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Betty Field

Betty Field (February 8, 1916 – September 13, 1973) was an American film and stage actress.

Early years
Field was born in Boston, Massachusetts, to George and Katharine (née Lynch) Field. She began acting before she reached age 15, and went into stock theater immediately after graduating from high school. She attended the American Academy of Dramatic Arts in New York City.

Producer/director George Abbott is credited with having discovered Field.

Stage
Field began her acting career in 1934 on the London stage in Howard Lindsay's farce She Loves Me Not. Following its run, she returned to the United States, and appeared in several stage successes, then made her film debut in 1939.

Field's Broadway credits include Page Miss Glory (1934), Room Service (1937), Angel Island (1937), If I Were You (1938), What a Life (1938), The Primrose (1939), Ring Two (1939), Two on an Island (1940), Flight to the West (1940), A New Life (1943), The Voice of the Turtle (1943), Dream Girl (1945), The Rat Race (1949), Not for Children (1951), The Fourposter (1951), The Ladies of the Corridor (1953), Festival (1955), The Waltz of the Toreadors (1958), A Touch of the Poet (1958), A Loss of Roses (1959), Strange Interlude (1963), Where's Daddy? (1966), and All Over (1971).

Her final stage performances were in three productions at Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts in 1971.

Film
Field had to overcome obstacles early in her film career. A 1942 newspaper article reported:"When Betty Field was first signed for pictures, conversation buzzed. 'But she's not pretty,' was the first objection. 'And her mouth is too large.'"

Field's role as Curly's wife, Mae, the sole female character in Of Mice and Men (1939) established her as a dramatic actress. She starred opposite John Wayne in the 1941 movie The Shepherd of the Hills. Field played a supporting, yet significant role as Cassandra Tower in Kings Row (1942).

A life member of The Actors Studio, Field preferred performing on Broadway and appeared in Elmer Rice's Dream Girl and Jean Anouilh's The Waltz of the Toreadors, but returned to Hollywood regularly, appearing in Flesh and Fantasy (1943), The Southerner (1945), as Daisy Buchanan in The Great Gatsby (1949) with Alan Ladd, Picnic (1955) with William Holden and Kim Novak, Bus Stop (1956) with Marilyn Monroe, Peyton Place (1957) (for which she was nominated for a Laurel Award), Hound-Dog Man (1959) with Carol Lynley and Stuart Whitman, Butterfield 8 (1960) with Elizabeth Taylor, Birdman of Alcatraz (1962) with Burt Lancaster, 7 Women (1966) with Anne Bancroft and How to Save a Marriage and Ruin Your Life (1968) with Dean Martin and Stella Stevens. Her final film role was in Coogan's Bluff with Clint Eastwood and Susan Clark in 1968.

TV and radio
Field made many guest appearances on series television including Route 66, The Untouchables, General Electric Theater, Alfred Hitchcock Presents, Dr. Kildare, Ben Casey, The Defenders and several others. Field portrayed Barbara Pearson on the radio series The Aldrich Family. On radio, she also appeared on Old Gold Comedy Theater, Studio One and Suspense.

Personal life
Her first marriage to playwright Elmer Rice ended in divorce in May 1956. The couple had three children, John, Paul, and Judith. John became a lawyer, but he died in a swimming accident at age 40. Her second marriage to Edwin J. Lukas lasted from 1957 to 1967. Her third marriage to Raymond Olivere lasted from 1968 until her death in 1973.

Field died from a cerebral hemorrhage on September 13, 1973, at Cape Cod Hospital in Hyannis, Massachusetts, aged 57. (Another source says she was 55.)

title: Betty Field


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List of museums in Vermont

This list of museums in Vermont encompasses museums defined for this context as institutions (including nonprofit organizations, government entities, and private businesses) that collect and care for objects of cultural, artistic, scientific, or historical interest and make their collections or related exhibits available for public viewing. Museums that exist only in cyberspace (i.e., virtual museums) are not included.

For Wikipedia links to institutions similar to museums in Vermont, consult the "See also" section.

Defunct museums

 * Cornish Colony Museum, Windsor, closed about 2010
 * National Museum of the Morgan Horse, Shelburne
 * Precision Valley Corvette Museum, Springfield, formerly part of the Springfield Diner

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: List of museums in Vermont


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Talk:Vigesimal

Digits over 9
For this system, what letters do you think should be for 10-19?? Most people say 10=A, 11=B, 12=C, 13=D, 14=E, 15=F, 16=G, 17=H, 18=I, and 19=J. However, because an I can be easy to interpret as a 1, I prefer 18=J and 19=K.

Someone (on 206.80.111.48) has suggested 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ~ ! @ # $ % ^ & * <. as suitable digits. However I would not regard < and % as suitable. Also I don't think ther main page should contain suggestions of suitable digits but only digits that have been used.

 * One of the Arana systems used the Arabic number with a dot or something similar. A scan of his proposal would be a good addition. --Error 22:09, 11 January 2007 (UTC)

20 = 5x4
Why these arbitrary factors? Why not say 20 = 2 x 2 x 5? --MarSch 15:12, 31 October 2005 (UTC)

Bad external links?
The note at the bottom of the article contains several external links to certain pages that are rather incomprehensible. Someone should replace those links by a legible summary, or a link to a Wikipedia article. Also, One of them is a very long link that messes up the "diff" displays; can't it be replaced by a shorter link? Also, the link for '2' seems to point to a database query for '10'. Jorge Stolfi 03:43, 28 February 2006 (UTC)

Pronunciation
Could anyone be so kind as to add it? Wiktionary doesn't contain it either. Duncan MacCall (talk) 18:00, 15 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Cancelled / Updated:

. Duncan MacCall (talk) 05:30, 16 September 2008 (UTC)
 * I was also surprised to find it missing. If it is part of Wiktionary, then there should be a link to the correct pronunciation. - KitchM (talk) 03:48, 12 November 2009 (UTC)

Shillings
Section on shillings refers to the British system:

In the old British currency system (pre-1971), there were 20 shillings to the pound. This was still the case under the decimal system introduced in 1971 for those shilling coins still in circulation (no more were minted and the shilling coin was demonetised in 1990), because the shilling - which was valued at 12 pence in the old currency - was re-valued at 5 pence in the new system. Thus, the old shilling coins still accumulate 20 to the pound, because 20 x 5 new pence = 100 new pence = 1 pound (whereas in the old system, 1 pound equalled 240 pence instead of 100 pence).

But I believe this was first instituted in Europe by the Franks (by Charlemagne). If someone can write authoritatively about this, please do.... --Friarslantern (talk) 16:37, 30 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Not being English mother-tongued I prefer not dare about being "authoritative"... nevertheless, I can say about this opposition between one shilling and five pences is the same that the one in France (an probably Franks) between one fr:sou and five vieux (old) francs. The term sou was still widely used prior the euro introduction few years ago. Michel Alençon aka 82.224.88.52 (talk) 07:55, 6 November 2009 (UTC)

It goes back a fairly long way, but the British were the main ones who kept it as a prominent feature of their monetary system into the 19th and 20th centuries... AnonMoos (talk) 22:01, 31 October 2008 (UTC)

Huitante
In the article, it says the following: (but 80 is quatre-vingts except in Switzerland where 80 is huitante).

.. which is not entirely true. Many Swiss-French people say quatre-vingts. Huitante is only used in Vaud, I think.

84.73.71.29 (talk) 16:31, 17 November 2008 (UTC) Lucas

Romanian Language
In romanian, when counting different objects or reffering to their number, if the number of objects is below 20, one puts in a sentece the numeral and the name of the object,for example "10 telephones = 10 telefoane". However, if the number is equal to or greater than 20, one adds another construct, so the whole thing becomes "20 de telefoane" roughly translateable to "20 of telephones". Blakut (talk) 09:32, 11 August 2010 (UTC)

Related observations
English and German numerals between 11 and 19 are of two types: 11 and 12 are linked to a duodecimal system. "Eleven"/"elf" (English/German respectively) mean "one left", whereas "twelve"/"zwölf" mean "two left". From 13 to 19 the decimal system is used. The two number words are linked or melted into one word and follow the "ones-and-tens" rule: thirteen / dreizehn = three-ten. In French all numbers between 11 and 19 are decimal based, but the first six follow the (older?) "ones-and-tens" rule: "onze"(11) = un-dix = one-ten, "seize"(16) = six-dix = six-ten, while the last three follow the "tens-and-ones" rule: "dix-sept"(17) = ten-seven. Above twenty, English and French follow the "tens-and-one" rule: twenty-one / vingt-et-un (20+1), while German goes the contrary: einundzwanzig (1+20) -- 00:27, 20 November 2013 85.2.83.186

confusion of I and 1
While I agree that it is a problem, most sources I remember actually using the letter-digits for vigesimal use I and J, not J and K, for 18 and 19. Maybe it could be fixed by font-forcing or using lowercase, though. Double sharp (talk) 02:17, 21 December 2016 (UTC)
 * No objections in the past two months, so reverting back to I and J. Double sharp (talk) 16:51, 19 February 2017 (UTC)

Related observation
Would this be relevant in the first item in the "Related observations" section?
 * In Danish, 20 (tyve) is a haplology of tuttiughu ("two tens"), so it is actually merely a plural of 10.

(see Danish language)? Nø (talk) 12:27, 1 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Vigesimal


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Queen Letizia of Spain

Letizia Ortiz Rocasolano (born 15 September 1972) is Queen of Spain as the wife of King Felipe VI.

Letizia was born in Oviedo, Asturias. She worked as a journalist for ABC and EFE before becoming a news anchor at CNN+ and Televisión Española. In 1998, she married Alonso Guerrero Pérez, whom she divorced the following year. In 2004, Letizia married Felipe, then Prince of Asturias as the son and heir apparent of King Juan Carlos I. The couple have two daughters, Leonor and Sofía. As Princess of Asturias, Letizia represented her father-in-law in Spain and abroad. On Juan Carlos's abdication in June 2014, Felipe became king, making Letizia queen consort.

As the consort of the ruling monarch, Letizia has no constitutional functions of her own and it is constitutionally prohibited for her to assume any, unless she assume the role of regent. The Queen performs public commitments representing the Crown, often with her husband, but she is focused on being the patron, president or member of numerous charities and organizations, and she is the visible face of the Spanish international cooperation, often traveling around the world supervising and promoting it.

Family
Letizia Ortiz Rocasolano was born on 15 September 1972 at Miñor Sanatorium in Oviedo, Asturias, the eldest daughter of Jesús José Ortiz Álvarez, a journalist, and his first wife, María de la Paloma Rocasolano Rodríguez, a registered nurse and hospital union representative. She has two younger sisters, Telma (b. 1973) and Érika (1975–2007). Érika committed suicide by an intentional drug overdose while Letizia was pregnant with her second child.

Ortiz's parents divorced in 1999 and her father remarried in Madrid on 18 March 2004 to fellow journalist Ana Togores.

Ortiz's paternal grandparents were José Luis Ortiz Velasco (1923–2005), a commercial employee at Olivetti, and María del Carmen "Menchu" Álvarez del Valle (1928–2021), a radio broadcaster in Asturias for over 40 years. Her maternal grandfather was Francisco Julio Rocasolano Camacho (1918–2015), a mechanic and cab driver in Madrid for over 20 years who was of French and Occitan origin. Letizia's maternal grandmother, Enriqueta Rodríguez Figueredo (1919–2008) was an Insulares, a White Filipina, who was from the Philippines, born to Spanish parents.

British genealogists have provided evidence that through her mother's Rocasolano lineage, Ortiz descends from Astorg Roquesoulane, a 16th century woman who died in 1564, and her coat of arms incorporates the arms of the Rocasolano family. Reports have suggested, and remain unproven, that on her paternal grandfather's side, she is a descendant of an untitled family descended from medieval nobility who served as constables of Castile.

Education and career
Ortiz attended La Gesta School in Oviedo, before her family moved to Rivas-Vaciamadrid near Madrid, where she attended the Ramiro de Maeztu High School. She completed a bachelor's degree in journalism, at the Complutense University of Madrid, as well as a master's degree in audiovisual journalism at the Institute for Studies in Audiovisual Journalism.

During her studies, Ortiz worked for the Asturian daily newspaper La Nueva España and later for the newspaper ABC and the national news agency EFE. After completing her master's degree, she travelled to Guadalajara, Mexico, where she worked at the newspaper Siglo 21 and began work toward a PhD. She did not, however, complete her doctoral thesis because she returned to Spain. After returning to Spain, she worked for the Spanish version of the economic channel Bloomberg before moving to the news network CNN+.

In 2000, Ortiz moved to TVE, where she started working for the news channel 24 Horas. In 2002, she anchored the weekly news report programme Informe Semanal and later the daily morning news programme Telediario Matinal on TVE 1. In August 2003, a few months before her engagement to Felipe, Prince of Asturias, Ortiz was promoted to anchor of the TVE daily evening news programme Telediario 2, the most viewed newscast in Spain. In 2000, she reported from Washington, D.C., on the presidential elections. In September 2001, she broadcast live from Ground Zero following the 9/11 attacks in New York and in 2003, she filed reports from Iraq following the war. In 2002 she sent several reports from Galicia in northern Spain following the ecological disaster when the oil tanker Prestige sank.

First marriage
Ortiz married Alonso Guerrero Pérez (born in 1962), a writer and a high school literature teacher, on 7 August 1998, in a civil ceremony at Almendralejo, in Badajoz, after a 10-year courtship. The marriage ended by divorce in 1999.

Second marriage and children
On 1 November 2003, to the surprise of many, the Royal Household announced Ortiz's engagement to Prince Felipe. Afterwards, she moved to live in a wing of the Zarzuela Palace until the day of her wedding. The Prince of Asturias had proposed to her with a 16-baguette diamond engagement ring with a white gold trim. She marked the occasion by giving him white gold and sapphire cufflinks and a classic book.

The wedding took place on 22 May 2004 in the Almudena Cathedral in Madrid. It was the first royal wedding in this cathedral. It had been nearly a century since the capital celebrated a royal wedding, as the prince's parents married in Athens and his sisters, Infanta Elena and Infanta Cristina, married in Seville and Barcelona respectively. Letizia's bridal gown was designed by Spanish fashion designer Manuel Pertegaz, her bridal shoes by Pura López; and the veil, a gift from Felipe to his bride, was made of off-white silk tulle and hand-embroidered with detailing. As Letizia's previous marriage involved only a civil ceremony, the Catholic Church does not consider it canonically valid and therefore did not require an annulment to proceed with a Catholic marriage to the Prince of Asturias.

Letizia and Felipe have two daughters: Leonor, Princess of Asturias, born on 31 October 2005, and Infanta Sofía, born on 29 April 2007. They were born in the Ruber International Hospital in Madrid.

Princess of Asturias
Princess Letizia immediately joined in the duties of her husband and travelled extensively through Spain representing her father-in-law. They also represented Spain in other countries: she has travelled along with her husband to Jordan, Mexico, Peru, Hungary, the Dominican Republic, Panama, the United States, Serbia, Brazil, Uruguay, Sweden, Denmark, Japan, China, and Portugal. She also greeted international dignitaries, along with other members of the royal family, and attended gatherings of foreign royalty in Luxembourg, for the silver wedding anniversary of Grand Duke Henri and Grand Duchess Maria Teresa, and in the Netherlands for the 40th birthday of Willem-Alexander, Prince of Orange.

Letizia's solo agenda was announced in 2006, shortly after the announcement of her second pregnancy. Letizia has performed a couple of audiences and her work focuses on social issues such as children's rights, rare diseases, culture, and education. In late 2007, her solo agenda started to grow in the number of events she performed by herself and Felipe's and Letizia's agendas became more distinct and separate.

In September 2010, the Spanish Association Against Cancer (AECC) appointed her as honorary president of the Association and its scientific foundation.

Queen of Spain
On 19 June 2014, Letizia became Queen of Spain with her husband's accession as Felipe VI; as such, she holds the style of Majesty. She is the first Spanish-born queen consort since Mercedes of Orléans, the first wife of Alfonso XII, in 1878. She is also the first Spanish queen to have been born as a commoner. The queen consort was present when King Juan Carlos I gave his son, King Felipe VI, the sash of captain general of the Armed Forces (symbolizing the transfer of royal and military power), as well as when Felipe swore before the Cortes Generales to fulfill his duties, protect and defend the Constitution as well as respecting the rights of the citizens and the Spanish regions.

Queen Letizia undertook her first solo engagement as queen on 23 June 2014 at the inauguration of the El Greco and modern painting exhibition at the Prado Museum in Madrid. On 25 June 2014, the king appointed José Manuel de Zuleta y Alejandro, 14th duke of Abrantes, as her private secretary. In their first overseas trip as king and queen, Felipe and Letizia met Pope Francis on 30 June 2014, in the Apostolic Palace. They later met with Cardinal Secretary of State Pietro Parolin, accompanied by Mgsr. Antoine Camilleri, under-secretary for Relations with States. The visit followed one by King Juan Carlos I and Queen Sofia on 28 April.

In September 2014, Letizia chaired the Royal Board on Disability, a government agency protected by the Crown whose president is the consort of the reigning monarch. On 25 October 2014, she attended the delivery ceremony of the Prince of Asturias Awards, the last with this name. From 2015 onwards, they were renamed "Princess of Asturias Awards" with Leonor, Princess of Asturias as their president. On 27 October 2014, she travelled to Vienna, Austria to inaugurate an exhibition about Spanish painter Diego Velázquez, which marked her first international solo visit. There, she met the Austrian president Heinz Fischer and his wife, Margit Fischer. It was not her last solo foreign visit that year, visiting Portugal in November for the Closing Ceremony of the 2nd Ibero-American Meeting on Rare Diseases and Italy to attend the Second International Conference on Nutrition, organized by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, where she delivered the main speech. In her speech, she praised the role of women in the fight against hunger, described as "unacceptable" that more than 850 million people in the world suffer from hunger and demanded that the food industry balance its "commercial interests" with its "responsibility" to eradicate obesity. In December 2014, she chaired the general meeting of the Spanish Association Against Cancer, an association that she has chaired since 2010 and which she continues to do as queen.

During 2015, Letizia continued giving support to social causes related to relevant diseases, attending events and meetings of the Spanish Association Against Cancer, the Spanish Federation of Rare Diseases and the Spanish Red Cross, among others. The King and Queen had planned their first state visit for March 2015, to France. However, on 24 March 2015 they had to postponed the visit due to the pilot of Germanwings Flight 9525 deliberately crashing the plane in the French Alps, killing 150 people, including 51 Spaniards. They resumed the state visit on early June, being welcomed by French president François Hollande. They also met the prime minister, Manuel Valls, the president of the French Senate, Gérard Larcher, the president of the National Assembly, Claude Bartolone and the mayor of Paris, Anne Hidalgo. On 13 April 2015, Queen Letizia visited the Artillery Academy, which marked her first solo military event. A few days later, she travelled with her husband to Copenhagen, Denmark, to commemorate the 75th birthday of Queen Margrethe II. From 25 to 28 of May 2015, Letizia made her first international cooperation visit to Honduras and El Salvador.

In June 2015, Letizia was named Special Ambassador for Nutrition for the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. Late this month, after travelling to France, she and the King made a state visit to México, their first visit to the Americas as Spain's sovereigns. They met the Mexican president, Enrique Peña Nieto, the First Lady, Angélica Rivera, the head of México City, Miguel Ángel Mancera and the leaders of the Congress of the Union. In late July 2015, she traveled alone to Milan, Italy for the Expo 2015. From 14 to 19 September 2015, the King and Queen made an official visit to the United States, where they visited American president Barack Obama and his wife, Michelle Obama, and the United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations. They later traveled to Louisiana, where they were received by soldiers with the traditional uniform of the Spanish Louisiana and to Virginia, to visit Mount Vernon. In October 2015, she traveled alone to Düsseldorf, Germany, to inaugurate an exhibition about Spanish painter Zurbarán. That month, she also accompanied King Felipe to the Princess of Asturias Awards ceremony, the first since Leonor assumed as Princess of Asturias. At the end of 2015, the Queen attended two funerals. First, in November, she attended, with the rest of the Royal Family, the funeral of Infante Carlos, Duke of Calabria in El Escorial. Second, in December, she attended the funeral of Spanish police officers killed in the 2015 Spanish Embassy attack in Kabul.

2016 was a low-key year for the Royal Family. The electoral process started with the 2015 general election and followed by the 2016 general election made it difficult for the Crown to develop a normal agenda. Letizia began 2016 by receiving different social entities in audience, such as the Roma Secretariat Foundation, the Association of Children's Organizations of Spain, the Association for Specific Language Disorder of Madrid and the Spanish Nutrition Foundation, which informed the queen about their goals, activity and projects.

In March 2016, leaked text messages between Letizia and businessman Javier López Madrid created controversy. Together with other executives and board members of the Caja Madrid and Bankia financial group, Madrid had been accused of corruption. In October 2014, Letizia pledged her support for him, texting "We know who you are and you know who we are. We know each other, like each other, respect each other. To hell with the rest. Kisses yoga mate (miss you!!!)". Felipe also joined in, texting "We do indeed!" The newspaper El Diario later published these texts. A palace official subsequently stated that the King and Queen were no longer friends with López Madrid due to his legal issues. Also in March, Letizia made the first of the two international trips she had in 2016. She accompanied King Felipe to Puerto Rico, in order to chair the 7th International Congress of the Spanish Language On 22 April 2016, the king and queen gave audience to Spanish figure skater Javier Fernández after winning the 2016 World Championship (his second consecutive title). To finish the year, in late November 2016, the King and Queen made a state visit to Portugal, where they met Portuguese president Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa and prime minister António Costa, among others. While the king was fulfilling his constitutional obligations before the Portuguese authorities, the queen met with the president of the Portuguese League Against Cancer, Víctor Veloso.

2017 started very like the past year, with Letizia meeting some relevant social organizations that she chaired. In February, both the King and Queen welcomed important foreign leaders at the Royal Palace of Zarzuela, such as the German president Joachim Gauck and his wife, Gerhild Radtke, and the Hungarian president János Áder and his wife, Anita Herczegh. Precisely, in an event with these last guests, the royals learned the initial judicial ruling that declared Iñaki Urdangarin, the king's brother-in-law, guilty of several corruption crimes. The king's sister, Infanta Cristina, was cleared of all crimes. To finish the month, Felipe and Letizia welcomed the Argentine president, Mauricio Macri, and the First Lady, Juliana Awada, during their state visit to Spain.

On 23 March 2017, she made her first solo trip of the year to Porto, Portugal, to attend the 7th Conference on Tobacco or Health. There, she met the Portuguese president, the European Commissioner for Health and Safety, Vytenis Andriukaitis, the minister of Health of Portugal, Adalberto Campos Fernandes, and the mayor of Porto, Rui Moreira. In April 2017, Queen Letizia and King Felipe made a state visit to Japan. At the end of the year, they travelled to the Netherlands to celebrate the 50th birthday of Willem-Alexander. In May, they offered a lunch to Jordanian Princess Muna Al Hussein and to the Portuguese president. They also celebrated, along with King Juan Carlos and Queen Sofía, the 40th anniversary of the Reina Sofía Foundation and the 10th anniversary of the Alzheimer Centre of the Foundation. In mid-July 2017, the Spanish royals made a state visit to the United Kingdom, where they met with Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. They also reunited with the Prince and Princess of Wales, Charles and Camila.

On 31 October 2018, the queen proudly witnessed the first public address of her eldest daughter, Princess Leonor, who read the first article of the Spanish Constitution during the celebration of the 40th anniversary of the Magna Carta. A year later, on 18 October 2019, Letizia accompanied her daughter Leonor to the delivery of the Princess of Asturias Awards, the first time for the young princess. The heir to the throne delivered her first speech in public in this event.

In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, King Felipe had to isolate himself in quarantine for testing positive for coronavirus in several occasions between 2020 and 2022. While he was isolated, the queen replaced him in those events for which she was constitutionally authorized (awards delivery, lunches, inauguration of events, etc.) but not in those activities tightly related to constitutional responsibilities (such as the working meeting with the president of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Željko Komšić, in 2022, which had to be postponed. For the 2020 Rey Jaime I Awards in Valencia, Queen Letizia presented the award-winners with their gold medals and gave a short speech praising the "talent, effort and generosity" of prize-winners.  In 2022, it was reported that Letizia was suffering from Morton's neuroma.

After a one-month delay to avoid interfering with the electoral campaign of the 2023 general election, on 25 July 2023 the King and Queen inaugurated the Royal Collections Gallery, a new museum sponsored by Patrimonio Nacional, the government agency that guards the Crown assets. On 17 August 2023, King Felipe and Queen Letizia, together with Infanta Sofía, accompanied Princess Leonor to the General Military Academy, to begin three years of military training. Leonor used both her father's and her mother's surnames "Borbón Ortiz". In late August 2023, she travelled with her youngest daughter, Sofía, to Australia to see the final of the 2023 FIFA Women's World Cup between Spain and England. The Queen delivered the trophy to the World Champions, Spain, and celebrated with them on the pitch. Indirectly, this drew criticism to the British royal family for their absence from the event.

On 30 April 2024, State lawyer María Dolores Ocaña Madrid was appointed as private secretary to the Queen, being the first woman to hold the office.

Titles and honours

On 21 May 2004, the day before her marriage to Felipe, Letizia was appointed a Dame Grand Cross of the Royal and Distinguished Order of Charles III. Since then, Letizia has received different appointments and decorations by foreign states and other Spanish honours.

Letizia was styled as "Her Royal Highness The Princess of Asturias" from her marriage to her husband's accession in 2014, and as "Her Majesty The Queen" since.

Arms
The coat of arms of Queen Letizia was adopted in 2014, based on the design created for her by the Asturian Academy of Heraldry and Genealogy (Academia Asturiana de Heráldica y Genealogía) in May 2004 and approved by Vicente de Cadenas y Vicent, Cronista Rey de Armas; this was used by her as Princess of Asturias. The revision of 2014 was confirmed by Don Alfonso Ceballos-Escalera y Gil, Chronicler of Arms for Castile and León.

The Queen's coat of arms has no official status, as in Spain only those of the King of the King emeritus Juan Carlos, and of the Princess of Asturias are so recognized by Royal Decree.

title: Queen Letizia of Spain


text:
User:Orcmid

http://orcmid.com Dennis E. Hamilton 4401 44th Ave SW Seattle, WA 98116 mailto:dennis.hamilton@acm.org

Self Introduction
Well, it is not like me to leave a page empty, so for now I should just say that there is more about Orcmid's interests at nfoCentrale, and a place where there may be more some day on Orcmid's Lair.

My interest in being here is related to the treatment of algorithms, heuristics, and computation theory (including the Church-Turing Thesis). I am also interested in Wikipedia as an example of collaborative authoring of reference material, something I like about Wikis. I notice that I already like the way this Wiki supports editing.

Surveying the Territory
Thanks to Walt Pohl's page, I have some more resources to apply to the editing of mathematical texts. These also point out a number of topics to address in my own treatment of WikiText and Wiki functionality for nfoWiki, an nfoWare project.

 * WikiProject Mathematics, especially the sections on Issues to think about and Motivation

 * TeX markup and the Meta-Wikimedia on Editing Formulae

 * Table of mathematical symbols for guidance on consistent choices

 * How to edit a page -- with important links on style, etiquette, and discussion (and these links demonstrate why "|" is used to add titles to non-CamelCase Wiki topics).

 * List of mathematical topics

 * List of mathematical logic topics

 * List of computability and complexity topics

 * Classifications of mathematics topics, the AMS MSC2000 classification

 * Wikipedia Talk:Naming conventions (theorems), a topic that I shall avoid like the measles, though I think the business about title capitalization is a generational one and not cultural: I thought that all of that lower-casing in titles and names was from Europe!

 * --Orcmid 21:04, 20 Mar 2004 (UTC)

title: User:Orcmid


text:
Abe Vigoda

Abraham Charles Vigoda (February 24, 1921 – January 26, 2016) was an American actor known for his portrayals of Salvatore Tessio in The Godfather (1972) and Phil Fish in both Barney Miller (1975–1977, 1982) and Fish (1977–1978). His career as an actor began in 1947 performing with the American Theatre Wing and continued in Broadway productions throughout the 1960s and 1970s.

Early life, family and education
Vigoda was born in Brooklyn, New York, New York, on February 24, 1921, the son of Samuel Vigoda and Lena Moses, Jewish immigrants from Russia. His father was a tailor who had two other sons: Hy and Bill. The latter was a comic book artist who drew for the Archie Comics franchise and others in the 1940s. Upon leaving school, Vigoda worked as a printer before enlisting in the U.S. Army in 1943, serving in World War II. After his military service, he studied acting on the GI Bill at the American Theatre Wing. In the late 1940s, he began working in radio and made his television debut in an installment of the live drama series Studio One.

Career
Vigoda began acting while in his 20s, working with the American Theatre Wing. His career as a professional actor began in 1947.

He gained acting notability in the late 1960s and early 1970s with his work in Broadway productions, including Marat/Sade (1967), portraying Mad Animal; The Man in the Glass Booth (1968), portraying Landau; Inquest (1970); and Tough to Get Help (1972), portraying Abraham Lincoln.

His best known film role is that of Salvatore Tessio in The Godfather (1972). He also appeared briefly in The Godfather Part II in a flashback sequence at the end of the film. According to Francis Ford Coppola's commentary on the DVD's widescreen edition, Vigoda landed the role of Tessio in an "open call", in which actors who did not have agents could come in for an audition.

He gained further fame as Phil Fish on Barney Miller, a character known for his world-weary demeanor and persistent hemorrhoids. Vigoda landed the role after an unusual audition, in which he unwittingly displayed that he was a perfect fit for the role:

"While living in Los Angeles, I'd jog three to five miles a day. One morning jogging, my agent calls about a new series called Barney Miller, saying, 'Go there at once.' Well, I was tired and exhausted ... I must have run five miles that morning. I said. 'I have to go home and take a shower.' 'No, no, no. Go right now to Studio City, you're very right for it, they know you from The Godfather, they want to see you.' 'With my shorts?' 'Go.' Danny Arnold and Ted Flicker, the producers, look at me, I look at them, they look at me again. 'You look tired.' 'Of course I'm tired, I jogged five miles this morning, I'm exhausted.' 'Yeah, yeah, tell me, you look like you have hemorrhoids.' 'What are you, a doctor or a producer?'"

Vigoda's character on Barney Miller was popular, and a spin off television series, Fish, was created for him in 1977. The series, a situation comedy, ran from February 5, 1977, to May 18, 1978. In "The Love Boat" S2 E15 "Home Sweet Home" he played ship hand Charles Fletcher, who is pursued by the widowed Mrs. Waterhouse (played by Nancy Walker). It aired 1/19/1979.

Mistaken reports of death
Prior to his actual death in January 2016, Vigoda was a repeated victim of mistaken death announcements. These led to jokes, often with Vigoda as a participant.

In 1982 People magazine mistakenly referred to Vigoda as dead. At the time, Vigoda, aged 60, was performing in a stage play in Calgary. He took the mistake with good humor, posing for a photograph published in Variety in which he was sitting up in a coffin, holding the erroneous issue of People. Jeff Jarvis, a People employee at the time, said that the magazine's editors were known for "messing up" stories and one of them repeatedly inserted the phrase "the late" in reference to Vigoda, even after a researcher correctly removed it. The erroneous version was what went to print.

In 1987 the same mistake was made when a reporter for WWOR, Channel 9 in Secaucus, New Jersey, mistakenly referred to him as the "late Abe Vigoda". She realized and corrected her mistake the next day.

He had been the subject of many running gags pertaining to the mistaken reports of his death. In 1997 Vigoda appeared in Good Burger as the character Otis, the titular restaurant's french fry man. Several jokes were made about his high age, including his character Otis saying, "I should've died years ago." That same year, he was shopping at Bloomingdale's in Manhattan when the salesman remarked, "You look like Abe Vigoda. But you can't be Abe Vigoda because he's dead." A Late Night with David Letterman skit showed Letterman trying to summon Vigoda's ghost, but Vigoda walked in and declared, "I'm not dead yet, you pinhead!"

At a New York Friars Club roast of Rob Reiner which Vigoda attended, Billy Crystal joked, "I have nothing to say about Abe. I was always taught to speak well of the dead."

In May 2001 a website was created with only one purpose: to report whether Vigoda was alive or dead. In addition, in 2005, a "tongue-in-cheek" Firefox extension was released with the sole purpose of telling the browser user Vigoda's status.

Continuing with the gag, he appeared frequently to make fun of his status on Late Night with Conan O'Brien, including a guest appearance on the show's final episode. At the 1998 New York Friars Club roast of Drew Carey, with Vigoda in the audience, Jeff Ross joked, "My one regret is that Abe Vigoda isn't alive to see this." He followed that with "Drew, you go to Vegas; what's the over–under on Abe Vigoda?" On January 23, 2009, Vigoda appeared live on The Today Show. He said he was doing well, joked about previous reports of his death and announced he had just completed a voice-over for an H&R Block commercial to air during the Super Bowl.

Vigoda and Betty White, both 88 years old at the time, appeared in "Game", a Snickers commercial that debuted during Super Bowl XLIV on February 7, 2010. The synopsis made fun of the advanced age of the actors. The Super Bowl Ad Meter poll respondents rated the ad the highest of any shown during the game.

On October 31, 2013 at age 92, Vigoda yet again defied rumors of his demise by appearing on stage with the American rock band Phish in Atlantic City, New Jersey during a performance of the band's song "Wombat" from their 2014 album, Fuego, which mentions Vigoda by name.

Personal life
Vigoda and his first wife Sonja Gohlke had one daughter named Carol. The marriage ended in divorce. His second marriage to Beatrice Schy lasted from 1968 until her death in 1992.

Vigoda enjoyed playing handball and stated in an interview that he was "almost" a champion at the game in his youth.

Death
On January 26, 2016, one month before his 95th birthday, Vigoda died in his sleep at his daughter Carol Fuchs' home in Woodland Park, New Jersey, of natural causes. He had gone there "to escape the hazards of a blizzard."

Vigoda's funeral was held on January 31, 2016. Notable figures including comic Gilbert Gottfried and former New York City mayor David Dinkins attended. He was buried in the Beth David Cemetery at Elmont, Nassau County, New York.

On the 2016 Academy Awards show, Vigoda was not included in the show's memorial reel, surprising many and prompting a small PR backlash.

title: Abe Vigoda


text:
Schlock Mercenary

Schlock Mercenary is a comedic webcomic written and drawn by Howard Tayler. It follows the tribulations of a star-travelling mercenary company in a satiric, mildly dystopian 31st-century space opera setting. After its debut on June 12, 2000, the comic was updated daily until its conclusion in July 24, 2020, supporting its author and receiving five Hugo Award nominations.

The comic had been collected into fifteen print volumes, and a sixteenth volume has been announced.

The online comic concluded in July 2020 at the end of the twentieth volume, with an announcement by Tayler that the main story was complete, though spin-offs might be expected in the future.

Story
The story primarily centers on Captain Kaff Tagon, his mercenary crew, Tagon's Toughs, and their roles as members in a for-profit military organization. Various story lines have the crew swept into conflicts on a single planet, a galaxy-spanning apocalyptic crisis or intergalactic war.

In the distant future of Schlock Mercenary's setting, many changes face Terran society. Faster-than-light travel is attained, alien races are contacted, and technology undergoes radical improvements.

Alien species vary from fairly humanoid to almost unrecognizable. There are carbosilicate amorphs with no easily definable limbs or organs (the eponymous Sgt. Schlock), eight-limbed Gatekeepers, two-bodied Uklakk, and the unknowable Pa'anuri, beings made of dark matter.

The number of sapient species descended from Terran stock increased as Earth's genetic engineers refined their craft. Enhanced chimpanzees, gorillas, orangutans, dolphins, snakes, octopuses, at least two types of bears, and two species of elephant have citizenship. Genetic enhancement of the human population resulted in the purple-skinned photosynthetic "Purps", along with general improvements to the population.

Technology
As in many science fiction stories, technology forms a large part of Schlock Mercenary's storytelling framework. Several story arcs revolve around the political conflict surrounding rapid technological change. After a particularly complex or interesting new system is introduced to the comic, its in-comic explanation is often supplemented with a footnote.

Travel between the stars is accomplished through the use of "wormgates", large wormhole generators controlled by the enigmatic F'sherl-Ganni Gatekeepers. Within the storyline of the comic, wormgates are supplanted by the "teraport", a device allowing near-instant travel between any two points, as long as neither point is within range of an interdicting device. In that case, the teraporting object may be destroyed.

The F'sherl-Ganni also constructed several buuthandi, Schlock Mercenary's take on a Dyson sphere. A buuthandi is a balloon of solar-sail material around a star. Light pressure and solar wind offset the star's gravitation to keep the balloon inflated, while habitats and maintenance facilities dangling from the inner side act as ballast to balance the sails. Despite their tremendous surface area, a buuthandi provides a disproportionally small amount of livable habitat. "Control cables, millions of square kilometers of slack sail material, and some very clever engineering allow the 'balloon' to compensate for (and, in some cases, mitigate) the mood swings of the contained star." In the Schlock Mercenary universe, a buuthandi is about 300 million kilometers in diameter. ("Buuthandi" is a shortened form of a F'sherl-Ganni phrase which, after the foul language is removed, can be roughly translated as "This was expensive to build.")

Medical technology includes nanobots and both artificial and regrown replacements for damaged body parts. One important item in the comic is the "magic cryo-kit", an illegally-modified device with the capability to rebuild an entire body as long as the brain is intact. In the strip, this is shown as "from the head down", but, presumably, nothing more than the brain is necessary. Conventional legal medical technology is also capable of full-body regeneration, although at a much slower pace and dependent on your HMO insurance options. The Toughs employ various technologies to protect survival of heads until their owners can be regenerated. An example of this technology is the comedically ubiquitous "head-in-a-jar", which permits a character to interact in a storyline despite an otherwise-fatal injury. Another is the "nanny-bag", which maintains the severed head and/or entire body of an otherwise mortally-wounded teammate for an unknown length of time. For example, Kevyn Andreyasn's head was sustained for several weeks.

In addition to medical benefits, nanotechnology can "boost" soldiers to levels of physical performance unmodified humans cannot reach. Minor enhancements are legal, but extreme military modifications are highly-regulated. Significant examples of soldier-boosting within the strip are the mercenary grunt Nick and the bounty hunter Doythaban,  as well as  Kevyn in a particular story arc.

Computer hardware has progressed to the point that true, strong artificial intelligence is common, and several artificial intelligences are characters in the story.

Weapons technology drastically improved as well. A mercenary's arsenal can include railguns, lasers, non-lethal nanomotive "goober" rounds, and plasma cannons. Old-fashioned bullet-firing firearms continue to be effective against unprotected targets... and are less likely to rupture a hull than a plasma bolt.

Energy is a resource literally too cheap to meter. Anything powered by miniaturized fusion reactors (which, in the 31st century, are so advanced, they can operate solely on atmospheric gasses), is easily-fueled by massively powerful neutronium-annihilation "annie" plants—spherical devices generating massive amounts of power by gravitationally converting mass to energy, a means of power generation made possible by ubiquitous gravity manipulation. One-shot devices (and bombs) are often powered by fullerened antimatter, a carbon-based powder which contains antiprotons at the parts-per-thousand level, and should never be incinerated.

Gravity manipulation is a process as commonplace as modern electronics, employed in starship propulsion and artificial gravity, and weapons and shielding against weapons. Controlled/artificial gravity is referred to as "gravy." Gravitic weapons in particular are common and developed due to their dual purpose—as potent weapons, they can compress matter into neutronium which can then fuel an annie plant. The degree of this control is dependent on the number of projectors. For example, the battleplate Tunguska was able to manipulate individual limbs, and individual digits of crew on board the Serial Peacemaker while smaller ship create nodes of gravity in a few points on the ship and without the same level of control. However, the generation of gravity is beyond the capabilities of the sophonts of the Milky Way, necessitating ships to be constructed around annie plants as sources of gravity to manipulate.

These devices and more are built using fabrication technology, or "fabbers". While rare and expensive, possession of one of these portable factories and the appropriate designs allows for the cheap mass-production of any physical item. Several of the mercenaries are trained in fabber design, allowing the company to cheaply produce and repair their gear.

Main characters
Notable members of the crew include Kevyn Andreyasn; title character Sergeant Schlock, who is a carbosilicate amorph; Petey, a former artificial intelligence and now Fleetmind and pseudo-God; and the wry AI and former boyband, Ennesby.

 * Sergeant Schlock
 * The title character, a carbosilicate amorph "everyman" with no easily definable limbs, organs, or moral compass. He normally appears as a large greenish-brown mass coming up to about normal human chest height.

 * Captain Kaff Tagon
 * The human leader of the mercenary company "Tagon's Toughs". In early strips of the comic, he exhibited overt sexism, such as proclaiming that "women don't belong in my command structure" and hiring a doctor based on her looks.

 * Kevyn Andreyasn
 * Munitions Commander and resident mad scientist, an engineering genius. He has more common sense and faster intuition than most of the members of the mercenary company. He enjoys tinkering with stuff in his lab, being crazy over mechanical stuff as the stereotypical nerd. His most notable invention is the teraport, a teleportation technology which eventually led to full-scale warfare spanning the galaxy when it was made open source.

 * Breya Andreyasn
 * Former leader of the mercenaries, now diplomat, and Kevyn's sister. She is highly competent, can operate in a variety of fields, and has little tolerance for disrespect, having once injured Captain Tagon after he purchased power armor for her which featured exaggerated breast sizes. She was first seen collaborating with her brother on commercializing his "teraport" stardrive, handling marketing and business aspects.

 * Ennesby
 * Ennesby is an AI with Tagon's Toughs who looks like a "flying maraca" (the shape of his first physical body). He has human-looking eyes, a speaker grille in front that moves like a mouth, and floating eyebrows. The maraca is capable of withstanding chemical explosives at point-blank range. His various additional capabilities include short-ranged levitation and a maser.

 * Post-Dated Check Loan ("Petey")
 * The artificial intelligence of the massive warship of the same name, originally the Sword of Inevitable Justice. Driven mad by a gruesome mutiny, Petey existed in a state of total introversion, rendering the ship nearly inoperative, until coaxed back to reality by the mercenary company. He controls the ship's every function and manifests an avatar in the form of a floating hologram of an Ob'enn, the koala-like race of warmongering xenophobes that constructed him.

 * Chief Warrant Officer Gunther Thurl
 * His job entails sitting at a console, and that, coupled with a tendency to snack and some genetic predispositions, meant he used to be obese. Because of a botched mission during which Schlock ate everything but his head, his body had to be regrown. He is now a lot slimmer than what he was used to. When the company added several new recruits (including Andy and Legs, q.v.), he was promoted to Chief Warrant Officer.  Due to his experience and age, Thurl handles many of the administrative tasks that the current ship AI, Tagii, and Ennesby do not or are not authorized to do.

 * Doctor Edward Bunnigus
 * Originally hired by Captain Tagon for her well-endowed figure, she has consistently demonstrated an ability to deal with every situation Tagon's Toughs encounters. Less of a mercenary than many of her fellow officers, she concentrates on keeping the trigger-happy mercenaries alive. Her gender-inappropriate name, sizable intellect, and absurd proportions are the consequence of idiot parents and pre-birth gene therapy. Her parents wanted a child who had both a brilliant mind and the body proportions of an exotic dancer, because they thought their child should be both smart and beautiful. When the parents first looked upon the baby, the serial code on the tag on her wrist started with "E.D.", for exotic dancer. Her parents, nowhere near as bright as she would one day be, assumed that 'Ed' was her name, and called the girl Edward. She is married to Reverend Theo Fobius.

 * Ellen "Elf" Foxworthy
 * Elf began as a powered-armor soldier until a failed bounty hunt. She then became a tank pilot (her small size allowing her to fit into the Ob'Enn minitanks Petey had schematics for), and rose to become the head of her own minitank team.

 * The Very Reverend Theo Fobius
 * The company priest of an unspecified but fairly Christianesque faith, Theo is still a mercenary and has shown considerable theological flexibility when confronted with such things as an AI that goes explosively suicidal at the thought of the supernatural. His name, assuming it is derived from Greek, most fittingly means "God-Fearing".

 * Alexia Murtaugh
 * Tagon's Toughs first encountered Murtaugh when she was serving as head of security company "Sanctum Adroit" at the Haven Hive habitat. She was later fired from her security company and joined Tagons's Toughs. She started at the bottom, but due to her long military experience she was later made a captain when the mercenary company obtained new ships.

Publication history
Over time, Tayler's art improved, in his words, from bad to "marginally less bad." Jean Elmore served as colorist for the strip from February 9, 2003, to the spring of 2004 when she developed a repetitive strain injury from her work.

On March 3, 2003, the comic reached its 1001st strip. Tayler marked the milestone by "re-launching" the comic. With the relaunch, the strip was slightly reoriented for publication, organizing the comic's ongoing story into "books". Each book has a fairly self-contained story, although they are still chronological and connected. On December 2, 2005, Tayler published the comic's 2000th daily strip since the series' debut. On June 12, 2010, Schlock Mercenary marked ten years of uninterrupted daily run, a feat matched by few other webcomics.

In March 2006, Tayler published Schlock Mercenary: Under New Management, the first book-based collection of Schlock Mercenary comics. This collection features stories printed from March 9, 2003, through August 23, 2003, plus five pages of new material including a foreword by John Ringo, a feature explaining how Sgt. Schlock "got turned on to plasma cannons", bonus art, the author's biography, and architectural deck plans to Tagon's third ship Serial Peacemaker.

In December 2007, Tayler published Schlock Mercenary: The Tub of Happiness. It features stories from the beginning of the webcomic to October 2001, as well as the bonus story "Baggage Claim," explaining the circumstances around Schlock joining the Toughs. There are numerous pieces of fan art throughout the book, as well as early concept art drawn by Tayler and notes to the reader from both Tayler and his wife, talking about the characters and Tayler's early cartooning efforts.

On Monday, February 17, 2014, Tayler announced that the strip had reached 5,000 comics. On Tuesday, June 11, 2019, Tayler announced that the strip had reached 19 years of continuous daily comics.

Schlocktoberfest
Schlocktoberfest was a mostly-annual storyline that occurred during the month of October prior to 2009. The story arc generally started out typically, but soon developed a dark tone, usually involving gruesome events and often character death, before typically resolving itself at the end of the month. The last year with a Schlocktoberfest storyline was 2008, and Tayler has stated that he is no longer doing it.

Collections
Collections of Schlock Mercenary strips were originally published in book form by "The Tayler Corporation", and are now published through Hypernode Press. Tayler's wife, Sandra, is the publisher. The first published collection, Under New Management does not start at the beginning of the archive, but at the 1001st strip, when the strip was relaunched. The first 1,000 strips were published later in books 1 and 2.

Released and announced book titles are as follows:

 * 1) The Tub of Happiness (ISBN 978-0-9779074-0-3, December 2007)
 * 2) The Teraport Wars (ISBN 978-0-9779074-1-0, October 2008)
 * 3) Under New Management (ISBN 978-0-9779074-2-7, May 2006)
 * 4) The Blackness Between (ISBN 978-0-9779074-3-4, November 2006)
 * 5) The Scrapyard of Insufferable Arrogance (ISBN 978-0-9779074-4-1, June 2009)
 * 6) Resident Mad Scientist (ISBN 978-0-9779074-7-2, July 2010)
 * 7) Emperor Pius Dei (ISBN 978-0-9835746-0-6, July 2011)
 * 8) The Sharp End of the Stick (ISBN 978-0-9835746-2-0, June 2012)
 * 9) The Body Politic (ISBN 978-0-9835746-4-4, August 2013)
 * 10) The Longshoreman of the Apocalypse (ISBN 978-0-9835746-7-5, June 2014)
 * 11) Massively Parallel (ISBN 978-0-9835746-8-2, December 2014)
 * 12) Force Multiplication (ISBN 978-1945120015, August 2016)
 * 13) Random Access Memorabilia (February 2018)
 * 14) Broken Wind (April 2019)
 * 15) Delegates and Delegation (April 2019)
 * 16) Big, Dumb Objects

The books were renumbered in 2007 to allow for the release of The Tub of Happiness and The Teraport Wars. Originally, Roman numerals were used, with Under New Management as the first book.

The Seventy Maxims of Maximally Effective Mercenaries
The Seventy Maxims of Maximally Effective Mercenaries is a popular handbook in the Schlock Mercenary universe, with characters regularly quoting from it. It was originally called The Seven Habits of Highly Effective Pirates,  a parody of The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People, but after Tayler received a cease and desist letter from FranklinCovey, he made the retcon on January 24, 2011. Tayler said that the letter "was worded as nicely as such a thing can be".

Two print versions of Seventy Maxims were released:
 * Pristine (ISBN 978-1-945120-02-2, December 2016)
 * Defaced (has handwritten notes and "stains" from being "used" by the characters) (ISBN 978-1-945120-03-9, February 2017)

Capital Offensive
In 2012, Living Worlds Games published Schlock Mercenary: Capital Offensive, a board game based upon the webcomic, to positive reviews from reviewers such as The Dice Tower.

Planet Mercenary
A role-playing game, based on the comic and written by Alan Bahr and Howard Tayler, was launched as a Kickstarter on April 14, 2015. It successfully funded the following day.

Other related works
John Ringo's Troy Rising series has been inspired by the Schlock Mercenary universe. It is set in the early days of human-alien contact, but is not considered canon for the comic series.

The webcomic Under the Lemon Tree published a crossover with Schlock Mercenary, though it is non-canon in the Schlock Mercenary continuity.

Reception and honors
The first Schlock Mercenary book publication was covered in Analog Science Fiction and Fact, which described it as "inventive and humorous." The comic tied for outstanding science fiction comic in the Web Cartoonist's Choice Awards in 2004, and was again nominated in 2005 and 2007. The strip won for Best Cameo in the 2001 awards.

Five story collections have been nominated for the Hugo Award for Best Graphic Story: The Body Politic (2009), The Longshoreman of the Apocalypse (2010), Massively Parallel (2011), Force Multiplication (2012), and Random Access Memorabilia (2013).

Schlock Mercenary has also been cited on lists of top web comics published by Wired and Ars Technica.

title: Schlock Mercenary


text:
User:Dsmdgold

I have been here, under another name, since September 2003 and under this name since March 2004.

In general, I am working on the Wikipedia sections concerning medieval art, especially illuminated manuscripts and local (Oklahoma) history. I have also played some with articles associated with birding topics, especiall birding lists. Other interests include history, especially medieval history, birds and birding, nature studies, home-schooling, celtic music, children's literature, and architecture.

On my name: I have noted that in discusions with other users, people don't seem to know how to address me. I originally edited under my actual name. When I decided to change names I switched to what had been my AOL screen name. It was formed by combining the names of two cats I owned Desmond and Gold. However at the time, AOL screen names were limited to 8 characters so Desmond Gold became Dsmdgold. You can call me David, if you like. Just don't call me Dave.

 * My sandboxes
 * Manuscript Tools
 * My Brag Lists
 * User:Dsmdgold/To do list
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 * User:Dsmdgold/Good bird pictures
 * Wikipedia Signpost
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 * User:Dsmdgold/Gallery discusions
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 * User:Dsmdgold/List of Illuminated Manuscripts
 * User:Dsmdgold/List of Illuminated Manuscripts 2

This page and its talk page has been vandalized 8 times.

title: User:Dsmdgold


text:
Talk:Kate Carnell

Things that are not the case
She was never a Premier at all.

She was not the first female Chief Minister - that was Rosemary Follett (ALP).

Her only claim to fame is the first female Chief Minister representing the Liberal Party. But so what?

She may have been lobbying to take over Margaret Reid's senate seat, but that did not eventuate and another former Chief Minister Gary Humphries is now the Liberal Senator for the ACT.

Cheers JackofOz 02:02, 13 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Maiden name?
Is there any available record of it? I have a private note that it was Frazer, but I can't confirm that anywhere. --  Jack of Oz   [Talk]  12:28, 19 April 2013 (UTC)

 * I see that her ex-spouse Ian Carnell's article says she was née Frazer, while this one says née Knowlman. Was there a marriage before Carnell, perhaps? Or did she change her birth name because her mother remarried, perhaps? --  Jack of Oz   [pleasantries]  03:14, 12 November 2021 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Kate Carnell


text:
Talk:Altaic languages

Clarity/POV issue
The article reads like it's trying to strike a balance on a very touchy issue, which is fair. Obviously the Altaic hypothesis has some small degree of mainstream support, but it's important that the article be clear that the support it experiences is fairly minor, because as is it feels like undue weight is being given to perspectives which are either old enough that our improved understanding of the comparative method and greater corpus renders them moot, or which are coming from a small group of researchers who accept the hypothesis in the absence of much evidence or consensus. The article definitely needs to spend less time treating both sides of this discussion as coming from equal places. Warrenmck (talk) 04:02, 15 June 2023 (UTC)
 * I agree. This hypothesis had a very brief moment of near acceptance back when it was first proposed in the middle of the last century and data on these languages (especially Tungusic) was sparse and not widely disseminated, but as data became more readily available, support dropped to a much lower level and has never recovered.  --TaivoLinguist (Taivo) (talk) 04:29, 15 June 2023 (UTC)

Article requires rewrite based on latest DNA revelations
Multiple studies now published including data from the Reich lab at Blavatnik @ Harvard, part of the human atlas project funded by the John Templeton foundation, have conclusively demonstrated that the once so-called Altaic theory is no longer a theory, but fact. The language developed approximately 9000 years ago in what is today China, before splitting into three sub branches. This article is therefore completely wrong. Historiaantiqua (talk) 07:04, 28 November 2023 (UTC)
 * No it doesn't need a complete rewrite because DNA is NOT language. The Altaic hypothesis is not proven by DNA evidence, nor is any other language family proven by DNA evidence.  This is just a way for people to ignore actual linguistic evidence that doesn't prove what they want it to prove.  Historical linguistics has its own scientific methodology that is independent of biology, just as DNA evidence is independent of language (there is no "language" gene since language is behavioral, not physical).  When DNA evidence matches historical linguistic evidence, then talking about DNA evidence makes sense, but the historical linguistic evidence ALWAYS comes first when talking about language families.  DNA evidence never proves a linguistic hypothesis without the solid linguistic evidence coming first.  The majority of historical linguists still find the Altaic hypothesis unconvincing based on the linguistic evidence.  Thus DNA is a trivial issue and never conclusive.  It is clear from your comments and your user page that you are not a linguist, but a historian, so you should leave linguistics to the linguists when they tell you that your assertions are not based on the science of linguistics.  The DNA evidence shows that the modern humans of the area derive from older humans in the area, but that proves absolutely nothing about what languages they were speaking as they interbred and reproduced.  --TaivoLinguist (Taivo) (talk) 09:37, 28 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Leaving aside the validity of Historiaantiqua's original argument, Wikipedia is free to edit by anyone. You don't need to be an expert or "leave linguistics to the linguists," we simply have to cite authoritative sources, eg linguists. There were some large edits last year that removed content due to "undue weight" without much discussion, I'm proposing that they either be restored with help tags and/or be discussed here first. AnandaBliss (talk) 19:46, 22 April 2024 (UTC)
 * I'm confused about the "expert needed"-tag. What makes you believe that Taivo lacks expertise in order to remove undue details cited from primary sources? If it's about consensus, I support this removal. –Austronesier (talk) 20:51, 22 April 2024 (UTC)
 * I'm going to re-remove the table, if that's okay. You appear to have missed that a lot of the discussion on that wasn't here, but was part of a much bigger discussion on the linguistics wikiproject about these tables being included on articles where the familial relationship is broadly doubted. That means we're eating up a lot of space either presenting in-universe evidence which isn't actually showing anything real underlying it and which may confuse the readers, or we're demonstrating a sprachbund using the tools we (as in Wikipedia) typically present familial relationships. Either way, it's a big WP:UNDUE issue here as it is in other macrofamily pages. Warrenᚋᚐᚊᚔ 00:35, 23 April 2024 (UTC)
 * The unfortunate reality is that ethno-politics play into this matter. I agree with your proposed course of action.  Emotional investment in topics of this sort is a sure indication of one's own bias.   Historiaantiqua (talk) 17:18, 30 April 2024 (UTC)
 * DNA is not language, but language is an objective reality, as is the DNA, while religious and ethnic categories are mostly non-objective. To suggest that Turkmenic languages are a unique and autochthonous development unrelated to any macro-linguistic family based on the period in which they appear and the locale, and its significant connection to the present day is to propose a fantastical displacement of material reality before never seen in any other language development.   Historiaantiqua (talk) 17:21, 30 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Nobody who considers the Altaic hypothesis as unproven argues that the Turkic language family (I assume that's what you mean when taking about "Turkmenic languages") is "a unique and autochthonous development". That's the polygenesis fallacy that is often evoked by macro-comparatists. When we say that a language or language family is not known or cannot not proven to be related to any other language or language family in the world, we mean exactly that. Languages inevitable change with time, and indeed can change so drastically by modifying/eroding the original shape of words and affixes or simply replace them with entirely new ones, to the point that any genealogical connections to other languages get unrecognizable. And even if some points of resemblance remain that actually do go back to a shared ancestral language, they might be too singular to be distinguishable from the noise of concindental resemblance. In the latter case, historical linguists consider the evidence as inconclusive and hence any claims of language relationship as unproven.
 * In the case of the Altaic languages, we additional have secondary resamblances as a result of prolonged contact between these individual language families. Robbeets and her collaborators argue that they can unravel the 'real' shared features that go back to common inheritance behind the veil of areal convergence. Some fellow linguists are convinced, some aren't. Many of the arguments that have been brought forward against Robbeets's predecessors can also be applied to her material.
 * As for the DNA evidence, it is compatible with either scenario: shared inheritance or areal convergence. Since languages and genes are transmitted in completely different ways, a shared genetic ancestry between let's say Mongolic and Turkic speakers might either be indicative of parallel genetic and linguistic inheritance, or a result of language shift and language convergence between groups speaking unrelated languages as a result of interaction and interbreeding with each other. –Austronesier (talk) 19:16, 30 April 2024 (UTC)

Proto-Altaic Forms
There’s been a minor edit war brewing with @AnandaBliss over the inclusion of in-universe lists of possible etymologies for Altaic (and other macrofamily proposals). There’s was a discussion on the linguistics wikiproject and to a lesser extent one at WP:FTN about this and the general sense was that since these lists aren’t actually representing real data, as opposed to the controversial interpretations of individual academics, that including these big lists becomes an issue with WP:FALSEBALANCE, WP:PARITY, and WP:PROFRINGE.

While Altaic’s position is better than, say, Nostratic within academia, this article is still not doing a stellar job at making it clear that Altaic as a language family is not widely accepted. These big lists of etymologies run a risk of simply misinforming a reader when compared to, say, Proto-Indo-European, where the etymologies are broadly considered real reconstructions by the linguistics community even if they’re revised over time as more information comes out. What this article doesn’t need more of as far as I can tell is “if Altaic is a real family, here is why.” Warrenᚋᚐᚊᚔ 19:19, 30 April 2024 (UTC)

 * How can people like yourself continue to say it is not widely accepted while there are more supporters to critics listed in the article and the theory is taught as fact in schools and universities of every Altaic country? The article needs editing, for sure, but you seem to be removing this content just because you don't like it or the theory. The purpose of this page is to explain the theory and then at the end, the criticism. 2A02:C7E:3011:FC00:68AB:3511:3ACB:5016 (talk) 20:08, 30 April 2024 (UTC)
 * How can people like yourself continue to say it is not widely accepted while there are more supporters to critics listed in the article
 * Because, intentionally or not, the article has been heavily edited by people who either are misinformed about the academic status of Altaic or who want to make a case to others. That's not what wikipedia is about. There's also a historical issue of Altaic having more broad support in the past than it does now, so there's a disconnect in the quality of sources between the past and present, and figuring that out can be quite tricky for nonexperts.
 * the theory is taught as fact in schools and universities of every Altaic country?
 * It can be taught and still wrong. See: Intelligent Design.
 * The article needs editing, for sure, but you seem to be removing this content just because you don't like it or the theory.
 * No, the field of historical linguistics doesn't like the theory due to the lack of evidence. There is absolutely evidence that Altaic is a result of a sprachbund, but not actually a language family itself.
 * The purpose of this page is to explain the theory and then at the end, the criticism.
 * You may want to read WP:FALSEBALANCE, I don't think you'd find many supporters for this proposal on this page or any other macrofamily page. Warrenᚋᚐᚊᚔ 20:15, 30 April 2024 (UTC)
 * This article, without a doubt, has had far more anti-Altaicist edits. If there's more critics you can think of, please list them. They would have listed as many as they possibly could.
 * And it can be taught and correct, which is more likely considering the many academics who agree with the theory. There's not a single foreign person that I know of who disagrees with the theory that speaks 2 or more Altaic languages fluently. Not a single one. The only people who do are generally Japanese and Koreans who dislike eachother. People who speak Turkish and learn Japanese, or people who speak Korean and learn Turkish are stunned by the similarity in grammar and syntax to the point many of the most used particles are exactly the same. Such as the destination and locations particles. And many others are very phonetically similar, too. Sure, languages in proximity borrow many words, but do they borrow grammar, suffixes and features like vowel harmony? No. Never been proven.
 * Yes, there's evidence. People are trying to show some of that evidence here and you're trying to hide it.
 * You can go ahead and check but before removing sourced content you should reach a reasonable consensus. So far, it's just you. 2A02:C7E:3011:FC00:68AB:3511:3ACB:5016 (talk) 20:24, 30 April 2024 (UTC)
 * This article, without a doubt, has had far more anti-Altaicist edits.
 * And the article on medicine spends little time on the humours. This is to be expected when academic scholarship moves on from an idea. "Anti-Altaicists", or at least those generally negative to the idea without an affirmative opinion, represent the mainstream academic consensus.
 * And it can be taught and correct, which is more likely considering the many academics who agree with the theory.
 * Then the article should be updated following WP:RS on this. So should the community of historical linguists, in this particular case.
 * There's not a single foreign person that I know of who disagrees with the theory that speaks 2 or more Altaic languages fluently. Not a single one.
 * I don't know a single one who does, but Wikipedia's sourcing requirement is beyond either of our anecdote.
 * Yes, there's evidence. People are trying to show some of that evidence here and you're trying to hide it.
 * You need to take a big step back and read WP:AGF. Warrenᚋᚐᚊᚔ 20:33, 30 April 2024 (UTC)
 * How can I assume good faith when you're removing completely reliable sourced content and keep citing a conversation that you keep refusing to give a link to? 2A02:C7E:3011:FC00:68AB:3511:3ACB:5016 (talk) 20:44, 30 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Sorry to double-comment, but per what I said below, could this article then be re-oriented to mostly focusing on, as you say, "...absolutely evidence that Altaic is a result of a sprachbund, but not actually a language family itself," with a section denoting that a very small minority view it instead as a family, again with not much weight? AnandaBliss (talk) 15:02, 1 May 2024 (UTC)
 * You are continuing to WP:Edit war and we're now at WP:3RR. To address your edit comment; there has been a discussion. There's even references to it above in a different talk page thread, but do not continue to revert and engage in an edit war while we're talking about this here. Note I am not making these edits in a vacuum, I've been eliciting the help of the Linguistics Wikiproject to clean up some of these macrofamily articles with a huge focus excplicitly being these lists of proto forms. By all means, get involved in the wikiproject or make your case here that Altaic specifically should be an outlier in that discussion (I'm open to different perspectives!) but think we'd need a third party from the linguistics wikiproject to comment if anyone else is reading along (@TaivoLinguist?) Warrenᚋᚐᚊᚔ 20:23, 30 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Nope, not "we're at", just you are. You've reverted it 3 times. You've mentioned a page 4 times now that you've still not linked. 2A02:C7E:3011:FC00:68AB:3511:3ACB:5016 (talk) 20:25, 30 April 2024 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure "edit war" is a remotely appropriate characterization, as I'm pretty sure I haven't reverted anything twice, let alone three times. Having said that, I must admit I'm a bit of an inclusivist, so in my mind laying out both arguments will reflect scholarly consensus, because the reasoning and support behind both reveals the views of the field writ large. I figured adding the table back would be an easy way to show what the discussion's about.  AnandaBliss (talk) 01:03, 1 May 2024 (UTC)
 * The truth isn't somewhere in the middle on this one, though. An accurate reflection of the scholarship will result in readers concluding that the consensus is Altaic isn't real as a language family. The table has been part of a long-running issue on macrofamily articles where people present long-ranged word pairs in huge table forms which take up a lot of space in the article for what is essentially historical linguistics fanfiction. See @TaivoLinguist's reply above.
 * re: Edit warring, I had assumed you were the IP above but logged out, and since that appears to be wrong I'm sorry for that. I was basing that off the edits you both made being back to back and identical, but I'll try to be more careful about that. Warrenᚋᚐᚊᚔ 01:52, 1 May 2024 (UTC)
 * I'd been unaware that there was such unified consensus in that field, and that there was a history of speculative table-style edits. The article fluctuates between controversial, minority opinion and disproven so much that it was hard to make heads or tails of what the "discussion" really was.
 * In that case, would you present it as a small, minority opinion that doesn't hold much weight (but still "sincere," if that makes any sense), or as a fringe position (i.e. deceptive, universally rejected by scholars)? AnandaBliss (talk) 14:55, 1 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Both, depending on the scholar in question. There are serious altaicists who are well respected linguists and simply disagree with the majority read of the data, but there are also a lot of people who work from the first principle that Altaic is a thing and just plow ahead on that front, which very much can get into fringe territory.
 * The fact that this article is unclear about the academic standing of the theory is a reflection on both how hard it is to communicate a lot of the subtle nuance here as well as the fact that a substantial number of people are operating on the base assumption from their schooling of the veracity of Altaic. Warrenᚋᚐᚊᚔ 18:39, 1 May 2024 (UTC)

Thanks for pinging me. Reconstructed "Proto-Altaic" forms have no more place in Wikipedia than reconstructed Proto-Klingon-Romulan forms. Both are fictional. Based on the contemporary majority view within the historical linguistics community, "Altaic" is a Sprachbund and not a genetic family. If the anon IP wants the discussion, then it is incumbent upon the anon IP to look up the discussion in the archives. Every generation of linguists seems to bring another crop of budding historical linguists who wish to make a name for themselves by proving the unprovable, namely the existence of an Altaic family. Sadly for them, the linguistic evidence still does not exist and they are never able to expand the supposed proto-vocabulary beyond the forms that were tentatively "reconstructed" decades ago. Thus, they go to non-linguistic methodology like DNA and proto-agriculture to try to prove their case. DNA evidence and agricultural evidence are utterly irrelevant to linguistic reconstruction since there is no gene for language and no cultigen that is language-specific. Altaic is still unproven and is no closer to proof than it was 50 years ago. --TaivoLinguist (Taivo) (talk) 22:54, 30 April 2024 (UTC)

 * It seems that user just got a two year ban for repeated edit warring. That said, and I'll try to bring this up at the linguistics wikiproject again but we really need a standardized approach to proposed macrofamily articles. There's this huge shotgun approach to handling them and you get situations where people point to the handling Altaic to boost the credibility of proto-Turkic-American Sign Language-Nivkh or whatever the flavour of the day is. Warrenᚋᚐᚊᚔ 23:33, 30 April 2024 (UTC)
 * ...we really need a standardized approach to proposed macrofamily articles No, we don't. Each proposal has its own merits and non-merits. As I have said before in WT:LING, proposals of relationships beyond the currently established macrofamilies are not just an amorphous mass of bullshit. In our presentation of these hypotheses and their acceptance we go by secondary sources (per WP:RS/AC). This also includes evaluation of notability for standalone articles and the present question about how much of the proposed evidence we want to include here (and similar articles). If proposals are generally well-favored in secondary sources, it will be less of a WP:DUE-issue when we extract material from primary research articles than in the case of controversial proposals (including mostly rejected proposals). For the latter, we should ideally go by secondary sources when presenting the proposed evidence, although personally, I believe that a short paragraph with material from primary sources that is explicitly tagged as proposed evidence is also fine, especially with unquestionably notable proposals such as Altaic (Transeurasian).
 * Hence, I don't entirely reject the addition of the contested material from the Oxford Handbook. But:
 * The endless bloated list (following the table) with reconstructions of agriculture-related terms in proto-languages of the indivual language families taken from ch. 43 ("The homelands of the individual Transeurasian proto-languages") does not represent evidence for the Altaic/Transeurasian proposal and is thus off-topic. For uninitiated readers, it's visual prominence alone suggests "hey, the evidential base for Altaic/Transeurasian is huge" whereas it's not.
 * The gigantic table taken from ch. 44 does not just contains "some lexical reconstructions of agricultural terms argued by Robbeets (2020)", but in fact copies verbatim the first two columns all tables with macro-comparative reconstructions in that chapter. So it is in fact a blatant piece WP:COPYVIO. In place of it, I propose a short paragraph that goes "Robbeets (2020) proposes the following PTEA reconstructions of agricultural terms: *foo 'bar' (list proto-forms for the individual families here), ...."
 * you have done the last revert as an "uninvolved" editor. Since you have already commented in the 3RR-post and also because you are one of the few regulars of FTN that cares about non-STEM topics, I'd love to hear your take on it. –Austronesier (talk) 11:34, 1 May 2024 (UTC)
 * ”As I have said before in WT:LING, proposals of relationships beyond the currently established macrofamilies are not just an amorphous mass of bullshit”
 * Austronesier, I deeply respect this reply but we’ve had a few interactions start out slightly spicy with you thinking we disagree more than we do. This seems to be one of them, and if that’s me communicating poorly with you I apologize and will work on that.
 * I’ll repeat again that I’m broadly a lumper, I just take serious issue with others who are more convinced by the lines of evidence which exist at present editorializing the acceptance of that evidence. Heck, I think there’s a chance Altaic is real, just fundamentally pre-evidential as far as a convincing application linguistic methods are concerned.
 * ”No, we don't. Each proposal has its own merits and non-merits.”
 * I can bring this up back there again, but my concerns stem from the fact that there appears to be what, four or five of us monitoring this entire very niche sub-discipline with any regularity (at least insofar as talk page activity? The only reason we’re lucking out here with this discussion not lasting weeks without an RfC is it’s Altaic and not Amerind or something else similar. Perhaps there’s a middle ground between winging it each time and a strict rubric? Warrenᚋᚐᚊᚔ 12:04, 1 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Austronesier, I fear you think too much of my opinions! By way of quick disclaimer, I do have a background in linguistics, but that was a long long time ago and I have kept a toe in only intermittently.  At this point I am best considered a dilettante.  That out of the way, to the narrow point of the proposed addition--I agree that the recent work deserves mention, but I also agree that the reverted versions were far too much.  Perhaps it is my dilettante-ness (dilettantitude?), but my lodestar approach is to remember that this is a generalist encyclopedia, and so I default to thinking of an intelligent adult with no background in the subject at hand.  Therefore I think a couple of properly couched and footnoted sentences would be appropriate.  Obviously I agree that the whole field of "Transeurasian" is far from a prevailing theory, but it doesn't quite fit "fringe" for me and feels more like a significant minority opinion.  Again, though, I will certainly defer to my more learned colleagues here.
 * As to the wider question of a standardized approach, I am absolutely sympathetic to both advanced positions here. Warren is quite right that this is, even among the rarefied nerddom of Wikipedia, an area with a tiny interest group.  So some sort of standard approach would seem desirable.  But at the same time, I am sympathetic to Austronesier insofar as the obvious ideal is to evaluate each theory on its own merits.  I don't think anything like a strictly mandatory approach would work, either philosophically or practically.  But I think if perhaps an essay or other document could be put together it might be of some real help.  I, for instance, would feel like I was on much more solid ground if I had a bit more guidance in how to approach and think about these subjects.  TaivoLinguist is absolutely correct that these theories seem to fly fast and thick, with many of the old ones never really going away.  However, as something of an Indo-European guy, I am reminded that William Jones had something of a kooky theory that ended up pretty helpful.
 * I don't know if much can be gleaned from the foregoing, but I would like to thank everyone involved here for their time and expertise which allow me to keep that toe in the water. Cheers, all. Dumuzid (talk) 14:03, 1 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Altaic languages


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User:Ugen64/Welcoming

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Spotter

A spotter is someone trained to look for something.

Spotter may refer to:

Sports

 * Spotter (auto racing), a type of navigator in auto racing
 * Spotter (weight training), someone who assists someone lifting a weight in order to prevent injuries
 * Spotting (climbing), a person who stands below a climber for accident prevention

Military or policing

 * Spotter (sniping), member of a sniper team who assists in observation of targets and handles ancillary tasks
 * Spotter plane, an aircraft used for surveillance
 * Artillery observer or spotter, a person who is responsible for directing artillery and mortar fire
 * Informant, a person who provides privileged information about a person or organization to an agency

Hobby observation

 * Weather spotter, an individual who observes the weather to inform media or others
 * Storm spotter, a weather spotter who observes severe weather events
 * Aircraft spotter, a hobbyist who tracks and records the movement of aircraft
 * Bus spotter, a hobbyist who seeks to see all buses in a particular fleet or produced by a particular manufacturer
 * Wildlife observation, noting the occurrence or abundance of animal species for research or recreation
 * Trainspotter, a person interested, recreationally, in rail transport
 * Ship watching, tracking and observing the passage of various ships
 * Satellite spotter, a hobbyist who observes and tracks artificial satellites that are orbiting Earth

Other uses

 * Spotter (maneuvering), an individual who helps guide a vehicle
 * A local writer for Spotted by Locals travel guides
 * Various dolphin species of the genus Stenella
 * Shark spotter, someone who engages in shark surveillance for shark attack prevention
 * An American term for a banksman

title: Spotter


text:
List of New Zealand railway museums and heritage lines

This is a list of groups involved in Railway preservation in New Zealand.

Members of the Federation of Rail Organisations New Zealand
Members of the Federation of Rail Organisations of New Zealand: Railway museums, heritage lines, societies, clubs, trusts, etc., in New Zealand. This also include model engineering clubs and narrow gauge railways.

North Island

 * Northland

 * Bay of Islands Vintage Railway Charitable Trust
 * Whangarei Steam & Model Railway Club
 * Whangarei Model Engineering Club

 * Auckland
 * Mainline Steam
 * Glenbrook Vintage Railway
 * Railway Enthusiasts Society
 * The Waitakere Tramline Society
 * Watercare Services
 * Western Springs Railway Museum of Transport and Technology
 * Western Springs Tramway Museum of Transport and Technology
 * Auckland Society of Model Engineers Incorporated
 * Manukau Live Steamers

 * Waikato / Coromandel
 * Bush Tramway Club
 * DF 1501 Restoration Charitable Trust
 * Driving Creek Railway
 * Goldfields Railway
 * Victoria Battery Tramway Society
 * Te Aroha Mountain Railway
 * Thames Small Gauge Railway Society
 * Hamilton Model Engineers
 * Cambridge Model Engineering Society Inc
 * Waihi Small Gauge Railway

 * Bay of Plenty

 * Rotorua - Ngongotaha Rail Trust
 * Geyserland Express Trust
 * Tauranga Model Marine and Engineering Club
 * Eastern Bay of Plenty Model Engineering Society

 * East Cape / Hawke's Bay

 * East Coast Museum of Technology
 * Gisborne City Vintage Railway
 * Hawkes Bay Steam Society
 * Ormondville Rail Preservation Group
 * Hawkes Bay Model Engineering Society
 * Havelock North Live Steamers & Associates

 * Taranaki
 * Hooterville Heritage Charitable Trust(No longer operating)
 * Pioneer Village Soc Inc
 * Waitara Railway Preservation Society
 * New Plymouth Society of Model & Experimental Engineers

 * Wairarapa

 * Friends of the Fell Society Fell Engine Museum Featherston
 * Pahiatua Railcar Society
 * Wairarapa Railway Restoration Society, based at the Carterton railway station

 * Manawatu

 * Feilding and District Steam Rail Society
 * Steamrail Wanganui Incorporated
 * Palmerston North Model Engineering Club Inc
 * Esplanade Scenic Railway

 * Wellington

 * Craven Crane Preservation Group
 * Department of Conservation
 * Mainline Steam
 * New Zealand Railway and Locomotive Society (or see website)
 * Rail Heritage Trust of New Zealand
 * Rimutaka Incline Railway Heritage Trust
 * Silver Stream Railway
 * Steam Incorporated (Engine Shed - Paekakariki)
 * Wellington and Manawatu Railway Trust
 * Wellington Tramway Museum (or see website)
 * Paekakariki Station Precinct Trust
 * Wellington CableCar Museum
 * Kapiti Miniature Railway & Model Engineering Society Inc
 * Featherston Miniature Fell Society
 * Maidstone Model Engineering Society
 * Hutt Valley Model Engineering Society

South Island

 * Nelson / Marlborough

 * Blenheim Riverside Railway
 * Nelson Railway Society (Founders Heritage Park)
 * Picton Society of Model Engineers
 * Marlborough Associated Modellers Society
 * Nelson Society of Modellers

 * Westland

 * Charming Creek Railway
 * Reefton Historic Trust Board
 * West Coast Historical & Mechanical Society, Shantytown
 * Westport Railway Preservation Society

 * Canterbury

 * Mainline Steam
 * Ashburton Railway & Preservation Society
 * Canterbury Railway Society (Ferrymead Railway)
 * Canterbury Steam Preservation Society (McLeans Island Steamscene)
 * Christchurch Tramway Ltd
 * Diesel Traction Group
 * Heritage Tramways Trust
 * Midland Rail Heritage Trust
 * Midland Railway Company (NZ) Ltd
 * National Railway Museum of New Zealand
 * Pleasant Point Museum and Railway
 * Tramway Historical Society (Ferrymead Tramway)
 * Weka Pass Railway
 * Canterbury Society of Model & Experimental Engineers
 * Christchurch Live Steamers
 * Ashburton Steam Model & Engineering Club
 * South Canterbury Model Engineers

 * Otago

 * Oamaru Steam and Railway Restoration Society
 * Otago Excursion Train Trust (part owners of Dunedin Railways)
 * Otago Railway & Locomotive Society (Ocean Beach Railway)
 * Project Steam (Dunedin) Inc
 * The Otago Model Engineering Society
 * Otago Miniature Road & Rail Society Inc

 * Southland

 * Ohai Railway Board Heritage Trust
 * Gore Model Engineering Club
 * Southland Society of Model Engineers

Cook Islands

 * Rarotonga Steam Railway in Cook Islands

Other organisations

 * Kingston Flyer
 * Ferrymead Heritage Park
 * RM 133 Trust
 * Otago Settlers Museum has two steam engines on display


text:
Talk:Cassini–Huygens

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
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A Big Rocket
This sentence in the second paragraph of the Introduction: "Launched aboard a big rocketTitan IVB/Centaur on October 15, 1997, Cassini was active in space for more than 19 years, with 13 years spent orbiting Saturn, studying the planet and its system after entering orbit on July 1, 2004." could use some work. Some spacing corrections and I'm not sure that the term "a big rocket" is really encyclopedic.

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Telemetry incorrect/incomplete
I was the Cassini ground processing telemetry engineer from the start (1990) until 2012 when I retired. The telemetry section is misleading and incomplete. Only the AACS and CDS subsystems used mini-packets. There are many more measurements than stated. There are many more subsystems creating packets than stated. It is all much more complex than stated. These few paragraphs were written entirely from the AACS subsystem point of view, why?
 * Probably because whoever wrote it didn't have all the relevant information. Please update the information in the article and add some links to the relevant docs! - Parejkoj (talk) 23:30, 12 May 2021 (UTC)

Farewell Photo posthumous (?) date
How can the Farewell photo (see last section of the article) be dated "21 November 2017", when Cassini had by then been destroyed for more than two months? Maybe the mosaic was composed later (in November?), but the original photos included in the mosaic surely cannot have been made later than September? Should not then the Farewell picture, as giving an overview of the situation in September, be dated September 2017? Hans van Deukeren (talk)
 * The November date looks like the date of the press release of the image. The image itself was taken on September 13. Specifically, 2017-256 13:05 to 15:35, Spacecraft Event Time, although we can't use that in the article. The exact time is from internal project documents and not citable. If no one objects, I'll change the date in the caption to September 13, 2017. And I think I'll also add the Enceladus setting image (last Cassini image of Enceladus) which was taken immediately after the Farewell image. Fcrary (talk) 02:09, 7 August 2021 (UTC)

Changing lead sentence from using the words "intentionally destroy" to "scuttle"
In one of the final sentences in the lead paragraph, there is the passage, " before the spacecraft was intentionally destroyed ". I propose we change the "intentionally destroy" - to scuttle, which is just a more precise description. I will be bold and make the edit at some point, unless I get some push back here on the talk page. MaximusEditor (talk) 18:51, 19 October 2022 (UTC)
 * Is the term "scuttle" used outside a naval context? Cassini didn't open any valves to let water in so it would sink into the sea... - Parejkoj (talk) 03:47, 20 October 2022 (UTC)
 * Not more precise, even used outside maritime, it infers, an opening (door, hatch, ect...). - FlightTime  ( open channel ) 04:04, 20 October 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cassini–Huygens