text:
Talk:Waffle House

Radio call
Please discuss the radio call reference here. Also be aware of the three-revert rule. Isopropyl 02:59, 18 September 2006 (UTC)

An encyclopedia is about fact, and this is referenced. It does show how Waffle House is iconic to it's fans.
 * It would be ridiculous to list every documented mention of Waffle House on a radio call-in program. The quote about WH's status served the purposes of an encyclopedia better than compiling primary evidence, which amounts to original research. --Dystopos 16:10, 18 September 2006 (UTC)
 * The reference in question is absolutely ridiculous; it's a bit surreal to even be discussing it. One mention on one local radio show. —Bunchofgrapes (talk) 16:13, 18 September 2006 (UTC)
 * I agree with the above points. In addition, please remember to be exercise caution when reverting; do not label content disputes as vandalism. Isopropyl 04:30, 19 September 2006 (UTC)
 * We don't have any legitimate content disputes. Everybody engaged in the discussion appears to agree on the content. On the other hand, 66-208-136-88.arpa.kmcmail.net is making a concerted effort to compromise the integrity of this article. He's the only one who's in danger of violating 3RR. ClairSamoht - Help make Wikipedia the most authoritative source of information in the world 04:58, 19 September 2006 (UTC)

During the begging of an economy collapse?
The last paragraph in the history section uses the words "during the begging of an economy collapse".

What's the meaning of that prepositional phrase?

Exactly what did the writer try to say?

What's the "begging" of a "collapse"?

Do we now see a "collapse" of an economy?

Is that the right word?

Further, did the alleged bankruptcy of the parent firm result from its purchase of the franchisee?

The paragraph in question lacks a tone of authority, professionalism, and credibility.

Is it possible to express the subject ideas -- and the interrelationships among them -- in a clear, direct, accurate, straightforward manner?

DocRushing (talk) 22:00, 10 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Oh go away. This is just stupid —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.15.66.17 (talk) 01:05, 11 January 2009 (UTC)

 * No one likes a pedant, Doc. 24.144.38.141 (talk) 19:02, 20 May 2011 (UTC)

 * An online encyclopedia, of all contexts, is a place where one should use and expect proper, correct, precise, and effective language.

 * By the way, some people also take note of those who bravely hide in the anonymity behind IPs rather than using names.

 * DocRushing (talk) 00:19, 21 May 2011 (UTC)

 * So fix mistakes where you find them; there is no need to engage in conspicuous pedantry. 24.144.38.35 (talk) 07:24, 31 May 2011 (UTC)

 * I did fix it -- by removing the confusing, superfluous, tangential, and incomprehensible phrase.

 * On this page I described the problems with the expression in question.

 * That's a proper purpose of this talk page -- to discuss the article, including the problems in it.

 * It appears that you never saw the subject paragraph in its previous form.

 * In the future you will find it to your advantage for you to look into the surrounding circumstances before you start making impudent or impertinent comments to others.

 * DocRushing (talk) 16:37, 25 June 2011 (UTC)

Waffle House signature greeting .... HI!!!!!!
The signature Waffle House greeting by the employees is twice the strength of the coffee they serve. Most times the greeting is polite and welcome but sometimes it borders on annoying. The greeting HI!!! bellowed at six am can be quite the wakeup. 68.55.58.46 (talk) 02:33, 7 June 2009 (UTC)

Yes. Unfortunately, it's also company policy that all staff and managers on the floor greet the customer. 75.91.233.240 (talk) 01:19, 8 November 2010 (UTC)Will

Advertisement?
I've read this article, and I can't seem to figure out what the request at the top is supposed to be about. What part of this article is written like an ad? Are we supposed to qualify every article with "negative" information? What if there isn't any? How do you find "negative information" for something like an oak tree or a type of fabric?

I suggest removing the box thing immediately. 67.77.198.183 (talk) 01:11, 19 June 2009 (UTC)

Waitress/server debate
If it's inconsequential, as you suggested, then why did you revert it?

The undeniably overwhelming majority of the "servers" at WH are unmistakably waitresses.

Why not continue to use the more precise -- and well established -- term for those women waiters?

Or why not wait for a "reliable source" to refute the irrefutable truth about the gender mix of those who serve food at WH?

There are cases where it's proper to use a gender-neutral term.

This one is not one of those.

In this case the quest for supposed sociological correctness reduces the precision of the language.

Does that serve a useful purpose?

DocRushing (talk) 23:53, 12 October 2009 (UTC)
 * I reverted your reversion because it doesn't make sense to revert an edit on the grounds that you don't like the edit summary. Moreover, "servers" is undeniably correct.  The term makes no statement about the gender of the people giving you your WH hashbrowns.  Nor should it, IMO:  As I said, it's rather inconsequential, the gender of the people employed by Waffle House.  But if you insist upon the engendered term, the onus is upon you to find reliable sources to back up your assertion that the "undeniably overwhelming majority" are female.  The term "servers" needs no such sources, as there can be no logical refutation of the premise that the person who serves food is a "server".  But again, if you insist, be my guest. -- JeffBillman (talk) 00:08, 13 October 2009 (UTC)
 * For the past three years and more, the sentence in question has referred to "waitresses".

 * Suddenly an anonymous user substituted the word "server" and added a contentious or belligerent comment.

 * I reverted to the previous word, which is accurate, and which is more precise.

 * Yes, both "server" and "waitress" are correct.

 * However, "waitress" is more precise and is absolutely accurate.

 * When you ask for a "reliable source" for the waitresses at WH, you might as well ask for a reliable source for whether the sun set again this afternoon.

 * Why is the onus not on those who undertake to change our language?

 * Who or what has decreed that we should never again make an objective reference to the gender of any person?

 * Does that not reduce the richness of our language?

 * Does that not cause our language to become less specific, less lively, and more nearly sterile?

 * Again: What useful purpose do you purport to serve by substituting the forced or strained word "server" for the idiomatic word "waitress"?
 * DocRushing (talk) 02:22, 13 October 2009 (UTC)

Jeff, sorry to barge in, but I was starting to get the impression from reviewing WP P&P that discussion of contentious edits belonged on the Talk page for the article. It seemed to me that any of the 54 editors who watch the article might have an opinion worth considering. I'd particularly like to hear from User 96.5.81.156 if "she" (sorry, she's a she in my brain until and unless she states otherwise) has anything to add. For what its worth, I vote for "servers". (Actually, I vote for "wait staff" but I'm not willing to make a big deal out of it.) —Aladdin Sane (talk) 16:46, 13 October 2009 (UTC)
 * You are quite correct. The preceding conversation has been moved here from my talk page.  Cheers! -- JeffBillman (talk) 19:09, 13 October 2009 (UTC)

(outdent) In case any editor may wonder in the future, the issue is addressed in the official style guide for Wikipedia. Wikipedia Manual of Style in section 16.13 (Gender-neutral language) states, Use gender-neutral language where this can be done with clarity and precision. This does not apply to direct quotations or the titles of works (The Ascent of Man), or where all referents are of one gender, such as in an all-female school (when any student breaks that rule, she loses privileges). The section is accompanied by an associated essay on the topic for further clarification. The exception to the guideline seems to be "all" rather than "most". —Aladdin Sane (talk) 04:30, 17 October 2009 (UTC)

 * Officially the title for servers at WH is salesperson, but at the moment, I can't find a citation for that. Triona (talk) 11:14, 5 September 2010 (UTC)

 * As a male server at Waffle House, I take offense at being called a waitress. It's true that the in house term is "salesperson." "Waitress" is an archaic and discriminatory word and if I catch Wikipedia using it, I'm suing :p 24.144.38.141 (talk) 18:40, 20 May 2011 (UTC)

 * Nobody here has called you a waitress.

 * Has anyone under any circumstance ever called you a waitress?

 * The word "waitress" has appeared here only in connection with those who clearly and undeniably are women.

 * Archaic? Discriminatory?  Hmmm....  Your personal views on that pair of points are interesting but not defensible.

 * The juvenile nature of your humorous threat to sue betrays your shortage of wisdom and maturity.

 * DocRushing (talk) 00:36, 21 May 2011 (UTC)

Picture of waitresses behind counter
Thanks, Billy, for the picture of the waitresses behind the counter.

Now will one of the new-age revisionists demand a "reliable source" to confirm the biological sex of those "women waiters" in that picture?

Since those particular "servers" are clearly and undeniably women, is it OK to use the correct term by calling them "waitresses"?

In my constant travels in my business throughout the nation, fairly often I eat at Waffle House restaurants.

I continue to watch for men waiters at those places.

Many years have passed since I last saw even one man waiter at a WH location.

They're still women, and they're still waitresses.

Thanks again, Billy.

Doc.

DocRushing (talk) 16:20, 7 March 2010 (UTC)

 * One employee does not a profession make. My store only has a few female servers, actually, most are males. I'm not sure why you'd want to keep any profession gender specific, males are just as capable of serving food as females. I know this whole debate is old, but I commented anyway, boo hoo. 24.144.38.141 (talk) 18:44, 20 May 2011 (UTC)

 * I feel curious.

 * At which Waffle House do you work?

 * If my travels ever allow, I'll try to stop there and see it myself.

 * Many years have passed since I last saw even one man waiter at a Waffle House.

 * By the way, in English composition, when an accurate specific term is available, that specific term is preferable to a less precise general term.

 * DocRushing (talk) 01:42, 21 May 2011 (UTC)

 * For what it's worth, my orders have been taken by and received from males in at least four Waffle House locations in Alabama and Florida over the last couple of years. --Dystopos (talk) 11:41, 21 May 2011 (UTC)

 * Maybe that heralds the onset of a new trend -- that is, an increasing number of men alongside the women behind the counters (rather than just at the grills) -- in a departure from the prevalent practices of the past throughout the WH chain.

 * [Several years ago I began to notice a relatively small but increasing number of women alongside the men at the grills, where the men appeared to be predominant.]

 * DocRushing (talk) 12:15, 21 May 2011 (UTC)

 * I think by calling it a "new trend" you appear out of touch, Doc. Are male nurses and female soldiers also a "new" trend?
 * Between us, I admit to the conscious social engineering some of us engage in in order to shift the perception of the masses before they notice what's happening.
 * "Didn't you know? Have you been living under a rock"
 * "Well, humph, of course I knew, I'm no out of touch old fogey."
 * You may have a better memory than the masses, Doc, but no one else will believe things were ever at all different than they are presently. This is a good thing in many ways-- it's how we reconcile sins of the past, such as slavery and institutional racism. Attempting to assign occupation by gender is just another sin we're trying to bury through the propaganda of pretended perception shift. First comes the pretension, then comes the actual shift. I think this is how public opinion is always formed: intellectuals decide on the desired perception, pretend it has always been, then the public catches on so as not to be out of touch. To value reality over perception is to be a rebel in reality.
 * I don't make the rules, I only sit in bemused observation. My store is in Fayetteville, AR, stop by any time. 24.144.38.35 (talk) 07:53, 31 May 2011 (UTC)

 * When I responded to the cordial and constructive comment by Dystopus -- that is, when I wrote of a "new trend" -- I clearly and undeniably referred to what Dystopus had just mentioned -- "that is, an increasing number of men alongside the women behind the counters (rather than just at the grills)".

 * Then I made it even more obvious and unmistakable by describing it as "a departure from the prevalent practices of the past throughout the WH chain".

 * Please read carefully, and please try hard to understand what you read, lest you reach wrong conclusions, and lest you make inappropriate comments off the track.

 * Please also follow the principles and guidelines of Wikipedia by refraining from personal insults against other users.

 * This discussion pertains to the nouns used to describe certain waiters or servers -- the waiters or servers who happen to be women.

 * This is a matter of specificity.

 * If we discuss a group of wheeled conveyances, we can refer to them as vehicles, or we can choose to use more particular nouns, referring to them as cars, trucks, ambulances, or whatever else.

 * If we narrow the discussion to cars or to trucks, we can describe them even more particularly by using the brand names Ford, Chevrolet, Jeep, Kenworth, Freightliner, or ....

 * We can make it even more specific by referring, for example, to a turquoise-and-white 1957 Chevrolet BelAir four-door sedan with a V-8 engine and a PowerGlide transmission.

 * Or, if you prefer, we can use your logic by referring to it as merely a vehicle, on the theory that those details are irrelevant.

 * Just as it's helpful and appropriate to describe a car with one degree of specificity or another, so also it's helpful and appropriate, if a particular writer or speaker wishes, to describe a woman waiter or woman server with a degree of specificity -- by referring to her as a waitress.

 * Again, this is a matter of using our language in a way which enables us to achieve a degree of precision -- by using a specific term rather than a general term.

 * This has nothing to do with racism, slavery, "sins of the past", or any of that other psychobabble into which you wandered away.

 * Under the principles and guidelines of Wikipedia, as under the more inclusive rules of etiquette in a polite and civilized society, when we find it necessary to disagree with a thought, an idea, a concept, an expression, or a position, we have a duty and a responsibility to disagree without behaving in a disagreeable way.

 * That is, if or when we attack a concept, we must avoid attacking the person or the people who hold or express that concept.

 * Again, if or when we must disagree, we should disagree without becoming disagreeable.

 * Your IP address appears to be connected to an ISP in Conway, Arkansas, whereas you've said that you work at a Waffle House in Fayetteville.

 * That's a distance of about 160 miles, so that requires a round trip of about 320 miles.

 * Do you make that commute five days each week?

 * DocRushing (talk) 17:40, 25 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Congratulations, you have now shown yourself to be not only a pretentious pedant, but also a creepy stalker. 24.144.50.102 (talk) 14:47, 15 July 2011 (UTC)

 * Anonymous user, please see WP:NPA and keep it respectful from now on. Blowagoat (talk) 10:45, 18 July 2011 (UTC)

 * To the anonymous user at 24.144.50.102:

 * Are you the same person as the anonymous user at 24.144.38.35 and 24.144.38.141 -- the one who has previously made several comments on this page?

 * All three of those IP addresses appear to be connected to the same ISP in Conway, Arkansas.

 * Any user at Wikipedia is free to think whatever he may wish.

 * However, every user here is bound by not only the general rules of social and business etiquette but also the principles and guidelines of Wikipedia.

 * Those precepts require us to refrain from expressing ourselves to others in an impolite, discourteous, disrespectful, or otherwise inappropriate manner.

 * It's OK to disagree with the content of an article or a comment on a talk page.

 * However, it's not OK to make a personal attack on any other person.

 * Labeling and name-calling do not help; they do not contribute to discussions or resolutions.

 * Quite to the contrary, they are counterproductive, and they mark those who take part in such.

 * By the way, I've noticed that another user has corrected you for similar misbehavior on another talk page.

 * I saw also that you responded to that reprimand by ordering the other user off your talk page.

 * If you wish to continue to participate at Wikipedia, please follow the rules here.

 * DocRushing (talk) 18:29, 19 July 2011 (UTC)

"Diner lingo"
The term diner lingo here is misleading. While the method used to call orders has similarities to diner lingo, it's actually part of a specialized system that's been designed to get orders on the grill faster and more accurately, without the grill operator having to constantly refer to tickets. The above differs quite a bit from diner lingo, in that a number of terms from diner lingo are either not used, or are used in very specific ways. The pull, drop, mark call-in is unique to Waffle House and is intended to maximize throughput. I'll try to find a reference for this. Triona (talk) 11:45, 5 September 2010 (UTC)
 * Pull drop mark is the call-in system. The server says pull, then gives a count of meats on the order by cooking time, then the server says drop and the number (but not toppings) of hashbrowns, and then finally mark, and the actual order, all using specific terms.
 * During the "Pull" part of the call in, the grill operator "pulls" the meats onto the grill.
 * During the "Drop" phase of the call in, the grill operator "drops" hashbrowns onto the grill, "in the ring" or "scattered" depending on if toppings are desired.
 * During the "Mark" phase of the call in, the grill operator uses a system called "magic marker" to "mark" plates by arranging condiments on the plate or platter to indicate the order - the specific placement of which determine what is to be cooked. A poster describing the system is often taped above the sandwich board or to the vent hood above the grill, often to one side for the reference of the grill operator.
 * After the mark, the grill operator calls back the order to insure accuracy.

Controversy
The source cited for the last line in this section refers to ALLEGED discrimination. The sentence here ends "... for the rise in discriminatory behavior." Seems you're bordering on libel; so much for adhering to Wiki-policy! 66.81.255.162 (talk) 03:03, 2 July 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 3 one external links on Waffle House. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20060510151831/http://rumored.com/glossary/W.html to http://www.rumored.com/glossary/W.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20070929171030/http://bomplist.xnet2.com/0208/msg02537.html to http://bomplist.xnet2.com/0208/msg02537.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20110521115645/http://wafflehouse.com/your-house/waffle-house-records to http://www.wafflehouse.com/your-house/waffle-house-records

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers. —cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 15:21, 19 October 2015 (UTC)

Waffle House Jukebox
I'm working on gathering data for a potential new section - they have their own label, and every Waffle House has a jukebox with Waffle House songs on it. This is what I've found so far for their song listing.

 * Waffle House Family Pt.1
 * 844,739 Ways to Eat a Hamburger
 * Waffle Do Wop
 * I'm Cookin'
 * There Are Raisins in My Toast
 * Saturday Night at My Place
 * Special Lady
 * I'm Going Back to the Waffle House
 * Good Food Fast
 * Waffle House Thank You
 * Bert
 * Over Easy
 * Save Me
 * 50 Years and Counting
 * Make Mine With Cheese
 * Waffle House for You and Me
 * Waffle House Steaks
 * They're Cooking Up My Order

Jason Harvestdancer | Talk to me 16:36, 18 January 2017 (UTC)

References so far http://www.allmusic.com/album/waffle-house-jukebox-favorites-vol-1-mw0001084437 https://www.amazon.com/Waffle-House-Jukebox-Favorites-Vol/dp/B005FTRAWW

Jason Harvestdancer | Talk to me 16:39, 18 January 2017 (UTC)

Here's an article on NPR about this: http://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2016/03/15/470554245/a-b-side-with-your-bacon-waffle-house-has-its-own-music-label

Big Wang (talk) 03:12, 19 January 2017 (UTC)

Map
Shouldn't there be a map of Waffle House locations? A lot of other chains have such maps. Jgera5 (talk) 03:45, 17 June 2021 (UTC)

 * I agree this would be helpful. had to look up on Google maps myself to verify that Clark's summit was the east most WH 107.127.11.44 (talk) 18:40, 25 December 2021 (UTC)

Fights
Waffle House needs its own page dedicated to fights with the videos cited, for research purposes of course. 2600:100C:B24A:8951:D493:3635:A7AA:9540 (talk) 00:22, 2 November 2022 (UTC)

Incidents
Hello, would removing Incidents be something that would help the page be more encyclopedic as there could possibly be incidents pages any any geographical location if they are only referring to happenings or mentions in news papers of tragedies. I am split between if these should be mentioned here, since they are relevant based on sourcing, but I don't know if they should be listed here as they feel a little odd. Maybe they should have their own page, or possibly an Incidents at Restaurant's separate page. Idk, wanting to hear you thoughts. Thanks Datsa54 (talk) 01:48, 16 December 2022 (UTC)

"The Waffle House Has Found It's New Host discussion.
As of right now, anyone trying to add this will likely be removed under Recentism. It is just a trend at the moment. However, if it progresses more than it is at currently then it's notability and significance to the company will have to be added eventually - not much is happening currently so future editors please don't add for now! Helpingpeopleyay (talk) 00:37, 19 January 2023 (UTC)

"History" needs editing
Are you aware that somebody has replaced the names of the actual founders with "Jackson and Dylan Copus"? I'm unable to edit, but I at least hope those in charge of this page are aware. 174.50.53.81 (talk) 02:26, 20 January 2023 (UTC)

History
In the history section, please replace Jackson and Dylan Copus with Tom Forkner and Joe Rogers Jr. https://www.eater.com/2017/4/28/15468844/waffle-house-founder-death-tom-forkner 2600:100C:A215:E059:21A6:219A:FA81:8A9D (talk) 19:52, 25 January 2023 (UTC)
 * ✅ This was a piece of vandalism that was missed. Thanks for the heads up. Nemov (talk) 20:17, 25 January 2023 (UTC)

Incidents?
Hello all!

Do you think the Incidents section is needed as there are likely many more "incidents," and that section could become its own page if the research was done? Should it be removed or merged into a new page? I'm open to doing more research to see if I can come up with other sources for other incidents for a page move/merger or vote to see if a removal would be a better option as it's not all-encompassing.

Uri24 (talk) 00:01, 21 February 2023 (UTC)

 * The chain has tons of locations and many of them are open 24/7 so it stands to reason incidents happen. Is that worthy of a mention here? I'm not sure the coverage warrants a mention here unless there's a significant coverage of incidents happening because of Waffle House. - Nemov (talk) 00:10, 21 February 2023 (UTC)
 * I agree. I am open to hearing more point of view if anyone has objections. If not I will go ahead and remove the section under WP:BOLD. Thank you. Uri24 (talk) 18:46, 22 February 2023 (UTC)

Restaurant count inconsistency
Hello! Whilst reading, i noticed that the count of restaurants presented in the introduction ("[...] is an American restaurant chain with 1,900 locations") differs from the one in the short overview ("Number of locations 2,100").

For the sake of consistency, wouldn't it make sense to use the most recent count in both cases? Gamerik (talk) 12:00, 19 March 2023 (UTC)

 * I updated the numbers with the most current data. Thanks! Nemov (talk) 13:43, 19 March 2023 (UTC)

Food Safety
This section appears to be a product of recentism and doesn't seem significant enough to warrant a section in this article. If there's not strong objection, I'm going to remove it. Perhaps some of it could be moved to the history section if someone believes it's relevant enough to be included. Nemov (talk) 15:09, 4 April 2023 (UTC)

Politics section
I removed a section about political contribution from 11 years ago that doesn't seem to have received enough coverage to justify inclusion. Some may disagree, but seems undue to add to this article. Nemov (talk) 22:08, 10 June 2023 (UTC)

Redirects
I have removed two redirects. One was Pancake house which is barely receiving any traffic and it's not clear how anyone is confusing it with Waffle House. The other is a song that was released in April that's about Waffle House. Neither of the redirects are necessary. Nemov (talk) 14:31, 15 June 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Waffle House


text:
John Owens (merchant)

John Owens (1790 – 29 July 1846) was an English merchant and philanthropist, whose bequest helped found part of the University of Manchester.

Life and career
Owens was born in Manchester, England, in 1790. His father was Owen Owens, a native of Holywell in Flintshire, Wales, who married Sarah Humphreys in 1788 and soon after moved with her to the rapidly industrialising town of Manchester. Once there, he became a prosperous merchant.

Historians such as H. B. Charlton and William Whyte have noted that details of the life of John Owens are sparse and that, according to Whyte, he is historically a "shadowy" character. The only one of three brothers to survive infancy, Owens was educated at a private school at Ardwick Green until around the age of 14. He then began work for his father's firm, which advertised itself as "hat-linings, currier and furrier". Certainly by 1819, and probably in 1815, he had become a partner in the business, which by then described itself as "manufacturers" and, since 1812, had been exporting its products rather than being completely reliant on domestic trade. The range of products had expanded to include umbrellas and various cotton goods made using the outwork system and almost entirely exported to the Americas. It was based at Carpenter's Lane, off Tib Street in Manchester, while Owens lived with his father at Nelson Street, variously described as being in Chorlton on Medlock and Rusholme.

From 1825, the Owens family were for 18 years investors in the cotton-spinning business of Samuel Faulkner, whose son, George, had been a friend of John Owens since his schooldays. Their £10,000 investment produced an annual return of almost 10 per cent until it was decided to withdraw the capital. Following the retirement of Owen Owens from the family business around 1830, the hard-working, somewhat parsimonious John Owens expanded its geographic market while reducing its range of goods. The cheap cotton products ceased to be manufactured but the countries to which it exported now included China, India and the Middle East. By 1840, Owens was also attempting to leverage the profits from that business by speculating in shares and moneylending. It was these new activities that most concerned him from thereon. the remaining years of his life.

Unlike his garrulous father, Owens was a quiet, book-ish person. He was often ill, never married, did not mix much with other business people in Manchester, and had few friends other than George Faulkner. He was a Liberal in politics and a Congregationalist by religion, although in his later life he stopped worshipping in chapel and instead attended the nearby Anglican St Saviour's Church. Whyte says that both Samuel Wilson Warneford, "a grasping, avaricious, bigoted reactionary" whose riches did much to develop higher education at Queen's College, Birmingham, and Owens - "a parsimonious, work-obsessed, easily offended bachelor, who gave little to charity in his lifetime" - were "disagreeable men, with deep pockets and few friends".

Philanthropy
Owen Owens died in January 1844 and John Owens made a final will in 1845, having rushed through a provisional document in the previous May when he had become very ill. From very soon after his father's death, Owens had desired to bequeath some of his estate for charitable purposes, including the foundation of a college in Manchester. It is sometimes claimed, although there is no evidence to support it, that this desire to fund a new college was done at the suggestion of his friends, George Faulkner and Samuel Fletcher. Historian Brian Clapp also believes there is probably no truth in claims that Owens had intended to leave his entire estate to Faulkner, since the final document left a considerable proportion to other people.

Owens died at Nelson Street on 29 July 1846. His bequests to friends and charities amounted to some £52,000, while for the college he left £96,654. Among the conditions for its foundation the most important was that which discountenanced any sort of religious test for students or teachers. He was buried at St John's Church, Manchester: the memorial to him there was subsequently moved into the John Owens Building of the university.

The eponymous Owens College, Manchester, opened in 1851 and is now part of the University of Manchester.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: John Owens (merchant)


text:
Ezequiel Martínez Estrada

Ezequiel Martínez Estrada (September 14, 1895 – November 4, 1964) was an Argentine writer, poet, essayist, and literary critic. An admired biographer and critic, he was often political in his writings, and was a confirmed anti-Peronist. While in his middle years he was identified with the ideas of Nietzsche or Kafka, in his last years he was closely identified with the Cuban revolution and Fidel Castro.

Life
Originally from rural Argentina, Martínez Estrada was born in San José de la Esquina, in Santa Fe Province and grew up until the age of twelve there and in Goyena, a village in the southern reaches of Buenos Aires province. (In 1937, he would buy a farm in Goyena). In 1907, his parents separated, and he went to live with his aunt Elisa in Buenos Aires, and to study at the Colegio Avellaneda. It appears that his formal studies were cut short due to poverty. By 1914 he was working at the central post office in Buenos Aires; he would remain in Buenos Aires until retiring in 1946.

Within a few years, he began to establish a reputation as a poet; he also published a few short essays. In 1921 he married the Italian-born artist Agustina Morriconi, who definitely subordinated her career and unquestioned talents to his; she was, by all accounts, the muse of much of his poetry.

Beginning in 1924, Martínez Estrada taught literature at the Colegio Nacional of the Universidad Nacional de La Plata. He would continue this for decades, losing the job only when Juan Domingo Perón rose to power in 1945 (and returning briefly after Perón fell from power in 1956).

In 1933, responding to the 1930 Argentinian coup by José Félix Uriburu, Martínez Estrada published Radiografía de la pampa, the first of a series of rather pessimistic sociological-psychological-historical essays that would make his reputation. That year, Martínez Estrada received the first of what were to be a series of national literary prizes. It is also about that time that he began travelling abroad; his generally favorable impressions during a U.S.-government-sponsored 1942 visit to the United States are recounted in his posthumously published Panorama de los Estados Unidos; his impressions on this visit apparently contrasted sharply with his earlier and later anti-Americanism.

In 1946 Martínez Estrada became a regular contributor to the Argentine magazine Sur, edited and published by Victoria Ocampo. His contributions to Sur included poems, essays, and Kafkaesque short stories.

During the Perón years, Martínez Estrada suffered from an extremely disabling form of neurodermatitis, quite possibly psychosomatic. After the fall of Perón, his health recovered, but still feeling himself a bit of a voice crying in the wilderness, he embarked on a series of writings he called his "catilinarias" (after Cicero's Catiline Orations), a series of acerbic writings directed at the Argentine elite, both in government and among the intellectuals, predicting that Argentina faced a century of "Pre-Peronism, Peronism, and Post-Peronism." During this time, he returned briefly to the Colegio Nacional, then was appointed as an Extraordinary Professor at the Universidad Nacional del Sur, in Bahía Blanca.

Beginning in mid-1959, Martínez Estrada began what became a semi-exile lasting nearly to the end of his life. First he went on a lecture tour of Chile, then to a peace conference in Vienna, where he met the Cuban poet Nicolás Guillén. In September 1959, he went on to Mexico, where he remained for a year at the Institute of Political Science at the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México and wrote Diferencias y semejanzas entre los países de América Latina (Differences and resemblances among the Latin American countries), a long essay even broader than its title might suggest, in that it also drew parallels to Asia and Africa, and generally cast his lot with the emerging Third World-ist view, condemning imperialism and colonialism and expressing his admiration for the revolution then in progress in Cuba, which proved to be his next destination (although with some brief trips back to Argentina).

From September 1960 until November 1962, Martínez Estrada served as director of the Center for Latin American Studies of Cuba's Casa de las Américas. There, he became very much a part of the heady intellectual atmosphere of the first years of the revolution: above all, he studied the life and works of José Martí. He also edited two books of Fidel Castro's speeches, and numerous writings and pamphlets including El nuevo mundo, la isla de Utopía y la isla de Cuba (The New World, the Island of Utopia, and the Island of Cuba), in which he saw Cuba as having a manifest destiny, under which the indigenous Taínos of Cuba were linked to the "Amaurotos" of Thomas More's Utopia and Castro's Cuba to the ideal Cuba of Martí.

Martínez Estrada left Cuba shortly after the Cuban Missile Crisis. With his health beginning to fail, with Cuba expelled from the OAS, and with a need to attend to his own economic affairs, he decided that he "would better serve the revolution from abroad." After a brief stop in Mexico he returned to Argentina, to Bahía Blanca, and to his status as a voice in the wilderness. He completed his three books on Martí (none of which were published in his lifetime and one of which remains unpublished ), wrote a work on Balzac, and continued to write poems (notably his Tres poemas del anochecer -- Three Poems at Dusk—the last work he published in Sur). He spoke of returning to Cuba; it is not entirely clear whether his failure to do so was entirely a matter of his health or related to traces of disillusionment with the revolution that are evidenced in his correspondence. He died November 4, 1964, in Bahía Blanca.

Works
The themes of Martínez Estrada's work can largely be gleaned from his choices of whom to write about. The names Nietzsche, Montaigne, and Kafka presumably speak for themselves, but there is also a specifically Latin American theme of skepticism about certain aspects of modernity to be found in his writings. In looking at the works of Domingo Sarmiento, he picked up Sarmiento's themes of "civilization" and "barbarism", but with a greater ambivalence about the virtues of civilization than were found in the earlier writer. Writing about 19th-century naturalist Guillermo Enrique Hudson, Martínez Estrada showed himself to be in sympathy with the idea of a return to a more paradisical natural world. He shared with his older contemporary Horacio Quiroga a concern for the mediocrity, injustice, and dehumanization of contemporary industrial / technological society. Like Sarmiento and José Martí, he believed that as a writer he could not only comment upon the world, but influence it. Towards the end of his life, this led to his support for the Cuban revolution and to his "catilinarias", acerbic writings on Argentine politics and culture.

Honors

 * 1933-(Argentine) National Prize for Literature (for his poems)
 * 1933 - 1934—President of the Argentine Society of Writers (SADE)
 * 1937-(Argentine) National Prize for Letters for Radiografía de la pampa
 * 1942 - 1946—President of SADE, again
 * 1948—SADE's highest honor, the "Gran Premio de Honor"
 * 1949—SADE puts forward his name as a candidate for a Nobel Prize, but he does not receive it.
 * 1957—President of the Argentine League for Human Rights ("Liga Argentina por los Derechos del Hombre")

title: Ezequiel Martínez Estrada


text:
Talk:East Slavic languages

Old talk
Enough revanchism, gentlemen. Try not to let your ethnic prejudices show, pro or anti Ukraine. СТЫДНО!!!!

Documentation! If you wish to remove facts, please show that they are not facts! Factually, Muscovy was renamed "Rossiya" in 1713; this caused communication betweeen the Muscovite rulers and their ambassadors due to resistance in European capitals! Genyo 03:35, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * That is ridiculous info. Marcus2 22:04, 18 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Please respond with facts and documentation, not opinions on Wikipedia, thank you! Genyo 02:27, 19 Aug 2004 (UTC)

I think the chapter on the history of the literary languages is okay and neutral now, though of course it can still be improved. What is needed is more information on the dialectal history: What features of Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian can be observed in which texts? Can please someone who has engaged in this discussion now engage in that? --Daniel Buncic 2005-01-06 13:14 CET

 * I believe the history section, as it involves only two languages out of three, should be moved to the Ruthenian language article. Ghirlandajo 16:52, 6 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * All three languages have always been (and still are) mutually intelligible, so that trash about the overwhelming "Ruthenian-Moscovian differences" should be removed for neutrality's sake. Ghirlandajo 16:52, 6 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Sorry, these differences are nowhere classified as "overwhelming". But Ruthenian texts often included so many polonisms that they looked sometimes more like transliterated Polish (with some East Slavic case endings and structure words replacing the Polish ones). This language was indeed hard to understand vor a Moscovian who did not know Polish. I'm not talking about the peasants and their language; they should be treated in the "dialects" section. And of course it was possible for any Ruthenian to make himself understood in Muscovy; nothing contrary is stated on the page. But there were two quite distinct literary standards. Not one, like Russian nationalists usually maintain, and not three, like Belarusian and Ukrainian nationalists usually claim. Western linguists usually speak of Ruthenian and Russian texts. Daniel Buncic 2005-01-08 09:04 (CET)

This is politics, not linguistics
By the sheer number of the printed books, the Old Belarusian of the 16th-17th surpassed the contemporary Great Russian (Muscovite). It is sometimes considered, although contended, too, that the even the printing tradition in 16th cent. Muscovy had been initiated either by Skaryna during his visit to Moscow (c.1520s) or by another Belarusian printer, Pyotr Mstislavets (Пётр Мсціславец); c.1564), together with Muscovite Ivan Fyodorov.

It is worth noting, that not only the literature in Old Belarusian, but also the Orthodox literature in Church Slavonic, if printed in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, had been met with certain suspicion and even with hostility in the contemporary Muscovy, being perceived as «spoiled by the Latin and Polish influences» and highly «un-Orthodox». It had come to book-burnings, e.g., in c.1530 (books of Skaryna) and in 1627 (books of Greek-Catholic author Trankvilion-Stawravyetski). In 1627 and in 1672, there had been decrees issued, forbidding buying or owning books «of Lithuanian [Old Belarusian] print».

 * Put simply, the passage displays a nationalist outlook. The terms "Muscovite language", "Great Russian language", "Old Belarusian language" have no currency in the academia. Furthermore, the passage fails to reveal influence of "Old Belarusian" on "Muscovite" or the other way around. --Ghirla-трёп- 22:54, 3 July 2007 (UTC)

Graph of East Slavic Languages Tree
Am I the only who considers quite ridiculous? I understand that it should apply only to the East Slavic languages, but could you somehow graphically differentiate other branches of Slavic languages. By being prominently displayed in the top of the page and without any good caption it looks like the only West Slavic language is Polish (which kind of makes me, a Czech, sad) and the only South Slavic language is New Church Slavonic (our brethern on Balkan would have some complaints, I guess).

Ceplm (talk) 10:59, 15 January 2016 (UTC)
 * It shows only those Slavic languages outside of the Eastern branch, that have had a significant influence (namely, Polish, OCS/Old Bulgaro-Macedonian and NCS). It does not show the others for the sake of compactness. If you realy insist I could add them, but the diagram might be not so compact as it is now.--Lüboslóv Yęzýkin (talk) 00:05, 16 January 2016 (UTC)
 * Note also that for the Southern and Western branches there are hot debates on the number of the languages and the status of some of them. Should we list Serbian and Croatian independently if it is rather a political than a linguistic issue? Should we list Bosniak and Montenegrin? Moravian, Silesian, Kashubian, etc.? Should we list two Sorbian or one language subbranch is enough? I do not want to bring these issues into the diagram that concerns only the Eastern branch.--Lüboslóv Yęzýkin (talk) 00:17, 16 January 2016 (UTC)

 * My point was actually not that you should show different number of actual languages, but that non-East Slavic languages should be shown in some obviously different style (smaller font?, italics?) that it would be obvious that these are serving as help to the diagram. Does it make sense?
 * Ceplm (talk) 08:52, 16 January 2016 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 11:36, 1 August 2018 (UTC)
 * Lenguas eslavas orientales.PNG

Novgorodian
I added it because it was at one point an official language of a country, and it has features not found in any other slavic language — Preceding unsigned comment added by Judeobasquelanguage (talk • contribs) 10:14, 8 May 2022 (UTC)
 * I do not think it is yet recognized as a distinct language (hence "dialect"), there is still uncertainty over its status. Mellk (talk) 23:11, 16 May 2022 (UTC)

"Central Slavic" group
This was added sometime ago by an IP but now re-added by User:X3qt. This "Central Slavic" group is not mentioned in the sources (also random lexical distance maps are used) which looks like original research instead. I cannot find the existence of this "Central Slavic" subgroup that apparently modern scholars use. Mellk (talk) 06:19, 25 October 2022 (UTC)

 * Slavic languages are coming from the Dniapro river valley, like Belarusan and Ukrainian (Ruthenian), West Slavic are developed on Germanic substratum (ie Polish) and East Slavic (ie Russian) on Finno-Turkic substratum, so their lexics are incompatible between each others, with Polish being a western version and Russian an eastern one. x3qt (talk) 00:18, 8 November 2022 (UTC)
 * @X3qt Can you provide a reliable source with a quote that directly supports the idea of a "Central Slavic" subgroup? Because your previous edits looked like original research. Mellk (talk) 00:33, 8 November 2022 (UTC)
 * I agree, there's no "Central Slavic" references except of some fringe sources, yet "source/base/original slavic" is agreed to come from region mentioned. Do you have any proposal on more exact wording? x3qt (talk) 00:52, 8 November 2022 (UTC)
 * Are you referring to Proto-Slavic, which is also referred to as Common Slavic? Mellk (talk) 00:56, 8 November 2022 (UTC)
 * Yes, that's right. I wanted to highlight that's Dniapro river valley and it's tributaries is origin of slavic languages, and everything else is developed from it's dialects. x3qt (talk) 01:03, 8 November 2022 (UTC)
 * From it's eastern and western dialects. x3qt (talk) 01:11, 8 November 2022 (UTC)
 * I am not sure if this kind of detail belongs in the lead but the history section is missing any kind of mention of this. I suppose it can be mentioned there. I will look into sources but probably it can be copied from other articles. Mellk (talk) 01:48, 8 November 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:East Slavic languages


text:
Acoustic impedance

Acoustic impedance and specific acoustic impedance are measures of the opposition that a system presents to the acoustic flow resulting from an acoustic pressure applied to the system. The SI unit of acoustic impedance is the pascal-second per cubic metre (symbol Pa·s/m3), or in the MKS system the rayl per square metre (Rayl/m2), while that of specific acoustic impedance is the pascal-second per metre (Pa·s/m), or in the MKS system the rayl (Rayl). There is a close analogy with electrical impedance, which measures the opposition that a system presents to the electric current resulting from a voltage applied to the system.

Acoustic impedance
For a linear time-invariant system, the relationship between the acoustic pressure applied to the system and the resulting acoustic volume flow rate through a surface perpendicular to the direction of that pressure at its point of application is given by:
 * $$p(t) = [R * Q](t),$$

or equivalently by
 * $$Q(t) = [G * p](t),$$

where
 * p is the acoustic pressure;
 * Q is the acoustic volume flow rate;
 * $$*$$ is the convolution operator;
 * R is the acoustic resistance in the time domain;
 * G = R is the acoustic conductance in the time domain (R is the convolution inverse of R).

Acoustic impedance, denoted Z, is the Laplace transform, or the Fourier transform, or the analytic representation of time domain acoustic resistance:
 * $$Z(s) \stackrel{\mathrm{def}}{{}={}} \mathcal{L}[R](s) = \frac{\mathcal{L}[p](s)}{\mathcal{L}[Q](s)},$$
 * $$Z(\omega) \stackrel{\mathrm{def}}{{}={}} \mathcal{F}[R](\omega) = \frac{\mathcal{F}[p](\omega)}{\mathcal{F}[Q](\omega)},$$
 * $$Z(t) \stackrel{\mathrm{def}}{{}={}} R_\mathrm{a}(t) = \frac{1}{2}\!\left[p_\mathrm{a} * \left(Q^{-1}\right)_\mathrm{a}\right]\!(t),$$

where
 * $$\mathcal L$$ is the Laplace transform operator;
 * $$\mathcal F$$ is the Fourier transform operator;
 * subscript "a" is the analytic representation operator;
 * Q is the convolution inverse of Q.

Acoustic resistance, denoted R, and acoustic reactance, denoted X, are the real part and imaginary part of acoustic impedance respectively:
 * $$Z(s) = R(s) + iX(s),$$
 * $$Z(\omega) = R(\omega) + iX(\omega),$$
 * $$Z(t) = R(t) + iX(t),$$

where
 * i is the imaginary unit;
 * in Z(s), R(s) is not the Laplace transform of the time domain acoustic resistance R(t), Z(s) is;
 * in Z(ω), R(ω) is not the Fourier transform of the time domain acoustic resistance R(t), Z(ω) is;
 * in Z(t), R(t) is the time domain acoustic resistance and X(t) is the Hilbert transform of the time domain acoustic resistance R(t), according to the definition of the analytic representation.

Inductive acoustic reactance, denoted XL, and capacitive acoustic reactance, denoted XC, are the positive part and negative part of acoustic reactance respectively:
 * $$X(s) = X_L(s) - X_C(s),$$
 * $$X(\omega) = X_L(\omega) - X_C(\omega),$$
 * $$X(t) = X_L(t) - X_C(t).$$

Acoustic admittance, denoted Y, is the Laplace transform, or the Fourier transform, or the analytic representation of time domain acoustic conductance:
 * $$Y(s) \stackrel{\mathrm{def}}{{}={}} \mathcal{L}[G](s) = \frac{1}{Z(s)} = \frac{\mathcal{L}[Q](s)}{\mathcal{L}[p](s)},$$
 * $$Y(\omega) \stackrel{\mathrm{def}}{{}={}} \mathcal{F}[G](\omega) = \frac{1}{Z(\omega)} = \frac{\mathcal{F}[Q](\omega)}{\mathcal{F}[p](\omega)},$$
 * $$Y(t) \stackrel{\mathrm{def}}{{}={}} G_\mathrm{a}(t) = Z^{-1}(t) = \frac{1}{2}\!\left[Q_\mathrm{a} * \left(p^{-1}\right)_\mathrm{a}\right]\!(t),$$

where
 * Z is the convolution inverse of Z;
 * p is the convolution inverse of p.

Acoustic conductance, denoted G, and acoustic susceptance, denoted B, are the real part and imaginary part of acoustic admittance respectively:
 * $$Y(s) = G(s) + iB(s),$$
 * $$Y(\omega) = G(\omega) + iB(\omega),$$
 * $$Y(t) = G(t) + iB(t),$$

where
 * in Y(s), G(s) is not the Laplace transform of the time domain acoustic conductance G(t), Y(s) is;
 * in Y(ω), G(ω) is not the Fourier transform of the time domain acoustic conductance G(t), Y(ω) is;
 * in Y(t), G(t) is the time domain acoustic conductance and B(t) is the Hilbert transform of the time domain acoustic conductance G(t), according to the definition of the analytic representation.

Acoustic resistance represents the energy transfer of an acoustic wave. The pressure and motion are in phase, so work is done on the medium ahead of the wave. Acoustic reactance represents the pressure that is out of phase with the motion and causes no average energy transfer. For example, a closed bulb connected to an organ pipe will have air moving into it and pressure, but they are out of phase so no net energy is transmitted into it. While the pressure rises, air moves in, and while it falls, it moves out, but the average pressure when the air moves in is the same as that when it moves out, so the power flows back and forth but with no time averaged energy transfer. A further electrical analogy is a capacitor connected across a power line: current flows through the capacitor but it is out of phase with the voltage, so no net power is transmitted into it.

Specific acoustic impedance
For a linear time-invariant system, the relationship between the acoustic pressure applied to the system and the resulting particle velocity in the direction of that pressure at its point of application is given by
 * $$p(t) = [r * v](t),$$

or equivalently by:
 * $$v(t) = [g * p](t),$$

where
 * p is the acoustic pressure;
 * v is the particle velocity;
 * r is the specific acoustic resistance in the time domain;
 * g = r is the specific acoustic conductance in the time domain (r is the convolution inverse of r).

Specific acoustic impedance, denoted z is the Laplace transform, or the Fourier transform, or the analytic representation of time domain specific acoustic resistance:
 * $$z(s) \stackrel{\mathrm{def}}{{}={}} \mathcal{L}[r](s) = \frac{\mathcal{L}[p](s)}{\mathcal{L}[v](s)},$$
 * $$z(\omega) \stackrel{\mathrm{def}}{{}={}} \mathcal{F}[r](\omega) = \frac{\mathcal{F}[p](\omega)}{\mathcal{F}[v](\omega)},$$
 * $$z(t) \stackrel{\mathrm{def}}{{}={}} r_\mathrm{a}(t) = \frac{1}{2}\!\left[p_\mathrm{a} * \left(v^{-1}\right)_\mathrm{a}\right]\!(t),$$

where v is the convolution inverse of v.

Specific acoustic resistance, denoted r, and specific acoustic reactance, denoted x, are the real part and imaginary part of specific acoustic impedance respectively:
 * $$z(s) = r(s) + ix(s),$$
 * $$z(\omega) = r(\omega) + ix(\omega),$$
 * $$z(t) = r(t) + ix(t),$$

where
 * in z(s), r(s) is not the Laplace transform of the time domain specific acoustic resistance r(t), z(s) is;
 * in z(ω), r(ω) is not the Fourier transform of the time domain specific acoustic resistance r(t), z(ω) is;
 * in z(t), r(t) is the time domain specific acoustic resistance and x(t) is the Hilbert transform of the time domain specific acoustic resistance r(t), according to the definition of the analytic representation.

Specific inductive acoustic reactance, denoted xL, and specific capacitive acoustic reactance, denoted xC, are the positive part and negative part of specific acoustic reactance respectively:
 * $$x(s) = x_L(s) - x_C(s),$$
 * $$x(\omega) = x_L(\omega) - x_C(\omega),$$
 * $$x(t) = x_L(t) - x_C(t).$$

Specific acoustic admittance, denoted y, is the Laplace transform, or the Fourier transform, or the analytic representation of time domain specific acoustic conductance:
 * $$y(s) \stackrel{\mathrm{def}}{{}={}} \mathcal{L}[g](s) = \frac{1}{z(s)} = \frac{\mathcal{L}[v](s)}{\mathcal{L}[p](s)},$$
 * $$y(\omega) \stackrel{\mathrm{def}}{{}={}} \mathcal{F}[g](\omega) = \frac{1}{z(\omega)} = \frac{\mathcal{F}[v](\omega)}{\mathcal{F}[p](\omega)},$$
 * $$y(t) \stackrel{\mathrm{def}}{{}={}} g_\mathrm{a}(t) = z^{-1}(t) = \frac{1}{2}\!\left[v_\mathrm{a} * \left(p^{-1}\right)_\mathrm{a}\right]\!(t),$$

where
 * z is the convolution inverse of z;
 * p is the convolution inverse of p.

Specific acoustic conductance, denoted g, and specific acoustic susceptance, denoted b, are the real part and imaginary part of specific acoustic admittance respectively:
 * $$y(s) = g(s) + ib(s),$$
 * $$y(\omega) = g(\omega) + ib(\omega),$$
 * $$y(t) = g(t) + ib(t),$$

where
 * in y(s), g(s) is not the Laplace transform of the time domain acoustic conductance g(t), y(s) is;
 * in y(ω), g(ω) is not the Fourier transform of the time domain acoustic conductance g(t), y(ω) is;
 * in y(t), g(t) is the time domain acoustic conductance and b(t) is the Hilbert transform of the time domain acoustic conductance g(t), according to the definition of the analytic representation.

Specific acoustic impedance z is an intensive property of a particular medium (e.g., the z of air or water can be specified); on the other hand, acoustic impedance Z is an extensive property of a particular medium and geometry (e.g., the Z of a particular duct filled with air can be specified).

Acoustic ohm
The acoustic ohm is a unit of measurement of acoustic impedance. The SI unit of pressure is the pascal and of flow is cubic metres per second, so the acoustic ohm is equal to 1 Pa·s/m3.

The acoustic ohm can be applied to fluid flow outside the domain of acoustics. For such applications a hydraulic ohm with an identical definition may be used. A hydraulic ohm measurement would be the ratio of hydraulic pressure to hydraulic volume flow.

Relationship
For a one-dimensional wave passing through an aperture with area A, the acoustic volume flow rate Q is the volume of medium passing per second through the aperture; if the acoustic flow moves a distance dx = v dt, then the volume of medium passing through is dV = A dx, so:
 * $$Q = \frac{\mathrm{d}V}{\mathrm{d}t} = A \frac{\mathrm{d}x}{\mathrm{d}t} = A v.$$

If the wave is one-dimensional, it yields
 * $$Z(s) = \frac{\mathcal{L}[p](s)}{\mathcal{L}[Q](s)} = \frac{\mathcal{L}[p](s)}{A \mathcal{L}[v](s)} = \frac{z(s)}{A},$$
 * $$Z(\omega) = \frac{\mathcal{F}[p](\omega)}{\mathcal{F}[Q](\omega)} = \frac{\mathcal{F}[p](\omega)}{A \mathcal{F}[v](\omega)} = \frac{z(\omega)}{A},$$
 * $$Z(t) = \frac{1}{2}\!\left[p_\mathrm{a} * \left(Q^{-1}\right)_\mathrm{a}\right]\!(t) = \frac{1}{2}\!\left[p_\mathrm{a} * \left(\frac{v^{-1}}{A}\right)_\mathrm{a}\right]\!(t) = \frac{z(t)}{A}.$$

Characteristic specific acoustic impedance
The constitutive law of nondispersive linear acoustics in one dimension gives a relation between stress and strain:
 * $$p = -\rho c^2 \frac{\partial \delta}{\partial x},$$

where
 * p is the acoustic pressure in the medium;
 * ρ is the volumetric mass density of the medium;
 * c is the speed of the sound waves traveling in the medium;
 * δ is the particle displacement;
 * x is the space variable along the direction of propagation of the sound waves.

This equation is valid both for fluids and solids. In
 * fluids, ρc2 = K (K stands for the bulk modulus);
 * solids, ρc2 = K + 4/3 G (G stands for the shear modulus) for longitudinal waves and ρc2 = G for transverse waves.

Newton's second law applied locally in the medium gives:
 * $$\rho \frac{\partial^2 \delta}{\partial t^2} = -\frac{\partial p}{\partial x}.$$

Combining this equation with the previous one yields the one-dimensional wave equation:
 * $$\frac{\partial^2 \delta}{\partial t^2} = c^2 \frac{\partial^2 \delta}{\partial x^2}.$$

The plane waves
 * $$\delta(\mathbf{r},\, t) = \delta(x,\, t)$$

that are solutions of this wave equation are composed of the sum of two progressive plane waves traveling along x with the same speed and in opposite ways:
 * $$\delta(\mathbf{r},\, t) = f(x - ct) + g(x + ct)$$

from which can be derived
 * $$v(\mathbf{r},\, t) = \frac{\partial \delta}{\partial t}(\mathbf{r},\, t) = -c\big[f'(x - ct) - g'(x + ct)\big],$$
 * $$p(\mathbf{r},\, t) = -\rho c^2 \frac{\partial \delta}{\partial x}(\mathbf{r},\, t) = -\rho c^2 \big[f'(x - ct) + g'(x + ct)\big].$$

For progressive plane waves:

\begin{cases} p(\mathbf{r},\, t) = -\rho c^2\, f'(x - ct)\\ v(\mathbf{r},\, t) = -c\, f'(x - ct) \end{cases} $$ or

\begin{cases} p(\mathbf{r},\, t) = -\rho c^2\, g'(x + ct)\\ v(\mathbf{r},\, t) = c\, g'(x + ct). \end{cases} $$ Finally, the specific acoustic impedance z is
 * $$z(\mathbf{r},\, s) = \frac{\mathcal{L}[p](\mathbf{r},\, s)}{\mathcal{L}[v](\mathbf{r},\, s)} = \pm \rho c,$$
 * $$z(\mathbf{r},\, \omega) = \frac{\mathcal{F}[p](\mathbf{r},\, \omega)}{\mathcal{F}[v](\mathbf{r},\, \omega)} = \pm \rho c,$$
 * $$z(\mathbf{r},\, t) = \frac{1}{2}\!\left[p_\mathrm{a} * \left(v^{-1}\right)_\mathrm{a}\right]\!(\mathbf{r},\, t) = \pm \rho c.$$

The absolute value of this specific acoustic impedance is often called characteristic specific acoustic impedance and denoted z0:
 * $$z_0 = \rho c.$$

The equations also show that
 * $$\frac{p(\mathbf{r},\, t)}{v(\mathbf{r},\, t)} = \pm \rho c = \pm z_0.$$

Effect of temperature
Temperature acts on speed of sound and mass density and thus on specific acoustic impedance.

Characteristic acoustic impedance
For a one dimensional wave passing through an aperture with area A, Z = z/A, so if the wave is a progressive plane wave, then:
 * $$Z(\mathbf{r},\, s) = \pm \frac{\rho c}{A},$$
 * $$Z(\mathbf{r},\, \omega) = \pm \frac{\rho c}{A},$$
 * $$Z(\mathbf{r},\, t) = \pm \frac{\rho c}{A}.$$

The absolute value of this acoustic impedance is often called characteristic acoustic impedance and denoted Z0:
 * $$Z_0 = \frac{\rho c}{A}.$$

and the characteristic specific acoustic impedance is
 * $$\frac{p(\mathbf{r},\, t)}{Q(\mathbf{r},\, t)} = \pm \frac{\rho c}{A} = \pm Z_0.$$

If the aperture with area A is the start of a pipe and a plane wave is sent into the pipe, the wave passing through the aperture is a progressive plane wave in the absence of reflections, and the usually reflections from the other end of the pipe, whether open or closed, are the sum of waves travelling from one end to the other. (It is possible to have no reflections when the pipe is very long, because of the long time taken for the reflected waves to return, and their attenuation through losses at the pipe wall. ) Such reflections and resultant standing waves are very important in the design and operation of musical wind instruments.

title: Acoustic impedance


text:
João Gilberto

João Gilberto (born João Gilberto do Prado Pereira de Oliveira – ; 10 June 1931 – 6 July 2019) was a Brazilian guitarist, singer, and composer who was a pioneer of the musical genre of bossa nova in the late 1950s. Around the world, he was often called the "father of bossa nova";  in his native Brazil, he was referred to as "O Mito" ("The Legend"). In 1965, the album Getz/Gilberto was the first jazz record to win the Grammy Award for Album of the Year. It also won Best Jazz Instrumental Album – Individual or Group and Best Engineered Album, Non-Classical. Nominated at the Grammy 1978 in the category Best Jazz Vocal Performance, album Amoroso, and winner category in Grammy 2001 with João voz e violão Best World Music Album.

Early life
João Gilberto was born in Juazeiro, Bahia, the son of Joviniano Domingos de Oliveira, a wealthy merchant, and Martinha do Prado Pereira de Oliveira. He lived in his native city until 1942, when he began to study in Aracaju, Sergipe, returning to Juazeiro in 1946. At the age of 14, Gilberto got his first guitar from his grandfather despite disapproval from Gilberto's father. Still in Juazeiro, he formed his first band, called "Enamorados do Ritmo". Gilberto moved to Salvador, Bahia, in 1947. During his three years in the city, he dropped out of his studies to dedicate himself exclusively to music and at the age of 18 began his artistic career as a crooner at the Rádio Sociedade da Bahia.

Career
Gilberto's first recordings were released in Brazil as two-song, 78-rpm singles between 1951 and 1959. In the 1960s Brazilian singles evolved to the "double compact" format, and Gilberto released some EPs in this new format, which carried four songs on a 45-rpm record. In 1956, he returned to Rio and struck up old acquaintances, most significantly with Antônio Carlos Jobim, who was by then working as a composer, producer and arranger with Odeon Records. Jobim was impressed with Gilberto's new style of guitar playing and set about finding a suitable song to pitch the style to Odeon management.

In 1963, Gilberto collaborated with American jazz musician Stan Getz on the album Getz/Gilberto which was released the following year. Jobim played the piano for the album while Gilberto's then-wife Astrud performed the vocals in English while he sang in Portuguese. Although Astrud Gilberto was only in the recording studio to be with her husband, João Gilberto requested her to sing on several of the tracks as he could not sing in English. This resulted in a duet between the two on the track "The Girl from Ipanema" which became a major hit from the album. At the 7th Annual Grammy Awards, Getz/Gilberto won three awards including Album of the Year, which marked the first time a jazz album received the accolade.

Gilberto was known for his demanding acoustic and noise-control standards. During a recording session of the song "Rosa Morena", he insisted on 28 takes to get the pronunciation of the o in "Rosa" just right. Nonetheless, despite his high acoustic standards, he skipped a contractually required sound check prior to a July 2003 performance at the Hollywood Bowl, in Los Angeles. This negligence (and the ensuing sound fiasco) prompted the audience to stream from the venue before the concert ended. In 1997, Gilberto sued record label EMI over their reissue of several of his early works, which he contended had been poorly remastered. According to The New York Times, "A statement by his lawyer at the time declared that the reissues contained sound effects that 'did not pertain to the original recordings, banalizing the work of a great artist." Following the incident, EMI ceased production of the albums in question, and, as of 2008, the lawsuit has yet to reach a decision.

In 2001, Gilberto won the Grammy for the Best World Music Album category in the 43rd Annual Grammy Awards for his work in the album João Voz e Violão. A year later, he was inducted into the International Latin Music Hall of Fame.

In September 2003, Gilberto performed four shows in Japan. His performance at the Tokyo International Forum on 12 September was recorded for a live album titled In Tokyo which was released in 2004. At the 6th Annual Latin Grammy Awards in 2005, In Tokyo received a nomination for Best MPB Album. On 17 May 2017, Gilberto received an honorary doctorate in music from Columbia University but did not attend the commencement ceremony.

Role in bossa nova
With the introduction of the microphone and the amplifier in Brazil, Gilberto realized that the sound source did not need to be emitted intensely, regarding the voice and instrument, which favored subtle and internalized interpretations. On the other hand, at the time of the first "bossa nova" recordings, Brazil still did not have high fidelity recording equipment capable of reproducing more complex sonorities. Due to that, Gilberto and Tom Jobim, Gilberto's first arranger, elaborated complex harmonies under the influence of American music, and at the same time they simplified the general sound, because of the equipment limitation.

In July 1958, Elizete Cardoso released the famous LP, Canção do Amor Demais, containing songs by Tom Jobim and Vinicius de Moraes. The record, however, would enter the history of Brazilian popular music for another reason: Gilberto accompanied Cardoso on guitar on the tracks "Chega de Saudade" and "Outra Vez", these being the first recordings of the so-called "bossa nova beat". In August of that year, Gilberto released a 78 rpm record containing "Chega de Saudade" and "Bim Bom", recorded at Odeon, with collaborations from Jobim, Dorival Caymmi and Aloysio de Oliveira. This record inaugurated the "bossa nova" genre and soon became a commercial success. Gilberto's recording had arrangements by Jobim and the participation of Milton Banana, among other artists. Gilberto innovated by using two microphones to record, one for the voice and one for the guitar. This way, the harmony became more clearly heard. Until then, songs were recorded with only one microphone, emphasizing the voice to the detriment of the guitar. With this innovation, voice and guitar could compete equally, if the voice maintained a natural intensity. Thus, it was necessary to issue the voice in a volume close to that of ordinary speech. With Gilberto, voice and guitar are kept at the same volume intensity, with the microphones picking up both sound sources equally, and, if required, changing the volume of both would be in equal proportion. In 1959, Gilberto released another 78 rpm, containing "Desafinado" by Jobim and Newton Mendonça, and "Hô-bá-lá-lá", written by himself. In March 1959, he released the LP Chega de Saudade, which became a sales success and had a major impact in the history of Brazilian music.

Musical style
Gilberto's style combines traditional elements of samba with more contemporary jazz. His "unique" acoustic guitar style involves a syncopated rhythm of plucked chords, with chord progressions rooted in the jazz tradition. His vocal style has been described as "laid-back and understated". In 2023, Rolling Stone ranked Gilberto at number 81 on its list of the 200 Greatest Singers of All Time. Leonardo Rocha, in his obituary for the BBC, states that Gilberto's music describes "a period of huge optimism in Brazil".

Personal life
Gilberto first married the singer Astrud Weinert, with whom he collaborated on the hit recording of "The Girl from Ipanema"; the couple had a son called João Marcelo. They divorced, and he later married the singer Miúcha (died 2018); they had a daughter, Bebel Gilberto, who is also a singer. They later separated. Gilberto also had a daughter with Claudia Faissol, a journalist.

Gilberto lived alone from around 2009. His final years were marked by money problems as well as declining health. In 2011, he was sued and evicted from an apartment in Leblon by his landlord, Countess Georgina Brandolini d'Adda. It was reported in December 2017 that his daughter Bebel was seeking control of his financial affairs because of his declining mental state and increasing indebtedness.

On 6 July 2019, Gilberto died at his apartment in Rio de Janeiro. His body was buried in Niterói following a private ceremony on 8 July 2019.

Writing in The Guardian after his death, Dom Phillips described Gilberto as ".. one of the country's greatest musicians and composers, a reclusive genius in a nation of extroverts whose work recalled happier, more optimistic times for a deeply divided nation." In The Washington Post pop critic Chris Richards said, "His voice was one of the most intimate sounds of the 20th century – more melodic than a sigh, more rhythmic than chitchat, only just barely. Every syllable that appeared on his lips carried an air of effortlessness, but Gilberto had worked hard to locate that sacred place where a human breath becomes music."

Discography
Gilberto has released several studio and live albums:

 * "Quando Você Recordar" // "Amar é Bom" (1951)
 * "Anjo Cruel" // "Sem Ela" (1951)
 * "Quando Ela Sai" // "Meia Luz" (1952)
 * "Chega de Saudade" // ""Bim-Bom" (Odeon 14.360, 1958)
 * "Desafinado" // "Hô-bá-lá-lá" (Odeon 14.426, 1958)
 * "Lôbo Bôbo" // "Maria Ninguém" (Odeon 14.460, 1959)
 * Cantando as Músicas do Film 'Orfeu do Carnaval'  (Odeon, 1959) - 7" EP combining two 78RPM singles, released in 1959: "A Felicidade" // "O Nosso Amor" (Odeon 14.491) and "Manhã de Carnaval" // "Frêvo" (Odeon 14.495).
 * Chega de Saudade (Odeon, 1959)
 * O Amor, o Sorriso e a Flor [AKA Brazil's Brilliant João Gilberto] (Odeon, 1960)
 * João Gilberto (Odeon, 1961)
 * Getz/Gilberto (with Stan Getz) (Verve, 1963 [1964])
 * Bossa Nova at Carnegie Hall (Audio Fidelity, 1963)
 * The Boss of Bossa Nova (Atlantic, 1963) reissue of João Gilberto
 * The Warm World of João Gilberto (Atlantic, 1963) reissue of Chega de Saudade
 * Gilberto and Jobim (Capitol, 1964) reissue of Brazil's Brilliant João Gilberto
 * Getz/Gilberto Vol. 2 (with Stan Getz) (Verve, 1964 [1966])
 * João Gilberto en México (Orfeon, 1970)
 * João Gilberto (Polydor, 1973) - this release is often referred to as João Gilberto's "white album".
 * The Best of Two Worlds (with Stan Getz) (Columbia, 1975 [1976])
 * Amoroso (Warner Bros., 1977)
 * Interpreta Tom Jobim (Odeon, 1978; reissued in 1985)
 * João Gilberto Prado Pereira de Oliveira (Warner Bros., 1980)
 * Brasil (with Caetano Veloso, Gilberto Gil and Maria Bethânia) (Warner Bros., 1981)
 * Meditação (EMI, 1985)
 * Live in Montreux (Elektra Musician, 1985 [1987])
 * O Mito (EMI, 1988) - also released as The Legendary João Gilberto: The Original Bossa Nova Recordings (1958-1961) on World Pacific in 1990.
 * Stan Getz Meets João & Astrud Gilberto: New York 1964 (Giants of Jazz, 1990)
 * João (Philips, 1991)
 * Eu Sei que Vou Te Amar (Epic, 1994)
 * João Voz e Violão (Verve, 2000)
 * Live at Umbria Jazz (EGEA [Italy], 2002)
 * In Tokyo (Verve, 2003 [2004])
 * Um Encontro No Au Bon Gourmet (with Tom Jobim, Vinicius De Moraes and Os Cariocas) (Doxy, 2015) - recorded live in 1962.
 * Getz/Gilberto '76 [live] (Resonance, 2016)
 * Relicário: João Gilberto Ao Vivo No Sesc (05 abr 1998) (Selo SESC SP, 2023) 2-CD

title: João Gilberto


text:
John Hadley

John Hadley (16 April 1682 – 14 February 1744) was an English mathematician, and laid claim to the invention of the octant, two years after Thomas Godfrey claimed the same.

Biography
He was born in Bloomsbury, London the eldest son of George Hadley of Osidge, East Barnet, Hertfordshire and his wife Katherine FitzJames. His younger brother George Hadley became a noted meteorologist.

In 1717 John became a member (and later vice-president) of the Royal Society of London. In 1729 he inherited his father's East Barnet estate.

He died in East Barnet in 1744 and is buried in the local churchyard with other members of his family. He had married Elizabeth, daughter of Thomas Hodges, FRS (former Attorney General of Barbados) and had one child, a son and heir John, born in 1738.

Work
In 1730 Hadley invented the reflecting octant, which could be used to measure the altitude of the sun or other celestial objects above the horizon at sea. A mobile arm carrying a mirror and pivoting on a graduated arc provides a reflected image of the celestial body overlapping the image of the horizon, which is observed directly. If the position of the object on the sky and the time of the observation are known, it is easy for the user to calculate his own latitude. The octant proved extremely valuable for navigation and displaced the use of other instruments such as the Davis quadrant. An American, Thomas Godfrey, independently invented the octant at approximately the same time.

Hadley also developed ways to make precision aspheric and parabolic objective mirrors for reflecting telescopes. In 1721 he showed the first parabolic Newtonian telescope to the Royal Society. This Newtonian, with a 6 in primary mirror, compared favorably with the large aerial refracting telescopes of the day. He also made Gregorian telescopes with accurately shaped mirrors.

Honors
Mons Hadley and Rima Hadley on the Moon are named after him. The Oasis Trust Academy in Ponders End in north London is called Oasis Academy Hadley in his honour.

title: John Hadley


text:
Eurodicautom

Eurodicautom was the pioneering terminology database of the European Commission, created in 1975, initially for use by translators and other Commission staff. By 1980 it was consultable on line within the Commission. As the European Community grew it was expanded from six to seven, nine and finally eleven languages (plus Latin for scientific names). Public user interfaces were added later, providing the general public with free access to multilingual terminology in the fields of activity of the European Union. The students of Rennes University UFR2, LEA, technical translator and terminologist department, regularly worked on reviewing and creating entries to the existing database in several languages.

In 2007, Eurodicautom was replaced by Interactive Terminology for Europe (IATE).

title: Eurodicautom