text:
Talk:Censorship in Australia

Removed
The opening paragraph says this:

-- In contrast, Censorship of Television and Films in Australia are amongst the most relaxed in the world.

Which is patently untrue, so I've removed it. Ramore (talk) 23:42, 5 October 2009 (UTC)

Ken Park
During the great Sydney Film Festival debate on Ken Park of 2003, I heard on Radio National (I think) that Denmark has no censorship guidelines. I haven't been able to verify this (apart from noting the broad sale of pornographic material in unlikely places) but that would make the opening sentence incorrect! Anyone know this to be true??? I suspect they still must have some form of classification, and I find it odd they wouldn't restrict the sale of material that shows acts that would be illegal, such as paedophilea...

Censorship decreasing?
The article is mistaken in assuming that censorship has uniformly lessened in Australia. Censorship has actually increased significantly since the 1970's and many programs that would have been shown on broadcast television now could not be shown. It might be worth pointing out that of the five movies mentioned as being banned, at least two (Baise Moi and I Spit on Your Grave) were previously not banned - censorship is increasing.

 * Please provide _evidence_ for censorship "increasing significantly". Your say-so isn't enough, I'm afraid. The publicity surrounding the tiny number of "refused classification" calls that OFLC has made recently has certainly been high, and the number of works on which they have been asked to rule has certainly increased, but to say that censorship has "increased" since the 70s is just, IMO, completely insupportable. I'll be the first to congratulate you if the figures say otherwise. --Shannonr 14:33, 1 October 2006 (UTC)

AO
It's a bit before my time, but I know Australia used to have another classification level — I think it was called AO? And I think it was instead of R? — which meant "restricted to over 21". It'd be good to see some info about that in the article. — Danc 11:59, 19 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * IIRC, AO was simply the old version of M, although it actually encompassed both M and MA. MA was introduced as a separate classification sometime in the Keating era. At any rate, it's really more of a change of name than a radically different scheme. Lacrimosus 23:48, 14 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Lacrimosus is right. I don't know what rating movies received that would now be rated R (I was only a kiddy when the system changed), but AO was roughly equivalent to M now. Ambivalenthysteria 13:47, 15 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * If I recall correctly, AO (Adults Only) was a rating specific to television broadcasts. At that time there was also a 'C' rating for children's programming, and PG was PGR (Parental Guidance Recommended). Sometime in the late 80s/early 90s (?) the classification system for TV was adjusted to closer match the film guidelines. La hapalo 04:28, 13 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * (on reflection, it's possible that AO was a historical film classification level; if so it was well before my time) La hapalo 04:28, 13 Nov 2004 (UTC)

There was also an AO-Mod (Modified for TV). And a Spy V Spy song too, A.O. Mod. TV. Ver. or something like that. --Paul 30 June 2005 09:47 (UTC)

OFLC redirect
Just a note on the edit I made (bolding Office of Film and Literature Classification): Strictly speaking, Office of Film and Literature Classification doesn't redirect here. It is a disambig, between Office of Film and Literature Classification (Australia) (which DOES redirect here) and its NZ counterpart. I have seen Australian Office of Film and Literature Classification linked from other sites so I will create that as a redirect to here as well. -- Chuq 02:26, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Cutting
Under little Johnny Howard censorship is skyrocketing. Australia is getting highly censored versions of films which is in many ways more evil than completely banning a film as people are generally ignorant to the fact that what they are seeing has been censored. I saw Kill Bill at a cinema in Japan, a country notorious for their censorship, and there were atleast three parts taken out of the Australian version. Also, I recently bought the Australian version of Commando on DVD and found that massive chunks had been taken out from the version released on VHS some 20 odd years ago. It's only getting worse.

 * The differences between the Japanese version of Kill Bill and the US/International cut are actually more to do with the American rating system, and the fact that Japanese audiences (in the director's opinion) would be more receptive to violence. Although I don't have any proof (or knowledge of the film), I think it's likely that similar issues affected the Commando DVD release (I don't think many companies would bother to re-author a DVD for the Australian market, either to cut things out for us, or put them back in) La hapalo 04:40, 13 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Many companies do edit their films for australian audiences, as do computer game manufacturers.

 * Kill Bill's "black-and-white edited bit for everywhere except Japan" has been _extensively_ documented elsewhere and has _nothing whatsoever_ to do with John Howard or Australian censorship. Please take your poorly researched political slander elsewhere, thanks. If you can provide any evidence _whatsoever_ to support the assertion that the OFLC has been politically influenced to ban either "more" or "more types" of works under John Howard, then that would be truly newsworthy and of interest to far more people than the Wikipedia audience. If you have _any_ such evidence I encourage you to come forward with it immediately. I rather suspect, however, that all your info on this subject is as well researched as your Kill Bill assertion. I would love to be proved wrong.--Shannonr 14:33, 1 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Jeeze, a little angry there, ne? He made a mistake and you acted like a wolf. I'm sure he has proof besides that, because it seems like it's out there, but he didn't reply because it was two years before your post. Yours is 3 before mine, but you acted so ridiculously that I felt obligated to reply. 75.67.47.56 (talk) 05:28, 8 November 2009 (UTC)

Needs work
I tried to fix up the page but it still needs work, it incorrectly stated that the OFLC was responsible for Television, and had a horrible mishmash of OFLC ratings up against TV timezones and television shows against OFLC guidelines.

Bleeped words?
Does anyone know if there is an official reference to which words are "bleeped" on television? Or otherwise know which words are currently bleeped? -- Barrylb 15:05, 28 May 2006 (UTC)

I believe after 9 anything goes, and before that you can't say fuck or cunt, though midday movies have those in them so I don't know. There's a TAC ad that says shit and is shown at times when, according to this article, PG rated shows are not allowed to be shown. Planetstasiak 12:32, 18 September 2006 (UTC)

> There are certain times that certain ratings can be shown - read the code of practice for more detail.

Choice of examples
The examples of the M rating are most American PG-13 movies, but the M rating extends into the lower end of R and even 2 NC-17 movies (Henry and June, and Wide Sargasso Sea). Some American PG rated movies have received the M rating in Australia as well although almost all American PG rated movies that received the M rating in Australia were rated PG in America before the addition of the PG-13 rating. Examples of movies that were PG in America that were rated M in Australia after the creation of the American PG-13 include Eragon, Stormbreaker, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, and Tremors 3: Back to Perfection. In the 80's and sometimes even in the 90's, movies that were rated M in Australia were sometimes rated R on the stronger end. Examples include The Piano (which was rated R in America for moments of extremely graphic sexuality) and some horror films such as The Mangler and The Phantom of the Opera. Most countries gave the latter two examples harsher ratings. One movie was rated PG-13 in the U.S. was rated MA15 in Australia. That film was The Ring. Almost all movies that are rated MA15 in Australia are rated R in the U.S. This means that the examples are potentially misleading as to the breadth of the M rating.

Radio?
Should we have a section for radio censorship? Like when the skyhooks were banned etc etc or should it be part of the music sectionJeffklib 09:30, 3 August 2006 (UTC)

Victoria to create "R" rating for games?
I seem to recall that Steve Bracks made a comment a while back saying 'if the federal government doesn't introduce R rating for games, we will'. Has anyone got any details on this, or what happened? I'm checking Google now, but not finding much - but I remember it did happen... —The preceding unsigned comment was added by DWZ (talk • contribs) 11:15, 9 January 2007 (UTC).
 * Unfortunately such a thing would have to be a country wide thing, not just an individual state. On the plus side, horribly behind the times TV show Good Game announced that the all mighty Attorneys-General would consult us, lowly peons, on whether we should have a R rating or not. Check out their Gamer News section on episode 17 (http://www.abc.net.au/tv/goodgame/video/). When this will happen I do not know, although knowing GG, this might have already been done by the time they aired this information. (Honestly, announcing that Fallout 3 was banned 4 days after its resubmission was allowed! How slow are they?) I've given up on the local industry when it comes to re-releasing foreign things and have moved onto USA imports. Cheaper and no censors! Of course there's the risk that it might get caught at customs but I haven't been caught yet, then again I haven't imported anything that was banned in this country, not including the questionable legality of parallel importing. Why wait for Brawl when you can have it for almost half the price and 3 months before the rest of Australia gets it? Of course you need a USA Wii too but I got one of those too ;). Back to the topic, if anybody is reading this and is of legal voting age and resides in Michael Atkinson's electorate of Croydon, South Australia. Don't vote for that old fuddy duddy. He is the sole reason we don't have R games! That or he's a scapegoat. Either way, burn the witch! Metaphorically. Serrin (talk) 12:55, 18 August 2008 (UTC)

Fuddy duddy? Your saying it wrong, it pronounced ***** **** ***** in a ***** **** ***** up his ***** **** *** ***** and a **** **** ***** **** baboon. -That's censorship for you NobodyPro (talk) 09:29, 24 November 2009 (UTC)

Music Artwork
I've added two links to this section refering to satire now being legally protected. I'll also move that paragraph out of the Music section and into the Politics section. That seems a more appropriate place for it.Draffa 23:26, 20 January 2007 (UTC)

Citing Galore!
Right, I've sited the crap out of this article over the last week. Someone else can take the ball and run with it. Draffa 18:28, 23 January 2007 (UTC)

I'm now removing the 'citations missing' infobox. Draffa 18:50, 23 January 2007 (UTC)

Television classifications
Television stations seem to have adopted the OFLC colour classifications. Should the OFLC logos replace the current ones in the article? MrTwig 08:20, 24 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Fine then lol. I'll try and do it myself. MrTwig 02:32, 10 April 2007 (UTC)

History
Is the history section ever going to be completed? I remember coming on this page about 4 or 5 years ago and those same points were there with a note to the effect of "to be completed". If no one is going to turn those points into a couple of paragraphs - and I'm certainly not - then it should either be deleted or replaced with some actual encyclopedic content that can be cited. That would make an otherwise good article great. --58.105.156.48 (talk) 04:28, 18 January 2008 (UTC)

What does AV15+ stand for?
What does AV15+ stand for?

 * AV15+ stands for "Adult Violence" - Commercial Television Industry Code of Practice - 2 July 2004 (see page 26) - Zzblog (talk) 06:35, 22 January 2008 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:OFLC small E.svg
The image Image:OFLC small E.svg is used in this article under a claim of fair use, but it does not have an adequate explanation for why it meets the requirements for such images when used here. In particular, for each page the image is used on, it must have an explanation linking to that page which explains why it needs to be used on that page. Please check

 * That there is a non-free use rationale on the image's description page for the use in this article.
 * That this article is linked to from the image description page.

The following images also have this problem:

 * File:OFLC small X18+.svg
 * File:OFLC small R18+.svg
 * File:OFLC small MA15+.svg
 * Image:OFLC small PG.svg
 * Image:OFLC small M.svg
 * Image:OFLC small G.svg

This is an automated notice by FairuseBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Media copyright questions. --08:12, 23 September 2008 (UTC)

R18+ rating for Computer games
From the contact page of the OFLC website (http://www.classification.gov.au/special.html?p=8)

Responses to R 18+ classification for computer games

A large number of enquiries have been received about an R 18+ (Restricted) classification for computer games. In March 2008, the Standing Committee of Attorneys-General (Censorship) agreed in principle to conduct broad consultation seeking community views on whether an R 18+ classification should be introduced for computer games. Censorship Ministers are currently considering the content of a discussion paper with a view to releasing it early 2009. You may like to participate in the consultation when it is announced and make a submission.

I wonder if they noticed that they called themselves "Censorship Ministers" WookMuff (talk) 12:24, 22 February 2009 (UTC)

R18+ Ratings have been accepted, and will start on 1/1/2013. (Link) 210.50.30.133 (talk) 07:34, 25 April 2012 (UTC)

"Censorship" of personal injury cases
The rather large section that has been added to this article on personal injury lawyers being forbidden to publicise their cases appears irrelevant, rather self-serving, and smacks of NPOV. It is rather mischievous and intellectually dishonest for that editor to claim that their for-profit business being restrained by good public policy to discourage a litigation free-for-all, constitutes "censorship". I suggest that this section be removed completely. —Preceding unsigned comment added by MrUpsetter (talk • contribs) 17:58, 29 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Definitely. Does anyone object to its removal? ajdlinux | utc 07:34, 14 October 2009 (UTC)

It could possibly be edited down to note that some laws and industry codes of practice restrict promotion of some products for public policy purposes: alcohol, cigarettes, legal services, pharmaceuticals, speeding vehicles, firearms, prostitution; and restrict some forms of promotion: business signage, touting, door-to-door promotion. However, these restrictions are not usually considered censorship. 150.101.30.44 (talk) 23:20, 21 December 2009 (UTC)

any good reason?
any good reason to why an island created by criminals (england are history's criminal 'lol') have such strict censorship? historically it makes no sense, and this page doesn't give any good reasoning as to why? if you look at the starting history of Australia, you would expect a country of greater liberty and be strongly against censorship yet they have no freedom when it comes to video games "where even adults aren't allowed to get game content, that classifies as having no freedom". Markthemac (talk) 12:34, 5 December 2009 (UTC)
 * Um... what? Dude, the settlers used the convicts to do the slave jobs and stuff, plus why would criminals have anything against censorship? And the island wasn't ruled by criminals or anything, that would probably be the dumbest thing I've heard. Do you think all Australians are like "Let's go and steal some jumbucks t'day!" or "Let's go and steal from Farmer Jack!" Dude... the convicts didn't wipe out the settlers and prevent people from migrating here or anything, it's not some criminal paradise or anything. That's really dumb. Sorry, you've caught me in a bad mood, but that insulted me... plus it doesn't make any logical sense. Kausill (Talk) (Contribs) 13:31, 19 December 2009 (UTC)

 * created with criminals and it's only less than 200 years ago (history), the censorship deal doesn't make sense. Markthemac (talk) 13:30, 20 December 2009 (UTC)
 * there is no good foundation as to why Australia is as crazy with censorship as they are, if you have failed to notice i wasn't talking about present day people, i was wondering where this crazy amount of censorship comes from based on the past? it's beyond comprehension Markthemac (talk) 13:30, 20 December 2009 (UTC)
 * Theres no reason to insult us. The penal colony aspect describes only a part of our very early history (If you want to call australia criminals, I'd go for the mistreatment of aboriginal australians, frankly). The reasons are long and complex, but its not really wikipedias role to speculate on why its so, as even the academics are not entirely sure how we got to where we are (I'd suggest its got a lot to do with the disproportionate influence of the religious right on a country whos population is largely quite secular). Lets stick to the fact and leave it to other sites to work out why its so. 59.167.111.154 (talk) 03:00, 12 August 2014 (UTC)

Daryl Cohen jailed for selling pornography
I propose to write a new section on the recent jailing of Daryl Cohen, an adult shop proprietor, for selling pornography, within the 'Recent Controversies' section.(http://www.abc.net.au/unleashed/stories/s2927840.htm) MFdeS (talk) 10:44, 27 June 2010 (UTC)

Actual Censorship and Free Speech
This article talks only about bans on extreme violence and pornography in entertainment, but doesn't mention laws (or other pressures) about what you can and can't say, except a brief and buried mention that Australia has no free speech. And that mention has with no explanation about what Australians can't say.

The article should include a summary of these Wikipedia articles: Hate speech laws in Australia, Blasphemy law in Australia, Australian sedition law, Defamation, Journalism in Australia, Australian Communications and Media Authority, and any others I may have missed.

Compare this article to the equivalent article for China: "Censorship in the People's Republic of China (PRC) is implemented or mandated by the PRC's ruling party, the Communist Party of China (CPC). Notable censored subjects include but are not limited to, democracy, the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, Maoism, Falun Gong, ethnic independence movements, corruption, police brutality, anarchism, gossip, disparity of wealth, food safety, pornography, news sources that report on these issues, religious content, and many other websites.[1] Censored media include essentially all capable of reaching a wide audience including television, print media, radio, film, theater, text messaging, instant messaging, video games, literature and the Internet. Chinese officials have access to uncensored information via an internal document system. Reporters Without Borders ranks China's press situation as "very serious", the worst ranking on their five-point scale.[2] China's Internet censorship policy is labeled as "pervasive" by the OpenNet Initiative's global Internet filtering map, also the worst ranking used.[3] Freedom House ranks the press there as "not free", the worst ranking, saying that "state control over the news media in China is achieved through a complex combination of party monitoring of news content, legal restrictions on journalists, and financial incentives for self-censorship."[4]"

So the Australian equivalent should start like this: "Censorship in Australia is implemented or mandated by Australia's ruling party, the Australian Labor Party (ALP), and previously by the Liberal Party. Notable censored subjects include but are not limited to: race, culture, Islam, Scientology, sedition, white independence movements, systemic corruption, defamation, disability, homosexuality, gender, news sources that report on these issues, religious criticism, and some websites hosted in Australia.

Censored media include essentially all capable of reaching a wide audience including television, print media, radio, film, text messaging, instant messaging, video games, literature and the Internet. Australian officials do not have access to uncensored information via an internal document system, and believe and act on the censored version... etc." Carl Kenner (talk) 19:31, 7 January 2013 (UTC)

 * Dude, this is wikipedia, not an opinion blog. Like I get it, I really do, as a former Indymedia editor I was directly involved in fighting off numerous attempts by the government and lawyers to censor our work (We even had a motto "Learn to embrace the cease and desist") but we have to stick to the facts. First, political parties do not implement censorship schemes in australia, the government does and they are not the same thing, Civics 101! Race, culture and Islam are freely discussed as are homosexuality and gender. I don't know what a "white independence movement" is, but I'll assume its Neo-Nazi nonsense and yes in some states light penalties apply for stiring up race hatred, however what you refer to seems to be a laundry list of the usual moaning coming from far right comentators like Andrew Bolt who appears to think being criticized is censorship (And in an ironic twist calls for his critics to be silenced). There are plenty of venues on the internet to moan about this sort of thing, however wikipedia is mandated to stick to ,as the detective says, "Just the facts m'am.". Australia has plenty of problems with censorship, quite serious ones in fact, and you appear to have missed all of them on your laundry list. 59.167.111.154 (talk) 02:51, 12 August 2014 (UTC)

Added an image
I've added an image here to this article:

with this caption: Usage of the Children's interest style of rhetoric as form of protest in Australia by supporter of Electronic Frontiers Australia. — Cirt (talk) 16:38, 4 March 2013 (UTC)

 * Feel free to change it as you wish. — Cirt (talk) 17:01, 4 March 2013 (UTC)

Book bans through super-injunction
I am aware of two books about the same topic which are 'not available'. Although information on super-injunctions is obviously verboten, piecing some puzzle snippets together, it has been mentioned more than once that it is the ruler of an oil exporting country who zapped one book. These are not books by anyone, one is by an accomplished author, together with a partcipant in the murky world of Sydney Inc., the other by two accomplished, still working, journalists.

These books are not banned by the Censors or by refusal of classification; they are banned through the private action(s) by one or several individuals who have the money to seek a super-injunction because they'd like to keep their activities hidden. They really must have something to hide. One could argue that there's still a court case or two coming out of the topic and thus the two books could be prejudicial, but the judiciary hasn't dealt with the case in 5 years which also serves to keep things under wraps. We need to be aware that we are being duped. I do not want to provide the ISBNs of the books because one page has already disappeared. 121.209.56.25 (talk) 05:35, 4 August 2014 (UTC)

ASIO raids on media producers
What about this? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 118.172.58.7 (talk) 10:35, 29 August 2014 (UTC)

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Consequences of breaching censorship laws
There seems to be no discussion on consequences of breaching censorship laws - does posession of banned books / internet media etc result in jail terms / fines / deportation, etc.? 124.171.216.220 (talk) 08:22, 6 July 2017 (UTC)

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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090922222033/http://au.gamespot.com/news/6228600.html?tag=latestheadlines%3Btitle%3B1 to http://au.gamespot.com/news/6228600.html?tag=latestheadlines%3Btitle%3B1

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Censorship in Victoria?
So after searching I found this thing. But can anyone else find more recent evidence? The page I found was last updated in 2008. Lags331 (talk) 11:23, 15 June 2018 (UTC)

Small-breasted porn ban
I have removed the reference to small breasted porn being banned as it was nothing more than a rumour that was explicitly denied by the director of the classification board himself (https://refused-classification.com/censorship/books-magazines/j.html#just-18):

"Interestingly and perhaps the most ‘scandalous’ accusation recently directed at the Board - likely to have been prompted by the Boards attention to the breaches I have just discussed above - is that we display a bias against small breasted women…and on this basis… are banning material!

Criticisms have been levelled at the Board regarding the factors it considers when determining the age of persons depicted in publications, particularly the accusation that small breasted women are determined by the Board to appear to be children. This is categorically untrue.

The Board members take their responsibilities seriously and consider the overall appearance of persons and the context in which they are depicted, including text, props and poses when making classification decisions.

Depicting small-breasted women is not grounds for a publication to be Refused Classification, nor do the classification guidelines refer to the size of a woman's breasts!" — Preceding unsigned comment added by 114.75.209.229 (talk) 13:16, 29 September 2018 (UTC)

Merger discussion
The current article is predominantly about the Australian media classification system. As media evolves in response to internet, traditional classification schemes are undoubtedly an increasingly irrelevant portion of Australian media consumption patterns. The current article does not allocate due and proper weight to other issues of censorship such as academic censorship, internet censorship, and so forth. I believe merging the Internet censorship in Australia article here would be the first obvious step create a higher quality article with a more holistic and appropriate approach to the subject. prat (talk) 21:27, 31 January 2020 (UTC)

 * Maybe. But there is a lot in this article that is specific to internet censorship, include "Voluntary censorship by ISPs", "Proposed mandatory filtering legislation" and "Anti-censorship campaigns". Merging those into Censorship in Australia might create a page that's just too big.
 * peterl (talk) 00:15, 1 February 2020 (UTC)

 * This is a bad idea. "Censorship in Australia" is a much larger subject with a long history. "Internet censorship" should be a Summary style breakout of this article because, as Peterl notes, there's vast amounts of material specific to that that would just bloat and be undue weight by a merger into the general subject. The Drover's Wife (talk) 09:49, 3 March 2020 (UTC)

 * Oppose merger, there seems to be more than enough information for both pages to stand on their own. As you said Australia’s transitional media censorship and its internet censorship have rather different contexts and effects. Horse Eye Jack (talk) 16:40, 11 March 2020 (UTC)

 * The topics are strongly connected, however as previously noted I believe the issue is the misleading title of this article. The article related primarily to Australia's media classification laws and the title of this article should reflect that.
 * The two articles are closely related, and should probably be more closely linked --Willthewanderer (talk) 11:25, 15 June 2020 (UTC)
 * Media classification is regular old censorship, its just the Aussie term for it. Horse Eye Jack (talk) 17:53, 15 June 2020 (UTC)
 * My suggestion would be to create an “internet censorship” section here which summarizes and links the main Internet censorship in Australia page. In general pages over 50k bytes shouldn't be merged together and we have one at 70k and the other at 110k with very little overlap. Horse Eye Jack (talk) 17:55, 15 June 2020 (UTC)

* Oppose merger. There would have to be very convincing arguments to merge these articles, and if such arguments exist, I don't see them here. As for agreement between article title and article content, they appear perfectly aligned. For example, the word "internet", is mentioned 156 times in the article, "censorchip" is encountered 90 times; and "internet censorship" 29 times, with 13 of those 29 times being used exclusively in the text (as opposed to cites, etc.) of the body of the article alone. In addition, except in very rare cases, we do not merge articles of these sizes (CIA: 71KB; ICIA: 115KB). On the contrary, it is recommended (WP:SPINOUT) that large articles be slipt into smaller ones. Additionally, both of these articles are currently matured articles as measured by their age since creation (CIA: created 17 years ago, on 10 July 2003; ICIA: created 16 years ago, on 14 September 2004), a substantial number of editors having contributed in both cases, under their given article titles. Further, both also already enjoy status at the higher levels of the article quality scale (CIA: B-class; ICIA: C-class). Additionally, there is a well-established trend for the perpetuation of articles in the specific subject area of "Internet censorship in <>": see, for example, Internet censorship in the United Kingdom, Internet censorship in France, Internet censorship in the United States, and Internet censorship in China. Clearly, merging "Internet censorship in Australia" into "Censorship in Australia", is a move in the wrong direction. Mercy11 (talk) 01:51, 31 August 2020 (UTC)

"Freedom House"
Freedom House has no credibility whatsoever to assert or deny the existence of free speech in Australia. Opinion and criticism might go below the fold, it DOES NOT belong above it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 96.59.79.27 (talk) 20:07, 4 July 2024 (UTC)
 * After looking into it, I agree. One source's perspective making up the lead appears undue. Freedom House also doesn't use the terms "freedom of speech" or "free and independent media" on the link referenced so I don't think it's supported, the article also later on reflects criticism on freedoms in Australia from Freedom House. I'll remove it the claim. Star Rot (talk) 17:51, 14 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Censorship in Australia


text:
2063 Bacchus

2063 Bacchus, provisional designation, is a stony asteroid and near-Earth object of the Apollo group, approximately 1 kilometer in diameter. The contact binary was discovered on 24 April 1977, by American astronomer Charles Kowal at the Palomar Observatory in California, United States. It was named after Bacchus from Roman mythology.

Orbit and classification
Bacchus orbits the Sun at a distance of 0.7–1.5 AU once every 1 years and 1 month (409 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.35 and an inclination of 9° with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Palomar. Due to its eccentric orbit, it is also a Venus-crosser.

Approaches
Bacchus has an Earth minimum orbital intersection distance of 0.0677 AU, which corresponds to 26.4 lunar distances. On 31 March 1996, it passed 0.0677525 AU from Earth.

Physical characteristics
In the SMASS classification, Bacchus is a Sq-type, that transitions from the common S-type asteroids to the Q-type asteroids. It is a contact binary with bilobate shape.

In March 1996 radar observations were conducted at the Goldstone Observatory under the direction of JPL scientists Steven Ostro and Lance Benner, allowing the construction of a model of the object. Optical observations were conducted by Petr Pravec, Marek Wolf, and Lenka Šarounová during March and April 1996. It was also photometrically observed by American astronomer Brian Warner in 2015.

According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Bacchus measures 1.03 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.19. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and derives a diameter of 1.05 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 17.25.

Naming
This minor planet was named for the Roman god Bacchus (Dionysus).The official was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 August 1978 (M.P.C. 4421).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: 2063 Bacchus


text:
Clarksville, Maryland

Clarksville is an unincorporated community in Howard County, Maryland; the second highest-earning county in the United States according to the U.S. Census Bureau. The community is named for William Clark, a farmer who owned much of the land on which the community now lies and served as a postal stop that opened on the 4th of July 1851.

Some of the most expensive homes on the East Coast are located in or around the town, whose property values are among the highest in the country. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, Clarksville District 5 has a population of 56,239, with an estimated average income of $195,124, with median income of $160,606. As of 2023, the average annual household income in Clarksville is $248,722, while the median household income sits at $223,448 per year.

The village of River Hill (which include Pheasant Ridge and Pointers Run), the newest addition to the Rouse Company development of Columbia, is adjacent to Clarksville.

Clarksville's public schools, part of the Howard County public school system, are among the highest-ranked in the nation and often have significantly higher funding than competing private and charter schools.

The area is located southwest of Baltimore and north of Washington, D.C., and many residents of Clarksville commute to work in one of these two cities or their nearby suburbs.

Montrose and Richland Farm are listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.

History
In 1699, Thomas Browne, a Patuxent Ranger, ranged the river from the Snowden plantation to where Clarksville is sited. The area was settled with tobacco plantations such as Folly Quarter and Hobbs Regulation with slave labor. In 1838, Dr. William Watkins of Richland Manor proposed the "Howard District" of Anne Arundel County, which became Howard County in 1851. Clarksville's name originates from John R. Clark's family who immigrated from Ireland to the Howard District of Anne Arundel County in 1790. The land he purchased included Jack Howard's blacksmith shop, one of the few African American operated blacksmith's in the county. Clarksville postal office listed the population as just 65 in the 1930s with the key industry of agriculture and limestone mining. Numerous apple orchards were situated between Clarksville and Ashton. In 1869 the town became the terminus of the ten mile Ellicott City and Clarksville turnpike built over the old Sandy Spring road, a ten-mile private toll road created in a time before county maintained roads which later became route 108.

Schooling
There are four public schools located in Clarksville, Maryland. There are two elementary schools, Pointers Run Elementary School and Clarksville Elementary School, while there is one middle school, Clarksville Middle School, and one high school, River Hill High School. All four schools are part of the Howard County Public School System (HCPSS).

Climate
The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Clarksville has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps.

People
The following are notable people who were born or live in Clarksville, Maryland:
 * Lefty Clarke, Major League Baseball pitcher who played in one game on October 2, 1921.
 * Kevin Johnson, retired NFL cornerback.
 * Donovan Pines EFL League 1, player for Barnsley F.C..
 * Varun Ram, former Maryland Terrapins basketball player.

title: Clarksville, Maryland


text:
Batman Bridge

The Batman Bridge is a modern road bridge that carries the Batman Highway across the Tamar River, between Whirlpool Reach, Hillwood at its eastern end and Sidmouth / Deviot midpoint at its western end, in north Tasmania, Australia. The bridge connects the Batman Highway with the West Tamar Highway (state route A7) and the East Tamar Highway (state route A8). The bridge overlooks the Deviot Sailing Club and is named in honour of John Batman, a Launceston businessman and co-founder of Melbourne.

Design features
Built between 1966 and 1968, it was the first cable-stayed bridge in Australia and among the first such bridges in the world. The main span is 206 m long, suspended from a 91 m steel A-frame tower. The deck is 10.3 m wide. The tower is on the west bank of the Tamar river, on a solid dolerite rock base which carries 78% of the weight of the main span. The length of the bridge is 432 m between abutments. The east bank is soft clay not capable of supporting a bridge. A causeway carries the highway across this softer base, supported by four piers built on piles driven up to 18 m into the clay. The bridge deck is constructed of steel.

title: Batman Bridge


text:
Talk:Interrogative word

(First of two untitled discussion topics: s/b "Keep?")
Is this something someone is willing to save? Jwrosenzweig 00:28, 12 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * Stub-a-delia, baby!

(Second of two untitled discussion topics: s/b e.g. "My Own Private English Grammar")
What about does/do? They are primarily verbs, but they are question words.
 * Do you know what time it is? (What time is it?)
 * Does he have a clue? (Is he clueless)

—Preceding unsigned comment added by 161.253.147.34 (talk) 19:41, 4 August 2009 (UTC)

 * Not in the least. Those words are forms of the English word do, a word that has become a mandatory auxiliary in many interrogative sentences in modern (but not middle) English -- those not having auxiliary words or forms of be. It is possible to answer the question
 * "Does a frog swim in a lake?"
 * with
 * "Yes, a frog does swim in a lake"
 * more for emphasis than anything else, as well as
 * "Yes, a frog swims in the lake",
 * or even
 * "Yes, it does!"
 * Forms of do are verbs in their own right and not interrogatives themselves.
 * Medieval English and even early-modern English (Shakespeare) at times simply inverts noun and verb from SVO to VSO as in most European languages, although modern French favors the expression est-ce que before what would otherwise be a declarative sentence. --Pbrower2a (talk) 17:11, 8 August 2011 (UTC)

Whither
Should Whither be added? Tabletop (talk) 07:44, 29 August 2010 (UTC)

Obsolescent, much like "whence" and "wherefore" as interrogatives. Include them at your risk.Pbrower2a (talk) 17:11, 8 August 2011 (UTC)

Excessive description of Indian languages
Indian languages seem to be getting a bit too much attention, plus the descriptions themselves are badly worded. Could we get some examples from a more diverse language set? 82.4.15.210 (talk) 23:37, 24 February 2011 (UTC)

Whether and how many / how much
Two questions:

First, should "whether" be there? It is not an interrogative word, it is a subordinating conjunction which introduces complement clauses.

Second, isn't this page too "English-oriented"? It is missing the semantic category showing "amount" or "quantity". What happens is that, in English language, there is no single word for that. English decomposes it in "how many" or "how much" but there are several languages (for instance, romance languages) that have a specific word for that: quanto, cuanto, combien, etc.

213.63.94.16 (talk) 12:25, 10 July 2011 (UTC)

German, Latin (more than modern Romance languages), and Esperanto suggest themselves. But how about broadening the scope to include other languages, not all of PIE origin? We need not be "English-language chauvinists" by default. Latin is preferable to any of its derivatives because it shows fewer sound changes than do its descendants and better than Classical Greek because of the complex treatment of Proto-Indo-European *kw in Greek. I understand that Lithuanian is arguably the most conservative PIE language and would be particularly relevant. Sanskrit would possibly be interesting.

Some of the German forms are obvious cognates of English forms (welcher/which); some aren't (wo/where; wer/who); some imply different rules of construction (warum/why).

Stability and antiquity of the words in language is so strong that the interrogative why in English preserves perhaps the only relic of a long-lost instrumental case. The "h" in how was apparently a "wh"-like sound before it transformed regularly into "h" before an Old English "u". Pbrower2a (talk) 15:20, 20 July 2011 (UTC)

I'm a bit confused by the notation here. Is it possible to use standard phonetic symbols? Also a bit confused by the comment about scottish and american dialects using [M] instead of [W]. Doric (east Scottish dialect) speakers use "F" in place of W e.g. "fit" "far" "fan" etc. In Gaelic (which eastern Scots probably never spoke) F is written as "MH". Is this the reason for this muddle? Do any Americans actually pronounce interrogatives like this? Or replace W with M?Pignut (talk) 09:06, 23 August 2015 (UTC)

"(The English word whether has a similar function, but only in indirect questions; and Multicultural London English may use "innit", even in the absence of the pronoun "it".) Such particles contrast with other interrogative words, which form what are called wh-questions rather than yes–no questions." This is just a non-standard version of any "tag question" eg You're going to do it, aren't you?

Ever forms still include "so" for emphasis eg whatever vs whatsoever. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.115.182.53 (talk) 12:32, 15 December 2013 (UTC)

Arabic and Spanish
Hi, both Arabic and Spanish should be treated in the entry, for they're major languages. Thanks in advance. --Backinstadiums (talk) 09:56, 24 February 2017 (UTC)

Use of "innit"
It's a nice idea, mentioning MLE. However, the use of "innit" is never as an interrogative particle. It's used at the end of sentences (or by itself) for emphasis. So, not much unlike a tag question. An interrogative particle turns a statement into a question, which in this case would mean that the sentence "This book is big." would turn into "This book is big, innit?" and would mean the same as "Is this book big?" which is obviously ridiculous - a more accurate synonymous way of phrasing it would be "This book is big, isn't it?" which is ultimately the origin of the contraction anyway. Now, though the two do seem similar, the difference is that the party asking the question already knows the answer beforehand if they use "innit" - so not an interrogative particle.

To sum up - the word "innit" is not an interrogative particle in any way - one does not use it to transform statements into yes/no questions. I find it should be removed from the introduction.

84.81.40.9 (talk) 17:20, 18 September 2018 (UTC)

 * I beg to differ, if pronounced as having a rising tone throughout, or as [ɪnɪ̌ʔ], it does indeed mark a question. 2607:F5F0:110:1:0:0:0:34 (talk) 21:13, 24 January 2021 (UTC)

who and whom
The list at the top lists these separately, but wouldn't it make more sense to list them as one word like "who/whom"? Putting them as separate entries in a list implies they're as distinct as who vs. what vs. why etc. when really whom is just the objective case inflection of who. Cyllel (talk) 19:30, 22 September 2023 (UTC)

03177558887 2402:AD80:82:E99B:28EC:C2FF:FEC7:D49D (talk) 17:01, 6 April 2024 (UTC)

0317755888
, hiarbab Ali

@junejo 2402:AD80:82:E99B:28EC:C2FF:FEC7:D49D (talk) 17:02, 6 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Interrogative word


text:
William John Patterson

William John Patterson (May 13, 1886 – June 10, 1976) was a Liberal politician and the sixth premier of Saskatchewan from 1935 to 1944. He was first elected to the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan in the 1921 election. He succeeded James G. Gardiner to become the province's first Saskatchewan-born premier.

Patterson's leadership was considered to be uninspired. He was unable to resist the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation's rise to power in the 1944 election under Tommy Douglas. Patterson's Liberals were reduced to five seats in the Legislature. He resigned as Liberal leader in 1946.

Patterson served as the tenth Lieutenant Governor of Saskatchewan from 1951 to 1958, becoming the first person to have been both Premier and lieutenant governor of the province.

Early life
Paterson was born on May 13, 1886, in Grenfell in what was then the District of Assiniboia of the North-West Territories. His father, John Patterson, had moved to Grenfell in 1882 to work as a railway section foreman during the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway. His mother, Catherine Fraser, was an immigrant from Scotland.

Patterson left school at 15 and found work first at a bank and then in the Saskatchewan Department of Telephones. Following the outbreak of World War I, Patterson in 1916 enlisted in the Canadian Army, serving as a cavalry officer. He was wounded in September 1918.

Upon his return to Saskatchewan after the war, he studied law in Grenfell under lawyer G.C. Neff and then moved to Windthorst, Saskatchewan to set up a financial and insurance agency.

Politics
Patterson ran in the Saskatchewan general election of 1921, as the Saskatchewan Liberal Party's candidate for the constituency of Pipestone. Patterson won the district and took his seat in the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan. Patterson held several cabinet positions in governments headed by Premier James Garfield Gardiner. He was reelected in the 1925 election and the 1929 election, but in the latter case, the Liberals lost the election and so Patterson moved to the Opposition. In the 1934 election, the Liberals returned to power, and Patterson returned to cabinet.

In 1935, Premier Gardiner left provincial politics to become Canadian Minister of Agriculture under Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King. Patterson was elected as Gardiner's successor as leader of the Liberal Party of Saskatchewan and Premier of Saskatchewan. Taking office in the midst of the Great Depression, Patterson sought to extend social programs to assist those in need. His government increased funding for education, enacted pension and debt relief legislation, and expanded public funding for treatment of tuberculosis, cancer, and polio.

However, Patterson subscribed to the conventional wisdom of the day that deficit spending would ruin the province's credit and he thus therefore refused to run a budget deficit, instead funding the increased government spending through a new sales tax. His government also passed legislation making it easier to form credit unions, permitting the formation of unions, and increasing labour standards.

Patterson won re-election in the 1938 election and continued to serve as premier. In the 1944 election, however, the Liberals were easily defeated by the Saskatchewan Co-operative Commonwealth Federation, under the leadership of Tommy Douglas. Patterson served as Leader of the Opposition until 1946, when he resigned as Liberal leader. He remained a Member of the Legislative Assembly and was a candidate in the 1948 election, and was re-elected as the member from Cannington.

Following his resignation, Patterson took up a position with the federal Board of Transport Commissioners.

In 1951, Patterson was appointed as the first Saskatchewan-born Lieutenant Governor. He served in this post until 1958. Upon Patterson's retirement, Douglas introduced special legislation to provide Patterson with a pension to thank for his many years of service to the province.

Patterson then lived quietly in retirement until his death in Regina, on June 10, 1976.

1938 General election
Patterson led the Liberals in the general election of 1938. He won a solid majority government. The Co-operative Commonwealth Federation under George Hara Williams came in second place and continued as the Official Opposition.

1 Premier when election was called; Premier after election. 2 Leader of the Opposition when election was called; Leader of the Opposition after election.

1944 General election
Provincial elections are normally held between four and five years after the previous election, but this election was delayed because of World War II. Patterson again led the Liberals in the general election of 1944, but this time was soundly defeated by Tommy Douglas and the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation.

1 Member of the federal Parliament until shortly before the election was called; Premier after election. 2 Premier when election was called; Leader of the Opposition after election. 3 Rounds to zero.

Saskatchewan constituency elections
Patterson stood for election to the Legislative Assembly eight times, in two different ridings, Pipestone and Cannington. He was elected once by acclamation and seven times in contested elections. Although he normally won by healthy pluralities or majorities, in one case, 1944, he won by only six votes.

1921 General election: Pipestone
E Elected.

1925 General election: Pipestone
E Elected. X Incumbent.

1926 By-election: Pipestone
The by-election was called on Patterson accepting the position of Provincial Treasurer in the Cabinet of Premier Gardiner, an office of profit under the Crown, on February 26, 1926. E Elected. X Incumbent.

1929 General election: Pipestone
E Elected. X Incumbent.

1934 General election: Cannington
E Elected. X Incumbent.

1938 General election: Cannington
E Elected. X Incumbent.

1944 General election: Cannington
E Elected. X Incumbent. 1 Rounding error.

1948 General election: Cannington
E Elected. X Incumbent.

title: William John Patterson


text:
User talk:Orcmid

Neophyte that I am, I started talking about myself here. That is now under Orcmid

-- Dennis E. Hamilton, 2004-03-11 (pst), --Orcmid 00:39, 12 Mar 2004 (UTC)

You're a brave man, wading into that thicket. -- Walt Pohl 19:34, 20 Mar 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Orcmid


text:
Edward Erie Poor

Edward Erie Poor, Sr. (February 5, 1837 – July 29, 1900) was an American banker. He served as Vice-President and then President of the National Park Bank from 1895-1900, succeeding Ebenezer K. Wright and followed by Richard Delafield. Born in Boston, Poor was an advocate of the gold standard during the free silver debate of the late 1890s.

title: Edward Erie Poor


text:
Macrophilia

Macrophilia is a fascination with or a sexual fantasy involving giants, most commonly expressed as giant humans, as well as giant objects. In 2023, the Giantess kink was found to be the most popular kink searched for on the website Clips4Sale. Generally, depictions range from sexually explicit actions to non-sexual interactions while still providing sexual stimulation for those with the fantasy.

Online communities refer to this subculture as macro fetish or GTS fetish, an abbreviation of "giantess" and sometimes the backronym "giant tiny sex".

Description
Although macrophilia literally translates to simply a "lover of large", in the context of a sexual fantasy, it is used to denote attraction to beings larger than themselves. Males who are attracted to larger females are known as Amazon chasers. Generally, the interest differs between macrophiles, and depends on gender and sexual orientation. Macrophiles often enjoy the feel of being physically smaller, ranging from sadomasochistic fantasies such as being abused, degraded, dominated, or eaten, to friendly fantasies such as being rescued, protected and befriended by the larger, typically heroic female, and they often view the much taller being as powerful and dominating.

Psychologist Mark Griffiths speculates that the roots of macrophilia may lie in sexual arousal in childhood and early adolescence that is accidentally associated with giants.

Speculating on why there are not as many female macrophiles, psychologist Helen Friedman theorized that women who already view men as dominant and powerful have no need to fantasize about it. Still there exists a presence of women who can enjoy both aspects of macrophilia. Women who take on the roles of the giantess within this fetish often find the practice to be empowering and enjoy being worshipped.

One article in Men's Health argues that because the pressures faced by men tend to be greater, “becoming unimportant or unnoticed in the presence of an unconquerable creature could be a brief respite”.

Internet
The internet has played an important role in helping to develop the fetish. The pornography site Pornhub's 2015 annual report showed that compared to 2014, the biggest increase in search topic was giantess, which had a 1091 percent gain in searches. There also existed an exhibit at the Museum of Sex titled "Kink: Geography of the Erotic Imagination" which explored many different fantasies, including macrophilia.

Online content creators have also developed homemade media that has helped grow the fetish's reach. In addition to generating content across websites, some content creators have even branded themselves in ways that helped them generate a following and gain revenue for their work. After data was gathered from 4,814,732 videos on clips4sale, an established porn site, it was found that "giantess" was the 34th most popular category.

The macro community has produced fiction writing, digital art, and collages on websites such as DeviantArt and Pixiv. Dedicated macrophilia websites include Giantess World, the Giantess City forums, and the male-centered CoiledFist. Karbo, Eskoz, and AshkiiWolf are among the more popular artists. However, similar to other kinks, there are also several content creators that can be found on a variety of social media platforms as well as subscription services. A recent example of female macrophilia is Minia Studios who specializes in digital animation and currently found prominence on X (formerly known as Twitter). In terms of male macrophilia, the majority of content creators can be found sharing their work on the aforementioned CoiledFist, with a prominent creator being GTF Productions; a creator that was able to begin their own empire of sorts with numerous actors and a production value unseen in macrophilia content from the past.

Video games
Macrophilia video games have also been developed; Sizebox is a sandbox game in which players import models and create scenes. Resize Me! is an anime VR game in development; the player is gradually shrunken by their childhood friend and toyed with.

The popularity of Resident Evil Village's antagonist Lady Dimitrescu has been attributed to her giant size.

Real-world experience
One way macrophiles enjoy their fetish physically is by scheduling private sessions with extraordinarily tall women to engage in non-sexual interactions; trampling, lifting and carrying, foot worshiping, roleplaying and domination.

title: Macrophilia


text:
Montezuma Castle

Montezuma Castle may refer to:
 * Montezuma Castle National Monument in Camp Verde, Arizona
 * Montezuma Castle (hotel), a former hotel in Montezuma, New Mexico

title: Montezuma Castle


text:
Helix (database)

Helix is a database management system for the Apple Macintosh platform, created in 1983. Helix uses a graphical "programming language" to add logic to its applications, allowing non-programmers to construct sophisticated applications. Helix was the first multiuser database on any PC platform, the first object-based, visual programming tool and the first relational database on a PC platform.

History
Originally created by Odesta Corporation of Northbrook, IL in 1983 on the original Macintosh, Helix debuted to rave reviews when it was first released in late 1984.

At that time the Mac only supported 440kB floppy disks as storage. Users initially ran Helix from a floppy disk with Helix installed on the "system disk," which was where the operating system lived before the age of hard disk storage. This configuration left little room for applications or data. It was assumed that users would add a second floppy for any sort of real-world use, with the OS and Helix on one floppy, and data on another. In spite of these initial limitations, Helix was a powerful relational database.

In May 1986, Odesta released Double Helix. The main new feature set allowed for the construction of custom menus and menu bars, resulting in "stand-alone" applications. In comparison, the original Helix produced applications that were clearly running within Helix. Released as a part of a larger suite of software, the Helix suite also included a stand-alone runtime version known as RunTime Helix which would allow users to run Double Helix applications without the full version installed, as well as MultiUser Helix which operated in a client–server fashion.

Upgrades to the Helix product line were continuous during the 1980s, but the company spent a tremendous amount of time and money working on a version known as Remote Helix which ran the basic Helix development system on top of VAX based databases. The idea was to offer a Mac-like experience on "big iron" systems, a common theme in the early 1990s. The company also released a number of related tools, GeoQuery and Data Desk, for analyzing databases. However it wasn't long before the popularity of the VAX faded, and the product was never a major success.

In 1992 Odesta split up, with the original Helix applications being spun off. Double Helix re-emerged as Helix Express at Helix Technologies, marketed as a performance leader as opposed to "easy to use". The parent company became entangled in an unrelated but costly legal battle, and Helix languished. In 1998, Helix Technologies was purchased by The Chip Merchant, a San Diego-based memory vendor, who released a major upgrade in 2000, adding TCP/IP capabilities to Helix Client/Server and improving the performance of the entire product line significantly. However, falling memory prices and a slumping economy combined to drive The Chip Merchant into bankruptcy in 2002, sending Helix into legal limbo. It was purchased in 2004 by two of the people who were running its day-to-day operations, Gil Numeroff and Matt Strange, with financial backing from an unnamed businessman and long-time Helix user, forming a new company: QSA ToolWorks.

QSA brought Helix co-creator Larry Atkin back into the Helix fold and later brought back Steve Keyser, the original architect of MultiUser Helix. Dubbed the Helix Recovery Team, this new management and programming team began the task of rewriting the Classic Helix products to run natively under Mac OS X. The OS X Helix Server, along with three native diagnostic and maintenance tools, shipped in December 2005.

One month later, Apple announced the first products based on their switch from PowerPC to Intel processors, causing QSA to have to "switch gears" and begin the process of converting their code to Universal Binary format. This forced a conversion from the CodeWarrior IDE to Xcode, after which they produced Intel-native releases of their three "end user" products. Early versions (known as "Preview Releases") were feature incomplete and unstable, but frequent updates (five in 2008 alone) addressed these issues. Nine more updates in 2009 and 2010 focused on completing the feature set, eradicating remaining bugs and improving performance.

At the same time, QSA started work on bringing the Helix IDE (known as "Helix RADE") to OS X. Originally announced in December 2009 the project went by the code name of Europa, as an oblique reference to the movie 2010. In June 2011, QSA began shipping ″Preliminary Releases″ — versions with some, but not all of the features ported to OS X. The porting of features continued through to completion in June 2013.

In September 2022, QSA Toolworks sold the Helix family of software to New Mexico-based Big Giant Donut Inc., a firm that had implemented Helix-based solutions at several manufacturing and technology companies. Larry Atkin and Steve Keyser joined Big Giant Donut to work on a new software platform called "Donut", based on Helix concepts. Donut is intended to run on modern 64-bit hardware and to run client software within a browser. As they work on this, Big Giant Donut has made the most recent versions of the Helix software downloadable from their website for free.

Description
A Helix project is known as a Collection, a "document" created by Helix RADE (which stands for "Rapid Application Development Environment"). It is represented in the system by a sort of "pseudo-desktop" similar to the Macintosh Finder. A collection may contain thousands of individual databases (also known as relations or tables). Helix applications only open one Collection at a time. However, licenses can be purchased to allow access to numerous collections simultaneously, limited primarily by available memory.

Opening a collection results in a project window with two main parts driven entirely by a unique set of GUI objects. On the left are a number of icon wells, representing new objects that could be created, and a scrollable window on the right (known as the Collection Window) displays the objects that the user has created. Icons are dragged from the wells on the left into the window to create new objects in the collection. These objects include relations (tables) to hold data, sequences (macros) to automate tasks, and users to create custom menus for the end-user. This is one of Helix's most unusual and powerful features.

In the Relation, database tables (groups of related data) are created. Relations contain fields to define datatypes, an abacus to define the relationships among data and create information the fields alone cannot present, indexes to organize data and improve performance, queries to find data, "templates" to structure information visually and for entering, modifying, deleting and printing from "Views" that combine templates, queries and indexes to give the user access to and control over information.

The abacus uses a completely graphical system for creating calculations. You describe the desired calculation by dragging icons representing operations and fields into the abacus' editor window, and then arrange them in a dataflow diagram. For example, to say "first name followed by space followed by last name", you drag in a "followed by" icon, then drag the "first name" field into its first part and set a space character as its second part; then you drag in a second "followed by" icon, feed the output arrow from the first one into the second's first part, and drag the "last name" field into its second part.

Helix RADE runs in two modes, Design mode and User mode. In User Mode the Helix collection opens in one of the defined user menu bars, allowing the user to use the database as they would any other application. Design mode allows the developer (or advanced user) to alter the design of the database, adding fields, creating new reports, etc.

Although intended to simplify programming, iconic programming languages often "miss the point": programming is difficult not because you have to type, but because the complexity very quickly reaches a level where the project can no longer be understood. In theory a graphical language can help reduce this complexity considerably (see intentional programming for examples). In some cases, they do, but in many cases they make the problem worse. Helix is a very forgiving tool, allowing numerous routes to the same result. In the hands of an unskilled user, as with any tool, complex calculations can quickly become unwieldy, requiring that the programmer have a large monitor (or two) to work efficiently. However, skillful users find its visual approach both timesaving and liberating with few serious limitations.

Although quite adept at handling small to mid-size databases, a common problem for Helix is that for much of its lifetime, it has run only in the co-operative multitasking environment of the Classic Mac OS, making it rather unstable for large databases. Although the programming language itself has the scalability required to create complex databases, the inability to run reliably in a 24/7 environment relegates Helix to workgroups of 100 users or less. However, these limitations are rapidly becoming history. QSA released an OS X version of its Helix Server in December 2005 and is rolling out the rest of its product line in OS X versions in 2006 and 2007.

For someone familiar with Helix, the savings in development time can be significant. One expert who is also a leading Microsoft Access trainer/developer estimates that depending upon the size of the project, a Helix project can be finished in 30-70% of the time as the same Access project. The savings come particularly from the absence of a programming "language," thus the elimination of all syntax errors. Since Helix, itself, prevents a developer from making syntactical or programming errors, the remaining sources of problems come from errors in business logic. All languages face this problem, but Helix once again softens the difficulty in tracking down the problems due to its object-based and graphical nature. Because all of the objects are linked (through icons, not through coding), the system "knows" what objects are used by other objects and in what way and simplifies tracking down business logic errors and also provides a simple method of determining everything that is about to be affected by a proposed change to any object.

Limitations of Helix Visual Programming
In Helix, one must compose all code graphically - thus, an if...then...else construct is built using flowchart-type widgets such as decision diamonds, and loops are implemented using connectors.

While Helix's visual programming is possibly easier for novices to learn (because it uses a flowcharting paradigm that is intuitively understood by non-technical individuals), it can become tedious when the amount of code to be written becomes significant, especially for an individual who can write code much more easily and conveniently than if forced to drag icons from a palette.

To this end, when Helix RADE was updated to run natively on Intel Macs, an "abacus expression language" was added to provide this capability for those who needed it.

title: Helix (database)


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Ann Sheridan

Clara Lou "Ann" Sheridan (February 21, 1915 – January 21, 1967) was an American actress and singer. She is best known for her roles in the films San Quentin (1937) with Humphrey Bogart, Angels with Dirty Faces (1938) with James Cagney and Bogart, They Drive by Night (1940) with George Raft and Bogart, City for Conquest (1940) with Cagney and Elia Kazan, The Man Who Came to Dinner (1942) with Bette Davis, Kings Row (1942) with Ronald Reagan, Nora Prentiss (1947), and I Was a Male War Bride (1949) with Cary Grant.

Early life
Clara Lou Sheridan was born in Denton, Texas, on February 21, 1915, the youngest of five children (Kitty, Pauline, Mabel, and George) of garage mechanic George W. Sheridan and Lula Stewart (née Warren). According to Sheridan, her father was a grandnephew of Civil War Union general Philip Sheridan.

She was active in dramatics at Denton High School and at North Texas State Teachers College. She also sang with the college's stage band and played basketball on the North Texas women's basketball team. Then, in 1933, Sheridan won the prize of a bit part in an upcoming Paramount film, Search for Beauty, when her sister Kitty entered Sheridan's photograph into a beauty contest.

Paramount
After the release of Search for Beauty in 1934, Paramount put the 19-year-old under contract at a starting salary of $75 a week, where she played mostly uncredited bit parts for the next two years. She can be glimpsed in the following 1934 films, and if credited, as Clara Lou Sheridan: ', Come On Marines!, Murder at the Vanities, ', Kiss and Make-Up with Cary Grant, The Notorious Sophie Lang, College Rhythm (directed by Norman Taurog whom Sheridan admired), Ladies Should Listen with Cary Grant, ', ', ' with Lee Tracy, ', ', ' with George Raft and Anna May Wong, and One Hour Late.

Along with fellow contractees, Sheridan worked with Paramount's drama coach Nina Moise and performed on the studio lot in such plays as The Milky Way and The Pursuit of Happiness. While in The Milky Way, Paramount decided to change her first name from Clara Lou to the same as her character Ann.

Sheridan was then cast in the film at the behest of director and friend Mitchell Leisen. The role provided two standout scenes for the actress, including one in which her character commits suicide, to which she attributed Paramount's keeping her under contract.

She continued with bit parts in with Elissa Landi and Cary Grant,  with Randolph Scott and Evelyn Brent, and  with George Raft and Carole Lombard, until her first lead role in Car 99 (1935), with Fred MacMurray. "No acting, it was just playing the lead, that's all", she later said. She next had a support role as the romantic interest in Rocky Mountain Mystery (1935), a Randolph Scott Western.

She then appeared in with Bing Crosby and W. C. Fields,  with George Raft in a brief speaking role for which she was billed as "Nurse" in the cast list at the end of the film, and (having one line)  with Loretta Young. In her last picture under her deal with Paramount, the studio loaned her out to Poverty Row production company Talisman to make The Red Blood of Courage (1935) with Kermit Maynard. After this, Paramount declined to renew her contract. Sheridan made Fighting Youth (1935) at Universal and then signed a contract with Warner Bros. in 1936.

Warner Bros.
Sheridan's career prospects began to improve at her new studio. Her early films for Warner Bros. included Sing Me a Love Song (1936); with Humphrey Bogart; The Great O'Malley (1937) with Pat O'Brien and Bogart, her first real break;, with O'Brien and Bogart, singing for the first time in a film; and Wine, Women and Horses (1937) with Barton MacLane.

Sheridan moved into B picture leads: The Footloose Heiress (1937); with John Litel; and She Loved a Fireman (1937) with Dick Foran for director John Farrow. She was a lead in and its sequel. Sheridan was in Little Miss Thoroughbred (1938) with Litel for Farrow and supported Dick Powell in Cowboy from Brooklyn (1938).

Universal borrowed her for a support role in at the behest of director John M. Stahl. For Farrow, she was in Broadway Musketeers (1938), a remake of Three on a Match (1932).

Sheridan's notices in Letter of Introduction impressed Warner Bros. executives and she began to get roles in better quality pictures at her own studio starting with Angels with Dirty Faces (1938), wherein she played James Cagney's love interest; Bogart, O'Brien and the Dead End Kids had supporting roles. The film was a big hit and critically acclaimed.

Sheridan was reunited with the Dead End Kids in They Made Me a Criminal (1938) starring John Garfield. She was third-billed in the Western, playing a saloon owner opposite Errol Flynn and Olivia de Havilland. The film was another success.

Oomph girl
In March 1939, Warner Bros. announced Sheridan had been voted by a committee of 25 men as the actress with the most "oomph" in America. "Oomph" was described as "a certain indefinable something that commands male interest".

She received as many as 250 marriage proposals from fans in a single week. Sheridan reportedly loathed the sobriquet that made her a popular pin-up girl in the early 1940s. However, she expressed in a February 25, 1940, news story distributed by the Associated Press that she no longer "bemoaned the "oomph" tag." She continued, "But I'm sorry now. I know if it hadn't been for 'oomph' I'd probably still be in the chorus."

This was later referenced and spoofed on the 1941 animated short Hollywood Steps Out.

Stardom
Sheridan co-starred with Dick Powell in and played a wacky heiress in.

She was top billed in with O'Brien and Angels Wash Their Faces (1939) with the Dead End Kids and Ronald Reagan. Castle on the Hudson (1940) put her opposite Garfield and O'Brien. Sheridan's first real starring vehicle was It All Came True (1940), a musical comedy costarring Bogart and Jeffrey Lynn. She introduced the song "Angel in Disguise".

Sheridan and Cagney were reunited in Torrid Zone (1940) with O'Brien in support. She was with George Raft, Bogart and Ida Lupino in They Drive by Night (1940), a smash-hit trucking melodrama. Sheridan was back with Cagney for City for Conquest (1941) and then made, a comedy with George Brent.

Sheridan did two lighter films:, a musical comedy, and with Bette Davis, wherein she played a character modeled on Gertrude Lawrence. She then made Kings Row (1942), in which she received top billing playing opposite Ronald Reagan, Robert Cummings, and Betty Field. It was a major success and one of Sheridan's most memorable films.

Sheridan and Reagan were reunited for Juke Girl (1942) released about six weeks after Kings Row. She was in the war film Wings for the Eagle (1942) and made a comedy with Jack Benny, George Washington Slept Here (1943). She played a Norwegian resistance fighter in with Errol Flynn and was one of the many Warner Bros. stars who had cameos in.

She was the heroine of a novel, Ann Sheridan and the Sign of the Sphinx, written by Kathryn Heisenfelt and published by Whitman Publishing Company in 1943. While the heroine of the story was identified as a famous actress, the stories were entirely fictitious. The story was probably written for a young teenaged audience and is reminiscent of the adventures of Nancy Drew. It is part of a series known as "Whitman Authorized Editions", 16 books published between 1941 and 1947 that always featured a film actress as heroine.

Sheridan was given the lead in the musical, playing Nora Bayes, opposite Dennis Morgan. She was in a comedy, The Doughgirls (1944).

Sheridan was absent from screens for over a year, touring with the USO to perform in front of the troops as far afield as China. She returned in with Morgan. She had an excellent role in the noir Nora Prentiss (1947), which was a hit. It was followed by ' (1948), a remake of ', and, a Western melodrama with Errol Flynn.

Leo McCarey borrowed her to support Gary Cooper in. She was meant to star in . She then left Warner Bros., saying: "I wasn't at all satisfied with the scripts they offered me."

Freelance star
Her role in I Was a Male War Bride (1949), directed by Howard Hawks and starring Cary Grant, was another success. In 1950, she appeared on the ABC musical television series Stop the Music.

She made, a comedy with Victor Mature at Fox.

In April 1949, she announced she wanted to produce Second Lady, a film based on a story by Eleanore Griffin. She was going to make My Forbidden Past (originally titled Carriage Entrance) at RKO. They fired her and Sheridan sued for $250,000 (equivalent to $ million today) The New York Times reported the amount as $350,000 ($ million today). Sheridan ultimately won $55,162 ($ today).

Universal
Sheridan made Woman on the Run (1950), a noir also starring Dennis O'Keefe which she produced. She wanted to make a film called Her Secret Diary.

Woman on the Run was distributed by Universal, and Sheridan signed a contract with that studio. While there, she made, Just Across the Street (1952), and Take Me to Town (1953), a comedy with Sterling Hayden that was the first film directed by Douglas Sirk in the United States.

Later career
Sheridan starred with Glenn Ford in Appointment in Honduras (1953), directed by Jacques Tourneur. She appeared opposite Steve Cochran in Come Next Spring (1956) and was one of several stars in MGM's The Opposite Sex (1956), a remake of  starring June Allyson, Joan Collins, Dolores Gray, Sheridan and Ann Miller. Her last film, Woman and the Hunter (1957), was shot in Africa.

She performed in stage tours of Kind Sir (1958) and Odd Man In (1959), and The Time of Your Life at the Brussels World Fair in 1958. In all three shows, she acted with Scott McKay, whom she later married.

In 1962, she played the lead in the Western series Wagon Train episode titled "The Mavis Grant Story".

In the mid-1960s, Sheridan appeared on the NBC soap opera Another World.

Her final role was as Henrietta Hanks in the television comedy Western series Pistols 'n' Petticoats, which was filmed while she became increasingly ill in 1966, and was broadcast on CBS on Saturday nights. The 19th episode of the series, "Beware the Hangman", aired as scheduled on the same day that she died in 1967.

For her contributions to the motion picture industry, Ann Sheridan has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 7024 Hollywood Boulevard.

Personal life
Sheridan married actor Edward Norris August 16, 1936, in Ensenada, Mexico. They separated a year later and divorced in 1939. On January 5, 1942, she married fellow Warner Bros. star George Brent, who co-starred with her in Honeymoon for Three (1941); they divorced exactly one year later. Following her divorce from Brent, she had a long-term relationship with publicist Steve Hannagan that lasted until his death in 1953. Hannagan bequeathed Sheridan $218,399 (equivalent to $ million today).

Sheridan engaged in a romantic affair with Mexican actor Rodolfo Acosta, with whom she appeared in 1953's Appointment in Honduras. She and the married Acosta shared an apartment in Mexico City for several years, and Sheridan was charged with criminal adultery in Mexican federal court in October, 1956, following an accusation by Acosta's wife, Jeanine Cohen Acosta. Mexican authorities issued a warrant for Sheridan's arrest. Nothing came of the criminal charges, and the relationship ended c. 1958.

On June 5, 1966, Sheridan married actor Scott McKay, who was with her when she died, seven months later.

Sheridan supported Thomas E. Dewey in the 1948 presidential elections.

Death
In 1966, Sheridan began starring in a new television series, a Western-themed comedy called Pistols 'n' Petticoats. She became ill during the filming and died of esophageal cancer with massive liver metastases at age 51 on January 21, 1967, in Los Angeles. She was cremated and her ashes were in the private vault at Chapel of the Pines Crematory in Los Angeles until they were reinterned in a niche in the Chapel Columbarium at the Hollywood Forever Cemetery in 2005.

title: Ann Sheridan