text:
1783 in Canada

Events from the year 1783 in Canada.

Events

 * January 20 – Preliminaries of peace are signed between Great Britain and the United States.
 * September 3 – American independence is formally recognized at the Treaty of Paris.
 * Treaty of Paris gives Americans fishing rights off Newfoundland.
 * The success of the rebellious 13 American colonies leaves the British with the poorest remnants of their New World empire and the determination to prevent a second revolution. However, they have to accommodate the roughly 50,000 refugees from the American Revolution who settle in Nova Scotia and the upper St. Lawrence. These United Empire Loyalists soon begin to agitate for the political and property rights they had previously enjoyed in the thirteen colonies.
 * British North America consists of the colonies and territories of the British Empire in continental North America after the end of the American Revolutionary War and the recognition of American independence.
 * More than 5,000 Black People leave the United States to live in the Maritimes, Quebec and Ontario. Having sided with the British during the American War of Independence, they come to Canada as United Empire Loyalists, some as free men and some as slaves. Although promised land by the British, they receive only varying amounts of poor-quality land, and, in fact, some receive none at all.
 * In Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia, Rose Fortune becomes Canada's first policewoman.
 * The border between Canada and the U.S. is accepted from the Atlantic Ocean to Lake of the Woods.
 * In the area around the mouth of the Saint John River, those who fled the thirteen American colonies by 1783 are called United Empire Loyalists. Those who arrived after 1783 were called Late Loyalists.
 * Pennsylvania Germans begin moving into southwestern Ontario.
 * The North West Company is formed.
 * Vermont delays entering the Union, because Congress is partial to New York, and because of the General Government's indebtedness, for which Vermont is not bound.

Births

 * April 26 – Peter Boyle de Blaquière, political figure and first chancellor of the University of Toronto (d.1860)

Death
Paul Jackson

Postwar
Ceasefire among Britain, France and Spain includes U.S.A. and ends American Revolutionary War

Peace treaty sets U.S.-British boundary, allows U.S. fishing in Newfoundland waters and Gulf of St. Lawrence, and encourages justice for loyalists

Map: Covering James Bay to Florida and Newfoundland to Mississippi and showing United States of America according to treaty

Washington is surprised Blacks have been part of British evacuation, and wants to prevent future loss "of any Negroes or other Property"

Maj. Gen. Steuben on tour of U.S. border from Lake Champlain to mouth of Mississippi River "to view the most proper places" to locate garrisons

Washington says "Peace Establishment" should include gaining "affections" of Canadians in Detroit and Illinois country, and attracting more of them

Peace is best policy in U.S. west because even totally expelling Indigenous people would be military and economic advantage to Canada

Lords of Admiralty set peace establishment of 28-gun frigate, sloop and cutter at Quebec City and 50-gun ship and 3 frigates or sloops at Halifax

Act of Parliament appoints commissioners "to enquire into the Losses and Services of all such Persons who have suffered" for their loyalty in late war

Residents of Saratoga, N.Y. district resolve to treat any resident or returning loyalist "with the severity due to his crimes and infamous defection"

"Nothing is now so important to society" - Connecticut writer calls for re-admission of loyalists, for sake of security, equality, rights and business

Timber for masts, spars and lumber is more plentiful in Canada and Nova Scotia than in U.S.; "almost untouched" forests of Canada better for potash

Frederick Haldimand to John Parr on his idea to encourage Acadians to settle at "Great" Falls on Saint John River, making strong link between provinces

Haldimand's vision of Loyalist settlement in "the Upper Countries," including in areas of present-day Kingston and Windsor, Ontario

"The mortifying scene of giving up the City of New York to the American Troops" - Guy Carleton looks "unusually dejected" and new inhabitants "shabby"

Lower Canada
Canada's commerce will surpass debt-ridden U.S.A. if encouraged and if Canada gets good constitution with elected assembly and government reforms

Owner of two seigneuries lures settler Loyalists with: no rent for 10 years; wheat for family use ground 4 years for free; building boards sawed for free

"Abandoned in general by those who have conducted them in the just cause" - Refugee officers from Canada who fought for U.S. send appeal for help

Quebeckers petition House of Commons for Quebec Act repeal, elected assembly, larger legislative council, English common and commercial law etc.

Noting prevalent errors (such as giving children smallpox), writer argues influence of clergy can remove doubts of "untutored minds" about inoculation

"Negro Wench," about 18 and has had smallpox, brought from New York by Loyalists, and for sale "only from the owner having no use for her at present"

Panis woman named Mary Jeannevieve, 36, left "her Mistress [carrying] with her a large bundle;" reward of 40 shillings plus expenses

Missing "Negro Lad named Charles," about 20, 4' 4 or 5" "with a white mark on the right side of his forehead; speaks English and a little French and German"

Gazette printer's apprentice missing; Duncan McDonell, about 19, speaks English, French and Erse; one guinea reward for his return

Genevieve Dorion notes husband absent 3 months from Sorel without cause, and that she will run business on own account and will not pay his debts

Edinburgh woman has school for "Young Ladies [to learn] white and coloured Work, Tambour, Embroidery, and Dresden-work, &c." as well as millinery business

Quebec Library trustees report catalog is available to subscribers, £374 spent on books in English, but no French books received because of war

Thespian Theatre puts on tragedy Venice Preserv'd and comic opera The Padlock plus singing and music for "a most numerous and respectable audience"

François Baillairgé will draw "historical pictures" and make figures "in relievo" for parishes and paint full-length and miniature oil portraits

Acrostic poem cleverly praises Miss Hannah MacCulloch for combining charms of several other Quebec City divinities

Upper Canada
Niagara farmers want relief from "precarious footing upon which they hold their farms," perhaps buying more lakeside land from Mississaugas

"They would rather go to Japan than go among the Americans" - With no hope of justice in U.S. courts, Loyalists ask for firm tenure of their Niagara lands

John Butler thinks Indigenous people will be "very troublesome" after news that their lands are ceded to U.S.A. under peace settlement

Gen. Allan Maclean regrets great expenditure on rum, including 60 gal. for Mississaugas, and seeks guidance on how much to supply to Six Nations

Niagara merchants urge ban on traders from U.S., calling them "Smugglers [evading] the legal rates to the prejudice and ruin of the Fair Trader"

Painting: Cataraqui (Kingston, Ontario)

Nova Scotia
Listing African Americans taken to Nova Scotia, "Book of Negroes" includes Deborah, age 20, formerly enslaved by George Washington

Certificate of John Williams ("a Negro") gives him permission to go to Nova Scotia "or where ever else he may think proper"

Loyalist commander asks officer to "say a word" for George Black family; "he has long been free and[...]deserves Provision as well as other Refugees"

Free-born Black indented apprentice George Scribens "is supposed to be gone to Nova Scotia" by New York City man offering £5 reward

Alexander Hamilton thinks it bad policy to cause "a great number of useful citizens[...]to people the shores and wilderness of Nova-Scotia"

Chronicle entry for May 14: "Six thousand Refugees arrived at Port-Roseway, Nova Scotia, from New York"

Summary of accusations made against small group of Loyalists who unsuccessfully tried to convince Gov. John Parr to allow each of them 5,000 acres

"A refugee is the most miserable, dispicable being on earth" - Loyalists at Port Roseway are living in huts and almost all dependant on dole

Loyalist notes Saint John River country's "mortifications" his family would not stand: "whole country crowded," expensive towns, and rations and huts

Mary Fisher, wife of New Jersey Volunteers veteran, describes hardship of families arriving too late in fall to build housing for winter

Despite high position in loyalist forces, Edward Winslow arrives with family in Nova Scotia lacking tools, enough blankets, and even 8 pence for ferry

Loyalist glad to arrive - "[I could] enlarge upon the subject that has brought us all to this uncultivated country, but[...]it can answer no good purpose"

"State of poverty" - Edward and Sarah Winslow's father applies for compensation based on loss of his £1,500 estate and income of £300 in Massachusetts

Master of transport ship run aground off Cape Sable appears responsible for mishap, and also reportedly abandons passengers and discourages their rescue

"Replete with natural advantages & nothing wanting but numbers of industrious Inhabitants" - Praise for Nova Scotia's produce, grain, fish and timber

Description of soil in marshes behind dykes, with claims of great crops produced and yields sustained "without change of grain, rest, or manure"

List of persons living on Saint John River includes their names, number of children, properties, experience in war (if any), and character assessments

Commission to identify for Supreme Court persons compensated in suits against aiders and abettors of raiders for more than they suffered in raids

Royal pardon for "all Manner of Treasons, Misprison of Treasons, treasonable and seditious Words, Libels or Correspondence" committed during late war

Decades-old laws prohibiting Catholics from having title to "Lands or Tenements" and subjecting priests to imprisonment are repealed

House of Assembly records judges' report that Cumberland County suffered and suffers under damage and persecution growing out of 1776 rebel invasion

Assembly committee gives many instances of unnecessary, unrecorded, unreported, unauthorized, unpaid, improperly paid, confused or abused public accounts

Licence for 11,520 acres of land on Sheet Harbour for Indigenous people

Map: Nova Scotia with its fishing banks and nearby New England, Quebec, Newfoundland, and St. John's Isle

Prince Edward Island
Coast of St. John's Island "abounds with every sort of fish; the soil of the island is excellent; [and] no country in the world affords better pasture for cattle"

Officers of King's Rangers on St. John's Island inform Loyalists of its good soil, climate, water and waterways, and "very few[,] very light" taxes

John MacDonald describes nature and resolution of problems he has had keeping family property on St. John's Island, and foresees further problems

Labrador
George Cartwright says "celebrated natural historian" who claims beavers have scaly tails because they eat fish, must himself have one for same reason

Cartwright's lengthy description of beavers includes their food and food storage, shelters and preferred locations, dams, families, work etc.

title: 1783 in Canada


text:
Hsi Lai Temple

Fo Guang Shan Hsi Lai Temple is a mountain monastery in the northern Puente Hills, Hacienda Heights, Los Angeles County, California. The name Hsi Lai means "coming west".

Hsi Lai Temple is a branch of Fo Guang Shan, a Buddhist organization from Taiwan. It is the order's first overseas branch temple and serves as the North American regional headquarters for Fo Guang Shan. Hsi Lai Temple was the site of the founding of Buddha's Light International Association, established in 1991. The temple, like its mother temple in Taiwan, practices Humanistic Buddhism.

History
In 1976, Master Hsing Yun, the founder of the order, represented a Buddhist group from Taiwan to participate in America's bicentennial celebration. Master Hsing Yun was asked by American friends to build a monastery in the United States. Therefore, Fo Guang Shan asked the Venerable Tzu Chuang (who, upon the inception of the temple, became the founding and first abbess of Hsi Lai Temple) and Yi Heng to plan and organize the construction of the temple in the Greater Los Angeles area. It was officially registered under the name of International Buddhist Progress Society. Until the temple was complete, Ven. Tzu Chuang bought an old church building, which was to be Hsi Lai's temporary headquarters. The original temple, located in the city of Maywood, was called the Bai Ta (White Pagoda) Temple.

The planning and construction of the temple in the 1980s was met with suspicion and resistance from local communities, many of whom knew little about Buddhism and had unfounded fears of Buddhist practices. Many residents felt that the project was too big for a neighborhood of single-family homes and that the traditional Chinese architectural style would not fit in. The main reasons for resistance to the building of the temple were the impact of weekly services, heavy traffic, noise, and concern about environmental damage.

Originally, the organization had planned to build the temple in Gardena, California but was blocked from acquiring land. They also tried to acquire the historical Pyrenees Castle in Alhambra, California, but also met opposition from the community. The building of the temple at its current location survived six public hearings and more than 100 community meetings. In 1985, the temple was finally granted a building permit. The groundbreaking ceremony was held the following year, and the temple was completed on November 26, 1988.

Negative feelings about the building of Hsi Lai have since diminished, as the general level of awareness has been raised and as the temple and its residents have proven to be good neighbors. In addition, most of the original complainants of the temple project moved out of Hacienda Heights.

Immediately after its opening, Hsi Lai Temple was the venue of many major events. The 16th General Conference of the World Fellowship of Buddhists and the 7th conference of the World Fellowship of Buddhist Youth were held from November 19 to 26, an international Triple Platform Full Ordination Ceremony for monastics was held for over a month, and a Land and Water Dharma Service was held prior to the temple's opening.

In 2008, in celebration of the twentieth anniversary of the opening of Hsi Lai Temple, another international Triple Platform Full Ordination Ceremony for monastics and a Land and Water Dharma Service were held.

In the summer of 2011, Hsi Lai Temple was the starting location for The Amazing Race 19.

On September 4, 2012, Hsi Lai Temple abbot Hui Chi was elected to the post of head abbot of the Fo Guang Shan order, succeeding Hsin Pei.

University of the West
In 1990, following the completion of Hsi Lai Temple, Master Hsing Yun founded Hsi Lai University, one of sixteen Buddhist colleges and universities operated by Fo Guang Shan. The university relocated to Rosemead, California, in 1996. It is one of the first Buddhist colleges in the United States.

Bachelor of Arts, Master of Arts, and Doctorate in Buddhist studies, comparative religious studies, and a Master of Business Administration are available at the university.

In 2004, the university changed its name to the University of the West and appointed Dr. Lewis Lancaster, a professor at the University of California, Berkeley and longtime member of Fo Guang Shan, as president. Dr. Roger Schmidt became Lancaster's successor in 2006, and was replaced by Dr. Allen M. Huang a year later.

Sites

 * The Bodhisattva Hall (五聖殿): The first shrine before entering the temple. It is a large hall that honors five Bodhisattvas: Samantabhadra, Ksitigarbha, Maitreya, Avalokitesvara, and Manjusri. Outside the shrine on each side are the temple guardians, Skanda and Sangharama (portrayed as Guan Yu).
 * The Arhat Garden (十八羅漢): Located on the left of the temple, it depicts 18 of the best known disciples of the Buddha.
 * The Avalokitesvara Garden (慈航普度): Located on the right of the temple. It depicts the bodhisattva Avalokitesvara (Guan Yin), surrounded by her acolytes and the Four Heavenly Kings.
 * Main Shrine (大雄寶殿): The heart of the temple's activities. The main figures depicted in the hall are Sakyamuni Buddha, Amitabha Buddha, and Bhaisajyaguru Buddha. Thousands of niches containing an image of the Buddha can be seen on the walls. Outside, a large bell and drum can be seen on either side. The bell and drum are only used to mark special occasions.
 * An auditorium and conference hall (法堂/會堂) are located on either side of the central Main Shrine, used for large scale meetings or lectures.
 * Memorial Pagoda (懷恩堂): Located at the highest summit of Hsi Lai Temple, it functions as a private memorial hall to the deceased. It was formerly a mausoleum until the construction of a larger columbarium at Rose Hills Memorial Park in Whittier, California.
 * Meditation Hall (禪堂): Located on the back of the main shrine, meditation classes are held here.
 * Dining Hall (五觀堂): The main dining area for visitors to the temple. A vegetarian lunch buffet is served daily for visitors and sometimes dinner on special days.
 * Translation and Publishing Center (佛光山國際翻譯中心與佛光出版社): The Fo Guang Shan International Translation Center and Buddha's Light Publishing are located on site. Buddha's Light Publishing was established to publish Buddhist books translated by the Fo Guang Shan International Translation Committee as well as other valuable Buddhist works.

Retreats and education
The temple offers a wide variety of retreats and classes in English and Chinese to promote Humanistic Buddhism and has started an extended retreat program for those who want to experience monastic life for a longer period of time. The retreats generally consist of classes, meditation, mindful eating through the traditional practice of formal Buddhist dining, and communal chores.

Recurring retreats

 * Eight Precepts Retreat (八關齋戒): A weekend retreat for participants to get a taste of monastic life.
 * One, Three, and Seven Day Meditation Retreat (一/三/七日禪修會): A retreat focusing on meditation for varying lengths of time.
 * Short-term Monastic Retreat (短期出家修道會): Offered annually for children and bi-annually for adults. It is roughly one week long and allows for laypeople to temporarily be a monastic, including taking on the vows of a novice monk or nun.
 * Five and Bodhisattva Precept Retreat (五戒菩薩戒戒會): Held bi-annually, this retreat confers the five precepts and Bodhisattva precepts to participants to observe for lifetime after lifetime.
 * Hsi Lai Buddhist Cultivation Program (西來佛教書苑): An extended retreat ranging from six weeks to three months for participants to have a fuller understanding of monastic life.

Dharma services
Dharma services are held in Mandarin, but the chanting books have English pinyin phonetics and translation. Each service is accompanied a Dharma talk by the presiding venerable. Monks and nuns who reside at the temple speak a variety of languages besides Mandarin, primarily English, Taiwanese, and Cantonese.

Annual ceremonies and services

 * Thousand Buddhas Dharma Service (禮千佛法會): A short ceremony paying homage to Buddhas and bodhisattvas; held on Lunar New Year's Day.
 * Grand Offering to the Triple Gem and Celestial Guardians (供佛齋天): A ceremony inviting heavenly guardians of Buddhism. Held during the Chinese New Year celebrations.
 * Annual Lamp Offering Inauguration/Completion Service (上燈法會/圓燈法會): A service held at the start and end of the lunar year to formally offer an annual lamp to the Buddha.
 * Bowing Pilgrimage (朝山): Held multiple times a year for Avalokitesvara's birthday, enlightenment, and renunciation, as well as the Mid-Autumn Moon Festival and Lunar New Year's Day.
 * Water Repentance Service (水懺法會): A one-day repentance service for filial piety. Held annually in the month of the Qingming Festival.
 * Buddha Day/Buddha Bathing Dharma Service (浴佛法會): Celebration of the Buddha's Birthday held in and outside of Hsi Lai Temple, and is co-hosted by other temples in Southern California.
 * Sangha Day/Sangha Offering Dharma Service (供僧法會): Held around July 15 each year, following the summer retreat the temple continues the tradition of making offerings to the monastics following the rainy season with an alms round by monastics from all over the Americas.
 * Emperor Liang's Repentance Service (梁皇法會): A week-long repentance service held annually as part of the Ullamabana celebrations, which is also known as the Chong Yuan Festival in Chinese folk religion, observed in July or August.
 * Yoga Flaming Mouth Service (瑜伽焰口): An elaborate Tantric ceremony inviting and feeding sentient spirits. Held in the afternoon after Sangha Day, and at the end of the Emperor Liang Repentance service.
 * Medicine Buddha Dharma Service (藥師法會): A multiple-day service involving the recitation of the Medicine Buddha Sutra and the offering of lamps. A separate altar is prepared for this event and is used in addition to the Main Hall for the service.
 * Amitabha 7-day Retreat (彌陀佛七): Seven days of nianfo and mindful recitation of the Amitabha Sutra, held at the end of December around the time of Amitabha's birthday. It is concluded with a Triple Amitabha Contemplation Dharma Service (三時繫念佛事) lasting an entire afternoon.
 * Dharma Day (法寶節): A celebration of Sakyamuni Buddha's enlightenment. The temple holds performances and activities in both English and Chinese to spread the joy of learning the Dharma. Special porridge is cooked and offered to visitors in memory of Sujata's offering of milk rice to the Buddha shortly before his enlightenment.

Monthly ceremonies and services

 * Weekly Dharma Service (共修法會): Regular Dharma services are held on Sunday mornings, usually chanting various sutras such as the Eighty-eight Buddha Repentance, Diamond Sutra, Medicine Sutra, and Amitabha Sutra.
 * Great Compassion Repentance Service (大悲懺法會): Monthly service held in the evening on the second Friday of each month. A popular service at Hsi Lai, it involves the recitation of the Great Compassion Mantra, bowing, offering, and circumambulations.
 * New and Full Moon Dharma Service (光明燈法會): On the new and full moon, a service consisting of the Universal Gate Chapter of the Lotus Sutra is also held as a dedication for benefactors who made lamp offerings that year.
 * Land and Water Dharma Service (水陸法會): The most elaborate and largest service in Chinese Buddhism, which involves inviting beings from higher realms to help beings in the lower realms escape from their suffering. Held once every ten years.

Hsi Lai Temple offers community service to a variety of people in need of hours. Jobs range from cleaning and sweeping around the temple to serving lunch in the dining room.

1996 campaign finance controversy
A campaign finance controversy centered on Hsi Lai Temple erupted during the 1996 United States presidential election. Then-incumbent Vice President Al Gore attended a luncheon at the temple, becoming the highest known government official to visit the temple. The United States Department of Justice alleged that Maria Hsia solicited $55,000 in donations for the Democratic National Committee the following day, which were later reimbursed with money donated by the temple. Non-profit groups such as Hsi Lai Temple are not allowed to make political contributions. Hsia was eventually convicted by a jury in March 2000 of making five false statements to the Federal Elections Commission and sentenced to 90 days home detention, a fine, and community service. The Democratic National Committee returned the money donated by the temple's monks and nuns. Twelve nuns and employees of the temple, including then-abbess Venerable Yi Kung who would later resign from the abbotship because of the scandal, refused to answer questions by pleading the Fifth Amendment when they were subpoenaed to testify before Congress in 1997.

Following Hsia's conviction, Republican National Committee Chairman Jim Nicholson said, "it's time to get beyond the small fry and take on the major players (in the scandal) like Al Gore." No other players in the controversy were ever convicted.

Past Abbots and Abbesses

 * 1978–1989: Ven. Tzu Chuang (慈莊法師) (1st term)
 * 1989–1993: Ven. Hsin Ting (心定和尚)
 * 1993–1994: Ven. Tzu Chuang (慈莊法師) (2nd term)
 * 1994–1995: Ven. Yi Kung (依空法師)
 * 1995–2000: Ven. Tzu Jung (慈容法師)
 * 2000–2003: Ven. Hui Chuan (慧傳法師) (1st term)
 * 2003: Ven. Yi Heng (依恆法師) (acting abbess)
 * 2003–2005: Ven. Hui Chuan (慧傳法師) (2nd term)
 * 2005–2013: Ven. Hsin Bau (心保和尚)
 * 2013–present: Ven. Hui Dong (慧東法師)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Hsi Lai Temple


text:
1784 in Canada

Events from the year 1784 in Canada.

Incumbents

 * Monarch – George III

Governors

 * Governor of the Province of Quebec – Frederick Haldimand
 * Governor of Nova Scotia – John Parr
 * Commodore-Governor of Newfoundland – John Byron
 * Governor of St. John's Island – Walter Patterson

Events

 * August 16 – In response to Loyalist demands, the Crown creates New Brunswick out of Nova Scotia. New Brunswick was then divided into eight counties.
 * North West Company built up Grand portage as a general summer rendezvous for all companies and free traders, drawing furs from as far as Oregon and the Arctic Circle.
 * David Thompson began his apprenticeship on Hudson Bay.
 * James Cook's journal of his last voyage published in London.
 * Ward Chipman the Elder, a Massachusetts lawyer, settled in New Brunswick, where he served as solicitor general until 1808.
 * Butler's Rangers were disbanded in June 1784, and its veterans were given land grants in the Nassau District, now the Niagara region of Ontario, as a reward for their services to the British Crown.

Births

 * June 21 – Sir George Arthur, 1st Baronet, army officer and colonial administrator (d.1854)
 * October 19 – John McLoughlin, physician, fur trader, and merchant (d.1857)

Deaths

 * January 28 – Henry Allen, evangelist, hymnist, and theologian (b.1748)
 * December 13 – Dr. Samuel Johnson dies in London. (b.1709)

Full date unknown

 * Laurence Coughlan, Methodist preacher, Church of England clergyman, and local official

Lower Canada
Ordinance "for securing the Liberty of the Subject" guarantees habeas corpus rights (with certain limitations) to persons charged with crimes

U.S. exporters to be assessed same duties, drawbacks and bounties on goods shipped to Britain as are on British American exports

Canada is "most prominent [in Empire as] a wide world of Wildernesses" poorly defended, bringing in little revenue and costing perhaps £600,000/yr.

Canada and Nova Scotia will not reach their potential for export to West Indies while they lack population, capital and output of U.S.A.

If it draws "an energy from the war" and encouragement of wheat "manufacturing," Canada will supply Newfoundland and West Indies with flour

Large grist mill available at Pointe-Lévy, with 2 water wheels, 4 pairs of stones, 1,000-bushel bins, plus 16,000-bushel granary being built

Henry Rimphoff successfully sends timber raft up St. Lawrence River from St. Paul's Bay to Quebec City, "chiefly to encourage industry"

Montreal merchant appeals to Continental Congress for compensation of expenditures on U.S. forces and losses from confiscations by Canada

Discharged from Butler's Rangers, Charles Anger entitled to "the portion of Land [in Quebec] allotted to each [Provincial Corps] private soldier"

Loyalists and disbanded troops wishing concessions of land are to muster for settlement from Pointe au Baudet to Cataraqui and at Chaleur Bay

Painting: Loyalists arrived at Johnstown (today's Cornwall, Ont.) on St. Lawrence River

Provincial corps officers who have returned to U.S.A. have had to give up their half-pay, but British government may revoke that rule

Henry Caldwell offers Loyalists about 180,000 acres mostly near Lake Champlain and on Chaudière River near Quebec "on the most reasonable terms"

For sale, "a Stout, healthy, young Panis Girl, about 22 years of age,[...]speaks French and English, and is perfectly honest and sober"

For sale, "a Likely healthy Negro Wench," 15 or 16, brought up in New York, has had smallpox and "understands all sorts of house work"

Black woman's remaining 7-8 years of indenture is for sale; seller assures any purchaser of her "honesty, sobriety and good temper"

Offer of $14 for escaped "Negro-Man named Ishmael," about 36, missing some front teeth and knuckle of one finger, and passes as "a Free Negro"

"A Negro man named Tight" ran away August 12 and was seen crossing St. Lawrence with Snow (another enslaved Black man) about 1st of September

$30 reward for capture of Kamouraska indented apprentice Thomas Costin ("18[,] looks sulky[,] very slovenly and dirty in his dress")

Charles Nishonoit "of the Penobscot tribe was executed on the road side a little out of St. John's Suburbs" for murder of two travellers

Fundraising for treatment of Quebec City's "Sick Poor [who have been] recommended by the Clergy, Magistrates, or other respectable persons"

Practitioner to lecture on theory and practice of midwifery, as it will employ "elderly women" and is needed in Quebec's "infant settlements"

Trois-Rivière servant with candle causes loss of entire house by fire (except money, plate and papers saved); 53rd Regiment thanked for saving town

Shoe and boot maker from Edinburgh says "as he is a young beginner," he trusts he will be accepted by public, "particularly his country-men"

Attorney's household effects on auction, including chairs and sofa with curtains and slipcovers "to correspond;" various glassware; cabinetry

"Gentlemen of the Army" and Montreal merchants put on "most elegant and splendid Ball," with dancing 7pm-7am paused for supper at 1am

Pianofortes for sale by Mr. Glackemeyer, who also teaches that instrument and guitar, violin, flute and "Singing French and English"

Poem: "Whence this unusual languor o'er my mind?/This chilling stupor that pervades each sense?/Pensive I sit, each active power confin'd[....]"

Upper Canada
Frederick Haldimand agrees with Joseph Brant that "so fine a Country" as can be purchased on Grand River "is much to be desired"

"The Indians will be greatly surprised[...]when they find that we want to purchase the whole Country" between three lower Great Lakes

"We have found a place for to setle" - John Deserontyon says Indigenous people have taken spot on Bay of Quinte and need livestock and seeds

Haldimand's instructions for disbanding and settling British forces at Niagara, depending on War Office orders and any evacuation of forts

Evacuating U.S. posts should be delayed while Loyalists are "insulted in the Grossest manner" trying to recover their lost property in U.S.A.

Mississauga chief Pokquan tells John Johnson they are ready to transfer their interlake lands, and welcomes Brant and Six Nations "brethren"

"Affectionate people" - After 7-year absence, minister to Kanien’kéhà:ka preaches to, baptizes and marries them at their New York camp

John Dease takes over Indian Department at Niagara without supplies Indigenous people want ("Tea, Sugar, Barley Rice &c.") or good storage

Dease approves of Joseph Brant going to Fort Stanwix to sound out Americans, advising "that in proper time & place, the Hatchett wou'd be Buried"

U.S. signs peace treaty with Kanien’kéhà:ka, Onondaga, Cayuga and Seneca that draws Six Nations' western boundary just east of Niagara River

Map: Indigenous land ceded to U.S.A. in New York; detail showing 1784 Six Nations allotment

George Pownall says difficulty may arise for settlers from conflicts with Indigenous people and distance from markets (Note: "savages" used)

Joseph Brant is travelling "to the New Settlement at the Grand River" with army engineer and promise of sawmill, grist mill, church and school

"To weaken it as a British province" - James Monroe says Canada will suffer due to resources, geography and, mostly, aggressive U.S. trade

Nova Scotia
House of Assembly, after consulting "principal Merchants and Men of Business" about trade, has passed bills to change system of government revenue

Assembly asks governor to begin prosecution over all irregular public accounts, otherwise "Abuses of public Trust[...]cannot be put a Stop to"

Assembly agrees to let freeholders observe its proceedings, members take notes on debates, and members' names and votes be recorded

Louisbourg will have "proper persons to work the coal mines, which have long been[...]objects of the first consideration [and] of immense value"

Petition to Assembly from Halifax orphanage keeper asking payment for maintaining "Moor Children" since House of Commons stopped support

"Encreasing population, building and improvements[...]really amazing" - 9,000 in Shelburne, more in Carleton and Parrsboro, and "numerous towns begun"

Benjamin Marston details Shelburne's development in housing and fisheries, and Nova Scotia's natural resources and Indigenous people

Gov. Parr makes grant of 98 warehouse lots on waterfront at Shelburne to scores of men for annual quitrent of 1 farthing per lot

Edward Winslow dismayed by distressed Nova Scotians, "vagrants from the streets of London" and "Blackies" begging him for provisions

Black Pioneers' petition for land asks they be granted "Articles Allowed by Government[...]the same as [for] the Rest of the Disbanded Soldiers"

More than 600 names listed as head of family in Muster Book of Free Blacks at Birchtown settlement

Surveyor Benjamin Marston notes disbanded soldiers are rioting in Shelburne against "Free negroes," driving them out and looking for him

"The word came with power to my heart" - Black Loyalist Boston King describes his religious conversion in Birchtown

John Wentworth ships to brother's Suriname estate 19 enslaved Blacks, describing men's skills, and women as likely "to increase their numbers"

"The business we are entering into" - Jamaican instructs his brother to set up in importing (and later perhaps fishing) in Shelburne

After Tea Party "you Said it would coust Newingland Dear, and I think It has old Ingland Two" - pre-war traders renew contact

"[Many] are leaving the bleak province of Nova Scotia for the great advantages in trade that are to be met with at Bermuda"

Hannah Winslow, widow of Edward Winslow Sr., grants power of attorney to Plymouth, Massachusetts lawyer to sell her property in that state

In long letter to his wife, Edward Winslow expresses his love for her and relates story of three condemned men's reprieve at last minute

Edward Winslow notes arriving London women "expose to view such[...]parts as nature seems to intend that every modest woman should conceal"

New Brunswick
New Brunswick to be set up for subjects from "revolted Colonies" and disbanded soldiers, as Halifax too far for them to use its courts

Lord Sydney praised for not assigning civil service jobs to friends, "except those of the Governor and Lieutenant-Governor"

Loyalists to be "victualled" at 2/3 rations (1/3 for kids under 10) in 1784-5, and half that in 1785-6; disbanded soldiers to get full rations

Robert Lawson and 10 other Black Loyalists petition for land promised but not received, fearing "Greatest Distress" to their large families

"Smart, active Negro Boy," about 15, for sale; "title indisputable"

Fort Howe officer seeks "slave" cooper; "speaks English like the West India negroes [and] very talkative;" is from St. Augustine via New York

Nova Scotia Lieutenant Governor Edmund Fanning notes beginning of commerce between Saint John River settlements and West Indies

Settler on "Le Tete Island" praises ice-free and timber-rich Passamaquoddy Bay

New in Carleton are New York watchmaker, Brooklyn tavernkeeper serving some of his old customers, and surgeon with 7 years' army experience

School opened "to teach Youth[...]gauging geometry, trigonometry, navigation, mensuration, surveying, dialing, &c." plus morals and behaviour

Anonymous author seeks 1,000 subscribers for 3-volume "History of the Settlement of his Majesty's Exiled Loyalists," and prints its introduction

Prince Edward Island
Shelburne resident encouraged to come to Charlottetown, where land is "good & easy" to farm and cod fishery "will encrease & rise mens weages"

John MacDonald goes over reasons his charges settling on St. John's Island should be more aware of his sacrifices and good advice for them

MacDonald tells his sister Helen that royal council is impatient with St. John's Island government almost as much as he is with her "Childishness"

Elsewhere
Author experiences (on December 12, 1784) "Nehethawa" moon called "Pou-arch-e-kin-e-shish [or] the wind blowing the brush from the pine tree"

title: 1784 in Canada


text:
Zayed International Airport

Zayed International Airport (مطار زايد الدولي), also known as Abu Dhabi International Airport, is the primary international airport serving Abu Dhabi, the capital of the United Arab Emirates (UAE). It is the second busiest airport in the UAE after Dubai International Airport, one of the busiest airports in the Middle East and is the hub for Etihad Airways as well as an operating base for Wizz Air Abu Dhabi and Air Arabia Abu Dhabi.

The airport is located 16.5 NM east of Abu Dhabi, and covers an area of 6000 ha. The airport is served by 24 airlines which fly to 128 destinations. The airport was renamed to Zayed International Airport on 9 February 2024 after Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan, the UAE's founder.

Early years
The airport was first conceived in 1974, in response to the government's plans to modernize the then brand new nation. At the time, Al Bateen Airport (then called Abu Dhabi International Airport) was the main international airport serving the city (Abu Dhabi Airfield was the other old airport). Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan had realized that it was hard to access the airport, as it was located on Abu Dhabi Island and that the island at the time was connected to the mainland by only one bridge. Also, the city was expanding at the time, making it harder for the airport to expand. During the late 1970s, a location for the building site was strategically located, so it could be easily accessible. Construction started by 1979 and the airport was inaugurated on January 2, 1982. The old airport's name was changed to Al Bateen airport and the new airport was given its previous name.

The new airport included a circular satellite terminal (with aerobridges) with a single connection to a semi-circular terminal. This design allowed more aircraft to park simultaneously. During the late 1990s and early 2000s, substantial work was carried out on the satellite terminal, to cater for the increase in passenger numbers, including widening the passenger waiting areas and creating extra parking spots. The main terminal also underwent some external changes, especially on the outer facade.

Development since the 2000s
After the UAE government withdrew its support for regional airline Gulf Air after nearly five decades, Etihad was founded and became the new airline to be based at the airport. Previous Gulf Air CEO James Hogan also transferred to Etihad.

Terminal 2 was opened in September 2005 to ease pressure on the main terminal. Terminal 2 did not have aerobridges and utilised buses to move passengers between aircraft and the terminal building. A second runway (Runway 13L/31R) was opened in October 2008 to cater to increased traffic. Terminal 3 was opened in January 2009. It was primarily used by Etihad Airways. The new Terminal 3, a AED 1 billion (US$270 million) interim facility, was designed to allow for the airport's passenger growth before the planned opening of the new Midfield Terminal in December 2017 (which was eventually opened in November 2023). Used predominantly by Etihad Airways, the terminal boosted the airport's seven million passenger per year capacity to 12 million. It also added 10 new gates, two of which are Airbus A380 compatible.

During the airport's early years of operation, there were no ways of getting to the airport from the cities except for private vehicle or taxis. With the creation of Abu Dhabi's bus network in the late 2000s and 2010s, city-to-airport bus services were introduced.

In December 2011, the government of Abu Dhabi signed a letter of intent to build a United States border preclearance facility similar to pre-clearance customs facilities in Canada, Aruba, Bermuda, the Bahamas, and Ireland. Etihad operated its first flight to the U.S. from the facility on January 25, 2014. In 2011, the airport was recognised as the second Best Airport in Middle East at the Airport Service Quality Awards by Airports Council International. The airport celebrated its 30th anniversary in 2012.

Rotana Jet was another airline based at the airport; however, it suspended all flights indefinitely in 2017.

Terminals
Since late 2023, all flights at Abu Dhabi International Airport operate out of Terminal A, while the former terminals have been closed.

Terminal A
After several delays, development work started on a new passenger terminal, which was to be situated between the two runways and then known as the Midfield Terminal. The Midfield Terminal has increased the airport's passenger capacity to more than 45 million per year, with options for this to double in capacity to 60 million. An additional facility is under consideration that would take the capacity to 80 million. The new facility covers a floor area of over 780000 m2, making it one of the largest airport terminal buildings in the world. It is capable of handling 79 Airbus A380-type aircraft and 11,000 passengers at peak hours. Equipped with modern and advanced facilities, it also has biometric technology to enable the screening and boarding processes to proceed faster. It has 35,000 square metres of retail and commercial space and 163 outlets. The general exterior of the terminal was designed by international architecture firm, Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates.

The new terminal was due to open on 7 July 2017, then pushed back to early 2019 in time for the 2019 Special Olympics, then delayed again until the final quarter of 2019. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the opening date was pushed back to sometime in mid-to-late 2021; then, on 5 July 2021, a major construction contract was cancelled. The contract was with a consortium which comprises United Arab Emirates-based Arabtec, Turkey's TAV Insaat and Athens-based Consolidated Contractors Company (CCC), with Abu Dhabi-headquartered Trojan, had been awarded the contract to finish the terminal's construction instead.

In early 2023, it was reported that the Midfield Terminal would open by the end of 2023. On August 31, 2023, Abu Dhabi Airports announced that the new terminal, now named Terminal A, would open in 'early November' the same year. It was also reported that Etihad Airways, the main carrier based in the airport, would move its operations to the new terminal once opened, alongside other airlines based in Abu Dhabi, including Air Arabia Abu Dhabi and Wizz Air Abu Dhabi.

A scene in the film Mission: Impossible – Dead Reckoning Part One was filmed at the terminal before it officially opened.

On 31 October 2023, the terminal was officially opened. All operating airlines shifted their operations gradually to the new terminal from the former three terminals. Etihad operated the first flight from the terminal on 31 October. Wizz Air Abu Dhabi and 15 other international airlines started to operate to and from the new terminal on 1 November. From 9 November, Etihad Airways operated 16 daily flights before completing its transition to this terminal on 14 November, together with Air Arabia Abu Dhabi and ten other airlines. From 14 November onwards, all airlines began operating from Terminal A.

Former Terminals
The airport formerly consisted of three terminals from different periods which had been significantly expanded over time. They were replaced by the new Terminal A in early 2024.
 * Terminal 1

This was the oldest facility, featuring a bi-level arrivals and departures area. The nine main gates (3–11) were equipped with jetbridges and located in a circular gate area while the check-in and arrivals facilities were located in a separate main building. There were also several bus boarding gates (gates 14–22), and passengers whose planes arrive at a remote stand were bused here.

Terminal 2 was a newer facility to the east of Terminal 1 and was not connected to it. It featured 19 check-in counters, 3 bus-boarding gates (gates 24–26) and two baggage claim belts and was mostly used by low-cost carriers to/from south Asia.
 * Terminal 2

Terminal 3 was the newest addition of the old terminal area and was a direct expansion to the western side of Terminal 1. It is a brick-shaped, bi-level facility featuring a duty-free and food court area as well as departure gates 32–35 and 58–61, and bus gates 28–31 and 36–57. The majority of passengers were bused to their airplanes as only 8 of its 34 gates are equipped with jetbridges. Terminal 3 was capable of handling the Airbus A380s, and was used almost entirely by Etihad Airways.
 * Terminal 3

Until 2019, a check-in facility was operated in downtown Abu Dhabi, for travelers who wanted to check in at the downtown city centre before they travelled to the airport. This facility, known as the City Terminal, resembled an airport terminal building with lounge and transport facilities. After having checked in at the City Terminal, travellers could arrive at the airport just one hour before the departure of their flight. A further check-in facility was operated by Etihad Airways at the Etihad Travel Mall on the outskirts of Dubai near Noor Bank metro station.
 * City terminals

US border preclearance
Zayed International Airport has had United States border preclearance facilities since 26 January 2014, the only airport in the Middle East to have such a facility. Passengers on direct flights to the United States are processed for entry before they board their flight so that when they arrive in the U.S. they are treated as domestic arrivals. This facility is similar to those in selected Canadian, Caribbean and Irish airports.

Runways
Zayed International Airport has two parallel runways, 13R/31L and 13L/31R. Both are 4205 x.

Expansion
The expansion master plan projects include a third 4205 m parallel runway, 2000 m from the existing runways, a new 110 m tower between the two runways with the new air traffic control centre, enhanced cargo and maintenance facilities, and other commercial developments on the land immediately adjacent to and north of the airport. Having a total of 60 km2 of vast land area, the ambitious project will provide a home base for the UAE's national carrier, Etihad Airways, which will be a major user of new cargo facilities with an ultimate handling capacity of around two million tonnes of freight a year. Close to the new cargo facilities, land has been allocated for commercial activities, business parks, and property developments. Aircraft maintenance facilities will continue to be concentrated on the south side of the existing airport. The plan sets aside land for the growth of other operators such as Royal Jet and Abu Dhabi Aviation. Among other aspects of the project, when completed, are the design of remote aircraft stands complete with airfield ground lighting and hydrant fuel.

Passenger
The following airlines operate regular scheduled and charter flights to and from Abu Dhabi:

Busiest routes
Busiest international routes to and from Abu Dhabi Airport as of 2021:

Road
Zayed International Airport is connected to the Emirate and its surroundings, including Dubai and Al Ain, by a highway network. Route E20 directly passes the airport. Car rental, taxis and dedicated chauffeur services are available.

Public transport
Zayed International Airport does not feature any railway connection. The Abu Dhabi Department of Transport does provide overall seven bus routes from the airport throughout Abu Dhabi and its surroundings, including lines A1 and A2 which lead to the city center and run 24 hours per day. Etihad Airways additionally provides a coach service for its passengers from Zayed International Airport to Al Ain and Downtown Dubai.

Accidents and incidents

 * On 25 October 1977, Saif Ghubash was shot dead at the airport by a Palestinian gunman who lived in Syria, in an attempt to assassinate Syrian Foreign Minister Abdul Halim Khaddam.
 * On 23 September 1983, Gulf Air Flight 771 crashed while on approach to Zayed International Airport. All 112 passengers and crew on board were killed. A bomb going off in the baggage hold of the aircraft was the cause of the accident.
 * In May 1997, a Gulf Air plane from Bombay airport crashed at the airport. No deaths were reported.
 * On 26 July 2018, Houthi rebels in Yemen claimed to have launched a drone attack at the airport. The UAE denied there was any drone attack but stated earlier that there was an "incident" involving a truck which did not disrupt flights or cause any delays. Two other alleged claims on a drone attack on the airport were reported by the Houthis, as well as two attacks on Dubai International Airport, all which were denied and unverified. An investigation by Bellingcat concluded that it was highly likely that a Houthi-led drone attack did not take place in Abu Dhabi and Dubai. According to Reuters, the UAE has an advanced air defense system which utilizes Terminal High Altitude Area Defense (THAAD), designed to destroy short and intermediary range missiles. In 2019, The Wall Street Journal reported that a Houthi drone had exploded at the airport. In May 2019, the Houthi-run Almasirah TV channel broadcast alleged footage of the July 2018 attack.
 * On January 17, 2022, a drone strike claimed by Yemen's Iran-aligned Houthi group caused three fuel trucks to catch fire at an oil tanker facility in Abu Dhabi, and at the same time a fire was separately ignited at an extension of the airport, causing minor flight delays.

title: Zayed International Airport


text:
1785 in Canada

Events from the year 1785 in Canada.

Incumbents

 * Monarch: George III

Governors

 * Governor of the Province of Quebec: Frederick Haldimand
 * Governor of Nova Scotia: Edmund Fanning
 * Commodore-Governor of Newfoundland: John Byron
 * Governor of St. John's Island: Walter Patterson

Events

 * North West Company strengthened far west trade through such forts as Athabasca and English River.
 * May 18: The city of Saint John, New Brunswick is incorporated.
 * Fredericton opens a Provincial Academy of Arts and Sciences, the germ of the University of New Brunswick (1859).
 * New Brunswick is separated from Nova Scotia
 * Du Calvet proposes Canadian representation in the British Parliament, three members, each, for the Districts of Quebec and Montreal.
 * To a proposed Elective Legislature, it is objected that French Canadians do not wish to change their customary laws, and that there are not enough fit men to compose a Legislature.
 * Isaac Brock takes command of the 49th Foot, which would be the backbone of the British Empire forces in Canada during the War of 1812.
 * Mohawk Chapel, the oldest church in Ontario, was constructed near Brantford, Ontario.

Births

 * January 4: Louis-Théodore Besserer, notary, soldier, politician, and businessman (d.1861)
 * January 30: Charles Metcalfe, 1st Baron Metcalfe, colonial administrator (d.1846)
 * February 4: Frédéric-Auguste Quesnel, politician, lawyer, and businessman (d.1866)
 * February 15: William Crane, merchant, justice of the peace, judge, and politician (d.1853)
 * April 27: Amable Éno, dit Deschamps, political figure (d.1875)
 * September 17: Jacob De Witt, businessman, politician, and justice of the peace (d.1859)
 * November 25: Andrew Stuart, lawyer, politician, office holder, and author (d.1840)
 * December 14: Michel-Louis Juchereau Duchesnay, army and militia officer, seigneur, jp, and office holder (d.1838)

Full date unknown

 * William Abrams, businessman, jp, judge, office holder, and militia officer (d.1844)
 * François Lesieur Desaulniers, farmer and political figure (d.1870)
 * John Heckman, political figure (d.1871)
 * Caleb Hopkins, farmer and politician (d.1880)
 * Peter Robinson, politician, Peterborough, Ontario renamed in his honour (d.1838)

Historical documents
In Commons debate, one speaker says claim Canada and Nova Scotia can supply all West Indies' needs is "groundless," and another totally disagrees

Massachusetts report calls cod fishery in Nova Scotia "inconsiderable;" Newfoundland too dependent on U.S.; and French "no great hand" at it

British Americans warned that British preference for colonies' whalers and trade to West Indies will be lost if U.S. is allowed same advantages

Get-rich-quick hopes of exporting to U.S. "are evaporating in bankruptcy;" Americans are "inhabitants of an exhausted country [never] able to pay"

John Adams says U.S. issues with Britain, whether western posts or other matters, are made worse by states' treatment of loyalists

Prime Minister Pitt receives Commons support to pay £150,000 (raised through lottery) to Loyalists to cover some of their various claims

Charleston, S.C. gives Loyalists 3 extra months beyond what's allowed under peace treaty to regain their property before they must leave

Albany newspaper on punctuality of return of Indigenous-held captives compared to British withholding western posts (Note: "savage" used)

Lower Canada
Petition from "greatest part of the inhabitants" of Canada asks for house of assembly, though spirit of independence is "much to be feared"

John Adams speculates that Carleton, Haldimand, Hamilton and Brant are in London to discuss various issues with British government

Comprehensive ordinance mandates jury trials "in actions of a commercial nature and personal wrongs to be compensated in damages"

Lt. Gov. Henry Hamilton thanked by 80 Montreal merchant and trading firms for jury trial ordinance and facilitating "Trade to the Indian Country"

65th Regiment will relieve 8th in Canada, and join 29th, 31st, 34th, 44th and 53rd regiments

For sale: Mont-Louis seigneury about 100 leagues below Quebec City, considered "best on the river St. Lawrence for carrying on the Cod Fishery"

More than £540 was raised for poor in 1784 to care for 71 people in Hôtel-Dieu, with medical expenses of £187+ and £166+ for food, bedding etc.

London fund of £40,000 "ready for immediate advancement" in loans of £200 or more based on security of borrowers' life insurance policies

Quebec City barrister offers to assess security of funds anyone wishes to lend for 1-2 years or provide in form of annuity

For sale: "Negro-wench" (26; "understands thoroughly every kind of house-work") with her child, "stout Negro-boy" (13), and horse, cariole and harness

Elizabeth McNiell offers $6 for return of "Negro Man named Cuff [who] has some scars on his temples and a scar on one of his hands"

After death of child hit by log thrown off cliff into lower-town Quebec City, people should not drop sticks and stones there (Note: wound described)

Noting "disadvantages" of young women seeking "a polite and liberal Education," teacher will show they can shine in "Literary World" as much as males

Montreal's "variety of amusements" include private concerts for "the Cream of the Town" that lead to jealousy and duelling

William and Charlotte Goudges apologize for injuring "the Character of Miss Peggy Shankle[...]by wrongfully accusing her of stealing"

Upper Canada
Petition calls for district west of Montreal that, though under government of Canada, will have British laws and regulations Loyalists favour

Lt. Gov. Henry Hope suggests Loyalists' rations continue until 1786 harvest because they have planted all this year's grain crop

Six Nations superintendent says 1,000 are living on Grand River "in a very promising state," though settlers among them are disorderly

John Deserontyon's disappointment at Haldimand and Brant, and "Love & Care" for his women, children, and Loyalists ("whose Cause is ours")

Gov. Haldimand recommends indulging Haudenosaunee because U.S. is trying to woo them back, but "Western Indians" require less indulgence

Montreal merchant, owner of islands opposite Cataraqui "granted to his ancestors," advises settlers not to clear or build on his land

Hector St. John de Crèvecoeur describes Niagara Falls, including long, difficult descent to rocks below Horseshoe Falls

Nova Scotia
"Thoughtfull" warns in letter-to-the-editor that lack of paper money will lead to province's "wretchedness" in trade and agriculture

As West Indian merchants seek commerce with U.S., "it is highly necessary we should [compete] at all points" (timber, fish, cattle etc.)

One ship in port has 123 barrels of oil from whaling off Brazil, and another's owner to be first "gentleman" to take province's produce to England

Too little relief for Loyalists is caused by "poverty" rather than lack of will, and delay in getting each claim's exact information

British commissioners have arrived "to enquire into the Losses and Services" claimed by Loyalists unable to be present in England

Halifax official has "abundance of distressful stories" from N.S. and N.B. of danger of starvation from "shortness of provisions"

"Lawless outrage" - £20 reward offered for information leading to conviction of person(s) who destroyed gates of turnpike on Sackville Bridge

Fewer suspects to be jailed when cases of "simple Larceny" or not involving life or limb are tried in special Justice of the Peace courts

Shelburne Chamber of Commerce unanimously agrees to establishment of loan bank

Shelburne-Annapolis link to be funded by subscription, with 50 acres along road to "be allowed" for every pound subscribed (£20 limit)

Description of timber, fishery and livestock around what is now Digby County, where "the Settlers are generally Poor but industrous"

1,500-acre Windsor-area farm for sale, with brew and bake houses, grist mill, granaries and orchards; livestock and "farming utensils" also for sale

Surveyor informs Gov. Parr that Blacks have settled on 1-acre lots near Digby, and should not be forced to move and "begin anew"

Black preacher John Marrant publishes his life story before leaving London for Nova Scotia, where he will found Methodist church in Birchtown

Edward Winslow describes his "three black servants or slaves" (editor's footnote), Caesar, Frank and Juba

Recently "was tried and convicted Anthony Johnston, and Henry Graham, two Negro Men for a Rape," and also "a Negro Woman" for theft

"To Be Sold; A stout Negro Girl about Nine Years old, for further Particulars enquire of the Printer"

"Negro Man" John Gibson alias John Boocher sought by Halifax man offering $10 reward

Report that statehood convention is being organized in Maine, where people prefer Nova Scotia to Boston as trading partner

Learn dead reckoning and finding latitude and longitude by celestial means without spending time on theory of "little Use to seamen in General"

Mrs. Mollierre announces school where girls can learn French and mantle-making business; also offers French lessons for ladies

"A Wom[a]n with good Breast of Milk, Wants a Nurse Child. Enquire of the Printer"

"The cultivation of social love" - Minister encourages Masons to pursue their tradition of charity and benevolence

William Ellis and 13 others of Windsor thank 54th Regiment leaders for treating their soldiers so well that they never abused townspeople

Nova Scotia official Edward Winslow tells his wife they can finally prepare to move to New Brunswick, where he will work in provincial government

New Brunswick
New Brunswick Loyalist (from Virginia) praises N.B. geography, timber resources, shipbuilding, fishery and grazing, and their prospects

Saint John, N.B. charter grants only white residents liberties of "freemen" and restricts Black economic activity as mayor sees fit

Miramichi too underpopulated to make government job there pay, so Benjamin Marston considers "going into the Commission business" to sell goods

Bills of sale of enslaved Black man Josiah Cutten show Montrealer buys him for £32/10 and "gray Horse" in February and sells him for £50 in March

Rules established for firefighters' organization in Parrtown, Saint John (Note: few pages are missing)

60-year-old John Hall, 18-year Irish Black resident, petitions for land he was cheated of by neighbour's fraud; Council says pursue claim in court

Although veterans are granted 20 acres of land and sergeants 30, Sgt. Thomas Peters of Black Pioneers and 13 comrades receive 1 acre each

"I have been this winter almost [sic] at Deaths door" - William Fisher, former servant, has received no land or provisions since being freed

Prince Edward Island
Privy Council finds confiscation of John Macdonald's and other Proprietors' land was illegal and "Purchasers[...]are liable to heavy damages"

Quakers allowed to affirm instead of swear oath in court, but not allowed to give evidence in criminal prosecutions

Cape Breton
Painting: "Founding of Sydney, 1785;" reproduction of William Booth's watercolour (August 1785)

Males may get sentence of up to 1 year in coal mines in addition to receiving burn in hand for grand larceny and whipping for petty larceny

Persons owed £5 or less can seek summary judgment against their debtors in weekly court of commissioners appointed to hear such cases

All sales of game (venison, moose, bear, hare, rabbit, partridge, pigeon, duck or other waterfowl) in Sydney must be at public market

Newfoundland
Bill to temporarily restrict U.S. trade to Newfoundland to bread, flour and livestock, and that only in British-built and -owned ships

Admiral John Campbell reports more than 50 merchant ships have sailed from Newfoundland to "Lisbon, Oporto, Alicant, &c."

Three lives and 7,000 quintals of fish lost as ship from Newfoundland founders on Caparica shore near Lisbon; rest of crew saved "with great difficulty"

Report from Boston that British frigates fired on U.S. fishers on Grand Banks

George Cartwright finds "incredible" slaughter of penguins and other birds happens on Funk Island, and fears they will be nearly wiped out

Elsewhere
Cartwright finds convicts brought to Labrador from Newgate Prison "so intolerably idle that nothing but severity can induce them to do their work"

Master of Hudson's Bay Company sloop hears Inuit have many wolf and deer skins and are "very glad" to know there will be annual trade

Census (by or for Daniel Claus) lists Indigenous nations, mostly between Lake Huron and Lake Winnipeg

Loyalist says that situation is "very unpleasant" in New York because of "Imposts, Rents, enormous Taxes &c we poor Tories have got to pay"

Congress to compensate Canadians Pierre Ayotte, James Livingston and Thomas Walker for services to Continental Army and revolutionary cause

title: 1785 in Canada


text:
1786 in Canada

Events from the year 1786 in Canada.

Incumbents

 * Monarch: George III

Governors

 * Governor of the Province of Quebec: Frederick Haldimand
 * Governor of New Brunswick: Thomas Carleton
 * Governor of Nova Scotia: John Parr
 * Commodore-Governor of Newfoundland: John Byron
 * Governor of St. John's Iñjsland: Walter Patterson

Events

 * New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland allowed to import goods from the United States.
 * Gerassin Pribilof discovers the rookeries on the islands now known as the Pribilofs.
 * John Molson founds his first brewery in Montreal.

Births

 * April 16 – John Franklin, naval officer, Arctic explorer, and author (d.1847)
 * June 17 – William Thompson, farmer and political figure (d.1860)
 * October 7 – Louis-Joseph Papineau, lawyer, politician and reformist (d.1871)
 * October 30 – Philippe-Joseph Aubert de Gaspé, lawyer, writer, fifth and last seigneur of Saint-Jean-Port-Joli (L'Islet County) (d.1871)
 * October 31 – William Morris, businessman, militia officer, justice of the peace, politician, and school administrator (d.1858)

Historical documents
Stated in Commons debate that Loyalists wish government to set date for their compensation so that they can borrow against that security

In answer to John Adams' "requisition" regarding British posts on U.S. soil, Lord Carmarthen lists Loyalists' grievances state by state

Despite sense of justice due Loyalists for their losses, "their property was given up as the price of peace for their fellow subjects"

Congress orders Secretary of Foreign Affairs to make up lists by state of "negroes" taken away by British at end of war

John Adams says trade "more necessary" to British colonies than to U.S.A., and British policy is "Sowing the seeds of disquiet and discontent" in them

Guy Carleton appointed governor-in-chief over Quebec, Nova Scotia (including St. John and Cape Breton islands) and New Brunswick

Lower Canada
Mixture of French and British laws, making business "uncertain and insecure," should be ended by creation of provincial house of assembly

Rejected bill to reduce power of governor and government, allow jury trial option in civil cases and increase size of Legislative Council

John Jay says "variety of Considerations and some Facts" point to "understanding" between Shays Rebellion and "some leading Persons in Canada"

Acadians settled on ungranted lands in Chaleur Bay should submit their claims to such land "with or without any written titles"

Notice of 44th Regiment's departure includes summary of service in Seven Years War, Revolutionary War and fighting Quebec and Montreal fires

"Montreal has sent home this year, 1786, the greatest quantity of furs that have been imported into England from thence since[...]1776."

Paris-trained physician/midwife will treat "diseases incident to the pregnant state," and assist labour "and[...]delivery to the end of the month"

As Company of Comedians sails for Quebec City, Montrealers say they have for 4 months "been indebted for a very rational amusement"

"To be Sold, a Circumferentor," warranted good. Enquire of the Printer."

Upper Canada
About 8,000 Loyalists are settled in "upper parts" and at Chaleur Bay, with former making "astonishing progress in clearing[...]most fertile lands"

After 1,113 acres and "all his moveable property" were confiscated and he was long imprisoned, Loyalist with 10 kids arrives with 7 shillings

People of Cataraqui echo other settlers welcoming Lord Dorchester to Canada, and hope they will get support given to "other new formed settlements"

Joseph Brant urges British pay Kanien’kéhà:ka for their losses and loyalty, that they might stock their farms and settle in new country

John Butler and Daniel Claus advise rewarding Six Nations with £12,000 (half in cash to buy cattle) rather than pay them for losses in U.S.

Lord Sydney tells Lt. Gov. Hope that Kanien’kéhà:ka losses are "really nothing more than the usual effects of War," but will be addressed

Report 40 Indigenous people including "a chief of the Ottawas and Chippewas" are supposedly going to treaty talks with John Johnson and Six Nations

John Butler finds Indigenous people at Niagara "much dissatisfied" and has little to give "poor distressed creatures" beyond Johnson's promises

Dorchester wants Butler to assess Six Nations' attitude to Upper Posts: do they want British to stay in them? defend them against U.S. attack?

In consideration of their friend Alexander McKee, Odawa and Ojibwe chiefs transfer 7-mile-wide tract of land on south bank of Detroit River to Crown

Nova Scotia
Commissioners of American Claims set deadline for receiving Loyalists' claims of losses, including any title, deeds etc. they can produce

Loyalist ex-soldiers claiming compensation say they took "to industrious Labour in Order to Support themselves and repair their Constitutions"

Commissioners report 2,178 claims for £7.2+ million, of which £876,421 has been paid out; no debt, benefice or professional claims included yet

"Free Negroes" in Manchester petition for land, farm tools, clothing, ammunition and boards "we are intitled to" after two years

Word has reached London that wealthy U.S. residents (mostly Quakers) have come to Nova Scotia "to escape anarchy and confusion"

Petition and related documents of grant to Mi'kmaw chief Philip Bernard of 500 acres (not within Crown Reservations) on St. Margarets Bay

List of commissioners appointed for "the Distribution of Bounties and Premiums" on hemp, flaxseed, potash, sawmills, shipbuilding and whaling

Imports from U.S. restricted to flour, wheat, rice, "Indian Corn [and] Meal," rye, and white oak staves, all carried only in British vessels

Letter-to-the-editor signed by 53 men asserts ability of province's farmers to supply its needs for meat and vegetables on reasonable terms

Ship has departed with "a valuable Cargo" of 135 tons spermaceti oil, 40 tons whale oil, 8,759 lbs. whalebone and 1,257 moose and caribou skins

British naval officer sells "One Negro Man Named Sambo[...]and also One Brown Mare and her Colt now Sucking" to Truro physician for £40

For sale: "A likely Negro Wench, between Ten and Eleven Years of Age, has had the small Pox and Measles[....]"

Reward of 40 shillings for return of "Negro Man who answers to the Name of James," is 28 and has "a Nose rather acqueline"

Missing indented Black man Henry Jones, tanner by trade, "has a remarkable impediment in his speech [and] is very artful"

New Yorkers should not ridicule Nova Scotians, as they come to buy goods with ready money, which is "much wanted in these states"

In Supreme Court, 3 men convicted of "Burglary and Felony" are sentenced to death, while 2 others will be burned in hand, it being first offence

Before death sentence, judge addresses convicted in "most pathetic and moving manner" and many in court shed tears for "unhappy culprits"

Repeal of prohibition on Catholic schools; their teachers must be licensed and take prescribed oath; no Protestant under 14 to be enrolled

Charitable Irish Society members called to meet at O'Brien's Tavern, along with "all Irish Men or Sons of Irish Men" seeking membership

Long-time Lutheran chaplain to Germans settling in N.S. takes holy orders in Church of England, it being "the English of the system of Luther"

Lunenburg's Peter de la Roche calls on "Reverend Brethren" of all denominations to establish fund for relief of destitute widows of clergymen

News of boy's drowning includes London Humane Society's advice for more gentle "Recovery of Persons apparently dead by drowning"

Pasture for rent by week; note says "Cattle are frequently swam across the river [and driven] only half a mile from the landing"

"Salmon Manufactory" opened, same "as those of[...]North Briton," for families and retailers' orders that say which "Market they design them for"

Prince William Henry's Halifax welcome includes residents illuminating their houses in "general tide of joy [among] all ranks of people"

"Dr. Templeman" announces 3-week stint of dental services including tartar removal, curing gum "scurvy" and "Plumbing caries Teeth"

Governor and magistrates tour Halifax schools and are "well pleased with the conduct of the Masters and the performances of the Scholars"

Books for sale include Robinson Crusoe, Paradise Lost, The Vicar of Wakefield and (in large type) Henry's Commentary on the Bible in 6 Volumes

"To the Gentlemen of the Navy and Army. The Dock Yard and Town (if approved of) will play the Game at Cricket for the Sum of 25 or 50 Pounds."

"Very great walking" - "Gentleman and his servant" walk 76 miles of Pell's road (Annapolis Royal to Shelburne) in only 1½ days

Snow light in Shelburne, but temperature fell 24°F in hours, leading to belief "the Halifax Shaver had paid us a visit" (Note: compare Alberta clipper)

New Brunswick
Commissioner of Loyalist claims finds good conditions and prospects in New Brunswick, though he criticizes "industry" of ex-soldiers

N.B. asks Nova Scotia for payments made by N.B. residents to N.S. before provincial division, but N.S. says not until N.B. takes share of debt

In 7 months of 1785, Saint John exported more than 1.1 million shingles, 530,000 feet of boards, 85,000 staves etc. to West Indies

Provincial revenue to be generated from liquor and merchandise duties and liquor licences, except where rights of Saint John prevail

"The state and condition of the poor" to be submitted to court of general sessions in each district for assessment of funds for their support

Certificate of manumission in Saint John for mulatto Joshua Moore, born in New York City "in a state of slavery" in 1766

Edward Winslow says Indigenous people are intimidating judge regarding some case before courts (Note: "barbarous" and "savages" used)

Former New York minister claims compensation for 1777 banishment in which he lost "a Considerable Real and Personal Estate" and income from land

Former New York Volunteers sergeant major makes claim for losses, including "Father[...]barbarously executed for [loyalty] to the Royal Cause"

Only Anglican clergy allowed ecclesiastical office and must conduct service at least monthly; others may pick ministers and build "meeting houses"

Leader of 11 or more persons with petition or declaration for governor, council or assembly is liable to penalty of £100 and 3 months in jail

Indented servants and apprentices must receive discharges at end of their terms, and those hiring any undischarged person are liable to £5 fine

Loans with interest rates above 6% per year are prohibited (with exceptions), and bonds, contracts etc. void if paid at any higher rate

Grand jurors must possess freeholds with annual value of £10 or estates worth £100, and petit jurors likewise with 20s freeholds or £10 estates

No one to be "held to special bail" on process of supreme court for matter of less than £10, or less than 40s if process from lower court

JPs empowered to jail persons with no visible means of support and who "live idle and refuse to work for the usual wages" or "beg alms"

Because "inhabitants of this province have frequently left fires burning which[...]have done great damage" to woods, fines of £3 to be assessed

No keepers of inns, taverns or alehouses, or retailers, are to sell liquor on credit of more than 5s, or accept "pawn or pledge" for that amount

All money and securities (including some mortgages) shall be forfeit if won in games of cards, dice, "tables," tennis, bowls or other game

Law enacted against killing moose for their hides only, which causes "wanton destruction" and could possibly "extirpate that useful animal"

Prince Edward Island
Charged or jailed debtor owing less than £100 may petition court for release upon submitting list of property for creditors to divide

Office of sheriff created to replace provost marshall, which role did not provide gentleman's salary, possibly leading to use of extortion

Gov. Patterson tells Loyalist claims commissioners that few Islanders have claims big enough to warrant trip to Halifax to testify

Elsewhere
"French writer computes" 62,000 Blacks bought in Africa annually, of whom 40,000 are taken by England, depopulating African coast

Granville Sharp draws up rules and regulations for proposed settlement in Sierra Leone for Blacks returning to Africa

Brant tells nations under U.S. attack what their forefathers knew: "'They were the Lords of the Soil' and that all the White people were invaders"

Alexander Mackenzie: "I have not a single man in my fort that can make Rackets. [...] See what it is to have no wives."

Edward Umfreville describes lower Saskatchewan River, and time in 1786 when it rose 10 feet in 24 hours, causing traders to sleep in their canoes

While exploring, Hudson's Bay Co. sloop master says "two oldast [Inuit] Layd hold of me by the arms and handed me about to Every place I went"

"Prince William Henry is to make a regular naval tour on the coast of Labradore[...]during the whole course of the summer[....]"

Making the Bastille "a civil prison" where inmates can see friends "is the first beam of liberty that has shone on France for many years"

title: 1786 in Canada


text:
1787 in Canada

Events from the year 1787 in Canada.

Incumbents

 * Monarch: George III

Governors

 * Governor of the Canadas: Guy Carleton, 1st Baron Dorchester
 * Governor of New Brunswick: Thomas Carleton
 * Governor of Nova Scotia: John Parr
 * Commodore-Governor of Newfoundland: John Elliot
 * Governor of St. John's Island: Edmund Fanning

Events

 * HBC David Thompson wintered with Piegans on Bow River.
 * Prince William Henry (future William IV) lands at Quebec.
 * At an investigation into judicial abuses, it is stated that one judge takes wine to excess, before taking his seat on the Bench; and that another habitually disregards the pertinent French law and applies the law of England.
 * The Toronto Purchase occurs.

Births

 * February 10 – John McDonald, businessman and political figure (d.1860)
 * February 12 – Norbert Provencher, clergyman, missionary and Bishop (d.1853)
 * November 12 – Pierre-Flavien Turgeon, Archbishop of Quebec (d.1867)
 * November 9 – William MacBean George Colebrooke, lieutenant governor of New Brunswick (d.1870)

Deaths

 * April 14 – Benjamin Frobisher, fur-trader (b. 1742)

Historical documents
Complaints from British America "that their trade is very much injured and impeded" by lack of quick link with Britain; packets to be added

Congress says new constitution creates national authority (including treaty-making) superior to all state laws (hint: anti-loyalist ones)

Regarding Canada - New Brunswick boundary, Gov. Lord Dorchester calls who gets what land "very immaterial" except as it affects border with U.S.A.

Lower Canada
Merchants tell Legislative Council that province suffers from mixing "the custom of Canada, the general laws of France [and English law]"

Many of 15,000 British-born in Canada are Loyalists "wholly ignorant of the French laws," which won't protect them or commercial rights

Council forms committees to address various topics of government reform, and committees solicit opinion from every district of Canada

Former governor Haldimand learns tight-lipped Gov. Lord Dorchester is part of "confusion reigning in Canada," and Quebec Act is "in danger"

"In less than half a Century [most] of the Landed property in this Province will be in the hands of the English, [who] possess all the Trade"

Dorchester warns Sydney that U.S. military build-up may have as one objective attacking British frontier posts, which are in weak condition

Infantry regiment said to be going to Quebec after Dorchester decides "deranged state of the government" in U.S.A. means more troops needed

Dorchester "is regulating and exercising" militia; Montreal writer says "people are militia mad" and buying uniforms "with great avidity"

Dorchester orders free trade of domestic products (furs excepted) with U.S.A. by way of Lake Champlain, subject to British trade rules

Commissioners of American Claims ask Loyalists who submitted claims under 1783 claims act to meet them in Montreal or Quebec City

George Davison tells Haldimand "the posts have this year returned 7,500 pounds of beaver and 1,600 martins," and St. Maurice Forges are productive

Report that leaders of Shays Rebellion petitioned Dorchester for asylum and were turned down as former enemies of Britain, and now not so much

$20 reward for "Negro Wench" Bett, about 18, speaks English, French and German well, and is "big with child and within a few days of her time"

Free lecture series at seminary running October-March on mathematics (arithmetic, algebra, geometry etc.) and March-August on military affairs

Trials and joys of sailing from Montreal to Quebec City

Stuffed skin once covered body that could "much mischief do, / It by the ladies too was much caress'd, / What more, Beau-reader, can be said of you?"

Upper Canada
Legislative Council, claiming Great Lakes soil is fit for hemp and flax, says "policy requires that this great Country should be peopled"

Mississaugas give up land on north side of Lake Ontario by signing "indenture," but land area and payment amount are not filled in until years later

When British ask Six Nations their attitude to retaining frontier posts, chiefs rather ask how British will address and support their alliance

Five nations' (Kanien’kéhà:ka, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga and Delaware) deed for "a farm each" on Grand River for 10 Indian Department officials

Former New Jersey judge, fined more than £1,000 for loyalty to King, seeks "a Captain's allowance of Lands" in 1787 petition

Nova Scotia
Along with "barbarity" and "ferocity," Indigenous people are described as valuing expressiveness and sense of right and wrong

Birchtown "negroes[...]have been found extremely useful to the white inhabitants, chiefly in reducing very considerably the price of work"

Bishop of Halifax says colonies are blessed with inflow of "respectable and industrious inhabitants" and favourable trade and development policies

Newcomer finds Nova Scotia "a miserable country" dependent on Boston for mutton, poultry and fruit, New York for flour and Ireland for pork

Shelburne resident says 131 infant baptisms and 17 burials of under-2-year-olds in 1786 shows "salubrity of our climate"

Almost all whalers out of Halifax have had great success in last year, benefitting them and whole province

Trade and fishery superintendent at Canso finds U.S. fishers violating treaty and harming British trade by selling own country's goods

Thomas Jefferson warns French foreign minister that putting duty on Nantucket whale oil will only drive those whalers to Nova Scotia

Fees established for various judicial roles and services, including 1 shilling for jurors and 2/6 per day plus 3p mileage for witnesses

Law requires record of servant's wage and term; JPs can fine misbehaving servant up to 5 shillings and fine master for serving liquor to servant

Extra packet ordered by British postmaster general to sail to Halifax with mail for British settlements because of "great increase of trade"

Halifax town meeting votes to raise £82 to pay debts from "maintenance of the Poor" and £100 for next 6 months of maintenance

"On Account of the Severity of the Winter, a Number of Officers of the Army intend performing a Play for the Benefit of poor confined Debtors"

Windsor residents' gratitude to leaders of 60th Regiment at Fort Edward for "goodness of their Discipline, and[...]their Hearts"

Grand jurors report on excessive drinking among "lower sort of people" in Halifax, blaming too great number of liquor licences issued

Ship hits hidden rock off Jeddore Head and sinks in 5 minutes; one passenger "was almost drown'd" before getting into boat, but died hours later

When young man dies in winter weather on Liverpool-Shelburne road, search party has "utmost Difficulty" separating his faithful dog from corpse

Gazette printer announces German-language almanac for 1788 and newspaper to be published starting January 1

Singing school to open for Halifax "young Gentlemen and Ladies" (over 10 years old) to learn "the Rules of Psalmody" for 3 months

New Brunswick
All age 16-50 to join militia company or regiment, and "upon an alarm, invasion, insurrection or rebellion," Quakers and those age 51-60 must join too

No deed or other land conveyance can deny right of dower to any wife unless she signs such deed and informs judge that she did so freely

Only "causes" of divorce allowed are "precontract by words in the present Tense, and frigidity or impotence and consanguinity"

While Gov. Lord Dorchester is for guarding against "menaces of the Indians," he advises showing them civility, kindness and justice

Upon swearing oath, debtor confined in jail for 14 days may go free and any creditor blocking such release must pay prisoner's maintenance

Payments to be made for certain government roles and services, including treasurer, printer, and speaker, and Assembly house's rent and fuel

"Mama, why don't you help me and give me Bread?" - Widowed Loyalist complains bitterly about "neglect and starvation" suffered by her family

Suspicion that New Brunswick deputy postmaster general broke seals on letter to Nova Scotia governor stirs cross-border controversy

Map: Saint John River from Bay of Fundy to Fredericton, with plan of Saint John city

Land grant draft lease is made out to 31 Black men rent-free for 10 years with certain requirements for clearing and working land

Moses Simpson and 3 other Black men petition for land assigned to them that they could not work when provisions were cut off after 2 months

Black woman Eve ("excellent" housework) and her child Suke sent to N.B. by New York loyalist under attainder who can't sell her at home

Reward for missing "Abraham, a Run-Away negro boy, about 16[,] has a pleasant countenance, is very talkative, tall[...]but well proportioned"

"Wanted immediately, A smart active Lad, About eight or ten years of age, as an apprentice to learn the trade of a Chimney-Sweeper."

Cape Breton Island
All "Monies, Provisions, building Materials, Clothing, Stores" etc. for government use are to be accounted for, or else £10 fine plus damages

Cape Breton inhabitants to be "immediately enrolled" in militia "for preserving from encroachment[...]the extensive Fisheries on this Coast"

Perjury (even by "unlawful procurement [or] sinister Persuasion") can draw £20 fine or cutting off of both ears, plus 6 months in prison

Three-year scarcity of fish prompts law against dumping fish offal within 3 leagues of shore (onshore dumping in intertidal "landwash" excepted)

Taking trees reserved for Royal Navy masts and timber can lead to fine of up to £100 or six months in prison, and burning woods is felony

Moose or caribou hunting for skins only punishable by £5 fine, unless meat kept for personal or local use or sold at public market

Elsewhere
John Johnson on importance to Britain of nations (Six Nations, Wyandot, Delaware, Shawnee) involved in confrontations with U.S. settlers

Independent and powerful Vermont, negotiating and foreseeably confederating with Canada, poses threat to New York

Separatist "Provinces of Maine and Sagadahock[...]pass what Acts they please" to keep their ports open to British lumber trade

Description of depression conditions in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, where lack of trade leaves ships unused (even unrigged) and unsaleable

Congress rejects request of Canadian refugees on Lake Champlain for provisions, with exception of 12-month supply for "aged and infirm"

Drawing: Moravian mission with Inuit houses, Hopedale, Labrador

Alexander Mackenzie and partners endure violence from established fur traders for 2 years before forming Northwest Company with them

"Barbarous and uncultivated" - British traders stop at Haida Gwaii and find people "the most expert and rapacious thieves," but good carvers

"That the King of France has banished the Parlement of Paris for daring to think and speak the truth[...]is thought will occasion an insurrection"

Report says astronomer William Herschel discovered erupting volcano on Moon, though in "last lunation[...]he saw nothing of it"

title: 1787 in Canada


text:
1788 in Canada

Events from the year 1788 in Canada.

Incumbents

 * Monarch: George III

Governors

 * Governor of the Canadas: Guy Carleton, 1st Baron Dorchester
 * Governor of New Brunswick: Thomas Carleton
 * Governor of Nova Scotia: John Parr
 * Commodore-Governor of Newfoundland: John Elliot
 * Governor of St. John's Island: Edmund Fanning

Events

 * Attorney-General Monk and Solicitor-General Williams are of opinion that, as the Jesuits have no civil existence as a Canadian corporation, their estates accrue to the Crown.
 * Ontario is divided into five districts, under English law.

Births

 * January 1 – Peter Warren Dease, HBC officer and Arctic explorer (d.1863)
 * October 14 – Sir Edward Sabine, soldier and scientist (d.1883)
 * December 31 – Alexander Rankin, timber merchant, justice of the peace, politician, and office holder (d.1852)

Historical documents
Royal assent is coming for bill liquidating Loyalist claims, which amount to almost £1.9 million in property and more than £75,000 in income

It is right and just that Britain sacrificed Loyalists' property for national well-being, and that they should be compensated for their loss

Parliament is likely to investigate "the slave trade, so long a disgrace to every civilized people concerned in it"

Text of act governing trade between British North American and Caribbean possessions and United States of America

Commons debates whether Caribbean colonies can rely on Canada and Nova Scotia to supply them or must also have trade with U.S.A.

British government resolves to give "utmost support" to new North American settlements by importing ship building materials from there

Gov. Gen. Lord Dorchester reports "Upper Country Trade" merchants dispense "profuse credits" and find fur prices high at home but low in London

Government surveyor seeks 100 subscribers for large-scale Gulf of St. Lawrence chart covering Cape Ray to Sept-Îles to Saint John and Canso

Lower Canada
Dorchester pins "animosities [on] old resentments, and enmity," and hopes gradual reform will seem just to both no-change and change-now factions

Both British and Canadian supporters of legislative assembly for Canada say they outnumber and are "not less respectable" than opponents

Backing assembly, "Sidney" says don't deprive people of their rights "merely because it would be difficult to accomplish an equal representation"

Smuggling from U.S.A. includes tea ("most consequential article of inland contraband"), wine by sea, and rum if Canadian price goes up

For sale: "A Handsome Negro Man" (age 22-23) "and a beautiful Negro Woman" (22-23), married to each other and "both of a good constitution"

Missing: "A Negro Man named Caleb," about 26 or 27; "all persons are required not to harbour or employ the said Negro Slave"

Reward $4 for missing "Mulatto fellow named Pascal Puro,[...]about eighteen[...], talks good English, writes and reads,[...]calls himself a f[r]ee-man"

No practising medicine, midwifery or pharmacy in Montreal or Quebec without examination, university degree or past military practice, plus licence

Ordinance requires adjustment to "trains" (long, heavy Canadian sleighs), sleds and carioles that are creating cahots on roadways

Paying members of 2,000-volume Quebec Library are "gentlemen desirous to promote science, and afford amusement and instruction"

Mrs. Chilley's new boarding school for young ladies at Beauport costs 15 guineas/year plus tuition for writing and arithmetic ($4) and French ($3)

"A Distrest Family of Six Females long labouring under difficulties" seeks employment in needlework, coarse or fine

Documents identify Phillip Cook as father of Elisabeth Jones' baby born in Sorel (a.k.a. William-Henry) parish

Upper Canada
On visit to Niagara, Dorchester finds Loyalists thankful for Crown's support and "better circumstanced and happier than before the Rebellion"

U.S. civilian and military development from Ohio River to Lake Champlain make necessary "advancing the Western settlements of this Province"

Settlers to apply through local deputy surveyors general for land at or near Lac Saint-François, Ottawa River, Kingston, Toronto, Niagara and Detroit

Four new districts (Lunenburg, Mecklenburg, Nassau and Hesse) established between Lac Saint-François and western limit of Canada

Widow of Loyalist dead soon after their 1788 arrival with 11 children is "Obliged to bind out some of her Children and suffer with the Others"

Butler's Rangers member's wartime wounds include one that never healed, for which he "begs the benefit of one of his Majesty's Hospitals"

Legislative Council considers offer of portage service at Toronto Carrying Place as part of connection between Lake Ontario and Georgian Bay

Dorchester reports on Indigenous affairs, including some involving Joseph Brant, whom people at Grand River are "much dissatisfied with"

Lake Huron map describes Bruce Peninsula as "exceedingly dangerous for Boats or Canoes to go around" because of lack of landing places

Map: Toronto and harbour with lots, common, water depths etc., plus road to "Lake La Clie" (Lac aux Claies, now Lake Simcoe)

Nova Scotia
"Public emergency" extends importation into Nova Scotia of U.S. livestock, bread, various grains, some kinds of lumber etc.

"A Farmer" recalls Halifax's prosperity before 1761 reduced to "unprofitability" by 1772, then revived by 1783 but now lagging again

List of 22 sawmills (including all of 4 in Truro) built 1786-7 with support of £20 government bounty

Petitioner seeks Duke of York's support for grant of Nova Scotia ore bodies his association has found, promising 20% share of profits

"Loyal American refugee" Anglican leaders in Digby tell bishop they have not built church because they spend all they have on homes and lands

Grand jury formally urges Court of Quarter Sessions to prevent any repeat of disorder and fatal violence in recent Halifax election

"Swarm of negroes, amounting to two or 3000" is looking for jobs, having neglected land allotments and "every encouragement to improve them"

"Indentures of a Negro Girl, aged about twelve Years," are for sale; she is "remarkably affable and handy in tending Children"

Writer says minister who enslaves "girl" supports slave trade "in all the cruel and murderous treatment that slaves have ever endured"

Annapolis Loyalist wills three "Negro Girl Slave[s]" (Clarinda, Silvia and Bella) to his daughters Phebe, Mary and Jane, respectively

Widow's will grants "full Freedom and discharge from all Servitude as Slaves" to Black woman Rose, mulatto Agatha and Black man John Bulkley

Painting: Black woodcutter at Shelburne

Advertisement for various goods says payment accepted in skins, furs, well-cured dried and pickled fish, lumber, flaxseed and other N.S. products

London warehouse can access "ships for Exportation, Cask and Bottled Porter and all Sorts of Country Ale and Beer" for Halifax merchants

Academy to open near Windsor with Latin School (tuition £4/year) and English and Mathematical School (£3/yr.), plus room and board (£15/yr.)

Captain Sterling advertises his Halifax school to teach young gentlemen branches of navigation, of which he is master in theory and practice

Bishop of Nova Scotia to deliver sermon "for the Purpose of Cloathing the poor Children who are educated in the Sunday Schools of this town"

New Brunswick
Profile of New Brunswick is long on praise and short on detail, with exception of dispute with U.S.A. over St. Croix River border

Using weir, net etc. in any river, cove or creek outside authorized places will draw fine of £10 or £20 (2nd offence) or £50 (further offences)

Following complaint by sachem, Lt. Gov. Carleton forbids "all persons whatever to settle or occupy" lands of Indigenous people at Richibucto

Mrs. Cottnam's Saint John boarding school teaches young ladies grammar, reading "with propriety," writing (spelling, correctness and hand) etc.

Two missionaries "under the immediate patronage of[...]the Countess of Huntingdon" are to distribute bibles free to Saint John poor people

Quakers in England have sent £500 worth of clothing, tools, cash etc. "to their brethren in this province" (with same amount to Nova Scotia)

Edward Winslow describes sort of woman he and his wife want for teaching their children and "superintending the affairs of a family"

Pacific Coast
Traders coming from northwest coast of North America sell furs at much lower prices than expected in glutted Chinese market

John Meares' visit to Maquilla and his people in Friendly Cove

Print: schooner North West America launched in Nootka Sound (September 20, 1788)

Elsewhere
Mathematical problem for students to solve involves rate and number of revolutions of two "Planets" (satellites) in Earth orbit

Chancellor of the Exchequer tells House of Commons that Newfoundland produced record 200,000 quintals of fish in 1787

To protect creditors, anyone leaving Cape Breton Island must first post notice of that for 3 weeks and obtain pass from government

"Induce them to throw themselves into the Arms of Great Britain" - Loyalist John Connolly's effort to engage people in District of Kentucky

Joseph Amos and 31 Mashpee people of Cape Cod petition Massachusetts General Court for land and rights, or they might move to Nova Scotia

Saint John schooner wrecked in gale (nor'easter?) off Wilmington, North Carolina, with woman and 3 children washed overboard and drowned

Gov. Gen. Lord Dorchester plans to establish 2 settlements in northern Canada for communication with James Bay, and possibly colony of convicts

"Existence is contemptible without its sweets - and those sweets of our existence, are our liberties" - call-to-arms issued and seized in Paris

"The blow so long meditated is at length struck - and the horrors of civil war are spreading with rapidity throughout many parts of France"

France assessed: "The flame of revolt[...]will yet break forth with irresistible rage, and in the end extinguish her monarchy"

title: 1788 in Canada