text:
Bailiff of Jersey

The Bailiff of Jersey (Le Bailli de Jersey) is the civic head of the Bailiwick of Jersey. In this role, he is not the head of government nor the head of state, but the chief justice of Jersey and presiding officer of Jersey's parliament, the States Assembly. The Bailiff is also the President of the Royal Court. It is similar in role to the Bailiff of Guernsey.

The position of Bailiff was created shortly after the Treaty of Paris 1259 in which the king of England, Henry III, gave up claim to all of the Duchy of Normandy but the Channel Islands. In 1290, separate bailiffs for Jersey and Guernsey were appointed.

History
The position of Bailiff in Norman law predates the separation of Normandy in 1204. When the Channel Islands were granted self-governance by King John after 1204, legislative power was vested in 12 jurats, the twelve "senior men" of the island. Along with the Bailiff, they would form the Royal Court, which determined all civil and criminal causes (except treason).

Any oppression by a bailiff or a warden was to be resolved locally or failing that, by appeal to the King who appointed commissioners to report on disputes. In the late 1270s, Jersey was given its own Bailiff (the first record of someone holding the position is in 1277) and from the 1290s, the duties of Bailiff and Warden were separated. The (Sub-)Warden became responsible for taxation and defence, while the Bailiff became responsible for justice. While probably originally a temporary arrangement by Otto de Grandison, this became permanent and the foundation for Jersey's modern separation of Crown and justice. It also lessened the Warden's authority relative to the Bailiff, who had much more interaction with the community.

In 1462, the occupying French Governor de Brézé issued ordinances outlining the role of the Bailiff and the Jurats. It may well be during this occupation that the island saw the establishment of the States. Comte Maulevrier, who had led the invasion of the island, ordered the holding of an Assize in the island. Maulevrier confirmed the place of existing institutions, however created the requirement for Jurats to be chosen by Bailiffs, Jurats, Rectors and Constables. The earliest extant Act of the States dates from 1524.

Peyton was also against democracy in the form of the States and the freedoms of the Courts in Jersey. In 1615, Jean Hérault was appointed Bailiff by the King, having been promised the role by letters patent in 1611. Peyton disputed this appointment, claiming it was the Governor's jurisdiction to appoint the Bailiff. Hérault asserted it was the King's jurisdiction to directly appoint the Bailiff. An Order in Council (dated 9 August 1615) sided with Hérault.

Hérault took this to claim the Bailiff was the real head of government and took steps to assert the precedence of the Bailiff over Governor: he ordered his name to be placed before the Governor's in church prayers and was the first Bailiff to wear red robes (in the style of English judges). To back his claims, he cited that in the Norman administrative tradition, the Bailiffs had "no one above them except the Duke". Though the Privy Council did not agree with Hérault's extreme position on the precedence of the Bailiff, on 18 February 1617 it declared that the "charge of military forces be wholly in the Governor, and the care of justice and civil affairs in the Bailiff." This secured for the Bailiff precedence over the Governor on justice and civil affairs.

By 1750, the Bailiffship had de facto become a hereditary position in the de Carteret family. Absences of the de Carterets and all other high-ranking posts left Charles Lempière, the Lieutenant Bailiff, in effective full control over the island. Lempière was a Parliamentarian, but by temperament was autocratic. His family had significant power with a number of high-ranking roles in the island and he issued ordinances and quashed protest through his court. :195

After the 1948 States reforms, Jurats were removed from the States, now only sitting on the Royal Court (and the Licensing Assembly). The reforms declared that the Bailiff shall be the judge of the law, and the Jurats the "judge of fact".

Appointment
The Bailiff is appointed by the Crown through letters patent after consultation with the Island. They serve at His Majesty's pleasure, usually until an age of retirement as specified in their letters patent, unless they resign earlier.

Roles
Ex-Bailiff Sir Philip Bailhache divides the role of Bailiff into four 'headings' –

 * 1) President of the Royal Court
 * 2) President of the States
 * 3) Ancillary functions deriving from the Presidency of the Royal Court
 * 4) Ancillary functions deriving from the Presidency of the States

The full list is expanded on in detail below, but the functions can be summarised as --

 * Chief Justice and President of the Royal Court
 * Speaker and President of the States Assembly
 * Chief citizen of the island
 * President of the Licensing Assembly
 * Official conduit between the Government and UK Government
 * Licensor of public entertainment
 * Ceremonial functions: keeper of the Royal Mace, custodian of the island's seal

The Bailiff is the Chef Magistrat of the island and presides over the Royal Court and the Court of Appeal. They sit in court with at least two jurats. They are a judge of law but not generally a judge of fact. Instead, the jurats normally decide the facts in civil and the sentence in criminal cases. The Bailiff appoints - but alone cannot suspend or dismiss - the Judicial Greffier (the clerk of the court). The Bailiff can also issue search warrants.

In the States, the Bailiff is the President (Speaker) of the Assembly. This position has been in place from the origins of the States in the 16th century, particularly because the States began as a consulting body of the Royal Court and the Bailiff was the President of the Court. The Bailiff has a vote in the event the States is equally divided, but traditionally uses it to preserve the status quo. In the Chamber, the Bailiff's seat is 18 cm higher than the Lieutenant Governor's to emphasise the Bailiff's higher position in regard to the island's civil government. Through this presidency, the Bailiff is the island's chief citizen (hence the island is known as a Bailiwick). They are the official channel of communication between the island authorities and the UK Government, though this has altered since the development of ministerial government and the creation of the role of Chief Minister. The Bailiff is President of the Emergencies Council, which was established in 1990.

In addition to these two roles, the Bailiff presides the College of Electors, who appoint the Jurats, and he presides over the Licensing Assembly, the remains of a body which once exercised considerable administrative authority, but now only has the powers to grant alcohol licences. Furthermore, the Bailiff has powers over public entertainment. All public entertainment - such as music festivals or the Battle of Flowers - can only take place by permission of the Bailiff. This is done on consultation with public services and standards of public decency.

The Bailiff is also the keeper of the island's Royal Mace the custodian of the island's seal, first granted by Edward I in 1279.

Future
The dual role of the Bailiff as head of the judiciary and President of the States has been criticised. The 2000 Clothier report (into the Machinery of Government) argues against the dual role on the grounds that –

 * No one should hold political power unless elected (the Bailiff is unelected) and the Speaker of a parliament cannot be non-political
 * Consequently, the States cannot remove the Bailiff, as he is appointed by letters patent
 * No one involved in making laws should be involved judicially in a dispute based upon them.
 * The States President makes decisions about who should and should not be allowed to speak, but the Bailiff cannot then determine challenges to those decisions in the Royal Court.

Such calls for the separation of the office's powers are longstanding: in 1859, writer Helier Simon called a potential separation "desirable". The report therefore recommends that the Bailiff is removed as President of the States and that the States should elect their own Speaker.

The dual role has been defended on the grounds that the modern position of Bailiff is held in good temperament. Criticims do not account for the independence in action of successive Bailiffs and therefore the supposed conflict in the lack of separation of powers only exists in theory, and not in practice. Ex-Bailiff Sir Philip Bailhache argues that, if the States Presidency were removed from the jurisdiction of the Bailiff, the Bailiff could no longer be described as the island's chief citizen.

Holders
The list of bailiffs is only reliably traceable from Philippe L'Evesque's appointment in 1277, although earlier bailiffs are mentioned and the office may date from before 1204.

14th century

 * Jean de Carteret 1302
 * Philippe Levesque 1309
 * Colin ? Hasteyn 1315
 * Henry de St. Martin 1318
 * Guillaume Longynnour c. 1324
 * Herny de St.Martin c. 1324
 * Pierre Ugoun (Ygon) c. 1324
 * Lucas de Espyard c. 1324
 * Pierre de la Haye c. 1324
 * Philippe de Vyncheleys c. 1324
 * Nicolas (or Colin) Hasteyn c. 1332
 * Philippe de Vincheleis c. 1332
 * Matthieu Le Loreour c. 1332
 * Pierre de la Haye c. 1332
 * Guillaume Brasdefer c. 1332
 * Guille Hastein (or Hastings) 1348
 * Roger de Powderham 1351
 * Guille Hastein (or Hastings) 1352
 * John Cockerels 1356
 * Raoul Lempriere 1362–1364
 * Richard de St. Martin 1367–1368
 * Richard le Petit 1368–1369
 * Richard de St. Martin 1370
 * Richard le Petit 1371
 * Richard de St. Martin 1372–1374
 * Thomas Brasdefer 1378–1391
 * Giefrey Brasdefer 1396–1401

15th century

 * Colin le Petit 1402–1403
 * Guillaume de Layc 1405–1406
 * Thomas Danyel 1406–1425
 * Jean Bernard 1432, 1436–1444
 * Jean Lempriere 1434–1438
 * Thomas de la Cour 1435
 * Jean Payn 1444, 1446
 * Regnauld de Carteret 1446–1451
 * Jean Poingdestre 1452–1453
 * Nicolas Morin 1459–1468
 * Jean Poingdestre 1468–1477
 * Guillaume Hareby 1479–1481, 1484–1485
 * Clement Le Hardy 1486–1493
 * Jean Nicolle 1494
 * Thomas Lempriere 1495–1513, 1415?

16th century

 * Helier de Carteret 1513–1515
 * Helier de Carteret 1516–1523
 * Helier de Carteret 1529–1560
 * Hostes Nicolle 1561–1564
 * John Dumaresq 1566–1583
 * George Paulett 1583–1586
 * John Dumaresq 1586–1587
 * George Paulett 1587–1591
 * John Dumaresq 1591–1594
 * George Paulett 1594–1614

17th century

 * Jean Herault 1614–1621
 * William Parkhurst 1622–1624
 * Jean Herault 1624–1626
 * Philippe de Carteret 1627–1643
 * Michel Lemprière 1643
 * Sir George de Carteret, 1st Bt., 1643–1651
 * Michel Lemprière 1651–1660
 * Sir George de Carteret, 1st Bt., 1660–1661
 * Sir Philippe de Carteret, 1st Bt., 1661–1662
 * Philippe de Carteret 1662–1665
 * Edouard de Carteret 1665–1682
 * Sir Philippe de Carteret, 2nd Bt., 1682–1693
 * Edouard de Carteret 1694–1703

18th century

 * Sir Charles de Carteret, 3rd Bt., 1703–1715
 * John Carteret, 2nd Earl Granville 1715–1763
 * Robert Carteret, 3rd Earl Granville 1763–1776
 * Henry Frederick, Lord Carteret 1776–1826

19th century

 * Thomas Le Breton 1826–1831
 * Jean de Veulle 1831–1848
 * Thomas Le Breton 1848–1857
 * Jean Hammond 1858–1880
 * Sir Robert Pipon Marett 1880–1884
 * George Clement Bertram 1884–1898
 * Edouard Charles Malet de Carteret 1898
 * William Venables Vernon 1899–1931

20th century

 * Charles Malet de Carteret 1931–1935
 * Sir Alexander Coutanche (created Lord Coutanche in 1961) 1935–1962
 * Cecil Stanley Harrison 1961–1962
 * Sir Robert Le Masurier 1962–1975
 * Sir Frank Ereaut 1975–1985
 * Sir Peter Crill 1986–1994
 * Sir Philip Bailhache 1994–2009

21st century

 * Sir Michael Birt 9 July 2009–2015
 * Sir William Bailhache 29 January 2015–2019
 * Sir Timothy Le Cocq 17 October 2019–present

Deputy Bailiff
The role of Deputy Bailiff was created by the States Assembly in 1958.

 * Vernon Tomes 27 January 1986–30 June 1992
 * Philip Bailhache 10 January 1994
 * Francis Hamon 9 February 1995
 * Michael Birt February 2000
 * William Bailhache 2 November 2009–29 January 2015
 * Timothy Le Cocq 2 April 2015–17 October 2019
 * Robert MacRae 6 January 2020 –present

title: Bailiff of Jersey


text:
United Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest 2004

The United Kingdom participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 2004 with the song "Hold Onto Our Love" written by Gary Miller and Tim Woodcock. The song was performed by James Fox. The British entry for the 2004 contest in Istanbul, Turkey was selected via the national final Eurovision: Making Your Mind Up 2004, organised by the British broadcaster BBC. Six acts competed in the national final and the winner was selected entirely through a public vote.

As a member of the "Big Four", the United Kingdom automatically qualified to compete in the final of the Eurovision Song Contest. Performing in position 20, the United Kingdom placed 16th out of the 24 participating countries with 29 points.

Background
Prior to the 2004 contest, the United Kingdom has participated in the Eurovision Song Contest forty-six times. Thus far, the United Kingdom has won the contest five times: in 1967 with the song "Puppet on a String" performed by Sandie Shaw, in 1969 with the song "Boom Bang-a-Bang" performed by Lulu, in 1976 with the song "Save Your Kisses for Me" performed by Brotherhood of Man, in 1981 with the song "Making Your Mind Up" performed by Bucks Fizz and in 1997 with the song "Love Shine a Light" performed by Katrina and the Waves. To this point, the nation is noted for having finished as the runner-up in a record fifteen contests. Up to and including 1998, the UK had only twice finished outside the top 10, in 1978 and 1987. Since 1999, the year in which the rule was abandoned that songs must be performed in one of the official languages of the country participating, the UK has had less success, thus far only finishing within the top ten once: in 2002 with the song "Come Back" performed by Jessica Garlick. For the 2003 contest, the United Kingdom finished in twenty-sixth (last) place out of twenty-six competing entries with the song "Cry Baby" performed by Jemini.

The British national broadcaster, BBC, broadcasts the event within the United Kingdom and organises the selection process for the nation's entry. BBC announced that the United Kingdom would participate in the Eurovision Song Contest 2004 on 8 November 2003. BBC has traditionally organised a national final featuring a competition among several artists and songs to choose the British entry for Eurovision. For their 2004 entry, the broadcaster announced that a new primetime national final involving a public vote would be held to select United Kingdom's entry, replacing the traditional A Song for Europe show more recently aired in a Sunday afternoon timeslot on BBC One.

Eurovision: Making Your Mind Up 2004
Eurovision: Making Your Mind Up 2004 was the national final developed by the BBC in order to select the British entry for the Eurovision Song Contest 2004. Six acts competed in a televised show on 28 February 2004 held at the BBC Television Centre in London and hosted by Terry Wogan and Gaby Roslin. The winner was selected entirely through a public vote. The show was broadcast on BBC One. The national final was watched by 7.2 million viewers in the United Kingdom.

Competing entries
The BBC collaborated with record label Sony Music and an independent music expert to select five finalists to compete in the national final. Entries were provided to Sony Music and the BBC by music industry experts including writers and producers, and the songwriters behind the five selected songs were: Andy McCluskey and Stuart Kershaw, Brian Higgins and Stuart McLennan, Brian Rawling, Gary Barlow and Pam Sheyne. A sixth finalist, "It Just Gets Better" performed by Madison Taylor, was provided by the British Academy of Songwriters, Composers and Authors (BASCA) which ran a songwriting competition amongst its members. The six artists were announced on 3 February 2004, while the competing songs were premiered during the BBC One television programme Top of the Pops, hosted by Tim Kash, on 13 February 2004.

Final
Six acts competed in the televised final on 28 February 2004. In addition to their performances, guest performers included previous Eurovision Song Contest winner Sertab Erener, who won the contest for Turkey in 2003 with the song "Everyway That I Can", and Emma Bunton, performing her song "Maybe" and the winning song for the United Kingdom in 1967 "Puppet on a String".

A panel of experts provided feedback regarding the songs during the show. The panel consisted of Lorraine Kelly (journalist and television presenter), Harry Hill (comedian, writer, and television presenter) and Carrie Grant (member of the 1983 British representatives Sweet Dreams, vocal coach and television presenter). A public vote consisting of televoting via phone and SMS as well as interactive voting via the red button, which registered more than 200,000 votes, selected the winner. Televotes via phone calls were divided into seven regions in the United Kingdom with each region awarding points as follows: 2, 4, 6, 8 and 12 points. Televotes via SMS were combined with the interactive votes and converted to points based on the percentage each song achieved. For example, if a song gained 10% of the SMS and interactive votes, then that entry would be awarded 10 points. The spokesperson announcing the SMS/interactive votes was Lorraine Kelly. After both sets of points were combined, "Hold Onto Our Love" performed by James Fox was the winner. "Hold Onto Our Love" received 45% of the total votes.

At Eurovision
It was announced that the competition's format would be expanded to include a semi-final in 2004. According to the rules, all nations with the exceptions of the host country, the "Big Four" (France, Germany, Spain and the United Kingdom) and the ten highest placed finishers in the 2003 contest are required to qualify from the semi-final in order to compete for the final; the top ten countries from the semi-final progress to the final. As a member of the "Big Four", the United Kingdom automatically qualified to compete in the final on 15 May 2004. In addition to their participation in the final, the United Kingdom also broadcast and voted in the semi-final on 12 May 2004. During the running order draw for the semi-final and final, the United Kingdom was placed to perform in position 20 in the final, following the entry from Poland and before the entry from Cyprus. The United Kingdom placed sixteenth in the final, scoring 29 points.

In the United Kingdom, the semi-final was broadcast on BBC Three with commentary by Paddy O'Connell, while the final was televised on BBC One with commentary by Terry Wogan and broadcast on BBC Radio 2 with commentary by Ken Bruce. The British spokesperson, who announced the results of the British televote during the final, was Lorraine Kelly.

Voting
Below is a breakdown of points awarded to the United Kingdom and awarded by the United Kingdom in the semi-final and grand final of the contest. The nation awarded its 12 points to Greece in the semi-final and the final of the contest. Following the release of the televoting figures by the EBU after the conclusion of the competition, it was revealed that a total of 451,996 televotes were cast in the United Kingdom during the two shows: 415,558 votes in the final and 36,438 votes in the semi-final.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Shire of Yarriambiack

The Shire of Yarriambiack is a local government area of Victoria, Australia, located in the north-western part of the state. It covers an area of 7326 km2 and, in June 2018, had a population of 6,658, having fallen from 7,438 in 2008. It includes the towns of Hopetoun, Murtoa, Rupanyup and Warracknabeal. It was formed in 1995 from the amalgamation of the Shire of Warracknabeal, Shire of Karkarooc, and parts of the Shire of Dunmunkle and Shire of Wimmera.

The Shire is governed and administered by the Yarriambiack Shire Council; its seat of local government and administrative centre is located at the council headquarters in Warracknabeal, it also has service centres located in Hopetoun and Rupanyup. The Shire is named after Yarriambiack Creek, a geographical feature that meanders through the LGA from the Wimmera River, through Warracknabeal, to Lake Coorong at Hopetoun.

Current composition
The council is composed of three wards and seven councillors, with three councillors elected to represent the Warracknabeal Ward and two councillors per remaining ward elected to represent each of the other wards.

Administration and governance
The council meets in the council chambers at the council headquarters in the Warracknabeal Municipal Offices, which is also the location of the council's administrative activities. It also provides customer services at both its administrative centre in Warracknabeal, and its service centres in Hopetoun and Rupanyup.

Townships and localities
The 2021 census, the shire had a population of 6,556 down from 6,674 in the 2016 census

^ - Territory divided with another LGA * - Not noted in 2016 Census # - Not noted in 2021 Census

title: Shire of Yarriambiack


text:
Minister for Posts and Telegraphs

The Minister for Posts and Telegraphs (Aire Poist agus Telegrafa) was the holder of a position in the Government of Ireland (and, earlier, in the Executive Council of the Irish Free State). From 1924 until 1984 – when it was abolished – the minister headed the Department of Posts and Telegraphs (also known as the P&T in English and P⁊T in Irish, and later stylised as p+t), the government-run postal, telegraph and telephone service covering the Republic of Ireland.

History
The office of Minister for Posts and Telegraphs was created by the Ministers and Secretaries Act 1924, which reorganised the Irish system of government shortly after the establishment of the Irish Free State in 1922. The Minister exercised those functions which had formerly been exercised by the Postmaster General of the United Kingdom. Legislation in 1831 had amalgamated the earlier offices of Postmaster General of Great Britain and Postmasters General of Ireland, which became a jointly held role in the administration of the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland.

The Ministers and Secretaries Act 1924 defined the department's role: "The Department of Posts and Telegraphs which shall comprise the administration and business generally of public services in connection with posts, telegraphs, and telephones, and all powers, duties and functions connected with the same, and shall include in particular the business, powers, duties and functions of the branches and officers of the public services specified in the Eighth Part of the Schedule to this Act, and of which Department the head shall be, and shall be styled, an t-Aire Puist agus Telegrafa or (in English) the Minister for Posts and Telegraphs."

The Minister for Posts and Telegraphs was responsible for Ireland's postal and telecommunications services from 1924 to 1984. At its height the department was one of the largest civil service departments in Ireland. The reform of the sector and department began in 1978 with the creation of the Posts and Telegraphs Review Group. This led, following the delivery of a report in 1979, to the creation of the ad hoc Interim Board for Posts (An Bord Poist), chaired by Feargal Quinn, and the Interim Board for Telecommunications (An Bord Telecom), chaired by Michael Smurfit. These two boards continued to sit until An Post and Telecom Éireann, respectively, replaced them in 1984 as state-sponsored agencies.

The Department of Posts and Telegraphs ceased to exist in 1984, and its powers and responsibilities were transferred to the newly created Department of Communications. This was one of the largest reorganisations of the civil service in modern times, the old department having had a workforce of about 30,000 prior to dissolution. With the transfer of personnel to the new agencies, the number of civil service employees was almost halved overnight.

The Minister for Communications was created in 1983 to replace both the Minister for Posts and Telegraphs and the Minister for Transport. In 1987, the transport functions of the department were moved to a new Department of Tourism and Transport. In 1991 the minister's functions were passed to the renamed Minister for Tourism, Transport and Communications and the department ceased to exist, but was not formally abolished.

The functions which had initially been under the Minister for Communications are now under the Minister for the Environment, Climate and Communications, the Minister for Tourism, Culture, Arts, Gaeltacht, Sport and Media, and the Minister for Transport.

List of office-holders
{| class="wikitable"
 * colspan="6"|
 * colspan="6"|

Postmaster General 1922–1924
!Name !colspan="2"|Term of office !colspan="2"|Party !Government(s)
 * J. J. Walsh
 * 1 April 1922
 * 2 June 1924
 * 1st PG • 2nd PG • 5th DM • 1st EC • 2nd EC
 * colspan="6"|
 * 1st PG • 2nd PG • 5th DM • 1st EC • 2nd EC
 * colspan="6"|
 * colspan="6"|

Minister for Posts and Telegraphs 1924–1984
!Name !colspan="2"|Term of office !colspan="2"|Party !Government(s)
 * J. J. Walsh
 * 2 June 1924
 * 12 October 1927
 * 2nd EC • 3rd EC
 * Ernest Blythe
 * 12 October 1927
 * 9 March 1932
 * 4th EC • 5th EC
 * Joseph Connolly
 * 9 March 1932
 * 8 February 1933
 * 6th EC
 * Gerald Boland
 * 8 February 1933
 * 11 November 1936
 * 7th EC
 * Oscar Traynor
 * 11 November 1936
 * 8 September 1939
 * 7th EC • 8th EC • 1st • 2nd
 * Thomas Derrig
 * 8 September 1939
 * 27 September 1939
 * 2nd
 * Patrick Little
 * 27 September 1939
 * 18 February 1948
 * 2nd • 3rd • 4th
 * James Everett
 * 18 February 1948
 * 13 June 1951
 * 5th
 * Erskine H. Childers (1st time)
 * 13 June 1951
 * 2 June 1954
 * 6th
 * Michael Keyes
 * 2 June 1954
 * 20 March 1957
 * 7th
 * Neil Blaney
 * 20 March 1957
 * 4 December 1957
 * 8th
 * John Ormonde
 * 4 December 1957
 * 23 June 1959
 * 8th
 * Michael Hilliard
 * 23 June 1959
 * 21 April 1965
 * 8th • 9th • 10th
 * Joseph Brennan
 * 21 April 1965
 * 10 November 1966
 * 11th
 * Erskine H. Childers (2nd time)
 * 10 November 1966
 * 2 July 1969
 * 12th
 * Patrick Lalor
 * 2 July 1969
 * 9 May 1970
 * 13th
 * Gerry Collins
 * 9 May 1970
 * 14 March 1973
 * 13th
 * Conor Cruise O'Brien
 * 14 March 1973
 * 5 July 1977
 * 14th
 * Pádraig Faulkner
 * 5 July 1977
 * 11 December 1979
 * 15th
 * Albert Reynolds
 * 12 December 1979
 * 30 June 1981
 * 16th
 * Patrick Cooney
 * 30 June 1981
 * 9 March 1982
 * 17th
 * John Wilson
 * 9 March 1982
 * 14 December 1982
 * 18th
 * Jim Mitchell
 * 14 December 1982
 * 2 January 1984
 * 19th
 * colspan="6"|
 * 9 May 1970
 * 13th
 * Gerry Collins
 * 9 May 1970
 * 14 March 1973
 * 13th
 * Conor Cruise O'Brien
 * 14 March 1973
 * 5 July 1977
 * 14th
 * Pádraig Faulkner
 * 5 July 1977
 * 11 December 1979
 * 15th
 * Albert Reynolds
 * 12 December 1979
 * 30 June 1981
 * 16th
 * Patrick Cooney
 * 30 June 1981
 * 9 March 1982
 * 17th
 * John Wilson
 * 9 March 1982
 * 14 December 1982
 * 18th
 * Jim Mitchell
 * 14 December 1982
 * 2 January 1984
 * 19th
 * colspan="6"|
 * 17th
 * John Wilson
 * 9 March 1982
 * 14 December 1982
 * 18th
 * Jim Mitchell
 * 14 December 1982
 * 2 January 1984
 * 19th
 * colspan="6"|
 * 14 December 1982
 * 2 January 1984
 * 19th
 * colspan="6"|
 * colspan="6"|
 * colspan="6"|

Minister for Communications 1984–1991
!Name !colspan="2"|Term of office !colspan="2"|Party !Government(s)
 * Jim Mitchell
 * 2 January 1984
 * 10 March 1987
 * 19th
 * John Wilson
 * 10 March 1987
 * 31 March 1987
 * 20th
 * Ray Burke
 * 31 March 1987
 * 6 February 1991
 * 20th • 21st
 * }
 * Notes
 * 31 March 1987
 * 6 February 1991
 * 20th • 21st
 * }
 * Notes
 * Notes

List of ministers of state
Under the Ministers and Secretaries Act 1924, the Executive Council could appoint Parliamentary Secretaries to assist Ministers in the Executive Council (renamed the Government in 1937). From 1978, this position was abolished and replaced by the position of Minister of State who could be appointed to a government department. The Minister of State did not hold cabinet rank. {| class="wikitable"
 * colspan=7|
 * colspan=7|

Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Posts and Telegraphs 1927–1978
!Name !colspan=2|Term of office !colspan=2|Party !Responsibilities !Government
 * Michael Heffernan
 * 11 October 1927
 * 29 January 1932
 * 4th EC • 5th EC
 * Patrick Lalor
 * 16 November 1966
 * 2 July 1969
 * 12th
 * Tom Fitzpatrick
 * 5 July 1977
 * 1 January 1978
 * 15th
 * colspan=7|
 * 12th
 * Tom Fitzpatrick
 * 5 July 1977
 * 1 January 1978
 * 15th
 * colspan=7|
 * 15th
 * colspan=7|
 * colspan=7|
 * colspan=7|

Minister of State at the Department of Posts and Telegraphs 1978–1984
!Name !colspan=2|Term of office !colspan=2|Party !Responsibilities !Government
 * Tom Fitzpatrick
 * 1 January 1978
 * 11 December 1979
 * 15th
 * Mark Killilea Jnr
 * 12 December 1979
 * 30 June 1981
 * 16th
 * Paddy Harte
 * 30 June 1981
 * 9 March 1982
 * Telecommunications
 * 17th
 * Terry Leyden
 * 23 March 1982
 * 14 December 1982
 * Telecommunications
 * 18th
 * John Donnellan
 * 16 December 1982
 * 15 December 1983
 * Posts and Telegraphs Service
 * rowspan=2|19th
 * Ted Nealon
 * 18 February 1983
 * 2 January 1984
 * Broadcasting
 * colspan=7|
 * John Donnellan
 * 16 December 1982
 * 15 December 1983
 * Posts and Telegraphs Service
 * rowspan=2|19th
 * Ted Nealon
 * 18 February 1983
 * 2 January 1984
 * Broadcasting
 * colspan=7|
 * 2 January 1984
 * Broadcasting
 * colspan=7|
 * colspan=7|
 * colspan=7|

Minister of State at the Department of Communications 1984–1987
!Name !colspan=2|Term of office !colspan=2|Party !Responsibilities !Government
 * Ted Nealon
 * 2 January 1984
 * 10 March 1987
 * Radio and television
 * 19th
 * }
 * 19th
 * }

title: Minister for Posts and Telegraphs


text: User:Yacht/Test page

title: User:Yacht/Test page


text:
Cramlington

Cramlington is a town and civil parish in Northumberland. It is 6 mi north of Newcastle upon Tyne. The name suggests a probable founding by the Danes or Anglo-Saxons.

The population was 28,843 as of 2021 census data from Northumberland County Council. It sits on the border between Northumberland and North Tyneside with the traffic interchange at Moor Farm, Annitsford, linking the two areas.

The area of East Cramlington lies east of the A189, on the B1326 road that connects the town to Seaton Delaval.

History
The first record of the Manor of Cramlington is from a mention in 1135 when the land was granted to Nicholas de Grenville. A register of early chaplains begins with John the Clerk of Cramlington (c. 1163–1180). The register continues to the present day.

From the 12th century onwards, its history has been mostly rural, incorporating several farms and the parish church of St. Nicholas (built at a cost of £3,000 during 1865–1868 in the Gothic style). During the early 19th century, coal mining with several mine shafts in the immediate vicinity began to change that. In 1813 Collingwood Main Colliery suffered an explosion of firedamp in which 8 people were killed. Six miners were carrying timber through the "old workings" when their candles set fire to firedamp. The resulting afterdamp and chokedamp resulted in a wider loss of life to men and horses.

The town remained small, however, until 1964 when it was proclaimed a New Town and developers such as William Leech and J.T. Bell developed large housing estates. Those estates have since been named Beaconhill, Collingwood, Eastfield, Mayfield, Shankhouse, Southfield, and Whitelea and the town has effectively become a dormitory town of the much larger city to its south.

During World War I, the North East of England was protected by the No. 36 Home Defence Squadron. The squadron was formed at Cramlington on 1 February 1916 by Capt. R. O. Abercromby, with Cramlington subsequently becoming an important base for military planes and airships. The Airship Station was at Nelson Village. A reference to Cramlington airfield is made in W. E. Johns 1935 book The Black Peril from the extremely popular Biggles series.

Cramlington was the site of two rail accidents. In 1855, the chassis of train's first class carriage failed and in 1926, the Merry Hampton engine and five carriages of the Edinburgh to King's Cross Flying Scotsman express train were derailed by striking miners during the General Strike. The story of the derailment was recounted in the BBC Two programme Yesterday's Witness: The Cramlington Train Wreckers in 1970.

During the BBC Domesday Project in 1986 it was recorded that Cramlington's population was around 30,000.

New town development
The idea of a new town development in Cramlington was first envisaged in 1958.

In June 1961, Northumberland County Council's Planning Committee approved the draft plans to establish what it hoped would be "Britain's first enterprise town." Sponsored by the council, the development was to be carried by a consortium led by William Leech, which had acquired the land. It was predicted to take 20 years, cost £50m and eventually house 40,000 inhabitants across a four square mile site that also included an industrial zone. A one-way road system was proposed, with the waggon ways of the former pits being repurposed as pedestrians paths.

The plan was finally approved by the Minister of Housing and Local Government in January 1963, by which time the estimated population had grown to 48,000 and the cost projected at £60m. It marked the first time a new town had been developed without the establishment of a government-backed development corporation. The planning officer predicted that it should look like a town in five years and be complete in 20 years. The first factory was to be completed by summer 1963.

In October 1964, an advert inviting investment in the development recorded an area of 2,200 acres, 530 of which were for industry.

In 2017, remnants of an Iron Age settlement was discovered on land destined for further housing development. Despite the interest of the town population and the potential to build upon the increasing town profile and interest created by Northumberlandia, Northumberland County Council decided to proceed with the housing development regardless.

Local government
Cramlington Local Government District was created in 1865. Later, the Local Government Act of 1894 established the Cramlington Urban District. This was succeeded by the Seaton Valley Urban District in 1935. From 1 April 1974, Cramlington became a part of Blyth Valley. Responsibilities were transferred to Northumberland County Council from 1 April 2009 as a result of 2009 structural changes to local government in England.

On 5 September 2019, to mark the 10th anniversary of the establishment of Cramlington Town Council, it was agreed to create the position of Town Mayor. The position was awarded to Cllr Loraine De Simone. Loraine has been a councillor in the Cramlington Village ward since 2017.

The most recent vote saw a Conservative majority in the 2021 Northumberland County Council election.

The election results for the Parish and Town council for Cramlington on 6 May 2021: (Independent) & Elizabeth Mitcheson (Labour) Following the death of Cllr Mitcheson in August 2023, a by-election was held in the Cramlington East ward on November 16, 2023 and was won by Feona Bowey (Labour).
 * Cramlington East - Phil and Faith Rudd
 * Cramlington North - Wayne Daley & Helen Morris (Conservative)
 * Cramlington West - Barry Flux & Patricia Heard (Conservative)
 * Cramlington Eastfield - Christine Dunbar & Norman Dunbar (Conservative)
 * Cramlington South East - Paul Ezhilchelvan & Stephen Garrett (Conservative)
 * Cramlington Village - Loraine De Simone & Mark Swinburn (Conservative)

Estates
With the establishment of the new town, the area was arranged into estates, primarily with a designator of the part of the town in which the estate was to be found.

The estates are:

 * Nelson Village
 * High Pit
 * Northburn (constructed between the late 1980s and the 1990s)
 * Northburn Manor (constructed in the early 2000s)
 * Eastfield (constructed in the 1970s with an estate added in the mid-1990s)
 * Westwood (constructed in the early 1980s)
 * Southfield Lea (constructed in the early 1970s)
 * Southfield Gardens (constructed in the early 2000s)
 * Mayfield (partially existing prior to the new town designation but with addition building in the late 1960s)
 * Whitelea (one of the earliest of the new town estates, constructed in the late 1960s and early 1970s)
 * Barns Park (constructed in the 1970s)
 * Parkside (constructed in the 1970s)
 * Beacon Hill (constructed in the 1970s)
 * Beacon Lane (constructed in the 1970s)
 * Beaconsfield Park (currently under construction 2023-)
 * Collingwood Grange (constructed in the late 1960s)
 * Southfield Lea Westerkirk Extension (constructed in the 1980s)
 * Bassington Manor (constructed between 2015 and 2017)
 * St Nicholas Manor (constructed between 2017 and 2023)
 * Arcot Manor (currently under construction 2017-)
 * Foxton Mill & Fairway View (currently under construction 2023-)
 * Collingwood Chase (Constructed in the late 1960s)
 * Southfield Green (Constructed in the early 1970s)

Industry
There are several large industrial zones in Cramlington, most to the town's north-west near the sewage treatment plant, housing major pharmaceutical companies including Merck Sharp and Dohme. Other growing chemical companies including Aesica Pharmaceuticals are also present. The Officers Club menswear firm (now owned by Blue Inc), previously had its headquarters and supply warehouse in Cramlington, in part of the old Wilkinson Blade factory while other companies such as GE Oil & Gas also occupy large sites. Start Football is also headquartered in the town.

Wilkinson Sword established the first factory in the town in 1964. American Air Filter Company later built premises. Brentford Nylons also opened a large site in the town in 1968.

Boots, the pharmaceuticals manufacturer, opened their plant in Cramlington in 1983.

Retail
The Manor Walks shopping centre was constructed in the centre of the town in the 1970s, and was subsequently expanded in the mid-1990s and in 2003/4. The centre now includes retailers such as Argos, Asda, Boots, Boyes, Next and Sainsbury's. In 2011, plans were put forward to revamp the main center and build a new cinema. The scheme also includes improved retail facilities, restaurants and cafes and more car parking spaces.

Manor Walks was extended into the southern car park in 2012 / 2013 and a new Vue Cinema and two new restaurants opened in July 2013. This coincided with the re-opening of a prominent pub in the town (previously the Traveller's Rest but now named John the Clerk of Cramlington). It is hoped that these developments will boost the town's leisure and visitor economies.

The Brockwell Centre, built in 1990 towards the north of the town, consists of a small range of shops and food outlets, alongside a public house, care home and medical centre. A supermarket, built for Netto, but subsequently owned by Somerfield and The Co-operative Group, is presently occupied by Home Bargains.

Healthcare
Northumbria Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust opened the first hospital in England purpose-built for emergency care in the town in June 2015. The Northumbria Specialist Emergency Care Hospital cost £75 million. It has emergency care consultants on duty at all times, and a range of specialists available seven days a week. In February 2021, the NHS trust began court action against contractor Lendlease over structural defects identified in the building. A trial is due to start in October 2022.

New development
In recent years, the town has seen a lot of changes to housing and infrastructure including a new housing and retail development to the South West sector which is being created by house builders including Bellway, Persimmon, Barratt, Ashberry and David Wilson Homes.

The only secondary school in the town, Cramlington Learning Village (Northumberland's largest secondary school), is part of the Government’s School Rebuilding Programme which involves the demolition of the existing buildings (constructed in 1969) and rebuilt into one ‘state-of-the-art’ teaching accommodation, rumoured to be situated on the field opposite the Cramlington Sporting Club, though full plans have not been published yet. In 2023 it was announced by Ian Levy MP in a letter from Baroness Barran that the school will be fully rebuilt in 2025, if the build goes to plan.

Landmarks
Plessey Woods Country Park lies just to the north of Cramlington, with the River Blyth flowing through the country park. Northumberlandia, a huge land sculpture in the shape of a reclining female figure is located on the outskirts of Cramlington. Within the town itself, Nelson Hill is a prominent landmark to the north of the town centre. Arcot Hall Grasslands and Ponds SSSI is situated to the south-east of the town.

Transport
The town is served by Cramlington railway station which is on the East Coast Main Line, with services to the MetroCentre, Morpeth and Newcastle upon Tyne provided by Northern.

It is also served by a number of bus operators including Arriva North East which provides express services to Newcastle upon Tyne, Morpeth and Blyth, as well as Go North East which runs services to and from North Shields.

The town is located approximately 12 mi from Newcastle International Airport and 10 mi from North Shields International Ferry Terminal.

Cramlington also has good road transport links, being situated between the A1, A19 and A189 roads.

In line with many of the UK's post-war New Towns, Cramlington has an extensive bicycle network. With a grid spacing of approximately 500 m, segregated cycle routes are provided free of motorised traffic.

Media
Local news and television programmes are provided by BBC North East and Cumbria and ITV Tyne Tees. Television signals are received from the Pontop Pike TV transmitter. Local radio stations are BBC Radio Newcastle, Heart North East, Capital North East, Smooth North East, Greatest Hits Radio North East, Metro Radio and Koast Radio, a community based radio station. The town is served by the local newspaper, Northumberland Gazette (formerly The News Post Leader).

Education
Until September 2008, all schools in Northumberland operated under a three tier system, however, following a decision to convert the county to a two tier system, Cramlington was chosen as one of the first towns to complete this. Prior to the closure of the area's many middle schools, some primary schools relocated to the former middle school sites. There had been concern from local residents over traffic and parking arrangements at the new sites.

Other schools in Cramlington are listed as follows: Hareside Primary School, Hillcrest School, Shanklea Primary School, Burnside Primary School, Cragside Church of England Primary School, Northburn Primary School, Eastlea Primary School, Beaconhill Primary School and SS Peter and Paul's Catholic Primary Academy.

Cramlington Learning Village
In September 2008 Cramlington Community High School was renamed Cramlington Learning Village as it gained two new year groups in line with the move to a two tier system. The village has three sections: the Junior Learning Village (for Years 7 and 8), the Senior Learning Village (for Years 9 to 11) and the Advanced Learning Village (for Years 12 and 13). The school was rated outstanding in four successive Ofsted inspections, however in July 2015, this rating was lowered to 'inadequate'. In February 2017, this was raised to 'Good'. In July 2022, the school was to be chosen to be part of the Government's School Rebuilding Programme, which could involve a state-of-the-art rebuild or refurbishment to the derelict 1960s buildings.

Religious sites
Cramlington has a number of Christian churches of various denominations:

Methodist
 * Doxford Place Methodist Church
 * Welcome Methodist Church (formerly Station Terrace Methodist Church)

Church of England
 * St. Nicholas Parish Church
 * St. Andrew's
 * St. Peter's

Roman Catholic
 * St. Paul's

Others
 * Church of the Nazarene
 * Frontline
 * Open Episcopal Church

Leisure centre
Cramlington's main leisure centre, Concordia, is situated in the town centre adjacent to the shopping mall and was opened by Queen Elizabeth II in July 1977. It features a leisure pool, originally designed as an indoor tropical paradise, indoor football pitches, tennis, badminton and squash courts, as well as a climbing wall. It also includes a gymnasium, sauna, bowling green, bar and cafeteria. It was refurbished in 2008, particularly to improve disabled access. The pool was also refurbished in 2011. A major refurbishment began in 2016, with the addition of new facilities and the improvement of existing ones. Most recently, in 2019, a major pool refurbishment took place with changes including replacing the old pool lining and the swimming pool floor areas in the wet changing rooms and around the children's poolside water features.

Cycle paths
A large cycle path network, completely separate from the road network, was a key part of the new town design. A cycle route also connects the town to the nearest beach, in Blyth. In March 2007, Blyth Valley Borough Council announced that the cycle network was to be extended to allow access to the neighbouring town of Bedlington.

Public houses
The village square is home to four public houses, including the Grade II listed Blagdon Arms.

Sport
Cramlington Cricket club (CCC) are based at Cramlington learning Village. They have two men's senior teams teams playing in the Northumberland & Tyneside Cricket League as well as two midweek teams. They also have a senior women's team, in addition to an academy team and various junior teams. New additions to all teams are welcomed, the club can be reached by their multiple social media accounts.

Cramlington United was established in 2010 and they were awarded Community Club Status 12 months later. Their home ground is based at Northburn Sports & Community Centre. They are currently in Northern Football Alliance Premier Division.

Arcot Hall Golf Club is located to the south of the town.

Cramlington Rockets are a Rugby League team based in Cramlington. Initially, the club was formed in 2000 as Killingworth Rockets ARLFC. They are based on the fields of the Cramlington Learning Village. Their 1st team is currently in the North East Division of the Rugby League Conference.

Twin towns
As part of the former Blyth Valley borough, Cramlington participates in a town twinning scheme with three other towns — two in Germany and one in the Russian Federation.

Notable residents

 * Charles Fenwick, trade unionist
 * Sam Heads, entomologist and palaeontologist
 * Ross Noble, comedian
 * Ray Stevenson, actor
 * Sting, musician, from 1974 to 1976, was a schoolteacher at St Paul's Roman Catholic Voluntary Aided First School

Football

 * Joe Brown, football player in the 1940s and 1950s, Burnley manager
 * James Brown, Hartlepool United striker was born in Cramlington
 * Steven Caldwell, former Newcastle United defender and Burnley captain and Scotland international, once lived in the town's centre while he was at Newcastle
 * John Carver, former footballer, previously assistant manager at Newcastle United
 * Mark Clattenburg, Premier League referee
 * Peter Haddock, professional football player lived in Cramlington; most notable for playing for Leeds United, he also played for Newcastle United and Burnley
 * Jimmy Isaac, footballer in the 1930s and 1940s for Huddersfield Town
 * Jamie McClen, footballer
 * Michael Oliver, youngest ever Premier League referee, resides in Cramlington
 * Ray Pointer (1936-2016), footballer: Burnley and England. Born Cramlington.
 * Peter Ramage played youth football for Cramlington Juniors F.C.
 * Alan Shearer, played youth football for Cramlington Juniors F.C.
 * Andy Sinton, former Queens Park Rangers, Sheffield Wednesday and Spurs footballer
 * Martin Taylor, professional footballer currently with Sheffield Wednesday; attended Cramlington High School
 * Steven Taylor played youth football for Cramlington Juniors F.C.

Other sports

 * Stephen Miller, Paralympic triple gold medalist comes from Cramlington
 * Gary Robson, professional darts player
 * Roger Uttley, former England national Rugby Union player, was a sports teacher at Cramlington High School

title: Cramlington


text:
Rural City of Benalla

The Rural City of Benalla is a local government area in the Hume region of Victoria, Australia, located in the north-east part of the state. It covers an area of 2353 km2 and, in August 2021, had a population of 14,528.

It includes the towns of Baddaginnie, Benalla, Devenish, Goorambat, Major Plains, Swanpool, Tatong, Thoona, Warrenbayne and Winton. It was formed in 2002 from the de-amalgamation of the Shire of Delatite into the current rural city and the Shire of Mansfield, the former being a merger between the latter, the Shire of Benalla and the City of Benalla.

The Rural City is governed and administered by the Benalla Rural City Council; its seat of local government and administrative centre is located at the council headquarters in Benalla. The Rural City is named after the main urban settlement located in the centre-north of the LGA, that is Benalla, which is also the LGA's most populous urban centre with a population of 10,331.

Current composition
The council is composed of seven councillors elected to represent an unsubdivided municipality.

Administration and governance
The council meets in the council chambers at the council headquarters in the Benalla Municipal Offices, which is also the location of the council's administrative activities. It also provides customer services at its administrative centre in Benalla.

Townships and localities
The 2021 census, the rural city had a population of 14,528 up from 13,861 in the 2016 census

^ - Territory divided with another LGA

title: Rural City of Benalla


text:
Talk:Mixed economy

Untitled
New stuff at bottom of page, PLEASE.

Relationship to government
Wow, you COMPLETELY changed the "relationship" sentence. That is not what I said or meant. That probably indicates I was way way too succint. Expanding that section rather than changing my sentence might be the way to go here.4.250.33.39 19:17, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

"While any form of government can choose to begin a process to implement a mixed economy, many believe that it can not be long sustained without causing that government to also implement more and more of the elements of governance typically found in "governments commonly considered "democratic"" <-- can you explain what is meant here? I don't understand. RJII 19:13, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I'll certainly TRY to say what I meant. In the process, we will undoubtedly discover a far better content for the relationship section. I had in mind, above all CHINA. Secondarily, I had in mind the progress toward democracy in the western world over the last 300 years, perhaps due in no small measure to the forces of capitalism (not the socialism parts .. I can smell the improvements already !!) Perhaps we are comunicating now? Care to try another stab at improving this article (that is, if we seem to agree and don't need to talk more to avoid a revert war)? 4.250.33.39 19:26, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I actually assumed you had China in mind. RJII 19:41, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm still trying to figure out what you're saying here. Let my isolate what I don't understand: "''implement more and more of the elements of governance typically found in "governments commonly considered "democratic".." RJII 14:05, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

First of all, really great addition to the intro part. Bravo. Second "implement more and more of the elements of governance typically found in governments commonly considered democratic". I can't guess what you aren't getting here. I KNOW you're knowledgeable, so it is not the dictionary definitions of the words you are not getting. And we both know we're talking about China here. So the "elements" would be the democratic elements found in western states like the US but missing in China. Spelling out which those are is outside the scope of this article (as is the EXACT definition of any ism mixed in a mixed economy ... let THAT battle be elsewhere). I don't know what else to say on this regard. 4.250.132.149 03:07, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * "democratic" as in being able to vote? or democratic as in government that represents the will of the people? or are you thinking along the lines of expanding individual rights? RJII 06:34, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I just expanded this section in accord with my above comments. As indicated in the article and above, defining democracy or identifying which elements apply are beyond the scope of an article on economy, not governance. The point of this section is that the freedoms neccesary for the economic miracle of capitalism blend seamlessly into the freedoms that put together are typically called "democracy". As illustrated PERHAPS by the last 300 years or so of the Western democracies and PERHAPS by the future of China.4.250.198.221 15:48, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * It looks like I'm having a problem with the use of the word "democracy." Countries that have democratic elections can be very unfree. Democracy has little to do with freedom per se. I guess that's why I couldn't understand the statement...I don't readily associate democracy with individual freedom beyond anything than the freedom to vote or have the voice of the majority represented in government. I think that at least, it's imprecise language. Maybe "liberalized" is a better word? RJII 15:11, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Thanks. You inspired me to go to democracy to see what I could do to be more exact. Turns out liberal democracy is a more exact identification of my intended meaning. Whether you like this better or it merely puts into sharper focus our differences, I can not say. So, what do you think? 4.250.198.254 17:21, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes, much more descriptive term. I like it. RJII 19:45, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I find the change you just made equally satisfactory to what I wrote. Both are more vague than I would would be if I didn't have to be NPOV (e.g. if I was documenting MY beliefs rather than the defendable objective evidence). I write 1+2, you write 2+1. Same difference to me. 4.250.198.254 22:22, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Philosophy
A few MINOR quibbles, if I may:
 * 1) The use of the word "title" seems a tad off to describe a choice of nomenclature rather than a heirarchal designation (eg Captain) or a unique identifier of a work of art (eg book title). I'm sure a better word will occur to you sooner or later. You use the verb "label". Maybe the noun "label"?
 * 2) Use of "ideal" contrasts perfectly with "mixed", but introduction of "model" contrasts not at all since a "mixed economy" is every bit a model as much as an ideal model is a model. I suggest not using "model", or a least let the modeling aspect/concept be a seperate paragraph.
 * 3) " No two economies contain equal mixes" Says who? Why not? What say you to a devil's advocate that says many economies are more fairly labeled as equal in both than labeled as "skewed"? Indeed, if there exists an economy whose experts some claim a skew in one direction and other experts claim that self-same economy is skewed in the other dirrection, is this not evidence that balanced between the two rather than skewed is a more fair label? Isn't denying the existance of middle ground NOT NPOV by definition? 4.250.198.221 17:11, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Having a little fun with the middle does not exist
There is no such thing as a piece of wood one half inch in width. It is always either closer to zero inches in width or one inch in width. Measure close enough and you'll see for yourself. It's always the tinyest bit more than half an inch or less. Hence, no piece of wood is best described as half an inch in width. Also. All eggs ae best described as spherical or cubical. Minimization of shell material theory says eggs should be spherical. But Prevention of rolling down a slight incline theory says eggs should be cubical. So all eggs are skewed either towards minimization of shell or towards incline-rolling-prevetion. Actually balancing conflicting requirements in the design of a real world item or system is not an ideal type and disallowed from the models allowed to be discussed at this neutral point of view site. OK, I'm done having fun. You get the point. 4.250.198.221 17:07, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Well done
Well done, Sir. With a minor change here and there you have taken care of all the points I made. 4.250.198.221 21:03, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Keeping the article on topic
I removed two things from the definition and list of things in the article, which referred to political/civil rights and liberties (freedom of expression for example). These, while of course are a part of a liberal democracy, which are generally some form of a mixed economy, have nothing to do with the definition of a mixed economy. There could quite conceivably be (perhaps have been, though I don't know for sure) an undemocratic, mixed economy.-Curufinwe, March 15th, 2005 I know what you mean. It's important to keep the article on topic. However the ability of people to peacefully get the government to make and alter laws and the ability of the people to communicate are ESSENTIAL to the capitalist AND socilist elements in a mixed economy. Unfortunatly, this is not spelled out in any satisfactory way; and although I've been meaning to do just that, this IS volubteer effort, and I never got around to it. I guess its time to adequately spell out their relevance or leave them deleted. 4.250.168.238 12:30, 20 Mar 2005 (UTC)

governance implications
I'm having a problem with determining what exactly the sentences about "governance implications" are saying. "ranging from those with no governance to those with very substanstial governance implications (whose details are beyond the scope of this article). Those economic freedoms that have governance implications are themselves important defining elements of a liberal democracy." What does this mean? RJII 20:50, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

OK, I'll deal with this the best I can. First, I just praised your additions but deleted two words. I hope and believe you won't have a problem with this. Second "Freedom to buy, sell, and profit limited by significant regulations, taxes, and fees." No kidding that they are "significant". That's the POINT of them in the first place, they exist to cause a DIFFERERCE.

 * Well, there can still be minimal taxes and regulations and it can still properly be capitalism. It's when these interventions by government are really significant that calling the economy "capitalism" becomes questionable. Maybe there's a more descriptive word than significant. RJII

 * It isn't a mixed economy if the regulations are minimal. Further, I don't believe it would be capitalism either, but luckily for that disagreement this isn't an article on capitalism. 4.250.132.86 17:55, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

OK. Now to the actual question. I don't know what you don't get. Let me assume I'm not communicating successfully (Duhhh !!!).

Ranging .. a range ... a spectrum ... from 1 percent to 100 percent ... from a to b ... from minimum to maximum ...

Governance ... behavior by the entity entrusted with, assigned with, or actually enforcing sovereignty ...

It means that China can't have the benefits of capitalism (communism with Chinese characteristics) without also creating the conditions that will allow it's people to challenge AND ALTER the form of government in China. No one knowns if this will result in a reversal of capitalism or a civil war or democracy in China. I'm hoping for the best. I have a lot of faith in the wisdom of the Chinese, but "predict what or when not both". I'm hopeful. Worse case is a nuclear war with Taiwan and/or India. South Korea, Japan and the US are also at risk if things REALLY get out of hand. I can't believe things will get THAT crazy. The point is the stakes are high, this is real, and wikipedia can play a part in helping sanity win by being clear and truthful. (a minor part tis true, but why stiffle motivation?) 4.250.132.149 03:01, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I think the word "implications" was confusing me. I took that word out, and hopefully it still makes sense to you like that. I changed some wording in the paragraph, and hopefully it is consistent with your points. RJII 12:18, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * It is PERFECTLY consistant with what I was trying to say, except the "in regard to" part is a partial list (and probably is best as a partial list) so to indicate that I added (for example). It a bit of an awkward sentence at this point, maybe you could help that. Maybe the sentence needs to be a 3 sentence paragraph? 4.250.132.86 17:55, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mixed economy


text:
User talk:Espero~enwiki

Welcome
Hello, welcome to Wikipedia.

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Again, welcome! - UtherSRG 14:09, 28 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Espero. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Espero~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

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Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:47, 19 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 12:41, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Espero~enwiki


text:
User talk:Maroux

New comments at the bottom, please. Old comments go into the archive.

Maroux,

Thank you for your input on the Menachem Mendel Schneerson page. I have sent a request to an "Advocate" that was listed under the dispute resolution process for Wikipedia to investigate.

Regards, Fire Star 20:23, 29 Feb 2004 (UTC)

I guess from your reverts of your own changes that you do understand the important difference between those two verbs. Thanks. --Humus sapiens 10:35, 2 Mar 2004 (UTC)

FYI, from http://www.m-w.com murder: 1 : the crime of unlawfully killing a person especially with malice aforethought. kill: 1 a : to deprive of life. See the difference? Change it to whatever you want, but let's not imply that persecuting innocent people just because they belong to certain ethnicity/religion is lawful or morally acceptable. NPOV enough? Thanks. --Humus sapiens 03:52, 3 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Dicionary entries have little to do with emotional value, and dictionaries often don't list it. Note that when the Israeli army launches a strike against Palestinians, there were killed according to the Israeli media, and murdered according to the Palestinian media. Also, Baghdad newspapers refered to the Iraqi war casualties as being brutally murdered by the Americans, while every US paper thought they were merely killed. Maroux 08:16, 2004 Mar 3 (UTC)

 * OK, will do ...thanks :) — Olathe 12:22, 5 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Hi Maroux, good vandalism control out there. However, Manimal was an easy rewrite, not a speedy delete. -- user:zanimum

- Why do you keep reverting the Stalin article? Those changes corrected spelling and grammar errors and got rid of some POV changes (esp. the part asserting "Soviet control" over Eastern Europe"). 172 16:06, 21 May 2004 (UTC)

Hi, regarding your labeling http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Belgicaromana.gif as an unverified source: The spelling used in the names on the little map is archaeic. 'Germaansche' has officially been spelled 'Germaanse' since 1934, as far as I can tell. If the image is at least 70 years old, wouldn't it be in the public domain? --Mzzl 07:47, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

Article Licensing
Hi, I've started a drive to get users to multi-license all of their contributions that they've made to either (1) all U.S. state, county, and city articles or (2) all articles, using the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike (CC-by-sa) v1.0 and v2.0 Licenses or into the public domain if they prefer. The CC-by-sa license is a true free documentation license that is similar to Wikipedia's license, the GFDL, but it allows other projects, such as WikiTravel, to use our articles. Since you are among the top 2000 Wikipedians by edits, I was wondering if you would be willing to multi-license all of your contributions or at minimum those on the geographic articles. Over 90% of people asked have agreed. For More Information:
 * Multi-Licensing FAQ - Lots of questions answered
 * Multi-Licensing Guide
 * Free the Rambot Articles Project

To allow us to track those users who muli-license their contributions, many users copy and paste the " " template into their user page, but there are other options at Template messages/User namespace. The following examples could also copied and pasted into your user page:

 * Option 1
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions, with the exception of my user pages, as described below:

OR
 * Option 2
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions to any U.S. state, county, or city article as described below:

Or if you wanted to place your work into the public domain, you could replace " " with "  ". If you only prefer using the GFDL, I would like to know that too. Please let me know what you think at my talk page. It's important to know either way so no one keeps asking. -- Ram-Man (comment| talk)

== yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy ==

hvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv                      ggggggggggggggggggggggggiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.30.212.173 (talk) 18:44, 26 February 2014 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
Hi, You appear to be eligible to vote in the current Arbitration Committee election. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to enact binding solutions for disputes between editors, primarily related to serious behavioural issues that the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the ability to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate, you are welcome to review the candidates' statements and submit your choices on the voting page. For the Election committee, MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 22:13, 30 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Maroux


text:
User talk:Pstevenson

Welcome
Hello, welcome to Wikipedia.

You might find these links helpful in creating new pages or helping with the above tasks: How to edit a page, How to write a great article, Naming conventions, Manual of Style. You should read our policies at some point too.

If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian!

 * If you made any edits before you got an account, you might be interested in assigning those to your username.

 * You can sign your name using three tildes, like this: . If you use four, you can add a datestamp too.

 * If you ever think a page or image should be deleted, please list it at the votes for deletion page. There is also a votes for undeletion page if you want to retrieve something that you think should not have been deleted.

 * Before saving a page, it's a good idea to use the Show Preview button to review your edits.

Again, welcome! - UtherSRG 14:09, 28 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Hi! I saw your note on the new user log. I'd like to add my welcome to UtherSRG's. Wikipedia can always use more subject matter experts, even if all they do is look over what we've got and make sure it's accurate. Of course, if you expand our physics coverage, I'd be delighted. Our depth in physics tends to be noticeably weaker than in math.

There's no real reason you have to stick to physics, either. Feel free to contribute to whatever you're interested in. We take any good material people want to write!

Hope you enjoy your experience at Wikipedia, and decide to stick around.

Happy editing, Isomorphic 02:28, 29 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Hello
Nice to see another physicist in here. Thanks for the pointer on the fusion graphic. -- Decumanus 22:50, 29 Feb 2004 (UTC)

P.S. Don't know what you're interested in doing. I've gone somewhat mad with this whole thing while taking a break from other projects this past month. Myself, I've decided mostly not to go near most of the physics articles, except to pitch in when there's an obvious "situation". Arguing with colleagues is bad enough. When you have to explain things to trolls, it becomes a different story. Cheers, Matthew Trump, Ph.D. -- Decumanus 22:54, 29 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Well, you missed the whole thing with a mega-troll who swept through here the last week and really wreaked havoc on Big Bang and Quasar and such, trying to promote a lot of spurious things in there. You may have heard of it. I mostly kept out of it, until it got extraordinarily bad and I finally had it out with the user at Talk:Quasar, when the user started encroaching onto my field of expertise. Actually I was just pressing him, the way I might a student in a qualifying exam, but he didn't take kindly to it at all. He wound up getting banned. Anyway, I've decided to try to play referee when I can. Most of my edits are to hobby interests. It's good to know there is an expert in your particular field here. You may get get called in to do the same kind of thing I did. It's a strange world in here. -- Decumanus 23:10, 29 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * a good read: User:Raul654/Plautus and Requests_for_comment/Plautus_satire -- Decumanus

Could you not re-install your apparent edits re :the Concordat and Pius XII. The word alleged crept in and it seems odd to remove the inconvenient facts  of the timeline .Flamekeeper 09:26, 3 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Hi Flamekeeper - All I did was to fix the target of a link, which was not working properly (to Dachau concentration camp). The sentence has been removed, so I can't exactly re-install my minor edit

title: User talk:Pstevenson


text:
User talk:35ednalung

Welcome
Hello, welcome to Wikipedia.

You might find these links helpful in creating new pages or helping with the above tasks: How to edit a page, How to write a great article, Naming conventions, Manual of Style. You should read our policies at some point too.

If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian!

 * If you made any edits before you got an account, you might be interested in assigning those to your username.

 * You can sign your name using three tildes, like this: . If you use four, you can add a datestamp too.

 * If you ever think a page or image should be deleted, please list it at the votes for deletion page. There is also a votes for undeletion page if you want to retrieve something that you think should not have been deleted.

 * Before saving a page, it's a good idea to use the Show Preview button to review your edits.

Again, welcome! - UtherSRG 14:10, 28 Feb 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:35ednalung