text:
User talk:Kandar

Basa Sunda -- Bahasa Indonesia

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has now been removed. Please use Sandbox for any other tests you want to do, since testing material in articles will normally be removed quickly. Please see the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing here. Thanks. --mav 10:50, 15 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Hi there. Welcome to Wikipedia! Thanks for your note on the new user log. Before you get really serious about working on the Sundanese Wikipedia, you might want to do a little work around here first, just to get the idea of how Wikipedia works.

You can sign your name on talk pages by using " " for your username and " ~ " for your username and a timestamp.

Here are a few links you might find useful:

 * Welcome is a good place to start.
 * How does one edit a page gives editing help.
 * Manual of Style gives formatting info.
 * Policies and guidelines tell about the principles we operate on. It's important, but don't try to read it all now.
 * Help covers a broad range of useful topics.
 * Village pump is a place to ask questions.
 * Show preview explains how to double-check your edits before saving.

You should also feel free to drop me a question on my talk page. I'll answer if I'm here.

Happy editing, Isomorphic 18:53, 19 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Welcome
How are you (apa kabar) ? And welcome to Wikipedia! Just to let you know, at the Indonesian WikiProject there are a group of editors collaborating to improve the articles related to Indonesia. We hope you can join us to make the project even better!

Here are some Indonesia-related project resources which may be of use:
 * Indonesian WikiProject
 * Indonesia Portal

Hope you find these useful. If not you can improve them, it's Wikipedia! Okay, happy editing and take care.

Cheers -- Imo eng  12:09, 12 August 2006 (UTC)

Hi from WikiProject Indonesia
 '''Hi ! How are you?'''

'''WikiProject Indonesia invites you to join the project, and we are sure that you can help us greatly there. WikiProject Indonesia is a project dedicated to improve all articles related to Indonesia and currently we have got 37 members.

Here are some things you can help us with:
 * Assessment: It's where you can tag Indonesia-related articles out there with our project banner and help us gather all articles.
 * Cartography: Or maybe you can draw maps? It is a very important sector of our project, since Indonesia is a big country with thousands of islands, maps could be very useful.
 * Collaboration: Every fortnight, we choose a short article that needs to be looked at and we improve that particular article together. The main goal is, of course, to reach featured article status.
 * Or you can just help us expand articles related to Indonesia.

Have fun and see you there!. --  Imo eng  13:00, 25 April 2007 (UTC)

Indonesia collaboration = Jakarta
Hello there, this fortnight's Indonesia project collaboration is > > > Jakarta < < <. Please contribute. The most important thing is to find reliable references for all existing information, and for any new info added.

Also, please help nominate an article for the next collaboration at the collab nomination page. An underdeveloped or stub article is preferred over a long and developed article. Please nominate up to two articles. any questions, please let me know. Kind regards and happy editing. --Merbabu 11:40, 7 September 2007 (UTC)

article titles in non english terms
Perhaps we need to have a conversation about this - this is English Wikipedia and a title like that means absoltuely nothing in english - please do not revert changes like that without a talk page conversation about such items

Also a large number of articles about Sundanese history and culture are not of English Wikipedia standard - I would appreciate some help in clarification of why categories and project templates might be missing - thank you SatuSuro 06:18, 2 August 2008 (UTC

Sunda trench/Java trench
Moves only occur where there is a large body of evidence shows that the title is actually incorrect - the editor who put the comment in did not provide any WP:RS to back that statement up - also even if there is evidence that the item might have more than one name - it is very easy to do an aka or redirect for the alternate name - which I am about to check SatuSuro 08:51, 6 January 2010 (UTC)

Thanks for your comments - it is now Sunda Trench - SatuSuro 12:11, 8 January 2010 (UTC)

No problem - there is a complex and unnecessary long explanation (which I will not give here) as to why I am highly suspicious of anything with Sunda in it - we have had some troublesome editors in the past who thought that sunda was the centre of the universe and over-did it a slight bit ( as in WP:UNDUE ) - but when I find a good WP:RS that confirms that it was official since 1987 I have absolutely no problem in making the change - thanks for your understanding SatuSuro 09:00, 11 January 2010 (UTC)
 * Yeah... I understand about the 'sunda' things, and--if I'm not mistaken--I know the user in person. Actually, he didn't mean to do something bad, indeed he is a potential contributor for Wikipedia. Something went wrong, and he left us. --kandar (talk) 09:14, 11 January 2010 (UTC)
 * Yeah - understanding what WP:NOT and WP:ABOUT in english - as well understanding the processes very well before engaging with others is a very important - maybe in WP Sunda and WP Indonesia - the WP:V WP:RS and WP:N of articles and information is not policed very well - here we have to maintain a very careful watch - the WP Indonesia (en) project is constantly added to by editors who have little understanding of the standards required or of english language. Also to understand the correct processes - that is wht WP:About is a very very good guide to understand - the fact that you were WP:Civil and WP:AGF when you checked my defence of the use of Java Trench - you also were basically working as we all should - understanding  there is process that needs time to check things - also I changed when I found that the point you made is correct - so we have in fact improved Wikipedia - thanks for your understanding.  As for others - if they have limited unerstanding of english - it is best they improve WP Sunda and WP Indonesia imho - the possibility of misunderstanding here on WP en is too problematic SatuSuro 09:21, 11 January 2010 (UTC)

--

Hi Kandar,
I know no Sunda, but am interested in oncom, and wonder if you would enjoy comparing the english and [|sundanese] wikipedia pages about oncom. Also, I am curious whether you see oncom as central to Sundanese cuisine. Briancady413 (talk) 14:57, 3 January 2012 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
Hi, You appear to be eligible to vote in the current Arbitration Committee election. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to enact binding solutions for disputes between editors, primarily related to serious behavioural issues that the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the ability to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate, you are welcome to review the candidates' statements and submit your choices on the voting page. For the Election committee, MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 22:16, 30 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kandar


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ACP

ACP may refer to:

Medicine

 * Albany College of Pharmacy, New York
 * American College of Pathology, an association of diagnostic pathologists, physicians, and laboratory professionals, based in Houston, TX
 * American College of Physicians, a national organization of internal medicine physicians in the US
 * American College of Prosthodontists, dentistry
 * American College of Psychiatrists, a US association of psychiatrists based in Chicago, Illinois
 * Appalachian College of Pharmacy, Virginia, US
 * Association of Cancer Physicians, a specialty association in the UK for medical oncologists
 * Australian College of Pharmacy

Politics

 * Australian Citizens Party, a political party in Australia previously known as Citizens Electoral Council
 * A Coruña (Parliament of Galicia constituency)
 * Aberdeen Central (Scottish Parliament constituency)
 * Aberdeen Central (UK Parliament constituency)
 * Aberdeenshire Central (UK Parliament constituency)
 * A Connecticut Party, a political party formed in 1990 in Connecticut, US
 * Active Citizen Project, a New York City-based non-profit organization founded in 2003
 * African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States
 * Alliance for Climate Protection, a non-profit organization involved in education and advocacy related to climate change
 * American College of Pediatricians, a socially conservative advocacy group of pediatricians and other healthcare professionals, Gainesville, FL
 * Asociación Cívica de Potosí, a Nicaraguan political organization founded in 1996

Publishing

 * Are Media formerly ACP Magazines and Australian Consolidated Press
 * Academy Chicago Publishers
 * Allied Communications Publications, documents developed by the Combined Communications-Electronics Board and NATO
 * Associated Construction Publications

Other groups

 * Aerospace Cadets of the Philippines, a co-educational youth program oriented in aerospace technology
 * Associated Collegiate Press, a national organization for college student media in the US
 * Association of Chess Professionals, a non-profit organisation to protect the rights of professional chess players and promote chess worldwide
 * Association of Chinese Professionals
 * Atari Coldfire Project, a volunteer project that has created a modern Atari ST computer clone called the FireBee
 * Audax Club Parisien, a cycling club
 * American Charities for Palestine, a non-profit organisation supporting the development of Palestinian education

Science

 * Acampe, an orchid genus
 * Accessory gland protein, a non-sperm component of semen
 * Acepromazine, veterinary sedative
 * Acetophenone, a chemical compound
 * ACP1 (low molecular weight phosphotyrosine protein phosphatase), an enzyme encoded by the human ACP1 gene
 * ACP2 (lysosomal acid phosphatase), an enzyme encoded by the human ACP2 gene
 * ACP3 (Prostatic acid phosphatase), an enzyme produced by the prostate
 * Acyl carrier protein, a component in both fatty acid and polyketide biosynthesis
 * Anterior chamber paracentesis, a surgical procedure done to reduce intraocular pressure of the eye
 * Asian citrus psyllid, or Diaphorina citri, a citrus pest and vector of citrus-greening disease
 * Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, scientific publication
 * Autologous Conditioned Plasma, used for treatment of injuries
 * Automatic and controlled processes, the two categories of cognitive processing

Technology

 * AC Propulsion, electric vehicle drive systems company
 * IBM Airline Control Program, software operating system
 * Algebra of Communicating Processes in mathematics
 * Aluminium Composite Panel, building material
 * Automatic Colt Pistol, designating several cartridges
 * Average CPU power in computing

Other uses

 * Address confidentiality program, for crime victims
 * Advance care planning, for adults establishing their medical care policy in case they become incapacitated
 * Advanced clinical practitioner, a UK term for mid-level practitioner
 * Affordable Connectivity Program, for low-income households
 * Airport Core Programme, Hong Kong
 * Assistant Commissioner of Police, India and Hong Kong
 * Attorney–client privilege, a common-law concept in the United States
 * Eastern Acipa language, a Kainji language of Nigeria
 * Sahand Airport, Maragheh, Iran (IATA: ACP)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: ACP


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User:Gaz~enwiki/Discoveries

These ARE NOT my work, they belong to OTHER PEOPLE.

I found them them on the Net and uploaded them to the 'Pedia because the copyright owner said I could.

In all cases (so far) the permission to do this was on their website.

 Australia's Coat of Arms  Australia's National Highway

Formatting Samples (my photos)
 sample panorama  sample portrait

title: User:Gaz~enwiki/Discoveries


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Castellammarese War

The Castellammarese War was a bloody power struggle for control of the American Mafia between partisans of Joe "The Boss" Masseria and Salvatore Maranzano that took place in New York City, New York, from February 26, 1930, until April 15, 1931. The feud was named after the Sicilian town of Castellammare del Golfo, the birthplace of Maranzano.

Maranzano's faction prevailed in the conflict and divided New York's crime families into the Five Families; Maranzano declared himself capo di tutti i capi ("boss of all bosses"). However, Maranzano was murdered in September 1931 on orders of Lucky Luciano, who established a power-sharing arrangement called the Commission, a group of Mafia families of equal stature, to avoid such feuds in the future.

Background
In the 1920s, Mafia operations in the United States were controlled by Giuseppe "Joe The Boss" Masseria, whose faction consisted mainly of gangsters from Sicily, Calabria (the 'Ndrangheta) and Campania (the Camorra) in southern Italy. Masseria's faction included Charles "Lucky" Luciano, Albert "Mad Hatter" Anastasia, Vito Genovese, Alfred Mineo, Willie Moretti, Joe Adonis and Frank Costello.

However, powerful Sicilian Don Vito Ferro decided to make a bid for control of Mafia operations, sending Salvatore Maranzano from his base in Castellammare del Golfo to seize control. The Castellammarese faction in the U.S. included Joseph "Joe Bananas" Bonanno, Stefano "The Undertaker" Magaddino, Joseph Profaci and Joe Aiello. As it became more and more evident that the two factions would clash for leadership of the Mafia, they each sought to recruit more followers to support them.

Outwardly, the Castellammarese War was between the forces of Masseria and Maranzano. Underneath, however, there was also a generational conflict between the old guard Sicilian leadership – known as the "Mustache Petes" for their long mustaches and old-world ways, such as refusing to do business with non-Italians – and the "Young Turks", a younger and more diverse Italian-American group who, unlike the "Mustache Petes", had grown up in the U.S., were more forward-thinking and were willing to work with non-Italians. This approach led Masseria's followers to question whether he was capable of making the Mafia prosper in the world of the 1930s. Led by Luciano, the aim of this group was to end the feud as soon as possible in order to resume their businesses, viewing the conflict as unnecessary.

Luciano's objective was to modernize the mob and do away with unnecessary orthodox norms. This was a vision that enabled Luciano to attract followers, who had seen the inadequacies of Masseria's traditionalist leadership. Therefore, both factions were fluid, with many mobsters switching sides or killing their own allies during the feud. Tensions between the Masseria and Maranzano factions were evident as far back as 1928, with one side frequently hijacking the other's alcohol trucks (alcohol production being illegal in the U.S. at that time due to Prohibition).

Hostilities begin
As the feud became more violent, gunmen clashed on the streets of New York City. According to Bonanno, in February 1930 Masseria ordered the death of Gaspar Milazzo, a Castellemmarese native who was the president of Detroit's chapter of Unione Siciliana. Masseria had reportedly been humiliated by Milazzo's refusal to support him in a Unione Siciliana dispute involving the Chicago Outfit and Al Capone.

The opening salvo in the feud was fired within the Masseria faction when, on February 26, 1930, Masseria ordered the murder of an ally, Gaetano Reina. Masseria gave the job to a young Genovese, who killed Reina with a shotgun. Masseria's intent was to protect his secret allies Tommy Gagliano, Tommy Lucchese and Dominick "The Gap" Petrilli. Later his treachery would come back to haunt him, as the Reina family then threw its support behind Maranzano. Vito Bonventre also became a target, as Castellammarese-born members of Nicolo Schiro's gang began to threaten Masseria's domination over Mafia gangs. Masseria forced Schiro to pay him US$10,000 (approximately US$170,000 in 2022) and step down as boss of the gang. On July 15, 1930, Bonventre was gunned down outside his garage.

Trading blows
On August 15, 1930, Castellammerese loyalists executed a key Masseria enforcer, Giuseppe Morello, at Morello's East Harlem office (a visitor, Giuseppe Peraino, was also killed). Two weeks later, Masseria suffered another blow. After Reina's murder, Masseria had appointed Joseph Pinzolo to take over the ice-distribution racket. However, on September 9, the Reina family shot and killed Pinzolo at a Times Square office rented by Lucchese. After these two murders, the Reina crew formally joined forces with the Castellammarese.

Masseria soon struck back. On October 23, 1930, Castellammarese ally Joe Aiello, president of the Chicago Unione Siciliane, was murdered in Chicago.

The tide turns
Following the murder of Aiello, the tide of feud rapidly turned in favor of the Castellammarese. On November 5, 1930, Mineo and a key member of Masseria's gang, Steve Ferrigno, were murdered. Francesco Scalice inherited control of Mineo's gang and subsequently defected to the Maranzano faction. At this point, many other members of Masseria's gang also began defecting to Maranzano, rendering the original battle lines of the conflict (Castellammarese versus non-Castellammarese) meaningless. On February 3, 1931, another important Masseria lieutenant, Joseph Catania, was gunned down, dying two days later.

Given the worsened situation, Masseria allies Luciano and Genovese started communicating with Castellammarese leader Maranzano. The two men agreed to betray Masseria if Maranzano would end the feud. A deal was struck, based on which Luciano would arrange for Masseria to be murdered and Maranzano would bring the Castellammarese War to an end. On April 15, 1931, Masseria was killed at Nuova Villa Tammaro, a restaurant in Coney Island, Brooklyn. While they played cards, Luciano allegedly excused himself to the bathroom, with the gunmen reportedly being Anastasia, Genovese, Joe Adonis, and Benjamin "Bugsy" Siegel; Ciro "The Artichoke King" Terranova drove the getaway car, but legend has it that he was too shaken up to drive away and had to be shoved out of the driver's seat by Siegel.

However, according to The New York Times, "[A]fter that, the police have been unable to learn definitely [what happened]". Reputedly Masseria was "seated at a table playing cards with two or three unknown men" when he was fired upon from behind. He died from gunshot wounds to his head, back, and chest. Masseria's autopsy report shows that he died on an empty stomach. No witnesses came forward, though "two or three" men were observed leaving the restaurant and getting into a stolen car. No one was convicted in Masseria's murder as there were no witnesses and Luciano had an alibi.

The new Mafia structure
With the death of Masseria, the feud ended. Maranzano organized the Mafia in New York City using a clear structure and hierarchy by dividing the main Italian gangs in New York into Five Families. Each family had a boss, underboss, consigliere, capos, soldiers, and associates. While associates could come from any background, the higher ranks had to be "made men", required in most eras to be full-blooded Italian Americans. Shortly after Masseria's death, Maranzano announced that the Five Families would be led by Luciano, Joe Bonanno, Joseph Profaci, Vincent Mangano and Thomas Gagliano.

Except for New York City, the major urban areas in the Northeast and Midwest were organized into one family per city by Maranzano; due to the size of organized crime in New York, it was organized into five separate families. The bosses of the Five Families of New York were to be Luciano (now the Genovese crime family), Profaci (now the Colombo crime family), Gagliano (now the Lucchese crime family), Maranzano (now the Bonanno crime family), and Frank Scalice (now the Gambino crime family). Maranzano called a meeting of crime bosses in Wappingers Falls, New York, where he declared himself capo di tutti capi ("boss of all bosses").

Each crime family was to be headed by a boss, who was assisted by an underboss (the third-ranking position of consigliere was added somewhat later). Below the underboss, the family was divided into crews, each headed by a caporegime, or capo, and staffed by soldiers. The soldiers would often be assisted by associates, who were not yet members. Associates could also include non-Italians who worked with the family, and would include Meyer Lansky and Benjamin "Bugsy" Siegel.

Death of Maranzano
Maranzano's reign as capo di tutti capi was short-lived. Although Maranzano was slightly more forward-thinking than Masseria, Luciano had come to believe that Maranzano was even greedier and more hidebound than Masseria had been. On September 10, 1931, he was shot and stabbed to death in his Manhattan office by a team of Jewish triggermen (recruited by Lansky), which included Samuel "Red" Levine, Bo Weinberg, and Bugsy Siegel.

With both Maranzano and Masseria out of the way, it was easier for the Young Turks, led by Luciano, to assume control of the way things functioned in New York City. The first agenda on the table was the reformation and restructuring of the American Mafia. Luciano envisioned the future of the American Mafia in the form of a major corporation. He believed that this would increase cooperation, reduce conflict and ensure plain sailing governance by the Mafia as a whole. Since Maranzano had formed a basic structure that was in the process of being put into effect, Luciano decided to retain the concept to a large extent. Owing to his clear disregard for orthodox ideologies that did not have any profitable consequences, Luciano allowed for more flexibility in the structure, allowing for the inclusion of other societal groups like the Jews to involve themselves with the families. In Joe Bonanno's autobiography A Man of Honor, he states: "We revised the old custom of looking toward one man, one supreme leader for advice and the settling of disputes. We replaced leadership by one man with leadership by committee. We opted for a parliamentary arrangement whereby a group of the most important men in our world would assume the function formerly performed by one man."

In the aftermath of the Maranzano hit, there was believed to have been a massive purge of "old-timer" mafiosi, the so-called "Night of the Sicilian Vespers". These rumors were seemingly confirmed by the testimony of Joseph Valachi, but a later study found no signs of such massive violence occurring. Luciano formed "The Commission" to oversee all Mafia activities in the United States and serve to mediate conflicts between families, eliminating the capo di tutti capi position.

In the end, both of the traditional factions in the New York Mafia lost the feud. The real winners were the younger and more ruthless generation of mobsters, headed by Luciano. With their ascension to power, organized crime was poised to expand into a truly national and multi-ethnic combination.

Popular culture

 * The 1981 movie Gangster Wars and the 1991 Mobsters are partly fictionalized accounts of the Castellammarese War, while 1981's The Gangster Chronicles TV miniseries covers the feud over a few of its thirteen episodes. All of these cover events from the point of view of Luciano.
 * Events from the feud (most notably the assassination of Maranzano) are fictionalized in Mario Puzo's novel The Godfather.
 * The 1973 Charles Bronson movie The Stone Killer is a fictionalized story of a complicated plot to assassinate the heads of organized crime families using Vietnam veterans. The plot is the brainchild of an elderly mafioso who has been obsessed since 1931 with avenging the "Night of the Sicilian Vespers" murders, supposedly orchestrated by Lucky Luciano.
 * The feud is one of the main plot elements of the final season of Boardwalk Empire.
 * AMC's The Making of the Mob: New York also covers the feud.

title: Castellammarese War


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Frank W. Hunt

Frank Williams Hunt (December 16, 1861 – November 25, 1906) was the fifth governor of Idaho from 1901 until 1903.

Biography
Hunt was educated in the common schools of Louisville, Kentucky. He moved to Idaho, pursued work as a miner, and was married to Ruth Maynard on November 10, 1896.

Career
Elected to the Idaho State House of Representatives in 1892, Hunt held that position until 1894. Hunt served as a captain in the Idaho Regiment of Volunteers in the Philippines during the Spanish–American War (1898).

Elected governor in 1900 at the age of 38 Hunt remains the youngest governor in Idaho history. In March 1901 Hunt signed legislation creating the Academy of Idaho (now Idaho State University) in Pocatello. Hunt also ended the state of martial law in northern Idaho enacted by his predecessor, Frank Steunenberg, in 1899 as a response to labor unrest.

Hunt was defeated for reelection in 1902 by Republican John T. Morrison. After leaving office he became vice president and general manager of Dewey Combination Lease Company.

Death
Late in 1906 Hunt contracted pneumonia in Goldfield, Nevada and died on November 25, in Boise, Idaho, at the age of 44. He is buried in the Boise Pioneer Cemetery (which has become known as "The Masonic Cemetery"). The Gem County Museum in Emmett includes an exhibit of his belongings.

title: Frank W. Hunt


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David Christopher

David Ariu Christopher, also known as Kariamakin Airu Christopher (died 26 February 2022) was a politician of Banaban descent, who has held office in two countries — Fiji and Kiribati.

Christopher was educated at Niusawa Primary School, Queen Victoria School, Lelean Memorial School and then the University of the South Pacific. He worked for the Fiji Sugar Corporation, and then for Rabi Holdings, the investment company of the Rabi Council of Leaders. He was appointed to the Kiribati House of Assembly in 1994, serving a term of four years as representative of the Banaban people living on Rabi Island in Fiji.

At the 2001 Fijian general election, he won the North Eastern General electorate for the Soqosoqo Duavata ni Lewenivanua (SDL) of Laisenia Qarase, becoming the first Banaban elected to the House of Representatives of Fiji. He lost his seat to Robin Irwin at the 2006 election. Christopher's former constituency was one of three reserved for "General Electors" - Fijian citizens who are not of ethnic Fijian, Indian, or Rotuman descent. Following the 2006 Fijian coup d'état and the dissolution of the SDL he returned to work for the Rabi Council as executive director.

In 2016 Christopher was again appointed to fill the nominated seat for Rabi Island in the Kiribati House of Assembly. He was renominated at the 2020 Kiribati parliamentary election.

title: David Christopher


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Niort

Niort (Poitevin: Niàu; Niòrt; Novioritum) is a commune in the Deux-Sèvres department, western France. It is the prefecture of Deux-Sèvres.

The population of Niort is 58,707 (2017) and more than 177,000 people live in the urban area.

Geography
The town is located on the river Sèvre Niortaise and is a centre of angelica cultivation in France. Near Niort at Maisonnay there is one of the tallest radio masts in France (height: 330 metres).

Transport
Niort has a railway station on the TGV route between Paris and La Rochelle, Gare de Niort. Direct TGV to Paris Montparnasse station takes 2 hours and 15 minutes. Niort is a road and motorway junction, connected to Paris and Bordeaux by the A10 motorway, with Nantes by the A83, and with La Rochelle by the N11. It is the largest French city to offer free mass transit.

Population
The population data in the table and graph below refer to the commune of Niort proper, in its geography at the given years. The commune of Niort absorbed the former commune of Souché in 1964, Sainte-Pezenne in 1965, Saint-Florent in 1968 and Saint-Liguaire in 1971.

Economy
Niort is the French capital of mutual insurance and bank companies, with the headquarters of MAAF, MAIF, MACIF, SMACL and regional branches of national mutual companies such as Groupama, Banque Populaire. Despite its small size, Niort is a main financial centre of France (ranked fourth after Paris, Lyon and Lille). Chemistry and aeronautics are the other main industries.

Niort is a major administrative and commercial centre. There has been a covered market in the town since at least the 13th century. The present-day Halles de Niort, a steel and glass pavilion atop a vaulted stone base building, opened in 1871 and has been listed as a monument historique since 1987.

Notable people
Niort is the birthplace of the following people:
 * Mickaël Brunet, footballer
 * Oliver Sarr, basketball player
 * Achille-Félix Montaubry (1826–98), tenor singer associated with opéra comique and operetta
 * Gaston Chérau (1872–1937), writer, a member of the Académie Goncourt
 * Aurélien Capoue, footballer
 * Étienne Capoue, footballer
 * Françoise d'Aubigné, marquise de Maintenon (1635–1719), second wife of Louis XIV
 * Henri-Georges Clouzot (1904–1977), film director
 * Paul Collomp (1885–1943), French hellenist and papyrologist
 * Julien N'Da, footballer
 * Louis-Marcelin, marquis de Fontanes (1757–1821), poet and politician
 * Mamadou Camara, footballer
 * Pascal Depierris (born 1967), former professional footballer
 * Isabelle Druet (born 1979), mezzo-soprano
 * Mickaël James (born 1976), former professional footballer
 * Jacques Antoine Marie de Liniers et Brémond (Santiago Antonio María de Liniers y Bremond) (1753–1810), Spanish Viceroy in the Río de la Plata
 * Jean Sauvaget (1901–1950), historian and orientalist
 * Philippe Souchard (born 1979), footballer
 * Mathieu Texier (born 1981), footballer
 * Rima Hassan (born 1992 - arrived in the town in 2002), jurist and politician

Fictional works
Niort is featured or mentioned in the following fictional works:

 * Son Excellence Eugène Rougon, 1876, the sixth novel in the Rougon-Macquart series by Émile Zola.
 * Les Diaboliques, 1955 movie by Henri-Georges Clouzot
 * Sérotonine, 2019 novel by Michel Houellebecq

Sports
The football team is Chamois Niortais, which plays in National, the third-highest league in French football. Rugby team Stade Niortais celebrated its 100th anniversary in 2009. The city also is home to a professional basketball club named ASN Niort. The team plays at the second highest league in French basketball. The team celebrated its 100th birthday in 2021.

Education
Upper secondary schools:

 * Lycée Jean Macé
 * Lycée général, technologique et professionnel Paul Guérin
 * Lycée de la Venise Verte
 * Lycée professionnel Gaston Barré
 * Lycée professionnel Thomas Jean Main
 * Lycée de l'horticulture et du paysage
 * Lycée Saint-André / Notre-Dame (private)

There is a post-secondary institution, Pôle universitaire de Niort.

International relations
Niort is twinned with:
 * Atakpamé, Togo, since 1958
 * 🇩🇪 Coburg, Bavaria, Germany, since 1974
 * 🏴 Wellingborough, Northamptonshire, England, United Kingdom, since 1977
 * 🇩🇪 Springe, Lower Saxony, Germany, since 1979
 * 🇪🇸 Tomelloso, Ciudad Real, Castilla-La Mancha, Spain, since 1981
 * 🇪🇸 Gijón, Asturias, Spain, since 1982
 * 🇵🇱 Biała Podlaska, Lublin Voivodeship, Poland, since 1995

title: Niort


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Knäred

Knäred is a locality situated in Laholm Municipality, Halland County, Sweden with 1,088 inhabitants in 2010. The Treaty of Knäred was signed there in 1613, when the province of Halland was still part of Denmark.

title: Knäred


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Fashion Institute of Technology

The Fashion Institute of Technology (FIT) is a public college in New York City. It is part of the State University of New York and focuses on art, business, design, mass communication, and technology connected to the fashion industry. It was founded in 1944.

Academics
Seventeen majors are offered through the School of Art and Design, and ten through the Jay and Patty Baker School of Business and Technology leading to degrees of Associate of Applied Science, Bachelor of Fine Arts, or Bachelor of Science. The School of Liberal Arts offers a degree program of Bachelor of Science in art history and museum professions and a degree program of Bachelor of Science in film and media. The School of Graduate Studies offers seven programs leading to degrees of Master of Arts, Master of Fine Arts, or Master of Professional Studies.

In addition to the degree programs, FIT offers a wide selection of non-credit courses through the Center for Professional Studies. One of the most popular programs is the "Sew Like a Pro" series, which teaches basic through advanced sewing skills.

FIT is an accredited institutional member of the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools, the National Association of Schools of Art and Design, and the Council for Interior Design Accreditation. FIT publishes research on store branding and store positioning. In 1967, FIT faculty and staff won the first higher education union contract in New York State.

Campus
The nine-building campus in the Midtown South neighborhood of Manhattan includes classrooms, television and radio studios, labs, design workshops, and multiple exhibition galleries.

The Conference Center at FIT features the John E. Reeves Great Hall, a space suitable for conferences, fashion shows, lectures, and other events. The campus also has two large theaters: the Haft Auditorium and the Katie Murphy Amphitheatre.

FIT serves more than 7,578 full-time and 2,186 part-time students. Four dormitories, three of which are on campus, serve approximately 2,300 students and offer a variety of accommodations. The George S. and Mariana Kaufman Residence Hall located at 406 West 31st Street—formerly a book bindery factory—was converted into residential apartments, to offer more housing near the campus for FIT students. The campus also has a retail food court/dining hall, a deli and a Starbucks.

Academic facilities

The Fred P. Pomerantz Art and Design Center offers facilities for design studies: photography studios with black-and-white darkrooms, painting rooms, a sculpture studio, a printmaking room, a graphics laboratory, display and exhibit design rooms, life-sketching rooms, and a model-making workshop. The Shirley Goodman Resource Center houses the Museum at FIT and the Library/Media Services, with references for history, sociology, technology, art, and literature; international journals and periodicals; sketchbooks and records donated by designers, manufacturers, and merchants; slides, tapes, and periodicals; and a clipping file. The Gladys Marcus Library provides access to books, periodicals, DVDs and non-print materials, and houses Fashion Institute of Technology Special Collections and College Archives. FIT also has many computer labs for student use. The Instructional Media Services Department provides audiovisual and TV support and an in-house TV studio. Student work is also displayed throughout the campus. Fashion shows featuring the work of graduating Bachelor of Fine Arts students occur each academic year.

The Design/Research Lighting Laboratory, a development facility for interior design and other academic disciplines, features 400 commercially available lighting fixtures controlled by a computer. The Annette Green/Fragrance Foundation Laboratory is an environment for the study of fragrance development.

Museum at FIT
The Museum at FIT, founded in 1969 as the Design Laboratory, includes collections of clothing, textiles, and accessories.

It began presenting exhibitions in the 1970s, utilizing a collection on long-term loan from the Brooklyn Museum of Art, and then over time acquiring its own collection as well as thousands of textiles and other fashion-related material. In 1993, the Board of Trustees of FIT, noting the significance of the Design Laboratory's collections and exhibitions, changed the institution's name to The Museum at FIT. In 2012, the museum was awarded accreditation by the American Alliance of Museums.

The museum's permanent collection now includes more than 50,000 garments and accessories from the 18th century to the present. Important designers such as Adrian, Balenciaga, Chanel, and Dior are represented. The collecting policy of the museum focuses on aesthetically and historically significant clothing, accessories, textiles and visual materials, with emphasis on contemporary avant-garde fashion.

There are three galleries in the museum. The lower level gallery is devoted to special exhibitions. The Fashion and Textile  History Gallery on the main floor features a rotating selection of approximately 200 historically and artistically significant objects from the museum's permanent collection. Gallery FIT, also located on the main floor, is dedicated to student and faculty exhibitions.

Past exhibitions include: London Fashion, which received the first Richard Martin Award for Excellence in Costume Exhibitions from The Costume Society of America, The Corset: Fashioning the Body, and Gothic: Dark Glamour. Other special exhibitions have included Isabel Toledo: Fashion From the Inside Out, in which the inauguration day ensemble Isabel Toledo designed for Michelle Obama in 2008 was on display, and a look at sustainable fashion with Eco-Fashion: Going Green, an exhibition from 2010 examining the past two centuries of fashion's good—and bad—environmental and ethical practices.

More than 100,000 people visit the Museum at FIT each year, attending exhibitions, lectures, and other events. Admission is free to the public.

Fashion historian Valerie Steele became director of the Museum in 2003, and has also been named chief curator.

Alumni
Well-known alumni of the school include the fashion designers Norma Kamali, Calvin Klein, Michael Kors (who did not complete his studies there), interior designer Scott Salvator, actress and comedian Janelle James, actress and LGBT advocate Laverne Cox and film director Joel Schumacher.

title: Fashion Institute of Technology


text:
Sunrise Over Sea

Sunrise Over Sea is the third studio album by Australian band the John Butler Trio. It was released in March 2004.

Conception and production
In late 2003, John Butler entered Woodstock Studios in Melbourne, which is owned by Joe Camilleri, the leader of Jo Jo Zep & The Falcons and the Black Sorrows. He had a new band consisting of percussionist Nicky Bomba and upright-bass player Shannon Birchall. This would be Bomba's only recording with the Trio (having returned to his own reggae band) until April Uprising (2010) The sound engineer for this production was Robin Mai.

John Butler told the Australian edition of Rolling Stone published in April 2004 that he wanted greater freedom to pursue his vision. "Essentially what I learnt out of this process was, more so than ever, I'm the keeper of the music. I have the intuition and the foresight to pick the right players to my music. I've learned it's not always about having the same players for five, six or 10 years, it’s having the right chemistry for these songs at this time. Some of my favourite Jimi Hendrix music is off-the-cuff stuff with Band of Gypsys."

The title Sunrise Over Sea is probably a reference to his home in Byron Bay, which is one of the most easterly points in Australia and therefore one of the first points to see the sunrise. It is also part of the lyrics to the song "Peaches & Cream."

All the songs on the album were written, arranged and produced by John Butler, except for "What You Want" where the string section was arranged by Shannon Birchall and John Butler and was scored and conducted by Shannon Birchall.

Additional musicians performing on the album include: Michael Barker – "Treat Yo Mama", "Company Sin", "Bound To Ramble", Seeing Angels", "There'll Come a Time", "Zebra"; Danielle Caruna – "Treat Yo Mama", "Peaches & Cream", "What You Want", "Sometime"; Michael Caruna – "Zebra"; Dave Pensabene – "Zebra"; Tim Neil – "Sometimes"

Recent editions of the album have included the bonus track "Something's Gotta Give", which was released on an EP in 2004. It is a politically charged song that was very successful off the back of the recent LP.

In August 2004, a new disc, What You Want was released, with the song "What You Want" (Shared by Sunrise over Sea) and including a new version of the song "Treat Yo' Mama" and a cover of The Beatles' song "Across the Universe".

Commercial performance
The album debuted at number one in the Australian album charts on 15 March 2004 and achieved gold record status in its first week of release. "Zebra" was released in December 2003 and made the ARIA singles charts in early 2004. It was number 8 in the Triple J Hottest 100 for 2003 and also had significant airplay on commercial FM radio across Australia. This was the first fully independent album (independent label/independent distributor) to debut at number 1 on the Australian Record Industry Association (ARIA) albums chart. In 2011, Sunrise Over Sea was certified five times platinum in Australia.

Australian release

 * 1) "Treat Yo Mama" – 4:47
 * 2) "Peaches and Cream" – 6:47
 * 3) "Company Sin" – 4:39
 * 4) "What You Want" – 5:21
 * 5) "Damned to Hell" – 1:49
 * 6) "Hello" – 4:26
 * 7) "Bound to Ramble" – 6:08
 * 8) "Seeing Angels" – 6:14
 * 9) "There'll Come a Time" – 3:36
 * 10) "Zebra" – 3:57
 * 11) "Mist" – 2:25
 * 12) "Oldman" – 5:10
 * 13) "Sometimes" – 10:37

US release

 * 1) "Treat Yo Mama" – 4:47
 * 2) "Peaches and Cream" – 6:47
 * 3) "Company Sin" – 4:39
 * 4) "Betterman" – 3:44
 * 5) "What You Want" – 5:21
 * 6) "Damned to Hell" – 1:49
 * 7) "Hello" – 4:26
 * 8) "Bound to Ramble" – 6:08
 * 9) "Seeing Angels" – 6:14
 * 10) "There'll Come a Time" – 3:36
 * 11) "Zebra" – 3:57
 * 12) "Mist" – 2:25
 * 13) "Oldman" – 5:10
 * 14) "Sometimes" – 10:37

International Release

 * 1) "Treat Yo Mama" – 4:47
 * 2) "Peaches and Cream" – 6:47
 * 3) "Company Sin" – 4:39
 * 4) "What You Want" – 5:21
 * 5) "Damned to Hell" – 1:49
 * 6) "Hello" – 4:26
 * 7) "Bound to Ramble" – 6:08
 * 8) "Seeing Angels" – 6:14
 * 9) "There'll Come a Time" – 3:36
 * 10) "Zebra" – 3:57
 * 11) "Mist" – 2:25
 * 12) "Oldman" – 5:10
 * 13) "Sometimes" – 11:05 (Includes :28 of silence)
 * 14) "Something's Gotta Give" – 10:14 (Includes 7:07 of silence and ambience)

Personnel
John Butler Trio
 * John Butler – vocals, guitars; banjo (tracks 5, 7, 8), lapsteel (track 1), E-Bow (track 9), string arrangements (track 4)
 * Shannon Birchall – double bass; electric bass (tracks 9, 13), vocals (tracks 7, 13), piano (track 3), strings (track 4), string arrangements (track 4)
 * Nicky Bomba – drums; vocals (tracks 7, 10, 13), tambourine (tracks 4, 6), shakers (tracks 3, 9), djembe (tracks 1, 11), sticks (track 3), tikky tak electric guitar (track 3)

Additional musicians
 * Michael Barker – congas (tracks 1, 3, 10), tambourine (tracks 1, 3), marimba (tracks 8, 9), darumbukka (track 1), marching bass drum (track 7), cymbals (track 7), kooky spoon solo (track 10)
 * Danielle Caruana – backing vocals (tracks 1, 2, 4, 13)
 * Michael Caruana – Hammond organ (track 10)
 * Dave Pensabene – backing vocals (track 10)
 * Tim Neil – Hammond organ (track 13)

title: Sunrise Over Sea


text:
Talk:Göttingen

}}

Untitled
Göttingen was also the long-time home of the famous mathematician, Carl Friedrich Gauss. I think that he, and also possibly Felix Klein should be mentioned on this page.
 * I agree...someone should put that in.

The Georgia Augusta is also the university, that the German Chancellor Gerhard Schröder went to.

On my screen, the first time it appears, the word Goettingen is followed by a question mark. I think this has to do with IE html compatibility. Can some-one fix this?
 * This has to do with it being part of an pronunciation file. If you click on Göttingen, you should be able to listen to German pronunciation.

Why isn't the professional soccer team Goe 07 (http://www.svg-goettingen.de/) listed in the sports section, whereas a cricket team is listed. What about basketball?

 * Please, could you all sign (with --~ !)? I can't see who says what! However, what I have to say is:
 * 1.:Yes, Schröder studied in Göttingen. Put that in.
 * 2.:Yes, the scientists were here. Put that in.
 * 3.:I don't see a quanstion mark.
 * --SymTec ltd. 19:29, 2 July 2006 (UTC)

Hi all.. I am revising the history section of this page... the material i am puting in is essentially nothing more but a translation of the equivalent page on the german version of Goettingen, which is very extensive. --  Blueil77

should Edith Stein be mentioned? http://www.zenit.org/english/visualizza.phtml?sid=102635

Heine and Goethe should be mentioned. It would be poetic to include Heine's "description" of the city ("famous for its university and sausages"  and/or "the inhabitants of Göttingen may be divided into students, professors, Philistines, and cattle" and with women who . . .) beyond which there is no life. Kdammers (talk) 05:31, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

what?
according to the origins of gotingen...how can the first mention of the village be 953AD and the creation be from 1100 ??? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.33.138.137 (talk) 17:29, 10 January 2008 (UTC)

popular culture
How about having a section on G in pop culture/lit? E.g., Barabar's song, some mysteries set in G, the board game set in the city.... Kdammers (talk) 02:49, 19 August 2009 (UTC) -Here are some books: Rote Straße: Göttingen Krimi (Broschiert) von Wolf S. Dietrich ; Johannisfeuer: Göttingen Krimi von Wolf S. Dietrich von Prolibris Verlag Rolf Wagner; Die Wächter von Göttingen: Fantastische Geschichten aus dem mittelalterlichen Südniedersachsen von Ulrich Drees, Eiko Lajcsak, Markus Ritter, und Volkhart Wagner von Stein-Medien ; Hexenfeuer. Ein Hansekrimi. Tatort Göttingen, von Frank Goyke; and there's presumably another one by Dietrich.Kdammers (talk) 03:01, 19 August 2009 (UTC)

French singer Barbara wrote a very well-known song, here in France, named "Göttingen". Perhaps we should add it in the popular culture section? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.102.243.184 (talk) 12:41, 21 January 2011 (UTC)

The television series Tatort was set in the town from 2019 through (planned) February 2024. Source: https://bnnbreaking.com/arts/tatort-departs-from-gottingen-maria-furtwanglers-character-returns-to-hanover/ 2600:6C67:1C00:5F7E:B829:D709:B7ED:C614 (talk) 03:57, 22 December 2023 (UTC)

Low German?!
Why the * is the Low German pronunciation given here? You will never hear it in or around Göttingen, which is well south of the language border. I'm taking it out. —Wegesrand (talk) 12:01, 15 September 2011 (UTC)
 * Actually there are still native Low German speakers in the villages around Göttingen and the local paper (Göttinger Tageblatt) used to have a page in Low German up until at least the early '90s (possibly later, but I left in 94). 86.171.31.171 (talk) 19:37, 19 August 2013 (UTC)

Notable people born in Gottingen
Who is Jana Gray? All the references I found are to genealogy. Respectfully,  Tiyang (talk) 09:30, 27 October 2012 (UTC)

Sports teams
The top soccer team in the '90s and at least up to 2005 was Goettingen 07 (http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/SVG_G%C3%B6ttingen_07). They were as high as the Oberliga Nord, but since I don't know the difference these days between amateur and professional, I haven't added them, but they should be included.

There is also the RSV Göttingen 05, with a number of teams in various sports. Kdammers (talk) 11:49, 18 January 2013 (UTC)

 * The top soccer team in 1970-2000 was consistently SC Göttingen 05. "Göttingen 07" (locally almost always referred to as "SVG") was always the second team in town - there may have been one or two seasons where SVG was above 05 in the league but that would have been exceptional (I was a youth player for one of the SVG reserve teams around that time). "05" used to be a top amateur team having a couple of close battles for promotion to the professional leagues. Notably narrowly loosing a promotion playoff to Vfl Wolfsburg in the early 1990s. And again in the early 2000s to Holstein Kiel. "05" went bankrupt in 2003, went through some merges and name changes (the RSV 05 name comes from that area). SVG closely followed suit with financial problems. Both have struggled ever since. 86.146.30.208 (talk) 09:46, 31 March 2018 (UTC)

Jacobikirche
"St. Jacobi (St. James's, often mistakenly called St. Jacob's), " 1. Why does the photo have the English name? I've never heard it used by anyone, by even native speakers of English who know no German when visiting Goettingen? 2. IF we're going to translate, why is "Jacob" wrong?  I'm not a Christian and don't know much about saints, but http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James,_son_of_Zebedee indicates that St. Jacob and St. James are one and the same -- and there are churches with teh former name, e.g., saintjacobschurch.com/, a Lutheran church in the U.S. 211.225.39.71 (talk) 01:48, 5 October 2013 (UTC)

Transport!
I'm planning to move to the city for a month and it'd be very useful a section describing the transport sector: buses, train, bicycles, etc. 145.64.134.245 (talk) 12:54, 30 March 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Göttingen


text:
Legacy Virus

The Legacy Virus is a fictional plague appearing in American comic books featuring the X-Men published by Marvel Comics. It first appeared in an eponymous storyline in Marvel Comics titles, from 1993 to 2001, during which it swept through the mutant population of the Marvel Universe, killing hundreds, as well as mutating so that it affected non-mutant humans as well.

Description
The Legacy Virus, contrary to the name, was a viroid and was released by Stryfe, a terrorist (and clone of Cable raised by Apocalypse) from approximately 2,000 years in the future. It originally existed in two forms, Legacy-1 and Legacy-2, but later mutated into a third form, Legacy-3; all were airborne agents.

Legacy-1 and Legacy-2 searched for a target organism's "X-factor," the sequence of mutant genes that gave a mutant their superpowers. If it did not find an activated X-factor in the target, the viroid would die off, leaving the person completely unaffected. If, however, it did detect the X-factor, it would begin inserting introns into the transcription codings of the victim's mutant RNA, the process commonly being triggered after the patient used their powers for the first time after contracting the disease. The result was a major compromise of the replication and transcription process so disruptive that it eventually rendered the body incapable of creating healthy cells, ultimately resulting in the death of the victim. Prior to death, the viroid causes its host's powers to flare out of control.

Legacy-1 attacked general transcription and replication of all cells, a messy and non-selective process that resulted in a condition akin to a fast-replicating cancer. This is the version that infected Illyana "Magik" Rasputin, sister of Piotr "Colossus" Rasputin.

Legacy-2 was much closer to Stryfe's original template and more in tune with his desire to stir a species war between non-mutant humans and mutants. Its attacks were selective, working only on the X-factor genes. The net result was that a victim would eventually lose control of his superhuman powers. In addition to developing at a far slower rate than Legacy-1, victims of Legacy-2 developed skin lesions, fever, cough and overall weakness (symptoms displayed by the telepathic X-Man Revanche). The slow nature of Legacy-2 is why St. John "Pyro" Allerdyce survived for years following his initial infection.

Legacy-3 was accidentally created in the body of the mutant woman Infectia. Her powers allowed her to scan and visualize the genetic structure of a living being, then alter it according to her own whims. When Infectia was infected with the Legacy-2 Virus, her powers caused a replication error that removed the viroid's conditioning to infect individuals only if the X-gene was present. Legacy-3 was capable of infecting any hominid.

The Legacy Virus is strongly suggested to be an allegory for the AIDS epidemic. Although all strains of the Legacy Virus were more dangerous than HIV, they shared similar symptoms such as skin lesions, fever, fatigue, and coughing. In addition, comics featuring the Legacy Virus illustrated the similar social impact of the further isolation of a stigmatized group.

History
The Legacy Virus first appeared in X-Force #18. It was based on a virus created by Apocalypse in the distant future, which was intended to kill the remaining non-mutants. At the time that this alternate version of Apocalypse was killed, the virus had not been perfected, and much like Legacy-3, it targeted all humans indiscriminately. As a result, this virus was never deployed, until Stryfe acquired it and altered it for his own purposes.

During the X-Cutioner's Song crossover, the villain Stryfe gave Mister Sinister a canister that he claimed contained 2,000 years worth of genetic material from the Summers bloodline. When Gordon Lefferts, a scientist working for Sinister, opened the canister after Stryfe was apparently killed by Cable, they found nothing inside. Far worse than that, the canister actually contained a plague, Stryfe's "legacy" to the world.

When Colossus' sister Illyana fell ill and died of the Legacy Virus in The Uncanny X-Men #303 (Aug. 1993), he left the X-Men and joined Magneto's Acolytes.

Eventually, reporter Trish Tilby, Beast's former lover, reported to the general public the existence of the Legacy Virus. Later, Xavier and Beast call a press conference to assuage fears in the general populace. While watching the press conference, Moira MacTaggert has an insight that the virus worked as a "designer gene".

The virus raged on for some time in the mutant population, until Mystique, in an effort to make the world safe for mutants, modified the virus to affect only humans. When Moira found out about this strain of the virus, she finally grasped what the key to the cure was. Unfortunately, she was mortally wounded by Mystique during the Brotherhood of Mutants' attack on Muir Island and did not live to complete the cure. Professor X did manage to telepathically retrieve the critical information before Moira died.

With this information, Beast was able to synthesize the cure a few weeks later, though one that had a price; the virus had first been released by the death of the first victim, and the release of the cure would have the same effect. Colossus, who did not want any more people to suffer his sister's fate, snuck into McCoy's lab and injected the cure into himself and activated his mutant powers, transforming his body into organic steel. This "supercharged" the Legacy cure, simultaneously killing him and stopping the spread of the Legacy virus, instantaneously curing even those dying of the virus at that moment (Although it was later revealed Colossus had been resurrected by alien technology and was being used as a test subject for an experimental formula that would reverse mutations before he was rescued by the X-Men ).

Unfortunately, this rapid cure had unforeseen geopolitical effects. Thousands of Legacy-infected mutants had been quarantined on the island nation of Genosha, which was controlled by Magneto at the time. The instant cure gave Magneto a vast army overnight and allowed him to begin carrying out his plans for world conquest in the Eve of Destruction crossover.

In X-Factor vol. 3 #10, it was revealed that Singularity Investigations was creating a virus designed to kill mutants. While Jamie Madrox referred to this as the Legacy Virus, it is unclear whether Singularity is actually recreating Stryfe's virus, creating what is to later be Stryfe's virus, or merely engineering a new one with a similar purpose.

In X-Force #7, the Vanisher is seen to be in possession of a mutated strain of the Legacy Virus. It was later destroyed by Elixir in X-Force #10.

During the Skrull Invasion of Earth, Beast discovers that the Legacy Virus can infect Skrulls as well. Beast ponders whether to use it against the invading aliens. Cyclops decides to use it to get the Skrulls to surrender.

The Legacy Virus has returned once more as it turned out there were other samples that fell into the hands of Bastion. Samples have been injected into Beautiful Dreamer and Fever Pitch by the Leper Queen in order to cause their powers to go berserk and kill themselves and thousands of humans during an anti-mutant rally held by the Friends of Humanity. It was later revealed that Hellion and Surge were also injected with the Legacy Virus.

Dark Beast is also rumored to have a sample of the Legacy Virus.

Infection list
Listed below in alphabetical order are the characters infected by the Legacy Virus:

Other versions
The Ultimate Marvel universe version of the Legacy Virus is created by Nick Fury, in an attempt to replicate the Super Soldier experiment that created Captain America, using Beast's blood. The virus turns normal humans into super-strong beings, but is fatal to mutants, prompting Fury to hold Beast in S.H.I.E.L.D. custody to coerce him to find a cure for it, in the event that there is ever an outbreak.

Television

 * In X-Men: The Animated Series, a variation of the Legacy Virus was used in a brief storyline where it was the creation of Apocalypse, who had created the virus with the aid of Graydon Creed and the Friends of Humanity, infecting innocent people and claiming that mutants were the ones who had caused the plague. In an attempt to stop the plague, Bishop came back from the future to destroy Apocalypse's work before the virus could move on to mutants, but as a result vital antibodies that would allow the mutant race to survive future plagues were never created. Traveling back from even further in the future, Cable was able to come up with a compromise that allowed both Bishop's and his own missions to succeed; although the plague never made the jump to mutants on a large-scale basis, Cable nevertheless ensured that Wolverine would be infected, thus creating the necessary antibodies while not killing any mutants thanks to Wolverine's healing factor.

Film

 * In Logan, a variation of the Legacy Virus is created by Zander Rice to wipe out the world's mutant population to avenge his father's death by Wolverine during the Weapon X program. By the year 2029, mutants are on the brink of extinction and Rice is working for Alkali-Transigen to engineer child mutants to be used as soldiers.

Video games

 * In X-Men 2: Game Master's Legacy, the game's plot centers around the X-Men and the Legacy Virus.
 * In the video game Marvel: Ultimate Alliance, a side mission includes saving a S.H.I.E.L.D. Omega Base Computer, which contains research data on the Legacy Virus. If the computer is saved, the data will be used to create a cure for the virus. If not, the Legacy Virus will become a plague that drives the mutant race nearly to extinction.

title: Legacy Virus


text:
Eastern Ghats

The Eastern Ghats are a discontinuous range of mountains along India's eastern coast. The Eastern Ghats pass through the states of Odisha and Andhra Pradesh to Tamil Nadu by, passing parts of Karnataka and Telangana on the way. They are eroded and cut through by four major rivers of peninsular India, the Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna and Kaveri. Zindagad Konda is the highest point in both Andhra Pradesh and the Eastern Ghats at 1690 m. The Biligiriranga Hills in Karnataka are the tallest hill range in the Eastern Ghats, with many peaks above 1500 m in height.

Geology
The Eastern Ghats are made up of charnockite, granite gneiss, khondalite, granite and quartzite rock formations. The structure of the Eastern Ghats includes thrusts and strike-slip faults along its range. Limestone, bauxite and iron ore are found in Eastern Ghats hill ranges.

The Eastern Ghats are an ancient orogenic belt which formed from the collision of crustal rocks during the Archean Eon. The belt became part of the Indian subcontinent during the Gondwana period because of continental drift, making the mountains significantly older than the Western Ghats.

The Eparchaean Unconformity of the Tirumala Hills is a major discontinuity of stratigraphic significance that represents an extensive period of erosion and non-deposition. It can be seen at the steep natural slopes, road scars and ravines in the Tirumala ghat roads in the Tirupati district of Andhra Pradesh.

Hill ranges
As with the Western Ghats, the Eastern Ghats have local names along the discontinuous hill ranges. Both ranges (Eastern & Western) considered to be converging at The Nilgris range in Tamil Nadu. There is also a massive crater impact happened which created an impact in between Nilgiri and Palani Hills which is named as Kavery Crater which is considered to be the third largest crater impact on earth.

The Ponnaiyar and Palar rivers flow from headwaters on the Kolar Plateau eastward through gaps in the Ghats to empty into the Bay of Bengal. The Javadhu Hills lie between the two rivers. There are waterfalls along remote stretches of the rivers, such as Kiliyur Falls.

Madhurawada Dome in the Eastern Ghats mobile belt was formed by a tectonic arrangement with the khondalite suite and quartzite Archean rocks north of Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh.

The Maliya Range is located in the northern portion of the Eastern Ghats, generally ranging between elevations of 900–1,200 m. The tallest peak in this range is Mahendragiri (1,501 m).

The Madugula Konda Range is also located in the northern portion of the Eastern Ghats. It is higher than the Maliyas and generally ranges between elevations of 1,100–1,400 m. Prominent summits include the highest peak of the Eastern Ghats, Arma Konda (1,690 m), along with Gali Konda (1,643 m) and Sinkram Gutta (1,620 m).

The Similipal massif is considered the furthest northeast extension of the Eastern Ghats and similarly Sirumalai massif is considered to be the southernmost extension of the Eastern Ghats.

Rivers
The Eastern Ghats are the source area for many small and medium rivers of the east coastal plains of South India.

Rivers flowing through the Eastern Ghats include:
 * Brahmani
 * Godavari
 * Kaveri
 * Krishna
 * Mahanadi
 * Subarnarekha
 * Tungabhadra

Rivers originating on the Eastern Ghats include:

 * Baitarani River
 * Budhabalanga River
 * Rushikulya River
 * Vamsadhara River
 * Palar River
 * Nagavali River
 * Champavathi River
 * Gosthani River
 * Sarada River
 * Sabari River
 * Sileru River
 * Tammileru
 * Gundlakamma River
 * Pennai Yaru River
 * Swarnamukhi
 * Kundu River
 * Vellar River
 * Penna River

Fauna
The endemic fauna of the Eastern Ghats include Jerdon's courser (Rhinoptilus bitorquatus) and the grey slender loris (Loris lydekkerianus). Rare geckos live here as well, including the Indian golden gecko (Calodactylodes aureus), granite rock gecko (Hemidactylus graniticolus) and Yercaud slender gecko (Hemiphyllodactylus aurantiacus). Other endemic reptiles include Sharma's skink (Eutropis nagarjuni) and snakes such as Gower's shieldtail snake (Rhinophis goweri), Shortt's shieldtail snake (Uropeltis shorttii) and the Nagarjun Sagar racer (Platyceps bholanathi).

Mammals
Mammals found in the Easter Ghats include the Indian elephant (Elephas maximus indicus), blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra), Asian palm civet (Paradoxurus hermaphroditus), small Indian civet (Viverricula indica), Madras treeshrew (Anathana ellioti), common grey mongoose (Urva edwardsii), sambar deer (Rusa unicolor), Indian crested porcupine (Hystrix indica), Indian bison (Bos gaurus), Indian boar (Sus scrofa cristatus), common muntjac (Muntiacus muntjak), Indian leopard (Panthera pardus fusca), Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris tigris), dhole (Cuon alpinus), golden jackal (Canis aureus), Indian giant squirrel (Ratufa indica), Indian hare (Lepus nigricollis), Asian house shrew (Suncus murinus), tufted grey langur (Semnopithecus priam), Indian flying fox (Pteropus giganteus), bonnet macaque (Macaca radiata), rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta), Bengal fox (Vulpes bengalensis), smooth-coated otter (Lutrogale perspicillata), jungle cat (Felis chaus), cheetal (Axis axis), nilgai (Boselaphus tragocamelus), Indian wolf (Canis lupus pallipes) and Indian mole-rat (Bandicota bengalensis). There are about 400 tigers living in the Eastern Ghats.

Birds
A survey conducted by ATREE in the northern Eastern Ghats hill region identified more than 205 species of birds, including relatively rare ones like Brook's flycatcher (Cyornis poliogenys) and Jerdon's baza (Aviceda jerdoni). Threatened bird species like the Malabar pied hornbill (Anthracoceros coronatus) were also spotted in a couple of habitats. Other bird species found in the Eastern Ghats include the Great Indian bustard (Ardeotis nigriceps), red-wattled lapwing (Vanellus indicus), spot-billed pelican (Pelecanus philippensis), blue peafowl (Pavo cristatus), Indian pond heron (Ardeola grayii), hoopoe (Upupa epops), spotted owlet (Athene brama), greater coucal (Centropus sinensis), pied crested cuckoo (Clamator jacobinus), Oriental white ibis (Threskiornis melanocephalus), Indian pitta (Pitta brachyura), Indian paradise flycatcher (Terpsiphone paradisi), red-vented bulbul (Pycnonotus cafer), red-whiskered bulbul (Pycnonotus jocosus), jungle babbler (Turdoides striata), painted stork (Mycteria leucocephala), black-rumped flameback (Dinopium benghalense), brahminy kite (Haliastur indus), jungle myna (Acridotheres fuscus), Indian spotted eagle (Aquila hastata), Indian vulture (Gyps indicus)  and Malabar whistling thrush (Myophonus horsfieldii).

Amphibians
Up to 30 species of amphibians live in the Eastern Ghats, including Gunther's toad (Bufo hololius), pond frogs (Euphlyctis spp.), cricket frogs (Fejervarya spp.), bull frogs (Hoplobatrachus spp.), burrowing frogs (Sphaerotheca spp.), balloon frogs (Uperodon spp.), small-mouthed frogs (Microhyla spp.) and tree frogs (Polypedates spp.). Endemic species include the golden-backed frogs (Hylarana spp.), the bush frog (Raorchestes terebrans), the recently described caecilian Gegeneophis orientalis, and an Ichthyophis species that is known only from old records.

Reptiles
Nearly 100 species of reptiles occur in the Eastern Ghats. Many endangered species are also present, including the mugger crocodile (Crocodylus palustris), Indian black turtle (Melanochelys trijuga), Indian flapshell turtle (Lissemys punctata), Indian tent turtle (Pangshura tentoria), Indian star tortoise (Geochelone elegans) and Leith's softshell turtle (Nilssonia leithii), many of which are found in the northern rivers and riverine valley tracts.

Among the lizards present are Roux's forest calotes (Monilesaurus rouxii), Psammophilus and Sitana species, Indian chameleon (Chamaeleo zeylanicus), reticulated gecko (Hemidactylus reticulatus), rock geckoes Hemidactylus giganteus and Hemidactylus graniticolus, golden gecko (Calodactylodes aureus), slender gecko (Hemiphyllodactylus aurantiacus), rare ground geckoes Cyrtodactylus nebulosus and Cyrtodactylus collegalensis, the recently rediscovered Geckoella jeyporensis, Leschenault's snake-eye (Ophisops leschenaultii), blinking snake-eye (Ophisops minor), Ashwamedh's skink (Eutropis ashwamedhii), Beddome's skink (Eutropis beddomei), Nagarjun's skink (Eutropis nagarjuni) and Bengal monitor (Varanus bengalensis). Noteworthy lizards include endemic, fossorial species of leg-less skinks such as Sepsophis punctatus, Barkudia melanosticta and Barkudia insularis that are known only from the northern ranges and along the adjoining Eastern coastal plains in northern Andhra Pradesh and Odisha.

Among snakes present are the beaked worm snake (Grypotyphlops acutus), endemic shield-tailed snakes like Uropeltis ellioti and Uropeltis shorttii, the recently described Rhinophis goweri, the endangered Indian rock python (Python molurus), Forsten's cat snake (Boiga forsteni), yellow-green cat snake (Boiga flaviviridis), Srilankan flying snake (Chrysopelea taprobanica), Nagarjun Sagar racer (Coluber bholanathi), green keelback (Rhabdophis plumbicolor), Duméril's black-headed snake (Sibynophis subpunctatus) and Indian reed snake (Liopeltis calamaria). Apart from the Big Four Indian venomous snakes, endemic ones like Beddome's coral snake (Calliophis beddomei), Indian green Bamboo pit viper (Trimeresurus gramineus), the rare King cobra (Ophiophagus hannah) and Banded krait (Bungarus fasciatus) are also known from parts of this region.

Protected areas
Sanctuaries and national parks of the Eastern Ghats:

National Parks

 * Bhitarkanika National Park, Odisha
 * Simlipal National Park, Odisha
 * Sri Venkateswara National Park, Andhra Pradesh

Wildlife Sanctuaries

 * Balukhand-Konark Wildlife Sanctuary, Odisha
 * Balimela Wildlife Sanctuary, Odisha
 * Baisipalli Wildlife Sanctuary, Odisha
 * Debrigarh Wildlife Sanctuary, Odisha
 * Gahirmatha Marine Sanctuary, Odisha
 * Hadgarh Wildlife Sanctuary, Odisha
 * Kapilasa Wildlife Sanctuary, Odisha
 * Karlapat Wildlife Sanctuary, Odisha
 * Kondakameru Wildlife Sanctuary, Odisha
 * Kotgarh Wildlife Sanctuary, Odisha
 * Kuldiha Wildlife Sanctuary, Odisha
 * Lakhari Valley Wildlife Sanctuary, Odisha
 * Saptasajya Wildlife Sanctuary, Odisha
 * Sunabeda Wildlife Sanctuary, Odisha
 * Coringa Wildlife Sanctuary, Andhra Pradesh
 * Krishna Wildlife Sanctuary, Andhra Pradesh
 * Koundinya Wildlife Sanctuary, Andhra Pradesh
 * Kambalakonda Wildlife Sanctuary, Andhra Pradesh
 * Papikonda Wildlife Sanctuary, Andhra Pradesh
 * Rollapadu Bird Sanctuary, Andhra Pradesh
 * Sri Lankamalleswara Wildlife Sanctuary, Andhra Pradesh
 * Cauvery Wildlife Sanctuary, Karnataka
 * Cauvery North Wildlife Sanctuary, Tamil Nadu
 * Vedanthangal Bird Sanctuary, Tamil Nadu

Reserves

 * Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve, Andhra Pradesh and Telangana
 * Satkosia Tiger Reserve, Odisha
 * Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve, Tamil Nadu
 * Sunabeda Tiger Reserve, Odisha

According to a study published in 2018, the forest cover of the Eastern Ghats has shrunk drastically since 1920, and several plant species endemic to this region face the threat of extinction.

title: Eastern Ghats


text:
Talk:Haridas

Untitled
I'm sure this is a good article is cool for Indologists - but I had no idea what half of it was about, as many terms were left unexplained. It needs a lot of work despite its impressive length, in order to make it accessable to the general reading public. Remember this isn't a specialist encyclopedia... --Pteron 11:18, 15 Mar 2004 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as start, and the rating on other projects was brought up to start class. BetacommandBot 18:06, 9 November 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Haridas


text:
Smells Like Children

Smells Like Children is an EP by American rock band Marilyn Manson. It was released on October 24, 1995, by Nothing and Interscope Records. Produced by Trent Reznor of Nine Inch Nails, it represents an era of the band full of drugs, abuses, tours, sound experiments, and references to the Child Catcher, a villain from the 1968 musical film Chitty Chitty Bang Bang.

The album was initially proposed to strictly be a remix single for "Dope Hat", but various contributions by engineer and Skinny Puppy producer Dave Ogilvie, Nine Inch Nails live keyboardist Charlie Clouser, and new material by the band resulted in an eclectic and unusual combination of material. All the ideas and tracks were created and composed throughout the touring cycle in support of the band's 1994 debut Portrait of an American Family, and was the first Marilyn Manson work to feature longtime members Twiggy Ramirez on bass and Ginger Fish on drums.

Smells Like Children was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America, and was spearheaded by its sole single, a cover of "Sweet Dreams (Are Made of This)", originally written and performed by Eurythmics. The song's music video became a staple on MTV and helped to establish the band in the mainstream.

Background and development
After the conclusion of the Portrait of an American Family Tour, the band undertook the opening slot position for Danzig's 4p Tour from March 24, 1995, until May 14, 1995. During their tenure, Danzig/Pantera tour bus driver Tony F. Wiggins befriended Marilyn Manson, bassist Twiggy Ramirez and keyboardist Madonna Wayne Gacy and went on backstage drug binges, perverse acts and other unusual escapades with them.

Themes
The band's frontman has discussed his thoughts in retrospect on Smells Like Children within his autobiography The Long Hard Road Out of Hell (1998):

It was a perfect preface to an album about abuse: sexual abuse, domestic abuse, drug abuse, psychological abuse. Midway through the record, we [initially] included one of the taped confessions we had gathered, from a girl who molested her seven-year-old male cousin. It underscored the subplot of the album, about the most common target of abuse: innocence. I've always liked the Peter Pan idea of being a kid in mind if not in body, and Smells Like Children was supposed to be a record for someone who's no longer a child, someone who, like myself, wants their innocence back now that they're corrupted enough to appreciate it. [...] What began as a very disturbing record had become a record that disturbed only me.

Manson has considered the release to be "An album that looks like an album for children that is not for children"; in fact, on the outer rim of the CD label the printed words "Keep this and all drugs away from small children" are visible.

Songs
A number of cover songs are included in the track listing, most famous of which is the band's cover of Eurythmics' "Sweet Dreams (Are Made of This)", which thrust the band into the mainstream. The other covers on the album are the Patti Smith song "Rock N Roll Nigger" and Screamin' Jay Hawkins' "I Put a Spell on You", with the latter later featured on the soundtrack for David Lynch's 1997 psychological thriller film Lost Highway.

A recorded telephone conversation between Manson's mother and grandmother, titled "May Cause Discoloration of the Urine or Feces", is sometimes included on early bootlegs under the title "Procardia", in a heavily modified version which is actually a fan-made track, and not an actual track from either pressing—this version contains the original track in the left channel, and an extract from Raggedy Ann in the right. The Smells Like Children version was previously featured as part of the sound scape "Revelation #9", released on the single for "Get Your Gunn". Some of these bootlegs may also contain bonus tracks, including a demo for the song "My Monkey" from Portrait of an American Family, and another track called "Choklit Factory" taken from the bands' Spooky Kids-era.

The album alludes to famous occult author Aleister Crowley, particularly in the "Dope Hat" re-recording "Diary of a Dope Fiend" after the Crowley novel Diary of a Drug Fiend. The "Frankie" referred to in "Fuck Frankie" is Frankie Proia, Manson's tour manager at the time who embezzled $20,000 from the band during their tour for their previous release, Portrait of an American Family. Wiggins recorded an acoustic rendition of the song "Cake and Sodomy" under the title "White Trash". Manson stated the irony of having Wiggins "strum and twang a redneck version" of the song was "perfect for its message, since [it] critiques southern Christian white trash".

The "One-Legged..." referred to in "Dancing with the One-Legged..." was "a battered doll of Huggy Bear, the pimp from the 1970s cop thriller television series Starsky and Hutch, which was missing a leg". Manson explains, "Inside that empty plastic socket was where we hid our drugs throughout the Tony Wiggins tour. Whenever we ingested the contents of that extra orifice, we referred to it in code as 'dancing with the one-legged pimp'". The untitled sixteenth track contains a slower, more ominous remix of "Shitty Chicken Gang Bang" and, approximately 6 minutes in, an unusual audio experiment sometimes referred to as "Poop Games".

Samples
Early promotional copies of Smells Like Children featured unauthorized samples from the films Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory and Chitty Chitty Bang Bang, as well as other sound bites considered "too extreme", therefore resulting in the track listing to be re-edited accordingly for public release, much to Manson's chagrin. Interscope was not interested in buying licenses to use the film samples and demanded written affidavits from the participants in the sound bites, certifying their consent to be recorded. The removed clips were the original opening track, "Abuse, Part 1 (There is Pain Involved)", featuring the voices of Manson and Wiggins as they attempted to calm down a masochistic girl when things got out-of-control, and "Abuse, Part 2 (Confessions)", featuring an interview with a teenage girl who confesses to molesting her 7-year-old male cousin. These were replaced by "The Hands of Small Children" and "May Cause Discoloration of the Urine or Feces", respectively.

The tracks "Sympathy for the Parents" and "Dancing with the One-Legged..." are distorted sound clips taken from an appearance by Manson, Ramirez and Gacy on The Phil Donahue Show. The episode discussed the dangers of moshing at concerts. The excerpt used in "Sympathy for the Parents" features Ramirez responding to a question about the attire worn by the band members by playing a cassette tape recording of "Scabs, Guns and Peanut Butter", before Manson's answer to the same question.

Singles
Smells Like Children produced only one single, a cover version of Eurythmics' 1983 hit "Sweet Dreams (Are Made of This)".

Manson often drew musical inspiration from his dreams, but the idea to cover this song came from his first experimentation with LSD at a house party, according to his autobiography. He says that he hallucinated a "slower, meaner" version of the dance hit playing, sung in his voice. He also stated that Nothing did not want to release this as a single. Daisy Berkowitz stated "When the song was released it divided people – they loved it or hated it. This was good. Just like us, as a band, if loved – you're loved. If hated, people that hate you talk about you even more so". The label wanted to release their cover of Screamin' Jay Hawkins' "I Put a Spell on You", which, according to Manson, "was far too dark, sprawling and esoteric, even for some of our fans."

The music video for Manson's cover was a gateway to popularity for the band, eventually being nominated at the MTV Video Music Awards for Best Rock Video, and contains several clips of Manson and band members in what appears to be an old, decrepit asylum whilst wearing a variety of strange costumes. The overall video was shot with unusual filters: this was one of the first videos shot with director Dean Karr's initial vision intact, not based solely on whatever ideas the band had come up with prior. In between these clips are a number of surreal shots of Manson wearing a wedding gown, Manson wandering around an abandoned street in a tutu, birds fluttering around him and leaving dropping on his body, and footage of him riding a pig wearing a cowboy hat whilst covered with mud which Manson rides during the song's climax.

Critical reception
Upon its release, the album met with mixed to negative reviews from music critics. AllMusic gave it a mixed review and said: "Where the full-length debut showed sparks of character and invention beneath industrial metal sludge, Smells Like Children is a smartly crafted horror show, filled with vulgarity, ugliness, goth freaks, and sideshow scares. Manson wisely chose to heighten his cartoonish personality... the record is devoted to spoken words and samples, all designed to push the outrage buttons of middle America. Musically, it may not amount to much—it's goth-metal-industrial, as good as the 'Dope Hat,' 'Lunchbox,' and 'Cake and Sodomy' trilogy that distinguished the debut—but as a sonic sculpture, as an objet d'art, it's effective and wickedly fascinating. It's exactly what Brian Warner needed to do to establish Marilyn Manson as America's bogeyman for the late '90s."

In his review for The Village Voice, music critic Robert Christgau defined Smells Like Children as an "Unmitigated consumer fraud—a mess of instrumentals, covers, and remixes designed to exploit its well-publicized tour, genderfuck cover art, titillating titles, and parental warning label. The lyrics to 'Shitty Chicken Gang Bang' are nonexistent, those to 'Everlasting Cocksucker' incomprehensible. Only 'Fuck Frankie,' a spoken-word number in which a female feigning sexual ecstasy reveals that it isn't 'Fool Frankie' or 'Fire Frankie' or 'Fast Frankie' or for that matter 'Fist Frankie,' delivers what it promises. It's easily the best thing on the record." Tony Scherman of Entertainment Weekly also gave the release a negative review and called it "an artlessly assembled excuse for an album, these minor-league White Zombie wannabes throw together pointless remixes, irritating skits, and lame covers of songs by Eurythmics, Screamin' Jay Hawkins, and Patti Smith. Co-producer Trent Reznor should hang his head in shame." Exclaim! Liisa Ladouceur ranked Smells Like Children fourth on her list of the essential Marilyn Manson albums. Ladouceur wrote that "[this] collection...was poorly received on release but proves a much more interesting document of the [band's] early years than 1994's debut album, Portrait of an American Family."

Controversy
On May 30, 1996, the co-directors of the conservative advocacy group Empower America (now known as FreedomWorks), Republican Secretary of Education William Bennett and Democrat Senator Joseph Lieberman, organized a bipartisan press conference, along with Secretary of Pennsylvania State C. Delores Tucker, wherein they admonished the record industry for selling "prepackaged, shrink-wrapped nihilism." Bennett claimed that "nothing less is at stake than civilization" against lyrics which Lieberman decried, "celebrate some of the most antisocial and immoral behaviors imaginable." Tucker concurred noting that, "these companies have the blood of children on their hands ... We protect owls. We protect whales. We must protect children."

The moral crusaders largely targeted rap music and five music conglomerates: Time Warner, Bertelsmann Music Group, PolyGram, Thorn EMI, and Sony Music—leaving out MCA (which had recently acquired Interscope at the time)—an absence MTV noted as "strange", leading them to postulate "that perhaps Tucker or Bennett own some stock in the company". Nevertheless, the group did not forget to bring up Marilyn Manson and Smells Like Children. Empower America also took the opportunity to announce, at the press conference, they were launching a $25,000 radio ad campaign to collect petitions from listeners who want the record companies to "stop spreading this vicious, vulgar music."

Personnel
Marilyn Manson
 * Marilyn Manson – concept, vocals, producer
 * Twiggy Ramirez – bass
 * Daisy Berkowitz – guitars
 * Madonna Wayne Gacy – keyboards, synthesizers, loops, programming
 * Ginger Fish – drums, percussion

Production
 * Chris Vrenna – programming
 * Sean Beavan – engineer
 * Tony F. Wiggins – vocals
 * Frankie Proia – management
 * Joseph Cultice – photography
 * Gary Talpas – art direction, package design

title: Smells Like Children


text:
West Lawn

West Lawn may refer to a place in the United States:

 * West Lawn, Chicago, Illinois, a neighborhood
 * West Lawn, Pennsylvania, a former borough and current census-designated place
 * West Lawn (Lancaster, Pennsylvania), a historic home

title: West Lawn


text:
Dorian Gray (disambiguation)

Dorian Gray is the main character of the novel The Picture of Dorian Gray (1890) by Oscar Wilde.

Dorian Gray may also refer to:

Film

 * Dorian Gray (1970 film), an Italian film adaptation of the novel
 * Dorian Gray (2009 film), a British film adaptation of the novel

People

 * Dorian Gray (actress) (1936–2011), the stage name of the Italian film actress Maria Luisa Mangini
 * Dorian Gray (UK singer), the stage name of English pop singer Tony Ellingham
 * Soren Mounir, a Swiss singer-songwriter also known as "Dorian Gray"

Other uses

 * Dorian Gray (club), a nightclub in Frankfurt am Main, Germany
 * Dorian Gray (band), a 1980s Croatian music group
 * Dorian Gray (Bourne), a contemporary dance adaptation of the novel

title: Dorian Gray (disambiguation)


text:
Code review

Code review (sometimes referred to as peer review) is a software quality assurance activity in which one or more people check a program, mainly by viewing and reading parts of its source code, either after implementation or as an interruption of implementation. At least one of the persons must not have authored the code. The persons performing the checking, excluding the author, are called "reviewers".

Although direct discovery of quality problems is often the main goal, code reviews are usually performed to reach a combination of goals:
 * Better code quality – Improve internal code quality and maintainability (such as readability, uniformity, and understandability)
 * Finding defects – Improve quality regarding external aspects, especially correctness, but also find issues such as performance problems, security vulnerabilities, and injected malware
 * Learning/Knowledge transfer – Help transfer codebase knowledge, solution approaches, and quality expectations, both to the reviewers and the author
 * Increase sense of mutual responsibility – Increase a sense of collective code ownership and solidarity
 * Finding better solutions – Generate ideas for new and better solutions and ideas that transcend the specific code at hand
 * Complying to QA guidelines, ISO/IEC standards – Code reviews are mandatory in some contexts, such as air traffic software and safety-critical software

This definition of code review distinguishes it from related software quality assurance techniques, such as static code analysis, self checks, testing, and pair programming. In static code analysis the main checking is performed by an automated program, in self checks only the author checks the code, in testing the execution of the code is an integral part, and pair programming is performed continuously during implementation and not as a separate step.

Review types
There are many variations of code review processes, some of which are detailed below. Additional review types are part of IEEE 1028.

IEEE 1028-2008 lists the following review types:

 * Management reviews
 * Technical reviews
 * Inspections
 * Walk-throughs
 * Audits

Inspection (formal)
Historically, the first code review process that was studied and described in detail was called "Inspection" by its inventor, Michael Fagan. This Fagan inspection is a formal process which involves a careful and detailed execution with multiple participants and multiple phases. Formal code reviews are the traditional method of review, in which software developers attend a series of meetings and review code line by line, usually using printed copies of the material. Formal inspections are extremely thorough and have been proven effective at finding defects in the code under review.

Regular change-based code review (Walk-throughs)
In recent years, many industry teams have introduced a more lightweight type of code review in which the scope of each review is based on the changes to the codebase performed in a ticket, user story, commit, or some other unit of work. Furthermore, there are rules or conventions that embed the review task into the development process (e.g., "every ticket must be reviewed"), commonly as part of a pull request, instead of explicitly planning each review. Such a review process is called "regular, change-based code review". There are many variations of this basic process. A survey among 240 development teams from 2017 found that 90% of the teams use a review process that is based on changes (if they use reviews at all), and 60% use regular, change-based code review. Also, most large software corporations such as Microsoft, Google, and Facebook follow a change-based code review process.

Efficiency and effectiveness of reviews
Capers Jones' ongoing analysis of over 12,000 software development projects showed that the latent defect discovery rate of formal inspection is in the 60-65% range. For informal inspection, the figure is less than 50%. The latent defect discovery rate for most forms of testing is about 30%. A code review case study published in the book Best Kept Secrets of Peer Code Review contradicted the Capers Jones study, finding that lightweight reviews can uncover as many bugs as formal reviews, but were faster and more cost-effective.

Studies have found that up to 75% of code review comments affect software evolvability/maintainability rather than functionality, suggesting that code reviews are an excellent tool for software companies with long product or system life cycles. This also means that less than 15% of the issues discussed in code reviews are related to bugs.

Guidelines
The effectiveness of code review was found to depend on the review speed. Code review rates should be between 200 and 400 lines of code per hour. Inspecting and reviewing more than a few hundred lines of code per hour for critical software (such as safety critical embedded software) may be too fast to find errors.

Supporting tools
Static code analysis software lessens the task of reviewing large chunks of code on the developer by systematically checking source code for known vulnerabilities and defect types. A 2012 study by VDC Research reports that 17.6% of the embedded software engineers surveyed currently use automated tools to support peer code review and 23.7% expect to use them within two years.

title: Code review


text:
Northern Ireland Act 1998

The Northern Ireland Act 1998 (c. 47) is an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom which allowed Westminster to devolve power to Northern Ireland, after decades of direct rule.

It renamed the New Northern Ireland Assembly, established by the Northern Ireland (Elections) Act 1998, to the Northern Ireland Assembly.

It repealed parts of the Government of Ireland Act 1920 and Northern Ireland Constitution Act 1973, and established new rules in line with the European Union and the Northern Ireland peace process, subsequent to the Belfast Agreement of 1998.

The act allows for a devolved Northern Ireland Assembly of 108 members. Membership of the assembly is subject to a pledge of office, which subjects the member to certain requirements with regard to standards and responsibilities. Northern Ireland remains a part of the United Kingdom until or unless a majority vote in a referendum determines otherwise. The Secretary of State for Northern Ireland holds the power to call for the referendum if it appears likely to them that a majority of the voters would express their desire to become part of a United Ireland. The assembly has the power of modifying any act of the British Parliament as far as it "is part of the law of Northern Ireland". They cannot deal, however, with reserved or excepted matters, which are of exclusive competence of the government of the United Kingdom, in consultation with the Republic of Ireland through the British-Irish Intergovernmental Conference. The Assembly has been suspended a number of times since 1998, and was re-established on Tuesday 8 May 2007, subsequent to the St Andrews Agreement of 2006.

Election to the assembly is by single transferable vote (STV), a form of proportional representation.

title: Northern Ireland Act 1998


text:
Melinda and Melinda

Melinda and Melinda is a 2004 American comedy film written and directed by Woody Allen. It premiered at the San Sebastian International Film Festival. The film is set in Manhattan and stars Radha Mitchell as the protagonist Melinda, in two storylines; one comic, one tragic. The film began a limited release in the United States on March 18, 2005.

Plot
Four writers converse over dinner about the value of comedy and tragedy. The question arises: Is life naturally comic or tragic? One of the four proposes a real story he heard somewhere else: a distraught woman named Melinda disrupts a dinner party held by a couple, and a series of events involving affairs and a suicide attempt ensues. The two prominent playwrights in the group begin telling their versions of this story, one being comic and one tragic.

In the tragic story, Melinda, a widowed friend of the couple (conformed of failed actor Lee and the wealthy Laurel), ends up staying at their house. During the course of the story, she loses the custody of her children due to her history of alcoholism and drug abuse. Believing Melinda is depressed due to the loss of her husband, Laurel decides to help her look for a boyfriend. At a party, the two women end up falling for the same man, a pianist and composer named Ellis Moonsong. Melinda starts dating Ellis, who also starts an affair with Laurel. During a date, Melinda reveals to Ellis that her husband's death was not accidental, as everyone believes. She actually killed him after discovering that he had been cheating on her. One evening, Laurel finds out Lee is having an affair with an acting student of his. Defending himself, Lee mentions he knows Laurel is cheating on him with Ellis, and Melinda overhears this. After Laurel and Ellis confirm this to her, a distressed Melinda attempts to jump off a building. However, Ellis manages to save her.

In the comedic story, Melinda is a neighbor of the couple (composed of failed actor Hobie and aspiring filmmaker Susan). Hobie is smitten by Melinda and develops a friendship with her. Despite his relationship with Susan being fraught, Hobie feels guilty about even considering to have an affair. While at a store, he finds and old lamp and rubs it while wishing for a way to have a romantic relationship with Melinda without hurting Susan. When Hobie returns home, he finds Susan having sex with one of the possible candidates to produce her next film. Delighted, Hobie breaks up with Susan and asks Melinda out. However, before he can confess his feelings for her, Hobie discovers Melinda started a relationship with a pianist she met on the street. Melinda and her new boyfriend decide to help a secretly jealous Hobie find a girlfriend. They set her up with a Playboy model, and the four go on a date on Halloween that involves seeing a movie and attending a party. There, the two strangers realize they both feel lonely and decide to go to Hobie's apartment to have sex. Seeing them leave the party together, a hurt Melinda realizes she has feelings for Hobie. At his place, before they can have sex, the model realizes she is still sad about her previous break-up. She tries to throw herself off the building before Hobie stops her. After she is gone, Hobie finds Melinda spying on him, and they both confess their feelings for each other.

Without reaching a true conclusion on the value of tragedy and comedy, the writers realize that it is important to appreciate the tragic and comedic moments in life as one never knows when it will end.

Cast

 * Radha Mitchell as Melinda Robicheaux
 * Chloë Sevigny as Laurel
 * Jonny Lee Miller as Lee
 * Will Ferrell as Hobie
 * Amanda Peet as Susan
 * Chiwetel Ejiofor as Ellis Moonsong
 * Wallace Shawn as Sy, the comedian
 * Josh Brolin as Greg Earlinger
 * Vinessa Shaw as Stacey Fox
 * Steve Carell as Walt
 * Arija Bareikis as Sally Oliver
 * Matt Servitto as Jack Oliver
 * Zak Orth as Peter
 * Brooke Smith as Cassie
 * Daniel Sunjata as Billy Wheeler
 * Larry Pine as Max, the tragedian
 * Andy Borowitz as Doug

Radha Mitchell plays Melinda in both versions. Chloë Sevigny, Jonny Lee Miller, and Chiwetel Ejiofor star with her in the tragedy, while Will Ferrell and Amanda Peet star with her in the comedy. Steve Carell has a small part as Ferrell's character's friend.

Production
Woody Allen said in Conversations with Woody Allen that he wanted to cast Winona Ryder in the title role. He had to replace her with Radha Mitchell because no one would insure Ryder due to her arrest for shoplifting – this would have made it impossible to obtain a film completion bond. Allen stated he was sad because he had written the part for Ryder after working with her on Celebrity. In the same interview, he also claimed to have intended Ferrell's part for Robert Downey, Jr., but, again, insurance got in the way due to Downey's history of arrests and drug abuse.

The film also stars Wallace Shawn (alluding to his dinner-philosophy argument in My Dinner with Andre) as the comic playwright, Larry Pine as the tragedian, and Brooke Smith as Cassie. All three had appeared in the 1994 film Vanya on 42nd Street, directed by Louis Malle.

Critical reception
The film received mixed reviews from critics. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes lists a 51% positive score, based on 144 reviews. Metacritic reported the film had an average score of 54 out of 100, based on 40 reviews. Leonard Maltin gave the film two stars, calling it "meandering,” with "echoes... of earlier, better Allen movies".

Box office
Melinda and Melinda opened on March 18, 2005, in one New York City cinema, where it grossed $74,238 in its first three days, the 21st highest limited release opening in American history. In weekend two, it expanded to 95 theatres to gross $740,618, seeing its per screen average drop to $7,795.

Overseas, it grossed an additional $16,259,545, bringing its worldwide total to $20,085,825.

Soundtrack
Accompanying the movie is its soundtrack, released on March 8, 2005 on Milan Records. It mostly features a selection of swing music and big band tracks, which is typical for Allen's films.

title: Melinda and Melinda