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Valery Chkalov

Valery Pavlovich Chkalov (Валерий Павлович Чкалов; ; 2 February 1904 – 15 December 1938) was a test pilot awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union (1936).

Early life
Chkalov was born to a Russian family in 1904 in the upper Volga region, the town of Vasilyevo (the town is now named Chkalov in his honour), which lies near Nizhny Novgorod.

He was the son of a ship boiler-maker at the Vasselyevo Ship Yard on the River Volga. His mother died when he was six years old. Chkalov studied in the technical school in Cherepovets but later returned to his home town to work as an apprentice in the shipyard alongside his father. He then got a job as a stoker on a river dredger: the Bayan (later renamed the Mikhail Kalinin).

He saw his first plane in 1919 and decided to join the Red Army's air force, joining first at age 16 as a mechanic. He trained as a pilot at the Yegoryevsk Training School and graduated in 1924 joining a fighter squadron.

Chkalov married Olga Orekhova, a schoolteacher from Leningrad, in 1927. In the early 1930s he became a test pilot. His feats included doing 250 loop-the-loops in 45 minutes. His youngest daughter was a Posthumous child

Achievements
From 1935 he led the stunt section of the Russian air force, used in public displays. This included the 1 May celebrations over Red Square at which point he met Stalin for the first time.

Chkalov achieved several milestones in aviation. In 1936 and 1937, he participated in several ultra long flights, including Transpolar flight of Chkalov, Baydukov and Belyakov from Moscow, Soviet Union to Vancouver, Washington, United States via the North Pole in a Tupolev ANT-25 airplane (18–20 June 1937), a non-stop distance of 8811 km. The flight pioneered the polar air route from Europe to the American Pacific Coast.

He was planning the world's first non-stop flight around the planet when he died.

Death
Chkalov died on 15 December 1938 while piloting a prototype of the Polikarpov I-180 fighter, which crashed during its maiden test flight. The series of events leading up to the crash is not entirely clear. Neither of the aircraft's two chief designers, Nikolai Polikarpov and Dmitry Tomashevich, approved the flight, and no one had signed a form releasing the prototype from the factory. In any case, Chkalov took off and made a low altitude circuit around the airfield. For the second circuit, Chkalov flew farther away, climbing to over 2,000 m (6,560 ft) even though the flight plan specifically forbade exceeding 600 m (1,970 ft). Chkalov apparently miscalculated his landing approach and came in short of the airfield, but when he attempted to correct his approach the engine cut out. Chkalov was able to avoid several buildings, but struck an overhead powerline. He was thrown from the cockpit, sustaining severe injuries, and died two hours later. His ashes are interred in the Kremlin Wall.

The official government investigation concluded that the engine cut out because it became too cold in the absence of the cowl flaps. Others hypothesised that Chkalov had advanced the throttle too fast and thus flooded the engine. As a result of the crash, Tomashevich and several other officials, who urged the first flight, were immediately arrested. Years later, fellow test pilot Mikhail Gromov blamed the designers for flawed engine cooling and Chkalov himself for deviating from the flight plan. Chkalov's son claimed that a plan to assassinate his father had been in the works in the months preceding his death, but the circumstances of the crash make foul play unlikely. Despite the opinion of some, after Chkalov's death Polikarpov's reputation with Stalin was left intact, and Polikarpov continued to design aircraft.

Commemoration
The village of Vasilyevo where Chkalov was born is now the town of Chkalovsk (Nizhny Novgorod Oblast). The city of Orenburg bore the name Chkalov from 1938 to 1957. There was a Chkalov Street in Moscow (part of Moscow's Garden Ring), now renamed Zemlyanoy Val; its namesakes in Nizhny Novgorod and several other Russian cities still exist. Nizhny Novgorod also has a staircase down to the Volga named after him with a statue of him at the top of it. In 1975, a monument to Chkalov's 1937 polar flight was dedicated at Pearson Airpark in Vancouver, Washington and a street in east Vancouver was named Chkalov Drive.

A Chapayev-class cruiser was named Chkalov but was renamed Komsomolets in 1958.

The metro rail systems of Moscow, Saint Petersburg, and Nizhny Novgorod each have a Chkalovskaya station. Yekaterinburg Metro also opened one in 2012.

One of 16 Russia's Tu-160 bombers was named after Valery Chkalov.

A musical duet, Отряд имени Валерия Чкалова ("Detachment named after Valery Chkalov"), recorded their first album in 1983.

A monument to Chkalov in Dnipro, Ukraine was dismantled in December 2022. The monument had been erected in 1981. Chkalov was not connected with Dnipro in any way. In February 2023 a monument to Chkalov in Kyiv, Ukraine was dismantled. It was dismantled as soon as the Ministry of Culture and Information Policy had revoked the monument cultural heritage site status. On 13 July 2023 Valery Chkalov Park in Kyiv was renamed Literature Park.

title: Valery Chkalov


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Southern All Stars

Southern All Stars (サザンオールスターズ), also known by the abbreviations Sazan (サザン) and SAS, are a Japanese rock band that first formed in 1974.

The band is composed of Keisuke Kuwata (lead vocals and guitars), Yuko Hara (vocals and keyboards), Kazuyuki Sekiguchi (bass), Hiroshi Matsuda (musician) (drums) and Hideyuki "Kegani" Nozawa (percussion). In addition to the present lineup, former guitarist Takashi Omori had worked in the band until 2001.

After the contract with Victor Entertainment, the band released their top-ten charting debut single "Katte ni Sindbad" in 1978. Since then, Southern has been one of the best-selling music groups in the past 30 years of Japan, selling more than 47 million albums and singles in Japan alone. They have had over 40 top-ten hit singles and 16 number-one albums on the Japan's Oricon Charts as of 2008.

Their 1998 compilation Umi no Yeah!! has sold more than 3.3 million copies and became the best-selling double album in Japanese history. Their most commercially successful song "Tsunami", released in 2000, has sold over 2.9 million units in Japan alone, and provided the band with honor of winning the 42nd Japan Record Awards. The band was also acclaimed and ranked number one in HMV Japan's 2003 list of "100 most influential Japanese musicians". In 2007, Rolling Stone Japan ranked their album Ninkimono de Ikō number 32 on a list of the greatest Japanese rock albums of all time. They are also the only group to ever have 44 songs on the Oricon Top 100 weekly single chart simultaneously.

The band has occasionally gone into hiatus while individual members worked on solo and other projects, and did so again between 2008 and 2013.

Early years
In 1974, a prototype of the band, composed of Aoyama Gakuin University students who belonged to the popular music club "Better Days", was formed by Keisuke Kuwata. In their early days, the band changed its name frequently, such as "Onsen Anma Momohiki Band", "Piston Kuwata and the Cylinders", and "Keisuke Kuwata and the Hitchcock Gekijou". Finally, when keyboardist Yuko Hara joined the group, they chose a permanent name. Named after the "Fania All-Stars" and "Southern rock" by Kuwata's friend.

After several changes of members, they tried for "Yamaha EastWest '77", the contest of amateur musicians by the Yamaha Music Foundation. At this contest, Kuwata won a prize for the "best vocalist". When the band participated in this contest, Hiroshi Matsuda and Hideyuki Nozawa, two members who were not Aoyama Gakuin's students joined them, and all the members of the group were then assembled.

On June 25, 1978, their debut single "Katte ni Sindbad" was released from Victor Entertainment. Its title was named after two hit songs in Japan in 1977, "Katte ni Shiyagare" by Kenji Sawada and "Nagisa no Sindbad" by Pink Lady In addition, the release date of their debut single was Sawada's 29th birthday. The song featured Kuwata's impressive coarse-grained vocals like a tongue twister. To promote their first single, they appeared on various TV programs. The weird costumes they dressed in and their eccentric performance made an unforgettable impact on listeners. Their single gradually climbed the charts, and peaked at number-three on the Japan's oricon singles chart in autumn of the same year.

Because of the sales promotion of "Katte ni Sindbad" and a following single "Kibun Shidai de Semenaide", they were considered performers of novelty songs. However, "Itoshi no Ellie", their third single released on March 25, 1979, was sufficient to overturn their comedic public image. This pop-ballad was highly regarded by many Japanese music critics and artists, including Hiroshi Miyagawa and Kosetsu Minami. The song is regarded as one of the most notable songs by the Southern All Stars. In 1988, a cover version by Ray Charles was featured in a Suntory Limited TV advertisement. It was released as a single in Japan only, and reached number-three on the Oricon. The cover version by Charles became the best-selling single performed by a Western artist in 1989.

Two months after Southern released their debut single, their first album called Atsui Munasawagi was marketed. The band was not able to devote ample time to recording and songwriting for 10 Numbers Carat, their second album which featured their breakthrough ballad "Itoshi no Ellie", which was released only eight months after their debut album. Kuwata's angry look on the album cover mirrored his exhaustion. Hence, the leader of the band wasn't satisfied with the quality of the album, and has stated that the album was "trash".

The first half of the 1980s
In 1980, the band started a serial project called "Five Rock Show", and released five singles every month. Due to a lack of sales promotion, each single succeeded only moderately. However, thanks to the success of their early singles in the late '70s, they had built up a solid fan base and high popularity on the album chart in Japan. Since Tiny Bubbles, their third album released in 1980, all of their studio albums have reached the top consecutively. That album featured two songs featuring vocals by band members, Yuko Hara's "Watashi wa Piano" and Matsuda's "Matsuda no Komoriuta". The former was covered by girl-pop singer Mizue Takada in the same year, and became a top-ten hit.

On January 24, 1982, the band released the single "Chako no Kaigan Monogatari". Kuwata wanted a commercial hit, and wrote this one more in the typical Japanese kayōkyoku style. In addition, as a vocalist, he imitated the lisping vocals of Toshihiko Tahara, one of the most popular Japanese male idol singers at that time. Such popular expression generally received favorable reaction from the public, and became the band's most successful single since Itoshi no Ellie. Following the success of the single, their fifth studio album Nude Man was bigger than ever. The album reached number-three on Oricon's 1982 year-end chart, and later became that year's best-selling album. One of the highlights of Nude Man, Natsu o Akiramete was recorded by distinguished comedian and singer Naoko Ken the same year. Her cover version sold 300,000 copies, and became one of her most successful works as a singer.

After the hit of "Chako no Kaigan Monogatari", Kuwata married Hara on his 26th birthday. They invited their fans for their wedding ceremony.

Throughout Southern's career, Kuwata has featured extremely erotic expressions in many of his self-written songs and the band's sales promotions. "I Love You wa Hitorigoto", Kuwata composition released as Hara's first solo single in 1981, was banned due to suggestive lyrics including the term "motel". The cover of the band's 1983 single "Body Special II" featured the breast of a topless woman. Such explicit expression from Kuwata and his band's music has continued to date.

In 1983 and 1984, two albums Kirei and Ninkimono de Ikō were released. Both of these albums featured mainly adult-oriented rock rendition songs. With Miss Brand-New Day, a successful single and one of the highlights on Ninkimono de Ikō, the band gradually built up a definite reputation in the changeable Japanese music industry.

In 1985, the band released double studio album Kamakura, which is now considered one of their best albums. To promote this blockbuster, extensive advertisement including an impressive TV commercial starring distinguished comedian Sanma Akashiya was used. Such large-scale promotion brought about rumors that the band might break up. In fact, in the process of recording, conflict arose between the Kuwata and Sekiguchi. It is said that they devoted over 1,800 hours to the recording of this album. The process did not always go smoothly, but the end product proved overwhelmingly successful. The album was highly praised by critics and listeners alike, and Kuwata was very satisfied with the favorable reception. In addition, Hara conceived his child the same year, so he suspended the group's career temporarily. Around 1986, he began work on solo projects, including the Kuwata Band. Other band members also began various solo projects.

Projects with Takeshi Kobayashi
"Kanashii Kimochi (Just a Man in Love)", Keisuke Kuwata's successful solo debut single released in 1987, was produced and arranged by Takeshi Kobayashi. Kobayashi started his career in the late '70s, and collaborated with numerous Japanese musicians, including Ryuichi Sakamoto, Yosui Inoue, Taeko Onuki, Hiroshi Takano and Kenji Omori. Through the recording of the solo material, Kuwata recognized Kobayashi's abundant and practical ability, and decided to continue this strong combination for his career. In the late 1980s and the early 1990s, Kobayashi participated in many projects with Southern. Kuwata praised Kobayashi's capability as a partner, and joked at a live performance, "Even if he is unwilling to be part of my projects, I'll force him to be involved in my career!"

On June 25, 1988, ten years after Southern debuted, they returned to the Japanese music scene with a single "Minna no Uta" produced by Kobayashi. Their 1989 single Sayonara Baby reached to the top on the oricon's single chart, and it became the first No. 1 hit on that chart for the band. In same year, 4-CDs box-set compilation entitled Suika was released. Regardless of its size/price, the album reached No. 1 and sold more than 300,000 units.

1990s
In the 1990s, the Japanese music industry prospered more than during other decades. Southern continued to enjoy commercial success, and remained one of the mainstream groups of Japanese popular music throughout the 1990s.

In 1990, Kuwata directed the film called Inamura Jane. The movie was not well-received, but the soundtrack was very successful, reaching No. 1 on Japanese chart and selling over 1 million copies, eventually becoming the best selling Japanese soundtrack album of all time. "Manatsu no Kajitsu", a song written by Kuwata was released as the lead single from the album, and climbed to the top 5 on the charts. In 1991, Hong Kong singer Jacky Cheung covered the ballad in Chinese, and enjoyed huge commercial success in several Asian countries. Dozens of other cover versions followed, from Asia to Europe; one of these is a Tagalog-language version sung by Donna Cruz, entitled "Isang Tanong, Isang Sagot", released in 1997.

The soundtrack also included another highlight, "Kibō no Wadachi". Having appeared on the album only, the song is well known as one of the Southern All Stars' most significant songs.

Kuwata and his band also released a self-titled studio album in 1990. Following the previous O.S.T. album, it became million-seller.

In 1991, Kazuyuki Sekiguchi left the band temporarily to overcome health problems, not returning until 1995. The next year, 1992, the remaining members released two singles "Shulaba-La-Bamba" and "Namida no Kiss" simultaneously. The latter marked the top of the Oricon singles chart for 7 weeks and sold more than 1.5 million copies. It was their first million-selling single, and finally marked the top five on the Japanese Year-End singles chart for 1992. Two months from the release of those successful singles, their tenth studio album entitled Yo ni Man'yō no Hana ga Sakunari was released. At first, Kuwata planned to release it as a double album, but finally decided to omit some of the recordings, including 1991 number-one hit single "Neo Bravo!!" The album has sold nearly 1.8 million copies.

In 1993, the remixed EP Enoshima was released under the pseudonym project named "Z-Dan". It sold more than 900,000 copies, and won the 8th Japan Gold Disc Award's "Compilation Album of the Year" prize. The same year, the band released the second million-selling single "Erotica Seven". Strong partnership between Kuwata and Kobayashi ended in the band's holiday song released as a single "Christmas Love" in the autumn of that year. However, the two have collaborated from time to time after the temporary parting, such as Kuwata and Mr. Children's successful charity single "Kiseki no Hoshi" released in 1995.

Throughout 1994, Kuwata worked as a solo artist again, and Southern released no new material. The next year the band restarted with "Mampy no G-Spot", an obscene song released as a single only. From this single, Sekiguchi, who had left the band in 1991, appeared again. "Anatadake o -Summer Heartbreak-", the other song released in 1995 provided the group with their 3rd million-seller single. Later, Kuwata mentioned that Summer Heartbreak is one of his favorites. The next year, the band released two singles Ai no Kotodama -Spiritual Message- and Taiyō wa Tsumi na Yatsu, the former selling over million copies. Young Love, their 11th album featured successful singles including two million-sellers, has sold more than 2.5 million copies to become one of the best-selling albums of 1996. It has remained the band's most successful studio album to date.

Tsunami and Omori's independence
On January 26, 2000, their 44th single, "Tsunami" was released. It was used as theme song of Mirai Nikki III, a popular part of the TBS program called Un-nan no Hontoko!, and made a strong impression on many people. The song reached number-one on the singles chart for five weeks, finally selling more than 2.9 million units. It is the third best-selling single in Japan of the last 40 years. On New Year's Eve of 2000, Tsunami won the 42nd Japan Record Awards. After the enormous success of the single, the band became more conservative. They now release fewer singles and all of them have become hits.

After the concert tour in 2000, Takashi Omori announced a stop in work and he left from the band in August 2001. Omori and his wife were well known as pious and influential Soka Gakkai adherents. This caused various rumors in the press about religious problems between himself and other members and many fans.

By the early 2000s, each member had actively pursued solo projects. Particularly, Kuwata produced three million-selling records and one album around 2001 and 2002.

Recent years
In October 2005, their latest double-album Killer Street was released. The album debuted at number-one on both the national and the Worldwide Charts, and has sold over a million units to date.

Number one singles
The following songs reached the top of Oricon weekly singles chart:
 * "Sayonara Baby" (さよならベイビー Goodbye, Baby) (June 7, 1989)
 * "Neo Bravo!!" (ネオ・ブラボー!!) (July 10, 1991)
 * "Namida no Kiss" (涙のキッス Kiss of Tears) (July 18, 1992)
 * "Erotica Seven" (エロティカ・セブン EROTICA SEVEN) (July 21, 1993)
 * "Anata Dake o ~Summer Heartbreak~" (あなただけを ～Summer Heartbreak～ Only to You~Summer Heartbreak~) (July 17, 1995)
 * "Ai no Kotodama ~Spiritual Message~" (愛の言霊 ～Spiritual Message～ Kotodama of Love~Spiritual Messeage~) (May 20, 1996)
 * "Tsunami" (TSUNAMI) (January 26, 2000)
 * "Katte ni Sinbad" (勝手にシンドバッド Willfully, Sinbad) (June 25, 2003) (This is the second version. Original version, released in 1978, didn't reach the top.)
 * "Namida no Umi de Dakaretai ~Sea of Love~" (涙の海で抱かれたい ～Sea of Love～ I Want to be Held in the Sea of Tears ~Sea of Love~) (July 23, 2003)
 * "Aya ~Aja~" (彩 ～Aja～) (April 14, 2004)
 * "Kimi Koso Star da" (君こそスターだ You are the Star) (July 21, 2004)
 * "Ai to Yokubō no Hibi" (愛と欲望の日々 Days of Love and Desire) (November 24, 2004)
 * "Dirty Old Man ~Saraba Natsu Yo~" (DIRTY OLD MAN ～さらば夏よ～ Dirty Old Man ~Goodbye Summer~) (August 9, 2006)
 * "I am your singer"(I AM YOUR SINGER) (August 6, 2008)
 * "Peace to Hi-lite" (ピースとハイライト Peace & Hi-lite)(August 7, 2013)
 * "Tokyo Victory"(東京VICTORY Tokyo, Victory) (September 22, 2014)

Number one albums
The following albums reached the top of Oricon weekly albums chart:
 * Tiny Bubbles (タイニイ・バブルス) (1980)
 * Stereo Taiyōzoku (ステレオ太陽族) (1981)
 * Nude Man (1982)
 * Ballade '77–'82 (バラッド '77–'82) (compilation, 1982)
 * Kirei (綺麗) (1983)
 * Ninkimono de Ikō (人気者で行こう) (1984)
 * Kamakura (1985)
 * Ballade 2 '83–'86 (compilation, 1986)
 * Suika (すいか) Southern All Stars Special 61 Songs (box-set compilation, 1989)
 * Southern All Stars (1990)
 * Inamura Jane (稲村ジェーン) (soundtrack for the same-titled film released as Southern All Stars and All Stars, 1990)
 * Yo ni Man'yō no Hana ga Saku Nari (世に万葉の花が咲くなり) (1992)
 * HAPPY! (box-set compilation, 1995)
 * Young Love (1996)
 * Umi no Yeah!! (海のYeah!!) (compilation, 1998)
 * Sakura (さくら) (1998)
 * Ballade 3 (バラッド3) the album of LOVE' (compilation, 2000)
 * Killer Street (キラーストリート) (2005)
 * Budou (葡萄) (2015)

Video games

 * Space MOSA: Southern All Stars Space Museum of Southern Art (Sony PlayStation, December 10, 1999)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Southern All Stars


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User talk:Dmhulbert

Hi Don. Welcome to Wikipedia! Thanks for your note on the new user log. You might want to claim the edits you made before you got an account. You can do that by leaving a note at Changing attribution for an edit.

There are plenty of other music pages that could use work, if you're willing. Check out the list of musicians and see if any other favorites need help.

If you need editing help, visit How does one edit a page. For format questions, visit our manual of style

Some time when you're bored, you can read through our policies and guidelines. If you have any other questions about the project then check out Help or add a question to the Village pump. You can also drop me a question on my talk page.

Happy editing, Isomorphic 00:33, 23 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Hi there, and welcome to Wikipedia. I noticed from the new user log that you wrote some info Talk:Elaine Shaffer. I would encourage you to put the info into the article itself instead of just the talk page. If you are still working on it, that's fine. I just wanted to let you know that there is no formal process for entering information, editors/readers just do it.

P.S. You can sign posts on talk pages by typing ~

Dori | Talk 04:47, Feb 23, 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Dmhulbert


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Anemia (plant)

Anemia is a genus of ferns. It is the only genus in the family Anemiaceae in the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I). Alternatively, the genus may be placed as the only genus in the subfamily Anemioideae of a more broadly defined family Schizaeaceae, the family placement used in Plants of the World Online. Its species are sometimes called flowering ferns, but this term is more commonly applied to ferns of the genus Osmunda. Fronds are dimorphic; in fertile fronds, the two lowermost pinnae are highly modified to bear the sporangia.

Ferns in this genus have chromosome numbers based on x=38: n=38, 76, 114.

Taxonomy
The genus Anemia was first described by the Swedish botanist Olof Swartz in 1806. The family Anemiaceae was created by Johann Link in 1841. In the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I), Anemia includes Mohria and Colina and is the only genus in the family. Some sources do not separate the family Anemiaceae from Schizaeaceae.

Phylogeny of Anemia

Unassigned species:

 * subgenus Anemia
 * Anemia alfredi-rohrii Brade
 * Anemia antrorsa Mickel
 * Anemia ayacuchensis Mickel
 * Anemia barbatula Christ
 * Anemia bartlettii Mickel
 * Anemia blackii Brade
 * Anemia blechnoides Sm.
 * Anemia brandegeei Davenp.
 * Anemia candidoi Brade
 * Anemia cipoensis Sehnem
 * Anemia costata Sehnem
 * Anemia damazii Christ
 * Anemia dardanoi Brade
 * Anemia delicatula Mickel
 * Anemia denticulata Mickel
 * Anemia × didicusana L.D.Gómez
 * Anemia diversifolia Schrad.
 * Anemia donnell-smithii Maxon
 * Anemia duartei Brade
 * Anemia eriodes Mickel
 * Anemia × espiritosantensis Brade
 * Anemia familiaris Mickel
 * Anemia gomesii Christ
 * Anemia hatschbachii Sehnem
 * Anemia heterodoxa Christ
 * Anemia incisa Schrad.
 * Anemia intermedia Copel. ex M.E.Jones
 * Anemia laxa Lindm.
 * Anemia lindsaeoides Mickel
 * Anemia madagascariensis C.Chr.
 * Anemia mandiocana Raddi
 * Anemia × mexiae L.S.Rabelo & Schwartsb.
 * Anemia mickelii L.S.Rabelo & Schwartsb.
 * Anemia mirabilis Brade
 * Anemia munchii Christ
 * Anemia nana Baker
 * Anemia nigerica Alston
 * Anemia oblanceolata Mickel
 * Anemia obovata Maxon
 * Anemia ouropretana Christ
 * Anemia pallida Gardner
 * Anemia palmarum Lindm.
 * Anemia × paraphyllitidis Mickel
 * Anemia pastinacaria Moritz ex Prantl
 * Anemia perrieriana C.Chr.
 * Anemia pinnata Sehnem
 * Anemia pohliana Sturm
 * Anemia porrecta Mickel
 * Anemia × promiscua L.S.Rabelo & Schwartsb.
 * Anemia pulchra Pohl
 * Anemia pumilio Mickel
 * Anemia rauhiana Mickel
 * Anemia × recondita Mickel
 * Anemia rigida Sehnem
 * Anemia schaeferi Sehnem
 * Anemia × semihirsuta Mickel
 * Anemia × semihispida L.S.Rabelo & Schwartsb.
 * Anemia sessilis (Jeanp.) C.Chr.
 * Anemia simplicior (Christ) Mickel
 * Anemia tenella (Cav.) Sw.
 * Anemia tripinnata Copel.
 * Anemia ulbrichtii Rosenst.
 * Anemia ulei Christ
 * Anemia × zanonii Mickel
 * subgenus Anemirhiza
 * Anemia alternifolia Mickel
 * Anemia aurita Sw.
 * Anemia coriacea Gris.
 * Anemia cuneata Kuntze
 * Anemia speciosa C.Presl
 * Anemia voerkeliana Duek
 * subgenus Mohria
 * Anemia lepigera (Baker) Christenh.
 * Anemia saxatilis (J.P.Roux) Christenh.
 * Anemia saxatilis (J.P.Roux) Christenh.

title: Anemia (plant)


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Orenburg

Orenburg (Оренбу́рг, ), formerly known as Chkalov (1938–1957), is the administrative center of Orenburg Oblast, Russia. It lies on the two continents: Europe and Asia, on the banks of the Ural River and is 1478 km southeast of Moscow.

Orenburg is close to the border with Kazakhstan.

Etymology
Several historians have tried to explain the origins of the city's name. It was traditionally accepted that the word "orenburg" means a fortress on the River Or. In all probability, the word combination "orenburg" was proposed by, the founder of the city. In 1734, in accordance with his project, a package of governmental documents was worked out. This was the starting point for Orenburg as a fortress city near the meeting of the Or and Ural rivers.

On 7 June 1734, "A Privilege for Orenburg" (tsar's edict) was ordered by Empress Anna Ioannovna.

While the construction site of the main fortress changed many times (down the River Ural), the name "Orenburg" has not changed since its founding in 1743. Between 1938 and 1957, the city was referred to as Chkalov, named after the famous Soviet pilot Valery Chkalov, although he was not born in and never lived in Orenburg, and never visited Orenburg. In 1954, Chkalov's five-meter bronze sculpture was erected on the occasion of his 50th birth anniversary; this was installed on a seven-meter pedestal on the Boulevard (the riverside promenade of the city, commonly named "Belovka").

History
In 1734, the Russian Empire began to expand its dominance and influence in Asia by building a fortified city called Orenburg on its eastern border (Southern Urals). For this purpose, in 1735, Ivan Kirilov, a cartographer and statistician, began to develop the settlement at the confluence of the rivers Or and Ural, and the first settlement was chosen during his expedition. He claimed that the town was needed "to open a transit route to Bukhara, Badakhshan, Balkh and India" and that "riches in the form of gold, lapis lazuli and garnets could be obtained from it". After his death, a new manager of the Orenburg expedition, Vasily Tatishchev, was appointed who did not consider the place suitable for building a city. Therefore, in 1739 he began preparations for the construction of a new town with the old name on Krasnaya Gora (Red Mountain), downstream of the Ural (Yaik)River. The old settlement was named the Orsk fortress (now the city of Orsk).

On August 6, 1741, the new town was laid out. However, its construction never started. The place on Krasnaya Gora was not suitable for the construction of the city, as it was treeless, rocky and far from the river. A new manager of the Orenburg expedition Ivan Neplyuev was appointed, and on April 19, 1743, Orenburg was built up on the third attempt, at the place where the Berd settlement was earlier located, 75 km (46miles) from the Krasnaya Gora. In the summer of 1742, Neplyuev was assigned to build the city on the site of the rivers Yaik and Sakmara. The new place, surrounded by forests and fields where the Yaik and Sakumara rivers converge, was chosen by Neplyuev himself. Today it is the historical center of the city. The town built on the Red Mountain was named Krasnogorsk. Thus, in 1743 Ivan Neplyuev founded Orenburg on thesite of present-day Orsk, about 250 kilometers west of the Urals. This third Orenburg served as an important military outpost on the border with the nomadic Kazakhs. It became the center of the Orenburg Cossacks. In the first half of the 18th century, the Russian Empire constructed the, a series of forty-six forts, including Orenburg, to prevent Kazakh and Dzungar raids into Russian territory.

Orenburg played a major role in Pugachev's Rebellion (1773–1774), the largest peasant revolt in Russian history. At the time, it was the capital of a vast district and the seat of the governor. Yemelyan Pugachev besieged the city and its fortress from nearby Berda from October 1773 to March 26, 1774. The defense was organized by Governor of Orenburg lieutenant-general Reinsdorf. General Golytsin defeated Pugachev at Berda, and later again at Kargala (north of Orenburg). Most of the city was left in ruins, and thousands of inhabitants had died in the siege. Government forces crushed revolt towards the end of 1774 by General Michelsohn at Tsaritsyn. Further reprisals against rebel areas were carried out by General Peter Panin.

Alexander Pushkin visited Orenburg in 1833 during a research trip for his books The History of Pugachev and his famous novel The Captain's Daughter. He met his friend Vladimir Dal here, who would later write the first serious dictionary of the Russian language.

Orenburg was the base for General Perovsky's expeditions against the Khanate of Khiva in the 1830s through 1850s. After the incorporation of Central Asia into the Russian Empire, Orenburg became a trading station and, since the completion of the Trans-Aral Railway, a prominent railway junction en route to the new Central Asian possessions and to Siberia.

Orenburg functioned as the capital of the Kirghiz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (in present-day Kazakhstan) within Russia from 1920 to 1925. When that republic was renamed Kazakh Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic in 1925, Orenburg joined Russia and Kyzylorda became the new capital. Almaty became the capital in 1929 after the construction of the Turkestan–Siberia Railway. Kazakh Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was promoted to union republic status as the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic Kazakh SSR in 1936. Orenburg remained in Russia. From 1938 to 1957, the city bore the name Chkalov (Чка́лов) (after the prominent test pilot Valery Chkalov). The city's distance from the German invasion during World War II led many Soviet enterprises to flee there, helping to spur the city's economic growth.

Administrative and municipal status
Orenburg is the administrative center of the oblast and, within the framework of administrative divisions, it also serves as the administrative centre of Orenburgsky District, even though it is not a part of it. As an administrative division, it is, together with ten rural localities, incorporated separately as the City of Orenburg —an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts. As a municipal division, the City of Orenburg is incorporated as Orenburg Urban Okrug.

Geography
The city is in the basin of the middle branch of the River Ural, near its confluence with the River Sakmara. The highest point of the city is 154.4 m.

Economy
Orenburg is home to several large companies or their subsidiaries: Orenburggazprom, the subsidiary of Gazprom; Orenburgneft, the subsidiary of TNK-BP oil company; Orenburgenergy, one of the biggest energy generating companies in Russia.

Transportation
Orenburg has been a major railway centre ever since the Samara-Zlatoust and Orenburg-Tashkent railroads were completed, respectively in 1876 and 1905. Orenburg's main airport is the Orenburg Tsentralny Airport, located about 25 km east of the city, on the Orsk destination, and used to be the headquarters of now defunct Orenair. City public transport includes bus, trolleybus and also marshrutkas (fixed-route cabs).

Climate
Orenburg has a relatively dry hot-summer humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfa) with quite long and hot summers and long and cold winters. April and October are transition months, with the rest of the months being either summer or winter.

Education and culture
Orenburg is a regional centre of education and has a number of cultural institutions and museums.

Education

 * Orenburg State University. The university was founded in 1955 as a branch of Kuibyshev Polytechnic Institute. In 1971 it converted into Orenburg Polytechnic Institute. In 1994 it became Orenburg State Technical University. In 1996, converted into Orenburg State University. In 2014 Orenburg State Institute of Management integrated with Orenburg State University.
 * Orenburg State Medical University. Established in 1944 as Chkalov State Medical Institute. It was renamed to Orenburg State Medical Institute in 1957 (at that time Orenburg city regained its original name after being named Chkalov from 1937 till 1957). It gained the status of academy in 1994. Currently there are eight faculties: Medicine, Pediatric, Stomatology (Dentistry), Pharmacy, Clinical Psychology, Nursing, Public Health (Медико-профилактический), and Continuing Education.
 * Orenburg State Agrarian University. Established in 1930 as Orenburg Agricultural Institute. It was transformed to Orenburg State Agricultural Academy in 1992. Since 1995 named as Orenburg State Agrarian University. There are 8 faculties and four institutes.
 * Orenburg State Pedagogical University. Established in 1919 as Institute of Public Education. Renamed to Pedagogical Institute in 1930. Transformed to Pedagogical University in 1996. There are 10 faculties and four research institutes.
 * Orenburg Branch of Kutafin Moscow State Law University
 * Orenburg Branch of Gubkin Russian State University of Oil and Gas
 * Physics and Mathematics Lyceum

Museums

 * Orenburg Regional Museum of History and Natural Science
 * Orenburg Regional Museum of Fine Arts
 * Museum of Orenburg History
 * Memorial Apartment of Yuri and Valentina Gagarin
 * Memorial Apartment of Leopold and Mstislav Rostropovich
 * Memorial Apartment of T.G. Shevchenko
 * Orenburg City Memorial House

Theatres

 * Orenburg Maxim Gorky State Drama Theater
 * Orenburg State Regional Music Theater
 * Orenburg State Tatar Drama Theater
 * Orenburg State Regional Puppet Theater
 * Orenburg Municipal Puppet Theater "Pierrot"
 * Orenburg Municipal Chamber Choir
 * Orenburg State Academic Russian Folk Choir

Mosques

 * Orenburg Caravanserai

Tourism

Mountain and river tourism are developed in the region. There are a number of fast mountain rivers and rocks in pleated spurs of the southern edge of the Urals range, popular with tourists. The city is known for its location between Europe and Asia. The Ural River marks the border of Asia and Europe, and there is a bridge which connects the two sides.

The city is famous for its down Orenburg shawls. The thinnest lacy design, knitted by hand shawls and cobweb-like kerchiefs (pautinkas), is not only warm, but also is used for decorative purposes.

Architecture
A famous boulevard on the embankment of the Ural River is one of the most notable places in Orenburg. Orenburg TV Tower is a guyed mast of unusual design. It is a 200 m tall mast equipped with six crossbars running from the mast structure to the guys.

Sports

 * FC Orenburg, the local football team founded in 1970, reached the Russian Premier League for the first time during the 2016-17 season.
 * Lokomotiv has played in the highest division of the Russian Bandy League. Now they play in the second highest division, Russian Bandy Supreme League. Their home arena has a capacity of 5000.
 * Nadezhda Orenburg is a women's basketball club competing in the Russian Women's Basketball Premier League and playing in the Orenburzhe Sports Hall.
 * Fakel Gazproma is a table tennis club with, among other players, the three time European champion Uładzimir Samsonaŭ.

National events
In October 2015, the Russian Rink Bandy Cup was to be organised.

Honors
The asteroid 27709 Orenburg was named after the city on June 1, 2007.

Notable people

 * Lev Alburt (born 1945) chess grandmaster
 * Ivan Krylov (1769–1844), writer
 * Vasily Alekseevich Perovsky (1794–1857), statesman
 * Vladimir Dal (1801–1872), lexicographer
 * Yevgraf Fyodorov (1853–1919), mathematician, crystallographer, and mineralogist
 * Paul Nazaroff (1890–1942), geologist and writer
 * Joseph Kessel (1898–1979), journalist and novelist
 * Georgy Malenkov (1902–1988), General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (de facto,1952-1953) and fifth Premier of the Soviet Union
 * Musa Cälil (1906–1944), poet
 * Alexander Schmorell (1917–1943), a member of the anti-Nazi group White Rose
 * Aleksander Burba (1918–1984), industry leader and educator
 * Mstislav Rostropovich (1927–2007), cellist
 * Yuri Gagarin (1934–1968), cosmonaut
 * Denis Istomin (born 1986), tennis player
 * Alexander Alexandrovich Prokhorenko (1990–2016), a Senior lieutenant with the Special Operations Forces of the Russian Armed Forces. He was killed during the Palmyra offensive of the Syrian Civil War. Prokhorenko was identifying targets for Russian airstrikes when he was surrounded by ISIS fighters near Palmyra and ordered an airstrike on his own location

Twin towns – sister cities
Orenburg is twinned with:
 * 🇰🇿 Aktobe, Kazakhstan
 * 🇹🇯 Khujand, Tajikistan
 * 🇰🇿 Oral, Kazakhstan
 * 🇺🇸 Orlando, United States (temporarily suspended)

title: Orenburg


text:
Nuclear-powered icebreaker

A nuclear-powered icebreaker is an icebreaker with an onboard nuclear power plant that produces power for the vessel's propulsion system. Although more expensive to operate, nuclear-powered icebreakers provide a number of advantages over their diesel-powered counterparts, especially along the Northern Sea Route where heavy power demand associated with icebreaking, limited refueling infrastructure along the Siberian coast, and endurance required make diesel-powered icebreaker operations challenging. As of 2023, Russia is the only country that builds and operates nuclear-powered icebreakers, having built a number of such vessels to aid shipping along the Northern Sea Route and Russian arctic outposts since the Soviet era.

History of nuclear-powered icebreakers
The first nuclear icebreaker was the Soviet vessel Lenin, which was launched in 1957 as the world’s first nuclear-powered surface vessel and the first civilian-operated nuclear vessel. An experimental nuclear-powered vessel, Lenin began icebreaking service along the Northern Sea Route in 1959 and continued to do so until 1989. From 1967 to 1971 Lenin was refurbished, with new capabilities developed in the process.

The second-generation nuclear-powered icebreakers, Arktika class (Project 10520 and 10521), utilized an improved reactor design and turbo-electric propulsion train to deliver significantly improved icebreaking performance, allowing the vessels to provide year-round icebreaking service along the Northern Sea Route and conduct voyages into the Arctic Ocean.

As natural gas exploration increased along the Siberian coast, the Murmansk Shipping Company (MSCO) found that the existing Arktika-class were challenging to operate within the shallow coastal deltas. To fill this capability gap, they ordered two slightly smaller shallow-draught icebreakers from Wärtsilä Marine Helsinki Shipyard in Finland and installed their nuclear powerplants at Baltic Shipbuilding in Leningrad (today St. Petersburg).

In the late 1980s, the Central Design Bureau "Iceberg" began designing a replacement for the Arktika- and Taymyr classes. The program called for a series of icebreaker designs ranging from smaller diesel-powered auxiliary icebreakers to two nuclear-powered icebreaker types, 60-megawatt "line icebreaker" (LK-60Ya) and 110-megawatt "icebreaker-leader" (LK-110Ya). The LK-60Ya was realized as Project 22220, the first of which was laid down in 2013 and commissioned in 2020. Although similar in size and propulsion power to the preceding Arktika-class, Project 22220 is a dual-draft vessel capable of operating at 2 m shallower draft, allowing it to perform roles of both Arktika- and Taymyr classes. The first LK-110Ya-type icebreaker, realized as Project 10510, was laid down in 2021. When completed, the lead vessel Rossiya will be the largest nuclear icebreaker in the world.

Although Russia has historically been the only country to build and operate nuclear-powered icebreakers, several other countries have expressed interest in doing so. In 2019, China announced plans that it would build a nuclear-powered icebreaker similar to the Russian Project 22220. As of 2023, construction on this proposed nuclear icebreaker has not commenced.

Commercial icebreaking
The Northern Sea Route runs along the Siberian coast from the principal ports of Murmansk to Petropavlovsk and Vladivostok. The route includes sections of the Barents Sea, the Pechora Sea, the Kara Sea, the Laptev Sea, and the Eastern Siberian Sea to the Bering Strait. It provides the only feasible means to deliver heavy equipment, such as natural gas production modules or military vehicles, to communities along the Siberian coast and the Russian Arctic islands. Key ports served along the Siberian coast are Dikson, Tiksi, Pevek, and the Yamal Peninsula.

During the winter, the ice along the Northern Sea Route varies in thickness from 1.2 to 2.0 m. The ice in central parts of the Arctic Ocean is on average 2.5 m thick. Nuclear-powered icebreakers can force through this ice at speeds up to 3 knots. In ice-free waters, the maximum speed of the nuclear-powered icebreakers is as much as 22 knots.

Two types of nuclear-powered icebreakers are used along the Northern Sea Route: the heavy Arktika-class and shallow draft Taymyr-class. With a draft of 11 m the Arktika-class vessels are unable to navigate the shallow river deltas leading to several key Siberian ports. The smaller Taymyr-class provides icebreaking service in these regions, particularly the Yenisei River to Dikson.

Scientific exploration
The icebreakers have also been used for a number of scientific expeditions in the Arctic. On August 17, 1977, Arktika was the first surface vessel in the world to reach the North Pole.

Arctic tourism
Since 1989 the Arktika-class nuclear-powered icebreakers have also been used to ferry tourists to the North Pole. Each participant pays up to US$25,000 for a cruise lasting three weeks. Sibir was used for the first two tourist cruises in 1989 and 1990. In 1991 and 1992, the tourist trips to the North Pole were undertaken by Sovetskiy Soyuz. During the summer of 1993, Yamal was used for three tourist expeditions in the Arctic. The last two vessel of the Arktika-class (Yamal and 50 Let Pobedy) contain a separate accommodation section for tourists.

Quark Expeditions chartered 50 Let Pobedy for expeditions to the North Pole in 2008. The vessel's maiden voyage to the North Pole embarked in Murmansk, on June 24, 2008. The ship carried 128 guests in 64 cabins in five categories. 50 Let Pobedy completed a total of three expeditions to the North Pole in 2008 for the polar adventure company. As of February 2013, Quark Expeditions was listing 50 Let Pobedy in the company fleet and offering it for a North Pole cruise.

Russian nuclear-powered icebreaker fleet
Russia's nuclear-powered icebreaking fleet is owned by the federal government. Initially, the icebreakers were operated by the Murmansk Shipping Company (MSCO); however, in 2008 they were transferred to the state-owned corporation Rosatom and operated by the subsidiary Atomflot. Rosatom is also responsible for the safe navigation of vessels along the Northern Sea Route.

Icebreakers

 * Lenin: an experimental 16,000 tonne, 134 meter long icebreaker commissioned in 1957. The Lenin was initially powered by three OK-150 (90MWt) nuclear reactors, which were replaced with two OK-900 (171MWt) reactors in 1971. Lenin was decommissioned in 1989 and has since been converted to a museum ship in its former homeport of Murmansk.
 * Arktika class (Project 10520 and 10521): six 24,000 tonne, 148 meter long heavy icebreakers commissioned from 1977 to 2007. The Arktika-class icebreakers are powered by two OK-900A (171MWt) nuclear reactors with turbo-electric propulsion driving three propellers. Only two of the initial six vessels remain in active service.
 * Taymyr class (Project 10580): two 20,800 tonne, 152 meter long shallow draft icebreakers commissioned from 1987 to 1989. The Taymyr-class is powered by one KLT-40M nuclear reactor (171MWt) with turbo-electric propulsion driving three propellers.
 * Project 22220: 33,000 tonne, 173 meter long heavy icebreakers currently under construction at Baltic Shipyard which will replace the previous Arktika- and Taymyr-classes. As of June 2023, three vessels have been completed and an additional four are planned. Project 22220 icebreakers are powered by two RITM-200 (175MWt) nuclear reactors with turbo-electric propulsion driving three propellers.
 * Project 10510: a 69,700 tonne, 209 meter long heavy icebreakers currently under construction at Zvezda Shipyard to augment Project 22220. As of June 2023, one hull is under construction. The vessel will be powered by two RITM-400 nuclear reactors (315MWt) with turbo-electric propulsion driving four propellers.

Ice-strengthened cargo ship

 * Sevmorput: a 61,900 tonne, 260 meter long ice-strengthened LASH cargo ship commissioned in 1988. The Sevmorput is powered by one KLT-40 (135MWt) nuclear reactor and a steam turbine-driven controllable pitch propeller.

title: Nuclear-powered icebreaker


text:
Branch point

In the mathematical field of complex analysis, a branch point of a multivalued function is a point such that if the function is $$n$$-valued (has $$n$$ values) at that point, all of its neighborhoods contain a point that has more than $$n$$ values. Multi-valued functions are rigorously studied using Riemann surfaces, and the formal definition of branch points employs this concept.

Branch points fall into three broad categories: algebraic branch points, transcendental branch points, and logarithmic branch points. Algebraic branch points most commonly arise from functions in which there is an ambiguity in the extraction of a root, such as solving the equation $$w^2=z$$ for $$w$$ as a function of $$z$$. Here the branch point is the origin, because the analytic continuation of any solution around a closed loop containing the origin will result in a different function: there is non-trivial monodromy. Despite the algebraic branch point, the function $$w$$ is well-defined as a multiple-valued function and, in an appropriate sense, is continuous at the origin. This is in contrast to transcendental and logarithmic branch points, that is, points at which a multiple-valued function has nontrivial monodromy and an essential singularity. In geometric function theory, unqualified use of the term branch point typically means the former more restrictive kind: the algebraic branch points. In other areas of complex analysis, the unqualified term may also refer to the more general branch points of transcendental type.

Algebraic branch points
Let $$\Omega$$ be a connected open set in the complex plane $$\mathbb{C}$$ and $$f:\Omega\to\mathbb{C}$$ a holomorphic function. If $$f $$ is not constant, then the set of the critical points of $$f $$, that is, the zeros of the derivative $$f'(z)$$, has no limit point in $$\Omega$$. So each critical point $$z_0$$ of $$f $$ lies at the center of a disc $$B(z_0,r)$$ containing no other critical point of $$f $$ in its closure.

Let $$\gamma$$ be the boundary of $$B(z_0,r)$$, taken with its positive orientation. The winding number of $$f(\gamma)$$ with respect to the point $$f(z_0)$$ is a positive integer called the ramification index of $$z_0$$. If the ramification index is greater than 1, then $$z_0$$ is called a ramification point of $$f $$, and the corresponding critical value $$f(z_0)$$ is called an (algebraic) branch point. Equivalently, $$z_0$$ is a ramification point if there exists a holomorphic function $$\phi $$ defined in a neighborhood of $$z_0$$ such that $$f(z) = \phi(z)(z-z_0)^k + f(z_0) $$ for integer $$k>1$$.

Typically, one is not interested in $$f $$ itself, but in its inverse function. However, the inverse of a holomorphic function in the neighborhood of a ramification point does not properly exist, and so one is forced to define it in a multiple-valued sense as a global analytic function. It is common to abuse language and refer to a branch point $$w_0 = f(z_0) $$ of $$f $$ as a branch point of the global analytic function $$f^{-1} $$. More general definitions of branch points are possible for other kinds of multiple-valued global analytic functions, such as those that are defined implicitly. A unifying framework for dealing with such examples is supplied in the language of Riemann surfaces below. In particular, in this more general picture, poles of order greater than 1 can also be considered ramification points.

In terms of the inverse global analytic function $$f^{-1} $$, branch points are those points around which there is nontrivial monodromy. For example, the function $$f(z) = z^2 $$ has a ramification point at $$z_0 = 0 $$. The inverse function is the square root $$f^{-1}(w) = w^{1/2} $$, which has a branch point at $$w_0 = 0 $$. Indeed, going around the closed loop $$w = e^{i\theta}$$, one starts at  $$\theta = 0$$ and $$e^{i0/2} = 1 $$. But after going around the loop to $$\theta = 2\pi $$, one has $$e^{2\pi i/2} = -1 $$. Thus there is monodromy around this loop enclosing the origin.

Transcendental and logarithmic branch points
Suppose that g is a global analytic function defined on a punctured disc around z0. Then g has a transcendental branch point if z0 is an essential singularity of g such that analytic continuation of a function element once around some simple closed curve surrounding the point z0 produces a different function element.

An example of a transcendental branch point is the origin for the multi-valued function

 * $$g(z) = \exp \left( z^{-1/k}\right)\,$$

for some integer k > 1. Here the monodromy group for a circuit around the origin is finite. Analytic continuation around k full circuits brings the function back to the original.

If the monodromy group is infinite, that is, it is impossible to return to the original function element by analytic continuation along a curve with nonzero winding number about z0, then the point z0 is called a logarithmic branch point. This is so called because the typical example of this phenomenon is the branch point of the complex logarithm at the origin. Going once counterclockwise around a simple closed curve encircling the origin, the complex logarithm is incremented by 2$\pi$i. Encircling a loop with winding number w, the logarithm is incremented by 2πi w and the monodromy group is the infinite cyclic group $$\mathbb{Z}$$.

Logarithmic branch points are special cases of transcendental branch points.

There is no corresponding notion of ramification for transcendental and logarithmic branch points since the associated covering Riemann surface cannot be analytically continued to a cover of the branch point itself. Such covers are therefore always unramified.

Examples

 * 0 is a branch point of the square root function. Suppose w = z1/2, and z starts at 4 and moves along a circle of radius 4 in the complex plane centered at 0.  The dependent variable w changes while depending on z in a continuous manner.  When z has made one full circle, going from 4 back to 4 again, w will have made one half-circle, going from the positive square root of 4, i.e., from 2, to the negative square root of 4, i.e., −2.
 * 0 is also a branch point of the natural logarithm. Since e0 is the same as e2πi, both 0 and 2πi are among the multiple values of ln(1).  As z moves along a circle of radius 1 centered at 0, w = ln(z) goes from 0 to 2πi.
 * In trigonometry, since tan(π/4) and tan (5π/4) are both equal to 1, the two numbers π/4 and 5π/4 are among the multiple values of arctan(1). The imaginary units i and −i are branch points of the arctangent function arctan(z) = (1/2i)log[(i − z)/(i + z)].  This may be seen by observing that the derivative (d/dz) arctan(z) = 1/(1 + z2) has simple poles at those two points, since the denominator is zero at those points.
 * If the derivative ƒ ' of a function ƒ  has a simple pole at a point a, then ƒ has a logarithmic branch point at a.  The converse is not true, since the function ƒ(z) = zα for irrational α has a logarithmic branch point, and its derivative is singular without being a pole.

Branch cuts
Roughly speaking, branch points are the points where the various sheets of a multiple valued function come together. The branches of the function are the various sheets of the function. For example, the function w = z1/2 has two branches: one where the square root comes in with a plus sign, and the other with a minus sign. A branch cut is a curve in the complex plane such that it is possible to define a single analytic branch of a multi-valued function on the plane minus that curve. Branch cuts are usually, but not always, taken between pairs of branch points.

Branch cuts allow one to work with a collection of single-valued functions, "glued" together along the branch cut instead of a multivalued function. For example, to make the function

 * $$F(z) = \sqrt{z} \sqrt{1-z}\,$$

single-valued, one makes a branch cut along the interval [0, 1] on the real axis, connecting the two branch points of the function. The same idea can be applied to the function $\sqrt{z}$; but in that case one has to perceive that the point at infinity is the appropriate 'other' branch point to connect to from 0, for example along the whole negative real axis.

The branch cut device may appear arbitrary (and it is); but it is very useful, for example in the theory of special functions. An invariant explanation of the branch phenomenon is developed in Riemann surface theory (of which it is historically the origin), and more generally in the ramification and monodromy theory of algebraic functions and differential equations.

Complex logarithm

The typical example of a branch cut is the complex logarithm. If a complex number is represented in polar form z = reiθ, then the logarithm of z is
 * $$\ln z = \ln r + i\theta.\,$$

However, there is an obvious ambiguity in defining the angle θ: adding to θ any integer multiple of 2π will yield another possible angle. A branch of the logarithm is a continuous function L(z) giving a logarithm of z for all z in a connected open set in the complex plane. In particular, a branch of the logarithm exists in the complement of any ray from the origin to infinity: a branch cut. A common choice of branch cut is the negative real axis, although the choice is largely a matter of convenience.

The logarithm has a jump discontinuity of 2πi when crossing the branch cut. The logarithm can be made continuous by gluing together countably many copies, called sheets, of the complex plane along the branch cut. On each sheet, the value of the log differs from its principal value by a multiple of 2πi. These surfaces are glued to each other along the branch cut in the unique way to make the logarithm continuous. Each time the variable goes around the origin, the logarithm moves to a different branch.

Continuum of poles
One reason that branch cuts are common features of complex analysis is that a branch cut can be thought of as a sum of infinitely many poles arranged along a line in the complex plane with infinitesimal residues. For example,

f_a(z) = {1\over z-a} $$

is a function with a simple pole at z = a. Integrating over the location of the pole:

u(z) = \int_{a=-1}^{a=1} f_a(z) \,da = \int_{a=-1}^{a=1} {1\over z-a} \,da = \log \left({z+1\over z-1}\right) $$

defines a function u(z) with a cut from −1 to 1. The branch cut can be moved around, since the integration line can be shifted without altering the value of the integral so long as the line does not pass across the point z.

Riemann surfaces
The concept of a branch point is defined for a holomorphic function ƒ:X → Y from a compact connected Riemann surface X to a compact Riemann surface Y (usually the Riemann sphere). Unless it is constant, the function ƒ will be a covering map onto its image at all but a finite number of points. The points of X where ƒ fails to be a cover are the ramification points of ƒ, and the image of a ramification point under ƒ is called a branch point.

For any point P ∈ X and Q = ƒ(P) ∈ Y, there are holomorphic local coordinates z for X near P and w for Y near Q in terms of which the function ƒ(z) is given by
 * $$w = z^k$$

for some integer k. This integer is called the ramification index of P. Usually the ramification index is one. But if the ramification index is not equal to one, then P is by definition a ramification point, and Q is a branch point.

If Y is just the Riemann sphere, and Q is in the finite part of Y, then there is no need to select special coordinates. The ramification index can be calculated explicitly from Cauchy's integral formula. Let γ be a simple rectifiable loop in X around P. The ramification index of ƒ at P is
 * $$e_P = \frac{1}{2\pi i}\int_\gamma \frac{f'(z)}{f(z)-f(P)}\,dz.$$

This integral is the number of times ƒ(γ) winds around the point Q. As above, P is a ramification point and Q is a branch point if eP > 1.

Algebraic geometry
In the context of algebraic geometry, the notion of branch points can be generalized to mappings between arbitrary algebraic curves. Let ƒ:X → Y be a morphism of algebraic curves. By pulling back rational functions on Y to rational functions on X, K(X) is a field extension of K(Y). The degree of ƒ is defined to be the degree of this field extension [K(X):K(Y)], and ƒ is said to be finite if the degree is finite.

Assume that ƒ is finite. For a point P ∈ X, the ramification index eP is defined as follows. Let Q = ƒ(P) and let t be a local uniformizing parameter at P; that is, t is a regular function defined in a neighborhood of Q with t(Q) = 0 whose differential is nonzero. Pulling back t by ƒ defines a regular function on X. Then
 * $$e_P = v_P(t\circ f)$$

where vP is the valuation in the local ring of regular functions at P. That is, eP is the order to which $$t\circ f$$ vanishes at P. If eP > 1, then ƒ is said to be ramified at P. In that case, Q is called a branch point.

title: Branch point


text:
Transduction

Transduction (trans- + -duc- + -tion, "leading through or across") can refer to:

 * Signal transduction, any process by which a biological cell converts one kind of signal or stimulus into another
 * Olfactory transduction
 * Sugar signal transduction
 * Transduction (biophysics), the conveyance of energy from a donor electron to a receptor electron, during which the class of energy changes
 * Transduction (genetics), the transfer of DNA from one cell to another using a virus or viral vector
 * Tbx18 transduction, a cardiac therapy method
 * Transduction (machine learning), the process of directly drawing conclusions about new data from previous data, without constructing a model
 * Transduction (physiology), the transportation of stimuli to the nervous system
 * Transduction (psychology), reasoning from specific cases to general cases, typically employed by children during their development
 * A process by which a transducer converts one type of energy to another

title: Transduction


text:
Thomson Corporation

The Thomson Corporation was one of the world's largest information companies. It was established in 1989 following a merger between International Thomson Organization and Thomson Newspapers. In 2008, it purchased Reuters Group to form Thomson Reuters. The Thomson Corporation was active in financial services, healthcare sectors, law, science and technology research, as well as tax and accounting sectors. The company operated through five segments (2007 onwards): Thomson Financial, Thomson Healthcare, Thomson Legal, Thomson Scientific and Thomson Tax & Accounting.

Until 2007, Thomson was also a major worldwide provider of higher education textbooks, academic information solutions and reference materials. On 26 October 2006, Thomson announced the proposed sale of its Thomson Learning assets. In May 2007, Thomson Learning was acquired by Apax Partners and subsequently renamed Cengage Learning in July. The Thomson Learning brand was used to the end of August 2007.

Subsequently, on 15 October 2007, Educational Testing Service (ETS) finalized acquisition of Thomson's Prometric. Thomson sold its global network of testing centres in 135 countries, for a reported $435 million. Prometric now operates as a wholly owned subsidiary of ETS.

On 15 May 2007, the Thomson Corporation reached an agreement with Reuters to combine the two companies, a deal valued at $17.2 billion. On 17 April 2008, the new company was created under the name of Thomson Reuters. The chief executive officer of Thomson Reuters is Jim Smith, and the chairman is David Thomson, formerly of the Thomson Corporation. Although it was officially a Canadian company and remained Canadian owned, Thomson was run from its operational headquarters in Stamford, Connecticut, in the United States.

History
The Thomson Corporation grew from a single Canadian newspaper, the Timmins Daily Press, acquired in 1934 by Roy Thomson (later to become 1st Baron Thomson of Fleet), into a global media concern. Thomson acquired his first non-Canadian newspaper, the Independent of St. Petersburg, Florida, in 1952. He was told by the UK Government that to qualify for a peerage, in keeping with other press barons in London, he would have to reside in the UK. Accordingly, he moved to Edinburgh and invited newspaper owners to sell to him. In this expansion in the United Kingdom the first to come forward and be bought was The Scotsman in 1953. He had no experience of television but saw the profits it made in the US and successfully founded Scottish Television in 1957, locating its headquarters and studios in the Theatre Royal, Glasgow. He founded the Thomson Organization in 1959. In the 1960s, Thomson's UK publishing realm expanded to include Thomson Publication (UK), a consumer magazine and book publishing house, and The Times. In 1965, Thomson Newspapers, Ltd. was formed as a publicly traded company in Canada.

Roy Thomson's prolific endeavours in publishing earned him the hereditary title Lord Thomson of Fleet in 1964. Thomson's interests moved beyond publishing with the creation of Thomson Travel and acquisition of Britannia Airways in 1965 and 1971, and a foray into a consortium exploring the North Sea for oil and gas. Thomson used its oil profits to buy small newspapers in the United States, starting with the acquisition of Brush-Moore Newspapers in 1967 for $72 million, at the time the largest sale of newspapers. By the end of the 1970s, Thomson Newspapers' circulation in the United States had surpassed the 1 million mark. In 1974, it was rumored to be planning a takeover of Speidel Newspapers. The Thomson Organization was reorganised into the International Thomson Organization in 1978 in order to move its operating base from Britain to Canada, so that it would not be subject to British monopolies legislation, foreign‐exchange controls and dividend limitation. The International Thomson Organization and Thomson Newspapers merged in 1989, creating the Thomson Corporation. Over the years, the company has withdrawn from its holdings in the oil and gas business, the travel industry and department stores.

When Kenneth Thomson took over from his father Roy in 1976, the company was worth about $500 million. At Kenneth's death in June 2006, the company was valued at about $29.3 billion.

Transition to business information
In 1978, the acquisition of Wadsworth Publishing provided Thomson with its first entry into specialised information, college textbooks and professional books. (In 2007, Thomson Learning, including the Wadsworth imprint, was sold and renamed as Cengage Learning.)

Starting in the mid-1990s, Thomson invested further in specialised information services (but this time providing them in digital format) and began selling off its newspapers. That was about the time Richard J. Harrington, an accountant, became chief executive officer of the company. One of the first moves came when Thomson spent $3.4 billion to acquire the West Publishing Company, a legal information provider in Eagan, Minnesota.

In recent years, Thomson provided much of the specialised information content the world's financial, legal, research and medical organizations rely on every day to make business-critical decisions and drive innovation. While it remained a publishing company, early and aggressive investment in electronic delivery had become a key company goal. "Except for its educational division, which still publishes a substantial number of conventional textbooks, Thomson had the good fortune to move into these businesses as customers were demanding electronic delivery of their information", according to a 3 July 2006 article. "In some markets, Thomson was able to move past other players who were more cautious about digital conversion."

In 2003, the Thomson Corporation bought the Chilton automotive assets. Also in 2003, Thomson acquired the software company Elite Information Group and medical education company Gardiner-Caldwell. Also in 2003, Thomson sold its medical magazine publishing units to Advanstar Communications. Thomson also acquired the publisher Techstreet.

In 2004, Thomson acquired Tradeweb. In late 2004, the company sold its Thomson Media group to Investcorp. The B2B publishing group, which features such titles as American Banker, National Mortgage News, and The Bond Buyer, was renamed SourceMedia.

In 2005, Thomson acquired medical education company Physicians World.

In October 2006, the company confirmed it would sell the Thomson Learning market group in three parts. The first part, corporate education and training (NETg), has agreed to be sold to Skillsoft for $285 million. Apax announced its acquisition of Thomson's higher education business on 11 May 2007, for $7.5 billion in cash assets.

In 2007, Thomson sold Thomson Medical Education (including Physicians' World and Gardiner-Caldwell) to private equity firm ABRY Partners. The group was renamed KnowledgePoint360.

Brands
Some of Thomson's brands are better known than the company name itself. Its brands include Thomson ONE, Westlaw, FindLaw, BARBRI, Pangea3, Physician's Desk Reference (now published digitally as the Prescriber's Digital Reference), RIA, Thomson Tax and Accounting (tax and accounting software and services for accountants), Creative Solutions, Quickfinder, DISEASEDEX (now merged with IBM Watson Health), DrugREAX, Medstat, Thomson First Call (now a subsidiary of the London Stock Exchange Group, known as Refinitiv), Checkpoint, EndNote (now produced by Clarivate, an independent company), Derwent World Patents Index (now produced by Clarivate), SAEGIS (now produced by Clarivate), MicroPatent, Aureka (now owned by Clarivate), Faxpat, OptiPat, Just Files, Faxpat, OptiPat, Just Files, Corporate Intelligence, InfoTrac (now owned by Cengage), Delphion, Arco Test Prep (now owned by Cengage), Peterson's Directories (now owned by Cengage), NewsEdge, TradeWeb, Web of Science (now produced by Clarivate) and the Arden Shakespeare (now published by Bloomsbury Publishing). Thomson formerly owned Jane's Information Group, now owned by Montagu Private Equity. These information sources are produced by the many companies of Thomson, including West Publishing, Thomson Financial, ISI (now owned by Clarivate), Thomson Gale (now owned by Cengage), Dialog Corporation (now owned by Clarivate), Brookers, Carswell, CCBN, Course Technology (now owned by Cengage), Gardiner-Caldwell, IHI, Lawbook Co, Wadsworth (now owned by Cengage), Thomson CompuMark (now owned by Clarivate) and Sweet & Maxwell.

Thomson Reuters New Zealand Limited has been publishing and updating information on New Zealand law since 1910, formerly as John Friend Ltd, to Brooker and Friend Ltd, to Brookers, to Thomson Brookers'.

Thomson had divested many of its traditional media assets – or combined them with digital products – and had moved toward a larger reliance on information technology services and products.

Restatements
On 1 January 2004, Thomson adopted a new accounting standard, which required restatement of all prior periods. The company restated its financial reports accordingly.

Corporate governance
Members of the last board of directors of Thomson were as follows: David K.R. Thomson (chairman of the board since 2002), W. Geoffrey Beattie, Richard Harrington, Ron D. Barbaro, Mary Cirillo, Robert Daleo, Steven Denning, Maureen Darkes, Roger Martin, Vance Opperman, John M. Thompson, Peter Thomson, Richard Thomson and John A. Tory.

The Thomson family owned 70% of the company.

When Kenneth Thomson died in June 2006, control of the family fortune passed on to David K.R. Thomson under a plan put together decades earlier by company founder Roy Thomson.

"David, my grandson, will have to take his part in the running of the organisation and David's son, too," Roy wrote in his 1975 autobiography. "With the fortune that we will leave to them go also responsibilities. These Thomson boys that come after Ken are not going to be able, even if they want to, to shrug off these responsibilities."

The Thomson family controlled the Thomson Corporation through a family-owned entity, the Woodbridge Company, based in Toronto. (Along with 70% of Thomson Corporation, Woodbridge also owns a 40% stake in CTVglobemedia, which now owns the Globe and Mail daily newspaper in Toronto and CTV, Canada's largest commercial TV network.) David K.R. Thomson and his brother, Peter Thomson, became co-chairmen of Woodbridge after their father's death.

title: Thomson Corporation


text:
Dictionary of American Naval Aviation Squadrons

The Dictionary of American Naval Aviation Squadrons (DANAS) is a multivolume work published by Naval Historical Center of the U.S. Department of the Navy's Naval History & Heritage Command. It covers naval aviation in much the same way as the Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships (DANFS) covers commissioned vessels.

Two volumes have been published to date: Volume 1, covering the history of attack and strike fighter squadrons, and Volume 2, covering the history of patrol squadrons. Other volumes are forthcoming.

The squadron histories are quite detailed, typically including sections on lineage, insignia and nickname, chronology of significant events, home port assignments, commanding officers, aircraft assigned, major overseas deployments, airwing assignments, and unit awards received.

DANAS volumes are available online and as PDF files on CD-ROM.

Publication data
Volume 1 (1995) includes about 140 histories and other data covering every squadron in the attack (VA, VAH, VAK, VAL, and VAP) and strike fighter (VFA) communities from the time the first of these commands was established in 1934, through the publication of this volume in 1995. There are seven appendixes, including such things as technical information and drawings for aircraft assigned to the squadrons covered, carrier deployments by year, and lineage listings for the squadrons. A glossary, bibliography, and index are also included. The information was compiled by Roy A. Grossnick, the head of the Naval Historical Center's Naval Aviation History Office.

Volume 2 (2000) contains 154 histories covering every patrol squadron (VP, VPB, VP(H) and, VP(AM)) in existence between 1922 and 2000. Fourteen appendixes cover technical information on patrol aircraft, submarines sunk by patrol squadrons, air-to-air claims for Navy and Marine Corps patrol aircraft during World War II, a listing of patrol squadron shore bases, etc. A glossary, bibliography, and index are also included.

This book provides an opportunity to learn about the origins, achievements, and traditions of patrol aviation as it relates to the naval heritage of the United States. It was written by a professional historian and retired Navy Captain Michael D. Roberts.

Subsequent volumes in the series will cover other components of U.S. naval aviation. In 2000, the staff of the History & Heritage Command's Aviation History Branch was in the early stages of work on Volume 3, containing the histories and lineage of all U.S. Navy fighter squadrons.

Reference use
Because the DANAS is a work of the U.S. government, its content is in the public domain, and the text is often quoted verbatim in other works.


text:
Key distribution center

In cryptography, a key distribution center (KDC) is part of a cryptosystem intended to reduce the risks inherent in exchanging keys. KDCs often operate in systems within which some users may have permission to use certain services at some times and not at others.

Security overview
For instance, an administrator may have established a policy that only certain users may back up to tape. Many operating systems can control access to the tape facility via a "system service". If that system service further restricts the tape drive to operate only on behalf of users who can submit a service-granting ticket when they wish to use it, there remains only the task of distributing such tickets to the appropriately permitted users. If the ticket consists of (or includes) a key, one can then term the mechanism which distributes it a KDC. Usually, in such situations, the KDC itself also operates as a system service.

Operation
A typical operation with a KDC involves a request from a user to use some service. The KDC will use cryptographic techniques to authenticate requesting users as themselves. It will also check whether an individual user has the right to access the service requested. If the authenticated user meets all prescribed conditions, the KDC can issue a ticket permitting access.

KDCs mostly operate with symmetric encryption.

In most (but not all) cases the KDC shares a key with each of all the other parties.

The KDC produces a ticket based on a server key.

The client receives the ticket and submits it to the appropriate server.

The server can verify the submitted ticket and grant access to user submitting it.

Security systems using KDCs include Kerberos. (Actually, Kerberos partitions KDC functionality between two different agents: the AS (Authentication Server) and the TGS (Ticket Granting Service).)

title: Key distribution center


text:
Uru

Uru or URU may refer to:

Language

 * Uru dialect of Central Kilimanjaro, a Bantu language of Tanzania
 * Uru language, the extinct language of the Uros, an Amerindian people
 * Urumi language, an extinct language of the Amazon region of Brazil
 * URU (Sumerogram), a relatively distinctive sign in the cuneiform sign lists
 * Urú, the addition of a preceding letter to indicate eclipsis in the Irish language; see

Places

 * Uruguay, IOC country code
 * Üru, a village in Saare County, Estonia
 * Uru, Iran, a village in Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran
 * Uru, São Paulo, a city in Brazil
 * Uru Uru Lake, a lake south of the Bolivian town of Oruro
 * Uru Harbour Airport, an airport on Malaita, Solomon Islands
 * Uru River (Goiás), a river of central Brazil
 * Uru River (Maranhão), a river of northeastern Brazil
 * Uyu River, or Uru River, a river of Myanmar
 * Rafael Urdaneta University, a university in Venezuela
 * Uru Shimbwe, town in Tanzania

People

 * Uru people, a group of pre-Incan people who live in Peru and Bolivia
 * Henare Uru (1872–1929), New Zealand Maori politician
 * Hopere Uru (1868–1921), New Zealand Maori politician
 * Storm Uru (born 1985), New Zealand rower
 * Uru (singer), a Japanese female singer.
 * Black Uhuru, Reggae Musicians

Media

 * Uttarakhand Residential University, a state university in Uttarakhand, India
 * Uru (comics), the fictional metal in Marvel Comics, from which Thor's hammer Mjolnir is made
 * Uru (The Lion King), a fictional lioness character
 * Uru: Ages Beyond Myst, a 2003 computer game
 * Myst Online: Uru Live, a 2007 online version of the original game
 * Uru (2017 film), a Tamil-language horror thriller film
 * Uru (2023 film), a Malayalam-language drama film

Other

 * Uru (boat), an ancient trading vessel
 * Spot-winged wood quail, a bird from Latin America
 * Mekanika Uru, a submachine gun
 * Uruguayan Rugby Union

title: Uru


text:
Talk:Ceský Krumlov

I see that "Cesky Krumlov" is a redirect to the main page "Ceský Krumlov". Shouldn't this be rather vice versa? I read (Naming conventions) that page names are ISO-8559-1 -strict (and thus the proper name "Český Krumlov is impossible) but should we make such a "hybrid" using just the allowed diacritics? I think most people search for "Cesky Krumlov" in the first place. Matt Borak 00:49, 23 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * That would be okay by me. -- Infrogmation 18:57, 23 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * OK, done it. -- Matt Borak 19:32, 23 Feb 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ceský Krumlov


text:
Lygodium

Lygodium (climbing fern) is a genus of about 40 species of ferns, native to tropical regions across the world, with a few temperate species in eastern Asia and eastern North America. It is the sole genus in the family Lygodiaceae in the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I). Alternatively, the genus may be placed as the only genus in the subfamily Lygodioideae of a more broadly defined family Schizaeaceae, the family placement used in Plants of the World Online. Per recent molecular evidence, Lygodiaceae is thought to have diverged relatively early from the other members of the Schizaeales due to the relatively high level of synonymous sequence divergence between the families within the Schizaeales.

Description
Lygodium are unusual in that the rachis, or midrib, of the frond is thin, flexible, and long, the frond unrolling with indeterminate growth and the rachis twining around supports, so that each frond forms a distinct vine. The fronds may be from 3-12 m long, depending on the species. They are also easily identifiable by their possession of apical buds that lay dormant until damage to the rachis occurs, allowing them a high degree of endurance.

Range
Lygodium is a wide ranging genus with native populations existing in Asia, Australasia, Africa, and North and South America. The genus is largely pan-tropical, with the center of diversity being Pacific islands, such as Borneo, the Philippine islands, and New Guinea. There do exist several species tolerant of temperate climates such as Lygodium palmatum, which is endemic to the Appalachian region of eastern North America, and Lygodium japonicum, which is native to Japan, but highly invasive in the Southeastern United States. For more on this, refer to the "As invasive species" section below. The lack of extant Lygodium species in Europe is commonly attributed to the Pleistocene glaciation wiping them out. Similar extirpations did not occur in other high middle and high latitude areas, such as the United States and Japan that do have Lygodium populations at present. This discrepancy is thought to be due to the East-West orientation of the European Alps preventing southward migration of Lygodium members, among other extirpated species, while the relatively North-South orientations of the Appalachian mountains and Japanese Alps allowed such southward migration.

Uses
Lygodium species, known as nito, are used as a source of fibers in the Philippines. The fibers are used as material for weaving, most notably of traditional salakot headgear.

As invasive species
Some Lygodium species are now considered very problematic invasive weeds in the southeastern United States. Populations of Lygodium have increased more than 12-fold over the past decade, as noted by Florida's Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences.

Japanese climbing fern (Lygodium japonicum) was added to the Florida Noxious Weed List in 1999. It is also a major problem in pine plantations, causing contamination and harvesting problems for the pine straw industry. Old World climbing fern (Lygodium microphyllum) infests cypress swamps and other hydric sites, forming a monoculture. This massive infestation displaces all native flora and fauna, completely changing the ecosystem of the area.

Plants in this genus have basal chromosome counts of n=28, 29, 30.

Selected species

 * Lygodium altum (Clarke) Alderw. 1909
 * Lygodium articulatum A.Rich. 1832 – New Zealand (North Island).
 * Lygodium auriculatum (Willd.) Alston 1959
 * Lygodium boivinii Kuhn 1868
 * Lygodium borneense Alderw. 1915
 * Lygodium circinatum (Burm.fil.) Sw. 1806 – Tropical Asia and Australasia.
 * ?Lygodium conforme – China.
 * Lygodium cubense Kunth 1815 – Cuba, Hispaniola.
 * ?Lygodium digitatum – China.
 * Lygodium dimorphum Copel. 1911
 * Lygodium flexuosum (L.) Sw. 1801 – Southern China south to northern Australasia, Kerala(South India).
 * Lygodium heterodoxum Kunze 1849
 * Lygodium hians E.Fourn. 1873
 * Lygodium japonicum (Thunb.) Sw. 1801 – Japanese climbing fern. Eastern Asia south to northern Australia.
 * Lygodium kerstenii Kuhn 1867
 * Lygodium lanceolatum Desv. 1811
 * Lygodium longifolium (Willd.) Sw. 1803
 * Lygodium merrillii Copel. 1907
 * Lygodium microphyllum (Cav.) R. Br. 1810 – Old World climbing fern. Africa, south Asia and Australia.
 * ?Lygodium microstachyum – China.
 * Lygodium oligostachyum (Willd.) Desv. 1827
 * Lygodium palmatum (Bernh.) Swartz 1806 – American climbing fern. Eastern United States (rare, confined to acid soils).
 * Lygodium polystachyum Wall. ex Moore 1859 – China.
 * Lygodium radiatum Prantl 1881
 * Lygodium reticulatum Schkuhr 1809 – Australia, Polynesia.
 * Lygodium salicifolium Presl 1845 – Southern China south to northern Australasia.
 * ?Lygodium subareolatum – China.
 * Lygodium smithianum Presl 1845
 * Lygodium trifurcatum Baker 1868 – Tropical southeast Asia south to northern Australasia.
 * Lygodium venustum Sw. 1803
 * Lygodium versteeghii Christ 1909 – Tropical southeast Asia south to northern Australasia.
 * Lygodium volubile Sw. 1803 – Northern South America, Central America, Caribbean.
 * Lygodium yunnanense Ching 1959 – Southern China.
 * L. ×fayae Jermy & Walker 1985
 * L. ×lancetillanum Gómez 1980

title: Lygodium