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Talk:DV (video format)

Locked audio
The article states that unlocked audio may cause a one-third frame sync offset. I'm not sure that this is correct - what unlocked audio means is that the audio sampling clock isn't phase locked to the video frame rate, so the samples per frame may vary very fractionally.

I have been editing DV for ten years, including match editing recovered programme material together from various tape and disk sources, and I have never seen a sync offset of more than a couple of samples. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.84.80.40 (talk) 21:11, 2 February 2009 (UTC)

DV for data backup
Is it appropriate to put a link to the software that is mentioned in the article? The article mentions software which allows a MiniDV camcorder to be used as a data storage device but doesn't give the name or a link; this seems foolish. If we're going to mention the existence of the software, we might as well give the name.

The only software I could find which meets the description is called 'DV Backup,' it's $45 shareware, and it's from http://www.coolatoola.com/.

 * Only one I know of is dvbackup, which is Free Software. I've never used it myself. --Brion 05:41, 20 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * There's also another one for Windows, DV Streamer. Unfortunately, DV Backup is Mac OS X only, and dvbackup is Linux/Unix/POSIX OS only.  Backing up data to DV reminds me of the old systems back in the 80's that allowed you to back up your computer's data to a analog VHS videocassette by installing a special ISA-bus card that interfaced to your VHS/Betamax/what-have-you VCR.  Videotrax and Corvus were companies that made such hardware for backing up to VHS.  misternuvistor 03:22, 2 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Yes. In fact, I feel the article is incomplete without it.  Searching for this info is what lead me to this article. -- Bilbo1507 (talk) 15:52, 14 March 2008 (UTC)

Type-1 vs Type-2
I've seen some mention of DV types 1 and 2. Could something about this possibly be mentioned in the article? Certain software apps only support type-2. — SimonEast 08:39, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * If anyone is able to add this information, I would like the article to tell how to diagnose whether a file is Type 1 or Type 2. Robert K S 14:48, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

1993
I believe the last line of this article is flawed; "In 1993, Sony, JVC, Canon, and Sharp have come up with the HDV standard for high-definition camcorders." I don't believe it should say "In 1993, Sony, JVC, Canon, and Sharp have come up with the Hi8 standard for 8MM camcorders."

Color sampling
The Color Sampling section should probably be reworked into just advantages/disadvantages, since it's halfway there already.

DVCPro timecode
Doesnt the DVCPRO also have a separate track for timecode, this is missing in the article? In the article only the extra audio cue track is mentioned.

terminology
At the beginning of the article, DV is referred to as a "video format", then down below, as a "codec". Is this poor terminology, or is the codec a sub part of the larger format? As far as I can tell, there are codecs, and there are tape sizes/formats. The two are technologically distinct, but in implementation, each tape has a given format that it uses, and there are few (no?) cases where two cameras use the same type of tape but write a different codec. Datarate is a whole other bag of chips. Do DVC pro 50 and DVC pro HD really use the exact same codec, but with a doubled data rate? What hardware at each end of the process supports these things?

--Johnjosephbachir 01:22, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Technically, there ARE definitely cameras that record vastly different formats to the same cassette. Take Digital8/Hi8/Video8 as an example.
 * The term "dv" in common language is probably used to mean both things (both the codec on the one hand, and the whole format including tape speed, the physical cassette etc on the other). The data stream that is recorded to tape in the Digital8 format is also dv in the correct sense of the word (that is, referring to the codec or data stream). Digital8 is dv. Thus, if referring to a minDV cassette, the correct term to use would be just that (minDV). But I don't think consumers are often aware of this distinction. Thus, I think the term "dv" can refer to a whole lot of things, for example minDV.
 * dsandlund 09:45, February 12 2006 (CET)

MiniDV
The link to minidv just goes back to itself, I'm removing it, someone please tell me if I'm doing something wrong. Szabo 23:53, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)

What?!
At the end of the DVCPRO section, it says:

"Willians Terence Hills is the very important videoast the USA. In América Latin the brazilians e the mexicans are the more importants videomaker, the name of the José Patrício Neto in Brazil (Maranhão) and Roberto Mendez in Mexico are stars."

What the hell is this about? Some sort of database error?

Readers?
Does anyone know if there are any reader/writers that allow people to read/write to/from dv and/or minidv tapes on a computer without using a camera? --4.245.7.3 07:18, 20 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes, at school we use a device that my teacher referred to as a "DV Camdeck", which looks like a smaller VCR; connects to the computer via firewire and accepts MiniDV, DV, and rear composite inputs. I'll try to get a more specific model number. Ahanix1989 14:33, 15 September 2006 (UTC)

 * ) There is a wide selection of professional and semi-professional DVCam decks, by a variety of manufacturers.. Sony is one of the most common.

Using the camera as a deck is not reccomended by professionals, due to the excess wear it generates on the heads, but it is unavoidable if you can't afford a professional deck. --202.170.45.13 11:56, 19 June 2007 (UTC)

Video resolution
what's the video resolution of ordinary mini dv recordings? how does it compare to DVD? RustyCale 13:27, 22 May 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm not a video expert, but I would assume that all else equal, mini dv tape would be higher resolution than dvd. Of course a lot depends on what kind of camera is used, and many of the cheaper mini-dv camcorders don't have the best micro-processors, zoom lenses, image processing chips, etc.  But with the same camera, it would make sense that the mini dv tape would be higher resolution because one hour in the standard sp mode is about 13 GB, whereas two hours of standard bit-rate dvd is about 4.5 GB.  So the DVD has a lot fewer GBs per hour, indicating that it's probably a somewhat lossy compression.  That should change with the next generation of dvds - blue ray and/or HD-DVD.  Of course with a traditional CRT tv you can't see any of that difference (except maybe with the dvd player's zoom function), since the tv itself is too low resolution.  Blackcats 07:49, 30 May 2005 (UTC)

 * I would like to clarify two things here: First, dv is a lossy format, just like dvd/mpeg2. Compression artifacts are very visible at magnification. Second, the two formats (dv and mpeg2) store video in completely different ways, making comparisons by bitrate rather irrelevant I'm afraid. The answer is that It depends.
 * One point that really should be brought into the article however is the actual pixel resolution of the dv format. This rather central piece of information has been completely overlooked.
 * dsandlund 09:39, February 12 2006 (CET)

 * But keep in mind that the contrast is not compressed, only the color space. So DV is only a lossy format for the color informaiton in the compressed video.
 * LexieM 19:17, 27 February 2006 (UTC)

 * No. Both are compressed, using the same method (which is almost identical with JPEG-compression). What you probably have meant, was, that before aplying that compression (DCT, quantizing etc.) the colour informations are subsampled (making the arrays of Cb- as well as Cr-numbers, which represent the picture, smaller), while the luminance/grey array is preserved (at 720x480 or 720x576 values). So, luma and chroma don't differ in compression, but in subsampling. Btw, 720x480x30 (and 720x576x25 too) makes 10.368.000 values(usually bytes) per second, which is ~3x the datarate of DV.
 * ShapedNoise 22:26, 25 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Although the luma information is not subsampled in the digital domain, it is nevertheless passed through a low pass filter in the analogue domain (i.e. prior to digitisation). This is deliberately designed to remove excesive detail from the luminance image so as not to over stretch the compression algorithm.  This is intended by the format to be a physical low pass filter in the analogue signal path, but many camcorders from the lower end of the market omit the filter and rely on the poor quality of their chosen lens to do the same job in the optical domain (rarely as effectively).  86.178.9.171 (talk) 19:46, 2 November 2010 (UTC)

 * When talking about recording a full frame (not widescreen) video with an aspect ratio of 4:3, Mini DV typically records with a resolution of 720x480 rectangle pixels. DVD uses square pixels, which squeezes the resolution to 640x480, creating a true 4x3 aspect ratio. 720x480 has an aspect ratio of 3:2 because of the rectangle pixels.
 * El Mariachi94 05:50, 1 December 2006 (UTC)El Mariachi94

 * I think you've confused a few different things? Both DV and DVD use rectangular/non-square pixels.  In NTSC DV, not all the pixels are used for active picture area, so this is why the 720X480 pixels don't make a 4:3 picture (although the active picture area does).    Something like that.  Glennchan 03:28, 2 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Reading the link you've posted thoroughly, made my head ache :(

 * But, i'd like to say this: the number 720 is common for both NTSC and PAL. I've read, that the CCIR601 standard defines the sampling frequency (for digitizing of those analog formats) to be 13.50 MHz, and to be equal for them both. The length of PAL row is 64.0 us and the active/visual part lasts 52.0 us, NTSC's row lasts 63.5 us and its active part ...('ve forgot,sorry). These intervals are almost equal on both sides of The Ocean.

 * So, to simplify the everyday bread of tv-companies (NTSC <-> PAL transcoding), they've decided to apply the same fsamp for both. Thus the horizontal resampling would be no longer needed; though the difference in number of rows (height of picture, measured in pixels) as well as in framerate, still stays alive.

 * Another limit, which applied to their deciding: Both width and height of the digitized pic must be a multiple of 16, because the compression involves slicing into 8x8 tiles, and because the Cb and Cr parts are twice-subsampled (2x8=16) (an eventual use of 4:1:1-subsamp probably implies even 32 instead of only 16).

 * So, checking the numbers against 16: 720-ok, 360(=720/2)-fails; 704-ok, 352(=704/2)-ok; 576-ok, 480-ok.

 * Another computations: 720px / 13.50Mhz = 53.33 us, which is a bit more than that 52.0 us. So, creating 601'compatible material by digitizing analog PAL (NTSC probably too) (e.g. a playing VHS or a demodulated live TV signal) will introduce some black pixels/columns on the left and right side. On the other hand, if it's created by native digitally-acquiring devices (like DV, DigiBeta,..), then even the sidemost pixels contain valid visual info and there's no need/reason to crop them. Please look at the grab-monitoring or replay window to check if i'm not fooling.

 * DV and DVD (and probably most other Stand.Def. formats too) use the same 'grid' of pixels. In US&JP, it implies a pixel to be slightly-portraitic, and in Eur slightly-landscapic (cause they both have the same number of 'columns', but differ in number of rows). Thus, doing some resampling when converting from DV to DVD (not to confuse this with transcoding), is, imho, not a good idea.

 * Some people don't like nonsquared pixels stretched or shrinked on their monitors. Hmm. I also didn't. But. Doing the resampling, with a factor very near one (e.g. 0.92, 1.07, or so) is a very risky operation, especialy if the content is very sharp (i.e. the content goes almost to the Shannon's limit). Then, such resampling may end with very ugly results. Maybe that using some more clever algorithm (e.g. bicubic instead of linear) heels this a bit, but still is far from ideal. Paradoxially, resamp. with more-far-from-1 coeff. (like 0.73 or 1.39) will probably usually end with much nicer results.

 * So, i'd rather stand the non-ideal proportions than having to stare at the resampling artifacts. Additionally, many monitors (CRTs, and LCDs too) don't have the same ratio of native resolution and physical screen dimensions (e.g. view 1280x1024 (=5:4) on 16"x12" (=4:3) screen. So sometimes/often the nonsquareness may survive even after resampling :(

 * Finally, i've got a very constructive suggestion: we should throw some putrefying tomatoes at those standard-creators and device manufaturers, as an expression of our big thanks for that pixel ratio chaos they've created for us :)

 * Enough for today, tired, going to cool-down my brain :) See you laters. Give some response in between. ShapedNoise 01:45, 26 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Somewhat late, but to answer the original question: In theory, MiniDV should have a better picture quality than DVD. This is because the video is compressed spatially on a frame by frame basis.  There is no temporal compression for MiniDV.  DVD on the other hand, is both spatially and temporally compressed.  This advantage of MiniDV is somewhat negated by the necessity of having a low pass filter in the analogue domain to prevent the digital data stream exceeding the capabilities of the fixed data rate written to the tape.  The newer HDV format, by contrast, is both spatially and temporally compressed. 86.183.24.235 (talk) 17:38, 6 March 2011 (UTC)

History and development of the DV format
I would like to see something added about the history and development of the DV format. It also should be mentioned (if I am correct in this) that the Digital-8mm format uses the DV codec. —Preceding unsigned comment added by LexieM (talk • contribs)

It would be nice to see information about what company/companies/consortium originally created the format, since the article seems to say that ISO standardization came after original "Blue Book" development. —SudoMonas 05:02, 14 August 2006 (UTC)

I was involved in the standardisation. It started in 1990 as a cooperation between Philips, Thomson, Matsushita and JVC. Later on Sony joined. When the standard was more or less agreed between these 5 companiers all other were invited to join the DV consortium. There were many discussion on how to add new features that were not present in existing systems. In the end some features that were realised were: adding meta data (subcode),high speed forward/reverse whilst being able to read the metadata, memory-in-cassette to read metadata without inserting the cassette in a player, post-edit of audio tracks, etc.

Tape Lifetime
Does anyone know if/when the tapes fatigue? GChriss 22:35, 18 March 2006 (UTC)
 * To add to this question, a section on proper head cleaning would be helpful as well. Thanks, GChriss <always listening>  <c> 19:15, 21 September 2006 (UTC)

I guess the real question is, can the tapes be used over again without a noticable degredation in quality. If so, how many times? 205.157.110.11 01:50, 2 November 2006 (UTC)

 * At a certain point, there would be too much tape shedding of the tape surface. This was a problem with LINEAR editing I believe, from shuttling the tape around.  ME is not quite as robust as MP tape.  I don't have actual figures myself though. Glennchan 22:28, 2 November 2006 (UTC)

This is also one of the more practical differences between small format MiniDV tape and Medium format DVCAM tapes. DVCAM tapes seem to be built much more robustly and tend to lastlonger

 * From my personal experience: I've not experienced any deterioration in tapes I've recorded over 8 years ago (even though I didn't actually bother with the "winding back and forth periodically" advice). Having said this: I use tapes once only, ie. I do not re-record. However, I did not look for a formal article about this, but if we really get stuck, I'll write one :) George Adam Horváth (talk) 09:56, 7 March 2011 (UTC)

I had a minidv tape I reused roughly 8-10 times. The last time I went to record something on it, the camera's head (a Canon XL1) took a slice out of the magnetic material. Holding the tape up to light, I was able to identify where it happened by the clear streak across the tape. This obviously left the camera unable to play or record anything until I cleaned the heads. So, I would say it's ok to use a tape a few times but no more. Brock1912 (talk) 07:16, 10 April 2011 (UTC)

miniDV - DVC Pro compatibility
This item intruiges me: "MiniDV tapes can be played with a cassette-adaptor.". Now I must have missed something. I believed the DVC Pro tapes are based on Betacam shells (and therefore on domestic Betamax) which is a 1/2" tape format. So what kind of adaptor could allow a miniDV tape to work in a 1/2" mechanism? This can't be. So either I'm wrong about the shell size of DVC Pro, or this adaptor is a non-starter. Explanation welcome! Colin99 17:45, 4 July 2006 (UTC)

You are indeed wrong about the shell size. DVCPRO cassettes use the same shell design as DVCam, but DVCPRO aren't available in the 'mini' size, hence the need for an adaptor if you want to play 'mini' cassetees in a DVCPRO VTR. One cassette adaptor model is the Panasonic AJ-CS455: http://www.bhphotovideo.com/bnh/controller/home?O=productlist&A=details&Q=&sku=227684&is=REG

 * DVCPRO cassettes are smaller than big-shell DVCAM. I'll try and take a photo to replace that grotty one on the front page.

DV (miniDV) resolution again
Unlike DVD,VCD, etc., there is no resolution data included in the DV (miniDV) page. I am really an amateur. I noticed and read your technical discussion on DV resolution, but I am still in the mist - Is there simply a DV resolution of ???x??? can be quoted? or how can we compare the resolution between DVD and DV ?--Chan w 06:16, 9 March 2007 (UTC)

 * 720x480. -seinman 07:43, 9 March 2007 (UTC)

720x480 is for 525 line - 30 frame per second systems (as used in NTSC)and 720x576 for 625 line - 25 frame systems (as used in PAL, SECAM)

DV doesn't have a defined resolution. The DV format defines the coding parameters and recording format, not camera performance. The 720 is not the resolution - it is the sampling rate. The resolution is lower than this, and will be limited by the optics, sensor and processing before it gets to the output coding.

Isn't DCT intraframe compression the same as MJPEG?
The article says that DCT intraframe compression performs marginally better than MJPEG. But how does "DCT intraframe" differ from MJPEG? As I recall, a MPJEG stream simply contains JPEG images to be shown sequentially (there are only I-frames). JPEG images are compressed using DCT (and Huffman compression). So another description for MJPEG would be "DCT intraframe compression". The writer of the compression section has us believe that MJPEG differs from the compression used on DV tapes. Can anyone explain the difference between the two?

 * The differences are in the subtle details of implementation, particularly the number of quantisation tables available for each frame. This effectively means that DV has more flexibility in choosing how to compress various bits of the picture than JPEG does, which results in higher average SNR. Deeper information than that would probably be outside the scope of the article.

I believe DV has one quantisation table per macroblock, but don't quote me.

Gamma Correction
The article wrongly states that gamma (or power function) correction of (1/0.45) is used. The gamma correction applied is actually 0.45. (1/0.45), more correctly stated as 2.2, is the assumed gamma of the monitor.

DVC HD
The article says says

"DVCPRO HD encodes using 4:2:2 color sampling. DVCPRO HD prefilters the 720p image from the DSP to a recorded size of 960x720, and 1080i is prefiltered to 1280x1080 for 59.94i and 1440x1080 for 50i."

If it is pre-filtered to this resolution, then it CANNOT be called 4:2:2. The 4 in the 4:2:2 means full resolution. When Sony downsample to 1440:480:480 for HDCam they accurately call their system 3:1:1.

Compression
"The data is now compressed using one of several algorithms including Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT), Adaptive Quantization (AQ), and Variable Length Coding (VLC)."

DCT and AQ are not forms of compression as stated - neither of these processes compresses. They are pre-compression processing, enabling the VC (and RLE which the author has omitted) to work efficiently. A file having DCT and AQ applied will not be any smaller than the original.

DCT blocks
According to Keith Jack (Video Demystified - 5th Edition 2007 ISBN:978-0-7506-8395-1) DV has a special way of applying DCT to interlaced frames; each pair of (buffered) fields is compared, if they are 'similar' (low motion shift) standard 8-8-DCT is applied to the whole frame (both fields), but if the fields are "not similar" (high motion shift), "2-4-8-DCT" is applied to each field separately. The type of DCT block is recorded in the DC coefficient area using 1 bit. Sounds to me like this frame-or-field-DCT threshold will have a significant impact on interlacing artifacts ? Redbobblehat (talk) 15:39, 3 September 2008 (UTC)
 * I would like to see the 2-4-8-DCT mentioned in the article and to be explained based on the usual (as most readers know from jpeg) 8-8-DCT (one sentence: "Since video is sometimes interlaced, there are two natural possibilities to apply the DCT: 2-4-8 for action scenes and 8-8 for a mostly still backgrounds with some small moving figures"). -- Arnero (talk) 09:12, 22 March 2010 (UTC)

DCT macroblocks
According to Jack (op cit.) each DCT block covers 8 vertical x 8 horizontal samples in one of the Y'CbCr channels, and each DCT macroblock is made up of a number of DCT blocks. Due to chroma subsampling, each 4:2:0 or 4:1:1 macroblock consists of 4 luma plus 2 chroma DCT blocks. For 4:2:2 each macroblock has 2 luma and 2 chroma DCT blocks. The 4:2:2 macroblock has a 2:1 horizontal aspect ratio (covering 8x16 pixels), whereas the 4:2:0 are "square" (16x16 pixels) format and 4:1:1 has a (mostly) 4:1 horizontal AR (8x32 pixels). Redbobblehat (talk) 15:39, 3 September 2008 (UTC)

DCT superblocks
According to Jack (op cit.) each superblock consists of 27 macroblocks. So: Redbobblehat (talk) 15:39, 3 September 2008 (UTC)
 * 480i 4:1:1 = 50 superblocks in 5 columns x 10 rows per frame,
 * 480i 4:2:2 = 100 superblocks in 5 columns x 20 rows,
 * 576i 4:2:0 = 60 superblocks in 5 columns x 12 rows,
 * 576i 4:2:2 = 120 superblocks in 5 columns x 24 rows.

 * Does this mean that superblock- and macroblock-level DCT artefacts for 4:2:0 will be square but horizontal rectangles for 4:2:2 and 4:1:1? Redbobblehat (talk) 15:39, 3 September 2008 (UTC)

 * Yes. The received knowledge that "you can't key DV" mainly refers to NTSC DV and all varieties of DVCPRO, where the long, thin, 4x1 pixel chroma rectangles are very visible, and a real bind. PAL DV, with similar horizontal chroma resolution to a 4:2:2 format and identical vertical chroma resolution, keys far better (I've done a lot of it).

Photographic documentation
The photo leading this article is not good. Can't someone offer a clearer shot, without a kitschy tablecloth?

Launch Year
There was a recent edit that changed the launch year from 1996 to 1995. Can anyone confirm/deny this? --Nikbro (talk) 01:29, 20 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Can't confirm or deny absolutely, but 95 was the year I had in my head.

MiniDV vs Digital8
I still cannot get why MiniDV tape appeared? I can understand the reasoning for large DV tapes, but MiniDV? With Digital8 having exactly the same codec and just slightly bigger cassettes, what was the point in MiniDV? Why Sony created this artificial rivalry between two identical recording standards? So what that MiniDV tape is smaller, it is not VHS to VHS-C difference, the sizes are comparable. Anyone has insights on this? Mikus (talk) 22:14, 18 September 2008 (UTC)

 * Digital 8 was released in 99, and post-dates DV. I can only speculate on Sony's intentions for D8, but the cameras could mainly play back Hi8 tapes and it would therefore have made a sensible upgrade for a Hi8 user. It was also mooted at one point that Sony had a lot of Hi8 deck mechanisms to get rid of, but that sounds apocryphal to me. The real problem with D8 is that most of the cameras released in the format just weren't that good.

track widths
Track widths are mesured in micrometers, 10 and 15 for DV and DVCAM respectively, not millimeters as per a previous edit. This should not be confused with the width of the tape (around 6mm)  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 132.185.144.122 (talk) 16:06, 10 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Indeed, it looks like you are correct. Sorry for the bad edit.  But thanks for the correction.  Cheers —fudoreaper (talk) 06:42, 11 March 2009 (UTC)

Firewire is not a "feature" of minidv
I went ahead and remove the incorrect reference to Firewire being a feature of the minidv standard. Furthermore, Firewire was being incorrectly referred to as a non-linear editing system. It could be considered a source for non-linear editing.Witczak (talk) 18:32, 24 March 2009 (UTC)

Memory Chips and EEPROM
I have reverted the excision of the section on memory chips on DV cassettes. Despite the excising editor's assertion that it was stupid, they certainly did have such embedded chips. Whether or not such chips were EEPROM or not, however, is beyond my expertise. Could someone who knows better please look at that section and correct whatever errors there might be in that description? Thanks. Roregan (talk) 01:27, 11 September 2009 (UTC)

Progressive Recording
I altered the lead in sentence, as before it said the only format to record Progressive natively was DVCPro Progressive, which is no longer true. HDV 1080p got support to record natively back in 2006. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.225.216.197 (talk) 19:04, 11 May 2010 (UTC)
 * I changed it back, because HDV is not DV. If you interested about HDV, you can just follow the wikilink and read all about it, including native 1080p option. Mikus (talk) 22:59, 13 May 2010 (UTC)

Digital8 recording times
I noticed at the end of the page it indicates that 40 minutes of Digital8 video can be recorded on 1 hour 8/hi8 tapes. This doesn't seem accurate, since a 2 hour 8/hi8 tape will hold 1 hour of Digital8 video. Any thoughts? Brock1912 (talk) 07:08, 10 April 2011 (UTC)

 * PAL tapes in D8 mode can record 2/3 of tape capacity in Hi8 mode, but in NTSC it is only 1/2. 77.113.93.250 (talk) 21:28, 26 October 2019 (UTC)

Mixing tapes from different manufacturers
The citation that there is no problem comes from the very tape manufacturer that is causing the problem. Although this could be branded original research, anyone can reproduce the problem more or less consistently (so I don't believe that Sony couldn't). If you have a DV (or HDV) camcorder that has regularly digested only Sony tapes, you will not have had a problem. You can insert a tape from any other manufacturer (TDK actually seems to work best for this purpose) and you will still have no problem. Try several other brands and there is still no problem. But as soon as you put a Sony tape back in, the residue of lubricant left behind on the heads instantly reacts with Sony's (different to anyone elses's) lubricant to form a hard residue on the heads that is difficult to remove. One way of removing it is to ignore the instructions for the cleaning tape and run it through the tape drive for around a minute. A beter way is to use a proper video head cleaning stick and isopropyl alcohol, but I have yet to come across a camcorder design where this last method can be satisfactorily executed. 86.181.54.64 (talk) 13:02, 24 June 2011 (UTC)

Hidden text
The following paragraphs were embedded in hidden comments; I've moved them here instead. "DV has been designed as an interlaced video recording standard. After DV became a preferred format for low-budget digital cinema, it became apparent that filmout process required blending of fields, which caused loss of resolution and exhibited interlace artifacts not noticeable on a traditional interlaced television set. Similar issues arose when Web videos became popular, caused by inability of popular software to properly handle interlaced video. The above issues, along with desire of achieving film look, gave rise to camcorders capable of progressive-scan acquisition." "Recording time can be calculated if tape length is known. For example, standard MiniDV cassettes are loaded with 70 meters of tape. Baseline DV is recorded with 3/4-inch/sec speed, which gives about 60 minutes of recording time in DV mode or 40 minutes in DVCAM mode. Medium size cassettes are offered with tape ranging from 27 to 137 meters in length. Large cassettes can have from 70 to 259 meters of tape, offering up to 126 minutes of recording in DVCPRO25 mode." CREATE A PROPER COMPARISON TABLE FOR THESE NUMBERS S: A 65 × 48 × 12 mm cassette can hold 60 minutes of standard DV video. L: With dimensions of about 120 × 90 × 12 mm the large cassette can hold up to 4.6 hours of standard DV video. 80 minute tapes that use thinner tape are also available and can record 120 minutes of video in EP/LP mode. "Software is currently available for ordinary home computers which allows users to record any sort of computer data on MiniDV cassettes using common DV decks or camcorders. Though originally intended for the consumer market as a high-quality replacement for VHS, L-size DV cassettes are largely nonexistent in the consumer market, and are generally used only in professional settings. Even in professional markets, most DV camcorders support only MiniDV, though many professional DV VTRs support both sizes of tape." "DVCPRO cassettes are always labeled with a pair of run times, the smaller of the two being the capacity for DVCPRO50. A 'M' tape can hold up to 66/33 minutes of video. The color of the lid indicates the format: DVCPRO tapes have a yellow lid, longer 'L' tapes made specially for DVCPRO50 have a blue lid and DVCPRO HD tapes have a red lid. The formulation of the tape is the same, and the tapes are interchangeable between formats. The running time of each tape is 1x for DVCPRO, ½x for DVCPRO 50, ½x for DVCPRO HD EX, and ¼x for DVCPRO HD, since the tape speed changes between formats. Thus a tape made 126 minutes for DVCPRO will last approximately 32 minutes in DVCPRO HD." --28bytes (talk) 23:14, 30 April 2012 (UTC)

encoding / compression
The article does not explain/tell how data in encoded and/or compressed (like saying its raw PCM for audio cds); so is there such a specification ?--41.41.15.225 (talk) 15:13, 25 March 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 3 one external links on DV. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20110611113327/http://www.bbctraining.com/onlineCourse.asp?tID=5173&cat=2782 to http://www.bbctraining.com/onlineCourse.asp?tID=5173&cat=2782
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20120222044342/http://blogs.kansascity.com/tvbarn/2008/09/katie-couric-an.html to http://blogs.kansascity.com/tvbarn/2008/09/katie-couric-an.html
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ITU REC.601 wrong information.
Currently the information is:

And this is a wrong information. First of all, the whole 720 samples contain image, therefore there is no digital blanking, the image in the first 9 and last 9 pixels are overscan and are not visible, when displayed on CRT, second, 704 is the value for NTSC, for PAL it is 702 samples of active image, 52μ sampled at 13,5MHz is 702 samples. Therefore the correct pixel aspect ratio for PAL is 1,094. 77.113.93.250 (talk) 21:34, 26 October 2019 (UTC)

Requested move 1 December 2023

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: Moved to DV (video format). (closed by non-admin page mover) Reading Beans (talk) 18:22, 10 December 2023 (UTC)

DV → DV (video) – (open to other suggested modifiers, like (format) or (video format)) No primary topic for this digram. Attempting to measure long-term signifiance, searches on Google Books, Scholar, and Search all have very mixed results, including for this video format, distance vector, dating or domestic violence, Diversity Visa, etc. Hameltion (talk | contribs) 20:38, 1 December 2023 (UTC) The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * Oppose. Nothing else other than the newspaper is actually titled DV, and this does appear to be the WP:Primary topic for "DV" (|DV_(newspaper) pageviews). The other articles mentioned are rarely if ever going to be searched for using "DV", so the hatnote pointing to the dab page is sufficient. Station1 (talk) 22:14, 1 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Thanks for bringing up usage, I should've mentioned that. The video format does not seem to have a strong case there. |DV_(disambiguation)|BP|BP_(disambiguation)|PH|PH_(disambiguation)|LG|LG_(disambiguation)|Compact_disc|CD_(disambiguation) Here (see table at bottom) are some other two-letter topics and disambiguation pages: BP (disambiguation) gets 1.3% the pageviews of BP, pH (disambiguation) gets 1.4% of pH, CD (disambiguation) gets 2.2% of Compact disc, LG (disambiguation) gets 5.8% of LG—and DV (disambiguation) has 17% the views of DV. Hameltion (talk | contribs) 22:49, 1 December 2023 (UTC)
 * I agree that 17% (it's 10-12% more recently) is well above average for a dab page, but even so, 17% is an indication that only a minority of readers are not at the article they're seeking, and that the hatnote is working for that minority. Station1 (talk) 06:12, 2 December 2023 (UTC)
 * I mean, that's a really big minority relative to BP/pH... and a two-letter title ought to have a pretty strong case for significance too. Hameltion (talk | contribs) 01:38, 3 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Weak support Domestic violence has 37,825 views, Diversity Immigrant Visa has 6,482, Diana Vreeland has 6,372 and Delta-v has 5,696 compared with only 4,213[] for this one. Google mainly returns deo volente and domestic violence.  Crouch, Swale  ( talk ) 18:00, 3 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Support. No primary topic. -- Necrothesp (talk) 14:29, 5 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Support. No primary topic and to avoid confusion with unrelated Chinese-made tiny-sized camcorders bearing the Mini DV name. -- HarmonZach (talk) 22:43, 6 December 2023 (UTC)

DVCPRO HD L-cassette maximum length
The maximum length for DVCPRO HD L-cassettes has made some confusion for me. While maximum length for DVCPRO L-cassettes is 126 minutes in DVCPRO25, these can record 31.5 minutes of DVCPRO HD video. Otherwise, 32-minute DVCPRO HD L-cassettes could record 128 minutes of DVCPRO25 video? It is the true maximum length of DVCPRO large cassettes or numbering error? HarmonZach (talk) 02:30, 10 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:DV (video format)


text:
Talk:Geophagy

southeastern United States
In the southeastern United States especially tasty dirt (usually a chalky dirt with a certain flavor) is sold in local stores or sent to friends and family who are no longer living near the source of this dirt.

Is this true? Fascinating!

Are such soils available for purchase online anywhere? About how much would a sack of dirt for human consumption run? Can I perhaps order custom blends of soil if I prefer my dirt with less clay, more loam, and at least one whole earthworm in each cup of soil? Could I mix soil and milk in my blender for a tasty mudshake? Or perhaps some hot water for a good ol' cup of muddy water?

 * In case you were serious, you can buy clay to eat, try a search for 'bentonite clay'.

And kudos for teaching the new word, by the way. Next time someone bothers me, I'll just tell them "Oh, go geophage!" Garrett Albright 04:34, 20 Feb 2004 (UTC)

But is it true? About stores in the southeast selling particular local soil specifically for eating? After two years in the article without a citation, and after having grown up in the southeast without noticing soil-for-eating on store shelves (can't say I was looking, though), I'm starting to doubt it. Anyone have a source for this? Allen 05:46, 24 December 2005 (UTC)

 * No sources after over a year of discussion, so I'm taking it out. --Allen 22:10, 15 January 2006 (UTC)

 * there are some references in the human geophagy scientific literature which refer to people shipping highly sought after soils from the south to the Chicago area after relatives and friends moved north and couldn't find the good stuff up there. i've never heard of people selling it locally in the southeast of the USA, but it wouldn't surprise me.Jamiegilardi 19:24, 17 September 2007 (UTC)

While speaking of the Southeastern United States, would it not be worthwhile to refer to the 2004 Indiana U. Press book "Dixie's Forgotten People" [the South's Poor Whites ]by J. Wayne Flynt [reprint of 1979], which sights widespread clay eating among these people before, and long after the Civil War? [real red clay, as well perhaps as kaolin]. Also mentioned is a modern reference to Duke Medical Center.98.94.16.7 (talk) 18:01, 15 December 2009 (UTC)

Done! --Dyuku (talk) 05:45, 17 December 2009 (UTC)

North Korea?
I have read about people eating clay in North Korea, presumably because of malnutrition. Is this common during famine conditions in other places? --Reuben 21:58, 10 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes, there are reports of this in Africa where people not only seek out wild plants which they wouldn't normally eat during a famine, but also that they eat more soil as part of the same process. One could paint an adaptive story around this, but I don't think there's much direct evidence for a clean cause and effect.

 * That said, rats respond to nausea by eating clay in such a predictable way that the amount of clay consumed has been used as a direct measure of nausea. So facultative and adaptive geophagy is something we should really expect in highly sophisticated omnivores, including human, rather than to expect the opposite.Jamiegilardi 19:24, 17 September 2007 (UTC)

Suicide Method?
In this novel geophagy is mentioned as a method for suicide. It is said, that this was common among African American slaves. Anyone know anything about this? gbrandt 11:12, 12 July 2006 (UTC)

 * If you read the pica literature, you'll find comments like this. However, the assumption in the geophagy literature is that adaptive geophagy came to the USA from Africa and so most of what was exhibited by slaves here was more likley associated with nausea, pregnancy, gastric discomfort, or all of the above.  It's a pretty absurd way to try to kill yourself, after all, but surely less plausible things have happend in those extreme times.Jamiegilardi 19:24, 17 September 2007 (UTC)

 * I once read about a killing method where the victims were tied by rope to a tree, and forced to run themselves to death around it. It seems such nonphysiological killing methods are more of an urban legend kind than true. ... said: Rursus (bork²) 13:35, 20 January 2009 (UTC)

Proposed split
I say we should have two separate articles; one for the animal feeding behaviour, and another for the human pica (disorder). - Anxietycello (talk) 00:17, 9 August 2008 (UTC)

 * That's of course a good idea. No else have opinionated for abt. 5½ month, so: split, please!. ... said: Rursus (bork²) 13:37, 20 January 2009 (UTC)

NPOV issues
Some sentences like "In order for geophagy to remain a part of American culture, more effective marketing strategies need to be implemented that fit into modern American culture.[11]" definitely sound pro-geophagy, in more than a minor way. Definitely needs NPOV cleanup. --Fshy (talk) 19:26, 17 November 2008 (UTC)

I agree. The entire sections on Geophagy in the US and the cultural issues below it, including the remark that Western Culture conninues Geophagy through vitamins and minerals is just bizarre (It has this wierd "What's wrong with Western Culture? Dirt-eating too good for you?" vibe). It shows a strong pro-geophagy slant, and seems patronizingly dismissive of Western Culture's aversion to eating dirt, up to the point of downplaying the harmful side effects of geophagy and blaming it on racism and classism, and bringing in pseudoscientific near-Freudian symbolism. It sounds more like a pamphlet than an encyclopedia article. Also, it has only one source, Henry and Kwong, "Why is geophagy treated like dirt?", which I can't find anywhere. 72.129.250.48 (talk) 15:40, 14 June 2009 (UTC)

''Why isn't this bacteria mentioned? http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus_cereus This is a key form of food poisoning that's taught in food industry OHS, especially in regard to washing root vegetables- surprised no-one has mentioned it. Also the entire article feels very weird and positively biased, more like a creepy personal page than an encyclopedia article.'' —Preceding unsigned comment added by 150.203.239.233 (talk) 13:41, 23 July 2009 (UTC)

Added an NPOV tag to the article for the aforementioned reasons--Vertigo Acid (talk) 07:52, 2 November 2009 (UTC)

The article also very broadly seperates "Western" and "non-Western" cultures. Do ALL the many non-Western cultures feature dirt-eating? Really?38.98.198.33 (talk) 23:35, 3 December 2009 (UTC)

Article has a serious "oh, but it's only a THEORY" theme going on re: germ theory —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.244.194.234 (talk) 04:44, 20 December 2009 (UTC)

 * Not only does this article seem to be pro-geophagy, and offers suggestions on how to make it more popular in "Western cultures", but its overall structure seems as if someone posted their a school essay; a persuasive essay, no less. It screams at me due to the awkward MLA/Wiki hybrid citation style, not to mention all the "this is how we can promote geophagy" and whatnot.  I think I will tag it on that.  —Onore Baka Sama(speak 15:25, 30 July 2010 (UTC)

 * Sure this article has a bit of bias. I don't like it myself. So go and change those bits!--Dyuku (talk) 18:40, 31 July 2010 (UTC)

Spain
I've heard that in 17th-century Spain it was fashionable for high-society ladies to drink from búcaros, jars of odorous clay and to eat the clay itself to whiten their skins. --Error (talk) 23:04, 15 December 2008 (UTC)

General reorganisation of the article
I have added some new sections, some new material, and generally reorganized the article. I also reduced the front section (as per posted request), and moved that material elsewhere. I avoided cutting anything out.

The article still remains a bit repetitious, and needs some tightening. But now the general structure is more logical and coherent.

The monograph by Laufer,

remains an excellent source of anthropological and historical evidence on Geophagy. A lot more material can be quoted from there.

There are also huge amounts of material on animal geophagy that can be added (I'll try to add some later, myself).

As for splitting the article, it can be easily done, but first more evidence needs to be added for animal geophagy.

Also, some more can be added on different types of earths being consumed (Laufer is good for that evidence).

More help is needed for this article!

Cheers -- Dyuku (talk) 05:58, 21 May 2009 (UTC)

Mud cake
Mudcake and Mud cake both redirect here and I'm not sure that's such a good idea. Mud cake can be a synonym for Mud pie or just a simple chocolate cake, none of which have anything to do with Geophagy... and somehow I imagine that largely, people will expect to find information on the non-geophagy variant? But I really don't know. What is more wide-spread? -pinkgothic (talk) 17:30, 17 June 2010 (UTC)

 * Amen. I was looking for an article about the australian dessert, but was redirected to this. 95.96.74.161 (talk) 09:15, 26 September 2010 (UTC)

 * There doesn't seem to be an article on the Australian dessert (or I have yet to find it), but I went ahead and made a disambiguation page out of Mud cake and turned Mudcake into a redirect to that. -pinkgothic (talk) 08:25, 4 August 2011 (UTC)

Contaminated Sikor Clay
http://www.dmu.ac.uk/news_events/news/current/110131_Sikor.jsp reports on research at De Montfort University, Leicester, into baked clay imported for geophagy. It found the clay to be highly contaminated and highlights the risks of eating material of unknown composition.Gowervale (talk) 20:33, 31 January 2011 (UTC)

Allen Domenico (of Human Geography course backgrounds)
Does anyone know what this refers to. Have not been able to find any reference elsewhere. It was included as a minor edit but does not meet the criteria on the How to Edit a Page page. Afrocatz, I couldn't find a way to contact you direct to let you know. Gowervale (talk) 20:03, 3 February 2011 (UTC)

Geophagy in Animals
Geophagic soils (often found in “salt licks”) vary in composition, but are generally high in clay content (and low in much coarser sand). These soils are often red due to Fe2+ changing to Fe3+. The soils are generally older and thus more eroded. Animals do not seem to consume topsoil. It must also be noted that such soils have a biotic component, as they contain viruses, bacteria and fungi. Geophagy occurs widely and variably in the animal kingdom. The habit can be found in animals with diverse dietary patterns (carnivores, omnivores, herbivores) and of diverse phylogenetic clades (parrots and humans are both relatively well studied ‘practitioners’ of geophagy). The hypotheses for the presence of geophagy in animals are numerous: mechanical enhancement of digestion, acid buffering capacity, mineral supplementation, adsorption of dietary toxins, and gastrointestinal cytoprotection (Duffey,et al 1999)[1]. Evidence has been found to support all or most of these postulates, though studies are still relatively few, and the focus has been primarily set on mammalian geophagy (though there has been an apparent increase in the study of avian geophagy, especially among parrots).

Hypotheses
One of the most popular explanations for geophagy in animals is that the consumption of clay and soil provides nutritional benefits. Some macronutrients present in soil include nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium and potassium, which are all essential for life. These nutrients have a high concentration in areas of the tropical rainforest called mineral licks. Species such as Tapirs and bats visit these licks to consume soil that is extremely rich in nutrients like sodium, calcium and zinc. These licks are an easy way of obtaining nutrients needed for survival without expending energy by looking for to hunting food. Animals tend to revisit the same licks. Despite the designation “salt lick” geophagic soil patches are not simply (or rather, singularly) a means for animals to bolster dietary sodium. Some cases even indicate that mineral supplementation is an unimportant (or secondarily important) reason for animal visitation of a salt lick. One study shows that in some kinds of parrots the salt licks visited show little in the way of mineral supplements (mineral levels are not significantly higher than the levels found in typical parrot diet) or in ability to buffer. Also, the sodium concentration was too low for detection by parrots. Instead the soil seemed to valuable for its cation exchange capabilities. This capability allows for the adsorption of secondary plants compounds and thus can act to remove potential toxins consumed by the bird (Duffey et al 1999). Several studies corroborate this (Klaus et al 1998)[2] but the traits found in these parrots and their salt licks are not universal among all animals or even among all parrots. Large mammals in Tanzania, for example, use salt licks in part for sodium but perhaps more importantly for other supplementary minerals (molibdinum, selenium, cobalt) (Mills et al 2007)[3]. Lick locations have been found to correspond to the dietary deficiencies of local populations (Valdes-Pena 20080[4]. Variation has also been found to exist in use of varying salt licks by different members of an animal population, based on such factors as age and gender. For example, female baboons will often consume soils from iron rich licks which are typically ignored by other baboons, when that female is pregnant (Pebsworth et al 2012)[5]. Balancing pH in the stomach is another hypothesis behind soil consumption in animals. The levels of soil acidity can vary from one area to another and animals will travel to various environments to visit these licks. Recent studies to support this hypothesis were done on mammals such as masked titi monkeys and whether their consumption of soil helped to level out internal pH (2). Similarities in consumed ant mound soil indicate this may not be the (at least sole) purpose of geophagy in these animals.

Geography and Characteristics
Geophagy has been observed in a vast and diverse array of geographical areas across the globe. Major known mineral licks are found in humid forests of western Amazonia .Specific regions of research and observational study include but are not limited to southern Peru, the southeastern Colombian Amazon and multiple sites throughout Brazil. The origins and features of mineral licks vary around the world because of different properties found in the different soils. Generally the licks contain higher concentrations of many minerals including sodium, magnesium, phosphate, boron, calcium and sulfur. The pH of these licks usually range from 7 to 8, which is higher than the average non-lick soils that remain at a pH of 3.5 to 5. While the nutrients and their chemical composition that make up the mineral lick are an important factor in finding these mineral licks the actually geographical features are also a clue on where mineral licks will be located. For instance in areas of high rainfall mineral licks are less likely to be found because of increased soil leeching. Licks have been classified based on their location. These include upland licks, low bajjial licks, high bajial licks and riverbank licks. Upland licks are found relatively close to the headwater of creeks and can be as far as 5,400-meter away from the riverbank and further into the upland forest. The elevation of the upland licks ranged from 92 to 116 meters. Low bajial licks are located about 400 meters away from the riverbank low flooded plains where there is little drainage. They are only present during the drier months because on the days of heavy rain a lot of the elements become leeched. On the other hand High bajial licks are established in areas much closer to the riverbank, about 161 meters. They are flooded for short periods of times because of their vicinity to the river. Riverbank licks are more difficult to observe and fine because they spend a majority of the year underwater but mineral licks are still present during certain times of the year. Also another feature that points to a mineral lick friendly environment is very little or scattered vegetation. Mineral licks will be found in areas where there are few shrubs or ferns and palms.

Examples in the Animal Kingdom
There have been many documentations of geophagy amongst New World Monkeys. Most of the behavior recorded has been with Howler monkeys (genus Alouatta) in the eastern Brazilian Amazonia. They were seen to ingest soils enriched with Ca, Na and organic carbon rather than just usual soils on the forest floor. They found that the feeding habitats of the howler monkeys on soils and mineral licks increased at the transitions between the wet to dry seasons. This may be due to a peak in the nutrients or maybe even a peak in nutritional requirement.[6] Though primarily studied in mammals, geophagy in birds has increasingly become the focus of research. For example, numerous New Guinea birds have been documented practicing geophagy. Different species of parrots and pigeons are amongst the types of birds that have been seen to eat soil in areas where landslides have occurred recently. These landslides bring up nutrients that may have been dug under other layers making them difficult to get to but once they are uncovered it is very beneficial to these birds. Different times of the day attract different species such as parrots visiting early in the morning compared to some pigeons later at night. The soil in this area was tested to contain over fourteen minerals which are needed for many of these species survival. There was a study done in Peru on Amazon rainforest parrots. Peruvian parrot species are a hot tourist attraction throughout the year. These parrots have a very particular taste in dirt and were found to be consuming the dirt along the bank of the Manu River in an area only one meter in width. Because this area is out of the way, there clearly must have been a motive for these parrots to stray away from the group. Whether it was due to specific nutrients present in these soils or for some other source needed for the bird to thrive. Some researchers have suggested the purpose of these birds consuming soil is based on the fact that they don't posses teeth and can grind up the soil in their gizzards. If there are nutrients that are needed in the soil, their bodies are equipped to absorb those nutrients once they have been separated from the soil. [7]

Move
At Category:Pica (disorder), this is the only article listed as a phagy rather than a phagia. Per the discussion at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Medicine, I propose to move this article to Geophagia. Sandy Georgia (Talk) 21:04, 12 February 2015 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Geophagy


text:
Group Sense PDA

Group Sense PDA Limited (GSPDA) sehk: 601 is a Chinese manufacturer of personal digital assistants and smartphones. GSPDA is owned by Group Sense and is based in Hong Kong. One of its product lines is the Xplore series of personal digital assistants.

It was revealed during July 2008 that GSPDA had removed references to its Palm OS Xplore devices from its websites. Also purged were details of Jasper, a Java-based device powered by a platform from SavaJe.

Product List
Laptops—OS Gps Games
 * Xplore G18—Palm OS 4.1
 * Xplore G88—Palm OS 4.1
 * Xplore M28—Palm OS 5.4
 * Xplore M68—Palm OS 5.4
 * Xplore M98—Palm OS 5.4
 * Xplore M70—Palm OS 5.4
 * Mobile phones—3G

title: Group Sense PDA


text:
Fraction (disambiguation)

A fraction is one or more equal parts of something.

Fraction may also refer to:
 * Fraction (chemistry), a quantity of a substance collected by fractionation
 * Fraction (floating point number), an (ambiguous) term sometimes used to specify a part of a floating point number
 * Fraction (politics), a subgroup within a parliamentary party
 * Fraction (radiation therapy), one unit of treatment of the total radiation dose of radiation therapy that is split into multiple treatment sessions
 * Fraction (religion), the ceremonial act of breaking the bread during Christian Communion

People with the surname

 * Matt Fraction, a comic book author

title: Fraction (disambiguation)


text:
Talk:Fraction (disambiguation)

(Most of the "fraction" page has now moved to fraction (mathematics). Consequently, much of the talk below refers to that page, and should be continued there if it concerns issues that are no more detailed here.)

Expansion and disambiguation
This latest expansion of the article goes just a little too far in places. Some of the information - e.g. on lowest common denominator - should be on the rational fraction page, not here. Why? Because this is a disambiguation page. Paul Beardsell 13:42, 20 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Why is this a disambiguation page? I came here by numerator and denominator and was rather disappointed by what I found. It does not deal with obvious fractions such as 0.33333333... or many of the points raised in Whatlinkshere target=Fraction, and cannot unless it turns into a more complete article. 20 Feb 2004 (UTC)

As the disambiguation message says: Go back and fix the links! Go to numerator and denominator and point to vulgar fraction or to rational number. It doesn't have to be a disambiguation page. But it was one before you added your extra info (much of it useful and retained). But disambiguation is needed! But the stuff I culled is not suitable for a disambiguation page: Its proper home is in the pages linked to from the disambiguation page. The 20 month old rational fraction page is merely a recipe book for performing arithmetic on fractions. I reckon it should be moved to vulgar fraction arithmetic. What do you think? The current situation is not ideal. I am trying to improve it. Unfortunately it has to be done incrementally. Paul Beardsell 14:41, 20 Feb 2004 (UTC)

I have an idea: Take all the vulgar fraction stuff off to a new vulgar fraction page. Left here will be disambiguation between common usage of fraction, a link to vulgar fraction with all the sub-categories quickly named but not explained. Also left here would be a link to partial fractions. Numerator and denominaor can then reference vulgar fraction. Paul Beardsell 14:47, 20 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * I felt it was really time to really disambiguate: As there are even meanings of "fraction" that do not concern mathematics at all, it is no longer justified to leave them at the end of 20 special cases of rational numbers. I tried, however, to leave several "direct" links to the main meanings of fractions in mathematics. I hope you agree. MFH 18:11, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Irrational Fraction
see Talk:fraction (mathematics) ✅ Paradoctor (talk) 03:43, 8 January 2014 (UTC)

Markup
According to the style guide we are supposed to avoid HTML such as &rdquo;. I removed the paragraph markup from the article. Paul Beardsell 21:36, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Disambiguation
I may be biased, but it seems to me that fraction (mathematics) is much more common than the other interpretations. Shouldn't, then, the fraction (mathematics) article be moved here, and this page moved to fraction (disambiguation)? -- Meni Rosenfeld (talk) 15:31, 18 September 2006 (UTC)
 * The advantage of having the dab page here is that it's clear which articles | linking to here are linked incorrectly - all of them. With an actual article here, there's no way of knowing what shouldn't be linking here. Josh Parris #: 04:50, 22 September 2006 (UTC)
 * "linked incorrectly" One article, three redirects, that can easily be fixed where appropriate.
 * "no way of knowing what shouldn't be linking here" A WP:HATNOTE linking to the disambiguation page fixes that. Paradoctor (talk) 03:33, 8 January 2014 (UTC)

 * Per WP:PRIMARYTOPIC, shouldn't this page should really be about mathematical fractions? Maybe it would be best to switch it back after cleaning up bad incoming links (if this hasn't already been done). —Ben Kovitz (talk) 02:03, 8 January 2014 (UTC)
 * Support According to traffic stats, fraction (mathematics) has almost twice the traffic (~140k last 90 days) of the other articles combined (~80k), the lion's share (50k+) of which goes to timeshare via "fractional". Paradoctor (talk) 03:33, 8 January 2014 (UTC)

Fraction in Physics
what about fraction in physics? —Preceding unsigned comment added by محبوب عالم (talk • contribs) 19:43, 10 October 2008 (UTC)

 * Isn't that covered by fraction (chemistry)?

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Fraction (mathematics) which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 14:45, 21 June 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Fraction (disambiguation)


text:
Kathleen Kennedy Townsend

Kathleen Hartington Kennedy Townsend (born July 4, 1951) is an American attorney who was the sixth (and first female) lieutenant governor of Maryland from 1995 to 2003. She ran unsuccessfully for governor of Maryland in 2002.

In 2010, Townsend became the chair of the non-profit American Bridge, an organization whose focus is to raise funds for Democratic candidates and causes. Since 2021, she has served in the United States Department of Labor as an advisor on retirement. She is a member of the prominent political Kennedy family, and is currently the oldest living grandchild of Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. and Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy.

Early life and education
She was born in Greenwich, Connecticut, the eldest of Robert F. Kennedy and Ethel Skakel's eleven children. She is named after her paternal aunt Kathleen Cavendish, Marchioness of Hartington. She is the eldest grandchild of Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. and Rose Kennedy. Kennedy spent her childhood between the family's homes in McLean, Virginia and Hyannis Port, Massachusetts. While she was growing up, it was not assumed that the girls in the politically oriented Kennedy family would run for office. However, after her uncle President John F. Kennedy was assassinated, her father wrote her saying, "As the oldest of the next generation you have a particular responsibility. ... Be kind to others and work for your country." Her family gave her the nicknames "Clean Kathleen", "the Nun", and "the Un-Kennedy".

Over the summer of 1964, Kennedy won four blue ribbons for her "excellence in horsemanship". On August 29, 1965, the fourteen-year-old Kennedy was somersaulted by her horse while competing at Sea Flash Farms in West Barnstable, Massachusetts. She was left unconscious and bleeding internally and was rushed to Cape Cod Hospital, located fifteen miles away. Her family was en route to Hyannis Port at the time of the incident and was not located for another three hours.

She was sixteen when her father was assassinated. The night he was shot at the Ambassador Hotel, Kennedy and her two eldest brothers, Joseph II and Robert Jr., were being flown to Los Angeles aboard one of the planes in the Secret Service's presidential fleet named "the Jet Star".

She was educated at Our Lady of Victory Elementary School in Washington, D.C., and later graduated from The Putney School in Vermont. She attended Radcliffe College, receiving her bachelor's degree in history and literature in 1974. She then studied at the University of New Mexico School of Law, receiving her Juris Doctor degree in 1978.

Early career
After graduation, she worked as an attorney at a private law firm, Clendenen & Lesser, in New Haven, Connecticut, while her husband, David Townsend, attended Yale Law School. In 1982, she was admitted to the Massachusetts bar, and worked as a law clerk for U.S. District Court Judge A. David Mazzone. She also worked on her uncle Ted Kennedy's 1980 presidential campaign, stumped for local Democrats, and was hired as a policy analyst for Massachusetts Governor Michael Dukakis in the early 1980s while she and her husband resided in Newton, Massachusetts.

The family moved to Maryland, her husband's home state, in 1984. In 1985, she was admitted to the Maryland bar. In 1986, Townsend became the first Kennedy family member to lose a general election when she ran for the U.S. House of Representatives in Maryland's strongly Republican 2nd congressional district, using the name Townsend only. Incumbent Republican Helen Delich Bentley defeated her 59% to 41%.

After her failed congressional bid, Townsend went to work for the state government of Maryland, holding numerous posts including assistant Attorney General. In 1993, Townsend took a job at the U.S. Justice Department overseeing grants to local police departments and community groups.

1994 election
In 1994, Parris Glendening was running for governor in a highly contested primary against then-Lt. Governor Melvin Steinberg when he selected her as his running mate. Experts did not believe she would be an asset, but her name recognition (she now used the name Kennedy Townsend) and her fund-raising skills, helped him to win.

In the general election, Glendening and Townsend beat Republican candidate Ellen Sauerbrey in one of Maryland's closest and most controversial gubernatorial elections. After unofficial results indicated that Sauerbrey had lost the election by a narrow margin, she began making what The Washington Post called "sensational charges" that the election had been stolen. Sauerbrey's allegations included ballot box stuffing, 100% voting in one precinct, voting by numerous dead people, and what she called the Kennedy "precedent"—that unproven rumors that John Kennedy had stolen the 1960 Presidential election proved that his niece Townsend had stolen this election.

The official vote tally declared Glendening the winner by 5,993 votes out of 1.4 million. Sauerbrey hired an election specialist known for aggressive tactics then filed a lawsuit alleging that 50,000 votes had been cast illegally. By the time the hearing began in January 1995, however, Sauerbrey had backed away from the fraud charges and her claim centered on sloppy election procedures and 3,600 challenged ballots. The number of challenged ballots would not have been enough to change the result even if all of them were thrown out. The judge ruled that about 1,800 votes had been cast in Baltimore by people whose names should have been purged from the rolls, but said that there was no clear and convincing evidence that fraud or procedural errors had affected the outcome. Sauerbrey dropped the suit three days before Glendening was to be inaugurated, but still maintained her belief that she had won the election.

Sauerbrey ran against Glendening again in 1998, but this time Glendening and Townsend won by a much wider margin (55% to 44%).

Tenure
During her tenure as lieutenant governor, Townsend focused on reducing crime and promoting economic development. Under her leadership, Maryland became the first state to require community service as a prerequisite to high school graduation. Townsend's "HotSpot Communities Initiative" collaborated with law enforcement and government agencies to design and implement a comprehensive enforcement and prevention strategy at targeted high-crime areas. Her "Break the Cycle" program required offenders on parole or probation to take frequent drug tests.

During the 2000 presidential election, Townsend travelled to Iowa to campaign for Al Gore. While she was there, then-Governor Tom Vilsack proclaimed "she has a legitimate shot to be the first woman president of the United States. ''

2002 gubernatorial election
In the Maryland gubernatorial election of 2002, Townsend faced Republican Bob Ehrlich and Libertarian Spear Lancaster in the general election.

During the campaign, Townsend was criticized for her choice of running mate, Admiral Charles R. Larson, a novice politician who had switched parties only a few weeks before. Some also criticized the choice of a white male as unlikely to help minority turnout. Ehrlich's running mate was Michael Steele, an African-American lawyer who had been chairman of the Republican Party of Maryland.

Though Maryland traditionally votes Democratic and had not elected a Republican governor in almost 40 years, Townsend lost the race, gaining 48% of the vote to Ehrlich's 51% and Lancaster's 1%. Ehrlich became only the seventh Republican governor in state history. In the end, most observers agreed she ran a weak campaign. They specifically cited a lack of planning, claiming that she hastily booked campaign stops in rural areas hostile to her. The Baltimore Sun said the defeat derailed her political career, at least in the short run.

Post political career
Townsend, along with siblings Robert, Jr. and Kerry, endorsed Hillary Clinton for president in the 2008 Democratic primaries.

Townsend wrote the book Failing America's Faithful: How Today's Churches Are Mixing God with Politics and Losing Their Way, published in 2007. She also contributes to The Recovering Politician, a website started by Jonathan Miller.

She is an adjunct professor at the Georgetown Public Policy Institute, a visiting fellow at Harvard Kennedy School at Harvard University, and senior Nitze fellow at St. Mary's College of Maryland.

In December 2010, she was appointed chair of American Bridge, a new non-profit that would raise funds for Democratic candidates and causes, and that was intended to be a Democratic counterpart to right-leaning organizations such as American Crossroads and Crossroads GPS. She noted that the Democrats did not have such an organization during the 2010 election cycle, and that Republicans outspent the Democrats by $70 million. "I want to compete dollar to a dollar with the Republicans and I want to beat them", she said.

Townsend endorsed incumbent Democrat Joe Biden's reelection campaign in the 2024 United States presidential election over a third-party/independent challenge by her brother Robert.

Personal life
In 1973, she married David Lee Townsend (born 1947), whom she had met when he was a graduate student and her tutor at Radcliffe. As of April 2020, David is a member of the faculty at St. John's College in Annapolis. The couple have four daughters:

 * Meaghan Anne Kennedy Townsend (born November 7, 1977)
 * Maeve Fahey Kennedy Townsend (November 1, 1979 – April 2, 2020)
 * Rose Katherine "Kat" Kennedy Townsend (born December 17, 1983)
 * Kerry Sophia Kennedy Townsend (born November 30, 1991)

On June 27, 2011, her daughter Maeve gave birth to a son named Gideon Joseph Kennedy McKean. Gideon was the first great-grandchild for Bobby and Ethel, as well as the first of the fifth generation of Kennedys.

Maeve and son Gideon went missing, and were presumed dead, in a canoeing accident that occurred on April 2, 2020. After 26 hours, the recovery mission was suspended. Maeve's body was found in the Chesapeake Bay on April 6 and Gideon's body was recovered April 8. His body was 2,000 feet from where his mother's was found.

Boards
She has served on the boards of many organizations, and as a consultant to several corporations. She is the chair of the Institute for Human Virology at the University of Maryland. She is on the boards of directors of the John F. Kennedy Library Foundation, the Points of Light Foundation, the Center for American Progress and Catholic Democrats. She was formerly on the independent Advisory Council of the Association of Community Organizations for Reform Now (ACORN), a panel that was appointed to review the functioning of ACORN following the scandal touched off by hidden camera videos in September 2009, and the board of the National Catholic Reporter. Townsend is also a member of the Council on Foreign Relations and the Inter-American Dialogue. She is also on the Board of Selectors of Jefferson Awards for Public Service. She is on the board of directors at the Lightbridge nuclear fuel technology company.

title: Kathleen Kennedy Townsend


text:
Talk:Porfirio Díaz

ejido
I would like to see a link from "collectively owned lands" to an expanded definition, i. e. a wikipedia entry, on 'ejidos.' How did collectively owned lands vary from tribe to tribe, or state to state? How much of the ejido law was based on tribal law, how much on other, possibly Spanish or Basque traditions? How was it codified? Who was the head, minister, or director, of the rurales? Did they fall under the military, or under another department?

--J.P. Padilla-Santoscoy

 * ejido is certainly a topic we could use a good article on. -- Infrogmation 05:31, 20 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Party
Did Diaz belong to a political party? If so, what was it called and what was its official platform? Dinopup 15:42, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

In the 1860s he belonged to the Liberal party under Juarez, but when he became prez he seems to have followed his out rout, eschewing parties--Dudeman5685 02:21, 24 August 2006 (UTC)

Grito de Dolores: September 15th ? 16th ?
On Talk:Grito de Dolores, Porfirio Díaz is "accused" of changing the date of Grito de Dolores to celebrate his birthday on the same day. Is this true ? -- PFHLai 07:11, 15 September 2005 (UTC)
 * User:Hajor has a detailed answer to this question on Talk:Grito de Dolores. -- PFHLai 18:34, 15 September 2005 (UTC)

Incomplete
There is a 20 years long gap between 1853 and the begin of his first term as president. What were his activities? there is also no explanation on the time between 1880 and 1884. why wasn't he president in those years? how did he seized power? was he regularly re-elected or he changed the constitution and/or the electoral law? this article, as it is now, is seriously incomplete. GhePeU 17:11, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Some of this stuff got deleted for some reason. I reinserted a chunk - is it satisfactory? Graft 17:51, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

 * I've restored the information about his later life. Someone had deleted it back in March, and replaced it with a link to the Mexican Revolution, which is certainly not sufficient. It was apparently lost among the vandalism fixing. I'm getting annoyed with all the vandalism reverts that don't take the minute to properly restore the original information... Mysterius 21:33, 15 May 2006 (UTC)

In regards to his ethnicity, I recall reading that he was part Zapotec, not Mixtec. I'll look for that source. Palenque 06:25, 21 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I'll have to look up my sources, but as I recall he was meztizo Mixtec. Definitely not pure Mixtec, pureblood Mixtecs (or Zapotecs, for that matter) can not grow mustaches like Diáz had. He was from Oaxaca, but not particularly well commemorated there. Tubezone 06:15, 20 November 2006 (UTC)

That mustache comment is bizzare (and innacurate), just as a note. Anyways the source for the his (partial) Zapotec ancestry is in Mexico: From the Olmecs to the Aztecs (ISBN: 0500272573) by Michael D. Coe. It's not an authoritative source on Diaz obviously so it may be a mistake. Palenque 06:25, 21 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Bizaare but true, full blooded native americans, AFAIK, don't grow facial hair. You're probably right about the Zapotec thing, I'm just going from memory. Tubezone 06:09, 21 November 2006 (UTC)

I'm not sure what AFAIK means. I'm not sure about the facial hair thing either, Olmec stauettes show facial hair, as does some Maya art. Someone please correct me if I'm wrong, but I believe facial among Native Americans is rare, but not unheard of. Palenque 06:24, 21 November 2006 (UTC) I just looked up afaik :)...

As Far As I Know. Old Usenet shorthand. I worked for several years in and around the Navajo reservation in New Mexico, that's where I got the thing about no facial hair from. Pureblood Navajos do not grow facial hair, are born with a full head of hair, and do not go bald. Also, if you note, no extant picture of Benito Juarez (a full blood Zapotec and on the 20 peso note con razon) shows him with facial hair, nor do typical images of Native Americans from the era. Diaz was part Japanese (thus his maternal surname, Mori). Most Japanese folks I know can grow a mustache, but a full goose bozo Arab or Russian style beard would be pretty rare. Tubezone 07:44, 27 November 2006 (UTC)

Where did you get the information that he was part Japanese? I've never seen this suggested anywhere outside of this article. Also, there is a photo of Diaz's mother on the Spanish version of the article and she doesn't look particularly Japanese, nor is it mentioned that she is. Therefore, I suggest that it be removed unless it can be verified. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.194.72.243 (talk) 11:17, 20 January 2008 (UTC)

From what I've read he wanted to stress his Spanish blood and downplay his native Indian blood, even going so far to wear powder to lighten his skin. That would make some sense considering his efforts to make Mexico more like a European country.Saxophobia (talk) 21:36, 28 October 2012 (UTC)

Images
Images formerly illustrating this article, of possible use: Also, why is the one section entitled "...and human exploitation". I see no reference to human exploitation. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 146.186.103.216 (talk) 19:59, 7 November 2007 (UTC)

General Don Porfirio Diaz Mory did not lead a cavalry charge in the battle of Puebla...
This article mentions that the General did so, but it does not specify as to what battle of Puebla was it. There was one in the 5th of May(famous 5 de Mayo) in which the General was in charge of a brigade that repelled the French forces that attacked the land between the two fortresses of Loreto and Guadalupe. The General's Brigade stopped the French, pulled them back and then chased them despite of being ordered by General Zaragoza to hold their ground. General Diaz was praised for bravery for his contributions in the Battle of Puebla(5th of May). This can all be found in the Biography written by General Bernardo Reyes.

There was another Battle of Puebla which was the siege of Puebla later on after it had been taken by the French, in this Battle General Díaz DID lead a fiece cavalry charge against artillery IIRC.

Bernardo Reyes
Reyes did not at all try to run for president in 1899; there wasn't even an election that year. And he wasn't exiled then either. He was appointed minister of war in 1900 and became governor of Nuevo León for the third time in 1902. It wasn't until 1910 before he made clear his ambitions to become president (and he never officially posed his candidacy). He was sent to Europe so he couldn't run, but that wasn't really an exile. The most interesting of this, is that this error has been here for more than 4 years! So much for the 'self correcting nature' of Wikipedia. Mixcoatl 22:26, 11 January 2007 (UTC)

Orders and Decorations
Any information on the orders and decorations worn by Diaz in his official pictures? I recognize the collar of the Order of the Bath in at least one and the star of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus in a couple. Any other lists of what foreign awards he was given?-- Eva  b  d  15:28, 5 February 2007 (UTC)

This article's rating
I think this article should have a rating. -dogman15 01:05, 14 February 2007 (UTC)

Biography assessment rating comment
Nice article! I rated the article a B, but there still are a few remaining steps at WikiProject Biography 11 easy steps that you can take to improve the article (such as adding Persondata). -- Jreferee 22:56, 21 March 2007 (UTC)

General officer or Lieutenant General?
In the article, at the section of 5 de mayo Battle, the article asses that the militar grade General de División is equivalent to the Lieutenant General in modern times. It is not possible, becausein that time this was the major grade of the Mexican Army. The equivalent grade may be the General officer —Preceding unsigned comment added by Betoqa (talk • contribs) 04:09, 31 March 2008 (UTC)

end date of Presidency
In the infobox it states he was President until May 5, 1911. But he officially stepped down after the signing of Treaty of Ciudad Juarez, which was signed on May 21st, a few days after, on May 25. Is this either a typo or someone with too much Cinco de Mayo on their mind? Correctin'...radek (talk) 01:59, 18 January 2010 (UTC)

Introduction
The introduction of this article doesn't seem to really follow standard wiki/encyclopedic form. Why does the fact that he was a volunteer in the Reform War precede that he was Mexican? Or that he was President of Mexico? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 205.215.254.233 (talk) 00:29, 31 May 2012 (UTC)

Importance of land ownership transfers during the Porfiriato
In 1913 there were many Americans who owned stunningly huge tracts of land in Mexico that had been acquired during the Porfiriato—the 35 years of the reign of Porfirio Diaz, 1876-1911. American land ownership in Mexico totaled about 130 million acres, more than 27 per cent of Mexico’s land surface. Forty-six American companies or individuals owned properties between 500,000 and 7,500,000 acres in size. More than 100 of the holdings were between 100,000 and 500,000 acres in size, and hundreds of Americans claimed tracts of 10,000 to 100,000 acres.

REFERENCES

(1) John Mason Hart, Revolutionary Mexico—The Coming and Process of the Mexican Revolution, (Los Angeles and London: University of California Press, 1987) p. 158

(2) John Mason Hart, Empire and Revolution, The Americans in Mexico Since the Civil War, (Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 2002) pp 513-530. This list is a conservative listing of properties known to have been owned by U.S. citizens and companies. Notably omitted are millions of acres owned by American railroad companies.

(3) Revolutionary Mexico, ibid, p. 160 Texas Star Thrower 13:15, 12 November 2013 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Zambaman (talk • contribs)

Cientificos
It looks like this article doesn't mention the Cientificos, the "circle of technocratic advisors to President of Mexico Porfirio Díaz". —suzukaze (t・c) 13:41, 12 November 2015 (UTC)

lede is clearly non-NPOV
"Díaz is a controversial figure in Mexican history, with the status of villain among the revolutionaries who overthrew him, and something of a hero of capitalism in the business community. The Porfiriato was marked by corruption and bloodshed of unprecedented scale in Mexican history. Economic growth mainly benefited Díaz' close allies such as small political groups, family and accomplices government posts such as heads of army units, Mexican states as well as foreigners such as the Rockefellers, Hearsts and Guggenheims of the time. Díaz in turn would require a percentage of their tax earnings, amassing a large personal fortune. His preference for heavy investment in mining and railways from American and British business follow the same purpose of corruption. However, Díaz's regime grew unpopular due to civil repression and political stagnation. His economic policies furthermore helped a few wealthy estate owning hacendados acquire huge areas of land, leaving rural campesinos unable to make a living; thus creating the most repressive and longest institutionalized regime ever to plague Latin America with subsistence wages for the Mexican peasantry. Most mexicans indian natives were literally dying of overwork perhaps in worse conditions to the black slaves in the United States. The main result was the institutionalized slavery system and corruption that marked the country for decades. This directly precipitated the Mexican Revolution, in which Díaz fell from power after he imprisoned his electoral rival and declared himself the winner of an eighth term in office. Díaz fled to France, where he died in exile four years later. He is buried in Montparnasse cemetery in Paris."

come on, this is amateur work. making a biased wiki article takes more care than this 86.142.220.21 (talk) 04:01, 11 September 2016 (UTC)
 * Why don't you offer a sample of how it should look like it instead?Gumbi93 (talk) 19:35, 30 July 2018 (UTC)

Section on Diaz's and the Catholic Church
I'm not a member, and I'm not experienced with editing Wikipedia, but the section which says that his being a Freemason did not necessarily put him at odds with the Church is wrong. Numerous popes have stated that Freemasonry is opposed to the Church and her teachings. His membership in a secret society such as the Freemasons did put him at odds with the church.

I hope someone does edit this. Thanks! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 104.246.58.94 (talk) 04:43, 22 November 2016 (UTC)

Controversy with Spanish wiki
I don't know Spanish, but Google helps, and I can compare articles in English and Spanish wikis. There is one controversy, regarding his age of entering the seminary:

1. English: "Díaz began training for the priesthood at the age of fifteen when his mother, María Petrona Mori Cortés, sent him to the Colegio Seminario Conciliar de Oaxaca"

2. Spanish: "En 1843, Porfirio ingresó al seminario, comenzando con un bachillerato en artes." Recalling that he was born in 1830, we get that he should be no more then 13 when he entered the seminary.

Who is correct here? I think that Mexicans should know better their leader's biography. Therefore I believe Spanish wiki to be correct here. Sirmax07 (talk) 12:20, 16 June 2017 (UTC)

5th of may 2015 movie
in the popular culture, i want to add that a young díaz (played by Pascacio López) plays a minor role in the 2015 movie 5 de mayo: la batalla. this is the latest portrayal in film of him. and before that, he was the central figure (though minor role) in the tv series "el encanto del aguila". which is a quasi remake of el vuelo del aguila.

is imdb an acceptable source for this adds?KRISHANKO (talk) 04:45, 10 October 2017 (UTC)
 * yes Gumbi93 (talk) 19:36, 30 July 2018 (UTC)

Socks
Underwritten and Morrister were socks. The master also uses IP. Doug Weller talk 15:02, 20 May 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Porfirio Díaz


text:
Hagi

Hagi, Hadži, or Hadzhi (Хаджи) is a name derived from hajji, an honorific title given to a Muslim person who has successfully completed the Hajj to Mecca, which was later adopted by Christian peoples as a word for pilgrim.

Surname

 * Dimitri Atanasescu Hagi Sterjio (1836–1907), Aromanian teacher at the first Romanian school in the Balkans for the Aromanians
 * Gheorghe Hagi (1965–), Romanian footballer and manager
 * Kira Hagi (1996–), daughter of Gheorghe Hagi and Romanian actress
 * Ianis Hagi (1998–), son of Gheorghe Hagi and Romanian footballer
 * Jovan Hadži (1884–1972), zoologist
 * Yordan Hadzhikonstantinov-Dzhinot (1818–1882), Bulgarian teacher and author
 * Mihali Adami Hagi (1754–1825), Aromanian scholar, better known as Daniel Moscopolites

Given name

 * Hadzhi Dimitar, (1840–1868), Bulgarian revolutionary
 * Hadzhi Hristo (1821-1829), Bulgarian revolutionary (bg)
 * Hadži Mustafa Pasha (1733—1801), Ottoman commander
 * Hadži-Prodan (1760–1825), Serbian voivode

Other

 * Japanese bush clover or Lespedeza
 * Hagi, Yamaguchi, a city in Japan
 * Hagi ware, a type of pottery originating in Hagi
 * Japanese destroyer Hagi

title: Hagi


text:
Hikari

Hikari (ひかり) may refer to:

Places

 * Hikari Station, a station on Sanyō Main Line in Hikari, Yamaguchi
 * Hikari, Chiba, a former town in Sousa District, Chiba, Japan
 * Hikari, Yamaguchi, a city in Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan

People

 * Hikari (name), people and characters with the name
 * Hikari (director), a writer, director and producer.

Film and TV

 * Radiance (2017 film), original title Hikari
 * Hikari TV, IPTV provider and production company

Music

 * Hikari (Maaya Uchida album)
 * Hikari (Sid album)
 * Hikari (Oceans Ate Alaska album), or the title song by Oceans Ate Alaska, 2017
 * "Hikari" (Mai Hoshimura song), a 2008 song by Mai Hoshimura
 * "Hikari" (Hikaru Utada song), a 2001 song by Hikaru Utada
 * "Hikari", a 2006 song by Yui Horie
 * "Hikari", a 2007 song by Nujabes and Substantial
 * "Hikari", a 2012 song by BT from If the Stars Are Eternal So Are You and I
 * "Hikari" (Pentagon song), a 2017 song by Pentagon

Other uses

 * Hikari (company), a brand of flake-style fish food
 * Hikari danio, a species of danio fish in Burma
 * Hikari Sentai Maskman, the 11th entry of the Sentai Series
 * Hikari (train), a train service running on the Tōkaidō/Sanyō Shinkansen in Japan
 * Nakajima Hikari, a family of radial aircraft engines
 * A type of card in the hanafuda game Koi-Koi

title: Hikari


text:
Nagato

Nagato may refer to:

Places

 * Nagato, Yamaguchi, a city in Yamaguchi prefecture, Japan
 * Nagato, Nagano, a town in Nagano prefecture, Japan
 * Nagato Province, one of the old provinces of Japan

People with the surname

 * Daiko Nagato (長戸 大幸), Japanese record producer, music arranger, writer and composer
 * Hiroyuki Nagato, Japanese actor

Fictional characters:
 * Yuki Nagato, a character in the Haruhi Suzumiya series
 * Nagato or Pain (Naruto), an antagonist in the Naruto series

Other uses

 * Japanese battleship Nagato, a battleship of the Imperial Japanese Navy

title: Nagato


text:
Onoda

Onoda may refer to:

People with the surname

 * Chiyotaro Onoda (小野田 千代太郎), Japanese Go player
 * Hiroo Onoda (小野田 寛郎), Japanese soldier stationed in the Philippines during World War II who did not surrender until 1974
 * Kazuo Onoda (小野田 一雄), Japanese swimmer
 * Kimi Onoda (小野田 紀美), Japanese politician
 * Masahito Onoda (小野田 将人), Japanese footballer
 * Minoru Onoda (小野田 實), Japanese artist, member of Gutai Group
 * Toshiya Onoda (小野田 稔也), Japanese bobsledder
 * Yoshiki Onoda (小野田 嘉幹), Japanese film director and writer

Places

 * Onoda Line, a railway line in Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan
 * Onoda Station, a railway station in Sanyo-Onoda, Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan
 * Onoda, Yamaguchi, a city in Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan
 * Onoda, Miyagi, a former town located in Miyagi Prefecture, Japan. It became a part of Kami, Miyagi in 2003.

Other uses

 * Onoda: 10,000 Nights in the Jungle, 2021 film

title: Onoda


text:
Xplore

Xplore may refer to:

Science and technology

 * IEEE Xplore, an online database of IEEE research publications
 * XploRe, a statistical software environment
 * Xplore Technologies, designer, marketer and manufacturer of rugged tablet computers
 * Xplore (space exploration company), a satellite manufacturer and operator
 * Xplore!, a science centre in Wrexham, Wales
 * Xplore, a series of PDAs by Group Sense PDA

Other uses

 * Xplore Dundee, a bus operator based in Dundee, Scotland

title: Xplore


text:
Dioscorea alata

Dioscorea alata – also called ube, purple yam, or greater yam, among many other names – is a species of yam (a tuber). The tubers are usually a vivid violet-purple to bright lavender in color (hence the common name), but some range in color from cream to plain white. It is sometimes confused with taro and the Okinawa sweet potato beniimo (紅芋) (Ipomoea batatas cv. Ayamurasaki), however D. alata is also grown in Okinawa. With its origins in the Asian tropics, D. alata has been known to humans since ancient times.

Names
Because it has become naturalized following its origins in Asia, specifically the Philippines, through tropical South America, and the southeastern U.S., D. alata is referred to by many different names in these regions. In English alone, aside from purple yam, other common names include ten-months yam, water yam, white yam, winged yam, violet yam, Guyana arrowroot, or simply yam.

History of cultivation
Dioscorea alata is one of the most important staple crops in Austronesian cultures. It is one of various species of yams that were domesticated and cultivated independently within Island Southeast Asia and New Guinea for their starchy tubers, including the round yam (Dioscorea bulbifera), ubi gadong (Dioscorea hispida), lesser yam (Dioscorea esculenta), Pacific yam (Dioscorea nummularia), fiveleaf yam (Dioscorea pentaphylla), and pencil yam (Dioscorea transversa). Among these, D. alata and D. esculenta were the only ones regularly cultivated and eaten, while the rest were usually considered as famine food due to their higher levels of the toxin dioscorine which requires that they be prepared correctly before consumption. D. alata is also cultivated more than D. esculenta, largely because of its much larger tubers.

D. alata and D. esculenta were the most suitable for long transport in Austronesian ships and were carried through all or most of the range of the Austronesian expansion. D. alata in particular were introduced into the Pacific Islands and New Zealand. They were also carried by Austronesian voyagers into Madagascar and the Comoros. The center of origin of purple yam is in the Philippines, but archaeological evidence suggests that it was exploited in Island Southeast Asia and New Guinea before the Austronesian expansion. Purple yam is believed to be a true cultigen, only known from its cultivated forms. The vast majority of cultivars are sterile, which restricts its introduction into islands purely by human agency, making them a good indicator of human movement. Some authors have proposed, without evidence, an origin in Mainland Southeast Asia, but it shows the greatest phenotypic variability in the Philippines and New Guinea.

Based on archaeological evidence of early farming plots and plant remains in the Kuk Swamp site, authors have suggested that it was first domesticated in the highlands of New Guinea from around 10,000 BP and spread into Island Southeast Asia via the Lapita culture at around c. 4,000 BP, along with D. nummularia and D. bulbifera. In turn, D. esculenta is believed to have been introduced by the Lapita culture into New Guinea. There is also evidence of an agricultural revolution during this period brought by innovations from contact with Austronesians, including the development of wet cultivation.

However, much older remains identified as being probably D. alata have also been recovered from the Niah Caves of Borneo (Late Pleistocene, <40,000 BP) and the Ille Cave of Palawan (c. 11,000 BP), along with remains of the toxic ubi gadong (D. hispida) which requires processing before it can be edible. Although it doesn't prove cultivation, it does show that humans already had the knowledge to exploit starchy plants and that D. alata were native to Island Southeast Asia. Furthermore, it opens the question on whether D. alata is a true species or cultivated much older than believed.

Purple yam remains an important crop in Southeast Asia, particularly in the Philippines where the vividly purple variety is widely used in various traditional and modern desserts. It also remains important in Melanesia, where it is also grown for ceremonial purposes tied to the size of the tubers at harvest time. Its importance in eastern Polynesia and New Zealand, however, has waned after the introduction of other crops, most notably the sweet potato.

Culinary
Purple yams have edible tubers which have a mildly sweet, earthy and nutty taste, reminiscent of sweet potatoes or taro. The violet cultivars, in particular, turn dishes distinctively vivid violet because of the high amount of anthocyanins. Purple yams are also valued for the starch that can be processed from them. Purple yam is most common in Philippine cuisine (where it is known as ube or ubi). It is widely applied for many Philippine desserts, such as ube cake, ube cheesecake and ube crinkles, as well as an ingredient or flavor for ice cream, milk, donuts, tarts, jam and other types of pastries. It is often eaten boiled, baked, or as a sweetened dessert called ube halayá; the latter being a popular ingredient in the iced dessert called halo-halo. Purple yam desserts have more recently entered the United States through Philippine cuisine, under the Filipino name "ube". It is particularly popular due to the striking violet-purple color it gives to desserts.

Purple yam is commonly confused with purple/violet varieties of sweet potatoes because of their similarities in color, taste, and culinary uses. However, like other yams, purple yam tends to have a moister texture than sweet potatoes. Purple yams also have higher anthocyanin content than sweet potatoes. They can otherwise be used interchangeably in most recipes.

Supplements, folk medicine and adverse effects
Although available as a dietary supplement and used in folk medicine, there is no clinical evidence that D. alata has any therapeutic properties. Use of D. alata supplements may have adverse effects in people taking estrogens, anticoagulant drugs or during pregnancy and breast-feeding. Some people may have allergic reactions to use of D. alata supplements.

D. alata has relatively high levels of oxalates (486–781 mg/100 g dry matter), which are associated with antinutritional effects and kidney stone formation.

Other uses
The color of purple varieties is due to various anthocyanin pigments. The pigments are water-soluble, and have been proposed as possible food coloring agents. D. alata is sometimes grown in gardens for its ornamental value.

As an invasive species
Dioscorea alata is native to the Philippines, as well as surrounding areas (Taiwan and the Ryukyu Islands of Japan). It has escaped from its native growth area and into the wild in many other places, becoming naturalized in parts of southern and east-central China, Africa and Madagascar, the Western Hemisphere, and various islands in the Indian and Pacific oceans. It persists in the wild in Haiti, as well as the United States, in Louisiana, Georgia, Alabama, Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and in Florida where it is considered an invasive species.

title: Dioscorea alata