text:
User talk:Bacchiad

Ceqli
We know you supported the Ceqli language. Help us save it by voting to undelete -- it's now up at Votes for undeletion. Thanks! 24.4.127.164 02:32, 30 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Just a question really

 * 1) You disappeared when CheeseDreams was most active
 * 2) You had knowledge about CheeseDreams' RfAr
 * 3) You asked CheeseDreams to edit an article
 * 4) You asked Grunt to ban CheeseDreams for doing so

''I didn't ask you to revert my first edit. I didn't ask you to muck around in The Jesus Mysteries. Bacchiad 06:07, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)''

So, whose sock puppet are you? CheeseDreams 00:15, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)

P.s. I can see what your POV editing is about -

 * It's true. I'm a Mithraic and/or Zoroastrian fundamentalist.  Bacchiad 06:07, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * That edit doesn't look like you are pushing that POV, more like a Christian POV pusher to me. CheeseDreams 04:04, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * (copying to CheeseDreams talk page) This is the second time I've seen you imply that someone is a sockpuppet. The first time you did it for me. I count this as harassment. Will you please stop? - Ta bu shi da yu 05:57, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * No.

Alien language
Very nice save on alien language! I changed my vote but I suggest you save the source of the page in case not enough people follow suit, and then you can just re-post it and I highly doubt anyone will object. — Ливай | ☺ 20:52, 2 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Comunleng
Arrghhh! People are voting to delete Comunleng! Yes, Comunleng! Come and save it at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Votes_for_deletion/Comunleng 24.4.127.164 11:48, 26 May 2005 (UTC)

I see that you have voted keep on this article. Could you please therefore provide some external sources that aren't other Wikipedias (as these neither have external sources) to show that this isn't just Original Research that has been translated from the Spanish Wikipedia. Evil Monkey∴Hello 21:09, Jun 1, 2005 (UTC)

You are receiving this notice due to a consideration that has come up during a VFD for the article Comunleng. As there was no clear consensus in Comunleng's previous VfD, it has been nominated again. Please see Votes for deletion/Comunleng 2 for comments. The Literate Engineer 01:10, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

Looking for articles to work on?
Hello, Bacchiad. I'm SuggestBot, a Wikipedia bot that helps new members contribute to Wikipedia. You might like to edit these articles I picked for you based on things you've edited in the past. Check it out -- I hope you find it useful. -- SuggestBot 14:41, 5 March 2006 (UTC)

Speedy deletion of Race game
A tag has been placed on Race game, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia per CSD a1.

Under the criteria for speedy deletion, articles that do not meet basic Wikipedia criteria may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as an appropriate article, and if you can indicate why the subject of this article is appropriate, you may contest the tagging. To do this, add  on the top of the article and leave a note on the article's talk page explaining your position. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the article that would confirm its subject's notability under the guidelines.

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AfD nomination of Race game
Race game, an article you created, has been nominated for deletion. We appreciate your contributions. However, an editor does not feel that Race game satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in the nomination space (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and the Wikipedia deletion policy). Your opinions on the matter are welcome; please participate in the discussion by adding your comments at Articles for deletion/Race game and please be sure to sign your comments with four tildes ( ~ ). You are free to edit the content of Race game during the discussion but should not remove the articles for deletion template from the top of the article; such removal will not end the deletion discussion. Thank you. Rjd0060 03:21, 30 September 2007 (UTC)

Articles for deletion/Jimmy Rave
Welcome to Wikipedia. Everyone is welcome to contribute constructively to the encyclopedia. However, talk pages are meant to be a record of a discussion; deleting or editing legitimate comments is considered bad practice, even if you meant well. Take a look at the welcome page to learn more about contributing to this encyclopedia. Sandstein 05:26, 2 October 2007 (UTC)

Deletion review
You recently commented on Articles for deletion/Psychiatric abuse, which was closed as delete. The article has been nominated for a deletion review at Deletion review/Log/2007 October 5. Please feel free to comment on the decision there - as a contributor to the original AfD, your input would be welcomed. -- ChrisO 09:29, 7 October 2007 (UTC)

AfD nomination of Cosmic Wimpout
I have nominated Cosmic Wimpout, an article that you created, for deletion. I do not think that this article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and have explained why at Articles for deletion/Cosmic Wimpout. Your opinions on the matter are welcome at that same discussion page; also, you are welcome to edit the article to address these concerns. Thank you for your time.Please contact me if you're unsure why you received this message. ~  JohnnyMrNinja  23:03, 23 February 2009 (UTC)

Articles for deletion/Timeline of fictional future events
You commented in the last Article for deletion discussion. This article is up for deletion again.

You are welcome to comment about the discussion for deletion. Ikip 19:03, 3 January 2010 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of L-Ron

The article L-Ron has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * A search for reliable, secondary sources reveals an insufficient amount of significant coverage. This article fails Wikipedia's notability guidelines for fictional characters.

While all contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Neelix (talk) 13:33, 15 August 2011 (UTC)

Your current article cleanups
Hi, I see that you are cleaning up articles by removing old tags from them. That's fine if the templates no longer apply.

However, some of your cleanups have raised some concern with me, as you replaced established articles with redirects to other articles. In some cases you merged a fraction of the merged article's content into the new article, in other cases you did not merge any contents at all. While the quality of some of the articles where you did this can certainly be improved, I'd like to ask you to stop boldly redirecting existing articles and/or merging them without prior community discussion raised on their corresponding talk pages (in particular at the current rate and with no or very little time spent by you on the careful evaluation and optimization of the article's contents). If you think, articles should be merged, the proper way to deal with it is to start a discussion on the corresponding talk page and wait for the opinion of other editors as well. Thanks.

I have therefore reverted some of your recent edits, when they occured just too bold, fast, or questionable to me. --Matthiaspaul (talk) 04:02, 27 January 2013 (UTC)

Disambiguation link notification for January 27
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Question about templates
Hello, I was curious if you remembered why you'd created Roman myth (trade), Roman myth (minor), and Roman myth (rustic) separately instead of having one template? I'm thinking of suggesting that they be merged. Nyttend (talk) 18:59, 9 January 2014 (UTC)
 * Thanks; I figured you wouldn't remember (how many little things do I remember from eight years ago?), but I wanted to make sure. I'll be going to WP:TFD soon to get input on a merger — I see no reason not to merge, but others might see a good reason for keeping them as is.  Nyttend (talk) 05:06, 10 January 2014 (UTC)
 * See Templates for discussion/Log/2014 January 10. Nyttend (talk) 15:18, 11 January 2014 (UTC)

Please self-revert your CMT Grant quote
The Grant quote you reverted to is clearly out of date--by everyone's consensus. If you think it is true today, then please explain your position on the CMT talk page. Otherwise, please self-revert this false statement back out of the article.Renejs (talk) 01:30, 20 January 2015 (UTC)
 * Jesus wept. Bacchiad (talk) 02:32, 20 January 2015 (UTC)

JSTOR cleanup drive
Sent of behalf of for The Wikipedia Library's JSTOR using MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 22:18, 16 November 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
Hi, You appear to be eligible to vote in the current Arbitration Committee election. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to enact binding solutions for disputes between editors, primarily related to serious behavioural issues that the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the ability to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate, you are welcome to review the candidates' statements and submit your choices on the voting page. For the Election committee, MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 22:16, 30 November 2015 (UTC)

Nomination for merging of Template:Roman myth
Template:Roman myth has been nominated for merging with Template:Roman religion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the template's entry on the Templates for discussion page. Thank you. PPEMES (talk) 18:34, 22 March 2020 (UTC)

Nomination for merging of Template:Roman religion
Template:Roman religion has been nominated for merging with Template:Roman religion (festival). You are invited to comment on the discussion at the template's entry on the Templates for discussion page. Thank you. PPEMES (talk) 18:36, 22 March 2020 (UTC)

Nomination for merging of Template:Roman religion
Template:Roman religion has been nominated for merging with Template:Roman myth (mortal). You are invited to comment on the discussion at the template's entry on the Templates for discussion page. Thank you. PPEMES (talk) 18:36, 22 March 2020 (UTC)

Nomination for merging of Template:Roman religion
Template:Roman religion has been nominated for merging with Template:Roman myth. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the template's entry on the Templates for discussion page. Thank you. PPEMES (talk) 18:36, 22 March 2020 (UTC)

Nomination for merging of Template:Roman religion
Template:Roman religion has been nominated for merging with Template:Ancient Roman religion horizontal. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the template's entry on the Templates for discussion page. Thank you. PPEMES (talk) 18:36, 22 March 2020 (UTC)

Nomination for merging of Template:Roman religion
Template:Roman religion has been nominated for merging with Template:Pontifices Maximi. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the template's entry on the Templates for discussion page. Thank you. PPEMES (talk) 18:36, 22 March 2020 (UTC)

Nomination for merging of Template:Greek myth (Titan)
Template:Greek myth (Titan) has been nominated for merging with Template:Greek myth (titan-concept). You are invited to comment on the discussion at the template's entry on the Templates for discussion page. Thank you. PPEMES (talk) 09:37, 16 April 2020 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Apokolips

The article Apokolips has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "The coverage (references, external links, etc.) does not seem sufficient to justify this article passing General notability guideline and the more detailed Notability (fiction) requirement. WP:BEFORE did not reveal any significant coverage on Gnews, Gbooks or Gscholar. If you disagree and deprod this, please explain how it meets them on the talk page here in the form of 'This article meets criteria A and B because...' and ping me back through WP:ECHO or by leaving a note at User talk:Piotrus. Thank you."

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

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Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 09:12, 24 August 2020 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of New Genesis

The article New Genesis has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "The coverage (references, external links, etc.) does not seem sufficient to justify this article passing General notability guideline and the more detailed Notability (fiction) requirement. WP:BEFORE did not reveal any significant coverage on Gnews, Gbooks or Gscholar. If you disagree and deprod this, please explain how it meets them on the talk page here in the form of 'This article meets criteria A and B because...' and ping me back through WP:ECHO or by leaving a note at User talk:Piotrus. Thank you."

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 09:17, 24 August 2020 (UTC)

Nomination of New Genesis for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article New Genesis is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/New Genesis until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 01:47, 25 August 2020 (UTC)

Nomination of Apokolips for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Apokolips is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Apokolips until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 04:06, 27 August 2020 (UTC)

Nomination of Kalibak for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Kalibak is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

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Nomination of L-Ron for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article L-Ron is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

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title: User talk:Bacchiad


text:
White Earth River (North Dakota)

The White Earth River is a tributary of the Missouri River, approximately 50 mi (80 km) long, in northwestern North Dakota in the United States. It rises in the plains of southeastern Divide County, approximately 10 mi (16 km) east of Wildrose. It flows east and south, through Mountrail County and joins the Missouri in Lake Sakakawea.

The White Earth River was included as part of the western boundary of the Minnesota Territory (1849-1858). The law establishing the Minnesota Territory stated the boundary would follow the White Earth River to the Canadian Border. However, it was unknown at that time that the river's source was not north of the international border.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: White Earth River (North Dakota)


text:
Factor XII

Coagulation factor XII, also known as Hageman factor, is a plasma protein involved in coagulation. It is the zymogen form of factor XIIa, an enzyme of the serine protease (or serine endopeptidase) class. In humans, factor XII is encoded by F12 gene.

Structure
Human Factor XII is 596 amino acids long and consists of two chains, the heavy chain (353 residues) and light chain (243 residues) held together by a disulfide bond. It is 80,000 daltons. Its heavy chain contains two fibronectin-type domains (type I and II), two epidermal growth factor-like domains, a kringle domain, and a proline-rich region, and its light chain contains the protease domain. The structure of the FnI-EGF-like tandem domain of coagulation factor XII has been solved by X-ray crystallography. Crystal structures of the FXII light chain has also been determined unbound (β-FXII) and bound (β-FXIIa) to inhibitors.

Factor XII (FXII, Hageman factor) is a plasma glycoprotein of approximately 90 kDa molecular weight is part of the coagulation cascade and activates factor XI and prekallikrein in vitro. Factor XII itself is activated to factor XIIa by negatively charged surfaces, such as glass. This is the starting point of the intrinsic pathway. Factor XII can also be used to start coagulation cascades in laboratory diagnostic coagulation assays called activated partial thromboplastin times (aPTT).

In vivo, factor XII is activated by binding (contact) to polyanions termed contact-activation. Multiple polymers, the white clay material kaolin and glass are non-physiological factor XII contact activators. Activated platelets release inorganic polymers, polyphosphates. Contact to polyphosphates activates factor XII and initiates fibrin formation by the intrinsic pathway of coagulation with critical importance for thrombus formation and the factor XII-activated pro inflammatory kallikrein kinin-system. Targeting polyphosphates with phosphatases interfered with procoagulant activity of activated platelets and blocked platelet-induced thrombosis in mice. Addition of polyphosphates restored defective plasma clotting of Hermansky–Pudlak syndrome patients, indicating that the inorganic polymer is the endogenous factor XII activator in vivo. Platelet polyphosphate-driven factor XII activation provides the link from primary hemostasis (formation of a platelet plug) to secondary hemostasis (fibrin meshwork formation). Polyphosphate exerts differential effects on plasma clotting in test tubes ex vivo, depending on polymer size and it was shown in vitro that platelet-size soluble polyphosphates induce little activaton of factor XII in solution but that they are accelerators of thrombin-induced activation of factor XI. The mystery was solved upon the discovery that short chain polyphosphate forms insoluble calcium-rich nanoparticles in vivo. These aggregates accumulate on the platelet surface and activate factor XII independently of the chain length of the individual polymer. Regulation of polyphosphates in platelets has remained poorly understood. Combinations of systems biology, genetics and functional analyses has identified the phosphate-exporter XPR1 as important regulator of polyphosphates in platelets. Targeting XPR1 increases polyphosphate content and leads to accelerated arterial and venous thrombosis in mouse models.

Based on the seminar role of factor XII in thrombosis while sparing haemostats, targeting the protease has emerged as a promising drug target for safe anticoagulant drugs that in contrast to currently used anticoagulants, do not increase bleeding. Multiple factor XII inhibitors have been developed and some of them are in clinical trials

Genetics
The gene for factor XII is located on the tip of the long arm of the fifth chromosome (5q33-qter).

Role in disease
Factor XII deficiency is a rare disorder that is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. Unlike other clotting factor deficiencies, factor XII deficiency is totally asymptomatic and does not cause excess bleeding. Mice lacking the gene for factor XII, however, are less susceptible to thrombosis. The protein seems to be involved in the later stages of clot formation rather than the first occlusion of damages in the blood vessel wall.

Factor XII does play an important role in clot formation during in vitro measurements of the partial thromboplastin time, which causes these measurements to be markedly prolonged in patients with factor XII deficiency, usually well beyond even what is seen in hemophilia A, hemophilia B, or factor XI deficiency. As a result, the main concern related to factor XII deficiency is the unnecessary testing, delay in care, worry, etc. that may be prompted by the abnormal lab result. All of this, including the mechanism of inheritance, also holds true for the other contact factors, prekallikrein (Fletcher factor) and high molecular weight kininogen.

Excess levels of factor XII can predispose individuals towards greater risk of venous thrombosis due to factor XII's role as one of the catalysts for conversion of plasminogen to its active fibrinolytic form of plasmin.

Factor XII is also activated by endotoxins, especially lipid A in vitro.

Experimental mouse models have suggested a role of FXII in multiple sclerosis.

History
Hageman factor was first discovered in 1955 when a routine preoperative blood sample of the 37-year-old railroad brakeman John Hageman (1918) was found to have prolonged clotting time in test tubes, even though he had no hemorrhagic symptoms. Hageman was then examined by hematologist Oscar Ratnoff, who found that Hageman lacked a previously unidentified clotting factor. Ratnoff later found that the Hageman factor deficiency is an autosomal recessive disorder, after examining several related people who had the deficiency. Paradoxically, pulmonary embolism contributed to Hageman's death after an occupational accident in 1968. Since then, case studies and clinical studies identified an association between thrombosis and Factor XII deficiency. Hepatocytes express blood coagulation factor XII.

Currently produced QuikClot products, produced and marketed primarily for use in battlefield medicine to treat penetrating trauma (such as gunshot wounds and stab wounds), and other injuries that are known to commonly cause exsanguination (such as blast injury), are used with the overarching goal of increasing the time between the blood loss occurring, and the patient succumbing to the blood loss. The purpose of increasing this time is so that the patient may reaching a higher level of medical care before succumbing from their injuries. These products use a Kaolinite-based coating, applied to the bandages by the manufacturer before packaging and sale. This coating, when applied to an open wound via the application of the bandages, directly promotes blood clotting by activating Factor XII in the coagulation cascade. Also, due to the active ingredient nature of Kaolinite, the activation of the Factor XII occurs in both an earlier amount of time than it otherwise would, and at an increased, more rapid rate than it otherwise would. This coating is widely considered amongst combat medics to be vastly superior to the older QuikClot powder formulation, which was poured into wounds, due to the fact that the older formulation used bead-form Zeolite, a mineral which promotes the coagulation cascade, due to the fact that the reaction between the Zeolite powder and the blood inside the wound site was an Exothermic one, sometimes so intensely that it caused cases of second degree burns on the inside surface of the wound. This, obviously, caused extreme pain to the patient, often more-so than the initial injury was causing them at the time (assuming the patient was still conscious at the time of the application of the powder). This effect is often seen in movies and TV programs, with the QuikClot powder being poured into wounds, and the patient screaming out in pain as their wounds were violently burned on the inside surface of the wounds. This created a common misconception, which persists to this day, that commonly used QuikClot products still use this method of clot promotion (Zeolite powder) to this day. However, Zeolite-based clotting products are no longer widely used by militaries and police departments throughout the western world, as they have been widely supplanted by the Kaolinite-based bandage products, which do not cause any exothermic reaction whatsoever, nor do they have the absolute-requirement of the application of the product exclusively to the inside-surface of the wound.

title: Factor XII


text:
Talk:Bloodsport (film)

Untitled
There is a book with the same title by James B. Stewart, published in 1995, it seems. see Special:Whatlinkshere/Blood Sport - though I don't know enough about either of them to be able to do anything. Tomos 07:51, 20 Mar 2004 (UTC)

"Based on real-life events" Frank Dux was a total fraud.

I just watched Bloodsport on tv for the first time in years. what a great movie, even though i have read a bit about Frank Dux alot of it doesnt really add up aparently the Kumite was held in Jamaica!?!?!. anyway......its a great story and great movie.

Salt?
Salt clearly isn't used to blind Dux in the last scene. It's some form of pill which his opponent crushes up and throws at him.

And I doubt its cocaine...

(I believe it's crushed limestone) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.62.198.105 (talk) 04:45, 28 March 2009 (UTC)

this film
is the best ever!!! --Killergon2 19:20, 23 July 2006 (UTC)

Categorisation
This is largely directed to the editor who keeps re-adding a deleted category. A sub-cat has been created for Bloodsport films to collect the whole series in one place. As with other series, they do not appear in their own genre individually, they appear collectively (for an example, check out The Empire Strikes Back, it's not in Science fiction films as Star Wars episodes is a sub-cat). If you look at Category:Bloodsport films you will see at the bottom that it is part of Category:Martial arts films. If you look at the Martial arts category, at the top it shows that Bloodport is a sub-cat within Martial arts. Please do not re-add the removed cat to this article, it is in effect double listing it. Mallanox 08:49, 19 October 2006 (UTC)

 * The problem is that the mentality presented here, and subsequently also the reasoning behind your continued removals of a relevant category, can be objected to for the following reasons; 1) It does not befit an encyclopedia, which - being a source of information - seeks to collect all details which are directly relevant to the subject being covered, and in a manner that is both brief and to the point. The adding of the "Martial arts" category next to the "Bloodsport" category is thus warranted, as it enriches the sum of information the article presents to its readers.  2) The argument that it is supposedly double listing is dubious.  Bloodsport movies may be martial arts movies, yet not all martial arts movies are Bloodsport movies - thus there is a proper distinction to be made.  Correctly pointing out that the Bloodsport movie is part both of a series of movies with a similar theme of their own, as well as a part of the martial arts category at large is not double listing at all, but in fact the addition of relevant information on the subject being covered.  In the future, please refrain from ommiting such relevant information from the article.  80.200.6.222 11:47, 19 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Please read WP:CG. Articles in sub-cats do not belong in higher level cats. I realise not all martial arts films are Bloodsport films, that is why Bloodsport is a sub-cat of martial arts. As for comments about mentality, please read WP:AGF. Mallanox 17:20, 19 October 2006 (UTC)

 * A bit of personal interpretation and common sense is warranted here as well I think. There being a policy to prevent the category section from becoming cluttered is both understandable and warranted even for an encyclopedic work.  However the situation here calls for a case-by-case evaluation in my opinion.  If a rigid adherence to this policy is causing you to seek to reduce the overwhelming number of three (3) categories in an article to two (2) solely on the basis that you seek to prevent 'cluttering', then now is perhaps a good moment to pour some additional thought into your interpretation on the meaning and purpose of that rule.  81.240.56.159 08:58, 20 October 2006 (UTC)

 * I think that the question of being both in a category and a subcategory of that category is mentioned here: Categories. If it helps your case the policy is that the article should just be in the subcategory.  This doesn't appear to be among either of the two exceptions(cases where people wouldn't expect to be required to check a subcat, nor a case where it defines a category of its own). Cheers, i kan reed 11:59, 20 October 2006 (UTC)

 * I think it is rather sad that as a direct result of Mallanox his apparent inability to make a due case-by-case evaluation, this encyclopedic article is effectively rendered less complete and less accurate because of his actions. I'm not going to make an edit war out of this, as such is beneath me, but the truth remains that the loser of this debate ultimately is the informative quality of this article.  And not I.  Cheers.  80.200.10.20 17:17, 27 October 2006 (UTC)

Martial arts styles
This list is speculative at best. If Jackson was a vale tudo fighter, by the definition that it's anything goes, every drunken bar guest who starts a fight is a vale tudo fighter. What Suan Paredes did certainly didn't look much like capoeira, simply moving your arms a lot does not make it become capoeira and it didn't look like he was trying to pretend that it was either.. I realize that with the growing popularity of MMA, everyone and their mother wants to proclaim themselves an expert on martial arts but unless claims made on this list can be backed up by sources I think it should be removed or at least trimmed. Debolaz 04:41, 4 August 2007 (UTC)

soundtrack
ITs no longer a collector's item! its been sold again since 2006. here are two buyable links for instance: http://music.barnesandnoble.com/Bloodsport/Paul-Hertzog/e/827034002028/?itm=4 http://www.amazon.com/Bloodsport/dp/B000PFU816/ref=pd_bbs_sr_2?ie=UTF8&s=music&qid=1226854529&sr=8-2

on top of that amazon has it available on their mp3 downloads section of their website also the entire soundtrack is avaible on itunes 67.167.180.64 (talk) 16:57, 16 November 2008 (UTC)

Overview section...
Is there any reason not to delete the Overview section?

It is poorly written-- the tone suggests that they were written by a hardcore Frank Dux fan, or perhaps Frank Dux himself.

The references are useless. Reference 1 links to a three-paragraph abstract of an L.A. Times article. Reference 2 links to an unsourced article from a movie site. The unnumbered link to the LA County Superior Court leads to a page offering the opportunity to purchase PDF files of the court documents.

The third paragraph, about the moral philosophy, is backed up by nothing.

Rasher11 (talk) 04:17, 24 November 2008 (UTC)

There's a lot of misinformation here
I've probably seen Bloodsport about 30 times. It's one of those movies that's so bad it's good. This article is written oddly and has some questionable and downright wrong information. First off, it states that there were 512 fighters in the tournament. Whoever added that probably made the graph, which I'll get to in a second, because he has 9 "first round" matchups. It's not stated or implied in the movie the number of fighters, rounds, or even if it's a single elimination tournament. If anything, it's implied that it's a round robin that becomes an elimination tournament at the end, because we see several of the same fighters fighting multiple people.

Now, to that graph... there are people given generic names, and in other cases the names are wrong. Like there's Geese Howard. I wonder why the graph creator thinks a Fatal Fury character was in this movie. I was so confused I googled a bit and apparently some people think the "Aussie" looks like Geese Howard, but he's never called that in the movie or the credits. Also, there's a "* RIP" in the lower right of the graphic, indicating that a character died in that fight. Isn't that an odd way to write it? Why not just put "* Died in this fight" instead of an informal term.

72.177.54.190 (talk) 01:31, 2 June 2009 (UTC)

Paco
Badr Hari can't be Paco; he would have been 4 at the time of filming. [IMDB] goes with Paulo Tocha. 93.66.216.71 (talk) 01:33, 22 November 2009 (UTC) Also Donald Gibb is still alive. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 93.151.104.195 (talk) 05:00, 5 March 2010 (UTC)

Reception
How can one review be described in the article as having the film being met "mostly" with critical derision? It's one movie reviewer's opinion! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.55.214.98 (talk) 21:41, 24 October 2010 (UTC)
 * Two years later, I've fixed it. Sort of. I'll be back in 2014. InedibleHulk (talk) 21:25, 16 October 2012 (UTC)

Controversy?
I recall there being a controversy section here specifically dealing with the claim that the movie is based on a true story. There's a small section in the article on Frank Dux, but as I recall, there used to be a section dealing with the claims in the movie (e.g. Dux's record for fastest knock out, fastest punch thrown, the plot of the movie itself, etc.). To me, that section seems both relevant and interesting, provided it's properly sourced. Is there a reason it was deleted? 76.167.253.199 (talk) 22:23, 17 March 2011 (UTC)
 * We start running into [WP:BLP]] problems real quickly, because it all devolves into aspersions against Frank Dux, and none of the mess is reliably sourced one way or another. The material hasn't been in this article for a couple years, at any rate. --jpgordon:==( o ) 22:49, 17 March 2011 (UTC)
 * I've added a simple and sourced two words to the lead. If anyone wants to know the details, they can follow the link. No harm done. InedibleHulk (talk) 21:27, 16 October 2012 (UTC)

Comment by IP
"Producer Mark Di Salle said he was looking for "a new martial arts star who was a ladies man", but Van Damme appeals to both genders." <- WHAT DOES THIS MEAN? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.88.44.97 (talk) 00:58, 20 November 2015 (UTC)

 * Well, I know what it means, but it seems unencyclopaedic. Pinkbeast (talk) 19:38, 20 November 2015 (UTC)

Cizia Zyke
The script was rewritten by the Cannon crook production when a friend of Cizia dropped the idea in their office in Paris, Champ Elysées in the 80's They had no news following this synopsis let by Thierry Poncet but once the movie was released on VHS, Zyke laughed hard in front of his VCR in Indonesia.

Bunch of crooks posse.

http://blog.thierryponcet.net/2016/09/zyke-laventure-30-sexe-pur-balinais.html#comment-1423 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 160.83.30.197 (talk) 15:30, 19 September 2016 (UTC)

Note that for once it's not an English man who discovered, found, invented, created the script, unbelievable... — Preceding unsigned comment added by 160.83.30.197 (talk) 15:40, 19 September 2016 (UTC)

Death touch
Death touch is the accurate term per https://www.historyvshollywood.com/reelfaces/bloodsport.php. Donner60 (talk) 07:41, 20 October 2020 (UTC)

Dux defeating agents
Did you watch the film? Because he definitely did defeat the agents, wounding two police officers and taking their guns. Banedon (talk) 23:46, 22 April 2022 (UTC)
 * The section even currently says he "agrees to return with Helmer and Rawlins after the tournament". How did Dux do that if he's running away? Banedon (talk) 23:47, 22 April 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bloodsport (film)


text:
Jackson–Vanik amendment

The Jackson–Vanik amendment to the Trade Act of 1974 is a 1974 provision in United States federal law intended to affect U.S. trade relations with countries with non-market economies (originally, countries of the Soviet Bloc) that restrict freedom of Jewish emigration and other human rights. The amendment is contained in the Trade Act of 1974 which passed both houses of the United States Congress unanimously, and was signed by President Gerald Ford into law, with the adopted amendment, on January 3, 1975. Over time, a number of countries were granted conditional normal trade relations subject to annual review, and a number of countries were liberated from the amendment.

On December 14, 2012, President Barack Obama signed the Magnitsky Act (formally titled the Russia and Moldova Jackson–Vanik Repeal and Sergei Magnitsky Rule of Law Accountability Act of 2012) that repealed the application of the Jackson–Vanik amendment to Russia and gave normal US trade relations to Russia and Moldova, instead punishing individuals violating human rights.

The amendment is named after its major co-sponsors Henry M. Jackson of Washington in the Senate and Charles A. Vanik of Ohio in the House of Representatives, both Democrats.

Antisemitism in the Soviet Union under Brezhnev
Antisemitism in the Soviet Union once again peaked during the rule of Leonid Brezhnev, following Israeli victory in the 1967 Six-Day War. "Anti-Zionist" propaganda, including the film Secret and Explicit, was often antisemitic in nature. Many of Brezhnev's close advisors, most principally Mikhail Suslov, were also fervent antisemites. Jewish emigration to Israel and the United States, which had been allowed in limited amounts under the rule of Khrushchev, once more became heavily restricted, primarily due to concerns that Jews were a security liability or treasonous. Would-be emigrants, or refuseniks, often required a vyzov, or special invitation from a relative living abroad, for their application to be even considered by the Soviet authorities. In addition, in order to emigrate, one needed written permission from all immediate family members. The rules were often stretched in order to prevent Jews from leaving, and ability for appeal was rarely permitted. Substantial fees were also required to be paid, both to emigrate and as "reimbursement".

Institutional racism against Jews was widespread in the Soviet Union under Brezhnev, with many sectors of the government being off-limits. Following the failure of the Dymshits–Kuznetsov hijacking affair, in which 12 refuseniks unsuccessfully attempted to hijack a plane and flee west, crackdowns on Jews and the refusenik movement followed. Informal centres for studying the Hebrew language, the Torah and Jewish culture were closed.

Immediately following the Six-Day War in 1967, the antisemitic conditions started causing desire to emigrate to Israel for many Soviet Jews. A Jewish Ukrainian radio engineer, Boris Kochubievsky, sought to move to Israel. In a letter to Brezhnev, Kochubievsky stated: "I am a Jew. I want to live in the Jewish state. That is my right, just as it is the rights of a Ukrainian to live in the Ukraine, the right of a Russian to live in Russia, the right of a Georgian to live in Georgia. I want to live in Israel. That is my dream, that is the goal not only of my life but also of the lives of hundreds of generation that preceded me, of my ancestors who were expelled from their land. I want to my children to study in the Hebrew language. I want to read Jewish papers, I want to attend a Jewish theatre. What is wrong with that? What is my crime ...?"

Within the week he was called in to the KGB bureau and without questioning, was taken to a mental institution in his hometown of Kiev (for more information, see: Political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union). While this may seem as an isolated incident, the aftermath of the Six-Day War affected almost every Jew within the Soviet Union. Jews who had been subject to assimilation under previous regimes were now confronted with a new sense of vigour and revival in their Jewish faith and heritage. On February 23, 1979, a six-page article was distributed throughout the cities of Moscow and Leningrad, which criticized Brezhnev and seven other individuals for being "Zionist". The article contained traces of deep-rooted antisemitism in which the anonymous author, a member of the Russian Liberation Organization, set out ways to identify Zionists; these included "hairy chest and arms", "shifty eyes", and a "hook-like nose".

A major stride was made in the United States in regards to helping the Soviet Jews on 18 October 1974, when Senator Henry M. Jackson, National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger, Senator Jacob Javits and Congressman Charles Vanik met to discuss the finalization of the "Jackson–Vanik amendment" which had been in limbo in the United States Congress for nearly a year. After the meeting, Jackson told reporters that a "historic understanding in the area of human rights" had been met and while he did not "comment on what the Russians have done [...] there [had] been a complete turnaround here on the basic points". The amendment set out to reward the Soviet Union for letting some Soviet Jews leave the country.

On February 22, 1981, in a speech, which lasted over 5 hours, Soviet Premier Leonid Brezhnev denounced antisemitism in the Soviet Union. While Lenin and Stalin had much of the same in various statements and speeches, this was the first time that a high-ranking Soviet official had done so in front of the entire Party. Brezhnev acknowledged that antisemitism existed within the Eastern Bloc and saw that many different ethnic groups existed whose "requirements" were not being met. For decades, people of different ethnic, or religious backgrounds were assimilated into Soviet society and denied the ability or resources to get the education or practice their religion as they had previously done. Brezhnev made it official Soviet Policy to provide these ethnic groups with these "requirements" and cited a fear of the "emergence of inter-ethnic tensions" as the reason. The announcement of the policy was followed with a generic, but significant Party message; "The CPSU [Communist Party of the Soviet Union] has fought and will always fight resolutely against such phenomena [inter-ethnic tensions] which are alien to the nature of socialism as chauvinism or nationalism, against any nationalistic aberrations such as, let us say, anti-Semitism or Zionism. We are against tendencies aimed at artificial erosion of national characteristics. But to the same extent, we consider impermissible their artificial exaggeration.  It is the sacred duty of the party to educate the working people in the spirit of Soviet patriotism and socialist internationalism, of a proud feeling of belonging to a single great Soviet motherland."

While to most, the issue of antisemitism seemed to be dropped very casually and almost accidentally, it was very much calculated and planned. At this time the Soviet Union was feeling pressure from around the world to solve many human rights violations that were taking place within their borders, and the statement responded to the inquiries of countries such as Australia and Belgium. While the Party seemed to be taking a hard stance against antisemitism, the fact remained that antisemitic propaganda had long been present in the Soviet Union, making it extremely difficult to solve the problems right away. Furthermore, Jewish organizations in Washington D.C. were calling attention to the problems of Soviet Jewry to American leaders.

Antisemitism, however, remained widespread both within and outside the Communist Party; antisemitic media continued to be published with the assent of the government, while antisemitic propaganda (believed variously to be the work of far-right groups or the Soviet government) spread throughout cities in the Soviet Union during the late 1970s. Mikhail Savitsky's 1979 painting, Summer Theatre, depicted a Nazi extermination camp guard and Jewish prisoner grinning between a pile of Russian corpses.

Timeline
From 1972 to January 1975, Congress debated and added the Jackson-Vanik Amendment to the Trade Act of 1974, which had restricted the president's ability to provide most favored nation (MFN) status to the Soviet Union and other non-market economies of the Soviet bloc. The timing and provisions of the amendment reflected the presidential ambitions and distrust of the Soviet Union of Senator Henry Jackson (D-WA).

After the Soviet Union allowed a number of Soviet Jews to emigrate in the years after the 1967 June War in the Middle East, expectations of freer emigration to buttress Jewish settlers to Israel were raised, but they were soon shattered as the 1972 Soviet emigration head tax made emigration very difficult. This Soviet edict levied an additional exit tax on educated emigrants, which appeared to have the effect of singling out Jews, who anonymously had the highest state paid education costs and wealth, most heavily. The education tax, imposed after the 1972 Moscow summit of superpower leaders Richard Nixon and Leonid Brezhnev, emboldened those who criticized the Nixon administration's policy of detente for downplaying concerns for human rights. Nixon's handling of the issue of Soviet Jewish emigration and US National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger's reluctance to broach the subject disappointed US Jewish activists. The Soviets announced the abolishing of the tax just before the introduction of the amendment in Congress, arguably in an attempt to halt its enactment.

At first, Jackson organized the political movement to link trade and emigration in US relations with the Soviet Union in concert with Jewish activists, but he soon took matters into his own hands. Jackson drafted what would become the Jackson–Vanik amendment in mid-1972 and introduced it to the 92nd Congress on October 4, 1972. Jackson's efforts, rooted in his own domestic political agenda and ideological distrust of and antipathy toward the Soviet Union, complicated the Nixon White House's pursuit of detente, which it had worked on since 1969. However, three-quarters of the Senate co-sponsored the amendment, neutralizing opposition from President Nixon.

Jackson's staffer Richard Perle said in an interview that the idea belonged to Jackson, who believed that the right to emigrate was the most powerful among the human rights in certain respects: "if people could vote with their feet, governments would have to acknowledge that and governments would have to make for their citizens a life that would keep them there." While there was some opposition, the American Jewish establishment on the whole and Soviet Jewry activists (particularly the Washington Committee for Soviet Jewry and the National Conference on Soviet Jewry) supported the amendment over Nixon's and Kissinger's objections.

In 1973 Rep. Charles Vanik, chair of the House Ways and Means Subcommittee on Trade, introduced in the House of Representatives the legislation drafted with Jackson. The amendment would deny normal trade relations to certain countries with non-market economies that restricted freedom of emigration. The amendment was intended to allow primarily Jewish refugees and other religious minorities to escape from the Soviet bloc. Vanik's aide, Mark E. Talisman, is regarded as having played an instrumental role in securing passage.

Jackson attached his amendment to legislation the Nixon administration badly wanted. In the House of Representatives, Vanik lined up House leaders as primary sponsors of the amendment. During this period, Jackson also expanded his base of support, adding other ethnic, economic, and ideological groups as supporters. Labor, ethnic groups originally from Eastern European and Baltic States, human rights organizations and liberal intellectuals were the most significant additions to organized labor and Jewish activists. While building support, Jackson resisted compromise with the administration and the Soviet Union.

Once the Nixon administration began to appreciate the threat Jackson presented its policy of detente, and in particular the linkage of detente to expanded trade, it made a number of attempts to thwart Jackson. The administration tried to keep the amendment out of the committee version of the bill during the House Ways and Means Committee's markup sessions. When it became clear that this was impossible, delay was the administration's next option, along with the threat of a veto.

The Yom Kippur War in October 1973 further complicated Congressional views of the Soviet Union. Soviet involvement in the conflict may have stoked distrust of the USSR by some members of Congress, but there were other members who feared that pressure on the Nixon Administration to advance the goals of the Jackson–Vanik amendment complicated the emergency supply of US military weapons to Israel. Israel prevailed in the Yom Kippur War, and on December 11 the House of Representatives voted by an overwhelming 319-80 vote to include the entire Jackson–Vanik amendment in the trade bill, which passed 272–140. With that, Congress recessed until January 1974.

On January 21, 1974, the second session of the 93rd United States Congress began, and the Jackson amendment was introduced in the Senate. Having lost the legislative battle in the House of Representatives, the administration and Soviet authorities turned to negotiations with Jackson. Trilateral talks began in spring 1974 involving Congress, the Executive Branch and the Soviet Union. The prominent individuals involved were Jackson, Kissinger, and Soviet Ambassador to the U.S. Anatoly Dobrynin, a skilled senior diplomat who had served in Washington for decades. Kissinger enjoyed a special status in these negotiations since he alone controlled the communications between Jackson and the Soviet Union. In effect, Kissinger was the only one of the three parties involved who knew what all sides were saying in secret, informal sessions, while he also conducted a long-standing "back channel" dialogue with Soviet authorities via Dobrynin. Kissinger's influence only grew as Nixon was increasingly consumed by the Watergate political scandal.

In March 1974, Kissinger returned from Moscow with news that the Soviets were willing to cooperate with the members of Congress. Jackson, however, would complicate matters by making public the demands that had been accommodated in quiet diplomatic dialogue.

Jackson pursued negotiations with the administration and the Soviet Union on the terms of the amendment. The outline of an agreement was perceivable, but by summer the talks seemed to bog down as Watergate sapped the Executive Branch's political energy. Nixon resigned on August 9, 1974.

In August 1974, when the national deadlock was broken by Nixon's resignation and Ford's appointment, Jackson had to decide whether or not to concur with an agreement that was not perfect or hold out longer and possibly sink the entire trade bill. Given the choice of having the bill with the Jackson amendment or doing away with both the bill and the Jackson amendment together, Kissinger was apparently willing to let the two die. So to compromise, Jackson had agreed to grant, at least temporarily, trade concessions, including extensions of credit, to the Soviet Union.

Eventually, Jackson accepted less than perfect terms. Jackson was anxious to achieve a legislative victory after years of battle and apparently decided it best not to ask too many more questions nor press too hard for less ambiguous pledges lest he be left with nothing to show for his efforts.

President Ford signed the 1972 Trade Agreement on January 3, 1975, with the Jackson amendment. On January 10, the Soviet government sent a letter that apparently indicated the Soviets' refusal to comply with the need to provide assurances on emigration or to make technical changes in the 1972 Trade Agreement. On January 13, Kissinger met with Soviet officials and subsequently issued a statement "that the 1972 Trade Agreement cannot be brought into force at this time and the President will therefore not take the steps required for this purpose by the Trade Agreement. The President does not plan at this time to exercise the waiver authority."

Business involvement
Harry Stone, vice president and his brother, Irving Stone, president of American Greetings based in Vanick's home town, Cleveland, Ohio, played a major role in gaining sponsorship for the amendment. Harry Stone served as campaign chairman to the late U.S. Representative Charles Vanik, a connection that gained significance when Vanik asked Stone and his brother Irving, then American Greetings president, to encourage congressman Wilbur Mills to schedule a floor vote on the Jackson-Vanik Amendment requiring the Soviet Union to allow Jewish emigration to the U.S. in order to qualify for "most favored nation status" for its exports. Senator J. William Fulbright, chair of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee characterized the amendment as "idealistic meddling" in the amendment's attempts to use free Jews using trade and credit as levers against the Soviet Union. American Greetings was the largest employer in Mills's Arkansas district. Fulbright, apparently saw the same light as Mills, as American Greetings opened one of its largest printing plants in Fulbright's and Mills's state of Arkansas.

"The role that Harry Stone played in making the Jackson-Vanik bill a reality will go down as one of the most meaningful contributions that a Clevelander has ever made," says Vic Gelb, an honorary for life director of the Cleveland Jewish News. "It made a world of difference in the history of events and enabled the exodus of Jews from the former Soviet Union."

Conclusion
The difficulty faced by Senator Jackson in the three-way negotiation process that took place from August 1974 through January 1975, demonstrated some of the institutional constraints on congressional involvement in foreign policy making. The Jackson–Vanik amendment is a case study of how domestic politics shapes American Foreign policy making. It exemplifies the fact that one cannot understand U.S. foreign policy if one does not understand the domestic politics in Congress and the White House that shape policy decisions.

Content
The amendment denied most favored nation status to certain countries with non-market economies that restricted emigration, which is considered a human right. Permanent normal trade relations can have been extended to such country only if the president determined that it complies with the freedom of emigration requirements. However, the president had authority to grant an annual waiver, which was granted to the People's Republic of China in the late 1970s and to Vietnam and Laos in later decades.

The core provision of the amendment was codified as 19 U.S.C. 2432(a), Sec. 402 "Freedom of Emigration in East-West Trade" of the Trade Act of 1974 :

(a) Actions of nonmarket economy countries making them ineligible for normal trade relations, programs of credits, credit guarantees, or investment guarantees, or commercial agreements To assure the continued dedication of the United States to fundamental human rights, and notwithstanding any other provision of law, on or after January 3, 1975, products from any nonmarket economy country shall not be eligible to receive nondiscriminatory treatment (normal trade relations), such country shall not participate in any program of the Government of the United States which extends credits or credit guarantees or investment guarantees, directly or indirectly, and the President of the United States shall not conclude any commercial agreement with any such country, during the period beginning with the date on which the President determines that such country -
 * (1) denies its citizens the right or opportunity to emigrate;
 * (2) imposes more than a nominal tax on emigration or on the visas or other documents required for emigration, for any purpose or cause whatsoever; or
 * (3) imposes more than a nominal tax, levy, fine, fee, or other charge on any citizen as a consequence of the desire of such citizen to emigrate to the country of his choice,

and ending on the date on which the President determines that such country is no longer in violation of paragraph (1), (2), or (3).

Effects
The countries subject to the amendment included the Soviet Union (and later the post-Soviet states), the People's Republic of China, Romania, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Bulgaria, Mongolia, Albania, Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam.

Of Soviet Bloc countries, Poland was exempt from the amendment, but from 1982 to 1987 its unconditional MFN status was suspended due to its actions against Solidarność. Yugoslavia was also exempt; however, in 1991–1992, due to violent events in the former Yugoslavia, the MFN status of Serbia and Montenegro was suspended.

Soviet Union
At first the Jackson–Vanik amendment did little to help free Soviet Jewry. The number of exit visas declined after the passing of the amendment. However, in the late 1980s Mikhail Gorbachev agreed to comply with the protocols of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe. Lazin (2005) states that scholars differ on how effective the amendment was in helping Soviet Jews. Some argue that it helped bring the plight of Soviet Jews to the world's attention, while others believe it hindered emigration and decreased America's diplomatic bargaining power.

Since 1975 more than 500,000 refugees, large numbers of whom were Jews, evangelical Christians, and Catholics from the former Soviet Union, have been resettled in the United States. An estimated one million Soviet Jews have immigrated to Israel in that time.

Jackson–Vanik also led to great changes within the Soviet Union. Other ethnic groups subsequently demanded the right to emigrate, and the ruling Communist Party had to face the fact that there was widespread dissatisfaction with its governance.

Former Soviet dissident Natan Sharansky wrote in his 2004 book The Case for Democracy (p. 3):

"... Kissinger saw Jackson's amendment as an attempt to undermine plans to smoothly carve up the geopolitical pie between the superpowers. It was. Jackson believed that the Soviets had to be confronted, not appeased.

Andrei Sakharov was another vociferous opponent of détente. He thought it swept the Soviet's human rights record under the rug in the name of improved superpower relations. ... One message he would consistently convey to these foreigners (the press) was that human rights must never be considered a humanitarian issue alone. For him, it was also a matter of international security. As he succinctly put it: 'A country that does not respect the rights of its own people will not respect the rights of its neighbors.'"

Lautenberg Amendment (1990)
After Boris Perchatkin’s speeches in the US Congress in 1989 Frank Lautenberg suggested the Lautenberg Amendment, Public Law 101–167, enacted on November 21, 1989, took effect in 1990 which provided refugee status in the United States for nationals from the Soviet Union and later the former Soviet Union, Ukraine, Estonia, Latvia or Lithuania who are Jews, Evangelical Christians, Ukrainian Catholics or Ukrainian Orthodox; as well as nationals of Vietnam, Laos, or Cambodia; and Jews, Christians, Baha’is and other religious minorities from Iran. The Lautenberg measure allowed refugee status to people from historically persecuted groups without requiring them to show that they had been singled out. Under the Lautenberg Amendment, 350,000 to 400,000 Jews from the former Soviet Union who had not presented any form of evidence of persecution gained entry to the United States by October 2002 according to the Jewish Telegraphic Agency. Beginning in 2002, a special "Refugee Corps" in the Department of Homeland Security handled issues involving the Lautenberg Amendment.

Baltic states: Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania
Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania were subject to the amendment because they had been forcibly incorporated into the Soviet Union. They were liberated from the amendment upon the US recognition of their independence on September 6, 1991.

Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan's Jewish community reportedly requested the US to cancel Jackson Vanik amendment for Kazakhstan. In an article titled "A Relic of the Cold War", journalist Robert Guttman refers to the Amendment as an "outdated and rather meaningless piece of legislation". The U.S. Chamber of Commerce argues that the application of Jackson-Vanik on Kazakhstan puts U.S. companies at a competitive disadvantage. The Chamber urges the U.S. Congress to graduate Kazakhstan from Jackson-Vanik.

Kyrgyzstan
Kyrgyzstan first received conditional normal trade relations in 1992. In 1997 it was found fully compliant with the Jackson-Vanik provisions, but its status remained subject to annual review. On May 18, 2000, Public Law 106-200 authorized the President to extend unconditional normal trade relations to Kyrgyzstan.

Moldova
Moldova first received conditional normal trade relations in 1992. In 1997 it was found to be fully compliant with the Jackson-Vanik provisions, but its status remained subject to annual review.

On November 16, 2012 the U.S. House of Representatives passed a bill that would repeal the Jackson–Vanik amendment for Russia and Moldova. After approval by the Senate, the law repealing the effects of the Jackson–Vanik amendment on Russia and Moldova was signed by President Barack Obama on December 14, 2012.

Russia
In 2003, Vladimir Putin pursued an economic agenda for Russia to begin normalized trade relations with the West which included Russia joining the European Union and the repeal of the Jackson–Vanik amendment. Putin tried to use his relationships with both the Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi, who was the head of the European Union's Council in 2003, to gain Russia's membership in the European Union, and also Hank Greenberg, who was the chairman and CEO of the American International Group (AIG), to repeal the Jackson-Vanik provisions in the United States. Putin wished for Greenberg to support through Greenberg's AIG greater development of the nascent Russian home-mortgage market.

On November 16, 2012 the U.S. House of Representatives passed a bill that would repeal the Jackson–Vanik amendment for Russia and Moldova. After approval by the Senate, the law repealing the effects of the Jackson–Vanik amendment on Russia and Moldova was signed together with Magnitsky bill by President Barack Obama on December 14, 2012.

Ukraine
On March 8, 2006, the U.S. House of Representatives passed a bill permanently exempting Ukraine from trade restrictions imposed under the 1974 Jackson–Vanik amendment.

People's Republic of China
Until the accession of the PRC to the World Trade Organization in December 2001 the PRC was covered by the provisions of Jackson-Vanik. Before China's crackdown on the Tiananmen protests of 1989, a waiver was granted to China as a routine matter. After the crackdown, the waiver became a more contentious issue. As part of the 2001 WTO entry agreement for China, China received permanent normal trade relations and the Jackson-Vanik amendment no longer applied.

U.S. legal challenge
In April 2011, American University in Moscow professor Eduard Lozansky and former Reagan administration official Antony Salvia filed a federal lawsuit in Washington, D.C. against the Obama administration arguing the law is illegal.

title: Jackson–Vanik amendment


text:
Electra (disambiguation)

Electra, also spelt Elektra, was a daughter of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra in Greek mythology.

Electra or Elektra may also refer to:

Greek mythology

 * Electra (Pleiad), one of the Pleiades
 * Electra, one of the Danaids, daughter of Danaus and Polyxo
 * Electra (Oceanid), the wife of Thaumas and mother of Iris and the Harpies

Animals

 * Electra (bryozoan), a genus of aquatic invertebrates
 * Elektra (bug), a genus of insects in the tribe Mirini
 * Electra (horse), a Thoroughbred racehorse

Comics

 * Elektra: Assassin (1986), a comics miniseries dedicated to the Marvel character

Fictional characters

 * Electra (cat), in T.S. Eliot's Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats and in the musical Cats
 * Elektra (character), a Marvel Comics character
 * "Electra", Cathy's dog in the Cathy comic strip
 * Electra the Electric Train, a character in Starlight Express
 * Elektra King, in The World is not Enough
 * Elektra (Tracy Beaker Returns character)
 * Elektra, the princess of the Electric Eels from Sea Princesses

Film

 * Electra (1962 film), based on the Euripides play
 * Electra, a 1996 Shannon Tweed film
 * Elektra (2005 film), a film based on the Marvel character
 * Elektra (2010 film), a Malayalam psychological drama film
 * Electra (2023 film), a Czech short film by Daria Kashcheeva

Groups

 * de:Electra (deutsche Band), a German prog-rock band
 * Electra (band), an electronic musical band from the United Kingdom
 * Electra (Israeli band), an Israeli rock'n'roll band
 * Elektra (band), a pop rock band from Iceland

Albums

 * Electra (album), by Alice Caymmi
 * Electra (Arild Andersen album)
 * Elektra (Suspekt album), 2011
 * Elektra: The Album, the soundtrack to the 2005 film

Songs

 * "Electra" (song), a 2009 song by heavy metal band Dio
 * "Electra", a 2024 song by British art rock group Public Service Broadcasting

Operas

 * Electra, by Johann Christian Friedrich Hæffner
 * Elektra, by Mikis Theodorakis
 * Elektra (opera), by Richard Strauss

Plays

 * Electra (Euripides play)
 * Electra (Sophocles play)
 * Electra (Giraudoux play), 1930
 * Electra (Wijesinha play), 1986
 * Elektra, by Hugo von Hofmannsthal after Sophocles
 * Elektra (started in 1949, first performed 1987), a play by Ezra Pound and Rudd Fleming
 * Electra, a 1901 play written by Benito Pérez Galdós

Organisations and brands

 * Electra (arts organisation), London-based non-profit arts organisation
 * Electra (company), electricity and water company in Cape Verde
 * Electra-Afikim, an Israeli bus company
 * Electra Airways, airline
 * Electra Bicycle Company, Vista, California-based bicycle brand/company
 * Electra Guitars, brand of imported electric guitar of the 70s and 80s
 * Electra Partners Europe, former name of European private equity firm Motion Equity Partners
 * Elektra Berlin, a German association football club
 * Elektra Records, U.S. record label
 * Grupo Elektra, Mexican corporation
 * Unbound Group, formerly Electra Private Equity, London-based listed investment trust

People

 * Elektra (name) people and fictional characters with the given name or surname Elektra or variations thereof

Terrestrial features

 * Mount Electra
 * Electra Lake
 * Electra Peak

Outer space

 * Electra (star), 17 Tauri
 * 130 Elektra, an asteroid

Municipalities

 * Electra, California
 * Electra, Texas
 * Electra, Queensland, a locality in the Bundaberg Region, Queensland, Australia

Buildings

 * Electra (San Diego), a condominium tower located in downtown San Diego
 * Electra Building, Vancouver, a skyscraper
 * Electra House, a building at 84 Moorgate, London, England
 * Electra High School
 * Electra Tower

Technology

 * Electra, an iOS jailbreak app
 * Electra (radio), telecommunications transceiver for Mars spacecraft
 * Electra (satellite), a project for a communications satellite with all-electric propulsion
 * Electra (teletext), a teletext service from the early 1980s to the early 1990s
 * Electra, a satellite also known as Explorer-1 Prime
 * Elektra, a navigation system developed from the Lorenz beam
 * Elektra (layout engine)

Aircraft

 * Lockheed L-188 Electra, an American turboprop airliner built by Lockheed
 * Lockheed Model 10 Electra, a twin-engine, all-metal monoplane airliner from the 1930s
 * Lockheed Model 12 Electra Junior, an eight-seat, six-passenger all-metal twin-engine transport aircraft of the late 1930s
 * Lockheed Model 14 Super Electra, a civil cargo and passenger aircraft

Motor vehicles

 * Buick Electra, full-size premium automobiles built by the Buick division of General Motors
 * Harley-Davidson Electra Glide, a motorcycle in the FL model series since 1965

Rail

 * Electra, an express electric locomotive of the type British Rail Class 77 built in 1953 for the Woodhead Line
 * Electra, an early codename for the British Rail Class 91 electric locomotive
 * Electra, a Great Western Railway Firefly class 2-2-2 locomotive

Ships

 * HMS Electra, five ships
 * USS Electra
 * HS Elektra

Other uses

 * Electra (typeface), a serif typeface
 * Electra complex, a psychiatric concept

title: Electra (disambiguation)


text:
Beaver Creek

Beaver Creek may refer to:

Canada

 * Beaver Creek, Yukon, a town in the western Yukon
 * Beaver Creek, British Columbia, an unincorporated community on Vancouver Island
 * Beaver Creek Provincial Park, a park in the West Kootenay region of British Columbia
 * Beaver Creek Provincial Park (Manitoba), a park in Manitoba
 * Beaver Creek, Saskatchewan, a hamlet in Saskatchewan

United States

 * Beaver Creek, Alabama
 * Beaver Creek, Colorado
 * Beaver Creek Resort, a ski area
 * Beaver Creek, Illinois
 * Allen, Kentucky, formerly known as Beaver Creek
 * Beaver Creek, Maryland
 * Beaver Creek, Minnesota
 * Beaver Creek, Montana
 * Beaver Creek, Ashe County, North Carolina
 * Beaver Creek, Texas
 * Beaver Creek Township, Michigan
 * Beaver Creek Township, Minnesota

Alaska

 * Beaver Creek (Yukon River tributary), a 180-mile (290 km) tributary of the Yukon River in the U.S. state of Alaska
 * Beaver Creek (Kenai, Alaska), a tributary of the Kenai River

Idaho

 * Beaver Creek (Camas Creek), a tributary of Camas Creek in Idaho
 * Beaver Creek (Rock Creek), a tributary of Rock Creek in Idaho

Kansas

 * Beaver Creek (Sappa Creek tributary), a river in the states of Kansas and Nebraska

Minnesota

 * Beaver Creek (Minnesota River), a stream in Minnesota
 * Beaver Creek (Split Rock Creek), a stream in Minnesota and South Dakota
 * Beaver Creek (Upper Iowa River), a stream in Minnesota

Missouri

 * Beaver Creek (White River tributary), a stream in Douglas and Taney counties of Missouri
 * Beaver Creek (Little Piney Creek), a stream in Phelps County Missouri
 * Beaver Creek (Gasconade River), a stream in Texas and Wright counties of southern Missouri

Nebraska

 * Beaver Creek (Niobrara River tributary), a stream in Holt County, Nebraska
 * Beaver Creek (Sappa Creek tributary), a river in the states of Kansas and Nebraska

New York

 * Beaver Creek (Tompkins County, New York), a tributary of Fall Creek
 * Beaver Creek (New York), a river in Madison and Oneida counties in New York. It flows into Unadilla River

North Carolina

 * Beaver Creek (New Hope River tributary), a stream in Chatham and Wake Counties, North Carolina
 * Beaver Creek (Reedy Fork tributary), a stream in Forsyth and Guilford Counties, North Carolina
 * Beaver Creek (Fisher River tributary), a stream in Surry County, North Carolina

Ohio

 * Beaver Creek (Raccoon Creek tributary), in Hocking County, Ohio
 * Beaver Creek (Lorain County, Ohio)
 * Beaver Creek (Mercer County, Ohio)

Pennsylvania

 * Beaver Creek (Pennsylvania), one of about fifteen (15) streams in Pennsylvania
 * Beaver Creek (Buttermilk Creek), a tributary of Buttermilk Creek in Lackawanna County and Wyoming County, in Pennsylvania
 * Beaver Creek (Lehigh River), a river in Pennsylvania
 * Beaver Creek (Swatara Creek tributary), a tributary of the Swatara Creek in Hummelstown, Pennsylvania
 * Beaver Creek (Tinicum Creek), a tributary in Bucks County, Pennsylvania

Tennessee

 * Beaver Creek (Tennessee), a tributary of the Clinch River
 * Beaver Creek (Piney River), Tennessee

Other states

 * Beaver Creek (Arizona), near Montezuma Castle National Monument
 * Beaver Creek (Colorado), a tributary of the South Platte River
 * Beaver Creek (Brandywine Creek tributary), a stream in New Castle County, Delaware
 * Beaver Creek (Kishwaukee River tributary), a tributary of the Kishwaukee River in Illinois
 * Beaver Creek (Polk County, Iowa), a tributary of the Des Moines River in Iowa
 * Beaver Creek (Kentucky)
 * Beaver Creek (Montana), a tributary of the Missouri River
 * Beaver Creek (Crooked River), a tributary of Crooked River in Oregon
 * Beaver Creek (Wichita River tributary), a river in Texas
 * Beaver Creek (Yellow River tributary), a stream in Wisconsin

Canada

 * Beaver Creek (Alberta), a tributary of the Oldman River
 * Beaver Creek (Manitoba), one of nine creeks of that name in Manitoba
 * Beaver Creek (York Region), a tributary of the Rouge River in the Regional Municipality of York, Ontario

Other

 * Beaver Creek (Pleasure Beach Blackpool), a children's amusement park inside Pleasure Beach Blackpool
 * Beaver Creek Camp, a Salvation Army camp in Saskatchewan, Canada
 * the Beaver Creek meteorite of 1893, which fell in British Columbia, Canada (see Meteorite falls)
 * Beaver Creek Plantation, a former plantation in Henry County, Virginia
 * Beaver Creek State Natural Area, Oregon
 * Beaver Creek Falls (Lane County, Oregon), east of Florence, Oregon
 * Beaver Creek Massacre Site, Colorado
 * Beaver Creek State Park, Ohio
 * Beaver Creek Wilderness, Kentucky
 * Beaver Creek, a fictional television show produced by Pyramid Productions on Made in Canada

title: Beaver Creek