text:
Born on a Pirate Ship

Born on a Pirate Ship is the third full-length studio album by Barenaked Ladies (BNL), featuring the songs "Shoe Box", "The Old Apartment", "When I Fall" and "Break Your Heart". "The Old Apartment" would become BNL's first US hit in 1997.

Born on a Pirate Ship was recorded as a four-piece quartet, following the departure of keyboardist Andy Creeggan. Kevin Hearn is not credited on the album, but joined the group for the 1995 tour preceding the album's release in time to be thanked in the liner notes for "injecting new spirit."

Steven Page and Ed Robertson returned to writing together, as they did upon the band's formation, but had abandoned following the release of Gordon.

The album is also an enhanced CD. The data track contains audio samples from the band's previous two CDs, a short montage of press photos, several of the band's music videos, a short trivia quiz, and a pair of "behind the scenes" videos from the band. Similar content was included and expanded upon on the Shoe Box E.P.; however, the format of the enhanced CD used in the creation of that CD renders the data track inaccessible on modern operating systems.

Although a moderate hit in Canada reaching No. 12, the album managed No. 111 in the US. Born on a Pirate Ship was awarded gold status in the U.S. in 2000.

The title and front cover photo refers to a vulgar joke that was popular around the time the band members were children. One kid would instruct another to pull back the corners of their mouth with their fingers (but not stick their tongue out) and say, "I was born on a pirate ship." The result would sound like them saying, "I was born on a pile o' shit." Sometimes "with a bunch of apples" would be added at the end, which would come out as "with a bunch of assholes."

Personnel
Barenaked Ladies
 * Jim Creeggan – vocals, double bass, acoustic guitar, electric guitar, dobro, fiddle, piano, electric double bass, percussion, yells
 * Steven Page – vocals, sound effects, electric guitar, percussion, yells
 * Ed Robertson – vocals, acoustic guitar, electric guitar, pedal steel guitar, bass guitar, cowbell, sound effects, yells
 * Tyler Stewart – drums, piano, vibraphone, percussion, shaker, Fisher-Price xylophone, tambourine, background vocals,, yells

Additional personnel
 * Bryan Adams – yells
 * Chris Brown – organ
 * Mark Fewer – violin
 * Gene Hardy – tenor saxophone, saw
 * Hugh Marsh – fiddle
 * Murray McLauchlan – harmonica
 * Michael Phillip Wojewoda – background vocals, tambourine, sound effects, yells
 * Tony Rapoport – viola
 * Tim Walsh – trombone
 * Stoney Park Pow-Wow Singers – singing and drumming
 * Robert Tilton – sample saying "and you have faith! You just need to use it, saith the Lord" on "I Know"

Production
 * Producers: Barenaked Ladies, Michael Phillip Wojewoda
 * Engineer: Michael Phillip Wojewoda
 * Assistant engineers: Jeff Elliott, Tom Heron, Dale Morningstar
 * Mixing: Michael Phillip Wojewoda
 * Piano preparation: Robin Billinton, Steven Page

Charts
Album Singles

title: Born on a Pirate Ship


text:
User:Ssd

I'm more of a reader/maintainer than a writer, but every now and then I get the bug to write and/or research an article. Maybe when I get braver (or at least more bored) I'll port some of my other stuff. My interests include Florida, current events, nearly all aspects of computers and engineering, Amateur radio, and trends in current and past history that help(ed) shape, maintain, or destroy civilization.

Meanwhile, this page has turned into my own personal reference desk for wikiStuff I look for.

For Sale
I have gotten at least one request to buy my account. Note: NOT FOR SALE.

If any wikipedia admins are interested in who wants to buy my account, please contact me and I will forward the information.

random stuff

 * MediaWiki feature request and bug report discussion

When I get wikiBored, I look at these: Cleaning up stale notifications that should have been removed after substantial edits:
 * Nooks and corners of Wikipedia that should be frequented
 * Cleanup
 * Category:Administrative backlog //
 * Pages needing attention
 * Category:International Amateur Radio Union member societies all of these are notable
 * Category:International Amateur Radio Union member societies all of these are notable
 * Category:International Amateur Radio Union member societies all of these are notable
 * Category:International Amateur Radio Union member societies all of these are notable
 * Category:International Amateur Radio Union member societies all of these are notable
 * Category:International Amateur Radio Union member societies all of these are notable
 * Category:International Amateur Radio Union member societies all of these are notable

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Ssd


text:
Baron Macdonald

Baron Macdonald, of Slate in the County of Antrim, is a title in the Peerage of Ireland. It was created in 1776 for Sir Alexander Macdonald, 9th Baronet, of Sleat. The Macdonald family of Sleat descends from Uisdean Macdonald (died 1498), also known as Hugh of Sleat, or Hugh Macdonald, who was an illegitimate son of Alexander Macdonald, Earl of Ross. On 28 May 1625, his great-great-great-great-grandson Donald Gorm Og Macdonald (not to be confused with Donald Gorm, Hugh's great grandson) was created a baronet, of Sleat in the Isle of Skye in the County of Inverness, in the Baronetage of Nova Scotia. The baronetcy was created with remainder to heirs male whatsoever and with a special clause of precedence which provided that it should have precedency over all former baronets (Sir Robert Gordon excepted).

On 23 December 1716 the fourth baronet, Sir Donald MacDonald, was created Lord Sleat in the Jacobite peerage.

The first baronet's great-great-great-grandson, the ninth Baronet, was raised to the Peerage of Ireland as Baron Macdonald, of Slate in the County of Antrim, in 1776. Lord Macdonald married Elizabeth Diana Bosville, daughter of Godfrey Bosville. Their eldest son, the second Baron, represented Saltash in Parliament. He never married and was succeeded by his younger brother, the third Baron. He was a Lieutenant-General in the Army. In 1814 Lord Macdonald inherited the Bosville estates of Thorpe and Gunthwaite in Yorkshire through his mother, and assumed by Royal licence the surname of Bosville in lieu of Macdonald the same year. However, on inheriting the Macdonald estates on the death of his older brother in 1824 he resumed by Royal licence the surname of Macdonald after that of Bosville. In 1803 Lord Macdonald married, in an English ceremony, Louisa Maria la Coast, illegitimate daughter of Prince William Henry, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh (grandson of King George II). The couple had previously married in a Scottish ceremony in 1799. However, the validity of the Scottish marriage was disputed, and as a result the eldest son of Lord Macdonald born before his 1803 marriage, Alexander William Robert Bosville, was not allowed to succeed his father in the titles (this decision was later challenged; see below). He was therefore succeeded by his eldest son born after the 1803 marriage, the fourth Baron. His great-grandson, the seventh Baron, served as Lord Lieutenant of Inverness from 1952 to 1970. the barony is held by the latter's eldest son, the eighth Baron. He is Chief of the Name and Arms of Macdonald (see Clan Donald).

The family seat is Kinloch Lodge, near Sleat, Isle of Skye.

According to a decision by the Court of Session in June 1910, the children born before the 1803 marriage of the third Baron Macdonald were legitimate according to Scottish Law. However, this decision was only valid regarding the Nova Scotia baronetcy and not the Irish barony. As a result, the third Baron's rightful successor in the Baronetcy was his eldest son Alexander William Robert Bosville (the de jure twelfth Baronet). He had assumed by Royal licence the surname of Bosville in 1832 and had in 1847 inherited his father's Bosville estates in Yorkshire by Act of Parliament. His grandson, the de jure fourteenth Baronet, was recognised in the Baronetcy according to the aforementioned 1910 decision by the Court of Session. the baronetcy is held by the latter's great-grandson, the seventeenth Baronet.

The family seat is Thorpe Hall, near Rudston, Yorkshire.

Macdonald baronets, of Sleat (1625)

 * Sir Donald Gorme Og Macdonald, 1st Baronet (died 1643)
 * Sir James Mor Macdonald, 2nd Baronet (died 1678)
 * Sir Donald Macdonald, 3rd Baronet (died 1695)
 * Sir Donald Macdonald, 4th Baronet (died 1718)
 * Sir Donald Macdonald, 5th Baronet (c. 1697–1720)
 * Sir James Macdonald, 6th Baronet (died 1723)
 * Sir Alexander Macdonald, 7th Baronet (1711–1746)
 * Sir James Macdonald, 8th Baronet (c. 1742–1766)
 * Sir Alexander Macdonald, 9th Baronet (c. 1745–1795) (created Baron Macdonald in 1776)

Barons Macdonald (1776)

 * Alexander Macdonald, 1st Baron Macdonald (c. 1745–1795)
 * Alexander Wentworth Macdonald, 2nd Baron Macdonald (1773–1824)
 * Godfrey Macdonald, 3rd Baron Macdonald of Slate (1775–1832)
 * Godfrey William Wentworth Bosville-Macdonald, 4th Baron Macdonald (1809–1863)
 * Somerled James Brudenell Bosville-Macdonald, 5th Baron Macdonald (1849–1874)
 * Ronald Archibald Bosville-Macdonald, 6th Baron Macdonald (1853–1947)
 * Alexander Godfrey Macdonald, 7th Baron Macdonald (1909–1970)
 * Godfrey James Macdonald, 8th Baron Macdonald (b.1947)

The heir apparent is the present holder's only son Hon. Godfrey Evan Hugo Thomas Macdonald, Younger of Macdonald (born 1982).

Macdonald baronets, of Sleat (1625); reverted 1832
For further succession, see Macdonald baronets.

title: Baron Macdonald


text:
Talk:Virtual economy

Naming
I've never heard it called 'synthetic economy' but always virtual econonomy. Would it be a good idea to move the article to there, can you think of any cons in doing so? The benefit would be that it would be in accordance with its established name. --ShaunMacPherson 07:16, 6 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree. --Mrwojo 16:31, 6 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Moved. I left the mention of "synethetic economy" in the article because Castronova does tend to use synthetic instead of virtual (as he says on his website, "synthetic ('crafted') being a more accurate term than virtual ('unreal')"). But this was in the context of virtual/synthetic world, and he almost exclusively uses "virtual economy" like everyone else. --Mrwojo 16:25, 9 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Virtual Crime
In the Boston Globe article on the virtual crime page, it states that "Evangaline," the runner of the brothel, was a man, but the article states s/he was a 17-year old girl. Can anyone clarify?

It was a 17-year old boy playing as a girl. The links on the Virtual Crime page that go to Alphaville Herald would tell you more. --YoungFreud 6 July 2005 23:42 (UTC)

 * It does actually say "17-year old boy" and refers to the fact that he is male, though it could do with a clearer note that he was playing as a female character. violet/riga (t) 7 July 2005 09:05 (UTC)

 * A statment like that is immaterial to the point of the paragraph. It doesn't matter what gender this person is vs. the character used, the point of the entry is the brothel incident.  The relative gender of the character and user are only important if we consider that to be of greater importance than the brothel itself.  --Aaryna 17:13, 29 June 2006 (UTC)

Merge from Real-money trading
Real-money trading and the "real" economy interaction section of the Virtual economy article are about the same subject, and the title "Real-money trading" is not descriptive enough. Jobarts-Talk 00:16, 28 January 2006 (UTC)

I agree with the merge, as long as the title Virtual Economy is kept, the other one seems to be incorrect and confusing. --Hetar 22:50, 23 February 2006 (UTC)
 * I think we can redirect the other article into this one after merging. Antonio Carlos Porto 12:39, 16 January 2007 (UTC)

I agree as well. Since it's such a big article, should all the info from the Real-money trading article be dumped or just everything that isn't specifically mentioned in this one? Edit - Almost everything on the Real-money trading article was either already here or not cited, so I'm going to turn it into a redirect. -- DSGruss 17:25, 28 March 2007 (UTC)

This needs its own section. RMT an activity that can occur in a virtual economy. It is related to Virtual Item Sales (VAS). VAS is a buisnes model which describes the legal sale of virtual items/assets by the operator of the virtual world. This is sometimes called the primary market. RMT is often the illegal version of the same activity, the secondary market. Often the user sells virtual items where it is prohibited by the EULA (End User License Agreement) e.g. World of Warcraft. See RMT Strategiesfor a detailed look a RMT. --HapticHedonist 21:41, 17 October 2007 (UTC)

Cases of virtual property sales banned by operator tried in court
I'm currently working on the swedish article on MMORPGs and its section on virtual property, and I seem to have mislaid my old material on court cases about the enforcement of virtual property sales. Specifically, the only court case I can recall was that of BlackIce. The company sued - I believe - Mythic (and possibly other companies as well) but the case disintegrated as BlackIce was discovered to be a bit less than lawful themselves (this from my recollection of events; I'm asking because I can't find the actual documents). Part of the coverage of the events was done by one or two of the major MMO-gamer sites at the time (I believe PlayertoPlayer(?) or possibly GameSpy), who undertook what in retrospect could be seen as a precursor to GrokLaw - for instance, they published legal documents of the case as pdfs on their site. I'd appreciate any clues, remnants or documentation of those events, as I believe that was the first attempt to try, in court, the banning (in EULA) of out-of-game sales of in-game property. Thanks, // OlofE 10:05, 18 July 2006 (UTC)

Economy stability
"In extreme cases, a hacker may be able to hack into the system and create a large amount of money. This could result in hyperinflation in the game as is the case with Guild Wars." No source for proof. This makes Guild Wars look like it is hacked, while every exploit gets fixed and accounts gets banned, and even the system has been once reverted. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.98.202.149 (talk) 09:00, August 29, 2007 (UTC)

Taxing on Virtual Currency
I think there should be a section about the bill that congress is debating on whether they should be allowed to tax in game currency.

Any suggestions?

68.37.99.66 23:03, 22 September 2007 (UTC)

MapleStory
Can I just ask why MapleStory is NOT included. Players can sell and buy items using mesos. Players can EVEN set up their own shops in areas known as the "free market". Free markets can be found in various cities in MapleStory. Tell me three reasons why NOT to include MapleStory.MapleStory's economy is GIANT with more than 70 million players. If no one replies, I WILL change it. Tally Ho!Darano 01:10, 12 October 2007 (UTC)
 * The article (poor as it is) is not a list of virtual economies. Thus even notable virtual economies (if MapleStory's qualifies) shouldn't necessarily be mentioned. Merely adding it because you're a MapleStory fan would likely detract from the article, and just add one more thing to clean up. W (talk) 04:14, 5 December 2007 (UTC)

other perspectives... ? ripple pay and cambros --- - -
what about Ripple monetary system and virtual currencies at sites like Cambrian House (Cambros)? --Emesee (talk) 05:50, 6 March 2008 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:WoW accounts.jpg
The image Image:WoW accounts.jpg is used in this article under a claim of fair use, but it does not have an adequate explanation for why it meets the requirements for such images when used here. In particular, for each page the image is used on, it must have an explanation linking to that page which explains why it needs to be used on that page. Please check

 * That there is a non-free use rationale on the image's description page for the use in this article.
 * That this article is linked to from the image description page.

This is an automated notice by FairuseBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Media copyright questions. --06:49, 5 November 2008 (UTC)

Inflation IRL
Before my edit today, artcile mentioned one particular institution that is controlling inflation in a particular country. Inflation, is steady percentage increase in money to goods ratio. During peaceful times, with technical progress and more-free-than-not trade, supply of goods increases. With steady amount of money on market, the prices shouldn't rise, but get lower. One of ways of explaining inflation is that it is spiral of increases in prices of producers, sellers and wages of laborers. The truth is, that given steady amount of money, the market would indeed suffer shortly when almost everyone gone insane and started valuing money too much - but then most insane businesses would go bankrupt, and the prices would get balanced. Inflation is de facto occuring only, when at least one of the factors - goods or money amount on market, is chaning. So if we determined that during peaceful times without crisis we have increase in goods, than inflation requires even greater percentage increase in money amount. The institutions dedicated to controlling inflation are actually those responsible for it's existence - they are printing money to maintain level of inflation they desire. According to Keynesianism, it is good for economy, when certain level of inflation is maintained by dedicated insitution, by printing new money. This all said, i think that removing sentence that said that some institution is keeping inflation low was legit, since it's actually job of this insitution to keep it higher than in natural situation.

As a side note, since it is all non biased, that i wrote above, time for something biased (not related to the edit in article tough). When we've already have inflation covered, please visualise all goods and services on market as a basket of apples. Everyone of us had their share of work that we got some dollars for. And now we can sum up all dollars and all apples and determine price of an apple in dollars. So if we have 24 dollars in total, and i have 3, and we have 18 apples, then i can buy 2 apples and have some cents back. Now, if somebody has the power to print money, they could print additional 12 dollars. Market reacts to the printing in 6-12 months (different sources may give different information tough). Our market is small, so it reacted instantly. We now have a new price, of 2$ per apple, what means i can only have 1 and a half of apple. That's what inflation is about - eating up consumming power of your money. While before priting everyone who worked for their money together had whole basket, now some institution holds 1/3 of money, and thus 1/3 of all apples. This means people of labor and people of initiative lost 1/3 of their consumming power...

Now you know what does it mean, when you have inflation of 2% - if you had no money printed, process would be reversed, with each day there would be more apples in the basket, while your money, kept in the bank as a base of investment credit, would be worth more and more apples each year. So if there was no inflation maintaining institution, your withdrawing money from market would be signal: i am not buying today, you can have my apples, but i will be buying tommorow, when apples are cheaper. Of course that's just first lesson of true capitallism.

If you got asny curious, there's plenty of people more experienced than me - this school of economy is over 100 years old. There's plenty of reading out there, check Austrain School for example. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 62.61.58.183 (talk) 00:02, 26 March 2009 (UTC)

Related articles that need improvement (if not merging)
The following two articles look like they need improvement badly (as of 26 May 2010) just to match the level of this one. Besides, the subjects may overlap and duplicate, therefore perhaps some content can be moved between articles.

 * Internet Economy (No inline citations. Even the title needs to be corrected.)
 * Digital economy (No citations at all. Content rather sparse.)

Personally I'm not that determined, interested, even competent to touch this, so just signalling the problem to you.

The state of neglect that these articles have apparently been left for years is curious: is it that Wikipedia and Internet economy are somehow at odds?

—6birc (talk) 17:24, 26 May 2010 (UTC)

A handful of other articles not necessarily in poor condition which seem to overlap conceptually with the above—perhaps should be consolidated/merged:

 * Electronic commerce
 * E-business
 * Internet business

—6birc (talk) 17:37, 26 May 2010 (UTC)

proto-economy
I'm going to undo this edit adding "proto-economy" as a possible synonym. A "proto-economy" would probably mean an economy in the early stages of developing, whether virtual or in a physical village, or whatever. A quick search turned up some uses of "proto-economy" relating to "virtual economy", but they look to me like they're used in this "early economy" sense. C RETOG 8(t/c) 23:42, 17 June 2010 (UTC)

""
The usage of is up for discussion, see talk:digital currency -- 65.94.79.6 (talk) 03:53, 28 June 2013 (UTC)

cross meaning
We have been using the terms in app purchases or in game purchases for decades to refer to buying things in a game for use in a game usually using money earned from within the game - ie in the wonderboy games. This article doesn't have anything to diffentiate when or not an in app or in game purchase refers to purchasing something in a game with or without real life money. ZhuLien ZhuLien (talk) 09:41, 26 April 2014 (UTC)

Secondary Markets, Liquidity, and Rivalry
Just thought I'd mention that I believe secondary markets seem to imply the real economic concept of "liquidity", and that the definition given for "rivalry" seems to form the opposite concept. Does "rivalry" have a correlating term in (Political) Economics? -- TheLastWordSword (talk) 14:31, 27 February 2015 (UTC) Pfft. Yes, it does. LOL. -- TheLastWordSword (talk) 14:34, 27 February 2015 (UTC)

Dr. Hoffmann's comment on this article
Dr. Hoffmann has reviewed this Wikipedia page, and provided us with the following comments to improve its quality:

"I would add economic experiments done in virtual economies."

We hope Wikipedians on this talk page can take advantage of these comments and improve the quality of the article accordingly.

Dr. Hoffmann has published scholarly research which seems to be relevant to this Wikipedia article:

 * Reference : Thomas Chesney & Swee-Hoon Chuah & Robert Hoffmann, 2007. "Virtual world experimentation: An exploratory study," Occasional Papers 21, Industrial Economics Division.

ExpertIdeasBot (talk) 15:03, 24 June 2016 (UTC)

Dr. Chuah's comment on this article
Dr. Chuah has reviewed this Wikipedia page, and provided us with the following comments to improve its quality:

"Comment 1: "However, some people do interact with virtual economies for "real" economic benefit.". It needs to be pointed out that there has been extensive growth in VE where people trade for "real" economic benefits.

As pointed out by Nazir and Lui (2016), the last decade has seen massive growth in the VE market size. For example, up to 2014, Second Life alone generated economic transactions to the value of US$ 3.2 billion. This was more than what was expected of all VEs combined back in 2004 (Castronova,2001; Linden Lab, 2013a). These in-world transactions have real-world impact as the virtual currencies can be converted to real money. As a result, real-world companies are increasingly attracted to VE. Virtual supermarkets are even expected in the near future (Khan & Brouwer, 2016). Apart from commerce, virtual worlds will also have a place in the future for entertainment and education. Within education, for instance, a large number of respected institutions have a presence within virtual worlds including University of Illinois, Carnegie Mellon University and Harvard University (Downey, 2014).

Comment 2: Due to the growing popularity of VEs, economists have started investigating virtual worlds as functioning financial, labour and product markets that are capable of producing a host of micro and macroeconomic phenomena (Guest, 2007).

Experimental economists have explored the potential of virtual worlds to bridge the gap between laboratory experiments and field studies, allowing researchers to use representative subjects in more natural environments to study the relationship between the conditions of interaction and the evolution of social institutions in a controlled manner.

One of the very first virtual economic experiments was conducted in 2007 by Chesney Chuah and Hoffmann (2009) to examine the feasibility of virtual worlds as practical experimental platforms. In order to allow comparability with the conventional lab setting as far as possible, these researchers harnessed the customisability of Second Life to create a virtual experimental laboratory in detail including participant desks and partitions programmed to make communication between them impossible. They then used their avatars to recruit participants from among Second Life users located in this world’s virtual public places and teleported volunteers to the virtual laboratory. The virtual participants, through their avatars, then performed a range of standard interactive decision tasks including the ultimatum, dictator, minimum effort, guessing and public good games under (simulated) standard lab conditions. These games were selected as established measurement tools for a range of human social motivations including fairness, altruism, cooperation, reciprocity and coordination. In particular, stylised results from conventional lab experiments exists for these games and could serve as a benchmark. They found that task behaviour in the virtual lab in these games did not differ significantly from established real-world results. A number of subsequent experiments have also used Second Life to recruit participants for experimental sessions conducted in simulated lab facilities (e.g. Atlas and Putterman, 2011). Some of these experiments have also compared experimental results from the virtual lab with comparable sessions conducted in physical settings (Fiedler and Haruvy, 2009; Fiedler, 2009; Fiedler et al., 2011; Fullbrunn et al., 2011; Greiner et al., 2014)."

We hope Wikipedians on this talk page can take advantage of these comments and improve the quality of the article accordingly.

We believe Dr. Chuah has expertise on the topic of this article, since she has published relevant scholarly research:

 * Reference : Thomas Chesney & Swee-Hoon Chuah & Robert Hoffmann, 2007. "Virtual world experimentation: An exploratory study," Occasional Papers 21, Industrial Economics Division.

ExpertIdeasBot (talk) 18:31, 26 July 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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I have just modified 4 external links on Virtual economy. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added tag to http://virtual-economy.org/2007/03/02/how_big_is_the_rmt_market_anyw/
 * Added tag to http://www.virtualworldsnews.com/2007/07/follow-up-on-uk.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070117062557/http://www.themis-group.com/uploads/Pitfalls%20of%20Virtual%20Property.pdf to http://www.themis-group.com/uploads/Pitfalls%20of%20Virtual%20Property.pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070114015621/http://virtual-economy.org/bibliography to http://virtual-economy.org/bibliography
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070117062557/http://www.themis-group.com/uploads/Pitfalls%20of%20Virtual%20Property.pdf to http://www.themis-group.com/uploads/Pitfalls%20of%20Virtual%20Property.pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110106182652/http://www.chaihana.com/virtualjustice.pdf to http://www.chaihana.com/virtualjustice.pdf

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title: Talk:Virtual economy


text:
Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty

The Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty are state-compiled and published records, called Veritable Records, documenting the reigns of the kings of Joseon. Kept from 1392 to 1865, they comprise 1,893 volumes and are thought to be the longest continual documentation of a single dynasty in the world. The records of the last two monarchs are believed to have been influenced by the Japanese colonial rule and, therefore, their credibility compromised. Excluding the records of the last two kings, the sillok is designated as the 151st national treasure of South Korea and listed in UNESCO's Memory of the World registry.

In 2006, the annals were digitized and made available online by the National Institute of Korean History. Both a modern-Korean translation in hangul and the original in Classical Chinese are available. In January 2012, the National Institute of Korean History announced a plan to translate them to English by 2033. The work was scheduled to start in 2014 with an initial budget of ₩500 million, but it was estimated that a total of ₩40 billion would be needed to complete the project.

Compilation process
The Bureau of State Records, overseen by the three High State Councillors, served as the state archive for administrative records. However, the eight historians of the seventh, eighth, and ninth ranks in the Office of Royal Decrees were responsible for maintaining daily records of official court activities. These historians accompanied the king at all times, and Joseon kings did not conduct official business without a historian present. The daily historical records produced by the eight historians were called sacho, which served as the basis for the compilation.

After the death of a king, the veritable records, or sillok, of the deceased monarch's reign were compiled by a special committee known as the Sillokcheong, or the Office of Annals Compilation. This committee included high-ranking officials and the most competent scholars. The compilation relied on various primary sources, including the sacho, historians' private memoranda, administrative records, and the Journal of the Royal Secretariat.

The compilation process consisted roughly of three phases. First, the primary sources were gathered, and the historians produced the first draft. This draft was then refined into a second draft, which was reviewed and finalized by high-ranking officials into a final draft. Once finalized, the drafts, sacho, and the historians' private memoranda were pulped in water and expunged to prevent leaks.

Great care was taken to ensure the integrity of the records; historians were guaranteed legal protection and editorial independence, especially from the king. Only the historians were allowed to read the sacho; if any historian disclosed or altered its contents, they were subject to severe punishment. Pulping and expunging the drafts and certain primary sources likely to contain historian commentary was a safety measure designed to insulate the historians from political influences and preserve the integrity of the records.

An oft-cited story in the sillok about King Taejong falling off his horse exemplifies the commitment of Joseon court historians to documenting even events displeasing or embarrassing to the king and the extent to which the king could not influence which stories were included in the sillok.

"The king himself rode a horse and shot arrows at a deer. However, the horse stumbled, causing him to fall off, but he was not injured. Looking around, he said, "Do not let the historians know about this.""

The historian present defied King Taejong's order and ensured that not only the king’s fall but also his wish to keep it off the record were documented.

The records are written in Classical Chinese. The records of the first three kings of the Joseon dynasty—Taejo ((r. 1392 – 1398)), Jeongjong ((r. 1399 – 1400)), and Taejong ((r. 1401 – 1418))—were handwritten. The records of Sejong ((r. 1418 – 1450)) and later kings were printed using movable type, some wooden and others metal. Korea is the first nation in East Asia to have printed its royal records using movable type.

History
Beginning in 1445, they began creating three additional copies of the records, which they distributed at various locations around Korea for safekeeping: the Chunchugwan office in Seoul, Chungju County, Jeonju County, and Seongju County. Despite this precaution, during the 1592–1598 Japanese invasions of Korea, all repositories were destroyed, except for the one in Jeonju. The Jeonju records narrowly escaped being destroyed by fire and were only saved by the private initiative of several scholars. After the war, the government began maintaining five repositories at Chunchugwan, Mount Myohyang, Taebaeksan, Odaesan, and Manisan.

The 1624 Yi Gwal's Rebellion resulted in the destruction of the Chunchugwan repository. It was not replaced; they ultimately returned to printing four copies of the records and storing them at the other repositories. The Mount Myohyang copy was moved to Jeoksangsan in 1633. Part of the Manisan collection was lost during the 1636 Qing invasion of Joseon, and the surviving volumes moved to Jeongjok-san on Ganghwa Island in 1678.

During the 1910–1945 Japanese colonial period, the records went under the control of the Japanese colonial government. The Jeongjoksan and Taebaeksan repositories were transferred to the holdings of Keijō Imperial University in Seoul. The Odae-san copies were taken to Tokyo Imperial University in Japan. There, they were mostly destroyed during the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake. The remaining 46 volumes in Japan were not returned to Korea until 2006.

The annals of the last two Joseon rulers, Veritable Records of Gojong and Veritable Records of Sunjong, are controversial and considered by modern South Korean historians to lack the imparitality of the other sources. This is because Japanese officials interfered in their creation and curation. They are thus considered relatively separate from the other records, and are not included in the National Treasures of South Korea or UNESCO's Memory of the World register.

Around the liberation of Korea, the Jeoksangsan copies were partially looted during the instability; there are reportedly uncertain rumors that some of these copies were actually taken during the 1950–1953 Korean War to North Korea. The Jeongjoksan and Taebaeksan records were still held in the collection Kyujanggak, at Seoul National University (the successor to Keijō Imperial University). In the 1980s, the Taebaeksan copies were moved to the National Archives of Korea, Busan Center.

title: Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty


text:
Prime Minister of Latvia

The prime minister of Latvia (ministru prezidents) is the most powerful member of the Government of Latvia, who presides over the Latvian Cabinet of Ministers. The officeholder is nominated by the president of Latvia, but must be able to obtain the support of a parliamentary majority in the Saeima.

The tables below display all Latvian prime ministers from both the first period of Latvian independence (1918–1940) and since the country regained its independence (1990–present). From 1990 to 6 July 1993, the head of government was known as the chairman of the Council of Ministers.

A direct translation of the official Latvian term is minister-president. Although the equivalent is used in some European languages, it is not used conventionally in English.

1918–1940
Political party:

1990–present
From 4 May 1990 after adopting the Declaration of the Restoration of Independence of the Republic.

Political party:

Statistics
During the 1918–1920 Independence War, Latvia was contested by two other governments: the government of Soviet Latvia, led by Pēteris Stučka, and the government of Andrievs Niedra, backed by Baltic Germans. Some sources may list Stučka and Niedra as prime ministers for periods when their governments controlled most of Latvia.
 * Notes:

On 15 May 1934, prime minister Ulmanis dissolved parliament and banned all political parties (including his own Farmer's Union), establishing authoritarian rule.

Puppet leader appointed by Soviet authorities. Not recognized as such by the Latvian government.

title: Prime Minister of Latvia