text:
Wilmot, Ontario

The Township of Wilmot is a rural township in the Regional Municipality of Waterloo in southwestern Ontario, Canada.

Archaic and Woodland periods
The earliest concrete evidence of human activity within Wilmot dates to around 8,300 years ago, in the Early Archaic period, though some artifacts are thought to be as old as 13,000 years. Early Archaic evidence is in the form of artifacts from the Hunsberger Creek site (AiHd-83). This site on the upper part of Hunsberger Creek saw occupation during the Early and Middle Archaic periods, as well as the Middle and possibly Late Woodland periods. In one interpretation of the site, it represents a place of significant repeated short-term occupation; namely, a "headwater camp" where mobile hunter-gatherers stopped near the uppermost part of a waterway before possibly returning down the waterway or migrating to another drainage system.

Archaeological investigation in Wilmot in the 1980s uncovered the largest known historic remains of a longhouse in North America. Originally 60 m in length, it was extended to reach a final length of 123.75 m and was home to up to 120 people. Along with three smaller longhouses, it formed the core of a village which may have had up to 600 inhabitants at its peak. Dated to between 1400 and 1450 CE (falling within the Late Woodland period), it is associated with the Neutral people, an Iroquoian society.

Arrival of Europeans
Wilmot Township was a Crown Reserve by 1791. After a survey in 1824, Mennonites from Waterloo Township and Amish from Europe began to settle here. The first settlement area was prepared by Christian Nafziger, an Amish Mennonite from Pennsylvania, but originally from Germany. After 1828, Roman Catholics and Lutherans from Alsace and Germany, Anglicans from Britain and others arrived and began to develop the area and construct buildings and roads. Most settlers were farmers. Much of the area was settled by those of German heritage, but also included some of Scottish, English, and Irish origins; the latter groups owned land primarily in the southern third of the township.

Likely to have been the first settler in what has been called Hamburgh or New Hamburg since about 1840, millwright Josiah Cushman arrived from Germany in the early 1830s. He dammed Smith's Creek and built a sawmill that helped attract others. William Scott, (Lord Campfield in Scotland), now considered to be the founder of New Hamburg, arrived in 1838, after Cushman's death. He renamed Smith's Creek the Nith River, built a new dam and constructed a new lumber sawmill. The mill continued to plane lumber until 1902 when it burned down. The replacement building was a feed mill, later known as B-W Feed and Seed; that entity still exists, now as a sales outlet for feed.

Arriving in Wilmot in 1838, were John Meyer, Peter Wilker, Jacob Stoebler, Deobold Segler, and John Marteyne. In 1840, the township became part of the District of Wellington and received the right to elect officials and to tax land owners. The first Township council was elected in January 1850.

At the 1841 population count there were 2,200 people in the township, most of whom were self-described as "Germans". The post office opened in 1844.

Records from 1846 indicate that the township consisted of 51,463 acres of which 15,310 were being cultivated. Existing villages included Hamburg and Haysville, and there were two grist mills and nine sawmills on the Nith River (previously called Smith's Creek).

By 1864, the township included a Lutheran church, a tannery, one store, two hotels, two wagon makers, shoe and boot makers, as well as carpenters and mechanics. The school had about 60 students. The settlement was receiving mail daily. There were also two Roman Catholic Separate Schools in the township of Wilmot in 1864.

Some of the original settlements have Heritage signs indicating their location in the 1800s: Holland Mills, Josephsburg, New Prussia, Pinehill, Punkeydoodle's Corner, Rosebank, Victoriaburg, and Waldau.

Communities
The township comprises the communities of Baden, Berlett's Corners, Haysville, Josephburg, Luxemburg, Mannheim, New Dundee, New Hamburg, New Prussia, Petersburg, Phillipsburg, St. Agatha, Schindelsteddle and Wilmot Centre, as well as most of Punkeydoodles Corners, a crossroads which straddles the municipal boundaries of Wilmot, East Zorra – Tavistock and Perth East.

St. Agatha was initially called Wilmot and then it was renamed probably after the local Catholic church that had been built in the 1830s. Most early settlers to this area were German: Amish Mennonites, Lutherans, and Roman Catholics. The latter were the majority, making St. Agatha the centre of Catholic community in the Township. By 1834, there were two public log schools and a Catholic log school. More modern school buildings were erected about 20 years later. The Amish Mennonites built their meeting house in 1885.

Some of the settlers moved on to other areas so the community remained small. In 1869, the population was only and by 1890 it had dropped to 200. By 1906, there was a hotel, a blacksmith shop, some stores and various tradesmen.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Wilmot had a population of $21,429$ living in $7,891$ of its $8,035$ total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of $20,545$. With a land area of 263.81 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

At the time of the 2016 Canadian Census, of the population lived in single detached houses, higher than the  in the Region of Waterloo overall, as well as the  in nearby Kitchener. The single largest self-reported ethnicity was German ; also reported knowledge of the German language and  reported it as a mother tongue. The second-largest self-identified ethnic origin was Canadian, followed by English , Scottish , and Irish. of people identified themselves as Eastern European, of which the largest ethnic group was Polish. of people identified themselves as Southern European, of which the largest ethnic group was Italian. of people identified themselves as Indigenous ( as First Nations and as Métis).

Transportation
Wilmot is bisected by both a mainline railway (the CN Guelph Subdivision) and a provincial highway (dual-designated as and  through the township), which both run east–west. The railway passes through the cores of both Baden and New Hamburg, while the highway bypasses the town centres to the south.

Passenger trains on Via Rail's Québec City–Windsor Corridor pass through Wilmot daily, but run as expresses through the township and do not stop. The nearest passenger train stations are Stratford to the west and Kitchener to the east. GO Train service on the Kitchener line is also available at Kitchener station, which is its western terminus. A GO train station and storage and maintenance yard were planned to be located near Baden, but these plans were deferred following the opening of a GO train depot on Shirley Avenue in Kitchener instead.

, Wilmot is served by a single bus route, Grand River Transit's Route 77 Wilmot. It operates on a 12-hour weekday schedule and uses "flex stops" to provide more convenient service to riders in certain areas. The route connects New Hamburg, Baden, and Petersburg to the Boardwalk bus terminal on the west end of Kitchener-Waterloo. After an initial pilot in 2016–17 which was funded by a provincial community transportation grant, the route was made a permanent part of the Grand River Transit system.

Athletics

 * Wilmot Aquatic Aces Swim Club
 * New Hamburg Firebirds (Hockey)
 * New Hamburg Huskies (Hockey)
 * Wilmot Warthogs (Rugby)

title: Wilmot, Ontario


text:
Keith number

In recreational mathematics, a Keith number or repfigit number (short for repetitive Fibonacci-like digit) is a natural number $$n$$ in a given number base $$b$$ with $$k$$ digits such that when a sequence is created such that the first $$k$$ terms are the $$k$$ digits of $$n$$ and each subsequent term is the sum of the previous $$k$$ terms, $$n$$ is part of the sequence. Keith numbers were introduced by Mike Keith in 1987. They are computationally very challenging to find, with only about 100 known.

Definition
Let $$n$$ be a natural number, let $$k = \lfloor \log_{b}{n} \rfloor + 1$$ be the number of digits of $$n$$ in base $$b$$, and let
 * $$d_i = \frac{n \bmod b^{i + 1} - n \bmod b^{i}}{b^{i}}$$

be the value of each digit of $$n$$.

We define the sequence $$S(i)$$ by a linear recurrence relation. For $$0 \leq i < k$$,
 * $$S(i) = d_{k - i - 1}$$

and for $$i \geq k$$
 * $$S(i) = \sum_{j = 0}^{k} S(i - k + j)$$

If there exists an $$i$$ such that $$S(i) = n$$, then $$n$$ is said to be a Keith number.

For example, 88 is a Keith number in base 6, as
 * $$S(0) = d_{3 - 0 - 1} = d_2 = \frac{88 \bmod 6^{2 + 1} - 88 \bmod 6^{2}}{6^{2}} = \frac{88 \bmod 216 - 88 \bmod 36}{36} = \frac{88 - 16}{36} = \frac{72}{36} = 2$$
 * $$S(1) = d_{3 - 1 - 1} = d_1 = \frac{88 \bmod 6^{1 + 1} - 88 \bmod 6^{1}}{6^{1}} = \frac{88 \bmod 36 - 88 \bmod 6}{6} = \frac{16 - 4}{6} = \frac{12}{6} = 2$$
 * $$S(2) = d_{3 - 2 - 1} = d_0 = \frac{88 \bmod 6^{0 + 1} - 88 \bmod 6^{0}}{6^{0}} = \frac{88 \bmod 6 - 88 \bmod 1}{1} = \frac{4 - 0}{1} = \frac{4}{1} = 4$$

and the entire sequence
 * $$S(i) = \{2, 2, 4, 8, 14, 26, 48, 88, 162, \ldots\}$$

and $$S(7) = 88$$.

Finding Keith numbers
Whether or not there are infinitely many Keith numbers in a particular base $$b$$ is currently a matter of speculation. Keith numbers are rare and hard to find. They can be found by exhaustive search, and no more efficient algorithm is known. According to Keith, in base 10, on average $$\textstyle\frac{9}{10}\log_2{10}\approx 2.99$$ Keith numbers are expected between successive powers of 10. Known results seem to support this.

Examples
14, 19, 28, 47, 61, 75, 197, 742, 1104, 1537, 2208, 2580, 3684, 4788, 7385, 7647, 7909, 31331, 34285, 34348, 55604, 62662, 86935, 93993, 120284, 129106, 147640, 156146, 174680, 183186, 298320, 355419, 694280, 925993, 1084051, 7913837, 11436171, 33445755, 44121607, 129572008, 251133297, ...

Other bases
In base 2, there exists a method to construct all Keith numbers.

The Keith numbers in base 12, written in base 12, are
 * 11, 15, 1Ɛ, 22, 2ᘔ, 31, 33, 44, 49, 55, 62, 66, 77, 88, 93, 99, ᘔᘔ, ƐƐ, 125, 215, 24ᘔ, 405, 42ᘔ, 654, 80ᘔ, 8ᘔ3, ᘔ59, 1022, 1662, 2044, 3066, 4088, 4ᘔ1ᘔ, 4ᘔƐ1, 50ᘔᘔ, 8538, Ɛ18Ɛ, 17256, 18671, 24ᘔ78, 4718Ɛ, 517Ɛᘔ, 157617, 1ᘔ265ᘔ, 5ᘔ4074, 5ᘔƐ140, 6Ɛ1449, 6Ɛ8515, ...

where ᘔ represents 10 and Ɛ represents 11.

Keith clusters
A Keith cluster is a related set of Keith numbers such that one is a multiple of another. For example, in base 10, $$\{14, 28\}$$, $$\{1104, 2208\}$$, and $$\{31331, 62662, 93993\}$$ are all Keith clusters. These are possibly the only three examples of a Keith cluster in base 10.

Programming example
The example below implements the sequence defined above in Python to determine if a number in a particular base is a Keith number:

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Keith number


text:
Irish grammar

The morphology of Irish is in some respects typical of an Indo-European language. Nouns are declined for number and case, and verbs for person and number. Nouns are classified by masculine or feminine gender. Other aspects of Irish morphology, while typical for an Insular Celtic language, are not typical for Indo-European, such as the presence of inflected prepositions and the initial consonant mutations. Irish syntax is also rather different from that of most Indo-European languages, due to its use of the verb–subject–object word order.

Syntax
Word order in Irish is of the form VSO (verb–subject–object) so that, for example, "He hit me" is Bhuail [hit-past tense] sé [he] mé [me].

One distinctive aspect of Irish is the distinction between is, the copula (known in Irish as an chopail), and tá. Is describes identity or quality in a permanence sense, while temporary aspects are described by tá. This is similar to the difference between the verbs ser and estar in Spanish and Portuguese (see Romance copula), although this is not an exact match; is and tá are cognate respectively with the Spanish es and está.

Examples are:
 * Is fear é. "He is a man." (Spanish Es un hombre, Portuguese (Ele) é um homem)
 * Is duine fuar é. "He is cold (a cold-hearted person)." (Spanish Es frío, Portuguese (Ele) é frio)
 * Tá sé/Tomás fuar. "He/Thomas is cold" (= feels cold) (Alt. Tá fuacht air [= "Cold is on him"]). (Spanish Tiene frío – in this case Spanish uses tener (to have) instead of estar (to be), Portuguese (Ele) está com frio)
 * Tá sé ina chodladh. "He is asleep." (Spanish Él está durmiendo, Portuguese Ele está a dormir)
 * Is duine maith é. "He is good (a good person)." (Spanish Es bueno, Portuguese (Ele) é bom)
 * Tá sé go maith. "He is well." (Spanish Está bien, Portuguese (Ele) está bem)

Nouns
Irish is an inflected language, having four cases: ainmneach (nominative and accusative), gairmeach (vocative), ginideach (genitive) and tabharthach (prepositional). The prepositional case is called the dative by convention.

Irish nouns are masculine or feminine. To a certain degree the gender difference is indicated by specific word endings, -án and -ín being masculine and -óg feminine. While the neuter has mostly disappeared from vocabulary, the neuter gender is seen in various place names in Ireland.

Articles
The Irish definite article has two forms: an and na. An may cause lenition, eclipsis, or neither. Na may cause eclipsis, but the only instance of lenition with na is with the genitive singular of the word céad meaning first. An is used in the common case singular for all nouns, and lenites feminine nouns. In the genitive singular, an with lenition is used with masculine nouns, na with feminine nouns. In the dative singular, an may cause lenition or eclipsis depending on the preposition preceding it and on regional norms (in Ulster usage, lenition is standard with all prepositions, while in other regions eclipsis is used with many). Na is the only plural form of the article; it causes eclipsis in the genitive for both genders, and no mutation in other cases.

Names of countries usually take the definite article in the nominative: An Fhrainc "France", an Bhrasaíl "Brazil", an tSeapáin "Japan". Exceptions to this include Éire "Ireland", Albain "Scotland" and Sasana "England".

There is no indefinite article in Irish; the word appears by itself, for example: Tá peann agam. – "I have a pen", Tá madra sa seomra. – "There's a dog in the room".

When two definite noun phrases appear as part of a genitive construction (equivalent to the X of the Y in English), only the noun phrase in the genitive takes the article. Compare Áras an Uachtaráin or Teitheamh na nIarlaí to English the residence of the President, the flight of the Earls.

Adjectives
Irish adjectives always follow the noun. The adjective is influenced by the case, number and gender of the noun preceding it.

 * An cailín beag "The small girl" – masculine singular nominative
 * An bhean bhocht "The poor woman" – feminine singular nominative
 * Na buachaillí óga "The young boys" – masculine plural nominative

Adjectives in Irish have two morphological degrees of comparison: the positive (bunchéim), e.g. Tá an buachaill cairdiúil "the boy is friendly", and the comparative (breischéim), e.g. Tá an cailín níos cairdiúla ná an buachaill "the girl is nicer than the boy". A superlative (sárchéim) sense is rendered by the comparative in a relative clause, e.g. Is é Seán an páiste is cairdiúla den triúr "Seán is the nicest child of the three".

Adverbs
Irish adverbs are used to modify verbs, adjectives and other adverbs.

An adverb can be created from an adjective by adding go before it, e.g. go mall, go tapaidh, go maith, etc. If the adjective begins with a vowel, is added before it, e.g. go hálainn, go híseal, go háirithe, etc.

Adverbs can often be created from nouns by putting a preposition before them, e.g. ar bith, de ghnáth, faoi dheireadh, etc.

Other categories of adverbs include the following:

Adverbs that describe relation to time, e.g. uaireanta, anois, cheana, etc.

Adverbs that describe relation to place, e.g. ann, abhaile, amuigh, etc.

Adverbs used in questions, e.g. cathain?, conas?, cá?, etc.

Adverbs used for negation, e.g. ní, nach, nár, etc.

Other adverbs, e.g. áfach, chomh maith, ach oiread, etc.

Verbs
There are two conjugations and 11 irregular verbs. Tenses or moods are formed by inflecting the stem, and in the past and habitual past tenses and the conditional mood also by leniting any initial consonant. The inflected tense and mood forms are: present indicative, present habitual indicative (differs from present only in the verb bí "to be"), future, past indicative, past habitual indicative, conditional, imperative, present subjunctive, and past subjunctive. Verbs also have a verbal noun and past participle, and progressive constructions similar to those using the English present participle may be formed from the verbal noun and an appropriate tense of bí. Examples of tense conjugations: (all third person forms without subject pronoun):

 * 1st conjugation: Fág "to leave" – d'fhág (past) – fágann (present) – fágfaidh (future) – d'fhágfadh (conditional) – d'fhágadh (habitual past) – fága (subjunctive) – fágadh (imperative)
 * 2nd conjugation: Ceannaigh "to buy" – cheannaigh (past) – ceannaíonn (present) – ceannóidh (future) – cheannódh (conditional) – cheannaíodh (habitual past) – ceannaí (subjunctive) – ceannaíodh (imperative)
 * Irregular: Téigh "to go" – chuaigh (past) – téann (present) – rachaidh (future) – rachadh (conditional) – théadh (habitual past) – té (subjunctive) – téadh (imperative)

In addition to the passive voice, there is the impersonal form of the verb, termed the saorbhriathar or "autonomous verb", which serves a similar function (the most literal translation is "You/One/They...[e.g. say, are, do]").

Verbs can be conjugated either synthetically (with the personal pronoun included in the verb inflection) or analytically (with the verb inflected for tense only and a separate subject). However, the official standard generally prescribes the analytic form in most person-tense combinations, and the synthetic in only some cases, such as the first person plural. The analytic forms are also generally preferred in the western and northern dialects, except in answer to what would in English be "yes/no" questions, while Munster Irish prefers the synthetic forms. For example, the following are the standard form, synthetic form and analytical form of the past tense of rith "to run":

Personal pronouns
Personal pronouns in Irish do not inflect for case, but there are three different sets of pronouns used: conjunctive forms, disjunctive forms, and emphatic forms (which may be used either conjunctively or disjunctively)

Conjunctive forms
The normal word order in Irish is verb–subject–object (VSO). The forms of the subject pronoun directly following the verb are called conjunctive.

The form muid in the 1st person plural has only recently been approved for use in the official standard, but is very common in western and northern dialects. The standard and southern dialects have no subject pronoun in the 1st person plural, using the synthetic verb ending -imíd (alternatively -imid) instead.

Irish has no T–V distinction, i.e. it does not differentiate between formal and familiar forms of second person pronouns. The difference between tú and sibh is purely one of number.

There is no equivalent to the English "it". Either sé or sí are used depending on whether the thing the speaker is referring to is a masculine noun or a feminine noun. The exception is the pronoun ea, used in impersonal copula phrases, particularly in the phrases is ea (> sea) "yes", "so", "that is so", ní hea (the opposite of is ea), nach ea? "is that not so?", an ea (Kerry am b'ea) "Is that so?", fear is ea é "it's a man", and so on.

Disjunctive forms
If a pronoun is not the subject or if a subject pronoun does not follow the verb (as in a verbless clause, or as the subject of the copula, where the pronoun stands at the end of the sentence), the so-called disjunctive forms are used:

In Munster dialects the form thú is either (a) archaic (replaced by tú) or (b) is only found after words ending in a vowel.

 * Standard:Buailim thú ("I hit you", present tense), Bhuail mé thú ("I hit you", past tense)
 * Dialect type (a):Buailim tú, Bhuail mé tú
 * Dialect type (b):Buailim tú, Bhuail mé thú

Intensive forms
Irish also has intensive pronouns, used to give the pronouns a bit more weight or emphasis.

The word féin ( or ) "-self" can follow a pronoun, either to add emphasis or to form a reflexive pronoun.

 * Rinne mé féin é. "I did it myself."
 * Ar ghortaigh tú thú féin? "Did you hurt yourself?"
 * Sinn Féin is thus "We Ourselves"

Prepositional pronouns
As the object of a preposition, a pronoun is fused with the preposition; one speaks here of "inflected" prepositions, or, as they are more commonly termed, prepositional pronouns.

Possessive pronouns
The possessive determiners cause different initial consonant mutations. Notes

 * 1) L= causes lenition on the next word.
 * 2) H= adds h- to the next vowel sound.
 * 3) E= causes eclipsis of the next word.

These forms (especially a and ár) can also blend with certain prepositions:

The object of a verbal noun is in the genitive case:
 * Tá sé ag plé a rothair. "He's discussing his bicycle" (lit.: He is at the discussing of his bicycle)

Similarly, if the object of the verbal noun is a pronoun, then it is a possessive pronoun:
 * Tá sé á phlé. "He's discussing it." (lit.: He is at its (i.e. the bicycle's) discussing)

More examples:
 * Tá sí do mo bhualadh. "She's hitting me."
 * Tá siad do do phlé. "They are discussing you."
 * Tá sé á pógadh. "He's kissing her."
 * Tá tú dár mbualadh. "You're hitting us."
 * Tá mé do bhur bplé. "I'm discussing you (pl.)."
 * Tá sibh á bpógadh. "You (pl.) are kissing them."

Interrogative pronouns
Interrogative pronouns introduce a question, e.g. the words who, what, which. The Irish equivalents are:
 * cé "who?, which?"
 * cad or céard "what?"
 * cén "which?"

Examples:
 * Cé a rinne é? "Who did it?"
 * Cé a chonaic tú? "Who did you see?"
 * Cé ar thug tú an leabhar dó? "Who did you give the book to?"
 * Cad atá ort? "What's wrong (with you)?" (lit. "What is on you?")
 * Céard a dúirt tú? "What did you say?"
 * Cén t-ainm atá ort? "What's your name?" (lit. "Which name is upon you?")
 * Cén aois tú? "How old are you?" (lit. "Which age are you?")

Numbers
There are three kinds of cardinal numbers in Irish: disjunctive numbers, nonhuman conjunctive numbers, and human conjunctive numbers.

Disjunctive numbers
Disjunctive numbers are used for example in arithmetic, in telling time, in telephone numbers and after nouns in forms like bus a trí déag "bus 13" or seomra a dó "room 2".

Nonhuman conjunctive numbers
Nonhuman conjunctive numbers are used to count nouns that do not refer to human beings, e.g. capall "horse"

"One" as a pronoun is rendered with ceann (lit. "head") when it concerns things and animals, e.g.:
 * Tá cúig chapall agam; tá ceann acu breoite. "I have five horses; one of them is sick."

Human conjunctive numbers
Human conjunctive numbers are used to count nouns that refer to human beings, e.g. páiste 'child'

"One" as a pronoun is rendered with duine (lit. "person") with people. The other "personal" numbers can also be used pronominally, e.g.:
 * Tá cúigear páistí agam; tá duine acu breoite. "I have five children; one of them is sick."
 * Tá seisear sa seomra. "Six people are in the room."

Higher numbers are done as with the nonhuman conjunctive numbers: trí pháiste déag, fiche páiste, etc.

Phonology
A notable feature of Irish phonology is that consonants (except ) come in pairs, one "broad" (velarized, pronounced with the back of the tongue pulled back towards the soft palate) and one "slender" (palatalized, pronounced with the middle of the tongue pushed up towards the hard palate).

Diphthongs:, , ,.

title: Irish grammar


text:
List of aircraft carriers of the Royal Navy

The following is a list of fleet aircraft carriers of the Royal Navy of the United Kingdom.

There are two carriers, HMS Queen Elizabeth and HMS Prince of Wales, currently in service.

HMS Unicorn
HMS Unicorn was an aircraft repair ship and light aircraft carrier; an "aircraft maintenance carrier".

Colossus class

The 1942 Design Light Fleet Carriers were designed and constructed by civilian shipyards to serve as an intermediate step between the expensive, full-size fleet aircraft carriers and the less expensive but limited-capability escort carriers. Perseus and Pioneer were modified to operate as maintenance carriers.

Majestic class

The 1942 design was modified to take more modern aircraft and these ships became the Majestic-class. Not completed until after the end of the war, most ended up purchased by other navies.


text:
Stanley Kunitz

Stanley Jasspon Kunitz (July 29, 1905 – May 14, 2006) was an American poet. He was appointed Poet Laureate Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress twice, first in 1974 and then again in 2000.

Biography
Kunitz was born in Worcester, Massachusetts, the youngest of three children, to Yetta Helen (née Jasspon) and Solomon Z. Kunitz, both of Jewish Russian Lithuanian descent.

His father, a dressmaker of Russian Jewish heritage, committed suicide in a public park six weeks before Stanley was born. After going bankrupt, he went to Elm Park in Worcester, and drank carbolic acid. Carbolic Acid is extremely dangerous; however, it gives a delayed death. His mother removed every trace of Kunitz's father from the household. The death of his father would be a powerful influence of his life.

Kunitz and his two older sisters, Sarah and Sophia, were raised by his mother, who had made her way from Yashwen, Kovno, Lithuania by herself in 1890, and opened a dry goods store. Yetta remarried Mark Dine in 1912. Yetta and Mark filed for bankruptcy in 1912 and then were indicted by the U.S. District Court for concealing assets. They pleaded guilty and turned over USD$10,500 to the trustees. Mark Dine died when Kunitz was fourteen, when, while hanging curtains, he suffered a heart attack.

At fifteen, Kunitz moved out of the house and became a butcher's assistant. Later he got a job as a cub reporter on The Worcester Telegram, where he would continue working during his summer vacations from college.

Kunitz graduated summa cum laude in 1926 from Harvard College with an English major and a philosophy minor, and then earned a master's degree in English from Harvard the following year. He wanted to continue his studies for a doctorate degree, but was told by the university that the Anglo-Saxon students would not like to be taught by a Jew.

After Harvard, he worked as a reporter for The Worcester Telegram, and as editor for the H. W. Wilson Company in New York City. He then founded and edited Wilson Library Bulletin and started the Author Biographical Studies. Kunitz married Helen Pearce in 1930; they divorced in 1937. In 1935 he moved to New Hope, Pennsylvania and befriended Theodore Roethke. He married Eleanor Evans in 1939; they had a daughter Gretchen in 1950. Kunitz divorced Eleanor in 1958.

At Wilson Company, Kunitz served as co-editor for Twentieth Century Authors, among other reference works. In 1931, as Dilly Tante, he edited Living Authors, a Book of Biographies. His poems began to appear in Poetry, Commonweal, The New Republic, The Nation, and The Dial.

During World War II, he was drafted into the Army in 1943 as a conscientious objector, and after undergoing basic training three times, served as a noncombatant at Gravely Point, Washington in the Air Transport Command in charge of information and education. He refused a commission and was discharged with the rank of staff sergeant.

After the war, he began a peripatetic teaching career at Bennington College (1946–1949), taking over from Roethke. He subsequently taught at the State University of New York at Potsdam (then the New York State Teachers College at Potsdam) as a full professor (1949–1950; summer sessions through 1954), the New School for Social Research (lecturer; 1950-1957), the University of Washington (visiting professor; 1955-1956), Queens College (visiting professor; 1956–1957), Brandeis University (poet-in-residence; 1958-1959) and Columbia University (lecturer in the School of General Studies; 1963–1966) before spending 18 years as an adjunct professor of writing at Columbia's School of the Arts (1967–1985). Throughout this period, he also held visiting appointments at Yale University (1970), Rutgers University–Camden (1974), Princeton University (1978) and Vassar College (1981).

After his divorce from Eleanor, he married the painter and poet Elise Asher in 1958. His marriage to Asher led to friendships with artists like Philip Guston and Mark Rothko.

Kunitz's poetry won wide praise for its profundity and quality. He was the New York State Poet Laureate from 1987 to 1989. He continued to write and publish until his centenary year, as late as 2005. Many consider that his poetry's symbolism is influenced significantly by the work of Carl Jung. Kunitz influenced many 20th-century poets, including James Wright, Mark Doty, Louise Glück, Joan Hutton Landis, and Carolyn Kizer.

For most of his life, Kunitz divided his time between New York City and Provincetown, Massachusetts. He enjoyed gardening and maintained one of the most impressive seaside gardens in Provincetown. There he also founded Fine Arts Work Center, where he was a mainstay of the literary community, as he was of Poets House in Manhattan.

He was awarded the Peace Abbey Courage of Conscience award in Sherborn, Massachusetts in October 1998 for his contribution to the liberation of the human spirit through his poetry.

He died in 2006 at his home in Manhattan. He had previously come close to death, and reflected on the experience in his last book, a collection of essays, The Wild Braid: A Poet Reflects on a Century in the Garden.

Poetry
Kunitz's first collection of poems, Intellectual Things, was published in 1930. His second volume of poems, Passport to the War, was published fourteen years later; the book went largely unnoticed, although it featured some of Kunitz's best-known poems, and soon fell out of print. Kunitz's confidence was not in the best of shape when, in 1959, he had trouble finding a publisher for his third book, Selected Poems: 1928-1958. Despite this unflattering experience, the book, eventually published by Little Brown, received the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry.

His next volume of poems would not appear until 1971, but Kunitz remained busy through the 1960s editing reference books and translating Russian poets. When twelve years later The Testing Tree appeared, Kunitz's style was radically transformed from the highly intellectual and philosophical musings of his earlier work to more deeply personal yet disciplined narratives; moreover, his lines shifted from iambic pentameter to a freer prosody based on instinct and breath—usually resulting in shorter stressed lines of three or four beats.

Throughout the 70s and 80s, he became one of the most treasured and distinctive voices in American poetry. His collection Passing Through: The Later Poems won the National Book Award for Poetry in 1995. Kunitz received many other honors, including a National Medal of Arts, the Bollingen Prize for a lifetime achievement in poetry, the Robert Frost Medal, and Harvard's Centennial Medal. He served two terms as Consultant on Poetry for the Library of Congress (the precursor title to Poet Laureate), one term as Poet Laureate of the United States, and one term as the State Poet of New York. He founded the Fine Arts Work Center in Provincetown, Massachusetts, and Poets House in New York City. Kunitz also acted as a judge for the Yale Series of Younger Poets Competition.

Library Bill of Rights
Kunitz served as editor of the Wilson Library Bulletin from 1928 to 1943. An outspoken critic of censorship, in his capacity as editor, he targeted his criticism at librarians who did not actively oppose it. He published an article in 1938 by Bernard Berelson entitled "The Myth of Library Impartiality". This article led Forrest Spaulding and the Des Moines Public Library to draft the Library Bill of Rights, which was later adopted by the American Library Association and continues to serve as the cornerstone document on intellectual freedom in libraries.

Awards and honors

 * 2006 L.L. Winship/PEN New England Award, The Wild Braid: A Poet Reflects on a Century in the Garden

Poetry
• The Wild Braid: A Poet Reflects on a Century in the Garden (2005)

• The Collected Poems of Stanley Kunitz (NY: W. W. Norton & Company, 2000)

• Passing Through, The Later Poems, New and Selected (NY: W. W. Norton & Company, 1995) —winner of the National Book Award

• Next-to-Last Things: New Poems and Essays (1985)

• The Wellfleet Whale and Companion Poems

• The Terrible Threshold

• The Coat without a Seam

• The Poems of Stanley Kunitz (1928–1978) (1978)

• The Testing-Tree (1971)

• Selected Poems, 1928-1958 (1958)

• Passport to the War (1944)

• Intellectual Things (1930)

Other writing and interviews

 * Conversations with Stanley Kunitz (Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi, Literary Conversations Series, 11/2013), Edited by Kent P. Ljungquist
 * ''A Kind of Order, A Kind of Folly: Essays and Conversations
 * Interviews and Encounters with Stanley Kunitz (Riverdale-on-Hudson, NY: The Sheep Meadow Press, 1995), Edited by Stanley Moss

As editor, translator, or co-translator

 * The Essential Blake
 * Orchard Lamps by Ivan Drach
 * Story under full sail by Andrei Voznesensky
 * Poems of John Keats
 * Poems of Akhmatova by Max Hayward

title: Stanley Kunitz


text:
Henriette Wyeth

Henriette Wyeth Hurd (October 22, 1907 – April 3, 1997) was an American artist noted for her portraits and still life paintings. The eldest daughter of illustrator N.C. Wyeth, she studied painting with her father and brother Andrew Wyeth at their home and studio in Chadds Ford, Pennsylvania.

After she and artist Peter Hurd married, they moved to San Patricio, New Mexico, in the mid-1930s and raised their three children on a ranch there. They were both inspired by the landscape and eventually had a 2200-acre ranch. One of her well-known quotes is: "I don't know what is important and what is unimportant, so I call it all immensely important."

Early life
Henriette Wyeth was born in Wilmington, Delaware, into an artistic family. Wyeth was the eldest of the five children of noted illustrator N.C. Wyeth and his wife Carolyn Bockius. Her siblings Carolyn and Andrew also became artists, and all three studied with their father. Andrew Wyeth became the most well-known artist of this family.

Henriette contracted polio at age 3, which altered her health and use of her right hand. As a result, she learned to draw with her left hand and paint with her right. She grew up on the family farm in Chadds Ford, Pennsylvania, and attended local Quaker schools. She and her siblings were eventually homeschooled because their father distrusted the public school system. She began formal art lessons with her father at age 11, making charcoal studies and geometric shapes.

Artistic career
A child prodigy, at age 13 Wyeth was enrolled in the Normal Arts School in Boston, Massachusetts. The next year, in 1921, she entered the Boston Museum of Art Academy. Two years later she moved to Philadelphia to study painting at the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts. By age 16, she was well known as a portraitist and received commissions for paintings of Wilmington residents. Deeply influenced by her father's unique realistic style, she rejected early 20th-century painting styles such as Impressionism and Cubism. She was also socially and politically conservative. As a result, later in life she rejected the progressive movements of the 1960s and 1970s, including the women's movement. She often criticized television and modern culture.

Soon after her student years, Hurd exhibited at the Pennsylvania Academy (1927, 1936–44), where she was awarded the 1937 Mary Smith Prize for a portrait of her son Peter. Wyeth's work spanned portraits of adults and children, still lifes, and floral landscapes. In her work, she "often included objects that related to the subject's interest or personality". She eventually stopped painting children because, as she said, "today's children--they are so deadpan."

She painted for Helen Hayes, Paulette Goddard, and Mrs. John D. Rockefeler III (Blanchette Hooker Rockefeler), for which she earned a lasting celebrity. In 1963, she painted a portrait of her brother Andrew for the cover of Time magazine. Hurd and Wyeth were both commissioned to produce a cover portrait of President Lyndon B. Johnson for Time "Man of the Year" issue. She received awards for her work, including the Governor's Award in New Mexico and a Living Legacy Award from the Women's International Center.

Her most widely known work is the official White House portrait of First Lady Pat Nixon.

Personal life
At age 21, in 1929 Wyeth married artist Peter Hurd, a fellow student at the Pennsylvania Academy and her father's apprentice. The couple had three children together: Peter Jr., Carolyn, and Michael Hurd. In the mid-1930s they moved to San Patricio, New Mexico, settling on a farm of 40 acres. By 1939, they established the Sentinel Ranch there, gradually acquiring more land until they had 2200 acres. It was in southern New Mexico near Roswell, New Mexico, her husband's birthplace.

Wyeth's father was not happy when they left the Pennsylvania area. As she said in a 1989 interview, "He felt I should not let marriage interfere with my painting" and worried that living on a ranch would draw her energy from it. Henriette Wyeth, however, did continue to paint for the rest of her life and was inspired by the landscape. Later health problems prevented her from making art. She criticized contemporary television and feminism, and said that modern society had "blunted" children.

Death
Henriette Wyeth died in her Roswell, New Mexico home-studio from complications from pneumonia in April 1997.

Legacy
According to her biography on the Wyeth Hurd Gallery website, she was "considered by many art scholars to be one of the great women painters of the 20th century". Her papers, and those of her husband (who died in 1984), are in the Archives of American Art at the Smithsonian Institution.

Exhibitions
Much of her work is held by the Roswell Museum and Art Center, in Roswell and at the Hurd La Rinconada Gallery in San Patricio, both in New Mexico. Her paintings can also be found in the permanent collections of the Brandywine River Museum in Pennsylvania, the Los Angeles Athletic Club, the National Portrait Gallery, the New Mexico Museum of Art in Santa Fe, and the Texas Tech University Fine Art Museum. Wyeth's work has also been exhibited at such notable institution as the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, the Carnegie Institute in Pittsburgh, the Art Institute of Chicago and New Mexico's Roswell Museum of Art.

Other exhibitions have included:
 * The Wyeth Family (1935), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
 * Exhibition of Paintings by Peter Hurd & Henriette Wyeth (1967), the Columbus Gallery of Fine Arts, Columbus, Ohio

Her work has also been included in a number of posthumous exhibitions:
 * The Wyeths' Wyeths (2010), Farnsworth Art Museum, Rockland, Maine
 * The Wyeth Family: Three Generations of American Art (2010), Dulwich Picture Gallery, London
 * The Wyeths: America's Artists (2011), Kalamazoo Institute of the Arts, Kalamazoo, Michigan
 * Nomads: Traversing Adolescence (2013), Kemper Museum of Contemporary Art, Kansas City, Kansas, and Kemper East, Kansas City, Missouri
 * Magical & Real: Henriette Wyeth and Peter Hurd, a Retrospective (2018), Michener Art Museum, Doylestown, Pennsylvania

title: Henriette Wyeth


text:
Jaime Lerner

Jaime Lerner (17 December 1937 – 27 May 2021) was a Brazilian politician. He was the governor of the state of Paraná, in southern Brazil. He is renowned as an architect and urban planner, having been mayor of Curitiba, capital of Paraná, three times (1971–1974, 1979–1983 and 1989–1992). In 1994, Lerner was elected governor of Paraná, and was re-elected in 1998.

As an urban planner and architect, he was renowned in Brazil as he helped design most of the city walkways, roads, and public transportation of Curitiba such as the Rede Integrada de Transporte. In 1965, he helped create the Instituto de Pesquisa e Planejamento Urbano de Curitiba and designed the Curitiba Master Plan.

Early life
Lerner was born into a Jewish family, originally from Łódź, Poland, who emigrated to Curitiba. He graduated from the Escola de Arquitetura da Universidade Federal do Paraná; (Architecture School of the Federal University of Paraná) in 1964. In 1965, he helped create the Instituto de Pesquisa e Planejamento Urbano de Curitiba (Institute of Urban Planning and Research of Curitiba, also known as IPPUC) and participated in the design of the Curitiba Master Plan.

Mayor of Curitiba
In 1988, Jaime Lerner announced his candidacy for mayor of Curitiba with only 12 days remaining before the election. During his first term, Lerner implemented the Rede Integrada de Transporte (also called bus rapid transit), and continued to implement a host of social, ecological, and urban reforms during his ensuing terms as mayor.

As mayor, Lerner employed unorthodox solutions to Curitiba's geographic challenges. Like many cities, Curitiba is bordered by floodplain. Wealthier cities in the United States, such as New Orleans and Sacramento, have built expensive and expensive-to-maintain levee systems on floodplain. In contrast, Curitiba purchased the floodplain and made parks. The city now ranks among the world leaders in per-capita park area. Curitiba had the problem of its status as a third-world city, unable to afford the tractors and petroleum to mow these parks. The innovative response was "municipal sheep" who keep the parks' vegetation under control and whose wool funds children's programs.

When Lerner became mayor, Curitiba had some bairros impossible to service by municipal waste removal. The "streets" were too narrow. Rather than abandon these people or raze these slums, Lerner began a program that traded bags of groceries and transit passes for bags of trash. The slums got much cleaner.

Similarly, Curitiba has a nearby bay that was a dumping ground that would be extremely costly to clean up. Lerner began a program that paid fishermen for any garbage they retrieved (by the pound). That way, they can make money even outside fishing season, supplementing their income. The savings to Curitiba are in the millions.

Lerner instituted many innovative social and educational programs. Bairro kids can be apprenticed to city employees if they want to avoid going to school. Although his term as mayor is not without controversy, Curitiba does not have the gangs of much more populous cities such as Rio de Janeiro.

Bus Rapid Transit
Perhaps the crown jewel of Curitiba's achievements is its Rede Integrada de Transporte Bus Rapid Transit system (called "Speedybus"). Originally, the city was given federal money to build a subway (Curitiba is not a small town), but Lerner discovered that "heavy rail" like a subway costs ten times the amount of "light rail" (trolleys), which, in turn, costs ten times the amount of a bus system, even with dedicated bus ways. The "light rail" savings usually touted to sway municipal decision makers occur because even trolleys can have relatively fewer drivers than a 40-60 passenger bus. He got Volvo to make 270 person Swedish articulated buses (300 Brazilians, said Lerner), so that the problem of a lower passenger-number-to-driver ratio was no longer an issue. The city built attractive transit stops with the look and feel of train stations, and all with handicapped access equipment, inducing private firms to purchase and operate the buses. A hierarchy of buses of six sizes feed one another. The city controls the routes and fares, while the private companies hire drivers and maintain equipment.

Natural land-use patterns within the city of Curitiba support public transit systems. Buildings along the dedicated busways are up to six stories tall, gradually giving way, within a few blocks, to single story homes. This mix of densities ensures sufficient user population within walking distance of bus stops.

As Governor of Paraná
As governor of Paraná, Lerner used a policy of attracting investment to turn the state into one of Brazil's industrial hubs, generating investments of over US$20 billion between 1995 and 2001. Following upon his experience in Curitiba, Lerner focused on issues like transport, education, health, sanitation, leisure, and industrialization.

UNICEF awarded Lerner the Child and Peace Prize in 1996 for his programs "'Da Rua para a Escola'" (From the Street to School), "'Protegendo a Vida'" (Protecting Life), and "'Universidade do Professor'" (Professor's University).

In 2011, Lerner was sentenced to three-and-a-half years in prison for the illegal layoff of a public tender during his mandate as governor. He wasn't arrested due to his age.

Later life
At the General Assembly of the International Union of Architects in July 2002, Lerner was elected president for a period of three years. Lerner was also a professor of Urban and Regional Planning at the Universidade Federal do Paraná, his alma mater, and has been a guest professor at the University of California, Berkeley.

In April 2005, Jaime Lerner participated in the Symposium of China Bus Rapid Transit Initiative (Shanghai) to promote the BRT project in some larger cities. He was specially interviewed which made an impact on mayors and urban planners across China.

Lerner was a member of the Board of Directors of World Resources Institute.

Lerner died of kidney disease on May 27, 2021, at the age of 83.

Selected bibliography

 * Acupuntura urbana (Editora Record, ISBN 85-01-06851-9, 2003)
 * Urban Acupuncture. (Washington, DC: Island Press. ISBN 9781610915830, 2014)
 * O vizinho: parente por parte de rua (Editora Record, ISBN 85-01-06877-2, 2005)

Awards
Lerner has won a variety of Brazilian and international prizes:
 * 1990: United Nations Environmental Award, awarded by the United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP)
 * 1990: Annual Prize of the International Institute for Energy Conservation (IIEC)
 * 1991: Scroll of Honor, United Nations Human Settlements Programme
 * 1991: Tree of Learning, IUCN
 * 1994: Neutra Award: for contributions to Environmental Design.
 * 1996: Child and Peace Award, UNICEF
 * 1997: Thomas Jefferson Foundation Medal in Architecture, University of Virginia
 * 2000: Prince Claus Award, the Netherlands (2000)
 * 2001: Pioneer 2001, International Council for Caring Communities (ICCC-USA)
 * 2001: 2001 World Technology Award for Transportation, National Museum of Science and Industry, UK
 * 2011: Leadership in Transport Award of the International Transport Forum at the OECD
 * 2012: Honorary Doctorate of Arts, Plymouth University

title: Jaime Lerner


text:
Johannes Schmidt

Johannes Schmidt may refer to:

 * Johannes Schmidt (linguist) (1843–1901), German linguist
 * Johannes Schmidt (biologist) (1877–1933), Danish biologist
 * Johannes Schmidt (SS) (1908–1976), German Sturmbannführer
 * Johannes V. Schmidt, German pianist and composer

title: Johannes Schmidt


text:
Alexandra Adler

Alexandra Adler (24 September 1901 – 4 January 2001) was an Austrian neurologist and the daughter of psychoanalyst Alfred Adler and Raissa Adler. She has been described as one of the "leading systematizers and interpreters" of Adlerian psychology. Her sister was socialist activist Valentine Adler. Alexandra Adler's husband was Halfdan Gregersen.

Career
Adler completed her medical studies at the University of Vienna in 1926, and then specialized in psychiatry at the University of Vienna Neuropsychiatric Hospital. She emigrated to the United States in 1935, where she worked as a neurology instructor at the Harvard Medical School. Also in 1935, she established the Journal of Psychology. In 1938, Adler became the medical director of the Alfred Adler Clinic, named after her father. In 1946 she joined New York University College of Medicine's psychiatry department, and became a professor there in 1969. She also served as the president for the American Society of Adlerian Psychology.

Medical Studies
From 1928 to 1938, Alexandra Adler conducted an investigation of known cases of encephalitis or encephalomyelitis at the Boston City Hospital. The study included over 100 patients. Patients were only admitted if encephalitis was the sole illness of the individual. The aim of the study was to contribute knowledge for these diseases.

In 1937, Adler conducted a study along with the Harvard neurosurgeon Tracy Putnam. The study was conducted on the brain of a patient with multiple sclerosis, resulting in new information on how the disease affected the human body. Illustrations from the study are frequently used in medical literature.

In 1943, Adler studied survivors of the Cocoanut Grove nightclub fire of 1942. The study found that 50% of the survivors still experienced trauma and disturbances a year after the accident. These symptoms included changes in personality such as lack of sleep, anxiety, guilt and fears of the event. It was also found that survivors were only recognizing parts of what happened. It was theorized that this was due to the stress or a possible lesion in the brain due to carbon monoxide exposure. Adler became one of the first neurologists to create a detailed documentation of what is known as post-traumatic stress disorder.

In the 1950s and throughout the 1960s, Adler continued her father's work of Adlerian psychology for possible treatments for schizophrenia, neuroses, and personality disorders. She believed this could be done through modern drug treatment, group therapy, and the existentialist and religious psychotherapies.

title: Alexandra Adler


text:
Talk:Japanese festivals

Comment
Do Japanese celebrate Lunar (Chinese) New Year?

 * They used to, and still use the Chinese animal zodiac, but nowadays I believe they celebrate the Western (Gregorian calendar) new year. - Gwalla 20:47, 31 May 2004 (UTC)

Regarding the proposal to merge this article with Japanese calendar: This article's current stubby condition might look like that it could be merged with Japanese calendar. However, a lot can be written about Japanese festivals such as types of matsuri (mikoshi, parades, ceremonies, etc.) and the religious roots. So it shouldn't be merged. But it wouldn't be a problem to include festival dates in Japanese calendar. Photojpn.org 15:13, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I copied your comment to Talk:Japanese calendar since a discussion on this topic has already begun there. Please continue further discussion on this topic there. Thank you. --Tokek 06:21, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I am removing the notices. All 3 articles involved are part of global series and they need to be separately cateogorised. 16:57, 17 September 2005 (UTC)

Formatting and content
At the end of this article after "see also" some information about certain festivals have been added. There are no headings and it is writted more like someone's personal diary than an encyclopedia. This really needs to be fixed to include more proper information and to get rid of things like "I did..." and "I think...."

Also, I never have problems reading Japanese text in articles but for some reason the Japanese text in this one doesn't work properly.

- I deleted all the journal type stuff that somebody wrote. To that person - this is meant to be an online encyclopaedia, not your journal. If you want to write about your experience, get a blog. 211.30.236.170 21:17, 1 November 2006 (UTC)angry student

Japanese festivals and Matsuri
Japanese festivals and Matsuri is same article..This article is describing Nationwide festivals and Matsuri is describing local festivals.I suggest this article merged with Matsuri--Forestfarmer 06:25, 2 November 2006 (UTC)
 * I think Matsuri should be merged into this article, with the name Japanese festivals maintained. Matsuri is a Japanese word, most users will not recognise it instantly; however, people interested in Japanese festivals will come here. Erk 17:46, 10 November 2006 (UTC)

Japanese Festivals outside of Japan
Would it be appropriate to add a section for Japanese Festivals outside of Japan? For example, Nisei Week in Little Tokyo, Los Angeles, California. Blank Verse 08:54, 15 December 2006 (UTC)

Date conflict
In the Tanabata article, it states that the dates for Tanabata are: * 2010-08-16   * 2011-08-06    * 2012-08-24    * 2013-08-13    * 2014-08-02    * 2015-08-20    * 2016-08-09    * 2017-08-28    * 2018-08-17    * 2019-08-07    * 2020-08-25 In this article, it states the dates are July 7.

Which is correct? Svyatoslav (talk) 06:07, 5 April 2010 (UTC)

 * Read the Tanabata page more closely, because it explains this: "As a result, some festivals are held on July 7, some are held on a few days around August 7, while the others are still held on the seventh day of the seventh lunar month of the traditional Japanese lunisolar calendar, which is usually in August in the Gregorian Calendar." 2.25.134.109 (talk) 01:43, 12 February 2012 (UTC)

Chinese references in header
I find the relevance of the references to Chinese festivals and the roles of Chinatowns in festivals in the header to be odd, to say the least. I submit for their omission. Knock-kneed (talk) 11:39, 27 December 2010 (UTC)

WP:Japan Assessment Commentary
The article was rated Start-class, for lack of references and coverage. To complete coverage, there should be sections on organization, significance for community action and solidarity, significance of religious versus secular festivals, and significance or presence within the culture at large. These aspects are treated in very perfunctory descriptions, in a rush to get to listing all the various types of matsuri, which is really of secondary importance, since there is a separate list of festivals, and some festivals have their own articles. The lack of references should be apparent. Boneyard90 (talk) 17:33, 28 December 2012 (UTC)

Idea/Suggestion for a new photograph inclusion for this article
There is a beautiful photograph from Japan's terrestrial Nippon TV of Takato Joshi Park – Nagano Prefecture showing an aerial view of cherry trees in blossom that could be added to this article. It appeared on Microsoft MSNews in the Windows 8.1 Start screen In Pictures shown end of March 2015. It could be seen full screen resolution, it cannot be selected and saved however and elsewhere the image is lower resolution and printed all over with Nippon TV. Perhaps the article author may seek it from Nippon TV for this article, in Wikipedia. That is a suggestion/idea for the Talk page. This Talk edit may be deleted once author has read it - if you wish. The link for the photograph is - see by copy/paste into browser or click icon at the end of the address: https://www.google.co.uk/search?q=takato-joshi-koen+park+nagano&es_sm=93&biw=1603&bih=899&tbm=isch&imgil=drtzIU0pxIyNPM%253A%253B70F0mYEELTg25M%253Bhttp%25253A%25252F%25252Fnipponnews.photoshelter.com%25252Fimage%25252FI0000D93bh.V9x50&source=iu&pf=m&fir=drtzIU0pxIyNPM%253A%252C70F0mYEELTg25M%252C_&usg=__ox85s_5WbPzL8HESoeDYL4BYo9o%3D&ved=0CD0Qyjc&ei=1uEXVZnZK4KtUb-SgZAC#imgrc=drtzIU0pxIyNPM%253A%3B70F0mYEELTg25M%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fcdn.c.photoshelter.com%252Fimg-get%252FI0000D93bh.V9x50%252Fs%252F500%252Faflo-ECHA000123.jpg%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fnipponnews.photoshelter.com%252Fimage%252FI0000D93bh.V9x50%3B500%3B389 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.100.54.203 (talk) 11:32, 29 March 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 3 external links on Japanese festivals. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20150923215117/http://www.discoverphoenixarizona.com/phoenix-events.html to http://www.discoverphoenixarizona.com/phoenix-events.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080101124202/http://mothra.rerf.or.jp/ENG/Hiroshima/Festivals/24.html to http://mothra.rerf.or.jp/ENG/Hiroshima/Festivals/24.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090227134339/http://gojapan.about.com/cs/tohokuregion1/a/aomorinebuta.htm to http://gojapan.about.com/cs/tohokuregion1/a/aomorinebuta.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 10:37, 22 November 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Japanese festivals. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110612014351/http://www.misawa.af.mil/news/story_print.asp?id=123060239 to http://www.misawa.af.mil/news/story_print.asp?id=123060239
 * Added tag to http://www.nippon-matsuri.net/calendar/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 21:55, 6 December 2017 (UTC)

Requested move 11 April 2023

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: not moved. (closed by non-admin page mover) – Material  Works  21:34, 25 April 2023 (UTC)

Japanese festivals → Matsuri – Matsuri is a concept broader than festivals, and this is about religious festivals not secular ones, see for example the work of Hirata Atsutane. Immanuelle ❤💚💙 (talk to the cutest Wikipedian) 15:36, 11 April 2023 (UTC) — Relisting. Material  Works   (contribs)  18:26, 18 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Relisting comment: Relisting due to minimal participation. Material  Works   (contribs)  18:26, 18 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Note: WikiProject Japan has been notified of this discussion. Material  Works   (contribs)  18:27, 18 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Note: WikiProject Festivals has been notified of this discussion. Material  Works   (contribs)  18:28, 18 April 2023 (UTC)

 * This article is not in a good state, but it is not the case that all matsuri are religious (Sapporo Snow Festival is one good example) and I am not sure what is meant by the claim that "matsuri is a concept broader than festivals". Part of the question is whether "matsuri" is preferred by reliable sources in English, which has not been raised in the request, but I am inclined to oppose this move per WP:UE/WP:EN. A related question might be whether we are inappropriately translating secular festivals to titles with "festival" or inappropriately leaving religious festivals at titles including "matsuri", but this does not need to be standardized when there is established usage for each event, and it is likely that when we are using "Matsuri" in the title we are often treating the entire phrase as a proper name (e.g. Gion Matsuri). Dekimasu よ! 13:20, 19 April 2023 (UTC)
 * To add a bit more, what is the grounds for stating that "matsuri" is not simply the Japanese word for "festival"? Dekimasu よ! 13:21, 19 April 2023 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * Oppose for now since no evidence has been provided that the proposed title is used by English language sources.--65.93.193.94 (talk) 23:13, 19 April 2023 (UTC)

Sinocentric article
This article places too much attribution to a Chinese origin for Japanese festivals, whereas a lot of the attribution needs to be shared with numerous other countries from across the Asia-Pacific. Furthermore, most Japanese would never attribute their festivals to China as well. Watashinowik (talk) 05:55, 14 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Japanese festivals


text:
Talk:March 8

St Felix of Burgundy
Why is Felix of Burgundy listed as being celebrated by the Church of England? The Wiki article linked to his name does not specify this, and he appears in the Roman Martyrology and on the OCA calendar. --Richardson mcphillips (talk) 17:21, 8 March 2016 (UTC)

IWCBD
this seems to be a private industry initiative. should be deleted.--Richardson mcphillips (talk) 16:28, 3 March 2019 (UTC)

Geoffrey Studdert Kennedy
Why was Geoffrey Studdert Kennedy removed from holidays and observations? His wiki article mentions that he is on the calendar of the Church of England and of the Episcopal Church of the US. --Richardson mcphillips (talk) 17:18, 11 March 2019 (UTC)

Holi
I added a line item for Holi, and then removed it because i noticed it doesn't necessarily fall on the 8th of March during every calendar year (although it does in 2023). I'm not sure what the preferred method of presenting these holidays with "movable" dates should be when there is a difference between the timing on the lunisolar calendar versus the Gregorian calendar from year to year. If anybody believes it should be added back into the list, the entry for 2023 could be restored:
 * Holi: also known as the Festival of Colours, Festival of Spring, and Festival of Love, one of the most popular and significant festivals in Hinduism

~Teledildonix314~Talk~411~ 21:11, 8 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:March 8


text:
Figment (Disney)

Figment is the mascot of the Imagination! pavilion at the Epcot theme park at Walt Disney World Resort. He is a small purple dragon with a runaway imagination, which serves as a plot device in Journey into Imagination with Figment, the most recent edition of the pavilion, and he is featured in Epcot merchandise.

History
Figment was created by Tony Baxter, who came up with the name "Figment" after watching an episode of Magnum, P.I., in which a goat has eaten Higgins' (John Hillerman) flowers and Higgins says, "Don't tell me [the goat is] a figment of my imagination. Figments don't eat rare tropical flowers".

The Journey Into Imagination pavilion opened with the rest of EPCOT Center on October 1, 1982, but the Journey Into Imagination dark ride did not open until March 5, 1983. In the original attraction, Dreamfinder, a jolly wizard-like scientist, teaches Figment how to use his imagination. Figment’s original character design was created by Grayson Shafer in 1976. Maddie Shafer inspired him in his designs. Figment is meant to be the literal embodiment of the phrase "figment of the imagination". He is composed of various elements Dreamfinder found in his travels including two tiny wings, large yellow eyes, the horns of a steer (or dilemma, according to a 1983 appearance on the Today Show), a crocodile's snout, and the childish delight found at a birthday party. Figment is described in detail in the Dreamfinder's song "One Little Spark" (by the Sherman Brothers). Dreamfinder introduces him: "Two tiny wings, eyes big and yellow, horns of a steer, but a lovable fellow. From head to tail, he's royal purple pigment, and there, voila, you've got a Figment".

Though taking on many disguises within the attractions, including being a superhero, a cowboy, a knight, a skunk, a dancer, a mountain climber, and a pirate, Figment seems to have some special aspirations to be an astronaut, from being seen in a spacesuit in the original and current attractions to dialogue in the original stating "I wish I could be an astronaut. I bet I can use imagination to discover all kinds of new things!" Because of this, Figment is frequently portrayed in merchandising in a spacesuit, in addition to some of his other roles.

In 1999, Disney radically refurbished the Journey Into Imagination attraction as part of its Millennium Celebration at Epcot, removing Dreamfinder and Figment except for fleeting glimpses of the dragon. That version, titled Journey Into Your Imagination, was a completely new experience in which Dr. Nigel Channing (Eric Idle of Monty Python fame) led a tour of the fictional Imagination Institute. The Channing character originated in the adjacent Honey, I Shrunk the Audience 3-D movie attraction.

In the current version, Figment's creativity has a bit of a larger effect on the world around him, be it transforming a large smell emitting machine into a slot machine, turning his house upside down, actually rearranging an otherwise static eye chart, and transforming the Institute into something almost reminiscent of the original in the finale. He can also pull a pair of glasses out of thin air to put onto Dr. Channing in the introduction and quickly change into a skunk costume in the Smell Lab.

After numerous complaints about the revamped attraction, including a Disney stockholder who questioned CEO Michael Eisner about Figment's absence during the company's annual shareholders meeting, a modest 2002 refurbishment modified the 1999 version to add the dragon as a playful foil for Dr. Channing throughout the Imagination Institute tour. The new version pointedly was branded Journey Into Imagination with Figment.

In the original attraction, Figment was voiced by Billy Barty; in the version in-between, Corey Burton portrayed Figment, and in the current version, Muppeteer Dave Goelz provides the voice, because Barty had died before the second version had shut down.

Outside the attractions at Epcot, Figment appeared in several Disney-produced educational short films in the late '80s, two of which featured Peter Pan and Alice from Alice in Wonderland (each played by a live-action actor), and has a brief cameo as a painting in the Pixar films Inside Out and Toy Story 4. Additionally, Disney and Marvel published Disney Kingdoms: Figment, a five issue miniseries focused on the origins of Figment and Dreamfinder, starting in June 2014, which was followed up with a sequel Disney Kingdoms: Figment 2 in October 2015. In 2017 Figment also made an appearance in the Guardians of the Galaxy Mission: Breakout! dark ride attraction in Disney California Adventure as a collector's item in the Collector's archive.

A film centered around the character is currently in development at Disney, with Seth Rogen producing under his Point Grey Pictures banner, Dan Hernandez and Benji Samit writing the screenplay.

Figment was announced as an unlockable racer in the Disney Speedstorm arcade racing game and was introduced when the game launched in early access on April 18, 2023. He is voiced in the game by A.J. LoCascio.

Filmography

 * Would You Eat a Blue Potato? (September 1988 – 15 min)
 * What Can You See By Looking? (September 1988 – 15 min)
 * Do Dragons Dream? (September 1988 – 15 min)
 * How Does It Feel to be an Elephant? (September 1988 – 15 min)
 * How Does It Feel to Fly? (September 1988 – 14 min)
 * How Does Sound Sound? (September 1988 – 14 min)
 * Reading Magic with Figment and Peter Pan (August 1989 – 15 min)
 * Writing Magic with Figment and Alice in Wonderland (August 1989 – 15 min)
 * What's an Abra Without a Cadabra? (September 1989 – 15 min)
 * Where Does Time Fly? (September 1989 – 17 min)
 * Case of the Missing Space (September 1989 – 16 min)
 * Figment (TBA)

title: Figment (Disney)