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Felix Hoffmann

Felix Hoffmann (21 January 1868 – 8 February 1946) was a German chemist notable for re-synthesising diamorphine (independently from C.R. Alder Wright who synthesized it 23 years earlier), which was popularized under the Bayer trade name of "heroin". He is also credited with synthesizing aspirin, though whether he did this under his own initiative or under the instruction of Arthur Eichengrün is contested.

Career
Felix Hoffmann was born on 21 January 1868 in Ludwigsburg, Germany, the son of an industrialist. In 1889, he started studying chemistry at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich to study pharmacy and ended it in 1890 with the pharmaceutical state exam. In 1891 he graduated magna cum laude from the University of Munich. Two years later he earned his doctorate, also magna cum laude, after completing his thesis entitled "On certain derivatives of dihydroanthracene". In 1894, he joined Bayer as a research chemist.

On 10 August 1897 Hoffmann synthesized acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) while working at Bayer under Arthur Eichengrün. By combining salicylic acid with acetic acid, he succeeded in creating ASA in a chemically pure and stable form. The pharmacologist responsible for verifying these results was skeptical at first, yet once several large-scale studies to investigate the substance's efficacy and tolerability had been completed, it was found to be an analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory substance. The company then worked to develop a cost-effective production process that would facilitate the promising active ingredient to be supplied as a pharmaceutical product. In 1899 it was marketed for the first time under the trade name "Aspirin", initially as a powder supplied in glass bottles.

He also synthesized diamorphine (heroin), previously achieved by Charles Romley Alder Wright by acetylating different molecules. It was named Heroin due to its "heroic" nature since it was used to medicate a variety of medical illnesses from child coughs to war injuries. It was also used to cure morphine addicts and would result in worse addictions and increasing tolerance levels to the drug over time.

Following the synthesis of aspirin and heroin, Hoffmann moved to the pharmaceutical marketing department where he stayed until his retirement in 1928.

Hoffman was never married and died on 8 February 1946 in Switzerland. He had no known children.

Aspirin invention controversy
Hoffmann first claimed to be the "inventor" of aspirin (as opposed to just the synthesizer) in a footnote to a German encyclopedia published in 1934, saying that his father had complained about the bitter taste of sodium salicylate, the only drug then available to treat rheumatism. The large doses (6–8 grams) of sodium salicylate that were used to treat arthritis commonly irritated the stomach lining and caused patients considerable pain and irritation. He claimed that he began looking for a less acidic formation which led him to synthesize acetylsalicylic acid, a compound that shared the therapeutic properties of other salicylates but not the strong acidity that he believed caused stomach irritations.

An alternative credit for developing aspirin has also been offered. In 1949, ex-Bayer employee Arthur Eichengrün published a paper in Pharmazie, in which he claimed to have planned and directed Hoffman's synthesis of aspirin along with the synthesis of several related compounds. He also claimed to be responsible for aspirin's initial surreptitious clinical testing. Finally, he claimed that Hoffmann's role was restricted to the initial lab synthesis using his (Eichengrün's) process and nothing more. Eichengrün died the same month he published in Pharmazie.

The Eichengrün version was ignored by historians and chemists until 1999, when Walter Sneader of the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences at the University of Strathclyde in Glasgow re-examined the case and came to the conclusion that indeed Eichengrün's account was convincing and correct and that Eichengrün deserved credit for the invention of aspirin. Bayer denied this in a press release, asserting that the invention of aspirin was due to Hoffmann.

Legacy
In 2002, he was inducted into the US National Inventors Hall of Fame.

title: Felix Hoffmann


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Jersey Girl

Jersey Girl may refer to:

 * Jersey Girls, or "Jersey Widows", the media name for four American women who lost their husbands in the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks
 * Jersey Girl (1992 film), an American romantic comedy starring Dylan McDermott and Jami Gertz
 * Jersey Girl (2004 film), an American romantic comedy starring Ben Affleck and Liv Tyler
 * "Jersey Girl" (song), a song composed and originally sung by American singer-songwriter Tom Waits

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Jersey Girl


text:
Max Streibl

Max Streibl (6 January 1932 – 11 December 1998) was a German politician of the Christian Social Union (CSU) party and the eighth Minister President of Bavaria.

Biography
Streibel was born in Oberammergau in 1932, where his parents owned a hotel business. He married his wife Irmingard in 1960 and they had one daughter and two sons.

After going to school in Ettal, he studied law in Munich, graduating in 1955. He worked in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, and later, at the German Bundesrat in Bonn and joint the local government of the region of Upper Bavaria in 1960. From 1961, he worked for the state government and began to rise in the ranks of the CSU. From 1961 to 1967, he led the Junge Union (Young Union), the youth organisation of CDU and CSU in Bavaria.

He became a member of the Bavarian Landtag in 1962, a position he held until 1994, when he retired. He was then the General Secretary of the party from 1967 to 1970.

Streibl served as Bavarian Minister for the Environment (1970–1977), a newly formed ministry, and for Finance (1977–1988). After the sudden death of Franz Josef Strauß in 1988, Streibl succeeded him as Ministerpräsident of Bavaria on 19 October 1988. Streibl was deeply rooted in Catholicism, but soon became unpopular because of alleged bribery (he was paid holiday trips by Burkhart Grob, the chairman of an aircraft production company ). Because of this so-called "amigo-affair", coming to the surface in January 1993, he was forced to resign on 27 May 1993 and Edmund Stoiber took office, despite the latter being involved in the affair, too. The affair did result in a policy change in Bavaria, aimed at untangling the connections between politics and business.

Streibl's defiant final words upon his resignation, with a tear in his eyes, were "Adios Amigos!".

He retired from politics shortly after and died in December 1998 in Munich.

Honors

 * Honorary Doctorates from the Universities of Passau (1985) and Munich (1990).
 * Grand Cross of Merit of the Italian Republic (1988)
 * Honorary Citizen of Oberammergau (1989)
 * Grand Cross of the Order Pro Merito Melitensi of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta
 * Order of the Holy Sepulchre
 * Grand Order of King Dmitar Zvonimir, Croatia

title: Max Streibl


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User talk:Zteitler

Hi there! If you create mathematical pages (such as cubic surface), please consider adding them to the list of mathematical topics.

Charles Matthews 16:59, 17 Mar 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Zteitler


text:
USS Biddle

Four ships of the United States Navy have been named USS Biddle, in honor of Captain Nicholas Biddle.

 * USS Biddle (TB-26) was a torpedo boat in service from 1901 to 1919.
 * USS Biddle (DD-151) was a destroyer commissioned 1918 and in use until 1945.
 * USS Biddle (DDG-5) was a guided missile destroyer commissioned in 1962 and renamed Claude V. Ricketts in 1964.
 * USS Biddle (CG-34) was a guided missile cruiser in service from 1967 to 1993. (Commissioned as DLG-34; Reclassified 30 June 1975 as CG-34)

One ship of the United States Navy has been named USS Biddle, in honor of Major General William P. Biddle, USMC.

 * USS William P. Biddle (APA-8) was an attack transport in service from 1941 to 1946.

title: USS Biddle


text:
Panel

Panel may refer to:

Visual arts

 * Panel (comics), a single image in a comic book, comic strip or cartoon; also, a comic strip containing one such image
 * Panel painting, in art, either one element of a multi-element piece of art, such as a triptych, a piece of sequential art such as a graphic novel or comic strip, or a wooden panel used to paint a picture on
 * Groupings of rock art, pictographs or petroglyphs

Television

 * The Panel (Australian TV series), an Australian talk show
 * The Panel (Irish TV series), an Irish talk show
 * Panel game, a form of game show involving a group of celebrities

Law

 * Judicial panel, set of judges who sit to hear a cause of action
 * Jury panel, body of people convened to render a judicial verdict
 * Panel, or pannel, in Scotland, formal term in solemn proceedings for an accused person; see Indictment

People

 * Brice Panel (born 1983), French sprinter
 * Caroline Giron-Panel (born 1979), French historian and musicologist

Electrical devices

 * Breaker panel, a flat area containing electrical circuit breakers
 * Control panel (engineering), a flat area containing controls and indicators, used to operate machinery
 * Flat panel display, in (for example) laptops and mobile devices
 * Solar panel, a flat module of photovoltaic solar cells
 * Panel switch, a type of electromechanical telephone switching system developed by the Bell System in the 1920s

Other physical objects

 * Several types of planar structural elements
 * Structural insulated panel, a building construction system
 * Panelling, a form of wall covering used for decoration and (originally) insulation
 * Panel edge staining, build-up on aluminium or stainless steel paneling
 * Panels, sections of fabric or other material that make up a parachute canopy

Research protocols

 * Survey panel, a type of non-random sample survey
 * Panel study or longitudinal study, a research design involving repeated observations over time
 * Panel data or longitudinal data, measured over time

Software

 * Panel (computer software), a widget or a control element
 * Control panel (software), an interface based by metaphor on a physical control panel
 * GNOME Panel, a taskbar implementation for the GNOME desktop environment

Other uses in science and technology

 * Test panel, a predetermined group of medical tests

Other uses

 * Panel discussion, a small group of experts speaking in turns before an audience, usually including a question period and usually with the purpose of educating or persuading

title: Panel


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Talk:Politics of Spain

There are some inaccuracies on the page, that follow from a Spanish nationalist political perspective. Instead of giving here the opposite view from a Catalan perspective, let me just mention this:

1) The Constitution of Spain states that the Nation is formed by nationalities and regions. The concept of Nationalities was introduced as a political pact between different political views, so it is paramount to understand the social and political Structure of Spain. Lacking to mention it cannot be explained away by forgetfullnes.

2) Therefore this sentence is also lacking precision: "17 regions covering all of peninsular Spain", or calling reions the "Basque and Catalan regions" when they are (even officially) Nationalities is also a political bending ofsocial and political reality.

Moreover, there is no mention of the different official languages in Spain. The "Languages" entry does not exist while they are part of the political structure. Eleven million Catalan speakers (see Catalan_language) are again conspicuously ignored.

 * Please, add this information to the article. That's how Wikipedia works! DavidWBrooks 17:09, 17 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * I've just added a section covering this issues. I also have changed some words that were not English: now it says "territorial constitutions" instead of "autonomy statutes" since "statute" is not a correct English translation. (User:Enrix 20:30, 17 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Football
One of these days I'd like to write something about Spanish football and politics. -- Error 01:47, 18 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Facts
I think most of the information in section FACTS should be moved to the Spain article because generic information such as the official name fit better in the generic article. Any objection?
 * Habbit 08:25, 20 Jul 2004 (UTC)

talante?
I have heard of the concept of "talante" with reference to modern Spanish politics. Can anyone living in Spain comment on its meaning and use? Does it mean something like "listening to each other"? Is it important enough to merit inclusion in this article? thanks for any help.BrainyBabe 20:08, 9 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Yeah it's something like that, like willingness to reach consensus with as many people as possible. Zapatero made this term popular after Aznar's second mandate, in which, due to his parties' absolute majority at Congress, he was able to legislate without the need to negotiate with other parties (which, as you can understand, they did not appreciate!). :) Cheers Raystorm 17:15, 2 January 2007 (UTC)

Talante
The common dictionary translates 'Talante' as mood. 'Buen talante' can be translated as 'willingly'. But in the actual spanish politic, words 'Buen talante'(good mood) are ironical references to the actual prime minister, Rodríguez Zapatero. In his opposition time, he used them to mark a virtual diference between him and the previousminister, Aznar. This one, in his second time in governement, he took decisions with the opposition of every other parties (but the absulute majority in votes.

bias?
It's interesting that the history of Spain's first (and longest-lived) elected government since the declaration of the republic is accorded one line, while Aznar's centre-right PP government lasted only half as long but requires quite a bit more than twice the space. Felipe oversaw the most enormous changes to take placein public life west of the Iron Curtain; it was also dominated by strong personalities and, finally, by scandal. Perhaps this article suffers from some bias in its political orientation?

Rebellion vs. Terrorism
As an Spaniard, I'd like to point out that neither ETA nor the GRAPO are considered or even referred to as "rebels" by any Spaniards. Being both well-known terrorist groups, I think the more reasonable thing to do is to mo ve the contents of that section into the "Terrorism" section.

 * Hi, please read Words to avoid. To quote from that page:

 * Encyclopedic:
 * X is on the U.S. Department of State's "Designated Foreign Terrorist Organizations" list.
 * X, identified by the Y government as responsible for the PQR suicide bombings [or "who claimed responsibility for the PQR suicide bombings"], is classified as a terrorist group by A, B and C [countries or bodies].
 * Countries A, B and C regard X as a terrorist group [because...]

 * Not encyclopedic:
 * X is a terrorist group.
 * Y, leader of the X terrorists, ...
 * After a rapid military response, the X terrorists abandoned the hostages.

 * Get it? — Khoikhoi 02:34, 16 June 2006 (UTC)

OK, understood, but I still think it's not appropiate. Sue me LOL. What about merging both sections under a different title then?

 * Like what? — Khoikhoi 21:27, 18 June 2006 (UTC)

Uhm. That's a tough one. If "terrorism" is verboten, I can't think of any. I'm still in favour of unifying both sections, though, I'd like to make that clear, because Spaniards regard both ETA, GRAPO and Al-Qaeda as terrorists.

I think I'd better leave that to other readers. It's just that I am a Spaniard myself and it upsets me to find GRAPO and ETA under the "Rebellion" section.

 * Well, you might try militant or guerrilla. Also just nationalist might work. Remember, you can say "it is recognized by Papua New Guinea as a terrorist organization", but you can't say, "it is a terrorist organization". — Khoikhoi 22:17, 18 June 2006 (UTC)

I imagine Militant or Guerrilla are both acceptable. I wouldn't use Nationalist, though, because there are many political parties that defend Nationalism in Spain through legal means and with minor exceptions (Batasuna, political branch of ETA) they have always condemmed violence.

ETA
In the first paragraph of the section on ETA, a translation is given as Basque Homeland and Freedom and in the third as Basque Fatherland and Liberty. Since these mean basically the same thing is there an official translation so just one can be used? Cameronlad 12:23, 13 September 2006 (UTC)

Peer review requested for Madrid article
A Peer review has been requested for Madrid, the article about the capital city of Spain. Please feel free to edit the Madrid article to improve it and/or leave a comment at Peer_review. Espana Viva  19:02, 7 March 2007 (UTC)

Important notice
The government section of the "Outline of Spain" needs to be checked, corrected, and completed -- especially the subsections for the government branches.

When the country outlines were created, temporary data (that matched most of the countries but not all) was used to speed up the process. Those countries for which the temporary data does not match must be replaced with the correct information.

Please check that this country's outline is not in error.

If you have any questions or comments, please contact The Transhumanist.

Thank you.

Peer review requested!
To all interested persons :P

I've listed the Monarchy of Spain article for peer review because…

My eyes have been on it too long and not enough views that have generated comments! lol. I have watched the page for a year looking to see if there were improvements, but none. So, this past summer I started editing the artical answering questions that I myself would have for the Spanish monarchy. There are other sections I wish to add (such as the Monarchy, media, and the people), but before I go further I wished to get comments on what is present.

Thanks, ♦Drachenfyre♦ · Talk 07:05, 23 November 2009 (UTC)

1985 Judicial Reform
See Talk:Judiciary_of_Spain for discussion. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 202.137.26.98 (talk) 10:10, 28 February 2011 (UTC)

Recent changes in Electoral process
I tried to keep as much as possible of the recent changes to this section. However, I had to edit most of it, even if I tried to keep the gist of it (which is basically that Spain has effectively developed a two-party system). Yolanda González (author of the source cited) is not explicitly explaining why Spain has a two party system, but rather, refuting the idea that the current electoral system tends to disfavor the two largest parties -mainly the People's Party (PP) which, according to the article, was the most vocal in this matter. The article makes three main points:
 * PP is -or was in the 1996, 2000, and 2004 elections- the party that benefited the most from the current system, ergo, refuting the idea that the PP was underrepresented;
 * the 3% threshold for representation is practically ineffective, due to the disparity in population among provinces (what she calls the "myth of the 3% barrier"); and that
 * blank votes do not directly benefit the most-voted party (again, a complaint of PP, being the second most voted party in the 3 elections studied), but rather make it harder for smaller parties to attain the 3% threshold (by effectively reducing their percentage of votes).

The article does not support the following points:
 * that the 3% threshold "effectively eliminate[s] a lot of small political parties" - as mentioned above, the author actually claims that the 3% is actually ineffective; the "effective" threshold is actually much higher in less-populated provinces, and hence at the aggregated national level.
 * that the small number of constituencies as well as the "not so large" number of seats in Congress make it harder for small parties to be assigned seats - the article makes no mention at all of the number of constituencies or seats as a cause of the existence of a "two-party system". The only mention of the number of seats is in reference to a comment of Izquierda Unida which proposed to add 50 seats to the Congress to be assigned using the entire territory as a unique electoral constituency or circumscription (keeping the assignation of the current 350 seats unchanged). Needless to say, the article does not make any comparison of the Spanish electoral system with Israel's or Italy's (something that technically constitues WP:OR);
 * that D'Hondt method favors larger parties in comparison with other electoral methods - which may be true in practice in Spain, but the article actually says that D'Hondt formula is "not a problem" per se. Quoting from the article "The same sources affirm that this is not a problem with the D'Hondt's formula. 'The real problem is the lack of proportionality in a system that was made to benefit majorities something which was good at the beginning of the [Spanish] transition [to democracy]...'". In fact, the articles ties it back to the divergence in population; quoting from the article: "the D'Hondt's formula, used in the assignation [of seats], makes the results of the lesser-populated constituencies less proportional than those of provinces such as Madrid, Barcelona or Valencia [the most-populated constituencies]".

In any case, I base my edits on the only source used (which was already used in the article). But if there are other sources that say that Spain specifically developed a two-party system due to the reasons mentioned above, then, of course, the text can be added back.

-- dúnadan  :  let's talk   17:24, 29 April 2012 (UTC)

 * Thank you for pointing out the problems. I agree that the edits that I did were not well sourced, and thus looked like WP:OR. It is the case because I was sort of too lazy, and just put the old links here as the source for what I wrote. And thus the source that I cited here does not support what I wrote. (indeed they look like irrelevant.)

 * Though the points that I wrote were not supported by the source that I cited in the last edit, but for sure the points are all well-documented in academic research. So, I went back to my university library yesterday, and found some books supporting what I wrote. I would put the points back, with all the useful references, and try to incorporate the lines that you have written. Let's see if there are further problems. Salt (talk) 14:53, 1 May 2012 (UTC)

To use a link that does not support a statement is laziness at best, dishonesty at worst. In any case, I prefer to trust in your honesty when you used the new sources. However, I am a bit concerned on whether or not the statements that you are making constitute WP:OR, or rather WP:SYN, as I have access only to some of the books you cited in the nearest public library (I will like to review the rest as time and availability permit). My concern is whether the statements you are making could be advancing a position from a synthesis of material, if they are making value judgements about Spain, which the source itself does not make. For example, one of the reasons cited as the cause of the formation of a two-party system in Spain is the D'Hondt method, which "slightly favors the major parties...". Does the source truly say this, that is, that the D'Hondt method is causing the formation of a two-party system in Spain? Or is it rather a critique of the D'Hondt system in itself, and then, you are making the value judgment in relation to Spain? (In other words, does the source itself make the statement about Spain in particular or not?) A critique or evaluation of the D'Hondt formula should be made in the article of the D'Hondt method itself, not in the articles of every single country that applies it, unless the method in itself is relevant to the country, which in the case of Spain, it is presented as a cause of the effective formation of a two-party system. The same may apply to several other statements that you were making with and without a source.

For now, I will only edit some language and grammar. -- dúnadan  :  let's talk   04:01, 2 May 2012 (UTC)

 * No, no, no...I think I need to clarify a bit. I was not trying to use the old source to support my new points. If you trace back all the edits, you will find that the sources support the sentence:

 * "Also, due to the great disparity in population among provinces, it is not the smaller regional parties that tend to be overrepresented, but rather the two largest national parties."

 * And I use the sources to support my new sentence:

 * "Spain has effectively a two-party system and regional parties and small national parties do not process significant political power".

 * I agree that the two sentences are not the identical, but they are also talking about the two largest national parties are over-represented instead of the small parties. That's why I used the old sources to support my new sentences.

 * But I do not use them to support my further claims, i.e. the reasons explaining why the system would cause a two-party system. I am lazy because I just use the old source to support the sentence in the last paragraph, but do not find new sources to support my newly added points. I meant I am lazy only in this sense. I admit it is a problem, but it is not a problem of dishonesty.

 * Anyway, whether I am honest or not is not important to the article. But I just want to clarify when my integrity is being challenged. Let's move to the article.

 * Concerning the points you raised about WP:SYN, you can check the book if you have doubts. But maybe I can type a few sentences in the books, so that you can see I am not committing WP:SYN.

 * For example, it is said on Elections, Electoral Systems and Volatile Voters (p.67) that "It [Spain's electoral system] is among the most disproportional PR systems, thanks to the combined use of the d'Hondt formula and, in particular, one of the lowest district magnitudes in Europe."

 * And in Electoral Engineering (p.86), it is said that "notably Spain with a mean ENPP [Effective Number of Political Parties] of 2.7 due to small district magnitude."

 * I think the above two sources directly state that Spain has a limited number of effective political parties because of d'Hondt method and small district magnitude (number of seats per constituency), without committing WP:SYN. If you still have doubts regarding other points here, you are encouraged to go and check the sources yourself. Salt (talk) 18:00, 2 May 2012 (UTC)

 * Thanks for your reply, and for the explanation. I didn't mean to be disrespectful in my comment.
 * With regards to the article, like I said before, I do not see any problems with referenced statements, and while I might not be able to check all the sources myself, I do trust in what you've shown above. (I have to say that the sources you provided and that I have access to are excellent. I've enjoyed reading and learning more about electoral systems in general, and the Spanish case in particular).
 * From all I've read, though, I think that the creation of a two party system may not be caused by 5 stand-alone points, but rather by the combination of all, some of which are actually derived from the others. Do you think we can consolidate them?
 * For example, correct me if I'm wrong, but I see that the main point is "small district magnitude" (which is in line with what Pappalardo and Baldini say). The others are in a way related:
 * The relative small 'size of Congress' causes a small district magnitude. A larger Congress would increase district magnitude.
 * The ineffective 3% threshold for representation in Congress is a cause of small district magnitude in smaller provinces. A larger Congress would increase district magnitude allowing the actual threshold for representation in the provinces concerned to be closer to the 3% established by the electoral law. Moreover, the "ineffectiveness" of the 3% threshold is caused by the large disparity in the population of the electoral constituencies, which happen to be the provinces.
 * The D'Hondt method by construction favors larger parties (whether in Spain or not, and whichever the number), but its effect is magnified in smaller constituencies, where there is a smaller number of seats to be assigned. Hence, "[The Spain's electoral system] is among the most disproportional PR systems, thanks to the combined use of the d'Hondt formula and, in particular, one of the lowest district magnitudes in Europe".

 * Or perhaps can all of it be summarized as malapportionment?

 * It should be noted though, that this 'disproportionality' was created purposely to ensure stability during the Spanish transition to democracy, to avoid the parliamentary fragmentation and political instability that preceded the Spanish Civil War, as Álvarez-Riviera points out.

 * -- dúnadan  :  let's talk   16:26, 5 May 2012 (UTC)

 * As a side note, would you be interested in creating/collaborating in a new article Electoral system in Spain? From all the sources you cited there is enough material to create a good article. -- dúnadan  :  let's talk   16:26, 5 May 2012 (UTC)

Outdated
OUTDATED, DAMMIT. The Parties must be cheked again. WE CAAAAN!! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.53.140.255 (talk) 03:56, 18 February 2016 (UTC)
 * ✅ But that's the wonderful thing about a Wiki: if an article needs updating or improving, we don't complain on talk boards; we fix it ourselves! Noyster  (talk),  17:38, 18 February 2016 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 09:54, 20 September 2021 (UTC)
 * Pedro Sánchez estado de alarma.jpg

title: Talk:Politics of Spain


text:
User talk:168.169.105.252

MfD nomination of Portal:Architecture
Portal:Architecture, a page which you created or substantially contributed to, has been nominated for deletion. Your opinions on the matter are welcome; you may participate in the discussion by adding your comments at Wikipedia:Miscellany for deletion/Portal:Architecture and please be sure to sign your comments with four tildes ( ~ ). You are free to edit the content of Portal:Architecture during the discussion but should not remove the miscellany for deletion template from the top of the page; such a removal will not end the deletion discussion. Thank you. Legacypac (talk) 21:49, 12 April 2019 (UTC)

title: User talk:168.169.105.252


text:
Talk:Waugh

Hope this is OK. I know there are other Waughs (e.g. Mark Waugh) but my guess was that most people looking for Waugh would be looking for Evelyn Waugh. (See Tolkien and Christoper Tolkien say.)

cfp 17:07, 17 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * I would prefer to make it a disambiguation page - after all, there's Alec Waugh and Auberon Waugh, too. Right now if somebody wants to find them and goes to Waugh, there's no obvious way to move on. - DavidWBrooks 17:14, 17 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * Disambigged at Waugh (disambiguation), this page now redirects there. Jwrosenzweig 17:16, 17 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Yeah you're right, it is better this way, nice work. - cfp 22:00, 22 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Pronunciation
I'm wondering about the pronunciation /ˈwɑː/ since the article about Evelyn Waugh proposes /wɔː/. Are they geographical variations? Which one is the most correct? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Samedie (talk • contribs) 23:09, 26 January 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Waugh


text: User talk:80.43.156.100

title: User talk:80.43.156.100


text:
Aigle

Aigle (French for "eagle", ; Âgllo) is a historic town and a municipality and the capital of the district of Aigle in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland.

The official language of Aigle is Swiss French.

Geography
Aigle lies at an elevation of 415 m about 13 km south-southeast of Montreux. It is on the east edge of the Rhône valley, at the foot of the Swiss Alps.

Aigle has an area,, of 16.41 km2. Of this area, 5.59 km2 or 34.1% is used for agricultural purposes, while 6.13 km2 or 37.4% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 4.2 km2 or 25.6% is settled (buildings or roads), 0.45 km2 or 2.7% is either rivers or lakes and 0.1 km2 or 0.6% is unproductive land.

Of the built up area, industrial buildings made up 5.2% of the total area while housing and buildings made up 6.6% and transportation infrastructure made up 9.0%. Power and water infrastructure as well as other special developed areas made up 1.5% of the area while parks, green belts and sports fields made up 3.4%. Out of the forested land, all of the forested land area is covered with heavy forests. Of the agricultural land, 21.5% is used for growing crops and 2.4% is pastures, while 10.2% is used for orchards or vine crops. Of the water in the municipality, 0.6% is in lakes and 2.1% is in rivers and streams.

Aigle includes the villages of Le Cloître, Vers Pousaz, and Fontanney. The surrounding municipalities are Yvorne, Leysin, Ormont-Dessous, and Ollon in the canton of Vaud, and Vouvry and Collombey-Muraz in the canton of Valais.

History
The municipality was settled very early. Burials and ceramics from the Bronze Age have been discovered. During Roman times, Aigle lay on the road from the Great Saint Bernard pass via Viviscus (Vevey) to Aventicum (Avenches), the Roman capital. The Romans had a number of names for Aigle: Ala (Wing), Alena (Little Wing), Aquilegia and Aquilas (Eagles).

The first medieval mention of the municipality occurs in 1150 under the name of Alium.

A mention in 1153 gives the name as Aleo. Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV gave the territory of Aigle in 1076 to the house of Savoy. The Abbeys of Great Saint Bernard and Saint-Maurice also had holdings in Aigle, and the latter established a priory, from which the village of Le Cloître takes its name.

In 1231, Aigle was made a market town by Thomas I of Savoy, and in 1314 it was raised to a free town by Amadeus V of Savoy.

It became an important commercial center because of its location on the road to Italy.

It had a common parish with Leysin (until 1702) and with Corbeyrier and Yvorne (until 1831). SInce the 14th century, it had a treaty with Sembrancher in Valais, that committed the two communities for mutual aid in case of war or natural disaster.

In 1475, the mountain regions of Saanen and Pays-d'Enhaut, who were allied with Bern, attacked and burned the tower of Aigle Castle. They then gave Aigle town and the surrounding district, including Ollon, Bex, and Les Ormonts, to Bern in exchange for not having to pay one-third of their income to Bern. In the treaty of Fribourg from 1476, Fribourg received rights over the Aigle district, which they gave up to Bern in 1483. Bern rebuilt Aigle Castle in 1489 and made it the seat of the bailiwick of Aigle. The Aigle bailiwick included all of the present district except Villeneuve. It was thus the first of the French-speaking parts of Switzerland to become subject to Bern.

In 1528, the Reformation was first preached in Aigle by Guillaume Farel.

From 1798 to 1803, Aigle belonged to the canton of Léman in the Helvetic Republic, which was transformed into the canton of Vaud with the mediation of Napoleon.

The Geographical dictionary of 1821 by J. van Wijk Roelandszoon names the village Aelen, comprises 600 houses and 2.500 inhabitants, with a Salt mine that yields 15,000 cents. The district Aelen is 5 mi long and 6 mi in width, 7500 total inhabitants.

In the 19th century, the canton of Vaud was an outspoken opponent of an attempt by a number of cantons to secede from Switzerland. This Catholic separatist movement (Sonderbund) led to intervention in 1847 by 99,000 Swiss Federal troops under General Henri Dufour against 79,000 separatists in what is called the Sonderbund war. Separation was prevented at the cost of 86 lives. The 1848 Swiss Federal Constitution was created in response of the Sonderbund war.

The Chablais and the Chablais Alps
Chablais was a former province of the Duchy of Savoy. Its historic capital was Thonon-les-Bains. The modern Chablais "region" is three territories: the Chablais Savoyard, the Chablais Valaisan, and the Chablais Vaudois. The Chablais Savoyard is within the department of Haute-Savoie in France, the Chablais Valaisan is in the Swiss canton of Valais, and the Chablais Vaudois is in the Swiss canton of Vaud. The Chablais Alps is the mountain range situated between France and Switzerland.

Coat of arms
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Per fess Sable and Or, two displayed eagles 1-1 counterchanged.

Demographics
Aigle has a population of. , 37.0% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (1999–2009) the population has changed at a rate of 15.4%. It has changed at a rate of 14.7% due to migration and at a rate of 1.5% due to births and deaths.

Most of the population speaks French (6,362 or 80.0%), with Portuguese being second most common (278 or 3.5%) and Albanian being third (275 or 3.5%). There are 235 people who speak German, 264 people who speak Italian and 5 people who speak Romansh.

Of the population in the municipality 2,236 or about 28.1% were born in Aigle and lived there in 2000. There were 1,782 or 22.4% who were born in the same canton, while 1,188 or 14.9% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 2,402 or 30.2% were born outside of Switzerland.

In there were 56 live births to Swiss citizens and 41 births to non-Swiss citizens, and in same time span there were 54 deaths of Swiss citizens and 7 non-Swiss citizen deaths. Ignoring immigration and emigration, the population of Swiss citizens increased by 2 while the foreign population increased by 34. There were 7 Swiss men who emigrated from Switzerland. At the same time, there were 93 non-Swiss men and 88 non-Swiss women who immigrated from another country to Switzerland. The total Swiss population change in 2008 (from all sources, including moves across municipal borders) was an increase of 124 and the non-Swiss population increased by 118 people. This represents a population growth rate of 2.9%.

The age distribution,, in Aigle is; 933 children or 10.7% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 1,137 teenagers or 13.0% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population, 1,255 people or 14.3% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 1,068 people or 12.2% are between 30 and 39, 1,307 people or 14.9% are between 40 and 49, and 1,134 people or 13.0% are between 50 and 59. The senior population distribution is 940 people or 10.7% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 547 people or 6.3% are between 70 and 79, there are 352 people or 4.0% who are 80 and 89, and there are 77 people or 0.9% who are 90 and older.

, there were 3,227 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 3,809 married individuals, 502 widows or widowers and 417 individuals who are divorced.

, there were 3,342 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.3 persons per household. There were 1,158 households that consist of only one person and 251 households with five or more people. Out of a total of 3,400 households that answered this question, 34.1% were households made up of just one person and there were 19 adults who lived with their parents. Of the rest of the households, there are 869 married couples without children, 1,055 married couples with children. There were 202 single parents with a child or children. There were 39 households that were made up of unrelated people and 58 households that were made up of some sort of institution or another collective housing.

there were 567 single family homes (or 48.4% of the total) out of a total of 1,172 inhabited buildings. There were 294 multi-family buildings (25.1%), along with 214 multi-purpose buildings that were mostly used for housing (18.3%) and 97 other use buildings (commercial or industrial) that also had some housing (8.3%). Of the single family homes 130 were built before 1919, while 47 were built between 1990 and 2000. The most multi-family homes (111) were built before 1919 and the next most (52) were built between 1981 and 1990.

there were 4,178 apartments in the municipality. The most common apartment size was 3 rooms of which there were 1,502. There were 324 single room apartments and 585 apartments with five or more rooms. Of these apartments, a total of 3,286 apartments (78.7% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 565 apartments (13.5%) were seasonally occupied and 327 apartments (7.8%) were empty. , the construction rate of new housing units was 20.4 new units per 1000 residents. The vacancy rate for the municipality,, was 1.42%.

The historical population is given in the following chart:

Heritage sites of national significance
Aigle Castle and Museum De La Vigne, the Swiss Reformed Church of Saint-Maurice and the De la Dîme House are listed as Swiss heritage site of national significance. The entire town and castle of Aigle are listed as part of the Inventory of Swiss Heritage Sites.

Politics
In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the FDP which received 24.34% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the SVP (23.39%), the SP (20.74%) and the Green Party (9.87%). In the federal election, a total of 1,794 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 42.0%.

Economy
, Aigle had an unemployment rate of 8%. , there were 257 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 52 businesses involved in this sector. 1,236 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 99 businesses in this sector. 3,191 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 377 businesses in this sector. There were 3,618 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 43.4% of the workforce.

the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 3,944. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 165, of which 160 were in agriculture and 5 were in forestry or lumber production. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 1,189 of which 700 or (58.9%) were in manufacturing and 397 (33.4%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 2,590. In the tertiary sector; 752 or 29.0% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 136 or 5.3% were in the movement and storage of goods, 165 or 6.4% were in a hotel or restaurant, 12 or 0.5% were in the information industry, 99 or 3.8% were the insurance or financial industry, 206 or 8.0% were technical professionals or scientists, 251 or 9.7% were in education and 473 or 18.3% were in health care.

, there were 2,540 workers who commuted into the municipality and 1,821 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net importer of workers, with about 1.4 workers entering the municipality for every one leaving. About 2.8% of the workforce coming into Aigle are coming from outside Switzerland. Of the working population, 20.8% used public transportation to get to work, and 50.9% used a private car.

The Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI) is based in Aigle and many of its defamation lawsuits against critics have been heard in the nearby Est Vaudois district court of Vevey.

Religion
From the, 2,857 or 35.9% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church, while 2,853 or 35.9% were Roman Catholic. Of the rest of the population, there were 96 members of an Orthodox church (or about 1.21% of the population), there were 5 individuals (or about 0.06% of the population) who belonged to the Christian Catholic Church, and there were 211 individuals (or about 2.65% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There were two individuals who were Jewish, and 720 (or about 9.05% of the population) who were Muslim. There were 18 individuals who were Buddhist, 36 individuals who were Hindu and 27 individuals who belonged to another church. 657 (or about 8.26% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 473 individuals (or about 5.95% of the population) did not answer the question.

Education
In Aigle about 2,529 (31.8%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 664 (8.3%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 664 who completed tertiary schooling, 52.6% were Swiss men, 27.0% were Swiss women, 11.0% were non-Swiss men and 9.5% were non-Swiss women.

In the 2009/2010 school year there were a total of 1,091 students in the Aigle school district. In the Vaud cantonal school system, two years of non-obligatory pre-school are provided by the political districts. During the school year, the district provided pre-school care for a total of 205 children. There were 96 (46.8%) children who received subsidized pre-school care. There were 568 students in the primary school program, which last four years. The obligatory lower secondary school program lasts for six years and there were 478 students in those schools. There were also 45 students who were home schooled or attended another non-traditional school.

, there were 339 students in Aigle who came from another municipality, while 386 residents attended schools outside the municipality.

Notable people

 * Caroline Olivier née Ruchet (1803 in Aigle – 1879) Swiss poet
 * Charles Krafft (1863 in Aigle – 1921) Swiss surgeon who performed the first appendectomy
 * Gustave Doret (1866 in Aigle – 1943) a Swiss composer and conductor
 * Charles Émile Egli (1877 in Aigle – 1937) a Swiss-born illustrator and painter
 * Michel Mayor (born 1942 in Lausanne, but grew up in Aigle) Swiss astrophysicist and winner of the Nobel prize
 * Sébastien Buemi (born 1988 in Aigle) a Swiss professional racing driver
 * Siem de Jong (born 1989 in Aigle) a Dutch professional footballer
 * Luuk de Jong (born 1990 in Aigle) a Dutch professional footballer
 * Ridge Mobulu (born 1991 in Aigle) a Congolese footballer
 * Benjamin Kololli (born 1992 in Aigle) a Kosovar professional footballer
 * Fanny Smith (born 1992 in Aigle) a Swiss freestyle skier, competed at the 2010, 2014 and 2018 Winter Olympics, when she won bronze
 * Mersim Asllani (born 1999 in Aigle) a Swiss football player of Kosovan descent
 * Gino Mäder (born 1997 in Aigle) a Swiss professional cyclist

Twin towns – sister cities
Aigle is twinned with:

Transportation and the Transports Publics du Chablais
Aigle is a stop on the Swiss Federal Railway's (SBB CFF FFS) high speed Simplon line between Italy (Domodossola) north to Lausanne and Geneva. At the Aigle SBB CFF FFS station, connections can be made to three narrow gauge railways, the ASD, AL, and AOMC. The Aigle-Sepey-Diablerets railway's (ASD) route goes east and rises from Aigle to the ski resort of Diablerets. The Aigle-Leysin railway's (AL) route goes east and rises from Aigle to the ski resort and grand vista of Leysin. The Aigle-Ollon-Monthey-Champerey railway's (AOMC) route runs west from Aigle across the Rhone and valley, then climbs to the ski resort of Champery. These railways, plus the Bex–Villars–Bretaye railway (BVB) which runs east from Bex, a village just south of Aigle, are operated by Transports Publics du Chablais with the motto: "Depuis plus de cent ans et contre toute attente, des lignes des TPC reunissent plaine et montagne, Vaud et Valais, ville et campagne, terres catholiques et protestantes." Translated roughly: "For over 100 years and contrary to all expectations, the railways of TPC have joined plain and mountain, town and country, of the Vaud and Valais districts of Switzerland, land of both Catholics and Protestants." The TPC "motto" refers to the religious composition and history of the general region known historically as the Chablais which has known turmoil. In 1846–7, the Valais canton tried to secede from Switzerland with the intention of joining a proposed Catholic confederation of cantons called the Sonderbund, but this was put down by Swiss Federal troops. The ASD, the AL, and the BVB railways operate within the canton of Vaud. The AOMC operates in the Vaud and into the Canton of Valais when it crosses the Rhone to reach Monthey and Champery.

New construction rebuilt Aigle's Place de la Gare in partnership with municipal and canton administration and Swiss Federal Railways (SBB CFF FFS). The project provided new train platforms at the SBB CFF FFS station to accommodate the trains of the AL, ASD and AOMC. Also added was AOMC track alongside SBB CFF FFS track to a new TPC office and workshop at En Châlex. With approximately 3 million passengers using its facilities each year, Aigle is the second most important station in canton Vaud after Lausanne. (Source: Le Bleu Matin, 8.10.2007). There are plans, awaiting approval, for the extension of the Aigle-Leysin line beyond Leysin deep into the Berneuse whereby passengers will be able to travel, without transfers, to a site that provides magnificent views of the Alps, the Jura, and Lake Geneva. This project is an investment which will benefit the entire region and offer a boost to tourism, the region's No. 1 industry. Landslides have required periodic emergency work to stabilise above and below the trackside adjacent soil and rock, much of which is covered in coniferous forest. This has included the erection of 150 meters of mesh barrier to prevent falling rock reaching the tracks and to offer protection to railway workers.

Climate
Under the Köppen climate classification, Aigle has an oceanic climate (Köppen:Cfb). Aigle has an average of 118 days of precipitation per year and on average receives 1012 mm of precipitation. The wettest month is July during which time Aigle receives an average of 110 mm of precipitation. During this month there are 10.7 days with precipitation. The month with the most days of precipitation is May, with an average of 11.8, but with only 90 mm of precipitation. The driest month of the year is February with an average of 64 mm of precipitation over 7.8 days.

title: Aigle


text:
Jack Vettriano

Jack Vettriano (born Jack Hoggan, 17 November 1951 ) is a Scottish painter. His 1992 painting The Singing Butler became a best-selling image in Britain.

Early life
Jack Vettriano was born and grew up in the industrial seaside town of Methil, Fife. He was raised in poverty; he lived with his mother, father and older brother in a spartan miner's house, sharing a bed with his brother and wearing hand-me-down clothes. From the age of 10, his father sent him out delivering papers and milk, cleaning windows and picking potatoes – any job that would earn money. His father took half his earnings.

Vettriano left school at 16 and later became an apprentice mining engineer. For a short time in the late 1960s, he had a summer job as a bingo caller at the Beachcomber Amusements on Leven Promenade. Vettriano took up painting as a hobby in the 1970s, when a girlfriend bought him a set of watercolours for his 21st birthday. His earliest paintings, under his birth name "Jack Hoggan", were copies or pastiches of impressionist paintings; his first painting was a copy of Claude Monet's Poppy Fields. Much of his influence came from studying paintings at the Kirkcaldy Museum and Art Gallery. In 1984, Vettriano first submitted his work to the Shell-sponsored art exhibition in the museum.

In 1987, when he was 36, Vettriano left his wife Gail, seeking to emulate Paul Gauguin. He quit his job in educational research and moved to Edinburgh where he adopted his mother's maiden name. He applied to study Fine Art at the University of Edinburgh, but his portfolio was rejected.

Career
In 1988, Vettriano submitted two canvases for the Royal Scottish Academy annual show. Both paintings sold on the first day and Vettriano was approached by several galleries. Further exhibitions followed in Edinburgh, London, Hong Kong and Johannesburg. In November 1999, Vettriano's work was shown for the first time in New York City, when 21 paintings were displayed at The International 20th Century Arts Fair at The Armory. More than 40 collectors from the UK flew out for the event and 20 paintings were sold on the opening night.

In 1996 Sir Terence Conran commissioned Vettriano to create a series of paintings for his new Bluebird Gastrodome in London. The seven paintings, inspired by the life of Sir Malcolm Campbell, hung there for 10 years. Heartbreak Publishing, Vettriano's own publishing company, produced a boxed set featuring signed, limited-edition prints of all seven paintings to mark the 75th anniversary of Campbell's final World Land Speed Record. The Bluebird paintings were auctioned by Sotheby's at the Gleneagles Hotel in Perthshire on 30 August 2007 and made more than £1m in all: the most expensive was Bluebird at Bonneville, bought for £468,000.

Prices and values
His easel paintings cost between £48,000 and £195,000 new. According to The Guardian he earns £500,000 a year in print royalties. Vettriano's 1992 painting, The Singing Butler, has been the best-selling image in Britain. On 21 April 2004 the original canvas of The Singing Butler sold at auction for £744,500. It had been rejected in 1992 by the Royal Academy summer exhibition. The composition for the painting, as discovered by Scottish designer Sandy Robb, had been sourced from the Illustrator’s Figure Reference Manual.

In April 2010, seven out of ten paintings by Vettriano failed to sell at Sotheby's spring auction of Scottish pictures. Those that sold did so for half their previous prices. Art experts suggested that the monetary value of Vettriano's works needed reassessing.

Studios and publishing
Vettriano has studios in Scotland and London. He was represented by the Portland Gallery, London from 1993 to 2007, and counts Jack Nicholson, Sir Alex Ferguson, Sir Tim Rice and Robbie Coltrane amongst his collectors. To date, five books have been published about Vettriano, the most recent of which, Studio Life, was published in March 2008. In February 2009, Vettriano launched Heartbreak Publishing and his own London gallery, also called Heartbreak, which exclusively represents him, and also promotes younger artists.

In March 2010, Days of Wine And Roses was opened by Scottish First Minister Alex Salmond at the Kirkcaldy Museum. The exhibition then transferred to Vettriano's gallery in London.

Awards and honours
Vettriano received an Order of the British Empire (OBE) award for Services to Visual Arts during a ceremony at Buckingham Palace on Thursday 27 November 2003.

On 24 March 2010, Sir Jackie Stewart presented Vettriano with the Great Scot of the Year award. The award ceremony was held at the Boisdale Club in London. The award led MSP Ted Brocklebank to file a motion in parliament calling for Vettriano's contribution to Scottish culture to be recognised.

In February 2011, it was announced that Vettriano's self-portrait The Weight would be displayed at the re-opened Scottish National Portrait Gallery from November 2011, the first time he had exhibited at a national gallery. Deputy director Nicola Kalinsky said Vettriano was "a figure we have wanted on our wall for a while for obvious reasons". First Minister, Alex Salmond said of Vettriano, "He is a wonderful artist of considerable talent and achievement and this is a magnificent tribute to the special place he holds in the hearts of people in Scotland."

In May 2011, "The Ballroom Spy" exhibition opened at Vettriano's gallery; Heartbreak a new exhibition by Vettriano in collaboration with the photographer, Jeanette Jones was also scheduled. In July 2011, the exhibition transferred to the Royal West of England Academy in Bristol, which was viewed as a controversial choice by many.

In February 2012, Vettriano's most famous painting, The Singing Butler, went on display at the Aberdeen Art Gallery as part of an exhibition entitled, From Van Gogh to Vettriano.

In September 2013, a major exhibition, Jack Vettriano: A Retrospective, opened at Glasgow's Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum. It featured over 100 works and ran until 23 February 2014.

In 2015, a private collection of 12 works by Vettriano raised a total of £837,900 at an auction in Edinburgh.

Commissions
In January 2012, menswear brand Stefano Ricci launched its Spring Summer 2012 collection with a campaign inspired by the work of Jack Vettriano. The SS 2012 catalogue, entitled Stefano Ricci – a tribute to Vettriano, featured images by Vettriano and photographic re-interpretations shot by Fredi Marcarini featuring clothes and accessories from the Ricci 2012 collection. A short film about the 2012 Vettriano campaign commemorated the collaboration.

In 2017, he was one of three artists commissioned to paint portraits of Scottish comedian Billy Connolly to celebrate Connolly's 75th birthday. These were then put on display in Glasgow's People's Gallery, while the images were transferred to murals in the centre of Glasgow. Vettriano's mural is located in Dixon Street, off St Enoch Square. It was the subject of a BBC Scotland documentary first broadcast on 14 June 2017.

In 2018, Worthing's "Room with a View" gallery showcased 30 Vettriano paintings. Art dealer Jane Hill stated that Vettriano is "self-taught which I admire immensely. He has really pulled himself up from the depth of nowhere."

Artistic style
Vettriano is a self-taught artist in drawing and perspective who manipulates paint in veiled glazes and meaningful shadows. Vettriano's style has been compared to those of Hopper and Sickert, and his scudded beaches to those of Boudin. In many of his paintings, there is a hidden narrative, in enigmatic compositions, a starting point for dozens of short stories.

Criticism
According to The Daily Telegraph he has been described as the Jeffrey Archer of the art world, a purveyor of "badly conceived soft porn", and a painter of "dim erotica". According to Vanity Fair, critics say Jack Vettriano paints brainless erotica. Sandy Moffat, head of drawing and painting at Glasgow School of Art, said: "He can’t paint, he just colours in." The Guardian's art critic Jonathan Jones, described Vettriano's paintings as a group as "brainless" and said Vettriano "is not even an artist." Richard Calvocoressi, at the time director of the Scottish National Gallery of Modern Art, said: "I’d be more than happy to say that we think him an indifferent painter and that he is very low down our list of priorities (whether or not we can afford his work, which at the moment we obviously can’t). His 'popularity' rests on cheap commercial reproductions of his paintings."

In 2013 in The Guardian, art critic Jonathan Jones wrote: "Vettriano fixes on fetishistic, stylish objects and paints them with a slick, empty panache" and "The world of Jack Vettriano is a crass male fantasy that might have come straight out of Money by Martin Amis".

In The Scotsman, George Kerevan wrote "He suffers all the same criticisms of the early French Impressionists: mere wallpaper, too simplistic in execution and subject, too obviously erotic." Alice Jones wrote in The Independent that Vettriano has been labelled a chauvinist whose "women are sexual objects, frequently half naked and vulnerable, always in stockings and stilettos." Regarding the criticism, sculptor David Mach has said: "If he was a fashion designer Jack would be right up there. It’s all just art world snobbery. Anyway, who cares, he probably makes more money than Damien Hirst anyway."

In October 2005, after the original of The Singing Butler sold for £740,000, it came to light that Vettriano had used the artists' reference manual The Illustrator's Figure Reference Manual to form his figures, using Irish actress Orla Brady for the 'lady in red.'

Collaborations
Alongside fellow Fifer, author Ian Rankin, Vettriano put in a cameo appearance in a video with Scottish indie band Saint Jude's Infirmary made for BBC Scotland's The Music Show. The video was filmed on Portobello Beach in Edinburgh and included visual references to two of Vettriano's most famous paintings, Elegy for a Dead Admiral and The Singing Butler. The lyrics of the track Goodbye Jack Vettriano were written by band member Grant Campbell after seeing a Vettriano print on a pub wall in Rotterdam. Vettriano became a fan of the band after hearing their first album, Happy Healthy Lucky Month, and was inspired to create a painting which featured as the cover of the band's second album, for which both Vettriano and Rankin contributed spoken word pieces.

In May 2008, Vettriano collaborated with Sir Jackie Stewart, on a triptych of paintings entitled Tension, Timing, Triumph – Monaco 1971. The paintings were unveiled by Prince Albert of Monaco at a private reception at the Hôtel de Paris in Monaco on 21 May 2008. The originals hang in Stewart's private collection in the UK and the images have been published as a limited edition print.

Following on from the previous year's event in Monaco, Vettriano was invited to create a series of paintings to celebrate the centenary of Tuiga, the Yacht Club de Monaco's flagship yacht, which was built on the Clyde. The paintings were first shown in an exhibition, Homage à Tuiga, in Monaco and were part of a touring exhibition that opened at the Kirkcaldy Museum in Fife in March 2010.

Vettriano worked with the Italian photographer Fredi Marcarini, both on a series of photographs for the Homage à Tuiga exhibition and on a triptych of portrait shots. In May 2011, Vettriano collaborated on the exhibition The Ballroom Spy with the photographer Jeanette Jones.

In collaboration with fellow Fife native Stephen Anderson of Commercial Spirits, Vettriano launched Jack Vettriano Gin, a spirit product featuring four of Jack's paintings: The Singing Butler, Billy Boys, Along Came A Spider and A Kind of Loving. The brand was launched at the Forth Floor Bar & Restaurant in collaboration with Louise Masson, GM of Harvey Nichols, Edinburgh with an auction of four signed giclée paintings raising over £7000 for charity Bottle sets of #1, #2 and #3 were donated to the Lunch With an Old Bag, a charity auction on 7 September 2018 at Prestonfield House in Edinburgh

Philanthropy
In 2004 Vettriano set up a scholarship for University of St Andrews to fund a student who would not otherwise be able to attend university. The scholarship is awarded every four years. The endowment follows his financial contribution towards refurbishing the Students Association's Old Union Coffee Bar in 2002 and his involvement in student fashion shows. He was made a Doctor of Letters by the university.

Vettriano has donated several works of art to be sold in aid of charities, including the Terrence Higgins Trust. In September 2001, Vettriano donated a painting, Beautiful Dreamer to a charity auction, which was held at Sotheby's in aid of Help the Hospices. In 2008, a drawing he made of that subject sold at a charity auction in aid of the Oriel Plas Glyn-y-Weddw Gallery in Llanbedrog, North Wales in July, helping to keep the gallery open.

Vettriano donated a portrait of Zara Phillips MBE, entitled Olympia, to Sport Relief in 2008. The painting went to a charity fund-raising auction, selling at Bonhams for £36,000. In 2010, Vettriano created a postcard – alongside names such as Tracey Emin and Florence Welch – as part of a British Airways campaign for Sport Relief. The postcard raised over £2,000.

Also in 2010, Vettriano helped to raise money for the conservation movement Elephant Family by participating in an auction of donated elephant sculptures and models. Vettriano's elephant, The Singing Butler Rides Again, was the highest bid-for lot, selling for £155,000. Vettriano was also asked by First Minister, Alex Salmond to create his official Christmas card Let's Twist Again. The original painting and limited-edition prints later sold at auction for the benefit of four Scottish charities, raising £86,000.

Personal life
Divorced from his first wife, Vettriano divides his time between homes in London, Kirkcaldy, and Nice, France. In Kirkcaldy he lives in the boardroom section of the former Nairn linoleum factory, now converted into residential use.

In November 2004, he was awarded the OBE. He claims he has drawn inspiration for his paintings from "25 years of sexual misbehaviour". In 2010, he told The Independent: "I live in a world of heartbreak... I just seem to be more creative when I'm in some kind of emotional distress", adding "It's been four years of soul-searching – nicotine, alcohol, anti-depressants, temazepam".

In 2010 Vettriano said about relationships, "Whenever someone stays for longer than two days, I get cabin fever" and that he loves shoe-shopping with women.

He likes to gamble on horses, but only bets what he can afford to lose. He has set up the Vettriano Trust, and plans to leave his money to it to do good work.

In February 2012, Vettriano was convicted at Kirkcaldy Sheriff Court of drink-driving and possession of amphetamine. He was banned from driving for 18 months and fined £800. When stopped he told the police officer "You know who I am. We can sort this out."

In 2022 he announced that he had two significantly younger East European muses who had helped him overcome cocaine and alcohol addiction and inspired him to paint again. One works as a waitress in an Edinburgh bistro, and he met the other at a sale in Nice. He explained to The Telegraph - "I can't go on dating sites. I can’t go clubbing. I can hardly bloody walk, never mind dance. So the opportunities to meet the opposite sex are really dwindling. But it goes a long way to say 'oh, and by the way, look at my website'. They see it's not just Joe Ordinary, which almost definitely helps."

Books

 * Fallen Angels, edited by W. Gordon Smith, Pavilion Books, October 1999 (ISBN 978-1-86205-364-9).
 * Lovers and Other Strangers, text by Anthony Quinn, Pavilion Books on 30 October 2003 (ISBN 978-1-86205-630-5).
 * Jack Vettriano: A Life, text by Anthony Quinn, Pavilion Books on 25 October 2004 (ISBN 978-1-86205-646-6). (A reduced format version was published in 2007).
 * Studio Life, foreword by Ian Rankin, photographs by Jillian Edelstein, text by Tom Rawstorne, Pavilion Books on 28 March 2008 (ISBN 978-1-86205-743-2).
 * Women in Love, Pavilion Books on 5 May 2009 (ISBN 978-1-86205-855-2).
 * A Man's World, Pavilion Books on 5 May 2009 (ISBN 978-1-86205-856-9).

title: Jack Vettriano


text:
Waugh

Waugh is a surname ( or, or the Scots pronunciation sounding like "Woch" as in the Scots "Loch" (Lake) derived from the proto-Germanic Walhaz), and may refer to:

 * Ainsley Waugh (born 1981), Jamaican athlete
 * Andrew Scott Waugh (1810–1878), British Indian surveyor
 * Arthur Waugh (1866–1943), English author and publisher (father of Alec and Evelyn)
 * Alec Waugh (1898–1981), British novelist
 * Evelyn Waugh (1903–1966), British novelist
 * Auberon Waugh (1939–2001), British journalist and satirist (father of Alexander and Daisy)
 * Alexander Waugh (born 1963), British writer and journalist
 * Daisy Waugh (born 1967), British novelist and journalist
 * Arthur Waugh (priest) (1840–1922), English Anglican cleric
 * Arthur Waugh (civil servant) (1891–1968), British civil servant in India and folklorist
 * Arthur James Waugh (1909–1995)), Lord Mayor of Coventry 1962 and City Father
 * Barratt Waugh (born 1979), British countertenor singer
 * Benjamin Waugh (1839–1908), Victorian social reformer
 * Beverly Waugh (1789–1858), American bishop
 * Brian Kynaston Waugh (1922–1984), New Zealand aircraft designer
 * Bronagh Waugh (born 1982), a Northern Irish actress
 * Catherine Waugh McCulloch (1862–1945), American lawyer and suffragist
 * Clifton Waugh (born 1972), Jamaican footballer
 * David Waugh (1866–unknown), English professional footballer
 * Daniel Waugh (historian), American academic affiliated with the University of Washington in Seattle
 * Daniel W. Waugh (1842–1921), American representative from Indiana
 * Dean Waugh (born 1969), Australian cricketer, brother of Mark and Steve Waugh
 * Derek Waugh (born 1971), American athletics director at Dalton State College
 * Ed Waugh, British dramatist (collaborates with Trevor Wood)
 * Edward "Terry" Walter Rail Waugh (1913–1966), South African architect
 * Edwin Waugh (1817–1890), English poet
 * Frank Albert Waugh (1869–1943), American landscape architect, father of Frederick V.
 * Albert E. Waugh (1903–1985), American economist and provost of the University of Connecticut and son of Frank Albert
 * Frederick V. Waugh (1898–1974), American agricultural economist, son of Frank Albert and father of Margaret
 * Margaret Maxfield (née Waugh, 1926–2016), American mathematician, daughter of Frederick V.
 * Fred Waugh (1869–1919), Australian rules footballer
 * Geoff Waugh (born 1983), Canadian-Croatian ice hockey player
 * Hillary Waugh (1920–2008), American mystery novelist
 * Howard Waugh (1931–2009)), Canadian Football League player and 1st 1,000-yard rusher
 * Hubert Waugh (1898–1954), English cricketer
 * Ida Waugh (1846–1919), American illustrator
 * James Waugh (1831–1905), Scottish racehorse trainer
 * James Swanton Waugh (1822–1898), Australian Wesleyan priest of Irish origin
 * Jeff Waugh, Australian software engineer
 * Jewell Waugh (1910–2006), American politician
 * Jim Waugh (1933–2010), American baseball player (pitcher)
 * Jimmy Waugh (1898–1968)), British footballer
 * Joan Waugh, American historian
 * John Waugh (disambiguation), multiple individuals
 * Joseph Waugh (born 1952), British cyclist
 * Joseph Laing Waugh (1868–1928), Scottish businessman and writer
 * Keith Waugh (born 1956), English-born footballer, whose clubs included Peterborough United and Bristol City
 * Kevin Waugh (born 1955 or 1956), Canadian politician and former television sports journalist
 * Kim Waugh, Australian horse trainer
 * Mark Waugh (born 1965), Australian cricketer (twin brother of Steve)
 * Maury Waugh, American football (gridiron) coach
 * Mike Waugh (1955–2014), American politician
 * Michael Waugh (artist), American artist known for satirical drawings
 * Norman Waugh (1874–1934)), Australian rules footballer
 * Patricia Waugh (born 1956), English literary critic, Professor of English at Durham University
 * Phil Waugh (born 1979), Australian rugby union footballer
 * Pia Waugh (now known as Pia Andrews, born 1979), Australian policy advisor
 * Reuben Waugh (1875–1945), Canadian politician
 * Richard Deans Waugh (1868–1938), Canadian politician
 * Richard E. Waugh (born 1947), Deputy Chairman of Scotiabank
 * Ric Roman Waugh (born 1968), American film director
 * Richard Waugh (born 1961), voice actor
 * Robert T. Waugh (1919–1944), American Army Officer, Medal of Honor recipient
 * Russell Waugh (born 1941), Australian cricketer
 * Samuel Waugh (1814–1885), American painter
 * Frederick Judd Waugh (1861–1940), American marine painter and camouflage artist, son of Samuel
 * Coulton Waugh (1896–1973), British cartoonist, painter and author, son of Frederick Judd
 * Samuel C. Waugh (1890–1970), American banker, official with the U.S. Department of State
 * Scott L. Waugh (born 1948), American historian and academic administrator.
 * Scott Waugh (born 1970 or 1971), American film director
 * Sidney Waugh (1904–1963), American sculptor
 * Steve Waugh (born 1965), Australian cricketer (twin brother of Mark)
 * Sylvia Waugh (born 1935), British children's writer
 * Sir Telford Waugh (1865–1950)), British diplomat
 * Thomas Frederick Waugh, Canadian politician
 * Thomas Waugh (born 1948), Canadian critic, Film studies professor at Concordia University
 * Warwick Waugh (born 1968), Australian rugby union player
 * Warren Waugh (born 1980), English footballer
 * William Waugh (disambiguation), multiple people

You may be looking for
 * Dhondia Wagh (died 1800), also known as Dhoondiah Waugh, Indian soldier

title: Waugh


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USS Cambridge

Four ships of the United States Navy have been named USS Cambridge, after the various US places named Cambridge.

 * USS Cambridge (1860), was an armed steamship in use during the American Civil War.
 * USS Cambridge (1869), was a screw sloop renamed Congress on 10 August 1869 prior to her commissioning.
 * USS Cambridge (ID-1651), a steamship, was purchased by the Navy on 22 October 1917, and turned over to the 3rd Naval District for patrol service. She was found to be unsuitable for naval duty and was stricken from the Navy List on 1 March 1918 and sold a year later.
 * USS Cambridge (CA-126), was to have been an Oregon City-class cruiser heavy cruiser, but construction was canceled 12 August 1945.

title: USS Cambridge


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Atari Falcon

The Atari Falcon030 (usually shortened to Atari Falcon), released in 1992, is the final personal computer from Atari Corporation. A high-end model of the Atari ST line, the machine is based on a Motorola 68030 CPU and a Motorola 56001 digital signal processor, which distinguishes it from most other microcomputers of the era. It includes a new VIDEL programmable graphics system which greatly improves graphics capabilities.

Shortly after release, Atari bundled the MultiTOS operating system in addition to TOS. TOS remained in ROM, and MultiTOS was supplied on floppy disk and could be installed to boot from hard disk.

The Falcon was discontinued in late 1993–a year after its introduction–as Atari restructured itself to focus completely on the release and support of the Jaguar video game console. The Falcon sold in relatively small numbers, mainly to hobbyists.

Hardware

The heart of the system is the 32-bit Motorola 68030 clocked at 16 MHz. It runs at about 4 MIPS while displaying video modes with the fewest colors. Despite its 32-bit CPU, the Falcon does not have 32-bit architecture throughout its design, as it has a 16-bit data bus and a 24-bit address bus. This reduces the 68030's performance when not operating inside its tiny cache and limits the maximum system memory to ≈14 MB.

The microprocessor is optionally supported by a Motorola 56001 DSP clocked at 32 MHz and performing 16 million instructions per second. Although it is oriented to sound processing (it is directly connected to the RAM and codec via an interconnection matrix), it is also capable of graphics processing (for example, calculation of fractals, deformations, 3D projections, and JPEG decompression). It can even, jointly with the 68030, play MP3 files in real time.

Another innovation (for its time) is the VIDEL video controller. The possibilities offered by the graphics processor are limited only by its frequency (25/32 MHz core, adjustable to 50 MHz with a hardware accelerator) and the slowness of the RAM, as the graphics memory is shared with system memory which can degrade performance significantly when using high resolutions or video modes requiring many bit planes. The parameters are numerous; each timing of a video line (start, end, number of pixels, etc.) is adjustable, the image may be interlaced or not, and the vertical frequency can go down to 50 Hz interlaced to display on a television. The number of colors is also adjustable when VIDEL operates in bit plane mode. This mode is available for compatibility with the previous generation, but is quite complex to manage. There is also a true color 16-bit mode in which bits defining each pixel are grouped together to display 65,536 colors simultaneously, though CPU performance is degraded while displaying this mode.

In addition, Atari adopted the IDE bus in addition to the SCSI bus for connecting hard drives and CD-ROM drives. This allows for less expensive disk and CD-ROM devices, as SCSI interfaced devices remained relatively expensive. However, the IDE connector is internal and requires case modification to connect two hard disks or a single CD-ROM. The other drawback is that this early IDE port uses only programmed I/O unlike a SCSI drive that can directly access the RAM (DMA).

Specifications
Source:

 * Processor: Motorola 68030 at 16 MHz with MMU and 256 byte instruction and data caches
 * FPU: optional Motorola 68881 or 68882, PLCC socket
 * DSP: Motorola 56001 DSP chip at 32 MHz (16 MIPS)
 * Graphics: "VIDEL" fully programmable video controller
 * Palette of 262,144 possible colours (18 bit), 256 new color registers
 * Bitplane modes of 2, 4, 16 or 256 colors (1, 2, 4 or 8 bit)
 * Chunky 16-bit truecolor mode
 * RGB output can feed either 15 kHz RGB monitor or TV, old Atari SM124 monitor or a VGA monitor
 * Despite the capabilities of the Videl, the plain TOS allows the user the choice of only a few resolutions up to 640×480 (or even less in the case of 16-bit mode and VGA). In order to achieve the full potential of the Videl, one has to use one of the numerous existing alternative utilities, such as "Videlity", "Videl Inside", "Blow UP", etc.
 * BLiTTER graphics co-processor at 16 MHz (mainly for backward compatibility with STE)
 * Backwards compatible with all ST resolutions
 * Character set: Atari ST character set, based on codepage 437
 * Audio:
 * 16-bit audio input and output up to 50 kHz - 8 stereo channels
 * SDMA sound/DMA co-processor
 * Yamaha Y3439-F 3 Channel PSG (for backward compatibility with ST)
 * Memory: 1, 4, or 14 MB of RAM with 512 KB ROM
 * Bus speed: 16 MHz, Bus width: 16 bit
 * Drives and I/O:
 * 2.5 inch IDE hard disk - internal
 * 1.44 MB 3.5 inch PC-compatible floppy disk - internal
 * External SCSI-II connector
 * MIDI IN and OUT
 * 2x serial ports
 * Bidirectional LPT port
 * DSP port with I²S buses for external expansions as ADCs/DACs, S/PDIF or ADAT interfaces
 * 2× 9-pin mouse/joystick ports
 * 2× analog joystick (compatible with STE and Jaguar)
 * ROM/Cartridge port used mainly by dongles and some expansion cards
 * LocalTalk-compatible LAN port

Legacy
Atari created a number of prototypes of the Falcon040 (based on the more capable fully pipelined, integrated-FPU, Motorola 68040, and using a "microbox" case), but canceled it. The microbox case resembled the later Sony PlayStation 2, right down to the ability to run it vertically or horizontally. It is even referenced in the PS2 patent applications.

In 1995, the music company C-Lab bought the rights to the Falcon hardware design and began producing their own versions. The Falcon Mk I was a direct continuation of Atari's Falcon030 with TOS 4.04. The Falcon Mk II addressed a number of shortcomings in the original design, making it more suitable to use in a recording studio (these were unofficially termed 'Cubase modifications') such as accepting Line-level audio in without the need for a pre-amp or mixer. The Falcon Mk X was mounted in a 19" 1U rack case, with external keyboard and space for internal SCSI hard disk drives.

Due to its expansion capabilities, several accelerators have been produced. Some of them overclock the CPU and/or the bus, while others upgrade the CPU to a Motorola 68060.

title: Atari Falcon


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Ballyfin

Ballyfin ( or alternatively "town of Fionn") is a village and parish in the Slieve Bloom Mountains in County Laois, Ireland. It is around 8km west of Portlaoise, on the L21121 local road which joins the R423 regional road between Mountrath and Mountmellick.

There are hill walks nearby in the Slieve Bloom Mountains. Most of the area is covered in forest.

Ballyfin Demesne
Ballyfin Demesne is a 600-acre estate that was successively home to the O'Mores, the Crosbys, the Poles, the Wellesley-Poles and the Cootes. Over the years, several houses have stood on the site. The present building is a neo-classical mansion built by Sir Charles Coote, 9th Baronet (1794–1864) in the 1820s to designs by the leading Irish architects, Richard (1767–1849) and William Vitruvius Morrison (1794–1838).

For much of the twentieth century, it served as a school, having been sold in 1928 by Sir Ralph Coote to the Patrician Brothers, a Roman Catholic teaching order. From 2002, it was the subject of a restoration project, and in May 2011, it opened its doors as a country house hotel.

History
According to legend, Fionn Mac Cumhaill is said to have been raised here. Fionn ate the Salmon of Knowledge which gave him untold knowledge. Later he became leader of the Fianna. In the medieval period Ballyfin was part of the cantred of Laoighis Reta, the territory of the Ó Mordha, or O'More, clan who lost out in the Laois-Offaly plantations, the most comprehensive settlement of the Tudor conquest of Ireland. In 1550 Edmund Fay was granted a lease for Ballyfin and about this date Ballyfin appears for the first time on the so-called Cotton Map (British Museum) where it is marked as a clearing in densely forested land. About 1600, Sir Piers Crosby purchased lands including Ballyfin and erected a castle. By 1637, Ballyfin was raised to manorial status, but Crosby was on the wrong side in the turmoil of the 1640s and by May 1666, the estate was conferred on Periam Pole, a recent arrival from Devon. His successor William Pole built a 'modern house' to replace the Crosby castle and his son, another William (died 1781), together with his wife Lady Sarah Moore, (died 1780) daughter of the 5th Earl of Drogheda, set about transforming the demesne into one of the finest examples of the natural style of gardening to be found in Ireland. Centred on its 30-acre man-made lake, the landscape was much admired by Emily, Countess of Kildare, from Carton house in the adjoining county of Kildare who in a letter to her husband described Ballyfin as 'a most delightful place indeed, much beyond any place I have seen in Ireland'.

William Pole was succeeded by his cousin, William Wellesley (1763-1845), who was the elder brother of Arthur Wellesley, the future Duke of Wellington and who adopted the Pole name to become William Wellesly-Pole. Preoccupied with his political career in England, Wellesly-Pole left Ballyfin uninhabited for long periods, though he continued his predecessors' improvements to the demesne, employing the landscape designer John Webb.

In 1813, Wellesly-Pole sold Ballyfin to the young Sir Charles Coote, who had inherited the family baronetcy from his cousin the 7th, and last, Earl of Mountrath. The Cootes had been settled in Ireland since the arrival of the first Sir Charles Coote in 1601. An ambitious, indeed ruthless, soldier, Coote (1581–1661) had carved out vast estates in Ireland and been made a baronet by James I, before being killed at the siege of Trim in the 1641 Rebellion. Sir Charles’s descendant and namesake, together with his wife Caroline, set about rebuilding Ballyfin on a magnificent scale. Sir Charles enjoyed ownership of Ballyfin until his death in 1864, when he was succeeded by his son, also Sir Charles. He in turn was succeeded by his brother the Rev. Algernon Coote, whose grandson Ralph finally sold Ballyfin in the 1920s as Irish Independence hastened the demise of the Big House.

The estate was purchased by the Patrician Brothers, a Roman Catholic teaching order who ran a much-loved school from the estate, and who in 1928 added a wing to the house. In 2002, a decline in the number of brothers led the order to sell, and the school was moved to the nearby village of Mountrath. The estate was purchased by Fred and Kay Krehbiel, a Chicago couple with strong Irish connections, who partnered with Jim Reynolds to form Ballyfin Demesne Ltd. After a nine-year restoration project, Ballyfin opened as a luxury hotel in May 2011.

Architecture
The house, built in the 1820s by the father and son team Richard Morrison and William Vitruvius Morrison, is widely acknowledged as one of the most important examples of nineteenth-century neo-classical architecture in Ireland and is famed for its elaborate interior design in the Empire style. Originally, Dominck Madden (died 1837) was retained and work commenced on a house built to a long symmetrical H-plan, a short distance from the present structure. Madden was, however, sacked by the Cootes and the Morrisons employed in his stead. On the advice of Richard Morrison, the Cootes made the difficult decision to demolish what had been completed of Madden’s building and to build afresh on a new site more favourably removed from the stables and farm buildings.

The house as constructed by the Morrisons is austerely neo-classical on the exterior, with a thirteen-bay façade broken by a portico with giant ionic columns. The Entrance Hall, enlivened with a richly-patterned Roman mosaic brought back from Italy in 1822, leads into the Grand Saloon in the centre of the house. Notable features of the interior include the richness of the stuccowork and the variety of scagliola deployed while the decoration is enhanced by the exotic marquetry of the floors. Design sources liberally plundered by the Morrisons include Percier and Fontaine’s Palais, Maisons et autres Edificies Modernes (1798) and Iberian Moorish designs collected by James Cavanagh-Murphy. The inlaid floor of the Rotonda is based on the Lion Court of the Alhambra Palace, Granada, while the ceiling of the Stair Hall is influenced by Coleshill, Berkshire, attributed to Inigo Jones, and included in Isaac Ware's A Complete Body of Architecture (1756). However, all these disparate elements fuse organically into a masterpiece of early nineteenth-century Irish architecture.

The most notable architectural addition to Ballyfin after the time of the Morrisons was a glass Conservatory by Richard Turner (1798–1881) added at some point after 1855 and accessed through a concealed door in a bookcase in the Library. At about the same date a folly in the form of a ruined medieval tower was constructed on the site of an old limekiln at the highest point of the estate.

Restoration
Having fallen into disrepair over the years, Ballyfin has been painstakingly restored over the course of the last decade. The urgent need for repairs had become all too apparent when a part of the ceiling in the Gold Drawing Room collapsed having been undermined by wet rot. Masonry was falling from the façade and the Conservatory, choked with overgrown vegetation, was in a dangerous state. This attracted the attention of the Irish Georgian Society, who organized a fund-raising campaign. Despite this, the future of one of Ireland’s finest houses was perilously uncertain, until Ballyfin's acquisition by the Krehbiels.

The restoration project has taken nine years – significantly longer than it took to build the house in the first place. Every single aspect of the house from the roof down required remedial attention. Skilled craftsmen worked on the elaborate inlaid floors, repaired the gilding and the stuccowork or treated the stone work of the house which was disintegrating. Overseen by Jim Reynolds, the restoration project combined the conservation expertise of Purcell Miller Tritton and John J. O’Connell, Architects, who had previously been in charge of the restoration of Fota, County Cork, another house designed by the Morrisons. Woody Clark acted as Project Manager.

The project served to highlight the wealth of traditional building skills that are still available in Ireland. The principal contractors were James Farrell Construction from Carlow, while Cornerstone Construction of Cobh acted as the main interior contractors. The decoration was done by CF Quality Decorators Ltd from Laois, whilst the joinery was done by Teamwoodcraft, also based in Laois.

The house and estate are now strictly private to hotel guests.

Sport
The village also has a Gaelic Athletic Association club called Ballyfin GAA.

People

 * Michael Beary – Irish Army general and former UNIFIL commander
 * Sir Algernon Coote, 11th Baronet, first-class cricketer
 * Noel Fitzpatrick, vet on Channel 4's The Supervet

title: Ballyfin