text:
Geodesic curvature

In Riemannian geometry, the geodesic curvature $$k_g$$ of a curve $$\gamma$$ measures how far the curve is from being a geodesic. For example, for 1D curves on a 2D surface embedded in 3D space, it is the curvature of the curve projected onto the surface's tangent plane. More generally, in a given manifold $$\bar{M}$$, the geodesic curvature is just the usual curvature of $$\gamma$$ (see below). However, when the curve $$\gamma$$ is restricted to lie on a submanifold $$M$$ of $$\bar{M}$$ (e.g. for curves on surfaces), geodesic curvature refers to the curvature of $$\gamma$$ in $$M$$ and it is different in general from the curvature of $$\gamma$$ in the ambient manifold $$\bar{M}$$. The (ambient) curvature $$k$$ of $$\gamma$$ depends on two factors: the curvature of the submanifold $$M$$ in the direction of $$\gamma$$ (the normal curvature $$k_n$$), which depends only on the direction of the curve, and the curvature of $$\gamma$$ seen in $$M$$ (the geodesic curvature $$k_g$$), which is a second order quantity. The relation between these is $$k = \sqrt{k_g^2+k_n^2}$$. In particular geodesics on $$M$$ have zero geodesic curvature (they are "straight"), so that $$k=k_n$$, which explains why they appear to be curved in ambient space whenever the submanifold is.

Definition
Consider a curve $$\gamma$$ in a manifold $$\bar{M}$$, parametrized by arclength, with unit tangent vector $$T=d\gamma/ds$$. Its curvature is the norm of the covariant derivative of $$T$$: $$k = \|DT/ds \|$$. If $$\gamma$$ lies on $$M$$, the geodesic curvature is the norm of the projection of the covariant derivative $$DT/ds$$ on the tangent space to the submanifold. Conversely the normal curvature is the norm of the projection of $$DT/ds$$ on the normal bundle to the submanifold at the point considered.

If the ambient manifold is the euclidean space $$\mathbb{R}^n$$, then the covariant derivative $$DT/ds$$ is just the usual derivative $$dT/ds$$.

If $$\gamma$$ is unit-speed, i.e. $$\|\gamma'(s)\|=1$$, and $$N$$ designates the unit normal field of $$M$$ along $$\gamma$$, the geodesic curvature is given by

k_g = \gamma''(s) \cdot \Big( N( \gamma(s)) \times \gamma'(s) \Big) = \left[ \frac{\mathrm{d}^2 \gamma(s)}{\mathrm{d}s^2} , N(\gamma(s)), \frac{\mathrm{d}\gamma(s)}{\mathrm{d}s} \right]\,, $$ where the square brackets denote the scalar triple product.

Example
Let $$M$$ be the unit sphere $$S^2$$ in three-dimensional Euclidean space. The normal curvature of $$S^2$$ is identically 1, independently of the direction considered. Great circles have curvature $$k=1$$, so they have zero geodesic curvature, and are therefore geodesics. Smaller circles of radius $$r$$ will have curvature $$1/r$$ and geodesic curvature $$k_g = \frac{\sqrt{1-r^2}}{r}$$.

Some results involving geodesic curvature

 * The geodesic curvature is none other than the usual curvature of the curve when computed intrinsically in the submanifold $$M$$. It does not depend on the way the submanifold $$M$$ sits in $$\bar{M}$$.
 * Geodesics of $$M$$ have zero geodesic curvature, which is equivalent to saying that $$DT/ds$$ is orthogonal to the tangent space to $$M$$.
 * On the other hand the normal curvature depends strongly on how the submanifold lies in the ambient space, but marginally on the curve: $$k_n$$ only depends on the point on the submanifold and the direction $$T$$, but not on $$DT/ds$$.
 * In general Riemannian geometry, the derivative is computed using the Levi-Civita connection $$\bar{\nabla}$$ of the ambient manifold: $$DT/ds = \bar{\nabla}_T T$$. It splits into a tangent part and a normal part to the submanifold: $$\bar{\nabla}_T T = \nabla_T T + (\bar{\nabla}_T T)^\perp$$. The tangent part is the usual derivative $$\nabla_T T$$ in $$M$$ (it is a particular case of Gauss equation in the Gauss-Codazzi equations), while the normal part is $$\mathrm{I\!I}(T,T)$$, where $$\mathrm{I\!I}$$ denotes the second fundamental form.
 * The Gauss–Bonnet theorem.

title: Geodesic curvature


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HMS Quilliam (G09)

HMS Quilliam (G09) was a Q-class destroyer serving in the Royal Navy from 1942 to 1945. She was then transferred to the Royal Netherlands Navy, where she was commissioned as HNLMS Banckert (D801) from until 1957.

Construction
The ship was laid down by R. and W. Hawthorn, Leslie and Company, Limited, at Hebburn-on-Tyne on 19 August 1940, launched on 29 November 1941 and commissioned on 22 October 1942.

She was named after Manx Lieutenant (later Captain) John Quilliam RN, First Lieutenant of HMS Victory at the Battle of Trafalgar.

Royal Navy
Quilliam was involved in wartime operations in both the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.

On 20 May 1945, while taking part in Operation Iceberg (the Invasion of Okinawa), Quilliam was involved in a collision with the British aircraft carrier HMS Indomitable (92), which left the destroyer with a heavily damaged bow. She was out of service for repairs when World War II ended.

Royal Netherlands Navy
Quilliam was one of six Q-class destroyers to survive World War II. While five were transferred to the Royal Australian Navy, Quilliam was instead transferred to the Royal Netherlands Navy on 21 November 1945. The ship was renamed HNLMS Banckert, and received the pennant number D801. The ship was refitted to Dutch standards and had a new bow fitted before she entered service in the Netherlands East Indies.

Banckert saw action during the Indonesian National Revolution. Between 10 and 12 May 1947, the ship intercepted the British coastal merchant ship ''NR. 4 Nanmei'', which was supplying contraband to Indonesians in Tapanoeli Bay, and fired on Indonesian coastal defences in Sibolga. She was involved in the Dutch occupation of Tegal on 26 July by providing a landing party. After carrying out patrols during the Dutch 'police counteractions', Banckert returned to the Netherlands in August 1948 for a refit, which lasted until 19 September 1949. The destroyer arrived at the Soerabaja naval base on 25 December 1949, and was stationed there until 9 December 1950, when she was assigned to Netherlands New Guinea. Banckert left Southeast Asia for the Netherlands on 20 August 1951.

On her return, Banckert was assigned to the naval base at Den Helder as part of the RNLN's European Training Squadron.

Decommissioning and fate
Banckert was paid off in April 1952. She was struck from records on 19 October 1956, and was sold to Jos de Smedt of Antwerp for scrapping on 1 February 1957.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: HMS Quilliam (G09)


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Pichincha (volcano)

Pichincha is a stratovolcano in Ecuador. The capital Quito wraps around its eastern slopes.

The two highest peaks of the mountain are Wawa Pichincha (Kichwa wawa child, baby / small, Spanish spelling Guagua Pichincha) (4784 m) and Ruku Pichincha (Kichwa ruku old person, Spanish Rucu Pichincha) (4698 m). The active caldera is in Wawa Pichincha on the western side of the mountain.

Description
Both peaks are visible from the city of Quito and both are popular acclimatization climbs. Wawa Pichincha is usually accessed from the village of Lloa outside of Quito. Ruku is typically accessed from the TelefériQo on the western side of Quito.

In October 1999, the volcano erupted and covered the city with several inches of ash. Before that, the last major eruptions were in 1553 and in 1660, when about 30. cm of ash fell on the city.

The province in which it is located was named for the mountain. This is also the case for many of the other provinces in Ecuador (including Cotopaxi, Chimborazo, and Imbabura).

Geography and geology
It is also where you can find the Dracula vampira plant, a type of Orchid, that can be found on the volcano, at an altitude of between 1900 - 2200 m above sea level.

Eruptions
In 1660, Pichincha underwent a Plinian eruption, spreading ash over 1000. km, with over 30. cm of ash falling on Quito.

The most recent significant eruption began in August 1998. On March 12, 2000, a phreatic eruption killed two volcanologists who were working on the lava dome.

History
The volcano was considered sacred to numerous cultures of the indigenous peoples who lived in this region for thousands of years before encounter with Spanish and other Europeans.

The first recorded ascent of Guagua Pichincha was in 1582 by a group of locals led by José Ortiguera.

In 1737 several members of the French Geodesic Mission to the equator, including Charles-Marie de La Condamine, Pierre Bouguer and Antonio de Ulloa, spent 23 days on the summit of Rucu Pichincha as part of their triangulation work to calculate the length of a degree of latitude.

On 17 June 1742, during the same mission, La Condamine and Bouguer made an ascent of Guagua Pichincha and looked down into the crater of the volcano, which had last erupted in 1660. La Condamine compared what he saw to the underworld.

In the summer season of 1802, Alexander von Humboldt climbed and measured the altitude of this mountain and several other volcanoes in the region. Humboldt's writings inspired artist Frederic Edwin Church to visit and paint Pichincha and other Andean peaks.

On May 24, 1822, General Sucre's southern campaign in the Spanish–American War of independence came to a climax when his forces defeated the Spanish colonial army on the southeast slopes of this volcano. The engagement, known as the Battle of Pichincha, secured the independence from Spain of the territories of present-day Ecuador.

title: Pichincha (volcano)


text:
Talk:List of Metro Trains Melbourne railway stations

Craigieburn line
Is the Craigieburn 'stub' really a line? I see it as more of a subsection of the Albury-Wodonga/Shepparton regional lines, and not a line in itself - it does only have one station. Of course, once the Broad line gets extended, it will be the Craigieburn line, but as it stands, is there anything to write about it that would merit an article? Same goes for the Sunbury and Melton lines, although they have a longer greater-metro service, so they could have articles, but aren't they really subsections of their respective regional lines? T.P.K. 14:13, 26 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Somewhat - but they are part of the MetCard system. Like the Stony Point line - which is a better example because it's not a stub. Ambi 21:54, 26 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Table format
It looks like the new colourful format isn't going to work. If you look at the temp page, it's already 31 kb, but only less than half of the lines have been tabulated. The wikicode is just going to be far too long, so I'm going to have to drop it, unless there's some way of significantly reducing the table code, however, I don't see how that could be possible. Nice idea while it lasted. T.P.K. 07:56, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)

City Loop - 'premium'?
Does anyone know if the Flagstaff, Melborune Central and Parliament stations are 'premium' stations? The page doesn't list them as premium, though SSS and FSS were both listed as non-premium which I corrected.
 * I'm not sure whether they're officially so, but they have all the hallmarks of one - so I'd imagine they would be. Ambi 05:40, 5 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * They all are, and there was/is a notice above them to that end. T.P.K. 06:07, 5 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Zone colouring
What does everyone think of this?

 *  Zone 1 & City Saver area

 * Richmond (RMD)
 *  Zone 1

 * South Yarra (SYR) - Sandringham line branches
 * Hawksburn (HKN)
 * Toorak (TOR)
 * Armadale (ARM) *
 * Malvern (MAL) *
 * Caulfield (CFD) - Pakenham line branches
 * Glenhuntly (GHY) *
 *  Zones 1 & 2 overlap

 * Ormond (OMD) *
 * McKinnon (MCK)
 * Bentleigh (BEN)
 *  Zone 2

 * Patterson (PAT)
 * Moorabbin (MRN)
 * Highett (HIG)
 * Cheltenham (CTM)
 * Mentone (MEN) *
 * Parkdale (PKD)
 * Mordialloc (MOR) - Shuttle service to Frankston station
 * Aspendale (ASP)
 * Edithvale (EDI)
 *  Zones 2 & 3 overlap

 * Chelsea (CSA)
 * Bonbeach (BON)
 * Carrum (CAR) - Shuttle service to Frankston station
 *  Zone 3

 * Seaford (SEA)
 * Kananook (KAN)
 * Frankston (FKN)

I'm using tags, though I think style tags are more efficient but don't know how to use them. Either way. Also, I've used Goldenrod instead of Yellow for ease of reading.

T.PK 10:55, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I like it. Somebody in the WWW 04:20, 23 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I've added this to Pakenham railway line, Melbourne as an experiment to see what others think. I've also noticed that a lot of the Zone information is inaccurate - I'mc correcting that as I go (esp. relating to overlaps). Somebody in the WWW 05:41, 24 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * A minor issue: I think having just 2 colours looks better, i.e.  Zones 2 & 3 overlap  instead of  Zones 2 and 3 overlap, just so there is less visual clutter, and so the second zone's colour is easier to spot. T.PK 07:28, 25 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * What do you think of how I've got it now? Somebody in the WWW 05:37, 1 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Better, but I still think only 2 colours looks better, sorry :P T.PK 06:16, 1 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Fine, have it your way. I'll just stay out of the stations for a while Somebody in the WWW 07:34, 1 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm not trying to stop you from doing what you're doing, it's just my opinion on a (minor) matter. Don't take it the wrong way. T.PK 09:53, 1 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * I realize I'm stumbling on this an era late, so my apologies. I first ran across this coloured text system in Ashburton railway station, Melbourne.  There, the application of goldenrod is in normal Roman type, as opposed to bold, and I find the light colour a little difficult to distinguish.  This is exacerbated by the fact that the coloured text dangles by itself at the end of the paragraph (at the window size I happen to be using), so it gets further lost in the space between paragraphs.  Furthermore, at least to me, it seems that the use of red and blue text is somewhat confusing with the default link colours I'm using.  By comparison, the Paris Métro articles use simple coloured images to identify rail lines.  Perhaps such a system could work well here? ENeville 00:54, 15 October 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree the goldenrod on the Ashburton article does sit alone and is alittle hard to read. Those little graphics do look good on the Paris metro articles, a similar graphic could work on these articles, plus it would make it easier to change if we need to. good idea though im not sure how much support it will get. --Dan027 11:51, 16 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Using template would be less cumbersome than directly including tags and would make it easy to change/update the scheme later on. e.g. metlink-zone1, metlink-zone1&2 etc. Pimlottc 01:49, 27 May 2007 (UTC)

Destaffing
Does anyone know exactly when most of Melbourne's stations were destaffed? I'm assuming '90s, but I don't know exactly when they were destaffed. Somebody in the WWW 07:23, 25 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Presumably during privatization, so mid-90s sounds right. But is it possible that some stations were never staffed? I know some newer ones, like Keilor Plains never were, but that station was built post-privatization anyway. Maybe some older ones, out in the boondocks, weren't staffed even when most others were? Will have to find out. T.PK 07:33, 25 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Officer is another one that has never been staffed; no physical building (opened '75). I've asked on Railpage at (scroll down), but replys are varied. I'd like to get (rough) destaffing dates for most stations in Melbourne to add to the Wiki. Somebody in the WWW 08:14, 25 Dec 2004 (UTC)

The big push on removal of staff was when Metcard was introduced in the mid-90s, ahead of privatisation in August 1999. But it had been many years since there was fulltime staffing of stations, let alone on every platform. By the early-90s, well before Metcard, many stations were only staffed for a single shift each day. Danielbowen (talk) 08:34, 23 January 2017 (UTC)

Reference Quality
I can't find any example station entries that give an idea of the kind of level of detail, or even layout, expected from a station entry. I've had a stab at a decent article at Essendon railway station, Melbourne, but it leaves a lot to be desired. Can anyone point me at an appropriate quality article, or can we work together to bring the Essendon railway station, Melbourne article to a point where it can be held to be the 'gold standard'? Josh Parris ✉ 03:04, 31 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Ashburton railway station, Melbourne is one of our better examples at the moment. We've still got quite a way to go. Ambi 14:02, 31 Mar 2005 (UTC)

I think that Essendon railway station, Melbourne has now surpassed Ashburton railway station, Melbourne in article quality, and I'm thinking I like the layout too. I'd like to start flushing the format throughout the network. Josh Parris ✉ 07:51, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * See my comments on your talk page. Please don't spread that sectioning system - it looks awful, and makes the article flow terribly. Ambi 11:26, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

I think it needs a map of some sort, showing the stations and railway lines visualy
I think it needs a map of some sort, showing the stations and railway lines visualy. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Adammw (talk • contribs)

 * Do we have anyone around who can make one of these? We can't use the official one due to copyright, so I wonder if we can find a map-making Wikipedian. Rebecca 01:57, 24 November 2006 (UTC)

 * are you after map similar to how the offical map depicts the lines(a straight line with stations dotted along it) or a more close to scale map with bends, bridges and other stuff included? --Dan027 10:01, 24 November 2006 (UTC)

I agree that the page should have a map, but currently even the link in the references is dead. A link to the current PTV map is follows, http://ptv.vic.gov.au/assets/Images/maps/Network-maps/Train-Network-Map-updatedNovember2012.gif, but judging by the name it's subject to change. (Like when RRL is finished) Ensign R (talk) 04:54, 6 October 2013 (UTC)

Caulfield Group
Quick Question! Why does the caulfield group included the sandringham line which doesn't go through caulfield station? Shouldn't it be called the South Yarra Group then? What is the history behind this name? and should it be changed? 58.111.113.166 (talk) 13:41, 8 December 2007 (UTC)

 * The groups were devised in conjunction with the City Loop. There were the four groups we have today; and a fifth group with the Sandringham, St Kilda, and Port Melbourne lines that didn't go though the loop. St Kilda and Port Melbourne were closed in the 1980s, so Sandringham was tossed in with the Caulfield group. Wongm (talk) 14:01, 8 December 2007 (UTC)

Short workings
Re this edit - Blackburn services are 'almost' another line during peak time as the all stoppers, with expresses going beyond. However, we can't go listing every stopping pattern or we will end up with 10 stations lists all exactly the same. So - how do we deal with them? In this page bold the names of the usual termini and make a note of them in a paragraph at the top, and do the same in the line article? Wongm (talk) 12:36, 29 May 2008 (UTC)

 * It's a list of stations, not a list of rail services. That material can go in the line article, although it can't hurt to bold them here. Rebecca (talk) 07:49, 30 May 2008 (UTC)

Greater metropolitan lines
I've edited the 'Greater metropolitan lines' section to only included lines featured in the current suburban network diagram, and removed the Regional Rail Link stations of Tarneit and Wyndham Vale because they don't. Since the full introduction of Myki to V/Line, the old 'V/Line is country and Metcard is metropolitan' split used by this article no longer exists. A country vs metropolitan split based on myki zones won't work, as zone 2 heads all the way out to Lara, Clarkefield, Wandong, etc. Wongm (talk) 03:17, 5 October 2015 (UTC)

 * I think it's time to reintroduce the stations in the Deer Park–West Werribee railway line back into this list as PTV no longer publishes a Melbourne-only suburban network map and that VLine runs suburban-only services during peak now. What other criteria would we have to consider what is Melbourne and what is not? Fauzi (talk) 19:24, 2 June 2019 (UTC)

 * That's a hard one. Only official groupings appear to be by operator: Metro vs V/Line. Wongm (talk) 01:31, 2 September 2019 (UTC)

Date Opened
We seem to have a mix of original opening date (eg Flinders Street, 1854), and the date the current station building/structure opened (eg. Bentleigh, 2016). I'd suggest it should be one or the other, or an additional column created. Danielbowen (talk) 08:43, 23 January 2017 (UTC)
 * I just noticed the same thing, but luckily someone has added an extra column for 'rebuilt'. Now moving dates into the relevant column. Wongm (talk) 14:17, 23 October 2020 (UTC)

Eventual rework table designs
Although this is not my top priorty right now I do have plans improve this list so it can reach FL status, as part of it I may create a new table and I want to make sure there is a conseus on what format I should use for the tables I have proposed some designs based on a few other FL status station articles at User:NotOrrio/sandbox2 feel free to add new designs and comment on existing ones NotOrrio (talk) 08:04, 13 February 2023 (UTC)

 * I like design 2, here are a few extra comments:
 * Station Code - not really needed
 * Image - I like this
 * Usage - probably needs a definition (looks like a random number)
 * Connections - I like the idea of showing this. Should have it linked eg:
 * Area (design 4) - out of all designs, this is the best way to show it, although Locality and Suburb could be swapped
 * I've made an 8th design to incorporate these comments. -- ThylacineHunter  (talk) 12:29, 13 February 2023 (UTC)
 * I like design 2 and 4 as well. My thoughts: The image is great and I think station code is worth including. For distance from Southern Cross, it doesn't need two separate columns for km and miles because it is the same information (i.e. will sort the same). I don't think group is necessary to include, as it is shown by the line colours. I also don't think the zone is very important. But rebuilt is an interesting inclusion. Gracchus250 (talk) 21:56, 15 February 2023 (UTC)
 * @Gracchus250 I agree with your comment on distance not needing 2 columns, but with it in 2 it aligns the values better.
 * Station codes can be found on individual station pages, is there any benefit for having them in this sortable table?
 * I see this table is useful as an easy way to sort data relating to the stations, you sort them by... opening dates, zones, distance, usage, etc. It also needs to serve as a quick guide to the station... where it is located (what suburb/line), connections, other names, etc.
 * I guess locality is probably not too important, also most are named after the suburb they are in and not too many share a suburb, so these could be left off if needed to reduce the size. I've had a friend comment that there could be a notes column and to put other names into that. -- ThylacineHunter  (talk) 22:36, 15 February 2023 (UTC)
 * I've started work on also getting List of regional railway stations in Victoria into a table (currently just bullet point list of stations per line) so it can be made to a similar format as the Melbourne one. See User:ThylacineHunter/sandbox2. At the moment it's focused on getting together basic potential information that will probably appear on the final table from each of the station pages. The final table design will be dependant on what is selected for here. -- ThylacineHunter  (talk) 00:55, 17 February 2023 (UTC)

Network Map
The Network Map section is missing the Hurstbridge line. -- ThylacineHunter  (talk) 06:17, 25 February 2023 (UTC)

 * i've replaced it with a temporary map now the interactive map ive used wasn't properley displaying the hurstbridge line ill re add the interactive one back in once the problem is ressolved NotOrrio (talk) 07:46, 25 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Took me a while to figure out why it didn't look correct. -- ThylacineHunter  (talk) 08:06, 25 February 2023 (UTC)
 * This one is good for both this and the list of closed stations pages, and it also covers the proposed lines. -- ThylacineHunter  (talk) 08:09, 25 February 2023 (UTC)

new table
I finished S as of right now and I am expecting to complete the new table and import it here by the end of the day NotOrrio (talk) 07:45, 25 February 2023 (UTC)

Final Check
I will give the list a final check by grading it on the featured list criteria. I will nominate it for FL status once all criteria have been addresssed

 * 1) Prose. It features professional standards of writing.
 * 2) Lead. It has an engaging lead that introduces the subject and defines the scope and inclusion criteria.
 * 3) Comprehensiveness.
 * 4) * (a) It comprehensively covers the defined scope, providing at least all of the major items and, where practical, a complete set of items; where appropriate, it has annotations that provide useful and appropriate information about the items.
 * 5) * (b) statements are sourced where they appear, and they provide inline citations if they contain any of the four kinds of material absolutely required to have citations.
 * 6) * (c) In length and/or topic, it meets all of the requirements for stand-alone lists; does not violate the content-forking guideline, does not largely duplicate material from another article, and could not reasonably be included as part of a related article.
 * 7) Structure. It is easy to navigate and includes, where helpful, section headings and table sort facilities.
 * 8) Style. It complies with the Manual of Style and its supplementary pages.
 * 9) * (a) Visual appeal. It makes suitable use of text layout, formatting, tables, and colour; and a minimal proportion of items are redlinked.
 * 10) * (b) Media files. It has images and other media, if appropriate to the topic, that follow Wikipedia's usage policies, with succinct captions. Non-free images and other media satisfy the criteria for the inclusion of non-free content and are labeled accordingly.
 * 11) Stability. It is not the subject of ongoing edit wars and its content does not change significantly from day to day, except in response to the featured list process.

Legend

✅- Mostly/Fully addressed

🟡- Working on fixing it

🔴- Does not fullfill yet

⚪-Not Checked Yet

Featured List Check List

- Scope: ✅ - Sources: 🔴 - Lenght: ✅
 * Prose 🟡
 * Lead ✅
 * Comperhensiveness 🔴
 * Structure ✅
 * Style ✅
 * Stability ✅

NotOrrio (talk) 09:39, 25 February 2023 (UTC)

 * Some recommendations from me:
 * The table is too wide. You can make it less wide by removing the bullet points from the line(s) column and using Template:Br instead, reducing the images to 100px, and merging the connections column and the rebuilt dates column into the notes column.
 * You might want to consider having a separate table for future stations, like at List of Transperth railway stations.
 * Every image will require alt text.
 * You need better sourcing for the date that each station opened.
 * Steelkamp (talk) 08:40, 26 February 2023 (UTC)
 * what do you mean by alt text but anyways ive began taking action on the recommendations you have given NotOrrio (talk) 10:04, 26 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Click on the link to find out. Steelkamp (talk) 10:05, 26 February 2023 (UTC)
 * personally i dont think the images in the table should have alt text especially since the table is too wide as you have mentioned however i will try make sure the images outside of the table have alt text NotOrrio (talk) 22:54, 26 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Alt text isn't the same as the caption text. Alt text only displays when the image doesn't load for some reason. It is useful to people using screen readers. I guarantee reviewers at FLC will ask you to add alt text to all the images. You can see how I've done it at List of Transperth railway stations. Steelkamp (talk) 02:29, 27 February 2023 (UTC)
 * I like how there is a difference with special events stations, may be good to do similar for Flemington line station.
 * Also consider the following, it both reduces the width and cuts down on amount of excess text (instead of typing )
 * to show
 * ThylacineHunter  (talk) 02:53, 27 February 2023 (UTC)
 * This works ok for  but not for  . TrainLink will still need to use   . -- ThylacineHunter  (talk) 02:57, 27 February 2023 (UTC)
 * I have now updated this. -- ThylacineHunter  (talk) 04:28, 2 March 2023 (UTC)
 * at first i didn't understand the different but now I agree I also agree with Thylacinehunter's feedback on how the table width can be reduced by shrinking line names when possible NotOrrio (talk) 03:36, 27 February 2023 (UTC)
 * at first i didn't understand the different but now I agree I also agree with Thylacinehunter's feedback on how the table width can be reduced by shrinking line names when possible NotOrrio (talk) 03:36, 27 February 2023 (UTC)

Final Comments
I'm going to nominiate this soon but I want to make sure if there are any other problems that need to be addressed. If not I will nominate the article for FL status NotOrrio (talk) 06:19, 1 March 2023 (UTC)

 * I suggest changing the column "Line(s)" to "Service(s)" as these are technically services not individual railways lines. -- ThylacineHunter  (talk) 04:31, 2 March 2023 (UTC)

Clean-ups
I will be making some clean ups and fixing issues that were brought up in the original FL-Nomination, I will not be renominating this article atleast for now especially since the source for the distances has questionable reliability,

I will also make a spot check on this article as I have identified an issue that was not discussed earlier where a bunch of rints led to Anstey station NotOrrio (talk) 13:53, 6 November 2023 (UTC)

Requested move 7 November 2023

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: Moved  — Amakuru (talk) 14:18, 14 November 2023 (UTC)

List of railway stations in Melbourne → List of Metro Trains Melbourne railway stations – The list as it currently stands is not actually about all the railway stations in Melbourne. It excludes V/Line-only stations within Melbourne, such as Ardeer railway station or Deer Park railway station. I propose that this page be refocused on just Metro Trains Melbourne stations, which would also exclude the heritage stations and the Suburban Rail Loop-only stations.

Moving to this proposed title would be in line with List of Sydney Trains railway stations, List of Sydney Metro stations and List of Transperth railway stations. This move would be accompanied by a move of List of regional railway stations in Victoria to List of V/Line railway stations. Steelkamp (talk) 03:57, 7 November 2023 (UTC)

 * Support: For consistency and accuracy per nom, I wouldn't mind also adding redirects from the previous operators' names, such as List of Connex Melbourne railway stations. Easily can be moved to a new name if the Metro branding is dropped for another name in the future. Just as a little side note, we shouldn't get ahead of ourselves regarding a decision about the Suburban Rail Loop stations, we have no idea how it'll be organised/branded to the public yet, assuming that the whole project as proposed even finishes construction in any of our lifetimes. When the time comes, if it's considered a separate travel mode, then we'll cross that bridge later. Fork99 (talk) 06:29, 7 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Support- I suggest moving the list of heritage and tourist railway stations lists to their respective articles
 * Suburban Rail Loop could stay here for now as there is no greater system that the project would be part of NotOrrio (talk) 09:52, 7 November 2023 (UTC)

 * Oppose. Deleting certain stations (particularly the Puffing Billy) from this list seems quite unhelpful; a list of all metropolitan stations (whether or not they're part of the electrified system) seems much better than a list by current operator.  Unless there's a separate article carrying a list of former stations in Melbourne (e.g. Albert Park light rail station, on the St Kilda railway line; or General Motors railway station), we ought to expand this article with a list of them.  And if this list is missing some V/Line stations, just add the missing ones.  Nyttend (talk) 04:55, 11 November 2023 (UTC)
 * What do the Puffing Billy stations have in common with the Metro Trains stations? The only thing holding these stations together is an arbitrary city border. What will happen if the Metro Trains network is extended beyond Melbourne? Where even are the borders of Melbourne? Is Melton part of Melbourne? Steelkamp (talk) 05:06, 11 November 2023 (UTC)
 * I edit-conflicted with you. Had it been five more minutes, my second sentence would have become Deleting the heritage stations from this list seems quite unhelpful; a list of all metropolitan stations, whether or not they're currently operated as part of the electrified system, seems much better than a list by current operator.  Nyttend (talk) 05:08, 11 November 2023 (UTC)
 * I would argue that for consistency's sake (as all other cities in Australia do the same for their station lists) that the move occur, and that a new list for heritage, closed and former stations be created unless one already exists. Or the main Metro section be at the top of this list, and a section at the bottom for heritage stations, but still maintaining the Metro name? It might be confusing though. A hatnote could be added to direct to the list for V/Line stations if necessary. I do agree that Australian city boundaries are both legally and in common everyday situations fairly arbitrary or outright weird. In Sydney for example, the Central Coast is legally considered to be part of Sydney, however most people normally consider it to be its own thing as a “peri-urban” part of Sydney. Ditto for the Blue Mountains. I'm not 100% familiar with the Melbourne railway network, however there is the possibility that Metro already does or will serve in the future areas outside of the legally defined Greater Melbourne area, which may make this list confusing and/or inconsistent. Fork99 (talk) 19:22, 12 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Support: I have thought about it and agree that the move should happen, the heritage stations really don't belong on this list and should just be in their respective articles. Also this list doesn't currently show, for example, Melton or Wyndham Vale, which are stations in Melbourne but aren't metropolitan/Metro Trains stations. So dividing the V/Line and Metro lists by operator makes sense. You could use the terms "metropolitan" and "regional" like the government does to label the two networks, but Metro Trains Melbourne and V/Line are probably the more common names among the public. It's a shame that "List of Metro Trains Melbourne railway stations" is a bit of a mouthful, you could almost drop the "railway", but for consistency with the other articles I think it's fine.
 * I'd add that I think SRL stations should remain for now because for all we know it's likely to be the same operator or at least branded as part of Metro, and if it's not then a separate list article can be created (in about a decade). Gracchus250 (talk) 20:54, 13 November 2023 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.


text:
1800 in Canada

Events from the year 1800 in Canada.

Incumbents

 * Monarch: George III

Federal government

 * Parliament of Lower Canada: 2nd (until June 4)
 * Parliament of Upper Canada: 2nd (until July 4)

Governors

 * Governor of the Canadas: Robert Milnes
 * Governor of New Brunswick: Thomas Carleton
 * Governor of Nova Scotia: John Wentworth
 * Commodore-Governor of Newfoundland: Charles Morice Pole
 * Governor of St. John's Island: Edmund Fanning

Events

 * Alexander Mackenzie, the explorer, joins XY Company.
 * April – United Irish Uprising in Newfoundland.
 * May 30 – Bar of Quebec is founded.
 * August – Upper Canada expands westward and further into the interior, as the first settlers arrive at the upper Grand River.
 * October 1 – Spain cedes Louisiana back to France.

Births

 * January 3 – Etienne-Michel Faillon, Catholic historian (d.1870)
 * August 22 – Edward Barron Chandler, politician (d.1880)
 * October 21 – René-Édouard Caron, 2nd Mayor of Quebec City and 2nd Lieutenant-Governor of Quebec (d.1876)
 * October 22 – James Ferrier, merchant, politician and 4th Mayor of Montreal (d.1888)
 * November 21 – William Agar Adamson, Church of England clergyman and author (d.1868)

Deaths

 * March 16 – Jean-Joseph Casot, last jesuit in Canada.

Historical documents
List of wars between England and France since 1116 counts 242 years of warfare in 687-year period

Monthly record of British military deployment shows 2 ships of the line, 7 frigates, 6 sloops and 5 infantry regiments in America and Newfoundland

Newly signed "Convention of Amity and Commerce between France and the United States" has "maxims" supporting neutrality and "regulations of 1778"

German professors experiment with beets producing sugar; their "process, which they are about to publish, is easy, and by no means expensive"

Lower Canada
Montreal petitioners ask Assembly to legalize slavery of "Negroes and Panis," including recognizing enslaved as property and regulating them

Notice of death of Father Casot, last Jesuit in L.C., notes his charity toward poor people and calls his loss "a public calamity"

Assembly asks British government to dedicate former Jesuit property to education in order to preserve population's attachment to Constitution

George Heriot, deputy postmaster general for British North America, announces and seeks support for monthly winter postal link with Upper Canada

Partners bringing spring water to Montreal area seek charter, supported by Montrealers who find St. Lawrence River water "impure in the extreme"

Death of shipbuilder Patrick Beatson "will be severely felt by a great number of Mechanics as his extensive concerns[...]are as yet unrivalled"

Any man suing another man for latter's "criminal conversation" with former's wife does not need to prove latter man guilty of adultery

Christians: "[...]examine your thoughts, words, and actions [for faults], especially after much business, speaking, &c.[....]"

New York medical journal says Quebec man plans to publish on "how far the laws of Chemical Action" explain "Phenomena of organic matter"

Every 6th Regiment soldier must have permission to sell any clothing, equipment or arms, and anyone buying from one or his wife will be prosecuted

"Very great rise in the price of paper, wages and the necessaries of life" since Gazette's 1764 debut means subscription rises from $3 to $4 annually

Upper Canada
Odawa, Ojibwe, Potawatomi and Wendat sell 1,380 acres along Detroit River in area of what is now Sandwich and Amherstburg for £300 in goods

Mother and daughter each given 1,200 acres of land "as the wife & daughter of an executive Counciller;" he and family have 20,000 acres in total

Daughter of United Empire Loyalist petitions for 200 acres "to put her on a footing with others of her description"

Lt. Gov. Peter Hunter says calling legislature in late spring is inconvenient and will end when "Roads which communicate with the Capital" open

Nova Scotia
N.S. juries have decided so often against enslavers, says New Brunswick lawyer, that "masters" have turned to "limited service by indenture"

Lt. Gov. Wentworth calls Maroons "deluded deceived people [leaving] Health, Comfort, and prosperity" of N.S. (Note: racial stereotypes)

Halifax naval personnel find evidence of shipwreck deaths on Sable Island; suggestion follows to locate 2 or 3 lifesaving families on island

Clare Township Acadians oppose "reunion" of land they inhabit to Weymouth Parish across Sissiboo River, dividing them "one from another"

Letter-to-the-Editor suggests many wells be dug to fight drought in Halifax and protect it from fires both in "the Country around" and in town

Optical telegraph system is set up across province from Halifax to Annapolis with plans to extend it to New Brunswick

"Negro Girl [for lease], Aged 18 years, good natured, fond of Children and accustomed to both Town and Country work"

New Brunswick
Edward Winslow considers road to Lower Canada "essential to the safety & prosperity of these provinces," and worth fighting U.S.A. for

Winslow says many Loyalists given land grants "were idle, dissipated and capricious, [selling land] for a trifle to Land-jobbers and speculators"

Lt. Gov. Carleton says "Settlement [up St. John River] has made it necessary to be the more on our guard against any hostile[...]Savages"

Ward Chipman's point-by-point brief supports client Nancy's Supreme Court case against her enslaver, arguing right of slavery is not lawful

Listing of N.B. produce (masts, lumber, fish etc.) en route to West Indies and Britain in some of 31 new ships out of Saint John port this year

Guilty of grand larceny, "the old offender, Martha Malone, [is sentenced to] 39 lashes in presence of a female only," and 2 years hard labour

John McKinnon has "prevailed with his Wife Ann to return to him under an engagement on his part that she shall not have any cause of fear"

"The Coroner's Inquest sat on the body of Mary Austin, an unfortunate woman, found dead in the street - Verdict, accidental death"

A. Paddock and two others, "informed that there is a very great probability that the Small Pox will soon appear" in Saint John, offer inoculations -					Physician John Caleff describes outbreak of smallpox in St. Andrews in last two months affecting more than 500 people but with only 3 deaths

Patent medicine: "Vermifuge Lozenges for destroying worms[,] Volatile Tincture; An immediate Cure for the TOOTH ACHE[,] Infallible German Corn Plaister"

Anonymous writer advises treating fevers by keeping "the intestines open with Castor Oil;[...]or the Pyrment waters with Vitriolic acid and Aromatics"

Call for dissertation on chapters of Revelation "proving that Jacobinism is the Eighth Head of the Beast, and Voltaire the Number of the Beast"

Cornerstone of Assembly and law courts building laid; it will combine "the principles of utility, œconomy and elegance in the highest degree" - 					Fashions: "Small round caps with very narrow lace borders [–] a peculiar appearance of buxom beauty[,]" scarlet cashmere cloaks, short-waisted coats

Newfoundland
"The Newfoundland Fishery has been highly successful last season; the Venus navigated by five men, caught 80,000 Cod"

France's Newfoundland fishery, once four times bigger than England's, is now nearly gone and "almost exclusivly in possession of the English"

Labrador
Missionary makes chart of coast as far as Hudson Bay from Inuit accounts, including "dwelling places, rivers, bays and woods" and anchorages

Solomon says "[...]I cannot regain that state of mind I enjoyed, when I was baptized. There is[...]a dark shadow between me and our Savior"

Hudson's Bay Company
Indigenous woman and 5 children walk 9 days to York Factory after losing her husband; she reports others unable to walk, but no one at Y.F. can help

Three teenage boys (including chief factor's son), "Educated and Brought up in the [Albany] Factory," apprentice to shipwright, carpenter and cooper

Elsewhere
Union of Ireland and Britain "arrests much of the public attention in both kingdoms" and acrimony characterizes debate in Irish Parliament

Commons supply committee expends from £7,960 (Upper Canada) to £1,640 (Newfoundland) for civil government; compare £39.5 million budget

Men of Rocky Mountain Fort fire muskets at dawn on New Year's Day and receive 2 drams of rum and half-fathom (3 feet) of tobacco each

U.S. commissioners find 49 "refugees" from British North America during American Revolution are entitled to shares of 33,500 acres made available

title: 1800 in Canada


text:
Christmas Eve on Sesame Street

Christmas Eve on Sesame Street is a Sesame Street Christmas special first broadcast on PBS on Sunday, December 3, 1978.

Plot
The special starts with live-action versions of the Muppets enjoying an ice skating party. Afterward, they head home to Sesame Street performing the song "True Blue Miracle".

In the main story, Oscar the Grouch plants the seeds of doubt in Big Bird's mind whether Santa Claus can actually get down chimneys to deliver Christmas presents. Big Bird enlists the help of Kermit the Frog and Grover to interview children about how he manages it; their responses vary. Big Bird even attempts a reenactment with Snuffy but it is unsuccessful. He spends the night out in the cold on the brownstone's roof, waiting for Santa to appear in person. After the residents of Sesame Street realize that Big Bird has gone missing, Maria confronts Oscar for upsetting Big Bird. Oscar reveals that he was only teasing Big Bird and agrees to help search for him.

Meanwhile, in a variation on the 1905 O. Henry story "The Gift of the Magi", Bert and Ernie want to give each other Christmas presents, but they have no money. Bert trades away his prized paper clip collection to buy a pink soap dish for Ernie's Rubber Duckie, but Ernie has bartered it to get Bert an empty cigar box for his paper clip collection. Mr. Hooper, the store owner, realizes what is happening and gives them their treasured possessions back as Christmas presents.

Also, Cookie Monster attempts to get in touch with Santa Claus to bring him cookies for Christmas. In confusion he ends up violently eating a pencil and typewriter to write a letter, and a telephone to call the North Pole. At Gordon and Susan Robinson's apartment, he laments to Gordon that he was unable to contact Santa. Gordon suggests leaving cookies for Santa, leaving him perplexed.

In the end, Big Bird walks down from the roof to warm up, much to the relief of his friends. He realizes Santa had already come and gone when he sees the presents under the tree (due to him falling asleep on the roof and Santa's shadow looms over him while he's asleep). He regrets not learning how Santa can go down chimneys, but he comes to recognize that being together with family and friends is more important. Oscar, true to form, starts needling him about how the Easter Bunny can hide all the eggs in one night, only to be rebuked by Gordon and Susan as Big Bird begins to fret about the holidays all over again.

The special concludes with Susan and Gordon returning to their apartment to find that Cookie Monster has eaten the needles and decorations off their Christmas tree.

Puppeteers

 * Caroll Spinney as Big Bird and Oscar the Grouch
 * Jim Henson as Kermit the Frog and Ernie
 * Frank Oz as Grover, Bert, and Cookie Monster
 * Jerry Nelson as The Count and Snuffy
 * Richard Hunt as Oscar the Grouch (assistant), Cookie Monster (assistant), Ernie (assistant) and Snuffy (assistant)

The cast of Sesame Street

 * Linda Bove as Linda
 * Northern Calloway as David
 * Debbie Chen as Patty
 * Will Lee as Mr. Hooper
 * Loretta Long as Susan Robinson
 * Sonia Manzano as Maria
 * Bob McGrath as Bob Johnson
 * Roscoe Orman as Gordon Robinson
 * Alaina Reed as Olivia Robinson
 * Danny Epstein as the Street Musician
 * Chet O'Brien as Mr. Macintosh
 * Jon Stone as the Voice of Santa Claus over Cookie Monster's telephone

Credits

 * Producer: Dulcy Singer
 * Written by Jon Stone and Joseph A. Bailey
 * Skaters from Holiday on Ice
 * "True Blue Miracle" by Carol Hall
 * "Keep Christmas with You" and "I Hate Christmas" by Sam Pottle and David Axelrod
 * Original Music Arranger and Conductor: Dick Lieb
 * Music Coordinator: Danny Epstein
 * Music Assistant: Dave Connor
 * Associate Director: Ozzie Alfonso
 * Production Supervisor: Robert Braithwaite
 * Muppets by: Donald Sahlin, Kermit Love, Caroly Wilcox, John Lovelady
 * Art Director: Alan J. Compton
 * Production Stage Manager: Chet O'Brien
 * Stage Manager: Emily Squires
 * Set Decorator: Nat Mongioi
 * Lighting Directors: David M. Clark, Tony DiGirolamo
 * Graphic Artist: Gerri Brioso
 * Costume Designer: Bill Kellard
 * Wardrobe: Grisha Mynova
 * Production Assistants: Mercedes Polanco, Sharen Gay, Cathi Rosenberg
 * Technical Advisor: Walt Rauffer
 * Technical Director: Ralph Mensch
 * Sound Effects: Dick Maitland, Roy Carch
 * Audio: Mike Shoskes, Jay Judell
 * Executive Producer: Jon Stone
 * Production Conceived and Directed by: Jon Stone

Songs
A variety of Christmas songs help interweave these three plot lines and make the production much more touching, including:

 * "Feliz Navidad", by José Feliciano while Big Bird skates with one of the children (preceded and followed by a slow orchestral version of the song).
 * "True Blue Miracle", sung during the gang's trip from the ice rink back to Sesame Street.
 * "Keep Christmas with You (All Through the Year)", sung in Bob's apartment with Linda leading a group of children in signing the chorus.
 * "I Hate Christmas", sung by Oscar the Grouch outside on Sesame Street.
 * "Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas", sung by Bert and Ernie after opening their Christmas presents to each other.
 * "Keep Christmas with You (All Through the Year)" (Reprise), sung by everyone at the end.

Awards

 * 1979: Emmy Award for Outstanding Children's Program - Jon Stone (executive producer), Dulcy Singer (producer)

One of the special's competitors that year was a lesser-known, critically panned Sesame Street special on CBS -- A Special Sesame Street Christmas.

In 1988, the production was converted to a live show and performed on ice for a single show in Philadelphia, PA.

Edits
In various re-airings on PBS in the late 1980s the closing scene with Susan and Gordon finding that Cookie Monster ate the needles and discovered off their Christmas tree was cut, likely due to a combination of the PBS closing credits at the end of the original and for Cookie Monster's excessive belching.

On video releases since the mid-1990s, the 1978 Children's Television Workshop logo with Christmas music was cut. The 1996 VHS replaces it with the 1983 logo, and DVD releases of the special start without any logos.

In December 2020, the special was released on the HBO Max streaming service. Approximately 2 minutes of Big Bird skating to Jose Feliciano’s recording of Feliz Navidad was removed. The closing scene featuring Cookie Monster, Susan, and Gordon is present on Max as of December 2023.

When Big Bird and Patty check on Oscar following his skating accident, his original line was "Sure. I've been thrown out of better places than that." It was later re-dubbed in post-production (to "Let's go back and do it, again!"), because Jon Stone considered the original joke too adult-focused.

Home media
The special was released on VHS in 1987 and 1996, and on DVD in 2002 and 2008. As of 2023 the show is also available for streaming on Amazon Prime.

Recording
The soundtrack album features several of the songs from the special, along with narration. It was nominated for a Grammy Award, but lost to In Harmony: A Sesame Street Record.

title: Christmas Eve on Sesame Street


text:
User talk:Zarius

Hi there. Welcome to Wikipedia! Drop us a note at New user log to introduce yourself.

If you need editing help, visit How does one edit a page. For format questions, visit our manual of style

Some time when you're bored, you can read through our policies and guidelines. If you made any edits before you got an account, you might be interested in assigning those to your username.

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Happy editing, Isomorphic 03:49, 23 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Your VandalProof Application

 * (note for future reference: over 250 edits & VP application approved by Sean Whitton - 28 March 2007) -- Zariusт

thanks!
thanks for reverting vandalism on my user page! cheers! xC | ☎  18:47, 8 April 2007 (UTC)

Thanks...
...for reverting vandalism on my userpage! Sr13 (T|C) 02:45, 11 April 2007 (UTC)

Thank you! (Sorting)
Thanks for telling me about the sortable table. There are quite a few places where this would be helpful, and means I can stop thinking about how to do it. I am off to check the new version of the Oscar awards! WIKIPEDIA is great. (Just barely able to restrain another exclamation point.) Martin |  talk • contribs 14:58, 11 May 2007 (UTC)

VandalFighter svn
seems the VF SVN is down, since you added the address do you know of any other locations? —Preceding unsigned comment added by OverlordQ (talk • contribs) 08:00, 9 June 2007

Brisbane meetup
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title: User talk:Zarius


text:
HMS Quentin (G78)

HMS Quentin was a Q-class destroyer laid down by J. Samuel White and Company, Limited, at Cowes on the Isle of Wight on 25 September 1940, launched on 5 November 1941 and commissioned on 15 April 1942. She saw service during the Second World War before being sunk in 1942 by German aircraft off North Africa.

Service history
Quentin attacked and sank the German submarine GS U-162 (1941) with the aid of destroyers HMS Vimy (D33) and HMS Pathfinder (G10) in the Caribbean Sea near Trinidad on 3 September 1942. Quentin and the Australian destroyer HMAS Quiberon (G81) depth charged and sank the Italian submarine Dessiè off Algeria on 28 November 1942. Quentin was torpedoed by German aircraft and sank off North Africa on 2 December 1942 with the loss of 20 men, only hours after participating in the Battle of Skerki Bank.

title: HMS Quentin (G78)


text:
Cameron Todd Willingham

Cameron Todd Willingham (January 9, 1968 – February 17, 2004) was an American man who was convicted and executed for the murder of his three young children by arson at the family home in Corsicana, Texas, on December 23, 1991. Since Willingham's 2004 execution, significant controversy has arisen over the legitimacy of the guilty verdict and the interpretation of the evidence that was used to convict him of arson and murder.

Willingham's case and the investigative techniques were criticized by a 2004 Chicago Tribune article. The case was discussed again in a 2009 investigative report in The New Yorker. This coverage suggested that the arson evidence was misinterpreted. According to an August 2009 investigative report by an expert hired by the Texas Forensic Science Commission, the original claims of arson were doubtful. The Corsicana Fire Department disputes the findings, stating that the report overlooked several key points in the record. A 2011 documentary, Incendiary: The Willingham Case, also explored the case. The case was complicated by allegations that Texas Governor Rick Perry impeded the investigation by replacing three of the nine Forensic Commission members to change the commission's findings; Perry denies the allegations.

Fire
On December 23, 1991, a fire destroyed the family home of Cameron Todd Willingham in Corsicana, Texas. Killed in the fire were Willingham's three daughters: two-year-old Amber Louise Willingham, and one-year-old twins, Karmen Diane Willingham and Kameron Marie Willingham. Willingham himself escaped the home with only minor burns. Stacy Kuykendall, Willingham's then-wife and the mother of his three daughters, was not home at the time of the fire. She was out shopping for Christmas presents at a thrift shop.

Prosecutors charged that Willingham set the fire and killed the children in an attempt to cover up abuse of the children and wife. However, there was no evidence of child abuse. Kuykendall told prosecutors that he had never abused the children. "Our kids were spoiled rotten," she said, insisting he would never harm their children, but according to Kuykendall, she herself was abused by him.

Evidence
After the fire, the police investigation determined that the fire had been started using some form of a liquid accelerant. This evidence included a finding of char patterns in the floor in the shape of "puddles," a finding of multiple starting points of the fire, and a finding that the fire had burned "fast and hot," all considered to indicate a fire that had been ignited with the help of a liquid accelerant. The investigators also found charring under the aluminum front door jamb, which they believed was a further indication of a liquid accelerant and tested positive for such an accelerant in the area of the front door. No clear motive was found, and Willingham's wife denied that the couple had been fighting prior to the night of the fire.

Johnny Webb
In addition to the arson evidence presented at the trial, a jailhouse informant named Johnny Webb testified at that time. His testimony has been criticized as contentious for several reasons. Webb claimed that Willingham confessed that he set the fire to hide an injury or death of one of the girls, which was caused by his wife. But none of the girls were found at the time of death to have physical injuries that were still distinguishable after the effects of the fire. Webb later told David Grann, a reporter for The New Yorker, that he might have been mistaken. He said he was prescribed many medications at that point while being treated for bipolar disorder.

At Willingham's trial, Webb offered an explanation for the individual, distinguishable burns found on Amber's forehead and arm. He said that Willingham confessed to burning her twice with a piece of "wadded up" paper in an effort to make it appear as though the children were "playing with fire."

Prosecutor John Jackson noted that Webb was considered unreliable, but he later supported an early release from prison for Webb. Webb later sent Jackson a "Motion to Recant Testimony", which declared, "Mr. Willingham is innocent of all charges." Willingham's attorneys were not notified. Webb later recanted his recantation. He later asked, "The statute of limitations has run out on perjury, hasn't it?"

Webb and Jackson consistently denied that Webb was offered a sentence reduction in return for his testimony against Willingham. Evidence of such a deal would have eliminated Webb's testimony. In February 2014, The New York Times reported that the Innocence Project investigators said they had discovered a handwritten note in Webb's files indicating that such a deal was in play.

James Grigson
During the penalty phase of the trial, a prosecutor said that Willingham's tattoo of a skull and serpent fit the profile of a sociopath. Two medical experts confirmed the theory. One of those experts, a psychologist who had not published any research in the field of sociopathic behavior, but only held a master's degree in marriage and family issues was asked to interpret Willingham's Iron Maiden poster. He said that a picture of a fist punching through a skull signified violence and death. He added that Willingham's Led Zeppelin poster of a fallen angel was "many times" an indicator of "cultive-type" activities.

The other medical expert, psychiatrist James Grigson, known by the moniker "Dr. Death" for his repeated testimony as an expert witness in which he recommended the death penalty, said that a man of Willingham's criminal history was an "extremely severe sociopath" and was incurable. Grigson had served as an expert witness for the prosecution in murder trials across the state of Texas. Prior to his death, he was expelled by the American Psychiatric Association and the Texas Society of Psychiatric Physicians for unethical conduct. The APA said that Grigson had violated the organization's ethics code by

"'Arriving at a psychiatric diagnosis without first having examined the individuals in question, and for indicating, while testifying in court as an expert witness, that he could predict with 100 per cent certainty that the individuals would engage in future violent acts.'"

The prosecution sought to establish that Willingham's conduct at the time of the fire and in the days afterward was suspicious. As the fire took hold, Willingham was driven out through the front door of his house, where he crouched down near the entrance. On seeing neighbor Diane Barbee, Willingham began to shout at her to call 911, shouting "My babies are in there!" At trial, Willingham's conduct at the scene was described as oscillating between collected and hysterical, at times screaming for assistance and at other times calmly pushing his car back from the flames that were engulfing his house. Willingham later said that he removed the car out of concern that it could explode and worsen the house fire.

Witnesses to the event and days after
Eyewitnesses described Willingham as having "singed hair on his chest, eyelids, and head and had a two-inch burn injury on his right shoulder, but the prosecution highlighted the absence of any evidence of smoke inhalation. His wrists and hands were blackened with smoke. He was eventually transported to the hospital for treatment, in handcuffs."

According to their sworn statements, both Brandice Barbee and Diane Barbee urged Willingham to return to the house to rescue his children. According to Brandice Barbee, "All I could see was smoke." According to Brandice, he refused, and moved his car away from the fire before returning to sit on a nearby lawn, "not once attempting to go inside to rescue his children." Once the fire had reached flashover and the fire department arrived, Willingham became far more agitated, to the point of being restrained by emergency services. In the following days, Willingham returned to the house with some family and friends. Neighbors described this group as having an odd levity, which was seen to turn somber on the arrival of authorities. On returning to the scene of the fire with firefighter Ron Franks, in an effort to recover personal property (which was described as a very usual request at trial), Willingham was visibly dismayed at being unable to find a dart set. At a local bar, where a fundraiser was held for the Willingham family, he placed an order for a replacement set, stating that "money was not a problem now."

Motive
The prosecution claimed that Willingham may have been motivated by a desire to rid himself of unwanted children. The prosecutor claimed the fire that killed the children was the third attempt by Willingham to kill them, and that he had attempted to abort each of his wife's two pregnancies by kicking her in order to cause miscarriages.

Journalist David Grann reported that "...there is evidence that Willingham hit his wife, even when she was pregnant, but there were no police reports or medical evidence indicating that Willingham had tried to abort or kill his children." He wrote, "Willingham's wife insisted during the trial and under interrogation that Willingham had not physically abused the children." The trial testimony by Webb, a jailhouse informant, suggested that Willingham had set the fire in order to cover up an injury or death of one of the children due to his wife's actions. The prosecutor also said that Willingham was a serial wife abuser, both physically and emotionally. Jackson said Willingham had abused animals and was a sociopath. However, those not associated with the case paint a different picture of Willingham. His former probation officer, Polly Goodin, said he had never demonstrated bizarre or sociopathic behavior and that "He was probably one of my favorite kids." Bebe Bridges, a former judge who was often on the "opposite side" of Willingham in the legal system, and who had sent him to jail for stealing, said that she could not imagine him killing his children. "He was polite, and he seemed to care", she said.

Trial
Willingham was charged with murder on January 8, 1992. During his trial in August 1992, he was offered a life term in exchange for a guilty plea, which he turned down, insisting he was innocent.

At trial, the fire investigator Vasquez testified there were three points of origin for the fire, which indicated that the fire was "intentionally set by human hands." A sample of burned material near the doorway of the house tested positive for mineral spirits, indicating the presence of lighter fluid. Willingham had escaped the fire with bare feet and no burn marks. This was taken as evidence that the accelerant was poured by Willingham as he left the house. Several witnesses testified for the prosecution.

In 2009, John Jackson, the prosecutor at the trial, stated that burns suffered by Willingham were "so superficial as to suggest that the same were self-inflicted in an attempt to divert suspicion from himself." Grann, however, said fire investigators who reviewed the case told him that "Willingham's first-degree and second-degree burns were consistent with being in a fire before the moment of 'flashover' — that is, when everything in a room suddenly ignites."

Commenting on the condition of the house, Jackson added, "Any escape or rescue route from the burning house was blocked by a refrigerator, which had been pushed against the back door, requiring any person attempting an escape to run through the conflagration at the front of the house." There were two refrigerators in the Willingham house. Jimmie Hensley, a police detective, and Douglas Fogg, the assistant fire chief — who both investigated the fire — told Grann that they had never believed that the refrigerator was part of the arson plot. "It didn't have [anything] to do with the fire," Fogg said.

Jackson contradicted Willingham's account by claiming blood gas analysis at Navarro Regional Hospital shortly after the fire revealed that Willingham had not inhaled any smoke. Willingham's statement and eyewitness accounts had detailed rescue attempts.

Consistent with typical Navarro County death penalty practice, Willingham was offered the opportunity to eliminate himself as a suspect by polygraph examination, which Willingham rejected, according to Jackson. Against the advice of his own counsel, Willingham declined a life sentence in exchange for his guilty plea. He insisted he would not admit to something he had not done, even if it meant sparing his life. During his trial, Willingham did not testify; the defense called only one witness, the Willinghams' babysitter, who stated that she believed that Willingham could not have killed his children.

Appeals, incarceration, and execution
Willingham had the Texas Department of Criminal Justice number 999041. While on death row, Willingham was initially incarcerated in the Ellis Unit, and later in the Polunsky Unit.

Willingham's case gained attention in December 2004, when Maurice Possley and Steve Mills of the Chicago Tribune published on poor investigative tactics. In 2009, an investigative report by Grann drew upon analysis by arson investigation experts and advances in fire science since the 1992 investigation; he suggested that the evidence for arson was unconvincing. He suggested that, had this information been available at the time of trial, it would have provided grounds for Willingham's acquittal. The 2011 documentary Incendiary: The Willingham Case also explored the case.

Willingham maintained his innocence up until his death and spent years trying to appeal his conviction. The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals denied Willingham a writ of habeas corpus a month before his execution. Willingham was executed by lethal injection on February 17, 2004, at the Texas State Penitentiary in Huntsville. He was 36 years old.

Gerald Hurst
In 2004, fire investigator Gerald Hurst examined the arson evidence compiled by state deputy fire marshal Manuel Vasquez. Hurst individually discredited each piece of arson evidence, using publicly supported experiments backed by his re-creation of the elements in question, the most notable being the Lime Street fire, which created the unique 3-point burn patterns flashover.

This left only the chemical testing for accelerant. The front porch was the only place where an accelerant was verified by laboratory tests, and a photograph taken of the house before the fire showed that a charcoal grill was there. Hurst speculated that it was likely that water sprayed by firefighters had spread the lighter fluid from the melted container. All twenty of the indications listed by Vasquez of an accelerant being used were rebutted by Hurst, who concluded there was "no evidence of arson" — the same conclusion reached by other fire investigators.

Hurst's report was sent to governor Rick Perry's office, as well as the Board of Pardons and Paroles along with Willingham's appeal for clemency. Neither responded to Willingham's appeals. In response to allegations that he allowed the execution of an innocent man, Perry was quoted as stating, "Willingham was a monster. He was a guy who murdered his three children, who tried to beat his wife into an abortion so that he wouldn't have those kids. Person after person has stood up and testified to facts of this case that quite frankly you all aren't covering."

But Hurst said, "The whole case was based on the purest form of junk science. There was no item of evidence that indicated arson." A spokeswoman for Governor Perry said he had weighed the "totality of the issues that led to (Willingham's) conviction." The spokeswoman added he was aware of a "claim of a reinterpretation of (the) arson testimony."

Question of guilt
Since Willingham's execution, persistent questions have been raised as to the accuracy of the forensic evidence used in the conviction: specifically, whether it can be proven that an accelerant (such as the lighter fluid mentioned above) was used to start the fatal fire. Hurst reviewed the case documents, including the trial transcriptions and an hour-long videotape of the aftermath of the fire scene. Hurst said in December 2004 that "There's nothing to suggest to any reasonable arson investigator that this was an arson fire. It was just a fire."

In June 2009, the State of Texas ordered a re-examination of the case. In August 2009, eighteen years after the fire and five years after Willingham's execution, a report conducted by Dr. Craig Beyler, hired by the Texas Forensic Science Commission to review the case, found that "a finding of arson could not be sustained." Beyler said key testimony from a fire marshal at Willingham's trial was "hardly consistent with a scientific mind-set and is more characteristic of mystics or psychics."

At the behest of the Texas Forensic Science Commission, the prosecutor, John Jackson, and the City of Corsicana have both released formal responses to the Beyler Report on the investigation of the fire that killed Willingham's three children. Both were sharply critical of Beyler. In a 2009 article discussing the reasons why Willingham was found guilty, Jackson recalled witness statements establishing that Willingham was overheard whispering to his deceased older daughter at the funeral home, "You're not the one who was supposed to die." Jackson stated that Willingham's comment was an indicator of guilt. In a rebuttal, Grann wrote, "'If the arson investigators had concluded that there was no scientific evidence that a crime had occurred — as the top fire investigators in the country have now determined — Willingham's words at the funeral would surely be viewed as a sign that he was tormented by the fact that he had survived without saving his children.'"

An August 2009 Chicago Tribune investigative article concluded, "Over the past five years, the Willingham case has been reviewed by nine of the nation's top fire scientists — first for the Tribune, then for the Innocence Project, and now for the commission. All concluded that the original investigators relied on outdated theories and folklore to justify the determination of arson. The only other evidence of significance against Willingham was twice-recanted testimony by another inmate, who testified that Willingham had confessed to him. Jailhouse informants are viewed with skepticism in the justice system, so much so that some jurisdictions have restrictions against their use."

The Texas Forensic Science Commission was scheduled to discuss the report by Beyler at a meeting on October 2, 2009, but two days before the meeting, Texas Governor Rick Perry replaced the chair of the commission (Sam Bassett) and two other members (Alan Levy and Aliece Watts). The new chair, John Bradley, canceled the meeting, sparking accusations that Perry was interfering with the investigation and using it for his own political advantage.

In October 2009, the city of Corsicana released two affidavits that included statements from Ronnie Kuykendall, the former brother-in-law of Willingham, originally made in 2004. According to the affidavits, Willingham's ex-wife had told Ronnie that Willingham confessed to her that he had set the fire. On October 25, Stacy Kuykendall told the Fort Worth Star-Telegram that during a final prison meeting just weeks before he was put to death, Willingham admitted setting the fire in response to Stacy's alleged threats of divorce the night before.

Journalists familiar with the case noted that Stacy Kuykendall's statement explicitly contradicted previous comments, legal testimony, and numerous published interviews before and after the execution. "It's hard for me to make heads or tails of anything she said or didn't say", Willingham's prosecutor said. For example, earlier in 2009, Kuykendall supported her 2004 contradiction of her brother's affidavit (saying that there had been no confession) and had previously always maintained that things had been amicable between her and Willingham before the fire. In 2010, she declared, "Todd murdered Amber, Karmon, and Kameron. He burnt them. He admitted he burnt them to me, and he was convicted for his crime. That is the closest to justice that my daughters will ever get."

A four-person panel of the Texas Forensic Science Commission investigating evidence of arson presented in the case acknowledged on July 23, 2010, that state and local arson investigators used "flawed science" in determining that the blaze had been deliberately set. It also found insufficient evidence to prove that state Deputy Fire Marshal Manuel Vasquez and Corsicana Assistant Fire Chief Douglas Fogg were negligent or guilty of misconduct in their arson work.

In 2010, the Innocence Project filed a lawsuit against the State of Texas, seeking a judgment of "official oppression." Judge Charlie Baird held an inquiry in September 2010 in Austin, but Lowell Thompson, the Navarro County DA, appeared at the hearing with a motion for Baird to recuse himself due to conflict of interest — Baird had once affirmed Willingham's conviction while sitting as a Criminal Appeals judge yet had also been recognized by an anti-death penalty group. When the recusal motion was denied, Thompson appealed to the Third Court of Appeals and had the proceedings stayed. (Thompson later received an award from the Texas District and County Attorneys Association for this motion and appeal.)

In 2014, the Washington Post reported that new evidence emerged indicating Webb had said in taped interviews that he had lied on the witness stand in exchange for a prosecutor's help obtaining a reduced prison term and financial support from a rich rancher. On March 3, 2015, the Texas State Bar filed a disciplinary action, Commission for Lawyer Discipline v. Jackson, against Jackson for failing to disclose information on his deal with Webb. According to the complaint, "During a pretrial hearing on July 24, 1992, [Jackson] told the trial court that he had no evidence favorable to Willingham. That statement was false." A jury later heard and rejected the claim that Jackson had hid evidence, finding in favor of Jackson.

Films
Incendiary: The Willingham Case, a 2011 documentary film covering the case and its aftermath, won the Louis Black Award at the South by Southwest Film Festival.

David Grann's investigative article in The New Yorker titled "Trial by Fire" (collected in The Devil and Sherlock Holmes) was adapted into the 2018 film Trial by Fire directed by Edward Zwick starring Laura Dern and Jack O'Connell as Willingham.

In popular culture

 * Episode 21, Season 11 of Law & Order: SVU, titled "Torch," is based on this case.
 * Episode 9, Season 2 of The Good Wife, titled "Nine Hours," is based on this case.
 * Episode 17, Season 7 of Cold Case, titled "Flashover," is based on this case.
 * Trial by Fire (2018 film) is based on this case.
 * Season 9, episode 1 of Evil Lives Here. Told from the perspective of Stacy Kuykendall.
 * The song “Corsicana” on the album Burst Apart by the rock band The Antlers is based on the event.

title: Cameron Todd Willingham


text:
1801 in Canada

Events from the year 1801 in Canada.

Incumbents

 * Monarch: George III

Federal government

 * Parliament of Lower Canada: 3rd (starting January 8)
 * Parliament of Upper Canada: 3rd (starting May 28)

Governors

 * Governor of the Canadas: Robert Milnes
 * Governor of New Brunswick: Thomas Carleton
 * Governor of Nova Scotia: John Wentworth
 * Commodore-Governor of Newfoundland: James Gambier
 * Governor of St. John's Island: Edmund Fanning

Events

 * David Thompson fails to cross Rocky Mountains.
 * Alexander Mackenzie's Voyages to the Frozen and Pacific Oceans published in London.
 * Mackenzie knighted in honor of his explorations.
 * Shipbuilding has become an important industry in Canada.
 * Two ships, the Sarah and the Dove, arrive at Upper Canada carrying 700 passengers from Lochaber, Scotland from the Cameron and Fraser clans.
 * Cassidy's Ltd. is established, third oldest company closed its doors in 2000

Births

 * January 18 – James Evans, missionary and linguist (d.1846)
 * March 11 – William Henry Draper, politician, lawyer, and judge (d. 1877)
 * May 31 – Robert Rankin, timber merchant and shipowner (d. 1870)

Full date unknown

 * Edward Feild, Church of England clergyman, inspector of schools, bishop of Newfoundland (d.1876)
 * Wilson Ruffin Abbott, businessman and landowner (d.1876)
 * Shanawdithit, the last known survivor of the Beothuks (d.1829)

Deaths

 * December 28 – Samuel Holland, army officer, military engineer, surveyor, office holder, politician, and landowner (b.1728)

Historical documents
Proclamation announces ceasefire in war between United Kingdom and France and requires return of vessels taken in following 5 months off North America

"The Admiralty Board has given orders for the general introduction of the cow pox into the Navy"

Lower Canada
Trois-Rivières wants to hire teacher and set up school to teach two "indispensably necessary" languages and "first principles" of sciences

New "Royal Institution for the Advancement of Learning" is to set up free school in any township or parish, with inhabitants providing schoolhouse

Gazette printer has for sale "the Encyclopedia Britannica, the latest edition, elegantly bound in Calf, gilt and lettered, price £40"

British society's awards to hemp growers in Lower Canada include first prize (gold medal or 50 guineas) for largest acreage of hemp production

Corporation is created to supply Montreal area "with good and wholesome Water," with penalties set for "annoying the water" in springs and reservoirs

Government may support by grants to religious communities foundlings and persons jobless by "a temporary or lasting derangement of intellect"

Because barring testimony from people who are third cousins or closer in relation often impedes civil justice, cousins-german is new such criterion

Call for contractors to build replacement bridge over Jacques-Cartier River, spanning 60 feet French and with 16 feet French width

Women guilty of high treason or of committing or counselling petit treason are to be hanged (instead of former penalty: death by burning)

Eighteen-year-old man kills woman and her daughter ("seven months gone with child by him") with axe; suffering 4 blows, daughter dies 2 days later

François Blanchet is elected to American Philosophical Society in Philadelphia along with two Swedish physicians and New York politician

"Wanted a young girl of about 13 or 14 years, belonging to English parents, to attend upon Children in a decent family"

Montreal's ancient and crumbling walls are to be replaced with streets, squares etc.

Trois-Rivières resident provides brief history of House of Brunswick-Lüneburg out of "profound respect due to His Majesty"

Cape Diamond Brewery can deliver porter, burton and mild ale and table and small beer in hogsheads and other barrel sizes

Upper Canada
Lt. Gov. Peter Hunter praises "zeal and liberality" of Assembly in promoting hemp cultivation, "so strongly recommended to us by our Parent State"

Same duties are to be paid for goods imported from U.S.A. as are charged on goods from Britain

For their "comfort" and "better regulation," no rum or spirits should be sold or bartered to "Moravian Indians" on Thames River (Orford Township)

Local authorities are to establish market in Kingston "where butchers meat, butter, eggs, poultry, fish, and vegetables shall be exposed to sale"

Nova Scotia
"Long wished-for [bank in Halifax] is pregnant with many advantages to the commercial interests of the Province"

Joint legislature committee's questionnaire collects information on Indigenous people "for us to form some plan for the settlement of the Indians"

"Engineers have been sent out to Halifax[...]to construct two docks in that port as speedily as possible for the reception of 74[-]gun ships"

Commissioners of poor in Halifax area are to keep males "picking oakum or rasping wood" and females making clothes, spinning, knitting, weaving etc.

Before their trial, father and son give their stories of events leading to death of Black woman Jude (and are acquitted of murder charge)

Slave owner sells for £39 "certain Negro boy named Jack [who was born in my house to parents who are] both my property"

John Wiswall writes to missionary society his plans for increasing glebe farm income by clearing more land and renting out projected house and barn

Woman's words of faith include "let us fear God for his power, trust him for his wisdom, love him for his goodness, praise him for his greatness[....]"

Simeon Perkins regrets departure of brother ("not very likely We Shall ever See each other again") and woman who nursed family through smallpox

Painting: view of Halifax

New Brunswick
Inflation's effect on middle class is especially hard on Loyalists with fixed incomes not increased since 1783 and only enough to barely feed families

Call for contractor(s) to deliver to Saint John harbour 300 masts (with no less than 22-inch diameters), yards and bowsprits in following May

Noille Bernard, Thomas Squatehan and 16 other Wolastoqiyik, "destitute of land," request land grant in Tobique-Restigouche area (note: "savages" used)

Request to Jonathan Odell to aid Indigenous people who are obstructed from travelling on Tabusintac River or fishing for salmon or eels on it

Odell orders removal of Little Southwest Miramichi River fish net harming Mi'kmaq (some of whom have "made considerable improvements as Planters")

If unable to support themselves, any jailed debtor may after 14 days apply to have their creditor provide them "weekly maintenance"

Saint John government authorized to put tax on dogs of no more than 5 shillings per year per dog to be "applied for the support of the Poor"

Armed brig sails to find French privateer, and it is "to the honor of the Inhabitants of this City" that so many quickly volunteered to be crew

Seamen of John Black & Co. of Saint John have deserted and $30 reward for each is offered to informant(s), whose names can be kept secret

New book of British American sacred music includes "principles of Vocal Music in a plain and concise manner" and psalm and hymn tunes

"Rags! Rags! Rags! Cash or Books given for clean Linen and Cotton Rags at [Gazette printer's] Office"

Western interior
Alexander Mackenzie says "very great and essential advantages may be derived by extending our trade from one sea to the other" (Note: "savage" used)

Map: Edition of Siksika chief Akutkomikimaan's map of Rocky Mountain Indigenous people that sketches their locations, mountains and rivers

Hudson's Bay Company
Kitternawaggan and brother bring Moose Factory more than 100 made beaver, having "dextriously evaded" Canadian traders on their way down river

Indigenous people add 11 deer to 2,000 lbs. of venison in store at York Factory; "I hope [it] will set want at defiance for this Winter"

York jobs include 11 men hunting and fishing, 15 men making firewood and timbers in woods, and 3 tailors making clothing for "English and Ind[ian]s"

Elsewhere
Canadians should try "the pure and free air of the United States" to escape "overbearing tyranny" in social class dominated Upper and Lower Canada

Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr, "decidedly attached to the present Republican government in France," are U.S. President and Vice President

William Henry Harrison tells Jefferson goods are brought from Canada via Illinois River into Louisiana and smuggled into U.S.A.

Detroit Moravian missionary says "no Indian understands (how) to trade" and explains how deals are affected by prices and grain pests

Certificate: Detroit Masonic lodge declares Master Mason William Shaw fit to join any Masonic body

title: 1801 in Canada


text:
User:Eric Harris-Braun

[Projects I'm a part of.]

[My blog.]

title: User:Eric Harris-Braun


text:
User:YJMS0001/23-Feb

A general note to everyone, and a quick report on the progress of each group:

Good progress so far, and

title: User:YJMS0001/23-Feb