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Michel Gondry

Michel Gondry (born 8 May 1963) is a French filmmaker noted for his inventive visual style and distinctive manipulation of mise en scène. Along with Charlie Kaufman, he won an Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay as one of the writers of the 2004 film Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind, which he also directed.

His other films include the music documentary Dave Chappelle's Block Party (2005), the surrealistic science fantasy comedy The Science of Sleep (2006), the comedy Be Kind Rewind (2008), the superhero comedy The Green Hornet (2011), the drama The We and the I (2012), and the romantic science fantasy tragedy Mood Indigo (2013).

He has directed numerous music videos, including Björk's "Human Behaviour" in 1993 and "Bachelorette" in 1997, both of which earned him nominations for the Grammy Award for Best Music Video. Gondry is also a record producer, most notably producing several tracks for American rapper and illustrator MC Paul Barman on his album Thought Balloon Mushroom Cloud (2009).

Early life
Gondry was born in Versailles. He is the grandson of inventor Constant Martin.

Career
Gondry's vision and career began with his emphasis on emotion. Much of his inspiration, he says, came from the film Le voyage en ballon. He stated: "When I watch this movie, I dream I'm flying and then I do stories where people are flying. I think it's directly influencing."

His career as a filmmaker began with creating music videos for the French rock band Oui Oui, in which he also served as a drummer. The style of his videos for Oui Oui caught the attention of music artist Björk, who asked him to direct the video for her song "Human Behaviour". The collaboration proved long-lasting, with Gondry directing a total of eight music videos for Björk.

Other artists who have collaborated with Gondry on more than one occasion include Daft Punk, the White Stripes, the Chemical Brothers, the Vines, Steriogram, Radiohead, and Beck. Gondry's video for Lucas Secon's "Lucas with the Lid Off" was nominated in the Best Music Video (short form) category at the 37th Grammy Awards, (one of two Gondry music videos nominated that year along with Sinéad O'Connor's "Fire on Babylon").

Gondry has also created numerous television commercials. He pioneered the "bullet time" technique later adapted in The Matrix in the 1996 "Smarienberg" commercial for Smirnoff vodka, as well as directing a trio of inventive holiday-themed advertisements for clothing retailer Gap.

Gondry, along with directors Spike Jonze and David Fincher, is representative of the influx of music video directors into feature film. Gondry made his feature film debut in 2001 with Human Nature, garnering mixed reviews. His second film, Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind (also his second collaboration with screenwriter Charlie Kaufman), was released in 2004 and received very favorable reviews, becoming one of the most critically acclaimed films of the year.

Eternal Sunshine utilizes many of the image manipulation techniques that Gondry had experimented with in his music videos. Gondry won an Academy Award alongside Kaufman and Pierre Bismuth for the screenplay of Eternal Sunshine. The style of Gondry's music videos often relies on videography and camera tricks which play with frames of reference.

Gondry also directed the musical documentary Dave Chappelle's Block Party (2006) which followed comedian Dave Chappelle as he attempted to hold a large, free concert in the Bedford-Stuyvesant neighborhood of Brooklyn. His following film, The Science of Sleep, hit theaters in September 2006. This film stars Mexican actor Gael García Bernal, and marked a return to the fantastical, surreal techniques he employed in Eternal Sunshine.

According to the Guinness World Records 2004, Gondry's Levi's 501 Jeans "Drugstore" spot holds the record for "Most awards won by a TV commercial". The commercial was never aired in North America because of the suggestive content involving purchasing latex condoms.

He was asked by French comic duet Éric and Ramzy to direct Seuls Two, but declined; by his suggestion, Éric and Ramzy subsequently asked Mr Oizo to direct another movie, Steak.

In September 2006, Gondry made his debut as an installation artist at Deitch Projects in New York City's SoHo gallery district. The show, called "The Science of Sleep: An Exhibition of Sculpture and Pathological Creepy Little Gifts" featured props from his film, The Science of Sleep, as well as film clips and a selection of gifts that the artist had given to women he was interested in, many of them former or current collaborators, Karen Baird, Kishu Chand, Dorothy Barrick and Lauri Faggioni.

A leitmotif of the film is a 'Disastrology' calendar; Gondry commissioned the painter Baptiste Ibar to draw harrowing images of natural and human disasters.

Gondry was an Artist in Residence at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 2005 and 2006. Later directing the music video for the Paul McCartney song "Dance Tonight", in which Gondry makes a cameo appearance.

Gondry directed "Unnatural Love", the fifth episode in season two of HBO's Flight of the Conchords. Interior Design, one third of the 2008 anthology film Tokyo!, was next for Gondry. Interior Design was based on the comic book "Cecil and Jordan in New York" by Gabrielle Bell but was adapted from New York City to Tokyo for the film.

In 2009, The Thorn in the Heart, another feature documentary, was released, it is about Michel's aunt Suzette and her son Jean-Yves. In 2011, Gondry directed The Green Hornet, a superhero film by Sony starring Seth Rogen, Jay Chou and Christoph Waltz; Rogen co-wrote the script. In 2011, he was the head of the jury for the short film competition at the 2011 Cannes Film Festival.

His film The We and the I was selected to be screened in the Directors' Fortnight section at the 2012 Cannes Film Festival.

On 3 January 2013, Gondry released his latest animated short Haircut Mouse on his official Vimeo channel. In February 2013, Gondry released a hand-drawn animated documentary on famed linguist Noam Chomsky, Is the Man Who is Tall Happy?.

In April 2013, his Mood Indigo was released, based upon Boris Vian's 1947 novel L'Écume des Jours.

In 2014, he was selected as a member of the jury for the 64th Berlin International Film Festival. Also in 2014, Gondry produced the video for Metronomy's single "Love Letters", taken from the album of the same name.

In 2015 his feature film Microbe & Gasoline was released, a smaller scale endeavour after the troubled production of Mood Indigo. The latter also served as inspiration for 2023's The Book of Solutions.

Personal life
His brother Olivier "Twist" Gondry is also a television commercial and music video director creating videos for bands such as The Stills, Hot Hot Heat, Daft Punk and The Vines.

He has a son.

Other releases

 * The Work of Director Michel Gondry (2003)
 * Michel Gondry 2: More Videos (Before and After DVD 1) (2009)

Music videos
• "Dô, l'enfant d'eau" – Jean-Luc Lahaye (1988)

• "Bolide" – Oui Oui (1988)

• "Un Joyeux Noël" – Oui Oui (1988)

• "Junior Et Sa Voix D'Or" – Oui Oui (1988)

• "Queen for a Day" – The Life of Riley (1989) (unreleased)

• "Tu rimes avec mon coeur" – Original MC (1989)

• "Les Cailloux" – Oui Oui (1989)

• "Il y a ceux" – l'Affaire Louis Trio (1989)

• "Ma Maison" – Oui Oui (1990)

• "Dad, laisse-moi conduire la Cad" – Peter & the Electro Kitsch Band (1991)

• "La normalité" – Les Objets (1991)

• "Sarah" – Les Objets (1991)

• "Two Worlds Collide" – Inspiral Carpets (1992)

• "Close but No Cigar" – Thomas Dolby (1992)

• "Paradoxal Système" – Laurent Voulzy (1992)

• "La Ville" – Oui Oui (1992)

• "How the West Was Won" – Energy Orchard (1992)

• "Les Voyages Immobiles" – Etienne Daho (1992)

• "Blow Me Down" – Mark Curry (1992)

• "Comme un ange (qui pleure)" – Les Wampas (1992)

• "This Is it (Your Soul)" – Hothouse Flowers (1993)

• "It's Too Real (Big Scary Animal)" – Belinda Carlisle (1993)

• "Human Behaviour" – Björk (1993)

• "Believe" – Lenny Kravitz (1993)

• "She Kissed Me" – Terence Trent D'Arby (1993)

• "Voila, Voila, Qu'ça r'Commence" – Rachid Taha (1993)

• "La main parisienne" – Malcolm McLaren, featuring Amina Annabi (1993) (unreleased)

• "Je Danse Le Mia" – IAM (1993)

• "Snowbound" – Donald Fagen (1993)

• "La Tour de Pise" – Jean François Coen (1993)

• "Hou! Mamma Mia" – Les Négresses Vertes (1993)

• "Come on sur mon scoot" – Peter & the Electro Kitsch Band (1993)

• "Les Jupes" – Robert (1992)

• "Fire on Babylon" – Sinéad O'Connor (1994)

• "Lucas with the Lid Off" – Lucas (1994)

• "Little Star" – Stina Nordenstam (1994)

• "Like a Rolling Stone" – The Rolling Stones (1995)

• "Isobel" – Björk (1995)

• "Protection" – Massive Attack (1995)

• "High Head Blues" – Black Crowes (1995)

• "Army of Me" – Björk (1995)

• "Sugar Water" – Cibo Matto (1996)

• "Hyper-Ballad" – Björk (1996)

• "Bachelorette" – Björk (1997)

• "Deadweight" – Beck (1997)

• "Jóga" – Björk (1997)

• "Everlong" – Foo Fighters (1997)

• "A Change Would Do You Good" – Sheryl Crow (1997)

• "Around the World" – Daft Punk (1997)

• "Feel It" – Neneh Cherry (1997)

• "Gimme Shelter" – The Rolling Stones (1998)

• "Another One Bites the Dust" – Wyclef Jean (1998)

• "Music Sounds Better with You" – Stardust (1998)

• "Let Forever Be" – The Chemical Brothers (1999)

• "Knives Out" – Radiohead (2001)

• "Mad World" – Michael Andrews and Gary Jules (2001)

• "Come into My World" – Kylie Minogue (2002)

• "A l'envers à l'endroit" – Noir Désir (2002)

• "No One Knows" – Queens of the Stone Age (2002) (co-directed with Dean Karr)

• "Dead Leaves and the Dirty Ground" – The White Stripes (2002)

• "Fell in Love with a Girl" – The White Stripes (2002)

• "Star Guitar" – The Chemical Brothers (2002)

• "The Hardest Button to Button" – The White Stripes (2003)

• "Behind" – Lacquer (2003)

• "Light & Day" (movie version) – The Polyphonic Spree (2004)

• "Winning Days" – The Vines (2004)

• "Mad World" (Donnie Darko soundtrack version) – Gary Jules (2004)

• "Ride" – The Vines (2004)

• "Walkie Talkie Man" – Steriogram (2004)

• "I Wonder" – The Willowz (2004)

• "A Ribbon" – Devendra Banhart  (2004)

• "Heard 'Em Say" (U.S. Version) – Kanye West (2005)

• "The Denial Twist" – The White Stripes (2005)

• "Cellphone's Dead" – Beck (2006)

• "Anysound" – The Vines (2006)

• "King of the Game" – Cody ChesnuTT (2006)

• "Dance Tonight" – Paul McCartney (2007)

• "Limitless Undying Love" – Sergio Hiram (2007)

• "In Love with a Tornado" – Jihae (2007)

• "Declare Independence" – Björk (2007)

• "Soleil du Soir" – Dick Annegarn (2008)

• "Too Many Dicks on the Dancefloor" & "Carol Brown" (unofficial videos) – Flight of the Conchords (2009)

• "Open Your Heart" – Mia Doi Todd (2010)

• "Crystalline" – Björk (2011)

• "How Are You Doing?" – The Living Sisters (2011)

• "Love Letters" – Metronomy (2014)

• "Go" – The Chemical Brothers (2015)

• "City Lights" – The White Stripes (2016)

• "Got to Keep On" – The Chemical Brothers (2019)

• "Grand petit con" – -M- (2019)

• "Model Village" – IDLES (2020)

• "Chain Reactionary" – Adanowsky, Beck (2023)

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title: Michel Gondry


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Shere Khan

Shere Khan (Hindi- शेर खान/ English pronunciation) is a fictional Bengal tiger in Rudyard Kipling's Jungle Book and its adaptations, in which he is often portrayed as the main antagonist, itself an exaggeration of his role in the original stories, which he only appears in a third of. The name roughly translates as tiger ruler, with shere being the Persian word for 'tiger'), and khan being used as a title of distinction among the Turco-Mongol peoples, usually meaning chief or ruler. According to The Kipling Society, the name "show[s] that he is the chief among tigers". Shere Khan is named after Afghan Emperor Sher Shah Suri.

The original Jungle Book stories
Shere Khan is depicted by Kipling with being born with a crippled leg and was derisively nicknamed "Lungri" ("The Lame One") by his mother. Despite this condition, Shere Khan is prideful and regards himself as the "rightful" lord of the jungle. The only creature who looks up to him is Tabaqui, a spineless and hated golden jackal.

In "Mowgli's Brothers", Shere Khan's failed attempt to hunt humans causes a human "cub" to stray from its parents. When Shere Khan discovers the infant, it has been adopted by Indian wolves, Raksha and Father Wolf, who have named the child Mowgli. Mowgli is accepted into Akela's wolf pack and is protected by Bagheera (a panther) and Baloo (a bear). Furious at losing his kill, the tiger swears that the boy will be his some day. While Mowgli is growing up, Shere Khan infiltrates the wolf pack by promising the younger wolves rich rewards once Akela is deposed. When the young wolves manoeuvre Akela into missing his kill, the pack council meets to kill and replace him. Shere Khan threatens to take over their hunting territory if the wolves don't give him Mowgli. Having been warned by Bagheera, Mowgli attacks Shere Khan and his allies with a burning branch (the mysterious and powerful "red flower" of man) and drives them away. Akela leaves the pack to become a lone hunter. Mowgli goes to the human village but swears that he will return one day with Shere Khan's skin.

Shere Khan also appears in the story "How Fear Came", which is set between the first and second halves of the "Mowgli's Brothers", and probably sometime after "Kaa's Hunting". In this story the tiger comes to drink from the river just after having killed a human purely for sport, leading Hathi the elephant to tell the story of why tigers, out of all the animals in the jungle, are allowed to hunt humans for pleasure at certain times. This story, in which Mowgli appears mainly as an observer, may be seen as a direct ancestor of Kipling's Just So Stories.

In "Tiger! Tiger!", Mowgli is adopted by Messua and her husband and learns human ways. In this short story, Mowgli learns the villagers have heard of the tiger Shere Khan, who also has a bounty on his head, but believe the tiger's lame because he's the reincarnation of a money-lender injured in a riot. When Mowgli scoffs at these fanciful tales, the villagers decide to put him to work herding buffalo. He then meets his wolf friend Grey Brother, who tells him that Shere Khan is still planning to kill him. Grey Brother forces Tabaqui to tell him where and when Shere Khan is planning to strike, then kills the jackal. With the help of Akela, Grey Brother and Mowgli trap Shere Khan in a narrow canyon and incite the buffalo to stampede him to death.

The Jungle Book
In Disney's 1967 animated adaptation of The Jungle Book, Shere Khan's voice was performed by George Sanders, while his singing voice was provided by Bill Lee and Thurl Ravenscroft and his roars were performed by Jimmy MacDonald. He was designed and animated by animator Milt Kahl. The inhabitants of the jungle fear him greatly; mere news of his being in the vicinity compels the wolf pack to send Mowgli away. Man's gun and fire are the only things Shere Khan fears, and consequently, he feels the urge to kill humans whenever the opportunity presents itself. Shere Khan first appears about two-thirds of the way through the film where, after having been interrupted during a hunt by Colonel Hathi, he eavesdrops on Bagheera asking the elephants to help search for a now-lost Mowgli and sets out to find and kill the boy. He later encounters Kaa just as he was going to eat Mowgli, but the snake denies any knowledge of the man-cub. Doubting Kaa's honesty, Shere Khan threatens Kaa into showing his middle by loosening his coils, inadvertently allowing Mowgli to escape after which the tiger resumes his search.

In the climax, Shere Khan finds Mowgli, who refuses to run and instead stands up against the tiger, saying that he is not afraid. Impressed by Mowgli's bravery, Shere Khan, for his own amusement, gives him a 10-second head start to run away. But Mowgli still refuses and grabs a stick, intent on fighting the tiger. Shere Khan becomes annoyed and immediately attempts to attack Mowgli, who flinches in fear, finally understanding the true danger of the ferocious beast. Fortunately, Baloo arrives in the nick of time and grabs Shere Khan by the tail. Mowgli then hits Shere Khan with his stick. Enraged, he chases Mowgli while dragging Baloo behind him, but the vultures manage to fly Mowgli to safety. Baloo's interference proves such a nuisance to Shere Khan that he decides to savage the bear, nearly killing him. Upon learning that Shere Khan is afraid of fire, Mowgli grabs a burning branch from a tree struck by a bolt of lightning, and the vultures distract Shere Khan long enough for Mowgli to tie the branch to his tail. Shere Khan panics and is forced to flee.

The Jungle Book 2
Shere Khan returned (and had more on-screen time) in The Jungle Book 2. Humiliated by the ordeal of his tail being tied to a burning branch in the original film, the tiger has sworn to kill Mowgli for revenge. He first searches the Man Village and is chased off by the villagers. He then searches the jungle for Mowgli and is lied to by Kaa, who tells him that Mowgli is at the swamp out of fear, and being pestered by Lucky, a new but dim-witted member of the vultures, who accidentally reveals Mowgli's whereabouts before Shere Khan violently attacks him for his jokes, causing the other 4 vultures to fly away in fear. Shere Khan and Mowgli ultimately meet again as Mowgli tries to reconcile with Shanti and Ranjan, who, unbeknownst to him, were cornered by the tiger at that very moment. Barely escaping, Mowgli hides in an abandoned temple surrounded by lava. Shanti, Ranjan, Baloo, and Bagheera hurry to save Mowgli. After Baloo and Shanti team up, they, along with Mowgli, confuse Shere Khan by banging three different gongs. Eventually, Shanti's gong collapses, giving away her hiding place. Shere Khan threatens to kill Shanti instead unless Mowgli comes out of hiding, forcing Mowgli to reveal himself. Shere Khan then chases the two of them, despite Baloo's efforts to slow him down. Mowgli and Shanti jump over a pit of molten lava and grab onto the head of a tiger statue. Shere Khan leaps across and corners the children. Before he can kill them, the statue falls under his weight taking the three of them with it. Shanti and Mowgli are saved by Baloo while Shere Khan falls onto a stone slab in the lava pit, and the statue lands on top of him, trapping him inside its mouth. He is last seen being taunted by Lucky. In The Jungle Book 2, Shere Khan was voiced by Tony Jay, who reprised his role from the Disney Afternoon series TaleSpin.

TaleSpin
Shere Khan's character was included in the 1990 Disney Afternoon series TaleSpin, cast as the wealthy mogul of a company called Khan Industries in the harbour city of Cape Suzette. He was a nominal villain who occasionally took enjoyment in driving small companies out of business to expand his own enterprise, but sometimes allied with the heroes when it suited him.

1994 live-action film
In the 1994 live-action film The Jungle Book, Shere Khan is presented as a more sympathetic character. In the film, Shere Khan does not kill for sport, and his sole goal is to protect the jungle from those who break "the laws of the jungle" (the most basic of which are killing to eat or to keep from being eaten), including humans who trespass with guns and kill animals for fun instead of food. At the beginning of the film, he sees two British guards and a hunter named Buldeo shooting animals for sport and becomes enraged at this. That night, he attacks the humans' camp in revenge for the animals' death and kills Mowgli's father Nathoo in self-defense, as Nathoo was trying to defend Buldeo, who deliberately betrayed Nathoo by leaving him to die at the jaws of the tiger. Other than killing Nathoo, Shere Khan also kills a guard and a British sergeant named Claiborne, both of whom were responsible for the jungle law being broken alongside Buldeo. This event is what led Mowgli to be separated from civilization and to live in the jungle to survive.

Shere Khan is not seen again until the second half of the film, which takes place twenty years after the first act, when he spots several hunters (led by Captain William Boone) and roars to announce his approach. After Sergeant Harley drowns in quicksand and Tabaqui is made to topple off a cliff, he goes on to maul Lieutenant Wilkins (a henchman of Boone) to death for shooting down Baloo. Eventually, Buldeo gets buried alive inside a tomb in King Louie's palace while Boone gets killed by Kaa after losing to Mowgli in a fierce fight. Following Boone's death, Shere Khan and Mowgli meet face to face for the first time. Shere Khan is obviously distrusting of Mowgli and of all humans. He attempts to scare Mowgli away by roaring in his face, but Mowgli bravely roars back and stares Shere Khan down. Seeing Mowgli's courage, Shere Khan develops a newfound respect for him, and begins to see him as a fellow "creature of the jungle"; he even chuffed and moaned to Mowgli as a sincere apology for killing Nathoo, assuring that it was nothing personal against him. Because of this, Shere Khan spares Mowgli and allows him and his friend Katherine Brydon to leave peacefully.

Jungle Cubs
Shere Khan also appears in the 1996 Disney animated series Jungle Cubs, where he is a tiger cub. He is more of a bully than a predator but is friends with the other characters. Shere Khan is voiced by Jason Marsden. The producers originally wanted Shere Khan to keep his British accent for the show, but later changed their mind, and Shere Khan ended up with an American accent, completely different from that of his adult version. The adult version of himself appears in the Jungle Cubs: Born to be Wild video (again voiced by Tony Jay), and in these cut scenes, he attempts to kill Mowgli when Mowgli, Baloo and Bagheera walk into his part of the jungle. Baloo and Bagheera try to reason with Shere Khan by recounting the "Red Dogs" story, in which they and the other animals saved Shere Khan's life, but Shere Khan refuses to listen and says to them the past is the past. Baloo then throws a stone at a beehive and grabs Shere Khan by the head, letting go only when the beehive falls on his head. Shere Khan, with the beehive still on his head, runs away from the angry bees.

The Jungle Book: Mowgli's Story
Shere Khan appears once again as a villain in the 1998 film The Jungle Book: Mowgli's Story, where he is voiced by Sherman Howard and accompanied by his sidekick Tabaqui, who in this version is a spotted hyena. In the film, he kills Raksha in Monkey Town when she comes to rescue Mowgli. During the final battle, Mowgli uses fire in order to banish Shere Khan from his jungle. Shere Khan complies and leaves the jungle.

2016 live-action/CGI hybrid film
Idris Elba voices Shere Khan in the 2016 live-action film The Jungle Book. In this incarnation, Shere Khan has several noticeable burns, including a blinded left eye. He also hates humans and views them all as a threat, much as his previous Disney incarnation does. When interviewed regarding the character, Elba described Shere Khan as the "lord of the jungle", a creature "that reigns with fear" and that he "terrorizes everyone he encounters because he comes from a place of fear."

Shere Khan first appears during the drought, when the animals gather to drink at Peace Rock, a watering hole where the animals maintain a water truce not to devour each other while quenching their thirst. Upon scenting Mowgli, he threatens to kill him as man is not allowed to live in the jungle. Raksha, Mowgli's adoptive mother, retorts that they do not see him as the jungle's ruler; and that he has no right to dictate rules since he breaks them himself. This causes Akela and his wolf pack to debate whether to have Mowgli leave. When Mowgli leaves the wolf pack with Bagheera, Shere Khan ambushes him en route and fights with Bagheera. Though Shere Khan defeats and mildly injures Bagheera, Mowgli escapes with the aid of a stampeding water buffalo herd. During Kaa's attempt to hypnotize Mowgli, she reveals that Shere Khan himself is responsible for Mowgli being found by Bagheera, as he killed Mowgli's father (an event that left him with his burns and even more passionate hatred for humans).

Shere Khan later returns to confront Akela's pack and demand Mowgli is turned over to him, killing Akela by grabbing him in his jaws and throwing the wolf leader off a cliff when he learns that Mowgli is on his way to the Man-village. He then assumes control of the wolves, confident that Mowgli will return as he orders them to spread the word. Later that night, Shere Khan tells the wolf pups the story of the cuckoo bird as an insult to Raksha. He admits to Raksha that he never wanted Mowgli to leave the jungle, he wanted him dead.

When Mowgli hears of Akela's death, he returns to face Shere Khan at the river with a burning torch stolen from the Man-village. Shere Khan points out that he has accidentally started a wildfire in the process, and that the animals now have more reason to fear Mowgli than Shere Khan. When Mowgli throws away the torch, Shere Khan attempts to attack the now unarmed Mowgli; but is blocked by Baloo, Bagheera and the wolf pack who are inspired by Mowgli's courage and stand up to Shere Khan while reciting the mantra of the wolf. Infuriated by this defiance and insult to his self-proclaimed reign, he roars in fury while unleashing his true behavior as a vicious tiger; now attempting to kill all the animals just to get to Mowgli. However, the combined efforts of Baloo, Bagheera and the wolf pack keep him distracted long enough for Mowgli to set a trap in the burning jungle nearby. During their battle, Mowgli lures Shere Khan onto a dead strangler fig tree and eventually defeats him by causing him to fall roaring to his death into the fires below.

Other
In the Descendants novel "The Isle of the Lost", Shere Khan is shown as an inmate of the Isle of the Lost. He is shown to have a soft spot for the Evil Queen's daughter Evie.

Shere Khan was to appear in cancelled Disney's The Jungle Book 3, a sequel to Disney's original animated films where he and Baloo were to be taken to a Russian circus and Shere Khan was to change his ways and become good.

Mowgli: Legend of the Jungle (2018)
In the 2018 live-action film Mowgli: Legend of the Jungle, Shere Khan is portrayed in motion-capture and voice-over by Benedict Cumberbatch. This version of Shere Khan bears a closer resemblance to his novel counterpart in that he is crippled with a deformed front leg. He is also considerably more sinister than previous incarnations as he continually strives to gain more power and influence among the jungle's creatures as he seeks to kill Mowgli. Shere Khan first appears in the beginning of the film breaking jungle law by killing Mowgli's parents. When the infant Mowgli escapes him thanks to the intervention of Bagheera and the wolf pack, Shere Khan is informed of his whereabouts by his hyena minion Tabaqui and challenges Akela for him. When this fails, Shere Khan leaves for many years until he announces his return by killing man's cattle and leaving it for Baloo and the pack to find. He also pursues Mowgli during the latter's swim and subsequent escape, but fails to catch him after Mowgli falls into a tiger pit and an elephant rescues him. Shere Khan next appears when the Bandar-Log monkeys bring Mowgli to him on Tabaqui's orders, where he tries to eat Mowgli while the boy has been knocked unconscious. The intervention of Baloo, Bagheera and Kaa stops Shere Khan, and he waits until Akela is challenged for leadership to try and claim the boy again after Akela fails to catch a deer, but Mowgli drives him away with a burning branch taken from the Man-Village. Afterwards, Shere Khan divides the wolf pack with his followers haranguing and raiding Akela's pack and their allies. Mowgli, having lived in the Man-Village and seeking to rid the jungle of the tiger's influence, calls out Shere Khan. The boy then faces off against the tiger, aided by the elephants before he manages to mortally wound Shere Khan. However, the hunter pursuing Shere Khan, John Lockwood, accidentally grazes Mowgli with a bullet and shoots Akela as he stops the tiger from killing Mowgli causing the elephant whose tusk was shot off by Lockwood to intervene and kill the hunter to prevent more death. As the other animals rally to Mowgli, Shere Khan slinks away and collapses, playing dead to try and lure Mowgli in. Mowgli fails to let his guard down and kills Shere Khan with his knife as the tiger tries to kill him, ending his reign of terror once and for all.

Other appearances

 * Shere Khan appeared in the 1942 film adaptation by the Hungarian brothers, Zoltan and Alexander Korda, with the screenplay written by Laurence Stallings.
 * In the 1967 Russian animated short series Adventures of Mowgli, Shere Khan is voiced by Anatoli Papanov in Russian and by Scott McNeil in the English-language version.
 * In the 1976 animated television adaptation of "Mowgli's Brothers", all the male characters, including Shere Khan, are voiced by narrator Roddy McDowall. In this adaptation he is a robust white tiger.
 * In the 1989 Japanese anime television series Jungle Book Shōnen Mowgli, Shere Khan is voiced by Shigezō Sasaoka in Japanese, Jean Fontaine in the English dub, and Nana Patekar in the Hindi dub. Unlike in the literature, his crippled right leg wasn't a birth defect, but gained in a fight with the wolf Alexander, who was fathering Mowgli. He is very accurate to Kipling's portrayal in a lot of ways (like the fact that he has Tabaqui as a sidekick), only crueler as he has violated many jungle laws (which includes man-eating) and also shares his Disney version's fear of fire.
 * In the 2010 Indian animated television series The Jungle Book, Shere Khan is voiced by David Holt in Seasons 1 and 2 and Marc Thompson in Season 3.
 * A song titled "Shere Khan" appears on the 1997 debut album Music for Earthworms by underground rapper Aesop Rock.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Shere Khan


text:
Talk:List of open-source search engines

For the record, the "use of" the original version of List of open-source search engines was as a (mutable) resource for someone in a position choose from among the group. To my knowledge, no such resource had previously existed, and I reckon shall not exist, at least not here(?). Frankly, I haven't read all the meta-Wiki stuff, so I wouldn't know if it violoated the spirit of the Wikipedia.

I do agree that "Open-source search engine" probably doesn't merit its own article, as it's pretty well defined by its constituent terms and respective articles. Fleminra 01:55, 13 Mar 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of open-source search engines


text:
Foil kite

Foil kites are soft kites based on the design of the parafoil. They consist of a number of cells running fore to aft, some or all of which are open at the front to allow air to inflate the kite so it takes on an aerofoil section. Due to the amount of power that these kites can generate, they can be used for a variety of different activities including kitesurfing, kite landboarding, snowkiting, kite buggying, kite-energy systems or airborne wind energy, and recreational kiting.

Foil kites are flown with various line set-ups that includes 2-, 3- and 4-line systems; 2-line systems consisting of rings, wrist bands or bar compared to depowerable 4-line systems using a bar or handles. (See also: kite control systems)

In order to make them suitable for use on water some foils have limited air inlets in the centre of the leading edge, with valves to keep the air in and (hopefully) the water out. Internal holes in the cell sides allow the whole kite to inflate. These kites are naturally slower to inflate than an open-fronted foil.

Foils are the most efficient of the power kites. The aerofoil section means that they can still provide significant lift when parked overhead, unlike leading edge inflatable kites.

Development and history of foil kites
One of the first popular foil-based kites was the development of a two-line power kite by Ray Merry and Andrew Jones in the early 1970s in England which became known as the Flexifoil (and later the Flexifoil company). Merry and Jones also experimented with kite pulled vehicles, a concept which was further developed by Peter Lynn and popular today in its current form as kite buggying.

The Flexifoil kite, still sold today as a 'Stacker' has a solid carbon spar in its leading edge to maintain its shape as it flies.

The second-generation two-line parafoil was called the Sparless Stunter, designed by Ted Dougherty. Development began mid-1985 and was available for sale in mid-1988. These parafoil kites were square in shape and had 6 cells. In September 1988 a 460 sqft version was flown at the Ocean City Sunfest breaking the record for the World's Largest Stunt kite. In January 1989 the Sparless Stunter was introduced at the KTA show as the first totally sparless parafoil stunt kite. The Sparless Stunter saw a very brief history as kite technology evolved by May 1990 the first version of the original Quadrifoil was flown in competition at Wildwood, NJ. The first Quadrifoil was essentially two Sparless Stunters sewn together with a swept back shape. Later generations were refined into the widely known “classic.”

Peter Lynn introduced a similar foil-based kite in 1991 for kite traction with the Peter Lynn Peel – this was a completely soft foil kite without any spars. The Peel was a popular kite traction kite in the early to mid-1990s and continued to sell into the late 1990s and was sold in sizes up to 10 m2. The Peel was also a two-line kite flown in the same style as the Flexifoil.

The next evolution on the foil kites for traction activities was the development of the 4-line foil kite. While 2-line kites require sometimes significant push and pull arm movement to fly (especially true the larger the kite), the development of the 4-line kite required less arm movement. 4-line kites are flown with two lines on each handle: a top line (or power line), and a bottom line (or brake line). 4-line kites can still be flown with push and pull arm movement, but if the bottom brake line is pulled in the bottom edge of the kite stalls and will cause the kite to turn on that bottom edge. This results in tighter turns with less arm movement – this is important if sitting in a kite buggy.

One of the first available 4-line kites was the Quadrifoil, designed by Ted Dougherty, popular as a buggy kite in the mid-1990s. The Quadrifoil in its original design became known as the 'Classic' – the kite was rectangular in shape in contrast to today's more elliptical designs. Later evolutions of the kite were sold as the Competition (more elliptical in design – C1, C3), Q2000 range, and lastly the Competition X range (XXS, XS, XM, XL and the XXL). Although these were sold under the Quadrifoil brand-name by Active People, none of these were designed by Dougherty himself.

Dougherty's next kite after the Quadrifoil was the QuadTrac built and sold by Skynasaur in the US in the mid-1990s.

Following the success of the Quadrifoil, Ray Merry (of Flexifoil fame) designed the Skytiger range of 4-line kites that was the dominant 4-line traction kite of the mid to late 1990s. This too was a rectangular design and a very solid and stable flying kite. The design was refined for more pull with the introduction of the 'Hi' series with an increased aspect ratio (wing). Commonly available were the Hi-22, Hi-40 (3.7 metre) and the Hi-60 (5.6 metre). A Hi-80 and Hi-100 were also available although not commonly seen. The 'Hi' series was available in regular ripstop nylon, or also available made from 'Icarex', a lightweight polyester material that allowed the kites to fly in much lower winds.

In Europe in the late 1990s the kite buggy scene was becoming popular and there were a large number of traction kite designs from a large number of European companies. The designs took two different directions – those that were steady and reliable in most winds and typically resistant to 'luffing' in gusty or unreliable winds, and those that were tuned to produce maximum pull at the cost of stability (known as 'race kites'). In the UK in the late 1990s, the 'Predator' kite designed by Peter Mirkovic of Sky Kites was the most popular and successful traction kite amongst people competing in buggy races, winning the majority of races at this time.

By late 1990s/early 2000s a number of new companies entered the traction kite market that had prior experience with development of paragliders, and used this knowledge and experience for the development of traction kites.

title: Foil kite


text:
Very Long Baseline Array

The Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) is a system of ten radio telescopes which are operated remotely from their Array Operations Center located in Socorro, New Mexico, as a part of the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO). These ten radio antennas work together as an array that forms the longest system in the world that uses very long baseline interferometry. The longest baseline available in this interferometer is about 8611 km.

The construction of the VLBA began in February 1986 and it was completed in May 1993. The first astrometrical observation using all ten antennas was carried out on May 29, 1993. The total cost of building the VLBA was about $85 million. The array is funded by the National Science Foundation, and costs about $10 million a year to operate.

Each receiver in the VLBA consists of a parabolic dish antenna 25 meters (82 feet) in diameter, along with its adjacent control building. This contains the supporting electronics and machinery for the receiver, including low-noise electronics, digital computers, data storage units, and the antenna-pointing machinery. Each of the antennas is about as tall as a ten-story building when the antenna is pointed straight up, and each antenna weighs about 218 metric tons (240 short tons).

The signals from each antenna are recorded on a bank of approximately one-terabyte hard disc drives, and the information is time-stamped using atomic clocks. Once the disc drives are loaded with information, they are carried to the Pete V. Domenici Science Operations Center at the NRAO in Socorro. There, the information undergoes signal processing in a powerful set of digital computers that carry out the interferometry. These computers also make corrections for the rotation of the Earth, the slight shifts in the crust of the Earth over time, and other small measurement errors.

Observations by the VLBA
The Very Long Baseline Array usually makes radio observations at wavelengths from three millimeters to 90 centimeters, or in other words, at frequencies from 0.3 gigahertz to 96 gigahertz. Within this frequency range, the VLBA observes in eight different frequency bands that are useful for radio astronomy. The VLBA also makes observations in two narrow radio bands below one gigahertz that include spectral lines produced by bright maser emissions.

The VLBA radio telescopes are located at:

High-Sensitivity Array
The use of the VLBA can be scheduled dynamically, and its sensitivity can be improved by a factor of five by including other radio telescopes such as the Green Bank Telescope in West Virginia, the Very Large Array (VLA) in New Mexico and the Effelsberg radio telescope in Germany. These three additional sites are brought online for as much as 100 hours per four-month trimester. In this configuration, the entire array is known as the High-Sensitivity Array (HSA). The Arecibo radio telescope in Puerto Rico was also used, before it collapsed.

Baseline distance and angular resolution
Distance between each VLBA baseline (km): The longest baseline in the array is 8611 km.

title: Very Long Baseline Array


text:
Talk:Anna and the King

Reverted last change
I reverted the last change, as I'm pretty sure that the film's historical inaccuracy is undisputed. Markalexander100 02:02, 13 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * perhaps. I was afraid it might be. If you are sure it is not disputed, it's fine with me. -- Taku 02:23, Mar 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * Everything I've ever read with regard to the historical side agrees that the source material and all films yet tied to it are heavily inaccurate. --Lawikitejana 11:31, 23 September 2006 (UTC)

Historical Accuracy
Agreed that the film is generally not historically accurate but it has some elements of truth. I'd be interested to see a Historical Accuracy section describing how the movie compares to actual people and events.Gymnophoria (talk) 13:59, 30 July 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Anna and the King


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Apache Lucene

Apache Lucene is a free and open-source search engine software library, originally written in Java by Doug Cutting. It is supported by the Apache Software Foundation and is released under the Apache Software License. Lucene is widely used as a standard foundation for production search applications.

Lucene has been ported to other programming languages including Object Pascal, Perl, C#, C++, Python, Ruby and PHP.

History
Doug Cutting originally wrote Lucene in 1999. Lucene was his fifth search engine. He had previously written two while at Xerox PARC, one at Apple, and a fourth at Excite. It was initially available for download from its home at the SourceForge web site. It joined the Apache Software Foundation's Jakarta family of open-source Java products in September 2001 and became its own top-level Apache project in February 2005. The name Lucene is Doug Cutting's wife's middle name and her maternal grandmother's first name.

Lucene formerly included a number of sub-projects, such as Lucene.NET, Mahout, Tika and Nutch. These three are now independent top-level projects.

In March 2010, the Apache Solr search server joined as a Lucene sub-project, merging the developer communities.

Version 4.0 was released on October 12, 2012.

In March 2021, Lucene changed its logo, and Apache Solr became a top level Apache project again, independent from Lucene.

Features and common use
While suitable for any application that requires full text indexing and searching capability, Lucene is recognized for its utility in the implementation of Internet search engines and local, single-site searching.

Lucene includes a feature to perform a fuzzy search based on edit distance.

Lucene has also been used to implement recommendation systems. For example, Lucene's 'MoreLikeThis' Class can generate recommendations for similar documents. In a comparison of the term vector-based similarity approach of 'MoreLikeThis' with citation-based document similarity measures, such as co-citation and co-citation proximity analysis, Lucene's approach excelled at recommending documents with very similar structural characteristics and more narrow relatedness. In contrast, citation-based document similarity measures tended to be more suitable for recommending more broadly related documents, meaning citation-based approaches may be more suitable for generating serendipitous recommendations, as long as documents to be recommended contain in-text citations.

Lucene-based projects
Lucene itself is just an indexing and search library and does not contain crawling and HTML parsing functionality. However, several projects extend Lucene's capability:
 * Apache Nutch – provides web crawling and HTML parsing
 * Apache Solr – an enterprise search server
 * CrateDB – open source, distributed SQL database built on Lucene
 * DocFetcher – a multiplatform desktop search application
 * Elasticsearch – an enterprise search server released in 2010
 * Kinosearch – a search engine written in Perl and C and a loose port of Lucene. The Socialtext wiki software uses this search engine, and so does the MojoMojo wiki. It is also used by the Human Metabolome Database (HMDB) and the Toxin and Toxin-Target Database (T3DB).
 * MongoDB Atlas Search – a cloud-native enterprise search application based on MongoDB and Apache Lucene
 * OpenSearch – an open source enterprise search server based on a fork of Elasticsearch 7
 * Swiftype – an enterprise search startup based on Lucene

title: Apache Lucene


text:
User:Jason Quinn

Comments, compliments, or inquiries may be left at my talk page.

Welcome
For some reason or another you want to know more about me. Well, the userboxes on the right tell you some of my interests. The rest of this page just talks about what I do at Wikipedia and why and collects various thoughts I have about the project. I like helping other editors, especially beginners, so if you have any questions, feel free to ask.

Why do I edit Wikipedia?
Because I love it! Wikipedia has become an indispensable resource for modern life. Not only does Wikipedia serve to settle bar bets, provide ordinary people with a wide range of health and legal information, and help us learn about our favorite books and movies, it has become a major driving force behind forefront research. Scientists and academics from all over the world consult it everyday and it helps them solve problems and make connections they otherwise might not make. Besides that, Wikipedia helps educate and inform people ranging from schoolchildren to curious adults or people living in countries where access to free information cannot be taken for granted. In other words, Wikipedia is helping make the world better! Who doesn't want to help make the world better? It feels great to know I contributed to something that will hopefully exist forever as a literary monument of what we can achieve together.

My editing style
My editing style changes with time and goes through phases that can last for months or even years.

Generally speaking, I am a wiki-gnome who prefers to make small corrections to articles. I occasionally combat vandalism or might start a new article. I love correcting mistakes in references, because they are otherwise difficult to detect, and I frequently consult WorldCat and Google Book Search to confirm my edits. I also do a lot of copyediting.

I am an administrator but administrative tasks are only a minor part of my editing. When there's a clear need for administrative action, I'm glad the community has entrusted me to do things I would otherwise have to ask others to do. It's much more efficient this way. Editors like me sometimes have trouble getting through RfA over "no need" opposes. I see the concern there and I wish there was a better way to identify users who should be given admin status even if they'd only rarely use admin actions. For long term editors with a solid history, I think Jimbo's administratorship is "no big deal" idea should reign over "no need" arguments.

The gnome in me
I largely fix things that many other editors ignore. I fix spelling and grammar. I copy-edit pages to fix references, section structure, formating and so forth. Sometimes I will just click the "random" page until I find some page that has obvious problems which I then fix. I once scrubbed the encyclopedia categories contaminated by user pages. This turned out to be a lot more interesting than it might sound, as it discovers some really shady user accounts and some very friendly new users who just need some help learning the ropes.

Whenever I edit a page, I usually spell-check the entire article while I am there. I use the native spell-checker of Firefox with American, British, Australian, and Canadian dictionaries. Multiple dictionaries are very valuable to an editor and I strongly encourage you to install them (but note that they aren't gospel when it comes to defining the dialect, so use caution). I always try to verify that a misspelling isn't a sic (e.g., in quotes) and include a sic notice if it is.

I like to change curly apostrophes and quotes (’ “ ”) to straight ones (' " "). The curly ones aren't forbidden but the straight ones are recommended. See MOS:QUOTEMARKS.

At one time or another, I have nearly or completely purged Wikipedia of the following spelling errors: ,, /, , , , , , , , /, , , , , (for "wrestling"), ,, /, ////, //, and many, many more. Many errors have since returned. Oh well, I'll return to them some other day.

An arch-nemesis of mine is the use of "it's" as a possessive. This isn't a job a bot can do because you must read the context to know whether to make a change. I've fixed many instances of this and there are probably tens of thousands more corrections to make, so you could help out. The rule is simple: "it's" always means "it is" or "it has" and never indicates possession.

I pride myself on the idea that just about all these types of contributions go straight towards making Wikipedia better. If two editors rewrite a biography article, it is a matter of taste which version is better, but if I fix all the spelling mistakes they left and bad URLs in their references, it is unquestionably an improvement.

Important topics
In terms of topics, I have a few that grab me.

I focus a lot of my effort on articles for vulnerable, threatened, endangered, and recently extinct animals. This includes my wikignome-like editing as well as adding and improving references. It's not a lot but helping spread good information via quality articles may help in their conservation.

The rest include things like math and computer science articles, dystopia science fiction, a few geography special interests, and so on.

My impact on Wikipedia
As a Gnome, my impact on Wikipedia is often invisible... just slowly improving things by degrees. There have however been some aspects of my editing that have contributed to the site as a whole.

 * Was perhaps the most active member of the Typo Team for a number of years.
 * I was one of the first editors to start adding descriptions to categories that define what the categories should contain, a practice that is now widespread.
 * I helped craft the wording and formatting of some of the editing and legal templates used sitewide, for example and the licensing notice as well as the licensing and trademark text at the bottom of every page.
 * I helped craft the wording and formatting of many of our inline citation templates. See eg this discussion.
 * Many of our redirect categories (rcats) have been improved by me.
 * I helped refine the wording of the key phrase in our BLP policy that states "Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced should be removed immediately" from the more ambiguous and confusing "Unsourced or poorly sourced contentious material should be removed immediately".
 * I participated in discussions which lead to the removal of the Persondata. That was clearly a good move.

Mediawiki bugs
Occasionally I find little bugs in the Mediawiki software that Wikipedia uses (see Special:Version). I first noticed and reported that the "my contributions" hyperlink was not bold when selected (earth-shattering!) and I am currently trying to get a categories bug fixed. If you find any bugs, you can report them at the Mediawiki Bugzilla.

Useful links for Wikipedia editors

 * Manual of Style — when in doubt about an edit, read this
 * Special:PrefixIndex — find all subpages of a page
 * Articles for deletion — participate in the content discussion of Wikipedia
 * Citation templates — useful templates regarding article citations
 * Template messages — useful templates
 * Template messages/Sources of articles — useful templates about article sources
 * Template messages/User talk namespace — useful templates for user talk pages
 * Template messages/Redirect pages — templates for categorizing redirects

Some thoughts on Wikipedia-related issues
Having been on Wikipedia for a while now, I've formed my own opinions about certain issues over the years. Here is an explanation of some of my views (past and present):

 * The VisualEditor is the latest WMF turkey in the oven. I've been against it for a long time. Predictably it was revoked upon first introduction. The problem with the VE is that Wikipedia is fundamentally a text-based system because of all the complicated things like references and templates. When you start adding functionality to VE to handle those, you get something complicated and convoluted. VE is supposed to make it easier to edit but when I use it for all but the most trivial things, it's so confusing I can't figure it out. I have 30+ years of experience using computers. If I get confused using it, it's a dud.
 * The Article Feedback Tool (AFT) in all its versions is a failure. Everything about this project has been done wrong, starting with its conception. AFT had "trial" phases. These were not good faith trials. The tool received large amounts of negative community feedback. Skeptical editor's concerns were whitewashed or just ignored. This tool seemed pre-determined to become part of the Wikipedia and is best viewed as WMF fiat. The subsequent deployments have been a lesson on how not to introduce new features. Design issues that should have been glaringly obvious — like how to interpret the data generated by the tool — ended up sinking whole versions. This is a disturbing lack of foresight. The subsequent deployment of multiple versions simultaneously has caused a very confusing state of affairs. Consistency is important to the usability of any program or website. Whoever is pulling the strings about AFT doesn't know this. It's not even clear if the word "versions" is appropriate to the various incarnations of AFT. The AFT experiments have been underway now for years. No investigation has been made to see if this tool is beneficial. A person can see quite easily that the feedback is generating a cesspool of garbage typed by the functionally illiterate. Virtually all of these comments are ignored. A very low percentage are deemed "helpful". All AFT ended up doing is adding cruft to the articles that almost nobody uses, and when they do, it contributes almost nothing but noise to the discussion. The feedback comments themselves show users lack an understanding how the tool is meant to function. It's time to remove this pointless "tool" from Wikipedia.
 * Artículo_bueno.svg I was right. After a lot of discussion. The community eventually pressured the WMF to change the tool to "opt-in" and were successful.
 * I was doubly right, this tool was discontinued in March of 2014.

 * User:Jason Quinn/NPOV is a problem for images, an essay I wrote (draft)
 * User:Jason_Quinn/"You can't edit Wikipedia because of elite editors", another essay I wrote (early draft)
 * People who incriminate Wikipedia as "unreliable" are dinosaurs who do not understand it, often have never used it, and certainly do not understand its inner workings. As has been demonstrated again and again, Wikipedia is reliable and so long as you use a little bit of common sense when reading the articles, you'll find it a great resource. See Reliability of Wikipedia.
 * The Wikimedia Foundation needs to stop trying to find problems with its editors and instead focus on fixing problems that editors identify. There's only so many times Foundation members can talk about eliminating sexism or hostile behavior before they are in effect accusing members of being sexist or hostile. This is far out of touch with our actual community and their statements seem born of out a lack of understanding about how online communities function. I think the Foundation's focus on chasing ghost issues is starting to harm the encyclopedia as their comments are starting to be reflected in the attitudes expressed by the public.
 * I am against the customization of user signatures. Customized signatures are distracting on talk pages and interrupt the flow of conversation. Allowing user signatures causes people to invent hideously gaudy signatures in an attempt to out-do others. I have not seen even a single customized signature where I thought it added to the discussion. (see Signatures)
 * I no longer care so much about personalized signatures. I still prefer when people use the default but I've learned to live with the occasional awful and distracting signature.
 * I strongly encourage users to edit their user pages sparingly. Every edit of a user page takes up storage and bandwidth. A good user page tells other editors about you so they can judge the quality of your edits. Your user page is not meant to be a MySpace substitute. If your user page edits rivals or exceeds your article page edits, you are abusing the feature. To some extent there are rules about what is appropriate for user pages but for obvious reasons they are tough to enforce. (see User page)
 * I have mixed feelings about userboxes. As with user pages themselves, user boxes are appropriate when they inform others about your background to help gauge the quality of your edits. Do you have a degree? Worth a userbox. Are you an expert at karate or on moths? Use a userbox. Do you have a favorite food or color? Probably not worth a userbox. See the difference? (see Userboxes)
 * I use my real name for my Wikipedia account. I wish the practice were more widespread. Handles were cool in the 80's and cute in the 90's but the Internet has grown up now. Real names add an air of respectability that contribute positively to Wikipedia's acceptance and image. If (and only if) you understand the privacy concerns, consider using your real name instead of a handle. Wouldn't you prefer people credit your name for your contributions rather than "TurkeyChucker83282"? I thought so. It also helps in the maintenance of the encyclopedia. When I scan history pages to find a vandal edit, I can usually be sure that those who used their real names were not the culprit thus saving me from having to view their diff. (See also Username, On privacy, confidentiality and discretion, and How to not get outed on Wikipedia)
 * I've changed my mind about this. Anonymity is better. Jason Quinn (talk) 07:59, 10 November 2019 (UTC)
 * I wish that editors as a whole would be more strict regarding what and who qualifies as notable. In my opinion, Wikipedia currently suffers from too many articles on obscure sports players and musicians but because some fly-by-night newspaper or two once wrote about them, their notability passes the editor groupthink. There is an unfair bias in the way Wikipedia handles notability. A person can be considered notable according to the guidelines for having once played for a few games in some low-level soccer match in some third world country yet many professors at large universities would have trouble passing the notability guidelines. Fixing this is an almost impossible task but I think bringing it to editors' attention at least helps a bit. (see Notability)
 * Wow, some work has been done to study this. Includes some comments extremely close to what I wrote. I wonder if they read this.

Image gallery
I have contributed photos to Wikipedia. Here is a sampling of them:

Logic
Logic

Syllogism

Predicate logic

Propositional calculus

First-order logic

Second-order logic

Higher-order logic

Type theory

List of paradoxes

Mathematical logic

Naive set theory

Integration
Integral

Riemann–Stieltjes integral

Lebesgue integration

Lebesgue–Stieltjes integration

Darboux integral

Bochner integral

Daniell integral

Mid-east Conflict
History of ancient Israel and Judah

History of Palestine

Temple Mount

Bar Kokhba revolt

Israeli–Palestinian conflict

Balfour Declaration

British Mandate for Palestine (legal instrument)

Proposals for a Palestinian state

United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine

Churchill White Paper

1948 Palestinian exodus

1949 Armistice Agreements

Lausanne Conference, 1949

Six-Day War

Borders of Israel

Israeli Declaration of Independence

Basic Laws of Israel

Sykes–Picot Agreement

United Nations General Assembly Resolution 194

Palestine

Palestinian people

title: User:Jason Quinn


text:
Cost of living

The cost of living is the cost of maintaining a certain standard of living for an individual or a household. Changes in the cost of living over time can be measured in a cost-of-living index. Cost of living calculations are also used to compare the cost of maintaining a certain standard of living in different geographic areas. Differences in the cost of living between locations can be measured in terms of purchasing power parity rates. A sharp rise in the cost of living can trigger a cost of living crisis, where purchasing power is lost and, for some people, their previous lifestyle is no longer affordable.

The link between income and health is well-established. Cost of living pressures may lead to household energy insecurity or fuel poverty as well as housing stress.

Definition
Cost of living is the cost of maintaining a certain standard of living. Changes in the cost of living over time can be operationalized in a cost-of-living index. Cost of living calculations can be used to compare the cost of maintaining a certain standard of living in different geographic areas. Differences in cost of living between locations can be measured in terms of purchasing power parity rates.

Major components of the cost of living include food, housing costs and energy. Energy costs include heating, light and cooking costs. In the United Kingdom, about 18% of an average home's energy costs relate to the cost of heating water.

Cost-of-living adjustment (COLA)
Employment contracts and pension benefits can be tied to a cost-of-living index, typically to the consumer price index (CPI). A COLA adjusts salaries based on changes in a cost-of-living index. Salaries are typically adjusted annually. They may also be tied to a cost-of-living index that varies by geographic location if the employee moves. In this latter case, the expatriate employee will likely see only the discretionary income part of their salary indexed by a differential CPI between the new and old employment locations, leaving the non-discretionary part of the salary (e.g., mortgage payments, insurance, car payments) unmodified.

Annual escalation clauses in employment contracts can specify retroactive or future percentage increases in worker pay which are not tied to any index. These negotiated increases in pay are colloquially referred to as cost-of-living adjustments or cost-of-living increases because of their similarity to increases tied to externally determined indexes. The cost-of-living allowance is equal to the nominal interest minus the real interest rate.

Consumer Price Index (CPI)
When cost-of-living adjustments, negotiated wage settlements and budgetary increases exceed CPI, media reports frequently compare the two without consideration of the pertinent tax code. However, CPI is based on the retail pricing of a basket of goods and services. Most purchases of that same basket require the use of after-tax dollars—dollars that were often subject to the highest marginal tax rate. Consequently, the COLA will necessarily have to exceed the CPI inflation rate to maintain purchasing power.

The widely recognized problem known as bracket creep can also occur in countries where the marginal tax brackets themselves are not indexed — COLA increases simply place more dollars into higher tax rate brackets. Only under a flat tax system would a percentage gain on gross income translate into a comparable inflation-offsetting gain at the after-tax level.

Some salaries and pensions in the United States with a COLA include:
 * Social Security
 * Civil Service Retirement System (CSRS)
 * Federal Employees Retirement System (FERS)

Pensions in Canada with a COLA include:
 * Canadian Auto Workers union (CAW) Local 200 (Ontario)

United States
Social security benefits in the United States receive cost-of-living adjustments (COLAs) to match increases in the Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (CPI-W). They can also receive funds from public charities for specific issues. The COLAs are made at most annually and are calculated based on the value of the CPI-W in the third quarter of the year (averaging the values from July, August, and September). COLAs can only increase benefits, so in deflationary years when the CPI-W drops there is no COLA.

Worldwide survey
The Economist Intelligence Unit produces a semi-annual (twice yearly) worldwide cost of living survey that compares more than 400 individual prices across 160 products and services. They include food, drink, clothing, household supplies and personal care items, home rents, transport, utility bills, private schools, domestic help and recreational costs.

The survey itself is an internet tool designed to calculate cost-of-living allowances and build compensation packages for corporate executives maintaining a western lifestyle. The survey incorporates easy-to-understand comparative cost of living indices between cities. The survey allows city-to-city comparisons, but for the purpose of this report all cities are compared to a base city of New York City, which has an index set at 100. The survey has been carried out for more than 30 years.

The most recent survey was published in March 2017. Singapore remains the most expensive city in the world for the fourth year running, in a rare occurrence where the entire top five most expensive cities were unchanged from the year prior. Sydney and Melbourne have both cemented their positions as top-ten staples, with Sydney becoming the fifth most expensive, and Melbourne becoming the sixth. Asia is home to more than five most expensive cities in the top twenty but also home to eight cheapest cities of the cheapest ten.

Rising cost of living
Larry Summers estimated in 2007 that the lower 80% of families were receiving $664 billion less income than they would be with a 1979 income distribution, or approximately $7,000 per family. Not receiving this income may have led many families to increase their debt burden, a significant factor in the 2007–2009 subprime mortgage crisis, as highly leveraged homeowners suffered a much larger reduction in their net worth during the crisis. Further, since lower income families tend to spend relatively more of their income than higher income families, shifting more of the income to wealthier families may slow economic growth.

The 2022 World Inequality Report, a four-year research project organized by the economists Lucas Chancel, Thomas Piketty, Emmanuel Saez, and Gabriel Zucman, shows that "the world is marked by a very high level of income inequality and an extreme level of wealth inequality". According to the report, the bottom half of the population owns 2% of global wealth, while the top 10% owns 76% of it. The top 1% owns 38%.

Other uses
Stipends or extra pay provided to employees who are being temporarily relocated may also be called cost-of-living adjustments or cost-of-living allowances. Such adjustments are intended to offset changes in welfare due to geographic differences in the cost of living. Such adjustments might more accurately be described as a per diem allowance or tied to a specific item, as with housing allowances. Employees who are being permanently relocated are less likely to receive such allowances, but may receive a base salary adjustment to reflect local market conditions.

A non-taxable cost-of-living allowance is frequently given to members of the U.S. military stationed at overseas bases if the area to which a service member is assigned has a higher cost of living than the average area in the United States. For example, service members stationed in Japan receive a cost of living allowance of between $300 and $700 per month (depending on pay grade, years of service, and number of dependents), in addition to their base pay.

title: Cost of living


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Fallacy of division

The fallacy of division is an informal fallacy that occurs when one reasons that something that is true for a whole must also be true of all or some of its parts.

An example:

 * 1) The second grade in Jefferson Elementary eats a lot of ice cream
 * 2) Carlos is a second-grader in Jefferson Elementary
 * 3) Therefore, Carlos eats a lot of ice cream

The converse of this fallacy is called fallacy of composition, which arises when one fallaciously attributes a property of some part of a thing to the thing as a whole.

If a system as a whole has some property that none of its constituents has (or perhaps, it has it but not as a result of some constituent's having that property), this is sometimes called an emergent property of the system.

The term mereological fallacy refers to approximately the same incorrect inference that properties of a whole are also properties of its parts.

History
Both the fallacy of division and the fallacy of composition were addressed by Aristotle in Sophistical Refutations.

In the philosophy of the ancient Greek Anaxagoras, as claimed by the Roman atomist Lucretius, it was assumed that the atoms constituting a substance must themselves have the salient observed properties of that substance: so atoms of water would be wet, atoms of iron would be hard, atoms of wool would be soft, etc. This doctrine is called homoeomeria, and it depends on the fallacy of division.

Examples in statistics
In statistics an ecological fallacy is a logical fallacy in the interpretation of statistical data where inferences about the nature of individuals are deduced from inference for the group to which those individuals belong. The four common statistical ecological fallacies are: confusion between ecological correlations and individual correlations, confusion between group average and total average, Simpson's paradox, and other statistical methods.

title: Fallacy of division


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Ciphertext-only attack

In cryptography, a ciphertext-only attack (COA) or known ciphertext attack is an attack model for cryptanalysis where the attacker is assumed to have access only to a set of ciphertexts. While the attacker has no channel providing access to the plaintext prior to encryption, in all practical ciphertext-only attacks, the attacker still has some knowledge of the plaintext. For instance, the attacker might know the language in which the plaintext is written or the expected statistical distribution of characters in the plaintext. Standard protocol data and messages are commonly part of the plaintext in many deployed systems, and can usually be guessed or known efficiently as part of a ciphertext-only attack on these systems.

Attack
The attack is completely successful if the corresponding plaintexts can be deduced, or even better, the key. The ability to obtain any information at all about the underlying plaintext beyond what was pre-known to the attacker is still considered a success. For example, if an adversary is sending ciphertext continuously to maintain traffic-flow security, it would be very useful to be able to distinguish real messages from nulls. Even making an informed guess of the existence of real messages would facilitate traffic analysis.

In the history of cryptography, early ciphers, implemented using pen-and-paper, were routinely broken using ciphertexts alone. Cryptographers developed statistical techniques for attacking ciphertext, such as frequency analysis. Mechanical encryption devices such as Enigma made these attacks much more difficult (although, historically, Polish cryptographers were able to mount a successful ciphertext-only cryptanalysis of the Enigma by exploiting an insecure protocol for indicating the message settings). More advanced ciphertext-only attacks on the Enigma were mounted in Bletchley Park during World War II, by intelligently guessing plaintexts corresponding to intercepted ciphertexts.

Modern
Every modern cipher attempts to provide protection against ciphertext-only attacks. The vetting process for a new cipher design standard usually takes many years and includes exhaustive testing of large quantities of ciphertext for any statistical departure from random noise. See: Advanced Encryption Standard process. Also, the field of steganography evolved, in part, to develop methods like mimic functions that allow one piece of data to adopt the statistical profile of another. Nonetheless, poor cipher usage or reliance on home-grown proprietary algorithms that have not been subject to thorough scrutiny has resulted in many computer-age encryption systems that are still subject to ciphertext-only attack. Examples include:

Examples

 * Early versions of Microsoft's PPTP virtual private network software used the same RC4 key for the sender and the receiver (later versions had other problems). In any case where a stream cipher like RC4 is used twice with the same key, it is open to ciphertext-only attack. See: stream cipher attack
 * Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP), the first security protocol for Wi-Fi, proved vulnerable to several attacks, most of them ciphertext-only.
 * GSM's A5/1 and A5/2
 * Some modern cipher designs have later been shown to be vulnerable to ciphertext-only attacks. For example, Akelarre.
 * A cipher whose key space is too small is subject to brute force attack with access to nothing but ciphertext by simply trying all possible keys. All that is needed is some way to distinguish valid plaintext from random noise, which is easily done for natural languages when the ciphertext is longer than the unicity distance. One example is DES, which only has 56-bit keys. All too common current examples are commercial security products that derive keys for otherwise impregnable ciphers like AES from a user-selected password. Since users rarely employ passwords with anything close to the entropy of the cipher's key space, such systems are often quite easy to break in practice using only ciphertext. The 40-bit CSS cipher used to encrypt DVD video discs can always be broken with this method, as all that is needed is to look for MPEG-2 video data.

title: Ciphertext-only attack


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George Isaac Smith

George Isaac Smith MBE (April 6, 1909 – December 19, 1982) was a Canadian lawyer and politician who served as the 18th premier of Nova Scotia from 1967 to 1970. He was a Canadian senator from 1975 until his death. G.I. Smith is noted for having recruited Robert Stanfield to help rebuild and lead the Progressive Conservatives in Nova Scotia. While premier he brought Michelin Tire, still Nova Scotia's biggest employer, to the province. He established the Nova Scotia Human Rights Commission, and had the government take over Sydney Steel Corporation when its corporate owners quit the industry. His government also established the affordable housing community of Lower Sackville.

Earlier in his ministerial years, as highways minister (1956–62) he built the Bicentennial Highway and paved many miles of roads throughout the province. As finance and economics minister (1962–67) He was most noted for creating the Voluntary Economic Planning organization through which, business labour and community and academic leaders worked to develop economic plans for the province.

Smith also worked with Premier Stanfield and cabinet colleagues to create Industrial Estates Limited, a body designed to attract industry to Nova Scotia.

Biography
Born in Stewiacke, Nova Scotia on April 6, 1909 to Major John Robert Smith and Susan Ettinger Coulter. Educated at Stewiacke School and Colchester County Academy, Truro. He then attended Dalhousie University and graduated with  LLB in 1932. He became Stewiacke town solicitor and Town Clerk. A few years later he joined with Tatamagouche native, and former Yarmouth federal Conservative candidate, Frank Patterson to establish a Truro Law firm Patterson Smith, where he practiced law in Truro. He served overseas in the North Nova Scotia Highlanders during World War II and was mentioned in dispatches, and ended up with rank of Lt. Colonel and was commanding officer of the regiment.

Smith was elected as a Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) for Colchester County in 1949 and served until 1974. He joined  Robert Stanfield's cabinet when the Tories formed government in 1956. In 1967 when Stanfield left to become National PC leader, he made it clear that he would only do so if Smith would agree to succeed him as Premier of Nova Scotia.

Smith's government was defeated by the Liberals in 1970 and Smith resigned as party leader the next year. In 1975 he was summoned to the Senate of Canada by Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau and represented the senatorial division of Colchester, Nova Scotia. In the Senate Smith was a vigorous advocate of equalization payments and fair treatment of all provinces.

Smith died in office in Truro, Nova Scotia on December 19, 1982.

In 1938, Smith married Law Firm Secretary Sally Archibald of Truro. Together they had three children John Robert (Rob), Ruby Alison and George Isaac. Sally Smith died on March 26, 2011, her 95th birthday. Youngest Son George died on Christmas Day 2012, age 58.

title: George Isaac Smith


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Convention center

A convention center (American English; or conference centre in British English) is a large building that is designed to hold a convention, where individuals and groups gather to promote and share common interests. Convention centers typically offer sufficient floor area to accommodate several thousand attendees. Very large venues, suitable for major trade shows, are sometimes known as exhibition halls. Convention centers typically have at least one auditorium and may also contain concert halls, lecture halls, meeting rooms, and conference rooms. Some large resort area hotels include a convention center.

In Francophone countries, the term is palais des congrès (such as the Palais des Congrès de Paris) or centre des congrès (such as the Centre des congrès de Quebec).

Types

 * Meeting facilities with lodging: hotels that include their own convention space in addition to accommodation and other related facilities, known as convention hotels.
 * Meeting facilities without lodging: are convention centers that do not include accommodation; usually located adjacent to or near a hotel(s).
 * Other: any convention and meeting facilities designed to hold large numbers of people. Can exist alone (e.g., stadiums, arenas, parks, etc.) or within other structures (e.g., university lecture halls, museums, theaters). Usually do not include accommodation.

History
The original convention centers or halls were in castles and palaces. Originally a hall in a castle would be designed to allow a large group of lords, knights and government officials to attend important meetings with the king. A more ancient tradition would have the king or lord decide disputes among his people. These administrative actions would be done in the great hall and would exhibit the wisdom of the king as judge to the general populace.

One of the most famous convention center debacles happened in France on June 20, 1789. King Louis XVI locked a group known as the Third Estate out of the meeting hall in Versailles. This led to the revolutionary group holding their meeting in an indoor tennis court. This was the first modern democratic conference center and lead to the Tennis Court Oath and the French Revolution.

19th-century exhibition halls

 * 1850 Bingley Hall (destroyed by fire in 1984), Birmingham, England
 * 1851 The Crystal Palace (destroyed by fire in 1936), London, England
 * 1855 Palais de l'Industrie (dismantled in 1897), Paris, France
 * 1873 Alexandra Palace, London, England
 * 1876 Memorial Hall, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
 * 1878 Exhibition Place, Toronto
 * 1878 La Rural, Buenos Aires, Argentina
 * 1878 Music Hall, Cincinnati, Ohio
 * 1879 Garden Palace (destroyed by fire in 1882), Sydney, Australia
 * 1880 Royal Exhibition Building, Melbourne, Australia
 * 1898 Aberdeen Pavilion, Ottawa, Ontario
 * 1898–1903 Beurs van Berlage, Amsterdam, Netherlands

20th-century exhibition halls

 * 1900 Grand Palais, Paris, France
 * 1909 Festhalle, Frankfurt, Germany
 * 1955 McCormick Place, Chicago, Illinois
 * 1958 Centre of New Industries and Technologies, Paris, France
 * 1959 Las Vegas Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada
 * 1974 Kenyatta International Convention Centre, Nairobi, Kenya
 * 1975 Helsinki Fair Centre, Helsinki, Finland
 * 1976 Georgia World Congress Center, Atlanta, Georgia
 * 1979 Internationales Congress Centrum, Berlin, Germany
 * 1981 Moscone Center, San Francisco, California
 * 1983 Hong Kong Convention and Exhibition Centre, Hong Kong, China
 * 1985 Tampere Fair Centre, Tampere, Finland
 * 1988 Washington State Convention Center, Seattle, Washington
 * 1989 Taipei International Convention Center, Taipei, Taiwan
 * 1990 Colorado Convention Center, Denver, Colorado
 * 1993 Pennsylvania Convention Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
 * 1995 Suntec Singapore Convention and Exhibition Centre, Singapore
 * 1997 Tokyo International Forum, Tokyo, Japan

21st-century exhibition halls

 * 2001 Bethlehem Convention Palace, Bethlehem
 * 2003 Walter E. Washington Convention Center, Washington, D.C.
 * 2008 BT Convention Centre, Liverpool, England
 * 2008 Raleigh Convention Center, Raleigh, North Carolina
 * 2008 Taipei Nangang Exhibition Center, Taipei, Taiwan
 * 2012 Convention Center Poet Ronaldo Cunha Lima, João Pessoa, Brazil
 * 2014 Kaohsiung Exhibition Center, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
 * 2017 AU Convention Center, Visakhapatnam, India
 * 2021 Rudraksha Convention Center, Varanasi, India
 * 2021 Bangabandhu Bangladesh–China Friendship Exhibition Center, Dhaka, Bangladesh
 * 2024 Taoyuan Convention and Exhibition Center, Taoyuan City, Taiwan

title: Convention center


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Selector

Selector may refer to:

 * Selector, electrical or mechanical component, a switch
 * Selector, music scheduling software for radio stations created by Radio Computing Services
 * Selector, of music, otherwise known as a disc jockey
 * Selector, a person who made a selection of crown land in some Australian colonies
 * Selector (sport), person that chooses players for a sports team
 * Selector, part of Cascading Style Sheets programming language
 * "Selector", a song by Skindred from the 2002 album Babylon
 * Selector, part of Objective-C programming language
 * The Selector, radio program
 * Choice function on a family of sets

title: Selector


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Zerene eurydice

Zerene eurydice, the California dogface butterfly, belongs to the family Pieridae and is a sister genus to Colias. The Zerene eurydice and the Colias both share the "characteristic of having yellow-orange and black wing coordination." Additionally the,"Colias and Zerene eurydice males have bright UV patterns on their wings." There are only two species of the Zerene, the Zerene eurydice, and the Zerene cesonia, also known as the Southern dogface. A study that collected mitochondrial DNA from various Colias butterfly species found that Z. eurydice had decreased divergence from the ingroup, highlighting how closely related these two genera are. This species is endemic to California, and is California's state insect. The California dogface butterfly varies in its wing color and pattern.

Description
The California dogface butterfly, gained its name as a result of the coloring of the wings of the butterfly, especially in the males. "The Zerene eurydice only has UV patterns on its dorsal forewings." The female mostly has yellow wings, with two black dots or dashes on each forewing, while the male has black on the outer edges of the forewing, usually enclosing a yellow-orange color and two black dots. Male Z. Eurydice butterflies have an iridescent pigment found in their dorsal forewings due to light reflecting chitin structures and this has been associated with mating success. The wing span of Zerene Eurydice measures on average 5.1 to 6.3 cm. The wings are covered with scales to assist "flight aerodynamics and heat insulation" and the overall body contains "setae hairs that sense vibration and touch."

Distribution, feeding and habitat
Z. eurydice's distribution is limited to that of California and is commonly found in the San Bernardino mountains and Santa Ana Mountains in Southern California. The Zerene's habitat is found in "foothills, chaparral, oak or coniferous woodlands." Within these regions, the habitat is temperate and terrestrial.

Larvae of Z. eurydice exclusively feed on Amorpha californica, and Amorpha fruticosa, which belong to the family Fabaceae. These host plants are found within, "poison oak, willow, and near streambanks. During the larva and pupal stages, the Zerene eurydice are greenish yellow(same colors as family Fabaceae), and depend on Amorpha californica and Amorpha fruitcosa for camouflaging from predators. These butterflies fly very fast, and are difficult to approach unless they are nectaring at flowers. As a result, it is a challenge to get a photograph of them with their wings open. This fast flight aids Z. eurydice in escaping from predators such as: "ants, spiders, wasps, parasitic wasps, parasitic flies, birds, rats, toads, lizards, praying mantis, and snakes." Adult butterflies are attracted to regions with moist soils and feed on several species of flowers. It has been found that they are especially fond of blue gilia, sunflowers and thistle blooms. The breeding season for Zerene eurydice is between early spring and late summer, with an average of hundred eggs per season. Z. Eurydice butterflies usually begin their flights around 7 a.m. and fly until the afternoon. This is not continuous and the butterflies will often roost in bushes. The females usually depart in flight an hour or two after the males.

First state insect
The California dogface butterfly has been the state insect of the U.S. state of California since 1972. Its endemic range is limited to the state. California was the first state to choose a state insect—and thus, to choose a butterfly—though most of the other states have now followed, and many even have both a state insect and state butterfly. It took 43 years, a determined 4th grade class, and Fresno Assemblyman Kenneth Maddy to have the California Dogface butterfly designated as the state insect.

Threats
Threats towards the species Zerene eurydice include, "fire suppression which results in closure of habitat openings and may result in eventual overly intense fires that could eradicate populations." Zerene eurydice are also locally threatened by livestock grazing. For global status-most recently updated in 2019-classifies Zerene eurydice as G4, indicating "apparently secure." The reasons behind Zerene eurydice being "apparently secure" are, "although this species is uncommon and local, and is a subject to some threats, they persist in a relatively large number of occurrences." The number of element occurrences for Zerene eurydice are between 81 and 300. However, the long-term trend for Zerene eurydice results in a decline of less than 30% because of "the large scale of habitat conversion that has taken place in the California Coast and Transverse Ranges in the 20th century.

title: Zerene eurydice


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Leading edge inflatable kite

A leading edge inflatable kite (LEI) is a single skin kite with inflatable bladders providing structure. It is useful as a power or traction kite. These kites are flown using 2, 4 or 5 control lines and a bar. (See also: kite control systems) A LEI is a great kite for water use because the inflated bladders cause it to float on the water surface. A LEI can sit on the water for an indefinite time and still be relaunched because, unlike a foil kite, there are no chambers that can fill with water. Generally used for kitesurfing and kiteboarding, leading edge inflatable kites come in many different sizes, most commonly from 5 to 18 square metres.

Based on their design Leading Edge Inflatable kites can be broken down into four categories: C-kites, hybrid kites, delta kites, and bow kites.

C-kites
C-kites are the oldest style of LEI used for traction kiting. They typically come with four lines, and some have the option of an additional 5th line for safety and easy relaunching. The main difference between C-kites and other LEI styles is that they do not have any lines that support the leading edge of the kite (called bridles). The lines on a C-kite attach to the four corners of the kite. Hybrid kites, together with bow kites and later delta kites are all subtypes of a SLE-kite (Supported Leading Edge), defined by having a bridle which supports the leading edge. C-kites are the preferred kite of wake-style kiteboarders.

Bow kites
All of the Bow kite's advantages are because of its concave trailing edge. This design feature changes the shape of the kite's trailing edge as it flies, requiring that the leading edge flatten to match, resulting in a much flatter looking kite. The bridles on the kite restrict the leading edge and hold it in line with the rest of the kite. In addition, the concave trailing edge enables the kite to be sheeted out further than a traditional C- kite, which is why a Bow kite can be nearly 100% depowered.

The inflatable and bow kite designs were invented by Dominique and Bruno Legaignoux.

Hybrid kites
Hybrid kites are a cross between C-kites and bow kites. Like bow kites, they incorporate bridles to support their leading edge. These bridles support the kite and enable designers to experiment with different arc profiles - some Hybrids can have a very flat arc, while some can look similar to a C-kite. Individual characteristics of the Hybrid kites vary depending on how similar they represent one of the other two kite styles. The defining difference between a Hybrid and Bow kite is the shape of the trailing edge. The trailing edge on a Hybrid kite is convex, whereas that of a Bow is concave.

Delta kites
Delta kites are a refinement of the hybrid design. Their shape (when flattened out) is more triangular, which places more of the kite's canopy in the middle. This increases the amount of "projected area" that is exposed to the wind, resulting in more power. These kites still use a bridle (though often extremely simplified), and so could still be called SLE kites. (They are often called C-shaped, but they are not C-kites as they are traditionally known.) Delta C-kites are a new breed of hybrid which combines the high-performance of a C-kite with the depowerable fast-turning triangular Delta kites.

title: Leading edge inflatable kite


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Robert D. Orr

Robert Dunkerson Orr (November 17, 1917 – March 10, 2004) was an American politician and diplomat who served as the 45th governor of Indiana from 1981 to 1989. A member of the Republican Party, he served as United States Ambassador to Singapore from 1989 to 1992 under President George H. W. Bush.

Early life
Robert D. Orr was born in Ann Arbor, Michigan, where his family was vacationing, on November 17, 1917, the last of the three children of Samuel Lowery and Louise Dunkerson Orr. His father was an industrialist with interests in many companies whose holdings were centralized in the Orr Iron Company. Orr grew up in Evansville, Indiana, where his father's company was headquartered. His family have lived in the area for three generations.

He attended local public schools for most of his early education, but transferred to the Hotchkiss School in Connecticut before his final year of high school beginning in 1934. Upon graduation he was accepted to Yale University, enrolling in 1936. At Yale, he was a member of Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity (Phi chapter). He earned a bachelor's degree in 1940 and then enrolled in Harvard Business School.

After the outbreak of World War II, he left Harvard without graduating to join the Army. He was admitted to Officer's Candidate School and after completing his course served on the staff of the quartermaster's general staff in the Pacific Theater, eventually rising to the rank of major. For his service, he was awarded the Legion of Merit. He met Joanne "Josie" Wallace who served in the Women's Air Force Service Pilots, while he was serving. They were married in 1944, settled in Evansville, and eventually had three children.

After returning home, Orr entered into the family business and became active in Republican politics of Vanderburgh County. Many Evansville factories had been creating war implements, and the end of the conflict led many of them to close. Orr began purchasing vacated factories, refurbishing them to produce goods, and selling them. Through his activity, he became involved in a local economic development committee. His business and holdings expanded rapidly and by 1953 he was on the board of twenty local businesses including Erie Investments, Sterling Brewers, and Grand Junction, and was director of twelve other companies. He was on several civic boards including the Rotary Club, Evansville YMCA, Willard Library, Buffalo Trace Council of Boy Scouts of America, and the Presbyterian Church of Evansville. Because of his community service, he was awarded the Jaycees Young Man of the Year award in 1953. As a result of the award, he was invited to serve as a trustee of Hanover College, a position he held for decades.

Political career
Orr first became involved in politics in 1950 as a member of a local Republican Party advisory board. In 1951 he became chairman of the local party; he served until 1954. He was a precinct committeeman for eight years, and in 1958 became treasurer for the Eight District Republican Committee, a position he held until 1960. In 1965 he was elected chairman of the Vanderburg County Republican Central Committee; he held that position for six years.

In 1968 he was elected to the Indiana Senate representing Evansville. He served there until 1973. In 1972, he was nominated at the State Republican Convention to run for Lieutenant Governor on a ticket with Otis R. Bowen. The election campaign focused largely on their opponents' records of raising taxes, and they won the election with 56.8 percent of the vote. As lieutenant governor, Orr oversaw the state agricultural bureau and was director of the Indiana Department of Commerce. Orr drew on his experience in economic development in Evansville to put in a place a statewide economic growth plan. He convinced state leaders to fund the creation of two Port of Indiana ports on the Ohio River, one at Mount Vernon and other at Jeffersonville, and he launched a successful tourist attraction campaign. Orr vote five tie-breaking votes in the Indiana Senate during his term, including one that passed Bowen's tax reorganization plan, drastically lowering property taxes, requiring local taxing authorities to receive state-level approval to raise taxes, while increasing the state sales tax. Orr and Bowen were re-elected to office in 1976.

Orr was popular statewide because of his economic plans and for being associated with the tax reorganization plan. With Bowen's backing, he ran unopposed for the Republican nomination to run for governor in 1980. In the general election, he was opposed by Democrat John Hillenbrand. Orr focused on connecting himself with the popular Governor Bowen; his slogan was "Let's Keep a Good Thing Going." He easily defeated Hillenbrand, 1,257,383 (57.7 percent) to 913,116 (41.9 percent) votes.

As governor, he oversaw the reform of the Indiana educational system. In 1984, he defeated State Senator Wayne Townsend of Hartford City to win a second term as governor: 1,146,497 (52.8 percent of the two-party vote) to 1,036,832 (47.2 percent). An ad from the 1984 campaign, which featured an actress playing a fortune teller and a singer with a Daryl Hall style mullet, was featured on an episode of CNN's Not Just Another Cable News Show. In the 1984 election, Orr polled 110,886 fewer votes than he had in 1980, and his overall percent dropped by 4.9.

In 1986, Orr served as president of the Council of State Governments and as the chairman of the Midwestern Governors Association.

After his terms as governor, Orr was named by U.S. President George H. W. Bush as the U.S. Ambassador to Singapore, a position that he held until 1992.

After he left his ambassadorship, Orr established a consulting firm called the Alliance for Global Commerce, which focused on international trade and export issues.

In 2000, his wife, Joanne "Josie" Wallace, requested that he divorce her because she was suffering from dementia. She wanted her husband to be happy in his last years instead of watching his wife slowly die. In 2001, at the age of eighty-three, he married Mary Kay Davis. On March 10, 2004, Orr died at the age of eighty-six at the Indiana University Medical Center in Indianapolis from complications following kidney surgery. He is buried in Crown Hill Cemetery in Indianapolis.

The portion of Interstate 69 south of its interchange with Interstate 64, at one time labeled Interstate 164, is named the "Robert D. Orr Highway" in his honor.

title: Robert D. Orr


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Mei Yaochen

Mei Yaochen (1002–1060) was a Chinese poet of the Song dynasty. He was one of the pioneers of the "new subjective" style of poetry which characterized Song poetry.

Mei Yaochen was born in Xuancheng in present-day Anhui Province. His style name was 'Sheng Yu' (圣俞). He passed the jinshi exam in 1051 and had a career in the civil service, but was unsuccessful. He was a prolific poet, with around 3000 works extant; he was popularized as a poet by the younger Ouyang Xiu.

Most of his works are in the shi form, but they are much freer in content than those of the Tang dynasty. His response to the impossibility of surpassing the Tang poets was to make a virtue of his lack of ambition; his ideal was 平淡 (pingdan), or the pedestrian. His early verses are often socio-critical, advocating reform along Neo-Confucian lines; later he turned to celebrations of ordinary life and verses mourning the deaths of his first wife and several of his children. An example is his poem translated into English by Kenneth Rexroth as "An Excuse for Not Returning the Visit of a Friend."

title: Mei Yaochen


text: Talk:No-ship

title: Talk:No-ship