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Yamaguchi (surname)

Yamaguchi (山口, "mountain entrance/gateway") is the 14th most common Japanese surname.

Notable people with the surname

 * Adam Yamaguchi, American television correspondent and producer
 * Akane Yamaguchi (山口 茜), Japanese badminton player
 * Akihiro Yamaguchi (山口 観弘), Japanese swimmer
 * Akira Yamaguchi (山口 晃), Japanese artist
 * Atsushi Yamaguchi (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Bidou Yamaguchi (山口 毘堂), Japanese Noh mask carver
 * Eri Yamaguchi (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Eriko Yamaguchi (山口 恵梨子), Japanese shogi player
 * Erina Yamaguchi (山口 絵里奈), Japanese gravure idol
 * Gōgen Yamaguchi (山口 剛玄), Japanese karateka
 * Gorō Yamaguchi (山口 五郎), Japanese shakuhachi musician
 * Harukichi Yamaguchi (山口 春吉), Japanese mob boss
 * Hatsuye Yamaguchi (1911-2005), Japanese-American artist and dollmaker
 * Hideko Yamaguchi, plaintiff foster mother in Sweden v. Yamaguchi, a famous international family law trial
 * Yamaguchi Hisashi (山口 久), Japanese sumo wrestler
 * Hitomi Yamaguchi (山口 瞳), Japanese novelist and essayist
 * Hōshun Yamaguchi (山口 蓬春), Japanese painter
 * Hotaru Yamaguchi (山口 蛍), Japanese footballer
 * Ichiro Yamaguchi (山口 一郎), Japanese musician
 * Izumi Yamaguchi (山口 いづみ), Japanese actress
 * Jun Yamaguchi (山口 淳), Japanese composer
 * Junya Yamaguchi, Japanese musician
 * Kaori Yamaguchi (山口 香), Japanese judoka
 * Kappei Yamaguchi (山口 勝平), Japanese actor and voice actor
 * Kayo Yamaguchi (山口 華楊), Japanese painter
 * Kazuhiko Yamaguchi (山口 和彦), Japanese film director
 * Kazuki Yamaguchi (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Kazuma Yamaguchi (山口 一真), Japanese footballer
 * Kazuo Yamaguchi (山口 一男), Japanese sociologist
 * Kei Yamaguchi (山口 慶), Japanese footballer
 * Keiji Yamaguchi (山口 圭司), Japanese boxer
 * Ken Yamaguchi (山口 健), Japanese voice actor
 * Koichi Yamaguchi (山口 弘一), Japanese bicycle framebuilder
 * Kosei Yamaguchi (山口 浩勢), Japanese long-distance runner
 * Kristi Yamaguchi (born 1971), American figure skater
 * Mai Yamaguchi (山口 舞), Japanese volleyball player
 * Makoto Yamaguchi (山口 真), Japanese origami artist
 * Mami Yamaguchi (山口 麻美), Japanese women's footballer
 * Mamoru Yamaguchi (山口 マモル), Japanese mixed martial artist
 * Marie Yamaguchi (山口 真理恵), Japanese rugby sevens player
 * Masa Yamaguchi (born 1974), Australian actor
 * Masakatsu Yamaguchi, plaintiff foster father in Sweden v. Yamaguchi, a famous international family law trial
 * Masakazu Yamaguchi (山口 譲司), Japanese manga artist
 * Masao Yamaguchi (山口 昌男), Japanese anthropologist
 * Masaya Yamaguchi (born 1970), American jazz guitarist and music writer
 * Masayoshi Yamaguchi (山口 正義), Japanese scientist
 * Masuka Yamaguchi (山口 尚芳), Japanese government official
 * Mayumi Yamaguchi (山口 眞弓), Japanese voice actress
 * Megumi Yamaguchi (山口 愛), Japanese voice actress
 * Mei Yamaguchi (山口 芽生), Japanese mixed martial artist and kickboxer
 * Michael Yamaguchi, American lawyer
 * Misaki Yamaguchi (山口 美咲), Japanese swimmer
 * Miyako Yamaguchi (山口 美也子), Japanese actress
 * Moe Yamaguchi (山口 もえ), Japanese television personality
 * Momoe Yamaguchi (山口 百恵), Japanese singer, actress and idol
 * Motohiro Yamaguchi (山口 素弘), Japanese footballer and manager
 * Nana Yamaguchi (山口 奈々), Japanese voice actress
 * Naohide Yamaguchi (山口 尚秀), Japanese Paralympic swimmer
 * Noboru Yamaguchi (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Natsuo Yamaguchi (山口 那津男), Japanese politician
 * Otoya Yamaguchi (山口 二矢), Japanese ultranationalist best known for his assassination of Inejiro Asanuma
 * Renshi Yamaguchi (山口 廉史), Japanese footballer
 * Rie Yamaguchi (山口 理恵), Japanese voice actress
 * Rikako Yamaguchi (山口 立花子), Japanese voice actress
 * Roy Yamaguchi, Japanese-American chef
 * Ryōta Yamaguchi (山口 亮太), Japanese anime screenwriter
 * Satoshi Yamaguchi (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Satyu Yamaguti (山口 左仲), Japanese parasitologist
 * Sayaka Yamaguchi (山口 紗弥加), Japanese actress
 * Sayoko Yamaguchi (山口 小夜子), Japanese model and actress
 * Sayuri Yamaguchi (山口 小百合), Japanese women's footballer
 * Seigo Yamaguchi (山口 清吾), Japanese aikidoka
 * Seiya Yamaguchi (山口 聖矢), Japanese footballer
 * Yamaguchi Sekkei (山口 雪渓), Japanese artist
 * Senji Yamaguchi (山口 仙二), Japanese anti–nuclear weapons activist
 * Shinji Yamaguchi (山口 真司), Japanese footballer
 * Shogo Yamaguchi (山口 翔悟), Japanese actor
 * Shun Yamaguchi (山口 俊), Japanese baseball player
 * Shunichi Yamaguchi (山口 俊一), Japanese politician
 * Yamaguchi Soken (山口 素絢), Japanese painter
 * Susumu Yamaguchi (山口 益), Japanese Buddhist scholar
 * Yamaguchi Tadasada (山口 正定), Imperial Japanese Navy officer
 * Taimei Yamaguchi (山口 泰明), Japanese politician
 * Takahiro Yamaguchi (山口 貴弘), Japanese footballer
 * Takashi Yamaguchi (山口 隆), Japanese architect
 * Takashi Yamaguchi (actor) (山口 崇), Japanese actor
 * Takayuki Yamaguchi (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Takeo Yamaguchi (山口 長男), Japanese painter
 * Takeshi Yamaguchi (山口 武士), Japanese footballer
 * Tamon Yamaguchi (山口 多聞), Imperial Japanese Navy admiral
 * Taro Yamaguchi (山口 太郎), Japanese voice actor
 * Tatsuya Yamaguchi (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Tazuo Yamaguchi, American poet and filmmaker
 * Tetsuharu Yamaguchi (山口 哲治), Japanese footballer
 * Tetsumasa Yamaguchi (山口 徹正), Japanese sprint canoeist
 * Tetsuya Yamaguchi (山口 鉄也), Japanese baseball player
 * Toichi Yamaguchi (山口 東一), Japanese middle-distance runner
 * Tomoko Yamaguchi (山口 智子), Japanese actress and voice actress
 * Tomomi Yamaguchi, Japanese anthropologist
 * Tomomitsu Yamaguchi (山口 智充), Japanese comedian, actor and voice actor
 * Toshihiro Yamaguchi (山口 敏弘), Japanese footballer
 * Toshio Yamaguchi (山口 敏夫), Japanese politician
 * Tsubasa Yamaguchi (山口つばさ), Japanese manga artist
 * Tsutomu Yamaguchi (山口 彊), Japanese national who survived both the Hiroshima and Nagasaki atomic bombings during the Second World War
 * Tsuyoshi Yamaguchi (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Wally Yamaguchi (1959–1958), also known as Yamaguchi-san, Japanese professional wrestling manager and sports journalist
 * Yasushi Yamaguchi (山口 恭史), Japanese video game artist and designer
 * Yoko Yamaguchi (山口 洋子), Japanese lyricist and writer
 * Yorifusa Yamaguchi (山口 頼房), Japanese film director
 * Yoshiharu Yamaguchi (山口 良治), Japanese rugby union player
 * Yoshiko Yamaguchi (山口 淑子), Chinese-born Japanese actress and singer
 * Yoshinori Yamaguchi (山口 祥義), Japanese politician
 * Yoshitada Yamaguchi (山口 芳忠), Japanese footballer and manager
 * Yūdai Yamaguchi (山口 雄大), Japanese film director
 * Yuki Yamaguchi (山口 有希), Japanese sprinter
 * Yuko Yamaguchi (山口 裕子), Japanese character designer and illustrator
 * Yūji Yamaguchi (山口 祐司), Japanese animator
 * Yuriko Yamaguchi (voice actress) (山口 由里子), Japanese voice actress
 * Yuriko Yamaguchi (sculptor) (born 1948), Japanese-American sculptor
 * Yutaka Yamaguchi (山口 泰), Japanese businessman and economist
 * Zuiho Yamaguchi (山口 瑞鳳), Japanese Buddhist scholar and Tibetologist

Fictional characters

 * Yamaguchi-sensei (山口先生), a character in the manga series Hajime no Ippo
 * Kisaragi Yamaguchi (山口 如月), a character in the manga series GA Geijutsuka Art Design Class
 * Kumiko "Yankumi" Yamaguchi (山口 久美子), a character in the manga series Gokusen
 * Tadashi Yamaguchi (山口 忠), a character in the manga series Haikyu!!

title: Yamaguchi (surname)


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Battle of Tirad Pass

The Battle of Tirad Pass (Batalla de Paso Tirad; ; Gubat ti Paso), sometimes referred to as the "Philippine Thermopylae", took place during the Philippine–American War on December 2, 1899, in northern Luzon in the Philippines. A 60-man Filipino rear guard commanded by Brigadier General Gregorio del Pilar succumbed to more than 500 Americans, mostly of the 33rd Volunteer Infantry Regiment under Major Peyton C. March, while delaying the American advance to ensure that President Emilio Aguinaldo and his troops escaped.

Background

The retreat of Aguinaldo from Bayambang, through the mountainous terrain began on November 13, 1899, after he had disbanded the regular Filipino army into guerrilla units. On November 23, Aguinaldo's party reached the pass, which provided a strategic bottleneck. It was to be protected by a rear guard under General Gregorio del Pilar, who noticed the advantageous terrain of Tirad Pass (Pasong Tirad as it was locally called), and hunkered down to defend it while Aguinaldo escaped through the mountains. The hand-picked force of Filipinos, which was the remaining contingent of the late Antonio Luna's army, constructed several sets of trenches and stone barricades on both shoulders of the pass, as well as on top of its 4,500 ft height. Meanwhile, during early November, Major March had been given the task of pursuing Aguinaldo. By November 30, March and his men, in haste to catch the Philippine president, marched through Candon, Santo Tomas, La Union and Salcedo, Ilocos Sur. He and his men found out that Aguinaldo had passed through Salcedo five days previously, and that fueled the Americans' march to Concepcion (now named Gregorio del Pilar), a town overlooked by the steep pass, which they reached by December 1. March had no clear idea of the size of Aguinaldo's rear guard, but he had calculated it to be no more than 150 men.

Battle
On the morning of December 2, the Americans advanced up the trail but were met with a steady volley of fire, enabling them to climb to only around 300 feet. The Americans abandoned the idea of a frontal assault and took cover in the zigzag trail. Texan sharpshooters positioned themselves on a hill overlooking the trenches, whittling down the Philippine rear guard with measured volleys. Nevertheless, the Filipinos continued to hold their ground, utilizing focused volley fire that repelled other advances by the Americans. Therefore, March sent elements of their force with an Igorot villager named Januario Galut to determine the Filipino positions and outflank the defenders. While the flanking movement was still in progress, three American soldiers rushed to the battlefield but found themselves receiving Filipino fire. Two died, being the only Americans killed in the encounter, while the third was badly wounded.

More than five hours after the battle began, the Americans began to feel the scorching heat of the midday sun and decided to rest for a while amidst the rocks. Later that day, the search party had succeeded in their task, and the Americans fell upon the rear of the outnumbered defenders, defeating them. Over the course of the battle, 52 of the 60 Filipinos were killed. Among the dead was General del Pilar, shot through the neck at the height or end of the struggle (depending upon which eye-witness account is to be believed ).

Aftermath
The Americans lost three dead and nine wounded, most of which resulted from the repelled frontal assault. Despite nearly total annihilation, however, the Filipinos under Del Pilar held off the Americans long enough for Aguinaldo to escape. Among the 60 Filipino soldiers, only eight survived, namely Col. Vicente Enriquez, Capt. Juan H. Del Pilar, Lt. Telesforo Pérez Carrasco, Lt. José Enriquez, "Juanchito" Del Pilar, Emilio Garcia, Iñigo De Jesus, and one unnamed officer. Upon receiving word of the battle outcome from Lt. José Enriquez (Col. Vicente Enriquez's younger brother) and "Juanchito" Del Pilar (Gen. Gregorio Del Pilar's cousin) in nearby Cervantes, Ilocos Sur, Aguinaldo and his party resumed their retreat into the mountains of what was then Bontoc province, pursued by March and his men. March broke off the pursuit on March 7. On September 6, 1900, Aguinaldo reached Palanan, Isabela, where he would continue to lead the guerrilla campaign he had begun on November 13, 1899. He was captured there on March 23, 1901, by men of General Frederick Funston.

According to Filipino writer and historian Nick Joaquin however, the main objective of the Americans was not to pursue Aguinaldo but to keep him away from linking up with the elite Tinio Brigade, which was under the command of Manuel Tinio. In his critical book of essays "A Question of Heroes" he notes that Tirad Pass was an "exercise in futility" in that it only allowed Aguinaldo to "run to nowhere".

Del Pilar's diary was recovered among the possessions looted by the victorious Americans, who had stripped him bare of his military decorations, his uniform and his personal belongings, leaving him, as the eyewitness, correspondent Richard Henry Little wrote, "We carved not a line and we raised not a stone, But we left him alone with his glory". The exact wording of its poignant final entry, written on the night of December 1, differs somewhat between sources quoting it. Two versions are:

"The General has given me the pick of all the men that can be spared and ordered me to defend the Pass. I realize what a terrible task has been given me. And yet I feel that this is the most glorious moment of my life. What I do is done for my beloved country. No sacrifice can be too great."

"The General has given me a Platoon of available men and has ordered me to defend this Pass. I am aware what a difficult task has been given me. Nevertheless, I feel that this is the most glorious moment of my life. I am doing everything for my beloved country. There is no greater sacrifice."

Del Pilar's corpse lay unburied for three days. American officer Dennis Quinlan, with a group of Igorots, later buried his body and left a plaque, "Gen. Gregorio del Pilar, Died December 2, 1899, Commanding Aguinaldo's Rear Guard, An Officer and a Gentleman."

Memorials
In honor of Del Pilar's heroism, the Philippine Military Academy was named Fort Del Pilar and a historical marker placed at the site of the battle.

The Battle of Tirad Pass and the death of Del Pilar was also commemorated during World War II when the Japanese-backed government of President José P. Laurel sought to re-kindle anti-American sentiment by reviving memories of the Philippine–American War with the creation of the Tirad Pass Medal. The design of the obverse (front) of the medal included a bust of Del Pilar and a view of Tirad Pass. The design of the reverse (back) includes the date 1944. The Tirad Pass Medal was the only military medal or decoration issued by the Laurel government during the Japanese occupation.

In 1955, the town where the battle happened, Concepcion, was renamed Gregorio del Pilar, Ilocos Sur.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Battle of Tirad Pass


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Zeiformes

The Zeiformes are a small order of exclusively marine ray-finned fishes most notable for the dories, a group of common food fish. The order consists of about 33 species in six extant families, mostly deep-sea types. The boarfishes (Caproidae) have been previously included in this order though they are currently included in the Perciformes.

Zeiform bodies are usually thin and deep. Mouths are large, with distensible jaws, and there is no orbitosphenoid. Pelvic fins have 5–10 soft rays and possibly a spine, 5–10 dorsal fin spines and up to 4 anal fin spines. They range in size from the dwarf dory (Macrurocyttus acanthopodus), at 43 mm in length, to the Cape dory (Zeus capensis), which measures up to 90 cm.

The earliest known member of the order is Cretazeus from the Late Cretaceous (late Campanian or early Maastrichtian) of Nardò, Italy. Uniquely, despite its age, Cretazeus is thought to be a derived crown-group zeiform closely related to the Parazenidae (in contrast, the two most basal zeiform families are known from later, during the early Paleogene). This suggests that at least six lineages of zeiforms were present during the Late Cretaceous and survived the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction, despite this not being preserved in the fossil record. Aside from Cretazeus, an earlier record of the zeiforms is an indeterminate fossil otolith ("genus Zeiformomum" tyleri) from the Santonian of Spain, but its specific affinities remain uncertain. A potentially older genus, Palaeocyttus of Portugal, is known only from a poorly-preserved specimen and may not be a zeiform.

Families

 * Family Cyttidae (lookdown dories)
 * Family Grammicolepididae (tinselfishes)
 * Family Oreosomatidae (oreos)
 * Family Parazenidae (parazens)
 * Family Zeidae (dories)
 * Family Zenionidae (zeniontids) (formerly known as Macrurocyttidae)
 * Family †Archaeozeidae (extinct, Archaeozeus skamolensis)
 * Family †Bajaichthyidae (extinct, Bajaichthys elegans)
 * Family †Cretazeidae (extinct, Cretazeus rinaldii; alternatively a member of Parazenidae)
 * Family †Protozeidae (extinct, Protozeus kuehnei)
 * Family †Sorbinipercidae (extinct)

title: Zeiformes


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Shimane (disambiguation)

Shimane usually refers to Shimane Prefecture, a prefecture of Japan located in the Chūgoku of Honshu. Shimane may also refer to:

 * Shimane at-large district, a constituency that represents Shimane Prefecture in the House of Councillors in the Diet of Japan
 * Shimane, Shimane, a town located in Yatsuka District, Shimane Prefecture, Japan
 * Shimane University, a national university in Japan

title: Shimane (disambiguation)


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Hamada

A hamada (حمادة, ḥammāda) is a type of desert landscape consisting of high, largely barren, hard rocky plateaus, where most of the sand has been removed by deflation. The majority of the Sahara is in fact hamada. Other examples are Negev desert in Israel and the Tinrhert plateau in Algeria.

Formation
Hamadas are produced by the wind removing the fine products of weathering: an aeolian process known as deflation. The finer-grained products are taken away in suspension, while the sand is removed through saltation and surface creep, leaving behind a landscape of gravel, boulders and bare rock.

Related landforms
Hamada is related to desert pavement (known variously as reg, serir, gibber or saï), which occurs as stony plains or depressions covered with gravels or boulders, rather than as highland plateaus.

Hamadas exist in contrast to ergs, which are large areas of shifting sand dunes.

title: Hamada


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Nakajima Ki-201

The Nakajima Ki-201 Karyū (中島 キ201 火龍) was a Japanese jet fighter aircraft-attack aircraft project designed during the final stages of World War II but which was never completed.

Development
The Nakajima Kikka had been inspired by the successful German Messerschmitt Me 262, but the similarities to that aircraft were limited to the general configuration. On the other hand, the design team led by Iwao Shibuya based the Karyū far more closely on the German aircraft, which had already proven itself quite formidable.

The Ki-201 project was ordered by the Imperial Japanese Army between October and December 1944, with the Army laying out a performance requirement of an 800 - 1,000 km/h top speed, 12,000 m practical ceiling, and 800 - 1,000 km range. The design was advanced by Nakajima during 1945 and the basic drawings were completed in June.

Nakajima anticipated the completion of the first Karyū by December 1945, and the first 18 units by March 1946. Most sources agree that work on the first prototype had not yet begun by the time of the Japanese surrender.

title: Nakajima Ki-201


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Hirata

Hirata may refer to:

Places

 * Hirata, Fukushima, former village in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan
 * Hirata, Gifu, former town in Gifu Prefecture, Japan
 * Hirata, Shimane, former city in Shimane Prefecture, Japan
 * Hirata, Yamagata, former town in Yamagata Prefecture, Japan

Other uses

 * Hirata (surname)
 * Hirata Station (disambiguation), multiple train stations in Japan

title: Hirata


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Talk:Central Valley Project Water Association

Other information, some possibly irrelevent: (a lot of this gathered from phone interview with CVPWA people)
 * 1) they don't believe south california should get fixed amount of water if there's a shortage in north california
 * 2) something about looking at SITES, a dam project near "west-side of valley"
 * 3) another possible reservoir project above friant dam
 * 4) CVP water users apply to become CVPWA member
 * 5) SWRCB announced bills in Sept/Oct 2004, sent them Jan 21 2003
 * 6) Robert Stackhouse told me it was founded "about 25 years ago" (no exact date), so late 1970s is my guess.
 * 7) they file taxes and other things a business would do
 * 8) most CVPWA members statisfied with amount and quality of water recieved from CVP.
 * 9) federal and state projects should pay for reservoirs
 * 10) reservoirs should be built not just for farmers but for all because of the rising population of california
 * 11) dams in battle creek were small hydroelectric dams, PG&E has been supportive of removing them

Ivan 04:58, Feb 20, 2004 (UTC)

I'm going to/someone should make a Central Valley Project stub linked from the Central Valley. The CVP stub will link to this page.

Ivan 06:07, Feb 20, 2004 (UTC)

Stubly CVP done. Ivan 19:04, Feb 22, 2004 (UTC)

The CVPWA article was written so long ago that the current information is likely irrelevant or incorrect. Ivan (talk) 00:33, 27 August 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
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Macau Jockey Club

The Macau Jockey Club (MJC;, Portuguese: Jockey Clube de Macau) was an organization providing horse racing and betting entertainment in Macau, China. At its peak, the Club was one of the largest private employers of Macau with around 1,400 employees and around 1,100 part-timers.

The Macau Jockey Club ceased operation on April 1, 2024, with the final meeting held at Taipa Racecourse two days earlier on March 30, 2024.

History
The club began as the Macau Trotting Club in 1980 in an attempt to introduce harness racing in Asia, but it was not a popular sporting event and gave way to the formation of the current thoroughbred racing club in 1989.

The Macau Jockey Club ceased operation on April 1, 2024, with the final meeting held at Taipa Racecourse two days earlier on March 30, 2024. Plummeting wagering turnover and a substantial reduction in the horse population meant that the Club was no longer economically viable. The Macau Jockey Club halted its operations six months before its close partner, the Singapore Turf Club, was also due to close its doors.

Taipa Racecourse
The Macau Jockey Club has one track on Taipa converted from the old trotting track. The old track is now the 1400 m inner sand track and the 1600 m newer outer track is turf. The track has a grandstand seating area for 15000 spectators and Race Complex for 3000.

The main stables at the MJC can house 1183 horses, 60 at a quarantine stable and 28 at spelling stables. The track has an equine hospital to handle minor care to surgery.

title: Macau Jockey Club


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Sublimation (psychology)

In psychology, sublimation is a mature type of defense mechanism, in which socially unacceptable impulses or idealizations are transformed into socially acceptable actions or behavior, possibly resulting in a long-term conversion of the initial impulse. Sigmund Freud believed that sublimation was a sign of maturity and civilization, allowing people to function normally in culturally acceptable ways. He defined sublimation as the process of deflecting sexual instincts into acts of higher social valuation, being "an especially conspicuous feature of cultural development; it is what makes it possible for higher psychical activities, scientific, artistic or ideological, to play such an 'important' part in civilized life." Wade and Travis present a similar view, stating that sublimation occurs when displacement "serves a higher cultural or socially useful purpose, as in the creation of art or inventions."

Nietzsche
In the opening section of Human, All Too Human entitled "Of first and last things", Nietzsche wrote:

There is, strictly speaking, neither unselfish conduct, nor a wholly disinterested point of view. Both are simply sublimations in which the basic element seems almost evaporated and betrays its presence only to the keenest observation. All that we need and that could possibly be given us in the present state of development of the sciences, is a chemistry of the moral, religious, aesthetic conceptions and feeling, as well as of those emotions which we experience in the affairs, great and small, of society and civilization, and which we are sensible of even in solitude. But what if this chemistry established the fact that, even in its domain, the most magnificent results were attained with the basest and most despised ingredients? Would many feel disposed to continue such investigations? Mankind loves to put by the questions of its origin and beginning: must one not be almost inhuman in order to follow the opposite course?

Freud and psychoanalytic theory
In Freud's psychoanalytical theory, erotic energy is allowed a limited amount of expression, owing to the constraints of human society and civilization itself. It therefore requires other outlets, especially if an individual is to remain psychologically balanced. The ego must act as a mediator between the moral norms of the super-ego, the realistic expectations of reality, and the drives and impulses of the id. One method by which the ego lessens the stress that unacceptably strong urges or emotions can cause is through sublimation.

Sublimation (Sublimierung) is the process of transforming libido into "socially useful" achievements, including artistic, cultural, and intellectual pursuits. Freud considered this psychical operation to be fairly salutary compared to the others that he identified, such as repression, displacement, denial, reaction formation, intellectualisation, and projection. In The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defence (1936), his daughter, Anna, classed sublimation as one of the major 'defence mechanisms' of the psyche.

Freud got the idea of sublimation while reading The Harz Journey by Heinrich Heine. The story is about Johann Friedrich Dieffenbach who cut off the tails of dogs he encountered in childhood and later became a surgeon. Freud concluded that sublimation could be a conflict between the need for satisfaction and the need for security without perturbation of awareness. In an action performed many times throughout one's life, which firstly appears sadistic, thought is ultimately refined into an activity which is of benefit to mankind.

Sexual sublimation
Sexual sublimation was according to Freud a deflection of sexual instincts into non-sexual activity, based upon a principle akin to the conservation of energy in physics. There is a finite amount of activity, and it is converted, in a mechanistic fashion like a mechanical engine, from sexual activity to non-sexual. One such example is the case of Wolf Man, a case in which a young boy's sexual attraction to his father was redirected toward Christianity and eventually led the boy to obsessional neurosis in the form of uncontrollable sacrilegious reverence. Freud travelled to Clark University to speak about instances of sexual sublimation, but he was not wholly convinced of his own theories. 20th century psychological thought by the likes of Melanie Klein has largely relegated the idea and replaced it with subtler ideas. One such idea is that the sexual desires are not made totally non-sexual, but rather transformed into a more appropriate desire.

Although superficially valid, with anecdotal examples from non-psychologists of civilizations at large and specific great achievers repressing sexual urges (e.g. Renoir "painting with his cock", Wayland Young stating that "love's loss is empire's gain", Lawrence Stone's view that Western civilization has achieved so much because of sublimation, and the claims by biographers of many people from Higgins on Rider Haggard to Sinclair on George Grey), it is ill-defined and comes with the caveats that it rarely happens in practice, that many things attributed to it are actually the results of something else, and that it is most definitely not some quasi-physical transfer of some sort of "sexual energy" in the modern psychoanalytical view but rather an internal thought process.

Jung
C. G. Jung argued that Freud's opinion: "...can only be based on the totally erroneous supposition that the unconscious is a monster. It is a view that springs from fear of nature and the realities of life. Freud invented the idea of sublimation to save us from the imaginary claws of the unconscious. But what is real, what actually exists, cannot be alchemically sublimated, and if anything is apparently sublimated it never was what a false interpretation took it to be."

In the same article, Jung went on to suggest that unconscious processes became dangerous only to the extent that people repress them. The more people come to assimilate and recognize the unconscious, the less of a danger it becomes. In this view sublimation requires not repression of drives through will, but acknowledgement of the creativity of unconscious processes and a learning of how to work with them.

This differs fundamentally from Freud's view of the concept. For Freud, sublimation helped explain the plasticity of the sexual instincts (and their convertibility to non-sexual ends) - see libido. The concept also underpinned Freud's psychoanalytical theories, which showed the human psyche at the mercy of conflicting impulses (such as the super-ego and the id). In his private letters, Jung criticized Freud for obscuring the alchemical origins of sublimation and for attempting instead to make the concept appear scientifically credible: "Sublimation is part of the royal art where the true gold is made. Of this Freud knows nothing; worse still, he barricades all the paths that could lead to true sublimation. This is just about the opposite of what Freud understands by sublimation. It is not a voluntary and forcible channeling of instinct into a spurious field of application, but an alchymical transformation for which fire and prima materia are needed. Sublimation is a great mystery. Freud has appropriated this concept and usurped it for the sphere of the will and the bourgeois, rationalistic ethos."

Das Ding
The French psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan's exposition of sublimation is framed within a discussion about the relationship of psychoanalysis and ethics within the seventh book of his seminars. Lacanian sublimation is defined with reference to the concept Das Ding (later in his career Lacan termed this objet petit a); Das Ding is German for "the thing" though Lacan conceives it as an abstract notion and one of the defining characteristics of the human condition. Broadly speaking it is the vacuum one experiences as a human being and which one endeavours to fill with differing human relationships, objects and experiences, all of which are used to plug a gap in one's psychical needs. Unfortunately, all attempts to overcome the vacuity of Das Ding are insufficient in wholly satisfying the individual. For this reason, Lacan also considers Das Ding to be a non-Thing or vacuole.

Lacan considers Das Ding a lost object ever in the process of being recuperated by Man. Temporarily the individual will be duped by his or her own psyche into believing that this object, this person or this circumstance can be relied upon to satisfy his needs in a stable and enduring manner when in fact it is in its nature that the object as such is lost—and will never be found again. Something is there while one waits for something better, or worse, but which one wants, and again Das Ding "is to be found at most as something missed. One doesn't find it, but only its pleasurable associations." Human life unravels as a series of detours in the quest for the lost object or the absolute Other of the individual: "The pleasure principle governs the search for the object and imposes detours which maintain the distance to Das Ding in relation to its end."

Lacanian sublimation
Lacanian sublimation centres to a large part on the notion of Das Ding. His general formula for sublimation is that "it raises an object ... to the dignity of The Thing." Lacan considers these objects (whether human, aesthetic, credal, or philosophical) to be signifiers which are representative of Das Ding and that "the function of the pleasure principle is, in effect, to lead the subject from signifier to signifier, by generating as many signifiers as are required to maintain at as low a level as possible the tension that regulates the whole functioning of the psychic apparatus." Furthermore, man is the "artisan of his support system", in other words, he creates or finds the signifiers which delude him into believing he has overcome the emptiness of Das Ding.

Lacan also considers sublimation to be a process of creation ex nihilo (creating out of nothing), whereby an object, human or manufactured, comes to be defined in relation to the emptiness of Das Ding. Lacan's prime example of this is the courtly love of the troubadours and Minnesänger who dedicated their poetic verse to a love-object which was not only unreachable (and therefore experienced as something missing) but whose existence and desirability also centered around a hole (the vagina). For Lacan such courtly love was "a paradigm of sublimation." He affirms that the word 'troubadour' is etymologically linked to the Provençal verb trobar (like the French trouver), "to find". If we consider again the definition of Das Ding, it is dependent precisely on the expectation of the subject to re-find the lost object in the mistaken belief that it will continue to satisfy him (or her).

Lacan maintains that creation ex nihilo operates in other noteworthy fields as well. In pottery for example vases are created around an empty space. They are primitive and even primordial artifacts which have benefited mankind not only in the capacity of utensils but also as metaphors of (cosmic) creation ex nihilo. Lacan cites Heidegger who situates the vase between the earthly (raising clay from the ground) and the ethereal (pointing upwards to receive). In architecture, Lacan asserts, buildings are designed around an empty space and in art paintings proceed from an empty canvas, and often depict empty spaces through perspective.

In myth, Pan pursues the nymph Syrinx who is transformed into hollow reeds in order to avoid the clutches of the god, who subsequently cuts the reeds down in anger and transforms them into what we today call panpipes (both reeds and panpipes rely on their hollowness for the production of sound).

Lacan briefly remarks that religion and science are also based around emptiness. In regard to religion, Lacan refers the reader to Freud, stating that much obsessional religious behavior can be attributed to the avoidance of the primordial emptiness of Das Ding or in the respecting of it. As for the discourse of science this is based on the notion of Verwerfung (the German word for "dismissal") which results in the dismissing, foreclosing or exclusion of the notion of Das Ding presumably because it defies empirical categorisation.

Empirical research
A study by Kim, Zeppenfeld, and Cohen studied sublimation by empirical methods. These investigators view their research, published 2013 in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, as providing "possibly the first experimental evidence for sublimation and [suggesting] a cultural psychological approach to defense mechanisms."

Religious and spiritual views
As espoused in the Tanya, Hasidic Jewish mysticism views sublimation of the animal soul as an essential task in life, wherein the goal is to transform animalistic and earthy cravings for physical pleasure into holy desires to connect with God.

Different schools of thought describe general sexual urges as carriers of spiritual essence, and have the varied names of vital energy, vital winds (prana), spiritual energy, ojas, shakti, tummo, or kundalini.

In fiction

 * One of the best-known examples in Western literature is in Thomas Mann's novella, Death in Venice, where the protagonist Gustav von Aschenbach, a famous writer, sublimates his desire for an adolescent boy into writing poetry.
 * In The Diamond Age by Neal Stephenson, sublimation is presented as the source of the Neo-Victorians' dominance: "...it was precisely their emotional repression that made the Victorians the richest and most powerful people in the world. Their ability to submerge their feelings, far from pathological, was rather a kind of mystical art that gave them nearly magical power over Nature and over the more intuitive tribes. Such was also the strength of the Nipponese."

title: Sublimation (psychology)


text:
Portico

A portico is a porch leading to the entrance of a building, or extended as a colonnade, with a roof structure over a walkway, supported by columns or enclosed by walls. This idea was widely used in ancient Greece and has influenced many cultures, including most Western cultures.

Porticos are sometimes topped with pediments. Palladio was a pioneer of using temple-fronts for secular buildings. In the UK, the temple-front applied to The Vyne, Hampshire, was the first portico applied to an English country house.

A pronaos ( or ) is the inner area of the portico of a Greek or Roman temple, situated between the portico's colonnade or walls and the entrance to the cella, or shrine. Roman temples commonly had an open pronaos, usually with only columns and no walls, and the pronaos could be as long as the cella. The word pronaos is Greek for "before a temple". In Latin, a pronaos is also referred to as an anticum or prodomus. The pronaos of a Greek and Roman temple is typically topped with a pediment.

Types
The different variants of porticos are named by the number of columns they have. The "style" suffix comes from the Greek, "column". In Greek and Roman architecture, the pronaos of a temple is typically topped with a pediment.

Tetrastyle

The tetrastyle has four columns; it was commonly employed by the Greeks and the Etruscans for small structures such as public buildings and amphiprostyles.

The Romans favoured the four columned portico for their pseudoperipteral temples like the Temple of Portunus, and for amphiprostyle temples such as the Temple of Venus and Roma, and for the prostyle entrance porticos of large public buildings like the Basilica of Maxentius and Constantine. Roman provincial capitals also manifested tetrastyle construction, such as the Capitoline Temple in Volubilis.

The North Portico of the White House is perhaps the most notable four-columned portico in the United States.

Hexastyle
Hexastyle buildings had six columns and were the standard façade in canonical Greek Doric architecture between the archaic period 600–550 BCE up to the Age of Pericles 450–430 BCE.

Greek hexastyle

Some well-known examples of classical Doric hexastyle Greek temples:

 * The group at Paestum comprising the Temple of Hera (c. 550 BCE), the Temple of Apollo (c. 450 BCE), the first Temple of Athena ("Basilica") (c. 500 BCE) and the second Temple of Hera (460–440 BCE)
 * The Temple of Aphaea at Aegina c. 495 BCE
 * Temple E at Selinus (465–450 BCE) dedicated to Hera
 * The Temple of Zeus at Olympia, now a ruin
 * Temple F or the so-called "Temple of Concordia" at Agrigentum (c. 430 BCE), one of the best-preserved classical Greek temples, retaining almost all of its peristyle and entablature
 * The "unfinished temple" at Segesta (c. 430 BCE)
 * The Temple of Hephaestus below the Acropolis at Athens, long known as the "Theseum" (449–444 BCE), also one of the most intact Greek temples surviving from antiquity
 * The Temple of Poseidon on Cape Sunium (c. 449 BCE)

Hexastyle was also applied to Ionic temples, such as the prostyle porch of the sanctuary of Athena on the Erechtheum, at the Acropolis of Athens.

Roman hexastyle
With the colonization by the Greeks of Southern Italy, hexastyle was adopted by the Etruscans and subsequently acquired by the ancient Romans. Roman taste favoured narrow pseudoperipteral and amphiprostyle buildings with tall columns, raised on podiums for the added pomp and grandeur conferred by considerable height. The Maison Carrée at Nîmes, France, is the best-preserved Roman hexastyle temple surviving from antiquity.

Octastyle

Octastyle buildings had eight columns; they were considerably rarer than the hexastyle ones in the classical Greek architectural canon. The best-known octastyle buildings surviving from antiquity are the Parthenon in Athens, built during the Age of Pericles (450–430 BCE), and the Pantheon in Rome (125 CE). The destroyed Temple of Divus Augustus in Rome, the centre of the Augustan cult, is shown on Roman coins of the 2nd century CE as having been built in octastyle.

Decastyle
The decastyle has ten columns; as in the temple of Apollo Didymaeus at Miletus, and the portico of University College London.

The only known Roman decastyle portico is on the Temple of Venus and Roma, built by Hadrian in about 130 CE.

title: Portico


text:
CSS Georgia

Several ships of the Confederate States Navy have borne the name CSS Georgia, after Georgia:

 * CSS Georgia, a screw steamer acquired in 1863, and captured by the Union Navy in 1864
 * CSS Georgia, an ironclad warship built in 1862 and decommissioned in 1864

title: CSS Georgia


text:
Yasugi, Shimane

Yasugi (安来市) is a city located in Shimane Prefecture, Japan. , the city had an estimated population of 35,965 in 14257 households and a population density of 85 persons per km2. The total area of the city is 420.93 sqkm.

Geography
Yasugi is located in far eastern Shimane, bordered by the Nakaumi to the north, the Chugoku Mountains to the south and Tottori Prefecture to the east.

Neighboring municipalities
Shimane Prefecture Tottori Prefecture
 * Matsue
 * Unnan
 * Okuizumo
 * Yonago
 * Nanbu
 * Nichinan

Climate
The city has a climate characterized by hot and humid summers, and relatively mild winters (Köppen climate classification Cfa). The average annual temperature in Yasugi is 14.9 °C. The average annual rainfall is 1828 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 26.2 °C, and lowest in January, at around 4.6 °C.

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Yasugi has been declining over the past 40 years.

History
The area of Yasugi was the center of ancient Izumo, which was a powerful kingdom during the Yayoi and Kofun period. According to legend, the goddess Izanami was buried here. The port at Yasugi on the Nakaumi was a center for trade with the Korean Peninsula from ancient times. Due to plentiful supplies of iron sand and timber, ancient tatara steelmaking flourished and was a source of economic strength. The Yasugi Steel brand name bears the name of the city, and was established by Hitachi Metals, Ltd. During the Sengoku Period, Gassantoda Castle was the stronghold of the Amago clan, and under the Edo Period Tokugawa shogunate, the area was ruled by Matsue Domain. After the Meiji restoration, the town of Yasugi was established on April 1, 1889, with the creation of the modern municipalities system. The city was founded on April 1, 1954, by the merger of Yasugi with the villages of Iinashi, Arashima, Akae, Shimada, and Otsuka. On October 1, 2004, the towns of Hakuta and Hirose (both from Nogi District) were merged into Yasugi.

Government
Yasugi has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral city council of 18 members. Yasugi contributes two members to the Shimane Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the city is part of the Shimane 1st district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.

Economy
The local economy is strongly orientated to agriculture.

Education
Yasugi has 17 public elementary school and five public junior high schools operated by the city government, and two public high schools operated by the Shimane Prefectural Board of Education.

Railway
JR West (JR West) - San'in Main Line
 * Yasugi - Arashima

Highways

 * JP Expressway E9.svg San'in Expressway

Sister city relations

 * Miryang, Gyeongsangnam-do, South Korea

Local attractions

 * The Adachi Museum of Art has a widely known Japanese garden and a collection of contemporary Japanese paintings, comprising approximately 1,300 of the country's most highly regarded paintings produced after the Meiji period and centering on the works of Yokoyama Taikan. In 2021, the gardens of the Adachi Museum were ranked as the best in Japan for the 19th year in a row. There is a free shuttle between JR Yasugi Station and the museum (20 minutes).
 * Gassantoda Castle ruins, National Historic Site

Culture
The city is known for Yasugibushi, a well-known folk song (Minyo) in Japan.

Notable people from Yasugi

 * Yukio Sakurauchi, politician
 * Yoshio Sakurauchi, politician

title: Yasugi, Shimane


text:
Talk:Portico

Topic
"What links here" will give some suggestions about the questions this entry should answer. Wetman 05:05, 20 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Proposed merger

 * Against Merging . I think Stoae are more of the classical meaning of porticos in the sense that there are no longer stoa being built, but there are still porticos being built (the US capitol was given as an example). Also, Stoa refers to an actual type of building in Greek architecture, while Portico, I believe, refers to any building that is supported by columns and has a roof (regardless of the area, architectural era, etc.). The location of ancient Stoae was usually near a marketplaces and were used specifically for the things listed in the article, while Porticos were used for random things and not necessarily located near a marketplace. Also, Stoa is used in the actualy naming of the building (used as a proper name when combined with the name of the stoa), and many of the articles that link to "Stoa" are speaking about a specific Stoa (Stoa of Zeus, Royal Stoa, etc.) Stoa 19:56, 26 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Agree. heqs 11:44, 12 April 2006 (UTC)
 * oppose merger each deserves its own page and there are considerable differences to articulateAnlace 22:45, 25 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Oppose: For future reference, the merging of terms that seem similar to non-specialists is unwise, as is, more generally, the application of Latin-derived terms to Greek architecture. This article appears to have already suffered from overhasty merging, leading it to term the colonnaded front of a Greek temple a portico.  A Stoa is indeed a very specific term that is not interchangeable with portico. --Nefasdicere 19:45, 10 March 2007 (UTC)

Paestum
"Some well-known examples of classical Doric hexastyle Greek temples: - but the hera temple has 9 columns. Johnbod (talk) 01:55, 4 April 2008 (UTC)
 * The group at Paestum comprising the Temple of Hera (c. 550 B.C), the Temple of Apollo (c. 450 B.C), the first Temple of Athena ..."

Ancient Egyptian Porticos
There seem to be many examples of ancient Egyptian porticos prior to the ancient Greek examples, so perhaps that comment on the page should be updated? Willdoherty (talk) 06:49, 7 November 2008 (UTC)
 * Agreed. I was reading in Ezekiel 40:8-9 NIV and it talks about a portico, so that, along with the Egyptian porticoes mentioned should be enough to remove that erroneous statement; "This idea first appeared in Ancient Greece and has influenced many cultures, including most Western cultures." Invmog (talk) 03:43, 28 February 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Portico


text:
Talk:Old World monkey

Teeth
What is the dentition difference that is used to distinguish apes from old world monkeys? As far as I know, it is new world monkeys that have the odd dentition (2-1-3-3), whereas old world monkeys and apes have 2-1-2-3. Iffykid 07:23, 4 December 2006 (UTC)
 * OK, I just remembered that Apes have Y-5 teeth and old world monkeys have bilophodont teeth. Is this really the technical distinction of OW monkeys from apes? Iffykid 22:18, 4 December 2006 (UTC)

This portion is missing a key diagnostic feature that is mentioned by the poster above. OWMs have a characteristic bilophodont dentition, with 2 paired (4 total) cusps per tooth on both the upper and lower molars. These form visible parallel rows (lophs) of cusps mesio-distally along the dental arch. Apes in comparison have the aforementioned Y-5 patterned lower molars, both have the same dental formula of 2.1.2.3 99.227.24.168 (talk) 05:09, 12 March 2009 (UTC)

This should be clarified with the honing complex, which should be added to the article. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.120.105.146 (talk) 03:15, 2 November 2012 (UTC)

Europe
The following sentence is taken from the article's lead:

"The Old World monkeys are native to Africa and Asia today, inhabiting a range of environments from tropical rain forest to savanna, scrubland, and mountainous terrain, and are also known from Europe in the fossil record."

This implies that monkeys no longer exist in Europe except in captivity. However, this is not true. (See: Gibraltar Barbary Macaques) Shouldn't this be mentioned as the only surviving group of monkeys in Europe? --Gibmetal 77 talk 08:49, 13 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Isn't it yet still undertermined if the macaques there got there on their own? For if they were brought there by humans, the quote remains true. If they managed to get there on their own, then the quote is just narely not true. - UtherSRG (talk) 08:54, 13 April 2008 (UTC)
 * I do see your point. However, the fact that they are the only wild monkeys in Europe should somehow be mentioned here. --Gibmetal 77 talk 09:23, 13 April 2008 (UTC)
 * I've included a single sentence to briefly mention this. --Gibmetal 77 talk 21:25, 16 April 2008 (UTC)

Non-human primates?
I found this bit weird: "'Old World monkeys include many of the most familiar species of non-human primates such as baboons and macaques.'" First of all, species within Catarrhini, outside of Cercopithecidae, include all of Hominoidea (i.e. gibbons and Great Apes, which includes humans), so "non-human monkeys" (let alone non-human primates, as is written) would be highly missleading. "non-ape monkeys" would be somewhat understandable, though it ignores New World monkeys. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.225.29.142 (talk) 10:49, 13 July 2009 (UTC)

Article Currently Confused Between Catarrhines and Cercopithecidae
The term "Old World Monkeys" should properly mean the Catarrhines, in opposition to the "New World Monkeys", the Platyrrhines.

The "Apes" (in the phylogenic sense), are a sub-category of "Old World Monkey", alongside Cercopithecidae. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.180.30.135 (talk) 12:46, 16 September 2012 (UTC)

Gibbons
This article claims Gibbons are Old World Monkey, but the Gibbon and Ape articles classify Gibbons as lesser apes, distinct from old world monkeys. Anyone know how to resolve this? 173.75.1.12 (talk) 03:31, 19 December 2016 (UTC)
 * They're unambiguously apes, the article was mistaken. Trilobright (talk) 01:38, 7 May 2017 (UTC)

Requested move 17 July 2019

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: Not moved. No support for this proposal. (non-admin closure) В²C ☎ 20:25, 24 July 2019 (UTC)

Old World monkey → Cercopithecidae – Avoid confusion: Catarrhini was originally defined as Old world monkey. See .. Catarrhini, "Old World monkeys", or "singes de l'Ancien continent"

Jmv2009 (talk) 04:14, 17 July 2019 (UTC)
 * "Old World Monkey" can be redirected to Cercopithecidae for now, just after the move. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jmv2009 (talk • contribs) 04:26, 17 July 2019 (UTC)

 * Oppose per WP:COMMONNAME and WP:RECOGNIZE. I understand the issue that the OP is highlighting, but in the real world this confusion doesn't really exist. Very few people would think of humans or other apes as "Old World monkeys", and the term is widely used as the common name for the specific family Cercopithecidae. Except for highly ambiguous terms such as great ape, I think where common names exist we should use them. — Amakuru (talk) 10:32, 17 July 2019 (UTC)
 * Think of the situation BEFORE there apes and Cercopithecidae existed. The New World monkeys are the ones that left for the Americas. The apes emerged in the simians that stayed behind. That we would not belong to the simians that stayed behind would be a misconception. Jmv2009 (talk) 12:46, 17 July 2019 (UTC)
 * Oppose per common name. Rreagan007 (talk) 13:52, 17 July 2019 (UTC)
 * Please note the policy w.r.t. ambiguous names. Old World Monkey can be considered ambiguous, at least in the literature. Also, the fact that humans were brought into this discussion is a sign of human bias. In fact not assigning apes to old world monkey smells like deliberate misleading i.m.h.o. Jmv2009 (talk) 16:42, 17 July 2019 (UTC)
 * recent refs.     — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jmv2009 (talk • contribs) 17:29, 17 July 2019 (UTC)
 * Oppose As per Amakuru - OP names a legitimate issue, but I don't think it requires a title swap to address. We want the material to be present under the commonly used name, if possible; if confusions exist, they can be concisely pointed out and referred to Catarrhini (which goes into some detail). Clarifying Old_World_monkey a little, and then inserting a sentence to this effect into the lede, would be helpful. -- Elmidae (talk · contribs) 18:27, 17 July 2019 (UTC)
 * In the intro, one needs to at least explain what is being addressed. Tried that. With the confusion and asanine history, couldn't do it a single sentence.Jmv2009 (talk) 16:44, 18 July 2019 (UTC)
 * Sorry, but I'm going to undo that for now. This is overkill, or rather misplaced. What's wrong with something like "The name has historically been applied to the parvorder Catarrhini, but in recent usage generally refers to the superfamily Cercopithecoidea within that taxon."? Then put all this material into Old_World_monkey. If something impels you to add a dozen references to the lede (which ideally should have no refs at all), it's usually an indication that something is not covered sufficiently in the body itself. -- Elmidae (talk · contribs) 18:53, 18 July 2019 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

title: Talk:Old World monkey


text:
Lemuria

Lemuria, or Limuria, was a continent proposed in 1864 by zoologist Philip Sclater, theorized to have sunk beneath the Indian Ocean, later appropriated by occultists in supposed accounts of human origins. The theory was discredited with the discovery of plate tectonics and continental drift in the 20th century.

The hypothesis was proposed as an explanation for the presence of lemur fossils on Madagascar and the Indian subcontinent but not in continental Africa or the Middle East. Biologist Ernst Haeckel's suggestion in 1870 that Lemuria could be the ancestral home of humans caused the hypothesis to move beyond the scope of geology and zoogeography, ensuring its popularity outside of the framework of the scientific community.

Occultist and founder of theosophy Helena Blavatsky, during the latter part of the 19th century, placed Lemuria in the system of her mystical-religious doctrine, claiming that this continent was the homeland of the human ancestors, whom she called Lemurians. The writings of Blavatsky had a significant impact on Western esotericism, popularizing the myth of Lemuria and its mystical inhabitants.

Theories about Lemuria became untenable when, in the 1960s, the scientific community accepted Alfred Wegener's theory of continental drift, presented in 1912, but the idea lived on in the popular imagination, especially in relation to the Theosophist tradition.

Evolution of the idea
Lemuria was hypothesized as a land bridge, now sunken, which would account for certain discontinuities in biogeography. This idea has been rendered obsolete by modern theories of plate tectonics. Sunken continents such as Zealandia in the Pacific, and Mauritia and the Kerguelen Plateau in the Indian Ocean do exist, but no geological formation under the Indian or Pacific oceans is known that could have served as a land bridge between these continents.

The idea of Lemuria was later incorporated into the philosophy of Theosophy and has persisted as a theme in pseudoarchaeology and discussions of lost lands. There is a vast fringe literature pertaining to Lemuria and to related concepts such as the Lemurian Fellowship and other things "Lemurian". All share a common belief that a continent existed in what is now either the Pacific Ocean or the Indian Ocean in ancient times and claim that it became submerged as a result of a geological cataclysm. An important element of the mythology of Lemuria is that it was the location of the emergence of complex knowledge systems that formed the basis for later beliefs.

The concept of Lemuria was developed in detail by James Churchward, who referred to it as Mu and identified it as a lost continent in the Pacific Ocean. Churchward appropriated this name from Augustus Le Plongeon, who had used the concept of the "Land of Mu" to refer to the legendary lost continent of Atlantis. Churchward's books included The Lost Continent of Mu, the Motherland of Men (1926), The Children of Mu (1931), The Sacred Symbols of Mu (1933), Cosmic Forces of Mu (1934), and Second Book of Cosmic Forces of Mu (1935). The relationships between Lemuria/Mu and Atlantis are discussed in detail in the book Lost Continents: The Atlantis Theme in History, Science, and Literature (1954) by L. Sprague de Camp.

Postulation
In 1864, "The Mammals of Madagascar" by zoologist and biogeographer Philip Sclater appeared in The Quarterly Journal of Science. Using a classification he referred to as lemurs, but which included related primate groups, and puzzled by the presence of their fossils in Madagascar and India, but not in Africa or the Middle East, Sclater proposed that Madagascar and India had once been part of a larger continent (he was correct in this; though in reality this was Mauritia and the supercontinent Gondwana).

"The anomalies of the mammal fauna of Madagascar can best be explained by supposing that... a large continent occupied parts of the Atlantic and Indian Oceans... that this continent was broken up into islands, of which some have become amalgamated with... Africa, some... with what is now Asia; and that in Madagascar and the Mascarene Islands we have existing relics of this great continent, for which... I should propose the name Lemuria!"

Parallels
Sclater's theory was hardly unusual for his time; "land bridges", real and imagined, fascinated several of Sclater's contemporaries. Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, also looking at the relationship between animals in India and Madagascar, had suggested a southern continent about two decades before Sclater, but did not give it a name. The acceptance of Darwinism led scientists to seek to trace the diffusion of species from their points of evolutionary origin. Before the acceptance of continental drift, biologists frequently postulated the existence of submerged land masses to account for populations of land-based species now separated by barriers of water. Similarly, geologists tried to account for striking resemblances of rock formations on different continents. The first systematic attempt was made by Melchior Neumayr in his book Erdgeschichte in 1887. Many hypothetical submerged land bridges and continents were proposed during the 19th century to account for the present distribution of species.

Promulgation

After gaining some acceptance within the scientific community, the concept of Lemuria began to appear in the works of other scholars. Ernst Haeckel, a Darwinian taxonomist, proposed Lemuria as an explanation for the absence of proto-human "missing links" in the fossil record. According to another source, Haeckel put forward this thesis before Sclater, without using the name "Lemuria".

Supersession
The Lemuria theory disappeared completely from conventional scientific consideration after the theories of plate tectonic and continental drift were accepted by the larger scientific community. According to the theory of plate tectonics, Madagascar and India were indeed once part of the same landmass (thus accounting for geological resemblances), but plate movement caused India to break away millions of years ago, and move to its present location. The original landmass, Mauritia and the supercontinent Gondwana prior to that, broke apart; it predominantly did not sink beneath sea level.

Kumari Kandam

Some Tamil writers such as Devaneya Pavanar have associated Lemuria with Kumari Kandam, a legendary sunken landmass mentioned in the Tamil literature, claiming that it was the cradle of civilization. A Tamil commentator, Adiyarkunallar, described the dimensions that extended between the Pahrali River and the Kumari River in the Pandyan country that was taken over by the ocean later on.

In popular culture
Since the 1880s, the concept of Lemuria has had a prominent place in the mythology of Theosophy, anthroposophy and other occult beliefs, inspiring many novels, television shows, films, and music. These are not scientific ideas, but fall within the realm of pseudoarchaeology and popular culture.

Australia
Blavatsky theorised that Australia was a remnant inland region of Lemuria and that Aboriginal Australians and Aboriginal Tasmanians (which she identified as separate groups) were of Lemurian and Lemuro-Atlantean origin, after cross-breeding with animals. Her idea was subsequently developed in pseudo-histories and fiction of the white Australian popular culture of the 1890s and early 1900s, including the writings of nationalist Australian poet Bernard O'Dowd, author Rosa Campbell Praed in My Australian Girlhood, author John David Hennessey in An Australian Bush Track and George Firth Scott's novel The Last Lemurian: A Westralian Romance.

Robert Dixon suggests that the popularity of the idea of "lost races" like Lemurians and Atlanteans reflected the anxieties of colonial Australians, that "when Englishness is lost there is nothing to replace it". A. L. McCann attributes Praed's use of the Lemuria trope to an "attempt to create a lineage for white settlers without having to confront the annihilation of Indigenous people".

Telos Mount Shasta
In 1894, Frederick Spencer Oliver published A Dweller on Two Planets, an occult book which claimed that survivors from Lemuria were living in a complex of tunnels beneath the mountain of Mount Shasta in northern California. This city, known as Telos: City of Light boasted fur-lined carpeted floors and jeweled walls, all signs of opulence. Spencer also claimed that Lemurians could be seen walking the surface in white robes. In 1931, Harvey Spencer Lewis, who went by the pseudonym Wishar Spenle Cerve wrote Lemuria: the Lost Continent of the Pacific, which popularized the idea that Shasta was a repository for Lemurians.

In the 1930s, Guy Warren Ballard claimed to have been approached by Saint Germain who told him he could endow him with knowledge and wisdom. Ballard wrote and published the book Unveiled Mysteries under the alias Godfré Ray King, where Ballard claimed to be the person that Saint Germain was speaking through to get to the world. The belief in Telos has been proliferated by Ballard and his followers, as well as other religious groups like the Ascended Masters, the Great White Brotherhood, The Bridge to Freedom, The Summit Lighthouse, Church Universal and Triumphant, and Kryon. Every year, members of these religious groups make pilgrimage to Mount Shasta, a journey that is marked by various yearly festivals and events. The Saint Germain Foundation hosts the annual "I AM COME!" Pageant, on the Life of Jesus the Christ in Mt. Shasta. The Rainbow Family hosts a Rainbow Gathering every August to commemorate the pilgrimage. These religions are often a mix of spiritual practices, based largely on native, Christian, Buddhist and Taoist traditions, synthesizing their beliefs, and excluding "negative" aspects of such religions. For example, the Saint Germain Foundation. does not include Jesus' crucifixion in their teachings.

title: Lemuria


text:
Benjamin Boretz

Benjamin Aaron Boretz (born October 3, 1934) is an American composer and music theorist.

Life and work
Benjamin Boretz was born in Brooklyn, New York, to Abraham Jacob Boretz and Leah (Yullis) Boretz. He graduated with a degree in music from Brooklyn College in 1954, studied composition with Tadeusz Kassern, and later studied composition at Brandeis University with Arthur Berger and Irving Fine, with Darius Milhaud at the Aspen Music Festival and School, with Lukas Foss at UCLA, and with Milton Babbitt and Roger Sessions at Princeton University. Boretz was one of the first composers to work with computer-synthesized sound (Group Variations II, 1970–72). In the late 1970s and 1980s he converged his compositional and pedagogical practices in a project of real-time improvisational music-making, culminating in the formation at Bard College of the music-learning program called Music Program Zero, which flourished until 1995. He has written extensively on musical issues, as critic, theorist, and musical philosopher, from the perspective of a practicing composer. His earliest (1970) large-scale music-intellectual essay was the book-length "Meta-Variations, Studies in the Foundations of Musical Thought," which addresses the epistemological questions involved in the cognition and composition of music, and propounds a radically relativistic/individualistic/ontological reconstruction of the musical creative process. Later, in 1978, his text composition "Language, as a Music, Six marginal Pretexts for Composition" engaged questions of the origin and nature of language and meaning as they might be conceived from the perspective of music.

Boretz has taught in the music departments of a number of American universities, including Brandeis, UCLA, UC Berkeley, Princeton University, University of Chicago, NYU, Columbia University, University of Michigan, Bard College, UC Santa Barbara, Evergreen College, and University of Southampton (UK, as a visiting Fulbright Professor).

Boretz is a co-founder, with Arthur Berger, of the composers' music journal Perspectives of New Music and in 1988 founded (with Elaine Barkin and J. K. Randall) Open Space (publications, recordings, scores) and, in 1999, The Open Space magazine (with Mary Lee A. Roberts), which he edits with Dorota Czerner, Tildy Bayar, Jon Forshee, Dean Rosenthal, and Arthur Margolin. He was principal music critic for The Nation from 1962 to 1970.

He has two children, Avron and Nina.

Recordings
Boretz's work as composer and writer is available on CDs, DVDs, and print books issued by Open Space Publications, a cooperative formed by Boretz with Elaine Barkin and J. K. Randall.

Principal Compositions

 * Concerto Grosso for String Orchestra (1954)
 * Two Holy Sonnets of John Donne (1954)
 * Nocturne for String Orchestra (1955)
 * Partita for Piano (1955)
 * Leda and the Swan (Rilke) for alto voice, 2 cellos, flute (1955)
 * Divertimento for chamber ensemble (1955–56)
 * Violin Concerto (1956)
 * Overture to "Jezebel" (1956)
 * String Quartet (1957–58)
 * 2 musics for lukas foss (piano 4 hands) (1957)
 * Donne Songs for soprano and piano (1959)
 * Group Variations I for chamber orchestra (1964–67)
 * Group Variations II for computer (version 1, 1972; 2, 1994; 2.1, 2005)
 * Liebeslied, for a pianist alone (unfinished)(1974)
 * (“...my chart shines high where the blue milk’s upset...”) for solo piano (1976–77)
 * Language, as a music / six marginal pretexts for composition for speaker, piano, prerecorded tape (1978)
 * Passage, for Roger Sessions at 80 for piano (1979)
 * Converge for ensemble (soundscore) (1980)
 * Talk: If I am a musical thinker (paperpiece) (1982)
 * Elie: The Dance (four-track tape) (1986)
 * forM (a music) (four-track tape) (1986)
 * to open I (four-track tape) (1986)
 * please think (ensemble collage) (1986)
 * to open II (piano, ensemble, tape) (1987)
 * Invention (piano four hands) (1988)
 * 30 Inter/Play realtime sound sessions (1981–88)
 * ONE, eight pianosolo soundsessions (1985)
 * The River Between (2 keyboard sound session with Richard Teitelbaum) (1987)
 * Sugar, Free (with Wadada Leo Smith) (1988)
 * Lament for Sarah (piano soundscore) (1989)
 * Scores for Composers (1988–1992)
 * Dialogue for JKR (piano soundscore) (1990)
 * Kivapiece, for and about John Silber (textscore) (1991)
 * The Purposes and Politics of Engaging Strangers (for 2 performers) (1991)
 * gendermusic for computer (1994)
 * music/consciousness/gender (live and recorded speakers, prerecorded music, video images) (1994)
 * echoic/anechoic (soundscore for piano) (1997)
 * Black /Noise I (for computer) (1998)
 * Black /Noise III (video images, computer) (1998)
 * Music, as a Music (performance piece for speaker and video) (1998(
 * UN(-) for chamber orchestra (1999)
 * I/O for two speakers (2001)
 * O for piano (2001)
 * O for electric guitar (arranged by Mary Lee Roberts) (2002)
 * Ainu Dreams (piano soundscore) (2002)
 * Postlude (Movement III of String Quartet) (2004-5)
 * Downtime for piano and electronic percussion (2005)
 * The Memory of All That. A Holy Sonnet of John Donne for Milton Babbitt (1916–2011) (2011)
 * Qixingshan for String Quartet (2007–2008; 2010–2011)
 * Caves (with dorota czerner) (2009)
 * St. Andrews' Night (with dorota czerner) (2011)
 * fireflies (with dorota czerner) (2012)
 * With respect to George (a postcard for George Quasha at 70) for vibraphone solo (2012)
 * ("...The sun poured molten glass on the fields...") for piano (for Robert Morris at 70) (2014)
 * Fantasy on an improvisation by Jim Randall (in memoriam jkr) for the Cygnus Ensemble (2014)
 * Looking (electronic) for images by Linda Cassidy (2016–17)
 * One on One for solo clarinet (2017)
 * A Question, A Rose for violin alone (2018)

Principal writings (published)
Books:

 * Language, as a music. Six marginal pretexts for composition. for speaker, prerecorded tape, and piano (1978). Lingua Press, 1980
 * Talk: If I am a musical thinker. (1980) Station Hill Press, 1984
 * Music Columns from The Nation, 1962–70; selected and edited, and with an introduction by, Elaine Barkin. Open Space Publications, 1988
 * Meta-Variations. Studies in the Foundations of Musical Thought. (1970) Open Space Publications, 1994
 * Being About Music. Textworks 1960-2003 (with J. K. Randall). Volume 1: 1960-1978; Volume II: 1978-2003. Open Space Publications, 2003
 * Inside in...outside out. Edited by Tildy Bayar. Introduction by David Lidov. Afterwords by Charles Stein, John Rahn, Joshua Banks Mailman, Jon Forshee, Robert Morris (composer), Arthur Margolin and Scott Gleason, Dorota Czerner. Open Space Publications, 2020

Articles published: in journals: The Open Space Magazine; Musical America; Musical Quarterly; Harper's; The Nation; Perspectives of New Music; Journal of Philosophy; Cimaise; the London Magazine; Journal of Music Theory; Contemporary Music Newsletter; Proceedings of the American Society of University Composers; Proceedings of the International Musicological Society; News of Music; in books: Perspectives on Contemporary Music Theory (W. W. Norton); Perspectives on Musical Aesthetics (W. W. Norton).

title: Benjamin Boretz


text:
Yvon Charbonneau

Yvon Charbonneau, (July 11, 1940 – April 22, 2016) was a Canadian politician.

Charbonneau was born in Mont-Saint-Michel, Quebec and was a member of the Liberal Party of Canada in the House of Commons of Canada, representing the constituency of Anjou—Rivière-des-Prairies from 1997 to 2004. He is a former administrator, consultant, professor, and unionist. In Parliament, he was Parliamentary Secretary to the Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness with special emphasis on Emergency Preparedness, and Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of Health.

He did not run in the 2004 election.

Charbonneau was also a member of the National Assembly of Quebec as a Liberal in the riding of Bourassa from 1994 to 1997.

title: Yvon Charbonneau


text:
Shower

A shower is a place in which a person bathes under a spray of typically warm or hot water. Indoors, there is a drain in the floor. Most showers have temperature, spray pressure and adjustable showerhead nozzle. The simplest showers have a swivelling nozzle aiming down on the user, while more complex showers have a showerhead connected to a hose that has a mounting bracket. This allows the showerer to hold the showerhead by hand to spray the water onto different parts of their body. A shower can be installed in a small shower stall or bathtub with a plastic shower curtain or door. Showering is common due to the efficiency of using it compared with a bathtub. Its use in hygiene is, therefore, common practice.

History
The original showers were neither indoor structures nor human-made but were common natural formations: waterfalls. The falling water rinsed the bathers completely clean and was more efficient than bathing in a traditional basin, which required manual transport of both fresh and waste water. Ancient people began to reproduce these natural phenomena by pouring jugs of water, often very cold, over themselves after washing. There has been evidence of early upper class Egyptian and Mesopotamians having indoor shower rooms where servants would bathe them in the privacy of their own homes. However, these were rudimentary by modern standards, having rudimentary drainage systems and water was carried, not pumped, into the room.

The ancient Greeks were the first people to have showers. Their aqueducts and sewage systems made of lead pipes allowed water to be pumped both into and out of large communal shower rooms used by elites and common citizens alike. These rooms have been discovered at the site of the city Pergamum and can also be found represented in pottery of the era. The depictions are very similar to modern locker room showers, and even included bars to hang up clothing.

The ancient Romans also followed this convention; their famous bathhouses (Thermae) can be found all around the Mediterranean and as far out as modern-day England. The Romans not only had these showers but also believed in bathing multiple times a week, if not every day. The water and sewage systems developed by the Greeks and Romans broke down and fell out of use after the fall of the Roman Empire.

Modern showers
The first known mechanical shower, operated by a hand pump, was patented in England in 1767 by William Feetham, a stove maker from Ludgate Hill in London. His shower contraption used a pump to force the water into a vessel above the user's head and a chain would then be pulled to release the water from the vessel. Although the system dispensed with the servant labour of filling up and pouring out buckets of water, the showers failed to catch on with the rich as a method for piping hot water through the system was not available. The system would also recycle the same dirty water through every cycle.

This early start was greatly improved in the anonymously invented English Regency shower design of c. 1810 (there is some ambiguity among the sources). The original design was over 10 ft tall, and was made of several metal pipes painted to look like bamboo. A basin suspended above the pipes fed water into a nozzle that distributed the water over the user's shoulders. The water on the ground was drained and pumped back through the pipes into the basin, where the cycle would repeat itself. The original prototype was steadily improved upon in the following decades until it began to approximate the shower of today in its mode of operation. Hand-pumped models became fashionable at one point as well as the use of adjustable sprayers for different water flow. The reinvention of reliable indoor plumbing around 1850 allowed free-standing showers to be connected to a running water source, supplying a renewable flow of water.

Modern showers were installed in the barracks of the French army in the 1870s as an economic hygiene measure, under the guidance of François Merry Delabost, a French doctor and inventor. As surgeon-general at Bonne Nouvelle prison in Rouen, Delabost had previously replaced individual baths with mandatory communal showers for use by prisoners, arguing that they were more economical and hygienic. First six, then eight shower stalls were installed. The water was heated by a steam engine and in less than five minutes, up to eight prisoners could wash simultaneously with only twenty litres of water. The French system of communal showers was adopted by other armies, the first being that of Prussia in 1879, and by prisons in other jurisdictions. They were also adopted by boarding schools, before being installed in public bathhouses. The first shower in a public bathhouse was in 1887 in Vienna. In France, public bathhouses and showers were established by Charles Cazalet, firstly in Bordeaux in 1893 and then in Paris in 1899.

Domestic
Domestic showers are most commonly stall showers or showers combined with a bathtub. A stall shower is a dedicated shower area which uses a door or curtain to contain water spray. The shower/tub format saves bathroom space and enables the area to be used for either a bath or a shower and commonly uses a sliding shower curtain or door to contain the water spray. Showers may also be in a wet room, in which there is no contained shower area, or in a dedicated shower room, which does not require containment of water spray. Domestic showers can have a single shower head, multiple shower heads, handheld shower head(s) or other variations, all which may be adjustable as needed to varying degrees.

Public
Many modern athletic and aquatic facilities provide showers for use by patrons, commonly in gender segregated changing rooms. These can be in the form of individual stalls shielded by curtains or a door or communal shower rooms. The latter are generally large open rooms with any number of shower heads installed either directly into the walls or on posts throughout the shower area. Open showers are often provided at public swimming pools and at popular beaches. Military forces around the world set up field showers to enable the washing away of dangerous residue from modern weapons such as caustic chemicals, deadly biological agents, and radioactive materials, which can harm forces on both sides of a conflict.

Wet room
A wet room often refers to a bathroom without internal dedicated or raised areas which has an open shower. Structurally, a wet room requires the bathroom to have a gradient or slope towards a drain hole, and a foul air trap connecting the floor to the waste pipes. Depending on region, the term wet room can also encompass other rooms such as laundry rooms. In Norway, for example, any room with tap water and a drain in the floor is considered a wet room. Different jurisdictions often have special regulations concerning the design and construction of wet rooms to prevent damage from damp air or water leakage, e.g. mold.

There are also often special regulations concerning electrical installations in wet rooms. For example, since water supplies often have their own electrical grounding, there can be an added risk of injury associated with ground faults, and some jurisdictions therefore require the installation of residual-current devices in wet rooms.

Other

 * Air shower, a type of bathing where high pressure air is used to blow off excess dust particles from cleanroom personnel.
 * Digital shower, a shower system that works in a similar way to mixer or power showers, but provides more control over the temperature of the water with the use of a digital control panel.
 * Eco shower, a shower system that comes in mixer or electric variations, but also features a regulator to regulate the flow of water with a view to saving water.
 * Electric shower, a shower stall device to locally heat shower water with electrical power.
 * Emergency showers, installed in laboratories and other facilities that use hazardous chemicals, are required by law in the United States; designed to deluge continuously at around 30 – per minute for at least 15 minutes  and should be located at most 10 seconds away from potential users.
 * Mixer shower, a shower system that takes water from existing hot and cold water supplies and combines them within the unit.
 * Navy shower, a method of showering that allows for significant conservation of water and energy.
 * Power shower, a shower stall device that works similarly to a mixer shower by mixing existing hot and cold water feeds, but locally increases the water pressure available to the shower head by means of an electric booster pump.
 * Roman shower, a shower that does not use a door or curtain.
 * Steam shower, a type of bathing where a humidifying steam generator produces steam that is dispersed around a person's body.
 * Vichy shower, a shower where large quantities of warm water are poured over a spa patron while the user lies within a shallow (wet) bed, similar to a massage table, but with drainage for the water.

Types of shower heads

 * Fixed shower heads: Traditional fixed shower-heads are mostly common shower-faucets because they can easily connect to the plumbing fixtures without any additional hardware.
 * Shower handsets/bidet shower: Hand-set shower-faucets are connected by a flexible hose, and can also be mounted and used like a fixed shower-head.
 * Ceiling-mounted faucets: Ceiling-mounted shower-faucets are typically rain-drop shower-heads mounted in the ceiling of the shower. Water rains down, at low or medium pressure, using gravity to shower on one from directly above.
 * Adjustable shower heads: Adjustable shower faucets often have numerous settings, including pulsating massage and low/medium/high-pressure flow settings.
 * Shower panels: Unlike a single showerhead, these are wall-mounted with sprayers aimed horizontally at various parts of the body.

Use and ecology
Shower usage in the latter half of the 20th century skyrocketed. Personal hygiene became a primary concern, and bathing every day or multiple times a day is common among Western cultures. Showering is generally faster than bathing and can use less water. In an average home, showers are typically the third largest water use after toilets and clothes washers. The average American shower uses 17.2 gal and lasts for 8.2 minutes at an average flow rate of 2.1 gal per minute.

Showering is one of the leading ways people use water in the home, accounting for nearly 17 percent of residential indoor water use, which roughly equals to 1200000000 gal of water annually just for showering. The US Environmental Protection Agency recommends to retrofit home showers with a shower head that uses less than 2 gal to conserve water. However, many have hypothesized reducing flow rates of showerheads might cause users to take much longer showers. Other options to save water include using extra high pressure mist flow or design in sensors and valves to shut off or reduce water flow while people are not actively using the shower water. Various measures can be taken to increase safety for those, especially elderly people, taking showers or baths. Some people take more than one shower each day, normally at their normal shower time, and after exercising. People also shower to cool off in hot weather, especially those unaccustomed to the climate. Used shower water can be employed as greywater.

Cultural significance
Showering is mostly part of a daily routine primarily to promote cleanliness and prevent odor, disease and infection. Advances in science and medicine in the 19th century began to realize the benefit of regular bathing to an individual's health. As a result, most modern cultures encourage a daily personal hygiene regimen. Showering has also developed the reputation as a relaxing and generally therapeutic activity.

Structure and design
Designs for shower facilities vary by location and purpose. There are free-standing showers, but also showers which are integrated into a bathtub. Showers are separated from the surrounding area through watertight curtains (shower curtain), sliding doors, or folding doors, or shower blinds, in order to protect the space from spraying water. Showers with a level entry wet room are becoming very popular, especially due to improvements in waterproofing systems and prefabricated components.

Places such as a swimming pool, a locker room, or a military facility have multiple showers. There may be communal shower rooms without divisions, or shower stalls (typically open at the top). Many types of showers are available, including complete shower units which are all encompassing showers that include the pan, walls, and often the shower head, as well as pieced together units in which the pan, shower head, and doors are purchased separately. Each type of shower poses different installation issues.

Installation
Though the installation requirements of each of shower will differ, the installation of a shower in general requires the laying of several water transportation pipes, including a pipe for hot water and for cold water, and a drainage pipe. It is important that the wet areas of a bathroom be waterproof, and multiple layers of waterproofing can be employed. Grout is used to fill gaps between tiles, but grout and tile setting materials are generally porous. Tiles are generally waterproof, though a shower pan must be installed beneath them as a safety to prevent water leakage. Thus small mosaic tiles offer less of a defense than large format tiles. Sub-tile waterproofing is important when tiles are being used. Best practice requires a waterproofing material to cover the walls and floor of the shower area that are then covered with tile, or in some countries with a sheet material like vinyl.

Drainage
A shower may be equipped with a second emergency drain outside of the shower in case of overflow. An emergency overflow drain is required in Australia and some European countries.

Shower head
A shower head is a perforated nozzle that distributes water over solid angle a focal point of use, generally overhead the bather. A shower uses less water than a full immersion in a bath. Some shower heads can be adjusted to spray different patterns of water, such as massage, gentle spray, strong spray, and intermittent pulse or combination modes.

Hard water may result in calcium and magnesium deposits clogging the head, reducing the flow and changing the spray pattern. For descaling, various acidic chemicals or brushes can be used or some heads have rubber-like jets that can be manually descaled. A homemade remedy is to immerse it in a solution of water and vinegar for a while, since the vinegar is able to dissolve limescale.

Some governments around the world set standards for water usage and regulate shower heads. For example, in the United States, residential and most commercial shower heads must flow no more than 9.5 L per minute per the Department of Energy ruling 10 CFR 430. Low-flow shower heads that have a water flow of equal or less than 7.6 L per minute (2.0 gallons per minute), can use water more efficiently by aerating the water stream, altering nozzles through advanced flow principles or by high-speed oscillation of the spray stream. The US EPA administers a voluntary water saving program, WaterSense, which can certify low-flow shower heads.

Shower and bathtub curtains
Curtains can be used in shower or bathtub enclosures with two main purposes: to provide privacy and to prevent water from flooding or spraying outside the shower or bathtub area. Shower and bathtub curtains usually surround the bath inside the tub or shower area and are held up with railings or curtain rods high on the wall or ceiling. To accommodate the different types of bathtub shapes, railings can come in different sizes and are flexible in their design. The curtains are usually made from vinyl, cloth, or plastic.

Some people use two shower curtains: one that is inside the tub, which is mainly functional or decorative as well, and an outer shower curtain, which is purely decorative. The bottom portion of the inner curtain often comes with magnetic discs or suction cups which adhere to the bathtub itself.

Shower and bathtub doors
Shower or bathtub doors are doors (also called screens) used in bathrooms that help keep water inside a shower or bathtub and are alternatives to shower curtains. They are available in many different styles such as framed or frameless, sliding or swing. They are usually constructed of aluminium, clear glass, plexiglass or tempered glass. Shower doors can come in many different hardware finishes and glass patterns that can match other bathroom hardware such as faucets and shower heads. There are also shower doors that are in a neo angle design for use on shower pans that have the neo design as well. The design of the shower pan is extremely important as the shower door must be the type required for the pan in order to work. A shower door requires plastic lining along the edges of the door to protect against water leaking out.

Equipment

 * Pressure-balanced valve, a device to provide constant shower water pressure and prevent temperature fluctuations
 * Shampoo
 * Shower caddy, a storage system inside the shower, typically for shampoo, conditioner, soap and other related things
 * Shower cap, a cap worn while showering or bathing, to protect hair from becoming wet
 * Shower radio, a radio that is waterproofed to allow it to be used in a bathroom or other wet environment
 * Shower speaker, a Bluetooth speaker designed to play music while the shower is running
 * Soap
 * Washing mitt, a tool for applying soap to the body
 * Water heat recycling units to reclaim much of the waste water's heat and recycle it to the shower head and minimize heat lost to the drain

Cited works and general references

 * Books

 * Web pages

title: Shower


text:
Gasterosteoidei

Gasterosteoidei is a suborder of ray-finned fishes that includes the sticklebacks and relatives, the 5th edition of Fishes of the World classifies this suborder within the order Scorpaeniformes.

Systematics
Gasterosteoidei is treated as a suborder within the order Scorpaeniformes in the 5th edition of Fishes of the World, but in other phylogenetic classifications it is treated as the infraorder Gasterosteales within the suborder Cottoidei or as a sister clade to the Zoarcales in the order Zoarciformes. Indostomidae is included within Gasterosteoidei in Fishes of the World' but according to Betancur et al its inclusion in the clade renders it paraphyletic and they classify that family within the monotypic suborder Indostomoidei within the Synbranchiformes.

Historically, Gasterosteoidei was treated as a suborder within the order Gasterostiformes and often included the sea horses, pipefishes and their relatives as suborder Syngnathoidei, with the sticklebacks and relatives in the suborder Gasterosteoidei. The Gasterosteiformes sensu lato were regarded as paraphyletic with the Scorpaeniformes. The more typical members of that group (e.g. scorpionfishes) are apparently closer to the "true" Gasterosteiformes, whereas the keel-bodied flying gurnards (Dactylopteridae) seem actually to belong to the Syngnathiformes clade. It seems that the closest living relatives of the narrowly delimited Gasterosteoidei are the Zoarcoidei, which have been placed in the massively paraphyletic "Perciformes". The Zoarcoidei, as well as the related Trichodontidae, would then appear to be derived offshoots of the scorpaeniform-gasterosteiform radiation which have apomorphically lost the bone "armour" found in their relatives.

Families and genera
Gasterosteoidei contains the following families and genera:

 * Family Hypoptychidae Steindachner, 1880 (Sand eel)
 * Hypoptychus Steindachner, 1880
 * Family Aulorhynchidae Gill, 1861 (Tubesnouts)
 * Aulichthys Brevoort 1862
 * Aulorhynchus Gill, 1861
 * Family Gasterosteidae Bonaparte, 1831 (Sticklebacks)
 * Apeltes DeKay, 1842
 * Culaea Whitley, 1950
 * Gasterosteus Linnaeus, 1758
 * Pungitius d'Annone, 1760
 * Spinachia Cuvier, 1816
 * Family Indostomidae Prashad & Mukerji, 1929 (Armoured sticklebacks)
 * Indostomus Prashad & Mukerji, 1929

Characteristics
Gasterosteoidei is characterised by the possession of a protractile upper jaw and a well developed upward pointing process on the premaxilla. The body is often armoured with dermal plates and paired dermal plates grow from membranes growing out fronm the pelvic girdle. If there are plates on the flanks these are often a single row of ossified lateral and dermal plates. Unpaired plates paired pelvic plates arising from a membranous outgrowth of the pelvic girdle; lateral body plates, when present, are represented by a single series of lateral and dermal ossifications. The unpaired plates on the body which create the dorsal and ventral series grow from the expanded proximal middle radials of the pterygiphores of the dorsal and anal fins. Separate pectoral radials do not develop during the fish's development and the pectoral radial plate is fused into a single unit on the scapulo-coracoid. They have very small mouths. There are between 1 and 6 branchiostegal rays and there is no postcleithrum in the pelvic girdle which is never joined directly to the cleithra. There are other skeletal features that these fishes share too. The kidneys of gasterosteoids synthesis an adhesive chemical which is used by males to create nests of plant material, it is not known if this is true of all the taxa within the group. These are all rather small fishes with the largest species being the sea stickleback (Spinachia spinachia) which has a maximum published standard length of 22 cm.

Distribution and habitat
Gasterodteoidei are found in the northern hemisphere, mostly within the temperate and Arctic regions, the exception is the Indostomidae which are found in freshwater habitats in mainland Southeast Asia. The other groups can be found in fresh, brackish and salt water.

Timeline of genera
Source:

title: Gasterosteoidei


text:
Talk:United States Secretary of Commerce

Creation
when in history was the sec. of commerce added? "It was originally created as the United States Department of Commerce and Labor on February 14, 1903. It was subsequently renamed to the Department of Commerce on March 4, 1913, and its bureaus and agencies specializing in labor were transferred to the new Department of Labor."

1987 Acting Secretary
I changed the 1987 Acting Secretary to Clarence Brown from Bruce Smart, as verified in New York Times articles from that era. Tooptoo 17:59, 6 December 2006 (UTC)

Richardson
Isn't it premature to include Governor Richardson on this page?

Bill Richardson has been confirmed by Obama, and we at least need to remove Warren Buffet.

 * It is all but certain that Richardson will be nominated (according to the AP it will be announced tomorrow), but I don't think it is stylistically good to list him along with all the past secretaries. I would prefer to mention that Richardson will probably assume the office in the text at the beginning of the article.  How about we leave him out of the main list for the moment until it becomes official in January? Dwr12 (talk) 01:36, 3 December 2008 (UTC)

Broken link
The link in reference #4 is broken.

Gary Locke
I've reverted the reversion of my edits and taken out the only place where Locke was stated as Secretary, in the list of secretaries. (That part is now commented out.) However, the paragraph I added about his (presumptive) nomination, and designee in the infobox, should remain - all of that makes abundantly clear that he is not SoC yet. 140.247.155.54 (talk) 05:04, 24 February 2009 (UTC)

Orphaned references in United States Secretary of Commerce
I check pages listed in Category:Pages with incorrect ref formatting to try to fix reference errors. One of the things I do is look for content for orphaned references in wikilinked articles. I have found content for some of United States Secretary of Commerce's orphans, the problem is that I found more than one version. I can't determine which (if any) is correct for this article, so I am asking for a sentient editor to look it over and copy the correct ref content into this article.

Reference named "UnitedStatesCode|5|5312": From United States Secretary of Defense:  From United States Secretary of State: .

I apologize if any of the above are effectively identical; I am just a simple computer program, so I can't determine whether minor differences are significant or not. AnomieBOT ⚡ 00:25, 20 March 2021 (UTC)


text:
Wind River

Wind River may refer to:

Canada

 * Wind River (Yukon)

United States

 * Wind River (Yukon–Koyukuk Census Area, Alaska), a designated National Wild and Scenic River
 * Wind River (Colorado)
 * Wind River (Oregon)
 * Wind River (Washington)
 * Wind River (Wisconsin)
 * Wind River (Wyoming)
 * Wind River Basin, a semi-arid intermontane foreland basin in central Wyoming
 * Wind River Canyon, a canyon made from tectonic plate shifting in Wyoming
 * Wind River Formation, a geologic formation in Wyoming
 * Wind River Indian Reservation in Wyoming
 * Wind River Range of Wyoming
 * Wind River Peak

Films

 * Wind River (film), a 2017 film by Taylor Sheridan
 * Wind River, a 2000 film about Elijah Nicholas Wilson

Other uses

 * Wind River Experimental Forest in Washington
 * Wind River Systems, an embedded systems software company

title: Wind River