text:
Talk:Buran programme

Espionage?
A sentence or two perhaps should be added discussing if the Buran's design was stolen from the American Space Shuttle. I have seen multiple sources that both confirm or deny that the Buran was based on "stolen" American designs. I do not know which sources to trust on this matter. However it is my personal belief that espionage did play a significant role in the construction of the Buran.
 * I agree totally. I wrote a couple of sentences for the throngs of authors to butcher. -- Ke4roh 19:41, 15 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * The Ilyushin Il-62 airliner looked suspiciously like the Vickers VC-10, and if the Tupolev Tu-144 wasn't a gross (groan) copy of Concorde then I don't know what it was. So, yeah, those russkies'd steal just about anything.
 * Yes of course, you are right. This is the obvious reason, why "russkies" were the first, who launched both satellite and man in the space, and have done the first flight on Tu-144 (before Concorde).
 * Buran internally is as far from the US shuttle a PC differs from an Apple computer (however for you, may be there is no difference - the "boxes" are quite similar :) )

That is certainly overstating the differences. Nevertheless, sticking to the facts, I do not believe there has ever been anything published concluding the Buran was based on stolen shuttle designs. Gingermint (talk) 00:40, 11 April 2011 (UTC)
 * And now there is. Read it and laugh https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/96unclass/farewell.htm Greglocock (talk) 21:47, 17 July 2018 (UTC)

Locations
''The exact location of Buran 1.02 is not known today. A second series of orbiters began construction but was never completed, and at least one of the three was dismantled.'' There's a Buran in Moscow, in Gorky Park. The local lore is that it's the one that orbited the Earth. -- apoivre 15:35, 21 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Actually, the Gorky Park one was a non-flying model. The one that orbited earth was stored at Baikonaur atop an Energia launcher and was destroyed a couple years ago when a roof collapsed due to weight.  12 people died, iirc.  --Chairboy 19:38, 17 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Could this object be one of the mock-ups? --Marc NL 07:30, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes, that seems to be the OK-TVA, one of the test shuttles now residing in Gorky Park Eptin 17:31, 13 March 2006 (UTC)

the museum Auto & Technikmuseum Sinsheim has acquired one. not sure which thou... Thejakester 23:18, 26 March 2006 (UTC)

There's a few date-stamped pictures up at English Russia of an unspecified Buran; does anyone know which it is? --Eric3K (talk) 22:20, 9 August 2008 (UTC)

Maybe 11F35 K4? It said it was dismantled next to a factory. Cjwon348 (talk) 05:31, 14 November 2008 (UTC)

Buran on sale on Polish auctions site
Heavily disassembled (stolen-out) Buran-type space shuttle on 9.1.2005 was still on sale on Polish auctioning site:

http://www.dzafel.s3.pl/aukcje/auction.php?aukcja=38082265

The seller claims it's not a joke and if no one buys it (it's 2 millions złoty = 500 000 USD) it will be sold just as scrapmetal, and the ceramic thermal slabs will be available separately to buy there. The price doesn't include customs or transport :->

I was actually chopped up into peaces. There are sites here and there where you can buy some. I have actually seen a window in a museum! 00:42, 11 April 2011 (UTC)

Removed Baikonur/Tyuratam note
Removed from article:
 * "...(more correctly called Tyuratam; the deception was intentionally performed by Soviet leaders in order to confuse Western intelligence agencies.)"

This doesn't belong here, it belongs at Baikonur Cosmodrome (and is actually already there). - Plutor 13:17, 17 Sep 2004 (UTC)

I also removed this aside:
 * "...when it was deorbited so that attention could be focused on the International Space Station, and so that it would not re-enter the atmosphere in an uncontrolled manner the way Skylab did after plans to re-boost it with the Space Shuttle fell victim to unexpected program delays"

It's about Mir, and really belongs there. No reason to go into the history of Skylab on the Buran article. - Plutor 13:30, 17 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Agreed.--Chairboy 19:38, 17 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Shuttle in Bahrain
One Shuttle was found in Bahrain: http://www.mosnews.com/news/2004/09/23/shuttle.shtml Is seems to be the 002 (is that the 1.02? notations are confusing here)

--195.158.142.141 17:57, 23 Sep 2004 (UTC)

The Bahrain shuttle is NOT 1.02 (or '002') - It has been mistakenly identified. It's one of the test prototypes - specifically, it's the only one of the eight test models fitted with jet engines to allow it to take off for flight tests.

Suspicious edit?
I don't know much about this topic, but seeing as just after this article appeared on Slashdot the edit "15:13, 24 Sep 2004" appeared and changed "a capability common to the U.S. shuttle system" into "a capability not available in the U.S. shuttle system." Which of these are actually true? Haakon 15:44, 24 Sep 2004 (UTC)

I think some talk about Buran's automated landing procedures is warrented. The Shuttle also has an automated landing system and continues to this day. As a matter of fact, it looks like the Colombia pilot tried to take control of the shuttle a couple of seconds before Colombia broke up. So, was Buran's automated landing developed before the Shuttle's? Was it more automated?

 * Buran's automated landing system was developed after the Space Shuttle (just like the Buran itself). It was also more sophisticated, and could complete takeoff, orbit, deorbit, and landing with full automation, as it did in its only flight.  The Space Shuttle systems, despite upgrades, require human intervention at key points in the flight, and landing is always done with a human at the controls.  Whether this is because of pilot pride or technical issues has not been made entirely clear. --Alexwcovington (talk) 08:15, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * User 'nautical' changed it back to suggest the US shuttle can land fully automated. This isn't accurate, but I can see how the text that was there might create the confusion, so I altered it to conform to the explanation in Jenkin's Shuttle.--Chairboy 08:16, 13 Mar 2005 (UTC)

An-225 vs. Spruce Goose
The Spruce Goose is larger in every size dimension except one. MTOW or being in-service does not relate to it being the 'largest.' See also. -Joseph (Talk) 18:57, 2004 Dec 6 (UTC)

The Spruce Goose *is* not anything. It does not exist. AN-225 is the largest aircraft in existence. Besides, who said that wingspan defines how large an aircraft is? MTOW does very much relate to it being the largest. --Liss 19:25, 31 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Just because the Spruce Goose is in a museum doesn't mean it doesn't exist. --Carnildo 20:13, 31 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes. It certainly exists. It has flown, and there's no reason it couldn't fly again. Certainly no worse than the second An-225. —Joseph/N328KF (Talk) 21:03, 2005 Jan 31 (UTC)

 * Yes, it does exist, that was a bit of an overtstatement :) --Liss 07:52, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * It flew for only 70 seconds, 20m off the ground. That is barely flying. The An-225 is still larger anyway. (preceding unsigned comment by YMB29 (talk • contribs) )
 * The criteria isn't "largest aircraft that flew more than 70 seconds", and the An-225 is a bit smaller. Regards, C HAIRBOY  (☎) 15:41, 12 November 2005 (UTC)
 * It is not smaller. It is longer but has a shorter wingspan because its wings are swept back. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 198.105.45.121 (talk • contribs).
 * AKA, 'smaller'. :D - C HAIRBOY  (☎) 16:53, 8 February 2006 (UTC)
 * No, wingspan does not mean everything, especially when it is swept vs. unswept.

 * if Spruce Goose is larger? why does it carry less volume? D: Akinkhoo (talk) 14:43, 28 February 2008 (UTC)

TPS tiles optimal?
This paragraph was originally lifted verbatim from, and in any case is unsubstantiated. Judging by this picture (context: ) the tile layout is certainly not strictly optimal with respect to thermodynamics. The fluid flow, which anyway would vary with flight regime and attitude, would not exhibit such a zig-zagging discontinuity. It was undoubtedly a compromise among thermal protection, durability, manufacturability, maintainability, and cost (as would have been the U.S. design). —Fleminra 01:51, August 23, 2005 (UTC)

 * Reverting changes by 81.77.147.236/130.246.132.26 again. The Columbia incident was not caused by thermodynamic deficiencies of the intact TPS system.  If anything, the problem was the tiles’ durability.  If there is evidence that the Buran tile layout is more durable than the U.S. design (in addition to the unsubstantiated thermodynamic superiority), please cite the reference.  —Fleminra 18:11, August 23, 2005 (UTC)

 * I did a quick websearch, and found a suggestion that the silica ceramic tiles used by Buran were much more resilient than those on Columbia. However, the primary failure on Columbia was shedding huge lumps off of the external tank and impacting the leading edge of a wing; silica ceramic tiles aren't used on leading edges due to excessive temperatures, so it's unclear whether that's at all important. And, whilst we don't know whether the Energia sheds in the same way, they both use hydrogen and it requires extensive external insulation which is unfortunately likely to be susceptible to shedding ice or foam. And even though Buran made it down ok, I found a comment that Buran had extensive damage to the leading edges of the wings- the implication seems to be that something damaged them; although I don't know if it was diagnosed what caused this. Either way, it sounds really, really bad, and the claim that Buran was much better overall seems extremely suspect it sure doesn't look that way to me.WolfKeeper

 * All in all, I wouldn't like to bet that Buran was better on this front, the two systems are laid out very similarly, and in this case, even though many of the internals of Buran are quite different, it strongly seems to suggest that Buran would be vulnerable to the same general problem that downed Columbia- multi-kg masses impacting at mach 1 or so is probably a vehicle killer almost anyway you design it.WolfKeeper

 * You will find a lot details on including details of the lost tiles after the orbital flight. Summary is that they lost less tiles as on first shuttles (7 including 3 consecutive). The 3 consecutive tiles on the wing tip look a little more severe but not extensive.--89.60.246.120 (talk) 20:19, 16 April 2008 (UTC)

Use of Buran as type class
The article is unclear whether Buran describes the whole class including Shuttle 2.01 which has an orphan article of its own. Both articles make 2.01 appear outside the 'Buran' class which I think applies to all five Soviet shuttles up to 2.03. In fact - worse - the Buran article contains a panel at the top where 'Buran' only appears to be a single craft. Am I right? If so, could an expert please correct the misleading articles? Shuttle 2.01 doesn't even mention the classname Buran! Benet Allen 21:47, 25 December 2005 (UTC)

 * AFAIK, Buran was name of the entire class. I don't have exact reference, but f.e. mentions the "Buran program" so it's only logical that it refers to the clase. Nikola 12:28, 30 December 2005 (UTC)

Buran program vs. Buran orbiter
I think we need to reform this article (perhaps coupled with modest changes in the articles for the other orbiters) so that there is one article for the program, and a separate one for the Buran orbiter. —Joseph/N328KF (Talk) 05:05, 17 March 2006 (UTC)
 * This article needs a major overhaul IMO.SteelyDave 08:35, 12 April 2006 (UTC)

Photograph link
There was a link in the now-"Current status" section (was: Aftermath) to an image showing the aftermath of the collapse of the hanger holding the Buran (http://img259.imageshack.us/img259/2169/burandamaged7jm.jpg), which I've removed as it provides no information about its source. Mike Peel 21:20, 2 July 2006 (UTC)

Ship Status table
Completed the table with extra information on most of the ships that are part of the Buran program. If possible, I'll expand this table on to separe articles. For now, there's a OK-GLI page that duplicates some text from this page. --Ricnun 16:16, 4 August 2006 (UTC)

Shuttle Baikal
We seem to have a near-orphaned article, Shuttle Baikal, which probably wants to be linked to from this article - but I'm not sure where. Any suggestions? --Mike Peel 21:03, 4 August 2006 (UTC)

Ptichka: finished or not?
This article disagees within itself about whether Ptichka is finished and unused, or unfinished. The Space Flight Burans box lists it as completed and unused, but the rest of the article lists it as incomplete. -LeoO3 22:58, 4 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I've updated all the status for consistency. I think it makes sense now. Ptichka is more than 95% completed but of course infinished. I think it's considered unused because the main crucial systems are installed (life support, for example).--Ricnun 00:26, 5 August 2006 (UTC)

a buran shuttle on google earth
i don't know which one it is, but it is clearly visible at these coordinates in google earth: 55°43'43.37"N 37°35'48.22"E 86.61.83.114 11:38, 16 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Good eye! That's indeed OK-TVA in Gorky Park (as indicated in the article) Saintamh 18:54, 16 September 2006 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:StarToysCover.png
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Buran and US Shuttle similarities
I have read articles and had a professor in college state that the Buran design was a design that was originally rejected by NASA because it was to dangerous. The design was fed to the Soviets through a joint CIA/FBI counter espionage effort. The KGB was carrying out Direcorate X at thise point. The US had been notified by the French of the project and started leaking corrupted information. The problem with all of this is i can't find sources and i am not going to reference my college notes. Anyone have any information on this subject? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.223.107.161 (talk • contribs)
 * Why was it dangerous??? I think it's a kind of conspiracy theory you are talking about. Buran was designed independently by Gleb Lozino-Lozinskiy group. Though I admit that the basic ideas could be copied from NASA, but all the interior design was made independently. As you know, Buran flight was fully automatic. Is Shuttle capable for the same? Does Shuttle have an ejector seats? Etc. --Yuriy Lapitskiy 08:16, 11 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Yuriy, yes, the Shuttle did have ejector seats originally - Columbia's first test flights included them. They were subequently removed, because there was no way to give the additional crew members below the flight deck ejector seats. SirThoreth 01:37, 2 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Yeah, I forgot to say that Buran Energia was not just a fuel tank as on Shuttle, but a booster rocket. --Yuriy Lapitskiy 08:19, 11 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Um, no, I don't think it was a booster rocket. Energia was the rocket and Buran was the "cargo". AJKGordon 15:53, 7 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Although I might be confusing what booster means. Apologies if so. AJKGordon 21:11, 9 September 2007 (UTC)

The section "Key differences from the NASA Space Shuttle" reads more like "Why Buran is better than the NASA Space Shuttle". Presumably there are things that could be added to make this a little more NPOV. --Nucleusboy 23:17, 24 October 2007 (UTC)

 * There is a good online article (http://www.buran-energia.net/documentation/birds%20of%20a%20feather.pdf) describing the social-cultural effect on different design decitions of both programs. He's also sugested that as NASA published a lot of early design studies in the open open source domain the russians had no reasons not to use this data. Nobody want's to invent the wheel twice.--89.60.194.214 (talk) 20:02, 13 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Asking the internet to have a NPOV on Buran is a fool's errand. That section is pretty much the standard list of trolls rolled out by anyone who wants to pat themselves on the back for liking the more obscure spaceplane.  Maybe it would help NPOV to add the standard list of counter-trolls: Differences between the Shuttle and Buran: "The shuttle flew more than once." "The Shuttle demonstrated payload and mission capability, crossrange capability, passenger capacity, and reusability." "The Shuttle made contributions to science and human spaceflight."  "The Shuttle program did useful work." etc.  All of these are citeable.  If a wikipedia article is going to include a flamewar just because it's citeable, why not include both sides? 50.0.88.55 (talk) 17:14, 11 November 2015 (UTC)

Astronautix has a good page on the dimensions of the two vehicles, they all seem to be within a meter of each other.--Craigboy (talk) 21:19, 28 April 2010 (UTC)

Science fiction section
Since we've had some back and forth, let's bring the issue of whether or not to keep the "Buran in science fiction" section to a discussion.

Personally, I think the section should go, as it is basically trivia, and therefore cruft, as Wikipedia is not an indiscriminate collection of information. Thoughts? SchuminWeb (Talk) 01:52, 17 August 2007 (UTC)

Uncited stuff
Shouldn't it just remain with the appropriate wiki 'citation needed' tag to indicate citation needed? I'm a new visitor to this page but reverted its deletion thinking (inaccurately?) that it was deleted by a vandal. But it seems like the section's been there awhile so it seems that a 'citation needed' indication would be at least an option for it. It doesn't read like "hype" as the original person noted when deleting it. I defer to the wikigods, of course, for they know more than I. - Ageekgal 00:22, 25 August 2007 (UTC)

 * I see an edit that basically restored some of it with a citation link. That's fine.  The stuff that's not cited, though, is fair game for removal.  The way I see it, fact tags are for places to mark where a citation is needed and where one is likely to be found.  If it's not likely to get a citation, then it should go.  SchuminWeb (Talk) 03:19, 25 August 2007 (UTC)

Energia lift capacity
Energia claims that "the largest ... configuration could have launched up to 175 tonnes into orbit", but here in Buran_program, it's claimed that that the "heaviest configuration (never built) would have been able to launch 200 tons into orbit." Can anyone offer insight into the disparity? Thanks! --Rob* 19:18, 8 November 2007 (UTC)

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Buran with jet engine
According to http://www.buran-energia.com/bourane-buran/bourane-consti-reacteur.php the two top jet engines as seen on OK-GLI are integral part of the orbiter design too. The additional engine pods on the sides of OK-GLI are additions allowing for autonomous take off that required addtional engine power compared to only horizontal flight during landing. The first orbiters had them unfinished, like some other systems, as well as weight considerations at the early Energia version. However it seems like the engine bay still existed and were just covered allowing a potential retrofit. The rationale behind jet engines being the needed range for emergency landing as the spreading of Burans planned landing strips are stategical inferior to the Shuttle system, especially in the pacific/atlantic section of the flight path. Shuttle had jet engine considerations during design too, however because of needed main engines in the orbiter and weight considerations jet engines were dropped early from the design. I aded this in the comparisation section. --89.60.194.214 (talk) 18:27, 13 April 2008 (UTC)

Merge discussion
I noticed a merge tag on the Buran hangar collapse and didn't see a discussion. The hangar collapse article is small and can and should placed in the program article. Most likely in the cancellation section. I will take care of it. Thoughts? or has this been discussed already?--NortyNort (talk) 02:51, 13 July 2010 (UTC)

 * No discussion, but thanks for taking care of it. I've been meaning to do that for a loooooooong time.  The article was forked out, and needs to get folded back in.  SchuminWeb (Talk) 03:49, 13 July 2010 (UTC)

Ok, all done.--NortyNort (talk) 07:41, 13 July 2010 (UTC)

Automated landing capability
Did the Buran possess a true fully-automatic landing capability? That is to say, computers controlled the entire flight back to earth, or was it remotely controlled, with a human operator piloting it from the ground?Axeman (talk) 20:57, 17 September 2010 (UTC)
 * That is a good question. While short on details, this nasaspaceflight.com article states: "To record, the only orbiter that has completed an unmanned landing came during the one and only flight of the Soviet Shuttle orbiter Buran, although her flight – which was fully unmanned from launch to landing – employed a very complex style of remote control, unlike the AORP." (AORP = Autonomous Orbiter Rapid Prototype, the predecessor to the Shuttle's Remote Control Orbiter. system) -- 124.157.254.112 (talk) 21:13, 26 October 2010 (UTC)
 * So was the American system originally designed to be fully autonomous and was later scaled back to remotely-controlled? Axeman (talk) 00:37, 22 February 2011 (UTC)
 * No, the American shuttle was never contemplated to fly autonomously. SkoreKeep (talk) 04:12, 15 July 2015 (UTC)

 * Apparently, the Buran landing not only was autonomous, but it aborted its first attempt to high crosswinds, flew around and then landed, all completely autonomously. AFAIK, at no point was the flight controlled from the ground (such would be highly dangerous, even with only a half second delay), other than the obvious mission phase commands.  Whoever did it did it good. SkoreKeep (talk) 04:12, 15 July 2015 (UTC)

 * , what is the source for that? Buran had no atmospheric engines for a go-around, and lift alone wouldn't achieve it. — Huntster (t @ c) 09:52, 15 July 2015 (UTC)

 * OK, at http://www.buran-energia.com/bourane-buran/bourane-versvol-1erVol.php there is a good description of the landing. Apparently where ever I read that it did a fly-around is wrong.  It came down the expected trajectory toward the Baikonur airport, and then made a decision (automatically) to fly to the north and take an optional approach that used up more kinetic energy. That apparently startled the ground handlers, but was quickly recognized as a valid approach within the automated system's capabilities.  The landing, with a 17km/hr cross wind was smoothly done. SkoreKeep (talk) 16:08, 15 July 2015 (UTC)

 * , aha! Very nice, thanks for the update. — Huntster (t @ c) 16:17, 15 July 2015 (UTC)

'massive experimental laser weapons'
The article currently states: The development of the Buran began in the early 1970s as a response to the U.S. Space Shuttle program. Soviet officials were concerned about a perceived military threat posed by the US Space Shuttle. In their opinion, the Shuttle's 30-ton payload-to-orbit capacity and, more significantly, its 15-ton payload return capacity, were a clear indication that one of its main objectives would be to place massive experimental laser weapons into orbit that could destroy enemy missiles from a distance of several thousands of kilometers. Can anyone explain this to me? Should I infer that the Soviet officials wished to build their own 'massive experimental laser weapons'? Is this why they build Buran? If not, in what sense was Buran a 'response' to the Shuttle program? If the Soviets didn't plan on building their own 'massive laser weapons' then Buran would neither hinder the US program, nor aid the Soviets.

I don't have the access to the given source, Energiya-Buran : The Soviet Space Shuttle but it sounds a bit fishy to me. Is there a second source for this claim? If no-one has any comment I'm inclined to delete it in due course. - Crosbiesmith (talk) 18:04, 6 October 2010 (UTC)
 * That is indeed what the source says; they even use the words "massive experimental laser weapons" (I can see it via Google Books). The Energiya-Buran book gives a reference for their information: "Bert Vis interview with Sergey Tresvyatskiy, Zhukovskiy, 13 June 2003". Vis is one of the authors, and I don't know who Sergey Tresvyatskiy is. But the publisher is Springer Praxis, so I guess this book counts a reliable source.
 * Regarding your other points, I'm not sure one can infer very much about the Soviets' motivations, based on this blurb, other than "They have one, so we want one". Mlm42 (talk) 23:14, 15 November 2010 (UTC)

Levchenko's death
My addition of the sentence "Unfortunately for the Buran program, Levchenko died of a brain tumour the following year." has now been twice removed. The explanation given for the removal was that it wasn't clear the relevance. I have now added why this is relevant for the Buran program; this is backed up in the reference. Mlm42 (talk) 05:09, 17 November 2010 (UTC)

 * Sounds good. Thanks for clarifying.  SchuminWeb (Talk) 05:59, 17 November 2010 (UTC)

 * Hmm.. so you've now removed the statement "Unfortunately for the Buran program", stating that it's POV? The references say "unfortunately", "sadly", and "tragically" regarding his death.. do you have reason to believe that this wasn't unfortunate for the Buran program? Unless there are reliable sources to the contrary, I think it makes sense to add "unfortunately" here.. so I plan on readding it, unless you give justification why not. Mlm42 (talk) 06:16, 17 November 2010 (UTC)

 * "Fortunately", "unfortunately", "sadly", "tragically", etc. are all opinion words, and express a point of view. The sources can present the information however they want.  We, however, must present the information on Wikipedia neutrally, which precludes use of opinion statements like the one removed.  SchuminWeb (Talk) 06:32, 17 November 2010 (UTC)
 * I see. Would it be neutral to say something like: "[somebody] viewed Levchenko's death as unfortunate for the Buran program", with a reference showing that was true? Mlm42 (talk) 18:17, 17 November 2010 (UTC)
 * Or, "Levchenko died of a brain tumour the following year, which space historian David M. Harland viewed as unfortunate." with a reference to his book "The story of Space Station Mir". Mlm42 (talk) 18:27, 17 November 2010 (UTC)

 * I don't see the need to. We've stated the fact, and it's got a citation, and so I believe our best course of action would be to just leave it at that.  SchuminWeb (Talk) 19:08, 17 November 2010 (UTC)
 * I agree; I think we should leave it as it is.. but my question was more out of curiousity regarding the NPOV policy - is such a statement considered from a neutral point of view? Mlm42 (talk) 21:34, 17 November 2010 (UTC)

'not supported by physics'
The current text reads: Soviet officials were also concerned that the US Space Shuttle could make a sudden dive into the atmosphere to drop bombs on Moscow, despite the fact that such a scenario was not supported by physics Sourced to Years after a sceptical Pentagon had given up on the shuttle, even as a delivery truck for spy satellites, the Russian officials continued whispering to journalists that the US orbiter had a secret capability - to make an undetected "dive" into the Earth's atmosphere and suddenly glide over Moscow dropping nuclear bombs.

Never mind that such a scenario was not supported by physics or by common sense. from Buran - the Soviet 'space shuttle' by Anatoly Zak. This is opinion from Zak, not reportage. The BBC is a source for news, it is not an engineering or physics journal. I will remove this claim shortly. - Crosbie 20:04, 15 February 2013 (UTC)

 * I can't provide a link, but I've heard that the Buran shuttles had (or were proposed to have) a secret bomb bay built into their bottoms to perform this exact type of an attack. If it's "not supported by physics", then that must mean it was planed to be a one way trip. GMRE (talk) 20:18, 24 July 2015 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: No consensus. Apteva (talk) 05:29, 1 July 2013 (UTC)

Buran programme → Energiya-Buran programme – This programme was always called Energiya-Buran programme, look to Russian wiki or for example here: National Space Society (NSS) or: here in pdf Jirka.h23 (talk) 14:59, 23 June 2013 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure I agree. While the official program name may have been "Energiya-Buran programme", this article is almost strictly about the Buran component, with relatively few mentions of Energiya. We already have an article dealing with the specific "Buran" spacecraft, so I'm not sure what title could be used, if a change is even warranted. — Huntster (t @ c) 16:21, 23 June 2013 (UTC)
 * I am sure here will be more text about Energiya later. Jirka.h23 (talk) 07:35, 24 June 2013 (UTC)

 * Oppose you can create a separate article on the overarching program, this is focused on the shuttles. -- 65.94.79.6 (talk) 22:59, 23 June 2013 (UTC)
 * But important on wiki is always an official name, there was never any Buran programme, only Energiya-Buran programme. Jirka.h23 (talk) 07:35, 24 June 2013 (UTC)
 * No, it's not important. WP:OFFICIALNAME clearly states that the official name is not the most important factor in naming articles. Besides, if you create an overarching article, that should get the name you're proposing anyways. -- 65.94.79.6 (talk) 10:33, 24 June 2013 (UTC)

 * Oppose, we already have Project Gemini, not Gemini-Titan program; Apollo program not Apollo-Saturn programme, etc. Article is about the spacecraft, not the rocket. -- W.  D.   Graham  14:27, 25 June 2013 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Cost
"At the time of its cancellation, 20 billion rubles (roughly 71,534,000 USD)[citation needed] had been spent on the Buran program." - Seventy-one million dollars seems extraordinarily low for a programme of this magnitude. The reference gives a total cost of 20 billion rubles, so that half of the equation is probably correct, although it's pretty clear that the writer meant 20bn to 1993; my hunch is that the person who included the above simply plugged 20,000,000,000 into xe.com and came up with a dollar figure circa 2007 (say), without taking into account the possibility that the ruble's value had dropped significantly since the early 1970s. The USD figure is completely misleading. -Ashley Pomeroy (talk) 18:42, 10 December 2014 (UTC)

Two more intact shuttles were discovered (2015)
They're reported to be nearly complete and abandoned in some large building at Baikonur. Source 1 (in estonian, news). Source 2 (in russian, several good pictures). Does this mean that there was actually 7 shuttles? Are these 2 actually some test mock-ups that were misidentified? Is this a hoax? GMRE (talk) 20:18, 24 July 2015 (UTC)

 * This appears to be the MZK building 80 at Baikonur, and the shuttles are OK-1K2 "Ptichka" and OK-MT (an engineering test model). I could be wrong, but that's based on translations from the Russian site and our article. — Huntster (t @ c) 00:23, 25 July 2015 (UTC)

 * The identity and locations of these two spacecraft have been known for quite a while; the Kazakhs have never made a secret about their being there. The Ptichka was in the same building as the original Buran but escaped its fate.  Later it and the test article were moved to the MZK building (44.9405,63.3184), a building apparently reinforced against explosions during fueling of rockets.  The flight article is the 2nd Buran of the first series, 95-97% complete and never flown. The test article is the OK-MT engineering mockup; as it was never meant to fly. A third test article at Baikonur sat, until 2007, on a pad near the MKS building, but in 2007 was refurbished and moved to the museum near where Yuri Gagarin lived while he was at Baikonur. There were planned, altogether, 5 flight objects (one scattered, the rest accounted for) and 8 test articles in various stages of completeness, 3 of which are loction unverified or have been scattered in parts. See the last table in the main article for an exhaustive list of all the known shuttle flight and test objects, and where they have been spotted by satellite and currently reside. SkoreKeep (talk) 02:55, 25 July 2015 (UTC)

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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20150225010245/http://russianspaceweb.com/baikonur_energia_251.html to http://www.russianspaceweb.com/baikonur_energia_251.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20150809030907/http://www.russianspaceweb.com:80/baikonur_energia_254.html to http://www.russianspaceweb.com/baikonur_energia_254.html

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 * These two link to images which I cannot find on the article
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110517055026/http://www.k26.com/buran/assets/images/aok-ks1.jpg to http://www.k26.com/buran/assets/images/aok-ks1.jpg
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110517055140/http://www.k26.com/buran/assets/images/okmlt.jpg to http://www.k26.com/buran/assets/images/okmlt.jpg
 * Exotropic Snail (talk) 01:04, 11 November 2016 (UTC)

 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20150215094534/https://www.russianspaceweb.com:80/buran.html to http://www.russianspaceweb.com/buran.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20150215094534/https://www.russianspaceweb.com:80/buran.html to http://www.russianspaceweb.com/buran.htmlTT
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20050805012857/https://www.russianspaceweb.com:80/buran.html to http://russianspaceweb.com/buran.html

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For future references
--Aledownload (talk) 13:53, 21 April 2017 (UTC)

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 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.russianspaceweb.com/buran.html
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 * Added archive https://archive.is/20120708030226/http://current.com/items/89670174/soviet_space_shuttle_could_bail_out_nasa.htm to http://current.com/items/89670174/soviet_space_shuttle_could_bail_out_nasa.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110517055026/http://www.k26.com/buran/assets/images/aok-ks1.jpg to http://www.k26.com/buran/assets/images/aok-ks1.jpg
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110517055140/http://www.k26.com/buran/assets/images/okmlt.jpg to http://www.k26.com/buran/assets/images/okmlt.jpg
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Change in location
Comes 67.160.44.79 changing the lat/lon of a shuttle on display at Gromov Research Institute at the MAKS airshow in 2011. The original point is about 70 meters from the shuttle image out on the field between the runways on 5/8/2013 and 7/31/2012; the new location is 1033 meters from the shuttle in a grouping of fighter aircraft on an apron parking space. As a result I have reverted the location. That location does have the shuttle in it on 9/11/2016, so I'm adding an entry in the table for it. Good find, 67.160.44.79. SkoreKeep (talk) 23:53, 4 September 2017 (UTC)

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Paparazzi
Comes 145.132.173.78, adding links to the story of a free-lance photographer sneaking into Baikonur and taking a couple of pics of the shuttles in the MJK building, and an Energia rocket in another building. Yeah they're pics of those shuttles, but there are far better ones, done with permission. It sounds more like self-advertisement, and it comes with spurious comments from someone who styles himself an expert on rockets, Russian/Khazakh relations, and a fuck it anything for the money attitude. Not appropriate for wikipedia nor this page, in my opinion. SkoreKeep (talk) 00:58, 14 March 2018 (UTC)

Orbiter designations
I noticed that in Buran-related articles on Wiki, in several places hull designations and GRAU serial numbers merged into constructions like 1K2 being the reference to third orbiter (1.02, 3K), when [| in fact] it is designation for second flight of first orbiter (1K). Tried to fix this where is possible. And prefix OK- (Orbitalny Korabl, Orbital vehicle) seems to be overused, since all constructed shuttles share orbital vehicle design. I tried to left this only in designations of test articles, as [| sources] referred to them like that. Qydm (talk) 15:46, 13 April 2020 (UTC)

Largest and most expensive space programme in Soviet history?
The introduction makes these claims; up until late 2010, it had no source. Then, page 8 of the book The Rebirth of the Russian Space Program was claimed as a source, but looking at it online, there is no such mention at all on that page, or, as far as I can tell, anywhere in that book: https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=kmTz6Phf5WYC&pg=PA8. I have my doubts, since, if you count Soyuz as one programme, it's gone on for over 50 years and made over 140 flights (if you count unmanned Progress resupply flights to space stations, over 1,000). Can anyone find a reliable (ie not based on this Wikipedia page) source for this? Peace Makes Plenty (talk) 15:52, 6 October 2020 (UTC)

Site 110 vs 250
Comes Gleb Fadeev (no User or Talk pages) changing a picture comment from Baikonur site 110 to 250. Site 110 is (according to my notes) the Soyuz 7K-LOK and the single Buran/Energia launch site, used from June 26, 1971 to November 15, 1988. Site 250 was used only once for Energia and the Polyus anti-satellite system on May 15, 1987, and is now (or has been; I don't have a recent update) the site of the Baiterek ("Poplar tree") joint venture for a launcher for the 26-ton payload Angara rocket.

I am reverting this because there is no reference for the change. If Gleb has a reference (even a relatively weak one, as the picture is an artist's impression, not a photo) then I'll yield on this. SkoreKeep (talk) 18:08, 14 January 2021 (UTC)

Buran
Buran 151.251.243.135 (talk) 19:27, 16 November 2021 (UTC)

Buran (spacecraft) article
I've noticed that there's a Buran (spacecraft) article that surprisingly has less information on the orbiter than this article. I've added a link to the Buran section and was thinking whether it makes sense to move technical details about Buran from this article to the dedicated one to prevent duplication. PaulT2022 (talk) 03:46, 15 July 2022 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 13:07, 31 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Energiya-Bourane sur le pas-de-tir.jpg

Question on type of English used in article.
Since this is article based in Cold War politics and militarism between the US and Soviets wouldn’t make sense to change the version of English used from British English to American English as one most the the comparisons used reference the US Space Shuttle and two since the Buran was shrouded in Cold War espionage and good old fashioned militaristic fear of the Space Shuttle’s potential use to disrupt Soviet satellites for military purposes which didn’t end up happening but the Soviets didn’t know that at the time. Rabbipika (talk) 21:23, 5 November 2022 (UTC)

List of Vehicles
I moved the "List of Vehicles" from the Buran 1.01 spacecraft article to this one. 4throck (talk) 22:43, 12 June 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Buran programme


text:
Talk:Mark-to-market accounting

Proposed Split of FAS 157
I have proposed that the FAS 157 section be split into its own page. Discuss it here Amkdude2 (talk) 19:22, 13 June 2009 (UTC)

Moved deleted contents from: Talk:Propose Split of Section FAS 157 to new page.  SilkTork  *YES! 08:25, 28 June 2010 (UTC)

I am proposing the section of FAS 157 on the article Mark-to-market accounting be split into its own article. The section itself is a bit long, and I think there is plenty of possibility to add to the subject as FAS 157 is quite controversial and has recieved much news coverage in recent months in the midst to the financial crisis. Please post any comments, thoughts, or suggestions. Amkdude2 (talk) 19:19, 13 June 2009 (UTC)

No User:151.191.175.232 17:50, 13 July 2009

I agree. It is ridiculous to have separate pages. User:141.161.140.208 05:40, 12 May 2010

 * More sources are needed to assess the viability of creating a new article. Source Mark-to-market_accounting, then split out per WP:Summary style, or retag for someone else to split.  SilkTork  *YES! 08:36, 28 June 2010 (UTC)

Comprehensive
We need to explain the relationship between fair value accounting and comprehensive income somewhere. Maybe I'll get around to it, sometime... Heyzeuss (talk) 12:54, 7 April 2011 (UTC)

current cost accounting
Is this the same as current cost accounting? If so, it should say so. Deipnosophista (talk) 10:56, 1 February 2016 (UTC)

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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Mark-to-market accounting


text:
Floyd Westerman

Floyd Westerman (August 17, 1936 – December 13, 2007) was a Sisseton Dakota musician, political activist, and actor. After establishing a career as a country music singer, later in his life he became an actor, usually depicting Native American elders in American films and television. He is also credited as Floyd Red Crow Westerman. As a political activist, he spoke and marched for Native American causes.

Early life
He was born Floyd Westerman on the Lake Traverse Indian Reservation, home of the Sisseton Wahpeton Oyate, a federally recognized tribe that is one of the sub-tribes of the Eastern Dakota section of the Great Sioux Nation, located in the U.S. state of South Dakota. His Indigenous name Kanghi Duta means "Red Crow" in the Dakota language (which is one of the three related Siouan languages of the Great Plains).

At the age of 10, Westerman was sent to the Wahpeton Boarding School, where he first met Dennis Banks (who as an adult became a leader of the American Indian Movement). There Westerman and the other children were forced to cut their traditionally long hair and forbidden to speak their native languages. This experience would profoundly impact Westerman's development and entire life. As an adult, he reclaimed his heritage and became an outspoken advocate for Indigenous cultural preservation.

Westerman graduated from Northern State University with a B.A. degree in secondary education. He served two years in the U.S. Marine Corps, before beginning his career as a country singer.

Career
Before entering films and television, Westerman had established a solid reputation as a country-western music singer. In his songwriting he explored and critiqued the European influences on Native American communities. In addition to several solo recordings, Westerman collaborated with Jackson Browne, Willie Nelson, Bonnie Raitt, Harry Belafonte, Joni Mitchell, Kris Kristofferson, and Buffy Sainte-Marie. In the 1990s, he toured with Sting to raise funds to preserve the endangered rain forests.

After years performing as a singer, Westerman became interested in acting. His film debut was in Renegades (1989), in which he played "Red Crow", the Lakota Sioux father of Hank Storm, played by Lou Diamond Phillips. Additional film roles include "Chief Ten Bears" in Dances with Wolves (1990), and the "shaman" for the singer Jim Morrison in Oliver Stone's The Doors (1991). Westerman appeared as Standing Elk, alongside his long-time friend Max Gail, in the family film, Tillamook Treasure (2006). He appeared in Hidalgo (2004), as Chief Eagle Horn in Buffalo Bill's circus. In September 2007, Westerman finished work for the film Swing Vote (2008).

Television roles included playing "George" on Dharma & Greg, "Uncle Ray" on Walker, Texas Ranger (in the pilot and first regular seasons), "One Who Waits" on Northern Exposure, and multiple appearances as "Albert Hosteen" on The X-Files. Westerman also did numerous Public Service Announcements for television including for the United Nations Earth Summit in Rio in 1992.

Death
Westerman died from complications of leukemia at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles on December 13, 2007. He was survived by his wife Rosie, four daughters, and a son.

Selected filmography

 * Powwow Highway (1989) - CB Radio Voice (voice)
 * Renegades (1989) - Red Crow
 * Dances with Wolves (1990) - Ten Bears
 * The Making of 'Dances with Wolves' (1990) - TV Short documentary - Himself
 * Son of the Morning Star (1991, TV Mini-Series) - Sitting Bull
 * The Doors (1991) - Shaman
 * Clearcut (1991) - Wilf
 * The Broken Chain (1993, TV Movie) - Tribe Elder
 * Jonathan of the Bears (1994) - Chief Tawanka
 * Lakota Woman: Siege at Wounded Knee (1994, TV Movie) - Mary's grandfather
 * 500 Nations (1995, TV Mini-Series) - (voice)
 * Buffalo Girls (1995, TV Mini-Series) - No Ears
 * Dusting Cliff 7 (1997) - Indian Bob
 * The Brave (1997) - Papa
 * Naturally Native (1998) - Chairman Pico
 * Grey Owl (1999) - Pow Wow Chief
 * Graduation Night (2003) - Old Man
 * Atlantis: Milo's Return (2003) - Chakashi (voice)
 * Dreamkeeper (2003, TV Movie) - Iron Spoon
 * Hidalgo (2004) - Chief Eagle Horn
 * Tillamook Treasure (2006) - Standing Elk
 * Comanche Moon (2008, TV Mini-Series) - First Old Comanche
 * Swing Vote (2008) - Chief Running Bear (final film role)

Selected television appearances

 * MacGyver (1988, TV series) - Two Eagles
 * Captain Planet and the Planeteers (1990, TV series) - Indian Chief (voice)
 * L.A. Law (1991, TV series) - Judge William Gainser
 * Northern Exposure (1991-1993, TV series) - One-Who-Waits
 * Murder, She Wrote (1992, TV series) - Uncle Ashie Nakai
 * Walker, Texas Ranger (1993-1994, TV series) - Uncle Ray Firewalker; 26 episodes
 * 500 Nations (1995, TV Mini-Series) (voice)
 * Roseanne (1995, TV series) - Floyd
 * The X-Files (1995-1999, TV series) - Albert Hosteen
 * The Pretender (1997, TV series) - Ernie Two Feathers
 * Baywatch Nights (1997, TV series) - Indian Guide Wahote
 * Poltergeist: The Legacy (1997, TV series) - Ezekial
 * Millennium (1997, TV series) - Old Indian
 * Dharma & Greg (1997-2001, TV series) - George Littlefox
 * Judging Amy (2001, TV series) - Mr. Wheeler

Discography

 * Custer Died for Your Sins (1969)
 * Indian Country (1970)
 * Custer Died for Your Sins (re-recording; 1982)
 * The Land is Your Mother (1982)
 * A Tribute to Johnny Cash (2006)

title: Floyd Westerman


text:
User:Secretlondon/Lesser used languages in Europe

This is scratch pad to see which minority languages are used within the EU - how many speakers, and which have wikipedias.

Aragonese

 * Speakers:30,000 (Eurolang)
 * Monolinguals: 500
 * ISO 639: an
 * Wikipedia: http://an.wikipedia.org/

Asturian

 * Speakers:450,000 (Eurolang)
 * Monolinguals: All bilingual with spanish?
 * ISO 639: ast
 * Wikipedia: http://ast.wikipedia.org/

Basque

 * Speakers: 550,000 (Eurolang)
 * Monolinguals: 0?
 * ISO 639: eu
 * Wikipedia: http://eu.wikipedia.org/

Breton

 * Speakers: 500,000?
 * Monolinguals: some
 * ISO 639: br
 * Wikipedia: http://br.wikipedia.org/

Catalan

 * Speakers: 10,000,000
 * ISO 639: ca
 * Wikipedia: http://ca.wikipedia.org/

Cornish

 * Speakers: 3,000
 * Monolinguals: 0
 * ISO 639: cor
 * Wikipedia:

Corsican

 * Speakers: 340,000
 * Monolinguals: 0, but not all fluent in French
 * ISO 639: co
 * Wikipedia: http://co.wikipedia.org/

Frisian

 * Speakers: 450,000
 * Monolinguals: 0? Bilingual in Dutch/German.
 * ISO 639: fy
 * Wikipedia: http://fy.wikipedia.org/

Gaelic

 * Speakers: 94,000
 * ISO 639: gd
 * Wikipedia: http://gd.wikipedia.org/

Galician

 * Speakers: 3,100,000 (Eurolang)
 * Monolinguals: 0?
 * ISO 639: gl
 * Wikipedia: http://gl.wikipedia.org/

Irish

 * Speakers: 1,400,000
 * Monolinguals: 0 - bilingual in English
 * ISO 639: ga
 * Wikipedia: http://ga.wikipedia.org/

Ladin

 * Speakers: 35,000
 * ISO 639: roa
 * Wikipedia:

Low Saxon

 * Speakers: 1,800,000
 * Wikipedia: http://nds.wikipedia.org/

Luxembourgish

 * Speakers: 300,000
 * ISO 639: ltz
 * Wikipedia:

Occitian

 * Speakers:
 * ISO 639: oc
 * Wikipedia: http://oc.wikipedia.org/

Pomak (ethnologue says variety of Bulgarian)

 * Speakers: 27,000?
 * ISO 639:
 * Wikipedia:

Sami

 * Speakers: 5,500?
 * ISO 639: smi
 * Wikipedia:

Sardinian

 * Speakers: 1,000,000
 * ISO 639: srd
 * Wikipedia:

Scots

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text:
Imine

In organic chemistry, an imine ( or ) is a functional group or organic compound containing a carbon–nitrogen double bond (C\dN). The nitrogen atom can be attached to a hydrogen or an organic group (R). The carbon atom has two additional single bonds. Imines are common in synthetic and naturally occurring compounds and they participate in many reactions.

Structure
For ketimines and aldimines, respectively, the five core atoms (C2C=NX and C(H)C=NX, X = H or C) are coplanar. Planarity results from the sp2-hybridization of the mutually double-bonded carbon and the nitrogen atoms. The C=N distance is 1.29–1.31 Å for nonconjugated imines and 1.35 Å for conjugated imines. By contrast, C−N distances in amines and nitriles are 1.47 and 1.16 Å respectively. Rotation about the C=N bond is slow. Using NMR spectroscopy, both E and Z isomers of aldimines have been detected. Owing to steric effects, the E isomer is favored.

Nomenclature and classification
The term "imine" was coined in 1883 by the German chemist Albert Ladenburg.

Usually imines refer to compounds with the general formula R2C=NR, as discussed below. In the older literature, imine refers to the aza-analogue of an epoxide. Thus, ethylenimine is the three-membered ring species aziridine C2H4NH. The relationship of imines to amines having double and single bonds can be correlated with imides and amides, as in succinimide vs acetamide.

Imines are related to ketones and aldehydes by replacement of the oxygen with an NR group. When R = H, the compound is a primary imine, when R is hydrocarbyl, the compound is a secondary imine. If this group is not a hydrogen atom, then the compound can sometimes be referred to as a Schiff base. When R3 is OH, the imine is called an oxime, and when R3 is NH2 the imine is called a hydrazone.

A primary imine in which C is attached to both a hydrocarbyl and a H is called a primary aldimine; a secondary imine with such groups is called a secondary aldimine. A primary imine in which C is attached to two hydrocarbyls is called a primary ketimine; a secondary imine with such groups is called a secondary ketimine.

N-Sulfinyl imines are a special class of imines having a sulfinyl group attached to the nitrogen atom.

Synthesis of imines

 * Imine-synthesis.svg

Carbonyl-amine condensation
Imines are typically prepared by the condensation of primary amines and aldehydes. Ketones undergo similar reactions, but less commonly than aldehydes. In terms of mechanism, such reactions proceed via the nucleophilic addition giving a hemiaminal -C(OH)(NHR)- intermediate, followed by an elimination of water to yield the imine (see alkylimino-de-oxo-bisubstitution for a detailed mechanism). The equilibrium in this reaction usually favors the carbonyl compound and amine, so that azeotropic distillation or use of a dehydrating agent, such as molecular sieves or magnesium sulfate, is required to favor of imine formation. In recent years, several reagents such as Tris(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)borate [B(OCH2CF3)3], pyrrolidine or titanium ethoxide [Ti(OEt)4] have been shown to catalyse imine formation.

Rarer than primary amines is the use of ammonia to give a primary imine. In the case of hexafluoroacetone, the hemiaminal intermediate can be isolated.

From nitriles
Primary ketimines can be synthesized via a Grignard reaction with a nitrile. This method is known as Moureu-Mignonac ketimine synthesis. For example, benzophenone imine can also be synthesized by addition of phenylmagnesium bromide to benzonitrile followed by careful hydrolysis (lest the imine be hydrolyzed):
 * C6H5CN +  C6H5MgBr   →  (C6H5)2C=NMgBr
 * (C6H5)2C=NMgBr +  H2O  →  (C6H5)2C=NH  +  MgBr(OH)

Specialized methods
Several other methods exist for the synthesis of imines.
 * Reaction of organic azides with metal carbenoids (produced from diazocarbonyl compounds).
 * The reaction of iminophosphoranes and organic azides in an Aza-Wittig-reaction.
 * Condensation of carbon acids with nitroso compounds.
 * The rearrangement of trityl N-haloamines in the Stieglitz rearrangement.
 * By reaction of alkenes with hydrazoic acid in the Schmidt reaction.
 * By reaction of a nitrile, hydrochloric acid, and an arene in the Hoesch reaction.
 * Multicomponent synthesis of 3-thiazolines in the Asinger reaction.
 * Thermal decomposition of oximes.

Hydrolysis
The chief reaction of imines, often undesirable, is their hydrolysis back to the amine and the carbonyl precursor.
 * R2C=NR' +  H2O     R2C=O  +  R'NH2

Precursors to heterocycles
Imines are widely used as intermediates in the synthesis of heterocycles.
 * Aromatic imines react with an enol ether to a quinoline in the Povarov reaction.
 * Imines react, thermally, with ketenes in [2+2] cycloadditions to form β-lactams in the Staudinger synthesis. Several variants have been described.
 * Imine react with dienes in the Imine Diels-Alder reaction to a tetrahydropyridine.
 * tosylimines react with α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compound to give allylic amines in the Aza-Baylis–Hillman reaction.

Acid-base reactions
Somewhat like the parent amines, imines are mildly basic and reversibly protonate to give iminium salts:
 * R2C=NR' +  H+     [R2C=NHR']+

Alternatively, primary imines are sufficiently acidic to allow N-alkylation, as illustrated with benzophenone imine:
 * (C6H5)2C=NH +  CH3Li  →  (C6H5)2C=NLi  +  CH4
 * (C6H5)2C=NLi +  CH3I  →  (C6H5)2C=NCH3  +  LiI

Lewis acid-base reactions
Imines are common ligands in coordination chemistry. Particularly popular examples are found with Schiff base ligands derived from salicylaldehyde, the salen ligands. Metal-catalyzed reactions of imines proceed through such complexes. In classical coordination complexes, imines bind metals through nitrogen. For low-valent metals, η2-imine ligands are observed.

Nucleophilic additions
Very analogous to ketones and aldehydes, primary imines are susceptible to attack by carbanion equivalents. The method allow for the synthesis of secondary amines:
 * R2C=NR' +  R"Li  →  R2R"CN(Li)R'
 * R2R"CN(Li)R' + H2O    →  R2R"CNHR' +  LiOH

Imine reductions
Imines are reduced via reductive amination. An imine can be reduced to an amine via hydrogenation for example in a synthesis of m-tolylbenzylamine:

 * [[Image:ImineReduction.svg|500px|Imine hydrogenation]]

Other reducing agents are lithium aluminium hydride and sodium borohydride.

The asymmetric reduction of imines has been achieved by hydrosilylation using a rhodium-DIOP catalyst. Many systems have since been investigated.

Owing to their enhanced electrophilicity, iminium derivatives are particularly susceptible to reduction to the amines. Such reductions can be achieved by transfer hydrogenation or by the stoichiometric action of sodium cyanoborohydride. Since imines derived from unsymmetrical ketones are prochiral, their reduction defines a route to chiral amines.

Polymerisation
Unhindered aldimines tend to cyclize, as illustrated by the condensation of methylamine and formaldehyde, which gives the hexahydro-1,3,5-triazine.

Imine polymers (polyimines) can be synthesised from multivalent aldehydes and amines. The polymerisation reaction proceeds directly when the aldehyde and amine monomers are mixed together at room temperature. In most cases, (small) amounts of solvent may still be required. Polyimines are particularly interesting materials because of their application as vitrimers. Owing to the dynamic covalent nature of the imine bonds, polyimines can be recycled relatively easily. Furthermore, polyimines are known for their self-healing behaviour.

Miscellaneous reactions
Akin to pinacol couplings, imines are susceptible to reductive coupling leading to 1,2-diamines.

Imine are oxidized with meta-chloroperoxybenzoic acid (mCPBA) to give an oxaziridines.

Imines are intermediates in the alkylation of amines with formic acid in the Eschweiler-Clarke reaction.

A rearrangement in carbohydrate chemistry involving an imine is the Amadori rearrangement.

A methylene transfer reaction of an imine by an unstabilised sulphonium ylide can give an aziridine system. Imine react with dialkylphosphite in the Pudovik reaction and Kabachnik–Fields reaction

Biological role
Imines are common in nature. The pyridoxal phosphate-dependent enzymes (PLP enzymes) catalyze myriad reactions involving aldimines (or Schiff bases). Cyclic imines are also substrates for many imine reductase enzymes.

title: Imine


text:
Mulatta

Mulatta is a feminine-inflected latin term indicating "dark". It appears in at least two contexts:

 * Rhesus macaque, whose scientific name is macaca mulatta, is an Old World monkey native to Asia
 * Mulatta (feminine form) is a human racial classification which refers to people of mixed African and European ancestry

title: Mulatta