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Alberta Liberal Party

The Alberta Liberal Party (Parti libéral de l'Alberta) is a provincial political party in Alberta, Canada. Founded in 1905, it is the oldest active political party in Alberta and was the dominant political party until the 1921 election, with the first three provincial Premiers being Liberals. Since 1921, it has formed the official opposition in the Legislative Assembly of Alberta several times, most recently from 1993 until 2012. Fourteen Liberals have served as Leader of the Opposition of Alberta.

The party was affiliated with the Liberal Party of Canada until 1976.

Early years
The Alberta Liberal Party was formed on September 1, 1905. The Liberals formed the government in Alberta for the first 16 years of the province's existence. Alexander C. Rutherford (1905–1910), Arthur L. Sifton (1910–1917) and Charles Stewart (1917–1921) led Liberal governments, until the party was swept from office in the 1921 election by the United Farmers of Alberta.

1921: Loss of power
When Premier Charles Stewart resigned as leader after his government's defeat at the hands of the United Farmers of Alberta in the 1921 election, John R. Boyle, a former Attorney-General, led the legislative caucus until he was appointed to the judiciary in 1924, and Charles R. Mitchell, also a former cabinet minister succeeded him. John C. Bowen acted in the interim until a party convention chose Joseph Tweed Shaw, a former independent left-wing M.P.

In the lead-up to the 1930 election, the party chose George H. Webster, M.L.A. for Calgary City. He resigned in favour of William R. Howson, who led the party energetically if unsuccessfully in 1935. After he was appointed to the provincial superior court in 1936, Edward Leslie Gray succeeded him.

Unity coalition
Discussions on a coalition of opposition forces began in the early thirties to put together a strong opposition to the United Farmers government. The Liberals refused to join when their fortunes were going up during the leadership William Howson. At the height of Liberal popularity they had managed to lure two United Farmers MLAs to sit in the Liberal caucus.

After the defeat of old line parties by Social Credit in the 1935 Alberta general election, the coalition idea picked up steam. Edward Gray, Liberal leader cautiously entered the party into the Unity Movement giving riding associations the opportunity to support Liberal candidates or Independent candidates.

The Alberta Liberals were tepid to support the Independent Citizens' Association led by John Percy Page. They wanted the Independents to remain independent and were against having a new party formed based on the coalition. The Liberals maintained the party organization by keeping the Constituency Associations and Party Executive Intact. After Gray resigned the leadership on April 19, 1941, to accept a patronage position the party did not officially replace him as leader until James Prowse in 1947.

The President of the Party who stood for election annually, became the official face of the party in all matters of party business. The party also kept a rump caucus from 1940 to 1944 that started out with one member and got to three by dissolution in 1944. The Liberals despite internal pressure to break with the coalition agreed not to run candidates in the 1944 election.

Cooperation with the Independents officially came to an end when the federal Camrose riding association passed a motion at a meeting in August 1945 calling on the executive of the provincial Liberal party to reorganize in all Alberta provincial constituencies free of alliances and arrangements with other parties.

The party held a meeting on January 7, 1946, to discuss proposals to participate in the 1948 Alberta general election.

Post-war
Prowse became the first true leader of the party in the post coalition era. He led the party from 1947 to 1958 leading to significant gains in popular votes and seats. He resigned the leadership to run for Mayor of Edmonton, and was succeeded by John Walter Grant MacEwan, M.L.A. for Calgary City. MacEwan was beset by problems entirely beyond his ability to control. The electoral ability of any opposition party leader became very chancy with the abolition of the STV electoral system used for Edmonton and Calgary cities.

The Manning government had successfully renewed and reinvigorated itself, and recovered much of the ground it had previously lost, while the recent Diefenbaker landslide made the Progressive Conservative Party seem a more attractive vehicle for the party's traditional supporters.

MacEwan was the first of many leaders who faced a problem similar to those of Liberals in Britain and other Western Canadian provinces. Ideologically, the party was being squeezed between traditional conservatism and social democracy. In a social sense, the party presented an older and more traditional image in comparison to the Alberta Progressive Conservatives, who, given the predominance of Social Credit, seemed fairly liberal. Almost inevitably, the Liberals were reduced to a single member, Michael Maccagno of Lac La Biche. MacEwan retired shortly after this disaster.

1960s
He was succeeded by David B. Hunter, then mayor of Athabasca, who campaigned aggressively on the creation of a publicly owned electrical power company, with strong environmentalist overtones. This likely limited any growth by the Alberta New Democrats in the 1963 election, and it established the party with a distinct image and identity separate from the Progressive Conservatives. However, it was internally divisive, and a number of candidates, including one of its two successful ones, repudiated the platform's main plank. Hunter himself was defeated personally in Athabasca. He did not resign until after he lost a later byelection, when he decided to run for Parliament (unsuccessfully).

Maccagno, who was leader of the minuscule opposition in the Legislature, served as interim leader, but did not regard himself as leadership material. In a convention which exposed the deep ideological fault lines within the party, Adrian Douglas Berry, a Calgary alderman, emerged as leader from a highly acrimonious contest. Internal dissensions continued, and late in 1966, Berry resigned under circumstances still not explained. As a provincial election could be expected within months, Maccagno became leader almost by default, and somewhat unwillingly led the party into the 1967 provincial election.

Maccagno was elected, the first Liberal leader since 1955 and the last until 1986 to achieve the feat and the party increased its representation from two to three seats. However, the party placed fourth in the popular vote. Peter Lougheed and the Progressive Conservatives presented the attraction of a modern, urban-based party which was decidedly more liberal than the Social Credit government. The Tories displaced the Liberals as the apparent alternative to the Socreds.

Shut out
The next four years were a bad time for the Liberals. The party placed very poorly in a byelection to replace a Liberal MLA who had died, and the party had lost its other two seats when Maccagno resigned to run in the 1968 federal election and then in November 1969, the last remaining Liberal MLA, Bill Dickie, crossed the floor to join Lougheed's Progressive Conservatives, who had rapidly established themselves as a credible government-in-waiting.

In 1969, the party chose a Calgary clergyman turned businessman, John T. Lowery, to succeed Maccagno. Lowery thought he saw some hope in an electoral arrangement with Social Credit, which he believed was showing signs of modernization and rejuvenation under Manning's successor, Harry Strom. He was likely encouraged in this by the two federal ministers from Alberta, Bud Olson and Pat Mahoney, both former Socreds. When word of negotiations to that effect came out, it became evident that any such proposal was deeply opposed by the core membership of both parties. Lowery resigned in the face of it.

The following year saw the provincial Liberals come very close to extinction. The party's political credibility had been steadily eroding, and with the negotiations with Social Credit, it was not immediately clear that it had any ideological purpose. There was much discussion of the party abandoning provincial politics altogether (there was only one organization at federal and provincial levels), and concentrating on federal politics, which looked a great deal more hopeful at the time than they did two years later.

It took a major act of will for the party to decide to soldier on as an independent force, which it did in repudiating Lowery, and deciding to contest the 1971 election, however hopeless the prospects might be. The party chose, almost by default, Robert Russell of St. Albert, a highly controversial figure who had been passed over twice, but who had a strong desire for the position, and who had strongly supported David Hunter's vision for the party.

The party suffered as bad a defeat as anyone could have expected in the 1971 election. It was shut out of the legislature altogether in an election that saw Social Credit defeated after 36 years in power at the hands of Lougheed's Progressive Conservatives.

It is widely argued that the provincial Liberals' popularity in Alberta was especially hurt during the federal government of Pierre Trudeau's Liberal Party of Canada between 1968 and 1984. Trudeau's policies were unpopular in western Canada and especially in Alberta, particularly official bilingualism, and the National Energy Program (NEP), which exacerbated feelings of western alienation. During this period, the provincial Liberal party suffered because of its connections with its federal cousins.

1986: Return to the legislature
The Liberals' fortunes improved in the late 1980s and they returned to the Alberta legislature in the 1986 election, when leader Nicholas Taylor led them to win 4 seats and 12% of the popular vote. Following the 1987 leadership review, a leadership contest was held in 1988.

The race was contested by Taylor, MLA, Sheldon Chumir, MLA, Grant Mitchell, and Edmonton Mayor Laurence Decore. Decore was elected leader of the party on a first ballot victory.

The Alberta Liberal Party ran one candidate in the 1989 Senate Election, Bill Code, who finished with 22.5% of the vote.

The party in the 1990s
In the 1993 election, the Liberals, under former Edmonton mayor Laurence Decore, enjoyed their greatest success since holding power when they swept Edmonton, winning a total of 32 seats, and collecting 39% of the popular vote. This enabled the party to displace the New Democrats to become the Official Opposition to the Progressive Conservative government of Ralph Klein.

Although Decore now led the second-largest opposition caucus in the province's history, the result was still seen as a disappointment to some prominent Liberals who felt the party had missed its best chance in over 70 years to form government. Under increasing pressure, Decore resigned the leadership in 1994. Four MLAs contested the race to succeed him: Edmonton McClung MLA Grant Mitchell, Fort McMurray MLA Adam Germain, Edmonton-Roper MLA Sine Chadi, and Calgary-Buffalo MLA Gary Dickson. After all the ballots had been counted, Mitchell was elected as party leader.

The party continued to hold its position as Official Opposition, but lost 10 seats in the 1997 election. With 18 seats in the Alberta legislature, Mitchell resigned as leader, and another race was declared.

The 1998 leadership race also saw four contestants: former Progressive Conservative cabinet minister Nancy MacBeth, Lethbridge East MLA Ken Nicol, Edmonton Meadowlark MLA Karen Leibovici, and Edmonton Riverview MLA Linda Sloan. MacBeth was elected on the first ballot.

The 2000s
In the 2001 election, MacBeth led a campaign which ended with only seven Liberal MLAs being elected. MacBeth also lost her own seat in the election.

In the days following the 2001 election, MacBeth resigned and Ken Nicol was acclaimed leader. Nicol led the party until 2004, when he ran for the federal Liberal Party of Canada in the Lethbridge riding. Edmonton Mill Woods MLA Don Massey briefly stood as interim leader until a leadership race was held.

On March 27, 2004, Kevin Taft was elected the new leader of the Alberta Liberal Party. In the 2004 provincial election, the Liberals more than doubled their seats to 16 and increased their share of the popular vote to 29%. More significantly, and to the surprise of most observers, the Liberals were able to win three seats in the traditionally conservative city of Calgary. Additionally, in June 2007, Craig Cheffins won in a by-election, making him the fourth Alberta Liberal MLA in Calgary.

The provincial election of March 3, 2008, proved to be another setback for the party. Going up against rookie Premier Ed Stelmach, the Alberta Liberals had high hopes of increasing their seat count dramatically, particularly with the supposed discontent with the Tories in Calgary. However, the result was humbling for the Alberta Liberals. The party ended with only nine seats, down from 16 when the election was called. The party's power based in Edmonton was hit especially hard, with eight seats won in 2004 going Conservative. On June 26, 2008, Taft announce his intention to resign as leader. Dr. David Swann was elected as the new Liberal leader on December 13, 2008, defeating two other contenders on the first ballot.

After serving as leader for three years on February 1, 2011, Swann announced his resignation as leader. The 2011 leadership election saw another doctor, Dr. Raj Sherman, win the leadership of the party, who then went on to lead the party into the 2012 general election.

Recent history
In the 2012 general election, the Liberals dropped from eight seats in the legislature to five. It was the third party in the legislature. Sherman announced his resignation as leader on January 26, 2015, effective immediately. Calgary-Mountain View MLA and former leader David Swann was named interim leader on February 1, 2015, chosen over Edmonton-Centre MLA Laurie Blakeman in a vote by the party's board of directors.

Although still interim leader, Swann led the party into the 2015 provincial election in which the Alberta New Democratic Party swept to power with a majority government, defeating the Progressive Conservatives after 44 years. The Liberal Party was reduced from 5 seats to 1; Swann became the party's sole MLA.

In the leadership election of 2017, lawyer and former Calgary-Buffalo candidate David Khan received 54.8% of the votes, defeating one rival to become the permanent Liberal leader, under controversial circumstances. Under his leadership, the Liberals were shut out of the legislature in the 2019 provincial election for the first time since 1982 and experienced their worst results since 1971. Khan resigned from the leadership on November 22, 2020.

On March 6, 2021, John Roggeveen was selected by the board of directors as the interim leader.

The August 12, 2022 deadline for nominations for the party's leadership election passed with no candidates signing up to run for the position.

On December 8, 2022, Roggeveen was appointed the permanent leader of the party.

In the 2023 general election, the Liberals got its lowest vote record in its history with just 0.24%.

Ideology
The Alberta Liberal Party has a long heritage of adhering to liberalism, in both the classical sense and in terms of modern liberalism (see social liberalism). The party is a centrist party that is focused on creating the conditions for a strong economy, social progressiveness, and safeguarding the environment.

Party policies
Economic policy:
 * Reduce post-secondary tuition fees by a third, eliminate mandatory non-instructional fees, and move to a grant-based system versus student loans for financial aid
 * Implement progressive taxation
 * Opening government contracts to a bidding process that is accessible to the public with disclosure of all government contracts over $10,000
 * Investing in a high-speed rail and other infrastructure connecting Edmonton, Red Deer, and Calgary

Social policy:
 * Investing in community, school-based hubs across Alberta that tie the health, educational, and social needs of communities
 * Eliminate subsidies to private schools and roll some schools into the public systems
 * Not providing resources to enforce cannabis laws in cases of small amounts of possession
 * Sustainable and substantially increased funding for Legal Aid Alberta
 * Implementing a $10 a day learn through play program throughout Alberta

Environmental policy:
 * Elimination of the use of coal as an energy source for electricity in Alberta
 * Support of the Experimental Lakes Area
 * Implementing a carbon tax

title: Alberta Liberal Party


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Baron Sandys

Baron Sandys is a title that has been created three times, once in the Peerage of England, once in the Peerage of Great Britain and once in the Peerage of the United Kingdom.

The first creation, as Baron Sandys, of The Vyne, in Hampshire, was in the Peerage of England in 1523 for William Sandys, the favourite of King Henry VIII. It passed through several generations of his descendants until it fell into abeyance circa 1683 at the death of the eighth Baron, in which state it has remained since.

The second creation, as Baron Sandys, of Ombersley in the County of Worcester, was in the Peerage of Great Britain in 1743 for Samuel Sandys, the former Chancellor of the Exchequer. This title became extinct on the death of his son Edwin, the second Baron, in 1797. The family estates were inherited by Edwin's niece Mary Hill, Marchioness of Downshire, widow of Arthur Hill, 2nd Marquess of Downshire.

The third creation, again as Baron Sandys, of Ombersley in the County of Worcester, was in the Peerage of the United Kingdom in 1802 for Mary Hill, Marchioness of Downshire, widow of Arthur Hill, 2nd Marquess of Downshire.

The barony was created with remainder to her younger sons Lord Arthur Moyses William Hill, Lord Marcus Hill, Lord Augustus Hill and Lord George Hill successively, and failing them to her eldest son Arthur Blundell Hill, 3rd Marquess of Downshire.

She was succeeded according to the special remainder by her second son Lord Arthur Moyses William, the second Baron. He was a Lieutenant-General in the Army and also represented County Down in the House of Commons. He never married and was succeeded by his next brother, the third Baron. He sat as Member of Parliament for Newry and Evesham. In 1861 Lord Sandys assumed by Royal licence the surname of Sandys in lieu of Hill. This line of the family failed on the death of his younger son, the fifth Baron, in 1904. The late Baron was succeeded by his second cousin once removed, the sixth Baron. He was the grandson of Lord George Hill, the fifth son of the first Baroness.

The sixth baron's son, the seventh Baron, succeeded in 1961. Lord Sandys notably served as Captain of the Yeomen of the Guard between 1979 and 1983 in the Conservative administration of Margaret Thatcher. However, he lost his seat in the House of Lords after the passing of the House of Lords Act 1999. He died on 11 February 2013 and was succeeded in the peerage, under the terms of the special remainder, by the ninth Marquess of Downshire.

The family seat is Ombersley Court in Ombersley near Droitwich in Worcestershire. The house has been up for sale since the death of the previous Lord Sandys. The traditional burial place of the family is the Sandys Mausoleum in the churchyard of St Andrew, Ombersley. When St Andrew's Church was built in its current form between 1825 and 1829, the chancel of the old church was adapted for use as a mausoleum for the Sandys family, who were lords of the manor.

Barons Sandys, of The Vyne, in Hampshire, first creation (1523)

 * William Sandys, 1st Baron Sandys (c. 1470–1540) – first summoned to parliament 3 November 1529.
 * Thomas Sandys, 2nd Baron Sandys (d. 1560) — first summoned to parliament 14 June 1543,
 * William Sandys, 3rd Baron Sandys (d. 1623) — first summoned to parliament 8 May 1572.
 * William Sandys, 4th Baron Sandys (d. 1629) — never summoned to parliament.
 * Henry Sandys, 5th Baron Sandys (d. 1644) — because of the English Civil War never summoned to parliament.
 * William Sandys, 6th Baron Sandys (c. 1626–1668) — first summoned to parliament 8 May 1661.
 * Henry Sandys, 7th Baron Sandys (d. c.1680) — first summoned to parliament 6 March 1679.
 * Edwin Sandys, 8th Baron Sandys (d. before 1700) — never summoned to parliament.

Barons Sandys, second creation (1743)

 * Samuel Sandys, 1st Baron Sandys (1695–1770)
 * Edwin Sandys, 2nd Baron Sandys (1726–1797)

Barons Sandys, third creation (1802)

 * Mary Hill, Marchioness of Downshire, 1st Baroness Sandys (1764–1836)
 * Arthur Moyses William Hill, 2nd Baron Sandys (1793–1860)
 * (Arthur) Marcus Cecil Sandys, 3rd Baron Sandys (1798–1863)
 * Augustus Frederick Arthur Sandys, 4th Baron Sandys (1840–1904)
 * Michael Edwin Marcus Sandys, 5th Baron Sandys (1855–1948)
 * Arthur Fitzgerald Sandys Hill, 6th Baron Sandys (1876–1961)
 * Richard Michael Oliver Hill, 7th Baron Sandys (1931–2013)
 * Arthur Francis Nicholas Wills Hill, 8th Baron Sandys, 9th Marquess of Downshire (b. 1959)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Baron Sandys


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Eduard Kukan

Eduard Kukan (26 December 1939 – 10 February 2022) was a Slovakian politician who served as Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1998 to 2006. He was a candidate in the presidential election held on 3 April 2004, and although pre-election polls had suggested he would come first, he actually came in third behind the eventual President Ivan Gašparovič and former prime minister Vladimír Mečiar, thus preventing him from contesting the run-off. He was elected Member of the European Parliament (MEP) in 2009, a position he held until 2019.

In 1999, Kukan was appointed United Nations Special Envoy on Kosovo by UN Secretary General Kofi Annan, a role he held alongside Carl Bildt.

Early life and education
Kukan graduated from The Moscow State Institute of International Relations in 1964, where he also gained a strong knowledge of the Swahili language. After graduation he received a Doctorate in Law from the Faculty of Law of the Charles University in Prague.

Diplomatic career
Since then his employments have included:

 * Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Czechoslovakia in Prague (began on 1 August 1964)
 * Headquarters in the Department of Sub-Saharan Africa (1964–1968)
 * Secretariat of the Minister (1973–1977)
 * Director of the Department of Sub-Saharan Africa (1981–1985)
 * Director of the Department of Latin America (1988–1990)
 * Czechoslovak Embassy in Lusaka (1968–1973)
 * Czechoslovak Embassy in Washington as Minister-Counsellor and Deputy Ambassador (1977–1981)
 * Czechoslovak Embassy in Addis Ababa as Ambassador (1985–1988)
 * Permanent Representative of Czechoslovakia to the United Nations in New York (1991)
 * Permanent Representative of Slovakia to the UN (1993)
 * UN Chairman of the Committee for Social, Humanitarian, and Cultural Affairs
 * Special Envoy for the Balkans (1991–2001)
 * Minister of Foreign Affairs of Slovakia (March 1994 – December 1994)
 * Minister of Foreign Affairs of Slovakia (October 1998 – 2006)
 * Special Envoy for the Balkans (1991–2001)

Member of the European Parliament, 2009–2019
Kukan has been a Member of the European Parliament since the 2009 European elections. In the election campaign, he led the list of candidates of the centre-right Slovak Democratic and Christian Union (SDKÚ).

Kukan has since been serving on the Committee on Foreign Affairs. In addition, he was a member of the Subcommittee on Human Rights between 2009 and 2014. In 2014, he moved to the Subcommittee on Security and Defence.

In 2010, Kukan joined the Friends of the EEAS, an unofficial and independent pressure group formed because of concerns that the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy Catherine Ashton was not paying sufficient attention to the Parliament and was sharing too little information on the formation of the European External Action Service.

Kukan led the parliament's monitoring mission during the Ugandan general elections in 2016.

Other activities

 * Global Panel Foundation, Member of the Board of Advisors
 * He was a teacher at the Comenius University in Bratislava, Faculty of Law, Department of International Law and International Relations.

Personal life and death
Kukan was married and had two adult children. In addition to his native tongue and Swahili, he spoke English, Russian, and Spanish. In 1993, he was awarded an honorary law degree by the Upsala College in New Jersey.

He died from a heart attack in Bratislava on 9 February 2022, at the age of 82.

title: Eduard Kukan


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Goldendoodle

The Goldendoodle is a designer dog created by crossbreeding a Golden Retriever and a Poodle. First widely bred in the 1990s, they are bred in three different sizes—each corresponding to the size of Poodle used as a parent.

Goldendoodles often demonstrate Golden Retrievers' intuitive and human-oriented nature in addition to the intelligent personality and "allergy-friendly" coat of a Poodle.

History
In the 1990s, designer dog breeders in Australia and the United States (Ryan Harvey) started to widely cross Golden Retrievers and Poodles, adopting the term goldendoodle to describe the cross. The name doodle is also used to describe this crossbreed. The name goldendoodle is derived from "golden" (from Golden Retriever) and "Labradoodle" (itself a portmanteau of Labrador Retriever and a Poodle). Deliberately breeding Poodles with Golden Retrievers actually preceded the 1990s. An example of this was done by Monica Dickens, the great-granddaughter of Charles Dickens, who crossed the two breeds in 1969. The cross can result in a healthier animal than both parent breeds.

The original aim of the goldendoodle's breeders was to produce an alternative to the popular labradoodle. Initially goldendoodles were only bred from standard-sized Poodles, but designer breeders also started using small varieties of Poodles to create a smaller crossbreed. As they are a crossbreed, they are not recognized by the AKC, FCI or British Kennel Clubs. Goldendoodles have been developed beyond the F1 (Golden Retriever crossed with a Poodle) and are now available in deeper generations created by crossing two goldendoodles. These are called multigenerational or multigen goldendoodles.

Appearance
The appearance, size, and coat of goldendoodles can vary considerably according to their breeding generations and what type of Poodle parents they have. While some goldendoodles share common traits, each goldendoodle might have its own unique appearance and temperament. In general, goldendoodles have round skulls, broad muzzles, heavily feathered tail, drop ears, and oval-shaped eyes. Goldendoodles' retriever parentage makes their body long and muscular, and likely to have a deep chest and wide stance.

The goldendoodle can be bred from any one of the Standard, Miniature or Toy-sized Poodles, the resultant offspring coming in several sizes: the standard, medium and miniature goldendoodles. The standard goldendoodle typically stands 20 to 25 in and weighs 51 to 80 lb, the medium goldendoodle typically stands 17 to 20 in and weighs 36 to 50 lb, and the miniature goldendoodle typically stands up to 20 in and weighs 15 to 35 lb

The goldendoodle is a long-haired dog breed and their coat can vary considerably, there are three main coat types: straight, wavy and curly. Wavy coated goldendoodles are a combination of the Poodle's curly coat and the Golden Retriever's straight coat. Their coat is wavy, with loose, shaggy curls. This type of coat is the most common amongst goldendoodles. Curly coated goldendoodles resemble the coat of a Poodle. Their coat is thick and curly. Goldendoodle coats come in varying colors, with the most common colors being cream, red, black, gold, apricot, brown, or a combination (parti-colored).

Goldendoodles are often claimed to be 'hypoallergenic' or 'non-shedding'. However research has shown that hypoallergenicity can not be an official dog breed characteristic. AKC also asserts that "there is no such thing as a completely hypoallergenic dog".

It used to be thought that the higher the percentage of Poodle is in a goldendoodle's heritage, the less likely it is to shed. It was also thought that curlier coated goldendoodles tend to shed lighter and produce less dander.

Behavior
In general, goldendoodles tend to take on a Golden Retriever’s friendly, affectionate, trustworthy and enthusiastic nature, whilst also demonstrating a Poodle’s reputable intelligence, sociability and trainability. Goldendoodles predominantly exhibit high levels of energy, loyalty and playfulness; they are often friendly with children and considered a good family pet. This friendliness and loyalty, however, means they are prone to separation anxiety, especially as puppies. The crossbreed often exhibits strong retriever instincts inherited from its gundog parent breeds, which make them have an active mouth and high tendency to retrieve objects.

A 2019 behavioural study compared goldendoodles to their parent breeds: on average, goldendoodles displayed greater dog-rivalry, dog-directed aggression and fear, and stranger-directed fear than purebred Golden Retrievers or Poodles.

Health
Goldendoodles may avoid inheriting disease or health issues from parents, but may alternatively be susceptible to more health issues if the parents are unhealthy to begin with.

The goldendoodle has a predilection to megaesophagus.

Popularity and uses
Primarily bred as companion dogs, goldendoodles have been successfully trained as therapy dogs, guide dogs, nut-detection dogs detecting nuts in food for people with nut allergies, and other forms of assistance dogs.

In some regions of the United States it has become one of the most popular dog varieties. In Australia, it was named one of the top twenty most popular dog varieties in 2020 where, due to the increased demand for pets during the COVID-19 pandemic, prices for a puppy have risen from around $3,500 AUD pre-pandemic, to as much as $15,000 AUD by September 2020.

In a 2012 charity auction, American musician Usher paid US$12,000 for a goldendoodle puppy.

Despite their growing popularity, goldendoodles remain unrecognized by prominent canine organizations such as the American Kennel Club (AKC) or British Kennel Clubs due to their hybrid status.

title: Goldendoodle


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User talk:Msg:protected

Only Administrators can protect articles. Please stop putting that message on articles that are not protected. It may be considered vandalism. Dori | Talk 20:11, Feb 22, 2004 (UTC)

Please change your username. It is misleading, because it is very similar to " ". Thanks. Guanaco 20:29, 15 Aug 2004 (UTC)

''Note that if a page is protected for neutrality or accuracy disputes, such a disclaimer should always be added. Just because the first person to challenge a page's neutrality or accuracy can't do so within polite protocol, doesn't mean that the dispute can be ignored or sidestepped. Sometimes, just the acknowledgement that the dispute is taken seriously cools things down, and lets the more aggressive editor think through their objections.''

 * This is not how these tags should be used. Please stop adding this to the protection policy without any attempt to explain why. Angela. 22:28, Aug 18, 2004 (UTC)

Please could I add my voice to those asking you to pick a new username. You are not compelled to do so, but there are various why it would be helpful. See also Username. Pcb21| Pete 23:27, 18 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Hey, as with the users above, I'd like to urge you to change your username. Andre ( talk )A| 23:26, Dec 15, 2004 (UTC)

Contrary to the users above, I support your continued usage of your current username. Confusion can be dealt with if and when it occurs. --Node 07:28, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Please change your username -- it is sufficiently confusing that the community may eventually force a change for the good of the community (the name will be seen by many as intended to confuse new users). Changing it voluntarily would be much better, I think. I hope you do too. Jwrosenzweig 23:24, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Msg:protected


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Timeline of Haitian history

This is a timeline of Haitian history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political events in Haiti and its predecessor states. To read about the background to these events, see History of Haiti. See also the list of heads of state of Haïti.

title: Timeline of Haitian history


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Secret treaty

A secret treaty is a treaty (international agreement) in which the contracting state parties have agreed to conceal the treaty's existence or substance from other states and the public. Such a commitment to keep the agreement secret may be contained in the instrument itself or in a separate agreement.

According to one compilation of secret treaties published in 2004, there have been 593 secret treaties negotiated by 110 countries and independent political entities since the year 1521. Secret treaties were highly important in the balance of power diplomacy of 18th and 19th century Europe, but are rare today.

Secret treaties have been prevalent in authoritarian states where rulers use the treaties to suppress domestic opposition and unrest.

History
The "elaborate alliance systems" among European powers, "each secured by a network of secret treaties, financial arrangements, and 'military understandings, are commonly cited as one of the causes of World War I. For example, the Reinsurance Treaty of June 1887 between Germany and Russia, which was negotiated by German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck for Germany to avoid a two-front war, was a "highly secret treaty" in which the two powers pledged a three-year period to remain neutral if the other became involved in a war with a third country unless Germany attacked Russia's longstanding ally, France, or Russia attacked Germany's longstanding ally, Austria-Hungary.

The use of "secret agreements and undertakings between several allies or between one state and another" continued throughout World War I. Some of them were irreconcilably inconsistent, "leaving a bitter legacy of dispute" at the end of the war. Some important secret treaties of the era include the one for the German–Ottoman alliance, which was concluded in Constantinople on August 2, 1914. That treaty provided that Germany and Turkey would remain neutral in the conflict between Austria-Hungary and Serbia, but if Russia intervened "with active military measures", both countries would become military allies. Another important secret treaty was the Treaty of London, concluded on April 26, 1915, in which Italy was promised certain territorial concessions in exchange for joining the war on the Triple Entente (Allied) side. Another secret treaty was the Treaty of Bucharest, concluded between Romania and the Triple Entente powers (Britain, France, Italy, and Russia) on August 17, 1916 in which Romania pledged to attack Austria-Hungary and not to seek a separate peace in exchange for certain territorial gains. Article 16 of that treaty provided, "The present arrangement shall be held secret."

Early efforts at reform
After the outbreak of World War I, public opinion in many countries demanded more open diplomacy. After the October Revolution brought the Bolsheviks to power in Russia in November 1917, Leon Trotsky published the secret treaties that the Tsarist government had made with the Entente powers, including the Treaty of London and the Constantinople Agreement. He proposed the abolition of secret diplomacy. That move caused international embarrassment and "a strong, sustained reaction against secret diplomacy".

US President Woodrow Wilson was an opponent of secret diplomacy and viewed it as a threat to peace. He made the abolition of secret diplomacy the first point of his Fourteen Points, set forth in a speech to Congress, on January 8, 1918, after the country had entered the war. Wilson "dissociated the United States from the Allies' earlier secret commitments and sought to abolish them forever once the war had been won". The Fourteen Points were based on a draft paper prepared by Walter Lippmann and his colleagues on the Inquiry, Isaiah Bowman, Sidney Mezes, and David Hunter Miller. Lippmann's draft was a direct response to the secret treaties, which Lippman had been shown by Secretary of War Newton D. Baker. Lippman's task was "to take the secret treaties, analyze the parts which were tolerable, and separate them from those which we regarded as intolerable, and then develop a position which conceded as much to the Allies as it could, but took away the poison. ... It was all keyed upon the secret treaties. That's what decided what went into the Fourteen Points."

Wilson repeated his Fourteen Points at the Paris Peace Conference, where he proposed a commitment to "open covenants ... openly arrived at" and the elimination of "private international understandings of any kind [so that] diplomacy shall proceed always frankly and in the public view". The Wilsonian position was codified in Article 18 of the Covenant of the League of Nations, which mandated that all League of Nations members states register every treaty or international agreement with the League secretariat and that no treaty was binding unless so registered. That led to the rise of the treaty registration system "although not every treaty that would have been subject to registration was duly registered".

League of Nations era
In 1935, Italy was determined to annex Abyssinia (now Ethiopia), and the League attempted to moderate between the two countries with little success. In December 1935, British Foreign Secretary Samuel Hoare made a secret plan with French Prime Minister Pierre Laval outside of the League of Nations and concluded the Hoare–Laval Pact to give away most of Abyssinia to Italy. Two months later, news leaked out about the Hoare–Laval Pact, and Hoare resigned from the Cabinet amid public opposition to appeasement. The episode severely damaged the reputation of the League, which showed that it could not serve as an effective channel for the adjudication of international disputes.

One of the most infamous secret treaties in history was the Additional Secret Protocol to the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 23, 1939 between the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany, which was negotiated by Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov and German Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop. The pact itself, a ten-year non-aggression agreement, was public, but the Additional Secret Protocol, superseded by a similar secret protocol, the German-Soviet Frontier Treaty, the next month, carved up spheres of influence in Eastern Europe between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union and placed Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Bessarabia (part of Romania), and eastern Poland in the Soviet sphere and western Poland and Lithuania in the German sphere. The existence of the secret protocol was not confirmed until 1989. When it became public, it caused outrage in the Baltic states although they had suspected its existence.

The percentages agreement was a secret pact between Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill during the Fourth Moscow Conference in October 1944 on how to divide various European countries among the leaders' respective spheres of influence. The agreement was officially made public by Churchill twelve years later in the final volume of his memoir of the Second World War.

Decline in modern times
After World War II, the registration system that had begun with the League of Nations was continued through the United Nations. Article 102 of the Charter of the United Nations, based on Article 18 of the Covenant of the League of Nations, provides that:

"# Every treaty and every international agreement entered into by any Member of the United Nations after the present Charter comes into force shall as soon as possible be registered with the Secretariat and published by it.''
 * 1) No party to any such treaty or international agreement which has not been registered in accordance with the provisions of paragraph 1 of this Article may invoke that treaty or agreement before any organ of the United Nations."

Similarly, Article 80 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (which entered into force in 1980) requires a party to the convention to register any treaty to which it is a party once the treaty enters into force. However, neither Article 102 of the UN Charter nor Article 80 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties has preserved the latter part of Article 18 of the Covenant of the League of Nations. Consequently, failure to register a treaty "as soon as possible" is a violation of the Charter and Convention, but does not render the treaty invalid or ineffective.

Over the years, the UN has developed an extensive treaty-registration system, detailed in its Repertory of Practice and Treaty Handbook. From December 1946 through July 2013, the United Nations Secretariat recorded over 200,000 treaties published in the United Nations Treaty Series pursuant to Article 102 of the UN Charter. Still, today "a substantial number of treaties are not registered, mainly due to practical reasons, such as the administrative or ephemeral charter of some treaties". Non-registered treaties are not necessarily secret, since such treaties are often published elsewhere.

Some true secret treaties still exist, however, mostly in the context of agreements to establish foreign military bases. For example, after the 1960 Security Treaty between the U.S. and Japan, the two nations entered into three agreements that (according to an expert panel convened by the Japanese Foreign Ministry) could be defined as secret treaties, at least in a broad sense. These agreements involved the transit and storage of nuclear weapons by U.S. forces in Japan despite Japan's formal non-nuclear weapons policy. Prior to their public release in 2010, the Japanese government had gone so far as convicting journalist Nishiyama Takichi, who tried to expose one treaty, for espionage. Operation Condor was a secret treaty between the US and five South American nations to coordinate counter-insurgency and "dirty war" against communist rebels and other leftists in Latin America.

According to Dörr & Schmalenbach's commentary on the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, "the fact that today secret treaties do not play an essential role is less a result of [Article 102 of the UN Charter] than of an overall change in the conduct of international relations".

According to Charles Lipson:

"there are powerful reasons why secret treaties are rare today. The first and most fundamental is the rise of democratic states with principles of public accountability and some powers of legislative oversight. Secret treaties are difficult to reconcile with these democratic procedures. The second reason is that ever since the United States entered World War I, it has opposed secret agreements as a matter of basic principle and has enshrined its position in the peace settlements of both world wars.

The decline of centralized foreign policy institutions, which worked closely with a handful of political leaders, sharply limits the uses of secret treaties. Foreign ministries no longer hold the same powers to commit states to alliances, to shift those alliance, to divide conquered territory, and to hide such critical commitments from public view. The discretionary powers of a Bismark or Metternich have no equivalent in modern Western states."

With private international understandings "virtually eliminated" among democratic states, informal agreements "live on as their closest modern substitutes".

Secrecy of international negotiations
Secret treaties (in which the agreement itself is secret) are distinct from secret negotiations (in which the ongoing negotiations are confidential, but the final agreement is public). Colin Warbrick writes that in Britain, "the prerogative power to negotiate and conclude treaties puts the government in a powerful position. It does not need to seek a negotiating mandate from Parliament and can keep its positions confidential until the conclusion of negotiations." The traditional rule in favor of secrecy of negotiations is in tension with values of transparency: Anne Peters writes that "the growing significance of multilateral treaties as global ... instruments invites a readjustment of the relative weight accorded to the values of discreteness and confidentiality of diplomatic treaty negotiations ... on one hand, and the interests of third parties and the global public on the other hand." The secrecy of negotiations for free trade agreements such as the Trans-Pacific Partnership and the Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement have been politically controversial, with some commentators favoring greater transparency and others emphasizing the need for confidentiality.

title: Secret treaty


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Baron Ellenborough

Baron Ellenborough, of Ellenborough in the County of Cumberland, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created on 19 April 1802 for the lawyer, judge and politician Sir Edward Law, Lord Chief Justice of the King's Bench from 1802 to 1818. His son, the second Baron, notably served as Governor-General of India. On 22 October 1844 the second Baron was created Viscount Southam, of Southam in the County of Gloucester, and Earl of Ellenborough, in the County of Cumberland. These titles were also in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. His only son predeceased him and on his death in 1871 the viscountcy and earldom became extinct.

However, he was succeeded in the barony by his nephew, the third Baron. He was the son of the Hon. Charles Law, Member of Parliament for Cambridge University, second son of the first Baron. In 1885 he assumed by Royal licence the additional surname of Towry (which was that of his father's mother). On the death of his son, the fourth Baron, this line of the family failed. He was succeeded by his cousin, the fifth Baron. When he died the title passed to his younger brother, the sixth Baron. the title is held by the latter's great-grandson, the ninth Baron, who succeeded his father in 2013.

Baron Ellenborough (1802)

 * Edward Law, 1st Baron Ellenborough (1750–1818)
 * Edward Law, 2nd Baron Ellenborough (1790–1871) (created Earl of Ellenborough in 1844)

Earl of Ellenborough (1844)

 * Edward Law, 1st Earl of Ellenborough (1790–1871)

Baron Ellenborough (1802; reverted)

 * Charles Edmund Towry-Law, 3rd Baron Ellenborough (1820–1890)
 * Charles Towry Hamilton Towry-Law, 4th Baron Ellenborough (1856–1902)
 * Edward Downes Law, 5th Baron Ellenborough (1841–1915)
 * Cecil Henry Law, 6th Baron Ellenborough (1849–1931)
 * Henry Astell Law, 7th Baron Ellenborough (1889–1945)
 * Richard Edward Cecil Law, 8th Baron Ellenborough (1926–2013)
 * Rupert Edward Henry Law, 9th Baron Ellenborough (born 1955)

The heir apparent is the present holder's son, the Hon. James Rupert Thomas Law (born 1983). The heir apparent's heir apparent is his son, Edward Thomas Carmichael Law (born 2020).

Line of succession

 * [[Image:Coronet of a British Baron.svg|15px]] Edward Law, 1st Baron Ellenborough (1750–1818)
 * [[Image:Coronet of a British Earl.svg|15px]] Edward Law, 1st Earl of Ellenborough (1790–1871)
 * Hon. Charles Ewan Law (1792–1850)
 * [[Image:Coronet of a British Baron.svg|15px]] Charles Edmund Towry-Law, 3rd Baron Ellenborough (1820–1890)
 * [[Image:Coronet of a British Baron.svg|15px]] Charles Towry Hamilton Towry-Law, 4th Baron Ellenborough (1856–1902)
 * Hon. Henry Spencer Law (1802–1885)
 * [[Image:Coronet of a British Baron.svg|15px]] Edward Downes Towry-Law, 5th Baron Ellenborough (1841–1915)
 * [[Image:Coronet of a British Baron.svg|15px]] Cecil Henry Towry-Law, 6th Baron Ellenborough (1849–1931)
 * [[Image:Coronet of a British Baron.svg|15px]] Henry Astell Law, 7th Baron Ellenborough (1889–1945)
 * [[Image:Coronet of a British Baron.svg|15px]] Richard Edward Cecil Law, 8th Baron Ellenborough (1926–2013)
 * [[Image:Coronet of a British Baron.svg|15px]] Rupert Edward Henry Law, 9th Baron Ellenborough (born 1955)
 * (1) Hon. James Rupert Thomas Law (born 1983)
 * (2) Edward Thomas Carmichael Law (born 2020)
 * (3) Hon. Frederick George Towry Gray Law (born 1990)
 * (4) Hon. Edmund Ivor Cecil Law (born 1956)
 * (5) David Christopher Law (born 1984)
 * (6) John Christian Law (born 1986)
 * (7) Hon. Charles Adrian Christian Towry Law (born 1960)
 * Hon. Cecil Towry Henry Law (1931–2005)
 * (8) Edward Henry Towry Law (born 1971)
 * Hon. William Towry Law (1809–1886)
 * Thomas Graves Law (1836–1904)
 * Henry Duncan Graves Law (1883–1964)
 * Richard Graham Law (1918–2009)
 * (9) Nigel Graham Law (born 1949)
 * (10) David Jocelyn Wright Law (born 1950)
 * (11) Alexander Tasman Law (born 1987)
 * (12) Christopher Law (born 1921)
 * (13) Jonathan Law (born 1958)
 * (14) Ian Graham Law (born 1961)
 * (15) Duncan Graham Law (born 1989)
 * (16) Thomas Henry Law (born 1993)
 * (17) Michael Haldane Law (born 1925)
 * (18) Richard Anthony Law (born 1955)
 * (19) Peter Andrew Law (born 1958)
 * (20) John Martin Law (born 1961)
 * (21) Stephen Francis Law (born 1966)
 * Cdr. Frederick Charles Law (1841–1922)
 * William Victor Law (1880–1867)
 * Frederick Henry Law (1912–1986)
 * (22) Stephen Frederick Law (born 1943)
 * (23) Adrian Crawford Law (born 1979)

title: Baron Ellenborough


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject United States regions/ Official Region Article Prototype

This is part of a WikiProject, WikiProject U.S. Regions This page is intended to become the ideal or example article for a Census Region, please feel free to contribute to it.

The U.S. Northeast is a region of the United States of America defined by the US Census Bureau. The Northeast is bordered to the north by Canada, to the west by the Midwest, to the south by the South, and to the east by the Atlantic Ocean.

As defined by the Census Bureau, the Northeast region of the United States covers 9 states: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New Hampshire, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont.

Geography
Main article: Geography of the U.S. Northeast

The Northeast has a landscape varying from the rocky coast of New England to the fertile farmland of the Ohio River Valley behind the Allegheny Front in Pennsylvania. The Isles of Shoals near the Maine/New Brunswick, Canada border begins the rocky Atlantic coastline of the Northeast. Jagged cliffs rise up to a hundred feet above the ocean on Maine’s northern coast; south of West Quoddy Head Peninsula in Maine, the easternmost point in the United States, the coastline subsides to sandy beaches which extend through the rest of the Northeast’s Atlantic coastline. Between Cape Cod in Massachusetts and Cape May in New Jersey are a series of large islands, including Block Island, Long Island, Manhattan, Martha's Vineyard, Nantucket, and Staten Island.

Four major river mouths pierce the coastline to empty into the Atlantic: the  Kennebec in Maine, the  Connecticut in Connecticut, the  Hudson in New York, and the  Delaware on the New Jersey/Delaware border. The Kennebec River extends for over one hundred kilometers, beginning in the thick pine forests of Maine and flowing south past the state capital of Augusta.

The Connecticut River flows south along the border of New Hampshire and Vermont between the Green Mountains and White Mountains, before passing Springfield, Massachusetts and Hartford, Connecticut. In the White Mountains of New Hampshire is Mt. Washington, the tallest mountain in the Northeast and the windiest location in the United States. The White Mountains were also the location of the famous geologic formation the Old Man of the Mountain, that collapsed in 2003. To the west of the Green Mountains, on the New York/Vermont border, is the glacier-formed Lake Champlain, where Vermont's largest city, Burlington, is located.

The Hudson River begins in Upstate New York in the Adirondack Mountains and flows south between the Berkshires and the Catskill Mountains before it empties into New York Harbor in the New York Metropolitan Area. The Mohawk River flows eastward from its source near Syracuse, New York between the Catskills and the Adirondacks before merging with the Hudson north of Albany.

The Delaware River flows from its source between the Pocono Mountains and the Catskills down through the Northeastern megalopolis including the Bethlehem/Allentown,  Trenton, and  Philadelphia areas before emptying into Delaware Bay on the Delaware/New Jersey border.

The Susquehanna River begins in the Allegheny Plateau of New York and winds down a valley past the Pocono Mountains and through the ridges and valleys of Pennsylvania before crossing the border into Maryland in the U.S. South and emptying into Chesapeake Bay.

To the north and west of the Susquehanna are the Finger Lakes of New York, so called because they resemble human fingers. Beyond the Finger Lakes, the Northeast borders with the Great Lakes of Lake Ontario in New York and Lake Erie in both Pennsylvania and New York. On an isthmus between the two Great Lakes, on the New York/Ontario, Canada border near Buffalo is one of the most famous waterfall in the world, Niagara Falls. To the south, flowing out of the Allegheny Plateau, is the Ohio River, which flows through Pittsburgh and on into the U.S. Midwest, where it ultimately merges with the Mississippi River.

See also: Geography of the United States

History
History of the U.S. Northeast

For thousands of years what is now the U.S. Northeast was inhabited by the nations of the Eastern Woodlands cultures of Native Americans. Under the leadership of Hiawatha in the 1500s the Iroquois Confederacy was formed as a confederation of the five nations of Seneca, Onondaga, Oneida, Cayuga, and Mohawks. Many other tribes of the Eastern Woodlands cultures banded together in confederacies. Other confederacies included the Mohicans in the Hudson River Valley and the Wampanoag in southeastern Massachusetts. In 1620, English  colonists, known as the Pilgrims came to the Northeast in search of religious freedom arrived on the Mayflower at Plymouth Rock Massachusetts and founded Plymouth Colony. The Pilgrims created the first form of a constitution style of government in the New World by signing the Mayflower Compact before they made landfall. Many died of disease and starvation but members of the Pawtucket tribe of the Wampanoag Confederacy helped them to survive. Under the leadership of William Bradford Plymouth would sign peace treaties with both the of the Wampanoags and continue to flourish as an independent colony until its incorporation into the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1691.

Over the next century England would secure its grip on the Northeast, with the establishment of Bay Colony (1629), New Hampshire (1623),  Rhode Island (1636), and the colonies of Connecticut. Native Americans who resisted colonization either fled west or were subjugated in brutal conflicts such as the Pequot War of 1637. From Europe, the Dutch  West India Company, especially the colony of New Amsterdam, posed the greatest threat to English hegemony in the Northeast. In August 1664, England attacked New Amsterdam and the Dutch surrendered. The establishment of New Jersey in 1664 secured England sovereignty over the area and except for a brief return in 1673, the Netherlands were no longer a threat to English rule in the Northeast. On March 4, 1681, England granted a land charter to William Penn for the area that now includes Pennsylvania. Penn then founded a colony there as a place of religious freedom for Quakers, and named it for the Latin phrase meaning "Penn's woods". In 1688, New Amsterdam, renamed New York, was incorporated into the Dominion of New England. The incorporation of the colony of New York would be the last English colony founded in the Northeast.

For all intents and purposes the American Revolution began in the Northeast; from the first rumblings Massacre and Tea Party in Boston, to the opening shots at Lexington, Massachusetts, and the signing of the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776 by the Continental Congress, in Philadelphia.

See also: History of the United States

Culture
Culture of the U.S. Northeast

Education is another of the region's strongest legacies. The cluster of top-ranking universities and colleges in New England—including Harvard, Yale, MIT, Brown, Dartmouth, Wellesley, Smith, Williams, Amherst, and Wesleyan—is unequaled by any other region. America's first college, Harvard, was founded at Cambridge, Massachusetts in 1636. A number of the graduates from these schools end up settling in the region after school, providing the area with a well educated populace and its most valuable resource, the area being relatively lacking in natural resources, besides "ice, rocks, and fish". True to their enterprising nature, New Englanders have used their brains to make up the gap, for instance, in the 19th century, they made money off their frozen pond water, by shipping ice in fast clipper ships to tropical locations before refrigeration was invented. New England is also important for the cultural contribution it has made to the nation. As the oldest of the American regions, this area developed its own distinctive cuisine, dialect, architecture and government. New England cuisine is known for its emphasis on seafood and dairy, and clam chowder, lobster, fish and chips (battered codfish), boiled dinner, and ice cream are among some of the region's most popular foods.

As some of the original New England settlers migrated westward, immigrants from Canada, Ireland, Italy, and eastern Europe moved into the region. Despite a changing population, much of the original spirit of New England remains. It can be seen in the simple, woodframe houses and quaint white church steeples that are features of many small towns, and in the traditional lighthouses that dot the Atlantic coast. New England is also well known for its mercurial weather, its crisp chill, and vibrant colored foliage in autumn. The region is a popular tourist destination. As a whole, the area of New England tends to be progressive in its politics, albeit restrained in its personal mores. Due to the fact that the area is the closest in the United States to England, the region often shows a greater receptivity to European ideas and culture in relation to the rest of the country.

See also: Culture of the United States

Economy
Economy of the U.S. Northeast

These areas provided the young United States with heavy industry and served as the "melting pot" of new immigrants from Europe. Cities grew along major shipping routes and waterways. Such flourishing cities included New York City on the Hudson River and Philadelphia on the Delaware River.

In the 20th century, most of New England's traditional industries have relocated to states or foreign countries where goods can be made more cheaply. In more than a few factory towns, skilled workers have been left without jobs. The gap has been partly filled by the microelectronics, computer and biotech industries, fed by those same educational institutions.

Like New England, the Mid-Atlantic region has seen much of its heavy industry relocate elsewhere. Other industries, such as drug manufacturing and communications, have taken up the slack.

See also: Economy of the United States

Famous Northeasterners
Politics: John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, John F. Kennedy, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Theodore Roosevelt

Literature: Emily Dickinson, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Cotton Mather, Stephen King, Phillis Wheatley

Arts: Winslow Homer, Bruce Springsteen, Rudy Vallee, Andy Warhol

Science: Jonas Salk

Misc: Abigail Adams, John D. Rockefeller, Eleanor Roosevelt, Al Sharpton

Related Articles
U.S. Midwest U.S. South U.S. West


text:
Talk:Pierce's law

Original article mine. Thanks for the spelling fix. -FunnyMan3595 20:12, 22 Feb 2004 (UTC)

..is this a math book? Sorry, I miss some explanatory surrounding.

Nice work, Funny Man!

title: Talk:Pierce's law


text:
Marjane Satrapi

Marjane Satrapi ( ; born 22 November 1969) is a French-Iranian graphic novelist, cartoonist, illustrator, film director, and children's book author. Her best-known works include the graphic novel Persepolis and its film adaptation, the graphic novel Chicken with Plums, Woman, Life, Freedom and the Marie Curie biopic Radioactive.

Biography
Satrapi was born in Rasht, Iran. She grew up in Tehran in an upper-middle class Iranian family and attended the French-language school Lycée Razi. Both her parents were politically active and supported leftist causes against the monarchy of the last Shah. Her maternal great-grandfather, Nasser-al-Din Shah, was the Persian emperor from 1848 to 1896. When the Iranian Revolution took place in 1979, her parents underwent rule by the Islamic fundamentalists who took power.

During her youth, Satrapi was exposed to the growing brutalities of the various regimes. Many of her family friends were persecuted, arrested, and murdered. She found a hero in her paternal uncle, Anoosh, who had been a political prisoner and lived in exile in the Soviet Union for a time. Satrapi greatly admired her uncle, and he in turn doted on her, treating her more as a daughter than a niece. Once back in Iran, Anoosh was arrested again and sentenced to death. Anoosh was only allowed one visitor the night before his execution, and he requested Satrapi. His body was buried in an unmarked grave in the prison. It is said that Anoosh was the nephew of Fereydun Ebrahimi, Minister of Justice of Azerbaijan People's Government, a secessionist government that tried to secede from Pahlavi Persia in 1945.

Although Satrapi's parents encouraged her to be strong-willed and defend her rights, they grew concerned for her safety. In her teens by this time, she was skirting trouble with police for disregarding modesty codes and buying music banned by the regime.

They arranged for her to live with a family friend, Zozo, to study abroad, and in 1983, at age fourteen, she arrived in Vienna, Austria, to attend the Lycée Français de Vienne. She stayed in Vienna through her high school years, often moving from one residence to another as situations changed, and sometimes stayed at friends' homes. Eventually, she was homeless and lived on the streets for three months, until she was hospitalized for an almost deadly bout of bronchitis. Upon recovery, she returned to Iran. She studied visual communication, eventually obtaining a master's degree from Islamic Azad University in Tehran.

Satrapi then married Reza, a veteran of the Iran–Iraq War, when she was 21, whom she later divorced. She then moved to Strasbourg, France, to study at the Haute école des arts du Rhin (HEAR). Her parents told her that Iran was no longer the place for her, and encouraged her to stay in Europe permanently.

Satrapi is currently married to Mattias Ripa, a Swedish national. They live in Paris. Apart from her native language, Persian, she speaks French, English, Swedish, German, and Italian.

Graphic novel
Satrapi became famous worldwide because of her critically acclaimed autobiographical graphic novels, originally published in French in four parts in 2000–2003 and in English translation in two parts in 2003 and 2004, respectively, as Persepolis and Persepolis 2, which describe her childhood in Iran and her adolescence in Europe. Persepolis won the Angoulême Coup de Coeur Award at the Angoulême International Comics Festival. In 2013, Chicago schools were ordered by the district to remove Persepolis from classrooms because of the work's graphic language and violence. This banning incited protests and controversy. Her later publication, Embroideries (Broderies), was also nominated for the Angoulême Album of the Year award in 2003, an award that her graphic novel Chicken with Plums (Poulet aux prunes) won. She has also contributed to the Op-Ed section of The New York Times.

ComicsAlliance listed Satrapi as one of 12 women cartoonists deserving of lifetime achievement recognition.

Satrapi prefers the term "comic books" to "graphic novels." "People are so afraid to say the word 'comic'," she told the Guardian newspaper in 2011. "It makes you think of a grown man with pimples, a ponytail and a big belly. Change it to 'graphic novel' and that disappears. No: it's all comics."

Films
Persepolis was adapted into an animated film of the same name. It debuted at the 2007 Cannes Film Festival in May 2007 and shared a Special Jury Prize with Carlos Reygadas's Silent Light (Luz silenciosa). Co-written and co-directed by Satrapi and director Vincent Paronnaud, the French-language picture stars the voices of Chiara Mastroianni, Catherine Deneuve, Danielle Darrieux, and Simon Abkarian. The English version, starring the voices of Gena Rowlands, Sean Penn, and Iggy Pop, was nominated for Best Animated Feature at the 80th Academy Awards in January 2008. Satrapi was the first woman to be nominated for the award. However, the Iranian government denounced the film and got it dropped from the Bangkok International Film Festival. Otherwise, Persepolis was a very successful film both commercially (with over a million admissions in France alone) as well as critically, winning Best First Film at the César Awards 2008. The film reflects many tendencies of first-time filmmaking in France (which makes up around 40% of all French cinema each year), notably in its focus on very intimate rites of passage, and quite ambivalently recounted coming-of-age moments.

Satrapi and Paronnaud continued their successful collaboration with a second film, a live-action adaptation of Chicken with Plums, released in late 2011. In 2012, Satrapi directed and acted in the comedy crime film Gang of the Jotas, from her own screenplay.

In 2014 Satrapi directed the comedy-horror film The Voices, from a screenplay by Michael R. Perry.

In 2019, Satrapi directed a biopic of two-time Nobel Prize winner Marie Curie, titled Radioactive.

Political activism
Following the Iranian elections in June 2009, Satrapi and Iranian filmmaker Mohsen Makhmalbaf appeared before Green Party members in the European Parliament to present a document allegedly received from a member of the Iranian electoral commission claiming that the reform candidate, Mir Hossein Mousavi, had actually won the election, and that the conservative incumbent Mahmoud Ahmedinejad had received only 12% of the vote.

In 2022 she voiced her support for the Mahsa Amini protests.

Awards

 * 2001: Angoulême Coup de Coeur Award for Persepolis
 * 2002: Angoulême Prize for Scenario for Persepolis: Tome 2
 * 2005: Angoulême Best Comic Book Award for Poulet aux prunes
 * 2007: Jury Prize for Persepolis (tied with Silent Light), Cannes Film Festival
 * 2007: Best Animation: Los Angeles Film Critics Association
 * 2008: Gat Perich Award
 * 2008: Lulu of the Year Award (Friends of Lulu)
 * 2009: Doctor honoris causa both at the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven and the Université catholique de Louvain from Belgium
 * 2013: Noor Iranian Film Festival award for Best Animation Director, for Chicken with Plums
 * 2024: Princess of Asturias Award for Communication and Humanities.

French

 * Sagesses et malices de la Perse (2001, with Lila Ibrahim-Ouali and Bahman Namwar-Motalg, Albin Michel, ISBN 2-226-11872-1)
 * Les monstres n'aiment pas la lune (2001, Nathan Jeunesse, ISBN 2-09-282094-X)
 * Ulysse au pays des fous (2001, with Jean-Pierre Duffour, Nathan Jeunesse, ISBN 2-09-210847-6)
 * Ajdar (2002, Nathan Jeunesse, ISBN 2-09-211033-0)
 * Broderies (2003, L'Association, ISBN 2-84414-095-5)
 * Le Soupir (2004, Bréal Jeunesse, ISBN 2-7495-0325-6)
 * Ulysse au pays des fous (2001, with Jean-Pierre Duffour, Nathan Jeunesse, ISBN 2-09-210847-6)
 * Ajdar (2002, Nathan Jeunesse, ISBN 2-09-211033-0)
 * Broderies (2003, L'Association, ISBN 2-84414-095-5)
 * Le Soupir (2004, Bréal Jeunesse, ISBN 2-7495-0325-6)
 * Le Soupir (2004, Bréal Jeunesse, ISBN 2-7495-0325-6)

English

 * Embroideries (2005, Pantheon ISBN 978-0-375-42305-5)
 * Monsters Are Afraid of the Moon (2006, Bloomsbury, ISBN 1-58234-744-1)
 * The Sigh (2011, Archaia)
 * Embroideries (2005, Pantheon ISBN 978-0-375-42305-5)
 * Monsters Are Afraid of the Moon (2006, Bloomsbury, ISBN 1-58234-744-1)
 * The Sigh (2011, Archaia)
 * The Sigh (2011, Archaia)

title: Marjane Satrapi


text:
Talk:Agnes Macdonald, 1st Baroness Macdonald of Earnscliffe

Untitled
There is a story of Anges Macdonald riding on a chair atop the cow-catcher on the great western train ride. Does anyone have pictures? Rob at aechidna.com


text:
User:Js coron

My web page http://www.jscoron.fr

title: User:Js coron


text:
Edward Osbaldeston

Edward Osbaldeston was an English martyr, born about 1560. Не was hanged, drawn and quartered at York, 16 November 1594.

Life
Edward Osbaldeston was born about 1560 at Osbaldeston Hall near Blackburn, Lancashire. He was the son of Thomas Osbaldeston, and nephew of Edward Osbaldeston, of Osbaldeston Hall. He went to the English College of Douai, then at Reims, where he was ordained deacon in December 1583, and priest 21 September 1585. He had said his first Mass on the feast day of St. Jerome, and in consequence had a great devotion to that saint.

He was sent on the English mission 27 April 1589, and was apprehended at night through the instrumentality of an Anglican priest named Thomas Clark at an inn at Tollerton, Yorkshire, upon St. Jerome's day, 30 September 1594.

The day following his arrest he was taken to York where he was tried at the next assizes and attained of high treason for being a priest.

Bishop Richard Challoner prints the greater part of a letter addressed by the martyr to his fellow-prisoners in York Castle, the full text of which is still extant, and which reveals the great humility and serene trust in God with which he anticipated his death.

Edward Osbaldeston was among the eighty-five martyrs of England and Wales beatified by Pope John Paul II on 22 November 1987.

title: Edward Osbaldeston


text:
Talk:Richard Misiano-Genovese

Untitled
What to do with the URL for the Arte.net listing? It is not linking properly. --Daniel C. Boyer 20:23, 22 Feb 2004 (UTC)

So... what happens in a case like this? Oberiko 15:52, 23 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Unless the complainant can proove he is Richard Genovase (through an official website or similar) do we have any reason to listen to him? Anyone can come along and claim to be a famous person in this way. Mr. Jones 13:52, 25 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Even if he can proove he is Richard Genovese we still shouldn't listen to him. In this particular case, it looks like this is going to get deleted anyway, since we have no proof that there even is a Richard Genovese. Anthony DiPierro 13:59, 25 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * This assertion is utterly ridiculous. Did you check any of the cites he provided?  Did you look up Par*faite on the World Wide Web?  The guy was even in Who's Who in America one year and Who's Who in American Art another.  Give me a break.  --Daniel C. Boyer 14:01, 27 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * What's ridiculous? Where's the proof?  How hard is it to get in Who's Who in America and Who's Who in American Art?

 * The idea that "we have no proof that there even is a Richard Genovese" is ridiculous. There are references in the article itself, and until they are checked and found wanting I don't think anyone should be saying something like this.  --Daniel C. Boyer 19:31, 28 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Until they are checked, we have no proof. Anthony DiPierro 19:42, 28 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * So check them. As there is no way for the provider of cites to also check the sites he provides, the cites should be checked by anyone who is interested, who wants to challenge them, &c.  --Daniel C. Boyer 17:14, 29 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * When I get a chance, I probably will. Of course it's not clear to me that a listing in Who's Who is proof of anything. Anthony DiPierro 17:38, 29 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * What edition was it?

 * Look at the article. The references are there.  --Daniel C. Boyer 19:31, 28 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * I thought Who's Who in America would accept anyone in order to try and get them to buy the book.

 * I don't know how easy it is to get into Who's Who in America. But this is not the issue at this point.  The issue is that there is some recognition of Genovese beyond what can be seen on a Google search and if anyone would bother to read the article itself they would see that.  Who's Who in America is not the same as Who's Who in American High Schools, which, though you overstate the ease of getting into it to a slight degree, is very easy to get into (I was in it).  --Daniel C. Boyer 19:31, 28 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * You claimed that he was in Who's Who in America was evidence that he was well-known. So how easy it is to get in there most certainly is an issue. As for misstating how easy it is to get into Who's Who in American High Schools, I didn't misstate anything. I was in it. It was just a ploy to get people to buy the book. Anthony DiPierro 19:45, 28 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Why you are continuing to conflate a wide range of books by different publishers is beyond me. There are quite a few Who's Whos by quite a few different publishers; some of them are difficult to get into and some are not.  With quite a lack of precision you are saying that Who's Who in American High Schools is identical to, or very similar to, every Who's Who, and this is clearly not the case.  --Daniel C. Boyer 19:49, 28 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * I never conflated anything. I never said anything was identical to anything else.  I questioned how easy it was to get into Who's Who in America. Anthony DiPierro 22:09, 28 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * If I remember correctly I was given an entry in Who's Who in American Schools or some crap like that when I was in High School and sent some order form to order the book. If I see proof that this guy existed, I'll gladly change my vote back to keep.  Anthony DiPierro 18:49, 28 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Undeletion
Was not kept on vfd for proper time-frame; on vfd and then not on vfd. Should be kept on vfd continuously for full time-frame. Significant surrealist theorist and originator of several methods; driving force behind Par*faite magazine. --Daniel C. Boyer 16:09, 16 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * Undelete. Anthony DiPierro 00:31, 19 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep deleted - policy was revised to delete if the clear concensus is to delete - Texture 00:52, 19 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * There was no clear consensus to delete. Anthony DiPierro 18:50, 21 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * Please provide evidence showing the date it was removed from vfd. You have a history of removing items from vfd when the consensus is to delete. That's not going to work here. --Jiang
 * See http://en.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=Wikipedia:Votes_for_deletion&oldid=2361261 . Proof.  --Daniel C. Boyer 18:35, 21 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * See . It was removed from vfd by Meelar with the comment  (remove "Richard Genovese"--no consensus).  It's unclear whether the VfD tag was ever added.  This should definitely be undeleted. Anthony DiPierro 18:50, 21 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * Undelete. Everyking 00:17, 22 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep deleted. It was clearly marked for deletion for 7 days. The 5 February version displays a VfD notice which Daniel removed for some reason on February 12. Angela. 11:27, Feb 22, 2004 (UTC)
 * Did you even look at ? It was removed from vfd at 05:49, 11 Feb 2004 with three votes to keep and three votes to delete. Anthony DiPierro 14:03, 22 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * Undelete. 1) There was no consensus (3/3). 2) He was encyclopedic; helped initiate a minor trend in surrealist art. -- Seth Ilys 14:17, 22 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * The reason for undeletion can not be that it was not listed on VfD long enough as clearly it was listed there for at least 5 days, and the VfD notice was on it for at least 7. I don't object to it being undeleted for some other reason, but I think Jiang's original deletion of the article is justifiable. Angela. 14:21, Feb 22, 2004 (UTC)

This has twice been recreated since it was listed here, and as there appears to be no consensus on the original deletion, and Seth reckons it's verifiable, I've undeleted it. Angela. 20:35, Feb 22, 2004 (UTC)

Deletion

 * Richard Genovese - irrelevant surrealist. --Wik 22:22, Feb 22, 2004 (UTC)
 * Why is he irrelevant? Mark Richards 22:26, 22 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * Because I voted for the pages undeletion and Wik doesn't like me. Anthony DiPierro 22:57, 22 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * Google search finds no evidence of serious recognition. Just self-promotion, and even much less of that than, for example, Daniel C. Boyer, and we don't have an article on him either. --Wik 22:55, Feb 22, 2004 (UTC)
 * However, a search of books would find the cites listed right on the page. He's listed in Who's Who in America and Who's Who in American Art and there is no evidence of serious recognition?  You have got to be kidding me.  --Daniel C. Boyer 14:24, 27 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable surrealist artist whose reason for having a page here is that he associated with prolific wikipedia contributor, Daniel C. Boyer. Maximus Rex 01:09, 23 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Kill all surrealists.—Eloquence
 * The anti-surrealist bias that keeps purging relevant articles on surrealism from Wikipedia can now be seen in much clearer focus. Who can contradict me on this point now?  --Daniel C. Boyer 16:02, 23 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * As Eloquence has now admitted this bias, I would argue that we should disregard his vote. --Daniel C. Boyer 14:24, 27 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. I guess we can just keep listing articles here until they finally get deleted? No vote until I see some verification.  IHL.  HAND. Anthony DiPierro 04:06, 23 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Everyking 04:19, 23 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: irrelevant, personal promotion. Wile E. Heresiarch 05:58, 23 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * comment only: This page is now being vandalized by someone claiming to be Richard Genovese. Anthony DiPierro 15:20, 23 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * Blank until verified. Anthony DiPierro 19:48, 1 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Why is this moved here again? This is a clear 2/3 majority for deletion. --Wik 15:15, Feb 28, 2004 (UTC)
 * It went through Votes for undeletion. And why are you ignoring all my points?  The references clearly show a lack of obscurity, and yet obscurity is still being argued.  --Daniel C. Boyer 18:37, 28 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Since Wik removed this from VfD, I presume that he is withdrawing his vote for deletion? Martin 18:07, 29 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Stop playing silly games, Martin. --Wik 18:09, Feb 29, 2004 (UTC)

 * *shrug* Stop playing silly games, Wik? You removed this page from VfD. Since Wikipedia's process is that this page should have to go through VfD to be deleted, I can only assume that you have given up on getting this page deleted following normal Wikipedia process.
 * If you wish to change Wikipedia's deletion process, I suggest you take it to wikipedia talk:deletion policy. Martin 18:15, 29 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Quite obviously it's you who's violating the normal Wikipedia deletion process by refusing to delete a page that was on VfD 7 days, with a 2/3 majority for deletion, even when this is explicitly pointed out to you. --Wik 18:17, Feb 29, 2004 (UTC)

 * In my view, there isn't currently a rough consensus favouring for deletion. If I were to delete it, I would be going against the deletion guidelines for administrators.

 * Since you apparently still want this page deleted, I have added it back to votes for deletion for further consideration. I am sure that in due course an administrator will either delete it, if sie believes that there is rough consensus for deletion, or de-list it without deleting, if sie believes that there is no consensus. Martin 18:25, 29 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Richard Genovese
- was previously listed, got 2/3 majority to delete, was not deleted. I'll list it again until it is either deleted or there is a fixed definition of the criteria for deletion. It is absurd that any sysop can decide "2/3 is not a good enough consensus for me" and remove it from here without deleting it. --Wik 16:33, Mar 3, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep but blank until it is proven that there is a such person. Anthony DiPierro 16:48, 3 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * This is ridiculous. There are references provided on the page, and previous versions of the page show a great many more references. Other than the references provided, which you can certainly look up, what kind of "proof" are you looking for? --Daniel C. Boyer 16:58, 3 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * Who's Who has doubtful credibility in my mind. And I'm not even sure what edition is being referred to.  Is it claimed that he's in every edition since 1982?  The parfaite reference is written by you.  That's original research, and isn't credible enough.  The arte.net link doesn't even work, but doesn't seem credible.  Exhibition catalogue is hosted on a free home page.  Not credible at all.  If the Who's Who reference turns out to be real, and it turns out to be a respected source, then I'd recommend that this be restored.  But until then or some other verification comes along, I don't think this belongs in Wikipedia.  Anyway, that's my suggestion, you don't have to like it.  But if you're intending your comment as a keep vote please be specific so Wik doesn't bring this back here yet again.  Anthony DiPierro 17:08, 3 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * The Par*faite reference is not "written by me" in the sense that I am a contributor to Par*faite as is Genovese but I am not the editor. To describe as "original research" the fact that two men contributed to the same magazine is as bizarre a distortion of language as I've probably ever seen.  The same thing could be said about the Richard Genovese page on Upland Trout, for example; Genovese contributed to Upland Trout and so did I and so did a number of others -- is Upland Trout thus my "original research"?   If you think that an exhibition catalogue resides solely online it is just another characteristic of the recurrent problem I've seen in Wikipedia, that no matter what they say, people ignore offline sources, and demand that the "confirmation" for the existence of everything (which they demand in extravagant profusion when the topic is one they don't like) is their oracle, Google.  Google can be helpful, but when it becomes the be-all and end-all, and Wikipedia is transformed into an eyclopedic rehash of information available through a Google search, the very value of Wikipedia comes into question.  I am not hinting at a "keep" vote, by the way, just making some points.  --Daniel C. Boyer 17:42, 3 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * My apologies on Par*faite. I thought it was written solely by you.  If it's available in print that's news to me, I have no idea where I could get it.  You didn't answer my question abobut the Who's Who edition.  I'd love to verify this, but I don't really have anything to go on.  If Par*faite is available in print, where can I get it?  I assume I could get a copy of Who's Who, but I'm not clear on the edition (and I might not be able to get 1982).  Anthony DiPierro 17:52, 3 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * Apology accepted. It's sort of available in "print" (it's a CD-ROM magazine); see http://parfaite.digitalartsites.com/offerings.html. --Daniel C. Boyer 19:15, 3 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Again. Everyking 20:29, 3 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: insignificant. Wile E. Heresiarch 14:40, 4 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable surrealist artist whose reason for having a page here is that he associated with prolific wikipedia contributor, Daniel C. Boyer. Maximus Rex 01:09, 23 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * What is your basis for this assertion? Certainly his association with me is one of the least relevant things about him.  --Daniel C. Boyer 17:18, 6 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. JDR
 * Keep b/c verifiable. I don't know what makes a 'notable' surrealist; the refs on the page satisfy me.  (why waste time deleting verifiable pages when there is so much junk still out there?) +sj+ 11:02, 2004 Mar 5 (UTC)
 * However, if Genovese himself comes here and makes a case for deletion, change my vote to Delete.

from VfD
On 11 Mar 2005, this article was nominated for deletion. See Votes for deletion/Richard Genovese.

Revert war
Knock it off, or this page will be protected until you can work out your dispute. -- Infrogmation 17:46, 5 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * As reverts have continued with no attempt at discussion, page has been protected. -- Infrogmation 22:17, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * As there has been no discussion here in about a week, I've unprotected this article. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 11:03, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Factual Dispute
I don't think there's any genuine dispute over the factual accuracy of the article. The tag should be removed. --Daniel C. Boyer 14:33, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Richard Misiano-Genovese


text:
User talk:Blindseer

The Youth Movement of today is lazy and overprivledged. There is no want or mind to fight back in the face of adversity. Most youth of today is happy to sit back and get stoned instead of making a difference in their community. "Who cares?" Is the general concencus of your average teen ager. Wrapped in hard to video games or cable T.V. Where is there sense of rebellion? Have they all become so complacent that they won't attempt a change of their surroundings? Or has the media finally become so overwhelming that their ideal has been implanted on the minds of the populace? What has happened to the youth of today?

title: User talk:Blindseer


text:
Jean-Pierre Haigneré

Jean-Pierre Haigneré (born 19 May 1948) is a French Air Force officer and a former CNES spationaut.

Jean-Pierre Haigneré was born in Paris, France, and joined the French Air Force, where he trained as a test pilot.

He flew on two missions to the Mir space station in 1993 and 1999. The Mir Perseus (Mir EO-27) long-duration mission (186 days) in 1999 also included an EVA. In addition to his duties at the European Space Agency, Jean-Pierre Haigneré is also involved in a European space tourism initiative, the Astronaute Club Européen (ACE), which he co-founded with Alain Dupas and Laurent Gathier. He is credited with taking the first picture of the shadow of a Solar eclipse from space. He took this during the Mir Perseus (Mir EO-27) mission.

Family
He is married to former French astronaut Claudie Haigneré. The asteroid 135268 Haigneré is named in their combined honour.

title: Jean-Pierre Haigneré


text:
Teller Amendment

The Teller Amendment was an amendment to a joint resolution of the United States Congress, enacted on April 20, 1898, in reply to President William McKinley's War Message. It placed a condition on the United States military's presence in Cuba. According to the clause, the U.S. could not annex Cuba but only leave "control of the island to its people." In short, the U.S. would help Cuba gain independence and then withdraw all its troops from the country.

McKinley's war message
In the political atmosphere in the U.S. growing out of the Cuban struggle for independence, and following on the February 15, 1898 the sinking of the USS Maine in Havana harbor President William McKinley, on 11 April 1898, asked the Congress,

"... to authorize and empower the President to take measures to secure a full and final termination of hostilities between the government of Spain and the people of Cuba, and to ensure in the island the establishment of a stable government, capable of maintaining order and observing its international obligations, ensuring peace and tranquillity and the security of its citizens as well as our own, and to use the military and naval forces of the United States as may be necessary for these purposes."

Congressional response
Congress debated a joint resolution in response to the president's request for a week. In near-final form, its three parts constituted:

"[a] joint resolution for the recognition of the independence of the people of Cuba, demanding that the government of Spain relinquish its authority and government in the Island of Cuba and withdraw its land and naval forces from Cuba and Cuban waters, and directing the President of the United States to use the land and naval forces of the United States to carry these resolutions into effect."

- Congressional Record p. 4062

The Teller Amendment
Senator Henry M. Teller, a Republican from Colorado (who had switched parties after leading a revolt against the dominant gold-favoring party wing at the 1896 Republican National Convention) proposed the amendment to ensure that the United States would not establish permanent control over Cuba following the cessation of hostilities with Spain. The Republican McKinley administration would not recognize belligerency or independence as it was unsure of the form an insurgency government might take. Without recognizing some government in Cuba, Congressmen feared McKinley was simply priming the island for annexation. The Teller clause quelled any anxiety of annexation by stating that the United States

"... hereby disclaims any disposition of intention to exercise sovereignty, jurisdiction, or control over said island except for pacification thereof, and asserts its determination, when that is accomplished, to leave the government and control of the island to its people."

The proposed amendment gained support from several forces:

... those who opposed annexing territory containing large numbers of blacks and Catholics, those who sincerely supported Cuban independence, and representatives of the domestic sugar business, including sponsor Senator Henry Teller of Colorado, who feared Cuban competition.

(A significant import tariff on foreign sugar would be removed should Cuba be annexed.)

The Senate passed the amendment by voice vote, then passed the amended version of the resolution 42 to 35, on April 19, 1898, and the House concurred the same day, 311 to 6. President McKinley signed the joint resolution on April 20, 1898, and the ultimatum was forwarded to Spain.

The Spanish–American War lasted from April 25 to August 12, 1898, and it ended with the Treaty of Paris on December 10, 1898. As a result, Spain lost control over the remains of its overseas empire consisting of Cuba, Puerto Rico, the Philippine islands, Guam and other islands.

After Spanish troops left the island in December 1898, the United States occupied Cuba until 1902, and as promised in the Teller Amendment did not attempt to annex the island. However, under the Platt Amendment, crafted in 1901 by U.S. Secretary of War Elihu Root to replace the Teller Amendment, important decisions of the government of Cuba remained subject to override by the United States. This suzerainty bred resentment toward the U.S.

According to Gregory Weeks, author of U.S. and Latin American Relations (Peason, 2008, p. 56), "The Teller Amendment, authored by a Colorado Senator who wanted to make sure that Cuba's sugar would not compete with his state's crop of beet sugar, prohibited the president annexing Cuba."

title: Teller Amendment


text:
Talk:European comic

There are many non-humorous European comics - how about people like Rosinski, Van Hamme, Bilal, Marini, etc.? Ausir 20:32, 22 Feb 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:European comic