text:
Solar water heating

Solar water heating (SWH) is heating water by sunlight, using a solar thermal collector. A variety of configurations are available at varying cost to provide solutions in different climates and latitudes. SWHs are widely used for residential and some industrial applications.

A Sun-facing collector heats a working fluid that passes into a storage system for later use. SWH are active (pumped) and passive (convection-driven). They use water only, or both water and a working fluid. They are heated directly or via light-concentrating mirrors. They operate independently or as hybrids with electric or gas heaters. In large-scale installations, mirrors may concentrate sunlight into a smaller collector.

As of 2017, global solar hot water (SHW) thermal capacity is 472 GW and the market is dominated by China, the United States and Turkey. Barbados, Austria, Cyprus, Israel and Greece are the leading countries by capacity per person.

History
Records of solar collectors in the United States date to before 1900, involving a black-painted tank mounted on a roof. In 1896 Clarence Kemp of Baltimore enclosed a tank in a wooden box, thus creating the first 'batch water heater' as they are known today. Frank Shuman built the world's first solar thermal power station in Maadi, Egypt, using parabolic troughs to power a 60 to 70 hp engine that pumped 6000 usgal of water per minute from the Nile River to adjacent cotton fields.

Flat-plate collectors for solar water heating were used in Florida and Southern California in the 1920s. Interest grew in North America after 1960, but especially after the 1973 oil crisis.

Solar power is in use in Australia, Canada, China, Germany, India, Israel, Japan, Portugal, Romania, Spain, the United Kingdom and the United States.

Mediterranean

Israel, Cyprus and Greece are the per capita leaders in the use of solar water heating systems supporting 30%–40% of homes.

Flat plate solar systems were perfected and used on a large scale in Israel. In the 1950s a fuel shortage led the government to forbid heating water between 10 pm and 6 am. Levi Yissar built the first prototype Israeli solar water heater and in 1953 he launched the NerYah Company, Israel's first commercial manufacturer of solar water heating. Solar water heaters were used by 20% of the population by 1967. Following the energy crisis in the 1970s, in 1980 Israel required the installation of solar water heaters in all new homes (except high towers with insufficient roof area). As a result, Israel became the world leader in the use of solar energy per capita with 85% of households using solar thermal systems (3% of the primary national energy consumption), estimated to save the country 2 Moilbbl of oil a year.

In 2005, Spain became the world's first country to require the installation of photovoltaic electricity generation in new buildings, and the second (after Israel) to require the installation of solar water heating systems, in 2006.

Asia
After 1960, systems were marketed in Japan.

Australia has a variety of national and state and regulations for solar thermal starting with MRET in 1997.

Solar water heating systems are popular in China, where basic models start at around 1,500 yuan (US$235), around 80% less than in Western countries for a given collector size. At least 30 million Chinese households have one. The popularity is due to efficient evacuated tubes that allow the heaters to function even under gray skies and at temperatures well below freezing.

Design requirements
The type, complexity and size of a solar water heating system is mostly determined by:

 * Changes in ambient temperature and solar radiation between summer and winter
 * Changes in ambient temperature during the day-night cycle
 * Possibility of the potable water or collector fluid overheating or freezing

The minimum requirements of the system are typically determined by the amount or temperature of hot water required during winter, when a system's output and incoming water temperature are typically at their lowest. The maximum output of the system is determined by the need to prevent the water in the system from becoming too hot.

Freeze protection
Freeze protection measures prevent damage to the system due to the expansion of freezing transfer fluid. Drainback systems drain the transfer fluid from the system when the pump stops. Many indirect systems use antifreeze (e.g., propylene glycol) in the heat transfer fluid.

In some direct systems, collectors can be manually drained when freezing is expected. This approach is common in climates where freezing temperatures do not occur often but can be less reliable than an automatic system as it relies on an operator.

The third type of freeze protection is freeze-tolerance, where low-pressure water pipes made of silicone rubber simply expand on freezing. One such collector now has European Solar Keymark accreditation.

Overheat protection
When no hot water has been used for a day or two, the fluid in the collectors and storage can reach high temperatures in all non-"drainback" systems. When the storage tank in a "drainback" system reaches its desired temperature, the pumps stop, ending the heating process and thus preventing the storage tank from overheating.

Some active systems deliberately cool the water in the storage tank by circulating hot water through the collector at times when there is little sunlight or at night, losing heat. This is most effective in direct or thermal store plumbing and is virtually ineffective in systems that use evacuated tube collectors, due to their superior insulation. Any collector type may still overheat. High pressure, sealed solar thermal systems ultimately rely on the operation of temperature and pressure relief valves. Low pressure, open vented heaters have simpler, more reliable safety controls, typically an open vent.

Structure and working
Simple designs include a simple glass-topped insulated box with a flat solar absorber made of dark-colored sheet metal, attached to copper heat exchanger pipes, or a set of metal tubes surrounded by an evacuated (near vacuum) glass cylinder. In industrial cases a parabolic mirror can concentrate sunlight on the tube. Heat is stored in a hot water storage tank. The volume of this tank needs to be larger with solar heating systems to compensate for bad weather and because the optimum final temperature for the solar collector is lower than a typical immersion or combustion heater. The heat transfer fluid (HTF) for the absorber may be water, but more commonly (at least in active systems) is a separate loop of fluid containing anti-freeze and a corrosion inhibitor delivers heat to the tank through a heat exchanger (commonly a coil of copper heat exchanger tubing within the tank). Copper is an important component in solar thermal heating and cooling systems because of its high heat conductivity, atmospheric and water corrosion resistance, sealing and joining by soldering and mechanical strength. Copper is used both in receivers and primary circuits (pipes and heat exchangers for water tanks).

The 'drain-back' is another lower-maintenance concept. No anti-freeze is required; instead, all the piping is sloped to cause water to drain back to the tank. The tank is not pressurized and operates at atmospheric pressure. As soon as the pump shuts off, flow reverses and the pipes empty before freezing can occur.

Residential solar thermal installations fall into two groups: passive (sometimes called "compact") and active (sometimes called "pumped") systems. Both typically include an auxiliary energy source (electric heating element or connection to a gas or fuel oil central heating system) that is activated when the water in the tank falls below a minimum temperature setting, ensuring that hot water is always available. The combination of solar water heating and back-up heat from a wood stove chimney can enable a hot water system to work all year round in cooler climates, without the supplemental heat requirement of a solar water heating system being met with fossil fuels or electricity.

When a solar water heating and hot-water central heating system are used together, solar heat will either be concentrated in a pre-heating tank that feeds into the tank heated by the central heating, or the solar heat exchanger will replace the lower heating element and the upper element will remain to provide for supplemental heat. However, the primary need for central heating is at night and in winter when solar gain is lower. Therefore, solar water heating for washing and bathing is often a better application than central heating because supply and demand are better matched. In many climates, a solar hot water system can provide up to 85% of domestic hot water energy. This can include domestic non-electric concentrating solar thermal systems. In many northern European countries, combined hot water and space heating systems (solar combisystems) are used to provide 15 to 25% of home heating energy. When combined with storage, large scale solar heating can provide 50-97% of annual heat consumption for district heating.

Direct

Direct or open loop systems circulate potable water through the collectors. They are relatively cheap. Drawbacks include:
 * They offer little or no overheat protection unless they have a heat export pump.
 * They offer little or no freeze protection, unless the collectors are freeze-tolerant.
 * Collectors accumulate scale in hard water areas, unless an ion-exchange softener is used.

The advent of freeze-tolerant designs expanded the market for SWH to colder climates. In freezing conditions, earlier models were damaged when the water turned to ice, rupturing one or more components.

Indirect
Indirect or closed loop systems use a heat exchanger to transfer heat from the "heat-transfer fluid" (HTF) fluid to the potable water. The most common HTF is an antifreeze/water mix that typically uses non-toxic propylene glycol. After heating in the panels, the HTF travels to the heat exchanger, where its heat is transferred to the potable water. Indirect systems offer freeze protection and typically overheat protection.

Passive
Passive systems rely on heat-driven convection or heat pipes to circulate the working fluid. Passive systems cost less and require low or no maintenance, but are less efficient. Overheating and freezing are major concerns.

Active
Active systems use one or more pumps to circulate water and/or heating fluid. This permits a much wider range of system configurations.

Pumped systems are more expensive to purchase and to operate. However, they operate at higher efficiency and can be more easily controlled.

Active systems have controllers with features such as interaction with a backup electric or gas-driven water heater, calculation and logging of the energy saved, safety functions, remote access and informative displays.

Passive direct systems

An integrated collector storage (ICS or batch heater) system uses a tank that acts as both storage and collector. Batch heaters are thin rectilinear tanks with a glass side facing the Sun at noon. They are simple and less costly than plate and tube collectors, but they may require bracing if installed on a roof (to support 400 - 700 lb lbs of water), suffer from significant heat loss at night since the side facing the sun is largely uninsulated and are only suitable in moderate climates.

A convection heat storage unit (CHS) system is similar to an ICS system, except the storage tank and collector are physically separated and transfer between the two is driven by convection. CHS systems typically use standard flat-plate type or evacuated tube collectors. The storage tank must be located above the collectors for convection to work properly. The main benefit of CHS systems over ICS systems is that heat loss is largely avoided since the storage tank can be fully insulated. Since the panels are located below the storage tank, heat loss does not cause convection, as the cold water stays at the lowest part of the system.

Active indirect systems
Pressurized antifreeze systems use a mix of antifreeze (almost always low-toxic propylene glycol) and water mix for HTF in order to prevent freeze damage.

Though effective at preventing freeze damage, antifreeze systems have drawbacks:
 * If the HTF gets too hot the glycol degrades into acid and then provides no freeze protection and begins to dissolve the solar loop's components.
 * Systems without drainback tanks must circulate the HTF – regardless of the temperature of the storage tank – to prevent the HTF from degrading. Excessive temperatures in the tank cause increased scale and sediment build-up, possible severe burns if a tempering valve is not installed, and if used for storage, possible thermostat failure.
 * The glycol/water HTF must be replaced every 3–8 years, depending on the temperatures it has experienced.
 * Some jurisdictions require more-expensive, double-walled heat exchangers even though propylene glycol is low-toxic.
 * Even though the HTF contains glycol to prevent freezing, it circulates hot water from the storage tank into the collectors at low temperatures (e.g. below 40 F), causing substantial heat loss.

A drainback system is an active indirect system where the HTF (usually pure water) circulates through the collector, driven by a pump. The collector piping is not pressurized and includes an open drainback reservoir that is contained in conditioned or semi-conditioned space. The HTF remains in the drainback reservoir unless the pump is operating and returns there (emptying the collector) when the pump is switched off. The collector system, including piping, must drain via gravity into the drainback tank. Drainback systems are not subject to freezing or overheating. The pump operates only when appropriate for heat collection, but not to protect the HTF, increasing efficiency and reducing pumping costs.

Do-it-yourself (DIY)
Plans for solar water heating systems are available on the Internet. DIY SWH systems are usually cheaper than commercial ones, and they are used both in the developed and developing world.

Collector
Solar thermal collectors capture and retain heat from the sun and use it to heat a liquid. Two important physical principles govern the technology of solar thermal collectors:
 * Any hot object ultimately returns to thermal equilibrium with its environment, due to heat loss from conduction, convection and radiation. Efficiency (the proportion of heat energy retained for a predefined time period) is directly related to heat loss from the collector surface. Convection and radiation are the most important sources of heat loss. Thermal insulation is used to slow heat loss from a hot object. This follows the Second law of thermodynamics (the 'equilibrium effect').
 * Heat is lost more rapidly if the temperature difference between a hot object and its environment is larger. Heat loss is predominantly governed by the thermal gradient between the collector surface and the ambient temperatures. Conduction, convection and radiation all occur more rapidly over large thermal gradients (the delta-t effect).

Flat plate solar
Flat plate collectors are an extension of the idea to place a collector in an 'oven'-like box with glass directly facing the Sun. Most flat plate collectors have two horizontal pipes at the top and bottom, called headers, and many smaller vertical pipes connecting them, called risers. The risers are welded (or similarly connected) to thin absorber fins. Heat-transfer fluid (water or water/antifreeze mix) is pumped from the hot water storage tank or heat exchanger into the collectors' bottom header, and it travels up the risers, collecting heat from the absorber fins, and then exits the collector out of the top header. Serpentine flat plate collectors differ slightly from this "harp" design, and instead use a single pipe that travels up and down the collector. However, since they cannot be properly drained of water, serpentine flat plate collectors cannot be used in drainback systems.

The type of glass used in flat plate collectors is almost always low-iron, tempered glass. Such glass can withstand significant hail without breaking, which is one of the reasons that flat-plate collectors are considered the most durable collector type.

Unglazed or formed collectors are similar to flat-plate collectors, except they are not thermally insulated nor physically protected by a glass panel. Consequently, these types of collectors are much less efficient when water temperature exceeds ambient air temperatures. For pool heating applications, the water to be heated is often colder than the ambient roof temperature, at which point the lack of thermal insulation allows additional heat to be drawn from the surrounding environment.

Evacuated tube
Evacuated tube collectors (ETC) are a way to reduce the heat loss, inherent in flat plates. Since heat loss due to convection cannot cross a vacuum, it forms an efficient isolation mechanism to keep heat inside the collector pipes. Since two flat glass sheets are generally not strong enough to withstand a vacuum, the vacuum is created between two concentric tubes. Typically, the water piping in an ETC is therefore surrounded by two concentric tubes of glass separated by a vacuum that admits heat from the sun (to heat the pipe) but that limits heat loss. The inner tube is coated with a thermal absorber. Vacuum life varies from collector to collector, from 5 years to 15 years.

Flat plate collectors are generally more efficient than ETC in full sunshine conditions. However, the energy output of flat plate collectors is reduced slightly more than ETCs in cloudy or extremely cold conditions. Most ETCs are made out of annealed glass, which is susceptible to hail, failing given roughly golf ball -sized particles. ETCs made from "coke glass", which has a green tint, are stronger and less likely to lose their vacuum, but efficiency is slightly reduced due to reduced transparency. ETCs can gather energy from the sun all day long at low angles due to their tubular shape.

PV pump
One way to power an active system is via a photovoltaic (PV) panel. To ensure proper pump performance and longevity, the (DC) pump and PV panel must be suitably matched. Although a PV-powered pump does not operate at night, the controller must ensure that the pump does not operate when the sun is out but the collector water is not hot enough.

PV pumps offer the following advantages:
 * Simpler/cheaper installation and maintenance
 * Excess PV output can be used for household electricity use or put back into the grid
 * Can dehumidify living space
 * Can operate during a power outage
 * Avoids the carbon consumption from using grid-powered pumps

Bubble pump
A bubble pump (also known as geyser pump) is suitable for flat panel as well as vacuum tube systems. In a bubble pump system, the closed HTF circuit is under reduced pressure, which causes the liquid to boil at low temperature as the sun heats it. The steam bubbles form a geyser, causing an upward flow. The bubbles are separated from the hot fluid and condensed at the highest point in the circuit, after which the fluid flows downward toward the heat exchanger caused by the difference in fluid levels. The HTF typically arrives at the heat exchanger at 70 °C and returns to the circulating pump at 50 °C. Pumping typically starts at about 50 °C and increases as the sun rises until equilibrium is reached.

Controller
A differential controller senses temperature differences between water leaving the solar collector and the water in the storage tank near the heat exchanger. The controller starts the pump when the water in the collector is sufficiently about 8–10 °C warmer than the water in the tank, and stops it when the temperature difference reaches 3–5 °C. This ensures that stored water always gains heat when the pump operates and prevents the pump from excessive cycling on and off. (In direct systems the pump can be triggered with a difference around 4 °C because they have no heat exchanger.)

Tank
The simplest collector is a water-filled metal tank in a sunny place. The sun heats the tank. This was how the first systems worked. This setup would be inefficient due to the equilibrium effect: as soon as heating of the tank and water begins, the heat gained is lost to the environment and this continues until the water in the tank reaches ambient temperature. The challenge is to limit the heat loss.
 * The storage tank can be situated lower than the collectors, allowing increased freedom in system design and allowing pre-existing storage tanks to be used.
 * The storage tank can be hidden from view.
 * The storage tank can be placed in conditioned or semi-conditioned space, reducing heat loss.
 * Drainback tanks can be used.

Insulated tank
ICS or batch collectors reduce heat loss by thermally insulating the tank. This is achieved by encasing the tank in a glass-topped box that allows heat from the sun to reach the water tank. The other walls of the box are thermally insulated, reducing convection and radiation. The box can also have a reflective surface on the inside. This reflects heat lost from the tank back towards the tank. In a simple way one could consider an ICS solar water heater as a water tank that has been enclosed in a type of 'oven' that retains heat from the sun as well as heat of the water in the tank. Using a box does not eliminate heat loss from the tank to the environment, but it largely reduces this loss.

Standard ICS collectors have a characteristic that strongly limits the efficiency of the collector: a small surface-to-volume ratio. Since the amount of heat that a tank can absorb from the sun is largely dependent on the surface of the tank directly exposed to the sun, it follows that the surface size defines the degree to which the water can be heated by the sun. Cylindrical objects such as the tank in an ICS collector have an inherently small surface-to-volume ratio. Collectors attempt to increase this ratio for efficient warming of the water. Variations on this basic design include collectors that combine smaller water containers and evacuated glass tube technology, a type of ICS system known as an Evacuated Tube Batch (ETB) collector.

Evacuated tube
ETSCs can be more useful than other solar collectors during winter season. ETCs can be used for heating and cooling purposes in industries like pharmaceutical and drug, paper, leather and textile and also for residential houses, hospitals, nursing home, hotels, swimming pool etc.

An ETC can operate at a range of temperatures from medium to high for solar hot water, swimming pool, air conditioning and solar cooker.

ETCs higher operational temperature range (up to 200 C) makes them suitable for industrial applications such as steam generation, heat engine and solar drying.

Swimming pools
Floating pool covering systems and separate STCs are used for pool heating.

Pool covering systems, whether solid sheets or floating disks, act as insulation and reduce heat loss. Much heat loss occurs through evaporation, and using a cover slows evaporation.

STCs for nonpotable pool water use are often made of plastic. Pool water is mildly corrosive due to chlorine. Water is circulated through the panels using the existing pool filter or supplemental pump. In mild environments, unglazed plastic collectors are more efficient as a direct system. In cold or windy environments evacuated tubes or flat plates in an indirect configuration are used in conjunction with a heat exchanger. This reduces corrosion. A fairly simple differential temperature controller is used to direct the water to the panels or heat exchanger either by turning a valve or operating the pump. Once the pool water has reached the required temperature, a diverter valve is used to return water directly to the pool without heating. Many systems are configured as drainback systems where the water drains into the pool when the water pump is switched off.

The collector panels are usually mounted on a nearby roof, or ground-mounted on a tilted rack. Due to the low temperature difference between the air and the water, the panels are often formed collectors or unglazed flat plate collectors. A simple rule-of-thumb for the required panel area needed is 50% of the pool's surface area. This is for areas where pools are used in the summer season only. Adding solar collectors to a conventional outdoor pool, in a cold climate, can typically extend the pool's comfortable usage by months and more if an insulating pool cover is used. When sized at 100% coverage most solar hot water systems are capable of heating a pool anywhere from as little as 4 °C for a wind-exposed pool, to as much as 10 °C for a wind-sheltered pool covered consistently with a solar pool blanket.

An active solar energy system analysis program may be used to optimize the solar pool heating system before it is built.

Energy production

The amount of heat delivered by a solar water heating system depends primarily on the amount of heat delivered by the sun at a particular place (insolation). In the tropics insolation can be relatively high, e.g. 7 kWh/m2 per day, versus e.g., 3.2 kWh/m2 per day in temperate areas. Even at the same latitude average insolation can vary a great deal from location to location due to differences in local weather patterns and the amount of overcast. Calculators are available for estimating insolation at a site.

Below is a table that gives a rough indication of the specifications and energy that could be expected from a solar water heating system involving some 2 m2 of absorber area of the collector, demonstrating two evacuated tube and three flat plate solar water heating systems. Certification information or figures calculated from those data are used. The bottom two rows give estimates for daily energy production (kWh/day) for a tropical and a temperate scenario. These estimates are for heating water to 50 °C above ambient temperature.

With most solar water heating systems, the energy output scales linearly with the collector surface area.

The figures are fairly similar between the above collectors, yielding some 4 kWh/day in a temperate climate and some 8 kWh/day in a tropical climate when using a collector with a 2 m2 absorber. In the temperate scenario this is sufficient to heat 200 litres of water by some 17 °C. In the tropical scenario the equivalent heating would be by some 33 °C. Many thermosiphon systems have comparable energy output to equivalent active systems. The efficiency of evacuated tube collectors is somewhat lower than for flat plate collectors because the absorbers are narrower than the tubes and the tubes have space between them, resulting in a significantly larger percentage of inactive overall collector area. Some methods of comparison calculate the efficiency of evacuated tube collectors based on the actual absorber area and not on the space occupied as has been done in the above table. Efficiency is reduced at higher temperatures.

Costs
In sunny, warm locations, where freeze protection is not necessary, an ICS (batch type) solar water heater can be cost effective. In higher latitudes, design requirements for cold weather add to system complexity and cost. This increases initial costs, but not life-cycle costs. The biggest single consideration is therefore the large initial financial outlay of solar water heating systems. Offsetting this expense can take years. The payback period is longer in temperate environments. Since solar energy is free, operating costs are small. At higher latitudes, solar heaters may be less effective due to lower insolation, possibly requiring larger and/or dual-heating systems. In some countries government incentives can be significant.

Cost factors (positive and negative) include:
 * Price of solar water heater (more complex systems are more expensive)
 * Efficiency
 * Installation cost
 * Electricity used for pumping
 * Price of water heating fuel (e.g. gas or electricity) saved per kWh
 * Amount of water heating fuel used
 * Initial and/or recurring government subsidy
 * Maintenance cost (e.g. antifreeze or pump replacements)
 * Savings in maintenance of conventional (electric/gas/oil) water heating system

Payback times can vary greatly due to regional sun, extra cost due to frost protection needs of collectors, household hot water use etc. For instance in central and southern Florida the payback period could easily be 7 years or less rather than the 12.6 years indicated on the chart for the United States.

The payback period is shorter given greater insolation. However, even in temperate areas, solar water heating is cost effective. The payback period for photovoltaic systems has historically been much longer. Costs and payback period are shorter if no complementary/backup system is required. thus extending the payback period of such a system.

Subsidies
Australia operates a system of Renewable Energy Credits, based on national renewable energy targets.

The Toronto Solar Neighbourhoods Initiative offers subsidies for the purchase of solar water heating units.

Energy footprint
The source of electricity in an active SWH system determines the extent to which a system contributes to atmospheric carbon during operation. Active solar thermal systems that use mains electricity to pump the fluid through the panels are called 'low carbon solar'. In most systems the pumping reduces the energy savings by about 8% and the carbon savings of the solar by about 20%. However, low power pumps operate with 1-20W. Assuming a solar collector panel delivering 4 kWh/day and a pump running intermittently from mains electricity for a total of 6 hours during a 12-hour sunny day, the potentially negative effect of such a pump can be reduced to about 3% of the heat produced.

However, PV-powered active solar thermal systems typically use a 5–30 W PV panel and a small, low power diaphragm pump or centrifugal pump to circulate the water. This reduces the operational carbon and energy footprint.

Alternative non-electrical pumping systems may employ thermal expansion and phase changes of liquids and gases.

Life cycle energy assessment
Recognised standards can be used to deliver robust and quantitative life cycle assessments (LCA). LCA considers the financial and environmental costs of acquisition of raw materials, manufacturing, transport, using, servicing and disposal of the equipment. Elements include: In terms of energy consumption, some 60% goes into the tank, with 30% towards the collector (thermosiphon flat plate in this case). In Italy, some 11 giga-joules of electricity are used in producing SWH equipment, with about 35% goes toward the tank, with another 35% towards the collector. The main energy-related impact is emissions. The energy used in manufacturing is recovered within the first 2–3 years of use (in southern Europe).
 * Financial costs and gains
 * Energy consumption
 * CO2 and other emissions

By contrast the energy payback time in the UK is reported as only 2 years. This figure was for a direct system, retrofitted to an existing water store, PV pumped, freeze tolerant and of 2.8 sqm aperture. For comparison, a PV installation took around 5 years to reach energy payback, according to the same comparative study.

In terms of CO2 emissions, a large fraction of the emissions saved is dependent on the degree to which gas or electricity is used to supplement the sun. Using the Eco-indicator 99 points system as a yardstick (i.e. the yearly environmental load of an average European inhabitant) in Greece, a purely gas-driven system may have fewer emissions than a solar system. This calculation assumes that the solar system produces about half of the hot water requirements of a household. But because methane (CH4) emissions from the natural gas fuel cycle dwarf the greenhouse impact of CO2, the net greenhouse emissions (CO2e) from gas-driven systems are vastly greater than for solar heaters, especially if supplemental electricity is also from carbon-free generation.

A test system in Italy produced about 700 kg of CO2, considering all the components of manufacture, use and disposal. Maintenance was identified as an emissions-costly activity when the heat transfer fluid (glycol-based) was replaced. However, the emissions cost was recovered within about two years of use of the equipment.

In Australia, life cycle emissions were also recovered. The tested SWH system had about 20% of the impact of an electrical water heater and half that of a gas water heater.

Analysing their lower impact retrofit freeze-tolerant solar water heating system, Allen et al. (qv) reported a production CO2 impact of 337 kg, which is around half the environmental impact reported in the Ardente et al. (qv) study.

System specification and installation

 * Most SWH installations require backup heating.
 * The amount of hot water consumed each day must be replaced and heated. In a solar-only system, consuming a high fraction of the water in the reservoir implies significant reservoir temperature variations. The larger the reservoir the smaller the daily temperature variation.
 * SWH systems offer significant scale economies in collector and tank costs. Thus the most economically efficient scale meets 100% of the heating needs of the application.
 * Direct systems (and some indirect systems using heat exchangers) can be retrofitted to existing stores.
 * Equipment components must be insulated to achieve full system benefits. The installation of efficient insulation significantly reduces heat loss.
 * The most efficient PV pumps start slowly in low light levels, so they may cause a small amount of unwanted circulation while the collector is cold. The controller must prevent stored hot water from this cooling effect.
 * Evacuated tube collector arrays can be adjusted by removing/adding tubes or their heat pipes, allowing customization during/after installation.
 * Above 45 degrees latitude, roof mounted sun-facing collectors tend to outproduce wall-mounted collectors. However, arrays of wall-mounted steep collectors can sometimes produce more useful energy because gains in used energy in winter can offset the loss of unused (excess) energy in summer.

Europe

 * EN 806: Specifications for installations inside buildings conveying water for human consumption. General.
 * EN 1717: Protection against pollution of potable water in water installations and general requirements of devices to prevent pollution by backflow.
 * EN 60335: Specification for safety of household and similar electrical appliances. (2–21)
 * UNE 94002:2005 Thermal solar systems for domestic hot water production. Calculation method for heat demand.

United States

 * OG-300: OG-300 Certification of Solar Water Heating Systems.

Canada

 * CAN/CSA-F378 Series 11 (Solar collectors)
 * CAN/CSA-F379 Series 09 (Packaged solar domestic hot water systems)
 * SRCC Standard 600 (Minimum standard for solar thermal concentrating collectors)

Australia

 * Renewable Energy (Electricity) Act 2000
 * Renewable Energy (Electricity) (Large-scale Generation Shortfall Charge) Act 2000
 * Renewable Energy (Electricity) (Small-scale Technology Shortfall Charge) Act 2010
 * Renewable Energy (Electricity) Regulations 2001
 * Renewable Energy (Electricity) Regulations 2001 - STC Calculation Methodology for Solar Water Heaters and air source heat pump Water Heaters
 * Renewable Energy (Electricity) Amendment (Transitional Provision) Regulations 2010
 * Renewable Energy (Electricity) Amendment (Transitional Provisions) Regulations 2009

All relevant participants of the Large-scale Renewable Energy Target and Small-scale Renewable Energy Scheme must comply with the above Acts.

title: Solar water heating


text:
September 1977 Fijian general election

Early general elections were held in Fiji between 17 and 24 September 1977. They followed elections in March which resulted in a hung parliament and no party able to gain a majority. The new election resulted in a landslide win for the Alliance Party (Fiji) led by Prime Minister Kamisese Mara, which won 36 seats out of 52. It was aided by a split in the main opposition, the National Federation Party (NFP) and a decline in support for the Fijian Nationalist Party.

Background
The March elections had seen the NFP win 26 seats, the Alliance 24, the Fijian Nationalist Party one and an independent one.

With divisions apparent in the NFP, Governor-General George Cakobau asked Alliance Party leader and incumbent Prime Minister Kamisese Mara to form a government, claiming that Mara was able to command a majority. However, in June the Alliance Party attempted to pass a motion of confidence in the government but lost as the sole Fijian Nationalist Party MP voted against. At the end of June Cakobau dissolved parliament, resulting in fresh elections being held.

Prior to the elections, the NFP openly split in two, with the faction of leader Sidiq Koya and a rival NFP group running against each other in 24 seats. Koya's faction was symbolised by a dove, with the rival faction using a hibiscus flower

In August Fijian Nationalist Party leader Sakeasi Butadroka was given a six month jail sentence for inciting racial hatred.

Results
Koya lost his seat to a rival NFP candidate Jai Ram Reddy. Sole independent MP Osea Gavidi was narrowly re-elected, with five Alliance MPs being elected unopposed.

Aftermath
Following the elections, Mara appointed a twelve-member cabinet. Jai Ram Reddy became Leader of the Opposition.

Bill Clark later became Minister of Lands and Minerals and Sakiasi Waqanivavalagi became Minister of Youth and Sport.

In a cabinet reshuffle in January 1981, Clark became Minister of Energy, David Toganivalu became Minister of Commerce and Industry, Mohammed Ramzan became Minister of Health, Tomasi Vakatora became Minister of Labour, Industry Relations and Immigration, Ted Beddoes became Minister of Tourism, transport and Civil Aviation and Waqanivavalagi added Lands and Mineral Resources to his Youth and Sport portfolio.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: September 1977 Fijian general election


text:
Car alarm

A car alarm is an electronic device installed in a vehicle in an attempt to discourage theft of the vehicle itself, its contents, or both. Car alarms work by emitting high-volume sound (often a vehicle-mounted siren, klaxon, pre-recorded verbal warning, the vehicle's own horn, or a combination of these) when the conditions necessary for triggering it are met. Such alarms may also cause the vehicle's headlights to flash, may notify the car's owner of the incident via a paging system, and may interrupt one or more electrical circuits necessary for the car to start. Although inexpensive to acquire and install, the effectiveness of such devices in deterring vehicle burglary or theft when their only effect is to emit sound appears to be negligible.

History
An early version of a car alarm for use as a theft deterrent was invented by an unknown prisoner from Denver in 1913. This version was manually armed, and triggered when someone tried to crank the engine. A later alarm inspired by an early version of a remote starter was published in 1916. This version had the car owner carry a receiver, which would buzz if the car ignition system was tampered with.

Features
Car alarms should not be confused with immobilizers; although the purpose of both may be to deter car theft, they operate in a dissimilar fashion. An immobilizer generally will not offer any audible or visual theft deterrence, nor require any more input from the driver than from the driver of a non-immobilizer car.

Car alarms can be divided into two categories:

 * OEM (built into the vehicle at the factory)
 * Aftermarket (installed at any time after the car has been built, such as by the new car dealer, an auto accessories store, or the vehicle's owner)

Alarms often come with a mix of features. Remote car alarms typically consist of an additional radio receiver that allows the owner to wirelessly control the alarm from a key fob. Remote car alarms typically come equipped with an array of sensors along with immobilizers and motion detectors.

Keyless remote car alarms are typically based on strong cryptography authentication methods:
 * Radio receiver
 * Immobilizer
 * Motion detector
 * Wireless USB

Remotes
Typically car alarms are disarmed or armed by a remote. The remotes recently use rolling code.

OEM alarms
Almost all OEM alarms are typically armed and disarmed with the vehicle's keyless entry remote. On many vehicles the key cylinders in the driver or front passenger door activate switches, so that when a key is used in the door the alarm will arm or disarm. Some vehicles will arm when the power door lock switch is pressed with the driver's door open, and the door is subsequently closed. Some vehicles will disarm if the ignition is turned on; often when the vehicle is equipped with a key-based immobilizer and an alarm, the combination of the valid key code and the ignition disarms the system.

Aftermarket alarms
Like OEM alarms, aftermarket systems are usually armed and disarmed via remote. Usually they do not have provisions for external disarming from the key cylinder, but will typically have an override switch mounted in a hidden location.

Triggers
The individual triggers for a car alarm vary widely, depending on the make and model of the vehicle, and the brand and model of the alarm itself (for aftermarket alarms). Since aftermarket alarms are designed to be universal (i.e. compatible with all 12-volt negative ground electrical systems as opposed to one carmaker's vehicles), these commonly have trigger inputs that the installer/vehicle owner chooses not to connect, which additionally determines what will set the alarm off.

Generally, OEM alarms monitor the doors and trunk/hatch for unauthorized entry. On some vehicles this is done through pin switches, mercury switches, or microswitches integrated into the latch. On others, the doorlock mechanisms have switches built into them. Some OEM alarms additionally will trigger if the hood is opened, or if the ignition is turned on. A few systems have a shock sensor which will trigger upon a significant impact to the vehicle's body, such as window glass being broken. Motion sensors monitoring the vehicle's interior are installed in some higher end models.

The simplest aftermarket alarms are one-piece units with a siren and control module. The most common type of sensor is a shock sensor and two wires (12-volt constant power and ground) which are connected to the car's battery. This type of alarm is triggered by vibration transferred to the shock sensor, or by voltage changes on the input (the alarm assumes that a sudden change in voltage is due to a door or trunk being opened, or the ignition being turned on); however, it is very prone to false triggers on late-model vehicles with many electronic control modules, which can draw current with the ignition off.

More sophisticated aftermarket alarms are wired into the vehicle's electronics individually. Typically, these alarms have inputs for power and ground, as well as for positive- and negative-switched door open circuits, negative trunk and/or hood circuits, and ignition-switched circuits to detect the ignition being turned on; aftermarket alarms also usually have a shock sensor which may be built into the control module or external to it.

In addition, some aftermarket alarms have provisions for optional sensors (these must be purchased separately). The tilt sensor can sense the vehicle being tilted (alerting to towing). Tilt sensors come in digital or mercury. A digital sensor is more accurate since it sets itself, allowing for the vehicle to be placed on a hill and not cause false triggers. A sound discriminator or glass breakage sensor senses only the sound of glass breaking. Typically, a sound discriminator sensor can be eliminated using a shock sensor. Proximity, infrared, or motion sensors sense motion inside or outside the vehicle; these are typically installed on convertible or T-top vehicles. These sensors are usually adjustable in order to avoid false alarms. For example, a shock sensor will sometimes vibrate due to loud noises in the area such as heavy trucks, loud vehicle exhaust, or an accidental bump to the car from a passerby. Proximity sensors often cause false alarms in parking lots when a passerby is entering or exiting a vehicle parked next to the armed car. These often cause the alarm to falsely sense an attempted break-in.

Effectiveness
Although car alarms of some kind have been available since the beginning of the automobile era, the dramatic increase in their installation in the 1980s and 1990s coupled with the fact that nearly all types of car alarms are easily triggered accidentally (frequently because of high sensitivity settings) means that people who hear them often ignore them. In 1994, the New York City Police Department claimed that car alarms may actually be making car theft and break-in crimes more frequent. There is one account in 1992 of a thief in New York City rocking a car to deliberately trigger its alarm in order to help conceal the sound of a breaking window.

Because of the large number of false alarms with car alarms, many vehicle manufacturers no longer factory-fit simple noise-making alarms, instead offering silent immobilizers. Alternatively, an aftermarket vehicle tracking system can easily trace stolen vehicles. Most police tracking systems require the user to pay a recurring fee, whereas factory immobilizers are included in the purchase price of the vehicle. GPS locating systems enable the owner of the vehicle to lock and unlock, track, and disable the starter of the vehicle online.

Frequently, false alarms occur because car alarm owners use high sensitivity settings. This may be the main reason why loud bass frequency sound (loud music, other cars or motorcycles with loud exhaust systems, thunderstorms, etc.) can set off car alarms. The second possible reason is that some parts of the alarm system may be improperly installed.

title: Car alarm


text:
Beeper

A beeper is a device that makes a beep sound.

Beeper may also refer to:

Devices

 * Avalanche transceiver
 * Buzzer
 * Pager
 * PC speaker, an internal loudspeaker integrated into most IBM PC compatible computers
 * Piezoelectric speaker, used in early microcomputers

Music

 * "Beeper" (song), the debut single by The Count and Sinden
 * The Beepers, an American band
 * "Beepers", a song by American rapper Sir Mix-a-Lot from the 1989 album Seminar

Other uses

 * Beeper (application), an instant messaging application and service
 * Beeper (film), a 2002 film

title: Beeper


text:
Éamon Ó Cuív

Éamon Ó Cuív (born 23 June 1950) is an Irish Fianna Fáil politician who has been a Teachta Dála (TD) for the Galway West constituency since the 1992 general election. He previously served as Deputy leader of Fianna Fáil from 2011 to 2012, as Minister for Social Protection from 2010 to 2011, Minister for Community, Rural and Gaeltacht Affairs from 2002 to 2010, and as a Minister of State from 1997 to 2002. He also served as Minister for the Environment, Community and Local Government and Minister for Defence from January to March 2011, appointed to these positions in addition to his own on the resignation of other members of the government.

He served as a Senator for the Cultural and Educational Panel from 1989 to 1992.

He unsuccessfully contested the leadership of Fianna Fáil after the resignation of Brian Cowen. He lost to Micheál Martin. Martin appointed Ó Cuív as Deputy leader of Fianna Fáil, following Brian Lenihan Jnr's death. However, Ó Cuív ceased to be Deputy leader of Fianna Fáil on 29 February 2012, because of his opposition to his party's stance on the European Fiscal Compact. Ó Cuiv is the grandson of Fianna Fáil founder, Taoiseach and President of Ireland, Éamon de Valera.

Early life
Ó Cuív is the son of Brian Ó Cuív, professor of Celtic Studies at University College Dublin, and Emer de Valera, who was the last surviving daughter of Fianna Fáil founder, Taoiseach and President of Ireland Éamon de Valera, when she died at the age of 93 in February 2012. He is a nephew of Vivion de Valera, a former TD, and is a first cousin of Síle de Valera, former Minister for Arts, Heritage, Gaeltacht and the Islands, and Aindrias Ó Caoimh, former judge of the High Court and of the European Court of Justice.

He was born in Blackrock, Dublin and was educated at Oatlands College, Dublin and University College Dublin. Before entering politics, he was the manager of Gaeltacht Co-operative, a company involved in agricultural services including timber milling, tourism and cultural development.

Surname
Ó Cuív's family surname was changed from Ó Caoimh by his grandfather Shán Ó Cuív, a Cork journalist. In the early 20th century Shán changed the spelling of his surname to conform to a simplified spelling system of his own invention which he called An Leitriú Shimplí. The letter 'v' is extremely rare in Irish outside modern loanwords, not being one of the 18 letters of the Irish alphabet.

National politics
Ó Cuív first stood for election to Dáil Éireann at the 1987 general election in the Galway West constituency, where he was the last-placed of the four Fianna Fáil candidates, only two of whom were elected. He did better in the 1989 general election, substantially increasing his share of the first-preference votes, but was the only one of the three Fianna Fáil candidates not to be elected.

He was then elected to the 19th Seanad as a Senator for the Cultural and Educational Panel. He served there until the 1992 general election, when he finally became a TD for Galway West. His vote had increased significantly and he was elected on the first count, coming a close second for Fianna Fáil behind the Labour Party's Michael D. Higgins. At the 1997 general election, he was again elected in second place on the first count, this time being narrowly behind his Fianna Fáil colleague Frank Fahey. At the 2002 general election, he comfortably topped the poll, with over 20% of the first-preference votes. Ó Cuív again topped the poll in Galway West at the 2007 general election.

In 1994, Ó Cuív raised concern amongst some in Fianna Fáil when he suggested the possibility of a prospective conditional return to the Commonwealth of Nations as a gesture to Unionists in Northern Ireland. However, a straw poll of backbench Fianna Fáil TDs in 1998 showed that this had little support.

Ministerial career
In 1997, he was appointed Minister of State at the Department of Arts, Heritage, Gaeltacht and the Islands, with responsibility for the Gaeltacht and the islands, serving under his cousin Síle de Valera, who was the senior minister at the department. In 2001, he was reassigned as Minister of State at the Department of Agriculture, Food and Rural Development with responsibility for rural development and the Western Development Commission.

Following the 2002 general election, he was appointed to the cabinet as Minister for Community, Rural and Gaeltacht Affairs.

He publicly spoke of voting "No" in the first referendum on the Treaty of Nice. This caused controversy as the government of which he was a member had negotiated the Treaty and called for a "Yes" vote.

As minister, he introduced the Official Languages Act 2003, which created the office of An Coimisinéir Teanga.

Ó Cuív was at the centre of a controversy surrounding the official name of An Daingean / Dingle, a small Gaeltacht town in west County Kerry. The residents of the town held a plebiscite in November 2006, to determine which version of the town name should be used. Ó Cuív originally signalled that he was happy to abide by the locals' decision, but then said that the name could not legally be changed back to Dingle, following advice from the Attorney General of Ireland.

Ó Cuív was re-appointed to the same cabinet position after the 2007 election, and again in 2008 when Brian Cowen succeeded as Taoiseach.

In 2007, Ó Cuív again called for Ireland to return to the Commonwealth as a full member state, in light of the restoration of devolution to Northern Ireland and the meeting of the Commonwealth Parliamentary Association in Belfast.

In July 2009, Ó Cuív used a government helicopter to open a playground, at the cost of €10,000. On 23 March 2010, in a cabinet reshuffle, he was appointed as Minister for Social Protection. After the resignation of Tony Killeen in January 2011, Ó Cuív was also appointed as Minister for Defence, and he was also appointed Minister for the Environment, Heritage and Local Government after John Gormley's resignation days later. On 22 January 2011, after the resignation of Fianna Fáil leader Brian Cowen, Ó Cuív stated that he wished to be a candidate in the resulting election for the leadership of Fianna Fáil. He confirmed this on the TG4 News.

Opposition
Ó Cuiv was the Fianna Fáil Spokesperson for Communications, Energy and Natural Resources after Fianna Fáil were ousted from power at the 2011 general election. On 8 August 2011, party leader Micheál Martin, named Ó Cuiv as deputy leader of Fianna Fáil, replacing Brian Lenihan.

On 29 February 2012, Ó Cuív resigned as Fianna Fáil's deputy leader and Communications Spokesperson. He resigned from these positions due to dissatisfaction with his party's position on the Fiscal Compact Referendum. Fianna Fáil leader Micheál Martin stated that Ó Cuív would face expulsion from the parliamentary party if he did not vote with the party on the Fiscal Compact in the Dáil. Coming just a week before their party conference, Ó Cuív's resignation caused a split down the middle of the Fianna Fáil party.

On 12 July 2012, Ó Cuív was reappointed to the Fianna Fáil front bench as Spokesperson for Agriculture and Food, and on Community Affairs. The post of deputy leader was not filled in the reshuffle. On 8 November 2018, Ó Cuív was sacked from the Fianna Fáil front bench for unveiling a candidate in a Northern Ireland election without the party's permission.

In 2018, he was one of 25 TDs to vote against the Thirty-sixth Amendment of the Constitution Bill, which proposed to replace the protection of the life of the unborn inserted by the Eighth Amendment with a provision allowing the termination of pregnancy to be regulated by law. This amendment was approved in a referendum in May 2018 by 66.4%, including 65.9% in his constituency. Ó Cuív was one of 15 TDs to vote against the Health (Regulation of Termination of Pregnancy) Bill, which became law at the end of 2018.

Following the 2020 general election, he said that he was "completely against" Fianna Fáil forming a coalition government with Fine Gael and the Green Party. He later went on to publicly doubt the programme for government.

title: Éamon Ó Cuív


text:
Talk:Democratic Leadership Council

Untitled
As you can see, QuirkyandSuch has sided with me, and you can also see that 8bitJake with whom I was arguing has been banned from the site. Therefore, I request to change the page back to the last revision I did.Tallicfan20 (talk) 19:42, 2 July 2008 (UTC)
 * ✅ But to say that 8bitJake is banned from the site is not true. PeterSymonds (talk)  20:36, 2 July 2008 (UTC)

Correcting factual errors
After reading the POV check on this page that stated "this page looks to be mainly written by opponents of the dlc, seems especially unbalanced, as it lists many unsourced criticisms, while ignoring the praises," I've decided to clean it up a little. I'm by no means an expert, but I have researched Democratic party history for a decade or so. I've read both sides of the DLC argument from a number of sources and feel I can add a few facts to this discussion.

---

Absolutely amazing! After hearing for so long how slanted wikipedia is to the left, and after reading how the article "DLC" has been flagged for not being neutral, I set out to correct some factual inaccuracies and flesh out the organization's history - all with information sources provide. Then it all gets reverted back to it's original factually inaccurate and biased state. Wikipedia - could you be anymore obvious??

Blog links
I added a link to my blog, Democrats Against the DLC. I'd be fine if somebody wanted to get rid of all those blog links, but as long as everyone else is doing it...

Hi, I got rid of it because it was essentially nothing more than an advertisement.Bobbyd100 02:45, 27 June 2007 (UTC)

Archived Discussion
I tried to distill the discussion down to topics that seemed to be ongoing. I hope that's ok. Ryan Utt

Jimmy Carter???
Concerning the top of the article: ...a goal which had eluded the Democrats since the 1976 election of Jimmy Carter.

am i missing something or is this saying the dems haven't taken (or retaken) the white house since carter? if so, that's pretty incorrect. Sorry if this has already been discussed. gbinal

 * In 1984 when the DLC was founded, the Democrats has lost the election to Ronald Reagan. Obviosly Clinton was elected President later on. That particular claim of the sentance is correct, but the sentance could be improved: losing to an incumbent president while dominating the House and the Senate doesn't indicate to a crisis within the Democratic Party.  --Ryan Utt 07:01, 4 December 2005 (UTC)

Characterization of DLC as "Centrist"
Behind The DLC Takeover

I think it is a misnomer to refer to their policies as "centrist" or "moderate." The policies of the liberal wing of the Democratic Party (ala Teddy Kennedy) are centrist by any global measure. The DLC is better described as center-right.
 * Within the framework of American politics, their policies are center-left, centrist, or moderate. I'm sure even Ted Kennedy would not refer to himself as a "centrist". -- Mattworld 20:50, August 1, 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree that the characterization of the DLC as "centrist" is POV. Certainly the DLC describes itself as "centrist" but people across the spectrum will disagree, and, in fact, a glance at the history shows that many different adjectives have been employed in this articles first paragraph to describe the DLC's position.  This issue is complicated by the fact that "centrist" doesn't have any solid definition, and varies across time and across the globe.  I think we can objectively agree that the DLC advocates a right-ward shift of the Democratic Party.  Can we agree to this? Ryan Utt

 * I think "shift from the left" keeps the DLC squarely where they feel most comfortable. I wouldn't use "right" to describe them so I changed "right-ward shift" to "shift from the left".  I also changed "modeerate" to "more modeerate" ,again because "moderate has an absolute connotation that doesn't really describe anything.  Tbeatty 00:53, 4 December 2005 (UTC) tbeatty

 * Mattworld, Ted Kennedy may be centrist by "any global measure," but this is a discussion of American politics.

Compared with the Marxist Socialists who run the "anti-war" faction of the Democratic Party, the DLC is centrist. The DLC is a liberal organization on many issues, but Centrists are characterized by their refusal to walk any sort of ideological litmus tests. To call the positions taken by Moveon.org or International ANSWER centrist is absurd. --146.145.70.200 18:51, 14 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Shut up, you inbred, ignorant right-wing shill.--75.25.28.65 01:05, 24 April 2007 (UTC)
 * I see some people have been sampling the Cool-Aid again! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.181.47.130 (talk) 13:51, 7 July 2008 (UTC)

The DLC is supported by members who are mostly considered moderate in the party. Bill Clinton, the most highly talked about New Democrat has always been towards the center as he has adopted left leaning social policies such as the Don't Ask Don't Tell policy while still compromising (by allowing gays to serve but not openly) because he knew this is what it would take. But he has also supported right leaning policies such as free trade and welfare reform. And he's used as a DLC/New Democrat icon, which says a lot about the DLC. They are centrist. QuirkyAndSuch (talk) 08:03, 19 June 2008 (UTC)

Anti-DLC Bias
As with the vast majority of things on the wiki, this has a very noticeable leftist ideological viewpoint. There is no discussion of the successes of the DLC, the broad-based support of its positions amongst the voting public, and through the use of buzzwords, it tries to tar the DLC as a bunch of turncoat apostates who might as well be conservatives. For instance, why is noteworthy to note that they criticize Michael Moore? It is only noteworthy if you start from the assumption that he isn't a crazed crackpot. Bascially, this entire article is written in the tone that there is something a good liberal democrat is supposed to be and these guys aren't it.

The DLC has never used the words "loony left" to describe Moore and Dean. This article is full of criticism with nothing good to say about the DLC from someone who knows a little more about what they stand for. I intend to change this once I gather my thoughts.

Hmmmm... the DLC never used the words "loony left" to describe Michael Moore? I'm going to have to disagree, because when I go to dlc.org and search for "loony left" I get an article by Marshall Wittman entitled (in Wittman's typical Garanimal posturing) "Moose on the Loose". Inside, Wittman makes the statement:

"Contrary to the conspiracy theories of Michael Moore and the loony left, Bush did not invent our enemies."

http://www.dlc.org/ndol_ci.cfm?contentid=252914&kaid=127&subid=173

So go ahead and share your expertise on the DLC and give a positive perspective. I'm certainly not in a position to do that. But make sure your facts are right.

Wittman using the phrase is not the same thing as the DLC as an organization doing so. But all the same, thanks for pointing it out. BTW, you may have noticed the article has changed and now contains a more positive depiction of the DLC as well as criticism of it.

Wittman didn't just use the phrase "loony left" while speaking on his own, he said so in an article written in BluePrint, the DLC's primary organ. So what Wittman writes in BluePrint is representative of the DLCs stance.

All these edits aren't so much giving a positive perspective of the DLC as white-washing the negative perspective. This claim that the DLC "opposed" Bush's tax-cuts is particularly galling considering the explicitly cautioned politicians from opposing those tax-cuts lest they appear far-left.

Okay, I was wrong about Marshall Wittman. Kudos to the one who pointed that out. But as for the tax cuts, the DLC has consistently opposed Bush's tax cuts FOR THE WEALTHY, but at the same time has warned Democrats against opposing MIDDLE CLASS tax cuts. Agree or disagree with the DLC's view as you see fit, but anyone who doubts this should read these:

http://www.dlc.org/ndol_ci.cfm?kaid=131&subid=192&contentid=3023

http://www.dlc.org/ndol_ci.cfm?kaid=131&subid=192&contentid=3060

http://www.dlc.org/ndol_ci.cfm?kaid=131&subid=192&contentid=3107

http://www.dlc.org/ndol_ci.cfm?kaid=131&subid=192&contentid=3191

http://www.dlc.org/ndol_ci.cfm?contentid=251787&kaid=125&subid=162

http://www.dlc.org/ndol_ci.cfm?contentid=251924&kaid=127&subid=900056

http://www.dlc.org/ndol_ci.cfm?contentid=252295&kaid=127&subid=900056

-I'm here with little knowledge and more interested in querying a single sentence. I do want to add this, to this conversation. Please, let us all do keep our editing talk civil and patient, otherwise what wikipedia can be will not be. All of us would agree that wikipedia has great potential. In the best pursuit of that, long-term, I hope that no one will "shout" as above. Would the following not be NPOV and true: 'Some see the DLC's as advocating traditionally conservative points.' or such. As far as the inclusion of certain points such as conservative criticism of Moore or Dean, even if they were added with an agenda, a true NPOV statement should be welcome at wikipedia and only sought to work into the article more flowingly and clearly. Facts should never be excluded for any political reasons, even if they were added for political reasons. Let's continue talking and contributing. - gbinal

 * The phrase "Some see the DLC's as advocating traditionally conservative points" seems to already be made in the third paragraph of "Criticism". However, if you have specific policies in mind, please feel free to contribute them.

The sentence about the DLC advocating "abandoning progressive principles" is not accurate...The DLC website references progressive ideas multiple times, and uses the word "progressive"....A more accurate characterization might be that the DLC calls for a more centrist party or advocates progressive centrism...
 * Yes, and look at how well Kerry did. Personally I attribute the utter mess of a campaign that was 2004 to the DLC and their movement towards a more centrist democratic party. 69.231.202.228 00:19, 14 October 2006 (UTC)

During the 2004 Primary campaign the DLC attacked Presidential candidate Howard Dean as an out-of-touch liberal, because of Dean's position of capturing and killing Osama Bin Laden instead of illegally invading Iraq, The DLC dismissed other critics of the Ignore Bin Laden, Invade Iraq policy such as filmmaker Michael Moore as "Anti-American" and members of the "loony left" [7]. This seems to be pretty blatant in it's bias. I'm going to edit it to be more NPOV.Jaguar84 21:24, 16 December 2006 (UTC) ---

This entry on the DLC has to be changed. It sounds more like an editorial page anti-DLC essay not an objective statement defining for readers what is the DLC and where did it come from. Clearly this violates the Wikipedia NPOV (neutral point of view). The bias is too obvious to allow this page to remain unchanged. I've never read anything so slanted as this on wikipedia.

-

Balancing the Anti-DLC bias
Without specifically editing the DLC criticisms section, I did add a section on DLC electoral success and general support among the Democratic electorate. I provided numerous sources. We can argue all day the merits of policies A, B, and C, but the electoral record of the DLC can't be denied. When Democrats have won over the last 20 years, more often than not those Democrats were New Democrats.

DLC Anti Populist?
The claim is made that the DLC says that Democrats "should shift away from traditionally populist positions".

No evidence whatsoever is presented to support this declarative statement. That is because there is no evidence to support this claim. In fact, the opposite is true. In an article entitled "[ http://www.dlc.org/ndol_ci.cfm?kaid=114&subid=236&contentid=254075 How to Grow the Middle Class]", the first pillar of the DLLC's "opportunity agenda" is:

Every American should have the opportunity and responsibility to go to college and earn a degree, or to get the lifelong training they need.

Pretty musch puts the lie to the idea that the DLC argues against populist policies.

--Gatordem 22:29, 7 January 2007 (UTC)

True, that sounds like a pretty populist position, but I've heard many a DLC acolyte complain about the "populist" leanings of various Democratic candidates. The DLC leadership even criticized Al Gore--one of their own--on the grounds that his 2000 platform was "too populist" and not "New Democrat" enough. The DLC may claim to support equal opportunity to attend college, but they oppose most plans to publicly finance such college educations for needy students, such as the one John Edwards started in eastern North Carolina and is proposing on the national level. Typically, the DLC uses the word "populist" to describe a leftist or "old fashioned liberal" position on any economic issue. I think it's pretty safe to say what the DLC is all about is making the Democratic Party more palatable for more affluent people, which is in stark contrast to a truly populist agenda. --24.107.35.146 05:45, 4 August 2007 (UTC)

With the definition of "middle class" changing along with the majority of formerly middle class jobs evaporating with each Labor Department report, it is not a lie that the DLC has moved the Democratic Party away from its progressive roots. Look up the entry on Progressivism in the United States and read it carefully. The New Democrats of the DLC don't seem to put as much into supporting labor union movements, eliminating poverty through social change, taxing the wealthy in order to create more wealth equity, creating universal health care and giving assistance to those stuck in the gears of grinding poverty even after "graduating" from welfare through Welfare to Work.

Progressive politics is anti-war, pro-labor, pro-education and supportive of all those being oppressed by big business. The DLC was behind the atrocious Medicare Part D plan that gave more money to private health insurance and pharmaceutical conglomerates. Meanwhile, those who are elderly and not quite destitute enough to qualify for "extra help" have to pay hundreds of dollars per month on medications--many of them deemed "lifesaving" by their doctors--that they cannot afford once they hit the Part D coverage gap. How is making Part D this way thought of as "progressive"? Regarding their stand on education from their own site, there is not one word about abolishing the horrific tragedy known as No Child Left Behind.

Also, look into the Center for American Progress website if you want to honestly compare what the DLC has actually done and what Progressivism means today. An honest look into what the DLC stands for has very little to do with what it means to be a Progressive. Also, the Democratic Party has been really good about keeping real progressive Democrats such as Dennis Kucinich out of the televised debate right before the most recent Iowa Caucus. These are valid observations, and as such show that the DLC is anything but progressive.Kulturvultur (talk) 18:22, 9 January 2008 (UTC)

I believe the bone of contention here is the progressive movement's belief that the Democratic party has traditionally been a progressive one. They have not. They've been more progressive than the GOP since President Woodrow Wilson's day, but they've never been a leftist party. And they're not now.

Critics and "Weasels"
I think that the section that Tallicfan20 and 8bitJake are disputing could be improved by replacing the "weasel" phrase "critics point out" with direct quotes from specific critics. Some critics of the DLC have highlighted the loss of "Congressional and gubernatorial seats during the '90s" and others have contrasted Dukakis' vote share with Clinton's. The authority of unnamed "critics" is not worth fighting for. -- Shunpiker (talk) 21:08, 10 June 2008 (UTC)

I would love to add some sources such as the Center for American progress and others. --8bitJake (talk) 23:51, 10 June 2008 (UTC)

But to imply that Dukakis did better than Clinton is misleading, as it takes everything completely out of context. Only the far right and left wings actually use the talking about about Dukakis getting a higher percent. But that ignores that in 1992, there were THREE candidates, and in 1988, there were only two. Bill Clinton also got a higher number of total votes than Dukakis. Also, having 3 candidates in a race increases turnout, and the denominator of total votes, thus each vote will be less of a percentage. The criticism is not a common one, only a fringe one. I'll also point out that exit polls showed the pro-choice pro-gay anti-NAFTA Perot taking equally from Clinton and Bush. Clinton clearly would have gotten higher than Dukakis in percentage if 1992 was a two way race. So the misleading needs to stop.Tallicfan20 (talk) 00:17, 11 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Instead of edit warring in the article, let's talk things over here. If 8-bit Jake can produce sources for his criticism, we can compare them to the sources that Tallicfan20 brings and come up with a compromise. This shouldn't be decided on the strength of personal arguments, but on the basis of what notable sources have published on the matter. In the mean time, I'm tagging the section for weasel words, since the appeal to unnamed critics is at the heart of the problem. -- Shunpiker (talk) 13:58, 11 June 2008 (UTC)
 * I am not making personal arguments. HE is the one doing so. Just look at his talk page as I lay out my argument to him, he doesn't respond until later, when he calls me a "Freeper" citing my former talk page, which has NOTHING to do with the article. Then he starts trashing the DLC, not responding even to my criticism of what he is putting in the article. HE is the one with the POV. I am just trying to make the article better, by not allowing a misleading statistic in the argument, as it ignores that 1992 had 3 candidates, 1988 had two. Tallicfan20 (talk) 17:09, 11 June 2008 (UTC)

 * By "personal arguments" I mean ideas that come from any of us as editors, rather than from a reliable source. Why don't we compile a list of the sources for each of the points of view here: A list of sources that make Tallicfan20's point, and a list of sources that makes 8bitJake's point. The sources will be much more valuable if they directly make the point in contention, in order to avoid an improper synthesis. Once we have a list of the sources, along with the exact text of what they assert, we can work on a summary that expresses what specific critics have said. -- Shunpiker (talk) 18:26, 11 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Well to start, while he DOES point out that Dukakis got a higher percentage than Clinton, he leaves out that the 1992 race had 3 candidates, the 1988 race had two. Second, exit polls showed that Ross Perot drew equally from both candidates. When you have 3 candidates in a race, people are going to vote for the 3rd candidate, and turnout was higher on 1992 than 1988. That is why I think it is fundamentally misleading and dishonest to cite that Dukakis got a higher percentage of the vote than Clinton. Clinton also got more total popular votes than Dukakis and more electoral votes. I just don't believe such a misleading statement should be in the article.Tallicfan20 (talk) 18:52, 11 June 2008 (UTC)

It seems to me that the bias and weasel words have been largely cleaned up, with the vague references only in the 2nd and 3rd paragraph of the Criticism section. I think we might consider removing or editing the warning at the top of the page, as most of the concerns seem to have been addressed. Sallijane (talk) 15:56, 28 December 2015 (UTC)

Tallicfan20's POV, Needs 3RR and RFC ASAP
We need to start a RFC for Tallicfan20 blind POV edit waring. Feel free to report him to 3RR and the many personall attacks that he will engage in today. --8bitJake (talk) 16:15, 11 June 2008 (UTC)
 * I'M not the one with personal attacks. You are the one citing a meaningless stat in the article. You imply that Dukakis did better than Clinton in an election, when that is clearly false, and more of a personal attack than anything. When did I ever personally attack you? You are the one injecting your anti-DLC opinion into the article. Bill Clinton won more votes overall than Dukakis, but got more votes than his opponentS, Dukakis didn't. It is misleading to cite a percentage as doing better when 1988 was a 2 way race, and 1992 a 3 way race.Tallicfan20 (talk) 17:04, 11 June 2008 (UTC)

Here are some of Tallicfan20 personall attacks against me. I am sure that it is not going to be the only ones. "I get you now, you're a radical Clinton hater" "you obviously hate Clinton, and can't face that a moderate won. you are misleading people. Clinton did better than Dukakis. if you were such a progressive, as you claim, you'd respect the Clintons.)" "You're clearly injecting your anti-DLC rhetoric into the article and your anti-Clinton bias" --8bitJake (talk) 17:31, 11 June 2008 (UTC)
 * You called me a Freeper on my talk page. That is a personal attack. You started the fire by doing that. I also only said those things because YOU were the one putting the POV into the article my citing a highly misleading statement in the article. You are the one badmouthing the DLC on your talk page.Tallicfan20 (talk) 17:32, 11 June 2008 (UTC)

In 1988 there were six parties that had ballot access and in 1992 there were nine. If you want to continue to rant about Perot make sure to include mentions of all the other statistically insignifigant parties, LaRouche and the Commies. --8bitJake (talk) 18:54, 11 June 2008 (UTC)
 * can you stop playing games? its OBVIOUS I or anybody else does not include minor parties. Its so obvious you are clearly trying to mislead people. perot was NOT statistically insignificant. He got 18.9 percent of the vote, the highest since Teddy Roosevelt for a 3rd party. You are the one who keeps trying to make Dukakis look better than Clinton. Tallicfan20 (talk) 19:00, 11 June 2008 (UTC)

Your the one opening up the can of worms. How can you argue that Perot was a factor but the other six other presidential campaigns in 1992 had no impact. Plus there were six parties with presidential ballot access in 1988, including Ron Paul and LaRouche! Ha! --8bitJake (talk) 19:03, 11 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Because Perot got over 1 percent of the popular vote, and none of the other 3rd parties did. I'm trying to make a decent article and you're just trying to mislead people. Clinton did better than Dukakis. PERIOD. And nobody out there EVER calls 1992 a nine way race. It is always referred to as a three way race, and 1988 as a two way race. You are clearly playing games here. Tallicfan20 (talk) 19:08, 11 June 2008 (UTC)

Also Perot got a whopping zero electoral votes. If 2000 has taught us anything is that is the only thing that matters in electing a president.--8bitJake (talk) 19:04, 11 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Then why do you insist on writing how Dukakis got a higher percentage of vote, despite the fact not only did he come in second in votes and get less than Clinton, but he got far fewer electoral votes than he did? Clinton got over 270, Dukakis didn't. Sounds like hypocrisy to meTallicfan20 (talk) 19:08, 11 June 2008 (UTC)

Dukakis got a higher percentage of the vote. That is an undenyable fact. I don’t think we should have an unfair level of inclusion on all the candidates of the 1988 and 1992 elections that had ballot access. I think either they all get mentioned or they don’t get mentioned at all. You can’t say that Perot simultaneously did and didn’t matter and that it really changed anything in the election. It all pointless really and I think the mention should be removed.
 * I never called it false, but called it misleading, I did that because saying Dukakis got a higher percentage, while is true, may make many think he somehow did "better" when he didn't, because many people mistakenly think that elections are about getting to 50%, when in fact they are not. Its about getting the highest number of votes, not solely over 50% cast, and being done in enough states to garner 270 electoral votes or more, which Dukakis didn't do. The reason I mentioned him was because usually, a winner gets higher than 43 percent. It would make some heads spin, so I figured why not explain that his presence distorted the percentage candidates got in that election. Other 3rd party candidates usually don't have such an effect. I think its best that the edit war end, and hopefully it has.Tallicfan20 (talk) 20:30, 11 June 2008 (UTC)

1992 also had a much higher turnout than 1988. I live in Washington State and we have had some super close elections where the margin of victory is well within the vote total for other campaigns besides the Democratic Party and the Republicans. Other parties matter when it comes to a general election, just ask Dino Rossi, and Al Gore
 * Well 1992 did have big turnout, but one should not automatically think because a 3rd party margin is bigger than a margin of victory it means spoiler. When the margin is as large a one as in 1992, and the exit polls indicate Perot voters were split evenly between Bush and Clinton, than its meaningless. But the point is that it is fundamentally dishonest and misleading to compare Dukakis' vote percent with Clinton's because 1992 had 3 viable candidates in terms of vote getting, and 1988 had 2. I think I laid out my arguments pretty well above. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Tallicfan20 (talk • contribs) 07:55, 12 June 2008 (UTC)

I'm going to break this tie and side with User:Tallicfan20. The statistical variation between these numbers should be explained fully, because without the explanation the data is being used in a biased fashion. Unless you can find sources that explain these numbers, and the differences between these two candidates, this should be removed. QuirkyAndSuch (talk) 08:12, 19 June 2008 (UTC)

Infobox?
Does this article need an infobox? RJFJR (talk) 15:02, 4 May 2012 (UTC)

removing POV tag with no active discussion per Template:POV
I've removed an old neutrality tag from this page that appears to have no active discussion per the instructions at Template:POV:
 * This template is not meant to be a permanent resident on any article. Remove this template whenever:
 * There is consensus on the talkpage or the NPOV Noticeboard that the issue has been resolved
 * It is not clear what the neutrality issue is, and no satisfactory explanation has been given
 * In the absence of any discussion, or if the discussion has become dormant.

Since there's no evidence of ongoing discussion, I'm removing the tag for now. If discussion is continuing and I've failed to see it, however, please feel free to restore the template and continue to address the issues. Thanks to everybody working on this one! -- Khazar2 (talk) 13:12, 14 June 2013 (UTC)

Paul Wellstone and "the Democratic Wing of the Democratic Party"
Paul Wellstone was first elected in 1990 when he used "I am from the Democratic Wing of the Democratic Party." However, U.S. Sen. Paul Simon from Illinois used the same message in his 1988 Presidential Campaign and almost won Iowa with it. I really don't know the origin of the phrase, but Wellstone wasn't the first to use it in a political campaign. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Louis Howe (talk • contribs) 15:14, 9 August 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Democratic Leadership Council. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20041120035251/http://www.ppionline.org:80/ndol/ndol_ci.cfm?kaid=86&subid=85&contentid=893 to http://www.ppionline.org/ndol/ndol_ci.cfm?kaid=86&subid=85&contentid=893

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers. —cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 22:31, 17 October 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on Democratic Leadership Council. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20051126181117/http://www.dlc.org:80/ to http://www.dlc.org/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 17:24, 10 December 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Democratic Leadership Council. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090604043109/http://www.hoover.org/publications/digest/4484181.html to http://www.hoover.org/publications/digest/4484181.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 11:06, 9 December 2017 (UTC)

Photo has Obama instead of a notable DLC member - confusing
Obama ran against Hillary Clinton who is an early and vocal member of the DLC. Obama was anti-Iraq War when the DLC was pro Iraq War. Obama may have become more moderate during his eight years as president, but Obama was not known as a DLC member, and the DLC then folded three years into his presidency. So why is Obama in the one photo? That is confusing. The DLC obviously supported his main primary opponent. Use Lieberman, Clinton, or another DLC chair for accuracy. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 96.250.203.197 (talk) 22:38, 8 February 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Democratic Leadership Council


text:
St George's, University of London

St George's, University of London, legally St George's Hospital Medical School, is a public university in Tooting, South London, England, and is a member institution of the federal University of London. In August 2024, St George's will merge with City, University of London to form City St George's, University of London.

St George's Hospital has its origins in 1733, and began formal registration of trainee fixtures in 1751. St George's affiliated with the University of London soon after the latter's establishment in 1836. St George's is closely affiliated to St George's Hospital and is one of the United Hospitals.

History

St George's Hospital Medical School was originally established in 1733 as part of St George's Hospital at Hyde Park Corner (now the site of The Lanesborough hotel), in central London. The medical school was relocated, together with St George's Hospital to Tooting, South London in 1980. A joint faculty with Kingston University, the Faculty of Health and Social Care Sciences, has increased the variety of allied healthcare courses offered at St George's, including Nursing, Physiotherapy, Paramedic Science and Radiography.

St George's was the first institution in the United Kingdom to offer a four-year graduate entry Medicine degree based on the programme from Flinders University, with which it has an exchange programme. The first intake was in 2000 with 35 students and the course has since been emulated by many other universities. Entry to the course is highly competitive with candidates being required to sit the GAMSAT as part of the application process.

In 2008, St George's announced that it planned to merge with Royal Holloway to form a single institution within the University of London. The merger was called off in a joint statement by the two colleges' principals on 25 September 2009. St George's intends to keep working with Royal Holloway in the field of health and social care along with its well-established Joint Faculty with Kingston University. St George's, Kingston University and Royal Holloway will continue to collaborate in the field of health and social care as part of the existing SWan (South West London Academic Network) healthcare alliance.

In 2023, a merger was proposed between St George's and City, University of London. It was confirmed in February 2024 that this merger would be going ahead, with the new institution to be named City St George's, University of London.

Campus
The St George's University of London campus is located in the Tooting area of south-west London, and is co-located with St George's Hospital, a 1,300 bed major trauma centre.

Teaching facilities at the campus include clinical skills laboratories and a simulation suite allowing students to practice based on real-life situations including surgical and medical emergencies. The university library houses approximately 42,000 books and subscribes to over 10,000 journals.

Previously, the Rob Lowe Sports Centre located at the St George's Hospital grounds provided sporting facilities to students and staff, including a sports hall, three squash courts, and weights and fitness rooms. However, the site has recently been decommissioned, with only the sports hall retained. Students have used other facilities instead, including the nearby Tooting Leisure Centre.

Courses
St George's offers foundation and undergraduate degrees at its site in Tooting in medical, biomedical and healthcare sciences, including: Biomedical Science BSc (Hons), Biomedical Science Foundation Degree, Healthcare Practice DipHE and BSc (Hons), Healthcare Practice Foundation Degree, Healthcare Science (Physiological Sciences) BSc (Hons), Clinical Pharmacology BSc (Hons), Medicine (four-year graduate stream) MBBS4, Medicine (five-year) MBBS5, and Medicine (six-year) MBBS6, Physician Associate Studies MSc.

In partnership with Kingston University, the joint Faculty of Health and Social Care Sciences also offers degrees in physiotherapy, occupational therapy, paramedic science, nursing, midwifery, social work and diagnostic or therapeutic radiography.

St George's, in partnership with INTO University Partners, has also formed a joint venture, INTO SGUL, to offer a Foundation in Medical, Biomedical and Health Sciences for international students whose qualifications do not allow direct progression into Bachelors level study in the UK, and a six-year MBBS and a four-year graduate stream MBBS programme specifically for international students, with clinical placements overseas. The first student cohort on each international MBBS programme entered St George's in September 2012.

Outside of the UK, the MBBS4 is also offered in Nicosia, Cyprus, through a partnership between St George's and the University of Nicosia. The new programme was inaugurated and the first student cohort commenced in Nicosia in September 2011. The programme at the University of Nicosia features international clinical placements in Israel and the United States.

St George's also offers numerous research and taught postgraduate degrees.

Teaching
St George's uses the integrated approach which involves the use of both Case Based Learning (CBL), Problem Based Learning (PBL) and a traditional style of learning with the use of lectures and tutorials. The degree of PBL used in teaching varies between courses, for example, being a major part of the Medicine (Graduate Entry) course but not prominently within the Biomedical Sciences curriculum. Anatomy is taught at St George's through prosections and practical within the dissecting room, with anatomical dissection being optional as part of the Summer Dissection Programme.

In the medical curriculum, preclinical teaching (first and second year in the undergraduate stream, and first year in the graduate stream) is largely based on lectures and tutorials held at the St George's campus, with a few weeks worth of attachments to various hospital departments. The third year of the undergraduate stream and second year of the graduate stream, also known as Transitional (T) year, comprises three blocks of PBL with lectures and tutorials and three blocks of clinical placements in medicine, surgery and general practice. Subsequent clinical years of either course are spent on clinical placements of various specialities, with teaching occurring as lecture weeks prior to each placement block, or teaching which occurs at hospital sites led by clinical staff.

Clinical placements for students on Medical degrees are mainly at St. George's Hospital, and at other sites such as Kingston Hospital, Croydon University Hospital, St Helier Hospital and Epsom General Hospital. Other further sites, such as Frimley Park Hospital, St Peter's Hospital and Margate Hospital are sites for placements during the later years of medical school.

Student life
The St George's Students' Union (SGSU) organises various activities including fancy dress discos and a Rag Week, the annual series of fund-raising events. In recent years the Union has become more politically aware and shown greater interest in National Union of Students and British Medical Association activities.

Each new student at St George's is assigned a 'mum' or 'dad' in the year above. These 'parents' act as mentors for the new students, giving them advice about the course, often tutoring them when needed, as well as buying them drinks during Freshers' Week and beyond. Over the years the family expands to include siblings, uncles, aunts, grandparents etc., spanning all the years of the various courses.

St George's enters a team into the British television quiz programme University Challenge each year and has previously excelled through the competition, especially in the field of medicine - unsurprisingly.

Academic, cultural and religious societies
There are several societies run by students at St George's focussed on several different aspects of academia, ranging from the Henry Gray Anatomical Society, St George's Surgical Society, Clinical Neuroscience Society, Cardiology Society and Paediatrics Society. Several clubs and societies cater to different segments of the student population, including cultural groups such as the Association of Chinese and British University Students (ABACUS), Afro-Caribbean Society or Arab Society. Religious groups include the Islamic Society and the Christian Union

Performance societies
Many student groups at St George's produce yearly performances, mostly focused on dancing and singing. Some of these groups include the Diwali Show, Fashion Show, Tooting Show, St George's Revue, and the Musical Society.

Sports clubs
St. George's Hospital Medical School RFC is one of the oldest rugby clubs in the world having been founded in 1863.

St George's also has a number of other sports clubs including Muay Thai, swimming, rowing, cheerleading, volleyball, fencing, football, netball, hockey, and many others and participates in various competitions. As St George's is a member of the United Hospitals, the teams also compete in separate competitions with the five other medical schools within the University of London and that of Imperial College.

Halls of residence
The university runs a hall of residence, Horton Halls, a large modern site which first opened to new students in late September 2007, replacing St. George's Grove the old hall of residence.

1980s Student applications controversy
In December 1986, it was discovered that a computer program used to process student applications at St. George's, written by Dr Geoffrey Franglen in 1979, had discriminated against non-Caucasians and female candidates by deliberately reducing their likelihood of being offered an interview. A Commission for Racial Equality inquiry found that this unfairly deprived 60 candidates a year, as well as finding that various senior academics were aware that the program was discriminatory several times between 1982 and 1986.

Notable alumni
Notable alumni of St George's include:

 * J. K. Acquaye (1940), Professor of Haematology, president of the West African College of Physicians (2003–2004)
 * Joseph Adams (1756–1818), English physician and surgeon
 * Sir Benjamin Collins Brodie (1783–1862), English physiologist and surgeon who pioneered research into bone and joint disease
 * Henry Vandyke Carter (1831–1897), English anatomist, surgeon, and anatomical artist most notable for his illustrations of the book, Gray's Anatomy
 * Walter Butler Cheadle (1836–1910), English paediatrician
 * Sir Francis Darwin (1848–1925), botanist, son of Charles Darwin
 * Sir John William Fisher (1788–1876), English surgeon
 * Henry Gray FRS (1827–1861), English anatomist and surgeon most notable for publishing the book Gray's Anatomy
 * Harry Hill (born 1964), English BAFTA Award-winning comedian, author and television presenter
 * John Hunter (1728–1793), Scottish surgeon and anatomist
 * William Hunter (1718–1783), Scottish anatomist and physician
 * Edward Jenner FRS (1749–1823), English scientist and the first doctor to introduce and study the smallpox vaccine
 * Nik Johnson (born 1969), Mayor of Cambridgeshire and Peterborough
 * Henry Bence Jones (1813–1873), English physician, described Bence Jones protein
 * Francis Laking (1847–1914), Surgeon-Apothecary to Queen Victoria, Physician in Ordinary to King Edward VII and George V
 * Christine Lee, emeritus professor of haemophilia in the University of London
 * Henry Marsh (born 1950), English neurosurgeon
 * Caroline Moore, UK's first woman Professor of Urology, University College London
 * George Pearson FRS (1751–1858), physician, chemist and early advocate of Jenner's cowpox vaccination
 * Paul Sinha (born 1970), Rose D'Or winning broadcaster and stand-up comedian
 * Mike Stroud (born 1955), English physician and eminent explorer
 * Patrick Steptoe FRS (1913–1988), English obstetrician, gynaecologist and pioneer of fertility treatment. Responsible for developing in vitro fertilization
 * Sir Patrick Vallance FRS (born 1960), Government Chief Scientific Adviser (GCSA) and Head of the Government Science and Engineering (GSE) profession
 * David Webb (born 1953), clinical vice-president, British Pharmacological Society; vice-president, Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh
 * Edward Adrian Wilson (1872–1912), English polar explorer, physician, naturalist, painter and ornithologist
 * Thomas Young (1773–1829), English polymath
 * Mike Wozniak, British comedian, writer and actor

Principals / Deans

 * Jenny Higham (since 2015)
 * Peter Kopelman (2008 to 2015)
 * Michael Farthing (2003 to 2007)
 * Sir Robert Boyd (1996 to 2003)
 * Sir William Asscher (1988 to 1996)
 * Richard J West (1982 to 1987)
 * Robert Lowe (1971 to 1982)
 * Alastair Hunter (1956 to 1971)

title: St George's, University of London


text:
User talk:Wik is Banned

This is the only warning you will receive for your disruptive edits. If you template a regular again, you will be blocked from editing.

Hello. Are you going to contribute to the encylopedia, or simply post insults? -- The Anome 21:58, 17 Mar 2004 (UTC)

This username is not in compliance with the Username policy. Please see Changing username about getting it changed if you want to contribute here, or else you may be blocked. Dori | Talk 22:03, Mar 17, 2004 (UTC)

This is clearly someone's sock puppet anyway. Secretlondon 23:03, 17 Mar 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Wik is Banned