text:
User talk:Iceberg3k

The page that was previously here has been moved to User talk:Iceberg3k/Archive1.

There, a clean talk page.

Blackmoor
Hi! You recently added some excellent info on Blackmoor and the proto-RPG wargames to role-playing game. I've moved it to the History of role-playing games; I just thought you might like to know that it hasn't been deleted, just moved. Percy Snoodle 08:59, 6 July 2006 (UTC)

Strikeout
Please do not add nonsense to Wikipedia. It is considered vandalism. If you would like to experiment, use the sandbox. Thank you. — Lomn | Talk 19:32, 19 July 2006 (UTC)

Invitation to join WikiProject Eastern Orthodoxy
Hi there! I've noticed that you've edited articles pertaining to the Eastern Orthodox Church. I wanted to extend an invitation to you to join the WikiProject dedicated to organizing and improving articles on the subject, which can be found at: WikiProject Eastern Orthodoxy. This WikiProject was begun because a need was perceived to raise the level of quality of articles on Wikipedia which deal with the Eastern Orthodox Church.

You can find information on the project page about the WikiProject, as well as how to join and how to indicate that you are a member of the project. Additionally, you may be interested in helping out with our collaboration of the month. I hope you'll consider joining and thank you for your contributions thus far! — A.S. Damick talk contribs 18:05, 24 July 2006 (UTC)

South Dakota class battleship
I've proposed the splitting of the article on the South Dakota-classes. Your comments would be welcomed. Mackensen (talk) 15:47, 7 August 2006 (UTC)

Bogosort
I reverted an edit you made to Bogosort because I don't understand what you were trying to say. So... just thought I should let you know. If you want to clarify or something. ~ Booya Bazooka 02:33, 12 August 2006 (UTC)

United States Navy
Hi, I have some concerns with your edits on this article. The statements you added, while they might definitely be true, sound dubious to the casual observer if not accompanied with a proper citation. For example:

"The US Navy has undeniable global superiority in aircraft carriers: Not only does the USN have as many aircraft carriers as the rest of the world put together, but its aircraft carriers individually are much larger than those of the rest of the world (with the notable exceptions of the Russian carrier Kuznetsov and the FS Charles de Gaulle), with commeasurately larger and more capable aircraft." "Undeniable" is a very strong word and the sentence will be picked apart by reviewers if the article was put up for featured article review again. Also, can you provide exact numbers for ship size and ship numbers? I think that statement is able to be proven more than the previous one.

"The Amphibious assault ships of the US Navy, which have a secondary function as a light carrier or "Sea Control Ship," are roughly equivalent in striking power to most foreign aircraft carriers." Who says this? Can you give a definitive source?

As for the "Where are the nearest carriers?" that quote is ok because it is attributed to Bill Clinton. I can find a source for that myself. Actually, I think what you wrote for the aircraft section is better served in the aircraft carrier section.

Thanks for your edits. I've tagged them with the verify source tag for now, but if you can't find a source after a few weeks, I'll remove the whole sentences. People trust wikipedia for info, and I'm just making sure it is as correct and verifiable as possible to remove all doubt. :) Arcimpulse 23:08, 16 August 2006 (UTC)

Rosemount High School
Thanks for the note about Carroll's Woods. I hope that the students will get involved and add detail about academics, activities, sports, and important people from its nearly 90-year history. But thus far, there have only been a couple of inappropiate additions (one you deleted - thanks). I had a better quality School Crest up, but when I asked for copyright permission, the principle asked that I remove it. He was afraid people would think this site was sanctioned by the district. I don't think he grasps the wiki concept, but I complied. Appraiser 14:21, 29 September 2006 (UTC)

Minnesota meetup
A meetup of Wikipedians in Minnesota is proposed: please stop by the discussion page if interested. Jonathunder 23:05, 3 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Reminder: Meetup October 29, one o'clock, Mall of America. Jonathunder 15:08, 28 October 2006 (UTC)

Please use edit summaries
Hello. Please be courteous to other editors and use edit summaries when updating articles. The Mathbot tool shows your usage of edit summaries to be extremely low:

 * Edit summary usage for Iceberg3k: 5% for major edits and 9% for minor edits. Based on the last 150 major and 150 minor edits in the article namespace.

Using edit summaries helps other editors quickly understand your edits, which is especially useful when you make changes to articles that are on others' watchlists. Thanks and happy editing! --Kralizec! (talk) 17:05, 11 October 2006 (UTC)

Wells class
Ho. Sprry to be rude but i reverted your changes, the problem with your change was it is very guess worky like and OR, as this ship is a "future" ship from the 29th century, registries etc make work alot differntly then they do in the 24th century and so its best not to guess on anything in the article. thanks/Fenton, Matthew Lexic Dark 52278 Alpha 771 19:16, 13 October 2006 (UTC)

Halloween Blizzard
Hi Iceberg: I didn't move Halloween Blizzard because I don't think there is a need to make the title even longer than it needs to be, and "Halloween Blizzard" is descriptive enough. — Mets 501 (talk) 01:54, 14 October 2006 (UTC)

Space Ghost Coast to Coast
Your change to Space Ghost Coast to Coast is not standard. I've rarely seen a link from random text to an article of merely relative content on Wikipedia. Usually the linked text is the same as the name of the article it is linking to. I haven't removed it because I see what you're going for, but I think you should think of a better way to do it. Or decide not to link there way at all. Noit 22:05, 17 October 2006 (UTC)

TSR, Inc. and Williams's bizzare policy.
In this edit you make the claim that Lorraine Williams forbade playing games at TSR. Much though I dislike the woman, per Biographies of living persons such a major and potentially insulting claim really needs some sort of evidence (as the claim that she looked down on gamers did). Can you can add a citation to the article? Alan De Smet | Talk 23:36, 19 October 2006 (UTC)

Congress number
Re: this edit, it looks like some people are going to disagree with changing the templates to show the 110th Congress. I'm not sure how that's going to play out but I've already had a couple of my individual state template changes reverted. Personally, I don't see the point of having the template show all of the lame duck 109th reps. —Wknight94 (talk) 16:55, 9 November 2006 (UTC)

F-35
Hi. Do you have a citation for Lockheed being suprised at F-35 vs. F-24 and for the expense of reprinting promotional material? Thanks Mark83 14:43, 1 January 2007 (UTC)

Added citation for USS Liberty article
Hi. Per your request I added a citation for the USS Liberty incident article. Majoreditor 19:53, 1 January 2007 (UTC)

I added some information about the types take a look.I will be gone for a week so please take care of this matter.Shrike 20:11, 1 January 2007 (UTC)

Fan speculation on fictional works
Speculation is great for a fan website on fictional works, but it should not be in Wikipedia. Please don't add your own speculative material to Macross and Robotech entries, particularly speculative ruminations that aren't specifically stated in primary continuity works.1-54-24 19:12, 5 January 2007 (UTC)

Unspecified source for Image:Gat-01.jpg
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Non-free use disputed for Image:Gat-x105-aile.jpg
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WP:CVU status
The Counter-Vandalism Unit project is under consideration to be moved to and/or  status. You have been identified as a project member and your input as to this matter would be welcomed at WT:CVU. Thank you. Delivered on behalf of user:xaosflux 01:09, 10 August 2007 (UTC)

Meetup in Minneapolis
 Minnesota Meetup Sunday, 2007-10-07, 1:00 p.m. (13:00) Pracna on Main 117 Main SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota Map Please pass this on! RSVP here.  Spam delivered by -Susanlesch 16:19, 30 September 2007 (UTC)

Thomas Riker
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AfD nomination of Red Hand of Doom
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AfD nomination of TCS Tarawa
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AfD nomination of TCS Concordia
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Pre-WC1 Confederation fighters
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Twins-Athletics rivalry
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AfD nomination of VFA-6 Alpha
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Disputed fair use rationale for Image:Deedlit-.jpg
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AfD nomination of Technology of Macross
I have nominated Technology of Macross, an article you created, for deletion. I do not feel that this article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and have explained why at Articles for deletion/Technology of Macross. Your opinions on the matter are welcome at that same discussion page; also, you are welcome to edit the article to address these concerns. Thank you for your time. Judgesurreal777 (talk) 18:58, 11 March 2008 (UTC)

Gelgoog
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AfD nomination of Star Wars Technical Commentaries
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Category:United States Standard type battleships
Where did you get the information that you added to this? I.e. what was your source? Thanks, -talk- the_ed17  -contribs-  19:03, 5 September 2008 (UTC)

No content in Category:Gundam series
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Proposed deletion of List of Mobile Weapons in Gundam

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Speedy deletion of Template:Gundam series
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Minnesota Meetup
 2009 Proposed date: Saturday, October 10. Details under discussion. Please share this with anyone who may be interested.  Delivered by Jonathunder (talk) 21:24, 18 September 2009 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Paolo Cassius

The article Paolo Cassius has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * Extremely minor character who plays little role in the overall plot. Not appropriate to merge.

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Articles for deletion nomination of Paolo Cassius
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Unreferenced BLPs
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Proposed deletion of George Glenn

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AfD nomination of George Glenn
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Articles for deletion nomination of Bruno J. Global
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November Minnesota Meetup
We're growing up --This one actually has an agenda! --Bobak (talk) 00:02, 13 November 2010 (UTC)

Nomination of List of Mobile Suit Gundam SEED mobile weapons for deletion
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Nomination of MBF-P01 Gundam Astray Gold Frame for deletion
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Nomination of GAT-01 Strike Dagger for deletion
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Nomination of List of Mobile Suit Gundam SEED factions for deletion
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Nomination of Archangel class assault ship for deletion
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Nomination of List of Mobile Suit Gundam SEED mobile weapons for deletion
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Orphaned non-free image File:Gat-01.jpg
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Nomination of CVN-80 for deletion
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Nomination of Minnesota Rouser for deletion
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Nomination of Archangel class assault ship for deletion
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Proposed deletion of Macross operators

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While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be deleted for any of several reasons.

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Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 12:36, 4 January 2015 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Milia Fallyna Jenius

The article Milia Fallyna Jenius has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
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Nomination of Robotech Armed Forces for deletion
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Nomination of Robotech Wars for deletion
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ArbCom elections are now open!
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Nomination of Long Beach-class cruiser for deletion
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Nomination of Gigas (fantasy games) for deletion
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Nomination of Roy Focker for deletion
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Gladius fighter moved to draftspace
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Proposed deletion of Mike Nelson (character)

The article Mike Nelson (character) has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "The coverage (references, external links, etc.) does not seem sufficient to justify this article passing General notability guideline requirement nor the more detailed Notability (fiction) supplementary essay. WP:BEFORE did not reveal any significant coverage on Gnews, Gbooks or Gscholar. If you disagree and deprod this, please explain how it meets them on the talk page here in the form of 'This article meets criteria A and B because...' and ping me back through WP:ECHO or by leaving a note at User talk:Piotrus. Thank you. PS. An alternative to regular deletion might be to redirect this to List of Mystery Science Theater 3000 characters."

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title: User talk:Iceberg3k


text:
Kgalagadi District

Kgalagadi is a district in southwest Botswana, lying along the country's border with Namibia and South Africa. The administrative center is Tsabong. The district of Kgalagadi covers a large part of the Kalahari Desert. It has a total area of 105,200 km2 and has a population of 42,000 (2001). More than one-third of the district is covered by the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park, which extends into South Africa, and which is a major tourist attraction.

As of 2011, the total population of the district was 50,492 (compared to 42,049 in 2001). The growth rate of population during the decade was 1.85. Kgalagadi's population represents 2.49 per cent of the total population of Botswana. The majority of employees (in 2011 there were 10,530 people in work) were working within the transport & communication and public administration sectors. The district is administered by a district administration and district council.

Geography
Kgalagadi borders Omaheke Region, Namibia in the northwest, Hardap Region, Namibia in the southwest, Northern Cape Province, South Africa in the south, North West Province, South Africa in the southeast and domestically, Ghanzi District in the north, Kweneng District in the northeast, and Southern District in the east. Kgalagadi means "land of the thirst". The largest settlement in the district is Tsabong, which had a population of 8939 in 2011 census while Hukuntsi and Kang had 4654 and 5985, respectively. Most part of Botswana has tableland slopes sliding from east to west. The region has an average elevation of around 915 m above the mean sea level. The vegetation type is Savannah, with tall grasses, bushes and trees. The annual precipitation is around 25 cm, most of which is received during the summer season from November to May. Most of the rivers in the region are seasonal, with Limpopo River, which are prone to flash floods, being the most prominent. The tourist and game reserves in the region are Ghanzi, Central Kalahari Game Reserve, Deception Valley, Ghanzi Craft, Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park, Khutse Game Reserve and Kuru Museum and Cultural Centre.

Demographics
As of 2011, the total population of the district was 50,492 compared to 42,049 in 2001. The growth rate of population during the decade was 1.85. The population in the district was 2.49 per cent of the total population in the country. The sex ratio stood at 101.78 for every 100 males, compared to 101.18 in 2001. The average house hold size was 3.12 in 2011 compared to 4.31 in 2001. There were 1,576 craft and related workers, 628 clerks, 4,039 people working in elementary occupation 256 legislators, administrators and managers 614 Plant & machine operators and assemblers, 266 professionals, 1,278 service workers, shop and market sales workers, 1,309 skilled agricultural and related workers 771 technicians and associated professionals, making the total work force to 10,770.

Economy and education
As of 2011, there were a total of 41 schools in the district, with no private schools. The total number of students in the Council schools was 8,869 while there were none in private schools. The total number of students enrolled in the district was 8,869: 4,211 girls and 4,658 boys. The total number of qualified teachers was 445, 315 female and 130 male. There were around 23 temporary teachers, 10 male and 13 female. There were no untrained teachers in the district.

As of 2006, 3,353 were involved in agriculture, 294 in construction, 774 in education, 86 in electricity and water, 32 in finance, 344 in health, 375 in hotels and restaurants, 413 in manufacturing, 91 in other community services, 842 in private households, 1,880 in public administration, 195 in real estate, 65 in transport and communications, 1,786 in wholesale and retail trade. The total number of workers was 10,530: 6,334 male and 4,195 female.

Administration
Botswana gained independence from the British in 1966 and adapted the colonial administration framework to form its district administration. The policies were modified during 1970-74 to address some of the basic issues. The district is administered by a district administration and district council which are responsible for local administration. The policies for the administration are framed by the Ministry of Local Government. The major activities of the council are Tribal Administration, Remote Area Development and Local Governance. The executive powers of the council are vested on a commissioner appointed by the central government. Technical services wing of the Department of Local Government is responsible for developing roads, infrastructure in villages like water supply, schools and recreational facilities. All the staff of the local administration expect District Administration are selected via Unified Local Government Services (ULGS) and the Ministry of Local Government is responsible for their training, deployment and career development.

Sub-districts and Villages
Kgalagadi consists of 2 sub-districts, namely: These sub-districts are further subdivided into 35 villages.
 * Tshabong has the following villages: Bogogobo, Bokspits, Bray, Gachibana, Khisa, Khuis, Khwawa, Kokotsha, Kolonkwane, Makopong, Maleshe, Maralaleng, Maubelo, Middlepits, Omaweneno, Phepheng (Draaihoek), Rapples Pan, Struizendam, Tsabong, Vaalhoek, Werda.
 * Hukuntsi has the following villages: Hukuntsi, Hunhukwe, Inalegolo, Kang, Lehututu, Lokgwabe, Make, Monong, Ncaang, Ngwatle, Phuduhudu, Tshane, Ukwi, Zutswa.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Kgalagadi District


text:
Almost complex manifold

In mathematics, an almost complex manifold is a smooth manifold equipped with a smooth linear complex structure on each tangent space. Every complex manifold is an almost complex manifold, but there are almost complex manifolds that are not complex manifolds. Almost complex structures have important applications in symplectic geometry.

The concept is due to Charles Ehresmann and Heinz Hopf in the 1940s.

Formal definition
Let M be a smooth manifold. An almost complex structure J on M is a linear complex structure (that is, a linear map which squares to −1) on each tangent space of the manifold, which varies smoothly on the manifold. In other words, we have a smooth tensor field J of degree (1, 1) such that $$J^2=-1$$ when regarded as a vector bundle isomorphism $$J\colon TM\to TM$$ on the tangent bundle. A manifold equipped with an almost complex structure is called an almost complex manifold.

If M admits an almost complex structure, it must be even-dimensional. This can be seen as follows. Suppose M is n-dimensional, and let J : TM → TM be an almost complex structure. If J = −1 then (det J)2 = (−1)$n$. But if M is a real manifold, then det J is a real number – thus n must be even if M has an almost complex structure. One can show that it must be orientable as well.

An easy exercise in linear algebra shows that any even dimensional vector space admits a linear complex structure. Therefore, an even dimensional manifold always admits a (1, 1)-rank tensor pointwise (which is just a linear transformation on each tangent space) such that J$p$$2$ = −1 at each point p. Only when this local tensor can be patched together to be defined globally does the pointwise linear complex structure yield an almost complex structure, which is then uniquely determined. The possibility of this patching, and therefore existence of an almost complex structure on a manifold M is equivalent to a reduction of the structure group of the tangent bundle from GL(2n, R) to GL(n, C). The existence question is then a purely algebraic topological one and is fairly well understood.

Examples
For every integer n, the flat space R2n admits an almost complex structure. An example for such an almost complex structure is (1 ≤ i, j ≤ 2n): $$J_{ij} = -\delta_{i,j-1} $$ for odd i, $$J_{ij} = \delta_{i,j+1} $$ for even i.

The only spheres which admit almost complex structures are S2 and S6. In particular, S4 cannot be given an almost complex structure (Ehresmann and Hopf). In the case of S2, the almost complex structure comes from an honest complex structure on the Riemann sphere. The 6-sphere, S6, when considered as the set of unit norm imaginary octonions, inherits an almost complex structure from the octonion multiplication; the question of whether it has a complex structure is known as the Hopf problem, after Heinz Hopf.

Differential topology of almost complex manifolds
Just as a complex structure on a vector space V allows a decomposition of VC into V+ and V− (the eigenspaces of J corresponding to +i and −i, respectively), so an almost complex structure on M allows a decomposition of the complexified tangent bundle TMC (which is the vector bundle of complexified tangent spaces at each point) into TM+ and TM−. A section of TM+ is called a vector field of type (1, 0), while a section of TM− is a vector field of type (0, 1). Thus J corresponds to multiplication by i on the (1, 0)-vector fields of the complexified tangent bundle, and multiplication by −i on the (0, 1)-vector fields.

Just as we build differential forms out of exterior powers of the cotangent bundle, we can build exterior powers of the complexified cotangent bundle (which is canonically isomorphic to the bundle of dual spaces of the complexified tangent bundle). The almost complex structure induces the decomposition of each space of r-forms

 * $$\Omega^r(M)^\mathbf{C}=\bigoplus_{p+q=r} \Omega^{(p,q)}(M). \, $$

In other words, each Ωr(M)C admits a decomposition into a sum of Ω(p, q)(M), with r = p + q.

As with any direct sum, there is a canonical projection πp,q from Ωr(M)C to Ω(p,q). We also have the exterior derivative d which maps Ωr(M)C to Ωr+1(M)C. Thus we may use the almost complex structure to refine the action of the exterior derivative to the forms of definite type

 * $$\partial=\pi_{p+1,q}\circ d$$
 * $$\overline{\partial}=\pi_{p,q+1}\circ d$$

so that $$\partial$$ is a map which increases the holomorphic part of the type by one (takes forms of type (p, q) to forms of type (p+1, q)), and $$\overline{\partial}$$ is a map which increases the antiholomorphic part of the type by one. These operators are called the Dolbeault operators.

Since the sum of all the projections must be the identity map, we note that the exterior derivative can be written

 * $$d=\sum_{r+s=p+q+1} \pi_{r,s}\circ d=\partial + \overline{\partial} + \cdots .$$

Integrable almost complex structures
Every complex manifold is itself an almost complex manifold. In local holomorphic coordinates $$z^\mu = x^\mu + i y^\mu$$ one can define the maps

 * $$J\frac{\partial}{\partial x^\mu} = \frac{\partial}{\partial y^\mu} \qquad J\frac{\partial}{\partial y^\mu} = -\frac{\partial}{\partial x^\mu}$$

(just like a counterclockwise rotation of π/2) or

 * $$J\frac{\partial}{\partial z^\mu} = i\frac{\partial}{\partial z^\mu} \qquad J\frac{\partial}{\partial \bar{z}^\mu} = -i\frac{\partial}{\partial \bar{z}^\mu}.$$

One easily checks that this map defines an almost complex structure. Thus any complex structure on a manifold yields an almost complex structure, which is said to be 'induced' by the complex structure, and the complex structure is said to be 'compatible with' the almost complex structure.

The converse question, whether the almost complex structure implies the existence of a complex structure is much less trivial, and not true in general. On an arbitrary almost complex manifold one can always find coordinates for which the almost complex structure takes the above canonical form at any given point p. In general, however, it is not possible to find coordinates so that J takes the canonical form on an entire neighborhood of p. Such coordinates, if they exist, are called 'local holomorphic coordinates for J'. If M admits local holomorphic coordinates for J around every point then these patch together to form a holomorphic atlas for M giving it a complex structure, which moreover induces J. J is then said to be 'integrable'. If J is induced by a complex structure, then it is induced by a unique complex structure.

Given any linear map A on each tangent space of M; i.e., A is a tensor field of rank (1, 1), then the Nijenhuis tensor is a tensor field of rank (1,2) given by

 * $$ N_A(X,Y) = -A^2[X,Y]+A([AX,Y]+[X,AY]) -[AX,AY]. \, $$

or, for the usual case of an almost complex structure A=J such that $$ J^2=-Id $$,

 * $$ N_J(X,Y) = [X,Y]+J([JX,Y]+[X,JY])-[JX,JY]. \, $$

The individual expressions on the right depend on the choice of the smooth vector fields X and Y, but the left side actually depends only on the pointwise values of X and Y, which is why NA is a tensor. This is also clear from the component formula

 * $$ -(N_A)_{ij}^k=A_i^m\partial_m A^k_j -A_j^m\partial_mA^k_i-A^k_m(\partial_iA^m_j-\partial_jA^m_i).$$

In terms of the Frölicher–Nijenhuis bracket, which generalizes the Lie bracket of vector fields, the Nijenhuis tensor NA is just one-half of [A, A].

The Newlander–Nirenberg theorem states that an almost complex structure J is integrable if and only if NJ = 0. The compatible complex structure is unique, as discussed above. Since the existence of an integrable almost complex structure is equivalent to the existence of a complex structure, this is sometimes taken as the definition of a complex structure.

There are several other criteria which are equivalent to the vanishing of the Nijenhuis tensor, and which therefore furnish methods for checking the integrability of an almost complex structure (and in fact each of these can be found in the literature):

 * The Lie bracket of any two (1, 0)-vector fields is again of type (1, 0)
 * $$d = \partial + \bar\partial$$
 * $$\bar\partial^2=0.$$

Any of these conditions implies the existence of a unique compatible complex structure.

The existence of an almost complex structure is a topological question and is relatively easy to answer, as discussed above. The existence of an integrable almost complex structure, on the other hand, is a much more difficult analytic question. For example, it is still not known whether S6 admits an integrable almost complex structure, despite a long history of ultimately unverified claims. Smoothness issues are important. For real-analytic J, the Newlander–Nirenberg theorem follows from the Frobenius theorem; for C∞ (and less smooth) J, analysis is required (with more difficult techniques as the regularity hypothesis weakens).

Compatible triples
Suppose M is equipped with a symplectic form ω, a Riemannian metric g, and an almost complex structure J. Since ω and g are nondegenerate, each induces a bundle isomorphism TM → T*M, where the first map, denoted φω, is given by the interior product φω(u) = iuω = ω(u, •) and the other, denoted φg, is given by the analogous operation for g. With this understood, the three structures (g, ω, J) form a compatible triple when each structure can be specified by the two others as follows: In each of these equations, the two structures on the right hand side are called compatible when the corresponding construction yields a structure of the type specified. For example, ω and J are compatible if and only if ω(•, J•) is a Riemannian metric. The bundle on M whose sections are the almost complex structures compatible to ω has contractible fibres: the complex structures on the tangent fibres compatible with the restriction to the symplectic forms.
 * g(u, v) = ω(u, Jv)
 * ω(u, v) = g(Ju, v)
 * J(u) = (φg)−1(φω(u)).

Using elementary properties of the symplectic form ω, one can show that a compatible almost complex structure J is an almost Kähler structure for the Riemannian metric ω(u, Jv). Also, if J is integrable, then (M, ω, J) is a Kähler manifold.

These triples are related to the 2 out of 3 property of the unitary group.

Generalized almost complex structure
Nigel Hitchin introduced the notion of a generalized almost complex structure on the manifold M, which was elaborated in the doctoral dissertations of his students Marco Gualtieri and Gil Cavalcanti. An ordinary almost complex structure is a choice of a half-dimensional subspace of each fiber of the complexified tangent bundle TM. A generalized almost complex structure is a choice of a half-dimensional isotropic subspace of each fiber of the direct sum of the complexified tangent and cotangent bundles. In both cases one demands that the direct sum of the subbundle and its complex conjugate yield the original bundle.

An almost complex structure integrates to a complex structure if the half-dimensional subspace is closed under the Lie bracket. A generalized almost complex structure integrates to a generalized complex structure if the subspace is closed under the Courant bracket. If furthermore this half-dimensional space is the annihilator of a nowhere vanishing pure spinor then M is a generalized Calabi–Yau manifold.

title: Almost complex manifold


text:
Citizen Lab

The Citizen Lab is an interdisciplinary laboratory based at the Munk School of Global Affairs at the University of Toronto, Canada. It was founded by Ronald Deibert in 2001. The laboratory studies information controls that impact the openness and security of the Internet and that pose threats to human rights. The organization uses a "mixed methods" approach which combines computer-generated interrogation, data mining, and analysis with intensive field research, qualitative social science, and legal and policy analysis methods. The organization has played a major role in providing technical support to journalists investigating the use of NSO Group's Pegasus spyware on journalists, politicians and human rights advocates.

History
The Citizen Lab was a founding partner of the OpenNet Initiative (2002–2013) and the Information Warfare Monitor (2002–2012) projects. The organization also developed the original design of the Psiphon censorship circumvention software, which was spun out of the Lab into a private Canadian corporation (Psiphon Inc.) in 2008.

In a 2009 report "Tracking GhostNet", researchers uncovered a suspected cyber espionage network of over 1,295 infected hosts in 103 countries between 2007 and 2009, a high percentage of which were high-value targets, including ministries of foreign affairs, embassies, international organizations, news media, and NGOs. The study was one of the first public reports to reveal a cyber espionage network that targeted civil society and government systems internationally.

In Shadows in the Cloud (2010), researchers documented a complex ecosystem of cyber espionage that systematically compromised government, business, academic, and other computer network systems in India, the offices of the Dalai Lama, the United Nations, and several other countries.

In Million Dollar Dissident, published in August 2016, researchers discovered that Ahmed Mansoor, one of the UAE Five, a human rights defender in the United Arab Emirates, was targeted with Pegasus software developed by Israeli cyber-intelligence firm NSO Group. Prior to the releases of the report, researchers contacted Apple who released a security update that patched the vulnerabilities exploited by the spyware operators. Mansoor was imprisoned one year later and as of 2021, is still in jail.

Researchers reported in October 2018, that NSO Group surveillance software was used to spy on the "inner circle" of Jamal Khashoggi just before his murder, "are being targeted in turn by international undercover operatives." A Citizen Lab October report revealed that NSO's "signature spy software" which had been placed on the iPhone of Saudi dissident Omar Abdulaziz, one of Khashoggi's confidantes, months before. Abdulaziz said that Saudi Arabia spies used the hacking software to reveal Khashoggi's "private criticisms of the Saudi royal family". He said this "played a major role" in his death.

According to a January 24, 2019 AP News report, Citizen Lab researchers were "being targeted" by "international undercover operatives" for its work on NSO Group.

In January 2019, Citizen Lab invited the Associated Press to help reveal an undercover spy operation targeting reporters at Citizen Lab carried out by the firm Black Cube. Ronan Farrow added to this reporting through interviews with a source of his who was involved in that espionage incident, among others.

In March 2019, The New York Times reported that Citizen Lab had been a target of the UAE contractor DarkMatter.

A major international investigation from 2020-2022 into the use of Pegasus spyware on journalists, politicians and human rights activists around the world relied on Citizen Lab and Amnesty International's Security Lab for technical support.

In 2021, Citizen Lab along with Amnesty International's Security Lab analysed Front Line Defenders' report on the hacking of devices of six Palestinian human rights defenders (two were dual nationals; one French, one American) working for civil society organisations based in the West Bank. Four of the hacked devices used Israeli SIM cards (which NSO Group claimed was not allowed).

In 2023, Citizen Lab found evidence of NSO Group's hacking tool Pegasus in a war setting for the first time as well as in the device of a lead investigator of a Mexican human rights investigation.

Awards

 * Electronic Frontier Foundation Pioneer award (2015)
 * The MacArthur Foundation’s MacArthur Award for Creative and Effective Institutions (2014)
 * New Digital Age grant from Google Executive Chairman Eric Schmidt (2014)
 * The Canadian Library Association's Advancement of Intellectual Freedom in Canada Award (2013)
 * The Canadian Committee for World Press Freedom's Press Freedom Award (2011)
 * The Canadian Journalists for Free Expression’s Vox Libera Award (2010)

title: Citizen Lab


text:
Wrigley Rooftops

Wrigley Rooftops is a name for the sixteen rooftops of residential buildings which have bleachers or seating on them to view baseball games or other major events at Wrigley Field. Since 1914 Wrigley roofs have dotted the neighborhood of Wrigleyville around Wrigley Field, where the Chicago Cubs play Major League Baseball. Venues on Waveland Avenue overlook left field, while those along Sheffield Avenue have a view over right field.

The rooftops had always been a gathering place for free views of the game, but until the 1980s, the observers were usually just a few dozen people watching from the flat rooftops, windows and porches of the buildings, with "seating" consisting of a few folding chairs, and with little commercial impact on the team. When the popularity of the Cubs began to rise in the 1980s, formal seating structures began to appear, and building owners began charging admission, much to the displeasure of Cubs management, who saw it as an unreasonable encroachment.

Various methods of combating this phenomenon were discussed. The idea of a "spite fence", as with Shibe Park in Philadelphia, or the Cubs' previous home, West Side Park, was discussed. The idea was not implemented, nor was it fully abandoned. Before Opening Day in 2002, a "wind screen" was temporarily erected on the ballpark's back screen behind the outfield wall, obscuring some of the view from Wrigley roofs.

When the majority were independent of Cub affiliate ownership prior to 2016, the Wrigleyville Rooftops Association's members were the 16 rooftop venues. Wrigley Rooftops is the Ricketts family's marketing arm and brand for their rooftop holdings through Greystone Sheffield Holdings and Hickory Street Capital.

History
Soon after Wrigley opened in 1914, the rooftops sprung up around the ball field. In the 1938 World Series, when the Cubs played the Yankees, The Sheffield Baseball Club was the first to charge for admission.

Real estate investor Donal Barry, through an entity, purchased in 2000 1010 W. Waveland (Beyond the Ivy I) then 1048 W. Waveland (originally Beyond The Ivy III, then Sky Lounge Wrigley Rooftop now 1048 Sky Lounge) also in 2000. Barry's entity in 2004 purchased 1038 W. Waveland (Beyond The Ivy II).

In 2002, the Cubs organization filed a lawsuit against the different facilities for copyright infringement. Since operators charge admission to use their amenities and sell licenses to view Major League Baseball, the Cubs asserted that the facilities were illegally using a copyrighted game and sued for royalties. In 2004, 11 of the 13 roofs settled with the club out of court, agreeing to pay 17% of gross revenue in exchange for official endorsement. The city also began investigating the structural integrity of the roofs, issuing citations to those in danger of collapse. With the Cubs and the neighbors reaching agreement, many of the facilities began to feature seating structures: some with bleachers, some with chair seats, and even one with a steel-girdered double deck of seats (see photo). The agreement was to last until 2023.

In 2013, principal owner Thomas S. Ricketts sought Commission on Chicago Landmarks permission to build "additional seating, new lighting, four additional LED signs of up to 650 sqft and a 2400 sqft video board in right field." Ricketts said Wrigley has "the worst player facilities in Major League Baseball". When the roof owners threatened to sue he tempered the design to just "a sign in right field and a video board in left field." After the roof owners did not rescind their threat to sue, Ricketts said in May 2014 that he would attempt to proceed with the original plan even if the matter was fought in court. The Wrigleyville Rooftop Association claim in 2014 that its members spend $50 million to renovate their venues to code after agreeing to revenue-sharing. On January 20, 2015, the roof owners filed a lawsuit in federal court against the Cubs and Ricketts, citing breach of contract.

The Ricketts family, owners of the Cubs, began purchasing the rooftop properties in order to control the marketable sight lines into the stadium and by the end of the 2016 season, owned (or controlled via agreement) 11 of the rooftop locations. This led to a dispute with the Major League Baseball Players Association and other MLB clubs, which argued that these acquisitions made the rooftops' receipts baseball-related revenue for the purposes of revenue sharing.

In 2015, a family venture bought 3643 N. Sheffield Ave. building, 3639 N. Sheffield and 1032 W. Waveland. A Jerry Lasky-managed entity sold 3617, 3619 and 3637 N. Sheffield to the Ricketts in May 2015. Hickory Street Capital, a venture of the Ricketts family, took a stake in the Down the Line Rooftop (3621-3625 Sheffield Ave.) along with right of first refusal in 2010. James and Camelia Petrozzini moved their share of Down the Line to a living trust then the Petrozzini died in 2014. Hickory Street sued that the trust transfer violated the right of first refusal. Ricketts family ventures outright purchased seven rooftop buildings while purchase the mortgages on three Sheffield rooftop properties in receivership. The Petrozzini Trust agreed to sell Down the Line Rooftop to Hickory Street in December 2016. Ricketts family's Greystone Sheffield Holdings bought the three W. Waveland rooftops from Donal Barry on January 13, 2016. Also in January, the Ricketts launched its Wrigley Rooftops marketing brand and arm. The Ricketts family add the Brixen Ivy located at 1044 W Waveland to its rooftop portfolio.

In May 2017, the Cubs and the Rickets family formed Marquee Sports & Entertainment as a central sales and marketing company for the various Rickets family sports and entertainment assets, the Cubs, Wrigley Rooftops and Hickory Street Capital. As part of this process, the Cubs agreed to count the rooftops' revenues along with regular Wrigley Field receipts for the purposes of revenue sharing.

Hickory Street Capital
Hickory Street Capital is a Wrigleyville development company owned by the Joe Ricketts family.

Hickory Street Capital, a venture of the Ricketts family, took a stake in the Down the Line Rooftop (3621-3625 Sheffield Ave.) along with right of first refusal in 2010. James and Camelia Petrozzini moved their share of Down the Line to a living trust then the Petrozzini died in 2014. Hickory Street sued that the trust transfer violated the right of first refusal. Ricketts family ventures outright purchased seven rooftop buildings while purchase the mortgages on three Sheffield rooftop properties in receivership. The Petrozzini Trust agreed to sell Down the Line Rooftop to Hickory Street in December 2016

In May 2017, the Cubs and the Rickets family formed Marquee Sports & Entertainment as a central sales and marketing company for the various Rickets family sports and entertainment assets, the Chicago Cubs, Wrigley Rooftops and Hickory Street Capital.

The Hotel Wrigley project was announced by Hickory Street Capital in 2013 for the northwest corner of Clark and Addison across from Wrigley Field with a faux-historic baseball theme. In September 2016, the project was rechristened Hotel Zachary after the 1914 ballpark’s architect Zachary Taylor Davis with a new design by architect VOA Associates. Starwood Hotels & Resorts was brought on board to manage the hotel expect to open in 2018. On April 10, 2017, the Park at Wrigley outdoor plaza was opened to the public on the same day as the Chicago Cubs' home opener.

Portfolio

 * Down the Line Rooftop
 * Gallagher Way Plaza (April 10, 2017) and development

 * North Building, 1101 W Waveland
 * American Airlines Conference Center
 * Chicago Cubs Front Office
 * Marquee Sports & Entertainment
 * Motorola World Series Trophy Room
 * West Building, 3630 N Clark Street
 * Hotel Zachary (opened March 28, 2018) managed by Starwood Hotels & Resorts

Marquee Sports & Entertainment
Marquee Sports & Entertainment LLC (MSE) is a sales and marketing company for the various Rickets family sports and entertainment assets, the Cubs, Wrigley Rooftops and Hickory Street Capital. Marquee is headquartered in the Gallagher Way's North Building. Hickory Street properties included are the new Park at Wrigley, the American Airlines Conference Center in the new Cubs headquarters adjacent to the ballpark, and Hotel Zachary. The company was draws on the famous Wrigley Field marquee.

Marquee Sports & Entertainment was formed in May 2017. The Cubs’ existing corporate partnerships and sales teams of 30 were transferred to Marquee.

Day-to-day operating heads are the two co-managing directors, Allen Hermeling, Cubs senior director of corporate partnerships, and Andy Blackburn, Cubs senior director of ticket sales. Also involved is Crane Kenney, Cubs president of business operations, as MSE officer and Colin Faulkner, Cubs senior vice president of sales and marketing as senior vice president of MSE directly over the co-managing directors.

title: Wrigley Rooftops