text:
1827 in Canada

Events from the year 1827 in Canada.

Incumbents

 * Monarch: George IV

Federal government

 * Parliament of Lower Canada: 12th (until July 5), 13th (starting November 20)
 * Parliament of Upper Canada: 9th

Governors

 * Governor of the Canadas: Robert Milnes
 * Governor of New Brunswick: George Stracey Smyth
 * Governor of Nova Scotia: John Coape Sherbrooke
 * Civil Governor of Newfoundland: Thomas John Cochrane
 * Governor of Prince Edward Island: Charles Douglass Smith

Events

 * March 15 – The University of Toronto is chartered
 * First temperance society in Canada formed in Montreal
 * Elections overwhelmingly in favour of the Parti Patriote much to the annoyance of the British.
 * 87,000 people in Lower Canada sign a petition denouncing the political abuses of the Château Clique.

Births

 * January 3 – Letitia Youmans, temperance advocate (died 1896)
 * January 7 – Sandford Fleming, engineer and inventor (died 1915)
 * February 28 – Albert Lacombe, missionary (died 1916)
 * April 16 – Octave Crémazie, poet (died 1879)
 * August 22 – Ezra Butler Eddy, businessman
 * October 21 – Charles Laberge, lawyer, journalist and politician (died 1874)
 * November 17 – William Evan Price, businessman and politician (died 1880)
 * December 27 – Pierre-Alexis Tremblay, politician (died 1879)

Deaths

 * August 31 – Jean Boudreau, politician

title: 1827 in Canada


text:
1828 in Canada

Events from the year 1828 in Canada.

Incumbents

 * Monarch: George IV

Federal government

 * Parliament of Lower Canada: 13th
 * Parliament of Upper Canada: 9th (until March 25)

Governors

 * Governor of the Canadas: Robert Milnes
 * Governor of New Brunswick: George Stracey Smyth
 * Governor of Nova Scotia: John Coape Sherbrooke
 * Civil Governor of Newfoundland: Thomas John Cochrane
 * Governor of Prince Edward Island: Charles Douglass Smith

Events

 * William Lyon Mackenzie elected to the Assembly with the first Reform majority.
 * Settlement begins in Stratford, Ontario
 * A memorandum is sent by the Parti Patriote to the British Parliament listing grievances over lack of power for the elected assembly and other issues.

Births

 * January 23 – John Carling, businessman and politician (died 1911)
 * April 1 – William Whiteway, politician and three time Premier of Newfoundland (died 1908)
 * May 25 – James McIntyre, poet (died 1906)
 * October 5 – Alexander Gunn, politician (died 1907)

Deaths

 * Tête Jaune, trapper

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: 1828 in Canada


text:
3rd Generation Partnership Project 2

The 3rd Generation Partnership Project 2 (3GPP2) was a collaboration between telecommunications associations to make a globally applicable third generation (3G) mobile phone system specification within the scope of the ITU's IMT-2000 project. In practice, 3GPP2 was the standardization group for CDMA2000, the set of 3G standards based on the earlier cdmaOne 2G CDMA technology.

The participating associations were ARIB/TTC (Japan), China Communications Standards Association, Telecommunications Industry Association (North America) and Telecommunications Technology Association (South Korea).

The agreement was established in December 1998.

Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB) was a 3GPP2 project to develop a fourth-generation successor to CDMA2000. In November 2008, Qualcomm, UMB's lead sponsor, announced it was ending development of the technology, favoring LTE instead.

3GPP2 should not be confused with 3GPP; 3GPP is the standard body behind the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) that is the 3G upgrade to GSM networks, while 3GPP2 was the standard body behind the competing 3G standard CDMA2000 that is the 3G upgrade to cdmaOne networks that was used mostly in the United States (and to some extent also in Japan, China, Canada, South Korea and India).

GSM/UMTS were the most widespread 2G/3G wireless standards worldwide. Most countries used only the GSM family. A few countries, including China, the United States, Canada, Ukraine, Trinidad and Tobago, India, South Korea and Japan, used both standards.

3GPP2 had its last activity in 2013, and the group has been dormant ever since. The 3GPP2 website was taken offline in 2023, primarily due to CDMA carriers deploying 3GPP's LTE instead of UMB the decade prior and later shutting down CDMA networks making the 3GPP2 redundant and unneeded. However, as of 2024 the 3GPP2 website has since come back online.

title: 3rd Generation Partnership Project 2


text:
1829 in Canada

Events from the year 1829 in Canada.

Incumbents

 * Monarch: George IV

Federal government

 * 13th Parliament of Lower Canada
 * 10th Parliament of Upper Canada

Governors

 * Governor-General of the Province of Canada: James Kempt
 * Lieutenant-Governor of New Brunswick: Sir Howard Douglas
 * Governor of Nova Scotia: Thomas Nickleson Jeffery
 * Colonial Governor of Newfoundland: Thomas John Cochrane
 * Lieutenant-Governor of Prince Edward Island: John Ready

Events

 * January 4 – Sir John Colborne, Lieutenant Governor of Upper Canada founds Upper Canada College, as a feeder school to the newly formed University of Toronto and a home for the colony's upper class.
 * November 30 – Construction of the First Welland Canal is completed (construction to begin again in 1831)

Births

 * May 28 – A. B. Rogers, surveyor (died 1889)
 * June 7 – Joseph Godéric Blanchet, politician (died 1890)
 * July 10 – Louis-Adélard Senécal, businessman and politician (died 1887)
 * August 1 – John James Fraser, lawyer, judge, politician and 4th Premier of New Brunswick (died 1896)
 * December 5 – Henri-Gustave Joly de Lotbinière, politician, Minister, 4th Premier of Quebec and Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia (died 1908)

Deaths

 * June 6 – Shanawdithit, last recorded surviving member of the Beothuk people of Newfoundland            (b. c1801)

title: 1829 in Canada


text:
1830 in Canada

Events from the year 1830 in Canada.

Incumbents

 * Monarch: George IV (died June 26), William IV (starting June 26)

Federal government

 * Parliament of Lower Canada: 13th
 * Parliament of Upper Canada: 10th (until March 6)

Governors

 * Governor of the Canadas: James Kempt
 * Governor of New Brunswick: Howard Douglas
 * Governor of Nova Scotia: Thomas Nickleson Jeffery
 * Civil Governor of Newfoundland: Thomas John Cochrane
 * Governor of Prince Edward Island: John Ready

Events

 * Influenza epidemic strikes tribes of British Columbia.
 * Canada is divided into counties.
 * William Lyon Mackenzie re-elected to the Assembly with a Reform minority.
 * Ridout's Hardware Store, later known as Aikenhead's Hardware opens in Toronto.

Births

 * March 1 – James Armstrong, politician (died 1893)
 * August 7 – Thomas White, journalist and politician (died 1888)
 * November 18 – Michel Auger, politician (died 1909)

Full date unknown

 * Crowfoot, a chief of the Siksika First Nation (died 1890)
 * Benjamin Allen, politician (died 1912)

Deaths

 * June 24 – François Blanchet, author, physician, teacher, militia officer, businessman, seigneur, politician, office holder (born 1776)
 * September 6 – Abraham Erb, Mennonite settler and miller who founded Waterloo, Ontario (born 1772)

title: 1830 in Canada


text:
1831 in Canada

Events from the year 1831 in Canada.

Incumbents

 * Monarch: William IV

Federal government

 * Parliament of Lower Canada: 14th (starting January 21)
 * Parliament of Upper Canada: 11th (starting January 7)

Governors

 * Governor of the Canadas: James Kempt
 * Governor of New Brunswick: Howard Douglas
 * Governor of Nova Scotia: Thomas Nickleson Jeffery
 * Civil Governor of Newfoundland: Thomas John Cochrane
 * Governor of Prince Edward Island: John Ready

Events

 * A charter for a railway, from La Prairie, Quebec to St. John's, is granted; it will be the first railway in Canada.
 * Massive Patriote campaign to petition the king for reforms.
 * Male Jews were extended full political and religious rights.
 * Many African-Canadians were protesting at the time about voting rights, although these weren't granted to them until 7 years later.

Births

 * February 1 – Francis Evans Cornish, politician (died 1878)
 * February 14 – Camille Lefebvre (died 1895)
 * March 18 – David Mills, politician, author, poet and jurist (died 1903)
 * April 17 – John Macoun, naturalist (died 1920)
 * May 1 – Emily Stowe, first female doctor to practice in Canada and women's rights and suffrage activist (died 1903)
 * May 17 – Robert Machray, clergyman, missionary and first Primate of the Church of England in Canada (died 1904)
 * July 30 – Simon Hugh Holmes, publisher, lawyer, politician and Premier of Nova Scotia (died 1919)
 * August 16 – John Jones Ross, politician and Premier of Quebec (died 1901)

Deaths

 * October 26 : Jacques Labrie, physician and politician

title: 1831 in Canada


text:
1832 in Canada

Events from the year 1832 in Canada.

Incumbents

 * Monarch: William IV

Federal government

 * Parliament of Lower Canada: 14th
 * Parliament of Upper Canada: 11th

Governors

 * Governor of the Canadas: James Kempt
 * Governor of New Brunswick: Sir Archibald Campbell, 1st Baronet
 * Governor of Nova Scotia: Thomas Nickleson Jeffery
 * Civil Governor of Newfoundland: Thomas John Cochrane
 * Governor of Prince Edward Island: John Ready

Events

 * January 1 – William Lyon Mackenzie readmitted into the Legislative Assembly after being expelled
 * February 25 – The first railway charter in Canada is issued for the Champlain and St. Lawrence Railroad.
 * March – Attempted assassination of William Lyon Mackenzie at Hamilton.
 * March 30 – Bank of Nova Scotia is founded
 * May 21 – Election riots at Montreal. Three supporters of Daniel Tracey of the Parti Patriote are shot dead by government troops. Colonel MacIntosh and Captain Temple are arrested for ordering the shooting. The next day, it is announced that Tracey is elected to the Legislative Assembly for Montreal West.
 * June – The immigrant ship The Carrick arrives in Quebec filled with Irish immigrants. A few of these immigrants are ill with cholera, which becomes an epidemic in Lower Canada and Upper Canada.
 * June 20 – Eighty-eight deaths from Asiatic cholera are reported at Montreal.
 * November – 1832 Newfoundland general election.
 * December – A meeting, at Toronto, proposes annexation of the District of Montreal to Upper Canada.

Full date unknown

 * 7,800 French-Canadians are killed by the cholera epidemic – 3,800 in Quebec and 4,000 in Montreal. Meetings of French Canadians attribute the cholera to British immigrants, 52 000 having arrived in that same year.
 * The City of Montreal is incorporated. Heretofore an out-port of Quebec, it becomes a port of entry.
 * William Lyon Mackenzie leaves for England with 25,000 names on the petition advocating more powers for elected representatives, with little result. He is expelled from the Assembly and re-elected while away.
 * The Rideau Canal is opened after six years of construction.

Births

 * January 1 – David Oppenheimer, entrepreneur and 2 Mayor of Vancouver (died 1897)
 * January 9 – Félix-Gabriel Marchand, journalist, author, notary, politician and 11th Premier of Quebec (died 1900)
 * March 27 – Benjamin Pâquet, Roman Catholic priest and educationist (died 1900)
 * April 30 – Wilfrid Prévost, lawyer and politician (died 1898)
 * August 15 – Lucius Richard O'Brien, painter (died 1899)

Deaths

 * July 18 – Daniel Tracey, doctor, journalist and politician (born 1794)

Historical documents
Extensive geographical description of "Indian territories" from Labrador to Pacific Ocean (Note: racial stereotypes)

Prince Edward Island society described in terms of class and ethnic (English, Scottish, Irish, Acadian) stereotypes

Fur trading rivalry in Saguenay region makes trade of little value to any but Indigenous people, who "will soon be extinct"

title: 1832 in Canada


text:
Talk:Tanzania

Improving this article
Just an FYI, I've gotten some books from the library and will be attempting to clean this page up over the coming weeks! All thoughts/comments/help/revisions are welcome! Calliopejen1 (talk) 02:40, 4 July 2014 (UTC)

The etimology of Zanzibar's name as provided on this page is quite poor as compared to the one that can be found on the separate page on Zanzibar. Please copypaste that description here. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.206.24.162 (talk) 15:07, 28 April 2016 (UTC)

I'm very confused by this article. Mentioned is the new constitution and election in 1995, and the name of the political party and president elected. Has there been no election since then? Carter1214 (talk) 00:28, 14 August 2016 (UTC)
 * I can work on that and expand 20 years of history. Sputink (talk) 00:39, 14 August 2016 (UTC)

I want to talk about Tanzania independence, Its known that the country is a merger of two, Tanganyika and Zanzibar, now to put more details, Yes Zanzibar got independence 1963, at such it was a monarch under sultan of Zanzibar, later Zanzibar Revolution happened to overthrow the sultan, the event which was very important in creating tanzania, in celebrating their independence Tanzania has at least three dates, Tanganyika independence,Zanzibar Revolution and the day of the union, now I tried to include this Zanzibar Revolution here but it was removed, if we have to put the information about something please let put it all, no biasing please Almasimagorwa (talk) 06:26, 19 December 2016 (UTC)

Please take a look at the national anthem's CC / closed captioning in English. Someone has added CC that is inappropriate. DaLaw (talk) 21:41, 31 March 2017 (UTC)

Experienced Editors
Can some experienced editors provide some insight as to where this article needs work. I would be willing to fix or write anything. Just not sure where to start. -- Sputink (talk) 14:23, 4 January 2016 (UTC) When the UN took its vote to seat a delegation from Beijing instead of from Taiwan in 1971, members of the Tanzanian delegation started dancing in the General Assembly. You might start there. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 174.18.126.167 (talk) 19:30, 31 July 2019 (UTC)

Different PPPs
There are different GDP PPPs used in the economy section and the bar on the right. Both seem to be correct but one used the World Bank and the other used the International Monetary Fund. Should this be changed? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Hifear267 (talk • contribs) 17:14, 21 January 2016 (UTC)
 * I believe if you add "(IMF)" or "(World Bank)" it would be fine. However, Looking at other countries infobox it seems they have stuck with the IMF figures. Sputink (talk) 18:24, 21 January 2016 (UTC)

Suggestion of subsection on women
Hello, a subsection on women should be added to the section on demographics. Kind regards, Sarcelles (talk) 12:23, 13 March 2017 (UTC)
 * This article has several sentences in women, which should be merged into a seperate subsection. I would like to set up a subsection with some additional content next month.

Kind regards, Sarcelles (talk) 05:49, 27 March 2017 (UTC)

Official Language
The CIA Factbook suggests that Swahili is the official language. Does anyone have any input on that? PureRED (talk) 20:40, 9 August 2017 (UTC)

 * I do not seem to find any material that states that Arabic is truly an official language in Zanzibar. Sputink (talk) 14:16, 6 October 2020 (UTC)

Figures in Science and Technology
The figures in the Science and Technology section seem to me to be beyond the scope of this article. They are very appropriate elsewhere (in the noted Main Article of Science and technology in Tanzania). While generally I agree with the WP:BEBOLD policy, I thought I would post here before deleting content. Dbsseven (talk) 17:34, 11 September 2017 (UTC)

Knowledgeable people
I believe this is the correct name that can be found in many country articles? Thank you--SvenAERTS (talk) 14:08, 8 October 2018 (UTC)

Religion statistics
Hello, I disagree with the edits of the user, because they do not match the source that is listed. I requested on their talk page for a new source if they want to change the statistics, but they changed back again after, so I'm writing here so we can discuss it. I appreciate thoughts on the disagreement to find a solution and what should be done next. Thank you! —{{u|Goldenshimmer}}｜✝｜they/their｜😹｜T/C｜☮｜John 15:12｜🍂 04:09, 11 December 2018 (UTC)

Do you have any suggestions on the actual statistics and their respective references? Nlivataye (talk) 17:39, 21 September 2020 (UTC)

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The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 22:08, 25 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Dreamliner.gif

Long Leading paragraph
Understand that Tanzania is many facets on its importance. Human evolution history, classical history, Islamic colonization, World War, Nationalism, Environment... But having very long leading paragraphs actually confuses casual reader. --Kittyhawk2 (talk) 02:00, 11 June 2020 (UTC)

GDP
It’s been very long since the GDP both PPP and nominal has been changed and so are it’s per capita income. Do we have any new sources or updated information from the government? Nlivataye (talk) 09:56, 18 September 2020 (UTC)
 * Long? It's updated couple of times a year from IMF quarterly projections, so it's not been a long time at all. The figures are, as far as stats are concerned, up to date. Do you suggest just arbitrarily changing the figures for no apparent reason with no reference like you have over at Gabon, Namibia and Botswana to push some kind of an agenda? Don't vandalize. ChrisTakey (talk) 02:20, 19 September 2020 (UTC)

No that was never my intention. From now on I will always communicate with you here and present reliable sources and evidence before posting Nlivataye (talk) 09:49, 19 September 2020 (UTC)

Nyerere Bridge: Not a suspension bridge
The photo's description is incorrect, as that is obviously a cable-stayed bridge. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 42.98.90.36 (talk) 03:22, 2 December 2020 (UTC)

Corona virus, musicians and artists
I think we should have a separate section for health and we should cover the way corona virus is being handled by the current gvt of Magufuli and his minions. Also I think it’s unfair that we don’t mention the many musicians and stars that dominate East African scenery in the greater Swahili Speaking world; people like Diamond, Alikiba, AY, Ray C as well as actors both deceased and alive Nlivataye (talk) 19:54, 15 February 2021 (UTC)

removed from lede until referenced
" One of the oldest known ethnic groups still existing, the Hadzabe, appears to have originated in Tanzania, and their oral history recalls ancestors who were tall and were the first to use fire, medicine, and lived in caves, much like Homo erectus or Homo heidelbergensis who lived in the same region before them.[citation needed] " - This is not reflected in the body of the article, either. HammerFilmFan (talk) 16:01, 19 March 2021 (UTC)

Languages
There are more than 100 ethnicities but there are no over 100 languages spoken in Tanzania,the reference and data you used is inaccurate or out of date. Tanzanians make the most population of swahili speakers and almost 99 percent of Tanzanians speak swahili and use it as a first language it's a recognized national language and now it's a de jure official language as it was signed by the President weeks ago. Tanzania has more than 100 tribes but it's no means of identity,there's much interaction amoung tribes,they live together marry each other speak swahili and slowly tribal languages are fading and are not used or spoken anymore. Swahili is the only language that connect Tanzanians and is spoken as the first language. Warid Great (talk) 10:21, 25 March 2021 (UTC)

Very true. The 10% figure for native swahili speakers is an outrage Nlivataye (talk) 14:31, 20 July 2021 (UTC)

It depends on what you mean by "native speaker". As long as "tribal" languages are spoken, they are part of the background of every newborn individual of the "tribe", alongside swahili: he learns his community language in his family, then he learns swahili at school. In addition to this, I suggest not to use the adjective "tribal": this has nothing to do with political correctness (that I hate); I think that every culture deserves respect even if it is not recognized at an official level. I am a white European but I love Africa and its immense cultural richness perhaps more than some Africans do...--Gehadad (talk) 14:56, 5 December 2021 (UTC)

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Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
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Foreign relations section
Greats, I believe Foreign relations section section needs to be redone. I notice there are many paragraphs on relations/events with single countries, all dated (also sourced) during JK's phase. These are no longer the case for relations of today, and phase 6.

Because these things are not the case for today, I do not think they should be included on main page of Tanzania. Maybe in history section of the Foreign Relations article?

Another idea is to not have paragraphs for individual events like these in article that is rarely updated. They have been there for almost 10 years, many outdate also many years. I was looking at country articles that have FA status. In their main article they only have a summery of foreign relations.

Perhaps it would be best if this main page only we also only had summery of the foreign relations, rather than new paragraphs for individual events and each country? Cover important things like EAC, AU and UN with only 1 or 2 small paragraph of bilateral relationships. Avoiding adding events that will be quickly outdated since TZ article is not as often maintained or updated.

Many well rated country articles do not separate the bilateral/multilateral sections. If TZ had a title-3 level section I think Arusha as HQ of EAC, and seat of AU courts, and UN courts for things like Rwanda. And place for treaties. This I think would be very informative information on article readers will benefit from. Arusha is better for its own section than the outdated bilateral information.

I welcome your thoughts and ideas! I hope to take a look at fixing the section sometime soon. If I do something others think is wrong please let me know! If you have other good ideas for this (or any other) sections please let me know. It would be nice to see the article as informative of current realities as possible, and other non-current information well place in marked history sections. BevoLJ (talk) 07:37, 11 June 2022 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Tanzania's food security which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 12:03, 12 September 2022 (UTC)

Major errors in the Tanzania page.
According to the page on Tanzania the president is Kanye West?? And that it borders Texas to the North and is a country in East Canada?? 196.252.244.133 (talk) 16:18, 11 January 2023 (UTC)

lmao @ this end stat
"making it the most populous country located entirely south of the equator."

In the sense that Indonesia technically extends north of the equatorial line.

I'm going to remove it. If the OG author reverts it, I will not die on this hill.

Jondvdsn1 (talk) 10:40, 27 February 2023 (UTC)

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The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 15:25, 23 March 2023 (UTC)
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GDP
Can someone update the per capita income already using IMF or world bank updates. I once did and my edits were reversed RickyBlair668 (talk) 08:57, 12 October 2023 (UTC)

 * Under what account did you do it? I'm sure if you add a source and an edit summary, there is unlikely to be any objection. CMD (talk) 12:18, 12 October 2023 (UTC)

Conflicting pronunciations
Right at the beginning of the article our English IPA pronunciation disagrees with our English pronunciation respelling. I doubt is meant to represent the same sound as, but I don't know if either is incorrect. - excarnateSojourner (talk | contrib) 21:27, 21 November 2023 (UTC)

Pan-Africanism
The usual suspects have suggested that the Arusha Declaration underscores Tanzania's commitment to Pan-Africanism - er, no it doesn't! This kind of historical linkage to the ideological hobby-horse of the 'diaspora' is all throughout African History articles on Wikipedia. Almost like Wikipedia is serving to create the African History some Americans wish it had! There is a singular clause in the Declaration that mentions African Unity however, if you were to take for example the nominal "all people are created equal" clause (or any other) you could make an equally bogus case that the Arusha Declaration underscores a commitment to Christianity (or similar) - which it doesn't. Pan-Africanism is not mentioned in the Arusha Declaration and was known by the founders of Independant Tanzania at the time many of whom would become extremely averse to it. 144.134.56.177 (talk) 13:55, 2 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tanzania


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Fibonacci polynomials

In mathematics, the Fibonacci polynomials are a polynomial sequence which can be considered as a generalization of the Fibonacci numbers. The polynomials generated in a similar way from the Lucas numbers are called Lucas polynomials.

Definition
These Fibonacci polynomials are defined by a recurrence relation:

 * $$F_n(x)= \begin{cases}

0, & \mbox{if } n = 0\\ 1, & \mbox{if } n = 1\\ x F_{n - 1}(x) + F_{n - 2}(x),& \mbox{if } n \geq 2 \end{cases}$$

The Lucas polynomials use the same recurrence with different starting values:

 * $$L_n(x) = \begin{cases}

2, & \mbox{if } n = 0 \\ x, & \mbox{if } n = 1 \\ x L_{n - 1}(x) + L_{n - 2}(x), & \mbox{if } n \geq 2. \end{cases}$$

They can be defined for negative indices by
 * $$F_{-n}(x)=(-1)^{n-1}F_{n}(x),$$
 * $$L_{-n}(x)=(-1)^nL_{n}(x).$$

The Fibonacci polynomials form a sequence of orthogonal polynomials with $$A_n=C_n=1$$ and $$B_n=0$$.

Examples
The first few Fibonacci polynomials are:
 * $$F_0(x)=0 \,$$
 * $$F_1(x)=1 \,$$
 * $$F_2(x)=x \,$$
 * $$F_3(x)=x^2+1 \,$$
 * $$F_4(x)=x^3+2x \,$$
 * $$F_5(x)=x^4+3x^2+1 \,$$
 * $$F_6(x)=x^5+4x^3+3x \,$$

The first few Lucas polynomials are:
 * $$L_0(x)=2 \,$$
 * $$L_1(x)=x \,$$
 * $$L_2(x)=x^2+2 \,$$
 * $$L_3(x)=x^3+3x \,$$
 * $$L_4(x)=x^4+4x^2+2 \,$$
 * $$L_5(x)=x^5+5x^3+5x \,$$
 * $$L_6(x)=x^6+6x^4+9x^2 + 2. \,$$

Properties

 * The degree of Fn is n − 1 and the degree of Ln is n.

 * The Fibonacci and Lucas numbers are recovered by evaluating the polynomials at x = 1; Pell numbers are recovered by evaluating Fn at x = 2.

 * The ordinary generating functions for the sequences are:
 * $$ \sum_{n=0}^\infty F_n(x) t^n = \frac{t}{1-xt-t^2}$$
 * $$ \sum_{n=0}^\infty L_n(x) t^n = \frac{2-xt}{1-xt-t^2}.$$

 * The polynomials can be expressed in terms of Lucas sequences as
 * $$F_n(x) = U_n(x,-1),\,$$
 * $$L_n(x) = V_n(x,-1).\,$$

 * They can also be expressed in terms of Chebyshev polynomials $$\mathcal{T}_n(x)$$ and $$\mathcal{U}_n(x)$$ as
 * $$F_n(x) = i^{n-1}\cdot\mathcal{U}_{n-1}(\tfrac{-ix}2),\,$$
 * $$L_n(x) = 2\cdot i^n\cdot\mathcal{T}_n(\tfrac{-ix}2),\,$$
 * where $$i$$ is the imaginary unit.

Identities
As particular cases of Lucas sequences, Fibonacci polynomials satisfy a number of identities, such as
 * $$F_{m+n}(x)=F_{m+1}(x)F_n(x)+F_m(x)F_{n-1}(x)\,$$
 * $$L_{m+n}(x)=L_m(x)L_n(x)-(-1)^nL_{m-n}(x)\,$$
 * $$F_{n+1}(x)F_{n-1}(x)- F_n(x)^2=(-1)^n\,$$
 * $$F_{2n}(x)=F_n(x)L_n(x).\,$$

Closed form expressions, similar to Binet's formula are:
 * $$F_n(x)=\frac{\alpha(x)^n-\beta(x)^n}{\alpha(x)-\beta(x)},\,L_n(x)=\alpha(x)^n+\beta(x)^n,$$

where
 * $$\alpha(x)=\frac{x+\sqrt{x^2+4}}{2},\,\beta(x)=\frac{x-\sqrt{x^2+4}}{2}$$

are the solutions (in t) of
 * $$t^2-xt-1=0.\,$$

For Lucas Polynomials n > 0, we have
 * $$L_n(x)=\sum_{k=0}^{\lfloor n/2\rfloor} \frac{n}{n-k} \binom{n-k}{k} x^{n-2k}.$$

A relationship between the Fibonacci polynomials and the standard basis polynomials is given by
 * $$x^n=F_{n+1}(x)+\sum_{k=1}^{\lfloor n/2\rfloor}(-1)^k\left[\binom nk-\binom n{k-1}\right]F_{n+1-2k}(x).$$

For example,
 * $$x^4 = F_5(x)-3F_3(x)+2F_1(x)\,$$
 * $$x^5 = F_6(x)-4F_4(x)+5F_2(x)\,$$
 * $$x^6 = F_7(x)-5F_5(x)+9F_3(x)-5F_1(x)\,$$
 * $$x^7 = F_8(x)-6F_6(x)+14F_4(x)-14F_2(x)\,$$

Combinatorial interpretation
If F(n,k) is the coefficient of xk in Fn(x), namely
 * $$F_n(x)=\sum_{k=0}^n F(n,k)x^k,\,$$

then F(n,k) is the number of ways an n−1 by 1 rectangle can be tiled with 2 by 1 dominoes and 1 by 1 squares so that exactly k squares are used. Equivalently, F(n,k) is the number of ways of writing n−1 as an ordered sum involving only 1 and 2, so that 1 is used exactly k times. For example F(6,3)=4 and 5 can be written in 4 ways, 1+1+1+2, 1+1+2+1, 1+2+1+1, 2+1+1+1, as a sum involving only 1 and 2 with 1 used 3 times. By counting the number of times 1 and 2 are both used in such a sum, it is evident that $$F(n, k)=\begin{cases}\displaystyle\binom{\frac12(n+k-1)}{k} &\text{if }n \not\equiv k \pmod 2,\\[12pt] 0 &\text{else}. \end{cases}$$

This gives a way of reading the coefficients from Pascal's triangle as shown on the right.

title: Fibonacci polynomials


text:
1833 in Canada

Events from the year 1833 in Canada.

Incumbents

 * Monarch: William IV

Federal government

 * Parliament of Lower Canada: 14th
 * Parliament of Upper Canada: 11th

Governors

 * Governor of the Canadas: Matthew Whitworth-Aylmer, 5th Baron Aylmer
 * Governor of New Brunswick: Sir Archibald Campbell, 1st Baronet
 * Governor of Nova Scotia: Thomas Nickleson Jeffery
 * Civil Governor of Newfoundland: Thomas John Cochrane
 * Governor of Prince Edward Island: Murray Maxwell
 * Governor of Upper Canada: John Colborne

Events

 * September – William Lyon Mackenzie returns from the United Kingdom.
 * September 19 – Military riot at Montreal.
 * November 13 – Meteor showers at Niagara, Ontario.
 * November to December – William Lyon Mackenzie expelled three times and re-elected twice.
 * Royal William, formerly operating between Quebec and Halifax, becomes first steamship to cross Atlantic.

Births

 * April 22 – John Waldie, politician (died 1907)
 * July 7 – Henry Joseph Clarke, lawyer, politician and 3rd Premier of Manitoba (died 1889)
 * September 3 – Byron Moffatt Britton, politician, lawyer and lecturer (died 1920)
 * September 15 – Alexander Roberts Dunn, first Canadian awarded the Victoria Cross (died 1868)
 * October 13 – Edward Blake, politician and 2nd Premier of Ontario (died 1912)
 * November 24 – Antoine Labelle, priest and settler (died 1891)
 * December 10 – George Haddow, politician and merchant (died 1919)

Deaths

 * March 3 – James Bardin Palmer, land agent, lawyer, office holder, and politician (born 1771)
 * November 20 – Joel Stone, founder of Gananoque, Ontario (born 1749)

title: 1833 in Canada


text:
USS Cheyenne (SSN-773)

USS Cheyenne (SSN-773), the final Los Angeles-class submarine, is the third ship of the United States Navy to be named for Cheyenne, Wyoming. The contract to build her was awarded to Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company in Newport News, Virginia on 28 November 1989 and her keel was laid down on 6 July 1992. She was launched on 16 April 1995 sponsored by Mrs. Ann Simpson, wife of Wyoming Senator Alan K. Simpson, and commissioned on 13 September 1996, with Commander Peter H. Ozimik in command. Cheyenne transferred to her homeport of Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, in 1998.

Cheyenne served as a trials platform for flat-screen, interoperative sonar displays based on commercially available equipment.

Cheyenne was the first ship to launch Tomahawk missiles in Operation Iraqi Freedom under the command of CDR Charles Doty. Cheyenne would go on to successfully launch her entire complement of Tomahawks, earning a "clean sweep" for combat actions in the final three months of a nine-month deployment. This dubbed her "First To Strike". Her motto is "Ride the Legend".

USS Cheyenne was the final Los Angeles–class submarine built. Following the construction of USS Cheyenne, Newport News began preparation for construction of the Virginia-class submarine.

History
Between 25 and 27 March 2006, a series of anti-submarine warfare exercises were held in Hawaiian waters that included USS Cheyenne; Carrier Strike Group Nine, the nuclear-powered attack submarines USS Seawolf (SSN-21), USS Greeneville (SSN-772), USS Tucson (SSN-770), and USS Pasadena (SSN-752), as well as land-based P-3 Orion aircraft from patrol squadrons VP-4, VP-9, and VP-47.

In June 2021, Cheyenne shifted her homeport from Pearl Harbor to Groton, CT, joining Submarine Squadron (SUBRON) 12. Cheyenne moved to Naval Submarine Base New London in order to prepare for upcoming refueling and maintenance intended to extend the service life of the submarine by 10 years. Cheyenne arrived in November 2021 at Portsmouth Naval Shipyard in Kittery, Maine to begin a service-life extension program (SLEP) expected to take 30 months and cost $315 million. In December 2021, Submarine Squadron 2 was re-established at Portsmouth Naval Shipyard and Cheyenne was transferred to this new command. Cheyenne is the first of seven Los Angeles-class subs to undergo this SLEP and was also the first vessel in April 2022 to dock in Portsmouth Naval Shipyard's newly improved Dry Dock 1 using the Super Flood Basin.

In popular culture

 * Cheyenne is the primary subject of the book SSN by Tom Clancy, battling the People's Liberation Army Navy in a fictional war over the Spratly Islands. She is also featured in the video game by Tom Clancy called SSN.
 * In the 2000 novel Quicksilver by Judith and Garfield Reeves-Stevens, Cheyenne was ordered to fire a Tomahawk TLAM Block Four cruise missile, under manual control of Weapons Officer Lt. Miken Marano, at the River Entrance of the Pentagon.
 * In To the Death by Patrick Robinson, Cheyenne is tasked with shadowing an Iranian Kilo on a path through the Mediterranean Sea.

title: USS Cheyenne (SSN-773)


text:
1834 in Canada

Events from the year 1834 in Canada.

Incumbents

 * Monarch: William IV

Federal government

 * Parliament of Lower Canada: 14th (until October 9)
 * Parliament of Upper Canada: 11th (until March 6)

Governors

 * Governor of the Canadas: Robert Milnes
 * Governor of New Brunswick: George Stracey Smyth
 * Governor of Nova Scotia: John Coape Sherbrooke
 * Commodore-Governor of Newfoundland: Richard Goodwin Keats
 * Governor of Prince Edward Island: Charles Douglass Smith

January to June

 * January – King William IV appoints an arbitrator to settle questions regarding customs dues between the Canadas.
 * January – The King announces that he will not make the Legislative Council an elected body, as it would be inconsistent with the monarchy, but that he will favor measures for the Council's independence.
 * January – Thomas Spring Rice, the Secretary of State for War and the Colonies writes "If coming events should constrain the British Legislature to interpose its supreme authority to appease the internal dissensions of the Colony, it would then, indeed, become my duty to submit for the consideration of Parliament, some modifications of the charters of the Canadas, not however, for introducing institutions inconsistent with monarchy, but to preserve and cement their connection with the Mother Country, adhering ever to the spirit of the British Constitution, and confining within their legitimate bounds the rights and privileges of His Majesty's subjects."
 * January 23 – The Chateau St. Louis (Quebec) is burned.
 * February 17 – The Ninety-Two Resolutions are passed by the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada. The complaints relate, chiefly, to nominations of Councillors, partiality in filling offices, of which 47 are alleged to have been distributed among 525,000 Frenchmen, against 157 higher positions, among 75,000 of British origin.
 * Speaking in the House upon the Ninety-Two Resolutions, which he frames and Mr. Bedard moves, Louis-Joseph Papineau says "It is certain that, before long, the whole of America will be republicanized. If a change be necessary in our present constitution, it is to be undertaken in view of such a conjuncture as I have just mentioned. Would it be a crime, were I to demand that it should? The members of the House are all answerable to their constituents for whatever decisions they may come to, in this regard. And, even though the soldiery should slaughter them for it, they ought not to hesitate, for one moment, to pronounce for any change which they consider beneficial to their country."
 * Mr. Neilson replies: "The American revolutionists and the British Liberals contended for the maintenance of franchises already acquired; we oppositionists are reaching out our hands for freedom which we never possessed. The Resolutions can not be justified, for they favor the refusal of supplies, without which there would be no means of defraying the expense of governing the Province."
 * March 6 – Incorporation of Toronto, heretofore York, Upper Canada.
 * William Lyon Mackenzie elected first mayor of the city of Toronto.
 * March 8 – The Saint-Jean-Baptiste Society, an institution in Quebec dedicated to the protection of Quebec francophone interests and to the promotion of Quebec Sovereignism, is founded.

July to December

 * July 31 – At midnight July 31, slavery comes to an end in all British territories, including British North America. To honour this important event, August 1 is celebrated as Emancipation Day in Windsor, Ontario, and elsewhere.
 * December 9 – Foundation of the "Canadian Alliance Society" in Upper Canada at Toronto.
 * Before a committee of the British Commons, Hon. Edward Ellice suggests remedies for troubles in Canada.

Full date unknown

 * A majority of the Assembly call for Lord Aylmer's impeachment for maladministration, and invite Daniel O'Connell and others to assist them. The Council and British Canadians counter-petition. The Assembly omit voting supplies.
 * Adopting revolutionary tactics, Papineau advises wearing homespun cloth and buying nothing British, in order to diminish misused revenues. Bankstocks being of British ownership, he advises a general demand of gold for banknotes.
 * Samuel Lount elected to Assembly along with William Lyon Mackenzie and a Reform majority.

Parliaments and Assemblies

 * 14th Parliament of Lower Canada
 * 11th Parliament of Upper Canada
 * 14th General Assembly of Nova Scotia
 * 10th New Brunswick Legislative Assembly
 * 13th General Assembly of Prince Edward Island

Arts and literature

 * Song Ô Canada! mon pays, mes amours by George-Étienne Cartier.

January to March

 * January 1 – Edward Cochrane, politician (died 1907)
 * January 4 – Alexander Cameron, physician and politician (died 1917)
 * January 8 – Timothy Coughlin, farmer and politician (died 1912)
 * January 17 – Hannah Maynard, photographer
 * January 20 – William Carpenter Bompas, Church of England clergyman, bishop and missionary (died 1906)
 * January 29 – George Barnard Baker, lawyer, politician and Senator (died 1910)
 * February 14 – George Ralph Richardson Cockburn, educator and politician (died 1912)
 * March – Timothy Eaton, businessman and founder of Eaton's (died 1907)
 * March 3 – Colin MacDougall, politician and lawyer (died 1901)
 * March 8 – Thomas Christie, physician, professor and politician (died 1902)
 * March 19 – Auguste Achintre, journalist and essayist (died 1886)

April to June

 * April 21 – William Elliott, farmer, merchant and politician (died 1888)
 * April 21 – Erastus Wiman, journalist and businessman (died 1904)
 * May 7 – John Herbert Turner, politician and Premier of British Columbia (died 1923)
 * June 6 – Abram William Lauder, lawyer and politician (died 1884)

July to September

 * July 27 – Donald Farquharson, politician and Premier of Prince Edward Island (died 1903)
 * August 7 – Sévère Rivard, lawyer, politician and 17th Mayor of Montreal (died 1888)
 * August 9 – Hector Fabre, lawyer, journalist, diplomat and Senator (died 1910)
 * August 12 – William Donahue, merchant and politician (died 1892)
 * August 25 – Anson Dodge, lumber dealer and politician (died 1918)
 * September 12 – Daniel Woodley Prowse, lawyer, politician, judge, historian and essayist (died 1914)
 * September 16 – Robert Simpson, businessman and founder of Simpsons (died 1897)
 * September 21 – Désiré Olivier Bourbeau, politician and merchant (died 1900)
 * September 27 – Charles Fleetford Sise, businessman (died 1918)

October to December

 * October 4 – Ward Bowlby, lawyer and politician, reeve of Berlin, Ontario (died 1917)
 * October 13 – Louis Adolphe Billy, politician and lawyer (died 1907)
 * November 7 – Ernest Gagnon, folklorist (died 1915)
 * November 11 – Richard Butler, editor, publisher, journalist and U.S. vice-consul (died 1925)
 * November 13 – William Doran, mayor of Hamilton, Ontario (died 1903)
 * November 15 – George Anthony Walkem, jurist, politician and 3rd and 5th Premier of British Columbia (died 1908)
 * November 16 – Georges-Isidore Barthe, lawyer, publisher, journalist and politician (died 1900)
 * November 17 – George Cox, mayor of Ottawa (died 1909)
 * November 26 – Joseph Brunet, politician and businessman (died 1904)
 * December 14 – Thomas Bain, politician and Speaker of the House of Commons of Canada (died 1915)

Full date unknown

 * Joseph-Élisée Beaudet, businessman and politician (died 1910)
 * James Cunningham, merchant and politician (died 1925)

Deaths

 * May 24 – John Saunders, soldier, lawyer, politician and Chief Justice of New Brunswick (born 1754)
 * August 12 or August 13 – Peter Rindisbacher, painter (born 1806)
 * September 6 – William Dummer Powell, lawyer, judge and politician (born 1755)
 * September 8 – William Black, Methodist minister (born 1760)

title: 1834 in Canada


text:
JSyn

JSyn ("Java Synthesis") is a free API for developing interactive sound applications in Java. Developed by Phil Burk and others, it is available on GitHub. JSyn has a flexible, unit generator-based synthesis and DSP architecture that allows developers to create synthesizers, audio playback routines, and effects processing algorithms within a Java framework that allows for easy integration with other Java routines (e.g. graphics, user interface, etc.).

Although fundamentally a synthesis language (imitative of if not directly inspired by Csound and other MUSIC-N languages), JSyn has a number of powerful extensions and ancillary libraries, including JMSL (a Java update to the HMSL music specification language) and JScore (a staff notation editor and library), which adds a significantly higher level of musical informatics to the package than would normally be supplied with a set of synthesis routines. Wire, a graphical editor for JSyn routines, also allows developers to create DSP chains using a simple GUI that gives the API some of the ease of use of programs such as Max/MSP.

JSyn is licensed under the free Apache License V2.

title: JSyn


text:
The Court Jester

The Court Jester is a 1955 American historical musical comedy film starring Danny Kaye, Glynis Johns, Basil Rathbone, Angela Lansbury and Cecil Parker. The film was written, produced, and directed by Melvin Frank and Norman Panama for distribution by Paramount Pictures. It was released in Technicolor and the VistaVision widescreen format.

The film centers on Hubert Hawkins, a carnival entertainer. He is a member of the Black Fox's band of rebels (a parody of Robin Hood and his Merry Men) who are protecting the true infant King of Medieval England from a usurper. Events cause Hawkins to take the identity of an apparent court jester, who is actually an assassin, so he can spy in the usurping King's castle, where there are many people who wish to make use of the Jester for their own villainous ends. The film contains several songs (all sung by Kaye), makes heavy use of slapstick comedy and quick-witted wordplay, and is best remembered for the tongue twister "The pellet with the poison's in the vessel with the pestle; the chalice from the palace has the brew that is true!"

Though the film was not financially successful upon release, it has grown to be a beloved classic, earning high scores on Rotten Tomatoes. In 2004, The Court Jester was included in the annual selection of 25 motion pictures added to the National Film Registry of the Library of Congress being deemed "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" and recommended for preservation.

Plot
King Roderick the Tyrant, having sent Lord Ravenhurst to slaughter the Royal Family of England, usurps the throne. The Black Fox and his band of rebels rescue the true king, an infant with the royal "purple pimpernel" birthmark on his backside. They harass Roderick and his men while guarding the baby. Lords Brockhurst, Finsdale, and Pertwee convince the king to seek alliance with Sir Griswold of MacElwain, by offering him Roderick's daughter Gwendolyn in marriage. Gwendolyn objects, for the castle witch Griselda foretold a more gallant lover.

Hubert Hawkins, the Black Fox's minstrel, brings a troupe of acrobat-midgets from the carnival to replace him so he can fight, but the Black Fox refuses. The King's men find their hideout, so Hawkins and another rebel, Maid Jean, are ordered to disguise themselves as wine merchants and take the baby to safety. They meet the king's newly hired jester, Giacomo, on the road. Jean knocks him out and tells Hawkins to steal his identity. Hawkins heads for the castle, and Jean travels on alone, but is captured by the king's men, who were ordered to bring the fairest wenches to the king's court.

Lord Ravenhurst tells a friend that Giacomo is actually an assassin whom he hired to kill Brockhurst, Finsdale, and Pertwee, to prevent the alliance. Simultaneously, Gwendolyn decides to kill Griselda for lying to her, until Griselda promises Giacomo as her prophesied lover. Hawkins, unaware of both these things, enters the castle and tries to make contact with a rebel confederate. However, Ravenhurst unwittingly appears at his whistle signal, so Hawkins allies himself with him instead. Prior to his arrival, Fergus the Hostler, the true confederate, already met up with Jean, and now has the baby hidden in a basket. Jean sneaks into the palace and steals a key to a secret passage from King Roderick's chambers.

Hawkins is put under a hypnotic spell by Griselda, and in that state woos the princess, receives his orders to kill the three lords from Ravenhurst, and gets the key from Jean, but loses it back to the king. Hawkins forgets all this once the spell is gone. Fergus gives him the basket with the baby, but before he can get it to safety, Hawkins is called before the king. He distracts the king and crowd from noticing the basket with a well-received performance; Jean rescues the basket. Griselda, meanwhile, poisons the three lords' cups to prevent the alliance. Ravenhurst believes Hawkins killed them.

Griswold arrives, but Gwendolyn declares her love for "Giacomo", and Hawkins is arrested and jailed. Ravenhurst learns that Giacomo never arrived and concludes that Hawkins, having apparently sabotaged the alliance, must be the Black Fox. He convinces Roderick to rush Hawkins through the trials to become a knight so he can duel Griswold, ostensibly so Griswold can kill the jester but really so the Black Fox would eliminate Griswold.

Jean steals back the key. Fergus sends it by pigeon to the real Black Fox, but is caught and tortured to death by Ravenhurst's men. At the tournament, Griselda poisons one of the ceremonial drinks and tells Hawkins which. One of Griswold's men overhears and warns Griswold, and he and Hawkins both struggle to remember which of the glasses is poisoned (the famous "Vessel with the Pestle" routine) and end up not drinking the toast. Through sheer luck, Hawkins defeats Griswold in the duel, but spares his life and sends him away.

Ravenhurst finds the baby and exposes Hawkins as a traitor. However, the real Black Fox sends the midgets through the secret passage, and they rescue Hawkins, Jean, and the baby. Jean clubs the gate guard and lets the Black Fox's army into the castle. Threatened by Gwendolyn, Griselda hypnotizes Hawkins to become a master swordsman. He duels Ravenhurst, though the spell is accidentally switched on and off several times. In the end, Hawkins and Jean launch Ravenhurst from a catapult into the sea.

Griswold returns with his army ready to kill the rebels, but Hawkins shows him the infant's purple pimpernel birthmark. Griswold kneels to the baby, as does everyone else, including Roderick. Hawkins leads everybody in song as the film ends.

Cast
(as listed in order of appearance in opening credits)
 * Danny Kaye as Hubert Hawkins, a minstrel who steals Giacomo the Jester's identity
 * Glynis Johns as Maid Jean, a rebel captain and Hawkins' love interest
 * Basil Rathbone as Lord Ravenhurst, the King's closest adviser
 * Angela Lansbury as Gwendolyn, Princess of England
 * Cecil Parker as Roderick, faux King of England and father of Gwendolyn
 * Mildred Natwick as Griselda, a witch and adviser to Gwendolyn
 * Robert Middleton as Sir Griswold of MacElwain, Gwendolyn's betrothed
 * Michael Pate as Sir Locksley, Ravenhurst's lackey and ally
 * Herbert Rudley as the Captain of the Guard, one of Ravenhurst's lackeys
 * Noel Drayton as Fergus the Hostler, a spy of the Black Fox in Roderick's castle
 * John Carradine as Giacomo, an Italian jester and assassin, hired by Ravenhurst
 * Edward Ashley as the Black Fox, a rebel leader
 * Alan Napier as Lord Brockhurst, adviser to Roderick
 * Lewis Martin as Lord Finsdale, adviser to Roderick
 * Patrick Aherne as Lord Pertwee, adviser to Roderick
 * Richard Kean as Archbishop
 * Hermine's Midgets as Hubert Hawkins' acrobatic troupe
 * The American Legion Zouaves (of Richard F. Smith, Post No. 29, Jackson, Michigan) as the Marching Knights

(Rathbone's name appears three times in opening credits (third, sixth and nineteenth); everyone else's only once)

Production
(as listed in order of appearance in opening credits)
 * Hal Pereira―art direction
 * Roland Anderson―art direction
 * Tom McAdo―editor
 * John P. Fulton (A.S.C.)―special photography effects
 * Irmin Roberts (A.S.C.)―special photography effects
 * Farciot Edouart (A.S.C.)―process photography
 * Sam Comer―set decoration
 * Arthur Krams―set decoration
 * Edith Head―costumes
 * Yvonne Wood―costumes
 * John Coonan―assistant director
 * D.R.O. Hatswell―technical advisor
 * Wally Westmore―makeup supervision
 * Harry Lindgren―sound recording
 * John Cope―sound recording
 * Victor Schoen―music scoring and conducting
 * Hal C. Kern―assistant to producers
 * James Starbuck―choreographer
 * Sylvia Fine―lyrics
 * Sammy Cahn―music
 * Norman Panama―co-writer, co-producer and co-director
 * Melvin Frank―co-writer, co-producer and co-director

Musical score
Hollywood arranger and composer Vic Schoen was asked to provide the musical score for the film. Film composer Elmer Bernstein was hired as the assistant musical director to Schoen. The Court Jester was an enormous challenge for Schoen at the time because it was his first feature film. He was not formally trained on the mechanisms of how music was synchronized to film – he learned on the job. The film required 100 minutes of music for Schoen to compose and arrange. Some pieces in the film (also known as "cues") were very long, and took many hours for Schoen to finesse. One piece that Schoen was most proud of in his career was the chase music toward the end of the movie when Danny Kaye's character engages in a sword fight. Schoen wrote a mini piano concerto for this scene.

A pleasant surprise happened during the recording session of The Court Jester. The red "recording in progress" light was illuminated to ensure no interruptions, so Schoen started to conduct a cue but noticed that the entire orchestra had turned to look at Igor Stravinsky, who had just walked into the studio. Schoen said, "The entire room was astonished to see this short little man with a big chest walk in and listen to our session. I later talked with him after we were done recording. We went and got a cup of coffee together. After listening to my music Stravinsky told me 'You have broken all the rules'. At the time I didn't understand his comment because I had been self-taught. It took me years to figure out what he had meant."

However the producers removed this score and commissioned an entirely new one from Hollywood veteran Walter Scharf. He wrote a new score from scratch but because of lack of time, Scharf insisted he didn't want a credit for his work.

The film's opening song, "Life Could Not Better Be" breaks the fourth wall by having Kaye make direct reference to the filmmakers conducting “research”.

Audio version
In September 1955, Kaye recorded a nine-minute-long condensed version of The Court Jester for 1956 release by Decca Records on the two-part single K 166. In the simplified version of the storyline, the characters of Hubert and the Black Fox are merged, Lord Ravenhurst is replaced by an unnamed evil king, and Jean is dropped entirely. It features excerpts from several of the film's songs ("Outfox the Fox", "I'll Take You Dreaming", "My Heart Knows a Lovely Song", and the finale version of "Life Could Not Better Be").

Critical reception
The New York Times was in many ways complimentary: "No use to try to trace the story as it riotously unfolds. We vaguely suspect that proved too tiresome for even Messrs. Panama and Frank. There are all sorts of beautiful, babbling stretches of sheer obscurity along the way. But in every—or almost everymix-up, there is the all-things-to-all-men Mr.Kaye.... this story does not have subtlety. Nor does Mr.Kaye's portrayal in it have firm personality. He is just a funny fellow bounced all over the place, with surprisingly few songs to help him. The farce lacks finish—or even form. But Mr.Kaye plays it adroitly, and so do... Parker... Lansbury... Johns... Rathbone... and many, many more. The color and costuming are gaudy, and the whole thing... has the audacious size and splash about it that mark it shrewdly made for commerce. It's good fun." The Philadelphia Inquirer was enthusiastic as well: "Danny Kaye...is back and all's well in the comedy world....Kaye is just about at the top of his varied and wonderful form....The hairbreadth adventures concocted as showcase for his elastic talent and bright with invention and sly enough to make even producers of straight costume pieces of this order laugh at themselves....there are five engaging songs by Sylvia Fine and Sammy Cahn, lush sets, and costumes all enhanced by Technicolor and VistaVision, and an enthusiastic cast which backs up Danny every merry inch of the way."

The New York Post was equally positive: "This is wonderful Danny Kaye material, giving full scope to his genius for movement, sound and subtle travesty....An English quartet contributes lightly and well to the merriment. Cecil Parker...Angela Lansbury....Basil Rathbone...and Glynis Johns....But it is the comic invention, both in plot an slapstick moment, that sets this musical upon its higher plane. It's always babbling along merrily, and never does let down....This is a picture that can be recommended to all and sundry." The Oakland Tribune thought the film entertaining: "Kaye...makes comic mincemeat out of all movie derring-do that's ever been done...in a plot that doesn't attempt to make much sense, except as an all-around spoof of knights, jousting, court life and royal intrigue....Kaye sings several ditties...none of these is memorable, but the Sylvia Fine lyrics are amusing as always, especially in the patter numbers at which Kaye is particularly adept. During some of the scenes—played straight by Miss Natwick, Rathbone, Miss Lansbury, Miss Johns and Parker—I got the impression that if the action had lasted a second longer the performers would have burst into uncontrollable laughter at their own lines. You can't help but enjoy 'The Court Jester,' even if it cannot be labelled as Kaye's best movie."

The St. Louis Globe-Democrat described the film as "a large scale, lavishly mounted, sometimes riotous comedy romp....As some of his others, this one points up the two problems faced by producers in fashioning starring vehicles for the lanky star. In the first place, there is the challenge of his versatility. It's a formidable task to provide material giving full range to his many and varied talents as singer, dancer, mimic, clown, and just plain low comic. Beyond that there is the danger the comedian will be so clever that much of the humor will sail over the heads of moviegoers inaccustomed to subtleties. In the first respect, his present sponsors, Paramount Pictures, have done exceeding [sic] well by Danny....Kaye's fat and juicy role is that of a circus clown who becomes what the title says....the triple-threat [Panama-Frank] team has gone on to devise a serious of situations that give full range to Kaye's versatility." The Los Angeles Evening News liked the movie: "a vastly entertaining piece of celluloid flying the Paramount banner....Kaye isn't a comedian only....Kaye's chief asset is amazing versatility, and the variety he brings to the role....Storywise, the film is farfetched, but this doesn't matter....he evokes many laughs, and he gets some fine help from Glynis Johns...Basil Rathbone...Angela Lansbury...Cecil Parker...and Mildred Natwick....Panama and Frank...rate a nod for a first-rate three-way accomplishment."

Time magazine was certain of the film's entertainment value: "The Court Jester...is a pleasantly goofy travesty of the olden daze into which Hollywood falls so often and so profitably....When the squirrely-burly's done, Jester Kaye has managed to get the false king on his knees, the true one on the throne, the heroine (Glynis Johns) in his arms, the villain on his point, and the audience happily lost in some muddle ages that no history book records." The Chicago Tribune review was mixed: "The story strains to provide comical situations and, if it weren't for Kaye's talent, would be remarkably dull. However, Danny bounces around energetically, mugging and singing and clowning, and manages to draw a few guffaws from an audience which seemed rather disinterested the day I saw the picture. Cecil Parker, Glynis Johns, Angela Lansbury, and Mildred Natwick are outstanding....It's Danny's picture, but not one of his best"

Costing $4 million (equivalent to $ in ) in the fall of 1955, The Court Jester was the most expensive comedy film produced up to that time. The motion picture bombed at the box office upon its release, bringing in only $2.2 million in receipts the following winter and spring of 1956 (equivalent to $ in ). However, since then it has become a classic and a television matinee favorite. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 97% based on 30 reviews, with a weighted average rating of 8/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "A witty spoof of medieval swashbuckler movies, The Court Jester showcases Danny Kaye at his nimble, tongue-twisting best." Author and film critic Leonard Maltin awarded the film four out of a possible four stars, calling it "one of the best comedies ever made".

David Koenig reflects on Danny Kaye's legacy and The Court Jester, "His legacy has dimmed with the passage of time. His greatest works ... endure today only as memories in the minds of aging members of his audiences ... much of his TV work has not aged particularly well. Whimsy was of another time". However, Koenig sees Kaye's film work in a different light, "History has smiled on individual pictures—in particular the holiday staple of White Christmas and The Court Jester ... the medieval romp has steadily gained a reputation as one of the greatest comedies of all time."

Awards and honors
In 1957, Danny Kaye received a Golden Globe nomination for Best Motion Picture Actor – Comedy/Musical, and in 2000, the American Film Institute placed the film on its 100 Years...100 Laughs list, where it was ranked #98. In 2004, the United States National Film Registry elected to preserve The Court Jester for being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".

title: The Court Jester


text:
John Sandfield Macdonald

John Sandfield Macdonald, (December 12, 1812 – June 1, 1872) was the joint premier of the Province of Canada from 1862 to 1864. He was also the first premier of Ontario from 1867 to 1871, one of the four founding provinces created at Confederation in 1867. He served as both premier and attorney general of Ontario from July 16, 1867, to December 20, 1871.

He was referred to by his middle name, Sandfield, and often signed his correspondence and documents as J. Sandfield Macdonald.

Early life and legal career
Born in 1812 in Glengarry County, Upper Canada, John Sandfield was the first of five children for Alexander and Nancy Macdonald, who were Roman Catholic Highland Scots. His mother died when he was eight. Independent in mind, Macdonald twice tried to set out from home when he was eleven.

Leaving school at 16, he became a clerk at several general stores, before deciding to enter the legal profession, eventually articling under Archibald McLean. When McLean was later elevated to the Court of King's Bench for Upper Canada, Macdonald became his assistant, which allowed him to meet Allan MacNab, Thomas Talbot and William Henry Draper (with whom he would resume his articling). Draper and McLean were leaders in the Tory political group.

Macdonald was later appointed as Queen's messenger, charged with carrying dispatches between the Lieutenant-Governor of Upper Canada and the British Minister in Washington.

In 1840, while he was on one of his missions from the Lieutenant-Governor (the Earl of Durham) to the British Minister at Washington he met Marie Christine Waggaman, daughter of George Augustus Waggaman, a former Whig senator from Louisiana. They were married in 1840 and raised three children.

Province of Canada politics
In 1841, Macdonald was approached by two local conservative political figures, Alexander Fraser and John McGillivray, to stand for election for the Glengarry riding in the new Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada. With their support, he easily won election and entered Parliament, ostensibly in support of Draper. However, Macdonald at this point did not have firm political views, and once in Parliament, he gradually shifted towards the Reform group and away from Draper. In the first session of the Parliament, he supported the union of the Province of Canada and the government of Governor General, Lord Sydenham, but for the rest of the first Parliament, he consistently voted in support of Robert Baldwin, the leader of the Reformers of Canada West.

Macdonald served as a Lieutenant in the Queen's Light Infantry Militia in Toronto in the 1830s and early 1840s. On October 17, 1842, Macdonald was promoted to Lieutenant-Colonel and appointed to command the 4th Battalion of the Glengarry Militia. He commanded the 4th Glengarry until 1852 when he was replaced by his brother Donald Alexander Macdonald.

A Reformer and advocate of responsible government, Macdonald served in all eight Assemblies of the Province of Canada prior to Confederation. He also served in several pre-confederation administrations, including a period as co-premier of the Province of Canada from 1862 to 1864. It was this time when Macdonald suffered a collapsed lung from chronic tuberculosis.

Macdonald was initially an opponent of confederation, but came to accept it and became an ally of Sir John A. Macdonald (no relation). John A. Macdonald helped manoeuvre Sandfield Macdonald into the position of first Premier of Ontario.

Premier and Attorney-General of Ontario
Macdonald was elected for the provincial riding of Cornwall in the first general election of 1867 for the new province of Ontario. He was re-elected in the election of 1871. In addition to serving as Premier, he also occupied the post of Attorney General of Ontario.

Macdonald instituted several notable achievements, in addition to setting up the initial machinery of government for the new Province:

 * An Act modelled on the US Homestead Acts provided for virtually free land for homesteaders on surveyed crown lands of Muskoka, Haliburton and north Hastings, and further Acts encouraged the northern extension of railways into those areas.
 * The District of Muskoka was created to aid in the colonization effort, from townships withdrawn from Simcoe County, Victoria County and the District of Nipissing.
 * Education aid was concentrated into the University of Toronto, at the expense of the denominational colleges.
 * The election laws were reformed in 1868 to establish a single date for elections to be held (as opposed to a range of dates), and to broaden the franchise.

His government was moderate and initially a coalition of liberals and conservatives (described in contemporary accounts as a "Patent Combination" government), but suffered from defections by more radical Reformers. This group joined with the Clear Grits to form the opposition Liberal Party led by Edward Blake and Oliver Mowat. In December 1871, Macdonald's government was defeated by Edward Blake's Liberals. Macdonald resigned, and died several months later.

In the early years of confederation, politicians were allowed to serve simultaneously in the House of Commons and in a provincial legislature. From 1867 to 1872, Macdonald was also a Liberal MP in the House of Commons of Canada.

Family
Macdonald's brothers, Donald Alexander Macdonald and Alexander Francis Macdonald, were also politicians, and served as federal Members of Parliament. Donald, who served as an MP the longest of the three brothers, was in the House of Commons concurrently with both Sandfield and Alexander, although Sandfield and Alexander did not serve concurrently with each other.

Legacy
Sandfield Macdonald would be the last Roman Catholic Premier of Ontario for 132 years; not until Dalton McGuinty became premier in 2003 would another Roman Catholic assume the office. After Macdonald's tenure, sectarian tensions in the province rose, and the Conservative Party increasingly became identified with the Orange Order and sectarian Protestantism. Even though most of the party's leaders were not sectarian themselves (with a few notable exceptions), Orange Ontarians became a core constituency of the party that leaders were loath to neglect. Catholics, meanwhile, increasingly voted for the Liberal Party. While the Liberals could never be called a Catholic party, the Catholic vote became as important a constituency to the Liberals as the Orange vote became to the Conservatives.

Nineteenth century religious tensions aside, Macdonald's election as Ontario's first Premier makes his Catholicity an important historic symbol. Similarly the selection of John Thompson, Canada's first Roman Catholic Prime Minister only twenty five years after Confederation, was indicative of the ambitions of Roman Catholics to be full and equal participants in the newly created country.

Macdonald is buried in historic St. Andrews Cemetery in St. Andrews West, South Stormont, Ontario. The gravesite is marked by a bronze plaque, the first under an Ontario Heritage Trust program to honour Ontario premiers at their burial sites, similar to a national program to mark the graves of prime ministers.

The Macdonald Block Complex, a major set of four office towers which house ministries of the Ontario government, is named after Macdonald.

A statue of Macdonald stands in front of the east side of the Ontario Legislative Building in Toronto. The monument, unveiled in 1909, was sculpted by Walter Allward.

He was portrayed by Aidan Devine in the 2011 CBC Television film John A.: Birth of a Country.

Archives
There is a John Sandfield Macdonald fonds at Library and Archives Canada. The archival reference number is R3034. There is also a John Sandfield Macdonald collection at the Archives of Ontario.

title: John Sandfield Macdonald


text:
1835 in Canada

Events from the year 1835 in Canada.

Incumbents

 * Monarch: William IV

Federal government

 * Parliament of Lower Canada: 15th (starting March 21)
 * Parliament of Upper Canada: 12th (starting January 15)

Governors

 * Governor of the Canadas: Lord of Alymer then Earl of Gosford
 * Governor of New Brunswick: Sir Archibald Campbell
 * Governor of Nova Scotia: Colin Campbell
 * Commodore-Governor of Newfoundland: Henry Prescott
 * Governor of Prince Edward Island: Aretas William Young then George Wright
 * Governor of Upper Canada: John Colborne

Events

 * February 21 – The Governor's speech, proroguing the Assembly's last session, is expunged from the Journals. The revolutionary speech reduces the Country Party in the House to less than two-thirds of the members. The Governor will not sign a warrant for sessional expenses, until past payments are ratified. He prorogues the House.
 * June 1 – Official opening of the Kingston Penitentiary.

Full date unknown

 * Joseph Howe, a Halifax printer and owner since 1828 of the weekly Novascotian, is arrested for libel but successfully argues his own case for freedom of the press. A local hero, he begins advocating the kind of responsible government that is only established in 1848.
 * In the British Parliament, Mr. Stanley says there is no evidence to justify any one of the 92 Resolutions.
 * Sir Robert Peel announces that a Commission will investigate Canadian affairs, and report; but that no change of Constitution will be immediately made. If complaints as to its working prove unfounded, the agitation will be suppressed. To those threatening insurrection, he says "Our desire is to do justice; beware, then, lest your threats turn to your own disadvantage.

Births

 * March 22 – Pierre Bachand, politician (died 1878)
 * June – Richard Alleyn, lawyer, judge, educator and politician (died 1883)
 * June 27 – Daniel Lionel Hanington, politician and 5th Premier of New Brunswick (died 1909)
 * June 28 – Adélard-Joseph Boucher, politician
 * September 20 – Alfred Boyd, politician and 1st Premier of Manitoba (died 1908)
 * November 5 – Edgar Dewdney, politician, Lieutenant Governor of Northwest Territories and Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia (died 1916)
 * December 4 – Richard John Cartwright, businessman, politician and Minister (died 1912)

title: 1835 in Canada


text:
USS San Juan (SSN-751)

USS San Juan (SSN-751), a Los Angeles-class submarine, is the third ship of the United States Navy to be named San Juan, though only the second named for San Juan, Puerto Rico. The contract to build her was awarded to the Electric Boat Division of General Dynamics Corporation in Groton, Connecticut on 30 November 1982 and her keel was laid down on 9 August 1985. She was launched on 6 December 1986 sponsored by Mrs. Sherrill Hernandez, wife of VADM Diego E. Hernández, and commissioned on 6 August 1988.

During the early evening of 13 March 2007, units of the USS Enterprise Carrier Strike Group (CSG) received a series of indications that USS San Juan (SSN-751), a Los Angeles-class submarine conducting pre-deployment training with the Enterprise CSG, was in distress.

The submarine established communications in the early morning hours of 14 March, and indicated that there were no problems; hence, units were able to stand down from the search and rescue that was already well underway.

History
San Juan was the first of the Flight III or 688i for "improved" design, that received a number of significant improvements to the previous boats in the class. San Juan and all subsequent boats in her class are quieter and incorporate an advanced AN/BSY-1 sonar suite combat system. Another improvement includes the ability to lay mines from their torpedo tubes. San Juan's sail was also strengthened, enabling the ability to break through ice.

First 688i through-ice surfacing
In 1993 San Juan conducted the first through-ice surfacing for a 688i-class submarine in the Arctic.

Collision with USS Kentucky
On 19 March 1998 off the coast of Long Island, New York, the submerged San Juan collided with the surfaced fleet ballistic missile submarine USS Kentucky (SSBN-737). There were no injuries reported as a result of the collision.

Lost communication
On 13 March 2007, San Juan was the subject of a search and rescue mission by the carrier USS Enterprise (CVN-65) and elements of her Carrier Strike Group off the coast of Florida, when contact with the submarine was lost, and a red flare was spotted in her projected vicinity, suggesting an emergency. Communications were re-established early the next day when San Juan surfaced, and no problems were indicated.

Visit to South Africa
On 4 November 2009 San Juan arrived at Simon's Town, South Africa. The ship engaged in at-sea maneuvers with the South African Navy for the first time in U.S. history.

2010 overhaul
San Juan arrived at Portsmouth Naval Shipyard (PNSY), Maine, on 8 April 2010 for an engineered overhaul (EOH); for maintenance and system upgrades.

As of 2012 San Juan was assigned to Submarine Group Two. Submarine Group Two was disestablished in 2014, and San Juan became part of Submarine Force, U.S. Atlantic Fleet (COMSUBLANT).

Awards

 * Battle E – 30 September 1991
 * Battle E – 30 September 1992
 * Battle E – 30 September 1994
 * Navy Unit Commendation – 1 July 1994
 * Meritorious Unit Commendation – 1 July 1997
 * Meritorious Unit Commendation – 10 December 1998
 * Battle E – 31 December 2002
 * Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal – 31 March 2003
 * Meritorious Unit Commendation – 5 October 2005
 * Meritorious Unit Commendation – 22 November 2009
 * Battle E – 8 January 2010
 * Battle Effectiveness Award – 12 January 2017

title: USS San Juan (SSN-751)


text:
Talk:Saskadena Six

Untitled
I'm not sure whether The Suicide Six were in Lion or Tiger or Eagle weekly, but it was one of the three. I'll find out, assuming the article doesn't get deleted in the meantime. Andrewa 06:11, 23 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Early History
Who was the "innovator" at Woodstock? Alex, or somebody who copied Alex?: "First rope-tow in America was invented in 1932, by Alex Foster and operated at Shawbridge, Quebec, using an old automobile with the rope looped around a wheel rim. Similar device copied and used in the U.S. in 1934, in Woodstock, Vermont." History of skiing 148.63.234.151 22:45, 8 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Contested deletion
This page is not unambiguously promotional, because... (your reason here) --Skiracer25 (talk) 16:24, 7 June 2012 (UTC) It provides illegitimate information direct from the company, and it is not an advertisement.

Contested deletion
This page is not unambiguously promotional, because... (your reason here) --Skiracer25 (talk) 16:24, 7 June 2012 (UTC) It provides illegitimate information direct from the company, and it is not an advertisement.

 * The company provides illegitimate information? Thats kind of fascinating, well all the more reason to remove that.  Regardless, I declined the g11.  The article will still remain at WP:AFD.  Cheers. Syrthiss (talk) 16:31, 7 June 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Saskadena Six


text:
Real Genius

Real Genius is a 1985 American science fiction comedy film directed by Martha Coolidge, written by Neal Israel, Pat Proft, and PJ Torokvei, and starring Val Kilmer and Gabriel Jarret. The film, set on the campus of Pacific Tech, a science and engineering university similar to Caltech, follows Chris Knight (Kilmer), a genius in his senior year, who is paired with a new student on campus, Mitch Taylor (Jarret), to work on a chemical laser, only to learn it will be used for dangerous purposes.

The film received positive reviews from critics, and grossed $13 million at the North American box office.

Plot
The CIA has covertly hired Professor Jerry Hathaway at Pacific Technical University to develop the power source for "Crossbow": a laser weapon precise enough to commit illegal political assassinations from outer space. Hathaway uses his position to recruit brilliant students to do the work for him, but aside from his graduate student and toady Kent, does not tell them the reason for their research.

Hathaway's latest prospect, is genius high school student Mitch Taylor. Despite his youth and inexperience, Hathaway makes Mitch the lead on the project due to his innovative and original ideas in the field of laser physics. Mitch is roomed with Chris Knight, another team member, a legend in the "National Physics Club" and one of Mitch's idols. Mitch's ideal of Chris is shattered, however, when Chris turns out to be more of a slacker than a hard-working student. Meanwhile, Hathaway hopes Mitch will encourage Chris to straighten up his act and that their two exceptional minds can develop a proper power source. Mitch also befriends Jordan Cochran, a hyperactive insomniac student for whom he gradually develops romantic feelings.

With the deadline quickly approaching, Mitch feels the pressure to complete the project, while Chris continues in his carefree attitude. After he invites Mitch to a pool party, Kent reports this to Hathaway, who lambasts Mitch. Mitch breaks down and tearfully calls his parents, telling them he wants to come home. Kent secretly records the call, and later plays the recording over the school's public address system, humiliating Mitch.

As Mitch begins packing to leave, Chris explains the pressures of school and burdens of being highly intelligent, by relating the history of former Pacific Tech student Lazlo Hollyfeld. Lazlo cracked under the pressure and now lives in the university's tunnels, accessed from beneath Chris and Mitch's closet. Chris, fearing the same could happen to him, learned to lighten up and enjoy life. Mitch acquiesces to stay and they exact revenge on Kent by disassembling his car, a 1972 Citroën DS, and reassembling it in his dorm room.

Hathaway, angry about the still-incomplete project and Chris's attitude, informs Chris that he intends to fail him in his final course needed for graduation, and will give a coveted after-graduation job, originally promised to Chris, to Kent instead, as well as take steps to ensure Chris will never find work in the field of laser physics. Chris is disheartened and Mitch must use Chris's same argument to convince him to stay. The two commit to finishing the five-megawatt laser so Chris passes Hathaway's final exam.

Kent sabotages their latest, nearly-successful apparatus. Though Chris knows Kent destroyed the laser, he can do nothing about it and is left to brood over the injustice. This inspires him to come up with a whole new system. The new solution works flawlessly, impressing Hathaway. He congratulates Chris and assures him that he will graduate. Chris and Mitch leave and celebrate, but Lazlo arrives, telling them he'd begun hiding out once he discovered his earlier work had been used in military applications that caused deaths, and raises suspicions regarding the possible uses of such a laser. Realizing he is right, they return to the lab, but all the laser equipment has already been removed by Hathaway.

Jordan, now working with the friends as well as fellow project member "Ick" Ikagami, surreptitiously implants a radio transmitter in Kent's braces, which Mitch uses to convince him he is speaking to Jesus. Kent divulges the date of the test, and the group tails Hathaway to learn the location of the Air Force base where the equipment has been installed on a B-1 Lancer bomber. Chris and Mitch sneak onto the airbase and reprogram the coordinates of the target to Hathaway's home, where they go to set up a small prism. The boys gather with Jordan and Ick outside Hathaway's home to watch as another school professor and a Congressman arrive, having been told of the test.

Kent arrives and goes inside, despite a warning from "Jesus". The laser test begins, and a very large bag of popcorn, which Hathaway detests, is heated by the laser refracted by the prism, filling the house entirely and causing it to burst at the seams. Kent is launched out the front door on a popcorn wave. Lazlo arrives in an RV—which he has won using mathematics in a blind sweepstakes contest—to tell them he is leaving, while neighborhood children play in the popcorn. Hathaway arrives afterwards to see what has become of his house.

Cast

 * Val Kilmer as Chris Knight
 * Gabriel Jarret as Mitch Taylor
 * Michelle Meyrink as Jordan Cochran
 * William Atherton as Professor Jerry Hathaway
 * Robert Prescott as Kent
 * Jon Gries as Lazlo Hollyfeld
 * Mark Kamiyama as "Ick" Ikagami
 * Ed Lauter as David Decker
 * Louis Giambalvo as Major Don Carnagle
 * Patti D'Arbanville as Sherry Nugil
 * Severn Darden as Dr. Meredith
 * Beau Billingslea as George
 * Joanne Baron as Mrs. Taylor
 * Sandy Martin as Mrs. Meredith
 * Dean Devlin as Milton
 * Yuji Okumoto as Fenton
 * Deborah Foreman as Susan Decker
 * Stacy Peralta as Shuttle Pilot

Production
To prepare for Real Genius, Martha Coolidge spent months researching laser technology and the policies of the CIA, and interviewed dozens of students at Caltech. The screenplay was extensively rewritten, first by Lowell Ganz and Babaloo Mandel, later by Coolidge and PJ Torokvei.

Producer Brian Grazer remembers that when Val Kilmer came in to audition for the role of Chris Knight, he brought candy bars and performed tricks. Kilmer remembered it differently. "The character wasn't polite, so when I shook Grazer's hand and he said, 'Hi, I'm the producer,' I said, 'I'm sorry. You look like you're 12 years old. I like to work with men.'"

To achieve the house filled with popcorn for the film's climax, the production team popped popcorn continuously for three months. The popcorn was treated with fire retardant so it would not combust and covered so that it would not be eaten by birds and possibly poison them. The popcorn was then shipped to a subdivision under construction in Canyon Country, northwest of Los Angeles, and placed in the house.

To promote the film, the studio held what it billed as "the world's first computer press conference", with Coolidge and Grazer answering journalists' questions via computer terminals and relayed over the CompuServe online service.

The dorm in the film is based on Dabney House at Caltech, and Caltech students served as consultants and played extras in the film.

Box office
Real Genius was released on August 9, 1985, in 990 theaters, grossing $2.5 million in its first weekend. It went on to make $12,952,019 in North America.

Critical response
On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 77% based on 35 reviews with an average rating of 6.7/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "It follows college tropes, but Real Genius has an optimistic streak that puts you on Val Kilmer's side all the way." On Metacritic, the film received a score of 71 based on 15 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".

Colin Greenland reviewed the film for White Dwarf #85, and stated that it was "yet another celebration of the anxious wonder of growing up white, middle-class and heterosexual in America. The lovable weirdos squabble in the lab, play hi-tech pranks in the dorm and party in the lecture theater. Nerds just wanna have fun. Nerds have feelings too. Hug a Nerd today."

In her review for The New York Times, Janet Maslin wrote, "the film is best when it takes [the students] seriously, though it does so only intermittently." David Ansen wrote in his review for Newsweek, "When it's good, the dormitory high jinks feel like the genuine release of teen-age tensions and cruelty. Too bad the story isn't as smart as the kids in it." In her review for The Washington Post, Rita Kempley wrote, "Many of the scenes, already badly written, fail to fulfill their screwball potential... [D]espite its enthusiastic young cast and its many good intentions, it doesn't quite succeed. I guess there's a leak in the think tank."

Chicago Sun Times film critic Roger Ebert awarded the film three and a half stars out of four, saying that it "contains many pleasures, but one of the best is its conviction that the American campus contains life as we know it." In his review for The Globe and Mail, Salem Alaton wrote, "Producer Brian Grazer craved a feel-good picture, and she [Martha Coolidge] turned in the summer's best, and she didn't cheat to do it. There's heart in the kookiness. Real Genius has real people, real comedy and real fun." Richard Schickel of Time praised the film for being "a smart, no-nonsense movie that may actually teach its prime audience a valuable lesson: the best retort to an intolerable situation is not necessarily a food fight. Better results, and more fun, come from rubbing a few brains briskly together."

Scientific accuracy
In the MythBusters episode "Car vs. Rain", first broadcast on June 17, 2009, the MythBusters team tried to determine whether the final scene in the film, the destruction of Dr Hathaway's house with laser-popped popcorn, is actually possible. First they used a ten-watt laser to pop a single kernel wrapped in aluminum foil, showing that popping corn is possible with a laser. Then they tested a scaled-down model of a house. The popcorn was popped through induction heating because a sufficiently large laser was not available. The result was that the popcorn was unable to expand sufficiently to break glass, much less break open a door or move the house off its foundation. Instead, it ceased to expand and then simply charred.

It was also specifically stated in the program that a five-megawatt laser still did not exist, even in military applications, and that the most powerful military laser they knew of was 100 kilowatts.

In January 2011, it was further demonstrated on video in a home setting that a kernel of corn directly exposed to laser light from accessible consumer level lasers could be popped as reported by TechCrunch.

The solid xenon-halogen laser proposed and built by Chris in the latter half of the film, though in the realm of science fiction, was based on a theory of the time. Real Genius, through consultant Martin A. Gundersen, who played the math professor, was later cited in an academic publication that detailed the scientific basis behind the laser.

Television series
Reports surfaced in September 2014 that a potential television series was in the works. NBC was set to produce the comedy series with Sony TV, Happy Madison and 3 Arts Entertainment. there were no updates on the production.

title: Real Genius


text:
User talk:Sik0fewl

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WP:AN
I am just letting you know that I've made a slight modification to a comment you made so it links to the redirect you wanted. In the future, this is how you link to things with slashes in front of them outside of article pages.— Ryūlóng ( 竜龙 ) 04:54, 15 October 2010 (UTC)

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Hierarchical Music Specification Language

The Hierarchical Music Specification Language (HMSL) is a music programming language written in the 1980s by Larry Polansky, Phil Burk, and David Rosenboom at Mills College. Written on top of Forth, it allowed for the creation of real-time interactive music performance systems, algorithmic composition software, and any other kind of program that requires a high degree of musical informatics. It was distributed by Frog Peak Music, and runs with a very light memory footprint (~1 megabyte) on Macintosh and Amiga systems.

Unlike CSound and other languages for audio synthesis, HMSL is primarily a language for making music. As such, it interfaces with sound-making devices through built-in MIDI classes. However, it has a high degree of built-in understanding of music performance practice, tuning systems, and score reading. Its main interface for the manipulation of musical parameters is through the metaphor of shapes, which can be created, altered, and combined to create a musical texture, either by themselves or in response to real-time or scheduled events in a score.

HMSL has been widely used by composers working in algorithmic composition for over twenty years. In addition to the authors (who are also composers), HMSL has been used in pieces by Nick Didkovsky, The Hub, James Tenney, Tom Erbe, and Pauline Oliveros.

A Java port of HMSL was developed by Nick Didkovsky under the name JMSL, and is designed to interface to the JSyn API.

HMSL is licensed under the free Apache License V2.