text:
Cholecystokinin

Cholecystokinin (CCK or CCK-PZ; from Greek chole, "bile"; cysto, "sac"; kinin, "move"; hence, move the bile-sac (gallbladder)) is a peptide hormone of the gastrointestinal system responsible for stimulating the digestion of fat and protein. Cholecystokinin, formerly called pancreozymin, is synthesized and secreted by enteroendocrine cells in the duodenum, the first segment of the small intestine. Its presence causes the release of digestive enzymes and bile from the pancreas and gallbladder, respectively, and also acts as a hunger suppressant.

History
Evidence that the small intestine controls the release of bile was uncovered as early as 1856, when French physiologist Claude Bernard showed that when dilute acetic acid was applied to the orifice of the bile duct, the duct released bile into the duodenum. In 1903, the French physiologist Émile Wertheimer showed that this reflex was not mediated by the nervous system. In 1904, the French physiologist Charles Fleig showed that the discharge of bile was mediated by a substance that was conveyed by the blood. There remained the possibility that the increased flow of bile in response to the presence of acid in the duodenum might be due to secretin, which had been discovered in 1902. The problem was finally resolved in 1928 by Andrew Conway Ivy and his colleague Eric Oldberg of the Northwestern University Medical School, who found a new hormone that caused contraction of the gall bladder and that they called "cholecystokinin". In 1943, Alan A. Harper and Henry S. Raper of the University of Manchester discovered a hormone that stimulated pancreatic enzyme secretion and that they named "pancreozymin"; however, pancreozymin was subsequently found to be cholecystokinin. Swedish biochemists Johannes Erik Jorpes and Viktor Mutt undertook the monumental task of isolating and purifying porcine cholecystokinin and then determining its amino acid sequence. They finally presented porcine cholecystokinin's amino acid sequence in 1968.

Structure
Cholecystokinin is a member of the gastrin/cholecystokinin family of peptide hormones and is very similar in structure to gastrin, another gastrointestinal hormone. CCK and gastrin share the same five C-terminal amino acids. CCK is composed of varying numbers of amino acids depending on post-translational modification of the 150-amino acid precursor, preprocholecystokinin. Thus, the CCK peptide hormone exists in several forms, each identified by the number of amino acids it contains, e.g., CCK-58, CCK-33, CCK-22 and CCK-8. CCK58 assumes a helix-turn-helix configuration. Biological activity resides in the C-terminus of the peptide. Most CCK peptides have a sulfate group attached to a tyrosine located seven residues from the C-terminus (see tyrosine sulfation). This modification is crucial for the ability of CCK to activate the cholecystokinin A receptor. Nonsulfated CCK peptides also occur, which consequently cannot activate the CCK-A receptor, but their biological role remains unclear.

Function
CCK plays important physiological roles both as a neuropeptide in the central nervous system and as a peptide hormone in the gut. It is the most abundant neuropeptide in the central nervous system. CCK has been researched thoroughly for its role in digestion and it participates in a number of processes such as digestion, satiety and anxiety.

Gastrointestinal
CCK is synthesized and released by enteroendocrine cells in the mucosal lining of the small intestine (mostly in the duodenum and jejunum), called I cells, neurons of the enteric nervous system, and neurons in the brain. It is released rapidly into the circulation in response to a meal. The greatest stimulator of CCK release is the presence of fatty acids and/or certain amino acids in the chyme entering the duodenum. In addition, release of CCK is stimulated by monitor peptide (released by pancreatic acinar cells), CCK-releasing protein (via paracrine signalling mediated by enterocytes in the gastric and intestinal mucosa), and acetylcholine (released by the parasympathetic nerve fibers of the vagus nerve).

Once in the circulatory system, CCK has a relatively short half-life.

Digestion
CCK mediates digestion in the small intestine by inhibiting gastric emptying. It stimulates the acinar cells of the pancreas to release a juice rich in pancreatic digestive enzymes (hence an alternate name, pancreozymin) that catalyze the digestion of fat, protein, and carbohydrates. Thus, as the levels of the substances that stimulated the release of CCK drop, the concentration of the hormone drops as well. The release of CCK is also inhibited by somatostatin and pancreatic peptide. Trypsin, a protease released by pancreatic acinar cells, hydrolyzes CCK-releasing peptide and monitor peptide, in effect turning off the additional signals to secrete CCK.

CCK also causes the increased production of hepatic bile, and stimulates the contraction of the gall bladder and the relaxation of the sphincter of Oddi (Glisson's sphincter), resulting in the delivery of bile into the duodenal part of the small intestine. Bile salts form amphipathic lipids, micelles that emulsify fats, aiding in their digestion and absorption.

Satiety
As a peptide hormone, CCK mediates satiety by acting on the CCK receptors distributed widely throughout the central nervous system. The mechanism for hunger suppression is thought to be a decrease in the rate of gastric emptying. CCK also has stimulatory effects on the vagus nerve, effects that can be inhibited by capsaicin. The stimulatory effects of CCK oppose those of ghrelin, which has been shown to inhibit the vagus nerve.

The effects of CCK vary between individuals. For example, in rats, CCK administration significantly reduces hunger in adult males, but is slightly less effective in younger subjects, and even slightly less effective in females. The hunger-suppressive effects of CCK also are reduced in obese rats.

Neurological
CCK is found extensively throughout the central nervous system, with high concentrations found in the limbic system. CCK is synthesized as a 115 amino acid preprohormone, that is then converted into multiple isoforms. The predominant form of CCK in the central nervous system is the sulfated octapeptide, CCK-8S.

Anxiogenic
In both humans and rodents, studies clearly indicate that elevated CCK levels causes increased anxiety. The site of the anxiety-inducing effects of CCK seems to be central with specific targets being the basolateral amygdala, hippocampus, hypothalamus, periaqueductal grey, and cortical regions.

Panicogenic
The CCK tetrapeptide fragment CCK-4 (Trp-Met-Asp-Phe-NH2) reliably causes anxiety and panic attacks (panicogenic effect) when administered to humans and is commonly used in scientific research for this purpose of in order to test new anxiolytic drugs. Positron emission tomography visualization of regional cerebral blood flow in patients undergoing CCK-4 induced panic attacks show changes in the anterior cingulate gyrus, the claustrum-insular-amygdala region, and cerebellar vermis.

Hallucinogenic
Several studies have implicated CCK as a cause of visual hallucinations in Parkinson's disease. Mutations in CCK receptors in combination with mutated CCK genes potentiate this association. These studies also uncovered potential racial/ethnic differences in the distribution of mutated CCK genes.

Interactions
CCK has been shown to interact with the cholecystokinin A receptor located mainly on pancreatic acinar cells and cholecystokinin B receptor mostly in the brain and stomach. CCKB receptor also binds gastrin, a gastrointestinal hormone involved in stimulating gastric acid release and growth of the gastric mucosa. CCK has also been shown to interact with calcineurin in the pancreas. Calcineurin will go on to activate the transcription factors NFAT 1–3, which will stimulate hypertrophy and growth of the pancreas. CCK can be stimulated by a diet high in protein, or by protease inhibitors. CCK has been shown to interact with orexin neurons, which control appetite and wakefulness (sleep). CCK can have indirect effects on sleep regulation.

CCK in the body cannot cross the blood–brain barrier, but certain parts of the hypothalamus and brainstem are not protected by the barrier.

title: Cholecystokinin


text:
User talk:Zukix

My first submission so apologies for its weaknesses. I have added a lamentable reference to Ryle as the source of the term Category Mistake. There is, shockingly, no page for Ryle yet so I will endeavour to add one presently.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Zukix


text:
Belt Creek (Montana)

Belt Creek (kɔyɔ́ɔteihíniicááh ) is a tributary, approximately 80 mi (129 km) long, of the Missouri River in western Montana in the United States.

It originates in the Lewis and Clark National Forest north of Big Baldy Mountain, in the Little Belt Mountains in western Judith Basin County. It flows northwest through mountainous canyons (Limestone Canyon) past Monarch, through Sluice Boxes State Park, and flows through Armington and Belt. It finally joins the Missouri approximately 15 mi (25 km) northwest of Great Falls of the Missouri and 2 mi downstream of Morony Dam.

It is named for the Little Belt Mountains, which it flows through.

Willow, cottonwood, chokecherry, and wild roses grow in part of the canyon stretch and in a large band in the foothill zone. Brook, Brown, and Rainbow Trout have been introduced to the creek. Native fish include several minnows, mooneye,perch, sculpin, 4 types of suckers, and 2 types of trout.

title: Belt Creek (Montana)


text:
Talk:University of Arizona

Wiki Education assignment: Linguistics in the Digital Age
— Assignment last updated by David1mac (talk) 21:04, 29 August 2022 (UTC)

Edit warring about the lede
An unregistered editor is insisting that the lede of this article include (a) the adjective "prestigious" to describe the Association of American Universities (AAU), (b) the current number of members of the AAU, and (c) the university's placement in a 2021 NSF listing of R&D expenditures. The adjective is POV and unnecessary. The precise number of AAU members is completely unnecessary and it's also a bad idea because it will need to be updated in this obscure location every time the number of AAU members changes. The research ranking may be alright but edit-warring to add it without any discussion is unacceptable. ElKevbo (talk) 14:47, 11 March 2023 (UTC)

 * User ElKevbo insists on removing highly relevant details and reputable sources about University of Arizona, despite not understanding the context. It's been descending to spamreversals.

 * When confronted, he refuses to acknowledge the issue raised nor address the concerns on his own talk page, like he claimed he would.

 * He misunderstands the context around top research-centered universities. AAU & NSF research spending are both highly relevant. It's often the first thing people look into at R1 institutions (e.g. https://www.econjobrumors.com/topic/predicting-the-next-aau-members).

 * The original edits aim to concisely inform the readers where the university stands in the research community. It's standard journalism practice to include the term "prestigious" in the context of AAU to inform the general public. Newspaper title example 1, Communication example 2 It is condescending to assume the readers would know otherwise, especially given the disparity between the more popularly known U.S. News Ranking methodologies & Arizona admission philosophy.

 * User ElKevbo claims research expenditure is ephemeral and hence shouldn't be included. This is a classic example of argument in bad faith. Research expenditure is the same as stating US News ranking, # of Nobel laureates, and student population are ephemeral. Sure, the status of an organization entity is not persistent but that's the precise reason why we have wikipedia. Wiki is not meant to be a static information page. For further context, ElKevbo is completely fine with his own home institution, University of Delaware, using the exact same language in its introduction: "According to the National Science Foundation, UD spent $186 million on research and development in 2018, ranking it 119th in the nation.[13][14] ". It appears that the selective gatekeeping of relevant and reputable information from the reader is unnecessary and harmful to the community. 73.24.189.66 (talk) 16:54, 11 March 2023 (UTC)

 * I don't edit the article of my employer as I have a clear conflict of interest.
 * Please address the specific issues that have been raised. Why does the adjective "prestigious" need to be included when the lede of the organization's own article doesn't include it? Why does the lede of this article need to include the specific number of AAU members? And why do we need to include one specific year of research funding in the lede? ElKevbo (talk) 17:01, 11 March 2023 (UTC)
 * I appreciate your clarification surrounding conflict of interest. That does disable most of us from editing information on the subject topic in higher education. 73.24.189.66 (talk) 17:29, 11 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Unfortunately, just realized User ElKevbo is outright making things up. He's an active editor on his employer's wikipage and definitely violates conflict of interest.
 * But more pertinent to this discussion, including NSF or NIH research funding information in the lede is hardly unique to University of Arizona or University of Delaware, it's seen on the page of University of California, San Francisco, University of Texas at Austin etc. It's a much more objective metric comparing to US News ranking and provides the public useful information on the research standing of these institutions. 73.24.189.66 (talk) 18:16, 11 March 2023 (UTC)
 * It's journalistic standard to include the qualifying adjective when describing an association that may not be otherwise known to the public. See example1 example2example3example4example5. We may disagree on the significance of it but that's an editorial preference at the best. It is condescending to assume the readers would know otherwise, 73.24.189.66 (talk) 17:33, 11 March 2023 (UTC)
 * The inclusion of the specific year from the NSF research funding is directly addressing what you raised as "vague" in your numerous reversions. Maybe I misunderstood you. I agree with you that we can remove that specific year. 73.24.189.66 (talk) 17:38, 11 March 2023 (UTC)

 * This is an encyclopedia, not a media outlet; we adhere to a neutral point of view. If you convince editors to include "prestigious" in the lede of Association of American Universities, I would happily concede that it might be appropriate here. But until that happens, it's clearly your own POV that doesn't represent consensus here in Wikipedia.
 * For the second time: Why do we need to include one specific year of research funding in the lede? How does that satisfy WP:DUE? And why in the world would we include information in the lede, a section that is supposed to summarize what's already in the article, that isn't even mentioned in the body of the article?
 * Finally, don't edit others' comments, especially in ways that misrepresent information including when comments were originally written. ElKevbo (talk) 18:19, 11 March 2023 (UTC)
 * We adhere to a neutral point of view and that's why the talk subsection title "Edit warring to add unnecessary details to the lede" is not conducive to a healthy discussion.
 * No one edited your comments, you were the one who claimed that you don't edit University of Delaware page and that's why NSF funding information is preserved in the lede there, but you were entirely making that claim up and clearly violates conflict of interests 73.24.189.66 (talk) 18:26, 11 March 2023 (UTC)
 * For the third and final time: Why do we need to include one specific year of research funding in the lede? How does that satisfy WP:DUE? And why in the world would we include information in the lede, a section that is supposed to summarize what's already in the article, that isn't even mentioned in the body of the article? ElKevbo (talk) 21:23, 11 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Please read the response before harassing other editors, specifically "I agree with you that we can remove that specific year. 73.24.189.66 (talk) 17:38, 11 March 2023 " 73.24.189.66 (talk) 21:56, 11 March 2023 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Linguistics in the Digital Age
— Assignment last updated by Cakelover44 (talk) 03:40, 19 February 2024 (UTC)

Chomsky alumni?
I see Chomsky is listed under the alumni section; I know he's a professor here, but considering he was at UPenn from his bachelor's to his PhD, can he really be considered an alum? toobigtokale (talk) 17:29, 29 March 2024 (UTC)

 * Ah looked again; what confused me is the discrepency between the subtitle "Notable University of Arizona alumni include:" and the section header title "Notable alumni and staff". The subtitle should be corrected. toobigtokale (talk) 17:30, 29 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:University of Arizona


text: Template:Oscar-class submarine

title: Template:Oscar-class submarine


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User talk:Stupidumboy

Hello Stupidumboy, welcome to Wikipedia! I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Drop us a note at the new user log so that we can meet you and help you get started. If you need editing help, visit How does one edit a page. For format questions, visit our manual of style. If you have any other questions about the project then check out Help or add a question to the village pump.

Again, welcome! ugen64 23:44, Mar 17, 2004 (UTC)

authors: Template namespace initialisation script

title: User talk:Stupidumboy


text:
Shoulder (road)

A shoulder, hard shoulder (British) or breakdown lane is an emergency stopping lane by the verge on the outer side of a road or motorway. Many wider freeways, or expressways elsewhere have shoulders on both sides of each directional carriageway—in the median, as well as at the outer edges of the road, for additional safety. Shoulders are not intended for use by through traffic, although there are exceptions.

Purpose
Shoulders have multiple uses, including:
 * Emergency vehicles such as ambulances, fire trucks and police cars may use the shoulder to bypass traffic congestion in some countries.
 * In the event of an emergency or breakdown, a motorist can pull into the shoulder to get out of the flow of traffic and obtain a greater degree of safety.
 * Active traffic management, used on busy multi-lane roads, may allow 'hard shoulder running' by general traffic at reduced speeds during periods of high traffic volumes.
 * In some places a "bus bypass shoulder" may be provided which allows bus services to pass stationary traffic.
 * Paved shoulders provide additional space should a motorist need to take evasive action (such as avoiding a wrong-way driver) or need to recover control of their vehicle before a run-off-road collision occurs.
 * In some rural areas without sidewalks, pedestrians and cyclists may be allowed to walk or ride on the shoulders.
 * On curbed roadways, shoulders move the gutter away from the travel lanes which reduces the risk of hydroplaning, and reduces splash and spray of stormwater onto pedestrians using any adjacent sidewalk.
 * Paved shoulders move water away from the roadway before it can infiltrate into the road's subbase, increasing the life expectancy of the road surface.
 * Shoulders help provide extra structural support of the roadway.
 * In some countries, when semi-truck drivers need sleep and there are no available parking spaces at truck stops and rest areas, either because there are no such facilities nearby or because all semi-truck parking spaces are filled to capacity, drivers may pull over to the highway shoulder and sleep in their truck cabin.
 * In some countries, parking in the shoulder is not prohibited by the law, and mushroom and berry pickers commonly use them on roads going through a forest.

General characteristics
The shoulder is usually slightly narrower than a full traffic lane. In some cases, particularly on older rural roadways, shoulders that initially existed were hardened with gravel rather than being paved with asphalt or concrete. In Britain, motorway shoulders are now paved, but are still known as "hard shoulders". Older, gravel shoulders have sometimes been termed soft shoulders by comparison. Because the paved surface ends at that point, they are less safe if they need to be used for emergency maneuvers. Notably, the section of Ontario Highway 401 between Windsor and London had soft shoulders with a sharp slope which was blamed for facilitating vehicle rollovers, if drivers accidentally drifted off the paved section of the road and then overreacted after hitting the gravel. Modern practice is to build a continuous paved shoulder whenever possible.

The US Federal Highway Administration encourages the placement of a Safety Edge—a 30° compacted taper on the end of the pavement dropoff—to ensure that any driver running off the edge of the roadway is better able to maintain control while trying to steer back onto the roadway. The Safety Edge is effective on roads where the shoulder is narrow or nonexistent.

To save money, the shoulder was often not paved to the same thickness as the through lanes, so if vehicles were to attempt to use it as a through lane regularly, it would rapidly deteriorate. In Britain, shoulder running can occur during roadworks, and full depth construction is now standard. In some metro areas, road authorities also allow shoulders to be used as lanes at peak periods. However, rural shoulders often collect various bits of road debris that can make driving there less safe.

Drivers will sometimes drift into the shoulder when being overtaken by passing vehicles, particularly on two-lane roads. However, it is extremely unsafe, and in most jurisdictions illegal, to abuse the shoulder by 'undertaking' passing vehicles that are nearer the center of the road.

On older roads, the shoulder may disappear for short periods, near exits or when going across or under bridges or tunnels where the cost savings were thought to outweigh the safety benefits of the shoulder. Some roads have a narrow shoulder for significant distances. This makes it difficult for large vehicles to pull into the hard shoulder altogether.

The Jingjintang Expressway in northeastern China is an example of this phenomenon. Its shoulder is only 2.4 m wide, which is not wide enough for some automobiles—a standard lane in the U.S. and UK is 12 ft. As a result, some motorists are unable to fully exit the mainline when they need to pull over, so they end up in a position that is halfway in the rightmost lane and only partly on the shoulder. The end result is often a traffic jam and occasionally a collision.

Bus bypass shoulder
In some jurisdictions in the United States and Canada, buses are allowed to drive on the shoulder to pass traffic jams, which is called a bus-only shoulder or bus-bypass shoulder (BBS); the term "bus-only shoulder lane" is incorrect from a technical and legal standpoint. In Ontario, Highway 403 had its shoulders between Hurontario Street and Erin Mills Parkway widened in 2003 so they serve a dual purpose as bus lanes and accident lanes. In the Minneapolis–Saint Paul region of Minnesota, over 270 miles of shoulder have been designated for use by buses. The Route 9 BBS in Central New Jersey which runs along two stretches of shoulders are dedicated for exclusive bus use during peak hours. The bus lanes, which run for approximately 3 mi are the first component of a planned 20 mi BBS corridor. In the Chicago area, Pace buses are authorized to use the shoulder of the Jane Addams Memorial Tollway, Edens Expressway, and Stevenson Expressway to avoid delays from traffic congestion.

In the Seattle area, Community Transit and Sound Transit Express commuter buses are authorized to use the shoulders of Interstate 5 and Interstate 405 on small segments in Snohomish County as part of a pilot project that aims to reduce delayed bus trips.

There are also some bus-bypass shoulders in the United Kingdom, on the motorways of Northern Ireland heading towards Belfast and the M90 motorway in Scotland towards Edinburgh.

Peak period use by all traffic
In the United Kingdom, usage of the hard shoulder is known as "hard shoulder running". A pilot project on an 11 mi stretch of the M42 motorway, near Birmingham, began in September 2006. Active traffic management with special signage, new turnouts (laybys) and a variable speed limit have been put in place to improve safety. This has proved very successful, with journey times decreasing by 26% northbound and 9% southbound. Drivers can also better predict their journey times as the variability decreased by 27%. The average accident rate dropped from 5.2 to 1.5 per month. It has also proved popular with motorists, 60% of whom want to see it expanded to other English motorways. This 'smart motorway' system has been expanded to the M6, M1 and M25, as well as parts of the M60 and M62.

In the United States, on Interstate 93 between Exit 35 (formerly 41) and Exit 43 (formerly 46) and SR 3 between Exit 27 (formerly 12) and Exit 38 (formerly 16) in the Boston metro area, cars are allowed to use the shoulder as they would a normal lane during morning and evening rush hours. The same scheme is employed elsewhere, such as on Interstate 580 in California on the Richmond-San Rafael Bridge, and on Interstate 405 between SR 527 and I-5 in Bothell.

Emergency use by all traffic
Florida has developed a plan for the use of shoulders by moving traffic during hurricane evacuations on select portions of Interstate 4, Interstate 10, Interstate 75, and Interstate 95. The shoulder-use plan was implemented in place of labor- and resource-intensive contraflow lane reversal, in which both sides of an interstate highway are used for one direction of traffic. The first implementation of the plan occurred on 8–9 September 2017 before the arrival of Hurricane Irma. Texas has also considered emergency shoulder use for hurricane evacuations.

Increased cyclist safety
Although direct rear impacts only make up 3% of motorist-on-cyclist collisions, they are a more prominent collision type in arterial road type situations. When they occur in such circumstances, they are also associated with significantly increased risk of fatality. Data collated by the OECD indicates that rural locations account for 35% or more of cycling fatalities in Denmark, Finland, France, Great Britain, Japan, the Netherlands, and Spain.

The use of appropriately designed segregated space on arterial or interurban routes appears to be associated with reductions in overall risk. In Ireland, the provision of hard shoulders on interurban routes in the 1970s reportedly resulted in a 50% decrease in accidents. It is reported that the Danes have also found that separate cycle tracks lead to a reduction in rural collisions.

In some countries, the use of shoulders is optional for cyclists, who may choose not to use it for reasons such as: it being too narrow, inviting dangerously close passes at high speed by motorists; it having a road surface unsuitable for cycling or putting the path of the cyclist in direct conflict with the paths of other road users, such as those turning across the shoulder. Generally, the usable width of the road begins where one can ride without increased danger of falls, jolts or blowouts. A road may have a gravel shoulder, its edge may be covered with sand or trash and the pavement may be broken.

Australia
In a similar manner to Canada, Italy and the United States, the shoulders located on the side of Australia's highways are normally used as an emergency lane in the case of a breakdown or by emergency vehicles in the case of road congestion. However, no mandatory regulations exist to wear a high-visibility jacket when dismounting from the vehicle stopped in an emergency lane.

A recent study conducted by the National Coroners Information System (NCIS) in Australia has revealed 29 closed case fatalities (and at least a dozen case fatalities still under coronial investigation) that had been reported to Australian coroners where a person was "struck in an emergency lane after their vehicle had stopped" between July 2000 and November 2010.

Canada and the United States

The right-hand shoulder is separated by a solid white line, and the left-hand shoulder (if the road is one-way, such as part of a divided highway) is separated from the leftmost through lane by a solid yellow line. On many roads, the lines are supplemented by reflective raised pavement markers or rumble strips to provide additional visual and tactile feedback to drivers crossing the lines.

On freeways in foggy areas of California, there is an obvious break in the line of the shoulder before every exit. This is to help drivers find their exits in heavy fog (especially the dangerous tule fog).

France

In France, roadway shoulders are usually 2.5 m wide, or 3 m wide when the roadway carries more than 2,000 vehicles per day. The main difference from other European countries is that the white line is dashed, typically 39 m long with gaps 13 m long. The design is intended to provide a guide for drivers to maintain a safe distance between vehicles. Road signs can be found along motorways, to indicate the safe distance (1 line = too close, 2 lines = safe distance). At some points (tunnel, bridge, narrow road with no shoulder, tight curve) the edge line becomes solid.

Ireland

Full-width hard shoulders are provided on most new, upgraded (from the 1980s onwards), and major national roads in the Republic of Ireland, especially on wide two-lane and dual-carriageway roads (the shoulders on most 2+1 roads are narrow however). They are defined within the official document the Rules of the Road as a part of the road that should normally only be used by cyclists and pedestrians. Their provision of on interurban routes in the 1970s reportedly resulted in a 50% decrease in accidents involving pedal cyclists.

The hard shoulder is usually demarcated by road markings in the form of a single dashed yellow line with the addition of yellow cat's eyes. On motorways, and at critical points on other routes (e.g. between junctions or interchanges, or beneath overpasses) a solid yellow line is used, denoting additional restrictions on usage of the hard shoulder. At junctions and on-ramps and off-ramps, the yellow line peels away into the turn, with a dashed white line (with green cats' eyes) denoting a lane division following the main route (i.e. in most cases the road remains the same width, and a turn lane takes the place of the hard shoulder).

In the 2000s, Bus Éireann coaches were allowed to use the hard shoulders on national roads into Dublin. However, dedicated bus lanes are now present on sections of some routes, such as the N7 Naas Road, and such use of actual hard shoulder is not universal.

Italy
The shoulders located on the sides of Italy's highways are normally used as emergency lanes in case of breakdown or by emergency vehicles in case of queues. According to the regulation in force, it is mandatory to wear a high visibility jacket when dismounting from a vehicle stopped in an emergency lane.

Normally one is not allowed to drive on the shoulder, but in case of traffic blockage, use of the shoulder is allowed to reach an exit if it is within 500 meters.

United Kingdom

Full width hard shoulders are usually provided only on motorways and are usually 3.3 m wide, but there are exceptions. Some motorways do not have hard shoulders at all (for example the A57(M) and many smart motorways where the hard shoulder has been converted into a running lane) and there are a small number of dual carriageway A-roads which do possess hard shoulders (for example, parts of the A1, A2 and A27). Hard shoulders are always marked with a reflectorized solid white line which is 20 cm wide and is provided with a rumble strip. A line of red cats' eyes is also used, and is placed to the side of the line.

On many modern non-motorway roads, a hard strip is provided. These are usually 1 m wide, and are bounded by thinner solid white lines, and often without a rumble strip.

title: Shoulder (road)


text:
Last Battle

Last Battle may refer to:

 * The Last Battle, a 1956 novel by C. S. Lewis
 * The Last Battle (band), Scottish alternative indie folk band
 * The Last Battle (Ryan book), a 1966 book about the Battle of Berlin in World War II by Cornelius Ryan
 * The Last Battle (Harding book), a 2013 book about the Battle for Castle Itter in World War II by Stephen Harding
 * Last Battle (video game), a 1989 Sega video game
 * Armageddon, in Christian theology, the final battle between God and Satan
 * The Last Battle (Middle-earth), or Dagor Dagorath, in J. R. R. Tolkien's Middle-earth legendarium
 * Le Dernier Combat (English title: The Last Battle), a 1983 French film directed by Luc Besson
 * The Last Battle (1923 film), a German silent film
 * Tarmon Gai'don, or the Last Battle, an event in The Wheel of Time series by Robert Jordan
 * Vietnam: The Last Battle, a documentary film

title: Last Battle


text:
Talk:Shooting Stars (1993 TV series)

Wrong information needs to be removed
In the external links section, someone has put information about meteorites, surely wouldn't it be better to make it clearer that this is the article about the tv show? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Bluebrainfreezy (talk • contribs) 20:58, 25 November 2008 (UTC)

Rename page?
This page is improperly named or filed. This page should be renamed to reflect it as "Shooting Stars - British Television." And "shooting stars" should be redirected to meteor shower. Stevenmitchell (talk) 02:07, 3 January 2008 (UTC)

Club style
Is the "club style" really someone who is incomprehensibly drunk? I always had in mind some crap crooner at the local working man's club rather than a club as in nightclub? Pete/Pcb21 (talk) 23:46, 17 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * I agree with you Pcb, I never understood it to mean drunk, nor a nightclub. Graham 06:45, 18 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Split the difference? "In the manner of one incomprehensibly drunk" replaced with "so stylised (or perhaps drunkenly slurred) as to be incomprehensible." Andy G 19:08, 19 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * A quick search indicates that its just some wacky thing Reeves made up... I guess we shouldn't worry too much about what it is supposed to be... it just is... that sentence will do for me. Pete/Pcb21 (talk) 19:54, 19 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * I have a feeling that actually Reeves didn't make it up, he plagiarised it lock, stock and barrel from one of Steve Wright in the Afternoon's characters, that used to be on his radio show in the 80s. I'm about 80% certain he had a "club singer" character who'd sing stuff exactly like Reeves does - well, perhaps marginally more recognisably if I recall correctly. Can anyone confirm this? Graham 05:59, 20 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * That certainly sounds plausible - sort of thing Wright might do, but I don't remember I'm afraid, and Google is no help. Pete/Pcb21 (talk) 11:24, 20 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * I'm almost certain it derives from the kind of performances found in old fashioned mens clubs, a la this masterpiece by paul shane :http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lUEV3NtYBNA 92.10.27.197 (talk) 22:43, 4 July 2010 (UTC)

Related articles
Readers of this article might like to note that I've made a start on Vic and Bob and Ulrika Jonsson. Pete/Pcb21 (talk) 11:24, 20 Mar 2004 (UTC)

New series
The article states that the most recent series was in 2002. I'm sure there was a series in 2003, as there were 2 series featuring Vegas and Self. One had a yellow set, the other was grey.--Crestville 16:22, 18 February 2006 (UTC)

Clean-up needed
The paragraph that discribes 'Dove from Above' and it's varients is a MESS!

 * Pretty much ALL of it looks a mess to me! But I don't know how to organise the info better without chopping tons of it out! JaffaCakeLover (talk) 20:23, 30 December 2008 (UTC)

 * I chopped it out entirely. My rationale is as follows: per WP:V, everything here has to be verifiable to proper, third-party sources. If none of that stuff is, or can be (as I suspect), it needs to go. If any of it can, feel free to bring it back in with references. Wikipedia is not a collection of indiscriminate facts. --John (talk) 05:00, 20 August 2010 (UTC)

 * Apparently it's back, and still a horrible mess, with bad style and shaky grammar. 86.159.197.174 (talk) 13:58, 1 September 2014 (UTC)

Article pic
A pic for the top of that article would be nice; I could take a screengrab off iPlayer tomorrow (from the anniversary show on tonight), but am never sure about the rights for WikiMedia image uploading: wouldn't want it to be deleted! JaffaCakeLover (talk) 20:23, 30 December 2008 (UTC)

2002 episodes
This article is confusing, the 2002 episodes were broadcast on BBC Two as well, if I remember rightly. I remember the episodes and we didn't have BBC Choice so they must have also been broadcast on BBC Two. Can someone confirm this? Jacqueline2008 (talk) 22:26, 25 November 2008 (UTC)

Deleted section
I've had to remove the following section:

Alternative versions

 * The format was copied to Danish television channel TV2 Zulu (with suitable alterations for Danish cultural consumption) in 2004, hosted by Casper Christensen and Frank Hvam, ex-of Pythonesque series Casper & Mandrilaftalen. Team captains were singer Maria Montell and stand-up comic Mikael Wulff. The show went for one series. The show used identical sets.
 * In the Netherlands a similar series called the Mike & Thomas Show started in 2005 and is now in its 3rd series. The most notable difference is that the show is presented from behind two grand pianos. Although it is remarkably similar to Shooting Stars the credits do not mention it.

Without any references, this section is a thinly-veiled accusation of plagiarism ~dom Kaos~ (talk) 13:42, 6 September 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Shooting Stars (1993 TV series)


text:
User:Stupidumboy

if you have any comments-email to

stupidumboy@ftnetwork.com

Thank you.

title: User:Stupidumboy


text:
User:KirbyMeister

This user spends way too much time editing his own user page.

Also it seems that my brother learned to vandalize Wikipedia. GREAAAAT.

title: User:KirbyMeister


text:
Talk:Belarusian Latin alphabet

Archive comments from Lacinka alphabet
[imported from Village pump by IMSoP 23:52, 17 Mar 2004 (UTC)]

Can someone undo a move please? I attempted to move Lacinka alphabet to & but this caused it to end up at some weird location. Jor 17:02, 11 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * OK, it's back to Lacinka, with the other one being a redirect. If you want, I can delete the redirect too. Dori | Talk 17:18, Mar 11, 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks a lot. Redirect should probably stay, as the barred-l is the correct spelling. Jor 17:30, 11 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Dź is not unique to Lacinka - it's also used in Polish alphabet. Ausir 11:44, 20 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * and Dž is used in the Lithuanian alphabet. -- pne 13:13, 4 Jun 2004 (UTC)

table of equivalence to Cyrillic?
Can we have a table of equivalence to Cyrillic if appropriate, please? – Kaihsu 19:45, July 30, 2005 (UTC)

Data
I wonder when and who codified the modern spelling of the Łacinka. It bears some resemblance to the modern Lithuanian alphabet, which was not in use until 20th century (before that Polish alphabet was used in most cases). Was there some kind of a language reform? Halibutt 07:38, August 3, 2005 (UTC)
 * I'd also like to learn more about history of this alphabet. Latin was fairly common in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth among the szlachta, so I'd guess Łacinka evolved from this influence...? --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 01:53, 3 November 2005 (UTC)

Cyrillic in Wikipedia
Please see the new page at Naming conventions (Cyrillic), aimed at —Michael Z. 2005-12-9 20:43 Z
 * 1)  Documenting the use of Cyrillic and its transliteration in Wikipedia
 * 2)  Discussing potential revision of current practices

Belarusian Latin alphabet
The references here need to be (at least partly) translated into English. As they are, they're pretty well incomprehensible to someone (like me) who doesn't know Belarusian (or whatever language they're written in). See Reliable sources. English-language sources would be better. Hairy Dude 15:40, 20 June 2006 (UTC)

There you've got me. I understand the request, but I'm doubting there even exist English sources on that. The matter is obscure and rare. By the way, in the Reliable sources I see that the sources and quotes should be in English and not a word about translating the sources' names. Would you provide an example of how that would look? Is there a WP normative on that? ---Yury Tarasievich 20:39, 20 June 2006 (UTC)

History merge
Corrected a cut and paste move that occurred here from Łacinka alphabet. Cool Hand Luke 06:14, 14 April 2007 (UTC)

Ё
From this article I couldn't understand how the letter ё is written - "jo" or "io".

I want to open an account with a name in Łacinka, and I don't know how to write it.

From the usage in the articles at lacinka.org I guess that it's "io" after consonants and "jo" after vowels and in the beginning of the word. But is there some more authoritative source? --192.118.34.228 07:34, 19 September 2007 (UTC)

 * As it was never codified, in a real sense of the word, there's no authoritative source at all, only sort of convention. Yury Tarasievich 14:53, 20 September 2007 (UTC)

 * And do you know what is the convention? I wanted to call my account "вавёрка", but in Lacinka. The guys at be-x-old told me that it's "vaviorka", which looks logical to me. (My logic says that it's supposed to be similar to Polish, but not too similar. For example, I welcome the change of w to v. Your logic may be completely different.) --Vaviorka 15:45, 20 September 2007 (UTC)

Łacinka is now an official romanisation method?
Source: Ninth United Nations Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names New York, 21-30 August 2007

... 163. The representative of Belarus presented paper E/CONF.98/CRP.21, which discussed the history of the Latin alphabet, or Latinka, recently adopted as an official standard for the romanization of Belarusian place names. This alphabet had been used to write Belarusian in Roman script for many years and so had a more well-established status than other, more recent, romanization systems. ... The report doesn't write if this move accepted, probably Belarus has a lot of promotion to do, simply stating may not be enough. --Atitarev (talk) 01:46, 6 February 2008 (UTC)

 * This is, emphatically, not Łacinka, despite some claims, but the 2007 amendment of the 2000 system, functionally and implementationally the same, but introducing some combining diacritical combinations instead of using non-combining diacriticals ("in order to save space"), one of them — newly introduced L-acute. Also, the U-acute (which was possibly introduced because of technicalities, in the first place) is changed now to a more intuitive expected U-breve. See Інструкцыя_па_транслітарацыі_(2007) for the official sources nomenclature. Yury Tarasievich (talk) 12:57, 7 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Was U-acute ever used (Ú, ú)? Isn't Ŭ, ŭ the proper Latin form of Ў, ў?
 * Belarusian: is it "vobłaść" or "vobłasć" (вобласць) in Łacinka? I've seen both.
 * Now, with the new method of romanising Belarusian, should one write "vobĺaść" instead?
 * As per Yury Tarasievich's link, Ĺ ĺ replace Ł, ł. --Anatoli (talk) 00:33, 20 November 2008 (UTC)

 * Sorry, you misunderstood this. In the "Instruction for transliteration" (2007) "L acute" (with no prescribed form of acute placement) is used in place of cyrillic "ль", while "L" is used to denote all other instances of "л". Also, Latsinka isn't system of romanisation. Yury Tarasievich (talk) 09:20, 20 November 2008 (UTC)

Hello! why in history of language started in XVI century? where text of this period on belarusian language(not ruthenian)?--91.196.249.135 (talk) 22:27, 23 July 2010 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Belarusian Latin alphabet


text:
Talk:Index of geology articles

Wow. Sometimes Wikipedia really is just magical. I create a minimal list, go and have lunch, and now it's already five times the original size.

I'd like to make a suggestion, that we not include topics that are well-served by other lists. I know from experience with the List of mathematical topics page that if you're not careful with duplicating information, then the whole thing can spin out of control.

I would suggest we avoid overlap with these lists (except when it would be absurd not to):

 * List of rocks
 * List of minerals
 * Periodic table
 * Landforms
 * Specific geographic features of geologic interest, like the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, should have their own list. I can make one if it doesn't already exist.  (I'm not sure what to call it, though).

Comments? Opinions? Random curse words? -- Walt Pohl 23:52, 17 Mar 2004 (UTC)

No curse words, random or otherwise, from me -- thanks for starting it. I've done most of the work maintaining Lists of articles by category, which I like to think of as the mother of all the broad subject lists by subject. Eventually, I would like to see every article in Wikipedia to link here, or as least link to another list of lists (like Lists of people) that links here.

In order for all those lists to fit on one page, the lists would have to be very broad. If they were all about 100 items each like periodic table and landforms, it won't make it. However, periodic table probably belongs more to list of chemistry topics, and geologists should have the choice of adding it to their watch list separately.

Following the example of List of mathematical topics is fine as long as people observe the rule not to add articles that fall into one of the (currently) 30 subordinate lists, and when they create a new list, they remove those terms from List of mathematical topics. GUllman 02:15, 18 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * I was using List of mathematical topics as an example of what not to do. The math lists have all kinds of things irrelevant things mushed together, to the point where you couldn't use them for anything, even just as a watchlist.  (For example astronomy used to be on the list.)  By the way, we broke out the math sublists on its own page, List of mathematical topics (lists), so you drop the list of those you have.  There aren't any plans to remove topics that are on the sublists from the main list, other than mathematicians.  (The categories are too imprecise.)

 * From what you've said, I'm not quite sure what your goal is. My goal is to have a list that I can use for: a) seeing what geology topics are covered, and b) so that the "Related Changes" link is useful.  To me, making one gigantic list of everything related to geology in any way does not seem like an important goal. (BTW, periodic table, minerals, and most of rocks look like they're already covered by the chemistry list.) -- Walt Pohl 03:29, 18 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * It seems that you have been more intimately involved with list of mathematical topics than I was, and know more about the benefits and disadvantages of its seletion and layout. I agree with the two main uses of the "list of ... topics" pages; a third one is that most people, when they first visit a new web site, want to know "okay, where's the overview of everything on this site, and is the subject emphasis strong in the subjects I'm interested in?" to help them get a feel for it.

 * Given the fuzzy-boundaried nature of knowledge, one geologist's list of interesting/relevant topics will be different than every other geologist's list. There are basically two solutions when attempting to provide the above three services for them. One is to make one large list of every article remotely related to geology, and you get a set of pages like list of mathematical topics which, although it duplicates many articles that are on other lists, articles that are not related to math will not show up on their watchlist -- the ones that do may potentially be interesting.

 * The other solution would be to create one list for the "core" knowledge in geology (basically everything one should have learned as an undergraduate student) plus many smaller lists for specialized fields, and fields of knowledge that draw from more than one unrelated field. This should help most people come close to the selection of articles that they would find interesting, but still provide a browsable hierarchy of topics. There will still be some inevitable overlap between lists, but hopefully much less. GUllman 23:37, 18 Mar 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Index of geology articles


text:
Talk:S-Methylmethionine

Not Actually Vitamin U
Garnett Cheney determined that there is a substance in fresh, raw cabbage juice that heals ulcers. He called that substance Vitamin U. If S-Methylmethionine has been proven to have no affect on ulcers, then why is S-Methylmethionine being referred to as Vitamin U in this article? If it doesn't heal ulcers, it clearly isn't the substance Cheney called Vitamin U.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.170.66.113 (talk) 03:24, 2 August 2010 (UTC) The primary problem is actually that Vitamin U redirects to S-Methylmethionine. It anything, it should redirect to Glutamine, not S-Methylmethionine. Though it really should just have its own article as it is unconfirmed which substance is Vitamin U. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.137.21.103 (talk) 20:29, 3 August 2010 (UTC)

Chemical Formula

"Chemical Formula: C6H15NO2S" quoted from : http://www.reciprocalnet.org/recipnet/showsample.jsp?sampleId=27343981 -- yohans

 * I vote to cut the redirection, and I read consensus in doing so. .. Last time I checked, a blank article is there. While fibre is a major component of Vitamin U, I believe that iso-thio-cyanates and indole-nucleated molecules are also relevant. 142.59.49.12 (talk) 12:28, 29 June 2012 (UTC)

 * If exact nature of the substance is still unconfirmed after 50 years, 'Vitamin U' may not even merit its own page. But it definitely doesn't belong as a list of articles completely disconnected from any context in the article. I'm deleting the list until reliable sources can show a connection between this article and 'Vitamin U'. —Chris Capoccia  T⁄C 11:27, 10 July 2012 (UTC)

Biochemistry
It would be a good idea to refocus this article on to the basic biochemistry of this cation (not a compound). There is extensive literature on this theme. The focus on vitamin U and Cheney G reads like an old-timey story, pioneering or not, that some might consider to be approaching fringe science. We want readers to see real biochemistry. I will continue to look for sources.--Smokefoot (talk) 23:45, 6 April 2011 (UTC)

A section that claimed radical SAM enzymes generate methyl radical was completely irrelevant to this article, since it seems no radical SAM enzyme is involved in synthesizing S-methylmethionine. The radical SAM mechanism is needed when the methyl group (donated by a different S-adenosylmethionine) is destined to attack an unactivated carbon, but it is not needed for SAM-dependent methyltransferase activity onto O, S, or activated C atoms.

Proposed merge with Vitamin U
Same chemical, different names Lesion  ( talk ) 12:38, 23 May 2013 (UTC)

 * No, it iz not the same chemical with different names. This article talks about many different chemicals, and it did not talk about S-methylmethionine until a few weeks ago. Since two people seem to be confused about this, perhaps that mention of SMM should be deleted. SMM iz not I3C, DIM, glucobrassicin, raphanin, glucoraphanin, or sulphoraphane. 75.152.123.238 (talk) 13:58, 23 May 2013 (UTC)
 * Some sources suggest they are the same, . However I don't have expert knowledge of the naming of chemicals, and these sources may be confused. It is often the case that the same term is used slightly differently from one source to another.
 * Also please read WP:MEDRS if you have not already, it is the policy for adding medical content to wikipedia. Try to avoid using primary sources on wikipedia...e.g. the source I used here is a secondary source and is ideal for use on wikipedia. Thank you, Lesion  ( talk ) 14:08, 23 May 2013 (UTC)
 * 75.152.123.238 (talk) 15:56, 23 May 2013 (UTC) The policy on medrs is not to avoid using primary sources, but to back them up with secondaries (and reviews) wherever possible, especially if an argument between sources breaks out. This discussion haz already been raised on Talk:Vitamin U. I hope you hav or will read it to understand why this merjer wuz rejected last year. I realized your inexpertness in naming things when you came up with SMM, which might be Single-Molecule Magnet. Stay Gruntled.
 * Since read that previous merger, thanks for pointing it out though. Just because something is proposed once is no reason for it not to be proposed again fyi, but I have not reverted the removal of the merge tags since you are willing to discuss on the talk page. I feel that the NCI Thesaurus is probably the source we should be following, and also that we should try to avoid the heavy use of primary sources here. Are these primary studies cited by any secondary sources? There is specific mention in the policy of not using primary sources to overrule a secondary source, and it seems to me that that might be what has happened here. See also Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Medicine. Lesion  ( talk ) 16:09, 23 May 2013 (UTC)
 * You often see people using COMMONNAME for this kind of argument, however just like in medicine, the most commonly used scientific name is what we should be using, not the lay term. As with chemicals. Lesion  ( talk ) 16:13, 23 May 2013 (UTC)

 * 75.152.123.238 (talk) 17:36, 23 May 2013 (UTC) I hav a problem with your level of comprehension of Vitamin U, in that it iz not one chemical. MMSC might well be one of them. It iz not the only one, which wuz my reason for reverting User_Talk:Boghog: He wuz copying a chembox from MMSC. That iz my second reason for not doing the merjer myself; lost content from MMSC. Deja Coup: The feeling we overtook this government before.

I have read the article and the previous discussions on the talk pages, and I understand that there are some publications using this as a term for several chemicals, or for an unknown chemical. Please provide a reliable secondary source that supports such definitions. As it stands, we are using primary sources to over-rule the definitions given in secondary sources and this is not ideal. I am not saying that the definitions of vitamin U as a synonym of a single chemical are correct and the primary source supply a fringe definition/non mainstream/misuse of the term, but there is no proof that this is not the case with the current references. In my experience it is incredibly common for researchers to disagree with each other and use the same terms to mean different things. We are searching for the mainstream use of the term Vitamin U. This does not negate mention of other definitions of the term in the wikipedia article, but for such content we need secondary sources and they should be described with equal weight to the weight given them in the literature (see WP:CHERRY, WP:COI and WP:UNDUE). Primary sources should not be used to contradict secondary sources, especially reliable ones. Lesion ( talk ) 18:05, 23 May 2013 (UTC)
 * Ah just found this here. Have started a clear weight in here  Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) (if I write on your page reply on mine) 17:54, 26 May 2013 (UTC)

Weisen-U
http://www.weisen-u.com.hk/

Japanese brand of ulcer healing medicine Weisen-U seems to have this compound as its active. 213.1.22.216 (talk) 02:01, 15 November 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:S-Methylmethionine


text:
Talk:Question mark

Origins
I remember reading that the question mark originated from an older convention of writing "q." after an interrogative sentence. The hand-written "q." became our "?". But I don't have a reference to cite.

AmirOnWiki (talk) 09:47, 13 July 2009 (UTC)

I'm beginning to doubt the idea that there is an unbroken history of the question mark *as question mark*. In a number of Renaissance texts (Kyd's Spanish Tragedy, Middleton's The Revenger's Tragedy, and Heywood's A Woman Killed with Kindness, all from around 1600), the question mark is used as an exclamation mark and no special character is used to denote questions. That would mean that searching for a Latin origin in some interrogative word beginning with Q could be a blind alley, and that there must have been a shift in meaning (from exclamation to interrogation) after at least 1607 (the date for the latest version of the texts I've read). Anyone seen anything about this?

Glitterspont (talk) 06:57, 29 March 2010 (UTC)

Who wants to be a question mark
From the Who_wants_to_be_a_millionaire%3F article:

Both versions [of the show] omit the question mark from their official titles due to a superstition about question marks in film and TV productions.

Anyone know anything about thish

--68.198.144.239 03:31, 3 Apr 2005 (UTC)

"question marks rock ya look!" —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.155.68.69 (talk) 15:52, 10 January 2010 (UTC)

query
In US English it is also called a query.

 * I've never heard the question mark called a query, and I've lived in the US my whole life. Tuf-Kat 23:56, Mar 17, 2004 (UTC)

Inverted Question Mark
Considering Inverted Question redirects here... would anyone be able to add more information on it? If not how it developed and caught on, at least what the other “some languages” are in addition to Spanish.

--24.187.194.199 00:51, 12 July 2005 (UTC)

Galician also uses inverted question marks. I'm adding it now. --Pinzo 00:12, 11 August 2005 (UTC)

Yes, but in Galician it's not compulsory since 2003 (see official rules in http://www.realacademiagalega.org/PlainRAG/catalog/publications/files/normas_galego05.pdf, in Galician). Thanks. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 193.146.40.118 (talk) 08:52, 23 February 2011 (UTC)

Latin
It seems to me that "quaestio" does not mean "question" in Latin. There is "what" (quisnam, quidnam, qui quae que quod). There is "why" (cur, quamobrem, quare). There is "where" (quatenus/quatinus). There is "how" (quemadmodum).
 * I don't think it does mean question ... anyone verify?

Variations in foreign languages and in history
The article says the question mark is used in Chinese and Korean. Shouldn't Japanese also be on the list? PeepP 14:56, August 14, 2005 (UTC)

I thought Japanese used the hira-gana character for 'ka' to indicate questions? Glitterspont (talk) 06:59, 29 March 2010 (UTC)

 * In Japanese, some questions end in か, others can end in の, or other characters in different dialects, and some questions are only denoted by intonation (ex. 何? どこ? etc.). It is true, though, that the question mark is often not used for questions.24.77.83.22 (talk) 02:00, 9 January 2011 (UTC)

Any confirmation that semicolon is used in Greek to indicate a question? See Talk:semicolon. — DIV (123.3.26.56 15:51, 1 June 2007 (UTC))

Incorrect Image
The image of the inverted question mark, is merely mirrored horizontally, but it actually also should be mirrored vertically; it's incorrect the way it is --Allycat 20:56, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

It's still incorrect. 4 November 2005 (132.79.14.15)

Maybe we should take it out for now, until it's fixed Rmpfu89 21:49, 4 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Hopefully it's better now Vadmium 05:03, 5 November 2005 (UTC)

Redirect
This article says "?" redirects here, but on my computer, it redirects to the Main Page.  SCH ZMO  ✍ 09:59, 13 June 2006 (UTC)
 * This is because ? is a character that should be escaped in urls, otherwise it's interpreted as the seperator between the actual url and the parameters.
 * Compare:
 * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/? will redirect to the main page.
 * Equivalent to http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki
 * That redirects to http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page
 * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%3F will redirect here.
 * If you use the search box, ? should be automatically escaped. Shinobu 17:29, 13 June 2006 (UTC)

Cat-Butt
Am I the only person that was taught that the origin of the question mark was the shape of the cat's tail when it is curious? Scix 11:11, 1 July 2006 (UTC)

 * No. You have just taught all of us, as well! :) Noetica 11:17, 1 July 2006 (UTC)

 * hehe, I guess I just doscovered another piece of childhood mythology. Scix 13:16, 2 July 2006 (UTC)
 * AHA! According to Revision as of 17:40, 6 August 2006 -- I am NOT the only one:

 * Yet another theory is that a Latin monk owned a cat, and while he was writing, his cat was curious about his work. When cats are questioning or curious, the tail forms into a shape like the upper part of the question mark, and the dot comes from the cat's anus. The monk then used this symbol and it spread from there.

 * I wish I knew the source for this story, it would be worth at least a footnote. Scix 15:27, 7 August 2006 (UTC)

I was taught that it derived from the letter 'Q', from the fact that in Latin questions began with this letter. 81.157.125.245 (talk) 13:27, 23 November 2007 (UTC)

Gelded question mark
It would be help if the article addressed the Gelded question mark used in IPA.
 * Ghosts&empties 16:54, 10 August 2006 (UTC)

The Question Mark as a Responsibility-Deflecting Rhetorical Device
It seems to me that some reference could be made to the recent and increasing use of the question mark in media (notably its extensive useage in news crawl headlines on the Fox News Channel, CNN and elsewhere) as a device to introduce controversial, irresponsible or fringe ideas in a rhetorical, sensationalist, and even propagandistic manner that deflects responsibility for the idea from the person or organization stating it. It also serves a simultaneous role in that it promotes uncertainty and can generate an illusion of lack of consensus in the service of an ideology or specific point of view. Finally, using this device concepts can be invented out of whole cloth — but be made to look like they're under serious consideration — while avoiding attributing the invention to any individual or organization.

For a satirical analysis of the practice, see the Sep 13 2006 episode of The Daily Show with Jon Stewart. Some of the crawl headlines Stewart uses as examples are:

 * "Saddam & 9/11?" (CNN)
 * "Ever Safe Again?" (CNN)
 * "Apocalypse Now?" (CNN)
 * "End Times?" (CNN)
 * "Have the Democrats Forgotten the Lessons of 9/11?" (Fox News Channel)
 * "Why is America More Concerned About Economy Then(sic) Terror? (Fox News Channel)
 * "Media Preaching Hate in the Mideast?" (Fox News Channel)
 * "Is the Liberal Media Helping to Fuel Terror?" (Fox News Channel)

AllanX 22:36, 30 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Old comment but I think maybe this could be included in the article if there's other sources, it sounds to me as something believable but I just want to see what the experts in this sort of topic would say. I although don't know if there's any propaganda or psychology experts that did any research into this Minewit (talk) 21:06, 23 February 2024 (UTC)

Hebrew
Is the mirrored question mark as used with the Arabic script also used when writing Hebrew?
 * Apparently not. -- Beland 09:35, 14 February 2007 (UTC)

Regular expressions?
Perl regular expressions are not POSIX. They are different dialects. See: Regular_expression. There are three main dialects, namely 'traditional', 'extended' (POSIX) and 'Perl' (PCRE). 193.59.72.35 22:06, 28 February 2007 (UTC) Kosma

has anyone noticed how much a question mark looks like an ear? could there be some reason for this? I guess this is just a coincidence, but still entertaining to think about. -duncan ???? Duncansylvester 20:02, 8 April 2007 (UTC)

DuncanSylvester, I in fact DID notice that and have often asked this myself, not heard any citeable confirmation yet. Specifically it looks like a period. with an ear on top of it. As in, sentence is over. I'm listening now... Similarly the exclamation point gives the impression of a person standing up very straight, as one might do when surprised by something. It's my opinion that with no clearly known origin I accept that as the most probable inspiration for this symbol. Who knows tho.. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Tezcore (talk • contribs) 00:13, 8 December 2015 (UTC)

Quote needed
The shortest letter ever written was "?" to which the reply was "!". This was between famous people, and has significance in some larger dialog. It's too bad I can't remember who these two were.

It was a correspondence between Victor Hugo and Les Miserables Publisher. http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo#cite_ref-2 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 192.55.2.36 (talk) 23:53, 4 September 2013 (UTC)

I wonder if a description of an indirect question should be included.
In the first paragraph of the article, the term 'indirect question' is used. I did not know what that was. I now think the Subject of this talk page section is an example. I had to leave Wiki to get some idea of what an indirect question is, the term searched in Wiki curiously being redirected to the page 'question', but not occurring in that article.

I see now that the 'External Links' section at the end of the 'question mark' article addresses 'indirect questions', but this is rather a tenuous connection when the question (about indirect questions) arises at the beginning of the article. Would an immediate link or footnote reference to the external link be possible/appropriate? I see the problem in belabouring a feature that doesn't use the wiki article's subject,the question mark, but still some immediate source where the term occurs would perhaps be best. Vainly perhaps, because I don't know, I think a number of people won't know what an indirect question is. (Is that last sentence another?). Questioning questions is quizzical.:-)

PS 'Question' article should have some mention of 'indirect question' as well?

Jauntymcd 14:10, 16 October 2007 (UTC)

Eroteme? can we have a citation or more information about this? it's not listed on Merriam Webster… —Preceding unsigned comment added by 207.195.69.13 (talk) 07:29, 27 April 2008 (UTC)

What is this called?
"؟" It's a question mark reversed, but what's it's name? 124.177.74.74 (talk) 04:37, 16 June 2008 (UTC)

 * It's called an irony mark.Scwlong (talk) 02:34, 19 July 2008 (UTC)

Interrobang?
While I don't have it on my keyboard, it's a combination "!" & "?", used to indicate surprise or emphasis. How's it related to the "?"? Rorschach gimme back my face!

Good question‽--Stanley Oliver (talk) 19:02, 7 May 2009 (UTC)

 * Is it at all related ‽ Dan ☺ 14:41, 9 November 2009 (UTC)

Standalone question mark is used in a flames
2009-11-23

Also, standalone question mark without a sentence becomes popular today to be used in a (chat, and not only chat) flames.

A flames is not a big problem; the problem is, that I haven't seen anywhere an information/definition, that the sentence consisting of just a question mark is a flame part;

except that on some forums, admins are warning, that a threads topics or a posts containing multiple question and exclamation marks are subject to be removed.

For the first time I was getting those q marks (not knowing yet what they means), I was replying "I am getting question mark without a sentence from you", and got replies "I didn't understand you", "I don't know about what are you talking", "this thing I don't know" and others;

and such zero-result conversation took so much time, so I finally (after more than 10 of such events) understood that such conversation result is approximately the same as a flames have, and I had to stop it.

If anyone has also been enough bored with that, add a comment please; otherwise the problem will stay, and it is growing enough fast.

No it doesn't relates at an interlocutor's age; I've got such q marks and from 30 year old people, and also from 60 y.o. people, writing science books.

This theme does not deserve to be mentioned on the "Question mark" page; instead of describing an improper ways of usage of a thing, the page would better describe how a thing is used and what means.

But to discuss about the problem, I think here is a good place.

Alexander Ilyin 02:32, 23 November 2009 (UTC)

Experts said what?
"Experts have sometimes referred to the question mark as the hunchbacked midget, due to its curved shape."

Surely this merits deletion. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 183.105.84.232 (talk) 03:36, 15 November 2011 (UTC)

 * Removed.--  R a f y  talk 12:11, 15 November 2011 (UTC)

BlackBerry App World — Preceding unsigned comment added by 118.172.105.207 (talk) 04:02, 29 February 2012 (UTC)

Diagrams in 'History'
The second diagram seems to differ from the first only in its inappropriate use of printed type to represent Medieval writing.

Also, this second diagram's caption is poorly formulated. A diagram claimed to be "showing the possible evolution of the question mark from Latin" is expected to prove impossible all evolutions but one. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 94.209.199.229 (talk) 05:40, 19 November 2013 (UTC)

Greek punctuation mark
Yes, it really is known as the erotimatiko, so no that isn't subtle vandalism. It does need the Greek-letter format, though. — Llywelyn II   02:43, 7 October 2014 (UTC)

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Fullwidth question mark in East Asian languages
It is obligatory in modern Chinese, while it's not used in formal Japanese. The statement erroneously generalizes the question mark's usage based on Japanese. --2001:16B8:3133:F00:95C0:AFF8:F5E7:5373 (talk) 03:40, 9 February 2021 (UTC)
 * Thank you. I have changed the statement to clarify. Do you know anything about use in Korean? --John Maynard Friedman (talk) 11:09, 9 February 2021 (UTC)

Exclamation arabic.
If arabic lamguage had given a unique look of question mark, then why didnt the exclamation mark to be mirrored foe the right to left writing fashion? 2404:8000:1027:B639:CE6:F7EB:BEFB:DA16 (talk) 13:26, 18 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Question mark


text:
File:Pac-man.png

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el:Αρχείο:Pac-Man.png lt:Vaizdas:Pac-man.png

title: File:Pac-man.png


text:
User:Prisonblues

Trainee solicitor in London.

title: User:Prisonblues


text:
Arrow Creek (Fergus County, Montana)

Arrow Creek (ʔɔ́ciníícááh ) is a tributary of the Missouri River in Montana in the United States. Approximately 45 miles (73 km) long, it rises in the Lewis and Clark National Forest near Highwood Baldy in the Highwood Mountains in southern Chouteau County. It flows south then east, then northeast and joins the Missouri in the White Cliffs Area on the border between Chouteau and Fergus counties.

title: Arrow Creek (Fergus County, Montana)


text:
Hanumatodi

Hanumatodi, more popularly known as Todi (pronounced hanumatōdi and tōdi), is a rāgam (musical scale) in Carnatic music. It is the 8th melakarta rāgam (parent scale) in the 72 melakarta rāgam system. This is sung very often in concerts. It is a difficult rāgam to perform in owing to its complexity in prayoga (phrases of notes and intonation). It is called Janatodi in Muthuswami Dikshitar school of Carnatic music. Its Western equivalent is the Phrygian mode. Todi in Carnatic music is different from Todi (thaat) of Hindustani music (North Indian classical music). The equivalent of the Hindustani raga Todi in Carnatic music is Shubhapantuvarali (which is the 45th melakarta). The equivalent of Carnatic Todi in Hindustani is Bhairavi thaat in terms of notes, but the two sound very different due to differing uses of gamakas.

Structure and Lakshana

It is the 2nd rāgam in the 2nd chakra Netra. The mnemonic name is Netra-Sri. The mnemonic phrase is sa ra gi ma pa dha ni. Its ārohaṇa-avarohaṇa structure is as follows (see swaras in Carnatic music page for details on below notation and terms):
 * ārohaṇa :
 * avarohaṇa :

This scale uses the notes shuddha rishabham, sadharana gandharam, shuddha madhyamam, shuddha dhaivatham and kaisiki nishadham. It is a sampoorna rāgam - rāgam having all 7 swarams. It is the shuddha madhyamam equivalent of Bhavapriya, which is the 44th melakarta scale. A peculiarity of this raga is that it is sung in all lower notes. It is also classified as a "rakti" raga (a raga of high melodic content).

Janya rāgams
Hanumatodi has many janya rāgams (derived scales) associated with it, of which Asaveri, Janatodi, Dhanyasi, Punnagavarali and Shuddha Seemanthini are popular. See List of janya rāgams for all of Todi's janyas.

Popular compositions
Most composers have composed songs in Todi. Thyagaraja alone has composed about 32 compositions in this raga with each composition starting at every single note of the three octaves. Thāye Yashoda, composed by Oottukkadu Venkata Kavi, is a very well known composition, in the Tamil language. This popular kriti is sung frequently in concerts. A popular varnam in the Todi rāgam is Erā Nāpai by Patnam Subramania Iyer, one of the famous composers of Carnatic music.

Other popular compositions are:

 * Era Na Pai an Aadi thala varnam by Patnam Subramania Iyer
 * Daani Samajendra, Saridisavasa (Varnams) by Swathi Thirunal
 * Kādhanu vāriki, Dācu kovalena, Proddupoyenu, Dasarathi Nee Runamu, Aragimpave, Raju Vedale, Endu daginado, Chesinadella, Koluvamaregada, Nee vanti daivamu sadanana and Gati Neevani by Thyagaraja
 * Sarasijanabha Murare, Devadevamam Palaya, Japatha Japatha, Devadeva Mam Palayamam, Mandara Dhara, Pankajaksha Tava Sevam, Samodam Kalayami by Swathi Thirunal
 * Shri Krishnam Bhajamaanasa, Daakshayani,Shri Subramanyomam Rakshatu and Kamalambike by Muthuswami Dikshitar
 * Raave Himagiri Kumari, Karunanidhi Ilalo by Syama Sastri
 * Kangalidyatako by Sripadaraja
 * Enu Dhanyalo Lakumi, Banda nodi Govinda, Ninna Nodi Dhanyanadeno by Purandara Dasa
 * Sharadeye Karuna Varidhi Ny Vijaya Dasa
 * Gajananam Ganapathim by Jayachamarajendra Wodeyar
 * Kārthikeya Gangeya and Thamatham aen swami by Papanasam Sivan
 * Paradevathe Nin Pada Bhajanam by Irayimman Thampi
 *  varnam miinakshi niidu by gnanananda teertha (ogirala veera raghava sarma)
 * SarasijanAbha MurArE by Swati Tirunal*
 *  kriti kamakshi sada by gnanananda teertha (ogirala veera raghava sarma)
 * Anjaneyam upasmahe by Bellary M. Sheshagiri Acharya
 * Ninne namminanu by Shyama Shastri
 * Notru Suvargam part of the Thiruppavai by Andal
 * Sudha Nidhe Mamava Sadha by Balamurali Krishna

Related rāgams
Todi's notes when shifted using Graha bhedam, yields 5 other major melakarta rāgams, namely, Kalyani, Shankarabharanam, Natabhairavi, Kharaharapriya and Harikambhoji. For further details and an illustration of graha bhedam of this rāgam refer related rāgams section in Shankarabharanam page.

title: Hanumatodi


text:
User talk:Bamos

User talk:Bamos/archive1

Cornell
I have just started WikiProject Cornell University, an attempt to thoroughly cover topics related to Cornell. If you would like to participate, you can visit the project page, where you can join the project and see a list of open tasks. Thanks! — mercuryboard talk 05:18, 15 July 2006 (UTC)

Towns & Villages
I don't know where you are from, but I believe you are the one that started the article about "towns and villages" in Georgia. While I thank you for your input, I must correct you, as there are no "towns" and "villages" in Georgia, at least not in a legal sense. A tag has been placed on the article for speedy deletion, as it serves no purpose. Now, if I went across the river to South Carolina, yes, towns have a legal status (villages are just another name for unincorporated areas). Feel free to add these municipalities to the list of cities in Georgia, but please remember, there are no (incorporated) towns or villages in Georgia.Iamanadam 21:34, 3 November 2007 (UTC)

Ya know what? I looked at the cenus page and it does list towns, cities, and villages. However, the state of Georgia only reconizes cities as legally municipalities in the state. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Iamanadam (talk • contribs) 02:23, 3 January 2008 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 08:52, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Bamos