text:
George Baker (Dutch singer)

Johannes "Hans" Bouwens (born 8 December 1944), known as George Baker, is a Dutch singer and songwriter who, with his band George Baker Selection, scored three international hits; "Little Green Bag" (1969), "Paloma Blanca" (1975) and "Santa Lucia by Night" (1985).

Childhood
Bouwens was born near the end of World War II on 8 December 1944 as the son of a single mother on the Gravenstraat in Hoorn, at or near the location where Jan Pieterszoon Coen was born in 1587. Months before Bouwens was born, his father, Peppino Caruso, a former Italian soldier from Calabria put to labor by the Germans in nearby Grosthuizen, had been killed while attempting to escape when he was to be transferred to Germany. Bouwens was raised by his mother and his grandparents, Willemke Woudstra and Johannes Bouwens (1886–1952), first in Hoorn and from 1957 on the Wandelweg in Wormerveer. There, he sang and played guitar in a schoolband (The Jokers) with Bob Ketzer, but at the age of 14 he left school and took jobs unloading ships on the Zaan and eventually as a factory worker at a lemonade factory. In 1961, he took the stage name "Body" and formed the band Body and the Wild Cats, with Bob Ketzer and his brother Ruud as well as Gerrit Bruyn on bass, all from Wormerveer.

George Baker Selection
In 1968, Bouwens joined the band Soul Invention, a soul band which was founded the previous year by Henk Kramer in Assendelft and played covers of songs by Otis Redding and Sam and Dave. The band consisted of Job Netten (guitar), Henk Kramer and Eric Bardoen (saxophone), Jacques Greuter (keyboard and flute), Theo Vermast and later Jan Visser (bass), and Ton Vredenburg (drums). Visser and Bouwens wrote the song "Little Green Bag" in the summer of 1969. The band recorded their first album in September 1969, after which, considering this was not soul music, they changed their name to The George Baker Selection, Bouwens naming himself for a character from a detective novel. This first album, Little Green Bag (1970), produced an immediate worldwide hit: their debut single, "Little Green Bag," reached No. 16 on the Cash Box magazine chart and No. 21 on the Billboard Hot 100 in the United States. The success came as a surprise for Baker, who remembers hearing it on the radio while he was working in a lemonade factory. The single sold over one million copies globally, and received a gold disc.

A string of singles and albums followed; the second single, "Dear Ann," was such a success that Baker resigned from his job in the lemonade factory and became a full-time musician. Not all band members followed suit, and besides Bouwens, the "Selection" from mid 1970 was formed by Jan Visser, Jan Hop (drums), Jacques Greuter and George Thé (voice, guitar, bass). In March 1971 Jan Visser left the band to be replaced by Cor Veerman. Besides scoring hits with his own Selection, he also wrote songs for others, including BZN, The Shoes, Andy Star, and Next One. In 1974, singer Lida Bond joined the Selection, and combining her voice with Baker's proved highly successful.

The Selection's fifth album, Paloma Blanca, was released in 1975, and the single "Paloma Blanca" reached No. 1 on charts in several countries. By this time Nelleke Brzoskowsky was the singer; she had joined in 1975. "Paloma Blanca" sold more than seven million copies worldwide, making it one of the most successful Dutch singles ever.

In 1978, Baker disbanded the Selection because "the pressure had become too much." The band has sold over 20 million records worldwide. However, Baker formed a new George Baker Selection in 1985, which stayed together until 1989. The second version of the Selection has released twelve albums and several compilation albums.

Baker was one of the artists who recorded the song Shalom from Holland (written by Simon Hammelburg and Ron Klipstein) as a token of solidarity to the Israeli people, threatened by missiles from Iraq, during the first Gulf War in 1991.

The Selection experienced a brief return to the international charts in 1992 when the song "Little Green Bag" was used in the title sequence of the film Reservoir Dogs.

In 2015, "Little Green Bag" was used in the fadeout of some episodes of series two of the Australian drama LOVE CHILD. In 2017, 2018 and 2019 Baker recorded new versions for commercials by Lidl supermarket chainstore. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JhvZE5KgJOI

Solo career
After he disbanded the Selection in 1978, Baker performed as a solo artist till 1985, when he briefly returned with a new roster of the Selection. In 1989, he returned to solo work. In 2005, he released a remix of the song "Paloma Blanca" for the film Too Fat Too Furious. As a solo artist, he had released nine albums as of early September 2017. He was managed by Jaap Buijs, who died in 2015.

title: George Baker (Dutch singer)


text:
Fanny Brice

Fania Borach (October 29, 1891 – May 29, 1951), known professionally as Fanny Brice or Fannie Brice, was an American comedian, illustrated song model, singer, and actress who made many stage, radio, and film appearances. She is known as the creator and star of the top-rated radio comedy series The Baby Snooks Show.

Her life story was loosely adapted into the stage musical Funny Girl. Brice was famously portrayed by Barbra Streisand in both the original Broadway production of the musical and its 1968 film adaptation.

Early life

Fania Borach was born in Manhattan, New York City, United States, the third child of Rose (née Stern; 1867–1941), a Jewish Hungarian woman who immigrated to the U.S. at age 10, and Alsatian immigrant Charles Borach. The Borachs were saloon owners and had four children: Phillip, born in 1887; Carrie, born in 1889; Fania, born in 1891; and Louis, born in 1893. Under the name Lew Brice, her younger brother also became an entertainer and was the first husband of actress Mae Clarke.

In 1908, Brice dropped out of school to work in a burlesque revue, "The Girls from Happy Land Starring Sliding Billy Watson". Two years later, she began her association with Florenz Ziegfeld, headlining his Ziegfeld Follies in 1910 and 1911. She was hired again in 1921 and performed in the Follies into the 1930s.

In the 1921 Follies, she was featured singing "My Man", which became both a big hit and her signature song. She made a popular recording of it for the Victor Talking Machine Company. The second song most associated with Brice is "Second Hand Rose", which she also introduced in the Ziegfeld Follies of 1921.

She recorded nearly two dozen record sides for Victor, and also cut several for Columbia Records. She is a posthumous recipient of a Grammy Hall of Fame Award for her 1921 recording of "My Man".

Brice's Broadway credits include Fioretta, Sweet and Low, and Billy Rose's Crazy Quilt. Her films include My Man (1928, a lost film), Be Yourself! (1930), and Everybody Sing (1938) with Judy Garland. Brice, Ann Pennington, and Harriet Hoctor were the only original Ziegfeld performers to portray themselves in The Great Ziegfeld (1936) and Ziegfeld Follies (1946).

Radio
Brice's first radio show was the Philco Hour in February 1930. Brice's first regular radio show was probably The Chase and Sanborn Hour, a 30-minute program which ran on Wednesday nights at 8 pm in 1933.

From the 1930s until her death in 1951, Fanny made a radio presence as a bratty toddler named Snooks, a role she had premiered in a Follies skit co-written by playwright Moss Hart. Baby Snooks premiered in The Ziegfeld Follies of the Air in February 1936 on CBS, with Alan Reed playing Lancelot Higgins, her beleaguered "Daddy." Brice moved to NBC in December 1937, performing the Snooks routines as part of the Good News show, then back to CBS on Maxwell House Coffee Time, with the half-hour divided between the Snooks sketches and actor Frank Morgan.

By September 1944, Brice's sketch writers Philip Rapp and David Freedman brought in Arthur Stander and Everett Freeman, who developed a half-hour comedy program, Post Toasties Time, later The Baby Snooks Show. Produced by Everett Freeman, it launched on CBS in 1944, moving to NBC in 1948. Hanley Stafford played the Daddy and Fannie Brice the main character, Baby Snooks. Other co-stars included Lalive Brownell, Lois Corbet, and Arlene Harris each in turn as her mother, Danny Thomas as Jerry, Charlie Cantor as Uncle Louie, and Ken Christy as Mr. Weemish.

She returned on Tallulah Bankhead's big-budget, large-scale radio variety show The Big Show in November 1950, sharing the bill with Groucho Marx and Jane Powell.

Television appearance
Fanny Brice's only appearance on television was on June 12, 1950, in a performance on CBS-TV's Popsicle Parade of Stars, as Baby Snooks.

Later years
Fanny Brice resided in a house built in 1938 on North Faring Road in Holmby Hills, Los Angeles, designed by the architect John Elgin Woolf (1908-1980). The house was entirely gutted and rebuilt from the foundation up between 2001 and 2008.

Personal life

Brice had a short-lived marriage in her late teens to a barber, Frank White, whom she met in 1910 in Springfield, Massachusetts, when she was touring in College Girl. The marriage lasted three years and she brought suit for divorce in 1913.

Her second husband was professional gambler and con man Nicky Arnstein. Brice and Arnstein lived together for three years before he was convicted of a wiretapping swindle in 1915. Brice visited Arnstein in prison every week during the 14 months he served in Sing Sing, pawned her jewelry to pay for appeals and eventually secured him a pardon. They were married in 1918, one week after Arnstein obtained a divorce from his first wife. In 1920, Arnstein was charged with conspiracy to sell $5 million of stolen Wall Street bonds. Brice insisted on his innocence and funded his legal defense at great expense and the case went to the Supreme Court while Arnstein remained free on bail. Eventually Arnstein was sentenced to two years in the federal penitentiary at Leavenworth. Arnstein was released December 22, 1925 with 72 days time off for good behavior and joined Brice in Chicago where she was performing. Brice divorced him in Chicago on September 14, 1927 on grounds of infidelity and loss of affection. They had two children: Frances (1919–1992), who married film producer Ray Stark, and William (1921–2008), who became an artist using his mother's surname. Ray Stark later went on to produce the stage musical and film Funny Girl loosely based on the life of Fanny. Stark also produced a follow-up film Funny Lady.

Brice wed lyricist and stage producer Billy Rose in 1929 and appeared in his revue Crazy Quilt, among others. Brice sued Rose for divorce in 1938.

Death
Six months after her Big Show appearance, on May 29, 1951, Brice died at the Cedars of Lebanon Hospital in Hollywood from a cerebral hemorrhage at 11:15 am; she was 59. She was interred at Home of Peace Memorial Park but in 1999 her remains were relocated to Westwood Village Memorial Park.

Legacy
For her contributions to the film and radio industries, Brice was posthumously inducted into the Hollywood Walk of Fame with two stars. Her motion-pictures star is located at 6415 Hollywood Boulevard, while her radio star is located at 1500 Vine Street.

The Stony Brook campus of the State University of New York (SUNY at Stony Brook) had a Fannie Brice Theatre, a 75-seat venue that was used for a variety of performances, including a 1988 production of the musical Hair, staged readings, and a studio classroom space.

Mexican comedian Maria Elena Saldana was influenced by Brice and created a character similar to Brice's Baby Snooks, La Guereja.

In 1991, the US Postal Service featured Brice on a first-class stamp, the only woman included as part of a "Comedian Commemorative Issue", illustrated by Al Hirschfeld.

In 2006, Brice was featured in the film Making Trouble-Three Generations of Funny Jewish Women, a tribute to Jewish women comedians produced by the Jewish Women's Archive.

Brice portrayals

The 1946 Warner Bros. cartoon Quentin Quail features a character based on Brice's characterization of Baby Snooks.

Barbra Streisand starred as Brice in the 1964 Broadway musical Funny Girl, which centered on Brice's rise to fame and troubled relationship with Arnstein. In 1969, Streisand won an Academy Award for Best Actress for reprising her role in the film version. The 1975 film sequel, Funny Lady, focused on Brice's turbulent relationship with impresario Billy Rose and was as highly fictionalized as the original film. Streisand also recorded the Brice songs "My Man" and "I'd Rather Be Blue Over You (Than Happy with Somebody Else)"; and "Second Hand Rose", which reached Billboard's top 40.

Funny Girl, and its sequel Funny Lady, took liberties with the events of Brice's life. They make no mention of Brice's first husband and suggest that Arnstein turned to crime because his pride would not allow him to live off Fanny and that he was wanted by the police for selling phony bonds. In reality, however, Arnstein sponged off Brice even before their marriage, and was eventually named as a member of a gang that stole $5 million worth of Wall Street securities. Instead of turning himself in, as in the movie, Arnstein went into hiding. When he finally surrendered, he did not plead guilty as he did in the movie, but fought the charges, taking a toll on his wife's finances.

Beanie Feldstein starred as Brice in the Broadway revival of Funny Girl, which opened in April 2022. Lea Michele replaced Feldstein on September 6, 2022.

Though an actress does not portray Brice, her name is mentioned in three scenes of a movie that was successful at the box office and merited two Academy Award nominations: Can You Ever Forgive Me? (2018). The protagonist, Lee Israel, portrayed by Melissa McCarthy, is a biographer who hopes she can get paid to work on a project about Brice's life. Her literary agent Marjorie, portrayed by Jane Curtin, tells her sharply that that is not going to happen. Marjorie shouts at Lee, "Nobody wants a book about Fanny Brice! There is nothing new or sexy about Fanny Brice! I couldn't get you a ten-dollar advance for a book about Fanny Brice."

Kimberly Faye Greenberg originated the role of Fanny Brice in "One Night With Fanny Brice" Off-Broadway at St. Luke's Theatre, NYC (2011). Greenberg has also played Brice in three other shows. These portrayals of Fanny Brice include "Speakeasy Dollhouse: Ziegfeld Midnight Frolic" at Broadway's Liberty Theatre, NY (2015);

Other recent portrayals of Fanny Brice were in "Ghostlight" at the New York Musical Theatre Festival at the Signature Theatre, NYC (2011); and in the solo show "Fabulous Fanny: The Songs & Stories of Fanny Brice", which has been touring the United States since 2014 and is streaming on the Stellar Platform.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Fanny Brice


text:
Duality (Lisa Gerrard and Pieter Bourke album)

Duality is a collaborative album by Lisa Gerrard and Pieter Bourke released in 1998. It was Lisa Gerrard's second post-Dead Can Dance album after The Mirror Pool from 1995. Lisa Gerrard and Brendan Perry released their last album in 1996 and had officially disbanded Dead Can Dance earlier in 1998.

At the ARIA Music Awards of 1998, the album was nominated for ARIA Award for Best World Music Album.

Overview
The beginning of the song "Shadow Magnet" influenced, in part, the music at the beginning of the Gladiator soundtrack (music by Hans Zimmer and Lisa Gerrard). The track "Nadir (Synchronicity)" was initially intended for use at the end of that film. However, due to copyright issues, a song 'influenced' by this track was used instead.

"Tempest" and "Sacrifice" were used for the Insider soundtrack.

Track listing
All tracks by Pieter Bourke and Lisa Gerrard except where noted.


text:
1991 in LGBT rights

This is a list of notable events in the history of LGBT rights that took place in the year 1991.

Events

 * U.S. state of Connecticut bans sexual orientation discrimination in the private sector.
 * U.S. state of Hawaii bans sexual orientation discrimination in the private sector.

January

 * 29 — Minnesota governor Arne Carlson issues an executive order banning sexual orientation discrimination in the public sector.

April

 * 16 — The United Kingdom Department of Health issued guidance banning social workers from allowing gay couples to become foster parents.

May

 * 1 — Three same-sex couples file suit in Hawaii alleging that the state constitution guarantees their right to marry.
 * 19 — The Executive Council of Hong Kong votes to decriminalize homosexuality.

August

 * 16 — New Jersey governor James Florio issues an executive order prohibiting sexual orientation discrimination in the public sector.

December

 * 17 — The Minnesota Court of Appeals, overturning a lower court ruling in In re Guardianship of Kowalski, awards guardianship of Sharon Kowalski, brain-damaged in an accident eight years earlier, to her lesbian partner Karen Thompson.

title: 1991 in LGBT rights


text:
North Carolina Senate

The North Carolina Senate is the upper chamber of the North Carolina General Assembly, which along with the North Carolina House of Representatives—the lower chamber—comprises the state legislature of North Carolina. The Senate has 50 members, and the term of office for each senator is two years.

The Senate's prerogatives and powers are similar to those of the other house, the House of Representatives. Its members do, however, represent districts that are larger than those of their colleagues in the House. The president of the Senate is the lieutenant governor of North Carolina, but the lieutenant governor has very limited powers and only votes to break a tie. Before the office of lieutenant governor was created in 1868, the Senate was presided over by a "speaker." After the 1988 election of James Carson Gardner, the first Republican lieutenant governor since Reconstruction, Democrats in control of the Senate shifted most of the power held by the lieutenant governor to the senator who is elected president pro tempore (or pro-tem). The president pro tempore appoints members to standing committees of the Senate, and holds great sway over bills.

According to the state constitution, the Senate is also the "Court for the Trial of Impeachments". The House of Representatives has the power to impeach state officials, after which the Senate holds an impeachment trial, as in the federal system. If the governor or lieutenant governor is the official who has been impeached, the chief justice of the North Carolina Supreme Court presides.

Qualifications
The qualifications to be a senator are found in the state Constitution: "Each Senator, at the time of his election, shall be not less than 25 years of age, shall be a qualified voter of the State, and shall have resided in the State as a citizen for two years and in the district for which he is chosen for one year immediately preceding his election."

Membership

 * ↑: Member was originally appointed to fill the remainder of an unexpired term.

title: North Carolina Senate


text:
North Carolina House of Representatives

The North Carolina House of Representatives is one of the two houses of the North Carolina General Assembly. The House is a 120-member body led by a Speaker of the House, who holds powers similar to those of the President pro-tem in the North Carolina Senate. Representatives serve two-year terms.

The qualifications to be a member of the House are found in the state Constitution: "Each Representative, at the time of his election, shall be a qualified voter of the State, and shall have resided in the district for which he is chosen for one year immediately preceding his election." Elsewhere, the constitution specifies that qualified voters that are 21 are eligible for candidacy except if otherwise disqualified by the constitution, and that no elected officials may deny the existence of God, although the latter provision is no longer enforced.

Prior to the Constitution of 1868, the lower house of the North Carolina Legislature was known as the North Carolina House of Commons.

Members (2023–24 session)

Source: NC General Assembly official site
 * ↑: Member was first appointed to office.

title: North Carolina House of Representatives


text:
Placebo (disambiguation)

A placebo is a substance or treatment without intrinsic therapeutic value but administered as if it were a therapy, whether in medical treatment or in clinical trials.

Placebo may also refer to:
 * Placebo (band), an English alternative rock band
 * Placebo (Placebo album), the band's 1996 self-titled debut album
 * Placebo, a Belgian jazz band fronted by Marc Moulin
 * Placebo, the band's 1974 self-titled album
 * Placebo (ASP album), a 2022 album by ASP

title: Placebo (disambiguation)


text:
Hunting dog

A hunting dog is a canine that hunts with or for hunters. There are several different types of hunting dog developed for various tasks and purposes. The major categories of hunting dog include hounds, terriers, cur type dogs, and gun dogs. Further distinctions within these categories can be made, based upon the dog's skills and capabilities. They are usually larger and have a more sensitive smell than normal dogs.

Breeds and capabilities used in hunting
For a list of breeds of each type, see the detailed articles for each category:

title: Hunting dog


text:
Les Merritt

Leslie Merritt Jr. (born November 19, 1951) is an American accountant and politician. A Republican, he served as the State Auditor of North Carolina from January 15, 2005 to January 10, 2009. Merrit was born in Sampson County. After graduating from college and marrying he moved to Zebulon and ran an accounting firm. He served on the Wake County Board of Commissioners from 1994 to 1998. He ran for the office of State Auditor of North Carolina in 2000 and lost, but was elected four years later. He lost a reelection bid four years later.

Early life
Leslie Merritt was born on November 19, 1951 in Sampson County, North Carolina, United States. He graduated from Union High School in 1970 and earned a Bachelor of Science in economics and accounting at North Carolina State University. He married and had two children. Following his marriage and the completion of his college degree, he and his wife moved to Zebulon. In 1984 he became owner of an accounting firm, Merritt, Petway, Mills and Hockaday, managing it until 2004.

Wake County Board of Commissioners
Merritt, a member of the Republican Party, ran for a seat on the Wake County Board of Commissioners in 1994, defeating Democrat Thurston Debnam. He served on the commission from December 5, 1994 to 1998.

State Auditor of North Carolina
Merrit challenged Democratic incumbent Ralph Campbell Jr. in the 2000 election for the office of North Carolina State Auditor. Campbell collected a significant amount of his campaign contributions from Atlanta-area donors, where his brother Bill was serving as mayor. Merritt, attempted to tie Ralph Campbell to a federal corruption investigation into Atlanta's city government and turned over his campaign financial disclosures to the Federal Bureau of Investigation. Campbell won over Merritt in November with 51 percent of the vote. Merritt ran again in 2004, receiving about 28,000 more votes Campbell and winning the election.

Merritt assumed the office of State Auditor of North Carolina on January 15, 2005. He was the first Certified Public Accountant to serve as State Auditor of North Carolina. Shortly after he took office, North Carolina Senate Majority Leader Tony Rand, fearing that Merrit would seek out legislators' emails, filed a bill that barred the auditor's office from accessing legislature computers. Two Democrats in the North Carolina House of Representatives subsequently introduced a bill which prohibited the office from accessing any state government computers and assigned their responsibility to the state chief technology officer. The Democratic legislators denied the move was politically-motivated, though some Republican members of the General Assembly believed such. Merritt attributed the proposals to misunderstandings, saying, "I've got to get to know them, and they've got to get to know me". He opposed the latter measure, saying the technology officer could not conduct an independent audit of state computers since they were appointed by the governor. He also began an audit into the North Carolina Division of Motor Vehicles to investigate the strength of its driver's license application process, and declared his support for the adoption of the Taxpayer Bill of Rights and zero-based budgeting for all state agencies.

In 2007 Merritt convinced the Senate to delay passage of a measure which would permit citizens to register to vote and cast a ballot immediately before an election, citing a risk of voter fraud. The State Board of Elections denounced his warnings as flawed and Merritt yielded. He later said, "I think there was a better way to handle that. It wasn't partisan, but it sure did lead into some accusations." He objected to the complete privatization of the state's mental health care network, saying "It should have been a pilot program. [...] We have to go back and build that safety net." In 2008 Merritt began a public dispute with the North Carolina State Ethics Commission over its handling of investigations into Lieutenant Governor Bev Perdue and State Senator Martin Nesbitt, accusing the body of giving the two preferential treatment. The General Assembly ended the feud by passing legislation which limited the auditor's purview concerning ethics disclosures. His office later found that Perdue and State Treasurer Richard H. Moore had misused official resources to support their own political campaigns.

On October 31, 2008, Merritt delivered an audit of various overseas trips First Lady of North Carolina Mary P. Easley. The trips cost $110,000 and were intended to secure art loans and promote cultural exchange. Merritt found that $45,000 of the overseas charges were "unreasonable" and of minimal benefit to the state. The audit was released days before the 2008 state elections, leading Merritt's opponent, Democrat Beth Wood, to accuse him of politicizing his office. She defeated him in November by over 290,000 votes. Political observers were surprised by Merritt's defeat. He left office on January 10, 2009.

Later activities
In February 2009, Merritt formed an investment consulting firm, Merritt Wealth Strategies, with his son. From May 2009 to April 2011, Merritt served as the executive director of the Foundation For Ethics in Public Service, a conservative organization that sought to promote ethical standards for public officials. On January 1, 2013, he was appointed to the North Carolina State Ethics Commission by Senate President Pro Tem Phil Berger. On May 13, he was contracted by the North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services to serve as chief financial officer for the state Division of Mental Health, Developmental Disabilities and Substance Abuse Services. After journalists from WRAL-TV questioned whether this created a conflict of interest, Merritt resigned from the ethics commission.

title: Les Merritt


text:
Tegea

Tegea (Τεγέα) was a settlement in ancient Arcadia, and it is also a former municipality in Arcadia, Peloponnese, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the Tripoli municipality, of which it is a municipal unit with an area of 118.350 km2. It is near the modern villages of Alea and Episkopi.

The legendary founder of Tegea was Tegeates, a son of Lycaon.

History
Tegea (Τεγέα; ) was one of the most ancient and powerful towns of ancient Arcadia, situated in the southeast of the country. Its territory, called Tegeatis (Τεγεᾶτις), was bounded by Cynuria and Argolis on the east, from which it was separated by Mount Parthenium, by Laconia on the south, by the Arcadian district of Maenalia on the west, and by the territory of Mantineia on the north. The Tegeatae are said to have derived their name from Tegeates, a son of Lycaon, and to have dwelt originally in eight, afterwards nine, demoi or townships. In the Archaic period the nine demoi that underlie Tegea banded together in a synoecism to form one city; the inhabitants of the demoi were incorporated, by Aleus in the city of Tegea, of which this hero was the reputed founder. The names of these nine townships, which are preserved by Pausanias, are: Gareatae (Γαρεᾶται), Phylaceis (Φυλακεῖς), Caryatae (Καρυᾶται), Corytheis (Κορυθεῖς), Potachidae (Πωταχίδαι), Oeatae (Οἰᾶται), Manthyreis (Μανθυρεῖς), Echeuetheis (Εχευήθεἱς), to which Apheidantes (Ἀφείδαντες) was added as the ninth in the reign of king Apheidas. The Tegeatae were early divided into 4 tribes (phylai) (φυλαί), called respectively Clareotis (Κλαρεῶτις, in inscriptions Κραριῶτις ), Hippothoitis (Ἱπποθοῖτις), Apolloneatis (Ἀπολλωνεᾶτις), and Athoneatis (Ἀθανεᾶτις), to each of which belonged a certain number of metoeci (μέτοικοι) or resident aliens.

Tegea is mentioned by Homer in the Catalogue of Ships in the Iliad, and was probably the most celebrated of all the Arcadian towns in the earliest times. This appears from its heroic renown, since its king Echemus is said to have slain Hyllus, the son of Heracles, in single combat. The Tegeatae offered a long-continued and successful resistance to the Spartans, when the latter attempted to extend their dominion over Arcadia. In one of the wars between the two peoples, Chariläus or Charillus, king of Sparta, deceived by an oracle which appeared to promise victory to the Spartans, invaded Tegeatis, and was not only defeated, but was taken prisoner with all his men who had survived the battle. More than two centuries afterwards, in the reign of Leon and Agesicles, the Spartans again fought unsuccessfully against the Tegeatae; but in the following generation, in the time of their king Anaxandridas II, the Spartans, having obtained possession of the bones of Orestes in accordance with an oracle, defeated the Tegeatae and compelled them to acknowledge the supremacy of Sparta, about 560 BC. Thus, Tegea's struggle against Spartan hegemony in Arcadia came to an end, and it was forced into some form of collaboration, maybe as one of the earliest members of what would become the Sparta-centered Peloponnesian League.

Tegea, however, still retained its independence, though its military force was at the disposal of Sparta; and in the Greco-Persian Wars it appears as the second military power in the Peloponnesus, having the place of honour on the left wing of the allied army. Five hundred of the Tegeatae fought at the Battle of Thermopylae, and 3000 at the Battle of Plataea, half of their force consisting of hoplites and half of light-armed troops. As it was not usual to send the whole force of a state upon a distant march, William Smith and Henry Fynes Clinton estimate the force of the Tegeatae on this occasion as not more than three-fourths of their whole number. This would give 4000 for the military population of Tegea, and about 17,400 for the whole free population.

Soon after the Battle of Plataea, the Tegeatae were again at war with the Spartans, of the causes of which, however, we have no information. We only know that the Tegeatae fought twice against the Spartans between 479 and 464 BCE, and were each time defeated; first in conjunction with the Argives, and a second time together with the other Arcadians, except the Mantineians at Dipaea, in the Maenalian district. About this time, and also at a subsequent period, Tegea, and especially the temple of Athena Alea in the city, was a frequent place of refuge for persons who had rendered themselves obnoxious to the Spartan government. Hither fled the seer Hegesistratus and the kings Leotychides, and Pausanias, son of Pleistoanax.

In the Peloponnesian War the Tegeatae were the firm allies of the Spartans, to whom they remained faithful both on account of their possessing an aristocratical constitution, and from their jealousy of the neighbouring democratical city of Mantineia, with which they were frequently at war. Thus the Tegeatae not only refused to join the Argives in the alliance formed against Sparta in 421 BCE, but they accompanied the Lacedaemonians in their expedition against Argos in 418 BCE. They also fought on the side of the Spartans in the Corinthian War, 394 BCE. The Temple of Athena Alea burned in 394 BCE and was magnificently rebuilt, to designs by Scopas of Paros, with reliefs of the Calydonian boar hunt in the main pediment. After the Battle of Leuctra (371 BCE), however, the Spartan party in Tegea was expelled, and the city joined the other Arcadian towns in the foundation of Megalopolis and in the formation of the Arcadian League. When Mantineia a few years afterwards quarrelled with the supreme Arcadian government, and formed an alliance with its old enemy Sparta, Tegea remained faithful to the new confederacy, and fought under Epaminondas against the Spartans at the great Battle of Mantineia, 362 BCE.

Tegea at a later period joined the Aetolian League, but soon after the accession of Cleomenes III to the Spartan throne it formed an alliance with Sparta, together with Mantineia and Orchomenus. It thus became involved in hostilities with the Achaeans, and in the war which followed, called the Cleomenic War, it was taken by Antigonus Doson, the ally of the Achaeans, and annexed to the Achaean League, 222 BCE. In 218 BCE, Tegea was attacked by Spartan king Lycurgus, who obtained possession of the whole city with the exception of the acropolis. It subsequently fell into the hands of Machanidas, the tyrant of Sparta, but was recovered by the Achaeans after the defeat of Machanidas, who was slain in battle by Philopoemen. In the time of Strabo Tegea was the only one of the Arcadian towns which continued to be inhabited, and it was still a place of importance in the time of Pausanias, who has given us a minute account of its public buildings. The "tombs" he saw there were shrines to the chthonic founding daemones: "There are also tombs of Tegeates, the son of Lycaon, and of Maira (or Maera), his wife." Maira was a daughter of Atlas, and Homer makes mention of her in the passage where Odysseus tells to Alkinous his journey to Hades, and of those whose ghosts he beheld there."

Ancient Tegea was an important religious center of ancient Greece, containing the Temple of Athena Alea. The temenos was founded by Aleus, Pausanias was informed. Votive bronzes at the site from the Geometric and Archaic periods take the forms of horses and deer; there are sealstones and fibulae.

The city retained civic life under the Roman Empire; Tegea survived being sacked by the Goths in AD 395–396. The Roman poets use the adjective Tegĕēus or Tegeaeus as equivalent to Arcadian: thus it is given as an epithet to Pan (Verg. G. 1.18), Callisto, daughter of Lycaon (Ov. Ar. Am. 2.55, Fast. 2.167), Atalanta (Ov. Met. 8.317, 380), Carmenta (Ov. Fast. 1.627), and Mercury (Stat. Silv. 1.54)

In the Middle Ages, through some unclear process, Tegea received the name of Amyklion (later usually shortened to Amykli and Nikli) by the 10th century. In 1082, it became the seat of the Diocese of Amyclae, a suffragan see of the Metropolis of Lacedaemon. Nikli and the rest of Arcadia were captured by the Crusaders in c. 1206–1209, becoming part of the new Frankish Principality of Achaea, which soon came to encompass most of the Peloponnese. The Chronicle of the Morea depicts Nikli as a site of some importance and fortified, which fell to the Crusaders only after a siege. It became the seat of a secular barony, while a Roman Catholic bishop was installed in the episcopal see. Nikli was still in Frankish hands in 1280, but was lost to the resurgent Byzantines by 1302, who also restored the local see to the Orthodox clergy.

The site of ancient Tegea is now located within the modern village of Alea (referred to as Piali before 1915). Alea is located about 10 kilometers southeast of Tripoli. The municipality of Tegea has its seat at Stadio.

Tegea and Crete
In ancient times, the people of Tegea said that Cydon, Archedius, and Gortys, the surviving sons of their king Tegeates, migrated voluntarily to Crete, and that the cities Kydonia, Gortyna, and Catreus, were named after them. Yet the Cretans denied this; instead they tried to portray these three characters as the offspring of the local heroes Minos and Rhadamantus.

Subdivisions
The municipal unit Tegea is subdivided into the following communities (constituent villages in brackets):
 * Alea
 * Episkopi
 * Garea
 * Kamari
 * Kandalos
 * Kerasitsa, where the politician Gregoris Lambrakis was born in 1912
 * Lithovounia
 * Magoula (Magoula, Giokareika)
 * Manthyrea
 * Mavriki
 * Psili Vrysi (Psili Vrysi, Bouzaneika)
 * Rizes
 * Stadio (Stadio, Agios Sostis, Akra)
 * Tzivas
 * Vouno
 * Stringos (Stringos, Demiri)

Notable people

 * Aristarchus of Tegea, poet (5th century BC)
 * Anyte of Tegea, poet (3rd century BC)
 * Cepheus, mythical king and an Argonaut
 * Echemus, mythical king
 * Gregoris Lambrakis, politician
 * Telephus, mythical king

title: Tegea


text:
Position circle

A position circle is a circle that can be measured both from a chart and from the surface of the earth for the purpose of position fixing. For the purposes of land or coastal navigation, a position circle can be generated by making a horizontal angle measurement between two landmarks using a sextant. Two overlapping position circles, or one position circle and one or more other observations can be used to give a position fix.

When a horizontal angle measurement is made between two known points on land, the observer will be located at the apex of a triangle, with the other two corners of this triangle consisting of the landmark pair. The observer will also be sitting on a set of points that fall along a large circle. The diameter of the circle will be dependent upon the distance between the landmark pair and the range of the observer to the landmark pair. At each point along this circle, the angular separation between the landmark pairs will be the same. Two such circles exist, one in front of the landmark pair, and one on the backside. It is usually straightforward to tell which circle is relevant. After the observation is made, the angular reading can be transferred onto a nautical chart (or map) by means of a protractor instrument.

The origin of the circle can be found as follows. Draw a baseline connecting the two landmarks. Bisect the line using a compass. Construct a line 90 degrees to the baseline using a compass. Using a protractor, draw a line from either landmark to intersect the 90 degree line off the baseline at the observed angle. This point is the origin of the circle of position. Using a compass again, the entire circle can be drawn.

title: Position circle


text:
Forbes family

The Forbes family is one of the components of the Boston Brahmins—a wealthy extended American family long prominent in Boston, Massachusetts. The family's fortune originates from trading opium and tea between North America and China in the 19th century plus other investments in the same period. The name descends from Scottish immigrants and can be traced back to Sir John de Forbes in Scotland in the 12th century. Family members include businessman John Murray Forbes (1813–1898), part of the first generation who accumulated wealth, and politician John Forbes Kerry (born 1943).

Family origins
The first member of the Forbes family to live in the United States was Rev. John Forbes (1740–1783). He was a clergyman who arrived in the colonies in 1763. The Reverend's first post on the North American continent was in British East Florida, where he became the first Anglican clergyman licensed to officiate during the British period of 1763–1783. The Forbes family has a link to the Dudley–Winthrop family directly from Thomas Dudley (1576–1653), father of Anne Bradstreet (1612–1672), the first English-language female poet from America. John Forbes left Florida for Boston in 1769 and married Dorothy Murray on February 2, 1769 in Milton, Massachusetts, where their first son James Grant Forbes was born. John Forbes has two other sons: John Murray Forbes and Ralph Bennet Forbes.

Trade with China
The Boston trading firm Perkins & Company sent many young men of their extended family to participate in their business activities abroad. Ralph Forbes being married to Margaret Perkins, their children were encouraged in the business. Following the death overseas of his older brother, Thomas Tunno Forbes, the Perkinses encouraged John Murray Forbes to travel to China, too. There John was mentored by the Chinese merchant Houqua who treated him like a son and therefore entrusted very significant sums of capital to invest on his behalf in the US after he left China (see below).

Perkins & Co., like many other Boston trading firms in the early 19th century, sent ships to China to get tea for sale in America (although some was ultimately re-exported to Britain and Europe). To pay for the tea, they exported to China large quantities of silver and also furs, manufactured goods, cloth, wood, opium and any other items that they thought the Chinese market would absorb.

Active trading houses, particularly those from Boston, usually kept representatives resident in Hong Kong whose main role was to look for and secure quality tea for export at good prices. This was John Murray Forbes' main job during the two years he spent in China. John Murray Forbes' brother, Robert Bennet Forbes, was more intimately involved in the importing side of the business and, at least by their own writings, had a more direct role than did John in the opium trade.

Until recently, the Museum of the American China Trade in Milton, Mass., on Boston's South Shore, was curated by a Forbes great-grandson, Dr. H. A. Crosby Forbes, an expert on Chinese porcelain. The museum, which was housed in Robert Bennet Forbes' 1833 Greek Revival style house, was a monument to the China merchants and the great wealth in Boston that both drove and resulted from the China trade. The China trade museum was merged with the Peabody Essex Museum in 1984 leaving the house in the management of the Forbes House Charitable Trust which operates it now as the Captain Forbes House Museum.

Neither John nor Robert spent more than a relatively short time in China—John was there for two years. Upon his return to Boston, John continued his interest in the China trade for a few more years, serving as a business/investment manager for voyages undertaken by Robert and others. Fairly soon, however, he recognized that the China trade was becoming increasingly difficult to pursue profitably and that railroads offered a new and much more lucrative opportunity.

Railroad investment
Due to the close bond relationship and trust he still maintained in Boston with Howqua, he was given $200,000 of Howqua capital to invest in US business opportunities, to invest on behalf of his Chinese mentor in the US (Ujifusa 2018 Chapter 3). Deploying this capital in the US, John Murray Forbes made a considerable fortune from investments in railroads from the 1840s onwards. Some of the population growth of Chicago and Midwestern Plains states in the middle to late 19th century was due to John Murray Forbes' railroad projects in Michigan and Chicago. The Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, from Chicago west to the Mississippi, was built by John Murray Forbes who had a reputation for sound financial management amongst the railroad tycoons of the day.

Family assets
Some Forbes family members remain generally influential in local or national politics.

In the 1840s, John Murray Forbes bought Naushon Island, which is one of the Elizabeth Islands northwest of Martha's Vineyard and southwest of Cape Cod, and within the town of Gosnold, Massachusetts. Forbes and his descendants have used the property as a summer retreat since then. The property is presently owned by a Forbes family corporation, the Naushon Trust, Inc.

Noted as businessmen

 * Colonel James Grant Forbes (1769–1826), engaged in the West India trade in Port-au-Prince (Haiti), served as an army officer during the War of 1812, went as envoy in 1821 to receive the relinquishment of the Floridas from the Spanish authority in Cuba, Governor of East Florida.
 * Grandson of John Forbes, John Murray Forbes (1813–1898), born in France, John Murray Forbes was the first of the family to enter the China trade and later invested in railroads and amassed a large fortune.
 * Francis Blackwell Forbes (1839–1908), poppy botanist, wrote a book on Chinese plants, opium trader in the China trade.
 * William Hathaway Forbes (1840–1897), son of John Murray Forbes, businessman. Investor in, and later president of, the Bell Telephone Company.
 * Francis Murray Forbes (1874–1961), American businessman, son of Francis Blackwell Forbes and wife Isabel Clark. Co-founder of Cabot, Cabot & Forbes.
 * James Grant Forbes II (1879–1955), American lawyer, banker and businessman, son of Francis Blackwell Forbes and his wife Isabel Clark. Was born in Shanghai, China, where the Forbes amassed a fortune from the opium trade and merchant banking after the Opium Wars. The grandfather of Brice Lalonde and John Forbes Kerry.
 * Another grandson of John Forbes Robert Bennet Forbes (1804–1889), Partner of Russell & Company, and later associated with Yale University development and endowment.

Noted as politicians and activists
Many Forbes family members are influential in local or national politics in France, the US and the Philippines:

 * John Forbes Kerry (born 1943), United States Special Presidential Envoy for Climate from 2021 to 2024, United States Secretary of State 2013–2017, United States Senator 1985–2013 and Democratic party candidate in the 2004 United States presidential election.
 * William Cameron Forbes (1870–1959) used his wealth to become Governor General of the Philippines and ambassador to Japan.
 * Edward Waldo Forbes (1873–1969) served as the Director of the Fogg Art Museum at Harvard University from 1909 to 1944. Under his leadership, the art collection was vastly expanded, and a new building was constructed in 1927. The Museum Course, run by EWF and Paul J. Sachs revolutionized museology in the United States.
 * Brice Lalonde, an environmental activist who is John Forbes Kerry's first cousin and friend. Lalonde is a French Green party politician who was a candidate in the 1981 French presidential election and the mayor of Saint-Briac-sur-Mer near the Forbes family estate in France from 1995 to 2008. He was a high-profile member of the UN and its Special Adviser on Sustainable Development.
 * James Colt (1932–2008), a descendant of John Murray Forbes, part-owner of Naushon Island, the Forbes family estate off Falmouth, an attorney specializing in trusts and estates, served as a Massachusetts state representative, a trustee for 30 years, serving as managing trustee for seven.
 * Ruth Forbes Young (1903–1998), founder of the International Peace Academy with the purpose of studying UN peacekeeping and developing peacekeeping doctrine, she was married to the inventor and helicopter pioneer Arthur Middleton Young.

Other family members
The first members of the family to live in the United States was John Forbes, a clergyman, son of Archibald Forbes, although the family retained its connections with Europe and John Murray Forbes was born in France.

 * John Murray Forbes (1807–1885), m. to Anne Howell, (d. 1849)
 * Brice Lalonde, a French politician, who ran for President of France as the Green Party candidate in 1981.
 * Rosemary Forbes Kerry (1913–2002), m. to Richard Kerry.
 * Elliot Forbes (1917–2006), conductor and musicologist
 * John Murray Forbes (1813–1898), an American railroad magnate, merchant, philanthropist and abolitionist, m. to Sarah Swain Hathaway, (1813–1900).
 * John Malcolm Forbes (1847–1904), American businessman and sportsman.
 * Michael R. Paine (1928–2018), m. to Ruth Hyde Paine, Oswald family benefactors in whose garage family friend Lee Harvey Oswald stored his rifle and in whose home Marina Oswald lived.
 * William Cameron Forbes (1870–1959), investment banker and diplomat, served as Governor-General of the Philippines from 1908 to 1913.
 * China Forbes (born 1970), singer and songwriter, best known as the lead singer of Pink Martini.
 * Maya Forbes (born 1968) is an American screenwriter and television producer, sister of China Forbes.
 * Ed Droste (born 1978), singer and musician, lead singer of Grizzly Bear, grandson of Elliot Forbes.
 * Beatrice Forbes Manz, professor of history at Tufts University
 * Amelia Meath (born 1988), singer, musician, and dancer, best known as a singer in Sylvan Esso and Mountain Man (band).

Family tree
Some of the family members include:

 * Reverend John Forbes (est. 1740-1783) m. Dorothy Murray
 * James Grant Forbes (1769-1825)
 * John Murray Forbes (1807-1885) m. Anne Howell
 * Francis Blackwell Forbes (1839-1908) m. Isabel Clark (ca. 1846-1931)
 * Francis Murray Forbes (1874-1961)
 * James Grant Forbes II (1879-1955) m. Margaret Tyndal Winthrop
 * Rosemary Forbes m. Richard John Kerry
 * John Kerry(1943-)
 * Fiona Forbes m. Alain Lalonde
 * Brice Lalonde(1946-)
 * John Murray Forbes, Jr. (1844-1921) m. Minnie Emmett Griswold
 * Adelaide Forbes Carmichael
 * Paul Siemen Forbes (1808-1886)
 * William Howell Forbes (1837-1896)
 * Henry De Courcy Forbes (1849-1920)
 * Paul Revere Forbes (1860-1936)
 * Ralph Bennett Forbes m. Margaret Perkins
 * Robert Bennet Forbes (1804-1889) m. Rose Smith
 * Robert Bennet Forbes, Jr. (1837-1891)
 * Edith Forbes (1843-1925) m. Charles Elliott Perkins
 * James Murray Forbes (1845-1937) . Alice Bowditch
 * Thomas Tunno Forbes
 * John Murray Forbes (1813-1898) m. Sarah Hathaway
 * William Hathaway Forbes (1840-1897) m. Edith Emerson (daughter of Ralph Waldo Emerson)
 * Ralph Emerson Forbes (1866-1937) m. Elise Cabot
 * Ruth Forbes Young (1903-1998)
 * Michael Ralph Paine (1928-2018)
 * William Cameron Forbes (1870-1959)
 * Edward Waldo Forbes (1873-1969)
 * Elliot Forbes (1917-2006)
 * Diana Forbes m. Bruce F. Droste
 * Ed Droste (1978-)
 * Alexander Forbes (1882-1965)
 * A. Irving Forbes (1922-2008)
 * John Malcolm Forbes (1847-1904) m. Sarah Coffin Jones (1852-1891)
 * Margaret Forbes (1876-1899) m. Arnold Carl Klebs (1870-1943)
 * Sarah Malcolm Klebs (1899-1957)
 * Gerrit Forbes (1880-1964)
 * Gordon Donald Forbes (1915-1993) m. Faith Fisher (1918-2009)
 * Donald Cameron Forbes (1939-1998) m. Peggy Woodford
 * Maya Forbes (1968-)
 * China Forbes (1970-)
 * Henry Stone Forbes (1882-1968) m. Hildegarde Boughton Cobb (1893-1991)
 * Hildegarde Forbes
 * Elizabeth Candler Forbes
 * Marjorie Forbes
 * Ellen Forbes (1886-1954) m. Waldo Emerson Forbes
 * Amelia Forbes (1888-1979) m. Raymond Emerson
 * Ellen Emerson Cotton 1914-2005
 * David Emerson (1916-1998)
 * William Allen Emerson (1941-1968)
 * Annie Emerson Riggs (1918-1983)
 * Edward Waldo Emerson (1920-2006)
 * William Forbes Emerson (1923-1944)
 * Hope Emerson Sage (1926-1976)

Associates
The following is a list of figures closely aligned with or subordinate to the Forbes family.

 * Charles Pickering Bowditch
 * Erastus Corning
 * John Perkins Cushing
 * Warren Delano Jr.
 * Raymond Emerson
 * Howqua
 * John Cleve Green
 * Norman Wait Harris
 * Henry Lee Higginson
 * Gardiner Greene Hubbard
 * James Frederick Joy
 * Thomas Lauderdale
 * Charles Elliott Perkins
 * William Sturgis
 * Nathaniel Thayer Jr.

Businesses
The following is a list of companies in which the Forbes family have held a controlling or otherwise substantial interest.

 * Bell Telephone Company
 * Burlington & Missouri River Rail Road
 * Cabot, Cabot & Forbes
 * Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad
 * Forbes Lithograph Manufacturing Company
 * Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad
 * Harris, Forbes & Co.
 * J.M. Forbes & Co.
 * Michigan Central Railroad
 * National Bank of China
 * Russell & Company
 * St. Mary's Falls Ship Canal Company
 * St. Paul, Minneapolis & Manitoba Railway
 * Walter Baker & Company
 * Welch & Forbes, LLC

Philanthropy & Miscellaneous Non-profit Organizations

 * Harvard River Associates
 * Hong Kong Jockey Club
 * International Peace Academy
 * Loyal Publication Society
 * Manila Polo Club
 * Milton Academy
 * Nuclear-Disarmament Organization Council for a Livable World
 * Sailors' Snug Harbor of Boston
 * Union Club of Boston

Buildings, estates & historic landmarks

 * Birdwood (Thomasville, Georgia)
 * Briar Patch (Sands Point, New York)
 * Captain Robert Bennet Forbes House
 * Gerry's Point
 * Laucala
 * Les Essarts
 * Naushon Island
 * Rosa Hill
 * Three Pines

title: Forbes family