text:
Bora Bora

Bora Bora (French: Bora-Bora; Tahitian: Pora Pora) is an island group in the Leeward Islands in the South Pacific. The Leeward Islands comprise the western part of the Society Islands of French Polynesia, which is an overseas collectivity of the French Republic in the Pacific Ocean. Bora Bora has a total land area of 30.55 km2. The main island, located about 230 km northwest of Papeete, is surrounded by a lagoon and a barrier reef. In the center of the island are the remnants of an extinct volcano, rising to two peaks, Mount Pahia and Mount Otemanu; the highest point is at 727 m. Bora Bora is part of the Commune of Bora-Bora, which also includes the atoll of Tūpai. The main languages spoken in Bora Bora are Tahitian and French. However, due to the high tourist population, many natives of Bora Bora have learned to speak English.

Bora Bora is a major international tourist destination, famous for its seaside (and even offshore) luxury resorts. Its major settlement, Vaitape, is on the western side of the main island, opposite the main channel leading into the lagoon. Produce of the island is mostly limited to what can be obtained from the sea and from the plentiful coconut trees, which were historically of economic importance for the production of copra.

Name
In ancient times the island was called Pora pora mai te pora, meaning "created by the gods" in the local Tahitian language. This was often abbreviated as Pora Pora, meaning simply "first born". The Tahitian language, along with the English, French, and Dutch languages, uses a unique set of phonemes, so the spelling and pronunciation of the name changes as it passes from one language to another. Since Tahitian does not distinguish between the sounds [] and [], the sound represented by $⟨p⟩$ lies between the two, and $⟨r⟩$ represents a sound not present in English similar in sound to [] and []. English, French, or Dutch speakers can confuse the Tahitian pronunciation of Pora Pora as Bola Bola or Bora Bora. When explorer Jacob Roggeveen first landed on the island, he and his crew adopted the name Bora Bora, which has stood ever since.

History
The island was inhabited by Polynesian settlers around the 3rd century CE. The first European sighting was made by Jacob Roggeveen in 1722.

James Cook sighted the island on 29 July 1769, with the help of a Tahitian navigator, Tupaia. The London Missionary Society arrived in 1820 and founded a Protestant church in 1890. Bora Bora was an independent kingdom until 1888, when the French annexed the island as a colony and forced its last queen, Teriimaevarua III, to abdicate.

World War II
During World War II, the United States chose Bora Bora as a South Pacific military supply base and constructed an oil depot, an airstrip, a seaplane base, and defensive fortifications. The expedition, known as "Operation Bobcat", comprised nine ships, 18000 t of equipment, and nearly 7,000 soldiers.

At least eight 7-inch/44-caliber guns were operated by some members of the 13th Coast Artillery Regiment (later renamed the 276th Coast Artillery Battalion). The guns were set up at strategic points around the island to protect it against a potential military attack. All eight of these guns remain in the area to this day.

However, the island saw no combat. The American presence on Bora Bora went uncontested for the entire course of the war. The base was officially closed on 2 June 1946. The World War II airstrip was never enlarged to accommodate large aircraft, but it was nonetheless French Polynesia's only international airport until 1960, when Faa'a International Airport opened next to Papeete, Tahiti.

Geography
It is located in the so-called Society Islands, which are part of French Polynesia, and is located northwest of Tahiti, about 260 km northwest of Papeete, Tahiti. It also has around it several motus (Motu is a Tahitian word meaning "small islands"), which are small elongated islets that usually have some width and vegetation. One of the most beautiful and photographed motus in Polynesia is the Tapu motu, especially before a hurricane carried away part of the tongues of sand at its ends.

Dimensions
Bora Bora is among the smaller of the islands of the Society archipelago: the main island measures only 8 km from north to south and 5 km east to west; the total area of Bora Bora, including islets, is less than 39 km2. Bora Bora has an area of 29.3 km2 on the mountainous central island, which is an extinct volcano, itself surrounded by a lagoon separated from the sea by a reef. The highest point is Mount Otemanu, at 727 m.

Description
Bora Bora is formed by an extinct volcano, surrounded by a lagoon and a fringing reef. Its summit is Mount Otemanu, located in the center of the atoll; another summit, Mount Pahia, on the main island is 661 m high.

The main island has four open bays overlooking the lagoon: Faanui Bay, Tuuraapuo Bay and Povai Bay to the west, and Hitiaa Bay to the northwest. Tuuraapuo Bay separates the main island from two islets of volcanic nature: Toopua and Toopua-iti.

Necklace-shaped coral reefs surround the central island and protect it from the open sea as if it were a dike. It is a barrier reef with only one opening to the ocean: the Teavanui Passage, located west of the main island, which allows most large cargo ships and cruise ships to enter the lagoon.

They must, however, stay in the channel, as much of the lagoon water is shallow outside the Teavanui Passage. The barrier reef is very wide in some sections, where it exceeds two kilometers in width to the southwest of the island. To the east and north of the island, the reef supports a series of islets made up of coral ruins and sand (the motu). One such motu in the north, the Motu Mute, is where the U.S. Army built an air base during the Second World War, which has now become the airport of Bora Bora. The lagoon, abundant in fish, is remarkable for its breadth and beauty. Its color varies with depth: dark indigo when it is deep (Teavanui Passage, Poofai and Faanui bays) and pastel shades of blue and green elsewhere. Corals, when they are very close to the surface, along with the fauna that colonizes them, come to wear a wide variety of colors: egg yolk, red, blue or purple.

Geology
Bora Bora is part of a group of volcanic islands linked to the activity of a hazardous area. It is an extinct volcano which was active in the Upper Pliocene (between 3.45 and 3.10 million years ago), and then underwent at least partial depression and strong erosion under a hot and humid tropical climate.

The bay of Tuuraapuo was the main crater of the volcano, whose collapsed southwestern edge only subsists still in the islets Toopua and Toopua-iti, which culminate respectively at 148 m and 17 m, altitude. The volcanic rocks are of basaltic type, consisting mostly of alkaline basalts, some hawaiites, and some gabbro intrusions, especially on the islet Toopua. They come mostly from voids, with explosive episodes being rare.

Climate
Bora Bora has a tropical monsoon climate. Temperatures are relatively consistent throughout the year, with hot days and warm nights. The dry season lasts from June to October, but there is some precipitation even during those months.

The rainy season is between November and April, with a heavy atmosphere and sometimes violent storms resulting in heavy rains. These rains can last several days, but this does not preclude many sunny days during the wet season. The humidity level usually ranges from 75% to 90%, sometimes reaching 100%. The dry season is between April and October, with warm and fairly dry weather, but the trade winds sometimes blow strongly. The days are still sunny, but although the dry season is present, this does not prevent the occurrence of some showers or even thunderstorms in the afternoon.

During the dry season, the average humidity level remains between 45 and 60%; sometimes, this level rises spontaneously to 80%, especially at night when the ground heat remains high and exceeds a certain threshold. These "dry season" storms will occur in the afternoon.

Tourism
The island's economy is driven almost entirely by tourism. Several resorts have been built on the motu surrounding the lagoon. Hotel Bora Bora opened in 1961, and nine years later the first over-water bungalows on stilts over the lagoon were built. Today, over-water bungalows are a standard feature of most Bora Bora resorts. The bungalows range from relatively inexpensive basic accommodations to luxurious and expensive ones.

Most of the tourist destinations are sea-oriented; however, there are also tourist attractions on land, such as World War II cannons. Air Tahiti operates five or six flights daily between Tahiti and the Bora Bora Airport on Motu Mute (as well as occasional flights to and from other islands). There is no public transport on the island, so rental cars and bicycles are the recommended means of transport. In addition, there are small, two-seater buggies for hire in Vaitape, and motorboats can be rented to explore the lagoon. Vaitape is a village on the west side of the island and is home to a large part of the island's population. The village has also become a popular spot for tourism.

Snorkeling and scuba diving in and around Bora Bora's lagoon are popular activities. Many species of sharks and rays inhabit the surrounding waters, and a few dive operators on the island offer manta-ray dives and shark-feeding dives. (The species of shark living in the island's lagoon are not considered dangerous to people.)

In addition to the existing islands of Bora Bora, the artificial island of Motu Marfo was added in the northeastern corner of the lagoon, on the St. Regis Resort property.

Places of interest
The main attraction of Bora Bora is the lagoon with its still intact underwater world. Using glass bottom boats, diving, and snorkeling, tourists can explore the reef with thousands of colorful coral fish. In the deep lagoon, tourists can feed barracudas and sharks during guided diving excursions. An attraction for divers is the "Stingray Strait", an area of the lagoon where several species of stingrays are found in large schools, including numerous manta rays and leopard rays.

Parts of the interior of the island can be explored on jeep safaris. However, the natural beauty of the island is best explored on foot. Several hikes can be done from Vaitape, but it is advisable to rely on a guide to keep one's bearings. The hike to the top of Mount Pahia, from where, according to legend, the war god Oro descended on a rainbow, leads through orchards, forests, orchid fields and fern-covered crevices. One can also climb Mount Otemanu, which offers a beautiful panoramic view of the atoll. Below the summit is a large grotto where numerous frigate birds nest.

Another attraction is the remains of what were more than 40 marae (ceremonial platforms). The best preserved are Marae Fare Opu in Faanui Bay and Marae Aehau-tai or Temaruteaoa at the eastern end of Vairau Bay. Another large Aboriginal ceremonial site is Marae Marotitini, in the north of the main island, right on the beach. The stone platform of the complex was originally 42 m long and was restored in 1968 by Japanese archaeologist Yosihiko Sinoto. Two stone box tombs of the royal family were found in the area of the complex.

Most beaches (and also the numerous hotels) are located in the two large bays between Pointe Paopao and Pointe Matira, in the southwest of the island. About five kilometers south of Vaitape, directly on the main road, is Bloody Mary's, a bar and restaurant frequented by many guests with its own yacht jetty. The two wooden plaques at the entrance list 230 names, including Marlon Brando, Jane Fonda, and Diana Ross.

Flora and fauna
In the relatively densely populated and intensively used lowland regions for a Polynesian atoll, hardly any remnants of the original vegetation remain. In contrast, the flora of the high, steep mountains, which are difficult to access, remains largely untouched.

The back beach areas are fringed with low-lying, heavily vegetated Cordia subcordata and Hibiscus tiliaceus. A cultivated form with a straight trunk and a rounded crown, Hibiscus tiliaceus var. sterilis, is often planted as roadside vegetation.

Up to the foot of the steep mountainous region, there is mainly cultivated land, with plantations of coconut palms, breadfruit trees, Tahitian chestnuts (Inocarpus), cassava (Manihot), and tropical fruits, as well as orchid plantations for the decoration of tourist hotels. Abandoned areas have been conquered by overgrown guavas and the fern Dicranopteris linearis.

The crevices and ridges of the island's mountains are covered with largely undisturbed remnants of the island's original vegetation. These include groves of metrosider trees; stands of Wikstroemia coriacea, a species of the daphne family endemic to Polynesia; and a few species of Glochidion. The humid and shady crevices are densely populated with ferns.

Historically, Bora Bora's virgin forest habitats on the slopes of Mount Otemanu had a very diverse assortment of snail and slug species (gastropods) compared to other islands. Several species of endemic or native species existed in great numbers until relatively recently; however, after  Lissachatina, Euglandina, and various flatworms were introduced to the island, they wiped out the populations of the endemic partulid species Partula lutea the late 1990s, Samoana attenuata (a species once native to Bora Bora but later not found in surveys of the island ), and Mautodontha boraborensis (a critically endangered species as of 1996 but most likely extinct, as it was last seen in the 1880s ). The above-listed native and endemic species were mostly restricted to the virgin forests, and the only species that remain common (perhaps even extant) are several subulinids and tornatellinids among others, including Orobophana pacifica (a helicinid).

Many species of sharks and rays inhabit the strip of water surrounding the island. There are dive operators that offer dives to observe the fish and watch the sharks feed.

Demographics
In 2012 the population was 9858, which increased to 10,605 according to 2017 estimates.

Religion
Christianity has been the dominant religion since the arrival of Christian missionaries in the 19th century, when it replaced the old traditional beliefs that Europeans considered idolatry. Vaitape was founded by British missionary John Muggridge Orsmond (1788–1856) of the London Missionary Society. He came to Bora Bora from Tahiti in 1824 and built a church, a wharf, roads and houses, and a missionary school made of coral rock. This settlement, called "Beulah", became what is now Vaitape.

With the establishment of the French protectorate, the presence of the Catholic Church was reinforced. Today, it administers a church island's capital (Vaitape), called Saint-Pierre-Célestin Church (Église de Saint-Pierre-Célestin). It depends on the Metropolitan Archdiocese of Papeete with its seat in Tahiti.

Numerous pre-Christian relics from the native Polynesians of Bora Bora are still preserved today: remains of 13 ceremonial platforms (marae) – there used to be more than forty – and many petroglyphs, which, however, are mostly hidden in inaccessible bushes. The best preserved ceremonial site is the Marae Fare Opu in Faʻanui Bay, located directly on the beach. Today, a road runs through the area, so the overview of the site, which is quite large, has been lost. The site consisted of a rectangular, level area bounded by boulders and a stone platform. The rectangular platform is bounded by limestone slabs over 1 m high and filled with earth. Two of the slabs on the north side have stone carvings with turtle motifs.

Languages
French, as in the rest of France, is the only official language of Bora-Bora; it and Tahitian are the main languages spoken by its inhabitants in a common way. In addition, those in contact with tourists generally have some basic knowledge of English. Tahitian, being a less common language, is not supported by Google Translate or any online translator.

Most visitors to Bora Bora are American, Australian, Japanese, or European.

Politics and government
The atoll has been part of France since the 19th century. Its island capital is Vaitape. The Tupai Atoll, nearby and uninhabited, is an administrative dependency of Bora Bora. The municipality Bora-Bora consists of the island of Bora Bora and the Tupai Atoll. The mayor of Bora Bora has been Gaston Tong Sang since 9 July 1989.

Bora Bora is politically part of French Polynesia. The island is a French overseas territory and is not part of the European Union. It is administered by a subdivision of the High Commissariat of the Republic in French Polynesia (Haut-commissariat de la République en Polynésie française) based in Papeete. Bora-Bora is one of the seven municipalities of the Leeward Islands Administrative Subdivision (Subdivision administrative des Îles sous le Vent), and in turn is subdivided into the three submunicipalities (Communes associées) of Nunue, Faʻanui (plus Tupai Atoll, further north) and Anau. The currency is the CFP franc, which is pegged to the euro.

Transportation
Bora Bora can be reached via the Bora Bora Airport. On the main island, rental cars and bicycles are the recommended system of transportation. There are also helicopter tours and off-road vehicle or catamaran rentals in Vaitape. On the main island, a public bus (Le Truck) travels around the island in about an hour along the ring road. Stops are not necessary; the bus stops wherever passengers want. However, the preferred means of transport for tourists are bicycle, moped or motorcycle, and the shuttle service offered by some hotels. Small electric cars can be rented in Vaitape. There is a private helicopter stationed on the island, which is used for tourist flights.

Sports
In terms of sports, Bora Bora is, along with neighboring Huahine, Raiatea, and Tahaa, one of the four islands among which the, an international competition of Polynesian canoes (va'a), is held.

Notable people

 * Paul-Émile Victor (1907–1995), ethnologist, died in Bora Bora
 * Teva Victor, a sculptor and son of a famous explorer Paul-Emile Victor
 * Tarita Teriipaia, a French actress and third wife of famous American actor Marlon Brando
 * Anne Chevalier, an actress and dancer

title: Bora Bora


text:
User:Tillwe/sandbox

Some ideas about using a wikipedia-like system for book-keeping books. (Or better: for some clever use of the "What-Links-Here" system inbuilt into the wikipedia engine). The question is: could some clever algorhythm take a plain text literature reference and link it like shown here, i.e. finding out about author, year, editors if of use, place and publisher?

Matthiesen 2003
Matthiesen, Ulf (2003): »Dimensionen der Raumentwicklung in der Perspektive einer strukturalen Hermeneutik«, in Thomas Krämer-Badoni / Klaus Kuhm (Hrsg.): Die Gesellschaft und ihr Raum. Raum als Gegenstand der Soziologie. Opladen: Leske und Budrich, S. 251-274.

 * 1) Text about it

Krämer-Badoni/Kuhm 2003
Krämer-Badoni, Thomas / Kuhm, Klaus (Hrsg.) (2003): Die Gesellschaft und ihr Raum. Raum als Gegenstand der Soziologie. Opladen: Leske und Budrich.

 * 1) Text about it

More to play
Trying out my new signature -- till we ★) | [[User talk:Tillwe|talk]] 17:56, 27 Apr 2004 (UTC) ...

Just trying out new sig: -- till we ☼ ☽ T  09:43, 20 May 2004 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Tillwe/sandbox


text:
SML

SML may refer to:

Economics

 * Sammarinese lira (ISO 4217 code)
 * Security market line, a representation of the capital asset pricing model
 * Sistema de Pagamentos em Moeda Local, local currency payment system
 * Canadian Silver Maple Leaf, abbreviated as SML

Organisations and businesses

 * Scottish Militant Labour, 1990s Trotskyist political party
 * SML Isuzu, commercial vehicle manufacturer, India
 * Soheil Mosun, architectural manufacturer and design-build company, Toronto, Canada
 * Strasser Marigaux & Lemaire, French musical instrument manufacturer

Places

 * South Manchester Line, a tram line of the Manchester Metrolink, England
 * Sterling Memorial Library, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, US
 * St Mary's Church, Longfleet, Dorset, England

Science and technology

 * Sea surface microlayer, the top millimeter of the ocean surface
 * Shoals Marine Laboratory, a seasonal marine field station on Appledore Island, Maine, U.S.
 * Standard ML, a programming language
 * Service Modeling Language, to allow computing applications to communicate

Other uses

 * Super Mario Land, a video game for the Game Boy
 * Survey Motor Launches, decommissioned survey vessels of the Royal Navy

title: SML


text:
User talk:Thomas Ludwig

Hi. You placed the text "see Gerhard Ludwig" on the page Mittwochsgespräche. The correct way to do it is to write: because then the visitor does not need an extra click and is directly redirected. Welcome to Wikipedia, by the way! — Timwi 17:09, 7 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * 1) REDIRECT Gerhard Ludwig

Please do not vandalize the Germany article. Thy comments were highly inappropriate. Ertz 06:34, 11 Mar 2004 (UTC)

The history section of the Germany article
Please consider that the text under History in the Germany article is an summary of the set of articles covering German history more in detail.

It would by much appreciated if you, first of all, improved the respective sub-articles, and then when these changes have reached a mature stability, tried to remove at least as much text from the summary as you add. If we don't follow such a principle, the Germany article would grew uncontroled, and its disposition would be badly warped. --Ruhrjung 15:53, 12 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Thanks for the interesting extra info on Sylvia Beach! Djnjwd 23:28, 16 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Your repeated POV and inaccurate edits to Saudi Arabia
Phrases like this one are factually inaccurate and inappropriate: "public beheadings can be observed on a daily basis" -- BCorr ¤ Брайен 12:46, Mar 20, 2004 (UTC)

Hello Thomas. Your personal remarks about me on Talk:Saudi Arabia are inappropriate, as are your constant reversions. There are many bad things about Saudi Arabia that could properly be included on this page. But your current edits are not only POV, they are factually inaccurate. If you want to use Talk:Saudi Arabia to discuss with other WP users how the page should look and come to a majority agreement, then you have my full support. If you keep blindly inserting your own "facts" and refuse to discuss them, then people will think you are a vandal and you will get blocked. Another user has already listed you as a vandal, but I have asked that you not be blocked yet. Please remember that if you exaggerate and include obvioulsy inaccurate information, nobody will take the "information" on the page seriously and the credibility of WP as a whole will be damaged. I am sure that is not the outcome you desire. Let's work together to make this article fairly represent both the good and bad things about Saudi Arabia. What do you say? Anjouli 16:07, 20 Mar 2004 (UTC)

I have to agree. Your repeated POV changes are making the articles in question inaccurate. Please discuss your changes and how we can make them more accurate. RickK | Talk 00:23, 21 Mar 2004 (UTC)

I'm going to give you a chance to fix the garbage you put into Saudi Arabia. Otherwise it will have to be reverted and protected. RickK | Talk 01:48, 22 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Complete Sentences
Hi there Thomas! I'd appreciate it if, when writing biographies, you used complete sentences, for instance, instead of:

 * German journalist. Started his career as a Nazi propagandist. Expressed publicly his satisfaction upon the execution of pianist Karlrobert Kreiten and other opponents of the Nazi regime.

Try:

 * Werner Höfer is a German journalist. He started his career as a Nazi propagandist. He expressed publicly his satisfaction upon the execution of pianist Karlrobert Kreiten and other opponents of the Nazi regime.

Thanks! moink 19:45, 21 Mar 2004 (UTC)

(except German is a disambiguation page rather than an article so should be linked as German - fixed in the above examples) -- sannse (talk) 18:52, 31 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Kortelisy
Hi Thomas,

In the Kortelisy article, I found that a section of text you contributed was copied verbatim from http://ukrhistory.tripod.com/page-20.html.

PLEASE don't do that! Such actions could jeopardize our entire encyclopedia if they became prevalent! If you DO have permission to contribute the said text under the terms of the GFDL, then please expressly state that. You can also quote, like so:

On the website http://webaddress, the following was said about the issue: "quoted text"

Or do something similar. In the meantime, I have deleted the infringing text, rewritten the most important sentence (so it can legally stay) and introduced http://ukrhistory.tripod.com/page-20.html as a reference.

Please have a look at the article and its history and let me know if you're ok with that.

regards, Ropers 16:22, 24 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Fritz Lang in Thea von Harbou article
I note that you added "jewish husband Fritz Lang filed for divorce" to Thea von Harbou, a while back. What's the evidence that Lang was Jewish? The Fritz Lang article never mentions it, and I consider it highly unlikely that Goebbels would have offered Lang the German film industry if he were (as mentioned in Fritz Lang. One of the two articles must be wrong. --Ben 13:24, 29 Sep 2004 (UTC) ==László Vajda== A  template has been added to the article László Vajda, suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. All contributions are appreciated, but this article may not satisfy Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and the deletion notice explains why (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and Wikipedia's deletion policy).  You may contest the proposed deletion by removing the   notice, but please explain why you disagree with the proposed deletion in your edit summary or on its talk page. Also, please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Even though removing the deletion notice will prevent deletion through the proposed deletion process, the article may still be deleted if it matches any of the speedy deletion criteria or it can be sent to Articles for Deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached. If you endorse deletion of the article, and you are the only person who has made substantial edits to the page, please tag it with db-author. Oo7565 07:17, 27 October 2007 (UTC)

Tolis Voskopoulos
Hi. I removed the edits regarding the tax evasion allegations per WP:NOTNEWS, WP:RECENTISM as well as WP:BLP because the allegations are not only recent and in the news, i.e. not encyclopedic, but also unproven. If you disagree I would like to discuss these edits at the Voskopoulos article talk page so that other users may offer their opinions and reach WP:CONSENSUS. Thank you. Dr.K. λogosπraxis 04:21, 3 June 2010 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
Hi, You appear to be eligible to vote in the current Arbitration Committee election. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to enact binding solutions for disputes between editors, primarily related to serious behavioural issues that the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the ability to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate, you are welcome to review the candidates' statements and submit your choices on the voting page. For the Election committee, MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 22:15, 30 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Thomas Ludwig


text:
Baron Belper

Baron Belper, of Belper in the County of Derbyshire, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created in 1856 for the Liberal politician Edward Strutt, Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster from 1853 to 1854. He was son of William Strutt and the grandson of the inventor Jedediah Strutt. Lord Belper's son, the second Baron, represented Derbyshire East and Berwick in the House of Commons as a Liberal. the title is held by the latter's great-grandson, the fifth Baron, who succeeded his father in 1999.

The mountaineer Edward Lisle Strutt was the son of Arthur Strutt, younger son of the first Baron.

The family seat was Kingston Hall, near Nottingham, Nottinghamshire.

Baron Belper (1856)

 * Edward Strutt, 1st Baron Belper (1801–1880)
 * Henry Strutt, 2nd Baron Belper (1840–1914)
 * Algernon Henry Strutt, 3rd Baron Belper (1883–1956)
 * (Alexander) Ronald George Strutt, 4th Baron Belper (1912–1999)
 * Richard Henry Strutt, 5th Baron Belper (born 1941)

The heir apparent is the present holder's son, the Hon. Michael Henry Strutt (born 1969).

title: Baron Belper


text:
Talk:Recreation and Amusement Association

Rewrite
This whole page needs a re-write; it's just not written very well. The grammar is clunky, the capitalization is random, and the concept is not clearly put forth. 76.186.74.106 06:36, 4 July 2007 (UTC)

I took out the dubious citations
Someone put a citation to Amino Yoshihiko on SCAP rape. Amino is a medieval historian (arguably one of Japan's most famous), and the book cited is on medieval history. Nothing to do on SCAP. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Konamaiki (talk • contribs) 01:19, 11 April 2012 (UTC)

"Special Comfort Facility Association" & Japanese "Comfort women"
I looked at this article and found these two terms which do not belong. I provide the following reasons: I have left the listing for "Comfort women" in the See also section, as it seems relevant for inclusion. Boneyard90 (talk) 13:11, 5 February 2013 (UTC)
 * The lead said that the translation of the "Recreation and Amusement Association" is "more literally" the "Special Comfort Facility Association".
 * "More literally"? This is a ridiculous phrase, and unnecessary.
 * One editor's opinion on what is a better translation is irrelevant, as there is an "official euphemism". If there was no "official" term, it would be acceptable to provide alternate translations beside the one most commonly known in English, but that is not the case. An editor added the bit of Original Research, and placed it at each point the "RAA" was mentioned. So I removed all cases of the OR translation.
 * The term "comfort women" has a specific meaning, and using it here is OR, and betrays a POV.
 * The term "comfort women" denotes the women of occupied Asian countries who were recruited, and usually duped or forced, into sexual slavery.
 * It is well-documented that the Japanese women in the RAA were recruited and hired, sometimes with some initial flowery talk about patriotism, but the truth always came up before the job. All of these women, so far as I have ever read, went into this job voluntarily. And they were paid. As badly as I might feel for them, this is quite different from the circumstances of the real "comfort women" elsewhere.
 * There is no source that states that the Japanese prostitutes were called "comfort women" in Japan.
 * I have removed all mention of the phrase "comfort women" in the text.
 * A few comments:

I'll add this subject to my list of things to look into. Cckerberos (talk) 15:39, 5 February 2013 (UTC)
 * I agree that the official term should be used (since it is the term formally used in English, after all). But "Special Comfort Facility Association" is a word-for-word translation of the Japanese name. Per WP:NOR, faithful translations into English are not OR. I think mention of the literal meaning of the Japanese name is worth inclusion in the article, given how different it is from the English. That said, once is enough. Mentioning it every time is pushing a POV.
 * Is the term "comfort women" inherently POV? Because while I haven't looked yet, I would be shocked if the Japanese officials of the time didn't use the term for the Japanese women since they were already using the euphemism "comfort facility" for the brothels. Again, if it's shown the term was used a brief mention would be enough (with mention of differences in recruitment, working conditions, etc.).
 * I agree that the references to Okinawa can go barring a good source linking the subjects.

 * Thank you for engaging in discussion. On your first point: I can agree. I would add something like, "an alternative translation", and as you said, once is enough.
 * - On the second, I would think yes, the term "comfort women" is well known enough among those who study military history and women's issues that it is an emotionally laden term. And as far as I have read, among secondary sources and personal accounts, the Japanese recruitment was very much not an act of coercion. There were interviews, there were women who signed up for the money, to feed their families, and a surprising proportion listed "curiosity" and other personal reasons. The job was put in terms of patriotism, a voluntary sacrifice on their part to preempt the possibility of rape among many other women. See Embracing Defeat, by J. Dower, p.127.
 * -However, even if the RAA coerced these women, I would think a reliable source would be needed to show that these women were called or compared to other "comfort women". Otherwise, it would be a violation of WP:SYNTH. Boneyard90 (talk) 16:08, 5 February 2013 (UTC)

 * Yes, the only way I'm familiar with the RAA is from Dower's book. But he doesn't get into that many specifics and I'm not quite convinced that everything was as voluntary as he describes. This was a time of starvation and poor families still sold daughters into pseudo-slavery at brothels, IIRC. But I'll grab some more comprehensive studies the next time I'm at the library. Cckerberos (talk) 03:56, 6 February 2013 (UTC)

 * The term 'comfort women' is, as far as I'm aware, generally only applied to the women who were forced to work as prostitutes by the Japanese Army during the World War II era. The use of it in this context appears to be an attempt to push the POV that the western Allied forces committed similar crimes to the Axis forces, which is a key element of the the modern far-right view of World War II, but not accepted by the vast majority of historians. Nick-D (talk) 07:46, 6 February 2013 (UTC)

 * As it happens, I just mentioned this paper (published as Modern-Day Comfort Women: The U.S. Military, Transnational Crime, and the Trafficking of Women, Violence Against Women September 2007 13: 901-922 here and elsewhere) in a discussion at Talk:Comfort women. The paper says, in part, "several sources say that some of the original 'comfort women' used by the Japanese army were in turn used by U.S. troops following the defeat of Japan (Kim, 1997). The experiences of the women are similar; except now, the U.S. troops refer to them by other euphemistic and derogatory terms, such as 'guest relations officer,' 'bar girls,' 'hostesses,' 'entertainers,' and 'juicy girls' (Kim, 1997; Donato, 2002; Demick, 2002." The paper contains full cites for those sources. Wtmitchell (talk) (earlier Boracay Bill) 08:08, 6 February 2013 (UTC)

 * Interesting, and adds a new element to the history of the period, but not so relevant here. You quote the paper saying that US troops were using the same Korean, Chinese, and Taiwanese women. This article is about Japanese women recruited to be prostitutes. So, not seeing how it helps the present situation. Boneyard90 (talk) 08:14, 6 February 2013 (UTC)

 * Yes. understood. No argument. In the interim, I found a copy of the (Kim, 1997) paper. I don't have the link handy but, as I recall it, it is in Korean and it is very specific to Korea. Still, as background among editors, my guess would be that postwar behavior of US military personnel and of postwar civil administrators in Japan and Korea would not have differed much between them. As a sidebar note, I spent the years of '61, '84 and '85 in Korea and '64-'72 in Vietnam. I have some firsthand knowledge about this general situation which is unciteable as WP:OR here. Wtmitchell  (talk) (earlier Boracay Bill) 12:36, 6 February 2013 (UTC)

Using "comfort women" in this article is not OR. RS are and. In the first link women were described as "comfort women" and in the second link RAA was referred as comfort station. See also Occupation of Japan and Rape during the occupation of Japan. It's a recent English definition/interpretation that the word is only applied to the women who were forced to work as prostitutes by the Japanese Army during the World War II era. A Korean newspaper used the term in 1957. See this file. Oda Mari (talk) 08:53, 6 February 2013 (UTC)
 * As mentioned above, I'm fairly sure that the Japanese used the term "comfort women" for the prostitutes. But those links only show that the women are referred to as "comfort women" by modern Japanese, not that contemporary Japanese officials used the term. Normally I'd say that the modern usage and the sources showing contemporary use of the terms "comfort station" and "comfort facilities" was enough, but I'd like something more definitive because of the POV concern. Cckerberos (talk) 11:14, 6 February 2013 (UTC)
 * Okay, Michael Molasky's The American Occupation of Japan and Okinawa: Literature and Memory mentions a contemporary Tokyo police directive "calling for the establishment of a 'comfort woman system'" for Allied troops. Cckerberos (talk) 11:54, 6 February 2013 (UTC)
 * Ok, it seems there are some good sources. However, if someone adds this information, it should be more than a lead mention "...or 'comfort women' (ref)". If the reasons for the contemporaneous usage and explanations that are appropriate and relevant to inclusion are not provided, we'll be right back here discussing this again, with one or more editors who will know the term only by its association in the Japanese-occupied territories. For example, was the term ianfu a euphemism throughout Japanese society for all prostitutes? Or was it only in military/government circles? And more importantly, was it a term for any prostitute, or just those that catered to the military? (And would clientele/assailants be Japanese military, or any military?) These are the questions that would explain the nuance of the term, and provide context that would justify why the emotionally-charged term "comfort women" would be in this article. Boneyard90 (talk) 15:24, 6 February 2013 (UTC)
 * The definition in ja is . The page only says about the women in WW2, but the native speakers think the RAA women were comfort women too as you saw the first link I provided. The term ianfu is not for any prostitutes, but for those that catered to the military. The term was used in Korean war. I think these pages in en are helpful., , and . Oda Mari (talk) 16:39, 6 February 2013 (UTC)

 * Mari- I have trouble with the reliability of some of your sources. #1 is an article from the Shimbun Akahata, the main Communist paper in Japan, and so one that has its own political agenda. The last two look like older reflections of Wikipedia. #2 is government minutes of Diet committee proceedings I believe, and looks legitimate for a view of contemporary (present, now) views on the issue of postwar RAA prostitution. None of these connect the term "ianfu" with the RAA prostitutes during 1945-46. If there is a section called "Contemporary views", I'd be more comfortable with this aspect of information. If we're saying the RAA women were ianfu, then we're violating OR, or at best WP:SYNTH. Boneyard90 (talk) 18:44, 6 February 2013 (UTC)

 * I guess here's the thing: we know that the RAA was based on Japan's wartime activities and used the same "comfort" euphemism for the brothels. It's easy to come up with modern Japanese sources referring to the prostitutes as "comfort women". It's easy to come up with English language sources referring to them as "comfort women". Based on all that, it's hard for me to view using the term here as either OR or SYNTH, so long as care is taken to specify the important differences between the conditions. Cckerberos (talk) 21:20, 6 February 2013 (UTC)

 * Found this quote from a contemporary American official on the RAA: "It is the belief of our informants, however, that in urban districts the practice of enslaving girls, while much less prevalent than in the past, still exists." Cckerberos (talk) 21:24, 6 February 2013 (UTC)

 * To Cckerberos: Your newest source rides the line WP:YESPOV ("Avoid stating opinions as facts."), but it provides a good counterpoint to the assertion that all the RAA prostitutes were recruited volunteers.
 * I understand that the Japanese gov't/military based the RAA on their own wartime expectations and practices. I have trouble with the wartime nationalists verbally equating the Japanese girls' noble "sacrifice" with the imposed sex-slavery of the races they looked down on. And I admit that now, we can look back on that time and say, yup, it all looks the same, forced servitude of some kind; which I'm ok with in a retrospective section. But, were the Japanese women called ianfu at the time? I want to be careful we don't cross a line. There's the matter of history, but it seems that the "employment conditions" between the Korean comfort women and the Japanese RAA women were vastly different. Boneyard90 (talk) 22:22, 6 February 2013 (UTC)
 * I'll know tomorrow since I'm grabbing some books in English and Japanese which will hopefully have some contemporary quotes. Whether the specific word ianfu appears will depend on the sources of the quotes, though, as my understanding is that that's popular shorthand abbreviated from longer, more formal terms like gun ianjo jugyo-fu ("women employed at military comfort stations") which is what appear in official documents. But we'll see. Cckerberos (talk) 03:43, 7 February 2013 (UTC)
 * This has a quote from the 1945 papers of an Ibaraki police chief concerning the establishment of the local RAA brothel: "The Tokko under Lt. Suginami have no suitable candidates for comfort women so they've been busy trying to convince women. They wanted 20, but no one was interested so they finally came up with only 6." Cckerberos (talk) 04:02, 7 February 2013 (UTC)
 * The key issue here seems to me to be the modern English language usage of the term 'comfort women', and not whatever the Japanese language term was used back in 1945/46. Nick-D (talk) 07:56, 7 February 2013 (UTC)
 * Not counting English-language works by Japanese authors or English translations of Japanese works, I've found 2 journal articles and 3 books which cover with the RAA in any depth (more than a paragraph). Of those, 1 of the articles and the 2 of books use the term "comfort women" for the RAA prostitutes. From that, I think it'd be fair to say that use of the term is common but not universal. Cckerberos (talk) 22:53, 7 February 2013 (UTC)

I commend your perspicacity, it must not have been easy to find these. Please excuse the length of my commentary, but here are the following issues I have with these sources: So, except for where Molasky wants to group all war-related sex workers under one category, a very post-post-war academic view, there is almost no evidence to equate the term "comfort women" with the RAA prostitutes, except the term "comfort station" and the one police memo, who may have been using terminology picked up in his own personal experiences. I would think we can safely say that "some modern scholars compare RAA women with the more familiar 'comfort women', but this is only in the broader context of academic research on wartime attitudes among Japanese military personnel towards sex and sex workers, and was not a widespread term used in reference to the women employed by the RAA". And then the article should refrain from using the term "comfort women" in reference to the RAA women throughout the rest of the article. Boneyard90 (talk) 00:58, 8 February 2013 (UTC)
 * Ref.#10: In the 2nd paragraph, the author makes a clear distinction between the "sexual 'comforters' (ianfu) during World War II and the [RAA] after the war". Lie talks about these as two separate categories of sex workers.
 * Ref.#11: No mention of RAA women as "comfort women".
 * Ref.#12: Molasky states: "Recent publications [on RAA research] have expanded the geographical under discussion and drawn on fresh revelations about Japan's wartime 'comfort woman system' to situate the RAA within a broader context. Some studies have suggested that the wartime and postwar 'comfort woman systems' should be considered together with Japan's exploitation of karayuki-san earlier in this century." (p.110). On the same page, he mentions a police station that uses the term, one that was already mentioned earlier in discussion. Molasky says that these three separate categories of women--the ianfu, RAA women, and the karayuki-san--are being grouped under the same term to discuss the issue of war-related sex-work and Japan; it seems he, or his fellow researcher, use the term "comfort women" as a term of convenience, probably because it's the only distinctive English term, and/or because of its shock-value, but not because either the RAA women or the karayuki-san were called ianfu to any appreciable extent.
 * Ref.#13:I'm seeing "comfort stations", but not "comfort women", except where the author contrasts the living conditions of the two.
 * Ref.#14: Dower's book has been discussed above, and cited in the article.

 * In response:

 * Ref.10: Yes, but I don't think anyone is suggesting that the wartime and postwar Japanese state prostitution systems were not distinct. In any case, Lie repeatedly uses the term "ianfu" with regard to the RAA prostitutes in the article. For example, on page 258 (behind a paywall, unfortunately) he says "the vast majority of the 55,000 ianfu went straight to work in akasen after the RAA was disbanded."
 * Ref.11: Yes, I acknowledged that only 1 of the 2 journals used the term.
 * Ref.12: I was replying to Nick-D's question about modern usage of the term in English rather than the issue of usage in 1945/6. Molasky makes multiple references to the RAA being a "postwar 'comfort woman' system". So I think he qualifies as an example of modern English-language usage of the term. As far as contemporary usage goes, I have already provided two sources given above: the Tokyo directive mentioned by Molasky and the Ibaraki police chief's quote (Ref. 9). Given the former was an official government order, I think it's fairly strong evidence. And I don't think that given that context the police chief's quote can be dismissed as being unique to him. Frankly, the idea that the Japanese wouldn't use the term seems pretty unlikely. They make use of the terms "comfort stations" and "comfort facilities" but suddenly decide to drop the euphemism when it comes to the women?
 * Ref.13: Again, the fact that she refers to RAA prostitutes as "Japanese comfort women" counts as a modern English-language researcher using the term.

No, I don't think we can safely say that. Those modern scholars don't "compare" the RAA prostitutes to "comfort women", they call them "comfort women" and they're not only talking about a broad wartime context. Molasky's book deals solely with the Occupation. And we certainly can't make a sweeping statement about contemporary usage of the term without at least something to back it up. We have two sources showing it being used and I'll probably find more now that I have Japanese language studies at hand. On the other side, I don't think we have anything saying the term wasn't used. Look, I don't want anyone to read the article and come away with the misunderstanding that postwar Japan was wartime China as far as state prostitution went. But that statement's going too far the other way. Cckerberos (talk) 02:33, 8 February 2013 (UTC)
 * If they were not called ianfu, what were they called in ja? Oda Mari (talk) 05:04, 8 February 2013 (UTC)
 * To Mari: That, I don't know, and haven't seen. Perhaps inbaifu, joro, baishunfu, or one of the many other terms? Good question.
 * To Cc:That's probably my main concern, is that readers will come away thinking they were the same, when we have solid references that say that for the most part, the needs of the RAA women were taken care of (aside from the degradation of working as a prostitute...) with meals, shelter, 50% of a client's payment, etc. while the Asian ianfu received none of that and treatment was alot harsher. Because of that difference in treatment, I'd worry that an unqualified comparison, equating RAA with comfort women, would be seen as quite offensive to the original "comfort women", or (more likely) their descendants & countrymen, who (from all accounts) could rightly say that the RAA women didn't face nearly the reported degree of degradation, servitude, and physical abuse faced by the comfort women of Korea & China. Boneyard90 (talk) 09:51, 8 February 2013 (UTC)
 * With the disclaimer that I have not yet read much on the RAA beyond Dower's description (so my thoughts may change), my current thought is that once the article has been expanded a section called something like terminology could be placed in the beginning with something along the lines of "Because the RAA system was inspired by Japanese officials' wartime experiences, its structure and terminology were based on the familiar wartime comfort women system. Brothels were referred to with the euphemisms "comfort stations" and "comfort facilities", and prostitutes were referred to as "comfort women". Because of this, many English-language and Japanese scholars of the RAA continue to use those terms in their research. The recruitment methods used and conditions facing women operating within the two systems were very different, however, and it is important to not conflate the two." Then later sections on recruitment and working conditions could further underscore the differences. Within the article itself, the terms prostitutes or just "the women" would be used, except when quoting from primary sources or scholars who use the term "comfort women". Similar to the usage of the term "concentration camp" in the Japanese American Internment article, in other words, since that's the closest example I can think of. Cckerberos (talk) 14:36, 8 February 2013 (UTC)
 * Exactly my thought. I like it. Ok, if that's the direction you/we plan to go with this article, you have my support. Boneyard90 (talk) 15:42, 8 February 2013 (UTC)
 * I found these., , and . What do you think? Oda Mari (talk) 15:52, 8 February 2013 (UTC)
 * Oops! The first link is used as ref in the article. But they are not comfort women? I'm afraid removing the term from the article seems whitewashing. Oda Mari (talk) 16:02, 8 February 2013 (UTC)
 * I don't think it's whitewashing if the term is acknowledged but care is taken when using it to make sure it's not misunderstood. In any case, I now have 6 books (both English and Japanese) discussing the RAA and hope to do a full expansion and rewrite of the article within the next few days (unless someone else wants to). So it might be better to wait until I do that, then see if changes still need to be made. Cckerberos (talk) 18:06, 8 February 2013 (UTC)

Expansion
I finished my rewrite/expansion of the article. It could still use a little work, since I don't think it flows as well as it should, but it's good enough for now. Let me know if there are any concerns or if you think any sections need expansion. Cckerberos (talk) 05:21, 12 February 2013 (UTC)

 * That is an impressive re-write. I might make some minor adjustments, to syntax or punctuation, if you don't mind, but the content looks solid. Great job. Boneyard90 (talk) 08:19, 12 February 2013 (UTC)

 * Thanks. Feel free, of course. I was pretty tired when I finished it, so I'm sure there are things that need to be corrected. Cckerberos (talk) 17:33, 12 February 2013 (UTC)

Post-RAA US military culture re Japanese women
This doesn't really relate to this article topic, but I thought it might be appropriate to mention it to the community of editors interested in this topic area. Prompted by a recent edit here popping up on my watchlist, I did a bit of googling which led me to this. I recall seeing copies of some of these and some similar publications in USAF Base Exchanges in Japan in the mid 1960s. As I've said, I don't think this fits here, but it might fit in some other article in this general topical area. Wtmitchell (talk) (earlier Boracay Bill) 12:39, 16 April 2013 (UTC)

Working Conditions Change Explanation
Since my editing of Syngmung's additions were largely reverted, I figured I'd explain my rationale here. To me, the wording "The charge to the American soldiers was eight cents, and that included a bottle of beer. Women received half this charge, and the house received the half." seemed redundant as the same paragraph already mentioned that the charge was 100 yen of which the women received 50. The new version is better at reducing the redundancy, but is misleading because it removes mention of the 100 yen and implies that soldier paid 8 cents. The US soldiers paid in yen they received on base in order to restrict access of the Japanese population to foreign currency (this was before the introduction of the military yen scrip in the summer of 1946). I also didn't see the point of "On the first day, one woman had 47 American customers and got almost 2 dollars for herself" since the paragraph already mentions that each woman saw 15-60 clients a day; the mentioned women's experience doesn't seem to be unusual. The 2 dollars is just the prior mentioned 4 cents x 47 ($1.88). Cckerberos (talk) 06:20, 15 May 2013 (UTC)
 * The charge contained a bottle of beer is detail imformation. If you know the a bottle of beer price at the time, it will provide more detail imformation. How many GI have been dealed by women in a day is important thing, which help us to know their working conditions and earning.--Syngmung (talk) 07:46, 15 May 2013 (UTC)
 * That's a fair point about the beer bottle and it should be worked back in. I wish I knew what Kristof's source was for the 8 cent conversion, though. I agree with you that the number of soldiers a woman had to deal with each day is important and shows their working conditions. But since the article mentions that each woman "had between 15 and 60 clients per day", that information is already there. Cckerberos (talk) 12:28, 15 May 2013 (UTC)
 * The woman earned 2 dollars, your contents could not explain the case. There are some sources I dont want but I can also say there is the contents by NYT, and which is more important than yours, so yours is not needed. But there are differece between two sources, so I think both contents should be writen.--Syngmung (talk) 13:23, 15 May 2013 (UTC)

 * I agree with the reduction in redundancy. If the average rate of clients per woman per day is stated, then pointing out a specific case later in the article is unnecessary, and seems to be playing up the shock value. Both sources can be cited at the first mention of client rate and earnings. Boneyard90 (talk) 14:02, 15 May 2013 (UTC)

 * Is "between 15 and 60 clients per day" average? Both sources can only mention only the one soldier charge.--Syngmung (talk) 16:11, 15 May 2013 (UTC)

 * The text says "usually", and the sentence cites three sources. If that is the "usual" rate of clients/day, I am satisfied that "usual", in the descriptive or colloquial sense, is synonymous with "average", which was what I said in my comment. Not sure what the issue or question is. Boneyard90 (talk) 16:42, 15 May 2013 (UTC)

 * We can get average charge from some sources, but not average dealing numbers. NYT do not provide the average numbers. 47 men dealt woman case should be written.--Syngmung (talk) 12:36, 16 May 2013 (UTC)

 * There is no difference in sources, since the 47 soldiers mentioned by Kristof falls within the range given in the other source. The range is actually better, because it gives us an idea of what things were like for all the women rather than for one individual. We know that some women served even more than 47 soldiers, for example. Which of the sources already in the article do you not like? Shirakawa's book isn't great, but the rest are academic publications. Cckerberos (talk) 12:59, 16 May 2013 (UTC)

My recent reverts
I've just made a couple of edits reverting what I think is POV pushing by :
 * I made this revert as most of the material wasn't relevant to this article, and the inflammatory claim that the Japanese were aware of the "fact" of American soldiers committing rapes wasn't in one of the sources it's attributed to - Dower 1999 actually says that the RARA was formed as the Japanese expected the American occupiers to behave as their own forces had (see page 124). The 'examples' the Japanese were supposedly aware of is a shopping list from other articles (and see Talk:Battle of Okinawa for the major problems with the figure used for rapes in this battle - in short the historian who developed this figure regarded it as so unreliable that he wouldn't put his name to it).
 * I also made this revert to remove biased wording (including the bolding of negative material about US troops) and removal of some cited content. Nick-D (talk) 11:20, 20 May 2013 (UTC)
 * I remember seeing a convincing rebuttal of the "1,336 rapes in Kanagawa in the first 10 days" statistic which explained that it's a misreading of a document saying that there were 1,336 crimes total (not just rape) committed by GIs in the first 10 days. I'll try to find where I saw that, though it's irrelevant in any case; the Japanese started planning the RAA well before any Allied troops hit their shores so it couldn't have been a reaction to any crimes they committed. Cckerberos (talk) 13:45, 20 May 2013 (UTC)
 * Millions Germans were raped before the Japanese surrender. In Korea, Okinawa and Manchuria, women had already been raped by Allied forces. Thus they created RAA before the Allied landing. Allied soldiers have been using prostitutes in korea till now.--Syngmung (talk) 17:05, 20 May 2013 (UTC)
 * Would the Japanese government in August 1945 have known about those rapes? In any case, all of the sources I've seen (in both English and Japanese) make the same argument that Dower did: that they based their expectations on Allied behavior on their experiences with their own troops. I haven't seen any evidence that they were motivated by news of Allied crimes in other occupied areas. Cckerberos (talk) 17:24, 20 May 2013 (UTC)
 * In what some see as their comfort women, they must have also consider their comfort women systems. I think too. Japanese in German were under the arrest after the fall of Berlin. but the countless rapes were occurred before the fall of Berlin. Korea, Manchu and Okinawa are same. If I found the rape reports before the Allied landing of Japan, I would improve the article. OK?--Syngmung (talk) 17:40, 20 May 2013 (UTC)
 * Yes, if you find information showing that the Japanese government was aware of Allied rapes elsewhere and that that was one of the reasons for the RAA, I think that should be added. I think it will be difficult to find, though. Tanaka Yuki, whose book is the most detailed books I found on the RAA, is very critical of the conduct of Allied soldiers, especially in Korea and Okinawa. I think that if there was a link between those acts and Japanese government policy he definitely would have included it in the book. Cckerberos (talk) 06:05, 21 May 2013 (UTC)
 * Agreed, but if any author does actually state this, the views of other historians who believe otherwise should, of course, remain in the article per WP:NPOV. Nick-D (talk) 08:08, 21 May 2013 (UTC)

I've also just reverted edits by which added a number of inflamatory claims referenced to the 'China Internet Information Center', which according to its 'about us' page at http://www.china.org.cn/2009-09/28/content_18620394.htm is a Chinese Government information website. This obviously doesn't qualify as a reliable source for anything, and especially not such inflammatory material (see also WP:HISTRS for the kind of referencing which is appropriate for articles on historic topics). Nick-D (talk) 10:06, 23 May 2013 (UTC)
 * When have wikipedia started censorship against China?--Syngmung (talk) 10:18, 23 May 2013 (UTC)
 * It's not just that it's Chinese. It's an anonymous piece that doesn't make any references to sources, so it's impossible to check anything it says. That's bad enough, but it also contradicts reliable academic sources. 90% of prostitutes and occupation soldiers were infected with STDs? That's a staggering claim that needs more than an anonymous Chinese government website behind it.
 * I'm also removing the mention of the "sexual dike" in the Background section. There's nothing objectionable about it, but it's not background material since it has to do with the actual establishment of the RAA. I'd normally move it, but it's also a rephrase translation of the "breakwater" language in the RAA oath. Since we already quote that part of the oath in the Establishment section, there's no need to have it a second time. Cckerberos (talk) 11:41, 23 May 2013 (UTC)
 * Surprising comments, I edited the texts souced from the chinese governmental web, but you critisized as the chinese governmental texts have no source. I'm not both American and Chinese nationalist, so I see Stars and Stripes (newspaper) and China Internet Information Center same value. Are only China Internet Information Center's texts needed sources? Furthermore, You also removed contents sourced by New York Times. It seems not good acts.--Syngmung (talk) 12:21, 23 May 2013 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure why you mention Stars and Stripes, since it isn't used in the article, but there are some differences between it and the CIIC. Although both are owned by governments, Stars and Stripes has measures in place to try to ensure that it has an independent editorial policy. But even so, its association with the military is something that should be kept in mind since, as with any source, it's important to know what agenda if any was behind it.
 * Not only CIIC reports need sources. Newspaper articles are generally less reliable than academic texts by reputable authors because they are usually written by non-specialists for the general public (and, in my experience, often contain errors and simplifications). So when, as in this case, a newspaper article contradicts an academic source, caution needs to be used. Journalist accounts are good because they're convenient and easy to understand, but shouldn't be relied upon when we have better sources available as we do for this article.
 * I gave the reason for the removal of the NYT material above: it repeated information already in the article. BTW, the caution I mentioned above goes for the NYT as well. In this case, we know who the author is (Nicholas D. Kristof) and know that he is not a specialist on the RAA or related topics. So we need to keep that in mind (though the information in his article does match the academic accounts I've read). Cckerberos (talk) 15:30, 23 May 2013 (UTC)
 * There is Independent policy or not, it's no sense. Both of them are not governmental official statesment, it is same. Reports have some governmental reflection or not, it no relation to the source used in wikipedia. According to your logic, all of sources from china do not pass your censorship.
 * What do academic sources deny the CIIC source? You dont bring the source. Thus, there is no need to mention about academic ones. And CIIC is owned by Government, so the CIIC reports have more reliable source than unknown millions of minor journalists reports.
 * Your removal reasons do not make sense. Not the same copy repeats, you moved much contents. This page have the special rule by Cckerberos. NYT reporter is not academic specialist, yes, he is a journalist. You are self denying journalistic soruces. CIIC and NYT sources show us many same contents, thus CIIC contents have reliability and not fakes. Moreover, China was allied forces during occupation of Japan. They have no reason to accuse allied forces.
 * Your inconsistent view make me convince what original rule is on going here.--Syngmung (talk) 02:35, 30 May 2013 (UTC)
 * Well, I'll admit that I'd be skeptical of almost any anonymous, unreferenced Chinese government source about Japan. But in this case, the source isn't even journalism. It's an editorial. It begins with inflammatory claims and ends with the lines "Not only has a half-century passed without the Japanese government paying any compensation to these comfort women, in order to protect the dignity of the Yamato people they won't even acknowledge these facts. Is forgetfulness the shortcut that a 'superior' people chooses to maintain their glory?" There's no way this can be considered a reputable source.
 * The academic source referenced in the article gives infection rates of about 25% overall and 50% in some individual units. The CIIC claims over 90% infection of occupation soldiers and prostitutes. That's a massive contradiction (and very difficult to believe).
 * American and China don't have the same relationship today that they did in WW2. But that doesn't matter, since the target of the editorial is the Japanese government, not the Allies.
 * I believe that my edits have been in line with WP:HISTRS. But you should feel free to WP:RFC. Cckerberos (talk) 06:00, 30 May 2013 (UTC)

Hashimoto's statement
I'm removing the recently added section on Hashimoto's recent statement about US military personnel in Japan and prostitution. It just doesn't seem to have anything to do with the long-gone RAA other than a similar "sex and soldiers" theme. If he was suggesting the establishment of a similar system that would be one thing, but Hashimoto just said that US soldiers should be allowed to use the already existing sexual establishments. As such, the United States Forces Japan page seems like a better place for it. Also, the first quote listed is in reference to Japanese troops in WW2, not US soldiers. Cckerberos (talk) 11:54, 23 May 2013 (UTC)
 * Agreed - he obviously wasn't calling for the resurrection of this institution. Nick-D (talk) 11:58, 23 May 2013 (UTC)

It always helps to put things in context, so that the reader can make a more educated assessment of what it was. We should not be hidden related contents.--Syngmung (talk) 12:27, 23 May 2013 (UTC)

"Comfort woman system" vs. "prostitution system"
I saw the recent edit/reversion by Binksternet and Oda Mari. I think the original language is preferable but thought it better to write out my rationale here rather than try to put it into the edit summary. First, I'm inclined towards the original language because it is a direct quote from Konoe. Second, "prostitution system" is ambiguous as there was already an officially sanctioned prostitution system in Japan at the time. Something like "a specialized prostitution system for Allied personnel" would be better. Cckerberos (talk) 21:35, 14 May 2014 (UTC)

 * Yes. See I think that it is WP:OR ("analysis or synthesis of published material that serves to advance a position not advanced by the sources") to obscure and deny the use of the term "Comfort Women" in this regard. It is not WP:NPOV. Wtmitchell  (talk) (earlier Boracay Bill) 23:53, 14 May 2014 (UTC)
 * Concur. We should use the terms used in reliable sources. Instead, we should have some language that clarifies that this use of "comfort women" is different than literature which covers the comfort women in imperial japan. But whitewashing language? no.--Obi-Wan Kenobi (talk) 00:22, 15 May 2014 (UTC)
 * We already have a section discussing the use of the term. --Cckerberos (talk) 18:03, 18 May 2014 (UTC)

See this edit and other edits by Binksternet too. I restored the stable version, but he restored his edits. The image of a Korean newspaper article uses 慰安婦/comfort women, but he replaced it with prostitutes. I think what he did is OR. See WP:TRANSCRIPTION. It seems to me that he wanted to tell readers US soldiers had nothing to do with comfort women but prostitutes and they were innocent by replacing the word comfort women with prostitution/prostitutes. That is why I used the word "whitewashing". Oda Mari (talk) 17:55, 18 May 2014 (UTC)
 * Yes, I also found another source which details the payment systems for the comfort women in imperial japan. This prostitute/prostitution categories are appropriate there too, though forced prostitution is a more apt description. binksternet seems to want to draw a sharp line between pre-war and post-war systems even though reliable sources regularly link the two together and the second was of course inspired by the first.--Obi-Wan Kenobi (talk) 18:13, 18 May 2014 (UTC)


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Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents

The Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents (RoSPA) is a British charity that aims to save lives and prevent life-changing injuries which occur as a result of accidents. In the past, it has successfully campaigned on issues of road safety, including playing an integral role in the introduction of drink-drive legislation, the compulsory wearing of seatbelts and the ban on handheld mobile phones while driving, as well as on issues of occupational health and safety.

History and development
The origins of RoSPA date to the First World War when, in response to the 'alarming increase in road accidents' during the blackouts, the London 'Safety First' Council was established on 1 Dec 1916. In 1917, accident data were collected, there was a call to license all drivers, three children's safety competitions were run (involving 57,000 pupils) and a railway safety committee was established. A campaign to change the pedestrian rule so that walkers face oncoming traffic was so successful that fatal accidents caused by pedestrians stepping into the path of vehicles fell by 70 per cent in 12 months.

Also in 1917 a separate body, the Industrial "Safety First" Committee was established, and as a result in 1918 the British Industrial "Safety First" Association (BISFA) was formed to tackle workplace safety on a national scale.

In 1920, the Duke of York became President of the London "Safety First" Council, when his presidency ended in 1923 he became Patron. Also in 1923 The National "Safety First" Association was formed with the London "Safety First" Council and BISFA affiliated to it. The Duke of York became Patron of The National "Safety First" Association in 1926. In 1930, a Scottish "Safety First" Council was set up.

In 1932 the National "Safety First" Association extended its activities to Home Safety, and Caroline Haslett, director of the Electrical Association for Women, was appointed as chair of Home Safety Committee, a post she held until 1936, becoming the first woman vice president in 1937.

In 1936 the Duke of York became King George VI and continued as Patron of the Association. In 1941, with the agreement of the King, the Association changed its name to the Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents – as it is known today.

RoSPA's work concerns safety on the road (the organisation estimates that 550,000 people have died on Britain's roads since Bridget Driscoll's death in 1896. ), at work, in the home, at leisure, on and in the water as well as safety education for the young.

RoSPA is governed by an executive committee and board of Trustees. The organisation employs approximately 120 staff, located in the head office in Birmingham and at regional offices in Edinburgh and Cardiff.

Cycling Proficiency
The Cycling Proficiency Test was created by RoSPA in 1947 as a minimum recommended standard for cycling on British roads. The National Cycling Proficiency Scheme was introduced by the government in 1958, with statutory responsibility for road safety being given to local authorities in 1974, including the provision of child cyclist training but the scheme continued to be associated with RoSPA. The scheme was superseded by the National Standards for Cycle Training, branded Bikeability in England.

RoSPA Advanced Drivers and Riders
RoSPA Advanced Drivers and Riders (RoADAR) constitutes a significant part of the charity's impact. It aims to reduce road accidents by improving driving standards, knowledge and skill. To do this, RoSPA Advanced Drivers and Riders have over 65 local groups that provide – often free – training to improve driving and motorcycling skills. After suitable training, the charity offers an optional advanced driving test.


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Hale County

Hale County is the name of two counties in the United States:
 * Hale County, Alabama
 * Hale County, Texas

title: Hale County


text:
User:Seahorse~enwiki

Hello from Heidelberg/Germany

title: User:Seahorse~enwiki


text:
Baron Brougham and Vaux

Baron Brougham and Vaux, of Brougham in the County of Westmorland and of High Head Castle in the County of Cumberland, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created in 1860 for Henry Brougham, 1st Baron Brougham and Vaux, a lawyer, Whig politician, and formerly Lord Chancellor, with remainder to his younger brother William Brougham. He had already been created Baron Brougham and Vaux, of Brougham in the County of Westmorland, in 1830, also in the Peerage of the United Kingdom, with normal remainder to the heirs male of his body.

On his death in 1868, the barony of 1830 became extinct as he had no sons, while he was succeeded in the barony of 1860 according to the special remainder by his brother William, who became the second Baron. William had earlier represented Southwark in the House of Commons. , the title is held by William's great-great-great-grandson, the sixth Baron, who succeeded his father in 2023. His father was one of the ninety-two elected hereditary peers that were allowed to remain in the House of Lords after the passing of the House of Lords Act 1999, and sat as a Conservative.

Barons Brougham and Vaux, first creation (1830)

 * Henry Peter Brougham, 1st Baron Brougham and Vaux (1778–1868)

Barons Brougham and Vaux, second creation (1860)

 * Henry Peter Brougham, 1st Baron Brougham and Vaux (1778–1868)
 * William Brougham, 2nd Baron Brougham and Vaux (1795–1886)
 * Henry Charles Brougham, 3rd Baron Brougham and Vaux (1836–1927)
 * Hon. Henry Brougham (1887–1927)
 * Victor Henry Peter Brougham, 4th Baron Brougham and Vaux (1909–1967)
 * Hon. Julian Brougham (1932–1952)
 * Michael John Brougham, 5th Baron Brougham and Vaux (1938–2023)
 * Charles William Brougham, 6th Baron Brougham and Vaux (born 1971).

The heir apparent is the present holder's son, the Hon. Henry George Brougham (born 2012).

title: Baron Brougham and Vaux


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Baron Buckhurst

The title Baron Buckhurst has been created twice; once in the Peerage of England and once in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was first created in 1567 for Thomas Sackville, MP for East Grinstead and Aylesbury. He was later created Earl of Dorset in 1604. That creation became extinct in 1843.

It was next created in 1864 for Elizabeth Sackville-West, Countess De La Warr, the sister of the 4th Duke (and 10th Earl) of Dorset, wife of the 5th Earl De La Warr, with special remainder intended to keep it separate from the earldom. Lady De La Warr was thus succeeded in the barony by her second son. When he also succeeded his brother as 7th Earl De La Warr, the Buckhurst title would have passed immediately to the next brother (Mortimer, later created Baron Sackville), but the House of Lords found such "shifting remainders" invalid (Buckhurst Peerage Case) and the titles became inseparable.

Barons Buckhurst (1567)

 * See Duke of Dorset for a list of holders of this title

Barons Buckhurst (1864)

 * Elizabeth Sackville-West, Countess De La Warr and 1st Baroness Buckhurst (1795–1870)
 * Reginald Windsor Sackville, 2nd Baron Buckhurst (1817–1896), succeeded as 7th Earl De La Warr in 1873
 * Gilbert George Reginald Sackville, 8th Earl De La Warr (1869–1915)
 * Herbrand Sackville, 9th Earl De La Warr (1900–1976), styled Lord Buckhurst from birth to 1915
 * William Sackville, 10th Earl De La Warr (1921–1988), styled Lord Buckhurst from birth to 1976
 * William Sackville, 11th Earl De La Warr (born 1948), styled Lord Buckhurst from 1976 to 1988

title: Baron Buckhurst


text:
Baron Brabourne

Baron Brabourne, of Brabourne in the County of Kent, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created in 1880 for the Liberal politician Edward Knatchbull-Hugessen, the second son of Sir Edward Knatchbull, 9th Baronet, of Mersham Hatch. He had previously represented Sandwich in the House of Commons and served as Under-Secretary of State for Home Affairs and Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies. Lord Brabourne had assumed by Royal licence the additional surname of Hugessen (which was that of his maternal grandmother) in 1849. His son, the second Baron, represented Rochester in Parliament as a Liberal.

In 1917, his younger brother, the fourth Baron, who had succeeded his nephew the third Baron in 1915, inherited the Baronetcy of Mersham Hatch. Since then, the titles have remained merged. The fourth Baron was succeeded by his son, the fifth Baron. He was the Conservative Member of Parliament for Ashford, Governor of Bombay and Governor of Bengal. In 1919, Lord Brabourne assumed by deed poll the surname of Knatchbull only.

His eldest son, the sixth Baron, was killed in the Second World War, when the title passed to the latter's younger brother, the seventh Baron. He was a film and television producer. In 1946, he married Patricia Mountbatten, daughter of the naval commander Viscount Mountbatten (later the 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma). Their son, the eighth Baron, who succeeded in 2005, is also the Earl Mountbatten of Burma (since 2017). This means that the Barony of Brabourne is held jointly by the current and future Earls Mountbatten of Burma descended only from male lines of the 2nd Countess Mountbatten of Burma and her husband, the 7th Baron Brabourne. Should that male line become extinct, the titles will then separate or become extinct, depending on collateral male lines existing from previous holders of the titles.

The Baronetcy, of Mersham Hatch in the County of Kent, was created in the Baronetage of England in 1641 for Sir Norton Knatchbull, who represented Kent and New Romney in the House of Commons. His son, the second Baronet, also represented these constituencies in Parliament. His nephew, the fourth Baronet (who had succeeded his father, a younger brother of the second Baronet), sat as Member of Parliament for Rochester, Kent and Lostwithiel. He was succeeded by his son, the fifth Baronet, who served as High Sheriff of Kent in 1733. In 1746, he assumed by private act of the Parliament of Ireland the additional surname of Wyndham, pursuant to the will of his mother's father, Thomas Wyndham, 1st Baron Wyndham. His son, the sixth Baronet, represented Kent in Parliament. On his death, the title passed to his uncle, the seventh Baronet. He sat in the Irish House of Commons as representative for Armagh. His son, the eighth Baronet, was High Sheriff of Kent in 1785 and later represented Kent in the House of Commons.

He was succeeded by his son, the ninth Baronet, whose daughter married Edward Knight, the nephew of Jane Austen. He represented both Kent and East Kent in Parliament and notably served as Paymaster General in the Tory administrations of Sir Robert Peel. His grandson, the twelfth Baronet, briefly represented East Kent in the House of Commons. On his death in 1917, he was succeeded by his first cousin, the 4th Baron Brabourne, who became the thirteenth Baronet of Mersham Hatch as well.

The 8th Baron Brabourne inherited the peerage of Earl Mountbatten of Burma upon the death of his mother, Patricia Knatchbull, 2nd Countess Mountbatten of Burma, on 13 June 2017. As consequence, the Barony of Brabourne, as well the Knatchbull Baronetcy, became subsidiary titles to that of the earldom.

The title of the barony is pronounced "Bray-burn". The family seat is Broadlands, near Romsey, Hampshire.

Knatchbull Baronets, of Mersham Hatch (1641)
for further succession, see below
 * Sir Norton Knatchbull, 1st Baronet (c. 1602–1685)
 * Sir John Knatchbull, 2nd Baronet (c. 1636–1696)
 * Sir Thomas Knatchbull, 3rd Baronet (d. 1712)
 * Sir Edward Knatchbull, 4th Baronet (d. 1730)
 * Sir Wyndham Knatchbull-Wyndham, 5th Baronet (1699–1749)
 * Sir Wyndham Knatchbull-Wyndham, 6th Baronet (1737–1763)
 * Sir Edward Knatchbull, 7th Baronet (1704–1789)
 * Sir Edward Knatchbull, 8th Baronet (c. 1760–1819)
 * Sir Edward Knatchbull, 9th Baronet (1781–1849)
 * Sir Norton Joseph Knatchbull, 10th Baronet (1808–1868)
 * Sir Edward Knatchbull, 11th Baronet (1838–1871)
 * Sir Wyndham Knatchbull, 12th Baronet (1844–1917)
 * Cecil Marcus Knatchbull-Hugessen, 4th Baron Brabourne and 13th Baronet (1863–1933)

Barons Brabourne (1880)

 * Edward Hugessen Knatchbull-Hugessen, 1st Baron Brabourne (1829–1893)
 * Edward Knatchbull-Hugessen, 2nd Baron Brabourne (1857–1909)
 * Wyndham Wentworth Knatchbull-Hugessen, 3rd Baron Brabourne (1885–1915)
 * Cecil Marcus Knatchbull-Hugessen, 4th Baron Brabourne (1863–1933)
 * Michael Herbert Rudolf Knatchbull, 5th Baron Brabourne (1895–1939)
 * Norton Cecil Michael Knatchbull, 6th Baron Brabourne (1922–1943)
 * John Ulick Knatchbull, 7th Baron Brabourne (1924–2005)
 * Norton Louis Philip Knatchbull, 3rd Earl Mountbatten of Burma and 8th Baron Brabourne (born 1947)

The heir apparent is the present holder's only son, Nicholas Knatchbull, Lord Brabourne (born 1981).

Arms of the 1st to 7th Barons Brabourne
Arms: Quarterly 1st & 4th, Argent, on a Mount Vert, two Boar's erect respectant Sable, their forelegs resting against an Oak Tree proper (Hugessen); 2nd & 3rd, Azure, in bend three Crosses-Crosslet fitchée between two Bendlets Or (Knatchbull); Crests: 1st, An Oak Tree proper, between two Wings elevated, pinions Azure, feathered Or (Hugessen); 2nd: On a Chapeau Gules, turned up Ermine, an Ounce statant Ermine, spotted Sable (Knatchbull); Supporters: On either side a Leopard Argent, pelletée, gorged with a Wreath of Oak Vert, fructed Gold, holding in the mouth a Cross-Crosslet fitchée Or; Motto: IN CRUCIFIXA GLORIA MEA (My Glory is in the Cross).

Arms of the 8th Baron Brabourne
Granted by Royal Licence in 1966 to the Earls Mountbatten of Burma who descend from the 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma's elder daughter, Patricia, wife of the 7th Baron Brabourne.

Arms: Quarterly 1st, Azure, in bend three Crosses-Crosslet fitchée between two Bendlets Or (Knatchbull); 2nd, Argent, two Pellets Sable (Mountbatten); 3rd, Azure, a Lion rampant double queued barry of ten Argent and Gules, crowned Or, within a Bordure compony Gules and Argent (Hesse); 4th, The Royal Arms differenced by a Label of three-points Argent, the centre point charged with a Rose Gules, and the outer points with an Ermine Spot Sable (Princess Alice); Crests: 1st, On a Chapeau Gules, turned up Ermine, an Ounce statant Ermine, spotted Sable (Knatchbull); 2nd, Out of a Ducal Coronet Or, a Plume of Ostrich Feathers alternately Argent and Sable (Mountbatten); 3rd, Out of a Ducal Coronet Or, two Horns barry of ten Argent and Gules, issuing from each three Linden Leaves Vert, and from the outer side of each horn four Branches barwise having three like Leaves pendent therefrom Vert (Hesse); Supporters: On either side a Lion double queued and crowned all Or; Mottoes: 1st, IN CRUCIFIXA GLORIA MEA (My Glory is in the Cross)(Knatchbull); 2nd, IN HONOUR BOUND (Mountbatten).

title: Baron Brabourne


text:
Adair County

Adair County is the name of four counties in the United States:

 * Adair County, Iowa
 * Adair County, Kentucky
 * Adair County, Missouri
 * Adair County, Oklahoma

title: Adair County


text:
Halifax County

Halifax County is the name of three counties:
 * In Canada:
 * Halifax County, Nova Scotia
 * In the United States:
 * Halifax County, North Carolina
 * Halifax County, Virginia

title: Halifax County


text:
Talk:Vietnam Veterans Memorial

Mistaken names?
..are the allegations true that some names are mistakenly on the wall?

Yes, when the Wall was built in 1982 there were medical records that showed a number of men had been seriously injured but whether they lived or died was not recorded. Their exact state could not be verified in time, so the decision was made to err on the side of adding their names. The names of those who were still alive were then removed from the database used to make the directories, so their names are on the Wall but can not be found by looking them up in the printed directories.

-- Jim, founder of The Virtual Wall (TM)

Family Guy episode mention
Please discuss here instead of repeatedly reverting the section in question. GLORIOUSEXISTENCE (talk) 01:56, 14 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Vietnam Veterans Memorial


text:
User:Palapala/Pictures from Albert Hofmann Foundation

Images provided by the Albert Hofmann Foundation. They show Albert Hofmann and were copied (with permission) from the Foundation's website by user:palapala.

 * image:airkz 20040307 albert hofmann sign.jpg
 * image:airkz 20040307 albert hofmann wife.jpg
 * image:airkz 20040307 albert hofmann john lilly.jpg

Dear Martin -- please feel free to use pictures of Dr. Hofmann from our website. I do not have the originals, so I hope you can download them from our site.

Sincerely, Myron

Current licensing is innacurate
I have tagged these images as having no license instead of being public domain. It is clear that the permission letters did not provide enough information about way the images would be used and licensed, and I doubt they intended to make them public domain. I will look for new pictures (or new permissions), but until then, these should go. --Foofy 05:45, 27 November 2005 (UTC)

Further, these images should be removed from Wikimedia Commons as well. --Foofy 05:46, 27 November 2005 (UTC)


text:
Sancha of Castile, Queen of Aragon

Sancha of Castile (21 September 1154/5 – 9 November 1208) was the only surviving child of King Alfonso VII of Castile by his second wife, Richeza of Poland. On January 18, 1174, she married King Alfonso II of Aragon at Zaragoza; they had at least eight children who survived into adulthood.

A patroness of troubadours such as Giraud de Calanson and Peire Raymond, the queen became involved in a legal dispute with her husband concerning properties which formed part of her dower estates. In 1177 she entered the county of Ribagorza and took forcible possession of various castles and fortresses which had belonged to the crown there.

After her husband died at Perpignan in 1196, Sancha was relegated to the background of political affairs by her son Peter II. She retired from court, withdrawing to the Hospitaller convent for noble ladies, the Monastery of Santa María de Sigena, at Sigena, which she had founded. There she assumed the cross of the Order of St John of Jerusalem which she wore until the end of her life. The queen mother entertained her widowed daughter Constance at Sigena prior to her leaving Aragon to marry Emperor Frederick II in 1208. She died soon afterwards, aged fifty-four, and was interred in front of the high altar of her foundation at the Monastery of Santa María de Sigena; her tomb is still there to be seen.

Issue

 * Peter II (1174/76 – 14 September 1213), King of Aragon and Lord of Montpellier.
 * Constance (1179 – 23 June 1222), married firstly King Imre of Hungary and secondly Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor.
 * Alfonso II (1180 – February 1209), Count of Provence, Millau and Razès.
 * Eleanor (1182 – February 1226), married Count Raymond VI of Toulouse.
 * Ramon Berenguer (ca. 1183/85 – died young).
 * Sancha (1186 – aft. 1241), married Count Raymond VII of Toulouse, in March 1211
 * Ferdinand (1190 – 1249), cistercian monk, Abbot of Montearagón.
 * Dulcia (1192 – ?), a nun at Sijena.

title: Sancha of Castile, Queen of Aragon