text:
Talk:Derbent

I've taken out the last sentence
I've taken out the last sentence in the article because it was from this site about Azerbaijan. The last sentence does not need to be posted, because there are also trains to other places. I think it also mentions an Azeri population there, I'll see what I can do about that.

It was this sentence: There are trains to Baku and a consulate of Azerbaijan is expected to open in the near future.

 * I've removed the article for copyright violation - the whole article was taken from that site, not just a sentence. I've started a new version at Derbent/Temp, incorporating material from the 1911 Britannica. Isomorphic 20:07, 17 Mar 2004 (UTC)

I emailed the people there. They said that we could copy the text but not the pictures. I have their permission. -Dagestan

OK, I've got the email:

Hi Daniel, Thank you for your message. You may use only the TEXT, not the images. Source should be mentioned as "Travel-images.com" Regards from Lisbon, Miguel Torres Curado http://travel-images.com (and Azerb.com)

(See? There's my permission!) -User:Dagestan

Alright, I guess it can go back up then. Does he understand what the GFDL means? Isomorphic 06:34, 19 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Apparently he does. -User:Dagestan

Alrighty, I've put a note acknowledging the source. I'm also going to incorporate in some text from the temp version (which is from the 1911 Britannica.) Isomorphic 19:16, 19 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Disambiguation
There is also a town in Turkey by this name, so could someone start a disabmig. page?

and in Turkmenistan

Shirvanshahs of Persia
Shirvanshahs of Azerbaijan were never considered a persians, which can be seen from respective wiki article. Propose to remove the words "of Persia" and possibly add "of Azerbaijan". Will edit if no objections. Shiftyscales (talk) 21:55, 10 December 2008 (UTC)
 * I notice now a slight Persian bias in this article, eq. Safavids are called Persian dynasty, while at respective article it's Iranian. Will edit now Shiftyscales (talk) 22:31, 11 December 2008 (UTC)

Azerbaijan itself was a part of Persia and more correctly Iran. So I think we should remove the word Azerbaijan and consider it as a province of Iran (Azari).

Sister cities?
Yakima, Washington lists Derbent as a sister city, but this article does not list Yakima as a sister city. According to this list, Ganja and Yakima are its sisters. La Crosse lists Dubna as a sister (and vice versa). I will change it in the article. I am writing this here in case anyone questions why.--Kpstewart (talk) 02:23, 3 September 2009 (UTC)

Feedback
I like almost all of the edits. However, there are two points I want to point out.

The mentioning of the Persian name for the city in the lead is not appropriate. Its part of Russia, therefore the Russian name should be mentioned first, followed by the other major ethnic groups who inhabit the city. We do not mention the old Persian names in the lead in other former Persian based cities either (think if the cities in Iraq, the Levant, the Caucasus, Pakistan, etc). Furthermore, a whole etymology chapter exists, that already touches on the Persian origins of the name. Besides the romanized Persian name and Azeri names are practically the same. So really, without any offense, mentioning the Persian name in the lead is inappropriate and damages the quality of the article.

My second point is the final history chapter name. I suggest "Russian rule" or "Russian annexation" instead of the current "From Iranian to Russian rule". In history, at one point or another, every city has changed rulers/hands. We dont need to mention the transition of power in the chapter name. Elsewise we would need to change the other chapter names.

I took the liberty to implement these two changes. I used the chapter name "Russian annexation", because thats what the subchapter is really about, plus it differs from the other chapter names, so it adds quality. Mursel (talk) 10:37, 19 July 2015 (UTC)

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Modern History
The history section ends in the late 1800s, while surely significant events took place after that (Russian Civil War, post-1991 unrest in the Caucasus, among other things). I might try to add a section if I have time (and sources). Auvon (talk) 23:33, 18 September 2016 (UTC)
 * It's ridiculous that this article has no history after 1813. Richard75 (talk) 17:52, 3 April 2022 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Derbent


text:
Zokor

Zokors are Asiatic burrowing rodents resembling mole-rats. They include two genera: Myospalax and Eospalax. Zokors are native to much of China, Kazakhstan, and Siberian Russia.

Traditionally, zokors were thought to be closely related to either hamsters (Cricetinae) or voles (Arvicolinae), but recent molecular phylogenetic studies have demonstrated they are more closely related to blind mole-rats (Spalacinae) and root and bamboo rats (Rhizomyinae) in the family Spalacidae. It appears that one of the first important evolutionary splits in muroid rodents is between burrowing forms and nonburrowing forms.

Unlike the other spalacids, which primarily use their incisors, zokors use their powerful front claws for digging. They have small eyes and no external ears. Zokors feed on plant matter such as tubers and seeds.

Zokor bone is sometimes used as a more environmentally friendly alternative to tiger bone in traditional Chinese medicine. This product is called sailonggu.

Taxonomy
Subfamily Myospalacinae
 * Genus Myospalax
 * Myospalax myospalax species group
 * False zokor, M. aspalax
 * Siberian zokor, M. myospalax
 * Myospalax psilurus species group
 * Transbaikal zokor, M. psilurus
 * Genus Eospalax
 * Chinese zokor, E. fontanierii
 * Rothschild's zokor, E. rothschildi
 * Smith's zokor, E. smithii

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Zokor


text:
Nicolae Titulescu

Nicolae Titulescu (4 March 1882 – 17 March 1941) was a Romanian politician and diplomat, at various times ambassador, finance minister, and foreign minister, and for two terms president of the General Assembly of the League of Nations (1930–32).

Early years
Titulescu was born in Craiova, the son of a solicitor. He grew up at his father's estate in Titulești, a commune in Romania that was later named after him. Upon graduating with honours in 1900 from the Carol I High School in Craiova, Titulescu studied law in Paris, obtaining his doctorate with the thesis Essai sur une théorie des droits éventuels. In 1905, Titulescu returned to Romania as a professor of law at the University of Iași, and in 1907 he moved to Bucharest.

Political career
Following the Romanian elections of 1912, Titulescu became a parliamentarian with the Conservative-Democratic Party led by Take Ionescu, and five years later he became a member of the government of Ion I. C. Brătianu as Minister of Finance.

In the summer of 1918, together with other prominent Romanians (Take Ionescu, Octavian Goga, Traian Vuia, Constantin Mille), Titulescu formed, in Paris, the National Romanian Committee, with the purpose of promoting in international public opinion the right of the Romanian people to national unity, the committee being officially recognised as the plenipotentiary de facto organ of the Romanian nation.

After the war, Titulescu was finance minister in the second Averescu government in 1920-21. He was then appointed Romanian Ambassador to the United Kingdom, a position he held on-and-off until 1936.

Beginning in 1921, Titulescu functioned as the permanent representative of Romania to the League of Nations in Geneva. He was chosen twice (in 1930 and 1931) to be the president of the General Assembly of that organization. In this capacity, he fought for the preservation of stable borders through the maintenance of peace, for good relations between both large and small neighboring states, for the respect of the sovereignty and equality of all nations in the international community, for collective security, and the prevention of aggression.

In June 1936, Titulescu reacted to the buffoonery exhibited by the Italian journalists when Emperor Haile Selassie I spoke to the League after Ethiopia had been invaded and occupied by Fascist Italy. He jumped to his feet and shouted: "To the door with the savages!" ("A la porte les sauvages!"). Patrick Leigh Fermor described him as "tall and mandarin-like, but with splendid histrionic gestures, and obviously a comic genius of the first order".

From 1927 to 1928, Titulescu was the minister of foreign affairs, a post he held again from 1932-36. After an initial period of skepticism, he concluded that Romania needed an alliance with the Soviet Union, and he conducted many negotiations with Commissar for Foreign Affairs Maxim Litvinov. These failed due to lack of support from king Carol II and other Romanian political leaders.

In 1935, Titulescu was elected a titular member of the Romanian Academy.

Exile and death
In August 1936, King Carol II removed Titulescu from all official positions, asking him to leave the country. Settling first in Switzerland, he later moved to France. In exile, he continued in conferences and newspaper articles to propagate the idea of the preservation of peace, as he perceived the danger of the approaching war. He returned to Romania in November 1937, partly by the efforts of Iuliu Maniu.

In 1937, Titulescu again left Romania and took refuge in France. At Cannes, he denounced the Romanian fascist regime. In 1941, Titulescu died in Cannes following a long illness. In his will, he asked to be buried in Romania.

In 1989, after the fall of communist Romania during the Romanian Revolution, the honouring of Titulescu's request became possible. On 14 March 1992, his remains were reburied in the Sfânta Ecaterina cemetery in Șcheii Brașovului, next to St. Nicholas Church, Brașov after a difficult legal procedure organized by Jean-Paul Carteron, a French attorney. He was awarded Order of the White Eagle and other decorations.

title: Nicolae Titulescu


text:
Wakhi

Wakhi may be:

 * Wakhi language, the language of the majority of the people of Wakhan
 * Wakhi people, an ethnic group in Wakhan, Afghanistan and the Northern Territories of Pakistan
 * An adjectival form of Wakhan, the extreme northeastern region of Afghanistan that borders China, Tajikistan, and Pakistan

title: Wakhi


text:
Blue Water Bridge

The Blue Water Bridge is a twin-span international bridge across the St. Clair River that links Port Huron, Michigan, United States, and Point Edward, Ontario, Canada. The Blue Water Bridge connects Highway 402 in Ontario with both Interstate 69 (I-69) and Interstate 94 (I-94) in Michigan.

Description
The original span is a cantilever truss bridge with a total length of 6,178 ft and a main span of 871 ft. The second, newer span is a continuous bowstring arch bridge with a total length of 6,109 ft and a main span of 922 ft.

The Blue Water Bridges are jointly owned and maintained by Canada and the United States: Federal Bridge Corporation, a Crown corporation of the Government of Canada, is in charge of the Canadian side, while the Michigan Department of Transportation (MDOT) is in charge of the US side. A toll is charged to cross the bridges, which is used to pay for maintenance and operations.

Together, the two bridges connect Chicago and the Midwestern United States with Toronto and the Northeastern United States, one of the four shortest routes of land travel between the US Midwest and Northeast. They are the second-busiest commercial crossing on the Canada–United States border, after the Ambassador Bridge at Detroit-Windsor, and the fourth-busiest overall international crossing in Ontario in terms of total number of vehicles at 4.7 million annually. In Canada, they are the third-busiest bridges after the Champlain Bridge in Montreal and the Ambassador Bridge.

Border crossing
The Port Huron–Point Edward Border Crossing connects the cities of Port Huron, Michigan, and Point Edward, Ontario, at the Blue Water Bridge. Both the US and Canada border stations are open 24 hours per day. The US Customs and Border Protection upgraded its inspection facilities in 2011, and Canada Border Services Agency upgraded its facilities in 2012. In 2017, inspectors at Port Huron processed 1,579,646 cars and 826,288 trucks.

background
A US Port of Entry was established at the location in 1836, when a license to provide commercial ferry service between Port Huron and what then was known as Port Sarnia. The license was issued to a Canadian man named Crampton who operated a sailboat. In the 1840s, a man named Davenport, also from Port Sarnia, operated a pony-powered vessel. Steam-powered vessels and paddle wheelers soon followed, but the first vessel capable of carrying automobiles did not arrive until 1921.

planning and opening
In 1935, the Michigan Legislature passed a law (Public Act 147 of 1935 ) creating a State Bridge Commission to finance the design and erection of the main bridge structure of the Blue Water Bridge.In 1937, after plans proposed in 1927 to build a bridge spanning the St. Clair River languished during the Great Depression, the Michigan Highway Commission and the Minister of Highways for Canada hired Ralph Modjeski and Frank H. Masters and their Canadian associates, Charles Monsarrat and Philip Louis Pratley to design and build what would become the Blue Water Bridge. Ralph Modjeski, a Polish-born engineer who would become known as "America's greatest bridge builder", served as lead engineer for the project. In developing a design, Modjeski faced obstacles posed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, which sought to ensure that the St. Clair River remain navigable for military and commercial vessels. Bridge construction could not interfere with navigation, bridge builders could not use floating platforms, and the completed span was required to clear the water by 150 ft. Originally, Modjeski proposed a mammoth suspension-style bridge with tall towers and massive cable anchorages; however, because of the 150 ft vertical clearance requirement for shipping, he opted instead for a cantilevered through-truss design. The commission was approved by the United States Congress in August 1935 (Public Law 411 of 1935 ). The law permitted the commission to sell bonds that would be repaid by the revenue from the tolls ($0.25 toll for travelers) collected within 30 years. The first bridge was fully opened to traffic on October 10, 1938. The lead engineer was Polish-born Ralph Modjeski. This bridge originally had two lanes for vehicles as well as sidewalks.

In the 1950s, the facilities were upgraded, and the bridge’s lighting was completely replaced.

Both the U.S. and Canadian governments had agreed to operate the bridge toll-free once bonds were paid off. The U.S. side of the bridge became toll-free in February 1962, after the Governor John Swainson used an executive order to cancel the toll. This forced layoffs of the toll workers, one of which was his father. In August 1962, the BWB Authority (BWBA) that operates the Canadian side of the bridge began collecting tolls of $0.25 from eastbound traffic while continuing to collect tolls from westbound traffic. In June 1963, the State of Michigan appropriated funds for the operation of its part of the bridge..

In 1964, the eastern terminus of I-94 was completed at the foot of the Blue Water Bridge on the American side.

With the passage of the Executive Reorganization Act of 1965, the State Bridge Commission was abolished and its functions were transferred to the Michigan Department of Transportation (MDOT), then called the Department of State Highways.

In 1970, the U.S. Congress passed a law permitting Michigan to again collect tolls on the bridge. To comply with the law, the department had to repay the federal government $348,000 for the grant it received in 1938, which funded the approach road. That grant was repaid to the federal government and in September 1971, tolls were restored, however only collected in the eastbound direction on the Michigan side.

In 1982, Highway 402 was completed, and the Canadian approach had already been modified. This provided a continuous freeway link to Highway 401 on the Canadian side. Around this time, the bridge's sidewalk was also removed; this was done to add a third Reversible lane on the roadway, as long lineups on each side's crossing were common.

In 1984, I-69 was completed to Port Huron which meant that three freeways converged on the three-lane bridge.

1990s-present
In 1985, the U.S. Congress allowed Michigan to increase the toll to create a state matching fund for proposed improvements to the bridge plaza. As a requirement for this authority, after the bonds for repayment of construction costs were retired, the tolls had to be reverted to levels sufficient to operate and maintain the structure and associated facilities. In July 1991, the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) signed a "129A Agreement" with MDOT regarding the disposition of toll receipts. This agreement allowed the department to fund both the annual operating costs of the bridge and the state's matching share of the BWB Plaza Improvement Project. On the American side, the I-beam girder overpass crossing Pine Grove Avenue was replaced by a much wider embankment, which also added a four-story customs office building in the center. On the Canadian side, the original booths were demolished; they had been in use since 1938; while they were positively noted for their Art Deco style, they were too low to accommodate modern semi-trailer trucks which previously had to be directed to the outside. The $55 million plaza improvement project was completed in November 1996, at which the toll was reverted back to its original cost.

In 1992, it was determined that traffic on the bridge had exceeded its rated capacity, so bridge authorities decided to add a second span in order to accommodate the higher traffic. During the debate over the form of the second span from 1994 to 1995, five possible designs were proposed. The parallel chord truss Bridge and the single-span tied-arch bridge proposals were the least popular as they were not visually appealing and dropped from further consideration. Over half of public opinion had favored a duplicate of the first bridge, while the cable-stayed bridge came in second with around 21% thanks to its "dramatic appearance and appeal to engineers because of their high structural redundancy". The Blue Water Bridge Authority had rejected both designs that topped public opinion, because the duplicate bridge would create a false sense of history, while the cable-stayed design would overshadow the existing bridge in height and proportion. The continuous-tied arch design, which was a distant third place in polls, was chosen for two reasons: one was that it blends in with the original span yet stands out on its own, and the other is lower maintenance costs because fewer spans are involved. The selection of the continuous-tied arch proposal was initially controversial as it did not have much public opinion support, and critics regarded this type as awkward. Consequently, the engineers changed design details to make it complement the existing bridge. For instance the use of concrete piers and steel tower supporting the anchor span, rather than the traditional concrete tower, gave the bridge a "less massive appearance, easing the difficult transition between the approach, anchor and main spans". The engineers also made "the main span attractive, but economical by settling on an innovative low arch design that merges the traffic deck with the bottom structural supporting steel for the portion of the bridge suspended over the water", which "eliminated the need for expensive bracing and contributes to the graceful appearance of the structure", while the flattened arch also better matches the old bridge. For the new bridge approaches the engineers selected concrete hammer-head piers over steel piers and deck trusses, not only for economical considerations, but it also "gives the new bridge a simpler look, making it easier to distinguish the old bridge from the new one" and "contributes to the clean lines of the new bridge and leaves the view of the old bridge's deck trusses uncluttered". Due to each country's manufacturing differences, the Americans used large pre-cast concrete beams (six beams for each segment) for the approaches while the Canadians used concrete pre-cast box girders (three box girders per segment). Despite this, the differing approach spans are the same depth and appear identical from the side view. The twinning project was a combined effort between Modjeski & Masters (American engineers) and Buckland & Taylor Ltd. (Canadian engineers). During the construction, two temporary masts were erected to assist in the construction of the tied arch; the towers were painted red and lighted, enabling them to be seen from afar. The approaches to the new bridge use box girders, compared to the original which hold up the road deck with trusses. The second three-lane bridge, just south of the first bridge, opened on July 22, 1997. After the new bridge opened for traffic, the original bridge was restripped with three westbound lanes, and the flyover ramp was permanently closed and demolished.

In 2007, in accordance with Federal Identity Program requirements, the Blue Water Bridge Authority agreed on a name for the federal Crown corporate organization: Blue Water Bridge Canada.

In March 2009, the Canadian government announced that C$13.5 million (US$10.8 million) in funding would be allocated toward upgrading the border crossing facilities at the Blue Water Bridge. The work was scheduled to begin in May 2009. The US Customs and Border Protection would upgrade it on the US side, and the Canada Border Services Agency would upgrade it on the Canadian side. In 2011, the US side completed its plaza upgrades, and construction began to widen and improve both Highway 402 on the Canadian side and I-94/I-69 on the American side. In 2012, both the widening and the Canadian border upgrades were completed.

On April 1st 2015, the westbound span was closed to undergo resurfacing and waterproofing.

In 2018, the piers of the westbound bridge had protectors installed, additionally, new gusset plates were built.

On July 5th 2023, the westbound bridge was closed for blast cleaning, deck repairs, and other minor rehab work. It was reopened on October 3rd, 2 days ahead of schedule.

In 2020, cash was banned after the COVID-19 pandemic. It was made permanent by January 1st, 2024.

Starting on May 29, 2024, the eastbound bridge was closed for maintenance, and all traffic was shifted onto the westbound bridge.

title: Blue Water Bridge


text:
Damping (disambiguation)

Damping is an influence within or upon an oscillatory system that has the effect of reducing or preventing its oscillation.

Damping may also refer to:

 * Damping factor
 * Damping (music)
 * Damping torque
 * Damping capacitor
 * Damping matrix
 * Damping off

title: Damping (disambiguation)


text:
Talk:History of radio

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FM move to 100 MHz
In the FM Radio section, this popped out at me:
 * The reason the board made this decision was that it had been given flawed evidence by a former Federal Communications Commission engineer named Kenneth Norton. He believed that sunspots, which appear every eleven years, would cause severe disruption to the FM signal. Norton never explained why television signals at the same frequency wouldn't be disrupted.

I can see several reasons for this change. Perhaps Norton did as well and the reasons forgotten?

1) Armstrong 'set up shop' in the 42 MHz region because the vacuum tubes of the 1930s couldn't work reliably at higher frequencies. Also, since the range was less at the higher frequencies and the transmitters more expensive and weaker, he would have a smaller 'audience'. He was already struggling with the economics of that. At that time, the majority of the radio broadcast audience lived in rural areas, where AM was king. I'm amazed he could make it profitable with only city populations for his audience. (The pre-WWII FCC back then regarded the VHF range as wasted spectrum that would never be of any value, so they parked him there where he couldn't harm the much more valuable and socially important, to politicians at least, AM broadcast business.)

A side note: Frequency modulation at 42 MHz and lower was difficult to combine with carrier frequncy stability, too. Getting enough 'swing' while staying on frequency was a challenge, which gave Armstrong design difficulties. He eventually solved these with an expensive and complicated combination of phase modulation, large scale frequency multiplication and heterodyning.

After WWII, tremendous advances in vacuum tube performance allowed their use at microwave frequencies. Also inexpensive and stable transmitters could now achieve very high output powers at the VHF range. Since Armstrong donated the use of his patents to the government during the war, many engineers and scientists became very familiar with the theory and application, resulting in a cadre of experts that knew more than Armstrong about FM, receivers, transmitters and radio wave propagation. I suspect Norton was one of them.

Also the post-WWII FCC was far better staffed with competent engineers and they had to think about the future of radio in a way that benefited the public the most. During the war, the population left the rural communities for the urban manufacturing centers. This change in demographics was not lost on the Commission.

2) During sunspot cycle maxima, ionospheric reflections often cause long distance propagation events up to the 50MHz range. This happens much less often at 100MHz. Because the FM receivers used very wideband FM and employed very good limiters, capture effect would cause the sometimes stronger reflected signals to take over the receiver output as if a switch had been flipped. There was no apparent beat note, so no warning. Just from one second to the next, you'd shift from the local broadcast to one from hundreds to thousands of miles away. This wouldn't be apparent to the listener, it would just seem to him that his radio was broken, since there'd be no hint there was a second signal.

In television with AM video transmission, the onset of this sort of interference is easily seen when the signal strengths are more than a thousand times different, creating 'herring bone' or 'ghosting' effects on the picture. The television audio wouldn't be affected until the signals were nearly equal. The point is the viewer would notice the picture changing and not be alarmed once he had read the owner's instructions.

As far as the FCC was concerned, TV was a much more important development than anything in audio broadcasting (after all, everyone still had AM radios and the only thing FM added was fidelity, important for music lovers with 'golden' ears) since it was totally new and the social and economic impacts were sure to be enormous. They wanted the largest possible audence for each (very expensive) station, so they put the new channels in the low VHF range. It worked. 100 to 150 mile range was possible with an outdoor antenna. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Crusty Curmudgeon (talk • contribs) 13:09, February 29, 2004 (UTC)

Is this only history of radio in the US?
This article seems in parts to be very much the US story. The article on the BBC says that the BBC was founded in 1922 so would seem to deserve a place in the 'Radio broadcasting is born' section?

 * Also Digital radio is already up and running in the UK, so perhaps that deserves a mention.Billlion 14:47, 10 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Things have improved, with more coverage of non-US milestones. Of course, a UK-centred view can be just as misleading, but the BBC was very significant. TV broadcasting, for instance, in the 1930s. Was it the first? What of the fuzzy line between experiments and regular broadcasts? But definitely regular scheduled TV broadcasting in the 1930s. Zhochaka 10:57, 9 June 2006 (UTC)

Other articles...
There is also a history of broadcasting article that maybe should be merged or otherwise fiddled with to mix in with this. —User:Mulad (talk) 02:32, Dec 4, 2004 (UTC)

 * I agree, and while this article is still a mess, history of broadcasting is quite a mature article. Suggest moving anything of value in the current article to the history of broadcasting, and leaving history of radio as an article about the history of radio technology. Billlion 17:40, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I have just added the cleanup tag. Part needs merging with history of broadcasting, perhaps what is left is the history of radio technology, would that be a better name for this article? Billlion 05:03, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The history of broadcasting article is much to broad and shallow to be more than a cursory summary of the topic. At a minimum it should link its sections to more detailed articles on history of radio, television, Satellite television, digital audio broadcasting, etc. (admittedly a number of these need work, and there doesn't seem to be a television broadcasting article yet.)  --Blainster 15:47, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

Don't forget the FM broadcasting in the USA article. ABostrom 20:16, August 10, 2005 (UTC)

Loomis
Not even a mention of Mahlon Loomis? - robgood@bestweb.net, 8/15/05
 * Though Loomis did get an 1872 patent, in those days a description alone was sufficient—no working model was needed. Loomis claimed his wireless telegraph used atmospheric electricity, not radio.  There was never any evidence that Loomis, a dentist, ever built a working system in 20 years of promoting it.  See this link re: Fakes in early radio history.  (He also claimed his system would provide unlimited free electricity, eliminate tornadoes, and cure malaria.) --Blainster 09:03, 16 August 2005 (UTC)

Discrepancy about First broadcasts
There appears to be a bit of a discrepancy between the "Audio Broadcasting" and "Radio Broadcasting Beginnings" sections of this article regarding the "firsts." The most notable one is how the first regular entertainment broadcasts are currently credited to a station operating in the UK in 1922; however Conrad had a regular schedule to broadcast music on his station as early as 1916. (If that doesn't count, KDKA had "regular" entertainment broadcasts before 1922 as well.) I believe the article should make a mention of the fact that the radio firsts are all murky at best regarding legitimacy, as there currently isn't one. Andromeda321 20:11, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

First AM broadcast
It claims that "Reginald Fessenden used an Alexanderson alternator and rotary spark-gap transmitter..."

So which was it? He couldn't use both at the same time, and a spark cannot be used for A.M (especially via a rotary spark gap!).

Clearly the reference to a rotary spark-gap transmitter should be removed.

Also there's no mention of Lescarboura's modulating an Arc transmitter to send AM in 1908.

Ref: "Electrician and Mechanic" April, 1912, pages 277-280 "Experiences in Wireless Telephoning"

Not only about US and UK
The August 27 of 1920 Radio Argentina begins regularly scheduled transmissions from the Teatro Coliseo in Buenos Aires. This is the first regularly scheduled transmission. The first radio show ;) In a radio speech in 1919, Lenin stated: - - "The Tsarist police, in alliance with the landowners and the capitalists, organized pogroms against the Jews. .... Thanks.. Hrothgar 01:44, 12 November 2006 (UTC)
 * I am here trying to confirm Lenin in Bolshevik Russia really broadcast to the masses in 1919. If he did, who could hear him ? On what ? see: Vladimir Lenin

Radio detection tubes
I removed this sentence from the beginning of the section on Audio broadcasting: "The invention of the vacuum tube detector, invented by a team of Westinghouse engineers. " Grammatically it has no predicate (verb), and according to the article Vacuum tube the diode detector was invented by John Ambrose Fleming, not a team of Wesinghouse engineeers. --Blainster 23:15, 7 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I would imagine that it is a more modern form ... the "fleming valve" was very primative ... I'll look around ... J. D. Redding 00:01, 8 March 2006 (UTC) (PS., the vacuum tube oscillators amplifiers didn't become widespread till c. 1915 [after Armstrong patented the way to use it]; also, Forest's valve was better than Fleming's, etc ....)

 * Came across the fact that Westinghouse bought up DeForest's and Armstrong's patents ... c.1921 ... when radio really took off ... 1920s was the 1st moder decade ... J. D. Redding

 * Gonna put in a modified sentence ... "The 1920s saw the development of a more modern vacuum tube, constructed by Westinghouse engineers (after Westinghouse bought DeForest's and Armstrong's patent.)." J. D. Redding 00:47, 8 March 2006 (UTC)

As long as you understand that Fleming's tube was a diode, a two-element device that rectifies (or detects) a signal, but it cannot amplify. DeForest's tube is a three-element triode that can amplify the signal appearing at the grid in the larger plate current. The diode is required or you cannot build a receiver. The triode is nice to make a louder sound, but it is not required. So Fleming's invention was the crucial one. DeForest's was a good advance but it wasn't the key to making radio work. --Blainster 04:39, 8 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Good argument, wrong conclusion. Generations of crystal-set tinkerers understand that radio works without amplification.  There were several simpler detectors available before the Fleming tube, such as the cat's whisker, or Reginald Fessenden's hot wire Barretter and electrolytic diode.  DeForest's advance was to make amplification available.  This is essential to FM, but only a quantitative improvement for AM.LeadSongDog 20:05, 17 September 2007 (UTC)
 * "The diode is required or you cannot build a receiver" is absurd. Almost every radio built in the 1920s when radio began to flourish, had triode vacuum tubes and no diodes. Scan through "The ABC of Vacuum Tubes, An Elementary and Practical Book on the Theory and Operation of Vacuum Tubes, as Detectors and Amplifiers." by E.H. Lewis c1922 and tell me how many vacuum tube radio circuits you see which used a diode as a detector ... verging on none. In almost every case a triode with a grid was used as detector and for amplification. "Behind the Front Panel - The Design and Development of 1920's Radios" by David Rutland c1994 shows the exact same thing - pretty much only triodes. "Old Time Radios - Restoration and Repair" by Joseph J. Carr c1991, c2017 shows abundances of early radio circuits, pretty much all of which used triodes and no diodes. Once Doc Lee DeForest placed a grid into a vacuum tube creating a triode, and then Armstrong provided clear explanation for how a triode worked and then showed how it could be used in receiver and transmitter circuits, there simply wasn't much advantage in using a diode as a detector. Everybody designing radios quickly switched over to using triodes in their designs. Diodes offered a mere slight improvement over crystal sets and it was the invention of the triode and clever circuit designs by Armstrong becoming available, which caused the diode to virtually disappear, and the age of broadcast radio flourished. Today, a look at any radio circuit shows some form of transistors (the modern incarnation of triodes) being used in front ends, and no diodes being used as detectors. Fleming created a better detector alternative to the crystal set and little more. Nearly all of the radios we use today - vacuum tube or semiconductor - have as their practical origin point the inclusion of the grid and invention of the triode, which evolved into various forms of transistors. - Ed Scott, N6RFG, ews1248@gmail.com 206.85.128.255 (talk) 16:22, 16 July 2022 (UTC)
 * In the early tube days the diode, two electron vacuum tube, was the known rectifier. Now diode is short for rectifier, and the commonly used detector. A triode has (at least) two electrodes and so is a superset of diodes. I suspect that the wording could be better, as it almost always can be, but some non-linear element is needed. Gah4 (talk) 21:31, 18 July 2022 (UTC)
 * In the early tube days the diode, two electron vacuum tube, was the known rectifier. Now diode is short for rectifier, and the commonly used detector. A triode has (at least) two electrodes and so is a superset of diodes. I suspect that the wording could be better, as it almost always can be, but some non-linear element is needed. Gah4 (talk) 21:31, 18 July 2022 (UTC)
 * In the early tube days the diode, two electron vacuum tube, was the known rectifier. Now diode is short for rectifier, and the commonly used detector. A triode has (at least) two electrodes and so is a superset of diodes. I suspect that the wording could be better, as it almost always can be, but some non-linear element is needed. Gah4 (talk) 21:31, 18 July 2022 (UTC)

Not even necessary for FM. FM Crystal sets definitely exist. Do a google search.

Regenerative vs. heterodyne circuits
An editor seem to be confusing regenerative with heterodyne circuits in his edits regarding Reginald Fessenden. These two types of circuit have a different design, with regens based on high positive feedback, and heterodynes based on IF generation using a separate oscillator. They are not the same, and not used together in the same receiver. --Blainster 18:04, 10 March 2006 (UTC)

Reginald Fessenden used (his own) heterodyne principles and Tesla's (regenerative) principles ... Reginald Fessenden - The Radio Broadcasts of Canadian Reginald ... Reginald Fessenden started his own company where he invented the modulation of radio waves, the "heterodyne principle" ... regeneration is done as in Tesla's disruptive discharge coils and the operations of his alternators ... also ... they can be together in the same system (Regenerative and Reflex Receivers explains this ...), if not the same circuit ... J. D. Redding 03:47, 11 March 2006 (UTC)

Merge "Invention of radio"
The article Invention of radio was started in January, 2006. It contains information that may be useful in this article, but covers the same topic, so should be merged here. --Blainster 17:43, 10 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Invention of radio seems now to be specifically about the disputes about who invented radio. Anthony Appleyard 09:05, 30 June 2006 (UTC)

 * History of radio and Invention of radio largely covered the same field, so I merged them. I put the 4 longest of the resulting sections (Marconi, Tesla, Jagdish Chandra Bose, Heinrich Hertz) in History of radio (more information) with summaries and pointers to them in History of radio. Invention of radio now is a redirect to History of radio. See Talk:Marconi%27s_role_in_the_history_of_radio for discussion on my reversions. Anthony Appleyard 09:45, 17 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I tried to revise History of radio and Invention of radio, and it caused controversy (see Requests for arbitration). My versions are in my namespace. Anthony Appleyard 17:46, 26 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Pick a place: Here, your talk page, Invention Of Radio, wherever. Pick one spot, we can discuss it.  Sparkhead  19:06, 27 September 2006 (UTC)

They are different so dont merge.

 * DO NOT MERGE I think that the Invention of radio should stay a seperate article. There is enough subject matter to justify it and adding it to this article would make this article much longer. It is ok to have articles on the details and in some cases like this one, it's a good idea, so don't merge. Anonym1ty 19:17, 6 March 2007 (UTC)

Photo:An early radio on display in the National Museum of Australia
This image appears to be a localizing speaker as part of a display and not an early radio.
 * Hmm, this is possible but as far as I remember, I took the photo coz the caption said it was an early radio. I could be wrong tho. Maybe someone who lives in Canberra could double check? --Fir0002 style="color:#C6CACC; background:#F8FCFF">www 08:05, 17 April 2006 (UTC)

West Sayville and radio history
Going through the Telefunken reference to the West Sayville entry, I found a rather poorly-written section on the radio station, which includes a link to what seems to be an excellent web-page, on the history of the site and the technology used. http://www.sayville.com/wireless.html Could somebody more familiar with what sort of info should go where have a look; I reckon that page is worth a mention here, but it may be better referenced elsewhere. Zhochaka 10:48, 9 June 2006 (UTC)

Cleanup
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_radio&diff=61282925&oldid=60336489
 * Differences

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_radio&oldid=60336489
 * pre-bullet style

This article needs to get out of the bullet style. 134.193.168.244 23:37, 29 June 2006 (UTC)
 * I have put it back to timeline format: by new editing, not by reverting. Essay style and "varying the expression" is confusing to read through when searching for specific pieces of information, regardless of what schoolteachers drum into their pupils. As it was put back into essay style, the text was chopped regardless into even-sized paragraphs with information about different men and different items of technology mixed together. Anthony Appleyard 08:56, 30 June 2006 (UTC)
 * The bullet style is not encyclopedia style and expansion of the topic in paragraph form is easy to read through when searching. The text was divided as to time period with information about different men and different items of technology mixed together, as they occred at the same date. 134.193.26.35
 * I have seen plenty of list-style timeline descriptions in Wikipedia and in encyclopedias printed on paper. Anthony Appleyard 14:18, 30 June 2006 (UTC)

Removed
The following is not relevant, death of people should goto their bio. On the first day of 1894, Heinrich Rudolf Hertz died. 134.193.26.35

image is not a radio
that photo isn't a radio....

It' a speaker. http://www.interface.com/cone_of_silence

Popov
Why is Alexander Popov mentioned after Oliver Lodge and Jagdish Chandra Bose? The public demonstration of his invention came before theirs... --Illythr 14:33, 1 November 2006 (UTC)

Marconi/Tesla priority dispute
The sentence, "In 1943, Tesla's patent (number 645576) was reinstated by the U.S. Supreme Court shortly after Tesla's death." suggests that the referenced Tesla patent was at some point invalidated, which is not the case. I'd like to see this section simplified, with a link added that points to the "Invention of Radio." GPeterson 15:31, 6 January 2007 (UTC)

The U.S. Supreme Court gave J. S. Stone priority. Stone himself gave Tesla priority for radio in his biography. J. D. Redding 19:19, 18 April 2014 (UTC)

Take out the whitespace? Consolidate paragraphs?

 * Can someone take out the whitespace and consolidate paragraphs?

There is need to polish into even-sized paragraphs. Maybe there is something in the Manual of style. Anthony Appleyard believes that a lot of whitespace for text about the same (not different) people or happening at different times is nicer starting on a new line for every sentence. The article is jarring this way.

 * AA ver : http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_radio&oldid=117529520
 * Red ver : http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_radio&oldid=117529219

J. D. Redding
 * If searching through for particular information, it is easier if there is an end-of-line (either blank line or a  ) at each change of date or change of the man doing the radio work described. People read Wikipedia for information, not merely to find vaguely interesting essays. "Best style" can intrude where it is not called for: for example,  is an example of what to avoid: a routine report on a railway accident written in long meandering classical-type "periods" as was usual for literary books at the time. Anthony Appleyard 15:12, 24 March 2007 (UTC)
 * This is not a list. It's an encyclopedia article!!! J. D. Redding
 * And it is not a literary essay. It is something that people may want to look through for particular information. Looking for speciific information I have wasted too much time down the years wading through tangles of "best literary style" "varying the expression" and "elegant variation". Anthony Appleyard 15:20, 24 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Did you miss the "encyclopedia article"!!! It's not a essay ... BUT it's not a timeline either. In an encyclopedia or other reference work, an article is a primary division of content written in paragraph form. The usability of the article is hedious. Too much whitespace. J. D. Redding 15:31, 24 March 2007 (UTC)
 * In some places, e.g. History_of_radio, there aree alternating short sentences about different conflicting people, and, there at least, I prefer each contestant to be in a separate short paragraph. Anthony Appleyard 15:38, 24 March 2007 (UTC)
 * I section that off in "turn of the century" section as it does nothing to do with marconi!. see version link above. J. D. Redding
 * Don't use line breaks. J. D. Redding
 * Note: it is uncontroversial that paragraphs should be used to make articles easy to read. J. D. Redding
 * OK, OK, I am doing some paragraph-amalgamating. Anthony Appleyard 16:42, 24 March 2007 (UTC)
 * After User:Reddi's last edits (which were around 03:30, 25 March 2007 by Wikipedia time) I re-split the joined paragraphs but left the other alterations alone, instead of a plain revert. Particularly in History of radio I feel that each claimant for priority should have his own paragraph. The pages' history tables give me access to each editor's edit history, and User:Reddi seem to have been going round several pages amalgamating short paragraphs in each. This page has had its current type of paragraph structure for well over a year, and nobody before has been so badly inconvenienced by it that he has changed its paragraph structure. Anthony Appleyard 08:26, 25 March 2007 (UTC)

Julio Cervera Baviera
Does he belong here?

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julio_Cervera_Baviera

Dates of first radio stations
I need the exact dates for when each of these countries adopted radio service...

 * 1) American Samoa
 * 2) Angola
 * 3) British Cameroon (now part of Cameroon)
 * 4) British Leeward Islands
 * 5) British Windward Islands
 * 6) Buganda (Uganda)
 * 7) Cameroon
 * 8) Eritrea
 * 9) Faroe Islands
 * 10) French Guiana
 * 11) French Polynesia
 * 12) French Somaliland (Djibouti)
 * 13) Gambia
 * 14) Gibraltar
 * 15) Guadeloupe
 * 16) Italian Somaliland (Somalia)
 * 17) Martinique
 * 18) Monaco
 * 19) New Caledonia
 * 20) New Hebrides Islands (Vanuatu)
 * 21) Nyasaland (Malawi)
 * 22) Portuguese Guinea (Guinea-Bissau)
 * 23) Portuguese India (now part of India)
 * 24) Reunion Island
 * 25) Ruanda-Urundi (Rwanda/Burundi)
 * 26) St. Pierre and Miquelon
 * 27) Solomon Islands
 * 28) Spanish Sahara (Western Sahara)
 * 29) Swaziland
 * 30) Tonga
 * 31) Trucial States (United Arab Emirates)
 * 32) U.S Virgin Islands

If anyone has at least one answer, then post it here. 71.212.249.68 (talk) 02:48, 25 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Here are a few. I only have the year, not the precise date, for some of them:
 * British Leeward Islands - 1952 (Radio Montserrat)
 * British Windward Islands - 1954 (Windward Islands Broadcasting Service)
 * Faroe Islands - 6 Feb 1957 (Útvarp Føroya)
 * French Guiana - 9 Jun 1951 (Radio-Cayenne)
 * French Polynesia - 1949	(Radio-Tahiti)
 * Gibraltar - 16 Feb 1958 (Radio Gibraltar)
 * Guadeloupe - 1937 (Radio-Guadeloupe)
 * Martinique - 22 Oct 1937 (Radio-Martinique)
 * Mayotte - Feb 1961 (Radio Comores)
 * New Caledonia - 3 Jun 1937 (Radio-Nouméa)
 * New Hebrides - 2 Aug 1966 (Radio Vila)
 * Réunion - 1929 (Radio-Saint-Denis)
 * Saint Pierre and Miquelon - 1930 (Radio Club)
 * Swaziland - 19 Apr 1966 (Radio Swaziland)
 * Tonga - 4 July 1961 (Radio Tonga)
 * --Picapica (talk) 13:58, 29 September 2012 (UTC)

Ward and Loomis Patents
Has anyone actually read the patent by Ward! It is pure crackpottery and has nothing to do with radio transmission but aims to collect 'atmospheric electricity' with a windward facing funnel. No mention is made of any aspect of electromagnetism or radio waves as they were understood at the time. The Loomis patent is described as being similar.

I my opinion neither has any connection with the invention or application of radio and both should be removed.Martin Hogbin (talk) 21:48, 12 July 2008 (UTC)

Hertz
In the section on Hertz it states that 'he discovered that the electromagnetic equations could be reformulated into a partial differential equation called the wave equation'. Can anybody verify this?Martin Hogbin (talk) 13:50, 30 July 2008 (UTC)

 * I thought that is what Maxwell did. But I think Hertz was around at the same time, and it was Hertz who did the experiment. Gah4 (talk) 23:36, 10 December 2019 (UTC)

Pre-history?
If we've got names and dates and documentation, we've got the history. It seems a little perverse to call this "pre-history". --Wtshymanski (talk) 22:41, 21 January 2009 (UTC)

yes, i think the word "pre-history" is incorrectly used here. Johncmullen1960 (talk) 06:54, 20 July 2009 (UTC)

Stop the US bias
It seems that some work has been done to reduce the overly American crap in this article but it's still not complete. What's with separating the USA/Canada states/provinces from the rest of the world? Are you saying that the rest of the world doesn't matter or that divisions of other countries (nations of the UK, provinces of Argentina, etc.) don't matter? Delete all the crap about individual US states and Canadian provinces/territories and just add 'USA' and 'Canada' to the list of countries. I might understand it if the USA were the first users of radio broadcasting but they weren't (Argentina and Netherlands were). Maybe Wikipedia ought to be separated into an 'International English Wikipedia' (with intelligent and not dumbed-down articles) and a 'US English Wikipedia' full of pop trivia, explaining everything (London, which is in England... etc.)?--Xania talk 21:10, 21 July 2009 (UTC)

 * The above is just another example of a European, hateful, hate filled, and green with envy. You are a pitiful specimen of an otherwise nice country. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 50.32.42.198 (talk) 14:10, 1 March 2012 (UTC)

 * I de-retarded that section. I think that US/Canadian deserves a sort of special consideration consideration the hugeness of the geographical regions it covers, and inequality in the developpement of individual states and provinces. The solution is not to slash the US & Canada section, but rather to expand those of the USSR, the British commonwealth, and so on.Headbomb {{{sup|ταλκ}}κοντριβς – WP Physics} 05:40, 29 July 2009 (UTC)

What are criteria for First Radio Station?
Does this mean first broadcast or first licensed broadcast?

For example, Ohio broadcaster WHK was licensed Feb. 21, 1922, but it had been broadcasting experimentally since July 26, 1921 as 8ACS, so either date could be used.

There is a lot of good (and sometimes contradictory) information at http://www.nrcdxas.org/articles/1-states.txt Nightkey (talk) 13:01, 2 September 2009 (UTC)

 * It will probably never be settled unless multiple contenders are recognized on a variety of grounds. Wikipedia cannot take sides, but can state (with sourcing) that certain stations have primacy per this or that criterion. Hertz1888 (talk) 13:26, 2 September 2009 (UTC)

Please remove the statements: Marconi: commercialized the Radio
It's quite offensive towards an A class scientist who has been continuosly ridiculized in this article. Never heard of a door to door seller awarded with Nobel prize in Phisics. His achievement in the Radio trasmission are outstanding!!! That statement is utterly ridiculous and denigratory. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Magnagr (talk • contribs) 00:59, 2 November 2009 (UTC)

Edit request
In section 13.2 Secondary sources, the URL of the final reference (Wunsch, A. David "Misreading the Supreme Court: A Puzzling Chapter in the History of Radio". Mercurians.org.) should be changed from http://www.mercurians.org/nov98/misreading.html to http://www.mercurians.org/1998_Fall/Misreading.htm. (Wavid lunch (talk) 17:50, 25 January 2010 (UTC))
 * Done. Hertz1888 (talk) 00:39, 27 January 2010 (UTC)

Who's on, first?
Not to open another priority can of worms (I hope...), but I don't know where (or if) to include this, so...: International Radio Corp (Ann Arbor, MI) is credited with the 4-tube Kadette, the first volume-produced AC-DC home set (also the first volume-produced plastic-cased set), introduced 1931, and with the Kadette Jr., the first pocket radio, "world's smallest AC-DC radio", introduced 1933. Source: Mahon, Morgan E. A Flick of the Switch 1930–1950 (Antiques Electronics Supply, 1990), p.101. TREKphiler  any time you're ready, Uhura  14:24, 7 February 2010 (UTC)

Around 1895: 3-way near photofinish for first use of radio
This section is utterly pointless and attempts to answer an unanswerable question by not comparing like with like. I suggest that it is deleted. Martin Hogbin (talk)

Calzecchi-Onesti
The article says that 'In 1884, Temistocle Calzecchi-Onesti at Fermo in Italy invented a primitive device that responded to radio waves'. This is two years before Hertz started his work to produced radio waves. Can anyone explain? Martin Hogbin (talk) 09:57, 23 March 2010 (UTC)

As this claim to have invented a detector of radio wave two years before anyone had produced them is completely unsourced, I propose to delete it unless anyone can provide a reason to retain it. Martin Hogbin (talk) 14:46, 5 December 2010 (UTC)

Harold J Power section
The reference given in this section does not appear to work. Can this be fixed or the section removed. Martin Hogbin (talk) 10:22, 5 April 2010 (UTC)

In this article "Teslaphiles" hit again by hiding the sheer truth which is: ONLY MARCONI IS THE INVENTOR OF THE RADIO !!
Tesla's supporters have been able to kill the history of science also in this occasion!!! What can we deduce from this crap article ???? So If we'd imagine all the protagonists of the radio invention parading in paradise (or hell, who knows it...),God seeing Marconi would ask: and who is that guy? The answer would be: Oh just an italian door to door seller fraudster who commercialized tha radio !!!This is what I deduce from this article. ARE YOU CRAZY ???? If you want to delegitimate someone you could do it in a better and less ridiculous way.

1) Marconi's law H=square(D) is the law on which is based every radio apparatus (not bad for a door to door seller). The genius Tesla didn't produce any formula, theorem, law...nothing of nothing in any field !!

2) In the Tesla's system the primary winding was made up of a few turn of a tick wire while the secondary was composed of milion of coil of a thin wire. In the Marconi apparatus the primary was composed of the number of turns capable to define with the condenser the right wave lenght, while the secondary was made up of few turns in order to get in accordance with the radiation resistance of the antenna. Without these expedients the low antenna's efficiency would have become so low not allow any long distance comunication(not bad for a door to door seller). In the Tesla's patents nothing similar exist !!!!!!

3) Marconi's antenna could change wave lenghts just by adding inductances, only Marconi's vertical antenna could do it!! (not bad for a door to door seller).

4)Marconi apparatus allowed the receiver to switch into transmitter and viceversa, it could work in duplex. (not bad for a door to door seller.)

5) The experiences of other researchers (Lodge, Righi, Bose, Tesla..)were well known to the scientific comunity, yet their power transmission were limited to the laboratory's walls and none of them was ever hailed by their contemporary as "inventor of radio" !!! None of them received comments like:

"...The first time radiotelegraphy happened was when Marconi connected his receiver wire and his transmitter wire to the ground and generated a sparkle. This was the first radiotelegraphic wave and not an hertzian wave. If we should call it we could name it Marconi's wave...." by Michael Pupin one of the greatest scientist of that time.

"...... Only a few inventions are completely new and the wireless transmission is one of that. Marconi not only gave it to us but he also lived with it and developed it...." by Charles Steinmetz, the greatest electrical engineer of that time (working togheter with Tesla).

"..Guglielmo Marconi le pere de la radio...." Popov, russian scientist, one of other contender in the invention of the radio.

6) Saying that Marconi had some predecessors (Dolbear, Loomis, Stubblefield, Tesla, Lodge, Popov...) in the wireless invention is completely wrong.They all tried without achieving any practical results. Marconi apparatus is a completely brand new technology and only Marconi got the following results: 1895- With his receiver he could reach 2500 m 1896- He could sent messages crossing an hill (1200m height) put as obstacle and reaching 3500 m distance. 1897-He could surpass earth curvature, the ionospheric one in 1899 and tropospheric 5 years before his death. (not bad for a door to door seller). Could the genius Tesla did something similar??

7)Between 1895 and 1899, Tesla claimed (the greatest claimer in the history of science !!!!)to have received wireless signals transmitted over long distances, there is no independent evidence to support it !!!!

8) All the radio apparatus followed Marconi's system after 1896, none reproduced Tesla's system (which never existed). Other attempts to follow different technologies failed miserably !!!

9) Only Marconi deserved the Nobel since Braun started getting interested in wireless only in 1898.

11)The US 1943 sentences about the 7777 patent never stated that Tesla or others was the inventor of the radio, indeed it confirms the Marconi's paternity on the invention !!!!!!!

The conclusions are:: Marconi created the only engineering system capable to comunicate at long distance. HE IS THE ONLY INVENTOR OF THE RADIO !!!!!!!! You show Marconi just as sleazy bussinesman fraudster just capable to tell the rate cost of a radio apparatus to customers around the world. It is a shame that people by digiting "radio" on google run accross this crap article. sometimes I think that wikipedia should be closed and some of his authors persecuted !!! Magnagr (talk) 11:31, 17 November 2010 (UTC)

'Who invented the radio?' infobox
We already have an article on this subject that could do with some serious attention. I suggest this redundant box is removed. Martin Hogbin (talk) 14:49, 5 December 2010 (UTC)

Can we restore the box? Can someone list the problems with having such a box?

 * So removed all reference to Bose who invented the “mercury coherer with a telephone” ? 199.246.40.54 (talk)

Sincerely, --J. D. Redding 11:05, 14 December 2010 (UTC)
 * The box contains nearly as much text as the relevant section of the article. Its a giant distraction. It ignores Hertz, who contributed far more than...certain other gentlemen...listed there. It's redundant with the text. Look at WP:DISINFOBOX and tick off the matches between this box and the essay's bete noire.  Why do we need more clutter?  Let's just have infoboxes instead of articles...--Wtshymanski (talk) 14:36, 14 December 2010 (UTC)
 * There is not any matches.
 * No... contains only information found in the lead.
 * No... longer than a third of the article's body
 * No... only a photo, a person's occupation, and date and place of birth/death.
 * No... multiple entries within any identifying field
 * No... contains subjective categories
 * It's not clutter, it additional information. And lets expand this article. --J. D. Redding 16:17, 14 December 2010 (UTC)
 * My other objections still stand. What is the attraction to boxes? --Wtshymanski (talk) 19:00, 14 December 2010 (UTC)
 * The box is a simple way to briefly show a synopsis of the larger and more indepyth paragraph. As to having as much text, expand the paragraph and content. That is a problem with the page, not the infobox.--J. D. Redding 05:52, 15 December 2010 (UTC)

Things that might be mentioned, linked or described in the article
Start of commercial broadcasting. Foundation of the BBC and other national government and private networks. Two-way radio. Radio on warships. Radio on airplanes. Radio navigation. World War I use. World War II use. Battle of the beams. Radio networking. Communications with remote outposts. Flying Doctors. (Land) mobile radio. Requirement for regulations and international coordination. History of world radio conferences. Philosophy- commercial radio vs. government controlled? Propaganda use. Spectrum auctions. Rise and fall of over the air television broadcasting. Increased demand for radio spectrum for "wireless" services. Social effects...streets empty during "Fibber McGee and Molly". Commsats. Space vehicles. Radar. Or, we could put infoboxes instead, which are so much more important to an understanding of the subject. --Wtshymanski (talk) 16:53, 15 December 2010 (UTC)
 * The VACUUM TUBE! How could I forget that. The vacuum tube made radio practical, brought it out of the Navy and into the home. Talk about the progression from untuned-->cat's whisker-->TRF-->regen-->superhet. --Wtshymanski (talk) 16:56, 15 December 2010 (UTC)

 * [Chuckles]. Yes the importance of the vacc tubes should be expanded. --J. D. Redding 01:09, 16 December 2010 (UTC)

 * Amateur radio. It was all amateur radio until the first professional radio (when was that, exactly?). Mention the exile of the hams to the wasteland below 200 metres, discoveries they made and then the pros took over. --Wtshymanski (talk) 22:21, 15 December 2010 (UTC)

 * Radio networks are often mentioned, but the principle is never explained. How are radio stations networked together? How were nation-wide broadcasts accomplished? It's always a mystery, it seems. Landroo (talk) 05:13, 19 August 2015 (UTC)

Other innovators
Many scientists and inventors contributed to the invention of wireless telegraphy and telephony. Individuals that helped to further the science include:
 * Georg von Arco: European pioneer.
 * Edouard Branly: invention of the Branly coherer around 1890.
 * Temistocle Calzecchi-Onesti: constructed a tuning "tube".
 * Archie Frederick Collins: Arc transmitter for voice broadcasts, 1899.
 * Amos Dolbear: Earth transmission,.
 * Thomas Alva Edison: "Etheric Force" experiments 1875;, 1891.
 * Michael Faraday: discovered electromagnetic induction.
 * Reginald Fessenden: advanced "continuous" wave transmission.
 * Benjamin Franklin: First to experiment with an elevated conductor.
 * Hans Christian Ørsted: discovered that a magnetic field surrounds a wire carrying current.
 * Joseph Henry: transmitted radiant energy from a capacitor through a coil and detected it 100 ft away, December 1840.
 * Charles Herrold: advanced radio broadcasting.
 * David E. Hughes: early experiments with transmission and reception.
 * Mahlon Loomis: first to use the combination of an aerial wire and ground connection.
 * Guglielmo Marconi: First to achieve successful radio transmission.
 * James Clerk Maxwell: developed a set of equations expressing the basic laws of electricity and magnetism.
 * Jozef Murgaš: extensive work in the late 1890s.
 * G. W. Pierce: circuits for crystal oscillators for fixed-frequency operation.
 * William Henry Preece: early experiments in electromagnetism and wireless telephony.
 * Augusto Righi: continued Hertz's experiments.
 * Harry Shoemaker: 1901 to 1905; 40 patents.
 * Adolphus Slaby: European pioneer.
 * John Stone Stone: 1901 to 1904; 70 patents.
 * Nathan Stubblefield: wireless telephony demonstrations around 1902;, 1908.
 * Nikola Tesla: 1891 to 1914; 27+ patents related to the transmission of electrical energy without wires.

If not present in article should be mentioned. --J. D. Redding 01:08, 16 December 2010 (UTC)

First wireless music and voice transmission
The technical university of graz (TUG) states on (german) that the first experimental wireless transmittion of music and voice took place on the 15. June 1904 at the intitute of physics Rechbauerstrasse by Otto Nussbaumer. I think that this fact should be added. -- Toml (talk) 23:22, 5 February 2011 (UTC)

1930 - unbeatable BBC
hi! i just found the text from 1930 below in the 1931 issue of the BBC Year Book, page 235. i don't know where exactly to place it in this article. in the german wiki, where i come from, we have a much more political and international focus on radio history. maybe someone can insert it in the proper space. there are two things i personally don't understand in the text, namely "eight mills a night" and "less than a cent a family A NIGHT" - what does "night" mean in this context? Maximilian (talk) 16:16, 3 July 2011 (UTC)

 * AN AMERICAN ON BRITISH BROADCASTING
 * An extract from Chap. I of "Science and the New Civilisation," by Prof. R.A. Millikan of the Michigan University:
 * ...But the programme that is on the air in England is incomparably superior to anything to be heard here, for the B.B.C. provides the public of England with the largest return in education and in entertainment for eight mills a night ever provided, I suspect, anywhere in the history of the world. For it employs only high-class speakers, musicians, and entertainers of all sorts, so that the whole British nation is now being given educational advantages of the finest possible sort, at less than a cent a family a night, collected only from those who wish to take advantage of them.

 * Hi Maximilian: you asked what 'a night' refers to.  In simple parlance: "per night" or 'per a night of programming'.  In English, many rates are expressed on a daily or nightly cost basis, such as hotel rates: '100 dollars (or pounds) per night', discounting the fact that period actually normally refers to a 24 hour period.  The next definition, 'mills' refers to a unit of currency of one tenth of one cent, or more precisely, one thousandth of a dollar.  It is normally used only in financial calculations.  Thus "eight mills a night" means eight tenths of a cent per night's broadcast, etc...   Best: HarryZilber (talk) 22:55, 3 July 2011 (UTC)

excellent explanation, harry! thanks. in german "eight mills" is "Acht Promille". i first thought of a corn mill, not of percentage calculations. would you mind implanting the quote i found into the lemma? ATB Maximilian (talk) 10:02, 4 July 2011 (UTC)

In this article Marconi doesn't exist, so we have found that Cervera Baviera is more important than Marconi in the development of Radio
And Marconi has been remembered only in relationship to the 1943 supreme court verdict (poor Tesla). Wikipedia people is really incredible!!! — Preceding unsigned comment added by Magnagr (talk • contribs) 19:52, 25 October 2011 (UTC)

Initial suppression of FM radio
The article doesn't mention anything about the long delay in the adoption of FM radio. I've checked in a number of places in Wikipedia (especially around FM radio), but I haven't been able to find anything here, but I think it should be mentioned. In brief, the patent holders for FM were making a lot of money from AM radio, and therefore saw no reason to cut into their profits. It's a little hard to get a firm estimate for the resulting delay in the adoption of the superior technology, but it was many years. Shanen (talk) 03:32, 22 May 2012 (UTC)

 * I suppose so, but there is also the chicken and egg problem. People won't buy receivers until there are enough transmitters, people won't build transmitters until there are enough receivers. The frequency change also slowed things down. Gah4 (talk) 23:41, 10 December 2019 (UTC)

how many articles does it take to tell the history of radio?
First, there was Radio, which was quite lengthy and contained material not covered in here. Then there was the History of radio receivers which cannot be separated from that of transmitters, contrary to what it claimed. Fgnievinski (talk) 04:36, 17 November 2014 (UTC)
 * Splitting suggests that this article is big enough. If anything, better if we can find something to move to other articles. Jim.henderson (talk) 01:04, 7 January 2015 (UTC)

Split technology and broadcasting
Where History of radio broadcasting could be started from Radio broadcasting. Or move portions to History of broadcasting. In any case, rename present article to History of radio technology to minimize confusion. Fgnievinski (talk) 04:54, 17 November 2014 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 17 June 2015
Currently, the article has, in the "20th Century" section, Starting in the 4th paragraph, and encompassing the 5th and start of the 6th, the following sequence:

"Ships at sea heard a broadcast that included Fessenden playing O Holy Night on the violin and reading a passage from the Bible.[38]

In June 1912 Marconi opened the world's first purpose-built radio factory at New Street Works in Chelmsford, England.

This was, for all intents and purposes, the first transmission of what is now known as amplitude modulation or AM radio."

The middle sentence, comprising the 5th paragraph, has been inappropriately inserted between the first and third sentences, which need to be sequential. That middle sentence should properly follow rather than precede the third sentence, thus allowing the chronology and logical construction to make sense, as "the first transmission" clearly refers to Fessenden in 1906, and has nothing to do with Marconi's factory in 1912.

173.180.150.33 (talk) 10:34, 17 June 2015 (UTC)an occasional anonymous contributor of grammatical corrections.

✅ Thanks for pointing that out - Arjayay (talk) 13:50, 17 June 2015 (UTC)

Merge History of radio transmitters and History of radio receivers here?
I think such a merger is a bad idea. This article is big enough, as per Splitting. On the other hand, it isn't good enough, and future improvements may change the size so much as to suggest revisiting such questions. Jim.henderson (talk) 17:34, 4 July 2015 (UTC)

 * Oppose. This article is nowhere near complete, and to cover the general topic adequately will require all the space in this article.  Plus I think if those articles are to be merged, the proper place for the content is Radio transmitter and Radio receiver. -- Chetvorno TALK 19:30, 27 August 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20080515103959/http://w2uc.union.edu/RADIO_web.htm to http://w2uc.union.edu/RADIO_web.htm
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External links modified
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Semi-protected edit request on 13 October 2016
Under Summary, Heading 19th Century, it says " In a 1864 presentation," but it should be an 1864 presentation, because 1864 is pronounced eighteen-sixty-four, which starts with a vowel. Harper9202 (talk) 18:27, 13 October 2016 (UTC)

✅. Right you are. Thanks! Hertz1888 (talk) 19:03, 13 October 2016 (UTC)

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Thinly supported, almost self-promotion sneaks into timeline: "first all-digital transmitter"
This item:

2015: The first all-digital radio transmitter, called Pizzicato, was introduced.[61]

managed to get appended to a quasi-timeline of major milestones. I have several concerns: 1) This is not the first all-digital radio transmitter. In fact this technique has been around for years, and prior-art makes it debatable whether this is even patentable.  I worked on a strikingly similar "smart dust" integrated circuit project at MIT back in 1997, but probable even *we* weren't the first to try this approach to DSSS radio.  By no means do I wish to take away from the Pizzicato group's achievements--more power to them--but 2) This faux-milestone certainly doesn't belong in this sort of "broad brushstrokes" timeline: (Take a look at the section in question.  "One of these things are not like the others"... this one)

If there are no objections, I'm going to remove this after a very reasonable waiting period. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Mcpublic (talk • contribs) 16:36, 10 August 2017 (UTC)

 * It does seem that more modern developments should be part of the article, but I agree that these, and later entries, aren't them. Probably should cover HD radio, as stations I know broadcast it even though I don't know anyone with a receiver. Gah4 (talk) 06:50, 11 December 2019 (UTC)

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Semi-protected edit request on 8 January 2018
NIKOLA TESLA INVENTED THE FIRST RADIO CONTROLLED BOAT. HE ALSO HELD THE PATENT. YOUR ERROR MARCONI STOLE PATENT BUT SIX MONTHS AFTER TESLA PASSED AWAY, THE U.S. SUPREME COURT TOOK IT AWAY FROM MARCONI AND RE-AWARDED IT TO THE ORIGINAL CREATOR AND PATENT HOLDER. PLEASE FIX THIS TOTALLY INCORRECT INFORMATION. MICHELLELANE (talk) 05:01, 8 January 2018 (UTC) More importantly, you have not cited reliable sources to back up your request, without which no information should be added to, or changed in, any article. Finally, please stop SHOUTING - thank you - Arjayay (talk) 11:34, 8 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: as you have not requested a specific change in the form "Please replace XXX with YYY" or "Please add ZZZ between PPP and QQQ".

Bamberger's Department Store
The article says that the Bamberger's Department Store had an in-store transmitter. Usually in-store means for people inside the store, though portable radio receivers weren't popular at the time. Would anyone listed to an in-store station? Gah4 (talk) 23:44, 10 December 2019 (UTC)

 * From Bamberger's it seems that the signal was mostly outside the store. Gah4 (talk) 23:47, 10 December 2019 (UTC)

Digtial radio, and discussion needed.
I just reverted a whole bunch of changes, which I believe need to be discussed first. As just one example, the invention of the MOSFET isn't especially important to this article, even if it is to modern digital systems, including radios. There is a little on the advance in radio technology from the vacuum tube, and a little from the transistor, but not in detail. Discuss away! Gah4 (talk) 11:48, 11 December 2019 (UTC)

 * If your only issue with my edits is that one thing, then you could've removed just that one thing. That's not a reason to revert everything else I've added. Maestro2016 (talk) 18:06, 11 December 2019 (UTC)

 * I've now removed that part from the article. If you have any other specific issues, then feel free to mention them. There's no need to revert everything. Please be more specific about what parts you have an issue with. Maestro2016 (talk) 18:10, 11 December 2019 (UTC)

 * For now, I will see if anyone else has anything to say. Mostly I think it is too much detail in the wrong place. There are two paragraphs on the introduction of vacuum tubes to radio, from the simple triodes of de Forest, through the pentagrid converter of later receivers, all in those two paragraphs. (That is, no details.)  There are years of bipolar transistor use, into simpler and then more complicated bipolar ICs not mentioned at all.  And then fine details of RF-CMOS.  The article is a rough overview of the landscape, of the major changes in technologies over decades. Gah4 (talk) 00:40, 12 December 2019 (UTC)

 * I've added a sentence on the bipolar transistor, and trimmed the RF CMOS content down to a single sentence. I think that should address the issues concerning balance of content. Maestro2016 (talk) 01:18, 12 December 2019 (UTC)

 * I've removed AAC and MDCT from the summary. If you have any other suggestions, then feel free to mention them here. Maestro2016 (talk) 02:29, 12 December 2019 (UTC)

tuned circuits
As well as I know it, it took some years from untuned spark-gap transmitters, through tuned but still very wide, and eventually the modern AM radio with bandwidth twice the maximum modulation frequency, and stations spaced about twice the bandwidth apart. There is a recent edit related to this, during the spark-gap years, but tuned enough to allow more than one station transmitting at a time. The article doesn't seem to cover this well. Gah4 (talk) 02:00, 23 January 2020 (UTC)

BRD edits
This, this and this edit were a bit off as far as WP:TONE, WP:PUFF, mass deletion without comment, material cited to college websites that seem to be typos, material cited to college websites that seem to be POV.

They do point to some problems in the article. The paragraph "The idea of wireless communication" jumps through several topics, needs to be broken up. Describing what Hughes did as "intentional" is bad wording, makes it seem like he was trying to build a radio system, he was not. "scientists and inventors experimented with wireless transmission" again makes it sound like they were trying to attempt communication, they were not. Tesla was the anti-Hertzian wave guy (intentionaly so), so he should not be in the "Hertzian waves" section. There also seems to be a "20th century" section followed by a Digital era section followed by another 20th century section followed by another 20th century section followed by a Digital era section. Huh? Anyway, looks like there should be some basic encyclopedic cleanup. Fountains of Bryn Mawr (talk) 20:50, 27 May 2020 (UTC)

Requested edits
The paragraphs under 'Regulations of radio stations in the U.S.' are sloppy: missing spaces, poor grammar and word choice. It appears a non-English 'speaker' has written much of it. Please correct.66.217.5.89 (talk) 01:46, 18 July 2020 (UTC)
 * You're somebody! Go for it!. --Wtshymanski (talk) 14:25, 24 July 2020 (UTC)

Superheterodyne receiver
There is no mention in this article that I can see of the superheterodyne circuit demonstrated by Armstrong in 1919. This was a critical invention because it meant radios only needed one tuner per radio, rather than a separate tuner for each station. It moved radio receivers from the toy of rich amateurs to widespread public use and they were really the first usable radio sets.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superheterodyne_receiver. 60.231.232.112 (talk) 01:48, 15 September 2020 (UTC)
 * Before superheterodyne, there was tuned RF, which has a series, maybe three or four, LC filters with a tube amplifier in between. This means tuning each one, each time you change stations. I believe what people do, though, is mark on the dial for each one, the position for each station. (And there weren't as many as now.)  Superheterodyne usually has one RF filter and the IF oscillator tuner, so two coupled variable capacitors.  Hopefully close enough to each other. Gah4 (talk) 03:13, 15 September 2020 (UTC)
 * Before superheterodyne, there was tuned RF, which has a series, maybe three or four, LC filters with a tube amplifier in between. This means tuning each one, each time you change stations. I believe what people do, though, is mark on the dial for each one, the position for each station. (And there weren't as many as now.)  Superheterodyne usually has one RF filter and the IF oscillator tuner, so two coupled variable capacitors.  Hopefully close enough to each other. Gah4 (talk) 03:13, 15 September 2020 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 18 February 2022
In the "History of Radio" article, "Beginning of the 20th Century" paragraph, change Glace Bay, Newfoundland to Glace Bay, Nova Scotia. 🇨🇦 45.44.183.7 (talk) 23:17, 18 February 2022 (UTC)
 * ✅ The Marconi article also says Glace Bay Nova Scotia. RudolfRed (talk) 01:11, 19 February 2022 (UTC)

light and microwaves
Visible light might be about 550nm, or 0.55um. But far IR gets to about 1mm, and can be called light. And microwaves get to about 1mm. So, technically, microwaves reach to (non-visible) light. From Microwave it seems that Bose was about 5mm, not far from (non-visible) light. Gah4 (talk) 06:59, 10 December 2022 (UTC)

Complete old merger
Very rough cleanup of multiple redundant sections/mentions left after 8 year old merger. Needs more work. Fountains of Bryn Mawr (talk) 02:15, 15 December 2022 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 5 November 2023
Change James Clerk Maxwell, mentioned in "In an 1864 presentation, published in 1865, James Clerk Maxwell proposed theories of electromagnetism" to James Clerk Maxwell, link to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell) P1cturelamp (talk) 03:47, 5 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Done. Fountains of Bryn Mawr (talk) 14:32, 5 November 2023 (UTC)

Braun
This article is a summary of the basic events in the development of radio. Lumping Braun in unison with Marconi is very WP:UNDUE since sources on the early history of radio (such as this ) note Braun's contributions to radio were just one of many researchers later refinements to radio wave transmission. WP:OR observation about "shared the nobel prize" is not a reference and the rational being put forward in the first paragraph is also un-referenced as well as a WP:COPYWITHIN violation. Fountains of Bryn Mawr (talk) 14:21, 15 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:History of radio


text:
Talk:Reno 911!

Add External Link
Hello, I’m here with a request to add external links to this page.

 * Specific text to be added or removed: Specifically, I want to add https://therokuchannel.roku.com/details/1c604a8bffa85a1982157f63d12c43e7/reno-911 to the External links section at the end of this tv series’ page.

 * Reason for the change: This is because Roku has bought global distribution rights to Quibi shows, including Reno 911!, and rebranded them as Roku Originals, where they are available to stream for free on The Roku Channel.

 * References supporting change:

Thank you! I am more than happy to answer any questions or feedback. AshleyN R (talk) 22:08, 27 July 2021 (UTC)

 * Note: please remove  after this request has been answered, to allow it to be archived. ―  Qwerfjkl  talk  22:07, 28 August 2021 (UTC)
 * I've added the link alongside fixing the one that was originally there, is that satisfactory? Elli (talk | contribs) 22:42, 28 August 2021 (UTC)

 * Yes that's what I wanted, thank you! I've also removed what you mentioned. AshleyN R (talk) 23:54, 29 August 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Reno 911!