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Gold bug

"Gold bug" (sometimes spelled "goldbug") is a term frequently employed in the financial sector and among economists in reference to persons who are extremely bullish on the commodity gold as an investment or a standard for measuring wealth. Depending on the circumstances the term can have one or a combination of closely related and often overlapping themes that extend beyond the support for gold as an investment, including in some cases the use of the term as a pejorative.

Various themes on the term

 * An investor or speculator who is very bullish in buying the commodity gold, or similarly themed financial products such as junior mining companies, gold certificates, bullion ETFs, and other derivative instruments related to precious metals.
 * A person who opposes or criticizes the use of "fiat currency" and supports a return to the use of the gold standard or some other currency system based on the value of gold and other "hard" assets.
 * Someone who considers one commodity, usually gold, "the appropriate measure of wealth, regardless of the quantity of other goods and services that it can buy".
 * A person, often with views summarized above, that subscribes to "conspiracy theories" relating to gold & silver, frequently including but not limited to, alleged manipulation of the price of precious metals and the supposed disappearance of gold held by the United States Government at Fort Knox. The Gold Anti-Trust Action Committee (GATA) is a small but prominent promoter of such conspiracy theories within the gold bug community. However, such persons are widely dismissed as cranks and their beliefs as fringe by reputable economists, business leaders and government officials.

History
The concept, in the second sense, was popularized in the 1896 U.S. presidential election, when William McKinley supporters took to wearing gold lapel pins, gold neckties, and gold headbands in a demonstration of support for gold against the "silver menace".

Notable gold bugs

 * Judy Shelton

title: Gold bug


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Fucecchio

Fucecchio is a town and comune (municipality) of the Metropolitan City of Florence in the Italian region of Tuscany. The main economical resources of the city are the leather industries, shoes industry and other manufacturing activities, although in the recent years their number has been decreasing because of a slight recession started.

The medieval town of Fucecchio is mentioned frequently in the opera Gianni Schicchi (1917) by Giacomo Puccini – one character, Simone, was once its podestà, and some of the estates to be distributed are situated there.

Main sights

 * Collegiata di San Giovanni Battista (11th century, but redone in Neo-Classicist style in the 18th century).
 * Abbey of San Salvatore, founded in 1001. It houses a painting by Jacopo Chimenti, derived from a similar one by Giorgio Vasari.
 * Oratory of Madonna della Ferruzza.
 * Palazzo Corsini.

Fucecchio marsh
The Fucecchio Marsh (1,800 ha) is the largest inland marsh in Italy and is home to over 200 species of birds.

People
People born in Fucecchio include:
 * Marco Bracci, volleyball player
 * Luca Cecconi, football manager and former striker
 * Enrico da Fucecchio, Bishop of Luni
 * Manuela Falorni, best known as "la Venere bianca", pornographic actress
 * Alessandro Lambruschini, long-distance runner
 * Giuseppe Montanelli, writer and politician
 * Indro Montanelli, writer and journalist
 * Andrea Tafi, cyclist

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Fucecchio


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The Limey

The Limey is a 1999 American crime film directed by Steven Soderbergh and written by Lem Dobbs. The film features Terence Stamp, Lesley Ann Warren, Luis Guzmán, Barry Newman, Nicky Katt, and Peter Fonda. The plot concerns an English career criminal (Stamp) who travels to the United States to investigate the recent suspicious death of his daughter. It was filmed on location in Los Angeles and Big Sur.

Critical reception was positive, but the film was not a financial success upon release.

Plot
English criminal Wilson travels to Los Angeles to investigate the death of his daughter, Jenny, who was reported to have died in a car accident; however, Wilson suspects murder. Recently released from prison after nine years, he is a hardened man. Arriving in Los Angeles, he questions Jenny's friends Eduardo and Elaine. Finding that they pass his initial inquiry, he elicits their help in investigating Jenny's death. One suspect who emerges is Terry Valentine, the wealthy record producer Jenny was dating. Valentine was briefly involved in drug trafficking which was managed through his security consultant, Avery. Wilson locates a warehouse used by the drug trafficker and asks about Valentine. They insult his daughter and beat him. Wilson returns to the warehouse, shooting dead all but one of the employees.

Wilson and Eduardo sneak into a party held at Valentine's house. Once there, Wilson searches for evidence of Valentine's involvement. He finds and steals a picture of Jenny. Attracting suspicion from Avery, Wilson is accosted by a guard whom he head-butts and throws over a railing to his death. Wilson and Eduardo flee, only to be chased by Avery, who rams their car and shoots at them. He and Eduardo escape but not before Avery hears Eduardo call out Wilson's name.

Back with Elaine and Eduardo, Wilson reminisces about his earlier life with his daughter, whom he remembers only as a child. Worried her father would be sent away to prison, she would often threaten to call the police whenever she found evidence of the crimes he was involved in or planning. He recalls she had never followed through on her threats because she loved him and it eventually became a sad joke between them. However, his life of crime put a strain on his family. He ended up in prison after the men he was involved with sold him out to the police.

Avery hires a hitman, Stacy, to track down and kill Wilson. Stacy is prevented from making the hit by agents of the DEA, who have been monitoring Valentine. Wilson and Elaine are then taken to meet the head agent, who makes it clear the DEA is after the dealer who used Valentine to launder drug money, and that the agents do not intend to interfere with Wilson's personal mission. He lets Wilson see their file on Valentine, including a photograph and address of a second home in Big Sur. Meanwhile, Stacy and his partner, angry at their beating at the hands of the DEA agents, plot to double cross Avery.

Avery moves Valentine to the house in Big Sur. That night, Wilson enters the grounds. Avery's guards shoot an intruder who turns out to be Stacy and engages in a shootout with his partner, Uncle John, resulting in several deaths and also fatally wounding Avery. Valentine takes Avery's gun away from him and leaves him to die as he flees to the beach with Wilson in pursuit. Betrayed, Avery takes out his spare gun and aims it at Wilson but lowers it, allowing him to pursue Valentine. Valentine shoots at Wilson then falls and breaks his ankle. He continues to shoot at the approaching Wilson but misses and after running out of bullets, he begs for his life. Valentine tells Wilson that Jenny found out about his drug ties and threatened to call the police on him (reminding Wilson of what she had done as a child to him) and in his attempt to stop her Valentine banged Jenny against a wall, accidentally killing her. In an effort to deflect attention from Valentine, Avery staged the car accident. Wilson knows Jenny would never have turned Valentine in. He turns away, allowing Valentine to live. Wilson makes his farewells to Elaine and Eduardo and returns to London.

A younger Wilson plays the folk, love song Colours on the guitar, while a woman strokes his hair.

Cast

 * Terence Stamp as Wilson
 * Lesley Ann Warren as Elaine
 * Luis Guzmán as Eduardo Roel
 * Barry Newman as Jim Avery
 * Peter Fonda as Terry Valentine
 * Joe Dallesandro as John "Uncle John", The Hitman
 * Nicky Katt as Stacy, The Hitman
 * Amelia Heinle as Adhara
 * Melissa George as Jenny Wilson
 * William Lucking as Warehouse Foreman
 * Steve Heinze as Larry, Valentine's Bodyguard
 * Nancy Lenehan as Lady On Plane
 * Bill Duke as DEA Special Agent-In-Charge
 * Michaela Gallo as Young Jennifer
 * Matthew Kimbrough as Tom
 * John Robotham as Rick

Directing
Steven Soderbergh uses atypical flashback sequences, and includes several scenes (largely without dialogue) from a much older Terence Stamp movie, Ken Loach's 1967 directorial debut Poor Cow. Soderbergh uses the scenes to create a hazy back story to show Stamp's character as a young man, his criminal past, his relationship with Jenny's mother and child Jenny's disapproving attitudes towards his crooked lifestyle. Wilson often speaks in a Cockney rhyming slang. The title refers to the American slang "limey", which refers to Britons.

Editing
Soderbergh and film editor Sarah Flack utilize a variety of unorthodox editing techniques in The Limey. The film frequently features dialogue and background sound from previous or future scenes juxtaposed with a current scene. Dialogue from one conversation, for instance, may find itself dispersed throughout the film, articulated for the first time long after its chronological moment has passed, as a sort of narrative flashback superimposed over later conversation, to complete a character's thought or punctuate a character's emphasis. Background sound may be disjointed in the film and shifted to enhance another scene by suggesting continuation, similarity, or dissimilarity. For example, Wilson is in a hotel room, and turns on the shower, and then Wilson is in an airplane looking out the window, while the shower can be heard.

Release
The Limey was first presented at the 1999 Cannes Film Festival on May 15. It was also featured at the Toronto International Film Festival, the Buenos Aires International Festival of Independent Cinema, and the Hong Kong International Film Festival.

A limited release in the US began on October 8, 1999, and did poorly at the box office. Its first week's gross was $187,122 (17 screens) and the total receipts for the run were $3,193,102. The film was in wide release for seventeen weeks (115 days), and was shown in 105 theaters.

Critical response
Critical reception of The Limey was largely positive, with the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reporting 92% of critics gave the film a positive review, based on 84 reviews, with an average rating of 7.4. The review aggregator Metacritic reported an average rating of 73 out of 100.

Edward Guthmann, film critic of the San Francisco Chronicle, praised the direction and screenplay, and wrote, "The Limey ... is a first-rate crime thriller and further proof that Soderbergh is one of our great contemporary film stylists. Taut, imaginative and complex, this is one of the best American films of the year and a wonderful antidote to the numbing sameness of [some] movies." Critic Janet Maslin wrote of Terence Stamp's work, "Stamp plays the title role furiously, with single-minded intensity, wild blue eyes and a stentorian roar shown off in the film's early moments ... Glimpses of young, dreamily beautiful Stamp and his no less imposing latter-day presence are used by Soderbergh with touching efficacy."

The film critic for Variety magazine, Emanuel Levy, lauded the crime drama and liked the direction of the picture, the acting, and the screenplay, yet thought the film "lacks secondary characters and subplots." He wrote, "The Limey, Steven Soderbergh's new crime picture, continues the helmer's artistic renewal, evident last year in the superbly realized Out of Sight. Pic's most interesting element is the positioning of two icons of 1960s cinema, the very British Terence Stamp and the very American Peter Fonda, as longtime enemies in what's basically a routine revenge thriller ... [and] one has no problem praising the bravura acting of the entire ensemble and the pic's impressive technical aspects. Warren, Guzman and Barry Newman give maturely restrained performances in line with the film's dominant texture. A supporting turn by Joe Dallessandro, Andy Warhol's and Paul Morrissey's regular, accentuates pic's reflexive nature as a commentary on a bygone era of filmmaking."

Roger Ebert of The Chicago Sun-Times gave The Limey 3 stars out of a possible 4. Despite the unusual editing, Ebert described the plot as "basic Ross Macdonald", a reference to the mystery writer whose 1950s and '60s best-sellers set in southern California typically featured doom visited on the young adult children of wealthy parents with dark secrets. Stamp and Fonda, both aging icons of the 1960s, represent different sides of the counterculture: "It is a nice irony that both Valentine and Wilson (the Stamp character) made their money from rock music: Valentine by selling the tickets, Wilson by stealing the receipts of a Pink Floyd concert."

Accolades
Won
 * Satellite Awards: Golden Satellite Award; Best Drama Performance by an Actor in a Motion Picture, Terence Stamp; 2000.

title: The Limey


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Talk:Asok

All characters of Dilbert finally get redirected to the Dilbert page. Lets wait and see if the same happens to Asok ! Jay 12:36, 27 Feb 2004 (UTC)

The actual Indian pronunciation of the name Ashok is indeed "a-shoke", but the Asok character is pronounced as "ah-shook" according to Scott Adams in the Dilbert website. Jay 07:53, 29 Mar 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Asok


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Pietro Frua

Pietro Frua (2 May 1913 - 28 June 1983) was one of the leading Italian coachbuilders and car designers during the 1950s and 1960s.

Early years
Frua was born in Turin, the centre of coachbuilding in northern Italy. He was the fourth son of Angela, a tailor, and Carlo Frua, an employee of Fiat.

After school he was educated as a draftsman at the Scuola Allievi Fiat, where he underwent his apprenticeship.

Design career
Frua's professional career began at the age of 17, when he joined Stabilimenti Farina as a draftsman. At the age of 22, he became Director of Styling at the Stabilimenti Farina, already a leading Turin coachbuilder employing several hundred people. Some credit him with having influenced early designs of the iconic Vespa while at Farina. That was where Frua had his first contact with Giovanni Michelotti, who became his successor as Head of Styling after he started his own studio in 1938.

During World War II car-styling work was scarce and Frua had to turn to designing children's cars, electric ovens and kitchen units, as well as a monocoque motorscooter.

Frua planned for post-war times: in 1944 he bought a bombed-out factory, hired 15 workers (including Sergio Coggiola, who founded his own carrozzeria in 1966) and equipped himself to design and build cars.

His first known car is a 1946 Fiat 1100C spyder. Maserati was one of the first clients who contracted Frua for the styling of their new 2-litre, 6-cylinder sports car, the A6G. From 1950 to 1957, Frua built 19 Spyders and seven coupés in three different design series – including some on the A6 GCS racing chassis.

In 1957, Frua sold his small coachbuilding company to Carrozzeria Ghia in Turin, and Ghia director Luigi Segre appointed him head of Ghia Design. In this short period, Frua was responsible for the successful Renault Floride, which experienced well-deserved commercial success (about 117,000 were sold in ten years). This success led to a disagreement between Segre and Frua over the car's “paternity”, and Frua left Ghia to start his own design studio again.

At the same time, Pelle Petterson designed his Volvo P1800 under the attentive eye of Frua and, not surprisingly, it is often attributed to Frua's pen. From 1957 to 1959, Frua also designed several cars for Ghia-Aigle, the former Swiss subsidiary of Ghia Turin, already independent at that time. Giovanni Michelotti was his predecessor in this position.

After Ghia-Aigle finished coachbuilding, a former employee, Adriano Guglielmetti, started his own business and founded Carrosserie Italsuisse in Geneva. Again Pietro Frua did the drawings and, most probably, built all the prototypes for this company. After a Corvair-like styled pontoon-Beetle in 1960, Italsuisse showed a Maserati 3500 GTI Coupé on the Italsuisse stand at the 1961 Motor Show in Geneva, together with two tasteful bodies on Studebaker chassis. In 1964 a lovely little Spyder followed with Opel Kadett mechanics.

During the 1960s Pietro Frua was among the most prominent car designers in Italy. The “Frua line” was synonymous with the good taste of a single man. He followed each car's realization to the last detail of fully functional one-offs and prototypes, often driving them to their presentation at the motor shows in Europe.

Glas
In 1963, at the age of 50 and at the peak of his career, Frua designed a range of cars for Glas, Germany's smallest car-maker. This included the GT Coupé and Cabriolet as well as the larger V8-engined 2600, often called "Glaserati" for its likeness with Frua's Maserati-designs. These were built until 1968 as the BMW GT, after BMW had bought Glas.

Maserati Mistral
Also in 1963, Maserati showed the Frua-bodied four-door Quattroporte which, after several one-offs, re-established Frua's connection with this manufacturer. Two years later, the Mistral was shown, cementing Frua's status in the mid-sixties. With these cars Maserati was positioned into a new market of luxury and powerful, understated cars.

AC Frua
In 1965, AC showed the powerful, Frua-bodied 7-litre AC Frua Spyder, which drew from the Mistral's shape. A coupé followed in 1967. In the same year, the Swiss racing driver and Ferrari importer Peter Monteverdi started to build a Frua-bodied sport coupé, the Chrysler engined Monteverdi High Speed 375S. He also designed the Monteverdi 2000 GTI, but this remained a one-off. Due to Frua's limited capacities, the production of the following High Speed models went to Fissore in Turin. However, the Monteverdi Hai 450 is believed to have been designed by Frua.

At the end of the 1960s, Frua tried in vain to prolong his success with Glas by making a dozen proposals to BMW. BMW decided to make it on their own.

Although he was not the principal designer, Frua produced the bodywork and did final assembly and detailing for Peter Kalikow's Momo Mirage prototypes in the early 1970s. Frua had been recommended to Kalikow by Derek Hurlock, chairman and managing director of AC Cars, in part because of his work on the AC Frua.

In the 1970s Frua reduced the frequency of his presentations, but in the sixth decade of his life he still demonstrated his good taste and craftsmanship to the younger ones who already had taken their role in the industrial process. There was no longer a demand to build completely detailed and functional prototypes in less than ten weeks, and no more customers for special bodied one-offs. One of his last designs to enter series production was the two-door GT Maserati Kyalami first shown at the 1976 Geneva Motor Show.

Later years
In 1982 Pietro Frua developed cancer and had unsuccessful surgery in the autumn of that year. He married his long-time assistant, Gina, shortly before he died on 28 June 1983, a few weeks after his 70th birthday.

title: Pietro Frua


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National Puzzlers' League

The National Puzzlers' League (NPL) is a nonprofit organization focused on puzzling, primarily in the realm of word play and word games. Founded in 1883, it is the oldest puzzlers' organization in the world. It originally hosted semiannual conventions in February and September of each year, but conventions are now held annually, in July.

History
On July 4, 1883, twenty-eight word puzzlers, mostly young men, met at Pythagoras Hall in New York City and founded the Eastern Puzzlers' League; they then celebrated the event by paying a penny each to walk across the newly dedicated Brooklyn Bridge. Renamed the National Puzzlers' League in 1920, the organization has been in continuous existence ever since that first meeting and is the oldest puzzlers' organization in the world.

The league's official publication began as The Eastern Enigma. It originally contained few, if any, puzzles, and instead reported on business transacted at puzzlers' conventions, presented verses and skits composed by members, and relayed debates on the controversial puzzling topics of the day, such as obsolete words, esoteric references, and new types of puzzles.

Early editors rarely served more than a year at a time, and the publication schedule was often irregular. The January 1900 issue initiated a puzzle department called "Penetralia", which appeared regularly until 1903. "Penetralia" was resumed in the February 1910 issue, when The Eastern Enigma began monthly publication, and has continued to appear ever since. On the organization's name change, the magazine was retitled The Enigma; it continues to be published monthly and has now reached over 1200 issues.

A puzzle renaissance in the 1920s and 1930s led to a high point in NPL membership, during which it adopted the slogan "The National Intellectual Pastime of America". In 1935, president Everett M. Smith invented the word Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis at the annual League meeting. The biennial conventions were covered by major newspapers and wire services. During World War II, the Signal Intelligence Service recruited several NPL members as government cryptographers based on their puzzling experience.

In the 1960s, membership slumped significantly, but began rebounding in the "modern" puzzling era with the promotional efforts of Dmitri Borgmann, Ross Eckler, and others. Many of the leading puzzle editors and constructors in America are members; author and member Willard Espy said of the league's expertise, "I'm a little nervous talking about wordplay with this group .... it's like talking about religion with God."

Membership
Each NPL member generally chooses a "nom" (short for "nom de plume" ) upon joining, an often cryptic pen name which serves as a nickname when communicating with fellow members (see below for an example). The use of pseudonyms, also commonly practiced by the compilers of cryptic crosswords, originally helped "to break down barriers of occupation or social class". It is also an opportunity for wordplay and self-description.

NPL members are known collectively as "the Krewe" and individually as "puzzlers", "Krewe members", or "NPLers". As of 2018 the organization had about 700 members, of whom about 200 attend the group's convention each year.

Puzzle professional Will Shortz (whose "nom", WILLz, is a play on his name - Will+"short Z") is a long-standing member and officer of the NPL, serving as its historian and as co-puzzle director (as of 2022) for the annual convention.

 * Dmitri Borgmann
 * Emily Cox
 * A. Ross Eckler Jr.
 * Willard R. Espy
 * Francis Heaney
 * Tyler Hinman
 * Helene Hovanec
 * David Kahn
 * William Lutwiniak
 * Stanley Newman
 * Trip Payne
 * Jim Propp
 * Henry Rathvon
 * Mike Selinker
 * Will Shortz

Publications
The Enigma, the NPL's official publication, is distributed monthly to its members. It provides a medium for members to share their original word puzzles for fellow members to enjoy. The Enigma also contains articles and announcements of interest to its members.

The NPL has also published several editions of Guide to The Enigma (formerly Key to Puzzledom); a mini-sample of the puzzles in The Enigma, available free to prospective members from the editor; a member directory; and book compilations of hard cryptograms and cryptic crosswords.

Puzzles
The Enigma specializes in the types of puzzles that flourished in the 19th century; the crossword, invented as late as 1913, is spurned by the journal, which relegates it to the category of "extras". However, all of its puzzles are based on wordplay and linguistics.

The NPL groups puzzles into four primary categories. The oldest two are the "flat" (which has a one-line answer) and the "form" (which has a multi-line answer). Flats (verse puzzles and anagrams) were a leading type of wordplay before black-squared crosswords were invented. They seem strange to modern puzzlers, because they require inferring words from context, which is not now a familiar solving technique. Nonetheless, flats today still make up most of the puzzles in The Enigma. Cryptograms and extras, as well as catchall categories for rule-breaking puzzles, were added later. More information on these puzzle types can be found at the NPL's official website.

Conventions
The NPL holds an annual convention, usually in July. The location varies, but has historically been a major North American city. In keeping with the members' love of word play, the name of the convention varies with the location: This con's in Wisconsin for Milwaukee; BeaCon for Boston; ConTex for Austin, Texas; OreCon for Portland, Oregon.

Examples of convention activities include word games, trivia games, hidden puzzles (which must be found before they can be solved), local field trips to places of NPL interest, library trivia hunts, and an "extravaganza" (a multi-stage puzzlehunt that requires team effort to solve). In addition to the puzzles presented as part of the convention, many members bring puzzles of their own invention, which attendees work on in small groups, often late at night.

title: National Puzzlers' League


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Shiva (1990 film)

Shiva is a 1990 Indian Hindi-language action drama film written and directed by Ram Gopal Varma. It was a remake of Varma's debut Telugu film, Siva (1989). The film has Nagarjuna (in his Hindi debut) and Amala in lead roles with Raghuvaran and J. D. Chakravarthy as the antagonists. All four actors reprise their roles from the original Telugu film. The film became a blockbuster. The success led to Ram Gopal Varma directing a prequel in 2006.

Plot
The film opens to a classroom in a (fictional) VAS college of Arts & Sciences. After the classes, upon the directions of a college student JD, a bunch of goons led by Ganesh savagely assaults a group of students right outside the college gate. It's later made clear that JD was settling some campus scores and that the incident resulted in at least one student leaving the college, deepening the fear for JD in the campus.

It turns out that JD is the (unopposed) president of the college students' union and the leader of a notorious campus gang, powerful enough to prevent the college Principal from taking disciplinary actions against their unsavory conduct, which includes eve-teasing and insulting professors. JD's connections, through Ganesh, reaches a gangster named Bhavani Chaudhury, whose criminal network lends muscle to a local politician Tilak Dhari.

Shiva is a new student at college. He joins a small group of friends, including Prakash and Asha. Shiva's confident gait and tough attitude leads to JD locking horns with him. An inevitable fight ensues, in which Shiva and friends beat up JD's gang, in broad daylight within the campus. Emboldened by the incident, Shiva's friends plan to fight the students' union elections. Shiva proposes the nerdy friend Naresh to stand for the president-ship. He also rebuffs Ganesh's initial warning to stay out of politics.

When Ganesh attempts to use force, Shiva beats him back too. The matter comes before Bhavani. Bhavani is mildly annoyed, but he studies Shiva as a potential replacement for JD. At his behest, Naresh is assaulted and rendered unable to run. At this point, Shiva accepts the nomination and decides to run.

Meanwhile, Bhavani has other troubles. He refuses to side with a worker's union leader Krishna Rao. Krishna Rao takes his plight to Shiva; Shiva agrees to help in return for muscle, and Rao provides this by calling upon the workers. Around this time, Asha expresses a romantic interest in Shiva. The friendship progresses, and they eventually marry.

The stage is now set. Bhavani launches a set of sniper attacks on those close to Shiva. Shiva retaliates in kind and takes out many of Bhavani's leaders. Tilak Dhari notices that Shiva is launching a fitting response to Bhavani and decides to stop supporting Bhavani. Angered, humiliated and defeated, Bhavani strikes Shiva's home and finds Asha. When he learns that Ganesh has already been presented in court and an arrest warrant has been issued for him, Bhavani kills Asha, also Tilakdhari for betrayal and leaves.

A final fight ensues in which eventually, Shiva manages to kill Bhavani, ridding the city of one of its most terrifying anti-social elements, while personally coming to terms with the fact that he has lost almost everything in the bargain.

Cast

 * Nagarjuna as Shiva
 * Amala as Asha Akhouri
 * Raghuvaran as Bhavani Chaudhary
 * J. D. Chakravarthy as Jagdish Dave "J.D."
 * Paresh Rawal as Tilakdhari Azaad
 * Tanikella Bharani as Nanaji
 * Iftekhar as Principal
 * Chandrashekhar as Lecturer
 * Girija Shankar as Inspector Tejesh Akhouri
 * Raj Zutshi as Prakash
 * Ajit Vachani as Krishna Rao
 * Goga Kapoor as Kanta Prasad
 * Brij Gopal as Ganesh
 * Dilip Dhawan as Shiva's Brother
 * Chinna as Chotu
 * Ramjagan as Naresh
 * Brahmaji as Kanta Prasad's Driver
 * Uttej as Yadagiri
 * Rohini Hattangadi as Prakash's Mother
 * Beena Banerjee as Shiva's Sister-In-Law
 * Puri Jagannadh in a cameo
 * Baby Sushma as Keerthi

Production
The college campus depicted in the film was shot at State Agricultural University in Hyderabad.

Soundtrack
Music was composed by Ilaiyaraaja. Lyrics were written by Majrooh Sultanpuri.

title: Shiva (1990 film)


text:
Talk:FTSE

Dazed and confused
Could someone explain how the FTSE (and similar indices) are calculated.

title: Talk:FTSE


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Soccer mom

Soccer mom is a term that broadly refers to an American, Canadian, or Australian, middle-class, suburban woman who spends a significant amount of her time transporting her school-age children to youth sporting events or other activities (such as soccer games). It came into widespread use during the 1996 United States presidential election and over time has come to take on an unfavorable connotation.

History
The phrase "soccer mom" generally refers to a married, American, middle-class woman who lives in the suburbs and has school-age children. She is sometimes portrayed in the media as busy or overburdened and driving a minivan or SUV. She is also described as putting the interests of her family, and most importantly her children, ahead of her own. The phrase derives from the literal, specific description of a mother who transports and watches her children play soccer. It was also used in names of organizations of mothers who raised money to support their children's soccer teams.

The first reference to the term "soccer mom" in the United States national media has been traced to 1982. In that year, the husband of the treasurer of the "Soccer Moms booster club" of Ludlow, Massachusetts, stole $3,150 raised for the benefit of a local soccer league.

Indices of American magazines and newspapers show relatively little usage of the term until 1995, when, during an election for Denver city council, Susan B. Casey ran with the slogan: "A Soccer Mom for City Council." Casey, who held a Ph.D. and managed presidential election campaigns, used the slogan as a way of assuring voters they could trust her to be "just like them," denoting herself as "everyneighbor." The phrase addressed anxiety about women's achievements, and the stereotype that smart, accomplished women were not able to manage professional careers while showing love for their family. Casey won the election with 51 percent of the vote.

The term came into widespread use around the time of the 1996 Republican National Convention. Its first use in a news article about that election appeared in the July 21, 1996, edition of The Washington Post. E. J. Dionne, the article's author, quoted Alex Castellanos (at the time a senior media advisor to Bob Dole) as suggesting that Bill Clinton was targeting a voting demographic whom Castellanos called the "soccer mom". The soccer mom was described in the article as "the overburdened middle income working mother who ferries her kids from soccer practice to scouts to school." The article suggested that the term "soccer mom" was a creation of political consultants. Castellanos was later quoted in The Wall Street Journal as saying: "She's the key swing consumer in the marketplace, and the key swing voter who will decide the election."

Media interest in soccer moms picked up as the election approached. The number of articles on soccer moms in major newspapers increased from a combined total of 12 for the months of August and September to a total of 198 for October and November. The intense media focus stemmed in large part from the media's belief that soccer moms had become the most sought-after group of swing voters in the 1996 elections. In the end, suburban women favored Clinton by 53 to 39 percent, while suburban men voted for Dole.

During the election, the soccer mom's most frequently mentioned attribute cited in major newspaper articles was that she was a mother or a woman who had children. The soccer mom's next most frequently mentioned characteristics were that "she lives in the suburbs (41.2% of the articles); is a swing voter (30.8%); is busy, harried, stressed out, or overburdened (28.4%); works outside the home (24.6%); drives a minivan (usually a Volvo) station wagon or sport utility vehicle (20.9%); is middle-class (17.1%); is married (13.7%); and is white (13.3%)."

Soccer moms received so much attention during the election that the American Dialect Society voted soccer mom Word of the Year for 1996. Columnist Ellen Goodman of The Boston Globe called 1996 "the Year of the Soccer Mom." The Associated Press named soccer moms, along with the Macarena, Bob Dole, and "Rules Girls" as four phenomena that would be forever associated with the year 1996.

Criticism
Soccer moms have been accused of forcing their children to participate in too many after-school activities, overparenting them in concerted cultivation rather than letting them enjoy their childhood.

In 2003, the car manufacturer Nissan, who had for several years courted the "soccer-mom" image, started marketing their Quest minivan as "stylish, sexy and desirable".

Security moms
During the 2004 presidential campaign, pundits started talking about the security mom, which was deemed to be a powerful voting bloc. Security moms were supposed to be concerned primarily with issues such as the war in Iraq, domestic terrorism, and the security of their children.

There is evidence, however, that security moms did not exist in great enough numbers to influence the 2004 election outcome. Democratic women tended to be most interested in healthcare, which Democratic front runner John Kerry abandoned as a talking point, and may explain Kerry's difficulty in garnering their support.

Hockey mom
Hockey mom is a term widely used in Canada and northern United States (including Alaska), in which mothers often take their children to hockey rinks. The first article in The New York Times that used "hockey mom" as a demographic term was a 1999 review of the Chevrolet Silverado, a full-size pickup truck. In the article, the truck is described as a "smooth and gutsy" vehicle that "ought to please everyone from hockey mom to cattle hauler".

Former Alaska governor Sarah Palin, the US Republican vice-presidential candidate in 2008, described herself as a "hockey mom" as far back as her 2006 gubernatorial race. In her speech at the 2008 Republican National Convention and in stump speeches following the convention, she joked that the only difference between a hockey mom and a pit bull was lipstick, suggesting that hockey moms are tough. "Hockey partisans" on the Internet claim that hockey moms are "a bit more intense than their soccer counterparts, both in terms of the commitments they make to the sport and the intensity with which they cheer their kids."

title: Soccer mom


text:
Doctrine of lapse

The doctrine of lapsation was a policy of annexation initiated by the East India Company in the Indian subcontinent for the princely states, and applied until the year 1858, the year after Company rule was succeeded by the British Raj under the British Crown.

The policy was initiated by James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie.

Elements of the doctrine of lapse continued to be applied by the post-independence Indian government to derecognise individual princely families until 1971, when the recognition of former ruling families was discontinued under the 26th amendment to the Indian constitution by the Indira Gandhi government.

Doctrine
According to the doctrine, any Indian princely state under the suzerainty of the East India Company, the dominant imperial power in the Indian system of subsidiary alliances, would have its princely status abolished, and therefore be annexed into directly ruled British India, if the ruler was either "manifestly incompetent or died without a male heir". This supplanted the long-established right of an Indian sovereign without an heir to choose a successor.

The policy is most commonly associated with Dalhousie, who was the East India Company's Governor General of British India between 1848 and 1856. However, the doctrine was articulated by the Court of Directors of the Company as early as 1834, and several smaller states had already been annexed under this doctrine before Dalhousie took over the post of Governor-General.

By the use of the doctrine of lapse, the Company took over the princely states of Satara (1848), Jaitpur, Sambalpur (1849), Baghat (1850), Udaipur (Chhattisgarh State) (1852), Jhansi (1854), Nagpur (1854), Tanjore and Arcot (1855). Awadh (1856) is widely believed to have been annexed under the doctrine, but in fact was annexed by Dalhousie under the pretext of mis-governance. Mostly claiming that the ruler was not ruling properly, the Company added about four million pounds sterling to its annual revenue by this doctrine. However, Udaipur State would later have local princely rule reinstated in 1860.

With the increasing power of the East India Company, discontent simmered among many sections of Indian society, included disbanded soldiers; these rallied behind the deposed dynasties during the Indian Rebellion of 1857, also known as the Sepoy Mutiny. Following the rebellion, in 1858, the new British Viceroy of India, whose rule replaced that of the East India Company, renounced the doctrine.

Doctrine of lapse before Dalhousie
Dalhousie vigorously applied the lapse doctrine for annexing Indian princely states, but the policy was not solely his invention.

The princely state of Kittur, ruled by Kittur Rani Chennamma (the queen at the time), was taken over by the East India Company in 1824, when after the death of her husband and son she adopted a new son and attempted to make him heir to the throne, which the British refused to accept. This development has similarities with the later 'doctrine of lapse', which the Court of Directors of the East India Company articulated early in 1834. As per this policy, the Company annexed Mandvi in 1839, Colaba and Jalaun in 1840, and Surat in 1842.

The impact of the doctrine of lapse
The doctrine of lapse was widely considered illegitimate by many Indians. By 1848, the British had immense power in India, since they were the de facto direct rulers of territories such as the Madras, Bombay, and Bengal Presidencies, Assam, Mysore, and the Punjab, as well as the indirect rulers of princely states of Rajasthan, Sindh, Patiala, the Carnatic, and many others.

Most of the rulers of the remaining states which had not yet been annexed by the British were in a weak position against their mighty forces. Not willing to spend huge amounts of money and soldiers, the Indian rulers had little option but to give in to this policy. This caused increased resentment against the British Empire in India, and was one of the causes of the Uprising of 1857.

In independent India
In late 1964, Maharaja Rajendra Prakash of Sirmur, the last recognized former ruler of Sirmur State, died without either leaving male issue or adopting an heir before his death, although his senior widow subsequently adopted her daughter's son as the successor to the family headship. The Indian government, however, decided that in consequence of the ruler's death, the constitutional status of the family had lapsed. The doctrine of lapse was likewise invoked the following year when the last recognized ruler of Akkalkot State died in similar circumstances.

title: Doctrine of lapse


text:
UltraSPARC

The UltraSPARC is a microprocessor developed by Sun Microsystems and fabricated by Texas Instruments, introduced in mid-1995. It is the first microprocessor from Sun to implement the 64-bit SPARC V9 instruction set architecture (ISA). Marc Tremblay was a co-microarchitect.

Microarchitecture
The UltraSPARC is a four-issue superscalar microprocessor that executes instructions in in-order. It includes a nine-stage integer pipeline.

Functional units
The execution units were simplified relative to the SuperSPARC to achieve higher clock frequencies - an example of a simplification is that the ALUs were not cascaded, unlike the SuperSPARC, to avoid restricting clock frequency.

The integer register file has 32 64-bit entries. As the SPARC ISA uses register windows, of which the UltraSPARC has eight, the actual number of registers is 144. The register file has seven read and three write ports. The integer register file provides registers to two arithmetic logic units and the load/store unit. The two ALUs can both execute arithmetic, logic and shift instructions but only one can execute multiply and divide instructions.

The floating-point unit consists of five functional units. One executes floating point adds and subtracts, one multiplies, one divides and square-roots. Two units are for executing SIMD instructions defined by the Visual Instruction Set (VIS). The floating-point register file contains thirty-two 64-bit registers. It has five read ports and three write ports.

Cache
The UltraSPARC has two levels of cache, primary and secondary. There are two primary caches, one for instructions and one for data. Both have a capacity of 16 KB.

The UltraSPARC required a mandatory external secondary cache. The cache is unified, has a capacity of 512 KB to 4 MB and is direct-mapped. It can return data in a single cycle. The external cache is implemented with synchronous SRAMs clocked at the same frequency as the microprocessor, as ratios were not supported. It is accessed via the data bus.

Fabrication
It contained 3.8 million transistors. It was fabricated in Texas Instruments' EPIC-3 process, a 0.5 μm complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) process with four levels of metal. The UltraSPARC was not fabricated in a BiCMOS process as Texas Instruments claimed it did not scale well to 0.5 μm processes and offered little performance improvement. The process was perfected on TI's MVP digital signal processor (DSP) with some features missing such as three levels of metal instead of four and a 0.55 feature size, before it was used to fabricate the UltraSPARC to avoid a repeat of the fabrication problems encountered with SuperSPARC.

Package
The UltraSPARC is packaged in a 521-contact plastic ball grid array (PBGA).

Related processors

 * SuperSPARC
 * UltraSPARC II
 * UltraSPARC III
 * UltraSPARC IV

title: UltraSPARC


text:
Talk:Stephen Spender

Untitled
Spender's birthday was February 28. The homosexual emphasis on the page so far is excessive.

 * Agree. Page needs far more about his writings. He is primarily known as a left wing writer. The gay thing needn't take up most of the article.

 * Yes. Apparently, some "advocate" decided to hold forth.  Have cleaned up the mess.  Still needs a good home for remaining "orphan" links. — J M Rice 15:27, 31 May 2005 (UTC)

Stephen Spender and homosexuality

 * (Note: The following section was removed from the original article.)

He was friends with gay fellow poets Christopher Isherwood and W. H. Auden, with whom he had a mentoring relationship. Spender himself had many homosexual affairs in his earlier years, most notably with Tony Hyndman (who is called "Jimmy Younger" in his memoir World Within World). During World War II, he decided to shift his focus to heterosexuality, marrying concert pianist Natasha Litvin in 1941. Consequently, he toned down homosexual allusions in later editions of his poetry, for example the line

 * "Whatever happens, I shall never be alone. I shall always have a boy, a railway fare, or a revolution."

got revised to read

 * "Whatever happens, I shall never be alone. I shall always have an affair, a railway fare, or a revolution."

Spender also sued gay author David Leavitt for allegedly using his relationship with "Jimmy Younger" in Leavitt's While England Sleeps in 1994. The case was settled out of court with Leavitt removing certain portions from his text.

Spender's seemingly changing attitudes towards homosexuality and heterosexuality have caused him to be labeled bisexual, repressed, latently homophobic, or simply someone so complex as to resist easy labeling.

Perhaps this discussion was foreseen by him, because he addresses this issue quite thoroughly in World Within World. However, even there he cannot fully decide on one explanation for what he does but prefers to give several ones, right after writing about his first, clearly homosexual, but also very one-sided relationship with a fellow student at Oxford:

 * 1. Spender feels the assignment of labels to emotions to be limiting oneself's freedom, an act which was unnecessary until the 20th century:

 * "Yet I have come to wonder whether many contemporaries in labelling themselves [homosexuals] do not also condemn themselves to a kind of doom of being that which they consider themselves in the psychological text-book. (...) As a result of this tendency to give themselves labels, people feel forced to make a choice which, in past times, was not made."

 * In other words, labeling oneself a certain way may have a feedback on behavior, as he describes in another part of his autobiography, that when he learns he is part Jewish, he begins to "feel Jewish".

 * 2. He feels homosexual relationships mostly coexisted with "normal", that is heterosexual, relationships throughout history, for example in Shakespeare's sonnets "what does Shakespeare say to his lover? Get married and have a child."

 * 3. He somewhat questions the whole concept of a "third sex", that is, people who are exclusively homosexual, as put forth by 19th century science:

 * "At no point is there an acceptance of the idea of the poet and his lover friend belonging to a world of a third sex, which is characteristic of much literature in the twentieth century."

 * 4. Without further reasons, he asserts that one's goal in life should be to be "normal", which he defines as matching closely what society perceives as "normal" and what is "normal" for oneself, i.e. to "conform with" one's nature. This act is regarded by him as an overcoming of "limitations" in oneself, a word he uses repeatedly to suggest his attraction to other men.

 * 5. Spender feels that an artist (and maybe specifically a poet) requires the interaction with "normal" people as an inspiration and may not place himself in a situation where he is "cut off from this warm flow of the normal general life".

 * 6. Finally (and maybe this reason is somewhat more telling than the others, because it is less rational), Spender blames others for "guarding" him from intimacy with women, both at Oxford and before. At the same time, however, he admits that his expression of emotion towards an "attractive nurse" was "without consciousness of the implications" of what he was doing, which stands in marked contrast to his very conscious, painful feelings of attraction to his fellow student.

Comments about removed text
Why was this text removed? If there are details that are wrong, can they be corrected? Certainly, Spender is known for his views on sexuality and the homosexual allusions in his early writings. I first became aware of him that way. To remove the entire section seems extreme to say the least. It also seems disrespectful of the people who wrote the section.

Perhaps, if you feel "The homosexual emphasis on the page so far is excessive." and "Page needs far more about his writings. He is primarily known as a left wing writer. The gay thing needn't take up most of the article", then the thing to do is to add MORE about his writings and MORE about his politics and tighten the writing about his sexuality. It doesn't call for removing the entire section.

So if it were up to me, I would simply restore the entire section. I'm willing to give you the chance to correct any factual errors, and to discuss the issue here first. So please, state what is incorrect, help correct any errors and restore the text. I would restore it myself, but I am aware of Spender only through a few of his writings, and not from knowing all that much about the details of his life. But if I know anything about him, it is that his sexuality was an important part of who he was and what he wrote. -- Samuel Wantman 09:31, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I thoroughly agree with Samuel Wantman on this point. However, I'm afraid I won't be able to correct any factual errors either, but I'm positive someone else will do so sooner or later. As far as I'm concerned, I wouldn't mind putting the above text back into the article as it is now.  18:04, Jun 2, 2005 (UTC)

 * Just to remove any ambiguity, there are THREE comments atop this page — two besides mine. Here is EXACTLY where the homosexual thing belongs, NOT in the article proper.  The amount of room taken up by it was ridiculous.  The emphasis on Spender's homosexuality, based on your premise that it is integral to his oeuvre, comes under the rubric of literary criticism and opinion.  I mentioned his sexual ambiguity, and that should be sufficient.  As to how much it influenced his writing, that's up to the reader, NOT YOU.  Wikipedia is NOT for making cases.  Wikipedia is NOT for advocacy.  Wikipedia is NOT a playground for pedants.

 * If you wish to assert your opinions, do it here or write a letter to the editor. And if you try to restore this homosexual section, I shall remove it again, place the appropriate tag on the article and refer it to arbitration. I've also removed the stupid "Note" atop this thread.  If someone wants to see who removed the section, he need only look at the article History.  J M Rice 14:57, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Wikipedia is a collaborative effort. I am respectfully asking that you collaborate with other editors in this project.  I did not start a revert war with you, I requested that you point out what factual errors there were in the section you removed.  I'm sorry you feel offended by that.  I believe it is you who are asserting your own POV. My "opinion" is that Spender's sexuality is relevant.  The section supports this view.  The premise that it is integral to his oeuvre does come under the rubic of literary criticism and opinion, and as long as that criticism and opinion are not original research it has a valid place in this article.  Would you remove mention of the sexuality of James Baldwin from his article?  Would you want to remove mention about how his being black affected his writings?  You are the one who removed the section, so I believe it is your responsibility to show that the material is incorrect. If you are unwilling to collaborate on this then certainly it would make sense to refer it to arbitration.  And finally, the reason I mention that was you who removed the section was just to assist anyone else who reads this page in understanding the history of what happened without having to figure it out themselves.  -- Samuel Wantman 20:27, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * "I'm sorry you feel offended"??? Now that's offensive! You don't know how I feel — stop being a drama queen!  Ok, let's collaborate.  Replace the section with a non-headlined paragraph, and cut the verbiage  by at least half. — J M Rice 21:45, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Spender and revisionism
Just for whatever it's worth, Spender got quite cranky on the subject of homosexuality later in his life. I heard him speak twice, and both times his talk was comprised almost entirely of anecodtes of himself and Eliot, himself and Woolf, etc., and he thundered angrily at anyone who might spread terrible rumors about Virginia Woolf's being a lesbian or, even worse, Leonard Woolf's being bisexual or homosexual. It was a puzzling display. I believe he even wrote a book on the subject of V.W.'s not being lesbian? At any rate, if his late statements do not gibe with his early statements on his own sexuality, it is not surprising, since his late statement on the subject of relatively well known same-sex oriented people of his youth didn't gibe with the statements made by virtually all others. Geogre 16:49, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Merge discussion
The merge tag has been on this article and on Stephen Spender's sexuality since July (!). It's about time something was done about it. In general we don't have separate articles for one aspect of someone's personality (Christopher Marlowe's temper, Robert MacNamara's regret, W. A. Mozart's financial incompetence. . .) no matter how important. Please comment on the merge here; if I hear no objections within the next week or so, I will perform the merge. Thanks. Chick Bowen 18:08, 22 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Having gotten no comments on the merge, I have merged in a small amount of the content of Stephen Spender's sexuality and made that page a redirect to Stephen Spender. The rest of the content is available in the history of Stephen Spender's sexuality, as well as being quoted on this talk page above.  Feel free to refine that section (and PLEASE replace anything with information whose sources are PROPERLY CITED, but please do not recreate a spur page; information about Spender should be in this article.  Thanks.  Chick Bowen 16:24, 5 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Sorry, I've been pretty busy and have over 1000 articles on my watchlist. I didn't notice this one.  If you propose to merge articles, they should be fully merged.  Most of the article didn't make it.  If you read the top of this page, this was a long process of reaching consensus which was undone by the merge.  I think one of the following should happen.
 * The sub article is restored until other aspects of this article have as much detail as the sexuality part, at which time it could be completely merged (the previous consensus).
 * It could be completely merged now. If there are factual errors, they can be corrected (I am not aware of any).  The previous discussions were not about   whether the material was correct, but about the over emphasis in the article.
 * --Samuel Wantman 01:11, 1 January 2006 (UTC)
 * My concern isn't so much with accuracy as it is with citation, but as I said, you're welcome to include anything I haven't. However, I feel strongly that the sub article should not be recreated--articles should exist on their own merits, not to solve problems in other articles, which is considered content forking.  I left out some information from the merge because I thought it was redundant and because it was uncited, but if you feel differently, put it in--not a problem.  Chick Bowen 19:00, 5 January 2006 (UTC)

The unpleasant matter of Encounter's funding
Isn't it time it got addressed in the article? It is a subject that generates a fair amount of interest. I don't know whether I'd like to write about it myself - I am sure there is somebody who knows more about the subject - and, of course, it is unpleasant. (Or is that POV?) Hasdrubal 06:06, 15 May 2006 (UTC)

Anti-Communism
I see a certain editor takes issue with my description of Spender as an anti-Communist in the categories. This is fairly self-evident in the fact that he contributed to a major anti-Communist book, The God that Failed. I suspect this will be online somewhere, but appearing in this book is what one could call "nailing your colours to the mast."--MacRusgail (talk) 16:45, 31 January 2011 (UTC)

External links modified (January 2018)
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A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 22:08, 11 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Stephen spender.jpg

Albacete
In the section headed "Career" and the para beginning "In 1936" the text says "Spender was imprisoned for a while in Albacete." I'm not at all sure about this. Having just read his autobiography "World within World", I note that it was actually "Jimmy Younger" Spender's former partner who was imprisoned in Albacete (then under the control of the Republicans) as a would-be deserter. One of Spender's great preoccupations at the time was to get him home safely, as he felt responsible. The book contains a lengthy, first person account from "Jimmy" which talks about his imprisonment among other things, so I wonder has somebody misread it as being Spender himself talking? I don't recall seeing any evidence of Spender ever having been imprisoned by his "own" side, but does somebody know something I don't? Thanks 92.24.62.247 (talk) 13:33, 3 December 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Stephen Spender


text:
Talk:February 28

Spender
1909 Sir Stephen Spender, British poet, critic, editor and translator; Poet Laureate. His early poetry – like that of WH Auden, Cecil Day Lewis, and Louis MacNeice, with whom he became associated at Oxford – was inspired by social protest.

 * It is ok to add things to the articles you know. See the welcome message on the Main Page that links to how to edit pages. -- Graham  :) 13:17, 27 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Shootout
What about the 1997 bank robbery shootout in Hollywood, California? i really don't know anything about this particular robbery,but i would to know. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 212.100.66.20 (talk) 07:30, 28 February 2008 (UTC)

60th day of a leap year?
The page currently states that the 28th Feb is "the 59th day of the year (60th in leap years)".

Is it not the 59th day in every year regardless of if it's a leap year as the extra day falls after this one?

Please change if you agree with me. Pma04ajl (talk) 17:15, 14 July 2009 (UTC)

 * I think it's generated from a template. It's supposed to be generated from a template.  — Arthur Rubin  (talk) 17:57, 14 July 2009 (UTC)
 * Fixed Day/nth day. Thanks. — Arthur Rubin  (talk) 18:05, 14 July 2009 (UTC)

Use of 'meet'
1710 – In the Battle of Helsingborg, 14,000 Danish invaders under Jørgen Rantzau are decisively defeated by an equally sized Swedish force under Magnus Stenbock. This is the last time Swedish and Danish troops meet on Swedish soil. Should this not read 'meet in battle'? I guess the two armies have met many times since. Shipsview (talk) 10:46, 27 February 2012 (UTC)

 * The articles Siege of Stralsund (1711–1715) and Great Northern War should be of help. Ken Tholke (talk) 15:23, 27 February 2012 (UTC)

Possible misplaced entry AT&T's incorporation.
The entry "1885 – The American Telephone and Telegraph Company is incorporated in New York as the subsidiary of American Bell Telephone. (American Bell would later merge with its subsidiary.)" is listed on this page (February 28).

When clicking on American Telephone and Telegraph Company, the resulting page shows a founding date of March 3, 1885.

There are no references that can easily be found on either page to clarify the correct date, but obviously one is wrong.

Perhaps someone with more research skills can ascertain the correct date.

It should also be noted that there is a very similar entry on the page for March_3.

--MyRandomUserName (talk) 18:48, 17 February 2018 (UTC)

rare disease day
Is Rare Disease Day appropriate for holidays and observances? Is it rather an awareness day, which should not go here? --Richardson mcphillips (talk) 03:06, 21 February 2019 (UTC)

Mario Andretti
How is his birthday not on here? 2603:9000:F602:633F:D834:3562:DCB0:4FB9 (talk) 00:03, 1 March 2022 (UTC)
 * I don't know. Why don't you add it? Kiwipete (talk) 07:25, 1 March 2022 (UTC)

Pat Monahan
Pat Monahan, lead singer of the group Train, was born on this date in 1969. Tried to input, but it didn't seem too keen for some reason.

title: Talk:February 28


text:
Fourth International Posadist

The Fourth International Posadist is a Trotskyist international organisation. It was founded in 1962 by J. Posadas, who had been the leader of the Latin America Bureau of the Fourth International in the 1950s, and of the Fourth International's section in Argentina. Between their split from the International Secretariat of the Fourth International in 1962 and Posadas' death in 1981, Posadists developed a strain of communism that included several fringe ideas, which brought them into conflict with more mainstream left-wing groups.

Posadism attempts to introduce elements of ufology into Marxist thought. Arguing that only communism can allow the development of interplanetary travel, they concluded that visiting aliens from other planets must live in highly advanced communist societies and are bound to help Earth-based communists with bringing about the world revolution.

Origins
When the Fourth International (FI) split in 1953, Posadas and his followers sided with Michel Pablo and the International Secretariat of the Fourth International (ISFI). The Posadists began quarrelling with the majority of the ISFI in 1959 over the question of nuclear war with Posadas being a proponent as, he claimed, it would destroy capitalism and clear the way for socialism. The Posadists finally split with the ISFI in 1962 to form the Fourth International (Posadist). The group initially had a following in several countries, particularly among railway workers in Cuba, tin workers in Bolivia and farm workers in Brazil.

There was a significant Posadist group in Cuba. Posadist guerrillas fought alongside Castro and Che Guevara in the 1959 revolution. When the Posadists split from the Fourth International in 1962, they took the Cuban section with them, meaning no other Trotskyist group was represented in Cuba in the 1960s.

The Posadist group was accused by Soviet-friendly forces in Cuba of arguing that the Cuban government should forcibly expel the American military base at Guantanamo Bay and of trying to organize workers in the town of Guantánamo to march on the nearby military base. That was taken as a justification by the government for imposing a ban on them, Castro denouncing their influence as "pestilential" at the Tricontinental Conference held in January 1966. Cuban Posadists went on to claim that Castro had Guevara killed when, it turned out, he was actually in Bolivia fighting with the guerrilla movement there. Conversely, after Guevara was executed by Bolivian authorities, Posadas claimed in 1967 that Che Guevara was not actually dead but was being kept in prison by Castro's government. By 1968, a Posadist movement began to develop in Europe; however, the ufology elements of the movement caused it to fail to garner much traction.

Decline and resurgence
In the late 1960s, the Posadists became increasingly interested in UFOs, claiming they were evidence of socialism on other planets. The organization soon began to wane in influence and membership, aided by an increasingly paranoid Posadas who expelled many of its members by 1975.

Posadas' death in 1981 meant the virtual dissolution of the organization, with only a few isolated groups continuing to operate to the present day. In the United Kingdom, the Revolutionary Workers' Party (Trotskyist) was founded in 1963 by Posadist members of the Revolutionary Socialist League and despite several schisms and a dwindling membership, it continued to publish its newspaper Red Flag until 2000.

In recent years (as of 2018), interests in the Posadists, particularly in regard to their views in ufology, has increased. Several satirical and non-satirical "neo-Posadist" groups emerged on social media, making Posadas "one of the most recognizable names in the history of Trotskyism".

Posadist society
Posadists advocate for a society akin to those proposed by general Marxist theory. A proletarian revolution will destroy the bourgeois state, replacing it with a socialist state.

Nuclear first strike
At the height of the Cold War, Posadas thought that nuclear war was inevitable. He asserted that the nuclear-armed socialist states should launch a preemptive nuclear attack that would destroy the nuclear capabilities of capitalist countries. Additionally, he believed that a nuclear catastrophe between the United States and USSR would spark the world revolution.

Posadas vocally opposed the Partial Test Ban Treaty signed in 1963 by the United States, the USSR, and the United Kingdom, believing that a nuclear war between the US and the USSR was inevitable and desirable, and would create the conditions for socialism, with the "workers' states" winning and resetting society.

Scientific progress
Posadas was highly interested in the way scientific advancement could improve human lives when used for the common good, rather than for profit. In an essay written entitled "Childbearing in space, the confidence of humanity, and Socialism" (1978), he espoused his vision of a Utopian future under the guidance of science:

""Humanity feels pressed and oppressed by the straightjacket that imprisons science. For science is oppressed! The capitalists oppress science by using it to kill people. When science is liberated – it will not be long, in only a few years – we will wipe out all the problems, floods, hunger, and misery. All this could already be done, and it will not be long before we do. And when we do, everyone will be an architect, an engineer, a doctor, and the like.""

- Posadas (1978)

Posadas was also a supporter of space exploration by the former USSR and the People's Republic of China. He praised an alleged plan by the USSR to have a woman give birth in space, considering such endeavors the mark of an advanced society, that is on a path of eliminating primal needs such as survival, security and comfort: ""If we have already the audacity to envisage childbearing in space, it is because we feel part of a quest that transcends life on Earth.""

- Posadas

These views are in line with the more mainstream positions of Russian cosmism and transhumanism.

Ufology
Posadas was the author of a number of works with an unconventional slant and towards the end of his life he tried to create a synthesis of Trotskyism and Ufology. His most prominent thesis from this perspective was the 1968 pamphlet Flying saucers, the process of matter and energy, science, the revolutionary and working-class struggle and the socialist future of mankind which exposed many of the ideas associated today with Posadism. Here, Posadas claims that while there is no proof of intelligent life elsewhere in the universe, the science of the time makes their existence likely. Furthermore, he claims that any extraterrestrials visiting earth in flying saucers must come from a socially and scientifically advanced civilisation to master inter-planetary travel, and that such a civilisation could have only come about in a post-capitalist world.

Believing visiting aliens to be naturally non-violent and only here to observe, Posadas argues that humans must call on them to intervene in solving the Earth's problems, namely "to suppress poverty, hunger, unemployment and war, to give everyone the means to live in dignity and to lay the bases for human fraternity". The means to achieving this end remained within the mainstream Trotskyist and included ending capitalism as well as the bureaucracy of the workers' states and establishing a socialist society.

Despite Posadas himself never publishing anything on the subject after 1968, ufology nonetheless became an important part of Posadism. After his death in 1981, some Posadists continued to explore the subject, notably Dante Minazzoli, Paul Schulz, and Werner Grundmann. Others, however, have distanced themselves from the more unconventional notions and have claimed that Posadas' interest in extraterrestrial life was a marginal point that was blown out of proportions.

Member parties
The Fourth International Posadist claims the following parties as members. It is unknown how many of these organisations still exist or how many members they have. However it is unlikely there are more than a hundred members of the Posadist movement throughout the world. The organization currently lists contacts in Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay, however only Uruguay has a functioning party.

 * Uruguay – Revolutionary Workers Party (Partido Obrero Revolucionario)

Defunct

 * Argentina – Revolutionary Workers' Party Posadist (Partido Obrero Revolucionario – Posadista)
 * Belgium – Revolutionary Worker's Party – Trotskyist (Parti Ouvrier Révolutionnaire – Trotskiste)
 * Bolivia – Revolutionary Workers' Party Trotskyist–Posadist (Partido Obrero Revolucionario (Trotskista Posadista))
 * Brazil – Brazilian Section of the Trotskyist–Posadist IVth International (Seção Brasileira da IV Internacional Trotskista–Posadista)
 * Britain – Revolutionary Workers' Party (Trotskyist)
 * Chile – Revolutionary Workers' Party (Posadist) (Partido Obrero Revolucionario (Posadista))
 * Colombia – Posadist Trotskyist Workers Party (Partido Obrero Trotskista Posadista)
 * Cuba – Revolutionary Workers' Party (Trotskyist) – (Partido Obrero Revolucionario (Trotskista))
 * France – Revolutionary Communist Party (Trotskyist) – (Parti Communiste Révolutionnaire (Trotskyiste))
 * Germany – Posadist Communist Party (Posadistische Kommunistische Partei)
 * Greece – Revolutionary Communist Party–Posadists (Epanastatiko Kommounistiko Komma-Posadistes)
 * Italy – Revolutionary Communist Party (Trotskyist–Posadist) – (Partito Comunista Rivoluzionario (Trotzkista–Posadista))
 * Mexico – Revolutionary Workers' Party (Trotskyist) – (Partido Obrero Revolucionario (Trotskista))
 * Peru – Revolutionary Workers' Party (Partido Obrero Revolucionario (Trotskista))
 * Spain – Revolutionary Worker's Party (Trotskyist–Posadist) – (Partido Obrero Revolucionario (Trotskista–Posadista))
 * United States – Revolutionary Workers Party (Trotskyist–Posadist)

title: Fourth International Posadist


text:
Occupational injury

An occupational injury is bodily damage resulting from working. The most common organs involved are the spine, hands, the head, lungs, eyes, skeleton, and skin. Occupational injuries can result from exposure to occupational hazards (physical, chemical, biological, or psychosocial), such as temperature, noise, insect or animal bites, blood-borne pathogens, aerosols, hazardous chemicals, radiation, and occupational burnout.

While many prevention methods are set in place, injuries may still occur due to poor ergonomics, manual handling of heavy loads, misuse or failure of equipment, exposure to general hazards, and inadequate safety training.

Worldwide
It has been estimated that worldwide there are more than 350,000 workplace fatalities and more than 270 million workplace injuries annually. In 2000 there were approximately 2.9 billion workers worldwide. Occupational injuries resulted in the loss of 3.5 years of healthy life for every 1,000 workers. 300,000 of the occupational injuries resulted in a fatality.

The most common occupations associated with these hazards vary throughout the world depending on the major industries in a particular country. Overall, the most hazardous occupations are in farming, fishing, and forestry. In more developed countries, construction and manufacturing occupations are associated with high rates of spine, hand, and wrist injuries.

United States
In the United States in 2012, 4,383 workers died from job injuries, 92% of which were men, and nearly 3 million nonfatal workplace injuries & illness were reported which cost businesses a collective loss of $198.2 billion and 60 million workdays. In 2007, 5,488 workers died from job injuries, 92% of which were men, and 49,000 died from work-related injuries. NIOSH estimates that 4 million workers in the U.S. in 2007 sustained non-fatal work related injuries or illnesses.

According to data from the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and the Bureau of Labor Statistics, an average of 15 workers die from traumatic injuries each day in the United States, and an additional 200 workers are hospitalized.

In a study in the state of Washington, injured workers were followed for 14 years to determine the long term effects of work injury on employment. The work injuries resulted in an average of 1.06 years of lost productivity for each of the 31,588 allowed claims.

In 2010, 25% of occupational injuries and illnesses that were not fatal but caused work absences were related to injuries to the upper limb.

Dangerous sectors
In the U.S. the Bureau of Labor Statistics makes available extensive statistics on workplace accidents and injuries. For example:

Common injuries
As in the United Kingdom, slips, trips and falls (STF) are common and account for 20-40% of disabling occupational injuries. Often these accidents result in a back injury that can persist to a permanent disability. In the United States, a high risk of back injuries occurs in the health care industry. 25% of reported injuries in health care workers in the state of Pennsylvania are for back pain. Among nurses, the prevalence of lower back pain may be as high as 72% mostly as a result of transferring patients. Some of these injuries can be prevented with the availability of patient lifts, improved worker training, and allocation of more time to perform work procedures. Another common type of injury is carpal tunnel syndrome associated with overuse of the hands and wrists. Studies on a cohort of newly hired workers have thus far identified forceful gripping, repetitive lifting of > 1 kg, and using vibrating power tools as high risk work activities.

Additionally, noise exposure in the workplace can cause hearing loss, which accounted for 14% of reported occupational illnesses in 2007. Many initiatives have been created to prevent this common workplace injury. For example, the Buy Quiet program encourages employers to purchase tools and machines that produce less noise and the Safe-In-Sound Award was created to recognize companies and program that excel in the area of hearing loss prevention.

Accidental injection or needlestick injuries are a common injury that plague agriculture workers and veterinarians. The majority of these injuries are located to the hands or legs, and can result in mild to severe reactions, including possible hospitalization. Due to the wide variety of biologics used in animal agriculture, needlestick injuries can result in bacterial or fungal infections, lacerations, local inflammation, vaccine/antibiotic reactions, amputations, miscarriage, and death. Due to daily human-animal interactions, livestock related injuries are also a prevalent injury of agriculture workers, and are responsible for the majority of nonfatal worker injuries on dairy farms. Additionally, approximately 30 people die of cattle and horse-related deaths in the United States annually.

Employees at risk
Perhaps the most important personal factor that predisposes to an increased risk is age. In the United States in 1998 17 million workers were over age 55 and by 2018 this population is expected to more than double. Workers in this age group are more likely to develop lower back pain that may be worsened by work conditions that normally do not affect a younger worker. Older workers are also more likely by be killed in a construction related fall. They are also at higher risk for injury due to age-related hearing loss, visual impairment, and use of multiple prescription medications that has been linked to higher rates of work injuries. In addition to age, other personal risk factors for injury include obesity particularly its associated risk with back injury, and depression.

Lack of proper education or training can also predispose an individual to an occupational injury. For example, there is limited needlestick injury awareness among agriculture workers, and there is a need for comprehensive programs to prevent needlestick injuries on livestock operations. Proper animal handling techniques and training, or stockmanship, can also decrease the risk of livestock injury. A handler's timing, positioning, speed, direction of movement, and sounds made will affect the behavior of an animal and consequently the safety of the handler. The agriculture industry has begun to focus more on proper education and training, and has made a variety of resources available to producers. For example, organizations like the Upper Midwest Agriculture Safety and Health Center (UMASH) have a variety of informational fact sheets and training videos easily accessible online. Additionally, organizations like Beef Quality Assurance offers stockmanship training seminars and demonstrations.

Regulation
In the United States, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) sets and enforces national standards for occupational safety across all sectors.

United Kingdom
In the UK, a total of 111 fatal injuries happened in a single year. According to the HSE, a total of 111 workers died in work related injuries in the UK during 2019–20. The biggest cause for these fatal injuries was falling from heights that alone was responsible for 29 deaths during the same year. Other causes include injuries from moving vehicles and other objects, and contact with the moving machinery.

In the United Kingdom in 2013–2014, 133 people were killed at work. Of those 133 people, 89 were employed, while 44 were self-employed. In 2013–2014, an estimated 629,000 injuries occurred at work. Of these injuries 629,000 injuries, 203,000 led to more than 3 days absence from work. Of these, over 148,000 resulted in them being absent from work for more than 7 days. In the UK, there are workplace injury advice guides online offering support on dealing with occupational injuries.

Dangerous sectors

 * Construction: 42 deaths
 * Agriculture: 27 deaths
 * Waste and Recycling: four deaths
 * Other: 60 deaths

Of all the workplace accidents that resulted in death, the most common were falls from height, contact with moving machinery and being struck by a vehicle. These types of accidents resulted in over half of all recorded deaths.

Common injuries
Slips, trips and falls account for over a third of all injuries that happen at work. Incorrect handling of items was the most common cause of injuries that led to absences from work of more than 7 days. In 2010–2011, injuries to the upper limb injuries made up 47% of non-fatal injuries at work in the UK.

In all, over 1,900,000 working days were lost in 2013–2014 due to slips, trips and falls.

Employees at risk
Unsurprisingly, occupation is the biggest influence on the risk of workplace injuries. Workers new to the job are at a much higher risk of injury than more experienced staff, while shift workers and part-time staff also have a greater risk of being injured at work.

Employer prosecutions
The Health & Safety Executive (HSE) prosecuted 582 cases in 2013–2014, with at least one conviction secured in 547 cases (94%).

Local authorities prosecuted a total of 92 cases during the same period, with at least one conviction achieved in 89 cases (97%).

A total of 13,790 notices were issued by the HSE and local authorities, with over £16,700,000 issued in fines.

Taiwan
Traumatic injuries to the upper limbs are the most frequent type of injury at work in Taiwan. In 2010, there were 14,261 occupational injuries recorded in 2010 and 45% of these involved trauma to the upper limbs.

Prevention
There are many methods of preventing or reducing industrial injuries, including anticipation of problems by risk assessment, safety training, control banding, personal protective equipment safety guards, mechanisms on machinery, and safety barriers. In addition, past problems can be analyzed to find their root causes by using a technique called root cause analysis. A 2013 Cochrane review found low-quality evidence showing that inspections, especially focused inspections, can reduce work-related injuries in the long term.

title: Occupational injury


text:
Talk:Thin-film memory

Name
The name should definitely be "Thin film memory", which gets over 600 hits on Google, as opposed to include magnetic, which reduces it to 100.

title: Talk:Thin-film memory