text:
James Wilson (businessman)

James Wilson (3 June 1805 – 11 August 1860) was a Scottish businessman, economist, and Liberal politician who founded The Economist weekly and the Chartered Bank of India, Australia and China, which merged with Standard Bank in 1969 to form Standard Chartered. He was the first Finance Member of the Viceroy's Executive Council from December 1859 until his death in August 1860. Sent there to put order into the chaos that followed the "Sepoy Mutiny" of 1857, he presented India's first budget, and was responsible for the government accounting system, Pay Office, and audit, apart from government paper currency, Indian Police, a Military Finance Commission, and a Civil Finance Commission.

Early life
Wilson was born in Hawick in the Scottish Borders. His Quaker father William Wilson owned a hat manufactury, and his ancestors were local sheep farmers. He was the fourth of fifteen children, of whom ten reached adulthood. His mother died when James was young.

A successful disciplined autodidact scholar from a Quaker family, he was destined to be a schoolmaster but hated it so much that he "would rather to be the most menial servant in [his] father's mill". After considering studying law with a view to becoming an advocate, a profession which would have meant abandoning his family religion, Wilson decided instead to learn business, and at the age of sixteen became an apprentice in a hat factory. Later, his father bought the business for him and his elder brother, William. When James Wilson was nineteen, the brothers left Scotland and migrated to London, with a gift of £2,000 each,.

Business
The brothers established a manufacturing factory—Wilson, Irwin & Wilson—that they dissolved in 1831. Wilson continued in the same line of business with much success (his net worth was £25,000 in 1837, . During the economic crisis of 1837, he lost most of his wealth when the price of indigo fell. By 1839, he had sold most of his property and avoided bankruptcy. However, in 1853 he founded the Chartered Bank of India, Australia and China, which later merged with the Standard Bank to form Standard Chartered Bank in 1969.

Journalism
Wilson was generally opposed to privileging the Church of England, the secret ballot when it was proposed in 1853, and the Corn Laws. He wrote a pamphlet titled Influences of the Corn Laws, as affecting all classes of the community, and particularly the landed interests. It slowly received positive feedback and Wilson's fame had grown. He then went on writing on currency, and especially The Revenue; or, What should the Chancellor do?. He started to write for newspapers, including the Manchester Guardian. In 1843 he established The Economist as a newspaper to campaign for free trade, and acted as Chief editor and sole proprietor for sixteen years. His overarching goal to end vested interests in the Westminster parliament wherever these led to poverty or starvation, as the Corn Laws most notably had done. An article Wilson published in April 1848 in opposition to the Ten Hours Bill was criticised by Karl Marx for misunderstanding profit and the working day. The Economist is still published today, now with a weekly circulation of over 1.6 million globally. Wilson was the most respected statistician of his times and saw economics as an optimistic and rational way of mediating socially sustainable futures drawing on the Scottish School of Adam Smith and the French "Entrepreneur" School of Jean-Baptiste Say.

Politics
Wilson entered the House of Commons as Liberal Member of Parliament for Westbury, Wiltshire, in 1847. Due to his economic experience, in 1848, prime minister Lord John Russell appointed Wilson as Secretary of the Board of Control, which supervised the East India Company's control of British India, a post he held until the government fell in 1852. He then served as Financial Secretary to the Treasury between 1853 and 1858, firstly in Lord Aberdeen's coalition government and secondly in Lord Palmerston's first administration. In 1857, he was returned to Parliament for Devonport. He again briefly held office under Palmerston as Paymaster General and Vice-President of the Board of Trade between June and August 1859, and was sworn of the Privy Council the same year.

In August 1859, Wilson resigned these offices and his seat in parliament to sit as the financial member of the Council of India. He was sent by Queen Victoria to India to establish the tax structure, a new paper currency, and remodel India's finance system after the Rebellion of 1857. However, he was in office only a year before he died. In 1860, he refused to leave the stifling summer heat of Calcutta, contracted dysentery, and died in August of that year at age 55.

Despite his prominent public role, Wilson was buried unknown at a cemetery at Mullick Bazar in Kolkata. His grave was discovered in 2007 by CP Bhatia, a joint commissioner of Income Tax, while researching a book on India's tax history. Due to the efforts of CP Bhatia the tombstone was restored by the Christian Burial Board.

Family
Wilson married Elizabeth Preston of Newcastle-upon-Tyne in January 1832. They had six daughters, of whom Eliza, the eldest, married Walter Bagehot.

Works

 * Influences of the corn laws, as affecting all classes of the community, and particularly the landed interests
 * Fluctuations of currency, commerce, and manufactures : referable to the corn laws

title: James Wilson (businessman)


text:
Spunk

Spunk may in colloquial English mean either courage or semen. It may otherwise refer to:

Music

 * Spunk (Sex Pistols bootleg album), a 1977 bootleg album by the Sex Pistols
 * Spunk/This Is Crap, a 1996 re-issue of Spunk by the Sex Pistols
 * Spunk!, a 1993 album by Swamp Zombies
 * Spunk (play), a 1989 play by American playwright George C. Wolfe

Internet

 * Spunk Library, an anarchist internet archive
 * Spunk.nl, a Dutch e-zine

Other

 * Spunk (candy), a brand of salty liquorice and wine gums from Denmark
 * Spunk Creek, a stream in Minnesota
 * The pseudonym of Joan Stark, an ASCII artist
 * A 1927 short story by Zora Neale Hurston

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Spunk


text:
User:Andrewa/grove

=A Dictionary of Music and Musicians (Grove, 1880s)=

This was apparently intended to be a three-volume dictionary, and volumes one and two were published in 1880. However volume three, published in 1883, ends partway through the letter S, and the words "in three volumes" have been removed from the title page after printing.

On the back of each cover page is a notice to the effect that the books were actually printed by the Oxford University printers.

Images scanned from these volumes
More to follow!

title: User:Andrewa/grove


text:
Hunters Point

Hunters Point or Hunter's Point or Hunter Point refers to the following places:
 * Bayview-Hunters Point, San Francisco, a neighborhood in San Francisco, California
 * Hunters Point Naval Shipyard, another name for the San Francisco Naval Shipyard
 * Hunter's Point, Queens, a neighborhood in New York City
 * Hunterspoint Avenue (LIRR station), a station of the Long Island Rail Road railroad
 * Hunters Point Avenue (IRT Flushing Line), a station of New York City Subway
 * Hunter's Point South, a mixed-use development in Hunter's Point, Queens
 * Hunter's Point, Quebec, an Indian settlement
 * Hunter Point (Washington)
 * Hunter's Point, a bald hilltop at Fremont Older Open Space Preserve.

title: Hunters Point


text:
Talk:Drew

Untitled
There was no consensus to delete on VfD, so the page was kept after 6 days. Here is the "debate" that ensued

Drew

 * We don't need pages on first names. moink 02:23, 4 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * I would just like to clarify that my vote remains delete, despite changes in the page. We don't have, or need, other disambiguation pages on first or last names.  Disambiguation is meant for pages in which the whole name is ambiguous.  moink 07:16, 8 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete unless it is used as a disambiguation page. RickK 02:49, 4 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Mikkalai 03:35, 4 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - Texture 19:49, 4 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep if it becomes a redir to various Drews. Davodd 00:51, Mar 5, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Looks good now. No longer related to first names only. Jay 08:25, 6 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * Seconded. --Daniel C. Boyer 19:30, 9 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Drew University. Anthony DiPierro 14:51, 8 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. I agree w/ Moink. Wile E. Heresiarch 02:52, 9 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * Drew is neither the first nor last name for Drew University. Anthony DiPierro 13:11, 9 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. A useful disambiguation page. Jamesday 00:34, 10 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Removed Names
I removed this name pending the results of vfd. Will be readded if entry stays. oo64eva (AJ) 02:26, Apr 3, 2005 (UTC) Google and I seem to think this man is not of importance.
 * Drew B. White, Super Freak
 * Drew Weprinsky, Coolest person ever

Drew Parsons
Next to Drew Parsons it said he is the HR director at Pepsi, which may or may not be true (and if it is true - notable?), but the link goes to the article about the bassist for American Hi-Fi. I changed the info next to his name to match the link. 208.253.150.100 01:04, 22 April 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Drew


text:
Talk:Spunk

Untitled
Did Pippi really find a beetle she named "Spunk"? I don't remember that, but it's been an awfully long time since I read the book... Lupo 10:09, 10 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * In the original Swedish books, and apparently in the German translation according to the very first edits of this page, she certainly did. However, I somewhat doubt that "spunk" was the word used in the English translation. In Swedish, "spunk" is nonsense, whereas in English it's a widely-used word. Therefore, a sensible translator would probably alter it in translation. Someone who owns the English translation (I haven't even read it) might be able to confirm. On the other hand, there are four books, so unless you have read all of them, that might explain why you don't remember it. EldKatt (Talk) 11:56, 5 August 2005 (UTC)

I don't know but I think this makes more sense as a disambiguation page than an article - there wasn't a lot of substance to it. Paul Tracy 19:43, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)

"When used as a verb in colloquial British English, to "spunk something away" means to waste or squander." I've never heard of it used this way. Can any other Brit conferm that it is? 08:33, 28 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes, I'm familiar with that, though it's probably not an expression I'd use in front of my mother in law Infilms 19:20, 30 October 2005 (UTC)
 * OK, must be a regonal thing. 08:11, 31 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Just seen this article for the first time and was surprised by this usage of 'spunk'. I've never heard the phrase either: lived in North Lincolnshire for 18 years, West Midlands (Coventry, Leamington Spa) for 4 years, Sheffield for 1 year and am now in Bicester. Something more specific than 'British English' should be used. Where has Infilms heard it before? mat_x 22:01, 11 February 2006 (UTC)

I've heard of the verb and commonly use it.
 * That's not helpful. 'British English' seems to be too broad a term, so where can we narrow it down to? mat_x 14:51, 7 March 2006 (UTC)

Got rid of the line "Best served over the face and breasts, one day i will leave my spunk up sams bum". I hope you don't mind.

Odd that there's no mention of the original slang meaning in England in the early 70s: "sperm", hinted at in the line deleted above. Which I'm guessing is where the origins of all these titles, etc, came from. Djp (talk) 07:46, 8 October 2009 (UTC)

Spunk also refers (at least in the Midwestern U.S.) to a glowing ember or a cigar/cigarette cherry. Time to add another definition line. AltairIowa (talk) 19:15, 2 August 2011 (UTC)

"an Australian independent record label, home to Arcade Fire, Belle & Sebastian, The Shins and The Yeah Yeah Yeahs"...yet I'm not seeing Spunk in any of those groups' articles. Morfusmax (talk) 19:51, 18 June 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Spunk


text:
Talk:Than

VfD
This article was listed on VfD, as it resembled a dictionary definition at an earlier stage in its history. The page was improved and kept. Here is the archived debate:

Than

 * Dicdef --Rlandmann 05:47, 4 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - dicdef - Texture 14:14, 4 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. I think we should allow dicdefs to be speedy-deletion candidates. - DropDeadGorgias (talk) 16:49, Mar 4, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Information on contested issues of English usage is valuable and encyclopedic.  Smerdis of Tlön 17:11, 4 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * Expanded with etymologies, reworded. -- Smerdis of Tlön 20:44, 4 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, transwiki to Wikipedia where its new expanded form will fit well. Warofdreams 18:19, 8 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. This is a description of language, not a dictionary definition. Jamesday 00:36, 10 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. This gives encyclopedic information that cannot be found in a dictionary. --Marshall T. Williams (talk) 21:51, 1 April 2009 (UTC)

Devoid of content?
While much is made of the common confusion with then, and the word's status as both a preposition and conjunction, the article contains basically nothing about the word and its function in relation to the rest of the English language. After reading the article, I was left with the feeling that it said very little. While I'm not an expert, as an English speaker, I get the impression that than is a rather fundamental word, but the article as it currently stands doesn't shed much light on this. Karatorian (talk) 09:46, 8 July 2009 (UTC)

 * Well, one could argue that it would be preferable to have a comprehensive functional grammar entry than entries on each particle or class of words -- but given the existence of people (numerous in English) who like to niggle over precise prescriptive usage, this article does at least lay out (I think) the basic issue rather better than most grammar handbooks I've seen. As a professor of English who has taught a course in grammar at the college level for fifteen years, I've seen quite a few! Clevelander96 (talk) 13:17, 8 July 2009 (UTC)

 * Just had an argument with my girlfriend about this. It's a worthy discussion, though since it is obviously a preposition, you would think the debate would have been settled. --69.181.183.140 (talk) 02:19, 5 August 2010 (UTC)

Need for more counter-examples?

I have inserted the following at the end, but more counter-examples could clearly be helpful to readers:

In certain cases, one may simply consider the result of replacing a noun with a pronoun, as in going from "She loves Tom more than Bill" to "She loves Tom more than him." If one insists in this case that than is a conjunction (requiring the nominative case), one winds up with "She loves Tom more than he," a usage which is both awkward and misleading. Insisting, as Robert Lowth did, that than is always a conjunction requiring the nominative case thus seems both arbitrary and erroneous.

Landrumkelly (talk) 23:39, 29 July 2009 (UTC)

Than is not a preposition
When native English speakers say "he is bigger than me", they are not using than prepositionally. The same linguistic phenomenon that produces the constructions "him and me are both big" and "it's me" also produces this construction. The pattern is standard in French and Italian. It can be explained thus: Whenever a pronoun is disconnected from its verb, it takes a special case. In English, that case coincides with the objective case. With this view, "he and I are" is illogical because neither he nor I are subjects of are. It's something like a contraction of "they who comprise him and me are". The non-linguistic (i.e., non-scientific) grammarians accept "it's me" and "me, I'm the person" but inconsistently reject "it's bigger than me" and "the book and me are". Consequently, English-language etiquette is further removed from linguistics.

The relevancy of this to the article? Facts about conjunctive and prepositional thans in foreign languages could be added to the article.70.225.65.90 (talk) 09:35, 23 August 2010 (UTC)

 * I am a linguist, but would add that, even within linguistics, there are differing explicative models -- proscriptive, descriptive, generative, and so on -- which regard such constructions differently. English, a hybrid of Germanic and Romance language structures, is so full of inconsistencies even in its most formal incarnation, is not a language where consistency per se has much force.  A great many speakers of English apparently regard "than" as a preposition, or (more accurately) use it as such.  Whereas (in your example) "it's me," I would say that this sounds so artificial, so false to natural-language English speakers that to say "it is I" provokes laughter in my classroom.  So,  if we are going to keep up this entry it seems to me that the descriptivist view should have as much weight as purportedly more "scientific" ones. Clevelander96 (talk) 13:02, 23 August 2010 (UTC)
 * My thesis is that the constructions "him and me are", "he's bigger than me" and "it's me" are all part of the same linguistic phenomenon. Grammarians have conceded the last construction, are conceding the second and will probably concede the first. English has evolved a new pronoun class which is identical in form to the objective pronouns. Than as a preposition is a contrived explanation for the construction, made by English grammarians with a narrow view of grammar.70.225.65.90 (talk) 03:57, 24 August 2010 (UTC)
 * Well, this page is not the right space to debate larger philosophical issues -- it is only for comments about how to present information in the entry about "than." But in point of historical fact, until Bishop Lowth opined on the issue in the 18th century, everyone -- from Shakespeare to Milton -- employed "than" as a preposition.  It was only Lowth's claim that cast this common usage in doubt, and I believe this ought to be addressed in the entry somehow, whatever your and my opinions about same. Clevelander96 (talk) 04:20, 24 August 2010 (UTC)
 * You didn't understand my point. I was clarifying. You are wrong about Shakespeare. You can search his plays at www.rhymezone.com/shakespeare/. Search "than me", there are only three occurences. Two clearly appropriately use the objective case ("you love warwick more than [you love] me"); one apparently uses than "prepositonally" ("charges she more than me?") but, taken in context, is there, too, appropriately in the objective case ("charges she [your husband] more than [she charges] me?"). Conversely, "than I" is markedly common (one example: "no honester than i.") The example provided in the article ("a man no mightier than thyself or me") may be the only example in Shakespeare of "prepositional" than.70.225.65.90 (talk) 08:06, 24 August 2010 (UTC)
 * Well, one could argue that Shakespeare didn't use anything as a "preposition" because no one at that time had written a grammar of English -- but the debate we are having here is centuries old; see this apt summary in Merriam-Webster's Handbook of English Usage or this  which offers not only Shakespeare, but Johnson, Richardson, Goldsmith, Milton, Hazlitt, Dickens, and many other using "than" as a preposition.  But what is the question here is not whether we should settle this debate (we can't) but rather how we should represent it, and document it, in the article. Clevelander96 (talk) 12:12, 24 August 2010 (UTC)
 * First of all, I was discussing phenomena, not terms. When Shakespeare says "honester than I", he's using than conjunctively. Shakespeare overwhelmingly uses than as a conjunction (i.e., he follows than with verbless subject pronouns frequently). I suspect the same is true for Milton. The article gives a false impression of Shakespeare's usage: The cited example is the only instance of "prepositional than". It could be better understood as an error comparable to using whomever in "I'll love whomever loves me". Second, I ' m not discussing whether "prepositional than" is correct. I'm discussing--citing similar phenomena in foreign languages--whether the analysis of the construction as a prepositional phrase is correct. A similar controversy surrounds "prepositional and" as in "the man and me are". This is more obviously a wrong analysis because for whomever "the man and me are" is natural, so too is "him and me are". Where is the preposition in "him and me are"? In French, "him and me are" and "bigger than me" are established while "he and I are" and "bigger than I" are incorrect. They're established in vernacular English, too. But schoolmarms force a pidgin of Early Modern English and Modern English on their pupils.  My view is an original one. Then again, it might not be. A language scientist aware of a reference of the view I've presented here should participate in the discussion or add the reference to the article. Naturally, the common view absolutely should be presented in the article. But to give readers a fuller linguistic view, information on than usage in foreign languages and analogous controversies should be included.70.225.65.90 (talk) 03:58, 25 August 2010 (UTC)
 * Whenever English speakers say "bigger than me", than still registers as a conjunction and me as a subject pronoun. Here's a similar situation: "He will pay with cash; and me [=I will], too." English has simply evolved to have a third pronoun class of "verbally orphaned nominatives" beside subjective and objective pronouns.70.225.65.90 (talk) 04:12, 25 August 2010 (UTC)
 * I appreciate that the cited quote from Shakespeare is, in the context of your voluminous list, clearly an anomaly. But the range of authors who have written similarly is broad enough that I don't think the position of the article should be that than is not a preposition but rather that than has been regarded, by different writers and grammarians, as both a preposition and conjunction.   And please do not remove properly sourced parts of the entry based on discussions here -- if it would be better to place such comments in a section on, say,Historical attitudes to the usage of "than", then by all means move them,but they are properly sourced from reliable printed sources.  I am going to recuse myself from any other work on this article for now. Clevelander96 (talk) 18:00, 25 August 2010 (UTC)

I can't find in your references any substantiation of "Before Lowth's assertion, than was more commonly taken to govern the oblique case". You've removed "more", leaving a weaselly "commonly". The references substantiate neither that Lowth instigated a revolution nor that "prepositional than" was noteworthily common (among writers, that is) before Lowth's commentary. Lowth may have been speaking to common errors (similar to our "between you and I"), rather than speaking to our present situation (an endemic grammatical shift, not just an easily made error). Please prove the references substantiate the line they follow, as by quoting the pertinent sentence. 70.225.65.90 (talk) 01:59, 26 August 2010 (UTC)
 * I feel no need to provide evidence for facts which are quite well-known in my field of academic training -- I have added multiple references, but can't afford to spend hours providing further sources to satisfy a single anonymous user when the actual significance of this entry is as small as it is. I hope my students, and others, will consult reliable reference works rather than turning to the Wikipedia for this issue. I wil not contribute any further to this entry; you may of course edit it as you wish -- it is, after all, the encyclopedia anyone can edit.  Clevelander96 (talk) 04:31, 26 August 2010 (UTC)
 * I'm not asking for further references. I'm asking you to point out where in your already given references is it substantiated that (1) than "commonly" took oblique pronouns before the 18th century as opposed to "occasionally" and "commonly but erroneously" and that (2) Lowth is responsible for diminishing the commonness of "prepositional than". (I'm the IP-address contributor above.) macjacobus (talk) 06:31, 26 August 2010 (UTC)
 * There is a philosophical question here, as to whether a writer can indeed commit something we can call an "error" when writing in a vernacular language that, as Dante once remarked of Italian, is learned by imitation and thus sine omnia regula. There can be variations in usage, surely, but who is to say which are "correct"?  Your examples from Shakespeare show that, in the vast majority of cases, he did use "than" in a manner consistent with Lowth's later view that it ought to be treated as a conjunction, but this could not have been a conscious choice, as he had no notion that there was a "rule" at stake -- he was inconsistent (even if only rarely) -- something perhaps to be expected from a man who spelled his own name six different ways in the six signatures he made on his Will.  Lowth was one of a class of men who felt that inconsistency was inelegant, and sought to "purify" and "refine" English speech -- that is, to make it more like Latin.  In the words of former New York Times Book Review editor Patricia O'Connor, "From the mid-eighteenth century, writers routinely used "than" with whatever personal pronoun sounded best the them … common sense reigned, and everything was fine and dandy.  Some Latinist was bound to take notice, and some Latinist did. Enter Robert Lowth, the fellow who helped popularize the myth that it's wrong to end a sentence with a preposition. In his Short Introduction to English Grammar (1762), Lowth decreed that "than" should be treated as a conjunction, not a preposition, when followed by a personal pronoun.  Never mind Shakespeare, Milton, and all the rest.  Lowth must have had a hang-up about prepositions.  At any rate, his pronouncement, like so many others dreamed up by Latinists, caught on.  To this day, millions of educated people use "than" as a preposition too.  And the more sensible authorities are on their side. "Than is both a preposition and a conjunction," says Merriam-Webster's Dictionary of English Usage." (Origins of the Specious: Myths and Misconceptions of the English Language - pp. 40-41).  But beyond O'Connor's point (which I've added as a reference in the main entry), I think all this shows the deep problems with the "parts of speech" model of English grammar, and the enormous advantages of a functionalist approach, within which it's perfectly possible to say that than can be used as a conjunction and a preposition. Clevelander96 (talk) 15:36, 26 August 2010 (UTC)

Shakespeare agrees with Lowth
Robert Lowth did not invent "conjunctive than". Lowth's view of what pronouns should follow than is consistent with Shakespeare's: And some more: And still more: I think we know what follows: Compare the above (incomplete) citations to the single counterexample ("a man no mightier than thyself or me" [Julius Caesar: I, iii]), which may vary well be a simple error instigated by the complexity of the phrasing. 70.225.65.90 (talk) 06:22, 25 August 2010 (UTC)
 * "And could command no more content than I?" (King Henry VI, part II: IV, ix)
 * "But you have done more miracles than I;" (King Henry VI, part II: II, i)
 * "there are other men fitter to go out than I." (King Henry IV, part II: III, ii )
 * "Though no man lesser fears the greeks than I" (Toilus and Cressida: II, ii)
 * "Then is he more beholding to you than I."(King Richard III: III, i)
 * "The villain is much lighter-heel'd than I:" (A Midsummer Night's Dream: III, ii)
 * "That is an old man and no honester than I." (Much Ado About Nothing: III, v)
 * "There's none stands under more calumnious tongues than I myself, poor man." (King Henry VIII: V, i)
 * "No contraries hold more antipathy than I and such a knave." (King Lear: II, ii)
 * "But that the tennis-court-keeper knows better than I;" (King Henry IV, part II: II, ii)
 * "Senseless linen! happier therein than I!" (Cymbeline: I, iii)
 * "No worse than I, upon some agreement" (The Taming of the Shrew: IV, iv)
 * "More womanly than he;" (Antony and Cleopatra: I, iv)
 * "More wit than he," (The Two Gentlemen of Verona: IV, iv)
 * "That caesar is more dangerous than he:" (Julius Caesar: II, ii)
 * "shall he be worshipp'd of that we hold an idol more than he?" (Toilus and Cressida: II, iii)
 * "Not better than he, by her own report." (Measure for Measure: V, i)
 * "No, nor a man that fears you less than he," (Coriolanus: I, iv)
 * "'tis better thee without than he within." (Macbeth: III, iv)
 * "I think he is: but a greater soldier than he you wot on." (Coriolanus: IV, v) [Note: He is used here incorrectly. It is the object of on and therefore should be him.]
 * "for my soul, yet I know not why, hates nothing more than he." (As You Like It: I, i)
 * "Do fructify in us more than he." (Love's Labour's Lost: IV, ii)
 * "If I would sell my horse, and buy twenty more better than he," (Timon of Athens: II, i)
 * "That thou her maid art far more fair than she:" (Romeo and Juliet: II, ii)
 * "By this reckoning he is more shrew than she." (The Taming of the Shrew: IV, i)
 * "less noble mind than she" (Antony and Cleopatra: IV, xiv)
 * "You are a thousand times a properer man than she a woman:" (As You Like It: III, v)
 * "Am I not an inch of fortune better than she?" (Antony and Cleopatra: I, ii)
 * "Curster than she? why, 'tis impossible." (The Taming of the Shrew: III, ii)
 * "To show less sovereignty than they," (Cymbeline: III, v)
 * "He that no more must say is listen'd more than they whom youth and ease have taught to glose;" (King Richard II: II, i)
 * "From rascals worse than they." (Coriolanus: I, vi)
 * "By being worse than they." (Cymbeline: V, v)
 * "Because thy flinty heart, more hard than they," (King Henry VI, part II: III, ii)

Some clarification
It's incorrect to say that conjunctions govern the nominative case. Conjunctions govern no case--that's the point. Lowth would agree that "she loves him more than me" is correct when the comparison is between objects (of "she loves"), but not when the comparison's between an object and a subject (of an implicit "love"). 70.225.65.90 (talk) 02:56, 26 August 2010 (UTC)

Outside view
Hi all; I'm responding to a request for editor assistance by Clevelander96 over at WP:EAR. I'm not here to mediate or be neutral (though I'm not here to take sides either). I just want to help clear up this disagreement and maybe improve the article while we're at it. My background is in linguistics, and though I'm a bit out of practice and definitely not as well read as you both are, I think I can keep up with what's going on here. I'm sorry if what follows is a bit long and repetitive, but I'm hoping to address as much of the above as possible in this single post.

What I'm getting out of the above discussion is that the IP editor (Macjacobus now?) is asserting a number of claims not consistent with what the current sources say. Indeed Mac, I'm drawn to the statement that your view might be an original one; this isn't consistent with Wikipedia policy, and the burden of evidence lies upon you to provide a source for that view if you want it represented in the article. Working from examples of phenomena, such as what we can find in a corpus of Shakespeare's works, is also original research; Wikipedia is generally only supposed to reflect what's already been published in reliable secondary sources. What you attribute as evidence of your own view could very well be the result of errors in transcription, or even unintentional writing mistakes by Shakespeare himself. A similar problem goes for comparisons to other languages- though if the view has been published, we may want to reflect on it in the article.

Removing sourced statements is a problem as well. If a statement isn't supported by the provided source, we should change the statement to reflect the source. If the provided source is blatantly wrong, we should find a new source. If the provided source doesn't represent the academic consensus, we should find that consensus in a source and give it due weight. If there are multiple viewpoints with no clear academic consensus, we should discuss them all giving them all due weight.

The bottom line is that we need sources for everything that is challenged or likely to be challenged, even (or perhaps especially) for things that academics might consider obvious. Wikipedia is intended to be written as a reference for the general population. While that doesn't mean that we dumb things down, it definitely means that we make as few assumptions as possible about our readers.

I also saw that Cleavelander96 mentioned that articles on individual parts of speech may be inappropriate. I strongly agree with this view, with the caveat that a particular part of speech with a well-documented history may merit an article for the primary purpose of recounting this history (and secondary purpose of presenting a summarized account of the linguistics that are covered in a parent article). That said, I'm not sure what the proper parent article would be (though I imagine English grammar would be its parent article in turn).

Anyhow, I hope this helps facilitate an understanding about where to go with this article, or at least gets us all on the same page. I've got this article watchlisted and will try to keep an eye on things and help out as need be. If you want additional outside help, you might want to try leaving a message at WT:LING, which is the talk page for the Linguistics WikiProject. —/M endaliv /2¢/Δ's/ 19:42, 26 August 2010 (UTC)
 * I asked Clevelander96 to prove his references substantiate the claim in the article. I can search the references, but can't find the substantiation. That's a fair request. (Calling it "combative" is taking it personally.) Moreover, Clevelander96 responded to my posts without carefully considering them, prompting further clarification from me. That's fair, too. Yes, my view may be original. But I never asked for it to be included in the article unsourced. I think it's a valuable perspective that could eventually improve the article. Actual linguistic references, as opposed to English-language etiquette references, likely comment on English's evolving to have a French pronoun system. I don't have much access to these references. The article Disjunctive pronouns comments on my view without mentioning the specific case of conjunctions as than. This strongly suggests that my view is not original but sourceable.  You've misunderstood why I referenced Shakespeare. No source claims Shakespeare uses than mostly or exclusively prepositonally. I've proven that claim false in the talk page for the benefit of the editor(s) who added it to article. The explicit or implicit claim that Shakespeare uses than mostly or exclusively prepositionally is spurious and definitely should not be in the article without a clear, reliable source. The same is true for Samuel Johnson's usage. As the article is, it implies Shakespeare and Johnson used than prepositionally mostly or primarily.  I don't think it is correct that the relevancy of information must be explicitly stated in a reliable source. Different criteria determine relevancy. Naturally, if I'm wrong, please clarify. The ridiculously-analyzed "prepositional and" (which is discussed in several usage commentaries, as The New Oxford American Dictionary ' s) is so analogous it is arguably relevant. How foreign languages contruct comparisons is also relevant: It's what the article's section "Case of pronouns following than" is about. macjacobus (talk) 03:54, 27 August 2010 (UTC)

 * Just to clarify: I asked for a third party primarily because it seemed to me that Macjacobus and I were starting to ping-pong -- it was not quite an edit war, but it felt as though it could be headed that way, and I hoped that a cooler head or two would "head" that off. In response to Macjacobus's concerns, I did take the time to locate, and cite, a much more specific reference giving an account of Lowth's view and its influence.  And I was actually grateful to see the Shakespeare quotes (a few of which, just to be sure, I checked against my facsimile of the First Folio), which showed that the oft-cited passage in Julius Caesar was in fact an anomaly.  So I think things are getting back on track here, and welcome the involvement of anyone from the Linguistics group.  However "than" is categorized, I think that the larger issue, of whether WP should use the old "parts of speech" model, or more contemporary linguistic models, or both, is an important question, especially for a language as riddled with inconsistencies as is English.  Many thanks to Mendaliv (can't replicate that typography) for the comments and suggestions!  Clevelander96 (talk) 12:55, 27 August 2010 (UTC)

 * Sorry for the slow response, folks; the last week has been a bit busy. In response to Macjacobus, I think it's fair to ask one editor to show how a reference supports a statement if you can't understand how the reference supports the statement yourself. It's definitely a route to improving wording or (I'm not saying this is the case) finding mistakes and errors. I would also agree that it's a good thing to have references to academic linguistics references, rather than prescriptivist style guides, especially when discussing historical and "non-standard" usage. That said, it's important to give due weight to these prescriptivist views when they are well-regarded in the language (e.g., what's generally taught in schools). As to your view, I admit it's possible that it's been covered. But I'm not sure where to look for it either. The people at WikiProject Linguistics might be more helpful, but I just don't know.
 * If I understand you correctly, with respect to Shakespeare, you mean to say that we shouldn't be using examples at all? I'll definitely agree to that (per WP:SYN) with one caveat: if a reliable source describing a particular phenomenon gives us an example, we would be following that source if we reproduced the example. That is to say, if a reliable source says Shakespeare used than primarily in one way and provides an example, it's probably OK for us to reproduce that example. I'm not sure if that's happening here, but I hope that provides a guide for further work.
 * You're right that there are other criteria by which we can judge relevancy- typically with competing views you give weight to the one with the most coverage, while still providing weight to major alternative views. It's all about sources in the end.
 * As to Clevelander's response; I think the Linguistics WikiProject is definitely the next step. A discussion at their talk page may spark off something. Best of luck folks! —/M endaliv /2¢/Δ's/ 16:43, 3 September 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Than


text:
Talk:Lyocell

lyocell or Lyocell?
The word "lyocell" appears with the "L" in upper case (mid-sentence) sometimes and lower case sometimes. Is "Lyocell" a trade name? Should it be capitalized? Cheolsoo (talk) 20:13, 11 November 2015 (UTC)

VfD

 * This one is also Wiktionary-bound. Denelson83 08:44, 4 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: dicdef - Texture 14:16, 4 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: As I said above, I think we should allow dicdefs to be speedy-deletion candidates. - DropDeadGorgias (talk) 16:50, Mar 4, 2004 (UTC)
 * And this article is an example of why they shouldn't be. Pete/Pcb21 (talk) 21:41, 9 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep: useful
 * Delete. Quinwound 02:43, Mar 9, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, unless some information is added concerning the fabric's uses, properties, preperation, etc. Then it would be useful. The subject has potential, but this hasn't yet been exploited. Perhaps this should be made into a stub? Sietse 10:07, 9 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * Redirect: Geesh. A few seconds Google work showed that this is a brand name for lyocell, which is a very important fabric and trivially an encyclopedic topic. I redirected Tencel to lyocell and wrote a small stub, that can obviously be dramatically expanded. I really wish people mindlessly writing "Delete!" on topics they nothing about, and moreover don't even attempt to find anything about would STOP IT. The time would be much better spent fixing articles. Oh, and keep by the way. Pete/Pcb21 (talk) 15:25, 9 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep: This is a fine example of people mistaking a stub for a dictionary definition, apparently through a failure to do even basic research. Jamesday 00:39, 10 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Uhh...
I'm no expert at this, but shouldn't it be in English? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Elkasamsim (talk • contribs) 05:39, 28 Mar 2007 (UTC)

Modal / Lyocell / Viscose / Triacetate etc.
I'm wondering if eventually these articles oughtn't be combined into one called 'cellulose-spun fabrics' or something. The main difference between lyocell and modal seems to be that they're made by different companies and lyocell's sold in the US and UK whereas modal's sold in continental Europe and its manufacturers specify the type of cellulose they use. Google turned up a few pages of interest for anyone interested in organising/adding:  That second link indicates a merger between the two companies. I've linked to each article from each, which is just as good as merging till some more research is done—they might turn out to be very different, or used for different purposes, or something. Njál 13:33, 8 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Added an extra link, number 2, to Njál's comment, which is an update to a moved page. I've left his in at link three just in case I'm wrong and anyone wants to check. Agree that these fabrics are interesting to readers, either as vegan leather substitutes or environmentally friendly cotton alternatives Veganline (talk) 12:17, 10 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Plus lyocell is recognised as a different class of fibre to rayon as it is not made using the viscose process, undergoing no significant chemical change and sharing more physical properties with cotton than it does rayon. Paulwhaley (talk) 15:30, 21 November 2011 (UTC)

Manufacture section needs rewrighting
It is written as an essay and mostly coppied from here: --Langbein Rise (talk) 11:31, 5 December 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lyocell


text:
Talgo

Talgo (officially Patentes Talgo, SAU) is a Spanish manufacturer of intercity, standard, and high-speed passenger trains. Talgo is an abbreviation of Tren Articulado Ligero Goicoechea Oriol (English: Lightweight articulated train Goicoechea Oriol).

The company was founded by Alejandro Goicoechea and José Luis Oriol. It was first incorporated in 1942.

Corporate history
The creation of Talgo can be largely credited to the work of Alejandro Goicoechea and José Luis Oriol. During the 1930s, Goicoechea, a pioneering railway engineer, sought to produce a new generation of rolling stock that would be primarily composed of metal, rather than wood; to reduce operational cost, he also emphasised lightweight yet sturdy construction, while a low center of gravity would deter derailing and thus permit higher operating speeds. In 1942, financial backing for the construction of a prototype train was provided by Oriol, which believed in Goicoechea's concepts. The two produced the agreement that established Patentes Talgo as a company that same year. The prototype train would emerge as the Talgo I.

During the late 1940s, Talgo came to recognise that Spain, and the wider European continent, were in a poor economic condition following the Second World War and so were unlikely to be customers for new rolling stock from an unproven manufacturer. Furthermore, the company was keen to acquire advanced technical knowledge and designs, so a favourable agreement was struck with American Car and Foundry (ACF) to collaborate on the manufacture of the Talgo II in the United States. The first vehicles arrived in Spain in 1950, enabling the first commercial Talgo II service to be run on 14 July of that year, between Madrid, Spain and Hendaye, France. It was the first train in Spain to be authorized to travel at a service speed of up to 75 mph. Continued collaboration with ACF led to the creation of the Talgo III during the 1960s. It was brought into service between Madrid and Barcelona in August 1964.

International rail travel between Spain and the rest of Europe had been historically hampered by the differing track gauge at either side of the Pyrenees. Recognising the value in effectively overcoming that impediment, Talgo developed its own variable-gauge vehicle system, which permitted the first international Talgo to be introduced on passenger service between Barcelona, Spain and Geneva, Switzerland, in 1969. Variable-gauge trains were soon a common feature of overnight services between various Spanish cities and destinations across Western Europe. Even into the 21st century, the variable-gauge system has largely remained unchanged, even on newly-built rolling stock. La Gineta is the site of a test track of the Talgo RD railway gauge changer.

During the 1970s, Talgo sought to better accommodate the demand for higher speed trains in Spain. As a consequence of its mountainous terrain, curved tracks prevailed, despite restricting line speeds due to the centrifugal forces exerted on the trains and their contents. To permit higher operating speeds under such conditions, the company developed a tilting train, the Talgo Pendular, that automatically compensated for centrifugal forces by tilting appropriately on bends. Without needing to modify the track infrastructure, this tilting train allowed operating speeds to be increased by up to 25 percent over conventional trains.

During the 1970s and 1980s, the company focused its activities largely on the manufacturing of coaching stock rather than locomotives. A renewed focus on locomotive development, incorporating the automatic variable gauge system, came about during the 1990s. The Talgo XXI pioneered various technologies for the company, including new high-speed running gear and hybrid propulsion technology. In 1988, the Spanish government announced its decision to construct a new dedicated high-speed line between Madrid and Seville. Talgo was keen to produce rolling stock for the new venture and immediately set about designing a new series of trains, the Talgo 350. A key feature of this trainset would be its maximum speed, which was 300 km/h. In 1998, Talgo partnered with the multinational rolling stock manufacturer Adtranz to collaborate on its bid to secure a contract to provide the rolling stock for the new high-speed line.

The company's long-term primary customer, and thus the main source of its revenues, is the Spanish railway operator Renfe. By 2001, Talgo was reportedly spending between 10 and 12 percent of its revenues on various research and development programmes.

On 12 May 1999, Talgo announced it had signed a deal to acquire the Finnish rolling stock manufacturer Transtech Oy, which it subsequently reorganised as the wholly-owned subsidiary Talgo Oy. In March 2007, Talgo sold its shares in Talgo Oy to a combination of its local management and other Finnish investors, after which the Transtech name was readopted.

During the 2010s, it was decided that Talgo would be reorganised as a public company. In May 2015, the company made an initial public offering (IPO) on the Bolsa de Madrid, during which it was valued at €1.27 billion.

In recent decades, Talgo has made a renewed effort to expand its presence internationally. During the late 2010s, Talgo made arrangements to establish a new train manufacturing site in the United Kingdom in response to orders for its trains having been placed by multiple British railway operators. In the early 2020s, the company invested in new manufacturing facilities in India with the aiming of securing sizable orders from across the country's railways.

Design

Talgo trains are best known for their unconventional articulated railway passenger cars that use in-between carriage bogies that Talgo patented in 1941, similar to the earlier Jacobs bogie. The wheels are mounted in pairs but not joined by an axle and the bogies are shared between coaches rather than underneath individual coaches. This allows a railway car to take a turn at higher speeds with less hunting oscillation. As the coaches are not mounted directly onto wheel bogies, the coaches are more easily insulated from track noise. This design has been proposed for further utilisation in the Talgo 22, double deck train with stepless access from the platform to the lower deck and between carriages.

Talgo trains fitted with variable gauge axles can change rail gauge - for instance at the / at the Spanish-French border interchange.

Since the introduction of the Talgo Pendular in 1980, the train tilts naturally inwards on curves, allowing it to run faster on curves without causing discomfort to passengers. The carriage tilting system pivots around the top of the suspension columns, which has the effect of partially cancelling the effects of lateral acceleration when cornering.

Trains
Talgo trains are divided into generations. They come in both locomotive hauled and self-propelled versions.

Talgo I
The Talgo I was built in 1942 in Spain. The coaches were built at the "Hijos de Juan Garay" workshop in Oñati and the power car was built at the workshops of the "Compañía del Norte" in Valladolid. It was built as a prototype, and it was used to set several rail speed records. The first test run occurred between Madrid and Guadalajara, Castile-La Mancha in October 1942. It had a max speed of 115 km/h on uphills and 135 km/h on flat/downhills. The trainset was destroyed on February 5, 1944 after approximately 3000 km of testing in a fire at its storage location, a warehouse in Cerra Negro.

Talgo II

Talgo II coaches and locomotives were first built in 1950 at the American Car and Foundry Company (ACF) works in the United States under the direction of Spanish engineers (the diesel-electric locomotives were assembled by ACF with electrical components made by General Electric). Talgo II carried most of the Jet Rocket train's passengers between Chicago and Peoria, Illinois, after entering service on the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad (the Rock Island line) in 1956. Slightly different coaches were later introduced, and the last car type of the Jet Rocket resembled that of the future Talgo III. The New York Central Railroad trialed a complete train until 1958 but saw little success.

Talgo IIs also entered service under Renfe as the Renfe Class 350, where they ran between Madrid and Palencia.

Talgo IIs were also built for the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad for its "John Quincy Adams" train from New York City to Boston, Massachusetts, and the Boston and Maine Railroad for its "Speed Merchant" train, running between Boston and Portland, Maine. Soon afterwards, Talgo II trains began running in Spain and were successfully operated until 1972.

Talgo III
Talgo III coaches and locomotives entered service in 1964, introducing longer cars and easy directional reversibility of the coaches. The Talgo III/RD was equipped with variable gauge axles, and this permitted the introduction, on 1 June 1969, of the first through train between Barcelona and Geneva (the Catalan Talgo), despite the difference in rail gauge. The same equipment was used for the Barcelona Talgo, which began operation on 26 May 1974 as the first-ever through train service between Barcelona and Paris.

Talgo Pendular

The Talgo Pendular (Talgo IV and Talgo V, also VI & Talgo 200 or 6th generation), introduced in 1980, created the "natural tilting" train, using a passive system that tilts the carriages with no need for electronic sensors or hydraulic equipment. The wheels are mounted on mono axles between the carriages, and sitting on top of the axles are suspension columns. The carriages are attached to the top of the suspension columns and swing inwards as the train goes through a curve.

In 1988, a Talgo Pendular was used on trials for Amtrak on the Boston-New York corridor in the United States and on Deutsche Bahn lines in Germany. Trial commercial services with Talgo cars in the US commenced in 1994 between Seattle and Portland, and from 1998 different trains have been used on the Amtrak Cascades services from Vancouver, British Columbia to Seattle, Washington, continuing via Portland, Oregon to Eugene, Oregon. Five Talgo IV trains were in use in Argentina on the General Roca Railway. They have since been replaced by CRRC Dalian rolling stock. In September 2022, the Talgo IV sets were transported to the Villa Luro workshop to undergo repairs, aiming to add an extra daily service between Buenos Aires and Rosario. The sets used on the Amtrak Cascades have been replaced by Amtrak-owned Horizon cars.

Talgo 200 series trains are also in use in Kazakhstan for the Almaty–Astana overnight train.

Talgo VII
The Talgo VII introduced beginning in 2000 is used as a locomotive-pulled train set as well as intermediate cars for the multiple units Talgo 250, Talgo 350 and Talgo XXI. The carriages are similar to the Talgo Pendular type but have an air-controlled hydraulic brake system and power supply from head end power instead of diesel engine-generators in the end cars. Talgo VII trains have a car which has two pairs of wheels in the middle of the set (of cars) rather than at one end of the set, which is the case for earlier Talgo trains. All the other cars in the set have a single pair of wheels.

Talgo 8
The Series 8 passenger cars are similar to the Series VII cars, but the diesel generator car at one end of the train has a control cabin for push-pull operation and a two-axle end bogie. These trains are designed for the North American market. Talgo made an agreement in 2009 to build a manufacturing facility in Wisconsin which would initially supply two 14-car trainsets for the Amtrak Hiawatha Service until the project was cancelled. The company expressed hope the plant would later be used to build trains for other U.S. rail projects.

Early in 2010, the Oregon Department of Transportation announced that it had negotiated the purchase of two 13-car trainsets for use in the Pacific Northwest rail corridor between Eugene and Vancouver, British Columbia. These trainsets were also manufactured in Wisconsin and were delivered in 2013. The sets are currently operating in the "Cascades" corridor in the Pacific Northwest. They have been integrated with the five existing sets in regular service. The Series 8 trains offer passengers many modern amenities including high-speed Wi-Fi, reclining seats and a full-service bistro and lounge car.

In 2014, the state of Michigan expressed interest in operating the unused Talgo 8 cars for their Amtrak Wolverine service. Three years later, Amtrak proposed to lease or buy the unused cars in the wake of the 2017 Washington train derailment. Ultimately, the two trainsets were sold to Nigeria for use on the Lagos Rail Mass Transit.

Talgo 9

This series, which was originally designed for Russia and Kazakhstan, featured wide bodyshells and wheelsets. There are three versions, consisting of either 1520 mm fixed gauge, 1520-1435 mm variable gauge or 1520-1676 mm variable gauge. They are used in the Berlin-Moscow line (December 2016), St. Petersburg-Moscow-Samara (August 2020).

In July 2015, Talgo stated its intention to ship a Series 9 train to India at its own cost as a demonstration on the Mumbai-Delhi rail route. On 10 September 2016, the final successful test run of the Talgo 9 series coaches was completed in India.

Talgo 250 HSR

The Talgo 250 is a dual voltage electric train (AC/DC) equipped with variable gauge axles. This allows the units to be used on high-speed lines and on conventional broad gauge lines. A Talgo 250 train consists of two power cars and 11 Talgo VII intermediate coaches. This class was developed for Renfe (classed as S-130). One trainset (RENFE Class 730) was involved in the Santiago de Compostela accident on 24 July 2013.

Uzbekistan Railways ordered two Talgo 250 sets of a Russian gauge version in 2009. The first set arrived at Tashkent in July 2011.

Talgo 250 Hybrid
The Talgo 250 Hybrid is a dual-voltage, dual-power train equipped with variable gauge axles. The train is therefore also able to operate on non-electrified lines. A Talgo 250 Hybrid train consists of two power cars, two technical end coaches and nine Talgo VII intermediate coaches. The trains were developed for Renfe and classed initially as S-130H, later as S-730. They are rebuilt from existing Talgo 250 trains.

Talgo 350 HSR

The Talgo 350 entered service as the Renfe AVE Class 102 marking the company's entry into the high-speed train manufacturing market. Tests with the prototype commenced in 1994, and Talgo 350 trains have been operating at a top commercial speed of 330 km/h on the Madrid-Barcelona and Madrid-Valladolid lines since 22 December 2007. This series of trains is designed to reach a speed of 350 km/h, although present lines and commercial services limit the speed to 330 km/h. The train consists of two power cars and Talgo VII intermediate cars with improved brakes and additional primary suspension.

Talgo XXI HSR
Talgo XXI is a project for a high-speed diesel-powered train, that operates in push-pull with one or two power cars and Talgo VII intermediate cars. The North American version has four-axle power cars in compliance with United States FRA regulations. Only one train in compliance with European UIC standards has been built to date. Talgo reported that the Talgo XXI attained 256 kph on the Olmedo-Medina del Campo high speed experimental line on 9 July 2002, which led to a claim for the world speed record for a diesel train. However, this claim was never proven. After the test runs the train was sold to the Spanish infrastructure authority ADIF as a measuring train for high-speed lines.

Possible specs are:
 * Two MTU 12V 4000 R64 engines (two power car configuration) or one MTU 12V 4000 R84 engine (one power car configuration), up to 1,800 rpm, high-speed diesel, Euro IIIB compliant with diesel particulate filter and exhaust gas recirculation after-treatment system
 * 2 x 1,500 kW, (3 MW) or 1,800 kW
 * Voith hydraulic transmission
 * Hydrodynamic and air braking
 * Variable gauge
 * 5 to 12 passenger coaches, depending on the setup
 * Up to 400 seats
 * Designed for a top speed of 220 km/h (135 mph)
 * Power car with a shared trailer axle

Talgo AVRIL HSR
Talgo has developed recently a train known as "AVRIL" (Alta Velocidad Rueda Independiente Ligero — Light High-Speed Independent Wheel), intended for speeds of 380 km/h. The system uses underfloor traction in the front and rear vehicles, with the intermediate carriages having the Talgo Pendular system (which cannot use motored axles on the axles corresponding to the system). The train also has the option for variable gauge axles. Starting with the concept stage in 2009, it began dynamic testing on the Spanish high-speed network in 2014, and was approved in May 2016. It won its first major contract in November 2016 from Renfe for the Mediterranean corridor in Spain, and its link to Paris. The first AVRIL trains started operations in May 2024 on routes from Madrid to Catalonia, Asturias and Galicia.

Talgo Egypt
In April 2019, Egypt ordered new Talgo trains. Egypt contracted for six trains from Talgo Company, but they became seven trains due to a delay in the delivery date to Egypt. This negates the words of the Minister of Transport who justified that train is a gift from the company for President Abdel Fattah El-Sisi.

There is also a possibility of corruption in the train deal, as Transport Minister Kamel Al-Wazir announced that the deal cost Egypt $126 million, but the company announced the details of the deal, which amounted to $172 million, on their website.

On 9 August 2022, Egypt contracted for seven trains from Talgo, which included 15-year maintenance, for 280 million euros. The trains will be delivered at the beginning of 2024.

Variable Gauge Axles (VGA)
In addition to the multiple units with variable gauge, Talgo built in 2005 a prototype of a variable gauge locomotive (the L-9202, TRAV-CA, 130-901 or Virgen del Buen Camino).

title: Talgo


text:
Talk:Riot grrl

"riot grrl" vs. "riot grrrl"

most of the girls i know who were involved and invested in it during its heyday prefer the spelling "riot grrrl." even within this entry, we don't use a consistent spelling. would anyone support moving this entry to "riot grrrl" and leaving "riot grrl" as a redirect? (i'm willing to do the clean-up, if so.) - Esk

"riot grrrl" has 20,900 Google hits "riot grrl has 31,800 Google hits Saul Taylor 15:31, 10 Mar 2004 (UTC)

hm, yeah, "grrl" seems to be more common now on the internet. but it's been my impression that it was a later mutation of "grrrl." considering how quickly r.g. was co-opted and made into an "almost meaningless media catchphrase," i dunno how meaningful that statistic is. some links:

 * article by mimi nguyen, from punk planet #40, late 2000
 * "riot grrrl" by kathleen hanna, from bikini kill zine #2 (?), early '90s
 * riot grrrl retrospective museum collection, from seattle's experience music project
 * current incarnations of the riot grrrl dc and riot grrrl nyc chapters
 * academic bibliography and resources focused on "grrrl zines"

Esk 00:10, 2004 Mar 11 (UTC)

According to Carol Adams in The Sexual Politics of Meat (ISBN 0826411843) animal rights are a gender issue. Hyacinth 03:17, 27 Aug 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Riot grrl


text:
Talk:Old age

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 15:06, 17 November 2022 (UTC)
 * Festival Ringing Cedars 2014 June 22 Димон 05.jpg

New image
Hello all, I added an image to this page as part of a short-term paid project to share images of a year of culture that was held in Leeds. There's more on the project here and more images to make use of here. Many thanks Lajmmoore (talk) 10:42, 1 March 2024 (UTC)

Old age is not about "life expectancy"
The first sentence, "Old age is the range of ages for people nearing and surpassing life expectancy" is not correct. Life expectancy is a mathematical concept that is not the same as maximum natural lifespan. If we are talking about life expectancy at birth, then it is heavily skewed by child morality. So if half of people die at 0 and the rest live to 60 then life expectancy is 30, but you would hardly call someone who's 30 "old" under those circumstances. And if we're talking about life expectancy at your current age, rather than life expectancy at birth, then it's still obviously wrong because your current age can never exceed your life expectancy at that age. Finnigami (talk) 16:34, 10 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Old age


text:
Absolute

Absolute may refer to:

Companies

 * Absolute Entertainment, a video game publisher
 * Absolute Radio, (formerly Virgin Radio), an independent national radio station in the USA
 * Absolute Software Corporation, specializes in security and data risk management
 * Absolut Vodka, a brand of Swedish vodka
 * Absolute.ag, a biotechnology company

Mathematics and science

 * Absolute (geometry), the quadric at nothing
 * Absolute (perfumery), a fragrance substance produced by solvent extraction
 * Absolute infinite or Tav (number), a number that is bigger than any other conceivable or inconceivable quantity
 * Absolute magnitude, the brightness of a star
 * Absolute value, a notion in mathematics, commonly a number's numerical value without regard to its sign
 * Absolute pressure, the pressure in a fluid, measured relative to a vacuum
 * Absolute temperature, a temperature on the thermodynamic temperature scale
 * Absolute zero, the lower limit of the thermodynamic temperature scale, -273.15 °C
 * Absoluteness (logic), a concept in mathematical logic

Music

 * Absolute (production team), a British music writing and production team
 * Absolute (record compilation), a brand of compilation albums from EVA Records
 * Absolute (Aion album), 1994
 * Absolute (Time-Life album), an R&B compilation, 2003
 * The Absolute (album), by Ace Augustine, 2011
 * Absolute, an album by Kublai Khan, 2019
 * Absolute, an album by the Scientists, 1991
 * "Absolute", a song by The Fray from The Fray, 2009
 * Absolute (song), a 1985 song by Scritti Politti

Politics and law

 * Absolute defence, a factual circumstance or argument that, if proven, will end the litigation in favor of the defendant
 * Absolute liability, a standard of legal liability found in tort and criminal law of various legal jurisdictions
 * Absolute monarchy, a monarchical form of government in which the monarch's powers are not limited by a constitution or by the law
 * Absolute majority, a majority of the membership of a group

Philosophy and theology

 * Absolute (philosophy), the philosophical concept
 * Absolute idealism

Other

 * Absolute construction, a grammatical construction used in certain languages
 * Absolute Manage, a systems lifecycle management software suite
 * The Absolute (novel), a book in the Animorphs series
 * DC Comics Absolute Edition, a line of high-end comic book reprints
 * Absolute Press, an imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing

title: Absolute


text:
Baryton

The baryton is a bowed string instrument similar to the viol, but distinguished by an extra set of sympathetic but also pluckable strings. It was in regular use in Europe until the end of the 18th century.

Design
The baryton can be viewed as a sort of augmented bass viol. It is similar in size to the latter instrument and likewise has six or seven strings of gut (typically D G C E A D, although scordatura was used), arranged over a fretted fingerboard and played with a bow. The instrument is held vertically and is supported by the player's legs (rather than with an end-pin as in the modern cello).

The baryton differs from the bass viol in having an additional set of wire strings. These perform two functions: they vibrate sympathetically with the bowed strings, enriching the tone, and they can also be plucked by the left thumb of the performer, creating a contrasting tonal quality. As can be seen in the illustration, the bowed strings are placed on the left, where they can be easily fingered by the player's left hand. The plucked strings are on the right; they are reachable by the player's thumb from the rear, where the back of the instrument's neck is left open.

The historical baryton
There are only about 50 historical barytons for which we have evidence, either in the form of documents or the instrument itself. Many of the latter have been modified from their original form. Thus, tracing the history of the baryton is a difficult task.

Concerning the origin of the baryton, Pamplin suggests that "the instrument probably originated in England in the early 17th century when the characteristics of two instruments, the viola da gamba and the bandora, were combined into one hybrid instrument". Early evidence for the existence of the baryton is found in Marin Mersenne's work Cogitata Physico-Mathematica (1644). According for Fruchtman, "Mersenne stated that the English constructed a viol or lyre much admired by King James. The instrument had six bowed strings as well as metal strings behind the neck. The thumb of the left hand plucked the metal strings, which were made to sound with the bowed notes. If this information is accurate, the baryton must have been known in England before 1625, the end of King James' reign." The earliest baryton that survives today dates from 1647; it was made by Magnus Feldlen in Vienna and is currently in the musical instrument collection of the Royal College of Music in London.

In London a performance at Marylebone Gardens was announced in 1744, Mr Ferrand was to perform on "the Pariton, an instrument never played on in public before".

The instrument was never particularly popular, but "it acquired a certain cachet in courtly circles, particularly in south Germany and Austria" (Pamplin). The compositions for the instrument by Haydn and his students and colleagues represented a last hurrah for the baryton; by the early 19th century it had gone out of style and ceased to attract new compositions. The Haydn-era baryton was different from earlier versions in a crucial respect: the sympathetic strings were tuned a full octave higher than previously. This helped the baryton to stand out from the other instruments (viola, cello) in the baryton trio, the primary form in which Haydn wrote. Since the Haydn oeuvre tends to dominate the field today, the Haydn-type tuning has become the standard. Czech composer Vaclav Pichl also wrote for the baryton.

Modern revival
The baryton was "completely neglected" (Hsu) in the nineteenth century, but in the twentieth, with the rise of the authentic performance movement in classical music, new barytons were built and played. Initially, these instruments were heavily constructed, more in the manner of a cello than a bass viol (they were thus sometimes called "cellitons"), but (much as with the parallel history of the harpsichord revival) eventually lighter instruments were constructed that more closely followed their historical antecedents.

Probably the first person to initiate the revival of the baryton was Christian Döbereiner in Munich. In 1934 he ordered a copy of an instrument by Simon Schödler (1782) from the renowned luthier, Ferdinand Wilhelm Jaura in Munich. The first performance in modern times on that baryton took place in Munich in 1936, which featured a trio by Haydn. This instrument forms part of the Vazquez Collection of Historical String Instruments and is frequently employed in performance by the Orpheon Foundation. A complete documentation of the Jaura Baryton is available at the Orpheon Foundation web site.

Among the modern active baryton players are Jeremy Brooker, Kazimierz Gruszczyński, Balázs Kakuk (Haydn Baryton Trio of Budapest), José Manuel Hernández, John Hsu, Roland Hutchinson, José Vázquez, Kenneth Slowik and Matthew Baker (Valencia Baryton Project).

With the revival of the baryton, a body of recorded work has gradually emerged. Several ensembles have produced recordings of individual works, and the Esterházy Ensemble (Michael Brüssing, baryton) has issued a set of recordings that cover the entire Haydn oeuvre.

The Swiss composer Klaus Huber has written an important solo part for the instrument in his work (2004).

Repertoire
Of the repertoire for this instrument, the best known works are the 175 compositions written by Joseph Haydn for his patron, Prince Nikolaus Esterházy, who enjoyed playing this instrument. Of these, 126 are trios for viola, cello and baryton. They were written in the earlier part of Haydn's career, from 1762 to 1775. Andreas Lidel was also notable for his compositions that included baryton.

Nomenclature
According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the name of the instrument is a loan word from French baryton or Italian baritono, and ultimately derives from Greek bary- + tonos 'deep-pitched'. Alternate spellings include: bariton, barydon, paradon, paridon, pariton, viola paradon, viola di bordoni, [Italian] viola di bardone, [German] viola di bordone. The name lyra bastard is also sometimes used, though technically speaking it is incorrect.

title: Baryton


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Talk:Prone

This article was listed on votes for deletion. The results was to transwiki to Wiktionary (done) and delete from here. Here is the archived debate.

Prone
Dicdef. Transwiki and delete. moink 20:15, 4 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. dicdefs should be speedily deleted. - DropDeadGorgias (talk) 21:54, Mar 4, 2004 (UTC)
 * Transwikied to wiktionary and *then* deleted, surely? Secretlondon 22:03, 4 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * Yes- sorry, i guess there might need to be a new category - "candidates for speedy transwikification"- this could include recipes and dicdefs (although I wasn't part of the recipe discussion, i don't know how that finally ended up, so I might be wrong). - DropDeadGorgias (talk) 22:13, Mar 4, 2004 (UTC)
 * Dont even think about it. First, see encyclopedia. Next see compendium. Next see talk:compendium. Next see definition. And finally talk:definition. Bensaccount 18:49, 5 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * Is that a vote to keep, or to delete?
 * Delete, move to wiktionary - Texture 20:27, 5 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, move to wiktionary Rossami 21:05, 5 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Transwiki Imran 02:34, 8 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Only 7 months later, I spent the 10 second doing the above. Pcb21| Pete 16:29, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Prone


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Siegbert Tarrasch

Siegbert Tarrasch (5 March 1862 – 17 February 1934) was a German chess player, considered to have been among the strongest players and most influential theoreticians of the late 19th and early 20th century.

Life
Tarrasch was born in Breslau, in what was then Prussian Silesia and now is Poland. Having finished school in 1880, he left Breslau to study medicine in Berlin and then in Halle. With his family, he settled in Nuremberg, Bavaria, and later in Munich, setting up a successful medical practice. He had five children. Tarrasch was Jewish, converted to Christianity in 1909, and was a patriotic German who lost a son in World War I, yet he faced antisemitism in the early stages of the Third Reich.

Chess career
A medical doctor by profession, Tarrasch may have been the best player in the world in the early 1890s. He scored heavily against the ageing World Champion Wilhelm Steinitz in tournaments (+3−0=1) but refused an opportunity to challenge Steinitz for the world title in 1892 because of the demands of his medical practice.

Soon afterwards, in St. Petersburg in 1893, Tarrasch drew a hard-fought match against Steinitz' challenger Mikhail Chigorin (+9−9=4) after leading most of the way. He also won four major tournaments in succession: Breslau 1889, Manchester 1890, Dresden 1892, and Leipzig 1894.

However, after Emanuel Lasker became world chess champion in 1894, Tarrasch could not match him. Fred Reinfeld wrote: "Tarrasch was destined to play second fiddle for the rest of his life." For example, Lasker scored much better against mutual opponents, e.g. vs. Chigorin, Tarrasch had +2 over 34 games while Lasker scored +7 in 21; vs. Akiba Rubinstein, Tarrasch was −8 without a single win, while Lasker scored +2−1=2; vs. David Janowski, Tarrasch scored +3 compared to Lasker's huge +22; vs. Géza Maróczy, Tarrasch was +1 over 16 games while Lasker scored +4−0=1, vs. Richard Teichmann Tarrasch scored +8−5=2, while Lasker beat him all four tournament games. However, Tarrasch had a narrow plus score against Harry Nelson Pillsbury of +6−5=2, while Lasker was even +5−5=4. Still, Tarrasch remained a powerful player, demolishing Frank Marshall in a match in 1905 (+8−1=8), and winning Ostend 1907 over Schlechter, Janowski, Marshall, Burn, and Chigorin.

There was no love lost between Tarrasch and Lasker. The story goes that when they were introduced at the opening of their 1908 championship match, Tarrasch clicked his heels, bowed stiffly, and said, "To you, Dr. Lasker, I have only three words, check and mate"—then left the room. When Lasker finally agreed to a title match in 1908, he beat Tarrasch convincingly +8−3=5.

Tarrasch continued to be one of the leading players in the world for a while. He finished fourth in the very strong St. Petersburg 1914 chess tournament, behind only World Champion Lasker and future World Champions José Raúl Capablanca and Alexander Alekhine, and ahead of Marshall, Ossip Bernstein, Rubinstein, Nimzowitsch, Blackburne, Janowski, and Gunsberg. His win against Capablanca in the 19th round, though much less famous than Lasker's win against Capablanca the round before, was essential to enable Lasker to achieve his famous come-from-behind victory over Capablanca in the tournament. This tournament was probably Tarrasch's swan song, because his chess career was not very successful after this, although he still played some highly regarded games.

Tarrasch lost +0-5=1 to Lasker in a 1916 match.

Chess teachings
Tarrasch was a very influential chess writer, and was called Praeceptor Germaniae, meaning "Teacher of Germany." He took some of Wilhelm Steinitz's ideas (e.g. control of the center,, ) and made them more accessible to the average chess player. In other areas, he departed from Steinitz. He emphasized piece much more than Steinitz did, and disliked cramped positions, saying that they "had the germ of defeat."

Tarrasch formulated a very important rule in rook endgames that is often called the Tarrasch rule:

 * The rooks belong behind passed pawns, behind their own in order to support their advance, behind the enemy's in order to impede their advance.

Chess publications
In 1895, Tarrasch's book Dreihundert Schachpartien was published. It was first translated into English in 1959 by Robin Ault and John Kirwan in a limited edition and a commercial edition in 1999 when S. Schwarz put out Three Hundred Chess Games. Tarrasch released Die moderne Schachpartie in 1912, but it has not been translated yet. He wrote a famous book about the St. Petersburg 1914 chess tournament, which was translated into English in 1993. His fourth major book Das Schachspiel (1931), was translated by G. E. Smith and T. G. Bone as The Game of Chess (1935, ISBN 048625447X). It was his last book and his most successful.

He edited the magazine Deutsche Schachzeitung in 1897, and Tarrasch's Schachzeitung, for the last two years of his life.

Clash with hypermodern school
He was a target of the hypermodern school, led by Richard Réti, Aron Nimzowitsch, and Savielly Tartakower, all of whom criticized his ideas as dogmatic. However, many modern masters regard Tarrasch's actual play as not dogmatic. According to American grandmaster Andrew Soltis, Tarrasch's chess was "all about piece mobility".

As an example of his playing style see his victory on the Black side of the Advance French against Louis Paulsen (Nuremberg 1888):

 * 1. e4 e6 2. d4 d5 3. e5 c5 4. c3 Nc6 5. Nf3 Qb6 6. Bd3 cxd4 Tarrasch gives this an exclamation mark, and points out that 6...Bd7 allows 7.dxc5 with a good game. However, most accounts credit Nimzowitsch with such anti-dogmatic hypermodern inventiveness when he played 7.dxc5 against Gersz Salwe almost a quarter of a century later. 7. cxd4 Bd7 8. Be2 Nge7 9. b3 Nf5 10. Bb2 Bb4+ 11. Kf1 Be7 12. g3 a5 13. a4 Rc8 14. Bb5 Nb4 15. Bxd7+ Kxd7 16. Nc3 Nc6 17. Nb5 Na7 18. Nxa7 Qxa7 19. Qd3 Qa6 20. Qxa6 bxa6 21. Kg2 Rc2 22. Bc1 Rb8 23. Rb1 Rc3 24. Bd2 Rcxb3 25. Rxb3 Rxb3 26. Bxa5 Rb2 27. Bd2 Bb4 28. Bf4 h6 29. g4 Ne7 30. Ra1 Nc6 31. Bc1 Rc2 32. Ba3 Rc4 33. Bb2 Bc3 34. Bxc3 Rxc3 35. Rb1 Kc7 36. g5 Rc4 37. gxh6 gxh6 38. a5 Ra4 39. Kg3 Rxa5 40. Kg4 Ra3 41. Rd1 Rb3 42. h4 Ne7 43. Ne1 Nf5 44. Nd3 a5 45. Nc5 Rc3 46. Rb1 Nxd4 47. Na6+ Kd8 48. Rb8+ Rc8 49. Rb7 Ke8 50. Nc7+ Kf8 51. Nb5 Nxb5 52. Rxb5 Ra8 53. f4 a4 54. Rb1 a3 55. f5 a2 56. Ra1 Ra4+ 57. Kh5 Kg7 58. fxe6 fxe6 59. Rg1+ Kh8 60. Ra1 Kh7 61. Rg1 a1=Q 62. Rg7+ Kh8

Contributions to opening theory
A number of chess openings are named after Tarrasch, with the most notable being:
 * The Tarrasch Defense, Tarrasch's favorite line against the Queen's Gambit in which Black takes on an isolated queen's pawn: 1.d4 d5 2.c4 e6 3.Nc3 c5!? 4.cxd5 exd5. A main line is then 5.Nf3 Nc6 6.g3 Nf6 7.Bg2 Be7 8.0-0 0-0. Tarrasch famously proclaimed, "The future will decide who has erred in estimating this defense, I or the chess world!"; today it is considered sound, though unfashionable.
 * The Tarrasch Variation of the French Defense (3.Nd2), which Tarrasch late in his career considered to be refuted by 3...c5 4.exd5 exd5, with Black again "acquiring" an isolated queen's pawn. This is not thought a refutation today, but is still one of Black's most important lines.
 * The Tarrasch Variation of the Ruy Lopez, usually known as the Open Defense (1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 a6 4.Ba4 Nf6 5.0-0 Nxe4).

Famous Tarrasch combinations
In the game Tarrasch versus Allies, Black seems to be holding here (at least against an immediate catastrophe), because the black queen guards against Qb7+ (followed by Kxa5 Ra1#), while the black rook on c8 defends against Rxc5#. Tarrasch played the ingenious interference move 31.Bc7! (known as a Plachutta interference because the pieces both move orthogonally). This blocks off both defences, and whatever piece captures becomes overloaded. That is, if 31...Rxc7, the rook is overloaded, having to look after both the key squares, since the queen is blocked from b7. So White would play 32.Qb7+ Rxb7, deflecting the rook from defence of c5, allowing 33.Rxc5#. But if Black plays instead 31...Qxc7, the queen blocks off the rook's defence of c5 and becomes overloaded: 32.Rxc5+ Qxc5 deflects the queen from defence of b7, allowing 33.Qb7+ Kxa5 34.Ra1#. Black actually resigned after this move.

In the game against Carl Walbrodt, Tarrasch played rather poorly, and his opponent had the better of him for a long time. But the game was redeemed by the following startling combination: 34.Rxd4 seems obvious, because 34...cxd4 allows 35.Bxd4 winning the queen. But Black has a seemingly strong counterattack which had to be foreseen ... 34...Nxg3 35.Nxg3 Rxg3+ 36.hxg3 Rxg3+ 37.Kf1! Rxd3 and now the startling 38.Rg4!! with devastating threats of 39. Rf8+ mating and Bxe5 not to mention cxd3 to follow. Black resigned.

title: Siegbert Tarrasch


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Chenghai, Shantou

Chenghai (postal: Tenghai; Teochew: Thěng Hài) is a district of the city of Shantou, Guangdong Province, China.

Located at the Han River Delta in the southeast part of Guangdong Province, Chenghai spans from 116°41' to 116°54' E longitude and 23°23' to 23°38' N latitude. Chenghai is an important transportation hub of the area around east Guangdong, the southeast part of Fujian and south Jiangxi Province, which is known as the "Gateway of East Guangdong". The total area of this district is 345.23 square kilometres.

History
Chenghai was known as one of "Eight Counties of Chaozhou" in Qing Dynasty and Republic of China period. It was founded as a county in 1563 AD, combining by the coastal lands separated from Haiyang County, Jieyang County and Raoping County, and under Chao Prefecture (Teochew)'s jurisdiction. The name Chenghai, meaning "clear [the Wokou of] the sea", was used as the county name due to the Jiajing wokou raids, which also indicated the reason of Chenghai's establishment. Chenghai was dissolved in 1666 when Kangxi Emperor banned on foreign trade but re-founded seven years later.

In 1860, Shantou, which lay in the southwest of Chenghai, was opened for foreigners and became a trading port according to Treaty of Tientsin. Shantou separated from Chenghai and became a city in 1921. Then Chenghai County was administered by Shantou conversely. On 21 June 1939, Japanese troops invaded the county town of Chenghai. Japanese force occupied Chenghai until 15 August 1945. The Communist People's Liberation Army captured Chenghai on 24 October 1949, 23 days after the People's Republic of China was founded.

From 1994 onward, Chenghai was upgraded to a county-level city and was administered by the Provincial Government directly (custody by Shantou). On 19 May 2003, Chenghai was absorbed as a district by Shantou. Chenghai became a part of Shantou Special Economic Zone on 1 May 2011.

Climate
Chenghai has a sunny climate, with plenty of rainfall, belonging to south subtropical monsoon climate. Controlled by cold high atmospheric pressure from the polar, winters are dry. Summers are rainy with high temperatures.

Economy
Chenghai, with a deep cultural tradition, is one of the most dynamic economic areas in East Guangdong. Its characteristic industries and local brands take the leading position in China and enjoy high reputation in the world market. Chenghai is successively titled as China Toys & Gifts City (in April 2003 ), China's Famous City of Woolen Sweaters( in January, 2014 ), Model Base on Transformation and Upgrading of National Foreign Trade, National Advanced Culture Area, National Science Demonstration Area, State Torch Program Feature Industry Base, Guangdong Animation (Toys) Creative Industrial Cluster, China Export Base of Toys and Gifts and so on.

Toy industry
The crafts and toys industry in Shantou is one of the three major production bases of its kind in China. Chenghai District is the only "China Toys and Gifts City" awarded by China Light Industry Union, and has won the title of "Chenghai Industrial Base of Creative Design and Manufacture of Intelligent Toys in the National Torch Program" awarded by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China. It now has more than 4,000 local toy, gift and anime manufacturers, franchisers and service providers. In 2013, the output value of Chenghai toys, gifts and animation was up 14% over the past year and reached more than 31 billion yuan, 70% of which were export earnings. It is worth noting that, in 2013, the output value of Chenghai's anime industry was 5.8 billion yuan, up 61% from a year ago. Now four listed companies have sprung up in this area. They are Guangdong Alpha Animation and Culture, Huawei Technology, Qunxing Toys, Rastar Group. Chenghai now has formed a complete toy industrial chain, which includes toy design and development, mould making, producing and processing, printing and packaging, exhibition and trade promotion, logistics distribution and so forth. Eight advantages of its toy manufacturing industry: industrial clusters, trade facilitation, vast diversity of types, attractive designs, quality assurance, constellation of brands, appropriate prices and high added value. The district was listed in the 2021 Notorious Markets List due to the prevalence of counterfeit toy factories.

Known senior high schools
There are four key senior high schools in Chenghai, including Chenghai Middle School, Subei Middle School, Experimental Middle School and Overseas Chinese High School. Chenghai Middle School is the most famous one. Located in No. 16 Cultural (Wenhua) Road, it is set up in September 1915, which is the first county middle school in east Guangdong. It was rated as the first class school of Guangdong Province in 1994. Outstanding alumnus of this school includes Qin Mu (a famous modern writer), Zheng Songhui (the deputy chief designer of Shenzhou V Spacecraft), etc.
 * Chenghai Middle School

Tourist attractions
There are 25 attractions open to the public. Known as the best overseas Chinese residence in Lingnan and a key protected cultural relics in Guangdong Province, Chen Cihong's Former Residence was built by the famous Chen Hongli family in Qianmei Village, Longdu Town, Chenghai District. The construction of the residence started in 1910, lasted almost 30 years and was not finished until 1939. The 25,400-sqm residence consists of 506 rooms in 4 complex houses where the traditional Chaoshan architectural style of "4-horse-drawn chariot" goes well with western villas. The 4 complex houses are Langzhong Mansion, Shoukang Dwelling, Shanju Chamber and Sanlu Study, and strewed between them are pavilions, terraces, corridors and overpasses, forming a giant courtyard. The residence is basically built with brick and timber and decorated with Chaoshan wood carvings, stone carvings, plaster sculptures, porcelain and glass. Galleries for puppet shows, local operas, folk customs and handicrafts are opened here and local Shuangyao'e (geese fight) square dance and tea performance are staged in the residence. It is actually a museum for the overseas Chinese culture in Chaoshan area.
 * Chen Cihong's Residence (Nice Breeze in Cihong's Residence, one of Shantou's Eight Sights)

It was located in Lianhua Town, Chenghai District. There are a series of attractions, including Xipu Village (patriotism education base and art sketch base), the Lotus Temple (a protected cultural relics in Chenghai District and a religious culture area), the Sheng'an ancient village with the style of Hakka circular house, Lotus Mountain Hot-Spring Holiday Resort, Nature Leisure Farm and Yuandong Chinese orchid Co. (place of planting orchids).
 * Lianhua Scenery Area: one of AAAA National Tourist Attractions, a characteristic tourism town and Eco-Demonstration Town in Guangdong.

First Museum of Cultural Revolution As the writer Ba Jin dreamed of, this may be the first non-official museum in China mainland dedicated to the Cultural Revolution.
 * Cultural Revolution Museum:

Some of the funding came from the Hong Kong businessman Li Ka-shing, originally from Shantou, who also funded Shantou University. Located at Mountain Ta in Lianshang Town of Chenghai District, the Cultural Revolution Museum was finished building and open on January 1, 2005. It is the first non-official museum in China built for memorizing Cultural Revolution. The museum is housed in a classical Pagoda-style building. In the museum, the hundreds of engravings come from a 1995 book called Cultural Revolution Museum, published by Yang Kelin in Hong Kong. There are shocking images of teachers and intellectuals in dunce hats being led out by farmers, of children and their dead parents and of zealots attaching revolutionary messages to large Buddha statues.

Laiwu is the name of a town belonging to Chenghai District. Located in Laiwu Tourist Resort (one of AAA National Tourist Attractions) at East Chenghai, facing Nao'ao Island across the sea, Laiwu Island has an area of 6 square kilometers, which is known for its charming natural scenery, the historical sites and the legend of goddess Laiwu. Seaweed is the famous products in Laiwu.
 * Laiwu Island:

Notable individuals

 * Qin Mu: a famous modern writer

The ancestors of the following people were born in Chenghai:
 * Chatichai Choonhavan (ชาติชาย ชุณหะวัณ): former Prime Minister of Thailand.
 * Chen Yulu : Chinese economist, educator, author, and politician, deputy governor of People's Bank of China.
 * Sammi Cheng : Hong Kong Cantopop singer and actress.
 * Pridi Banomyong (ปรีดี พนมยงค์; ): former Prime Minister and Senior Statesman of Thailand
 * Taksin (สมเด็จพระเจ้ากรุงธนบุรี; ; Teochew: Dênchao): the first and only monarch of Thonburi kingdom.

title: Chenghai, Shantou