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Real-time clock

A real-time clock (RTC) is an electronic device (most often in the form of an integrated circuit) that measures the passage of time.

Although the term often refers to the devices in personal computers, servers and embedded systems, RTCs are present in almost any electronic device which needs to keep accurate time of day.

Terminology
The term real-time clock is used to avoid confusion with ordinary hardware clocks which are only signals that govern digital electronics, and do not count time in human units. RTC should not be confused with real-time computing, which shares its three-letter acronym but does not directly relate to time of day.

Purpose
Although keeping time can be done without an RTC, using one has benefits:
 * Reliably maintains and provides current time through disruptive system states such as hangs, sleep, reboots, or if given sufficient backup power, full shutdown and hardware reassembly, without the need to have its time set again.
 * Low power consumption (important when running from alternate power)
 * Frees the main system for time-critical tasks
 * Sometimes more accurate than other methods

A GPS receiver can shorten its startup time by comparing the current time, according to its RTC, with the time at which it last had a valid signal. If it has been less than a few hours, then the previous ephemeris is still usable.

Some motherboards are made without RTCs. The RTC may be omitted out of desire to save money or reduce possible sources of hardware failure.

Power source
RTCs often have an alternate source of power, so they can continue to keep time while the primary source of power is off or unavailable. This alternate source of power is normally a lithium battery in older systems, but some newer systems use a supercapacitor, because they are rechargeable and can be soldered. The alternate power source can also supply power to battery backed RAM.

Timing
Most RTCs use a crystal oscillator, but some have the option of using the power line frequency. The crystal frequency is usually 32.768 kHz, the same frequency used in quartz clocks and watches. Being exactly 215 cycles per second, it is a convenient rate to use with simple binary counter circuits. The low frequency saves power, while remaining above human hearing range. The quartz tuning fork of these crystals does not change size much from temperature, so temperature does not change its frequency much.

Some RTCs use a micromechanical resonator on the silicon chip of the RTC. This reduces the size and cost of an RTC by reducing its parts count. Micromechanical resonators are much more sensitive to temperature than quartz resonators. So, these compensate for temperature changes using an electronic thermometer and electronic logic.

Typical crystal RTC accuracy specifications are from ±100 to ±20 parts per million (8.6 to 1.7 seconds per day), but temperature-compensated RTC ICs are available accurate to less than 5 parts per million. In practical terms, this is good enough to perform celestial navigation, the classic task of a chronometer. In 2011, chip-scale atomic clocks became available. Although vastly more expensive and power-hungry (120 mW vs. <1 μW), they keep time within 50 parts per trillion ($5$).

Examples

Many integrated circuit manufacturers make RTCs, including Epson, Intersil, IDT, Maxim, NXP Semiconductors, Texas Instruments, STMicroelectronics and Ricoh. A common RTC used in single-board computers is the Maxim Integrated DS1307.

The RTC was introduced to PC compatibles by the IBM PC/AT in 1984, which used a Motorola MC146818 RTC. Later, Dallas Semiconductor made compatible RTCs, which were often used in older personal computers, and are easily found on motherboards because of their distinctive black battery cap and silkscreened logo. A standard CMOS interface is available for the PC RTC.

In newer computer systems, the RTC is integrated into the southbridge chip.

Some microcontrollers have a real-time clock built in, generally only the ones with many other features and peripherals.

Radio-based RTCs
Some modern computers receive clock information by digital radio and use it to promote time-standards. There are two common methods: Most cell phone protocols (e.g. LTE) directly provide the current local time. If an internet radio is available, a computer may use the network time protocol. Computers used as local time servers occasionally use GPS or ultra-low frequency radio transmissions broadcast by a national standards organization (i.e. a radio clock ).

Software-based RTCs
The following system is well-known to embedded systems programmers, who sometimes must construct RTCs in systems that lack them. Most computers have one or more hardware timers that use timing signals from quartz crystals or ceramic resonators. These have inaccurate absolute timing (more than 100 parts per million) that is yet very repeatable (often less than 1 ppm). Software can do the math to make these into accurate RTCs. The hardware timer can produce a periodic interrupt, e.g. 50 Hz, to mimic a historic RTC (see below). However, it uses math to adjust the timing chain for accuracy:

time = time + rate.

When the "time" variable exceeds a constant, usually a power of two, the nominal, calculated clock time (say, for 1/50 of a second) is subtracted from "time", and the clock's timing-chain software is invoked to count fractions of seconds, seconds, etc. With 32-bit variables for time and rate, the mathematical resolution of "rate" can exceed one part per billion. The clock remains accurate because it will occasionally skip a fraction of a second, or increment by two fractions. The tiny skip ("jitter") is imperceptible for almost all real uses of an RTC.

The complexity with this system is determining the instantaneous corrected value for the variable "rate". The simplest system tracks RTC time and reference time between two settings of the clock, and divides reference time by RTC time to find "rate". Internet time is often accurate to less than 20 milliseconds, so 8000 or more seconds (2.2 or more hours) of separation between settings can usually divide the forty milliseconds (or less) of error to less than 5 parts per million to get chronometer-like accuracy. The main complexity with this system is converting dates and times to counts of seconds, but methods are well known.

If the RTC runs when a unit is off, usually the RTC will run at two rates, one when the unit is on and another when off. This is because the temperature and power-supply voltage in each state is consistent. To adjust for these states, the software calculates two rates. First, software records the RTC time, reference time, on seconds and off seconds for the two intervals between the last three times that the clock is set. Using this, it can measure the accuracy of the two intervals, with each interval having a different distribution of on and off seconds. The rate math solves two linear equations to calculate two rates, one for on and the other for off.

Another approach measures the temperature of the oscillator with an electronic thermometer, (e.g. a thermistor and analog-to-digital converter) and uses a polynomial to calculate "rate" about once per minute. These require a calibration that measures the frequency at several temperatures, and then a linear regression to find the equation of temperature. The most common quartz crystals in a system are SC-cut crystals, and their rates over temperature can be characterized with a 3rd-degree polynomial. So, to calibrate these, the frequency is measured at four temperatures. The common tuning-fork-style crystals used in watches and many RTC components have parabolic (2nd-degree) equations of temperature, and can be calibrated with only 3 measurements. MEMS oscillators vary, from 3rd degree to fifth degree polynomials, depending on their mechanical design, and so need from four to six calibration measurements. Something like this approach might be used in commercial RTC ICs, but the actual methods of efficient high-speed manufacturing are proprietary.

Historic RTCs
Some computer designs such as smaller IBM System/360s, PDP-8s and Novas used a real-time clock that was accurate, simple and low cost. In Europe, North America and some other grids, the frequency of the AC mains is adjusted to the long-term frequency accuracy of the national standards. In those grids, clocks using AC mains can keep perfect time without adjustment. Such clocks are not practical in portable computers or grids (e.g. in South Asia) that do not regulate the frequency of AC mains.

These computers' power supplies use a transformer or resistor divider to produce a sine wave at logic voltages. This signal is conditioned by a zero crossing detector, either using a linear amplifier, or a schmitt trigger. The result is a square wave with single, fast edges at the mains frequency. This logic signal triggers an interrupt. The interrupt handler software usually counts cycles, seconds, etc. In this way, it can provide an entire clock and calendar. In the IBM 360, the interrupt updates a 64-bit count of microseconds utilized by standardized systems software. The clock's jitter error is half if the clock interrupts for each zero crossing, instead of each cycle.

The clock also usually formed the basis of computers' software timing chains; e.g. it was usually the timer used to switch tasks in an operating system. Counting timers used in modern computers provide similar features at lower precision, and may trace their requirements to this type of clock. (e.g. in the PDP-8, the mains-based clock, model DK8EA, came first, and was later followed by a crystal-based clock, DK8EC.)

A software-based clock must be set each time its computer is turned on. Originally this was done by computer operators. When the Internet became commonplace, network time protocols were used to automatically set clocks of this type.

title: Real-time clock


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Villeneuve, Vaud

Villeneuve (Velanôva) is a municipality of the canton of Vaud in Switzerland, located in the district of Aigle. As of December 2018, it had a population of 5771.

Geography
Villeneuve has an area,, of 32.04 km2. Of this area, 8.56 km2 or 26.7% is used for agricultural purposes, while 17.69 km2 or 55.2% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 2.63 km2 or 8.2% is settled (buildings or roads), 0.17 km2 or 0.5% is either rivers or lakes and 3.08 km2 or 9.6% is unproductive land.

Of the built up area, industrial buildings made up 1.5% of the total area while housing and buildings made up 1.9% and transportation infrastructure made up 2.8%. Power and water infrastructure as well as other special developed areas made up 1.7% of the area Out of the forested land, 50.9% of the total land area is heavily forested and 2.6% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 0.9% is used for growing crops, while 2.3% is used for orchards or vine crops and 22.5% is used for alpine pastures. All the water in the municipality is flowing water. Of the unproductive areas, 6.7% is unproductive vegetation and 2.9% is too rocky for vegetation.

Coat of arms
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Or, an Eagle displayed Azure.

Demographics
Villeneuve has a population of. , 36.2% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (1999–2009) the population has changed at a rate of 17.7%. It has changed at a rate of 16.7% due to migration and at a rate of 1.9% due to births and deaths.

Most of the population speaks French (3,321 or 79.4%), with German being second most common (198 or 4.7%) and Italian being third (171 or 4.1%).

Of the population in the municipality 924 or about 22.1% were born in Villeneuve and lived there in 2000. There were 1,062 or 25.4% who were born in the same canton, while 693 or 16.6% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 1,294 or 31.0% were born outside of Switzerland.

In there were 26 live births to Swiss citizens and 21 births to non-Swiss citizens, and in same time span there were 34 deaths of Swiss citizens and 5 non-Swiss citizen deaths. Ignoring immigration and emigration, the population of Swiss citizens decreased by 8 while the foreign population increased by 16. There was 1 Swiss man who emigrated from Switzerland. At the same time, there were 33 non-Swiss men and 39 non-Swiss women who immigrated from another country to Switzerland. The total Swiss population change in 2008 (from all sources, including moves across municipal borders) was an increase of 104 and the non-Swiss population increased by 45 people. This represents a population growth rate of 3.4%.

The age distribution,, in Villeneuve is; 490 children or 10.4% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 597 teenagers or 12.7% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population, 595 people or 12.6% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 561 people or 11.9% are between 30 and 39, 741 people or 15.7% are between 40 and 49, and 645 people or 13.7% are between 50 and 59. The senior population distribution is 512 people or 10.8% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 353 people or 7.5% are between 70 and 79, there are 192 people or 4.1% who are 80 and 89, and there are 33 people or 0.7% who are 90 and older.

, there were 1,600 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 2,078 married individuals, 263 widows or widowers and 239 individuals who are divorced.

, there were 1,810 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.3 persons per household. There were 652 households that consist of only one person and 96 households with five or more people. Out of a total of 1,852 households that answered this question, 35.2% were households made up of just one person and there were 7 adults who lived with their parents. Of the rest of the households, there are 459 married couples without children, 551 married couples with children. There were 116 single parents with a child or children. There were 25 households that were made up of unrelated people and 42 households that were made up of some sort of institution or another collective housing.

there were 374 single family homes (or 49.4% of the total) out of a total of 757 inhabited buildings. There were 227 multi-family buildings (30.0%), along with 84 multi-purpose buildings that were mostly used for housing (11.1%) and 72 other use buildings (commercial or industrial) that also had some housing (9.5%). Of the single family homes 73 were built before 1919, while 65 were built between 1990 and 2000. The most multi-family homes (63) were built before 1919 and the next most (44) were built between 1961 and 1970. There were 7 multi-family houses built between 1996 and 2000.

there were 2,268 apartments in the municipality. The most common apartment size was 3 rooms of which there were 731. There were 165 single room apartments and 352 apartments with five or more rooms. Of these apartments, a total of 1,712 apartments (75.5% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 450 apartments (19.8%) were seasonally occupied and 106 apartments (4.7%) were empty. , the construction rate of new housing units was 8 new units per 1000 residents. The vacancy rate for the municipality,, was 0.81%.

The historical population is given in the following chart:

Sights
The entire small city/town of Villeneuve is designated as part of the Inventory of Swiss Heritage Sites.

Politics
In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SVP which received 30.32% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the FDP (24.04%), the SP (21.06%) and the Green Party (7.06%). In the federal election, a total of 856 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 37.6%.

Economy
, Villeneuve had an unemployment rate of 7.6%. , there were 72 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 16 businesses involved in this sector. 971 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 64 businesses in this sector. 1,474 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 198 businesses in this sector. There were 1,995 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 43.1% of the workforce.

the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 2,241. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 44, of which 39 were in agriculture and 5 were in forestry or lumber production. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 937 of which 757 or (80.8%) were in manufacturing, 28 or (3.0%) were in mining and 124 (13.2%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 1,260. In the tertiary sector; 739 or 58.7% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 102 or 8.1% were in the movement and storage of goods, 101 or 8.0% were in a hotel or restaurant, 9 or 0.7% were in the information industry, 9 or 0.7% were the insurance or financial industry, 27 or 2.1% were technical professionals or scientists, 64 or 5.1% were in education and 91 or 7.2% were in health care.

, there were 1,633 workers who commuted into the municipality and 1,178 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net importer of workers, with about 1.4 workers entering the municipality for every one leaving. About 7.5% of the workforce coming into Villeneuve are coming from outside Switzerland. Of the working population, 19.8% used public transportation to get to work, and 51.8% used a private car.

Religion
From the, 1,683 or 40.3% were Roman Catholic, while 1,368 or 32.7% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there were 126 members of an Orthodox church (or about 3.01% of the population), there was 1 individual who belongs to the Christian Catholic Church, and there were 68 individuals (or about 1.63% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There was 1 individual who was Jewish, and 300 (or about 7.18% of the population) who were Islamic. There were 6 individuals who were Buddhist, 4 individuals who were Hindu and 10 individuals who belonged to another church. 327 (or about 7.82% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 286 individuals (or about 6.84% of the population) did not answer the question.

Education
In Villeneuve about 1,350 or (32.3%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 381 or (9.1%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 381 who completed tertiary schooling, 49.3% were Swiss men, 26.8% were Swiss women, 15.7% were non-Swiss men and 8.1% were non-Swiss women.

In the 2009/2010 school year there were a total of 615 students in the Villeneuve school district. In the Vaud cantonal school system, two years of non-obligatory pre-school are provided by the political districts. During the school year, the political district provided pre-school care for a total of 205 children of which 96 children (46.8%) received subsidized pre-school care. The canton's primary school program requires students to attend for four years. There were 328 students in the municipal primary school program. The obligatory lower secondary school program lasts for six years and there were 269 students in those schools. There were also 18 students who were home schooled or attended another non-traditional school.

, there were 101 students in Villeneuve who came from another municipality, while 237 residents attended schools outside the municipality.

Transportation
The municipality has a railway station, Villeneuve, on the Simplon line. It has regular service to Grandson, Lausanne, and Aigle.

Notable residents

 * Romain Rolland (1866–1944) a French dramatist, novelist, essayist, art historian and mystic who was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1915; lived in Villeneuve between the Wars, where he met Mahatma Gandhi
 * Oskar Kokoschka (1886–1980) an Austrian artist, poet and playwright best known for his intense expressionistic portraits and landscapes; settled in Switzerland after WW2
 * Henry James, his sister Alice James and their Aunt Kate, in the summer of 1872, arrived at the Hotel Byron looking forward to several weeks of Swiss tranquillity. The stay however was cut short by a period of torrid weather.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Villeneuve, Vaud


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Slough Creek

Slough Creek may refer to a water body in the United States:

 * Slough Creek (Wyoming), in Montana and Wyoming
 * Slough Creek (Morris County, Kansas)
 * Slough Creek in Kansas, the site of the 1856 Battle of Slough Creek
 * Slough Creek (British Columbia), Canada

title: Slough Creek


text:
Stafford County

Stafford County is the name of:

Places

 * Stafford County, Kansas, United States
 * Stafford County Courthouse (Kansas)
 * Stafford County, Virginia, United States
 * Stafford County Public Schools

Sports

 * Stafford County F.C., English football team

title: Stafford County


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Yvorne

Yvorne is a municipality of the canton of Vaud in Switzerland, located in the district of Aigle.

Geography
Yvorne has an area,, of 12.2 km2. Of this area, 5.79 km2 or 47.5% is used for agricultural purposes, while 4.83 km2 or 39.6% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 1.18 km2 or 9.7% is settled (buildings or roads), 0.34 km2 or 2.8% is either rivers or lakes and 0.07 km2 or 0.6% is unproductive land.

Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 2.4% and transportation infrastructure made up 4.9%. while parks, green belts and sports fields made up 1.5%. Out of the forested land, all of the forested land area is covered with heavy forests. Of the agricultural land, 29.1% is used for growing crops and 2.5% is pastures, while 15.9% is used for orchards or vine crops. Of the water in the municipality, 1.2% is in lakes and 1.6% is in rivers and streams.

Yvorne is a vine-growing area and produces a noted white wine.

Coat of arms
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is ''Per fess, 1. Or, a letter Y Sable, 2. Sable, a Grape Bunch Or.''.

Demographics
Yvorne has a population of. , 12.1% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (1999–2009) the population has changed at a rate of 0.3%. It has changed at a rate of 0.8% due to migration and at a rate of -0.8% due to births and deaths.

Most of the population speaks French (873 or 90.7%), with German being second most common (34 or 3.5%) and Italian being third (19 or 2.0%).

Of the population in the municipality 324 or about 33.7% were born in Yvorne and lived there in 2000. There were 328 or 34.1% who were born in the same canton, while 141 or 14.7% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 142 or 14.8% were born outside of Switzerland.

In there were 7 live births to Swiss citizens and 2 births to non-Swiss citizens, and in same time span there were 4 deaths of Swiss citizens and 1 non-Swiss citizen death. Ignoring immigration and emigration, the population of Swiss citizens increased by 3 while the foreign population increased by 1. There was 1 Swiss man who immigrated back to Switzerland. At the same time, there were 2 non-Swiss men who immigrated from another country to Switzerland and 3 non-Swiss women who emigrated from Switzerland to another country. The total Swiss population change in 2008 (from all sources, including moves across municipal borders) was an increase of 24 and the non-Swiss population decreased by 9 people. This represents a population growth rate of 1.6%.

The age distribution,, in Yvorne is; 102 children or 10.5% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 94 teenagers or 9.7% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population, 119 people or 12.3% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 145 people or 15.0% are between 30 and 39, 138 people or 14.3% are between 40 and 49, and 146 people or 15.1% are between 50 and 59. The senior population distribution is 115 people or 11.9% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 57 people or 5.9% are between 70 and 79, there are 44 people or 4.5% who are 80 and 89, and there are 8 people or 0.8% who are 90 and older.

, there were 369 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 499 married individuals, 52 widows or widowers and 42 individuals who are divorced.

, there were 402 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.3 persons per household. There were 126 households that consist of only one person and 19 households with five or more people. Out of a total of 413 households that answered this question, 30.5% were households made up of just one person and there were 4 adults who lived with their parents. Of the rest of the households, there are 119 married couples without children, 135 married couples with children. There were 13 single parents with a child or children. There were 5 households that were made up of unrelated people and 11 households that were made up of some sort of institution or another collective housing.

there were 140 single family homes (or 51.1% of the total) out of a total of 274 inhabited buildings. There were 49 multi-family buildings (17.9%), along with 65 multi-purpose buildings that were mostly used for housing (23.7%) and 20 other use buildings (commercial or industrial) that also had some housing (7.3%). Of the single family homes 64 were built before 1919, while 8 were built between 1990 and 2000. The most multi-family homes (26) were built before 1919 and the next most (5) were built between 1961 and 1970. There was 1 multi-family house built between 1996 and 2000.

there were 413 apartments in the municipality. The most common apartment size was 3 rooms of which there were 116. There were 12 single room apartments and 125 apartments with five or more rooms. Of these apartments, a total of 354 apartments (85.7% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 35 apartments (8.5%) were seasonally occupied and 24 apartments (5.8%) were empty. , the construction rate of new housing units was 1 new units per 1000 residents. The vacancy rate for the municipality,, was 0%.

The historical population is given in the following chart:

Politics
In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the FDP which received 23.94% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the SVP (22.37%), the LPS Party (15.74%) and the SP (13.11%). In the federal election, a total of 292 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 44.1%.

Economy
, Yvorne had an unemployment rate of 2.7%. , there were 190 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 41 businesses involved in this sector. 39 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 10 businesses in this sector. 167 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 31 businesses in this sector. There were 509 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 39.9% of the workforce.

the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 313. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 128, all of which were in agriculture. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 37 of which 27 or (73.0%) were in manufacturing and 10 (27.0%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 148. In the tertiary sector; 66 or 44.6% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 3 or 2.0% were in the movement and storage of goods, 51 or 34.5% were in a hotel or restaurant, 3 or 2.0% were technical professionals or scientists, 5 or 3.4% were in education and 8 or 5.4% were in health care.

, there were 253 workers who commuted into the municipality and 346 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 1.4 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. About 7.5% of the workforce coming into Yvorne are coming from outside Switzerland. Of the working population, 13.6% used public transportation to get to work, and 61.1% used a private car.

Religion
From the, 267 or 27.8% were Roman Catholic, while 524 or 54.5% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there was 1 member of an Orthodox church who belonged, and there were 16 individuals (or about 1.66% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There were 9 (or about 0.94% of the population) who were Islamic. There were and 3 individuals who belonged to another church. 110 (or about 11.43% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 32 individuals (or about 3.33% of the population) did not answer the question.

Education
In Yvorne about 364 or (37.8%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 107 or (11.1%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 107 who completed tertiary schooling, 59.8% were Swiss men, 23.4% were Swiss women, 10.3% were non-Swiss men and 6.5% were non-Swiss women.

In the 2009/2010 school year there were a total of 82 students in the Yvorne school district. In the Vaud cantonal school system, two years of non-obligatory pre-school are provided by the political districts. During the school year, the political district provided pre-school care for a total of 205 children of which 96 children (46.8%) received subsidized pre-school care. The canton's primary school program requires students to attend for four years. There were 45 students in the municipal primary school program. The obligatory lower secondary school program lasts for six years and there were 36 students in those schools. There were also 1 students who were home schooled or attended another non-traditional school.

, there were 421 students in Yvorne who came from another municipality, while 76 residents attended schools outside the municipality.

title: Yvorne


text:
St. Mary's County

St. Mary's County may refer to:

 * St. Mary's County, Maryland
 * St. Mary's County, Utah Territory, now part of Nevada

title: St. Mary's County


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Opel Zafira

The Opel Zafira is a car manufactured and marketed across three generations between 1999 and 2019 by Opel. Based on the Opel Astra platform, it is developed to occupy the multi-purpose vehicle (MPV) segment.

The Zafira was also marketed under the Vauxhall marque in the United Kingdom until June 2018, the Holden marque in Australia until June 2005, and under a number of other market-specific brands and names.

The name "Zafira" derives from the Arabic word meaning to succeed. Since 2011, it received an additional moniker as the Zafira Tourer.

Zafira A (1999)
The first generation Zafira was internally designated as the Zafira A. Co-developed with Porsche, it debuted in concept form at the 1997 Frankfurt Auto Show and entered series production in January 1999, with sales beginning in April of that year.

The Zafira shared the T platform with the 1998 Astra G, sharing much commonality with that car. The Zafira seated seven passengers in three rows. Using a system marketed as Flex 7, the split back seat could fold into the floor to increase cargo space, without requiring removal.

Offered with a series of petrol engines and initially a single diesel offering, the "X" engines were replaced by the newer "Z" engine generation in 2000. These featured variable intake manifolds and were able to meet Euro 3 emissions standards. The 2.0-litre turbodiesels were complemented by a 125 PS 2.2-litre option in January 2002.

The Zafira A body was used in GM/Opel's concept hydrogen-powered fuel cell vehicle the GM HydroGen3.

A facelift was launched in February 2003 at the Geneva Motor Show.

The Zafira ranked third in the European Car of the Year for 2000, behind only the Fiat Multipla and Toyota Yaris. In TüV's ranking of the quality of three year old cars, the Zafira was by far the best Opel; only slightly behind the winning Ford Focus.

Zafira A production ended on 25 May 2005, in Bochum. It was replaced by Zafira B in Europe, but was still sold in most other markets until 2012 (albeit that its cousin the Chevrolet Astra was discontinued in 2011), except for Australia and New Zealand, where the model was cancelled altogether.

Zafira OPC
Introduced at Geneva in February 2001, the turbocharged Zafira OPC went on sale in October 2001. With 192 PS, this was the fastest minivan on sale in Europe. Only available with a five speed manual transmission, 0–100 km/h (62 mph) can be reached in 8.2 seconds and the top speed is 220 km/h.

Markets
The Zafira was marketed in the Philippines from 2001 to 2005, as the last Europe-based Opel marketed in the Philippines after they stopped selling the Opel Astra in 2003. Although sold as the Chevrolet Zafira, it was sold alongside other Opel vehicles until it the Opel name was pulled out of the Philippine-market by its distributor, GM Philippines.

The Zafira was produced and sold in the Thailand from 2000 to 2005. it was sold alongside other Opel vehicles until it the Opel name was pulled out of the Thai-market by its distributor, GM Thailand. Thailand’s domestic family wagon segment with 3,946 units sold.

The Zafira A was sold in Malaysia as the Chevrolet Nabira.

Subaru Traviq
The Zafira was sold in Japan from August 2001 through to November 2004 as the Subaru Traviq alongside the standard Opel vehicle. In exchange, Subaru supplied the Subaru Forester as the Chevrolet Forester in India since 2003.

According to Subaru, the Traviq name was a combination of the words "travel" and "quick". Imported from Thailand, the Traviq was originally only available with the bigger 2.2 litre engine, although a 1.8 L, lower priced alternative was added in July 2003. The engines used were not Subaru supplied boxer engines, but were conventional in line units that were uncharacteristic to market recognised Subaru products, and all-wheel drive was also not available.

The sale of the Zafira as a Subaru created a conflict with previously established Yanase Co., Ltd. retail dealerships, in that Yanase was already selling Opel products, like the Zafira. When production of the Traviq ended, Yanase continued to import Opel products into Japan until 2006. It was replaced later in 2008 by the Subaru Exiga – developed from the Subaru Legacy platform.

Zafira B (2005)
The second generation Zafira, internally designated Zafira B, debuted in Europe on 12 February 2005, with sales starting on 9 June 2005. It shared the platform and mechanical parts with the Opel Astra H. In February 2007, the Zafira B was launched in Singapore. By March 2007, the model had only been introduced in Europe and Singapore.

It went on sale in Mexico in April 2006, and Chile in September 2007. In both countries, it was branded as the Chevrolet Zafira. Although this generation was replaced in the end of 2011 by the Zafira C, this model remained in production until May 2014 as the Zafira Family. This name change occurred in markets including Germany.

Names and markets

 * Vauxhall Zafira – United Kingdom
 * Chevrolet Zafira – Chile and Mexico
 * Opel Zafira – Europe (except for United Kingdom), Japan, China, Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan & South Africa

In Mexico the Chevrolet Zafira was discontinued after the 2006 model year, and replaced by the five-passenger Chevrolet HHR.

Engines
The Zafira B's engine line was partly carried over from the previous Astra/Zafira generation. Opel replaced the 2.0 and 2.2 turbodiesel I4 engines with 1.9 L common rail turbodiesels developed by Fiat (Multijet). Opel Performance Center developed a turbocharged 240 hp 2.0 L performance version of the Zafira B as well. A CNG (Compressed Natural Gas) version of the new Zafira with a 1.6 L engine is also available.

Known issues and recall
In December 2015, safety officials in the United Kingdom asked Vauxhall to initiate a full safety recall of the model Zafira B, due to a worrying level of car fires apparently or alleged to have been caused by 'Improper Repairs'.

The fires continued, even those recalled, and a second full safety recall was announced in May 2016, with all owners advised not to use the fan in speeds regulated by the "resistor pack" which contained a solder based unreliable safety critical thermal fuse, until the second recall, starting August 2016, had been carried out.

On 3 May 2018, a criminal investigation into Vauxhall's handling of the fires of the Zafira B and recalls was launched in the United Kingdom.

On 31 August 2019, major damage occurred in a parking garage in Cork, Ireland when an Opel Zafira caught fire.

On 7 January 2020, there was a spontaneous fire in an Opel Zafira, which caused over 200 to 300 cars in a parking garage at Stavanger Airport, Sola to be destroyed. No people were harmed.

Zafira C/Zafira Tourer (2011)
The third generation of the Zafira, called the Zafira Tourer, was previewed in concept form at the 2011 Geneva Motor Show, as the 'Zafira Tourer Concept'.

It was largely based on the Opel Astra J, and when the Zafira Tourer C went on sale, the Zafira B remained on sale from 2011 up to 2014, albeit in facelifted form as the "Zafira Family", to act as a smaller and cheaper version, as the Zafira Tourer C increased in size, to act as a proper rival to the Ford C-Max.

A hybrid/electric version was expected to follow during 2012. This car indirectly replaced the Opel Sintra, the only previous full sized Vauxhall/Opel MPV in Europe, which was discontinued in May 1999 after just three years on sale, as a slow selling product built in the United States. The production version debuted at the 2011 Frankfurt Motor Show in September, and went on sale November 2011.

A natural gas version of the Zafira Tourer was announced in December 2011. A dual fuel vehicle, its CNG tank driving the car 530 kilometres, and a 14-litre petrol tank provided additional range or operation when a CNG filling station was not available.

In June 2016, a facelift was unveiled for 2017 (with sales starting at the end of 2016), dropping 'Tourer' from the name when sold as an Opel. As part of the upgrade, new front and rear bumpers and new interior brought styling in line with the Opel Astra K. OnStar navigation was also introduced as part of an updated IntelliLink infotainment system, complete with 4G LTE hotspot, Apple CarPlay and Android Auto compatibility.

Other new options for MY2017 included adaptive LED headlights, "Opel Eye" front camera, high beam assist, traffic sign assist, forward collision warning, lane departure warning and adaptive cruise control.

In June 2018, the Vauxhall Zafira Tourer was discontinued from the United Kingdom, citing the rise of SUV and crossover vehicles.

In 2019, it was replaced by LCV-based Zafira Life.

Engines
All engines had a six speed manual gearbox as standard, bar the 1.8 petrol, which had a five speed manual gearbox as standard. An automatic gearbox was available as an option on the 1.4T and 2.0 CDTI (165 PS), both without S/S.

An EcoFLEX version went on sale in 2012, equipped with the 2.0 CDTI (130PS) engine and it gained a Start/Stop system to make it more economical, emitting 119g/km of, as for petrol variants they were 1.4T ecoFLEX with a Start/Stop system with same amount of power (120 and 140 PS) like standard versions but with lower emissions – 144g/km and better fuel efficiency.

In 2013, two all new engines were introduced: 1.6 SIDI Turbo petrol engine with 170 PS and 200 PS, and newly developed 1.6 CDTI diesel engine with 136 PS. In September 2014, Opel introduced its all new generation of engines – Large Diesel engines, starting with 2.0 CDTI engine with 170 PS and 400 Nm, which is a part of new strategy in which Opel will introduce seventeen new engines, in a period from 2014–2018.

Awards

 * The Zafira Tourer was awarded "Best Estate" at the German Car of the Year awards of 2012.
 * The Zafira Tourer scored a five star rating in Euro NCAP.
 * The Opel Zafira Tourer won the "Golden Steering Wheel 2012" award from German publications Auto Bild, Bild am Sonntag and twenty six European partner magazines.

title: Opel Zafira


text:
Slough Creek (Wyoming)

Slough Creek is a tributary of the Lamar River, approximately 25 mi (40 km) long, in Montana and Wyoming in the United States.

History
Slough Creek got its name when an 1867 party of gold prospectors ventured into the valley and described its condition as a slough. The name began appearing on maps as early as 1872. A myth associated with the name involves a U.S. Army enlisted man who was escorting an exploring party in 1873 and got lost in the valley. Trumpeter John P. Slough of Company I, Second Cavalry wrote this in his diary: "We attempted to follow the Hayden trail to ascertain where he had crossed the Yellowstone River below the lake. We lost the trail and my Captain Henry E. Noise [Noyes] and my self started to find it the timber and mountains we became lost and on the second day were found by a detachment under Sergeant Kinnoss, and the creek found upon now bears my name (Slough Creek)"

Although many have attempted to attribute the name to Trumpeter Slough based on his diary, the name was given in 1867.

Location
It rises in southern Montana, in the Absaroka-Beartooth Wilderness in the Beartooth Mountains, and flows southwest, into Yellowstone National Park and into Wyoming. It discharges to the Lamar River near Tower junction within Yellowstone National Park. In turn the Lamar River forms a confluence with the Yellowstone River inside of Yellowstone National Park. Slough Creek is a mildly alkali watercourse. The Slough Creek watershed consists of mixed fir forest, sage flats and grassland. These plant communities support considerable faunal diversity, including coyote and bison.

Angling
Slough Creek is one of the most popular fishing areas in Yellowstone Park. The access is relatively easy and the cutthroat fishing is some of the best in the world. The lower meadows of Slough Creek, below the campground, are easily accessible from parking areas between the campground and the Cooke City road. There are rainbow trout in this lower water as well as Yellowstone cutthroat trout and cutthroat/rainbow hybrids. The upper meadows of Slough are accessed from a trailhead near the campground. The first meadow is a 45-minute walk from the trailhead. The first meadow is the most popular since it is nearby and the fishing is excellent. Slough Creek's second meadow is about a three-hour hike. Cutthroat trout in Slough offer good dry fly fishing with heavy hatches of caddis, pale morning duns, and large Green Drakes in July. Terrestrials are prominent in late summer. In the summer of 2007 an angler reported the first rainbow trout to be caught upstream of the Slough Creek falls. The introduction of rainbow trout may affect both the native cutthroat trout as well as other wildlife species who count on the cutthroat as a food source. Slough Creek is not usually fishable until about the second week of July, because of high water, so check conditions by contacting local fly stores The National Park Service has made frequent changes to the regulations for Slough Creek, and in 2018 has made significant new changes. Anglers are now required to kill all non-native fish, including rainbow trout, brook trout, and identifiable rainbow/cutthroat hybrids throughout the Lamar drainage, including all of Slough Creek. On page 14 of the 2018 regulations they still say that if it has a red slash put it back, but that is clearly superseded by the region specific requirement that if a fish landed in the Lamar drainage is clearly identifiable as a hybrid then it must be killed, even if it has a red slash, with the caveat that "if you don't know, let it go." Another significant change to the Park-wide fishing regulations is that felt soles are no longer permitted on waders. Other Park-wide regulations, that continue from previous years, are that barbed hooks, lead weights, lead split shot, and live bait are banned.

Wolves
In 2003, a wolf pack formed in Yellowstone National Park along the creek and it was named the Slough Creek Pack. Founding members came from the Druid Peak and the Mollie's Pack.

title: Slough Creek (Wyoming)


text:
Northam, Devon

Northam is a market town, civil parish and electoral ward in Devon, England, lying north of Bideford. The civil parish also includes the villages of Westward Ho!, Appledore, West Appledore, Diddywell, Buckleigh and Silford, and the residential areas of Orchard Hill and Raleigh Estate.

History
Northam is thought to have been the site of an Anglo-Saxon earthwork fortification, and an area between Northam and Appledore is conjectured to have been where the Danish Viking Ubba (or Hubba) was repelled during the reign of Alfred the Great. This is commemorated in local place names like Bloody Corner and Hubba's Rock (or Hubbleston), which is supposed to be the site where Ubba was killed. It was also the site of the Battle of Northam in 1069 where the sons of Harold Godwinson were defeated. St Margaret's church is the Anglican parish church for the town and has been a Grade I listed building since 1951.

In 1832 a meeting was held in Northam to protest an attempt by Augustus Saltren-Willett, lord of the manor, to take ownership of the commons of Northam Burrows.

Royal North Devon Golf Club was formed at Northam Burrows in 1864; its course is the oldest on its original site in England.

Between 1901 and 1917, the town and golf course were served by Northam railway station.

Governance
There are three tiers of local government covering Northam, at parish (town), district and county level: Northam Town Council, Torridge District Council (based in nearby Bideford) and Devon County Council (based in Exeter). The town council is based at the Town Hall at 1 Windmill Lane.

Northam was an ancient parish. Until 1867 the parish was governed by its vestry in the same way as most rural areas. In 1867 a local board was established for the parish. Local boards were converted into urban district councils in 1894. Northam Urban District Council built itself a headquarters on Windmill Lane in 1934, initially called the Council Offices.

Northam Urban District was abolished in 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972, with the area becoming part of the new district of Torridge. A successor parish was created covering the former urban district, with its council taking the name Northam Town Council. The town council continues to be based at the 1934 building on Windmill Lane, but has renamed it Town Hall.

Northam Burrows
A Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI), Northam Burrows is a saltmarsh and dune landscape, adjacent to the Torridge Estuary.

It is part of the North Devon Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty, and sits within North Devon's Biosphere Reserve.

It is also home to the oldest golf course in England, the Royal North Devon Golf Club.

Sport and recreation
Northam has a King George's Field as a memorial to King George V.

Torridge Leisure Centre, off Churchill Way, has lane and learner pools. It also has a gym and sauna.

Facilities
Northam has a public library. This burned down in 2005 destroying the building and 90% of the books, in a fire believed to have been caused by the action of a hands-free magnifier on a pile of leaflets. The public library was threatened with closure in 2014 due to cuts in the County's budget.

Railway
The Bideford, Westward Ho! and Appledore Railway (B,WH&A,R) was most unusual amongst British railways in that although it was built as a standard gauge line it was not joined to the rest of the railway network, despite the London and South Western Railway having a station at Bideford, East-the-Water, meaning on the other side of the River Torridge from the main town.

The line was wholly situated on the peninsula made up of Westward Ho!, Northam and Appledore with extensive sand dunes the Torridge and Taw estuary. Northam station and the line closed in 1917 having been requisitioned by the War Office, and is now used as part of the Tarka Trail cycle route which forms part of the South West Coast Path.

Bus services

 * Stagecoach 21= Ilfracombe to Westward Ho!
 * Stagecoach 21A= Ilfracombe to Appledore
 * Stagecoach 16 = Bideford - Westward Ho! - Appledore

Westward Ho! Buses serve The Square, Sandymere Rd and Atlantic Way. Appledore Buses serve Lenards Rd and Churchill Way.

The 16 Bus service serves Morwenna Park Road, Sea View Road, Windsor Road and JH Taylor Drive

Notable residents

 * Admiral Sir Richard Goodwin Keats, of Port Hill and Durrant House
 * Clarence Raybould, conductor, pianist and composer, buried with his wife in St Margaret's Church.
 * Rosemary West - serial killer

title: Northam, Devon


text:
St. Louis County

St. Louis County is the name of two counties in the United States:

 * St. Louis County, Missouri
 * St. Louis County, Minnesota

title: St. Louis County


text:
Milton William Cooper

Milton William "Bill" Cooper (May 6, 1943 – November 5, 2001) was an American conspiracy theorist, radio broadcaster, and author known for his 1991 book Behold a Pale Horse, in which he warned of multiple global conspiracies, some involving extraterrestrial life. Cooper also described HIV/AIDS as a man-made disease used to target blacks, Hispanics, and homosexuals, and that a cure was made before it was implemented. He has been described as a "militia theoretician". Cooper was killed in 2001 by sheriff's deputies after he shot at them during an attempted arrest.

Career
Little is known about Cooper's background and education, beyond the information supplied in his own accounts. He claimed to have served in the United States Navy, the United States Air Force, and Naval Intelligence until his discharge in 1975; however, public records only indicate a period of service in the Navy with a ratings code of E-5/Sergeant (Petty officer second class in the Navy), including a tour of duty in Vietnam with two service medals. At the end of the war, while working in naval intelligence, Cooper served on a briefing team for Admiral Bernard A. Clarey. He then attended a junior college in California, and worked for several technical and vocational schools before making his conspiracy theories known, beginning in 1988. Cooper expanded the speculations of earlier conspiracists by incorporating government involvement with extraterrestrials as a central theme.

Early involvement in UFO lore
In the Summer of 1988, Cooper made his first public comments on the ParaNet Bulletin Board System, an early UFO message board. According to Cooper's first post, in 1966 he was serving aboard the USS Tiru when he and fellow Navy personnel witnessed a metal craft "larger than a football field" repeatedly enter and exit the water. Cooper claimed he was instructed by superiors to never speak about the incident. Biographer Mark Jacobson argues "the Tiru incident itself would not have done much to make Cooper's name in ufology. That opportunity came only a few days later" when he was contacted by fellow ParaNet poster John Lear. Lear, the son of Learjet founder Bill Lear, identified as a pilot who had flown missions for the CIA. Lear was the author of a post titled "The UFO Coverup" which incorporated elements of mythos from Paul Bennewitz, a ufologist who was later revealed to have been fed disinformation by American counter-intelligence agent Richard Doty. Cooper soon visited Lear, and the two spent much time together from 1988 to 1990.

Cooper's views were heavily influenced by Lear and his story of alien collusion with secret governmental forces. In 1989, the two released an "indictment" against the US Government for "aiding and abetting and concealing this Alien Nation which exists in our borders". In 2018, columnist Colin Dickey noted the pair's influence, writing "in the early years [UFO writers] did not, by and large, embrace strong political positions. They were the tip of a spear asserting that the number one thing we had to fear was not little green men, but the government that colluded with them, appropriating their technology against us."

Cooper and Lear's collaboration lasted for a few years, after which Cooper accused Lear of being a CIA plant.

Behold a Pale Horse
In 1991, Cooper wrote and published Behold a Pale Horse. The book has been influential among "UFO and militia circles". Just prior to the trial of Terry Nichols in 1997, The Guardian described it as "the manifesto of the militia movement".

According to sociologist Paul Gilroy, Cooper claimed "an elaborate conspiracy theory that encompasses the Kennedy assassination, the doings of the secret world government, the coming ice age, and a variety of other covert activities associated with the Illuminati's declaration of war upon the people of America". Political scientist Michael Barkun characterized it as "among the most complex superconspiracy theories", and also among the most influential due to its popularity in militia circles as well as mainstream bookstores. Historian Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke described the book as a "chaotic farrago of conspiracy myths interspersed with reprints of executive laws, official papers, reports and other extraneous materials designed to show the looming prospect of a world government imposed on the American people against their wishes and in flagrant contempt of the Constitution."

UFOs, aliens and the Illuminati
Cooper gained attention in Ufology circles in 1988 when he claimed to have seen secret documents while in the Navy describing governmental dealings with extraterrestrials, a topic on which he expounded in Behold a Pale Horse. (By one account he served as a "low level clerk" in the Navy, and as such would not have had the security clearance needed to access classified documents.) UFOlogists later asserted that some of the material Cooper claimed to have seen in Naval Intelligence documents was actually plagiarized by Cooper from their own research, including several items that the UFOlogists had fabricated as pranks. Don Ecker of UFO Magazine ran a series of exposés on Cooper in 1990.

Cooper linked the Illuminati with his beliefs that extraterrestrials were secretly involved with the United States government, but later retracted these claims. He accused President Dwight D. Eisenhower of negotiating a treaty with extraterrestrials in 1954, which supposedly allowed the aliens to abduct humans in exchange for technological assistance. Cooper then claimed that Eisenhower had established an inner circle of Illuminati to manage relations with the aliens and keep their presence a secret from the general public. Cooper believed that aliens "manipulated and/or ruled the human race through various secret societies, religions, magic, witchcraft, and the occult", and that even the Illuminati were unknowingly being manipulated by them.

Cooper described the Illuminati as a secret international organization, controlled by the Bilderberg Group, that conspired with the Knights of Columbus, Masons, Skull and Bones, and other organizations. Its ultimate goal, he said, was the establishment of a New World Order. According to Cooper, the Illuminati conspirators not only invented alien threats for their own gain, but actively conspired with extraterrestrials to take over the world. Cooper believed that James Forrestal's fatal fall from a window on the sixteenth floor of Bethesda Hospital was connected to the alleged secret committee Majestic 12, and that JASON advisory group scientists reported to an elite group of Trilateral Commission and Council on Foreign Relations executive committee members who were high-ranking members of the Illuminati.

Cooper also claimed that the antisemitic conspiracy theory forgery The Protocols of the Elders of Zion was actually an Illuminati work, and instructed readers to substitute "Sion" for "Zion", "Illuminati" for "Jews", and "cattle" for "Goyim". The publisher removed the chapter that was a reproduction of The Protocols of the Elders of Zion document from later printings of Behold a Pale Horse.

Kennedy assassination
In Behold a Pale Horse, Cooper asserts that President John F. Kennedy was assassinated because he was about to reveal that extraterrestrials were in the process of taking over the Earth. According to a "top secret" video of the assassination that Cooper claimed to have discovered, the driver of the presidential limousine, William Greer, used "a gas pressure device developed by aliens from the Trilateral Commission" to shoot the president from the driver's seat. The Zapruder film shows Greer twice turning to look into the back seat of the car; Cooper theorized that Greer first turned to assess Kennedy's status after the external attack, and then to fire the fatal shot. Conspiracy theories implicating Greer reportedly "snowballed" after publication of Behold a Pale Horse. Cooper's video purporting to prove his theory was analyzed by several television stations, according to one source, and was found to be "... a poor-quality fake using chunks of the... Zapruder film."

HIV/AIDS
In Behold a Pale Horse Cooper proposed that AIDS was the result of a conspiracy to decrease the populations of blacks, Hispanics, and homosexuals. In 2000 South Africa's Minister of Health Manto Tshabalala-Msimang received criticism for distributing the chapter discussing this theory to senior South African government officials.

Radio show
From 1992 until his death in November 2001, Cooper originated his radio show, The Hour of the Time from a studio in his house at the top of a hill in the small White Mountains town of Eagar, Arizona, 15 miles from the New Mexico border. Cooper sent his show via audio cassette, satellite patch, or direct telephone link to WWCR in Nashville where it was broadcast by the station's 100,000-watt shortwave transmitter. Mark Potok, spokesman for the Southern Poverty Law Center, said Cooper was well known within the militia movement for his anti-government shortwave radio program. Oklahoma City bomber Timothy McVeigh was reportedly a fan. McVeigh was reported by The Daily Beast to have ordered from Cooper a cassette, Waco, The Big Lie, which the radio host marketed. Cooper broadcast conspiracy theories on the Waco siege in early 1993, which he believed had been the opening battle in a new Civil War. He later participated in the early radio shows of Alex Jones, who was an admirer of his broadcasts.

On June 28, 2001, commenting on a televised interview of Osama bin Laden at his hideout in Afghanistan, Cooper claimed that bin Laden would soon be "blamed" for a 'major attack' on a large U.S. city, "but don't you believe it". Immediately after the attacks on September 11, 2001, he predicted the U.S. would soon be at war in 'two or maybe three countries'.

Death
As Cooper moved away from the Ufology community and toward the militia and anti-government subculture in the late 1990s, he became convinced that he was being personally targeted by President Bill Clinton and the Internal Revenue Service. In July 1998, he was charged with tax evasion; an arrest warrant was issued, but Cooper eluded repeated attempts to serve it. In 2000, he was named a "major fugitive" by the United States Marshals Service.

On November 5, 2001, Apache County sheriff's deputies attempted to arrest Cooper at his Eagar, Arizona home on charges of aggravated assault with a deadly weapon and endangerment stemming from disputes with local residents. After an exchange of gunfire during which Cooper shot one of the deputies in the head, Cooper was fatally shot. Federal authorities reported that Cooper had spent years evading execution of the 1998 arrest warrant, and according to a spokesman for the Marshals Service, he vowed that "he would not be taken alive".

In popular culture

 * Cooper's writing holds enduring popularity in hip hop, being referenced by artists including Public Enemy, Tupac Shakur, and Jay-Z.
 * The rapper William Cooper took his stage name from Milton William Cooper.
 * The X-Files incorporated numerous elements of Cooper's mythos of a secret government in collusion with alien beings. In one of the most famous episodes, "Musings of a Cigarette Smoking Man",  John F. Kennedy is assassinated to prevent him from revealing the existence of aliens.  The 1998 X-Files film uses phrasing from Cooper (e.g. "Silent Weapons for Quiet Wars") and features the name Cooper in apparent homage.
 * In 1997, hip hop group Killarmy released their debut album, Silent Weapons for Quiet Wars, a title drawn from Cooper's work.

Lectures

 * Truth vs Deception (Undated, audio only), 1h 14m
 * Sedona Speech (September 24, 1989), 3h 26m
 * The Secret Government: Origin, Identity and Purpose of the Real MJ-12 (1989), 1h 28m
 * UFOs, Aliens and the Black Government (1990), 2h 2m
 * Behold a Pale Horse (1991), 4h 40m
 * UFO Alien Agenda Conference (September 9, 1991), 3h 37m
 * The Little Ale'Inn (July 9, 1993), 1h
 * Wembley Speech (January 9, 1993), 2h 45m
 * Lansing, Michigan (1996), 1h
 * The Porterville Presentation (1997), 11h

Self-produced videos
Produced as "Shining Star Productions":

 * Project Redlight (1991), 2h 2m
 * Project Redlight II (1992), 1h 38m
 * JFK: Assassin Unmasked (1993), 45m
 * Kennedy, The Sacrificed King (1993), 1h 14m
 * Luxor (1994), 54m

Media appearances

 * Interview with Ellie Crystal (Undated)
 * UFO Investigations-The Cover Up (1989)
 * On the Kennedy Assassination, KUTV (May 15, 1991)
 * Dimensions in Parapsychology (1991)
 * Shane Eden's The UFO Connection (1991)
 * NYC Public Access Interview (April 24, 1992)
 * The CNN Interview (May 3, 1992)
 * Reichstag '95 (1995)
 * The Land of the Lost Story (1999), dir. Anna Zetchus Smith
 * The Hour of Our Time: The Legacy of William Cooper (2006), dir. Jim Jankiewicz

title: Milton William Cooper


text:
Northam, Western Australia

Northam is a town in the Wheatbelt region of Western Australia, situated at the confluence of the Avon and Mortlock Rivers. It is the largest town and regional centre in the Avon Valley region of the Central Wheatbelt. It is located approximately 97 kilometres (60 miles) north east of Perth, the capital city of Western Australia. At the time of the 2021 census, Northam had a population of 6,679.

History
The area around Northam was first explored in 1830 by a party of colonists led by Ensign Robert Dale, and subsequently founded in 1833. It was named by Governor Stirling, probably after a village of the same name in Devon, England. Almost immediately it became a point of departure for explorers and settlers who were interested in the lands which lay to the east.

This initial importance declined with the growing importance of the nearby towns of York and Beverley, but the arrival of the railway made Northam the major departure point for prospectors and miners heading east towards the goldfields.

The town has had three newspapers over the years, all now defunct, namely The Northam Advertiser, Northam Courier, and the Northam News.

A number of older buildings have heritage significance and still serve the community.

Northam Migrant Accommodation Centre
During the 1940s and 1950s in Northam there were extensive camps for displaced persons and immigrants from continental Europe.

The Northam Migrant Accommodation Centre closed in September 1951. It had been the first place of residence in Western Australia for approximately 15,000 immigrants from the Baltic states, Hungary, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Italy, Yugoslavia, Ukraine, Belarus and Bulgaria. During the peak immigration period, Northam had the largest immigrant receiving facilities within the State and the third largest in Australia. By 1950, the camp housed 4,000 people and two new blocks of huts were built to accommodate them all. By May 1954, 23,000 migrants had passed through the Northam Camp once the Accommodation Centre had closed. A significant number of these post-war arrivals eventually settled in the Northam area.

Yongah Hill Immigration Detention Centre
On 18 October 2010 the Yongah Hill (YHIDC) centre was announced as being established at the former Northam Army Training Camp. It was not opened until early 2012, however, and, after it was downsized from the original 1500 expected occupancy, talk of expansion has been happening.

It is run by Serco for the Department of Home Affairs.

Australian Border Force officers are also present at the centre.

In September 2018 a riot broke out at the centre and some buildings were set on fire, after a detainee was reportedly found in his cell injured after a suicide attempt. The detainee, who was a refugee, later died.

Also in September 2018, a guard was alleged to have sexually assaulted a detainee.

Geography
The town and hinterland of Northam are located in the Avon Valley - so named after the river the Avon River. It has been periodically flooded, and man-made banks protect the town from inundation. The Avon is a name commonly used by organisations, newspapers and sporting groups.

The river is spanned by a pedestrian suspension bridge; at 117 m, it is the longest such bridge in Australia.

Burlong Pool a pool just south of the town was known as the Burlong swimming pool, and in the 1890s the location of the source of water for the Goldfields water trains.

Climate
Northam has a hot-summer mediterranean climate (Köppen: Csa) with hot, dry summers and mild, rainy winters.

2011
A severe thunderstorm lashed the town and surrounding areas on 27 January 2011 resulting in roofs being ripped off, trees being uprooted and power lines being brought down. About 50 houses were damaged in the town as a result of the storm but no injuries were reported.

2021
A flash flood occurred in the town and surrounding areas on 2 March 2021, with 40 millimetres of rainfall occurring in just half an hour. This resulted in many houses being damaged, as well as the Jubilee oval flooding, leaving silt all over the busy road of Peel Terrace.

Government
Originally, the town and surrounding area was split into two municipalities, the Town of Northam handling the affairs of the town, and the Shire of Northam which also manages other towns, such as Bakers Hill and Wundowie. After 53 years of debates and failed attempts, the two councils finally merged as of the 1 July 2007 to form a conglomerate council, simply known as the Shire of Northam.

The public sector is a large employer for residents of Northam and surrounding areas. The town of Northam is the main regional centre for the Central Wheatbelt region, and as such many local and state government departments choose to operate out of the town.

Services Australia operates a Centrelink office in the town.

Tourism
Northam has a number of tourist attractions, including hot air ballooning, wineries, cafes and restaurants, museums, hotels and motels.

Transport
Northam is connected to Perth via coach services N3 and N5, and rail services Prospector and MerredinLink provided by Transwa.

Railways
Northam is a major railway junction, and serves as the commercial centre for much of the western Wheatbelt. The dual gauge Eastern Railway terminates here and becomes the standard gauge Eastern Goldfields Railway. Narrow gauge radiates both south of the town to York and beyond (Great Southern Railway), and north to Goomalling, another rural railway junction.

Current railway station
Northam railway station is served by Transwa's AvonLink, MerredinLink and Prospector rural train services, and Great Southern Rail's Indian Pacific to Sydney.

Original railway station
The original station on Fitzgerald Street was opened in 1900 and closed in 1966 when the new Eastern Railway route became operational.

The layout of the pre-1966 narrow gauge railway also had a busy junction at East Northam; this was removed on the completion of the new standard gauge railway.

Avon Yard
The Western Australian Government Railways originally created it as the Avon Marshalling Yard, and more recent operators in the yards such as Australian Railroad Group have named it the Avon Yard.

Education
Northam has three public primary schools, a public high school, and a TAFE campus. It also has a private Catholic school, St Josephs which conducts classes from Kindergarten to Year 12, across two campuses.

Primary School
The original Northam Primary School was established in 1890, making it one of the states oldest primary schools. The current school opened in 1978 replacing the original structure, it is located on Duke Street. It was the first primary school of the area and has approximately over 300 students. West Northam Primary School is located on Habgood Street and has approximately 140 students. Avon Vale Primary School opened in 1954. It is located on Hutt Street and has approximately 140 students.

High School
Northam Senior High School is the public high school for the area. It is one of the oldest high schools in the state, opening in 1921. The main building is heritage listed, though the campus has had renovations and further additions added to it in 1986, 1996 and 2015 It has approximately 715 students. In Semester 2, 2020 the school became an Independent Public School. It has several specialized programs to meet the diverse needs of its students, such as the Big Picture Program, Clontarf Foundation, Wirrpanda Foundation, Deadly Sista Girlz and others. The school not only intakes students from the town of Northam, but also Year 10-12 students from the surrounding District High Schools, including the surrounding towns of Toodyay, York, Beverley, Goomalling and others. It also has a college for students that board that are from remote communities, Northam Residential College.

Private Education
Saint Josephs is a private Catholic school, with two campuses in Northam. It has approximately 600 students and teaches from Kindergarten to Year 12. The primary school campus, located on Lance Street, teaches students Kindergarten to Year 6. The high school campus, located on Wellington Street East, teaches students Year 7 to Year 12. This campus was opened in 1889 by the Sisters of Saint Joseph of the Apparition, while the Marist Brothers opened the Saint Pauls school in 1948 and 1971 before merging the schools together.

Tertiary Educaion
Northam has a TAFE campus, previously known as the C. Y. O'Connor Institute. It has since been merged with other regional TAFEs and trades under Central Regional TAFE.

Northam is also home to the Muresk Institute, one of Western Australia's leading tertiary educators for agriculture.

Sport
Association Football (Soccer) has been played in Northam since just after World War Two. Due to the many European immigrants living at the Holden Camp a league was formed comprising nine teams from Northam and one from Wundowie. Many of the teams were based on ethnicity such as: Italian; Dutch; Polish; Hungarian; Romanian; Yugoslav; Austrian; German and Bulgarian. In recent years, Northam United FC was a men's team whilst Northam Springfield FC is a children's football club in its tenth season (2021). Springfield play in the winter against their rivals Toodyay Junior Soccer Club.

Northam has some very committed sporting teams. Australian rules football is an obsession with many of the people of Western Australia. Northam has two teams that play in the Avon Football Association competition, Federals and Railways.

Field and indoor hockey, cricket, and netball also attract significant numbers of players and spectators. Individual sports such as tennis and cycling including BMX are also popular.

The BMX State Championships were held in Northam in 2003 with 3,000 competitors and spectators attending the event for over a week with Northam competitors showing their dominance in the sport in the state. Three local riders who participated in this event (Dale Reynolds - then ranked 3WA for 18 Men's, Chris Marris - then ranked 1WA for 18 Men's, and Kyle Martin - then ranked 4WA for 18 Men's) have subsequently completed cross country rides from Adelaide to Perth demonstrating the interest in cycling in Northam.

Steve Fossett became the first person to fly around the world alone, non-stop, in a hot air balloon when he launched from Northam on 19 June 2002, and returned to Australia on 3 July, landing in Queensland.

In July 2016 Russian adventurer and balloon pilot Fedor Konyukhov took off from Northam airfield to attempt a solo nonstop round the world balloon flight. He completed his circumnavigation, covering 33,521 km, in 11 days, 4 hours and 20 minutes, beating Fossett's record by 52 hours.

Between 1952 and 1956 several motor racing events were held using streets within the town. The first circuit used was on the south side of the Avon River, but this was considered too dangerous, so a new circuit was built in 1956 on the north side of the river.

Thoroughbred horse racing is held at Northam Racecourse by the Northam Race Club. The track held its first race in 1863 and has about 22 race meetings during the year.

The town is also home to harness racing and greyhound racing.

Events
The town of Northam is home to several iconic Western Australian events and activities.

The Avon Descent is an annual, two-day white water river race that begins in Northam, and travels 124 km down the Avon River, into the Swan River before finishing in Bayswater. It occurs each year in August, and allows both power craft and peddle craft.

The Northam Motorsport Festival occurs annually between the months of March and April and is the spiritual successor to the historical Northam Flying 50s event. It is a free event which incorporates three activities, the Mount Ommanney Hillclimb, the SCBC Motokhana and the iconic Northam Flying 50s, an event in which the main streets of Northam are used as a circuit in which classic cars may complete time trials and race. There also is a classic car show, and several other small promotions and specials put on by community members. The show attracts around 5,000 spectators annually.

The Northam Farmer's Show is held annually on a Friday and Saturday in mid-September. It is an agricultural show similar to others held in the area, such as the York Show and the Toodyay Show.

The Kep Ultra running race is held each year on the Western Australia Day long weekend in early June. The race starts in Northam and includes 100 km and 75 km events finishing at Mundaring Weir.

Military history
During World War I, Wilberforce, an area on the Spencers Brook to York Road was the area set up for the breeding and selection of horses to be transported to overseas theatres of war involving Australian horseman in particular the iconic 10th Light Horse Regiment.

Also in November 1920, an area at Noggojerrring was purchased by the Federal Government for £7,000. It was an area of 875 acres(350 hectares) of farming land and was located four miles (6.5 kilometres) north of Northam on the Northam - Pithara Road. Of that area, 860 acres (344 hectares) were cleared and divided into 11 paddocks. The property was well watered, and carried a wind mill, two dwellings, three sheds, and a stable. The Goomalling railway bisected it. The Federal Government's purpose was the settlement of tubercular soldiers. The place was christened Anzac Farm.

During World War II, Northam was the location of a number of important strategic military camps, depots and installations being the most concentrated of military activity areas in Western Australia. Due to its strategic geographical location and being close to water, the Goldfields Water Supply Scheme, close to strategic railway junction, as it was close to the coast but inland, Northam became an important military hub.

The installations, camps, and depots were some of those developed in the Wheatbelt during 1939–1945, located within the Shire of Northam, some of which still exist today.

 * Northam Army Camp including the 38th Camp Hospital, training and hospital
 * 6 Commonwealth Ammunition Depot (6CAD) to become 51 Supply Company, Springhill, ammunition storage
 * US Navy 7 Naval Ammunition Depot (7 NAD), Springhill, torpedo storage
 * RAAF No 10 Inland Aircraft Fuel Depot (RAAF 10IAFD), Burlong, aircraft fuel storage
 * Muresk Agricultural College, Muresk, intelligence
 * Australian Army 7th Supply Depot (7SD), Spencers Brook, food, clothing storage and distribution
 * RAAF No 6 Replenishment Centre, Muresk, ammunition storage
 * 118th Australian General Hospital (118 AGH), Northam, hospital, later to become 71 Camp Hospital
 * Werribee Army Camp, near Wundowie, transport and anti-tank
 * RAAF Meenaar, Meenaar, RAAF airstrip

Notable people
Northam is the birthplace of the following people:

 * Politics
 * Kim Edward Beazley (1917–2007), federal government minister
 * Ian Laurance (born 1940), state government minister
 * Carmen Lawrence (born 1948), state premier and federal government minister
 * Ken McIver (1928–1988), state government minister
 * Frederick Henry Piesse (1853–1912), state government minister
 * Ian Pratt (born 1937), state upper-house member
 * David Templeman (born 1965), state government minister

 * Sport
 * Arnold Byfield (1923–2015), first-class cricketer, WAFL and VFL footballer
 * Leon Davis (born 1981), AFL footballer
 * Bruce Duperouzel (born 1950), first-class cricketer, WAFL and VFL footballer
 * Cruize Garlett (born 1989), AFL footballer
 * Jasmin Stewart (born 1998), AFLW footballer

 * Darren Glass (born 1981), AFL footballer
 * Robbie Haddrill (born 1981), AFL footballer
 * Eric Glass (1910–1985), WAFL, VFL, and VFA footballer
 * Geoff Marsh (born 1958), Test cricketer
 * Ashley McGrath (born 1983), AFL footballer
 * Cory McGrath (born 1979), AFL footballer
 * Stephen Milosz (1955–2022), first-class cricketer
 * Harry Morgan (1889–1956), WAFL, VFL, and SANFL footballer
 * Emma O'Driscoll (born 2000), AFLW footballer
 * Nathan O'Driscoll (born 2002), AFL footballer
 * Alistair Smith (born 1990), AFL footballer
 * Brennan Stack (born 1988), AFL footballer
 * Bobby Hill (born 2000), AFL footballer
 * Sydney Stack (born 2000)- AFL footballer
 * Deven Robertson- (born 2001)- AFL footballer
 * Others
 * Ben Carlin (1912–1981), first to circumnavigate the world in an amphibious vehicle
 * Elizabeth Backhouse (1917–2013), novelist, scriptwriter and playwright
 * Kate Leeming, explorer, ultra-distance cyclist and Australian Real Tennis champion
 * Ragnar Garrett (1900–1977), Australian Army officer
 * Hugo Throssell (1884–1933), Victoria Cross recipient

title: Northam, Western Australia


text:
Northam

Northam or North Ham, may refer to:

People

 * Northam (surname)
 * Northam Warren (1878–1962), U.S. inventor

Places

 * Northam, Devon - a town in Devon, England, UK
 * Northam railway station (Devon)
 * Northam, South Africa - a small town in North West Province, South Africa
 * Northam, Southampton - A district of the city of Southampton, England, UK
 * Northam Bridge, River Itchen
 * Northam, Western Australia - a town and shire in Western Australia, Australia
 * Northam railway station, Western Australia
 * Northam Post Office
 * Town of Northam - a local government area
 * Shire of Northam - a shire
 * Electoral district of Northam
 * Northam Road, George Town, Penang, Malaysia

Other uses

 * Battle of Northam (1069), Northam, Devonshire, England, UK

title: Northam


text:
St. Joseph County

St. Joseph County is the name of two counties in the United States:

 * St. Joseph County, Indiana
 * St. Joseph County, Michigan

title: St. Joseph County


text:
Talk:Trinity Churchyard Cemetery

Information here jumbles together notes relevant to all three Trinity cemeteries, in a pointless duplication of entries that all belong with Trinity Church which should be Trinity Church, New York. Wetman 16:43, 18 Mar 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Trinity Churchyard Cemetery


text:
Trinity Church

Trinity Church may refer to:

Antarctica

 * Trinity Church (Antarctica)

Australia

 * Trinity Church Adelaide, South Australia
 * Trinity Church, Perth, Western Australia

Bulgaria

 * Trinity Church, Bansko

Canada

 * Little Trinity Anglican Church
 * Trinity Anglican Church (Cambridge, Ontario)
 * Trinity Anglican Church (Ottawa)
 * Trinity Evangelical Lutheran Church (Toronto)
 * Trinity-St. Paul's United Church
 * Trinity-St. Stephen's United Church
 * Trinity United Church (Peterborough, Ontario)

China

 * Trinity Church, Changsha
 * Trinity Church, Langzhong

Denmark

 * Trinitatis Church (Trinity Church), Copenhagen
 * Trinity Church, Esbjerg

Finland

 * Holy Trinity Church, Vaasa

France

 * Abbey of Sainte-Trinité, Caen
 * Sainte-Trinité, Paris

Georgia

 * Gergeti Trinity Church

Germany

 * Propsteikirche St. Trinitatis, Leipzig

Luxembourg

 * Trinity Church, Luxembourg

Norway

 * Trinity Church (Arendal) (Trefoldighetskirken)
 * Trinity Church (Oslo) (Trefoldighetskirken)

Peru

 * Trinitarian Church of Lima (Iglesia de las Trinitarias)

Russia

 * Trinity Church in Orekhovo-Borisovo, Moscow
 * Trinity Church (Novocherkassk), Rostov Oblast

Slovakia

 * Trinitarian Church of Bratislava (Trinity Church)

Sweden

 * Trinity Church, Halmstad (Trefaldighetskyrkan)
 * Trinity Church (Karlskrona) (Trefaldighetskyrkan)
 * Trinity Church, Kristianstad

Ukraine

 * Gate Church of the Trinity (Pechersk Lavra), Kyiv

United Kingdom

 * Trinity Church, Barrow-in-Furness, Cumbria
 * Trinity Church (Brentwood), Essex
 * Trinity Cheltenham
 * Trinity with Palm Grove Church, Claughton, Birkenhead, Merseyside
 * Trinity College Kirk, now dismantled Royal Collegiate Church in Edinburgh
 * Trinity Church, Wrexham

United States

 * Trinity Church (Nevada City), California
 * Trinity Church (Oakland, California)
 * Trinity Church (Brooklyn, Connecticut)
 * Trinity Church (Milton, Connecticut)
 * Trinity Church (Thomaston, Connecticut)
 * Trinity Church (Elkridge, Maryland)
 * Trinity Church (Boston), Massachusetts
 * Trinity Baptist Church (Concord, New Hampshire)
 * Trinity Church (Cornish, New Hampshire)
 * Trinity Church (Holderness, New Hampshire)
 * Trinity Church (Swedesboro, New Jersey)
 * Trinity Methodist Church (Beacon, New York)
 * Trinity Church (Constantia, New York)
 * Trinity Church (Elmira, New York)
 * Trinity Chapel Complex, Manhattan
 * Trinity Church (Manhattan)
 * Trinity Church Complex (Roslyn, New York)
 * Trinity Church (Warsaw, New York)
 * Trinity Methodist Church (Elizabethtown, North Carolina)
 * Trinity Episcopal Church (Scotland Neck, North Carolina)
 * Nast Trinity United Methodist Church, Cincinnati, Ohio
 * Old Trinity Church, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
 * Trinity Church (Newport, Rhode Island)
 * Trinity Church (Pawtucket, Rhode Island)
 * Trinity Church (Edisto Island, South Carolina)
 * Trinity Church (Mason, Tennessee)
 * Trinity Episcopal Church (Houston), Texas
 * Trinity Church (Beaverdam, Virginia)

title: Trinity Church


text:
M83

M83 or M-83 may refer to:

Astronomy

 * Messier 83, a spiral galaxy in the constellation Hydra
 * M83 Group, a group of galaxies centered around Messier 83

Military

 * M-83, a Soviet M-class submarine
 * M83 smoke grenade
 * M83 submunition, a US copy of the German Butterfly Bomb of World War II; used in the M29 cluster bomb

Music

 * M83 (band), an electronic band named after the galaxy of the same name
 * M83 (album), the debut album of the M83 music group

Roads and routes

 * M-83 (Michigan highway), a state highway in Michigan

title: M83


text:
Linger (The Cranberries song)

"Linger" is a song by Irish alternative rock band the Cranberries from their debut studio album, Everybody Else Is Doing It, So Why Can't We? (1993). Composed by band members Dolores O'Riordan and Noel Hogan, and produced by Stephen Street, "Linger" was first released as the second and final single from the album on 15 February 1993 by Island Records. It was later re-released on 31 January 1994.

"Linger", which has an acoustic arrangement featuring a string section, became the band's first major hit, peaking at number three in their native Ireland, number eight in the United States, and number 14 in the United Kingdom. The single remained on the US Billboard Hot 100 for 24 weeks and also peaked at number eleven on the Cash Box Top 100. Additionally, "Linger" was voted by Australian Triple J listeners as number three on the Triple J Hottest 100, 1993 chart. The accompanying music video was directed by Melodie McDaniel.

In 1990, "Linger" was released on a demo tape with "Dreams" in Ireland only in the middle of that year under their initial band name, the Cranberry Saw Us. In 2017, an acoustic, stripped-down version of "Linger" was released as the lead single from the band's seventh studio album, Something Else. "Linger" is written in the key of D major.

Background
When O'Riordan was auditioned as the lead singer for the band, she wrote the lyrics, turning it into a song of regret based on an experience with a 17-year-old soldier she once fell in love with. Drummer Fergal Lawler recalled the process in an interview, saying:

"It was a Sunday afternoon. She arrived with a keyboard under her arm, just set it up and played a few songs. We couldn't really hear her because she was singing through a guitar amp or something. I gave her a lift up to the bus stop and I was saying, 'Will we see you next week?' We gave her a tape of the music for 'Linger', which she took with her. The following week she came back, and she had lyrics written out and melodies and she sang along to what we were playing, and it was like, 'Oh, my God. She's great'."

In the documentary '99 Love Life & Rock 'n' Roll, O'Riordan says that the song is about her first serious kiss.

"Linger" has since become one of the band's most famous songs, though O'Riordan noted that the band did not expect the song to reach the level of commercial success that it did. In a 2012 interview, O'Riordan commented, "I remember when MTV first put 'Linger' in heavy rotation, every time I walked into a diner or a hotel lobby, it was like, 'Jesus, man, here I am again'. It was trippy, like Jacob's Ladder. I didn't even have to take drugs".

In an interview for NME, guitarist Noel Hogan said of the song:

"It's only really since Dolores passed away that I've grown a proper appreciation for songs like 'Linger' and 'Dreams'. They were just songs in the set list for us; everybody else was losing their mind about them. And when I listen to them now I realise how great they are for someone so young, which I never, ever appreciated until a year ago. We must have played it a gazillion times in our lives and it just becomes a part of the set, but it's different now. We're so lucky to have left that behind, to have that legacy."

Critical reception
Jason Elias of AllMusic described "Linger" as "a song of regret, epic in scope and sweeping", praising the instrumentation and O'Riordan's vocals: "While this isn't lyrically novel, the full-on emotionality of lead singer Dolores O'Riordan makes this stand out. Singing in a strong Irish brogue she comes off both needy and detached here. It's that emotion that powers this track". David Stubbs from Melody Maker commented, "Fragile, underwhelming acoustic thing with strings in which the girl, in prim, unsullied Irish vowels, pleads for her partner to put her out of her misery and end the relationship he's no longer interested in. Don't all rush to Virgin Megastore at once." Upon the 1994 re-release, the magazine's Caitlin Moran, concluded, "Good songs never disappear; they just keep getting released and re-released until you capitulate and buy the f***er." A reviewer from Music & Media wrote, "Currently on tour with the Hothouse Flowers, these fellow Irishmen deserve your attention. Don't hang round the bar, but move forwards to the stage to check out their alternative pop with shades of folk."

Martin Aston from Music Week rated it four out of five, adding that it "combines a gorgeous, melting vocal from Dolores with a delicate folky melody." Another Music Week editor, Alan Jones, deemed it a "delightful single", noting that "floating in on a breeze, it has a haunting, fragile quality and an almost country feel." Amanda Petrusich of The New Yorker described the song as "a hazy, sentimental song about realizing that you're on the bummer end of a lopsided relationship". Tony Cross from Smash Hits gave it five out of five, naming it Best New Single. He added, "Delores O'Riordan's voice comes straight from the chill out room and oils the song's creaky form into fabulous, delicious and delicate motion. Settle back into an old leather sofa for a long, long time and let it linger." "Linger" was ranked at number 86 on VH1's 100 Greatest Songs of the '90s.

Music video
The music video for "Linger", shot in black-and-white, was directed by American director Melodie McDaniel and based loosely on Jean-Luc Godard's 1965 science fiction noir film Alphaville—a "film that considers the potency of desire". In one of the rooms of the hotel, a silent film is being shown which features 1950s stripper Blaze Starr.

"Linger" received heavy rotation on MTV in 1993.

Track listings

 * UK 7-inch and cassette single
 * 1) "Linger" (album version) – 4:33
 * 2) "Reason" – 2:01

 * UK 12-inch and CD single
 * 1) "Linger" (single version) – 4:33
 * 2) "Reason" – 2:01
 * 3) "How" (Radical mix) – 2:56

 * US and Canadian CD single
 * 1) "Linger" – 4:34
 * 2) "Liar" – 2:21
 * 3) "Them" – 3:44
 * 4) "Reason" – 2:01

 * US cassette single
 * 1) "Linger" – 4:34
 * 2) "How" – 2:51

 * UK 7-inch and cassette single (1994)
 * 1) "Linger"
 * 2) "Pretty"

 * UK 10-inch EP (1994)
 * A1. "Linger" (live at The Record Plant, Hollywood)
 * A2. "I Still Do" (live at The Record Plant, Hollywood)
 * B1. "Waltzing Back" (live at The Record Plant, Hollywood)
 * B2. "Pretty" (live at The Record Plant, Hollywood)

 * UK CD single (1994)
 * 1) "Linger" (LP version) – 4:33
 * 2) "Pretty" – 2:16
 * 3) "Waltzing Back" (live at The Record Plant, Hollywood) – 4:01
 * 4) "Pretty" (live at The Record Plant, Hollywood) – 2:11

title: Linger (The Cranberries song)