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Commissar

Commissar (or sometimes Kommissar) is an English transliteration of the Russian комиссáр (komissar), which means 'commissary'. In English, the transliteration commissar often refers specifically to the political commissars of Soviet and Eastern-bloc armies or to the people's commissars (effectively government ministers), while administrative officers are called commissaries.

The Russian word комисса́р, from French commissaire, was used in Russia for both political and administrative officials. The title has been used in the Soviet Union and in Russia since the time of the emperor Peter the Great ((r. 1682 – 1725)).

History
In the 18th and 19th centuries in the Russian army kommissars, then krigs-komissars (from Krieg 'war') were officials in charge of supply for the armed forces (see Rus. Генерал-кригскомиссар).

Commissaries were used during the Provisional Government (March–July 1917) for regional heads of administration, but the term commissar is associated with a number of Cheka and military functions in Bolshevik and Soviet government military forces during the Russian Civil War (the White Army widely used the collective term "bolsheviks and commissars" for their opponents) and with the later terms People's Commissar (or narkom) for government ministers and political commissar in the military.

People's Commissar
A People's Commissar (informally abbreviated narkom) was a government official serving in a Council of People's Commissars. This title was first used by the Russian SFSR (out of dislike for the tsarist and bourgeois term minister) and then copied among the many Soviet and Bolshevik-controlled states in the Russian Civil War.

The government departments headed by a People's Commissar were called People's Commissariat (informally abbreviated narkomat).

People's Commissars and People's Commissariats were renamed Ministers and Ministries in 1946 by a decree of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union.

Political commissar
In the Red Army, a political commissar was a high-ranking functionary at a military headquarters who held coequal rank and authority with the military commander of the unit. The Bolshevik Party established political commissars in 1918 to control and improve morale in the military forces. Commissars were in charge of communist political propaganda and indoctrinating the public with communist ideology. From 1917 the Bolshevik administration, like the Provisional Government before it, relied on experienced (ex-Tsarist) army-officers whose loyalty it distrusted. Trotsky summarised the solution to the issue: "We took a military specialist and we put on his right hand and on his left a commissar [...]." During the early stages of the usage of commissars, no military order might be issued which did not have the prior approval of both the commander and the commissar.

Many lower-level political officers never received the same military training as commanding officers. Prior to becoming a commissar an individual had to be registered as a communist for a minimum of three years and had to attend specific political institutions, many of which never offered any military-oriented training.

Following the problems encountered in 1941 with dual commanders in units, commissars and other political officers were removed from direct command-roles. Political officers were then more directly tasked with morale- and regulation-based goals. A political officer's classification changed to the form of a "Deputy for Political Matters" in 1942. The specific position of "Commissar" itself survived only at regimental and front levels, where the Commissars formed the Military Councils with their corresponding military commanders.

Other Communist-bloc militaries also adopted systems of using political commissars. Mulvenon and Yang (2002) report that the role of the political commissar in the People's Liberation Army (PLA) of China has become one resembling that of an HR specialist.

Military commissar
The voenkom (военком), translated as war commissar, is the head of a military commissariat — a regional office that conscripts men for military service, executes plans for military mobilization and maintains records on military reserves.

NKVD
Until the late 1930s, the People's Militsiya and Internal Troops of the NKVD had no personal ranks, and used many various position-ranks instead. In 1935, the Militsiya created a special system of personal ranks that was a blend of standard military ranks and position-ranks; this system was largely reused by the newly created Main Directorate of State Security (GUGB) in their rank structure, although they had Commissar-style ranks for top officers in place of Militsiya-style inspector and director.

From 1943, the Militsiya switched to a new rank system and insignia introduced in the Soviet Army. Instead of General ranks, top officers used Commissar of Militsiya 3rd, 2nd, and 1st rank, even though they used army-standard Major General, Lieutenant General and Colonel General shoulder boards. These Commissar ranks were replaced by corresponding General ranks in 1975.

The GUGB also switched to military-style ranks and insignia in 1945, although they replaced Commissar-style ranks with General officer ranks right away.

Similar terms
Commissar is linked to titles in a variety of languages, such as commissary in English, commissaire in French, Kommissar in German, and komisszár (or népbiztos; archaic: csendbiztos) in Hungarian.

The term commissary was used by the British and U.S. military to denote an officer in charge of supplying an army with provisions and equipment (and Commissariat).

A similar term in French describes the equivalent of the rank of Major both in the army of the Ancien Régime and the French Revolution. Such officials were not military officers but reported back to the political authorities: the king and the National Assembly (French Revolution), respectively.

Various historical German states have used an equivalent title, Reichskommissar (a compound of Reich and the German Kommissar), for several administrators who held responsibility over a territory or area of government.

title: Commissar


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User talk:Lythic

Hi there. Welcome to Wikipedia! Drop us a note at New user log to introduce yourself.

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Happy editing, Isomorphic 18:47, 25 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Speedy deletion of Kill A Haole Day
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Arbitration pages
Please don't post your opinions on that arbitration page. It's only for the arbitrators to vote on. If you need to comment on their votes, you can use the case page's talkpage. Fut.Perf. ☼ 09:00, 24 January 2015 (UTC)
 * Lythic, you must stop posting your commentary on the proposed decision page. While I don't wish to do so, if you continue to ignore the request now made twice to stop this, I'll have to require you to cease participation in the case altogether. You may make your comments on the proposed decision talk page, but not the PD page itself. I'll be happy to answer any questions you may have regarding this. Seraphimblade Talk to me 09:24, 24 January 2015 (UTC)

2007 De Anza rape investigation
Please post facts, not advocacy. The judge, Aaron Persky, is NOT facing recall over the 2016 Stanford rape case; there is simply a petition on change.org. The D.A. has publicly stated that recall is unwarranted. It is also inappropriate to link the petition like kind of advertisement. You also wrote that he was criticized (by whom?) for conduct in the 2007 case, but the link you provided did not properly substantiate that. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Kgr123 (talk • contribs) 19:08, 8 June 2016 (UTC)

CS1 error on Barbara Fried
Hello, I'm Qwerfjkl (bot). I have automatically detected that this edit performed by you, on the page Barbara Fried, may have introduced referencing errors. They are as follows: Please check this page and fix the errors highlighted. If you think this is a false positive, you can [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?action=edit&preload=User:Qwerfjkl/Botpreload&editintro=User:Qwerfjkl/boteditintro&minor=&title=User_talk:Qwerfjkl&preloadtitle=Qwerfjkl%20(bot)%20–%20Lythic&section=new&preloadparams%5b%5d=&preloadparams%5b%5d=1175411971 report it to my operator]. Thanks, Qwerfjkl (bot) (talk) 21:31, 14 September 2023 (UTC)
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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Lythic


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Brill

Brill may refer to:

Places

 * Brielle (sometimes "Den Briel"), a town in the western Netherlands
 * Brill, Buckinghamshire, a village in England
 * Brill, Cornwall, a small village to the west of Constantine, Cornwall, UK
 * Brill, Wisconsin, an unincorporated community, US
 * Brill, Wuppertal, a quarter and town district, Germany

Fiction

 * Brill brothers (Mervall and Descant), fictional characters from the Artemis Fowl book series
 * Brill (Elfquest), a fictional character in the comic Elfquest

Scientific concepts

 * Brill tagger, an algorithm in artificial intelligence to detect grammatical structures
 * Brill–Noether theory, a theory of algebraic geometry
 * Brill–Zinsser disease, a type of epidemic typhus which recurs in someone after a long period of dormancy

Companies

 * Brill Publishers, a Dutch international academic publisher
 * Brill Tramway, a former branch line of the Metropolitan Railway from Quainton Road to Brill
 * J. G. Brill Company, a defunct manufacturer of streetcars in North America
 * USS Brill (SS-330), a World War II era American Balao class submarine

Other uses

 * Brill (fish), a type of flatfish
 * Brill (surname), for people who bear the family name Brill
 * Brill Building, a New York City building notable for its influential music industry tenants

title: Brill


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Dr. Phibes Rises Again

Dr. Phibes Rises Again is a 1972 British comedy horror film, produced by Louis M. Heyward, directed by Robert Fuest, and starring Vincent Price and Robert Quarry. The film is a sequel to The Abominable Dr. Phibes (1971). After seeking vengeance on the doctors whom he blamed for his wife's death in the first film, Phibes returns to seek eternal life in Egypt, while he pursues a centuries-old man who holds the ancient secrets that Phibes needs.

Plot
Three years after the events of the previous film, Dr Anton Phibes emerges from suspended animation when the Moon enters into an alignment with the planets, the first such occasion after 2,000 years. Phibes prepares to take Victoria's body to the River of Life in Egypt, which promises eternal life for him and Victoria. However, his ancient papyrus map to the river has been taken by Darius Biederbeck, a man who has lived for centuries through the regular use of a special elixir. After translating the papyrus, Biederbeck seeks the River of Life for himself and his lover Diana.

Phibes and his silent assistant Vulnavia enter Biederbeck's house, kill his manservant, and reclaim the papyrus; they leave for Southampton to take a ship to Egypt. Biederbeck travels on the same ship with Diana and his assistant Ambrose. When Ambrose discovers Victoria's body stored in the hold, Phibes kills him. His body is stuffed in a giant bottle and thrown overboard. Inspector Trout discovers the corpse when the bottle washes ashore near Southampton. He and Superintendent Waverley question shipping agent Lombardo; upon hearing the descriptions of Vulnavia, an organ, and a clockwork band all being loaded aboard, they realize that Dr Phibes is responsible.

Trout and Waverley pursue Phibes to Egypt, catching up to Biederbeck's archaeological party near the mountain housing the hidden temple. Phibes, having set up residence inside the temple, hides Victoria's body in a secret compartment of an empty sarcophagus. He also finds the silver key that opens the gates to the River of Life. Phibes begins killing Biederbeck's men one by one. Biederbeck's team breaks into the temple and takes the sarcophagus and the key. Biederbeck finds the key and takes it. Phibes uses a giant screw press to crush the man guarding the sarcophagus and a giant fan to simulate a wind-storm, muffling his screams. The sarcophagus is retrieved.

Biederbeck is unmoved by the murders and insists on continuing. He sends Diana and Professor Hackett, the last remaining team member, back to England. Hackett is lured from his truck by Phibes' clockwork men impersonating British troops. When he returns to the truck, Diana is gone and he is sand-blasted to death. His truck crashes into Biederbeck's tent.

Realizing Phibes must have taken Diana, Biederbeck confronts him in the temple. Phibes demands the key in exchange for Diana's life, claiming that when the gate is opened the water will drain out of Diana's trap and flow through the gate. Unable to free her from Phibes' water trap, Biederbeck surrenders the key. Phibes unlocks the gate to the River of Life, boats Victoria's coffin through it, and summons Vulnavia to join them on the other side. Biederbeck returns to the gate as it closes, pleading through the bars for Phibes to take him along. Phibes ignores him. Diana attempts to comfort Biederbeck, but he rapidly ages and dies.

Cast
• Vincent Price as Dr. Anton Phibes

• Robert Quarry as Darius Biederbeck

• Valli Kemp as Vulnavia

• Peter Jeffrey as Inspector Harry Trout

• Fiona Lewis as Diana Trowbridge

• Hugh Griffith as Harry Ambrose

• Peter Cushing as Captain

• Beryl Reid as Miss Ambrose

• Terry-Thomas as Lombardo

• John Cater as Superintendent Waverley

• Gerald Sim as Hackett

• Lewis Fiander as Baker

• John Thaw as Shavers

• Keith Buckley as Stewart

• Milton Reid as Cheng

• John Comer as Ship's Officer

• Caroline Munro as Victoria Regina Phibes

Production
Producer Heyward brought in Robert Blees to co-write the film. He felt Blees' sense of humor would serve a Phibes script well. According to Heyward, Blees and co-writer Robert Fuest, who also directed the film, had frequent disagreements about the script, forcing Heyward to mediate. Heyward said of the two writers' conflicts: "They were two men with great senses of integrity, but one protecting director's viewpoint and the other protecting writer's viewpoint."

American International Pictures (AIP) was grooming Robert Quarry as Vincent Price's replacement. It was rumoured that the two actors did not get on well, but Heyward said he did not notice any rift between them on the set. Quarry subsequently said that the studio had told him privately that he would replace Price when Price's contract ran out. According to Quarry, AIP had become disenchanted with Price, whose salary continued to rise despite his films' disappointing box office performance. In addition, Price was not particularly interested in working with the studio. AIP's plans were revealed to Price at a publicity event in England, when a publicist asked him how he felt about being replaced by Quarry. Quarry went on to say that while there was tension between him and Price on the set, it did not affect the production of the film. On the contrary, Quarry characterized the experience as "extremely pleasant. Our sense of humor was the one bond that made working with him a pleasure."

Director Robert Fuest, production designer Brian Eatwell (creator of the film's noted Art Deco settings), and composer John Gale all remained from The Abominable Dr. Phibes team. Price, Peter Jeffrey, and John Cater reprised their roles from The Abominable Dr. Phibes. Hugh Griffith and Terry-Thomas also appeared in both films, but played different characters. Caroline Munro appeared in both films as Victoria, Phibes' late wife, but in both films her role was limited to lying silently in a glass coffin. It was originally planned for Phibes to have a new assistant in the sequel, but the studio insisted that Vulnavia be retained, despite the fact that the character dies in the first Phibes film, and despite the unavailability of original Vulnavia actress Virginia North, who was pregnant at the time. Valli Kemp was cast as a replacement.

Although the film's budget was slightly higher than that of The Abominable Dr. Phibes, several elements of the original script had to be cut for budgetary reasons; for example, the pyramid was originally planned to have several levels of traps and be overrun with boiling oil at the end. The desert scenes were shot in Ibiza, Spain.

Release
The film's U.S. release was slightly edited, cutting a few seconds each from some of the murder scenes in order to remove the most gruesome parts and allow the film to be released with a PG rating.

AIP solicited scripts for a third Phibes film, but Heyward said the studio never found one suitable. Proposed titles included "Phibes Resurrectus", "The Brides of Dr. Phibes", and "The Seven Fates of Dr. Phibes".

Reception
Variety wrote that Vincent Price "delivers one of his priceless theatric performances" and that producer Louis M. Heyward had "lined up a first-rate crew of technical assistants".

Gene Siskel of the Chicago Tribune gave the film one star, criticizing the "cheapness of the production" and the "unmotivated, mostly unimaginative" violence.

Kevin Thomas of the Los Angeles Times wrote, "Those who enjoyed the campy horror of last year's Dr. Phibes are in for a keen disappointment" and called the script "astonishingly slapdash".

Philip Strick of The Monthly Film Bulletin wrote, "It's refreshing to find a sequel that's better than its prototype. The return of the abominable Phibes, his pallor flushed with the success of his initial screen appearance, is accompanied both by a larger budget and, more to the point, by a greater display of confidence at all levels of the production".

At the film review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 59% of 22 surveyed critics gave the film a positive review, with an average rating of 5.9/10. In Horror Movies of the 1970s, writer John Kenneth Muir described the film as "no better or worse than its predecessor".

In The Penguin Encyclopaedia of Horror and the Supernatural Kim Newman wrote: "Dr Phibes Rises Again lacks the gleeful insanity of the first film, but is far more achieved".

The Radio Times Guide to Films gave the film 3/5 stars, writing: "Vincent Price returns as the ingenious doctor, now in Egypt searching for the elixir of life, but continuing to outwit enemies with macabre murders, each grislier and funnier than the last. While it's not as splendid as The Abominable Dr Phibes, this sequel is mounted with lavish care by Robert Fuest, director of several classic episodes of The Avengers, and still scores high in the squirm and chuckle departments, thanks to Price's perfect timing and grandiose camp relish."

Soundtrack
The film score by John Gale was released on Perseverance Records (PRD 002) on 20 March 2003.

title: Dr. Phibes Rises Again


text: Talk:Washington State University

title: Talk:Washington State University


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Isle of Bute

The Isle of Bute (Buit; Eilean Bhòid or An t-Eilean Bòdach), known as Bute, is an island in the Firth of Clyde in Scotland, United Kingdom. It is divided into highland and lowland areas by the Highland Boundary Fault.

Formerly a constituent island of the larger County of Bute, it is now part of the council area of Argyll and Bute. Bute's resident population was 6,498 in 2011, a decline of just over 10% from the figure of 7,228 recorded in 2001 against a background of Scottish island populations as a whole growing by 4% to 103,702 for the same period.

Name
The name "Bute" is of uncertain origin. Watson and Mac an Tàilleir support a derivation from Old Irish bót ("fire"), perhaps in reference to signal fires. This reference to beacon fires may date from the Viking period, when the island was probably known to the Norse as Bót. Other possible derivations include Brittonic budh ("corn"), "victory", St Brendan,  or both, his monastic cell. There is no likely derivation from Ptolemy's Ebudae.

The island was also known during the Viking era as Rothesay, possibly referring to the personal name Roth or Roderick and the Old Norse suffix ey ("island"). This name was eventually taken by the main town on the island, whose Gaelic name is Baile Bhòid ("town of Bute").

Geography
Bute lies in the Firth of Clyde. The only town on the island, Rothesay, is linked by ferry to the mainland. To its north is the coastal village of Port Bannatyne; hamlets on the island include Ascog, Kilchattan Bay, and Kingarth.

The interior of the island is hilly, though not mountainous, with conifer plantations and some uncultivated land, particularly in the north. The highest point is Windy Hill at 278 m. The centre of the island contains most of the cultivated land, while the island's most rugged terrain is found in the far south around Glen Callum. Loch Fad is Bute's largest body of freshwater and runs along the fault line.

The western side of Bute is known for its beaches, many of which enjoy fine views over the Sound of Bute towards Arran and Bute's smaller satellite island Inchmarnock. Hamlets on the western side of the island include Straad, around St. Ninian's Bay, and Kildavanan on Ettrick Bay.

In the north, Bute is separated from the Cowal peninsula by the Kyles of Bute. The northern part of the island is more sparsely populated, and the ferry terminal at Rhubodach connects the island to the mainland at Colintraive by the smaller of the island's two ferries. The crossing is one of the shortest, less than 300 m, and takes only a few minutes but is busy because many tourists prefer the scenic route to the island.

North Bute forms part of the Kyles of Bute National Scenic Area, one of 40 in Scotland.

Geology
Bute straddles the divide between highland and lowland Scotland with the Highland Boundary Fault cutting NNE-SSW through the island between Rothesay Bay and Scalpsie Bay. To the north of this line are metamorphosed sandstones and mudstones (i.e. psammites and pelites) which constitute the Southern Highland Group of the Dalradian. To its south are the conglomerates, sandstones, mudstones and siltstones of the Devonian age Stratheden Group (a division of the Old Red Sandstone) and of the Carboniferous age Inverclyde Group. Associated with the latter are Carboniferous extrusive igneous rocks, mainly lavas and tuffs of the Clyde Plateau Volcanic Formation. These occur north of Ascog, northeast of Scalpsie, and south of Kilchattan Bay.

The metamorphic rocks of the Dalradian sequence are divided locally into a couple of groups, themselves subdivided into formations, each of which contains ‘members’. The youngest strata are at the top of the list:
 * Trossachs Group
 * Ardscalpsie Formation
 * Quien Hill Grit Member
 * Loch Dhu Slate Member (includes ‘Rothesay Limestone’)
 * Southern Highland Group
 * St Ninian Formation
 * Toward Quay Grit Member
 * Bullrock Greywacke Member
 * Dunoon Phyllite Formation

The Palaeozoic sedimentary and extrusive igneous sequence in stratigraphic order (i.e. youngest at top) is as follows. All are of Carboniferous age except the Bute Conglomerate, which is late Devonian and separated from the overlying Kinnesswood sandstones and mudstones by an unconformity.
 * Strathclyde Group
 * Clyde Plateau Volcanic Formation
 * Birgidale Mudstone Formation
 * Inverclyde Group
 * Clyde Sandstone Formation
 * Ballagan Formation
 * Kinnesswood Formation
 * Stratheden Group
 * Bute Conglomerate Formation

A couple of thin coal seams are recorded within the volcanic sequence inland of Ascog.

The centre of the island is cut by a couple of east–west trending late Carboniferous dykes of quartz-microgabbro and the whole island by a much more numerous swarm of Palaeogene age microgabbro dykes aligned NNW-SSE in the north but also WSW-ESE and NNE-SSW in the south. sills and other intrusive bodies are present in the extreme south.

Raised beaches are present around most of Bute's coastline, lying around 8m above current sea levels. Higher marine platforms with partial cover of sand and gravel are recognised further inland, dating from earlier parts of the Devensian ice age. Till derived from the ice age is widespread inland while isolated peat deposits particularly in the north. Alluvium floors numerous stream valleys. Small areas of blown sand are to be found landward of some sandy bays.

Neolithic Era

Evidence of early occupation exists in the form of cairns at the north end of the isle, such as the long cairn or Cairnbaan and the white cairn at Lenihuline Wood. Other prehistoric structures are to be found such as a fort complex at Dunagoil. The Kingarth sun circle is estimated to be around 3000 years old.

A well known artifact is the Queen of the Inch necklace, which is an article of jewellery made of jet found in a cist that dates from circa 2000 BC.

Dal Riata Era
Bute was absorbed into the Cenél Comgaill of Dál Riata and colonised by Gaelic peoples. Saint Maccai (died 460) was said to have founded a monastery on the island.Other well known Gaelic missionaries associated with the island of the 5th and 6th centuries include Cathan whilst the Irish Text Martyrology of Tallaght makes a reference to Blane, the Bishop of Kingarth on Bute, "in Gall-Ghàidheil".

The island subsequently fell under Norse control and formed part of the Kingdom of the Isles, ruled by the Crovan dynasty.

Kingdom of the Isles
However, in the 12th century, the island, along with Arran, was granted by David I to Somerled, Lord of Argyll, Kintyre and Lorne. At about the turn of the 13th century, Bute appears to have come into possession of the family of the Steward of Scotland, during a time of internal strife amongst Somerled's descendants.

During the 13th century, Bute was the target of two Norwegian attempts to reassert authority in the Isles. For instance, Rothesay Castle fell to a Norwegian-backed King of the Isles in 1230, and fell again to the Norwegians in 1263. In 1266, the Norwegian king, Magnus VI, ceded the Kingdom of the Isles to the Scottish king, Alexander III, in return for a very large sum of money, by the Treaty of Perth. Alexander Stewart had been the chief military commander of Scottish forces, and was now rewarded by Alexander (the king) by being confirmed in possession of Bute and Arran.

Under Scottish rule
In 1549, Dean Monro wrote of "Buitt" that it was:

"very fertyle ground, namelie for aitts, with twa strenthes; the ane is the round castle of Buitt, callit Rosay of the auld, and Borrowstone about it callit Buitt. Before the town and castle is ane bay of sea, quhilk is a gude heavin for ships to ly upon ankers. That uther castle is callit the castle of Kames, quhilk Kames in Erishe is alsmeikle as to say in English the bay Castle. In this ile ther is twa paroche kirks, that ane southe callit the kirk of Bride, the uther northe in the Borrowstone of Buitt, with twa chappells, ane of them above the towne of Buitt, the uther under the forsaid castle of Kames."

Under Scottish Rule, Bute and Arran were governed as a unit, the shrievalty aligning with the comital jurisdiction. The latter merged into the crown, as a result of Alexander Stewart's great-grandson, Robert, inheriting the throne via his mother. A corresponding title, Duke of Rothesay was created by Robert's son for the heir apparent, without landlordship of the land. Robert had already granted the sheriffdom to his bastard son, heritably; consequently, in the early 18th century, the latter's senior descendant acquired the (non-comital) title Earl of Bute. The "McCurdy" clan hailed from the Isle of Bute before they left, eventually settling in the States of New York and Pennsylvania after the potato famine of the 16th century.

During the seventeenth century, there were accusations of witchcraft: in 1630 an unknown number of women confessed to the crime and were confined in the dungeon at Rothesay Castle, left without food or water, and died from starvation. Other instances are recorded but the most fervent activity occurred during the Great Scottish Witch Hunt of 1661–62 when at least four Bute witches were executed; one woman who was convicted at that time escaped but the sentence was enacted when she returned to the island in 1673. When the comital powers were abolished by the Heritable Jurisdictions (Scotland) Act 1746 and counties formally created, on shrieval boundaries, by the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1889, Bute and Arran became the County of Bute. Later reforms merged Bute, without Arran, into the wider region of Argyll and Bute.

World War II
Bute played a major role during World War II, and its naval involvements were especially significant. HMS Cyclops was the depot ship for the 7th Submarine Flotilla and was home-based in Rothesay Bay. A few miles further north at Port Bannatyne, the luxury 88-bedroom Kyles Hydro Hotel overlooking the Port, was requisitioned by the Admiralty to serve as the HQ for midget submarine (X-craft) operations. In particular, it was from here (hotel renamed HMS Varbel) that the top secret and audacious attack on the Tirpitz was masterminded.

Much of the training of X-craft submariners was undertaken in the waters around Bute, and especially in the secluded waters of Loch Striven to the north of Port Bannatyne. Bute at War. Bute accommodated many officers and NCOs of the Polish Armed Forces in the West. Officially a military camp, it was unofficially thought of as a prison for Władysław Sikorski's political enemies.

21st century
On 2 July 2018, the island was shocked by the murder and rape of 6-year-old girl Alesha MacPhail after she was taken from her bed by a 16-year-old male. The 16-year-old, Aaron Campbell, was caught, charged and convicted, and given a life sentence.

Several major wildfires started on 18–19 April 2019 in the north of the island, involving a substantial area of moorland and conifer plantation.

Transport
Bute is connected with the Scottish mainland by two Caledonian MacBrayne ferries:
 * Rothesay to Wemyss Bay
 * Rhubodach to Colintraive

During summer, the paddle steamer Waverley calls at Rothesay on regular cruises.

There is a regular bus service along the eastern coast road, and a daily service connecting the island with Argyll and the western Highlands and Islands. Many independent holidaymakers use the island as a stepping stone from Glasgow and Ayrshire to western Scotland using this route. In summer an open-top bus tours the island leaving from Guildford Square by the ferry at 1030, 1200, 1430, and 1600.

The main ferry to the island leaves from Wemyss Bay, a village on the A78, the coast road between Glasgow and Ayr. Wemyss Bay is connected by rail to Paisley (for Glasgow International Airport) and Glasgow Central station. Glasgow Prestwick Airport (used by Ryanair and cargo airlines Air France Cargo and Cargolux) is connected directly to Wemyss Bay by FASTBUS 585, which runs twice an hour.

There is an ad hoc link between Glasgow Pacific Quay and Port Bannatyne Marina by Loch Lomond Seaplanes, journey time 17 minutes.

There is also another route that runs from Loch Fad to Loch Lomond, however this route has not been set into action. This route is also run by Loch Lomond Seaplanes.

Education
The island has one secondary school, Rothesay Academy, which moved to a new modern joint campus with Rothesay Primary in 2007. The largest of the island's three primary schools is Rothesay Primary. The smallest school (with roughly 50 pupils) is North Bute Primary in Port Bannatyne. The third primary school, St Andrews Primary, is a Catholic School aligned with St Andrew's Church, the only Catholic Church on the predominantly Protestant island.

Sport
Bute has many sports clubs and activities available. There are three golf courses: Rothesay Golf Club, Kingarth Golf Club and Port Bannatyne Golf Club. The most successful sporting club on the island is Bute Shinty Club who play at the highest level of shinty (the Marine Harvest Premier League).

In 2006, Bute won promotion to the Premier League by winning the South Division One. Bute also won the Ballimore Cup and were runners-up in the Glasgow Celtic Society Cup in 2006. The local amateur football team are known as the Brandanes, and the junior team are the Brandane Bulls. Bute also has facilities for fishing, rugby, tennis, bowls, and cricket. Pétanque is played at Port Bannatyne; boules may be hired from the Post Office there.

The centre for sailing on Bute is at Port Bannatyne with two boatyards and the new marina, and a club which organises private moorings in these particularly protected waters of Kames Bay. There is Bute Sailing School with its own yacht.

There is a Kayak and SUP hire centre operating from the Old Quay in Kilchattan Bay during the summer holidays.

Economy
The Mount Stuart Trust owns 28000 acres on the island:, the trust was wholly controlled by five members of the Marquess of Bute's family, plus an accountant and lawyer, none of whom lived on Bute. , all 12 of the trust's directors had addresses outside the island.

Farming and tourism are the main industries on the island, along with fishing and forestry. Privately owned businesses include Port Bannatyne Marina and Boat Yard, the Ardmaleish Boatbuilding Company, Bute Fabrics Ltd, (an international weaver of contemporary woollen fabrics for upholstery and vertical applications.)

In December 2015, Bute became home to about 100 Syrians making the island one of the largest recipients of these refugees in the UK relative to its population. Argyll and Bute council stated that the island was chosen as a suitable location because it had “available social housing” and is “closer to the central belt” for medical support. These newcomers have proven to the community that they mean business, by starting up highly successful shops.

In 2019, The Buteman, the island's weekly newspaper, closed after 165 years due to a fall in readership. This was replaced by the Isle of Bute News, run by the Dunoon Observer.

Architectural attractions
The island has a ruined 12th-century chapel called St Blane's chapel which stands on a site associated with Saint Catan and Saint Blane, who was born on Bute. Another ruined chapel, dating from the 6th century, lies at St Ninian's Point.

The eccentric Mount Stuart House is often cited as one of the world's most impressive neo-Gothic mansions, bringing many architectural students from Glasgow on day trips. The third Marquess had a passion for art, astrology, mysticism, and religion, and the house reflects this in the architecture, furnishings, and art collection. There is a marble chapel, much stained glass, and walls of paintings. The house is open at Easter and from May to October. There are gardens with plants imported from many parts of the world and a visitor centre. The gardens host a number of events throughout the year starting with an Easter Parade.

In 2003 the fashion designer Stella McCartney married in the chapel, generating intense media interest. Activities and workshops are often held there in the summer by a local organisation that provides after-school clubs and activities in the school holidays; there is also a farmers' market and a Christmas market held in the house and in the visitor centre. In 2016, a previously uncatalogued copy of Shakespeare's First Folio was authenticated in the Mount Stuart House library.

The Pavilion is a 1930s edifice housing a concert hall, workshops and café, and is noted for its architecture. It was little changed from when it was built in 1938. Renovation of the building was halted in 2021 following the administration of the main contractor during the 2020 pandemic. Work restarted in May 2023, with the first stage works expected to be competed in August 2024. It is anticipated that restoration will be complete by January 2026.

Rothesay Castle was built 800 years ago by the hereditary High Steward of Scotland.

Ascog Hall Fernery and Gardens are a renovated Victorian residence and glass house containing shrubs and plants from all over the Empire, including a fern believed to be over 1,000 years old.

The Old Post Office, now used only for sorting mail, is a historic working post office (open mornings only) that houses artefacts of the early post, some from before the advent of the postage stamp.

Tourist locations
Loch Fad is a deep freshwater loch stocked with pike and brown trout, and is available to visiting tourist fishermen. Boats are available to hire.

Scalpsie Bay has a colony of over 200 seals on its beach, which can only be reached on foot across the fields. The island also has many herds of deer, rich bird life and some large hares. Wild goats with large curled horns may be seen in the north of the island.

Port Bannatyne, a village towards the north of the island, is the centre for sailing and sea-fishing on the island. It has two boatyards and a marina for 200 vessels. Langoustines are fished with creels anchored in the bay. X-Class midget submarines were stationed in Kames Bay during World War II and there is a memorial to World War II dead. Port Bannatyne Golf Club is known for scenic views from the course.

The road from Port Bannatyne goes 7 mi along the shore of the Kyles of Bute to the small ferry to Colintraive on the Argyll mainland.

Rothesay
The 1920s Winter Gardens (now the "Discovery Centre") close to the Rothesay Pier houses a small cinema and tourist information office. Nearby are the Victorian toilets.

There are a variety of music, folk, and poetry festivals, as well as walking trails and new cycling routes.

Heritage
There are some remote Bronze Age stone circles, an Iron Age fortified village, and early Christian remains (including St. Blane's Chapel). The Bute Museum of the island's history is situated behind Rothesay Castle.

Walks
The West Island Way is a waymarked long distance footpath that opened in September 2000 as part of Bute's millennium celebrations, and was the first waymarked long-distance route on a Scottish island. It is 48 km in length, running between Kilchattan Bay in the south of the island and Port Bannatyne in the north, with Rothesay as a central point.

Notable residents and visitors
Well known Bute people include:

 * Nina Allan, writer
 * Richard Attenborough, film director; owned the Rhubodach estate on the island at one time
 * Andrew Bannatyne, politician, lawyer and businessman
 * Andrew Blain Baird, Aviation pioneer
 * Blane, 6th Century Irish Missionary
 * Cathan, 6th Century Irish Missionary
 * Lieutenant Henry Robertson (Birdie) Bowers (1883–1912), polar explorer, who died with Scott in the Antarctic
 * Adam Crozier, former chief executive of the Royal Mail
 * Johnny Dumfries, 7th Marquess of Bute, Formula One racing driver and 1989 24 Hours of Le Mans winner
 * Thomas Bannatyne Gillies, New Zealand Supreme Court Judge
 * Angela Haggerty, journalist, author and broadcaster
 * George Leslie Hunter, colourist painter
 * Ian Jack, writer, journalist
 * Edmund Kean, Shakespearean actor
 * Maccai, 5th Century Irish Missionary
 * Sir William Macewen FRS (1848–1924), surgeon
 * John William Mackail, writer and scholar
 * Christopher Priest, writer
 * Jane Ross, international footballer
 * John Sterling, critic, journalist and poet
 * Hector Whitelaw, shinty player and Scotland Vice-captain
 * Bob Winter, Glasgow's Lord Provost (2007–2012)
 * Lena Zavaroni (1963-1999), singer; raised in Rothesay

Popular culture
The island features in The Scottish Chiefs.

It was also a filming location for Black Mirror's episode, "Loch Henry".

title: Isle of Bute


text:
List of engineering societies

An engineering society is a professional organization for engineers of various disciplines. Some are umbrella type organizations which accept many different disciplines, while others are discipline-specific. Many award professional designations, such as European Engineer, professional engineer, chartered engineer, incorporated engineer or similar. There are also many student-run engineering societies, commonly at universities or technical colleges.

Ghana

 * Ghana Institution of Engineers

Nigeria

 * Nigerian Society of Engineers
 * Council for the Regulation of Engineering in Nigeria

South Africa

 * South African Institute of Electrical Engineers
 * Engineering Council of South Africa

Zimbabwe

 * Zimbabwe Institution of Engineers

Canada
In Canada, the term "engineering society" sometimes refers to organizations of engineering students as opposed to professional societies of engineers. The Canadian Federation of Engineering Students, whose membership consists of most of the engineering student societies from across Canada (see below), is the national association of undergraduate engineering student societies in Canada.

Canada also has many traditions related to the calling of an engineer.

The Engineering Institute of Canada (French: l'Institut Canadien des ingénieurs) has the following member societies:

 * Institution of Mechanical Engineers (Canadian Branch of the IMechE)
 * Canadian Maritime Section of the Marine Technology Society
 * Canadian Nuclear Society
 * Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering
 * Canadian Society for Civil Engineering

Ontario

 * Professional Engineers Ontario
 * Engineering Society of Queen's University
 * Lassonde Engineering Society

United States

 * Alpha Omega Epsilon
 * Alpha Pi Mu
 * American Academy of Environmental Engineers
 * American Association of Engineering Societies
 * American Indian Council of Architects and Engineers
 * American Indian Science and Engineering Society
 * American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics
 * American Institute of Chemical Engineers
 * American Nuclear Society
 * American Railway Engineering Association
 * American Society for Engineering Education
 * American Society for Engineering Management
 * American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers
 * American Society of Civil Engineers
 * American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers
 * American Society of Mechanical Engineers
 * American Society of Naval Engineers
 * American Society of Plumbing Engineers
 * American Society of Safety Engineers
 * American Society for Nondestructive Testing
 * American Welding Society
 * Architectural Engineering Institute
 * ASM International
 * Association for the Advancement of Cost Engineering
 * Association for Computing Machinery
 * Audio Engineering Society
 * Biomedical Engineering Society
 * Chi Epsilon
 * Engineering Society of Buffalo
 * Eta Kappa Nu
 * Institute of Biological Engineering
 * Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
 * Institute of Industrial and Systems Engineers
 * Institute of Transportation Engineers
 * National Academy of Engineering
 * National Society of Black Engineers
 * National Society of Professional Engineers
 * Order of the Engineer
 * Phi Sigma Rho
 * Pi Tau Sigma
 * Society for the Advancement of Material and Process Engineering
 * Society of American Military Engineers
 * Society of Automotive Engineers
 * Society of Broadcast Engineers
 * Society of Fire Protection Engineers
 * Society of Hispanic Professional Engineers
 * Society of Manufacturing Engineers
 * Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers
 * Society of Petroleum Engineers
 * Society of Plastics Engineers
 * Society of Women Engineers
 * Tau Beta Pi
 * Theta Tau
 * Tire Society
 * Vertical Flight Society

Association of Southeast Asian Nations

 * ASEAN Academy of Engineering and Technology

Azerbaijan

 * Caspian Engineers Society

Bangladesh

 * Bangladesh Computer Society
 * Institution of Engineers, Bangladesh
 * Professional Engineers of Bangladesh

China

 * Chinese Academy of Engineering
 * Chinese Academy of Sciences
 * China Association for Science and Technology
 * Chinese Society for Electrical Engineering

Hong Kong

 * Hong Kong Institution of Engineers
 * International Association of Engineers

India

 * Aeronautical Society of India
 * Computer Society of India
 * Engineering Council of India
 * Indian Institute of Chemical Engineers
 * Indian Institution of Industrial Engineering
 * Indian Society for Technical Education
 * Indian Science Congress Association
 * Institution of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineers
 * Institution of Engineers (India)
 * Institution of Mechanical Engineers (India)
 * Society of EMC Engineers (India)

Japan

 * Japan Society of Civil Engineers
 * Union of Japanese Scientists and Engineers

Jordan

 * Jordanian Engineers Association

Malaysia

 * Board of Engineers Malaysia

Pakistan

 * National Technology Council (Pakistan)
 * Pakistan Engineering Council

Philippines
In the Philippines, the Professional Regulation Commission is a three-man commission attached to the office of the president of the Philippines. Its mandate is to regulate and supervise the practice of professionals (except lawyers) who constitute the highly skilled manpower of the country. As the agency-in-charge of the professional sector, the PRC plays a strategic role in developing the corps of professionals for industry, commerce, governance and the economy.

Associations Accredited by the Professional Regulation Commission

 * Institute of Electronics Engineers of the Philippines
 * Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers
 * Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers

Saudi Arabia

 * Saudi Council of Engineers

Sri Lanka

 * Institution of Engineers, Sri Lanka
 * Institution of Incorporated Engineers, Sri Lanka

Europe

 * European Association for Structural Dynamics
 * European Federation of National Engineering Associations
 * European Society for Engineering Education

Azerbaijan

 * Caspian Engineers Society

France

 * Association Française de Mécanique

Germany

 * Verein Deutscher Ingenieure

Greece

 * Technical Chamber of Greece (Τεχνικό Επιμελητήριο Ελλάδας)

Ireland

 * Institution of Engineers of Ireland
 * Institute of Physics and Engineering in Medicine

Portugal

 * Ordem dos Engenheiros

Romania

 * General Association of Engineers of Romania

Russia

 * Russian Union of Engineers

Turkey

 * Chamber of Computer Engineers of Turkey
 * Chamber of Electrical Engineers of Turkey
 * Union of chambers of Turkish engineers and architects

United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, the Engineering Council is the regulatory body for the engineering profession. The Engineering Council was incorporated by Royal charter in 1981 and controls the award of chartered engineer, incorporated engineer, engineering technician, and information and communications technology technician titles, through licences issued to thirty six recognised Institutions. There are also 19 professional affiliate institutions, not licensed, but with close associations to the Engineering Council.

The Royal Academy of Engineering is the national academy for engineering.

Professional institutions licensed by the Engineering Council

 * British Computer Society
 * British Institute of Non-Destructive Testing
 * Chartered Association of Building Engineers
 * Chartered Institute of Plumbing and Heating Engineering
 * Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers
 * Chartered Institution of Highways and Transportation
 * Chartered Institution of Water and Environmental Management
 * Energy Institute
 * Institute of Acoustics
 * Institute of Cast Metals Engineers
 * Institute of Healthcare Engineering and Estate Management
 * Institute of Highway Engineers
 * Institute of Marine Engineering, Science and Technology
 * Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining
 * Institute of Measurement and Control
 * Institute of Physics
 * Institute of Physics and Engineering in Medicine
 * Institution of Agricultural Engineers
 * Institution of Chemical Engineers
 * Institution of Civil Engineers
 * Institution of Diesel and Gas Turbine Engineers
 * Institution of Engineering Designers
 * Institution of Engineering and Technology
 * Institution of Fire Engineers
 * Institution of Mechanical Engineers
 * Institution of Railway Signal Engineers
 * Institution of Structural Engineers
 * Nuclear Institute
 * Royal Aeronautical Society
 * Royal Engineers
 * Royal Institution of Naval Architects
 * Society of Environmental Engineers
 * Society of Operations Engineers
 * The Welding Institute

Professional affiliate bodies of the Engineering Council

 * Association for Project Management
 * Chartered Association of Building Engineers
 * Chartered Institution of Civil Engineering Surveyors
 * Chartered Quality Institute
 * Institute of Mathematics and its Applications
 * Institute of Nanotechnology
 * International Council on Systems Engineering (UK Chapter)

Professional engineering bodies not affiliated to the Engineering Council

 * Cleveland Institution of Engineers
 * Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland
 * Institute of the Motor Industry
 * Society of Professional Engineers UK
 * Women's Engineering Society

Former bodies merged or defunct

 * Institution of Electrical Engineers
 * Institution of Incorporated Engineers
 * Institution of Nuclear Engineers
 * Society of Engineers UK

Australia

 * Association of Professional Engineers, Scientists and Managers, Australia
 * Engineers Australia

New Zealand

 * Institution of Professional Engineers New Zealand
 * New Zealand Computer Society
 * University of Canterbury Engineering Society

International

 * Audio Engineering Society
 * International Association of Engineers
 * International Council of Academies of Engineering and Technological Sciences
 * International Council on Systems Engineering
 * International Geodetic Student Organisation
 * International Society of Automation
 * International Society for Optical Engineering
 * Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
 * National Society of Black Engineers
 * Society of Automotive Engineers
 * Society of Petroleum Engineers
 * Society of Professional Engineers UK
 * Society of Women Engineers
 * World Federation of Engineering Organizations

title: List of engineering societies


text:
Talk:Western skink

Untitled
This article uses text from the two public domain California Department of Fish and Game web pages given as references. Lupo 18:59, 25 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Skinks
There adorable I want one so much. JEPeyton (talk) 22:17, 23 March 2017 (UTC)
 * They are a good animal for a terrarium. They do not try to climb out. They stay on the ground. Wastrel Way (talk) 21:29, 31 August 2021 (UTC)Eric

Wiki Education assignment: California Natural History
— Assignment last updated by Integbi11editor (talk) 02:20, 23 October 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: California Natural History
— Assignment last updated by Naenae1122 (talk) 18:37, 3 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Western skink


text:
Minister for Justice (Ireland)

The Minister for Justice (An tAire Dlí agus Cirt) is a senior minister in the Government of Ireland and leads the Department of Justice. The Minister for Justice has overall responsibility for law and order in Ireland.

The current Minister for Justice is Helen McEntee, TD. McEntee is assisted by a Minister of State:
 * James Browne, TD – Minister of State for Law Reform and Youth Justice

History
From 1919 until 1924 the position was known as the Minister for Home Affairs. In 1997, the functions of the Minister for Equality and Law Reform were transferred to this Minister, and it was renamed as the Minister for Justice, Equality and Law Reform, a title which it retained until 2010. The minister held the title of Minister for Justice and Equality from 2011 to 2020. As of 2020, the position is known as Minister for Justice. This followed a transfer of functions to the Minister for Children, Equality, Disability, Integration and Youth.

Overview
The Minister's main areas of responsibility include:
 * Implementing government policy and proposing new policy on crime, immigration, asylum, criminal and civil law reform and the criminal justice system in general.
 * Implementation of government policy and proposing new policy in relation to national security (an area many countries assign to a separate 'Home' or 'Homeland Security' minister)
 * Control and reform of the Garda Síochána
 * Pardons (which are formally given by the President on the binding "advice" of the government, after proposal by the Minister for Justice - a rarely used power)
 * Implementation of core elements of the Good Friday Agreement.

List of office-holders
{{legend|#E6E6AA|Denotes acting Minister|border=black}} {| class="wikitable"
 * colspan="6"|
 * colspan="6"|

Minister for Home Affairs 1919–1924
!Name !colspan="2"|Term of office !colspan="2"|Party !Government(s)
 * Michael Collins
 * 22 January 1919
 * 1 April 1919
 * 1st DM
 * Arthur Griffith
 * 2 April 1919
 * 22 August 1921
 * 2nd DM
 * Austin Stack
 * 22 August 1921
 * 9 January 1922
 * 3rd DM
 * Eamonn Duggan
 * 10 January 1922
 * 9 September 1922
 * 4th DM • 1st PG
 * Kevin O'Higgins
 * 30 August 1922
 * 2 June 1924
 * 2nd PG • 5th DM • 1st EC • 2nd EC
 * colspan="6"|
 * 9 September 1922
 * 4th DM • 1st PG
 * Kevin O'Higgins
 * 30 August 1922
 * 2 June 1924
 * 2nd PG • 5th DM • 1st EC • 2nd EC
 * colspan="6"|
 * 2nd PG • 5th DM • 1st EC • 2nd EC
 * colspan="6"|
 * colspan="6"|
 * colspan="6"|

Minister for Justice 1924–1997
!Name !colspan="2"|Term of office !colspan="2"|Party !Government(s) (1st time) (2nd time) (1st time) (2nd time)
 * Kevin O'Higgins
 * 2 June 1924
 * 10 July 1927
 * 2nd EC • 3rd EC
 * W. T. Cosgrave
 * 10 July 1927
 * 12 October 1927
 * 3rd EC
 * James FitzGerald-Kenney
 * 12 October 1927
 * 9 March 1932
 * 4th EC • 5th EC
 * James Geoghegan
 * 9 March 1932
 * 8 February 1933
 * 6th EC
 * P. J. Ruttledge
 * 8 February 1933
 * 8 September 1939
 * 7th EC • 8th EC • 1st • 2nd
 * Gerald Boland
 * 8 February 1933
 * 6th EC
 * P. J. Ruttledge
 * 8 February 1933
 * 8 September 1939
 * 7th EC • 8th EC • 1st • 2nd
 * Gerald Boland
 * 7th EC • 8th EC • 1st • 2nd
 * Gerald Boland
 * Gerald Boland
 * Gerald Boland
 * 8 September 1939
 * 18 February 1948
 * 2nd • 3rd • 4th
 * Seán Mac Eoin
 * 18 February 1948
 * 7 March 1951
 * 5th
 * Daniel Morrissey
 * 7 March 1951
 * 13 June 1951
 * 5th
 * Gerald Boland
 * 7 March 1951
 * 13 June 1951
 * 5th
 * Gerald Boland
 * Gerald Boland
 * Gerald Boland
 * 13 June 1951
 * 2 June 1954
 * 6th
 * James Everett
 * 2 June 1954
 * 20 March 1957
 * 7th
 * Oscar Traynor
 * 20 March 1957
 * 11 October 1961
 * 8th • 9th
 * Charles Haughey
 * 11 October 1961
 * 8 October 1964
 * 10th
 * - bgcolor=#E6E6AA
 * Seán Lemass (acting)
 * 8 October 1964
 * 3 November 1964
 * 10th
 * Brian Lenihan Snr
 * 3 November 1964
 * 26 March 1968
 * 10th • 11th • 12th
 * Mícheál Ó Móráin
 * 27 March 1968
 * 5 May 1970
 * 12th • 13th
 * Desmond O'Malley
 * 5 May 1970
 * 14 March 1973
 * 13th
 * Patrick Cooney
 * 14 March 1973
 * 5 July 1977
 * 14th
 * Gerry Collins
 * 5 May 1970
 * 12th • 13th
 * Desmond O'Malley
 * 5 May 1970
 * 14 March 1973
 * 13th
 * Patrick Cooney
 * 14 March 1973
 * 5 July 1977
 * 14th
 * Gerry Collins
 * 14 March 1973
 * 5 July 1977
 * 14th
 * Gerry Collins
 * Gerry Collins
 * Gerry Collins
 * 5 July 1977
 * 30 June 1981
 * 15th • 16th
 * Jim Mitchell
 * 30 June 1981
 * 9 March 1982
 * 17th
 * Seán Doherty
 * 9 March 1982
 * 14 December 1982
 * 18th
 * Michael Noonan
 * 14 December 1982
 * 14 February 1986
 * 19th
 * Alan Dukes
 * 14 February 1986
 * 10 March 1987
 * 19th
 * Gerry Collins
 * 19th
 * Alan Dukes
 * 14 February 1986
 * 10 March 1987
 * 19th
 * Gerry Collins
 * 19th
 * Gerry Collins
 * Gerry Collins
 * Gerry Collins
 * 10 March 1987
 * 12 July 1989
 * 20th
 * Ray Burke
 * 12 July 1989
 * 11 February 1992
 * 21st
 * Pádraig Flynn
 * 11 February 1992
 * 4 January 1993
 * 22nd
 * Máire Geoghegan-Quinn
 * 4 January 1993
 * 15 December 1994
 * 23rd
 * Nora Owen
 * 15 December 1994
 * 26 June 1997
 * 24th
 * John O'Donoghue
 * 26 June 1997
 * 8 July 1997
 * 25th
 * colspan="6"|
 * 15 December 1994
 * 26 June 1997
 * 24th
 * John O'Donoghue
 * 26 June 1997
 * 8 July 1997
 * 25th
 * colspan="6"|
 * 25th
 * colspan="6"|
 * colspan="6"|
 * colspan="6"|

Minister for Justice, Equality and Law Reform 1997–2010
!Name !colspan="2"|Term of office !colspan="2"|Party !Government(s)
 * John O'Donoghue
 * 8 July 1997
 * 6 June 2002
 * 25th
 * Michael McDowell
 * 6 June 2002
 * 14 June 2007
 * 26th
 * Brian Lenihan Jnr
 * 14 June 2007
 * 7 May 2008
 * 27th
 * Dermot Ahern
 * 7 May 2008
 * 23 March 2010
 * 28th
 * colspan="6"|
 * 27th
 * Dermot Ahern
 * 7 May 2008
 * 23 March 2010
 * 28th
 * colspan="6"|
 * 28th
 * colspan="6"|
 * colspan="6"|

Minister for Justice and Law Reform 2010–2011
!Name !colspan="2"|Term of office !colspan="2"|Party !Government(s)
 * Dermot Ahern
 * 23 March 2010
 * 19 January 2011
 * 28th
 * Brendan Smith
 * 20 January 2011
 * 9 March 2011
 * 28th
 * Alan Shatter
 * 9 March 2011
 * 2 April 2011
 * 29th
 * colspan="6"|
 * Alan Shatter
 * 9 March 2011
 * 2 April 2011
 * 29th
 * colspan="6"|
 * colspan="6"|
 * colspan="6"|

Minister for Justice and Equality 2011–2020
!Name !colspan="2"|Term of office !colspan="2"|Party !Government(s)
 * Alan Shatter
 * 2 April 2011
 * 7 May 2014
 * 29th
 * Frances Fitzgerald
 * 8 May 2014
 * 14 June 2017
 * 29th • 30th
 * Charles Flanagan
 * 14 June 2017
 * 27 June 2020
 * 31st
 * Helen McEntee
 * 27 June 2020
 * 1 November 2020
 * 32nd
 * colspan="6"|
 * 31st
 * Helen McEntee
 * 27 June 2020
 * 1 November 2020
 * 32nd
 * colspan="6"|
 * 32nd
 * colspan="6"|
 * colspan="6"|

Minister for Justice 2020–present
!Name !colspan="2"|Term of office !colspan="2"|Party !Government(s)
 * Helen McEntee
 * 1 November 2020
 * 27 April 2021
 * rowspan=4|32nd
 * Heather Humphreys
 * 27 April 2021
 * 1 November 2021
 * Helen McEntee
 * 1 November 2021
 * 25 November 2022
 * Heather Humphreys
 * 25 November 2022
 * 17 December 2022
 * Simon Harris
 * 17 December 2022
 * 1 June 2023
 * 33rd
 * Helen McEntee
 * 1 June 2023
 * Incumbent
 * 33rd • 34th
 * }
 * Notes
 * 17 December 2022
 * 1 June 2023
 * 33rd
 * Helen McEntee
 * 1 June 2023
 * Incumbent
 * 33rd • 34th
 * }
 * Notes
 * 33rd • 34th
 * }
 * Notes

title: Minister for Justice (Ireland)


text:
Talk:Computer game/Computer and video games

''This is a proposal for a merged article of Video game and Computer game. The aim is to give an overview of the topic for the novice, and provide links to other, more specific articles for the passionate.''

Computer and video games are games played on computers or video game consoles. Although historically the two have evolved somewhat separately, in part due to technical constraints of different platforms, in practice the distinction is subtle if it is present at all, since many games are now produced for both computers and video game systems.

Table of characteristics

Design process
Modern games are usually made by a team of developers (occasionally by individuals) consisting of designers, graphic designers and other artists, programmers, sound designers, musicians, and others (typically 20 to 50 people, with some teams exceeding 100). As the capabilities of computers and expectations of audiences have grown, the average team size as well as the average development time has grown (see video game industry practices).

Brief history of development of computer and video games
History of the video game

Early history - text adventures on mainframes
The first computer games (a genre which continues today) came to be called Interactive fiction, or Adventure games. An example was Colossal Cave Adventure. Screen displayed text such as "You are in a streambed. A troll is watching" or "I do not understand that". The player typed a verb / noun combination such as "Wave wand" or "Go North" (or something even shorter, eg "N") and was presented with a new or partly new text response.

Early graphical games
The first widely known and distributed recognisable graphical game was Spacewar! (which appeared in 1961) on the then-new DEC PDP-1. This game was soon distributed with new DEC computers and traded throughout primitive cyberspace. The first console game was Atari's Pong in 1972. SOMETHING ABOUT ARCADE MACHINE DEVELOPMENT?

Arcade games
An upright arcade machine Centipede™ by Atari

Arcade game - aha - there's more! List of arcade games

Home computers and early games
Home computers and early games were very intrakit.

Game market
'''DO THESE FIGURES INCLUDE COMPUTER GAMES? Video and computer games are very popular and the market has grown continuously since the end of the video game crash of 1983. The market research company NPD estimated that video game hardware, software, and accessories sold about US$10.3 billion in 2002. This was a 10% increase over the 2001 figure.

The video game market changes over the years as new video game consoles are introduced. This has happened in cycles of about 5 years or so, in which multiple manufacturers release their consoles within about a year of each other, then they and the video game publishers enjoy several years of game sales until technology has improved enough for a new cycle to begin. At that point, games for the old consoles generally enjoy some residual sales, but the video game public as a whole has moved on to the new generation of machines. The current dominant consoles are:

 * Sony's PlayStation 2
 * Nintendo's GameCube
 * Microsoft's Xbox
 * Nintendo's Game Boy Advance (portable console)

SECTION ON SIMILAR PROCESS WITH PC HARDWARE, WITH CURRENT SPECS FOR GAMING MACHINES, PLUS DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS OF SOFTWAREHOUSES IN PORTING FROM ONE PLATFORM TO ANOTHER

Genres of games
Games similar to the early consoles and arcades are categorized as "arcade games." There are also Adventure games, Sports games, Edutainment games, RPG's, and MMORPGs, Simulation games, a sub genre of Strategy games were made popular by Will Wright's Sim City.

Notable people

 * Will Wright (creator of sim city)
 * Sid Meier (Civilization series and many simulations)

Criticism of games
Computer and video games have been criticized by some parents' groups, psychologists, politicians, and religious organizations for glorifying violence, cruelty, and crime and possible negative effect on society and individuals. Some studies have shown that children who watch violent television shows and play violent video games have a tendency to act more aggressively on the playground, and some people are concerned that this aggression may presage violent behavior when children grow to adulthood. These concerns have led to voluntary rating systems adopted by the industry, such as the ESRB rating system in the United States, that are aimed at educating parents about game content.

See also: video game controversy, video game proponent

Game sites

 * Flash Games Online: Great Collection of Flash Games
 * Game Download site*IGN PC: computer game news, reviews, and previews for the Windows PC platform.
 * Download Free Games: a large freeware and shareware game download site
 * GameSpot: a large, corporately-owned database of gaming reviews, news, downloads, and forums
 * Games Online: a selection of games to play free online
 * Video Game Reviews
 * Open Gaming Center: the Wikipedia of Computer Gaming
 * MobyGames, a game documentation and review project
 * Gamasutra, a video game developer e-zine

Open Source gaming

 * Open Source Gaming: a database of gaming reviews, news, downloads, forums, image galleries, more specifically focused on games released under an Open Source license
 * Linux Games: a news site with the latest on Linux game ports and releases.
 * Open Gaming Foundation

News and comment

 * NPD Video games industry sales studies, press releases
 * BBCNews, 28 May, 2003, Video games 'good for you'