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Apotheosis

Apotheosis, also called divinization or deification , is the glorification of a subject to divine levels and, commonly, the treatment of a human being, any other living thing, or an abstract idea in the likeness of a deity.

The original sense of apotheosis relates to religion and is the subject of many works of art. Figuratively "apotheosis" may be used in almost any context for "the deification, glorification, or exaltation of a principle, practice, etc.", so normally attached to an abstraction of some sort.

In religion, apotheosis was a feature of many religions in the ancient world, and some that are active today. It requires a belief that there is a possibility of newly-created gods, so a polytheistic belief system. The major modern religions of Christianity, Islam, and Judaism do not allow for this, though many recognise minor sacred categories such as saints (created by a process called canonization). In Christian theology there is a concept of the faithful becoming god-like, called divinization or in Eastern Christianity theosis. In Hinduism there is some scope for new deities. A human may be deified by becoming regarded as an avatar of an established deity, usually a major one, or by being regarded as a new, independent, deity (usually a minor one), or some mixture of the two.

In art, an apotheosis scene typically shows the subject in the heavens or rising towards them, often accompanied by a number of angels, putti, personifications of virtues, or similar figures. Especially from Baroque art onwards, apotheosis scenes may depict rulers, generals or artists purely as an honorific metaphor; in many cases the "religious" context is classical Greco-Roman pagan religion, as in The Apotheosis of Voltaire, featuring Apollo. The Apotheosis of Washington (1865), high up in the dome of the United States Capitol Building, is another example. Personifications of places or abstractions are also showed receiving an apotheosis. The typical composition was suitable for placement on ceilings or inside domes.

Ancient Near East
Before the Hellenistic period, imperial cults were known in Ancient Egypt (pharaohs) and Mesopotamia (from Naram-Sin through Hammurabi). In the New Kingdom of Egypt, all deceased pharaohs were deified as the god Osiris, having been identified as Horus while on the throne, and sometimes referred to as the "son" of various other deities.

The architect Imhotep was deified after his death, though the process seems to have been gradual, taking well over a thousand years, by which time he had become associated primarily with medicine. About a dozen non-royal ancient Egyptians became regarded as deities.

Ancient Greece
Ancient Greek religion and its Roman equivalent have many figures who were born as humans but became gods, for example Hercules. They are typically made divine by one of the main deities, the Twelve Olympians. In the Roman story Cupid and Psyche, Zeus gives the ambrosia of the gods to the mortal Psyche, transforming her into a goddess herself. In the case of the Hellenistic queen Berenice II of Egypt, herself deified like other rulers of the Ptolemaic dynasty, the court propagated a myth that her hair, cut off to fulfill a vow, had its own apotheosis before becoming the Coma Berenices, a group of stars that still bear her name.

From at least the Geometric period of the ninth century BC, the long-deceased heroes linked with founding myths of Greek sites were accorded chthonic rites in their heroon, or "hero-temple".

In the Greek world, the first leader who accorded himself divine honours was Philip II of Macedon. At his wedding to his sixth wife, Philip's enthroned image was carried in procession among the Olympian gods; "his example at Aigai became a custom, passing to the Macedonian kings who were later worshipped in Greek Asia, from them to Julius Caesar and so to the emperors of Rome". Such Hellenistic state leaders might be raised to a status equal to the gods before death (e.g., Alexander the Great) or afterwards (e.g., members of the Ptolemaic dynasty). A heroic cult status similar to apotheosis was also an honour given to a few revered artists of the distant past, notably Homer.

Archaic and Classical Greek hero-cults became primarily civic, extended from their familial origins, in the sixth century; by the fifth century none of the worshipers based their authority by tracing descent back to the hero, with the exception of some families who inherited particular priestly cults, such as the Eumolpides (descended from Eumolpus) of the Eleusinian mysteries, and some inherited priesthoods at oracle sites.

The Greek hero cults can be distinguished on the other hand from the Roman cult of dead emperors, because the hero was not thought of as having ascended to Olympus or become a god: he was beneath the earth, and his power purely local. For this reason, hero cults were chthonic in nature, and their rituals more closely resembled those for Hecate and Persephone than those for Zeus and Apollo. Two exceptions were Heracles and Asclepius, who might be honoured as either gods or heroes, sometimes by chthonic night-time rites and sacrifice on the following day. One god considered as a hero to mankind is Prometheus, who secretly stole fire from Mount Olympus and introduced it to mankind.

Ancient Rome
Up to the end of the Republic, the god Quirinus was the only one the Romans accepted as having undergone apotheosis, for his identification/syncretism with Romulus (see Euhemerism). Subsequently, apotheosis in ancient Rome was a process whereby a deceased ruler was recognized as divine by his successor, usually also by a decree of the Senate and popular consent. The first of these cases was the posthumous deification of the last Roman dictator Julius Caesar in 42 BC by his adopted son, the triumvir Caesar Octavian. In addition to showing respect, often the present ruler deified a popular predecessor to legitimize himself and gain popularity with the people.

A vote in the Roman Senate, in the later Empire confirming an imperial decree, was the normal official process, but this sometimes followed a period with the unofficial use of deific language or imagery for the individual, often done rather discreetly within the imperial circle. There was then a public ceremony, called a consecratio, including the release of an eagle which flew high, representing the ascent of the deified person's soul to heaven. Imagery featuring the ascent, sometimes using a chariot, was common on coins and in other art.

The largest and most famous example in art is a relief on the base of the Column of Antoninus Pius (d. 161), showing the emperor and his wife Faustina the Elder (d. c. 140) being carried up by a much larger winged figure, described as representing "Eternity", as personifications of "Roma" and the Campus Martius sit below, and eagles fly above. The imperial couple are represented as Jupiter and Juno.

The historian Dio Cassius, who says he was present, gives a detailed description of the large and lavish public consecratio of Pertinax, emperor for three months in 193, ordered by Septimius Severus.

At the height of the imperial cult during the Roman Empire, sometimes the emperor's deceased loved ones—heirs, empresses, or lovers, as Hadrian's Antinous—were deified as well. Deified people were awarded posthumously the title Divus (Diva if women) to their names to signify their divinity. Traditional Roman religion distinguished between a deus (god) and a divus (a mortal who became divine or deified), though not consistently. Temples and columns were erected to provide a space for worship.

The imperial cult was mainly popular in the provinces, especially in the Eastern Empire, where many cultures were well-used to deified rulers, and less popular in Rome itself, and among traditionalists and intellectuals. Some privately (and cautiously) ridiculed the apotheosis of inept and feeble emperors, as in the satire The Pumpkinification of (the Divine) Claudius, usually attributed to Seneca.

Asia
Numerous mortals have been deified into the Taoist pantheon, such as Guan Yu, Iron-crutch Li and Fan Kuai. Song Dynasty General Yue Fei was deified during the Ming Dynasty and is considered by some practitioners to be one of the three highest-ranking heavenly generals. The Ming dynasty epic Investiture of the Gods deals heavily with deification legends.

In the complicated and variable conceptions of deity in Buddhism, the achievement of Buddhahood may be regarded as an achievable goal for the faithful, and many significant deities are considered to have begun as normal humans, from Gautama Buddha himself downwards. Most of these are seen as avatars or re-births of earlier figures.

Some significant Hindu deities, in particular Rama, were also born as humans; he is seen as an avatar of Vishnu. In more modern times, Swaminarayan is an undoubted and well-documented historical figure (1781–1830), who is regarded by some Hindus as an avatar of Krishna, himself another avatar of Vishnu, or as being a still more elevated deity. Bharat Mata ("Mother India") began as a national personification devised by a group of Bengali intellectuals in the late 19th century, but now receives some worship.

Various Hindu and Buddhist rulers in the past have been represented as deities, especially after death, from India to Indonesia. Jayavarman VII, King of the Khmer Empire (r. 1181–1218) the first Buddhist king of Cambodia, had his own features used for the many statues of Buddha/Avalokitesvara he erected.

The extreme personality cult instituted by the founder of North Korea, Kim Il-Sung, has been said to represent a deification, though the state is avowedly atheist.

Christianity
Instead of the word "apotheosis", Christian theology uses in English the words "deification" or "divinization" or the Greek word "theosis". Pre-Reformation and mainstream theology, in both East and West, views Jesus Christ as the preexisting God who undertook mortal existence, not as a mortal being who attained divinity (a view known as adoptionism). It holds that he has made it possible for human beings to be raised to the level of sharing the divine nature as 2 Peter 1:4 states that he became human to make humans "partakers of the divine nature". In John 10:34, Jesus referenced Psalm 82:6 when he stated "Is it not written in your Law, I have said you are gods?" Other authors stated: "For this is why the Word became man, and the Son of God became the Son of man: so that man, by entering into communion with the Word and thus receiving divine sonship, might become a son of God." "For He was made man that we might be made God." "The only-begotten Son of God, wanting to make us sharers in his divinity, assumed our nature, so that he, made man, might make men gods." Accusations of self deification to some degree may have been placed upon heretical groups such as the Waldensians.

The Westminster Dictionary of Christian Theology, authored by Anglican Priest Alan Richardson, contains the following in an article titled "Deification":

"Deification (Greek theosis) is for Orthodoxy the goal of every Christian. Man, according to the Bible, is 'made in the image and likeness of God'. ... It is possible for man to become like God, to become deified, to become god by grace. This doctrine is based on many passages of both OT and NT (e.g. Ps. 82 (81).6; II Peter 1.4), and it is essentially the teaching both of St Paul, though he tends to use the language of filial adoption (cf. Rom. 8.9–17; Gal. 4.5–7), and the Fourth Gospel (cf. 17.21–23).

The language of II Peter is taken up by St Irenaeus, in his famous phrase, 'if the Word has been made man, it is so that men may be made gods' (Adv. Haer V, Pref.), and becomes the standard in Greek theology. In the fourth century, St. Athanasius repeats Irenaeus almost word for word, and in the fifth century, St. Cyril of Alexandria says that we shall become sons 'by participation' (Greek methexis). Deification is the central idea in the spirituality of St. Maximus the Confessor, for whom the doctrine is the corollary of the Incarnation: 'Deification, briefly, is the encompassing and fulfillment of all times and ages', ... and St. Symeon the New Theologian at the end of the tenth century writes, 'He who is God by nature converses with those whom he has made gods by grace, as a friend converses with his friends, face to face.'"

Roman Catholic Church
The Roman Catholic Church does not use the term "apotheosis" in its theology. Corresponding to the Greek word theosis are the Latin-derived words "divinization" and "deification" used in the parts of the Catholic Church that are of Latin tradition. The concept has been given less prominence in Western theology than in that of the Eastern Catholic Churches, but is present in the Latin Church's liturgical prayers, such as that of the deacon or priest when pouring wine and a little water into the chalice: "By the mystery of this water and wine may we come to share in the divinity of Christ who humbled himself to share in our humanity."

Catholic theology stresses the concept of supernatural life, "a new creation and elevation, a rebirth, it is a participation in and partaking of the divine nature" (cf. ). In Catholic teaching there is a vital distinction between natural life and supernatural life, the latter being "the life that God, in an act of love, freely gives to human beings to elevate them above their natural lives" and which they receive through prayer and the sacraments; indeed the Catholic Church sees human existence as having as its whole purpose the acquisition, preservation and intensification of this supernatural life.

Despite the theological differences, in Catholic church art depictions of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary in art and the Ascension of Jesus in Christian art share many similarities in composition to apotheosis subjects, as do many images of saints being raised to heaven. These last may use "apotheosis" in their modern titles. Early examples were often of the founders of religious orders, later canonized, with those of Saint Ignatius Loyola in the Church of the Gesù (Andrea Pozzo, 1691–1694, to the side of the nave cupola) and Saint Dominic in Santi Domenico e Sisto (1674–1675) two examples in Rome.

The Allegory of Divine Providence and Barberini Power by Pietro da Cortona (1630s) celebrated Pope Urban VIII and his family, combining heraldic symbols including the crossed keys of the Papacy and giant bees representing the Barberini family with personifications.

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons), believes in apotheosis along the lines of the Christian tradition of divinization or deification but refers to it as exaltation, or eternal life, and considers it to be accomplished by "sanctification". They believe that people may live with God throughout eternity in families and eventually become gods themselves but remain subordinate to God the Father, Jesus Christ, and the Holy Spirit. While the primary focus of the LDS Church is on Jesus of Nazareth and his atoning sacrifice for man, Latter-day Saints believe that one purpose for Christ's mission and for his atonement is the exaltation or Christian deification of man. The third Article of Faith of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints states that all men may be saved from sin by the atonement of Jesus Christ, and LDS Gospel Doctrine (as published) states that all men will be saved and will be resurrected from death. However, only those who are sufficiently obedient and accept the atonement and the grace and mercy of Jesus Christ before the resurrection and final judgment will be "exalted" and receive a literal Christian deification.

A quote often attributed to the early Church leader Lorenzo Snow in 1837, is "As man now is, God once was: As God now is, man may be." The teaching was taught first by Joseph Smith while he was pointing to in the New Testament; he said that "God himself, the Father of us all, dwelt on an earth, the same as Jesus Christ himself did." Many scholars also have discussed the correlation between Latter-day Saint belief in exaltation and the ancient Christian theosis, or deification, as set forth by early Church Fathers. Several Latter-day Saint and gentile historians specializing in studies of the early Christian Church also claim that the Latter-day Saint belief in eternal progression is more similar to the ancient Christian deification as set forth in numerous patristic writings of the 1st to 4th centuries AD than the beliefs of any other modern faith group of the Christian tradition.

Members of the Church believe that the original Christian belief in man's divine potential gradually lost its meaning and importance in the centuries after the death of the apostles, as doctrinal changes by post-apostolic theologians caused Christians to lose sight of the true nature of God and his purpose for creating humanity. The concept of God's nature that was eventually accepted as Christian doctrine in the 4th century set divinity apart from humanity by defining the Godhead as three persons sharing a common divine substance. That classification of God in terms of a substance is not found in scripture but, in many aspects, mirrored the Greek metaphysical philosophies that are known to have influenced the thinking of Church Fathers. Latter-day Saints teach that by modern revelation, God restored the knowledge that he is the literal father of our spirits (Hebrews 12:9) and that the Biblical references to God creating mankind in his image and likeness are in no way allegorical. As such, Mormons assert that as the literal offspring of God the Father (Acts 17:28–29), humans have the potential to be heirs of his glory and co-heirs with Christ (Romans 8:16–17). The glory, Mormons believe, lies not in God's substance but in his intelligence: in other words, light and truth (Doctrine and Covenants 93:36 ). Thus, the purpose of humans is to grow and progress to become like the Father in Heaven. Mortality is seen as a crucial step in the process in which God's spirit children gain a body, which, though formed in the image of the Father's body, is subject to pain, illness, temptation, and death. The purpose of this earth life is to learn to choose the right in the face of that opposition, thereby gaining essential experience and wisdom. The level of intelligence we attain in this life will rise in the Resurrection (Doctrine and Covenants 130:18–19). Bodies will then be immortal like those of the Father and the Son (Philippians 3:21), but the degree of glory to which each person will resurrect is contingent upon the Final Judgment (Revelation 20:13, 1 Corinthians 15:40–41). Those who are worthy to return to God's presence can continue to progress towards a fullness of God's glory, which Mormons refer to as eternal life, or exaltation (Doctrine and Covenants 76).

The Latter-day Saint concept of apotheosis/exaltation is expressed in Latter-day scriptures (Mosiah 3:19, Alma 13:12, D&C 78:7, D&C 78:22, D&C 84:4, D&C 84:23, D&C 88:68, D&C 93:28) and is expressed by a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles: "Though stretched by our challenges, by living righteously and enduring well we can eventually become sufficiently more like Jesus in our traits and attributes, that one day we can dwell in the Father's presence forever and ever" (Neal Maxwell, October 1997).

In early 2014, the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints published an essay on the official church website specifically addressing the foundations, history, and official beliefs regarding apotheosis. The essay addresses the scriptural foundations of this belief, teachings of the early Church Fathers on the subject of deification, and the teachings of modern Church leaders, starting with Joseph Smith.

Wesleyan Protestantism
Distinctively, in Wesleyan Protestantism theosis sometimes implies the doctrine of entire sanctification which teaches, in summary, that it is the Christian's goal, in principle possible to achieve, to live without any (voluntary) sin (Christian perfection). Wesleyan theologians detect the influence on Wesley from the Eastern Fathers, who saw the drama of salvation leading to the deification (apotheosis) of the human, in order that such perfection as originally part of human nature in creation but distorted by the fall might bring fellowship with the divine.

Druze faith
The Druze faith further split from Isma'ilism as it developed its own unique doctrines, and finally separated from both Ismāʿīlīsm and Islam altogether; these include the belief that the Imam Al-Ḥākim bi-Amr Allāh was God incarnate. Hamza ibn Ali ibn Ahmad is considered the founder of the Druze faith and the primary author of the Druze manuscripts, he proclaimed that God became flesh, assumed a human nature, and became a man in the form of al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah.

Historian David R. W. Bryer defines the Druzes as ghulat of Isma'ilism, since they exaggerated the cult of the caliph al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah and considered him divine; he also defines the Druzes as a religion that deviated from Islam. He also added that as a result of this deviation, the Druze faith "seems as different from Islam as Islam is from Christianity or Christianity is from Judaism". The Druze deify al-Hākim bi-Amr Allāh, attributing to him divine qualities similar to those Christians attribute to Jesus.

Music
Apart from the visual arts, several works of classical music use the term in the titles or works or sections.

In French Baroque music it was an alternative title to tombeau ("tomb" or "tombstone") for "memorial pieces" for chamber forces to commemorate individuals who were friends or patrons. François Couperin wrote two pieces titled as apotheoses, one for Arcangelo Corelli (Le Parnasse, ou L'Apothéose de Corelli), and one for Jean Baptiste Lully (L'Apothéose de Lully), whose movements have titles such as Enlévement de Lully au Parnasse ("The raising of Lully to Parnassus").

In Romantic music, apotheosis sections usually contain the appearance of a theme in grand or exalted form, typically as a finale. The term is especially associated with the symphonic works of Franz Liszt, where "the main theme, which may by and large be considered as characterizing the hero, is presented in its constituent elements blown up beyond all proportions and, because it is typically slowed down tremendously, is split up into smaller segments". Such a treatment has often been seen by 20th-century critics as "vacuous bombast".

Richard Wagner famously used the term metaphorically in describing Beethoven's Seventh Symphony as "the apotheosis of the dance".

Hector Berlioz used "Apotheose" as the title of the final movement of his Grande symphonie funèbre et triomphale, a work composed in 1846 for the dedication of a monument to France's war dead. Two of Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky's ballets, The Sleeping Beauty and The Nutcracker, contain apotheoses as finales; the same is true of Ludwig Minkus's La Bayadère. Igor Stravinsky composed two ballets, Apollo and Orpheus, which both contain episodes entitled "Apotheose". The concluding tableau of Maurice Ravel's Ma mère l'Oye is also titled "Apotheose." Czech composer Karel Husa, concerned in 1970 about arms proliferation and environmental deterioration, named his musical response Apotheosis for This Earth. Aram Khachaturian entitled a segment of his ballet Spartacus "Sunrise and Apotheosis."

Poetry
Samuel Menashe (1925–2011) wrote a poem entitled Apotheosis, as did Barbara Kingsolver. Emily Dickinson (1830–1886) wrote Love, Poem 18: Apotheosis. The poet Dejan Stojanović's Dancing of Sounds contains the line, "Art is apotheosis." Paul Laurence Dunbar wrote a poem entitled Love's Apotheosis. Samuel Taylor Coleridge wrote a poem entitled "The Apotheosis, or the Snow-Drop" in 1787.

Parodic Apotheoses include the conclusion of Alexander Pope's mock heroic The Rape of the Lock, where the lock of hair that has caused the dispute rises to the heavens:

Anthropolatry
Anthropolatry is the deification and worship of humans. It was practiced in ancient Japan towards their emperors. Followers of Socinianism were later accused of practicing anthropolatry. Anthropologist Ludwig Feuerbach professed a religion to worship all human beings while Auguste Comte venerated only individuals who made positive contributions and excluded those who did not.

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Grytviken

Grytviken is a hamlet on South Georgia in the South Atlantic and formerly a whaling station and the largest settlement on the island. It is located at the head of King Edward Cove within the larger Cumberland East Bay, considered the best harbour on the island. The location's name, meaning "pot bay", was coined in 1902 by the Swedish Antarctic Expedition and documented by the surveyor Johan Gunnar Andersson, after the expedition found old English try pots used to render seal oil at the site. Settlement was re-established on 16 November 1904 by Norwegian Antarctic explorer Carl Anton Larsen on the long-used site of former whaling settlements.

Grytviken is built on a substantial area of sheltered, flat land and has a good supply of fresh water. Although it was the largest settlement on South Georgia, the island's administration was based at the nearby British Antarctic Survey research station at King Edward Point. The whaling station closed in December 1966 when dwindling whale stocks made it financially unviable.

Grytviken no longer has permanent residents but occasionally accommodates researchers and British administrative and military personnel. It is also temporarily inhabited during summer months by a few staff who manage the South Georgia Museum. The settlement has become a popular attraction for Antarctic cruise lines, with many tourists visiting the resting places of polar explorers Sir Ernest Shackleton and Frank Wild in Grytviken's graveyard.

Carl Anton Larsen
The settlement at Grytviken was established on 16 November 1904 by the Norwegian sea captain Carl Anton Larsen, as a whaling station for his Compañía Argentina de Pesca (Argentine Fishing Company). It was successful, with 195 whales taken in the first season. The whalers used every part of the animals – the blubber, meat, bones and viscera were rendered to extract the oil, and the bones and meat were turned into fertiliser and fodder. Elephant seals were also hunted for their blubber. Around 300 men worked at the station during its heyday, operating during the southern summer from October to March. A few remained over the winter to maintain the boats and factory. Every few months a transport ship would bring essential supplies to the station and take away the oil and other produce. The following year the Argentine Government established a meteorological station.

Carl Anton Larsen, the founder of Grytviken, was a naturalised Briton born in Sandefjord, Norway. In his application for British citizenship, filed with the magistrate of South Georgia and granted in 1910, Captain Larsen wrote: "I have given up my Norwegian citizen's rights and have resided here since I started whaling in this colony on the 16 November 1904 and have no reason to be of any other citizenship than British, as I have had and intend to have my residence here still for a long time." His family in Grytviken included his wife, three daughters and two sons.

As the manager of Compañía Argentina de Pesca, Larsen organised the construction of Grytviken, a remarkable undertaking accomplished by a team of sixty Norwegians between their arrival on 16 November and commencement of production at the newly built whale-oil factory on 24 December 1904.

Larsen chose the whaling station's site during his 1902 visit while in command of the ship Antarctic of the Swedish Antarctic Expedition (1901–03) led by Otto Nordenskjöld. On that occasion, the name Grytviken ("The Pot Cove") was given by the Swedish archaeologist and geologist Johan Gunnar Andersson who surveyed part of Thatcher Peninsula and found numerous artefacts and features from sealers’ habitation and industry, including a shallop (a type of small boat) and several try-pots used to boil seal oil. One of those try-pots, having the inscription ‘Johnson and Sons, Wapping Dock, London’ is preserved at the South Georgia Museum in Grytviken.

Managers and other senior officers of the whaling stations often had their families living together with them. Among them was Fridthjof Jacobsen whose wife Klara Olette Jacobsen gave birth to two of their children in Grytviken; their daughter Solveig Gunbjørg Jacobsen was the first child ever born and raised south of the Antarctic Convergence, on 8 October 1913. Several more children have been born on South Georgia: recently even aboard visiting private yachts.

The whale population in the seas around the island was substantially reduced over the following sixty years until the station closed in December 1966, by which time the whale stocks were so low that their continued exploitation was unviable. Even now, the shore around Grytviken is littered with whale bones and the rusting remains of whale oil processing plants and abandoned whaling ships.

Ernest Shackleton
Grytviken is closely associated with the explorer Sir Ernest Shackleton. Shackleton's Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition set out from London on 1 August 1914, to reach the Weddell Sea on 10 January 1915, where the pack ice closed in on their ship, Endurance. The ship was broken by the ice on 27 October 1915. The 28 crew members managed to flee to Elephant Island off Antarctica, bringing three small boats with them. Shackleton and five other men managed to reach the southern coast of South Georgia in James Caird. They arrived at Cave Cove, and camped at Peggotty Bluff, from where they trekked to Stromness on the northeast coast. From Grytviken, Shackleton organised a rescue operation to bring home the remaining men.

He again returned to Grytviken during the Shackleton–Rowett Expedition and this is where he died, aged just 47, shortly after New Year's Day, prior to the expedition heading south to Antarctica. His widow chose South Georgia as his final resting place so this is where he remained. His grave is located south of Grytviken, alongside those of whalers who had died on the island.

On 27 November 2011, the ashes of Frank Wild, Shackleton's "right-hand man," were interred on the right side of Shackleton's grave-site. The inscription on the rough-hewn granite block set to mark the spot reads "Frank Wild 1873–1939, Shackleton's right-hand man." Wild's relatives and Shackleton's only granddaughter, Alexandra Shackleton, attended a service conducted by Richard Hines, rector of the Falkland Islands. The writer Angie Butler discovered the ashes in the vault of Braamfontein Cemetery, Johannesburg, while researching her book The Quest for Frank Wild. She said "His ashes will now be where they were always supposed to be. It just took them a long time getting there."

Falklands War
During the Falklands War, Grytviken was captured by Argentine forces in early April 1982 following a brief battle with Royal Marines. The Royal Marines, SAS and SBS retook the settlement three weeks later without a shot being fired in return.

Supported by the corvette ARA Guerrico on 3 April 1982, ARA Bahía Paraíso landed a party of Argentine marines who attacked the platoon of 22 Royal Marines deployed at Grytviken. The two-hour battle resulted in ARA Guerrico being damaged and an Argentine Puma helicopter shot down. The Argentine forces sustained three men killed and a similar number of wounded, with one wounded on the British side. The British commanding officer Lieutenant Keith Mills was awarded a Distinguished Service Cross for the defence of South Georgia.

While the British magistrate and other civilians and military present in Grytviken were removed from South Georgia, another 15 Britons remained beyond Argentine reach. The losses suffered at Grytviken prevented Argentina from occupying the rest of the island, with Bird Island base, and field camps at Schlieper Bay, Lyell Glacier and St. Andrew's Bay remaining under British control.

On 25 April, the Royal Navy damaged and captured the Argentine submarine ARA Santa Fe at South Georgia. The Argentine garrison in Grytviken surrendered without returning fire. The following day the detachment in Leith Harbour commanded by Captain Alfredo Astiz also surrendered. One prisoner, Felix Artuso, was shot when guards mistakenly believed he was trying to sabotage Santa Fe, and was buried at Grytviken Cemetery. The Argentine personnel were removed from the South Sandwich Islands by HMS Endurance on 20 June. Due to evidence of an unauthorised visit, the closed station Corbeta Uruguay was destroyed in January 1983.

Current situation
Along with the surrounding area, the station has been declared an Area of Special Tourist Interest (ASTI).

Grytviken is a popular stop for cruise ships visiting Antarctica, and tourists usually land to visit Shackleton's grave. The South Georgia Museum is housed in the manager's house of the former whaling station, and is open during the summer tourist season.

The station's church is the only building which retains its original purpose; it is still used occasionally for services. There have been several marriages in Grytviken, the first being registered on 24 February 1932, between A.G.N. Jones and Vera Riches.

On 28 January 2007, a service was conducted in remembrance of Anders Hansen (a Norwegian whaler buried at Grytviken Cemetery in 1943) and to celebrate his great-great-grandson Axel Wattø Eide's baptism occurring in Oslo the same day.

Multiple wrecks dot Grytviken, and its environs. The ships Petrel,  Dias and  Albatross were beached, and left to rust, after decades of service.

Climate
Grytviken has a tundra climate (Köppen ET) with long, cold winters and short, cool summers.

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title: Grytviken


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Jēkabs Peterss

Jēkabs Peterss (Я́ков Христофо́рович Пе́терс, Yakov Khristoforovich Peters, Jacob Peters; 3 December 1886 – 25 April 1938) was a Latvian Communist revolutionary who played a part in the establishment of the Soviet Union. Together with Felix Dzerzhinsky, he was one of the founders and chiefs of the Cheka, the secret police of the Soviet Russia. He was the Deputy Chairman of the Cheka from 1918 and briefly the acting Chairman of the Cheka from 7 July to 22 August 1918.

Early years
He was born on 3 December 1886 in Brinken volost of Kreis Hasenpoth, Courland Governorate (now Nīkrāce parish, Skrunda Municipality), the son of Latvian farmers. He became a member of the Latvian Social Democratic Workers' Party in 1904. In the aftermath of the Russian Revolution of 1905 he was arrested in March 1907 for the attempted murder of a factory director in Libau, but was later acquitted by the Riga military court in 1908. Peterss emigrated to England and lived in London, where he was a member of the London Group of the Social Democracy of Latvia and of the British Socialist Party.

The Siege of Sidney Street
Peterss was a first cousin of Fritz Svaars, a Latvian anarchist, who was suspected of sabotage, robbery and of the murders of a shopkeeper and a policeman during the 1905 revolution, and was arrested and tortured in Riga, but escaped early in 1906. He moved to London, and was one of a gang who tried to rob a jeweler's shop in Houndsditch, in December 1910. Caught in the act, they killed three unarmed police officers. Svaars and a fellow anarchist were traced to a house in Sidney Street in January 1911, and opened fire on the police, setting off the Siege of Sidney Street which ended with the deaths of both suspects. Peterss was arrested at his home in Turner Street, London, on 22 December. Unlike his cousin, he did not attempt to resist arrest. In May 1911, he and three other Latvian emigres were tried in the Old Bailey. The judge ordered the jury to acquit Peterss on the charge of murder, for lack of evidence. After he had given evidence under cross-examination, he was acquitted of the separate charge of conspiring to commit a burglary.

Family
In 1916, he married May Freeman, the daughter of a London banker, by whom he had already fathered a daughter, Maisie Peters-Freeman (born 1914). After the Russian revolution, he invited his wife and daughter to join him there, where they discovered that he had a new family. Maisie was never able to leave Russia and died there in 1971.

October Revolution
Peterss returned to Russia in May 1917 after the February Revolution. In Riga, Peterss became one of the leaders of the Social Democracy of Latvia working at the front-lines of the Northern Front. During the German advance he moved to Valmiera where he was an editor of the party newspaper Cīņa. Peterss was a peasant representative of the Governorate of Livonia to the Democratic discussion initiated by Kerensky. Moving to Petrograd, he actively participated in the Bolshevik revolution of October 1917 as a member of the Military-Revolutionary Committee in Petrograd. At that time he was preparing military units for the October Revolution. Afterward, he was a member of Cheka Collegiate, the Deputy Chairman of the Commission, and the chairman of the Revolutionary Tribunal. He participated in the disclosure of the alleged Lockhart plot as well as leading the liquidation of the Left SR mutiny of 1918. Following Dzerzhinsky's resignation in the aftermath of the Left SR Uprising, assassination of Mirbach, and the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, Peterss briefly served as the chief of the Cheka until Dzerzhinsky resumed his duties. As one of the Cheka's leaders, Peterss was responsible for the first major Cheka operations involving killings. These were against alleged anarchists in Petrograd and later in May 1918 against anarchists in Petrograd and Moscow. He also was involved in the investigation of the SR attempt on Lenin's life in August 1918 (Fanni Kaplan case), for the indiscriminate Red Terror campaigns and reprisals that followed. He called it a "Hysterical Terror" in the newspaper "Utro Moskvy" (#21) of November 4, 1918. During these times appeared a term "room of souls" in numerous prisons such as Butyrka.

In March 1919, he was appointed as the Chief of internal defense in Petrograd, and then the Commandant of the reinforced raion. Following the retreat of the Yudenich forces he was appointed as the Commandant of the reinforced raion in Kiev in August 1919. Upon the sack of Kiev he was a member of the Military Council in Tula. In winter 1919–20 Peters became the deputy chairman of the Special Committee of the STO in providing military preparations on railways.

Post-revolution
In 1920, he represented the Cheka in the Northern Caucasus and served there as the Commissar of the Northern Caucasus Railways. There is a story that when workers in Rostov-on-Don came to him complaining about starvation, Peters told them: "Is this famine, when your Rostov garbage pits are chock-full of various garbage and leftovers? In Moscow, where the garbage pits are completely empty and clean - as if they had been licked clean - there is hunger there!"

In 1920–1922, he was the Cheka plenipotentiary in Turkestan ASSR, where he also was the local party bureau member. There he led numerous operations against the anti-Bolshevik formations of Dutov, Annenkov, Enver Pasha and Dzhanuzakov. He returned to Moscow in 1922 and worked as a high-ranking official in the OGPU, Rabkrin, and as the chief of the Eastern department of the GPU (created on June 2, 1922). In 1930–34, he was chairman of the Moscow Control Commission. During the Great Purge, as a part of the so-called "Latvian Operation", Peterss was arrested and executed by the NKVD on April 25, 1938, at the Kommunarka shooting ground. He was posthumously rehabilitated in 1956.

Reputation
In 1919, an American diplomat testified to Congress that Peterss was, with another Cheka leader Aleksandr Eiduk, considered the "most blood-thirsty monster in Russia". At that time, Peterss' influence was vastly overstated by English language newspapers, because he was known to the police in the UK, and because he was the only one of the founders of Cheka who spoke English. On 25 January 1919, The Times in London belatedly learnt that the Bolsheviks had been divided over whether to conduct a revolutionary war with Germany, and claimed that "One party is headed by Lenin, the other by Trotsky, Peterss, Radek and Zinovieff...The Trotsky and Peters party believe in heroic measures..." Peterss did not merit a mention in any of Trotsky's extensive writings about the period, and certainly was not in the front ranks of the Bolsheviks leadership. As a Chekist, he undoubtedly had many people killed, yet the portrayal of him as 'the most blood-thirsty monster' contrasts with the opinion of the British diplomat, Robert Bruce Lockhart, who spent a month under arrest in Moscow in 1918 and was interrogated by Peterss. Bruce Lockhart wrote:

"He told me strange tales of his experiences as a revolutionary. He had been in prison in Riga in Tsarist days. He showed me his nails as a proof of the torture which he had undergone. There was nothing in his character to indicate the inhuman monster he is commonly supposed to be. He told me that he suffered physical pain every time he signed a death sentence. I believe it was true. There was a strong streak of sentimentality in his nature, but he was a fanatic as far as the clash between Bolshevism and capitalism was concerned, and he pursued his Bolshevik aims with a sense of duty which was relentless."

title: Jēkabs Peterss


text:
List of cities in Seychelles

This articles shows a list of cities in Seychelles.

List

 * Anse Boileau
 * Beau Vallon
 * Takamaka
 * Victoria, capital and largest city
 * Grand Anse Mahe

title: List of cities in Seychelles


text:
Weapons of the Vietnam War

The Vietnam War involved the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) or North Vietnamese Army (NVA), National Liberation Front for South Vietnam (NLF) or Viet Cong (VC), and the armed forces of the People's Liberation Army (PLA), Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN), United States Armed Forces, Republic of Korea Armed Forces, Armed Forces of the Philippines, Royal Thai Armed Forces, Australian Defence Force, and New Zealand Defence Force, with a variety of irregular troops.

Nearly all United States-allied forces were armed with U.S. weapons including the M1 Garand, M1 carbine, M14 rifle, and M16 rifle. The Australian and New Zealand forces employed the 7.62 mm L1A1 Self-Loading Rifle as their service rifle, with the occasional use of the M16 rifle.

The PAVN, although having inherited a variety of American, French, and Japanese weapons from World War II and the First Indochina War (aka French Indochina War), were largely armed and supplied by the People's Republic of China, the Soviet Union, and its Warsaw Pact allies. Further, some weapons—notably anti-personnel explosives, the K-50M (a PPSh-41 copy), and "home-made" versions of the RPG-2—were manufactured in North Vietnam. By 1969 the US Army had identified 40 rifle/carbine types, 22 machine gun types, 17 types of mortar, 20 recoilless rifle or rocket launcher types, nine types of antitank weapons, and 14 anti-aircraft artillery weapons used by ground troops on all sides. Also in use, mostly by anti-communist forces, were the 24 types of armored vehicles and self-propelled artillery, and 26 types of field artillery and rocket launchers.

Communist forces and weapons
During the early stages of their insurgency, the Viet Cong mainly sustained itself with captured arms (often of American manufacture) or crude, self-made weapons (e.g. copies of the US Thompson submachine gun and shotguns made of galvanized pipes). Most arms were captured from poorly defended ARVN militia outposts.

Communist forces were principally armed with Chinese and Soviet weaponry though some VC guerrilla units were equipped with Western infantry weapons either captured from French stocks during the first Indochina war, such as the MAT-49, or from ARVN units or requisitioned through illicit purchase.

By Autumn of 1967, all Viet Cong battalions were reequipped with arms of Soviet design such as the AK-47 battle rifle and the RPG-2 anti-tank weapon. Their weapons were principally of Chinese or Soviet manufacture. The period up to the conventional phase in the 1970, the Viet Cong and NVA were mostly limited to mortars, recoilless rifles, and small-arms and had significantly lighter equipment and firepower relative to the US arsenal, relying on ambushes, with superior stealth, planning, marksmanship, and small-unit tactics to face the disproportionate US technological advantage.

Many divisions within the NVA would incorporate armoured and mechanised battalions including the Type 59 tank, BTR-60, Type 60 artillery, and rapidly altered and integrated new war doctrines following the Tet Offensive into a mobile combined-arms force. The North Vietnamese had both amphibious tanks (such as the PT-76) and light tanks (such the Type 62) used during the conventional phase. Experimental Soviet equipment started being used against ARVN forces at the same time, including Man-portable air-defense system SA-7 Grail and anti-tank missiles including the AT-3 Sagger. By 1975, they had fully transformed from the strategy of mobile light-infantry and using the people's war concept used against the United States.

US weapons
The American M16 rifle and XM177 carbine, which both replaced the M14, were lighter and considered more accurate than the AK-47 but in Vietnam was prone to "failure to extract", in which the spent cartridge case remained stuck in the chamber after a round was fired, preventing the next round from feeding and jamming the gun. This was ultimately traced to an inadequately tested switch in propellants from DuPont's proprietary IMR 4475 to Olin's WC 846, that Army Ordnance had ordered out of concern for standardization and mass production capacity.

The heavily armored, 90 mm gun M48A3 'Patton' tank saw extensive action during the Vietnam War and over 600 were deployed with U.S. forces. They played an important role in infantry support though there were a few tank versus tank battles. The M67A1 flamethrower tank (nicknamed the Zippo) was an M48 variant used in Vietnam. The use of this euphemistically nicknamed tank should not be confused with the widespread use of actual Zippo lighters to burn villages, which gave rise to the nickname of "Zippo squads". (Far from all such squads fielded the tank.) The Zippo nickname was also applied to man-portable flamethrowers. Artillery was used extensively by both sides but the Americans were able to ferry the lightweight 105 mm M102 howitzer by helicopter to remote locations on quick notice. With its 17 mi range, the Soviet 130 mm M-46 towed field gun was a highly regarded weapon and used to good effect by the PAVN. It was countered by the long-range, American 175 mm M107 Self-Propelled Gun (nicknamed Miller).

The United States had air superiority, though many aircraft were lost to surface-to-air missiles and anti-aircraft artillery. U.S. airpower was credited with breaking the siege of Khe Sanh and blunting the 1972 Easter Offensive against South Vietnam. At sea, the U.S. Navy had the run of the coastline, using aircraft carriers as platforms for offshore strikes and other naval vessels for offshore artillery support. Offshore naval fire played a pivotal role in the Battle of Huế in February 1968, providing accurate fire in support of the U.S. counter-offensive to retake the city. The Vietnam War was the first conflict that saw wide-scale tactical deployment of helicopters. The Bell UH-1 Iroquois nicknamed "Huey" was used extensively in counter-guerilla operations both as a troop carrier and a gunship. In the latter role it was outfitted with a variety of armaments including M60 machine guns, multi-barrelled 7.62 mm Miniguns and unguided air-to-surface rockets. The Hueys were also successfully used in MEDEVAC and search and rescue roles. Two aircraft which were prominent in the war were the AC-130 "Spectre" Gunship and the UH-1 "Huey" gunship. The AC-130 was a heavily armed ground-attack aircraft variant of the C-130 Hercules transport plane; it was used to provide close air support, air interdiction and force protection. The AC-130H "Spectre" was armed with two 20 mm M61 Vulcan cannons, one Bofors 40 mm autocannon, and one 105 mm M102 howitzer. The Huey is a military helicopter powered by one turboshaft engine, and about 7,000 UH-1 aircraft saw service in Vietnam. At their disposal ground forces had access to B-52 and F-4 Phantom II and others to launch napalm, white phosphorus, tear gas and chemical weapons as well. The aircraft ordnance used during the war included precision-guided munition, cluster bombs, a thickening–gelling agent generally mixed with petroleum or a similar fuel for use in an incendiary device, initially against buildings and later mostly as an anti-personnel weapon that sticks to skin and can burn down to the bone.

The Claymore M18A1, an anti-personnel mine, was widely used. It is command-detonated, directionally shooting 700 steel pellets into the kill zone.

Hand combat weapons

 * L1A1 and L1A2 bayonets – used on L1A1 Self-Loading Rifle
 * M1905 bayonet – used on the M1 Garand.
 * M1917 bayonet – used on various shotguns.
 * M1 Bayonet – used on the M1 Garand.
 * M3 fighting knife
 * M4 bayonet – used on the M1 and M2 Carbine.
 * M5 bayonet – used on the M1 Garand.
 * M6 bayonet – used on the M14.
 * M7 Bayonet – used on the M16.
 * Ka-Bar Utility/fighting Knife – used by the US Army, Navy, and Marine Corps.
 * Randall Made Knives – personally purchased by some US soldiers.
 * Bow – used by US Mobile Riverine Force.
 * Crossbow – used by South Vietnamese Montagnards

Pistols and revolvers

 * Colt M1911A1 – standard US and ARVN sidearm.
 * Colt Commander – used by US military officers and US Special forces.
 * Browning Hi-Power – used by Australian and New Zealand forces (L9 pistol). Also used on an unofficial basis by US reconnaissance and Special Forces units.
 * Colt Detective Special – .38 Special revolver, used by some ARVN officers
 * Colt Police Positive Special – .38 Special revolver, used by USAF and tunnel rats
 * FN Baby Browning- .25 ACP pistol, used as a last resort weapon by MACVSOG.
 * High Standard HDM – Integrally suppressed .22LR handgun, supplemented by the Mark 22 Mod 0 in the later stages of the war.
 * Ingram MAC-10 – compact submachine gun used by US special operations forces.
 * Luger P08 – CIA provided pistol
 * Quiet Special Purpose Revolver – .40 caliber suppressed revolver used by tunnel rats.
 * Smith & Wesson Model 10 – .38 Special revolver used by ARVN, by US Army and USAF pilots and by tunnel rats
 * Colt Python – .357 Magnum revolver carried by MACVSOG.
 * Smith & Wesson Mark 22 Mod.0 "Hush Puppy" – Suppressed pistol used by US Navy SEALs and other U.S. special operations forces.
 * Walther P38 – CIA provided pistol
 * Walther PPK – Suppressed pistol used by MACVSOG recon skydiver team
 * Welrod -Suppressed pistol used by MACVSOG.

Infantry rifles

 * L1A1 Self-Loading Rifle – used by Australian and New Zealand soldiers
 * M1 Garand – used by the South Vietnamese and South Koreans
 * M1, M1A1, & M2 Carbine – used by the South Vietnamese Military, Police and Security Forces, South Koreans,
 * M14, M14E2, M14A1 – issued to most U.S. troops from the early stages of the war until 1967–68, when it was replaced by the M16.
 * M16, XM16E1, and M16A1 – M16 was issued in 1964, but due to reliability issues, it was replaced by the M16A1 in 1967 which added the forward assist and chrome-lined barrel to the rifle for increased reliability.
 * CAR-15 – carbine variant of the M16 produced in very limited numbers, fielded by special operations early on. Later supplemented by the improved XM177.
 * XM177 (Colt Commando)/GAU-5 – further development of the CAR-15, used heavily by MACV-SOG, the US Air Force, and US Army.
 * Stoner 63 – used by US Navy SEALs and USMC.
 * T223 – a copy of the Heckler & Koch HK33 built under license by Harrington & Richardson used in small numbers by SEAL teams. Even though the empty H&R T223 was 0.9 pounds (0.41 kg) heavier than an empty M16A1, the weapon had a forty-round magazine available for it and this made it attractive to the SEALS.
 * MAS-36 rifle – used by South Vietnamese militias
 * AK-47, AKM, and Type 56 – Captured rifles were used by South Vietnamese and U.S. forces.

Rifles: sniper, marksman

 * M1C/D Garand and MC52 – used by CIA advisors, the USMC and the US Navy early in the war. About 520 were supplied to the ARVN and 460 to the Thai forces.
 * M1903A4 Springfield – used by the USMC early in the war, replaced by the M40.
 * M21 Sniper Weapon System – sniper variant of the M14 rifle used by the US Army.
 * M40 (Remington Model 700)– bolt-action sniper rifle meant to replace the M1903A4 Springfield rifle and Winchester Model 70; used by the USMC
 * Parker-Hale M82 – used by ANZAC forces
 * Winchester Model 70 – used by the USMC

Submachine guns

 * Beretta M12 – limited numbers were used by U.S. Embassy security units.
 * Carl Gustaf m/45 – used by Navy SEALs in the start of the war, but later replaced by the Smith & Wesson M76 in the late 1960s. Significant numbers also used by MAC-V-SOG, South Vietnamese, and small numbers in Laos by advisors, and Laotian fighters.
 * Smith & Wesson M76 – copy of the Carl Gustaf m/45; few were shipped to Navy SEALs fighting in Vietnam.
 * F1 submachine gun – replaced the Owen Gun in Australian service.
 * M3 Grease gun – standard U.S. military submachine gun, also used by the South Vietnamese
 * M50/55 Reising – limited numbers were used by MACVSOG and other irregular forces.
 * Madsen M-50 – used by South Vietnamese forces, supplied by the CIA.
 * MAS-38 submachine gun – used by South Vietnamese militias.
 * MAT-49 submachine gun – used by South Vietnamese militias. Captured models were used in limited numbers
 * MP 40 submachine gun – used by South Vietnamese forces, supplied by the CIA.
 * Owen Gun – standard Australian submachine-gun in the early stages of the war, later replaced by the F1 and withdrawn from combat use by 1971.
 * Sten submachine gun – used by US special operations forces, often with a suppressor mounted.
 * Sterling submachine gun – used by Australian Special Air Service Regiment and other special operations units.
 * Thompson submachine gun – used often by South Vietnamese troops, and in small quantities by US artillery and helicopter units.
 * Uzi – used by special operations forces and some South Vietnamese, supplied from Israel.

Shotguns
Shotguns were used as an individual weapon during jungle patrol; infantry units were authorized a shotgun by TO&E (Table of Organization & Equipment). Shotguns were not general issue to all infantrymen, but were select issue weapons, such as one per squad, etc.

 * Ithaca Model 37 – pump-action shotgun used by the United States and ARVN.
 * Remington Model 10 – pump-action shotgun used by the United States.
 * Remington Model 11-48 – semi-automatic shotgun used by US Army.
 * Remington Model 31 – pump-action shotgun used by the US Army, the SEALs and the ARVN.
 * Remington Model 870 – pump-action shotgun, main shotgun used by Marines, Army, and Navy after 1966.
 * Remington 7188 – experimental select fire shotgun, withdrawn due to lack of reliability. Used by US Navy SEALs
 * Savage Model 69E – pump-action shotgun used by the US Army.
 * Savage Model 720 – semi-automatic shotgun.
 * Stevens Model 77E – pump-action shotgun used by Army and Marine forces. Almost 70,000 Model 77Es were procured by the military for use in SE Asia during the 1960s. Also very popular with the ARVN because of its small size.
 * Stevens Model 520/620
 * Winchester Model 1912 – used by USMC.
 * Winchester Model 1200 – pump-action shotgun used by the US Army.
 * Winchester Model 1897 – used by the Marines during the early stages of the war.

Machine guns

 * BAR-VIETNAM Soldiers Aiming.jpg machine gun – standard General-purpose machine gun for US, ANZAC, and ARVN forces throughout the war.
 * Colt Machine Gun – experimental light machine gun deployed by SEAL Team 2 in 1970.
 * M1918 Browning Automatic Rifle – used by the ARVN during the early stages of the war, as well as many that were airdropped into Laos and used by Laotian fighters.
 * FM 24/29 light machine gun – used by South Vietnamese militias
 * Heckler & Koch HK21 -Used by SEALs
 * RPD machine gun (and Type 56) – captured and used by reconnaissance teams of Mobile Strike Forces, MAC-V-SOG and other special operation forces. Also commonly modified to cut down the barrel.
 * Stoner M63A Commando & Mark 23 Mod.0 – used by Navy SEALs and tested by Force Recon.
 * M134 Minigun – 7.62 mm vehicle mounted machine gun (rare)
 * M1919 Browning machine gun (and variants such as M37) – vehicle mounted machine gun. Meanwhile, still of use by many South Vietnamese infantry.
 * M73 machine gun – tank mounted machine gun.
 * Browning M2HB .50cal Heavy Machine Gun

Grenades and mines

 * AN-M8 – white smoke grenade
 * C4 explosive
 * Mark 2 fragmentation grenade
 * M1 smoke pot
 * M26 fragmentation grenade and many subvariants
 * M59 and M67 fragmentation grenade
 * M6/M7-series riot control grenades – Used to clear NVA/VC out of caves, tunnels and buildings or stop a pursuer.
 * AN/M14 TH3 thermite grenade – Incendiary grenade used to destroy equipment and as a fire-starting device.
 * M15 and M34 smoke grenades – filled with white phosphorus, which ignites on contact with air and creates thick white smoke. Used for signalling and screening purposes, as well as an anti-personnel weapon in enclosed spaces, as the burning white phosphorus would rapidly consume any oxygen, suffocating the victims.
 * M18 grenade Smoke Hand Grenade – Signalling/screening grenade available in red, yellow, green, and purple.
 * V40 Mini-Grenade
 * OF 37 grenade and DF 37 grenade, French grenades used by the ARVN in the 1950s
 * XM58 riot control grenade – A miniature riot control grenade used by MACVSOG and Navy SEALs.
 * M14 mine – anti-personnel blast mine
 * M15 mine – anti-tank mine
 * M16 mine – bounding anti-personnel fragmentation mine
 * M18/M18A1 Claymore – command-detonated directional anti-personnel mine
 * M19 mine – anti-tank mine

Grenade and Rocket Launchers

 * M1/M2 rifle grenade adapters – used to convert a standard fragmentation grenade (M1) or smoke grenade (M2) into a rifle grenade when used with the M7 grenade launcher.
 * M7 and M8 rifle grenade launcher – rifle grenade launcher used with respectively the M1 Garand and the M1 carbine, used by the South Vietnamese. Could fire the M9 and M17 rifle grenades.
 * M79 grenade launcher – main U.S. grenade launcher used by all branches of the US military, ANZAC forces, and ARVN.
 * China Lake grenade launcher – pump action weapon used in very small numbers.
 * XM148 grenade launcher – experimental underbarrel 40 mm grenade launcher attached to the M16 rifle or XM177 carbine. Also issued to Australian Special Air Service Regiment in conjunction with the modified L1A1 and Sterling Submachine Gun. Withdrawn due to safety reasons.
 * M203 grenade launcher – one-shot 40mm underslung grenade launcher designed to attach to an M16 rifle (or XM177 carbine, with modifications to the launcher). First tested in combat April 1969.
 * Mark 18 Mod 0 grenade launcher – Hand-cranked, belt-fed, 40x46mm grenade launcher used by the US Navy.
 * Mark 19 grenade launcher – Automatic, belt-fed, 40x53mm grenade launcher.
 * Mk 20 Mod 0 grenade launcher – Automatic, belt-fed, 40x46mm grenade launcher. Used mostly by riverine crews but also by Air Force Special Operations.
 * XM174 grenade launcher – Automatic, belt-fed, 40x46mm grenade launcher used mainly by the US Army.
 * Bazooka – The M9 variant was supplied to the ARVN during the early years of the war, while the M20 "Super Bazooka" was used by the USMC and the ARVN until the full introduction of the M67 90mm recoilless rifle and of the M72 LAW.
 * BGM-71 TOW – wire-guided anti-tank missile used in 1972 by the US, and by the ARVN from 1972 to the end of the war.
 * FIM-43 Redeye MANPADS (Man-Portable Air-Defence System) – shoulder-fired heat-seeking anti-air missile, used by the USMC.
 * M72 LAW – 66 mm anti-tank rocket launcher.
 * RPG-2 - Used by MACVSOG
 * XM202 – experimental four-shot 66mm incendiary rocket launcher.

Flamethrowers

 * M2A1-7 and M9A1-7 flamethrowers

Infantry support weapons

 * M18 recoilless rifle – 57mm shoulder-fired/tripod mounted recoilless rifle, used by the ARVN early in the war.
 * M20 recoilless rifle – 75mm tripod/vehicle-mounted recoilless rifle, used by US and ARVN forces early in the war.
 * M67 recoilless rifle – 90mm shoulder-fired anti-tank recoilless rifle, used by the US Army, US Marine Corps, ANZAC and ARVN selected forces.
 * M40 recoilless rifle 106mm tripod/vehicle-mounted recoilless rifle.
 * M2 mortar – 60 mm mortar, used with the lighter but less accurate and lower-range M19 mortar.
 * M19 mortar – 60 mm mortar, used with the older, heavier M2 mortar.
 * Brandt Mle 27/31 – 81 mm mortar, used by ARVN forces
 * M1 mortar – 81 mm mortar, used by ARVN forces.
 * M29 mortar – 81 mm mortar, used by US and ARVN forces.
 * L16A1 mortar – 81mm, used by ANZAC forces.
 * 82-BM-37 – captured 82 mm mortar, few used by USMC with US rounds.
 * M30 mortar 107 mm mortar, used by US and ARVN forces.
 * M98 Howtar, variant of the latter mounted on a M116 howitzer carriage.

Artillery

 * M55 quad machine gun – used to defend US Army bases and on vehicles
 * Oerlikon 20 mm cannon – used on riverine crafts
 * Bofors 40 mm gun – used on riverine crafts
 * 105 mm Howitzer M101A1/M2A1
 * 105 mm Howitzer M102
 * 155 mm Howitzer M114
 * M53 Self-propelled 155 mm gun
 * M55 Self-propelled 8-inch howitzer
 * M107 Self-propelled 175 mm gun
 * M108 Self-propelled 105 mm howitzer
 * M109 Self-propelled 155 mm howitzer
 * M110 Self-propelled 8-inch howitzer
 * L5 pack howitzer 105 mm pack howitzer used by Australia and New Zealand
 * MIM-23 Hawk – medium-range surface to air missile used in very small quantities by the US Marines.

Artillery ammunition types

 * HE (High explosive) – standard artillery round.
 * High-explosive anti-tank round – fired by 105 mm guns.
 * White phosphorus – used for screening or incendiary purposes.
 * Smoke shells – used for screening.
 * Leaflet shell
 * Beehive flechette rounds – antipersonnel rounds.
 * Improved conventional munition – antipersonnel shell with submunitions.

Aircraft
(listed alphabetically by modified/basic mission code, then numerically in ascending order by design number/series letter)
 * A-1 Skyraider – ground attack aircraft
 * A-3 Skywarrior – carrier-based bomber
 * A-4 Skyhawk – carrier-based strike aircraft
 * A-6 Intruder – carrier-based all weather strike aircraft
 * A-7 Corsair II – carrier-based strike aircraft
 * A-26 Invader – light bomber
 * A-37 Dragonfly – ground attack aircraft
 * AC-47 Spooky – gunship
 * AC-119G "Shadow" – gunship
 * AC-119K "Stinger" – gunship
 * AC-130 "Spectre" – gunship
 * AU-24 Stallion – ground attack aircraft
 * B-52 U Tapao.jpg-52 Stratofortress – heavy bomber
 * B-57 Canberra – medium bomber
 * Canberra B.20 – Royal Australian Air Force medium bomber
 * C-1 Trader – cargo/transport aircraft
 * C-2 Greyhound – cargo/transport aircraft
 * C-5 Galaxy – strategic lift cargo aircraft
 * C-7 Caribou – tactical cargo aircraft, used by the U.S. Air Force, the Royal Australian Air Force and the South Vietnamese Air Force
 * C-46 Commando – cargo/transport aircraft
 * C-47 – cargo/transport aircraft
 * C-54 – transport aircraft
 * C-119 Boxcar – cargo/transport aircraft
 * C-121 Constellation – transport aircraft
 * C-123 Provider – cargo/transport aircraft
 * C-124 Globemaster II – cargo/transport aircraft
 * C-130 Hercules – cargo/transport plane
 * C-133 Cargomaster – cargo/transport aircraft
 * C-141 Starlifter – strategic cargo aircraft
 * E-1 Tracer – carrier-based airborne early warning (AEW) aircraft
 * E-2 Hawkeye – carrier-based airborne early warning (AEW) aircraft
 * EA-3 Skywarrior – carrier-based tactical electronic reconnaissance aircraft
 * EA-6B Prowler – carrier-based electronic warfare & attack aircraft
 * EB-57 Canberra – tactical electronic reconnaissance aircraft
 * EB-66 – tactical electronic reconnaissance aircraft
 * EC-121 – radar warning or sensor relay aircraft
 * EF-10 Skyknight – tactical electronic warfare aircraft
 * EKA-3B Skywarrior – carrier-based tactical electronic warfare aircraft
 * F-4 Phantom II – carrier and land based fighter-bomber
 * F-5 Freedom Fighter – light-weight fighter used in strike aircraft role
 * F8F Bearcat – piston fighter-bomber, used by the South Vietnamese Air Force until 1964.
 * F-8 Crusader – carrier and land based fighter-bomber
 * F-14 Tomcat – carrier-based fighter, made its combat debut during Operation Frequent Wind, the evacuation of Saigon, in April 1975.
 * F-100 Super Sabre – fighter-bomber
 * F-102 Delta Dagger – fighter
 * F-104 Starfighter – fighter
 * F-105 Thunderchief – fighter-bomber
 * F-111 Aardvark – medium bomber
 * HU-16 Albatross – rescue amphibian
 * KA-3 Skywarrior – carrier-based tactical aerial refueler aircraft
 * KA-6 Intruder – carrier-based tactical aerial refueler aircraft
 * KC-130 Hercules – tactical aerial refueler/assault transport aircraft
 * KC-135 Stratotanker – aerial refueling aircraft
 * O-1 Bird Dog – light observation airplane
 * O-2 Skymaster – observation aircraft
 * OV-1 Mohawk – battlefield surveillance and light strike aircraft
 * OV-10 Bronco – light attack/observation aircraft
 * P-2 Neptune – maritime patrol aircraft
 * P-3 Orion – maritime patrol aircraft
 * P-5 Marlin – antisubmarine seaplane
 * QU-22 Pave Eagle (Beech Bonanza) – electronic monitoring signal relay aircraft
 * RA-3B Skywarrior – carrier-based tactical photographic reconnaissance aircraft
 * RA-5C Vigilante – carrier-based tactical photographic reconnaissance aircraft
 * RB-47 Stratojet – photographic reconnaissance aircraft
 * RB-57 Canberra – tactical photographic reconnaissance aircraft
 * RB-66 – tactical photographic reconnaissance aircraft
 * RF-4 Phantom II – carrier and land-based tactical photographic reconnaissance aircraft
 * RF-8 Crusader – carrier-based tactical photographic reconnaissance aircraft
 * RF-101 Voodoo – tactical photographic reconnaissance aircraft
 * RT-33A – reconnaissance jet
 * S-2 Tracker – carrier-based anti-submarine warfare (ASW) aircraft
 * SR-71 Blackbird – strategic reconnaissance aircraft
 * T-28 Trojan – trainer/ground attack aircraft
 * T-41 Mescalero – trainer aircraft
 * U-1 Otter – transport aircraft
 * U-2 – reconnaissance aircraft
 * U-6 Beaver – utility aircraft
 * U-8 Seminole – transport/electronic survey aircraft
 * U-10 Helio Courier – utility aircraft
 * U-17 Skywagon – utility aircraft
 * U-21 Ute – liaison and electronic survey
 * YO-3 Quiet Star – light observation airplane

Helicopters
(listed numerically in ascending order by design number/series letter, then alphabetically by mission code)
 * UH-1 Iroquois "Huey" – utility transport and gunship helicopter
 * AH-1G HueyCobra – attack helicopter
 * AH-1J SeaCobra – twin-engine attack helicopter
 * UH-1N Iroquois – twin-engine utility helicopter
 * UH-2 Seasprite – carrier-based utility helicopter
 * CH-3 Sea King – long-range transport helicopter
 * HH-3 "Jolly Green Giant" – long-range combat search and rescue (CSAR) helicopter
 * SH-3 Sea King – carrier-based anti-submarine warfare (ASW) helicopter
 * OH-6A Cayuse "Loach" (from LOH – Light Observation Helicopter) – light transport/observation (i.e. scout) helicopter
 * OH-13 Sioux – light observation helicopter
 * UH-19 Chickasaw – utility transport helicopter
 * CH-21 Shawnee – cargo/transport helicopter
 * OH-23 Raven – light utility helicopter
 * CH-34 Choctaw – cargo/transport helicopter
 * CH-37 Mojave – cargo/transport helicopter
 * HH-43 Huskie – rescue helicopter
 * CH-46 Sea Knight – cargo/transport helicopter
 * CH-47 Chinook – cargo/transport helicopter
 * CH-53 Sea Stallion – heavy-lift transport helicopter
 * HH-53 "Super Jolly Green Giant" – long-range combat search and rescue (CSAR) helicopter
 * CH-54 Tarhe "Sky Crane" – heavy lift helicopter
 * OH-58A Kiowa – light transport/observation helicopter

Aircraft ordnance

 * GBUs
 * CBUs
 * BLU-82 Daisy cutter
 * Napalm
 * Bomb, 250 lb, 500 lb, 750 lb, 1000 lb, HE (high explosive), general-purpose
 * Rocket, aerial, HE (High Explosive), 2.75 inch

Aircraft weapons

 * M60D machine gun – 7.62mm (helicopter mount)
 * Minigun – 7.62 mm (aircraft and helicopter mount)
 * Colt Mk 12 cannon – 20 mm (aircraft mount)
 * M3 cannon – 20 mm (aircraft mount)
 * M39 cannon – 20 mm (aircraft mount)
 * M61 Vulcan – 20 mm (aircraft mount), M195 was used on AH-1
 * M197 Gatling gun – 20 mm (used on AH-1J helicopters)
 * M75 grenade launcher – 40 mm (helicopter mount)
 * M129 grenade launcher – 40 mm (helicopter mount)
 * AIM-4 Falcon
 * AIM-7 Sparrow
 * AIM-9 Sidewinder
 * AGM-12 Bullpup
 * AGM-22
 * AGM-45 Shrike
 * AGM-62 Walleye
 * AGM-78 Standard ARM
 * AGM-65 Maverick

Chemical weapons

 * Rainbow Herbicides
 * Agent Orange – While developed to be used as a herbicide to destroy natural obstacles and tree camouflage, it was later revealed that it posed health risks to those exposed to it.
 * Agent Blue – Used to destroy agricultural land that was believed to be used to grow food for the VC/NVA.
 * Agent Green
 * Agent White
 * Napalm
 * CS-1 riot control agent – "Teargas", used in grenades, cluster bomblets or (rarely) shells.
 * CN gas – "teargas"

Vehicles
In addition to cargo-carrying and troop transport roles, many of these vehicles were also equipped with weapons and sometimes armor, serving as "gun trucks" for convoy escort duties.
 * M274 Truck, Platform, Utility, 1/2 Ton, 4X4 – Commonly called a "Mechanical Mule".
 * Land Rover (short and long wheelbase) – Australian and New Zealand forces.
 * CJ-3B and M606 – 1/4 ton jeep
 * M151 – ¼ ton jeep.
 * Dodge M37 – 3/4 ton truck.
 * M76 Otter – 1¼-ton amphibious cargo carrier used by USMC.
 * M116 Husky – 1¼-ton amphibious cargo carrier, tested by USMC.
 * M733 – 1¼-ton amphibious personnel carrier, M116 variant, tested by USMC.
 * M35 series 2½-ton 6x6 cargo truck
 * M135 2½-ton truck
 * M54 5-ton 6x6 truck
 * M548 – 6-ton tracked cargo carrier
 * M520 Goer – 4x4 8-ton cargo truck.
 * M123 and M125 10-ton 6x6 trucks

Other vehicles

 * Caterpillar D7E bulldozer – used by US Army
 * Various graders and bulldozers used by the USMC
 * ERDLator

Tanks

 * M24 Chaffee – light tank; main ARVN tank early in the war, used at least as late as the Tet Offensive.
 * M41A3 Walker Bulldog – light tank, replaced the M24 Chaffee as the main ARVN tank from 1965.
 * M48 Patton – main tank of the US Army and Marines throughout the war, and also used by ARVN forces from 1971.
 * M67 "Zippo" – flamethrower variant of the M48 Patton, used by USMC.
 * M551 Sheridan – Armored Reconnaissance Airborne Assault Vehicle/Light Tank, used by the US Army from 1969.
 * Centurion Mk 5 Main Battle Tank – used by the Australian Army, with AVLB and ARV variants.

Other armored vehicles

 * C15TA Armoured Truck – used by the ARVN early in the war
 * LVTP5 (aka AMTRACs) – amphibious tractors/landing craft used by USMC and later by RVNMD
 * Lynx Scout Car Mk II – used by the ARVN
 * M113 – APC (Armored Personnel Carrier)
 * M113 ACAV – Armored Cavalry Assault Vehicle
 * M163 Vulcan – self-propelled anti-aircraft tank
 * M114 – reconnaissance vehicle
 * M132 Armored Flamethrower
 * M106 mortar carrier
 * M3 Scout Car – used by South Vietnamese forces early in the war.
 * M3 Half-track – used by South Vietnamese forces early in the war.
 * Cadillac Gage V-100 Commando – replaced ARVN M8 armored cars in 1967. Also used by US forces as M706 Commando.
 * M8 Greyhound Used by ARVN forces early in the war.
 * M56 Scorpion – limited use in 1965–1966
 * M50 Ontos – self-propelled 106 mm recoilless rifle carrier used by the USMC until 1969.
 * M42 Duster – M41 based hull, with a twin 40 mm antiaircraft gun mounted on an open turret
 * M728 Combat Engineer Vehicle – modified M60 Patton tank equipped with dozer blade, short-barrelled 165 mm M135 Demolition Gun, and A-Frame crane.
 * M60 AVLB – armored vehicle launched bridge using M60 Patton chassis.
 * M51 Armored Recovery Vehicle – fielded by US Marines.
 * M578 light recovery vehicle
 * M88 Recovery Vehicle – armored recovery vehicle based on M48 chassis.
 * Wickums armored draisine used by the ARVN.

Naval craft

 * LCM-6 and LCM-8 – with several modifications:
 * LCMs modified as a river monitors
 * Armored Troop Carrier
 * Command and Communication Boat (CCB)
 * other variants included helipad boats and tankers
 * LCVP – Landing craft vehicle personnel, some made by the French Services Techniques des Construction et Armes Navales/France Outremer and known as FOM
 * Swift Boat – Patrol Craft Fast (PCF)
 * ASPB – assault support patrol boat
 * PBR – Patrol Boat River, all-fiberglass boats propelled by twin water jets, used by the US Navy
 * Hurricane Aircat – airboat used by ARVN and US Army

Radios
The geographically dispersed nature of the war challenged existing military communications. From 1965 to the final redeployment of tactical units, numerous communications-electronics systems were introduced in Vietnam to upgrade the quality and quantity of tactical communications and replace obsolete gear:
 * AN/PRT-4 and PRR-9 squad radios – replaced the AN/PRC-6.
 * AN/PRC-6 and AN/PRC-10 – older short range radios, used for outposts
 * AN/PRC-25 and 77 – short-range FM radios that replaced the AN/PRC-8-10.
 * AN/VRC-12 series (VRC-43, VRC-45, VRC-46, VRC-47, VRC-48) – FM radios that replaced the RT-66-67-68/GRC (including AN/GRC 3–8, VRC 7–10, VRC 20–22, and VRQ 1–3 sets).
 * AN/GRC-106 – AM radios and teletypewriter that replaced the AN/GRC-19.
 * TA-312 and TA-1 field telephones.

Encryption systems
Encryption systems developed by the National Security Agency and used in Vietnam included:

 * NESTOR – tactical secure voice system, including the TSEC/KY-8, 28 and 38 was used with the PRC-77 and VRC-12
 * KW-26 – protected higher level teletype traffic
 * KW-37 – protected the U.S. Navy fleet broadcast
 * KL-7 – provided offline security
 * A number of paper encryption and authentication products, including one time pads and the KAL-55B Tactical Authentication System

Weapons of the PAVN/VC, China, Soviet and North Korea Forces
The PAVN and the Southern communist guerrillas, the Viet Cong (VC) as they were commonly referred to during the war, largely used standard Warsaw Pact weapons. Weapons used by the PAVN also included Chinese Communist variants, which were referred to as CHICOM's by the US military. Captured weapons were also widely used; almost every small arm used by SEATO may have seen limited enemy use. During the early 1950s, US equipment captured in Korea was also sent to the Viet Minh.

Hand combat weapons

 * A wide variety of bayonets meant for fitting on the many types of rifles used by the NVA and VC.
 * Type 30 bayonet
 * Spears, used during "suicide attacks"

Handguns and revolvers

 * Makarov PM (and Chinese Type 59)
 * Mauser C96 – Locally produced copies were used alongside Chinese copies and German variants supplied by the Soviets.
 * Nagant M1895
 * M1911 pistol
 * M1935A pistol
 * SA vz. 61 – automatic pistol
 * Tokarev TT-33 – Standard pistol, including Chinese Type 51 and Type 54 copies including Zastava M57
 * Walther P38 – Captured by the Soviets during World War II and provided to the VPA and the NLF as military aid
 * Home-made pistols, such as copies of the M1911, Luger or of the Mauser C96 (Cao Dai 763) or crude one-shot guns, were also used by the Viet Cong early in the war.

Automatic and semi-automatic rifles

 * SKS (Chinese Type 56) semi-automatic carbine
 * AK-47 – from the Soviet Union, Warsaw Pact countries, China and North Korea
 * Type 56 – Chinese-made standard rifle
 * Type 58 – Limited use from North Korea
 * PMK – Polish-made AK-47
 * AKM – from the Soviet Union, common modernized variant of the AK-47
 * PM md. 63/65 – Romanian variant of AKM
 * AMD-65 – Very limited use from Hungary
 * M1/M2 carbines – common and popular captured semi-automatic rifles
 * M1 Garand- Captured from South Vietnamese forces
 * vz. 52 rifle semi-automatic rifle, very rarely used
 * Vz. 58 assault rifle
 * Sturmgewehr 44 Limited
 * Type 63 assault rifle – Limited use, received during the 1970s
 * M14, M16A1 – captured from US and South Vietnamese forces.
 * MAS-49 rifle – captured French rifle from First Indochina War

Rifles: bolt-action, marksman

 * Arisaka rifles – Used by Viet Cong early in the war.
 * Berthier rifles- Used by Viet Cong early in the war
 * Chiang Kai-shek rifle – Used by recruits and militias
 * Mosin–Nagant – Bolt-action rifles and carbines from the Soviet Union and China (especially M44).
 * Mauser Kar98k – Bolt-action rifle, captured from the French during the First Indochina War and also provided by the Soviets as military aid.
 * MAS-36 rifle
 * Lee–Enfield – Used by the Viet Cong
 * Lebel rifle – Used earlier in the war.
 * M1903 Springfield – Used by Viet Cong forces
 * M1917 Enfield – Used by Viet Cong forces
 * SVD Dragunov – Soviet semi-automatic sniper rifle in limited use
 * vz. 24 – Used by Viet Cong forces.
 * Older or rarer rifles were often modified by the Viet Cong early in the war: Gras mle 1874 carbines were rechambered to .410 bore while Destroyer carbines were modified to accept the magazine of the Walther P38.
 * Home-made rifles, often spring-action rifles made to look like a M1 Garand or a M1 Carbine, were also used by the Viet Cong.

Submachine guns

 * K-50M submachine gun (Vietnamese edition, based on Chinese version of Russian PPSh-41, under licence)
 * MAT-49 submachine gun – Captured during the French-Indochina War. Many were converted from 9×19mm to 7.62×25mm Tokarev
 * PPSh-41 submachine gun (both Soviet, North Korean and Chinese versions)
 * PPS-43 submachine gun (both Soviet and Chinese versions)
 * M3 submachine gun Limited use
 * Thompson submachine gun – including Vietnamese copies
 * MP 40 Provided by the Soviet Union as a military aid.
 * Smith and Wesson M76 submachine gun - captured from US forces
 * MAS-38 submachine gun – Captured from the French in the Indochina War.
 * PM-63 submachine gun – Used by tank crews
 * M56 submachine gun – limited use, received from Yugoslavia
 * Vietnamese home-made submachine guns, inspired by the Sten or the Thompson, were used by the Viet Cong early in the war.

Shotguns

 * Homemade shotguns, some inspired by the BAR or the Arisaka Type 99, were used by the Viet Cong early in the war.
 * Various models captured from ARVN and US forces
 * Remington Model 10 – pump-action shotgun used by the Viet Cong

Machine guns

 * Bren light machine gun, used by Viet Cong
 * Degtyarev DP (DPM and RP-46 variants and Chinese Type 53 and Type 58 copies)
 * DShK heavy machine gun (including Chinese Type 54)
 * FM-24/29 – used by Viet Cong Forces
 * KPV heavy machine gun
 * Lewis gun
 * M1918 Browning Automatic Rifle
 * M1917 Browning machine gun – at least 1 used by the Viet Cong
 * M1919 Browning machine gun – captured from ARVN/US forces
 * M60 machine gun – captured from ARVN/US forces
 * M2 Browning – captured from ARVN/US forces
 * MG 34 – captured by the Soviets during World War II and provided to the VPA and the NLF as military aid
 * FG 42 – Limited use, captured by the Soviets during World War II and supplied in the 1950s
 * Maxim machine-gun M1910
 * PK Very limited use general-purpose machine gun from Soviet Union
 * Reibel Machine gun
 * RPD light machine gun (and Chinese Type 56 and North Korean Type 62 copies) – first used in 1964
 * RPK light machine gun of Soviet design
 * SG-43/SGM medium machine guns including Type 53 and Type 57 Chinese copies of these guns
 * Type 11 light machine gun
 * Type 24 machine gun (Chinese-made MG-08) – used by the Viet Cong Forces
 * Type 67 machine gun
 * Type 92 heavy machine gun
 * Type 99 light machine gun
 * Uk vz. 59 general-purpose machine gun
 * ZB vz. 26 light machine gun (included Chinese copies)

Grenades, mines, and booby traps

 * Home-made grenades and IEDs
 * F1 grenade (Chinese Type 1)
 * M29 grenade – captured
 * M79 grenade launcher – captured from US or ARVN forces
 * RG-42 grenade (Chinese Type 42)
 * RGD-1 and RGD-2 smoke grenades
 * RGD-5 grenade (Chinese Type 59)
 * RKG-3 anti-tank grenade (Chinese Type 3)
 * Type 67 and RGD-33 stick grenades
 * Type 64 rifle grenade – fired from AT-44 grenade launchers, fitted to Mosin-Nagant carbines
 * Type 89 grenade discharger

Flamethrowers

 * LPO-50 flamethrower
 * Type 74 Chinese-built copy

Rocket launchers, recoilless rifles, anti-tank rifles and lightweight guided missiles

 * Recoilless rifles were known as DKZ (Đại-bác Không Giật).
 * RPG-2 recoilless rocket launcher (both Soviet, Chinese and locally produced B-40 and B-50 variants used)
 * RPG-7 recoilless rocket launcher
 * Type 51 (Chinese copy of the M20 Super Bazooka) – used by Viet Cong as late as 1964
 * B-10 recoilless rifle
 * B-11 recoilless rifle
 * SPG-9 73 mm recoilless rifle
 * M18 recoilless rifle (and Chinese Type 36 copy) and captured from US or ARVN forces
 * M20 recoilless rifle (and Chinese Type 52 and Type 56 copies) and captured from US or ARVN forces
 * PTRD Limited use by the Viet Cong Forces.
 * 9K32 Strela-2 (SA-7) anti-aircraft weapon
 * 9M14 Malyutka (AT-3 Sagger)

Mortars

 * Brandt Mle 1935 – 60 mm mortar
 * M2 mortar (including Chinese Type 31 and Type 63 copies) – 60 mm mortars
 * M19 mortar – 60 mm mortar
 * M1 mortar – 81 mm
 * M29 mortar – 81 mm
 * Brandt Mle 27/31 – 81 mm mortar
 * 82-PM-37 (including Chinese Type 53 copy) – 82 mm mortar
 * Type 67 mortar – 82 mm mortar
 * M1938 107 mm mortar
 * 120-PM-43 mortar
 * M1943 160 mm mortar (including Chinese Type 55 copy)

Field artillery rocket launchers
Field artillery rockets were often fired from improvised launchers, sometimes a tube fixed with bamboo.
 * 102 mm 102A3 rockets
 * 107 mm Type 63 MRL – used with one-tube or 12-tube launchers
 * single-tube 122mm 9M22M rocket taken from BM-21 Grad MRL
 * single-tube 140mm M14-OF rocket taken from BM-14 MRL

Field guns and howitzers

 * 57 mm anti-tank gun M1943 (ZiS-2)
 * 70 mm Type 92 battalion gun
 * Type 41 75 mm mountain gun, supplied by China
 * 7.5 cm Pak 40
 * 75 mm M116 pack howitzer, supplied by China
 * 76 mm divisional gun M1942 (ZiS-3) (and Chinese Type 54)
 * 85 mm divisional gun D-44
 * 100 mm field gun M1944 (BS-3)
 * Type 91 10 cm howitzer, supplied by China
 * M101 howitzer
 * 122 mm gun M1931/37 (A-19)
 * 122 mm howitzer M1938 (M-30)
 * D-74 122 mm field gun
 * 130 mm towed field gun M1954 (M-46)
 * 152 mm howitzer-gun M1937 (ML-20)
 * 152 mm towed gun-howitzer M1955 (D-20)
 * M114 155 mm howitzer

Anti-aircraft weapons

 * ZPU-1/2/4 single, double, and quad 14.5 mm anti-aircraft machine guns
 * ZU-23 twin 23 mm anti-aircraft cannon
 * M1939 37 mm anti-aircraft gun (and Chinese Type 55)
 * S-60 57 mm anti-aircraft gun
 * 85 mm air defense gun M1944
 * 100 mm air defense gun KS-19
 * 8.8 cm Flak 18/36/37/41
 * S-75 Dvina Soviet high-altitude air defence system
 * S-125 Neva Soviet high-altitude air defence system

Aircraft

 * Aero Ae-45 trainer aircraft
 * Aero L-29 Delfín trainer aircraft
 * An-2 utility aircraft
 * Cessna A-37 Dragonfly attack aircraft – limited use of captured or defected
 * Ilyushin Il-12 transport aircraft
 * Ilyushin Il-14 transport aircraft
 * Ilyushin Il-28 jet bomber
 * Lisunov Li-2 transport aircraft
 * Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15 (and Chinese F-4) jet trainer
 * MiG-17 (and Chinese F-5) jet fighter
 * MiG-19 (and Chinese F-6) jet fighter
 * MiG-21 jet fighter
 * North American T-28 Trojan – 1 ex-Laotian used in 1964
 * Yakovlev Yak-18 trainer aircraft
 * Zlín Z 26 trainer aircraft

Aircraft weapons

 * Gryazev-Shipunov GSh-23
 * Nudelman-Rikhter NR-30
 * Nudelman N-37
 * Nudelman-Rikhter NR-23
 * K-5 (missile) (RS-2US)
 * K-13 (missile) (R-3S)

Helicopters

 * Mi-4
 * Mi-6
 * Mi-8

Tanks

 * M24 Chaffee – light tank, captured from the French and used for training early in the war
 * M41 Walker Bulldog – light tank, captured from the ARVN.
 * M48 Patton – captured from the ARVN.
 * PT-76 amphibious tank
 * SU-76 self-propelled gun
 * SU-100 self-propelled guns in limited numbers.
 * SU-122 self-propelled gun in limited numbers
 * T-34-85 medium tank, from 1959
 * T-54 main battle tanks, used from 1965
 * Type 59 main battle tanks
 * Type 63 amphibious tank
 * ZSU-57-2 anti-aircraft self-propelled systems
 * ZSU-23-4 anti-aircraft self-propelled systems

Other armored vehicles

 * BTR-40 APC
 * BTR-50 APC
 * BTR-60PB APC
 * BTR-152 APC
 * M3 Half-track and M8 Light Armored Car – first NVA armored vehicles. Used to protect Air Bases in the North.
 * M113 armored personnel carrier – captured from the ARVN
 * MTU-20 armored bridge-layer
 * Type 63 APC

Support vehicles

 * AT-L light artillery tractor
 * AT-S and ATS-59 medium artillery tractors
 * Beijing BJ212
 * GAZ-46 light amphibious car
 * GAZ-51 truck (and Chinese copy)
 * GAZ-63 truck
 * GAZ-69
 * IFA W 50
 * KrAZ-255 heavy truck
 * Mazur D-350 artillery tractor
 * MAZ-502 truck
 * M35 truck series (captured)
 * M54 truck series (captured)
 * M151 jeep (captured)
 * ZIS-150 truck (and Chinese CA-10)
 * UralZIS-355M truck
 * ZIL-130 truck
 * ZIL-151 truck
 * ZIL-157 and ZIL-157K trucks (and Chinese CA-30)
 * ZiS-485 amphibious vehicle

Naval craft

 * Swatow-class gunboats
 * P4 and P6 torpedo boats
 * Countless civilian-type sampans – mainly used for smuggling supplies and weapons

title: Weapons of the Vietnam War


text:
Quote

"Quote" is a clipped form of quotation or quotation mark.

Computing

 * String literals, computer programming languages' facility for embedding text in the source code
 * Quoting in Lisp, the Lisp programming language's notion of quoting
 * Quoted-printable, encoding method for data transmission
 * Usenet quoting, the conventions used by Usenet and e-mail users when quoting a portion of the original message in a response message.
 * Mention (blogging), a means by which a blog post references or links to a user's profile
 * Posting style, quoting the original message when a message is replied to in e-mail, Internet forums, or Usenet

Finance

 * Financial quote or sales quote, the commercial statement detailing a set of products and services to be purchased in a single transaction by one party from another for a defined price
 * Quote.com, a financial website
 * Quote notation, representation of certain rational numbers

Media

 * Quote... Unquote, panel game on BBC Radio 4.
 * Quote (magazine), a Dutch magazine
 * Quote, the protagonist of the 2004 platform game Cave Story
 * Musical quotation, the practice of directly quoting another work in a new composition

Places

 * Quote, Missouri, a ghost town

Speech and written text

 * Quotation, the repetition of someone else's statement, beliefs or thoughts
 * Quotation marks, punctuation marks used in text to indicate a quotation

title: Quote


text:
Talk:Visitor

Title
See Visitor (UK Universities) for some of page history. I have moved this article back here as I do not foresee any need to disambiguate this title in an encyclopedia. Andrew Yong 09:01, 29 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Is there such a thing as 'United Kingdom' law? As I understand matters, there are the laws of 'England & Wales' and the laws of 'Scotland', which are different jurisdictions. Since the seventeen univeristies/colleges visited by the Privy Councillor are all in England and Wales, I propose to change this. --Theo (Talk) 00:48, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Should we redirect board of visitors here? Sarsaparilla (talk) 16:55, 24 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Looking at the article content, and where Board of Visitors goes, I think Board of governors might be a better target - although there might be an argument for a merger there as well. David Underdown (talk) 17:17, 24 January 2008 (UTC)

Agree with above comment about UK law. I also have good reason to believe that "Visitor" is an office found only in English and Welsh contexts, so I'm going to edit the article to reflect this. I have never heard of Visitors in a Scottish context. Source - lawyer in Scotland.

Privy Council Link
The link to the privy council lead to an advertising site (www.privy-council.org.uk). Whether this was an old address or some spammer put it there I do not know. I have corrected it.

Sat — Preceding unsigned comment added by Satinstaller (talk • contribs) 21:57, 1 March 2014 (UTC)

Lord Peter Wimsey as the Visitor of St. Severin's College
In the Jill Paton Walsh continuation of the Lord Peter Wimsey series of detective novels The Late Scholar, Lord Peter is found to be the Visitor of St. Severin’s College in Oxford. It might be a good idea to mention it as an use of the office in the popular literature.

Ceplm (talk) 13:05, 4 November 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Visitor


text:
User talk:Arpingstone/ArchiveFeb20-2004

hi simon trim

dont bother with class work

title: User talk:Arpingstone/ArchiveFeb20-2004