text:
Talk:QBasic

Moved from main article
Does anyone know for sure whether QBASIC or QB 4.5 came first, or have a QB timeline? (question by anon)

Yes, I do. QB 4.5 came first. I have adjusted the article to make this clear. -- Derek Ross

This is not an "important" question about the language, but a question about the history... and I love those questions. You can learn a lot at Download QB*, which let's you download QBasic compilers, GW-BASIC interpreters, and Visual Basic Compilers, as well as reading about the history of these languages. QuickBasic came before any of the QBasic things, which came with DOS and didn't compile (in the help file they encourage users to buy VB-DOS in order to compile QBasic programs - I remember reading that for the first time, even before I had internet access, and thinking "How crummy!"). QBasic was, basically, QuickBasic without the compiler and some other helpful features. It has the library built in, which let's you run machine language code (QuickBasic has the library in an external file, and in order to use it you have to start QB.EXE with the switch "/l" from the commandline).
 * Broken Link --Cricket Boy 00:19, 14 October 2006 (UTC)

please can you explain how to write an algorithm on Qbasic language.please explain it in detail because we're new in it. thanks

I think the correct capitalization is QBasic, but I'll have to check on this.

i suggest moving this page into QuickBASIC as QBASIC and QuickBASIC are the same things. 68.221.220.63 (talk) 02:51, 11 August 2009 (UTC)

Bkell 06:04, 15 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * Okay, I finally got tired of the incorrect "QBASIC," so I went ahead and moved the page. Hope no one complains too much. --Bkell 06:24, 11 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * You're right. Thanks :-) --cprompt 23:29, Jun 12, 2004 (UTC)

 * From the manual "...the QuickBASIC Extended (QBX)..." therefore it should be QBASIC, (all capitals =) In most places the manual refers to the short form QBX.
 * QuickBASIC is not QBasic, although the IDEs look pretty similar. Whether or not QBX is a different product from QuickBASIC or just a different version, that's still up to debate. --coldacid 18:12, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

Say, I noticed on special keys that CTRL-PAUSE is listed. I always thought of it as CTRL-BREAK (pause and break are on the same key usually). Could someone check QBasic and see what the help refers to? --cprompt 23:29, Jun 12, 2004 (UTC)

Yes, you're right. It is usually CTRL-BREAK, even in the manual and help. And someone should change that, although it isn't important - as you say, they are the same!

QB community
An IP addressed user added the following, which I removed because it is non-encyclopedic in style. Perhaps someone could turn this into a sentence or two, if it is accurate (are there enough people still using QBasic to be called a "comunity"?):
 * QBasic has grown and developed a culture and community around it (yes, the phrase "the qbasic community" is an actual phrase, and has a lot of meaning to it!) You can't write a professional program in it, with everyone using Windows and Linux and Mac, although at one time there was such a thing as professional and, yes, even commercial, programs written in QB. QB is still a very popular programming language, because it is easy to use, and is very user friendly, and because there is such a community for it people are happier to learn to program in QB than to program in a language with only a very small community, such as Python. Yes, the QB community has grown quite large! And QB has become more than a programming language. It has a history, a culture, and is quite well-known. Critics scoff, but QB is truly a great language!

--Fastfission 03:51, 10 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Yes, there are enough people using it. There is a HUGE online community. Take a look at some of the sites listed as external links. http://www.neozones.com/, http://www.qbasicnews.com/, and others. I personally do not use QBasic except for simple programs that are un-important but would take too long to write in other languages. But I like to point out that QBasic has a huge community, partly because it's where I got my start.

Other BASICs or just closely related?
I added a See Also section, but couldn't decide if I should include other popular BASICs or just the closely related ones - I went the second route, any comments on this for my future reference?

Code example: Renew occasionally?
I tried adding this, but the enters got messed up. Anyone feel like posting it with lines correctly returned?

The following code asks the user for their name and age. It then shows them a number of dots equal to their age.

'Code start CLS: SCREEN 12 LINE (0,0)-(639,479), 2, B LINE (2,2)-(637,477), 2, B INPUT "Enter your name:", name$ INPUT "Enter your age:", age PLAY "cdedl4c" PRINT "Hello, " + name$ + "!" PRINT "Your age is:"; age FOR x = 320 - (age * 2) TO 320 + (age * 2) STEP 4 PSET (x, 240), 4 NEXT LOCATE 20, 10: PRINT "Number of dots equals your age." 'Code end —Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.30.36.100 (talk • contribs), 15 November 2005

I see some issues with this code...

 * CLS: SCREEN 12
 * LINE (0,0)-(639,479), 2, B
 * LINE (2,2)-(637,477), 2, B
 * 'LOCATE 2, 2 'should move the caret inside the box
 * INPUT "Enter your name:", name$
 * 'LOCATE 3, 2 'should move the caret away from the side
 * INPUT "Enter your age:", age
 * PLAY "cdedl4c" 'actually, i'd play the notes after the output...
 * PRINT "Hello, " + name$ + "!"
 * PRINT "Your age is:"; age
 * 'and the following loop draws too many points, since it does age*2/4 negatives, 1 zero, and age*2/4 positives, totalling age+1...
 * FOR x = 320 - (age * 2) TO 320 + (age * 2) STEP 4 'possible fix: 322- TO 318+
 * PSET (x, 240), 4
 * NEXT
 * LOCATE 20, 10: PRINT "Number of dots equals your age."

But, personally, i don't know if this really belongs in an encyclopedic article... -- Jokes Free4Me (talk) 09:23, 15 September 2008 (UTC)

History
I removed the following stuff from the History section, because: 1. It's not history. 2. It is confusingly written. 3. It is imprecise. The % suffix does not indicate a "number"; it indicates a 16-bit signed integer. There are other suffixes for 32-bit integers and single and double precision floats.

 * Variables can be declared with % to represent a number, or $ to represent a string.

 * j%=5

 * r%=9.1

 * text$="Hello."

 * go$="Wassup."

 * Strings are always surrounded in quotes, cannot be numbers (unless in quotes), and numbers (%) cannot be surrounded in quotes.

Equalpants 04:00, 15 December 2005 (UTC)

Easter Egg
I learned of this trick years ago from http://www.eeggs.com (currently down?). It does indeed work, but it seems impossible on really fast computers. If anyone wants, I've got a text screen capture of it. Should I post it here or let everyone try the key combo themselves? Armslurp 22:53, 15 December 2005 (UTC)

DOSBox Not Needed for NT-Line
I can run QBASIC 1.1 on XP. Doesn't seem to need DOXBox, at least not to just open it up and have it running. Anyone else?
 * MSTCrow 01:39, 1 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I run QuickBasic 4.5 without using DOSBox inside Windows 2000. The article doesn't specify that one needs to use DOSBox on NT-based Windows platforms in order to run QBasic - only that, by using DOSBox, it can be run under those platforms. I'll rephrase it to make it clearer. Someone42 05:59, 1 January 2006 (UTC)

Hello World Code Example
Does anyone think a simple "Hello, World!" program should be included in the Code Example section? (RCX 22:26, 20 January 2006 (UTC))
 * There's a whole article on Hello World program. QBasic's entry is PRINT "Hello World!". Hardly seems worth it to repeat it here. Camillus (talk) 23:21, 20 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Technically, the ENTIRE program of Hello World for QBasic in a well-written (proper, not necessary) form would be

REM Hello World CLS PRINT "Hello World!" END Just saying here JONJONAUG 22:05, 21 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Most other Hello, world! programs do not clear the screen. Also, CPMcE/Camillus, I did not see QBASIC's entry... Michael 19:51, 23 February 2006 (UTC)

 * The article has moved to List of hello world programs (which is up for deletion). Although QBasic is not mentioned specifically, it describes "variants of Microsoft BASIC", which includes QBasic - see List of hello world programs. Camillus (talk) 22:17, 23 February 2006 (UTC)

I think the Hello World code example seems out of place here. Although an example of code is interesting, it doesn't add anything to the encyclopedic value of the article. An explanation of the internal workings of the qbasic compiler describing how qbasic handles the commands would make it more encyclopedic, but would also be overboard. I would prefer to see an external link pointing to code examples including commentary and sample output. A2Z 06:24, 13 July 2007 (UTC)

Regarding "Games"
Regarding the text: "QBasic came complete with a couple of pre-written example games. These were Nibbles (a variant of the Snake game), Gorilla, an explosive-banana throwing game and RemLine, a GW-BASIC code line number removing program." Why not change "games" to "programs", and add reference to money.bas. Besides, remline.bas isn't a game either. Also, does anyone want to say anything about msherc.com? It seemed to be specifically for QBASIC, although I'm not sure if it was for both versions. Also, the original MS-DOS Editor (not the one with Win95) relied on qbasic.exe, as did MS-DOS 6.22's Help system, if I remember right. You would want to verify this before adding it. MCalkins 18:26, 2 February 2006 (UTC)

In MS-DOS 5, there are four sample QBASIC programs, Gorilla, Nibbles, Money and RemLines. The first two are games, the last two are utilities, for managing money, and removing line numbers from GWBasic code. MSHerc is a utility to be loaded before QBASIC to allow QBasic to write to the screen. See for example, COMMANDS.TXT in any of the supplemental disks. Wendy.krieger (talk) 12:25, 15 December 2020 (UTC)

ARticle sucks
I love QBasic, but, no offense, this article sucks. Someone needs to fix it.

Non-article comments removed
I moved some /Non-article discussion (about QBASIC programming) off this page, since it didn't disucss the article itself. Discussion pages are not a bulletin board.-Bdoserror 08:28, 13 February 2007 (UTC)

Major Overhaul
I've been really ashamed of this article for a long time. Many times, some crazed QBasic fan would come along and add their own stuff to the article and generaly made it look like crap (links to their own worthless QBasic pages and whatnot). I figured that it would work itself out overtime, but I was wrong. So today, I decided to make some major changes. Most notably, I removed the unescessarilly large example programs, they don't really look like encyclopedia material to me, but more like something out of a tutorial, so I hope someone can fit them into the QBasic Wikibook or something. I also added some information about QBasic and MS-DOS edit which I thought was important. Nick Warren 05:51, 19 April 2007 (UTC)

Greetings Nick ...

Regarding your edits to the TRIVIA section, the previously displayed information about QBASIC's compatibility with versions of MS-DOS prior to 5.00 was my lone contribution to the QBASIC page. More than that, anyone in possession of computers running MS-DOS from version 3.20 (if not lower) thru version 4.01/4.10 can easily verify such compatibilty.

For your reference »» A previous QBASIC page with my trivia information.

Incidentally, I agree that the overall QBASIC page did look a little out of sorts!

Something Else - The Wikipedia link for PowerBASIC should be included in the "See Also" section.

Thanx-A-Lot, Frank Fgf2007 18:48, 19 April 2007 (UTC)

Don't worry, I noticed the trivia section and realized that it is relevant information, so I moved it to a different place. Your stuff is still in the article, so don't worry. Nick Warren 09:00, 20 April 2007 (UTC)

Greetings Once More ...

Ah, Yes! Now I see!

Thanx-A-Lot, Frank Fgf2007 11:11, 20 April 2007 (UTC)

References please
Please provide some references and citations. Otherwise I might have to add unreferenced to the article, which I'd rather not do. Shinobu 15:37, 22 May 2007 (UTC)

QBasic Versions
QBasic 1.0 was included in MS-DOS 5.0, and in Windows NT 3.x and 4.0. These are three different compiles of the same: 5.00, 5.00a and WNT use different versions of QBASIC.

IBM recompiled QBasic and included it in their IBMDOS 5.x, as well as OS/2 2.0 onwards. eComstation includes OS/2, and includes QBasic 1.0. There are four versions of this. The sequencing can be derived from the various PC-DOS fix levels and releases. The first version to run on a clone appeared in DOS5EIU.EXE, and is used in every version of OS/2 2.0 and later. The second version appears in DOS 5.00.1 and 5.02, the third version appears in the final CSD 37387 from IBM.

QBasic 1.1 is included with MS-DOS 6.x, and, without EDIT, with Windows 9x. The edit.hlp files from v 1.0 and 1.1 have different linking codes, so requesting context-sensitve help where qbasic and edit.hlp are different versions will lead to incorrect pages.

The help system is Quickhelp, a precursor to Winhelp. (Winhelp will recognise Quickhelp as a "DOS help file". One compiles quickhelp with helpmake.

The sample files are identical for both versions, are included in DOS 5.x, Windows NT 3.x. They are available for download for MS-DOS 6.x (on the supplemental disks).

EDIT.COM or EDIT.HLP is not included with the Windows 9x version, nor with any version of OS/2.

Wendy.krieger 08:21, 13 September 2007 (UTC)

Thanks! That's some great information. I'll have to work it into the article. However, I'd like to find out where you got that info from. It seems we're being pressed to provide references and citations now (which is a good idea anyway), so we'll have to know where it came from eventually. Nick Warren 08:32, 19 September 2007 (UTC)

 * All of this information comes from the actual operating system distributions.

 * I learnt quickhelp by decompiling the help from MS-DOS 5,x and 6.x, and writing my own notes in this form. QH was very popular in the early OS/2 days.  There is still an INF2QH program available, for converting OS/2 help source to quickhelp.

 * Ralph Walden wrote both Quickhelp + Winhelp 1.0 (appeared with Windows 3.0) see http://helpware.net/htmlhelp/hh_info.htm

--Wendy.krieger (talk) 09:25, 25 November 2007 (UTC)

You know what I don't get?
Why is it that like, 80% of the vandalism on this page is directed at the hello world example? Don't you vandals have other ways to waste my time? Nick Warren 02:44, 20 October 2007 (UTC)

4 examples (header only)
Here are the header of the 4 example programs of Qbasic.

'                        Q B a s i c   G o r i l l a s ' '                  Copyright (C) Microsoft Corporation 1990 ' ' Your mission is to hit your opponent with the exploding banana ' by varying the angle and power of your throw, taking into account ' wind speed, gravity, and the city skyline. ' ' Speed of this game is determined by the constant SPEEDCONST. If the ' program is too slow or too fast adjust the "CONST SPEEDCONST = 500" line ' below. The larger the number the faster the game will go. ' ' To run this game, press Shift+F5. ' ' To exit QBasic, press Alt, F, X. ' ' To get help on a BASIC keyword, move the cursor to the keyword and press ' F1 or click the right mouse button. '
 * GORILLA.BAS

' '                        Q B a s i c   N i b b l e s ' '                  Copyright (C) Microsoft Corporation 1990 ' ' Nibbles is a game for one or two players. Navigate your snakes ' around the game board trying to eat up numbers while avoiding ' running into walls or other snakes. The more numbers you eat up, ' the more points you gain and the longer your snake becomes. ' ' To run this game, press Shift+F5. ' ' To exit QBasic, press Alt, F, X. ' ' To get help on a BASIC keyword, move the cursor to the keyword and press ' F1 or click the right mouse button. '
 * NIBBLES.BAS

' '                   Q B a s i c   M O N E Y   M A N A G E R ' '                  Copyright (C) Microsoft Corporation 1990 ' ' The Money Manager is a personal finance manager that allows you ' to enter account transactions while tracking your account balances ' and net worth. ' ' To run this program, press Shift+F5. ' ' To exit QBasic, press Alt, F, X. ' ' To get help on a BASIC keyword, move the cursor to the keyword and press ' F1 or click the right mouse button. '
 * MONEY.BAS

' '  Microsoft RemLine - Line Number Removal Utility '  Copyright (C) Microsoft Corporation 1985-1990 ' '  REMLINE.BAS is a program to remove line numbers from Microsoft Basic '  Programs. It removes only those line numbers that are not the object '  of one of the following statements: GOSUB, RETURN, GOTO, THEN, ELSE, '  RESUME, RESTORE, or RUN. ' '  When REMLINE is run, it will ask for the name of the file to be '   processed and the name of the file or device to receive the '  reformatted output. If no extension is given, .BAS is assumed (except '  for output devices). If filenames are not given, REMLINE prompts for '  file names. If both filenames are the same, REMLINE saves the original '  file with the extension .BAK. ' '  REMLINE makes several assumptions about the program: ' '    1. It must be correct syntactically, and must run in BASICA or '        GW-BASIC interpreter. '    2. There is a 400 line limit. To process larger files, change '       MaxLines constant. '    3. The first number encountered on a line is considered a line '       number; thus some continuation lines (in a compiler-specific '        construction) may not be handled correctly. '    4. REMLINE can handle simple statements that test the ERL function '       using  relational operators such as =, <, and >. For example, '       the following statement is handled correctly: ' '            IF ERL = 100 THEN END ' '       Line 100 is not removed from the source code. However, more '       complex expressions that contain the +, -, AND, OR, XOR, EQV, '       MOD, or IMP operators may not be handled correctly. For example, '       in the following statement REMLINE does not recognize line 105 '       as a referenced line number and removes it from the source code: ' '            IF ERL + 5 = 105 THEN END ' '  If you do not like the way REMLINE formats its output, you can modify '  the output lines in SUB GenOutFile. An example is shown in comments. -- LeeSI (talk) 03:00, 26 January 2008 (UTC)
 * REMLINE.BAS

Game code
There was a problem with the game code.

The answer cannot be "YES" and "Y" at the same time, so it will always be not YES", or not "Y". I've changed this to an AND statement, so that it won't trip as a no on only one condition.

Forgot to sign. Joetheodd (talk) 01:25, 3 August 2008 (UTC)

 * There's another problem with the game code.

 * This statement does nothing. If they user enters YES or Y, the statement is false, and the game continues. If the answer is anything else, nothing happens, and the game continues. There ought to be an 'END' statement between IF and END IF. An even more graceful solution would be to wrap the IF ... END IF around the entire game.
 * However, when I altered this, it was reverted. It's a pretty basic (ha ha) mistake. --taras (talk) 21:37, 13 May 2011 (UTC)
 * However, when I altered this, it was reverted. It's a pretty basic (ha ha) mistake. --taras (talk) 21:37, 13 May 2011 (UTC)

 * Personally, I'd rather test for a positive condition then a negative one, far easier to see exactly what your code will act on:

 * One could even take out the input line, and use something like:

MrZoolook (talk) 01:44, 11 November 2012 (UTC)

Some old page history
Some old page history that used to be at the title "QBasic" can now be found at Talk:QBasic/Merge. Graham 87 04:57, 23 July 2009 (UTC)

See Also list could be pruned
Only some of the basics mention Qbasic in their article page. Those without such a mention could be removed, as the See Also list should not be just a list of any basics. 92.15.25.92 (talk) 12:37, 21 January 2011 (UTC)

Additional END statement
I don't believe the additional END statement is necessary, running the program as written runs fine. - SudoGhost (talk) 21:37, 13 May 2011 (UTC)

 * Not if you enter anything other than Y or YES when asked if you want to play... (see above under 'Game Code') -taras (talk) 21:39, 13 May 2011 (UTC)
 * I just ran it both ways, you're right. My apologizes.. - SudoGhost (talk) 21:48, 13 May 2011 (UTC)
 * No worries, I am fixing it in a better way anyway (having just tested it in QBasic :) ) -taras (talk) 21:51, 13 May 2011 (UTC)
 * I took out the un-needed code that changes the user input to upper-case, as the test immediately below it was converting it to lower-case as part of the actual 'if' test loop anyway. Simply testing for the lower-case of the input has exactly the same result in one less line of code. MrZoolook (talk) 01:16, 11 November 2012 (UTC)

To input your name and school name, display them on the screen
103.166.172.228 (talk) 13:46, 4 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:QBasic


text:
Low-key lighting

Low-key lighting is a style of lighting for photography, film or television. It is a necessary element in creating a chiaroscuro effect. Traditional photographic lighting (three-point lighting) uses a key light, a fill light and a back light for illumination. Low-key lighting often uses only a key light, optionally controlled with a fill light or a simple reflector.

Low key light accentuates the contours of the subject by throwing areas into shade while a fill light or reflector may illuminate the shadow areas to control contrast. The relative strength of key-to-fill, known as the lighting ratio, can be measured using a light meter. Low key lighting has a higher lighting ratio, e.g., 8:1, than high-key lighting, which can approach 1:1.

Examples in film
The term "low key" is also used in cinematography and photography to refer to any scene with a high lighting ratio, especially if there is a predominance of shadowy areas. It tends to heighten the sense of alienation felt by the viewer, hence is typically used in dark dramas/ thrillers, film noir, and horror genres.

Some classic noir films that have used the technique include The Big Sleep, Double Indemnity, and others. In The Big Sleep, lamps are frequently used as light sources and often only illuminate certain details in a scene, creating sharp silhouettes and providing a stark lighting contrast for much of the film. Specific examples of the technique’s use regarding the lamps occur whenever Philip Marlowe (played by Humphrey Bogart) has to place a phone call to the police. He turns on a lamp every time he does so, indicating his return to the side of the “good guys.”

In Double Indemnity, the lighting in Walter Neff’s (played by Fred MacMurray) confession scenes underscores the murder which he is confessing to, and suggests a “dark” aspect to his character. In addition, low key lighting appears in the film in numerous other instances, such as the scenes taking place in Phyllis’s (played by Barbara Stanwick) house, more specifically when either Neff or Phyllis is alone or together within the home. The chiaroscuro effect the technique often created was also used liberally in classic noir. An example of such a filmmaking choice can be seen in the 1940 film noir Stranger on the Third Floor, which used the lighting contrast to highlight the fantastical qualities of the environment. Chiaroscuro and by extension low key lighting was also used to great effect in German expressionist cinema, widely considered a forerunner of film noir. Modern neo-noir films such as There Will Be Blood have also employed the tactic to great effect, often using the technique to evoke a sense of unease. Other modern noir-adjacent films and television shows that have used the technique include Joker, The Batman and the films of David Fincher, director of Seven. Fincher in particular makes extensive use of limited light sources, often highlighting an invisible conflict between “light [and] darkness” by effectively controlling the light of his scenes.

Cinematographers such as Roger Deakins also use aspects of low key lighting in their scene composition. In particular, Deakins and others used natural light as much as they could, which often had the effect of creating low key lighting when filmed in low light conditions. Examples of films Deakins has worked on include Blade Runner 2049 and The Man Who Wasn't There. More recent examples include the films of David Lowery and Andrew Droz Palermo, the latter of whom praises natural low-key lighting techniques for their “painterly and expressionistic” quality. Cinematographer Devan Scott also notes the influence of digital technology in creating these films as well as its increased use in the industry by citing the technology’s relative ease of use, and stating that the increase in dark lighting is “a trend enabled by tools” first and foremost. The proliferation of such techniques has been criticized by viewers in several instances. For example, many viewers reacted poorly to a dimly-lit final battle in the finale of Game of Thrones, despite series cinematographer Fabian Wagner stating that the darkness was intentional, claiming the “show runners decided that [the battle] had to be a dark episode.” Other modern examples of viewer backlash include films such as Arrival and Solo, as well as TV shows such as Ozark and The Mandalorian.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Low-key lighting


text:
German Wirehaired Pointer

The German Wirehaired Pointer is a medium to large-sized griffon type breed of dog developed in the 19th century in Germany for versatile hunting. It became a leading gun dog in Germany in the later part of the 20th century. It is the result of the careful mixing and crossing of the Wirehaired Pointing Griffon, German Shorthaired Pointer, German Roughhaired Pointer, and the hunting Pudelpointer in the late 19th century.

Appearance
The German Wirehaired Pointer is a well muscled, medium to large-sized dog of distinctive appearance. Balanced in size and sturdily built, the breed's most distinguishing characteristics are its weather resistant, wire-like coat and its facial furnishings. Typically pointer in character and style, the German Wirehaired Pointer (GWP) is an intelligent, energetic and determined hunter. The tail is typically docked to two-fifths of the natural length. In countries where docking is prohibited the tail should be of sufficient length to reach down to the hocks. Like all German pointers, they have webbed feet. This dog can have a similar appearance and therefore is sometimes confused with the Spinone Italiano, Český Fousek, or Wirehaired Pointing Griffon.

Coat
The functional wiry coat is the breed's most distinctive feature. A dog must have a correct coat to be of correct type. The coat is weather resistant and water-repellent. The undercoat is dense enough in winter to insulate against the cold but is so thin in summer as to be almost invisible. The distinctive outer coat is straight, harsh, wiry and flat lying, and is from one to two inches in length. The outer coat is long enough to protect against the punishment of rough cover, but not so long as to hide the outline of the dog. On the lower legs the coat is shorter and between the toes it is of softer texture. On the skull the coat is naturally short and close fitting. Over the shoulders and around the tail it is very dense and heavy. The tail is nicely coated, particularly on the underside, but devoid of feather. Eyebrows are of strong, straight hair. Beard and whiskers are medium length. The hairs in the liver patches of a liver and white dog may be shorter than the white hairs. A short smooth coat, a soft woolly coat, or an excessively long coat is to be severely penalized when showing. While maintaining a harsh, wiry texture, the puppy coat may be shorter than that of an adult coat. The coat of the puppy should be shorter than 1 inch the adult coat should be kept at 1 inch long.

Gait
The dog should be evaluated at a moderate gait. The breed standard is that the movement is free and smooth with good reach in the forequarters and good driving power in the hindquarters. The topline should remain firm.

Color
The colors are liver (brown) and white or black and white ticked usually with some solid patches, and solid liver (brown) with or without a white chest patch.

History
The German Wirehaired Pointer traces its origins back to 1880. The breed originated in Germany, where Baron Sigismund von Zedlitz und Neukirch was a leading breeder, wanting to create a versatile hunting dog that would work closely with either one person or a small party of persons hunting on foot in varied terrain; from the mountainous regions of the Alps, to dense forests, to more open areas with farms and small towns. The breed the Germans desired had to have a coat that would protect the dogs when working in heavy cover or in cold water, yet be easy to maintain. Careful crosses of the German pointer with many other breeds. Sources differ on the exact lineage, though the Wirehaired Pointing Griffon, Pudelpointer, Stichelhaar, and Deutscher-Kurzhaar are commonly accepted as the most likely contributors. This is a dog that can fully respond to the needs of its hunter. The goal was to develop a wire-coated, medium-sized dog that could:
 * Search for, locate and point upland game
 * Work both feather and fur with equal skill and retrieve water fowl
 * Be a close-working, easily trained gun dog
 * Be able to track and locate wounded game
 * Be fearless when hunting "sharp" game such as fox
 * Be a devoted companion and pet; and
 * Be a watchdog for its owner's family and property.

All "drahts" must meet rigorous hunt and physical evaluations before being eligible for breeding. In addition to searching and pointing, these tests include the tracking and recovery of all game including wounded game such as fox, rabbit, deer and boar, which may not be required of a dog that hunts birds predominantly.

For upland (i.e. non-waterfowl) bird work, many GWPs have distinguished themselves with all-breed Field Championships and Master Hunter titles. When purchasing a working GWP, attention needs to be paid to identifying breeders that place emphasis on all aspects of the versatile hunting dog. Among these breeders can be found accomplished dogs including Dual Championships (both field and show).

Health
A 2024 UK study found a life expectancy of 13 years for the breed compared to an average of 12.7 for purebreeds and 12 for crossbreeds.

title: German Wirehaired Pointer


text:
User:Malbear

Welcome to the Malbear page

Please visit Malaysian wikipedians' notice board. Add anything Malaysian you wish to see done and it will be done by some kind souls.

Also, please add yourself to Wikipedians/Malaysia If you are from Malaysia.

Feel free to add stuff to my talk page and I will try to get back to you ASAP.

title: User:Malbear


text:
User:Sj/talk

Past Talk
NPOV, mideast: Lists of massacres; indiv desc (Qana, et al). Vanity, memoria: prosperous 12-yr old girl suicide; other. Vanity, YPD: unofficial, celebrated in US by some math geeks.

Update/NPOV : 47 Ronin; contemporary views, #, etc -- w/Noel, who also loves the story and knows much about it.

Present Talk
Numbers : nav-schema, layout, existence/interest. News/Answers : skyfaller/tomg/ror ideas about subsites focused on these interactions. (easier to achieve once this is a thriving community with working tokens of appreciation/wealth/prestige.) Vandalism : forms of punishmnent, justice, and maintenance of stability acros wikidom and across the social world. Interface : Prefills, VfD splitting/headers

Future Talk
Multidim Data : wikisource high-dim info like famous people/attribs. APIs, Collab : interleaving wikisource w/ other indep datasources. Trans, Collab : interleaving various langs, multiple parallel arts in a single lang (consider transl v. indep authorship, dueling edit warrior [N]POVs) Version Stabilization : formalizat'n of 'accepted community knowledge' w/ global coordination & distrib. expression of opinion [over time & social-net & activity], w/o local strong-arming (deletion, polls/votes, &c) : trust & opinion nets, indiv attribs (expertise, utility, universality & neutrality, identity)? Profile narrowing : making trolling less fun and profitable, structurally (higher barrier to visible entry; default harshness (with optional retraction);

title: User:Sj/talk


text:
District of Columbia Voting Rights Amendment

The District of Columbia Voting Rights Amendment was a proposed amendment to the United States Constitution that would have given the District of Columbia full representation in the United States Congress, full representation in the Electoral College system, and full participation in the process by which the Constitution is amended. It would have also repealed the Twenty-third Amendment, which granted the District of Columbia the same number of electoral votes as that of the least populous state, but gave it no role in contingent elections.

The amendment was proposed by the U.S. Congress on August 22, 1978, and the legislatures of the 50 states were given seven years to consider it. Ratification by 38 states was necessary for the amendment to become part of the Constitution; only 16 states had ratified it when the seven-year time limit expired on August 22, 1985. This proposed constitutional amendment is the most recent one to have been sent to the states for their consideration.

Text
"Section 1. For purposes of representation in the Congress, election of the President and Vice President, and article V of this Constitution, the District constituting the seat of government of the United States shall be treated as though it were a State.

Section 2. The exercise of the rights and powers conferred under this article shall be by the people of the District constituting the seat of government, and as shall be provided by the Congress.

Section 3. The twenty-third article of amendment to the Constitution of the United States is hereby repealed.

Section 4. This article shall be inoperative, unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several States within seven years from the date of its submission."

Legislative history
Representative Don Edwards of California proposed House Joint Resolution 554 in the 95th Congress. The United States House of Representatives passed it on March 2, 1978, by a 289–127 vote, with 18 not voting.

Senate debate
The Senate considered the amendment on August 22, 1978. It had considerable bipartisan support, with both Majority Leader Robert Byrd (D–WV) and Minority Leader Howard Baker (R–TN) pressing for its passage. Debate centered on the Founding Fathers' original intentions for the capital city, the morality of denying 700,000 American citizens congressional representation, and the constitutionality of the proposal.

Support for the amendment came from across the political spectrum, though liberal Democrats were its most visible defenders. Democrat Patrick Leahy of Vermont rebutted arguments from conservatives that extending full voting rights to D.C. was unfair to rural states. Citing his state's rural nature, Leahy asserted that the proposal was not "a case of rural versus urban," but rather about "simple justice, overdue justice." Alaska Democrat Mike Gravel argued that the principles of democracy triumph over policies, expressing his support for the proposal despite the likelihood of the District's representatives "voting against the Alaskan position on d-2 land" and encouraging "more government rather than more implementation through the private sector."

Several Republicans also spoke out in support. Michigan's Robert P. Griffin noted the United States' unusual treatment of D.C., stating, "In only one other country in the world—Brazil—are residents of the capital city denied representation in their national legislature." Edward Brooke of Massachusetts brought up his Washington upbringing in expressing his support for the amendment, while Bob Dole reminded colleagues that the GOP had included full voting representation for the District of Columbia in its party platform adopted at the 1976 Republican National Convention. Lowell Weicker of Connecticut went so far as to argue that the proposed amendment was not enough, instead advocating for the District of Columbia's admission as a state.

One particularly notable supporter of the amendment was Strom Thurmond (R–SC), notorious for his longtime support of racial segregation. Reflecting his gradual shift toward more moderate views on race, he supported the amendment despite the District of Columbia's Black-majority population. Noting the United States' commitment to exemplifying the ideals of democracy, he asked, "How can we do that when three-quarters of a million people are not allowed to have voting representation in the capital city of this Nation?"

Opposition to the amendment, meanwhile, came almost exclusively from conservatives. Ted Stevens (R–AK) was a particularly vocal foe: "'If this area is tired of being the seat of Government, if it does not wish to vote in Maryland and not have the seat of Government moved, I would be happy to suggest the Capitol be moved. We went through it once in the forties. I would be more than happy to go through it again. And I shall propose it next year. Let us move the Capitol. Let us build a Federal City in which nobody lives, in which there are just buildings and the seat of Government. Let us make Washington, D.C., a historical monument, another part of the Park Service, if you will. So many people are interested in making much of my State a national park. I will be delighted to assist in making this a national park so everybody in the world will come and see how we ran the Government of the United States for the first 200 years.'"

Other opponents of the amendment proposed more serious compromises. Mississippi Democrat John C. Stennis advocated for giving the District only one senator, while Oklahoma's Dewey F. Bartlett tried to alter the amendment to assure that Congress could not exercise committee oversight of D.C. There was considerable discussion of retroceding the District of Columbia back into Maryland, though Senators Charles Mathias and Paul Sarbanes quickly doused the idea.

Orrin Hatch alleged that the proposal contradicted Article V of the United States Constitution, which guarantees that "no State, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal Suffrage in the Senate." Hatch claimed this meant that all 50 states would have to approve the amendment. In a blistering retort, Ted Kennedy said, "It fails in terms of logic. How can a constitutional amendment be unconstitutional?"

The amendment ultimately passed with the support of 48 Democrats and 19 Republicans. Exactly 80% of the Democratic caucus voted for the amendment, while Republicans split evenly. The chamber's sole independent, Harry F. Byrd Jr. of Virginia, voted nay.

Vote in the legislatures
With that, the District of Columbia Voting Rights Amendment was submitted to the state legislatures for ratification. The Congress, via Section 4, included the requirement that ratification by three-fourths (38) of the states be completed within seven years following its passage by the Congress (i.e., August 22, 1985) in order for the proposed amendment to become part of the Constitution. By placing the ratification deadline in the text of the proposed amendment the deadline could not be extended without a separate amendment to the Constitution, in contrast to the ratification deadline of the Equal Rights Amendment which was restricted by statute and not the amendment itself.

Ratification history
Ratification by the legislatures of at least 38 of the 50 states by August 22, 1985, was necessary for the District of Columbia Voting Rights Amendment to become part of the Constitution. During the seven-year period specified by Congress it was ratified by only 16 states and so failed to be adopted. The amendment was ratified by the following states:

 * 1) New Jersey on September 11, 1978
 * 2) Michigan on December 13, 1978
 * 3) Ohio on December 21, 1978
 * 4) Minnesota on March 19, 1979
 * 5) Massachusetts on March 19, 1979
 * 6) Connecticut on April 11, 1979
 * 7) Wisconsin on November 1, 1979
 * 8) Maryland on March 19, 1980
 * 9) Hawaii on April 17, 1980
 * 10) Oregon on July 6, 1981
 * 11) Maine on February 16, 1983
 * 12) West Virginia on February 23, 1983
 * 13) Rhode Island on May 13, 1983
 * 14) Iowa on January 19, 1984
 * 15) Louisiana on June 24, 1984
 * 16) Delaware on June 28, 1984

Effects had it been adopted
Had it been adopted, this proposed amendment would have allowed the District of Columbia and its population to participate in federal institutions on equal footing with the states, but it would not have made the district into a state, nor affected Congress's authority over it. The District of Columbia would have been given full representation in both houses of Congress, so that it would have two senators and a variable number of representatives based on population.

The proposed amendment would also have repealed the twenty-third amendment, which does not allow the district to have more electoral votes "than the least populous State", nor does it grant the District of Columbia any role in contingent elections of the president by the House of Representatives (or of the vice president by the Senate). In contrast, this proposed amendment would have provided the district full participation in presidential (and vice presidential) elections.

Finally, the proposed amendment would have allowed the Council of the District of Columbia, the Congress, or the people of the district (depending on how the amendment would have been interpreted) to decide whether to ratify any proposed amendment to the Constitution, or to apply to the Congress for a convention to propose amendments to the United States Constitution, just as a state's legislature can under the Constitutional amendment process laid out in Article V of the Constitution.


text:
List of regions of Canada

The list of regions of Canada is a summary of geographical areas on a hierarchy that ranges from national (groups of provinces and territories) at the top to local regions and sub-regions of provinces at the bottom. Administrative regions that rank below a province and above a municipality are also included if they have a comprehensive range of functions compared to the limited functions of specialized government agencies. Some provinces and groups of provinces are also quasi-administrative regions at the federal level for purposes such as representation in the Senate of Canada. However regional municipalities (or regional districts in British Columbia) are included with local municipalities in the article List of municipalities in Canada.

National regions

The provinces and territories are sometimes grouped into regions, listed here from west to east by province, followed by the three territories. Seats in the Senate are equally divided among four regions: the West, Ontario, Quebec, and the Maritimes, with special status for Newfoundland and Labrador as well as for the three territories of Northern Canada ('the North'). This is the only regional scheme that has any legal status or function. Regional representation on the Supreme Court of Canada is governed more by convention than by law. Quebec is the only region with a legally guaranteed quota of three judges on the bench. The other regions are usually represented by three judges from Ontario, two from Western Canada (typically but not formally one from British Columbia and one from the Prairie Provinces) and one from Atlantic Canada. The three territories do not have any separate representation on the Supreme Court.

Statistics Canada uses the six-region model for the Geographical Regions of Canada. Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada uses the five-region model, while seven regions are commonly used for polling. The various models are derived from the three-region scheme by progressively subdividing the western and eastern regions (the northern region is the same for all models) into smaller and smaller units consisting of provinces or groups of provinces. If the models are not treated as mutually exclusive, eight distinct national regions can be identified when the three western regions of the seven region scheme are combined with the two Atlantic regions of the Senate method and the Ontario, Quebec, and Northern regions common to both schemes.

Inter-provincial regions
An inter-provincial region includes more than one province or territory but does not usually include the entirety of each province or territory in the group. However, the geographic or cultural features that characterize this type of region can sometimes lead to the relevant provinces or territories being seen as regional groups like British Columbia-Yukon and Alberta-Northwest Territories.

Linguistic

 * French Canada, centred in Quebec but with scattered populations in Manitoba, Ontario, and the Maritimes that are increasingly part of...
 * The Bilingual Belt, a portion of Canada where both English and French are regularly spoken: Northeastern Ontario, Southeastern Ontario, the Ottawa Valley, the Island of Montreal, the Eastern Townships of Quebec and northern and eastern New Brunswick
 * English Canada, sometimes known as the Rest of Canada, with Quebec usually excluded despite the presence of scattered English speaking populations in the southern part of the province which are increasingly part of the Bilingual belt
 * Inuit Nunangat, a large region of northern Canada populated mainly by the Inuit, the majority of whom do not claim either English or French as their first language

Primary, secondary, and local geographic

 * Arctic Archipelago, a large group of Canadian islands in the Arctic Ocean that lies partly in Nunavut, partly in the Northwest Territories, and one, Herschel Island, that is part of Yukon.
 * Arctic Cordillera, a very long, broken chain of mountain ranges extending along the northeastern flank of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago from Ellesmere Island to the northernmost part of the Labrador Peninsula in northern Labrador and northern Quebec
 * Canadian Cordillera which links most of British Columbia and Yukon with some smaller adjacent areas of Alberta and the Northwest Territories to form a single region of mountains and plateaus
 * Taiga Cordillera that includes much of Northern Yukon Territory and an adjacent area of the Northwest Territories
 * Boreal Cordillera that links northwestern British Columbia with Southern Yukon
 * Pacific Maritime Cordillera that includes the west coast of British Columbia and the southwest corner of Yukon
 * Montane Cordillera that includes the central and southern interior of British Columbia and the Rocky Mountains that extend partly into Alberta
 * Interior Plains of western Canada, which extend from the coast of the Arctic Ocean to the Canada-US border east of the Canadian Cordillera and west of the Canadian Shield; links the Mackenzie Valley with the Canadian prairie.
 * Southern Arctic Plains that includes the arctic coast of Yukon, the Northwest Territories, and an adjacent part of Nunavut
 * Taiga Plains that include parts of northeastern Yukon, the Northwest Territories, northeastern British Columbia, and northwestern Alberta
 * Boreal Plains, which links parts of northern British Columbia, Alberta, and Saskatchewan with part of Central Manitoba and a small part of the Northwest Territories
 * Peace River Country, a valley area of parkland and boreal plain that links parts of northern British Columbia and northern Alberta as a part of the larger Boreal Plains region
 * Aspen Parkland, a long but relatively narrow transitional region in the Prairie Provinces that separates the boreal forests of the north from the prairie grasslands further south
 * The Prairies, including the grasslands and the Palliser's Triangle that links the main agricultural regions of Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba
 * Cypress Hills that links the hilly areas of southern Alberta with their counterparts in southern Saskatchewan
 * Canadian Shield, a vast region centred around Hudson Bay that includes parts of every province except British Columbia and the Maritimes, and parts of every territory except Yukon
 * Northern Arctic Shield, includes the Boothia and Melville Peninsulas of Nunavut and the northwestern tip of Quebec.
 * Southern Arctic Shield, parts of the Canadian Shield separated by Hudson Bay and located mostly in Nunavut and the most northerly region of Quebec
 * Taiga Shield, parts of the Canadian Shield located west of Hudson Bay from the Northwest Territories to the far northern fringe of the Prairie Provinces, and east of Hudson Bay and James Bay from Quebec to Labrador
 * Boreal Shield, located mostly south of Hudson Bay and James Bay from northeastern Alberta to southeastern Labrador
 * Southern Boreal Shield, a transitional region in Central Ontario and the west-central part of Quebec that separates the boreal forests of the north from the mostly mixed-leaf forests further south
 * Hudson Bay Lowland, a large wetland that extends from northeastern Manitoba across the far north of Ontario into northwestern Quebec
 * Quebec City–Windsor Corridor that links Southern Ontario with Southern Quebec
 * St. Lawrence Lowlands, a low lying valley also known as the Mixedwood Plains extending from Quebec City to Windsor, Ontario, which is similar but not identical to the Corridor in geographic extent
 * Ottawa Valley that links Eastern Ontario with western Quebec, the southern part of which overlaps the Corridor and the Mixedwood Plains
 * Appalachian Mountains, an old, partly eroded system of mountain ranges, hills, and plateaus that extends into southeastern Canada from the eastern United States
 * Acadia, a largely historical region that links parts of the Maritimes and parts of eastern Quebec within the Appalachian region

Administrative

 * National Capital Region, a federal administrative region that straddles the Ottawa River on the Ontario-Quebec border and includes the cities of Ottawa and Gatineau.

Provincial regions
The provinces and territories are nearly all sub-divided into regions for a variety of official and unofficial purposes. The geographic regions are largely unofficial and therefore somewhat open to interpretation. In some cases, the primary regions are separated by identifiable transition zones, particularly in Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Ontario. The largest provinces can be divided into a number of primary geographic regions of comparatively large size (e.g. southern Ontario), and subdivided into a greater number of smaller secondary regions (e.g. southwestern Ontario). The primary and secondary regions in Ontario are mainly non-administrative in nature. However, they tend to be defined as geographic groupings of counties, regional municipalities, and territorial districts, so that the regions are defined by a system or collection of borders that have local administrative importance.

In other large provinces, the primary and secondary geographic regions are defined more strictly by topographical and ecological boundaries. In geographically diverse provinces, the secondary regions can be further subdivided into numerous local regions and even sub-regions. British Columbia has a much greater number of local regions and sub-regions than the other provinces and territories due to its mountainous terrain where almost every populated lake, sound, and river valley, and every populated cape and cluster of small islands can claim a distinct geographical identity. At the other extreme, Prince Edward Island is not divided into any widely recognized geographic regions or sub-regions because of its very small size and lack of large rivers or rugged terrain. New Brunswick's small size renders it dividable into local geographic regions only.

Several provinces and territories also have supra-municipal administrative regions. Their borders mostly do not harmonize with the geographic regions, so they are not considered subdivisions or groupings of the latter.

Primary, secondary, and local geographic regions

 * Northern Alberta (forests that lie mostly north of the North Saskatchewan River)
 * Alberta Taiga Plains
 * Alberta Taiga Shield
 * Alberta Boreal Plain
 * Peace River Country (Alberta portion)
 * Alberta Boreal Shield
 * Alberta Mountain forests
 * Southern Alberta (geographic)
 * Alberta Parkland
 * Alberta Prairie
 * Cypress Hills (Alberta portion)

Quasi-administrative or demographic regions
These regions are not officially considered subdivisions of the larger primary natural regions.
 * Northern Alberta
 * Central Alberta
 * Calgary–Edmonton Corridor
 * Southern Alberta
 * Alberta's Rockies
 * Calgary Metropolitan Region
 * Edmonton Metropolitan Region

Primary, secondary, and local geographic regions and subregions

 * British Columbia Interior
 * North Interior Taiga Plains
 * North Interior Boreal Plains/Peace River Country
 * North Interior Boreal Cordillera
 * Atlin District
 * Stikine Country
 * Central Interior Montane Cordillera
 * Nechako
 * Bulkley
 * Omineca–Prince George
 * Robson Valley
 * Cariboo
 * Interlakes
 * Fraser Canyon
 * Chilcotin
 * South Interior Montane Cordillera
 * Kootenays
 * West Kootenay
 * Kootenay Lake
 * Slocan
 * Arrow Lakes
 * East Kootenay
 * Elk Valley
 * Columbia Valley
 * Columbia Country
 * Big Bend Country
 * Okanagan
 * Boundary
 * Similkameen
 * Thompson
 * Nicola
 * Bonaparte
 * Wells Gray–Clearwater
 * Shuswap
 * Fraser Canyon (overlaps Lillooet Country)
 * Bridge River Country
 * Lower Mainland
 * Greater Vancouver
 * Fraser Valley
 * British Columbia Coast/Pacific Maritime Cordillera
 * South Coast
 * Sea-to-Sky Corridor
 * Lillooet Country (overlaps Frazer Canyon region and Sea-to-Sky corridor)
 * Pemberton Valley
 * Gates Valley
 * Sunshine Coast
 * Central Coast
 * Queen Charlotte Strait
 * Bella Coola Valley
 * North Coast
 * Haida Gwaii (formerly Queen Charlotte Islands)
 * Skeena
 * Nass
 * Stewart Country
 * Vancouver Island
 * South Island
 * Greater Victoria
 * Saanich Peninsula
 * Western Communities
 * Juan de Fuca region
 * South Central Island (included with an extended Central Island region for some administrative purposes)
 * Cowichan Valley
 * Chemainus Valley
 * Central Island
 * East Central Island
 * East Central Coast (Ladysmith–Nanaimo–Parksville)
 * Comox Valley
 * West Central Island
 * Nootka Sound
 * Clayoquot Sound
 * Barkley Sound
 * Alberni Valley
 * North Island
 * Northwest Island
 * Kyuquot Sound
 * Quatsino Sound
 * Cape Scott
 * Northeast Island
 * Queen Charlotte Strait
 * Johnstone Strait
 * Gulf Islands
 * Southern Gulf Islands
 * Northern Gulf Islands

Primary and secondary geographic regions

 * Northern Manitoba (forests mostly north of the Saskatchewan River and east of Lake Winnipeg)
 * Hudson Bay Lowlands (Manitoba portion)
 * Manitoba Taiga Shield
 * Manitoba Boreal Shield.
 * Central Manitoba
 * Interlake (Manitoba Boreal Plain)
 * Manitoba Parkland
 * Southern Manitoba (eastern part of Palliser's Triangle)
 * Central Plains
 * Eastman
 * Westman
 * Winnipeg Capital Region (administrative)
 * Pembina Valley

Geographic regions (No distinctions made between primary, secondary, or local)

 * Acadian Peninsula
 * North Shore
 * Fundy Isles
 * Miramichi Valley
 * Saint John Valley
 * Greater Shediac
 * Greater Moncton
 * Greater Saint John
 * Kennebecasis Valley
 * Greater Fredericton

Primary, secondary, and local geographic regions

 * Labrador
 * Labrador Arctic Cordillera
 * Labrador Taiga Shield
 * Labrador West
 * Nunatsiavut
 * Labrador Boreal Shield
 * Newfoundland
 * Avalon Peninsula
 * Burin Peninsula
 * Bonavista Peninsula
 * South Coast
 * West Coast
 * Bay of Islands
 * Bay St. George
 * Bay St. George South
 * Port au Port Peninsula
 * Great Northern Peninsula
 * Northeast Coast

Primary and secondary geographic regions

 * Arctic Archipelago (N.W.T. portion)
 * N.W.T. Mainland
 * Southern Arctic Plains
 * Mackenzie Mountains
 * Taiga Plains
 * Taiga shield (N.W.T. portion)
 * Boreal Plains

Administrative regions
Administrative regions of Northwest Territories.
 * Inuvik Region
 * Sahtu Region
 * Dehcho Region
 * North Slave Region
 * South Slave Region

Primary, secondary, and local geographic regions

 * Mainland Nova Scotia
 * South Shore
 * Annapolis Valley
 * Eastern Shore
 * Strait of Canso Area
 * Musquodoboit Valley
 * North Shore
 * Cape Breton Island
 * Industrial Cape Breton
 * Cape Breton Highlands

Primary and secondary geographic regions

 * Arctic Archipelago (Nunavut portion)
 * Arctic Cordillera (Nunavut portion)
 * Nunavut Mainland
 * Northern Arctic Shield
 * Southern Arctic Plains
 * Southern Arctic Shield
 * Nunavut Taiga Shield

Administrative regions

 * Kitikmeot Region
 * Kivalliq Region
 * Qikiqtaaluk Region

Primary, secondary, and local geographic regions
Most geographic regions in Ontario defined by grouping counties and other administrative units

 * Northern Ontario (mostly boreal shield that lies north of the French River)
 * Northwestern Ontario
 * Northeastern Ontario
 * Southeastern Boreal Shield (Northeastern Ontario portion)
 * Hudson Bay Lowlands
 * Southern Ontario
 * Central Ontario
 * Southeastern Boreal Shield (Central Ontario portion)
 * Thirty Thousand Islands
 * Muskoka Lakes area
 * St. Lawrence Lowlands/Mixedwood Plains (Central Ontario portion)
 * Kawartha Lakes
 * Bay of Quinte
 * Eastern Ontario
 * National Capital Region
 * Southeastern Boreal Shield (Eastern Ontario portion)
 * Rideau Lakes area
 * Thousand Islands
 * St. Lawrence Lowlands/Mixedwood Plains (Eastern Ontario portion)
 * Golden Horseshoe
 * Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area
 * Niagara Peninsula
 * Southwestern Ontario
 * Georgian Triangle
 * Bruce Peninsula

Quasi-administrative regions

 * Northern Ontario (territorial districts; a quasi-administrative region that extends south of the French River)
 * Greater Golden Horseshoe (a quasi-administrative region that extends beyond the geographic Golden Horseshoe)

Prince Edward Island
Not subdivided into geographical regions or sub-regions

Primary and secondary geographic regions

 * Northern Quebec
 * Arctic Cordillera (Quebec portion)
 * Northern Arctic Shield (Quebec portion)
 * Southern Arctic Shield (Quebec portion)
 * Quebec Taiga Shield
 * Hudson Bay Lowlands (Quebec portion)
 * Quebec Boreal Shield
 * Southeastern Boreal Shield (Quebec portion)
 * Southern Quebec
 * St. Lawrence Lowlands North Shore (Quebec portion)
 * St. Lawrence Lowlands South Shore (including Montérégie)
 * Hochelaga Archipelago
 * Anticosti Island
 * Appalachian Mountains (Quebec portion)

Administrative regions

 * Montérégie
 * Estrie
 * Montreal
 * Laval
 * Centre-du-Québec
 * Chaudière-Appalaches
 * Outaouais
 * Laurentides
 * Lanaudière
 * Mauricie
 * Capitale-Nationale
 * Bas-Saint-Laurent
 * Gaspésie–Îles-de-la-Madeleine
 * Abitibi-Témiscamingue
 * Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean
 * Côte-Nord (North Shore)
 * Nord-du-Québec (Northern Quebec)

Primary and secondary geographic regions

 * Northern Saskatchewan (forests that lie mostly north of the North Saskatchewan River)
 * Saskatchewan Taiga Shield
 * Saskatchewan Boreal Shield
 * Saskatchewan Boreal Plain
 * Southern Saskatchewan
 * Saskatchewan Parkland
 * Saskatchewan Prairie Grassland
 * Cypress Hills (Saskatchewan portion)

Primary, secondary, and local geographic regions

 * Northern Yukon
 * Yukon Southern Arctic Coastal Plain
 * Yukon Taiga Cordillera
 * Yukon Taiga Plain
 * Southern Yukon
 * Yukon Boreal Cordillera
 * Klondike
 * Southern Lakes
 * Pacific Maritime Cordillera

title: List of regions of Canada


text:
Douglas F5D Skylancer

The Douglas F5D Skylancer is a development of the F4D Skyray jet fighter for the United States Navy. Starting out as the F4D-2N, an all-weather version of the Skyray, the design was soon modified to take full advantage of the extra thrust of the Pratt & Whitney J57 eventually fitted to the Skyray instead of the Westinghouse J40 originally planned.

Design and development
Soon the design became too different from the Skyray to be considered just a variation of it, and the aircraft was assigned a new designation as the F5D Skylancer. Almost every part of the airframe was modified, though the basic form remained the same as did the wing shape, though it became much thinner. The wing skinning was reinforced, correcting a problem found in the F4D. The fuselage was 8 ft (2.4 m) longer and area ruled to reduce transonic drag, being thinner in the region of the wing roots. Everything was shaped to reduce drag and increase stability at high speed.

Although the four 20 mm (.79 in) cannon in the wing roots were retained, primary armament was to be missiles or rockets; four AIM-9 Sidewinders or two AIM-7 Sparrows, and/or a battery of spin-stabilized unguided 2 in (51 mm) rockets.

Nine test airframes were ordered, with a 51-aircraft production order to follow. Production aircraft were to be powered by the more powerful J57-P-14 engine, while there was a rejected proposal to use the even more powerful General Electric J79 and variable-geometry inlets in Mach 2 version.

Operational history
The first flight was made by F5D-1 (Bu. No. 139208) on 21 April 1956 and was supersonic; the aircraft proved easy to handle and performed well. After four aircraft had been constructed, however, the Navy cancelled its order. The stated reason was that the aircraft was too similar to the already-ordered Vought F8U Crusader, but it is believed by some historians that politics played as big a part; Douglas was already building a very large proportion of the Navy's planes, and giving them the F5D contract would have made it even closer to monopoly. The project test pilot was Lt. Cmdr Alan B. Shepard Jr. whose report stated that it was not needed by the Navy. One F5D crashed during testing by the Navy.

NASA use

The four aircraft continued to fly in various military test programs. Two were grounded in 1961 (likely 139209 and 142349 which had been designated for spare parts in 1958 ), but the other two: F5D-1 (Bu. No. 139208) NASA 212, later becoming NASA 708 and F5D-1 (Bu. No. 142350) NASA 213, later becoming NASA 802 continued to fly. Transferred to NASA in the early 1960s, NASA 212 was used as a testbed for the American supersonic transport program, fitted with an ogival wing platform (the type eventually used on Concorde; data from the program was shared with the European designers), as well as being used as a vision field test platform for the X-20 Dyna-Soar. This aircraft was retired in 1968. NASA 802 was used for simulation of abort procedures for the X-20, because it had a very similar shape and handling characteristics. Following the DynaSoar cancellation, it was used as a chase plane and for various other programs until it was retired in 1970.

Surviving aircraft

 * BuNo 139208 (NASA 708) still in NASA markings was part of Merle Maine's private collection in Ontario, Oregon until 2014.  The aircraft currently resides at Evergreen Aviation and Space Museum in McMinnville, Oregon.
 * BuNo 142350 (NASA 802) is a part of the Ohio History Connection permanent collection. The aircraft sits on static display outside of the Armstrong Air & Space Museum in Wapakoneta, Ohio. Neil Armstrong flew the aircraft during the Dyna-Soar research program. This aircraft has returned to static display outside of the museum after undergoing an 8-month restoration in 2017 and 2018.

title: Douglas F5D Skylancer


text:
John Mason (governor)

Captain John Mason (1586–1635) was an English sailor and colonist who was instrumental to the establishment of various settlements in colonial America and is considered to be the 'Founder of New Hampshire'.

Mason was born in 1586 at King's Lynn, Norfolk, and educated at Peterhouse, Cambridge.

Early Career
In 1610, he was appointed by James I to help reclaim the Hebrides for English-speaking rule, from Gaelic-speaking clan chiefs. He served as Captain of the expedition consisting of two ships of war and two pinnaces. As a reward, he was granted exclusive fishing rights in the North Sea. This was ignored by the Dutch and he was treated as a pirate by the Scots. In 1615, he was arrested, but soon released after the seizure of his ship.

Newfoundland
He was appointed the second Proprietary Governor of Newfoundland's Cuper's Cove colony in 1615, succeeding John Guy of Bristol, who had resigned. Mason arrived on the island in 1616 and explored much of the territory. He compiled a map of the island and wrote and published a short tract (or "Discourse") of his findings.

Mason drew up a map of the island of Newfoundland. Published in William Vaughan's Cambrensium Caroleia in 1625, the map included previously established placenames as well as new ones such as Bristol's Hope and Butter Pots, near Renews. His tract entitled A Briefe Discourse of the New-Found-Land with the situation, temperature, and commodities thereof, inciting our nation to go forward in the hopefull plantation begunne, was published in 1620 by Mason while in England.

In 1620 King James I's Privy Council issued Mason a commission and provided him with a ship to suppress piracy in Newfoundland. Mason ceased to be Cuper's Cove governor in 1621 and apparently he was not replaced, although the settlement continued to be occupied throughout the seventeenth century.

Nova Scotia
Upon returning to England in 1621, Mason consulted with Sir William Alexander about the possibility of establishing settlements on Nova Scotia. Alexander obtained a charter for Nova Scotia in September 1621.

New England

Captain Mason was granted several land grants describing land in present day New Hampshire and Maine in the years from 1621 - 1631.

In 1622, Mason and Sir Ferdinando Gorges received a land patent from the Plymouth Council for New England for the territory lying between the Merrimack and Kennebec rivers, extending 60 miles inland. In 1629 they divided the grant along the Piscataqua River, with Mason receiving the southern portion. The colony was recharted as the Province of New Hampshire. It included most of the southeastern part of the current state of New Hampshire, as well as portions of present-day Massachusetts north of the Merrimack.

The Plymouth Council granted to Captain Mason the grant of Laconia on Nov. 17, 1629, comprising an inland tract of land of indefinite bounds, intended to describe inland lands behind the tract described in 1622.

Although Mason never set foot in New England, he was appointed first vice-admiral of New England in 1635. He died that same year while preparing for his first voyage to the new colony.

title: John Mason (governor)


text:
Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon (2003 TV series)

Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon (美少女戦士セーラームーン) is a Japanese tokusatsu superhero television series based on the Sailor Moon manga created by Naoko Takeuchi & Kodansha. It was produced by Toei Company.

Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon (commonly referred to as PGSM) was first broadcast by Chubu-Nippon Broadcasting, airing on that station in Nagoya and on the Japan News Network nationwide from October 4, 2003 to September 25, 2004. The series was a retelling of the first Sailor Moon story arc, albeit with considerable plot divergences.

The opening theme, titled "Kirari*Sailor Dream!" (キラリ☆セーラードリーム!), was performed by J-pop singer Nanami Yumihara under the name Sae (小枝).

The series lasted 49 episodes (called "Acts") and also included two separate made-for-DVD specials.

Plot
In the Dark Kingdom, an organization of great evil, Queen Beryl, her generalsーthe Four Kings of Heavenー, and an amorphous evil power named Queen Metaria reside. They attempt to steal energy so that Beryl can take over the world.

Standing in their way are the Sailor Guardians, five middle-school-aged girls - perky Usagi Tsukino, genius Ami Mizuno, paranormally gifted shrine maiden Rei Hino, tomboyish Makoto Kino, and J-pop idol Minako Aino - are sworn to protect the Princess of the Moon and defeat the Dark Kingdom. Two beings that appear to be sentient, stuffed toy cats, Luna and Artemis, serve as the girls' mentors. The Guardians also encounter Tuxedo Mask, a jewel thief in search of an immensely powerful, mystical Silver Crystal belonging to the Princess of the Moon.

While searching together for the Princess of the Moon and the Silver Crystal, the initially disparate girls develop a strong bond of friendship. Additionally, Usagi struggles with her feelings for the irksome and mysterious Mamoru Chiba. Later in the series, Metaria and Sailor Moon each get too powerful to be reined in, and the conflict shifts to one in which the Sailor Guardians attempt to postpone the inevitable destruction of the planet Earth.

Alterations to the original story
While the first few episodes of the television series are based directly on the manga and anime storylines, by the time the introduction of Sailor Jupiter was broadcast, the television show began to spin off in its own direction. Many divergences between the television series and the manga and anime were introduced. Overall, the storylines for television were more character-based and character-driven. They focused more on the girls' civilian lives and their connection to the past than on action sequences.

One of the most profound changes in the television version was made to the character of Minako Aino, who, rather than being an ordinary girl among the other Sailor Guardians, was portrayed as a famous pop idol. When introduced, she is fighting crime as "Sailor V", and makes subtle reference to this double life in her music. Her most popular song, C'est La Vie (Watashi no Naka no Koisuru Bubun) (C'est la vie 〜私のなかの恋する部分), is a Japanese pun: "Sailor V" (セーラーV) and "C'est la vie" (セ・ラ・ヴィ) are pronounced nearly identically. Also, for the television series, Minako was given a debilitating head condition that causes her to have headaches, blurry vision, and fainting spells, which plague her through most of the series. She agrees to have an operation, but dies before the operation can be performed. This introduces a major change to the Sailor Guardian makeup as well, although Minako does later return for the final act.

In addition to plot changes, some updating was made to minor elements of the series, bringing them more in line with modern culture. For example, in the original anime and manga, there were scenes involving Ami and a cassette tape. In the new version, the tape is replaced by a MiniDisc. Instead of a transforming pen and communicators, each Guardian is given a bracelet and a magical camera phone. Also, their secret hideout is not hidden in a video arcade, but rather in a magic karaoke room.

With the new adaptation of the series, certain characters were modified to give it freshness and originality. The new characters included Sailor Luna, Dark Sailor Mercury, and Princess Sailor Moon. A new antagonist, Mio Kuroki, was also introduced.

Development
The popularity of the Sailor Moon musicals contributed to the decision to produce another series of Sailor Moon, and Takeuchi was more closely involved in the production than she was for the anime. The new series was first announced on September 27, 2003, after the final episode of Kirby of the Stars.

Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon: Special Act
A sequel to the series, set four years after the defeat of Dark Kingdom, portrays the wedding of Mamoru Chiba and Usagi Tsukino. Before their nuptials they do battle with Mio Kuroki, who has been resurrected and claims to be the new queen of Dark Kingdom. She kidnaps Mamoru and Usagi and intends to force Mamoru to marry her. The Shitennou are revived, however, and help their master to defeat Mio's monster, Sword and Shield. Meanwhile, the Sailor Guardians, excluding Sailor Mars who is hospitalized with injuries from battling Mio while in her civilian state, use the Moon Sword provided by Queen Serenity to restore their power, enabling them to transform and defeat Mio. The story ends with Usagi and Mamoru's wedding, as well as Motoki and Makoto's engagement.

Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon: Act Zero
The last special made for the series is a prequel that leads directly to the first episode. Minako Aino meets Artemis and at Christmas becomes Sailor V. She must use her newfound powers to foil a stage magician/jewel thief called Q.T. Kenko and his Killer Girl assistants. Meanwhile, Usagi and her friends decide to dress in their own homemade sailor fuku (Usagi as Sailor Rabbit, Naru as Sailor N, and their other friends, Kanami and Momoko as sailors K and M) in order to scare the thieves away from the jewellery store owned by Naru Osaka's mother, only for Usagi to get kidnapped by Kenko. The actors who portray the Four Kings of Heaven are featured as the inexperienced police officer's group self-dubbed the "Police Four Kings of Heaven" for comic relief. They consist of Captain Kuroi (Kunzite), Officer Akai (Nephrite), Officer Shiroi (Zoisite), and female Officer Hanako (Jadeite). The story ends with Luna burning through the atmosphere to come to Earth and give Usagi her powers.

Mini-episodes
Act Zero also comes with two mini-episodes. Each one is approximately five minutes long and tells a brief short story. "Hina Afterward" shows what happened to Hina after breaking off her engagement to Mamoru Chiba. "Tuxedo Mask's Secret Birth" shows the origin of the Tuxedo Mask persona. It includes a joke-transformation sequence in which, rather than transforming magically, he pulls on his clothes with dramatic flair.

Super Dance Lesson
This is a short video hosted by Luna, Sailor Jupiter, and Sailor Moon, which instructs the viewer how to perform the dances from different songs from Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon. The dances included are for the songs Romance and Here We Go! -Shinjiru Chikara- (Here We Go!). Demonstrations are also given for C'est La Vie ~ Watashi no Naka no Koi suru Bubun (C'est la Vie) and Kirari*Sailor Dream! (キラリ☆セーラードリーム!) although no formal instructions are provided for how to dance to them.

Kirari Super Live!
A Special Live Event occurred on May 2, 2004 at Yomiuri Hall. This Special Event was held for the 1,000 winners of the Sailormoon Campaign (a contest held earlier in the year, in which viewers had to send in UPC symbols to enter). The event combined musical performances, in which the cast members sang and danced to songs from the Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon soundtrack, and a dramatic storyline with spoken dialogue, in which the Sailor Guardians had to stop the Four Kings of Heaven from stealing the energy of the audience members. The concert was recorded and released on DVD. It also included bonus behind-the-scenes footage of the performance and interviews with the cast members.

Cast

 * Miyuu Sawai as Usagi Tsukino/Sailor Moon/Princess Serenity/Princess Sailor Moon
 * Rika Izumi as Ami Mizuno/Sailor Mercury/Dark Mercury
 * Keiko Kitagawa as Rei Hino/Sailor Mars
 * Mew Azama as Makoto Kino/Sailor Jupiter
 * Ayaka Komatsu as Minako Aino/Sailor V/Sailor Venus
 * Rina Koike as Sailor Luna
 * Keiko Han as Luna (voice, cat form)
 * Kappei Yamaguchi as Artemis (voice)
 * Jouji Shibue as Mamoru Chiba/Tuxedo Kamen/Prince Endymion
 * Aya Sugimoto as Queen Beryl
 * Jun Masuo as Jadeite
 * Hiroyuki Matsumoto as Nephrite
 * Yoshito Endō as Zoisite
 * Akira Kubodera as Kunzite
 * Alisa Durbrow as Mio Kuroki
 * Chieko Ochi as Naru Osaka
 * Masaya Kikawada as Motoki Furuhata
 * Kaori Moriwaka as Ikuko Tsukino
 * Naoki Takeshi as Shingo Tsukino
 * Moeko Matsushita as Hina Kusaka
 * Narushi Ikeda as Sugao Saitou, Minako's manager
 * Katsumi Shiono as Youma

Music
In March and April 2004, singles for each of the five Sailor Guardians were released with image songs on them. Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon Original Song Album ~ Dear My Friend was released in June 2004. A 3-CD box set, Moonlight Real Girl was published in September 2004.

DJ MOON

 * Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon DJ MOON 1
 * Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon DJ MOON 2
 * Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon DJ MOON 3

Koro-chan Packs

 * Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon Koro-chan Pack 1
 * Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon Koro-chan Pack 2
 * Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon Koro-chan Pack 3

Moonlight Real Girl

 * Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon Moonlight Real Girl Memorial CD Box: Disc 1 Original Soundtrack “Rare Track Collection”: Michiru Ōshima
 * Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon Moonlight Real Girl Memorial CD Box: Disc 2 One night limit of the special radio program series DJ Moon
 * Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon Moonlight Real Girl Memorial CD Box: Disc 3 Minako Aino's original album I'll Be Here

Other albums

 * Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon Original Song Album "Dear My Friend"
 * Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon ~ Complete Song Collection ~

Singles

 * Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon Sparkling * Sailor Dream!
 * Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon Character Songs Sailor Moon Usagi Tsukino (Miyū Sawai)
 * Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon Character Songs Sailor Mercury Ami Mizuno (Rika Izumi)
 * Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon Character Songs Sailor Mars Rei Hino (Keiko Kitagawa)
 * Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon Character Songs Sailor Jupiter Makoto Kino (Myū Azama)
 * Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon Character Songs Sailor Venus Minako Aino (Ayaka Komatsu)

Distribution and reception
There are several radio programs called "DJ Moon" based on the show that originated from Chubu-Nippon Broadcasting radio and which were broadcast on other radio networks in Japan. The shows were a combination of a radio drama and promotional tool for the TV series, often foreshadowing upcoming events. These shows were later sold on CD.

In addition to the series, there was also a stage musical performance, Kirari Super Live!, by characters on the show. Some footage from the filming of the stage show was used in the television broadcast. A special limited-edition promotional video, Super Dance Lesson, was available for purchase only through order forms found in the magazines Youchien, Mebae, and Shougaku Ichinensei in July 2004.


text:
New Columbia (disambiguation)

New Columbia is a name proposed by the District of Columbia statehood movement since 1983.

New Columbia may also refer to:

 * New Columbia (Portland, Oregon), a mixed-income housing development in the United States
 * New Columbia, Illinois, an unincorporated community in the United States
 * New Columbia, Pennsylvania, a census-designated place in the United States
 * New Columbia, a name given to Wrangel Island by Captain Calvin L. Hooper of the Revenue cutter USRC Thomas Corwin
 * The New Columbia Movement, a Christian Nationalist movement based in the United States; see

title: New Columbia (disambiguation)