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Talk:List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union

"Crown colony" in "Created from" column
I am about to revert 's change of Province of Pennsylvania and several others to Crown colony. If we follow the logic of this change, we should also change Indiana Territory and Arkansas Territory and almost everything else to the more generic Organized incorporated territory of the United States, which I don't think would be an improvement. Per WP:BRD, (or should it be BDR?)), please discuss this here. YBG (talk) 23:22, 10 January's 2016 (UTC)
 * WCCasey needs to provide some solid RS for his claims. Rjensen (talk) 02:30, 11 January 2016 (UTC)
 * Actually,I think the issue is not re RS, but whether we should list a more generic term (as WCCasey thinks) or more specific (as I think). YBG (talk) 05:23, 11 January 2016 (UTC)
 * Well stated YBG. The current (following your 11 Jan '16 revert edit) wording is probably a good way to have the 13 original states listed, unless someone can document (w/a solid RS) some other official designation for each colony in 1775/76. Also, I concur that generic statements like "British colony", "US territory" or even "Sovereign nation" (for Texas) would not be an improvement. Drdpw (talk) 05:34, 11 January 2016 (UTC)
 * Although it might be nice to list both -- the genetic first, then the specific -- that way the column could be usefully made into a sorted column. YBG (talk) 05:50, 11 January 2016 (UTC)
 * If I read you correctly, you're suggesting something like—
 * Crown colony of Delaware Crown colony of Pennsylvania and etc.— All 13 colonies were crown colonies in 1775/76. Drdpw (talk) 02:48, 12 January 2016 (UTC)
 * Yes YBG (talk) 03:26, 12 January 2016 (UTC)

 * My main reason for the changes was disagreement with "Province" in the titles of the nine "Province of..." articles. The "Crown colony" article includes more accurate descriptions of each of the British colonies' previous political status. Multiple links to "Crown colony" should cause no confusion - the unambiguous part of the colony names did not change: e.g. New York remained New York. WCCasey (talk) 01:04, 13 January 2016 (UTC)

I was just coming by the talk page to address this. They weren't Crown Colonies before ratifying the Constitution in 1787 -- they'd been "free and independent states" since the Declaration of Independence in 1776. I'm not entirely sure what they should be called for the purposes of this list, but I don't think they were colonies at that point. 2601:8D:503:EF59:29F6:9E6C:9ECE:FF82 (talk) 13:40, 29 October 2016 (UTC)
 * You are correct, the 13 rebellious British colonies became states upon agreeing to the Declaration of Independence in 1776 and were certainly no longer British colonies a decade–plus later, when each ratified the 1787 Constitution. This is stated in the introduction. The table simply acknowledges and attempts to show that the 13 states whose existence predates the Constitution were each "formed from" a British colony (and not another state). The introduction can be refined if need be. Thanks. Drdpw (talk) 16:44, 29 October 2016 (UTC)
 * Fair -- I missed the intro. Most people are probably going to go directly to the list. 2601:8D:503:EF59:29F6:9E6C:9ECE:FF82 (talk) 12:50, 4 November 2016 (UTC)

TN or NJ?
I just reverted the edit by that added the rather questionable link Tennessee Department of State. Probably a typo, but thought it best to let the original editor fix it. YBG (talk)
 * I have undone your edit. It wasn't necessary to undo several edits of mine when the editing error was made in the most recent of those edits. In undoing your revert I corrected my earlier error. Inspite of the confusion, thanks for your vigilance. Cheers. Drdpw (talk) 05:06, 17 January 2016 (UTC)
 * Great! I wasn't paying real close attention and didn't realize I was reverting multiple edits. Thanks for understanding and WP:AGF. YBG (talk) 06:21, 17 January 2016 (UTC)

Dates for the 13 Colonies
I believe the dates given in this article for the original 13 are wrong, because the United States of America was created by the ratification of the Articles of Confederation. The 13 states ratified the Articles from 1777 to 1779; see Articles of Confederation. The later ratification was that of a new constitution for the same United States. I modified the current article without changing the list, by adding a sentence that one can say the dates of admission are the dates of ratifying the Articles. I leave it to others to decide whether one date should be preferred; for instance, scholars of the subject can determine what, if any, is the consensus of expert opinion. One solution might be to list the Articles dates in parentheses for the original 13. Zaslav (talk) 01:55, 30 August 2016 (UTC)

 * Zaslav, while the question, "when did the original 13 states become states", doesn't have a clear black or white answer, the given statehood dates for the original 13 states are correct, as the citations beside each will confirm. Even though each became a state upon declaring independence from Gt. Britain, and became part of the first Union of states upon ratifying the Articles of Confederation, between 1777-81, the statehood date for each has historically been given as the date they ratified the 1787 Constitution, thus joining the 2nd federal Union of states. Thus, adding the date each ratified the AoC to this table would be pointless, as it's irrelevant. Drdpw (talk) 03:38, 30 August 2016 (UTC)

New table added
I've added a second table to the article listing the date each of the original 13 states ratified the Articles of Confederation. I've put the list after the existing table, even though the AoC preceded the Constitution, because the main focus of this article is on when the 50 states joined the present federal Union as established by the 1787 Constitution (making it of secondary importance). Drdpw (talk) 21:01, 29 October 2016 (UTC)

The first thirteen versus the rest
This list misleads the reader by failing to make the list of the first thirteen separate from the rest.

What the first thirteen did by ratifying the Constitution was quite a different thing from what the later ones did. They were individually named in the Constitution as states that could become members by ratifying it. They others had to ask Congress to admit them, and Congress had discretion in the matter, and did not admit all that applied. And the first eight that ratified the Constitution did not thereby become members until nine had ratified it. Michael Hardy (talk) 03:05, 27 April 2017 (UTC)
 * The difference between the original 13 states and the subsequent 37 states regarding statehood is detailed in the introduction. This list is not in any way misleading, in fact, it's formatted the same way as the vast majority of 50-state statehood lists are. Drdpw (talk) 03:49, 27 April 2017 (UTC)
 * @Drdpw You missed his point: "And the first eight that ratified the Constitution did not thereby become members until nine had ratified it." — Preceding unsigned comment added by 100.11.36.194 (talk) 05:07, 25 December 2021 (UTC)
 * When the Constitution became established between the states so ratifying the same is a separate matter from when the original 13 states joined the Union. The first eight and the final five of the 13 each became a member on the date of their ratification. Drdpw (talk) 06:20, 25 December 2021 (UTC)

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California
California was not created from "unorganized territory". While true that, due to arguments over slavery, the U.S. itself never formally organized California into a territory prior statehood. California was created from the formerly Mexican province of Alta California. Prior to 1804, Alta California along with the Baja California peninsula had previously comprised the province of Las Californias, but was split off into a separate province until 1804 when New Spain formally established Nueva California. It became Alta California after the Mexican War of Independence. In the 1836 Siete Leyes government reorganization, the two Californias were once again combined into a single departamento. That merge was undone in October 1845, just before the start of the Mexican-American War. Alta California included all of the modern US states of California, Nevada and Utah, and parts of Arizona, Wyoming, Colorado and New Mexico. The government of Alta California remained consistent under several military governors of California, starting with Cdre. John Drake Sloat who claimed California for the United States, and was relieved by Cdre. Robert F. Stockton who actually deposed the last Mexican governor Pío Pico, who was followed by Gen. Stephen W. Kearny, Gen. Richard Barnes Mason, Gen. Persifor Frazer Smith, and Gen. Bennet C. Riley, who, following the California Constitutional Convention, was replaced by California's first elected Governor Peter Hardeman Burnett who then became the state of California's first Governor upon California's admission into statehood as part of the Compromise of 1850 where the remainder of Alta California was split into the Utah Territory and New Mexico Territory.

Therefore it is my contention that using the moniker "Unorganized Territory" next to California is de facto incorrect if even de jure correct because no Organic Act was passed by the U.S. Congress. scooteristi (talk) 16:37, 30 May 2020 (UTC)
 * As the U.S. Federal Government never formally organized California into a territory prior statehood, the Mexican Cession region was officially "Unorganized Territory" until September 9 1850, when it was organized: split in to Utah Territory and New Mexico Territory, and one portion was admitted as the state of California. This is why the label "Unorganized Territory" next to California is appropriate next to California. That said, I See your point that the government of the U.S. state of California was a direct successor to the government of the Mexican province of Alta California. Therefore, what I have done is to change the label to state "Unorganized territory / Mexican Cession" and to add a reference-note staring "Most of the region ceded by Mexico to the United States in 1848, following the Mexican–American War, had been the Mexican Department of Alta California. The Act of Congress establishing California as the 31st state was part of the Compromise of 1850." I believe that this represents a good middle ground and hope you do too. Cheers. Drdpw (talk) 23:43, 30 May 2020 (UTC)

Question about accuracy of 2nd paragraph
Shouldn't the 2nd sentence in the 2nd paragraph read "They possess all powers not exclusively granted to the federal government, nor prohibited to them by the Constitution of the United States." with the word exclusively added? Several powers are shared by states and the federal government. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 199.130.231.222 (talk) 14:25, 29 November 2021 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Baron Somerleyton

Baron Somerleyton, of Somerleyton in the County of Suffolk, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created on 26 June 1916 for the Liberal Unionist politician and former Paymaster General Sir Savile Crossley, 2nd Baronet. The titles are currently held by his great-grandson, the fourth Baron, who succeeded his father in 2012.

The third Baron notably served as Master of the Horse from 1991 to 1998 and was made a Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order in 1998.

The Crossley Baronetcy, of Belle Vue in the County of York and of Somerleyton in the County of Suffolk runs with the title as it was created in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom on 23 January 1863 for the first Baron's father, the carpet manufacturer, philanthropist and Liberal Member of Parliament, Francis Crossley.

The family seat is Somerleyton Hall in Somerleyton, Suffolk which borders the River Waveney and Norfolk in The Broads National Park. The family's trustees own Fritton Lake also known as Fritton Decoy, a lake with boat and canoe hire, rope walks, bike hire and golf course close to Great Yarmouth.

Crossley Baronets, of Belle Vue and Somerleyton (1863)

 * Sir Francis Crossley, 1st Baronet (1817–1872)
 * Sir Savile Brinton Crossley, 2nd Baronet (1857–1935) (created Baron Somerleyton in 1916)

Barons Somerleyton (1916)

 * Savile Brinton Crossley, 1st Baron Somerleyton (1857–1935) (same person as above)
 * Francis Savile Crossley, 2nd Baron Somerleyton (1889–1959)
 * Savile William Francis Crossley, 3rd Baron Somerleyton (1928−2012)
 * Hugh Francis Savile Crossley, 4th Baron Somerleyton (b. 1971).

The heir apparent is the current holder's son, Hon. John Crossley (b. 2010).

title: Baron Somerleyton


text:
The Last Rose of Summer

"The Last Rose of Summer" is a poem by the Irish poet Thomas Moore. He wrote it in 1805, while staying at Jenkinstown Castle in County Kilkenny, Ireland, where he was said to have been inspired by a specimen of Rosa 'Old Blush'.

The poem is set to a traditional tune called "Aisling an Óigfhear", or "The Young Man's Dream", which was transcribed by Edward Bunting in 1792, based on a performance by harper Denis Hempson (Donnchadh Ó hAmhsaigh) at the Belfast Harp Festival. The poem and the tune together were published in December 1813 in volume 5 of Thomas Moore's A Selection of Irish Melodies. The original piano accompaniment was written by John Andrew Stevenson, several other arrangements followed in the 19th and 20th centuries. The poem is now probably at least as well known in its song form as in the original.

Classical
The following is an incomplete selection of "theme and variations" created during the 19th and 20th centuries.

 * Ludwig van Beethoven used "The Last Rose of Summer" twice:
 * as no. 6 "Sad and Luckless was the Season" in volume 2 of his Irish Songs, WoO 153 (written 1814, published 1816)
 * as no. 4 of his Six National Airs with Variations, Op. 105 for flute and piano (composed 1818, published 1819)
 * Ferdinand Ries: Grand sestetto ... in which is introduced the admired air 'The Last Rose Summer', Op. 100, for string quartet, double bass, piano (1819)
 * Friedrich Kalkbrenner: Eighth Fantasia for the piano forte in which is introduced a favourite Irish melody, Op. 50, for piano (1821)
 * Charles Bochsa: Fantaisie et variations sur un air favori irlandais, for harp (1822)
 * Mauro Giuliani: No. 2 of Six Airs irlandois nationales variés, Op. 125, for guitar (c.1825)
 * Ignaz Moscheles: The Recollections of Ireland, Op. 69, for piano and orchestra (1826)
 * Felix Mendelssohn: Fantasia on 'The Last Rose of Summer', Op. 15, for piano (c.1827)
 * Jean-Louis Tulou: Souvenir anglais, Op. 51, for 2 flutes and piano (1828)
 * Friedrich Kuhlau: Variations on an Irish Folksong, Op. 105, for flute and piano (1829)
 * Kaspar Kummer: Des Sommers letzte Rose, no. 6 in: Transcriptionen über beliebte Themen, Op. 57, for 2 flutes (1829)
 * Auguste Franchomme: Variations sur des thèmes russes et écossais, Op. 6 (1835)
 * Henri Herz: The Last Rose of Summer, Op. 159, for piano (1842)
 * William Vincent Wallace: The Last Rose of Summer (1846)
 * Friedrich von Flotow: aria "Letzte Rose" in the opera Martha (1847)
 * Charles Mayer: La Dernière rose. Fantaisie variée, for piano (mid-1840s)
 * Mikhail Glinka: Theme ecossais varie based on the Irish tune 'The Last Rose of Summer', for piano (1847)
 * Joseph Joachim Raff: The Last Rose of Summer. La Dernière rose. Impromptu, Op. 46, for piano (1849)
 * August Neithardt: Des Sommers letzte Rose, Op. 141 no. 3, for mixed choir (1850)
 * Brinley Richards: The Last Rose of Summer, Op. 45, for piano (1853)
 * Charles Oberthür: Fantaisie brillante, on motives of Flotow's Martha, introducing the air 'The Last Rose of Summer', Op. 116, for harp (1854)
 * Sigismond Thalberg: The Last Rose of Summer. Air irlandais varié, Op. 73, for piano (1857)
 * Jean-Chrisostome Hess: La Dernière rose d'été. Rêverie, Op. 66, for piano (1860)
 * Henri Vieuxtemps: No. 5 of Bouquet Américain, Op. 33 ("Dernière rose de l'été"), for violin and piano (1860)
 * Heinrich Wilhelm Ernst: No. 6 of Sechs mehrstimmige Etüden (Six Polyphonic Studies): Variations on 'The Last Rose of Summer', for violin solo (1865)
 * Joseph O'Kelly: La Dernière rose; no. 6 of Les Soirées enfantines, 2nd series, versions for piano solo and 4-hands (1866)
 * Jules Danbé: La Dernière rose. Mélodie irlandaise, fantaisie, for violin and piano (1870)
 * Charles Gounod: The Last Rose of Summer, for mixed choir (1873)
 * Dudley Buck: The Last Rose of Summer, Op. 59; introduction, theme, and variations for organ (1877)
 * Sydney Smith: The Last Rose of Summer. Paraphrase de concert, Op. 173, for piano (c.1880)
 * Félix Godefroid: La Dernière rose d'été. Mélodie irlandaise, for harp (1891)
 * Max Reger: Vierstimmiger Kanon über das Lied 'Letzte Rose', for piano (1903)
 * Paul Hindemith alluded to both words and music in his On Hearing 'The Last Rose of Summer', part of Nine English Songs (1944)
 * Benjamin Britten: no. 9 of Folksong Arrangements, vol. 4: Moore's Irish Melodies (1958)
 * Jörg Widmann: The Last Rose of Summer. A Farewell Song for viola and small orchestra (2023)

Popular

 * In Japan, the melody is widely known as the song Niwa-no-Chigusa (庭の千草), meaning "The Plants in the Garden". The poem was adapted by Tadashi Satomi (1824–1886) and published as part of Primary School Songbooks (Volume III) in 1884 by the Japanese Education Ministry.
 * Bing Crosby included the song in a medley on his album On the Sentimental Side (1962).
 * Nina Simone covered it on her album Broadway-Blues-Ballads (1964).
 * A Swedish language poem "Vid Roines strand" by Zacharias Topelius has several times been recorded with this tune, among others by Hootenanny Singers in 1966.
 * Judas Priest recorded a song entitled "Last Rose of Summer" on their 1977 album Sin After Sin. Written by Rob Halford and Glenn Tipton, the song is all about "unyielding love".
 * Clannad released a rendition of "The Last Rose of Summer" on their 1980 album Crann Úll.
 * The poem is alluded to in the Grateful Dead song "Black Muddy River", which is sung to the original tune, on their 1987 album In the Dark.
 * Sarah Brightman recorded "The Last Rose of Summer" for her 1988 album The Trees They Grow So High.
 * Tom Waits included a song entitled "The Last Rose of Summer" on his 1993 album The Black Rider, based on the eponymous stage production by Waits, Robert Wilson (director) and William S. Burroughs. In it, the singer talks about the petals of his "favourite rose" being shrouded "in shadows dark and long". The song ends with the lines: "I can be found in the garden singing this song / When the last rose of summer is gone".
 * Charlotte Church recorded "The Last Rose of Summer" on her 1999 album Charlotte Church.
 * The Irish Tenors covered the song on their 2000 CD/DVD release Live in Belfast.
 * It is sung in the musical group Celtic Woman by Méav Ní Mhaolchatha and Hayley Westenra. Chloë Agnew's solo version is recorded on her 2002 album Chloë. Ní Mhaolchatha's solo version is included in her 2006 A Celtic Journey album. In the 2007 Celtic Woman: A New Journey tours, Agnew sang duets with Ní Mhaolchatha, Westenra, and the vocalist-guitarist of the same group, Lynn Hilary.
 * James Galway: Over the Sea to Skye – The Celtic Connection, James Galway & The Chieftains (2009).
 * In 2010, Fionnuala Sherry of the New Instrumental duo Secret Garden released a version of the song titled "The Last Rose" on her solo debut album Songs From Before.
 * Laura Wright recorded a version, featured on her album The Last Rose (2011).
 * Kanye West refers to the poem in his song Blood on the Leaves on his album Yeezus wherein the rapper writes, "That summer night holdin' long and long, 'din long Now waiting for the summer rose and (breathe)" (2013).
 * Anna Meredith recorded a version as "Last Rose" featured on her album "Varmints" (2016).
 * Gintaras Januševičius uses the melody (with its Irish title "Aislean an Oigfear") as the opening of his 2019 narrative recital programme "The New Colossus". The programme is dedicated to people who built New York and their stories. The melody is included as a tribute to Irish people. Januševičius then uses attacca to go into the next piece – "L'isle Joyeuse" by Claude Debussy.

Literary allusions
This poem is mentioned in Jules Verne's 1884 novel The Vanished Diamond (aka. The Southern Star), and by Wilkie Collins in The Moonstone (1868), in which Sergeant Cuff whistles the tune frequently.

The song is mentioned by James Joyce in Ulysses. It is also referred to, disdainfully, in George Eliot's Middlemarch.

The song also mentioned in Rupert Hughes's 1914 book by the same name, The Last Rose of Summer, and by Betty Smith in her 1943 novel A Tree Grows in Brooklyn.

Film, television, radio and games
An American silent film titled The Last Rose of Summer was produced and released by the Lubin Manufacturing Company of Philadelphia in 1912.

A British silent film of The Last Rose of Summer made in 1920 stars Owen Nares and Daisy Burrell.

Deanna Durbin sings the song in the 1939 film, Three Smart Girls Grow Up.

In the 1941 film Here Comes Mr. Jordan, it is the character Joe Pendelton's inability to play "The Last Rose of Summer" on his saxophone in any way other than badly that allows him to prove that he is alive in another man's body; all the other characters think he is the dead man from whom he got the body, but when he plays the sax for his old boxing manager, he uses the same wrong note in the melody as he always did, and which thus confirms his story of coming back from the after-life.

In the 1944 film Gaslight, the melody is associated with the opera singer Alice Alquist, the murdered aunt of the protagonist, Paula (Ingrid Bergman).

In the 1951 film The Great Caruso, actor Mario Lanza who played Caruso sang it as Caruso's swan song.

In the 1953 I Love Lucy, episode "Never Do Business With Friends" (Season 2, Episode 31), Ethel Mertz (played by Vivian Vance) sings the first lines of this song while doing housework.

This song is heard played on a 19.5/8-inch upright Polyphon musical box as Katie Johnson is walking to/away from the police station at the start/end of the 1955 Alec Guinness film The Ladykillers.

The Last Rose of Summer was also the title (later revised as Dying of Paradise) of a three-hour science fiction production written by Stephen Gallagher in 1977–78 for Piccadilly Radio.

This song was also featured in the 1970 West Germany Film Heintje – Einmal wird die Sonne wieder scheinen.

In the 1983–1984 Japanese TV drama Oshin, broadcast on NHK, the melody is played on harmonica by the characters.

In the 1995 film An Awfully Big Adventure, the song is used as P.L. O'Hara's theme music and is a recurrent musical motif in the film's score.

The song was featured in Ric Burns' documentary series, New York: A Documentary Film (1999–2003), broadcast on PBS in the USA.

In the 2000 Thai western film Tears of the Black Tiger (ฟ้าทะลายโจร, or Fa Thalai Chon), a translated version of the song called "Kamsuanjan" ("The Moon Lament") was used as the closing song concurrent with the tragic ending of the film.

The song was used in the 2008 video game Endless Ocean 2: Adventures of the Deep as the theme of the Depths area of the Zahhab Region. It is also playable on the jukebox that the player can purchase in-game.

In the 16th (final) episode of the 6th season (2009) of the UK Channel 4 television series Shameless, the song was sung by Jamie Maguire (played by Aaron McCusker) at the funeral of his sister Mandy Maguire (Samantha Siddall).

The song was featured in FOX TV series,"The Chicago Code" Season 1 Episode 2, "Hog Butcher" (February 2011). This traditional Irish song was sung by Jason Bayle, as the uniformed officer during the memorial service of fallen Chicago police officer Antonio Betz.

In Rooster Teeth Productions' RWBY web series, the name of Summer Rose is a direct reference to the poem. The thirteenth line, "Thus Kindly I Scatter", is used as the epitaph on her gravestone in the trailer "Red" and episodes one and twelve of the third season (2015).

In the Austenland (film) (2013), the character of Lady Amelia Heartwright plays a verse of the song while at the pianforte, in an affected and not particularly skilled manner.

In the Hangar 13 game Mafia III (2016), one of the main characters, Thomas Burke, can be heard singing this song with sorrow.

The 2017 film Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri  starts with The Last Rose of Summer, performed by Renée Fleming from the CD The Beautiful Voice by Renée Fleming, the English Chamber Orchestra & Jeffrey Tate 1998. The song is played again late in the film, when the central character, Mildred Hayes, hurls Molotov cocktails at the police station. The version performed is part of the opera Martha by Friedrich von Flotow.

In the season 9 premiere of The Walking Dead, Hilltop resident Alden (played by Callan McAuliffe) sang a rendition of The Last Rose of Summer at the funeral of the blacksmith's son Ken.

Anya Taylor-Joy performs The Last Rose of Summer in another Austen-related film, the 2020 film adaptation of Emma, based on Jane Austen's 1815 novel of the same name.

Audio clips

 * [[Media:Aislean an oigfear (Tune).mid|Aislean an oigfear]]

title: The Last Rose of Summer


text:
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, known colloquially as Chinese hibiscus, China rose, Hawaiian hibiscus, rose mallow and shoeblack plant, is a species of tropical hibiscus, a flowering plant in the Hibisceae tribe of the family Malvaceae. It is widely cultivated as an ornamental plant in the tropics and subtropics.

Tree and leaves
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis is a bushy, evergreen shrub or small tree growing 2.5 - 5 m tall and 1.5 - 3 m wide. The plant has a branched taproot. Its stem is aerial, erect, green, cylindrical, and branched.

Its leaves are simple and petiolate, with alternate phyllotaxy. The leaf shape is ovate while the tip is acute, and the margin is serrated. Venation is unicostate reticulate, meaning the leaves' veins are branched or divergent. Their surfaces are glossy. Free lateral stipules are present.

Flowers
Its flowers bloom in summer and autumn. They are solitary (axillary) and symmetrical. They are typically red, with five petals 10 cm in diameter, with prominent orange-tipped red anthers. Cultivars and hybrids have flowers in a variety of colors as well as red: white, pink, orange, peach, yellow, blue, and purple. Some plants have double flowers.

At the bottom of every hibiscus bud is the calyx, which is green in color. The pointed ends of the calyx are called the sepals. When the hibiscus begins to bloom, the flower's petals begin to grow.

Each hibiscus flower has both male and female parts. The ovary and other female parts of the flower lie in the main structure of the hibiscus: the pistil, which is long and tubular. The five "hairy" spots at the top of the pistil make up the stigma, which is where pollen is collected. In the middle of the pistil is the style, which is the tube down which pollen travels to the ovary. The ovary lies at the bottom of the blossom, and each hibiscus has only one superior ovary. The male part of the flower, called the stamen, consists of stem-like filaments and anthers. Each filament ends with the pollen-producing anther.

Genetics
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis is one of many plant species with a genetic characteristic known as polyploidy, a condition in which the species has more than two complete sets of chromosomes. A result of polyploidy is that the phenotype of a plant's offspring may be quite different from the parent plant, or indeed any ancestor, essentially allowing possibly random expression of any (or all) of the characteristics of previous generations. Because of this characteristic, H. rosa-sinensis has become popular with hobbyists who cross and recross varieties, creating new varieties. Competitions are held to exhibit and judge the many resulting new seedlings and often strikingly unique flowers.

Taxonomy
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis was first described in 1753 by Carl Linnaeus in Species Plantarum. The specific epithet rosa-sinensis literally means "rose of China", although the plant is not closely related to true roses, nor is it from China. The genus Hibiscus is in the tribe Hibisceae and the subfamily Malvoideae of the family Malvaceae.

Ecology
Despite its size and colorful hues which are typically attractive to nectarivore birds, the flowers of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis are not visited regularly by hummingbirds when grown in the Neotropics. Generalist species, like the sapphire-spangled emerald (Amazilia lactea), or long-billed species, like the stripe-breasted starthroat (Heliomaster squamosus) are occasionally seen to visit the flowers. In the subtropical and temperate Americas, hummingbirds are regularly attracted to hibiscus.

The endangered Papilio homerus butterfly, the largest in the western hemisphere, is known to feed on the nectar of H. rosa-sinensis.

Cultivation
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis is widely grown as an ornamental plant throughout the tropics and subtropics. As it does not tolerate temperatures below 10 C, in temperate regions it is best grown under glass. Plants grown in containers may be placed outside during the summer months and moved into shelter during the winter months.

Numerous cultivars exist, with flower colors ranging from white through yellow and orange to scarlet and shades of pink, with both single and double sets of petals. The cultivar 'Cooperi' has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

Uses
The flowers of H. rosa-sinensis are edible and are used in salads in the Pacific Islands. The flower is used as an accessory, particularly as a hairpiece. It is also used to shine shoes in certain parts of India, hence the common name "shoeblack plant". In Indonesia and Malaysia, these flowers are called "kembang sepatu" or "bunga sepatu", which literally means "shoe flower". The flower can also be used as a pH indicator; when used, the flower turns acidic solutions to a dark pink or magenta color and turns basic solutions to green. Red hibiscus flowers are also used for worship; in Hinduism, they are used for the worship of Devi, and in the Bengal area of eastern India, they are used to worship Kali. The hibiscus also has an important part in tantra. In several countries the flowers are dried to use in a beverage, usually tea.

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis is considered to have a number of medical uses in Chinese herbology. Traditional uses in China have been to make a black shoe-polish from its flower petals, or to make a woman's black hair dye. The flowers are also used in parts of China to color various intoxicating liquors. The plant may have some potential in cosmetic skin care; for example, an extract from the flowers of H. rosa-sinensis has been shown to function as an anti-solar agent by absorbing ultraviolet radiation.

In culture
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis is the national flower of Malaysia, called bunga raya in Malay. This can be translated in a number of ways, including "great flower" or "celebratory flower." Introduced into the Malay Peninsula in the 12th century, it was nominated as the national flower in the year 1958 by the Ministry of Agriculture amongst a few other flowers, namely ylang ylang, jasmine, lotus, rose, magnolia, and medlar. On July 28, 1960, it was declared by the government of Malaysia that H. rosa-sinensis would be the national flower. The red of the petals symbolizes the courage, life, and rapid growth of the Malaysian people, and the five petals represent the five Rukun Negara of Malaysia. The flower can be found imprinted on the notes and coins of the Malaysian ringgit.

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis is an unofficial national flower in Haiti, where it has been used as a symbol for the promotion of tourism. The flower is also the symbol of the Fusion of Haitian Social Democrats political party. It is known in Haitian Creole language as choeblack or rose kayenn.

The yellow variety of the hibiscus is the official flower of Hawaii, where it is often hybridized and is worn ornamentally in the hair and in lei. In Hawaiian, hibiscus is called aloalo.

Stamps

 * In March 1987, DPR Korea issued a postage stamp depicting Hibiscus rosa-sinensis.
 * On October 7, 2012, Sri Lanka issued a stamp set of four, one of which depicted a Hibiscus rosa-sinensis flower.

Gallery
Cultivars with flowers of many colours are used as ornamental plants. Some have double petals or have differently shaped petals.

title: Hibiscus rosa-sinensis


text:
Honda CBR series

The Honda CBR models are a series of Honda sport bikes introduced in 1983. With the exception of the single-cylinder CBR125R, CBR150R, CBR250R, and CBR300R, all CBR motorcycles have inline engines. Less sporting/general models make up CB series.

Types

The CBR series includes:

Single-cylinder

 * CBR125R (2004–2016)
 * CBR150R (2002–present)
 * CBR250R (2011–2013, international; 2011–2021, Japan/Malaysia; 2011–2020)
 * CBR300R (2015–present)

Inline-twin

 * CBR250RR (2017–present, Indonesia/Japan/Hong Kong/Macau/Thailand/Malaysia only)
 * CBR400R (2013–present, Japan/Singapore only)
 * CBR450SR (1989–1994, Brazil only)
 * CBR500R (2013–present)

Inline-four

 * CBR250/250R/250RR (1986–2001)
 * CBR400F/400R/400RR (1983–1994)
 * CBR500F (1986–1993)
 * CBR600F Hurricane/600F2/600F3/600F4/600F4i (1987–2006)
 * CBR600F (2011–2013)
 * CBR600RR (2003–present)
 * CBR650F (2014–2018)
 * CBR650R (2019–present)
 * CBR750 Super Aero (1987–1988)
 * CBR900RR Fireblade (893 cc: 1992–1995; 919 cc: 1996–1999)
 * CBR929RR Fireblade (2000–2001)
 * CBR954RR Fireblade (2002–2003)
 * CBR1000RR Fireblade (2004–2019)
 * CBR1000RR-R Fireblade (2020–present)
 * CBR1000F Hurricane (1987–1999)
 * CBR1100XX Super Blackbird (1996–2007)

title: Honda CBR series


text:
Baron Sysonby

Baron Sysonby, of Wonersh in the County of Surrey, was a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created in 1935 for the soldier and courtier Sir Frederick Ponsonby. He was the second son of Sir Henry Ponsonby, grandson of Frederick Ponsonby, 3rd Earl of Bessborough, while Arthur Ponsonby, 1st Baron Ponsonby of Shulbrede, was his younger brother. The barony became extinct on the death of his grandson, the third Baron, in 2009.

Barons Sysonby (1935)

 * Frederick Edward Grey Ponsonby, 1st Baron Sysonby (1867–1935)
 * Edward Gaspard Ponsonby, 2nd Baron Sysonby (1903–1956)
 * John Frederick Ponsonby, 3rd Baron Sysonby (1945–2009)

title: Baron Sysonby


text:
Talk:Ralph Vaughan Williams

Image
An editor keeps adding this image, which I do not think belongs in a Featured Article because the copyright details on the Commons page do not comply with WP requirements. Proof that it was published before 1926 would help a lot, but "Creative Commons" is clearly inapplicable, it seems to me. Advice from an editor more expert on image copyright and WP application thereof would be most welcome.  Tim riley  talk   08:55, 19 October 2021 (UTC)

 * The same goes for this image, which I have also removed, pending confirmation that it meets WP's requirements.  Tim riley  talk   12:54, 19 October 2021 (UTC)
 * I have now sought an expert opinion from an editor who frequently does the image reviews at FAC (and indeed did the image review for this article).  Tim riley  talk   13:06, 19 October 2021 (UTC)
 * Nikkimaria, who reviewed the images at FAC has kindly given us a steer:
 * At the moment there isn't enough info in either case to be assured that the images are in the public domain - the uploader has claimed CC0 but without evidence of their right to do so, and in both cases the source states the images are reproduced by permission of the trust. Is there any reason that you're aware of to believe the uploader is associated with the trust? Failing that, do we have any further details on publication history of these images?
 * Unless these points can be satisfactorily addressed I fear these pictures are inadmissible.  Tim riley  talk   18:17, 20 October 2021 (UTC)
 * Is anyone prepared to contact rvwtrust.org.uk? Is that something that would have to be done via Wikimedia Commons? Martinevans123 (talk) 18:21, 20 October 2021 (UTC)

VW assignment in the Royal Army Medical Corps
RE: "Joining the Royal Army Medical Corps as a private, he drove ambulance wagons in France and later in Greece." Per Stephen Connock's book, The Edge of Beyond (Albion Music 2021), page 58, VW was a wagon orderly, not a driver. Drivers came from the Army Service Corp. I would change this, but I was asked to suggest changes here first. Rgrames (talk) 03:20, 6 June 2024 (UTC)
 * VW spelled the term "waggon orderly", but that was his job title, certainly. (See Ursula, p. 120)  Tim riley  talk   07:35, 6 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Thank you. I made the change, with a parenthetical definition of wagon orderly, as suggested. I used Connock as the reference rather than UVW because Connock's book is much more thorough on the subject and explains, on the page cited, who actually drove the ambulances. Rgrames (talk) 04:40, 7 June 2024 (UTC)
 * OK. I've trimmed the wordiness and remedied your WP:CITEVAR variation.  Tim riley  talk   06:47, 7 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Why did you change the citation? Connock's book is the now definitive text on VW's WWI experience and provides the additional information regarding who actually drove the ambulances. UVW's quote of his letter to Holst is ambiguous regarding what a "waggon orderly" is, and has been cited elsewhere as evidence that he was a driver. There is no such ambiguity in Connock's discussion. Have you read it? It quotes the Holst letter, too, but then resolves the issue. And my change was no more "wordy" than was needed to include the term "wagon orderly".
 * Oh, and you have a typo in your reference page number. Rgrames (talk) 05:05, 8 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Your WP:CITEVAR violation made a dog's breakfast of the citations, putting the bibliographical details of the book in with the References, rather than, with all the other books, in the Sources section. If you wish to replace the citation with the newer book by all means do so, but don't indulge in CITEVAR: do the job properly, please. The job title is better avoided as there are two contradictory spellings of it and all that is needed here is to say what RVW was doing rather than what the position was called.  Tim riley  talk   07:59, 8 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ralph Vaughan Williams


text:
Baron Strathcarron

Baron Strathcarron, of Banchor in the County of Inverness, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created on 11 January 1936 for the Liberal politician Sir Ian Macpherson, 1st Baronet. He had already been created a baronet, of Drumalban on 26 April 1933. , the titles are held by his grandson, the third Baron, who succeeded his father in 2006.

Niall Macpherson, 1st Baron Drumalbyn, was the nephew of the first Baron Strathcarron.

Barons Strathcarron (1936)

 * (James) Ian Macpherson, 1st Baron Strathcarron (1880–1937)
 * David William Anthony Blyth Macpherson, 2nd Baron Strathcarron (1924–2006)
 * Ian David Patrick Macpherson, 3rd Baron Strathcarron (b. 1949)

The heir apparent is the present holder's son, the Hon. Rory David Alisdair Macpherson (b. 1982).

The heir apparent’s heir apparent is his son, Otto Macpherson (b. 2017)

title: Baron Strathcarron


text:
Head voice

Head voice is a term used within vocal music. The use of this term varies widely within vocal pedagogical circles and there is currently no one consistent opinion among vocal music professionals in regard to this term. Head voice can be used in relation to the following:
 * A particular part of the vocal range or type of vocal register
 * A vocal resonance area
 * A specific vocal timbre

History
The term goes back at least as far as the Roman tradition of rhetorical instruction. Quintilian (ca. AD 95) recommends teaching students ut quotiens exclamandum erit lateris conatus sit ille, non capitis ("that when the voice has to be raised the effort comes from the lungs and not from the head," Inst. 1.11.8, transl. Russell). The first recorded mention of the term in a musical context was around the 13th century, when it was distinguished from the throat and the chest voice (pectoris, guttoris, capitis—at this time it is likely head voice referred to the falsetto register) by the writers Johannes de Garlandia and Jerome of Moravia. The term was later adopted within bel canto, the Italian opera singing method, where it was identified as the highest of three vocal registers: the chest, passaggio and head registers. This approach is still taught by some vocal instructors today.

However, as knowledge of human physiology has increased over the past two hundred years, so has the understanding of the physical process of singing and vocal production. As a result, many vocal instructors have redefined or even abandoned the use of the term head voice. In particular, the use of the term head register has become controversial since vocal registration is more commonly seen today as a product of laryngeal function. For this reason, many vocal instructors argue that it is meaningless to speak of registers being produced in the head. The vibratory sensations that are felt in the head are resonance phenomena and should be described in terms related to vocal resonance, not to registers. These vocal instructors prefer the term "head voice" over the term "head register." These vocal instructors also hold that many of the problems which people identify as register problems are really problems of resonance adjustment. This helps to explain the controversy over this terminology. Also, the term head register is not used within speech pathology and is not one of the four main vocal registers identified by speech pathologists. The following is an overview of the two predominant views on head voice within vocal pedagogy.

Head voice and vocal registration
One prevailing practice within vocal pedagogy is to divide both men and women's voices into three registers. Men's voices are divided into "chest register", "head register", and "falsetto register" and women's voices into "chest register", "middle register", and "head register". According to this practice, singing in the head register feels to the singer as if the tone is resonating in their head (rather than primarily in the chest or throat). According to an early 20th-century book written by David Clippinger, all voices have a head register, whether bass or soprano.

Clippinger claims that males and females switch registers at the same absolute pitches. He also states that at about E♭ or E above middle C, the tenor passes from what is usually called open to covered tone, but which might better be called from chest to head voice. At the same absolute pitches, the alto or soprano passes from the chest to the middle register. According to Clippinger, there is every reason to believe that the change in the mechanism for male voices into head register is the same as that which occurs in the female voice as it goes into the middle register at the same pitches.

The contemporary vocal pedagogy instructor Bill Martin seconds the view that the change from chest voice to head voice occurs at around E4 in all voices, including the bass, but Martin states that in the coloratura soprano, it is more likely to occur at F4. A recent book by a former teacher at Oberlin College Conservatory of Music and a vocal pedagogy teacher, Richard Miller, states that in the "tenore lirico," the higher part of the singing voice above the secondo passaggio at G4 extending upwards is referred to as "full voice in head," or voce piena in testa, effectively stating the head register begins at G4 in the "tenore lirico," not at E4. According to Singing For Dummies, the bass changes from chest voice into middle voice around A3 or A♭3 below Middle C and changes into his head voice around D4 or C♯4 above Middle C.

In the head register (which is above the chest register), some of the bottom end leaves the voice, but it's still, according to Martin, a voice capable of much power.

Explanations for the physiological mechanisms behind the head voice can alter from voice teacher to voice teacher. This is because, according to Clippinger, "In discussing the head voice it is the purpose to avoid as much as possible the mechanical construction of the instrument".

However, not all vocal teachers agree with this view. Thomas Appell's 1993 book Can You Sing a HIGH C Without Straining? aimed to refute the theory that all singers switch registers at the same absolute pitch. Appell defined chest voice as resonance below the vocal folds and head voice as resonance above the vocal folds. He recorded examples of male and female singers changing from chest voice to head voice at different pitches in an attempt to prove that the transition pitch is a function of the intensity of the vocal tone and is not absolute. At higher vocal cord tension (intensity of singing), Appell shows that the pitch at which a singer transitions from chest to head voice will be higher. At lower vocal cord tension (intensity of singing), Appell shows that the pitch at which a singer transitions from chest to head voice will be lower.

Head voice and vocal resonation
This view is that since all registers originate in laryngeal function, it is meaningless to speak of registers being produced in the head. The vibratory sensations which are felt in the head are resonance phenomena and should be described in terms related to resonance, not to registers. These vocal instructors prefer the term "head voice" over the term register and divide the human voice into four registers: the vocal fry register, the modal register, the falsetto register, and the whistle register. This view is more consistent with modern understandings of human physiology and in keeping with stroboscope videos of laryngeal function during vocal phonation. Tarneaud says, "during singing, the vibration of the vocal folds impresses periodic shakes on the laryngeal cartilage which transmits them to the bones in the thorax via the laryngeal depressors, and to the bony structures in the head via the laryngeal elevators. Singers feel these shakes in the form of thoracic and facial vibrations". These internal phonatory sensations produced by laryngeal vibrations are called "resonance" by singers and teachers of singing. There are seven parts of the human body that act as resonators, and of those seven, the three most effective resonators that help amplify and create the most pleasing sounds are all located in the head: the pharynx, the oral cavity, and the nasal cavity.

Not falsetto
Resonances and registration aside, the term "head voice" is commonly used to mean "high notes that are not falsetto or strained". For example, when Pavarotti, Stevie Wonder or Bill Withers slide from chest voice to a tenor high C (C5) in full, balanced voice, this is referred to as "head voice". (Pavarotti's range was C♯3 to F5, but beyond D5 (E♭5 to F5) he sang in a strong or reinforced falsetto.)

Beginning singers who have difficulty controlling their vocal break need to be taught to eliminate or control the physiological conditions associated with falsetto or strain in a process called "head voice." A strong falsetto is called a reinforced falsetto and a very light head voice is called "voce di testa bianca" or white head voice.

High notes that are sung with balanced physiology do tend to have better resonance than falsetto or strained notes, so this definition doesn't usually contradict the other two.

title: Head voice


text:
Leave of absence

The labour law concept of leave, specifically paid leave or, in some countries' long-form, a leave of absence, is an authorised prolonged absence from work, for any reason authorised by the workplace. When people "take leave" in this way, they are usually taking days off from their work that have been pre-approved by their employer in their contracts of employment. Labour laws normally mandate that these paid-leave days be compensated at either 100% of normal pay, or at a very high percentage of normal days' pay, such as 75% or 80%. A furlough is a type of leave.

There are many subcategories of paid leave, usually dependent on the reasons why the leave is being taken. Sick leave is normally compensated at 100% of pay, while other types of leave are often more restrictive, such as only compensating a certain percentage of normal pay, or as regards paid holidays, which in some countries are granted automatically by national governments, such as in most European Union countries, and in others, such as the United States, are a matter of employment contracts or labor union agreements, as well as state or local law.

The internationally acknowledged definition of paid leave, in international labour law as observed by the International Labour Organisation and others, is one that restricts itself only to pre-approved labour agreements in the workplace.

India
In India, a Government service holder under the Union Government or any Provincial (State) Government can avail the following types of leave of absence during the service period:
 * Earned leave: Leave of absence which is earned by the employee by dint of period of duty in service but usually credited in advance to the leave account in two installments per year at a rate 2.5 days per month (30 days per year) . The leaves, if not availed, get accumulated up to 300 days, but no more and also the employee remains entitled to a cash equivalent of the 80 days of such leaves not availed on the day of retirement from service.
 * Half pay leave: All Government servants are entitled to 20 days of HPL for every completed year of service with all kinds of availed leaves included in the concerned year. These leaves get accumulated, if not availed without limit and credited in advance in two installments every year. They are the basis of calculation of commuted leave available to the employee after completion of one year of service.
 * Commuted leave: Two half pay leaves due can be commuted to one fully paid commuted leave. Commuted leave not exceeding half the amount of half-pay leave due at any point of time can be taken on certified medical ground. Whereas 90 days of commuted leave can be availed during the entire service period without any certified medical ground.
 * Leave not due: This leave of absence can be availed by an employee in the same manner as that of commuted leave but in advance under good faith on the part of the sanctioning authority that the employee shall clear the debt by accumulation of half pay leave through subsequent years of service till his retirement. Such leave is limited up to a maximum of 180 days at a stretch and 360 days in the entire service life.
 * Parental leave (maternity leave, paternity leave)
 * Study leave: Maximum three years available after completion of at least five years of service.
 * Extra ordinary leave: Leave when no salary is to be given to the employee because he will be or was absent. This leave is granted to regularize unexplained absence resulting into discontinuation of service or can be opted by an employee when he needs a break and takes time off from duty.
 * Casual leave: This leave is not strictly a leave because the employee is considered to be on duty and responsible.
 * Child care leave
 * Hospital leave
 * Vacation department staff leave: Employees who work in departments where yearly seasonal vacation is admissible cannot earn leave. Other leaves are applicable.
 * Special disability leave
 * Child adoption leave
 * Educational leave of absence: Leave of absence to continue schooling or complete a degree.

Unpaid leave
Unpaid leave is leave that is granted exceptionally by the workplace and that is given permission to occur by the workplace, but is not compensated.

title: Leave of absence


text:
Talk:STS-61-A

Patch
Is the STS-61 patch appropriate for STS-61-A,B,C? - Texture 20:43, 5 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * No, those are different missions, check out here for complete mission profiles (including patches) 61 A-C were flown in the early 80'sTheon 21:47, Mar 5, 2004 (UTC)

Miswritten sentence?
I can't seem to fully understand this sentence, towards the end of the article:

 As to further distinguish Ockels, being the first Dutch citizen to fly into space, gets attributed an ESA logo to his name, instead of the more traditional addition of the respective non-US members being attributed with their respective nation's flags, as the patch already was that elaborately showing such.

Is there something wrong in it? A missing word, maybe? Fomalhaut76 (talk) 10:04, 23 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:STS-61-A


text: Talk:Capital gain

title: Talk:Capital gain


text:
Ardwight Chamberlain

Ardwight Chamberlain (sometimes credited as R.D. Chamberlain or R. Dwight; born February 16, 1957) is an American voice actor and screen writer currently living in Los Angeles, California. He is best known as the voice of Vorlon Ambassador Kosh on the science-fiction television series Babylon 5. He has also written a number of episodes for the animated TV show Digimon: Digital Monsters, has appeared on the game show Jeopardy!, and has written and provided voices for the English dubbed versions of several Japanese anime.

Chamberlain did the voice for both Kosh (a main cast member of the series) and Ulkesh in the Babylon 5 series starting in 1994 until 1997, totaling 20 episodes. Although he has been "the voice" of Kosh, the man underneath the encounter suit was Jeffrey Willerth.

He provides the voice for the character of Nicolai (Nicolas) Conrad in the English language version of the video game Shadow Hearts: Covenant (2004).

Anime

 * 8 Man After - Chen
 * Barefoot Gen - Mr. Pak, Narrator
 * Casshan: Robot Hunter - Akubon
 * Doomed Megalopolis - Kamo
 * Katy Caterpillar - Boss Bee
 * Lupin III: Mystery of Mamo - Goemon Ishikawa XIII (Streamline dub)
 * Nadia: The Secret of Blue Water - Jean (Streamline dub)
 * Robotech II: The Sentinels - Rem
 * Swiss Family Robinson - Fritz Robinson
 * Unico - Devil, Gods
 * Zentrix - Webster

Television

 * Babylon 5 - Kosh, Ulkesh, Vorlon

Video games

 * Shadow Hearts: Covenant - Nicolas Conrad

Voice Director

 * Aladdin and the Magic Lamp
 * Katy Caterpillar
 * Robotech: The Movie
 * Teknoman

Script Writing

 * 8 Man After
 * Babylon 5
 * Barefoot Gen
 * Captain Harlock and the Queen of a Thousand Years
 * Casshan: Robot Hunter
 * Crimson Wolf
 * Digimon: Digital Monsters
 * Digimon Adventure Tri
 * Dirty Pair: Affair of Nolandia
 * Dirty Pair: Flight 005 Conspiracy
 * Dirty Pair: Project Eden
 * DNA Sights 999.9
 * Dragon Slayer: The Legend of Heroes
 * Dragon Warrior
 * Dream-Star Button Nose
 * Final Fantasy: Legend of the Crystals
 * Glitter Force
 * Golgo 13: Queen Bee
 * Goku: Midnight Eye
 * Grimm Masterpiece Theater
 * The Littl' Bits
 * Lupin III: The Mystery of Mamo
 * Maple Town Stories
 * Marvel Anime
 * Naruto
 * Neo-Tokyo
 * Ninja Scroll: The Series
 * Noozles
 * Ox Tales
 * Reign: The Conqueror
 * Robotech
 * Saban's Adventures of Peter Pan
 * Saban's Adventures of Pinocchio
 * Sailor Moon SuperS
 * Saint Tail
 * Samurai Pizza Cats
 * The Sea Prince and the Fire Child
 * Stitch!
 * Tiger & Bunny
 * Unico
 * Wowser
 * Zatch Bell!

title: Ardwight Chamberlain


text:
Baron Sandford

Baron Sandford is a title that has been created twice, both times in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. The first creation came in 1891 when Sir Francis Sandford, a civil servant who played an important role in the implementation of the Elementary Education Act 1870, was made Baron Sandford, of Sandford in the County of Salop. He was the son of Sir Daniel Sandford, politician and Greek scholar, the grandson of the Right Reverend Daniel Sandford, Bishop of Edinburgh, the brother of Daniel Sandford, Bishop of Tasmania, and the first cousin of the Right Reverend Charles Sandford, Bishop of Gibraltar. He was childless and the title became extinct on his death in 1893.

The second creation came in 1945 when the Conservative politician Sir James Edmondson was created Baron Sandford, of Banbury in the County of Oxford. Lord Sandford was son of James Edmondson who amassed a fortune building new communities in the London commuter belt. The family had originally been farmers in Cumbria. Lord Sandford had previously represented Banbury in the House of Commons and served as Vice-Chamberlain of the Household from 1939 to 1942 and as Treasurer of the Household from 1942 to 1945. He was succeeded by his son, the second Baron. He at first served in the Royal Navy but later became a priest. Lord Sandford also served in minor positions in the Conservative government of Edward Heath. the title is held by the latter's son, the third Baron, who succeeded in 2009.

Barons Sandford; First Creation (1891)

 * Francis Richard John Sandford, 1st Baron Sandford (1824–1893)

Barons Sandford; Second Creation (1945)

 * (Albert) James Edmondson, 1st Baron Sandford (1886–1959)
 * John Cyril Edmondson, 2nd Baron Sandford (1920–2009)
 * James John Mowbray Edmondson, 3rd Baron Sandford (b. 1949)

The heir apparent is the present holder's son the Hon. Devon John Edmondson (b. 1986)

title: Baron Sandford


text:
Baron Shepherd

Baron Shepherd, of Spalding in the County of Lincoln, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created in 1946 for George Shepherd, who had previously served as National Agent of the Labour Party. His only son, Malcolm Newton Shepherd, 2nd Baron Shepherd the second Baron, was also a prominent Labour politician and notably served as Leader of the House of Lords. After the House of Lords Act 1999 removed the automatic right of hereditary peers to sit in the House of Lords he was given a life peerage as Baron Shepherd of Spalding, of Spalding in the County of Lincolnshire. This enabled him to remain an active member of the House of Lords On his death in 2001 the life barony became extinct, while he was succeeded in the hereditary barony by his eldest son, Graeme, the third and present holder of the title.

Barons Shepherd (1946)

 * George Robert Shepherd, 1st Baron Shepherd (1881–1954)
 * Malcolm Newton Shepherd, 2nd Baron Shepherd, Baron Shepherd of Spalding (1918–2001)
 * Graeme George Shepherd, 3rd Baron Shepherd (b. 1949)

The heir apparent is the present holder's son Hon. Patrick Shepherd (b. 1980). The heir apparent's heir, and the next heir-in-line to the peerage, is his son George Timothy Shepherd (b. 2012)

title: Baron Shepherd


text:
Baron Simon of Wythenshawe

Baron Simon of Wythenshawe, of Didsbury in the City of Manchester, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created in 1947 for Ernest Simon, an industrialist and politician, and his heirs male. He had previously served as a member of the Manchester City Council and as Lord Mayor of Manchester and is chiefly remembered for the slum clearances and housing projects he initiated in the city, notably the Wythenshawe estate. Simon also sat as a Liberal Member of Parliament for Manchester Withington, but joined the Labour Party in 1946. the title is held by his granddaughter Matilda Simon, the third Baron, who succeeded her father in 2002 (while still designated male), and came out in 2015 as the first openly transgender peer in the United Kingdom.

Barons Simon of Wythenshawe (1947)

 * Ernest Emil Darwin Simon, 1st Baron Simon of Wythenshawe (1879–1960)
 * Roger Simon, 2nd Baron Simon of Wythenshawe (1913–2002)
 * Matilda Simon, 3rd Baroness Simon of Wythenshawe (b. 1955) alternatively styled Lady Simon of Wythenshawe.

The heir presumptive is the present holder's first cousin once removed Michael Simon (b. 1970).

title: Baron Simon of Wythenshawe


text:
Baron Silkin

Baron Silkin, of Dulwich in the County of London, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created on 4 July 1950 for the solicitor and Labour politician Lewis Silkin. The peerage was disclaimed by both his eldest son, the second Baron, and the latter's nephew, the third Baron. When the third Baron disclaimed the title in 2002, the barony of Silkin became the first peerage ever to be disclaimed twice; and the only disclaimer since the House of Lords Act 1999 (which excluded hereditary peers from automatically sitting in the House of Lords and thereby made such peers eligible to sit in the Commons, the main purpose for the 1963 Act.)

Samuel Silkin, Baron Silkin of Dulwich and John Silkin, younger sons of the first Baron, were also prominent Labour politicians. Lord Silkin of Dulwich was the father of Christopher Silkin, disclaimed third Baron Silkin.

Barons Silkin (1950)

 * Lewis Silkin, 1st Baron Silkin (1889–1972)
 * Arthur Silkin, 2nd Baron Silkin (1916–2001) (disclaimed 1972)
 * Christopher Lewis Silkin, 3rd Baron Silkin (b. 1947) (disclaimed 2002)

The heir presumptive and sole heir to the peerage is the former 3rd baron's first cousin Rory Lewis Silkin (b. 1954)

Line of Succession

 * Coronet of a British Baron.svg Lewis Silkin, 1st Baron Silkin, PC, CH (1889–1972)
 * Coronet of a British Baron.svg Samuel Charles Silkin, Baron Silkin of Dulwich, PC, QC (1918–1988)
 * Christopher Lewis Silkin (born 1947) [briefly 3rd Baron Silkin]
 * Rt. Hon. John Silkin, M.P. (1923–1987)
 * (1) Rory Lewis F. Silkin (b. 1954)

title: Baron Silkin


text:
Catawba

Catawba may refer to:

 * Catawba people, a Native American tribe in the Carolinas
 * Catawba language, a language in the Catawban languages family
 * Catawban languages

Botany

 * Catalpa, a genus of trees, based on the name used by the Catawba and other Native American tribes
 * Catawba (grape), a variety of grape
 * Catawba rhododendron (Rhododendron catawbiense), a flowering shrub plant

Places in the United States

 * Catawba, Missouri
 * Catawba, North Carolina
 * Catawba, Ohio
 * Catawba Island Township, Ottawa County, Ohio
 * Catawba Island State Park, part of Lake Erie Islands State Park, Ohio
 * Catawba, South Carolina
 * Catawba, Virginia
 * Catawba, West Virginia
 * Catawba, Wisconsin
 * Catawba (town), Wisconsin
 * Catawba County, North Carolina
 * Catawba Mountain, see Catawba, Virginia
 * Catawba River
 * Catawba Valley, see Catawba, Virginia

Other

 * USS Catawba, the name of an ironclad and several United States Navy tugs
 * Catawba College, Salisbury, North Carolina
 * Catawba Nuclear Station, near Rock Hill, South Carolina
 * Catawba Two Kings Casino, Kings Mountain, North Carolina
 * Camp Catawba, a former boys' camp in the Blue Ridge Mountains of North Carolina
 * Catawba worm, the larval stage of the Ceratomia catalpae moth
 * Catawba Hospital, a mental health facility in Catawba, Virginia
 * Catawba, a fictional state in Thomas Wolfe's Look Homeward, Angel

title: Catawba


text:
Baron Strang

Baron Strang, of Stonesfield in the County of Oxford, was a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created on 16 January 1954 for the prominent diplomat Sir William Strang, Permanent Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs from 1949 to 1953. The title passed to his only son, the second Baron, who succeeded in 1978. He was a retired Professor of Philosophy at Newcastle University. There was no heir to the barony, which became extinct on his death in 2014.

Barons Strang (1954)

 * William Strang, 1st Baron Strang (1893–1978)
 * Colin Strang, 2nd Baron Strang (1922–2014)

title: Baron Strang


text:
Khan Market

Khan Market is a shopping district and retail market in New Delhi, India. It was established in 1951 by the newly constituted Republic of India's Rehabilitation Ministry to give economic opportunities to refugees of the Partition of India, especially those from the North West Frontier Province (NWFP), now Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, a province in Pakistan. Many such refugees had arrived in the Delhi region. It is named after Khan Abdul Jabbar Khan, also known as Dr. Khan Sahib, who was the Chief Minister of NWFP from 1945 to 1947, and who had helped many refugees to escape without harm. Khan was the elder brother of the Pashtun- and Indian-freedom activist Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan ("Frontier Gandhi"). In 2019, Khan Market was rated as the world's 20th most expensive commercial street by Cushman & Wakefield.

History
Established in 1951, the U-shaped, double-storey market complex originally had 154 shops and 74 flats on the first floor for shopkeepers. Many of these shops were allocated as seed land to immigrants from the North-West Frontier Province after the partition of India, Khan Market is named in honor of Khan Abdul Jabbar Khan, a Pashtun political and spiritual leader.

Nearby is Sujan Singh Park, New Delhi's first apartment complex, built in 1945, and designed by Walter Sykes George and named after the grandfather of this enclave's most famous resident, writer Khushwant Singh. George also designed, the Ambassador Hotel next door, built in 1945 in a mix of British and Art Deco style. The building is now a heritage property and the hotel has been taken over by the Taj Vivanta chain.

Until the 1980s, all the flats on the first floor continued to serve as homes. Neighbourhood grocery stores and middle-class shops existed in the middle lane, despite the fact it catered most up to upmarket Golf Links, Sundar Nagar, and diplomatic crowd from Chanakyapuri. Gradually, the real estate boom and expanding families of the first generation of occupants forced many families to move out. Thus these homes were sold and started being converted into shops. By the 2010s, only a few families were living in these two-room flats.

A 2011 Cushman & Wakefield survey ranked Khan Market as the world's 21st most expensive shopping street.

Overview
Today it has grown to become one of the most expensive commercial real estate locations in the city. It has a wide variety of stores, including modern showrooms of most of well-known brands, silver jewellery stores, delicatessens, bookstores, paints and hardware stores, electronics, kitchenware, and fabric stores mingle with some of the better restaurants.

It is also famous for food including kebabs  and gol guppe (a type of popular street food) and a retail market for lighting fixtures on the ground floor. There are several bookstores in the market

Location
Khan Market is almost in the heart of the city, close to India Gate. It is surrounded by residential complexes — government owned and private — including Golf Links, Lodhi Estate, Shahjahan Road, Pandara Road, Rabindra Nagar and Sujan Singh Park. Its environs are home to a significant number of bureaucrats from the central government (including some MPs from both the houses), and famous people like the satirist Khushwant Singh. It is one of the greenest pockets of the city, very close to the famed Lodhi Gardens. Also in proximity are the India International Centre, the India Habitat Centre, offices of the World Wide Fund for Nature, and other organizations. Nearby the Khan Market are popular schools such as Sardar Patel Vidyalaya and The Raghubir Singh Junior Modern School.

Transport
It is serviced by the Khan Market underground station of the Delhi Metro (Violet Line), which lies in front of the Taj Vivanta Hotel. There are four exits of the metro station namely Gate 1, Gate 2, Gate 3 and Gate 4. The exit at Gate 4 leads to Khan Market.

title: Khan Market


text:
South of Market, San Francisco

South of Market (SoMa) is a neighborhood in San Francisco, California, situated just south of Market Street. It contains several sub-neighborhoods including South Beach, Yerba Buena, and Rincon Hill.

SoMa is home to many of the city's museums, to the headquarters of several major software and Internet companies, and to the Moscone Conference Center.

Name and location
The area's boundaries are Market Street to the northwest, San Francisco Bay to the northeast, Mission Creek to the southeast, and Division Street, 13th Street and U.S. Route 101 (Central Freeway) to the southwest. It is the part of the city in which the street grid runs parallel and perpendicular to Market Street. The neighborhood includes many smaller sub-neighborhoods such as: South Park, Yerba Buena, South Beach, and Financial District South (part of the Financial District), and overlaps with several others, notably Mission Bay, and the Mission District.

As with many neighborhoods, the precise boundaries of the South of Market area are fuzzy and can vary widely depending on the authority cited. From 1848 until the construction of the Central Freeway in the 1950s, 9th Street (formerly known as Johnston Street) was the official (and generally recognized) boundary between SoMa and the Mission District. Since the 1950s, the boundary has been either 10th Street, 11th Street, or the Central Freeway. Similarly, the entire Mission Bay neighborhood may or may not be counted as part of SoMa, Excluding the entire Mission Bay neighborhood puts the southeastern boundary at Townsend. Redevelopment agencies, social service agencies, and community activists frequently exclude the more prosperous areas between the waterfront and 3rd Street. Some social service agencies and nonprofits count the economically distressed area around 6th, 7th, and 8th streets as part of the Mid-Market Corridor.

The terms "South of Market" and "SoMa" refer to both a comparatively large district of the city as well as a much smaller neighborhood.

While many San Franciscans refer to the neighborhood by its full name, South of Market, there is a trend to shorten the name to SOMA or SoMa, probably in reference to SoHo (South of Houston) in New York City, and, in turn, Soho in London.

Before being called South of Market this area was called "South of the Slot", a reference to the cable cars that ran up and down Market along the slots through which they gripped cables. While the cable cars have long since disappeared from Market Street, some "old timers" still refer to this area as "South of the Slot".

Since 1847, the official name of the South of Market area has been the "100 Vara Survey" (alternately "100 Vara District") or simply "100 Vara" for short (with "100" sometimes spelled out). The "100 Vara Survey" derived its name from the surface area of the single lots which comprised 100 by 100 varas (275 square feet).

According to city documents from 1945, the "100 Vara District" goes from the south side of Market Street to the Ferry. The name is found mainly in history books, legal documents, title deeds, and civil engineering reports.

History
In 1847 Washington A. Bartlett, alcalde (magistrate) of the pueblo (village) of San Francisco, commissioned surveyor Jasper O'Farrell to extend the boundaries of the pueblo in a southerly direction by creating a new subdivision. At the time, the streets of San Francisco were aligned approximately with the compass points, running north to south, or east to west. Each block was divided into six lots 50 varas on a side. (A vara is about 33 in.) O'Farrell decided that the streets in the new subdivision should run parallel with or perpendicular to the only existing road in the area, Mission Road (later Mission Street), and thus be aligned with the half-points of the compass, i.e., northeast to southwest, and northwest to southeast. He also decided to make the new blocks twice as long and twice as wide, with each lot 100 varas on a side. Finally, O'Farrell created "a grand promenade" linking the old pueblo with the new subdivision, Market Street. Since then, downtown San Francisco north of Lower Market Street has been officially known as 50 Vara, while the South of Market area is officially known as 100 Vara.

During the mid-19th century, SOMA became a burgeoning pioneer community, consisting largely of low-density residential buildings, except for a business district that developed along 2nd and 3rd streets, and emerging industrial areas near the waterfront. Rincon Hill became an enclave for the wealthy, while nearby South Park became an enclave for the upper middle class. By the early 20th century, heavy industrial development due to its proximity to the docks of San Francisco Bay, coupled with the advent of cable cars, had driven the wealthy over to Nob Hill and points west. The neighborhood became a largely working-class and lower-middle-class community of recent European immigrants, sweatshops, power stations, flophouses, and factories.

The 1906 earthquake completely destroyed the area, and many of the quake's fatalities occurred there. Following the quake, the area was rebuilt with wider than usual streets, as the focus was on the development of light to heavy industry. The construction of the Bay Bridge and U.S. Route 101 during the 1930s saw large swaths of the area demolished, including most of the original Rincon Hill.

From the late 19th century to the mid-20th century, the South of Market area was served by several streetcar lines owned by the Market Street Railway Company, including the No. 14 Mission Street electric railway line, the No. 27 Bryant Street line, the 28 Harrison, 35 Howard, 36 Folsom, 41 Second and Market, and the No. 42 First and Fifth Street line.

Throughout the 1940s and 1950s, South of Market was home not only to warehousing and light industry, but also to a sizable population of transients, seamen, other working men living in hotels, and a working-class residential population in old Victorian buildings on smaller side streets and alleyways giving it a "skid row" reputation.

The waterfront redevelopment of the Embarcadero in the 1950s pushed a new population into this area in the 1960s, the incipient gay community, and the leather community in particular. The Tool Box at 399 Forth Street was the first leather bar in South of Market, opening in 1962. From 1962 until 1982, the gay leather community grew and thrived throughout South of Market, most visibly along Folsom Street, since it was a warehouse area that was largely deserted at night. Site of various sex clubs and bars, such as the Caldron and the Slot, it was the sexual center of San Francisco during this period. This community had been active in resisting the city's ambitious redevelopment program for the area throughout the 1970s. But as the AIDS epidemic unfolded in the 1980s, the ability of this community to stand up to downtown and City Hall was dramatically weakened. The crisis became an opportunity for the city (in the name of public health) to close bathhouses and regulate bars - businesses that had been the cornerstone of the community's efforts to maintain a gay space in the South of Market neighborhood.

In 1984, as these spaces for the gay community were rapidly closing, a coalition of housing activists and community organizers started the Folsom Street Fair, in order to enhance the visibility of the community at a time when people in City Hall and elsewhere were apt to think it had gone away. The fair also provided a means for much-needed fundraising, and created opportunities for members of the leather community to connect to services and vital information (e.g., regarding safer sex) which bathhouses and bars might otherwise have been ideally situated to distribute.

Redevelopment plans were first outlined in 1953. These plans began to be realized in the late 1970s and in the early 1980s with the construction of the conference center, Moscone Center, which occupies three blocks and hosts many major trade shows. Moscone South opened its doors in December 1981. Moscone North opened in May 1992, and most recently Moscone West in June 2003.

With the opening of the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art in 1995, the Mission and Howard Street area of the South of Market has become a hub for museums and performances spaces. Intersection for the Arts is also based in the neighborhood, a non-profit which supports local Bay Area artists. The San Francisco institution was founded in 1965 in the Tenderloin, but has moved within the city to its current location in SoMa. Intersection supports the arts by offering local artists resources, fiscal sponsorship, and exhibition and performance spaces.

The area has long been home to bars and nightclubs. During the 1980s and 1990s, some of the warehouses there served as the home to the city's budding underground rave, punk, and independent music scene. However, in recent decades, and mostly due to gentrification and rising rents, these establishments have begun to cater to an upscale and mainstream clientele that subsequently pushed out the underground musicians and their scene. Beginning in the 1990s, older housing stock has been joined by loft-style condominiums. Many of these were built under the cover of "live-work" development ostensibly meant to maintain a studio arts community in San Francisco. During the late 1990s, the occupant of the "live-work" loft was more likely to be a "dot-commie", as South of Market became a local center of the dot-com boom, due to its central location, space for infill housing development, and spaces readily converted into offices.

A major transformation of the neighborhood was conceived during the 2000s with the Transbay Terminal Replacement Project, which broke ground in August 2010 and opened in August 2018. In addition, new high rise residential projects like One Rincon Hill, 300 Spear Street, and Millennium Tower are transforming the San Francisco skyline. In 2005, the Transbay Joint Powers Authority proposed to raise height limits around the new Transbay Terminal. This led to proposals for more supertall buildings, such as Renzo Piano's proposal for a group of towers that includes two 1,200-foot. (366 m) towers, two 900-foot (274 m) towers, and a 600-foot (183 m) tower. The 1,200-foot (366 m) towers would have been the tallest buildings in the United States outside of New York City and Chicago. Renzo Piano's complex has since been canceled, and replaced by a newer project entitled 50 First Street, to be designed by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (SOM). In addition, the Cesar Pelli and Hines Group have also proposed another 1,070-foot (366 m), 61-story office tower. The Salesforce Tower, formerly named the Transbay Tower, was completed May 2018.

Economy
The neighborhood consists of warehouses, auto repair shops, nightclubs, residential hotels, art spaces, loft apartments, furniture showrooms, condominiums and technology companies. A major children's park was also built for the area on top of Moscone South. The park features a large play area, an ice skating rink, a bowling alley, a restaurant, the Children's Creativity Museum and the restored carousel from Playland-At-the-Beach. The children's park and Children's Creativity Museum are joined to the Yerba Buena Gardens by a footbridge.

Businesses
Many major software and technology companies have headquarters and offices here, including Ustream, Planet Labs, Foursquare, Cloudflare, Wikia, Wired, GitHub, Pinterest, CBS Interactive, LinkedIn, Trulia, Dropbox, IGN, Salesforce, BitTorrent Inc., Yelp, Zynga, Airbnb, Uber, Advent Software,  Pac-12 Networks, Okta,  and Yeti. The area is also home to the few big-box stores within San Francisco.

Public health
The South of Market Health Center ensured health care access to comprehensive care by providing mental and physical health problem services to close the gap on health disparities. It provides agencies with programs including finances, health care, food assistance or job training. In terms of sexual health, the district's San Francisco City Clinic offers sexually transmitted disease (STD) tests and treatment, in addition to counseling and condoms.

211 United Way Bay Area is a service that connects callers with services and programs: including basic needs, physical and mental health, employment assistance, and seniors support.

Miscellaneous attractions
The local Academy of Art University owns several buildings in the neighborhood, primarily for academic and administrative purposes.

Cultural centers
SOMA is home to many of San Francisco's museums, including San Francisco Museum of Modern Art (SFMOMA), the Yerba Buena Center for the Arts, the Museum of the African Diaspora, the American Bookbinders Museum, the California Historical Society, the Zeum, and the Contemporary Jewish Museum. The Old Mint, which served as the San Francisco Mint from 1874 to 1937, was restored over an eight-year period and reopened to the public in 2012. The Center for the Arts, along with Yerba Buena Gardens and the Metreon, is built on top of Moscone North.

SOMArts, one of four cultural center facilities owned by the City and County of San Francisco, is located on Brannan Street between 8th and 9th streets.

Many small theater companies and venues are situated in the SOMA, including the Lamplighters, The Garage, Theatre Rhinoceros, Boxcar Theater, Crowded Fire Theater, and FoolsFURY Theater.

Events
Due to the area's gay rights history, the Folsom Street Fair is held on Folsom St between 7th and 12th Streets (now between 8th and 13th Streets). The smaller and less-commercialized leather subculture-oriented Up Your Alley Fair (commonly referred to as the Dore Alley Fair) is held in late July on and around Folsom St. Also home to the annual How Weird Street Faire featuring dancing and costumes, held in early May along seven city blocks including Howard and Second streets.

Several Filipino cultural events are held such as Filipino American History Month Celebration at the Asian Art Museum in October and Pistahan Parade and Festival in August.

Undiscovered SF, held monthly, promotes economic activity and awareness of SoMa Pilipinas. It supports retail concepts, restaurants, and businesses by giving skill-set building workshops and professional services like accounting and crowdfunding to prepare businesses for growth and sustainability.

Leather and LGBTQ Cultural District
The Leather and LGBTQ Cultural District was created in SoMa in 2018. The area is bounded approximately by Howard St. on the northwest, 7th St. on the northeast, I-80 on the east and US 101 on the south. There is also an exclave between 5th and 6th streets, Harrison and Bryant. It includes the San Francisco South of Market Leather History Alley, which opened in 2017.

SoMa Pilipinas
In April 2016, the San Francisco Board of Supervisors adopted a resolution that established the SOMA Pilipinas Filipino Cultural Heritage District. The relationship between SOMA Pilipinas and the Philippines is established in the resolution: "Whereas, Filipino immigration patterns to San Francisco are rooted in the conquest and subsequent colonization of the Philippines by the United States in 1898, the American colonial regime in the Philippines from 1899-1946, and ongoing, often unequal and imperialist US-Philippines relations from 1946 to present." The City of San Francisco certified Tagalog as its third official language in 2014, and a 2010 Census illustrated the Filipino population to reach 36,347 Filipino in the city which 5,106 live in South of Market District. Within the SOMA Pilipinas' official borders—Market to the north, Brannan to the south, 2nd the east, and 11th to the west—are several streets named after Filipino historical figures, including Rizal, Lapu-Lapu, and Mabini, and are located between Folsom and Harrison Streets. A former Filipino district existed near North Beach, prior to its gentrification, called Manilatown.

title: South of Market, San Francisco


text:
Baie-Saint-Paul

Baie-Saint-Paul (2011 Population 7,332; UA population 4,535) is a city in the Province of Quebec, Canada, on the northern shore of the Saint Lawrence River. Baie-Saint-Paul is the seat of Charlevoix Regional County Municipality. The city is situated at the mouth of the Gouffre River. It is known for its art galleries, shops and restaurants.

The place gained some prominence in the 1770s when Doctor Philippe-Louis-François Badelard named a disease he was researching the "Baie-Saint-Paul maladie". This illness was the subject of one of the first medical publications done in Lower Canada. It is also where Cirque du Soleil originated back in the early 1980s and the location of the first show using the name Cirque du Soleil during "La Fete Foraine de Baie-Saint-Paul" in 1984.

A visitor in the early 1800s noticed mineral springs and mineral resources in the area.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Baie-Saint-Paul had a population of $7,371$ living in $3,427$ of its $3,782$ total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of $7,146$. With a land area of 545.85 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

Population trend:
 * Population in 2021: 7,371 (2016 to 2021 population change: 3.1%)
 * Population in 2016: 7,146 (2011 to 2016 population change: -2.5%)
 * Population in 2011: 7,332 (2006 to 2011 population change: 0.6%)
 * Population in 2006: 7,288 (2001 to 2006 population change: 0.6%)
 * Population in 2001: 7,290 (1996 to 2001 population change: -2.2%)
 * Population in 1996: 7,379 (1991 to 1996 population change: 0.7%)
 * Baie-Saint-Paul (ville): 3,569
 * Baie-Saint-Paul (parish): 2,412
 * Rivière-du-Gouffre (municipality): 1,398
 * Population in 1991: 7,321
 * Baie-Saint-Paul (ville): 3,733
 * Baie-Saint-Paul (parish): 2,297
 * Rivière-du-Gouffre (municipality): 1,305

Mother tongue:
 * English as first language: 0.2%
 * French as first language: 98.7%
 * English and French as first language: 0%
 * Other as first language: 1.1%

Climate
Baie-Saint Paul has a humid continental climate with vast seasonal differences. Summers are mild and moderated by its proximity to the Gulf of Saint Lawrence. In winter, interior Canada influences the climate with frequent cold waves.

title: Baie-Saint-Paul


text:
Unno Juza

Sano Shōichi (佐野 昌一, December 26, 1897 - May 17, 1949), know by his pen name Unno Jūza (海野 十三), was a Japanese novelist who was the founding father of Japanese science fiction.

Biography
Unno was born on December 26, 1897, in Tokushima, Tokushima Prefecture, to a family of medical doctors. He studied at the Waseda University.

In 1928 he debuted as a writer with the novel The case of the mysterious death in the electric bath (Denkifuro no kaishijiken).

During the Pacific War he wrote a great number of science-fiction novels, remaining in Tokyo throughout the air raids. Japan’s defeat in World War II was for him a hard blow, and Unno spent the last years in his life in a state of deep depression.

His scientific work was influenced by that of Nikola Tesla.

Unno died on May 17, 1949, aged 51.

Legacy
Captain Jūzō Okita of Space Battleship Yamato was named as a tribute to Unno.

Works

 * Aru Uchū-jin no Himitsu (ある宇宙塵の秘密)
 * Angō Onban Jiken (暗号音盤事件)
 * Ikiteiru Chō (生きている腸)
 * Uchū Joshū Dai Ichi-gō (宇宙女囚第一号)
 * Uchū Sentai (宇宙戦隊)
 * Uchū Senpei (宇宙尖兵)
 * Uchū no Maigo (宇宙の迷子)
 * Unno Jūza Haisen Nikki (海野十三敗戦日記)
 * Ei Hondo Jōriku Sakusen no Zen'ya (英本土上陸作戦の前夜)
 * Osoroshiki Tsuya (恐しき通夜)
 * Gaikotsukan (骸骨館)
 * Kaisei Gan (怪星ガン)
 * Kaitei Toshi (海底都市)
 * Kagi kara Nukedashita Onna (鍵から抜け出した女)
 * Kaban Rashikunai Kaban (鞄らしくない鞄)
 * Kayakusen (火薬船)
 * Kifutsudō Jiken (鬼仏洞事件)
 * Kyōryū-tei no Bōken (恐竜艇の冒険)
 * Kyōryū-tō (恐竜島)
 * Kinzoku Ningen (金属人間)
 * Kūchū Hyōryū Isshūkan (空中漂流一週間)
 * Gun'yōzame (軍用鮫)
 * Kōun no Kuroko (幸運の黒子)
 * Kokusai Satsujin-dan no Hōkai (国際殺人団の崩壊)
 * Sankakkei no Kyōfu (三角形の恐怖)
 * Sanju-nen Go no Sekai (三十年後の世界)
 * Sannin no Sōseiji (三人の双生児)
 * Jigoku Kaidō (地獄街道)
 * Jūhachi-ji no Ongaku-yoku (十八時の音楽浴)
 * Shōnen Tanteichō (少年探偵長)
 * Jinzō Ningen Efu-shi (人造人間エフ氏)
 * Sekigaisen Otoko (赤外線男)
 * Sen-nen Go no Sekai (千年後の世界)
 * Dai Uchū Enseitai (大宇宙遠征隊)
 * Dai Go Hyōgaki (第五氷河期)
 * Chikyū Yōsai (地球要塞)
 * Chikyū wo Nerau Mono (地球を狙う者)
 * Chichūma (地中魔)
 * Chō-Ningen X-go (超人間Ｘ号)
 * Tōmei Neko (透明猫)
 * Tokkyo Tawan Ningen Hōshiki (特許多腕人間方式)
 * 2000 nen Sensō (二、〇〇〇年戦争)
 * Nō no Naka no Reijin (脳の中の麗人)
 * Hitotsubokan (一坪館)
 * Hyōgaki no Kaijin (氷河期の怪人)
 * Fushigikoku Tanken (ふしぎ国探検)
 * Fushū (俘囚)
 * Hōsō Sareta Yuigon (放送された遺言)
 * Maruamru Jū (○○獣)
 * Miezaru Teki (見えざる敵)
 * Yūsei Shokumin Setsu (遊星植民説)
 * Yūrei-sen no Himitsu (幽霊船の秘密)
 * Yohōshō Kokuji (予報省告示)
 * Reikon Dai Jū-gō no Himitsu (霊魂第十号の秘密)
 * Jinzō Ningen Satsugai Jiken (人造人間殺害事件)

Utei Tenku Series
Utei Tenku Series (烏啼天駆シリーズ):
 * Kizoku wa Shiharau (奇賊は支払う)
 * Shinzō Tōnan (心臓盗難)
 * Kizoku Higan (奇賊悲願)
 * Angō no Yakuwari (暗号の役割)
 * Surikae Kaiga (すり替え怪画)

Under alias of Oka Kyūjūrō

 * Yukima (雪魔)
 * Chikyū Hakkyō Jiken (地球発狂事件)

English Translations

 * Fast Forward Japan: Stories by the Founding Father of Japanese Science Fiction [includes: Eighteen O'Clock Music Bath (十八時の音楽浴), The Theory of Planetary Colonization, The World in One Thousand Years, Four-Dimensional Man, Mysterious Spatial Rift, The Living Intestine, Crematoria, The Last Broadcast, Adventures of the Dinosaur-Craft] (ISBN 978-1737318217)
 * The Secret of the Cosmic Dust (ある宇宙塵の秘密). Translated by Till Weingärtner. The Irish Journal of Asian Studies Vol.7, 2021.

title: Unno Juza


text:
Dalnegorsk

Dalnegorsk (Дальнего́рск, lit. far in the mountains) is a town in Primorsky Krai, Russia. Population:

Name
It was formerly known from its founding in 1897 as Tetyukhe (Те́тюхе; ; literally meaning "river of wild boars"), until it was renamed in 1973 as part of a campaign to change any Chinese-derived place names (1972 Renaming of geographical sites in the Russian Far East) in Primorsky Krai.

History
The settlement of Tetyukhe was founded in 1897, with the founding of a lead and zinc mine by Swiss immigrant Julius Brynner. Brynner's son Boris maintained the right to mine on the site until 1931, one of the longest-running private enterprises in the Soviet Union. Boris Brynner's son Yul Brynner later became a famous actor in the United States.

In 1930, Tetyukhe was granted urban-type settlement status. The settlement was renamed in 1973, along with the Tetyukhe River which was renamed Rudnaya, from the Russian word "руда" meaning "ore". Town status was granted to Dalnegorsk on August 31, 1989.

Administrative and municipal status
Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is, together with seven rural localities, incorporated as Dalnegorsk Town Under Krai Jurisdiction—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts. As a municipal division, Dalnegorsk Town Under Krai Jurisdiction is incorporated as Dalnegorsky Urban Okrug.

Economy
Most population of the town is employed by two industrial enterprises: JSC Bor and JSC Dalpolimetal.

Established in 1965, Bor is the world's largest specialized chemical enterprise. Due to the unique deposits of commercial minerals found in the district, and the high technologies applied, Bor successfully operates in the world market and is included in the list of Russia's forty most prospective enterprises. Three-quarters of its production is exported to the United Kingdom, Italy, France, Japan, Australia, South Korea, China, and other countries in Europe and Asia.

Dalpolimetal, established in 1897, produces 58% of Russia's lead. Two-thirds of its production is exported to Japan, China, and South Korea.

Despite the highly developed industrialization of Dalnegorsk, over 90% of the territory under its jurisdiction is covered with Korean Pine and mixed broadleaf forests, both of which attract nature tourism enthusiasts. However, Dalnegorsk residents suffer from serious lead poisoning from an old lead smelter and the unsafe transport of lead concentrate from the local lead mining site. This led the Blacksmith Institute to declare Dalnegorsk and neighboring Rudnaya Pristan in the top ten of worst polluted places on earth. However, according to Anatoly Lebedev, leader of the ecological NGO BROK, this inclusion is questionable.

Transportation
Dalnegorsk is connected by road to Vladivostok (517 km). The nearest railway station (in Chuguyevka) is located 198 km from Dalnegorsk. The nearest sea port is 35 km from the town at Rudnaya Pristan.

Politics
On October 19, 2006, three days before the elections, Dmitry Fotyanov, the mayoral candidate from the United Russia party who came second in the initial round of elections, was gunned down from fire of a Kalashnikov assault rifle fire. The weapons were located by the police in a minivan that was blown up near the offices of the local newspaper soon after the murder. The run-off election was called off as both remaining candidates agreed to stand down. The United Russia party called Fotyanov's death a "political murder".

Notable residents

 * Yuriy Shatalov (born 1963), football player and coach
 * Daniil Yarusov (born 2001), football player

title: Dalnegorsk