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Juraj Jánošík

Juraj Jánošík (first name also Juro or Jurko, ; baptised 25 January 1688, died 17 March 1713) was a Slovak highwayman. Jánošík has been the main character of many Slovak novels, poems, and films. According to the legend, he robbed nobles and gave the loot to the poor, a deed often attributed to the famous Robin Hood. The legend is known in neighboring Poland (under the name Jerzy Janoszik also Janosik, Janiczek or Janicek ) and the Czech Republic as well as Slovakia. The actual robber had little to do with the modern legend, whose content partly reflects the ubiquitous folk myths of a hero taking from the rich and giving to the poor. However, the legend was also shaped in important ways by the activists and writers in the 19th century when Jánošík became the key highwayman character in stories that spread in the north counties of the Kingdom of Hungary (much in present Slovakia) and among the local Gorals inhabitants of the Podhale region north of the Tatras. The image of Jánošík as a symbol of resistance to oppression was reinforced when poems about him became part of the Slovak and Czech middle and high school literature curriculum, and then again with the numerous films that propagated his modern legend in the 20th century. During the anti-Nazi Slovak National Uprising, one of the partisan groups bore his name.

Biography
Jánošík was born on 25 January 1688, and baptised shortly after. His parents were Martin Jánošík and Anna Čišníková from Terchová. His godparents were Jakub Merjad and Barbara Krištofíková.

He grew up in the village of Terchová in the Habsburg monarchy's Kingdom of Hungary area (present-day Žilina District in northwestern Slovakia). He fought alongside the Kuruc insurgents when he was fifteen. After the lost Battle of Trenčín, Jánošík was recruited by the Habsburg army. In autumn 1710, as a young prison guard in Bytča, he helped the imprisoned Tomáš Uhorčík escape. They formed a highwayman group and Jánošík became its leader at the age of 23, after Uhorčík left to settle in Klenovec. The group was active mostly in northwestern Kingdom of Hungary (today's Slovakia), around the Váh river between Važec and Východná, but the territory of their activity extended also to other parts of today's Slovakia, as well as to Poland and Moravia. Most of their victims were rich merchants. Under Jánošík's leadership, the group was exceptionally chivalrous: they did not kill any of the robbed victims and even helped an accidentally injured priest. They are also said to have shared their loot with the poor and this part of the legend may be based on the facts too.

Jánošík was captured in autumn 1712 and detained at the Mansion of Hrachovo, but was released soon afterwards. He was captured again in spring of 1713, in the Uhorčík's residence in Klenovec (Klenóc). Uhorčík lived there under the false name Martin Mravec at that time. According to a widespread legend, he was caught in a pub run by Tomáš Uhorčík, after slipping on spilled peas, thrown in his way by a treacherous old lady. Jánošík was imprisoned and tried in Liptovský Svätý Mikuláš, (present Liptovský Mikuláš).

His trial took place on 16 and 17 March 1713, when he was sentenced to death. The date of his execution was not recorded, but it was customary to carry it out as soon as the trial was over. The manner of his execution, not in public awareness until the early 19th century, became part of his modern legend. A hook was pierced through his left side and he was left dangling on the gallows to die. This brutal way of execution was reserved for leaders of robber bands. However, sources diverge about how he was executed, and it is also possible that Jánošík was hanged. A legend says that he refused the coup de grâce offered in exchange for naming his associates with the words: "If you have baked me so you should also eat me!" and jumped on the hook.

Other members of Jánošík's group

 * Vrabel and Hunčiak (also known as Huncaga) (so-called Turiak) from Staškov
 * Jakub Chliastkov from Oščadnica
 * Ondráš from Dlhá nad Kysucou
 * Ondrej Kindis from Dlhé Pole
 * Plavčík from Dunajov
 * Pavol Bernatík from Nová Bystrica
 * Kovalský and Bagaj from Raková
 * Kovalíček, Holubek and Valíček from Moravia
 * Gavora, Satora and Oresiak from Poland

Jánošík in film

 * 1921 Jánošík – first Slovak feature film; financed by Slovak-American Tatra Film Co.; director: Jaroslav Jerry Siakeľ, Jánošík: Theodor Pištěk. (Based on this film UNESCO registers Slovakia as the tenth national cinema in the world that began to produce feature films).
 * 1935 Jánošík – Slovak and Czech film; director: Martin Frič, Jánošík: Paľo Bielik.
 * 1954 Janosik – first Polish animation; director: Włodzimierz Haupe and Halina Bielińska.
 * 1963 Jánošík I and II – Slovak film; director: Paľo Bielik, Jánošík: František Kuchta.
 * 1974 Janosik – Polish film; director: Jerzy Passendorfer, Janosik: Marek Perepeczko.
 * 1974 Janosik – Polish 13-episode TV series; director: Jerzy Passendorfer, Janosik: Marek Perepeczko.
 * 1976 Highwayman Jurko / Zbojník Jurko – Slovak animated film; director: Viktor Kubal.
 * 1991 Highwayman Jurošík / Zbojník Jurošík – Slovak 28-episode animated TV series; director: Jaroslav Baran.
 * 2009 Janosik: A True Story / Jánošík. Pravdivá história / Janosik. Prawdziwa historia – Slovak-Polish-Czech coproduction; director: Agnieszka Holland and Katarzyna Adamik, Janosik: Václav Jiráček.

Jánošík in literature

 * 1785 Slovak – Anon., "An Excellent Sermon by a Certain Preacher in the Days of the Chief Highwayman Jánošík." Staré nowiny liternjho uměnj, May 1785.
 * 1809 Slovak – Bohuslav Tablic, "Jánošík, the Highwayman of Liptov County." Slowensstj Werssowcy. Collecta revirescunt. Swazek druhý.
 * 1814 Slovak – Pavol Jozef Šafárik, "Celebrating Slavic Lads." Tatranská Můza s ljrau Slowanskau.
 * 1829 Slovak lower nobleman in German – Johann Csaplovics, "Robbers." Gemälde von Ungern.
 * 1845 Slovak lower nobleman – Štefan Marko Daxner, "Jánošík's Treasure." Orol Tatránski.
 * 1846 Slovak – Ján Botto, "Jánošík's Song." Holubica, Zábavník Levočskích Slovákou.
 * 1846 Slovak – Samo Chalupka, "Jánošík's Contemplation." Orol Tatránski.
 * 1862 Ján Botto, "The Death of Jánošík. A Romance." Lipa. — A key poem in Slovak literature and culture.
 * 1867 Slovak lower nobleman – Jonáš Záborský, Jánošík's Dinner. A Play in Four Acts With an Historical Background. A supplement to the journal Sokol.
 * 1875 Hungarian – "Jánosik and a Snitch." Nyitramegyei Szemle.
 * 1884 Polish – August Wrześniowski, "A Story About Janosik." Pamięci Towarzystwa Tatrzańskiego.
 * 1884 Czech – Alois Jirásek, "About Jánošík." Staré pověsti české.
 * 1893 American in Slovak – Dobrý Slovák, Jánošík, the Lad of Freedom: A Legend of Times Gone By.
 * 1894 American in Slovak – Gustáv Maršall-Petrovský, Jánošík, Captain of Mountain Lads – His Tumultuous Life and Horrific Death. A Novel. — A source of the screenplay for the 1921 Slovak film Jánošík.
 * 1900 American – George J. Krajsa, Janosik.
 * 1910 Czech – Jiří Mahen, Jánošík. — A play, a source of the screenplay for the 1921 Slovak film Jánošík.
 * 1933 Slovak – Ján Hrušovský, "Jánošík." Slovenská politika. — Narrative newspaper strips published later as a novel.
 * 1943 Slovak – Mária Rázusová-Martáková, Jánošík: A Rhymed Play in Five Acts.
 * 1947 Polish – Stanisław Nędza-Kubiniec, Janosik: A Poem About the Highwayman who Wanted to Make the World Equal.
 * 1955 Slovak – Mária Rázusová-Martáková, Tales about Jánošík.
 * 1958 Polish – Jalu Kurek, Janosik...
 * 1964 German – Käthe Altwallstädt, "Janosik and the Students." Die blaue Rose: Märchen aus Polen.
 * 1969 Polish – Katarzyna Gaertner, music, and Ernest Bryll, lyrics, Painted on Glass. — A musical whose Bratislava production had the longest run in the history of Slovak theater.
 * 1970 Slovak – Stanislav Štepka, Jááánošííík. — A spoof and the Slovak play with the longest run.
 * 1972 Polish – Tadeusz Kwiatkowski, Janosik. — A graphic novel.
 * 1972 Serbian in Slovak – Štefan Gráf, Jur Jánošiak. — Parallel publication in Serbia (Yugoslavia) and Slovakia (Czechoslovakia).
 * 1979 Slovak – Ľubomír Feldek, Jánošík According to Vivaldi. — A spoof play.
 * 1980 Slovak – Margita Figuli, A Ballad of Jur Jánošík.
 * 1980 Slovak – Ladislav Ťažký, Jánošík's Tear.
 * 1985 American – John H. Hausner, "Jánošík, We Remember!" And Other Poems.
 * 1993 Ukrainian in Polish – Василь Іванович Сави, Яносик, польська народна казка. — A picture book.
 * 1994 Slovak – Anton Marec, Jánošík, Jánošík... (33 Legends About the Famous Highwayman Commander.)
 * 2018 American in English; "Odesseus Ascendant", one of the stealthy rogue class destroyers featured prominently is named the Jánošík and captained by a native Slovak.

title: Juraj Jánošík


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MECC

The Minnesota Educational Computing Consortium (later Corporation), most commonly known as MECC, was an organization founded in 1973 best known for developing the edutainment video game series The Oregon Trail and its spinoffs. The goal of the organization was to coordinate and provide computer services to schools in the state of Minnesota; however, its software eventually became popular in schools around the world. MECC had its headquarters in the Brookdale Corporate Center in Brooklyn Center, Minnesota. It was acquired by SoftKey in 1995 and was shut down in 1999.

Origins
During the 1960s, Minnesota was a center of computer technology, what City Pages would describe 50 years later as a "Midwestern Silicon Valley". IBM, Honeywell, Control Data and other companies had facilities in the state. In 1963, their presence inspired a group of teachers at the University of Minnesota College of Education's laboratory school to introduce computers into classrooms via teleprinters and time-sharing. The group began with long-distance calls to Dartmouth College's General Electric computer to use John George Kemeny and Thomas E. Kurtz's new Dartmouth BASIC language, then moved to Minneapolis-based Pillsbury Company's own GE computer. In 1968, 20 Minneapolis-Saint Paul area school districts and the College of Education founded Total Information for Educational Systems (TIES) to provide time-sharing service on a HP 2000, training, and software. The presence of computer-company employees on many school boards accelerated TIES's expansion and helped make Minnesota a leader in computer-based education.

TIES's success, and similar projects run by Minneapolis Public Schools and Minnesota State University, Mankato, led to the founding of MECC in 1973 by the state legislature. As a Joint Powers Authority, with the support of the University of Minnesota, the Minnesota State Colleges and Universities System, and the Minnesota Department of Education, MECC's role was to study and coordinate computer use in schools for both administrative and educational purposes. Schools, including the universities, had to get MECC's approval for most computing expenses, and were also its customers for computer-related services. After study of educational needs, a single educational computer center in the Minneapolis area was recommended for use by schools throughout the state (the University of Minnesota's MERITSS computer provided time-sharing services to its campuses and to state universities). MECC hoped that every Minnesota school, regardless of size, would have a terminal connected to the computer center.

Computing facilities
SUMITS, a UNIVAC 1110 mainframe was installed at the MECC facility at 1925 Sather, address later changed to 2520 Broadway Drive, next to Highway 280. A sturdy industrial building originally used for electrical maintenance, part of the building was already occupied by the University of Minnesota's Lauderdale computing facility. SUMITS was a batch processing system, however, not time-sharing, and its performance failed to meet the terms of the contract. In 1977 it was replaced with a Control Data Corporation Cyber 73 mainframe, known as the MECC Timesharing System (MTS). It became the largest such system for education in the world, with up to 448 simultaneous connections from up to 2000 terminals throughout the state, most of them Teletype Model 33 teleprinters, connected at 110 and 300 baud through telephones by using acoustically coupled modems. After several years most of the phone lines were replaced with direct circuits to schools across the state.

By 1982 MTS had more than 950 programs in its library. One of the most popular was The Oregon Trail, originally written for the Minneapolis Public Schools' computer. Programming was the largest single use for MTS, with up to 45% of the system used for one of almost one dozen computer languages. To support its larger number of users—70 to 80% of all Minnesota public schools in 1981, and available to 96% of Minnesota students from 7 am to 11 pm daily by 1982 —primarily using programs written in the BASIC language, both timesharing systems developed shared memory (MULTI) BASIC systems. Through this and less efficient methods, multiuser programs and chat systems appeared in addition to electronic mail and BBS programs; some of these were derived from MERITSS programs.

While some of the ideas may have been derived from MERITSS, the multi programs were more efficient. The MERITSS chat program, even though it operated via fast access system files, could not match the efficiency of a MULTI chat program that copied the input/output into memory to be delivered to the user.

The University of Minnesota Computer Center (UCC as it was called then) rejected implementing MULTI due to concerns about system stability. UCC tried to retrofit the MULTI-mail program for its own use because of the good user interface. It was not possible. They then tried again with an older fast access system file version, and while it worked, it was unreliable. After doing test runs with several other Universities mail programs, two developers at UCC implemented their own version, which also contained a message board feature, and was the campus wide e-mail solution for a couple of years.

Microcomputer technology
As MECC's Cyber 73 entered into service, microcomputers began to appear. In 1978 it appeared that features wished for in the classroom, such as a graphical display, were available. Through an evaluation and bidding process, the Apple II was chosen by MECC for state schools over other candidates, such as the Radio Shack TRS-80; the win was an important early deal in the history of Apple Inc. Any school in the state could buy Apple computers through MECC, which resold them at cost, without having to go through complex evaluation and purchasing procedures. Through what InfoWorld described as an "enviable showcase" for its products Apple sold more than 2,000 computers during the next three years and more than 5,000 by 1983,, making MECC the company's largest reseller. In late 1981 MECC switched to a discount agreement for the Atari 8-bit computers, and distributed software through the Atari Program Exchange. The use of microcomputers quickly increased, with 85% of school districts using them by 1981 compared to 75% for time-sharing, and the Cyber 73 shut down in 1983. By then each Minnesota public school had an average of three to four computers, compared to only 20 Milwaukee elementary schools of 110 with computers. MECC offered computer training to teachers and administrators, and 10 consortium consultants traveled throughout the state assisting school districts.

MECC developed hundreds of microcomputer educational programs, many converted from the time-sharing original; by 1979 some MECC programs for the Apple II could be downloaded from the timesharing system. MECC distributed The Oregon Trail and others in its library to Minnesota schools for free, and charged others $10 to $20 for diskettes, each containing several programs. By July 1981 it had 29 software packages available. Projector slides, student worksheets, and other resources for teachers accompanied the software.

As control over computer resources moved to local levels within Minnesota, MECC's focus on selling software grew. Beginning in 1980 with the Iowa Department of Education, 5,000 school districts around the world purchased site licenses for MECC software. It distributed 250,000 copies of MECC software around the world by 1982, and the "Institutional Membership" business became so successful that state subsidies ended. In 1983 MECC became a taxable, profit-making company, owned by the state of Minnesota but otherwise independent. By the 1985-1986 school year MECC offered more than 300 products and had about $7 million in annual sales.

Activities
During its lifetime, the company produced a number of programs that have become well-known to American Generation X and Millennial students. Besides Oregon Trail, others were The Secret Island of Dr. Quandary, The Yukon Trail, The Amazon Trail, Odell Lake, Zoyon Patrol, Number Munchers, Word Munchers, Fraction Munchers, Super Munchers, Lemonade Stand, Spellevator, Storybook Weaver, My Own Stories, Museum Madness, Jenny's Journeys, and DinoPark Tycoon. The game Freedom!, which had the player try to escape from slavery on the Underground Railroad, was released in 1992 but pulled from the market in 1993 following complaints from parents about its classroom use.

Acquisition by SoftKey
MECC was financially successful and dominated the market for Apple II software used within schools, but its management believed that the company needed more capital in order to compete for the home market and to develop software for other platforms, such as the IBM PC and the Macintosh. As the state of Minnesota did not have the capital to fund such plans, it spun off the company as a private corporation in 1991 to the venture capital fund North American Fund II for $5.25 million. An IPO followed in March 1994. In October 1995, the publicly traded company, with about $30 million in annual revenue—about one third from The Oregon Trail—was acquired by SoftKey for $370 million in stock as part of a series of consolidations in the educational software market.

Although MECC continued to develop software after its acquisition, including the successful Oregon Trail II in 1995, Softkey (then named The Learning Company) was acquired by Mattel in 1999 in what Businessweek called one of "the Worst Deals of All Time", leading to the a great deal of financial repercussions that year including closing the MECC offices in Brooklyn Center, Minnesota in October 1999.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: MECC


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Talk:Syon Abbey

A Winner of the September 2005 West Dakota Prize

Untitled
This entry, one of an unprecedented 52, has won the September 2005 West Dakota Prize, awarded for successfully employing the expression "legend states''" in a complete sentence. -

Apocryphal stories
''A long-standing legend states that King Henry VIII´s coffin, lying in the ruined chapal at Syon on its way to Windsor for burial, burst open during the night and in the morning dogs were found licking up the remains. This was regarded as divine judgement for his desecration of the abbey.'' Stories like this are scattered all through Wikipedia. Any remark I might make would sound arrogant, so I keep mum. Wetman 02:48, 10 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * I think it's interesting and weird. I don't really see what's wrong with such legends. Although I doubt dogs would be just licking the remains.... unless they happened to be really well-fed. --Menchi 19:32, 16 May 2005 (UTC)

Location of Syon Abbey
The article states that the abbey was originally located (when founded) in Twickenham, then subsequently moved to the Isleworth/Brentford location.

Other sources mention it as originally being sited in Richmond.

Can anyone definitively say where it was first located? WLD 18:00, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Article Title
This article has been renamed Syon Monastery for the reasons specified in the opening paragraph of the newly rewritten article, namely that it is more correct historically, and was the term consistently used by George Aungier in his standard work on the subject, History of Syon Monastery, London, 1840. The funeral brass of the last abbess Agnes Jordan at Denham, Bucks. describes her as Abbess of the monastery of Syon. It may well be that in the modern age, long after Dissolution, and long after the publication of Aungier's book, popular usage has adopted Syon Abbey, yet so far as I can discover that term was never used before 1840. As virtually all the many links to this article are to Syon Abbey, a redirect page of that name must remain, which has been arranged.(Lobsterthermidor (talk) 18:14, 26 September 2010 (UTC))
 * Just passing by, the opening of this article is a bit of a mess - it seems to be arguing the case for why the article is called "Syon Monastery" in the lead rather than actually imparting any information. I can't claim to know enough about the topic to go about meddling with it, but for article titles we normally go for WP:COMMONNAME. Rob (talk) 16:16, 29 December 2013 (UTC)
 * Well applying your principles, common name in respect of bodies dissolved in 1538 (and in this case like most, losing all ecclesiastical use), would be monastery. Victorian mis-quotes and non-studious re-interpretations should be avoided in respect of such old bodies. -  Adam37   Talk  21:31, 23 January 2014 (UTC)

True etymological roots of Syon marsh is
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syen-Venn

or a blend of the aforesaid and...

Sion,_Switzerland - note Bishop Hildebrand of Sitten fared to England to give comfort to the netherlain Saxons by the soulless psychopathic Normans/forces loyal to Jewish supremacism. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A02:C7D:411:1600:226:8FF:FEDC:FD74 (talk) 01:51, 20 September 2016 (UTC)

Wealthiest religious house before the Reformation
Really? That seems unlikely. I would have expected Westminster Abbey to be far wealthier. The reference offered for the claim is a failure. The article offers an annual income a bit over £1,000 at the time of the dissolution whereas the one on Westminster gives their income as £3,000. Ender's Shadow Snr (talk) 00:08, 19 January 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Syon Abbey


text:
KSA (disambiguation)

KSA is the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia or simply Saudi Arabia, an Arab sovereign state in western Asia.

KSA or Ksa may also refer to:

Places

 * Kosrae International Airport (IATA airport code), Federated States of Micronesia
 * Kingsford-Smith Airport or Sydney Airport, Australia

Organisations

 * Kenya Scouts Association
 * Kommando Strategische Aufklärung (Strategic Reconnaissance Command), a German intelligence organization
 * Korea Science Academy or Korea Science Academy of KAIST
 * Korea Scout Association
 * Korean Standards Association
 * Kosher Supervision of America
 * KSA-TV, a defunct cable television station in Sitka, Alaska, United States

Other uses

 * Ksa (spirit), a Native American Lakota and Oglala spirit of wisdom
 * Key-scheduling algorithm, an algorithm in RC4 cryptography
 * King's South Africa Medal, a medal for service in the Boer War
 * Knowledge, Skills, and Abilities, statements historically required when applying for U.S. federal government jobs
 * Kogge–Stone adder, a type of digital adder
 * KSA, a kölsch-style ale by Fort Point Beer Company
 * Ohio State University Knowlton School of Architecture, housed in Knowlton Hall
 * Kirby Star Allies, a 2018 video game

title: KSA (disambiguation)


text:
Bedford Brown

Bedford Brown (June 6, 1795 – December 6, 1870) was a Democratic United States Senator from the State of North Carolina between 1829 and 1840.

Biography
Bedford Brown was born on June 6, 1795, in what now is Locust Hill Township, Caswell County, North Carolina. His parents were Jethro Brown and Lucy Williamson Brown. After attending the University of North Carolina for one year, Brown was elected to the North Carolina House of Commons.

On July 13, 1816, Brown married Mary Lumpkin Glenn. The couple had seven children: William Livingston, Bedford, Jr., Wilson Glenn, Isabella Virginia, Laura, and Rosalie.

In 1828, upon the death of Bartlett Yancey, Jr., Brown was chosen in a special election to replace Yancey in the North Carolina Senate. Like Bartlett Yancey, Jr., before him, Brown was elected Speaker of the North Carolina Senate.

In 1829, he was elected as a Jacksonian (the party that would become the Democratic Party) to succeed John Branch as a United States Senator from North Carolina. In the Senate, he chaired several committees, including the Agriculture Committee. Brown resigned his seat in 1840 due to a dispute with the state legislature. He was elected to the state Senate again in 1842, before spending some years out of the state.

Leading up to the Civil War, Brown, a state senator again from 1858 to 1860, counseled in favor of North Carolina's remaining in the Union. However, after President Lincoln requested troops from North Carolina to serve in the Union Army, Brown, along with most of his colleagues, supported secession.

In 1868 Brown, still a Democrat, was again elected to the North Carolina Senate. However, the Reconstruction Republicans controlled the North Carolina Legislature and refused to seat Brown. He was replaced by Republican John W. Stephens.

Brown was buried on the grounds at Rose Hill, just outside Yanceyville, North Carolina. Rose Hill was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.

title: Bedford Brown


text:
Talk:List of English-language films with previous foreign-language film versions

Untitled
To maintain balance, shouldn't this be at List of English-language movies based on foreign-language films? –Hajor 02:51, 10 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * I put this in movie, film, or TV related incomplete lists. I hope no one minds.--T. Anthony 06:40, 22 September 2005 (UTC)

I think that the "foreign language" definition needs to be de-Americanized. A "foreign language" does not include only English, depending on which country you are from. NorthernThunder 15:23, 19 June 2006 (UTC)

Suggestion
Perhaps we should organize the list by country? --ConradKilroy 00:48, 13 August 2006 (UTC)

My Father the Hero
Hi, I added 'My Father the Hero' which is a remake of the French film 'Mon père, ce héros'(French) into the list. Baberlp 16:53, 18 August 2006 (UTC)

The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo is not a remake
A "remake" is a film based on a previous film (see Remake). The 2011 film is NOT based on the 2009 film, but is a new adaptation of the novel. The fact that some people call it a remake only shows that they don't know what the word "remake" means or don't know that the earlier film was not a basis for the later film. 99.192.63.21 (talk) 15:51, 10 January 2012 (UTC)

 * Totally disagree with the above. You might as well write that any film inspired by a book/novel cannot be included in this article.
 * Just read carefully the title of this article!
 * Gareth Griffith-Jones (talk) 15:57, 10 January 2012 (UTC)

 * There is no evidence that the 2009 film is a source for the 2011 film, thus it does not fit the page description. In fact, both the screenwriter and director have said that they had not seen the 2009 film before making their film, so it could not be a basis for the 2011 film. The burden of proof that they did use it as a basis is on those claiming that it is one. Find evidence or leave the page alone. I also note that you do not insist that the page for the 2009 film or for the novel should call the film a "remake". Those pages do not make that claim because it is not true. 99.192.63.21 (talk) 16:07, 10 January 2012 (UTC)

 * I find your final two sentences above rediculous. Why should either the novel article or the original Swedish language film article have any reference, other than "See also", in their respective content.  The onus is on whatever happens later.
 * Gareth Griffith-Jones (talk) 16:23, 10 January 2012 (UTC)

 * Look at just about any article on Wikipedia about a film that actually is a remake and the page for the novel they are based on. I might suggest you start with Let Me In (film) and Let the Right One In. Both of those articles say that the second film was based on the first and the page for the second film does call it a "remake" on the page. Also, there is a category for film remakes that the Let Me In (film) page has attached but the The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (2011 film) page does not. That is because it is NOT a remake. But if you are so sure, why not go to the talk page for that film and raise the issue there before making changes on this page? Get a consensus that it is a remake, because right now the The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (2011 film) page makes no such claim. 99.192.63.21 (talk) 16:35, 10 January 2012 (UTC)

 * The onus is on you to obtain a consensus that it is not a re-make. Until then you have no authority to continue to vandalise the article.
 * Gareth Griffith-Jones (talk) 16:45, 11 January 2012 (UTC)

 * No. the onus is always on the person who wants to make a positive claim, not a negative one. If an editor claims that some fact is true and wants it put in an article, when it is challenged the person making the claim needs to provide a source. otherwise Wikipedia would be rife with rumours and requiring that they be disproved to be removed. The burden of proof is always on the person adding information. 99.192.77.17 (talk) 16:50, 11 January 2012 (UTC) (=99.192.63.21)

 * What's "negative" about a re-make?
 * Gareth Griffith-Jones (talk) 16:59, 11 January 2012 (UTC)

 * You have misunderstood. A "positive claim" is a claim that something IS the case. So to claim that a film IS a remake is a positive claim. A "negative claim" is a claim that something IS NOT the case. So to claim that a film IS NOT a remake is a negative claim. the terms "positive claim" and "negative claim" have nothing to do with a claim being a "good" or a "bad" one. Think more of the idea of Negative and positive rights.

 * Negative claims are often impossible to prove. I cannot prove that there is NO life on planets outside our solar system, for example. So the burden of proof is always on the person making a positive claim. As I just noted in the edit summary, if I or someone else came along and claimed that Star Wars is a remake of 2001: A Space Odyssey, it would be unreasonable to say that the claim should remain in the article until someone can provide a citable source that says that it is NOT (negative claim) a remake. Probably no citable source has ever denied it because no one has ever thought it needed denying. The burden should be on the person saying that it IS (positive claim) a remake. The same goes for someone claiming that ANY film is a remake of another film.

 * While this is not a WP:BLP issue, the principle is the same. If you want to claim that George Lucas is a Satanist and put it in his article, the burden of proof is on the person saying that he IS (positive claim) one, not the person saying he IS NOT (negative claim). Putting the burden of proof on people making positive claims is the only way to keep Wikipedia from being rife with rumours. 99.192.77.17 (talk) 17:21, 11 January 2012 (UTC)

 * I repeat, you are missing the point. Why are you being so protective of the new film?  Is there a hidden agenda, I wonder?  It is a re-make in every meaning of the word.
 * Gareth Griffith-Jones (talk) 18:08, 11 January 2012 (UTC)

 * Protective? What are you talking about. The determination of whether or not a film is a remake is not about "protecting" it. It is about factual accuracy. Some films are remakes and others are not. It is an editors job to try to get the facts right. But if you think that the issue is about "protecting" then I think it probably is you who has the agenda. My only "agenda" is factual accuracy, as it should be with an encyclopedia. 99.192.69.0 (talk) 19:35, 11 January 2012 (UTC)

 * I don't have a dog in this dispute. IP Editor is correct on this point: Whomever makes the positive existential statement, bears the burden of proof (or in the case of Wikipedia, bears the burden of providing a reliable source - WP:BURDEN which see).  If there is a reliable source that supports the assertion that Dragon Tattoo (2011) derives from Dragon Tattoo (2009), some wily Wikipedian will find it.  Until such time, and because the assertion has been challenged (WP:CHALLENGE), this editor thinks that Dragon Tattoo should be removed from this list.
 * --Trappist the monk (talk) 03:09, 12 January 2012 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the input, Trappist. 99.192.85.86 (talk) 14:09, 12 January 2012 (UTC) (=99.192.77.17)

 * Yesterday, I invited Trappist the monk to advise me on the film as we had already had a short dialogue on the subject last November and believed he would throw water on the fire. It would seem that it is difficult to raise an issue on a discussion page without it becoming emotive.  I respect his opinion here but I am curious to know why the issue seems to rest purely on semantics.
 * Whether or not it is a "remake", or not a remake, does not alter the fact that it is the second film within two years based on a Swedish novel. The first is a Swedish-language film and the second an English-language film.  Why doesn't that qualify it to be included in a dismally short article which opens with a plea for more input, for heavens' sake?
 * Gareth Griffith-Jones (talk) 18:09, 12 January 2012 (UTC)

 * You are correct, it is the second film within two years based on the Swedish novel. And the actual definition from a Dictionary (not Wikipedia as it doesn't contain ever any own 'exclusive' information) is that a remake 'renews', and that's what this film does. It 'renews'.--Charlr6 (talk) 18:43, 12 January 2012 (UTC)

 * Good questions, Gareth. Let me try to offer some answers. Here are the points not in dispute: (1) Prior to any movie being made, there first was a novel. (2) In 2009, a Swedish film adaptation of that novel was released. (3) In 2011 an English language film was released that was based on, at least in part, the original novel. (4) There is no doubt that the Swedish film came first and that the English language film came later. So far, so good. Now that leaves two questions in dispute: (A) Was the 2011 film also based on, at least in part, the 2009 film? and (B) Does the answer to question A matter when deciding whether or not the film is a "remake"?

 * The answer to (A) is in dispute, and so (as I and Trappist have both pointed out) the burden of proof falls to the person making the positive claim, that it is based on, at least in part, the previous film. Without a valid source showing that the 2011 really was based on the 2009 film, then it cannot be included in a list called "List of English-language films based on foreign-language films". And since neither the director nor the screenwriter of the 2011 film saw the 2009 film, it does not seem possible that the 2011 film could be based on the 2009 film at all. Whether or not the article is "dismally short" is irrelevant. The only thing that matters is accuracy.

 * The answer to (B) is a bit more clear. The definition of "remake" offered on the Wikipedia page for Remake makes it clear that the answer does matter, and that a film is not a remake of a previous film unless it is based on, at least in part, a previous film. That is also the definition used generally on all Wikipedia movie pages. It's why the pages for films like Let Me In (film) and Footloose (2011 film) explicitly say that the film is a remake and those pages are tagged with the category: "Category:Film remakes" but films like True Grit (2010 film) and Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (film) are not called remakes and not tagged with the category "Category:Film remakes". It's because in both of the latter cases the films are just new adaptations of the same source novels and not based on the earlier films at all.

 * If someone wants to dispute that definition of "remake" then it should probably be presented to the WikiProject Film for discussion first, but it is the definition used here and does match the generally accepted use of the term. (If you google the phrase "not a remake" in quotation marks you will find that very often the explanation given for what a film thought to be a remake is not one is because the newer film in question was not based on the older film, but merely shares a common source material.)

 * My goal in editing this page and others is factual accuracy. It might seem to be making a big deal of semantics at times, but accuracy in the details is often like that. If the page were called "List of English-language films based on foreign-language films or based on the same source material as foreign-language films" then the 2011 film should certainly be included. But that's not this list. So until there is a valid source to support the claim that the 2011 film was based on the 2009 film, the item must remain off the list. 99.192.52.224 (talk) 19:05, 12 January 2012 (UTC) (=99.192.85.86)

 * "Without a valid source showing that the 2011 really was based on the 2009 film"
 * Not once have you sourced anything except that the link to the Wiki page on what a remake 'according' to Wikipedia is.

 * "The definition of "remake" offered on the Wikipedia page for Remake..."
 * All that page is, is a list of information gathered from numerous sites and wrote in a way that the main editor of the page pleases, and writes it in a way to provide his opinion in. If no one does that in Wikipedia, then this wouldn't be happening right now, this discussion. You are trying to say it's not a remake and we are trying to say it is. You are only following what the 'Wikipedia' definition of a remake is, not an actual Dictionary, which is what I did. And the dictionary clearly states that a remake is when a film "renews" a previous piece of work. It doesn't say it can't be or can be based upon a book at all, so there fore, it doesn't matter. I could go onto the Wikipedia page and find tons of different Dictionary sites with the definition of remake and add that in and reference those sites and then all of a sudden the Wikipedia page on remake would be several paragraphs on how remakes 'renew' films that have previously been made.

 * "If someone wants to dispute that definition of "remake"..."
 * We have not disputed the definition, how many times do I have to say that? I got the definition from a DICTIONARY, a book and website that gives short simple definitions (sometimes detailed) on what a certain word means. Wikipedia gathers its informations from different articles and then whoever the main editor of the page is, they will edit it in a way to make to make the information suit themselves. Like I said above, I could find the definition of remake from dictionaries (books and websites) and then change the page to suit what I want and believe and therefore all of a sudden Wikipedia's definition of a remake would be to 'renew', like the dictionaries say.

 * And you said "I and Trappist", well, that's only two of you. Myself, Martinevans123 and Gareth Griffith-Jones believe its' a remake. So then as there are more of us believing it's a remake, then we can add in the article it is a remake. But we could only do that until there is a third editor on your side or a fourth resulting in there being more believing it's not a remake.

 * And you never answered my question from my page, why can't you just register? It would be the more mature thing to do, because if it was myself, Martinevans123, Gareth Griffith-Jones and Trappist the monk actually talking in real life, you are practically the stranger we know nothing about who comes up and jumps into our conversation. Don't go twisting my words again and say I'm saying non-posters don't have a right to speak as much as registered posters do. But if you feel strongly about editing on Wikipedia, then register. It's VERY easy. Charlr6 (talk) 19:32, 12 January 2012 (UTC)

 * "you are practically the stranger we know nothing about" --- Why does that matter? "And you never answered my question from my page, why can't you just register?" --- Registration is not required of Wikipedia editors. But also, many people who register do not give their name or any other information about themselves when they do so. Wikipedia does not require any of that, so even if I was using a registered name, you still might know nothing about me. Trappist the monk, who you mentioned, does not give his real name or any other information about himself, for example. You know no more about him than you do about me. Besides, who I am, who he is, or who you are is not the issue. The facts about what should be on article pages is. 99.192.52.224 (talk) 19:51, 12 January 2012 (UTC)

 * Registration isn't required, and I am not asking for you to give your name or tons of information, I never did, did I? It would just be more civil if you did, and if you did at least people would be able to see basic information like if you said you were from the US and that you are a fan of Back to the Future, even if that was the only information on you. But on contributions you've made we might recognise your name in the 'history' section of certain pages and be able to see that you are possible interested in the page your are editing. And Trappist the monk is registered and has a talk page, I know more about him than you. I could read his talk page and see what people have posted. Why is it so hard for you to simply register? And the answer you gave was practically "because I don't have to". What are you scared of? You don't even need to give your proper name, you could just create a random name and say one thing like you possibly live in the United States, but you don't even have to do that. But it would be the more adult mature thing to do. If you like to follow it by the book and believe every article on Wikipedia to be true then join Wikipedia and help it more. It would take one single minute.
 * You're IP Address page lists that the first recent edit was on the Girl With the Dragon Tattoo talk page, and the previous edit you made was a year ago. I find it funny how you are active now all of a sudden. So like Gareth Griffith-Jones and Martinevans123 have said, you are a lurker. It would be strange for you not to be and then suddenly you burst onto Wikipedia making posts.

 * But this film 'renews' the previous Swedish film, even if it's closer to the book and they take no scenes directly from the previous film, it's a new version so it 'renews' the story. Charlr6 (talk) 21:05, 12 January 2012 (UTC)

 * I think we can make the discussion here much simpler. This page is called "List of English-language films based on foreign-language films". You will notice that the word "remake" is not used in the title nor is it used in the description of the page contents. So we can set aside any discussion of what the word "remake" means for the purposes of this page. The relevant term is not "remake" but "based on", which is a part of the title of the page. If, as you concede, no scenes were taken from the previous film, then it was not "based on" the previous film, and thus does not meet the criteria for inclusion. And even if you disagree with that, WP:BURDEN and the above discussion of it makes it clear that no source is required to remove disputed content, but a source is required to add it. Without a source that the 2011 film was "based on" the 2009 film, it should not be included here. 99.192.52.224 (talk) 21:13, 12 January 2012 (UTC)

 * You are incorrect in stating that Trappist the monk agrees with you on this subject in his reply to my request for his input on this matter. He states quite clearly that he has no specific knowledge.  He merely says that he supports you with regard to our needing to provide a source, and, furthermore, believes we will soon receive several.  We have already received one.  More will follow, I am assured.
 * Gareth Griffith-Jones (talk) 23:25, 12 January 2012 (UTC)
 * 99.192.52.224, you are playing on words here I think. The title of this list is "List of English-language films with previous foreign-language film versions". There are a lot of valid sources stating that The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (2011 film) is a remake of the Swedish version, for example The guardian, or the Christian Science monitor. The entertainment time goes further, writing "In that sense, Mara is the face and heart of the film: a well-wrought simulacrum of the original. Seeing Fincher’s version is like getting a Christmas gift of a book you already have". Hervegirod (talk) 23:44, 12 January 2012 (UTC)

 * Actually, Hervegirod, the title of the page was "List of English-language films based on foreign-language films"`when I made that comment. It was only after that that Charlr6 changed the title to the current one. So, no, I wasn't playing with words. As for the "remake / not a remake" issue, it's a moot point now that the title of the page has been changed to include both films that are remakes and films that are not. 99.192.52.224 (talk) 00:39, 13 January 2012 (UTC)

 * Yeah, sorry for the confusion Hervegirod.
 * 99.192.52.224 or whoever you are, thanks for adding the extra collumn. It helps the article more. It would take me about ten minutes to find the right code Wikipedia code, haha. Charlr6 (talk) 00:47, 13 January 2012 (UTC)

Edit request to remove Wikipedia reference
Schazjmd  (talk)  23:55, 20 December 2020 (UTC)
 * In the German table, for Head Full of Honey (2018), replace the reference  with ref
 * , I've unprotected, so feel free to make the change yourself. Dreamy Jazz talk to me | my contributions 00:24, 21 December 2020 (UTC)
 * Will do, thanks! Schazjmd   (talk)  00:29, 21 December 2020 (UTC)

How Head Full of Honey performed
, I got distracted by the edit war regarding the source and missed the obvious objection to the inclusion of the remake "bombing": the tables in this article do not have a column for general notes about the remake. Fortunately, after I added a proper source, caught the mistake and removed it. The information should not be restored. Schazjmd  (talk)  16:04, 21 December 2020 (UTC)
 * Good thinking. Let's not have it restored. Call me when you get the chance (talk) 21:17, 21 December 2020 (UTC)


text:
Chuck Collins

Chuck Collins (born October 19, 1959) is an American author and a senior scholar at the Institute for Policy Studies in Washington, DC, where he directs the Program on Inequality and the Common Good. He is also co-founder of Wealth for Common Good. He is an expert on economic inequality in the US, and has pioneered efforts to bring together investors and business leaders to speak out publicly against corporate practices and economic policies that increase economic inequality.

Collins is the great-grandson of Oscar F. Mayer, the founder of the Oscar Mayer meat processing brand.

Early life
Collins was born in Madison, Wisconsin and grew up in suburban Detroit where he attended the Cranbrook Schools. At age 7, he witnessed the 1967 Detroit riots and became concerned about inequality. He was involved in social change, including Earth Day 1970. He raised money for guide dogs and informed his neighborhood about the environment at a young age.

Collins first gained public attention in 1985, when he gave an inheritance of $500,000 to several foundations at the age of 26. When his libertarian conservative father Edward learned of his intentions, he was afraid his son was a Marxist, though Collins instead stated that he would rather be called a "Gandhian or Christian" and later left to live in a commune.

Education
Collins is a graduate of Hampshire College (Bachelor of Arts, 1984), and holds a master's degree (1987) from the School of Community Economic Development at Southern New Hampshire University.

Career
Between 1983 and 1991, Collins worked at the Institute for Community Economics, based in Greenfield, Massachusetts, providing technical advice to community land trusts and mobile home resident cooperatives. Between 1991 and 1995, he was director of the HOME Coalition in Massachusetts and a field organizer for the Tax Equity Alliance of Massachusetts (now the Mass Budget and Policy Center). In 1995, he co-founded, with Felice Yeskel and S.M. Miller, United for a Fair Economy in Boston, Massachusetts, a left-leaning national organization devoted to education about growing income and wealth inequality.

In 2005, he became a senior scholar at the Institute for Policy Studies, where he co-edits the web site, Inequality.org, and directs the Program on Inequality and the Common Good. In 2008, he cofounded Wealth for the Common Good, which subsequently merged in 2015 with the Patriotic Millionaires.

At the Institute for Policy Studies, Collins research has looked at income and wealth inequality and the racial wealth divide. He has co-authored a number of studies including "Billionaire Bonanza" exploring the share of wealth flowing to the top 1 percent and Forbes 400, and the "Ever Growing Gap", which examines the future of the racial wealth divide.

Publications
Collins has written a number of books about inequality, tax policy and social change philanthropy. In 2000, he co-authored the book, Robin Hood Was Right: A Guide to Giving Your Money for Social Change. In 2000 (revised in 2005), he co-authored with Felice Yeskel, Economic Apartheid in America: A Primer on Economic Inequality and Insecurity. Collins is coauthor, with Bill Gates Sr., of the 2003 book, Wealth and Our Commonwealth: Why America Should Tax Accumulated Fortunes, which argues that the estate tax is both fair and necessary. In 2013, he authored 99 to 1: How Wealth Inequality is Wrecking the World and What We Can Do About It. Born on Third Base: A One Percenter Makes the Case for Tackling Inequality, Bringing Wealth Home, and Committing to the Common Good was published in 2016. In 2021 he published The Wealth Hoarders: How Billionaires Spend Millions to Hide Trillions. In 2023, he published a novel, Altar to An Erupting Sun, a provocative work of eco-fiction and history.

Personal life
Collins is the great-grandson of German-born American meatpacker Oscar F. Mayer (founder of the Oscar Mayer food corporation), and is the grandson of the American pianist and composer Edward Joseph Collins. Collins lives in the Jamaica Plain neighborhood of Boston with his partner, his daughter, and his partner's children.

title: Chuck Collins


text:
John Pool

John Pool (June 16, 1826 – August 16, 1884) was a Republican U.S. Senator from the state of North Carolina between 1868 and 1873. He was also the uncle of Congressman Walter Freshwater Pool.

He was born in Pasquotank County, North Carolina near Elizabeth City and was tutored at home until his attendance at the University of North Carolina, where he studied law. He graduated and was admitted to the bar in 1847, practicing in his home city until serving in the North Carolina Senate in 1856 and 1858. Pool ran against Gov. John W. Ellis in the 1860 election as head of the "Opposition Party," which consisted primarily of former Whigs, like himself.

With the war-weariness increasing in civilian parts of the Confederacy during 1863, pro-Union activities began to become organized as resistance. The Loyal Order of the Heroes of America, also known as the "Red Strings", were started by several men from North Carolina, including Henderson Adams, North Carolina's State Auditor during this time. The actual leader was John Pool, who spent some time in a jail in Richmond, and who traveled through western Virginia in 1864. While in West Virginia it was known that John Pool was part of (had joined in response to the Masons being against his "Red Stringed Beliefs") a fraternal brotherhood known only as ECV or E Clampus Vitus (different spellings were also recorded "E Clampsus Vatus, E Clampses Vitus and E Vitus Clampsus) which helped care for the families of fallen miners. The order is known to still be around today in the western states.

He was elected by the legislature to serve in the U.S. Senate as a Republican once North Carolina was readmitted in 1868. After his single term, he practiced law in Washington, D.C. until his death in 1884. He is buried in Oak Hill Cemetery.

title: John Pool


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Augustus Summerfield Merrimon

Augustus Summerfield Merrimon (September 15, 1830 – November 14, 1892) was a Democratic U.S. senator from the state of North Carolina between 1873 and 1879.

An attorney from Buncombe County, North Carolina, Merrimon served in the North Carolina House of Commons from 1860 to 1861. He briefly served in the Confederate Army when the American Civil War broke out, but resigned to become solicitor (prosecutor) for North Carolina's eighth judicial district. After the war, Merrimon served as a state superior court judge, then returned to the practice of law, and was an unsuccessful Democratic (at the time, officially called the Conservative Party) candidate for Governor of North Carolina in 1872. With 49.5 percent of the vote, Merrimon lost an extremely close race to incumbent Tod R. Caldwell.

Merrimon was elected to the U.S. Senate in 1872. He and former Gov. Zebulon B. Vance had already become intense political enemies, though both were affiliated with the Conservative Party. After Vance won the endorsement of the Conservative Party in the legislature, the minority Republicans in the legislature voted with Merrimon's supporters to elect him to the Senate (New York Times, October 14, 1878).

During his term in the Senate, Merrimon gained a reputation as "one of the bitterest partisan Democrats in Congress" (New York Times, October 14, 1878). He was appointed to the 'South Carolina Committee,' a Congressional commission assigned to conduct hearings into voter intimidation and fraud during the 1876 elections in South Carolina—the elections which brought an end to Reconstruction and restored white supremacists to power. The only Democrat on the Committee, Merrimon badgered black and white Republican witnesses and attempted to downplay and excuse white atrocities. A full transcript of the testimony can be found in the 3 bound volumes (South Carolina in 1876) published by the 42nd Congress. After Vance was elected Governor in 1876, he began recruiting candidates to defeat Merrimon supporters in legislative races to lay the groundwork to take Merrimon's seat in the Senate. In the legislative election of 1878, the state Democrats ran two slates in many districts: one pledged to Merrimon and one pledged to Vance. The result was mixed; the Republicans gained 13 seats in the legislature, and the majority Democrats were still divided in their loyalties (Merrimon 40 to Vance 60 with 70 Republicans). The Republican legislators voted for Vance in the election in early 1879, giving him the majority.

After being defeated for re-election, Merrimon served as an associate justice (1883–1889) and then Chief Justice of the North Carolina Supreme Court (1889 until his death in 1892). Merrimon Avenue in Asheville is named in his memory.

His home at Raleigh, the Merrimon-Wynne House, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975, and again in 2014 following a move.

title: Augustus Summerfield Merrimon


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Ivo Robić

Ivo Robić (28 January 1923 – 9 March 2000) was a Croatian singer-songwriter.

Domestic career
Robić began his career as a soloist with the Radio Zagreb Orchestra, while studying at the same time in Zagreb. He performed during World War II on "Krugovalna postaja Zagreb" in an Esplanade hotel in Zagreb, Independent State of Croatia.

During his career in what was then Socialist Republic of Croatia, he made more than one hundred records, mostly singles and schlagers. In his own country, the most memorable of his many schlagers might be "Vraćam se Zagrebe tebi" (Coming Back to You, My Zagreb), "Ta tvoja ruka mala" (That Little Hand of Yours), and "Tiho plove moje čežnje" (Silent Sail of My Yearnings).

International achievements
A pioneer of popular Croatian music from the early 1950s on, Robić was an artist who successfully pursued both domestic and international careers for almost half a century. When he began, he was the only artist from Croatia whose records were available in the record shops of Europe and the rest of the world.

Robić was nicknamed "Mister Morgen" following the success of his first international hit, "Morgen" (which means "tomorrow"), in 1959. The optimistic song was the first collaboration between Robić and Bert Kaempfert. Following its success in Germany, the German-language version became a #1 song in Canada and #13 hit on the pop chart (Billboard Hot 100) in the United States, sold over one million copies, and was awarded a gold disc. An English set of lyrics, "One More Sunrise", bearing no resemblance to the German lyrics, sung by Leslie Uggams, reached #98 on the same charts. It has also been performed by many other artists.

Robić was active in recording for Germany's Polydor label. He performed and collaborated with Kaempfert, Freddy Quinn, and Dean Martin. Of the Kaempfert composed international hit of 1966 Strangers in the Night he sang the Yugoslav and German versions Stranci u Noći with lyrics by Marija Renota and Fremde in der Nacht with lyrics by Kurt Feltz.

Robić's other international hits are "Muli-Song" (1960), "Mit 17 fängt das Leben erst an" (1960), "Ein ganzes Leben lang" (1962), "Rot ist der Wein" (1966), and "Ich zeig' dir den Sonnenschein" (1971).

title: Ivo Robić


text:
Whirlpool Rapids Bridge

The Whirlpool Rapids Bridge, commonly known as the Whirlpool Bridge or the Lower Steel Arch Bridge (before 1937), is a spandrel braced, riveted, two-hinged arch bridge that crosses the Canada–United States border, connecting the commercial downtown districts of Niagara Falls, Ontario, and Niagara Falls, New York. This bridge is located approximately 1.5 km north of the Rainbow Bridge and about 2 km from the Falls. It was acquired by the Niagara Falls Bridge Commission in January 1959. Immediately upstream is the similar arch-style Michigan Central Railway Bridge, which has been out of service since 2001.

History

The predecessor of the Whirlpool Rapids Bridge was the Niagara Falls Suspension Bridge, which carried foot and rail traffic, opened in 1855, and was most notable for being the world's first working railway suspension bridge and for being the bridge that was used by Abolitionists running the Underground Railroad to get slaves to freedom in Canada. By the late 1800s, the suspension bridge was becoming outdated for railroad needs. The weight of trains in North America had greatly increased by the mid-1890s. Larger and more powerful locomotives were required to pull cars that handled an increasing number of passengers and goods; compared to the 23 ST locomotives crossing the bridge in the 1850s, 170 ST locomotives were the common engines 40 years later. The weight of these trains exceeded the specifications of the Suspension Bridge, and the bridge companies took the opportunity to review and request the replacement of the bridge.

Civil engineer Leffert L. Buck, who had been hired to maintain the Suspension Bridge, was selected to design the replacement bridge. He settled for a bridge of the arch design. At that time, arch bridges were the new models for railway bridges and were more cost-efficient than suspension bridges. Buck built the new bridge around and below the Suspension Bridge, replacing it a piece at a time beginning on April 9, 1896. His plan allowed bridge traffic—train and pedestrian—to continue without disruption. By August 27, 1897, the last pieces of the Suspension Bridge were dismantled, leaving the Lower Steel Arch Bridge—later renamed the Whirlpool Rapids Bridge—in its stead.

Over the years, the New York Central Railroad, Great Western Railway, Erie Railroad, Canadian National Railway, and Amtrak have used the bridge. In November 2009, the bridge was extensively refurbished: repairing and replacing the catwalk and some of the steel beams and rivets, sandblasting, and a paint job were among the major maintenance tasks undertaken. Amtrak took over maintenance responsibility of the rail deck from Canadian National (CN) in late 2012. Currently the Maple Leaf train service, jointly operated by Amtrak and Via Rail, is the only train to use the bridge; CN routes freight over the International Railway Bridge at Fort Erie, Ontario–Buffalo, New York instead.

Just upstream is the disused Michigan Central Railway Bridge, which, with its predecessor, the Niagara Cantilever Bridge, competed for rail traffic with the Whirlpool Rapids Bridge.

Bridge setup

The bridge has two decks. The upper deck carries the railway traffic while the lower deck is a roadway.

It is a preferred crossing for residents of the Niagara region as the lower deck roadway is reserved for passenger vehicles only—commercial vehicles and pedestrians are prohibited. The bridge may only be used by members of the NEXUS trusted traveller program, jointly operated by the Canada Border Services Agency (CBSA) and United States Customs and Border Protection (CBP). Vehicles entering Canada must pay a $5.00 USD toll electronically using an account linked to their E-ZPass transponder or NEXUS card. There is one lane of traffic to the United States and one lane to Canada, with two inspection lanes at each end for traffic entering the respective countries. The American side connects to New York State Route 104 and New York State Route 182, while the Canadian side connects to the historic terminus of Highway 3A, and, now known as River Road and Bridge Street.

Originally built with two tracks, the second track was removed sometime in the late 1960s or early 1970s and the remaining track was centered on the bridge upper deck. The single train track crosses over the bridge on the upper deck. The track is currently used exclusively by Amtrak trains for the Maple Leaf international train service between Toronto and New York City. The Via Rail Niagara Falls station is immediately located on the Canadian side of the bridge in Niagara Falls, Ontario and the Amtrak Niagara Falls station is immediately located on the American side of the bridge in Niagara Falls, New York.

title: Whirlpool Rapids Bridge


text:
Talk:Juraj Jánošík

Stub
Yes, this is a stub, but it should not be deleted. I have added some information. Danny 02:55, 10 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Robin Hood
"often described as the "Slovak Robin Hood." Where is he described as Robin Hood? Przykuta 13:44, 23 August 2006 (UTC)

Link
The link to the slovak movie in production is dead - http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0323691/ —Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.53.115.218 (talk • contribs) 10:28, January 13, 2007

Fico strangeness
What is the Fico connection here? I removed it, as it looks just like a cheap attack. It's pretty strange to talk about a legendary figure and then say "here's the current aftermath." That doesn't make sense. -- Ricky81682 (talk) 08:21, 3 April 2008 (UTC)

 * The source said what you deleted. The last move of the now resigned defence minister was Jánosik's promotion to lietutant or what. see User talk:Elonka at the bottom. --Rembaoud (talk) 14:17, 27 April 2008 (UTC)
 * The source is not in a language that I can read, but just on a quick glance and the number of exclamation points, it seems to be a tabloid, so not exactly a reliable source. Can you find a stronger source for the paragraph? --Elonka 14:40, 27 April 2008 (UTC)
 * As I did not notice this "promotion" among all fantasies about Jánošík that some members of Slovak government has produced in recent months, I was trying to search for it. Nothing so far in Slovak sources - and there are publishers who are eager to display all such things... Maybe Rembaoud will have more luck. --Ruziklan (talk) 15:52, 27 April 2008 (UTC)

Length of the 2nd lead paragraph
The second paragraph seems too long to me. I don't really know how important historically or legendary he is, but I suggest splitting either the historical or the legend part into a separate section following the bio. Thus, the structure would be "intro + overall why's famous, bio on person, other with him, growth and spread into legendary status, in film, literature, etc." Any other views? -- Ricky81682 (talk) 08:25, 3 April 2008 (UTC)

Hungarian-Slovakian disputes
This article appears to be within the scope of several disputes between Hungarian and Slovakian editors. To address this, a central page has been setup at User talk:Elonka/Hungarian-Slovakian experiment, where several of the issues are being discussed, and work is being done towards the creation of a guideline which will help reduce such disputes in the future. Any interested editors are invited to join the page and participate in the discussion. --Elonka 15:34, 27 April 2008 (UTC)

Naming
I notice that there is some back and forth on which name to use in this article. Could the next editor to change it, please provide an actual published source? Thanks, Elonka 19:19, 19 May 2008 (UTC)

 * I found Terchová/Tyerhova/Terhely in the 1882 gazetteer of Hungary, originally published by the Hungarian National Royal Statistical Office. See under "Zsolnai járás", it was Tyerhova then. That doesn't mean it had that name in the 17th century too, but it's more likely than the newer Terhely. Markussep Talk 20:07, 19 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Thanks. Would that be useful at the actual Terchová article? --Elonka 20:11, 19 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Maybe. I'm not sure it ever had a significant Hungarian population, since it's a small place and far from the usual Hungarian settling areas (southern and eastern Slovakia), so the relevance of the Hungarian name(s) could be limited. Markussep Talk 20:19, 19 May 2008 (UTC)

 * It is possible I did some mistake.Nmate (talk) 16:17, 20 May 2008 (UTC)

Nmates edits
I had to revert several of Nmates today's edits: Furthermore: is there evidence that he was a Goral? Markussep Talk 10:54, 1 June 2008 (UTC)
 * the comparison with Robin Hood is rather common (see Google), and the comparison with Rumcajs is not common, and more likely to be Nmates opinion of Jánošík
 * there's a difference between ruffian (a brutal person) and highwayman (someone who robs travelers). The second is much more applicable. "Ruffian" is not a correct translation of "zbojník".

I think Robin Hood comparison is not good because He was not a robber in the forest only- He fought against oppression as an crusader. Janosik was a robber and He was hanged to a hook angle when He died opposite this.Robin Hood had huge influence to the politics in his life but Jánosik was not so person. Rumcajs was a so man as Jánosik. Juraj Janosik was a robber in the forests. Have You heard about a mild-mannered robber? I think if somebody is a robber that is not a laudable behaviour.Jánosik was not a positive "historical" person. I do not know that how much was He a brutal person but He was a robber.I did not want to write that He was a brutal person, I wanted to write that He was not a positive figure.There is a Hungarian source: which write that He did not rob rich men - He robbed not so rich men although He never killed nobody.It is probably You do not agree with this sentence: He was a Fanfan la Tulipe figure.

This article contents: He is a Goral legend and He was born in Goral territory.Nmate (talk) 14:21, 1 June 2008 (UTC)

 * You may think the comparison with Robin Hood is not right, but he is often compared to Robin Hood, and that's what the article says. "Highwayman" isn't a positive term by itself either, but it's a description of his profession and not of his character (which is likely to be subjective), and therefore better than "ruffian". About Gorals: you may be right, but your word is not enough. Was Terchová 100% Goral in the 17th century? Please provide references. Markussep Talk 08:31, 2 June 2008 (UTC)

 * I do not know excatly that He was a Goral, or Slovak.
 * Highwayman word is O.K. for me also.
 * Slovak Robin Hood is not O.K. for me.

It is not amazing that the Slovakian sources so called him : Slovak Robin Hood because the Slovak nation own history is very few. There was a famous Hungarian highwayman: Sándor Rózsa.He lived in Szeged. You could not find about him so sources that He was a Hungarian Robin Hood, because the Hungarian history is very rich.Did you read about the Aftermath chapter? This was a my earlier edition here. Nmate (talk) 15:15, 2 June 2008 (UTC)

 * You really should stop making those belittling remarks about Slovaks, that doesn't help at all. Markussep Talk 17:41, 2 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Another chauvinistic remark by Nmate. Nothing new to see here...--Svetovid (talk) 18:58, 2 June 2008 (UTC)
 * I ask that the above personal attacks be removed. As to the article it could benefit from some real information such as info from Eva Krekovičová and others apart from listing the myths that were created much later and are unsupported by any evidence. Hobartimus (talk) 01:40, 3 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Why would you want NMate's personal attacks removed? Let other see his intentions.--Svetovid (talk) 11:47, 3 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Let's keep the discussion focused on the article, not the editor. I'd also like to see the above section header changed so it is not personally-targeted. --Elonka 11:51, 3 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Why? Is it inaccurate?--Svetovid (talk) 16:09, 3 June 2008 (UTC)

Albert Einstein said: everything relative. I did not belittle Juraj Jánosik.The Slovaks exaggerated his historical role.He was a highwayman only.For example: I do not like Milan Rastislav Stefánik but I think He was a very important Slovak historical person.But Juraj Jánosik was not an important historical person.Nmate (talk) 16:59, 3 June 2008 (UTC)
 * So do you have anything to say about the actual contents of the article?--Svetovid (talk) 20:19, 3 June 2008 (UTC)

What is the debate here? He operated in the highlands and all identification of him has always been by the Gorals. The Gorals aren't exactly people that would try to claim someone that wasn't theirs. To question whether he was Goral is unproductive. You may as well question if Queen Victoria was English. As for his importance as a historical figure, the Gorals certainly found him an important figure, whether on the side of the Polish or Slovakian borders. The highly independent nature of the Gorals would only naturally place importance upon figures that symbolize rebellion against occupying powers.StevenJac (talk) 01:53, 30 September 2017 (UTC)

Current version
... of this article is rather a mix of legends and real facts. However, it's always pointed out, what is fact, and what is a part of legend. I've added minor specification related to Jánošík's death and useful link for possible translation (I can't find any good English source...) The correct English translation of Slovakian zbojník is outlaw, not robber or ruffian. The comparison with Rumcajs is irrelevant, although very funny - Rumcajs is a fictional character from famous Czech cartoon. It was only joke, I suppose. It's possible to point out the comparison with Robin Hood, since the Jánošík legend represents for many Slovaks symbol of the brave defender of the poor and downtrodden people. Jánošík as a historical person has, of course, nothing in common with that famous English hero. The article needs to distinguish the historical description of Jánošík's life and his significance as a Slovak national hero. Both is possible without heated arguments and edit wars. We need to concentrate on description of the relevant facts. I've added also two references. The author of this link, Milan Ferko from Matica slovenská, listed these books as important secondary sources for another study of Jánošík. --Vejvančický (talk) 09:38, 11 February 2009 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Juraj Jánošík


text:
Jeter C. Pritchard

Jeter Connelly Pritchard (July 12, 1857 – April 10, 1921) was a lawyer, newspaperman, United States Senator and a United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit and of the United States Circuit Courts for the Fourth Circuit and previously was an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia. Earlier in his political career he served in the North Carolina House of Representatives. He was a Republican who was part of the populist fusion political wave before later opposing civil rights for African Americans.

Early life and education
Born on July 12, 1857, in Jonesboro, Washington County, Tennessee, He attended the Martins Creek Academy in Tennessee.

Career
Pritchard was apprenticed to the printer's trade, then moved to Bakersville, Mitchell County, North Carolina, in 1873. He became joint editor and owner of the Roan Mountain Republican. He was a Presidential Elector on the Republican Party ticket in North Carolina in 1880.

He read law and was admitted to the bar in 1889. He entered private practice in Marshall, North Carolina, starting in 1889.

Political career
He was a member of the North Carolina House of Representatives from 1885 to 1889, and from 1891 to 1893. He was an unsuccessful candidate for Lieutenant Governor in 1888 and an unsuccessful candidate for United States Senator in 1891. He was President of the North Carolina Protective Tariff League in 1891. He was an unsuccessful candidate for election to the United States House of Representatives of the 53rd United States Congress in 1892.

Congressional service
Pritchard was elected as a Republican to the United States Senate in 1894 to fill the vacancy caused by the death of United States Senator Zebulon Baird Vance. He was reelected in 1897 and served from January 23, 1895, to March 3, 1903. The victory of the Republican-Populist alliance (or "fusion") in the 1894 legislative elections, and their subsequent domination of the North Carolina General Assembly was the key factor in Pritchard's initial election and subsequent reelection. He was Chairman of the Committee on Civil Service and Retrenchment for the 54th and 55th United States Congresses and Chairman of the Committee on Patents for the 56th and 57th United States Congresses.

On October 21, 1898, Pritchard sent a letter to President William McKinley, requesting federal marshals to protect black voters in the upcoming election. He warned that Democrats were stockpiling weapons and threatening black voters, and said that Democrats' claims of "Negro domination" were without basis. The letter was discussed by McKinley and his cabinet on October 24, but federal marshals were not sent as Governor Daniel Lindsay Russell had not made the request. As a result, intimidation by Red Shirts kept black voters away from the polls, resulting in a sweeping Democratic victory. On the day following the election, the Wilmington insurrection of 1898 broke out.

Pritchard began reversing his views on civil rights in 1900, becoming a lily-white and opposing black officeholders.

Federal judicial service
Pritchard was nominated by President Theodore Roosevelt on November 10, 1903, to an Associate Justice seat on the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia (now the United States District Court for the District of Columbia) vacated by Associate Justice Harry M. Clabaugh. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on November 16, 1903, and received his commission the same day. His service terminated on June 1, 1904, due to his elevation to the Fourth Circuit. While in office Pritchard twice offered resolutions demanding that the Senate declare the grandfather clause a violation of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments, but both attempts failed.

Pritchard was nominated by President Roosevelt on April 27, 1904, to a joint seat on the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit and the United States Circuit Courts for the Fourth Circuit vacated by Judge Charles Henry Simonton. He was confirmed by the Senate on April 27, 1904, and received his commission the same day. On December 31, 1911, the Circuit Courts were abolished and he thereafter served only on the Court of Appeals. His service terminated on April 10, 1921, due to his death in Asheville, North Carolina. He was interred in the Riverside Cemetery in Asheville, near fellow North Carolina Senators Thomas Lanier Clingman and Zebulon Baird Vance.

Family
Senator Pritchard married Augusta L. Ray in 1877 and they became the parents of three sons and a daughter—William D. (an army officer killed in the Philippines in 1904), George M. Pritchard (a politician in the Republican Party), Thomas A., and Ida (Mrs. Thomas S. Rollins). Following the death in 1886 of his wife, Pritchard married Melissa Bowman by whom he had another son, J. McKinley. After the death of his second wife in 1902, Judge Pritchard married Lillian E. Saum in 1903.

Honor
Pritchard Park in downtown Asheville is named in Pritchard's memory.

title: Jeter C. Pritchard


text:
Lee S. Overman

Lee Slater Overman (January 3, 1854 – December 12, 1930) was a Democratic U.S. senator from the state of North Carolina between 1903 and 1930. He was the first US Senator to be elected by popular vote in the state, as the legislature had appointed senators prior to passage of the 17th Amendment to the US Constitution authorizing popular elections of senators. He served as a senator until 1930 when he died when he was two years into his fifth term.

Early life and education
Overman was born in Salisbury, N.C., the son of William H. and Mary E. Slater Overman. He attended Trinity College (now Duke University), Class of 1874, where he was a member of the Chi Phi Fraternity. After he graduated from Trinity College, he taught at Winston-Salem School for two years and then finally earned a Master of Arts from Trinity College.

Career
He became very close with Zebulon Baird Vance, who was a leading opponent of Reconstruction in the State of North Carolina. He became one of his personal secretaries when Vance was elected governor, which led him into his life in politics. Overman became involved in politics and was first elected to the North Carolina House of Representatives.

In 1914, Overman became the first U.S. Senator from North Carolina to be elected by popular vote, after passage of the 17th Amendment to the Constitution in 1913 standardized popular election of senators. This was the beginning of his time when he was elected for a second term after his first term of six years had expired. In 1902 and 1909, Overman had been appointed to the Senate seat by the state legislature. The biggest reforms that Overman was in favor of were corporate interests and labor reform. Overman’s economic policies made him lean toward the progressive side. After the war the senator was active in the investigation of German and Bolshevik propaganda and played a role in bringing on the first Red Scare that plagued American politics in 1919 and 1920. This was after the first World War when many innocent men and women were being called in and taken away from their jobs and lives and brought in for questioning and even jailed at some points. He wanted to keep the Red Scare contained so people would not catch wind of it and live in fear. He wrote and sponsored the Overman Act of 1918, which gave President Woodrow Wilson extraordinary powers to coordinate government agencies in wartime. Overman chaired a Senate committee after World War I to investigate activities during the first Red Scare, which many see as a precursor to the House Un-American Activities Committee.

In 1922, Overman was one of the leaders of a 1-hour, 45 minute filibuster that helped defeat the Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill. In his lengthy speech, he said that the bill was a partisan attempt to solidify the Republican hold on the northern black vote, that the bill had been written by a black person, and that ignorant black people in the South would interpret the bill as permission to "commit the foulest of outrages."

In World War II, the United States liberty ship SS Lee S. Overman was named in his honor. The year after its launch, it struck a mine and sank over the course of a few days.

Overman Committee
Overman chaired the Overman Committee, a subcommittee that investigated foreign propaganda and Bolshevism in the United States during the first Red Scare from 1919 to 1921. He was chosen to head the commission called the Overman Committee by President Woodrow Wilson. After the war the senator was active in the investigation of German and Bolshevik propaganda and played a role in bringing on the so-called Red Scare that plagued American politics in 1919 and 1920 (Beaver).

title: Lee S. Overman


text:
Cameron A. Morrison

Cameron A. Morrison (October 5, 1869 – August 20, 1953) was an American politician and the 55th governor of the U.S. state of North Carolina from 1921 to 1925.

Early life and career
He was born in 1869 in Richmond County, North Carolina.

In 1898, Morrison participated in the Wilmington insurrection of 1898, a violent coup d'état by a group of white supremacists. They expelled opposition black and white political leaders from the city, destroyed the property and businesses of black citizens built up since the Civil War, including the only black newspaper in the city, and killed an estimated 60 to more than 300 people. The governor of North Carolina, Daniel Lindsay Russell, was forced to flee from Wilmington to Raleigh. Morrison boarded Russell's train in Maxton, North Carolina in the company of a small band of Red Shirts and warned Russell that a more hostile band of Red Shirts were waiting at a later stop. He advised Russell to hide in the baggage car to avoid being lynched, which he did.

In 1900, he was elected to the North Carolina Senate for one term.

Governorship
With the backing of Sen. Furnifold Simmons and the help of race-baiting tactics employed by A. D. Watts, Morrison defeated O. Max Gardner in the 1920 Democratic primary for governor. In the general election, he defeated Republican nominee John J. Parker.

Morrison was inaugurated on January 12, 1921. He came to be called "the Good Roads governor" for his support of a modern highway system. Morrison also pushed for increased funds for public education, while also battling the teaching of the theory of evolution.

Later career
He was later appointed to serve as a United States senator for the state of North Carolina (after the death of Lee S. Overman) between 1930 and 1932, but lost his seat in the Democratic primary runoff to Robert R. Reynolds.

Morrison was later elected to one term in the United States House of Representatives from 1943 to 1945. He again lost a Democratic primary for a U.S. Senate seat in 1944, to Clyde R. Hoey. He died in Quebec City in 1953.

Personal life
Morrison was married twice. His first wife, Lottie May Tomlinson, gave birth to four children but only one, Angelia Lawrance Morrison, survived infancy. Tomlinson died in 1919.

In 1924, while serving as governor, Morrison married a second time to Sara Virginia Ecker Watts, the widow of George Washington Watts. Their wedding ceremony was held at Harwood Hall. With his second wife, Morrison built Morrocroft, a large estate in Charlotte.

Legacy
A ten-story residence hall on the campus of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill is named in Morrison's honor. His home at Charlotte, Morrocroft, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.

A library in Charlotte was named after Morrison, but was renamed in 2020 due to Morrison's ties with the Red Shirts and white supremacy. A residence hall at North Carolina A&T State University was also named after Morrison, but the name was removed in 2020.

title: Cameron A. Morrison


text:
Excited state

In quantum mechanics, an excited state of a system (such as an atom, molecule or nucleus) is any quantum state of the system that has a higher energy than the ground state (that is, more energy than the absolute minimum). Excitation refers to an increase in energy level above a chosen starting point, usually the ground state, but sometimes an already excited state. The temperature of a group of particles is indicative of the level of excitation (with the notable exception of systems that exhibit negative temperature).

The lifetime of a system in an excited state is usually short: spontaneous or induced emission of a quantum of energy (such as a photon or a phonon) usually occurs shortly after the system is promoted to the excited state, returning the system to a state with lower energy (a less excited state or the ground state). This return to a lower energy level is often loosely described as decay and is the inverse of excitation.

Long-lived excited states are often called metastable. Long-lived nuclear isomers and singlet oxygen are two examples of this.

Atomic excitation
Atoms can be excited by heat, electricity, or light. The hydrogen atom provides a simple example of this concept.

The ground state of the hydrogen atom has the atom's single electron in the lowest possible orbital (that is, the spherically symmetric "1s" wave function, which, so far, has been demonstrated to have the lowest possible quantum numbers). By giving the atom additional energy (for example, by absorption of a photon of an appropriate energy), the electron moves into an excited state (one with one or more quantum numbers greater than the minimum possible). When the electron find itself between two states, a shift which happens very fast, it's in a superposition of both states. If the photon has too much energy, the electron will cease to be bound to the atom, and the atom will become ionized.

After excitation the atom may return to the ground state or a lower excited state, by emitting a photon with a characteristic energy. Emission of photons from atoms in various excited states leads to an electromagnetic spectrum showing a series of characteristic emission lines (including, in the case of the hydrogen atom, the Lyman, Balmer, Paschen and Brackett series).

An atom in a high excited state is termed a Rydberg atom. A system of highly excited atoms can form a long-lived condensed excited state, Rydberg matter.

Perturbed gas excitation
A collection of molecules forming a gas can be considered in an excited state if one or more molecules are elevated to kinetic energy levels such that the resulting velocity distribution departs from the equilibrium Boltzmann distribution. This phenomenon has been studied in the case of a two-dimensional gas in some detail, analyzing the time taken to relax to equilibrium.

Calculation of excited states
Excited states are often calculated using coupled cluster, Møller–Plesset perturbation theory, multi-configurational self-consistent field, configuration interaction, and time-dependent density functional theory.

Excited-state absorption
The excitation of a system (an atom or molecule) from one excited state to a higher-energy excited state with the absorption of a photon is called excited-state absorption (ESA). Excited-state absorption is possible only when an electron has been already excited from the ground state to a lower excited state. The excited-state absorption is usually an undesired effect, but it can be useful in upconversion pumping. Excited-state absorption measurements are done using pump–probe techniques such as flash photolysis. However, it is not easy to measure them compared to ground-state absorption, and in some cases complete bleaching of the ground state is required to measure excited-state absorption.

Reaction
A further consequence of excited-state formation may be reaction of the atom or molecule in its excited state, as in photochemistry.

title: Excited state


text:
Smithers (disambiguation)

Smithers is a surname of British origin.

Smithers may also refer to:

 * Smithers, British Columbia, a town in Canada
 * Smithers Airport, a public airport
 * Smithers Secondary School
 * Smithers railway station
 * Smithers, West Virginia, a city in the United States
 * Smithers Lake, Texas, United States

title: Smithers (disambiguation)