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List of Canon products

The following provides a partial list of products manufactured under the Canon brand.

Other products manufactured and/or service-rendered under the Canon brand may not appear here. Such products may include office or industrial application devices, wireless LAN products, and semiconductor and precision products.

Slide projectors

 * Auto Timer Slide Projector (1959)
 * Auto Slide Projector (1959)
 * Slidester (Apr 1962)
 * Slidester 300 (May 1964)
 * Auto Slide 500 (Mar 1968)
 * Slidester 302 (Jan 1970)
 * Auto Slide 650EF (Jul 1973)

Regular 8 mm projectors

 * Canon P-8 (1958)
 * Auto Projector 8Z (1963)
 * Cinestar P-8 (1965)

Dual Gauge (Regular, Single orSuper 8 mm) projectors

 * P-8 Cinestar S (1965 – Feb 1967)
 * P-8 Cinestar S-2/Cine Projector S-2 (1967 – Jul 1969)
 * Canovision 8 (1967)
 * Cine Projector P-400 (1968)
 * Cinestar S-400/Cine Projector S-400 (1969)
 * Canovision 8-2 (1970)
 * Cine Projector T-1 (1972)

Single 8 or Super 8 mm projectors

 * Sound Projector PS-1000 (Mar 1977)
 * Cine Projector P-777 (1977)

Rangefinder film cameras
Seiki Kogaku (now Canon) began to develop and subsequently to produce rangefinder cameras with the Kwanon prototype in 1933, based on the Leica II 35mm camera, with separate rangefinder and view finder systems (3 windows). Production began with the Hansa Canon on the Leica III format through World War II. Post war, Canon resumed production of pre-war designs in early 1946 with the JII viewfinder and the S1 rangefinder. But in late 1946 they introduced the SII which departed from the Leica design by offering a combined viewfinder/rangefinder system, reducing the windows on the front of the camera to two. However, in most other respects these cameras remained visually similar to the Leica III.

 * Kwanon (1933) Nippon Kogaku (now Nikon) provided Seiki Kogaku with funding, Nikkor lenses, rangefinders, and technical assistance
 * Canon (1936) Known today as the "Original Canon" The viewfinder moved to the top of the camera, differing from the Leica
 * Hansa Canon (1936) Omiya Trading Co marketed original Canon with the Hansa name above the Canon name on the top
 * Canon S (1939) Standard model. The word "Hansa" disappeared from the brand name, and was replaced with just "Canon"
 * Canon NS (1939) New Standard. A Canon S without the slow shutter speeds
 * Canon J (1939) J stands for Junior a non-rangefinder model.
 * Canon J II (1946) Similar if not the same as prewar cameras
 * Canon S (1946) Similar if not the same as prewar cameras
 * Canon S II (1946) A redesign with combined range finder and viewfinder functions – two windows
 * Canon II B (1949)
 * Canon II C (1950)
 * Canon III (1951)
 * Canon IV (1951)
 * Canon III A (1951)
 * Canon IV S (1952)
 * Canon II A (1952)
 * Canon II D (1952)
 * Canon IV SB (1952)
 * Canon II AF (1953)
 * Canon II F (1953)
 * Canon II AX (1953)
 * Canon II S (1954)
 * Canon IV Sb2 (1954)
 * Canon II S2 (1955)
 * Canon II D2 (1955)
 * Canon II F2 (1955)

In 1956, Canon departed from the Leica II Style and developed a more contemporary look, along with a Contax style self-timer level to the left of the lens mount. This was the first Canon camera with a swing-open camera back for film loading. Upper end models had a new three-mode viewfinders and winding triggers.

 * Canon VT (1956)
 * Canon L2 (1957)
 * Canon VT Deluxe (1957)
 * Canon L1 (1957)
 * Canon L3 (1957)
 * Canon VL (1958)
 * Canon VL2 (1958)
 * Canon VI T (1958)
 * Canon VI L (1958)
 * Canon P (Populaire) (1959)
 * Canonet (1961) Lower priced simpler camera
 * Canon 7 (1961) Including a built-in meter and improved viewfinder system.

Canon partnered with US manufacturer Bell & Howell between 1961–1976 and a few Canon products were sold in the US under the Bell & Howell brand e.g. Canon 7 Rangefinder, Canon EX-EE, and the Canon TX.

SLR cameras
(See also:Template:Table of Canon SLR)

Canonflex SLR
Canon developed and produced the Canon R lens mount for film SLR cameras in 1959. The FL lens mount replaced R-mounts in 1964.
 * Canonflex (1959) – Planned as Canon's first professional-class SLR camera body, but it was not successful. Available with builtin motor-drive option (not detachable).
 * Canonflex R2000 (1960) – An upgrade with 1/2000 shutter speed (up from 1/1000)
 * Canonflex RP (1960) – simplified Canonflex without the interchangeable prism/viewer
 * Canonflex RM (1962) – A redesign of the RP with builtin metering and a lower profile prism. Offered with an f/1.2 58mm lens option

Details

FL-mount SLR
Canon developed and produced the Canon FL lens-mount standard for film SLR cameras from 1964 to replace the Canon R lens-mount standard. The FD lens mount standard replaced FL-mounts in 1971.
 * Canon FX (1964)
 * Canon FP (1964)
 * Canon Pellix (1965)
 * Canon FT QL (1966)
 * Canon Pellix QL (1966)
 * Canon TL (1968)

EE-mount SLR
In 1969 Canon introduced an economy camera/lens system where the rear three elements (in two groups) were built-on-to the camera, and several front element options could be interchanged. This had been used by Zeiss-Ikon in their mid-level cameras of their Contaflex series, and by Kodak in early interchangeable lenses for the top-end Retina series (later going to full lenses). Canon offered four lens options: 35mm f/3.5, 50mm f/1.8, 95mm f/3.5, and 125mm f/3.5.

Through the lens metering was center weighted and automatic exposure was shutter speed priority. Only two cameras were offered and the line was not successful.

 * Canon EXEE (1969)
 * Canon EX Auto (1972) improved auto flash features

FD-mount SLR
Canon developed and produced the Canon FD lens mount standard for film SLR cameras from 1971 to replace the FL lens mount standard. The FD mount had two variants – original lenses used a breechlock collar to mount whilst later versions used a standard bayonet twist lock with a short twist action. The EF lens mount standard superseded FD-mounts in 1987. Canon ceased to produce FD-mount cameras in 1994.

F series

 * Canon F-1 (1971) – Reputed as Canon's first successful professional-class SLR camera body. The 1959 Canonflex professional camera system (above) failed and was down-featured for the consumer market.
 * Canon FTb (1971)
 * Canon FTbn (1973)
 * Canon EF (1973)
 * Canon TLb (1974)
 * Canon TX (1975)
 * Canon F-1n (1976)
 * Canon New F-1 (1981)

A series

 * Canon AE-1 (1976)
 * Canon AT-1 (1977)
 * Canon A-1 (1978)
 * Canon AV-1 (1979)
 * Canon AE-1 Program (1981)
 * Canon AL-1 (1982)

T series

 * Canon T50 (1983)
 * Canon T70 (1984)
 * Canon T80 (1985)
 * Canon T90 (1986)
 * Canon T60 (1990)

EOS
In 1987, Canon introduced the EOS Single-lens reflex camera system along with the EF lens-mount standard to replace the 16-year-old FD lens-mount standard; EOS became the sole SLR camera-system used by Canon. Canon also used EOS for its digital SLR cameras. All current film and digital SLR cameras produced by Canon use the EOS autofocus system. Canon introduced this system in 1987 along with the EF lens mount standard. The last non-EOS based SLR camera produced by Canon, the Canon T90 of 1986, is widely regarded as the template for the EOS line of camera bodies, although the T90 employed the older FD lens-mount standard.

For a detailed list of EOS Film and digital SLR cameras, see Canon EOS.

Digital SLR cameras
See Canon EOS
 * Entry level cameras
 * EOS 300D/Digital Rebel/Kiss Digital (discontinued)
 * EOS 350D/Digital Rebel XT/Kiss Digital N (discontinued)
 * EOS 400D/Digital Rebel XTi/Kiss Digital X (discontinued)
 * EOS 450D/Rebel XSi/Kiss X2 (discontinued)
 * EOS 500D/Rebel T1i/Kiss X3 (discontinued)
 * EOS 550D/Rebel T2i/Kiss X4 (discontinued)
 * EOS 600D/Rebel T3i/Kiss X5 (discontinued)
 * EOS 650D/Rebel T4i/Kiss X6i (discontinued)
 * EOS 700D/Rebel T5i/Kiss X7i (discontinued)
 * EOS 750D/Rebel T6i/Kiss X8i
 * EOS 760D/Rebel T6s/8000D
 * EOS 800D/Rebel T7i/Kiss X9i
 * EOS 850D/Rebel T8i/Kiss X10i
 * EOS 100D/Rebel SL1/Kiss X7 (discontinued)
 * EOS 200D/Rebel SL2/Kiss X9
 * EOS 250D/Rebel SL3/Kiss X10
 * EOS 1000D/Rebel XS/Kiss F (discontinued)
 * EOS 1100D/Rebel T3/Kiss X50 (discontinued)
 * EOS 1200D/Rebel T5/Kiss X70 (discontinued)
 * EOS 1300D/Rebel T6/Kiss X80 (discontinued)
 * EOS 1500D/EOS 2000D/Rebel T7/Kiss X90
 * EOS 3000D/EOS 4000D/Rebel T100
 * Semi-professional and mid-range cameras
 * EOS D30 (discontinued)
 * EOS D60 (discontinued)
 * EOS 10D (discontinued)
 * EOS 20D (discontinued)
 * EOS 20Da (discontinued) – designed for astrophotography
 * EOS 30D (discontinued)
 * EOS 40D (discontinued)
 * EOS 50D (discontinued)
 * EOS 60D (discontinued)
 * EOS 60Da – designed for astrophotography
 * EOS 70D (discontinued)
 * EOS 77D
 * EOS 80D
 * EOS 90D
 * Premium cameras
 * APS-C sensor
 * EOS 7D (discontinued)
 * EOS 7D Mark II
 * Full-frame sensor
 * EOS 5D (discontinued)
 * EOS 5D Mark II (discontinued)
 * EOS 5D Mark III (discontinued)
 * EOS 5D Mark IV
 * EOS 5Ds
 * EOS 5Ds R
 * EOS 6D (discontinued)
 * EOS 6D Mark II
 * Professional cameras:
 * EOS-1D (discontinued)
 * EOS-1Ds (discontinued)
 * EOS-1D Mark II (discontinued)
 * EOS-1Ds Mark II (discontinued)
 * EOS-1D Mark II N (discontinued)
 * EOS-1D Mark III (discontinued)
 * EOS-1Ds Mark III (discontinued)
 * EOS-1D Mark IV (discontinued)
 * EOS-1D X (discontinued)
 * EOS-1D X Mark II (discontinued)
 * EOS-1D C (cinema-oriented)
 * EOS-1D X Mark III

Mirrorless interchangeable-lens cameras

 * APS-C sensor
 * Canon EOS M
 * Canon EOS M2 (not available in North America)
 * Canon EOS M3
 * Canon EOS M10
 * Canon EOS M5
 * Canon EOS M6
 * Canon EOS M6 Mark II
 * Canon EOS M100
 * Canon EOS M50
 * Canon EOS M50 Mark II
 * Canon EOS R7
 * Canon EOS R10
 * Canon EOS R50
 * Canon EOS R100
 * Full-Frame sensor Canon R6 und RF 85 2,0-8065.jpg]]
 * Canon EOS R
 * Canon EOS RP
 * Canon EOS Ra (designed for Astrophotography)
 * Canon EOS R5
 * Canon EOS R6
 * Canon EOS R6 Mark II
 * Canon EOS R3
 * Canon EOS R8
 * Canon EOS R1

Cinema EOS cameras
Canon Cinema EOS cameras as of May 2022.

 * Canon EOS C700 FF
 * Canon EOS C700
 * Canon EOS C500 Mark II
 * Canon EOS C300 Mark III
 * Canon EOS C300 Mark II
 * Canon EOS C200
 * Canon EOS C100 Mark II
 * Canon EOS C70
 * Canon EOS R5 C - 8K video and 45MP stills; smallest Cinema EOS camera

35 mm compact cameras

 * AF35M (Sure Shot, Autoboy)
 * Canon Prima 70F Zoom
 * Canon Snappy
 * Canon Sure Shot 76 Zoom Date S-AF

35 mm compact half-format cameras 18×24 mm

 * Demi (Feb 1963)
 * Dial 35 (clockwork winder) (Nov 1963)
 * Demi S (Sep 1964)
 * Demi C (Apr 1965)
 * Demi EE17 (May 1966)
 * Demi EE28 (Apr 1967)
 * Dial 35-2 (Apr 1968)
 * Demi Rapid (Jun 1965) Agfa Cassette
 * Dial Rapid (Oct 1965) Agfa Cassette

35 mm rangefinder cameras

 * Canon II (1949)
 * Canon VT (1956)
 * Canon P (1959)
 * Canonet (1961)
 * Canon 7 (1961)
 * Canonet S (1964)
 * Canonet QL17, QL19, QL19E and QL25 (all 1965)
 * Canonet 28 (1968)
 * Canonet QL17 new (1969) and QL17-L new (1970)
 * Canonet 28 new (1971), QL19 new (1971)
 * Canonet G-III QL17 (1972), G-III 19 (1972)
 * Canon A35F (1978)

Regular 8 mm cameras

 * Cine 8-S (1956), not sold to the public
 * Cine 8-T (1956)
 * Reflex Zoom 8 (1959)
 * Reflex Zoom 8-2 (1961)
 * Reflex Zoom 8-3 (1962)
 * Motor Zoom 8 EEE (1962)
 * Cine Canonet 8 (1963)
 * Cine Zoom 512 (1964)

Single 8 mm cameras

 * Single 8 518 (1965)
 * Single 8 518 SV (1970)

Super 8 mm cameras

 * 1014 XL-S Canosound
 * 814 XL-S Canosound
 * Autozoom 1218 Super 8 (1968)
 * Zoom 250 Super 8 (1969)
 * Autozoom 1014 Electronic (1973)
 * 310 XL (1975)
 * 312 XL-S (1977)
 * AF 310 XL (1982)
 * AF 310 XL-S (1982)
 * Zoom 318 Super 8 (1965)
 * Autozoom 318M (1972)
 * Zoom 318 Super 8 MB
 * Autozoom 512 XL Electronic (1975)
 * Autozoom 514 XL Electronic
 * 514 XL-S (1976)
 * AF 514 XL-S (1980)
 * Autozoom 518 SV (1971)
 * Autozoom 518 Super 8 (1967)
 * Zoom 518 Super 8 (1964)
 * Autozoom 814 Super 8 (1967)
 * Autozoom 814 Electronic (1972)
 * 814 XL Electronic (1977)
 * Zoom DS8 (1970)

16mm cameras

 * Scoopic 16 (1965)
 * Scoopic 16M (1973)
 * Scoopic 16MN (1974)
 * Scoopic 16MS (1977)
 * Sound Scoopic 100 (1970)
 * Sound Scoopic 200 (1970)
 * Sound Scoopic 200S (1972)
 * Sound Scoopic 200SE (1972)
 * Sound Scoopic 200 S10 (1972)
 * Systema Sound 16 (1979)

IXUS/IXY/PowerShot ELPH series
US names listed
 * Sold as PowerShot Digital ELPH in US and Canada
 * Sold as IXY Digital in Japan
 * Sold as Digital IXUS in Europe and Southeast Asia

 * Canon powerShot S45
 * Canon PowerShot S100
 * Canon PowerShot S110
 * Canon PowerShot S200
 * Canon PowerShot S230
 * Canon PowerShot S300
 * Canon PowerShot S330
 * Canon PowerShot S400
 * Canon PowerShot S410
 * Canon PowerShot S500
 * Canon PowerShot SD10
 * Canon PowerShot SD20
 * Canon PowerShot SD30
 * Canon PowerShot SD40
 * Canon PowerShot SD100
 * Canon PowerShot SD110
 * Canon PowerShot SD200
 * Canon PowerShot SD300
 * Canon PowerShot SD400
 * Canon PowerShot SD430
 * Canon PowerShot SD450
 * Canon PowerShot SD500
 * Canon PowerShot SD550
 * Canon PowerShot SD600
 * Canon PowerShot SD630
 * Canon PowerShot SD700 IS
 * Canon PowerShot SD750
 * Canon PowerShot SD770 IS
 * Canon PowerShot SD780 IS
 * Canon PowerShot SD790 IS
 * Canon PowerShot SD800 IS
 * Canon PowerShot SD850 IS
 * Canon PowerShot SD870 IS
 * Canon PowerShot SD880 IS
 * Canon PowerShot SD890 IS
 * Canon PowerShot SD900
 * Canon PowerShot SD940 IS
 * Canon PowerShot SD950 IS
 * Canon PowerShot SD960 IS
 * Canon PowerShot SD970 IS
 * Canon PowerShot SD980 IS
 * Canon PowerShot SD990 IS
 * Canon PowerShot SD1000
 * Canon PowerShot SD1100 IS
 * Canon PowerShot SD1200 IS
 * Canon PowerShot SD1300 IS
 * Canon PowerShot SD1400 IS
 * Canon PowerShot SD3500 IS
 * Canon PowerShot SD4000 IS
 * Canon PowerShot SD4500 IS
 * Canon PowerShot 110 HS
 * Canon PowerShot 320 HS
 * Canon PowerShot 340 HS
 * Canon PowerShot 520 HS

Canon PowerShot digital cameras

 * Canon PowerShot 600

PowerShot A series

 * Canon PowerShot A5
 * Canon PowerShot A5 Zoom
 * Canon PowerShot A50
 * Canon PowerShot A10
 * Canon PowerShot A20
 * Canon PowerShot A30
 * Canon PowerShot A40
 * Canon PowerShot A60
 * Canon PowerShot A70
 * Canon PowerShot A75
 * Canon PowerShot A80
 * Canon PowerShot A85
 * Canon PowerShot A95
 * Canon PowerShot A100
 * Canon PowerShot A200
 * Canon PowerShot A300
 * Canon PowerShot A310
 * Canon PowerShot A400
 * Canon PowerShot A410
 * Canon PowerShot A420
 * Canon PowerShot A430
 * Canon PowerShot A450
 * Canon PowerShot A460
 * Canon PowerShot A470
 * Canon PowerShot A480
 * Canon PowerShot A490 / A495
 * Canon PowerShot A510
 * Canon PowerShot A520
 * Canon PowerShot A530
 * Canon PowerShot A540
 * Canon PowerShot A550
 * Canon PowerShot A560
 * Canon PowerShot A570 IS
 * Canon PowerShot A580
 * Canon PowerShot A590 IS
 * Canon PowerShot A610
 * Canon PowerShot A620
 * Canon PowerShot A630
 * Canon PowerShot A640
 * Canon PowerShot A650 IS
 * Canon PowerShot A700
 * Canon PowerShot A710 IS
 * Canon PowerShot A720 IS
 * Canon PowerShot A800
 * Canon PowerShot A810
 * Canon PowerShot A1000 IS
 * Canon PowerShot A1100 IS
 * Canon PowerShot A1200
 * Canon PowerShot A1300
 * Canon PowerShot A1400
 * Canon PowerShot A2000 IS
 * Canon PowerShot A2200
 * Canon PowerShot A2300 HD
 * Canon PowerShot A2500
 * Canon PowerShot A2600
 * Canon PowerShot A3000 IS
 * Canon PowerShot A3100 I
 * Canon PowerShot A3150 IS
 * Canon PowerShot A3200 IS
 * Canon PowerShot A3300 IS
 * Canon Powershot A3400 IS
 * Canon Powershot A3500 IS
 * Canon Powershot A4000 IS

PowerShot D series

 * Canon PowerShot D10
 * Canon PowerShot D20
 * Canon PowerShot D30

PowerShot E series

 * Canon PowerShot E1

PowerShot G series

 * Canon PowerShot G1
 * Canon PowerShot G2
 * Canon PowerShot G3
 * Canon PowerShot G5
 * Canon PowerShot G6
 * Canon PowerShot G7
 * Canon PowerShot G9
 * Canon PowerShot G10
 * Canon PowerShot G11
 * Canon PowerShot G12
 * Canon PowerShot G15
 * Canon PowerShot G16
 * Canon PowerShot G1 X
 * Canon PowerShot G1 X MkII
 * Canon PowerShot G1 X MkIII
 * Canon PowerShot G3 X
 * Canon PowerShot G5 X
 * Canon PowerShot G5 X MkII
 * Canon PowerShot G7 X
 * Canon PowerShot G7 X MkII
 * Canon PowerShot G7 X MkIII
 * Canon PowerShot G9 X
 * Canon PowerShot G9 X MkII

PowerShot N series

 * Canon PowerShot N100, has also rear-facing lens as smartphone, but front and rear lenses both together will take photo/video when the shutter is pressed and the rear lens image will appear in the corner of the big image from front lens as picture-in-picture, so the camera is called as a 'Story Camera'

PowerShot Pro series

 * Canon Powershot Pro1
 * Canon Powershot Pro7d
 * Canon Powershot Pro90 IS

PowerShot S series
(first PowerShot camera with built-in Wi-Fi) (not officially sold in North America) (first SX-Series based PowerShot camera to be more compact) (first Powershot camera with a flip screen for selfies and vlogs)
 * Canon PowerShot S1 IS
 * Canon PowerShot S2 IS
 * Canon PowerShot S3 IS
 * Canon PowerShot S5 IS
 * Canon PowerShot S10
 * Canon PowerShot S20
 * Canon PowerShot S30
 * Canon PowerShot S40
 * Canon PowerShot S45
 * Canon PowerShot S50
 * Canon PowerShot S60
 * Canon PowerShot S70
 * Canon PowerShot S80
 * Canon PowerShot S90
 * Canon PowerShot S95
 * Canon PowerShot S100
 * Canon PowerShot S110
 * Canon PowerShot S120
 * Canon PowerShot SX1 IS
 * Canon PowerShot SX10 IS
 * Canon PowerShot SX20 IS
 * Canon PowerShot SX30 IS
 * Canon PowerShot SX40 HS
 * Canon PowerShot SX50 HS
 * Canon PowerShot SX60 HS
 * Canon PowerShot SX70 HS
 * Canon PowerShot SX100 IS
 * Canon PowerShot SX110 IS
 * Canon PowerShot SX120 IS
 * Canon PowerShot SX130 IS
 * Canon PowerShot SX150 IS
 * Canon PowerShot SX160 IS
 * Canon PowerShot SX200 IS
 * Canon PowerShot SX210 IS
 * Canon PowerShot SX220 HS
 * Canon PowerShot SX230 HS (features GPS)
 * Canon PowerShot SX240 HS
 * Canon PowerShot SX260 HS (features GPS)
 * Canon PowerShot SX270 HS
 * Canon PowerShot SX280 HS (features GPS)
 * Canon PowerShot SX400 IS
 * Canon PowerShot SX410 IS
 * Canon PowerShot SX420 IS
 * Canon PowerShot SX430 IS
 * Canon PowerShot SX500 IS
 * Canon PowerShot SX510 HS
 * Canon PowerShot SX520 HS
 * Canon PowerShot SX530 HS
 * Canon PowerShot SX540 HS
 * Canon PowerShot SX600 HS
 * Canon PowerShot SX610 HS
 * Canon PowerShot SX620 HS
 * Canon PowerShot SX700 HS
 * Canon PowerShot SX710 HS
 * Canon PowerShot SX720 HS
 * Canon PowerShot SX730 HS
 * Canon PowerShot SX740 HS (features 4K recording)

PowerShot T series

 * Canon PowerShot TX1

Canon Wordtank

 * Canon Wordtank V80
 * Canon Wordtank V70
 * Canon Wordtank V30
 * Canon Wordtank G50
 * Canon Wordtank C30
 * Canon IDF-4600
 * Canon IDF-2200E
 * Canon IDF-3000
 * Canon IDF-2100
 * Canon IDF-1000
 * Canon IDC-300

E line

 * Speedlite 200E

EG line

 * Speedlite 480EG

EX line

 * Canon Speedlite 90EX
 * Canon Speedlite 220EX
 * Canon Speedlite 270EX and Canon Speedlite 270EX II
 * Canon Speedlite 320EX
 * Canon Speedlite 380EX
 * Canon Speedlite 420EX
 * Canon Speedlite 430EX and Canon Speedlite 430EX II
 * Canon Speedlite 550EX
 * Canon Speedlite 580EX and Canon Speedlite 580EX II
 * Canon Speedlite 600EX and Canon Speedlite 600EX II

EZ line
Speedlite 300EZ, Speedlite 420EZ, Speedlite 430EZ, Speedlite 540EZ

T line
The 300T is a layover from the FD system, it was introduced with the FD mount Canon T90, but is compatible in TTL mode with most non-digital EF cameras.
 * Speedlite 300T

Macro flashguns
Macro Twin Lite MT-24EX, Macro Ring Lite MR-14EX, Macro Ring Lite ML-3

Remote flash trigger

 * Speedlite Transmitter ST-E2

imageRUNNER series
All-in-One office printers manufactured from 2007 to 2013. The "iR" series uses Ultra Fast Rendering (UFR) printing system, and some models use UFR II, a page description language. Manufactured as of 2022 color printers
 * Canon imageRUNNER 2230
 * Canon imageRUNNER 2270
 * Canon imageRUNNER 2830
 * Canon imageRUNNER 3570
 * Canon imageRUNNER 5000
 * Canon imageRUNNER 5075
 * Canon imageRUNNER 5570
 * Canon imageRUNNER 6570
 * Canon imageRUNNER C5870
 * Canon imageRUNNER C6870
 * Canon imageRUNNER 7086
 * Canon imageRUNNER 7095
 * Canon imageRUNNER 7105
 * Canon imageRUNNER 8070
 * Canon imageRUNNER 110
 * Canon imageRUNNER 150vp
 * Canon imageRUNNER 2022N
 * Canon imageRUNNER Advance c5035
 * Canon imageRUNNER Advance c5045
 * Canon imageRUNNER Advance c5045i
 * Canon imageRUNNER Advance c5025
 * Canon imageRUNNER Advance c5030
 * Canon imageRUNNER Advance c7055
 * Canon imageRUNNER Advance c7065
 * Canon imageRUNNER Advance c9065
 * Canon imageRUNNER Advance c9075

 * imageRUNNER ADVANCE DX C257/C357 Series
 * imageRUNNER ADVANCE DX C3700 Series
 * imageRUNNER ADVANCE DX C477 Series
 * imageRUNNER ADVANCE DX C478 Series
 * imageRUNNER ADVANCE DX C5800 Series
 * imageRUNNER ADVANCE DX C7700 series
 * imageRUNNER ADVANCE EQ80 C5200 Series
 * imageRUNNER C1530 Series
 * imageRUNNER C3226i

Manufactured as of 2022 black&white printers

 * imageRUNNER 1643 II Series
 * imageRUNNER ADVANCE DX 4700 Series
 * imageRUNNER ADVANCE DX 6780i
 * imageRUNNER ADVANCE DX 6800 Series
 * imageRUNNER ADVANCE DX 717/617/527 Series
 * imageRUNNER ADVANCE DX 8700 Series
 * imageRUNNER ADVANCE EQ80 4200 Series
 * imageRUNNER ADVANCE EQ80 6275i
 * imageRUNNER 1600 Series
 * imageRUNNER 2206
 * imageRUNNER 2206iF
 * imageRUNNER 2206N
 * imageRUNNER 2425 Series
 * imageRUNNER 2600 Series

Canon Laser series

 * Canon Color Laser Copier 1110
 * Canon Color Laser Copier 1140
 * Canon Color Laser Copier 1180
 * Canon Color Laser Copier 3900
 * Canon Color Laser Copier 3900+
 * Canon Color Laser Copier 4000
 * Canon Color Laser Copier 5100
 * Canon LASER CLASS 2050P
 * Canon LASER CLASS 310
 * Canon LASER CLASS 510
 * Canon LASER CLASS 650i
 * Canon LASER CLASS 710
 * Canon LASER CLASS 730i
 * Canon LASER CLASS 810
 * Canon LASER CLASS 830i
 * FMF 2100 Facsimile System
 * FMF 3100 Office Multifunctional System
 * Canon Imagepress C1
 * Canon Imagepress C6000
 * Canon Imagepress C7000VP

CanoScan

 * LiDE (USB powered, LED lit)
 * CR
 * DR
 * imageCLASS MF4890
 * IS
 * F Series

Computers

 * Canon Cat
 * Canon A-200
 * Canon AS-100

StarWriter
StarWriter Jet 300 — a word processor and Personal Publishing System.

NoteJet
Beginning in Spring 1993, Canon produced a series of notebooks with integrated inkjet printers called NoteJet. The initial price for the first-model NoteJet was U.S. $2,499. The NoteJet lineup was eventually discontinued, and computers belonging to the series are valued by collectors.

 * NoteJet 486
 * NoteJet 486 Model 2
 * NoteJet I
 * NoteJet II
 * NoteJet III
 * NoteJet IIIcx

Calculators

 * Canola 164P Desktop Calculator – Canon's third-generation electronic calculator introduced in 1970s
 * Palmtronic
 * Palmtronic F-6
 * Canon Palmtronic LE-80M
 * Canon TS-83H
 * X Mark II – Design award-winning calculator
 * LS-123K – Metallic Color series
 * LS-103TUC – Japan Color series
 * P170-DHV
 * F-605G
 * F-710
 * AS-120
 * AS-1200
 * AS-8
 * LS-88HI III
 * LS-82Z
 * LS-100TS
 * Ai Note IN-3000, a PDA with handwritten input capability introduced in 1989

Printers
Canon printers are supplied with Canon Advanced Printing Technology (CAPT), a printer driver software stack developed by Canon. The company claims that its use of data compression reduces their printer's memory requirement, good quality compared to conventional laser printers, and also claim that it increases the data transfer rate when printing high-resolution graphics.
 * Canon PJ-1080A colour inkjet (also sold under several other brand names)

BJ series
Series introduced in the 1990s. Black & white only.

 * Canon BJ-5
 * Canon BJ-10E
 * Canon BJ-10EX
 * Canon BJ-20
 * Canon BJ-30
 * Canon BJ-30v
 * Canon BJ-100
 * Canon BJ-130
 * Canon BJ-130E
 * Canon BJ-200
 * Canon BJ-200E
 * Canon BJ-200EX
 * Canon BJ-220JC
 * Canon BJ-220JC II
 * Canon BJ-220JS
 * Canon BJ-220JS II
 * Canon BJ-230
 * Canon BJ-300
 * Canon BJ-330
 * Canon BJ535PD
 * Canon BJ895PD

BJC series
Series introduced in the 1990s. Canon refers to inkjet printers as bubblejets, hence the frequent BJC-prefix (BubbleJet Color).

 * Canon BJC-50
 * Canon BJC-55
 * Canon BJC-70
 * Canon BJC-80
 * Canon BJC-85
 * Canon BJC-85W
 * Canon BJC-210
 * Canon BJC-210SP
 * Canon BJC-240
 * Canon BJC-250
 * Canon BJC-255SP
 * Canon BJC-600
 * Canon BJC-600e
 * Canon BJC-610
 * Canon BJC-620
 * Canon BJC-800
 * Canon BJC-1000
 * Canon BJC-2000
 * Canon BJC-2010
 * Canon BJC-2100
 * Canon BJC-2100SP
 * Canon BJC-2110
 * Canon BJC-3000
 * Canon BJC-4000
 * Canon BJC-4100
 * Canon BJC-4200
 * Canon BJC-4300
 * Canon BJC-4400
 * Canon BJC-4550
 * Canon BJC-5000
 * Canon BJC-5100
 * Canon BJC-5500
 * Canon BJC-6000
 * Canon BJC-6100
 * Canon BJC-6200
 * Canon BJC-6200S
 * Canon BJC-6500
 * Canon BJC-7000
 * Canon BJC-7100
 * Canon BJC-8000
 * Canon BJC-8200
 * Canon BJC-8500

i series
In Japan, the models are denoted with a trailing "i", whereas in the rest of the world they are denoted with a leading "i". While the 50i corresponds to the i70, for all other corresponding models the numerical model numbers are identical. The "X" denotes models sold under special dispensation by retail outlets in Europe.

 * Canon i70
 * Canon i80
 * Canon i250
 * Canon i450
 * Canon i450X
 * Canon i455
 * Canon i455X
 * Canon i470D
 * Canon i475D
 * Canon i550
 * Canon i550X
 * Canon i560
 * Canon i560X
 * Canon i850
 * Canon i860
 * Canon i865
 * Canon i900D
 * Canon i905D
 * Canon i950
 * Canon i960
 * Canon i965
 * Canon i990
 * Canon i6100
 * Canon i6500
 * Canon i9100
 * Canon i9900
 * Canon i9950
 * Canon 50i
 * Canon 80i
 * Canon 450i
 * Canon 455i
 * Canon 470PD
 * Canon 475PD
 * Canon 550i
 * Canon 560i
 * Canon 850i
 * Canon 860i
 * Canon 865R
 * Canon 900PD
 * Canon 950i
 * Canon 960i
 * Canon 990i
 * Canon 6100i
 * Canon 6500i
 * Canon 9100i
 * Canon 9900i

SmartBase series

 * MPC190 aka F10
 * MPC200 aka F20
 * MPC360, MPC370, MPC390
 * MPC400 aka F30 (based on S600)
 * MPC600F aka F50 aka T-Fax 7960
 * F60
 * F80

MultiPASS Series

 * 10
 * C20
 * C30
 * C50
 * C70
 * C75
 * C80
 * C100
 * C530
 * C545
 * C550
 * C555
 * C560
 * C635
 * C755
 * C2500
 * C3000
 * C3500
 * C5000

PIXMA series
Since about 2005 Canon introduced a numbering scheme for some whereby the least significant (non-zero) digit signifies the geographic region ("3" signifying Japan) the device is sold in. This leads to a large number of models, all belonging to the same family, but possibly incompatible to some degree, and also makes it difficult to ascertain whether a device is unique or part of an existing family. The software driver filename will often use the family designation. Some MP devices have fax capability (MP740). R=remote

 * Canon PIXMA G1000
 * Canon PIXMA G1010
 * Canon PIXMA G1020
 * Canon PIXMA G2000
 * Canon PIXMA G2010
 * Canon PIXMA G2012
 * Canon PIXMA G2020
 * Canon PIXMA G2021
 * Canon PIXMA G2060
 * Canon PIXMA G2070
 * Canon PIXMA G3000
 * Canon PIXMA G3010
 * Canon PIXMA G3012
 * Canon PIXMA G3020
 * Canon PIXMA G3021
 * Canon PIXMA G3060
 * Canon PIXMA G4000
 * Canon PIXMA G4010
 * Canon PIXMA G6070
 * Canon PIXMA iP1000
 * Canon PIXMA iP1200
 * Canon PIXMA iP1300
 * Canon PIXMA iP1500
 * Canon PIXMA iP1600
 * Canon PIXMA iP1700
 * Canon PIXMA iP1800
 * Canon PIXMA iP1980
 * Canon PIXMA iP2000
 * Canon PIXMA iP2200
 * Canon PIXMA iP2500
 * Canon PIXMA iP2600
 * Canon PIXMA iP2700
 * Canon PIXMA iP3000
 * Canon PIXMA iP3100
 * Canon PIXMA iP3300
 * Canon PIXMA iP3500
 * Canon PIXMA iP3600
 * Canon PIXMA iP4000
 * Canon PIXMA iP4000R
 * Canon PIXMA iP4200
 * Canon PIXMA iP4300
 * Canon PIXMA iP4500
 * Canon PIXMA iP4600
 * Canon PIXMA iP4700
 * Canon PIXMA iP4800 (iP4830)
 * Canon PIXMA iP4850
 * Canon PIXMA iP4900 (iP4930)
 * Canon PIXMA iP5000
 * Canon PIXMA iP5200
 * Canon PIXMA iP5200R
 * Canon PIXMA iP5300
 * Canon PIXMA iP6000D
 * Canon PIXMA iP6100D
 * Canon PIXMA iP6210D
 * Canon PIXMA iP6220D
 * Canon PIXMA iP6310D
 * Canon PIXMA iP6320D
 * Canon PIXMA iP6600D
 * Canon PIXMA iP6700D
 * Canon PIXMA iP7100
 * Canon PIXMA iP7200 (iP7230)
 * Canon PIXMA iP7500
 * Canon PIXMA iP8100
 * Canon PIXMA iP8500
 * Canon PIXMA iP8600
 * Canon PIXMA iP8760
 * Canon PIXMA iP9910
 * Canon PIXMA iP90
 * Canon PIXMA iP90v
 * Canon PIXMA iP100
 * Canon PIXMA mini220
 * Canon PIXMA mini320
 * Canon PIXMA mini360
 * Canon PIXMA iX4000
 * Canon PIXMA iX5000
 * Canon PIXMA iX6500 (iX6530)
 * Canon PIXMA iX7000
 * Canon PIXMA MP110
 * Canon PIXMA MP130
 * Canon PIXMA MP140
 * Canon PIXMA MP150
 * Canon PIXMA MP160
 * Canon PIXMA MP170
 * Canon PIXMA MP180
 * Canon PIXMA MP190
 * Canon PIXMA MP210
 * Canon PIXMA MP220
 * Canon PIXMA MP230
 * Canon PIXMA MP240
 * Canon PIXMA MP250
 * Canon PIXMA MP258
 * Canon PIXMA MP260
 * Canon PIXMA MP270
 * Canon PIXMA MP280
 * Canon PIXMA MP287
 * Canon PIXMA MP360
 * Canon PIXMA MP370
 * Canon PIXMA MP375R
 * Canon PIXMA MP390
 * Canon PIXMA MP450
 * Canon PIXMA MP460
 * Canon PIXMA MP470
 * Canon PIXMA MP480
 * Canon PIXMA MP490
 * Canon PIXMA MP493
 * Canon PIXMA MP495
 * Canon PIXMA MP500
 * Canon PIXMA MP510
 * Canon PIXMA MP520
 * Canon PIXMA MP530
 * Canon PIXMA MP540
 * Canon PIXMA MP550
 * Canon PIXMA MP560
 * Canon PIXMA MP600
 * Canon PIXMA MP600R
 * Canon PIXMA MP610
 * Canon PIXMA MP620
 * Canon PIXMA MP630
 * Canon PIXMA MP640
 * Canon PIXMA MP700
 * Canon PIXMA MP710
 * Canon PIXMA MP730
 * Canon PIXMA MP740
 * Canon PIXMA MP750
 * Canon PIXMA MP760
 * Canon PIXMA MP780
 * Canon PIXMA MP790
 * Canon PIXMA MP800
 * Canon PIXMA MP800R
 * Canon PIXMA MP810
 * Canon PIXMA MP830
 * Canon PIXMA MP950
 * Canon PIXMA MP960
 * Canon PIXMA MP970
 * Canon PIXMA MP980
 * Canon PIXMA MP990
 * Canon PIXMA MG2100
 * Canon PIXMA MG2200
 * Canon PIXMA MG2440
 * Canon PIXMA MG2470
 * Canon PIXMA MG3100
 * Canon PIXMA MG3200
 * Canon PIXMA MG4100
 * Canon PIXMA MG4200
 * Canon PIXMA MG5100
 * Canon PIXMA MG5200
 * Canon PIXMA MG5300
 * Canon PIXMA MG5400
 * Canon PIXMA MG5500
 * Canon PIXMA MG5740
 * Canon PIXMA MG6100
 * Canon PIXMA MG6200
 * Canon PIXMA MG6300
 * Canon PIXMA MG8100
 * Canon PIXMA MG8200
 * Canon PIXMA MX300
 * Canon PIXMA MX310
 * Canon PIXMA MX320
 * Canon PIXMA MX330
 * Canon PIXMA MX340
 * Canon PIXMA MX350
 * Canon PIXMA MX360
 * Canon PIXMA MX370
 * Canon PIXMA MX410
 * Canon PIXMA MX420
 * Canon PIXMA MX430
 * Canon PIXMA MX510
 * Canon PIXMA MX700
 * Canon PIXMA MX710
 * Canon PIXMA MX7600
 * Canon PIXMA MX850
 * Canon PIXMA MX860
 * Canon PIXMA MX870
 * Canon PIXMA MX880
 * Canon PIXMA MX882
 * Canon PIXMA MX890
 * Canon PIXMA MX892
 * Canon PIXMA MX922
 * Canon PIXMA MX924
 * Canon PIXMA E480
 * Canon PIXMA E500
 * Canon PIXMA E600
 * Canon PIXMA Pro9000
 * Canon PIXMA Pro9000 Mark II
 * Canon PIXMA Pro9500
 * Canon PIXMA Pro9500 Mark II
 * Canon PIXMA PRO-1
 * Canon PIXMA PRO-10
 * Canon PIXMA PRO-100

SELPHY series
The DS700 and DS810 are inkjet printers; all the other models are thermal dye-sublimation printers.

 * Canon SELPHY DS700
 * Canon SELPHY DS810
 * Canon SELPHY ES1
 * Canon SELPHY ES2
 * Canon SELPHY ES3
 * Canon SELPHY ES20
 * Canon SELPHY ES30
 * Canon SELPHY ES40
 * Canon SELPHY CP-10
 * Canon SELPHY CP-100
 * Canon SELPHY CP-200
 * Canon SELPHY CP-220
 * Canon SELPHY CP-300
 * Canon SELPHY CP-330
 * Canon SELPHY CP400
 * Canon SELPHY CP500
 * Canon SELPHY CP510
 * Canon SELPHY CP520
 * Canon SELPHY CP530
 * Canon SELPHY CP600
 * Canon SELPHY CP710
 * Canon SELPHY CP720
 * Canon SELPHY CP730
 * Canon SELPHY CP740
 * Canon SELPHY CP750
 * Canon SELPHY CP760
 * Canon SELPHY CP770
 * Canon SELPHY CP780
 * Canon SELPHY CP790
 * Canon SELPHY CP800
 * Canon SELPHY CP810
 * Canon SELPHY CP820
 * Canon SELPHY CP900
 * Canon SELPHY CP910
 * Canon SELPHY CP1000
 * Canon SELPHY CP1200
 * Canon SELPHY CP1300
 * Canon SELPHY CP1500

S series

 * Canon S100
 * Canon S200
 * Canon S300
 * Canon S330
 * Canon S400
 * Canon S450
 * Canon S4500
 * Canon S500
 * Canon S520
 * Canon S530D
 * Canon S600
 * Canon S630
 * Canon S750
 * Canon S800
 * Canon S820
 * Canon S820D
 * Canon S830D
 * Canon S900
 * Canon S9000

imageCLASS

 * Canon LBP6030w
 * Canon LBP6230dw
 * Canon LBP7110Cw

imageCLASS X

 * Canon LBP1800
 * Canon LBP1861
 * Canon LBP1871
 * Canon LBP1127C
 * Canon LBP1538C
 * Canon MF1333C
 * Canon MF1538C

EF and EF-S line
See Canon EF lenses for the product line-up. See Canon EF-S lenses for the product line-up.

EF-S lenses are built for APS-C 1.6x crop sensors, so they only work with models that use this sensor size. When EF-S lenses are used on a 35mm (full frame) camera the back element will hit the mirror assembly or cause substantial vignetting since the sensor is bigger than the image produced by the lens.

FD line
See Canon FD lenses for the product line-up.

FL line
See Canon FL lenses for the product line-up.

Rangefinder line

 * Canon 50mm f/0.95

Tilt-shift

 * Canon TS-E 17mm f/4L lens
 * Canon TS-E 24mm f/3.5L lens and Canon TS-E 24mm f/3.5L II
 * Canon TS-E 45mm f/2.8 lens
 * Canon TS-E 90mm f/2.8 lens

Dedicated macro

 * Canon MP-E 65mm f/2.8 1–5x Macro

Note: Even though the tilt-shift and dedicated macro lenses are designated TS-E and MP-E respectively, these lenses are still compatible with the EF mount.

Broadcast Studio/Field Lenses

 * Canon UHD-DIGISUPER 27
 * Canon DIGISUPER 60
 * Canon UHD-DIGISUPER 66
 * Canon DIGISUPER 76
 * Canon DIGISUPER 80
 * Canon UHD-DIGISUPER 86
 * Canon DIGISUPER 86AF
 * Canon UHD DIGISUPER 90
 * Canon DIGISUPER 95
 * Canon DIGISUPER 95 TELE
 * Canon DIGISUPER 100
 * Canon DIGISUPER 100AF
 * Canon UHD-DIGISUPER 111
 * Canon UHD-DIGISUPER 122
 * Canon UHD-DIGISUPER 122AF

HDTV Studio Box Lenses

 * Canon DIGISUPER 22 xs
 * Canon DIGISUPER 27AF

Presenters

 * PR10-GC (PR10-G) – Green Laser Presenter with back light LCD & timer display
 * PR100-RC (PR100-R) – Red Laser Presenter with back light LCD & timer display
 * PR500-RC (PR500-R) – Red Laser Presenter
 * PR1000-R – Pen-type Red Laser Presenter

Software
Applications bundled with Canon Digital Cameras and printers include:
 * PhotoStitch – image stitching software, used to join multiple photographs together to produce a composite pictures such as panoramas.
 * Zoombrowser EX – Image organizer utility for viewing and transferring photos from digital camera to desktop computer.
 * Digital Photo Professional is available for asset management and editing of downloaded images.
 * CameraWindow DC – Image Downloader utility for transferring photos from digital camera to desktop computer (used by Zoombrowser EX).

Canon TrueType Font Pack
Released in 1992, Canon TrueType Font Pack is a 3½-inch 1,44 MB floppy disk collection of supplementary truetype fonts bundled in selling box of some Canon printers of years '90 and useful for Windows 3.1 and 95.

The fonts contained in the collection were:

Accessories

 * Canon Deluxe Backpack 200 EG
 * Canon TC 80N3 Remote Control
 * BG-ED3 Battery Grip

title: List of Canon products


text:
William Schroeder

Bill, Willy or William Schroeder or Schröder may refer to:

American football

 * William E. Schroeder, American football coach during 1914–16
 * Bill Schroeder (halfback) (1923–2003), American football halfback for the AAFC's Chicago Rockets; also a professional basketball player for the Sheboygan Red Skins
 * Bill Schroeder (wide receiver) (born 1971), American football wide receiver

Other sports

 * Bill Schroeder, American co-founder of 1936 Helms Athletic Foundation
 * Willy Schröder (1912–1990), German discus thrower in 1936 Olympics
 * Bill Schroeder (baseball) (born 1958), American platoon / bench player; later TV broadcaster

Politicians

 * William A. Schroeder (1889–1961), American attorney and legislator in Wisconsin
 * Wil Schroder (born 1982), American politician who has served in the Kentucky Senate since 2015.

Others

 * William Howard Schröder (1851–1892), South African artist, cartoonist and publisher
 * William Charles Schroeder (1895–1977), American ichthyologist
 * Willy Schröder, German silent film actor in 1924's Comedians of Life
 * William J. Schroeder (1932–1986), American recipient of artificial heart
 * William R. Schroeder, American philosopher; author of 1984's Sartre and His Predecessors
 * William Knox Schroeder (1950–1970), American student killed during Kent State shootings

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: William Schroeder


text:
Howard Ferguson

George Howard Ferguson (June 18, 1870 – February 21, 1946) was the ninth premier of Ontario, from 1923 to 1930. He was a Conservative member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1905 to 1930 who represented the eastern provincial riding of Grenville.

Background
The son of Charles Frederick Ferguson, who served in the Canadian House of Commons, Ferguson studied at the University of Toronto and Osgoode Hall, was called to the Ontario bar in 1894, and returned to Kemptville to practise. Ferguson was elected to the municipal council and served three years as reeve of Kemptville. He married Ella Cumming in 1896.

Early political career
First elected to the Legislative Assembly of Ontario in the 1905 election, Ferguson served as Minister of Lands, Forest, and Mines in the government of William Howard Hearst from 1914 to 1919. Ferguson approved the reservation of 5000 sqmi of pulpwood on crown land to the Mead Corporation, and a further 1500 sqmi to Abitibi Power and Paper Company although the Crown Timber Act required pulp limits to be sold by public tender. He declared, "My ambition has been to see the largest paper industry in the world established in the Province, and my attitude towards the pulp and paper industry has been directed towards assisting in bringing this about." After becoming Premier of Ontario in 1923, Ferguson reserved a further 3000 sqmi to Abitibi.

In addition, he sold timber limits to the Shevlin-Clarke Lumber Company (headed by the fellow Conservative James Arthur Mathieu) for less than half the price they would have normally fetched, and the company later paid a fine of $1.5 million for breaching the Crown Timber Act. The transactions were criticized in a subsequent inquiry, in which the commission reported:

We are of the opinion that no officer, Minister or otherwise, should have the power to grant rights over large areas of the public domain at will without regard to Regulation; that power was never contemplated by the statutes; it does not at present exist, and should not be given to any individual. Such an arbitrary power subject to no control is obviously open to abuse.

Ferguson became leader of the Conservative Party upon the defeat of the Hearst government that year.

Premiership
In the 1923 election, the Ontario Conservative Party came to power under Ferguson's leadership by defeating the United Farmers of Ontario-Labour coalition government of Ernest C. Drury. The Conservatives won 75 of the 111 seats in the legislature. Ferguson's government encouraged private investment in industry and the development of the province's natural resources as a means of achieving prosperity. It was re-elected in the 1926 election with 72 seats and in 1929 with 90 seats.

French policy
In 1911, Ferguson argued in the legislature that "no language other than English should be used as a medium of instruction in the schools of this Province" although that a significant proportion of the population was French-Canadian. Sectarian politics was still rife in Ontario, and the Conservatives relied on a base of Orange support. Ferguson was prepared to pander to the Orangemen with anti-Catholic and anti-French rhetoric.

In 1912, the Ontario government passed Regulation 17, which greatly restricted the use of French language instruction. The legislation outraged Quebec and was an irritant to national unity during the First World War. When Ferguson became premier, he reversed himself by moderating the legislation and allowing more French-language instruction. His government, however, refused to extend funding for the Catholic separate schools past Grade 8.

Ferguson's reversal on Regulation 17 was a concession needed for his alliance with Quebec Premier Louis-Alexandre Taschereau. Ferguson and Taschereau formed an axis against the federal government to demand more provincial rights and defend the provinces' ownership of natural resources such as water power (hydro-electric generation).

Liquor policy
The Ferguson government, eager for new tax revenue, held a plebiscite in 1924 to soften the province's temperance laws. A slim majority voted against prohibition, which led Ferguson's government to permit the sale of beer with an alcohol content of no more than 4.4 proof, about 2.2%. Such brew became known as Fergie's foam.

The 1926 provincial election was fought on the issue of the government's proposal to repeal the Ontario Temperance Act and to permit controlled sales of liquor in government owned stores. Attorney-General William Folger Nickle, who had supported the government's earlier decision to allow the sale of low-alcohol beer, was opposed to going any further softening of temperance laws and resigned from Cabinet to run against the government as a Prohibitionist candidate against the repeal of the law. Ferguson's Conservatives were re-elected with a slightly-reduced majority.

In 1927, the government introduced legislation to establish the Liquor Control Board of Ontario and to allow the sale of alcohol by government-owned and operated liquor stores. That moderate stance on temperance allowed the government to isolate the Liberals, who until 1930 took a hard prohibitionist stance by opposing even regulated liquor sales and so alienated all but the most hardline temperance advocates.

Other issues
The Tories remained hostile to labour and immigrants and were not prepared to provide social relief when the Great Depression threw thousands out of work and into poverty. The Ferguson government also opposed federal government plans for an old-age pension.

Later life
In December 1930, Ferguson left provincial politics to accept an appointment as Canadian High Commissioner in London. He was succeeded as party leader and premier by George Stewart Henry.

From 1945 to 1946, he served as Chancellor of the University of Western Ontario.

He also gave his name to the Ferguson Block, a government office building at Queen's Park in Toronto as well as the residence cafeteria at University College in the University of Toronto, which is called the Howard Ferguson Dining Hall. A University College scholarship is named after him.

Ferguson died on February 21, 1946, in Toronto.

title: Howard Ferguson


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Aircraft/Footer

 * WikiProject Aircraft/Footer/initialfooterdev

 * WikiProject Aircraft/airbox

Footer customisation
Of course, now we get down to things like "how similar is similar"? Out of the aircraft listed on C-141 Starlifter, the similarity seems to stop at "heavy military transport". Maybe that's enough, but I think it would be preferable to tighten this a bit. It'll always be subjective, but criteria could include same era, and roughly same capability. --Rlandmann 23:59, 27 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * "Development series", "Related Aircraft" were not used in place of "Related Development"

 * For the Starlifter, the problem is that there are actually very few comparable aircraft. The USAF's global responsibilities are unique, and the comparable aircraft are either larger heavylift (C-5, Antonov An-124), smaller (C-130) or airliner derivatives without the loading ramp etc.

 * I think this kind of thing is 'self-correcting' -- we want a short listing of the most comparable planes, and some rarer types have to cast a wider net to find a half-dozen at most, but planes in more populous categories will have closer matches. —Morven 05:44, 1 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Hey I found a great example of footer customization on the Tupolev Tu-204 page. definitely some neat improvements there, thought I should show it for anyone who might find it interesting. Also - should the footer have the same font as the table? I was thinking it might look nicer to have it be the same. I put sample changes in footer below the one from that 204 page. Greyengine5 04:09, 31 Mar 2004 (UTC)

example of customized footer from the 204 page-

 * I strongly disagree with this kind of tinkering, and I am trying to get the contributor to discuss the issue on this page. Apart from what should be a predictable objection from me about making broad changes to something that is supposed to be a standard across the project, other specific criticisms are:
 * the design bureau and type designation are completely redundant - this information is included in the article title, on the main table, and presumably many times in the article text.
 * "comparable aircraft" is just a different choice of words from the "similar aircraft" row on the standard footer. If it's going to contain the same information, it should have the same name...
 * the designation series is intended to provide navigation forwards and backwards along a particular designation series. This, on the other hand, picks and chooses amongst those designations and therefore breaks that chain of navigation. --Rlandmann 10:38, 1 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Through my long years as aviation professional, aircraft are generally classed as "apples-to-apples" and "oranges-to-oranges" listing. A frozen design is referred as a type and if many copies are made (typically >10, or >1 squadron), it qualifies as a series, if less that, then it is an experimental type. If changes were done to the aircraft in series, then it is a variant. If a variant is produced in big numbers, then it is a series in its own right. These are terms used in aviation circles when type certifications are invoked. Although type and variant were loosely interchangeable in layman's terms, the previous statement is the correct stand.

Therefore it is only proper that say, a Boeing airliner should be grouped together with its series bretheren. I don't see this in Boeing listing i.e. 707 - 720 - 717 - 727 and so on as 720 is a full series. If the logic of Rlandmann is followed then it would be 377 - 387 - 717(Original) - 707 - 717 - 727, but he did not, noting that 387 which is followed by the original 717 are actually precursors of 707!

At the same time he reasoned that Tu-143 - Tu-144 - Tu-145 should be a series!!! Tu-143 and Tu-145 are both unmanned air vehicles whereas Tu-144 is a supersonic airliner!!! It does not make sense at all as far as a useful list is concerned. An airliner should be grouped together with its series bretheren (produced in quantity and in service) e.g. Tu-124 - Tu-134 - Tu-144 - Tu-154. If such sequential listing such as Tu-143 - Tu-144 - Tu-145 is desired please come with a list and hyperlink a table entry into such list.

The term "comparable aircraft" are proper terms to ensure that improper comparisons such as say a C-121(military Lockheed Constellation) and a civilian Douglas DC-7(a contemprorary of Lockheed Constellation, by the way) which are basically similar airplanes.

The space for experimental prototypes are given as "Related types(civil)" and and military variants are "Military variants". Such entries allow all possibilities to be linked. It allows at glance related information. If one were to study the Boeing 707 article, military variants such as KC-135, RC-135, Air Force One and prototypes like Dash 80 and many others are buried in the main text are absent. Anyway why only Russian have "Related developments" and not the West e.g. C-47, C-9, C-121, KC-10, KC-767 and so on?

The title table "Russia's Civil Air Transport" allows focus to be maintained. Of course table titled "Russia's Military Aircraft" does the same too and may be expanded to other categories say "Germany WWII fighters" and so on, providing a useful links to other related materials at a glance. If such initiatives may yield a much more useful table, why not as standards are constantly evolving. I have stated my stand and as a measure of democracy let fellow Wikipedians to ultimately decide. Fikri

 * A few points:

 * The designation series is simply a navigational tool backwards and forwards along a series of designations, which you correctly point out are not necessarily a related series of aircraft. If the aircraft are developed from each other, then they can be placed under "Related development" in the footer.

 * Wikipedia also provides for articles to be placed in series (see Series). This would be an ideal way of handling what you're trying to do with the Russian airliners, and would be very easy to implement via MediaWiki. The ideal place for it would be underneath the data table.

 * All aircraft should have "Related Development" sections unless there are no other types with a common heritage. The reason why the examples you cited do not is because whoever added the footer there simply neglected to put this row in. The most likely explanation is that they simply copied the footer from a page where someone else had also omitted it. The Boeing 707 article should indeed have links to its military counterparts in the footer.

 * The Boeing 7x7 series forms a clear designation sequence on its own. Obviously not every Boeing product falls into this sequence, just like not every MiG aircraft falls into the "MiG-" sequence (for example, Mikoyan-Gurevich I-270).

 * I'll always prefer a single, simple footer that can be implemented on practically every page with little or no modificiation. The more specific the footer, the more subjectivity is involved. Should the MiG-25 have a "Soviet Military Aircraft" footer, a "Soviet Fighter Aircraft" footer, or a "Soviet Interceptor Aircraft" footer? Not to mention the many aircraft that are used by both civil and military operators.

 * I agree with you that "comparable" is a better word than "similar", but don't know if it's that much better to warrant going through every page where the footer is applied in order to change it. If anyone else agrees with this and feels up to the job (Grayengine5?) then I can only encourage you to go ahead... --Rlandmann 01:14, 7 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * Just adding that I acknowledge your point about "series" meaning different things in general usage and in specific aviation terminology. If you look at the development of the footer, you can see that the original version used the word "sequence", but this got changed to "series" somewhere in the process of compromises that led to the current table. Once again, if anyone's up to going over all the existing pages and turning all the "Designation series" to "Designation sequence", I certainly won't be objecting. --Rlandmann 02:56, 7 Apr 2004 (UTC)

I didn't intend that thing as a standard footer, just an example customization and ideas for a groups of planes. Its not the greatest, it was primarily the use of customization that attracted me to it. As for this ' series'- in the dev. for the footer, there were a lot of names being floated around and some seemed better for some planes and less so for others. The footer dev was attempt to balance how different aircraft are and what these short names meant. Said differently, it was a compromise compounded by the difficulty in getting a category to mean the same thing for everybody, and fit all the aircraft it would be used for well. I had thought then, people could use standardized sub-names that applied to a given plane betterr- though this did not happen. Since then I further come to think that the names are not long enough to be immediately intuitive, however, the aircraft that are there usually solve this problem. Also since then, I have realized the air pages are a incomplete and unstandardized mass of about ~500 pages. The end-game is that I am both interested in any improvements, but, in support of hardened easily distributable newer standards and more in line with RL's often mentioned stance about changes ("stop the tinkering!";). If there is work on or ideas for a new more customized footer for some group, then I think thats where these new improvements can be incoroporated- at least until things are farther along. The basic idea being that current footer can remain as decent one with a slower development, but, be superceded by a even less adaptable more specific standard for groups. In other words develop a catalog of hardened sets for for various groups. This, I think will partially solve the biggest problem facing all the standards currently- distrobution vs improvement. Can the footer be improved?- yes, Is it distributed enough? no Are these improvements worth the destandardization it will create? no. What that means is that ideas must be harvested from the things people are doing out there, and turned into even more hard, more specific distrbutle formats. Im not sure if this clears anything up, and I think I'v confused myself in the process, but perhaps it sheds some light on why I posted fikri's prototpye here. Greyengine5 05:36, 7 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * Just to clarify that means I support fikri footer on those pages. I think they are a good start to footer customization and improvement. Also, there's enough pages that don't even have a footer, or have very incomplete ones, that trying to bring non-standard ones up to par is not the best way to increase distribution. The footer inevitably destined to be replaced with more customized designs that better serve a specific page. To bring the footer up to date and more in line with proffesional quality knowledge about airplanes is definitely worth moving to. Also, that footer was not a oddball it was on a number of pages, and it could very well be part of its own "wiki project russian civil aircraft" 'suggestion' standard. As for the footer specifically, 'designation series' was indeed decided upon to mean alpha numeric sequence (1, 2,..etc), with 'related aircraft' filling the role of technology related. Im going to put the footer back with some improvements of my own added to it. Finally, while I intend support the basic footer for new pages, etc., I oppose this stifling of incremental changes for specific pages/groups, beacause thats just exactly what the wiki relies upon for improvement. Greyengine5 02:54, 8 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * I couldn't agree more - but let's design something that is relevant and applicable on a project-wide basis. I'm not irrevocably devoted to this footer, and I'm not in any way opposed to added navigational elements that will benefit the project - the more the better (well, up to a point, I guess - some of what's happening on WikiProject Countries is pretty crazy...)

 * The proof of the pudding is that the footer is rolling out across the project with very, very few hitches, proving that what we collectively came up with here was indeed sound.

 * As I see it, the problem with what you're calling incremental change is that by the nature of the wiki, these changes happen in different directions by contributors largely unaware of one another's work. This doesn't lead to incremental change - it leads to as many different footers as there are contributors.

 * I'll remind you that WikiProjects exist to standardise the presentation of material, and that standardising navigation is a fundamentally Good Idea, not just on Wikipedia, but on any website. I'm sorry if I seem draconian to you, but I'm sure that if you tried tinkering with the standard navigational elements of any WikiProject, you'd get the same reaction (as someone on WikiProject US Presidents did not so long ago, IIRC) --Rlandmann 05:52, 8 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * As a solution/compromise, both footer will remain on the page. Does it create redundunt information?, yes, but there's always duplicate information of pages anyway, and in the case there's real benefit. Both the wiki-footer standard can be upheld and supported, and fiki's footer can develop unhinderded. This may be a useful way of handling conflicts with information standards also- just inlclude both ( if its possible). Im going to try and update the effected pages now.Greyengine5 03:12, 8 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * I'm going to try implementing a series-style box on these pages, that will hopefully be just as acceptable without as much duplication of material... It was on the agenda for tonight, but I'll fast-track it. --Rlandmann 04:48, 8 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * What do you think of that solution? Now we have three layers of footer - one very specific to the aircraft and its close kin, a broader one relevant across all aircraft, and one to the extremely broad lists that cover pretty much the whole of WikiProject Aircraft. --Rlandmann 05:20, 8 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * To be honest I much prefer pruning the proto. footer then to replace it with that. An issue with that is removal of useful content, compared to the proto footer. I recommend having that msg be a part of a further improved russian civil air footer. Let me know if this ok, so you or I could do this. Greyengine5 05:30, 8 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * I'm not really sure what you mean? I have no objection per se to any modification of the Tupolev Civil Transport Aircraft series, unless it's duplicating material in the standard footer. --Rlandmann 05:52, 8 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * The series would be integrated into the old footer forming one row. The duplicate row (comparable aircraft?) would be removed from the standard footer or the old footer. I like the mini-series, but I still think that footer still needs to develop and be there. Greyengine5 05:58, 8 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * I'll oppose that on "slippery slope" grounds - I think any series that's more specialised in scope than the standard footer should stand apart from the standard footer. Some aircraft might belong to a number of different series - this approach would provide the best of both worlds in terms of project-wide standardisation, plus the flexibility of any number of potential series within the project (which can all benefit from the power of Mediawiki elements, which the standard footer can't). --Rlandmann 06:09, 8 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * Its slipperly slope to footer customization on this page, which is what this is whole thing has been about. The series can stay then as a separate entity, but the old footer is going back. Any other series can be incorporated into the msg series as you suggest. Footer customization for sub-groups would probably be better then having them integrated into the standard footer or leaving them as free floating stack. I will update the pages now. Greyengine5 06:35, 8 Apr 2004 (UTC)

There has been no "slippery slope to footer customisation". Apart from Fikri's contributions, no-one else seems to have had any major problem with the standard footer that seems to have rolled out more-or-less equally well across a broad range of aircraft types. Once again, you are simply pre-empting problems that just aren't there, and once again I find this incredibly rich coming from someone who has never actually contributed an article on a single aircraft type that's been more than a stub (or sub-stub). --Rlandmann 07:33, 8 Apr 2004 (UTC)

RL you disappoint me. I thought the resolution went well here, and your comments represent a failure of understanding. As for your last comment- lies. Greyengine5 08:07, 8 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * I'll happily admit that I fail to understand a few things. Specifically:
 * Why you think that an article on a specific aircraft type needs to be linked to a whole range of other aircraft manufacturers that had nothing to do with that aircraft.
 * Why you think that the footer needs to contain a whole row to simply state the aircraft's name when it is already contained in the footer (as well as in the first line of the article, the top of the data table, presumably several times in the article, and at the very top of the page in big bold print fercryingoutloud).
 * More generally, I can't understand what advantage you perceive over just using one (or more) series footers implemented via Mediawiki as the need arises from case to case. But I'm willing to let that go as a matter of aesthetics.

 * If I'm mistaken in thinking that you've never contributed more than a stub of an aircraft article, please point out an example and I'll happily retract that comment. Certainly, I'm not aware of any, and I don't appreciate being called a liar. --Rlandmann 08:29, 8 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Fikri, a somone, who by his own account is ' aviation proffesional with years of experience' created this as footer.

It was changed to this:

As a compromise, to uphold both improvement of the page, and the footer standard, both were included. The idea being duplicated material would be pruned out, and the new footer could develop independently

The footer was replaced with this. The tuplov series msg is indeed a great idea but the main issue is still the footer.

‹The template below has been proposed for deletion. See [/wiki/:Templates_for_deletion#Template: templates for deletion] to comment and vote.›

The content of msg was reintegrated into the footer, for easy updating of all the effected pages. Any more related series could be added to the special footer without effecting the standard

I fully support the standard footer and the standard table, and, also any new any improved footers for groups of pages or new standardized tables(new areas). I support short msg's like the airlist box and RL's tu series. Also of note, the project guidlines are suggestions, not laws to be enforced. If, however RL wants to examine my work, such as what non-stub pages I'v done, he can find them himself as he's wasted enough of my time. Greyengine5 21:42, 8 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Yes, I think that's an excellent summary of what's taken place so far. As I'm disinclined to turn this into an edit war, I'll wait a few days for input from other participants before making any more edits to those pages.

I firmly believe that a design element adopted by consensus as a standard should remain a standard across the project, while also upholding the value of creating series within the project.

Greyengine5 is factually wrong about what a WikiProject sets out to do. A WikiProject is a metadata strategy that (amongst other things):

 * establishes the formatting conventions for individual entries eg: how each individual entry should be structured - in a biographical entry - relevant dates, notable achievements, etc
 * establishes the formatting conventions for hierarchical descendants eg: guidelines on how to define "Prime Ministers of New Zealand" as a descendant of "Prime Minister" as a descendant of "Political Leader"

(from User:Manning_Bartlett/WikiProject, the proposal that created WikiProjects within the pedia)

The standard aircraft data table and the standard footer are examples of the first point there, and establishing a hierarchy of footers moving from the specific (like Tupolev civil transports) to the more general (like the standard footer) to the most general (the airlistbox) is an example of the second.

If Greyengine5 doesn't like WikiProjects, he's free not to participate, but IMHO he shouldn't be working against a WikiProject standardising material in an area he's barely contributed to. --Rlandmann 01:25, 9 Apr 2004 (UTC)

I was going on are wikipage header: "..A few Wikipedians have gotten together to make some suggestions about how we might organize data in articles about aircaft. These are only suggestions, things to give you focus and to get you going, and you shouldn't feel obligated in the least to follow them.."

Just in case it wasn't clear: "..I fully support the standard footer and the standard table, and, also any new any improved footers for groups of pages or new standardized tables(new areas). I support short msg's like the airlist box and RL's tu series..."

I thought this issue was resolved. The standard footer was upheld and the tupelov footer could develop on its own to.

I do like the project, and I was standardizing- this sub-footer

I have done more then 'barely contribute', to suggest otherwise is false and not acceptable. Greyengine5 03:06, 9 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * The disclaimer at the top of WikiProject pages is part of the "don't bite the newbies" philosophy - in other words, indicating to contributors that they don't need to worry too much about getting everything perfectly right (because someone else will come along later and tidy things up). Otherwise, the long and often complex sets of conventions laid out on WikiProject pages could be very daunting indeed.

 * It's hard to see how you're supporting the standard footer when you've deliberately altered it on every one of the Tupolev pages that you added it to.

 * Furthermore, while insisting that the "Tupolev footer" should be allowed to develop, you've simply reverted my attempt to evolve it into something that (I contend) could be of great use not just on these pages, but many other aircraft pages as well. There's no information contained in the "Tupolev footer" that's not already contained in the standard footer, the tu-civ-trans box, and the article itself. How is that "allowing it to develop"?

 * I should have been more specific about my accusation as to your lack of contribution. I meant specifically in the terms of articles on aircraft types - the ones that actually use the footer. You have, of course, contributed greatly in many other parts of the project, and I apologise for suggesting otherwise - that was very badly worded on my part. --Rlandmann 08:53, 9 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * I think the tuplov footer concentrated useful info, and can contain info thats not in the article. For, example that ordering of planes and the design bureas. A footer of related codename could be added as well. As for the tu-civ text, it is inside that new footer, as a msg- its developed already, and could be 'of greatuse' to other pages as well (i.e the footer does not interfer with it). Many of the things stand in the standard footer duplicate things as well. Footer for subsets of groups should be alolowed to develop. This is not about changing the standard footer. How the standard footer, and new footer co-exist has yoet to be totally decided, and I though the compromise here was fine. As far as design of that footer, my changes were and attempt to aviod duplication when I re-intgrated it into the page. The 'standard' footer there had already been changes so I just left it with some core categories.  Greyengine5 17:16, 9 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * The NATO reporting name is usually contained at the beginning of the article, where it is conventional throughout Wikipedia to list alternate names. Why does this need to be a separate footer element as well?
 * This is fikri footer development issue.Greyengine5 00:47, 10 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * You say that "footers for subsets of groups should be allowed to develop" - yet you have stifled development of a generalised intra-Project footer by simply reverting it out of existence.
 * Yes I believe first part. The second part is yet another false personal criticism. I was never involved in intra project footer, know what your referring to, nor reverted it.Greyengine5 00:47, 10 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * On second thought, I realized you actually might be talking about the tup-civ box here- but that wasn't reverted, it was integrated into the footer. And it wasn't general, it was a fikri footer stripped to 1 line and turned into a message, and I'll state yet again I support 'footers for subsets of groups'. I have no idea why you so vehemontly oppose fikri's footer- even more so, if, by your false critcism of me, it can be understood to mean you support footers/boxes for subsets of groups as well.

 * The compromise here was fine to you - but not to me. The compromise that included the tu-civ-trans box was fine to me, but not apparently to you.
 * I liked the tu-civ-trans box and it is there, integrated into the fikri footer. The trans box by itself eliminats most of the footer content, whereas the footer includes the trans box content.Greyengine5 00:47, 10 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * Yes, I admit that I forgot that for some reason that quite escapes me, you think it's necessary to link these aircraft to completely unrelated design bureaux. Put another way, this would be like insisting that the article on the Boeing 747 needs a direct link to the Northrop company article. Could you please explain the logic behind that?
 * This is fikri footer development issue. I dont think there unrelated, there all soviet design burea's- regardless, development of the fikri footer can take place on its page and cover these kinds of issues.

 * If this is your idea of "compromise" then please at least have the integrity to re-implement the standard footer in whole on the pages that you've re-arranged it to your liking. --Rlandmann 22:37, 9 Apr 2004 (UTC)
 * Disregareding yet another vauge personal criticism '..at least have the integrity..', the footer was not complete when the page started. I removed duplicate content(not rearrange) the footer to meet your problem with duplicate content. How the standard and dev. footer co-exist was something that was left largely open, and part of those pages future development. Greyengine5 00:47, 10 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * Put another way - what elements from Fikri's footer should be incorporated into the tu-civ-trans box to make it an acceptable compromise to you if it were implemented alongside the standard footer. --Rlandmann 22:44, 9 Apr 2004 (UTC)
 * How fikri's footer, air-boxes, and the standard footer co-exist on pages is lot more harder to figure out then just whether the fikir's can be there and develop or not. However, since the tup-civ is basically 1 line of fikri's footer turned into msg, it could be exapanded to any any content thats not unique to a page or not capable of being part of group. It would also not be a customizeable footer anymore, which is what this whole debate has been about. I think a better question is what parts of the footer render it unacceptable?   Greyengine5 00:47, 10 Apr 2004 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia:WikiProject Aircraft/Footer


text:
Talk:War communism

Untitled
im using a VPS to edit this LOL

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 25 January 2021 and 12 May 2021. Further details are available on the course page. Peer reviewers: Joao E. Ribeiro.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 12:38, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Untitled
Somebody should do away with that comment in the article either by researching Serbia/Yugoslavia and finding out whether "war communism" was used in other "Yugo" places, or by clarifying that we only know it was used in Serbia. --Nelson 01:30, 2004 Feb 26 (UTC)
 * The "or" part of your proposal is unnecessary, since we do must write only what we know and with reasonable precision.
 * If someone finds the term was used, say, in Montenegro, then he may add "Montenegro" to the list, rather than writing (in a version of the article) in general "The term wartime communism was also reportedly in use during the Yugoslav wars". On the other hand, IMO it could be hardly reasonable to write that "war communism was reportedly used in Str& of Croatia." Mikkalai 02:09, 26 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Oi! Don't mock our names! :) --Shallot
 * Actually, "Strč prst skrz krk" is a notable Czech language example of a phrase with no vowel among 15 letters (translation: "Thrust a finger through a throat" or something). mikka (t) 18:31, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

Food shortages
Rm nonsense.
 * This led to food shortages and, along with the bad weather and the effects of the war, to famine. Several million people died, and there were even reports of cannibalism.

The war communism was introduced exactly because of severe food shortages, which, btw started in Russia due to WWI and was one of the major triggers of the Russian Revolution in the first place. mikka (t) 18:25, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

Food shortages did exist before War Communism correct. However, War Communism caused peasants to hide grain or retreat to subsitence farming as any excess grain they produced was just taken off them. This, as you can imagine, caused massive food shortages, hence the concession to capitalism of the NEP which provided peasants with an incentive to produce more grain. As for cannibalism -I'm not sure about that - but millions certainly did die.TDE 20:35, 3 June 2006 (UTC)

theories of war communism
Are we entirely sure about some of the principles of War Communism. I've always thought that private enterprise was made Bold textlegalBold text instead of Bold textillegalBold text. Can someone check this? I'll check as well, but it would be nice to know for certain.

informative value or suggestive orientation?
Hi, sorry for my english + being a rookie in wiki issues.

"It has long been debated whether "war communism" represented an actual economic policy in the proper sense of the word or merely a set of desperate measures intended to win the civil war at any cost. [1]"

long debate, actual policy, proper sense, a mere set, desperate measure, any cost... I cant see any precision here. Which party of any civil war in the history can be seen as not intended to win the civil war "at any cost" ? best regards —Preceding unsigned comment added by 193.170.138.209 (talk) 14:54, 11 July 2008 (UTC)

Kronstadt PoV
I suggest that we remove the last sentence, since many people object to equalling the Kronstadt sailors of 1917 with the sailors of 1921. This is a clear PoV. (One of the reasons that historians accept against this theory: the first were workers, bolsheviks and predominantly Russians, while the second were mainly peasants, anarchists and Ukranians who mutinied against grain requisition, since all the Bolsheviks went to fight in the Civil War and the sailors from Ukraine had to be transfered to Kronstadt. As well many of the mutineers were prisoners on the island. Lenin was terrified of Kronstadt because he was araid of the inevitable conflict with the peasantry (that was the real reason behind abandoning War Communsim.)) I think we should remove the sentence or modify it.

title: Talk:War communism


text:
Karawanks

The Karawanks or Karavankas  or Karavanks  (Karavanke; Karawanken, ) are a mountain range of the Southern Limestone Alps on the border between Slovenia to the south and Austria to the north. With a total length of 120 km in an east–west direction, the Karawanks chain is one of the longest ranges in Europe. It is traversed by important trade routes and has a great tourist significance. Geographically and geologically, it is divided into the higher Western Karawanks and the lower-lying Eastern Karawanks. It is traversed by the Periadriatic Seam, separating the Apulian tectonic plate from the Eurasian Plate.

Near the summit of the Dreiländereck (1,508 m) is the tripoint of the three countries: Austria, Italy and Slovenia.

Geography
The Karawanks form the continuation of the Carnic Alps east of the Slizza stream near the tripoint of Austria, Slovenia and Italy at Arnoldstein. They are confined by the Drava Valley in the north (called Rosental/Rož) and the Sava in the south, separating it from the adjacent Julian Alps. In the east, they border on the Kamnik–Savinja Alps and Pohorje ranges.

A number of mountain passes on important trade routes cross the range, like Wurzen (Koreno), Loibl (Ljubelj) or Seeberg (Jezero), which have been used since prehistory. Nowadays the Austrian Karawanken Autobahn (A11) runs from Villach to the Karavanke motorway tunnel, which traverses the Western Karawanks connecting it with the Slovenian A2 motorway at Jesenice. A parallel railway line crosses the range through the Karawanks railway tunnel.

The Karawanks are a popular mountaineering area with numerous mountain huts. Many of the peaks offer a good view of the Klagenfurt basin on the Austrian side and the Ljubljana basin on the Slovene side. The northern Austrian side is rocky and precipitous while the Slovenian side is less steep, covered with spruce forests and low bushy pine at lower elevations with grass higher up.

History
The Karawanks were settled already in the Stone Age, as indicated particularly by findings from Potok Cave. In Roman times, they represented the southern border of the Noricum province, and later, of the Slavic principality of Carantania. The ancient geographer Claudius Ptolemy mentioned the Karwankas mountains about 150 AD. The name probably is derived from Celtic karv 'deer', a connection that has survived in the Košuta (Slovene for 'hind') massif.

From the first half of the 11th century, the Karawanks formed the border between the territory of the Duchy of Carinthia and the adjacent March of Carniola in the south. After Carniola had been elevated to a duchy in 1364, both lands became part of Inner Austria and were crown lands of the Habsburg monarchy from 1526 up to World War I. The northern slopes of the Karawanks had been historically settled by Carinthian Slovenes, nevertheless in October 1920, the Carinthian Plebiscite decided that the crest was the border between the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later Yugoslavia); only the municipality of Jezersko had already passed from Carinthia to Yugoslavia.

In the final weeks of the Second World War the Karawanks passes witnessed intense fighting. The 24th SS Kampfgruppe (battlegroup) commanded by SS-Brigadeführer und Generalmajor der Waffen-SS (Brigadier) Heinz Harmel was ordered to keep the Karawanken passes open between Yugoslavia and Austria. This task was critical in allowing German forces to withdraw from Yugoslavia in order to surrender to British rather than Yugoslav forces. The Kampfgruppe succeeded in its final task, and was one of the last German units to surrender, when it encountered the British 6th Armoured Division on 9 May 1945.

After World War II the Karawanks remained the border between Austria and the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, and finally the independent Slovenia from 1991. Since the entry of Slovenia to the Schengen Area in 2007, a free movement of people and goods across the Karawanks has been allowed, and the two countries started to aim for an economic integration of their border areas.

Notable peaks
The place names have German as well as Slovenian names, and today the peaks along the main chain of the Karawanks are usually displayed in Slovene and German on hiking maps:

title: Karawanks


text:
Talk:Laser broom

Just wanted to drop a note here to let everyone know I'm interested in this entry. I haven't anything to add yet, but I am researching. If I come up with anything interesting I will propose it here. - Plautus satire 01:35, 26 Feb 2004 (UTC)

I looked around and couldn't find anything recent about this project. Of course some stuff has been removed from the web after the suspension of the shuttle program. Is this project still ongoing? Were tests on the schedule for 2003? Rmhermen 16:37, Mar 1, 2004 (UTC)

It is hard to confuse this project with the orion (spacecraft) Crew Exploration Vehicle since no one in the news or at NASA calls the ProjectConstellation by the incorrect name of 'project orion'. Plus this information belongs on the disambiguation page.

Status?
what's the status of this plan? all the references ive ben able to find on Google are a few years old. -- 99.239.242.15 (talk) 00:10, 31 January 2009 (UTC)

 * I just added a March 2011 secondary source, and brief summary, of recent NASA research. There is more in the Mail Online article.  Cheers.  N2e (talk) 00:13, 24 March 2011 (UTC)

Outer space treaty
Could somebody explain how does this project contravene the Outer Space Treaty? The Treaty places ban on use of nuclear weapons or weapons of mass destruction, and laser technology is neither. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.12.157.38 (talk) 22:31, 22 March 2009 (UTC)

I"m also confused by the Outer Space Treaty reference... one or other of the articles need to be changed Failedwizard (talk) 09:33, 17 October 2009 (UTC)

 * I removed the line about Outer Space Treaty, I read thought the treaty some distance and found no obvious way that a laser broom would be prohibited and a bit of googling found no answer either. Failedwizard (talk) 23:33, 8 March 2011 (UTC)

 * Also given that line has been removed, do we need a 'See also' for the treaty? Failedwizard (talk) 23:38, 8 March 2011 (UTC)

How does it work?
I am curious how this "broom" will move debris. Will it use the optical tweezer effect, or will it just burn the debris up and cause a momentum change due to the evaporated material?--SkiDragon (talk) 17:11, 7 October 2009 (UTC)

 * See the (UK) "Mail Online" source I just added (2011-03-24) mentioning recent NASA work. It would appear that it is pure momentum change, and does not need to have evaporated material at all.  (Although with sufficient power in a laser there would be evaporation, along with the impartation of momentum.  But that is not a necessary condition, as I read the sources.)  Cheers.  N2e (talk) 00:16, 24 March 2011 (UTC)

Unit confusion
This article claims that "firing a laser beam at a piece of space junk could alter velocity by 0.04 inches (1.0 mm) per second". The units here appear to be inconsistent, but I'm not sure what it should be and the cited source isn't very helpful. It could be either "firing a laser beam for some length of time at ..." or "... could alter velocity by 0.04 inches (1.0 mm) per second per some unit of time". — Preceding unsigned comment added by Scgtrp (talk • contribs) 03:56, 17 May 2012 (UTC)

Wasn't it agreed in the first place that all units used by any space agency, be it American, Russian, Chinese, French or German, just to name a few, be stated in metric value and not in the US-specific inches? my advice: leave those inches out. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Prlwytzkowsky (talk • contribs) 20:52, 14 March 2015 (UTC)

 * Agreed. If 194/195 countries in the world use Standard International units, then furlongs and cubits and rods and barleycorns and inches and miles are obsolete and irrelevant. 49.195.112.119 (talk) 04:08, 6 June 2020 (UTC)

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Rotation.
The article states that pulses from the laser "would heat one side of an object enough to change its orbit and make it hit the atmosphere sooner." This seems to depend on the assumption that all objects in uncontrolled orbits are not rotating at all or are rotating at the period synchronised to the pulses of the laser. Both of these possible assumptions seem unlikely. If the strategy simply is to target objects so small that it doesn't matter which side of the object is irradiated so that the entire object heats up, then making reference to a specific "one side" of such objects is misleading and unhelpful. 49.195.112.119 (talk) 04:16, 6 June 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Laser broom


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Hiram Cronk

Hiram Cronk (April 19, 1800 – May 13, 1905) was the last surviving U.S. veteran of the War of 1812.

Early life and military service
Hiram Cronk was born in Frankfort, New York, on April 19, 1800. He was mustered into federal service as a private in Captain Edmund Fuller's Company (detached from the New York Militia) on October 8, 1814. Having served five weeks in defense of Sackett's Harbor, he was mustered out on November 16, 1814. The Cronk family was of Dutch descent.

Later life and death
Cronk spent most of his life working as a shoemaker. For his wartime service, he received a pension of $12 per month. In 1903, Congress increased it to $25 per month. He also received a special pension of $72 per month from the State of New York. He died in Dunn Brook, Oneida County, New York, on May 13, 1905, at the age of 105.

After his death, Cronk's body was displayed in the main lobby of New York City Hall. An estimated 925,000 people paid their respects. He is interred in the Mount of Victory, Cypress Hills National Cemetery, Brooklyn, New York.

Personal life
Cronk married Mary Thornton in 1825, with whom he had seven children. At the time of his death, he had 14 grandchildren and eight great-grandchildren (his great-granddaughter Jane lived to over 100 years of age, making the two "serial centenarians").

title: Hiram Cronk