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Freddy Got Fingered

Freddy Got Fingered is a 2001 surreal black comedy film directed by Tom Green in his feature film directorial debut and written by Green and Derek Harvie. Green stars in the film as a childish slacker who wishes to become a professional cartoonist while dealing with his abusive father's behavior. Its plot resembles Green's struggles as a young man trying to get his television series picked up, which would later become the MTV series The Tom Green Show. The title of the film refers to a plot point where Green's character falsely accuses his father of sexually abusing his brother, the eponymous Freddy.

Released in theaters on April 20, 2001 by 20th Century Fox, Freddy Got Fingered was critically panned at the time of its release, with many considering it as one of the worst films of all time. It was also a box office disappointment, grossing $14.3 million worldwide, slightly above its $14 million budget. It received five Golden Raspberry Awards of its eight nominations, as well as a Dallas-Fort Worth Film Critics Association Award for Worst Picture. However, the film quickly developed a cult following after its release on home video and has earned some positive critical reevaluation.

Plot
Unemployed 28-year-old cartoonist Gordon "Gord" Brody leaves his parents' home in Portland, Oregon, to pursue his lifelong ambition of obtaining a contract for an animated television series. His parents, Jim and Julie, give him a Chrysler LeBaron which he drives to Los Angeles and starts work at a cheese sandwich factory to make money. Gord shows his drawings to Dave Davidson, the CEO of a major animation studio; Davidson commends the artwork but calls the concepts depicted, including a vigilante "X-Ray Cat", nonsensical. Disheartened, Gord quits his job and returns to his parents.

Jim constantly insults and belittles Gord following his return, telling him to forget about being an animator and "get a job". When Gord pressures his friend Darren into skating on a wooden half-pipe he has built outside the Brody home, Darren falls and breaks his leg. At the hospital, Gord impersonates a doctor, delivers a baby, and meets an attractive nurse named Betty, who uses a wheelchair, has a penchant for fellatio, and wants to create a rocket-powered wheelchair. Gord lies to his father that he has got a job in the computer industry and goes out to a restaurant with Betty, pretending he is at work. However, Jim sees him there and disparages Betty due to her disabilities. After a fight in the restaurant, Gord is arrested and Betty bails him out. Following her advice, Gord attempts to continue drawing; however, he gets into an argument with Jim, who then smashes Gord's half-pipe. Gord and his parents then go to a family therapy session, where Gord falsely accuses his father of fingering Gord's younger brother, Freddy. The 25-year-old Freddy is sent to a home for sexually molested children despite clearly being an adult. Julie, fed up with Jim's real and perceived behavior, leaves Jim and ends up dating the basketball player Shaquille O'Neal. While in a drunken stupor, Jim tells Gord how much of a disappointment he is to him. Affected by his father's words, Gord decides to abandon his aspirations to be a cartoonist and gets a job at a local sandwich shop.

After seeing a television news report on Betty's successful rocket-powered wheelchair, Gord is inspired to pursue his dreams once again. He returns to Hollywood with a concept based on his relationship with his father: an adult animated series called Zebras in America. Jim follows Gord there after threatening Darren into revealing his whereabouts. While Gord is pitching the show to Davidson, Jim bursts in and trashes Davidson's office. Thinking Jim's actions are part of Gord's pitch, Davidson greenlights Zebras in America and gives Gord a million-dollar check. Gord spends a quarter of that money on an elaborate thank you to Betty for inspiring him, and the remainder to relocate the Brody house to Pakistan with his father inside, unconscious—a response to Jim's earlier put-down that "If this were Pakistan, you would have been sewing soccer balls when you were four years old!"

Gord and Jim soon come to terms, but are then abducted and held hostage. The kidnapping becomes a news item, as Gord's series has already become popular. After 18 months in captivity, Gord and Jim return to the United States, where a huge crowd, including Betty and Darren, welcomes them home.

Cast

 * Tom Green as Gordon "Gord" Brody, a childish 28-year-old slacker cartoonist who dreams of having his own cartoon show.
 * Rip Torn as James “Jim” Brody, Gord's short-tempered, blue-collar father who frequently clashes with Gord in response to his slacking and clowning.
 * Marisa Coughlan as Betty Menger, Gord's masochist love interest who dreams of developing a rocket-powered wheelchair.
 * Eddie Kaye Thomas as Freddy Brody, Gord's responsible younger brother who works at a bank.
 * Harland Williams as Darren, Gord's bank teller friend.
 * Anthony Michael Hall as Dave Davidson, the head of Radioactive Animation Studios, who Gord seeks to pitch his cartoons to.
 * Julie Hagerty as Julie Brody, Gord's mild-mannered mother.
 * Drew Barrymore as Davidson's receptionist
 * Shaquille O'Neal as himself
 * Jackson Davies as Mr. Malloy, the Brodys' next-door neighbor.
 * Connor Widdows as Andy Malloy, the accident-prone son of Mr. Malloy
 * Lorena Gale as Psychiatrist/Social worker
 * Noel Fisher as Pimply manager
 * Stephen Tobolowsky (uncredited) as Uncle Neil
 * Joe Flaherty (uncredited) as William

Production
Principal photography took place in South Western British Columbia in primarily in Vancouver and cities; Surrey, Delta (Boundary Bay Airport), Belcarra (Burrard Inlet), Port Moody (Reed Point Marina), Burnaby (Lougheed Mall) and Squamish (Squamish Airport) and in Santa Monica, California. The theatrical release is 87 minutes and received an R rating from the Motion Picture Association of America following requested cuts to tone it down from an NC-17, a rating that Green described as "like porn with murder." As an extra on the DVD release, Green also included a version of the ending, where a small child character gets sliced by the airplane propeller, which he had edited to secure an R rating. The PG-rated cut of Freddy Got Fingered is a mere three minutes long with a comedic voiceover. Some footage was leaked by the Newgrounds website before release. Years later, Tom Fulp, owner of Newgrounds, confirmed that the leak was a publicity stunt. Titmouse, Inc produced the animation sequences.

Box office
On a budget of $14 million, Freddy Got Fingered grossed $14,254,993 domestically and $78,259 overseas for a worldwide total of $14,333,252, making it initially a commercial failure though it did eventually turn a profit from DVD sales. The film earned $24,300,000 from DVD sales, and was among the top 50 weekly DVD rentals chart. Green has stated in a few interviews in 2010 that DVD sales have been growing many years later and that there was a cult following. In a 2017 interview, Green stated that the box office receipts for the film did not reflect the actual attendance, as he thinks that moviegoers under the age of 17 bought tickets to Crocodile Dundee in Los Angeles and then snuck into the theater showing his film.

Critical response
Freddy Got Fingered was panned upon release, with many critics considering it to be one of the worst films of all time. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the film an approval rating of 10% based on reviews from 95 critics, with an average rating of 3.20/10. The site's critics consensus reads "Unfavorably comparing it with such infamously bad titles as Battlefield Earth, a significant number of critics are calling Tom Green's extreme gross-out comedy the worst movie they have ever seen." Metacritic assigned the film a weighted average score of 13 out of 100 based on 25 critics, indicating "overwhelming dislike". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave Freddy Got Fingered an average grade of "C−" on an A+ to F scale.

The Toronto Star created a one-time new rating for Freddy Got Fingered, giving it "negative one star out of five stars." CNN's Paul Clinton called it "quite simply the worst movie ever released by a major studio in Hollywood history" and listed the running time as "87 awful minutes."

Chicago Sun-Times critic Roger Ebert gave the film a rare zero-star rating and listed it as one of his most hated films of all time, and described the film thusly: "This movie doesn't scrape the bottom of the barrel. This movie isn't the bottom of the barrel. This movie isn't below the bottom of the barrel. This movie doesn't deserve to be mentioned in the same sentence with barrels. […] The day may come when Freddy Got Fingered is seen as a milestone of neo-surrealism. The day may never come when it is seen as funny."

Along with Ebert, his co-host of the At the Movies TV show, Richard Roeper, called it "horrible" and expressed the view that Green was a poor comedian, going so far as to say that "he should be flipping burgers somewhere". Roeper was also offended by the numerous "gross-out" gags. In 2003, Roeper put it on his alphabetized list of his forty least favorite films of all time to that point, reiterating his dislike of Green's comedy in general.

Film critic Leonard Maltin gave Freddy Got Fingered a "BOMB" rating in his eponymous Movie Guide. He expressed views of the film similar to those of Ebert and Roeper: "Instantly notorious word-of-mouth debacle became the poster child for all that's wrong with movie comedy. ... Gags include the maiming of an innocent child and a newborn spun around in the air by its umbilical cord—compounded by the almost unimaginable ineptitude with which they're executed." In 2017, the film critic of The Guardian, Peter Bradshaw, cited it as the worst film he had ever seen, and James Berardinelli says that it is his least favourite film of all time. David Stratton and Margaret Pomeranz of SBS' The Movie Show were not impressed by the film's content and tone. Stratton gave the film zero stars while Pomeranz gave it one star. The magazine Complex included the film in its listicle, "25 Movies That Killed Careers".

A. O. Scott of The New York Times, compared the film to conceptual performance art and praised it "guardedly and with a slightly guilty conscience".

Accolades
The film received eight Golden Raspberry Award nominations in 2002, winning five. In acknowledgment of the critical consensus regarding the film's merits, Green personally appeared at the ceremony to accept his awards, bringing his own red carpet and saying: "I'd just like to say to all the other nominees in the audience: I don't think that I deserve it any more than the rest of you. I'd like to say that; I don't think that it would be true, though." Green would go on to play the harmonica badly for so long that he was dragged off the stage. In February 2010, it was announced that Freddy Got Fingered was nominated for "Worst Picture of the Decade" for the 30th Golden Raspberry Awards but "lost" to Battlefield Earth. Freddy Got Fingered also garnered seven nominations at the 2001 Stinkers Bad Movie Awards, five of which were wins. Following his wins, The Stinkers went ahead and designed their very own trophy for him to collect.

Later reviews
Freddy Got Fingered began to see more positive praise over time, becoming a cult classic. Critic Nathan Rabin of The A.V. Club gave the film a rave review in his "My Year of Flops" column, comparing it to the work of Jean-Luc Godard and calling the film "less as a conventional comedy than as a borderline Dadaist provocation, a $15 million prank at the studio's expense" adding "it's utterly rare and wondrous to witness the emergence of a dazzlingly original comic voice. I experienced that glorious sensation watching Fingered...I can honestly say that I've never seen anything remotely like it" and rated it a "Secret Success." In a later column, Rabin stated "I was a little worried that I'd catch flak for giving mad props to a film as divisive and widely reviled as Freddy Got Fingered. So I was relieved to discover that every single comment agreed with my assessment of it... It also didn't escape my attention that my Freddy post was the most commented-upon post in the history of My Year of Flops by a huge margin." Comedian Chris Rock listed Freddy Got Fingered as one of his favorite movies on his website.

Later, in his review of the film Stealing Harvard, a film co-starring Green, Ebert wrote: "Seeing Tom Green reminded me, as how could it not, of his movie Freddy Got Fingered, which was so poorly received by the film critics that it received only one lonely, apologetic positive review on the Tomatometer. I gave it—let's see—zero stars. Bad movie, especially the scene where Green was whirling the newborn infant around his head by its umbilical cord. But the thing is, I remember Freddy Got Fingered more than a year later. I refer to it sometimes. It is a milestone. And for all its sins, it was at least an ambitious movie, a go-for-broke attempt to accomplish something. It failed, but it has not left me convinced that Tom Green doesn't have good work in him. Anyone with his nerve and total lack of taste is sooner or later going to make a movie worth seeing."

In Green's interview on ''The Opie and Anthony Show, host Gregg "Opie" Hughes said the film had begun to be regarded as "one of the funniest movies ever made". Green said the film had sold a million copies, and that he wished to make a director's cut due to a lot of footage not making the final cut. Green said that he was not trying to make The Jazz Singer and that many fans of the movie shout out scenes from the film regularly at his stand-up performance.

Unreality Magazine featured the film in its list of "10 Hilarious Movies That Received Terrible Reviews", noting that critics' taste in comedies tend not to reflect the general public. Vadim Rizov for IFC.com wrote an article titled "In defense of Freddy Got Fingered". He calls the film one of the great underrated comedies of the decade and says the film would go on to do better if it was released today, comparing it to the successful Adult Swim series Aqua Teen Hunger Force.

Director's cut
Green stated that he would like to do a "director's cut" DVD release of the film in 2011 to celebrate the 10th anniversary.

On March 9, 2010, on Loveline, Green announced that a director's cut would be released. In an answer to a question from a fan on his website tomgreen.com in December 2010, Green said that there was no progress yet in regards to the director's cut. In a Reddit "Ask Me Anything" (AMA) Green did on October 17, 2013, Green responded to a question regarding the release of the director's cut with: "The studio didn't give me the footage to make the directors cut. I want to do it. If you contact New Regency or 20th Century Fox and tell them you want a directors cut [sic] maybe it will happen!"

title: Freddy Got Fingered


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Television director

A television director is in charge of the activities involved in making a television program or section of a program. They are generally responsible for decisions about the editorial content and creative style of a program, and ensuring the producer's vision is delivered. Their duties may include selecting cast members, conduct rehearsals, work with set designers, location scouts and art directors, originating program ideas, finding contributors, writing scripts, planning 'shoots', ensuring safety, leading the crew on location, directing contributors and presenters, and working with editors and music supervisors to assemble and make sure the final product meets the producer and director's vision. The work of a television director can vary widely depending on the nature of the program, the practices of the production company, whether the program content is factual or drama, and whether it is live or recorded.

Factual television director
Factual or documentary TV directors may take any number of roles in the television production process, or combine several roles in one.

Entertainment television director
In a television show composed of individual episodes, the television director's role may differ from a film director's in that he or she will usually work only on some television episodes instead of being the auteur of the entire production. In an episodic television production, the major creative control will likely reside with the television producer(s) of the show. However, the director has input, whether it be how, if and why something can or cannot be done.

Drama television director
In a dramatic arts production, the television director's role can be similar to a film director's, including giving cues to actors and directing the camera placement and movement.

Live television director
Live television shows require a style in which a constant stream of instructions is given by the director as the show progresses, calling for various pre-recorded shots to be played, cueing presenters, communicating with camera and sound operators, and supervising the placement of professional video cameras (camera blocking), lighting equipment, microphones, props, graphics and the overall pacing and feel of the production. Other than quickly calling out commands, the television director liaises with the floor manager.

A news studio might have multiple cameras and few camera movements. In a sports broadcast, the director might have 20 or 30 cameras and must continuously tell each of the camera operators what to focus on.

While the director is responsible for specific shots and other production elements, the producer (typically seated behind the director in the second row of chairs in the control room) coordinates the "big picture", including commercial breaks and the running length of the show.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Television director


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Wheeling Nailers

The Wheeling Nailers are a professional ECHL ice hockey team based in Wheeling, West Virginia. They are the ECHL affiliate of the Pittsburgh Penguins of the National Hockey League and the Wilkes-Barre/Scranton Penguins of the American Hockey League.

The Nailers are the oldest surviving minor league franchise below the level of the American Hockey League, with unbroken continuity of franchise and never having missed a season of play.

Franchise history
The Nailers began play in 1981 in the Atlantic Coast Hockey League as the Carolina Thunderbirds based in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. The Thunderbirds won four consecutive regular season titles and were three-time Bob Payne Trophy winners as league champions. In 1987, the ACHL folded and the team joined the All-American Hockey League for the 1987–88 season. The Thunderbirds, Virginia Lancers, and Johnstown Chiefs then became the basis for the East Coast Hockey League, now known as the ECHL. The Thunderbirds lost the first ECHL playoff championship final to the Toledo Storm. The team was renamed Winston-Salem Thunderbirds in 1990 and moved to Wheeling to become the Wheeling Thunderbirds in 1992 under the leadership of president and co-owner Ed Broyhill.

After a trademark dispute with the Seattle Thunderbirds of the Western Hockey League, the team was renamed Nailers for the 1996–97 season when the franchise held a contest open to local fans, which was won by C. J. Wickham of Steubenville, Ohio. The name "Nailers" was chosen for the city's long history of nail manufacturing. For the 2012–13 season, the Nailers dropped the red-black-gold scheme they had used for nearly two decades in favor of a black-and-gold palette used by the Penguins.

The team plays at the WesBanco Arena (formerly the Wheeling Civic Center), and used the Cambria County War Memorial Arena in Johnstown, Pennsylvania as an alternative venue during the 2010–2011 and 2011-2012 seasons. After missing the playoffs for five straight seasons, they had a 106-point season in 2003–04. They were defeated by the Reading Royals in 5 games, 3–2. In season 2005–06 they had a great season making it to the second round of the playoffs losing to Toledo in the final second of the final game.

In August 2011, the Nailers moved to the Eastern Conference's Atlantic Division as part of the league realignment for the 2011–12 season. The Chicago Express took the North Division spot vacated by the Nailers. In June 2014 the Nailers returned to the North Division after the ECHL eliminated the Atlantic Division in its realignment for the 2014–15 season.

On March 29, 2012, the ECHL announced that ownership of the Nailers would be transferred from the Brooks-owned Nailers Hockey LLC to the Hockey Club of the Ohio Valley, a joint venture of the Ohio Valley Industrial & Business Development Corporation, and the Wheeling Amateur Hockey Association, to take effect at the conclusion of the 2011–2012 season.

Notable NHL alumni
List of Wheeling Nailers/Thunderbirds alumni who played more than 25 games in Wheeling and 25 or more games in the National Hockey League. • Paul Bissonnette

• Francis Bouillon

• Mike Condon

• Scott Darling

• Jason Jaffray

• Chris Jensen

• David Koci

• Zenon Konopka

• Francois Leroux

• Michel Ouellet

• Carter Rowney

• Dany Sabourin

• Ben Street

• Darcy Verot

• Tomas Voloun

• Chris Wells

• Ron Wilson

Head coaches

 * Doug Sauter 1992–95
 * Larry Kish 1995–96
 * Tom McVie 1996–97
 * Peter Laviolette 1997–98
 * Chris Jensen 1998–99
 * Murray Eaves 1999–2000
 * Alain Lemieux 2000–01
 * Joe Harney (interim) 2001
 * John Brophy 2001–03
 * Pat Bingham 2003–05
 * Glenn Patrick 2005–08
 * Greg Puhalski 2008–10
 * Stan Drulia 2010–11
 * Clark Donatelli 2011–15
 * David Gove 2015–16
 * Jeff Christian 2016–18
 * Mike Bavis 2018–2020
 * Mark French 2020–2021
 * Derek Army 2021–present

title: Wheeling Nailers


text: User talk:194.159.4.25

title: User talk:194.159.4.25


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Ishka

Ishka is a fictional character from the science fiction television series Star Trek: Deep Space Nine (DS9). A female Ferengi, she is the mother of Quark (Armin Shimerman) and Rom (Max Grodénchik). Ishka appears in five canon episodes of DS9, and also features in seven licensed-but-non-canon Star Trek novels.

Conceptualized as a feminist character, Ishka was played by Andrea Martin once and Cecily Adams four times. Both actresses endured a lot of makeup, prostheses, and costuming. Adams loved the character, and was stunned by the positive fan reaction to Ishka.

Conception
Ishka was conceived as a Ferengi "women's libber" that Robert Hewitt Wolfe described as transcending the stereotypical protester. Ishka did not want to end the Ferengi profit-making way of life, but wanted Ferengi females to be able to take part in it. It was immediately after Ishka's introduction in "Family Business" the idea of bringing her together with Grand Nagus Zek came about. René Auberjonois (Odo) even anticipated the pairing in an interview with Starlog for their January 1996 issue.

Casting
Director David Livingston recalled that they had a difficult time finding somebody to play Ishka; at one point, he even made the unpopular suggestion that Wallace Shawn (Grand Nagus Zek) appear in drag as Quark and Rom's mother. Andrea Martin was cast at the suggestion of episode director René Auberjonois (Odo), who felt the actress could manage the right balance of comedy and good acting that was missing from the applicants he had seen thus far. Showrunner Ira Steven Behr agreed with Auberjonois on the casting, later saying he loved her on Second City Television. Martin was offered the role without even having to audition. Ira Behr, Robert Hewitt Wolfe, and David Livingston all had good things to say about the casting of Martin as Ishka.

When, at the last minute, Martin could not return for "Ferengi Love Songs", the show held auditions for the role and saw "a lot of people". Prior to auditioning, Cecily Adams was only peripherally familiar with the Star Trek universe, having only seen a few Next Generation and Voyager episodes. Adams was friends with actress Kitty Swink, and auditioned with the help of Swink's husband Armin Shimerman (Quark); Shimerman loaned her a tape of Martin's episode—"Family Business"—from which she learned "how broad the character was." Adams attributed her successful audition to the many similarities between her and Martin: not only did Martin's costumes fit without need for alteration, but so did the prosthetic faceplate. Adams was described as a "natural mimic" by the Star Trek: Deep Space Nine Companion; Behr said that Adams "just did Moogie." Even though she had the character down pat, Adams would later admit to having trouble with the Star Trek vernacular. Ishka was a radical departure for Adams: she'd never played an alien before, usually being cast as secretaries in shows such as Simon & Simon and Murphy Brown.

Makeup and costuming
Before Andrea Martin accepted the role, director René Auberjonois (Odo) confided in her that working under the Ferengi prosthetics would be the hardest acting she'd ever done if she'd never worked under such makeup before. Auberjonois speculated that she took the role anyway because he'd been so frank with her. Martin's makeup for Ishka took three hours every day. Ishka, being older, required extra development of the makeup prostheses. Makeup designer Michael Westmore explained that they "made a thin skin that went over one of [their] stock Ferengi heads . They [they] made a new face for her, wrinkled, and did the backs of her hands." The script for "Family Business" also complicated the makeup process because it called for Ishka to be nude in several scenes; therefore, makeup needed to be developed for parts of Ferengi never before seen. One take over Ishka's shoulder had to be reshot because the producers felt that Martin's "supple skin" didn't match the character; Westmore and crew "took Kleenex, wrinkled it up and rubberized it, and covered her back and shoulders", a process Martin didn't care for, saying, "Boy, if you hadn't warned me about this, I would be out the door."

Having never before worn prostheses, Cecily Adams found the Ishka makeup "rather daunting" and described the three to four hour application process before moving on to costuming. Originally the producers drew lines on Adams' hands to make them appear older, but later decided they did not look old enough and used prosthetic gloves. Once all was said and done, only the palms of Adams' hands and her upper lip were visible. After begging and pleading with the DS9 staff to see the dailies, Adams realized how much she needed to over-express to have her facial expressions translate through the makeup. When she came back to DS9 for season six's "The Magnificent Ferengi", Adams agreed on the condition she receive her own custom faceplate. Adams praised the other DS9 actors who suffered through similar makeup ordeals saying, "I think it's astonishing that they were all in good cheer, and to be in the makeup all the time is really something." Because Ishka is flouting Ferengi law by wearing clothes, it was decided that she would overdo it, and so Adams was encumbered with "baubles and bangles and beads" that made so much noise on set that Adams estimated she had to dub half her lines. For "Profit and Lace", where Ishka was to leave the Ferengi homeworld of Ferenginar for the first time, Adams was dressed in a "Spandex suit from [her] wrists to the tip of [her] toes". Further, because Ishka was old, the staff padded Adams' costume with 30 or, including fake breasts that Adams guessed weighed 15 lbs; after watching the dailies, both Adams and Behr agreed that the breasts needed to be reduced as they were too distracting. Adams would later thank both director René Auberjonois and co-star Armin Shimerman for helping her realize that overacting was the name of the game when working under such prostheses.

Character history
In "Family Business", Ishka is introduced as a Ferengi widow who receives a monthly stipend from her elder son, Quark (Armin Shimerman). Per Ferengi law, she is forbidden from making profit or wearing clothing, yet she has begun doing both and is found out by the Ferengi Commerce Authority (FCA; an agency essentially equivalent to the United States' Internal Revenue Service). The FCA charges Quark with his mother's misdeeds, about which she is unrepentant, feeling that women should have the same rights and privileges as men. After much arguing with Quark, Iskha agrees to sign a confession and forfeit her earnings for her son's sake, though she confides in Rom (Max Grodénchik) that she only gave up a third of what she had hidden away.

Season five's "Ferengi Love Songs" reveals the romantic relationship between Ishka and Grand Nagus Zek, the leader of the Ferengi Alliance. When Quark is unable to extract nepotistic assistance from the Grand Nagus, he colludes with Liquidator Brunt (Jeffrey Combs) to break up the couple. Quark soon realizes however that Ishka is the real power behind the throne, giving Zek financial advice and suggestions that keep the Ferengi economy afloat. Quark confesses his part, and helps reunite Ishka and Zek.

In "The Magnificent Ferengi" (season six), Ishka is kidnapped by the Dominion. While in captivity at the hands of the Vorta Yelgrun (Iggy Pop), Ishka offers financial advice and tries to empathize with her captor about family. In the same season, "Profit and Lace" finds Ishka leaving the Ferengi homeworld of Ferenginar for the first time to travel to Deep Space Nine in the company of Grand Nagus Zek. She has convinced Zek to amend the Ferengi Bill of Opportunities to allow women to wear clothing, and the result was economic turmoil across the Ferengi Alliance. When Ishka suffers a heart attack, Quark undergoes sex reassignment surgery to take her place at Zek's side and win back the support of an influential Ferengi commissioner. Doctor Bashir (Alexander Siddig) is able to successfully perform a heart transplantation for Ishka, and she is up and about by the end of the episode.

In the penultimate episode of Star Trek: Deep Space Nine, "The Dogs of War", Quark discovers that Ishka has influenced Grand Nagus Zek to the point where the Ferengi leader has promoted labor rights, enforced environmental protection, and outlawed monopolies.

Non-canon appearances
Ishka also appears in several officially-licensed, non-canon, Star Trek novels, e-books, and short stories:

Star Trek: The Next Generation

 * Doors into Chaos by Robert Greenberger (2001)

Star Trek: Terok Nor

 * Dawn of the Eagles by S. D. Perry & Britta Dennison (2008)

Star Trek: Deep Space Nine

 * Ferenginar: Satisfaction Is Not Guaranteed by Keith DeCandido (2010)
 * Lust's Latinum Lost (and Found) by Terry J. Erdmann & Paula M. Block (2014)
 * Rules of Accusation by Terry J. Erdmann & Paula M. Block (2016)
 * I, the Constable by Terry J. Erdmann & Paula M. Block (2017)

Star Trek: Mirror Universe
The Ishka of the Mirror Universe is wealthy, owns Terran slaves, and provided a safe harbor for the 'mirror-versions' of B'Elanna Torres and Crell Moset (from the Star Trek: Voyager episode "Nothing Human"). She appeared in the 2009 Star Trek: Mirror Universe story, "Bitter Fruit" by Susan Wright.

Portrayal
Crediting Andrea Martin with her broad and confident initial portrayal of Ishka, Adams commented on how easy it was to play a character so well delineated. Adams also infused Ishka with some of the stories Shimerman told of his own mother. In an interview with Star Trek: The Magazine, Adams said of Ishka: "I love and adore her. How can you not?  She just doesn't care what anybody thinks; she's so committed to what she thinks is right, and everyone else be damned.  But she has a heart of gold, and she's very strong.  To be a female as strong as she was, in the kind of world she came from, was wonderful, I think." Lauding the character, Adams says that it's Ishka's backbone that helps her grow as an actress and as a person. Prior to November 2000, Adams appeared at several Star Trek conventions with her "Ferengi family" and relished meeting fans who expressed how much they love the character of Ishka.

title: Ishka


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Talk:Selfish genetic element

Don't Think
I don't think that microsatellites are an example of selfish DNA. I don't think that there is a preference for expansions over contractions. In other words, the microsatellite is just as likely to cause its own deletion as cause its own replication. AdamRetchless 18:59, 10 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * I agree. I've removed it. -R. S. Shaw 06:21, 8 May 2005 (UTC)

Doolittle Credit for Hypothesis
Doesn't Doolittle and Sapienza and Orgel and Crick deserve the credit for the Selfish DNA hypothesis? GetAgrippa 00:03, 9 January 2007 (UTC)

Pseudogenes are selfish DNA also.GetAgrippa 01:53, 9 January 2007 (UTC)

Oops!! Didn't notice the references.GetAgrippa 02:10, 9 January 2007 (UTC)

Title
I much prefer the title of Selfish genetic elements as more inclusive, and avoiding the presumption that they are 'genes' in the usual sense. There are, as the survey by Burt & Trivers shows. a vast array of SGEs.

While I'm on the topic, if you have access to Burt & Trivers (see 'Further reading'), please look at tables 1.3 p13/14; 12.1 p450/451; and table 12.3 p473/474. That will give you some idea of the range and importance of the topic. Macdonald-ross (talk) 13:37, 11 June 2014 (UTC)

 * Agree with name change. It's also far more commonly used in the literature these days than 'Selfish DNA'. I've put in a move request. T.Shafee(Evo & Evo)talk 02:37, 28 June 2017 (UTC)

A new version of this article is being prepared
The current version of this entry could benefit from a significant update. Following an invitation from PLoS Genetics Topic Pages initiative, we are preparing an extensively updated and expanded entry. The entry will be written by me (Arvid Ågren) and Andrew G. Clark from the Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.

More information about Topic Pages can be found here

We will review diverse aspects of the biology of selfish genetic elements. The article will start with a historical sketch, outlining key empirical and conceptual milestones in the study of selfish genetic elements over the past century. Next, we explain the basic logic of what allows them to proliferate, describing the main ways by which this achieved. This will lead into a section on the mathematical theory for the regulation of copy number and evolution of selfish elements. We will then provide more detailed summaries for a number of examples of selfish genetic elements, ranging from meiotic drive to transposable elements. Finally, we will discuss some of the potential consequences of selfish genetic element activity, such as population extinction and reproductive isolation, as well as how these properties can be manipulated for practical use in biotechnology and agriculture.

Don’t hesitate to get in touch if you have any questions, comments, or concerns. Contact information: Arvid Ågren, arvid.agren@cornell.edu

Arvidagren (talk) 13:42, 18 September 2017 (UTC)

 * The article mentioned by Arvidagren above is now published in PLOS Genetics. I've copied across the content section-by-section to here and done minor reformatting to fit (e.g. remove fig numbers). The PLOSwiki server hasn't yet got citoid up and running so the references will need to be updated to CS1. I'll start addressing that tomorrow. T.Shafee(Evo & Evo)talk 11:51, 16 November 2018 (UTC)
 * Thankyou to those who assisted in formatting the references and copyedits. The author from the original PLOSwiki version has also nominated it for a DKY here. T.Shafee(Evo & Evo)talk 01:20, 19 November 2018 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 13:15, 6 January 2019 (UTC)
 * A&NS + SG (1).jpg

So, why don't they cause extinction?
The article explains how they might do it if unrestricted, yet it doesn't say what restricts them.--95.42.25.28 (talk) 19:38, 18 February 2021 (UTC)

'Selfish genetic elements' are not 'selfish genes'
Richard Dawkins is responsible for the concept of 'The Selfish Gene'. It refers to a gene-centered view of natural selection, with individual DNA sequences increasing in frequency because they increase the fitness of the organism whose genome they are part of.

Ford Doolittle, Carmen Sapienza and Wally Gilbert are responsible for the concept of 'Selfish DNA' or selfish genetic elements. These DNA sequences increase in frequency by directly multiplying themselves within a genome. Natural selection on the fitness of the the organism whose genome it is does not play a direct role.

I haven't edited anything for a while, but I will see if I can figure out how to fix the disambiguation page for Selfish Gene. Rosieredfield (talk) 20:25, 2 June 2022 (UTC)

'Almost a century ago'
The second paragraph says 'almost a century ago'. That will get out of date quickly. Give an approximate date instead. 2600:1700:6EC0:35CF:6554:802:6FB6:878E (talk) 22:52, 20 November 2022 (UTC)

I don't think the 1928 discusses extinction
The article claims that: Crucially, he noted that the resulting female-biased sex ratio may drive a population extinct (see Species extinction).

However reading through the paper, I can't find any mentions of this. 109.56.29.66 (talk) 14:03, 7 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Selfish genetic element


text:
Harold Acton

Sir Harold Mario Mitchell Acton (5 July 1904 – 27 February 1994) was a British writer, scholar, and aesthete who was a prominent member of the Bright Young Things. He wrote fiction, biography, history and autobiography. During his stay in China, he studied the Chinese language, traditional drama, and poetry, some of which he translated.

He was born near Florence, Italy, to a prominent Anglo-Italian family. At Eton College, he was a founding member of the Eton Arts Society before going up to Oxford to read Modern Greats at Christ Church. He co-founded the avant garde magazine The Oxford Broom and mixed with many intellectual and literary figures of the age, including Evelyn Waugh, who based the character of Anthony Blanche in Brideshead Revisited partly on him. Between the wars, Acton lived in Paris, London, and Florence, proving most successful as a historian, his magnum opus being a 3-volume study of the Medicis and the Bourbons.

After serving as an RAF liaison officer in the Mediterranean, he returned to Florence, restoring his childhood home, Villa La Pietra, to its earlier glory. Acton was knighted in 1974 and died in Florence, leaving La Pietra to New York University.

Background
Acton was born to a prominent Anglo-Italian-American family of baronets, later raised to the peerage as Barons Acton of Aldenham at Villa La Pietra, his parents' house one mile outside the walls of Florence, Italy. He claimed that his great-great-grandfather was Commodore Sir John Acton, 6th Baronet (1736–1811), who married his niece, Mary Anne Acton, and who was prime minister of Naples under Ferdinand IV and grandfather of the Catholic historian Lord Acton. This relationship has been disproven; Harold Acton in fact descends from Sir John Acton's brother, General Joseph Edward Acton (1737–1830). Both of these brothers served in Italy, and are from the Shropshire family of Actons.

His father was the successful art collector and dealer Arthur Acton (1873–1953), the illegitimate son of Eugene Arthur Roger Acton (1836–1895), counsellor to the Egyptian Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce. His mother, Hortense Lenore Mitchell (1871–1962), was the heiress of John J. Mitchell, a president of the Illinois Trust and Savings Bank, an appointed member of the Federal Advisory Council,, and a trustee of the Art Institute of Chicago (1908–1909). Arthur Acton met Hortense in Chicago while helping to design the Italianate features of the bank's new building in 1896, and the Mitchell fortune allowed Arthur Acton to buy the remarkable Villa La Pietra on the hills of Florence, where Harold Acton lived for much of his life. The only modern furniture in the villa was in the nurseries, and that was disposed of when the children got older (Harold's younger brother William Acton was born in 1906).

Career and education
His early schooling was at Miss Penrose's private school in Florence. In 1913, his parents sent him to Wixenford Preparatory School near Reading in southern England, where Kenneth Clark was a fellow-pupil. By 1916 submarine attacks on shipping had made the journey to England unsafe and so Harold and his brother were sent in September to Chateau de Lancy, an international school near Geneva. In the autumn of 1917, he went to a 'crammers' at Ashlawn in Kent to be prepared for Eton, which he entered on 1 May 1918. Among his contemporaries at Eton were Eric Blair (the writer George Orwell), Cyril Connolly, Robert Byron, Alec Douglas-Home, Ian Fleming, Brian Howard, Oliver Messel, Anthony Powell, Steven Runciman, and Henry Yorke (the novelist Henry Green). In his final years at school, Acton became a founding member of the Eton Arts Society, and eleven of his poems appeared in The Eton Candle, edited by his friend Brian Howard.

Oxford years
In October 1923, Acton went up to Oxford to read Modern Greats at Christ Church. It was from the balcony of his rooms in Meadow Buildings that he declaimed passages from The Waste Land through a megaphone (an episode recounted in Brideshead Revisited, through the character Anthony Blanche). While at Oxford, he co-founded the avant garde magazine The Oxford Broom, and published his first book of poems, Aquarium (1923). Acton was regarded as a leading figure of his day and would often receive more attention in memoirs of the period than men who were much more successful in later life; for example, the Welsh playwright Emlyn Williams described this encounter with Acton in his autobiography George (1961):""Bowing with the courtesy of another age and clime, he spoke, an English flawlessly italianated [sic]. 'I do most dreadfully beg your pardons this inclement night – though I have been resident a year, I find it too idiotically difficult to find my way about, I have been round Tom like a tee-toe-tum, too too madd-ening – where does our dear Dean hang out?' He thanked me profusely, raised the bowler with a dazzling smile, and propelled himself Deanward, an Oriental diplomat off to leave a jewelled carte de visite. 'Jesus,' said Evvers, 'what's that?' 'He's the Oxford aesthete,' I informed him, 'a Victorian, his rooms in Meadow are in lemon yellow and he stands on his balcony and reads his poems through a megaphone to people passing, and he belongs to the Hypocrites' Club with Brian Howard and Robert Byron and Evelyn Waugh and all that set, they call themselves the Post-War Generation and wear Hearts on their lapels as opposed to the pre-war Rupert Brooke lot who called themselves Souls. They're supposed to eat new-born babies cooked in wine.'"" Williams also described Acton's review of The Picture of Dorian Gray in the Oxford student newspaper Cherwell: "a charming boy's book, we would suggest a cheap edition to fit comfortably into the pocket of a school blazer"; and summarised Acton's modernist approach to literature: "But if one finds the words, my dears, there is beauty in a black-pudding."

At Oxford Acton dominated the Railway Club, which included: Henry Yorke, Roy Harrod, Henry Thynne, 6th Marquess of Bath, David Plunket Greene, Edward Henry Charles James Fox-Strangways, 7th Earl of Ilchester, Brian Howard, Michael Parsons, 6th Earl of Rosse, John Sutro, Hugh Lygon, Harold Acton, Bryan Guinness, 2nd Baron Moyne, Patrick Balfour, 3rd Baron Kinross, Mark Ogilvie-Grant, John Drury-Lowe.

Influence on Waugh
Evelyn Waugh populated his novels with composite characters based upon individuals he knew. Acton is reputed to have inspired, at least in part, the character of "Anthony Blanche" in Waugh's novel Brideshead Revisited (1945). In a letter to Lord Baldwin, Waugh wrote, "There is an aesthetic bugger who sometimes turns up in my novels under various names – that was 2/3 Brian [Howard] and 1/3 Harold Acton. People think it was all Harold, who is a much sweeter and saner man [than Howard]." Waugh also wrote, "The characters in my novels often wrongly identified with Harold Acton were to a great extent drawn from Brian Howard".

General strike and after
In 1926 Acton acted as a special constable during the general strike, apolitical as he was, and took his degree. In October he took an apartment in Paris, at 29 Quai de Bourbon, and had his portrait painted by Pavel Tchelitcheff. Moving between Paris and London in the next few years, Acton sought to find his voice as a writer. In 1927 he began work on a novel, and a third book of poems, Five Saints and an Appendix, came out early the following year. This was followed by a prose fable, Cornelian, in March. In July Acton acted as Best Man at the wedding of Evelyn Waugh to the Honourable Evelyn Gardner. Waugh's Decline and Fall bore a dedication to Acton 'in Homage and Affection', but when Acton's own novel – disastrously entitled Humdrum – appeared in October 1928, it was slated in comparison with Decline and Fall by critics such as Cyril Connolly.

In the later 1920s Harold frequented the London salon of Lady Cunard, where at various times he encountered Ezra Pound, Joseph Duveen and the Irish novelist George Moore. On visits to Florence he cemented his friendship with Norman Douglas, who wrote an introduction to Acton's translation of a lubricious 18th-century memoir of Giangastone de' Medici, The Last of the Medici, privately printed in Florence in 1930 as part of the Lungarno Series. A fourth collection of poems, This Chaos, was published in Paris by Acton's friend Nancy Cunard, though the Giangastone translation pointed in a more promising direction. History was indeed to prove far more congenial to Acton than poetry. His The Last Medici (not to be confused with the earlier book of similar title) was published by Faber in 1932, the first of a series of distinguished contributions to Italian historical studies.

One close observer, Alan Pryce-Jones, felt that life in Florence weighed upon Acton with its triviality, for, like his father, he was a hard worker and a careful scholar. The East was an escape. He took up residence in Peking, as Beijing was then known, which he found congenial. He studied Chinese language, traditional drama, and poetry. Between his arrival in 1932 and 1939 he published respected translations of Peach Blossom Fan and Modern Chinese Poetry (1936), both in collaboration with Ch'en Shih-hsiang, and Famous Chinese Plays (1937) in collaboration with L.C. Arlington. His novel Peonies and Ponies (1941) is a sharp portrait of expatriate life. He translated Glue and Lacquer (1941), selected from the 17th century writer Feng Menglong's Tales to Rouse the World, with a preface by Arthur Waley, the leading scholar-translator and member of the Bloomsbury Group.

The Second Sino-Japanese War broke out in 1937, but Acton did not leave until 1939, when he returned to England and joined the Royal Air Force as a liaison officer. He served in India and what was then Ceylon, and then after the Liberation in Paris. When the war was over, he returned to Florence. La Pietra had been occupied by German soldiers, but he expeditiously restored it to its proper glory.

Literary works
Acton's non-historical works include four volumes of poetry, three novels, two novellas, two volumes of short stories, two volumes of autobiography and a memoir of his friend Nancy Mitford, who was his exact contemporary. His historical works include The Last Medici, a study of the later Medici Grand Dukes, and two large volumes on the House of Bourbon, rulers of the Kingdom of Naples in the 18th and earlier 19th century, which together may be said to constitute his magnum opus.

Awards and honours
Acton was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 1965 and knighted in 1974. The British Institute in Florence, an important centre for Anglo-Florentine cultural life since 1917, renamed its collections the Harold Acton Library.

Personal life
Acton was Catholic; his cultural and historical commitment to the Church remained unchanged throughout his life. Acton's name was first on a petition submitted to Rome in 1971 by British cultural élite, requesting that the traditional Latin rite of the Mass not be abrogated in England. His mother, the heiress Hortense Lenore Mitchell, a dominating personality in his life who lived on until the age of 90, did not make life easy for him but he still remained the devoted and admiring son.

Acton was a prominent member of the Bright Young Things in 1920s London.

After Acton's death, in reply to a magazine article that speculated both about the probable suicide of Acton's brother and about Acton's homosexuality, author A. N. Wilson remarked, "To call him homosexual would be to misunderstand the whole essence of his being" and that "He was more asexual than anything else". The article, by American writer David Plante, described Acton's time at Oxford as a "virile aesthete-dandy," but noted that while in China during the 1930s Acton's predilection for boys led to a classified government document describing him as a "scandalous debauchee," and prevented the possibility of his serving in the intelligence services there, when war broke out. Plante also described the young men whom Acton welcomed to La Pietra, including Alexander Zielcke, a German photographer and artist who was Acton's lover for the last twenty-five years of his life.

When Acton died he left Villa La Pietra to New York University. In leaving his family's property and collection to New York University, Acton expressed his desire that the estate be used as a meeting place for students, faculty, and guests who might study, teach, write and do research, and as a centre for international programs. Following his death, DNA testing confirmed the existence of a half-sister born out of wedlock, whose heirs have gone to court to challenge Acton's $500 million bequest to New York University.

Acton was buried beside his parents and brother in the Catholic section of the Cimitero Evangelico degli Allori in the southern suburb of Florence, Galluzzo (Italy).

Publications

 * Aquarium, London, Duckworth, 1923
 * An Indian Ass, London, Duckworth, 1925.
 * Five Saints and an Appendix, London, Holden, 1927.
 * Cornelian, London, The Westminster Press, 1928.
 * Humdrum, London, The Westminster Press, 1928.
 * The Last of the Medici, Florence, G. Orioli, 1930.
 * This Chaos, Paris, Hours Press, 1930.
 * The Last Medici, London, Faber & Faner, 1932.
 * Modern Chinese Poetry (with Ch'en Shih-Hsiang), Duckworth, 1936.
 * Famous Chinese Plays (with L.C. Arlington), Peiping, Henri Vetch, 1937.
 * Glue and Lacquer: Four Cautionary Tales (with Lee Yi-Hsieh), London, The Golden Cockerel Press, 1941.
 * Peonies and Ponies, London, Chatto & Windus, 1941; rpr. Hong Kong; New York: Oxford University Press, 1983.
 * Memoirs of an Aesthete, London, Methuen, 1948; reprinted London, Methuen, 1970.
 * Prince Isidore. A novel, London, Methuen, 1950.
 * The Bourbons of Naples (1734–1825), London, Methuen, 1956.
 * Ferdinando Galiani, Rome, Edizioni di Storia e di Letteratura, 1960.
 * Florence (with Martin Huerlimann), London, Thames & Hudson, 1960.
 * The Last Bourbons of Naples (1825–1861), London, Methuen, 1961.
 * Old Lamps for New, London, Methuen, 1965.
 * More Memoirs of an Aesthete, London, Methuen, 1970.
 * Tit for Tat, London, Hamish Hamilton, 1972.
 * Tuscan Villas, London, Thames & Hudson, 1973; reprinted as The Villas of Tuscany, London, Thames & Hudson, 1984.
 * Nancy Mitford: a Memoir, London, Hamish Hamilton, 1975.
 * The Peach Blossom Fan (with Ch'en Shih-Hsiang), Berkeley, University of California Press, 1976.
 * The Pazzi Conspiracy: The plot Against the Medici, London, Thames & Hudson, 1979.
 * The Soul's Gymnasium, London, Hamish Hamilton, 1982.
 * Three Extraordinary Ambassadors, London, Thames & Hudson, 1984.
 * Florence: a Travellers' Companion (introduction; texts ed Edward Chaney), London, Constable, 1986.

Substantial secondary sources

 * Martin Green, 2008 [1977], Children of the Sun: A Narrative of "Decadence" in England After 1918, Mount Jackson, VA, US: Axios Press, ISBN 1604190019, see or, accessed 11 July 2015. [A book in which Acton features very prominently. For his relationship to villa La Pietra, see pp. 1–8, 94–117, 220, 393–395, and 425f. For his early education, see pp. 11, 79, 103, and 115f.  For his time at Eton, see pp. 98f, 127–182, and 256. For his time at Oxford, see pp. 2ff, 11, 20, 82, 117, 155, 163–195, 201, 227, 305, and 464. For his experiences in World War II, see pp. 333–355, and 367. For his parents Arthur and Hortense, see pp. 6, 102–114, 338, and 385f.]
 * Charlotte Eagar, 2011, "The house of secrets and lies," The Sunday Times (magazine, online), 3 July 2011, see, accessed 11 July 2015. Subtitle: "The art dealer Arthur Acton's love affair with an Italian beauty led to an illegitimate child, two exhumed bodies and a long-running, vicious feud."
 * Alan Pryce-Jones, 1994, "Obituary: Sir Harold Acton," The Independent (online), 28 February 1994, see, accessed 11 July 2015.
 * D. J. Taylor, 2007, Bright Young People: The Lost Generation of London's Jazz Age, New York, NY, US: Macmillan-FSG, ISBN 0374116830,, accessed 11 July 2015. [See pp. 21–31, 68, 74–77, 83–88, 127, 140ff, 150, 163–166, 171–179, 189–205, 216–218, 231, 257, 279–288, 311–315.]
 * Luca Baratta, (2020), «Evoking the Atmosphere of a Vanished Society»: la Firenze fantasmatica di Sir Harold Acton in The Soul's Gymnasium (1982)', Mediazioni. Rivista online di Studi Interdisciplinari su Lingue e Culture, 27, pp. A139-A165.

Archival resources

 * Harold Acton Papers, 1904–1994 (3.83 linear feet) are housed at Yale University's Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library.
 * Harold Acton Correspondence with Ruth Page and Thomas H. Fisher, 1948–1952 are housed at the New York Public Library.
 * Harold Mario Mitchell Acton Autograph Letter Signed: Florence, to Herbert Cahoon, 1961 June 18 (1 item (4 pages)) is housed at the Pierpont Morgan Library.
 * Robin McDouall Papers, circa 1933–1980 (0.21 linear ft.) are housed at Yale University's Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library.

Miscellaneous further sources

 * Edward Chaney, "Sir Harold Acton", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, 2004.
 * Edward Chaney and Neil Ritchie, Oxford, China and Italy: Writings in Honour of Sir Harold Acton, Florence-London, 1984.
 * fr:Jean-Marie Thiébaud, "Une famille bisontine d'origine anglaise : les Acton", Procès-verbaux et Mémoires de l'Académie de Besançon et de Franche-Comté, Besançon, 1987.
 * Christopher Hollis, Oxford in the Twenties (1976).

title: Harold Acton


text:
Americana, São Paulo

Americana is a municipality (município) located in the Brazilian state of São Paulo. It is part of the Metropolitan Region of Campinas. The population is 237,240 (2022 Census) in an area of 133.91 km2. The original settlement developed around the local railway station, founded in 1875, and the development of a cotton weaving factory in a nearby farm.

After 1866, thousands of former Confederate sympathizers from the American Civil War settled in the region. Following the Civil War, slavery was abolished in the United States. In Brazil, however, slavery was legal until 1888, making it a particularly attractive location to former Confederates, among whom was a former member of the Alabama State Senate, William Hutchinson Norris.

Around three hundred of the Confederados are members of the Fraternidade Descendência Americana (Fraternity of American Descendants). They meet quarterly at the Campo Cemetery.

The city was known as Vila dos Americanos ("Village of the Americans") until 1904, when it belonged to the city of Santa Bárbara d'Oeste. It became a district in 1924 and a municipality in 1953.

Americana has several museums and tourist attractions, including the Pedagogic Historical Museum and the Contemporary Art Museum.

Rio Branco Esporte Clube, founded in 1913, is the football (soccer) club of the city. The team plays their home matches at Estádio Décio Vitta, which has a maximum capacity of 15,000 people.

History
The first records on the occupation of the lands where Americana now stands date from the late 18th century, when Domingos da Costa Machado I acquired a crown property between the municipalities of Vila Nova da Constituição (now Piracicaba) and Vila de São Carlos (now Campinas). In that area several estates were created, including Salto Grande, Machadinho, and Palmeiras.

A part of the property, which included the Machadinho estate, was sold by Domingos da Costa Machado II to Antônio Bueno Rangel. After Rangel's death, the estate was divided between his sons José and Basílio Bueno Rangel. A part of the property was afterwards sold to the captain of the Brazilian National Guard, Ignácio Corrêa Pacheco, who is considered the founder of Americana.

Confederate immigration
In 1866, the region started to be populated with American immigrants from the former Confederate States of America, who were fleeing the aftermath of the American Civil War. The Emperor Dom Pedro II was a fierce advocate of the South during the war, and openly recruited the former Confederates, offering free transport, cheap land, and an easy path to citizenship.

The first immigrant to arrive was the lawyer and ex-state senator from Alabama, colonel William Hutchinson Norris. Norris installed himself in lands near the seat of the Machadinho estate and the Quilombo River.

Norris was to investigate and report on Brazil and as a possible new home for Confederates who no longer wanted to live in the United States. His report was positive, and in 1867 the rest of his family arrived in Brazil, accompanied by other families from the Confederate States. These families settled in the region, bringing agricultural innovations and a kind of watermelon known as "Georgia's rattlesnake". Between 8,000 and 20,000 former Confederates emigrated to Brazil (not all to this one town). Slaves were inexpensive in Brazil, one noted, and at least 54 families bought 536 slaves after arrival in Brazil. In 1875, almost a decade after the arrival of the Confederate immigrants in the region, the Companhia Paulista de Estradas de Ferro completed the expansion of its main railway to the city of Rio Claro. A station was built within the lands of the Machadinho estate. Despite belonging to the municipality of Campinas, the station was made to serve the estates in the municipality of Santa Bárbara d'Oeste, which was further away and had no station of its own.

The inauguration of the station counted the Emperor Dom Pedro II and Gaston, comte d'Eu among those who attended. The station was baptized "Santa Bárbara station". It is unknown exactly when the small village became the city of Americana, but it is known that this village was created by the time of the inauguration of the railway station, and that it was Ignácio Corrêa Pacheco who distributed the lands. Pacheco is thus considered the founder of the city. The municipal holiday of Americana is still August 27, the day when the railway station was inaugurated.

The small town formed around the station was named "Villa da Estação de Santa Bárbara" (Santa Bárbara Station Town). Its inhabitants consisted mainly of American families, and the town became thus popularly known as "Villa dos Americanos" (Town of the Americans).

The similarity between the official name of the town and the one of the neighboring municipality frequently caused serious communication problems, such as mail to Santa Bárbara Station often being shipped to the municipality of Santa Bárbara, 10 km away. In order to solve the problem, the railway company changed the name of the station in 1900 to "Estação de Villa Americana" (American Town Station). The name of the town itself was then also officially changed to "Villa Americana" (American Town).

The official song of the city says, in part:

The many Confederates brought us the wheelbarrow, watermelon, cotton and the plow.

The city celebrates an annual Confederate festival, named the "Festa Confederada". The Confederate flag is prominently displayed, and men dress as Confederate soldiers.

Carioba
In the 1890s, the farm known as Fazenda Salto Grande was purchased by the American Clement Willmot. Willmot established the first industry in Americana under the name Clement H. Willmot & Cia. In 1889, the factory was renamed Fábrica de Tecidos Carioba (Carioba Textile Factory). The name "Carioba" derives from the Tupi words for "white cloth".

The factory ran into financial trouble after the abolition of slavery in 1888, and was purchased by German immigrants who were members of the Müller family. The town of Carioba sprang up around the factory. German immigrants brought European-style urbanization to Carioba which is reflected in the style of its manors, factories, hotels, and schools. Asphalt of tar was then first imported from Europe into Americana and utilized in road paving. The factory became the basis for the present-day Parque Industrial de Americana (Industrial Park of Americana).

Italian immigration
On October 8, 1887, Joaquim Boer led a large group of Italian immigrants to Brazil. At Americana these Italian immigrants built their first church in 1896, dedicated to Saint Anthony of Padua, who eventually became the patron saint of the city. Born in Portugal, and called Saint Anthony of Lisbon there, the saint who is among the three June popular saints in the Catholic calendar (the others being Saints John the Baptist and Peter) is celebrated on June 13 with typical Junine countryside Brazilian food, prayers of the rosary, square dance, liquor, and bonfire.

Although immigrants got incentives to come to Brazil, Italians who arrived before that did not seem to have enjoyed special privileges. They often lived within the quarters designed for enslaved Africans who also suffered from lack of comfort and healthy conditions. Those immigrants worked as indentured servants, paying off their debts to farmers who had paid for their tickets and were exploited, until the system was revamped and improved. Their descendants went on to become laborers, merchants, and professionals.

Elihu Root's visit

In 1906, two years after the creation of the Distrito de Paz de Villa Americana, the municipality received a visit from Elihu Root, United States Secretary of State, who had been attending and presiding over the Pan-American Conference held in Rio de Janeiro. After the conference, Root visited other parts of Brazil (such as Araras), and was informed of the existence of Americana. Root expressed interest in visiting the town, and was received at Americana with great emotion and affection. Hundreds of the residents received Root at nighttime.

Autonomy
With the change in status from village to district, Americana developed rapidly. Its first police force was created, a sub prefecture was established, and three street lights – lit by kerosene and brought from Germany – were introduced. A school was also established, with the sending of the educator Silvino José de Oliveira to represent Americana's interests with the state government. All of these developments led the local inhabitants to clamor for the status of a city.

In 1922, Villa Americana was one of the most progressive districts in Campinas with a population of 4,500. In this year, the fight to change its status to city began, led by Antonio Lobo and others, such as Lieutenant Antas de Abreu, Cícero Jones and Hermann Müller himself. Their efforts finally bore fruit: on November 12, 1924, the Municipality of Villa Americana was created, comprising two districts: Villa Americana and Nova Odessa, Nova Odesa later becoming its own municipality.

Constitutionalist Revolution and economic development

At the time of the beginning of the Getúlio Vargas dictatorship in Brazil in 1930, Americana was undergoing a profound economic transformation due to the rise of the textile industry there (the city was known as the "Rayon Capital").

In 1932, during the administration of Mayor Antonio Zanaga, the revolt known as the Constitutionalist Revolution erupted against Vargas' regime. Americana sent volunteers to this revolution, and three of them, Jorge Jones, Fernando de Camargo and Aristeu Valente (from Nova Odessa, then part of Americana), perished during the struggle. Their sacrifice is remembered in Americana to this day.

In 1938, Mayor Zanaga changed the name of the town from Villa Americana to Americana, and due to the economic transformation of the town, the Comarca of Americana was created on December 31, 1953, during the administration of Mayor Jorge Arbix. In 1959, during the administration of Mayor Abrahim Abraham, Nova Odessa was made autonomous as its own municipality.

Between 1960 and 1970, the rapid development of Americana led many people to move there in search of work. Because of its size, there was not enough room to accommodate the new residents and many lived on the border of Santa Bárbara d'Oeste and Americana, creating what is known today as Zona Leste de Santa Bárbara (East Santa Barbara).

The same also occurred because the majority of the population were unaware of the location where one municipality ended and where another began. The confusion came about because municipal limits were not yet fully determined. The problem was solved with the creation of a major avenue, today called Avenida da Amizade (Friendship Avenue), which became the dividing line.

At the same time as these developments, some problems were also created. The sudden increase in population caused an imbalance in the public accounts of the municipality, which was not ready for such a great number of new residents.

Location
Americana is located in the center-east region of the state of São Paulo, Southeast Region.

 * 124 km from São Paulo
 * 205 km from the Port of Santos
 * 35 km from Campinas
 * 110 km from São Carlos
 * 150 km from São Bernardo do Campo
 * 30 km from Piracicaba
 * 15 km from REPLAN em Paulínia

Climate
Americana has an altitude tropical climate, with hot summers and chilly winters. In winter, there is much less rainfall than in summer. According to Köppen and Geiger the climate classification is Aw.

The median high temperature in summer is 84 F and the median low is 64 F, comparable to Boston. In winter, the median high temperature is 72 F and the median low temperature is 50 F, comparable to Orlando, Florida.

In Americana, the month with the most daily hours of sunshine is February with an average of 9.37 hours of sunshine. In total, there are 290.43 hours of sunshine in February.

The month with the fewest daily hours of sunshine in Americana is January with an average of 8.87 hours of sunshine per day. In total, there are 266.09 hours of sunshine in January. About 3251.14 hours of sunshine are counted in Americana throughout the year. On average, there are 106.92 hours of sunshine per month.

Ecology
Amblyomma sculptum and A. dubitatum are common here. Brites-Neto et al., 2017 find α-cypermethrin (pyrethroid) and flufenoxuron (benzoylurea chitin synthesis inhibitor) are efficacious against populations in this area. These ticks are significant veterinary parasites and so α-cyp and flufenoxuron are useful here for animal protection.

Population
According to the 2022 IBGE Census, as of August 2022, Americana had a population of 237,240 and a population density of 1,771.61 (inhabitants / km²).

Ethnic groups
The population descends from a mixture of Portuguese and other immigrants, mainly Italian, Portuguese, German and Levantine.

Because of its origins as a village settled by American Confederates, it received the name "Americana", referring to "cidade" or city, the feminine form of "American", which in Portuguese means any native of the Americas, although often applied only to U.S. citizens.

Main ethnic groups:
 * 84.6% White
 * 12.0% Pardo (Mixed Race)
 * 2.4% Black
 * 0.8% Asian
 * 0.2% Native American

Neighbourhoods
The municipality is currently divided into 10 Planning Areas, through the Integrated Development Master Plan, and the city is made up of 300 neighborhoods.

Theatres

 * The Teatro Arena Elis Regina, or the Elis Regina Arena Theater (named after Elis Regina) was built in 1981 and became a venue for various artists. It was then abandoned to a state of dilapidation, having become a site of illegal activities. In 2000, reconstruction began, reopening on September 22, 2004. The theater was rebuilt with the idea of a circus in mind: it would offer various entertaining spectacles and activities simultaneously, and the theater was covered with a white canvas sheet, evoking the impression of lightness and brightness. The theater offers 1100 seats, two dressing rooms, and ample parking space.
 * Teatro Municipal Lulu Benencasse, or Lulu Benencasse Municipal Theater, opened in 1986, occupying the building of the old Cine Brasil, which for decades had been a hang-out for young americanenses. Since its inauguration, it has served as the venue for various cultural offerings, such as plays, dance performances, and music, as well as different social and artistic programs. The theater was chosen as a film location by the producers of the film Por Trás do Pano (1999, with Denise Fraga) due to its traditional appearance. It has 840 seats.

Municipal Library
The Municipal Library, named after the teacher Jandira Basseto Pântano, was founded on October 25, 1955. It occupies the old building belonging to the Academic Group "Dr. Heitor Penteado" on Comendador Müller Square, near the Church of Santo Antônio. It contains 41429 books on various general subjects and 9051 children's books, totalling 50,480 books (as of June 1999), as well as 114 various newspapers and 24,500 magazines, including children's. The average number of visitors in 1998 was 600 people, who mostly came in the afternoon. Its enrolled number of associates totals 31,900 people, as of December 1998.

Jandira Basseto Pântano was born on October 27, 1918, in Americana. She received her elementary education at the Escolas Reunidas, one of the first schools founded in the city. She completed her education at Campinas and in January 1938 was named a substitute teacher at the Academic Group "Dr. Heitor Penteado" before becoming a full-time teacher there. She worked as a teacher at the school for 22 years, and was noted for her hard work and diligence. She worked with all of the grades, but she preferred to work with the fourth year students, and prepare them for the wider world. She retired on March 9, 1968, and died on June 7, 1988. Up until her death, she continued to receive students at her home, helping illiterate adults and poor children.

Museums and cultural centers

 * Museum of Contemporary Art (Museu de Arte Contemporânea (MAC)): Founded in 1978, it is found in a building attached to the Municipal Library. It contains 260 works of art by contemporary artists, including paintings, sculpture, engravings, designs, photographs, and artistic installations. The museum features exhibitions by local artists and by artists from other cities, as well as workshops and classes. It also contains a library and holds an annual national contest, which gives the "Prêmio Revelação de Artes Plásticas" (Revelation Prize of Plastic Arts) to young artists.
 * "Conselheiro João Carrão" Historic and Pedagogical Museum (Museu Histórico e Pedagógico "Conselheiro João Carrão): This museum is located in the old farm known as Salto Grande built in colonial Minas Gerais style from taipa according to the "pilão" technique, where the material is piled and compressed into horizontal layers a course at a time, with foundations made from real wood. Located at the confluence of the Atibaia and Jaguari Rivers, the museum contains photographs, maps, historical artifacts and machines, furniture, and torture devices used during the slavery system.

Religion

 * Roman Catholicism: Since the dismemberment of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Campinas in 1976, Americana fell under the diocese of Roman Catholic Diocese of Limeira. Americana has a strong Catholic tradition due to the influence of Luso-Brazilians and of its Italian immigrants, who first began arriving in 1887. The first church at Americana was built in the middle of 1896 and dedicated to Saint Anthony of Padua, who became the patron saint of the city. The city has one of the largest Catholic churches in the country built in the Neoclassical style, the New Church of Saint Anthony (Matriz Nova de Santo Antônio), the largest in the diocese.
 * Protestantism and evangelicalism: Americana is also home to adherents of Protestant denominations such as the Nazarene, Presbyterian, Methodist, Baptist, Assembly of God, Adventist, Pentecostal denominations such as Universal Church and Restorationist denominations such as the Jehovah's Witnesses and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Immigrants from the Southern United States brought with them various customs and religions, mostly of the Presbyterian and Baptist persuasions.

Bus station
Named Terminal Rodoviario Francisco Luiz Bendilatti, the Americana bus station has been in operation since 1988 and is located in the Campo Limpo neighborhood. The location receives buses from more than thirty locations, which operate in the Southeast, South and Center-west regions of Brazil. The main cities connected with Americana bus station are São Paulo, Goiânia, Curitiba, Araraquara, Osasco, Limeira, Santo André, Cascavel, Londrina and Maringá. The Terminal has twenty-five cargo transport companies.

Airport
The main and closest airport in the area is in the neighboring city of Campinas, Campinas International Airport, and the main airport in Brazil and South America, in the city of São Paulo, São Paulo-Guarulhos International Airport, is in the same state.

Sports
In football the city is represented by Rio Branco Esporte Clube, founded on August 4, 1913. Rio Branco played in series A1 of the Campeonato Paulista since 1992 and was relegated to A2 in 2009.

It used to play in series C of the Campeonato Brasileiro. The team plays in Décio Vitta, with a capacity of 15,000.

Americana is also the hometown of Paralympics swimmer Danilo Binda Glasser, winner of two bronze medals in the Paralympics of Sydney 2000 and at Athens 2004, and footballer Oscar, a silver medallist at the 2012 London Olympics, a 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup champion, a 2011–2012 UEFA Champions League champion Chelsea F.C. player.

In 2014, the city hosted the first Pan-American Korfball Championship.

Media
In telecommunications, the city was served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo. In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012.

The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable).

title: Americana, São Paulo


text:
Cyril Clarke

Sir Cyril Astley Clarke, KBE, FRCP, FRCOG, (Hon) FRC Path, FRS (22 August 1907 – 21 November 2000) was a British physician, geneticist and lepidopterist. He was honoured for his pioneering work on prevention of Rh disease of the newborn, and also for his work on the genetics of the Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths).

Biography
Cyril Clarke was born on 22 August 1907 in Leicester, England and received his school education at Wyggeston Grammar School for Boys, Leicester and at the independent Oundle School near Peterborough. His interest in butterflies and moths began at school. His studied natural science at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, graduating in 1929, and then medicine at Guy's Hospital, London, graduating in 1932. During the Second World War he worked as a medical specialist in the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve. After the war Clarke worked as a registrar at the Queen Elizabeth Hospital in Birmingham and then as Consultant Physician at the United Liverpool Hospitals. In 1963 he was appointed Director of the Nuffield Unit of Medical Genetics based at the University of Liverpool and two years later was made Professor of Medicine. He held these posts until his retirement in 1972. In retirement he served as President of the Royal College of Physicians (1972–1977)

Clarke helped to develop the technique of giving Rh-negative women inter-muscular injections of anti-RhD antibodies during pregnancy to prevent Rh disease in their newborn babies. This was one of the major advances in preventive medicine in the second half of the 20th century.

Clarke answered an advert in the Bulletin of the Amateur Entomologists’ Society for swallowtail butterfly pupae that had been placed by Philip Sheppard. They met and began working together in their common interest of lepidoptery. From 1959 they started running a moth trap in Caldy Common near West Kirby, Wirral, England. They studied the peppered moth, the scarlet tiger moth and swallowtail butterfly. They published papers on the genetics of Lepidoptera and also on Rh disease. Clarke continued research in his retirement and in 1988 he rediscovered a scarlet tiger moth colony on the Wirral Way, West Kirby, that had been started in 1961 by Philip Sheppard. The colony was useful for study of the genetics of changes in populations.

He married Frieda (or Féo) in 1934. Lady Clarke died in 1998. Cyril Clarke died in 2000. They had three sons, one of whom is a consultant neurologist.

Career and awards

 * Second World War – Medic in Royal Navy Volunteer Reserve
 * 1947 to 1958 – Part-time Clinical Lecturer at Liverpool University, England.
 * 1958 to 1965 – Reader at Liverpool University, England.
 * 1965 to 1972 – Professor of Medicine at Liverpool University, England. Later, Honorary Nuffield Research Fellow, Department of Genetics and Emeritus Professor of Medicine, University of Liverpool. Director, Research Unit, Royal College of Physicians of London.
 * 1967 – Lumleian lecture to Royal College of Physicians on Prevention of Rh-Haemolytic Disease

Awards and accolades

 * 1969 – Order of the British Empire (CBE)
 * 19 March 1970 – Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS)
 * 1972 to 1977 – President of the Royal College of Physicians of London.
 * 1974 – Knighted
 * 1977 – Gairdner Foundation International Award
 * 1980 – Lasker Award – Prof Cyril Clarke, together with Dr Ronald Finn, Dr John Gorman, Dr Vincent Freda, and Dr William Pollack were jointly awarded the Albert Lasker Award for Clinical Medical Research for their pioneering work on the rhesus blood group system, the role of rhesus D antibodies in the causation of Rh disease and the prevention of Rh disease.
 * 1981 – Linnean Medal from the Linnean Society of London.
 * 1990 – Buchanan Medal from the Royal Society of the United Kingdom for work on haemolytic disease of the newborn.
 * 1992 – Honorary Degree given by the College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia, United States.

title: Cyril Clarke


text:
Talk:Rock of Gibraltar

Redirect

 * 1) REDIRECT Gibraltar should be here. Then this material can be moved to Gibraltar where it can be easily found partly in the Geology subsection and partly in the History subsection. Doesn't this make sense? Wetman 19:04, 10 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * No, no it really shouldn't. Saluton 20:40, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

Race horse
Shouldn't the racing horse 'Rock of Gibraltar' also be mentioned? The disagreements between the owner and Alex Ferguson did make lots of headlines. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 146.50.160.95 (talk) 08:35, 14 November 2004 (UTC)

 * I guess it could link to it. Saluton 20:40, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

John and Yoko
Didn't John and Yoko get married on the rock? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 194.29.36.107 (talk) 12:04, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

 * They got married in Gibraltar - you know, the country (fine, Dependant Territory) which comprises the Rock and the bits of land on the side. Saluton 20:40, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

Prudential Financial
Prudential Financial's logo is the rock of gibraltar. --71.250.76.146 02:40, 4 January 2007 (UTC)

Codename Operation Tracer
Operation Tracer was a US secret operation to put men on the island to spy on german movements on the island. http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/local-national/article2239241.ece — Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.28.244.41 (talk) 17:13, 6 February 2007 (UTC)

 * - your facts are totally wrong - how did you garner that information from that article. Where did the US come into this or the idea that Gibraltar is an island? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 195.244.202.34 (talk) 16:35, 8 March 2007 (UTC)

 * The men were British, not American. As for the question of why someone would believe Gibraltar is an island, I believe it is a peninsula, connected from the European mainland only by a narrow isthmus. 207.69.139.141 23:55, 10 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Didn't you know that WW II was fought and won single handedly by the US forces. They declared war on Germany on 3rd September 1939 when Germany invaded the Bagel shop in Warsaw, they evacuated from Dunkerque aka Dunkirk following the collapse of the French. The USAAF fought the Luftwaffe over Le Manche - English Channel, and fought the Battle of "Boston", then in 1943 they carried out a daredevil low level raid in the dark against the Moehne, Eder and Sorpe dams, the US invaded Europe at Omaha and Utah beaches on 6th June, and finally defeated the Germans on 8th May, 1945. Err - well actually the USA SAT ON THE FENCE until 7th December 1941 when the Japanese using a plan the US military had used a few years before, bombed Pearl Harbor.
 * The US had no say in what happened in Gibraltar, the Battle of Britain, the Dams Raid or a lot more of the European theatre.
 * "D-Day" was headed by Eisenhower to satisfy the US ego. He wanted the invade at the Pas de Calais, the British and Canadians plus others including the Australians and New Zealanders said "Normandy" and So Normandy it was. Oh and the British broke the Enigma code using "Bombes" designed by Alan Turin, the Lorenz code using the worlds first electronic computer "Colossus" EINIAC came along a bit later - and teh Yanks upto 1995 thought they had built it first! Boy did they cry!!!! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 90.244.59.71 (talk) 14:35, 25 November 2012 (UTC)

Expansion
I have expanded the article and cited most unreferenced sections. Chris Buttigiegtalk 11:09, 22 June 2007 (UTC)

Greeks - Mons Calpe
The opening paragraph says that the Greeks new the rock as Mons Calpe. Mons Calpe is latin, why would the greeks call it by a latin name, when their legend of Hercules predates the advent of Rome?

Hercules, actually Heracles in this case (being in a Greek story and all) is mentioned in The Odyssey, which Homer dictated in the 7th century BC, so about 200 years before the traditional date of the founding of Rome. I realize that Latin did not all of a sudden appear at the sme time the Romulus killed Remus (as legend would have it). But, even if they did know about the language, it wasn't important enough culturally that they would not have a Greek term for it, eh?

Also, I realize that the Odyssey is probably not the first mentioning of Heracles, but I feel it's adequate to show prior existence of the term.

Could Caple be a transliteration of Greek? Is it Καλπέ?

I found the following etymology here:

"The Phoenicians called Gibraltar Calpe. In Aramaic/Phoenician the consonants in Cala meant Hollow and in Pietra meant stone, hence to them Calpe - Gibraltar (and other similar places) was the Hollow stone, probably a reference to the caves they found here at sea level."

perko 04:58, 20 July 2007 (UTC)

 * That is an interesting point you have brought up. If you have adequate references, feel free to change it. Chris Buttigieg 09:06, 20 July 2007 (UTC)

Geology
Is the Rock of Gibraltar a Morro? If so it should be added as a famous example. Fig 23:25, 31 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Seeing as the Rock is neither made of granite nor quartz and isn't round in shape for that matter, I sincerely doubt it. It is best described as a rocky promontory. -- Chris B  •  talk  15:11, 1 November 2007 (UTC)

 * For reference (six years later) a "morro" isn't actually a thing and that article should never have existed. It has now been deleted. —  Scott  •  talk  23:08, 29 October 2013 (UTC)

Dubious
Seriously doubt that this was the case and need a much better reference.

 * In ancient times the Rock of Gibraltar marked the limit to the known world and to pass beyond it was to sail to certain destruction over the bottomless waterfall at the edge of the world.

Roadrunner (talk) 16:24, 14 January 2008 (UTC)

 * There are plenty of additional references. Have a look at the Gibraltar Museum's website for instance. A cursory Google search will also reveal a fair number of relevant sources. Chris.B 16:42, 14 January 2008 (UTC)

Gibmetal77 and Macaques
Gibmetal77, this article is not your personal toy, nor is it solely for people who live in Gibraltar. Perhaps you have misinterpreted what the goal of wikipedia is? It is an encyclopedic reference for everyone in the world to have access to. As contributors, that means it is our obligation to make sure changes are both reliable and accurate as can be. I made a legitimate edit that is backed up by science. You have undone this several times now, despite being refuted and agreeing.

I did my undergrad in physical anthropology, and I'm currently working on a MSc in primatology. This is a topic that I am very well versed in. Barbary macaques were originally referred to as apes because they lacked a tail. This was consistent with the times in which observations played a larger role in determining biological hierarchies than genetics/evolutionary relationships since both were then unknown. While the name "Barbary Ape" is still in use, references to it being an ape (like the original article stated) are actually very few and far between. Evolutionary biologists, and in this case primatologists in particular, are trying to reverse the spread of this archaic "Barbary Ape" label. For the most part, they have done fairly well. Unfortunately, there are people out there - who do not have any background in the discipline - that think traditional names are the way to go. That's not really the way it works in zoology and taxonomy. That said, referring to the Barbary Macacque as an ape is wrong. Period. This isn't a subjective opinion. They are cercopithecoids, or old world monkeys, not apes. Apes are subsequently broken down into lesser apes (Hylobatids - Gibbons and Siamangs) and greater apes (Hominids - Orangutans, Gorillas, Chimpanzees and Humans). Macaques do not fall into these categories anymore than chimpanzees fall into the monkey category. Please don't undo a legitimate edit without knowing your facts. You damage your own credibility, and you damage the credibility of the article. If you want to continue calling them apes, that's your prerogative. But please don't mislead everyone else. It's not fair to legitimate contributors or the general public who comes across the article and assumes there are apes living in Gibraltar.

As for the last part of the edit, they are also the only wild primates left in Europe. While they are also the only wild monkeys left in Europe, proper English etiquette would defer to the highest taxa that they are the sole contextual members of. Ergo, you would never say that humans are the only habitual bipedal apes. It's correct, sure, but not as correct as saying humans are the only known habitual bipedal primate. To say otherwise implies there are other primates that are bipedal. Just like saying they're the only wild monkeys left in Europe implies there are wild prosimians extant on the continent.

You are trying to argue semantics, and I don't know why? For an article that isn't even about the ape? Regardless, it is incorrect, and is akin to vandalism to continually undo legitimate edits. And I'm sure you know this. If you have an issue with my edit, discuss it here like Wikipedia's rules indicate. Do not continually remove something until a concensus has been made. We can start with a third opinion, if you would like. Drur93 (talk) 21:37, 5 December 2008 (UTC)

 * The article does NOT contend that the Barbary Macaque is an ape which, as you have pointed out, would be incorrect. Having said that, Barbary Macaques are often referred to (albeit incorrectly) as "Barbary Apes". This is a fact. It is therefore appropriate that we mention its common name for the sake of lucidity (making it clear that it is taxonomically incorrect) - doubly so seeing that the animal is better known as an ape, at least to the layman. RedCoat10  •  talk  13:41, 9 December 2008 (UTC)

 * The article actually did contend it in the wording. "...which is home to around 250 Barbary Macaques, commonly known as apes...". This sentence very explicitly states that Barbary Macaques are commonly known as apes. Anyone who reads this, without knowledge of the species or taxa, is going to assume, incorrectly, that apes exist in Gibraltar. This is misleading. I don't think many can deny this. As I stated above, "Barbary Apes" is an archaic name given to the species due to their appearance. This is common knowledge. My original analogy stands, as chimpanzees are commonly referred to as monkeys by lay people who do not know better. It would be misleading to state chimpanzees are being commonly referred to as monkeys, yet this is the equivalent. I can think of many more examples in the animal kingdom. Public ignorance of science is not an excuse.
 * If you can find a legitimate scientific source that supports the claim that the the academic world commonly refers to them as apes, I'd be interested in seeing it. If you wish to edit it with something along the lines of "...often misclassified as an ape..." or some derivation thereof, however, that is potentially acceptable. It is not necessary, however, as the actual article on Barbary Macaques makes mention of this. Plus, the redundancy takes away the reader's attention from the actual Rock of Gibraltar article. Conciseness is key. Drur93 (talk) 05:58, 11 December 2008 (UTC)

Europa Point missing
Prominent landmark at Gibraltar, with its own wiki article, a wiki'ed mosque, a wiki'ed Catholic shrine, etc. --71.174.159.95 (talk) 23:19, 12 May 2010 (UTC)

Main picture mislabelled
Surely the main picture shows the east face, the photographer looking westward from east of the rock, as the summit is on the left, further away from spain? Or am I being incredibly dim? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.44.98.35 (talk) 20:11, 1 January 2016 (UTC)

adjusted coordinates
I have adjusted the geographic coordinates to more accurately reflect the peak of the rock. The old coordinates were about 225 meters away, down the slope to the north and east. But if there was something official about the old coordinates or if this edit is too OR-y for people's taste, feel free to revert. —Steve Summit (talk) 13:21, 2 March 2018 (UTC)

Opening sentence
In what sense is this true?

 * ... also known as the Jabel-al-Tariq (named after the Berber commander who conquered Spain) ...

In what language? According to whom? In whose world view? What Berber commander? How is this relevant in an English-language encyclopedia article? Conquered "Spain" when? Why does this article rely on some travel website as a source? Why does WP leave one with more questions than answers? Dynasteria (talk) 23:56, 25 April 2021 (UTC)

How about linking to Moorish Gibraltar in a history section? The way it is now, the opening sentence reads like a bad non-sequitur. Dynasteria (talk) 09:02, 27 April 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rock of Gibraltar


text:
User talk:Adrenalin~enwiki

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title: User talk:Adrenalin~enwiki


text:
List of Punjabi-language poets

Poets of Punjabi language (Shahmukhi:, Gurmukhi: ਪੰਜਾਬ ਦੇ ਕਵੀ).

Poets

 * Baba Farid - (1173–1266)
 * Damodar Gulati - 15th century
 * Guru Nanak - (1469 - 1539)
 * Guru Angad - 16th century
 * Guru Amar Das - 15th - 16th century
 * Guru Ram Das - 16th century
 * Shah Hussain - 16th century
 * Guru Arjun - 16th - 17th cen
 * Sultan Bahu (1628–1691)
 * Bulleh Shah (1680–1757)
 * Guru Tegh Bahadur - 17th century
 * Guru Gobind Singh - 17th century
 * Waris Shah - (1722–1798)
 * Ali Haider Multani - 17th-18th century
 * Ratan Singh Bhangu (died 1846)
 * Lutf Ali - 18th century
 * Khwaja Ghulam Farid- 18th-19th century
 * Babu Rajab Ali- 19th century
 * Mian Muhammad Bakhsh - 19th century
 * Ghulam Rasool Alampuri - 19th century
 * Qadaryar - 19th century
 * Piro Preman - 19th century
 * Shah Mohammad - (1780–1862)
 * Ali Arshad Mir - 20th century
 * Puran Singh - 20th century
 * Mohan Singh - 20th century
 * Hashim - (1735–1843)
 * Wasif Ali Wasif - 20th century
 * Shareef Kunjahi - 20th century
 * Mir Tanha Yousafi - 20th century
 * Anwar Masood - 20th century
 * Afzal Ahsan Randhawa - 20th century
 * Aatish - 20th century
 * Shaista Nuzhat - 20th century
 * Amrita Pritam - 20th century
 * Dhani Ram Chatrik - 20th century
 * Giani Dhanwant Singh Sital - (1912-1980) 20th century
 * Faiz Ahmad Faiz - 20th century
 * Darshan Singh Awara - 20th century
 * Dr. Harbhajan Singh - 20th century
 * Gurdas Ram Alam - 20th century
 * Shiv Kumar Batalvi - 20th century
 * Sharif Kunjahi - 20th century
 * Bawa Balwant - 20th century
 * Manjit Tiwana -20th century
 * Navtej Bharati - 20th century
 * Paash - 20th century
 * Surjit Patar - 20th Century
 * Amarjit Chandan - 20th century
 * Ajmer Rode - 20th century
 * Anwar Masood - 20th century
 * Sukhbir - 20th century
 * Jaswant Singh Neki - 20th century
 * Shardha Ram Phillauri
 * Ustad Daman - 20th century
 * Jeet Aulakh - 20th century
 * Munir Niazi - 20th century
 * Sant Ram Udasi - 20th century
 * Lal Singh Dil - 20th century
 * Ahmad Rahi - 20th century
 * Mazhar Tirmazi - 20th century
 * Harbans Bhalla (1930-1993) - 20th century
 * Jaswant Singh Rahi - 20th century
 * Sukhdarshan Dhaliwal - 20th century
 * Chaman Lal Chaman - 20th century
 * Javaid Rahi - 21st Century
 * Sukhvinder Amrit - 21st century
 * Sukhvinder Amrit - 21st century
 * Satinder Sartaj - 21st Century
 * Munawar Shakeel - 21st Century
 * Harmanjeet Singh - 21st Century
 * Sukhwinder Amrit
 * Satyapal Anand
 * Ram Sarup Ankhi
 * Shafi Aqeel
 * Daya Singh Arif
 * Aizaz Ahmad Azar
 * Nanua Bairagi
 * Qadir Bux Bedil
 * Santokh Singh Dhir
 * Mohan Singh Diwana
 * Khaqan Haider Ghazi
 * Gurbhajan Gill
 * Sheila Gujral
 * Bhai Gurdas
 * Sadhu Singh Hamdard
 * Hashim (poet)
 * Sukhpal Vir Singh Hasrat
 * Imam Din Gujrati (1870-1954)
 * Manjit Indira
 * Ajaib Kamal
 * Pritam Singh Kasad
 * Rupi Kaur
 * Naz Khialvi
 * Balbir Madhopuri
 * Shahbaz Malik
 * Verma Malik
 * Manmohan (poet)
 * Mian Mir
 * Sohan Singh Misha
 * Narendra Mohan (poet)
 * Mohsin Naqvi
 * Nisar Nasik
 * Bari Nizami
 * Sutinder Singh Noor
 * Nand Lal Noorpuri
 * Sardar Panchhi
 * Pash
 * Khawaja Pervaiz
 * Sharif Sabir
 * S M Sadiq
 * Pritam Singh Safir
 * Saleh Muhammad Safoori
 * Riaz ur Rehman Saghar
 * Sangtar
 * Sachal Sarmast
 * Fazal Shah Sayyad
 * Lala Sehrai
 * Shah Sharaf
 * Maula Shah
 * Saghar Siddiqui
 * Diwan Singh
 * Harbhajan Singh (poet)
 * Ishar Singh (poet)
 * Mohan Singh (poet)
 * Nanak Singh
 * Rawail Singh
 * Swarajbir Singh
 * Sukhbir (writer)
 * Najm Hosain Syed
 * Ghulam Mustafa Tabassum
 * Veena Verma
 * Vir Singh (writer)

title: List of Punjabi-language poets