took over from the ad hoc Burma Corps headquarters, which was disbanded, at Imphal in Manipur in Northeast India. It reported to the Eastern Army. The Corps adopted a badge of a charging elephant, in black on a red background.

In July 1942, Irwin was promoted to command Eastern Army. His successor in command of IV Corps was Lieutenant-General Geoffry Scoones. It was engaged in patrol activity as far as the Chindwin River and construction of airfields and roads. From late 1943, the Corps formed part of the newly created Fourteenth Army.

In 1944 the Japanese sought to disrupt Allied attacks into Burma by launching an attack, codenamed U-Go, against Imphal, which led to the epic Battle of Imphal. At the start of the battle the Corps consisted of the Indian 17th, 20th and 23rd Divisions, with the Indian 50th Parachute Brigade and 254th Indian Tank Brigade. During the early stages of the battle, the 5th Indian Division was flown into Imphal to join the corps.

The Corps was surrounded by the Imperial Japanese Army but eventually defeated their attackers. Supplies and reinforcements were flown in to support the besieged troops, and casualties and non-combatants were flown out. The siege ended on 22 June, when troops from IV Corps met the relieving forces from XXXIII Corps north of Imphal. From then until the monsoon ended later in the year, formations from IV Corps (the 5th Indian Division and the newly arrived 11th East African Division) cleared the Japanese from east of the Chindwin, and established several bridgeheads across the river.

In November 1944, as the rains ended, Fourteenth Army prepared to make a decisive attack into Central Burma. Lieutenant General Scoones was appointed to Central Command, an army-level headquarters in India, and replaced in charge of IV Corps by Lieutenant-General Frank Messervy. In preparation for the offensive, several divisions were organised as motorised and air-portable formations.

The offensive began with IV Corps on the left of Fourteenth Army, led by the newly arrived 19th Indian Division. It became apparent that the Japanese had fallen back behind the Irrawaddy River. The 19th Division was transferred to XXXIII Corps and IV Corps was switched to the right flank of the Army, advancing down the Gangaw valley west of the Chindwin, led by the East African 28th Infantry Brigade and an ad-hoc infantry formation, the Lushai Brigade. In late February, the 7th Indian Infantry Division won bridgeheads over the Irrawaddy. The motorised 17th Indian Division, with the M4 Sherman tanks of the 255th Indian Tank Brigade, followed up through these bridgeheads and struck deep into Japanese occupied territory to capture the vital transport and supply centre of Meiktila. Reinforced by troops landed at the airfields near the town, it defended against Japanese counter-attacks during March.

Following the Japanese defeat in Central Burma, Fourteenth Army was reorganised. IV Corps now commanded the motorised 5th and 17th Indian Divisions, the 19th Indian Division (which remained on a mixed animal and motor transport establishment) and the 255th Tank Brigade. During April, the 5th and 17th Divisions alternated in the lead of the final drive on Rangoon down the Sittang River valley, while the 19th Division secured the corps' line of communications. By the start of May when the monsoon began, the Corps had been held up 40 mi from Rangoon. Rangoon was captured by an amphibious landing, Operation Dracula, having been abandoned by its garrison.

Shortly after the fall of Rangoon, IV Corps was withdrawn from the control of Fourteenth Army and placed under the newly activated Twelfth Army. Temporarily commanded by Lieutenant-General Francis Tuker, it was responsible for mopping up the remaining Japanese forces in Burma until the end of the war including the defeat of a large break-out in the Pegu Yoma. The Corps was deactivated shortly after the end of hostilities.

General Officers Commanding
Commanders have included:
 * 1 April 1903: General the Lord Grenfell
 * 6 June 1904: General the Lord Methuen (4th Army Corps was renamed Eastern Command 1 June 1905)
 * Oct 1914 – Dec 1915 Lieutenant-General Henry Rawlinson
 * Dec 1915 – end 1916 Lieutenant-General Henry Wilson
 * 1916–1918 Lieutenant-General Charles Woollcombe
 * Mar 1918 – Jun 1919 Lieutenant-General George Harper
 * Feb 1940 – May 1940 Lieutenant-General Claude Auchinleck
 * Jul 1940 – Nov 1941 Lieutenant-General Francis Nosworthy
 * Jan 1942 – Mar 1942 Lieutenant-General Thomas Corbett
 * Apr 1942 – Jul 1942 Lieutenant-General Noel Irwin
 * Aug 1942 – Dec 1944 Lieutenant-General Sir Geoffry Scoones
 * Dec 1944 – Jul 1945 Lieutenant-General Sir Frank Messervy
 * Jul 1945 – Aug 1945 Lieutenant-General Sir Francis Tuker

title: IV Corps (United Kingdom)


text:
Lakhdar Brahimi

Lakhdar Brahimi ( Algerian pronunciation: ; الأخضر الإبراهيمي; al-Akhḍar al-Ibrāhīmi; born 1 January 1934) is an Algerian United Nations diplomat who served as the United Nations and Arab League Special Envoy to Syria until 14 May 2014. He was Minister of Foreign Affairs of Algeria from 1991 to 1993. He served as chairman of the United Nations Panel on United Nations Peace Operations in 2000. Its highly influential report "Report of the Panel on United Nations Peacekeeping" is known as "The Brahimi Report".

He is also a member of The Elders, a group of world leaders working for global peace. Brahimi is a member of the Commission on Legal Empowerment of the Poor, the first global initiative to focus specifically on the link between exclusion, poverty and law. He has also been a Member of the Global Leadership Foundation since 2008, an organization which works to promote good governance around the world. He is currently a distinguished senior fellow at the Centre for the Study of Global Governance at the London School of Economics and Political Science, and a governing board member of the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. He relinquished his post as UN Special Envoy to Syria on 31 May 2014.

Early life and education
Brahimi was born in 1934 in El Azizia near Tablat, Algeria, about 60 km south of Algiers. He was educated in Algeria and in France where he studied law and political science. He joined the campaign for independence in 1956. Based in Jakarta for five years, he was the representative of the National Liberation Front (Algeria) in South East Asia, touring the region in search of diplomatic support.

Career
Brahimi was the United Nations special representative for Afghanistan and Iraq. Before his appointment in 2001 by the Secretary-General, Kofi Annan, he had served the U.N. as special representative to Haiti where he narrowly escaped an assassination attempt. Brahimi facilitated the first American UN Force Commander since their involvement in the Korean War. Before coming to the U.N., Brahimi, who represented the National Liberation Front in Tunis during Algeria's independence movement in 1956–1961, was an Arab League official (1984–1991) and the Algerian Minister for Foreign Affairs from 1991 until 1993. Brahimi was also chair of the Panel on United Nations Peace Operations, which produced the influential Brahimi Report.

On a visit to Baghdad in April 2004 to help determine how and when Iraqi elections can be held, he said that the recent violence threatened to delay Iraqi national assembly elections—the national assembly is to pick the president and write a constitution.

 * "The elections scheduled to take place in January 2005 are the most important milestone," Brahimi said. "There is no substitute for the legitimacy that comes from free and fair elections." (Witter, 2004)

Brahimi suggested that the Iraq Interim Governing Council should be dissolved and that most of its members should not have any role in the new government. Though the council was in fact dissolved early, some of its members did have major roles in the ensuing government. The president, one of the two vice-presidents, and the prime minister in the following government all served on the council. Most prominently, Brahimi's criticism of Ahmed Chalabi has led to Chalabi's claim that Brahimi is an Arab nationalist who should have no role in determining the future of Iraq. At the same time, close allies of Chalabi have been pushing claims that various world leaders and the UN took bribes from Saddam Hussein under the Oil for Food program.

In May 2004, Brahimi was supposed to play a largely advisory role in the appointment of candidates, which ended up selecting as Iraq's new interim President and Prime Minister: Ghazi Mashal Ajil al-Yawer and Iyad Allawi, respectively. However, Brahimi expressed serious disappointment and frustration about his role. "Bremer is the dictator of Iraq, He has the money. He has the signature. ... I will not say who was my first choice, and who was not my first choice ... I will remind you that the Americans are governing this country." According to a person who spoke with him, "He was very disappointed, very frustrated," al Dulame said. "I asked him why he didn't say that publicly (and) he said, 'I am the U.N. envoy to Iraq, how can I admit to failure?'" Brahimi announced his resignation, resulting from "great difficulties and frustration experienced during his assignment in Iraq", at the UN in New York on 12 June. While serving as the United Nations envoy to Iraq, he described Israel's policy towards the Palestinians as "the big poison in the region".

On 5 February 2008, the UN Secretary-General, Ban Ki-moon, appointed Brahimi to lead a panel investigation on United Nations staff security in the wake of the Algiers bombings of 11 December 2007. He was one of the founders of the French language Journal of Palestine Studies called La revue d'étude palestinienne.

On 17 August 2012, Brahimi was appointed by the United Nations as the new peace envoy to Syria, replacing Kofi Annan.

On 13 May 2014, UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon announced that Brahimi would resign as the special envoy to Syria on 31 May 2014.

Brahimi addressed a police academy in December 2016, expressing his wish that Algeria and Morocco should “leave the Sahara issue aside in an effort to build a communal economy based on exchange.” His statement caused shockwaves in Algeria.

In March 2019, he is mandated by Abdelaziz Bouteflika to preside over the national conference that is to propose a new constitution and set the date of the presidential election.

Career history

 * National Liberation Front Representative to Indonesia: 1956–1961
 * Ambassador to Egypt, Sudan and the Arab League: 1963–1970
 * Ambassador to the United Kingdom: 1971–1979
 * Diplomatic Adviser to the President: 1982–1984
 * Undersecretary General of the Arab League: 1984–1991
 * Arab League Special Envoy for Lebanon: 1989–1991
 * Foreign Minister of Algeria: 5 June 1991 – 3 February 1993
 * Rapporteur to the Earth Summit: 3 June 1992 – 14 June 1992
 * United Nations Special Envoy for South Africa: December 1993 – June 1994
 * United Nations Special Envoy for Haiti: 1994–1996
 * From 1996-1997, he also undertook a series of special missions to Zaire, Cameroon, Yemen, Burundi, Angola, Liberia, Nigeria, Sudan and Côte d'Ivoire on behalf of the United Nations.
 * United Nations Special Envoy for Afghanistan: July 1997 – October 1999
 * Chairperson of the Independent Panel on United Nations Peace Operations: 7 March 2000 – 17 August 2000
 * United Nations Special Envoy for Afghanistan: 3 October 2001 – 31 December 2004
 * Chairperson of the Bonn Conference: 24 November 2001 – 5 December 2001
 * Special Adviser and Undersecretary General of the United Nations: 2004–2005
 * United Nations Special Envoy for Iraq: 1 January 2004 – 12 June 2004
 * Visiting Professor of the Institute for Advanced Study: 2006–2008
 * Member of The Elders: 2007–present
 * Chairperson of the Independent Panel on Safety and Security of United Nations Personnel and Premises Worldwide: 5 February 2008 – 9 June 2008
 * United Nations and Arab League Special Envoy for Syria: 2012–2014

Honours

 * 🇩🇿 Algeria: First Class of the National Order of Merit
 * 🇨🇱 Chile: Grand Cross of the Order of Merit
 * 🇫🇷 France: Commander of the Order of Legion of Honour
 * 🇯🇴 Jordan: Grand Cordon of the Supreme Order of the Renaissance
 * 🇿🇦 South Africa: Grand Officer of the Order of Good Hope
 * 🇹🇳 Tunisia: Commander of the Order of the Republic

Awards

 * 2016: Human Rights Prize of the National Consultative Commission for the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights (France)
 * 2016: Emir Abdelkader Prize for Living Together
 * 2014: Wateler Peace Prize
 * 2011: Laureate of the Special Jury Prize for Conflict Prevention laureate of the Special Jury Prize awarded by the Fondation Chirac
 * 2008: Four Freedoms Award
 * 2006: Hesse Peace Prize
 * 2004: Dag Hammarskjöld Medal of Honor

Honorary degrees

 * 2018: Waseda University
 * 2017: University of Ottawa
 * 2017: University of Algiers
 * 2016: Sciences Po

Personal life
Brahimi is fluent in Arabic, French and English.

He is married to Mila Bacic Brahimi, and has three children: Salah Brahimi is the CEO of Grey Matter International, a consultant company, located in Washington, DC, where he lives with his wife, Dr. Doaa Taha, and his two children; Princess Rym al-Ali, who was a CNN correspondent in Baghdad during the 2003 Iraq War, is married to Prince Ali bin Hussein. She lives in Amman, Jordan, with her husband and two children, Jalila and Abdullah ibn Ali; and Salem Brahimi, who lives in Paris, France, just a block away from his parents, with his wife Lawrence Brahimi, and his two children.

Published works

 * Afghanistan: Negotiating Peace, New York, The Century Foundation Press, 2012.
 * Arab–Israeli conflict (collective work), Beirut, American University of Beirut, 2010.
 * Guerres d'Aujourd'hui : Pourquoi ces conflits ? Peut on les résoudre ? (collectif work), Paris, Delavilla, 2008.
 * Étude d'ensemble de toute la question des opérations de maintien de la paix sous tous leurs aspects, New York, Nations Unis, 2003.
 * Rapport du Groupe d'étude sur les opérations de paix de l'ONU, New York, Nations Unis, 2000.

title: Lakhdar Brahimi


text:
Talk:Revolución Bolivariana

Firstly this article should have an English title, Bolivarian terrorism. Second, can you cite an example of it being used by anyone other than psychopat Hugo Chavez? Adam 11:24, 13 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Sorry, I do not know much about it. I just saw the Revolución Bolivariana in the requests of recent changes and wrote a stub.--Youssef 11:46, 13 Mar 2004 (UTC)~

I thought as much. I think both this article and Bolivarian Revolution should be redirected to Hugo Chávez. Adam 12:20, 13 Mar 2004 (UTC)

OK.--Youssef 12:48, 13 Mar 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Revolución Bolivariana


text:
Advanced Communications Riser

The Advanced Communications Riser, or ACR, is a form factor and technical specification for PC motherboard expansion slots. It is meant as a supplement to PCI slots, a replacement for the original Audio/modem riser (AMR) slots, and a competitor and alternative to Intel's communications and networking riser (CNR) slots.

Technology
The ACR specification provides a lower cost method to connect certain expansion cards to a computer, with an emphasis on audio and communications devices. Sound cards and modems are the most common devices to use the specification. ACR and other riser cards lower hardware costs by offloading much of the computing tasks of the peripheral to the CPU.

ACR uses a 120 pin PCI connector which is reversed and offset, retaining backward compatibility with 46 pin AMR cards while including support for newer technologies. It is also more cost-effective and simple for the manufacturer, since the connectors are identical to the PCI connectors already purchased in quantity. New features supported by ACR include standards for an EEPROM for storing model and vendor information, USB support, and the Integrated Packet Bus for digital subscriber line (DSL), cable modem, and wireless networking support.

History
The ACR specification was created by the Advanced Communications Riser Special Interest Group (ACR SIG) in 2000 with the intent to replace the AMR specification. Because it was backwards compatible with AMR cards, and technically superior, it quickly replaced it.

ACR is rendered obsolete by discrete components mounted on the motherboard.

title: Advanced Communications Riser


text:
User:Muffa~enwiki

I started working on wikipedia on March 12, 2004 - so nothing is perfect yet ...

title: User:Muffa~enwiki


text:
Morotai Island Regency

Morotai Island Regency (Kabupaten Pulau Morotai) is a regency of North Maluku province, Indonesia, located on Morotai Island. It covers an area of 2,336.6 km2 including the smaller Rao Island to the west of Morotai. The population was 52,860 at the 2010 census and 74,436 at the 2020 census; the official estimate as at mid 2023 was 80,566 (comprising 41,461 males and 39,105 females).

The island is the location of the last known Japanese holdout, Teruo Nakamura, who surrendered in 1974, almost 30 years after the end of hostilities in 1945.

History
During the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, Morotai was generally within the sphere of influence of the powerful sultanate on the island of Ternate. It was the core of a larger region, called Moro, that included the island and the coastline of Halmahera closest to Morotai to the south.

In the mid-sixteenth century, the island was also the site of a Portuguese Jesuit mission. The Muslim states on Ternate and Halmahera resented the outpost for its proselytising activities, and managed to drive the mission from the island in 1571, as a part of a larger Portuguese retreat in the region. In the seventeenth century, Ternate further exerted its power over Morotai by repeatedly forcing major parts of the population to move off the island. Early in the century most of the population was moved to Dodinga, a small town in a strategic spot on Halmahera's west coast. Later, in 1627 and 1628, Sultan Hamzah of Ternate had much of the Christian population of the island moved to Malayu, on Ternate, where they could be more easily controlled.

World War II
The island was captured by the Japanese in early 1942. Morotai's southern plain was taken by American forces in September 1944 during the Battle of Morotai, and used as a staging point for the Allied invasion of the Philippines in early 1945, and of Borneo in May and June of that year. Japanese soldier Teruo Nakamura was discovered in the Morotai jungle in 1974, as one of the World War II Japanese soldiers who held out subsequent to the Japanese military's surrender.

Post-independence
Morotai became its own regency on 29 October 2008, separating from the North Halmahera Regency.

Geography
Morotai is a rugged, forested island lying to the north of Halmahera. It has an area of some 2,336.6 km2, including Rao Island off the west coast of Morotai. It stretches 80 km north-south and no more than 42 km wide. The regency's largest town is Daruba, on the island's south coast. Almost all of Morotai's numerous villages are coastal settlements; a paved road linking those on the east coast starts from Daruba and will eventually reach Bere-Bere, the principal town on Morotai's east coast, 68 km from Daruba.

Administration
At the 2010 census, the regency was divided into five districts (kecamatan), but a sixth district has subsequently been added by cutting off Rao Island from Morotai Selatan Barat District. The districts are tabulated below with their areas and their populations at the 2010 census and 2020 census, together with the official estimates as at mid 2023. The table also includes the locations of the district administrative centres, the number of administrative villages (all rural desa) in each district, and the post codes.

Note: (a) the population in 2010 of Rao Island is included in the figure for Morotai Selatan Barat District, from which it was cut out.

Economy
The island is heavily wooded and produces timber and resin and has a subsistence fishing industry.

Energy
Currently 3MW Diesel generators across 3 locations one with 2MW, and 2 at 0.5MW. The electrification ratio is reported as 80%. Eight potential locations for micro-hydro were identified by ESDM/KKP.

Morotai Aerodrome
The provincial government make an effort to turn Pitu Airport into an international aerodrome to boost tourists. 'Pitu' means seven due to they have seven lanes of take off and landing built in World War II. It has now been renamed Leo Wattimena Airport as a commercial airport.

title: Morotai Island Regency


text:
Bureau des Longitudes

The Bureau des Longitudes is a French scientific institution, founded by decree of 25 June 1795 and charged with the improvement of nautical navigation, standardisation of time-keeping, geodesy and astronomical observation. During the 19th century, it was responsible for synchronizing clocks across the world. It was headed during this time by François Arago and Henri Poincaré. The Bureau now functions as an academy and still meets monthly to discuss topics related to astronomy.

The Bureau was founded by the National Convention after it heard a report drawn up jointly by the Committee of Navy, the Committee of Finances and the Committee of State education. Henri Grégoire had brought to the attention of the National Convention France's failing maritime power and the naval mastery of England, proposing that improvements in navigation would lay the foundations for a renaissance in naval strength. As a result, the Bureau was established with authority over the Paris Observatory and all other astronomical establishments throughout France. The Bureau was charged with taking control of the seas away from the English and improving accuracy when tracking the longitudes of ships through astronomical observations and reliable clocks.

The ten original members of its founding board were:

 * Joseph-Louis Lagrange, geometer;
 * Pierre-Simon Laplace, geometer;
 * Joseph Jérôme Lefrançais de Lalande, astronomer;
 * Pierre Méchain, astronomer;
 * Jean Baptiste Joseph Delambre, astronomer;
 * Dominique, comte de Cassini, astronomer;
 * Jean-Charles de Borda, Navy officer;
 * Jean-Nicolas Buache, geographer;
 * Louis Antoine de Bougainville, Navy officer;
 * Noël Simon Caroché, manufacturer of telescopes.

By a decree of 30 January 1854, the Bureau's mission was extended to embrace geodesy, time standardisation and astronomical measurements. This decree granted independence to the Paris Observatory, separating it from the Bureau, and focused the efforts of the Bureau on time and astronomy. The Bureau was successful at setting a universal time in Paris via air pulses sent through pneumatic tubes. It later worked to synchronize time across the French colonial empire by determining the length of time for a signal to make a round trip to and from a French colony.

The French Bureau of Longitude established a commission in the year 1897 to extend the metric system to the measurement of time. They planned to abolish the antiquated division of the day into hours, minutes, and seconds, and replace it by a division into tenths, thousandths, and hundred-thousandths of a day. This was a revival of a dream that was in the minds of the creators of the metric system at the time of the French Revolution a hundred years earlier. Some members of the Bureau of Longitude commission introduced a compromise proposal, retaining the old-fashioned hour as the basic unit of time and dividing it into hundredths and ten-thousandths. Poincaré served as secretary of the commission and took its work very seriously, writing several of its reports. He was a fervent believer in a universal metric system. But he lost the battle. The rest of the world outside France gave no support to the commission's proposals, and the French government was not prepared to go it alone. After three years of hard work, the commission was dissolved in 1900.

Since 1970, the board has been constituted with 13 members, 3 nominated by the Académie des Sciences. Since 1998, practical work has been carried out by the Institut de mécanique céleste et de calcul des éphémérides.

Publications

 * Connaissance des temps, astronomical ephemerides, published annually since 1679;
 * Annuaire du Bureau des longitudes, almanac and calendar for public and civil use, published annually since 1795;
 * Éphémérides nautiques, (from 1889) for marine navigation;
 * Éphémérides aéronautiques, (from 1938) for civil and military aerial navigation.
 * Procès-verbaux du Bureau des longitudes

title: Bureau des Longitudes


text:
I Never Promised You a Rose Garden (novel)

I Never Promised You a Rose Garden (1964) is a semi-autobiographical novel by Joanne Greenberg, written under the pen name of Hannah Green. It served as the basis for a film in 1977 and a play in 2004.

Inspiration
The character of Dr. Fried is based closely on Greenberg's real doctor Frieda Fromm-Reichmann, and the hospital on Chestnut Lodge in Rockville, Maryland. While at Chestnut Lodge, Greenberg described a fantasy world called Iria to her doctors, quoting poetry in the Irian language. However, some of Greenberg's doctors felt that this was not a true delusion but rather something Greenberg had made up on the spot to impress her psychiatrist. One doctor went so far as to state that Irian was not an actual language, but was a form of bastardized Armenian. However, according to Gerald Schoenewolf, Irian was a conlang invented by Greenberg at an early age to prevent her father from reading her poetry, and had its own writing system resembling Chinese characters. Fromm-Reichmann wrote glowing reports focusing on Greenberg's genius and creativity, which she saw as signs of Greenberg's innate health, indicating that she had every chance of recovering from her mental illness.

Similar to what occurred in the novel, Greenberg was diagnosed with schizophrenia. At that time though, undifferentiated schizophrenia was often a vague diagnosis given to a patient or to medical records department for essentially non-medical reasons, which could have covered any number of mental illnesses from anxiety to depression.

Two psychiatrists who examined the book's description of protagonist Deborah Blau say that she was not schizophrenic, but rather suffered from extreme depression and somatization disorder.


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Tarte Tatin

The tarte Tatin, named after the Tatin sisters who invented it and served it in their hotel as its signature dish, is a pastry in which the fruit (usually apples) is caramelized in butter and sugar before the tart is baked. It originated in France but has spread to other countries over the years.

History
A popular myth tells the tarte Tatin was created accidentally at the Hôtel Tatin in Lamotte-Beuvron, Loir-et-Cher, 169 km south of Paris, in the 1880s. The hotel was run by two sisters, Stéphanie and Caroline Tatin. There are several myths concerning the tart's origin, but the most common is that Stéphanie Tatin, who did most of the cooking, was overworked one day. She started to make a traditional apple pie but left the apples cooking in butter and sugar for too long. Smelling the burning, she tried to rescue the dish by putting the pastry base on top of the pan of apples and quickly finishing the cooking by putting the whole pan in the oven. After turning out the upside-down tart, she was surprised to find how much the hotel guests appreciated the dessert. In an alternative version of the tart's origin, Stéphanie baked a caramelized apple tart upside-down by mistake: regardless, she served her guests the unusual dish. A manuscript written by teacher Marie Souchon explains that the recipe was shared to them by the cook of Count Alfred Leblanc de Chatauvillard. Whatever the veracity of either story, the concept of the upside-down tart was not a new one. For instance, patissier Antonin Carême already mentions glazed gâteaux renversés adorned with apples from Rouen or other fruit in his Pâtissier Royal Parisien (1841).

The tarte became a signature dish of the Hôtel Tatin. Historians and gourmets have argued whether it is a genuine creation of the Demoiselles (Misses) Tatin or the branding of an improved version of the "tarte solognote," a traditional dish named after the Sologne region which surrounds Lamotte-Beuvron. Research suggests that while the tarte became a specialty of the Hôtel Tatin, the sisters did not set out to create a "signature dish"; they never wrote a cookbook or published their recipe; they never even called it tarte Tatin. That recognition was bestowed upon them by Curnonsky, the famous French author and epicure, as well as the Parisian restaurant Maxim's after the sisters' deaths.

One of the legends has it that Louis Vaudable, the owner of Maxim's, once tasted it and was smitten. As he described it:

"I used to hunt around Lamotte-Beuvron in my youth and had discovered, in a very small hotel run by elderly ladies, a marvelous dessert listed on the menu under tarte solognote; I questioned the kitchen staff about its recipe but was sternly rebuffed. Undaunted, I got myself hired as a gardener, but three days later, I was fired when it became clear that I could hardly plant a cabbage; however, this was long enough to pierce the secrets of the kitchen; I brought the recipe back, and put it on my menu under 'tarte des demoiselles Tatin.'"

In reality, Vaudable was born in 1902; the sisters retired in 1906 and died in 1911 and 1917, whereas Maxim's was purchased by the Vaudable family in 1932.

Originally, the tarte Tatin was made with two regional apple varieties: Reine des Reinettes (Pippins) and Calville. Over the years, other varieties have tended to displace them, including Golden Delicious, Granny Smith, Fuji and Gala.

Tarte Tatin can also be made with pears, bananas, quinces, peaches, pineapple, tomatoes, other fruit or vegetables, such as onion.

The Tarte Tatin should be made with puff or shortcrust pastry.

Variations
Variations of this recipe can also be made as turnovers, where the pastry is not only cooked upside-down but also inverted.

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User:Gaz~enwiki/Sandbox

This is a complete listing of the suburbs and localities in the greater Brisbane area in alphabetical order. See also: Local Government Areas of Queensland

Place names in small fonts are localities (not true suburbs).

A
Acacia Ridge - Albany Creek - Alberton - Albion - Alderley - Alexandra Hills - Algester - Allenview - Amberley - Amity - Annerley - Anstead - Anara Hills - Archerfield - Ascot - Ashgrove - Aspley - Auchenflower

B
Bahrs Scrub - Bald Hills - Balmoral - Banksia Beach - Bannockburn - Banks Creek - Banyo - Bardon - Barellan Point - Basin Pocket - Beachmere - Beaudesert - Beenleigh - Belivah - Bellara - Bellbird Park - Bellbowrie - Bellmere - Belmont - Bergins Hill - Berrinba - Bethania - Birkdale - Birnam - Blacksoil - Blackstone - Bongaree - Boondall - Booval - Borallan - Boronia Heights - Bowen Bridge - Bowen Hills - Bracalba - Bracken Ridge - Brassall - Bray Park - Breakfast Creek - Brendale - Bribie Island - Bridgeman Downs - Brighton - Brightview - Brisbane (city) - Brisbane Airport - Bromelton - Brookfield - Browns Plains - Buccan - Bulimba - Bundamba - Bunya - Buranda - Burbank - Burpengary

C
Cabbage Tree Point - Caboolture - Calamvale - Calvert - Camira - Campbells Pocket - Camp Hill - Camp Mountain - Cannon Hill - Canungra - Capalaba - Capalaba West - Carbrook - Carina - Carina Heights - Carindale - Carole Park - Carseldine - Cashmere - Cedar Creek (Gold Coast) - Cedar Creek (Pine Rivers) - Cedar Grove - Cedar Vale - Chambers Flat - Chandler - Chapel Hill - Chardons Corner - Chelmer - Chermside - Chermside West - Churchill - Chuwar - Clarence Corner - Clayfield - Clear Mountain - Cleveland - Clontarf - Closeburn - Coalfalls - Collingwood Park - Colmslie - Coochiemudlo Island - Coolana - Coomera - Coopers Plains - Coorparoo - Corinda - Cornubia - Crestmead - Cryna - Cupania

D
D'Aguilar - Daisy Hill - Dakabin - Darra - Dayboro - Deagon - Deception Bay - Delaney Creek - Dinmore - Donnybrook - Doolandella - Doomben - Dorrington - Draper - Drewvale - Dunwich - Durack - Dutton Park

E
Eagle Farm - Eagle Junction - Eagleby - East Brisbane - East Ipswich - Eastern Heights - Eatons Hill - Ebbw Vale - Ebenezer - Edens Landing - Eight Mile Plains - Ekibin - Elimbah - Ellen Grove - England Creek - Enoggera - Enoggera Reservoir - Everton Hills - Everton Park

F
Fairfield - Ferny Grove - Ferny Hills - Fig Tree Pocket - Fisherman Islands - Fitzgibbon - Flinders View - Forestdale - Forest Lake - Fortitude Valley - Fruitgrove

G
Gailes - Galloways Hill - Gaythorne - Geebung - Gilberton - Glamorgan Vale - Gleneagle - Goodwin Beach - Goodna - Gordon Park - Graceville - Grange - Greenbank - Greenslopes - Griffin - Grovely - Gumdale

H
Haigslea - Hamilton - Hatton Vale - Hawthorne - Heathwood - Hemmant - Hendra - Heritage Park - Herston - Highgate Hill - Highvale - Hillcrest - Hill End - Holland Park - Holland Park West - Holmview - Hope Island

I
Inala - Indooroopilly - Ipswich - Ironbark - Ironside - Ithaca

J
Jacobs Well - Jamboree Heights - Jay Park - Jimboomba - Jindalee - Jollys Lookout - Josephville - Joyner - Jubilee

K
Kagaru Kalinga - Kallangur - Kangaroo Point - Karalee - Karana Downs - Karawatha - Karrabin - Karragarra Island - Kedron - Kelvin Grove - Kenmore - Kenmore Hills - Keperra - Kerry - Kholo - King Scrub - Kingsholme - Kingston - Kippa-Ring - Kuraby - Kurwongbah

L
Laceys Creek - Lake Manchester - Lamb Island - Larapinta - Lark Hill - Lawnton - Leichhardt - Lindum - Logan Central - Loganholme - Loganlea - Logan Reserve - Logan Village - Lone Pine - Long Pocket - Lota - Lowood - Luscombe - Lutwyche - Lyons - Lytton

M
McDowall - Macgregor - Mackenzie - Macleay Island - Mango Hill - Manly - Manly West - Mansfield - Marburg - Margate - Marsden - Mayne - Meadowbrook - Meeandah - Meldale - Merthyr - Middle Park - Milton - Minden - Mitchelton - Moggill - Moodlu - Moores Pocket - Moorina - Moorooka - Morayfield - Moreton Island - Morningside - Mount Coot-tha - Mount Cotton - Mount Crosby - Mount Glorious - Mount Gravatt - Mount Gravatt East - Mount Mee - Mount Nebo - Mount Ommaney - Mount Pleasant - Mount Samson - Mount Walker - Mount Warren Park - Muirlea - Mundoolun - Murarrie - Murrumba Downs - Myora - Myrtletown

N
Narangba - Nashville - Nathan - Nathan Heights - New Beith - New Chum - New Farm - Newmarket - Newstead - Newtown - Nindooinbah - Ningi - Normanby - Norman Park - North Boondall - North Booval - Northgate - North Ipswich - North Maclean - North Quay - North Stradbroke Island - North Tivoli - Norwell - Nudgee - Nudgee Beach - Nundah

O
Ocean View - Ormeau - Ormiston - Oxford Park - Oxley

P
Paddington - Pallara - Parkinson - Park Ridge - Park Ridge South - Park Road - Peewee Bend - Petrie - Petrie Terrace - Pimpama - Pine Mountain - Pinjarra Hills - Pinkenba - Point Lookout - Point Talburpin - Prenzlau - Priestdale - Priors Pocket - Pullenvale - Purga

Q
Queensport

R
Raceview - Rainworth - Ransome - Raymonds Hill Redbank - Redbank Plains - Redcliffe - Red Hill - Redland Bay - Regents Park - Richlands - Ripley - Riverhills - Riverview - Robertson - Rochedale - Rochedale South - Rocklea - Rocksburg - Rosalie - Rosewood - Rothwell - Runcorn - Rush Creek - Russell Island

S
Sadliers Crossing - St Johns Wood - Saint Lucia - Salisbury - Samford Valley - Samford Village - Samsonvale - Sanctuary Cove - Sandgate - Sandstone Point - Scarborough - Seven Hills - Seventeen Mile Rocks - Shailer Park - Sheldon - Sherwood - Shorncliffe - Silkstone - Sinnamon Park - Slacks Creek - South Bank - South Brisbane - South Maclean - Springfield - Spring Hill - Springwood - Stafford - Stafford Heights - Stapylton - Steiglitz - Stockleigh - Stones Corner - Strathpine - Stretton - Sumner Park - Sumner - Sunnybank - Sunnybank Hills - Sunshine - Swanbank

T
Tabragalba - Taigum - Tallegalla - Tamborine - Tamborine Mountain - Tanah Merah - Tarampa - Taringa - Tarragindi - Teneriffe - Tennyson - Thagoona - The Gap - The Junction - The Valley - Thorneside - Thornlands - Tingalpa - Tivoli - Tivoli Hill - Toombul - Toorbul - Toowong - Torwood

U
Underwood - Undullah - Upper Brookfield - Upper Caboolture - Upper Coomera - Upper Kedron - Upper Mount Gravatt

V
Veresdale - Veresdale Scrub - Victoria Park - Victoria Point - Virginia

W
Wacol - Wakerley - Walloon - Wamuran Basin - Wanora - Warner - Waterford - Waterford West - Wavell Heights - Wellers Hill - Wellington Point - Welsby - West End, Queensland - West Ipswich - Westlake - White Patch - Whites Hill - Whiteside - Wights Mountain - Willawong - Willowbank - Willow Vale - Wilston - Windaroo - Windsor - Wishart - Wolffdene - Woodend - Woodford - Woodhill - Woodridge - Woody Point - Woolloongabba - Wooloowin - Woongoolba - Woorim - Wulkuraka - Wynnum - Wynnum West

Y
Yamanto - Yarrabilba - Yatala - Yeerongpilly - Yeronga - Yugar

Z
Zillmere

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Tupeni Baba

Tupeni Lebaivalu Baba (14 June 1942 – 14 July 2024) was a Fijian academic, politician, and Cabinet Minister. A founding member of the Fiji Labour Party, he served as a Cabinet Minister in the government of Timoci Bavadra until removed from office by the 1987 Fijian coups d'état, and then one of the two Deputy Prime Ministers in the government of Mahendra Chaudhry until removed from office by the 2000 Fijian coup d'état. After splitting with Choudhry in the wake of the coup, he founded the New Labour Unity Party to contest the 2001 election, but failed to win a seat in Parliament. He unsuccessfully attempting to re-enter politics at the 2006 election under the banner of the Soqosoqo Duavata ni Lewenivanua, and again at the 2014 election as part of the Social Democratic Liberal Party.

When not in politics, Baba pursued an academic career, first at the University of the South Pacific, then at the University of Auckland's Centre for Pacific Studies, and later at the University of Fiji.

Early life
Baba was born on 14 June 1942. He was educated at the University of Sydney, graduating with a master's degree in education, before working as an education lecturer at the University of the South Pacific. He later obtained a PhD from Macquarie University in Australia, and while there was highly critical of South Pacific Commission, attacking it as a colonial organisation. He was later appointed registrar at USP, but resigned from the position in December 1984 to return to a teaching role.

Political career
Baba was a founding member of the Fiji Labour Party and in 1986 was its vice-president. He ran as a candidate for the Labour-National Federation Party Coalition at the 1987 Fijian general election and was elected to the House of Representatives of Fiji in the Suva Fijian constituency, defeating Deputy Prime Minister David Toganivalu. Timoci Bavadra was appointed Prime Minister, and Baba was appointed Minister of Education, Youth, and Sports in his Cabinet. A month later, the new government was deposed in the first of the 1987 Fijian coups d'état led by Lieutenant Colonel Sitiveni Rabuka. In the aftermath of the coup, he campaigned in Australia and flew to London in an effort to gain support for the ousted government. He was later part of the ousted government's efforts to negotiate a peaceful return to democracy through the Rabuka regime's constitutional review committee.

Baba returned to his academic career at the University of the South Pacific, where he remained until 1999, when he was again elected to Parliament and became Foreign Minister and one of two Deputy Prime Ministers in the government of Mahendra Chaudhry. During the 2000 Fijian coup d'état in which most members of the government were kidnapped by George Speight, Baba's courage as one of the hostages earned him considerable public respect.

Following the coup tensions within the Labour Party caused a split. When the Court of Appeal of Fiji legally overturned the coup in its decision on Republic of Fiji Islands v Prasad, Baba was promoted as the potential leader of a government of national unity from the reconvened parliament. Choudhry instead advised President Josefa Iloilo to dissolve parliament and call an election to re-establish constitutional rule. Baba then announced he was forming a new political party to contest the 2001 election. He subsequently launched the New Labour Unity Party in June 2001. Large numbers of anti-Chaudhry dissidents followed him out of the party into the New Labour Unity Party. The party won only 4.5% of the vote and two seats. Baba stood in Samabula Tamavua Open, but failed to secure election.

Life outside politics
Baba waited until 2005 to reiterate and clarify his reasons for leaving the Labour Party. It was no longer the party he had joined under the leadership of Timoci Bavadra in the 1980s, he said on 18 September 2005. Bavadra's vision had been of a multiracial Fiji, but the present leadership of the party could not see past ethnic boundaries. All that was left of Bavadra's party was the name, he said. He expressed disappointment at Chaudhry's failure as Leader of the Opposition to work with Prime Minister Laisenia Qarase on matters of national importance, saying that when the party negotiated with the government at all, it appeared more like a trade union than a political party. In a multiethnic country like Fiji, Baba said, it was imperative that leaders look beyond ethnic boundaries.

On 22 December 2005, Baba said that he would pursue academic and consultancy work after completing his four-year contract at the University of Auckland, which expired at the end of 2005. He was happy to be away from politics, he said, and was not inclined to return to it. He found recent political trends in Fiji depressing, especially the polarization of political parties on ethnic lines. Questioned again by the Fiji Village news service on 16 February, after his return to Fiji, he refused to be drawn on whether he would contest the 2006 election or not, but made it clear that he was no longer affiliated with the FLP.

In May 2005 he published the book Speight of Violence, coauthored by Baba, his partner Unaisi Nabobo-Baba, and New Zealand journalist Michael Field. The book gave a history of the 2000 coup, informed by excerpts from Baba’s secret diary kept while he was a hostage, and generated controversy with its claims that the Labour coalition had been planning to oust Chaudhry before the coup.

2006 return to politics
In March 2006 the SDL party approached Baba and asked him to be a candidate. He was subsequently approved as the party's candidate for the Tamavua Samabula Open Constituency. His appointment was controversial as it bypassed the SDL's normal selection procedures. Following his selection baba denounced the Fiji Labour party and the leadership of Mahendra Chaudhry, saying that the party was negative and had no future and that Fiji needed to end racial politics. However, he failed to secure a seat in Parliament.

Following the election, Baba was he was appointed to the Senate of Fiji as one of nine nominees of the Fijian government. In October 2006 he was nominated as Fiji's Ambassador to the United Nations. This plan was aborted, however, by the 2006 Fijian coup d'état on 5 December. The Military later announced that Baba might face investigation for his alleged links to international fraudster Peter Foster.

2014 return to politics
Following the imprisonment of former Prime Minister and SDL leader Laisenia Qarase in 2012, Baba emerged as a de facto spokesperson for the party. When the SDL was dissolved by the military regime, he helped to found the Social Democratic Liberal Party (SDLP) as its successor. He briefly led the party in 2014, but made way for Ro Teimumu Kepa, a high chief and former Cabinet Minister. He was a candidate in the 2014 Fijian general election, but was not elected.

In September 2013 he was one of a number of prominent politicians arrested for protesting against the new constitution imposed by the military regime. He was arrested again and detained for a weekend in September 2016 after participating in a meeting to discuss the country's constitution. No charges were laid.

In February 2017 following Sitiveni Rabuka becoming SODELPA leader he resigned from the party and joined the HOPE Party as a advisor.

Death
Baba died on 14 July 2024, at the age of 82.

title: Tupeni Baba


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Centurion, South Africa

Centurion (previously known as Verwoerdburg and before that Lyttelton) is an area with 236,580 inhabitants (2011 census) in the Gauteng Province of South Africa, between Pretoria and Midrand. Formerly an independent municipality, with its own town council, it has been part of the City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality since 2000. Its heart is at the intersection of the N1 and N14 freeways. The R21 freeway also passes through the eastern part of Centurion.

The Waterkloof Air Force Base, as well as the Swartkop Air Force Base (which includes the South African Air Force Museum), are in Centurion.

Prehistoric
Fossils discovered at the Sterkfontein Caves show that hominids lived in the vicinity of Centurion between 2 and 3 million years ago. The Sterkfontein Caves, a World Heritage Site, is less than 50 km from Centurion, near Mogale City and Krugersdorp.

However, the earliest evidence of modern human habitation in the Centurion area does not go this far back. It dates back to 1200 AD when black African communities settled in this area. They cultivated lands, grazed their cattle, made earthenware containers and melted iron.

19th century
In 1841 the Erasmus family arrived and settled in the area. Daniel Jacobus Erasmus settled on the farm Zwartkop, Daniel Elardus Erasmus on the farm Doornkloof and Rasmus Elardus Erasmus developed the farm Brakfontein. Several of the suburbs like Erasmia, Elardus Park, Zwartkop and Doornkloof were named after these 19th-century owners of the land and their properties.

In 1849 Rev Andrew Murray visited the farm Doornkloof and christened 129 babies, heard the profession of faith of 29 new members of the Reformed Church and the next day, 29 December 1849, celebrated communion.

In 1889 Alois Hugo Nelmapius bought the northern and north-eastern portions of the farm Doornkloof and named it after his daughter Irene (who died in 1961).

First Anglo-Boer War
As part of the First Boer War, the battle for Rooihuiskraal (Afrikaans for "Red House Kraal") took place in 1881 here. A Boer commando under the leadership of D.J. Erasmus Jr defeated Colonel Gildea, or "The Blasted Colonel" as they called him, the British Officer Commanding of the Pretoria Garrison. After the cornered British garrison tried to escape to Natal to join General George Pomeroy Colley, the Boers entrenched themselves behind a stone wall surrounding the animal stockade, and wounded the colonel in the backside, who was standing upright in his stirrups.

Second Anglo-Boer War
During the Second Boer War the Irene Concentration Camp was established in 1901 on the farm Doornkloof, as part of the British scorched earth policy, where Boer women and children were housed under extremely poor conditions. At its peak the camp had 5,500 inhabitants, mostly women and children. Between February 1901 and the end of the war in 1902, 1,249 lost their lives here, about 1,000 of them children. The Irene Camp Cemetery is well preserved and contains 576 of the original slate tombstones that were carved by hand in the camp.

20th century
The town of Irene was established in 1902 when 337 plots were laid out on the farm Doornkloof. Jan Smuts later owned this farm, and died there in 1950. The original Smuts House is a museum today.

Centurion developed from the initial Lyttelton Township that was marked out on the farm Droogegrond in 1904. Lyttelton Manor Extension 1 was established in 1942. These two townships initially resorted under the Peri Urban Board in Pretoria.

Centurion was granted City Council status in 1962 as Lyttelton. It was formed by combining the areas of Doornkloof, Irene and Lyttelton.

Name changes and post-apartheid reorganisation
Lyttelton was renamed Verwoerdburg in 1967, after Dr. Hendrik Verwoerd, the former prime minister of South Africa who was assassinated the previous year. The surrounding areas, as they grew, came under the same name and Lyttelton became known as one of the suburbs of Verwoerdburg. Others included Clubview, Eldoraigne, Kloofsig, Wierdapark, Zwartkop and their extensions.

The name Centurion was chosen by residents in 1995 (without the option to retain the existing name), soon after the end of apartheid, to match the name of the Centurion Park (now called SuperSport Park) cricket stadium which is in the area. Following the end of apartheid, the Indian township of Laudium and surrounding suburbs including Erasmia and Claudius, which were formerly a part of Pretoria, were made part of Centurion. A black township, called Olievenhoutbosch, was established in Centurion at around the same time.

In 2000, the Centurion local government became part of the newly created City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality, which also includes Pretoria, and the town ceased to have its own Town Council.

Suburbs of Centurion

 * Amberfield
 * Brakfontein
 * Bronberrick
 * Celtisdal
 * Centurion Central
 * Claudius
 * Clubview
 * Die Hoewes
 * Doringkloof
 * Eldoraigne
 * Erasmia
 * Gerhardsville
 * Hennopspark
 * Heritage Hill
 * Heuweloord
 * Highveld
 * Hoekplaats
 * Irene
 * Kloofsig
 * Knoppieslaagte
 * Kosmosdal
 * Laezonia AH
 * Laudium
 * Louwlardia
 * Lyttelton
 * Lyttelton Manor
 * Mnandi
 * Monavoni
 * Olievenhoutbosch
 * Pierre van Ryneveld Park
 * Pretoria Rural
 * Raslouw
 * Rooihuiskraal
 * Rooihuiskraal North
 * Skurweplaas
 * Southdowns
 * Sunderland Ridge
 * Thaba Tshwane
 * Thatchfield
 * The Reeds
 * Valhalla
 * Vlakplaats
 * Waterkloof 378-Jr
 * Wierdapark
 * Witch Hazel Avenue
 * Zwartkop

Climate
Centurion is on the Highveld like Johannesburg and Pretoria and has a similar climate, with dry, sunny winters (max. daytime temperature around 20 °C dropping to an average minimum of 5 °C), and warm to hot summers (October – April) tempered by late-afternoon showers often accompanied by spectacular thunder and lightning. Hailstorms are not uncommon, but a serious hailstorm has not happened for many years. Summer temperatures range from the mid-20s to the mid-30s (°Celsius). Centurion's weather tends to follow the slightly warmer Pretoria, when compared to that of Johannesburg.

The Hennops River flows through the heart of Centurion, and causes occasional flooding when heavy rainfall has occurred.

Military
AFB Waterkloof and AFB Swartkop are in Centurion. Other military support services, like the former Military Medical Institute (now the Institute for Aviation Medicine), and the former Base Workshops and Vehicle Reserve Park (4VRP) were based in Centurion. It appears that 101 Air Supply Unit SAOSC is in Lyttelton, Gauteng.

There is also a South African Army installation in the area. Technical Base Complex Centurion is home to the 2 Parachute Battalion (a reserve force unit), 44 Parachute Engineers, 1 Military Printing Regiment, 4 Survey and Map Regiment, and the Army Engineer Formation. It also houses the Technical Service Training Centre, and units from the SAMHS and the SAAF. The base's TEK appellation may be derived from "Tegnies Basis Werkswinkel". It has a housing complex for active members. In addition, separately, the reserve force 3 Parachute Battalion is also headquartered in the town.

Memorials

 * The South African Air Force memorial is at AFB Swartkop.
 * The Irene Concentration Camp Cemetery and Garden of Remembrance is on Stopforth Road in Irene.
 * There is a World War II memorial dedicated to South African Air Force members who gave their lives in the conflict, on Cornwall Hill.

Museums

 * South African Air Force Museum
 * Centurion Art Museum
 * Smuts House Museum

Sports

Cricket is the most popular sport in Centurion. It has hosted many cricket tournaments like 2003 Cricket World Cup, 2005 Women's Cricket World Cup, 2007 ICC World Twenty20, 2009 IPL and 2009 ICC Champions Trophy. Boxing Day Test are played at starting from 2013/14 season.

Stadiums

 * SuperSport Park

Government
The Railway Safety Regulator (RSR) previously had its head office in Lake Buena Vista Building in Centurion.

Residential areas
Centurion has one of the most secure golf estate in South Africa. The Centurion Golf Estate is about 2 km from Supersport Park. There are many other secure estates close by such as the Irene Estate and the Southdowns Estate.

Tourism
Places such as Irene Farms and Supersport Park are the main tourism attractions.

Primary education

 * Centurion Primary School
 * Cornwall Hill Preparatory School
 * Cresta College
 * IntraLearn
 * Irene Primary School
 * Laerskool Bakenkop
 * Laerskool Doringkloof
 * Laerskool Fleur
 * Laerskool Hennopspark
 * Laerskool Louis Leipoldt
 * Laerskool Rooihuiskraal
 * Laerskool Swartkop
 * Laerskool Wierdapark
 * Lyttelton Primary School
 * Spark Centurion
 * Springvale Primary School
 * Southdowns College
 * Regio Centurion Private School
 * Village Montessori School
 * The Way Christian School
 * Uitsig Primary

Secondary education

 * Abbotts College
 * Amberfield College
 * Cornwall Hill College
 * Cresta College
 * Hoërskool Centurion
 * Hoërskool Eldoraigne
 * Hoërskool Uitsig
 * Hoërskool Voortrekkerhoogte
 * Hoërskool Zwartkop
 * Lyttelton Manor High School
 * Sutherland High School
 * Southdowns College
 * The Way Christian School
 * Trinityhouse Heritage Hill

Rapid growth
Centurion has come a long way from being a large town south of Pretoria, with smallholdings and large open spaces. Having experienced growth since 1994, like the rest of urban South Africa, many businesses have relocated there, and property development is boosting the ever-expanding city limits. This development has meant there is now little break between the outskirts of Pretoria to the north, and Midrand and Johannesburg to the south. The Gauteng Provincial Government predicted that, according to growth trends, much of the Gauteng province would be a megalopolis by 2015.

Centurion Aerospace Village
The Centurion Aerospace Village (CAV) was formally established in 2006 to create an aerospace supplier park where anchor firms are at the centre of the aerospace cluster and are supported by small and medium-sized producers. The supplier park is modelled on the local automotive industry and mirrors similar international parks, such as Silicon Valley, California, and Toulouse, France.

The CAV is in Pierre van Ryneveld Park, Tshwane, on state-owned land, adjacent to Aerosud Holdings, and along the eastern boundary of the Waterkloof Air Force Base. Aerosud was selected by the South African Department of Trade and Industry to be the industry driver and catalyst for this development.

The CAV development was made possible with the financial support of the European Union and the South African government, through the Sector-Wide Support Enterprise, Employment and Equity Programme (SWEEEP).

Infrastructure
Today Centurion features modern shopping malls (Centurion Mall, Mall@Reds, Forest Hill City Mall), several entertainment spots, a theatre, golf courses and a driving range. Several hotels including Irene Country Lodge as well as a plethora of smaller guest houses. The Unitas hospital is the largest private hospital on the African continent (including a helipad) and is part of the Netcare group. Technology companies like Aerosud, Accenture, Denel Dynamics, Siemens, SAAB Grintek Technologies, Telkom and others such as GMC Aircon are in Centurion. The Gautrain has a station in Centurion.

Centurion Mall
Established in 1983 as Verwoerdburgstad ("Verwoerdburg City"), the Centurion Mall was constructed around the Centurion Lake (on the Hennops River) and was the only shopping centre with the standard big-name retailers of that time in Centurion until the 21st century. In 2003, the mall underwent its first major revamp which was estimated at around 250 million ZAR. 29,760 m2 of retail space was added to the mall bringing the mall's total size to 105,000 m2, making it the second largest shopping centre in the Tshwane metropolitan area.

The mall was also known for its man-made colour water fountain amenity, which was in the centre of the lake, on the north side of the mall (known as the 'bay' area). This water feature has been used as a 'logo' for the former Centurion town council, seen at many of the entrances of the previous municipality.

title: Centurion, South Africa