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Talk:SEPTA

Suggestion
I suggest splitting the rapid transit of SEPTA into a different page such as Philadelphia Metro or something similar. The company/operator and the system is not interchangable.-- owennson （ Meeting Room 、 Certificates ) 03:42, 22 May 2019 (UTC)
 * There isn't really a unified name for the SEPTA rapid transit system (the Broad Street Line and the Market-Frankford Line) unlike in other cities such as New York City where you have the New York City Subway. We already have the articles for the individual rapid transit lines and that should be enough.  Dough   4872   03:57, 22 May 2019 (UTC)
 * Indeed, SEPTA is the unified name for them, essentially. The MFL and BSL aren't really set off as a separate system from the rest of the SEPTA's City Transit Division, unlike the Regional Rail Division. The individual lines have articles already. "Philadelphia metro" is never used, except in reference to the metropolitan area, and would be a madeup name. oknazevad (talk) 11:33, 22 May 2019 (UTC)
 * Oppose As an example, NJ Transit doesn't do that for their light rail either.  Cards84664  (talk) 02:49, 2 June 2019 (UTC)

October 2021 sexual assault case

 * October 2021 sexual assault case

 Bookku, 'Encyclopedias = expanding information & knowledge' (talk) 03:15, 20 October 2021 (UTC)

 * Davis, Heath Fogg. Beyond Trans: Does Gender Matter?. United States, NYU Press, 2018.

 Bookku, 'Encyclopedias = expanding information & knowledge' (talk) 03:11, 14 December 2021 (UTC)

Incidents section
I would argue that the Incidents section is inappropriate here. These are two standalone events that, although they generated media attention at the time, did no result in any long-term change to SEPTA's operation. Any rail system, or highway, or building, or  can become the venue at which a crime occurs; it does not mean that the location is tied to the crime or the crime to the location. Listing these events here gives undue weight to events which would not otherwise be notable. (Does either event have its own Wikipedia page?) If there are reliable sources to claim that SEPTA is a particularly crime-ridden rail system, we should include those in a "Crime" section, and then, perhaps, these two events could serve as examples, but since there does not seem to be a discussion of crime on SEPTA, there should not be a discussion of these two incidents. WikiDan61 ChatMe!ReadMe!! 22:25, 30 November 2021 (UTC)
 * I certainly agree in the case of the second assault, which it seems could have just as easily happened on any other service and is only trivially tied to SEPTA. The first one is a little bit different, as it was SEPTA employees that reported the crime and arrested the individual. -- Fyrael (talk) 22:31, 30 November 2021 (UTC)
 * Between 2019 and 2021, robberies and assaults nearly doubled on SEPTA. SEPTA is not crime ridden but it certainly has incidence spikes during pandemic which needs a mention in article. But it should also be mentioned what SEPTA is doing to resolve such issues, like installing 28,000 cameras, replacing security guards contractors with ambassador guides who travel in SEPTA trains for improving security. A Crime section with statistics and remediation activities is certainly justified. Redlion06 (talk) 15:44, 13 June 2022 (UTC)

Thank you for the info,WikiDan, as I am new to this and was asked by management to get involved I am not familiar with the procedures. I shared your feedback with them and it was appreciated. I cannot say the same for Fyrael, as the tone of your feedback was bordering on petty. It was clear from my attempts, account history and wording that I am inexperienced. I am happy for constructive help, even criticism but did not appreciate the way you jumped in. I will be sure to follow whatever guidelines are laid out if I ever need to revisit anything like this. Thank you. TheBatmanCometh (talk) 22:42, 30 November 2021 (UTC)

 * For comparison, the NJ Transit article has an Incidents section, but it only covers actual rail accidents rather than crimes that took place on the system. History of the New York City Subway has a Crime section which mostly discusses trends, but does include a paragraph about one high-profile incident. Chicago "L" again mostly mentions rail accidents and general safety. you mentioned that you think these events could be better placed on a separate article about SEPTA complaints and incidents. Do you have additional content to flesh out such an article? If so, that could be a solution.
 * I'm sorry that you found my insistence that you try to actually collaborate to be petty. Hopefully you've now read the policies I guided you to and understand. -- Fyrael (talk) 22:50, 30 November 2021 (UTC)
 * I've spun off the old material into a new draft article Draft:October 2021 sexual assault on SEPTA train. I agree with you that this incident may be notable enough for inclusion on Wikipedia, but agree with WikiDan that it should not be on SEPTA's main page and is best to be spun off into its own article.--WuTang94 (talk) 07:05, 11 December 2021 (UTC)

In the case of the first incident, where SEPTA personnel reported the crime: again, I don't know that this really matters. If SEPTA personnel were committing the crime, you might have a point, but the fact that, in a given situation, the authority figures available at the situation were the ones to handle the situation seems kind of like the normal, expected state of affairs. The event is not otherwise notable, as it does not appear to have led to any changes in SEPTA's policies or services, so why bring it up at all? WikiDan61 ChatMe!ReadMe!! 16:36, 3 December 2021 (UTC)

I originally added the first incident to the page, but after hearing your arguments, I'm beginning to agree with why both incidents were removed. I completely agree that the second one seems like a more normal incident that doesn't need to be on Wikipedia, but the first one I figured was a bit more noteworthy, given the unique circumstances that led to the suspect's arrest and what appears to be either groupthink or mob mentality on the passengers. Either way, no SEPTA employee committed the crime (it was actually an off-duty employee who called 911) so I can see why it wouldn't fit here. If the first incident is indeed inappropriate for the main SEPTA page, I'm beginning to consider whether that incident is notable enough to be branched off into its own page or listed as an example of groupthink, mob mentality, etc. on their respective pages.--WuTang94 (talk) 05:26, 11 December 2021 (UTC)
 * For potential article names, would October 2021 sexual assault on SEPTA train work? Google search results under "SEPTA sexual assault" refer to that incident, but I feel the first name would be less defamatory on SEPTA's part than "2021 SEPTA sexual assault", if that was 's main concern.

When people look toward you (Wikipedia), should you (Wikipedia) look other way?
We can not go back in time and find out from early encyclopedia users about how much of their purpose of referring to geography related encyclopedia articles used to be about safety when they or their beloved travel to lesser known lands or places where they would have lesser control over unfolding situations. So what I mean to say is 'safety' is a legitimate concern of encyclopedic curiosity of encyclopedic audience. Audiences look towards encyclopedias as reliable media those being balanced even if not perfect enough.

This reminds me, in pandemic times when mask mandate mattered most Wikipedia made toned down mentions, in kind of looking other way for some perceived Wikipedia rulings as equivalent of Biblical inerrancy.

The Philadelfia Inquirer, has published a statement of one 'John Chin' which says

 * "..There is demand that the Philadelphia School District address their failures. There is a demand that SEPTA address their failures. We hold them accountable to provide our students safety in our schools, in the buses, subways, and trains.."

Now there is a statement published in an independent news paper then, on part of Wikipedians, is it okay enough to do original research saying SEPTA has no responsibilities towards commuter safety.

If SEPTA has responsibilities towards over all commuter safety and if their is a systemic failure of whatever kind and an allegation is there then it's better it finds space in the article with explanatory statement from SEPTA than looking other way with no information. Otherwise that amounts to breach of trust of audience by the encyclopedia and encyclopedists. IMHO.

 Bookku, 'Encyclopedias = expanding information & knowledge' (talk) 09:25, 11 December 2021 (UTC)
 * Again, your limited command of English makes it hard to understand what you are arguing for here. The sentence ...is it okay enough to do original research saying SEPTA has no responsibilities towards commuter safety. doesn't really parse well in English. I believe what you are asking is "is this Philadelphia Enquirer article sufficient evidence that SEPTA does not take sufficient responsibility for commuter safety?" And to that, my answer is NO. This is a single quote, from a single aggrieved individual, demanding that SEPTA do better after a single incident. That is not sufficient evidence that SEPTA is generally considered an unsafe commuter rail system. WikiDan61 ChatMe!ReadMe!! 13:37, 12 December 2021 (UTC)

Any Wikipedian assuming 'SEPTA does not have reasonable responsibility for commuter safety'. So assuming untoward incidences brings no responsibility on SEPTA ('hence incidence lacks relevance to the article') is in itself amounts to WP:OR.

What is important is relevance of incidence to the article SEPTA and thinking over generally SEPTA is safe or not and deciding about the same by any Wikipedian amounts to WP:OR.

 Bookku, 'Encyclopedias = expanding information & knowledge' (talk) 15:32, 12 December 2021 (UTC)
 * Again, your limited English is making it difficult for me to understand your point. Any Wikipedia assuming 'SEPTA does not have reasonable responsibility for commuter safety'. is an incomplete sentence fragment, and therefore does not convey any meaning. So assuming untoward incidences brings no responsibility on SEPTA ('hence incidence lacks relevance to the article') is in itself amounts to WP:OR. is a flawed argument. Basically what you are saying (I think -- again, limited English is obscuring your points) is that "since some incidents have occurred, it is original research to assume that these incidents are not significant and should be reported." No, that's not how WP:NOR works. What is needed is a reliable source to state that SEPTA has been generally perceived by the public or by some relevant public authority to be an unsafe system. If no reliable source can be found to back that statement, the inclusion of isolated incidents to attempt to imply that conclusion violates neutrality. But once again, Bookku, you and I will disagree and come to no conclusion. So once again, I will disengage with you. WikiDan61 ChatMe!ReadMe!! 12:31, 13 December 2021 (UTC)

Above response attempts to move the goalpost. The question is of relevance, 9/11 attacks on Twin tower were isolated incidence and there was no mistake on part of those towers still in spite of no mistake on part of the towers and incidence being isolated still remains relevant to the towers.

So to judge only on being isolated incidence is not sufficient. You are very much welcome to disagree, but irrespective of claimed interpretation of customs, judging so on ones own seems like original research on Wikipedian part.

This is just a content dispute and nothing personal. You need not reply. Where there is a difference of opinion, it is for rest of Wikipedians to decide in due course. I am also taking a break from this engagement for a while. Thanks

 *  Bookku, 'Encyclopedias = expanding information & knowledge' (talk) 15:07, 13 December 2021 (UTC)

 * Reference to academic study:
 * This academic study even before October 2021 incidence is the evidence it is certainly not isolated relationship.

"'..Public transit in Philadelphia appears to be associated with elevated violent crime in the surrounding community. Areas around subway stations may require greater security to control crime during its operational hours. Passengers may serve as guardians to deter some crimes when the public transit is operational...'"
 * Conclusions

 *  Bookku, 'Encyclopedias = expanding information & knowledge' (talk) 18:01, 13 December 2021 (UTC)
 * That's certainly interesting, but seems completely unrelated to crime on the SEPTA system itself. It is instead studying "the surrounding community". I don't know if we have an article about the general association between public transit centers and crime, but at least by the fear-mongering that often accompanies such projects it's probably a notable topic itself. DMacks (talk) 18:42, 13 December 2021 (UTC)

SEPTA Metro
I was intrigued when I heard of the SEPTA Metro proposals, and thought it would be quite fun to research this a bit more, and give the topic a dedicated section in the article, or even an article of its own. I thought it might be nice to include a table explaining the old and new designations of services and their logos. But I don't want to start this until I hear whether people think it's a good idea. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Draqueeb (talk • contribs) 23:59, 31 March 2022 (UTC)

 * Since it seems like the existing progress on this front has been lackluster, I've taken it upon myself to do some edits needed for SEPTA Metro. There was already some prior progress, but I restructured the "Routes" section around the "three networks" concept as listed on the unification and reorganization, primarily according to the diagram there. I copied much of the table from List of SEPTA Metro stations (props to User:Cards84664 for doing a great job on that!) and added some other info that was here in the previous iteration of the section, like 2018 ridership stats. My first iteration is somewhat barebones and might be a bit too minimalist to some, so feel free to overwrite my work or revert if there's a better way of going about it (just let me know if you do so).
 * Eventually SEPTA Metro should get its own article, like SEPTA Regional Rail has. I used User:Dream_out_loud/SEPTA_Metro as a reference, though I now realize there is a draft at Draft:SEPTA_Metro that I didn't notice earlier. Emma Lexi Triphora (talk) 04:17, 3 April 2024 (UTC)

I made some edits to Draft:SEPTA Metro, and I submitted it for review. Robert McClenon recommended that I discuss the notability of SEPTA Metro on this talk page. Hence, I'll ask you: should SEPTA Metro be made into an article? I would appreciate an answer soon. -SleepTrain456 (talk) 17:05, 13 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:SEPTA


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Olaf I of Denmark

Olaf I (Oluf; c. 1050 – 18 August 1095), nicknamed Olaf Hunger, was king of Denmark from 1086 to 1095, following the death of his brother Canute IV the Holy. He was a son of king Sweyn II Estridsson, and the third of Sweyn's sons to rule. He married Ingegard, the daughter of Harald Hardråde, but did not have any sons. He was succeeded by his brother Eric the Good.

Biography
Olaf was born around 1050, to king Sweyn II Estridsson and an unknown concubine. During the reign of his elder brother Canute IV, Olaf supposedly served as Duke of Schleswig. In 1085, Olaf was called to a leding campaign against England. Canute was held up and could not join the leding, and as the navy grew weary in waiting for him, Olaf became the spokesperson for its concerns. Canute feared Olaf's support among the magnates, while Olaf had misgivings about Canute's dynastic ambition, and saw Canute's son Charles the Good as a potential rival for power. Canute blamed Olaf for stirring up trouble, and Olaf was put in chains by their brother Eric, the later king Eric I Evergood. Olaf was banished to Flanders, under the supervision of Robert I of Flanders.

King of Denmark
Canute was killed in St. Alban's Priory in Odense in July 1086, following a rebellion in Northern Jutland. Olaf was proclaimed king at the Viborg landsting assembly, though he was still in Flanders. An arrangement was made to swap Olaf for his younger brother Niels, the later king Niels of Denmark, to permit Olaf to return to Denmark. Upon the return of Oluf, Eric fled to Scania. Olaf was the third of Sweyn's sons to become king of Denmark.

Olaf's reign was plagued by several consecutive years of crop failure and famine. According to Arild Hvitfeldt's "Danmarks Riges Krønike", in those years springtime was so dry that the fields looked as if they had been burned, and in the fall the skies opened up and rain fell so often that people floated about on pieces of wood to cut the heads off the grain that rose above the water. The hunger of the people grew so great that they dug the earth looking for roots. The wealthy grew thin, and the poor died of starvation. Sickness and starvation soon visited great and small. In the first early attempts of getting Canute canonized, Olaf was given the nickname "Hunger" in order to magnify the splendor of Canute. At the time it was claimed that the famine was sent by God as divine punishment for the sacrilegious killing of Canute. Chronicler Saxo Grammaticus described the hunger as a strictly Danish phenomenon, though it has later been described as a general problem of Europe in those years.

Oluf probably cut the Danish ties to the Papal Gregorian reform movement, supporting Antipope Wibert of Ravenna instead. During Olaf's reign, some of Canute's laws were repealed, and the power of the clergy and royalty receded in favour of the magnates. When Skjalm Hvide sought the support of Olaf in avenging the death of his brother by campaigning against the Wends, Olaf could not muster the power to help him. The magnates became more involved in the works of the Church, and Jutlandish magnate Asser Svendsen was appointed Archbishop of Lund by Olaf in 1089.

Death
Olaf died on 18 August 1095 under mysterious circumstances. Some speculate that he may have killed himself or that he was sacrificed on behalf of his luckless people. Saxo Grammaticus writes that he "willingly gave himself to lose the land of its bad luck and begged that all of it (guilt) would fall upon his head alone. So offered he his life for his countrymen." It has been postulated that his body was divided among the regions of Denmark as a kind of scapegoat which was to take away the blood guilt of Denmark and restore it to its previous fortunes. He was succeeded by his brother Eric I Evergood.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Olaf I of Denmark


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Eric I of Denmark

Eric I (c. 1060 – 10 July 1103), also known as Eric the Good  (Erik Ejegod), was King of Denmark following his brother Olaf I Hunger in 1095. He was a son of Sweyn II. His mother's identity remains unknown. He married Boedil Thurgotsdatter.

Biography
Eric was born in the town of Slangerup in North Zealand - the largest Danish island. During the rule of his half-brother Canute IV he was an eager supporter of the king, but he was spared during the rebellion against Canute. Eric remained at the royal farm instead of accompanying Canute to St Albans priory in Odense, where Canute was killed. Eric talked his way off the farm and fled to Zealand and then to Scania, which was part of Denmark during that time. Olaf I Hunger was elected King of Denmark, but his reign was short. At last Eric was elected as a king at the several landsting assemblies in 1095. Eric was well liked by the people and the famines that had plagued Denmark during Olaf Hunger's reign ceased. For many it seemed a sign from God that Eric was the right king for Denmark.

Medieval chroniclers, such as Saxo Grammaticus, and myths portrayed Eric a “strapping fellow” appealing to the common people. He could keep his place when four men tried their best to move him. Eric was a good speaker, and people went out of their way to hear him. After a ting assembly concluded, he went about the neighborhood greeting men, women and children at their homesteads. He had a reputation as a loud man who liked parties and who led a rather dissolute private life. Though a presumed supporter of a strong centralized royal power, he seems to have behaved like a diplomat, avoiding any clash with the magnates. He had a reputation for being ruthless to robbers and pirates.

On a visit to the Pope in Rome he obtained canonization for his late brother, Canute IV, and an archbishopric for Denmark (now Lund in Scania), instead of being under the Archbishop of Hamburg-Bremen. Bishop Asser then became the first Archbishop of Lund.

King Eric announced at the Viborg assembly that he had decided to go on pilgrimage to the Holy Land. The cause, according to Danmarks Riges Krønike, was while drunk at a feast in his own hall. Despite the pleas of his subjects, he would not be deterred. Eric appointed his son, Harald Kesja, and Bishop Asser as regents.

Eric and Boedil and a large company traveled through Russia to Constantinople where he was a guest of the emperor. While there, he became ill, but took ship for Cyprus anyway. He died at Paphos, Cyprus in July 1103. The queen had him buried there. He was the first king to go on pilgrimage after Jerusalem was conquered during the First Crusade. Queen Boedil also became ill, but made it to Jerusalem where she died. She was buried at the foot of the Mount of Olives in the Valley of Josaphat.

Family
Eric and Boedil had one legitimate son, Canute Lavard. Harald Kesja was Canute's half-brother. Eric had two sons outside marriage—Eric II the Memorable and Benedict—and one daughter, Ragnhilde (mother of the future king Eric III Lamb).

Canute Lavard, king Eric's legitimate son, was a chivalrous and popular Danish prince. Canute was murdered 7 January 1131 by Eric's nephew Magnus the Strong, the son of King Niels, who viewed Canute as a likely competitor for the throne. Canute's death occurred days before the birth of his child, Valdemar, who would become King of Denmark from 1157(54) to 1182. Eric Ejegod is the ancestor of later Danish monarchs.

title: Eric I of Denmark


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Niels, King of Denmark

Niels (Nicolaus, English exonym Nicholas; c. 1065 – 25 June 1134) was the King of Denmark from 1104 to 1134. Niels succeeded his brother Eric Evergood and is presumed to have been the youngest son of King Sweyn II Estridson. King Niels actively supported the canonization of Canute IV the Holy and supported his son Magnus I of Sweden after he killed his rival for the succession, Knud Lavard. His secular rule was supported by the clergy. Niels was killed in an ensuing civil war and succeeded by Eric II Emune.

Early life
Niels was born around 1063, married in 1105, and died in 1134. His parents were King Sweyn II Estridson and an unknown concubine. Four of Niels' brothers ascended the throne before him. He is first mentioned in history in 1086 when he was sent to Flanders to take the place of his exiled brother, King Olaf I. When his brother Eric Evergood died in July 1103 during a pilgrimage, Niels, who was the last surviving brother, was elected king the following year ahead of Evergood's chosen deputy Harald Kesja. He married Margaret Fredkulla, the daughter of Inge I of Sweden. She was believed to have wielded considerable influence during his reign.

Policies and patronage
During the majority of Niels' reign, the country had internal peace. The contemporary Chronicon Roskildense describes him as mild and forthcoming, though not a competent ruler. He carried through reforms of his personal hird retinue, separating it into a military and an administrative branch responsible for tax collection. He placed family members as his jarls, including his son-in-law Jarl Ubbe and his nephews Eric (Emune) and Canute Lavard, who were the sons of Eric Evergood. Niels supported the canonization of his brother Canute IV the Holy by bestowing gifts on the clergy of Odense as he sought to enlarge the power and influence of the monarchy through the aid of the church. However, it is likely he did not win the full support of the magnates on Zealand. He also campaigned against the Wends in alliance with Poland. In 1125, Niels' son Magnus was named King of Sweden as Magnus I.

Civil war
His wife, Margaret, died in 1128 or 1129, and his son, Magnus, was forced from the Swedish throne in 1130. After 26 years of internal peace, conflict erupted between Magnus and his cousin Canute Lavard. Canute was popular in the Duchy of Schleswig where he was jarl and was seen as a potential successor to Niels. On 7 January 1131, Magnus slew Canute near Haraldsted just north of Ringsted. Niels initially condemned Magnus but eventually supported him, and a civil war ensued between Niels and the supporters of Canute's half-brother, Eric (Emune). Niels had his strongest base of support in Jutland, and the church also supported him. He secured support from the Holy Roman Empire by agreeing to subordinate the Danish Archdiocese of Lund in Scania to the German Archdiocese of Hamburg-Bremen, which prompted Archbishop Asser of Lund to support Eric.

Eric made little progress in Denmark and moved on to the battle for Scania in 1134. Niels and Magnus landed at Fotevik Bay in Scania in June 1134 seeking to deal Eric a decisive defeat. At the Battle of Fotevik on 4 June 1134, Niels and Magnus were taken by surprise by a contingent of German soldiers on horses. Niels escaped, while Magnus was slain. Niels sought refuge with Holy Roman Emperor Lothar III of Germany, but did not make it past the city of Schleswig. Niels ventured into the former city of Canute Lavard on 25 June 1134, despite warnings. "Should I fear tanners and shoemakers?," he supposedly remarked. He was greeted by the clergy, but he and his vanguard were slain before they could reach the royal palace as the townspeople turned against him. The almost sixty-year reign of Sweyn II Estridson's sons ended when Niels fell and Eric II Emune became king.

Issue
Niels married Margaret Fredkulla, daughter of king Inge I of Sweden. After Margaret's death in either 1128 or 1129, he married Ulvhild Håkansdotter, who had been married to Inge II of Sweden and later married Sverker I of Sweden. Niels had two children with Margaret, and one child out of wedlock.

 * 1) Inge Nielsen, who died as a child.
 * 2) Magnus I of Sweden
 * 3) Ingerd of Denmark was born out of wedlock, and eventually went on to marry Jarl Ubbe Esbernsen, a descendant of Canute the Great.

title: Niels, King of Denmark


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Tracy McGrady

Tracy Lamar McGrady Jr. (born May 24, 1979), nicknamed T-Mac, is an American former professional basketball player, best known for his career in the National Basketball Association (NBA). McGrady is a seven-time NBA All-Star, seven-time All-NBA selection, two-time NBA scoring champion, and winner of the NBA Most Improved Player Award in 2001. He was inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame as part of the Class of 2017. McGrady is regarded as one of the greatest scorers and shooting guards in NBA history.

McGrady entered the NBA straight out of high school and was selected as the ninth overall pick by the Toronto Raptors in the 1997 NBA draft. Beginning his career as a low-minute player, he gradually improved his role with the team, eventually forming a duo with his cousin Vince Carter. In 2000, he left the Raptors for the Orlando Magic, where he became one of the league's most prolific scorers and a candidate for the NBA Most Valuable Player Award. In 2004, he was traded to the Houston Rockets, where he paired with center Yao Ming to help the Rockets become a perennial playoff team. His final seasons in the NBA were plagued by injuries, and he retired in 2013 following a brief stint with the Qingdao DoubleStar Eagles of the Chinese Basketball Association (CBA) and the San Antonio Spurs.

Since retiring, McGrady has worked as a basketball analyst for ESPN. From April to July 2014, he realized his dream of playing professional baseball, pitching for the Sugar Land Skeeters of the Atlantic League of Professional Baseball.

Early life
McGrady was born on May 24, 1979, in Bartow, Florida, to Melanise Williford. Because his father was not a part of their everyday lives, Melanise raised McGrady with the help of her mother, Roberta, in Auburndale. As a youth, McGrady played high school basketball and baseball at Auburndale High School for three years before transferring to Mount Zion Christian Academy in Durham, North Carolina for his senior season. During his final year at Auburndale, McGrady posted averages of 23.1 points, 12.2 rebounds, 4 assists, and 4.9 blocks per game.

A relatively unknown player coming out of Florida, McGrady made a name for himself after a strong performance at the Adidas ABCD Camp, an experience that helped him recognize his true talent. He later reflected, "Nobody had a clue who Tracy McGrady was. Sonny Vaccaro gave me that platform, and I played against the best players in the world at that time. I left that camp the No. 1 player in the nation, 175 to No. 1." Behind his leadership, Mt. Zion emerged as the number two-ranked team in the country, and McGrady was named a McDonald's All-American, USA Today High School Basketball Player of the Year, and North Carolina's Mr. Basketball by the Associated Press. He also played at the 1997 Roundball Classic, scoring 13 points. His senior year averages were 27.5 points, 8.7 rebounds, 7.7 assists, 2.8 steals, and 2 blocks per game. Initially, McGrady considered playing college basketball at the University of Kentucky, but he ultimately decided to enter the NBA draft as he was a projected lottery pick.

Toronto Raptors (1997–2000)
McGrady was selected as the ninth overall pick by the Toronto Raptors in the 1997 NBA draft. For most of the 1997–98 season, he received little playing time, averaging only 13 minutes per game under head coach Darrell Walker. McGrady has described his rookie year as "hell", feeling lonely in Toronto and sleeping for up to 20 hours a day. Late in the season, Walker resigned, and McGrady began playing more under new coach Butch Carter, who agreed to increase McGrady's minutes on the condition that McGrady would improve his work ethic.

Before the lockout-shortened 1998–99 season, the Raptors drafted McGrady's second cousin once removed, Vince Carter. The two became inseparable; teammate Dee Brown once said, "They say they're cousins ... But Siamese twins is more like it."

By the 1999–2000 season, the duo had developed a reputation for their athleticism, giving memorable performances at the All-Star Weekend Slam Dunk Contest. McGrady, now playing significant minutes, was a contender for the Sixth Man of the Year Award before being elevated to Toronto's starting backcourt in late March. On April 4, in what would be one of his last regular season games in Toronto, McGrady scored a tenure-high 28 points in a loss against the Pistons. Behind McGrady and Carter's play, the Raptors finished the season with a 45–37 record, qualifying for the playoffs for the first time in franchise history. McGrady's final averages were 15.4 points, 6.3 rebounds, 3.3 assists, and a career-high 1.9 blocks per game. In the first round of the postseason, the Raptors were swept by the New York Knicks.

2000–01 season: First All-Star and Most Improved Player
Following Toronto's first-round exit, McGrady became a free agent and signed with the Orlando Magic on August 3, 2000 through a sign-and-trade deal that sent a future 2005 1st round draft pick (Fran Vázquez was later selected) to the Raptors. He signed a seven-year, $92.8 million contract with the Magic. He elected to join the Magic in part because he disliked his secondary role playing behind Vince Carter, in part so that he could return home to Florida, and in part to play with their other newly acquired free agent, Grant Hill. Hill would go on to play in only 47 games total throughout his tenure with the team, forcing McGrady into a more significant leadership and scoring role than anticipated.

During the 2000–01 season, McGrady defied the expectations of many, emerging as one of the best players in the NBA, with Milwaukee Bucks General Manager Ernie Grunfeld going so far as to call him "one of the top five talents in the league". McGrady's play earned him his first All-Star Game appearance and, behind averages of 26.8 points, 7.5 rebounds, and 4.6 assists per game, he was selected to his first All-NBA Team, being named to the All-NBA Second Team. He was also voted the league's Most Improved Player. With a 43–39 record, the Magic entered the playoffs as the East's seventh seed, drawing a matchup with the Bucks. In Game 3 of the series, McGrady notched 42 points, 10 rebounds, and 8 assists in a performance that Bill Simmons later called McGrady's "superstar audition tape". Orlando was eventually eliminated by Milwaukee in four games.

2001–02 season: First All-NBA First Team selection
For the 2001–02 season, McGrady averaged 25.6 points, 7.9 rebounds, and 5.3 assists per game, earning his second All-NBA Team selection, this time to the All-NBA First Team. During that year's All-Star Game, he completed one of the most memorable highlights of his career, throwing the ball off the backboard to himself and completing an alley-oop in traffic. Reflecting on the play, McGrady later recounted, "There was only one guy back there ... and he bit on the lob ... I guess he thought I was throwing it to one of my teammates, and I just threw it down." At season's end, the Magic were again ousted in the first round of the playoffs, losing in four games to the Charlotte Hornets. On March 8, 2002, in one of the best games of his career, McGrady scored a season high 50 points and grabbed 10 rebounds in a 99–96 win over the Washington Wizards.

2002–03 season: First scoring title and playoff disappointment
In 2002–03, McGrady won his first scoring title and, behind averages of 32.1 points, 6.5 rebounds, and 5.5 assists per game, finished a career-best fourth in NBA Most Valuable Player Award voting. ESPN later ranked his season one of the best ever for a perimeter player. In Game 1 of the playoffs, he scored a team playoff record 43 points to help Orlando take an early series lead against the top-seeded Detroit Pistons. The Magic would go on to take a commanding 3–1 lead, and McGrady made headlines when he prematurely assumed that Orlando were guaranteed to advance, replying in an interview, "It feels good to get in the second round." In that year, the first round of the NBA playoffs was changed to a best-of-seven series from a best-of-five. Despite holding the series lead, the Magic were eliminated in seven games.

2003–04 season: Second scoring title and missing playoffs
The 2003–04 season was a tumultuous one for McGrady; Magic coach Doc Rivers was fired after a 1–10 start to the year and there were reports of friction between McGrady and Orlando General Manager John Weisbrod. Throughout the season, Orlando struggled because of a series of injuries, finishing the year with the worst record in the East despite McGrady winning his second consecutive scoring title. Late in the season, McGrady scored a career-high 62 points in a winning effort versus the Washington Wizards. His final averages were 28 points, 6 rebounds, and 5.5 assists per game.

2004–05 season: 13 points in 35 seconds
On June 29, 2004, McGrady, Juwan Howard, Tyronn Lue, and Reece Gaines were traded to the Houston Rockets as part of a seven-player deal that sent Steve Francis, Cuttino Mobley, and Kelvin Cato to the Magic. In response to the trade, McGrady stated that he was happy with the situation and expressed excitement over the prospect of playing alongside Rocket All-Star center Yao Ming. Shortly after arriving in Houston, McGrady signed a three-year, $63 million contract extension with the team.

The Rockets struggled to begin the 2004–05 season, posting a losing record of 16–17 through their first 33 games. On December 9, McGrady had one of the most memorable performances of his career, scoring 13 points in the final 35 seconds against the San Antonio Spurs including a last-second three-pointer to secure a comeback victory. The sequence included four consecutive three-pointers, one of which was part of a four-point play and the last of which was a game-winner in the final two seconds. After the All-Star break, Houston rebounded from their slow start, finishing the season with 51 wins and the third-best record in the West. McGrady's final averages were 25.7 points, 6.2 rebounds, and 5.7 assists per game. In Game 2 of the first round of the postseason, he had another signature performance, completing a "thunderous" dunk over 7'6" Dallas Mavericks center Shawn Bradley and hitting a game-winner for a 113–111 victory. The series would go to a decisive Game 7, where McGrady came out cold, missing his first seven shots en route to a 40-point loss.

2005–06 season: Injury and missing playoffs
The 2005–06 season was a disappointing one for the Rockets, as McGrady appeared in only 47 games due to injury. At various points during the year, he missed time due to back spasms, including a moment in January where he had to be carried off the court in a stretcher due to a severe flare up. Despite his health concerns, McGrady was able to play in that year's All-Star Game in front of his home crowd in Houston, exploding for 36 points in just 27 minutes. For the season, he averaged 24.4 points and 6.5 rebounds per game. Due in part to his frequent absences, the Rockets failed to qualify for the playoffs.

2006–07 season: Playoff upset
Early in the 2006–07 season, McGrady missed seven games, again because of back spasms, eventually deciding to visit a doctor and receive treatment for the injury as he felt that it was affecting his speed and explosiveness. His health issues and the ascension of Yao Ming, who was having a breakout season, resulted in McGrady temporarily becoming the team's second scoring option. His final averages were 24.6 points, 5.3 rebounds, and 6.5 assists per game. To open the playoffs, the Rockets were matched up the Utah Jazz. By this time, pressure had started to mount on McGrady to lead the team deep into the postseason, to which he responded, "If we don't get out of the first round, it's on me!" Houston would eventually lose the series in seven games, and at his postgame press conference following the Game 7 defeat, McGrady, still visibly emotional from the loss, said "I tried, man, I tried."

2007–08 season: 22-game winning streak
In 2007–08, the Rockets went on a 22-game winning streak, which was the then-second longest in NBA history, despite missing Yao Ming during that stretch. During their run, McGrady expressed optimism over the team's roster, admitting, "I haven't had this kind of trust in my teammates before." Houston finished the season as the West's fifth seed, earning them a rematch with the Jazz in the first round. By the time the playoffs arrived, McGrady was nursing shoulder and knee injuries, at times requiring him to receive pain-killing injections and have fluid drained from both his shoulder and knee in order for him to be able to play. The Jazz again eliminated the Rockets, this time in six games, despite a strong 40-point and 10-rebound performance from McGrady in the decisive Game 6.

2008–09 season: Season-ending surgery
Following Houston's loss to Utah, McGrady underwent arthroscopic surgery on both his left shoulder and left knee. Early in the 2008–09 season, he missed 18 games, including a two-week stretch in January as his knee was not fully healed from his offseason surgery. On February 24, he had microfracture surgery in Chicago, forcing him to miss the remainder of the year. By then, his averages had declined to 15.6 points and 4.4 rebounds per game. In a surprise turn of events, the Rockets qualified for the playoffs without McGrady and advanced to the second round, pushing the eventual-champion Los Angeles Lakers to seven games.

2009–10 season: Final season in Houston
McGrady was still recovering from surgery to begin the 2009–10 campaign. On December 15, he returned to action but was limited to only seven minutes off the bench. After six games, the Rockets decided to shut him down again so that they could focus on trading him to another team.

New York Knicks (2010)
On February 18, 2010, McGrady was traded to the New York Knicks as part of a three-team trade involving Houston, New York, and Sacramento. Two days later, he made his team debut, scoring 26 points in an overtime loss against the Thunder. He would finish the season with averages of 9.4 points, 3.9 rebounds, and 3.7 assists in 26.1 minutes per game. McGrady only appeared in 24 games for the Knicks.

Detroit Pistons (2010–2011)
A free agent for the first time in ten years, McGrady met with and worked out for the Los Angeles Clippers and Chicago Bulls. Bulls second-year guard Derrick Rose publicly supported the idea of McGrady coming to Chicago. McGrady would end up signing a one-year contract with the Detroit Pistons.

On January 14, 2011, McGrady scored a season high 22 points and recorded 5 assists in a 101-95 victory over the Raptors. Two weeks later, on January 28, McGrady scored 14 points, recorded 10 assists, grabbed 8 rebounds, and blocked 4 shots in an 88-87 loss to the Heat. He averaged 8 points per game for the 2010–11 season.

Atlanta Hawks (2011–2012)
Following the 2011 NBA lockout, McGrady signed a one-year deal with the Atlanta Hawks. In the lockout-shortened 66 game season, McGrady played 52 games, and for the first time in his career did not start any of them.

On January 2, 2012, McGrady had a memorable performance against the then-undefeated "Big Three" Miami Heat (who went on to win the NBA Finals that year) with a 13-point fourth quarter to bring Atlanta back to win the game. Battling injuries through the year, he averaged a career-low 5.3 points per game.

Qingdao Eagles (2012–2013)
On October 9, 2012, McGrady signed a one-year deal with the Qingdao DoubleStar Eagles of the Chinese Basketball Association. Qingdao finished the season in last place, with McGrady averaging 25 points, 7.2 rebounds, 5.1 assists, and 1.6 steals per game.

San Antonio Spurs (2013)
On April 16, 2013, shortly after the conclusion of the CBA campaign, McGrady signed with the San Antonio Spurs in time for him to qualify for their playoff roster. The Spurs eventually advanced to the 2013 NBA Finals, losing in seven games to the Miami Heat, which provided McGrady with the opportunity to play his first career postseason minutes outside of the first round.

On August 26, McGrady officially announced his retirement from the NBA on ESPN's First Take.

National team career
McGrady was selected to the United States men's national basketball team for the FIBA Americas Championship 2003 in San Juan, Puerto Rico. On August 22, McGrady led the Americans with 16 points in a 98–69 victory over Venezuela. McGrady sat out the August 26 game due to a back injury. The U.S. qualified for the 2004 Olympic Games on August 30 with an 87–71 win over Puerto Rico; in the game, McGrady and Puerto Rico's Eddie Casiano were involved in an altercation which resulted in fans throwing drinks and debris on the court. Ultimately, the U.S. advanced to the gold medal game, defeating Argentina to finish a perfect 10–0. For the tournament, McGrady averaged 12.6 points and 2.9 rebounds a game on 54.4 percent from the field and 42.1 percent three-point shooting.

Professional baseball career
On February 4, 2014, McGrady confirmed that he was officially pursuing his dream of becoming a professional baseball player, working with Roger Clemens to become a pitcher for the Sugar Land Skeeters of the Atlantic League of Professional Baseball. On April 23, McGrady made the Skeeters' Opening Day roster. In his debut, he pitched $1 2/3$ innings, receiving the loss. In July, he started the Atlantic League All-Star Game, where he recorded his first strikeout. After the game, McGrady announced his retirement from baseball.

Player profile

Standing 6 feet 8 inches tall (2.03 m) and weighing 210 pounds (95 kg), McGrady played as a shooting guard and small forward. His career averages were 19.6 points, 5.6 rebounds, and 4.4 assists per game. McGrady earned seven All-NBA honors (2001–05, 2007–08), seven All-Star selections (2001–07), two NBA scoring titles (2003–04), and won the NBA Most Improved Player Award in 2001. He was inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame as part of the Class of 2017.

McGrady was known for his laid-back demeanor and scoring prowess; he once scored 41 points in a game despite being asleep right until tip-off, a performance that inspired the nickname "The Big Sleep". Many of his contemporaries, including Paul Pierce and Kobe Bryant, have called him one of the most difficult players that they ever had to guard. McGrady's playing style has been compared to George Gervin's because both players made scoring appear easy with their "smooth" approach to the game. At his peak, McGrady was an explosive player capable of finishing at the rim over the defense; in a piece for ESPN, Zach Lowe reminisced, "He glided through the lane, crouched into traffic, and accelerated suddenly -- almost violently -- through a forest of slower-moving forms, and to the rim." McGrady was also a threat from outside, and would frequently pull up for deep three-pointers over unsuspecting defenders. Some analysts have remarked that McGrady's length, playmaking, and shooting abilities would have made him more effective in the modern era of basketball, and that he was ahead of his time. On the defensive side of the ball, McGrady's effort was less consistent, but he demonstrated the ability to raise his level in meaningful games, such as during the playoffs against the Mavericks, where he often drew the assignment of guarding Dirk Nowitzki.

During his time as an All-Star, McGrady was frequently criticized for not having led any team beyond the first round of the playoffs. Some analysts have defended McGrady, feeling that he was the victim of bad rosters and unfortunate circumstances. His effort level, leadership, and toughness were also questioned at times. In response to these criticisms, former Rockets coach Jeff Van Gundy described McGrady as a poor practice player but praised his coachability, unselfishness, and ability to perform well in big games.

McGrady is often ranked as one of the greatest basketball players of all-time; The Book of Basketball ranked him 77th, ESPN ranked him 63rd, and SLAM Magazine ranked him 97th. In 2016, Sports Illustrated listed McGrady as one of the 20 best basketball players since the announcement of the original 50 Greatest Players in NBA History in 1996. In 2021, to commemorate the NBA's 75th Anniversary The Athletic ranked their top 75 players of all time, and named McGrady as the 55th greatest player in NBA history.

Personal life
McGrady has three children with his wife, CleRenda Harris. Their first son, Laymen Lamar, was born on December 27, 2005, during a home game in Houston, which McGrady left at halftime. Tracy's younger brother, Chancellor "Chance" McGrady, played for the 2008 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament runner-up Memphis Tigers.

McGrady is also the second cousin once removed of basketball player Vince Carter through Carter's step-great-grandfather; the two therefore are not related by blood. They were teammates with the Raptors in 1998–2000. Both players were unaware of the relation until a family reunion in 1997. After McGrady left the Raptors, they had a feud, but it was resolved in a short period of time.

In 2002, McGrady signed a longterm partnership with Adidas, agreeing to an endorsement deal that lasted through his playing career and beyond. Adidas produced a signature line of shoes for McGrady that Complex remembered as "all the buzz in the early-mid 2000s". Upon retiring, McGrady shifted his focus to his business investments, including Dasdak, a Washington, D.C.-based technology company, and Blue-04, a bottled water company in Florida. He was also an initial investor in a Minor League Baseball team which would become the Biloxi Shuckers. Since 2016, he has worked as an NBA analyst for ESPN.

In 2007, McGrady traveled to the Darfurian refugee camps in Chad with John Prendergast and Omer Ismail of the Enough Project. McGrady recruited NBA players to support an initiative linking schools in Darfurian refugee camps to American middle schools, high schools, and universities. Prior to the start of the 2010 season with the Rockets, he changed his jersey number to No. 3 in order to promote his humanitarian efforts in the region and a documentary on his summer visit called 3 Points. In 2008, McGrady was criticized for his comments on the All-Star Game being held in New Orleans, which was only three years removed from the destruction surrounding Hurricane Katrina. McGrady publicly questioned the quality of public safety and protection of NBA players.

In August 2021, McGrady launched an app, SOLEcial, designed to sell autographed shoes, trading cards, and other memorabilia directly to buyers.

Career statistics
NBA statistics per Basketball-Reference. CBA statistics per CBA Data Center.

Awards and honors
Per McGrady's Basketball-Reference page unless noted otherwise.
 * Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame: inducted on September 8, 2017
 * 2× NBA scoring champion: 2003, 2004
 * 7× NBA All-Star: 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007
 * 7× All-NBA:
 * First Team: 2002, 2003
 * Second Team: 2001, 2004, 2007
 * Third Team: 2005, 2008

 * NBA Most Improved Player Award: 2001
 * Tournament of the Americas Gold Medalist: 2003
 * CBA All-Star: 2013
 * No. 1 retired by Qingdao DoubleStar Eagles: 2015
 * Mr. Basketball USA: 1997
 * McDonald's All-American: 1997

Orlando Magic franchise records

 * Most points in a game with 62 (March 10, 2004 vs. Washington Wizards)
 * Most field goal attempts in a season with 1813 (2002–03)
 * Most free throws made in a season with 576 (2002–03)
 * Most points in a season with 2407 (2002–03)
 * Highest minutes per game in a season with 40.1 (2002–03)
 * Highest points per game in a season with 32.1 (2002–03)
 * Highest minutes per game in a career with 39.4
 * Highest points per game in a career with 28.1

title: Tracy McGrady


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Koper

Koper (Capodistria; Kopar) is the fifth largest city in Slovenia. Located in the Istrian region in the southwestern part of the country, approximately five kilometres (5 km) south of the border with Italy and 20 kilometres (20 km) from Trieste, Koper is the largest coastal city in the country. It is bordered by the satellite towns of Izola and Ankaran. With a unique ecology and biodiversity, it is considered an important natural resource. The city's Port of Koper is Slovenia's only container port and a major contributor to the economy of the Municipality of Koper. The influence of the Port of Koper on tourism was one of the factors in Ankaran deciding to leave the municipality in a referendum in 2011 to establish its own municipality. The city is a destination for a number of Mediterranean cruising lines. Koper is the main urban centre of the Slovenian Istria, with a population of about 25,000. Aleš Bržan is the current mayor, serving since 2018.

The city of Koper is officially bilingual, with both Slovene and Italian as its official languages. Sights in Koper include the 15th-century Praetorian Palace and Loggia in Venetian Gothic style, the 12th-century Carmine Rotunda church, and St. Nazarius' Cathedral, with its 14th-century tower.

Koper is also one of the main road entry points into Slovenia from Italy, which lies to the north of the municipality. The main motorway crossing is at Spodnje Škofije to the north of the city of Koper. The motorway continues into Rabuiese and Trieste. Koper also has a rail connection with the capital city, Ljubljana. On the coast, there is a crossing at Lazaret into Lazzaretto in Muggia municipality in Trieste province. The Italian border crossing is known as San Bartolomeo.

Names
The Italian name of the city was anciently written as Capo d'Istria, and is reported on maps and sources in other European languages as such. Ancient names of the city include Ægidia and Justinopolis. Modern names of the city include: Kopar, Копар, Gafers. The Slovene-speaking population calls the city "Koper." The Slavic-speaking population, present in the area since at least the late 7th century, largely relied on oral tradition up to the invention of printing. The Slovenian name Koper was first attested in writing in 1557, but with the spelling Copper.

History

Koper began as a settlement built on an island in the southeastern part of the Gulf of Koper in the northern Adriatic. Called Insula Caprea (Goat Island) or Capro by Roman settlers, it developed into the city of Aegida, which was mentioned by the Roman author Pliny the Elder in his Naturalis Historia (Natural History) (iii. 19. s. 23).

In 568, Roman citizens of nearby Tergeste (modern Trieste) fled to Aegida due to an invasion of the Lombards. In honour of the Byzantine Emperor Justinian II, the town was renamed Justinopolis. Later, Justinopolis was under both Lombard and Frankish rule and was briefly occupied by Avars in the 8th century.

Since at least the 8th century (and possibly as early as the 6th century) Koper was the seat of a diocese. One of Koper's bishops was the Lutheran reformer Pier Paolo Vergerio. In 1828, it was merged into the Diocese of Trieste.

Trade between Koper and Venice has been recorded since 932. In the war between Venice and the Holy Roman Empire, Koper was on the latter side, and as a result was awarded with town rights, granted in 1035 by Emperor Conrad II. After 1232, Koper was under the Patriarch of Aquileia, and in 1278 it joined the Republic of Venice. It was at this time that the city walls and towers were partly demolished.

In 1420, the Patriarch of Aquileia ceded his remaining possessions in Istria to the Republic, consolidating Venetian power in Koper.

Koper grew to become the capital of Venetian Istria and was renamed Caput Histriae 'head of Istria' (from which stems its modern Italian name, Capodistria).

The 16th century saw the population of Koper fall drastically, from its high of between 10,000 and 12,000 inhabitants, due to repeated plague epidemics. When Trieste became a free port in 1719, Koper lost its monopoly on trade, and its importance diminished further.

According to the 1900 census, 7,205 Italian, 391 Slovenian, 167 Croatian, and 67 German inhabitants lived in Koper.

Assigned to Italy from Austria-Hungary after World War I, at the end of World War II it was part of the Zone B of the Free Territory of Trieste, controlled by Yugoslavia. Most of the Italian inhabitants left the city by 1954, when the Free Territory of Trieste formally ceased to exist and Zone B became part of Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. In 1977, the Roman Catholic Diocese of Koper was separated from the Diocese of Trieste.

With Slovenian independence in 1991, Koper became the only commercial port in Slovenia. The University of Primorska is based in the city.

Architecture
Koper's 15th-century Praetorian Palace is located on the city square. It was built from two older 13th-century houses that were connected by a loggia, rebuilt many times, and then finished as a Venetian Gothic palace. Today, it is home to the city of Koper's tourist office.

The city's Cathedral of the Assumption was built in the second half of the 12th century and has one of the oldest bells in Slovenia (from 1333), cast by Nicolò and Martino, the sons of Master Giacomo of Venice. The upper terrace is periodically open and offers a great view of the Bay of Trieste. In the middle of it hangs the Sacra Conversatione painting from 1516, one of the best Renaissance paintings in Slovenia, made by Vittore Carpaccio.

Climate
Koper has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa). There is a substantial amount of rainfall in Koper, even in the driest month, with each month averaging well over 60 mm. This climate is considered to be Cfa according to the Köppen-Geiger climate classification. The average temperature in Koper is 14.4 C. The average annual rainfall is 988 mm.

Demographics
Italian was once the main language in the town, spoken by 92% of the population in 1900, but this number decreased sharply after Slovenian Istria was incorporated into Yugoslavia in 1954 and many ethnic Italians left the town. Today, Italian is mainly used as a second language by the Slovene-speaking majority. Slovene dominates with virtually all citizens speaking it, followed by pockets of speakers of Italian and Croatian.

Sports
The main association football club is FC Koper, who currently play in the Slovenian PrvaLiga, the top flight of Slovenian football, having won it once.

Port

First established during the Roman Empire, the Port of Koper has played an important role in the development of the area. It is among the largest in the region and is one of the most important transit routes for goods heading from Asia to central Europe. In contrast with other European ports, which are managed by port authorities, the activities of the Port of Koper comprise the management of the free zone area, the management of the port area, and the role of terminal operator.

Prominent citizens

 * Gian Rinaldo Carli (1720–1795), man of letters
 * Vittore Carpaccio (c. 1460), painter. Born in Venice, lived in Koper (then Capodistria)
 * Vittorio Italico Zupelli (1859–1945), Italian general and minister
 * Vlatko Čančar (born 1997), professional basketball player
 * Lucija Čok (born 1941), linguist, politician
 * Zlatko Dedić (born 1984), football player
 * Domenico da Capodistria (born late 14th century), architect
 * Lorella Flego (born 1974), TV entertainer
 * Enej Jelenič (born 1992), footballer
 * Ioannis Kapodistrias (1776–1831), Greek patriot and first governor of the Greek state (1828–1831) his family hailed originally from Koper/Capodistria
 * Andreja Klepač (born 1986), professional tennis player
 * Tinkara Kovač (born 1978), singer
 * Matjaž Markič (born 1983), swimmer
 * Dragan Marušič (born 1953), former rector of the University of Primorska
 * Davor Mizerit (born 1981), rower
 * Igor Pribac (born 1958), philosopher
 * Pier Antonio Quarantotti Gambini (1910–1965), journalist and writer. Born in Pazin (then Pisino), lived in Koper (then Capodistria)
 * Mladen Rudonja (born 1971), football player
 * Tomaž Šalamun (1941–2014), poet
 * Santorio Santorio (1561–1636), medical scientist
 * Nazario Sauro (1880–1916), Italian irredentist and sailor
 * Spartaco Schergat (1920–1996), military frogman, caused damage to the British battleship Queen Elizabeth in 1941. Italian gold medal in the Second World War
 * Damir Skomina (born 1976), football referee
 * Francesco Trevisani (1656–1746), painter
 * Pier Paolo Vergerio the Elder (1370–1444/1445), humanist, statesman and canonist
 * Pier Paolo Vergerio the Young (1498–1565), man of Church
 * Gašper Vinčec (born 1981), professional Finn Class Sailor
 * Bruno Zago, footballer (born 1919)
 * Vittorio Italico Zupelli (1859–1945), general, minister

Twin towns – sister cities
Koper is twinned with:
 * Buzet, Croatia

 * 🇮🇹 Ferrara, Italy
 * 🇨🇳 Jiujiang, China
 * 🇮🇹 Muggia, Italy
 * 🇮🇹 San Dorligo della Valle, Italy
 * 🇸🇰 Žilina, Slovakia

title: Koper


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Arts et Métiers station

Arts et Métiers (, literally "Arts and Trades") is a station on lines 3 and 11 of the Paris Métro. Its located in the 3rd arrondissement of Paris.

Location
The station is located at the intersection of Rues Beaubourg, Réaumur and Turbigo, the platforms established:
 * on line 3, in a curve under the angle formed by these last two streets and oriented east–west, between Réaumur - Sébastopol and Temple stations;
 * on line 11, further east along the east–west axis of Rue Réaumur, between Rambuteau and République.

History
The station opened on 19 October 1904 as part of the first section of the 3 line that then operated between Père Lachaise and Villiers. The platforms on the 11 line opened as part of the original section of that line from Châtelet to Porte des Lilas on 28 April 1935.

It takes its name from the nearby Conservatoire national des arts et métiers, including the Musée des Arts et Métiers, both of which it serves.

The corridors as well as the two lines’ platforms were modernized after 1988, with those of the 3 line being done in the Ouï-dire decorative style, in this case in green. The renovation for the 11-line platforms, designed by Belgian comics artist François Schuiten, marks the October 1994 bicentenary of the conservatoire in a steampunk style reminiscent of the science fiction works of Jules Verne.

In 2018, the station was entered by 4,235,686 travellers, which put it in 119th place among metro stations by usage.

As part of the RATP's Un métro + beau program on the one hand and the extension of the 11 line to Rosny–Bois-Perrier on the other, the corridors of the station are undergoing renovations from 12 September 2019 to 3 December 2020 to test coating materials for future stations.

Access
The station has five entrances all made up of fixed staircases, the first four being adorned with a Dervaux candelabrum:
 * entrance 1 - Rue Conté, rue de Turbigo - odd numbered side leading to the right of 57, rue de Turbigo;
 * entrance 2 - Rue Réaumur, rue de Turbigo - even numbers side located opposite 42, rue Réaumur;
 * entrance 3 - Rue de Turbigo, rue Beaubourg located at the right of 107, rue de Turbigo and 48, rue Réaumur;
 * entrance 4 - Rue Réaumur leading to 31, Rue de Turbigo and 51, Rue Réaumur;
 * entrance 5 - Rue des Vertus, only allowing exit from the platforms of line 11, located at the right of 22 Rue Réaumur.

Platforms
The platforms of the two lines, seventy-five meters long, are of standard configuration. Two in number per stopping point, they are separated by the metro tracks located in the centre and the vault is elliptical.

The station on line 3 is set up in a curve and its decoration is in the Ouï-dire style in a green colour. The lighting frames, of the same shade, are supported by curved supports in the shape of a scythe. The direct lighting is white while the indirect lighting, projected on the vault, is multi-coloured. The white ceramic tiles are flat and cover the walls, the vault (diagonally, a peculiarity that the stopping point only shares with Nation on line 1), the tunnel exit and the outlets of the corridors. The advertising frames are green and cylindrical, and the name of the station is written in capital letters on enamelled plates. The platforms are equipped with Motte style seats and green sit-stand benches.

The station on line 11 has been completely covered since October 1994 with copper plates riveted to each other, and not the usual earthenware tiles. This dressing was put in place during the bicentennial ceremonies of the Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers. It is the work of Benoît Peeters, French screenwriter, and François Schuiten, Belgian designer, authors of the series Les Cités obscures. The traveller is plunged inside a vast machine, a sort of underground Nautilus evoking the atmosphere of Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas, in steampunk style. On the station's ceiling, a series of large cogs evokes the Musée des Arts et Métiers. Copper, the only material used, evokes the technical and industrial world. On the platforms, a series of portholes open onto small scenographies, centred on the museum's collections. You observe a armillary sphere, the Telstar satellite, or even a water wheel. All the station's furniture suits the decoration style and constitutes a unique case on the network. Name plates, wooden seats, waste bins, flat tunnel exits, alarm post banners and the lighting are brown in the Ouï-dire style. However, the latter do not have multi-coloured lighting and the light is diffused in a semi-subdued way on the track side. The platforms are devoid of advertisements.

Bus connections
The station is served by lines 20, 38, 47 and 75 of the RATP Bus Network and, at night, by lines N12 and N23 of the Noctilien network.

Nearby

 * Conservatoire national des arts et métiers
 * Musée des arts et métiers

title: Arts et Métiers station


text:
List of Game Boy games

The Game Boy portable system has a library of games, which were released in plastic ROM cartridges. The Game Boy first launched in Japan on April 21, 1989, with Super Mario Land, Alleyway, Baseball, and Yakuman. For the North American launches, Tetris and Tennis were also featured, while Yakuman was never released outside of Japan. The last games to be published for the system were the Japan-only titles Shikakui Atama o Maruku Suru: Kanji no Tatsujin and Shikakui Atama o Maruku Suru: Keisan no Tatsujin, which were both released on March 30, 2001. This list is initially organized alphabetically by their English titles, or, when Japan-exclusive, their rōmaji transliterations; however, it is also possible to sort each column individually by clicking the square icon at the top of each column. The Game Boy system is not region locked, meaning that software purchased in any region can be played on any region's hardware. For Game Boy Color cartridges compatible with the original Game Boy, see those indicated in List of Game Boy Color games.

List of games
This is a sortable list of  games released for the Game Boy handheld video game system, excluding any cancelled and unlicensed games.

title: List of Game Boy games


text:
République station

République is a station on lines 3, 5, 8, 9 and 11 of the Paris Métro. It is located under the Place de la République, at the tripoint border of the 3rd, 10th and 11th arrondissements. It is an important interchange station; its 16.6 million users (2019) make it the seventh busiest out of 302 on the Métro network.

Location
The station is located under Place de la République, the platforms established:
 * on Line 3, under the eastern part of the square along the east–west axis of the Avenue de la République (between Temple and Parmentier stations);
 * on Line 5, north-west of the square on a north-west/south-east axis, at the end of the Boulevard de Magenta (between Jacques Bonsergent and Oberkampf);
 * on Line 8 and Line 9, west of the square on a north-west/south-east axis, at the end of Boulevard Saint-Martin (between Strasbourg–Saint-Denis on the one hand—not including the current ghost station Saint-Martin—and on the other hand Filles du Calvaire for Line 8 or Oberkampf for Line 9);
 * on Line 11, north-east along a north-east/south-west axis, at the start of the Rue du Faubourg-du-Temple (between Arts et Métiers and Goncourt).

History
The station opened on 19 October 1904 as part of the first section of Line 3 between Père Lachaise and Villiers. The Line 5 platforms opened on 15 November 1907 with the extension of the line from Jacques Bonsergent (then called Lancry) to Gare du Nord. The Line 8 platforms opened on 5 May 1931 with the extension of the line from Richelieu–Drouot to Porte de Charenton. The Line 9 platforms opened on 10 December 1933 with the extension of the line from Richelieu-Drouot to Porte de Montreuil. The Line 11 platforms opened on 28 April 1935 with the opening of the line from Châtelet to Porte des Lilas.

Name
It is named after the Place de la République, which was named to commemorate the First, Second and Third French Republics in 1879.

Renovation
The platforms of Line 3 were among the first to receive a metallic bodywork after 1952, while those of Line 5 were renovated after 1969 by adopting the Mouton-Duvernet style with vertically-aligned multi-toned tiles, cutting radically with the dominant white of the original metro, as well as the light frames characteristic of this type of arrangement, which was then supplemented with Motte style seats and red sit-stand bars. Larger Mouton style tiles placed vertically also cover certain outlets of the access corridors to Lines 3 and 11. The platforms of Lines 8, 9 and 11 were modernised in Andreu-Motte style, in yellow for the first two stations and red for the third as was done to a third of other the stations on the network between 1974 and 1984, while those on Line 3 lost their metal panels after 1988 in favour of a Ouï-dire decoration, in this case blue.

As part of the RATP Renouveau du métro programme, the station's corridors and the platforms on Line 5 were modernised on 28 June 2010, which notably allowed the renewal of lighting and earthenware tiles, the installation of new signage, a sales and comptoir-club counter, as well as the creation of four automatic ticket machines, anticipating the redevelopment programme by the City of Paris of the Place de la République. These latest above ground works are suspected to be the cause of numerous water leakages in the station, destroying the repairs completed three years earlier. The cost of repairs is estimated at eight million euros.

From 30 June to 3 August 2018, the platforms of Line 11 are the first of the latter to be raised and tiled for their adaptation as part of its extension to Rosny–Bois-Perrier.

Usage
The station is the seventh in the Métro network in terms of traffic, with 18,327,920 incoming passengers in 2018.

Access
The station has nine entrances:
 * Place de la République, Rue René-Boulanger;
 * Boulevard Saint-Martin, even numbers side;
 * Boulevard Saint-Martin, odd numbers side;
 * Boulevard Magenta;
 * Place de la République, Rue du Faubourg-du-Temple;
 * Place de la République, Rue du Faubourg du Temple side;
 * Place de la République;
 * Place de la République, statue side;
 * Republic Square, Rue du Temple,

Station layout

 * Note: tracks toward Oberkampf (Lines 5 and 9) run in the same direction.

Platforms
The Line 3 station has a standard configuration with two platforms separated by metro tracks. The decoration is in the Ouï-dire style in a blue colour. The frames for lighting, in the same colour, are supported by curved supports in the shape of a scythe. Indirect lighting is bicolour (very pale blue and white), unlike other lighting strips of this style where it is a vivid multicolour. The white ceramic tiles are flat and cover the walls, the vault, and the tunnel exit. The advertising frames are white and cylindrical, and the platforms are equipped with Motte style seats as well as blue sit-stand benches.

The station on Line 5 is also styled in a classic layout. The decoration is in the style used for most Métro stations. The lighting strips are white and rounded in the Gaudin style of the Renouveau du métro des années 2000; the bevelled white ceramic tiles cover the walls, the vault, and the tunnel exit. The advertising frames are in white ceramic and the seats are green Akiko style.

The stations of Lines 8 and 9 are made up of two half-stations per line, those of Line 9 framing those of Line 8. The platforms of these two lines, slightly curved at the western end, are furnished in the style Andreu-Motte and have a yellow light canopy, benches in flat orange-yellow tiling (except the platform for Pont de Sèvres almost deprived of benches but with a corridor opening treated with the same tiles) as well as yellow Motte seats. These arrangements are combined with white bevelled tiling for the two lines, while the staircase surrounds and the surface of the bench seats on the platform towards Pont de Sèvres are treated with white flat tiling. The advertising frames are metallic.

Finally, the station on Line 11 is also of standard configuration. It is decorated in the Andreu-Motte style with two red lighting frames, benches and outlets of the corridors are of flat tiles of the same colour and red Motte seats. The walls, the vault and the tunnel exits are covered with flat white tiles. The advertising frames are metallic, and the platforms are tiled in anthracite grey.

For each stopping point, the vault is elliptical, and the name of the station is written in Parisine font on enamelled plates.

Bus connections
The station is served by lines 20, 56, 75 and 91 of the RATP bus network as well as, at night, by lines N01, N02, N12, N23, N141 and N142 of the Noctilien bus network.

Nearby

 * Place de la République
 * Bourse du Travail

title: République station


text:
Parmentier station

Parmentier is a station on Paris Métro Line 3 located in the 11th arrondissement of Paris.

Location
The station is located under Avenue de la République, at the intersection with Avenue Parmentier and Rue Oberkampf. Oriented approximately along an east–west axis, it is located between République and Rue Saint-Maur stations.

History
It was opened on 19 October 1904 as part of the first section of line 3 between Père Lachaise and Villiers.

It is on the Avenue Parmentier, which is named after the military pharmacist, agronomist, nutritionist and hygienist Antoine-Augustin Parmentier (1737-1813), promoter of cultivating the potato as a food source (for humans) in France and throughout Europe.

Like one station out of three in the 1950s and 1960s, the platforms were modernized with metallic bodywork, but distinguished by its atypical mesh design, incorporating a cultural arrangement dedicated to Antoine Parmentier and the potato.

As part of the RATP's Metro Renewal program, the station's corridors were renovated on 2 September 2002.

In 2018, 3,283,276 passengers entered this station which placed it at the 171st position of the metro stations for its usage.

Access
The station has a single access called Avenue Parmentier, opening at the angle formed by Rue Édouard-Lockroy and the former. Consisting of a fixed staircase, it is adorned with a Guimard entrance, which was decreed as a historic monument on 12 February 12, 2016.

Platforms
Parmentier is a standard configuration station. It has two platforms separated by the metro tracks and the vault is elliptical. The decoration is cultural on the theme of the potato. The walls sheathed with metal panels typical of the 1950s having the particularity of being grilled to evoke the cracks of the potato net, while a statue of Antoine-Augustin Parmentier distributing potatoes is displayed in a niche built into the wall of the platform in the direction of Gallieni.

On each platform, display cases with objects from Pre-Columbian America are installed. The body, fitted with white horizontal uprights and lighted dark green advertising frames, is also adorned with one of the panels presenting the history of the potato and its uses according to the varieties and the quality of French production. The enamelled nameplates incorporated into the metal panels are among the last in the network to indicate the station's name in yellow capital letters on a black background, an initial characteristic of the metal panel stations which it only shares with Falguière on line 12. The furnishings are complemented by white seats of a unique model hugging the buttocks of travellers. The bevelled white ceramic tiles cover the walls, the vault and the tunnel exits, and the lighting is provided by independent strips.

Bus connections
The station is served by bus lines 20, 46 and 96 of the RATP Bus Network and, at night, by lines N12 and N23 of the Noctilien bus network.

title: Parmentier station


text:
Talk:Nonlinear optics

Untitled
Should the processes under "related processes" be listed here at all? I'm not completely sure about Raman. I believe that the Raman-shifted "fluorescence" intensity is linear in excitation intensity, on the other hand it is a chi3 process. Stimulated Raman is of course a different story.

Would anyone (DrBob?) care to write a few words about phase conjugation? -- Hankwang 09:40, 4 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * It's true that the "related processes" are not strictly speaking part of nonlinear optics, but they are almost always covered under that title in textbooks and courses. Perhaps just keep them as brief mentions here, and put their descriptions in seperate articles.
 * Phase conjugation can be achieved by both four-wave mixing and stimulated Brillouin scattering, so its kind of hard to place. I'll see if I can write a brief overview soon. -- DrBob

Four-wave mixing
I'm having a little trouble figuring out exactly how FWM should fit into this article. As far as I know, FWM is an umbrella term which describes all of the chi(3) processes where one can distinguish, either by frequency or wavenumber, the four E-fields involved. Degenerate four-wave mixing is a term which can be applied whenever two or more of the fields have the same frequency or wavenumber. Some of the DFWM processes have their own names and some, like third harmonic generation, are almost never referred to as DFWM, even though they technically are. Is all of this correct?

I checked the Wikipedia FWM article and it seems to primarily focus on FWM in fiber optic communications. Also, it seems that FWM is re-derived in many places; at very least in this article under phase conjugation and in the Kerr effect article - and it isn't derived in the one place it should be: the four-wave mixing article.

After I found this I think that an expansion of the (E1+E2+E3)^2 can be done in the FWM article and the different classes of term related to their respective physical processes (like SPM, XPM, THG, etc.) Then articles on these processes and applications (like phase conjugation) can just link back to the FWM page. Does this sound OK? -FGS

Brillouin and Raman nonlinear?
Rpaschotta moved Brillouin and Raman scattering from "related processes". Nonlinearity w.r.t. the light intensity suggests that the Raman- or Brillouin-shifted peak would increase disproportionally with increasing laser intensity. AFAIK that is not what happens in typical applications. I graduated on a project involving Brillouin scattering on GHz phonons and did a PhD in time-resolved spectroscopy and it is not obvious to me, so maybe it's a good idea if Rpaschotta wrote a few words about why it classifies as nonlinear spectroscopy.

Han-Kwang (talk) 14:08, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Ok, here are some remarks. Of course, the Brillouin shift doesn't depend on intensity. Nevertheless, the interaction is nonlinear in the involved optical fields. Consider e.g. two beams interacting in a Raman-active medium. Now reduce both powers by a factor of ten. The result will NOT just lead to ten times lower output intensities of both beams. Instead, the interaction will become weaker. This is clearly different to the case of an electro-optic modulator, where the optical output depends linearly on the optical input (within certain bounds, of course).

RPaschotta 12:05, 30 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Hmm, I see what you mean. But along the same lines you could defend that Beer-law absorption is a nonlinear process because in a pump-probe experiment the signal depends on both the pump pulse and the probe pulse. Unless you talk about specific applications, both Brillouin and Raman spectroscopy only involve one optical field, on which the signal depends linearly.

Han-Kwang (talk) 15:58, 30 Oct 2004 (UTC)

remark
Why do scientists use the stupid phrase "with respect to" (which they must acronymise to w.r.t. or wrt) instead of "about" or "from"? lysdexia 01:10, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Wrt was not beautiful, but at least correct. Your "correction" was wrong. Han-Kwang (talk) 11:33, 26 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Quantum explanation
Could please someone in the know add a section explaining the phenomenon from the quantum standpoint, i.e. some lower-energy photons come in, some (lower number) of higher energy photons come out. Explain the effect that produces these higher energy photons.

I am curious myself, and I believe that it would be a generally valuable addition. Thanks! =ec 195.212.29.188 (talk) 10:14, 15 February 2011 (UTC)

 * Interesting question. As well as I know it (maybe not very well), the usual case doesn't depend on quantum properties of photons, but does depend on quantum properties of atomic electrons. The atoms are in the electric field of the incoming light wave, which has a wavelength much larger than the atoms. The electric field, as the article notes, is comparable to the electric fields that hold the atom together.  The reason that linear optics is linear (lucky us) is that at more ordinary intensities, the fields are small compared to those holding the electrons in their orbitals, and the (small) shifts are linear to a good approximation.  A (classical) electric field of E0sin(ωt) comes in, a non-linear effect generates the third harmonic  E1sin(3ωt). Just as classical as a mixer diode in a microwave receiver.  (No second harmonic by symmetry.)  This is in the limit of large numbers of photons, such that classical approximations work.   Gah4 (talk) 21:20, 15 November 2016 (UTC)

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Phase conjugate optics
I noticed the removal of a See also for lasers, which is probably right. But then I considered that one for phase conjugate optics might be included, but there is no such page! Should there be a page for phase conjugate optics? It seems to me that it is important enough to have its own page, not just a section in this page. (Not that I feel qualified to write one.) Gah4 (talk) 21:23, 15 November 2016 (UTC)

 * important question 188.189.5.151 (talk) 19:00, 13 February 2024 (UTC)

Wrong calculation?
Hi folks, I'm not sure if the very last line of this calculation is correct:

 * $$\begin{align}

\mathbf{P}^\text{NL} = \varepsilon_0 \chi^{(2)} \mathbf{E}^2(t) &= \frac{\varepsilon_0}{4} \chi^{(2)} \Big[|E_1|^2 e^{-i2\omega_1 t} + |E_2|^2 e^{-i2\omega_2 t}\\ &\qquad + 2E_1 E_2 e^{-i(\omega_1 + \omega_2)t}\\ &\qquad + 2E_1 E_2^* e^{-i(\omega_1 - \omega_2)t}\\ &\qquad + \left(|E_1|^2+|E_2|^2\right)e^{0} + \text{c.c.}\Big], \end{align}$$

According to my calculations, there is a factor of 2 missing in front of :$$\begin{align} \left(|E_1|^2+|E_2|^2\right)e^{0} \end{align}$$ — Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.208.178.25 (talk) 19:14, 13 December 2017 (UTC)

Difference frequency generation
Hi all,

Are there any attempts to write an article about difference frequency generation (DFG)? DFG is the only process in the list of Frequency mixing processes that does not have its own page. As other pages mention DFG (e.g. Frequency comb), I thought it would be nice to have an extra page for DFG. I might be able to contribute, but before I start something new, I wanted to check if there is a reason that this page is not existing so far. Anyone who can answer this? Thank you! Kuridhika (talk) 10:19, 14 November 2022 (UTC)
 * This doesn't come up so often. Some years ago, some experiments managed to count the difference frequency between two lasers. That is what led to the definition of the speed of light. Mostly it involves two lasers and a microwave mixer diode. So, it is important when the difference is much lower than the source frequencies. But I haven't followed how much has been done more recently. OK, there is Four-wave mixing which includes both sum and difference frequencies. Gah4 (talk) 14:33, 15 November 2022 (UTC)
 * This doesn't come up so often. Some years ago, some experiments managed to count the difference frequency between two lasers. That is what led to the definition of the speed of light. Mostly it involves two lasers and a microwave mixer diode. So, it is important when the difference is much lower than the source frequencies. But I haven't followed how much has been done more recently. OK, there is Four-wave mixing which includes both sum and difference frequencies. Gah4 (talk) 14:33, 15 November 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Nonlinear optics


text:
Rue Saint-Maur station

Rue Saint-Maur is a station on Paris Métro Line 3, located in the 11th arrondissement of Paris.

Location
The station is located under Avenue de la République, between Rue Saint-Maur and Rue Servan. Approximately oriented along an east–west axis, it is located between the Parmentier and Père Lachaise stations.

History
The station opened on 19 October 1904 as part of the first section of line 3 between Père Lachaise and Villiers.

The Rue Saint-Maur  is named after Saint Maurus, a disciple of Saint Benedict of Nursia, who is said to have saved Saint Placid from drowning. It owes its initial name of Saint-Maur to its proximity to rue Saint-Maur, which corresponds to an old path which led from the Abbey of Saint-Maur to the Abbey of Saint-Denis. Until the early years of the 21st century the station was called Saint-Maur, but on 1 September 1998 its name was changed to avoid confusion with stations on RER line A in Saint-Maur-des-Fossés in the southeastern suburbs of Paris.

Like a third of the stations on the network, between 1974 and 1984 the station's platforms were renovated in the Andreu-Motte style, orange in this case. As part of the RATP's Renouveau du métro program, the station's corridors were renovated in the course of the 2000s.

In 2018, 3,065,770 travelers entered this station which placed it at 181st position of the metro stations for its usage.

Access
The station has four entrance points established on Avenue de la République:
 * entrance 1 – Rue Saint-Maur, consisting of a fixed staircase adorned with a Guimard ironwork listed as historic monument on 29 May 1978, leading to the right of no. 74 on the avenue;
 * entrance 2 – Rue Servan, consisting of an escalator allowing only an exit to street level, located opposite No. 90 bis of the avenue;
 * entrance 3 – Rue Saint-Hubert, consisting of a fixed staircase embellished with a mast with a yellow M inscribed in a circle, also located at the right of No. 90 bis of the avenue;
 * entrance 4 – Rue des Bluets, also consisting of a fixed staircase, leading to no 79 on the avenue.

Platforms
Rue Saint-Maur is a standard configuration station. It has two platforms separated by metro tracks and the vault is elliptical. The decoration is in the Andreu-Motte style with two orange-brown light strips, benches and some openings in the corridors treated with flat brown tiles with Motte seats in orange. The bevelled white ceramic tiles cover the walls, the vault, the tunnel exits, and the rest of the corridors. The advertising frames are metallic, and the name of the station is written in Parisine font on enamelled plates.

Bus connections
The station has no connections with the RATP Bus Network.

Nearby

 * ESCP Business School
 * Lycée Voltaire
 * Square Maurice-Gardette

title: Rue Saint-Maur station


text:
Gambetta station

Gambetta is a station of the Paris Métro. It serves Line 3 and is the southern terminus of Line 3bis. Its located in the 20th arrondissement of Paris.

Location
The station is located under Avenue Gambetta, the platforms are position:

 * on line 3, between Place Gambetta and Place Martin-Nadaud on an east–west axis (between Père Lachaise and Porte de Bagnolet stations);
 * on line 3 bis, north-east of the square, along the town hall of the 20th arrondissement along a north-east / south-west axis (preceded by Pelleport).

History
Gambetta was opened on 25 January 1905 when the line was extended from Père Lachaise and was the eastern terminus of the line until 27 November 1921, when the line was extended to Porte des Lilas.

In 1969, the former Martin Nadaud station, which was only 232 metres west of Gambetta, was combined with Gambetta by linking Martin Nadaud's closed platforms with Gambetta by tunnel. On 23 March 1971 the line to Porte des Lilas was separated from line 3 and became Line 3bis. The beginning of the old tunnel to Porte des Lilas now connects the platforms of lines 3 and 3bis. On 2 April 1971 line 3 was extended to Gallieni.

As part of the RATP Renouveau du métro program, the station was renovated by reconnecting with the classic bevelled white tiles, first in corridors by 6 February 2004, then on the platforms of line 3 by 5 November 2008.

The station is in the Avenue Gambetta, which is named after the statesman Léon Gambetta (1838–82), Prime Minister for 66 days in 1881 and 1882.

In 2018, 7,137,504 passengers entered this station which placed it at the 41st position of the metro stations for its usage.

Access

 * Entrance: 20th arrondissement town hall, Rue Belgrand, hôpital Tenon
 * Entrance: corner of Avenue du Père-Lachaise and Rue des Pyrénées
 * Entrance: Avenue Gambetta, Rue des Pyrénées
 * Entrance: Place Martin-Nadaud, Rue Orfila
 * Entrance: Place Martin-Nadaud, Avenue Gambetta

Platforms
Line 3 station is standard configuration with two platforms separated by metro tracks under an elliptical vault. On the other hand, the stopping point is of an unusual length, because its western end, established in a slight curve, consists of the platforms of the former Martin Nadaud station, absorbed in 1969, their border is now fitted with railings. A clear difference in height is also visible between the two parts of the vault. Following the modernization of the station completed in 2008, the new stop point on line 3 is provided with specific lighting, provided by four-branched candelabras diffusing white light on the platforms and bluish on the painted white vault. The lighting of the Martin Nadaud station is carried out by tubes that are usually found in certain corridors of renovated stations. The bevelled white ceramic tiles cover the walls and part of the tunnel exits. The advertising frames are in white ceramic and the name of the station is written in Parisine font on enamelled plates. The Akiko style seats are green.

The station on line 3 bis, the former departure station for the terminus loop, consists of two tracks on either side of a central platform under an elliptical vault, with a dead-end buffer stop on the south side. Established in a curve, it is completely covered with bevelled white tiles and devoid of advertising frames on its sides; the enamelled name plates in Parisine font are only present on the island platform. The latter is fitted with red Motte style seats and lit by a tube strip.

Bus connections
The station is served by lines 26, 60, 61, 64, 69, 102 and the La Traverse de Charonne urban service of the RATP Bus Network and, by night, by lines N16 and N34 of the Noctilien network.

Nearby

 * Père Lachaise Cemetery
 * Hôpital Tenon
 * Mairie du 20e arrondissement
 * Théâtre national de la Colline

title: Gambetta station


text:
Porte de Bagnolet station

Porte de Bagnolet is a station on Paris Métro Line 3, located in the 20th arrondissement of Paris.

Location
The station is located under Rue Belgrand, between Place Édith-Piaf and Place de la Porte-de-Bagnolet. Oriented along an east–west axis, it is located between the Gambetta station and the eastern terminus of Gallieni.

History
It was opened on 2 April 1971 when the line was extended from Gambetta to Gallieni, which replaced the old section to Porte des Lilas which was isolated to become the Line 3bis. The interchange with the tramway line 3b opened on 15 December 2012.

It is named after the Porte de Bagnolet, a gate in the nineteenth century Thiers Wall of Paris on the way to the commune of Bagnolet, probably named after some Roman baths located there. Porte de Bagnolet also constitutes one of the main access routes to the interior of Paris as well as the starting point of the A3 autoroute.

As part of the RATP's Metro Renewal program, the station's corridors were renovated on 16 November 2004.

In 2018, 4,347,994 travelers entered this station which places it in the 118th position of the metro stations for its usage.

Access
The station has five entrances, each decorated with a mast with a yellow "M" inscribed in a circle:

 * entrance 1 - Boulevard Davout, consisting of a fixed staircase lined with an escalator, leading to the right of no. 221 of this Boulevard;
 * entrance 2 - Boulevard Mortier, also consisting of a fixed staircase and an ascending escalator, located southeast of Place Sully-Lombard;
 * entrance 3 - Rue de la Py, consisting of a fixed staircase, located to the right of no. 60 Rue Belgrand;
 * entrance 4 - Rue Belgrand, consisting of a fixed staircase, leading to no. 50 on this street;
 * entrance 5 - Place Édith-Piaf, consisting of a fixed staircase, located to the south-east of the said Place, opposite no. 5 Pue de la Py.

Although the station was built in the 1970s, the sides of the corridors and the platform areas are covered with traditional bevelled white tiles following their modernization completed in late 2004.

Platforms
Porte de Bagnolet is a standard configuration station. It has two 105-meter-long platforms separated by the metro tracks and the vault is elliptical. However, due to the difficult nature of the subsoil, composed of an anarchic mixture of gypsum, sand and clay, it is placed on eighty piles of one meter in diameter, anchored in limestone at a depth of twenty-seven meters. The decoration, typical of the 1970s, is like the Mouton-Duvernet style with walls covered with bevelled beige tiles placed vertically and aligned, a white painted vault as well as two hanging lighting strips. The metallic advertising frames are grey and protruding, and the name of the station is written in Parisine font on enamelled plates. The Motte style seats are red.

Other connections
The station is served by the tram line T3b, by bus lines 57, 76, 102 and 351 of the RATP Bus Network and, at night, by lines N16, N34, N141 and N142 via the Noctilien bus network.

Nearby

 * Porte de Bagnolet
 * Campagne à Paris

title: Porte de Bagnolet station


text:
Sunpadh

Sunpadh (also spelled Sunpad and Sunbadh) was an Iranian nobleman from the House of Karen, who incited an uprising against the Abbasid Caliphate in the 8th century.

Background
Sunpadh was a Zoroastrian nobleman, who was a native of a village called Ahan in Nishapur, Khorasan. He most likely belonged to the ancient House of Karen, formerly one of the seven great houses of the pre-Islamic Parthian and Sasanian eras. Khorasan had originally been a fief of the Karenids, but the family lost control of the province at the battle of Nishapur during the Arab conquest of Iran, thus forcing many Karenid nobles to withdraw to Tabaristan, where a branch of the family, the Qarinvand dynasty, had managed to withstand the Arab incursions.

Revolt
Following the betrayal and subsequent death of the Iranian general Abu Muslim by the Abbasid caliph al-Mansur (r. 754–775) in 755, the enraged Sunpadh revolted. He captured the cities of Nishapur, Qumis, and Ray, and was called "Firuz ispahbadh" ("the victorious ispahbadh"). At Ray, he seized the treasuries of Abu Muslim. Most of his supporters were from Jibal and Tabaristan—the Dabuyid ruler, Khurshid (r. 740–760), supported the anti-Abbasid rebellion of Sunpadh, and was in return given a part of Abu Muslim's treasure.

According to Nizam al-Mulk, Ibn al-Athir, and Mirkhvand, Sunpadh swore to march on Mecca and destroy the Kaaba. However, according to Patricia Crone, this is unlikely, who says "the idea that he should have rushed off in anger from Nishapur in order singlehandedly to bring down the caliphate and Islam is absurd." Other sources state that Sunpadh declared himself as a prophet, and disagreed on Abu Muslim's death, claiming to be his mediator. Sunpadh allegedly further preached that "Abu Muslim has not died, and when Mansur meant to slay him, he chanted God's great name, turned into a white dove and flew away. Now he is standing with Mahdi and Mazdak in a castle of copper and they shall emerge by and by." This, however, is a misrepresentation of Sunpadh, whose intention by revolting, was most likely to remove the Muslims from power.

A force of 10,000 Abbasid troops under Jahwar ibn Marrar al-Ijli was shortly sent towards Sunpadh—they clashed between Hamadan and Ray, where Sunpadh was defeated and routed. According to the historian Ibn Isfandiyar, countless of Abu Muslim's and Sunpadh's supporters were killed in the defeat that their bones were still noticeable in 912. Sunpadh then fled to Tabaristan, but was killed there by one of Khurshid's cousins, ostensibly because he had failed to show the man proper respect. It is possible, however, that the murder was instigated by Khurshid, in the hope of acquiring the remainder of Abu Muslim's treasure.

title: Sunpadh