text:
User talk:Seabhcan

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Fixed your talk page archiving
Hi! I took the liberty of fixing the auto-archiving settings at the top of this page. --rchard2scout (talk) 10:05, 2 September 2021 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Seabhcan


text:
RFA Fort Charlotte

RFA Fort Charlotte (A236) was a stores issuing ship of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary.

Launched on 12 February 1944 as SS Buffalo Park a merchant steamship constructed for Canada’s Merchant Navy in 1944 during the Second World War as part of Canada's Park ship program. The ship was acquired by the Ministry of War Transport in 1945 and renamed Fort Charlotte, a Fort ship. The ship was transferred to the RFA on 11 June 1948. Decommissioned in 1967, she was sold to Singapore breakers in January 1968. During World War II, 28 were lost to enemy action, and four were lost due to accidents. Many of the surviving 166 ships passed to the United States Maritime Commission. The last recorded scrapping was in 1985,  and two ships, the former SS Fort St. James and SS Fort St. Paul, were listed on Lloyd's Register until 1992.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: RFA Fort Charlotte


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RFA Fort Dunvegan

RFA Fort Dunvegan (A160) was a stores issuing ship of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary.

title: RFA Fort Dunvegan


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RFA Fort Duquesne

RFA Fort Duquesne (A229) was an air stores ship of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary a Fort type ship.

The ship was launched on 28 September 1944 and named SS Queensborough Park. Built as merchant steamship constructed for Canada's Merchant Navy in 1944 during the Second World War as part of Canada's Park ship program. Managed by the Park Steamship Company in Montreal.

World war 2
On 25 November 1944 she was commissioned and renamed Fort Duquesne for the Ministry of War Transport. She was completed as a refrigerated Victualling Stores Issuing Ship (VSIS) and placed under management of George Nisbet & Company of Glasgow UK.

On 3 January 1945 she sailed in escorted convoy HX 330 from New York to Tyne. On 25 February 1945 she sailed in escorted convoy ON 287 from the Clyde to Panama. On 22 November 1946 sailed Sydney to Hong Kong with a cargo of 160 tons of frozen meat. On 19 March 1947 she passed Gibraltar sailing on to Trincomalee, Ceylon and to Plymouth. On 24 March 1947 arrived at Plymouth Sound from Hong Kong and Colombo.

Post war
The ship was transferred to the RFA-Royal Fleet Auxiliary Navy on 16 September 1947. On 31 January 1951 and 4 February 1951 she did sea trials off Isle of Portland and Plymouth UK using Dragon Fly helicopters from RNAS Gosport and RNAS Culdrose. The trials were conducted with 705 Naval Air Squadron in the English Channel using two Dragonfly HR1 helicopters. The helicopters used were Dragonfly VX598 and Dragonfly VZ963.

In 1955 she starred in the film  The Battle of the River Plate, playing the German freighter Tacoma, which took the crew off the cruiser Admiral Graf Spee before she was scuttled off Montevideo.

Fort Duquesne was decommissioned in April 1967 and put in reserve at Chatham. She arrived at the Scheldt for demolition at Tamise on 29 June 1967. During World War II, 28 were lost to enemy action, and four were lost due to accidents. Many of the surviving 166 ships passed to the United States Maritime Commission. The last recorded scrapping was in 1985,  and two ships, the former SS Fort St. James and SS Fort St. Paul, were listed on Lloyd's Register until 1992.

title: RFA Fort Duquesne


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Alan Shepherd

Alan Shepherd (28 September 1935 – 16 July 2007) was a British Grand Prix motorcycle road racer. His best seasons were in 1962 and 1963, when he rode a Matchless to finish in second place in the 500cc world championship, both times to Mike Hailwood. Shepherd was a three-time winner of the North West 200 race in Northern Ireland and finished on the podium twice at the Isle of Man TT.

Motorcycle racing career

Shepherd was born in Keswick, Cumbria. His family moved to Cartmel at the outbreak of World War II. His first motorcycle was a Royal Enfield Bullet earned from a job doing a milk round with his father. He later moved to Bradford where he served as an apprentice cabinet maker. Shepherd was a member of the Royal Signals Motorcycle Display Team during his National Service.

In 1956, Shepherd was persuaded to compete in the Isle of Man TT. He rode his own motorcycle to the dock in Liverpool and took the ferry to the Isle where, he finished in an impressive third place in the Clubmans Junior TT at the 1956 Isle of Man TT. Shepherd won the 1958 Junior Manx Grand Prix riding an AJS. He scored a double victory at the 1962 North West 200 when he claimed first place results in the 350cc and 500cc classes.

Shepherd's greatest success came when he joined the East German MZ factory racing team led by their lead Development Engineer Walter Kaaden, known for his groundbreaking work in two stroke engine technology. Although MZ provided him with a motorcycle, the impoverished factory struggled to provide much support and, he competed while functioning as his own mechanic. Despite competing on a limited budget, Shepherd managed to win the season-opening 250cc United States Grand Prix, held at the Daytona International Speedway then, placed second to Honda's Jim Redman at the Isle of Man Lightweight TT to finish the 1964 250cc world championship season in third place behind the powerful Yamaha and Honda teams represented by Phil Read and Redman.

In 1964 when a resident of Grange-over-Sands, Lancashire, England, he was allowed to keep his MZ 125 cc single cylinder and MZ 250 cc twin cylinder machines as part of his earnings due to currency difficulties with East Germany. He offered these two MZ for sale through Motor Cycle, a UK weekly magazine.

Shepherd retired in 1965 after recovering from a head injury suffered in late 1964 when testing a works Honda in preparation for the 1964 Japanese Grand Prix. He told Motor Cycle's David Dixon in June 1965 that – whilst he felt fully recovered – he no longer had the confidence to be a top-runner, and would not ride Hondas unless he could give the best possible performance.

He died peacefully at Summerhill Nursing Home, Kendal, Cumbria in July 2007, with a funeral service at Cartmel Priory followed by cremation at Lancaster.

Motorcycle Grand Prix results
(key) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

title: Alan Shepherd


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RFA Fort Langley

RFA Fort Langley (A230) was a stores ship of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary.

The ship was launched on 31 October 1944 as Montebello Park by Victoria MD in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. She was completed on 18 May 1945 as Fort Langley for the Ministry of War Transport as an Air stores issuing ship under the management of Alfred Holt and Company. Transferred to the RFA in May 1954, she was decommissioned in February 1970, and laid up at Devonport. Fort Langley arrived at Bilbao for scrapping on 21 July 1970.

Fort and Park ship were the Canadian equivalent of the American Liberty ships. All three shared a similar design by J.L. Thompson and Sons of Sunderland, England. Fort ships had a triple expansion steam engine and a single screw propeller.

title: RFA Fort Langley


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User:H-2-O

Public Domain Images

Picture tutorial

title: User:H-2-O


text:
RFA Fort Rosalie (A186)

RFA Fort Rosalie (A186) was an armament stores carrier of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary.

She was built by United Shipyards, Montreal and initially completed as a stores ship but converted to an armament stores issuing ship at Portsmouth 1947/8. She served in the Pacific Fleet Train and remained in the Far East until 1951. She took part in Operation Grapple, the thermonuclear weapon test at Christmas Island in 1957. The ship was fitted with cargo lifts 1959/60. She was decommissioned on 1 May 1972 and laid up at Rosyth. She arrived at Castellon for scrapping on 10 February 1973. During World War II, 28 were lost to enemy action, and four were lost due to accidents. Many of the surviving 166 ships passed to the United States Maritime Commission. The last recorded scrapping was in 1985. Fort and Park ship were the Canadian equivalent of the American Liberty ships. All three shared a similar design by J.L. Thompson and Sons of Sunderland, England. Fort ships had a triple expansion steam engine and a single screw propeller. and two ships, the former SS Fort St. James and SS Fort St. Paul, were listed on Lloyd's Register until 1992.

title: RFA Fort Rosalie (A186)


text:
Bernhard Rosenkränzer

Bernhard Rosenkränzer (born February 18, 1977) is the founder and main developer of Ark Linux (later merged into OpenMandriva) and a contributor to various other free software projects such as KDE and OpenOffice.org. To many in the Linux community he is known as "Bero", a concatenation of the first two letters of his given and surnames.

His primary interest and work focus is in getting open source and free software ready for the desktop.

Rosenkränzer entered RWTH Aachen University in 1998, where he studied computer science. Before he started classes, he optimized Red Hat Linux by creating his own Linux distribution known as "BeroLinux". During his studies, he started working for Mandrake Linux (later known as Mandriva). Rosenkränzer later accepted an offer to work for Red Hat Linux as a KDE package developer. However, he quit the job due to differences with Red Hat about the future of KDE in Red Hat.

Rosenkränzer also invented an improved system for satellite television distribution to schools in Ethiopia.

Until 2019, Rosenkränzer worked at Linaro, an organization dedicated to improving Linux on ARM processors. He also used to work for ROSA Laboratories, a company delivering their own custom brand of Mandriva Linux for the Russian government. As part of this work, Ark Linux has been merged into OpenMandriva. After leaving Linaro, he turned his side project, an Open Source company called LinDev (short for LINux DEVelopment), into his main business. LinDev is currently involved with building the Eclipse Foundation's Oniro Embedded operating system and works with Ampere Computing on ARM based Linux servers.

In 2012, he has been involved with speeding up Linaro's Android builds by modifying Bionic (software) and making better use of the toolchain.

In 2017, he was the first to build and demo working prototypes of AArch64 based desktop and laptop machines.

He is currently the president of the OpenMandriva Association.

title: Bernhard Rosenkränzer


text:
RFA Fort Sandusky

RFA Fort Sandusky (A316) was an armament stores carrier of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary (RFA).

Fort Sandusky was laid down on 11 February 1944, launched on 25 November 194, and commissioned on 1 August 1945. The ship was transferred to the RFA on 13 January 1949, and decommissioned on 13 February 1972. Laid up at Rosyth, she arrived at Castellón for scrapping on 10 February 1973.

title: RFA Fort Sandusky


text:
Oslo Agreements

Oslo Agreements may refer to:

 * Oslo Agreements, 1930, an economic treaty
 * Oslo Accords, agreement between Israel and the Palestinians

title: Oslo Agreements


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RFA Surf Patrol

RFA Surf Patrol (A357) was a Surf-class tanker freighting tanker of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary. She and her sister RFA Surf Pioneer were originally ordered by Polish owners but were commandeered by the Admiralty whilst under construction during the Korean War. Surf Patrol was at the time being built as the Tatry for the Polish Government.

Surf Patrol was decommissioned on 11 May 1961 and laid up at Devonport. She was sold back into commercial service in December 1969 and was renamed Marisurf for D.J. Chandris.

title: RFA Surf Patrol


text:
RFA Surf Pioneer

RFA Surf Pioneer (A365) was a Surf-class tanker freighting tanker of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary. She and her sister RFA Surf Patrol were originally ordered by Polish owners but were commandeered by the Admiralty whilst building during the Korean War.

She was launched on 23 April 1951 as Beskidy, and was purchased by the Royal Fleet Auxiliary on 14 July 1951. She was decommissioned on 13 August 1960 and laid up at Devonport. She arrived at Burriana for scrapping on 28 February 1970.

title: RFA Surf Pioneer


text:
Anticholinergic

Anticholinergics (anticholinergic agents) are substances that block the action of the acetylcholine (ACh) neurotransmitter at synapses in the central and peripheral nervous system.

These agents inhibit the parasympathetic nervous system by selectively blocking the binding of ACh to its receptor in nerve cells. The nerve fibers of the parasympathetic system are responsible for the involuntary movement of smooth muscles present in the gastrointestinal tract, urinary tract, lungs, sweat glands, and many other parts of the body.

In broad terms, anticholinergics are divided into two categories in accordance with their specific targets in the central and peripheral nervous system and at the neuromuscular junction: antimuscarinic agents and antinicotinic agents (ganglionic blockers, neuromuscular blockers).

The term "anticholinergic" is typically used to refer to antimuscarinics which competitively inhibit the binding of ACh to muscarinic acetylcholine receptors; such agents do not antagonize the binding at nicotinic acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction, although the term is sometimes used to refer to agents which do so.

Medical uses
Anticholinergic drugs are used to treat a variety of conditions:
 * Dizziness (including vertigo and motion sickness-related symptoms)
 * Extrapyramidal symptoms, a potential side-effect of antipsychotic medications
 * Gastrointestinal disorders (e.g., peptic ulcers, diarrhea, pylorospasm, diverticulitis, ulcerative colitis, nausea, and vomiting)
 * Genitourinary disorders (e.g., cystitis, urethritis, and prostatitis)
 * Insomnia, although usually only on a short-term basis
 * Respiratory disorders (e.g., asthma, chronic bronchitis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [COPD])
 * Sinus bradycardia due to a hypersensitive vagus nerve
 * Organophosphate based nerve agent poisoning, such as VX, sarin, tabun, and soman (atropine is favoured in conjunction with an oxime, usually pralidoxime)

Anticholinergics generally have antisialagogue effects (decreasing saliva production), and most produce some level of sedation, both being advantageous in surgical procedures.

Until the beginning of the 20th century, anticholinergic drugs were widely used to treat psychiatric disorders.

Physiological effects
Effects of anticholinergic drugs include:

 * Delirium (often with hallucinations and delusions indistinguishable from reality)
 * Ocular symptoms (from eye drops): mydriasis, pupil dilation, and acute angle-closure glaucoma in those with shallow anterior chamber
 * Anhidrosis, dry mouth, dry skin
 * Fever
 * Constipation
 * Tachycardia
 * Urinary retention
 * Cutaneous vasodilation

Clinically the most significant feature is delirium, particularly in the elderly, who are most likely to be affected by the toxidrome.

Side effects
Long-term use may increase the risk of both cognitive and physical decline. It is unclear whether they affect the risk of death generally. However, in older adults they do appear to increase the risk of death.

Possible effects of anticholinergics include:

 * Poor coordination
 * Dementia
 * Decreased mucus production in the nose and throat; consequent dry, sore throat
 * Dry mouth with possible acceleration of dental caries
 * Cessation of sweating; consequent decreased epidermal thermal dissipation leading to warm, blotchy, or red skin
 * Increased body temperature
 * Pupil dilation; consequent sensitivity to bright light (photophobia)
 * Loss of accommodation (loss of focusing ability, blurred vision – cycloplegia)
 * Double vision
 * Increased heart rate
 * Tendency to be easily startled
 * Urinary retention
 * Urinary incontinence while sleeping
 * Diminished bowel movement, sometimes ileus (decreases motility via the vagus nerve)
 * Increased intraocular pressure; dangerous for people with narrow-angle glaucoma

Possible effects in the central nervous system resemble those associated with delirium, and may include:

 * Confusion
 * Disorientation
 * Agitation
 * Euphoria or dysphoria
 * Respiratory depression
 * Memory problems
 * Inability to concentrate
 * Wandering thoughts; inability to sustain a train of thought
 * Incoherent speech
 * Irritability
 * Mental confusion (brain fog)
 * Wakeful myoclonic jerking
 * Unusual sensitivity to sudden sounds
 * Illogical thinking
 * Photophobia
 * Visual disturbances
 * Periodic flashes of light
 * Periodic changes in visual field
 * Visual snow
 * Restricted or "tunnel vision"
 * Visual, auditory, or other sensory hallucinations
 * Warping or waving of surfaces and edges
 * Textured surfaces
 * "Dancing" lines; "spiders", insects; form constants
 * Lifelike objects indistinguishable from reality
 * Phantom smoking
 * Hallucinated presence of people not actually there (e.g. shadow people)
 * Rarely: seizures, coma, and death
 * Orthostatic hypotension (severe drop in systolic blood pressure when standing up suddenly) and significantly increased risk of falls in the elderly population

Older patients are at a higher risk of experiencing CNS side effects. The link possible between anticholinergic medication use and cognitive decline/dementia has been noted in weaker observational studies. Although there is no strong evidence from randomized controlled trials to suggest that these medications should be avoided, clinical guidelines suggest that a consideration be made to decrease the use of these medications if safe to do so and the use of these medications be carefully considered to reduce any possible adverse effects including cognitive decline.

Toxicity
An acute anticholinergic syndrome is reversible and subsides once all of the causative agents have been excreted. Reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor agents such as physostigmine can be used as an antidote in life-threatening cases. Wider use is discouraged due to the significant side effects related to cholinergic excess including seizures, muscle weakness, bradycardia, bronchoconstriction, lacrimation, salivation, bronchorrhea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Even in documented cases of anticholinergic toxicity, seizures have been reported after the rapid administration of physostigmine. Asystole has occurred after physostigmine administration for tricyclic antidepressant overdose, so a conduction delay (QRS > 0.10 second) or suggestion of tricyclic antidepressant ingestion is generally considered a contraindication to physostigmine administration.

Pharmacology
Anticholinergics are classified according to the receptors that are affected:
 * Antimuscarinic agents operate on the muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. The majority of anticholinergic drugs are antimuscarinics.
 * Antinicotinic agents operate on the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. The majority of these are non-depolarising skeletal muscle relaxants for surgical use that are structurally related to curare. Several are depolarizing agents.

Examples
Examples of common anticholinergics:

 * Antimuscarinic agents
 * Antipsychotics (clozapine, quetiapine)
 * Atropine
 * Benztropine
 * Biperiden
 * Chlorpheniramine
 * Certain SSRIs (Paroxetine)
 * Dicyclomine (Dicycloverine)
 * Dimenhydrinate
 * Diphenhydramine
 * Doxepin
 * Doxylamine
 * Flavoxate
 * Glycopyrronium/-late
 * Hyoscyamine
 * Ipratropium
 * Orphenadrine
 * Oxitropium
 * Oxybutynin
 * Promethazine
 * Propantheline bromide
 * Scopolamine
 * Solifenacin
 * Tolterodine
 * Tiotropium
 * Tricyclic antidepressants
 * Trihexyphenidyl
 * Tropicamide
 * Umeclidinium
 * Antinicotinic agents
 * Bupropion – Ganglion blocker
 * Dextromethorphan - Cough suppressant and ganglion blocker
 * Doxacurium – Nondepolarizing skeletal muscular relaxant
 * Hexamethonium – Ganglion blocker
 * Mecamylamine – Ganglion blocker and occasional smoking cessation aid
 * Tubocurarine - Nondepolarizing skeletal muscular relaxant

Antidotes
Physostigmine is one of only a few drugs that can be used as an antidote for anticholinergic poisoning. Nicotine also counteracts anticholinergics by activating nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Caffeine (although an adenosine receptor antagonist) can counteract the anticholinergic symptoms by reducing sedation and increasing acetylcholine activity, thereby causing alertness and arousal.

Psychoactive uses
When a significant amount of an anticholinergic is taken into the body, a toxic reaction known as acute anticholinergic syndrome may result. This may happen accidentally or intentionally as a consequence of either recreational or entheogenic drug use, though many users find the side effects to be exceedingly unpleasant and not worth the recreational effects they experience. In the context of recreational use, anticholinergics are often called deliriants.

Plant sources
The most common plants containing anticholinergic alkaloids (including atropine, scopolamine, and hyoscyamine among others) are:
 * Atropa belladonna (deadly nightshade)
 * Brugmansia species
 * Datura species
 * Garrya species
 * Hyoscyamus niger (henbane)
 * Mandragora officinarum (mandrake)

Use as a deterrent
Several narcotic and opiate-containing drug preparations, such as those containing hydrocodone and codeine are combined with an anticholinergic agent to deter intentional misuse. Examples include hydrocodone/homatropine (Tussigon, Hydromet, Hycodan), diphenoxylate/atropine (Lomotil), and hydrocodone polistirex/chlorpheniramine polistirex (Tussionex Pennkinetic, TussiCaps). However, it is noted that opioid/antihistamine combinations are used clinically for their synergistic effect in the management of pain and maintenance of dissociative anesthesia (sedation) in such preparations as meperidine/promethazine (Mepergan) and dipipanone/cyclizine (Diconal), which act as strong anticholinergic agents.

title: Anticholinergic


text:
RFA King Salvor (A291)

RFA King Salvor (A291), initially HMS King Salvor (W191), was the lead ship of a class of 12 salvage vessels of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary. A 13th ship was completed as the submarine rescue vessel HMS Reclaim for the Royal Navy.

King Salvor was built by Wm. Simons & Co. Ltd. of Renfrew as Allegiance, launched on 18 May 1942, and commissioned on 17 July 1942.

The ship converted into a submarine rescue bell and target ship, and renamed HMS Kingfisher in April 1954.

Decommissioned in 1960, the ship was sold to the Argentine Navy in December 1960 and renamed Tehuelche in 1961, Guardiamarina Zicari in 1963, and disposed of in 1974.

title: RFA King Salvor (A291)


text:
RFA Ocean Salvor

RFA Ocean Salvor (A492) was a King Salvor-class ocean salvage ship of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary (RFA), the naval auxiliary fleet of the United Kingdom.

ASV Ocean Salvor was handed to Risdon Beazley Ltd. on delivery; they managed this ship and 29 other Admiralty salvage vessels until the end of the war when 25 were handed to the Royal Maritime Auxiliary Service and three returned to the USA; two were war losses. These ships were never prefixed HMS as they were civilian crewed.

title: RFA Ocean Salvor


text:
RFA Prince Salvor (A292)

RFA Prince Salvor (A292) was a salvage vessel of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary.

title: RFA Prince Salvor (A292)


text:
RFA Salvalour (A494)

RFA Salvalour (A494) was a salvage ship of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary.

Salvalour was built by the Goole Shipbuilding & Repair Company, Goole, launched on 2 November 1944, and commissioned on 4 September 1945. The ship was decommissioned in October 1955 and laid up in reserve. She was sold into commercial service on 25 November 1971, and was scrapped in Pakistan in February 1978.

title: RFA Salvalour (A494)


text:
RFA Salvestor

RFA Salvestor (A499) was a King Salvor-class salvage vessel of the post war Royal Fleet Auxiliary.

Salvestor was built by Wm. Simons & Co. Ltd. of Renfrew, Scotland. Laid down on 20 September 1941 as Assistance, and launched on 28 August 1942 as HMS Salvestor. The ship was decommissioned in September 1959, laid up at Pembroke Dock, and sold for breaking up to Thos. W. Ward at Briton Ferry in July 1970.

Service history
During the Second World War the Salvestor was one of two Royal Navy ships manned by South African Naval personnel (SANF). She remained the property of the Royal Navy, but was under SANF control from 31 August 1944. She served in the Mediterranean and then participated in the war against Japan with the British Eastern Fleet.

In 1945 Salvestor assisted a merchant ship that had encountered problems more than 200 km from Milne Bay, New Guinea. After the war Salvestor salvaged a number of wrecks from Hong Kong Harbour, including a Japanese tug. The SANF crew was gradually replaced by Royal Navy personnel, she was handed back to the Royal Navy in 1946.

For services rendered in the war against Japan, the Salvestor received the "Pacific 1942-45" battle honour, the only South African-manned naval vessel to be honoured in this way.

title: RFA Salvestor


text:
RFA Salvictor

RFA Salvictor (A500) was a salvage vessel of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary.

Salvictor was built by Wm. Simons & Co. Ltd. of Renfrew, launched on 11 March 1944, and commissioned on 31 March 1944. Decommissioned in 1970, the ship was handed over to the breakers at Briton Ferry on 19 June 1970.

title: RFA Salvictor


text:
RFA Salvigil

RFA Salvigil (A501) was a salvage vessel of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary.

Salvigil was built by Wm. Simons & Co. Ltd. of Renfrew, launched on 30 April 1945, and commissioned on 23 May 1945. Decommissioned in 1965, the ship was sold into commercial service in May 1965 and was renamed Nisos Salamis. Scrapping began at Perama on 12 October 1972.

title: RFA Salvigil


text:
RFA Salviola

RFA Salviola (A502) was a British salvage vessel of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary.

Built by Wm. Simons & Co Ltd., of Renfrew, she was launched on 9 July 1945, commissioned on 25 July 1945, and decommissioned in November 1958. The ship was sold to Turkish Navy on 28 August 1959, renamed Imroz II, and renamed Cemil Parman in 1985. The ship arrived at Aliağa for scrapping on 2 October 1992.

title: RFA Salviola


text:
RFA Sea Salvor (A503)

RFA Sea Salvor (A503) was a salvage vessel of the post-war Royal Fleet Auxiliary. She also served as a support ship for Mine Counter Measures vessels.

Built by the Goole Shipbuilding & Repair Co. Ltd., Goole, the ship was launched on 22 April 1943, and commissioned in February 1944. Decommissioned in April 1971, the ship was laid up at HMNB Devonport, and arrived at Grays, Essex for scrapping on 18 January 1973.

Service history
From February to May 1954 she recovered wreckage of the British Overseas Airways Corporation's de Havilland Comet G-ALYP "Yoke Peter" which crashed on 10 January 1954 after taking off from Rome, Italy. Sea Salvor deployed for service during "Operation Musketeer" – the Suez Crisis – in December 1956.

In April 1961 Sea Salvor was in the Persian Gulf. On 9 April she took the burning passenger and cargo ship MV Dara in tow, to try to beach her to prevent her from sinking. However, within 3 nmi of the beach, Dara rolled over and sank.

In January 1968 Sea Salvor, together with the minesweepers HMS Ashton (M1198), HMS Crofton (M1216), HMS Stubbington (M1204) and HMS Walkerton (M1188) took part in relief efforts following the 1968 Belice earthquake that struck Sicily on 14–15 January.

title: RFA Sea Salvor (A503)


text:
RFA Gold Ranger

RFA Gold Ranger (A130) was a Ranger-class fleet support tanker of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary which first served in World War II.

In December, 1949, she supported Operation Corkscrew by providing aviation fuel at Deception Island for aircraft which helped relieve men of the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey at Base E on Stonington Island. She later served in the Korean War, and in support of the atomic tests at Mauro Atoll. She was later employed as a support ship for minesweepers during the Indonesian Confrontation.

In 1972 she brought the expedition members of the Joint Services Egmont Islands Expedition (JSEI) from Gan, Addu Atoll to the Egmont Atoll. Led by Sqn Leader "Dickie" Bird RAF, it was the first scuba diving expedition in the Chagos Archipelago. Following its success, a second expedition was undertaken to Danger Island the following year.

title: RFA Gold Ranger


text:
Urad, Poland

Urad is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Cybinka, within Słubice County, Lubusz Voivodeship, in western Poland, close to the border of Germany.

It lies on the Oder river, approximately 11 km north-west of Cybinka, 13 km south-east of Słubice, 64 km south-west of Gorzów Wielkopolski, and 66 km north-west of Zielona Góra. It is located within the historic Lubusz Land.

History
There are several archaeological sites from the Stone Age, Bronze Age, antiquity and Early Middle Ages in the village. The area formed part of Poland since the establishment of the state in the 10th century. The territory was administratively located within the Lubusz castellany and the Catholic Diocese of Lubusz, both established in the early 12th century by Polish ruler Bolesław III Wrymouth. The current settlement was formed in the early 13th century. It was first mentioned in documents in 1350. After Polish rule, it was ruled by the Margraviate of Brandenburg and Bohemia (Czechia). Its original Slavic (Polish) name Urad remained official until 1608, when it was Germanized to Aurith. Despite the annexation of the territory by Brandenburg, the village was still inhabited by Poles in the 17th century, and there were church services in the Polish language. From the 18th century, it was part of Prussia, and from 1871 to 1945 it was also part of Germany. After the defeat of Nazi Germany in World War II, in 1945, along with the right-bank Lubusz Land (portion situated east of the Oder River) the majority of the village became again part of Poland, and its original name was restored. A few remaining houses left of the Oder became part of East Germany and were incorporated into the municipality of Ziltendorf.

title: Urad, Poland


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RFA Green Ranger

RFA Green Ranger was a Ranger-class fleet support tanker of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary.

On 24 September 1946, Green Ranger was struck by a torpedo in Portland Harbour, Dorset. Although holed belowe the waterline, she remained afloat. She was wrecked on the Hartland peninsula, on a large rock, called Gunpath Rock, on 17 November 1962. She broke her tow from the tug that was taking her to be refitted in Cardiff, and drifted onto the rocks. Her skeleton crew of seven were rescued by the Hartland Lifesaving Company, with their breeches buoy. The ship became a total loss, and her remains are still visible at low tide.

title: RFA Green Ranger


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RFA Black Ranger

RFA Black Ranger (A163) was a British diesel-powered Ranger-class fleet support tanker of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary, built by Harland & Wolff at their yard in Govan. On 27 February 1941, shortly after her commissioning, she was involved in a collision with the French destroyer Mistral which sustained minor damage and Black Ranger spent a short period under repair on the Clyde.

Black Ranger later served with the Arctic Convoys. In November 1960 she was involved in a collision with the submarine HMS Thule (P325). She was retired from service in 1973 and put up for sale. Bought by Greek owners, she was renamed Petrola XIV in 1973 and then Petrola 14 in 1976. She was scrapped at Piraeus in May 1983.

title: RFA Black Ranger


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RFA Blue Ranger

RFA Blue Ranger (A157) was a Ranger-class fleet support tanker of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary. She was launched by Harland & Wolff from their Govan yard on 29 January 1941 and served until June 1966 when she was laid up in reserve at Devonport. In January 1972 she was sold commercially and renamed Korytsa. The ship was scrapped at Aliaga in September 1987.

title: RFA Blue Ranger


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Hydrostatics

Fluid statics or hydrostatics is the branch of fluid mechanics that studies fluids at hydrostatic equilibrium and "the pressure in a fluid or exerted by a fluid on an immersed body".

It encompasses the study of the conditions under which fluids are at rest in stable equilibrium as opposed to fluid dynamics, the study of fluids in motion. Hydrostatics is a subcategory of fluid statics, which is the study of all fluids, both compressible or incompressible, at rest.

Hydrostatics is fundamental to hydraulics, the engineering of equipment for storing, transporting and using fluids. It is also relevant to geophysics and astrophysics (for example, in understanding plate tectonics and the anomalies of the Earth's gravitational field), to meteorology, to medicine (in the context of blood pressure), and many other fields.

Hydrostatics offers physical explanations for many phenomena of everyday life, such as why atmospheric pressure changes with altitude, why wood and oil float on water, and why the surface of still water is always flat, level and horizontal.

History
Some principles of hydrostatics have been known in an empirical and intuitive sense since antiquity, by the builders of boats, cisterns, aqueducts and fountains. Archimedes is credited with the discovery of Archimedes' Principle, which relates the buoyancy force on an object that is submerged in a fluid to the weight of fluid displaced by the object. The Roman engineer Vitruvius warned readers about lead pipes bursting under hydrostatic pressure.

The concept of pressure and the way it is transmitted by fluids was formulated by the French mathematician and philosopher Blaise Pascal in 1647.

Pythagorean Cup
The "fair cup" or Pythagorean cup, which dates from about the 6th century BC, is a hydraulic technology whose invention is credited to the Greek mathematician and geometer Pythagoras. It was used as a learning tool.

The cup consists of a line carved into the interior of the cup, and a small vertical pipe in the center of the cup that leads to the bottom. The height of this pipe is the same as the line carved into the interior of the cup. The cup may be filled to the line without any fluid passing into the pipe in the center of the cup. However, when the amount of fluid exceeds this fill line, fluid will overflow into the pipe in the center of the cup. Due to the drag that molecules exert on one another, the cup will be emptied.

Heron's fountain
Heron's fountain is a device invented by Heron of Alexandria that consists of a jet of fluid being fed by a reservoir of fluid. The fountain is constructed in such a way that the height of the jet exceeds the height of the fluid in the reservoir, apparently in violation of principles of hydrostatic pressure. The device consisted of an opening and two containers arranged one above the other. The intermediate pot, which was sealed, was filled with fluid, and several cannula (a small tube for transferring fluid between vessels) connecting the various vessels. Trapped air inside the vessels induces a jet of water out of a nozzle, emptying all water from the intermediate reservoir.

Pascal's contribution in hydrostatics
Pascal made contributions to developments in both hydrostatics and hydrodynamics. Pascal's Law is a fundamental principle of fluid mechanics that states that any pressure applied to the surface of a fluid is transmitted uniformly throughout the fluid in all directions, in such a way that initial variations in pressure are not changed.

Pressure in fluids at rest
Due to the fundamental nature of fluids, a fluid cannot remain at rest under the presence of a shear stress. However, fluids can exert pressure normal to any contacting surface. If a point in the fluid is thought of as an infinitesimally small cube, then it follows from the principles of equilibrium that the pressure on every side of this unit of fluid must be equal. If this were not the case, the fluid would move in the direction of the resulting force. Thus, the pressure on a fluid at rest is isotropic; i.e., it acts with equal magnitude in all directions. This characteristic allows fluids to transmit force through the length of pipes or tubes; i.e., a force applied to a fluid in a pipe is transmitted, via the fluid, to the other end of the pipe. This principle was first formulated, in a slightly extended form, by Blaise Pascal, and is now called Pascal's law.

Hydrostatic pressure
In a fluid at rest, all frictional and inertial stresses vanish and the state of stress of the system is called hydrostatic. When this condition of $V = 0$ is applied to the Navier–Stokes equations for viscous fluids or Euler equations (fluid dynamics) for ideal inviscid fluid, the gradient of pressure becomes a function of body forces only. The Navier-Stokes momentum equations are:

By setting the flow velocity $$ \mathbf u = \mathbf 0$$, they become simply:

$$ \mathbf 0 = - \nabla p + \rho\mathbf{g}$$

or:

$$ \nabla p = \rho \mathbf{g}$$

This is the general form of Stevin's law: the pressure gradient equals the body force force density field.

Let us now consider two particular cases of this law. In case of a conservative body force with scalar potential $$ \phi$$:

$$ \rho \mathbf{g} = - \nabla \phi$$

the Stevin equation becomes: $$ \nabla p = - \nabla \phi$$

That can be integrated to give:

$$ \Delta p = - \Delta \phi$$

So in this case the pressure difference is the opposite of the difference of the scalar potential associated to the body force. In the other particular case of a body force of constant direction along z:

$$ \mathbf{g} = - g(x ,y,z) \vec k$$

the generalised Stevin's law above becomes:

$$ \frac {\partial p}{\partial z}= - \rho(x,y,z) g(x, y, z)$$

That can be integrated to give another (less-) generalised Stevin's law:

$$ p (x,y,z) - p_0(x,y) = - \int_0^z \rho(x,y,z') g(x, y, z') dz'$$

where:
 * $p$ is the hydrostatic pressure (Pa),
 * $ρ$ is the fluid density (kg/m3),
 * $g$ is gravitational acceleration (m/s2),
 * $z$ is the height (parallel to the direction of gravity) of the test area (m),
 * $0$ is the height of the zero reference point of the pressure (m)
 * $p_0$ is the hydrostatic pressure field (Pa) along x and y at the zero reference point

For water and other liquids, this integral can be simplified significantly for many practical applications, based on the following two assumptions. Since many liquids can be considered incompressible, a reasonable good estimation can be made from assuming a constant density throughout the liquid. The same assumption cannot be made within a gaseous environment. Also, since the height $$\Delta z$$ of the fluid column between $z$ and $z_{0}$ is often reasonably small compared to the radius of the Earth, one can neglect the variation of $g$. Under these circumstances, one can transport out of the integral the density and the gravity acceleration and the law is simplified into the formula
 * $$\Delta p (z) = \rho g \Delta z,$$

where $$\Delta z$$ is the height $z − z_{0}$ of the liquid column between the test volume and the zero reference point of the pressure. This formula is often called Stevin's law. One could arrive to the above formula also by considering the first particular case of the equation for a conservative body force field: in fact the body force field of uniform intensity and direction:

$$ \rho \mathbf{g}(x,y,z) = - \rho g \vec k$$

is conservative, so one can write the body force density as:

$$ \rho \mathbf{g} = \nabla (- \rho g z) $$

Then the body force density has a simple scalar potential:

$$ \phi(z) = - \rho g z$$

And the pressure difference follows another time the Stevin's law:

$$ \Delta p = - \Delta \phi = \rho g \Delta z$$

The reference point should lie at or below the surface of the liquid. Otherwise, one has to split the integral into two (or more) terms with the constant $ρ_{liquid}$ and $ρ(z′)_{above}$. For example, the absolute pressure compared to vacuum is

 * $$p = \rho g \Delta z + p_\mathrm{0},$$

where $$\Delta z$$ is the total height of the liquid column above the test area to the surface, and $p_{0}$ is the atmospheric pressure, i.e., the pressure calculated from the remaining integral over the air column from the liquid surface to infinity. This can easily be visualized using a pressure prism.

Hydrostatic pressure has been used in the preservation of foods in a process called pascalization.

Medicine
In medicine, hydrostatic pressure in blood vessels is the pressure of the blood against the wall. It is the opposing force to oncotic pressure. In capillaries, hydrostatic pressure (also known as capillary blood pressure) is higher than the opposing “colloid osmotic pressure” in blood—a “constant” pressure primarily produced by circulating albumin—at the arteriolar end of the capillary. This pressure forces plasma and nutrients out of the capillaries and into surrounding tissues. Fluid and the cellular wastes in the tissues enter the capillaries at the venule end, where the hydrostatic pressure is less than the osmotic pressure in the vessel.

Atmospheric pressure
Statistical mechanics shows that, for a pure ideal gas of constant temperature in a gravitational field, T, its pressure, p will vary with height, h, as

 * $$p (h)=p (0) e^{-\frac{Mgh}{kT}}$$

where
 * $g$ is the acceleration due to gravity
 * $T$ is the absolute temperature
 * $k$ is Boltzmann constant
 * $M$ is the molecular mass of the gas
 * $p$ is the pressure
 * $h$ is the height

This is known as the barometric formula, and may be derived from assuming the pressure is hydrostatic.

If there are multiple types of molecules in the gas, the partial pressure of each type will be given by this equation. Under most conditions, the distribution of each species of gas is independent of the other species.

Buoyancy
Any body of arbitrary shape which is immersed, partly or fully, in a fluid will experience the action of a net force in the opposite direction of the local pressure gradient. If this pressure gradient arises from gravity, the net force is in the vertical direction opposite that of the gravitational force. This vertical force is termed buoyancy or buoyant force and is equal in magnitude, but opposite in direction, to the weight of the displaced fluid. Mathematically,

 * $$F = \rho g V $$

where $ρ$ is the density of the fluid, $g$ is the acceleration due to gravity, and $V$ is the volume of fluid directly above the curved surface. In the case of a ship, for instance, its weight is balanced by pressure forces from the surrounding water, allowing it to float. If more cargo is loaded onto the ship, it would sink more into the water – displacing more water and thus receive a higher buoyant force to balance the increased weight.

Discovery of the principle of buoyancy is attributed to Archimedes.

Hydrostatic force on submerged surfaces
The horizontal and vertical components of the hydrostatic force acting on a submerged surface are given by the following formula:

 * $$\begin{align} F_\mathrm{h} &= p_\mathrm{c}A \\ F_\mathrm{v} &= \rho g V \end{align}$$

where
 * $p_{c}$ is the pressure at the centroid of the vertical projection of the submerged surface
 * $A$ is the area of the same vertical projection of the surface
 * $ρ$ is the density of the fluid
 * $g$ is the acceleration due to gravity
 * $V$ is the volume of fluid directly above the curved surface

Liquids (fluids with free surfaces)
Liquids can have free surfaces at which they interface with gases, or with a vacuum. In general, the lack of the ability to sustain a shear stress entails that free surfaces rapidly adjust towards an equilibrium. However, on small length scales, there is an important balancing force from surface tension.

Capillary action
When liquids are constrained in vessels whose dimensions are small, compared to the relevant length scales, surface tension effects become important leading to the formation of a meniscus through capillary action. This capillary action has profound consequences for biological systems as it is part of one of the two driving mechanisms of the flow of water in plant xylem, the transpirational pull.

Hanging drops
Without surface tension, drops would not be able to form. The dimensions and stability of drops are determined by surface tension. The drop's surface tension is directly proportional to the cohesion property of the fluid.

title: Hydrostatics


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Where Do We Come From? What Are We? Where Are We Going?

'Where Do We Come From? What Are We? Where Are We Going?' (D'où venons-nous ? Que sommes-nous ? Où allons-nous ?) is a 1897–98 painting by French artist Paul Gauguin. The painting was created in Tahiti, and is in the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston, Massachusetts. Viewed as a masterpiece by Gauguin, the painting is considered "a philosophical work comparable to the themes of the Gospels".

The painting is notable for its enigmatic subject and atmosphere. Some scholars have attributed these qualities to personal conflicts that Gauguin experienced while creating this artwork. It is an accentuation of Gauguin's trailblazing Post-Impressionistic style.

Frizeau sold the painting around 1913 to Galerie Barbazanges, which sold it before 1920 to the Norwegian ship owner and art collector Jørgen Breder Stang [no]. He sold the painting via Alfred Gold in 1935, and it was bought by the Marie Harriman Gallery in New York City in 1936. The Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, acquired it from the Marie Harriman Gallery on 16 April 1936.

Background
Gauguin had been a student at the Petit Séminaire de La Chapelle-Saint-Mesmin, just outside Orléans, from the age of eleven to the age of sixteen. His studies there included a class in Catholic liturgy; the teacher for this class was the Bishop of Orléans, Félix-Antoine-Philibert Dupanloup. Dupanloup had devised his own catechism for students to lead them towards proper spiritual reflections on the nature of life. The three fundamental questions in this catechism were "where does humanity come from?" "where is it going to?", and "how does humanity proceed?" Although in later life Gauguin was vociferously anticlerical, these questions from Dupanloup's catechism had lodged in his mind, and "where?" became the key question that Gauguin asked in his art.

Looking for a society more simple and elemental than that of his native France, Gauguin left for Tahiti in 1891. In addition to several other paintings that express his highly individualistic mythology, he completed this painting in 1897. During the process of creating this painting, Gauguin experienced a number of difficult events in his personal life. He suffered from medical conditions including eczema, syphilis, and conjunctivitis. He faced financial challenges, going into debt. He was also informed about the death of his daughter from Copenhagen. From one of many letters to his friend, Daniel de Monfreid, Gauguin disclosed his plan to commit suicide in December 1897. Before he did, however, he wanted to paint a large canvas that would be known as the grand culmination of his thoughts.

Following the completion of ''Where Do We Come From? What Are We? Where Are We Going?'', Gauguin made a suicide attempt with arsenic.

Details and analysis
The three major groups in the painting reflect the overall themes presented in the title.

The three crouched women with a sleeping child on the right represent the beginning of life; the middle group symbolizes the daily existence of young adulthood; in the final group, according to the artist, "an old woman approaching death appears reconciled and resigned to her thoughts"; at her feet, "a strange white bird...represents the futility of words" or "the uselessness of vain words". Together, the painting from right to left suggests the cycle of "birth-sin-death". Outside of this cycle of life, there is a blue figure. The blue idol in the background represents what Gauguin described as "the Beyond."

Gauguin approaches the life cycle from a feminine perspective. The girl surrounded by kittens demonstrates the purity of "girlhood". The figure in the center is placed in a "Garden of Eden motif"; she is picking fruits from a tree. Gauguin intended to represent this woman as sin, like the allegory of Eve. Maternity is represented through the figures that surround the baby. Along with the motherhood of a woman's life, Gauguin also displays the idea of "domestic submission" through the bracelet and collar worn by the mature woman on the left and the white goat, respectively. Finally, the state of seniority can be seen through the old woman on the left.

Near the blissful people are two sorrowful women by a tree who stand in contrast with their surroundings. In front of these women is a crouched figure who lifts her arm. The three women have been interpreted by one scholar as representing the contrast between enlightenment and “superstitious, irrational, even barbaric traditions”.

The painting also includes a number of inscriptions. Gauguin inscribed the original French title in the upper left corner: D'où Venons Nous / Que Sommes Nous / Où Allons Nous. The inscription the artist wrote on his canvas has no question mark, no dash, and all words are capitalized. In the upper right corner he signed and dated the painting: P. Gauguin / 1897.

Style
The painting is an accentuation of Gauguin's trailblazing Post-Impressionistic style; his art stressed the vivid use of colors and thick brushstrokes, while it aimed to convey an emotional or expressionistic strength. It emerged in conjunction with other avant-garde movements of the twentieth century, including cubism and fauvism.

Reception and provenance
In 1898, Gauguin sent the painting to Georges-Daniel de Monfreid in Paris. Monfreid passed it to Ambroise Vollard along with eight other thematically related pictures shipped earlier. They went on view at the Galerie Vollard from November 17 to December 10 of 1898. The exhibition was a success, although D'où Venons Nous? received mixed reviews.

unsuccessfully tried to raise funds to purchase the painting on behalf of France. purchased the painting from Vollard for 2,500 francs in 1901.

Subsequently, Frizeau sold the painting around 1913 to Galerie Barbazanges, which sold it before 1920 to the Norwegian ship owner and art collector Jørgen Breder Stang. He sold the painting via Alfred Gold in 1935, and it was bought by the Marie Harriman Gallery in New York City in 1936. The Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, acquired it from the Marie Harriman Gallery on 16 April 1936.

Critics and Gauguin
Critics thought of Paul Gauguin as one of the major artists of the time, but they were unsure about the artist's intentions in this work. Thadée Natanson of La Revue Blanche expressed confusion over its meaning, describing it as "obscure".

The critic André Fontainas of the Mercure de France acknowledged a grudging respect for the work but thought the allegory would be impenetrable without the inscription, and compared the painting to Inter artes et naturam (Between Art and Nature) of Pierre Puvis de Chavannes.

Although Gauguin appreciated the works of Puvis, he wanted to differentiate his works from “the great master of decorative painting”. He explained to Fontainas that the objectives of Puvis's works were predetermined and could be conveyed in words; he believed his works consist of a great "pictorial language of feelings". Gauguin believed that his paintings had abstract, inexplicable qualities that could not be expressed in literary terms.

References and sources
References

Sources
 * Andersen, Wayne V. “Gauguin and a Peruvian Mummy.” Burlington Magazine 109, no. 769 (1967): 238–43.
 * Boime, Albert . (2008) Revelation of Modernism: Responses to the Cultural Crisis in Fin-de-Siécle . University of Missouri Press, ISBN 9780826266255
 * Boyle-Turner, Caroline. Current Issues in 19th-Century Art . Zwolle : Amsterdam: Waanders ; Van Gogh Museum, 2007.
 * Dorra, Henri. The Symbolism of Paul Gauguin : Erotica, Exotica, and the Great Dilemmas of Humanity . Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007.
 * Gayford, Martin. (2006) The Yellow House: Van Gogh, Gauguin, and Nine Turbulent Weeks in Arles, London: Penguin Books, ISBN 0-670-91497-5.
 * Mathews, Nancy Mowll (2001). Paul Gauguin, an Erotic Life . New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, ISBN 0-300-09109-5
 * Rousseau, Theodore. Gauguin: Paintings, Drawings, Prints, Sculpture . Art Institute of Chicago, 1959.
 * Shackelford, George T. M., Frèches-Thory, Claire, Galeries nationales du Grand Palais, and Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Gauguin Tahiti . Boston, MA: MFA Publications, 2004.
 * Stuckey, Charles. "Gauguin Inside Art" in Eric M. Zafran. Ed., Gauguin's Nirvana: Painters at Le Pouldu 1889-90 . New Haven: Wadsworth Atheneum Museum of Art, Hartford in association with Yale University Press, 2001, ISBN 0300089546.
 * Thomson, Belinda (1987). Gauguin . London: Thames and Hudson . ISBN 0-500-20220-6.


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RFA Brown Ranger

RFA Brown Ranger (A169) was a Ranger-class fleet support tanker of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary. During the Second World War she played an important role in the Malta Convoys and in Pacific operations. From 24 September to 30 September 1941 Brown Ranger was deployed as part of Force S in Operation Halberd, refuelling the ships of convoy WS 11X, en route from the Clyde to Malta via Gibraltar. Brown Ranger deployed again from Gibraltar on 16 November 1941 as part of Operation Chieftain, returning on 18 November. On 11 June 1942 she was part of Force Y in Operation Harpoon, supplying the escorts of convoy WS 19Z.

She also saw service during the Korean War, from 25 June 1950 to 27 July 1953, along with 18 other Royal Fleet Auxiliary vessels and was awarded the battle honour Korea 1950–52.

She was scrapped at Gijón on 28 May 1975.

title: RFA Brown Ranger


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RFA Cedardale

RFA Cedardale (A380) was a Dale-class fleet tanker of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary. She was originally one of two ships which were purchased by the British Admiralty from the Anglo Saxon Petroleum Co for evaluation purposes. Cedardale was decommissioned on 15 November 1959 and laid up at Hong Kong.

Career
Cedardale was built by Blythswood Shipbuilding Company, Scotstoun and launched on 25 March 1939. Her engines and machinery were fitted at James Watt Dock, Greenock, with her sea trials taking place in the Firth of Clyde on 24 May 1939. After the successful completion of these, Cedardale was accepted into Admiralty service on 25 May, departing two days later, on 27 May on her maiden voyage to Abadan, on the Persian Gulf. The first months of World War II were spent in the Red Sea and Eastern Mediterranean.

After returning to the UK in early 1940, Cedardale was despatched to Trinidad, and then to Freetown, where in July 1940 she was attached to Force R. She was based at Freetown until August 1942, during which time she refuelled several Royal Navy ships. Cedardale was at New Orleans in September and October 1942, undergoing repairs, refit and docking. She then sailed to the Seychelles, via Curaçao, Simonstown and Mauritius, remaining based in the Indian Ocean, operating between Mombasa, Addu Atoll, Trincomalee and Bombay until April 1943. She then returned to the Mediterranean for service with the allied forces gathering for Operation Husky, the allied invasion of Sicily. Attached as part of Force R, she provided refuelling support to the destroyers involved in the operation. The rest of 1943 was spent in the Mediterranean, with port calls at Port Said, Haifa, Alexandria, Malta and Tripoli.

Cedardale returned to the Indian Ocean in early 1944, with service at Diego Suarez, Colombo and Trincomalee. In March 1945 she was moved to the Pacific Ocean to support allied operations there, assigned to the British Pacific Fleet. Deployed off Leyte Gulf, she was part of Task Force 112 in Operation Iceberg, the British Fleet Train's contribution to the allied assault on Okinawa. The next few months were spent in these waters, often based out of Manus, Admiralty Islands, refuelling British and Australian vessels. After the surrender of Japan she sailed to Singapore, via Shanghai and Subic Bay, remaining there until December 1945, when she returned to the UK.

The postwar years were spent deployed to the Far East, making frequent voyages to and from the UK via the Indian Ocean and the Mediterranean. On 13 September 1958 she was one of several British ships, including RFA Sea Salvor, which took part in rescue and salvage operations after a two ship collision in the Gulf of Oman resulted in a large fire, with 24 deaths. Cedardale salvaged 11,000 tons of oil. She was laid up at Hong Kong on 15 November 1959, and advertised for sale on 3 December 1959. On 2 February 1960 she was sold for scrapping to Matthews Wighton at Hong Kong.

title: RFA Cedardale


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RFA Eaglesdale

RFA Eaglesdale (A104) was a Dale-class fleet tanker of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary (RFA). She was launched in 1941 as Empire Metal and transferred to the RFA on completion in 1941.

History
The Empire Metal was built by Furness Shipbuilding Co Ltd, Haverton Hill-on-Tees as yard number 339. She was launched on 18 November 1941 and on completion in January 1942 she was transferred to the RFA and renamed Eaglesdale.

War service
Eaglesdale was a member of a number of convoys during the Second World War.

 * EN 57

Eaglesdale was a member of Convoy EN 57 which departed Methil, Fife on 16 February 1942 and arrived at Oban, Argyllshire on 19 February. Eaglesdale joined the convoy from the Clyde, she was in ballast.

 * OS 23

Eaglesdale was a member of Convoy OS 23 which departed Liverpool on 24 March 1942 and arrived at Freetown, Sierra Leone on 11 April. She was in ballast and her final destination was Curaçao, Netherlands Antilles.

Convoy TAG 19 departed Curaçao on 6 November 1942, arriving at Guantanamo on 11 November 1942.
 * TAG 19
 * BP 83

Eaglesdale was a member of Convoy BP 83 which departed Bombay on 11 June 1943 and arrived at Bandar Abbas, Iran on 16 June.

 * PA 43

Eaglesdale was a member of Convoy PA 43 which departed Bandar Abbas on 26 June 1943 and arrived at Aden on 3 July.

 * CX 17

Eaglesdale was a member of Convoy CX 17 which departed Colombo, Ceylon on 3 February 1944 and arrived at Addu Atoll, Maldives on 6 February

 * JC 46

Eaglesdale was a member of Convoy JC 46 which departed Colombo on 26 April 1944 and arrived at Calcutta on 3 May. Eaglesdale detached from the convoy en route and sailed to Trincomalee, Ceylon where she arrived on 28 April.

 * RK 34A

Eaglesdale was a member of Convoy RK 34A which departed Chittagong, India on 13 January 1945 and arrived at Akyab, Burma on 14 January.

Eaglesdale was used for trials of refuelling equipment after the capture of a German supply ship. This included the fitting of rubber hoses and deck roller.

Postwar service
She was decommissioned on 21 July 1958 and was laid up on the River Tyne. Eaglesdale arrived on 29 November 1959 at Hamburg, West Germany for scrapping.

title: RFA Eaglesdale


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Parricide

Parricide refers to the deliberate killing of one's own father and mother, spouse (husband or wife), children, and/or close relative. However, the term is sometimes used more generally to refer to the intentional killing of a near relative. It is an umbrella term that can be used to refer to acts of matricide and patricide.

Matricide refers to the deliberate killing of one's own mother. Patricide refers to the deliberate killing of one's own father. The term parricide is also used to refer to many familicides (i.e. family annihilations wherein at least one parent is murdered along with other family members).

Societies consider parricide a serious crime and parricide offenders are subject to criminal prosecution under the homicide laws which are established in places (i.e. countries, states, etc.) in which parricides occur. According to the law, in most countries, an adult who is convicted of parricide faces a long-term prison sentence, a life sentence, or even capital punishment. Youthful parricide offenders who are younger than the age of majority (e.g. 18 year olds in the United States & United Kingdom of Great Britain) may be prosecuted under less stringent laws which are designed to take their special needs and development into account but these laws are usually waived and as a result, most youthful parricide offenders are transferred into the Adult Judicial System.

Parricide offenders are typically divided into two categories, 1) youthful parricide offenders (i.e. ages 8–24) and 2) adult parricide offenders (i.e. ages 25 and older) because the motivations and situations surrounding parricide events change as a child matures.

Prevalence
As per the Parricide Prevention Institute, approximately 2–3% of all U.S. murders were parricides each year since 2010. The more than 300 parricides occurring in just the U.S. each year means there are 6 or more parricide events, on average, each week. This estimate does not include the murders of grandparents or stepparents by a child – only the murders of their natal or legally adoptive parents.

Youthful motives
Youthful parricide is motivated by a variety of factors. Current research conducted by the Parricide Prevention Institute indicates the top five motives causing a child (aged 8–24 years old) to commit parricide are:
 * issues of control - 38% (e.g. put on restriction, phone taken away, etc.);
 * issues of money - 10% (access to life insurance, wants money for a party, etc.);
 * stop abuse of self or family - 8%;
 * fit of anger - 8%;
 * wants a different life - 7% (e.g. wants to live with non-custodial parent, etc.).

Child abuse
It is a common misconception that youthful parricide offenders murdered their parent/s to escape egregious child abuse. This is actually not the case. In fact, this notion was challenged beginning in 1999 when Hillbrand et al. suggested that child abuse is simply only one variable among myriad variables that lead to adolescent parricide, rather than the primary reason for youthful parricide occurrences. In a study published by Weisman et al. (2002), they noted there was a remarkable absence of child abuse and emphatically stated that their research did not statistically validate the generalization that prior child abuse had prompted the majority of these crimes. In 2006 Marleau et al. noted that in their study only 25% of all study participants had been subjected to any kind of family violence; refuting the generalization that child abuse is the primary motivator for parricide by youthful offenders. They called for more research on the alleged connection between child abuse and parricidal acts. Bourget et al. (2007) noted many shortcomings in the extant literature and suggested alternative causes of parricide rather than accepting a general notion that child abuse was the primary cause of parricide by youthful offenders. In their commentary on methodological problems plaguing parricide research, Hillbrand and Cipriano (2007) noted the challenges posed by studies on parricide; acknowledging that most studies utilized very small sample sizes that should not have been generalized. This call for more research was answered by a study in 2019 when the study by Thompson and Thompson statistically invalidated the general theory that most adolescent parricides were the result of abuse of the child at the hands of the parents who had been murdered. Their research (N = 754) revealed that only 15% of youthful parricide offenders alleged abuse at the hands of the parent/s they had killed. A full 66% were not abused, did not allege abuse and were not perpetrators of abuse. Of the remaining population, 13% of the offenders had alleged abuse that was not substantiated (some of these children had lied about abuse and it could not be proven that abuse had occurred in other cases). Additionally, 6% of the youthful parricide offenders had been found to have actually abused their parent/s prior to the murder/s. Child abuse, while a factor present in some youthful parricide occurrences, is not the primary motivator for these murders. As noted above, issues of control are the most typical motive behind the murder.

Notable modern-day cases

 * The Criminal Code of Japan once determined that patricide brought capital punishment or life imprisonment. However, the law was abolished because of the trial of the Tochigi patricide case in which a woman killed her father in 1968 after she was sexually abused by him and bore their children.
 * Charles Whitman killed his mother and his wife before climbing the bell tower at UT-Austin and randomly killing people in 1966. Upon autopsy he was found to have a tumor on his amygdala.
 * Lyle and Erik Menéndez worked as a team to kill their parents in 1989.
 * Dana Ewell hired two of his friends to murder his father, mother and sister in 1992. All three were convicted of murder.
 * Kip Kinkel killed his parents before committing the Thurston High School shooting in 1998.
 * Suzane von Richthofen killed her father and her mother with the help of her boyfriend and his brother in São Paulo in 2002.
 * Nicole Kasinskas killed her mother with the help of her boyfriend in 2003.
 * Sarah Marie Johnson was the only female to kill both of her parents without the help of an accomplice in 2003.
 * Thomas Bartlett Whitaker killed his mother and his brother (and tried to kill his father but failed) in 2003.
 * Tyler Hadley killed both of his parents on July 16, 2011.
 * Adam Lanza killed his mother before committing the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting in 2012.
 * Dellen Millard killed his father in 2012 and inherited millions. He and his friend Mark Smich worked together as serial killers both before and after the murder; murdering Laura Babcock and Tim Bosma.
 * Henry Chau Hoi-leung killed and dismembered his parents in 2013.
 * Robert and Michael Bever killed their parents and 3 siblings in 2015.
 * Joel Michael Guy Jr. killed and dismembered both of his parents on the Saturday after Thanksgiving in 2016.
 * Chandler Halderson killed and dismembered both of his parents on July 1, 2021.
 * A 19 year old Japanese man in Tosu, Saga Prefecture, killed his parents by stabbing them with a knife in the neck on March 9, 2023.
 * David Kozák murdered his father before carrying out the 2023 Prague shootings.

Notable historical cases

 * Tullia the Younger, along with her husband, arranged the murder and overthrow of Servius Tullius, her father, securing the throne for her husband.
 * Lucius Hostius reportedly was the first parricide in Republican Rome, sometime after the Second Punic War.
 * Mary Blandy (1720–1752) poisoned her father, Francis Blandy, with arsenic in England in 1751.
 * Lizzie Borden (1860–1927) was an American woman accused and acquitted of murdering her father and stepmother.

Legal definition in Roman times
In the sixth century AD collection of earlier juristical sayings, the Digest, a precise enumeration of the victims' possible relations to the parricide is given by the 3rd century AD lawyer Modestinus: "By the lex Pompeia on parricides it is laid down that if anyone kills his father, his mother, his grandfather, his grandmother, his brother, his sister, first cousin on his father's side, first cousin on his mother's side, paternal or maternal uncle, paternal (or maternal) aunt, first cousin (male or female) by mother's sister, wife, husband, father-in-law, son-in-law, mother-in-law, (daughter-in-law), stepfather, stepson, stepdaughter, patron, or patroness, or with malicious intent brings this about, shall be liable to the same penalty as that of the lex Cornelia on murderers. And a mother who kills her son or daughter suffers the penalty of the same statute, as does a grandfather who kills a grandson; and in addition, a person who buys poison to give to his father, even though he is unable to administer it."

title: Parricide


text:
RFA Easedale

RFA Easedale (A105) was a Dale-class fleet tanker of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary.

She was decommissioned on 5 February 1959 and was laid up at Devonport Dockyard.

title: RFA Easedale


text:
RFA Derwentdale (A114)

RFA Derwentdale (A114) was a Dale-class fleet tanker and landing ship (gantry) of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary. She served during the Second World War.

Built for the Ministry of War Transport, she was taken over by the Admiralty and completed as a Landing Ship Gantry. As such, 15 LCMs could be carried on the ships, with two Gantry cranes, one forward of the ship's bridge and one aft, used to lift the landing craft off the deck and lower them to the sea. with accommodation for 150 military personnel.

Service
Her maiden voyage was as part of convoy ON-19 to Halifax on September 22, 1941. Later Derwentdale took part in the British invasion of Madagascar in 1942, leaving Durban, South Africa on 25 May 1942, and contributing 14 landing craft for the landings at Diego Suarez on 5 May. In November 1942, the British and Americans landed in French North Africa in Operation Torch, with Derwentdale taking part in the landings at Arzew near Oran in Algeria on 9 November. She later took part in the invasions of Sicily and Italy. She was damaged by dive-bombing at Salerno on September 1943 and towed to the UK via Malta. Re-engined with engines from the Denbydale in February 1946, she returned to service as a tanker, her extra accommodation was used for passengers whilst freighting oil on the Trinidad to UK run. She was decommissioned on 19 May 1959 and was laid up at Rosyth, and offered for sale on 20 October. Sold in December 1959 to Kent Line Canada and renamed Irvingdale 1, on July 23, 1966 she was moved to El Ferrol, Spain, to be broken up.

The Derwentdale was one of the eight RFA ships to be awarded Battle Honours during World War II, and the only to be awarded them three times (North Africa 1942, Sicily 1943 and Salerno 1943).

title: RFA Derwentdale (A114)


text:
RFA Dingledale

RFA Dingledale (A144) was a Dale-class fleet tanker of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary. She was first based at Gibraltar, and served as escort oiler on several Malta Convoys. During Operation Pedestal, together with RFAUX Brown Ranger (A169), she fuelled one cruiser and 24 destroyers in 14 hours. Narrowly escaping damage during a severe air raid in Bône in December 1942, she survived to join the Pacific Fleet Train, and was present for the Japanese surrender in Tokyo Bay. After the war, she carried out routine freighting duties. She was decommissioned on 10 May 1959, and was laid up at Devonport.

title: RFA Dingledale


text:
RFA Echodale

RFA Echodale (A170) was a Dale-class fleet tanker of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary.

She was decommissioned on 12 April 1959 and was laid up at Devonport Dockyard.

title: RFA Echodale


text:
RFA Spa

RFA Spa (A192) was a coastal water carrier of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary. Her bell is now in the chapel of St Nicholas, Langstone, Havant.

title: RFA Spa


text:
RFA Spabeck

RFA Spabeck (A227) was one of six Spa-class water carrier coastal water carriers built for the Royal Fleet Auxiliary during the Second World War. During the 1950s she was modified to store high-test peroxide (HTP) for the experimental programme evaluating the feasibility of submarines using HTP operationally. The ship was sold for scrap in 1966.

Description
The Spa-class ships were designed for harbour duties as water carriers. displaced 625 LT at normal load and 1220 LT fully loaded. The ships had an overall length of 172 ft, a beam of 30 ft and a draught of 12 ft at deep load. They were powered by a three-cylinder vertical triple-expansion steam engine that drove a single propeller shaft, using steam provided by one cylindrical boiler. The engine developed 605 ihp and gave a maximum speed of 9 kn. The ships were armed with a single 12-pounder (3 in) gun and two 20 mm Oerlikon AA guns

Construction and career
Spabeck ordered in September 1941 from Philip and Son and was laid down on 14 May 1943 at their Dartmouth, Devon shipyard as Rivulet. The ship was launched on 21 June and commissioned on 3 September as Spabeck. She was modified in 1948 as a HTP tanker to support the experimental submarines HMS Meteorite, Explorer and Excalibur. The ship was fitted with ten high-grade aluminium tanks capable of carrying 110 LT of HTP, 20 LT of distilled water, and 16 LT of sulphur-free AVCAT jet fuel that was injected into the submarine's combustion chamber to increase its output.

After the end of the programme in the early 1960s, Spabeck was laid up at Devonport. She was listed for disposal in January 1966 and put up for sale on 11 March. Purchased by a Belgian shipbreaking company for £10,875, she arrived at Antwerp en route to Willebroek, Belgium, for scrapping on 14 May.

title: RFA Spabeck


text:
RFA Spabrook

RFA Spabrook (A224) was a coastal water carrier of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary. Arrived at Briton Ferry for scrapping, 13 September 1977.

title: RFA Spabrook