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1. FC Köln

1. Fußball-Club Köln 01/07 e. V., better known as simply '''1. FC Köln or FC Cologne''' in English,  is a German professional football club based in Cologne, in North Rhine-Westphalia. It was formed in 1948 as a merger of the clubs Kölner Ballspiel-Club 1901 and SpVgg Sülz 07. Köln will compete in the 2. Bundesliga, following relegation from the 2023-24 Bundesliga season. The team are three-time national champions, winning the 1962 German football championship, as well as the Bundesliga twice, first in its inaugural season of 1963–64 and then again in 1977–78. The team plays its home matches at RheinEnergieStadion.

The club's nickname Die Geißböcke (The Billy Goats) refers to the club's mascot, a male goat named Hennes after the veteran FC player and later manager Hennes Weisweiler. The first Hennes was donated by a circus entrepreneur as a Cologne carnival joke. The current mascot is Hennes IX as of 1 August 2019 after Hennes VIII was retired by the club due to old age. Another nickname for the club, more common locally due to its ambiguity, is FC (often written as Effzeh), a common German abbreviation for football clubs. Characteristic for the dialect spoken around Cologne, this is pronounced "EF-tsay", in contrast to the Standard German pronunciation of the abbreviation where the second syllable is emphasized. Köln play at home in white and red, both colours having been used as the main shirt colour throughout its history. The club has long-standing rivalries with nearby clubs Borussia Mönchengladbach, Fortuna Düsseldorf, and Bayer Leverkusen.

Like many of Germany's other professional football clubs, 1. FC Köln is part of a larger sports club with teams in other sports like handball, table tennis and gymnastics. 1. FC Köln has over 100,000 members, making it the fourth largest club in Germany.

Predecessor sides
Kölner BC was formed on 6 June 1901 by a group of young men who were unhappy as part of the gymnastics club FC Borussia Köln and were more interested in football. BC participated in the Zehnerliga West in the years before World War I and took the Westdeutsche championship in 1912 and advanced to the preliminary rounds of the national finals. Their next best result was in the 1920 league final, where they lost 1–3 to Borussia Mönchengladbach.

Spielvereinigung 1907 Köln-Sülz was established in 1907 as Sülzer Sportverein and on 1 January 1919 merged with Fußball Club 1908 Hertha Sülz to form SpVgg. They won the Westdeutscher title in 1928, but lost in the early rounds of the national finals. They went on to play as a top flight club in the Gauliga Mittelrhein, one of sixteen premier level divisions established in 1933 in the reorganization of German football under the Third Reich. After winning a divisional championship in 1939, – they then entered a period of decline in the early 1940s. After the 1941 season, the Gauliga Mittlerhein was split into two new divisions: the Gauliga Köln-Aachen and the Gauliga Moselland, which included clubs from occupied Luxembourg. Sülz struggled until they were united with VfL Köln 1899 for the 1943–44 season, to form the combined wartime side Kriegspielgemeinschaft VfL 99/Sülz 07, which would end up winning the Gauliga Köln-Aachen title by a single point over SG Düren 99 in a close race. The club did not play the next campaign as war overtook the region.

A successful new club
After the union of these two predecessor sides (1948), 1. FC Köln began play in the tough Oberliga West in the 1949–50 season, and, by 1954, had won their first divisional championship. That same year they lost the DFB-Pokal final 1–0 to VfB Stuttgart. Die Geißböcke won their second divisional championship in 1960, and appeared in the national final against Hamburger SV, where they lost 2–3. In the 1962 and 1963 they went on to finish first in the Oberliga West in each of the next three seasons, and again played their way to the national final. They won the 1962 match 4–0 over 1. FC Nürnberg, resulting in entry to the 1962–63 European Cup, where they were one of the favourites to win the trophy. In the first round, Köln visited Dundee F.C. of Scotland and lost 1–8, and despite winning the second leg back in Germany by 4–0, they were out of the tournament. In the following year's national final, they lost 1–3 to Borussia Dortmund.

Continuing success
In 1963, FC Köln was selected as one of the original 16 teams to play in the Bundesliga, Germany's new professional football league. Köln continued their winning ways by becoming the first Bundesliga champion, in the league's inaugural 1963–64 season. As German champions, Köln entered the 1964–65 European Cup, where it met England's Liverpool at the quarter-final stage. After two 0–0 draws, a third game was played which was also a stalemate, this time 2–2. As the penalty shootout had not yet been introduced as the means of deciding a tie, Köln went out of the competition on the toss of a coin. Ironically enough, there was the need for a second coin toss because the first time the coin stuck vertically in the ground. The club also became the first Bundesliga side to field a Brazilian player, when it signed Zézé for a then club record fee of DM 150,000. Domestically, Köln recorded a second-place finish in the 1964–65 Bundesliga season and won its first DFB-Pokal in 1967–68.

At the start of the 1970s, Köln reached three DFB-Pokal finals in four seasons, losing all three; to Kickers Offenbach in 1970, Bayern Munich in 1971 and Borussia Mönchengladbach in 1973. The team also achieved another second place Bundesliga finish in 1973, before reaching another DFB-Pokal final in 1977, beating Hertha BSC over two legs to win the trophy for the second time.

In 1977–78, FC Köln enjoyed its most successful season, winning the Bundesliga title, its third national title overall, and retaining the DFB-Pokal. This makes Köln one of only four clubs to have won the double in the Bundesliga era.

Köln had another losing DFB-Pokal final appearance in 1980, before winning the competition for a fourth time in 1983. In 1986, the club appeared in its first European final, losing 5–3 on aggregate to Real Madrid in the UEFA Cup Final. Two second place Bundesliga finishes, in 1988–89 and 1989–90, and another DFB-Pokal final loss in 1991, marked the end of a glorious thirty-year period for FC Köln.

21st century: ups and downs
In recent years, the club's performance has been mixed. The FC holds the distinction of the longest goalless streak in Bundesliga history, set in the 2001–02 Bundesliga season, with 1034 minutes (equivalent to 11-and-a-half games) until Thomas Cichon scored again. In the early years of the Bundesliga, 1. FC Köln was the most successful club in West Germany in terms of total points won. Beginning in the early 1990s, however, the club's performance declined, and in 1998 it was relegated for the first time. Since about 2000, the side has been a "yo-yo team", moving between the first and second divisions. It returned to the Bundesliga at the end of the 2004–05 season, as 2. Bundesliga champions, after having been relegated the season before. There was little optimism about their return to the top flight, as they were picked by German football magazine kicker as one of the clubs most likely to be relegated.

This prediction came true when Köln lost to Hamburger SV 1–0 in the third-to-last match of the season. The club finished the season in second-last place and was relegated after conceding a league-worst 71 goals. The team's most prolific goal scorer was Lukas Podolski with a total of 12 goals, who transferred to Bayern Munich after the end of the season. He also appeared with the Germany national team at the 2006 FIFA World Cup.

In late 2006, former coach Christoph Daum returned to the 2. Bundesliga club, and succeeded in leading the club back to the Bundesliga in 2008. After asuring Köln's Bundesliga status in the 2008-09 campaign, Daum left Köln for his former club Fenerbahçe. Köln's former star-striker Lukas Podolski returned for the 2009–10 season.

After a poor run of form in the 2010–11 season, recording only one win from its opening nine Bundesliga fixtures, Köln replaced coach Zvonimir Soldo with Frank Schaefer. Schaefer, who was originally in charge of the under-23 team of Köln, decided after the season that he would rather spend more time with his family than be a coach in the Bundesliga. Former Norwegian international and recent Copenhagen coach Ståle Solbakken replaced him. After earning just eight points in the first 13 matches of the second half of the season, Schaefer was reappointed as the club's interim manager, assisted by former Köln player Dirk Lottner. The club, however, was relegated at the end of the season, finishing in 17th place, having accumulated €33m debt, and €11m negative equity.

Turnaround (2012–2017)
In April 2012, the club members elected a new board of directors, Werner Spinner as president, Markus Ritterbach for marketing, and Toni Schumacher for sport. In the 2012–13 season, under new trainer Holger Stanislawski, Köln finished in fifth place in the 2. Bundesliga, missing out on promotion back to the top division.

In 2012 the board hired Jörg Jakobs as director of football, who then got promoted in 2014 to sporting director, chief scout and director of the academy. In January 2013, Alexander Wehrle joined as managing director of FC Köln ltd. Wehrle was working as assistant for VfB Stuttgart president Erwin Staudt, especially for rebuilding the stadium. In summer 2013, Peter Stöger and Manfred Schmid were hired as coaching team, and Jörg Schmadtke as general manager. 2013–14 Köln finished first in the 2. Bundesliga and earned promotion to the top division. It was followed by a 12th place 2014–15, ninth in 2015–16, and fifth place in 2016–17. 25 years after the club's last appearance in international football to date they qualified for the Europa League. After restructuring and repaying debt, equity turned from €11m negative to €20m positive. The turnover increased from €56m in 2012/13 to more than €120m in 2016/17.

Decline and changes (2018–)
After the club's return the European stage, fortunes quickly changed. The team experienced an unsuccessful start to the 2017–18 Bundesliga season gaining only three points from its first sixteen matches. At the same time, the club's Europa League campaign ended after the group stage. This downtrend led to the resignation of Jörg Schmadtke and Stöger's dismissal in December 2017; he was replaced by Stefan Ruthenbeck, who was appointed as caretaker manager. In spite of an improved record in the second half of the season, the team finished last and were relegated to 2. Bundesliga at the end of the year.

Ahead of the 2018–19 season, Markus Anfang was appointed manager with a mandate to achieve an immediate return to the top flight. While the club occupied the league's top spot for much of the season, Anfang was dismissed after a winless streak in April 2019. Just a week later, with André Pawlak having taken over as Anfang's successor, the team achieved promotion with a 0–4 victory over Greuther Fürth. On 13 May 2019, the club announced that Jahn Regensburg manager Achim Beierlorzer would assume its vacant head coaching position from the upcoming season. He was signed to a contract until 2021. Following an unsuccessful start to the 2019–20 season, which included a 3–2 cup defeat against 1. FC Saarbrücken, the club decided to terminate Beierlorzer's contract on 9 November 2019. Sporting director Armin Veh, who weeks earlier had announced that he would not extend his contract with the club, was also dismissed from his position. On 18 November, former HSV manager Markus Gisdol was appointed to the club's head coaching position, while Horst Heldt was made sporting director. Both signed contracts until 2021. After avoiding relegation at the end of the season, Gisdol's contract was extended until 2023.

During the majority of the 2020–21 season, Köln was involved in a relegation battle and occupied one of the bottom three places in the division. On 11 April 2021, after losing to relegation rival Mainz 05, Gisdol was dismissed from his position as head coach. The next day, the club presented Friedhelm Funkel as an interim coach who would take over head coaching duties until the end of the season. On 11 May, it was reported that SC Paderborn manager Steffen Baumgart would succeed Funkel as head coach at the beginning of the 2021–22 season. Funkel's side faced Holstein Kiel in the relegation playoffs. After losing 0–1 at home, his team recorded a 1–5 away win, enabling the club to retain its position in the Bundesliga. On 1 April 2022, the club appointed Christian Keller as its new managing director, a position that had been vacant since the dismissal of Heldt in May 2021.

In March 2023, during the second half of the 2022–23 campaign, Köln were put under a two-window transfer embargo by FIFA's Dispute Resolution Chamber, having been found guilty of inducing a breach of contract without just cause while signing Jaka Čuber Potočnik from Olimpija Ljubljana in January 2022. As part of the same verdict, the club was also sentenced to pay Ljubljana a €51,750 compensation, in addition to training costs. Köln appealed the decision at the Court of Arbitration for Sport in Lausanne, which affirmed the embargo imposed by FIFA. In the 2023/2024 Bundesliga season, Koln were relegated to the 2. Bundesliga after finishing second bottom on the table.

Stadium
The team plays its home matches in the Müngersdorfer Stadion, also known as the RheinEnergie Stadion for sponsorship purposes. It has a seating capacity of 50,000 and the average attendance in the 2015–16 season was 48,676. The stadium sponsorship comes from a contract with the local power supplier RheinEnergie AG. However, most fans still call the stadium "Müngersdorfer Stadion", named after the suburb of Müngersdorf, where it is located.

The club owns the Geißbockheim training centre, currently known as RheinEnergieSportpark for sponsorship, located in Sülz, which is a municipal part of Köln in the southwest of the city. The centre is home to the Franz-Kremer-Stadion the home of 1. FC Köln II.

Domestic

 * Bundesliga
 * Champions: 1963–64, 1977–78
 * Runners-up: 1964–65, 1972–73, 1981–82, 1988–89, 1989–90
 * German football championship
 * Winners: 1961–62
 * Runners-up: 1959–60, 1962–63
 * DFB-Pokal
 * Winners: 1967–68, 1976–77, 1977–78, 1982–83
 * Runners-up: 1953–54, 1969–70, 1970–71, 1972–73, 1979–80, 1990–91
 * 2. Bundesliga
 * Winners: 1999–2000, 2004–05, 2013–14, 2018–19
 * Runners-up: 2002–03

International

 * Easter Cup
 * Winners: 1956
 * UEFA Cup
 * Runners-up: 1985–86
 * Uhrencup
 * Winners: 1991

Regional

 * Oberliga West
 * Winners: 1953–54, 1959–60, 1960–61, 1961–62, 1962–63
 * Runners-up: 1952–53, 1957–58, 1958–59

Doubles

 * 1977–78: Bundesliga and DFB-Pokal

Reserve team

 * German amateur champions: 1981

Youth

 * German Under 19 championship
 * Champions: 1970–71
 * Runners-up: 1973–74, 1982–83, 1991–92
 * Under 19 Bundesliga Division West
 * Champions: 2007–08
 * Runners-up: 2003–04, 2009–10, 2013–14, 2014–15
 * Under 19 Juniors DFB-Pokal
 * Champions: 2012–13
 * Runners-up: 1990–91, 1993–94
 * German Under 17 championship
 * Champions: 1989–90, 2010–11, 2018–19
 * Under 17 Bundesliga Division West
 * Champions: 2010–11, 2011–12, 2018–19
 * Runners-up: 2008–09

Kits

Köln's kits are made by Hummel International, who pay the club €20m over a five-year span.

Rivals
The club's main rivals are Borussia Mönchengladbach, Bayer Leverkusen, and Fortuna Düsseldorf – all clubs from the same Rhine-Ruhr region, near the river Rhine.

Women's section
The women's team was promoted to the Bundesliga in 2015. They were directly relegated back to the 2. Frauen-Bundesliga after the 2016–17 season ended, but managed to regain promotion in May 2017 to the Bundesliga.

Literature

 * Grüne, Hardy (2001). Vereinslexikon. Kassel: AGON Sportverlag ISBN 3-89784-147-9

title: 1. FC Köln


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The Adventures of Milo and Otis

The Adventures of Milo and Otis (子猫物語) is a 1986 Japanese adventure comedy-drama film about two animals: Milo, an orange tabby cat, and Otis, a pug. The original Japanese version, narrated by Shigeru Tsuyuki and with poetry recitation by Kyōko Koizumi, was released on July 12, 1986. Columbia Pictures removed 15 minutes from the original film and released a shorter English-language version, written by Mark Saltzman and narrated by Dudley Moore, on August 25, 1989.

Plot
The film opens on Nippon Farm, with a mother cat who has given birth to kittens. One of the kittens is named Milo, or Chatran in the Japanese version (チャトラン (Chatoran), literally Brown Tiger), and has a habit of being too curious and getting himself into trouble. He finds a pug puppy named Otis, or Poosky in the Japanese version (プー助 (Pūsuke)), and they soon become friends. When Milo is hiding inside a box floating in the river, it breaks loose from the dock, and he accidentally drifts downstream. Otis runs after Milo, who himself goes on many adventures, escaping one obstacle after another.

Milo encounters a bear, escapes from a raven and Deadwood Swamp, steals a dead muskrat from a fox, follows a railroad called Nippon Bearway to the home of a deer who shelters him, sleeps in a nest with an owl, stays for a while with a pig and her piglets, catches a fish and is robbed of it by a raccoon, is mobbed by seagulls, and evades another bear, then a snake, before falling into a deep pit.

For his part, Otis follows Milo throughout, usually only an hour behind and less than a mile out of range. Finally, the two catch up with one another. While Milo is in the hole, Otis pulls him out by means of a rope. Milo and Otis are reunited, and soon find mates of their own: Joyce, a white cat, for Milo; and Sondra, a French pug, for Otis. Afterward, they briefly part ways and raise offspring of their own. Later, Milo, Otis, Joyce, and Sondra (along with their litters) happily find their way back together through the forest to their farm as the credits roll.

Characters
All characters are voiced by the narrator, Shigeru Tsuyuki (Japanese) and Dudley Moore (English).
 * Milo
 * Otis
 * Milo's mother
 * Gloria
 * Frog
 * Gloria's chick
 * Bear
 * Raven
 * Sea Turtle
 * Fox
 * Deer
 * Owl
 * Pig
 * Raccoon
 * Seagulls
 * Snake
 * Joyce
 * some of her kittens
 * Sondra
 * some of her puppies

Production
Director Masanori Hata and associate director Kon Ichikawa edited the film together from 74 hours of footage (400,000 ft of film), shot over a period of four years.

Soundtrack
The original Japanese soundtrack, released as The Adventures of Chatran: Original Soundtrack, was composed by Ryuichi Sakamoto and included "Koneko Monogatari" (子猫物語), a theme song performed by Keiko Yoshinaga. During the promotion of the film in Japan, the song "Neko Jita Gokoro mo Koi no Uchi" (猫舌ごころも恋のうち), originally recorded by Ushiroyubi Sasaregumi for the Fuji TV anime series High School Kimengumi, was used in commercials for the film.

The musical score for the English-language version was composed by Michael Boddicker. Music was borrowed from Elmer Bernstein's score to To Kill a Mockingbird (specifically the two cues, "Roll in the Tire" and "Peekaboo" with minor changes in the music), and John Williams' score to The Witches of Eastwick. The song "Walk Outside", written by Dick Tarrier, is performed by Dan Crow in the opening shots and end credits.

The English-language version of the film also contained music by classical composers including:
 * "Soldier's Dance" from William Tell - Gioachino Rossini
 * "Serenade" - Franz Schubert
 * Appalachian Spring - Aaron Copland
 * "Of Foreign Lands and People" from Scenes from Childhood - Robert Schumann
 * King Cotton - John Philip Sousa
 * "Auf dem Wasser zu singen", D 774 - Franz Schubert
 * "The Elephant" from The Carnival of the Animals - Camille Saint-Saens
 * "People with Long Ears" from The Carnival of the Animals - Camille Saint-Saëns
 * "Dialogue Between the Wind and the Waves" from La Mer - Claude Debussy
 * Perpetuum Mobile, Op. 257 - Johann Strauss, Jr.
 * "How Beautifully Blue the Sky" - Gilbert and Sullivan
 * Waltz No. 16 in A-flat Major, Op. posth. - Frédéric Chopin
 * Impromptu in B-flat - Franz Schubert
 * "Berceuse" from Dolly Suite, Op. 56 - Gabriel Fauré
 * "Bourrée" from Terpsichore - Michael Praetorius
 * Piano Concerto in A minor, Op. 54 - Edvard Grieg
 * "Symphony in D Minor" - César Franck
 * Flute Sonata in E-Flat Major, BWV 1031 - Johann Sebastian Bach

Video game adaptation
In 1986, to tie in with the original Japanese version of the film, a video game was released for the Japan-exclusive Famicom Disk System.

Release
The film was shown during the film market at the 1986 Cannes Film Festival before opening on 200 screens in Japan on July 12, 1986.

Box office
It was the number-one Japanese film on the domestic market in 1986, earning ¥5.4 billion in distribution income that year. It grossed a total of ¥9.8 billion ($90,822,000) in Japan. At the time, it was the third highest-grossing film ever in Japan, beaten only by E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (1982) and Antarctica (1983).

In the United States, The Adventures of Milo and Otis grossed US$13.3 million, adding up to a combined US$ grossed in Japan and the United States.

Adjusted for inflation, the film grossed the equivalent of US$226 million in Japan and US$million in the United States as of, for a combined inflation-adjusted US$million in Japan and the United States.

In terms of box office admissions, the film sold 7.5 million tickets in Japan, 3.2 million tickets in the United States, and 1,318,750 tickets in Germany and France, for a combined 0 tickets sold in Japan, North America and Mainland Europe.

Home media
In 2010, the film's DVD version sold 810,334 units and grossed $5,464,010 in the United States. It was released on Blu-ray on January 24, 2012.

Critical reception
Reviews for the US version were positive, with an 80% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 10 reviews and an average rating of 6.9/10. Metacritic assigned the film a weighted average score of 72 out of 100, based on 7 critics, indicating "generally favourable reviews".

Animal welfare allegations
When the film was released, some animal welfare organizations alleged to have had a number of complaints from people who had seen the film and were concerned that it could not have been made without cruelty. The Tasmanian and Victorian branches of the RSPCA also alleged abuse.

The film was reported to have the approval of the American Humane Society. The American Humane Association attempted to investigate cruelty rumors through "contacts in Europe who normally have information on movies throughout the world." While noting that the contacts had also heard the allegations, they were unable to verify them. The organization also reported, "We have tried through humane people in Japan, and through another Japanese producer to determine if these rumors are true, but everything has led to a dead end." The same report noted that several Japanese Humane Societies allowed their names to be used in connection with the film and that the film "shows no animals being injured or harmed."

Awards

 * The Japanese Academy (1987)
 * Won: Popularity Award - Most Popular Film
 * Nominated: Award of the Japanese Academy - Best Music Score (Ryuichi Sakamoto)
 * Young Artist Awards (1990)
 * Nominated: Young Artist Award - Best Family Motion Picture – Adventure

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: The Adventures of Milo and Otis


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Precomposed character

A precomposed character (alternatively composite character or decomposable character) is a Unicode entity that can also be defined as a sequence of one or more other characters. A precomposed character may typically represent a letter with a diacritical mark, such as é (Latin small letter e with acute accent). Technically, é (U+00E9) is a character that can be decomposed into an equivalent string of the base letter e (U+0065) and combining acute accent (U+0301). Similarly, ligatures are precompositions of their constituent letters or graphemes.

Precomposed characters are the legacy solution for representing many special letters in various character sets. In Unicode, they are included primarily to aid computer systems with incomplete Unicode support, where equivalent decomposed characters may render incorrectly.

Comparing precomposed and decomposed characters
In the following example, there is a common Swedish surname Åström written in the two alternative methods, the first one with a precomposed Å (U+00C5) and ö (U+00F6), and the second one using a decomposed base letter A (U+0041) with a combining ring above (U+030A) and an o (U+006F) with a combining diaeresis (U+0308).

 * 1)  Å str ö m  ( U+00C5 U+0073 U+0074 U+0072 U+00F6 U+006D)
 * 2)  Åström (U+0041 U+030A U+0073 U+0074 U+0072 U+006F U+0308 U+006D)

Except for the different colors, the two solutions are equivalent and should render identically. In practice, however, some Unicode implementations still have difficulties with decomposed characters. In the worst case, combining diacritics may be disregarded or rendered as unrecognized characters after their base letters, as they are not included in all fonts. To overcome the problems, some applications may simply attempt to replace the decomposed characters with the equivalent precomposed characters.

With an incomplete font, however, precomposed characters may also be problematic – especially if they are more exotic, as in the following example (showing the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European word for "dog"):

 * 1)  ḱṷṓ n  ( U+1E31 U+1E77 U+1E53 U+006E)
 * 2)  ḱṷṓn  (U+006B U+0301 U+0075 U+032D U+006F U+0304 U+0301 U+006E)

In some situations, the precomposed green k, u and o with diacritics may render as unrecognized characters, or their typographical appearance may be very different from the final letter n with no diacritic. On the second line, the base letters should at least render correctly even if the combining diacritics could not be recognized.

OpenType has the ccmp "feature tag" to define glyphs that are compositions or decompositions involving combining characters.

Chinese characters
In theory, most Chinese characters as encoded by Han unification and similar schemes could be treated as precomposed characters, since they can be reduced (decomposed) to their constituent radical and phonetic components with Chinese character description languages. Such an approach could reduce the number of characters in the character set from tens of thousands to just a few thousands. On the other hand, a decomposed character set would introduce challenges for searching and editing software and require more bytes of encoding per document. One particular challenge would be the multiple-to-multiple projections between the set of decomposed characters and the precomposed character—one precomposed character may be decomposed into multiple different sets of decomposed characters while one set of decomposed characters could contract themselves into multiple different precomposed characters. There is no strict requirement or constraints regarding the relative position between components within a character, the form of variant and transform (narrow, widen, stretch, rotate, etc.) applied on components, nor the number of each components.

title: Precomposed character


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Talk:Hoshi Sato

Removing her death from Fate Section
Based on comments from episode writer Mike Sussman in 2005, the information regarding her death at Tarsus IV presented in "In A Mirrow, Darkly" should not be considered canon. The writers themselves were not even aware that it would be visible on screen. If such errors by the film makers were considered true canon, than even the date that Archer took over Enterprise would have to be changed. See this post: http://www.trektoday.com/news/020505_01.shtml — Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.122.234.57 (talk) 06:06, 31 May 2011 (UTC)

Putting the "Ho" in Hoshi
There isn't an actual reason why this was added. (Did her character sleep around? Was it because she was Empress? Is it racial? Fanboy jealousy?)

Why was that bit added?

I'm going to remove it, unless someone can follow it up with something reasonable...--Joel Lindley (talk) 17:29, 1 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Writer Mike Sussman, said it was a comment or joke that had been made by cast and crew, that the mirror universe "put the Ho back in Hoshi" DVD special features, Inside the Mirror Episodes. Not only is it crass and unencyclopedic, it is trivial and not notable. -- 109.79.85.185 (talk) 14:16, 1 June 2021 (UTC)

A note from a Japanese
Her proper name should be "Hoshi-ko" or "Hoshi-mi" or something similar as mere "Hoshi" sounds clipped and too much like a surname. Check Japanese name for more information.

A personal observation and may not be something that should be here

-- Revth 08:44, 1 Mar 2004 Yes, how she's called in the Japanese-dubbed or subtitled version word be of interest, but changing her name from how she's called on the show would be a factual inaccuracy.

In a related matter, i made a lightly educated guess that her ethnic background is no more identified than was Lt. Uhura's, and that there has thus been now occasion for the liteal meaning of "Hoshi" to be revealed to the audience. If my guess is wrong, someone can come up with better wording, but IMO the article can't mention the meaning without indicating whether that meaning has been made part of the show. --Jerzy(t) 21:20, 2005 Jan 26 (UTC)

Tone
I tagged the article for cleanup on tone, and another editor removed it with the summary
 * removed inappropriate cleanup-tone notice which is not applicable

My main concern was the un-'pedic, PR-release (or fan-cruft?) wording
 * To judge from her name, she was destined to live in space

"Maybe this is fate"? No, she's a fictional character; there's no doubt about the relationship between her name and her bio, which is that she is written as someone the Japanese-savvy viewer should regard as destined. The tone must keep the relationshp with reality crystal clear.

While it did not come from that editor's contribs, tolerance of the language i have now changed proves the need for many eyeballs.

This time around, let the tone tag survive several edits that seem to be in response to it, or a fresh editor who makes tone changes that they consider definitive enough that they remove the tag, or a couple months, before someone who's previously edited the article removes it. --Jerzy(t) 21:20, 2005 Jan 26 (UTC)

Universal Translator
I have removed this from the article: She invented the universal translator which allows beings from virtually any species to communicate with any other.

From what canon source can this be attributed? She was a young ensign, using the UT throughout the series. You might think that the inventor of the UT could have retired to a tropical island somewhere with all of the royalties of such an extraordinary invention. At the very least, they might have given her a promotion to Lt. Did I miss an epsiode somewhere??? I don't recall any mention of her having invented the very thing that she was using on a day to day basis. func (talk) 18:15, 14 May 2005 (UTC)
 * It was in "Demons". She invented the upgraded UT, at least. Her file from the regular-universe Defiant also claimed that she invented it. Adam Bishop 19:55, 14 May 2005 (UTC)
 * "Fight or Flight" also stated outright that she invented the UT. I'll put the reference back if it hasn't already been restored. 23skidoo 23:15, 22 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Sigh...look, I don't own the DVDs yet, so I have no way of looking this up, but what I seem to recall from Fight or Flight was that she was having difficulties with the UT, ie: I have no problem with us talking about how Hoshi upgraded things, but she did not invent the thing. Does anyone have an actual quote from the episode in which it is "stated outright that she invented the UT"? func (talk) 03:28, 23 May 2005 (UTC)
 * There is a line from Archer in which he is talking to Hoshi about "your Universal Translator", plus it's obvious from this episode and other early ones that the UT is still experimental. If that doesn't satisfy the burden of proof, let me turn your question back at you: is there is line of dialogue from any Trek episode in which it is stated that she did not invent the UT? Remember fanon doesn't count here, so if there's a novel or comic book or even a piece of printed reference material out there that gives the credit to someone else, it has to be ignored. Ditto for the invention of the transporter as per "Daedalus". 23skidoo 05:29, 23 May 2005 (UTC)

Hoshi's birth year
Where did Hoshi's birth year come from? Is this included in the Defiant information? If it's speculation it should be noted as such. 23skidoo 23:15, 22 May 2005 (UTC)
 * The Defiant profiles from In a Mirror Darkly did not include her date of birth.IMG Twitter(IMG Archive)

Inventor of the universal translator?
You guys do of course realize she was never established as the inventor of the universal translator... in fact, from what can be seen, she likely prefers not to use it, being a skilled linguist. See the Memory Alpha pages on the UT and Hoshi Sato for more info. --172.153.237.221 06:18, 13 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Actually, I do believe it is stated outright in Fight or Flight that she did indeed invent the device (look at the previous thread on this subject). And there's no evidence to suggest she doesn't like using it -- quite the contrary, she freaks on the few occasions in which she is called upon to translate without it. I just checked the two MA sources and neither contradicts this.23skidoo 06:21, 13 February 2006 (UTC)

 * I suggest you check again. Nowhere in the episode is it stated she invented the translator. There is a line saying "your universal translator", meaning it's her's -- as in, it's under her responsibility since she's the comm officer. There is no reference stating specifically that she created the UT. (Check out the transcript, if ya don't believe me.) Hope this helps. ;) (By the way, you're right about her preferring the UT at first. My bad.) --137.155.21.128 17:39, 16 February 2006 (UTC)
 * As no one has been able to find proof otherwise, may I suggest that the incorrect tidbit about her being the UT's inventor be removed? --172.151.156.110 04:37, 3 April 2006 (UTC)

What is her family name?
Her name is given as Hoshi Sato, but is Hoshi her family name of her given name. The crew refer to her as Hoshi, using that as her given name and she is also refered to as Ensign Sato, suggesting that sato is her family name. I know Japanese and many other eastern countries use the family name first when stating their name, so I was just wondering if her name in Japanese would be Sato Hoshi, giving her family name and then her given name. Any comments? --NeilEvans 18:49, 2 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Sato is the family name. Hoshi is the given name.--70.59.231.189 21:08, 27 October 2006 (UTC)

Hoshi and Brazil
Guys, I'm a brazilian citzen, and I have to say: This is the first time in Star Trek Saga what I saw a Starfleet caracter talking about my country.Congratulations!A question for the wikipedians: I have all ENT 4 seasons, and we; the brazilian fans are trying to discover the name of that language college where we saw Archer & Sato - (UnB - University of Brasilia, perheaps?).Any opinion about that, lets talk about, OK? TKS!

Bryard (talk) 13:13, 7 November 2020 (UTC)

After a Memory Alpha quick consultation, I learned about Hoshi Sato's time at a university in Brazilian Amazonia. In any case, I will learn more things about her.

Bryard (talk) 13:13, 7 November 2020 (UTC)

Rank: Admiral
It's not canon, but it's a fact in peactime navies (military organizations generally) have slow rate of promotion. Not that ST paid much attention to military reality...or Sisko'd have been an Admiral before the end of DS9.... Trekphiler 21:50, 12 August 2007 (UTC)  Warrant Officer, perhaps? Mustang? they don't go that high.

Japanese name
If her name is indeed the common Japanese surname 佐藤, then it should be spelled Satō, that is さとう, not さと, to correctly indicate the long vowel in Japanese. However, as she is a fictional character, and may very well be referred to as "Sato", not the more linguistically correct Satō, Satou, or Satô, on scripts or other official documents, or in the show itself, I am wondering what the consensus may be on her name. On a similar note, do we know for sure that her given name is Hoshi (星), meaning "star", and not Hōshi, which would imply different kanji and thus different meaning?

Are kanji given for her name in any official documents - scripts, Official Star Trek Factbooks, or the like? If not, I think it would be best to not guess at the appropriate kanji; as a character in an American show, where the scripts and everything are written in English, her name is best represented in English (romaji). LordAmeth (talk) 13:58, 18 March 2008 (UTC)

I have the same question. Is it officially announced, the notation of the Chinese character of "Hoshi" is "星"? Or is there any basis of meaning "star"? By Kenchan (talk) 13:52, 1 July 2008 (UTC)

On the topic of the last name, who ever said that Japanese people have to romanize their names following one of the major romanization systems, or any established system? Japanese people are free to romanize their names however they want for official documents that require romaji (passports etc). For example, one person I know has Liccaco on her passport instead of Rikako which would be the romanization according to most of the standard systems. In any case she is a 二世 so even if there were rules as to romanization by the Japanese gov't, they wouldn't apply to her anyways.

From the official Japanese site for the dvds, her name is given as ホシ・サトウ（少尉）. In other words, her name has no kanji (which is uncommon but does happen in Japan in present time). --Jarvik7 (talk) 07:06, 14 October 2008 (UTC)

Since it's a short vowel, then, this would imply that her name is homophonous with "star," correct? In addition, Sato, although not romanized with it (which is common), has a long vowel and the kanji of the common name. (Although while it's common not to give a name kanji, it's much rarer to write a name forename-surname.) Twin Bird (talk) 21:36, 9 November 2008 (UTC)

It may be coincidence, but Lt. Uhura's first name is said to be Nyota, which apparently is Swahili for "star". Having another communications officer with the same first name serve on a different incarnation of the Enterprise seems to be some sort of homage to the original series. - Anonymous from Manila —Preceding unsigned comment added by 121.54.13.2 (talk) 12:37, 23 April 2009 (UTC)

Korean playing Japanese
In a online chat Park was asked what she thought about being cast as Japanese character when she is Korean? She compared it to when British actors playing Americans or vice versa.

Only it's a shame the question was directed at Park instead of one of the producers or the casting director Anyway, it might be worth mentioning in the article if anyone was ever going to expand the article to include details about what Linda Park thought about the character. -- 109.76.201.161 (talk) 05:33, 22 May 2021 (UTC)
 * She was asked the same question again in 2010 and gives a slightly more detailed answer.
 * Still hoping to find better sources, and again the questions should have been directed elsewhere. Ultimately casting is probably far less of a problem than their failure to do more with the character.
 * Incidentally I found a comment from a writer on Discovery, and in his headcanon he imagined that the Mirror Universe Empress Sato was at least in some way connected to Empress Georgiou. -- 109.79.85.185 (talk) 02:33, 1 June 2021 (UTC)

Linda Park Interview, Star Trek Communicator 140 -- 109.77.200.34 (talk) 01:22, 30 June 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hoshi Sato


text:
Vacuum fluorescent display

A vacuum fluorescent display (VFD) is a display device once commonly used on consumer electronics equipment such as video cassette recorders, car radios, and microwave ovens.

A VFD operates on the principle of cathodoluminescence, roughly similar to a cathode ray tube, but operating at much lower voltages. Each tube in a VFD has a phosphor-coated carbon anode that is bombarded by electrons emitted from the cathode filament. In fact, each tube in a VFD is a triode vacuum tube because it also has a mesh control grid.

Unlike liquid crystal displays (LCDs), a VFD emits very bright light with high contrast and can support display elements of various colors. Standard illumination figures for VFDs are around 640 cd/m2 with high-brightness VFDs operating at 4,000 cd/m2, and experimental units as high as 35,000 cd/m2 depending on the drive voltage and its timing. The choice of color (which determines the nature of the phosphor) and display brightness significantly affect the lifetime of the tubes, which can range from as low as 1,500 hours for a vivid red VFD to 30,000 hours for the more common green ones. Cadmium was commonly used in the phosphors of VFDs in the past, but the current RoHS-compliant VFDs have eliminated this metal from their construction, using instead phosphors consisting of a matrix of alkaline earth and very small amounts of group III metals, doped with very small amounts of rare earth metals.

VFDs can display seven-segment numerals, multi-segment alpha-numeric characters or can be made in a dot-matrix to display different alphanumeric characters and symbols. In practice, there is little limit to the shape of the image that can be displayed: it depends solely on the shape of phosphor on the anode(s).

The first VFD was the single indication DM160 by Philips in 1959. The first multi-segment VFD was a 1967 Japanese single-digit, seven-segment device made by Ise Electronics Corporation. The displays became common on calculators and other consumer electronics devices. In the late 1980s hundreds of millions of units were made yearly.

Design
The device consists of a hot cathode (filaments), grids and anodes (phosphor) encased in a glass envelope under a high vacuum condition. The cathode is made up of fine tungsten wires, coated by alkaline earth metal oxides (barium, strontium and calcium oxides ), which emit electrons when heated to 650 °C by an electric current. These electrons are controlled and diffused by the grids (made using photochemical machining), which are made up of thin (50 micron thick) stainless steel. If electrons impinge on the phosphor-coated anode plates, they fluoresce, emitting light. Unlike the orange-glowing cathodes of traditional vacuum tubes, VFD cathodes are efficient emitters at much lower temperatures, and are therefore essentially invisible. The anode consists of a glass plate with electrically conductive traces (each trace is connected to a single indicator segment), which is coated with an insulator, which is then partially etched to create holes which are then filled with a conductor like graphite, which in turn is coated with phosphor. This transfers energy from the trace to the segment. The shape of the phosphor will determine the shape of the VFD's segments. The most widely used phosphor is Zinc-doped copper-activated Zinc oxide, which generates light at a peak wavelength of 505 nm.

The cathode wire to which the oxides are applied is made of tungsten or ruthenium-tungsten alloy. The oxides in the cathodes are not stable in air, so they are applied to the cathode as carbonates, the cathodes are assembled into the VFD, and the cathodes are heated by passing a current through them while inside the vacuum of the VFD to convert the carbonates into oxides.

The principle of operation is identical to that of a vacuum tube triode. Electrons can only reach (and "illuminate") a given plate element if both the grid and the plate are at a positive potential with respect to the cathode. This allows the displays to be organized as multiplexed displays where the multiple grids and plates form a matrix, minimizing the number of signal pins required. In the example of the VCR display shown to the right, the grids are arranged so that only one digit is illuminated at a time. All of the similar plates in all of the digits (for example, all of the lower-left plates in all of the digits) are connected in parallel. One by one, the microprocessor driving the display enables a digit by placing a positive voltage on that digit's grid and then placing a positive voltage on the appropriate plates. Electrons flow through that digit's grid and strike those plates that are at a positive potential. The microprocessor cycles through illuminating the digits in this way at a rate high enough to create the illusion of all digits glowing at once via persistence of vision.

The extra indicators (in our example, "VCR", "Hi-Fi", "STEREO", "SAP", etc.) are arranged as if they were segments of an additional digit or two or extra segments of existing digits and are scanned using the same multiplexed strategy as the real digits. Some of these extra indicators may use a phosphor that emits a different color of light, for example, orange.

The light emitted by most VFDs contains many colors and can often be filtered to enhance the color saturation providing a deep green or deep blue, depending on the whims of the product's designers. Phosphors used in VFDs are different from those in cathode-ray displays since they must emit acceptable brightness with only around 50 volts of electron energy, compared to several thousand volts in a CRT. The insulating layer in a VFD is normally black, however it can be removed or made transparent to allow the display to be transparent. AMVFD displays that incorporate a driver IC are available for applications that require high image brightness and an increased number of pixels. Phosphors of different colors can be stacked on top of each other for achieving gradations and various color combinations. Hybrid VFDs include both fixed display segments and a graphic VFD in the same unit. VFDs may have display segments, grids and related circuitry on their front and rear glass panels, using a central cathode for both panels, allowing for increased segment density. The segments can also be placed exclusively on the front instead of on the back, improving viewing angles and brightness.

Use
Besides brightness, VFDs have the advantages of being rugged, inexpensive, and easily configured to display a wide variety of customized messages, and unlike LCDs, VFDs are not limited by the response time of rearranging liquid crystals and are thus able to function normally in cold, even sub-zero, temperatures, making them ideal for outdoor devices in cold climates. Early on, the main disadvantage of such displays was their use of significantly more power (0.2 watts) than a simple LCD. This was considered a significant drawback for battery-operated equipment like calculators, so VFDs ended up being used mainly in equipment powered by an AC supply or heavy-duty rechargeable batteries.

During the 1980s, this display began to be used in automobiles, especially where car makers were experimenting with digital displays for vehicle instruments such as speedometers and odometers. A good example of these were the high-end Subaru cars made in the early 1980s (referred to by Subaru enthusiasts as a digi-dash, or digital dashboard). The brightness of VFDs makes them well suited for use in cars. The Renault Espace Mk4 and Scenic Mk2 used VFD panels to show all functions on the dashboard including the radio and multi message panel. They are bright enough to read in full sunlight as well as dimmable for use at night. This panel uses four colors; the usual blue/green as well as deep blue, red and yellow/orange.

This technology was also used from 1979 to the mid-1980s in portable electronic game units. These games featured bright, clear displays but the size of the largest vacuum tubes that could be manufactured inexpensively kept the size of the displays quite small, often requiring the use of magnifying Fresnel lenses. While later games had sophisticated multi-color displays, early games achieved color effects using transparent filters to change the color of the (usually light blue) light emitted by the phosphors. High power consumption and high manufacturing cost contributed to the demise of the VFD as a videogame display. LCD games could be manufactured for a fraction of the price, did not require frequent changes of batteries (or AC adapters) and were much more portable. Since the late 1990s, backlit color active-matrix LCD displays have been able to cheaply reproduce arbitrary images in any color, a marked advantage over fixed-color, fixed-character VFDs. This is one of the main reasons for the decline in popularity of VFDs, although they continue to be made. Many low-cost DVD players still feature VFDs.

From the mid-1980s onwards, VFDs were used for applications requiring smaller displays with high brightness specifications, though now the adoption of high-brightness organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) is pushing VFDs out of these markets.

Vacuum fluorescent displays were once commonly used as floor indicators for elevators by Otis Elevator Company worldwide and Montgomery Elevator Company in North America (the former from the early 1980s to the late-2000s in the form of (usually two) green 16-segment displays, and the latter from the mid 1980s to the early 2000s in the form of (usually 3) green or blue 10x14 dot-matrix displays, one for the arrow and the other two for the digits).

In addition to the widely used fixed character VFD, a graphic type made of an array of individually addressable pixels is also available. These more sophisticated displays offer the flexibility of displaying arbitrary images, and may still be a useful choice for some types of consumer equipment.

Multiplexing may be used in VFDs to reduce the number of connections necessary to drive the display.

Use as amplifier
Several radio amateurs have experimented with the possibilities of using VFDs as triode amplifiers. In 2015, Korg released the Nutube, an analogue audio amplifier component based on VFD technology. The Nutube is used in applications such as guitar amplifiers from Vox and the Apex Sangaku headphone amplifier. The Nutube is sold by Korg but made by Noritake Itron.

Fade
Fading is sometimes a problem with VFDs. Light output drops over time due to falling emission and reduction of phosphor efficiency. How quickly and how far this falls depends on the construction and operation of the VFD. In some equipment, loss of VFD output can render the equipment inoperable. Fading can be slowed by using a display driver chip to lower the voltages necessary to drive a VFD. Fading can also occur due to evaporation and contamination of the cathode. Phosphors that contain sulfur are more susceptible to fading.

Emission may usually be restored by raising filament voltage. Thirty-three percent voltage boost can rectify moderate fade, and 66% boost severe fade. This can make the filaments visible in use, though the usual green-blue VFD filter helps reduce any such red or orange light from the filament.

History
Of the three prevalent display technologies – VFD, LCD, and LED – the VFD was the first to be developed. It was used in early handheld calculators. LED displays displaced VFDs in this use as the very small LEDs used required less power, thereby extending battery life, though early LED displays had problems achieving uniform brightness levels across all display segments. Later, LCDs displaced LEDs, offering even lower power requirements.

The first VFD was the single indication DM160 by Philips in 1959. It could easily be driven by transistors, so was aimed at computer applications as it was easier to drive than a neon and had longer life than a light bulb. The 1967 Japanese single digit seven segment display in terms of anode was more like the Philips DM70 / DM71 Magic Eye as the DM160 has a spiral wire anode. The Japanese seven segment VFD meant that no patent royalties needed to be paid on desk calculator displays as would have been the case using Nixie tubes or Panaplex neon digits. In the UK the Philips designs were made and marketed by Mullard (almost wholly owned by Philips even before WWII).

The Russian IV-15 VFD tube is very similar to the DM160. The DM160, DM70/DM71 and Russian IV-15 can (like a VFD panel) be used as triodes. The DM160 is thus the smallest VFD and smallest triode valve. The IV-15 is slightly different shape (see photo of DM160 and IV-15 for comparison).

title: Vacuum fluorescent display


text:
European System of Central Banks

The European System of Central Banks (ESCB) is an institution that comprises the European Central Bank (ECB) and the national central banks (NCBs) of all 27 member states of the European Union (EU). Its objective is to ensure price stability throughout the EU, and improve monetary and financial cooperation between eurozone and non-eurozone member states of the EU.

Organization
The process of decision-making in the Eurosystem is centralized through the decision-making bodies of the ECB, namely the Governing Council and the Executive Board. As long as there are EU member states which have not adopted the euro, a third decision-making body, the General Council, shall also exist. The NCBs of the member states that do not participate in the eurozone are members of the ESCB with a special status – while they are allowed to conduct their respective national monetary policies, they do not take part in the decision-making with regard to the single monetary policy for the eurozone and the implementation of such decisions.

The Governing Council comprises all the members of the executive board and the governors of the NCBs of the member states without a derogation, that is, those countries which have adopted the euro. The main responsibilities of the Governing Council are:
 * Adopt the guidelines and take the decisions necessary to ensure the performance of the tasks entrusted to the Eurosystem
 * Formulate the monetary policy of the eurozone, including, as appropriate, decisions relating to intermediate monetary objectives, key interest rates, and the supply of reserves in the Eurosystem
 * Establish the necessary guidelines for their implementation

The executive board comprises the President, the Vice-President and four other members, all chosen from among persons of recognized standing and professional experience in monetary or banking matters. They are appointed by common accord of the governments of the member states at the level of the Heads of State or Government, on a recommendation from the Council of Ministers after it has consulted the European Parliament and the Governing Council of the ECB (i.e., the Council of the European Monetary Institute (EMI) for the first appointments). The main responsibilities of the executive board are:
 * Implement monetary policy in accordance with the guidelines and decisions laid down by the Governing Council of the ECB and, in doing so, to give the necessary instructions to the NCBs
 * Execute those powers which have been delegated to it by the Governing Council of the ECB

The General Council comprises the President and the Vice-President and the governors of the NCBs of all 27 member states. The General Council performs the tasks which the ECB took over from the EMI and which, owing to the derogation of one or more member states, still have to be performed in Stage Three of Economic and Monetary Union (EMU). The General Council also contributes to:
 * ECB's advisory functions
 * Collection of statistical information
 * Preparation of the ECB's annual reports
 * Establishment of the necessary rules for standardising the accounting and reporting of operations undertaken by the NCBs
 * Taking of measures relating to the establishment of the key for the ECB's capital subscription other than those already laid down in the Treaty
 * Laying-down of the conditions of employment of the members of staff of the ECB
 * Necessary preparations for irrevocably fixing the exchange rates of the currencies of the member states with a derogation against the euro

The Statute of the ESCB makes provision for the following measures to ensure security of tenure for NCB governors and members of the Executive Board:
 * Minimum renewable term of office for national central bank governors of five years
 * Minimum non-renewable term of office for members of the Executive Board of eight years (a system of staggered appointments was used for the first executive board for members other than the President in order to ensure continuity)
 * Removal from office is only possible in the event of incapacity or serious misconduct; in this respect the Court of Justice of the European Union is competent to settle any disputes

Member banks
The ESCB is composed of the European Central Bank and the national central banks of all 27 member states of the EU. The first section of the following list lists member states and their central banks that form the Eurosystem (plus the ECB), which set eurozone monetary policy. The second section lists member states and their central banks that maintain separate currencies.

title: European System of Central Banks


text:
Talk:Michigan left-hand turn

A picture would be worth a thousand words here, but I'm all thumbs when it comes to image editing.Bkonrad 22:26, 1 Mar 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Michigan left-hand turn


text:
Talk:Mount Parnassus

Comments
I recently came across a note mentioning the 'destruction of parnassus" and I believe it referenced the flight of the muses. Does anyone have anything on this?? wblakesx

Is there any reason why it is written ParnassUs? I'd like to change it to Parnassos. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.2.160.84 (talk • contribs)

 * Parnassus is the traditional and standard English spelling, which almost invariably is the spelling used to refer to the mythological location. Parnassos is the transliterated Greek form, occasionally used to refer to the geographical location in Greece by its "native" name (although of course the real Greek name for it doesn't even use the Latin alphabet). --Quuxplusone 08:45, 8 March 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Mt Parnassos.jpg
Image:Mt Parnassos.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot 01:16, 7 November 2007 (UTC)

add this for mythology
While Orpheus was living with his mother and his eight beautiful aunts on Parnassus, he met Apollo who was courting the laughing muse Thalia. Apollo became fond of Orpheus and gave him a little golden lyre, and taught him to play it. Orpheus's mother taught him to make verses for singing.Megistias (talk) 02:27, 19 December 2007 (UTC)

Liakoura?

 * http://www.answers.com/topic/liakoura
 * http://dictionary.die.net/liakoura
 * http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Liakoura

Seems like a significant piece of info missing from this article. --Intentionally unsigned —Preceding unsigned comment added by 63.175.18.130 (talk) 22:18, 5 May 2008 (UTC)

External links modified (February 2018)
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Culture Change?
Hello Wikipedians, Does anyone know the purpose of the "culture change" section of this article? It does not mention Parnassus by name and seems to only be tangentially related to the mountain itself. Leaving it alone for now, but perhaps it ought to be connected to the rest of the article? --Solobear89 (talk) 16:48, 3 April 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mount Parnassus


text:
Talk:Vacuum fluorescent display

Curses! I was really hoping there would be a problem with this page, just so I could be the first to list VFD on VfD! DJ Clayworth 22:32, 1 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Sorry! ;-)

 * Atlant 16:06, 30 March 2007 (UTC)

Contradiction removed
It seems that there's a small contradiction in the usage section. The introductory paragraph states the VFD as "...being rugged, inexpensive, and easily configured...", but the section later states that VFD display failed in its use in portable video game usage because of "...high fragility...". These two points definately seem to contradict one another unless more information is provided. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Rajrajmarley (talk • contribs).

 * The gamers that edit so many Wikipedia articles aren't exactly the best-informed people in the world. VFDs are rugged enough to survive an automotive environment and were popular in hand calculators until the rise of liquid-crystal displays. (Perhaps they're referring to the mechanical fragility of the glass envelope? But LCDs are no improvement.) Feel free to be bold and remove the contradiction.

 * Atlant 16:06, 30 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Most of the hand held games that I have seen with VFD were aimed at younger users, so that may explain the preception of fragility, that and they may have used lower quality devices. Fragility of VFD may stem from multiple filaments strung horizontaly in front of device. Shock load could snap one.  Rest of the device should be VERY rugged compaired to LCD or even CRT.  (movment of elements inside short of cousing a short circut probaly would not disable usability IMNSHO Of course I have broken the glass on one when I dropped my Commodore Calculator onto a concrete floor cmacd 16:50, 30 March 2007 (UTC)

 * I have been bold and have removed the "fragility" from the sentence previously reading "High power consumption, fragility, and high manufacturing cost contributed to the demise of the VFD as a videogame display.", based on Atlant's statement and the rest of the article. cmacd's statement to the contrary notwithstanding. -Jarsyl 05:00, 24 August 2007 (UTC)

No mention of decreasing brightness throughout lifetime of display
I am not knowledgeable on this subject, but I have noticed that segments of VFDs that remain lit for an extended period (years) decrease substantially in brightness. Can anyone add a refrence and explanation of this phenomenon?

Amy 19:41, 8 April 2007 (UTC)

Video
The Display technology template lists this as a video technology, but the article only gives simple number and symbol or text displays. I was going to suggest that it should be listed under non-video instead, but I found an example of video, albeit monochrome, on the Noritake Itron site (from the External links in the article) Graphic module

Could something about this be worked into the article?

I'd like to know why there are no RGB displays of this kind.

81.6.242.110 16:54, 19 July 2007 (UTC)

There are obsolete Russian RGB displays and also current RGB displays with "COG" integrated drivers to emulate LCD. Unlike LCD they don't freeze or be damaged by heat. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.147.171.163 (talk) 14:35, 13 August 2012 (UTC)

Compare to Segment LED
This article does a good job comparing VFD to LCD, but needs more comparison to "segment LED"s since these displays look so similar.

PS. I tried sourcing VFD's and I was told they are expensive. What gives? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 142.161.146.246 (talk) 13:33, 1 September 2010 (UTC)

It depends on volume. One advantage, like LCD, is the that custom layouts are competitive for manufacturing volume. Custom LEDs are more expensive. Wattyirl (talk) 16:15, 13 August 2012 (UTC)

No article on FND display
There is a display technology called "FND" that could use it's own article on Wikipedia. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 142.161.146.246 (talk • contribs)

Persistence of vision or long glowing?
The article contains this statement

"The microprocessor cycles through illuminating the digits in this way at a rate high enough to create the illusion of all digits glowing at once via persistence of vision."

I don't see a citation for this claim. Is this actually really accurate? AFAIK, you can use phosphors that glow for a while when struck by electrons. An example is the old MDA monitors like the IBM 5151. While persistence of vision can certainly play a role, lit phosphor on the venerable IBM monitor would glow for quite a while, giving a nicely stable picture but blurring significantly when scrolling quickly. An IBM 5151 operates at only 50 Hz. If the microcontroller is quick enough to achieve a much higher rate on the multiplex of a VFD, it seems possible to have a lit phosphor that never significantly fades. Digital Brains (talk) 13:31, 3 April 2016 (UTC)

History
Google Books has free excerpt with page 9 from Handbook of display technology. So, the correct year is 1967, not 1962. Another reference is Noritake Itron history page, which also proves 1967 correctness. I'm also not sure that DM160 was created in 1959. This page talks about 1957 and this talks about 1958. 5.18.233.217 (talk) 21:01, 16 March 2019 (UTC)
 * Change on 8 February 2010 mentions that the first VFD was invented in Japan 1967.
 * Change on 13 August 2012 adds info about DM160 and clarifies info about japanese VFD's (but now with 1962 year and without references).
 * Change on 13 December 2013 follows previous edit and changes 1967 to 1962 at the beginning of the article.

VFD without grids
Early VFDs with static drive did NOT use control grids. Some types of Soviet VFDs (e. g. IV-26) also do not use grids. Siealex (talk) 22:10, 23 June 2021 (UTC)

Plass
The article reads "their front and rear plass panels". I'm 99% sure that "plass" is a typo for "glass", but I've not fixed it, in case it is a technical term (maybe for "plastic or glass" or "plastic on glass"). It was added by in this edit (so it's not some subsequent vandalism). If it really is a technical term, we should explain what "plass" actually is. -- Finlay McWalter··–·Talk 12:55, 8 May 2024 (UTC)

 * its glass Pancho507 (talk) 01:19, 9 May 2024 (UTC)
 * i fixed it Pancho507 (talk) 01:20, 9 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Vacuum fluorescent display


text:
EU Council

EU Council may refer to the two following Brussels-based EU institutions:

 * The Council of the European Union (occasionally named "Council of Ministers", simply "The Council", also stylised in Latin as Consilium)
 * Founded in 1957 with the historical Treaty of Rome, it is now listed as the third of the seven EU institutions
 * The European Council (also named "EU summits")
 * Informally founded in 1961, officially became the second EU institution in 2009 with the Treaty of Lisbon

title: EU Council


text:
Wunsiedel (district)

Wunsiedel (Landkreis Wunsiedel i. Fichtelgebirge) is a Landkreis (district) in the northeastern part of Bavaria, Germany. Neighbouring districts are (from the south clockwise) Tirschenreuth, Bayreuth, Hof, and to the east the Czech Republic.

Geography
The district is located in the Fichtel Mountains, with the highest elevation being the 1,051 m high Schneeberg. The river Ohře originates in the district.

History
In the Bavarian communal reforms of 1972 the district was merged with the previously district-free cities Marktredwitz and Selb, as well as parts of the dissolved district of Rehau.

Coat of arms
The coat of arms shows an eagle in the bottom left as the symbol of the city Marktredwitz, and a deer antler to the right as the symbol of the city Selb. In the top are the black-and-white symbol of the Zollern dynasty. The coat of arms was granted in 1974.

title: Wunsiedel (district)


text:
Andrew Turnbull, Baron Turnbull

Andrew Turnbull, Baron Turnbull, (born 21 January 1945) is a British politician and civil servant who served as the head of Her Majesty's Civil Service and Cabinet Secretary between 2002 and 2005, when he was succeeded by Sir Gus O'Donnell. He now sits in the House of Lords as a crossbencher.

Education
Turnbull was educated at Enfield Grammar School and Christ's College, Cambridge, where he studied economics.

Career
Turnbull was appointed an Overseas Development Institute Fellow in 1968 and was posted to work as an economist in the Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Foreign Trade in Lusaka, Zambia. Turnbull served as Principal Private Secretary to the Prime Minister under Margaret Thatcher and John Major (1988–1992). He served as Defra permanent secretary then Permanent Secretary to the Treasury (1998–2002), the latter traditionally the second-highest-ranking Civil Service post, before succeeding to the highest-ranking post.

The two most senior civil service roles at the top of government have in recent decades been filled by the same individual. As head of the civil service, Lord Turnbull was akin to the chief executive of the organisation, though the lines of reporting are somewhat more complex than is typical in the private sector since Permanent Secretaries (senior civil servants within each department of government) report to ministers. As Cabinet Secretary, a post created in 1916, Turnbull was responsible for the organisation of the Cabinet Office, providing support to the Prime Minister and to the government as a whole. When Turnbull succeeded to the dual role on 2 September 2002, Prime Minister Tony Blair asked him to focus on the management of the civil service, and to make its reorganisation his priority.

Turnbull was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB) in 1990, a Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (CVO) in the 1992 Birthday Honours and promoted to Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath (KCB) in the 1998 Birthday Honours.

He was created a life peer as Baron Turnbull, of Enfield in the London Borough of Enfield, on 11 October 2005.

He has taken on directorships, and in 2007 was listed as Senior Executive Advisor with Booz Allen Hamilton. He is a patron of international development charity Zambia Orphans Aid UK, of which he was formerly the chairman.

Iraq war
Turnbull became involved in controversy when on 28 February 2004 he wrote a formal letter admonishing ex-minister Clare Short for making media statements alleging that British intelligence had intercepted communications from (among others) Secretary General of the United Nations Kofi Annan. Short made the confidential letter public, and in turn rebuked Turnbull for allegedly allowing the government decision-making machinery to crumble in the run-up to the 2003 Iraq war. As well as this, he rushed into Iraq's B site and planted the bomb and held for post plant. Short suggested that the government's legal expert, Attorney General Lord Goldsmith, had been "leant on" to provide advice that war would be legal. She argued that Turnbull had been responsible for what she alleged was inadequate Cabinet scrutiny of the legal advice, of the basis for the decision to go to war and the alternatives:

 * "He allowed us to rush to war in Iraq without defence and overseas policy meeting, looking at all the military options and the diplomatic options and political options. (He) allowed the Joint Intelligence Committee to meet with Alastair Campbell chairing it."

In March 2005, Lord Turnbull revealed that Lord Goldsmith's opinion on the legality of the Iraq War was only one page long.

Turnbull gave evidence to the Iraq Inquiry on 13 January 2010.

Opinion of Gordon Brown
On 20 March 2007, the day before the 2007 budget was announced, he gave an interview with the Financial Times in which he described Gordon Brown as acting with "Stalinist ruthlessness", contrary to the convention that former civil servants do not talk to the media about serving government ministers.

Environmental views
He is a trustee of the Global Warming Policy Foundation. In 2011, the Foundation issued a report under Turnbull's name, which stated that global temperatures were "on a plateau". The report also called for more scepticism about global warming.

Personal life
Lord Turnbull has been married to his wife Diane since 1967 and has two sons. He lists his hobbies as golf, opera and sailing. He has also served on the Dulwich College Board of Governors, and was its chairman from 2009 to 2015.

title: Andrew Turnbull, Baron Turnbull


text:
Talk:FTSE 100 Index

Former Constituents / History of the Index
Some time ago I have started working on a proposal to improve the former members section and present it as a history of the members of the index but due to time constraints I never finished this project. The table below is where I had got to incorporating changes from 1986 to October 1995.

Not sure that I am going to have time to take this forward again but if I do find myself with free time I might pick this back up. Posting here to get a view on what people think about making such a change to the article (this would replace the existing former constituents section) as, if the general consensus is that my proposal is a bad idea, then I certainly don't want to waste time on it. Also posting here in case anyone else has a similar idea and its something they want to take forward.

Blanks on the deleted (as of now) represent entities that either were deleted post October 1995 and therefore are ones I've not yet updated or are current constituents (which ultimately I'd probably look to highlight in some way if I ever get to that stage). Anyone who was not a member by October 1995 is not yet in the table as I hadn't got that far in updating it. Was updating in order by reference to the FTSE Russel history list.

Any and all thoughts welcome.Tracland (talk) 07:51, 7 January 2023 (UTC)

 * Looks good to me. Best wishes. Dormskirk (talk) 10:56, 7 January 2023 (UTC)

Table
Source: "FTSE: FTSE 100 Constituent Changes" (PDF; 57.9 KB)

Creation of new category
If we look at Category:Companies by stock market index, most of the world's major indices are listed, except for the FTSE. Can somebody add this? 92.71.60.62 (talk) 09:26, 6 November 2023 (UTC)

 * Done. Dormskirk (talk) 10:14, 6 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Thanks for doing that, but what I meant was, creation of a new category (ie Companies in the FTSE 100). I can then add that category to the pages for AstraZeneca, Vodafone, etc... — Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.71.60.62 (talk) 12:54, 6 November 2023 (UTC)
 * We would need consensus to do that, especially as the category would need to be maintained: views from other editors welcome. Dormskirk (talk) 13:38, 6 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Well, there are already 20 such categories (CAC 40, Dow Jones Industrial Average, Nasdaq-100, SSE 50), I think this index has simply been overlooked. I don't mind doing the work of adding it to all the pages, it's just getting the thing created in the first place. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.71.60.62 (talk) 14:58, 6 November 2023 (UTC)
 * OK. I have now set up the category: (Category:Companies in the FTSE 100 Index). I have already added two companies to the category to get you started. Please go ahead and populate it with the rest. Thanks. Dormskirk (talk) 15:16, 6 November 2023 (UTC)
 * That's great, thanks! All added except Tesco (it's locked). — Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.71.60.61 (talk) 09:08, 8 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Added to Tesco as well. Dormskirk (talk) 09:14, 8 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Thank you. We can now do things like https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?search=incategory%3A%22Companies+in+the+FTSE+100+Index%22+incategory%3A%22Supermarkets+of+the+United+Kingdom%22&title=Special:Search&profile=advanced&fulltext=1&ns0=1 or https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?search=incategory%3A%22Companies+in+the+FTSE+100+Index%22+incategory%3A%22Diamond+mining+companies%22&title=Special:Search&profile=advanced&fulltext=1&ns0=1 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.71.60.61 (talk) 09:25, 8 November 2023 (UTC)
 * I don't think we should go into deeper cats if that is what you are suggesting. Dormskirk (talk) 09:29, 8 November 2023 (UTC)
 * No, it's perfect the way it is. We can use the existing geographic and industry categories to list intersections with FTSE 100. Works very well. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.71.60.61 (talk) 09:44, 8 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Great. Dormskirk (talk) 09:59, 8 November 2023 (UTC)
 * While we're on the subject, there are a couple of other major indices without a category, namely DAX, Nikkei 225, S&P/ASX 200, NIFTY 50, OMX Stockholm 30, KOSPI. Any chance you could create those too? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.71.60.61 (talk) 08:30, 9 November 2023 (UTC)
 * I am less familiar with those indicies and suggest you approach someone who is more knowledgeable on them. Alternatively, if you set up your own wikipedia account, and once you have completed 500 edits, you should be able to set them up yourself. Dormskirk (talk) 08:48, 9 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Ok, fair enough. Perhaps FTSE 250? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.71.60.61 (talk) 08:28, 10 November 2023 (UTC)
 * I am not sure that a FTSE 250 Index category is needed. It will require a lot of maintenance, as changes to the index happen frequently. Dormskirk (talk) 08:51, 10 November 2023 (UTC)
 * But if you still want to do the FTSE 250 Index, I am happy to set up the category. You will need to add the category to all the articles again. Just let me know. Dormskirk (talk) 08:04, 14 November 2023 (UTC)
 * I still think it's a good idea. It's not a contentious category, and you only have perhaps a dozen replacements per year. I'd be happy to populate.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.71.60.61 (talk) 09:35, 14 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Now set up. Please go ahead and populate. Thanks. Dormskirk (talk) 09:47, 14 November 2023 (UTC)
 * All sorted... I think the DAX and OMX Stockholm 30 is gonna be a piece of cake now. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.71.60.61 (talk) 08:29, 16 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Great. Thanks. Dormskirk (talk) 09:54, 16 November 2023 (UTC)
 * The IP has spammed dozens of messages to user talk pages, and some of them have received replies (User talk:Colonies Chris/Archive/2023/Dec, User talk:DocWatson42, User talk:Howard the Duck, User talk:ShakespeareFan00). This FTSE 100 thread appears to be the first such request; really, it should all have been done at some central discussion page like Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Finance & Investment - in this way, discussion could have been conducted together and duplication of effort could have been avoided. -- Red rose64 🌹 (talk) 11:16, 17 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Way to go with the overreaction! Reverting/deleting about 30 topics? You call it "spam", others would call it "reaching out to others in a position to help". The original discussion was centralized at Category talk:Companies by stock market index, but there was no response. Hence reaching out to specialists in each area. if you took the time to notice, each message was individually tailored to each user's recent edits. Maybe in the future you could stop being such a fucking dick. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.71.60.61 (talk) 11:47, 17 November 2023 (UTC)
 * User:92.71.60.61 Please take a look at WP:NPA Dormskirk (talk) 12:37, 17 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Also, 92.71.60.61, in what way am I a specialist in that area, and how was individually tailored to my recent edits?
 * When editing Category talk:Companies by stock market index you will have seen this message - notice the phrase "Talk pages in this namespace are generally not watched by many users" - in fact, the page has just four watchers, so it's no surprise that there was no response. -- Red rose64 🌹 (talk) 15:03, 17 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Well, you're one of the last 10 people to edit Template:MOEX Russia Index. Anyway, I've started this discussion at the Project page, but really, the effort you've put into going backwards and forwards, categories for all the major indices in the world could already have been created by now. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.71.60.61 (talk) 15:47, 17 November 2023 (UTC)
 * from more than five years ago counts for nothing; I was fixing up an incomplete template move made a few weeks earlier by another user, who I also see that you spammed today even though they have not edited anything at all for more than seven months. -- Red rose64 🌹 (talk) 16:29, 17 November 2023 (UTC)
 * So, just to be clear - IP users can't create categories, so they ask assistance on the talk page of the parent category. They're directed to ask other users. Most of the discussions get deleted. Other users tell them to link the categories anyway, resulting in redlinks. Other editors revert all the redlinks. Other editors suggest they ask on the Wikiproject. Editors in the project suggest they ask on the talk page of the parent category! WTF guys.
 * So, when IPs have been able to create categories in the past, I seem to remember it taking about 10 seconds. What are we here, 18 days in to the conversation with no clear way forward? Huge amount of wasted time going backwards and forwards. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.71.60.61 (talk) 08:40, 21 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Please can you take a look at Template talk:FTSE 250 Index constituents ? Basically, it automatically adds every company to the category, gets around the whole issue of updates. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.71.60.61 (talk) 08:58, 11 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:FTSE 100 Index


text:
Apollo (spacecraft)

The Apollo spacecraft was composed of three parts designed to accomplish the American Apollo program's goal of landing astronauts on the Moon by the end of the 1960s and returning them safely to Earth. The expendable (single-use) spacecraft consisted of a combined command and service module (CSM) and an Apollo Lunar Module (LM). Two additional components complemented the spacecraft stack for space vehicle assembly: a spacecraft–LM adapter (SLA) designed to shield the LM from the aerodynamic stress of launch and to connect the CSM to the Saturn launch vehicle and a launch escape system (LES) to carry the crew in the command module safely away from the launch vehicle in the event of a launch emergency.

The design was based on the lunar orbit rendezvous approach: two docked spacecraft were sent to the Moon and went into lunar orbit. While the LM separated and landed, the CSM remained in orbit. After the lunar excursion, the two craft rendezvoused and docked in lunar orbit, and the CSM returned the crew to Earth. The command module was the only part of the space vehicle that returned with the crew to the Earth's surface.

The LES was jettisoned during launch upon reaching the point where it was no longer needed, and the SLA remained attached to the launch vehicle's upper stage. Two uncrewed CSMs, one uncrewed LM, and one crewed CSM were carried into space by Saturn IB launch vehicles for low Earth orbit Apollo missions. Larger Saturn Vs launched two uncrewed CSMs on high Earth orbit test flights, the CSM on one crewed lunar mission, the complete spacecraft on one crewed low Earth orbit mission, and eight crewed lunar missions. After conclusion of the Apollo program, four CSMs were launched on Saturn IBs for three Skylab Earth orbital missions and the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project.

Command and service module
The major part of the Apollo spacecraft was a three-man vehicle designed for Earth orbital, translunar, and lunar orbital flight, and return to Earth. This consisted of a command module supported by a service module, built by North American Aviation (later North American Rockwell).

Command module (CM)
The command module was the control center for the Apollo spacecraft and living quarters for the three crewmen. It contained the pressurized main crew cabin, crew couches, control and instrument panel, Primary Guidance, Navigation and Control System, communications systems, environmental control system, batteries, heat shield, reaction control system to provide attitude control, forward docking hatch, side hatch, five windows, and a parachute recovery system. It was the only part of the Apollo/Saturn space vehicle that returned to Earth intact.

Service module (SM)
The service module was unpressurized and contained a main service propulsion engine and hypergolic propellant to enter and leave lunar orbit, a reaction control system to provide attitude control and translational capability, fuel cells with hydrogen and oxygen reactants, radiators to dump waste heat into space, and a high gain antenna. The oxygen was also used for breathing, and the fuel cells produced water for drinking and environmental control. On Apollo 15, 16 and 17 it also carried a scientific instrument package, with a mapping camera and a small sub-satellite to study the Moon.

A major portion of the service module was taken up by propellant and the main rocket engine. Capable of multiple restarts, this engine placed the Apollo spacecraft into and out of lunar orbit, and was used for mid-course corrections between the Earth and the Moon.

The service module remained attached to the command module throughout the mission. It was jettisoned just prior to reentry into the Earth's atmosphere.

Lunar Module (LM)
The Apollo Lunar Module was a separate vehicle designed to land on the Moon and return to lunar orbit, and was the first true "spaceship" since it flew solely in the vacuum of space. It consisted of a descent stage and an ascent stage. It supplied life support systems for two astronauts for up to four to five days on the Apollo 15, 16 and 17 missions. The spacecraft was designed and manufactured by the Grumman Aircraft Company.

The descent stage contained the landing gear, landing radar antenna, descent propulsion system, and fuel to land on the Moon. It also had several cargo compartments used to carry, among other things: the Apollo Lunar Surface Experiment Packages ALSEP, the modularized equipment transporter (MET) (a hand-pulled equipment cart used on Apollo 14), the Lunar Rover (Apollo 15, 16 and 17), a surface television camera, surface tools, and lunar sample collection boxes.

The ascent stage contained the crew cabin, instrument panels, overhead hatch/docking port, forward hatch, optical and electronic guidance systems, reaction control system, radar and communications antennas, ascent rocket engine and propellant to return to lunar orbit and rendezvous with the Apollo Command and Service Modules.

Spacecraft–lunar module adapter (SLA)
The spacecraft–LM adapter (SLA), built by North American Aviation (Rockwell), was a conical aluminum structure that connected the service module to the Saturn S-IVB rocket stage. It also protected the LM, the service propulsion system engine nozzle, and the launch-vehicle-to-service-module umbilical during launch and ascent through the atmosphere.

The SLA was composed of four fixed 7 ft panels bolted to the Instrument Unit on top of the S-IVB stage, which were connected via hinges to four 21 ft panels which opened from the top similar to flower petals.

The SLA was made from 1.7 in aluminum honeycomb material. The exterior of the SLA was covered by a thin (0.03 –) layer of cork and painted white to minimize thermal stresses during launch and ascent.

The service module was bolted to a flange at the top of the longer panels, and power to the SLA multiply-redundant pyrotechnics was provided by an umbilical. Because a failure to separate from the S-IVB stage could leave the crew stranded in orbit, the separation system used multiple signal paths, multiple detonators and multiple explosive charges where the detonation of one charge would set off another even if the detonator on that charge failed to function.

Once in space, the astronauts pressed the 'CSM/LV Sep' button on the control panel to separate the CSM from the launch vehicle. Detonating cord was ignited around the flange between the SM and SLA, and along the joints between the four SLA panels, releasing the SM and blowing apart the connections between the panels. Dual-redundant pyrotechnic thrusters at the lower end of the SLA panels then fired to rotate them around the hinges at 30–60 degrees per second.

On all flights through Apollo 7, the SLA panels remained hinged to the S-IVB and opened to a 45-degree angle, as originally designed. But as the Apollo 7 crew practiced rendezvous with the S-IVB/SLA containing a dummy docking target, one panel did not open to the full 45 degrees, raising concern about the possibility of collision between the spacecraft and the SLA panels during docking and extraction of the LM in a lunar mission. Wally Schirra compared it to the "angry alligator" from Gemini 9. This led to a redesign using a spring-loaded hinge release system which released the panels at the 45-degree angle and pushed them away from the S-IVB at a velocity of about 8 km/h, putting them a safe distance away by the time the astronauts pulled the CSM away, rotated it through 180 degrees, and came back for docking.

The LM was connected to the SLA at four points around the lower panels. After the astronauts docked the CSM to the LM, they blew charges to separate those connections and a guillotine severed the LM-to-instrument-unit umbilical. After the charges fired, springs pushed the LM away from the S-IVB, and the astronauts were free to continue their trip to the Moon.

Specifications

 * Height: 28 ft
 * Apex diameter: 12 ft Service module end
 * Base diameter: 21 ft S-IVB end
 * Weight: 4050 lb
 * Volume: 6700 ft3, 4900 ft3 usable

Launch escape system (LES)

The Apollo launch escape system (LES) was built by the Lockheed Propulsion Company. Its purpose was to abort the mission by pulling the CM (the crew cabin) away from the launch vehicle in an emergency, such as a pad fire before launch, guidance failure, or launch vehicle failure likely to lead to an imminent explosion.

The LES included three wires that ran down the exterior of the launch vehicle. If the signals from any two of the wires were lost, the LES would activate automatically. Alternatively, the Commander could activate the system manually using one of two translation controller handles, which were switched to a special abort mode for launch. When activated, the LES would fire a solid fuel escape rocket and open a canard system to direct the CM away from, and off the path of, a launch vehicle in trouble. The LES would then jettison and the CM would land with its parachute recovery system.

If the emergency happened on the launch pad, the LES would lift the CM to a sufficient height to allow the recovery parachutes to deploy safely before coming in contact with the ground.

In the absence of an emergency, the LES was routinely jettisoned about 20 or 30 seconds after the launch vehicle's second-stage ignition, using a separate solid-fuel rocket motor manufactured by the Thiokol Chemical Company. Abort modes after this point would be accomplished without the LES. The LES was carried but never used on four uncrewed Apollo flights, and fifteen crewed Apollo, Skylab, and Apollo-Soyuz Test Project flights.

Major components

 * Nose cone and Q-ball: The nose cone of the LES contained an array of 8 pressure-measuring pitot tubes in a structure known as the "Q-ball". These sensors were connected to the CM and Saturn launch vehicle guidance computers, allowing calculation of dynamic pressure (q) during atmospheric flight and also the angle of attack in the event of an abort.
 * Q-ball cover: A styrofoam cover, removed a few seconds before launch, protected the pitot tubes from being clogged by debris. The cover was split in half vertically and held together by a 2 in rubber band. A razor blade was positioned behind the rubber band, pinched between the halves of the cover. A wire cable was connected to the top and bottom of the razor blade and to both halves of the cover. The cable was routed through a pulley on the hammerhead crane at the top of the launch umbilical tower (LUT) down to a tube on the right side of the 360 ft level of the LUT. The cable was connected to a cylindrical weight inside a tube. The weight rested on a lever controlled by a pneumatic solenoid valve. When the valve was actuated from the Launch Control Center (LCC), the pneumatic pressure of 600 PSI GN2 (nitrogen gas) rotated the lever down allowing the weight to drop down the tube. The dropping weight pulled the cable, which pulled the blade cutting the rubber band, and the cable pulled the halves of the cover away from the launch vehicle. The apparent overengineering of this safety system was due to the fact that the launch escape system, which depended on the Q-ball data, was armed 5 minutes before launch, so retraction of the Q-ball cover was a life-critical part of a possible pad abort.
 * Canard assembly and pitch motor: These worked in combination to direct the CM off a straight path and to the side during an emergency. This would direct the CM off the flight path of an exploding launch vehicle. It would also direct the CM to land off to the side of any launch pad fire and not in the middle of it.
 * Launch escape motor: The main solid-fuel rocket motor inside a long tube, with four exhaust nozzles mounted under a conical fairing. This would pull the CM rapidly away from a launch emergency.
 * Tower jettison motor: A smaller solid fuel motor with two exhaust nozzles, mounted in the tube, above the escape motor. This jettisoned the entire Launch Escape System after it was no longer needed, sometime after second stage ignition.
 * Launch escape tower: A truss framework of tubes that attached the escape motor fairing to the CM.
 * Boost protective cover: A hollow conical fiberglass structure protecting the CM's parachute compartment and providing a smooth aerodynamic cover over the docking tunnel and probe. After erosion of the pilot's windows from the escape motor exhaust was discovered during early LES flight testing, an aft protective cover surrounding the CM's entire upper surface was added.

Specifications

 * Length minus BPC: 32 ft 6 in (9.92 m)
 * Length with BPC: 39 ft 5 in (12.02 m)
 * Diameter: 2 ft 2 in (0.66 m)
 * Total mass: 9200 lb
 * Thrust, 36,000 ft: 147,000 lbf
 * Thrust, maximum: 200,000 lbf
 * Burn time: 4.0 seconds

Abort tests

 * Pad Abort Test 1 – LES abort test from launch pad with Apollo boilerplate BP-6
 * Pad Abort Test 2 – LES pad abort test of near Block-I CM with Apollo boilerplate B-23A
 * Little Joe II – Four in-flight LES abort tests.

Current locations of spacecraft
The disposition of all command modules, and all unflown service modules is listed at Apollo command and service module. All flown service modules burned up in the Earth's atmosphere at termination of the missions. The disposition of all lunar modules is listed at Apollo Lunar Module.

title: Apollo (spacecraft)


text:
User:TakuyaMurata/Writing Guide

Everyone knows you must write articles in neutral point of view and encyclopedic manners. But how? This article attemps to answer this question.

In short, the article must articulate to be good. While the content is important, the manner of writing has a significant meaning. It is not good enough that readers can understand the article. It needs to be sound, concise.

Good article criteria: The good article must be:
 * Give concrete definitions if possible.
 * Described things and ideas with ordinary words.
 * Describe facts that are widely accepted if may not actually true. - maybe dark matters don't exist. Maybe CIA was behind the assasination of JFK. But it is important to state first accepted facts.
 * If something is disputed or not known, state it.

title: User:TakuyaMurata/Writing Guide


text:
Talk:Gael

This page needs more info added but it should not be redirected to the page for Gaelic. Gaelic refers to one of three related languages, a Gael is a person who speaks one of those languages. There is also a distinct Gaelic culture seperate from that of other peoples (non-Gaelic Irish and Gaelic Irish do not share the same entire culture, etc, basically).

 * Right now it is a dictionary definition. If you don't want it made into a redirect, create an article. This is a sentence. - Texture 22:41, 1 Mar 2004 (UTC)

A disambiguation page is not necessary. Virtually every link coming in here is for Gaels, not for Gaël. I'm redirecting this to Gaels and adding a note there pointing people to Gaël if that's what they're looking for. --Angr/undefined 12:58, 11 September 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gael