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Wernicke encephalopathy

Wernicke encephalopathy (WE), also Wernicke's encephalopathy, or wet brain is the presence of neurological symptoms caused by biochemical lesions of the central nervous system after exhaustion of B-vitamin reserves, in particular thiamine (vitamin B1). The condition is part of a larger group of thiamine deficiency disorders that includes beriberi, in all its forms, and alcoholic Korsakoff syndrome. When it occurs simultaneously with alcoholic Korsakoff syndrome it is known as Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome.

Classically, Wernicke encephalopathy is characterised by a triad of symptoms: ophthalmoplegia, ataxia, and confusion. Around 10% of patients exhibit all three features, and other symptoms may also be present. While it is commonly regarded as a condition particular to malnourished people with alcohol misuse, it can be caused by a variety of diseases. It is treated with thiamine supplementation, which can lead to improvement of the symptoms and often complete resolution, particularly in those where alcohol misuse is not the underlying cause. Often other nutrients also need to be replaced, depending on the cause. Medical literature notes how managing the condition in a timely fashion can avoid worsening symptoms.

Wernicke encephalopathy may be present in the general population with a prevalence of around 2%, and is considered underdiagnosed; probably, many cases are in patients who do not have commonly-associated symptoms.

Signs and symptoms
The classic triad of symptoms found in Wernicke encephalopathy is:
 * ophthalmoplegia (later expanded to other eye movement disorders, most commonly affecting the lateral rectus muscle. Lateral nystagmus is most commonly seen although lateral rectus palsy, usually bilateral, may be seen).
 * ataxia (later expanded to imbalance or any cerebellar signs)
 * confusion (later expanded to other mental changes. Has 82% incidence in diagnosis cases)

Other symptoms found in patients with this condition include:
 * pupillary changes, retinal hemorrhage, papilledema, impaired vision and hearing, vision loss
 * hearing loss,
 * fatigability, apathy, irritability, drowsiness, psycho and/or motor slowing
 * dysphagia, blush, sleep apnea, epilepsy and stupor
 * lactic acidosis
 * memory impairment, amnesia, depression, psychosis
 * hypothermia, polyneuropathy,  hyperhidrosis.

Although hypothermia is usually diagnosed with a body temperature of 35 °C (95 °F), or less, incipient cooling caused by deregulation in the central nervous system (CNS) needs to be monitored because it can promote the development of an infection. The patient may report feeling cold, followed by mild chills, cold skin, moderate pallor, tachycardia, hypertension, tremor or piloerection. External warming techniques are advised to prevent hypothermia.

Among the frequently altered functions are the cardio circulatory. There may be tachycardia, dyspnea, chest pain, orthostatic hypotension, changes in heart rate and blood pressure. The lack of thiamine sometimes affects other major energy consumers, the myocardium, and also patients may have developed cardiomegaly. Heart failure with lactic acidosis syndrome has been observed. Cardiac abnormalities are an aspect of the WE, which was not included in the traditional approach, and are not classified as a separate disease. Infections have been pointed out as one of the most frequent triggers of death in WE. Furthermore, infections are usually present in pediatric cases.

In the last stage other symptoms may occur: hyperthermia, increased muscle tone, spastic paralysis, choreic dyskinesias and coma.

Because of the frequent involvement of heart, eyes and peripheral nervous system, several authors prefer to call it Wernicke disease rather than simply encephalopathy.

Early symptoms are nonspecific, and it has been stated that WE may present nonspecific findings. In Wernicke Korsakoff's syndrome some single symptoms are present in about one-third.

Location of the lesion
Depending on the location of the brain lesion different symptoms are more frequent: Mamillary lesion are characteristic-small petechial hemorrhages are found.
 * Brainstem tegmentum. - Ocular: pupillary changes. Extraocular muscle palsy; gaze palsy: nystagmus.
 * Hypothalamus. Medulla: dorsal nuc. of vagus. - Autonomic dysfunction: temperature; cardiocirculatory; respiratory.
 * Medulla: vestibular region. Cerebellum. - Ataxia.
 * Dorsomedial nuc. of thalamus. Mammillary bodies. - Amnestic syndrome for recent memory.
 * Diffuse cerebral dysfunction.- Altered cognition: global confusional state.
 * Brainstem: periaqueductal gray.- Reduction of consciousness
 * Hypothalamic lesions may also affect the immune system, which is known in people who consume excessive amounts of alcohol, causing dysplasias and infections.

Korsakoff syndrome
Korsakoff syndrome, characterised by memory impairment, confabulation, confusion and personality changes, has a strong and recognised link with WE. A very high percentage of patients with Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome also have peripheral neuropathy, and many people who consume excess alcohol have this neuropathy without other neurologic signs or symptoms. Korsakoff's occurs much more frequently in WE due to chronic alcoholism. It is uncommon among those who do not consume excessive amounts of alcohol. Up to 80% of WE patients who misuse alcohol develop Korsakoff's syndrome. In Korsakoff's, is usually observed atrophy of the thalamus and the mammillary bodies, and frontal lobe involvement. In a study, half of Wernicke–Korsakoff cases had good recovery from the amnesic state, which may take from 2 months to 10 years.

Risk factors
Wernicke encephalopathy has classically been thought of as a disease solely of people who drink excessive amounts of alcohol, but it is also found in the chronically undernourished, and in recent years had been discovered post bariatric surgery. Without being exhaustive, the documented causes of Wernicke encephalopathy have included:
 * pancreatitis, liver dysfunction, chronic diarrhea, celiac disease, Crohn's disease, uremia, thyrotoxicosis
 * vomiting, hyperemesis gravidarum, malabsorption, gastrointestinal surgery or diseases
 * incomplete parenteral nutrition, starvation/fasting
 * chemotherapy, renal dialysis, diuretic therapy, stem cell/marrow transplantation
 * cancer, AIDS, Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease, febrile infections
 * this disease may even occur in some people with normal, or even high blood thiamine levels, or people with deficiencies in intracellular transport of this vitamin. Selected genetic mutations, including presence of the X-linked transketolase-like 1 gene, SLC19A2 thiamine transporter protein mutations, and the aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 gene, which may predispose to alcohol use disorder. The APOE epsilon-4 allele, involved in Alzheimer's disease, may increase the chance of developing neurological symptoms.

Pathophysiology
Thiamine deficiency and errors of thiamine metabolism are believed to be the primary cause of Wernicke encephalopathy. Thiamine, also called B1, helps to break down glucose. Specifically, it acts as an essential coenzyme to the TCA cycle and the pentose phosphate shunt. Thiamine is first metabolised to its more active form, thiamine diphosphate (TDP), before it is used. The body only has 2–3 weeks of thiamine reserves, which are readily exhausted without intake, or if depletion occurs rapidly, such as in chronic inflammatory states or in diabetes. Thiamine is involved in:
 * 1) Metabolism of carbohydrates, releasing energy.
 * 2) Production of neurotransmitters including glutamic acid and GABA.
 * 3) Lipid metabolism, necessary for myelin production.
 * 4) Amino acid modification. Probably linked to the production of taurine, of great cardiac importance.

Neuropathology
The primary neurological-related injury caused by thiamine deficiency in WE is three-fold: oxidative damage, mitochondrial injury leading to apoptosis, and directly stimulating a pro-apoptotic pathway. Thiamine deficiency affects both neurons and astrocytes, glial cells of the brain. Thiamine deficiency alters the glutamate uptake of astrocytes, through changes in the expression of astrocytic glutamate transporters EAAT1 and EAAT2, leading to excitotoxicity. Other changes include those to the GABA transporter subtype GAT-3, GFAP, glutamine synthetase, and the Aquaporin 4 channel. Focal lactic acidosis also causes secondary oedema, oxidative stress, inflammation and white matter damage.

Pathological anatomy
Despite its name, WE is not related to Wernicke's area, a region of the brain associated with speech and language interpretation.

Brain lesions in WE are usually credited to focal lactic acidosis. An absence of thiamine can lead to too much pyruvate within the cells since it's not available to help convert pyruvate through the TCA cycle. An increase in pyruvate causes an increase in lactate concentration leading to focal lactic acidosis.

Lesions can be reversed in most cases with immediate supplementation of thiamine.

Lesions are usually symmetrical in the periventricular region, diencephalon, the midbrain, hypothalamus, and cerebellar vermis. Brainstem lesions may include cranial nerve III, IV, VI and VIII nuclei, the medial thalamic nuclei, and the dorsal nucleus of the vagus nerve. Oedema may be found in the regions surrounding the third ventricle, and fourth ventricle, also appearing petechiae and small hemorrhages. Chronic cases can present the atrophy of the mammillary bodies.

In 1949, the idea that WE lesions are a result of a disruption to the blood-brain barrier was introduced. Large proteins passing into the brain can put neurological tissue at risk of toxic effects. The blood-brain barrier junctions are typically found to have WE lesions located at that region of the brain.

An altered blood–brain barrier may cause a perturbed response to certain drugs and foods.

Diagnosis
Diagnosis of Wernicke encephalopathy or disease is made clinically. Caine et al. in 1997 established criteria that Wernicke encephalopathy can be diagnosed in any patient with just two or more of the main symptoms noted above. The sensitivity of the diagnosis by the classic triad was 23% but increased to 85% taking two or more of the four classic features. These criteria are challenged because all the cases he studied were people who drank excessive amounts of alcohol. Some consider it sufficient to suspect the presence of the disease with only one of the principal symptoms. Some British hospital protocols suspect WE with any one of these symptoms: confusion, decreased consciousness level (or unconsciousness, stupor or coma), memory loss, ataxia or unsteadiness, ophthalmoplegia or nystagmus, and unexplained hypotension with hypothermia. The presence of only one sign should be sufficient for treatment.

The sensitivity of magnetic resonance imaging (MR) was 53% and the specificity was 93%. The reversible cytotoxic edema was considered the most characteristic lesion of WE. The location of the lesions were more frequently atypical among people who drank appropriate amounts of alcohol, while typical contrast enhancement in the thalamus and the mammillary bodies was observed frequently associated with alcohol misuse. These abnormalities may include: There appears to be very little value for CT scans.
 * Dorsomedial thalami, periaqueductal gray matter, mamillary bodies, tectal plate and brainstem nuclei are commonly affected. Involvement is always bilateral and symmetric. Value of DWI in the diagnosis of WE is minimal. Axial FLAIR MRI images represent the best diagnostic MRI sequence. Contrast material may highlight involvement of the mamillary bodies.

Thiamine can be measured using an erythrocyte transketolase activity assay, or by activation by measurement of in vitro thiamine diphosphate levels. Normal thiamine levels do not necessarily rule out the presence of WE, as this may be a patient with difficulties in intracellular transport.

Prevention
There are hospital protocols for prevention, supplementing with thiamine in the presence of: history of alcohol misuse or related seizures, requirement for IV glucose, signs of malnutrition, poor diet, recent diarrhea or vomiting, peripheral neuropathy, intercurrent illness, delirium tremens or treatment for DTs, and others.

Some experts advise parenteral thiamine should be given to all at-risk patients in the emergency department.

In the clinical diagnosis should be remembered that early symptoms are nonspecific, and it has been stated that WE may present nonspecific findings. There is consensus to provide water-soluble vitamins and minerals after gastric operations.

In some countries certain foods have been supplemented with thiamine, and have reduced WE cases. Improvement is difficult to quantify because they applied several different actions. Avoiding or moderating alcohol consumption and having adequate nutrition reduces one of the main risk factors in developing Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome..

Treatment
Most symptoms will improve quickly if deficiencies are treated early. Memory disorder may be permanent.

In patients suspected of WE, thiamine treatment should be started immediately. Blood should be immediately taken to test for thiamine, other vitamins and minerals levels. Following this an immediate intravenous or intramuscular dose of thiamine should be administered two or three times daily. Thiamine administration is usually continued until clinical improvement ceases.

Considering the diversity of possible causes and several surprising symptomatologic presentations, and because there is low assumed risk of toxicity of thiamine, because the therapeutic response is often dramatic from the first day, some qualified authors indicate parenteral thiamine if WE is suspected, both as a resource for diagnosis and treatment. The diagnosis is highly supported by the response to parenteral thiamine, but is not sufficient to be excluded by the lack of it. Parenteral thiamine administration is associated with a very small risk of anaphylaxis.

People who consume excessive amounts of alcohol may have poor dietary intakes of several vitamins, and impaired thiamine absorption, metabolism, and storage; they may thus require higher doses.

If glucose is given, such as in people with an alcohol use disorder who are also hypoglycaemic, thiamine must be given concurrently. If this is not done, the glucose will rapidly consume the remaining thiamine reserves, exacerbating this condition.

The observation of edema in MR, and also the finding of inflation and macrophages in necropsied tissues, has led to successful administration of antiinflammatories.

Other nutritional abnormalities should also be looked for, as they may be exacerbating the disease. In particular, magnesium, a cofactor of transketolase which may induce or aggravate the disease.

Other supplements may also be needed, including: cobalamin, ascorbic acid, folic acid, nicotinamide, zinc, phosphorus (dicalcium phosphate) and in some cases taurine, especially suitable when there cardiocirculatory impairment. Patient-guided nutrition is suggested. In patients with Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome, even higher doses of parenteral thiamine are recommended. Concurrent toxic effects of alcohol should also be considered.

Epidemiology
There are no conclusive statistical studies, all figures are based on partial studies.

Wernicke's lesions were observed in 0.8 to 2.8% of the general population autopsies, and 12.5% of people with an alcohol use disorder. This figure increases to 35% of such individuals if including cerebellar damage due to lack of thiamine.

Most autopsy cases were from people with an alcohol use disorder. Autopsy series were performed in hospitals on the material available which is unlikely to be representative of the entire population. Considering the slight affectations, previous to the generation of observable lesions at necropsy, the percentage should be higher. There is evidence to indicate that Wernicke encephalopathy is underdiagnosed. For example, in one 1986 study, 80% of cases were diagnosed postmortem. Is estimated that only 5–14% of patients with WE are diagnosed in life.

In a series of autopsy studies held in Recife, Brazil, it was found that only 7 out of 36 had consumed excessive amounts of alcohol, and only a small minority had malnutrition. In a reviewed of 53 published case reports from 2001 to 2011, the relationship with alcohol was also about 20% (10 out of 53 cases).

WE related to alcohol misuse is more common in males and is more common in females when not related to alcohol misuse. In alcohol-related cases, WE patients average the age of 40, and non-alcohol-related cases typically occur in younger people.

History
WE was first identified in 1881 by the German neurologist Carl Wernicke, although the link with thiamine was not identified until the 1930s.

Carl Wernicke discovered the sensory center of speech. Wernicke figured out that Broca's area was not the only center of speech, it was also able to distinguish motor aphasia from sensory aphasia. He also pointed to the possibility of conduction aphasia since he came to understand the arrangement of the brain's extrinsic and intrinsic connections. He demonstrated that the sensory information reached its corresponding area in the cerebral cortex through projection fibers. From there, this information, following the association system, would be distributed to different regions of the cortex, integrating sensory processing.

He reported three patients with WE, including two men (aged 33 and 36) who were alcoholics and one woman (aged 20) who ingested sulfuric acid, leading to pyloric stenosis. All three had ocular motor abnormalities and he performed an autopsy on each, providing a clinical-pathological correlation.

A similar presentation of this disease was described by the Russian psychiatrist Sergei Korsakoff in a series of articles published 1887–1891; where the chronic version of WE was described as Korsakoff's Syndrome, involving symptoms of amnesia.

title: Wernicke encephalopathy


text:
The Light of Other Days

The Light of Other Days is a 2000 science fiction novel written by Stephen Baxter based on a synopsis by Arthur C. Clarke, which explores the development of wormhole technology to the point where information can be passed instantaneously between points in the spacetime continuum.

Plot
Wormhole technology has advanced to the point where information can be passed instantaneously between points in the spacetime continuum. The wormhole technology is first used to send digital information via gamma rays, then developed further to transmit light waves. The media corporation that develops this advance can spy on anyone, anywhere it chooses. A logical development from the laws of space-time allows light waves to be detected from the past. This enhances the wormhole technology into a "time viewer" where anyone opening a wormhole can view people and events from any point throughout time and space.

When the technology is released to the general public, it effectively destroys all secrecy and privacy. The novel examines the philosophical issues that arise from the world's population (increasingly suffering from ecological and political disturbances) being aware that they could be under constant observation by anyone, or that they could observe anyone without their knowledge. Anyone is able to observe the true past events of their families and their heroes. An underground forms which attempts to escape this observation; corruption and crime are drastically reduced; states discover the true causes and outcomes of international conflicts; and religions worldwide are forced to re-evaluate their divine histories. As the underground movement grows, it utilises a direct neural interface coupled with the unlimited communication provided by the wormhole technology to develop a group mind.

One of the central themes of the novel is that history is biased towards viewpoints of the person who wrote it. Hence many great "historical" events often did not occur as they now are collectively remembered. For example, during the book's progression, the time viewer technology shows that Jesus was the illegitimate son of a Roman centurion (although the apocryphal story of his visiting Great Britain is proven to be true), and that Moses was based on a collection of stories rather than the actions of a real person.

A time hole is opened to the beginning of life on Earth, and it is discovered that all existing life is descended from a biological sample placed by intelligent beings (labeled Sisyphans) who inhabited the Earth over three billion years ago, trying to preserve genetic samples when geological and climatic changes and a large bolide threatened an extinction level event.

By combining past viewing with neural sensing wormholes, scientists also find ways to copy the dead from the past and upload them to the present, achieving Nikolai Fedorov's vision of technological resurrection of the dead, bringing back to life all the dead from the past.

Characters

 * Hiram Patterson is the father of Bobby Patterson and David Curzon, and the founder and CEO of the fictional company OurWorld. His first name in Hebrew means "high-bred" which denotes his high status. The success of the WormCam and the SmartShroud (which makes objects invisible, thus undetectable by the WormCam) is only the tip of the iceberg for him; he plans to use wormholes to extract energy from the Earth and the stars themselves to monopolise the energy industry. As the main antagonist, Hiram seems to be the personification of a misanthropic view of humanity – greedy, Machiavellian, and entirely self-serving. He manipulates the main characters starting in the first chapter: Bobby is given a brain implant at an early age so that he can be controlled; David receives a superb education so that he may be useful in the future; and, in an effort to further assert his control over Bobby, Kate is framed for allegedly stealing information from a competing company. His professed love for Bobby is in fact just a ploy to mould him into the perfect heir.
 * Kate Manzoni is a journalist who is credited with breaking the story of the "Wormwood Discovery". First detected by a group of amateur astronomers, the Wormwood is a supermassive asteroid on a direct collision course with Earth, projected to arrive in approximately five hundred years with potentially cataclysmic consequences.  News of the Wormwood has profound impacts on the world's political and social climate, coinciding with those brought on by advances in WormCam technology.  Kate falls in love with Hiram's son Bobby and assists him in breaking free of his father's manipulation, while inadvertently allowing herself to be manipulated by Hiram.
 * David Curzon is Hiram's son from his first marriage and Bobby's half-brother. His first name is derived from the Biblical character, David, who was once the king of Israel. David's research leads to the development of the WormCam and many of its subsequent advances.
 * Bobby Patterson is Hiram's cloned son and heir apparent, and the half-brother of David.

Similar themes in literature

 * "Light of Other Days" is the title of a 1966 Hugo- and Nebula-nominated short story by Bob Shaw. It was incorporated into a novel in 1972, Other Days, Other Eyes, which also dealt with issues of surveillance and privacy. The title for both the novel and the short story is drawn from the poem "Light of Other Days" by Thomas Moore.
 * A time viewer is also used in Clarke's Childhood's End, although it plays a minor role in the plot. Clarke discusses this device and its use in other science fiction in the afterword to the novel.
 * The 1956 Isaac Asimov short story "The Dead Past" also deals with the construction of a time viewer. The revelation of its impact on privacy comprises part of its twist ending.
 * "O.B.I.T." is an episode of the original Outer Limits TV show (aired 4 November 1963) which included a device that allowed viewing of ongoing current events.

Release details

 * 2000, U.S., Voyager (ISBN 0-00-224704-6), Pub date 18 September 2000, hardback (First edition)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: The Light of Other Days


text:
Louis-Marcelin de Fontanes

Louis-Marcelin, marquis de Fontanes (6 March 1757 – 17 March 1821) was a French poet and politician.

Biography
Born in Niort (Deux-Sèvres), he belonged to a noble Protestant family of Languedoc which had been reduced to poverty by the revocation of the edict of Nantes. His father and grandfather remained Protestant, but he was himself brought up as a Catholic. His parents died in 1774–1775, and in 1777 Fontanes went to Paris, where he found a friend in the dramatist Jean-François Ducis.

His first published poems, some of which were inspired by English models, appeared in the Almanach des Muses; Le Cri de mon coeur, describing his own sad childhood, in 1778; and La Fort de Navarre in 1780. His translation from Alexander Pope, L'Essai sur l'homme, was published with an elaborate preface in 1783, and La Chartreuse and Le Jour des morts in the same year, Le Verger in 1788 and his Epître sur l'édit en faveur des non-catholiques, and the Essai sur l'astronomie in 1789.

Fontanes was a moderate reformer, and in 1790 he became joint-editor of the Modérateur. He married at Lyon in 1792, and his wife's first child was born during their flight from the siege of that town. Fontanes was in hiding in Paris when the four citizens of Lyon were sent to the Convention to protest against the cruelties of Collot d'Herbois. The petition was drawn up by Fontanes, and the authorship being discovered, he fled from Paris and found shelter at Sevran, near Livry, and afterwards at Andelys.

On the fall of Robespierre he was made professor of literature in the École Centrale des Quatre-Nations, and he was one of the original members of the Institute. In the Memorial, a journal edited by Jean-François de la Harpe, he discreetly advocated reaction to the monarchical principle. He was exiled by the Directory and made his way to London, where he was closely associated with Chateaubriand.

He soon returned to France, and his admiration for Napoleon, who commissioned him to write an éloge on George Washington, secured his return to the Institute and his political promotion. In 1802 he was elected to the legislative chamber, of which he was president from 1804 to 1810. Other honors and titles followed. He has been accused of servility to Napoleon, but he had the courage to remonstrate with him on the judicial murder of the duc d'Enghien, and as grand master of the University of Paris (1808–1815) he consistently supported religious and monarchical principles. He acquiesced in the Bourbon restoration, and was made a marquis in 1817. He died on March 17, 1821, in Paris, leaving eight cantos of an unfinished epic poem entitled La Grèce sauvée.

The verse of Fontanes is polished and musical in the style of the 18th century. It was not collected until 1839, when Sainte-Beuve edited the Œuvres (2 vols.) of Fontanes, with a sympathetic critical study of the author and his career. But by that time the Romantic movement was in the ascendant and Fontanes met with small appreciation.

title: Louis-Marcelin de Fontanes


text:
Mythos (disambiguation)

Mythos is a worldview-based traditional story or body of mythology.

Mythos may also refer to:

Aircraft

 * Kohl Mythos, a German observation ultralight aircraft

Automotive

 * Ferrari Mythos, a concept car

Film and television

 * Mythos, a character in the TV series Rounin
 * Mythos (film), a multipart documentary on Joseph Campbell

Food and drink

 * Mythos Beer, a Greek beer produced by the Olympic Brewery
 * Mythos (restaurant), at the Universal Orlando Resort

Games and comics

 * Mythos (card game), an Origins-Award-winning card game by Chaosium released in 1996
 * Mythos Games, a defunct British video game developer company
 * Mythos Island, a fictional place in the Disney comic series Mythos Island
 * Mythos (Marvel Comics), a series of Marvel comic books
 * Mythos (video game), a 2011 computer game by HanbitSoft Inc. & T3 Entertainment
 * Mythos, the unreleased North American version of the 2011 game, in development by Redbana Corporation

Literature

 * Mythos (Aristotle), the term used by Aristotle in his Poetics for the plot of an Athenian tragedy
 * Mythos (book), a retelling of a number of Ancient Greek myths by Stephen Fry
 * Mythos (journal), a journal published by the University of Palermo since the 1990s
 * Mythos-Magazin, a magazine published by the University of Düsseldorf since 2005
 * MythOS, a science-fiction novel by Kelly McCullough

Music

 * Mythos (band), a German krautrock band (founded 1969)
 * Mythos (Mythos album) (1972)
 * Mythos (musical project), a Canadian music project (founded 1996), or their self-titled album
 * Remastered Tracks Rockman Zero: Mythos, a soundtrack of the Mega Man Zero series
 * Mythos (Mario Pavone album) (2002)
 * Mythos  (Soul Embraced album), a 2013 album by the Christian metal band Soul Embraced

title: Mythos (disambiguation)


text:
Chandu Borde

Chandrakant Gulabrao "Chandu" Borde (born 21 July 1934), is an Indian former cricketer who played for India between 1958 and 1970. Following his retirement, he became a cricket administrator and twice served as India's chairman of selectors.

Personal life
Borde was born into a Marathi Christian family in Pune, having five brothers and five sisters. His younger brother Ramesh Borde was also a cricketer who played for West Zone and Maharashtra in domestic cricket. Borde says Vijay Hazare is his idol and he was once able to share the dressing room with him.

Domestic cricket
Borde made his first-class debut in India's 1952/53 domestic season.

He first played for Baroda against Gujarat in Ahmedabad in December 1954. He played in the semi-final against Holkar and was bowled for a duck. He had more success in the following season, making a century against Bombay. In the 1957/58 Ranji Trophy final against Services, he scored a half-century and picked up 5 wickets in the match.

He returned to Maharashtra after a transfer in 1964.

The beginning
Borde made his debut in the First Test during the West Indies tour of India. Over the first two Tests, his performance was ordinary and he was dropped for the Third Test in favour of debutant Ramnath Kenny. After a poor performance from Kenny, Borde was recalled and made his maiden Test half-century. In the Fifth and final Test of the series, Borde made his international breakthrough with a maiden century, 109 and then 96 in the second innings of a drawn match.

In the next series, India toured England, and Borde fractured the little finger on the left hand in the First Test, and missed the second Test. Over the next 11 matches, Borde scored only two half-centuries and took 14 wickets as Australia and Pakistan toured India. In the Fourth Test against Pakistan in Madras, he made 177*, his second century and highest Test score, combining in a 177-run stand with fellow centurion Polly Umrigar.

Contributions in Indian victories
Borde played a key part in India's first victory over England in the Fourth Test played in Eden Gardens, Kolkata, scoring two half centuries (68 and 61) and taking 3 wickets in the First Test. In the following Test in Madras, India won again with Borde taking five wickets.

India's tour of the West Indies in 1961/62 was disappointing, resulting in a 5–0 whitewash. Borde had a mediocre series scoring 244 runs at 24.4 and taking only six wickets. He followed it with good performances in the next two series (England in India, and Australian tour of India) scoring 383 at 42.55 and taking ten wickets in eight Tests.

Kiwi pleasure
New Zealand toured India in 1964/65 and Borde took a liking to the opposition, scoring a century in Brabourne Stadium, Bombay in the Third Test. It was one of three centuries in the series. He finished with 371 runs at 60.81. The series also marked the last time that Borde bowled at international level. Borde followed up the successful New Zealand series with another great individual performance in the home series against West Indies scoring two centuries as India lost the three Test series 2–0.

Honors: RoW XI selection and Test match captaincy
Borde was the only Indian representative in the Rest of the World XI squad that played against Barbados in March 1967.

Borde captained the Indian team in the First Test against Australia at the Adelaide Oval in December 1967. The Nawab of Pataudi resumed his position as captain in the next match.

Career twilight
Outside his sole Test as captain in Australia, Borde had disappointing performances on the tours to Australia, England and New Zealand scoring 468 runs at 24.67 in 11 Tests with only four half-centuries. Playing only as a specialist batsman, Borde was dropped as part of a youth selection policy, with his place taken by Gundappa Viswanath after the First Test against Australia at Brabourne Stadium.

Cricket administrator
Borde had two stints as the chairman of the national selection committee:

 * 1984 to 1986
 * 1999 to 2002

Apart from his duties as chairman of the selection committee, Borde has handled other tasks for Indian cricket, including:

 * Manager, India's tour of Pakistan in 1989.
 * Pitch curator, Nehru Stadium, Pune (1984–present).
 * Manager, India's tour of Ireland and England in 2007.

Borde published his autobiography in July 2018, titled Panther's Paces (as told to Mohan Sinha).

Records

 * Borde scored 1,604 first-class runs in 1964–65 which was an Indian record for a season. The record was broken in 2016–17 by Cheteshwar Pujara.

Awards
Borde has received several awards from the Government of India and the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) for his contributions to cricket:
 * 1966: Was awarded the Arjuna Award by Government of India making him the fourth cricketer to receive the award.
 * 1969: Was awarded the Padma Shri
 * 2002: Awarded Padma Bhushan – India's third highest civilian award.
 * 2003: C. K. Nayudu Lifetime Achievement Award, awarded by the BCCI.

title: Chandu Borde


text:
1934 in India

Events in the year 1934 in India.

Incumbents

 * Emperor of India – George V
 * Viceroy of India – The Earl of Willingdon

Events

 * National income - ₹22,775 million
 * 15 January – The 8.0 Nepal–Bihar earthquake shakes the Himalayas with a maximum Mercalli intensity of XI (Extreme), leaving 6,000–10,700 dead.
 * 7 April – Mahatma Gandhi suspended his campaign of civil disobedience.
 * July – The Communist Party of India is declared unlawful.
 * September – Gandhi is successful in forcing the hand of the caste Hindus in favour of the depressed classes in the scheme of representation.
 * G. Edward Lewis discovers 'man-like ape' fossils in Northern India. They are named Ramapithecus and Sugrivapithecus, after Rama and Sugriva.
 * Unsuccessful attempts on the life of Sir John Anderson, Governor of Bengal.
 * Protection was granted to the steel industry till 31 March 1941 subject to preference for English steel under the Ottawa agreement.
 * Formation of Congress Socialist Party

Law

 * 54-hour week passed.
 * Reserve Bank of India Act passed
 * The graduates of Dehra Dun Academy could, by a new law, get the Governor-General's commission in the army and the Navy.
 * Sugarcane Act
 * Indian Aircraft Act
 * Petroleum Act
 * Dock Labourers Act

Births

 * 7 January – Jamila Massey, actress and writer.
 * 9 January – Mahendra Kapoor, playback singer (died 2008).
 * 22 January
 * Vijay Anand, filmmaker, producer, screen writer, editor and actor (died 2004).
 * Sugathakumari, poet and activist (died 2020)
 * 2 February – Haripal Kaushik, field hockey player and commentator (died 2018)
 * 27 February – Manoj Das, writer (died 2021)
 * 15 March – Kanshi Ram, politician and founder of Bahujan Samaj Party (died 2006).
 * 21 March – Buta Singh, politician, Minister of Home Affairs (1986–1989), Governor of Bihar (2004–2006) and Chairman of NCSC (died 2021)
 * 29 March – Shahryar Khan, Pakistani diplomat and politician (died 2024)
 * 24 April – Jayakanthan, writer, essayist, journalist, pamphleteer, film-maker and critic (died 2015).
 * 16 May – Leela Nambudiripad, children's writer (died 2021)
 * 19 May – Ruskin Bond, children's writer.
 * 31 May – Bhagwatikumar Sharma, author and journalist (died 2018)
 * 1 June – Mohan Kumar, Indian director (died 2017)
 * 16 June – Kumari Kamala, dancer and actress
 * 23 June – Virbhadra Singh, Chief Minister of Himachal Pradesh
 * 12 July – May Routh, Indian-born British-American costume designer (died 2022)
 * 21 July – Chandu Borde, cricketer.
 * 8 August – Sudakshina Sarma, Ammamese singer (died 2023)
 * 4 November – Vijaya Mehta, theatre and film director and actress.
 * 5 November – Rashid Byramji, horse trainer (died 2022)
 * 18 November – C. N. Balakrishnan, Indian politician (died 2018)

Full date unknown

 * Kedarnath Singh, poet. (died 2018)
 * J. P. S. Uberoi, sociologist (died 2024)

Death

 * C. Sankaran Nair, former Indian National Congress president (b.1857)

title: 1934 in India


text:
Yashwant Sinha

Yashwant Sinha (, born 6 November 1937) is an Indian administrator and politician. He served as the Minister of Finance from 1990 until 1991 under Prime Minister Chandra Shekhar and again from March 1998 to July 2002 under Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee. He also served as the Minister of External Affairs from July 2002 until May 2004. He was a senior leader of the BJP before he left the party on 21 April 2018. In 2022, he was the Presidential candidate of India for the opposition.

Early life
Sinha was born in a Kayastha family in Patna, Bihar. He graduated from University of Patna in BA Hons(History). He received his master's degree in political science in 1958. Subsequently, he taught the subject at the University of Patna until 1962.

Civil Service career
Sinha joined the Indian Administrative Service in 1960 and spent over 24 years holding important posts during his service tenure. He served as Sub-Divisional Magistrate and District Magistrate for 4 years. He was Under Secretary and Deputy Secretary in the Finance Department of the Bihar Government for 2 years after which he worked in the Ministry of Commerce as Deputy Secretary to the Government of India.

From 1971 to 1973, he was First Secretary (Commercial) in the Indian Embassy, Bonn, West Germany. Subsequently, he worked as Consul General of India in Frankfurt from 1973 to 1974. After working for over seven years in this field, he acquired experience in matters relating to foreign trade and India's relations with the European Economic Community. Thereafter, he worked in the Department of Industrial Infrastructure, Government of Bihar State and in the Ministry of Industry, Government of India dealing with foreign industrial collaborations, technology imports, intellectual property rights, and industrial approvals.

He later was Joint Secretary to Government of India in the Ministry of Surface Transport from 1980 to 1984, his main responsibilities were road transport, ports, and shipping. He resigned from service in 1984.

Janata Dal
Sinha resigned from the Indian Administrative Service in 1984 and joined active politics as a member of the Janata Party. He was appointed All-India General secretary of the party in 1986 and was elected Member of the Rajya Sabha (Upper House of the Indian Parliament) in 1988.

When the Janata Dal was formed in 1989, he was appointed General Secretary of the party. He worked as Minister of Finance from November 1990 to June 1991 in Chandra Shekhar's Cabinet.

BJP
He became the National Spokesperson of the BJP in June 1996. He was elected to Lok Sabha as a BJP candidate from Hazaribagh in 1998, 1999, and 2009. He was appointed finance minister in March 1998. He was appointed Minister for External Affairs on 1 July 2002. In the Lok Sabha elections of 2004, he was defeated by Bhubneshwar Prasad Mehta of CPI. He re-entered the Parliament in 2005. On 13 June 2009, he resigned from the post of vice-president of BJP. In 2018, he quit the BJP citing the "party's condition" and that "democracy in India is in great danger".

In his autobiography Drohkaal ka Pathik, released in November 2013, former MP Pappu Yadav alleged that three MPs of his Indian Federal Democratic Party got money from the then finance minister Sinha, to join the NDA in 2001.

Also there were allegations against Yashwant Sinha, that he was involved in the UTI scam.

On 4 April 2017, Sinha was detained in Hazaribagh district along with BJP MLA Manish Jaiswal and 150 others after trying to hold a religious procession. On police stopping them, his supporters protested and allegedly threw stones at the police.

TMC and 2022 presidential campaign
On 13 March 2021, he joined TMC to fight against BJP just before the 2021 West Bengal Assembly Election. On 15 March 2021 he was appointed vice president of the Mamata Banerjee-led party. He was selected unanimously as the President Candidate of the Opposition for 2022 Presidential Election, making him the First TMC leader to be nominated for the President.

Finance minister

Sinha was the finance minister until 1 July 2002, when he exchanged jobs with foreign minister Jaswant Singh. Sinha, during his tenure, was forced to roll back some of his government's major policy initiatives for which he was much criticised. Still, Sinha is widely credited with pushing through several major reform measures that put the Indian economy on a firm growth trajectory. Among them are lowering of real interest rates, introducing tax deduction for mortgage interest, freeing up the telecommunications sector, helping fund the National Highways Authority, and deregulating the petroleum industry. Sinha is also known for being the first Finance Minister to break the 53-year tradition of presenting the Indian budget at 5 pm local time, a practice held over from British Rule days that sought to present the Indian budget at a time convenient to the British Parliament (1130am GMT) rather than India's Parliament.

Sinha has written a comprehensive account of his years as Finance Minister titled Confessions of a Swadeshi Reformer.

Yashwant Sinha has been accused by opponents, and by other political observers of trying to promote nepotism by nominating his son Jayant Sinha as a successor to contest from Hazaribagh overlooking the interests of many other loyal party workers, though he tried to justify the nomination of his son as a party decision.

Honors
In 2015, he was awarded Officier de la Légion d’Honneur, the highest civilian distinction of France. It was bestowed upon him in recognition of his work as Union Minister of Finance, Minister of External Foreign Affairs and for his invaluable contribution to international issues.

Personal life
Sinha was born in a Bihari kayastha family and has a wide range of interests including reading, gardening and meeting people. He has widely travelled and has led a number of political and social delegations. He played a leading role in many negotiations on behalf of India. Sinha's wife is Nilima Sinha, one of India's leading children's writers and President, Association of Writers and Illustrators for Children. They have a daughter, Sharmila, and two sons: Jayant Sinha and Sumant Sinha. Sinha blogs under the title Musings of a Swadeshi Reformer. He has co-authored the book India Unmade with Aditya Sinha.

title: Yashwant Sinha


text:
Macaulay

Macaulay, MacAulay, or McAulay may refer to:

Surname

 * Macaulay (surname), an English-language surname with multiple etymological origins (also includes surnames Macauley, MacAulay and McAulay).

Surname

 * Thomas Babington Macaulay, 1st Baron Macaulay, British historian and Whig politician who played a major (and controversial) role in reforming education in India.
 * List of people with surnames Macaulay, MacAulay or McAulay

Given name

 * Macaulay Culkin, American actor
 * Macaulay Langstaff, English footballer

Places

 * Macaulay River, in the South Island of New Zealand
 * Macaulay railway station, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
 * The Macaulay Institute, a land use research institute based in Aberdeen, Scotland
 * William E. Macaulay Honors College, a school which is part of City University of New York, in New York, USA
 * MacAulay Field, Canadian football stadium in Sackville, NS, Canada

Families

 * Clan MacAulay, a Scottish clan historically seated at Ardincaple Castle, in Scotland.
 * Macaulay family of Lewis, a Scottish family historically centred on Lewis in the Outer Hebrides, in Scotland.

Mathematics

 * Cohen–Macaulay ring, a commutative ring, named after Irvin Cohen and Francis Sowerby Macaulay (1862-1937).
 * Macaulay computer algebra system, a computer algebra system, named after Francis Sowerby Macaulay (1862-1937).
 * Macaulay2, a free computer algebra system, which is a successor of the preceding.
 * Macaulay matrix, a generalization of Sylvester matrix to n homogeneous polynomials in n variables.
 * Macaulay brackets, a notation used to describe the ramp function.
 * Macaulay Duration, a special case of bond duration, named after Frederick Macaulay (1882-1970).

Other

 * Macaulay Cup, Scottish shinty cup
 * Macaulay Library, animal sound library
 * MacAulay and Co, BBC Radio Scotland daily magazine

title: Macaulay


text:
Seaman apprentice

Constructionman Apprentice variation

Fireman Apprentice variation

Airman Apprentice variation

Seaman Apprentice insignia

Collar insignia

Seaman apprentice is the second lowest enlisted rate in the U.S. Navy, U.S. Coast Guard, and the U.S. Naval Sea Cadet Corps just above seaman recruit and below seaman; this rank was formerly known as seaman second class.

The current rank of seaman apprentice should not be confused with the rank of apprentice seaman which was the lowest Navy rank from 1904 to 1948. In the old system apprentice seaman was followed by seaman 2nd class and seaman 1st class. (The three tiered rank system for seamen dates from the 18th Century Royal Navy when the ranks were called landsman, ordinary seaman and able seaman.)

The actual title for an E-2 in the U.S. Navy varies based on the community to which the sailor belongs. Likewise, the color of their group rate marks also depends on their community.

 * Those in the general deck and administrative community are seamen apprentice. They wear white stripes on navy blue uniforms, and navy blue (black) stripes on white uniforms.
 * Hospital corpsmen are hospitalmen apprentice. They are the only rate in this community.  They wear white stripes on navy blue uniforms, and navy blue stripes on white uniforms.
 * Those in the engineering and hull community are called firemen apprentice and wear red stripes on both navy blue and white uniforms.
 * Those in the aviation community are called airmen apprentice and wear green stripes on both navy blue and white uniforms.
 * Seabees are called constructionmen apprentice and wear light blue stripes on both navy blue and white uniforms.

No stripes are worn on the working uniforms - coveralls or utilities.

In October 2005, the dental technician rating was merged with the hospital corpsman rating, eliminating the dentalman apprentice title. Those who once held the rank of dentalman apprentice have instead become hospitalman apprentices.

Sailors who have completed the requirements to be assigned a rating and have been accepted by the Bureau of Naval Personnel as holding that rating (a process called "striking") are called designated strikers, and are called by their full rate and rating in formal communications (i.e., "machinist's mate fireman apprentice", as opposed to simply "fireman apprentice"), though the rating is often left off in informal communication. Those who have not officially been assigned to a rating are officially referred to as "undesignated" or "non-rates."

title: Seaman apprentice


text:
Cosmosphere

Cosmosphere is an international science education center and space museum in Hutchinson, Kansas, United States. It was previously known as the Kansas Cosmosphere. The museum houses over 13,000 spaceflight artifacts—the largest combined collection of US and Russian spaceflight artifacts in the world, and is home to various space educational programs.

Facilities
The Cosmosphere grew from a planetarium established on the Kansas State Fairgrounds in 1962. The 105000 sqft facility houses the largest collection of Russian space artifacts outside of Moscow, and a collection of US space artifacts second only to the National Air and Space Museum in Washington, D.C.

The Cosmosphere has five venues: the Hall of Space Museum, the Justice Planetarium, the Carey Digital Dome Theater, Dr. Goddard's Lab (an explosive live science presentation on the history of rocketry) and CosmoKids, a interactive STEAM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Art and Math) area. The Cosmosphere also hosts summer camps for all ages, and co-curricular applied STEAM education programs for field trips, groups, and scouts that meet Next Generation Science Standards and common core, focused on college and career readiness.

The Cosmosphere is the only Smithsonian affiliate museum in Kansas.

In 2012, the Carey Digital Dome Theater upgraded from IMAX to 4K digital projection system.

In 2015, the Justice Planetarium underwent a complete renovation, transitioning from an optical starball projection system to the Spitz Sci-Dome XD digital projection system.

In 2021, three of the museum's oldest galleries began renovations: the German Gallery, the Redstone and Sputnik Gallery, and the Kennedy Theater. These galleries opened during the late 1990s. They will be repainted, and their exhibits will receive new graphics and new sound.

Restoration and replication
The Cosmosphere's SpaceWorks division has restored flown U.S. spacecraft for museums and exhibits across the globe, including artifacts that are part of the collection of the Smithsonian Institution National Air and Space Museum. Two examples of this work are the Apollo 13 Command Module Odyssey, and the Liberty Bell 7 – both on display at the Cosmosphere. The Cosmosphere built roughly 80% of the artifacts and props for the movie Apollo 13 and of the replicated spacecraft hardware seen in Magnificent Desolation: Walking on the Moon 3D; and the TV mini-series From the Earth to the Moon.

Collection

Flown items included in the Cosmosphere's collection are a Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird, the Liberty Bell 7 Mercury spacecraft, the Gemini 10 space capsule, and the Command Module Odyssey from Apollo 13. Additionally, authentic Redstone and Titan II launch vehicles used in the Mercury and Gemini programs flank the building's exterior. A prized item on display is a Moon rock from Apollo 11, the first crewed mission to land on the Moon.

Every artifact on display at the Cosmosphere is either an actual flown artifact, a "flight-ready backup" (identical to the item actually flown), an engineering model, or a historically accurate replica.

The Cosmosphere museum begins with the earliest experiments in rocketry during the World War II era, explores through the Space Race and Cold War, and continues through modern times with the Space Shuttle and International Space Station, as well as SpaceShipOne and commercial spaceflight.

Subset of notable items on display:

Germany

 * World War II era
 * V-1 flying bomb missile (authentic, restored)
 * V-2 rocket (authentic, restored)
 * Walter HWK 109-509 rocket engine from a Messerschmitt Me 163 Komet

 * Cold War era
 * Section of the Berlin Wall – last section removed (authentic)

Russia / Soviet Union / USSR

 * Early satellites
 * Sputnik 1 (flight-ready backup)
 * Sputnik 2 (engineering model)

 * Early space programs
 * Vostok space capsule (competitor against Mercury program)
 * Voskhod 2 space capsule (competitor against Gemini program)

 * Space program joint venture with United States
 * Apollo-Soyuz Test Project Craft (full-scale replica)

 * Various space articles
 * Prototype and flown Russian space suits

United States

 * Winged aircraft
 * Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird reconnaissance plane (flown)
 * Northrop T-38 Talon supersonic jet trainer in NASA livery (flown)
 * XLR11 and XLR99 rocket engines from the North American X-15 program (flown)
 * Replica of the Bell X-1 Glamorous Glennis, used in the filming of The Right Stuff movie
 * Engine from Bell X-1 Glamorous Glennis, pilot Chuck Yeager (flown)

 * Early satellites
 * Explorer 1 satellite (replica)
 * Vanguard 1 satellite (flight-ready backup)

 * Mercury space program
 * Liberty Bell 7 Mercury spacecraft, recovered from the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean. It is the only spacecraft flown by NASA but owned by an entity other than NASA or the Smithsonian (owned by Cosmosphere).
 * Mercury-Redstone Launch Vehicle rocket (authentic, standing vertical outdoors)

 * Gemini space program
 * Gemini 10 space capsule (flown)
 * Agena target vehicle docking collar (authentic)
 * Titan II rocket used in the Gemini program (authentic, standing vertical outdoors)

 * Apollo space program
 * Apollo 13 command module Odyssey (flown)
 * Lunar Roving Vehicle (full-scale replica)
 * Lunar Module and surface experiment suite (full-scale replica)
 * Apollo White Room (authentic)
 * Moon rock collected during Apollo 11
 * Multiple cameras and items carried on Apollo flights (flown)
 * Rocketdyne F-1 engine components recovered from the ocean (flown), unused engine outdoors

 * Space Shuttle space program
 * Full-scale replica of Space Shuttle Endeavour (left side only)
 * Piece of tile from the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster (flown)

 * Various space articles
 * Prototype and flown American space suits

Controversy
In November 2003, the Cosmosphere released a statement indicating that a routine audit had revealed many missing items from the museum. Over a year later, in April 2005, former Cosmosphere director Max Ary was charged with stealing artifacts from the museum's collection and selling the pieces for personal profit. Some of the missing items included a nose cone, silk screens, boot covers, nuts and bolts, an Air Force One control panel, and a tape of the Apollo 15 landing which Ary sold for $2,200.

Additional charges involved the theft of dozens more artifacts from the Cosmosphere when he left in 2002, and false insurance claims made on the loss of an astronaut's Omega watch replica. Ary had also failed to notify NASA of the loss of the watch.

Ary went on trial in 2005. He testified that the artifacts he sold were from his private collection which he had accumulated through undocumented trades and salvage of unwanted items. He also stated he had received numerous personal gifts from astronauts. Some of the items in question were supposedly brought with him from the Noble Planetarium in 1976 and incorporated into the Cosmosphere's permanent collection, and in many cases, ownership of artifacts could not be proved on Ary's behalf or the Cosmosphere's.

Ary was found guilty on 12 counts. On May 15, 2006, he was sentenced to three years in prison and ordered to pay restitution of $132,000. In 2008 he lost his appeal, and began to serve his sentence in a federal prison in El Reno, Oklahoma on April 24, 2008. Ary has repeatedly proclaimed his innocence. He was released on good behavior in June 2010.

title: Cosmosphere


text:
Clutch (band)

Clutch is an American rock band from Germantown, Maryland. Since its formation in 1991, the band lineup has included Tim Sult (lead guitar), Dan Maines (bass), Jean-Paul Gaster (drums), and Neil Fallon (vocals, rhythm guitar, keyboards). To date, Clutch has released thirteen studio albums, and several rarities and live albums. Since 2008, the band has been signed to their own record label, Weathermaker Music. Clutch is one of the pioneers of stoner rock.

Early years and breakthrough: 1991–2003
Clutch was formed in 1991 by bassist Dan Maines, drummer Jean-Paul Gaster, lead guitarist Tim Sult, and lead vocalist Roger Smalls (vocals) in Germantown, Maryland. Before settling on the name Clutch, the band used the early names Glut Trip and Moral Minority. Smalls soon departed and was replaced by Neil Fallon, a longtime schoolmate of the other members at Seneca Valley High School. The band's name was chosen due to the band's interest in cars at the time, and it being a one-syllable name like many bands at the time, including Prong, who the band was fans of.

The band quickly gained notice through constant touring. The 12" single Passive Restraints on the Earache label was Clutch's first commercial release, garnering attention from other labels. Their debut LP, Transnational Speedway League, was released through EastWest Records in 1993. It was followed by a self-titled album in May 1995 that gained Clutch mainstream exposure. However, shortly after its release, the band's A&R rep was fired from EastWest, resulting in all of the rep's acts, including Clutch, being dropped. The band moved to the larger Columbia label for the 1998 album The Elephant Riders. They followed it in 1999 with a self-released groove-based album Jam Room.

The album Pure Rock Fury was released by Atlantic Records in 2001. The title track was initially released as the first single. The program director for North Carolina rock station WXQR (Rock 105), Brian Rickman, suggested that the label switch singles to another track from the album, "Careful with That Mic". Atlantic did so, and Clutch achieved a surprise hit single. The follow-up tracks, "Immortal" and "Open Up the Border", were also well received by American rock stations. In 2003 they issued Live at the Googolplex and the rarities record Slow Hole to China.

Commercial and critical success: 2004–2011
The album Blast Tyrant was released in 2004, their first for DRT Entertainment. The band once again enjoyed more rock radio airplay and heavy rotation on the Music Choice cable service thanks to the single "The Mob Goes Wild". Its accompanying video was directed by Bam Margera and featured Margera's Viva La Bam co-stars Ryan Dunn, Brandon DiCamillo, and Don Vito. The video was filmed at Rex's in West Chester, Pennsylvania. The 2005 release Pitchfork & Lost Needles combined Clutch's 1991 Pitchfork 7-inch release with previously unreleased demos and early tracks. In 2005 the band saw their first lineup change since the early 1990s with the addition of organist Mick Schauer, who performed on the albums Robot Hive/Exodus (2005) and From Beale Street to Oblivion (2007). The later album was produced by Joe Barresi who has also produced for Kyuss, Melvins, Queens of the Stone Age, and Tool.

The band's first live DVD, Full Fathom Five, and accompanying CD, produced and directed by Agent Ogden, were released in September 2008. The band also released a remastered version of Slow Hole to China: Rare and Unreleased on April 28, 2009. The band's ninth studio album Strange Cousins from the West, was released on July 14, 2009. Songs from the album were played live on tour prior to the album's recording. A two-disc DVD set Clutch Live at the 9:30 was released on May 11, 2010, by the band's own label, Weathermaker Music. The set includes the entire December 28, 2009, show at Washington, D.C.'s 9:30 club, in which the band performed its entire 1995 self-titled LP.

On May 10, 2011, Clutch reissued their 2004 album Blast Tyrant on Weathermaker Music. The new edition contained a bonus album known as Basket of Eggs that includes unreleased songs as well as acoustic versions of previous hits. In its first week of release Blast Tyrant sold close to three thousand copies nationally, landing it at No. 26 on the Billboard Hard Rock Top 100, more than seven years after the original version debuted at No. 15.

Recent releases: 2012–present
On June 10, 2012, the band released a new single, "Pigtown Blues", backed with an acoustic version of "Motherless Child" from Strange Cousins from the West.

On March 16, 2013, Clutch released their tenth album Earth Rocker which entered the Billboard Top 200 chart at No. 15 giving Clutch their highest chart position to date. It remained on the chart for a total of five weeks. The album also reached No. 4 on iTunes' overall Top 100 album charts and was No. 1 on their rock chart. Earthrocker won Album of the Year 2013 from British publication Metalhammer, and was rated highly on many rock and metal magazines' and websites' end-of-the-year "top-tens".

In an interview on January 7, 2015, with music and entertainment company 88 Miles West, Fallon stated that the band was heading to Dripping Springs, Texas, to record their upcoming eleventh album. Fallon states the venture to Texas was due to the relocation of record producer Machine, with whom they worked on Blast Tyrant and Earth Rocker, and who recently opened a new studio there. He stated in the interview that "Septemberish, give or take a couple of months" is when they hope to release the new album. Their eleventh studio album, Psychic Warfare, was released October 2, 2015. Fallon said the concept is influenced by science fiction author Philip K. Dick. "His general philosophy and questions have always crept into my lyrics, because I share an interest in it", he added. "On Earth Rocker, 'Crucial Velocity' was definitely a Philip Dick song for me. On this record, 'X-Ray Visions' certainly is." Gaster described the new material as more diverse than ever.

In April 2018, Neil Fallon announced through the radio station The Eagle Rocks that the band's twelfth studio album would be titled Book of Bad Decisions. The album was released on September 7, 2018. The album was recorded at Sputnik Sound Studio in Nashville, Tennessee, with producer and engineer Vance Powell.

Former keyboardist, Mick Schauer died of cancer on September 15, 2019, at age 46.

In an August 2020 interview on the Detroit-based radio station WRIF, drummer Jean-Paul Gaster stated that Clutch would "probably" begin recording their thirteenth studio album in the winter. In an interview with Metal Kaoz in April 2021, Gaster offered an update on the new album, saying: "Over the last year, we've written a lot of songs for our new album, and we've done some streaming shows too, which was something we knew nothing about prior to the pandemic. But we educated ourselves quickly, and that kept us busy for a lot of last year as well. We've been writing now for our new album that we will record in the fall, and I think we're spending more time than ever in the studio, just trying out different ideas. And most of the ideas don't ever really make it to the end; we try 10 things and we keep one." Gaster also stated that their new album would likely not be released until early 2022. The resulting album, Sunrise on Slaughter Beach, was released on September 16, 2022.

On July 9, 2021, Clutch began a series of reissues known as the Clutch Collector's Series in which each member picks a Clutch album and reimagines it. So far, the series only has two instalments: a new reissue of 2004's Blast Tyrant, released on July 9, curated by drummer Jean-Paul Gaster, and 2005's Robot Hive/Exodus, curated by bassist Dan Maines.

As of April 2024, Clutch has begun writing new material for their fourteenth studio album.

Other projects
In the late 1990s, Clutch and its sibling project The Bakerton Group (an instrumental jam band composed of all four Clutch members) formed an independent record label, River Road Records, to release their own music. River Road does not sign any other artists. The Bakerton Group has released one three-track EP titled Space Guitars and two full-length albums titled The Bakerton Group and El Rojo respectively. Clutch/Bakerton Group now runs its own independent record label for its own releases, Weathermaker Music.

The Company Band was started in 2007 by Neil Fallon, James A. Rota (Fireball Ministry), Brad Davis (Fu Manchu), Jess Margera (CKY) and Dave Bone. Initially, the bass was played by Jason Diamond (Puny Human).

Dunsmuir is a project featuring Neil Fallon, Dave Bone, Brad Davis and Vinny Appice. They released a self-titled album in 2016.

Members
Current members Former members
 * Tim Sult – lead guitar (1991–present)
 * Dan Maines – bass (1991–present)
 * Jean-Paul Gaster – drums, percussion (1991–present)
 * Neil Fallon – vocals, rhythm guitar, occasional harmonica, occasional keyboards (1991–present)
 * Roger Smalls – vocals (1991)
 * Mick Schauer – keyboards (2005–2008; died 2019)

Discography
Studio albums
 * Transnational Speedway League (1993)
 * Clutch (1995)
 * The Elephant Riders (1998)
 * Jam Room (1999)
 * Pure Rock Fury (2001)
 * Blast Tyrant (2004)
 * Robot Hive/Exodus (2005)
 * From Beale Street to Oblivion (2007)
 * Strange Cousins from the West (2009)
 * Earth Rocker (2013)
 * Psychic Warfare (2015)
 * Book of Bad Decisions (2018)
 * Sunrise on Slaughter Beach (2022)

title: Clutch (band)


text:
Template:Mythology

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title: Template:Mythology


text:
Independent Democratic Union

The Independent Democratic Union (Unión Demócrata Independiente, UDI) is a conservative and right-wing political party in Chile, founded in 1983. Its founder was the lawyer, politician and law professor Jaime Guzmán, a civilian allied with Augusto Pinochet. Guzmán was a senator from 1990 until his murder by communist guerrillas on April 1, 1991.

Its ideological origins date back to Guzmán's Guildist Movement, born out of the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile in 1966, espousing the independence and depoliticization of intermediate bodies of civil society. The UDI is today a conservative political party with strong links to the Opus Dei, that opposes abortion in nearly all or all cases.

UDI has for most of its history formed coalitions with National Renewal (RN) and other minor movements under different names such as; Participación y Progreso (1992), Unión por el Progreso de Chile (1993), Alliance for Chile (1999–2009, 2013), Coalition for Change (2009–2012) and Chile Vamos (2015–present). UDI was the largest political party in Congress between 2010 and 2014. The party has been part of the government coalition twice, from 2010 to 2014 and 2018 to 2022.

The party has liberal-conservative and social-conservative factions. The social-conservative faction is characterised by its political work in poor sectors, while the liberal-conservative faction is characterised by its connections to Chile's business class, its links to think tanks such as Libertad y Desarrollo (LyD), and its training of young political leaders, often students from the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile (PUC) such as Jaime Bellolio or Javier Macaya.

Origins (1967–1988)
It was during the university strikes of the 1960s when Jaime Guzmán, President of the Law Students Union at the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, who opposed the protests and strikes led by the Christian-democrats and left-wing students- gathered a group of students and founded the Movimiento Gremial (Guildist Movement) and ran for the university's Student Union (Federación de Estudiantes) election. The movement quickly became one of the most important in the Catholic University, and later won the presidency of the university's Student Union.

Jaime Guzmán criticized liberal democracy and sought inspiration in authoritarian corporatism, proposing the principle of subsidiarity and to invigorate intermediate social movements, by the way that these were independent to develop their own specific purposes. Well into the government of Salvador Allende, some young members of the National Party and the Christian Democrats became part of the Gremialismo Movement of Jaime Guzmán.

Guzmán supported a military coup against Allende's government, which happened shortly thereafter on September 11, 1973 (see: Chilean coup of 1973). He was a close advisor of General Augusto Pinochet. Guzmán was later appointed a member of the Commission for the Study of the New Constitution, who worded the new constitution promulgated in 1980.

After the 1982 economic crisis, which caused the temporary removal of the "Chicago Boys" from cabinet, Guzmán moved away from the government and decided to found the movement he desired, establishing it on September 24, 1983, under the name Independent Democratic Union Movement (Movimiento Unión Demócrata Independiente).

The emerging movement, a supporter of the military government, had (as opposed to the traditional right-wing political groups) a strong empathy with the lower classes, in order to seize from the Marxist left its traditional domain. Amid the growing economic crisis of the time, UDI engaged in empowering leaders in the countryside and peripheral neighbourhoods that would help extend its influence in the middle and lower classes. One of them was Simon Yévenes, UDI member assassinated by left-wing resistance fighters on April 2, 1986.

On April 29, 1987, the Independent Democratic Union merged with other related movements such as National Union Movement, led by Andrés Allamand, and National Labour Front, led by Sergio Onofre Jarpa, plus some former members and supporters of the National Party and the Christian Democrats, to form the National Renewal party (RN), who managed briefly to unite all the right movements in the country. However, UDI members maintained their own identity in the new party, which caused a crisis in 1988, culminating in the resignation of all former UDI members to National Renewal. Allamand stayed in charge of National Renewal, while Jaime Guzman managed to register a new political party: the Independent Democratic Union in 1989.

End of dictatorship (1988–1989)
UDI strongly supported Pinochet's remaining in power in the 1988 Chilean national plebiscite. After the "Yes" option was defeated and presidential elections were announced, the UDI joined National Renewal and formed the "Democracy and Progress" alliance (Democracia y Progreso). Hernan Büchi, the former Minister of Finances under Pinochet, ran for president for this alliance. The alliance also ran a common Parliament list. The UDI's option lost the 1989 presidential election, this time against the center-left Concertación's leader, the Christian Democrat Patricio Aylwin.

In the 1989 parliamentary elections, the Independent Democratic Union obtained a 9.82% of votes in deputies (14 deputies out of 120) and 5.11% in the Senate (2 senators elected on 38). Jaime Guzmán won a seat as Senator for Western Santiago constituency. Although Guzman took third place with only 17% of the vote, behind Christian Democrat Andrés Zaldívar and Party for Democracy leader Ricardo Lagos, the two main leaders of the Coalition of Parties for Democracy, the binomial system allowed Zaldívar's and his election and deferred Ricardo Lagos who got 30%.

Growth and opposition (1989–2003)

By 1990, Guzman was positioned as the leader of the opposition and was one of the harshest critics of the new democratic government, accusing it of softness in the fight against left-wing armed organizations which kept operating in Chile after the restoration of restricted democracy. On April 1, 1991, Guzmán was shot dead by members of the armed left-wing group Manuel Rodriguez Patriotic Front (Frente Patriótico Manuel Rodríguez), after leaving his lecture of Constitutional Law at the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile. He was replaced as senator by the National Renewal candidate for the same constituency, Miguel Otero.

The Independent Democratic Union remained as a minor party in the early years of transition, compared with its ally National Renewal, but over the years managed to win preferences, match and surpass them. In subsequent elections, UDI began to grow noticeably: got 12.11% in a congressional election in 1993, a 14.45% in elections in 1997 and 25.19% in the 2001 elections, when it became the largest party in Chile, removing that title to the Christian Democrats.

In 1998, when Pinochet was arrested in London, the UDI and National Renewal pressed the Frei government to return him to Chile.

In 1999, Joaquín Lavín, the mayor of Las Condes and member of UDI, was proclaimed as the Alliance for Chile candidate for the presidential election. Even as a relatively new face, a moderate support for Augusto Pinochet and a proposal eminently pragmatic rather than dogmatic, took him to get the 47.51% of the votes against the Concertación candidate Ricardo Lagos on the first ballot, with a difference of about 30,000 votes (i.e., almost one vote per polling place). Finally, in January 2000, Lavín got 48.69% of the votes against 51.31% of Lagos in the second round. That was the highest percentage of the vote received by any right-wing presidential candidate in the 20th century in Chile.

During the first half of the presidential term of Ricardo Lagos (2000–2006), UDI established itself as a relevant political actor of the opposition. Proof of this are the results of UDI in the 2000 municipal elections, the parliamentary elections of 2001, and the Lagos-Longueira agreement of January 17, 2003 to modernize the State administration and give a consensual political solution to  Inverlink case and MOP-Gate case, which affected the institutional stability of the Lagos administration. The result of this is the election finance law, high public management law and others. During this period, especially outstanding figure is the party president, Pablo Longueira.

A milestone in the party's image came in 2003 when Longueira reported in a TV interview that he met with relatives of Disappeared Detainees, who saw the party as a serious and reliable institution, through which they could get some of the solutions that Socialist governments had not granted them. Of these numerous meetings, arose the document "Peace Now" ("La Paz Ahora"), which sought to give a sign of national reconciliation.

Disputes with National Renewal (2003–2006)
Also in 2003, stressed the frictions and conflicts between RN and UDI, mainly due to a dispute between the parties for the leadership within the Alliance for Chile, as well as personal disagreements between the presidents of both parties, Pablo Longueira and Sebastián Piñera. That is Joaquin Lavin, who was then leader of the Alliance for Chile and only presidential candidate, had suddenly and publicly call on both the resignation from their posts.

In 2005, UDI selected Joaquín Lavín for presidential elections again, but National Renewal launched its own candidate, the millionaire businessman and former senator Sebastián Piñera. Attempts to choose a single candidate for the right-wing failed. Piñera got second in the election, and there was a runoff between him and the Concertación candidate, Michelle Bachelet. Lavín urged his supporters to vote for Piñera, whom he endorsed wholeheartedly. However, in the 2006 runoff, Piñera was defeated by Bachelet. In the 2005 parliamentary elections, UDI maintained its status as largest party in Congress, electing 33 out of 120 deputies.

Michelle Bachelet first administration (2006–2010)
During the government of Michelle Bachelet (2006–2010), UDI was the majority party in both houses of Congress and successfully fought the municipal election of 2008. At the internal level, in July 2008 was first presented two lists to lead the party: one headed by Juan Antonio Coloma and Victor Perez Varela (who had the backing of the historical leaders of the party) and one by Jose Antonio Kast and Rodrigo Alvarez (supported mainly by the younger members). Coloma got 63% of member votes.

Coloma's board immediately got down to the details of the upcoming 2008 Chilean municipal election, and just finished it, the preparations for next year's parliamentary and presidential election. In December 2008, the highest party leaders decided to forgo the option to offer the country a UDI presidential candidate and provided support for Piñera's candidacy in order to avoid a fifth consecutive Concertacion government. This decision was ratified later, unanimously by party members, August 22, 2009.

In the 2009 Chilean parliamentary election, UDI held the largest plurality in the election of deputies, electing 40 deputies (one third of the House) with 23.04% (1,507,001 votes), and got 21.21% (369,594 votes) in the election of senators. Its bench is the largest obtained by a single party in Chile since 1990. UDI currently has 39 deputies and 8 senators.

In the 2008 Chilean municipal election, UDI got 347 councilmen (16.16% of councilmen) by a vote of 15.11%, and obtained 58 mayors (16.81% of mayors) by a vote of 20.05%. That year, it was the largest party by elected councilmen and the most voted for party in the election of councilmen. Also, UDI is the second largest party by number of mayors in Chile (only one mayor less than Partido Demócrata Cristiano de Chile).

Sebastián Piñera first administration (2010–2014)
Sebastián Piñera, the candidate of the Coalition for Change, was elected President of the Republic of Chile on January 17, 2010, in runoff against Senator Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle. UDI and its territorial deployment was key to the Piñera's success. Meanwhile, in 2009 Chilean parliamentary election, UDI managed to remain the largest party in the country and elected 40 deputies out of 120, representing the largest bank obtained by a single political party in Chile since 1990. In August 2010 they met for the second time the lists of Juan Antonio Coloma and Jose Antonio Kast to lead the party, again with a triumph for Coloma with more than 67% of the votes. Many members of UDI played a main role during the Piñera administration, among them were Joaquin Lavin in the ministry of education where he faced the 2011–2013 Chilean student protests and the cause he had to resign in 2011, Pablo Longueira in the ministry of economy, Andres Chadwick in the ministry of interior and public security, Laurence Golborne in the ministry of mining. The party's influence in the government forced the Piñera administration to have a conservative shift on educational, economic and cultural issues, having a moderate approach on social policy like maternity leave, taxes and civil unions for same-sex couples and directly opposing any kind of therapeutic abortion legalization. In the 2013 primaries the UDI candidate for the Alliance (Chile) was former economy minister Pablo Longueira in which he beat National Renewal opponent Andrés Allamand, however, Longueira had to resign amid the campaign due to his depression and personal issues. The replacement of Longueira was Evelyn Matthei representing the party and the government coalition, in the first round she got the second place with a 25,03% of the votes, the right's second worst result since the return to democracy in 1990 so far, in the second round Michelle Bachelet defeated Matthei by a 25-point margin (62,17% vs 37,83%) being in relative terms the biggest margin of victory since 1994.

Michelle Bachelet second administration (2014–2018)
The Independent Democratic Union played a main role in the opposition against Bachelet's second administration in congress, stating disagreement and rejecting the main reforms on the tax system, change the electoral system, eliminating for-profit education, reforming labour laws, allowing same-sex marriage and decriminalizing abortion in the cases of rape, fetal inviability and in case of serious risk of the mother's life and health and a project change to the constitution. In 2015, the UDI formed a new centre-right coalition called Chile Vamos alongside National Renewal and Evópoli.

During 2014 and 2015 the party faced a major crisis amid the controversies around the campaign funding and links with major holding corporate groups like Penta, Soquimich and Corpesca, the scandals had both political and judicial consequences, many leaders and members of the party, former ministers, senators, deputies were convicted under the scandals and the party suffered a major down in their approval ratings.

Despite the scandals and the internal crisis of the party, the UDI became again the most voted party in the country during the 2016 Chilean municipal elections.

Presidential candidates
The following is a list of the presidential candidates supported by the Independent Democratic Union. (Information gathered from the Archive of Chilean Elections).
 * 1988 plebiscite: "Si" (lost)
 * 1989: Hernán Büchi (lost)
 * 1993: Arturo Alessandri Besa (lost)
 * 1999: Joaquín Lavín (lost)
 * 2005: Joaquín Lavín (lost)
 * 2009: Sebastián Piñera (won)
 * 2013: Evelyn Matthei (lost)
 * 2017: Sebastián Piñera (won)
 * 2021: Sebastián Sichel (lost)

title: Independent Democratic Union


text:
Talk:Indian rupee

Lead rewrite
The lead reads as a history of what happened in 2010, 2016 demonitisation, release of new notes. Please rewrite the lead — DaxServer (talk) 16:37, 1 January 2022 (UTC)
 * I have moved that material into the body, where it should have gone in the first place. However, the article now has a very short lead indeed and needs new material that summarises the body content, per MOS:LEAD. I suggest that an Indian editor should do that, please. --𝕁𝕄𝔽 (talk) 20:27, 28 October 2022 (UTC)

Freq. used coins
Now ₹2 and ₹5 aren't frequently used please consider replacing by them ₹100 or ₹50.

₹20 is more familiar than 1, 2 and 5 does. αμαλ (talk) 19:42, 2 March 2022 (UTC)

 * It depends on the frequent exchange of money in the market,.... coins and rupees which are less in the market, they come in rare section. ₹2 and ₹5 coins are frequently used, ₹20 rupee new coin is very less in market, so this rare. —  B203GTB    (talk)  • 02:49, 3 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Actually bro, that's the section for coins and yes THEY ARE THE MOST FREQUENTLY USED COINS. So please try to understand what you are writing or asking. Therapist dog (talk) 12:54, 24 February 2024 (UTC)

Inappropriate use of the modern rupee sign and use of "/-"
These edits of mine keep getting reverted without a decent explanation. In prose an amount in rupees is almost always appended with "/-" (ie. "rupees only"), and "Rs" is demonstrably still in common use as many keyboards do not yet support "₹". I also believe it is highly inappropriate and ahistorical to prefix "₹" in contexts from before the sign existed.TheCurrencyGuy (talk) 11:41, 10 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Why would it be ahistorical to use a symbol? You can refer to the Colossus of Rhodes being "33 m" tall despite the fact that the "m" notation and indeed the meter didn't exist at the time. PraiseVivec (talk) 19:24, 14 July 2022 (UTC)
 * That is description in modern terms though, not a representation of something historic. TheCurrencyGuy (talk) 21:28, 15 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia, by its very nature as an encyclopaedia, aims to be a description in modern terms of things current and past. While it would be incorrect to refer to, say, the price of a loaf of bread in ancient Rome as costing €0.5 (and a difficult currency conversion to make :) ), there's nothing wrong with, for example, referring to the price of something in 1880s Sweden as, ex., 18kr. If it was rupees then, and it's rupees now, there is nothing wrong with using the modern symbol of "₹" to refer to it - and if it ensures consistency throughout the article, then it's positive! Hentheden (talk) 07:53, 16 July 2022 (UTC)
 * I believe consistency should apply only in appropriate situations. For example the Turkish lira article refrains from using "₺" in reference to things pre-dating the adoption of that symbol. These are extremely similar situations as these signs were both introduced in the 2010s. It would be misleading to a reader with no knowledge of the subject, they might assume the sign has a longer history than it actually has. I also find it jarring that all uses of Re./Rs. have been removed, even though it is demonstrably still in common use (as per many already cited references). TheCurrencyGuy (talk) 06:42, 18 July 2022 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 12:22, 26 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Indian 10 Rupee 1858.jpg

"Bharat Rupee" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bharat_Rupee&redirect=no Bharat Rupee] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. Northern Moonlight 07:42, 29 March 2024 (UTC)

"Bharat Rs" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bharat_Rs&redirect=no Bharat Rs] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. Northern Moonlight 07:45, 29 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Indian rupee


text:
Jean-François Ducis

Jean-François Ducis (22 August 1733 – 31 March 1816) was a French dramatist and adapter of Shakespeare.

Biography
Ducis was born in Versailles, one of ten children. His father, Pierre Ducis, originally from Savoy, was a linen draper at Versailles, and his mother, Maria-Thérèse Rappe, was the daughter of a porter of the Count of Toulouse and all through life he retained the simple tastes and straightforward independence fostered by his bourgeois education.

In 1768, he produced his first tragedy, Amélise. The failure of this first attempt was fully compensated by the success of his Hamlet (1769), and Roméo et Juliette (1772). Œdipe chez Admète, imitated partly from Euripides and partly from Sophocles, appeared in 1778, and secured him in the following year the chair in the Academy left vacant by the death of Voltaire. Equally successful was Le Roi Lear in 1783. Macbeth in 1784 did not take so well, and Jean sans terre in 1791 was almost a failure; but Othello in 1792, supported by the acting of Talma, obtained immense applause. Its vivid picture of desert life secured for Abufar ou la Famille arabe (1795), an original drama, a flattering reception.

Ducis was noted for his translations of six of Shakespeare's plays and Ducis' adaptations, which frequently involved renaming characters and revising plots, became the basis for translations into Italian and the languages of Eastern Europe. As an example, Ducis's version of Othello ended with the title character reconciling with Desdemona and pardoning a chastened Iago.

On the failure of a similar piece, Phédor et Waldamir, ou la famille de Sibérie (1801), Ducis ceased to write for the stage; and the rest of his life was spent in quiet retirement at Versailles. He had been named a member of the Council of the Ancients in 1798, but he never discharged the functions of the office; and when Napoleon offered him a post of honor under the empire, he refused. Amiable, religious, and bucolic, he had little sympathy with the fierce, skeptical and tragic times in which his lot was cast. "Alas!" he said in the midst of the Revolution, "tragedy is abroad in the streets; if I step outside of my door, I have blood to my very ankles. I have too often seen Atreus in clogs, to venture to bring an Atreus on the stage."

Though actuated by honest admiration of the great English dramatist, Ducis is not Shakespearean. His ignorance of the English language left him at the mercy of the translations of Pierre Letourneur (1736–1788) and of Pierre de la Place (1707–1793); and even this modified Shakespeare had still to undergo a process of purification and correction before he could be presented to the fastidious criticism of French taste. That such was the case was not, however, the fault of Ducis; and he did good service in modifying the judgment of his fellow countrymen. He did not pretend to reproduce, but to excerpt and refashion; and consequently the French play sometimes differs from its English namesake in everything almost but the name. The plot is different, the characters are different, the motif different, and the scenic arrangement different. Le Banquet de l'amitié, a poem in four cantos (1771), Au roi de Sardaigne (1775), Discours de réception à l'académie française (1779), Épîtres à l'amitíé (1786), and a Recueil de poésies (1809), complete the list of Ducis's publications.

Theatre plays

 * 1760: Hamlet
 * 1772: Roméo et Juliette
 * 1778: Œdipe chez Admèle
 * 1783: Le roi Lear
 * 1784: Macbeth
 * 1791: Jean sans Terre
 * 1792: Othello
 * 1795: Abufard ou la Famille arabe
 * 1797: Œdipe à Colonne
 * 1801: Phédor et Waldamir

Poetry

 * 1771: Le Banquet de l’amitié
 * 1809: Mélanges
 * 1813: Épîtres et poésies diverses
 * 1826: Œuvres posthumes (publiées par Vincent Campenon)

Correspondence

 * 1836: Lettres à Talma, 1792-1815, publication posthume

Speeches

 * 1775: Au roi de Sardaigne, sur le mariage du prince de Piémont avec Mme Clotilde de France, 1775
 * 1779: Discours de réception : Éloge de M. de Voltaire, 4 March
 * 1822: Épître à Richard pendant ma convalescence, 28 November

title: Jean-François Ducis


text:
Southwest Finland

Southwest Finland, calqued as Finland Proper (Varsinais-Suomi, ; Egentliga Finland), is a region in the southwest of Finland. It borders the regions of Satakunta, Pirkanmaa, Tavastia Proper (Kanta-Häme), Uusimaa, and Åland. The region's capital and most populous city is Turku, which was the capital city of Finland before Helsinki.

The area comprising the Southwest is largely the same as the historical province of Finland Proper, so named because it is the original home of the tribe known as the Finns proper.

Origin of the name Finland Proper
The name of Finland Proper has a historical function. In historic times, in the area of the present Southern Finland lived three tribes, which were the Finns proper, the Tavastians and the Karelians. The southwestern part of the country, the province where the Finns proper lived, was simply called Finland (Finnish: Suomi). In the 17th century the name began to be used to refer to the whole land and a specified name for the lesser Finland was required. The first notes Fennigia specialiter dicta and Fennigia presse dicta were recorded in Latin in the 1650s, and the Swedish Finland för sig sielft and Egenteliga Finland later in the 18th century. The modern form Egentliga Finland was in official use at the end of the century, and the Finnish term Varsinais-Suomi became established only around the 1850s.

Geography
Southwest Finland's nature differs from other regions. The most notable biotopes are the Archipelago Sea and groves. 80% of Finland's insect species can be found in Southwest Finland. There are around 20,000 islands near the coast.

The southernmost point of Southwest Finland and the southernmost inhabited island is Utö. Its highest point is 164 meters in Kiikala.

Heraldry
The region uses the coat of arms of the historical province of Finland Proper.

Municipalities
The region of Southwest Finland consists of 27 municipalities, 11 of which have city status (marked in bold).

Sub-regions
Loimaa sub-region: Turku sub-region:
 * Aura.vaakuna.svg Aura
 * Koski.Tl.vaakuna.svg Koski Tl (Koskis)
 * Loimaa.vaakuna.svg Loimaa
 * Marttila.vaakuna.svg Marttila (S:t Mårtens)
 * Oripää.vaakuna.svg Oripää
 * Pöytyän vaakuna.svg Pöytyä (Pöytis)
 * Piikkiö.vaakuna.svg Kaarina (S:t Karins)
 * Lieto vaakuna.svg Lieto (Lundo)
 * Askainen.vaakuna.svg Masku (Masko)
 * Mynämäki.vaakuna.svg Mynämäki (Virmo)
 * Naantali.vaakuna.svg Naantali (Nådendal)
 * Nousiainen.vaakuna.svg Nousiainen (Nousis)
 * Paimio vaakuna.svg Paimio (Pemar)
 * Raisio.vaakuna.svg Raisio (Reso)
 * Vahto.vaakuna.svg Rusko
 * Sauvo.vaakuna.svg Sauvo (Sagu)
 * Turku.vaakuna.svg Turku (Åbo)

Åboland–Turunmaa sub-region: Salo sub-region: Vakka-Suomi sub-region:
 * Dragsfjärd.vaakuna.svg Kimitoön (Kemiönsaari)
 * Nagu.vapen.Nauvo.vaakuna.svg Pargas (Parainen)
 * Halikko vaakuna.svg Salo
 * Somero.vaakuna.svg Somero
 * Kustavi vaakuna.svg Kustavi (Gustavs)
 * Laitila vaakuna.svg Laitila (Letala)
 * Pyhäranta vaakuna.svg Pyhäranta
 * Taivassalo vaakuna.svg Taivassalo (Tövsala)
 * Uusikaupunki.vaakuna.svg Uusikaupunki (Nystad)
 * Vehmaa.vaakuna.svg Vehmaa (Vemo)

Demographics
As of 2020, Southwest Finland had a population of 481,403, making it the third most populated Finnish region after Uusimaa and Pirkanmaa. 86.45% speak Finnish, 5.68% Swedish and 7.86% speak other languages, the most common being Russian, Estonian, Arabic, Kurdish and Albanian.

It has the most summer cottages out of any Finnish region, with 49,000 as of 2012.

Politics
Results of the 2023 Finnish parliamentary election in Southwest Finland:

 * National Coalition Party 23.0%
 * Finns Party 20.0%
 * Social Democratic Party 18.1%
 * Left Alliance 11.6%
 * Centre Party 8.4%
 * Green League 7.0%
 * Swedish People's Party 4.9%
 * Christian Democrats 2.8%
 * Movement Now  2.3%
 * Other parties 1.9%

title: Southwest Finland


text:
1937 in India

Events in the year 1937 in India.

Incumbents

 * Emperor of India – George VI
 * Viceroy of India – Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow

Events

 * National income – ₹ 31,708 million
 * Provincial autonomy begins (1 April) with Congress winning an absolute majority in many states, viz Madras, the United Provinces, Bihar, Central Provinces and Orissa. In Bombay, they were in position to form ministry with the support of independents. Non-congress coalition ministries were established in Bengal, Punjab, Sindh, NWFP (Khan Saheb defeating Muslim League) and Assam. Of them, only Punjab and Bengal were non-congress ministries. The All India Congress Committee renounced the proposition of non-acceptance of office. However, the Congress ministries did not accept office in the majority provinces, until they were assured by the Viceroy non-usage of his special powers in day-to-day administration. Muslim league fared badly in these elections, failing to secure a majority even in Muslim majority states but it still demanded that the Congress should admit its representatives in all Provincial ministries. The league refused to regard Muslims in congress ministries as representatives of the Muslim community. Congress refused to accept same, hence widening their gap. Jinnah reiterated his 14 points and took the road to two nation theory.
 * 20 February – Completion of election to legislative assemblies.
 * 1 April – Provincial autonomy began; Burma and Aden are separated from India.
 * 13 September – The new Viceroy's speech is boycotted by Congress.
 * University of Kerala was set up.
 * All India Football Federation was established

Law

 * 1 October – The Federal Court of India was established in India under the provisions of Government of India Act, 1935 with original, appellate and advisory jurisdictions.
 * Bicameral legislature of Assam province came into existence
 * Agricultural Produce (Grading and Marking) Act
 * Muslim Personal Law (Shariat) Application Act
 * Arya Marriage Validation Act

January to June

 * 2 January – Chandrashekhara Kambara, poet, playwright, folklorist and film director.
 * 4 February – Birju Maharaj, dancer (died 2022)
 * 22 February – Sabitri Chatterjee, actress.
 * 22 March – Hemendra Singh Panwar, conservationist.
 * 1 April – Mohammad Hamid Ansari, politician, Vice President of India
 * 26 April – Stan Swamy, Roman Catholic priest (died 2021)
 * 26 May – Manorama, actress. (died 2015)
 * 9 June – Ramchandra Gandhi, philosopher, grandson of Mahatma Gandhi (died 2007).
 * 24 June – Anita Desai, novelist.

July to December

 * 24 July – Manoj Kumar, actor and director.
 * 22 August – Maria Aurora Couto, writer and educator (died 2022).
 * 19 September – Saroja Vaidyanathan, choreographer of Bharatanatyam (died 2023).
 * 6 November – Yashwant Sinha, politician and minister.
 * 8 November – Bharath Gopi, actor, director and producer (died 2008).
 * 9 November – S. Abdul Rahman, Tamil poet (died 2017).
 * 2 December – Manohar Joshi, Politician, 12th Chief Minister of Maharashtra.
 * 28 December – Ratan Tata, businessman, Chairman of the Tata Group.

Full date unknown

 * Jasodhara Bagchi, feminist critic and activist. (died 2015)

Deaths

 * 23 November – Jagadish Chandra Bose, physicist, biologist, botanist, archaeologist and science fiction writer (born 1858).

title: 1937 in India