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Wikipedia:WikiProject Mountains

Welcome to WikiProject Mountains.

First, an important note for everyone to remember: A few Wikipedians have gotten together to make some suggestions about how we might organize data in articles about mountains. These are only suggestions, things to give you focus and to get you going, and you shouldn't feel obligated in the least to follow them. But if you do not know what to write or where to begin, following the below guidelines may be helpful. Mainly, we just want you to write articles!

Scope
This WikiProject aims to expand and improve articles on mountains and hills and topics related to them, such as mountaineering and rock climbing.

Portal
The main portal for this project is Portal:Mountains from which there are numerous links to relevant articles, grouped by subject, as well as features such as Picture of the Month. The shortcut for the portal is P:MTN.

Parentage
The parent of this WikiProject is WikiProject Geography.

Descendant Wikiprojects

 * WikiProject British and Irish hills
 * WikiProject New Hampshire Mountains
 * WikiProject Mountains of the Alps

Similar Wikiprojects

 * WikiProject Volcanoes has a significant overlap in its scope with this WikiProject, since most (but not all) volcanoes are also mountains.
 * WikiProject Rivers, WikiProject Lakes, WikiProject Deserts and WikiProject Glaciers are projects covering other geographical features.
 * WikiProject Climbing covers articles on climbers/mountaineers.

Our content

 * WikiProject Mountains/New article announcements
 * WikiProject Mountains/Recognized content
 * See /Assessment for the process of assessing articles.

Featured Articles
Cerro Azul (Chile volcano) · Hoodoo Mountain · Level Mountain · Mauna Kea · Mauna Loa · Metacomet Ridge · Mono-Inyo Craters · Mount Cayley volcanic field · Nevado del Ruiz · Payún Matrú · The Volcano (British Columbia)

Good articles
Amak Volcano · Ben Nevis · Eldgjá · Gerlachovský štít · Glacier Peak · Hualālai · Huangshan · Independence Pass (Colorado) · Kohala (mountain) · Lastarria · Licancabur · Mentolat · Mont Aiguille · Monte Burney · Montpelier Hill · Mount Adams (Washington) · Mount Baker · Mount Bailey (Oregon) · Mount Cleveland (Alaska) · Mount Edziza volcanic complex · Mount Elbert · Mount Garibaldi · Hakkōda Mountains · Mount Hood · Mount Kenya · Mount Rainier · Mount Redoubt · Mount Tehama · Mount Thielsen · Mount Vesuvius · Nevado de Longaví · Ollagüe · Parinacota (volcano) · Pinkham Notch · Purico complex · Roxy Ann Peak · Silverthrone Caldera · Wells Gray-Clearwater volcanic field · Wilkins Peak · Yamsay Mountain

Articles by popularity

 * See /Popular pages

Structure
A template will provide a common set of features on a mountain organized into a consistent format. The template will include an infobox, that contains the following attributes:

 * name of the mountain/peak
 * elevation, in both metres and feet. Metres should be listed first except for mountains in the United States, where feet is given first. The international spelling of metres should be used for non-USA mountains (versus the American spelling "meter").
 * latitude and longitude
 * mountain range in which the peak is located within
 * date of first ascent
 * difficulty of easiest ascent (e.g. snow/ice climb, scramble, hike)
 * topography map reference (e.g. 83E/03)
 * picture(s) and caption. The caption should include month and year if known.

The body of the article should try to provide the following information:
 * history of the mountain, including how it received its name
 * geology
 * trail head and approach routes
 * timeline of ascents if it is a major mountain of the world; for example, any of the eight-thousanders.
 * detailed information on the first ascent including party members and nationality
 * common climbing routes (and grade)

After creating an article, add it to the relevant section on List of mountains by elevation. If there is an article containing a list of mountains for that country to which the mountain belongs, also add the new entry to that list (e.g. List of mountains in Canada, List of mountains of the United States).

Categorization
If an article is added to the project, please also add it to one of the mountain categories: e.g. Category:Mountains of Canada, Category:Mountains of France, Category:Mountains of the United States. Also consider adding a link to the article to the appropriate list article, such as List of mountains of the United States, Canada, etc.

If a country specific mountains category does not exist, then add it to one of the continent specific categories such as Category:Mountains of Europe or Category:Mountains of Asia. If those are not applicable, then add it to Category:Mountains. For a country that does not have a specific category yet, the general rule is to create a category for the country only when the number of existing mountain articles is five or more.

Category:Mountains

For a fully expanded list or if JavaScript is not enabled, see /Categories.

Hierarchy Definition
No classification of Mountains has been defined. Possible future possibilities could be by continent or major mountain chains.

General Strategy and Discussion forums

 * Talk Page
 * /General
 * /Categories
 * /List of Mountain Types
 * /Article Improvement

Templates
There is one infobox that makes any mountain infobox: Infobox mountain. See an example, right, of the use of the template. This template has three required parameters: It has many optional parameters:
 * Name
 * Elevation (metric units first, but US customary units first for peaks in the USA). For conversions use convert or use one of the following automatic conversion parameters.
 * Elevation_m for conversion from metres to feet
 * Elevation_ft for conversion from feet to metres
 * Location (State/Province, then country).

Copy and paste a sample infobox from any of the following links to get started:

 * Infobox for mountains in the Alps
 * Infobox for mountains in Canada
 * Infobox for mountains in the Himalaya
 * Infobox for mountains in the United Kingdom
 * Infobox for mountains in the United States

The previous multi-template is no longer used.

For a list of articles using it, see WikiProject Mountains/List of mountains

Assessment template
Talk pages of articles about mountains are encouraged to use WikiProject Mountains. The talk pages that do use this template are at pages linking to template.

NOTE: An older redireect to this template Mountain should not be used on new talk pages.

For lists, see WikiProject Mountains/Assessment

Related, specialised infobox
Hills in Great Britain often come with multiple named summits. For this situation, there are two specialized templates:

 * GB summits start
 * GB summits entry

Mountain Pass infobox

 * Infobox mountain pass

Usage is nearly identical to that of Infobox mountain, though there are fewer fields (see the template page for more details).

Please add Mountain Pass to the talk page.

Mountain Range infobox

 * Use Infobox mountain. The previous infobox Infobox mountain range is now a redirect. The older infobox has been deleted.

See the template page for list of fields.

Citation templates
All good articles must have reliable sources and mountain articles are certainly no exception. Key information in the infobox, including elevation, prominence, coordinates, first (recorded) ascent, last eruption (for volcanoes) should have cited sources. Some of the common sources used now have citation templates to make it easier to cite them as a source. At present, the following citation templates are available:

 * Cite gnis for the Geographic Names Information System (USGS).
 * Cite ngs for U.S. National Geodetic Survey (NGS) datasheets.
 * cite aaj for the American Alpine Journal
 * Cite bcgnis for BC Geographical Names Information System (BCGNIS) data.
 * Cite bivouac for Bivouac.com (Canadian Mountain Encyclopedia)
 * Cite cgndb for Canadian Geographical Names Data Base (CGNDB) data.
 * Cite crdb for mountains in the Canadian Rockies. Previously hosted at peakfinder.com.
 * Cite gvp for the Global Volcanism Program run by the Smithsonian Institution.
 * Cite peakbagger for Peakbagger mountain pages.
 * Cite summitpost for SummitPost mountain pages.
 * Cite Farquhar for links to the online version of Place Names of the High Sierra by Francis P. Farquhar.

Barnstar

 * —an award placed at another users talk page for improving articles related to Mountains.

Measurement units
All nations, including the United States, now use SI units for geodetic measurements. Modern elevation measurements reference a geoid rather than sea level (since the oceans are now known to have their own highs and lows.) It is therefore no longer appropriate to append "above sea level" to elevation measurements.

When giving elevation, prominence, or isolation in the United States, please use "feet" or "miles" first followed by "meters" or "kilometers" in parentheses. For all other peaks, please reverse the order: metric first, then imperial in parentheses. For mountains of the United States, use the American spelling "meters" while for all other mountains use the international spelling "metres".

 * Example: Mount Elbert, 14439.6 ft
 * Example: Mount Robson, 3954 m

Consider using the convert template to automatically convert units and avoid conversion errors. For example, for Mount Elbert using 14439.6 ft will produce 14439.6 ft. This template has a more extra options that can be used to control whether the units are wiki-linked or abbreviated. See Template:Convert for detailed instructions and Template:Convert/list of units for a list of units that can be used. Template:epi can be used to construct sortable tables displaying elevation, topographic prominence, and topographic isolation.

Please read WP:UNITS for more information from the Wikipedia Manual of Style

U.S. vertical datum
In 1991, the United States converted from the National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929 (NGVD 29) to the North American Vertical Datum of 1988 (NAVD 88) for vertical control of the 48 contiguous states. Please see NGVD 29 and NAVD 88 and Height Conversion. Unfortunately, the elevation of most summits in the United States still reference the NGVD 29. This results in a vertical error of as much as 2.5 metres (8 feet), most noticeably in the Rocky Mountains. Elevations referencing NGVD 29 should be converted to NAVD 88 using the VERTCON orthometric height convertor.

Naming conventions
See also: Naming conventions (landforms)

Articles should be named according to the most common name for a mountain. If alternate names exist, mention them in the article and create redirects for them to prevent duplicate articles. "Mount" will always be expanded in the article name. For example, Mount Logan and not Mt. Logan. A redirect for "Mt. " should be created to prevent duplicate articles. "Mount" should not be used just to disambiguate the article if it is not normally part of the mountain's name.

If a mountain name is not unique, the convention is to create a disambiguation page for the mountain. Then, all mountains by that name will be disambiguated by putting the political division name of the mountain in parenthesis after the mountain name. For example, Mount Columbia exists in both Alberta, Canada and Colorado, United States. The disambiguated pages are subsequently named: Mount Columbia (Canada) and Mount Columbia (Colorado).

Some mountains/peaks have the same name in the same political division. For example, Granite Peak has been given to over 40 peaks in the United States alone with it existing multiple times within certain states. In this case, the naming convention is to add a distinguishing sub-classification of the political division. For example, in the United States, one would also add the county name: e.g. Brown Peak (Kern County, California). When this situation occurs as it does for Granite Peak and Brown Peak, the standard infobox template will not be used. Instead, a table listing the peak names and unique geographical information will be used. See Granite Peak and Brown Peak for examples of this table. Articles that contain these lists should include the template mountainindex at the bottom, to place them into the correct category.

If a mountain crosses multiple states/provinces within a country or more than one country, the disambiguated name should use the mountain range instead. For example, Mount Quincy Adams (Fairweather Range) which is on the Canada/United States border.

Some names refer to both a set of mountains, and possibly other non-mountain articles. In this case, please create two articles: a standard disambiguation article that follows the standard Manual of Style (WP:MOSDAB), and a different article that contains just the list of mountains with the same name. This other article should be titled "List of peaks named XXXXX" where XXXXX is the common name of the peak. The disambiguation article should refer to the list article. For example, see Mount Wilson and List of peaks named Mount Wilson.

Picture Gallery

 * Gallery of mountains contains a gallery of photos used by the project's articles. After adding a new picture, also consider adding it to this page.

Resources
Some useful resources for information on mountains: Obsolete resources:
 * Himalayan Index - Peaks of the Himalaya over 6,000 metres
 * The Alpine Journal - 1926 to 2019
 * Canadian Mountain Encyclopedia Extensive index and climbing guide to Canadian, U.S. and Central American summits, passes and ranges
 * The Himalayan Journal - Journals of The Himalayan Club
 * Peakbagger.com Prominence, first ascent etc. for many peaks around the world
 * England - 50 Most Prominent Peaks includes latitude and longitude
 * CdnRockiesDatabases - Peaks of the Canadian Rockies (formerly known as Peakfinder.com)
 * Peaklist.org Exhaustive lists of peaks with a minimum prominence, including all mountains in the world with > 1500 m prominence
 * SummitPost
 * TopoQuest on-line topographic maps for the U.S.
 * Peakware - Owner stopped updates in May 2020. Any existing references in articles have been preserved via archive.org but this website should no longer be added for new references.

Government sources

 * Natural Resources Canada
 * Geographical Names of Canada Official source for geographical names in Canada
 * Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática (INEGI) de México
 * Sistemas Nacionales Estadístico y de Información Geográfica (SNEIG)
 * U.S. National Geodetic Survey
 * NGS Datasheets Most accurate elevation and coordinates for peaks in the U.S.
 * NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 online elevation converter @ NGS
 * Geodetic Glossary @ NGS
 * U.S. Geological Survey
 * USGS Geographic Names Information System Official source for geographic names in the U.S.

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User:Defence

Defence

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

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Redstone

Redstone may refer to:

Military

 * Redstone Arsenal, Alabama, a U.S. Army base
 * Redstone (rocket family), a U.S. missile and support system, named for the Arsenal
 * PGM-11 Redstone, U.S. missile and carrier rocket, namesake of the family
 * USNS Redstone (T-AGM-20), a tracking/communications ship supporting the Apollo program]
 * Redstone Old Fort, an 18th-century military post in western Pennsylvania

Places and structures

 * Redstone, Colorado
 * Redstone Old Fort, a fort
 * Redstone, New Hampshire, site of abandoned "red granite" quarry
 * Redstone Building, San Francisco, California
 * Redstone (Dubuque, Iowa), a historic home
 * Redstone Creek (Pennsylvania), a historic creek in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania
 * Brownsville, Pennsylvania, known as "Redstone" when it was a notable 18th-century frontier town
 * Redstone Township, Pennsylvania
 * Redstone (Burlington, Vermont), a historic estate
 * Redstone, British Columbia, a settlement in the Chilcotin District of British Columbia, Canada
 * Redstone Flat Indian Reserve No. 1, an Indian Reserve near Redstone, British Columbia
 * Redstone Flat Indian Reserve No. 1A, an Indian Reserve near Redstone, British Columbia
 * Redstone Cemetery Indian Reserve No. 1B, an Indian Reserve near Redstone, British Columbia
 * Redstone, Telopea, a heritage-listed house at 34 Adderton Road, Telopea, New South Wales
 * Presbytery of Redstone
 * Redstone, Calgary, a neighbourhood in the northeast quadrant of Calgary, Alberta, Canada

People

 * Brent Redstone (b. c. 1951), American heir and businessman
 * Michael Redstone (1902–1987), American businessman
 * Peter William Redstone (1936–2016), English harpsichord maker
 * Shari Redstone (b. 1954), American heiress, businesswoman, and philanthropist
 * Sumner Redstone (1923–2020), American media magnate
 * Willy Redstone orig. Rottenstein (1883–1949), French composer in England and Australia
 * Jeff Locke (baseball) (b. 1987), American professional baseball pitcher nicknamed "The Redstone Rocket"

Literature and media

 * Redstone (comics), a Marvel Comics super villain
 * Redstone (Watership Down), a warren in the animated television series Watership Down
 * Redstone Science Fiction, an online science fiction magazine

Gaming

 * Redstone, a fictional mineral in the video game Minecraft
 * Redstone, a fictional mineral in the video game Savage: The Battle for Newerth
 * Redstone, a fictional mineral classification in the video game Final Fantasy XV

Computing

 * Redstone, the codename of the versions of Windows 10 released from 2016 to 2018

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Richard Cumberland

Richard Cumberland may refer to:
 * Richard Cumberland (philosopher) (1631–1718), bishop, philosopher
 * Richard Cumberland (dramatist) (1732–1811), civil servant, dramatist
 * Richard Cumberland (priest) (1710–1737), Archdeacon of Northampton, 1707–1737

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Fred Clarke

Fred Clifford Clarke (October 3, 1872 – August 14, 1960) was an American Major League Baseball player from 1894 to 1915 and manager from 1897 to 1915. A Hall of Famer, Clarke played for and managed both the Louisville Colonels and Pittsburgh Pirates. He was a left fielder and left-handed batter.

Of the nine pennants in Pittsburgh franchise history, Clarke was the player-manager for four of them. He and fellow Hall of Famers Honus Wagner and Vic Willis led Pittsburgh to a victory over Ty Cobb and the Detroit Tigers in the 1909 World Series. Clarke batted over .300 in 11 different seasons. His 35-game hitting streak in 1895 was the second-longest in Major League history at the time. For six years, Clarke held the Major League record for wins by a manager.

Early life and career
Fred Clarke was born on a farm near Winterset, Iowa. At age two, his family moved as part of a covered wagon caravan from Iowa to Kansas before relocating to Des Moines, Iowa, five years later. As a child in Des Moines, Clarke sold newspapers for the Iowa State Register where his boss was future Baseball Hall of Fame member, Ed Barrow. In 1892, a professional team in Hastings, Nebraska sent a railroad ticket to Des Moines semiprofessional player Byron McKibbon, but McKibbon backed out and gave the ticket to Clarke instead. Clarke impressed the Hastings team and he signed his first professional contract. He was in the Southern League at age 21 and played for teams in Montgomery, Alabama, and Savannah, Georgia.

Clarke was discovered in the minor leagues by Louisville part-owner, Barney Dreyfuss, and joined the Colonels in 1894. In his first game, he collected five hits in five at bats which is still a Major League record. In his second season, he asserted himself with a batting average of .347, 191 hits and 96 runs, which were all best on the team by far. In 1897, Clarke took over managerial duties while only 24 years old. As a player, he hit a career-high .390. Only the best average of Willie Keeler's career stopped Clarke from winning his only batting title. (For many years, Clarke's 1897 average was listed as .406, but further research led most official sources, including MLB.com, to list it at .390. ) Despite Clarke's excellent hitting and the presence of fellow Hall of Famers Honus Wagner and Rube Waddell, the team struggled for several years. While in Louisville, Clarke was teamed up with pitcher Chick Fraser. Clarke and Fraser became brothers-in-law when they married sisters. When the Colonels folded, Barney Dreyfuss became the owner of the Pittsburgh franchise and tapped Clarke, Wagner, Waddell, Deacon Phillippe, and others to accompany him.

Pittsburgh
In 1900, Clarke joined the Pittsburgh Pirates as a player and manager, roles he would embrace until his retirement in 1915. 1903 was arguably the best hitting season of Clarke's career as he led the Major Leagues in slugging average and OPS and led the National League in doubles. He finished second only to his teammate, Honus Wagner, for the National League batting title. In the first World Series, Clarke hit .265 but Boston's Cy Young and Bill Dinneen outpitched Pittsburgh overall and won the series in eight games.

In the 1909 World Series, Clarke batted only .211 but hit both of Pittsburgh's home runs and had more home runs and RBI than any player on either team. Clarke also set a record for most walks for one player in a World Series game with four in Game 7.

On August 23, 1910, Clarke recorded four assists from the outfield in one game, tying a Major League record. The following season, his last as a regular player, 38-year-old Clarke made 10 putouts in left field in one game on April 25, 1911. Clarke played just 12 more games after 1911, the last three as the oldest active player in the majors.

Clarke finished his career with a .312 batting average and is seventh on the all-time triples list with 220. He led his team to four National League pennants (1901, 1902, 1903 and 1909) and one World Series championship (1909). The 1902 Pirates lost only 36 games under Clarke's guidance, tying a modern-era record. In 1912, Clarke passed Cap Anson and Frank Selee, giving him the Major League record for wins by a manager. Clarke's record, in turn, was broken by John McGraw in 1918. In addition to the four pennants and one World Series, Clarke managed Pittsburgh to five second-place seasons, three third-place seasons, and two 100-win seasons.

After his playing days
After his managing days ended in 1915, Clarke returned to his "Little Pirate Ranch" near Winfield, Kansas, which he had purchased with a down payment during his first year in the majors. He made a considerable fortune when oil was discovered on his property. In 1924, he bought a minority stake in the Pirates and was named the team's vice president. He was also allowed to sit in the dugout during games, making him manager Bill McKechnie's bench coach in all but name. The Pirates won the World Series the following year.

During the 1926 season, several players felt that Clarke was trying to undermine McKechnie and become manager once again. When slumping veteran (and eventual Hall of Famer) Max Carey got word that Clarke tried to pressure McKechnie into benching him, Carey demanded that Clarke be removed from the bench. He was supported by Babe Adams, the only player on the 1909 world champions still on the team, as well as another veteran, Carson Bigbee. McKechnie initially appeared to side with Carey, Adams and Bigbee, but was forced to recant rather than risk appearing to criticize the front office. A resolution calling for Clarke's removal from the bench only garnered the support of three other players. Ownership struck fast and hard; on August 13, the Pirates released Adams and Bigbee, and waived Carey. They finished 84–69, third in the league behind the St. Louis Cardinals and the Cincinnati Reds, and McKechnie lost his job.

Fred Clarke was selected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1945 as one of the first to be elected by the Old-Timers Committee. He was one of 24 original inductees into the Iowa Sports Hall of Fame in 1951. Clarke remained active and seemingly indestructible into his 70s. In 1947, while fishing in northern Minnesota, he and his wife were thrown into icy northern Minnesota waters by a storm, but he was back out fishing the next day. Soon after, he was nearly shot accidentally while quail hunting. He then survived a gas furnace explosion in his basement. While in Winfield he started the Winfield Country Club that is still in operation to this day. Fred Clarke died in Winfield at age 87.

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Tasmanian temperate rainforests

The Tasmanian temperate rain forests are a temperate broadleaf and mixed forests ecoregion in western Tasmania. The ecoregion is part of the Australasian realm, which includes Tasmania and Australia, New Zealand, New Guinea, New Caledonia, and adjacent islands.

Rainforest communities in Australia are classified as closed forests in which the canopy comprises 70–100% cover. It can be divided into tropical, subtropical, monsoon and temperate rainforest. Tasmanian rainforest is classified and as cool temperate rainforest, and represents the most floristically complex and best developed form of this forest type in Australia. In Tasmania, they can be found in the West, Savage River National Park, South West, North East and in patches on the East Coast. On the mainland of Australia, cool temperate rainforest have a wide variety of woodland trees, but Tasmania only has a limited number of woodland and vascular plants such as mosses, liverworts, lichen and fungi. Because of this, the definition of Tasmanian cool temperate rainforest was redefined in the 1980s to allow for communities that did not meet the canopy requirements and clearly separate cool temperate rainforest from mixed forest; The current definition states that cool temperate rainforests are those with trees usually greater than 8 m in height and capable of regenerating in the absence of large scale catastrophic events, such as fire. These forests are climax vegetation and are dominated by angiosperms such as Nothofagus cunninghamii (myrtle beech), Atherosperma moschatum (sassafras), and Eucryphia lucida (leatherwood) as well as gymnosperms such as Athrotaxis selaginoides (King Billy Pine), Lagarostrobos franklinii (huon or macquarie pine) and Phyllocladus aspleniifolius (celery-top pine). The limited number of woody species is thought to be due to repeated glaciation.

Tasmanian cool temperate rainforest can be divided into four types: Callidendrous rainforest, Thamnic rainforest, Implicate rainforest and Open Montane. These four major types differ in many of their characteristics such as structure, floristics, distribution, level of endemism and ecology.

Community composition and descriptions
The Tasmanian cool temperate rainforest is composed of two alliances, the myrtle-beech (Nothofagus cunninghamii) alliance and the pencil pine (Athrotaxis cupressoides) alliance. The former is made up of callidendrous, thamnic and implicate, whilst the latter is all open montane.

Callidendrous rainforest
This is the simplest rainforest community in Tasmania; it is typically represented by medium to tall forests dominated by Nothofagus cunninghamii and/or Atherosperma moschatum, often together with Leptospermum lanigerum (woolly tea-tree) or Acacia melanoxylon (Australian blackwood). Typically, these forests are at least 40 m in height. Trees are usually well formed and widely spaced, and the understorey is open and often described as park-like. The diversity of woody species is low, and they are usually sparse and inconspicuous throughout the understorey. However, at mid to low elevations, the understorey may contain a few small trees or shrubs such as Olearia argophylla (musktree), Pimelea drupacea (cherry riceflower), Pittosporum bicolor (cheesewood), Aristotelia peduncularis (heart berry) and Coprosma quadrifida.

Fern diversity is high in many areas, and in these areas, epiphytes often flourish. The dominant tree ferns are commonly Dicksonia antarctica (soft tree fern) and/or Polystichum poliferum (mother shield fern). Common epiphyte species include Rumohra adiantiformis (leathery shieldfern or iron fern), Asplenium gracillimum (mother spleenwort), Asplenium terrestre, Microsorum diversifolium (kangaroo fern)," Hymenophyllum flabellatum (shiny filmy-fern), Hymenophyllum australe (austral filmy-fern), Hymenophyllum cupressiforme, and Polyphlebium venosum (veined bristle-fern). Histiopteris incisa (bat's wing fern) and Hypolepis rugosula (ruddy ground-fern) occur in disturbed sites such as along roads where there have been breaks in the canopy.

As elevation increases, the height of the forest decreases, Nothofagus cunninghamii becomes multi-stemmed, develops crooked leaning stems and abundant epiphytic bryophytes, and lichens produce a patterned effect on the trunks. The typical understorey becomes dominated by Tasmannia lanceolata (mountain pepper) and Telopea truncata (Tasmanian waratah), and the ground layer becomes host to Oxalis megellancia and Lagenophora stipitata (blue bottle-daisy). The pteridophyte diversity decreases and only small species such as Lycopodium fastigiatum (alpine club moss), Hymenophyllum peltatum, Grammitis billardierei (common finger-fern) and Blechnum penna-marina (Antarctic hard-fern) persist.

Callidendrous rainforests occurs in the eastern half of the state and in northwestern and central Tasmania.

Thamnic rainforest
Thamnic rainforests are characterised by well-formed trees of medium height, well below 40 m, and a distinct shrub layer. The canopy is typically dominated by a mixture of 2–5 species, including Nothofagus cunninghamii, Eucryphia lucida, Atherosperma moschatum, Lagarostrobos franklinii, Eucryphia milliganii (dwarf leatherwood), Phyllocladus aspleniifolius (celery-top pine), Athrotaxis selaginoides and, rarely, Nothofagus gunnii (tanglefoot-beech).

The shrub layer is more prominent and has an increased diversity of woody trees. Common species are: Anopterus glandulosus (Tasmanian laurel), Anodopetalum biglandulosum, Acradenia frankliniae (whitey-wood or wirewood), Archeria hirtella, Archeria eriocarpa, Cenarrhenes nitida (native plum), Trochocarpa cunninghamii, Trochocarpa gunnii (sweet-scented trochocarpa), Orites diversifolia (silkwood), Prionotes cerinthoides (climbing heath), Richea pandanifolia (pandani or giant grass tree) and, at high elevations, Richea scoparia (honey richea). The increase in understorey shrub is due to the larger number of gaps in the canopy, and the differing light requirements of competing species. Fern diversity decreases, as a result, because of the decrease in light from the understorey. Parablechnum wattsii (hard water fern) is the main ground fern; it prefers damp shaded areas and forms a very dense layer in some areas but can be absent in others. Small epiphytes are widespread, these include Hymenophyllum rarum (a filmy fern) and Grammitis billardierei. Apteropteris applanata can occur in areas containing Athrotaxis. Other larger epiphytes are usually present, but they are rarely prominent. At higher elevations, the general appearance resembles that of a callidenderous rainforest, but the floristic differences remain the same.

Thamnic rainforests occur mostly in western and southwestern Tasmania.

Table 2: The Creepy Crawly Nature Walk, Mt Field, Tasmania: Species composition in Thamnic rainforest community; Height ~35 m, 95% of ground leaf cover, scattered rock and bare ground.

Implicate rainforest
Low in stature, broken uneven canopies, height reduced below 20m. Dominance is usually shared between several species: Nothofagus cunninghamii, Nothofagus gunnii, Eucryphia lucida, Atherosperma moschatum, Lagarostrobos franklinii, Eucryphia milliganii, Phyllocladus aspleniifolius, Athrotaxis selaginoides, Diselma archeri, Leptospermum scoparium, Leptospermum glaucescens, Leptospermum nitidum, Leptospermum lanigerum, Acacia mucronata and Melaleuca squarrosa. Atherosperma moschatum is usually represented by small diameter depauperate plants. Understorey is tangled and barely distinguishable from the canopy layer. It can from a continuous layer from the ground to the canopy but some scattered emergents can occur. Species diversity is high for trees and shrubs in this community, but very low for ferns. Anopterus glandulosus, Anodopetalum biglandulosum, Cenarrhenes nitida, Telopea truncata, Agastachys odorata, Comprosma nitida, Archeria eriocarpa, Archeria serpyllifolia, Archeria hirtella, Olearia persoonioides, Trochocarpa cunninghamii, Trochocarpa gunnii, Richea pandanifolia, Richea scoparia, Dracophyllum milliganii and Prionotes cerinthoides are all typical shrubs or small trees that comprise these communities. The ferns are dominated by Parablechnum wattsii but small epiphytes do prevail: Hymenophyllum rarum, Hymenophyllum marginatum, Grammitis billardierei and Apteropteris applanata occurs in communities where Athrotaxis are present. – occur mostly in western and southwestern Tasmania.

Open montane rainforest
Low and dominated by Athrotaxis cupressoides or Athrotaxis selaginoides (less commonly). Open canopy, widely spaced trees allow bright light to penetrate the lower levels of the forest. In some communities, the canopy can be dense and instead resemble a high-elevation callidendrous forest. Understorey may be dominated by either Poa (grasses) or Sphagnum (mosses) or commonly, low shrubs that are less than half the height of the forest. There is a high diversity of woody species but a low diversity of ferns. Multiple species from nearby treeless vegetation are present, but their classification as rainforest species is yet to be confirmed. Understorey shrubs include: Nothofagus cunninghamii, Nothofagus gunnii, Diselma archeri, Podocarpus lawrencei, Richea pandanifolia, Richea scoparia, Richea sprengelioides, Orites acicularis, Orites revoluta, Microstobos niphophilus, Tasmannia lanceolata, Epacris serpyllifolia and Baeckea gunniana. Ferns are usually poorly developed with larger ground species absent or confined to rocks, Gleichenia alpina is the exception to this observation. Small species such as Hymenophyllum peltatum and Apteropteris applanata can sometimes make an appearance. – occur on the Central Plateau but can extend as small outliners to the mountains further south.

Biological factors
Geology and soils are important factors in Tasmanian ecology. Callidendrous forests require good-quality sites where fertile soils occur over rocks such as basalt, dolerite and the more nutrient-rich granites. Implicate forests are at the other extreme, and mostly grow in organic soils or mineral soils derived from nutrient-poor rock types such as quartzites and silicous conglomerates. Thamnic forests tend to prefer an intermediate substrate. With the exception of open montane forests, elevation seems to have little effect on the floristic differences between community types.

Conservation
In 1982, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) designated the northern portion of the ecoregion a World Heritage Site.

Protected areas
Protected areas in the ecoregion include:
 * Franklin-Gordon Wild Rivers National Park
 * Hartz Mountains National Park
 * Meredith Range Regional Reserve
 * Mount Dundas Regional Reserve
 * Narawntapu National Park
 * Savage River National Park
 * Southwest National Park
 * West Coast Range Regional Reserve

title: Tasmanian temperate rainforests


text:
Cloud formation and climate change

Nephology (from the Greek word nephos for 'cloud') is the study of clouds and cloud formation. British meteorologist Luke Howard was a major researcher within this field, establishing a cloud classification system. While this branch of meteorology still exists today, the term nephology, or nephologist is rarely used. The term came into use at the end of the nineteenth century, and fell out of common use by the middle of the twentieth. Recently, interest in nephology has increased as some meteorologists have begun to focus on the relationship between clouds and global warming, which is a source of uncertainty regarding "estimates and interpretations of the Earth’s changing energy budget." Some nephologists believe that an increase in global temperature could decrease the thickness and brightness (ability to reflect light energy), which would further increase global temperature.
 * Since the late 1990s, some have suggested that when high solar activity lowers levels of cosmic rays, that in turn reduces cloud cover and warms the planet. Others say that there is no statistical evidence for such an effect.

Understanding the dynamics of cloud formation is essential, as clouds play a significant role in the Earth's energy balance and climate system. Recent research has focused on how changes in cloud cover and characteristics may affect, and be affected by, the Earth's changing climate.

Cloud formation
Cloud formation is a complex process that begins with the condensation of water vapor in the atmosphere. This process typically occurs when moist air rises and cools to its dew point, leading to the formation of water droplets or ice crystals. Several factors influence cloud formation, including atmospheric temperature, humidity, and the presence of aerosols. Cloud types are classified based on their appearance and altitude, with major categories including cirrus, cumulus, and stratus. Understanding these processes is fundamental to studying weather patterns and climate dynamics.

Cloud formation and climate change
The interaction between cloud formation and climate change is an aspect of atmospheric science. Clouds have a dual role in the Earth's climate system: they can cool the Earth's surface by reflecting incoming solar radiation (albedo effect) and warm it by trapping outgoing infrared radiation (greenhouse effect). The overall impact of clouds on global climate depends on factors such as cloud type, altitude, thickness, and the amount of water or ice they contain.

Thin, high-altitude cirrus clouds tend to have a net warming effect, since they allow incoming solar radiation to pass through while trapping heat radiating from the Earth's surface. On the other hand, low-altitude, thick clouds like stratus or cumulus generally reflect more sunlight back into space, contributing to a cooling effect. However, the extent to which different types of clouds contribute to warming or cooling is still an area of ongoing research.

Climate change is expected to impact cloud formation patterns, potentially leading to feedback loops. Warmer temperatures can increase the rate of evaporation, leading to more water vapor in the atmosphere, which could result in more clouds. This increase in cloud cover could have a cooling effect due to increased albedo. However, if the increase is primarily in high-altitude thin clouds, the net effect could be additional warming. Conversely, a decrease in cloudiness in certain regions could lead to further surface warming.

Recent studies also suggest that cloud formation is sensitive to aerosols – tiny particles in the atmosphere. Aerosols can act as cloud condensation nuclei, around which cloud droplets can form. Changes in aerosol concentrations, due to human activities or natural processes, can therefore influence cloud properties and, consequently, the climate.

Moreover, climate models show varying degrees of sensitivity to cloud feedbacks, contributing to uncertainties in future climate projections. The challenge for scientists is to understand and accurately model the myriad ways clouds interact with atmospheric dynamics, solar radiation, and the Earth's surface. This understanding is critical for predicting future climate scenarios and informing global strategies to address climate change.

Recent research and studies
Recent research in nephology has delved into the relationship between cloud formation and climate change. One area of study has been the potential link between solar activity, cosmic rays, and cloud cover. One hypothesis suggests that high solar activity, which reduces cosmic ray flux, might lead to decreased cloud cover, thereby warming the planet. However, this theory remains a subject of debate among scientists. Work has been undertaken at CERN's CLOUD (Cosmics Leaving Outdoor Droplets) experiment, investigating the microphysical interactions between cosmic rays and cloud formation. These studies aim to increase understand the cloud nucleation process and its implications for climate models.

Implications
Understanding how clouds respond to and influence global warming is necessary for accurate climate modeling and prediction. Changes in cloud cover and type could either exacerbate or mitigate the effects of climate change, depending on their properties and distribution. For instance, thinning high-altitude clouds tend to have a net warming effect, while thick, low-altitude clouds generally have a cooling effect. Increased knowledge in this field can inform policy decisions and strategies for climate change mitigation and adaptation. It underscores the need for comprehensive climate models that accurately represent cloud dynamics and their feedback mechanisms in the Earth's climate system.

title: Cloud formation and climate change


text:
Talk:DNA/Archive 10

Is this page protected from editing ? 09 march 2004
No. Please, just have the best of time on this page from now on. Following some private discussions, I will just dare to remind you that no encyclopedic article is "done" on Wikipedia, and that no vote made a couple of weeks ago by 5 people, justify that a preambule stays frozen for the months to come. The discussions below suggest me, that some editors do not perceive the current "community" version as necessarily the best ever. I hope it improves :-) FirmLittleFluffyThing 17:37, 13 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Later... So, here is the deal. Here we have about 4 or 5 people who agreed upon a version. Now, a new editor comes along, and has been making many detailed comments on the talk page, explaining why he thought the "community" version not perfect, and proposing a new version.

You have two options.

Either you reject the right of this new editor to change the current community approved version. You revert him, or we protect the page. If you do so, you set a precedent : a set of editors, at one time can decide what the proper version should be, freeze that version, and protect it against winds and storms. In effect, the page is no more a wiki, and we could declare this page to be the first article on the first stable version for release.

Or you accept someone else opinion on the matter. Bensaccount made some comments on the community version...please give him a feedback on all these comments. Besaccount made some propositions for another version. Please give him some feedback on his version, and why you do not want to keep it.

If you do not find an agreed upon version, between all of you, ON THE TALK PAGE, by the end of the week, I suggest that next monday (or so), a list of all the propositions be made. You vote on whether to keep the old community agreed version or to have a new one. And you vote among the new ones. The agreed upon version (the old community approved or a new version) will be frozen for a full month from the moment it is voted. Any one feeling like changing his mind, or any new editor will have the opportunity to launch a new debate after that time.

Clear ? :-) FirmLittleFluffyThing 12:50, 15 Mar 2004 (UTC)

(if not clear, that means no change of the current version unless there is an agreement HERE).

 * I restored the HTML comment after Anthony removed it recently. However I worded it less strongly than it used to be. Please make it stronger again if you think that is appropiate. Pete/Pcb21 (talk) 13:15, 15 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Believe it or not, I had removed it :-) FirmLittleFluffyThing

How to Discuss DNA
I think its important to address one point at a time, starting with the first sentence. Until we do so, we will just keep running in circles and archiving endless pages of concurrent debates. Lirath Q. Pynnor

 * I agree. Bensaccount 23:25, 9 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * (This start-to-finish style of article construction disturbs me slightly but...) In the interest of making progress, I'd recommend that you consider the first paragraphs fixed for now. We all know that they aren't perfect (a symptom of consensus editting) but, optimistically, they can be fixed with iterative editting  once the more important problems have been ironed out of the remainder of the article. Stewart Adcock 17:24, 10 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * I disagree. Theres no harm in fixing up the rest of the article first so you can go ahead, but I want to fix the beginning because it is incorrect (and is the most important part in my opinion). Bensaccount 17:56, 10 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * My sole interest here is in addressing the beginning. Once that has been done, I plan to move on to some other article. Lirath Q. Pynnor

A comment from pom
[P0M:] Smarting a bit after 168's remarks that seemed to include me among "people who were not around during the discussions long ago [and] think they understand what is going on and they don't... [and should take it to heart that] Zen and pop psychology don't trump ignorance," I went back and read through the archives. I think it is clear that Lir has achieved a stunning victory against all others by playing "let's you and him fight," and I can understand why 168 does not like to be in the position of dealing with his victory. I don't think anybody else should be happy with that victory either. If anything has emerged from these discussions its seems to be a consensus regarding Lir's edits. That consensus should not, IMHO, argue in favor of any of the other candidate passages. P0M 06:14, 7 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Other issues

 * [Peak to Bensaccount:] You may be well-intentioned, but you are clearly ill-informed about the amount of effort that many people, including some very smart ones and some experts, have invested in the effort so far. Yes, that means a lot of time has been spent doing the things you ask for: discussing details, disproving ideas, and attempting to get people to accept facts. If you read the archives, you will see that serious problems arise when a someone (e.g. a sysop or a subvandal) insists that UNANIMITY is required. This is an invitation for subvandals to create havoc. (E.g. in the present case, a very valuable contributor (168...) has (at least for now) quit Wikipedia.) So there are much larger issues here than the wording of one particular preamble. Peak 18:05, 9 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * [P0M:] I believe it has been shown possible for one person to insist that his/her take on reality is superior to all others, to change the text, and then to systematically revert all attempts by others to alter this perfect piece of writing. I don't recall having seen Peak take this attitude, nor have I seen him use demeaning language toward other, or characterize the positions as not being worthy of consideration (without offering a reason why some position won't work), but his attitude seems to be a rarity on these talk pages. Problems seem to arise when one person can establish and defend by revert a position that other have good reason to oppose, but problems also arise when one person can veto a change on the grounds that a unanimous vote to change is necessary. I suspect these two things are both versions of the Molly Sugden syndrome. She's the lady who always ends a fiat with the words, "I am unanimous in regard to that issue."

 * [P0M:] Another thing that I have noticed (and have commented upon before) is the frequency with which the techniques of verbal assault are substituted for reasoned analysis by some participants in debates. Criticisms of content are frequently prefaced by unflattering characterizations of the authors of said content.

 * [P0M:] A third tendency I have noticed is the frequent use of the technique of refusing to answer a major point that someone has raised by attacking something that is not of central importance. P0M 20:11, 9 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * [Ant to Bensaccount] Do not feel discouraged :-) If you find a better phrasing or content for the preambule, just do it :-) Otherwise, just let the time do its affair. It will depends on whether 168 chooses to come back or not. FirmLittleFluffyThing

Edit Boldly Where Angels...
[P0M:] For many actions one may take, the social context is vitally important. Changing any line in an article written by one of the Lords of the Universe is asking for an instant revert with a snotty "summary" message to the effect that sophomoric attempts by lesser beings are reprehensible. Some of my edits have met that response. On the other hand, editing a line written by an objective writer who can see the advantage to the new formulation can sometimes even yield a commendation. On the third hand, editing a line or a block of text that has been a focus of irrascible debate for the past several weeks or months is an exercise in futility. It may even be an exercise in futility if one gets the formulation exactly right -- because people are incapable of being objective. Getting it exactly right involves writing with a physicists sense of elegance. I don't know of any renown physicists who dare characterize their own work -- in words or in formulae -- as elegant. Perhaps it is part of the training in objectivity that does it. Perhaps it is the unsympathetic response of experiments to fervent entreaties that does it.

[P0M:] We are advised to "edit boldly". I've been criticized (mildly) for bringing something up on a talk page instead of just jumping in and changing something. I've also been told, when proposing a change (in outline) on a talk page, "Just you try it, and see what I will do about it." (I'm paraphrasing, and maybe bringing into my paraphrase some of the emotion that stuck to the written message as a result of preceding acrid remarks from that contributor.)

[P0M:] Personally, I'm not eager to waste everybody's time, and to have my actions entail confusion to the general reader who finds a different article every time 'e returns to it. I would rather take the proposed change to talk page and hash it out -- even though my efforts may be characterized in various unflattering ways. If I can make my point clearly enough, I seem to be able to change other people's opinions or see the light in regard to what others have said.

[P0M:] I think the main problem with the precious preamble, over which so much virtual blood has been spilled, is that nobody is clear on what ideas need to be conveyed. If one does not have a clear intention, a clear mental picture, of what needs to be conveyed, no amount of skill, no accumulation of paraphrases, no... Nothing is going to help. We have been arguing about buzz words and catch phrases, but we have failed to nail DNA.

 * I think what you are looking for is "what the preamble is". It is a definition (a simple association). I hope nobody want to argue about this because I am sick of sidetracking. Bensaccount 00:37, 15 Mar 2004 (UTC)

[P0M:] Edit boldly? Well, o.k., but how about thinking clearly and how about being aware of the inevitable consequences of some actions? P0M 23:28, 14 Mar 2004 (UTC)

More comments by Pom 16/03/2004
[P0M:] "Edit boldly" is advocated by the administration of the Wikipedia. Maybe they like to see edit wars? It strikes me that having a reversion war is a waste of everybody's time, yet it is inevitable if somebody makes an insensitive change.

 * POM, you understand well the very concept of Wikipedia :-) Wikipedia thrive on edit wars. It is needed to make the blood of editors run more quickly, and to hook them in. A wiki were no one dare editing other people words (french and japanese are certainly far less bold than american people :-)) is not a healthy wiki. Now, there is a limit when edit war becomes more destructive than constructive, and it is certainly directly connected to the level of obstination :-)

[P0M:] Ritualized behaviors to head off aggression are essential to every culture. The rules can be different in different cultures, but within a culture the individual fares better if 'e can go by the rules. I believe that it's o.k. to knock and enter in Japan. If you knock and enter through a closed door in Germany, I'm told, you may be handed your head. (Virtually, at least.) Each place has its own conventions.

[P0M:] If, for instance, Dysprosia and Mav have been working for a month on a paragraph on antidisestablishmentarianism and have just patched up a (virtual) blood feud, and I come on the scene, delete the paragraph and replace it with my own version, surely the two of them will not applaud my efforts unless my insight and my prose outshine theirs the way that Rumi outshines Ogden Nash. Rather than affronting them, if I have any desire to make a positive contribution then it would seem to me the better strategy to negotiate the changes -- and to not try to negotiate from a posture of arrogance either.

 * Yes. But that was worth trying no ? Ok, that did not work. I was curious.

---

title: Talk:DNA/Archive 10


text:
List of radio stations in Alaska

The following is a list of FCC-licensed radio stations in the U.S. state of Alaska, which can be sorted by their call signs, frequencies, cities of license, licensees, and programming formats.

Defunct stations

 * KABN-FM - Kasilof
 * KAKQ - Fairbanks
 * KALA - Sitka
 * KAMP-LP - St. Michael
 * KANC - Anchorage
 * KAQU-LP - Sitka
 * KAUG - Anchorage
 * KCDS - Deadhorse
 * KCKC - Long Island
 * KEAA-LP - Eagle
 * KGBU - Ketchikan
 * KGVC - Glacier View
 * KHGO - Homer
 * KHOH - Seldovia
 * KHZK - Kotzebue
 * KIAL - Unalaska
 * KIBH - Seward
 * KJFP - Yakutat
 * KMJG - Homer
 * KOGB - McGrath
 * KRAW - Sterling
 * KRSA - Petersburg
 * KSEW - Seward
 * KSEW - Sitka
 * KSVJ - Seward
 * KUWL - Fairbanks
 * KVBV-LP - Anchorage
 * KVIM-LP - Juneau
 * KVOK - Kodiak
 * KWJG - Kasilof
 * KWMD - Kasilof
 * KZXX - Kenai

title: List of radio stations in Alaska


text:
Louis Couperus

Louis Marie-Anne Couperus (10 June 1863 – 16 July 1923) was a Dutch novelist and poet. His oeuvre contains a wide variety of genres: lyric poetry, psychological and historical novels, novellas, short stories, fairy tales, feuilletons and sketches. Couperus is considered to be one of the foremost figures in Dutch literature. In 1923, he was awarded the Tollensprijs (Tollens Prize).

Couperus and his wife travelled extensively in Europe and Asia, and he later wrote several related travelogues which were published weekly.

Youth
Louis Marie-Anne Couperus was born on 10 June 1863 at Mauritskade 11 in The Hague, Netherlands, into a long-established, Indo family of the colonial landed gentry of the Dutch East Indies. He was the eleventh and youngest child of John Ricus Couperus (1816–1902), a prominent colonial administrator, lawyer and landheer or lord of the private domain (particuliere land) of Tjikopo in Java, and Catharina Geertruida Reynst (1829–1893). Through his father, he was a great-grandson of Abraham Couperus (1752–1813), Governor of Malacca, and Willem Jacob Cranssen (1762–1821), Governor of Ambon with a female-line, Eurasian lineage that goes back even earlier to the mid-eighteenth century.

Four of the ten siblings had died before Louis was born. Couperus was baptized on 19 July 1863 in the Eglise wallonne in The Hague. When Louis reached the age of five, his youngest sister, Trudy, was twelve years old and his youngest brother, Frans, eleven. In The Hague he followed lessons at the boarding school of Mr. Wyers, where he first met his later friend Henri van Booven. On 6 November 1872 the Couperus family left home, travelled by train to Den Helder and embarked on the steamboat Prins Hendrik, which would bring them back to the Dutch East Indies. They arrived on 31 December 1872 in Batavia, where they spent the night at the then famous Hotel des Indes. The family settled in a house in Batavia, located on the Koningsplein and the mother of Couperus and his brother Frans (who was suffering from peritonitis) returned to the Netherlands in December 1873; his mother returned to the Dutch East Indies in April 1874. So Couperus spent part of his youth (1873–1878) in the Dutch East Indies, going to school in Batavia.

Here he met his cousin, Elisabeth Couperus-Baud, for the first time. In his novel De zwaluwen neergestreken (The swallows flew down), he wrote about his youth:
 * "We are cousins and have played together. We danced together at children's balls. We still have our baby pictures. She was dressed in a marquise dress and I was dressed as a page. My garment was made of black velvet and I was very proud of my first travesti."

In the Dutch East Indies, Couperus also met his future brother-in-law for the first time, Gerard de la Valette (a writer and official at the Dutch Indian Government who would marry his sister Trudy), who wrote in 1913 about his relationship with Couperus:
 * We met first at Batavia, when he was a boy of ten years and I was a young man. We saw each other at rather large intervals. Yet I saw him often enough, as a boy and a young man, that we developed a good and familiar relationship.''

After he finished primary school, Couperus attended the Gymnasium Willem III in Batavia. In the summer of 1878 Couperus and his family returned to the Netherlands, where they went to live in a house at the Nassaukade (plein) 4. In The Hague Couperus was sent to the H.B.S. school; during this period of his life, he spent a lot of time at the Vlielander-Hein family (his sister was married to Benjamin Marius Vlielander Hein); later their son, François Emile Vlielander Hein (1882–1919), was his favourite nephew, who helped him with his literary work. At the HBS Couperus met his later friend Frans Netscher; during this period of his life, he read the novels written by Émile Zola and Ouida (the latter he would meet in Florence, years later). When Couperus' school results did not improve, his father send him to a school where he was trained to be a teacher in the Dutch language. In 1883 he attended the opera written by Charles Gounod Le tribut de Zamora; he later used elements of this opera in his novel Eline Vere.

Start of Couperus' career as a writer
In 1885 plans were made to compose an operetta for children. Virginie la Chapelle wrote the music, and Couperus provided the lyrics for De schoone slaapster in het bosch ("Sleeping beauty in the forest"). The opera was staged by a hundred children at the Koninklijke Schouwburg (Royal Theatre) in The Hague. In January 1885 Couperus had already written one of his early poems, called Kleopatra. Other writings from this period include the sonnet Een portret ("A Portrait") and Uw glimlach of uw bloemen ("Your smile or your flowers"). In 1882, Couperus started reading Petrarch and had the intention to write a novel about him, which was never realized, although he did publish the novella In het huis bij den dom ("In the house near the church"), loosely inspired by Plutarch. When Couperus just had finished his novella Een middag bij Vespaziano ("An Afternoon at Vespaziano"), he visited Johannes Bosboom and his wife Anna Louisa Geertruida Bosboom-Toussaint, whose works Couperus greatly admired. Couperus let Mrs. Bosboom-Toussaint read his novella, which she found very good. In 1883 Couperus started writing Laura; this novella was published in parts in De Gids (a Dutch literary magazine) in 1883 and 1884. In 1885 Couperus' debut in book form, Een lent van vaerzen ("A ribbon of poems") was published (by publisher J.L. Beijers with a book cover designed by painter Ludwig Willem Reymert Wenckebach). In these days a person Couperus greatly admired for his sense of beauty and intelligence was writer Carel Vosmaer, whom he frequently met while walking in the center of The Hague.

In 1883 Couperus saw Sarah Bernhardt performing in The Hague, but was more impressed by her dresses than her performance itself. The next year, John Ricus Couperus, father of Louis Couperus, sold his family estate "Tjicoppo", located in the Dutch East Indies and gave order to build a house at the Surinamestraat 20, The Hague. Here Couperus continued writing poetry and his study of Dutch literature. In June 1885 he was appointed member of the very prestigious Maatschappij der Nederlandse Letterkunde (Society of Dutch Literature), two years after he published ''Orchideeën. Een bundel poëzie en proza'' ("Orchids. A Bundle of Poetry and Prose"), which had received mixed reviews. Journalist Willem Gerard van Nouhuys wrote that Orchideeën lacked quality, Jacob Nicolaas van Hall was positive, and Willem Kloos called it "literary crap". Couperus passed his exam on 6 December 1886 and received his certificate, which allowed him to teach at secondary schools. However, he did not aspire to a teaching career and decided to continue writing literature instead. At the end of 1887 he started to write what was to become his most-famous novel, Eline Vere.

Eline Vere, the beginning of success

Shortly before Couperus wrote Eline Vere, he had read War and Peace and Anna Karenina, written by Leo Tolstoy. The structure of Couperus' book Eline Vere was similar to that of Anna Karenina (division into short chapters). He had also just read Ghosts, a play written by Henrik Ibsen; reference to the leading character of Ghosts is made when Eline Vere is delirious with fever and cries: "Oh god, the ghosts, approaching grinning" – also the suicide by the main characters in Eline Vere and in Ghosts by taking an overdose of morphine is the same. Between 17 June until 4 December 1888, the novel Eline Vere was published in the Dutch newspaper Het Vaderland; a reviewer in the Algemeen Handelsblad wrote: "The writer has talent". Meanwhile, Couperus wrote a novella called Een ster ("A Star"), which was published in "Nederland" and made a journey to Sweden. In this period of his life, Couperus was an active member of the drama club of writer Marcel Emants ("Utile et Laetum" meaning 'useful and happy'), and here he met a new friend, Johan Hendrik Ram, a captain of the grenadiers, who would later commit suicide (December 1913). In April 1890 the Nieuwe Gids (New Guide) published a review of Eline Vere, written by Lodewijk van Deyssel, in which he wrote "the novel of Mr. Couperus is a good and a literary work". Couperus also met a new friend, writer Maurits Wagenvoort, who invited Couperus and painter George Hendrik Breitner to his home.

A second edition of Eline Vere was published within a year. Couperus finished his next novel, Noodlot ("Fate") in May 1890; this novel was then published in De Gids. It is possible that the leading character of Noodlot, Frank, was inspired by the character of Couperus' friend, Johan Hendrik Ram, a strong and healthy military person. Couperus now started reading Paul Bourget's novel Un coeur de femme, which inspired him during the writing of his novella Extaze ("Ecstasy"). In July 1890 he completed Eene illuzie ("An Illusion") and on 12 August 1890 received the prestigious D.A. Thiemeprijs (D.A. Thieme prize, named after the noted publisher). In October that same year, he travelled to Paris, where he received a letter from his publisher-to-be, L.J. Veen, asking permission to publish Noodlot, which offer Couperus rejected because this book was supposed to be published by Elsevier. When his uncle Guillaume Louis Baud died, Couperus went back to The Hague to attend the funeral. Here Couperus decided to marry his cousin Elisabeth Couperus-Baud. The marriage took place on 9 September 1891 in The Hague.

More successes as a writer
On 21 September 1891, Couperus and his wife settled in a small villa at the Roeltjesweg (now Couperusweg) in Hilversum; after Couperus finished his new book Extaze in October 1891 he wrote Uitzichten ("Views") and started with his new romantic and spiritual novella Epiloog ("Epilogue"). Extaze was published in 1892 in The Gids, and Couperus asked publisher L.J. Veen to publish it as a novel, but refused the offer Veen made him. In 1891 an English translation of Noodlot, Footsteps of Fate (translation made by Clara Bell) and in 1892 an English translation of Eline Vere were released. Meanwhile, L.J. Veen made Couperus a better offer, which he accepted, and Couperus received from Oscar Wilde his novel The Picture of Dorian Gray; Wilde had read the translation of Couperus' Footsteps of Fate. and wrote to Couperus to compliment him with his book. Elisabeth Couperus-Baud translated Wilde's novel into Dutch: Het portret van Dorian Gray. Dutch critics wrote divergent reviews about Extaze: writer and journalist Henri Borel said that, the book was something like a young boy messing with an egg, while Lodewijk van Deyssel found it great. Frederik van Eeden wrote that he had a specific aversion against the book. Couperus and his wife moved to The Hague, where Couperus wrote Majesteit ("Majesty"), after he had read an article in The Illustrated London News about Nicholas II of Russia. Gerrit Jäger, a play writer, wrote a theatre performance of Noodlot; it was performed in 1892 by the Rotterdam theatre company, and the then-famous Dutch actor Willem Royaards, who was an acquaintance of Couperus, played one of the leading characters. On 1 February 1893 Couperus and his wife left for Florence, but they had to return because of the death of Couperus' mother. He wrote about how she rested on her deathbed in his novel Metamorfoze ("Metamorphosis"). During this time Elisabeth Couperus-Baud was translating George Moore's novel  Vain Fortune, while Majesteit was published in The Gids.

In 1894 Couperus joined the editorial board of De Gids; other members were Geertrudus Cornelis Willem Byvanck (a writer), Jacob Nicolaas van Hall (writer and politician), Anton Gerard van Hamel (professor in the French language), Ambrosius Hubrecht and Pieter Cort van der Linden. In September 1893 Couperus and his wife left for Italy for the second time. In Florence they stayed in a pension close to the Santa Maria Novella; here Couperus wrote in November 1893 a sketch, Annonciatie, a literary description of the painting of the same name by Simone Martini and Lippo Memmi in the Uffizi gallery. In December Couperus and his wife visited Rome, where Couperus wrote San Pietro (his impression of St. Peter's Basilica), Pincio, Michelangelo's cupola, Via Appia and Brief uit Rome ("Letter from Rome"). In these works, Couperus gave references to the works he had read about Rome: Ariadne by Ouida, Rienzi by Bulwer, Transformation by Hawthorne, Voyage en Italie by Taine and Cosmopolotis by Bourget. In February 1894 Couperus travelled to Naples and Athens, and then returned to Florence, where he visited Ouida. Couperus and his wife returned to the Netherlands, where Elisabeth Couperus-Baud made a translation of George Moore's Vain Fortune; they went to live in the house at the Jacob van der Doesstraat 123. During this time Gerrit Jäger committed suicide by drowning. Couperus now started working on what was to become Wereldvrede ("World Peace") and wrote a translation of Flaubert's La Tentation de Saint Antoine.

Consolidation phase
In 1894 an English translation was made by Alexander Teixeira de Mattos of Majesteit; reviewers were not satisfied, and in the Netherlands Couperus new novel Wereldvrede was seen by critics as a flat novel, intended for women. Apart from that Lodewijk van Deyssel wrote a review in which he asked Couperus to get lost ("De heer Couperus kan van mij ophoepelen"), and Couperus himself ended his editorship at De Gids (April 1895). In October 1895 Couperus and his wife travelled to Italy again, where they visited Venice; they stayed at a hotel near the Piazza San Marco, and Couperus studied the works of Tintoretto, Titian and Veronese. The next city they visited was Rome, where Couperus would receive a number of bad reviews of his book Wereldvrede. In Rome he met Dutch sculptor Pier Pander and Dutch painter Pieter de Josselin de Jong. In March 1896 Couperus and his wife returned to the Netherlands. In 1896 Hoge troeven ("High Trumps") was published with a book cover designed by Hendrik Petrus Berlage, and in April 1896 Couperus started writing Metamorfoze ("Metamorphosis"). In September Couperus visited Johan Hendrik Ram in Zeist, where Ram stayed with his father. Couperus spoke with Ram about Metamorfoze. That same year Couperus spend some time in Paris. In 1897 Couperus finished writing Metamorfoze, which was to be published in De Gids. Meanwhile, Elisabeth Couperus-Baud translated Olive Schreiner's Trooper Peter Halket of Mashonaland. That same year Couperus and his wife left for Dresden but also spend some time in Heidelberg. In August 1897 Couperus started with his new book Psyche and was appointed officer in the Order of Orange-Nassau. In January 1898, De Gids started publishing chapters of Psyche.

In February 1898 Couperus travelled to Berlin, where he visited Else Otten, the German translator of his books and who would also translate Psyche into German. With Elisabeth Couperus-Baud he left the Netherlands in May 1898 for a short trip to London, where they met friends and visited Ascot Racecourse; Alexander Teixeira de Mattos introduced Couperus and his wife during a high tea to English journalists and literary people. Couperus also met Edmund Gosse, who had written a foreword to Footsteps of Fate in 1891, and English painter Lawrence Alma-Tadema, who was a brother-in-law of Gosse. Via Oxford, Couperus and his wife returned to the Netherlands, where he finished Fidessa in December 1898. Couperus and his wife then left for the Netherlands Dutch Indies and arrived at the end of March 1899 in Tanjung Priok. In June they visited Couperus sister Trudy and her husband Gerard Valette, who was working as a resident at Tegal. Here Couperus started to write his new novel, Langs lijnen der geleidelijkheid (Inevitable). When Gerard Valette and his wife had to move to Pasuruan because of Valette's work, Couperus and his wife spend some time in Gabroe (Blitar), where Couperus observed a spirit; this experience he would later use in his novel The Hidden Force (1900).

After The Hidden Force
Many of the details about the life and works of a resident in the Dutch East Indies Couperus derived from his brother-in-law De la Valette. He characterized The Hidden Force as: The Hidden Force gives back especially the enmity of the mysterious Javanese soul and atmosphere, fighting against the Dutch conqueror. Meanwhile, Couperus received a letter from his friend Johan Hendrik Ram, in which Ram wrote that he and lieutenant Lodewijk Thomson were about to travel to South Africa to follow the course of the Boer Wars as military diplomats. In March 1900 Couperus and his wife travelled back to the Netherlands, where in De Gids the text of Inevitable was published. In October 1900 Couperus and his wife moved to Nice, where Couperus read Henryk Sienkiewicz' With Fire and Sword, The Deluge and Quo Vadis, while his own The Hidden Force was published in the Netherlands. Meanwhile, Couperus started to work on his new novels Babel and De boeken der kleine zielen ("The Book of Small Souls"). In 1902 he was asked to become a member of the editorial board of a new magazine called "Groot Nederland", together with W.G. van Nouhuys and Cyriel Buysse. In October 1902 Couperus' father died at the age of 86. His house at Surinamestraat 20, The Hague was eventually sold to Conrad Theodor van Deventer. Couperus and his wife kept living in Nice, but Couperus went in January 1903 to Rome, where he met Pier Pander again and also received a letter from his publisher L.J. Veen, in which he complained that Couperus' books did not sell. In May 1903 Couperus published Dionyzos-studiën ("Studies of Dionysus") in Groot Nederland, in which Couperus paid tribute to classical antiquity (a doctrine without original sin) and especially to the god Dionysus.

Couperus left that year (1903) again for Italy (Venice) and went to Nice in September. During the winter of 1903–1904, he read Jean Lombard's work about Roman emperor Elagabalus; in 1903 Georges Duviquet published his Héliogabale, which was just what Couperus needed for his idea to write a novel about a crazy emperor (De berg van licht, "The Mountain of Light"). Meanwhile, to pay his bills, he wrote Van oude menschen, de dingen, die voorbij gaan ("Of old people, the things that pass"). In 1905 he published De berg van licht, which was rather controversial as it dealt with the subject of homosexuality. In 1906 Couperus and his wife left for Bagni di Lucca (Italy), where they stayed at Hotel Continental and were introduced to Eleonora Duse. In May 1907 Aan den weg der vreugde, a novella Couperus wrote while staying at Bagni di Lucca, was published in Groot Nederland; he received another letter from L.J. Veen, saying that Couperus' books did not sell well, and so Couperus wrote a farewell letter to Veen in which he told Veen this was the end of their business relationship. During the summer of 1907 Couperus wrote in Siena the story Uit de jeugd van San Francesco van Assisi'("From the youth of St. Francis of Assisi") to be published in Groot Nederland. From this period on Couperus claimed that the days of novels were counted and that short stories (called short novels by Couperus) were the novels of the future. Couperus would write a series of short stories, which he published the then coming years in magazines such as "De Locomotief", "De Telegraaf" and the "Kroniek".

Endless travelling
During the winter of 1908 Couperus resided in Florence, where he translated John Argyropoulos' Aristodemus; he published his translation in Groot Nederland. In August 1908 Couperus and his wife started a pension lodge in Nice and placed an advert in the New York Herald to attract future guests. As of 27 November 1909 Couperus started publishing weekly serials in the Dutch newspaper Het Vaderland; he also published Korte arabesken ("Short Arabesques", 1911, with publisher Maatschappij voor goede en goedkoope lectuur) and a cheap edition of De zwaluwen neêr gestreken... ("The Swallows Flew Down", with publisher Van Holkema & Warendof). In December 1910 Couperus wrote in his sketch Melancholieën ("Melancholia") about the death of his father, mother, sister and brother:
 * "They are the ghosts of Death ... These are the shades of my grey father, my adored mother, they are the ghosts of my sister, brother and friend. And between their shadows are the pale ghosts of the Commemorations ... Because the room is full of ghosts and ghosts. My silent, staring eyes are full of tears and I feel old and tired and afraid."

In the second part of 1910, Couperus started to write a novel again, despite the fact he earlier had said he never would write one again. This novel was to be called Antiek toerisme, een roman uit Oud-Egypte ("Tourism in Antiquity, a Novel from Ancient Egypt") and was published in Groot Nederland. The book would be rewarded with the "Nieuwe Gids prize for prose" in 1914. At the end of 1910, Couperus and his wife gave up their pension in Nice and travelled to Rome. In Rome Couperus collected and rearranged some of his serials, which he intended to publish in a book, Schimmen van schoonheid ("Shadows of Beauty").

Since Couperus and publisher L.J. Veen were unable to agree on the payment of Couperus, Couperus then published Schimmen van schoonheid and Antiek Toerisme with publisher Van Holkema en Warendorf. In Rome Couperus visited Museo Barracco di Scultura Antica, San Saba, the Villa Madama and the Colosseum (among other things). He also paid a visit to the Borgia Apartment and wrote a number of sketches about Lucrezia and Pinturicchio, who had painted her. In 1911 he wrote in Groot Nederland a sketch about Siena and Ostia Antica. He read Gaston Boissier's Promenades archéologiques and made long walks through the ancient ruins of Rome. He also visited the exhibition in the Belle Arti in Florence, where also Dutch painters exhibited their work. Here he met Willem Steelink and Arnold Marc Gorter, who gave him a warm welcome. Couperus wrote about the travelling he and his wife constantly did: your living or not living, what hast thou found, O thou poor seekers, O thou poor vagabonds, rich in suitcases? Couperus spend the winter of 1911–1912 in Florence; meanwhile the Greco-Turkish War broke out and influenced life in Florence as well. Couperus wrote a sketch called De jonge held ("The Young Hero") about the son of friends in Italy who returned wounded from the front. In December Couperus and his wife left for Sicily but spent some time in Orvieto, where they stayed in the same hotel that Bertel Thorvaldsen had once visited. Hereafter they travelled to Naples, where Couperus admired the Farnese Hercules, which inspired him to start writing his next novel, Herakles.

Trading places
The first chapters of Herakles appeared during the first half of 1912 in Groot Nederland. Couperus then stayed in Sicily, where he visited Syracuse and Messina; he and his wife then returned to Florence. During this period he visited Pisa and then travelled to Venice, where he attended the inauguration of the then-restored St Mark's Campanile (tower), and wrote about it in his sketch Feest van San Marco ("The party of San Marco"). Meanwhile, publisher L.J. Veen gave a positive answer to Couperus' question if he would be willing to publish the bundled sketches. As a result, in 1912 and 1913 Uit blanke steden onder blauwe lucht ("From white cities under blue sky") appeared in two parts. Couperus travelled from Venice to Igis and to Munich, where he visited a performance of Calderóns El mayor encanto, amor in the Künstler-Theater and a performance of Mozart's Don Giovanni at the Residenz-Theater. When Couperus celebrated his 50th birthday, Het Vaderland paid tribute to him by letting his friends and admirers publish praising words. Those friends and admirers included but were not limited to Frans Bastiaanse, Emmanuel de Bom, Henri van Booven, Ina Boudier-Bakker, Marie Joseph Brusse (the father of Kees Brusse), Herman Heijermans and Willem Kloos. A committee was formed to collect the funds required for Couperus to make a journey to Egypt. Members of that committee were for example Pieter Cornelis Boutens, Alexander Teixeira de Mattos and K.J.L. Alberdingk Thijm. Couperus however could not make this journey to Egypt because of World War I.

On 29 September 1913, Johan Hendrik Ram killed himself, shooting a bullet into his head. Couperus returned to Florence later that year and attended the futuristic meeting of 12 December, which was also attended by Giovanni Papini and Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, at whom potatoes were thrown. Couperus admired them for their courage to speak despite the fact the public made so much noise they could hardly be heard. He also went to see the Mona Lisa, which had been found after it was stolen, at the Uffizi. Couperus said about new things such as futurism: The only thing that always will triumph in the end, above everything, is beauty. In these years he started reading Giovanni Papini's Un uomo finito; he compared the new literary movement to which Papini belonged, with those of the Tachtigers in the Netherlands. He wrote an article about Papini's book, which he called magnificent, an almost perfect book, and he compared Papini with Lodewijk van Deyssel. Papini and Couperus met in Florence and Couperus found Papini rather shy. Meanwhile, Elisabeth Couperus-Baud translated Pío Baroja's La ciudad de la niebla. During this time Couperus' Wreede portretten (Cruel portraits) were published in Het Vaderland. De Wrede portretten were a series of profiles of pension guests whom Couperus had met during his travels in Rome and elsewhere. He also had a meeting with Dutch actress Theo Mann-Bouwmeester, who suggested to change Langs lijnen van geleidelijkheid into a play; although this plan did not come into reality for Couperus it opened possibilities for his books in future.

Public performances
When World War I began, Couperus was in Munich. On 27 August 1914 the son of Rupprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria, Luitpold, died of polio and Couperus went to see his body in the Theatrine Church. During this time he admired the German: I admire them because they are tragic and fight a tragic struggle, like a tragic hero fights. In September he returned to Florence and in February 1915 to the Netherlands, where he visited the premiere of Frederik van Eeden's De heks van Haarlem (The witch of Haarlem) and met Van Eeden. He made a translation of Edmond Rostands Cantecler, although the play was never performed on stage. During this time Couperus started making performances as an elocutionist. His first performance at the art room Kleykamp for an audience of students from Delft was a huge success. The decor consisted of a Buddha and a painting made by Antonio da Correggio that Abraham Bredius had lent for this occasion. Couperus read De zonen der zon (Sons of the sun) aloud. While Couperus made his performances, L.J. Veen published the first parts of Van en over alles en iedereen (By and about everything and everyone) and publisher Holkema & Warendorf De ongelukkige (The unfortunate) (1915). Couperus himself wrote that year De dood van den Dappere (The death of the brave one), which dealt with the end of El Zagal and started to write De Comedianten (The comedians), inspired by the Menaechmi; this book was published with Nijgh & Van Ditmar in 1917. Couperus read Ludwig Friedländers Darstellungen aus der Sittengeschichte Roms in der Zeit von August bis zum Ausgang der Antonine to increase his knowledge of Ancient Rome which he needed for De Comedianten.

In these years Couperus met S.F. van Oss, who was the founder of De Haagsche Post, who asked if Couperus would be willing to write for his magazine. Couperus later published his travelogues (made during his travels to Africa, Dutch East Indies and Japan) as a result in De Haagsche Post, as well as many epigrams. For his friend Herman Roelvink he translated the play written by George Bernard Shaw, Caesar and Cleopatra (1916). As from December 1916 he restarted writing his weekly sketch in Het Vaderland, for example Romeinsche portretten (Roman portraits), during which he was inspired by Martial and Juvenal. He also continued giving performances for the public in the evening. In 1917 he wrote the novel Het zwevende schaakbord (The floating chessboard), about the adventures of Gawain; this novel was first published as a serial in the Haagsche Post. He read as research for this book Jacob van Maerlant's Merlijns boec and Lodewijk van Velthem's Boec van Coninc Artur ("Book of King Arthur"). In July 1918 publisher L.J. Veen sent Couperus a translation of Vitruvius' De architectura and Couperus wrote about it in Het Vaderland. Meanwhile, het Hofstadtoneel (Residence Theater) was about to perform the stage version (made by Elisabeth Couperus-Baud) of Eline Vere; this play received bad product reviews. During this period of his life Couperus read the works written by Quintus Curtius Rufus, Arrian and Plutarch to find inspiration for his next work Iskander. The year 1919 was not a happy one for Couperus: his favourite nephew Frans Vlielander Hein died together with his wife when his ship was hit by a mine and L.J. Veen, his publisher and his brother-in-law Benjamin Marinus Vlielander Hein died that year as well.

Last years
In 1920 Iskander (a novel about Alexander the Great) was published in Groot Nederland; critics were not positive because of the many gay scenes. In October 1920 Couperus travelled for the Haagsche Post to Egypt; his travelogues were published weekly. In Africa he visited Algiers, travelled to Constantine, Biskra, Touggourt and Timgad and then continued his journey to Tunis and the ruins of Carthage, where he met a pupil of Marie-Louis-Antoine-Gaston Boissier. After this Couperus went back to Algiers, because he wanted to see the boxing skills of Georges Carpentier. Afterwards he wrote: I thought that in my life I have written too many books and boxed too little. On 3 May 1921 Couperus and his wife returned to Marseille and travelled to Paris, in time to be present at the festivities held for the canonization of Joan of Arc. On 1 June, Couperus and his wife left for England, where they would meet Alexander Teixeira de Mattos and during which visit Couperus wrote With Louis Couperus in London-Season; these stories were published in the Haagsche Post. In England Couperus met Stephen McKenna and Edmund Gosse. McKenna had written the forewords for Majesty and Old People and the Things that Pass. He also met Frank Arthur Swinnerton during a lunch and went to a Russian ballet in the Prince's Theater, where the orchestra was conducted by Ernest Ansermet.

He also met with his English publisher, Thornton Butterworth, visited a small concert, where Myra Hess played and also had meetings with George Moore and George Bernard Shaw. Couperus also had his photograph taken by E.O. Hoppé after which he had a meeting with the Dutch consul in London, René de Marees van Swinderen and a diner at the house of H. H. Asquith. The next day Couperus went to the Titmarsh club, where he met William Leonard Courtney, and heard Lady Astor, whom he had previously met in Constantine, speak in the House of Commons. Soon after this Couperus and his wife returned to the Netherlands.

In the Netherlands Couperus prepared himself for his journey to the Dutch East Indies, China and Japan. He and his wife left for the Dutch East Indies on 1 October 1921 aboard the mail ship Prins der Nederlanden. They left the ship at Belawan to stay with their friend Louis Constant Westenenk at Medan. In Batavia he dined with Governor-General Dirk Fock and also held public performances, where he would read out his books. After a visit to the Borobudur Couperus and his wife visited Surabaya and Bali. On 16 February they left for Hong Kong and Shanghai. In Japan they visited Kobe and Kyoto; in this last place Couperus became seriously ill, was diagnosed with Typhoid fever and was sent to the International Hospital in Kobe. After seven weeks he was fit enough to travel to Yokohama. He and his wife stayed for two weeks at the Fujiya Hotel, where Couperus read Kenjirō Tokutomi's novel Nami-Ko. He and his wife then travelled to Tokyo, where they stayed with the Dutch consul and visited Nikkō. They returned to the Netherlands on 10 October 1922.

Death and tributes

Back in the Netherlands, it turned out that Couperus' kidneys and liver were affected. Despite his illness Couperus wrote a series of sketches for Het Vaderland and Groot Nederland. He also was able to visit the opera again and went to see Aida. In 1923 the couple moved to De Steeg, where Couperus received the rather prestigious Tollens prize. Meanwhile, a committee was formed to celebrate Couperus' 60th birthday and gather funds as a birthday gift. Couperus' health deteriorated rapidly and apart from lung and liver problems Couperus suffered from an infection in his nose. During Couperus birthday party a sum of 12,000 guilders was handed over to him and speeches were held by Lodewijk van Deyssel and minister Johannes Theodoor de Visser; Couperus was also appointed knight in the Order of the Netherlands Lion. During the following reception minister Herman Adriaan van Karnebeek and Albert Vogel, among many others, paid Couperus their respect. On 11 July 1923, Couperus was brought to hospital (in Velp), because the infection in his nose had not healed, but came back home a day later. He now suffered from erysipelas as well as sepsis in the nose. He fell into a coma on 14 July, remained in that state for two days with high fever and died on 16 July 1923. He was cremated at Westerveld, where Gustaaf Paul Hecking Coolenbrander (a nephew), among others, spoke to remember Couperus.

Poetry

 * Een lent van vaerzen (1884) ("A ribbon of poems")
 * Orchideeën. Een bundel poëzie en proza (1886) ("Orchids, a collection of prose and poetry")
 * Williswinde (1895) ("Williswinde")

Novels
Translations by Alexander Teixeira de Mattos [1865-1921] unless noted otherwise.
 * Eline Vere (1889); Translated into English by J. T. Grein as Eline Vere (1892); revised translation published in 2009 by Holland Park Press and new translation published in 2010 by Archipelago Books, NY.
 * Noodlot (1890); Translated into English by Clara Bell as Footsteps of Fate (1891).
 * Extaze. Een boek van geluk (1892); Translated into English as Ecstasy: A Study of Happiness (1897).
 * Majesteit (1893); Translated into English as Majesty: A Novel (1895)
 * Wereldvrede (1895) ("World peace")
 * Metamorfoze (1897) ("Metamorphosis")
 * Langs lijnen der geleidelijkheid (1900); Translated into English as Inevitable, The Inevitable (1920) or The Law Inevitable (1921).
 * De stille kracht (1900); Translated into English as The Hidden Force: A Story of Modern Java (1921); revised edition with an introduction and notes by E.M. Beekman (1939–2008), Amherst : University of Massachusetts Press, 1985, 1992.
 * De boeken der kleine zielen. De kleine zielen (1901); Translated into English as The books of small souls. Small Souls (1914).
 * De boeken der kleine zielen. Het late leven (1902); Translated into English as The books of small souls. The Later Life (1915).
 * De boeken der kleine zielen. Zielenschemering (1902); Translated into English as The books of small souls. The Twilight of the Souls (1917).
 * De boeken der kleine zielen. Het heilige weten (1903); Translated into English as The books of small souls. Dr. Adriaan (1918).
 * Dionyzos (1904)
 * De berg van licht (1905/6) ("The mountain of light")
 * Van oude menschen, de dingen, die voorbij gaan... (1906); Translated into English as Old People and the Things that Pass (1918)
 * Antiek toerisme. Roman uit Oud-Egypte (1911); Translated into English as The Tour: A Story of Ancient Egypt (1920)
 * Herakles (1913)
 * De ongelukkige (1915) ("The unhappy one")
 * De komedianten (1917); Translated into English by Jacobine Menzies-Wilson as The Comedians: A Story of Ancient Rome (1926).
 * De verliefde ezel (1918) ("The donkey in love")
 * Xerxes of de hoogmoed (1919); Translated into English by Frederick H. Martens as Arrogance: The Conquests of Xerxes (1930).
 * Iskander. De roman van Alexander den Groote (1920)

Novellas, fairy tales, and short stories

 * Eene illuzie (1892) ("An illusion")
 * Hooge troeven (1896) ("High trumps")
 * Psyche (1898); Translated into English by B. S. Berrington as Psyche (1908).
 * Fidessa (1899)
 * Babel (1901)
 * God en goden (1903)
 * Aan den weg der vreugde (1908) ("On the road of happiness")
 * De ode (1919)
 * Lucrezia (1920)
 * Het zwevende schaakbord (1922) ("The floating chessboard")

Short stories and sketches
Louis Couperus wrote hundreds of short stories, sketches, travel impressions, and letters, which were first published as feuilletons. Those feuilletons were later bundled and published as books.
 * Reis-impressies (1894) ("Travel impressions")
 * Over lichtende drempels (1902) ("Over Shining Doorsteps")
 * Van en over mijzelf en anderen. Eerste bundel (1910) ("About me and others. Volume I")
 * Antieke verhalen van goden en keizers, van dichters en hetaeren (1911) ("Antique Stories, about gods and emperors, of poets and hetaeras")
 * Korte arabesken (1911) ("Short Arabesques")
 * De zwaluwen neêr gestreken... (1911) ("The Swallows Landed")
 * Schimmen van schoonheid (1912) ("Shadows of beauty")
 * Uit blanke steden onder blauwe lucht. Eerste bundel (1912) ("From white cities under a blue sky. Volume I")
 * Uit blanke steden onder blauwe lucht. Tweede bundel (1913) ("From white cities under a blue sky. Volume II")
 * Van en over mijzelf en anderen. Tweede bundel (1914) ("About me and others. Volume II")
 * Van en over alles en iedereen (1915) ("About everything and everyone"):
 * Rome ("Rome")
 * Genève, Florence ("Geneva, Florence")
 * Sicilië, Venetië, München ("Sicily, Venice, Munich")
 * Van en over mijzelf en anderen ("About me and others")
 * Spaansch toerisme ("Spanish tourism")
 * Van en over mijzelf en anderen. Derde bundel (1916) ("About me and others. Volume III")
 * Van en over mijzelf en anderen. Vierde bundel (1917) ("About me and others. Volume IV")
 * Jan en Florence (1917) ("Jan and Florence")
 * Wreede portretten (1917) ("Cruel portraits")
 * Legende, mythe en fantazie (1918) ("Legend, myth and fantasy")
 * Der dingen ziel (1918) ("The Soul of Things")
 * Brieven van den nutteloozen toeschouwer (1918) ("Letters of the useless spectator")
 * Elyata (1919)
 * De betoveraar (1919) ("The enchanter")
 * Met Louis Couperus in Afrika (1921) ("With Louis Couperus in Africa")
 * Oostwaarts (1923); Translated into English by Jacobine Menzies-Wilson as Eastward (1924).
 * Proza. Eerste bundel (1923) ("Prose. Volume I")
 * Het snoer der ontferming (1924) ("The String of Compassion")
 * Proza. Tweede bundel (1924) ("Prose. Volume II")
 * Nippon (1925); Translated into English by John De La Valette as Nippon (1926).
 * Proza. Derde bundel (1925) ("Prose. Volume III")

Miscellaneous

 * De verzoeking van den H. Antonius (1896)

Verzamelde werken (Collected Works)

 * 1) Jeugdwerk; Eline Vere; Novellen (1953)
 * 2) Noodlot; Extase; Majesteit; Wereldvrede; Hoge troeven (1953)
 * 3) Metamorfose; Psyche; Fidessa; Langs lijnen van geleidelijkheid (1953)
 * 4) De stille kracht; Babel; Novellen; De zonen der zon; Jahve; Dionysos (1953)
 * 5) De boeken der kleine zielen (1952)
 * 6) Van oude mensen de dingen die voorbijgaan; De berg van licht (1952)
 * 7) Aan de weg der vreugde; Antiek toerisme; Verhalen en arabesken (1954)
 * 8) Herakles; Verhalen en dagboekbladen; Uit blanke steden onder blauwe lucht (1956)
 * 9) Lucrezia; De ongelukkige; Legenden en portretten (1956)
 * 10) De komedianten; De verliefde ezel; Het zwevende schaakbord (1955)
 * 11) Xerxes; Iskander (1954)
 * 12) Verhalen (1957)

Volledige werken Louis Couperus (Complete Works)

 * 1) Een lent van vaerzen (1988)
 * 2) Orchideeën. Een bundel poëzie en proza (1989)
 * 3) Eline Vere. Een Haagsche roman (1987)
 * 4) Noodlot (1990)
 * 5) Extaze. Een boek van geluk (1990)
 * 6) Eene illuzie (1988)
 * 7) Majesteit (1991)
 * 8) Reis-impressies (1988)
 * 9) Wereldvrede (1991)
 * 10) Williswinde (1990)
 * 11) Hooge troeven (1991)
 * 12) De verzoeking van den H. Antonius (1992)
 * 13) Metamorfoze (1988)
 * 14) Psyche (1992)
 * 15) Fidessa (1992)
 * 16) Langs lijnen van geleidelijkheid (1989)
 * 17) De stille kracht (1989)
 * 18) Babel (1993)
 * 19) De boeken der kleine zielen. I en II (1991)
 * 20) De boeken der kleine zielen. III en IV (1991)
 * 21) Over lichtende drempels (1993)
 * 22) God en goden (1989)
 * 23) Dionyzos (1988)
 * 24) De berg van licht (1993)
 * 25) Van oude menschen, de dingen, die voorbij gaan... (1988)
 * 26) Aan den weg der vreugde (1989)
 * 27) Van en over mijzelf en anderen (1989)
 * 28) Antieke verhalen. Van goden en keizers, van dichters en hetaeren (1993)
 * 29) Korte arabesken (1990)
 * 30) Antiek toerisme. Roman uit Oud-Egypte (1987)
 * 31) De zwaluwen neêr gestreken... (1993)
 * 32) Schimmen van schoonheid (1991)
 * 33) Uit blanke steden onder blauwe lucht (1994)
 * 34) Herakles (1994)
 * 35) Van en over alles en iedereen (1990)
 * 36) De ongelukkige (1994)
 * 37) De komedianten (1992)
 * 38) Legende, mythe en fantazie (1994)
 * 39) De verliefde ezel (1994)
 * 40) De ode (1990)
 * 41) Xerxes, of De hoogmoed (1993)
 * 42) Iskander. De roman van Alexander den Groote (1995)
 * 43) Met Louis Couperus in Afrika (1995)
 * 44) Het zwevende schaakbord (1994)
 * 45) Oostwaarts (1992)
 * 46) Proza. Eerste bundel (1995)
 * 47) Het snoer der ontferming. Japansche legenden (1995)
 * 48) Nippon (1992)
 * 49) Ongebundeld werk (1996)
 * 50) Ongepubliceerd werk (1996)

Published letters

 * In two volumes: 1. Waarde heer Veen : (1890–1902) and 2. Amice : (1902–1919)

title: Louis Couperus


text:
XAU

XAU may refer to:

 * The ISO 4217 currency code for one troy ounce of gold
 * A symbol for the Philadelphia Gold and Silver Index, an index of precious metal mining company stocks that are traded on the Philadelphia Stock Exchange

title: XAU