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Mekong Delta

The Mekong Delta (Đồng bằng Sông Cửu Long or simply Đồng Bằng Sông Mê Kông), also known as the Western Region (Miền Tây) or South-western region (Tây Nam Bộ), is the region in southwestern Vietnam where the Mekong River approaches and empties into the sea through a network of distributaries. The Mekong delta region encompasses a large portion of south-western Vietnam of over 40500 km2. The size of the area covered by water depends on the season. Its wet coastal geography makes it an important source of agriculture and aquaculture for the country.

The delta has been occupied as early as the 4th century BC. As a product of Khmer, Vietnamese, Chinese, and French settlement in the region, the delta and its waterways have numerous names, including the Khmer term Bassac to refer to the lower basin and the largest river branch flowing through it. After the 1954 Geneva Conference, Vietnam was split into two with South Vietnam inheriting the southern half of Vietnam becoming the State of Vietnam and eventually the Republic of Vietnam, also known as South Vietnam, with their own administrative states (see Category:Provinces of South Vietnam). After 1975, the Mekong Delta ceased being a part of the Republic of Vietnam, succeeded by the current Vietnamese nation. Today, the region comprises 12 provinces: Long An, Đồng Tháp, Tiền Giang, An Giang, Bến Tre, Vĩnh Long, Trà Vinh, Hậu Giang, Kiên Giang, Sóc Trăng, Bạc Liêu, and Cà Mau, along with the province-level municipality of Cần Thơ.

The Mekong Delta has been dubbed a 'biological treasure trove'. Over 1,000 animal species were recorded between 1997 and 2007 and new species of plants, fish, lizards, and mammals have been discovered in previously unexplored areas, including the Laotian rock rat, thought to be extinct. The low-lying coastal geography of the region makes it vulnerable to climate change caused sea level rise, alongside related issues such as coastal erosion and saltwater intrusion.

Funan and Chenla period
The Mekong Delta was likely inhabited long since prehistory with the civilizations of Funan and Chenla maintaining a presence in the Mekong Delta for centuries. Archaeological discoveries at Óc Eo and other Funanese sites show that the area was an important part of the Funan civilization, bustling with trading ports and canals as early as in the first century AD and extensive human settlement in the region may have gone back as far as the 4th century BC. While there is no clear consensus on the ethnic makeup of those living in the region during the Funan, archaeologists suggest that they may have had connections to Austroasiatic people. Khmer inscriptions appear during the Chenla period.

Angkor Borei is a site in the Mekong Delta that existed between 400 BC-500 AD. This site had extensive maritime trade networks throughout Southeast Asia and with India, and is believed to have possibly been the ancient capital to the civilization of Funan.

Cambodian and Champa incursions
In the early 15th century, Champa began mounting several incursions in the Mekong Delta. The declining Kingdom of Cambodia asked the Chinese Ming Empire for intervention in 1408 and 1414. Despite that, in 1421 Indravarman VI of Champa seized and annexed the eastern part of the Mekong Delta, including the marketplace town of Bien Hoa. He installed a statue of Tribhuvanākrānta (Visnu) there to mark the southern most extent of Champa. In 1757, Vietnamese lords had acquired control of Cà Mau. By the 1860s, French colonists had established control over the Mekong Delta and established the colony of French Cochinchina.

Vietnamese period
The Vietnamese acquisition of the Mekong Delta can be divided into two phases:

Marriage agreement and interventions, 1620–1698
In 1621, Lord Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên arranged a contract marriage between his daughter Nguyễn Phúc Ngọc Vạn and Cambodian king Chey Chettha II in exchange to the establishment of a Vietnamese trade port in town of Prei Nokor (now Ho Chi Minh City) and tax exemptions for Vietnamese settlers moving into the area. Vice versa, the Nguyễn will help Cambodia politically and militarily to counter against Ayutthaya Kingdom (Siamese) pressures. Earliest Vietnamese settlements in the Mekong Delta appeared and centered around Đồng Nai and Mỗi Xoài (today Bà Rịa–Vũng Tàu).

In 1658, without any excuses, the Nguyễn invaded Cambodia and deposed the only Khmer Muslim king Ramathipadi I (Sultan Ibrahim). 16 years later, the Nguyễn again militarily interfered Cambodian internal royal affairs, putting Prince Ang Nan into power. The Nguyễn invited fleeing Chinese refugees to settle in Mekong River entrance towns of Mỹ Tho and Biên Hoà In 1688, the Chinese revolted against Nguyễn lords. King Ang Nan died in 1691, and the revolt was soon resolved.

After fully subjugating Champa in 1697, the Nguyễn lords sent marquis Nguyễn Hữu Cảnh and a small expedition to annex Prei Nokor, renamed it to Gia Định, establishing Vietnamese administrative structures, and explore deep into the lower Mekong Delta from Mỹ Tho to An Giang. King Chey Chettha IV of Cambodia tried to stop the Vietnamese but was defeated by Nguyễn Hữu Cảnh in 1700. In February 1700, he invaded Cambodia from An Giang. In March, the Vietnamese expedition under Cảnh and a Chinese general Trần Thượng Xuyên (Chen Shangchuan) defeated the main Cambodian army at Bích Đôi citadel, king Chey Chettha IV took flight while his nephew Ang Em surrendered to the invaders as the Vietnamese captured Phnom Penh. As a result, Saigon and Long An were officially obtained by the Nguyễn, more Vietnamese settlers moved into the new conquered lands. In 1708, Mạc Cửu of Hà Tiên also pledged loyalty to the Nguyễn lords.

Conquest of the Mekong Delta, 1754–1757
In the 18th century, the edges of the Mekong Delta bordering with Cambodia had been mainly inhabited by isolated communities of Shafi'i Chams and Islamic Cham–Malays collectively known as the Cham Barw or Côn Man (Kunlun) by Vietnamese sources, while most of the Delta remained under Cambodian control. Under the reign of king Chey Chettha V, in 1750 he began subduing and persecuting the Cham–Malay Muslims, who at the time were close allies of the Nguyễn lords. Using that pretext, Lord Nguyễn Phúc Khoát launched an full-scale invasion of Cambodia in 1754, with the army under the command of general Nguyễn Cư Trinh. 10,000 Vietnamese troops divided into two groups, rolled into Cambodia and completely flattened Cambodian resistance and easily captured its capital Phnom Penh in summer of 1754. King Chey Chettha V fled to Longvek.

The Muslims rose up and joined the Vietnamese chasing the Cambodians. Due to heavy spring rain, the Muslim segment lost contact with the main army of Nguyễn Cư Trinh, and were surrounded by 10,000 Cambodians at Vô Tà Ân in early 1755. Muslim troops piled carts and wagons into a defensive perimeter and stood their ground against Cambodian attacks until being relieved by Nguyễn Cư Trinh. With the help of mediation by Mạc Thiên Tứ of Hà Tiên, a ceasefire agreement was reached between King Chey Chettha V and Lord Nguyễn Phúc Khoát in 1756: Cambodia ceded Gò Công and Tân An to the Vietnamese, Chey Chettha V was deposed, while Ang Tong was restored as King of Cambodia. Ang Tong offered the Nguyễn two districts of Trà Vinh (Preah Trapeang) and Ba Thắc (Bassac) as tributes.

In 1757, Ang Tong died and was succeeded Outey II. With the help of the Nguyễn Lords and Pricipality of Hà Tiên, Outey II regained the throne from usurpers. He gave all remaining Mekong Delta lands to Mạc Thiên Tứ, and Mạc Thiên Tứ swapped all these areas to the Nguyễn in exchange for the Mạc clan's total autonomy in Hà Tiên. The new lands were divided into two districts: Rạch Giá and Cà Mau. By 1757, all of today's Mekong Delta including the Cape Cà Mau firmly came under Vietnamese control.

Nguyễn dynasty, French and modern period
In 1802 Nguyễn Ánh crowned himself emperor Gia Long and unified all the territories comprising modern Vietnam, including the Mekong Delta.

Upon the conclusion of the Cochinchina Campaign in the 1860s, the area became part of Cochinchina, France's first colony in Vietnam, and later, part of French Indochina. Beginning during the French colonial period, the French patrolled and fought on the waterways of the Mekong Delta region with their Divisions navales d'assaut (Dinassaut), a tactic which lasted throughout the First Indochina War, and was later employed by the US Navy Mobile Riverine Force. During the Vietnam War—also referred to as the Second Indochina War—the Delta region saw savage fighting between Viet Cong (NLF) guerrillas and the US 9th Infantry Division and units of the United States Navy's swift boats and hovercraft (PACVs) plus the Army of the Republic of Vietnam 7th, 9th, and 21st Infantry Divisions. As a military region the Mekong Delta was encompassed by the IV Corps Tactical Zone (IV CTZ).

In 1975, North Vietnamese soldiers and Viet Cong soldiers launched a massive invasion in many parts of South Vietnam. While I, II, and III Corps collapsed significantly, IV Corps was still highly intact due to under Major General Nguyen Khoa Nam overseeing strong military operations to prevent VC taking over any important regional districts. Brigadier General Le Van Hung, the head of 21st Division commander, stayed office in Can Tho to continue defending successfully against VC. On 29 April 1975, the last U.S. Consul General Terry McNamara and his diplomats evacuated by marine boat from Can Tho to the South China Sea. When the South Vietnamese President Duong Van Minh ordered unconditional surrender, both ARVN generals in Can Tho, General Le Van Hung and Nguyen Khoa Nam, committed suicide. At Binh Thuy Air Base some ARVN soldiers and air base personnel who defended the air base were evacuated by helicopters and several jet fighters to Thailand shortly after hearing Minh's surrender. Within hours, VC soldiers occupied the base and captured those ARVN and air base personnel who didn't escape. In My Tho, Brigadier General Tran Van Hai, who was in charged protecting National Highway 4 (now NH1A) from Saigon to Can Tho, committed suicide. Tran was one of the three ARVN generals who refused to be evacuated by American when the North Vietnamese soldiers invaded Saigon. Several ARVN soldiers continued to fight against the VC but later either surrendered or disbanded when faced with VC counterattacks.

In the late 1970s, the Khmer Rouge regime attacked Vietnam in an attempt to reconquer the Delta region. This campaign precipitated the Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia and subsequent downfall of the Khmer Rouge.

Geography
The Mekong Delta, as a region, lies immediately to the west of Ho Chi Minh City (also called Saigon by locals), roughly forming a triangle stretching from Mỹ Tho in the east to Châu Đốc and Hà Tiên in the northwest, down to Cà Mau at the southernmost tip of Vietnam, and including the island of Phú Quốc.

The Mekong Delta region of Vietnam displays a variety of physical landscapes, but is dominated by flat flood plains in the south, with a few hills in the north and west. This diversity of terrain was largely the product of tectonic uplift and folding brought about by the collision of the Indian and Eurasian tectonic plates about 50 million years ago. The soil of the lower Delta consists mainly of sediment from the Mekong and its tributaries, deposited over thousands of years as the river changed its course due to the flatness of the low-lying terrain.

The present Mekong Delta system has two major distributary channels, both discharging directly into the East Sea. The river carries over 160 million tons of sediment, including 6.5 million tons of sand, each year. Historic sediment loads are estimated to be higher, but have been reduced due to damming for hydropower in the upper reaches of the Mekong River Basin, and sand mining in the riverbed. Sediment is the driving factor in building the delta seaward (progradation), and upward (aggradation) from seasonal flooding, and is counteracted by coastal erosion and sea level rise.

The Holocene history of the Mekong Delta shows delta progradation of about 200 km during the last 6 kyr. During the Middle Holocene the Mekong River was discharging waters into both the East Sea and the Gulf of Thailand. The water entering the Gulf of Thailand was flowing via a palaeochannel located within the western part of the delta; north of the Camau Peninsula. Upper Pleistocene prodeltaic and delta front sediments interpreted as the deposits of the palaeo-Mekong River were reported from central basin of the Gulf of Thailand.

The Mekong Delta is the region with the smallest forest area in Vietnam. 300000 ha or 7.7% of the total area are forested as of 2011. The only provinces with large forests are Cà Mau Province and Kiên Giang Province, together accounting for two-thirds of the region's forest area, while forests cover less than 5% of the area of all of the other eight provinces and cities.

Coastal erosion
From 1973 to 2005, the Mekong Delta's seaward shoreline growth decreased gradually from a mean of 7.8 m/yr to 2.8 m/yr, becoming negative after 2005, with a retreat rate of −1.4 m/yr. The net deltaic land area gain has also been slowing, with the mean rate decreasing from 4.3 km2/yr (1973–1979) to 1.0 km2 yr (1995–2005), and then to −0.05 km2/yr (2005–2015). Thus, in about 2005, the subaerial Mekong Delta transitioned from a constructive mode to an erosional (or destructive) mode.

Climate change concerns
Being a low-lying coastal region, the Mekong Delta is particularly susceptible to floods resulting from rises in sea level due to climate change. The Climate Change Research Institute at Cần Thơ University, in studying the possible consequences of climate change, has predicted that, besides suffering from drought brought on by seasonal decrease in rainfall, many provinces in the Mekong Delta will be flooded by the year 2030. The most serious cases are predicted to be the provinces of Bến Tre and Long An, of which 51% and 49%, respectively, are expected to be flooded if the sea level rises by 1 m. Plans are currently being made to breach dykes in the upper Mekong delta, as a sedimentation enhancing strategy. This will not only increase the water retention capacity of the upper delta region, alleviating pressure on the lower delta, but also reintroduce sediment-rich water which may result in land elevation. Another problem caused by climate change is the increasing soil salinity near the coasts. Bến Tre Province is planning to reforest coastal regions to counter this trend.

The duration of inundations at an important road in the city of Can Tho is expected to continue to rise from the current total of 72 inundated days per year to 270 days by 2030 and 365 days by 2050. This is attributed to the combined influence of sea-level rise and land subsidence, which occurs at about 1.1 cm annually. Several projects and initiatives on local, regional and state levels work to counter this trend and save the Mekong Delta. For example, there exists a programme for integrated coastal management that is supported by Germany and Australia. Additionally, international and local initiatives, including significant environmental funding and legislation like Resolution 120 in 2017, emphasize sustainable management and conservation of natural resources, focusing on nature-based solutions such as retrofitting dikes, mangrove restoration, and multi-value farming to mitigate environmental degradation.

In August 2019, a Nature Communications study using an improved measure of elevation estimation, found that the delta was much lower than previous estimates, only a mean 0.82 m above sea level, with 75% of the delta—an area where 12 million people currently live—falling below 1 m. It is expected that a majority of the delta will be below sea level by 2050.

Demographics
The inhabitants of the Mekong Delta region are predominantly ethnic Vietnamese. It is home to the largest population of Khmer outside of Cambodia. The Khmer minority population live primarily in the Trà Vinh, Sóc Trăng, and Muslim Chăm in Tân Châu, An Giang provinces. There are also sizeable Hoa (ethnic Chinese) populations in the Kiên Giang, and Trà Vinh provinces. The region had a population of 17.33 million people in 2011.

The population of the Mekong Delta has been growing relatively slowly in recent years, mainly due to out-migration. The region's population only increased by 471,600 people between 2005 and 2011, while 166,400 people migrated out in 2011 alone. Together with the central coast regions, it has one of the slowest growing populations in the country. Population growth rates have been between 0.3% and 0.5% between 2008 and 2011, while they have been over 2% in the neighbouring southeastern region. Net migration has been negative in all of these years. The region also has a relatively low fertility rate, at 1.8 children per woman in 2010 and 2011, down from 2.0 in 2005.

Economy
The Mekong Delta is by far Vietnam's most productive region in agriculture and aquaculture, while its role in industry and foreign direct investment (FDI) is much smaller.

Agriculture
2.6 million ha in the Mekong Delta are used for agriculture, which is one fourth of Vietnam's total. Due to its mostly flat terrain and few forested areas (except for Cà Mau Province), almost two-thirds (64.5%) of the region's land can be used for agriculture. The share of agricultural land exceeds 80% in Cần Thơ and neighbouring Hậu Giang Province and is below 50% only in Cà Mau Province (32%) and Bạc Liêu Province (42%). The region's land used for growing cereals makes up 47% of the national total, more than northern and central Vietnam combined. Most of this is used for rice cultivation.

Rice output in 2011 was 23,186,000t, 54.8% of Vietnam's total output. The strongest producers are Kiên Giang Province, An Giang Province, and Đồng Tháp Province, producing over 3 million tonnes each and almost 11 million tonnes together. Any two of these provinces produce more than the entire Red River Delta. Only three provinces produce less than 1 million tonnes of rice (Bạc Liêu Province, Cà Mau Province, Bến Tre Province).

Fishery
The Mekong Delta is also Vietnam's most important fishing region. It has almost half of Vietnam's capacity of offshore fishing vessels (mostly in Kien Gian with almost 1/4, Bến Tre, Cà Mau, Tiền Giang, Bạc Liêu). Fishery output was at 3.168 million tons (58.3% of Vietnam) and has experienced rapid growth from 1.84mt in 2005. All of Vietnam's largest fishery producers with over 300kt of output are in the Mekong Delta: Kiên Giang, Cà Mau, Đồng Tháp, An Giang, and Bến Tre.

Despite the region's large offshore fishing fleet, 2/3 (2.13 million tonnes out of Vietnam's total of 2.93) of fishery output actually comes from aquaculture.

December 2015, aquaculture production was estimated at 357 thousand tons, up 11% compared to the same period last year, bringing the total aquaculture production 3516 thousand tons in 2015, up 3.0% compared to the same period. Although aquaculture production has increased overall, aquaculture still faces many difficulties coming from export markets.

Industry and FDI
The Mekong Delta is not strongly industrialized, but is still the third out of seven regions in terms of industrial gross output. The region's industry accounts for 10% of Vietnam's total as of 2011. Almost half of the region's industrial production is concentrated in Cần Thơ, Long An Province and Cà Mau Province. Cần Thơ is the economic center of the region and more industrialized than the other provinces. Long An has been the only province of the region to attract part of the manufacturing booming around Ho Chi Minh City and is seen by other provinces as an example of successful FDI attraction. Cà Mau Province is home to a large industrial zone including power plants and a fertiliser factory.

Accumulated foreign direct investment in the Mekong Delta until 2011 was $10.257bn. It has been highly concentrated in a few provinces, led by Long An and Kiên Giang with over $3bn each, Tiền Giang and Cần Thơ (around 850m), Cà Mau (780m) and Hậu Giang (673m), while the other provinces have received less than 200m each. In general, the performance of the region in attracting FDI is evaluated as unsatisfactory by local analysts and policymakers. Companies from Ho Chi Minh City have also invested heavily in the region. Their investment from 2000 to June 2011 accounted for 199 trillion VND (almost $10bn).

Infrastructure
The construction of the Cần Thơ Bridge, a cable-stayed bridge over the largest distributary of the Mekong River, was completed on April 12, 2010, three years after a collapse that killed 54 and injured nearly 100 workers. The bridge replaces the ferry system that currently runs along National Route 1, and links Vĩnh Long Province and Cần Thơ city. The cost of construction is estimated to be 4.842 trillion Vietnamese đồng (approximately 342.6 million United States dollars), making it the most expensive bridge in Vietnam.

Culture
Life in the Mekong Delta revolves much around the river, and many of the villages are often accessible by rivers and canals rather than by road.

The region is home to cải lương, a form of Kinh/Vietnamese folk opera. Cai Luong Singing appeared in Mekong Delta in the early 20th century. Cai Luong Singing is often performed to the accompaniment of guitar and zither. Cai Luong is a kind of play telling a story. This often includes two main parts: the dialogue part and the singing part to express their thoughts and emotions.

Cuisine
The Mekong Delta cuisine relies heavily on fresh products which is abundant in the new land with heavy use of seafoods and unique ingredients of the region such as palm sugar, basa fish and wild herbs and flowers such as điên điển, so đũa, kèo nèo. The history of the region being a newly settled area reflects on its cuisine, with Ẩm thực khẩn hoang or Settlers cuisine means dishes are prepared fresh from wild and newly-caught ingredients. The cuisine is also influenced by Khmer, Cham and Chinese settlers. This differs itself from the cuisine of other regions of Vietnam.

Literature and movies
Nguyễn Ngọc Tư, an author from Cà Mau province, has written many popular books about life in the Mekong Delta such as:

 * Ngọn đèn không tắt (The Inextinguishable Light, 2000)
 * Ông ngoại (Grandpa, 2001)
 * Biển người mênh mông (The Ocean of People, 2003)
 * Giao thừa (New Year's Eve, 2003)
 * Nước chảy mây trôi (Flowing Waters, Flying Clouds, 2004)
 * Cánh đồng bất tận (The Endless Field, 2005)

The 2004 film The Buffalo Boy is set in Cà Mau province.

Some Vietnamese films on the topic of life in the Mekong Delta attract the attention of a large audience: Tình Mẫu Tử (Mother and child love, 2019), Phận làm dâu (Bride's fate, 2018), etc.

Climate change

 * Mekong Delta Climate Change Forum 2009 Documents. International Centre for Environmental Management.
 * Release of arsenic to deep groundwater in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam, linked to pumping-induced land subsidence.

title: Mekong Delta


text:
Marie-Josée Croze

Marie-Josée Croze (born February 23, 1970) is a Canadian actress. She also holds French nationality, which she obtained in December 2012.

Early life
Croze was born in Montreal, Quebec, was adopted, and grew up in Longueuil with four other children. She studied fine arts at the Cégep du Vieux Montréal from 1986 to 1987.

Career
She received the award for Best Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role at the 21st Genie Awards for her role in Denis Villeneuve's Maelström (2000).

She won the Best Actress award at the 2003 Cannes Film Festival for her performance in The Barbarian Invasions. She was cast by director Steven Spielberg in his film Munich, released in December 2005. She also appeared as a speech therapist in Julian Schnabel's 2007 film adaptation of Jean-Dominique Bauby's memoir The Diving Bell and the Butterfly.

In November 2012, she was selected as a member of the main competition jury at the 2012 International Film Festival of Marrakech.

Film

 * La postière (1992): Fille du bordel
 * La Florida (1993): Carmen
 * HLA identique (1998): Marie
 * Maelström (2000): Bibiane Champagne
 * Ascension (2002): Pregnant Woman (lead)
 * Ararat (2002): Celia
 * Des chiens dans la neige (2002): Lucie
 * Battlefield Earth: A Saga of the Year 3000 (2002): Mara
 * Nothing (2003): Sara
 * The Barbarian Invasions (2003): Nathalie
 * Mensonges et trahisons et plus si affinités... (2004): Muriel
 * Ordo (2004): Louise Sandoli
 * Taking Lives (2004): Medical Examiner
 * Munich (2005): Jeanette the Dutch Assassin
 * The Girl from the Chartreuse (original title: La petite chartreuse) (2005): Pascale Blanchot
 * Ne le dis à personne (Tell No One) (2006): Margot Beck
 * La mémoire des autres (2006): Constance
 * Les oiseaux du ciel (2006): Tango
 * Le scaphandre et le papillon (The Diving Bell and the Butterfly) (2007): Henriette Roi
 * Jacquou le Croquant (2007): La mère de Jacquou
 * Deux jours à tuer (2008): Cécile
 * Le nouveau protocole (2008): (post-production)
 * Vivre! (2009)
 * Je l'aimais (2009): Mathilde
 * Un balcon sur la mer (2009)
 * Hidden Diary (2009): Louise
 * Liberté (2009): Mlle Lundi
 * Murder on the Orient Express TV (2010): Greta Ohlsson
 * Another Silence (2011)
 * La Certosa di Parma (2012)
 * Collision (2013)
 * Calvary (2014)
 * An Eye for Beauty (2014)
 * Every Thing Will Be Fine (2015)
 * 2 Nights Till Morning (2015): Caroline
 * Au nom de ma fille (2016)
 * The Confessions (2016)
 * Iqaluit (2016)
 * MILF (2018): Sonia
 * Disappearance at Clifton Hill (2019): Mrs. Moulin
 * The Forgiven (2021): Isabelle
 * Breaking Point

Television

 * Chambres en ville (1989) - Noémie Vanasse
 * Le choix (1991, TV Movie)
 * Montréal P.Q. (1992)
 * Zelda (1993, TV Movie) - Nanny
 * The Hunger (1997) - Woman / Mimi
 * Le masque (1997) - Nadine Mallette
 * Captive (1998, TV Movie) - Juliette Laurier
 * Murder Most Likely (1999) - Marie Cartier
 * Largo Winch (2003)
 * Birdsong (2012) - Jeanne
 * Jack Ryan (2018) - Sandrine Arnaud

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Marie-Josée Croze


text:
Semiarundinaria

Semiarundinaria is a genus of East Asian bamboo in the grass family.

Semiarundinaria is native to temperate and subtropical woodland in China and Japan. The plants are generally rhizomatous, tall and erect bamboos with cylindrical stems, producing tufts of lanceolate leaves at each node.

 * Species
 * 1) Semiarundinaria densiflora  - Anhui, Guangdong, Hubei, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Zhejiang
 * 2) Semiarundinaria fastuosa - Honshu; cultivated in China
 * 3) Semiarundinaria fortis - Kyushu
 * 4) Semiarundinaria kagamiana - Honshu
 * 5) Semiarundinaria shapoensis - Hainan
 * 6) Semiarundinaria sinica - Jiangsu, Zhejiang
 * 7) Semiarundinaria yashadake - Japan

see Acidosasa Chimonocalamus Fargesia Oligostachyum × Phyllosasa Sasaella Sinobambusa Yushania • Semiarundinaria bicorniculata - Chimonocalamus pallens
 * Formerly included

• Semiarundinaria elegantissima - Sasaella hidaensis

• Semiarundinaria farinosa - Sinobambusa farinosa

• Semiarundinaria gracilipes - Oligostachyum gracilipes

• Semiarundinaria henryi - Sinobambusa henryi

• Semiarundinaria lima - Oligostachyum nuspiculum

• Semiarundinaria lubrica - Oligostachyum lubricum

• Semiarundinaria nitida - Fargesia nitida

• Semiarundinaria nuspicula - Oligostachyum nuspiculum

• Semiarundinaria okuboi - Sinobambusa tootsik

• Semiarundinaria pantlingii - Yushania pantlingii

• Semiarundinaria pubens - Sinobambusa tootsik

• Semiarundinaria sat - Sinobambusa sat

• Semiarundinaria scabriflora - Oligostachyum scabriflorum

• Semiarundinaria scopula - Oligostachyum scopulum

• Semiarundinaria tenuifolia - Sinobambusa tootsik

• Semiarundinaria tootsik - Sinobambusa tootsik

• Semiarundinaria × tranquillans - × Phyllosasa tranquillans

• Semiarundinaria venusta - Acidosasa venusta

title: Semiarundinaria


text:
Shibataea

Shibataea is a genus of Chinese bamboos in the grass family.

They are unique shorter bamboos with dark green leaves. This genus is more closely related to the genus Phyllostachys than other small bamboos. Excellent as tall groundcover or short hedges, they are especially suited to climates similar to the Pacific Northwest since they dislike dry climates. They not do well with alkaline or water-logged soil. They need acidic conditions to prevent leaf burn. They are sometimes called ruscus-leaved bamboo, as the shape of the leaves resembles that of the genus Ruscus. These bamboos are very resistant to bamboo mites. They are used to make canes.

 * Species
 * 1) Shibataea chiangshanensis T.H.Wen - Zhejiang
 * 2) Shibataea chinensis Nakai - Anhui, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Zhejiang
 * 3) Shibataea hispida McClure - Anhui, Zhejiang
 * 4) Shibataea kumasasa (Zoll. ex Steud.) Makino (alternate spelling S. kumasaca) - Fujian, Zhejiang; cultivated in Japan and in other parts of China
 * 5) Shibataea lancifolia C.H.Hu - Fujian, Zhejiang
 * 6) Shibataea nanpingensis Q.F.Zheng & K.F.Huang - Fujian
 * 7) Shibataea strigosa T.H.Wen - Jiangxi, Zhejiang

title: Shibataea


text:
User:Tommytentimes

My name is Tom and my nickname relates from my time at university and I use it because it is often one which is avilable as a nick for signing on to various sites.

I was born in the UK and now live in London/Newcastle and make my living as an IT consultant for Sapient, a IT consultancy firm heading the USA with offices in USA, Canada, UK, Germany and India. I am 24 and my prinicple interests are House music, reading, computer games and sailing.

title: User:Tommytentimes


text:
Sinobambusa

Sinobambusa is a genus of East Asian bamboo in the grass family. It is native to China and Vietnam. Sinobambusa tootsik also occurs in Japan, having been introduced there during the Tang dynasty (618–907).

 * Species
 * 1) Sinobambusa baccanensis T.Q.Nguyen – Vietnam
 * 2) Sinobambusa farinosa (McClure) T.H.Wen – Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Jiangxi, Zhejiang
 * 3) Sinobambusa henryi (McClure) C.D.Chu & C.S.Chao – Guangdong, Guangxi
 * 4) Sinobambusa humila McClure – Guangdong
 * 5) Sinobambusa incana T.H.Wen – Guangdong
 * 6) Sinobambusa intermedia McClure – Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan
 * 7) Sinobambusa nephroaurita C.D.Chu & C.S.Chao – Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan
 * 8) Sinobambusa rubroligula McClure – Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan
 * 9) Sinobambusa sat (Balansa) C.S.Chao & Renvoize – Vietnam
 * 10) Sinobambusa scabrida T.H.Wen – Guangxi
 * 11) Sinobambusa solearis (McClure) T.Q.Nguyen – Vietnam
 * 12) Sinobambusa tootsik (Makino) Makino ex Nakai – Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Vietnam; naturalized in Japan including Ryukyu Islands
 * 13) Sinobambusa yixingensis C.S.Chao & K.S.Xiao – Jiangsu

see Acidosasa Chimonobambusa Gelidocalamus Indosasa Oligostachyum Phyllostachys Pleioblastus Pseudosasa Yushania • Sinobambusa acutiligulata – Oligostachyum hupehense
 * Formerly included

• Sinobambusa anaurita – Oligostachyum hupehense

• Sinobambusa callosa – Chimonobambusa callosa

• Sinobambusa dushanensis – Oligostachyum spongiosum

• Sinobambusa edulis – Acidosasa edulis

• Sinobambusa elegans – Yushania elegans

• Sinobambusa exaurita – Oligostachyum scabriflorum

• Sinobambusa fimbriata – Phyllostachys rubromarginata

• Sinobambusa gibbosa – Indosasa crassiflora

• Sinobambusa gigantea – Indosasa gigantea

• Sinobambusa glabrescens – Oligostachyum glabrescens

• Sinobambusa kunishii – Gelidocalamus kunishii

• Sinobambusa maculata – Pleioblastus maculatus

• Sinobambusa parvifolia – Oligostachyum sulcatum

• Sinobambusa puberula – Oligostachyum puberulum

• Sinobambusa pulchella – Pseudosasa cantorii

• Sinobambusa seminuda – Pleioblastus hsienchuensis

• Sinobambusa sichuanensis – Chimonobambusa sichuanensis

• Sinobambusa striata – Indosasa longispicata

• Sinobambusa sulcata – Oligostachyum scabriflorum

• Sinobambusa urens – Pleioblastus rugatus

title: Sinobambusa


text:
User:Hedavid

Hello,

I'm David Herrmann from Berlin, Germany. I'm not often in the English Wikipedia, but in the German, so you better write me on the German page or see my galery there. All pictures are under GNU/FDL.

title: User:Hedavid


text:
Dendrocalamus

Dendrocalamus is a tropical Asian genus of giant clumping bamboos in the grass family. It is found in the Indian subcontinent, China, and Southeast Asia.

Dendrocalamus giganteus is one of the tallest of bamboos, capable of reaching heights up to 46 m.

Species
The following are included: • # Dendrocalamus asper – S China, SE Asia, Indian subcontinent

• # Dendrocalamus bambusoides – Yunnan

• # Dendrocalamus barbatus – Yunnan

• # Dendrocalamus bengkalisensis – Riau Is

• # Dendrocalamus birmanicus – Yunnan, Myanmar

• # Dendrocalamus brandisii – Yunnan, Indochina, Andaman Is

• # Dendrocalamus buar – Sumatra

• # Dendrocalamus calostachyus – Arunachal Pradesh, Bhutan, Yunnan, Myanmar

• # Dendrocalamus cinctus – Sri Lanka

• # Dendrocalamus collettianus – Myanmar

• # Dendrocalamus detinens – Myanmar

• # Dendrocalamus dumosus – Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia

• # Dendrocalamus elegans – Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia

• #Dendrocalamus exauritus – Guangxi

• # Dendrocalamus farinosus – Guangxi, Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan, Vietnam

• # Dendrocalamus fugongensis – Yunnan

• # Dendrocalamus giganteus – Yunnan, Assam, West Bengal, Laos, Myanmar; naturalized in Madagascar, Mauritius, Seychelles, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Nepal, Cambodia, Thailand, Ecuador, Trinidad, Puerto Rico

• # Dendrocalamus hait – Sumatra

• # Dendrocalamus hamiltonii – Yunnan, Nepal, eastern Himalayas, northern Indochina

• # Dendrocalamus hirtellus – Peninsular Malaysia

• # Dendrocalamus hookeri – eastern Himalayas, Myanmar

• # Dendrocalamus jianshuiensis – Yunnan

• # Dendrocalamus khoonmengii – Thailand

• # Dendrocalamus latiflorus – southern China, northern Indochina; naturalized in Ryukyu Is, Bonin Is, Cuba, Brazil

• # Dendrocalamus liboensis – Guizhou

• # Dendrocalamus longispathus – Indochina, Assam, Bangladesh

• # Dendrocalamus macroculmis – Vietnam

• #Dendrocalamus manipureanus – Manipur

• # Dendrocalamus membranaceus – Indochina, Yunnan, Bangladesh

• #Dendrocalamus menglongensis – Guangdong

• # Dendrocalamus merrillianus – Philippines

• # Dendrocalamus messeri – Myanmar

• # Dendrocalamus minor – Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou

• # Dendrocalamus multiflosculus H.N.Nguyen, N.H.Xia & V.T.Nguyen

• # Dendrocalamus nianhei V.T.Nguyen & V.L.Le

• # Dendrocalamus nudus – Thailand

• # Dendrocalamus pachycladus Hsueh, D.Z.Li & C.M.Hui

• # Dendrocalamus pachystachys – Yunnan

• # Dendrocalamus parishii – western Himalayas

• #Dendrocalamus parvigemma – Vietnam

• # Dendrocalamus peculiaris – Yunnan

• # Dendrocalamus pendulus – Peninsular Malaysia

• # Dendrocalamus phuthoensis H.N.Nguyen, V.T.Nguyen & V.L.Le

• # Dendrocalamus poilanei – Vietnam

• # Dendrocalamus pulverulentus – Guangdong

• # Dendrocalamus sahnii – Arunachal Pradesh

• # Dendrocalamus semiscandens – Yunnan

• # Dendrocalamus sericeus – Bihar, Laos, Vietnam

• # Dendrocalamus sikkimensis – Sikkim, Bhutan, Arunachal Pradesh, Yunnan

• # Dendrocalamus sinicus – Yunnan, Laos

• # Dendrocalamus sinuatus – Peninsular Malaysia, Laos, Vietnam

• # Dendrocalamus somdevae – Uttarakhand

• # Dendrocalamus strictus – India, Indochina; naturalized in West Indies, Java, Malaysia, some islands in Indian Ocean

• # Dendrocalamus suberosus – Guangdong

• # Dendrocalamus tibeticus – Tibet, Yunnan

• # Dendrocalamus tomentosus – Yunnan

• # Dendrocalamus triamus – Guangdong

• # Dendrocalamus tsiangii – Sichuan, Guangxi, Guizhou

• #Dendrocalamus wabo – Myanmar

• #Dendrocalamus xishuangbannaensis – Yunnan,  Vietnam

• #Dendrocalamus yunnanicus see Ampelocalamus Bambusa Gigantochloa Neololeba Pseudoxytenanthera • Dendrocalamus affinis – Bambusa emeiensis
 * formerly included

• Dendrocalamus balcooa – Bambusa balcooa

• Dendrocalamus copelandii – Bambusa copelandii

• Dendrocalamus criticus – Bambusa pallida

• Dendrocalamus curranii – Gigantochloa levis

• Dendrocalamus factitius – Bambusa sinospinosa var. inermis

• Dendrocalamus forbesii – Neololeba atra

• Dendrocalamus griffithianus – Bambusa griffithiana

• Dendrocalamus inermis – Bambusa sinospinosa var. inermis

• Dendrocalamus latifolius – Neololeba atra

• Dendrocalamus mianningensis – Ampelocalamus mianningensis

• Dendrocalamus microcephalus – Bambusa microcephala

• Dendrocalamus monadelphus – Pseudoxytenanthera monadelpha

• Dendrocalamus multispiculatus – Neololeba atra

• Dendrocalamus papuanus – Neololeba atra]]

• Dendrocalamus patellaris – Ampelocalamus patellaris

• Dendrocalamus rongchengensis – Bambusa rongchengensis

• Dendrocalamus stenoauritus – Bambusa stenoaurita

• Dendrocalamus stocksii – Pseudoxytenanthera stocksii

• Dendrocalamus tulda – Bambusa tulda

• |undefined

title: Dendrocalamus


text:
The Blueprint

The Blueprint is the sixth studio album by American rapper Jay-Z, released on September 11, 2001, through Roc-A-Fella Records and Def Jam Recordings. Its release was set a week earlier than initially planned in order to combat bootlegging. Recording sessions for the album took place during 2001 at Manhattan Center Studios and Baseline Studios in New York City. Contrasting the radio-friendly sound of Jay-Z's previous work, The Blueprint features soul-based sampling and production handled primarily by Kanye West, Just Blaze, and Bink, as well as Timbaland, Trackmasters, and Eminem, who also contributes the album's sole guest feature.

At the time of the album's recording, Jay-Z was awaiting two criminal trials, one for gun possession and another for assault, and had become one of hip hop's most dissed artists, receiving insults from rappers such as Nas, Prodigy, and Jadakiss. The album is also notable for both its producers Kanye West and Just Blaze's breakouts as major producers. West produced four of the thirteen tracks on the album, including the songs "Izzo (H.O.V.A.)" and the controversial "Takeover", which included diss lyrics aimed at rappers Nas and Prodigy, while Just Blaze produced three tracks, "Girls, Girls, Girls", "Song Cry", and "U Don't Know", also including the hidden bonus track "Breathe Easy (Lyrical Exercise)".

The Blueprint was praised by music critics, particularly for Jay-Z's performance and the album's soul-based soundscape. It is widely regarded as one of the greatest hip-hop albums of all time as well as one of the greatest albums ever made in general. Despite its release coinciding with the September 11 attacks, it sold over 427,000 copies in its opening week and debuted at number one in the US, holding the spot for three weeks. It was later certified 3× Multi-Platinum by the RIAA. In 2018, the album was selected by the Library of Congress for preservation in the United States National Recording Registry for being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant," becoming the first entry created in the 21st century.

Background
The Blueprint was reportedly cut in two weeks, with Jay-Z recording nine songs in two days. At the time, he was awaiting two criminal trials for gun possession and assault. He was also engaged in feuds with various rappers such as Jadakiss, Fat Joe and in particular Nas and Mobb Deep member Prodigy. In the song "Takeover", Jay-Z attacks the two Queensbridge rappers, using a sample of the song "Five to One" by The Doors and an interpolation of David Bowie's "Fame". On The Blueprint, Jay-Z and his producers used vintage soul as inspiration, including a vocal sample on almost every track from such artists as Al Green, Bobby "Blue" Bland, David Ruffin and The Jackson 5. Exceptions include "Jigga That Nigga", "Hola Hovito", and "Renegade", a track produced by and featuring the rapper Eminem, and the only track on the album featuring another rapper on verses.

Blueprint Lounge Tour
In late August, Jay-Z announced a September–October tour in small venues. Because of the September 11 attacks occurring on the same day the album was released, the first two performances were rescheduled. Chicago, San Francisco, and Los Angeles were subsequently added, and Jay-Z donated to relief organizations one dollar of the cost of each ticket sold for the tour.

Cover
The photograph on the album's cover, taken by Jonathan Mannion, was inspired by one from The Firm, a series by Jocelyn Bain Hogg depicting organized crime in Britain. Instead of the telephone and brass knuckles seen next to the ashtray in the original picture, a cigar, a pack of cigars and a microphone were placed.

Reception and impact
The Blueprint received universal acclaim from critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album received an average score of 88, based on 12 reviews. Upon its release, The Blueprint was hailed by Vibe's dream hampton as Jay-Z's best album, as well as the best album of the year, while The Source awarded The Blueprint a perfect "five-mic" rating, a distinction reserved for hip hop classics. In his review for The Source, Carlito Rodriguez described The Blueprint as " defining moment of Jay-Z's career", commending his ability to convey emotions through his lyrics. Nathan Rabin called it Jay-Z's "strongest, tightest, most consistent album since his legendary debut, 1996's Reasonable Doubt."

The popularity and commercial success of The Blueprint established Kanye West and Just Blaze as two of hip hop's most celebrated producers. West in particular would later be signed by Roc-A-Fella Records in 2002. Both West and Just Blaze would go on to have successful music careers. Furthermore, The Blueprint signaled a major stylistic shift in hip hop production towards a more Soulcentric and sample-reliant sound, creating a number of imitators who attempted to emulate the album's atmospheric style. Prior to The Blueprint, mainstream hip-hop producers had largely eschewed music sampling in favor of the keyboard-driven Timbaland sound (characterized by a shifting, syncopated rhythm, similar to samba or jungle music), due to the financial and legal issues associated with copyright laws.

The Blueprint, however, revived musical sampling as a common practice in hip hop music and dislodged the digital keyboard-driven production style as the dominant sound in hip-hop music. West would later incorporate some of the production and sampling techniques he used on this album into his own solo albums. Entertainment Weekly put it on its end-of-the-decade, "best-of" list, saying, "One of the greatest poets ever to pick up a mic released his magnum opus in 2001. One retirement and one un-retirement later, it's still his finest hour."

In 2003, The Blueprint was ranked number 464 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time; in a revised list in 2012, it was ranked number 252; in the 2020 revised list, the album was ranked number 50. Pitchfork named The Blueprint the second best album of 2000–2004, and in 2010, it ranked fifth on their Top 200 Albums of the 2000s list. It is ranked at number 4 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the "100 Best Albums of the 2000s". The album received a perfect "XXL" rating from XXL magazine in a 2007 retrospective article. The Blueprint was also included in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die.

Accolades
Album of the Year
 * Ranked #4 in NME's 50 "Albums of the Year 2001".
 * Ranked #5 in Rolling Stone's "Top 10 of 2001".
 * Ranked #7 in Spin magazine's "Albums of the Year 2001".
 * Ranked #12 in Wire magazine's "50 Records of the Year 2001".

Best Album of the 2000s
 * Ranked #1 in Complex Magazine's "The 100 Best Albums of the 2000s".
 * Ranked #7 in The Stylus Decade's "Top 100 Albums of the 2000s".
 * Ranked #4 in Rolling Stone magazine's list of "100 Best Albums of the 2000s"
 * Ranked #5 in Pitchfork's "The Top 200 Albums of the 2000s".

Top Album
 * Ranked #6 in Billboard's Critics Pick of the decade 1999-2009
 * Ranked #2 in Pitchfork's "The Top 100 Albums of 2000-04".
 * Ranked #5 in Stylus Magazine's "Top 50 Albums of 2000-2005".

Best Album of the Decade
 * Ranked #2 in Entertainment Weekly's Best Albums of the Decade.
 * Ranked #42 in Paste's 50 Best Albums of the Decade.
 * Ranked #4 in Rolling Stone magazine's list of the 100 Best Albums of the Decade in 2009.
 * Ranked #20 in Rhapsody's "100 Best Albums of the Decade" in 2009.
 * Ranked #8 in Vibe's "The Greatest 50 Albums Since '93" in 2013.

Greatest Album of All Time
 * Ranked #456 in Rolling Stone magazine's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time in 2003.
 * Ranked #252 in Rolling Stone magazine's revised list of the 500 greatest albums of all time in 2012.
 * Ranked #50 in Rolling Stone magazine's revised list of the 500 greatest albums of all time in 2020.
 * Ranked #13 in Apple Music's 100 Best Albums in 2024.
 * Unranked in 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die.

Commercial performance
In spite of its release coinciding with the 9/11 attacks, The Blueprint sold over 427,000 copies in its opening week, becoming Jay-Z's fourth consecutive album to reach number one on the Billboard 200 chart. It was certified double platinum as sales stand at over two million units in the U.S. Sales stand at 2.7 million as of February 2012.

Track listing
Notes
 * undefined signifies an additional producer
 * "Takeover" features additional vocals by Josey Scott.
 * "Izzo (H.O.V.A.)" features uncredited vocals by Demme Uloa.
 * "Girls, Girls, Girls" features additional vocals by Q-Tip, Slick Rick and Biz Markie.
 * "Jigga That Nigga" features additional vocals by Stephanie Miller and Michelle Mills.
 * "Heart Of The City (Ain't No Love)" features uncredited vocals by Keon Bryce.
 * "Never Change" features uncredited vocals by Kanye West.
 * "Blueprint (Momma Loves Me)" features background vocals by Schevise Harrell and Luren Leek.
 * "Girls, Girls, Girls (Part 2)" features uncredited vocals by Michael Jackson and Chanté Moore.

Samples
 * "The Ruler's Back" contains a sample of "If" performed by Jackie Moore, and an interpolation of "The Ruler's Back" performed by Slick Rick.
 * "Takeover" contains samples of "Five to One" performed by The Doors, "Sound of da Police" performed by KRS-One, and an interpolation of "Fame" performed by David Bowie.
 * "Izzo (H.O.V.A.)" contains a sample of "I Want You Back" performed by Jackson 5.
 * "Girls, Girls, Girls" contains a sample of "There's Nothing in This World That Can Stop Me from Loving You" performed by Tom Brock, and "High Power Rap" performed by Crash Crew.
 * "U Don't Know" contains a sample of "I'm Not to Blame" performed by Bobby Byrd.
 * "Heart of the City (Ain't No Love)" contains a sample of "Ain't No Love in the Heart of the City" performed by Bobby Blue Bland.
 * "Never Change" contains a sample of "Common Man" performed by David Ruffin.
 * "Song Cry" contains a sample of "Sounds Like a Love Song" performed by Bobby Glenn.
 * "All I Need" contains a sample of "I Can't Break Away" performed by Natalie Cole.
 * "Blueprint (Momma Loves Me)" contains a sample of "Free at Last" performed by Al Green.
 * "Breathe Easy (Lyrical Exercise)" contains a sample of "Got to Find My Own Place" performed by Stanley Clarke.
 * "Girls, Girls, Girls (Part 2)" contains a sample of "Trying Girls Out" performed by The Persuaders.

Bonus tracks
As with Vol. 3... Life and Times of S. Carter, Jay-Z put two hidden bonus tracks at the end of the final track. "Blueprint (Momma Loves Me)" is 3:41 by itself. Twenty-five seconds of silence follows after and the bonus track "Breathe Easy (Lyrical Exercise)" begins. That song fades and is immediately followed by "Girls, Girls, Girls (Part 2)". It is reported that the latter song features uncredited vocals by Michael Jackson. The final track as a whole is 12:07. On the iTunes Store, however, these bonus tracks are released as separate tracks, thus making the album 15 tracks long. On the vinyl edition, there are no long gaps between the songs, but they are not printed on the back of the album jacket or record label.

Personnel

 * Shawn "Jay-Z" Carter – performer, executive producer
 * Eminem – performer, producer, mixing
 * Slick Rick – vocals
 * Q-Tip – vocals
 * Biz Markie – vocals
 * Demme Ulloa – vocals
 * Schevise Harrell – vocals
 * Lauren Leek – vocals
 * Keon Bryce – vocals
 * Stephanie Miller – vocals
 * Michele Mills – vocals
 * Josey Scott – vocals
 * Victor Flowers – organ
 * Kanye West – producer, vocals
 * Just Blaze – producer
 * Bink – producer
 * Timbaland – producer
 * Poke & Tone – producer
 * DJ Head – drum programming

 * Damon Dash – executive producer
 * Kareem "Biggs" Burke – executive producer
 * Gimel "Young Guru" Keaton – engineer, mixing
 * Jimmy Douglas – engineer, mixing
 * Rajon Wright – assistant engineer
 * Shane Woodley	– assistant engineer
 * Jason Goldstein – mixing
 * Richard Huredia – mixing
 * Supa Engineer "Duro" – mixing
 * Doug Wilson – mixing
 * Tony Vanias – recording director
 * Tony Dawsey – mastering
 * Jason Noto – art direction
 * Jonathan Mannion – photography
 * Della Valle – images
 * Dana "Sonni Black" Anderson – composer
 * Sonet Lumiere Philadelphia – music publisher

title: The Blueprint


text:
Drepanostachyum

Drepanostachyum is an Asian genus of medium-sized mountain clumping bamboos in the grass family. They are native to China, Indochina, and the Indian Subcontinent.

Taxonomy
The differences between this genus and Himalayacalamus are subtle: Drepanostachyum species have many equal branches while those of Himalayacalamus have one dominant branch.

• # Drepanostachyum ampullare
 * Species

• # Drepanostachyum annulatum

• # Drepanostachyum exauritum

• # Drepanostachyum falcatum

• # Drepanostachyum fractiflexum

• # Drepanostachyum intermedium

• # Drepanostachyum khasianum

• # Drepanostachyum kurzii

• # Drepanostachyum membranaceum

• # Drepanostachyum naibunensoides

• # Drepanostachyum polystachyum

• # Drepanostachyum semiorbiculatum

• # Drepanostachyum stoloniforme

several species now considered better suited to other genera: Ampelocalamus Dendrocalamus Fargesia Himalayacalamus
 * Formerly included

title: Drepanostachyum


text:
Otatea

Otatea, called weeping bamboo, is a genus of clumping bamboos in the grass family, native to Mexico, Central America, and Colombia.

The name derives from the Nahuatl (Aztec) word "otatl", meaning "bamboo".

 * Species
 * 1) Otatea acuminata (Munro) C.E.Calderón ex Soderstr. – widespread from Chihuahua to Oaxaca
 * 2) Otatea carrilloi Ruiz-Sanchez, Sosa & Mejía-Saulés – Chiapas
 * 3) Otatea fimbriata Soderstr. – widespread from Norte de Santander to Chiapas
 * 4) Otatea glauca L.G.Clark & G.Cortés – Chiapas
 * 5) Otatea ramirezii Ruiz-Sanchez – Querétaro
 * 6) Otatea reynosoana Ruiz-Sanchez & L.G.Clark – Guerrero, Jalisco, Nayarit
 * 7) Otatea rzedowskiorum Ruiz-Sanchez – Chiapas
 * 8) Otatea transvolcanica Ruiz-Sanchez & L.G.Clark – México State, Jalisco, Colima
 * 9) Otatea victoriae Ruiz-Sanchez – Hidalgo
 * 10) Otatea ximenae Ruiz-Sanchez & L.G.Clark – Oaxaca, Michoacán

title: Otatea


text:
John Scott Russell

John Scott Russell FRSE FRS FRSA (9 May 1808, Parkhead, Glasgow – 8 June 1882, Ventnor, Isle of Wight) was a Scottish civil engineer, naval architect and shipbuilder who built Great Eastern in collaboration with Isambard Kingdom Brunel. He made the discovery of the wave of translation that gave birth to the modern study of solitons, and developed the wave-line system of ship construction.

Russell was a promoter of the Great Exhibition of 1851.

Early life
John Russell was born on 9 May 1808 in Parkhead, Glasgow, the son of Reverend David Russell and Agnes Clark Scott. He spent one year at the University of St. Andrews before transferring to the University of Glasgow. It was while at the University of Glasgow that he added his mother's maiden name, Scott, to his own, to become John Scott Russell. He graduated from Glasgow University in 1825 at the age of 17 and moved to Edinburgh where he taught mathematics and science at the Leith Mechanics' Institute, achieving the highest attendance in the city.

On the death of Sir John Leslie, Professor of Natural Philosophy at the University of Edinburgh in 1832, Scott Russell, though only 24 years old, was elected to temporarily fill the vacancy pending the election of a permanent professor, due to his proficiency in the natural sciences and popularity as a lecturer. But although encouraged to stand for the permanent position he refused to compete with another candidate he admired and thereafter concentrated the engineering profession and experimental research on a large scale.

Family life
He married Harriette Osborne, daughter of the Irish baronet Sir Daniel Toler Osborne and Harriette Trench, daughter of the Earl of Clancarty in Dublin in 1839; they had two sons (Norman survived) and three daughters, Louise (1841–1878), Rachel (1845–1882) and Alice. In London they lived for five years in a house provided for the secretary of the Society of Arts and then moved to Sydenham Hill, which became a centre of attention especially after Russell and his friends moved Paxton's glasshouse for the Great Exhibition to the Crystal Palace close by.

Arthur Sullivan and his friend Frederic Clay were frequent visitors at the Scott Russell home in the mid-1860s; Clay became engaged to Alice, and Sullivan wooed Rachel. While Clay was from a wealthy family, Sullivan was still a poor young composer from a poor family; the Scott Russells welcomed the engagement of Alice to Clay, who, however broke it off, but forbade the relationship between Sullivan and Rachel, although the two continued to see each other covertly. At some point in 1868, Sullivan started a simultaneous (and secret) affair with Louise (1841–1878). Both relationships had ceased by early 1869.

The American engineer Alexander Lyman Holley befriended Scott Russell and his family on his various visits to London at the time of the construction of Great Eastern. Holley also visited Scott Russell's house in Sydenham. As a result of this, Holley, and his colleague Zerah Colburn, travelled on the maiden voyage of Great Eastern from Southampton to New York in June 1860. Scott Russell's son, Norman, stayed with Holley at his house in Brooklyn — Norman also travelled on the maiden voyage, one voyage that John Scott Russell did not make.

His son, Norman, followed his father in becoming a naval architect, contributing to the Institution of Naval Architects which his father had founded.

Steam carriage
While in Edinburgh he experimented with steam engines, using a square boiler for which he developed a method of staying the surface of the boiler which became universal. The Scottish Steam Carriage Company was formed producing a steam carriage with two cylinders developing 12 horsepower each. Six were constructed in 1834, well-sprung and fitted out to high standard, which from March 1834 ran between Glasgow's George Square and the Tontine Hotel in Paisley at hourly intervals at 15 mph. The road trustees objected that it wore out the road and placed various obstructions of logs and stones in the road, which actually caused more discomfort for horse-drawn carriages. But in July 1834 one of the carriages was overturned and the boiler smashed, causing the death of several passengers. Two of the coaches were sent to London where they ran for a short time between London and Greenwich.

The wave of translation
In 1834, while conducting experiments to determine the most efficient design for canal boats, he discovered a phenomenon that he described as the wave of translation. In fluid dynamics the wave is now called Russell's solitary wave. The discovery is described here in his own words:

"I was observing the motion of a boat which was rapidly drawn along a narrow channel by a pair of horses, when the boat suddenly stopped—not so the mass of water in the channel which it had put in motion; it accumulated round the prow of the vessel in a state of violent agitation, then suddenly leaving it behind, rolled forward with great velocity, assuming the form of a large solitary elevation, a rounded, smooth and well-defined heap of water, which continued its course along the channel apparently without change of form or diminution of speed. I followed it on horseback, and overtook it still rolling on at a rate of some eight or nine miles an hour [14 km/h], preserving its original figure some thirty feet [9 m] long and a foot to a foot and a half [30−45 cm] in height. Its height gradually diminished, and after a chase of one or two miles [2–3 km] I lost it in the windings of the channel. Such, in the month of August 1834, was my first chance interview with that singular and beautiful phenomenon which I have called the Wave of Translation."

The phenomenon of solitary waves had previously been reported in 1826 by Giorgio Bidone in Turin,  but Bidone's work seems to have gone unnoticed by researchers in the Netherlands and Britain, despite being mentioned in the Edinburgh Journal of Science in the same year.

Scott Russell spent some time making practical and theoretical investigations of these waves. He built wave tanks at his home and noticed some key properties:
 * The waves are stable, and can travel over very large distances (normal waves would tend to either flatten out, or steepen and topple over)
 * The speed depends on the size of the wave, and its width on the depth of water.
 * Unlike normal waves they will never merge—so a small wave is overtaken by a large one, rather than the two combining.
 * If a wave is too big for the depth of water, it splits into two, one big and one small.

Scott Russell's experimental work seemed at contrast with Isaac Newton's and Daniel Bernoulli's theories of hydrodynamics. George Biddell Airy and George Gabriel Stokes had difficulty to accept Scott Russell's experimental observations because Scott Russell's observations could not be explained by the existing water-wave theories. Additional observations were reported by Henry Bazin in 1862 after experiments carried out in the canal de Bourgogne in France. In 1863, Bazin authored a research paper titled Recherches hydrauliques entreprises par M.H. Darcy (English: Hydraulic Researches Undertaken by M.H. Darcy) which featured the work of Scott Russell.

A Dutch translation of Bazin's work entitled Verslag aan de Fransche academie van wetenschappen over het gedeelte der verhandeling van Bazin, betrekkelijk de opstuwingen en de voortbeweging der golven (English: Report to the French Academy of Sciences on the portion of Bazin's treatise relating to surges and the propagation of waves) was featured in the proceedings of the Dutch Koninklijk Instituut van Ingenieurs (English: Royal Institute of Engineers) in 1869. Within the original French paper, and the translated work, the velocity of a solitary wave is given as:

$$c = \sqrt{g(h+z)}$$

The formula is denoted as "the law of Scott Russell" within the text. His contemporaries spent some time attempting to extend the theory but it would take until the 1870s before an explanation was provided.

Lord Rayleigh published a paper in Philosophical Magazine in 1876 to support John Scott Russell's experimental observation with his mathematical theory. In his 1876 paper, Lord Rayleigh mentioned Scott Russell's name and also admitted that the first theoretical treatment was by Joseph Valentin Boussinesq in 1871; Boussinesq had mentioned Scott Russell's name in his 1871 paper. Thus Scott Russell's observations on solitary waves were accepted as true by some prominent scientists within his own lifetime.

Korteweg and de Vries did not mention John Scott Russell's name at all in their 1895 paper but they did quote Boussinesq's paper in 1871 and Lord Rayleigh's paper in 1876. Although the paper by Korteweg and de Vries in 1895 was not the first theoretical treatment of this subject, it was a very important milestone in the history of the development of soliton theory.

It was not until the 1960s and the advent of modern computers that the significance of Scott Russell's discovery in physics, electronics, biology and especially fibre optics started to become understood, leading to the modern general theory of solitons.

Note that solitons are, by definition, unaltered in shape and speed by a collision with other solitons. So solitary waves on a water surface are not solitons – after the interaction of two (colliding or overtaking) solitary waves, they have changed slightly in amplitude and an oscillatory residual is left behind.

Wave line system
Once Russell had a way of observing boats at hitherto unprecedented speeds at the front of his wave of translation, he tackled the more fundamental issue for boat design of finding the hull shape which gives the least resistance. This, he reasoned was concerned with moving the mass of water efficiently out of the way of the hull and then back to fill the gap after it has passed. By careful measurements with dynamometers he validated his theory that a versed sine wave produces the ideal shape.

Initially he thought that the stern could be a mirror of the stem, but soon realised that the removing water produced something closer to conventional waves than his solitary waves and ended up with a rounded stern with a catenary shape.

His studies produced a revolution in the design of hulls for merchant and navy vessels. Most ships of the time had rounded bows to optimise the cargo-carrying capacity, but starting from the 1840s the "extreme clipper ships" started to show concave bows as increasingly did steam ships culminating with Great Eastern. After his views were propounded by Commander Fishbourne, the American naval architect John W. Griffiths acknowledged the force of Russell's work in his Treatise on marine and naval architecture of 1850 though he was grudging in acknowledging a debt to Russell.

Doppler effect
Scott Russell made one of the first experimental observations of the Doppler effect which he published in 1848. Christian Doppler published his theory in 1842.

Professional association
Much of Russell's early experimental work had been conducted under the auspices of the British Association and throughout his life he contributed to the scientific and professional associations that were becoming more important in that era.

In 1844, the railway boom was at its height. Russell had contributed an article on the Steam engine and steam navigation for the 7th edition of Encyclopædia Britannica in 1841 which also appeared in book form. Charles Wentworth Dilke offered him the editorial position of a new weekly paper, the Railway Chronicle in London and the Russell family was soon in a small two-room flat in Westminster. The next year he also became the secretary of the committee set up by the Royal Society of Arts to organise a national exhibition, which provided them with a town house in the Strand. Russell soon introduced Henry Cole to the committee and when, a few weeks before the first exhibition in 1847, there were no exhibitors, Russell and Cole spent three whole days travelling around London to enlist manufacturers and shopkeepers. This and two subsequent exhibitions were such a success that an international version was planned for 1851. By this time Russell had once again started shipbuilding, the railway boom having finished, and although he became the RSA's appointed secretary for the Great Exhibition, Henry Cole was by this time taking the lead, and he ended up with only a Gold Medal as his reward for much work.

Russell became a member of the Institution of Civil Engineers in 1847 attending regularly and making frequent contributions, was elected to its council in 1857 and became a vice-president in 1862. However he became involved in a financial dispute with Sir William Armstrong and didn't become president. But "as a speaker, and particularly as an after-dinner speaker, he had few equals." He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1849 although he contributed less.

In 1860 at a meeting at his house in Sydenham, the Institution of Naval Architects was set up, with Russell as one of the professional vice-presidents. He attended most meetings and rarely failed to comment. In 1864 he published a massive 3-volume treatise on The Modern System of Naval Architecture which laid out the profiles of many of the new ships being built.

His obituary said of naval architecture:
 * "it may be said that on commencing his career he found it the most empirical of arts, and he left it one of the most exact of engineering sciences. To this great result many others contributed largely besides himself; but his personal investigations, and the theories which he deduced from them, gave the first impetus to scientific naval architecture".

Ship building
From around 1838, Scott Russell was employed at the small Greenock shipyard of Thomson and Spiers where he introduced his wave-line system to a series of Royal Mail ships, together with many other innovations. After the shipyard was taken over by Caird, he decided to move to London and in 1848 purchased the Millwall Iron Works shipbuilding company. He built two ships for Brunel for the Australia run, much the same size as Brunel's SS Great Britain, Adelaide and Victoria. Problems with refuelling and water led Brunel to think in terms of larger ships for this voyage, but five more were built in the same class.

Before they started any business together, he was held in high regard by Isambard Kingdom Brunel who made him a partner in his project to build Great Eastern. Although the original conception, the cellular construction and the joint use of paddle and screw were Brunel's ideas, "the ship embodies the wave-line form, the longitudinal system of construction, the complete and partial bulkheads, and other details of construction which were peculiarly Scott Russell’s". The project was plagued with a number of problems—Scott Russell put in a bid which was far too low with the result that he was bankrupt halfway through, though he recovered to finish the job; but it was Brunel that insisted on a sideways launch rather than the dry dock that Russell preferred. Great Eastern was eventually launched in 1858. Scott Russell was a better scientist than a businessman and his reputation never fully recovered from his financial irregularities, gross neglect of duty and disputes. As L. T. C. Rolt writes in his biography of Brunel "That Russell had indeed misled Brunel and betrayed his trust was now becoming the more lamentably apparent with every day that passed".

During the 1850s he argued within the Navy for the construction of iron warships and the first design, HMS Warrior (1860), is said by some to be a "Russell ship". He afterwards complained about the secrecy that prevented an open discussion of the issues, criticizing those within the Navy who argued that iron ships could not be protected. At a time when all previous train ferries were riverine vessels, in 1868 Scott Russell designed a train ferry for service on Lake Constance, the Bodensee Trajekt, which entered service in 1869. This was the world's first cross-lake train ferry. The Bodensee Trajekt had to meet the unusual requirement that its draft not exceed six feet (1.85m). He achieved this by using the superstructure to carry the stresses of the train. (It was not until 1892 that the first Lake Michigan cross-lake train ferry, the Ann Arbor No. 1, designed by Frank E. Kirby, entered service.) Scott Russell used the design of the Bodensee Trajekt as the basis of a cross-channel ferry that could manage the shallow harbour of Dover, but this was not realised until 1933.

The Vienna Rotunda
Although his design for the Great Exhibition was trumped by that of Joseph Paxton, Scott Russell did design the Rotunde for the 1873 Vienna Exposition. At 108 m in diameter it was for nearly a century the largest cupola in the world, having no ties to obstruct the view. Some consider it his greatest structural engineering achievement.

Honours and awards
In 1838 he was awarded the gold Keith Medal by the Royal Society of Edinburgh for his paper "On the Laws by which water opposes Resistance to the Motion of Floating Bodies". He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in June 1849 for Memoirs on "The great Solitary Wave of the First Order, or the Wave of Translation" published in the Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, and of several Memoirs in the Reports of the British Association.

In 1995, the aqueduct which carries the Union Canal – the same canal where he observed his Wave of Translation – over the Edinburgh Bypass (A720) was named the Scott Russell Aqueduct in his memory. Also in 1995, the hydrodynamic soliton effect was reproduced near the place where John Scott Russell observed hydrodynamic solitons in 1834.

A building at Heriot-Watt University is named after him.

In 2019 he was inducted into the Scottish Engineering Hall of Fame

Publications
His 1844 paper has become a classical paper and is quite frequently cited in soliton-related papers or books even after more than one hundred and fifty years.

title: John Scott Russell


text:
Thamnocalamus

Thamnocalamus is a genus of clumping bamboo in the grass family. These species are found from the Himalayas as well as Madagascar and Southern Africa.

Thamnocalamus is closely related to Fargesia. The two genera are sometimes regarded as a single genus by some authors.

 * Species
 * 1) Thamnocalamus chigar (Stapleton) Stapleton - Nepal
 * 2) Thamnocalamus spathiflorus (Trin.) Munro - Tibet, Bhutan, India, Nepal
 * 3) Thamnocalamus unispiculatus T.P.Yi & J.Y.Shi - Tibet

see Chimonobambusa Drepanostachyum Fargesia Himalayacalamus Neomicrocalamus Pleioblastus Pseudosasa • Thamnocalamus collaris - Himalayacalamus collaris
 * formerly included

• Thamnocalamus cuspidatus - Fargesia cuspidata

• Thamnocalamus denudatus - Fargesia denudata

• Thamnocalamus dracocephalus - Fargesia dracocephala

• Thamnocalamus falcatus - Drepanostachyum falcatum

• Thamnocalamus falconeri - Himalayacalamus falconeri

• Thamnocalamus hindsii - Pseudosasa hindsii

• Thamnocalamus hindsii var. gramineus - Pleioblastus gramineus

• Thamnocalamus murielae - Fargesia murielae

• Thamnocalamus nitidus - Fargesia nitida

• Thamnocalamus nitidus subsp. ciliatus - Fargesia qinlingensis

• Thamnocalamus prainii - Neomicrocalamus prainii

• Thamnocalamus quadrangularis - Chimonobambusa quadrangularis

• Thamnocalamus ringala - Drepanostachyum falcatum

• Thamnocalamus robustus - Fargesia robusta

• Thamnocalamus sparsiflorus - Fargesia murielae

• Thamnocalamus spathaceus - Fargesia spathacea

• Thamnocalamus tessellatus - Bergbambos tessellata

• Thamnocalamus vaginatus - Pleioblastus argenteostriatus

title: Thamnocalamus


text:
Smooth Collie

The Smooth Collie is a breed of dog developed originally for herding. It is a short-coated version of the Rough Collie of Lassie fame. Some breed organisations consider the smooth-coat and rough-coat dogs to be variations of the same breed.

History
The early history of the Smooth Collie, like that of many dog breeds, is a matter of speculation. Even the origin of the breed's name is unclear, variously claimed to describe the early shepherd dog's dark colour ("coaly") or derived from the name of a breed of sheep with black faces once commonly kept in Scotland ("Colley") or derived from an Anglo-Saxon word meaning "useful." The word could also trace to Gaelic or/and Irish - in which the words for "doggie" are, respectively, càilean and coileán. This would be more consistent with the breed's origin in the Gaelic-speaking Scottish Highlands than an Anglo-Saxon term. The modern history of both the Smooth and Rough Collie began in the reign of Queen Victoria, who became interested in the shepherds' dogs while at Balmoral Castle in Scotland. In 1860, she purchased some of the dogs for her own kennel. With the Queen's interest, it became fashionable to own Smooth Collies. Thus began the breed's transformation from working farm dog, similar to the modern Border collie, to the dog bred as a pet and for the sport of conformation showing that we know today.

The Smooth Collie today is considered a variety of the same breed as the Rough Collie in the United States, Canada, meaning that they can interbreed and some statistics are kept only for "Collie" rather than for both varieties individually. The smooth and rough are classified as separate breeds in other countries, such as the United Kingdom, and Australia. The latter is a fairly recent development, however, with the Kennel Club (UK) allowing the interbreeding of the two varieties until 1993.

A breed society, the Smooth Collie Club of Great Britain, was established in 1955. The breed was definitively accepted by the Fédération Cynologique Internationale in 1974.

Characteristics
The Smooth Collie is of medium to large size: dogs stand some 56 - 61 cm at the withers, bitches about 5 cm less; weights are in the range 18 - 25 kg for bitches and about 21 - 30 kg for dogs.

It is slightly longer than it is tall, with a level back and a deep chest. The features of the head, particularly the "sweet" expression, are considered very important in the show ring. The breed has a long muzzle, flat skull, and semi-erect ears.

The outer coat is flat, short and harsh-textured, the undercoat soft and dense. Three coat colours are recognised: sable (sand-colour, ranging from pale gold to rich mahogany); tricolour (mostly black, with tan and white markings); and blue merle (silvery grey marbled with black, with or without tan markings), all marked with white areas on the chest, neck, feet, legs and tip of the tail.

Temperament
The Smooth Collie is generally a sociable, easily trained family dog. Although not an aggressive breed, they are alert and vocal, making them both good watchdogs if well trained and potential nuisances if allowed to bark indiscriminately. Collies are agile and active dogs and need regular exercise in some way. This breed is easy to train, due to its high intelligence and eagerness to please its owners. Training this breed requires a light touch, as they are sensitive to correction and shy away from harsh treatment. They get along well with children and other animals, usually getting along with other dogs. Smooth Collies are used both as family pets and in obedience competition, agility, herding trials, and other dog sports. Some are still used as working sheepdogs. They are also very useful as assistance dogs for the disabled.

Health

 * Progressive retinal atrophy: Gradual degeneration of the retinas of the eyes, eventually leading to blindness. This disease is less common than CEA in Collies, but more difficult to breed away from, as symptoms are not usually detectable until the affected dog is middle-aged or older.
 * Multidrug sensitivity (MDR1): Sometimes fatal reactions to a class of common drugs, particularly ivermectin, used as a heartworm preventative and treatment for mites. The gene that causes this sensitivity has recently been identified, and a dog's susceptibility can now be determined through a simple blood test.
 * Gastric dilatation volvulus (bloat): A painful and often fatal twisting of the stomach occurring in large or deep-chested breeds which can usually be prevented by feeding small meals and not allowing vigorous exercise immediately before or after eating.
 * Epilepsy: Seizures of unknown origin. Frequency of the seizures can often be significantly reduced through medication, but there is no cure for this disease.
 * Cyclic Neutropenia: CN is also known as Gray Collie Syndrome. Cyclic Neutropenia is a disease that affects the neutrophils of a dog, which are an integral part of the dog's immune system. Most affected dogs will die as puppies, and even with the best care, the dog will not likely live past 2–3 years of age.

Collie eye anomaly is an autosomal recessive condition caused by a mutation in the NHEJ1 gene that affects Collies and related breeds.

Work and sports
Smooth Collies can compete in dog agility trials, obedience, showmanship, flyball, tracking, search and rescue (SAR), assistance dog and herding events. Herding instincts and trainability can be measured at noncompetitive herding tests. Collies exhibiting basic herding instincts can be trained to compete in herding trials.

title: Smooth Collie


text:
User talk:Jengod/Archive2

Hello there, welcome to the 'pedia! I hope you like the place and decide to stay. If you need pointers on how we title pages visit Naming conventions or how to format them visit our manual of style. If you have any other questions about the project then check out Help or add a question to the Village pump. Cheers! --maveric149

Question
Jen: Glad I could make you laugh with the picture on my user page :)

Anyway, I noticed - after 9 months and 4,576 edits, you're still not an admin. If I nominated you, would you accept? →Raul654 03:42, Feb 13, 2004 (UTC)

Re: Admin powers
Actually, the first time I used my admin powers, I got a warning from Angela. I asked the same question you just asked (it's on my talk page). Here's the convo:

 * ''Please could you read the Deletion policy and Deletion guidelines for administrators before you delete anything else. Pages need to be listed on VfD for at least five days before they are deleted, unless they meet the criteria for speedy deletion. NFL Fantasy Football - Week 17 - Playoffs/Finals Week certainly does not meet these criteria. Thanks. Angela. 06:12, 20 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * (My response was to the effect of - Where can I get a list of everything I should know'')

 * ''Hmmm, try Administrators' reading list, and in particular the pages I linked above, along with Protection policy and Bans and blocks. In summary, don't delete anything other than obvious junk unless it's been on VfD 5 days, don't edit a protected page, don't protect a page you've edited, don't ban without warning and you'll be fine. :) Good luck with the adminship. Angela. 06:54, 20 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Angela's summary (which I bolded) is basically the rules to live by. Do that, and you'll be fine. →Raul654 04:44, Feb 13, 2004 (UTC)

Join the club!
Don't be afraid to admit it! Come out of the shadow and proclaim the truth at WikiWomen! --Menchi 04:53, 13 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Kerry Scandal

 * Hey, I notice you've been working a lot on the Kerry page, so since I didn't get a reply from anyone at the talk page, I thought I'd address my question to you. Do you think that this possibly brewing sex scandal really ought to be mentioned in the article?  So far, it's just an unsubstantiated allegation, which hasn't actually been picked up by any major news media.  Should Wikipedia really be repeating Matt Drudge's gossip? john 06:14, 13 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Thanks: after a long day fighting Red Sox vandals, etc., I got an excellent laugh out of your comments re: Big Bone Lick State Park. :-) This reminds me, aren't you up for adminship? I'd better toddle over there and drop another "*Support" by your name, not that there would be any dispute, of course. Happy editing, and do keep thinking of the children, Jwrosenzweig 23:38, 13 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Extremely Silly Question
(I'm archiving the pump and thought you might want this :) fabiform | talk)

Who is the wikipedian who has a hysterical picture of a kitten stuck in a drinking glass on their user page? I stumbled across that and haven't been able to get it out my head and want to show it my friend LouLou. Thanks. jengod 21:25, Feb 12, 2004 (UTC)
 * Raul654. The image is [[Media:Image:Cat in pint.jpg]] --No-One Jones 21:37, 12 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * ☺ →Raul654 21:33, Feb 12, 2004 (UTC)

Did the kitten ever get over its hangover? Dieter Simon 00:02, 13 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Administrator's reading list
Previously, you asked me where you could read about how administrators are supposed to act. Today, I stumbled across Administrators' reading list. It's good, but lengthy. Angela's summary is still perfectly true. →Raul654 04:27, Feb 15, 2004 (UTC)

TV <-> Movie?
Hey, how did List of movies made into TV shows become List of movies based on TV shows? It's twisting me into a Mobius loop! -- Decumanus

SSM
Thanks for the quick add of SSM to Article Series! :) I knew there was one last step.... - UtherSRG 20:54, 18 Feb 2004 (UTC)

headers
Hi :) Please begin headers at the == level, with subheadings at ===, and so on. Thanks! Dysprosia 08:46, 19 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Wikipedia:Naming conventions (common names)
See Naming conventions (common names). I reverted a couple of your moves. --Jiang 09:06, 19 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Sysop
Congratulations! You are now an administrator. You should read the relevant policies and other pages linked to from the administrators' reading list before carrying out tasks like deletion, protection, banning users, and editing protected pages such as the Main Page. Most of what you do is easily reversible by other sysops, apart from page history merges and image deletion, so please be especially careful with those. Good luck. Angela. 08:20, Feb 20, 2004 (UTC)

The Veep tables
I've gone and added veep tables to all the veeps up to Spiro Agnew. I thought i'd let you know so that you wouldn't reinvent the wheel. -- iHoshie 12:15, 20 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Uploading
Thanks for the message. I feel that there is a group of contributers here who continue to hound me for things others do and are not asked to do. I mean well, but they continue to nag me about every little thing. You seem like a nice and good person, thanks for the words. User:ChrisDJackson

invitation
Please see Talk:American twenty dollar bill. You get this invitation because your name appears in Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style (US vs American). Feel free to ignore if you are disinterested. - Optim 05:13, 22 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Hi - would it be possible for you to say where the images you are uploading come from and which license they are under? See Image Tag Team for a list of tags to use. Thanks. Secretlondon 22:31, Feb 23, 2004 (UTC)

Resizing for main page
I think you put the wrong picture for tommorow. I accidently duplicated Feb 24, and the picture I put isnt very good, (yours is better but I can't find QEI in the text of the day in history. Perl 22:45, 23 Feb 2004 (UTC)

You don't need to create a new image. Just use the new image syntax. example:

Hope this helps! Perl 23:01, 23 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * No, the new image syntax creates an image and stores it on the server. It would slow down wikipedia a lot if it had to regenerate the image each time. Perl 23:06, 23 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Congress
Hi, I'm just thinking about how to get the Congress section of Wikipedia going myself. IMO, we need the following things, in order of importance:
 * 1) Articles on House structure (i.e. Committees, caucuses, etc.)
 * 2) Articles on all current members
 * 3) Articles on former members, and challengers

Obviously, this isn't a small project, and needs multiple people. My comment on Village Pump was essentially a cry for help. As I said, I think the articles on permanent structures are most important, given that they'll be linked to by numerous articles on members. The thing is, I'm not that great at new-article-starting, and I'm not sure they have the appropriate level of detail; any suggestions on formatting would be greatly appreciated.

Right now, I'm still thinking about a way to attract people. Thanks for your message, and please write if you have any suggestions/thoughts/etc. Happy editing, Meelar 00:21, 24 Feb 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jengod/Archive2


text:
Talk:John Scott Russell

Untitled
What is the source for this guy's own words? Can we have a reference on the article please? -- Graham :) 00:38, 11 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * Attached now -- Jim 01:07, 11 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Excellent, thanks. -- Graham :) 01:09, 11 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Page move from John Scott Russell to John Russell (Engineer)
Why the move? I've only ever heard of him discussed as John Scott Russell. I can't see any discussion of this anywhere. Pterre (talk) 22:39, 28 April 2013 (UTC)
 * to my mind John Scott Russell is more specific than John Russell (Engineer), herego I would advise a fallback. signed:Donan Raven (talk) 19:26, 29 April 2013 (UTC)
 * I agree and have moved it back. Such moves should only be made after discussion. A side effect is that John Russell (engineer) now links to the page. Chris55 (talk) 12:15, 20 May 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:John Scott Russell


text:
Talk:Eckmann–Hilton argument

Untitled
I made a few things a bit more understandable, hopefully. I'm no expert in algebra, so if I made any mathematical mistakes, apologies and change them. I still find the second half of the article a bit difficult to follow, to be honest. The first half is much better. Two points/questions: first, boldface is normally only used for article titles at the beginning or for emphasis of definitions, not to emphasise a phrase or sentence. Second, I'm not sure why all the magma defs need to be in quotes? I know these are usually defined for more specific structures (subcategories of Mag), but would the reader pick up the meaning from context? Revolver 00:42, 11 Mar 2004 (UTC)

a complete mess....
This article does not even state the argument concisely and neither gives a proof of it (not that it's hard). The section on the "non-monoidal case" seems overly technical. What do you think about a complete rewrite? I don't want to offend anyone, just trying to be bold: WP:BB - Saibot2 11:32, 10 March 2007 (UTC)

Visual proof
This theorem has a very nice "visual" proof, which is equivalent to the one in the article but much easier to follow (and makes the connexion to higher homotopy groups more obvious). I've written two versions of this proof. Version 2 is less ugly than version 1, but I'd like someone to de-uglify it even more before adding it to the article. Cocaineninja (talk) 18:08, 16 August 2019 (UTC)

Monoid objects in the category of monoids
The fact that monoid objects in the category of monoids are just commutative monoids is often said to be a restatement of the Eckmann-Hilton theorem, but the version of the theorem stated in this article is much more general. It implies that a unital magma object in the category of unital magmas is a commutative monoid. In fact, even this statement is less general, since it assumes that both units are equal. Cocaineninja (talk) 18:28, 16 August 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Eckmann–Hilton argument


text:
Montreal International Jazz Festival

The Montreal International Jazz Festival is an annual jazz festival held in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. The Montreal Jazz Fest holds the 2004 Guinness World Record as the world's largest jazz festival. Every year it features roughly 3,000 artists from 30-odd countries, more than 650 concerts (including 450 free outdoor performances), and welcomes over 2 million visitors (12.5% of whom are tourists) as well as 300 accredited journalists. The festival takes place at 20 different stages, which include free outdoor stages and indoor concert halls.

A major part of the city's downtown core is closed to traffic for ten days, as free outdoor shows are open to the public and held on many stages at the same time, from noon until midnight. The "festival's Big Event concerts typically draw between 100,000 and 150,000 people", and can occasionally exceed 200,000. Shows are held in a wide variety of venues, from relatively small jazz clubs to the large concert halls of Place des Arts. Some of the outdoor shows are held on the cordoned-off streets, while others are in terraced parks.

History
Rouè-Doudou Boicel founded the Rising Sun Festijazz, Montreal's first blues & jazz festival in 1978. There were also other previous jazz festivals in Montreal, including the 3-day Jazz de Chez Nous festival in 1979, created by Montreal bassist Charlie Biddle.

The Montreal Jazz Festival (later: Montreal International Jazz Festival) was conceived by Alain Simard, who had spent much of the 1970s working with Productions Kosmos bringing artists such as Chuck Berry, Dave Brubeck, Chick Corea, Bo Diddley, John Lee Hooker, Muddy Waters, and others to Montreal to perform. In 1977, Simard teamed up with André Ménard and Denyse McCann to form an agency named Spectra Scène (now known as L'Équipe Spectra), with the idea of creating a summer festival in Montreal that would bring a number of artists together at the same time.

They planned their first festival for the summer of 1979. Unable to secure sufficient funding, their plans were scuttled, but they still were able to produce two nights of shows at Théâtre-St-Denis featuring Keith Jarrett and Pat Metheny.

Starting on May 10, 1980, a Montreal Jazz Festival was staged, with funding from Alain de Grosbois of CBC Stereo and Radio-Québec. With Gary Burton, Ray Charles, Chick Corea, and Vic Vogel on the bill, and an attendance of 12,000, the event was deemed a success and has continued to grow since then.

In 2000, the Festival teamed up with Distribution Select to release its 4-CD box set called Over 20 years of music – Plus de 20 ans de musique. The box includes a 13-page booklet with the artists' biographies and complete liner notes about the music.

In 1999, a group of Montreal jazz musicians disenchanted with the Montreal International Jazz Festival's lack of support for and showcasing of Montreal jazz musicians created an alternative festival called L'OFF Festival de Jazz de Montreal. The alternative festival continues as an annual, week-long jazz festival in Montreal, programmed largely by musicians.

In 2020, for the first time in its 40-year history the International Montreal Jazz Festival was cancelled, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, in what would have been its 41st edition.

In 2021, because of the on-going COVID-19 pandemic, it was announced that the 41st edition would be postponed until the autumn, and would be reduced to 5 days, with limited outdoor performances, whilst indoor shows would be put on hold until 2022. The possibility of outright cancellation remained.

Recordings

A number of albums have been recorded live at the festival, including:

 * Live at Montreal International Jazz Festival – New Air (1983)
 * Live at the Montreal Jazz Festival 1985 – Ahmad Jamal (1985)
 * After the Morning – John Hicks (1992)
 * Enrico Rava Quintet – Montréal Diary /A - Plays Miles Davis (2002)
 * Enrico Rava, Stefano Bollani – Montréal Diary /B (2002)
 * Live at the Montreal Jazz Festival – Diana Krall (2004)
 * Midnight Sun – Cirque du Soleil (2004)
 * Live from the Montreal International Jazz Festival – Ben Harper & Relentless7 (2010)

Charlie Haden, The Montreal Tapes – recorded in 1989
 * The Montreal Tapes: with Don Cherry and Ed Blackwell (Verve, 1994)
 * The Montreal Tapes: with Paul Bley and Paul Motian (Verve, 1994)
 * The Montreal Tapes: with Geri Allen and Paul Motian (Verve, 1997)
 * The Montreal Tapes: with Gonzalo Rubalcaba and Paul Motian (Verve, 1997)
 * The Montreal Tapes: Liberation Music Orchestra (Verve, 1997)
 * The Montreal Tapes: Tribute to Joe Henderson (Verve, 2003)

Concours de Jazz
Established in 1982, the Concours de Jazz is an annual competition held at the Montreal International Jazz Festival. The competition takes place between Canadian groups performing original music, and is part of the festival's outdoor program. Throughout its history the prize has been awarded to many of Canada's most prominent jazz musicians.

Name changes
 * 1982-1986 – Concours de Jazz
 * 1987-1992 – Prix de Jazz Alcan
 * 1993-1999 – Prix de Jazz du Maurier
 * 2000-2009 – Grand Prix de Jazz General Motors
 * 2012–present – TD Grand Jazz Award, sponsored by Toronto-Dominion Bank (TD Bank)

Winners
 * 1982 – Michel Donato
 * 1983 – Quartz
 * 1984 – Lorraine Desmarais Trio
 * 1985 – François Bourassa
 * 1986 – Jon Ballantyne Trio
 * 1987 – Hugh Fraser Quintet
 * 1988 – Edmonton Jazz Ensemble
 * 1989 – Fifth Avenue
 * 1990 – Creatures of Habit
 * 1991 – Steve Amirault Trio
 * 1992 – James Gelfand Trio
 * 1993 – Chelsea Bridge
 * 1994 – Normand Guilbeault Ensemble
 * 1995 – Jean-François Groulx Trio
 * 1996 – Roy Patterson Quartet
 * 1997 – Joel Miller Quintet
 * 1998 – John Stetch Trio
 * 1999 – Chris Mitchell Quintet
 * 2000 – Eduardo Pipman Quartet
 * 2001 – Nick Ali and Cruzao
 * 2002 – Andrew Downing and The Great Uncles of the Revolution
 * 2003 – Nancy Walker
 * 2004 – Odd Jazz Group
 * 2005 – Alex Bellegarde Quartette
 * 2006 – David Virelles Quintet
 * 2007 – Félix Stüssi and Give Me Five
 * 2008 – Arden Arapyan
 * 2009 – Amanda Tosoff Quartet
 * 2010 – Parc X Trio
 * 2011 – Alexandre Côté Quintet
 * 2012 – Robi Botos
 * 2013 – Hutchinson-Andrew Trio
 * 2014 – Pram Trio
 * 2015 – Rachel Therrien Quintet
 * 2016 – Brad Cheeseman Group
 * 2017 – Allison Au Quartet

title: Montreal International Jazz Festival