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Mitre

The mitre (Commonwealth English) (Greek: μίτρα 'headband' or 'turban') or miter (American English; see spelling differences) is a type of headgear now known as the traditional, ceremonial headdress of bishops and certain abbots in traditional Christianity. Mitres are worn in the Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodox Churches, the Anglican Communion, some Lutheran churches, for important ceremonies, by the Metropolitan of the Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church, and also, in the Catholic Church, all cardinals, whether or not bishops, and some Eastern Orthodox archpriests.

Etymology
μίτρα, mítra (Ionic μίτρη, mítrē) is Greek, and means a piece of armour, usually a metal guard worn around the waist and under a cuirass, as mentioned in Homer's Iliad. In later poems, it was used to refer to a headband used by women for their hair, and a sort of formal Babylonian headdress, as mentioned by Herodotus (Histories 1.195 and 7.90). It also refers to a kind of hairband, such as "the victor's chaplet at the games", a headband and a badge of rank at the Ptolemaic court, an oriental headdress, perhaps a kind of turban, worn "as a mark of effeminacy", a diadem, the headdress of the priest of Heracles, or the headdress of the Jewish high priest referenced in the Septuagint (Greek) text of Exodus 29:6.

Western Christianity
In its modern form in Western Christianity, the mitre is a tall folding cap, consisting of two similar parts (the front and back) rising to a peak and sewn together at the sides. Two short lappets always hang down from the back.

History
The camelaucum (Greek: καμιλαύκιον, kamilaukion), the headdress that both the mitre and the papal tiara stem from, was originally a cap used by officials of the Imperial Byzantine court. "The tiara [from which the mitre originates] probably developed from the Phrygian cap, or frigium, a conical cap worn in the Graeco-Roman world. In the 10th century the tiara was pictured on papal coins." Other sources claim the tiara developed the other way around, from the mitre. In the late Empire it developed into the closed type of Imperial crown used by Byzantine Emperors (see illustration of Michael III, 842–867).

Worn by a bishop, the mitre is depicted for the first time in two miniatures of the beginning of the eleventh century. The first written mention of it is found in a Bull of Pope Leo IX in the year 1049. By 1150 the use had spread to bishops throughout the West.

In the Church of England, the mitre fell out of use after the Reformation, but was restored in the late 19th and early 20th centuries as a result of the Oxford Movement, and is now worn by most bishops of the Anglican Communion on at least some occasions. In The Episcopal Church of the United States, the first Presiding Bishop, Samuel Seabury wore a mitre as early as 1786. The mitre is also worn by bishops in a number of Lutheran churches, for example the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Latvia, the Church of Sweden, and the Lutheran Church in Great Britain.

Use
In the Catholic Church, ecclesial law gives the right to use the mitre and other pontifical insignia (crosier, pectoral cross, and ring) to bishops, abbots, cardinals, and those canonically equivalent to diocesan bishops who do not receive episcopal ordination. The principal celebrant presents the mitre and other pontifical insignia to a newly ordained bishop during the Rite of Ordination of a Bishop and to a new abbot during the Rite of Blessing of an Abbot. In the case of a person who is canonically equivalent to a diocesan bishop but does not receive episcopal ordination, this presentation normally occurs during a public installation as the ordinary of his jurisdiction. Catholic ecclesial law also permits former Anglican bishops received into full communion and subsequently ordained to the order of presbyter in the Catholic Church to obtain permission to use pontifical insignia as a mark of recognition of their previous ministry (they also may be admitted to the national or regional episcopal conference with status equivalent to that of retired Catholic bishops), but former Anglican bishops typically have not requested permission to use pontifical insignia under this provision.

Three types of mitres are worn by Roman Catholic clergy for different occasions:
 * 1) The simplex ('simple', referring to the materials used) is made of undecorated white linen or silk and its white lappets traditionally end in red fringes. It is worn most notably at funerals, Lent, on Good Friday and by concelebrant bishops at a Mass. Cardinals in the presence of the Pope wear a mitre of white linen damask.
 * 2) The auriphrygiata is of plain gold cloth or white silk with gold, silver or coloured embroidered bands; when seen today it is usually worn by bishops when they preside at the celebration of the sacraments.
 * 3) The pretiosa ('precious') is decorated with precious stones and gold and worn on the principal Mass on the most solemn Sundays (except in Lent) and feast days. This type of mitre is rarely decorated with precious stones today, and the designs have become more varied, simple and original, often merely being in the liturgical colour of the day.

The proper colour of a mitre is always white, although in liturgical usage white also includes vestments made from gold and silver fabrics. The embroidered bands and other ornaments which adorn a mitre and the lappets may be of other colours and often are.

On all occasions, an altar server may wear a shawl-style veil, called a vimpa, around the shoulders when holding the bishop's mitre.

Heraldry
In ecclesiastical heraldry, a mitre was placed above the shield of all persons who were entitled to wear the mitre, including abbots. It substituted for the helm of military arms, but also appeared as a crest placed atop a helmet, as was common in German heraldry. In the Anglican Churches, the Church of Sweden, and the Lutheran Church of Finland, the mitre is still placed above the arms of bishops instead of the ecclesiastical hat. In the Roman Catholic Church, the use of the mitre above the shield on the personal arms of clergy was suppressed in 1969, and is now found only on some corporate arms, like those of dioceses. Previously, the mitre was often included under the hat, and even in the arms of a cardinal, the mitre was not entirely displaced. In heraldry the mitre is always shown in gold, and the lappets (infulae) are of the same colour. It has been asserted that before the reformation, a distinction was used to be drawn between the mitre of a bishop and an abbot by the omission of the infulae in the abbot's arms. In England and France it was usual to place the mitre of an abbot slightly in profile.

With his inauguration as pope, Benedict XVI broke with tradition and replaced the papal tiara even on his papal coat of arms with a papal mitre (containing still the three levels of 'crowns' representing the powers of the papacy in a simplified form) and pallium. Prior to Benedict XVI, each pope's coat of arms always contained the image of the papal tiara and St. Peter's crossed keys, even though the tiara had fallen into disuse, especially under popes John Paul I and John Paul II. Pope Paul VI was the last pope to date to begin his papal reign with a formal coronation in June 1963. However, as a sign of the perceived need for greater simplification of the papal rites, as well as the changing nature of the papacy itself, he abandoned the use of his tiara in a dramatic ceremony in Saint Peter's Basilica during the second session of Vatican II in November 1963. However his 1975 Apostolic Constitution made it clear the tiara had not been abolished: in the constitution he made provision for his successor to receive a coronation. Pope John Paul I, however, declined to follow Paul VI's constitution and opted for a simpler papal inauguration, a precedent followed by his three successors. Pope John Paul II's 1996 Apostolic Constitution left open several options by not specifying what sort of ceremony was to be used, other than that some ceremony would be held to inaugurate a new pontificate.

Eastern Christianity

The most typical mitre in the Eastern Orthodox and Byzantine Catholic churches is based on the closed Imperial crown of the late Byzantine Empire. Therefore, it too is ultimately based on the older καμιλαύκιον although it diverged from the secular headdress at a much later date, after it had already undergone further development.

History
Orthodox bishops started wearing mitres around the 16th or 17th century, but the date of adoption is disputed. The use of headgear of any kind by the Byzantine church was a late development, and before the 1500s they wore no headgear. Theodore Balsamon, Patriarch of Antioch (ca. 1130–1140) stated that the patriarch of Alexandria was the only Orthodox prelate to wear a hat during the liturgy. This claim was repeated by Symeon of Thessalonica in the fifteenth century, who in his Concerning the Holy Temple, wrote that all Eastern hierarchs and priests, with the exception of the patriarch of Alexandria conduct sacred service with uncovered heads.

Another evidence pointing to the lack of headgear among the Orthodox bishops was the complaint against John XI of Constantinople who was accused of copying the Catholic pope in wearing a mitre. In 1585 a Russian envoy witnessed the patriarchs of Constantinople, Alexandria, and Jerusalem celebrated the divine liturgy together and only the Alexandrian patriarch wore a mitre.

Some modern scholars believe that the mitre was first adopted among the Orthodox when Cyril Lucaris (previously patriarch of Alexandria) became Ecumenical Patriarch in the early 1600s. Others instead claim that the mitre started being used after the fall of Constantinople (1453). There are some examples of Orthodox religious headgear (and possibly mitres) as early as the 14th century, such as a fresco of Metropolitan Kalevit in the Kremikovtsi Monastery or the mitre donated to the patriarch of Belgrade by Katarina Branković.

Some have hypothesized that shape of the mitres adopted after the fall of Constantinople was likely derived by the stemma, the Byzantine imperial crown. Together with other imperial-derived vestements like the sakkos, the crown-like mitre embodied the regality and richness of the defunct empire, of which the bishops inherited the legacy.

In medieval Russia bishops wore hats with a fringe, but not a mitre. This is in contrast to Constantinople and most other Orthodox clergy who did not wear any headgear, and might be accounted for by the cold temperatures in Russia. The mitre was first appeared in Russia with Patriarch Nikon, who adopted it from the tradition of the Patriarch of Constantinople. Initially, it was only worn by the Patriarch of Moscow, but it was soon adopted by the rest of the bishops, and a council in 1675 mandated the mitre for all bishops, following the Greek custom. Mitres were also given to some     archimandrites, by the decree of Peter the Great in 1705; in 1786 Catherine the Great awarded a mitre to her spiritual father, Archpriest John Pamphilov. In 1797 the decree of Paul I allowed the mitre to be awarded to archpriests as mark of special distinction. In 1988, the Holy Synod of the Russian Church decided that the mitres of all bishops would be topped with a cross, which until then was reserved for the Patriarch (also granted to the metropolitan of Kiev starting in 1686).

Use
The Eastern mitre is made in the shape of a bulbous crown, completely enclosed, and the material is of brocade, damask or cloth of gold. It may also be embroidered, and is often richly decorated with jewels. There are normally four icons attached to the mitre (often of Christ, the Theotokos, John the Baptist and the Cross), which the bishop may kiss before he puts it on. Eastern mitres are usually gold, but other liturgical colours may be used.

The mitre is topped by a cross, either made out of metal and standing upright, or embroidered in cloth and lying flat on the top. In Greek practice, the mitres of all bishops are topped with a standing cross. The same is true in the Russian tradition. Mitres awarded to priests will have the cross lying flat. Sometimes, instead of the flat cross, the mitre may have an icon on the top.

As an item of Imperial regalia, along with other such items as the sakkos (Imperial dalmatic) and epigonation, the mitre came to signify the temporal authority of bishops (especially that of the Patriarch of Constantinople) within the administration of the Rum millet (i.e., the Christian community) of the Ottoman Empire. The mitre is removed at certain solemn moments during the Divine Liturgy and other services, usually being removed and replaced by the protodeacon.

The use of the mitre is a prerogative of bishops, but it may be awarded to archpriests, protopresbyters and archimandrites. The priestly mitre is not surmounted by a cross, and is awarded at the discretion of a synod of bishops.

Military uniform
During the 18th century (and in a few cases the 19th), soldiers designated as grenadiers in various northern European armies wore a mitre (usually called a "mitre cap") similar in outline to those worn by western bishops. As first adopted in the 1680s this cap had been worn instead of the usual broad-brimmed hat to avoid the headdress being knocked off when the soldier threw a grenade. The hand grenade in its primitive form had become obsolete by the mid-18th century but grenadiers continued as elite troops in most European armies, usually retaining the mitre cap as a distinction.

Militarily, this headdress came in different styles. The Prussian style had a cone-shaped brass or white metal front with a cloth rear having lace braiding; the Russian style initially consisted of a tall brass plate atop of a leather cap with a peak at the rear, although the German model was subsequently adopted. The British style—usually simply called a "grenadier cap" instead of a mitre—had a tall cloth front with elaborate regimental embroidery forward of a sloping red back, lined in white. Some German and Russian fusilier regiments also wore a mitre with a smaller brass front-plate.

By the end of the 18th century, due to changes in military fashion, the mitre had generally given way to the bearskin or had been replaced by the standard infantry tricorn or bicorn. The British Army made this change in 1765 and the Prussian Army in 1790. All Russian grenadiers continued however to wear mitre caps until 1805, even when on active service.

The mitre in its classic metal-fronted 18th-century form survived as an item of ceremonial parade dress in the Prussian Leib-Grenadier No 1 and 1. Garde-Regiment zu Fuß regiments; plus the Russian Pavlovskii Regiment, until World War I.

Other uses
The bishop in the board game chess is represented by a stylised Western mitre having Unicode codes U+2657 (white) and U+265D (black): ♗♝.

The crowns of the Austrian Empire and Imperial Russia incorporated a mitre of precious metal and jewels into their design. The Austrian Imperial Crown was originally the personal crown of Holy Roman Emperor Rudolf II and has the form proper to that of a Holy Roman Emperor. At the Roman rite of their Coronation, the Pope placed a mitre on their heads before placing the crown over it. Their empress consorts also received both a mitre and crown on their heads from a cardinal bishop at the same ceremony. The form of the Russian Imperial Crown dates back to the time of Peter the Great’s early attempts to westernise Russia and was probably inspired by the crowns worn by Habsburg emperors of the Holy Roman Empire and possibly also the Orthodox mitre.

Abbesses of certain very ancient abbeys in the West also wore mitres, but of a very different form than that worn by male prelates.

The mitral valve of the human heart, which is located between the left atrium and the left ventricle, is named so because of its similarity in shape to the mitre. Andreas Vesalius, the father of anatomy, noted the striking similarity between the two while performing anatomic dissections in the sixteenth century.

title: Mitre


text: User talk:143.239.7.1

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:143.239.7.1


text:
Talk:Pearl (poem)

Untitled
The reference section of this page needs additional work. Sloturner

References, etc.
I've done an overhaul of some parts of this article, especially concerning genre and the references portion which was really lacking. A lot of critical work has been done on Pearl, so I've added for the most part only book-length studies of some note, though the articles by Wellek and D. W. Robertson I've also included, as they're somewhat exemplary pieces by quite well-known scholars and easily available in reprint. I know the formatting is probably very wrong for this site, but I need to go to sleep so hopefully someone else can work that out for me. The next step would be to improve the summary of the story, which I've just touched up here and there, and could use some real attention. Cheers. (Eeesh 00:44, 5 February 2007 (UTC))

External links modified
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title: Talk:Pearl (poem)


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Casino Lisboa (Macau)

Casino Lisboa (lit. 'Lisbon Casino', ) is a hotel casino in Sé, Macau, owned by the Sociedade de Turismo e Diversões de Macau (STDM). This three-storey complex was built in late 1960s.

The original casino and the 12-storey round hotel tower were built in 1970 by Stanley Ho, Teddy Yip, Yip Hon and Henry Fok. A 270-room extension was added in 1991 for a total of 927 rooms. In 2006, another extension, the Grand Lisboa, was built next to the current complex. Therefore, a total of 2,362 rooms are in place in Hotel Lisboa as of 2010. This expansion was partly done in competition with the newly opened Wynn Macau, located right next to the original Casino Lisboa.

Robuchon á Galera
Robuchon á Galera, owned by the late chef Joël Robuchon, has been awarded three stars by the Michelin Guide in 2008. Robuchon á Galera serves European cuisine such as roasted guinea fowl and foie gras from its à la carte menu. The restaurant has since moved to the top floor of the Grand Lisboa hotel and has been renamed Robuchon au Dôme.

title: Casino Lisboa (Macau)


text:
Mathieu Kassovitz

Mathieu Kassovitz (born 3 August 1967) is a French actor, film director, film producer and screenwriter. He has won three César Awards: Most Promising Actor for See How They Fall (1994), and Best Film and Best Editing for La Haine (1995). He also received Best Director and Best Writing nominations.

Early life
He is the son of Peter Kassovitz, a film producer, director and writer, and Chantal Rémy, a film editor. His mother is a French Catholic, while his father is a Hungarian Jew who fled during the Hungarian Revolution of 1956. Mathieu has described himself as "not Jewish but I was brought up in a world of Jewish humor".

Filmmaker
As a filmmaker, Kassovitz has made several artistic and commercial successes. He wrote and directed La Haine (Hate, 1995), a film dealing with themes around class, race, violence, and police brutality. The film won the César Award for Best Film and netted Kassovitz the Best Director prize at the 1995 Cannes Film Festival.

He later directed Les Rivières Pourpres (2000), a police detective thriller starring Jean Reno and Vincent Cassel, another massive commercial success in France, and Gothika (2003), a fantasy thriller (considered by some to be a commercial failure, although it grossed over three times its roughly $40 million budget), with Halle Berry and Penélope Cruz. He used the money he made from Gothika to develop a far more personal project Babylon Babies, the adaptation of one of Maurice Dantec's books. Kassovitz established the film production firm MNP Entreprise in 2000 "to develop and produce feature films by Kassovitz and to represent him as a director and actor." MNP Entreprise is responsible for the co-productions of a number of films including Avida (2006) in which Kassovitz acts and Babylon A.D. which he directed. Kassovitz purchased the film rights for the novel Johnny Mad Dog by Congolese writer Emmanuel Dongala. The film was also co-produced by MNP Entreprise, and directed by Jean-Stéphane Sauvaire. The premiere of the film was made at the 2008 Cannes Film Festival where it was screened within the Un Certain Regard section.

In 2011, he starred in and directed Rebellion, a war film based on a true story of French commandos who clashed with tribes in New Caledonia, the Melanesian territory of France. His future project science fiction film MNP is named after Mir Space Station, whose writing in Cyrillic letters (Мир) look like the letters MNP, and also the production company.

Actor
Kassovitz is most famous outside France for his acting role as Nino Quincampoix in Jean-Pierre Jeunet's film Amélie. He also had small roles in La Haine (which he also directed), Birthday Girl, and The Fifth Element. He played leading roles in A Self-Made Hero (1996) by Jacques Audiard and in Amen. (2003) by Costa-Gavras. Kassovitz is also recognizable for playing a conflicted Belgian explosives expert in Steven Spielberg's 2005 film Munich, alongside Eric Bana and Geoffrey Rush. Kassovitz was a jury member for the 2001 Cannes Film Festival.

Since 2015, Kassovitz has been starring in the acclaimed espionage thriller series The Bureau, broadcast in France on Canal+ and made available around the world on Amazon TV. So far five seasons have been screened.

Personal life
Kassovitz was married to French actress Julie Mauduech, whom he directed and acted alongside in his 1993 film Métisse (Café au lait, English title) and who made a brief appearance in La Haine (during the scene in the Parisian art gallery).

In 2009, Kassovitz won with a Tesla Roadster (2008) the Rallye Monte Carlo des Véhicules à Énergie Alternative (starting event of the FIA Alternative Energies Cup) in the category reserved to electric vehicles.

Kassovitz is also known for his outspokenness, frequently making controversial comments on socio-political issues. Kassovitz was an ardent critic of former president Nicolas Sarkozy, whom he described in his blog as having "ideas that not only reveal his inexperience of politics and human relations, but which also illuminate the purely demagogical and egocentric aspects of a puny, would-be Napoleon." In a 2012 interview, he labeled the outgoing Sarkozy administration as "horrible".

On 3 September 2023, while engaged in a training course at the Autodrome de Montlhéry, Kassovitz was involved in a "serious" motorcycle accident that caused head trauma and a fractured pelvis.

Short film
Producer
 * La Chepor (2004)

Feature film

Acting roles

Television
Acting roles

Awards and nominations
Cannes Film Festival

César Awards

European Film Awards

Lumières Award

Other awards

title: Mathieu Kassovitz


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Kirinyaga

Kirinyaga may refer to:

 * Kirinyaga (novel), by Mike Resnick
 * "Kirinyaga" (short story), a 1988 short story by Mike Resnick
 * Kirinyaga County, Kenya
 * Kirinyaga University
 * Mount Kenya

title: Kirinyaga


text:
User talk:Timwi/Archive/Mar 04

Bot
Please read Bots especially the 30-second-sleep rule - you're making recent changes unusable, and are likely to get blocked. Pakaran. 18:09, 2 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Yes, please - I can't read anything! Is it really necessary to have all these redirects as well?? RadicalBender 18:10, 2 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Also, some of the redirects should not be created, like Alamein, El, which is a town, not a human being. RadicalBender 18:11, 2 Mar 2004 (UTC)

(From edit conflict with Pakaran & RB)Timwi, good for you to generate the links, but can a developer help you find a way of hiding the edits from RC? It's cluttering it badly. :-) Sorry!  Hopefully someone can help-- I know there's a way of doing it. Jwrosenzweig 18:10, 2 Mar 2004 (UTC)

I gave him a 2-minute emergency block to read the bot policy. Pakaran. 18:11, 2 Mar 2004 (UTC)

I've stopped my bot. Thanks for pointing it out to me. I'll read up and adapt my bot accordingly. Sorry for causing inconvenience. — Timwi 18:13, 2 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Ok, as a sysop I give you permission to run your bot provided you - make it its own account - tell it to use minor edits - sleep no less than 30 seconds between edits. Fair enough? Pakaran. 18:15, 2 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * OK, I'll make those changes. Thanks for your understanding and patience with me :) — Timwi 18:25, 2 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Could u please register ur bot, so that i can keep my eyes on the recent change page? Thanks! --Yacht 18:16, Mar 2, 2004 (UTC)

 * Actually, Bots suggests running slow without a bot flag at first in order to be able to watch it. Pakaran. 18:16, 2 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Where is it pulling the names from?
I ask because of the city name listed above that doesn't need a redirect as the bot created. RadicalBender 18:17, 2 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Looks to me like it's going for all 2-word titles with both words capitalized... Pakaran. 18:24, 2 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * It was using the list of titles from Columbia where it found titles of the schema "Y, X" where my local cur dump had a corresponding article at X Y. — Timwi 09:32, 3 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Columbia
If you want, we can put the Columbia title index on my server. We'll have to figure out a way to filter out created articles, though - no more red links :-(. I'd also prefer it if we would build separate lists for titles containing commas and those which do not.—Eloquence

 * If you want, you can upload them to your server, but as you already mentioned, it's not very useful because we don't get the link colours. Besides, people may still complain that using the list to improve Wikipedia may still constitute copyright infringement. — Timwi 09:29, 3 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Fun project
You said that you were looking for fun projects -- how about a WebDAV interface to Wikipedia? Basically you would be able to open webdav://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anything in a webdav-empowered editor (that includes all KDE applications) and save it directly to the server. There appears to be a DAV server application in CPAN already which hooks into the Apache module and overrides some of its subroutines. The server would have to retrieve items from the database and save them. The one tricky issue would be edit conflicts, but not impossible -- it could return an error code, or try auto merging with CVS style conflict markers.—Eloquence 15:27, Mar 4, 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks for your suggestion. It does seem like a fun project for people who are into this sort of thing, but I'm afraid I'm not really interested, and I don't know anything about WebDAV anyway. Sorry. — Timwi 15:32, 4 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Spamming of User talk pages
You added a link to the esperanto press release, there for you did edit the English press release, twice, thank you very much. Don't play all naive with me. -- user:zanimum

 * I never claimed that I did not edit that page. Lots of people did. That does not warrant spamming. Please also see my posting on the mailing list . Thank you. — Timwi 15:50, 5 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Map of Manila
I just wanted to ask you why you did those changes regarding the Map of Manila. Image:Ph_map_manila.png (deleted presumably by you) and Image:Ph_map_manila_large.png are different maps and are not simply resizes of each other. The ~600px map was designed to be readable at that size and so it only contains a few points of interest while the larger version shows more information. Also, what's the rationale for moving the infobox of Manila to the top instead of having the introductory paragraph first? And, please, please use the Summary box. --seav 03:15, Mar 6, 2004 (UTC)

 * I'm very sorry. I didn't realise they were actually different. I assumed they were resizes of each other and assumed that the thumbnail feature would now do the job. I have tried to restore the image, but it seems that images cannot be restored. Do you still have a local copy of the image? — As for the infobox, on all other articles it is right at the top. Of course, if you dislike it that way, you are free to change it back; I won't go into an edit war over it. — Lastly, I do use the summary box. Just not always. Sometimes an edit is just far too trivial or simple to warrant the effort of explaining it. The diffs show the exact change better, anyway. — Timwi 03:21, 6 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Ok, thanks for explaining. I always have copies of the maps I made here in my computer, so that's not a problem. Regarding infoboxes, I'm quite sure there isn't a standard or policy on whether it should be first or second (or third). Almost all the country articles place the introduction first before the infobox and that's why I based it that way (and also because I think it should be that way). —seav 03:44, Mar 6, 2004 (UTC)

Köhler's pic
The original photo from the Brazilian site comes in at 1.7 MB, but because it's dark and slightly out of focus, and after deleting the gents standing next to him, the quality doesn't really bear much more than the 320x240 I uploaded. Frankly, it looks fuzzy at 640x480. But I'd be more than pleased to send you the original so you can have a try yourself (the Agencia Brasil site is a very rich source, but it does require registration). –Hajor 17:03, 6 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks for your message. I'm not really interested that much; I was only wondering if you still have the large picture.  If it's not much use in terms of quality, then of course there's no point.  — Timwi 17:08, 6 Mar 2004 (UTC)

OK. As a rule I try to shoot for 640x480 (to make the thumbnail > larger version function worthwhile, as you said in your earlier message). Not with this one, unfortunately, but check out Image:Brazil.LulaDaSilva.02.jpg -- a wonderful photo! Cheers, –Hajor 17:14, 6 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Accidental creations
How do we handle accidental creations like Talk:Maximus Rex? Just copy-paste and delete, or what? Thanks. Pakaran. 17:16, 7 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * I don't know where it belongs (perhaps Reference Desk, maybe the mailing list), but yes, we copy & paste it and delete that page. — Timwi 17:18, 7 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Keith number
I've re-written some of Keith number having seen your comments on the talk page (which I agreed with), I'm not sure it's the most user-friendly definition but it should at least be un-ambiguous. -- Ams80 18:44, 7 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks a lot. I understand the article now. See also the Talk page. — Timwi 22:03, 7 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Cudappah
Like the article says, it's a district in Andhra Pradesh which is in India, verifiable by a google search which will bring up countless hits. Wikipedia is often accused of being centric on the western world with little or no thought of other nations. Let's not go proving it to them eh? :-) Graham :) 01:15, 8 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Sorry :/ — Timwi 01:28, 8 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Empty images
Okay, okay, I'll update the list ;) silsor 23:57, Mar 9, 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks :-) — Timwi 23:57, 9 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * It's now a public article in the Wikipedia namespace. List of empty images. silsor 01:45, Mar 10, 2004 (UTC)

How dare you ...
... remove an image from my personal page and have it deleted? Is this the spirit of building an encyclopedia together? Wikikiwi 19:03, 10 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * I'll refrain from deleting stuff from your pages in future if you so wish. But I will continue to delete images that were listed on Images for deletion for a whole week without a single voice of opposition. — Timwi 20:33, 11 Mar 2004 (UTC)

copyvio message
Good idea, replacing the copyvio message on Possible copyright infringements. The copyvio1/2 include a link to the /temp to create a new stub - in accordance with the established procedure. - Texture 20:29, 11 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Saint Patrick's Battalion
Sorry -- I didn't realise that article was listed on Opentask (which I seldom use, I must confess). It just cropped up on my watchlist tonight – the original merge of the two articles was mine – so I set myself to the task. Not very hard; the earlier version of the article was far superior. Best, –Hajor 03:41, 12 Mar 2004 (UTC)

MediaWiki:Merge2
Great improvement on MediaWiki:Merge2! Very cool! Kingturtle 06:22, 12 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks! Glad you like it! — Timwi 12:32, 12 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Bad Redirects
Great work on clearing them all up! I went back to do some more, and was astonished to find them all gone! Noel 16:04, 12 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Sorry, are you talking about double-redirects? If so, yeah. There are double-redirects left in the DB, but finding them is difficult due to the corruption of the links table. — Timwi 16:23, 12 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Copyvios - Notice
Hi Timwi. If you add pages to the list of Possible copyright infringements, please add a note to either the pages, the talk pages thereof, or to the talk page of the user responsible for the edit in question. In my case, you added my List of Japanese cooking utensils and subpages to the Copyvios list without dropping a notice somewhere else. I would not have known at all if i would not have checked a what links here page by chance. If you got suspicious about the creation of all the pages within 30 second total, I am just a Geek having fun (but arent we all ...), and it took me about 6+ hours beforehand to write and edit the stuff. Anyway, I added my comment to the Copyvios. Best Regards, chris_73 01:40, 13 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * I do normally put the stuff on the page. I didn't in this case because it was just a vague suspicion. — Timwi 07:54, 13 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Well, no harm done. Thanks for removing the Copyvio from the List. Best regards, chris_73 11:21, 13 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Entwurf für neue deutsche Startseite
Hallo Tim, dem Entwurf für die Main Page folgend, habe ich zur Vereinheitlichung des internationalen Erscheinungsbildes die Seite mal mit deutschen Inhalten gefüllt (vgl. de:Hauptseite/tmp). Alle Inhalte befinden sich noch im Artikel selbst. Textbausteine müssten hier noch angelegt werden. Auch fehlen einige weiterführende Links. Aber das Ganze sollte zunächst nur als Diskussionsbeispiel dienen. Wobei ich mich nach der Pleite mit der Nutzung der Textbausteine nicht wirklich auf die deutsche Diskussion freue. ;-) -- de:Benutzer:Triebtäter

 * Du verwechselst mich wahrscheinlich mit jemandem. Mein Name ist nicht "Tim". — Timwi 18:33, 13 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Japanese prefecture capitalization
moved to Talk:Prefectures of Japan

One thing I want to say it: please don't move Japan-related articles without notice. --Nanshu 04:19, 16 Mar 2004 (UTC)

What is your vote??
You appear to have fixed double re-direct pages of some Atlanta FM radio stations. Go to the list of radio stations page and click on "Discuss this page". Go to the bottom and you will see a voting poll. Do you vote for yes or no?? User 66.32.243.138

 * Hi there. Please sign your messages using ~ (after getting an account, of course). Also, please repair your "?" key. One is enough. — Timwi 00:27, 15 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * I saw that you went into the talk page for list of radio stations in Georgia, but all you did is omit the double question mark. I finally signed, but you didn't finally vote. User 66.32.243.138

 * Oh, my! Don't you feel great for being able to read article histories. — As for voting, why should I? — Timwi 00:56, 15 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * The votes are tied at 1-1 and I am hoping that someday soon one choice will be far ahead of the other (e.g. 20 to 7.) Now, how could you tell that I was able to read article histories?? What would I have done differently otherwise?? User 66.32.243.138

 * First, please get an account. Then, please learn patience. You have only posted that poll two days ago. Wait for at least a week. Thirdly, stop demanding things. If I were interested in your poll, I would have voted. — Timwi 01:07, 15 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * I am very sorry for expecting you to have interest in this poll; I just thought it because I saw you were aware of fixing double re-directs. And please, don't call me a coward! User 66.32.243.138

Victim
Are you sure about that Victim page move? There seem to be a lot of backlinks, most of which aren't intended to point at the film... Evercat 01:46, 15 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * I see. I haven't checked them. However, I was under the impression that article titles should not have a disambiguation identifier in parentheses if there is no disambiguation necessary anyway. I do not think there will be an actual article on victims. — Timwi 01:54, 15 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Jetsun Damba
Timwi -- help me out, I've gotten us in a pickle. I was editing Khalkha Jetsun Dampa, set all the re-directs towards it (Jetsun Dampa, Bogd Gegen and a cheat, Zanabazar) when I came across your article entitled Jebtsundamba and it's own set of redirects. We really want to use Jetsun Dampa or Khalkha Jetsun Dampa because that's what he calls himself as you can see from the new external link (isn't the web wonderful). But now we are all criss-crossed in namespace & both of us are fixing it simultaneously. I'll hand it over to you & trust you'll do the right thing. Somehow I got Jetsun Dampa in there also (-pa instead of -ba ending). technopilgrim 02:48, 15 Mar 2004 (UTC)~

 * I think you're misunderstanding something. I'm not working on any particular article. I'm using SQL queries to find double-redirects (A => B => C) and I'm fixing them by blindly changing A to redirect to C. I don't think I've ever heard any of the names you mentioned (other than just now when I fixed those redirects). If you think any article is in a wrong place, then please move it. — Timwi 02:53, 15 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Well that explains how your scholarship happened so quick! I'll go work out the naming issues and hopefully stay ahead of the automated SQL queries. Thanks for your timely explanation. Over and out — technopilgrim 07:11, 15 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Link table corruption and deletion
Hello Timwi. Can you explain what you're doing when you're deleting pages with the reason "trying to fix link table corruption...". Thanks, Maximus Rex, 04:04, 15 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * I was waiting for someone to ask me this. :-) First of all, notice that I'm strictly deleting (and recreating) only redirect pages this way, so nothing important ever gets lost.

 * The "link table" is the database table that stores information about links between pages. Normally, this information should be updated appropriately when a page is edited, but we've had a bug for a very long time that led to this not being updated correctly. Due to this, the information in that database table got progressively corrupted.

 * I am "fixing" some of these now because I'm trying to fix double-redirects (as you can probably see on Recent Changes), and some of this invalid information sometimes makes my double-redirect query return pages that aren't actually double-redirects. — Timwi 04:10, 15 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Point
I don't know, or need to know, what you are in general accomplishing with your "hr" edits.

On the other hand, what you have now done twice to Point reads for me as
 * a point in a space X is simply an element of the set X.

Unless you are fixing something specific that afflicts more users than your cure, it is destructive and mustn't stand. --Jerzy(t) 18:03, 2004 Mar 15 (UTC)

 * I am not the author of that line, nor have I touched it. — Timwi 18:10, 15 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Oh. I see it now. It's a bug in my script. Sorry about that. — Timwi 18:10, 15 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * [Smile] Thanks. And thanks for not staying as confident as seems to have been your impulse.

 * And, BTW, thanks for the double-redirect work. I try to be conscientious about it, but i usually can't bear to work at it steadily (lacking any bot).

 * Do you think the exhortation at Move this page is adequate? I recall it as being vague between double redirects, and plain ones, which maybe i wasted gumption on fixing. --Jerzy(t) 18:36, 2004 Mar 15 (UTC)

 * I'm not sure what you're referring to, but I made a change to the page that appears after someone moves a page to encourage them to look for double-redirects . — Timwi 18:39, 15 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * I've now made a similar change to the actual Move page — Timwi 18:43, 15 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Maio and astronomical objects...
User:Maio continues to go around creating odd and unnecessarily complex (and hard-to-remember) article titles for astronomical objects -- his latest behemoth is Sedna, Trans-Neptunian object 2003 VB12. I'm starting to get really annoyed at this convention, as it's just plain illogical and unncessarily complicated... but I'm afraid he's already rejected all my arguments, and I feel like I'd be beating a dead horse by attempting to approach him about it. You've intervened in this dispute before; perhaps you could offer a few more words of wisdom in this... -- Seth Ilys 03:40, 16 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * I'm not sure what "words of wisdom" I can offer; all I can do is tell him to stop, and move the pages he has moved back to their original title. I am useless at mediation and talking with people, you know. Someone else will have to do that. — Timwi 14:45, 16 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Re: astronomical objects
Hi. Please stop moving those pages around. No-one wants an article title like Sedna, Trans-Neptunian object 2003 VB12; it's as silly as Microsoft, United States software company. Please keep it at Sedna (astronomical object). I would be especially grateful if you would move everything else you've moved back to their original title. Thank you.

Refer to Talk:Sedna (astronomical object) and Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Astronomical Objects. There is an ongoing discussion about this. The reasoning behind this is how search engines link to these type of articles. By doing it in the latter manner, the general public (ie: visitors who do not contribute to Wikipedia) are provided with a detailed, precise and human-readable link.

Let me give you a copy/paste of my argument:

NASA, Scott Hudson (scanned Asteroid 4769 Castalia) and Steve Ostro  (discovery team of Asteroid 1998 KY26) use the convention Asteroid Number Name. Why should we use Number Name and make it more difficulty for those who are not astronomy-oriented? I'm sorry, I utterly fail to see your reasoning. How can 1998 KY26 be more attractive than Asteroid 1998 KY26 for a 7th grader who is looking for information about the asteroid? Again, I utterly fail to see your reasoning. You see, when search engines link to pages they use the page title, in this case, having the word 'asteroid' on it implies that no confusion whatsoever will be created for those who are not familiar with astronomers naming conventions. This is the same reason why we never, ever, use an acronym for an article's title. Again, I utterly fail to see your reasoning. Just try to convince me please, I'm here to help in the project.

For a web user it is much more intuitive to click something named Asteroid 4769 Castalia than 4769 Castalia. In the example that you stated, everyone calls them 747, however we use the naming convention Boeing 747.

Let me give you an excellent example of my reasoning. When you describe automobiles in papers, you never state something like Celica 2004 GT, you always use the convention Toyota Celica 2004 GT. Toyota is redundant, as they are the only manufacturers of the Celica, however you always state the manufacturer. The same thing happens with guns (don't have an example right now, sorry).

--Maio 02:20, Mar 12, 2004 (UTC)

 * But we do use acronyms as the titles for some articles, most notably NASA, because it's overwhelming known by only its acronym. :) -- Seth Ilys 03:48, 12 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Forgot to add (sorry had a phone call) that obviously no one uses the term Firearm AK-47, however all military personel and news reporter always use the term AK-47 rifle although it is obvious to them that an AK-47 is a rifle. This is not a matter of being superflous or simple, it is a matter of providing a detailed and precise link to visitors who are not familiarized with the subject at hand. Obviously, for you it is not intuitive to state Asteroid 4769 Castalia as you are fammiliar with the subject and state 4769 Castalia instintively, neither it is normal for me to write something like C++ programming language, however I must do so when I'm writing a paper. --Maio 02:36, Mar 12, 2004 (UTC)

I'm not redirecting things back after they are changed to Number Name, be it by you or another person. I have already expressed my POV at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Astronomical Objects. To tell you the truth, when we have NASA providing images like these ones: where they use the naming convention of Type_of_object Number on the first published image, I can't really find a reason to not do so here. :/

--Maio 02:11, Mar 14, 2004 (UTC)

In summary, when we have an instution like NASA using this type of naming convention, I can't find a reason to not use it here. I'm backing up my argument with evidence, and giving a piece of advice from some of my previous experiences where I have had to deal with non-technically oriented users.

—Michael | Talk 15:01, Mar 16, 2004 (UTC)

Orphaned Articles
The Orphaned Articles in question on the mailing list has a capital A.

The one you edited is Orphaned articles.

See for the section repetition in quesstion.

-- Cyrius 16:47, 17 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Ah, I see. What's the reason for having both pages? — Timwi 18:25, 17 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Heck if I know. But on Wikipedia Talk:Orphaned articles User:Angela says that page was just a cache for Special:Lonely Pages, and was supposed to look like that mess of anchors. But since Special:Lonelypages is essentially dead, only the capital A Orphaned Articles gets any use (although it's overdue for a refresh). -- Cyrius 19:56, 17 Mar 2004 (UTC)

friendly reminder
just a friendly reminder....when unprotecting a page, be sure to remove the deletion notice from the article in question, and be sure to make a note of your actions on Protected page. i've done each of these steps for you this time, so don't worry about it. sincerely, Kingturtle 21:16, 17 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * OK, thanks :) — Timwi 16:16, 18 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Case chart
Nice work on the case chart, I'd been meaning to do something like that. Kwertii 16:06, 18 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks, but as noted on my User page, it's not actually mine. :) — Timwi 16:16, 18 Mar 2004 (UTC)

MediaWiki:Protected
Please see Al Gore for why these floating notices are really annoying. I'm about to revert. Evercat 19:07, 19 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * :-p — Timwi 00:42, 20 Mar 2004 (UTC)

MediaWiki:Inuse
Hi! Re MediaWiki:Inuse on MediaWiki talk:Inuse we were discussing a less "lurid" color. Your revision was great--we're just looking for something slightly less flourescent and glaring. Would you mind that change? jengod 19:21, Mar 19, 2004 (UTC)

 * Would I mind what change? — Timwi 00:38, 20 Mar 2004 (UTC)

You reverted the edits back, but...
There really is no reason to revert back. The poll about voting for whether the FM radio stations should have "FM" in their article name really is no longer needed because Radiojon was able to explain why it is good for "FM" to be in the article of a station that it is most likely that more than 80% (possibly more than 90%) of the voters will vote for "yes" if the poll survives for several months. Why do we still need the poll?? User 66.245.87.34

 * Your edit looked like vandalism. You might want to register an account to prevent this from happening again. Additionally, I'm really not sure if we delete these things at all; it is always good to be able to look these things up later, without having to scurry through the page histories. — Timwi 03:48, 20 Mar 2004 (UTC)

The MediaWiki messages
I like the compromise. No hard feelings -Branddobbe 05:18, Mar 20, 2004 (UTC)`

MediaWiki:Uspresidents
There is no conensus to add that and it was already reverted once because of this. Please achive consensus at MediaWiki talk:Uspresidents before you add the footer. --Jiang 22:05, 20 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * I don't care. Revert it and discuss it to death as you want. I will not start an edit war over it. — Timwi 22:15, 20 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Madrid 11
Why did you move the 11 March, 2004 Madrid attacks without discussing first in Talk? It was agreed upon in the discussion that we would use the European date format in the entire article, including the article's name.

If you really want to help, you may want to move the page to 11 March 2004 Madrid attacks (without the comma). We wanted to move the page there because the European date format does not carry a comma before the year, but the page already exists so without an admin we can't move. Thanks. --Cantus 05:12, 22 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * I hate inconsistency. We have September 11, 2001 attacks, so I think we should have March 11, 2004 Madrid attacks. People should stop being so picky about the date format. I don't care if you want to make them all "11 March" and "11 September", but having one this way and one another is inacceptable. — Timwi 05:19, 22 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * I hate inconsistency too, but this is the English Wikipedia, not the American English Wikipedia. The Wikipedia Manual of Style explicitly says usage of either date format is acceptable, if it's used consistently throughout the article. Because this event occurred in Europe, it was agreed upon to use the date format used there.

 * Anyway, can you help moving the page to 11 March 2004 Madrid attacks? We would really appreciate it! --Cantus 05:23, 22 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * THANK YOU!! --Cantus 05:26, 22 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * For what? :-p — Timwi 05:31, 22 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * ;) --Cantus 05:35, 22 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Mailing list fun
Myself, I don't care about the date format itself, but I hate that this could create inconsistency with the September 11, 2004 attacks.

Can I bother you for a stock tip? ;) →Raul654 06:56, Mar 22, 2004 (UTC)
 * :-p — Timwi 06:59, 22 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Open proxies
Where there really that many open proxies that were blocked? Dori | Talk 18:14, Mar 22, 2004 (UTC)

 * Apparently. I'm through with them now. — Timwi 18:16, 22 Mar 2004 (UTC)

MediaWiki for List of people by name: A etc
Way cool! I'm embarrassed not to have thot of that, and flatter myself that you were inspired by looking over my shoulder aided by my recent summaries.

I suppose that the same kind of mark-up can be applied to the within-page indexes that someone (not sure it wasn't me!) introduced where automatic ToCs grow too big to be very useful, even tho i assume MediaWiki stuff cannot be parameterized. But do you know enuf abt the implementation to comment on my previously private notion that automatic generation of the "distributed ToCs" i just referred to could be added as an option (e.g., __DISTTOC__) as a Small Matter of Programming? --Jerzy(t) 21:03, 2004 Mar 22 (UTC)

 * I'm afraid that would be a pretty involved thing to program. Personally, I like the TOC as it is. — Timwi 21:08, 22 Mar 2004 (UTC)

I'd appreciate a chance to discuss before collapsing more rows; it's something i've been reversing recently, and i think it's a mistake. --Jerzy(t) 21:07, 2004 Mar 22 (UTC)

 * Oh, OK, I won't collapse more of them then, but I didn't actually collapse the B's themselves, only the row in the table on List of people by name (except that I collapsed By and Bz together). — Timwi 21:08, 22 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Yes, i understand your distinction, and i also see why you did it, tho i still see a problem. You may have a solution to it tho. More follows. --Jerzy(t) 21:15, 2004 Mar 22 (UTC)

In fact, your innovation at least reduces the problem i have in mind. The reason for uncollapsing is that relying on the redirects to reach the "pair spanning" page (By-Bz for example) means avoiding work when pages are split. (Or merged, tho i mistrust any statement like "we'll never need a page for names beginning "Bz...", and therefore prefer to let the ones that are already split but empty stay, in case; there are costs we can discuss to merging empty pages with any that are likely to have more than a few handfuls of names on them.) If the "main table" you collapsed it in, and the "lateral indexes" (e.g., the links like the one on List of people by name: Ba to List of people by name: Bz or List of people by name: By-Bz, refer only to single-prefix titles (i.e., those with a single letter, single letter-pair, single letter-triple, etc, after the colon), then only the redirects need to be changed to compensate for the change. Hmm.  With what you are doing, there are many fewer places to change: in the By-Bz case, one in the main table, and one in the MediaWiki (which takes care of up to 26 pages (or 27, but never mind). I'm sorting out what happens deeper in the tree. A silly example: if Tito has enuf prominent descendants, we need to subdivide Bro and create a Broz page. Broz links to B, By and Bz, to the rest of Bra thru Brz, and (laterally) to Broa thru Broy. So i think the merge or split of By and Bz has to be reflected in the MediaWiki on Bro and on Broz, and on everything else descended from B.

Tell me if i'm wrong, and if i'm not, let's talk about other means of automation. I think a lot would be solved if, say, MediaWiki checked By and Bz to see whether they point at the page it is setting up the msg for, and blacked out the links the way the normal rendering blacks a page's references directly to itself. But i suspect that's still not enough...

Timwi, i'm just not sure, and bcz or other commitments, i don't have time in the next 6 hours to think it all thru; some of this can be covered when the index blocks for the deep pages are written. If you think you understand what i'm talking about, don't let me hold you up where you're pretty sure i'm shooting at ghosts, but i'd be grateful if we can talk more later. --Jerzy(t) 21:53, 2004 Mar 22 (UTC)

One last thot: the Co page is too big, and needs to be split. IMO, tha means first splitting off Cp-Cq, and then splitting Co into no doubt at least 3 pieces. It'll make a good case study. (I did Ca yesterday, and was ready to do Co today. [grin]) --Jerzy(t) 21:58, 2004 Mar 22 (UTC)

 * Wow. You really do think about this a lot, don't you? ;-) I'll be honest: I couldn't follow most of what you said. I think what you are referring to is that a number of MediaWiki elements would have to be changed if, say, By and Bz were split up again. But, the only ones that need changing are B, Ba and Be. Even if we had to split Bi, Bo and Bu too, that would be only six of them. I don't think that's too much of a problem. It's certainly way less of a problem than it used to be without MediaWiki. :-) — Timwi 22:05, 22 Mar 2004 (UTC)

(You'll see that i am more concerned abt the representation of collapsement in the main table and other indexes, than abt what i've called merging pages in itself.)  Use your own judgement for now; i'll definitely study your last msg, but forgive my current brevity. --Jerzy(t) 22:27, 2004 Mar 22 (UTC)

OK, i'm back on this after all. More from me in the next hour. --Jerzy(t) 00:09, 2004 Mar 23 (UTC)

 * Do you want to help me with the rest of the pages? It's getting a rather laborious task. :) — Timwi 00:49, 23 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Sure, i've started! ([wink], bcz i was just fixing some typos). --Jerzy(t) 00:52, 2004 Mar 23 (UTC)

 * Yeah, I just noticed I missed out "Br" and "Bu" in B... thanks for spotting and fixing that! — Timwi 00:55, 23 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Seriously, even if you wanted to drop it at this point, what's left to do may even be easier than what i had planned out; the greatest thing you could do for LoPbN from my PoV was showing me what i should already have been doing, what was an obvious implication of what i was doing if i had enuf imagination to come up with it.

As to what we were already discussing, i wanna put something on the talk page abt the innovation of leaving the paths directly back toward the root of the tree as usable links, to be sure you (and now i) are not missing something abt why they were traditionally black. And the burden of change in response to a merge or split is more than you described, but not much worse than linear with the depth of the tree, (more on this in the next few hours) and my tentative judgment is that the MW scheme eases it enuf to justify ditching the principle of all links to "spanning" pages being via redirects. Altho no one has been responding to what i've put on the talk lately, i think it needs to be exposed there on the assumption that some of them are at least still reading. Gotta run an errand now; more soon. --Jerzy(t) 01:08, 2004 Mar 23 (UTC)

I do need to ask you one thing: do you have in mind some substitute for the many within-page links you deleted from at least one page (about 30 on Bo-Bq]), or do you just disagree with me and several others that a ToC that long is barely usable?  I think the single level indexes within sections have been working well, and you're going to have to convince me that they shouldn't be put back immediately, before the effort to restore them w/o loss of names increases. --[[User:Jerzy|Jerzy(t) 02:11, 2004 Mar 23 (UTC)

 * Oh, sorry. I thought the TOC would indeed suffice. I'm not sure what exactly you mean by "barely usable"? You click on a link and you're brought to the relevant section. Surely that fulfills the usability requirement. — The reason I deleted them is because I thought they were confusing in the overall page layout. The user expects the bulk of the page to be a list of links, each of which goes to an article on a person, not some persons and some navigational elements. So they should be at the top. I also don't like hrs. ;-) — Timwi 02:16, 23 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * I suppose a lot depends on how you navigate, e.g., i don't do WP full-screen, bcz i always have several windows open; i can't speak for others.  I lean toward
 * Leaving at least one example done your way.
 * Working up some crisper-formatted versions of the style i prefer as alternatives.
 * Asking for reactions.
 * --Jerzy(t) 07:41, 2004 Mar 23 (UTC)

I said i you were underestimating the work merge or split requires, in the context of using direct links to "prefix-spanning" pages, rather than via redirects. You are right in pointing what i found confusing in the abstract, despite having emulated it repeatedly recently: while all pages in the B row link to any page in the same row that is part of a split or merge, yes, one msg for B covers all the children of B that are leaves in the tree, and one more (currently Ba and Be) covers each of B's children that itself has children. But the ones you were leaving out are for descendents of children of B that have children: Bar and Ben don't have children yet, but when the tree becomes populated heavily enough, they will, and merging or splitting in the B row affect the msgs named Bar and Ben as well, and those for Br and Bro; yet later, Barn, Barr, Bart, Ben, Benn, Bent, Brow, and Broo.

I don't think it's clear that splits will continue at high levels in the tree, even after the tree gets deep, but unless sticking to single-prefix links to prefix-spanning pages turns out to also have scaling problems, i think it needs a hard look at how awkward it is to deal with the links: in the links model using MW, List of people by name: Ba differs from its current appearance by each of its 3 rows having 26 (or 27, never mind) links, instead of 4 for the third one, and the identical msg on List of people by name: Bas-Baz has Bas, Bat, and so on through Baz as non-black links that (via redirects) link back to that same page -- unless we can get MediaWiki's capabilities increased as i mentioned, to blacken them.

It occurs to me now that altho the total work to effect the changes required by a merge or split is reduced by MW msgs, there is no effect on how deep those changes have to penetrate, and the search to find the places that need editing extends to the same places that, w/o MW, need the changes made. (On the other hand, if MW permits using MW links on an MW page, MW:Be could reference MW:B for its top row, and MW:Ben reference MW:Be, which would let us list the msgs needing changing via what links here. Or was your test that failed a case of that that shows it won't work?)

Bottom line, i'm all for going ahead with using MW. But, as to doing away with redirects, in favor of direct links to prefix-spanning pages, i think in a data structure this ramified, opportunity for discussion is needed before making such far-reaching conversions whose consequences are likely to become more expensive with growth. --Jerzy(t) 07:38, 2004 Mar 23 (UTC)

 * I'm very sorry, Jerzy, but ... you've now filled more than two screensful of my User talk page, and I'm afraid I really can't follow most of what you're saying. 90% of it doesn't make any sense to me. You're talking about "doing away with redirects", but I haven't seen anyone deleting them. I strongly suggest that, instead of flooding my User talk page here, you leave your ideas on Talk:List of people by name (which I think you did, I haven't looked at it yet), and then you discuss it with others. Myself, I'm going to continue this business, and once you have reached your consensus, you can adapt my changes accordingly. — Yes, the test I did that failed was trying to use a inside a MediaWiki page. — Timwi 16:46, 23 Mar 2004 (UTC)

I screwed up some brace-code near List of people by name: Col; i am guessing you could spot the problem in about 30 sec, & i'd be grateful if you would. --Jerzy(t) 23:42, 2004 Mar 23 (UTC)

Deletion Request
Could you please delete the image I uploaded last night Image:Von leeb.jpg. I meant to upload another image as this one is a violation of a copyright. I already uploaded a new one and changed all the links. There is also a copy of this picture on the main page that needs to be replaced by a new one. If possible could you totally delete this image off wikipedia. Thank you, Cfrobel

 * Hi there. First, a little tip: You can just type four tildes ( ~ ) instead of " Cfrobel ". :) Secondly: No, sorry, I won't delete images just like that. You should list it on Images for deletion instead. — Timwi 02:33, 23 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Oh I thought if the person who uploaded it asked, realizing they made a mistake, then it could be quickly deleted. But I will go ahead and do what you said.  Cfrobel 02:37, 23 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * I see you took care of it before I listed, thanks for the help. Cfrobel 02:39, 23 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Also is it possible to replace the image on the main page with the new one image:leeb.jpg. I really dont want wikipedia to get into trouble because of my mistake. Cfrobel 02:44, 23 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * I don't see where the image is being used on the Main Page. — Timwi 02:54, 23 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * In the blue in the news column, its says "did you know" has a brief synopsis of the article with the image next to it. Cfrobel 03:08, 23 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Looks like someone else has already changed it to use the new, public-domain image. — Timwi 03:43, 23 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Mediawiki Calendars
I love your Mediawiki Calendars, but I note that someone will have to amend all of them when the year turns to take account of the different start-of-week. How many different layouts actually are there? There's got to be a maximum of 7, and ISTR that one actually never happens? It should be possible to create the whole lot and have them transcluded autmagically in the same way that the Main Page does selected anniversaries:

If Mediawiki could be persuaded to produce a variable we'd be laughing:

What do you think? --Phil | Talk 16:14, Mar 24, 2004 (UTC)

 * Good idea, but introducing a just for this purpose is a little overkill. — I hadn't thought of the fact that there will be at most seven of them (but there might be up to fourteen for February ;-) ). I don't mind changing them every year; that's not too much work. — I also considered changing January and February to 2005 now already, since their 2004 versions have already passed. I just never got around to it. What do you think? — Timwi 16:58, 24 Mar 2004 (UTC)

If that's fine with you, go ahead. I was thinking that maybe some of the other 'pedias might not have anyone so obliging and it would be nice to do it automagically. I did think of poking around the code myself to see where it could be done, but I can't even find where the CURRENTMONTHNAME variable gets processed yet, so I'm not exactly blazing a trail :-) I'll let you know how I get on. --Phil | Talk 18:06, Mar 24, 2004 (UTC)

 * Parser.php, Line 1075 :-) — Timwi 18:10, 24 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Whitlighter un-delete
You're quite correct: I was too hasty deleting Whitelighter; I should have put it on vfd so people could say what it was and fix it. I tried Googling but it was such semi-gibberish that I couldn't figure out what it was supposed to be! Still, my error. - DavidWBrooks 19:03, 24 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Heh. I tried to Google too, and I was faced with the same problem. But I went on to try "What links here"... ;-) — Timwi 20:16, 24 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Revert on Requests for adminship
Timwi - I had to revert your last comment on Requests for adminship. You made it after I protected the page during an edit war. I hope there are no hard feelings. →Raul654 23:12, Mar 24, 2004 (UTC)

 * Ah, that's fine. Angela mentioned this on IRC to me too; I didn't realise that the page was protected. I'm sorry. — Timwi 23:13, 24 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * I figured as much. I've made the same mistake myself. →Raul654 23:14, Mar 24, 2004 (UTC)

Quickpolls on Goings-on
I had to remove the users you identified at Goings-on as the subjects of the quickpoll. The first implementation of the quickpoll actually involved Anthony DiPierro and GrazingshipIV (they had an edit war on RfA before Perl and Wik). Perl and Wik were not banned using the quickpoll process.

The reason I didn't name names initially was because I didn't think it was necessary to publicize who the culprits were. People who wanted to know could easily get the information from the quickpolls page itself, and I don't want Goings-on to become another forum for edit wars over how we present community news. If you really think it's desirable to identify the subjects of quickpolls, I can live with it, but you have to at least get the facts right. --Michael Snow 18:12, 25 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Haha! I'm sorry for my mistake, but obviously, I wouldn't have made it if you had put the names in right away. :-) If it is easy to find out who they are by going to the page, then I don't see a reason not to mention them directly. — Timwi 18:42, 25 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Maybe I was too timid to state the names myself, but I also didn't want it to look like I was pursuing a vendetta against either one (I've butted heads with Anthony before). I did anticipate that someone else might add the names, and thought I was identifying them well enough to avoid confusion (by telling people where the edit war took place). Little did I suspect that within a day, Alex Plank would decide to make yet another bid for adminship - which was of course sure to precipitate another edit war on that very same page. --Michael Snow 19:09, 25 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Meta sysop
Congratulations! You are now a Meta administrator. Please read the Meta:Deletion policy before deleting anything, and make sure you understand how to edit pages such as the fundraising page before doing so. Angela. 01:59, Mar 27, 2004 (UTC)

 * Wow, that was quick. Thank you! :-) — Timwi 03:42, 27 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Thanks
Sam Spade 06:16, 28 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * For what? — Timwi 06:17, 28 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * 05:38, 28 Mar 2004 Timwi unprotected Nazism
 * Sam Spade 06:24, 28 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Right. No problem. ;-) — Timwi 06:26, 28 Mar 2004 (UTC)

List of people
I'm bored now. :) These are the ones that are not yet done: J, K, L, M, N, R. Angela. 01:08, Mar 29, 2004 (UTC)

 * OK, thanks a lot for your help! :) — Timwi 01:38, 29 Mar 2004 (UTC)

RichL -> Mendel
User:RichL now points to User:Mendel; perhaps you want to change the link in "people you know" at the bottom of your user page. -pne 09:22, 29 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Haha! Yes, thanks. :-) — Timwi 09:29, 29 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Sedna
Thanks for fixing the talk pages redirects. I simply forgot about them. — Jor (Talk) 11:06, 29 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * No problem. — Timwi 11:25, 29 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Hidden Scripts in HTML Comments
Hi Timwi,

I've seen on wikimedia some script pages of you, where you tell the interested readership: I'm placing them inside HTML comments

My conclusion: you are doing this because the nowiki-tag won't work for everything .. but what's not working? Of course, I haven't found the nowiki description between all the nowiki uses... --Hella 20:28, 29 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * I suppose instead of <nowiki> you mean <pre>, but yeah, you're quite right. I didn't expect the software to be clever enough to escape everything correctly. I've updated the page now . It would have been helpful if you would have linked me to it directly so I wouldn't have had to search for it first. — Please notice also that I have developed the scripts further since then. I should probably update them as well, but I can't be bothered now. — Timwi 20:52, 29 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Contributions count
Hi Timwi, I'll answer here since I'm not supposed to post to newsgroups while at work. Look again, right above the table it says: "only article edits are counted, not edits on discussion pages, etc" Cheers, Erik Zachte 12:43, 30 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks. I'm blind. — Timwi 13:55, 30 Mar 2004 (UTC)

USS Enterprise
Timwi, are you sure that you want to disambiguate Joseph Campbell, captain of the second USS Enterprise, as Joseph Campbell ? --the Epopt 05:48, 31 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * What's wrong with it? — Timwi 06:01, 31 Mar 2004 (UTC)

What does Star Trek have to do with a schooner of the Continental Navy? --the Epopt 14:17, 31 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Patches
Thanks for your reply on wikitech-l. However I don't want to clog up the list (and incidentally betray my total lack-of-clue) by stating in public that whilst I understand every individual word, the sentences are giving me trouble :-). You wrote: Anything the 'patch' tool will accept. (The easiest way for you to create these patches is to use the 'cvs diff -u' command-line command.) I'm certain that I've not got this on my Windows box, and I'm equally certain that I don't know where to get it from. Does it come as some sort of "CVS" package? Or if I acquire an "account" at SourceForge, is this a tool which instantly becomes available? If the latter, SourceForge already knows who I am, since I registered there, so have I merely missed some options? Yours in confusion Phil | Talk 12:18, Mar 31, 2004 (UTC)

 * It (the cvs tool) comes with every GNU/Linux/Unix installation. I'm not sure about Windows. The Windows case is especially difficult because you have to couple cvs with ssh because SourceForge is anal. I'm afraid I can't help you much with it other than recommending WinCVS and/or Cygwin and/or (excuse me) GNU/Linux. — Timwi 13:38, 31 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * I have Cygwin but don't appear to have installed cvs with it. I looked at WinCVS but there's nowhere to tell you if it can make patch files like that. The WinCVS documentation refers to WinMerge, which I have, but that doesn't say anything about patch files either. I suppose I'm just going to have to reply to your post and hope someone takes pity on me :-) --Phil | Talk 15:01, Mar 31, 2004 (UTC)

 * Yes, that might be a good idea. — Timwi 15:12, 31 Mar 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Timwi/Archive/Mar 04


text:
Rama Revealed

Rama Revealed (1993) is a science fiction novel by Arthur C. Clarke and Gentry Lee. It is the last in a four-book series of Clarke's Rendezvous with Rama by these authors and reveals the mysteries behind the enigmatic Rama spacecraft.

Plot summary
The book picks up the story immediately after the end of The Garden of Rama. The book follows the story of Nicole Wakefield and her escape from imprisonment left at the cliffhanger of the previous book.

At this point, the humans had already come into contact with two alien species known as "octospiders" and "myrmicats". The octospiders were a simple species until a space-faring species made contact with them and forever changed their society. By undergoing genetic enhancements, the octospiders became biological wizards and were eventually able to form a utopia of sorts. The myrmicats (named by Richard Wakefield, a combination of the Greek word for ant, myrmex, due to their ant-like appearance, and the English word "cat" due to their feline size and running gait) were a naturally heteromorphic species whose final form was a large, interconnected sentient mesh which was able to directly interface with the human brain through a network of fibers connected to the body; while entering a symbiosis with another sentient "avian" species. Through this medium, it was able to communicate to Richard the threat posed to the species by the violent colonists, and at the request of the myrmicats he leaves their habitat carrying some of their eggs for preservation.

As the human colony continues to degenerate with respect to living conditions and human rights, the members of Nicole's family escape to the region nicknamed "New York", where they used to live in Rama II, and are eventually reunited with Richard.

Before long, the human colony police come after Nicole's family in "New York" and they flee to the octospider city. After the human colony leader starts bombing the octospider city under a made-up pretext and the octospiders retaliate, the situation becomes dire enough that Rama's controlling intelligence intervenes to end the conflict caused by the humans aboard, by sending everybody into hibernation until the end of the journey, except for the surviving myrmicats which are allowed to lead their daily life.

The Rama spacecraft rendezvous with another Node, an enormous tetrahedron near the star Tau Ceti, designed to research any intelligent life capable of spaceflight. The humans are divided into two groups based mainly on the degree of xenophobia they had exhibited during the journey. One group will stay at the Node to be studied; the xenophobes are segregated and never allowed to see another alien again. Before her death of old age, Nicole is allowed access to Raman technology unveiling universal insights.

Books in the series

 * Rendezvous with Rama (1972)
 * Rama II (1989)
 * The Garden of Rama (1991)
 * Rama Revealed  (1993)

Gentry Lee also wrote two further novels set in the same Rama Universe.

 * Bright Messengers (1996)
 * Double Full Moon Night (2000)

title: Rama Revealed


text:
Scottish Qualifications Authority

The Scottish Qualifications Authority (SQA; Gaelic: Ùghdarras Theisteanas na h-Alba ) is the executive non-departmental public body of the Scottish Government responsible for accrediting educational awards. It is partly funded by the Education, Communities and Justice Directorates of the Scottish Government, and employs approximately 750 staff based in Glasgow and Dalkeith.

SQA is best known for the delivery of the annual diet of public examinations within Scotland for school pupils. SQA Higher examinations are the general acceptable level for entry to university, with Scottish universities usually requesting a minimum of 3 Highers, all above C level. However, a greater number of candidates of all ages participate in SQA specialist, vocational and higher education qualifications. SQA is accredited by the UK government to offer educational qualifications.

On 21 June 2021, it was announced that the SQA would be replaced following a review by the OECD. Despite such announcements, the SQA continues to function for the academic year 2023-24 and, as announced 9 March 2022, the authority will not be replaced until 2024.

History
The SQA's functions and responsibilities are laid out in the Education (Scotland) Act 1996 as amended by the Scottish Qualifications Authority Act 2002. Until their merger, the two major Scottish examination authorities were the Scottish Examination Board (SEB) and the Scottish Vocational Education Council (SCOTVEC). The former issued the school-level examinations, then called Standard Grade, Higher Grade and Certificate of Sixth Year Studies (CSYS). A legacy of its two precursor bodies, the Authority's offices remain split over two sites, one in Glasgow and one in Dalkeith.

Under a major reform of Scottish exams (the National Qualifications or "Higher Still" reforms), the CSYS was replaced with a broadly equivalent qualification called Advanced Higher. Some curriculum changes were also made to the Higher grade at this time. The introduction of the reformed examinations system was criticised in the press and by the government after a series of administrative and computer errors led to several thousand incorrect Higher and Intermediate certificates being sent out. The crisis took several months to resolve, and several management figures, including the Chief Executive Ron Tuck, resigned or were fired.

Scottish Candidate Number
The Scottish Candidate Number (SCN) (formerly SCOTVEC number) is allocated to pupils at school and in further-education colleges who undertake Scottish Qualifications Authority (formerly SCOTVEC or Scottish Examination Board) courses.

Qualification types
SQA has a statutory responsibility to provide public examinations for Scottish state schools, though these are also used more widely. It has a statutory responsibility to accredit (formally, scrutinise them and confirm that they conform to agreed UK criteria) vocational qualifications. None of its qualifications, still less its vocational qualifications, is protected by statute, but the Authority has a largely dominant position within all sectors of qualifications within Scotland. SQA awards are also exported to a number of countries including China, Africa, the Middle East, Russia and former Soviet republics and other countries. SQA also provides the licensing certification for many merchant navies throughout the world.

National Qualifications
A National Qualification (NQ) can take the form of Standard Grades or National Courses. Standard Grades have been in existence before the Higher Still reforms. There are three Standard Grade Levels: Foundation, General and Credit. They are normally set at age 14–15 (sometimes at age 16 for students whose birthdays are before May), usually when attending High School.

National Courses were introduced with the "Higher Still" reforms. There are seven National Courses: National 1, National 2, National 3, National 4, National 5, Higher, Advanced Higher. National Courses can be taken in a wide range of subjects, from the purely academic, such as English and Mathematics—to the purely vocational, such as Accounting and Mental Health Care. They combine three National Units, each lasting 40 hours with a Course Assessment, normally taken at the end of a one-year Course in the early summer.

In addition to traditional National Qualification Courses, a new suite of "pre-vocational" courses entitled "Skills for Work" was rolled out. Primarily available at Intermediate 1 and Intermediate 2 levels, these prevocational courses, aim to give students an awareness of the workplace environment, the skills required for entry to an industry as well as generic employment skills. Each of these Courses is awarded on the Scottish Qualifications Certificate.

Many faculties that provide SQA National Courses also provide preliminary examinations, or prelim exams. These usually take place in January or February.

Reorganisation of National Qualifications
According to SQA, all National Qualifications will be redesigned as follows in the future:

According to the SQA, the new qualifications have "more focus on skills development compared to the existing qualifications ... There is also a greater emphasis on 'deeper learning' by helping learners to think for themselves; to apply and interpret the knowledge and understanding they have developed and to demonstrate the skills they have learned."

National 1-4 will be assessed internally by the student's own institution, subject to regulation by the SQA. National 5 courses and above will also have a number of internal assessments, followed by an externally marked exam.

National Assessment Bank
Since the introduction of Highers, Intermediate 1 and Intermediate 2 courses, the SQA have also introduced a National Assessment Bank of short examinations for each subject. These are more commonly known as NABs or unit assessments, and contain questions from specific academic units at a basic level. Each candidate must pass a certain number of NABs (usually three) before they can be presented for the final examination, although resits can occur with other NAB materials.

The National Assessment Bank materials are available for download as Word or PDF files on a secure SQA website. The only person who can enter the site is the SQA coordinator of each institution. For national 4 and 5 courses NABs are usually taken 3 times throughout the session when units have been completed and appear on the candidates certificate as a unit pass even if the candidate does not pass the whole course e.g. "No award in national 5 english but passed a unit internally."

Release of results
Students for National Qualifications receive their results on, generally, the first Tuesday in August. Students signed up for the authority's MySQA system are able to check their record online throughout the year and get their exam results by text and/or email on the day that the results are issued. Those signed up to the service received their results one day earlier than the official postal results. This also occurred in subsequent years, however only due to a mistake by the company holding the results. In another incident, the SQA itself sent the results out on the right day, but Robert Gordon University's business school leaked whether students had been let in, and a technical error with St Andrew's University's website also leaked the results of applicants.

Due to the high volume of exam marking with the Scottish examination boards and those across the rest of the UK, where it is thought that exam marking inaccuracies may occur, there are each year a vast number of students requesting for an exam "re-mark". After the SQA introduced fees (which were exorbitant in many students' and parents' opinion), requests for exam remarking plummeted 55,000 students—a decline of 77%.

In order to fight (supposed) grade inflation within the Scottish education sector; SQA has introduced academically and cognitively more rigorous examination standards and stricter marking; this has resulted in strong criticism towards the SQA exam board and in decreases of exam pass rates of up to 15%.

National units and programmes
There are the many qualifications often imperfectly referred to as vocational, though these are frequently stepping-stones for students at Scottish Colleges of Further Education to pursue one- or two- year programmes tailored from a wide-ranging catalogue of National Units. The actual programme may be very rigidly prescribed by employers or be entirely freely chosen by the student to meet particular needs. The prescribed programmes may be recognised by a National Certificate or a Scottish Progression Award.

SVQs and modern apprenticeships
Scottish Vocational Qualifications (SVQ) are an award for vocational education and training awarded by the SQA or other approved awarding bodies in conjunction with industry bodies. Scottish National Qualifications and Scottish Progression Awards are often important in a Modern Apprenticeship scheme along with SVQs. SVQs are developed by United Kingdom employers in tandem with National Vocational Qualifications (NVQ) for England, Wales and Northern Ireland.

SVQ are assessed in the workplace (or closely regulated training workshops) by employers, training providers or colleges approved and monitored by the SQA (or other awarding bodies) accredited by its independent Accreditation Unit.

Higher National Certificates and Diplomas
Qualifications aimed at students in their first two years of Higher Education include HNCs (Higher National Certificates)—taken as a one-year full-time course or as a two-year part-time course—and HNDs (Higher National Diplomas). These qualifications are extremely popular in colleges, workplaces and community education centres in Scotland, the rest of the UK and throughout the world.

Students with disabilities
These include specific qualifications for those with severe to moderate difficulties (Access), the right to aid in completing assessments (for example, a scribe) and the right to challenge any unfair or artificial barrier in the rules for any qualification.

English as a second language
There is a suite of National Units addressing the needs of economic migrants, asylum seekers and (the biggest group) those seeking to master English before returning to their own countries. It has also developed qualifications for those seeking to teach English to refugees.

Partnerships
SQA is one of the four partner national organisations involved in the Curriculum for Excellence. It works with partners on all strands of the development. Its principal role is to contribute to work on qualifications and assessment. SQA's role in Curriculum for Excellence is to design and develop the new qualifications and assessment.

SQA has joined with Universities Scotland, QAA Scotland and the Scottish Government to create the Scottish Credit and Qualifications Framework or SCQF. Every Scottish qualification—from the Access level for those with learning difficulties to a Doctorate and including vocational as well as ESOL and BSL qualifications—is allocated a level and credit value within this framework, which all partners have agreed to recognise.

2015 Higher Maths exam
The Higher Maths exam sat by students in May 2015 was said to be far too difficult. This evoked heated debates among students, teachers and educationalists; the corresponding grade boundaries for the respective exam were thus adjusted accordingly, with a pass mark as low as 34%. The SQA later admitted that one of their Higher Maths exam papers had been unusually hard and unfit for purpose.

2016 exams
Several exams that were set from the SQA in 2016 were criticised by pupils, parents, teachers and MSPs.

National 5 Maths exam
The National 5 Maths exam, sat on 12 May 2016, in particular Paper 1 (non-calculator), was also criticised by students after being considered much more difficult than previous years. A petition was created by students which was to be sent to the SQA demanding to know why the exam was exceedingly difficult, and it gained over 25,000 signatures.

National 5 Computing Science exam
Scottish Green MSP, Ross Greer criticised the SQA for mistakes in the National 5 Computing Science exam and called for an investigation into the exam, he defended teachers and students who thought that this was the worst exam ever set by the SQA. The SQA later admitted that the exam had mistakes.

National 5 History exam
The SQA faced criticism for the 2018 National 5 History exam as the wrong date was given for the execution of Mary, Queen of Scots. While the SQA insist their mistake did not disadvantage any pupil, teachers disagreed, saying that the mistake meant that pupils second guessed their knowledge. The mistake was criticised by many including historian Tom Devine, who called the error "unacceptable".

2019 exams
Certain exams set by SQA in 2019 have received widespread criticism from pupils, parents, and teaching staff within schools and colleges.

National 5 and Higher Biology and Human Biology exams
The National 5 and Higher Biology and Human Biology exams, which took place on 30 April 2019, received criticism from candidates on social media, and featured on national news. They claimed they bore no resemblance to previous papers, and relied too heavily on problem solving and mathematics skills as opposed to biology content. A petition was created by pupils, demanding that the pass mark be lowered. SQA defended the examinations, claiming that they were fair tests of the subject.

2020 exams
Due to the coronavirus pandemic, the SQA cancelled the 2020 exam diet. This was the first time in SQA's history that all exams were cancelled. Grades were given based on results in preliminary examinations and predicted grades from teachers.

After pupils received their results on 4 August, it emerged that the SQA had moderated downwards 124,000 grades from up to 75,000 pupils. This received criticism from candidates, teachers and politicians in all political parties in Scotland.

The subsequent criticism was heavily featured on social media and national news.

On 11 August, it was subsequently announced during an emergency statement by the Scottish education secretary that the SQA would reverse all downgraded results, while leaving upwards moderated results in situ. The change's resulting unprecedented increase in year-on-year performance was said to be 'outweighed' by the concerns of those affected and the loss of faith in the system.

2021 exams
On 7 October 2020, due to the ongoing coronavirus pandemic, the SQA announced that the National 5 exams for 2021 were to be cancelled, but Highers and Advanced Highers would still go ahead. However, on 8 December 2020, Scottish Education Secretary John Swinney announced that the Highers and Advanced Highers would also be cancelled, meaning all SQA exams in 2021 would not go ahead, with grades for all levels being decided instead by teacher judgement.

2022 exams
After announcing in February 2022, that exams would be shifting to 'Scenario 2'. On 7 March 2022, the SQA's guidance on the 2022 exams were leaked via Twitter. The content of the guidance was described as "woefully inadequate" and in many cases provided no clarification for what to expect in an exam paper.

National 5 and Higher Engineering Science exams
The Higher and National 5 Engineering Science exams in May 2024 were disrupted and faced criticism due to an error by the Scottish Qualifications Authority (SQA), which resulted in an incorrect edition of the data booklet being provided to candidates. Some examination centres were able to resolve this issue by distributing the correct data booklet.

title: Scottish Qualifications Authority


text:
SQA

SQA may refer to:

 * Scottish Qualifications Authority, accrediting educational awards
 * Software quality assurance
 * Santa Ynez Airport, California, US, IATA code
 * Shama language (ISO 639-3 code sqa), a Kainji language of Nigeria
 * South Queensland Academy, a former Japanese school in Australia
 * Sugar Quota Administration, later Sugar Regulatory Administration, Philippines
 * Status quo ante (disambiguation)

title: SQA


text:
Talk:Grammy Award for Best Jazz Instrumental Album

Untitled
Just to explain my edit... please see User:Sannse/Grammy to-do list for my current thinking of the awards for the jazz section (not fully checked yet). I've separated out the instrumental and non-instrumental awards, Grammy has quite a mix of these in their listings. That's why this one doesn't go right back to the 1st awards.

I also changed the links to year pages to show the whole title rather than just the year. This follows the Music standards advice of not pipe-linking years (that refers to "years in music" pages, but I think the same should apply to Grammy years).

The other change I've made is to move the page to the most recent award title. I think this is best rather than have a separate article for "...Album...", with Grammy's anoying tendency to switch names it keeps things together as much as possible (I know this breaks links at the moment but I'll fix that as I go along :)

Good to see others working on grammys! -- sannse (talk) 14:07, 1 Mar 2004 (UTC)

For 1979-1992, is it really Best Jazz Instrumental Performance, Group or Best Instrumental Jazz Performance, Group? This page says one, but the yearly Grammy Awards pages say the other.

--LarryGilbert 22:38, 2004 Mar 1 (UTC)

 * It's Best Jazz Instrumental Performance, Group according to the information at Grammy.com - I haven't gone through checking and correcting the award names on the year pages yet for jazz (I've done up to the "historical" field so far). I originally used names I thought were correct, not realising just how much they changed over the years.  Since then Grammy have updated their database and it seems more complete - so I've been working through, correcting the year pages as I check/create the individual award pages.  So any awards from "jazz" to "world" may not yet be in quite the right format on the year pages.  I hope this makes sense -- sannse (talk) 23:10, 1 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * FYI, I made the change to Best Jazz Instrumental Performance, Group on the individual years from 1993 to 2000. One less thing for you to worry about?  --LarryGilbert 20:25, 2004 Mar 2 (UTC)


text:
Scottish Examination Board

The Scottish Examination Board (SEB), formerly known as the Scottish Certificate of Education Examination Board (SCEEB), was the academic examination board for Scottish schools from 1965 to 1997.

History
From their introduction in 1888 until 1964, Scottish school qualifications were awarded directly by the UK Government's Scottish Education Department.

The Scottish Certificate of Education Examination Board (SCEEB) was established in 1964 to take over the awarding of Scottish school qualifications from 1965. The SCEEB became known as the Scottish Examination Board (SEB) in 1982.

The SEB used to administer all of Scotland's academic qualifications, including Standard Grades and Highers.

On 1 April 1997, the Scottish Examination Board merged with the Scottish Vocational Education Council (SCOTVEC) to form the Scottish Qualifications Authority (SQA).

title: Scottish Examination Board


text:
Standard Grade

Standard Grades were Scotland's educational qualifications for students aged around 14 to 16 years. Introduced in 1986, the Grades were replaced in 2013 with the Scottish Qualifications Authority's National exams in a major shake-up of Scotland's education system as part of the Scottish Credit and Qualifications Framework overhaul.

Scottish Standard Grades roughly matched the English, Welsh and Northern Irish General Certificate of Secondary Education examinations in terms of level subject content and cognitive difficulty.

History
Following the Munn and Dunning reports published in 1977, the Standard Grade replaced the old O-Grade qualification, and was phased in from 1986.

Standard Grade courses were taken over a student's third and fourth year in secondary education. Exams were taken at the end of the 4th Year (around May), with preliminary examinations taken several months earlier in November. (However, certain subjects may have been "fast tracked" at some schools (for example Dalziel High school, which was the first school to use this system), where the course is started in at the beginning of 2nd year and finished at the end of 3rd year (this meant that pupils start standard grades at age 12/13 and finish them at age 14/15). The exams were provided by the Scottish Qualifications Authority, which also offers the more recent National Qualifications on the Scottish Qualifications Certificate.

Students would typically study 8 subjects at Standard Grade. Generally speaking, different subjects could be taken independently of each other, although English and Mathematics were compulsory, and most schools would structure student choices so that at least one science subject, one social science (and often a modern language) were chosen. The two main restrictions on this choice were timetable arrangements, and the fact that many less popular subjects were not offered by all schools.

Levels of award
There are three sub-levels (or "tiered" papers) at which Standard Grade exams can be taken, namely "Foundation Level", "General Level" and "Credit Level". At one sitting, students generally sit either the Foundation and General level papers together, or the General and Credit level papers together.

Students are awarded a numerical grade for each examination (which may consist of several papers) ranging from 1 (best) to 7. The table below lists the grades, the exam level and equivalence to the new National Qualification exams and the Scottish Credit and Qualifications Framework (SCQF for short).

Higher Still
The Scottish Government Authorities responsible for Education decided to slowly phase out the Standard Grade system in favour of the Scottish Qualifications Authority's Higher Still system as many students and teachers felt that the jump from Standard Grade to Higher was too difficult, particularly in subjects such as English. Although they are not exactly the same, the Foundation Level is similar to Higher Still's Access 3 level, whilst General is similar to Intermediate 1 and Credit is similar to Intermediate 2.

Standard Grade exams were replaced progressively by the Curriculum for Excellence (CfE) system. Unlike Standard Grades the CfE does not involve external exams for the majority of levels. The new curriculum involves 5 levels; National 1, National 2, National 3, National 4, and National 5. National 1 to National 4 are awarded on the basis of coursework and tests generated and marked by the school, whereas students can achieve National 5 by passing examinations externally set by the SQA.

Compulsory subjects
The Scottish Government states that all pupils must take the subjects below. However, there are exceptions. * Core subject
 * English (4 hours per week minimum)
 * Mathematics (4 hours per week minimum)
 * Science (At least one from: Chemistry, Biology, Physics, General Science) (3 hours per week minimum)
 * Social Sciences (At least one from: History, Geography, Modern Studies or Classical Studies] (3 hours per week minimum)
 * Physical Education (PE) * (1 hour per week minimum)
 * Religious, Moral and Philosophical Education (RMPS) * (1 hour per week minimum)
 * Education for Personal and Social Development (PSE)* (1 hour per week minimum)

Most schools in Scotland have periods between 50–55 minutes long, although this is generally accepted as an hour of a compulsory subject.

The course choice process begins after the Christmas and New Year of S2, with the completed forms being handed in around the end of February.

title: Standard Grade