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Sumner Welles

Benjamin Sumner Welles (October 14, 1892 –September 24, 1961) was an American government official and diplomat. He was a major foreign policy adviser to President Franklin D. Roosevelt and served as Under Secretary of State from 1936 to 1943, during Roosevelt's presidency.

Born in New York City to a wealthy, well-connected political family, Welles graduated from Harvard College in 1914. He entered the Foreign Service at the advice of Franklin Roosevelt, who was a family friend. Welles was excited by Woodrow Wilson's ideas about how American principles could reorder the international system based on liberal democracy, free-trade capitalism, international law, a league of nations, and an end to colonialism.

Welles specialized in Latin American diplomatic affairs and served several posts in Washington and in the field. President Calvin Coolidge distrusted Welles because of his divorce, and dismissed him from the foreign service. Welles left public service for some years, and wrote a book on the history of the Dominican Republic.

When Roosevelt was elected president in 1932, he put Welles in charge of Latin American affairs as Assistant Secretary of State for Latin American Affairs. Welles became heavily involved in negotiations that removed Cuban president Gerardo Machado from power and replaced him with rival Carlos Manuel de Céspedes y Quesada. He was later promoted to Under Secretary of State, in which role he continued to be active in Latin American issues, but also expanded into European affairs as World War II began in Europe in 1939. In 1940, he issued the Welles Declaration which condemned Soviet occupation of the Baltic states and proved to be a minor point of contention among the Soviets and their Western allies once the U.S. entered the war in 1941. Welles used American power and his senior position to intrude into the domestic affairs of other countries, especially choosing leaders who supported American policies. After the fall of France, he downgraded French affairs because they no longer were a major power. Roosevelt relied on Welles much more than on the official Secretary of State, Cordell Hull, who became the enemy of Welles.

Welles was forced out of government service by Secretary Hull after his enemies began to spread word of a 1943 incident in which he had propositioned two male railroad porters for sex. Returning to private life, he continued to write books on foreign relations and became an advisor to media organizations. He was a target of the House Un-American Activities Committee during the post-war "red scare", though he was never formally sanctioned. He died in New Jersey in 1961, survived by his third wife and 2 children from his first marriage.

Early life
Benjamin Sumner Welles was born in New York City, the son of Benjamin Sumner Welles Jr. (1857–1935) and Frances Wyeth Swan (1863–1911). He preferred to be called Sumner after his famous relative Charles Sumner, a leading Senator from Massachusetts during the Civil War and Reconstruction. His family was wealthy and was connected to the era's most prominent families. He was a grandnephew of Caroline Webster Schermerhorn Astor, known as "the Mrs. Astor". Among his ancestors were Thomas Welles, a colonial Governor of Connecticut, and Increase Sumner, Governor of Massachusetts from 1797 to 1799. Although the two men were occasionally mistaken for cousins, Welles was no relation to director Orson Welles.

The Welles family was also connected to the Roosevelts. A cousin of Sumner Welles married James "Rosy" Roosevelt, Jr., half-brother of future President Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR). At the age of 10, Welles was entered in Miss Kearny's Day School for Boys in New York City. In September 1904, he entered Groton School in Massachusetts, where he remained for six years. There he roomed with Hall Roosevelt, the brother of Eleanor Roosevelt. In March 1905 at the age of 12 Welles served as a page at Franklin D. Roosevelt's wedding to Eleanor.

Welles attended Harvard College where he studied "economics, Iberian literature and culture", and graduated after three years in 1914.

Diplomatic career
After graduating from Harvard, Welles followed the advice of Franklin Delano Roosevelt and joined the U.S. Foreign Service. A New York Times profile described him while he joined the foreign service: "Tall, slender, blond, and always correctly tailored, he concealed a natural shyness under an appearance of dignified firmness. Although intolerant of inefficiency, he brought to bear unusual tact and a self-imposed patience." He secured an assignment to Tokyo, where he served in the embassy as third secretary only briefly.

Latin America
Welles soon became a specialist in Latin American affairs. He served in Buenos Aires, Argentina in 1919 and became fluent in Spanish. In 1921, Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes appointed him to head the Division of Latin American Affairs.

In March 1922, Welles briefly resigned from the State Department. He was unsympathetic to the view held by American diplomacy that military might was meant to protect the overseas interests of U.S. business. Hughes brought him back the next year as a special commissioner to the Dominican Republic. His particular assignment was to oversee the withdrawal of U.S. forces and to negotiate protection for overseas investors in the Dominican Republic's debt. Welles remained in that post for three years and his work was accomplished after his departure in a 1924 treaty.

In 1924, U.S. President Calvin Coolidge sent Welles to act as mediator between disputing parties in Honduras. The country had lacked a legitimate government since the election of 1923 failed to produce a majority for any candidate and the legislature had failed to exercise its power to appoint a new president. Negotiations managed by Welles from April 23 to 28 produced an interim government under General Vicente Tosta, who promised to appoint a cabinet representing all factions and to schedule a presidential election as soon as possible in which he would not be a candidate. Negotiations ended with the signing of an agreement aboard the USS Milwaukee in the port of Amapala.

Years out of government service

Coolidge, however, disapproved of Welles' 1925 marriage to Mathilde Scott Townsend, who had only recently divorced the President's friend, Senator Peter Gerry of Rhode Island. He promptly ended Welles' diplomatic career.

Welles then retired to his estate at Oxon Hill, Maryland. He devoted himself to writing and his two-volume history of the Dominican Republic, Naboth's Vineyard: The Dominican Republic, 1844–1924 appeared in 1928. Time described the work as "a ponderous, lifeless, two-volume work which was technically a history of Santo Domingo, actually a careful indictment of U.S. foreign policy in the Hemisphere". James Reston summarized its thesis: "we should keep in our own back yard and stop claiming rights for ourselves that we denied to other sovereign States".

He served as an unofficial adviser to Dominican President Horacio Vásquez.

During the presidential election of 1932, Welles provided foreign policy expertise to the Roosevelt campaign. He was a major contributor to the campaign as well.

Cuba

In April 1933, FDR appointed Welles Assistant Secretary of State for Latin American Affairs, but when a revolution in Cuba against President Gerardo Machado left its government divided and uncertain, he became instead the President's special envoy to Cuba. He arrived in Havana in May 1933. His mission was to negotiate a settlement so that the U.S. could avoid intervening as U.S. law, namely the Platt Amendment of 1901, required.

His instructions were to mediate "in any form most suitable" an end to the Cuban situation. Welles promised Machado a new commercial treaty to relieve economic distress if Machado reached a political settlement with his opponents, Colonel Dr. Cosme de la Torriente, from the Nationalist Union; Joaquín Martínez Sáenz, for ABC; Nicasio Silveira, for the Revolutionary Radical Cellular Organization; and Dr. Manuel Dorta-Duque, representing the delegation of the University of Havana. Machado believed the U.S. would help him survive politically. Welles promised the opponents of Machado's government a change of government and participation in the subsequent administration, if they joined the mediation process and supported an orderly transfer of power. One crucial step was persuading Machado to issue an amnesty for political prisoners so that the opposition leaders could appear in public. Machado soon lost faith in Welles and denounced U.S. interference as a colonialist adventure. Welles' mediation process conferred political legitimacy on sectors of the opposition that participated and allowed the U.S. to assess their viability as long-term political allies. Unable to influence Machado, Welles met with Rafael Guas Inclan, president of the Chamber of Representatives, at the home of newspaper publisher Alfredo Hornedo, and requested that he initiate impeachment proceedings against the president. When Guas harshly rebuffed him, Welles then negoiotiated an end to his presidency, with support from General Alberto Herrera, Colonels Julio Sanguily, Rafael del Castillo, and Erasmo Delgado after threatening U.S. intervention under the Platt Amendment and the restructuring of the Cuban army high command.

In 1937, FDR promoted Welles to Under Secretary, and the Senate promptly confirmed the appointment. Indicative of ongoing rivalries within the State Department, Robert Walton Moore, an ally of Secretary of State Hull was appointed the department's Counselor at the same time, a position equal in rank to that of Under Secretary.

World War II
In the week following Kristallnacht, in November 1938, the British government offered to give the major part of its quota of 65,000 British citizens eligible for emigration to the United States to Jews fleeing Hitler. Under-Secretary Welles opposed this idea, as he later recounted:

"I reminded the Ambassador that the President stated there was no intention on the part of his government to increase the quota for German nationals. I added that it was my strong impression that the responsible leaders among American Jews would be the first to urge that no change in the present quota for German Jews be made...The influential Sam Rosenman, one of the 'responsible' Jewish leaders sent Roosevelt a memorandum telling him that an 'increase of quotas is wholly inadvisable. It will merely produce a 'Jewish problem' in the countries increasing the quota.'"

Welles headed the American delegation to the 21-nation Pan American conference that met in Panama in September 1939. He said the conference had been planned in earlier hemispheric meetings in Buenos Aires and Lima and he emphasized the need for consultation on economic issues to "cushion the shock of the dislocation of inter-American commerce arising from the war" in Europe.

In February and March 1940 Welles visited Vatican City, Italy, Germany, and France;  (he visited President Albert Lebrun on March 7) and England to receive and discuss German peacemaking proposals. Hitler feared that the purpose of his visits was to drive a wedge between Germany and Italy.

Soviet occupation of the Baltics
On July 23, 1940, following the principles of the Stimson Doctrine, Welles issued a statement that became known as the Welles Declaration. In the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 23, 1939, Germany agreed to allow the Soviet Union to occupy and annex the three Baltic states of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. Welles condemned those actions and refused to recognize the legitimacy of Soviet rule in those countries. More than 50 countries later followed the U.S. in this position.

The declaration was a source of contention during the subsequent alliance between the Americans, the British, and the Soviets, but Welles persistently defended the declaration. In a discussion with the media, he asserted that the Soviets had maneuvered to give "an odor of legality to acts of aggression for purposes of the record."

In a 1942 memorandum describing his conversations with British Ambassador Lord Halifax, Welles stated that he would have preferred to characterize the plebiscites supporting the annexations as "faked." In April 1942, he wrote that the annexation was "not only indefensible from every moral standpoint, but likewise extraordinarily stupid." He believed any concession on the Baltic issue would set a precedent that would lead to additional border struggles in eastern Poland and elsewhere.

Rivalries
A New York Times profile described Welles in 1941: "Tall and erect, never without his cane,... he has enough dignity to be Viceroy of India and... enough influence in this critical era to make his ideas, principles, and dreams count."

He appeared on the cover of Time on August 11, 1941, and in that issue Time assessed Welles' role within Hull's Department of State:

"Sumner Welles is one of the very few career men ever to become Under Secretary of State, and as matters now stand may eventually become Secretary....Grave, saintly Mr. Hull, never an expert at paper-shuffling, has long left the actual administration of the Department to his chief aide, Sumner Welles. And Cordell Hull may choose not to retire. But even if Welles never becomes Secretary, he will still hold his present power: through Presidential choice, his own ability, background and natural stamina, he is the chief administrative officer of U.S. foreign policy."

Roosevelt was always close to Welles and made him the central figure in the State Department, much to the chagrin of secretary Cordell Hull, who could not be removed because he had a powerful political base.

The clash became more public in mid-1943, when Time reported "a flare-up of long-smoldering hates and jealousies in the State Department". After Welles was forced out of office, journalists noted that two men who shared "aims and goals" were at odds because of a "clash of temperament and ambitions".

Resignation
Welles was a closeted bisexual. In September 1940, Welles accompanied Roosevelt to the funeral of former Speaker of the House William B. Bankhead in Huntsville, Alabama. While returning to Washington by train, Welles – who was drunk and under the influence of barbiturates – solicited sex from two male African-American Pullman car porters. Cordell Hull dispatched his confidant, former Ambassador William Bullitt, to provide details of the incident to Republican Senator Owen Brewster of Maine. Brewster, in turn, gave the information to journalist Arthur Krock, a Roosevelt critic; and to Senators Styles Bridges and Burton K. Wheeler. When FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover would not release the file on Welles, Brewster threatened to initiate a senatorial investigation into the incident. (In 1995, Deke DeLoach told C-SPAN's Brian Lamb on Booknotes that file cabinets behind J. Edgar Hoover's secretary Helen Gandy contained two-and-a-half drawers of files, including information about "an undersecretary of state who had committed a homosexual act." ) Roosevelt was embittered by the attack on his friend, believing they were ruining a good man, but he was obliged to accept Welles's resignation in 1943. Roosevelt particularly blamed Bullitt; his son Elliott Roosevelt wrote that President Roosevelt believed that Bullitt had bribed the porters to entrap Welles.

In August 1943, reports that Welles had resigned as Under-Secretary of State circulated for more than a week. The press reported it as fact on August 24, despite the lack of an official announcement. Writing in The New York Times, Arthur Krock said that opinion in Washington saw Welles's departure as an attempt to end factionalism in the State Department: "The long-existing struggle disorganized the department, bred Hull and Welles factions among its officials, confused those having business with the department and finally produced pressure on the President to eliminate the causes." Despite the "personal fondness" of the President and his wife for Welles, he continued, the President sided with Hull because supporting a subordinate would promote revolts in other government agencies, Hull was politically connected and popular with Congress, and the Senate, he was told, would not support Welles for Secretary of State or any other office. Krock added a cryptic explanation: "Other incidents arising made the disagreements between the two men even more personal. It was those which aroused the Senate to opposition to Mr. Welles that was reported to the President."

While Welles vacationed in Bar Harbor, Maine, "where he held to diplomatically correct silence", speculation continued for another month without official word from the White House or the State Department. Observers continued to focus on the Hull–Welles relationship and believed that Hull forced the President to choose between them to end "departmental cleavage". Others read the situation politically and blamed FDR's "appeasement of Southern Democrats". Without confirming his resignation or speaking on the record, Welles indicated he would accept any new assignment the President proposed. Finally, on September 26, 1943, the President announced the resignation of Welles and the appointment of Edward R. Stettinius as the new Under-Secretary of State. He accepted Welles' resignation with regret and explained that Welles was prompted to leave government service because of "his wife's poor health". Welles' letter of resignation was not made public as was customary and one report concluded, "The facts of this situation remained obscure tonight." Time summarized the reaction of the press: "Its endorsement of Sumner Welles was surprisingly widespread, its condemnation of Franklin Roosevelt and Cordell Hull surprisingly severe." It also described the resignation's impact: "In dropping Sumner Welles [Hull] had dropped the chief architect of the US's Good Neighbor Policy in South America, an opponent of those who would do business with Fascists on the basis of expediency, a known and respected advocate of U.S. cooperation in international affairs. The U.S. still awaits a clarification of its foreign policy and the forced resignation of Sumner Welles made an already murky issue even more obscure."

Later years
Welles made his first public appearance following his resignation in October 1943. Speaking to the Foreign Policy Association, he sketched his views of the postwar world, including American participation in a world organization with military capability. He also proposed the creation of regional organizations. He also called on the President to express his opinions and help shape public opinion, praising him at length as "rightly regarded throughout the world as the paladin of the forces of liberal democracy" without once mentioning Hull.

Continuing his career-long focus on Latin America, he said that "if we are to achieve our own security every nation of the Western Hemisphere must also obtain the same ample measure of assurance as ourselves in the world of the future." He also foresaw the end to colonialism as a guiding principle of the new world order:

"Can the peaceful, the stable, and the free world for which we hope be created if it is envisioned from the outset as half slave and half free?—if hundreds of millions of human beings are told that they are destined to remain indefinitely under alien subjection? New and powerful nationalistic forces are breaking into life throughout the earth, and in particular in the vast regions of Africa, of the Near East, and of the Far East. Must not these forces, unless they are to be permitted to start new and devastating inundations, be canalized through the channels of liberty into the great stream of constructive and cooperative human endeavor?"

In 1944, Welles lent his name to a fundraising campaign by the United Jewish Appeal to bring Jewish refugees from the Balkans to Palestine. The same year, he authored The Time for Decision. His proposals for the war's end included modifications in Germany's borders to transfer East Prussia to Poland and to extend Germany's eastern border to include German-speaking populations farther east. Then, he suggested dividing Germany into three states, all of which would be included in a new European customs union. A politically divided Germany would be integrated to an economically cohesive Europe. He also "favoured the transfer of populations to bring ethnic distributions into conformity with international boundaries." With the public engaged in the debate over America's postwar role, The Time for Decision sold half a million copies.

Welles became a prominent commentator and author on foreign affairs. In 1945, he joined the American Broadcasting Company to guide the organization of the "Sumner Welles Peace Forum," a series of four radio broadcasts providing expert commentary on the San Francisco Conference, which wrote the founding document of the United Nations. He undertook a project to edit a series of volumes on foreign relations for Harvard University Press.

In 1948, Welles authored We Need Not Fail, a short book that first presented a history and evaluated the competing claims to Palestine. He argued that American policy should insist on the fulfillment of the 1947 promise of the United Nations General Assembly to establish two independent states within an economic union and policed by a United Nations force. He criticized American officials whose obsession with the Soviets required submission to Arab and oil interests. Enforcing the decision of the United Nations was his overarching concern because it was an opportunity to establish the organization's role on the international stage that no other interest could trump.

Later that year, the American Jewish Congress presented Welles with a citation that praised his "courageous championing of the cause of Israel among the nations of the world."

On December 7, 1948, Welles appeared before HCUA as part of its investigation into allegations between Whittaker Chambers and Alger Hiss (part of the Hiss Case). Later that month (and after the death of his friend Laurence Duggan), he suffered a serious heart attack.

In April 1950, Senator Joseph McCarthy repeatedly charged that the Institute of Pacific Relations (IPR), an organization that fostered the study of the Far East and the Pacific, was a communist front. Welles was a member of the American branch of the IPR.

He remained always in the public eye. For example, his departure on the Île de France for Europe was noted even as he declined to comment on charges made by McCarthy about communists in the State Department.

He sold his estate outside Washington in 1952, when Oxon Hill Manor became the home of a "huge collection of Americana."

In 1956, Confidential, a scandal magazine, published a report of the 1940 Pullman incident and linked it to his resignation from the State Department, along with additional instances of inappropriate sexual behavior or drunkenness. Welles had explained the 1940 incident to his family as nothing more than drunken conversation with the train staff. His son Benjamin Welles wrote of the incident in his father's biography as drunken advances to several porters at about 4 a.m. that were rejected and then reported to government and railway officials.

Personal life
On April 14, 1915, Sumner Welles married Esther "Hope" Slater of Boston, the sister of a Harvard roommate, in Webster, Massachusetts. She came from a similarly prominent family that owned a textile empire based in Massachusetts. She was descended from industrialist Samuel Slater and granddaughter of the Boston painter William Morris Hunt. Welles and his wife had two sons: Benjamin Welles (1916–2002), a foreign correspondent for The New York Times, later his father's biographer, and Arnold Welles (1918–2002)

In 1923, Slater obtained a divorce from Welles in Paris "on grounds of abandonment and refusal to live with his wife".

Welles occasionally gained public notice for his art dealings. In 1925, for example, he sold a collection of Japanese screens that had been on exhibit at the Metropolitan Museum of Art for several years.

On June 27, 1925, Welles married Mathilde Scott Townsend (1885–1949), "a noted international beauty" whose portrait had been painted by John Singer Sargent, in upstate New York. Until World War II, the Welles' lived on Massachusetts Avenue in Washington, D.C., in the landmark Townsend Mansion, which later became the home of the Cosmos Club. Mathilde died of peritonitis in 1949 while vacationing in Switzerland with Welles.

Welles spent the bulk of his time a few miles outside of Washington in the Maryland countryside at a 49-room "country cottage" known as Oxon Hill Manor designed for him by Jules Henri de Sibour and built on a 245-acre property in 1929. He entertained foreign dignitaries and diplomats there and hosted informal meetings of senior officials. FDR used the site as an occasional escape from the city as well.

On January 8, 1952, Welles married Harriette Appleton Post, a childhood friend (and a granddaughter of architect George B. Post, designer of the New York Stock Exchange) who had previously married and divorced twice, and had resumed the use of her maiden name, in New York City at the bride's home on Fifth Avenue.

He died on September 24, 1961, at age 68 in Bernardsville, New Jersey. He is buried in Rock Creek Cemetery in Washington, D.C.

Legacy
The biography written by his son Benjamin Welles concludes:

"Sumner Welles made four major contributions to the Roosevelt era. He conceived and carried out the Good Neighbor policy, arguably the all-time, high-water mark in U.S.–Latin American relations. With Roosevelt, Churchill and Alexander Cadogan, he wrote the Atlantic Charter, the cornerstone of the United Nations. In mid–World War II, at FDR's direction, he drafted the original UN Charter. And during and after the war, he threw his support behind a national homeland for the Jews: Israel. The Good Neighbor policy and the Atlantic Charter are largely memories. The United Nations and Israel endure."

Winston Churchill, who made the phrase "No comment" famous, cited Welles as his source for the cryptic response.

Welles' papers are held by the National Archives at the Franklin D. Roosevelt Library in Hyde Park, New York.

The street adjacent to the current Embassy of the United States in Riga, Latvia was named after Sumner Welles (as Samnera Velsa iela) in 2012.

Works

 * The Time for Decision (Harper & Brothers, 1944)
 * An Intelligent American's Guide to the Peace (Dryden, 1945),
 * Where Are We Heading (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1946)
 * We Need Not Fail (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1948)
 * Seven Major Decisions That Shaped History (New York: Harper 1951),
 * Naboth's Vineyard: The Dominican Republic, 1844–1924 (reprint: Arno Press, 1972), ISBN 0-405-04596-4

Cuba

 * Kapcia, A., "The Siege of the Hotel Nacional, Cuba, 1933: A Reassessment" in Journal of Latin American Studies v. 34 (2002), 283–309
 * Lazo, Mario, Dagger in the Heart: American Policy Failures in Cuba (New York: Funk & Wagnalls, 1968)
 * Phillips, R. Hart, Cuban Side Show, 2nd ed. (Havana: Cuban Press, 1935)
 * Phillips, R. Hart, Cuba, Island of Paradox (New York: McDowell, Obolensky, 1959)
 * Thomas, Hugh, Cuba or The Pursuit of Freedom (New York: Harper & Row, 1971)

title: Sumner Welles


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Music of Georgia (U.S. state)

Georgia's musical history is diverse and substantial; the state's musicians include Southern rap groups such as Outkast and Goodie Mob, as well as a wide variety of rock, pop, blues, and country artists such as the late Ray Charles, Otis Redding, James Brown, and The Allman Brothers Band. The music of Athens, Georgia is especially well known for a kind of quirky college rock that has included such well-known bands as R.E.M., The B-52's, and Pylon.

Music institutions
The state's official music museum is the Georgia Music Hall of Fame, located in Macon, Georgia from 1996 until it closed in 2011. Colleges such as the University of Georgia and Columbus State University have extensive music departments.

Folk music
Georgia's folk musical traditions include important contributions to the Piedmont blues, shape note singing, and African-American music.

African American folk music
The "ring shout" is an African American musical and dance tradition that is among the oldest surviving African American performance styles in North America. The ring shout tradition is rare in the modern Southern United States, but it still found in McIntosh County, Georgia, where black communities have kept the style alive. The McIntosh County ring shout is a counterclockwise ring dance featuring clapping and stick-beating percussion with call-and-response vocals. The ring shout tradition is strongest in Boldon, Georgia (also known as Briar Patch), where it is traditionally performed on New Year's Eve.

The Georgia Sea Island Singers are an important group in modern African American folk music in Georgia. They perform worldwide the Gullah/Geechee music of the Georgia coast and Sea Islands, and have been touring since the early 1900s; the folklorist and musicologist Alan Lomax discovered the Singers on a 1959-60 collecting trip and helped to bring their music to new audiences. The Georgia Sea Island Singers have included Bessie Jones, Emma Ramsey, John Davis, Mayble Hillery, and Peter Davis.

Fife and drum blues has been documented in west central Georgia.

The Freedom Singers are a group that formed in 1962 in Albany to educate communities about issues related to the Civil Rights Movement through song.

Multi-instrumentalist Abner Jay, born in Fitzgerald, performed eccentric blues-infused folk music as a one-man band.

Shape-note
The Sacred Harp, first published in 1844, was compiled and produced by Georgians Benjamin Franklin White and Elisha J. King. They helped establish a singing tradition also known as Sacred Harp, fasola, or shape note singing. The Sacred Harp system uses notes represented by different shapes according to scale degree, intended to make it easy for people to learn to sight-read music and perform complex pieces without a lot of training. Established in 1933, the Sacred Harp Publishing Company, located in Carrollton, Georgia, publishes the most widely used 1991 edition of The Sacred Harp. Hugh McGraw of Bremen, Georgia, served as the company's executive secretary from 1958 to 2002 and helped encourage Sacred Harp's recent resurgence in popularity. A Georgia-based music label, Bibletone Records, has reissued a 28-cut CD of Sacred Harp music originally released as LPs by the publishing company.

American folk music revival
Folksinger/songwriter Hedy West, active in the American folk music revival and famous for her song "500 Miles", was born in Cartersville.

Country
In Atlanta, on June 14, 1923, the country music recording industry was launched when Fiddlin' John Carson made his first phonograph record for Okeh Records Company representative Polk C. Brockman. Carson's recordings of "The Little Old Log Cabin in the Lane" and "The Old Hen Cackled and the Rooster's Going to Crow" sold over 500,000 copies and opened the eyes of record company executives to the market for "old-time" country music. Along with Carson, Gid Tanner and the Skillet Lickers and Georgia Yellow Hammers made Atlanta and North Georgia an early center of old-time string band music.

In the 1960s, guitarist Chet Atkins, born in Luttrell, Tennessee but raised in Hamilton, Georgia, drew on jazz and pop music to help create the smoother country music style known as the Nashville Sound, expanding country music's appeal to adult pop fans. Country music superstars Alan Jackson, Trisha Yearwood, and Travis Tritt are natives of Georgia. Other successful country music acts from Georgia include Norman Blake, Jerry Reed, Brenda Lee (who had two #1 Hot 100 hits with "I'm Sorry" in 1960 and "Rockin' Around the Christmas Tree"), Billy Currington, Cyndi Thomson, Jennifer Nettles of Sugarland, Daryle Singletary, Doug Stone, John Berry, Rhett Akins, Mark Wills, the Zac Brown Band, and Lady Antebellum, as well as up and coming stars Jason Aldean, Daniel Antopolsky, Brantley Gilbert, Luke Bryan, Thomas Rhett, Cole Swindell (attended Georgia Southern University), Kip Moore, Lauren Alaina, and Jessie James. Other notable country musicians from Georgia include Corey Smith (graduated from UGA) and Tabby Crabb from Sumter Co., who worked with the original Urban Cowboy Band, Randy Howard, Hank Cochran, Keith Urban, and many others in the Nashville style. Georgia country music superstars with a #1 album on the Billboard 200 chart include Atlanta-area musicians Alan Jackson with 3 #1 albums like Drive in 2002, and Zac Brown Band with 3 like You Get What You Give in 2010 (Zac Brown attended the University of West Georgia); Jason Aldean with 4 consecutive #1 albums on the Billboard 200 like the country rock Night Train in 2012 to 2018 (Aldean also had a #1 Hot 100 song "Try That in a Small Town" in 2023, Luke Bryan (from south Georgia, he attended Georgia Southern University) with 3 like Crash My Party in 2013, Thomas Rhett with 2 like Life Changes in 2017, and Sugarland with 2 #1 albums like The Incredible Machine in 2010.

Blues
Ma Rainey, from Columbus, was among the earliest professional blues singers and one of the first generation of such singers to record. Piedmont blues artist Blind Willie McTell was born in Thomson. Country blues singer and guitarist Peg Leg Howell was born in Eatonton. Singer Ida Cox was from Toccoa. Singer and guitarist Kokomo Arnold was born in Lovejoy's Station. Singer Lucille Hegamin was born in Macon. Singer Trixie Smith was born in Atlanta. Blues pianists from Georgia include Thomas A. Dorsey, born in Villa Rica, Big Maceo Merriweather, born in Atlanta, and Piano Red, born near Hampton. Barbeque Bob was from Walnut Grove. Singer and guitarist Curley Weaver was born in Covington. Charley Lincoln was born in Lithonia. Harmonicist Eddie Mapp was born in Social Circle. Harmonicist Sonny Terry was born in Greesboro. Buddy Moss was born in Jewell. Singer and guitarist Blind Simmie Dooley was born in Hartwell. Songwriter and one-man band Jesse Fuller was born in Jonesboro. Bumble Bee Slim was born in Brunswick. Country blues artist Precious Bryant was born in Talbot County. Jump blues singer and musician Billy Wright was born in Atlanta. Singer and guitarist Robert Cray was born in Columbus. Singer and guitarist Cecil Barfield was born in Bronwood. Macon, Georgia street performer Pearly Brown was born in Wilcox County, Georgia.

Jazz
Big band swing bandleader and pianist Fletcher Henderson and his younger brother arranger Horace Henderson were born in Cuthbert. Stride pianist and composer Mary Lou Williams, avant-garde jazz alto saxophonist Marion Brown, and singer Jean Carne were born in Atlanta. Big band bandleader and trumpet player Harry James was born in Albany. Bebop saxophonist James Moody, hard bop saxophonist Sahib Shihab, and singer Irene Reid were born in Savannah. Trombonist J.C. Higginbotham was born in Social Circle. Tenor saxophonist and arranger Teddy McRae was born in Waycross. George Adams was born in Covington. Singer Joe Williams was born in Cordele. Bebop saxophonist for Miles Davis and The Jazz Messengers, Hank Mobley was born in Eastman. Jazz bassist Jimmy Garrison who performed with John Coltrane, Alice Coltrane, and Ornette Coleman was born in Americus. The jazz fusion group Aquarium Rescue Unit founded by Bruce Hampton was started in Atlanta.

Rhythm and blues
Augusta native James Brown (d.2006) and Macon native Little Richard (d.2020) "The Architect of Rock and Roll" started performing in Georgia clubs on the Chitlin' Circuit, fused gospel with blues and boogie-woogie to lay the foundations for rock & roll and soul music, and rank among the most iconic musicians of the 20th century. Ray Charles was also born in Georgia; Charles helped to invent the soul genre by borrowing elements of rhythm and blues, country, jazz, gospel, and blues. Ray Charles (d. 2004) had 3 #1 hits on the Billboard Hot 100, including "Georgia on My Mind" in 1960 (which is the official state song of Georgia). Ray Charles won another Grammy for Album of the Year for his 2004 Genius Loves Company. Atlanta native Chuck Willis was a blues, R&B, and rock and roll singer and songwriter active from 1950 to 1958. In the 1960s, Atlanta native Gladys Knight proved one of the most popular Motown recording artists, while Otis Redding, born in the small town of Dawson but raised in Macon, defined the grittier Southern soul sound of Memphis-based Stax Records. Gladys Knight "The Empress of Soul" had a #1 hit on the Billboard Hot 100 with "Midnight Train to Georgia" in 1973. Otis Redding (d. 1967, buried near Macon) had a #1 hit on the Hot 100 with "(Sittin' on) the Dock of the Bay" in 1968. Motown producer and disco artist Hamilton Bohannon was born in Newnan, Georgia. Dave Prater of the soul duo Sam & Dave was born in Ocilla, Georgia.

Rock
The earliest Atlanta-based music maven, Bill Lowery, started the careers of Ray Stevens, Joe South, Jerry Reed, and countless others, and created the first Georgia-based springboard for such talent, National Recording Corporation, sporting not only a record label, but a recording studio and pressing plant. Lowery would later work with the likes of Billy Joe Royal, Mac Davis, Dennis Yost & The Classics IV, and The Atlanta Rhythm Section, giving Atlanta national relevance with his Lowery Music group of publishing companies, one of the world's biggest music publishers. Noted session and touring drummer, Michael Huey, started his career at Bill Lowery studios.

Tommy Roe, from Atlanta, had 2 #1 Hot 100 hits, including "Dizzy" in 1969.

The Allman Brothers Band, founded in Jacksonville, Florida, moved to Macon at the urging of their manager, Phil Walden, who had previously managed Otis Redding. The Allman Brothers had a #2 hit on the Billboard Hot 100 with "Ramblin' Man" in 1973. Their album Brothers and Sisters went to #1 on the Billboard 200. Gregg Allman (d. 2017), his brother Duane Allman (d. 1971), and Berry Oakley (d. 1972) are buried in Macon. Walden's Macon-based Capricorn Records, spearheaded the rise of Southern rock, and the success of the Allman Brothers paved the way for other Southern rock bands, including Atlanta Rhythm Section, South Carolina-based Marshall Tucker Band and Lynyrd Skynyrd, also founded in Jacksonville. Georgia has also produced a number of Southern rock groups throughout the last three decades, including the Black Crowes (who had a #1 album on the Billboard 200 in 1992), The Georgia Satellites (had a #2 Hot 100 hit with Keep Your Hands to Yourself in '87), Blackberry Smoke, Confederate Railroad, and Drivin' 'N' Cryin'.

The city of Athens, Georgia, home to the University of Georgia, has been a fertile field for alternative rock bands since the late 1970s. Notable bands from Athens include R.E.M., The B-52's, Widespread Panic, Drive-By Truckers, Cartel, Of Montreal, and Dead Confederate. Athens is also home to the Elephant 6 Recording Company, an indie collective whose members include The Apples in Stereo and Neutral Milk Hotel. R.E.M. had 2 #1 albums on the Billboard 200: Out of Time in 1991 and Monster in 1994. R.E.M. had 6 #1 songs on the Alternative Songs chart in the late 80s and 90s. Michael Stipe attended the University of Georgia.

Acoustic rock/folk duo the Indigo Girls got their start in Decatur (they both attended Emory University in Atlanta, and alternative rock bands Collective Soul (had 7 #1 songs on the Mainstream Rock chart in the 90s) and September Hase began in Stockbridge and Tifton, respectively. Rock pianist Elton John spends some time living in Atlanta, and singer-songwriter John Mayer ("Why Georgia") lived in Atlanta after dropping out of the Berklee School of Music in 1998. Indie rock and hard rock band Manchester Orchestra had a #13 album on the Billboard 200 in 2014 with Cope.

Georgia has contributed to the ska scene with the bands Treephort, 50:50 Shot, and The Taj Motel Trio. Ska punk has seen a recent revival in Georgia with the regional ska festival, the Mass Ska Raid, taking place for the first time in 2008.

Along with Louisiana and the rest of the Southern area, there is a strong heavy metal music scene in Georgia, with bands such as Mastodon (had a #6 album on the Billboard 200 in 2014), Baroness, Collective Soul, Royal Thunder, Black Tusk, Kylesa, Withered, Sevendust, ISSUES, Norma Jean, and Attila. Thrash metal band Tetrarch are from Atlanta, as is black metal band Cloak.

Neon Christ are a notable band from the Atlanta Hardcore scene.

Several Christian rock musicians have come out of Georgia, including Amy Grant, who was born in Augusta, Third Day (had a #6 album on the Billboard 200 in 2008), Casting Crowns (had 2 #2 albums on the Billboard 200, in 2007 and 2011), Bebo Norman, and Family Force 5.

Cat Power (Chan Marshall) was born in Atlanta and got her start there.

The 2000s saw the rise of Atlanta indie rock bands The Black Lips, Deerhunter, and The Coathangers.

Pop rock singer songwriter Phillip Phillips, who won the eleventh season of American Idol in 2012, was born in Albany. He had a #4 album on the Billboard 200 in 2012.

The Atlanta International Pop Festival (1970) involved Macon's The Allman Brothers Band.In later decades, Atlanta has hosted the annual 2-day Music Midtown festival since 1994 (Atlanta's Collective Soul played there in 2000 and 2017, Atlanta's Manchester Orchestra in 2011, and Atlanta's Ludacris in 2001 and 2012), Shaky Beats Music Festival (an EDM festival since 2016) and Shaky Knees Music Festival (a 3-day rock festival since 2013), as well as hosting the TomorrowWorld EDM music festival from 2013 to 2015. The city also hosts the EDM Imagine Festival at Atlanta Speedway, as well as the SweetWater 420 Fest in Centennial Olympic Park.

Hip hop
Atlanta-based OutKast proved one of the first commercially successful hip hop groups from outside of New York or Los Angeles. In the 1990s and 2000s, Atlanta became a leading center of urban music. Artists like Lloyd (had a #2 album on Billboard 200 in 2007), T.I., TLC, Monica, Usher, 112, Ludacris, YoungBloodZ, OutKast, Goodie Mob (Gnarls Barkley with CeeLo Green had a #4 album on Billboard 200 in 2006), and producers such as Organized Noize, L.A. Reid, and Jermaine Dupri, the last of whom founded the successful record labels LaFace and So So Def, have blurred musical boundaries by blending R&B singing with hip hop production. More recently, Atlanta is also known as a center of crunk music, an electric bass-driven club music whose most visible practitioner has been Atlanta-based producer/hype man/rapper Lil Jon.

There have been several Billboard Hot 100 #1 singles in the genre: Kris Kross ("Jump" in 1992), TLC (4 #1s on the Billboard Hot 100, such as "Waterfalls" in 1995), Silk ("Freak Me"), Monica (3 #1s, such as "Angel of Mine" in 1999), Usher (9 #1s), Outkast (3 #1s), Ludacris (5 #1s, including "Stand Up" in 2003), Ciara ("Goodies" in 2004), D4L ("Laffy Taffy" in 2005), Soulja Boy ("Crank That (Soulja Boy)" in 2007), T.I. (3 #1s, including "Whatever You Like" in 2008), B.o.B. ("Nothin' on You" in 2009), Migos ("Bad and Boujee" in 2016), Childish Gambino ("This Is America" in 2018), and Lil Nas X (3 #1s like "Old Town Road" in 2019, the longest running #1 song of all time). Usher also had 4 consecutive #1 albums on the Billboard 200 from Confessions in 2004 to Looking 4 Myself. The R&B group 112 were featured on Puff Daddy's #1 Hot 100 song "I'll Be Missing You" in 1997. Rapper Yung Joc was featured on T-Pain's #1 Hot 100 song "Buy U a Drank". R&B singer Sleepy Brown from Savannah was featured on Outkast's #1 Hot 100 song "The Way You Move" in 2004. Young Thug was featured on Camila Cabello's #1 Hot 100 song "Havana" in 2018. In addition, Atlanta rapper 2 Chainz had a #1 album on the Billboard 200 in 2012: Based on a T.R.U. Story. Future has had 7 consecutive #1 albums on the Billboard 200 including the trap music album DS2 in 2015. 21 Savage from DeKalb County has had 2 #1 albums, including one in 2019. Lil Baby has had 2 #1 albums like in 2020. R&B singer Summer Walker had a #1 album in 2021.

Additional notable musicians from Georgia include: "What Kind of Fool (Do You Think I Am)" from 1964 by R&B group The Tams, "Take Your Time (Do It Right)" '80 by Post-disco group The S.O.S. Band, "Mr. Wendal" '92 by Arrested Development (group), "Whoomp! (There It Is)" '93 by hip hop and Miami bass duo Tag Team, "My Boo" '96 by R&B and Miami bass group Ghost Town DJs, "Da' Dip" '97 by hip hop and Miami bass rapper Freak Nasty, "Bring It All to Me" '99 by R&B girl group Blaque, "Don't Think I'm Not" '00 by r&b singer Kandi (who was in Xscape), "Where the Party At" '01 by hip hop soul group Jagged Edge, "Don't Mess with My Man" '02 by R&B singer Nivea from Savannah, "Georgia" '05 by Southern hip hop group Field Mob, "Watch Me (Whip/Nae Nae)" by Silento in 2015, "Crush" '98 by pop singer Jennifer Paige, "Lullaby" '98 by pop rock singer Shawn Mullins, "Crazy for This Girl" 2000 by pop rock twin brothers Evan and Jaron, "People Are Crazy" '09 by country singer Billy Currington from Savannah, Hey! Album "Freak of the Week" '98 by pop rock band Marvelous 3 (with Butch Walker), "Not an Angel" '07 by Post-hardcore band City Sleeps, "Bartender Song (Sittin' at a Bar)" '08 by rap rock and country rock group Rehab, Sugar "Giving It All Away" 2010 by psychedelic rock band Dead Confederate from Augusta, Southern Gothic "Felicia" from 2010 by psychedelic rock and hip hop band The Constellations, and "Lose Control" (which went to #1 on Billboard Hot 100 in 2024) by Teddy Swims from Conyers.

Classical
Modernist composer Wallingford Riegger was born in Albany. Singer/composer Roland Hayes was born in Curryville. Opera singer Mattiwilda Dobbs was born in Atlanta. Opera singer Jessye Norman is native to Augusta. Opera singer Jamie Barton is from Rome, GA. Composer/arranger Hall Johnson was born in Athens. Composer Lena McLin was born in Atlanta. Famous music director Robert Shaw spent much of his time living in Atlanta directing the Atlanta Symphony Orchestra and Chorus.

Notable Georgian classical groups include the Atlanta Symphony Orchestra, the Atlanta Chamber Players, the Atlanta Symphony Chorus, Atlanta Opera, the Georgia Boy Choir, the Atlanta Boy Choir, Georgia Symphony Orchestra, New Trinity Baroque, the Atlanta Symphony Youth Orchestra, Atlanta Ballet, and the Gwinnett Ballet Theatre, as well as symphonies in the cities of Columbus, Macon, Augusta, and Savannah.

The Great American Songbook
Lyricist Johnny Mercer, whose works include the Academy Award-winning song "On the Atchison, Topeka and the Santa Fe" and other entries in the Great American Songbook of pop music (like "Moon River") standards, is a native of Savannah and buried there. Mercer co-founded Capitol Records.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Music of Georgia (U.S. state)


text:
Park Lane station (DART)

Park Lane is a DART Light Rail station in northern Dallas, Texas. The elevated station is located at the intersection of Park Lane and Greenville Avenue, about 0.2 mi east of North Central Expressway (US 75). The station serves the Red Line and Orange Line.

The station serves the southern portions of the Vickery Meadow neighborhood, as well as several shopping centers, most notably The Shops at Park Lane. NorthPark Center, which is located on the opposite side of US 75, is serviced by a shuttle bus.

History
Plans for a station on Park Lane date back to 1990 as the northern terminus of a 20 mi starter system. Two potential locations for the station were considered: one south of Park Lane near the NorthPark East office complex (since replaced by The Shops at Park Lane), and one north of Park Lane near a (now-closed) United Artists theater. After a 1990 study determined that the line may require grade separation when crossing Park Lane to prevent traffic congestion, DART ultimately chose to build a temporary ground-level platform at the NorthPark East location, which would not require crossing Park Lane until the line was extended further north.

The station opened on January 10, 1997 as the northern terminus of the Red Line. The station, along with Mockingbird and Lovers Lane, was originally intended to open 6 months prior, but all stations north of Downtown Dallas were delayed due to issues with a subway tunnel between Mockingbird and Pearl station.

Construction on the Red Line's second northern extension, including a bridge over Park Lane and a permanent elevated station, began in April 1999. DART opted to build the new station on the northern side of the road. Local artists Vicki Meek and John Christensen decorated the station with an "urban oasis" theme. It opened to passenger service on June 17, 2002, two weeks before the extension to the Galatyn Park station opened, becoming the first elevated station on the DART light rail system.

The original station was closed and fenced off, but it was retained by DART as a storage corridor. , the original station's platform signage is still present.

title: Park Lane station (DART)


text:
Lovers Lane station

Lovers Lane station is a DART Light Rail station in Dallas, Texas. It serves the and. The station is located in East Dallas; it is directly east of North Central Expressway (US 75) and one block south of the intersection of Lovers Lane and Greenville Avenue.

The station services several strip malls along Greenville Avenue, the Energy Square and Meadows Building office complexes, and the residential complex The Village.

Unlike most DART stations, Lovers Lane station does not have a park-and-ride lot. , the station also does not receive bus service, though two bus routes can be accessed from Greenville Avenue one block east of the station entrance.

History
Initial plans for the Lovers Lane station suggested either an at-grade or aerial station, both of which would have an 800-space parking lot and would be located south of an elevated crossing at Lovers Lane. Due to costs, DART chose to remove the parking lot from the plans, which nearly led to the station being rejected by the Dallas City Plan Commission.

As part of DART's Station Art & Design Program, DART installed tile mosaics depicting bois d'arc trees and ten windscreens featuring poems by local poet Robert Trammell. The station opened on January 10, 1997 alongside Mockingbird and Park Lane stations.

At opening, the station was the eastern terminus of a shuttle to Dallas Love Field. The route was eliminated in 2003 in favor of a connection to Downtown Dallas.

In 2008, the city of Dallas established a four-segment tax increment financing district around several DART rail stations. One of the sub-districts consists of land along Greenville Avenue between Lovers Lane and SMU/Mockingbird stations.

title: Lovers Lane station


text:
Triple Nickel

Triple Nickel, Triple Nickels or Triple Nickles may refer to:

 * Warren Elliott Blackwell, I (1951-2018)
 * 555th Engineer Brigade (United States)
 * 555th Parachute Infantry Battalion (United States), aka "Triple Nickles"
 * 555th Fighter Squadron, part of the United States 31st Fighter Wing
 * 555 Field Artillery Battalion, part of the United States 5th Infantry Regiment
 * Triple Nickel Books, published by Solomon Gelman
 * 555 timer IC, an integrated circuit popular with hobbyists
 * Triple Nickel lift at Bluewood Ski Area
 * College Eye EC-121D, a Lockheed EC-121 Warning Star aircraft
 * 555th Mobile Infantry Regiment, an elite military unit in John Ringo's Legacy of the Aldenata series
 * Interstate 555, a highway in Arkansas
 * N555GT, a Piper Navajo aircraft based out of Norwood Massachusetts

title: Triple Nickel


text:
SMU/Mockingbird station

SMU/Mockingbird station (originally Mockingbird station) is a DART Light Rail station in Dallas, Texas. The station is located at the intersection of Mockingbird Lane and North Central Expressway (US 75). The station serves the, , and. It is the northernmost station to serve all three lines: the Red and Orange Lines continue north towards Richardson and Plano, while the Blue Line continues northeast towards Garland and Rowlett.

The station is located 1/2 mi east of the main campus of Southern Methodist University (SMU), which is on Mockingbird Lane on the opposite side of US 75. SMU operates a shuttle route between the station and the campus. The station also serves the University Crossing neighborhood of Dallas and the Park Cities (i.e., Highland Park and University Park). It directly connects to the University Crossing Trail, which in turn connects to the Katy Trail, Ridgewood Trail, and SoPac Trail.

Mockingbird Station is a mixed-use development adjacent to the station, which contains an open-air shopping district, an Angelika Film Center, apartments, and office space.

Station
SMU/Mockingbird is the only entrenched station in the DART Light Rail system, with the main platform located 40 ft below ground level. The station is the northern end of a 3.5 mi tunnel to Downtown Dallas.

The station's upper level consists of a small plaza containing ticket machines, an elevator, and a pair of escalators. The west entrance to the plaza leads to the Mockingbird Station development and the University Crossing Trail, while the east entrance leads to buses, passenger drop-off/pick-up, bicycle parking, and vehicle parking. A stairwell to the rail platform is located at each end of the bus platform.

On the lower level is the rail platform, which is an island platform. Southbound and westbound trains board on the western side, while northbound and eastbound trains board on the eastern side. All three lines use the same platforms.

Artwork
The eastern entrance to the station contains six 20 ft archways, each of which are decorated with colorful mosaic tiles and topped with a stained-glass mockingbird. The western retaining wall is decorated with a colorful ribbon pattern, while the eastern retaining wall is landscaped with shade-tolerant plants.

History
Plans for a station at North Central and Mockingbird date back to DART's 1983 rail plan. A revised plan in 1986 called for the Mockingbird Lane station to open in 1994 as the initial northern terminus for the North Central line. Later in the decade, DART obtained two rail corridors that intersected north of Mockingbird Lane, one from Southern Pacific (which became the Red Line) and the other from Union Pacific (which became the Blue Line).

A 1990 study of the Southern Pacific corridor determined two possible locations for the Mockingbird Lane station. One location would consist of two separate stations north of the Southern Pacific/Union Pacific junction, while the other would consist of a single station south of the junction. Both proposals included a 950-space parking lot. DART ultimately chose the southern site. The site was located near the former headquarters of Dr Pepper, which was demolished in 1997. A proposal was made to name and theme the station after Dr Pepper, but this was rejected.

Mockingbird station opened on January 10, 1997 as part of a Red Line extension from Pearl to Park Lane. The station did not receive Blue Line service until September 27, 1999, and said service was weekday-only until the opening of White Rock station on September 24, 2001.

In 2015, DART added two dedicated spaces for carsharing company Zipcar to the station's passenger pick-up/drop-off zone. An additional space was added later in the year.

On November 4, 2017, a pedestrian bridge over Mockingbird Lane, which connected the station to the Katy Trail, was opened.

On August 12, 2019, DART renamed the station to SMU/Mockingbird station, with SMU paying DART $463,000 for a 10-year naming rights agreement.

Development
Several months after the DART station opened, developers Ken Hughes and Archon Group announced plans for Mockingbird Station, a transit-oriented development complex with a pedestrian connection to the DART station. The 10-acre, $100 million complex, built on top of a former Western Electric warehouse, opened on July 1, 2001.

The complex contains 211 apartments, 150000 sqft of office space, and 200000 sqft of retail and restaurant space. Notable retail tenants include Angelika Film Center, Bath & Body Works, Loft, and Urban Outfitters. The property is currently owned by CBRE Group, which purchased the property in 2015.

A 2004 study of transit-oriented developments by the Transportation Research Board called Mockingbird Station "a TOD success story," praising it for its location with "strong local demographics, and an abundance of adjacent regional attractions," as well as for being driven by private developers.

title: SMU/Mockingbird station


text:
Cityplace/Uptown station

Cityplace/Uptown station (formerly Cityplace station) is a DART Light Rail station located in Dallas, Texas. It is located beneath North Central Expressway (US 75) at Haskell Avenue in the Cityplace district. As the first infill DART station, it opened on December 18, 2000, as the first public subway station in Texas (the Tandy Center Subway in Fort Worth, though open to the public, was a privately-owned light rail).

The station is tri-level in design, reaching depths of 120 ft beneath North Central Expressway. The station is shared between the, , and lines. The south end of the platforms are reached from east and west entrances at the surface via stairs, three pairs of escalators, or elevators (3 traditional and 2 inclined elevators). The east entrance is located at the base of Tower at Cityplace, serving that tower and surrounding retail. The west entrance is located in West Village with a turntable for the M-Line Trolley, which provides service to Uptown and the Arts District. Original station plans allowed for another set of entrances at the north end of the platforms, which could serve future development north of Haskell Avenue.

At present, Cityplace/Uptown is the only underground station on the DART rail system. A following station at Knox–Henderson was deferred after community opposition, and subway stations built under the D2 Subway project are still in the planning stage. The other two remaining stations for the tunnel are Pearl/Arts District and Mockingbird. Both of these stations are outside the tunnel.

On July 30, 2012, Cityplace station was renamed Cityplace/Uptown station as part of the service changes effective for that date to better reflect new identities created by their evolving neighborhoods or surrounding developments.

title: Cityplace/Uptown station


text:
Pearl/Arts District station

Pearl Street/Arts District station (formerly Pearl station) is a DART Light Rail station located in Dallas, Texas. It is located on Bryan Street, east of Pearl Street, in the City Center District. It opened June 14, 1996, and is the easternmost station on the trunk line segment shared by the Red, Blue, Green and Orange Lines, serving the Plaza of the Americas, the Sheraton Dallas Hotel, 2001 Bryan Tower, the San Jacinto Tower, the Morton H. Meyerson Symphony Center and JPMorgan Chase Tower.

Pearl station was the original northern terminus of the Red and Blue lines before they were extended (Red in 1997 and Blue in 1999).

On July 30, 2012; Pearl was renamed Pearl/Arts District station as part of the service changes effective for that date to better reflect new identities created by their evolving neighborhoods or surrounding developments.

East of this station, the light rail's transit mall ends and grade-separated tracks begin, with the Red, Orange and Blue lines branching north at a wye and descending into a tunnel under the expressway, while the Green Line branches southeast.

title: Pearl/Arts District station


text:
St. Paul station (DART)

St. Paul station is a DART Light Rail station in Dallas, Texas. It is located on Bryan Street, between St. Paul and Harwood Streets, near the Arts District in Downtown Dallas. It opened on June 14, 1996, and is a station on the, , and  lines, serving the Trammell Crow Center, the Dallas Museum of Art, the Nasher Sculpture Center, Patriot Tower and First Baptist Church.

St. Paul station takes its name from its namesake street, which received its name in the 1930s, not out of religious interest, but as a protest against the Volstead Act, a national law that banned alcoholic beverages. The city fathers located a passage in the Bible, attributed to St. Paul, that said "drink a little wine, for your stomach's sake".

title: St. Paul station (DART)


text:
EMI (protocol)

External Machine Interface (EMI), an extension to Universal Computer Protocol (UCP), is a protocol primarily used to connect to short message service centres (SMSCs) for mobile telephones. The protocol was developed by CMG Wireless Data Solutions, now part of Mavenir.

Syntax
A typical EMI/UCP exchange looks like this :

^B01/00045/O/30/66677789///1//////68656C6C6F/CE^C ^B01/00041/R/30/A//66677789:180594141236/F3^C

The start of the packet is signaled by ^B (STX, hex 02) and the end with ^C (ETX, hex 03). Fields within the packet are separated by / characters.

The first four fields form the mandatory header. the third is the operation type (O for operation, R for result), and the fourth is the operation (here 30, "short message transfer").

The subsequent fields are dependent on the operation. In the first line above, '66677789' is the recipient's address (telephone number) and '68656C6C6F' is the content of the message, in this case the ASCII string "hello". The second line is the response with a matching transaction reference number, where 'A' indicates that the message was successfully acknowledged by the SMSC, and a timestamp is suffixed to the phone number to show time of delivery.

The final field is the checksum, calculated simply by summing all bytes in the packet (including slashes) and taking the 8 least significant bits from the result.

The full specification is available on the LogicaCMG website developers' forum, but registration is required.

Technical limitations
The two-digit transaction reference number means that an entity sending text messages can only have 100 outstanding messages (per session); this can limit performance, but only over a slow network and with incorrectly configured applications on one's SMSC (for example one session, with number of windows greater than 100). In practice it does not have any impact on delivery throughput.

The EMI UCP documentation does not specify a default alphabet for alphanumeric messages after decoding from hex digits. (It specifies an alphabet of IRA for the encoded message, which is the same as 7 bit ASCII as 0-9 and A-Z are invariant characters). The related ETS 300 133-3 standard specifies the GSM-7 alphabet, which accommodates more languages than ASCII by replacing unprintable control codes with additional printable characters. In practice the GSM-7 alphabet is used. Other encodings, such as UCS-2, can be sent by using a transparent message and specifying the Data Coding Scheme.

Alternatives

 * Short message peer-to-peer protocol (SMPP) also provides SMS over TCP/IP.
 * Computer Interface for Message Distribution (CIMD) developed by Nokia

title: EMI (protocol)


text:
Akard station

Akard station or Akard Street station is a DART Light Rail station in Dallas, Texas. It is located in the City Center District on Pacific Avenue, between Akard and Field Streets. It opened on June 14, 1996, and is a station on the, , and  lines, serving Elm Place, One Main Place, Renaissance Tower, Thanks-Giving Square and Thanksgiving Tower. It is also the nearest station to the DART headquarters, which was a former Sanger Harris department store built in 1965.

title: Akard station


text:
User:Zepter

I'm pretty new to Wikipedia. I'm trying to lay low and figure this all out before I type too much.

title: User:Zepter


text:
Talk:Melting pot

Segregationist Excuses
" United States " In terms of immigrants to the United States, the "melting pot" process has been equated with Americanization, that is, cultural assimilation and acculturation. The "melting pot" metaphor implies both a melting of cultures and intermarriage of ethnicities, yet cultural assimilation or acculturation can also occur without intermarriage. Thus African-Americans are fully culturally integrated into American culture and institutions. Yet more than a century after the abolition of slavery, intermarriage between African-Americans and other ethnicities is much less common than between different white ethnicities, or between white and Asian ethnicities. Intermarriage between whites and non-whites, and especially African-Americans, was a taboo in the United States for a long time, and was illegal in many US states (see anti-miscegenation laws) until 1967.[13]" Who wrote this stuff? Why is this section specifically about African Americans, segregation and 'miscegenation'? 83.84.100.133 (talk) 02:22, 18 February 2019 (UTC)

Merge into assimilate
Currently, assimilation points to melting pot and assimilate is a separate article on the Borg. I think there should be an article named "assimilation" with "assimilate" and "melting pot" pointing to it. The article on the borg could be its own article. Maybe "assimilation (star trek)" ?

In a broad sense, to assimilate means: "to render similar" "to bring to resemblance or conformity".

Assimilation has various meanings too. We can speak of 1) the assimilation of an individual through voluntary immigration or 2) the assimilation of an entire people by another one, typically in a position of power and numerical superiority. We can speak of cultural assimilation and linguistic assimilation. We can also speak of a person assimilating new knowledge or the conversion of nutriment into the fluid or solid substance of the body, by the processes of digestion and absorption.

There is a lot to develop.

Any objection to this move? Mathieugp 03:30, 4 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Redirecting assimilation to melting pot is really a silly thing to do. Assimilation absolutely needs a disambiguation page because there are also assimilation (biology) and assimilation (linguistics). Or have they already been taken care of?  11:27, 4 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * I second this suggestion. I thought it was odd when a link from assimilation took me to melting pot. Took me a moment to understand why.Bkonrad 13:22, 4 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Ok, so if I recap, we would have an assimilation disambiguation page with a definition and links to assimilation (biology), assimilation (linguistics), assimilation (sociology), assimilation (star trek) ? Mathieugp 15:01, 4 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * I think the link to assimilation (sociology) can point to this article, e.g., assimilation (sociology). Bkonrad 16:51, 4 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Less Americanized
I know the term "melting pot" is associated with the U.S., but nowadays it has applications in every developed society. That being the case, I just made some edits and made the article less America-specific. you shouldnt say that it is clearly american and nothing else.

Why assume that America is the "ideal republic". A lot of people would disagree with that assessment.JohnC (talk) 05:07, 18 July 2009 (UTC)

Maybe I'm just misinterpreting something, but the reason it looks that way to you is probably because the term for a cultural melting pot was coined and evolutionized in the United States. It's a matter of viewpointRodiggidy (talk) 17:38, 12 April 2010 (UTC)

The term was originated in the USA, apparently. But it is a general term now. The article should clearly distinguish between history, usage in the USA and elsewhere, and general comments.Royalcourtier (talk) 05:53, 1 March 2015 (UTC)

Americanize not divide
I'm for immigration and acceptance of new comers wish to be americans. but I dont like pluralism or multi-culti liberals who racialize or divide us for their gain. It's against what I stand for. I'm a 45 years old white man born and raised in the USA. America had to get a melting pot to accept and merge all of its different people into not one race but one nation. The United States of America. I won't put up with p-c crowd insane pleed not to asimilate asians or latinos, cause they lose the right to have a religion, culture or language. So? We have freedom of religion for starters, millions of peeple in america live like their ancestors did, but call themselves americans first and foremost. Enuogh of this tossed salad or meltin' pot talk. Or a pizza or sub sandwich talk. We come in colors, shapes or sizes anyway. Not all americans are alike. We focus on similarity and what makes us americans not the p-c weapon to hate, divide or discriminate. That's why I'm not for affirmative action, the use of the race for job hiring or college admission is odious and a product of the 60s when the law had to step in to stop discrimination. Now what it stands for the majority of people, white americans, is they get left out or not hired. Why a latino or asian, on their way to be american, are said 'people of color'? I'm sure they look different, from other lands, don't speak english, and this hocky dory stuff on need to integrate into american society. Then why throw away the united common majority culture in favor of a silly, messy, doomed to fail, multicultureism? Look we are americans not white people or black people or brown people, and lets not get into whos asian american or arab american or native american anymore. the article said how we never overdo the irish american, italian american or polish american thing. we only can accept so many people, & dont let the left make race or culture an issue. this is whats wrong with illegal imigration or culture tolerance. we need borders as much we need workers. we need to band together, in a melting pot or not. - signed, open-minded conservative

 * The US has never had one single unified culture. I can go to any of the 50 states and fully expect cultural differences. If anything, there has been increased cultural homogenization taking place, with local culture supplanted by generic corporate culture. Why is it that people get upset about Cinco de Mayo, but have no problem with Saint Patrick's Day or a Sons of Norway Parade? We can focus on both similarity and differences. People have the right to live their lives as they see fit. Forcing people to "assimilate" raises problems - assimilate to what? Should the people of Georgia be assimilated to ne just like the people of Wisconsin? Should the people of Wisconsin be assimilated to ne just like the people of Georgia?--RLent (talk) 18:35, 4 March 2009 (UTC)

 * With all due respect, why is this first paragraph still here & for more than 10 years? I assume the second, indented paragraph is someone's response. In any event, I thought the purpose of the talk page was not to editorialize or discuss politics, yet that's exactly what it does. The purpose of talk pages, I thought was to work on improving the main article - criticism, corrections, additions, suggestions, etc. Ileanadu (talk) 23:38, 10 December 2019 (UTC)

Melting Pot=Assimilation?
I question the assertion that the "melting pot" metaphor - at least, the popular American version - describes an ideal of assimilation for immigrants, as stated in this article (although I've certainly heard multiculturalist critics make the same claim elsewhere). I know when I was taught about it (in 5th grade social science in an American elementary school), the idea was not that immigrants should "shed their native cultures and become absorbed into the ways of their host society." Although immigrants coming to think of themselves primarily as Americans, and adopt some American customs, was part of it, there was more emphasis on the opposite idea - the idea that customs brought by immigrants would be adopted by other Americans, and become mainstream. It's about the host society being changed by immigrants, as much as immigrants changing themselves to fit into the host society. The Schoolhouse Rock song seems to support this view, with lines like "They brought the country's customs" and "How great to be American/And something else as well." Has anyone else understood the metaphor in this way? 68.226.239.73 05:51, 6 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I just tagged the article for POV for this same reason.

 * My understanding of the "melting pot" is that it brings together different cultures and practices, facilitates an exchange of ideas, and allows the society to learn from each sub-group. The result is, ideologically, a better society due to the expanded "marketplace of ideas". Although it is true that this fusion of ethnic groups leads to a more homogeneous society, I feel that the definition focuses too much on what is lost and not enough on what is gained. Assimilation, in my understanding, is not an equivalent of the "melting pot" but a totally different option. It invovles a dominate culture within which subordinate cultures learn to submit to the dominate culture.

 * Being biased toward the melting pot ideal, I'd like to get more input before I (or anyone else, actually) revise the article. LilianPhoebs 22:51, 20 January 2006 (UTC)

 * More than anything this article probably needs book citations, especially now that the very definition of "melting pot" seems to vary according to different schools of thought. Unfortunately not being a sociologist I cannot provide the citations myself. Eldar 17:22, 21 January 2006 (UTC)

 * The dictionary definition (Webster, online) shows that 'melting pot' is not the same thing as assimilation:
 * 1 a : a place where a variety of races, cultures, or individuals assimilate into a cohesive whole b : the population of such a place
 * 2 : a process of blending that often results in invigoration or novelty
 * In contrast, the relevant assimilate definition is "to absorb into the culture or mores of a population or group". This seems to agree with the description of 'mutual change' described by the IP user above.
 * Antonrojo 12:42, 16 October 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree w. LilianPhoebs. "Assimilation" and "melting pot" should point to each other but should not be equated with each other.  Has anyone thought of a way of incorporating the WP article's arguably NPOV assertion that in general US society "pays homage to its immigrant roots at the same time it confronts complex and deeply ingrained ethnic and racial divisions?" --209.128.81.201 22:12, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I don't think that's NPOV so much as a vague statement and an example of WP:AWW. Who 'pays homage' and how? Colorful language such as this, while rampant in most history textbooks, doesn't belong in wiki articles. Antonrojo 12:42, 16 October 2006 (UTC)

--24.68.243.85 21:08, 24 June 2006 (UTC)

I think this is a good source to give a look... "Immigrants Shunning Idea of Assimilation"
 * To deal with the POV assertion that 'melting pot' implies integration into the dominant culture, I've reworked relevant sections of the article and removed the POV tag. Antonrojo 22:54, 17 October 2006 (UTC)

I want to suggest material on the melting pot as metaphor should be added to the article. It is common for people today to think 'melting pot' refers to cooking, but it more likely refers to metallurgy. Most people lack understanding of metallurgy common in the time the term was coined. One possible metaphor with smelting is how several dissimilar metals are smelted together, not to form a mixed substance, but to form a metal with completely different, new properties, usually stronger or more desirable than any of the constituents. I do not see how a reader can understand the term without knowledge of its metaphorical origin and the processes involved, which touch on the debate about assimilation and the various ideas of how people "merge" into a culture. Folkstreamer (talk) 21:54, 16 February 2009 (UTC)

Assimilationists
I don't want to put this up for article creation yet, but it seems like 'assimiliationist' could be its own article from here, and a passing mention could be made from melting pot. Maybe one of the disambiguation pages from assimilation covers this point, but seems to me there's a lot to be said on the topic, especially the links to affirmative action and such. Or maybe the links just need to be made a bit clearer...? Archtemplar 05:21, 22 February 2006 (UTC)

I agree with the necessity of a disambiguation page, never the less I will stress that assimilation in culture is used as a methafor fo assimilation of nutrient from food. The idea is exactly that a culture can and have to absorbe another culture's behaviors. Just a remark in term of history, the melting pot has been developed as a political project betweeb 1920 and 1930 and in that period the idea of universalism was very strong. The universalism of that period in Western conutries was based upon evolutionism, i.e. western culture was superior and has the duty to civilize other. So, yes the melting pot was based on the idea of melt something but not the WASP culture. As reference I'll suggest H. Bhabha, the location of culture, Routledge, 1994 and I'll also suggest a link to Postcolonial theory page and the studies of Gilroy. Hope this can help Violax

Lyrics are Copyright violation
I have removed the lyrics, as they are a copyright violation, and replaced them with a link to the lyrics. --  BRIAN  0918 18:57, 24 May 2006 (UTC)

Salad bowl
I remember reading the term "salad bowl" in the 1970s as a synonym of multiculturalism, as "melting pot" associates with assimilation. However, it never caught on.

 * Well to some extend it did, if you look in just about any sociological or anthroloplogical reference book, it is mention how the new goal of American society is the Salad bowl, how it is the most humane ideology and how it has replaced the melting pot. The problem is that most poeple stop learning bout these ideologies in college and probably havn't look at a Antrhopology textbook since, thus still beleiving in the melting pot idea. Regards,  Signature brendel  19:30, 30 June 2006 (UTC)

§…—

 * Statements such as the one contending that the melting pot metiphor is"largely disregared by most modern sociologists as outdated" or the one opining that the salad bowel of multiculturalism is "the goal for America as seen by most prominent sociologists", in both cases without any substantiation tend to identify a polemic for what it is. Who make up the cadre that includes "most prominent sociologists"? When did modern sociologists vote out the melting pot and vote in the salad bowl? Was there a referendum? A poll? Nonsense and non-scholarship.

Well, speaking of "melting pots" and "salad bowls", there's also the "pizza" concept, which, I think the article kind of does mention (without actually calling it the pizza-concept), where the ingredients are visible (to the naked eye), yet form an inseparable unit. However, as has been mentioned here, all concepts are "in the eye of the beholder" and I am afraid different people might interpret them in different ways. In this respect, the whole issue is more a battle of words and does not really help solve the overall issue. What it does do, at least, is to get people thinking about the whole problem.Crucible the crucible, by aurthur millar was not written in 1908 and was based on a puritan experience of america, not the immigrant integration of New York during the 19th and early 20th centruies. the oragin of the term is most often attributed to political cartoonists.
 * That's correct and I fixed the reference. If you have sources for an alternate origin of the term, you might add it here or to the article. Antonrojo 20:40, 16 October 2006 (UTC)

Canada previously a melting pot?
This article implies that for a long time Canada was a melting pot and is just recently adopting multiculturalism. This is vastly untrue. Canada, as I see it, has been supporting multiculturalism for far longer than this. And to be lumped together with the policies of Britain and Australia? How absurd!
 * ☭ Zippanova  09:03, 21 February 2007 (UTC)

MEXICO
I propose we add a "Mexico" section to this article, given that Mexico has been considered a melting pot by many, including the famous Jose Vasconcelos, in which he explicitly considers Mexico to be the melting pot of the world, where Mexicans have genetic origins that can be traced back to all parts of the world (like Amerindians, Spanish settlers, Filipino laborers, African slaves, and immigrants like Lebanese, Chinese, Italian, French, etc.). In any given case I consider the United States to be a salad bowl because most Americans are not mixed race, as opposed to most Mexicans who are. The races have been kept seperate in the U.S., while they have mostly merged in Mexico. So PLEASE, someone any suggestions? If not, then I'll add it myself (sourced, of course).--Fernirm (talk) 03:53, 6 June 2010 (UTC)
 * By all means be bold and add Mexico yourself. Eldar (talk) 21:41, 6 June 2010 (UTC)

The above writer obviously watches no Mexican television, where the stars of the soap operas and most of the news anchors look like they just flew in from Madrid. POOR Mexicans are mixed race. The upper class would be horrified if you told them they were mixed race. MarkinBoston (talk) 18:41, 25 September 2012 (UTC)

^Your argument is invalid, soap operas are not really based on reality, and have a tendency to perpetuate white cultural standards of beauty. However, don't discount the whole nation just because the ten percent of rich white Mexicans were more insulated from mainstream culture. Judging a whole nation by its smallest margin, rather than largest is rather prejudiced and unfair to the nation. Some white Mexicans are racist, and others are not, don't stereotype everybody. It would like calling everyone in the Southern portion of the United States a bunch of backwards racists, even though there people like that, not all of them are. About 70 percent percent of Mexicans are mestizo, and have a rich culture based on Spanish, and Native American traditions. Our religion may be European, but the Virgen of Guadalupe that many Mexicans venerate, is rumored to be a former Native American goddess. Our cuisine is one of the last remnants of indigenous expression. Tamales, tacos, nopalitos, and guacamole are definitely not part of Spanish cuisine, but do incorporate Old World ingredients like beef, or lamb. That's what makes our food, and ways rather unique. We speak Spanish, but some of our words have indigenous origins, and some of our expressions are distinct from Spain and the rest Latin America.

I will agree with the statement that the previous user before you has made, the Americans made no effort in including the Native peoples into their culture. The Spanish may have considered the Indians to be of a lesser race, but did not seek out to exterminate the Indian completely (although criminals like Columbus went against the wishes of Queen Isabella) like the Americans did with their local tribes. The one drop rule persists in the states to the point that people of mixed race have to identify with the darkest colored group. Indians in the states that are 1/2, or 1/4 are still considered Indian, and culturally usually remain Indian, because of a long history of segregation. Mexican mestizos were allowed to blossom into a diverse culture that included Western and Indian traditions, we can claim heritage to both, rather than having to deny one over the other. We can claim being a melting pot literally, since there are many mixed races, and culturally. Sure being called an Indian is an insult, but I believe that comes from misinformation, and internalized racism from the old Spanish peninsulares. Any educated Mexican know that some of the Indians were quite civilized, sophisticated, and intelligent. The Mexicas built aqueducts in a city in the middle of a lake for crying out loud, but some Mexicans are completely unaware of that history. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Dalex4991 (talk • contribs) 18:01, 9 May 2015 (UTC)

Removing Increasing segregation section
This section has no secondary sourcing on which to support it's inclusion in the article. Unless some secondary sources can be produced which indicate this is an important topic as it relates to Melting pot it is wp:undue. I'll remove the section in due course if robust sourcing cannot be provided. aprock (talk) 21:27, 11 August 2011 (UTC)
 * Ok, I'll be removing this presently. aprock (talk) 21:49, 15 August 2011 (UTC)

Afghanistan
I see no evidence that the term 'melting pot' is used in Afghanistan. The fact that different ethnic groups may be mixing has nothing to do with the term itself. Unless someone can come up with a citation for Afghans using the precise term, I'm taking down the section. MarkinBoston (talk) 01:07, 29 August 2012 (UTC)

Argentina
People, I believe that a perfect example of a melting por of cultures has been left out and gone entirely unmentioned; Argentina was and is the second largest case in america after the us, being 97% of its population descendant from foreign migrants, as it recieved some 6 million migrants between the years 1870-1914, being its previous population no more than 200.000 people, thus making it (alltough in lesser quantity) the biggest american melting point by percentage. Consequently I think it should figure on the article. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Mariano Menéndez (talk • contribs) 00:15, 4 January 2013 (UTC)

ALL NATIONS IN THE WORLD ARE MELTING POTS There is no exception. All nations in the World are melting pots from different ethinc groups. If we talk about the Englishmen, they are traditionally a melting pot of Angles, Saxons, Celts, Italos, Jutes, Danish, French (later millions of immigrants from former British colonies were added)...French are traditionally a melting pot of Celts (Gallic), Italos, Franks, Basques (later millions of immigrants from former French colonies were added) etc, etc.

In America, there is clearly a melting pot under the Anglo-American culture which is assimilating millions of people from all the World. White Americans can be considered, like the Afrikaners in South Africa, a Germanic ethnicity (English, Afrikaners, Dutch, Germans, Flemish, Americans, Swedish, Norwegian...) Black Americans are even more properly a melting pot; first, they are a melting pot of different African ethnic groups who have been so much mixed and assimilated that the overwhelming majority of "Afro-Americans" cannot even say from what country their ancestors came from so they don´t say "Yoruba-American", or "Zulu-American" but just "Afro-American" which is not an ethnicity. In fact, 20% of genes of "Afro-Americans" are white, so the English tribe is part of the Black American melting pot as much as any African tribe (like the Yoruba), or more because the language and religion of Black Americans is closer to the English than to the Yoruba.--83.32.84.197 (talk) 18:59, 15 July 2013 (UTC)

Orphaned references in Melting pot
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Reference named "ref2": From Argentina:  From Immigration to Argentina:

Reference named "ref1": From Native Americans in the United States:  From Immigration to Argentina:  From Argentina:

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Are "African-Americans are fully culturally integrated into American culture and institutions"?
The "United States" section says:

"Thus African-Americans are fully culturally integrated into American culture and institutions."

From what I've experienced in my life, I'd argue that African-Americans are almost fully culturally /separated/ from American culture and institutions. That's why they develop their own culture, own "laws," and own music and then scream about cultural appropriation. So, at a minimum, the quoted sentence from the "United States" section should have some type of citation, or at least an explanation of what is meant by "fully culturally integrated," when they are so apart and isolated from the rest of the nation.

I'd also argue that "intermarriage of ethnicities" doesn't apply to the "melting pot" metaphor as is normally taught in the U.S. school system. This should probably have citations to back up that claim too, i.e., "melting pot" is as taught is purely cultural, not inter-racial. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.54.0.181 (talk) 00:43, 15 April 2019 (UTC)

Cultural amalgamation
I stubbed an article on this term, used in academic works, but it seems very closely related to the "melting pot" term, which is better known. I wonder if they are synonymous and ca article (stub...) should just be merged&redirected here? --<sub style="border:1px solid #228B22;padding:1px;">Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 06:41, 28 March 2021 (UTC)

The United States celebrates immigration like no other country
Disagreeing with a remark above, it's not true that all countries are melting pots. Every country has immigrants, but some have lots and others only a few. Some countries welcome immigrants, at least sometimes, but most don't want them. More than any other country, the United States has celebrated immigration, and at least some people at some times saw and still see the diversity of the immigrants, including descendants of black slaves, as a source of national strength and something to be proud of. The United States is the ethnic and cultural melting pot.

To say that Colombia or Argentina or Chile are melting pots because they are made up of diverse ethnic groups is missing the point. No country in Latin America celebrates or honors its natives as an ethnic group. Nowhere do they have the recognition, the legal protections, or the economic strength (casinos, in some cases) that they do in tbe U.S. Nowhere else celebrates its minority of African origin like the United States does. I know Brazil well and it's no exception.

What I'm getting at, is that "melting pot" pertains to the U.S., and only the U.S. deisenbe (talk) 03:25, 17 September 2021 (UTC)
 * The status of Native Americans is mostly OUTSIDE the melting pot. They are protected in many ways that keep them separate (eg reservations, separate schools, separate medical services, casinos, special protection for historic religious holy places). Furthermore US every so often (eg 1790s. 1850s, 1920s, and today in 2020s) goes through an anti-immigrant anti-melting pot mode. We are in it today. Canada is a rather better metling pot than USA. Rjensen Rjensen (talk) 04:38, 17 September 2021 (UTC)

 * Is someone proposing an edit? WP:NOTAFORUM MartinezMD (talk) 12:58, 17 September 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Melting pot


text:
West End station (DART)

West End station is a DART Light Rail station in Dallas, Texas. It is located in the West End Historic District of Downtown Dallas on Pacific Avenue, between Market and Lamar Streets near CBD West Transfer Center. It opened on June 14, 1996, and is a station on the, , , and lines, serving the West End Marketplace, Dallas Alley, the Dallas World Aquarium and Zoo, the Sixth Floor Museum (in the Texas School Book Depository), Dealey Plaza, the Old Red Courthouse with its Dallas Visitors Center and El Centro College and is within walking distance of the American Airlines Center and the rest of Victory Park.

This is the westernmost stop on the four-stop trunk segment shared by all four lines. West of here, approaching the TRE tracks, the Orange and Green Lines branch north and the Red and Blue Lines branch south.

Following the shooting of Dallas police officers on July 7, 2016, the station was closed during the investigation of the nearby crime scene. Trains were stopping at all transit mall stations except West End, which they passed through during the incident. News outlets reported that ridership was lower than normal just after the attacks at nearby stations such as Akard, St. Paul, and Pearl/Arts District, typically busy stations during the morning rush hour.

title: West End station (DART)


text:
UCP

UCP may refer to:

Education

 * Universidade Católica de Petrópolis, a university in Brazil
 * Universidade Católica Portuguesa, a university in Portugal
 * University Centre Peterborough, a university centre in the United Kingdom
 * University of Central Punjab, a university in Pakistan
 * University of Cuenca del Plata
 * An epithet denoting the Culture Collection of Catholic University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil

Other organizations

 * Union of Communist Parties, an organization for communist political parties in the countries of the former USSR
 * United Cattle Products, a chain of shops and restaurants in the North of England, most famous for the sale of tripe.
 * United Cerebral Palsy, a philanthropic coalition for persons with disabilities
 * United Communist Party (Russia)
 * United Conservative Party, a provincial political party in Alberta, Canada
 * United Country Party, former name of the National Party of Australia
 * Universal Content Productions, a television production company
 * University of Chicago Press

Other use

 * HK UCP, a double-action handgun by Heckler & Koch
 * Ubuntu Certified Professional, a Linux Professional Institute–based certification
 * Uncoupling protein
 * Unified Command Plan
 * Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits, an international standard for drawing up letters of credit
 * Universal Camouflage Pattern, a digital pattern of the U.S. Army
 * Universal Computer Protocol, a protocol used to connect to SMS services
 * Universal Connection Pool, Oracle database feature
 * Use Case Points, a software estimation technique used to forecast the software size for software development projects
 * User Control Panel
 * Microcontact printing (μCP)

title: UCP