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Soukous

Soukous (from French secousse, "shock, jolt, jerk") is a genre of dance music originating from the Democratic Republic of the Congo (formerly Zaire) and the Republic of the Congo (formerly French Congo). It derived from Congolese rumba in the 1960s, with faster dance rhythms and bright, intricate guitar improvisation, and gained popularity in the 1980s in France. Although often used by journalists as a synonym for Congolese rumba, both the music and dance associated with soukous differ from more traditional rumba, especially in its higher tempo, song structures and longer dance sequences.

Soukous fuses traditional Congolese rhythms with contemporary instruments. It customarily incorporates electric guitars, double bass, congas, clips, a third guitar (mi-solo), and brass/woodwinds. Soukous lyrics often explore themes of love, social commentary, amorous narratives, philosophical musings, and ordinary struggles and successes. Singers occasionally sing and croon in Lingala, Kikongo, French and Swahili and bands often consist of a primary vocalist accompanied by several backing singers.

Musical form
The basic line-up for a soukous band included three or four guitars, bass guitar, drums, brass, and vocals. The musical arrangement begins with a rumba section characterized by intricate harmony. As the song transitions into its mid-tempo and concluding rapid segments, harmonic structures often simplify to a triadic chordal progression. In Matonge, the rhythmic guitar typically accompanies mid-tempo vocal passages, with the bass and bass drums accentuating strong beats, while guitarists emphasize the offbeats (one and two and three and four and).

The percussive section frequently employs a relentless, rapid rhythm known as cavacha, which serves as the song's rhythmic foundation. Franco Luambo notably popularized the placement of the sébène at the conclusion of a song, employing a thumb-and-forefinger picking technique that creates the auditory illusion of dual guitar lines. During the sébène, the drummer signals transitions, guiding the guitarists to shift their parts synchronously with the lead player. The conventional Congolese progression for the sébène follows the I-IV-V-IV chord sequence. Collaborative interplay with fellow guitarists and the drummer enhances technical proficiency. Soukous bass lines, inspired by hand-drum percussion patterns, significantly contribute to the rhythmic and harmonic texture of the music. Emerging prominently during Mobutu Sese Seko's regime in Zaire, the assertive bass style of soukous emulated the movements of soldiers, known as marche militaire. This distinctive bass approach involves toggling between lower and higher registers, utilizing a picking technique with the thumb (p) and index finger (i).

During vocal performances, the lead guitarist establishes a groove that supports harmonized call-and-response vocals, often enhanced by an echo effect, creating a sometimes described hypnotic auditory experience. The music typically utilizes a 12/8 time signature and major chords articulated in arpeggiated forms. Soukous lead guitarists are renowned for their speed, precision, and nimble fingerwork, often navigating the higher registers of the fretboard.

Origins
The origins of the genre can be traced back to Congolese rumba, which emerged in the early 20th century when urban residents of the French Congo and the Belgian Congo embraced the fusion of intertribal Kongolese maringa dance music near Pool Malebo, infused with guitar techniques from Liberia. The outflow of Kru merchants and sailors from Liberia to Brazzaville during the mid-19th century introduced distinctive guitar-playing techniques that ultimately influenced the use of the accordion to emulate local "likembe" (thumb piano, best known worldwide as a mbira) rhythms. As early as 1902, the accordion's melodies resonated through the streets near Pool Malebo's factories. The outbreak of World War I introduced a new wave of music and dance across the Lower Congo (present-day Kongo Central) and the Pool Malebo region. Emerging from labor camp and conceivably associated with the return of Matadi–Kinshasa Railway construction workers, local dances such as agbaya and maringa gained prominence. The circular agbaya dance was soon replaced by partnered maringa dance music, becoming increasingly ubiquitous in Matadi, Boma, Brazzaville, and Léopoldville (now Kinshasa). Initially, maringa bands featured the likembe for melody, a metal rod-struck bottle for rhythm, and a small skin-covered frame drum called patenge for counter-rhythms. However, by the 1920s, accordions and acoustic guitars progressively supplanted the likembe as melody instruments. The distinctive hip movements of maringa dancers, shifting their body weight between legs gained popularity. By 1935, partnered dancing's popularity dispersed expeditiously across the Congo basin, reaching even remote villages. Dance halls emerged in towns and rural areas, while conventional dancing persisted in palm branch huts. In the early 1940s, Pool Malebo transformed from a barrier into a communication channel linking Brazzaville and Kinshasa. The Cuban son groups like Sexteto Habanero, Trio Matamoros, and Los Guaracheros de Oriente were broadcast on Radio Congo Belge, gaining popularity in the country. Due to influence of Cuban son, the maringa dance music—although unrelated to Cuban rumba—became known as "rumba Congolaise" as the imported records of Sexteto Habanero and Trio Matamoros were often mislabeled as "rumba". Ethnomusicology Professor Kazadi wa Mukuna of Kent State University explicates that the term "rumba" persisted in the Congos due to recording industry interests. Recording studio proprietors reinterpreted the term rumba by attributing it new maringa rhythm while retaining the name. Consequently, their music became recognized as "Congolese rumba" or "African rumba". Antoine Wendo Kolosoy became the first star of Congolese rumba touring Europe and North America with his band Victoria Bakolo Miziki. His 1948 hit "Marie-Louise," co-written with guitarist Henri Bowane, gained popularity across West Africa. Congolese rumba gained prominence in Congolese music as early pioneers revolutionized their relationship with the instruments they held.

Formation and paternity debate
Etymologically, the term soukous, derived from the French verb secouer, denoting "to shake," initially described a person who moved jerkily but evolved into a dance style synonymous with vitality and cadence. The term secousse evolved over time, transitioning to soucousses and eventually soucous in colloquial language and the media, until the "c" fell out of favor, replaced by a "k".

During the early 1960s, a surge of young Congolese musicians sought to speed up the slow tempo of Congolese rumba, which precipitated the emergence of soukous. Artists began incorporating faster rhythms, and prominent guitar improvisation, often characterized by high-pitched, fast-paced lines imbued with more heightened African motif. The drummer shifts to the high-octane cadence, wherein the clave rhythm shifts to the snare drum, singers engage in rhythmic chanting (animation), and lead guitars take center stage.

The origins of soukous are a matter of dispute, with divergent attributions and viewpoints. Clément Ossinondé, a Congolese musicologist specializing in Congolese music, accredits Franco Luambo and TPOK Jazz with pioneering soukous, citing his odemba-inspired style, known for its fast tempo. Franco is also recognized for revolutionizing the genre's themes by infusing significant social and political issues into the lyrics, making the music a platform for social consciousness. Conversely, British writer Gary Stewart suggests that soukous evolved into both a music genre and dance style in Brazzaville, stemming from the establishment of the Super Band in 1964 by up-and-coming guitarist Jacques Kimbembe. The ensemble, later rebranded as Sinza, meaning "root stock," introduced soukous to Brazzaville's nightlife in 1966, supplanting the traditional boucher style of Les Bantous de la Capitale. Stewart further notes that Orchestre Sinza innovated soukous in 1968 with a new wrinkle called mossaka, and soon thereafter, Nico Kasanda introduced the kiri-kiri, which was based in part on the "jerk" from Western rock. Meanwhile, Les Bantous de la Capitale developed a fusion with Pablito's song "Masuwa," billed as a soucous-kiri-kiri. The kiri-kiri, which, according to Stewart, became a defining piece of the genre as exemplified by Nico's "Kiri-Kiri Mabina Ya Sika," telling the story of a man's quest through Kinshasa's streets to reunite with his partner for a kiri-kiri session at Fiesta Sukisa, gaining widespread acclaim. Established artists rapidly embraced the dance and disseminated it across the continent.

Europe and the United States
In the late 1960s and early 1970s, soukous became a predominant popular African dance style across Africa and into the continent's diaspora in Belgium, France, the UK, and the United States. During this period, a surge of Zairean musicians moved to Belgium and France, primarily driven by the hegemony of the Mobutu Sese Seko regime, which propagated propaganda songs as part of the Authenticité campaign to foster a sense of national identity and pride through ideological slogans of the one-party state, the Movement Populaire de la Révolution (MPR). This state ideological shift gradually infiltrated Zairean popular music, with popular musicians embracing the regime's ideology and documenting its achievements. Mobutu's encouragement of urban musicians paralleled Mao Zedong's approach in China, where music served the revolution. As a result, the globalization of Congolese urban music expanded, leading to a massive exodus of musicians to African and European countries, most notably Belgium and France. Many youths with limited employment options gravitated towards a music career, with Kinshasa's soukous scene becoming an attractive choice. However, some faced obstacles in establishing themselves in France. Against this backdrop, Tabu Ley Rochereau made history as the first African artist invited to perform at Paris's Olympia Hall in December 1970, where he attracted few connoisseurs and set a precedent for subsequent Zairean musicians. Abeti Masikini followed suit, becoming the second Zairean and the first female soukous artist to grace the Olympia stage alongside Mireille Mathieu and Hugues Aufray. This momentum continued with Masikini's performance at Carnegie Hall in New York on 11 March 1974, setting the stage for burgeoning singers, griots, and other lesser-known divas from Africa.

Concurrently, the M'Bamina orchestra ventured to Paris before seeking audiences in Italy in 1972. Pablo 'Porthos' Lubadika arrived in Paris in 1979 with singer Sam Mangwana through Lomé, Togo, after recording under the name the African All Stars. Mangwana, having collaborated with nearly every prominent figure in Congo, relocated to Abidjan in 1978 to pursue better opportunities. He formed a new band of Congolese economic exiles, who became regulars in Parisian session bands. The African All Stars' breakout hit, "Suzana Coulibaly," released on December 31, 1979, featured "simple, repetitive rhythms" at a faster tempo than traditional Congolese rumba. Mangwana's exclamation "soukous sophistiqué" as Lokassa Ya M'Bongo and Rigo Star crafted a "rock-solid" sebene solidified the record's direction, initiating an independent musical movement targeting the international market. As their influence grew, the African All Stars adapted the fast, rough stylings of youth bands in Brazzaville and Kinshasa, introducing this new tempo globally.

Africa
Across Africa, soukous dominated East African nightclubs' dance floors and played a pivotal role in shaping virtually all the styles of contemporary African popular music, including benga music, muziki wa dansi, Kidandali, Igbo highlife, palm-wine music, taarab, and inspiring the establishment of approximately 350 youth orchestras in Kinshasa, paving the way for new traditional dances, rhythmic patterns, and bands. As sociopolitical turmoil in Zaire deteriorated in the 1970s, a great number of musicians ventured to Tanzania, Kenya and Uganda, where orchestras sustained themselves through record sales and consistent stage performances. By the early 1970s, several Congolese bands had taken up the soukous beat in Kenyan nightclubs. The vivacious cavacha dance craze, propagated by bands like Zaïko Langa Langa and Orchestra Shama Shama, swept across East and Central Africa, exert influence on Kenyan musicians. The utilization of the cavacha rhythm, typically played on the snare drum or high-hat, became emblematic of the Zairean sound in Nairobi and was frequently adopted by regional bands. Prominent Congolese rumba Swahili bands in Nairobi formed around Tanzanian groups like Simba Wanyika, giving rise to offshoots like Les Wanyika and Super Wanyika Stars. Maroon Commandos, a Nairobi-based ensemble, assimilated the soukous style while infusing their distinctive artistic imprint. Japanese students in Kenya, including Rio Nakagawa, developed a fondness for Congolese music, with Rio eventually spearheading Yoka Choc Nippon, a Japanese-conceived Congolese rumba group. Virgin Records produced albums by the Tanzanian-Zairean Orchestra Makassy and the Kenya-based Orchestra Super Mazembe. The Swahili song "Shauri Yako" ("It's your problem") gained widespread acclaim in Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda. Another influential Zairean ensemble, Les Mangelepa, relocated to Kenya and achieved immense popularity across East Africa. Zairean singer Samba Mapangala and his band Orchestra Virunga, based in Nairobi, released the LP Malako, which became a pioneering release in Europe's emerging world music scene. Meanwhile, between 1976 and 1977, Sam Mangwana and the African All Stars dominated the dance halls of Kinshasa with records produced in West Africa, which were different from the sounds produced in the two-track studios of Kinshasa. Following this, there was a migration to Lomé and Cotonou, followed by Franco Luambo's departure to Belgium.

In Nigeria, soukous became widespread due to the transmission of Zairean music through Radio Brazzaville, where audiences were introduced to material from Zaire Vol. 6 (Soundpoint SOP 044, 1978). Soukous catalyzed the emergence of a distinct genre of guitar-based Igbo highlife music, exemplified by musicians like Oliver De Coque, the Oriental Brothers International, and their various imitators and followers. The superabundance of Nigerian pressings of Zairean music featured the musicians who influenced this trend, as seen in the case of Music From Zaire Vol. 6, which showcased artists from Verckys Kiamuangana Mateta's stable like Orchestre Kiam, Orchestre Lipua-Lipua, and the cavacha rhythm. There was a prevalent inclination to exclude the slower "A" sides of various recordings and instead focus on the climactic sebene, the faster and more improvisational second half. This structural paradigm became emblematic of Igbo guitar highlife recordings epitomized by the music style of Oliver De Coque and Oriental Brothers International.

Colombia
During this epoch, African music began procuring popularity globally due to the world music movement. In Colombia, soukous gained traction, influencing local culture and playing a pivotal role in pioneering champeta. Zairean sailors introduced their records to Colombia, including the plate-numbered 45 RPM "El Mambote" by Congo's l'Orchestre Veve, which gained popularity. The locals began replicating musical arrangements by Congolese luminaries like Nicolas Kasanda wa Mikalay, Tabu Ley Rochereau, M'bilia Bel, Syran Mbenza, Lokassa Ya M'Bongo, Pépé Kallé, Rémy Sahlomon, and Kanda Bongo Man. Homegrown talents like Viviano Torres, Luis Towers, and Charles King added their original compositions to the mix, maintaining the core essence of Congolese soukous.

1980s and the Paris scene
As sociopolitical unrest persisted in Zaire throughout the 1980s, numerous musicians sought refuge across Africa, with a considerable number relocating to Belgium, France, and the United Kingdom. Some traversed through Central and East Africa before ultimately establishing their operational bases in Europe. Soukous gained traction in Brussels, Paris, and London, emerging as the only sub-Saharan African genre universally embraced in Belgium and France. According to Congolese columnist Achille Ngoye, Belgium offered a significant permanent operational base for numerous Zairean artists. Orchestras such as Los Nickelos, Yéyé National, and Les Mongali, predominantly composed of students, garnered significant attention in Belgium. Uncle Yorgho, a former member of OK Jazz, established a distribution epicenter for Zairean musical repertoire in Brussels in July 1980 (Visa 80). Meanwhile, Dieudonné Kabongo, Dizzy Mandjeku, and Ntesa Dalienst rose to prominence due to the bankruptcy of Belgian record label Fonior!, which prompted many Zairean artists like Lita Bembo and Matima to seek reputable distribution entities in Belgium, while others found solace in performing in religious choirs, which frequently toured Holland. Soukous was chosen by Island Records producer Ben Mandelson and Togolese entrepreneur Richard Dick as the title of a 1982 compilation, Sound D'Afrique II: Soukous. The compilation included music from Mali and Cameroon alongside "Madeleina," a track from Pablo 'Porthos' Lubadika's 1981 album Ma Coco, which gained significant attention in Europe. Zaïko Langa Langa introduced the role of a dedicated hypeman—known as atalaku or animateur—into the ensemble of singers, setting a trend that almost every band on the Congolese music scene adopted, making animators emblematic of soukous as well as Congolese rumba. Zaïko Langa Langa achieved significant success, becoming the third generation of Congolese music as many founding members split off to form their own groups, which in turn splintered into more groups: Isife Lokole, Grand Zaïko Wa Wa, Langa Langa Stars, Clan Langa Langa, Choc Stars, and Anti-Choc among them. Papa Wemba and Viva La Musica made the longest-lasting impact, partly due to Wemba's ability to maintain a presence in both Paris and Kinshasa with dual bands, one focusing on soukous and another featuring French session players for international pop. In Parisian studios, the seben guitars blended with the tight drum machines and synths of zouk and funky disco makossa on numerous records. However, this fusion received criticism for deviating from authentic Congolese styles. Notable critics like Nyboma argued that the music had become commercialized and lacked emotional depth, calling for a return to the fundamentals of "beautiful melodies and highly tuned voices."

The influx of Zairean artists to France catalyzed the proliferation of Parisian studios as epicenters for soukous production, with an increasing reliance on synthesizers and electronic instruments. Some artists continued to record for the Congolese market, but others abandoned the demands of the Kinshasa public and set out to pursue new audiences. A sizable Zairean community established itself in France and Switzerland, with Zairean artists conducting training programs in the country. Kanda Bongo Man, another Paris-based artist, pioneered fast, short tracks conducive for play on dance floors worldwide, popularly known as kwassa kwassa, after the dance moves popularized in his and other artists' music videos. This music appealed to Africans and to new audiences as well. Artists like Diblo Dibala, Aurlus Mabélé, Tchicl Tchicaya, Jeannot Bel Musumbu, M'bilia Bel, Yondo Sister, Tinderwet, Loketo, Rigo Star, Nyboma, Madilu System, Soukous Stars and veterans like Pépé Kallé and Koffi Olomidé followed suit. Soon Paris became home to talented studio musicians who recorded for the African and Caribbean markets and filled out bands for occasional tours. Diblo Dibala and Aurlus Mabélé dominated the clubs with "Africa Moussou", creating a hyperactive style of super-speed soukous, dubbed TGV soukous by fans, alluding to France's high-speed trains.

Swede-Swede, an ensemble exclusively employing traditional instruments, operates out of Belgium, while Les Malo, primarily comprising former instructors from the National Institute of Arts in Kinshasa, specializes in Afro-jazz in Lyon. Tshala Muana gained prominence in Africa and Europe for her Luba traditional hip-swaying dance known as mutuashi, which make waves across African stadiums and earned her the moniker of "Queen of Mutuashi". Other female vocalists such as Déesse Mukangi, Djena Mandako, Faya Tess, Isa, and Abby Surya garnered widespread recognition.

Ndombolo
By the late 1990s, musicians such as Radja Kula, Wenge Musica, Koffi Olomidé, Général Defao, and Extra Musica metamorphosed soukous into raunchy, frenetic hip-swinging dance music, renaming it ndombolo. This style surged in popularity across Africa and into the continent's diaspora in Belgium, France, the UK, Germany, Canada, and the United States. However, by the early 2000s, ndombolo faced scrutiny, with accusations of obscenity leading to attempts to prohibit it from state media in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Cameroon, Senegal, Mali, and Kenya. In February 2005, ndombolo music videos in the Democratic Republic of the Congo underwent censorship for indecency, which resulted in the banning of videos by Koffi Olomidé, JB MPiana, and Werrason from airwaves. Despite the censure, ndombolo record sales surged, remaining popular with new releases dominating discos, bars, and clubs across Africa.

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Bellefontaine

Bellefontaine or "belle fontaine" is French for "beautiful fountain".

France

 * Bellefontaine, Jura, in the department of Jura
 * Bellefontaine, Manche, in the department of Manche
 * Bellefontaine, Martinique, in the overseas department of Martinique
 * Bellefontaine, Val-d'Oise, in the department of Val-d'Oise
 * Bellefontaine, Vosges, in the department of Vosges

United States

 * Bellefontaine/Governor Markham, Pasadena, California, a historic neighborhood in West Pasadena, California
 * Belle Fontaine, Baldwin County, Alabama, an unincorporated community
 * Belle Fontaine, Mobile County, Alabama, an unincorporated community
 * Bellefontaine, Mississippi, an unincorporated community
 * Bellefontaine, Missouri, an unincorporated community
 * Bellefontaine, Ohio, a city

Elsewhere

 * Belle Fontaine, Haiti
 * Bellefontaine, Wallonia, in Bièvre, Belgium
 * Bellefontaine, Wallonia, in Tintigny, Belgium

Forts

 * Fort Belle Fontaine, a historic site in Missouri, United States
 * Fort Belle Fontaine County Park, in St. Louis, Missouri

Other

 * Bellefontaine Cemetery, in St. Louis, Missouri
 * Bellefontaine Mansion, a historic mansion in Lenox, Massachusetts; see Canyon Ranch
 * Bellefontaine, a metro station in Toulouse

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Bellefontaine


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Home on the Range (disambiguation)

"Home on the Range" is the state song of Kansas, U.S.

Home on the Range may also refer to:

 * Home on the Range (1935 film), a drama directed by Arthur Jacobson
 * Home on the Range (1940 film), an animation film by MGM
 * Home on the Range (1946 film), a drama directed by Robert Springsteen
 * Home on the Range (2004 film), a Disney animated feature film
 * Home on the Range (2004 video game), a video game of the 2004 Disney animated film, made by Artificial Mind & Movement.
 * A Home on the Range, a 2002 American documentary about Jewish chicken ranchers
 * Home on the Range (1982 film) on the 1975 Australian constitutional crisis
 * Home on the Range (album)

title: Home on the Range (disambiguation)


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Gregory IV

Gregory IV can refer to:

 * Pope Gregory IV (827–844)
 * Gregory IV of Naples (898–915)
 * Gregory IV the Young (1173-1193)
 * Patriarch Gregory IV of Alexandria (1398–1412)
 * Patriarch Gregory IV of Constantinople (1623)
 * Gregory IV of Athens (died 1828), Albanian scholar and cleric; Metropolitan of Athens 1827–1828
 * Gregory IV of Antioch (1859–1928), Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch 1906–1928

title: Gregory IV


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Belle Glade

Belle Glade may refer to:

 * Belle Glade, Florida, a small city next to Lake Okeechobee in Palm Beach County
 * Belle Glade Camp, Florida, a census designated place adjacent to the city of Belle Glade
 * Belle Glade culture, an archaeological culture in the Lake Okeechobee basin and Kissimmee River Valley
 * Belle Glade (archaeological site), the type site for the Belle Glade culture
 * Belle Glade State Municipal Airport, a public-use airport adjacent to the city of Belle Glade

title: Belle Glade


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Benedict III

Benedict III may refer to:
 * Benedict III, Archbishop of Esztergom (died 1276)
 * Pope Benedict III (died 858), Pope of the Catholic Church

title: Benedict III


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Caps

Caps are flat headgear.

Caps or CAPS may also refer to:

Computing

 * CESG Assisted Products Service, provided by the U.K. Government Communications Headquarters
 * Composite Application Platform Suite, by Java Caps, a Java framework
 * Computer Animation Production System, a film animation post-production system developed by Walt Disney Feature Animation and Pixar

Genetics

 * Calcyphosin, the CAPS gene and its protein
 * Cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence, markers used to detect a polymorphic sequence

Medical conditions

 * Auditory processing disorder (APD), formerly Central Auditory Processing Syndrome
 * Catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome
 * Cryopyrin-associated periodic syndrome, a spectrum of autoinflammatory syndrome

Other uses in biology, medicine and psychology

 * CAPS (buffer), N-cyclohexyl-3-aminopropanesulfonic acid, in biochemistry, a buffering agent
 * Cognitive-affective personality system, a model within psychology of personality

Other uses in science and technology

 * Cassini Plasma Spectrometer, a direct sensing instrument that measures the energy and electrical charge of particles
 * Cirrus Airframe Parachute System, a whole-aircraft emergency parachute system developed by Ballistic Recovery Systems and Cirrus
 * Collective Awareness Platforms for Sustainability and Social Innovation, a program of the European Commission

Companies and organizations

 * Californians for Population Stabilization
 * Captive Animals Protection Society
 * Center for Advanced Public Safety at the University of Alabama
 * Center for Analysis and Prediction of Storms
 * Comic Art Professional Society
 * Policy Planning Staff (France), Centre d'Analyse, de Prévision et de Stratégie

Sport

 * Caps (gamer), Danish esports player
 * Cap (sport), a measure of a player's international appearances, especially in football
 * Washington Capitals, an American ice hockey team

Other uses

 * Caps (party), an 18th-century Swedish political faction
 * All caps, formatting text to only use capital/uppercase letters
 * Caps, Texas, Taylor County, Texas, U.S.
 * Chicago Alternative Policing Strategy, a government program in Illinois, U.S.

title: Caps


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Hats (disambiguation)

Hats may refer to:

 * Hat, an item of clothing worn on a person's head
 * Hats (party), an 18th-century political faction in Sweden
 * Hats (album), an album by the British pop group The Blue Nile
 * "Hats", a song from Heart in Motion, a 1992 album by American singer Amy Grant

 * Histone acetyltransferases (HATs), enzymes linked to transcriptional activation

 * de Bono Hats, the thinking strategies outlined by Edward de Bono in Six Thinking Hats

 * Hi-hat (instrument), a standard part of a drum kit

title: Hats (disambiguation)


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Talk:List of World War II flying aces by country

Untitled
The page from which I have been referring has only a partial accounting for the Soviet Aces. This is unfortunate, as I wanted this list to be, more or less, ordered by the scores of the aces. The other sites I have ready access to order by names, so finishing the SU portion will take me a bit of time. PilotPrecise22:42, 2 March 2004 (UTC)
 * Need to add German night fighters which I missed

Not generally a fan of lists, but there are some categorical lists that really help draw together a subject (such as biography of WWII aces) and provide good referential material. I hope this list doesn't irk too many WP folks, as I will try to expand the content over the next while. PilotPrecise04:43, 5 March 2004 (UTC)

Eeek
I'd like to say that I'm shocked and appalled by the lack of respect writers of this article give to all those that died in World War II. "This guy is a top ace, and while killing people he was cynical enough to still proudly wear the name 'screwball'" ?! - not 'shocked and appalled' enough to sign your name though 88.105.120.134 12:56, 27 July 2006 (UTC)

In its current state this list isn't usefull at all. The names should be sorted alphabetically by surename (Except for China and Japan). Kills could be given in paranthesis. Fornadan 21:15, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Working on it... Dave.Dunford 16:53, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Alphabetization now complete apart from China & Japan (as suggested) and UK and US. May need tweaking according to regional conventions for surname order. Feel free to revert if the original order was significant, but note that I deleted a few duplicated names. Dave.Dunford 17:22, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Finished Japan. Surnames appear to be Westernized, so I put in them in appropriate order. I also deleted a few duplicates. User:Mashford 66.82.9.70 16:41, 26 May 2005 (UTC)

Formatting
I just changed the format of the Austria list from First Last to Last, First. It seems easier to browse when the surnames are lined up instead of the first names. Anyone object? -Ash211 04:41, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Bosko Petrovich (yugoslavian ace) was an ace in the Spanish Civil War (he was KIA in it) so, technicaly he was not a WW2 ace

- i took out an external link 'cos it was pointing to nowhere (404 error)88.105.120.134 12:55, 27 July 2006 (UTC)

Philippines
Hi, did the Philippines really just have one ace, or are there others who haven't been added? Juzhong (talk) 17:45, 24 November 2008 (UTC)

Czechia
Can't see any point in this heading - it links straight to the Czechosolvakian entry. I appreciate that the Czech Republic is a separate entity in 2009, but it wasn't during WWII. I suggest it is deleted. Any sensible objections? --KizzyB (talk) 23:12, 4 September 2009 (UTC)
 * None. -  Trevor  MacInnis   contribs  23:28, 4 September 2009 (UTC)

Philippine aces?
Looking into both of their articles, none of it tells me that they were aces. When I tried F3ing Villamor's article, what I was able to discern was that he had four confirmed kills and one unconfirm, so does that really make him an ace? Comparatively, César Basa's article has nothing which points to him being an ace, let alone shooting down any planes at all. Yourlocallordandsavior (talk) 05:34, 18 February 2022 (UTC)


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Curtis Institute of Music

The Curtis Institute of Music is a private conservatory in Philadelphia. It offers a performance diploma, a Bachelor of Music, Master of Music in opera, and a Professional Studies Certificate in opera. All students attend on a full scholarship.

20th century
The Curtis Institute of Music was founded in 1924, following the formation of the Philadelphia Orchestra in 1900 and the Philadelphia Opera Company in 1908 and amidst industrial decline and political corruption in Philadelphia. The institute's founder, Mary Louise Curtis Bok, a philanthropist, administrator, and major proponent of the Settlement Music School in Philadelphia, named the new school after her father, publishing magnate Cyrus Curtis.

The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania chartered the Curtis Institute on April 18, 1924, which opened in October 1925 on three mansions on 1727 and 1720 Locust Street and 235 South 18th Street. Both the Curtis Institute and the Settlement Music School shared a building at Queen Street in South Philadelphia for the first year.

Bok established the institute to train talented musicians for professional careers and to teach music for its own sake and not as a means to another end. In an official statement, Bok wrote about the goals and expectations of the institution: “It is my aim that earnest students shall acquire a thorough musical education not learning only to sing or play, but also the history of music, the laws of its making, languages, ear training and musical appreciation. They shall learn to think and to express their thoughts against a background of a quiet culture, with the stimulus of personal contact with artist teachers who represent the highest and finest in their art. The aim is for quality of the work rather than quick, showy results.”

When the institute opened, it included two distinct divisions: a preparatory division for 400 students and a conservatory for 200 students. Tuition was five hundred dollars, and the school opened with 357 students. Mary Bok became the conservatory’s first president, a position she would hold until 1969. Johann Grolle served as the first school director for one year, William E. Walter became director in 1925 and Josef Hofmann, head of the piano department, became director in 1927. The institute added a library in 1925 with over 5,000 volumes. Other notable original faculty included conductor Leopold Stokowski, violinist Carl Flesch, pianists David Saperton and Isabelle Vengerova, singers Marcella Sembrich and Andreas Dippel, cellist Michel Penha, and flutist William Kincaid.

Under Josef Hofmann as director, Curtis made several new changes to advance the school's standards and publicize the school. Hofmann reduced enrollment to ensure that students would receive individualized attention. Curtis initiated weekly radio broadcasts through CBS in 1929. The Curtis String Quartet was established in 1928 and lasted until 1981. From 1931 to 1941, Fritz Reiner served as the conductor of the Curtis Orchestra, who toured with the orchestra throughout the country and broadcast the orchestra on the radio. The school held its first commencement a decade after opening, awarding Bachelor of Music and Master of Music degrees.

Starting in the late 1920s, Curtis made significant changes to fully support students financially. In 1928, Mrs. Louis Bok expanded the school's first endowment of $500,000 to $12.5 million. The school started providing summer residency programs for advanced students in the United States or Europe. The new funds further allowed all students to study at Curtis at no cost. Since 1928, the institute has not charged tuition; it provides full scholarships to all admitted students. Instead, students pay comprehensive fees and other additional fees to cover the cost of maintaining buildings, health insurance, meal plans, a library fee, and a graduation fee. As of fall 2023, the comprehensive fee for Curtis is $3,500, and the health insurance fee, which can be waived if a parental health insurance plan provides adequate protection, is $2,500. With the new endowment, the school purchased several Steinway pianos and enough instruments for an orchestra so that students would not have to pay for instruments.

The school faced financial difficulties in the 1930s, decreased enrollment, and had to remove some departments and reduce salaries. Josef Hoffman resigned in 1938 and was succeeded by Randall Thompson, who became director in 1939 and held the post for two years. Thompson introduced mandatory weekly lectures providing an overview of music history. Violinist Efrem Zimbalist, who had become the head of the violin department in 1930 at Curtis, replaced Thompson as director in 1941. Under Zimbalist, the institute focused more on training soloists and cutting down on costs, which became especially necessary during the war years. This focus caused a shift away from orchestra, opera, and chamber music and a reduction of the instrumental faculty. Due to the war, enrollment decreased from 223 in 1937 to 100 in 1942. In 1944, the Curtis Alumni Association established a concert office to assist graduates in their professions.

21st century
In 2020, following credible allegations of abuse at the hands of past faculty, the school ended its practice of keeping students enrolled "at the discretion of their major instrument teacher". In accepting the findings of an independent investigation of abuse allegations that found the practice was a "real threat" and a student "could be dismissed for any reason at any time", Curtis pledged several other steps to ensure students' well-being, including providing them with access to counseling.

Admission
The institute formerly served as a training ground for orchestral musicians to fill the ranks of the Philadelphia Orchestra, although composers, organists, pianists, guitarists, and singers are offered courses of study as well.

With the exception of composers, conductors, pianists, organists, and guitarists, admission is granted only to the number of students to fill a single orchestra and opera company. Accordingly, enrollment is in the range of 150 to 175 students. According to statistics compiled by the U.S. News & World Report, the institute has the lowest acceptance rate of any college or university (2 percent), making it among the most selective institutions of higher education in the United States.

Nina Simone claimed her application for a scholarship was rejected because of her race, despite her excellent credentials and audition performance. Simone was one of 75 pianists to audition in 1951; only three were accepted. A short while before her death, Simone was awarded an honorary diploma by Curtis.

Gould Rehearsal Hall
Gould Rehearsal Hall A 2,850-square-foot, acoustically designed rehearsal hall accommodates a full orchestra, with state-of-the-art video and audio capabilities.

Field Concert Hall
Field Concert Hall is a 240-seat auditorium with facilities for both video and audio recording. The venue is used for weekly student recitals, faculty and alumni concerts, master classes, and recording sessions. It also houses a 5-manual, 116-rank Aeolian-Skinner organ.

Rock Resource Center
The Rock Resource Center of the Curtis Institute of Music contains more than 100,000 music scores, books, and recordings for study and performance. Comprising the John de Lancie Library and the Curtis Archives, the Rock Resource Center’s mission is to: provide Curtis students, faculty, and staff with the best possible collection of printed music, books, periodicals, recordings, and electronic resources needed to fulfill the school's mission; promote the Rock Resource Center's holdings through forward thinking and open patron service; and preserve and make Curtis’s past accessible to the greater Curtis community. The Curtis Archives comprises largely unpublished materials whose value derives from its collection by, ownership of, or relation to, a Curtis-affiliated individual. Non-Curtis collections of published and unpublished materials, as well as published materials by anyone (Curtis-related or not), can be found in Special Collections. Official Curtis recordings are part of the library collection.

Penelope P. Watkins Ensemble in Residence
The Dover Quartet is the Penelope P. Watkins Ensemble in Residence at Curtis. Their faculty residency integrates teaching and mentorship, and the resident ensemble will recruit promising young string quartets to nurture a new generation of professional chamber ensembles.

title: Curtis Institute of Music


text:
John VIII

John VIII may refer to:
 * Pope John VIII, Pope from 872 to 882
 * Antipope John VIII, antipope in 844
 * John VIII bar Abdoun, Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch (944-1033)
 * John VIII of Constantinople, Patriarch of Constantinople (1010-1075)
 * John VIII Palaiologos, Byzantine Emperor (1392–1448)
 * John VIII, Count of Harcourt, 1398–1424
 * John VIII, Count of Vendôme, 1426–1477
 * John VIII, Archbishop of Antivari, d. 1571
 * John VIII, Count of Nassau-Siegen, 1583–1638
 * The mythical Pope Joan, in some versions of her legend

title: John VIII


text:
List of newspapers in Australia

This is a list of newspapers in Australia. The Sydney Morning Herald is the most-read newspaper in Australia, with over eight million readers as of 2021.

Top 10 newspapers by circulation
The following is a list of the top 10 newspapers in Australia by average paid print circulation in 2018.

National
In 1950, the number of national daily newspapers in Australia was 54 and it increased to 65 in 1965.

Daily newspapers

 * The Australian (broadsheet)
 * The Australian Financial Review
 * The Guardian Australia (online only)
 * The New Daily (online only)

Weekly newspapers

 * The Saturday Paper
 * The Weekly Times

Bi-weekly and monthly newspapers

 * Koori Mail, bi-weekly
 * Nichigo Press national edition, monthly, Japanese
 * Red Flag, bi-weekly
 * Green Left, bi-weekly

Sydney newspapers
There are many newspapers published in New South Wales, serving both the capital, Sydney, and the regions. Some newspapers are defunct; some have been renamed; some have been amalgamated. The two main Sydney newspapers are The Sydney Morning Herald, which was founded in 1831, and The Daily Telegraph, founded in 1879.

Regional newspapers

 * Newcastle Weekly (2015– )

Broken Hill, though a city in New South Wales, has significant historical connections to South Australia.
 * Barrier Daily Truth (1908– )
 * The Barrier Truth (1898–1908) - predecessor
 * The Barrier Miner (1888–1974)
 * The Barrier Weekly Post (1898– )

Newspapers in languages other than English
There are also many current and past newspapers serving local communities in New South Wales that are published in languages other than English.

Statewide newspapers

 * VicNews

Melbourne newspapers

 * The Age (tabloid daily)
 * Epoch Times (broadsheet Chinese weekly, subscription English weekly)
 * Vision China Times (Chinese weekly)
 * Herald Sun (tabloid daily)
 * Leader Community Newspaper group publishes 20 local news titles covering metropolitan Melbourne
 * Melbourne Observer (tabloid weekly)
 * Sameway Magazine (Chinese weekly)
 * The Australian Jewish News (weekly)
 * Viet Times (Vietnamese weekly)
 * Il Globo (bi-weekly, Italian)

Regional newspapers

 * The Advertiser (Bairnsdale)
 * Alexandra, Eildon, Marysville Standard
 * Ararat Advertiser
 * Armstrong Creek Times
 * Bacchus Marsh Express
 * Ballarat News
 * Ballarat Times News Group
 * The Bellarine Times
 * Benalla Ensign
 * Bendigo Advertiser
 * The Bendigo Times
 * The Bendigo Weekly
 * The Border Mail (Wodonga)
 * Brimbank Weekly
 * The Camperdown Chronicle
 * Casterton News
 * Castlemaine Mail
 * The Chronicle (Wangaratta)
 * Cobram Courier
 * Cohuna Farmer's Weekly
 * Colac Herald
 * Corryong Courier
 * Country News (Shepparton)
 * The Courier (Ballarat)
 * Daylesford Advocate
 * Dimboola Banner
 * The Echo
 * Euroa Gazette
 * The Free Press
 * The Geelong Advertiser
 * The Geelong Times
 * The Geelong News
 * The Gippsland Times (Sale, Maffra and surrounding areas)
 * Girgarre Gazette
 * The Golden Plans Times (Golden Plans Shire)
 * The Guardian (Swan Hill)
 * Hamilton Spectator
 * Healesville and Yarra Glen Guardian
 * The Horsham Times
 * Kyabram Free Press
 * The Latrobe Valley Express (Latrobe Valley and surrounding areas)
 * Maryborough & Dunolly Advertiser
 * Midland Express
 * The Miner (Ballarat to Winchelsea)
 * The Moe and Narracan News
 * Moorabool News
 * Mortlake Dispatch
 * Morwell Advertiser
 * Morwell and Yinnar Gazette
 * Mount Wycheproof Ensign
 * Murchison Advertiser
 * Myrtleford Mail and Whorouly Witness
 * Nagambie Times
 * Narracan Shire Advocate
 * Nathalia Herald
 * Nhill Free Press
 * The McIvor Times
 * The North Central Review
 * Ovens and Murray Advertiser
 * Port Fairy Gazette
 * The Portland Observer
 * Riponshire Advocate
 * Riverine Herald (Echuca)
 * Rochester Express
 * Romsey Express
 * Rosedale Courier
 * Rupunyup Spectator and Lubeck, Banyena, Rich Avon, and Lallat Advertiser
 * Rutherglen Sun
 * Shepparton Advertiser
 * Shepparton News
 * Snowy River Mail
 * South Gippsland Voices Newspaper
 * Sunraysia Daily (Mildura)
 * Star News ( South East Suburbs)
 * The Surfcoast Times (Surfcoast Shire)
 * The Traralgon Journal
 * Wangaratta Chronicle
 * The Warragul & Drouin Gazette
 * The Warragul Citizen
 * The Warrnambool Standard
 * The Weekly Times
 * The Whittlesea Review
 * Yea Chronicle

Brisbane newspapers

 * Brisbane News (free weekly magazine)
 * Brisbane Times (online)
 * The Courier-Mail (tabloid)
 * The Catholic Leader (Brisbane)
 * The Epoch Times (Broadsheet Chinese weekly, Subscription English weekly)
 * Newsbytes (online)
 * Queensland Asian Business Weekly (Chinese weekly)
 * Queensland Country Life (published in Brisbane for Queensland rural readers)
 * Sameway Magazine (Chinese weekly)

Brisbane community newspapers

 * The Independent
 * Quest Community Newspapers (city and suburban editions)
 * The Reporter
 * The Westerner
 * Westside News
 * Wynnum Herald
 * Brisbane Indian Times

Regional newspapers

 * Albert & Logan News
 * Ayr Advocate
 * Balonne Beacon
 * Beaudesert Times
 * The Border Post (Stanthorpe)
 * Bowen Independent
 * Bundaberg NewsMail
 * Caboolture Shire Herald
 * Cairns Bulletin
 * Cairns Newspapers
 * Cairns Northern News
 * The Cairns Post
 * Cairns Sun
 * The Canungra Times
 * The Capricornian
 * The Central & North Burnett Times
 * Central Queensland News (Emerald)
 * Central Queensland Today (Rockhampton)
 * The Charleville Courier
 * Chinchilla News and Murilla Advertiser
 * The Chronicle
 * Cooktown Local News
 * The Daily Mercury
 * Darling Downs Gazette
 * The Evening Advocate
 * The Gladstone Observer
 * Gold Coast Bulletin
 * Gold Coast Mail
 * Gold Coast Sun
 * Goondiwindi Argus
 * Gympie Life
 * Gympie Times
 * Herbert River Express
 * Hinterland Times
 * Home Hill Observer
 * Innisfail Advocate
 * The Ipswich Herald and General Advertiser
 * Ipswich News
 * The Kuranda Paper
 * Logan West Leader
 * Longreach Leader
 * The Maryborough Sun (Maryborough)
 * The Morning Bulletin (Rockhampton)
 * The Noosa Journal
 * MacIntyre Gazette
 * Moreton Daily News
 * Noosa News
 * The National Tribune
 * Northern Herald (former Millstream Times)
 * The Northern Miner (Charters Towers)
 * Northern Times
 * Pine Rivers Press
 * Port Douglas and Mossman Gazette
 * The Queensland Times (Ipswich)
 * Redcliffe & Bayside Herald
 * Redland City Bulletin
 * South Burnett Times (Kingaroy)
 * Southern Herald
 * Sunshine Coast Daily
 * Tablelander
 * Tablelands Advertiser
 * The Weekend Post
 * The Whitsunday Times
 * Toowoomba Chronicle
 * Torres News
 * Townsville Bulletin
 * Townsville Sun
 * Warwick Daily News
 * Western Cape Bulletin
 * The Western Star and Roma Advertiser
 * Whitsunday Coast Guardian formerly The Proserpine Guardian and The Guardian
 * Tropic Now
 * The Coastal Rag (Discovery Coast, Queensland)

Perth newspapers

 * Countryman
 * Fremantle Herald
 * Subiaco Post
 * The Sunday Times
 * WA Business News
 * The West Australian
 * Great Southern Weekender
 * WAtoday (online only)

Regional newspapers

 * Albany Advertiser
 * Avon Advocate
 * Broome Advertiser
 * The Bunbury Herald
 * Bunbury Mail
 * Busselton-Dunsborough Mail
 * Busselton-Margaret Times
 * Capes Herald
 * Coolgardie Miner
 * Darlington Review
 * Esperance Express
 * Echo Newspapers
 * Geraldton Guardian
 * Gnowangerup Star (defunct)
 * Golden Age (Coolgardie daily)
 * Goldfield Courier (Coolgardie)
 * Goldfields Express (Goldfields region)
 * Great Southern Herald (Katanning)
 * Harvey Reporter
 * Kalgoorlie Miner
 * Kimberley Echo (Kununurra)
 * Kimberley Times (Derby)
 * Mandurah Coastal Times
 * Mandurah Mail
 * Manjimup-Bridgetown Times
 * Midwest Times
 * Mundaring Magazine
 * Murray Mail (Pinjarra)
 * Narrogin Observer
 * North West Telegraph (Port Hedland)
 * Northern Guardian (Carnarvon)
 * The Northern Times (Carnarvon, W.A.)
 * Northern Valleys News (Northern Valleys – Bindoon, Bullsbrook, Calingiri, Chittering, Gingin, Mogumber, Muchea, Wannamal)
 * Pilbara Echo (Karratha, Dampier, Port Hedland)
 * Pilbara News (Karratha)
 * Pinjarra Murray Times (Pinjarra)
 * Sound Telegraph (Rockingham)
 * South Western Times (Bunbury)
 * Southern Avon Chronicle (Northam, York)

Adelaide

 * The Advertiser (tabloid)
 * InDaily (online only)
 * Messenger Newspapers
 * Sameway Magazine (Chinese weekly)
 * Stock Journal (statewide)
 * The Southern Cross (Catholic weekly newspaper, now monthly)
 * Sunday Mail (tabloid)

Regional newspapers

 * The Border Chronicle (Bordertown)
 * The Border Times (Pinnaroo)
 * The Border Watch (Mount Gambier)
 * The Bunyip (Gawler)
 * Burra Broadcaster (Burra)
 * Coastal Leader (Kingston SE)
 * The Courier (Mount Barker)
 * The Eyre Peninsula Tribune (Cleve)
 * The Flinders News (Port Pirie)
 * Gibber Gabber
 * Herald (Tanunda)
 * The Islander (Kingscote)
 * The Leader (Barossa Valley)
 * The Loxton News (Loxton)
 * The Murray Pioneer (Renmark)
 * The Murray Valley Standard (Murray Bridge)
 * The Naracoorte Herald (Naracoorte)
 * The Northern Argus (Clare Valley)
 * On the Coast (Victor Harbor)
 * The Pennant (Penola)
 * The Plains Producer (Balaklava)
 * The Port Lincoln Times (Port Lincoln)
 * The Quorn Mercury (Quorn, Flinders Ranges)
 * The Recorder (Port Pirie)
 * The River News (Waikerie)
 * The Southern Argus (Strathalbyn)
 * South Eastern Times (Millicent)
 * The Times (Victor Harbor)
 * The Transcontinental (Port Augusta)
 * Victor Harbor Times (Victor Harbor)
 * The West Coast Sentinel (Ceduna)
 * The Whyalla News (Whyalla)
 * Yorke Peninsula Country Times (Kadina)

Hobart newspapers

 * The Mercury
 * The Sunday Tasmanian

Regional newspapers

 * The Advocate (Burnie)
 * Circular Head Chronicle (Smithton)
 * The Examiner (Launceston)
 * The Gazette (New Norfolk)
 * Huon Valley News (Franklin)
 * The Independent (Launceston)
 * Kingborough Chronicle (Kingborough)
 * North-Eastern Advertiser (Scottsdale)
 * Tasmanian Country (Hobart)
 * Sorell Times (Sorell)
 * Tasman Gazette (Tasman peninsula)
 * East Coast View (East coast)
 * Hobart Observer (Hobart)
 * Glenorchy Gazette (Glenorchy)
 * Eastern Shore Sun (Eastern shore)

Darwin newspapers

 * Darwin Sun
 * Northern Territory News (1952–present)
 * Palmerston Sun

Regional newspapers

 * Alice Springs News
 * Arafura Times
 * Centralian Advocate
 * Eylandt Echo
 * Katherine Times
 * Litchfield Times
 * Top End Review
 * Wagaitear

Australian Capital Territory

 * Canberra Weekly
 * Canberra City News
 * Canberra Illustrated: A Quarterly Magazine
 * The Canberra Times
 * The Federal Capital Pioneer
 * The Good Neighbour
 * The RIOT ACT

title: List of newspapers in Australia


text:
John VII

John VII may refer to:

 * Pope John VII, Pope from 705 to his death in 707
 * Patriarch John VII of Constantinople (died prior to 867), Patriarch from 837 to 843
 * John VII of Jerusalem, Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem from 964 to 966
 * John VII, Count of Harcourt (1369-1452)
 * John VII Palaiologos (1370–1408), Byzantine Emperor for five months in 1390
 * John VII of Werle (c. 1375–1414)
 * John VII, Count of Oldenburg (1540–1603)
 * Johann V-VII, Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (1558–1592)
 * John VII, Count of Nassau-Siegen (1561–1623)

title: John VII


text:
John VI

John VI may refer to:

 * Pope John VI (655–705), Pope from 701 to 705
 * John VI of Constantinople (died 715), Patriarch of Constantinople from 712 to 715
 * John VI, Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch (936–953)
 * Yohannan VI, (fl. 1014), Patriarch of the Church of the East from 1012 to 1016
 * John VI of Naples (died 1120 or 1123), Duke from 1097 or 1107 to his death
 * John VI the Affluent, Armenian Catholicos of the Holy See of Cilicia (1203–1221)
 * John VI Kantakouzenos (1292–1383), Byzantine Emperor from 1347 to 1354
 * John VI, Count of Harcourt (1342–1389)
 * John VI, Duke of Brittany (1389–1442)
 * John VI, Duke of Mecklenburg (1439–1474)
 * John VI, Count of Oldenburg (1501–1548)
 * John VI, Count of Nassau-Dillenburg (1535–1606)
 * John VI, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst (1621–1667)
 * John VI of Portugal (1767–1826), King of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves (1816–1825), King of Portugal and of the Algarves (1825–1826)

title: John VI


text:
Chen Lili (model)

Chen Lili (or Lili Chen, ; born February, 1980) is a transgender singer, model, and actress from the People's Republic of China. She became widely known in 2004 when she competed and attempted to compete in beauty pageants as a woman. She was born into a peasant family at Yilong County, Nanchong City of Sichuan Province. She received sex reassignment surgery in Qingdao in November 2003. On February 11, 2004, she was issued an ID card establishing her female identity by the Public Security Bureau of Nanchong.

Chen attempted to compete in the Miss Universe contest in early 2004. Although the Miss Universe China committee initially announced, on February 23, that she would be allowed to participate, on February 25, they retracted their original decision, stating that she would not be allowed to participate because she was not a "natural female." Despite being barred from the competition, Chen was nonetheless given the opportunity to perform at the event. It is believed that Lili is the first transsexual woman to attempt to compete in the Miss Universe contest.

In late 2004, Chen competed in China's first Miss Artificial Beauty pageant. She finished as second runner up.

In 2005, she appeared in the motion picture The Secret.

title: Chen Lili (model)


text:
University of Maryland Eastern Shore

University of Maryland Eastern Shore (UMES) is a public historically black land-grant research university in Princess Anne, Maryland. It is part of the University System of Maryland. It is classified among "R2: Doctoral Universities – High research activity". It was established as Delaware Conference Academy. It has also been known as Princess Anne Academy and other names during its evolution.

History

The University of Maryland Eastern Shore has been known by a series of names reflective of its location, evolving role, and mission over a period spanning three centuries. It opened September 13, 1886, under the auspices of the Delaware Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church. Benjamin and Portia Bird welcomed nine students that first day to a converted farmhouse on 16 acres. The school was at first envisioned as a preparatory school for the private Centenary Biblical Institute in Baltimore, which was affiliated with the Methodist Episcopal Church. In 1890 it changed its name to Morgan College to honor the first chairman of its board of trustees; and is now the public Morgan State University. By the end of the first academic year, 37 students were enrolled in the Delaware Conference Academy in Princess Anne.

Because of segregation in the state, African-American students could not enroll in the Maryland Agriculture College in College Park, which offered advanced instruction in farming techniques and related trades commonplace in the late 19th century. Congress enacted the Second Morrill Act of 1890, which required states to establish colleges for African-American students in order to continue to receive gain land-grant funds. The state of Maryland formalized a partnership with Morgan to underwrite "land-grant" education for African-Americans on Maryland's lower Eastern Shore.

By the turn of the 20th century, the school was known widely as Princess Anne Academy, although in some circles it was informally referred to as Morgan's "industrial branch." The public-private partnership between the state and Morgan inspired another alternative name, at least according to state government archives: the Eastern Shore Branch of Maryland Agriculture College.

In the midst of the Great Depression, Maryland courts directed the state to admit qualified African-American applicants to its publicly funded law school in Baltimore. Historians believe this ruling led the state to convert Princess Anne Academy to a public institution.

Fifty years after opening, the school formally passed from church control to state ownership with the first of four $25,000 installment payments – just as it was developing as a baccalaureate degree-granting college. Maryland's public flagship campus in College Park was designated its administrative agency. In 1948, the Eastern Shore Branch of the University of Maryland, then alternately known as Princess Anne College, was renamed as Maryland State College, a division of the University of Maryland.

Maryland State College became the University of Maryland Eastern Shore on July 1, 1970. Today it is one of 12 University System of Maryland public institutions of higher education. In addition to 745 acres on its main campus in Princess Anne, UMES also operates a 385-acre research farm in southern Somerset County, and the Paul S. Sarbanes Coastal Ecology Center on eight acres near Assateague Island in neighboring Worcester County.

UMES offers instruction in 37 undergraduate areas of study, as well as 15 master's degrees and eight doctoral-degree programs; 27 are peer-accredited.

In 2020, MacKenzie Scott donated $20 million to UMES. Her donation is the largest single gift in the university's history.

Academics
The university comprises five schools:
 * School of Agricultural and Natural Sciences
 * School of Education, Social Sciences, and the Arts
 * School of Business and Technology
 * School of Pharmacy and Health Professions
 * School of Graduate Studies

Athletics
UMES was one of the founding members of the Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference in 1970. The school left the MEAC in 1979 but re-joined in 1981 and has been a member ever since. The Hawks compete in 15 sports at the Division I level: seven men's and eight women's. Prior to 1970, the university was a member of the Central Intercollegiate Athletic Association in Division II.

The school was once a powerhouse in black college football, producing five undefeated seasons between 1947 and 1960. As at many smaller colleges, the high costs associated with operating an NCAA Division I football program and complying with the federal Title IX gender-equity law became too much of a burden. The team was disbanded following the 1979 season.

In 1948, Maryland State College and Albright College played one of the first intercollegiate football games between an historically black institution and a majority-white institution.

After a consultant produced a study in 2012 on the feasibility of reinstating football, President Dr. Juliette B. Bell put together a task force to assess whether football should be reinstated. On February 28, 2013, they decided to continue without football, but noted that the topic "may be revisited" in five years. NFL player and coach Art Shell attended UMES.

UMES is tied with Florida State for the most alumni appearing in a single Super Bowl game. In the 1968 game (Super Bowl III) between the New York Jets and the Baltimore Colts, UMES was represented by four alumni: Earl Christy (1961–1964), Johnny Sample (1954–1957), Emerson Boozer (1962–1965), and Charlie Stukes (1963–1967).

The UMES women's bowling team won the NCAA Bowling Championship in 2012 in Ohio against Fairleigh Dickinson University and in 2008 in Omaha, Nebraska against Arkansas State University. They won the series 4-2 (in a best of 7 match). The team was led by All-Tournament players Jessica Worsley (who was named the tournament MVP) and Maria Rodriguez. With the series win, UMES became the first HBCU to win a women's NCAA national championship. The UMES women won their second 2011 NCAA Bowling Championship in Taylor, Michigan against Vanderbilt University, also winning the series 4-2 (in a best of 7 match). Kristina Frahm (named tournament MVP) and Maria Rodriguez were named to the All-Tournament team en route to their victory. That season, along with the NCAA Championship, UMES also won the USBC Team Championships over Lindenwood University, as well as the MEAC Championship. In 2007, the women's bowling team came in second at the NCAA National Championship in Orlando, Florida and fell to Vanderbilt in a 4–3 series. The team was led by All-Tournament players Marion Singleton and Jessica Worsley. The UMES women's bowling team won the MEAC Championship in 2000, 2006, 2007, and 2008.

UMES men's basketball is coached by Jason Crafton. The school led the nation in scoring during the 1973–1974 season with 97.6 points per game, including future NBA picks Rubin Collins, Talvin Skinner, William Gordon and Joe Pace. The team defeated Manhattan College 84–81 in the first round of the 1974 NIT and fell to Jacksonville University 85–83 in the quarterfinals. The team has never played in the NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament.

During the 2010–11 season, UMES had a men's and women's basketball player surpass the 1,000-career point mark. Hillary Haley passed the mark on the men's side with a 24-point performance against Coppin State on February 19, including his first season at St. Bonaventure. On the women's side, Casey Morton scored 10 points against Savannah State to surpass the mark, finishing with 1,230 in four years with the Lady Hawks. The next season, Adobi Agbasi finished third in Division I in blocks per game with 3.72 per contest, becoming the all-time shot-blocker in UMES women's basketball history with 239 total blocks, achieving that mark on March 1, 2012, against Savannah State.

In 2011, the Hawks men's outdoor track team was ranked third in the Mid-Atlantic Region by the U.S. Track & Field and Cross Country Coaches Association, and subsequently was the highest ranked team in the state of Maryland. The following season, three UMES outdoor track athletes earned All-America status: Lénora Guion-Firmin earned First Team in the 400-meter dash, later earning a spot with the French 4x400-meter team in the 2012 Summer Olympics, while Andre Walsh and Vanessa Henry, in the men's 400-meter hurdles and women's shot put, earned Second Team. In 2014, The men's side won the MEAC Cross Country Championships.

The UMES women's volleyball team won its first MEAC championship in the history of the school in November 2011 with a win over Florida A&M in the title game, earning its first NCAA Tournament berth ever. The Hawks fell to eventual national champion UCLA in the first round. In 2012, the team repeated as MEAC champions with another five-set win over Florida A&M to advance to the NCAAs again, falling to 4-seed Nebraska in its first match. The team has won the MEAC Northern Division each of the past six years, combining to go 61–3 in conference regular season matches in that time, and also holds the longest current home-winning streak in Division I, being victorious in its last 30 matches at home.

Notable faculty

 * Heidi M. Anderson
 * Mike Hall
 * Mignon Holland Anderson
 * Vernon McCain
 * Ulysses S. McPherson
 * Jack Thomas
 * Frank Trigg

title: University of Maryland Eastern Shore


text:
U.S. Route 491

U.S. Route 491 (US 491) is a north–south U.S. Highway serving the Four Corners region of the United States. It was created in 2003 as a renumbering of U.S. Route 666 (US 666). With the US 666 designation, the road was nicknamed the "Devil's Highway" because of the significance of the number 666 to many Christian denominations as the Number of the Beast. This Satanic connotation, combined with a high fatality rate along the New Mexico portion, convinced some people the highway was cursed. The problem was compounded by persistent sign theft. These factors led to two efforts to renumber the highway, first by officials in Arizona, then by those in New Mexico. There have been safety improvement projects since the renumbering, and fatality rates have subsequently decreased.

The highway, now a spur route of US 91 via its connection to US 191, runs through New Mexico, Colorado and Utah, as well as the tribal nations of the Navajo Nation and Ute Mountain Ute Tribe. The highway passes by two mountains considered sacred by Native Americans: Ute Mountain and an extinct volcanic core named Shiprock. Other features along the route include Mesa Verde National Park and Dove Creek, Colorado, the self-proclaimed pinto-bean capital of the world.

Route description
US 491 serves the states of New Mexico, Colorado and Utah. Before 1992, US 666 also served Arizona. The Arizona portion was renumbered separately and is now part of US 191. The former US 666 was the only highway to have passed through each of the Four Corners states, even though it never came near the Four Corners Monument, which is accessed via US 160. At several points along US 491, mountain ranges in all of the Four Corners states are visible from a single location. The alignment of the highway is mostly north–south, however the Utah portion was signed east–west.

New Mexico
US 491 begins at Gallup, at a junction with Interstate 40 (I-40), and currently runs north along Muñoz Drive. The routing has changed to bypass the downtown area. The original route used 9th Street, starting at US 66. US 491 leaves Gallup and passes north through the eastern half of the Navajo Nation. Along the way, the road passes through the small tribal communities and trading posts of Tohatchi, Buffalo Springs, Naschitti, Sheep Springs and Newcomb. The Navajo tribal capital at Window Rock, Arizona, is just west of the highway corridor, accessed by State Road 264 (NM 264). The largest city served by US 491 is Shiprock, which takes its name from one of several extinct volcano cores in the area. Shiprock is known as "the winged rock" in the Navajo language, and the mountain is considered sacred by the Navajo people. Shiprock is where the US 491 crosses the San Juan River and is briefly concurrent with US 64. After passing Shiprock, the route continues north to the Colorado state line. The New Mexico portion has been designated the "John Pinto Highway" by the New Mexico state legislature.

It is on the Trails of the Ancients Byway, one of the designated New Mexico Scenic Byways.

Colorado
The New Mexico-Colorado state line is where the highway passes from the Navajo Nation to Ute Mountain Ute tribal lands. The highway passes to the east of the tribe's namesake, Ute Mountain, believed to belong to a great warrior god of the Ute People. US 491 proceeds diagonally to the northwest in the extreme southwestern corner of the state. The highway exits tribal lands near Cortez and Mesa Verde National Park. After leaving Cortez, the road gradually rises in elevation while proceeding towards Utah. Here, the route features large pinto bean farming regions including Dove Creek, which bills itself as the "pinto bean capital of the world". Canyons of the Ancients National Monument is located along the ascent, just west of the highway. Along this ascent is an access road for Hovenweep National Monument at the state line. A portion of the road in Colorado has been designated the Trail of the Ancients, a National Scenic Byway, which uses US 491 as an access for these parks and monuments in southwest Colorado.

Utah
Once in Utah, US 491 gradually ascends to the Abajo Mountains. Still visible are large farming regions. Upon reaching an elevation of 7000 ft, the highway arrives at a weigh station and reaches the town of Monticello. US 491 enters the town on Central Street and terminates near the city park at an intersection with US 191, which runs along Main Street. All highways in Utah are codified into law; US 491 is defined at Utah Code Annotated §72-4-137(11).

Pre-1926
Before the Mexican–American War, when this area was ceded to the United States, the main trade route through this part of Mexico was the Old Spanish Trail. This trail extended from Santa Fe, New Mexico to Los Angeles. The trail had multiple routes; however, the main route proceeded north towards Moab, Utah, one of the few places where the Colorado River can be crossed without having to traverse steep cliffs. The modern US 491 roughly correlates with the main route of the Old Spanish Trail between Cortez, Colorado and its northern terminus. Before 1926, all of modern US 491 existed as state routes. In New Mexico, US 666 absorbed a portion of State Road 32 (NM 32) from Gallup to Shiprock, and completely replaced NM 121 from Shiprock to the Colorado state line. The portion in Colorado was numbered State Highway 106 (SH 106) from the New Mexico state line to Cortez, and SH 10 from Cortez to Utah. At the time, SH 10 traversed the southern portion of Colorado. While most of this corridor today has a U.S. Highway designation, a portion of SH 10 still exists. In Utah, the route was originally numbered State Route 9 (SR 9), which also included what is now US 191 from Monticello to Crescent Junction. Utah has since re-used the SR 9 designation for a different road.

U.S. Route 666
The route was upgraded to a U.S. Highway in 1926, as U.S. Route 666. This number was appropriate and in accordance with the road numbering guidelines for U.S. Highways, being the sixth spur along the highway's parent highway, the famed cross-continental highway U.S. Route 66, from which US 491 breaks around Gallup, New Mexico. This number was assigned by the American Association of State Highway Officials (AASHO), a coordinating body that created the U.S. Highway System. At that time, the northern terminus of the route was in Cortez, at an intersection with then US 450 (modern US 160).

Over time the route became known as the "Devil's Highway", a reference to the Number of the Beast. This nickname and association made some visitors uncomfortable, as well as making the signs targets for theft. Because of the highway's number, accidents and other phenomena, this became repeated as legend. These legends convinced some people the highway was cursed. One unnamed highway patrol officer was quoted in USA Today as stating a drunk-driving suspect told him, "Triple 6 is evil. Everyone dies on that highway." Skeptics point out that the highway has a lower than average fatality rate in Utah and Colorado; only the New Mexico portion is statistically a dangerous highway. Skeptics further state the high fatality rate in New Mexico can be explained by an inadequate design for the traffic loads at the time. During the renumbering debate, the Albuquerque Journal opined that the planned highway improvements would do more to reduce fatalities than the renumbering itself.

The curse of US 666 is briefly discussed in Jonathan D. Rosenblum's book, Copper Crucible, which investigates the Arizona Copper Mine Strike of 1983. This strike occurred along the highway near Morenci, Arizona. The highway was used as a plot element in films and television, including Route 666, Natural Born Killers, and Repo Man, as well as a two-part episode of the series Married... with Children, titled "Route 666". These pieces are not accurate in portraying the route; for example, one depicts the route in Nevada.

Extensions into Arizona and Utah
On December 4, 1938, the southern terminus of the route was extended from Gallup across the Arizona state line to US 80 in Douglas, near the Mexican border. It ran concurrent with US 66 for 30 miles (48.3 km) before the turn south. Prior to the extension, the route between Douglas and Sanders was designated as SR 81. The Arizona portion of the highway is known as the Coronado Trail Scenic Byway, as it approximated the path of the Spanish explorer, Francisco Vásquez de Coronado. This portion is noted for mountainous terrain, with hairpin turns and steep grades, that reaches an altitude of over 9000 ft. The curves force a speed limit of 10 mph in spots.

In 1970, several U.S. Highways in the Four Corners region were re-aligned. As part of this change, US 160 was rerouted west of Cortez to serve the Four Corners Monument and enter Arizona instead of Utah. US 666 was extended up part of the old route of US 160 to Monticello, Utah, at an intersection with then US 163 (now US 191).

In 1985, the Utah Department of Transportation petitioned to extend US 666 northwest to Richfield, but the proposal was rejected. The proposed extension followed SR 95, SR 24, and SR 119. A concurrency with US 191 would have been routed through Blanding and Monticello to connect to the rest of the route. One of the reasons cited for rejecting the proposal was that portions of SR 24 were not built to standards desired for additions to the U.S. Highway System.

Elimination and renumbering of US 666
In 1985, the US 66 designation was eliminated, leaving US 666 (and other routes) as "orphans". This fact would be used as a supporting factor in later petitions to renumber the highway. In 1992, the part in Arizona was renumbered as an extension of US 191. This truncated US 666 again at Gallup, New Mexico, now at I-40.

The route in the other three states became U.S. Route 491 in 2003, mainly through efforts of New Mexico Governor Bill Richardson. He requested the change due to the "infamy brought by the inopportune naming of the road". While campaigning for governor, Richardson promised to renumber the highway as part of a larger plan to improve the highway and build relations between New Mexico and the Navajo Nation. Although traditional Navajo culture does not share the belief of 666 being an evil number, some Navajos had attempted for years to change the number as a way to raise awareness about the dangerous highway. The highway had largely been ignored, with few improvements made since it was first paved. By 1997, US 666 was named one of the 20 most dangerous highways in the United States. Some Navajo leaders were concerned that efforts to reduce poverty on Navajo lands, via promoting tourism and outside investment, were being hampered by the Christian aversion to the number.

In New Mexico's motion to renumber the highway, they selected U.S. Route 393. Since the route came nowhere near US 93, AASHTO instead suggested US 491, noting it as a branch of US 191 at Monticello, Utah. Although the next three-digit child of US 91 would have been U.S. Route 291, both the 291 and 391 designations were already in use as state route numbers in at least one of the affected states. At the news that the motion had passed, a New Mexico spokesperson stated, "The devil's out of here, and we say goodbye and good riddance." Referring to the motion passing with a different number from what New Mexico requested, another spokesperson responded, "As long as it's not 666 and it's nothing satanic, that's OK." US 666 officially ceased to exist on May 31, 2003, although temporary "New 491 – Old 666" signs were posted after the change to aid travelers using old maps. Although sign theft had always been a problem along this highway, thefts reached epidemic proportions when the pending number change was announced. Within days of the announcement, virtually every US 666 sign had been stolen, some for sale on eBay. Officials in Utah reported that five entire sign assemblies had been cut down with a chainsaw and stolen, while New Mexico officials reported that even signs welded to metal posts, as a theft deterrent, had been stolen. Officials speculated from one scene that someone had intentionally crashed a car into the sign post to break the welds.

The dedication of the "new" highway was postponed until July 30, 2003, to coincide with the start of construction projects to improve safety on the highway. At the dedication George Blue Horse, a Navajo medicine man, performed a ceremony to remove the curse from the highway. In the Navajo language he stated, "The road itself never ends. It goes on generation to generation. The new number is a good one. The new road will be a medicine."

Newspapers and television stations interviewed people along the route about their opinions on the changing of the highway's number. Even some people who believed in the 666 curse disagreed with the change. One went on record as stating highway officials, "are messing with the wrong guy. They're making the devil mad. They should have left the 666 alone." Others were more sarcastic. One Monticello resident stated, "We'll really miss all the potheads stopping and taking pictures of the Route 666 sign." Most residents took pride in living along the Devil's Highway and opposed the change. Some commented that no matter the number they would still call the road the Devil's Highway.

Post-renumbering
Since the renumbering in 2003, portions of US 491 in New Mexico have been upgraded to a four-lane divided highway, with grade separations at the busiest interchanges. The New Mexico Department of Transportation has noted that, as sections are upgraded, fatality rates improve on the four-lane portions, but remain high on the two-lane portions. As construction has proceeded, the most dangerous portions of the highway have moved to points where the four-lane portion ends, and traffic merges to two lanes. This has caused the department to coordinate the phases of the upgrades to minimize the number of two-lane/four-lane transitions. Construction on the final phase was originally scheduled to begin January 2008, however the state applied for American Recovery and Reinvestment Act funds to finish the project and completion was delayed until 2012.

Major intersections
Note: The Utah mileposts are posted in a west-to-east direction, while Colorado's and New Mexico's mileposts are posted in a south-to-north direction.

title: U.S. Route 491


text:
Autun

Autun is a subprefecture of the Saône-et-Loire department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region of central-eastern France. It was founded during the Principate era of the early Roman Empire by Emperor Augustus as Augustodunum to give a Roman capital to the Gallic people Aedui, who had Bibracte as their political centre. In Roman times the city may have been home to 30,000 to 100,000 people, according to different estimates. Nowadays, the commune has a population of about 15,000.

Geography
The commune lies in the northwest of the department.

Early history
Augustodunum was founded during the reign of the first Roman emperor, Augustus, after whom it was named. It was the civitas "tribal capital" of the Aedui, Continental Celts who had been allies and "brothers" (fratres) of Rome since before Julius Caesar's Gallic Wars. Augustodunum was a planned foundation replacing the original oppidum Bibracte, located some 25 km away. Several elements of Roman architecture such as walls, gates, and a Roman theater are still visible in the town.

In AD 356, a force of Alemanni brought the siege of Autun. The disrepair of the walls left the city in danger of falling. Autun was saved by the arrival of the Emperor Julian in one of his early military successes. In Late Antiquity, Autun became famous for its schools of rhetoric. A world map based on the Geography of Ptolemy was famous for its size and was displayed in the portico of one of the schools. It may have survived until early modern times.

In 532 the Merovingian kings Childebert I and Chlothar I in Battle of Autun defeated the Burgundians led by king Godomar and took over the country of Burgundy. In 642 or 643, another battle was fought near Autun between feuding Frankish noblemen.

In 725, the Umayyad general Anbasa ibn Suhaym Al-Kalbi (عنبسة بن سحيم الكلبي) marched up the Saône valley to Autun. On 22 August 725 he captured the town after defeating forces led by the local bishop, Émilien of Nantes, who was slain during the course of the battle.

Autun marks the easternmost extent of the Umayyad campaign in Europe. However, the position was never retained, and Anbasa died soon after. The Umayyads are known to have raided the lower Rhone during the next decade, but Uzès was their northernmost stronghold and possibly Marseille the easternmost coastal stronghold. In 880, Count Richard of Autun was made the first Duke of Burgundy.

In 1506, Barthélemy de Chasseneuz made his reputation as an attorney, defending the rats of Autun against the charge of eating the barley crop.

Modern times
In 1788, Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord became bishop of Autun. He was elected member of the clergy for the Estates-General of 1789.

The High School plays an important role in the history of the city and even France since Napoleon, who gave it its current name and whose brothers Joseph and Lucien studied there. This school continues to operate today. The decorated wrought iron gates were erected in 1772; the subjects taught in the school are indicated by various representations of objects along the top of these grids.

During the Franco-Prussian War of 1870, the leader of the Army of the Vosges, Giuseppe Garibaldi, chose the city as his headquarters.

Sights
The city boasts two ancient Roman gates (Porte Saint-André and Porte d'Arroux) and other ruins dating to the time of Augustus. One of the most impressive remains is that of the ancient theatre, which was one of the largest in the western part of the empire with a 17,000-seat capacity. To the northwest of the city is the so-called Temple of Janus, only two walls (faces) of which remain. To the southeast is the mysterious Pierre de Couhard, a rock pyramid of uncertain function which may date to Roman times.

Autun Cathedral, also known as Saint Lazare Cathedral, dates from the early twelfth century and is a major example of Romanesque architecture. It was formerly the chapel of the Dukes of Burgundy; their palace was the actual episcopal residence. The cathedral was originally built as a pilgrimage church for the veneration of the relic Saint Lazarus, mentioned in the Gospels, and considered the first bishop of Marseille, and who, always according to tradition, arrived in Provence with Mary Magdalen.

Autun's 12th-century bishop, Étienne de Bâgé, probably built the church in response to the construction of Ste. Madeleine at nearby Vézelay, home to the French cult of Mary Magdalene. St. Lazare was only later elevated to the rank of cathedral, replacing the former cathedral dedicated to St. Nazaire.

The Autun Cathedral is famous for its architectural sculpture, particularly the tympanum of The Last Judgment above the west portal, surviving fragments from the lost portal of the north transept, and the capitals in the nave and choir. All of these are traditionally considered the work of Gislebertus, whose name is on the west tympanum. It is uncertain whether Gislebertus is the name of the sculptor or of a patron. If Gislebertus is in fact the artist, he is one of very few medieval artists whose name is known.

Other notable connections

 * Bishop and Saint Leodegar (c. 615 – 679)
 * Nivelon I (d. 768) was known as Count of Autun
 * In the late 9th century, Charles Martel's daughter (name listed as Auda, Alane, or Aldana) married Thierry IV (also called Theoderich or Theoderic), Count of Autun.
 * In the late 9th century, the countship was vacant after the death of Robert the Strong, but was returned to Bernard Plantapilosa, son of Bernard of Septimania, and then later to Bernard of Gothia after Bernard fell out of favor.
 * In 878, King Louis the Younger took the countship away and gave it to his chamberlain, Theodoric.
 * Honorius Augustodunensis (died c. 1151)
 * Barthélemy de Chasseneuz practiced law in Autun in 1506, became crown attorney of the Autun bailliage in 1508, where he made his reputation as a criminal lawyer by his eloquent defense of a group of rats who were put on trial for destroying the barley crop of the province.
 * Nicolas Rolin, Chancellor of Burgundy under Philip the Good, came from Autun, where several examples of his artistic patronage can be seen. The Rolin Madonna, by Jan van Eyck, in the Louvre, shows what was probably at least intended as a view of Autun in the background.
 * In 1837, a commercial mining of oil shale deposit near Autun marked the beginning of the modern oil-shale industry.
 * In 1852, the uranium mineral autunite was first discovered near Autun, and named for the town.
 * Autun is the main setting for James Salter's 1967 novel A Sport and a Pastime.
 * The European Triathlon Championships were also held in the town in 2006.
 * The Fifth Stage of the 2007 Tour de France ended in the town, with the entrance to Autun being a twisting and winding route down from a nearby mountain.

Tourism
Autun's best-known museum is the Musée Rolin. It houses historical artistic collections.

Near Autun, tourists can also see:
 * The Arboretum de Pézanin, one of the richest forest collection in France
 * The Rock of Solutré
 * Cluny Abbey and its medieval city
 * Charolles and the "boeuf charolais"
 * Mâcon, Paray-le-Monial

Sister cities
Autun has sister city relationships with the following municipalities.

title: Autun


text:
Romanus

Romanus (Latin for "Roman"), hellenized as Romanos (Ῥωμανός) was a Roman cognomen and may refer to:

People

 * Adrianus Romanus, Flemish mathematician (1561–1615)
 * Aquila Romanus, Latin grammarian
 * Franz Conrad Romanus (1671-1746), Mayor of Leipzig
 * Giles of Rome, Aegidius Romanus, medieval philosopher
 * Gabriel Romanus (born 1939), Swedish politician
 * Pope John XIX, whose given name was Romanus
 * Pope Romanus
 * Richard Romanus (1943-2023), American actor and writer
 * Romanus (bishop of Rochester)
 * Romanus (exarch), Exarch of Ravenna
 * The hypothetical Petrus Romanus, a figure mentioned in the Prophecy of the Popes
 * Sven Romanus (1906–2005), Swedish civil servant

Saints

 * Romanus of Nepi, Bishop and martyr of Nepi (1st century), feast day 24 August
 * Romanus Ostiarius, (died 	c. 258), feast day August 9
 * Romanus of Caesarea, Martyr (c. 303), feast day November 18
 * Romanus of Blaye (fl. 4th – 5th century), feast day November 24
 * Romanus of Condat, Abbot, Hermit (c. 460), feast day February 28
 * Romanus of Subiaco, Monk, (c. 550), feast day May 22
 * Romanos the Melodist, (c. 556), feast day October 1
 * Romanus of Rouen, Bishop, (c. 640), feast day October 23

Byzantine emperors

 * Romanos I Lekapenos, ruled 920–944
 * Romanos II, ruled 959–963
 * Romanos III Argyros, ruled 1028–1034
 * Romanos IV Diogenes, ruled 1068–1071

Places

 * Romanus House, Palace in Baroque style in Leipzig
 * Romanos, Aragon, a municipality in Aragon, Spain
 * Romanos, Ioannina, a village in the municipal unit of Lakka Souliou, Greece
 * Romanos, Messenia, a village in Messenia, Greece

title: Romanus


text:
Theodore II

Theodore II can refer to:

 * Theodore II, Exarch of Ravenna in 677–687
 * Patriarch Theodore II of Alexandria (Coadjutor), Greek Patriarch of Alexandria between the 7th and 8th centuries
 * Pope Theodore II who reigned for twenty days during December 897
 * Theodore II of Constantinople, Ecumenical Patriarch in 1214–1216
 * Theodore II Laskaris, emperor of Nicaea (Byzantine Emperor in exile), 1254–1258
 * Theodore II Palaiologos (c.1396–1448), Despot of the Morea from 1407 to 1443
 * Theodore II, Marquess of Montferrat (died 1418), also of the Palaiologos dynasty
 * Tewodros II of Ethiopia, Theodore II, Emperor of Ethiopia, 1855–1868
 * Patriarch Theodore II of Alexandria (born 1954), current (since 2004) Eastern Orthodox Patriarch of Alexandria
 * Pope Theodoros II of Alexandria, Pope of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria (since 2012)

title: Theodore II


text:
John IX

John IX may refer to:

 * Pope John IX (died 900)
 * John IX bar Shushan (died 1073), Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch
 * John IX of Constantinople, Patriarch of Constantinople, 1111–1134
 * John IX of Haugwitz, 1524–1595
 * John IX, Count of Oldenburg, 1272–c. 1301
 * John IX of Salm-Kyrburg-Mörchingen, 1575–1623

title: John IX


text:
Home on the Range

"Home on the Range" (Roud No. 3599) is a classic cowboy song, sometimes called the "unofficial anthem" of the American West. Dr. Brewster M. Higley (also spelled Highley) of Smith County, Kansas, wrote the lyrics as the poem "My Western Home" in 1872 or 1873,   with at least one source indicating it was written as early as 1871.

On June 30, 1947, "Home on the Range" became the Kansas state song. In 2010, members of the Western Writers of America chose it as one of the Top 100 western songs of all time.

A rendition of the song is one of the seven fight songs of The University of Kansas, and is traditionally played by the Marching Jayhawks university band at the end of every home athletic event.

History
In 1871, Higley moved from Indiana and acquired land in Smith County, Kansas under the Homestead Act, living in a small cabin near West Beaver Creek. Higley was inspired by his surroundings and wrote "My Western Home", which was published in the Smith County Pioneer (KS) newspaper in 1873 or 1874 and republished March 21, 1874 in The Kirwin Chief. Higley's cabin home is now listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the Home on the Range Cabin.

Daniel E. Kelley (1843–1905), a friend of Higley and member of the Harlan Brothers Orchestra, developed a melody for the song on his guitar. Higley's original lyrics are similar to those of the modern version of the song, but not identical. For instance, the original poem did not contain the words "on the range". Ranchers, cowboys, and other western settlers adopted the song as a rural anthem and it spread throughout the United States in various forms. In 1925, Texas composer David W. Guion (1892–1981) arranged it as sheet music that was published by G. Schirmer. The song has since gone by a number of names, the most common being "Home on the Range" and "Western Home". It was officially adopted as the state song of Kansas on June 30, 1947, and is commonly regarded as the unofficial anthem of the American West.

On September 27, 1933, Bing Crosby recorded "Home on the Range" with Lennie Hayton and his orchestra for Brunswick Records. At the time, the origins of "Home on the Range" were obscure and widely debated, although it had been published in 1910 in folklorist John Lomax's Cowboy Songs and Other Frontier Ballads. Lomax reported that he had learned the song from a black saloon keeper in Texas who recalled learning it on the Chisholm Trail. Its popularity led to William and Mary Goodwin filing a suit for copyright infringement in 1934 for $500,000. In 1905 the couple had published "An Arizona Home", similar to "Home on the Range". The lawsuit initiated a search for the song's background.

As it turned out, controversy and even outright plagiarism have followed the song's lyrics since their publication. On Feb. 26, 1876, the Kirwin Chief published an article on the front page titled, "PLAGIARISM," accusing The Stockton News of publishing a nearly identical poem credited to a Mrs. Emma Race of Raceburgh, KS. The Kirwin Chief, which had published the poem Mar. 26, 1874, reprinted the poem below the article. When Samuel Moanfeldt investigated the history of "Home on the Range" on behalf of the Music Publishers Protection Association in response to the Goodwins' 1934 lawsuit, he found another, similar song, "Colorado Home". However, within a few months, Moanfeldt determined Higley had written the poem behind "Home on the Range", and set to music by Kelley. It seemed likely that cowboys on the Chisholm Trail played a role in making the song known throughout several states.

Modern usage
Bing Crosby recorded the song again in 1938 and 1939. Frank Sinatra also recorded the song on March 10, 1946, and his version was released in Great Britain but was not available in the United States until 1993. Others who have recorded the song include John Charles Thomas, Connie Francis, Gene Autry, Boxcar Willie, Burl Ives, Pete Seeger, Johnnie Ray, Slim Whitman, Steve Lawrence and Tori Amos. "Home on the Range" is often performed in programs and concerts of American patriotic music and is frequently used in plays and films. The song is also the theme opening music for the early Western films starring Ray "Crash" Corrigan and his two co-stars in their movie roles as "The Three Mesqueteers".

It is also featured in the 1937 screwball comedy The Awful Truth (sung by Irene Dunne and Ralph Bellamy), the 1948 film Mr. Blandings Builds His Dream House (sung by both Cary Grant and Myrna Loy), the 1967 off-Broadway musical You're a Good Man, Charlie Brown (sung by the cast as a glee club rehearsal number), the 1980 film Where the Buffalo Roam (sung by Neil Young over the opening credits), the 2009 film The Messenger (sung by Willie Nelson over the closing credits), and the 1946 western film Colorado Serenade (sung by actor Roscoe Ates). Actor Harry Dean Stanton (as the angel "Gideon") sings an excerpt from his mid-tree perch in the 1985 film One Magic Christmas. A parody version is sung by villain Percival McLeach in the 1990 animated film The Rescuers Down Under.

The song has made its way into screen shorts for children and adults, as in the 1954 Looney Tunes cartoon Claws for Alarm, where it is sung by Porky Pig. Likewise, Bugs Bunny sings the song in both The Fair-Haired Hare (1951) and Oily Hare (1952), the latter containing original lyrics specific to Texas oilmen.

The song is used in The Simpsons episode "Lisa's Substitute" (1991) in which Lisa is inspired by a substitute teacher who dresses as a cowboy and sings the song with commentary. It was also used on the Shining Time Station episode "A Dog's Life."

It made an appearance on GLOW when Debbie Eagan (played by Betty Gilpin) sang a portion in the fourth episode of the second season.

Vikingarna recorded an instrumental version of the song on the 1981 album Kramgoa låtar 9, entitled "Home on the Ranch".

An instrumental version of the song was used in the 2011 video game, Rage.

In 2016, the American progressive rock band Kansas released a version of the song as a bonus track on their album The Prelude Implicit.

In 2017, a docudrama was released that told the story of the song's origins and the lawsuit from the 1930s that finally concluded the authorship of the song. The film was produced by the People's Heartland Foundation and Lone Chimney Films and featured actors Buck Taylor, Rance Howard, Darby Hinton, and the voice of the Kansas City Chiefs, Mitch Holthus. The film also included music contributed by Kansas, Sons of the Pioneers, Michael Martin Murphey, and others. The film was directed by Ken Spurgeon and aired on regional PBS stations.

Major versions compared
See Mecham (1949) for a discussion of differences in lyrics amongst sources as well as definitions of terms.

In popular culture
The first and sixth verses of John A. Lomax's 1910 version, "A Home on the Range," are heard in the "Glee Club Rehearsal" sequence of the Broadway musical You're a Good Man, Charlie Brown.

The well-known first verse and chorus are covered in a season four episode of Wizards of Waverly Place. The first verse was also covered in an episode of another Disney Channel sitcom, Good Luck Charlie, at the end of the episode "The Break Up".

title: Home on the Range


text:
Sergius III

Sergius III may refer to:

 * Pope Sergius III (reigned 897 and 911), Italian-born pope
 * Sergius III of Naples, duke in the 990s
 * Sergius III of Amalfi, duke in 1031–1073

title: Sergius III


text:
Lando

Lando may refer to:

People

 * Lando (name), a given name or surname of Italian origin
 * Pope Lando (913–914)

Other uses

 * Lando Calrissian, fictional character in Star Wars
 * Landó (music), a style of Peruvian music
 * Lando, South Carolina, US
 * Lando (horse), German racehorse that won the 1995 Japan Cup

title: Lando


text:
John X (disambiguation)

John X may refer to:

 * Pope John X (r. 914–928)
 * John X (archbishop of Ravenna) (r. 983–998)
 * John X bar Shushan (r. 1063/1064–1072/1073)
 * Pope John X of Alexandria (r. 1363–1369)
 * John X of Antioch (Greek Orthodox, r. 2013–present)
 * John X of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp

title: John X (disambiguation)


text:
Maryland State College

Maryland State College may refer to:
 * University of Maryland, College Park, which was known as Maryland State College from 1916 to 1920
 * University of Maryland Eastern Shore, which was known as Maryland State College from 1948 to 1970

title: Maryland State College


text:
John XI

John XI may refer to:

 * Pope John XI, ruled in 931–935
 * John XI Yeshu, Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch in 1208–1220
 * John XI of Constantinople, Ecumenical Patriarch in 1275–1282
 * Pope John XI of Alexandria, ruled in 1427–1452
 * John XI Helou, Maronite Patriarch of Antioch in 1809–1823

title: John XI


text:
Bart Howard

Bart Howard (born Howard Joseph Gustafson, June 1, 1915 – February 21, 2004) was an American composer and songwriter, most notably of the jazz standard "Fly Me to the Moon", which has been performed by Kaye Ballard, Judy Garland, Frank Sinatra, Tony Bennett, Ella Fitzgerald, Nancy Wilson, Della Reese, Bobby Womack, Diana Krall, Paul Anka, June Christy, Brenda Lee, Astrud Gilberto, Nat King Cole, Peggy Lee, Sia and RAYE among others. It is played frequently by jazz and popular musicians around the world. Howard wrote the song for his partner of 58 years, Thomas Fowler.

Biography
Howard was born in Burlington, Iowa. He began his career as an accompanist at the age of 16 and played for Mabel Mercer, Johnny Mathis and Eartha Kitt, among others.

"Fly Me to the Moon" was first sung in 1954 by Felicia Sanders at the Blue Angel nightclub in Manhattan, where the composer became M.C. and accompanist in 1951. The song received wide exposure when Peggy Lee sang it on The Ed Sullivan Show several years later. Bart Howard "lived off" this song for the rest of his life, although he had 49 other songs to his credit. These include "Let Me Love You", "On the First Warm Day", "One Love Affair", "Be My All", "The Man in the Looking Glass", "My Love Is a Wanderer", "Who Wants to Fall in Love" and "Don't Dream of Anybody But Me". Howard died February 21, 2004, at age 88, in Carmel, New York. He was survived by his partner of 58 years, Thomas Fowler and a sister Dorothy Lind of Burlington, Iowa.

title: Bart Howard


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John XII

John XII may refer to:

 * Pope John XII, ruled 955–964
 * John XII bar Maʿdani, Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch 1252–1263
 * John XII of Constantinople, Ecumenical Patriarch 1294–1303
 * Pope John XII of Alexandria, ruled 1480–1483
 * John XII Peter El Hajj, Maronite Patriarch of Antioch 1890–1898

title: John XII


text:
John XIII

John XIII may refer to:

 * Pope John XIII, (r. 965–972)
 * John XIII of Constantinople, Ecumenical Patriarch (r. 1315–1320)
 * John XIII bar Ma'dani, Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch (r. 1483–1493)
 * Pope John XIII of Alexandria, Coptic Orthodox Patriarch of Alexandria (r. 1483-1524)

title: John XIII