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User:Jeff8765

I am from South Boston, VA, but I graduated from Fuqua School in Farm Vegas. I am currently at MIT majoring in computer science and probably something else. My interests include running, real-time strategy games, and Wikipedia.

title: User:Jeff8765


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Machist

Machist may refer to:

 * An exponent of machism
 * An exponent of machismo

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Machist


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Sion, Mumbai

Sion (/ˈsaːjən/; IAST: Śīv [ʃiːʋ]) is a neighbourhood of Mumbai. In the 17th century the village formed the boundary between Mumbai and Salsette Island. The British named it marking the end of the city. The name remained even after Mumbai was joined to the Salsette and extended up to Mulund. One of the local historical places in Sion is a hilltop garden commonly known as Sion Fort or Sheevon Killa in the Marathi language.

History
In 1543, the Portuguese took possession of the largely uninhabited islands of Bombay, naming it Sião, after a biblical hill in Israel. The Portuguese gave the Jesuit priests the sole ownership of some of these islands. The Jesuits then built a chapel on the hill near the present-day railway station and named it after Mount Zion (Sion) in Jerusalem.

Education
Sion is also a home to many educational institutes, namely:
 * D.S.Highschool, Sion
 * Ayurved College Sion
 * K. J. Somaiya Institute Of Engineering & Information Technology
 * Shiv Shikshan Sanstha's School (Eng. Med.)
 * SIES College of Commerce and Economics
 * SIES College of Arts, Science, and Commerce
 * Padmabhushan Vasantdada Patil Pratishthan's College of Engineering
 * K. J. Somaiya Medical College & Research Centre.
 * Lokmanya Tilak Municipal General Hospital
 * Our Lady Of Good Counsel High School
 * Sadhana Vidyalaya English primary and secondary High school

Notable former residents

 * Mithun Chakraborthy
 * Sadhana
 * Boney Kapoor
 * Akshay Kumar
 * Johnny Lever
 * K.N.Singh

title: Sion, Mumbai


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Anne Jean Marie René Savary

Anne Jean Marie René Savary, 1st duc de Rovigo (26 April 1774 – 2 June 1833) was a French military officer and diplomat who served in the French Revolutionary Wars, the Napoleonic Wars and the French invasion of Algeria. He was Minister of Police between 1810 and 1814.

Early life and career
Savary was born in Marcq, Ardennes. He was educated at the college of St Louis in Metz and joined the royal army in 1790. His first military campaign was in 1792, under General Custine, against the retreating forces led by the Duke of Brunswick. He subsequently served under Pichegru and Moreau and distinguished himself during Moreau's strategic retreat from Swabia. In 1797, he was appointed chef d'escadron and participated in the Egyptian campaign under General Louis Desaix. He published an account of this campaign in his memoirs.

Savary fought in the Battle of Marengo on 14 June 1800, where he served alongside Desaix. Following Desaix's death in battle, Savary caught the attention of the First Consul Napoleon Bonaparte, and he was appointed commander of the Elite Gendarmes of the Consular Guard. Savary played an role in uncovering the details of the Georges Cadoudal-Pichegru conspiracy in 1804. He ventured to the cliffs of Biville in Normandy, a landing spot for the conspirators, and attempted to lure the Comte d'Artois (later known as Charles X) to land by mimicking signals used by the royalist plotters. However, his efforts were unsuccessful.

During his tenure as commanding officer at Vincennes, Savary became embroiled in controversy due to the summary execution of the Duc d'Enghien. Hulin, the presiding officer at the court-martial, later accused Savary of obstructing his attempts to appeal for mercy to Bonaparte. According to Hulin, Savary intervened when Hulin was drafting the appeal. Although Savary denied these allegations, his denial has not been widely accepted by historians.

Napoleonic wars
In February 1805, Savary was promoted to general of division. Shortly before the Battle of Austerlitz on 2 December 1805, Napoleon dispatched him with a message to emperor Alexander I, requesting an armistice. This maneuver only motivated the Russian monarch to strike a decisive blow, leading to disaster for the Russians. After the battle, Savary once again conveyed a message to Alexander, persuading him to negotiate a truce.

During the 1806 campaign, Savary boldly pursued the Prussians after the Battle of Jena. He also negotiated during the Siege of Hameln. At the beginning of the following year, he assumed command of a corps and achieved a victory at Ostrolenka on 16 February 1807.

After the Treaty of Tilsit was signed on 7 July 1807, Savary traveled to St. Petersburg as the French ambassador. He was soon replaced by General Caulaincourt, another individual involved in the execution of the duc d'Enghien. It is said that the empress dowager's aversion to Savary played a role in his recall. It is thought more likely that Napoleon required his scheming abilities for his Spanish campaign towards the end of 1807. Honoured with the title of Duke of Rovigo (duc de Rovigo), named after a small town in Venetia, Savary departed for Madrid when Napoleon's plans for exerting control over Spain were nearing completion. Working alongside Murat, Savary exploited the divisions within the Spanish royal family in March and April of 1808. He convinced Charles IV of Spain, who had recently surrendered under duress, and his son Ferdinand VII, the de facto king of Spain, to submit their claims to Napoleon. Savary persuaded Ferdinand to cross the Pyrenees and proceed to Bayonne, a decision that cost Ferdinand his crown and his freedom until 1814.

In September 1808, Savary accompanied the emperor to the meeting at the Congress of Erfurt with Alexander I, and in 1809 he participated in the campaign against Austria.

Following Fouché's disgrace in the spring of 1810, Savary became Minister of Police. He transformed the office into an inquisition, in contrast to the leniency under the Jacobin Fouché. Notable incidents during his tenure included carrying out Napoleon's order to exile Madame de Staël and destroy her work De l'Allemagne. However, Savary's vigilance failed him during the peculiar conspiracy of General Malet. Two of Malet's accomplices apprehended Savary in his sleep, briefly imprisoning him for a few hours on 23 October 1812. This event brought ridicule upon Savary, tarnishing his reputation. As a token of appreciation, Napoleon granted him duché grand-fief of Rovigo within his Kingdom of Italy, a rare hereditary honor, which ceased to exist in 1872.

Hundred days and later life
Savary was among the last to desert Napoleon following his abdication on 11 April 1814, and among the first to welcome his return from Elba in 1815 during the hundred days. During this period, Savary was inspector-general of the gendarmerie and a peer of France. Following the Battle of Waterloo, he accompanied Napoleon to Rochefort and sailed with him to Plymouth aboard HMS Bellerophon. Savary was not allowed to accompany Napoleon to Saint Helena, but was interned for several months in Malta. After escaping, he traveled to Smyrna where he settled for a while, before eventually being allowed to return to France. Later, he settled in Rome.

In 1830, Savary came back into favour following the July Revolution, and in 1831, assumed command of the French army in Algeria. In Algiers, he antagonized French civil authorities with his authoritarian treatment of Arab leaders. He was held accountable for the massacre of the local El Ouffia tribe alongside Maximilien Joseph Schauenburg and the deaths of several Arab leaders whom he lured into negotiations. His failing health meant that he returned to France, where he died in Paris in June 1833.

title: Anne Jean Marie René Savary


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Russian submarine Novomoskovsk (K-407)

K-407 Novomoskovsk is a Project 667BDRM Delfin-class ballistic missile submarine (NATO reporting name Delta IV) of the Russian Navy's Northern Fleet.

Background
Construction of the nuclear submarine K-407 Novomoskovsk began at the Northern Machinebuilding Enterprise (Sevmash) in Severodvinsk on 2 February 1987, and it became part of the Soviet Navy on 27 November 1990. She was the last of seven 667BDRM Delfin submarines and the last SSBN submarine built in the USSR. This class of submarines was developed at the Rubin Design Bureau in 1975 and is considered one of the most successful Soviet submarine missile carrier designs.

Specification
The submarine has a submerged displacement of 18,200 tons and a surface displacement of 11,700 tons. It is 167 m long and 11.7 m wide. It is powered by two nuclear reactors with a total power of 180 MW. The submarine's immersion depth is 400 m; its surface speed is 14 kn, and its underwater speed is 24 kn. It carries a crew of 135. Armaments include a D-9RM missile system (16 RSM-54 ballistic missiles) and four 533 mm torpedo tubes.

The RSM-54 missile (3M37, R-29RM, or SS-N-23 according to the NATO classification) is a liquid-propellant, three-stage missile with separable heads (it carries four or ten warheads depending on the modification). It has a range of 8300 km, a CEP of 500 m, and a launching mass of 40.3 tons. It is 14.8 m long and 1.9 m in diameter.

History
On 6 August 1991 at 21:09 Novomoskovsk, under the command of Captain Second Rank Sergey Yegorov, became the world's only submarine to successfully launch an all-missile salvo, launching 16 ballistic missiles (RSM-54) of total weight of almost 700 tons at an interval of several seconds (operation code name "Behemoth-2"). The first and the last missiles hit their targets successfully, while the others were self-destroyed in the air according to the plan. This operation was considered by the Soviet Navy as a part of possible nuclear war scenario ("Dress rehearsal of the Apocalypse") and experimentally confirmed the technical possibility of a safe underwater all-missile salvo. Politically, the Soviet ballistic missile submarines passed a reasonability check as a part of strategic triad. The previous attempt of an all-missile salvo (operation code name "Behemoth") was performed in 1989 and finished unsuccessfully, however with no casualties. As the experiment took place just before the August Putsch in the USSR, its results were forgotten for a while, and the crew's work wasn't rewarded by the Soviet government authorities.

On 19 March 1993, Novomoskovsk, under the command of Captain First Rank Andrey Bulgakov, collided with USS Grayling (SSN-646). The American submarine was trailing the Russian submarine and miscalculated its speed. Both submarines returned to their homeports, and though badly damaged both returned to service. Grayling was decommissioned in 1997, while Novomoskovsk remains in service 30 years later.

In 1996, Novomoskovsk, together with the submarine RUSSIAN SUBMARINE K-447, successfully fired a batch of ballistic missiles. The city of Novomoskovsk in Tula Oblast took the submarine under its patronage, and on June 19, 1997, K-407 received the name Novomoskovsk.

On 7 July 1998, Novomoskovsk, under the command of Captain 1st Rank Aleksandr Moiseyev, launched a Shtil-1 carrier rocket with two German scientific Tubsat-N and Tubsat-N1 microsatellites while submerged in the Barents Sea.

"The unusual launch was the first time a commercial payload had ever been sent from Earth into orbit from a submarine and the first commercial space launch in the history of the Russian Navy."

The satellite, developed by Berlin Technical University, was placed in orbit on an SS-N-23 (RSM-54)-type ballistic missile. The Northern Fleet was paid some 200,000 German Mark (US$111,000) for the launch.

In 1999, Novomoskovsk pioneered the launch of a ballistic missile from the geographic location of the North Pole.

On 17 February 2004, Novomoskovsk seemingly attempted to test-fire a SS-N-23 ballistic missile, but the missile failed to come out of its silo because of an unspecified technical problem. The Russian Navy, despite earlier statements describing the test, explained that no "physical" launch was intended at all: the exercise was supposed to be a simulation. President of Russia Vladimir Putin was aboard RUSSIAN SUBMARINE Arkhangelsk, an Akula-class ballistic missile submarine (NATO reporting name Typhoon), to observe the exercise.

On 17 March 2004, Novomoskovsk physically test-fired two SS-N-23 ballistic missiles, successfully hitting designated practice targets on the Kamchatka Peninsula.

Like the other 667BDRM Delfin ships in service with the Northern Fleet, K-407 is slated to receive new SLBMs to replace the RSM-54. The missile is a new-build, minor modernization of the RSM-54. It does not bear a separate designator from the RSM-54/R-29RM/SS-N-23 asides from the name "Sineva". Testing of the R-29RM "Sineva" was completed in June 2004. Novomoskovsk is the third Delfin-class submarine in line to receive the new missile (after her siblings K-51 Verkhoturye and K-84 Ekaterinburg). She was fully overhauled and modernized in 2006 before returning to service.

In July 2006, cleric of Aleksandr Nevskiy Cathedral, the head of the Diocesan department on interaction with the Armed Forces and law enforcement agencies, priest Leonid Leontiuk was temporarily included in the personnel list of the K-18 Kareliya and was on board of K-407 Novomoskovsk. During the deployment the priest has performed the consecration ceremony of submarine's compartments, met with submarine personnel, led discussions on the basics of faith and spiritual life. Six sailors got baptized on board.

In November 2008 K-407 Novomoskovsk went to the Zvezdochka plant for general overhaul and modernization. On 29 July 2012 the refit was finished and the submarine returned to active service.

The submarine was expected to remain in service until 2020. However, she was still listed in commission as of 2022.

2010s
Novomoskovsk was described in Russian sources as being "worthy" of the proud name of "the most shooting" submarine of the Russian Navy. The submarine is part of the 31st Order of the Red Banner underwater strategic missile cruiser division of the 12th submarine squadron of the Northern Fleet (Olenya Bay, Skalisty Naval Base). The submarine's commander in 2012 was Captain Stepan Kelbas.

As a member of association of Russian regions and cities, patrons of Northern Fleet ships and units, the Tula Oblast patronages K-114 Tula and K-407 Novomoskovsk submarines and assists in "patriotic education" and preparation of young people for serving in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. Citizens of Novomoskovsk have preference to serve on K-407 Novomoskovsk. The submarine crew are regularly provided by humanitarian goods and visited by the city authorities.

In popular culture
In 2007, Russian plastic model manufacturer Alanger introduced a 1:350 scale model of K-407 Novomoskovsk. In 2021, Rockstar Games added to GTA Online Kosatka, A Submarine owned by player, and run by Russian sailor called Pavel. The Submarine is highly based on 407 Novomoskovsk

title: Russian submarine Novomoskovsk (K-407)


text:
Nilma, Victoria

Nilma is a locality in the West Gippsland region of Victoria, Australia located between Warragul and Darnum.

The Post Office opened on 1 May 1886 as Bloomfield Railway Station, was renamed Nilma in 1909 and closed in 1979.

The locality in conjunction with neighbouring township Darnum has an Australian Rules football team competing in the Ellinbank & District Football League.

title: Nilma, Victoria


text:
Iraq on the Record

Iraq on the Record: The Bush Administration's Public Statements on Iraq was a report by Henry Waxman.

Excerpt from the release of the report by Henry Waxman.

On March 19, 2003, U.S. forces began military operations in Iraq. Addressing the nation about the purpose of the war on the day the bombing began, President Bush stated: “The people of the United States and our friends and allies will not live at the mercy of an outlaw regime that threatens the peace with weapons of mass murder.”

One year later, many doubts have been raised regarding the Administration's assertions about the threat posed by Iraq. Prior to the war in Iraq, the President and his advisors repeatedly claimed that Iraq possessed weapons of mass destruction that jeopardized the security of the United States. The failure to discover these weapons after the war has led to questions about whether the President and his advisors were candid in describing Iraq's threat.

Summary of Report
This report contains 237 claims for specific misleading statements made by:

 * Colin Powell
 * Donald Rumsfeld
 * Condoleezza Rice
 * George W. Bush
 * Dick Cheney

The report claims that great care was taken to ensure the accuracy, objectiveness and also fairness to the parties involved. However, its content does not include specific reasons for the statements given nor any possible defense or justification in favor of the individuals in question.

The information contained in this report has been prepared by all public statements, hearings and conferences. The official website for this report also contains every statement's source, to ensure that public review is possible.

The report along with the searchable database compiled by the Special Investigations Division are accessible via the web by Congress and the General Public.

title: Iraq on the Record


text:
Guinea Pig Club

The Guinea Pig Club, established in 1941, was a social club and mutual support network for British and allied aircrew injured during World War II. Its membership was made up of patients of Archibald McIndoe in Ward III at Queen Victoria Hospital, East Grinstead, Sussex, who had undergone experimental reconstructive plastic surgery, including facial reconstruction, generally after receiving burns injuries in aircraft. The club remained active after the end of the war, and its annual reunion meetings continued until 2007.

Name
The name "Guinea Pig" – the rodent species commonly used as a laboratory test subject – was chosen to reflect the experimental nature of the techniques and equipment used for reconstructive work at East Grinstead. The treatment of burns by surgery was in its infancy, and many casualties were suffering from injuries which, only a few years earlier, would have led to certain death. The hospital was nicknamed "the Sty".

Origins
The club was established informally in June 1941 with 39 patients, primarily as a drinking club, and rapidly won McIndoe's endorsement. The members were aircrew patients in Ward III and the surgeons and anaesthetists who treated them. Aircrew members had to be serving airmen who had gone through at least two surgical procedures. By the end of the war the club had 649 members. (643 names are listed on the "Roll of Honour" memorial at Queen Victoria Hospital. )

The original members were Royal Air Force (RAF) aircrew who had severe burns, generally to the face or hands. Most were British but other significant minorities included Canadians, Australians, New Zealanders and by the end of the war Americans, French, Russians, Czechs and Poles. In 1943, a dedicated Canadian wing was built at the hospital, on the initiative of the Royal Canadian Air Force and at Canadian expense. During the Battle of Britain, most of the patients at East Grinstead were fighter pilots, but by the end of the war around 80% of the members were from bomber crews of RAF Bomber Command. A minority of members had suffered non-burns-related injuries (for example, maxillofacial damage incurred in crashes); while another small minority came from army or navy rather than air force backgrounds. A few members even joined the club after the war's end, through injuries sustained in peacetime accidents, as Ward III remained operational until 1948.

Before the war the RAF had made preparations by setting up burns units in several hospitals to treat the expected casualties. At East Grinstead, McIndoe and his colleagues, including Albert Ross Tilley, developed and improved many techniques for treating and reconstructing burns victims. They had to deal with very severe injuries: one man, Air Gunner Les Wilkins, lost his face and hands and McIndoe recreated his fingers by making incisions between his knuckles.

Aware that many patients would have to stay in hospital for several years and undergo many reconstructive operations, MacIndoe set out to make their lives relaxed and socially productive. He gave much thought to the reintegration of patients into normal life after treatment, an aspect of care that had previously been neglected. They were encouraged to lead as normal a life as possible, including being permitted to wear their own clothes or service uniforms instead of "convalescent blues", and to leave the hospital at will. Local families were encouraged to welcome them as guests, and other residents to treat them without distinction: East Grinstead became "the town that didn't stare". The Guinea Pig Club was part of these efforts to make life in hospital easier, and to rebuild patients psychologically in preparation for life outside. There were even barrels of pale ale in the wards – partly in the interests of re-hydrating patients whose injuries had left them dangerously dehydrated, but also to encourage an informal and happy atmosphere.

Later, many of the men also served in other capacities in RAF operations control rooms, and occasionally as pilots between surgeries. Those unable to serve in any capacity received full pay until the last surgical operations and only then were invalided out of the service. McIndoe also later loaned some of his patients money for their re-entry into civilian life.

A club magazine, The Guinea Pig, was first published in April 1944.

Post-war history

The club was not disbanded at the end of the war, but continued to meet for over sixty years, offering practical support and a sense of community to former patients. The Guinea Pig magazine also continued to be published until 2003. Annual meetings at East Grinstead attracted visitors from all over the world. McIndoe had been elected life president at the club's foundation: after his death in 1960, Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, became president. Geoffrey Page was the first chairman; and Tom Gleave served as the first and only Chief Guinea Pig until his death in 1993.

In 2001 (the 60th anniversary of the club's foundation) the members agreed to continue holding their annual reunions at East Grinstead until there were only 50 members left. By 2004, there were 120 survivors; and by 2007 there were 97 (57 in Britain; 40 elsewhere in the world), their ages ranging from 82 to 102. In the event, 2007 marked the last reunion. It attracted over 60 attendees, but in view of the survivors' age and frailty the decision was then taken to wind the club down. There were believed to be 29 survivors by April 2015, and 17 by November 2016. The last members of the club were Sam Gallop and Jan Stangryciuk-Black, who were both aged 101 when they died only days apart in October 2023.

Brevet
The club symbol, or "brevet", depicted a guinea pig flanked by oversized RAF "wings". Two artistic renditions were used: the first showed the guinea pig sitting upright with his ears swept back, perhaps in imitation of a pilot at the controls of his aircraft; while the second showed a more naturalistic guinea pig on all fours.

Anthem
The words to the club anthem were written by Edward "Blackie" Blacksell. They were inspired by the World War I song "Fred Karno's Army", and (like that song) sung to the tune Aurelia by Samuel Sebastian Wesley, best known as the tune of the popular hymn "The Church's One Foundation". The final line of the second verse is an example of a mind rhyme.

Legacy
Sixteen members of the club wrote books about their experiences, some of them during the war. The best known, and most influential in raising public awareness of McIndoe's work, was Richard Hillary's The Last Enemy, originally published in the United States as Falling Through Space (1942).

One of the pubs in East Grinstead adopted the name "The Guinea Pig". It closed in 2008 and was demolished in 2009 to make way for a social housing development named Guinea Pig Place.

A painted Roll of Honour is displayed in a corridor of the Canadian Wing at Queen Victoria Hospital.

A bronze monument commemorating McIndoe, sculpted by Martin Jennings (whose own father was a Guinea Pig), was unveiled in East Grinstead High Street in 2014. It depicts a seated airman, with his burned hands clawed together, and his scarred face turned to one side. Behind him, resting a reassuring hand on each shoulder, stands the figure of McIndoe. The two figures are encircled by a stone bench.

In November 2016, a monument honouring members of the club was unveiled by the Duke of Edinburgh, its president, at the National Memorial Arboretum, Staffordshire.

An exhibition in East Grinstead Museum honouring the members of the club was opened in December 2016 by Susan Piper, Lord Lieutenant of West Sussex, with four club members in attendance.

In 2017, the Guinea Pig Club directly inspired the formation of the CASEVAC Club, a similar mutual support group for service personnel badly injured in the Iraq and Afghan wars of the 21st century.

Notable members

 * George Bennions (1913–2004)
 * Harold Bird-Wilson (1919–2000)
 * Robert Boscawen (1923–2013)
 * Bob Doe (1920–2010)
 * Jimmy Edwards (1920–1988)
 * Bill Foxley (1923–2010)
 * Tom Gleave (1908–1993)
 * Richard Hillary (1919–1943)
 * Colin Hodgkinson (1920–1996)
 * Josef Koukal (1912–1980)
 * Eric Lock (1919–1941)
 * Jackie Mann (1914–1995)
 * Geoffrey Page (1920–2000)
 * Richard Pape (1916–1995)
 * Alois Šiška (1914–2003)
 * Frankie Truhlar (1917–1946)
 * Robert Wright (1906–1992)

Popular culture
Charles MacLean, himself a Guinea Pig, published a novel, The Heavens are not too High, in 1957, telling the story of a fighter pilot who suffers severe burns.

Guinea Pig Club was the title of a play centred on McIndoe's work produced at York Theatre Royal in 2012, featuring Graeme Hawley as McIndoe.

Foyle's War, series 3, episode 2, "Enemy Fire" (2004) features a stately home converted to a burns unit in which the patients are encouraged to drink beer, wear their own clothes and organise entertainment. McIndoe is mentioned in passing.

Joseph Randolph Richard's novel Incendo (2015) tells the story of a badly burned pilot and his membership of the club.

A film entitled The Guinea Pig Club, starring Richard E. Grant as McIndoe, was reported to be planned for production in 2018.

Memoirs
(Listed in order of date of first publication)
 * [revised edition published 1999 as Shot Down in Flames: a World War II fighter pilot's remarkable tale of survival. ISBN 1902304101]
 * [revised edition published 1999 as Shot Down in Flames: a World War II fighter pilot's remarkable tale of survival. ISBN 1902304101]
 * [revised edition published 1999 as Shot Down in Flames: a World War II fighter pilot's remarkable tale of survival. ISBN 1902304101]
 * [revised edition published 1999 as Shot Down in Flames: a World War II fighter pilot's remarkable tale of survival. ISBN 1902304101]
 * [revised edition published 1999 as Shot Down in Flames: a World War II fighter pilot's remarkable tale of survival. ISBN 1902304101]
 * [revised edition published 1999 as Shot Down in Flames: a World War II fighter pilot's remarkable tale of survival. ISBN 1902304101]
 * [revised edition published 1999 as Shot Down in Flames: a World War II fighter pilot's remarkable tale of survival. ISBN 1902304101]
 * [revised edition published 1999 as Shot Down in Flames: a World War II fighter pilot's remarkable tale of survival. ISBN 1902304101]
 * [revised edition published 1999 as Shot Down in Flames: a World War II fighter pilot's remarkable tale of survival. ISBN 1902304101]
 * [revised edition published 1999 as Shot Down in Flames: a World War II fighter pilot's remarkable tale of survival. ISBN 1902304101]

In addition, The Guinea Pig magazine regularly featured a column "How I became a Guinea Pig", in which individual members recounted their personal experiences.

Secondary accounts

 * [revised edition published 2018 as The Guinea Pig Club: Archibald McIndoe and the RAF in World War II. ISBN 978-1-78438-321-3]
 * [revised edition published 2018 as The Guinea Pig Club: Archibald McIndoe and the RAF in World War II. ISBN 978-1-78438-321-3]
 * [revised edition published 2018 as The Guinea Pig Club: Archibald McIndoe and the RAF in World War II. ISBN 978-1-78438-321-3]
 * [revised edition published 2018 as The Guinea Pig Club: Archibald McIndoe and the RAF in World War II. ISBN 978-1-78438-321-3]
 * [revised edition published 2018 as The Guinea Pig Club: Archibald McIndoe and the RAF in World War II. ISBN 978-1-78438-321-3]
 * [revised edition published 2018 as The Guinea Pig Club: Archibald McIndoe and the RAF in World War II. ISBN 978-1-78438-321-3]
 * [revised edition published 2018 as The Guinea Pig Club: Archibald McIndoe and the RAF in World War II. ISBN 978-1-78438-321-3]
 * [revised edition published 2018 as The Guinea Pig Club: Archibald McIndoe and the RAF in World War II. ISBN 978-1-78438-321-3]
 * [revised edition published 2018 as The Guinea Pig Club: Archibald McIndoe and the RAF in World War II. ISBN 978-1-78438-321-3]

title: Guinea Pig Club


text:
Talk:Gullane Entertainment

To many programs in header
Hello, I removed the extra programs in the introduction since three is plenty and there is a Programs section. Having any more than three in the intro is excess and clutters the introduction.--Pibal373 (talk) 19:19, 24 April 2021 (UTC)

[Untitled]
Is this information correct; for example, did the company literally own the Guinness Book of World Records? ugen64 22:48, Mar 17, 2004 (UTC)

Acquisitions possible??
Before it got removed there was this part of the article which I can vaguely remember on Wikipedia.

Programme acquisitions (This may NOT be true.)

 * James the Cat (1998) - James is a black and white cat who lives in an old house with his animal friends (all voices by Alistair McGowan).

 * Captain Pugwash (1998) - Captain Pugwash and his mates search for treasure on the Black Pig against the evil Cut Throat Jake. This is based on the original characters by John Ryan.
 * Sooty Heights (1999-2000) - Presented by Richard Cadell and Liana Bridges, Sooty Heights is a comedy puppet show featuring Sooty and his pals Sweep, Soo and Little Cousin Scampi, running a hotel. This was the replacement for Sooty & Co, which ended in 1998 due to former Sooty host, Matthew Corbett, retiring.

THANKS
 * Sooty (2001-2004) - Presented by Richard Cadell and Vicki Lee Taylor, Sooty is a comedy puppet show featuring Sooty and his pals Sweep, Soo, Little Cousin Scampi, Miki and Butch, running a hotel. This was the replacement for Sooty Heights.
 * Eckhart (2000-2001) - A little mouse and his friends who have a lot of adventures travelling around the world, based on the character created by David Weale.

JG

Malmsimp (talk) 09:27, 3 October 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gullane Entertainment


text:
List of national parks of Turkey

The following is a list of national parks in Turkey.

History
The concept of a national park was introduced for the first time in Turkey by Selahattin İnal, who argued that "nature reserves should have the status of a national park and they should be determined according to natural beauty and touristic potential criteria." The concept was included in the 25th article of the Forest Law adopted on 31 August 1956, and was included in the legal plane for the first time. The General Directorate of Forestry, which is given the responsibility of the national parks by law, is authorized to declare a national park for the purpose of using it as a scientific and public sports and recreation area, provided that the fauna and flora of the forested areas are preserved. Until 1983, only areas that had forest cover fell within the category of national parks, but the National Parks Law, which was adopted on 8 August 1983, new protection statuses such as nature parks, nature preserve areas, and nature monuments were established and areas with historical, touristic or cultural values could now be declared as national parks even if they were not covered by forests. According to the current version of the law, the declaration of a new national park falls within the powers of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, which takes the advice of the Ministry of Environment and Urban Planning on zoning, and the Ministry of Culture and Tourism on historical and touristic matters.

In the cases where the area set to become a national park consists of lands belonging to the public as well as fields belonging to the individuals, the area is taken under the control of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, which can use measures such as expropriation, transfer, allocation or donation under the Expropriation Law. The Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry has the right to organize, manage, or operate national parks. The right to operate is valid only for national parks not covered by the state forests, and the right to operate the state forests cannot be transferred in accordance with article 169 of the constitution. The management of the national parks is directly done by the Directorate of National Parks, a subbranch of the General Directorate of Nature Conservation and National Parks, which itself is controlled by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry.

Yozgat Pine Grove National Park, one of the remaining ruins of the ancient forests in Central Anatolia, was declared Turkey's first national park on 5 February 1958. Antalya has the highest number of national parks among the provinces by having five national parks within its boundaries. With a height of 3000 m and an area of 88015 ha, Mount Ararat National Park is Turkey's largest and highest national park. The last area to be declared a national park was Botan Valley National Park, which was listed on 15 August 2019. Turkey has a total of 44 national parks, which cover an area of 853383 ha.

Key
{{legend|#CFECD2|Included in the list of World Heritage Sites in Turkey|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}} {{legend|#CEDFF2|Included in the list of Ramsar sites in Turkey|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}

title: List of national parks of Turkey


text:
Bracken (TV series)

Bracken is a television drama serial broadcast from 1980 to 1982 on RTÉ 1 in Ireland, depicting rural life in and around County Wicklow. Created and written by Wesley Burrowes, it starred Gabriel Byrne and Niall Tóibín.

The show is chiefly known for being the link between two long standing RTÉ series, in that Gabriel Byrne's character, Pat Barry, had first appeared in The Riordans, towards the end of that show's run. The characters of Dinny and Miley Byrne, played by Joe Lynch and Mick Lally, first appeared on this series, they were later to become the central stars of Glenroe. Each of the three series were created by Wesley Burrowes.

Cast

 * Gabriel Byrne as Pat Barry
 * Niall Tóibín as Edward Daly
 * Joe Lynch as Dinny Byrne
 * Sean Lawlor as Peter Thompson
 * Mick Lally as Miley Byrne
 * Fiona Victory as Louise Daly
 * Dana Wynter as Jill Daly
 * Jim Fitzgerald as Barney Kenny

title: Bracken (TV series)


text:
Janet Leon

Janet Ava Owji (born 19 October 1990), also known by her stage name OWJI and her former stage name Janet Leon, is a Swedish singer, songwriter and A&R. Leon began her career as part of the pop group Play, for which she was lead singer 2003–2005. She rose to further prominence in Sweden with the release of her hit debut solo album Janet (2009) and the successful singles "Let Go" and "Heartache on the Dancefloor", both also released in 2009.

Leon competed in Melodifestivalen, an annual Swedish song competition which selects the country's representative for the Eurovision Song Contest, in 2013 and 2014. Her single "New Colours" was selected as the official song for Stockholm Pride 2013.

Early life
Janet Ava Owji was born on 19 October 1990 in Gothenburg, Sweden to an Iranian father and a Spanish mother. She is an only child. Leon grew up in the Gothenburg borough Johanneberg and was in her childhood interested in music, theatre and football. She began playing the violin at the age of four and arranged performances of songs together with her friends while in kindergarten.

Leon began participating in talent shows as a singer at the age of seven; one of her earliest stage appearances was performing Spice Girls songs alongside some of her friends at a school talent show. She also began writing her own songs at around the age of 8. In her youth, Leon and some of her friends were part of a blues band called "Walking Spanish" which performed at various music festivals in Sweden.

Leon's musical idols and inspirations include Beyoncé, Mariah Carey, Eminem, Whitney Houston and Michael Jackson.

2003–2005: Member of Play
Leon's professional music career began in 2003 when she at the age of 13 joined the Swedish pop group Play as lead singer in December 2003. She replaced the band's former lead singer, then 16-year-old Faye Hamlin, who left to finish her studies at school. Leon became acquintaned to the members of the band through her relatives and was recruited after sending in a demo to the band's manager, Laila Bagge. Bagge called back almost immediately after receiving the demo and travelled to Gothenburg the next day to hear Leon perform in person and ask her about her life goals. Leon was officially announced as part of Play in a press release on 15 December 2003.

Leon's first album with Play (and the group's third studio album overall), Don't Stop the Music, was released on 9 March 2004 but turned out to be a commercial failure. In the summer of 2004, Play went on a tour in the United States. The group were accompanied by some of their parents as well as a teacher in order to not fall behind in school. Play performed together with various artists during the tour, including Aaron Carter and Destiny's Child; Leon also had a dinner with her idol Beyoncé.

Play's next album, the Christmas-themed Play Around the Christmas, released in November 2004 and also failed to chart. In 2005 the group then released a compilation of hits, Girl's Mind, though only songs from Hamlin's time as lead singer were featured. In September 2005, Play announced an indefinite hiatus. Play was later briefly reformed 2009–2011, though Leon did not rejoin the group.

2005–2011: Early solo career, debut album
After the breakup of Play, Leon began a solo career, working towards the eventual goal of putting together a solo studio album. She continued to work with her manager Laila Bagge, as well as producers Anders Bagge and Andreas Carlsson, who had previously worked with Play. Her early solo work included recording songs for the American toy store brand Build-a-Bear Workshop and for Kohl's clothing brand everGirl. In 2005 she also contributed vocals to two songs on the Bratz: Rock Angelz soundtrack. She voiced a fawn in the 2008 Swedish animated children's film Gnomes and Trolls: The Secret Chamber.

In late 2008, Leon was chosen to be one of two participants in the Swedish television show Made in Sweden, hosted by Laila Bagge, Anders Bagge and Andreas Carlsson. Made in Sweden saw the producers attempt to forge successful musical artists; in Leon's case the programme followed her over the course of two months as she worked on and prepared her first solo studio album. The album, titled Janet, was released in 2009 and became a hit, spending three weeks on the Swedish charts. Leon's debut single, "Let Go" (2009), also nearly topped the charts and her second single released later in the same year, "Heartache on the Dancefloor", rose to number 34 in Sweden and charted for a total of 10 weeks.

Following the release of her album and singles, Leon spent some time touring in Sweden and also began working on a second album. In 2010, she played a part in a Swedish musical stage production based on the film Grease (1978), which transplanted the plot of the film to 1960s Sweden. In 2011, Leon recorded vocals for the song "Fire Fly" on the Childish Gambino album Camp. On 3 December 2012, Leon released an acoustic version of the new song "These Chains" through the newspaper Expressen; "These Chains" was intended to eventually be part of her second album.

2012–2014: Melodifestivalen
While working on her potential second album together with songwriter Jörgen Elofsson, the two had the idea to send in a song as a competing entry to Melodifestivalen, an annual Swedish song competition which selects the country's representative for the Eurovision Song Contest. Leon and Elofsson saw a potential performance in Melodifestivalen as a good comeback to relaunch Leon's musical career.

Leon's entry was accepted and she was officially announced as a contestant for Melodifestivalen 2013 in November 2012. Her entry, the original song "Heartstrings", was written by Fredrik Kempe and Anton Malmberg Hård af Segerstad. Leon performed "Heartstrings" in Skellefteå on 16 February 2013 and placed fifth in her semi-final, failing to qualify for the final. Leon had planned to release her second studio album in 2013 shortly after Melodifestivalen  but it as of yet remains unreleased.

On 7 May 2013, Leon's new single "New Colours" was selected as the official song for Stockholm Pride 2013. The song was co-written by Leon, along with songwriters Jörgen Elofsson, Lisa Desmond and Jesper Jakobson and debuted at number 10 on the Swedish music chart Svensktoppen. Also in 2013, Leon provided backing vocals for Agnetha Fältskog's album A.

In November 2013, Leon was announced as a contestant for Melodifestivalen 2014, competing with the song "Hollow". The song was written by songwriters Karl-Ola Kjellholm, Jimmy Jansson, and Louise Winter and was performed by Leon in Örnsköldsvik on 22 February 2014. Leon placed eighth and last in the semi-final and did thus not qualify for the final. "Hollow" was a challenging song to sing; Leon lost her voice while singing it several times during rehearsals.

2014–present: Career in the United States
In late September 2014, Leon moved to Los Angeles, California to further pursue her dreams. Beginning in 2014 she worked as a songwriter and A&R, for instance at the entertainment company DEFIENT. She has in this capacity worked together with various artists, including Elva Hsiao.

On 7 April 2021, Leon partook in the Clubhouse talk "Women in Music – Goddess Power Unite", hosted by Swedish musician Josefine. The talk also featured various other female musicians and music creatives and also brought attention to the UK-based social organization Girls Out Loud.

In October and November 2022, Leon joined fellow Swedish-Iranian singer Arash on a tour of North America, performing concerts in support of the Mahsa Amini protests in Iran.

On 14 April 2023, she stated that she would no longer be using the stage name "Janet Leon", citing as reasons the strange experience of growing up in the music industry and not being herself. She instead announced that she would henceforth use the stage name OWJI (pronounced O-G), adapted from her family name.

Personal life
Leon moved from Gothenburg to Stockholm, where her musical collaborators were based, in 2009. Leon revealed in February 2012 that she then lived in Stockholm together with her boyfriend, whom she had been dating for sixteen months. In September of the same year Leon moved in together with her friend My in the Årsta borough of Stockholm. Leon has since moved to Los Angeles in 2014 but frequently travels back to Sweden.

Studio albums
As a member of Play:
 * 2004: Don't Stop the Music
 * 2004: Play Around the Christmas Tree

title: Janet Leon


text:
University of East London

University of East London (UEL) is a public university located in the London Borough of Newham, London, England, based at three campuses in Stratford and Docklands, following the opening of University Square Stratford in September 2013. The University of East London began as the West Ham Technical Institute and it was officially opened in October 1898 after approval was given for the construction of the site by the West Ham Technical Instruction Act Committee in 1892 following the Technical Instruction Act of 1889. It gained university status in 1992. It was formerly known as College of East London.

The community is made up of over 40,000 total students from over 160 different countries studying at the University of East London and collaborative partners.

History

UEL can trace its roots back to 1892, when the newly formed County Borough of West Ham decided to establish a West Ham Technical Institute to serve the local community. The institute was to be, in the words of John Passmore Edwards speaking at the building's opening ceremony, a "people's university". The college provided courses in science, engineering and art, and also established its own internal degree courses in science and engineering, which were ratified by the University of London. In addition, it had a women's department.

As demand for technical education grew throughout the 1930s and 1940s, Essex County Council created two further colleges at Walthamstow and Dagenham (South West Essex Technical College and South East Essex Technical College). In 1970 these three colleges (West Ham, Walthamstow, Dagenham) were combined as a merger of higher education colleges, to create the North East London Polytechnic. Campuses were modernised and revitalised by buildings such as the Arthur Edwards building on the Stratford campus, completed in 1982.

In 1988 the North East London Polytechnic became a higher education institution, and was renamed the Polytechnic of East London in 1989.

In 1992 the Polytechnic of East London became the University of East London, one of a number of "new universities". UEL's succession of founding institutions exemplify the developments that took place in British further and higher education policy throughout the late 19th and 20th centuries. The University of East London consisted of the Barking Campus (closed 2006) and the Stratford Campus. In 1999 the Docklands Campus was opened, the first new university campus built in London for over 50 years.

In 2012, following previous opposition, UEL adopted the full increased tuition rates of £9,000 permitted by legislation enacted in 2010, an increase from the previous rate of £3,290. The university is a lead academic sponsor of Hackney University Technical College which opened in 2012, one of the first university technical colleges in England.

In April 2013 the university was granted armorial bearings by the College of Arms.

Campuses
UEL has three campuses, at Stratford and Docklands, the newest of which, University Square Stratford, opened in September 2013. The Barking campus was closed in 2006.

UEL delivers programmes and short courses at the Barking Learning Centre in a nearby borough. Off campus, there are students registered on programmes with UK and non-UK academic partners, such as the Women's Institute of Management in Malaysia.

UCFB is a college of the university.

Stratford Campus
The Stratford Campus is close to the 2012 Olympic Park. It is centred around University House, a 19th-century listed building. The campus is home to the School of Education and Communities, the School of Health Sport and Bioscience and the School of Psychology. The Centre for Clinical Education was opened in January 2008. Operating in partnership with the National Health Service, the centre is London's only provider of podiatric education.

In 2011 UEL appointed Make Architects to lead the design of a replacement library at the Stratford Campus. The project had a budget of £13 million and the library opened in June 2013.

Docklands Campus

The Docklands Campus, opened in 1999, is the largest of the three campuses, It is in the redeveloped Docklands area of east London, at the Royal Albert Dock, closed to commercial shipping since the 1980s and now largely used as a water sports centre and rowing course, for example for the London Regatta Centre.

London City Airport is across the dock from the campus. The Cyprus station of the Docklands Light Railway is adjacent to the campus, and offers links to Canary Wharf and central London.

The campus was shortlisted for the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors' Building of the Year in 2001.

New student accommodation opened in 2008 and the campus now has 1,200 student rooms, together with shops, cafés and a restaurant, launderettes and an open-air fitness suite. SportsDock, a £21 million sports and academic centre, opened in March 2012. SportsDock served as the High-Performance Training Centre for Team USA during the London 2012 Olympic Games. The campus library is housed in the Royal Docks Business School building.

University Square Stratford
A third campus, University Square Stratford (USS – not to be confused with University Square at the Docklands Campus), opened for the 2013–14 academic year. The building opened being co-owned with Birkbeck, University of London it is situated in Stratford and delivers part-time and full-time study for adults. The project was the first time two higher education institutions created a new shared building. The building provides shared teaching spaces for both higher education institutions and their partners. It is home to the Royal Docks School of Business Law, as well as UEL's Institute of Performing Arts. Facilities include performance studios, editing suites, a mooting room and lecture theatres.

In July 2021, the university bought the remaining shares in University Square as part of their Vision 2028 strategy, to "boost careers-led education", this enabled the UEL's Royal Docks School of Business and Law facility within USS to be further enhanced by a trading floor simulator, a mooting room, and a marketing analytics lab.

The building was nominated for the 2014 Carbuncle Cup.

Faculties and schools

Degree programmes and other courses are taught by one of the seven teaching schools. In addition, the Graduate School provides support and administrative services for postgraduate research students.

Royal Docks School of Business and Law
The School of Business and Law (RDBSL) is a combined school which offers undergraduate, postgraduate and PhD degree programmes, as well as non-degree executive education for individuals and companies. The school's main location is at the Stratford Campus but it also offers programmes at the Docklands Campus. Its programmes are recognised by professional bodies including the Association of Chartered Certified Accountants, (ACCA), the Chartered Management Institute (CMI), and the Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development, (CIPD).

The school also offers a range of business support, enterprise development services and conferencing facilities. Knowledge Dock helps students start their own companies by supplying help and business start-up incubators. Knowledge Dock is accredited by the European Business Network as a Business Innovation Centre (BIC) and is the only BIC in London, and one of only 12 in the UK.

School of Architecture, Computing and Engineering
The School of Architecture, Computing and Engineering was established in 2011. It delivers undergraduate programmes in architecture, computing, civil engineering, electrical and electronic engineering, mathematics and product design.

School of Education and Communities
The School of Education and Communities delivers teaching and supports research in comparative education, early childhood, diversity and language, multilingualism, professional education, race and community, social work, teacher education and technology-enhanced learning.

School of Health, Sport and Bioscience
The School of Health, Sport and Bioscience supports research and delivers teaching in nursing, health studies, physiotherapy, microbiology, biomedical science, physiology, pharmacology, biochemistry, forensic science, sports science, conservation and ecology.

School of Psychology
The School of Psychology delivers programmes such as BSc (Hons) Psychology, accredited by the British Psychological Society, and a qualification in counselling training, BSc (Hons) Counselling and Mentoring.

School of Arts and Creative Industries
The School of Arts and Creative Industries delivers courses that cover fashion, film, design, fine art and media, digital arts and communications, games design and animation, music, theatre and dance, creative writing, cultural and heritage studies, journalism, advertising and performing arts.

Graduate school
The Graduate School provides support for postgraduate research students, research and scholarly activities.

Validations
In 2018, UEL partnered with renowned theatre arts school Italia Conti Academy of Theatre Arts and became validators of their BA (Hons) Musical Theatre course. The course takes place at two locations; The academy, Barbican and Italia Conti Arts Centre, Guildford.

Academic profile
UEL offers both undergraduate and postgraduate degrees. In addition, extended degree programmes are available for many of the single honour programmes. In these programmes, students add a preliminary foundation year to the usual three-year programme. UEL offers a range of postgraduate degrees, including taught master's degrees, professional doctorates and research degrees including MPhils and PhDs.

UEL has an MBA programme in Malaysia via collaboration with Women's Institute of Management Malaysia.

London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games
UEL's campuses are in Newham, the host borough of the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games, close to two Olympic venues; the Olympic Park in Stratford and the Excel Centre in Docklands. UEL has had Olympic and Paralympic projects including research, student involvement and sporting partnerships underway since it was announced that London's bid to host the Games was successful in 2005.

Partnerships
Asics had a five-year partnership with UEL, and provided bursaries and scholarships to support research athletes at the university. During the 2012 Games, ASICS played host to athletes, ambassadors and business partners in their brand centre at UEL's Stratford campus

The London Organising Committee of the Olympic Games and Paralympic Games (LOCOG) was a Games-time partner with UEL and students volunteered as Games-makers during the Games.

British Swimming has had a partnership with UEL since the London Olympic Games in 2005. British Swimming used UEL residencies during the Games.

The United States Olympic Committee's Team USA used SportsDock as its training centre during the Games. UEL sites acted as a base for USOC's sports performance services, logistical operations and media relations. Michelle Obama addressed the Team USA athletes at the SportsDock facility on Friday, 27 July 2012, speaking of the pride and excitement that the Games bring to people.

UEL students volunteered with Team USA in a number of roles during the Olympic season, including writing for the team's Games-time publication.

Team Singapore (SSC)'s recovery centre was based at UEL, providing high-performance athletic services including an athletes' lounge. UEL also provided accommodation for SSC's medical team.

Research
In the seven years to 2012, UEL produced around 70 pieces of research work, including the Westfield Transport Observation, Newham Impact Evaluation and LOCOG Impact Evaluation.

Students' Union
The University of East London Students' Union (UELSU) is the university-wide representative body for students at the university. It exists to represent UEL students in university decision-making, to act as the voice of students in the national higher education policy debate, and to provide direct services to the student body. It is affiliated to the National Union of Students, which represents students nationwide. Elections are held every year to elect a new executive committee. The Students' Union runs a number of clubs and societies, campaigns and entertainment. There is also a social meeting space, on the Docklands campus and another, the Dome, on the Stratford campus

There are over 50 societies at UEL. There is a student e-zine called Your Universe, a joint partnership between UEL and student writers.

Sports
UEL's sports clubs participate in the British Universities and Colleges Sport leagues and sports activities are managed by UELSports. In 2011, UEL was named the most improved university for sport at the BUCS awards, having jumped 43 places in the league table.

A sports centre at the Docklands campus, Sportsdock, opened in 2012. This was used by Team USA for their training during the 2012 Summer Olympics. The centre features a gym and fitness suite, two large indoor sports arenas, ten badminton courts, two competition basketball courts, volleyball and netball courts, cricket bays, two five-a-side football pitches, a sports café and covered seating for 400 people.

Notable alumni
UEL and its predecessor institutions have a number of notable academic staff and alumni, including politicians, business people, authors, actors, musicians and sports people.

 * Kemi Adeosun – Minister of Finance of Nigeria
 * Tazeen Ahmad – British journalist and broadcaster
 * Hilary Armstrong – British Labour Party politician and formerly Member of Parliament
 * Roger Ashton-Griffiths – British actor, writer and director
 * Nigel Benson – author and illustrator
 * Garry Bushell – British journalist and broadcaster
 * Simon Carter – Artist
 * Marina Diamandis – Marina and the Diamonds, singer-songwriter
 * Jake and Dinos Chapman – Turner Prize nominees
 * Daljit Dhaliwal – news presenter for Al Jazeera English
 * Mark Frith – journalist and editor (did not graduate)
 * Gemma Gibbons – Judo Olympian
 * Preet Gill – British Labour Co-operative politician, MP for Birmingham Edgbaston
 * Max Hattler, visual artist, animator
 * Rupa Huq – British Labour Party politician and Member of Parliament
 * Joe Ikhinmwin - former British Basketball League player and media personality
 * Edison James – former Prime Minister of Dominica
 * Carolyn Kagan – community psychologist and social activist
 * Sonam Kapoor – Bollywood actress
 * Imran Khan – solicitor to the Stephen Lawrence family
 * Jeffrey Lawal-Balogun – track athlete
 * Gina Miller – initiator of R (Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union 2016 case against the British government over its authority to implement Brexit without approval from the House of Commons (did not graduate)
 * Kate Osamor – Labour Party politician and Member of Parliament
 * Mike Pittilo – Principal and Vice-Chancellor of the Robert Gordon University
 * Helen Pluckrose - British author and cultural writer known for critiques of Critical Social Justice
 * Margaret Prosser, Baroness Prosser – Labour Life Peer and Deputy Chair of the Equality and Human Rights Commission
 * Bill Puplampu – occupational psychologist and Vice Chancellor of the Central University (Ghana)
 * Lucy Quist – first Ghanaian woman to become the CEO of a multinational telecommunications company in Ghana
 * Mark Stephens – broadcaster, lawyer, mediator and writer
 * Tinchy Stryder – musician
 * Roger Taylor – drummer of the band Queen
 * Alexander Trotman, Baron Trotman – former chairman and CEO of Ford Motor Company
 * Dario Angelo Alberto Vignali - Distinguished Professor and the Frank Dixon Chair for Cancer Immunology at University of Pittsburgh
 * Bianca Williams – Commonwealth Games track athlete
 * Iolo Williams – Welsh nature observer and television presenter

title: University of East London


text:
Pal Joey (novel)

Pal Joey is a 1940 epistolary novel by John O'Hara, which became the basis of the 1940 stage musical comedy and 1957 motion picture of the same name, with music by Richard Rodgers and lyrics by Lorenz Hart. It was originally written as a series of episodic short stories in The New Yorker in the late 1930s.

Plot
Taking the form of letters from "pal Joey" to "dear Pal Ted," a second-rate nightclub singer recounts his life in 1930s Chicago, with a focus on money and women. Although he does not seem aware of it, Joey's letters reveal him to be an amoral, calculating heel whose venality is cloaked by an amiable persona. He also does not seem aware of his frequent spelling and grammatical errors (really choices by O'Hara to convey Joey's voice):

"Dear Friend Ted" "That is if I can call you friend after the last two weeks for it is a hard thing to do considering. I do not know if you realize what has happen to me oweing to your lack of consideraton [sic]. Maybe it is not lack of consideraton [sic]. Maybe it is on purpose. Well if it is on purpose all I have to say is maybe you are the one that will be the loser and not me as I was going to do certain things for you but now it does not look like I will be able to do them...."

Contents
The stories are

 * Pal Joey

 * Ex-Pal

 * How I Am Now in Chi.

 * Bow Wow

 * Avast and Belay

 * Joey on Herta

 * Joey on the Cake Line

 * The Erloff

 * Even the Greeks

 * Joey and the Calcutta Club

 * Joey and Mavis

 * A New Career

 * A Bit of a Shock

 * Reminiss?

title: Pal Joey (novel)


text:
Cat's Eye (1985 film)

Cat's Eye (also known as Stephen King's Cat's Eye) is a 1985 American anthology horror thriller film directed by Lewis Teague and written by Stephen King. It comprises three stories, "Quitters, Inc.", "The Ledge", and "General". The first two are adaptations of short stories in King's 1978 Night Shift collection, and the third is unique to the film. The three stories are connected by the presence of a traveling cat, and Drew Barrymore both of which play incidental roles in the first two and major characters in the third.

Its cast includes Drew Barrymore, James Woods, Alan King, Robert Hays and Candy Clark.

Plot
A stray tabby cat hides from a dog in a delivery truck, which drives to New York City. The cat sees the disembodied image of a young girl pleading for help and is picked up by a man.

"Quitters, Inc."
Dick Morrison is advised by a friend to join Quitters, Inc. to kick his smoking habit. The clinic doctor Vinnie Donatti explains that the clinic has a 100% success rate due to a uniquely persuasive method: every time Dick smokes a cigarette, horrors of increasing magnitude will befall his wife, Cindy and their daughter, Alicia.

Using the same tomcat that that his assistant Junk caught in the street, Donatti demonstrates the first of these horrors: the cat is put in a cage and tormented with electric shocks coming from the floor. He explains that if his new client is caught with a cigarette, Cindy will be shocked while he is forced to watch. For subsequent infractions, Alicia will be shocked, then she will be raped. Finally, Dick himself will be killed. He hides the threats from his family.

That night, Dick, angered by the methods that Quitters, Inc. uses, notices a pack of cigarettes in his desk. He prepares to smoke, but notices a pair of feet in his closet, realizing that the clinic takes their threats seriously. The following day, he visits Alicia, gives her a doll and drops her off at school. However, he sees Donatti, who warns him that the organization will be watching him closely.

During a stressful traffic jam, Dick smokes after finding an old pack of cigarettes in his glove box. After watching Cindy suffer in the electric cage, Dick futilely attacks them. Dick is determined never to smoke again and tells her everything. Time passes, and Dick is smoke free, but he has gained weight due to quitting. Donatti prescribes illegal diet pills and sets a target weight for him. Dick jokingly asks what will happen if he continues to gain weight, to which he responds that someone will cut off his wife's little finger.

Dick and Cindy have a dinner party with the same friend who recommended Quitters, Inc., and toast to both them and the company. As she raises her glass, Dick sees that his friend's wife is missing her little finger.

"The Ledge"
Having escaped the scuffle at Quitters, Inc., the cat leaves Manhattan via the Staten Island Ferry, traveling to Atlantic City, New Jersey, where it sees the same disembodied girl's image once again asking for his help.

Gambler and former tennis pro Johnny Norris is involved with a woman named Sally Ann, whose jealous husband, Cressner, is a crime boss and casino owner and a man who wages on anything. After winning a wager that the cat will successfully cross the busy road outside his casino, he takes him to his home. Cressner then has Norris kidnapped and blackmails him into a dangerous ordeal: he must circumnavigate the exterior ledge of his penthouse. If he makes it all the way around, he will grant his wife a divorce. If Norris refuses, he will call the police and have him arrested for possession of drugs that have been planted in Norris's Mustang by his henchman Albert, to which he agrees.

Cressner harasses Norris by startling him with a horn when he attempts to get into a window. A pigeon lands beside him and pecks at his foot, causing it to bleed. Then he turns on a fire hose to keep Norris from lingering and he returns to the apartment. Cressner says that he will honor the bet: Albert removes the drugs, and presents him with a bag of cash. However, he kicks over the bag to reveal his wife's severed head.

Norris attacks him, while Albert is tripped by the cat and drops his gun. Norris seizes the gun and kills Albert, then points it at Cressner. Norris forces him to undergo the same ordeal on the ledge. The cat watches as Cressner, harassed by the pigeon, falls to his death.

"General"
The cat then hops a freight train and travels to Wilmington, North Carolina, where it is adopted by the girl who was asking for his help earlier, Amanda, who names him General. Her mother believes that he will harm their parakeet, Polly. Despite Amanda's protests, she puts him out at night.

Consequently, he cannot protect Amanda from a small, malevolent troll that took up residence in the house. When she sleeps, the troll emerges via a hole in one of the walls in Amanda's room. The troll slays Polly with a tiny dagger and then tries to steal her breath. General finds a way into the house and chases the troll. After wounding his shoulder with his dagger, the troll flees, leaving Amanda and her parents to discover the dead bird.

Her parents are convinced that General killed Polly, but her father, discovering a wound too large for a parakeet to have made, starts doubting her belief that he slew her. She takes him to an animal shelter to be euthanized. When night falls, the troll returns and uses a doorstop to wedge Amanda's door shut, and then reattempts to take the sleeping girl's breath. As General is getting his final meal, he escapes and rushes back to her house. He saves Amanda and fights with the troll, causing a great deal of noise. Her parents awaken, but the blocked door prevents them from reaching her. Though the troll tries to flee, he kills him.

After her parents break into the room, Amanda describes how he saved her from the troll. Her parents believe the story when parts of the troll's corpse are discovered, as well as the tiny dagger and the hole in the wall that the troll used. The next morning, General feasts on a large fish, then climbs onto a sleeping Amanda's stomach and licks her face. She wakes up and cuddles him.

Cast

 * Drew Barrymore credited as "Our Girl". Also appears, uncredited, as Alicia Morrison, the Girl on TV, and Amanda
 * James Woods as Dick Morrison
 * Candy Clark as Sally Ann
 * Alan King as Dr. Vinny Donatti
 * Mary D'Arcy as Cindy Morrison
 * Robert Hays as Johnny Norris
 * Kenneth McMillan as Cressner
 * James Naughton as Hugh
 * James Rebhorn as Drunk Businessman
 * Charles S. Dutton as Dom
 * Mike Starr as Ducky

Release and reception
Cat's Eye was released theatrically in the United States by MGM on April 12, 1985. It grossed $13,086,298 at the domestic box office.

Roger Ebert gave the film three stars out of four and wrote, "Stephen King seems to be working his way through the reference books of human phobias, and 'Cat's Eye' is one of his most effective films." Vincent Canby of The New York Times called the film "the best screen adaptation of any of King's work since Brian De Palma's 'Carrie'" and "pop movie making of an extremely clever, stylish and satisfying order." Variety wrote, "The three stories just don't connect and efforts to join them never work. However, an excellent roster of talent does try its best." Gene Siskel of the Chicago Tribune gave the film two-and-a-half stars out of four and wrote that the opening story "is so funny and so fresh that it's a shock and a disappointment to see it come to an end in a half-hour. The movie's second short story is as dull as can be; No. 3 is kind of fun; so it all adds up to a better-than-average entertainment that sags terribly in the middle." Kevin Thomas of the Los Angeles Times stated that "the special effects are impeccable and Giorgio Postiglione's production design meticulous and inspired. Yet it's the well-drawn characters, plus the brisk, stylish direction of Teague and superb camerawork of Cardiff, that make it work." Paul Attanasio of The Washington Post wrote that all the stories "repeat the same formula," but the middle one was "the most fun, because of the presence of the peerless Kenneth McMillan," who "plays here with a good-humored burlesque that recalls Jackie Gleason." Kim Newman of The Monthly Film Bulletin thought the film "would have been sub-standard even as one of the formula Amicus anthologies of the 60s and 70s," adding, "Despite a few good performances (James Woods, Kenneth McMillan), the film, like Creepshow before it, is continually let down by the weak punch lines King provides for his promising anecdotes." On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a 70% rating based on 30 reviews. The critical consensus reads: "An effective if knowingly silly Stephen King anthology that combines comedy and terror." On Metacritic the film has a score of 70% based on reviews from 12 critics.

Neil Gaiman reviewed Cat's Eye for Imagine magazine, stating it was "Funny, scary, and one of the best King movies so far."

The film was released on VHS in 1985 by Key Video and later on DVD by Warner Home Video in 2002.

Awards
The film was nominated for the International Fantasy Film Award for Best Film in 1987. Drew Barrymore was nominated for the Young Artist Award for Best Starring Performance by a Young Actress in a Motion Picture in 1986.

title: Cat's Eye (1985 film)


text:
1992 Fijian general election

General elections were held in Fiji between 23 and 30 May 1992. It was the first election held since two military coups in 1987 had severed Fiji's 113-year-old constitutional links with the British Monarchy, and later Fijian Monarchy, and ushered in a republic.

The 1992 elections were the first to be held under the new electoral system, which was deliberately biased in favour of ethnic Fijians. National constituencies, elected by universal suffrage and comprising almost half of the House of Representatives under the 1970 constitution, were abolished, and for the first time, all members of the House of Representatives were elected from communal constituencies on closed electoral rolls, for registered members of a particular ethnic group. 37 seats were allocated to ethnic Fijians and only 27 to Indo-Fijians, despite the near-equality of their numbers in the population; one seat was reserved for a representative of the Rotuman Islanders, with five constituencies reserved for General electors (an omnibus category for various minorities including Europeans, Chinese, and Banaban Islanders).

The Soqosoqo ni Vakavulewa ni Taukei led by Sitiveni Rabuka, who had instigated the 1987 coups, won 30 of the 38 seats reserved for ethnic Fijians and Rotuman; the remaining five were won by the extremist Fijian Nationalist Party of Sakeasi Butadroka. The 27 Indo-Fijian electorates were almost equally divided, with the National Federation Party winning 14 seats and the Fiji Labour Party 13. All five of the "general electorates" were won by the General Voters Party.

title: 1992 Fijian general election


text:
Syriac alphabet

The Syriac alphabet (ܐܠܦ ܒܝܬ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ ) is a writing system primarily used to write the Syriac language since the 1st century AD. It is one of the Semitic abjads descending from the Aramaic alphabet through the Palmyrene alphabet, and shares similarities with the Phoenician, Hebrew, Arabic and Sogdian, the precursor and a direct ancestor of the traditional Mongolian scripts.

Syriac is written from right to left in horizontal lines. It is a cursive script where most—but not all—letters connect within a word. There is no letter case distinction between upper and lower case letters, though some letters change their form depending on their position within a word. Spaces separate individual words.

All 22 letters are consonants. There are optional diacritic marks to indicate vowels and other features. In addition to the sounds of the language, the letters of the Syriac alphabet can be used to represent numbers in a system similar to Hebrew and Greek numerals.

Apart from Classical Syriac Aramaic, the alphabet has been used to write other dialects and languages. Several Christian Neo-Aramaic languages from Turoyo to the Northeastern Neo-Aramaic dialect of Suret, once vernaculars, primarily began to be written in the 19th century. The variant specifically has been adapted to write Western Neo-Aramaic, previously written in the square Maalouli script, developed by George Rizkalla (Rezkallah), based on the Hebrew alphabet. Besides Aramaic, when Arabic began to be the dominant spoken language in the Fertile Crescent after the Islamic conquest, texts were often written in Arabic using the Syriac script as knowledge of the Arabic alphabet was not yet widespread; such writings are usually called Karshuni or Garshuni (ܓܪܫܘܢܝ). In addition to Semitic languages, Sogdian was also written with Syriac script, as well as Malayalam, which form was called Suriyani Malayalam.

Alphabet forms
There are three major variants of the Syriac alphabet:, and.

Classical
The oldest and classical form of the alphabet is. The name of the script is thought to derive from the Greek adjective strongýlē (στρογγύλη, 'rounded'), though it has also been suggested to derive from (, 'gospel character'). Although ʾEsṭrangēlā is no longer used as the main script for writing Syriac, it has received some revival since the 10th century. It is often used in scholarly publications (such as the Leiden University version of the Peshitta), in titles, and in inscriptions. In some older manuscripts and inscriptions, it is possible for any letter to join to the left, and older Aramaic letter forms (especially of Heth and the lunate Mem) are found. Vowel marks are usually not used with, being the oldest form of the script and arising before the development of specialized diacritics.

East Syriac
The East Syriac dialect is usually written in the (, 'Eastern') form of the alphabet. Other names for the script include (, 'conversational' or 'vernacular', often translated as 'contemporary', reflecting its use in writing modern Neo-Aramaic),  (, 'Assyrian', not to be confused with the traditional name for the Hebrew alphabet),  (, 'Chaldean'), and, inaccurately, "Nestorian" (a term that was originally used to refer to the Church of the East in the Sasanian Empire). The Eastern script resembles ʾEsṭrangēlā somewhat more closely than the Western script.

Vowels
The Eastern script uses a system of dots above and/or below letters, based on an older system, to indicate vowel sounds not found in the script:

 * (East Syriac vowel a Ftoho alone.svg) A dot above and a dot below a letter represent, transliterated as a or ă (called , ),
 * (East Syriac vowel o Zqofo alone.svg) Two diagonally-placed dots above a letter represent, transliterated as ā or â or å (called , ),
 * (East Syriac vowel e Rboso alone.svg) Two horizontally-placed dots below a letter represent, transliterated as e or ĕ (called , or , ; often pronounced  and transliterated as i in the East Syriac dialect),
 * (Syriac dotted Zlama angular (Madnhaya form).svg) Two diagonally-placed dots below a letter represent, transliterated as ē (called , or , ),
 * The letter waw with a dot below it represents, transliterated as ū or u (called , or , ),
 * The letter with a dot above it represents, transliterated as ō or o (called ,  or , ),
 * The letter yōḏ with a dot beneath it represents, transliterated as ī or i (called , ),
 * (East Syriac vowel i Hboso.svg) A combination of (usually) followed by a letter yōḏ represents  (possibly * in Proto-Syriac), transliterated as ē or ê (called, ).

It is thought that the Eastern method for representing vowels influenced the development of the niqqud markings used for writing Hebrew.

In addition to the above vowel marks, transliteration of Syriac sometimes includes ə, e̊ or superscript e (or often nothing at all) to represent an original Aramaic schwa that became lost later on at some point in the development of Syriac. Some transliteration schemes find its inclusion necessary for showing spirantization or for historical reasons. Whether because its distribution is mostly predictable (usually inside a syllable-initial two-consonant cluster) or because its pronunciation was lost, both the East and the West variants of the alphabet traditionally have no sign to represent the schwa.

West Syriac
The West Syriac dialect is usually written in the or  (, 'line') form of the alphabet, also known as the  (, 'simple'), 'Maronite' or the 'Jacobite' script (although the term Jacobite is considered derogatory). Most of the letters are clearly derived from ʾEsṭrangēlā, but are simplified, flowing lines. A cursive chancery hand is evidenced in the earliest Syriac manuscripts, but important works were written in ʾEsṭrangēlā. From the 8th century, the simpler Serṭā style came into fashion, perhaps because of its more economical use of parchment.

Vowels
The Western script is usually vowel-pointed, with miniature Greek vowel letters above or below the letter which they follow:
 * (Syriac Pthaha below (Serto form).svg) Capital alpha (Α) represents, transliterated as a or ă ,
 * (Syriac Zqapha above (Serto form).svg) Lowercase alpha (α) represents, transliterated as ā or â or å (, ; pronounced as and transliterated as o in the West Syriac dialect),
 * (Syriac Rbasa above (Serto form).svg) Lowercase epsilon (ε) represents both, transliterated as e or ĕ, and , transliterated as ē ,
 * (Syriac Serto vowel i Hboso alone.svg) Capital eta (H) represents, transliterated as ī ,
 * (Syriac Serto vowel u Csoso.svg) A combined symbol of capital upsilon (Υ) and lowercase omicron (ο) represents, transliterated as ū or u ,
 * Lowercase omega (ω), used only in the vocative interjection (, 'O!').

Summary table
The Syriac alphabet consists of the following letters, shown in their isolated (non-connected) forms. When isolated, the letters, , and are usually shown with their initial form connected to their final form (see below). The letters, , , , , , and  (and, in early ʾEsṭrangēlā manuscripts, the letter  ) do not connect to a following letter within a word; these are marked with an asterisk (*).

Matres lectionis
Three letters act as matres lectionis: rather than being a consonant, they indicate a vowel. Aleph (letter) (ܐ), the first letter, represents a glottal stop, but it can also indicate a vowel, especially at the beginning or the end of a word. The letter waw (ܘ) is the consonant w, but can also represent the vowels o and u. Likewise, the letter Yodh (ܝ) represents the consonant y, but it also stands for the vowels i and e.

In modern usage, some alterations can be made to represent phonemes not represented in classical phonology. A mark similar in appearance to a tilde (~), called majlīyānā, is placed above or below a letter in the Maḏnḥāyā variant of the alphabet to change its phonetic value (see also: Geresh):

 * Added below : to  (voiced palato-alveolar affricate)
 * Added below : to  (voiceless palato-alveolar affricate)
 * Added above or below : to  (voiced palato-alveolar sibilant)
 * Added above : to

and
In addition to foreign sounds, a marking system is used to distinguish (ܩܘܫܝܐ, 'hard' letters) from  (ܪܘܟܟܐ, 'soft' letters). The letters, , , , , and , all stop consonants ('hard') are able to be 'spirantized' (lenited) into fricative consonants ('soft'). The system involves placing a single dot underneath the letter to give its 'soft' variant and a dot above the letter to give its 'hard' variant (though, in modern usage, no mark at all is usually used to indicate the 'hard' value):

The mnemonic (ܒܓܕܟܦܬ) is often used to remember the six letters that are able to be spirantized (see also: Begadkepat).

In the East Syriac variant of the alphabet, spirantization marks are usually omitted when they interfere with vowel marks. The degree to which letters can be spirantized varies from dialect to dialect as some dialects have lost the ability for certain letters to be spirantized. For native words, spirantization depends on the letter's position within a word or syllable, location relative to other consonants and vowels, gemination, etymology, and other factors. Foreign words do not always follow the rules for spirantization.

Syriac uses two (usually) horizontal dots above a letter within a word, similar in appearance to diaeresis, called (ܣܝ̈ܡܐ, literally 'placings', also known in some grammars by the Hebrew name  [רִבּוּי], 'plural'), to indicate that the word is plural. These dots, having no sound value in themselves, arose before both eastern and western vowel systems as it became necessary to mark plural forms of words, which are indistinguishable from their singular counterparts in regularly-inflected nouns. For instance, the word (ܡܠܟܐ, 'king') is consonantally identical to its plural  (ܡܠܟ̈ܐ, 'kings'); the  above the word  (ܡܠܟ̈ܐ) clarifies its grammatical number and pronunciation. Irregular plurals also receive even though their forms are clearly plural: e.g.  (ܒܝܬܐ, 'house') and its irregular plural  (ܒ̈ܬܐ, 'houses'). Because of redundancy, some modern usage forgoes points when vowel markings are present.

There are no firm rules for which letter receives ; the writer has full discretion to place them over any letter. Typically, if a word has at least one, then are placed over the  that is nearest the end of a word (and also replace the single dot above it: ܪ̈). Other letters that often receive are low-rising letters—such as  and —or letters that appear near the middle or end of a word.

Besides plural nouns, are also placed on:
 * plural adjectives, including participles (except masculine plural adjectives/participles in the absolute state);
 * the cardinal numbers 'two' and the feminine forms of 11–19, though inconsistently;
 * and certain feminine plural verbs: the 3rd person feminine plural perfect and the 2nd and 3rd person feminine plural imperfect.

Syriac uses a line, called (ܡܛܠܩܢܐ, literally 'concealer', also known by the Latin term linea occultans in some grammars), to indicate a silent letter that can occur at the beginning or middle of a word. In Eastern Syriac, this line is diagonal and only occurs above the silent letter (e.g., 'city', pronounced , not *, with the over the , assimilating with the ). The line can only occur above a letter, , , , , , , or  (which comprise the mnemonic ܥܡ̈ܠܝ ܢܘܗܪܐ , 'the works of light'). In Western Syriac, this line is horizontal and can be placed above or below the letter (e.g., 'city', pronounced , not *).

Classically, was not used for silent letters that occurred at the end of a word (e.g. ܡܪܝ, '[my] lord'). In modern Turoyo, however, this is not always the case (e.g., '[my] lord').

Latin alphabet and romanization
In the 1930s, following the state policy for minority languages of the Soviet Union, a Latin alphabet for Syriac was developed with some material promulgated. Although it did not supplant the Syriac script, the usage of the Latin script in the Syriac community has still become widespread because most of the Assyrian diaspora is in Europe and the Anglosphere, where the Latin alphabet is predominant.

In Syriac romanization, some letters are altered and would feature diacritics and macrons to indicate long vowels, schwas and diphthongs. The letters with diacritics and macrons are mostly upheld in educational or formal writing.

The Latin letters below are commonly used when it comes to transliteration from the Syriac script to Latin:

 * Ā is used to denote a long "a" sound or [ɑː] as heard in "car".
 * Ḏ is used to represent a voiced dental fricative [ð], the "th" sound as heard in "that".
 * Ē is used to denote a long close-mid unrounded vowel, [eː].
 * Ĕ is to represent an "eh" sound or [ɛ], as heard in Ninwĕ
 * Ḥ represents a voiceless pharyngeal fricative ([ħ]), only upheld by Turoyo and Chaldean speakers.
 * Ō represents a long "o" sound or [ɔː].
 * Š is a voiceless postalveolar fricative ([ʃ]), the English digraph "sh".
 * Ṣ denotes an emphatic "s" or "thick s", [sˤ].
 * Ṭ is an emphatic "t", [tˤ], as heard in the word ṭla ("three").
 * Ū is used to represent an "oo" sound or the close back rounded vowel [uː].

Sometimes additional letters may be used and they tend to be:

 * Ḇ may be used in the transliteration of biblical Aramaic to show the voiced bilabial fricative allophone value ("v") of the letter Bēṯ.
 * Ī denotes a schwa sound, usually when transliterating biblical Aramaic.
 * Ḵ is utilized for the voiceless velar fricative, [x], or the "kh" sound.
 * Ṯ is used to denote the "th" sound or the voiceless dental fricative, [θ].

Unicode
The Syriac alphabet was added to the Unicode Standard in September, 1999 with the release of version 3.0. Additional letters for Suriyani Malayalam were added in June, 2017 with the release of version 10.0.

Blocks
The Unicode block for Syriac is U+0700–U+074F:

The Syriac Abbreviation (a type of overline) can be represented with a special control character called the Syriac Abbreviation Mark (U+070F).

The Unicode block for Suriyani Malayalam specific letters is called the Syriac Supplement block and is U+0860–U+086F:

HTML code table
Note: HTML numeric character references can be in decimal format (&#DDDD;) or hexadecimal format (&#xHHHH;). For example, &#1813; and &#x0715; (1813 in decimal) both represent U+0715 SYRIAC LETTER DALATH.

title: Syriac alphabet


text:
Talk:Caresse Crosby

Unreadable
This article is almost a personal eessay on the subject. It covers Crosby's life in swathes that uses actual periods of hisotry ie WWI or WWII as backdrops. None of the section headers actually pair up with the time they are talking about, for example the section titled "Later life" starts in the 1930s when she was barely 40. There is no mention of her work with the Aid Hospital she tried to take to Narvik in 1940 or her travels through Europe and experiences in Vichy France. This entire article smacks of vanity. The editors don't understand the subject but they sure as hell fancy themselves as writers. The non linear chronology of this woman's life would make a better screenplay than an article simply stating facts in an encyclopedic style.146.199.57.139 (talk) 18:20, 4 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Caresse Crosby