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Eric McLuhan

Eric Marshall McLuhan (19 January 1942 – 18 May 2018)  was a communications theorist, son of Marshall McLuhan.

Biography
Eric McLuhan was the eldest of Marshall McLuhan's six children. He received his BSc in communications from Wisconsin State University in 1972 and his M.A. and PhD in English Literature from the University of Dallas in 1980 and 1982. In 2007, he received the Neil Postman Award for Career Achievement in Public Intellectual Activity from the Media Ecology Association. In 2011, the University of St. Michael's College in Toronto, Canada awarded him an L.L.D. of Sacred Letters.

Eric McLuhan coined the term 'Media ecology' while teaching at Fordham University in 1967–68 with his father Marshall McLuhan. According to Eric: "Media Ecology is a term I invented when we were at Fordham. I discussed it with Postman and he ran with it." 'Interview with Eric McLuhan' [Laureano Ralon, 2010]

Marshall and Eric McLuhan co-authored the books Laws of Media: The New Science (1990), Media and Formal Cause (2011), and Theories of Communication (2011). According to McLuhan associate Dean Motter, Eric also collaborated with his father on some books as a ghostwriter.

His teaching experiences were in the McLuhan Program in Culture and Technology at the University of Toronto and with the McLuhan Program International. He was Director of Media Studies at the Harris Institute for the Arts in Toronto for 17 years. Prior to that he taught and tutored at York University, Dawson College and Ontario College of Art. Likewise, he was a founding partner at McLuhan and Davies Communications. He also performed the original Fordham Experiment.

McLuhan was the author of Electric Language (1998), The Role of Thunder in Finnegans Wake (1997) and The Sensus Communis, Synesthesia, and the Soul: An Odyssey (2015). He was also editor of the journal McLuhan Studies and has overseen several collections of his father's work: The Book of Probes (2011), Marshall McLuhan Unbound (2005, with Terrence Gordon), The Medium and the Light (2010); and the co-editor of Essential McLuhan (1997, with Frank Zingrone). Recent work included a collaboration with mime Wayne D. Constantineau, produced in a series called The Human Equation (BPS Books), which curiously included a board game. Also forthcoming is: The Dance of the Ages: Egyptian Art of the Old Kingdom and Its Relevance to the Twenty-First Century, Cambridge Scholars Press.

He lived in Ontario, Canada, continuing in retirement to work on new books, projects & collections, his father's works, his own and with collaborators.

He died in Bogotá, a day after delivering the inaugural speech for the Doctorate in Communication at University of La Sabana.

List of works
Editor
 * City as Classroom (with Marshall McLuhan, Kathryn Hutchon), 1977
 * Laws of Media: The New Science (with Marshall McLuhan), U of Toronto Press, 1988
 * The Role of Thunder in Finnegans Wake, U of Toronto Press, 1997
 * Electric Language: Understanding the Present, Stoddart, 1998
 * The Human Equation, Book I: The Constant in Human Development and Culture from Pre-Literacy to Post-Literacy (with W. D. Constantineau), BPS Books, 2010
 * Media and Formal Cause (with Marshall McLuhan), NeoPoeisis Press, 2011
 * Theories of Communication (with Marshall McLuhan), Peter Lang, 2011
 * The Human Equation, Book II: The Science of Investigation (with W. D. Constantineau), BPS Books, 2011
 * The Human Equation, Book III: Know Thyself: Action and Perception (with W. D. Constantineau), BPS Books, 2012
 * The Human Equation, Book IV: Mime and Media I (with W. D. Constantineau), BPS Books, 2016 [Forthcoming]
 * The Human Equation, Book V: Mime and Media II (with W. D. Constantineau), BPS Books, 2016 [Forthcoming]
 * Cynic Satire, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2015
 * The Sensus Communis: Synesthesia, and the Soul, BPS Books, 2015
 * Essential McLuhan (with F. Zingrone), Stoddart, 1995
 * Who Was Marshall McLuhan? (with F. Zingrone, W. Constantineau), Stoddart, 1996
 * The Medium and the Light: Writings on Religion by Marshall McLuhan, (With Jacek Schlarek) Stoddart, 1998
 * The Book of Probes (with W. Kuhns), Gingko Press, 2004
 * McLuhan Unbound, Gingko Press, 2005

title: Eric McLuhan


text:
Talk:Augustus De Morgan

Augustus De Morgan
— Preceding unsigned comment added by Buenasdiaz (talk • contribs) 18:21, 8 March 2011 (UTC)

Hello. From searching the web for some of the text of the current version of this article, it looks like it is copied entirely from "Ten British Mathematicians of the 19th Century", by Alexander Macfarlane, dated 1916, at: http://www.gutenberg.net/etext06/tbmms10p.pdf (Project Gutenberg). That's great, no problem with copyright. The only thing I want to suggest here is that when source texts such as this are imported, it would be a good idea to put a note in the article or the talk page telling where it came from. Texts copied from other sources are an ongoing problem for Wikipedia -- let's make it easier to find the problematic articles by clearly labeling the ones that aren't a problem. Happy editing, Wile E. Heresiarch 05:53, 4 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Mathematical induction was first used by Francesco Maurolico in 1575 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Maurolico) and completely understood by Pascal. The intro paragraph should be changed accordingly.Scorwin (talk) 21:32, 9 March 2010 (UTC)

whichever ancient work it was copied from, the style is dreadful. totally inappropriate for a modern encyclopedia and not likely to enlighten many people about the mathematics it pretends to explain. hopefully someone will scrap the lot and write something from scratch.

Is it "de Morgan" or "De Morgan"? I've seen both used. What language uses "De" in names? Is capitalizing "De" the usual convention in it? Kaol 22:08, 15 Mar 2004 (UTC)

I'm guessing "de", latin/french for "of". Speaking of latin, could somebody please translate this?

 * He once printed his name: Augustus De Morgan, H - O - M - O - P - A - U - C - A - R - U - M - L - I - T - E - R - A - R - U - M.

I'm sure that's something very humorous in Latin, but, unfortunately, I only understand English... (man of few words perhaps?)

crazyeddie 06:06, 12 Jun 2004 (UTC)

It means "Man of few letters." They were going to confer on him the degree Doctor of Letters. --Polylerus 23:03, 8 December 2005 (UTC)

The word "de" means "of" in all major romance languages (in Italian, it's "di"). "de" in most French names is in lower case unless it starts a sentence. Correct me if I'm wrong. ~

The "de" or "De" discussion
Fellow fans of Augustus De Morgan,

"de" is the Dutch language article corresponding to the English article "the". Many Dutch and Belgian surnames use that article, such as "De Wolf" (the wolf) or "Van de Velden" (from Velden). My speculation is that De Morgan's surname is of Dutch origin, since "from Morgan" does not make sense to me at all. In that case, it is customary but not necessary for the surname to start with a higher-case "D" (that goes for many other languages, e.g. I have a friend whose surname is "de Oliveira" and another whose surname is "De Rossi").

By the way, was I the only one to notice many parts of this article on De Morgan were copied from The MacTutor article?

Porcher 04:43, 27 January 2006 (UTC)
 * If you read the first comment in this Talk, you will see that they were both copied from the same source.Billlion 22:38, 6 March 2006 (UTC)

 * De Morgan doesn't seem Dutch to me, except if it were derived from De Morgen ("the morning"), though I can't find that name in the phonebook or on genealogy sites. Qwertyus 15:40, 24 May 2006 (UTC)

 * There are a number of Irish names that come from Latin through Norman French, De Leon is one, Delaney from De l’aunaie is another. For some reason they are generally written with a capital "De" as in De Morgan. It's a bit strange, though, since Morgan is a Celtic name. Billlion (talk) 08:58, 10 May 2008 (UTC) (Bill "De Leon")

 * Since English is not my mother tongue I cannot say that this is this way for sure, but in Spanish the article is "de" and we write "Augustus de Morgan" and (if we want to say just the surname) "De Morgan". This is a Spanish grammar general rule: When the surname has a particle such as "de" and we want to refer to that person just by saying his/her surname, we put "De". —Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.34.63.211 (talk) 18:58, 4 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Since English is not your mother tongue, please leave the entire subject alone! Britain is the location of immigrants from many, many places. 23:14, 3 September 2012 (UTC)

 * It really is Augustus De Morgan; his handwritten name can be seen here: http://www.owenandbarlow.com/pd_augustus_de_morgan_1806-1871_autograph_letter_signed.cfm, and http://www.unav.es/gep/DeMorgan14.04.68G3.html. VWA (talk) 21:52, 2 July 2018 (UTC)

music
In what sense is this guy a 'British Music Theorist...? It seems to me that the 'category' is quite undeserved... Pfistermeister (talk) 02:13, 27 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Agreed. Removed it. Billlion (talk) 06:13, 27 May 2008 (UTC)

Should
De Morgan became blind in one eye a month or two after he was born. This is referred to in the article, but only vaguely. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.194.34.71 (talk) 12:14, 2 May 2009 (UTC) See http://www.engr.iupui.edu/~orr/webpages/cpt120/mathbios/ademo.htm —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.137.170.8 (talk) 10:33, 4 May 2009 (UTC)

Budget of Paradoxes
Now available at Wikisource. Regards, Paradoctor (talk) 23:58, 20 November 2009 (UTC)

The long quoted section including "met at Indianapolis in 1890" cannot be by De Morgan, who died in 1871. It might have been inserted by the editor of the second edition (1915), David Eugene Smith, but I have just scanned my copy of that edition and found no such thing. Hardly any of Smith's footnotes are anywhere near as long as this quote. Do not attribute this quote to De Morgan. StarryEye (talk) 04:46, 19 February 2011 (UTC)

Budget Of Paradoxes has been available at Project Gutenberg for years. (Budget Of Paradoxes) Hpfeil (talk) 16:16, 11 March 2013 (UTC)

Sleeping
One of my college professors told me years ago the man was famous also for sleeping 22 hours a day for the last 20 years of his life. I have to wonder if anyone knows if this is true. Jokem (talk) 21:14, 28 December 2011 (UTC)

 * Very doubtful. It is true that as the French mathematican Gaspard Monge grew older and older, he slept more and more every day. Monge also kept records of his hours of sleep, and since he was an old mathematican, he kept tables of his records, and he drew graphs of his hours of sleep. No kidding. Monge predicted that whenever he started sleeping 24 hours a day, then he would be DEAD - natually. Monge extended his lines and he made predictions for when that would happen for his servants, and whatever members of his family were around. (Maybe he didn't have any.) In the end, Monge got to where he was sleeping 23 hours a day, and at that point, he was so sick that he did die at that time. 98.81.2.69 (talk) 23:24, 3 September 2012 (UTC)

book excerpts
I noticed the same thing as Buenasdiaz, only 8 years later. Large portions of this article are taken verbatim from the publicly available book "Ten British Mathematicians", found here: http://www.archive.org/stream/tenbritishmathem09942gut/tbmms10p_djvu.txt

I also feel that the original work should be credited. It is linked to under further reading, but it's unclear from the article that the text is directly derived from it.

141.214.17.4 (talk) 00:08, 28 April 2012 (UTC)brendan

Cause of death?
The article currently states that De Morgan died of "nervous prostration" (mental breakdown).

Granted, health declines when the spirit breaks; but it's customary to give a physical diagnosis as the actual cause of death.

Karl gregory jones (talk) 17:51, 3 January 2013 (UTC)

Augustus De Morgan - Claimed atheism as stated fact?
Adding individuals to atheism category may be in violation of several WP rules and guidelines

One source by parapsychologist John Beloff (president of the Parapsychological Association) Parapsychology: A Concise History (1993) is no enough for stating that someone has definite  belief in this or that. Augustus De Morgan non-conforming disposition as been interpreted by one parapsychologist Beloff as meaning he was atheist? That will not just do.

Statements and claims presented as a fact must be backed by balanced, certified and strong unequivocal research and scholarship with the help of multiple sources. Loose claims here and there are just opinions and does not amount to an fair and balanced view. Varying authors can be be used as a source for presenting an opinion for such and such, but it is still not to be deemed authoritative and conclusive.

Multiple sources and scholarly consensus must be the main aim when something is stated as a reasonable fact. Otherwise we are deceiving.

Pgarret (talk) 10:32, 9 November 2013 (UTC)

 * De Morgan was definitely not an atheist; he was fiercely anti-dogma. De Morgan's wife Sophia was very clear in her Memoir of Augustus De Morgan, pp. 366-368, and in the last sentence, on p. 368, she gave his reasons not to be publicly open in his beliefs: "The state of mind in which he had lived, and in which he died, is shown by a sentence in his will: "I commend my future with hope and confidence to Almighty God; to God the Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, whom I believe in my heart to be the Son of God, but whom I have not confessed with my lips, because in my time such confession has always been the way up in the world."" VWA (talk) 13:26, 29 June 2018 (UTC)
 * Furthermore (1) De Morgan's beliefs, where expressed, appear to be almost Unitarian: He married into a Unitarian family and held similar beliefs Memoir of Augustus De Morgan, p.86. The two current citations in the article of De Morgan's own writings about atheism indicate only that (2) De Morgan viewed being called an atheist as a slur: in Memoir of Augustus De Morgan, p.393 he points out that his accuser is wrong and that Voltaire is in fact a deist; (3) in An essay on probabilities, pp.22-23 he argues that belief in science does not imply atheism. Beloff's assertion that De Morgan was debarred from Oxbridge due to atheism misses the distinction between not ascribing to Church of England dogma and atheism. Perhaps the only thing that is clear is that De Morgan was adamant about not expressing his religious beliefs publicly, as indicated in the quote from his will. Phuzzball (talk) 13:37, 25 June 2024 (UTC)

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Update needed
Much of the article seems to have been lifted from some antique encyclopedia, maybe the 1911 EB. It reads in ye-olde-tea-shoppe style and is woefully underlinked, rambling, poorly explained and lamentably under-cited. A rewrite might be in order. Chiswick Chap (talk) 15:22, 3 October 2018 (UTC)

 * It's definitely in order - it's not impartial at all, nor well sited. It's a shame since some of it is quite interesting, like the "paradoxer to whom De Morgan paid the compliment which Achilles paid Hector — to drag him round the walls again and again", which reads like a commentary, but for that reason should be replaced. FinnberlyRobin (talk) 12:22, 14 January 2021 (UTC)

Clarification needed
"A dispute arose between the professor of anatomy and his students, and because of the action taken by the council, several professors resigned, headed by De Morgan." What was the dispute? What was the action taken by the council? It would reveal something of De Morgan's character to know what he stood for. Did he lead the professors who quit or was he simply the first one? Rmrwiki (talk) 04:42, 16 June 2024 (UTC)

 * I have added a few details, links, and references. Rice 1997 has a nice synthesis on this. Interesting bit from De Morgan and co's letter to the administration: "There is no university in the world where it would be for a moment tolerated that the students should have any constraint direct or indirect over the appointment or removal of a professor." La plus ça change. Phuzzball (talk) 17:44, 16 June 2024 (UTC)

Indian logic
The link between classical Indian logic and De Morgan, while potentially fascinating, appears to be purely speculative: Besides the Mary Boole quote and De Morgan's affinity for India, there does not seem to be any connection. Most of De Morgan's own writing on Indian mathematics is either despondent at its state (at the time) or optimistic at its potential modernization. The current citations are hand-waving at best. Is there any plausible connection? Phuzzball (talk) 04:03, 20 June 2024 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Augustus De Morgan


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HMAS Marguerite

HMAS Marguerite was an Arabis-class sloop sloop laid down for the Royal Navy by Dunlop Bremner & Company at Port Glasgow in Scotland in July 1915 and launched on 23 November 1915. She was transferred to Australia in 1919 and commissioned into the Royal Australian Navy on 17 January 1920, as HMAS Marguerite. After being paid off on 23 July 1929 she was sunk as a target on 1 August 1935.

title: HMAS Marguerite


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Talk:Gun politics in the United States

Firearms owners and lead poisoning

 * It is estimated that U.S. civilians own 393 million firearms, and that 35% to 42% of the households in the country have at least one gun. The U.S. has by far the highest estimated number of guns per capita in the world, at 120.5 guns for every 100 people.

There’s no mention in this article of the numerous studies showing firearms owners are susceptible to lead poisoning (evidence is in the linked article). This would also go a long way towards explaining some of their attitudes and beliefs vis-à-vis the lead-crime hypothesis, which shows an increase in aggression and violence due to lead exposure. For example, many of the arguments proposed by gun proponents are illogical, nonsensical, and lack evidence, often relying on appeals to emotion, fear, and escalation. How likely is it that the people making these bizarre arguments are suffering from some kind of lead poisoning? Because to those of us on the side of gun control, they often sound like mad hatters. Viriditas (talk) 22:16, 24 May 2022 (UTC)
 * An appeal to emotion is standard practice to both "political persuasion" and propaganda. I would not be certain that these "mad hatters" are not propagandists, or recipients of propaganda. Dimadick (talk) 07:41, 25 May 2022 (UTC)

 * As someone who's relatively in the middle, I will say that the those on the pro-gun side themselves think that gun control advocates are mad hatters themselves. I also will say that many arguments proposed my gun control advocates are also illogical, nonsensical, and lack evidence, often relying on appeals to emotion, fear and escalation. Both sides are equally bad about this and neither side accurately represents most Americans. Just like most politicized things in the US, politicians on either side gravitate towards the extremes while most people are somewhere in the middle. I can see how a mention of the studies could have a place in the article, but it must be worded carefully in order to not give a biased view implicating that pro-gun supporters are suffering from lead poisoning and are thus irrational. Dudeofthelake (talk) 06:26, 26 May 2022 (UTC)
 * I would caution against this. Not all pro-gun people actually own or regularly use guns themselves. Although anecdotal, I know several people (who are otherwise entirely reasonable) who use arguments that gun control proponents would likely find illogical who never handle any firearms themselves. Some people are pro-gun not out of "don't touch my guns" self-interest but a genuine belief in the philosophies that lead some people to be pro-gun (such as a belief that armed self-defense is an unalienable right). Blast335 (talk) 16:00, 26 April 2024 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Technical and Scientific Communication
— Assignment last updated by Madhamilton5 (talk) 13:34, 5 October 2022 (UTC)

Relevance of these two opinions
I feel like these opinions don't really have a place here and should be deleted for two reasons.

1. Not referencing any opinions in favor of the decision could be a violation of WP:BALANCE

2. I don't really think the opinions of these two random law experts are of any significance. I've followed gun law and especially gun law litigation for a long time and I've literally never heard of these people. Blast335 (talk) 20:56, 14 April 2024 (UTC)

Availability vs. Legal Availability
In the "Public Policy" section there is the sentence "Gun Control has limited the availability of firearms to many individuals". I propose changing this to "Gun Control has limited the legal availability of firearms to many individuals". Since it has been requested that I substantiate my claim with evidence that it only changes the availability to legally acquire firearms, I present the following logical arguments and websites for a possible citation:

1. These laws do not decrease the number of firearms in circulation, meaning that the availability via theft is unchanged. 2. It is illogical to believe that a black market gun dealer, who is by definition someone already in violation of the law, would comply with law regarding the transfer of firearms to a prohibited person, therefore availability via the black market is unchanged. 3. It is legal in most US states to construct a firearm yourself. There is a caveat, however, that it is illegal for a prohibited person to do so, which means that this is an illegal means of acquiring a firearm that, never-the-less, is unchanged by the law as I am not aware of any law on the books that would prevent a prohibited person from acquiring the tools and materials necessary to construct one. 4. US Gun Control makes it illegal for a prohibited person to acquire a firearm by any means, so any other conceivable avenue through which such a person may obtain a firearm is illegal.

Are there any objections to this change? Blast335 (talk) 00:49, 15 April 2024 (UTC)

 * Yes. You need to provide a verifiable citation to a reliable source making those direct claims, not provide original research. We cannot accept "logical arguments" which would constitute unacceptable synthesis. These are core criteria for inclusion of content on Wikipedia, so if you're unfamiliar with those policies I'd suggest spending some time to become acquainted with them. ⇒   SWAT Jester   Shoot Blues, Tell VileRat! 02:26, 15 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Can you please provide a citation for the original statement then, which could equally validly be claimed to be original research? or should I simply tag it "citation needed"? As it currently stands, it could also be argued to be not merely poorly worded as Blast335 argues, but an unsubstantiated claim. 116.251.193.73 (talk) 10:50, 29 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gun politics in the United States


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8th (The King's) Regiment of Foot

The 8th (King's) Regiment of Foot, also referred to in short as the 8th Foot and the King's, was an infantry regiment of the British Army, formed in 1685 and retitled the King's (Liverpool Regiment) on 1 July 1881.

As infantry of the line, the 8th (King's) peacetime responsibilities included service overseas in garrisons ranging from British North America, the Ionian Islands, India, and the British West Indies. The duration of these deployments varied considerably, sometimes exceeding a decade; its first tour of North America began in 1768 and ended in 1785.

The regiment served in numerous conflicts during its existence, notably in the wars with France that dominated the 18th and 19th centuries, the American Revolution, the War of 1812, and the Indian rebellion of 1857 (historically referred to as the "Indian Mutiny" by Britain). As a consequence of Childers reforms, the 8th became the King's (Liverpool Regiment). A pre-existing affiliation with the city had derived from its depot being situated in Liverpool from 1873 because of the earlier Cardwell reforms.

History
The regiment formed as the Princess Anne of Denmark's Regiment of Foot during a rebellion in 1685 by the Duke of Monmouth against King James II. After James was deposed during the "Glorious Revolution" that installed William III and Mary II as co-monarchs, the regiment's commanding officer, the Duke of Berwick, decided to join his royal father in exile. His replacement as commanding officer was Colonel John Beaumont, who had earlier been dismissed with six officers for refusing to accept a draft of Catholics. It took part in the Siege of Carrickfergus in Ireland in 1689 and in the Battle of the Boyne the following year. Further actions, while under the command of John Churchill (later 1st Duke of Marlborough) took place that year involving the regiment during the sieges of Limerick, Cork and Kinsale.

War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714)
For almost a decade, the regiment undertook garrison duties in England, Ireland, and the Dutch United Provinces, where it paraded for King William on Breda Heath in September 1701. On the accession of Princess Anne to the throne in 1702, the regiment became the Queen's Regiment of Foot, although it continued to be referred to as Webb's Regiment per an unofficial army convention that had a unit known by the name of its colonel. The War of the Spanish Succession, predicated on a dispute between a "Grand Alliance" and France over who would succeed Charles II of Spain, reached the Low Countries in April 1702. While Dutch marshal Prince Walrad took the initiative and besieged Kaiserswerth, the French Marshal duc de Boufflers forced Walrad's colleague, the Earl of Athlone, to withdraw deep into the Dutch Republic. Supporting Athlone's army, the Queen's Regiment fought near Nijmegen in a rearguard action during the Dutch Army's retreat between the Maas and Rhine rivers. John Churchill, Earl (later Duke) of Marlborough, ranked as Captain-General with limited authority over Dutch forces, arrived in the Low Countries soon afterwards to assume control of a multi-national army organised by the Grand Alliance. He invaded the French-controlled Spanish Netherlands and presided over a series of sieges at Venlo, Roermond, Stevensweert, and Liège, in which the regiment's grenadier company breached the citadel. After a lull during the winter, Marlborough struggled to retain the cohesion of his army against the inclination of Dutch generals to divide his resources, while the army itself experienced a reverse at Liège in 1703.

Later in the year, the regiment assisted in the capture of Huy and Limbourg, but the campaigns in 1702 and 1703 nevertheless "were largely indecisive". To aid the beleaguered Austrian Habsburgs and preserve the alliance, Marlborough sought to engage the French in a definitive set-piece battle in 1704 by advancing into Bavaria, an ally of France, and combining his force with that of Prince Eugene. As an army of 40,000 men assembled, Marlborough's elaborate programme of deception concealed his intentions from the French. The army invaded Bavaria on 2 July and promptly captured the Schellenberg after a devastating assault that included a contingent from the Queen's. On 13 August, the Allies encountered a Franco-Bavarian army under the overall command of the duc de Tallard, beginning the Battle of Blenheim. The Queen's Regiment, led by Lieutenant-Colonel Richard Sutton, supported General Lord Cutts' left wing, opposite to French-held Blenheim. According to a contemporary account by Francis Hare, Chaplain-General of Marlborough's army, the Queen's secured a French-constructed "barrier" to prevent it being used as a route of escape, taking hundreds prisoner in its vicinity. Blenheim had become congested with French soldiers and its streets filled with dead and wounded. About 13,000 French soldiers eventually surrendered, including Tallard, while the collective carnage caused more than 30,000 soldiers to become casualties.

The effective collapse of Bavaria as a French ally and the capture of its most significant fortresses followed Blenheim by year's end. After a period of recuperation and reinforcement in Nijmegen and Breda, the Queen's returned to active service during the Allies' attempted invasion of France, via the Moselle, in May 1705. In June, French Marshal Villeroi captured Huy and besieged Liège, forcing Marlborough to abort a campaign that lacked appreciable Allied support. The regiment became detached from Marlborough's army to assist in the retaking of Huy before rejoining for the subsequent attack on the Lines of Brabant Although the lines were overcome, French resistance, combined with opposition among some Dutch generals and adverse weather conditions, prevented much exploitation. The Queen's helped to seize Neerwinden, Neerhespen, and the bridge at Elixheim.

In May 1706, Villeroi, pressured by King Louis XIV to atone for France's earlier defeats, initiated an offensive in the Low Countries by crossing the Dyle river. Marlborough engaged Villeroi's army near Ramillies on 23 May. Along with 11 battalions and 39 squadrons of cavalry under Lord Orkney, the Queen's fought initially in what transpired to be a feint attack on the left flank of the French lines. The feint convinced Villeroi to divert troops from the centre, while Marlborough had to use representatives to repeatedly instruct Orkney not to continue the attack. Most of Orkney's battalions, including the Queen's, redeployed to support Marlborough on the left. By 19:00, the Franco-Bavarian army had completely disintegrated. For the remainder of 1706, the Allies systematically captured towns and fortresses, including Antwerp, Bruges, Brussels, and Ghent. The regiment fought its last siege of 1706 at Menin, one of the most formidably defended fortresses in Europe.

The threat of a French-supported Jacobite uprising in Scotland arose in 1708 and the Queen's was among those regiments recalled to Britain. Once the Royal Navy intercepted an invasion fleet off the English coast, the regiment returned to the Low Countries, disembarking at Ostend. The French later returned to the offensive, attacking Flanders and capturing territory that had been lost in 1706. Marlborough had positioned his forces near Brussels, anticipating that an offensive might be directed against the city, and had to march his army 50 mi over a period of two days. On 11 July, Marlborough led an Allied army against Bourgogne, grandson of King Louis, and Marshal Vendôme's 100,000–man army at the Battle of Oudenarde. The Queen's joined an advanced contingent under Lord Cadogan which crossed the Scheldt, via pontoon bridges assembled near Oudenarde, as a prelude to the arrival of the main army. While elements of the main army began to arrive at the bridges, Cadogan advanced on the village of Eyne and swiftly overwhelmed an isolated group of four Swiss mercenary battalions; three surrendered and the fourth attempted to withdraw but was intercepted by Jørgen Rantzau's cavalry. To signify the surrender, the commanding officer of the Queen's received some of their colours. The regiment soon became engaged in battle near the village of Herlegem, fighting through the hedges until darkness. Cadogan's precarious situation only began to alleviate by the deployment of the Duke of Argyll's reinforcements.

The Queen's became occupied by a succession of sieges: at Ghent, Bruges, and Lillie. In 1709, the regiment assisted in the protracted Siege of Tournai, which capitulated in September. On the 11th, the regiment fought in the bloodiest battle of the war: Malplaquet. After being committed from reserve in the battle's closing stages, the regiment advanced under heavy fire and fought through dense wood, having Lieutenant-Colonel Louis de Ramsay killed. The memoirs of Private Matthew Bishop, of the Queen's Regiment, contained an account that recalled: "the French were well prepared to give us a warm salute. It soon broke us in a terrible manner, though our vacancies were quickly filled up...when we got clear of the dead and wounded, we ran upon them and returning their fire, even broke them out of the breast-work."

In 1710, the regiment was represented at the sieges of Douai, Béthune, Aire and St. Venant.

Jacobites and renewed European conflict (1715–1768)

Rebellion against the Hanoverian King George I began in 1715 by Jacobite supporters of James Stuart, "Old Pretender" to the throne of Great Britain. As unrest escalated in Britain, the Queen's Regiment arrived in Scotland and became absorbed by a Government army under the Duke of Argyll. Although numerically superior, the Jacobite army did not begin an advance south until November because of the caution of their leader, the Earl of Mar. The Duke of Argyll moved north from Stirling and positioned his forces in the vicinity of Dunblane on 12 November. On the morning of the 13th, in conditions that had frozen the ground during the night, the Battle of Sheriffmuir began.

The Queen's Regiment formed part of General Thomas Whetham's left wing. Confused troop movements led to both it and the Jacobite left being weaker than the corresponding right wing. While Whetham's men attempted to readjust their dispositions, a mass of Jacobite troops began a rapid charge. Entwined in hand-to-hand combat within minutes, the sides fought until Whetham's men broke and retreated in disarray. The Queen's had 111 killed, including Lieutenant-Colonel Hanmer, 14 wounded, and 12 captured. The remnants withdrew from the battlefield until almost upon Stirling. Without cavalry support, the Jacobite left also broke, and the Earl of Mar abandoned the area at nightfall.

In 1716 at the behest of George I, to honour the regiment's service at Sheriffmuir, the Queen's became the King's Regiment of Foot, with the White Horse of Hanover (symbol of the Royal Household) as its badge.

The King's remained in Scotland until 1717, by which time the Jacobite uprising had been suppressed. The regiment served in Ireland between May 1717 and May 1721 and between winter 1722 and spring 1727. The regiment embarked to Flanders in winter 1742 for service in the War of the Austrian Succession. It fought at the Battle of Dettingen in June 1743 where, despite the French enjoying superiority in numbers, Britain and its Allies defeated an army under the duc de Noailles. The regiment also took part in the Battle of Fontenoy in May 1745: the King's Regiment was positioned in the frontline of the Duke of Cumberland's army but a retreat was eventually ordered.

In 1745, Prince Charles Edward (popularly known as Bonnie Prince Charlie) landed in Scotland, seeking to restore the Stuarts to the British throne. The regiment did not become committed to battle until the Battle of Falkirk in January 1746. The regiment was part of the left wing of the front line of the army, under the command of Lieutenant-General Henry Hawley. After a failed attack by dragoons of Hawley's army, Jacobite Army troops charged the government army, compelling the left wing of the army to withdraw while the right wing held. The rebels and Government armies both withdrew from the battlefield by night-time. The regiment also fought in the Battle of Culloden in April 1746. Once the impetuous Jacobites charged and overcame the initial volley of fire, vicious hand-to-hand fighting ensued with Hawley's men. The King's provided cross-fire support, firing across the front-line and into the Jacobites. The regiment sustained a single, severely wounded casualty.

The King's fought in the Battle of Rocoux in October 1746 and the Battle of Lauffeld in July 1747. In the latter, the King's and three other regiments became embroiled in a protracted struggle through the avenues of Val. Control of the village fluctuated throughout the battle until the Allies retreated before overwhelming numbers.

The British Army implemented a numbering system in 1751 to reflect the seniority of a regiment by its date of creation, with the King's becoming the 8th (King's) Regiment of Foot in the order of precedence. The beginning of the Seven Years' War, which would encompass Europe and its colonial possessions, necessitated the 8th's expansion to two battalions, amounting to a total of 20 companies. Both battalions formed part of an expedition in 1757 that captured Île d'Aix, an island off the western coast of France, as a precursor to a planned seizure of the mainland garrison town of Rochefort. The 2nd Battalion became the 63rd Regiment of Foot in 1758.

When the regiment augmented the Hanoverian Army in 1760, the 8th King's had its grenadier company committed to the battles of Warburg and Kloster Kampen. As a complete regiment, the 8th served at Kirch-Denkern, Paderborn, Wilhelmsthal, and the capture of Cassel.

American Revolutionary War (1775–1783)
The 8th Foot arrived in Canada in 1768 and had its ten companies dispersed to garrison isolated posts on the Great Lakes: Fort Niagara (four), Fort Detroit (three), Fort Michilimackinac (two), and Fort Oswego (one). As the regiment's deployment appeared to near completion, protests in the eastern colonies began to intensify, evolving from vocal concerns about self-determination and taxation without representation, to rebellion against Britain in 1775.

During its posting, the 8th Foot possessed a number of officers adept in cultivating a relationship with tribes on the Great Lakes, notable amongst them being Captain Arent DePeyster and Lieutenant John Caldwell. Later to become 5th Baronet of County Fermanagh's Caldwell Castle, Caldwell immersed himself in his efforts to foster understanding between the British and Ojibwa, reputedly marrying a member of the tribe and becoming a chief under the adopted name of "The Runner". In the west, Captain DePeyster's negotiations proved instrumental in maintaining peace between the British and tribes such as the Mohawk and Ojibwa nations. Born into a prominent New York City family of Dutch origin, DePeyster held authority over Fort Michilimackinac. In 1778, using £19,000 of goods as leverage, he arranged for more than 550 warriors from several tribes to serve in Montreal and Ottawa.

The invasion of Canada by American generals Richard Montgomery and Benedict Arnold began in mid-1775. By the end of November, the Americans had captured Fort St. Jean, Montreal, and Fort Chambly, and besieged the city of Quebec. An attempt to storm it in December resulted in Montgomery's death. Reinforcements from Europe raised the siege in May 1776 and expelled the almost starved and exhausted Americans from the area. After the lifting of the siege, a small party from the 8th Foot led the regiment to its first significant battle in the war.

From Fort Oswegatchie, Captain George Forster, of the regiment's light company, led a composite force, including 40 regulars and about 200 warriors, across the St. Lawrence River to attack Fort Cedars, held by 400 Americans under Timothy Bedel. Forster maintained illicit contact with occupied Montreal, and received intelligence of American troop movements using Indian operatives and Major de Lorimier. On arriving at the fort on 18 May, the British briefly exchanged fire before Forster parleyed with Bedel's successor, Major Isaac Butterfield, to request his surrender and warn him of the consequences should Indian warriors be committed to battle. Butterfield, whose men had apparently been disconcerted by an earlier display of Indian war chanting, expressed a willingness to do so on the proviso of being allowed to retire with his weapons – a condition that Forster refused.

Butterfield conceded the fort on the 19th, on the day an American relief force of about 150 resumed its advance on the Cedars, having previously reembarked aboard bateaux because of exaggerated scout reports. Once he learned of the column's presence, Forster had a detachment ambush the Americans from positions astride the only available path through the forest. The relief's commander, Major Sherburne, surrendered, but the engagement infuriated the Indian contingent as the Allies' only fatality was a Seneca war chief. Forster managed to dissuade them from executing the prisoners by paying substantial ransoms for some of the captives as compensation for the loss.

Emboldened by the two victories, the British landed at Pointe-Claire, on the Island of Montreal, only to withdraw after Forster established the strength of General Benedict Arnold's force at Lachine. In pursuit of a dwindling column, Arnold followed the British using bateaux, but was deterred from landing by Forster's placement of men along the embankment at Quinze-Chênes, supported by two captured cannon pieces. On the 27th, Forster sent Sherburne under a flag of truce to inform Arnold that terms to a prisoner exchange favourable to the British had been agreed upon. Arnold accepted the conditions, with the exception of Americans being forbidden from serving elsewhere. Both Arnold and Forster had postured during the battle, each threatening the other with the prospect of atrocities: the killing of prisoners by Forster's Indian allies and the destruction of Indian villages by Arnold's men. The exchange would be denounced by the American Second Continental Congress and the arrangement reneged upon under the pretext that abuses had been committed by Forster's men.

In late July 1777, the regiment contributed Captain Richard Leroult and 100 men to the Siege of Fort Stanwix. Commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel Barry St. Leger, 34th Foot, the force ambushed the American troops at the Battle of Oriskany in August 1777: however a few weeks later the siege collapsed with the disappearance of the dis-spirited native allies.

The regiment took part in further actions at Vincennes and the Battle of Newtown (Elmira, New York) in 1779, as well as the Mohawk Valley in 1780 and Kentucky in 1782. Captain Henry Bird of the 8th Regiment led a British and Native American siege of Fort Laurens in 1779. In 1780, he led an invasion of Kentucky, capturing two "stations" (fortified settlements) and returning to Detroit with 300 prisoners. The regiment returned to England in September 1785.

French Revolutionary War
In 1793, revolutionary France declared war on Great Britain. The King's became assigned to an expeditionary force sent to the Netherlands under the command of Prince Frederick, Duke of York. In 1794, the regiment attempted to lift the French Siege of Nijmegen. The allies planned a nocturnal attack, with the march conducted without audible commotion. The force leapt into the French earthworks, with hand-to-hand fighting ensuing. Despite the success, the town of Nijmegen was soon evacuated and the British withdrew from the Netherlands in 1795.

In 1799, the King's became resident on Menorca, which had been captured from Spain the previous year. In 1801, the regiment landed at Abukir Bay, Egypt, with an expedition sent under the command of General Ralph Abercromby to counter a French invasion. The King's participated in the capture of Rosetta, 65 miles west of Alexandria, and a fort located in Romani. The British completed the occupation of Egypt by September.

Napoleonic Wars and the War of 1812
The regiment was sent to Gibraltar in 1802 and returned to England in 1803. It landed at Cuxhaven in Germany in October 1805 as part of the Hanover Expedition, but was withdrawn in February 1806 before taking part in the Battle of Copenhagen in August 1807.

The 1st Battalion moved to Canada in 1808 as the Napoleonic Wars extended to the Americas. Within a year, in January 1809, the battalion had embarked at Barbados with an expeditionary force comprising two divisions assembled to invade Martinique. Although a number of engagements with the French garrison preceded the island's seizure, disease represented the principal threat to Britain's five-year occupation. By October 1809, some 1,700 of more than 2,000 casualties had succumbed to disease. The 8th Foot returned to Nova Scotia in April, having had its commanding officer, Major Bryce Maxwell, and four others killed in a skirmish with French soldiers on the Surirey Heights during the advance on Fort Desaix in February. When sustained tension between the United States and Britain culminated in the War of 1812, the 1st and 2nd battalions were based in Quebec and Nova Scotia respectively.

Sporadic raids into Canada on the eastern frontier provided impetus for a former regimental officer, Lieutenant-Colonel "Red" George MacDonnell, to encroach into New York State and attack Ogdensburg in February 1813. To reach their destination, the 8th Foot and Canadian militia had to traverse across the frozen St. Lawrence River and through dense snow. After gaining control of the fort following close-quarters battle, the British destroyed the main barracks and three anchored vessels, and departed with provisions and prisoners. Ogdensburg would not be reestablished as a frontier garrison, ensuring relative peace in the region.

In April 1813, two companies of the 8th, elements of the Canadian militia, and Native American allies attempted to repulse an American attack on York (present-day Toronto). As the Americans landed on the shoreline, the grenadier company engaged them in a bayonet charge with 46 killed, including its commanding officer, Captain Neal McNeale. The Americans nevertheless overwhelmed the area but subsequently incurred 250 casualties, notably General Zebulon Pike, when retreating British regulars detonated Fort York's Grand Magazine.

While garrisoning Fort George, at Newark (present day Niagara-on-the-Lake), in May 1813 with companies of the Glengarries and Runchey's Company of Coloured Men, the 8th Foot attempted to disrupt an amphibious landing by the Americans. Although numerically inferior, the British delayed the invasion and retreated without disorder. In June 1813, the 8th and 49th regiments assaulted an American encampment at Stoney Creek. Five companies from the two British regiments engaged more than 4,000 Americans in a nocturnal battle. Although the Americans had two brigadiers captured and suffered losses, the British commander, Colonel John Harvey, considered the possibility of his opponents realising their numerical advantage too compelling to ignore and withdrew.

In July 1814 the regiment fought in the Battle of Chippawa in which the British commander General Phineas Riall retreated after he misidentified American regulars for militia. Later in the month, the regiment fought in the Battle of Lundy's Lane. The British, Canadian and Native soldiers, under the command of Lieutenant-General Gordon Drummond, engaged the American force. It was one of the bloodiest battles recorded on Canadian territory. The following month, the King's took part in the action at Snake Hill during the siege of Fort Erie. In September 1814 the Americans attacked the British posts with overwhelming force and the regiment suffered heavy losses. The King's Regiment received the battle honour 'Niagara' for its contributions to the war. The regiment landed back in England in summer 1815.

Indian rebellion and Second Afghan War
Between the end of the war and the Indian rebellion of 1857, the King's undertook a variety of duties in Bermuda, Canada, Cephalonia, Corfu, Gibraltar, Ireland, Jamaica, Malta and Zante. In 1846, the regiment began a 14-year posting to India, stationed initially in the Bombay Presidency. At the beginning of the rebellion in May 1857, the 8th Foot occupied a cantonment in Jullundur, together with three Indian regiments and two troops of horse artillery.

The complex array of motives and causes that culminated in the mutiny of much of the Bengal Army would be catalysed in 1857 by rumours that beef and pork fat was being used to grease paper rifle cartridges. Confined first to a number of Bengal regiments, the mutiny eventually manifested in some areas as a more diverse, albeit disparate, rebellion against British rule. Soon after reports were received of the first mutiny at Meerut on 10 May, the 8th's commanding officer, Lieutenant-Colonel Richard Hartley, had two companies secure the fort of Phillaur, near Jullundur, due to the significance of its magazine stores and reports that the 3rd Bengal Native Infantry intended to seize it.

After a period of seven weeks in Jullundur, the regiment became attached to an army preparing to besiege Delhi. Because of a shortage of troops, due primarily to cholera and other diseases, several weeks elapsed before the British had attained a strength sufficient to commence operations.

In July 1857, two companies supported a position that had been under attack for seven hours. The King's participated in the capture of Ludlow Castle, in the vicinity of Kashmir Gate in the northern walls of Delhi. Grouped into the 2nd Column with the 2nd Bengal Fusiliers and 4th Sikhs, the 8th King's attacked Delhi early on 14 September with the intent of capturing the Water Bastion and Kashmiri Gate. Once the city had been secured by the British, the 8th's Lieutenant-Colonel Edward Greathed vacated his position and became commander of a column dispatched to Cawnpore. The regiment, commanded by Major Hinde, had been seriously depleted and the combined total of it and the 75th Foot numbered just 450. The regiment also took part in the second Relief of Lucknow in November, seeing much action until withdrawing, after the evacuation of civilians, on the 22nd. In an environment of systematic reprisal by the British, Captain Octavius Anson, of the 9th Lancers, recalled observing acts of punitive violence against Indian civilians, including the alleged killing of incapacitated villagers by soldiers of the 8th Foot.

The 1st Battalion was brought back to Britain in 1860. It spent the year 1865 in Dublin, Ireland, where the battalion supported garrison operations against Irish Republican activity in the city. Then, after two years in Malta, the 1st King's returned to India in 1868. where it remained for a decade. The regiment's 2nd Battalion, which had been reconstituted in 1857, was itself posted to Malta (in 1863) and India (in 1877), and met up with the 1st King's on the island and at Mundra, in the Bombay Presidency.

Within a year of the battalion's arrival in India, in November 1878, Britain invaded Afghanistan when an ultimatum to its ruler by the Viceroy of India, Lord Lytton, went unanswered. Lytton's demands had followed the reluctant hosting of a Russian mission to Kabul by Sher Ali and the prevention of a similar British mission from entering Afghanistan at Ali Masjid. Though still acclimatising and consequently susceptible to fever, the 2nd King's was allocated to the Kurram Valley Field Force, under Major-General Frederick Roberts. The 2nd King's fought at the Battle of Peiwar Kotal in November 1878.

The regiment was not fundamentally affected by the Cardwell Reforms of the 1870s, which gave it a depot at Peninsula Barracks, Warrington from 1873, or by the Childers reforms of 1881 – as it already possessed two battalions, there was no need for it to amalgamate with another regiment. Under the reforms the regiment was renamed the King's Regiment (Liverpool) on 1 July 1881.

Colonels
Colonels of the Regiment were:

Princess Anne of Denmark's Regiment of Foot

 * 1685–1687: Col Robert Shirley, Lord Ferrers of Chartley
 * 1687–1688: Lt-Gen James FitzJames, 1st Duke of Berwick
 * 1688–1695: Col John Beaumont
 * 1695–1715: Lt-Gen John Richmond Webb

Queen's Regiment of Foot

 * 1715–1720: Brig-Gen Henry Morrison

King's Regiment of Foot

 * 1720–1721: Sir Charles Hotham, 4th Baronet
 * 1721–1732: Brig-Gen. John Pocock
 * 1732–1738: Col. Charles Lenoe
 * 1738–1745: Lt-Gen. Richard Onslow
 * 1745–1759: Lt-Gen. Edward Wolfe

8th (The King's) Regiment

 * 1759–1764: Major-Gen. The Hon. John Barrington
 * 1764–1766: Lt-Gen. John Stanwix
 * 1766–1772: Lt-Gen. Daniel Webb
 * 1772–1794: Gen. Bigoe Armstrong
 * 1794–1814: Gen. Ralph Dundas
 * 1814–1825: Gen. Edmund Stevens
 * 1825–1846: Gen. Henry Bayly, GCH
 * 1846–1854: Gen. Sir Gordon Drummond, GCB
 * 1854–1855: Lt-Gen. John Duffy, CB, KC
 * 1855–1860: Gen. Roderick Macneil
 * 1860–1861: Maj-Gen. Eaton Monins
 * 1861–1881: Gen. Thomas Gerrard Ball

For colonels after 1881 see King's Regiment (Liverpool)

title: 8th (The King's) Regiment of Foot