text:
Talk:Extravehicular activity

Personal cumulative duration records
Why is the American listed? I mean, if we're going to list one national record, we should list every national record, and then we end up with a list with one entry for each country that has ever had a citizen in space. Personally, I don't want that (I'm not a big fan of all these list-style articles that are so often found on Wikipedia). I'd rather see either 1) one record, THE record, or 2) records by agency, so one for ESA, one for NASA, one for RKA, and so on (this being superior to the nation list in that it will be somewhat shorter). Opinions? 95.209.129.222 (talk) 07:45, 21 November 2009 (UTC)

In-flight repair
The article states that "The first EVA to perform an in-flight repair of the Space Shuttle was...". Does anyone know what was the first EVA to perform an in-flight repair (as opposed to EVA for the sake of it or EVA for installing additional equipment) ever, that sounds like an important milestone. Nikola 10:18, 30 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes; and it's in the article now. The very first EVA for repair purposes occurred way before the Shuttle / ISS era, when the crew of Skylab 2 had to save the Skylab station by deploying a "parasol" to shade it from the Sun and keep it from overheating, and by freeing a stuck solar panel so it would get adequate electrical power. (The station had been damaged during launch when its solar shield got ripped off by aerodynamic forces during launch, tearing off one of the solar panels with it and jamming the other one.) This happened in June, 1973. JustinTime55 (talk) 18:34, 28 January 2011 (UTC)

Exhausting?
I've heard somewhere that EVA can be exhausting for astronauts to the point that they lose weight during one. Does that make any sense?

Exhausting? They usually stay out there for a good few hours! Just have a look at some of the more recent EVAs and their durations: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_spacewalks --UD75 21:26, 13 April 2006 (UTC)

Yes. It takes a lot of effort to deform the pressurized space suit. The astronaut's workload depends on how much the movements required bend the suit joints.

It's not as bad today as it was in the earliest days of space flight. On the first US EVA, Ed White saw his thermal glove float out of the Gemini capsule but he said he was just too tired to reach for it. On another Gemini mission, the EVA astronaut became so tired that he ended up clinging to the nose of the capsule until he had recovered enough to get back inside.

This problem is mitigated in four ways: (1) improved space suit design, (2) astronaut physique, (3) reduced pressure in the space suits, and (4) EVA task planning.

Space suit design has emphasized reducing the need to deform the shape of the suit. In the Shuttle suit, sliding joints at the shoulders were a major improvement in upper body mobility. The latest innovation in US space suits was the new gloves designed by Amy Ross (daughter of astronaut Jerry Ross) which were first flown on STS-88 (IIRC). All sorts of other ideas are being investigated including constant-volume joints and hard suits.

EVA crewmembers tend to be very muscular and they get really pumped up before a flight. The reason there have been very few female EVA astronauts is that in general female astronauts don't have the upper body strength required.

Reduced pressure obviously reduces the amount of force required to bend the suit. That's why astronauts are concerned about getting bent, hence the oxygen prebreathe protocol and apirin before every EVA.

In planning EVA tasks, engineers put a great deal of emphasis in keeping the astronaut's hands within the optimum work envelope (right in front of the astronaut's chest) and minimizing the need for repetitiously reaching long distances.

Greg 07:30, 31 August 2006 (UTC)

EVA collision hazards
'''An EVA is dangerous for a number of different reasons. The primary one is collision with space debris. Orbital velocity at 300 km above the Earth (typical for a Space Shuttle mission) is 7.7 km/s. This is 10 times the speed of a bullet, so the kinetic energy of a small particle with a mass 1/100th that of a bullet (e.g. a fleck of paint or a grain of sand) is equal to that of a bullet.'''

This statement may be correct for one object moving at 7.7 km/s relating to earth while the other collision object has no speed relating to earth. But for every other frame of reference this is wrong. Speeds and kinetic energies can be much higher or slower. --Abdull 14:32, 5 May 2006 (UTC)

I agree. We like to avoid EVA because it takes so much crew time. Orbital debris has not come up as a significant EVA hazard; the probability of a collision with an object as small as a space-suited astronaut is extremely low. Greg 10:44, 2 September 2006 (UTC)

I also agree. An astronaut on an EVA is also orbiting the Earth at 7.7 km/s, so the relative speed between him and the specks of dust is small. --141.154.234.142 08:57, 18 March 2007 (UTC)

strange sentence?
Still, some scientists are developing tele-operated robots for outside construction work, to potentially eliminate the need for human EVAs.

This sentence seems strange to me. Somehow the tone doesn't fit the article. I guess the "some" needs clarfiying, and probably a cite, but I was tempted to remove it completely as it didn't add anything to me. -21:04, 8 July 2006 (UTC)

Leonov picture
Is it a real photo ? I think there is no good photo from Leonov. Read here : http://starchild.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/StarChild/space_level2/leonov_spacewalk.html Ericd 21:18, 20 July 2006 (UTC)

EVA Hazards: Glove Incident on STS-37
The document states: "One astronaut has suffered a spacesuit puncture. During STS-37, a small rod punctured the glove of one of the astronauts (the name is undisclosed, but it was either Jerry L. Ross or Jay Apt). However, the puncturing object, which stabbed the astronaut's hand as well, held in place, resulting in no detectable depressurization. In fact, the puncture was not noticed until after the spacewalkers were safely back inside Atlantis."

This paragraph has an external link to an essay by Geoff Landis that does not appear to be related to the incident.

The facts are a bit off, too. The astronaut's hand was not stabbed, and the puncture was not discovered until after Atlantis landed.

I see some difficulty with writing a Wikipedia article about it because no official public NASA documents give the details; hence, verification is available only via anecdotes from the people who were there. (That would be me. I worked on the STS-37 EVA.  All the details came out during the EVA crew debrief at JSC after the flight.)  Nevertheless, perhaps a wiser head can figure out how to tune up the article.

(See notes below.)

-- Greg 10:46, 2 September 2006 (UTC)

What really happened on STS-37
The EVA glove has a spring-steel palm restraint bar that keeps the palm from ballooning out away from the hand. Some time during the EVA, the palm restraint bar on the astonaut's glove was driven loose and punctured the pressure layer of his glove. The end of the palm restraint bar was still inside the outer layers of the glove.

We speculated that the glove failure occurred when the astronaut used his hand like a hammer to loosen a balky restraint pin on one of the CETA carts. There was a bit of consternation about that in the mission support room during the EVA.

The astronaut did not notice the problem at the time but when they got back inside he noticed that he had a blister between his thumb and forefinger. At that time, he thought it was because of chafing from the glove, which is common during an EVA, even more so before the new glove design.

After STS-37 landed, the space suits were sent to FEPAC for regular processing. A suit technician noticed a discoloration on the outside of the glove. It looked like rust. Analysis in the laboratory showed that the foreign material was the astronaut's blood.

They tore down the glove and discovered the problem with the palm restraint bar. In the subsequent investigation in the lab they discovered that the blood had coagulated and adhered to the steel restraint bar and the neopreme pressure layer, sealing the breach. The damage to the astronaut's hand was caused by having the skin between his thumb and forefinger exposed to vacuum, giving him the distinction of being only astronaut known to have bled into space.

If the astronaut's blood had not sealed the palm restraint bar in place, pressure probably would have driven it the rest of the way out. That would have left a 1/8" hole in the suit, a classic design case for space suits. In that case, we would have had a serious emergency.  The astronaut's Secondary Oxygen Pack would have opened up to replenish the leakage, and he would have had 23 minutes to get back into pressure before suffering a high probability of neural damage.  Of course, this did not happen; the breach was sealed and the astronaut was in no danger.

During informal discussions with the astronaut later (we are both science fiction buffs), we noted that such an incident had been foreshadowed by a science fiction story by Robert A. Heinlein entitled "Gentlemen, Be Seated." The difference was that, in Heinlein's story, the characters used their backsides to plug holes in a pressure shell on the moon. Greg 10:44, 2 September 2006 (UTC)

Spacewalks/EVA
I'm wondering how many europeans, except Thomas Reiter has performed EVAs? Or was Reiter the first one? --84.49.146.87 07:18, 14 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Or are Russians not Europeans? Nikola 22:42, 18 March 2007 (UTC)

Russia is technicly a part of asia, so I don't think russia counts. Moray594 16:02, 5 September 2007 (UTC)

dubious commercial for some omega watch
"Included in this research was a wrist timepiece that would withstand the extremes of the outer space environment. After purchasing samples of the top branded chronographs (i.e. Rolex, Omega, Longines, etc.) and putting them through lab testing (including extreme cold/hot temperatures, humidity, G-forces, etc.), only the Omega Speedmaster model passed the NASA tests. It became the only approved watch for EVA during the Gemini project, was the first watch worn on the moon and continues to be the only watch that may be worn during EVA."...which i removed. Quite a lot of stuff is worn by cosmonauts out of aircraft and there is no need to separately mention the wrist timepiece which was included except for commercial purposes.84.167.225.42 15:38, 18 January 2007 (UTC)

 * This was a bit commercial. But I put a link back to the wikipedia Speedmaster page because the watch is actually the only one approved by NASA for EVA and is worn on the outside of the suits of many of the spacewalkers as standard issue equipment. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.254.76.194 (talk) 00:30, 10 May 2011 (UTC)

EVA start
The lead section currently says, "An American astronaut, in contrast, is not considered to have made an EVA until at least his head is outside the spacecraft." But that doesn't seem to be current NASA practice with spacewalks from the ISS Quest airlock, at least. Instead, NASA apparently reports the start time as the time when the EMU goes onto internal power. Does anyone have a source to cite for these definitions? (sdsds - talk) 19:21, 13 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Just noticed this and I agree this is not a valid definition. I'll reword it to reflect what actually is considered the start time. Ariel  ♥  Gold  08:35, 28 October 2007 (UTC)

Camp out
What exactly is the "camp out procedure" referred to in the article? Jpatokal 13:03, 23 June 2007 (UTC)

 * I've added a brief description of the procedure, and another reference that describes it in even more detail. (sdsds - talk) 20:43, 23 June 2007 (UTC)

Images
Anyone think this image should be in the article? Willy888 10:39, 3 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Note, this image has been replaced by this one: File:Gumdrop Meets Spider - GPN-2000-001100.jpg

Future Orlan use?
Is there at this point any plan for future EVAs that will use Orlan spacesuits? Or was the Kotov and Yurchikhin EVA on June 6, 2007 the last of these? (sdsds - talk) 16:40, 8 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Hrmm, I must have missed something, are they not using the Russian suits at all anymore? Will all EVAs be done from US suits? Ariel  ♥  Gold  17:23, 8 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Where possible, it is preferred i think. The US suits are much easier to work with, come in more sizes, the Quest airlock is much more advanced then the rather simple Pirs module. Basically the only time you will really see them in use, is if work needs to be done on the Russian side i think. And until MLM or the stowage module arrives, that will be rare i gather. --TheDJ (talk • contribs) 17:38, 8 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Well that makes perfect sense, I've wondered for several years why they didn't use US suits/Airlock, but as for sdsds's original question, I don't know, I guess as DJ said it might end up being done on some occasions, but probably not regularly. As an aside, I updated the Orlan article with references, if anyone wants to add anything about this semi-retirement to it.  Ariel  ♥  Gold  17:43, 8 November 2007 (UTC)
 * On past usage thing: The Orlan suits are much more durable. The US suits need much more regular servicing and maintenance. Besides most work being done on the russian side back then, also remember that the Shuttle didn't fly for a long while. That meant that US suits didn't fly for a long time, because maintenance to the suits was limited. This is also posing a significant issue for post 2010. No more new components for the US suits are being produced, because of the new moon/mars suit that is being designed. Therefore they are cannibalizing the current ones. They need at least 6 full suits for ISS in orbit before 2010 and they will need to hold till at least 2016 and possibly even longer. Extra gloves etc could theoretically be launched on a Progress ship, but they would prefer not to. That is a gigantic task for the folks maintaining these suits, and atm one of the few post Shuttle-era issues that are not fully solved yet. (Keep in mind that each Shuttle flight brings its own EMUs atm as well as regularly swapping out the ISS ones, the last thing is mostly done on logistics flights as opposed to assembly flights). --TheDJ (talk • contribs) 21:16, 8 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Ahh, yeah I hadn't even thought about that aspect of it. Seems silly they don't continue to make them, though, I mean in the big picture it would seem to be a wise move, but hey. I guess the next decade will prove quite interesting. Ariel  ♥  Gold  21:18, 8 November 2007 (UTC)

2008 EVAs
This section should be removed per WP:RECENT. There is no 2007 EVAs section so it stands to reason that the 2008 section won't be there in 2009. Rather than have the maintenance issue with keeping the article up to date, why not just leave the list of spacewalks to the List of spacewalks and moonwalks article? -- Mufka (u) (t) (c) 12:54, 28 September 2008 (UTC)

Hyphen or no? ("extra-vehicular" vs. "extravehicular")
Do we have any authoritative sources to give preference of one version over another? Neither seem to be regular dictionary terms. Robert K S (talk) 03:47, 9 February 2009 (UTC)

Why only US pictures
There are no pictures of Russian spacewalks, even the Chinese have conducted a spacewalk, I think these each deserve at least one picture on the page... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 137.99.168.146 (talk) 16:15, 4 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Unfortunetly, the copyright status of images from the russian and chinese space agency remains largely unclear, and thus we cannot use them in Wikipedia, because we don't know wether or not it is legal. —Th e DJ (talk • contribs) 16:21, 4 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Screw 'em. They don't recognize US copyright and have ripped off our stuff for decades. —EWAdams (talk) 11:40, 19 August 2009 (UTC)

Two EVA Questions
I have herd of an "internal" EVA on NASA TV, their description was something about lowering pressure on one segment of the ISS while two astronauts stay inside, I don't get how this counts as an EVA, does anyone have any information on this? (they said the next one would be on June 10th)

Also I was wondering if expedition EVA's ever use the Quest Airlock, it seems that they always use PIRS with the Russian suits, why do they do that?

If anyone has info on these things I would appreciate it, I have always wondered about these two items... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.120.182.253 (talk) 13:30, 5 June 2009 (UTC)

Difficulty of simulation does not equal danger
The article includes a non sequitur to the effect that spacewalks are difficult to simulate on Earth and that makes them dangerous in space. This doesn't follow logically. A poor simulation on the ground does not translate to a hazard in space. WHY are they dangerous, apart from the collision hazard? I'm reluctant to remove the assertion, because I'm sure it makes sense to the author, but there is clearly a step missing. Something about spacewalks must be dangerous that it is important to simulate correctly, but we don't know what that is. EWAdams (talk) 17:59, 19 July 2009 (UTC)

African American = Black American
Can we changed it? Elon Musk is an African American, but isn't of African descent, so if we said something like Elon Musk is the first African-American to start his own rocket business than it would be confusing to the reader.--Craigboy (talk) 06:41, 13 April 2010 (UTC)
 * Yeah, he's a Caucasian South African, so something needs to be put in to keep the reader from being confused and making a wrong assumption by the simple term. We may have to have "First African-American (South African)" and "First African-American (of color)" or something. S  B Harris 19:20, 13 April 2010 (UTC)

Unscheduled
Have there been many unscheduled EVAs? If so, when was the first, and why? __meco (talk) 19:15, 5 August 2010 (UTC)

Problems with the Milestones section
Why are things like the first space walks missing from the milestones section ... its a bit weird as it stands ... 111.69.237.139 (talk) 15:56, 17 September 2011 (UTC)

 * Because that would be duplication. They are there, in the Development history section, with a more appropriate level of detail than could be put in a list of milestones. JustinTime55 (talk) 13:54, 19 September 2011 (UTC)

Picture in lead
I moved this picture from the lead to the talk page: My reasons are:
 * Redundant; we already have a lead photo.
 * Not well-framed; the cosmonauts are hard to see amid the antenna (per WP:IMAGE guidelines)
 * I think its copyright status is improperly set; the not easily-identifiable uploader incorrectly identified it as "own work", which is highly dubious. The uploader identifies it as simply "Space flight", which says nothing and makes it impossible to verify the caption, which says next to nothing. How do we know this is Mir? JustinTime55 (talk) 21:45, 12 January 2012 (UTC)

Why the Soviets used an airlock
The Soviet Union didn't decide to put an airlock on the Voskhod simply as "another approach to EVA". The Russian way of thinking was to use the simplest possible approach to problems (example: use pencils instead of trying to invent a pen that would work in zero-G.) Complications were generally forced upon them because of the limits of their know-how and economic resources. I'm sure they would have preferred to be able to dump the cabin air and open a simpler hatch, but their electronics produced a high level of heat which would destroy them in a vacuum, unlike those on the US Gemini. This is what forced them to use the airlock, which was cumbersome and potentially dangerous (Leonov almost didn't make it back in.) The two-flight Voskhod program in total was a fiasco which Khruschev forced on Korolev, who rather wanted to work on his Soyuz, a real multi-man spacecraft. Khruschev's motivation was purely political, to beat the Americans to "firsts". This is not bias, just simple fact. If you think this needs a citation (it admittedly could use one), fine, tag it, or add one (I think this might be in Walking to Olympus), but don't just remove it. JustinTime55 (talk) 15:10, 10 February 2014 (UTC)

Spelling
"Extravehicular" is one word, according to Merriam-Webster. . Why are we spelling it with a hyphen? Extravascular, extracellular, extracurricular, extrasensory ... none of these constructions are spelled with a hyphen. I would also point us to Extravehicular Mobility Unit.--Tenebrae (talk) 02:07, 16 December 2014 (UTC)

 * I agree; it's long been recognized as a single word and there's absolutely no excuse for keeping the hyphen. I'm in favor of moving it. JustinTime55 (talk) 13:06, 16 December 2014 (UTC)

 * It looks like someone moved it to add the hyphen in February 2004, so there's already a redirect with the proper name. I just requested a technical move; we'll see what happens. JustinTime55 (talk) 16:26, 16 December 2014 (UTC)

"It is not to be confused with Exploits Valley Air Services."
This is stupid. Removing. Skimpburger (talk) 02:02, 16 December 2015 (UTC)

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First White male EVA
Every other race and gender has their first EVA noted except for White male. Why? 47.137.179.4 (talk) 14:23, 6 February 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Extravehicular activity


text:
Talk:Bodhrán

history
This section does not seem to make any sense. There is no evidence that it was a war drum but this is what leads people to believe ti was? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.224.61.9 (talk) 23:41, 22 March 2008 (UTC)

 * The bodhran is a modern invention, ie. from the 1950's and involving Seán Ó Riada. When played well it is a fine instrument and has found it's place in Irish traditional music in the same way that, for instance, the guitar has.

 * Some people seem to feel insecure with this history and wish to invent ancient roots to the bodhran (eg. the war drum myth). This tendency for romantic invention comes up in many other places (just see all the urban myths and beliefs about Morris dancing). I play the melodeon (a type of button accordion) which has a well known history over the last 150 years approx. It doesn't go back into the mists of time and I don't need to imagine a history to justify my playing of one. Many bodhran players understand and are happy with the truth, many prefer whimsical imagination instead. Ecadre (talk) 16:16, 26 October 2010 (UTC)

crowdy crawn
Could somone put a page for crowdy crawn linked from the mentioning here... I could fill it out then with some info rather than putting a mini article in this one (theres a fair few nice stories about 'crowdy crawn'), ie if you search the internet you won't actually get any relevent sites because 'crowdy crawn' is also used in dialect to mean something like 'micallanious', the reason being that people used their crowdy crawns like a drawer to store misc stuff in... etc. I don't want to stick all this on the bodhran page. cheers (NM) 131.111.8.103

modern bodhráns are usually tuneable. there are different tuning systems and the amount of tuning mechanisms is somewhere between 4-12 in a normal tuneable drum. however there are also some bodhranmaker that put even more mechanisms into their drum

famous bodhranmakers where these tunable drums can be seen are e.g christian hedwitschak (www.bodhranmaker.de) from germany ; seamus o'kane and darius bartlett - both from ireland ; norbert eckermann from austria

Pronuciation. This page says "bow-rahn", but bow can rhyme with "go" and with "how", so this is no help. I reckon "Rahn" rhymes with "darn". The ceilidh page says "Bough-Rawn" - here Bough could rhyme with any of rough, cough, though, through etc - hopeless. And "Rawn" rhymes with dawn not darn. CONFUSED! -- SGBailey 22:08, 2005 Feb 6 (UTC)

 * "Bough" means a large tree branch and is pronounced the same as the bow of a ship or the courteous bow to show respect. --Fire Star 19:30, 3 February 2006 (UTC)

Removed "musicians" section
This had to go (although I agree with the sentiment)! Christy Moore may deserve a mention in the earlier list. The other two have not recorded, as far as I can tell SiGarb 18:53, 12 December 2005 (UTC)

 * looks like some returned the "musicians" section. Hu Gadarn 05:40, 21 July 2007 (UTC)
 * There has been discussion and editing of the Players section since 12/2005. David Spalding ( ☎   ✉   ✍  ) 18:19, 21 July 2007 (UTC)

 * I'm going to remoe the players section - it adds nothing to the article. Could you imagine the article on guitars including all the guitar players? what's the point?  Thanks, Hu Gadarn (talk) 17:21, 23 November 2007 (UTC)

musicians
Some of the great irish traditional players of modern ireland include such names as christy moore Christy Moore, Conchubhair Ó Tiarnaigh, Oisín Ó Cualáin and many more, such talent shall never be forgotten.

Earlier attestation
This is from Josh Mittleman's Bodhrán website, specifically :

"The earliest extant use of the word bodhrán (v. Dictionary of the Irish Language) comes from an Early Modern Irish (ca. 17th century) translation of a medical manual entitled Rosa Anglica (Irish Texts Society, vol.25). There the word is found glossed as "tabur (i.e. tabor), timpan (i.e. drum)". We have no idea, however, whether it referred to a particular type of drum, or if it did, what sort of drum. The tabor was a particular type of drum in certain times and places. The Irish word timpan does not describe a particular drum; it can even refer to a type of stringed instrument.) Nor do we have any particularly Irish evidence for styles of performance. Frame drums with a bodhrán-type shape appear in continental representations from the 15th century onward, but no one has produced an example showing the double-ended-stick style which defines modern bodhrán technique. [My thanks to Heather Rose Jones for this research.] "

This is at least some evidence that the word existed pre-20th century? --Fire Star 19:28, 3 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Sadly it's not much evidence of anything really. I could invent a new instrument and call it a "madrigal". Just because that word or something similar can be found in old texts does not establish anything about my instrument.

 * This sort of thing is pretty small fare for the bodhran (as in the modern musical instrument) myth to feed upon. Ecadre (talk) 16:37, 26 October 2010 (UTC)

Coming from a cornish music background... The word 'crowdy crawn' which describes essentially the same instrument as a bodhran is a dialect mutation of a cornish language name. (I don't actually know what the original words were), and as the cornish language had effectively died out by the late 1700's this would give an origin of the word somewhere before this time. However it could have been refering to some other object before that, i know that a crowdy crawn was also used as a draw and grain measure and then emptied out if anyone wanted to play. Hence the phrase is also used to mean 'misculanious'. Don't know if this is any help.will look it up when i get home ina few weeks. 131.111.8.97

GA
I didn't pass this one. Needs more references and the seciton on playing is confusing. savidan(talk) (e@) 04:00, 3 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Although I nominated it, when I went to get references I found that the first bit is mostly copyvio:

"The bodhran is an Irish frame drum ranging anywhere from 10' to 26' in diameter, with most drums measuring from 14' to 18'. The sides of the drum are 3 1/2' to 8' deep. A goat skin head is tacked to one side (although today, synthetic heads, or new materials like kangaroo skin, are sometimes used). The other side is open ended for one hand to be placed against the inside of the drum head to control the pitch."
 * http://www.afrocelts.org/wst_page8.html

 * Don't jump to conclusions savidan! It's always possible that Afro-Celt is copying Wikipedia: the Wiki para read thus in the earliest version I could find (as Bodhran on 25 Feb 2002):
 *  The Bodhran is a celtic frame drum ranging in anywhere from 10" to 26" in diameter, the most common being in the 14" to 18" range. 3 1/2" to 8" deep, a goat skin head (others such as kangaroo, and synthetics are used as well) is tacked to one side. The other side is open ended for the left hand to be placed against the inside of the drum head to control the pitch. The drum is played with a lathed piece of wood called a tipper or beater.

 * I'm afraid I don't know how you'd check which is the chicken and which the egg, but I think it's fairly unlikely that the original Wikipedia version was directly lifted from anywhere (it's rather garbled) and that some form of convergent evolution has brought it closer & closer to the Afro-Celt one!?! SiGarb | Talk 15:31, 3 April 2006 (UTC)

photo of Vincent Pompe van Meerdervoort
Hello, friends. – I'm restoring that image, as it's very good at illustrating how the tipper is held. I read the comments when removing the name (privacy concern), and see that Vincent restored the image, but wanted his name there, or didn't want his likeness displayed at all. I think that's fair, and the privacy concern was resolved when he restored his name by direct editing action. The photo was removed again, asserting that it's "advertising". I don't think it's advertising (as per WP:NOT for advertising, article 3., but really article 2. Self-promotion is more relevant I think) just to have his name present. Referring to Conflict of Interest: Self-Promotion, I don't think his picture or the band Harmony Glen's page on WP fail the NPOV requirements. ... Since the photographer and subject have both indicated that they don't object to the photo's use on WP, I don't think we have an issue. Let's not get into an edit war over one silly picture. --David Spalding | Talk 16:47, 14 November 2006 (UTC) (bodhran player since 1975)

Original county
One often hears about the bodhran that before the Chieftains the instrument was used primarily in only one county of Ireland. Which county was that? Badagnani 08:35, 17 December 2006 (UTC)
 * I seriously doubt that. Check the history. The Paddy Maloney Show did not find the drum as an obscure regional oddity and make it popular. David Spalding ( ☎   ✉   ✍  )

Bodhrán
The list of "notable players include" is getting out of hand. I'd like to limit it to, oh, 20 of the most notable, but I'm sure someone's toes will be scrunched by removing a fav. Problem is, some notable players (Ringo McDonagh, for one) don't have articles (you can create one, I hear someone saying), and some obscure players have article links, so that's not a good rule of thumb. I'm open to votes from previous editors of this page for 5 of their favoritest players to leave on the list. Consensus rule, not voting, FWIW. TIA! David Spalding ( ☎   ✉   ✍  ) 17:26, 5 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Okay, we have got to set some restrictions on the Players section other than just "anyone who can be linked to." I suggest we list "notable players" 1) for whom the bodhran is their primary instrument (not whistle players, accordian players, bagpipe players, who happen to tote along a drum, too), 2) who are recorded or written up in third party, reliable media sources (reviews, books, essays), and 3) whoi can be mentioned as having an influence on the Irish Traditional or Celtic Music scene. The list, and the page, is not served IMHO by having as many bodhran-playing yahoos listed as we can fit on the web. Got a contention to this, PLEASE ADD YOUR VOICE HERE. David Spalding ( ☎   ✉   ✍  ) 19:47, 14 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Agree, should be the primary instrument except in exceptional circumstances--Beaumontproject 21:42, 14 January 2007 (UTC)

 * It's a shame to see it stripped back. I only just added my name and site the other week - mainly because I'm responsible for the growth of the online community relating to the Bodhrán (Bodhránii and now the Bodojo.com Forums) as well as developing the idea for reviews and other editorial content on a dedicated site (now an integral part of the Bodojo project Paul Marshall and I are now responsible for). The Bodhrán is my main instrument, as a percussionist and not a melodic instrumentalist, so it's nice to have a mention in these kinds of places for the work I've done for the community at large to date.--Cat Lake 09:54, 16 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Cat, I can see how you may be notable, but there are two policy/guidelines at work here. WP:NOT (not to mention WP:FIVE) mandates that long lists are not what WP is for. Granted there could be 120 notable players that a congress of us old-timers could nominate without complaint, but we still ought not to list 120 players. WP is not an almanac. WP:LISTV also has a number of important criteria when assembling any list. Also, please review WP:COI, WP:AUTO, and External links to avoid (conflict of interest) carefully. Regardless of your c.v. and accomplishments (which I will not confirm or deny), writing about or listing yourself is strongly discouraged. I'm presuming that your intentions were other than self-promotion, but the list loses credibility if we let players list themselves. Better to let an unbiased third party write about you on WP. The usual requirements of WP:V, WP:RS apply.  David Spalding (  ☎   ✉   ✍  ) 18:08, 16 January 2007 (UTC)

 * It was not primarily to promote myself, not at all, but it was an attempt to ensure WP readers understand how far the instrument has come in the last 100 years and who is responsible for making it more of a mainstream instrument these days. This is currently missing from the WP page on the Bodhrán and there's no mention of it's evolution and the modern design techniques and playing styles used today.--Cat Lake 14:24, 21 January 2007 (UTC)

Embedded listList guidelineWP is not a collection of indiscriminate information Lists in Wikipedia WP:Five Pillars
 * Other policies and guidelines to consider

 * Regarding the last point in response to Cat Lake's message, David Spalding is correct and spoke very diplomatically as well. Regarding this thread in general, while it may be of benefit to be a little more discerning as to whom is included on the list, I am thankful at least that some person didn’t bitch about my removal of supposedly notable persons who could not even be linked. House of Scandal 18:36, 16 January 2007 (UTC)
 * I did bitch about it to myself, but then I chilled out and reminded myself to find other things to do with myself. ;) Some eagle-eyed editors might've noticed that I incorporated some notable players into the text sections and removed one or two from the list. We could do more of that,.... David Spalding ( ☎   ✉   ✍  )

Growing again
I see that once again anonymouse editors and registered editors are adding listings to the Players section. Be prepared to defend teh notability of the players as I or other editors remove them. Relevant policies which discourage listing yourself include WP:NOT, WP:COI, WP:EL. David Spalding ( ☎   ✉   ✍  ) 15:51, 12 July 2007 (UTC)

Sean O'Riada and the Bodhran
I'm surprised Sean O'Riada isn't highlighted in this article. I was under the impression he was very influential in bringing the bodhran to some kind of prominence in ensembles, replacing the drum kit of ceilidh dance bands. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Trevek (talk • contribs) 17:35, March 12, 2007

Failed "good article" nomination
This article failed good article nomination. This is how the article, as of July 15, 2007, compares against the six good article criteria:

 * 1. Well written?: WP:LEAD - Lead needs several paragraphs.
 * 2. Factually accurate?: There are a LOT of unsourced statements. Here are a few, chosen at random: The bodhrán was used during the Irish rebellion of 1603, by the Irish forces, as a war drum, or battle drum - Who said it was?  Peter Kennedy observed a similar instrument in Dorset and Wiltshire in the 1950s, where it was known as the "riddle drum", suggesting this instrument may have crossed over from Ireland to England, or vice versa. - Who said he did?  Although most common in Ireland, the bodhrán has gained popularity throughout the Celtic music world, especially in Scotland, Cape Breton, and Newfoundland. - Who said it has?
 * 3. Broad in coverage?: Has anything important/interesting ever happened re. this instrument? Other then its history?
 * 4. Neutral point of view?: A good player of any style accompanies and enhances the tune, rather than uses the tune as an opportunity to show off or go through their repertoire of techniques. - Stuff like this needs to be cleaned up.
 * 5. Article stability? ✅
 * 6. Images?: ✅

When these issues are addressed, the article can be resubmitted for consideration. If you feel that this review is in error, feel free to take it to a GA review. Thank you for your work so far. — Giggy  UCP 04:44, 15 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Bugger. I did some cleanup earlier this year, added as many WP:RS sources as I could, and tried to impose NPOV. The article continually gets WP:NOT-violating Player additions, and uncited, biased anecdotes as above. I don't think this article would stay GA for very long. :( David Spalding (  ☎   ✉   ✍  ) 14:46, 18 July 2007 (UTC)

The writer was obviously trying to undermine the Irish drum and it’s origin and clearly had this agenda. Which often happens when the word Celtic and Scottish start replacing word Irish. The drum is Irish and not war drum but used in celebration. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.154.140.57 (talk) 00:16, 1 June 2018 (UTC)

Christy Moore
I'm puzzled that Christy Moore doesn't receive more (moore) attention due to him being one of the most notable players who doesn't use a tipper and who uses the instrument for solo accompaniment. (83.13.39.98 (talk) 12:54, 12 March 2008 (UTC))

image within traditional music
Is it worth considering a short section about the image the instrument has within trad music circles. The old image of a session with one fiddle player and six bodhrans spawned many jokes which are part of the bodhran culture, including the damned 'penknife' comment which every clown in the pub thinks you've never heard before.(83.13.39.98 (talk) 12:54, 12 March 2008 (UTC))

Pronunciation
Commonly mis-pronounced /'bɒdrʉm/ (i.e. bodrumb) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.171.75.158 (talk) 15:44, 18 October 2010 (UTC)

Daniel Maclise painting
I've seen this painting (Snap-Apple Night) used in a couple of places (including at the moment here) along with the claim that is is a depiction of a Bodhran.

It's quite clear if you examine the painting that it is a tamourine. You can see the tambourine jingles and it is being held in the manner of a tambourine not a Bodhran.

Here's a link to a jpg of the painting. http://i17.photobucket.com/albums/b66/StephenChambers/Maclise_snap_apple_night.jpg

There is another version of this scene that shows clearly that this is a tambourine: http://www.pipers.ie/images/gallery/BG/Shaughraun.jpg

I don't know who did this version.

Basically, the Comhaltas article seems to be wishful thinking and the claim ought to be removed from the Wikipedia article. Ecadre (talk) 01:08, 20 February 2013 (UTC)

Here's a closer look at the tamourine in the Maclise painting: http://i17.photobucket.com/albums/b66/StephenChambers/maclise_snap_apple_night3.jpg Ecadre (talk) 01:11, 20 February 2013 (UTC)

 * I disagree. Hohenloh + 14:26, 20 February 2013 (UTC)

 * What are you disagreeing with? The fact that this is a tambourine?  You might say it's not clear and that it might be a bodhran ... but here is the question. There is *no* depiction of a bodhran in any picture or painting from this period. This is the only one that some people are claiming, and then resting the whole fanciful ancient history of the bodhran upon. Pictorially (as explained above) I think it is quite clear that this is a tambourine. It fits in with the period, tambourines are mentioned in many sources, both written and pictured. What is the liklihood of it being an instrument that was not used in Irish traditional music until the 1950's? Even those who claim an older origin to the bodhran than the 1950's concede that it was not used in traditional music. So, again, even if you contend that the painting is not clear, what is the probability that it was a bodhran? Nil.  Ecadre (talk) 16:41, 28 May 2014 (UTC)

 * This picture is of a traditional Polish band. The drum on the right is like a cross between a bodhran and a tambourine. It is a single-sided drum, with jingles, played with a single tipper and the heel of the hand. http://www2.polskieradio.pl/nowatradycja/poprzednielata/2009/_img/opocznianka.jpg (188.146.91.65 (talk) 18:03, 19 June 2014 (UTC))

 * It's a tambourine being played with a drum mallet. Why you think a Polish person playing a tambourine with a drum mallet has anything to do with a discussion on bodhrans is beyond me. Ecadre (talk) 14:09, 5 September 2014 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Bodhrán


text:
Lake Maninjau

Lake Maninjau (Danau Maninjau, meaning "overlook" or "observation" in the Minangkabau language) is a caldera lake in West Sumatra, Indonesia. It is located 36 km to the west of Bukittinggi, at -0.31667°N, 100.2°W.

Formation
The Maninjau caldera was formed by a volcanic eruption estimated to have occurred around 52,000 years ago. Deposits from the eruption have been found in a radial distribution around Maninjau extending up to 50 km to the east, 75 km to the southeast, and west to the present coastline. The deposits are estimated to be distributed over 8,500 km2 and have a volume of 220–250 km3. The caldera has a length of 20 km and a width of 8 km.

The lake
Lake Maninjau has an area of 99.5 km², being approximately 16 km long and 7 km wide. The average depth is 105 m, with a maximum depth of 165 m. The natural outlet for excess water is the Antokan river, located on the west side of the lake. It is the only lake in Sumatra which has a natural outlet to the west coast. Since 1983, this water has been used to generate hydroelectric power for West Sumatra, generated around 68 MW at maximum load.

Most of the people who live around Lake Maninjau are ethnically Minangkabau. Villages on the shores of the lake include Maninjau and Bayur.

Maninjau is a notable tourist destination in the region due to its scenery and mild climate. It is also a site for paragliding.

Local fishing and agriculture
Two endemic species collected from the lake for local consumption and for export to markets outside the crater are pensi, a species of small mussel, and palai rinuak, a type of small fish. One method of preparing palai rinuak is to grill a mixture of the fish along with coconut and spices, wrapped in a banana leaf.

The lake is used for aquaculture, using karamba floating net cages. The technique was introduced in 1992 and, by 1997, there were over 2,000 cage units with over 600 households engaged. Each cage may have 3-4 production cycles each year. There is evidence of pollution around some karamba areas.

On the edge of the lake, land use includes rice fields in the swamps and the lower slopes. The villages are bordered uphill by a large belt of forest-like tree gardens, which dissolve into the upper montane forest on the steepest parts of the slopes up to the ridge of the caldera.

The tree gardens include three typical components:
 * Fruit trees including durian, jack fruit, cempedak, rambutan, langsat, golden berries and water apples.
 * Timber species including Toona sinensis and Pterospermum javanicum.
 * Spice trees including cinnamon, coffee, nutmeg and cardamum.

Sukarno's pantun
The first president of Indonesia, Sukarno, visited the area in early June 1948. A pantun he wrote about the lake reads:

title: Lake Maninjau


text:
Bayua

Bayua is a village on the shores of Lake Maninjau in Agam Regency, in the Indonesian province of West Sumatra. Most of the people in Maninjau are ethnically Minangkabau.

title: Bayua


text:
User:Davesgonechina

An American expat in Xinjiang, China.

title: User:Davesgonechina


text:
User talk:Elango

HI THIS IS ELANGO--Elango 10:29, 13 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Hello, welcome to Wikipedia. Here are some useful links in case you haven't already found them:

 * How to edit a page
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! If you feel like it, you may leave a note at the new user log too.

Tip: you can sign your name with ~

Dori | Talk 07:00, May 9, 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Elango


text:
Piccadilly (film)

Piccadilly is a 1929 British silent and sound drama film directed by E.A. Dupont, written by Arnold Bennett and starring Gilda Gray, Anna May Wong, and Jameson Thomas. The film was shot on location in London, produced by British International Pictures.

This film initially was released as a silent in February 1929 but was largely ignored due to the general public's apathy to silent films. Due to the popularity of sound films, the studio re-released the film later the same year in June for cinemas wired for sound. The sound version was prepared by Sono Art-World Wide Pictures. This version included a music score and sound effects by Harry Gordon, along with a five-minute sound prologue titled "Prologue to Piccadilly" that was added to the beginning of the film. The prologue featured just two actors: Jameson Thomas who plays Valentine Wilmot in the film and John Longden as the man from China. It was filmed after the main filming was completed. The part-talkie was the version that was exhibited in the United States. The majority of people in 1929 saw the sound version and this is the version that survives.

Plot
Valentine Wilmot's Piccadilly Circus, a nightclub and restaurant in London, is a great success due to his star attraction: dancing partners Mabel and Vic. One night, a dissatisfied diner disrupts Mabel's solo with his loud complaints about a dirty plate. When Wilmot investigates, he finds Shosho distracting the other dishwashers with her dancing. He fires her on the spot.

After the performance, Vic tries to persuade Mabel to become his partner personally as well as professionally and to go to Hollywood with him. She coldly rebuffs him because she is romantically involved with Wilmot. That night, Wilmot summons Vic to his office, and before Wilmot can fire him, Vic quits.

This decision turns out to be disastrous for the nightclub. The customers had come to see Vic, not Mabel. Business drops off dramatically. In desperation, Wilmot hires Shosho to perform a Chinese dance. She insists that her boyfriend Jim play the accompanying music. Shosho is an instant sensation, earning a standing ovation after her first performance.

Both Mabel and Jim become jealous of the evident attraction between Shosho and Wilmot. Mabel breaks off her relationship with Wilmot.

One night, Shosho invites Wilmot to be the first to see her new rooms. Mabel has followed the couple and waits outside. After Wilmot leaves, she persuades Jim to let her in. She pleads with her romantic rival to give Wilmot up, saying he is too old for her, but Shosho replies that it is Mabel who is too old and that she will keep him. When Mabel reaches into her purse for a handkerchief, Shosho sees a pistol inside and grabs a dagger used as a wall decoration. Frightened, Mabel picks up the gun, then faints.

The next day, the newspapers report that Shosho has been murdered. Wilmot is charged with the crime. During the ensuing trial, he admits that the pistol is his, but refuses to divulge what happened that night. Jim testifies that Wilmot was Shosho's only visitor. Mabel insists on telling her story. However, she can recall nothing after fainting until she found herself running in the streets. Realizing that either Mabel or Jim must be lying, the judge summons Jim. By then, however, Jim has shot himself next to Shosho's coffin. As he lies dying, he confesses that he killed Shosho.

Cast

 * Gilda Gray as Mabel Greenfield
 * Anna May Wong as Shosho
 * Jameson Thomas as Valentine Wilmot
 * Charles Laughton as a nightclub diner
 * Ray Milland as extra in nightclub scene
 * Cyril Ritchard as Victor Smiles (as Cyrill Ritchard)
 * King Hou Chang as Jim (as King Ho Chang)
 * Hannah Jones as Bessie, Shosho's friend and dishwashing supervisor
 * John Longden as the man from China (uncredited, appears in the sound prologue)

Reception
In his 15 July 1929 review for The New York Times, Mordaunt Hall observed: "Perhaps the greatest asset of Piccadilly comes from the camera. Mr. Dupont is noted for his unusual touches, and he has not spared them in this production. Even the opening, which ordinarily is but a staid, prosaic list of characters, has become almost a part of the picture. The director has managed to get the most from his situations without overdoing them. Mr. Bennett…has retained in his story the verisimilitude which would be necessary in a novel. The actions are all motivated and swing freely forward without dismal hurdles or detours. … Miss Gray seems to have been rediscovered as an actress. …(She) found it necessary to flee to English studios to have a chance. Of the players besides Miss Gray and Miss Wong, King Ho-Chang gives a good performance as the friend of the Chinese dancer. He is said to be a restaurant owner who went into the picture just for amusement, but he appears to be a finished actor." Hall found that the additional sound and sound effects that "encumbered" the film in its U.S. showing were "distracting".

Rotten Tomatoes rates the film 79% fresh, based on 24 contemporary and modern reviews.

Writing for the British Film Institute, BFI Senior Curator Mark Duguid says: "A film noir before the term was in use, Piccadilly is one of the true greats of British silent films, on a par with the best work of Anthony Asquith or Alfred Hitchcock in the period … notable for qualities not typically associated with British silent films: opulence, passion and a surprisingly direct approach to issues of race … For all its style and grace, the film's strongest suit is Chinese-American actress Anna May Wong … arguably never better used than here. To Wong's frustration, Shosho and Valentine's kiss was cut to appease the US censor ... Naturally, Piccadilly's publicity made much of Wong's exotic beauty: one contemporary poster—for the film's Austrian release—carries an illustration of the star dancing topless. It would have been unthinkable to portray a white actress in this way and, needless to say, no such image appears in the film."

Legacy
In 2004, the film was re-released by Milestone Films after a partial restoration of the picture portion only. The original soundtrack was muted and replaced with a modern music score that in no way resembled the original music-and-sound effects soundtrack. The film has appeared in this modified form in 2004 at film festivals nationwide, and in 2005, it was released on DVD. The film has yet to be restored with its original sound. Only the sound to the talking prologue is available on the DVD. The DVD distributor decided to remove the original soundtrack as the sound version of Piccadilly is not in the public domain as it was copyrighted by Sono Art-World Wide Pictures but never renewed. The new soundtrack is copyrighted.

title: Piccadilly (film)


text:
2000 Russian presidential election

Presidential elections were held in Russia on 26 March 2000. Incumbent prime minister and acting president Vladimir Putin, who had succeeded Boris Yeltsin after his resignation on 31 December 1999, sought a four-year term in his own right and won in the first round.

As of 2024, this is the last Russian presidential election in which losers (Gennady Zyuganov and Aman Tuleyev) carried federal subjects. In all subsequent presidential elections, the winner (Putin) carried all federal subjects.

Background
In spring 1998, Boris Yeltsin dismissed his long-time head of government, Viktor Chernomyrdin, replacing him with Sergey Kirienko. Months later, in the wake of the August 1998 economic crisis in which the government defaulted on its debt and devalued the rouble simultaneously, Kirienko was replaced in favor of Yevgeny Primakov. In May 1999, Primakov was replaced with Sergei Stepashin. Then in August 1999, Vladimir Putin was named prime minister, making him the fifth in less than two years. Putin was not expected to last long in the role and was initially unknown and unpopular due to his ties to the Yeltsin government and state security. In the late summer and early fall of 1999, a wave of apartment bombings across Russia killed hundreds and injured thousands. The bombings, blamed on the Chechens, provided the opportunity for Putin to position himself as a strong and aggressive leader, capable of dealing with the Chechen threat.

Yeltsin had become exceedingly unpopular. Yeltsin was increasingly concerned about the Skuratov, Mercata and Mabetex scandals that had prompted articles of impeachment. He narrowly survived impeachment in May 1999. In mid-1999, Yevgeny Primakov and Yuri Luzhkov were considered the frontrunners for the presidency. Both were critical of Yeltsin, and he feared that they might prosecute him and his family for corruption should they ascend to power. Primakov had suggested that he would be “freeing up jail cells for the economic criminals he planned to arrest.”

On December 19, 1999, the Kremlin's Unity Party finished second in the parliamentary elections with 23 percent; the Communist Party was first with 24 percent. By forming a coalition with Yabloko and the Union of Right Forces, Yeltsin had secured a favorable majority in the Duma. By the December election, Putin's popularity had risen to 79% with 42% saying they would vote for him for president.

On New Year's Eve 1999, Yeltsin announced that he would be resigning early in the belief that “Russia should enter the new millennium with new politicians, new faces, new people, who are intelligent, strong and energetic, while we, those who have been in power for many years, must leave.” In accordance with the constitution, Putin became acting president.

The elections would be held on 26 March 2000, as Russian law required an election to be scheduled three months after the office of president is vacated. Before Yeltsin's resignation, the 2000 presidential election had been expected to be held in June or July. The Duma had originally passed legislation scheduling the first round of the election for June 4, with a runoff scheduled for June 25 if necessitated.

In early 2000 Unity and the Communist Party had developed an alliance in the Duma that effectively cut off Putin's rivals, Yevgeny Primakov, Grigory Yavlinsky, and Sergei Kiriyenko. Yuri Luzhkov, the reelected Mayor of Moscow, announced that he would not compete for the presidency; Primakov pulled out two weeks after the parliamentary elections. The early election also reduced the chances that public sentiment would turn against the conflict in Chechnya.

New campaign law
A new federal law, "On the election of the president of the Russian Federation" was passed in December 1999. It required that candidates gather a million signatures to be nominated (although the shortened election meant this was reduced to 500,000). A majority in the first round was enough to win. Failing that, a second round of voting between the top two candidates would be decided by majority vote. The new law also created stricter campaign finance provisions. The new law, in conjunction with the early election would have further helped Putin, who could rely on favorable state television coverage.

Candidates
Of 33 candidates nominated, 15 submitted application forms to the Central Electoral Committee of Russia, which registered 12. They are listed in the Russian alphabetical order they appeared on the ballot.

Campaign
Gennady Zyuganov and Grigory Yavlinsky were the two strongest opposition candidates. Zyuganov ran on a platform of resistance to wholesale public ownership, though he supported a return of illegally privatized property to the state. He opposed public land ownership and advocated for strong public services to be provided by the state. He would also strengthen the country's defense capabilities and would resist expansion by the United States and NATO. Grigorii Yavlinsky (Yabloko) ran as a free marketer but with measured state control. He wanted stronger oversight of public money, an end to the black market and reform of the tax system coinciding with an increase in public services. He also advocated for a strengthened role for the State Duma and a reduction in the size of the civil bureaucracy. He was the most pro-Western candidate, but only to an extent as he had been critical of the war in Chechnya yet remained skeptical of NATO. One of Putin's major campaign platforms was “dictatorship of the law” and “the stronger the state, the freer the people.”

Putin mounted almost no campaign in advance of the 2000 elections. “He held no rallies, gave no speeches, and refused to participate in debates with his challengers.” The extent of Putin's campaign was a biographical interview broadcast on State Television, and a series of interviews with journalists, paid for by Boris Berezovsky, an oligarch who had helped to build the Unity Party in the Yeltsin years. Putin's platform was best reflected by an “Open letter to Russian voters” that ran in national newspapers on February 25, 2000. Because he refused to participate in the debates, Putin's challengers had no venue in which to challenge his program, vague as it may have been. A number of other candidates explained this as a refusal to clarify his position on various controversial issues.

Uncritical state television coverage of Putin's leadership of the conflict in Chechnya helped him to consolidate his popularity as Prime Minister, even as Yeltsin's popularity as president fell. Analysis of television coverage of the 1999 Duma and 2000 presidential elections found that “it was ORT, and state television more generally, that had helped to create a party on short notice” and that “its coverage… was strongly supportive of the party it had created.” Further, TV channel ORT aggressively attacked credible opponents to Unity and Putin. Putin “received over a third of the coverage devoted to the candidates on all television channels, as much as Zyuganov (12%), Yavlinsky (11%) and Zhirinovsky (11%) put together.” He received more than a third of print media coverage, and was given outsize coverage even in opposition newspapers.

Putin announced a new press policy after he won the election. He stated that he believed in “free press” but this should not let the media become “means of mass disinformation and tools of struggle against the state.” He encouraged the state-owned media to control the market and provide the people with “objective information.”

Conduct
The decision to conduct the presidential elections also in Chechnya was perceived as controversial by many observers due to the military campaign and security concerns. The legislative elections held on 19 December 1999 had been suspended in Chechnya for these reasons.

There were many alleged serious forgeries reported that could have affected Putin's victory in the first round.

Media bias
The PACE observers delegation concluded that "the unequal access to television was one of the main reasons for a degree of unfairness of the campaign" and that "independent media have come under increasing pressure and that media in general, be they State-owned or private, failed to a large extent to provide impartial information about the election campaign and candidates."

The PACE delegation also reported that the media got more and more dominated by politically influential owners. The TV channel ORT launched a slanderous campaign against Yavlinsky's image as his ratings started to rise sharply, and broadcasters generally nearly ignored candidates who did not fulfill interests of their owners. One of the main independent broadcasters, NTV, was subject to increasing financial and administrative pressure during the electoral campaign.

Harassment by the Kremlin was utilized to quiet criticism from domestic independent and opposition media, particularly television broadcasters. State agencies pressured media outlets (especially television outlets) to avoid issuing negative reports on the Chechen War. The two primary state-controlled media outlets gave overwhelmingly positive coverage to Putin's handling of the war. Multiple Western journalists (such as the Boston Globe's David Fillipov) had been either detained or expelled from the country because they strayed from Russian military guidance in Chechnya. Andrei Babitsky (a correspondent for Radio Liberty) was arrested under charges of aiding the Chechens. Under both Yeltsin and Putin, the Kremlin apparatus was applying financial pressure to Media-Most, a media holding group which had been unfriendly in their coverage.

On the other hand, Zyuganov received much fairer media coverage than he had been subject to in the previous presidential election.

Results

Polling stations were open from 8:00 a.m. to 8:00 p.m. Putin won on the first ballot with 53.4% of the vote. Putin's highest official result was 85.42% in Ingushetia, while his lowest achievement was 29.65% in neighboring Chechnya. Zyuganov's results ranged from 47.41% in the Lipetsk region to 4.63% in Ingushetia. Yavlinsky's results ranged from 18.56% in Moscow to 0.42% in Dagestan. Zhirinovsky's results ranged from 6.13% in the Kamchatka region to 0.29% in Ingushetia.

Results by federal subject
Source: CEC

title: 2000 Russian presidential election


text:
User:Elango

HI Iam elango blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah

The best Bioinformatician!!

title: User:Elango


text:
Constructible polygon

In mathematics, a constructible polygon is a regular polygon that can be constructed with compass and straightedge. For example, a regular pentagon is constructible with compass and straightedge while a regular heptagon is not. There are infinitely many constructible polygons, but only 31 with an odd number of sides are known.

Conditions for constructibility
Some regular polygons are easy to construct with compass and straightedge; others are not. The ancient Greek mathematicians knew how to construct a regular polygon with 3, 4, or 5 sides, and they knew how to construct a regular polygon with double the number of sides of a given regular polygon. This led to the question being posed: is it possible to construct all regular polygons with compass and straightedge? If not, which n-gons (that is, polygons with n edges) are constructible and which are not?

Carl Friedrich Gauss proved the constructibility of the regular 17-gon in 1796. Five years later, he developed the theory of Gaussian periods in his Disquisitiones Arithmeticae. This theory allowed him to formulate a sufficient condition for the constructibility of regular polygons. Gauss stated without proof that this condition was also necessary, but never published his proof.

A full proof of necessity was given by Pierre Wantzel in 1837. The result is known as the Gauss–Wantzel theorem: A regular n-gon can be constructed with compass and straightedge if and only if n is the product of a power of 2 and any number of distinct Fermat primes. Here, a power of 2 is a number of the form $$2^m$$, where m ≥ 0 is an integer. A Fermat prime is a prime number of the form $$2^{(2^m)} + 1$$, where m ≥ 0 is an integer. The number of Fermat primes involved can be 0, in which case n is a power of 2.

In order to reduce a geometric problem to a problem of pure number theory, the proof uses the fact that a regular n-gon is constructible if and only if the cosine $$\cos(2\pi/n)$$ is a constructible number—that is, can be written in terms of the four basic arithmetic operations and the extraction of square roots. Equivalently, a regular n-gon is constructible if any root of the nth cyclotomic polynomial is constructible.

Detailed results by Gauss's theory
Restating the Gauss–Wantzel theorem:
 * A regular n-gon is constructible with straightedge and compass if and only if n = 2kp1p2...pt where k and t are non-negative integers, and the pi's (when t > 0) are distinct Fermat primes.

The five known Fermat primes are:
 * F0 = 3, F1 = 5, F2 = 17, F3 = 257, and F4 = 65537.

Since there are 31 nonempty subsets of the five known Fermat primes, there are 31 known constructible polygons with an odd number of sides.

The next twenty-eight Fermat numbers, F5 through F32, are known to be composite.

Thus a regular n-gon is constructible if
 * n = 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 15, 16, 17, 20, 24, 30, 32, 34, 40, 48, 51, 60, 64, 68, 80, 85, 96, 102, 120, 128, 136, 160, 170, 192, 204, 240, 255, 256, 257, 272, 320, 340, 384, 408, 480, 510, 512, 514, 544, 640, 680, 768, 771, 816, 960, 1020, 1024, 1028, 1088, 1280, 1285, 1360, 1536, 1542, 1632, 1920, 2040, 2048, ... ,

while a regular n-gon is not constructible with compass and straightedge if
 * n = 7, 9, 11, 13, 14, 18, 19, 21, 22, 23, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 31, 33, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 49, 50, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 61, 62, 63, 65, 66, 67, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 81, 82, 83, 84, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, ....

Connection to Pascal's triangle
Since there are five known Fermat primes, we know of 31 numbers that are products of distinct Fermat primes, and hence 31 constructible odd-sided regular polygons. These are 3, 5, 15, 17, 51, 85, 255, 257, 771, 1285, 3855, 4369, 13107, 21845, 65535, 65537, 196611, 327685, 983055, 1114129, 3342387, 5570645, 16711935, 16843009, 50529027, 84215045, 252645135, 286331153, 858993459, 1431655765, 4294967295. As John Conway commented in The Book of Numbers, these numbers, when written in binary, are equal to the first 32 rows of the modulo-2 Pascal's triangle, minus the top row, which corresponds to a monogon. (Because of this, the 1s in such a list form an approximation to the Sierpiński triangle.) This pattern breaks down after this, as the next Fermat number is composite (4294967297 = 641 × 6700417), so the following rows do not correspond to constructible polygons. It is unknown whether any more Fermat primes exist, and it is therefore unknown how many odd-sided constructible regular polygons exist. In general, if there are q Fermat primes, then there are 2q−1 odd-sided regular constructible polygons.

General theory
In the light of later work on Galois theory, the principles of these proofs have been clarified. It is straightforward to show from analytic geometry that constructible lengths must come from base lengths by the solution of some sequence of quadratic equations. In terms of field theory, such lengths must be contained in a field extension generated by a tower of quadratic extensions. It follows that a field generated by constructions will always have degree over the base field that is a power of two.

In the specific case of a regular n-gon, the question reduces to the question of constructing a length

 * cos $2\pi⁄n$ ,

which is a trigonometric number and hence an algebraic number. This number lies in the n-th cyclotomic field — and in fact in its real subfield, which is a totally real field and a rational vector space of dimension

 * ½ φ(n),

where φ(n) is Euler's totient function. Wantzel's result comes down to a calculation showing that φ(n) is a power of 2 precisely in the cases specified.

As for the construction of Gauss, when the Galois group is a 2-group it follows that it has a sequence of subgroups of orders

 * 1, 2, 4, 8, ...

that are nested, each in the next (a composition series, in group theory terminology), something simple to prove by induction in this case of an abelian group. Therefore, there are subfields nested inside the cyclotomic field, each of degree 2 over the one before. Generators for each such field can be written down by Gaussian period theory. For example, for n = 17 there is a period that is a sum of eight roots of unity, one that is a sum of four roots of unity, and one that is the sum of two, which is

 * cos $2\pi⁄17$.

Each of those is a root of a quadratic equation in terms of the one before. Moreover, these equations have real rather than complex roots, so in principle can be solved by geometric construction: this is because the work all goes on inside a totally real field.

In this way the result of Gauss can be understood in current terms; for actual calculation of the equations to be solved, the periods can be squared and compared with the 'lower' periods, in a quite feasible algorithm.

Compass and straightedge constructions
Compass and straightedge constructions are known for all known constructible polygons. If n = pq with p = 2 or p and q coprime, an n-gon can be constructed from a p-gon and a q-gon. Thus one only has to find a compass and straightedge construction for n-gons where n is a Fermat prime.
 * If p = 2, draw a q-gon and bisect one of its central angles. From this, a 2q-gon can be constructed.
 * If p > 2, inscribe a p-gon and a q-gon in the same circle in such a way that they share a vertex. Because p and q are coprime, there exists integers a and b such that ap + bq = 1. Then 2aπ/q + 2bπ/p = 2π/pq. From this, a pq-gon can be constructed.
 * The construction for an equilateral triangle is simple and has been known since antiquity; see Equilateral triangle.
 * Constructions for the regular pentagon were described both by Euclid (Elements, ca. 300 BC), and by Ptolemy (Almagest, ca. 150 AD).
 * Although Gauss proved that the regular 17-gon is constructible, he did not actually show how to do it. The first construction is due to Erchinger, a few years after Gauss's work.
 * The first explicit constructions of a regular 257-gon were given by Magnus Georg Paucker (1822) and Friedrich Julius Richelot (1832).
 * A construction for a regular 65537-gon was first given by Johann Gustav Hermes (1894). The construction is very complex; Hermes spent 10 years completing the 200-page manuscript.

Gallery
 From left to right, constructions of a 15-gon, 17-gon, 257-gon and 65537-gon. Only the first stage of the 65537-gon construction is shown; the constructions of the 15-gon, 17-gon, and 257-gon are given completely.

Other constructions
The concept of constructibility as discussed in this article applies specifically to compass and straightedge constructions. More constructions become possible if other tools are allowed. The so-called neusis constructions, for example, make use of a marked ruler. The constructions are a mathematical idealization and are assumed to be done exactly.

A regular polygon with n sides can be constructed with ruler, compass, and angle trisector if and only if $$n=2^r3^sp_1p_2\cdots p_k,$$ where r, s, k ≥ 0 and where the pi are distinct Pierpont primes greater than 3 (primes of the form $$2^t3^u +1).$$ These polygons are exactly the regular polygons that can be constructed with Conic section, and the regular polygons that can be constructed with paper folding. The first numbers of sides of these polygons are:
 * 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 24, 26, 27, 28, 30, 32, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 42, 45, 48, 51, 52, 54, 56, 57, 60, 63, 64, 65, 68, 70, 72, 73, 74, 76, 78, 80, 81, 84, 85, 90, 91, 95, 96, 97, 102, 104, 105, 108, 109, 111, 112, 114, 117, 119, 120, 126, 128, 130, 133, 135, 136, 140, 144, 146, 148, 152, 153, 156, 160, 162, 163, 168, 170, 171, 180, 182, 185, 189, 190, 192, 193, 194, 195, 204, 208, 210, 216, 218, 219, 221, 222, 224, 228, 234, 238, 240, 243, 247, 252, 255, 256, 257, 259, 260, 266, 270, 272, 273, 280, 285, 288, 291, 292, 296, ...

title: Constructible polygon


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Cabot family

The Cabot family is one of the Boston Brahmin families, also known as the "first families of Boston".

Family
The Boston Brahmin Cabot family descended from John Cabot (born 1680 in Jersey, a British Crown Dependency and one of the Channel Islands), who emigrated from his birthplace to Salem, Massachusetts in 1700.

The Cabot family emigrated from Jersey, where the family name can be traced back to at least 1274. In Latin, caput means "head", and the Rev. George Balleine writes that in Jersey the "cabot" is a small fish that seems all head. In French, once a commonly spoken language in Jersey, "cabot" means a dog, or a military corporal, "caboter" is to navigate along the coast, and "cabotin" means "theatrical".

Rise to prominence

John Cabot (born 1680 Isle of Jersey) and his son, Joseph Cabot (born 1720 in Salem), became highly successful merchants, operating a fleet of privateers carrying opium, rum, and slaves. Shipping during the eighteenth century was the lifeblood of most of Boston's first families. Joseph's sons, Joseph Cabot Jr. (born 1746 in Salem), George Cabot (born 1752 in Salem), and Samuel Cabot (born 1758 in Salem), left Harvard to work their way through shipping, furthering the family fortune and becoming extraordinarily wealthy. Two of the earliest U.S. Supreme Court cases, Bingham v. Cabot (1795) and Bingham v. Cabot (1798), involved family shipping disputes. In 1784, Samuel Cabot relocated to Boston.

George Cabot
George Cabot and his descendants went into politics. George Cabot became a U.S. Senator from Massachusetts, and was appointed but declined to be first Secretary of the Navy. His great-grandson, Henry Cabot Lodge (born 1850 in Boston) was also a U.S. Senator from Massachusetts from 1893 until his death in 1924. In the 1916 election, Henry Cabot Lodge defeated John F. Fitzgerald, former mayor of Boston and the maternal grandfather of John, Robert and Edward Kennedy. George's great-great-great grandson, Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. (born 1902 in Nahant) was also U.S. Senator from Massachusetts from 1937 to 1943 and from 1946 to 1953, when he lost to John F. Kennedy in the 1952 Senate election. Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. went on to be the U.S. Ambassador to United Nations under President Eisenhower and ambassador to South Vietnam under President Kennedy. He was 1960 vice presidential candidate for Richard Nixon against Kennedy–Lyndon B. Johnson. George's other great-great-great grandson, John Davis Lodge (born 1903 in Washington, D.C.) was the 64th Governor of Connecticut. George's great-great-great-great grandson, George Cabot Lodge II (born 1927, son of Henry Cabot Lodge) ran against the successful Edward M. Kennedy in the United States Senate special election in Massachusetts, 1962.

Samuel Cabot
From John Cabot's grandson, Samuel Cabot's side, Samuel Cabot Jr. (born 1784 in Boston) furthered the family fortune by combining the first family staples of working in shipping and marrying money. In 1812, he married Eliza Perkins, daughter of merchant king Colonel Thomas Perkins. Samuel Cabot III (born 1815 in Boston) was an eminent surgeon, whose daughter, Lilla Cabot Perry, was a noted Impressionist artist. His son, Godfrey Lowell Cabot (born 1861 in Boston) founded Cabot Corporation, the largest carbon black producer in the country, used for inks and paints. Godfrey's son, John Moors Cabot (born 1901 in Cambridge), a great-great-grandson of Samuel, was a U.S. Ambassador to Sweden, Colombia, Brazil, and Poland during the Eisenhower and Kennedy administration. Another great-great grandson, Paul Codman Cabot (born 1898 in Brookline), was cofounder of America's first mutual fund and "Harvard's [Endowment] Midas".

Boston Toast
The widely known  "Boston Toast" by Holy Cross alumnus John Collins Bossidy features the Cabot family:

Kabotchnik v. Cabot
In 1923, Harry H. Kabotchnik and his wife Myrtle petitioned to have his family name changed to Cabot.

Some prominent Cabots of Boston (Judge Cabot of the Boston Juvenile Court; Stephen Cabot, headmaster of St. George's School, Middletown, R.I.; Dr. Hugh Cabot, dean of Michigan University Medical School ) along with the Pennsylvania branch of the Order of the Founders and Patriots, the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, and the Genealogical Society of Pennsylvania counter-sued to prevent the change.

Judge Charles Young Audenried eventually ruled for the Kabotchniks, as there was "nothing in the law to prevent it."

Notable members

 * John Cabot (b. 1680 in Isle of Jersey) - successful ship merchant
 * Elizabeth Cabot (b. 1715), married Stephen H. Higginson
 * Stephen Higginson (b. 1743)
 * Sarah Higginson (b. 1745), first wife of John Lowell
 * John Lowell Jr. (b. 1769)
 * Francis Cabot (b. 1717 in Salem) – ship merchant
 * Susanna Cabot (b. 1754), second wife of John Lowell
 * Francis Cabot Lowell (b. 1775 in Newburyport) – cofounded Harvard's Porcellian Club, helped introduce power loom in U.S.
 * Joseph Cabot (b. 1720 in Salem) – successful ship merchant
 * Capt. John Cabot (b. 1745 in Salem) – cofounded America's first cotton mill, John Cabot House namesake
 * Joseph Cabot Jr. (b. 1746 in Salem) – ship merchant
 * George Cabot (b. 1752 in Salem) – successful ship merchant, U.S. Senator from Massachusetts, appointed but declined to be first Secretary of the Navy
 * Henry Cabot (b. 1783)
 * Anna Cabot (b. 1821)
 * Henry Cabot Lodge (b. 1850 in Boston) – U.S. Senator from Massachusetts and ardent opponent of Woodrow Wilson's League of Nations
 * George Cabot Lodge (b. 1873 in Boston) – poet
 * Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. (b. 1902 in Nahant, MA) – U.S. Senator from Massachusetts, incumbent 1952 U.S. Senate candidate from Massachusetts against John F. Kennedy, U.S. Ambassador to United Nations and South Vietnam, and 1960 vice presidential candidate for Richard Nixon against Kennedy–Lyndon B. Johnson
 * George Cabot Lodge II (b. 1927) – Harvard Business School professor, 1962 U.S. Senate candidate from Massachusetts against Edward M. Kennedy
 * John Davis Lodge (b. 1903 in Washington, D.C.) – 64th Governor of Connecticut
 * Francis Cabot (b. 1757 in Salem)
 * Mary Ann Cabot (b. 1784) - married her first cousin, Nathaniel Cabot Lee (b. 1772), son of Joseph Lee and Elizabeth Cabot (daughter of Joseph Cabot)
 * John Clarke Lee (b. 1804 in Boston)
 * George Cabot Lee (b. 1830 in Boston)
 * Alice Hathaway Lee Roosevelt (b. 1861), first wife of President Theodore Roosevelt
 * Frederick Cabot (b. 1786 in Salem)
 * Francis Cabot (b. 1825 in Newton, Massachusetts)
 * Francis Higginson Cabot (b. 1859 in Boston)
 * Francis Higginson Cabot (b. 1896) — vice president, Stone & Webster
 * Francis Higginson Cabot (b. 1925 in New York City) — noted gardener and horticulturist
 * Samuel Cabot (b. 1758 in Salem) — successful ship merchant
 * Samuel Cabot Jr. (b. 1784 in Boston) — shipping businessman
 * Samuel Cabot III (b. 1815 in Boston) – eminent surgeon
 * Lilla Cabot (b. 1848 in Boston) – among first American impressionist artists, contributor to Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
 * Samuel Cabot IV (b. 1850) – chemist, founder of Valspar's Cabot Stains
 * Arthur Tracy Cabot (b. 1852 in Boston) – progressive surgeon
 * Godfrey Lowell Cabot (b. 1861 in Boston) – founder of Cabot Corporation, philanthropist who sponsored the restoration of the Harvard Museum of Comparative Zoology's complete Kronosaurus skeleton.
 * James Jackson Cabot (b. 1891 in Cambridge)
 * Thomas Dudley Cabot (b. 1897 in Cambridge) – businessman and philanthropist, Cabot House namesake
 * Louis Wellington Cabot – businessman, philanthropist, former chairman of Federal Reserve Bank of Boston, married Mabel Hobart
 * Linda Cabot Black – cofounder of Opera Company of Boston and Opera New England
 * Sophie Cabot Black (b. 1958) – poet
 * John Moors Cabot (b. 1901 in Cambridge) – U.S. Ambassador to Sweden, Colombia, Brazil, and Poland during the Eisenhower and Kennedy administrations
 * Lewis Cabot
 * Eleanor Cabot – Eleanor Cabot Bradley Estate namesake
 * Edward Clarke Cabot (b. 1818) — architect and artist
 * Elizabeth Cabot Lee (b. 1819 in Boston) — philanthropist and co-sponsor of the Harvard Museum of Natural History's famous Glass Flowers exhibit. Widely known as Elizabeth C. Ware (her married name).
 * James Elliot Cabot (b. 1821 in Boston) — philosopher and author
 * Richard Clarke Cabot (b. 1868 in Brookline, Massachusetts) — clinical physician, social work pioneer
 * Hugh Cabot (b. 1872 in Beverly Farms)
 * Hugh Cabot (b. 1905 in Boston)
 * Hugh Cabot III (b. 1930 in Boston) — painter
 * Walter Channing Cabot (b. 1829)
 * Henry Bromfield Cabot (b. 1861 in Boston) – lawyer
 * Paul Codman Cabot (b. 1898 in Brookline)
 * Charles Codman Cabot (b. 1900 in Brookline) — associate judge of the Supreme Court of Massachusetts, Boston Bar Association president
 * Elise Cabot Forbes (b. 1869) — maternal grandmother of Michael Paine
 * Eliza Lee Cabot Follen (b. 1787 in Boston) – abolitionist and writer

Associates
The following is a list of figures closely aligned with or subordinate to the Cabot family.

 * Nathan Appleton
 * Samuel Bodman
 * Sarah Caldwell
 * Ralph Waldo Emerson
 * Augustus Peabody Gardner
 * Prescott F. Hall
 * Alexander Hamilton
 * Patrick Tracy Jackson
 * Abbott Lawrence
 * John Lowell
 * Harrison Gray Otis
 * T.H. Perkins
 * Thomas S. Perry
 * Josiah Quincy Jr.
 * Theodore Roosevelt
 * Israel Thorndike
 * John Train
 * Sam Zemurray

Businesses
The following is a list of companies in which the Cabot family have held a controlling or otherwise significant interest.

 * Beverly Cotton Manufactory
 * Boston Manufacturing Company
 * Cabot, Cabot & Forbes
 * Cabot Corporation
 * Gulf Central Pipeline Company
 * Holtzer-Cabot Electrical Company
 * John & Andrew Cabot and Company
 * Lee, Higginson & Co.
 * Opera Company of Boston
 * Radio Swan
 * Samuel Cabot, Inc.
 * Southworth Machine Company
 * State Street Investment Corporation
 * Train, Cabot & Associates
 * United Fruit

Philanthropy Institutions & Miscellaneous Non-profits

 * Aero Club of New England
 * Cabot Corporation Foundation
 * Cabot Family Charitable Trust
 * Ella Lyman Cabot Trust
 * The Garden Conservancy
 * Glass Flowers
 * Godfrey L. Cabot Solar Energy Conversion Research Project
 * Immigration Restriction League
 * Maria Moors Cabot Prize
 * Massachusetts General Hospital
 * Massachusetts Institute of Technology
 * Paul & Virginia Cabot Charitable Trust
 * Porcellian Club
 * Virginia Wellington Cabot Foundation
 * Watch and Ward Society

Buildings and historic sites

 * Cabot House (Harvard)
 * Cabot Farm
 * Eleanor Cabot Bradley Estate
 * Jeremiah Lee Mansion
 * John Cabot House
 * Les Quatre Vents
 * Lewis Cabot Estate
 * Mount Murray
 * Stonecrop Gardens

title: Cabot family


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Talk:Tunisia

On supplying Tunisia's French name
It's my impression that there have been numerous instances in the nature of supplying or removing the name, whether long form or short form, of Tunisia in French, whether in the infobox or in the lead. Most recently, an editor removed the French designation from the infobox. The French name is still mentioned in notes referenced from the lead sentence.

Can we settle this?

I don't think the French belongs in any of these places. I'm extremely aware that French is very widely spoken in Tunisia; when I visited there, it's the language in which everybody addressed me, and in which I spoke with everybody. Signage in French is everywhere. However, I'm also well aware that English is in similarly wide use in Sweden, but I wouldn't expect Russian Wikipedia, in its article on Sweden, to supply the forms of Sweden's name in English, because English isn't formally (whether "official" or "recognized" or "scheduled" or whatever terminology is used in various countries) a language of Sweden.

If anybody's going to bring this up, I also don't consider it relevant that government websites, for example, are provided in French (as they are). To reprise my earlier observation, I wouldn't expect Russian Wikipedia to give Tunisia's names in English just because those same websites are also provided in an English version. There's a difference between the choice a country makes of languages through which to communicate and the languages that it identifies as its own. Largoplazo (talk) 23:13, 10 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Although I personally wouldn't compare the two (a long story), I wouldn't object to its removal from the Infobox (for various reasons, including your rationale). However, I do believe that having the short name mentioned in the footnote (in the lead) would be helpful to some readers. M.Bitton (talk) 01:23, 11 March 2023 (UTC)
 * It might be helpful to some readers to know what it is in Polish, too, but it begins to fall into the domain of WP:NOTDICTIONARY: There are resources that are helpful that Wikipedia is expressly WP:NOT. Largoplazo (talk) 02:18, 11 March 2023 (UTC)
 * To clarify, while the appearance of the French nomenclature in this article is far from the sort of thing over which I have immense feelings, I think it best for us to settle the question rather than continuing with the repeated back-and-forth without having established a consensus for any of the alternatives. Largoplazo (talk) 02:22, 11 March 2023 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: North African History, AFH 4302
— Assignment last updated by Simmygreen (talk) 18:22, 18 April 2023 (UTC)

State religion
Didn't Tunisia remove the state religion after the referendum? -GogoLion (talk) 06:51, 10 October 2023 (UTC)

 * Yes! Slimsilkyweave (talk) 05:46, 20 December 2023 (UTC)

Mistakes
When last year's referendum was passed, there are changes. First of all, Tunisia is now a secular state. Second, Tunisia is now a presidential republic. I suggest these I mentioned to be added. Thank you! Slimsilkyweave (talk) 05:46, 20 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tunisia