text:
Talk:Cardinal Mazarin

Untitled
I agree that the Nantes reference looks wrong. And it says that Little Red riding hood was a satire on Mazarin, yet the article on the story makes no mention of him. Gobanian (talk) 15:06, 26 May 2010 (UTC)

What does it mean to say of the Protestants "for six years they believed themselves to be on the eve of recovering the protections of the Edict of Nantes, but in the end they obtained nothing." The Edict of Nantes was not revoked until 1685, so they had not lost it.

Maria Mancini
Maria Mancini, mistress of King Louis XIV, looks exceptionally like a man to me - was Louis losing his grip in old age? Apart from that, it's a very pretty family tree. Deb 19:48, 24 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Tssk. Maria Mancini was an early mistress of Louis XIV. In his old age, Louis XIV was morganatically married to Madame de Maintenon. David.Monniaux 10:50, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Those pictures are of Louis XIV and Charles II, not Maria and Hortense Mancini, I hope... john k 15:22, 3 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Conspiracy! Louis XIV as Mazarin's bastard?
Now we have this naive thought in the entry. Was this "rumor" even part of the "Widow Capet" gutter-pamphleteering in 1793? Did it appear anywhere before that? Or is this a just a modern suggestion from the Mary Magdalene groupies? --Wetman 18:31, 30 Oct 2004 (UTC)

The article makes much of a gaming table flirtation between Marazin and the Queen. The link references the article on Marie de' Medici, who was the MOTHER of Louis XIII, and therefore Dowager queen of France when Marazin came to Paris as Richelieu's aide. Queen Marie died in 1642, one year before the regency for Louis XIV began. I shall amend the article --- Neal, 23 Aug 2006

Jules Cardinal Mazarin?
Shouldn't this be at Jules Cardinal Mazarin? john k 15:21, 3 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Wouldn't that bring it into line with conventional headings of other articles on cardinals? --Wetman 16:53, 3 Apr 2005 (UTC)

It would. john k 17:03, 3 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Could that be so bad? (i.e. any objections, gang?) --Wetman 19:25, 3 Apr 2005 (UTC)

I've moved it. john k 03:01, 4 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * It's not unusual to use the title followed by the full name, esp. at first occurence: for instance one would not say Richard President Nixon. For cardinals, it's the same: for instance: "Cardinal Roger Etchegaray"; for this and other examples, see here. --Robert.Allen (talk) 10:37, 19 February 2019 (UTC)

To expand
This article is very old-styled, and largely incomplete (especially for what concers Mazzarino's early years in Italy). I marked it with the "expand" template. Attilios

Article name
From WP:RM backlog:

 * Cardinal Mazarin → Jules Mazarin. It is his real name, and it is more favourable to have as the title of a biography article the actual name of the person than his charge or title. Ralphloren171 (talk) 03:06, 4 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Incomplete. If this is simply moved, Jules Cardinal Mazarin would be better, as the talk page supports; but Cardinal Mazarin, like Cardinal Richelieu is normal usage. Septentrionalis PMAnderson 17:25, 4 February 2008 (UTC)

This request was incomplete and seems unlikely to gain consensus if relisted. I suggest discussion here before any more moves or move requests. Previous names are of course Jules Cardinal Mazarin and Jules Mazarin.

Mazzarino or Mazzarini, Mazarini?
Until now I was convinced that the Cardinal's Italian name was "Mazarini". It stands e.g. in French Wikipedia. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 178.36.58.218 (talk) 09:54, 4 August 2010 (UTC)

If relisting on WP:RM, please:

 * Use the correct templates and procedure. Reversing a previous move should always be seen as potentially controversial. Note that there are three steps.

 * Provide some reason for the move in terms of either:
 * Existing policy, see Naming conventions.
 * Proposed policy change(s).

Any questions on this, feel free to comment on my talk page. Andrewa (talk) 18:14, 10 February 2008 (UTC)

I don't understand why people get to move articles to new locations without any discussion, and then to move it back we have to follow incredibly annoying bureaucratic procedures. Sigh. "Cardinal Mazarin" is no better an article title than President Obama. john k (talk) 17:56, 26 May 2010 (UTC)

What kind of cardinal?
What kind of cardinal was Mazarin? Cardinal-bishop? Cardinal-priest? Cardinal-deacon? Which diocese / church / diaconate was he assigned in Italy?

Top.Squark (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 10:13, 7 August 2010 (UTC).
 * I've tried to put this into the infobox, but haven't been able. Perhaps someone could oblige... Titular See=None (never received a deaconry; not ordained a cleric) Safebreaker (talk) 19:22, 26 July 2011 (UTC)

Nationality nonsense
How could one renounce the nationality of a nation that will not exist for a couple centuries? Mazarin was born in geographical Italy, and his native language would have been the dialect of where he was born. This is all.CyrilleDunant (talk) 14:39, 23 March 2013 (UTC)

Italian?
Yeah, there seems to have been a slow edit-war about whether or not he should be described as "Italian". I really couldn't care less either way but the generally accepted approach has been to describe cardinals born in what is now Italy as an Italian Catholic Cardinal. The article Italian people has all of the proper acknowledgements about the history of "Italians" in general which is where I always link Italian to. My only concern would be that having created about 50 articles (possibly more) for cardinals of the 17th century, I've used the above description for most of them (as most were born in cities and regions now considered part of modern-day Italy). I don't mind if we need to go and change them all, really, (though I don't see the point) but Mazarin's article is now really the only odd one out because of this ongoing Italian/not-Italian business. Would appreciate thoughts from others. Stalwart 111  07:36, 2 April 2013 (UTC)

Love letters...The Cypher Letters
Their love affair, confirmed by their correspondence, is not mentioned. Here's one source:

Cypher Letters to the Queen — Expressions of Lore and Unfailing Devotion — Letter No. 3 — Letter No. 31 — Letter No. 34 — Letter No. 43 — Letter No. 53 — Letter No. 63 — Letter No. 74 — Letter No. 96 — Cardinal about to return — Unbroken Union 193
 * CHAPTER XXIII, THE CARDINAL'S CYPHER LETTERS

BullRangifer (talk) 06:19, 8 September 2017 (UTC)

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Galleries
WP:GALLERY makes it clear that placing images adjacent to the text is preferred to placing them in galleries. It further says that a gallery "may be appropriate if a collection of images can illustrate aspects of a subject that cannot be easily or adequately described by text or individual images." This means that the onus is on those who wish to retain the galleries to explain why they should be exceptions to WP:GALLERY. We absolutely do not need a portrait of each of Mazarin's nieces. We never provide individual portraits for each of the children, siblings, or other relatives of the subject. One image that illustrates Mazarin's nieces does the job. We also do not need to show trivial stuff such as a painting that Mazarin purchased; the man purchased nearly a thousand paintings. And if you are going to go around reverting my edits in articles (and indeed topics) you had never edited before, I would appreciate if you least gave a proper reason. Surtsicna (talk) 20:42, 30 July 2019 (UTC)
 * I see nothing wrong with the galleries here. The pictures are relevant and in context, and in fact I think they are an enhancement. The Wikipedia could use more pictures and illustrations, especially now that internet speeds have gotten so fast, and, unlike print encyclopedias, weight and shelf space are not issues for an online encyclopedia. Tiny pictures relegated to the sides of the text is a layout practice that to me seems a bit out-of-date and a holdover from the earlier days of the Wikipedia. The creation of gallery packed mode was a big improvement and allows one to add more illustrations without cramming the text between the pictures. IMO, the more articles that take advantage of it, the better. --Robert.Allen (talk) 21:41, 30 July 2019 (UTC)
 * Agree with the above, these images enhance the article. What's more, there is no obvious conflict with WP:GALLERY in using galleries in the sections on the Mazarinettes and Mazarin's patronage. There isn't sufficient space in the "Patronage of the arts" section "for images to be effectively presented adjacent to text", which is presumably why you removed all but one of them.
 * I have made extensive edits to related pages. I also have a master's degree in Early Modern intellectual history, which is why the page for Cardinal Mazarin is on my watchlist. Endymion.12 (talk) 23:30, 30 July 2019 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia is not an image repository. It does not need any more images than necessary to illustrate the point. Five images illustrating each niece individually instead of one image illustrating three of them as a group is a gross overkill and clear violation of WP:GALLERY. I see that the very point made by WP:GALLERY is disputed here, that images should be placed to the sides of the text, but policy discussions should take place at policy talk pages, not article talk pages. The images I removed from Cardinal Mazarin are hardly relevant. For example, no biographer of Mazarin has discussed Portrait of Baldassare Castiglione to such a length that would warrant the inclusion of the portrait into a biography of Mazarin; see WP:PROPORTION. The fact is that regardless of your personal preferences for galleries, a biographical article that contains two galleries of marginally relevant images is not going to get far in terms of article quality assessment. Surtsicna (talk) 10:00, 2 August 2019 (UTC)
 * There is no rule that galleries have to be deleted. And the idea that our articles must be as restricted as individual printed and/or secondary sources is in fact opposed to our oldest and deepest project aims. Nutshell: I can't see any merit to this argument that a deletion is demanded by policy. That is a clear misreading of the spirit and letter of the cited policy pages. I think it comes does to whether something looks nice and is informative which is clearly the case here. Editors should be congratulated for that!--Andrew Lancaster (talk) 19:11, 2 August 2019 (UTC)
 * Re: "I see that the very point made by WP:GALLERY is disputed here": Nothing that has been said so far should give you any reason to think that. In my reply to your initial comment, I explained that there is no conflict with the WP:GALLERY policy since there is not in fact sufficient space "for images to be effectively presented adjacent to text". This would suggest that you are either not reading my replies, or are willfully misrepresenting them. Either way, this gives me little incentive to engage with you here.
 * I see with your reference to WP:PROPORTION, which forms part of the WP:NPOV policy, that you are following your usual pattern of splicing together unrelated policies to manufacture a new meaning not implied by the original text. Endymion.12 (talk) 19:44, 2 August 2019 (UTC)
 * And I don't believe there is any conflict with any other part of WP:GALLERY. The galleries are not an "indiscriminate collection of images", and clearly illustrate, for example, Mazarin's patronage of the arts. In other words, we simply disagree as to whether these images are necessary, so please stop citing policies to endorse your preferences where these policies clearly do not apply. Endymion.12 (talk) 19:57, 2 August 2019 (UTC)

Poncet (1959)
@SiefkinDR, in this edit I partially revert this edit by you, since it broke the short footnote (there is no Poncet (1959) source in the bibliography) – I thought it unlikely that that was what you wanted to do. In the optimistic scenario that you can reconstruct your work from nearly four years ago, could you check what the reference ought to be? Thanks, Wham2001 (talk) 15:48, 7 July 2022 (UTC)
 * The quote is from Dethan 1959, p. 24. The date for his return to Avignon is given by Poncet 2018, p. 118. I've revised the citations and text to indicate this. --Robert.Allen (talk) 04:35, 21 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Excellent – thank-you very much! Wham2001 (talk) 19:30, 21 July 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cardinal Mazarin


text:
User talk:Ploro~enwiki

Great paella picture! Much better than the old one. --Nohat 19:48, 2004 Feb 24 (UTC)

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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Ploro~enwiki


text:
Semla

A semla, vastlakukkel, laskiaispulla, Swedish eclair, fastlagsbulle/fastelavnsbolle or vēja kūkas is a traditional sweet roll made in various forms in Sweden, Finland, Norway, Denmark, the Faroe Islands, Iceland, Estonia, and Latvia, associated with Lent and especially Shrove Tuesday in most countries, Shrove Monday in Denmark, parts of southern Sweden, Iceland and Faroe Islands or Sunday of Fastelavn in Norway. In Sweden it is most commonly known as just semla (plural: semlor), but is also known as fettisdagsbulle, lit. 'Fat Tuesday bun' or 'Shrove Tuesday bun'. In the southern parts of Sweden, as well as in Swedish-speaking Finland, it is known as fastlagsbulle (plural: fastlagsbullar; semla on the other hand means a plain wheat bun with butter, called bulle in Swedish). In Poland it is known as ptyś. In Estonia it is called vastlakukkel. In Norway and Denmark it is called fastelavnsbolle. In Iceland, it is known as a bolla and served on Bolludagur. In Faroe Islands it is called Føstulávintsbolli, and is served on Føstulávintsmánadagur. In Latvia, it is called vēja kūkas. Semla served in a bowl of hot milk is hetvägg.

Etymology
The name semla (plural: semlor) is a loan word from German Semmel, originally deriving from the Latin simila, meaning 'flour', itself a borrowing from Greek σεμίδαλις (semidalis), 'groats', which was the name used for the finest quality wheat flour or semolina. In the southernmost part of Sweden (Scania) and by the Swedish-speaking population in Finland, they are known as fastlagsbulle. In Denmark and Norway they are known as fastelavnsbolle (fastlagen and fastelavn being the equivalent of Shrove Tuesday). In Scanian, the feast is also called fastelann. In Finnish they are known as laskiaispulla (which refers to the Finnish laskiainen), in Latvian as vēja kūkas, and in Estonian as vastlakukkel.

Sweden/Finland/Estonia
Today, the Swedish-Finnish semla consists of a cardamom-spiced wheat bun which has its top cut off, and is then filled with a mix of milk and almond paste, topped with whipped cream. The cut-off top serves as a lid and is dusted with powdered sugar. Today it is often eaten on its own, with coffee or tea. Some prefer to eat it in a bowl of hot milk.

In Finland, the bun is often filled with strawberry or raspberry jam instead of almond paste, and bakeries in Finland usually offer both versions. (Many bakeries distinguish between the two by decorating the traditional bun with almonds on top, whereas the jam-filled version has powdered sugar on top). Opinions on which of the two is the "correct" filling are divided, and it is a common topic of contention (similar to e.g. the matter of pineapple on pizza, i.e. usually not taken too seriously). In Finland-Swedish, semla means a plain wheat bun, used for bread and butter, and not a sweet bun.

At some point Swedes grew tired of the strict observance of Lent, added cream and almond paste to the mix and started eating semla every Tuesday between Shrove Tuesday and Easter. Every year, at around the same time that the Swedish bakeries fill with semlor, local newspapers start to fill with semla taste tests. Panels of 'experts' dissect and inspect tables full of semlor to find the best in town.

Some bakeries have created alternative forms of the pastry, such as the "semmelwrap" formed as a wrap rather than the traditional bun, while others have added e.g. chocolate, marzipan, or pistachios to the recipe.

In Finland and Estonia the traditional dessert predates Christian influences. Laskiaissunnuntai and laskiaistiistai, both days included in laskiainen, were festivals when children and youth would go sledding or downhill sliding on a hill or a slope to determine how the crop would yield in the coming year. Those who slid the farthest were going to get the best crop. Hence the festival is named after the act of sliding or sledding downhill, laskea. Nowadays laskiainen has been integrated into Christian customs as the beginning of lent before Easter.

In Estonia, vastlakukkel is often a cardamom-spiced wheat bun with whipped cream only or with jam or marzipan filling added. Similarly to Finland, vastlad or vastlapäev (Shrove Tuesday) involves sledding. Estonians believed that the one with the longest slide would have the best flax crop yield – specifically the longer the crop, the longer fiber which would mean a higher quality linen textile could be produced.

Norway
Fastelavnsbolle consists of a cardamom-spiced wheat bun which has its top cut off, and is then filled with whipped cream, topped with jam. The cut-off top serves as a lid and is dusted with powdered sugar. The buns are served at Sunday of Fastelavn (Shrove Sunday), but were previously associated with Shrove Tuesday.

Denmark/Iceland/Faroe Islands
The version sold in Danish bakeries on or around Shrove Monday is rather different, made from puff pastry and filled with whipped cream, a bit of jam and often with icing on top. At home people may bake a version more similar to a usual wheat roll, mixing plain yeast dough with raisins, succade and sometimes candied bitter orange peel.

In Iceland it is done in a similar way but in place of puff pastry more common is the choux pastry version.

In Icelandic, Shrove Monday is called bolludagur (bun day), named after the pastry.

In the Faroe Islands, it is done with choux pastry, and filled with vanilla cream, whipped cream and jam, and topped with chocolate icing.

History
The oldest version of the semla was a plain bread bun, eaten in a bowl of warm milk. In Swedish this is known as hetvägg, from Middle Low German hete Weggen ('hot wedges') or German heisse Wecken ('hot buns') and falsely interpreted as "hotwall".

The semla was originally eaten only on Shrove Tuesday, or all of the three days before Lent, as the last festive food before Lent. However, with the arrival of the Protestant Reformation, the Swedes stopped observing a strict fast for Lent. The semla in its bowl of warm milk became a traditional dessert every Tuesday between Shrove Tuesday and Easter. Today, semlor are available in shops and bakeries every day from shortly after Christmas until Easter. Each Swede consumes on average four to five bakery-produced semlor each year, in addition to any that are homemade.

According to a popular myth, king Adolf Frederick of Sweden died of digestion problems on February 12, 1771, after consuming a hetvägg (semla), the king's favorite dessert, after a meal consisting of sauerkraut, turnips, caviar, smoked herring, and champagne. In recent versions of the legend, the semla has turned into 14, and sometimes into cinnamon buns.

This was the sweet chosen to represent Finland in the Café Europe initiative of the Austrian presidency of the European Union, on Europe Day 2006.

title: Semla


text:
Lemon Party

The Lemon Party of Canada (Parti Citron) was a frivolous Canadian political party which has operated on a federal level, and provincially in Quebec. The party was registered on January 8, 1987 by then-leader Denis R. Patenaude, and deregistered on November 14, 1998 for failing to have at least ten candidates stand for election. The party was headed by "Pope Terence the First", whose existence is unconfirmed. According to Jean-Simon Poirier, Terence is "sort of a mystical, mythical person" who doesn't spend much time in Canada. "The interesting thing about him is he's never in the country. He's always touring around other countries," he said, adding that at present Terence was visiting southwestern Siberia. Their official agent is Mary-Gabrielle Blay II.

Its 2004 national convention produced a platform of policies which were "Placed in small green plastic boxes and sold to industrial pig farms in Mexico", according to a large party spokeswoman. The subsequent electoral campaign, under the slogan "For a bitter Canada", received minor, but sympathetic, media coverage. Its last press release was published online five days prior to the 2006 Canadian elections, ridiculing both Liberal Paul Martin and Conservative Stephen Harper. The Lemon Party prided itself on its record on fiscal discipline and in pushing for economic growth. Its economic plan was allegedly authored by Montreal economist Ianik Marcil. Members of the Lemon Party refer to themselves as "lemonistas" and "lemons".

The Lemon Party has not been registered as a political party since the early 1990s, when it was registered only in Quebec. They were going to be re-registered in 2004 although they did not fill out the requisite paperwork in time. They thought the deadline for registering candidates was June 9, when in reality it was two days prior to that. A member of the party (Jean-Simon Poirier) admitted that the party had only itself to blame for the predicament. "We're not very organized. We're like Liberals," he said.

Policies and platforms
The Lemon Party pledged to:

 * Restructure Canada's economy to be centred on lemon production
 * Support global warming (so lemons can be grown in Canada)
 * Abolish Toronto (to "capitalize on the prejudices of voters outside the city" )
 * Repeal the law of gravity (to avoid lemons being bruised when falling from trees)
 * Merge the Great Lakes (so that water is provided to more land, some of which could potentially be lemon farms)

Slogans and quotes from party members

 * "For a bitter Canada"
 * "We think there should be more zest in Canadian politics"
 * "The growth of lemon consumption and lemon importation over the last 40 years is absolutely staggering"
 * "Climate change is an important part of the Lemon Party platform...We think Canada ought to be warm enough to grow lemon trees."
 * "I don't believe that the federal government has any business interfering in the laws of physics or thermodynamics. It's not a federal jurisdiction"
 * "A lot of silly people vote for the Conservatives and a lot of silly people vote for us. And if we just joined together, we could keep the silly vote together and win"

title: Lemon Party


text:
Communist Party of Canada (Ontario)

The Communist Party of Canada (Ontario) (Parti communiste du Canada (Ontario)) is the Ontario provincial wing of the Communist Party of Canada. Using the name Labor-Progressive Party from 1943 until 1959, the group won two seats in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario: A.A. MacLeod and J.B. Salsberg were elected in the 1943 provincial election as "Labour" candidates but took their seats as members of the Labor-Progressive Party, which the banned Communist Party launched as its public face in a convention held on August 21 and 22, 1943, shortly after both the August 4 provincial election and the August 7 election of Communist Fred Rose to the House of Commons in a Montreal by-election.

MacLeod and Salsberg served as Members of Provincial Parliament (MPPs) from 1943 until 1951 and 1955 respectively. A third LPP member, Alexander A. Parent, who was also president of UAW Local 195, was elected as the Liberal-Labour MPP for Essex North in 1945. In January 1946, Parent announced he was breaking with the "reactionary" Liberals and sat the remainder of his term in the legislature as a Labour representative while voting with LPP MPPs MacLeod and Salsberg. He did not run for re-election in 1948.

The party has not been able to win any seats at the provincial level since Salsberg's defeat in 1955. The party continued to run under the Labor-Progressive banner up to the 1959 provincial election, after which it again identified itself as the Communist Party.

Individual members of the party have been elected to school boards in the past few decades, but have done so as independents rather than as "Communist Party" candidates. Since 2019, the party has been led by Drew Garvie.

Election results
Source: Elections Ontario Vote Summary

 * September 6, 2012 provincial by-elections: Kitchener—Waterloo, 87 votes (0.19%), seventh out of ten candidates.

Notes

1A. A. MacLeod (Bellwoods) and J. B. Salsberg (St. Andrew) were elected under the Labour ticket, but switched to the new Labor-Progressive Party on its formation shortly after the election. Party operates under the LPP name until and including the 1959 election. 2Results compared to Communist candidates in 1937 3In addition, in 1945, the Labor-Progressive Party and Liberal Party of Ontario jointly endorsed 6 Liberal-Labour, 3 of whom were elected, in an effort to marginalize the CCF. 4The party reverted to its original name of the Communist Party as of this election. Results compared to Labor-Progressive Party in previous election.

Party leaders

 * Leslie Morris, 1945–1948 (1945 election)
 * A.A. MacLeod, 1948–1951 (1948 election)- MPP from 1943-1951
 * Stewart Smith, 1951–1957 (1951 election, 1955 election)
 * Bruce Magnuson 1957–1970 (1959 election, 1963 election and 1967 election )
 * William Stewart 1970–1980 (1971 election, 1975 election and 1977 election)
 * Mel Doig (1981 election)
 * Gordon Massie (1985 and 1987 elections)
 * Elizabeth Rowley (1990 election)
 * Darrell Rankin (1995 election)
 * Hassan Husseini 1998–c. 2001 (1999 election)
 * Elizabeth Rowley c. 2001–2016 (2003 election, 2007 election and 2011 election)
 * Dave McKee 2016–2019
 * Drew Garvie 2019–present

Constituency associations
The party has three constituency associations registered with Elections Ontario:
 * Davenport
 * Hamilton Centre
 * Ottawa Centre

Party financing
Source: Elections Ontario, Yearly Financial Statements, Political Parties, Constituency Associations

title: Communist Party of Canada (Ontario)


text:
Wikipedia talk:Historical archive/Imported pictures/Pictures from libdems.org.uk permission

I don't like this -- is this all right with GFDL, if it does not cover third-party use? Certainly Wikipedians in the United Kingdom can get some photographs themselves and licence them under GFDL? -- Kaihsu 20:00, 2004 Feb 24 (UTC)

The images are all fairly simple fair use - all publicity pictures used as intended. So, unlikely to be problematic in the event that the license is of no value. These are an example of images where the uploader and wikipedia are protected legally by having a license but others can use fair use if they don't want to ask for their own permission. It's not unusual to find this licensed plus fair use combination for images from non-US contributors, since fair use is not a concept which generally exists outside the US and fair dealing is significantly more restricted. While in this case it appears not to be problematic because fair use and here, fair dealing, most likely, applies, the request for permission has these flaws:
 * Asked for "educational", "free" and "online" use, which limits some reusers, including use by a print wikipedia.
 * Didn't ask for GFDL or GFDL-compatible license, so it's not 100% certain that GFDL permission has been given.

But, in this case, those don't actually matter because of the nature of the images and their likely uses. Just traps for others to watch out for when requesting permission.

If you want to protect yourself when uploading an image as fair use, one useful technique is to get Wikipedia-only permission. Not as good as GFDL but it's enough to make sure that you and the Wikipedia won't be sued, while the fair use nature means that the restrictive license doesn't harm others. That extra measure of legal protection is a good thing. Jamesday 10:18, 2 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Image tags
Could someone involved with obtaining whatever permission was given please decide which image copyright tag should be used on these? There is a large project in progress to get as many images tagged as possible. Those not tagged with a compatible license will be left out of the Mandrake Linux distribution, e.g. See that project page for details. (If you want, just tell me what the tag should be and I'll add it.) Thanks. Kbh3rd 04:02, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)


text: Template:V-boats

title: Template:V-boats


text:
Willie Stargell

Wilver Dornell Stargell (March 6, 1940 – April 9, 2001), nicknamed "Pops" later in his career, was an American professional baseball left fielder and first baseman who spent all of his 21 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB) (1962–1982) with the Pittsburgh Pirates. Among the most feared power hitters in baseball history, Stargell had the most home runs (296) of any player in the 1970s decade. During his career, he batted .282 with 2,232 hits, 1,194 runs, 423 doubles, 475 home runs, and 1,540 runs batted in, helping his team win six National League (NL) East division titles, two NL pennants, and two World Series championships in 1971 and 1979, both over the Baltimore Orioles. Stargell was a seven-time All-Star and two-time NL home run leader. In 1979, he became the first and currently only player to win the NL Most Valuable Player (MVP) Award, the NL Championship Series MVP Award and the World Series MVP Award in one season. In 1982, the Pirates retired his uniform number 8. He was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1988.

Early life
Stargell was born in Earlsboro, Oklahoma, but later moved to Florida with an aunt after his parents divorced. Later, he returned to Alameda, California, to live with his mother. He attended Encinal High School, where his baseball teammates included future MLB players Tommy Harper and Curt Motton. Stargell signed with the Pittsburgh Pirates organization and entered minor league baseball in 1959.

Stargell played for farm teams in New Mexico, North Dakota, Iowa, Texas, North Carolina, and Ohio. While on the road with some of those teams, Stargell was not allowed to stay in the same accommodations as the white players. Lodging for black players was located in the poor black areas of those towns. While in Plainview, Texas, he was accosted at gunpoint by a man who threatened his life if he played in that night's game. Stargell played and nothing came of the incident. He might have quit baseball over the racial difficulties that he experienced, but he was encouraged by letters he received from friend and baseball scout Bob Zuk.

Professional career
Beloved in Pittsburgh for his style of play and affable manner, Stargell hit seven of the 18 balls ever hit over Forbes Field's 86-foot-high right-field stands and several of the upper-tier home runs at its successor, Three Rivers Stadium. Though he became quickly known as Willie Stargell, his autograph suggests that he preferred his given name, Wilver. Biographer Frank Garland relates that Stargell's family and friends called him Wilver and that Dodgers broadcaster Vin Scully also made a point of using Stargell's given name. Scully said that because he used the name Wilver, he became Stargell's mother's favorite broadcaster.

Standing 6ft 3in with long arms and a unique bat-handling practice of holding only the knob of the bat with his lower hand to provide extra bat extension, Stargell seemed larger than most batters. Stargell's swings seemed designed to hit home runs of Ruthian proportions. When most batters used a simple lead-weighted bat in the on-deck circle, Stargell took to warming up with a sledgehammer. While standing in the batter's box, he would windmill his bat until the pitcher started his windup.

1960s
Stargell made his MLB debut at the end of the 1962 season at the age of 22. His 1963 rookie season was lackluster, but he enjoyed much more success the following season, his first as an everyday player. Stargell began and ended the season as the Pirates' everyday left-fielder, but spent extended periods playing first base as well. He hit the first home run at Shea Stadium in the first game played in that stadium on April 17, 1964. He made his first of seven trips to the All-Star Game that year. He returned to the All-Star Game the next two seasons, recording over 100 runs batted in (RBI) in both years, and finishing respectively 14th and 15th in MVP voting. He won the first of the three NL Player of the Month awards of his career in June 1965 (.330, 10 HR, 35 RBI).

Frequent offseason conditioning problems came to a head in 1967, when Stargell showed up to spring training at a weight of 235 pounds. The team mandated that he diet to get down to a weight of 215 pounds. His batting average dropped more than 40 points that season from .315 in 1966 to .271 in 1967; his home run total was reduced from 33 in 1966 to 20 in 1967. The team had a personal trainer work with Stargell before the 1968 season to get him in the best shape of his career, but Stargell had a poor season and manager Larry Shepard criticized Stargell's physique as too muscular. He finished out the decade with a strong performance in 1969 (.307, 29 HR, 92 RBI), and finished 21st in MVP voting.

1970s
Stargell enjoyed another fine season in 1970, batting .264 with 31 home runs and 85 RBIs and finishing 15th in MVP voting. On August 1 of that year, Stargell collected five extra-base hits—three doubles and two home runs—in the Pirates' 20–10 victory over the Atlanta Braves at Fulton County Stadium. He became the third player, after Lou Boudreau in 1946 and Joe Adcock in 1954, to collect five extra-base hits in one game. In the same game, teammate Bob Robertson also collected five hits, including a home run; not until Andrew McCutchen and Garrett Jones in 2012 would two Pirates collect five hits in the same game. The 1970 Pirates won the National League East title for their first postseason berth since winning the 1960 World Series. They were swept in that year's NLCS by the Cincinnati Reds, but not before Stargell collected six hits in 12 at-bats, the most hits by either team in this series.

Stargell's career moved to another level in 1971. At age 31, he won the first of his two home-run titles in 1971; his 48 edged out Hank Aaron's 47 on the final week of the season and, to date, trail only Ralph Kiner's 54 and 51 in 1949 and 1947, respectively, for most by a Pirate in one season. He won the final two NL Player of the Month awards of his career in April (.347, 11 HR, 27 RBI) and in June (.333, 11 HR, 36 RBI); yet he did not win the MVP award, finishing second to Joe Torre. Also in April, Stargell hit 3 home runs in a game twice, on April 10 at Atlanta and on April 21 at home. In seven of the next nine seasons, Stargell finished in the top 10 in MVP voting, as his career moved onto a Hall of Fame track.

He was a member of the Pirates' World Championship team, the Pirates defeating the Baltimore Orioles in seven games. The Pirates lost the first two games of that series, which Stargell said that media began referring to as "the St. Valentine's Day Massacre" before Pittsburgh's comeback.

Stargell continued to post excellent numbers in 1972 (.293, 33, 112) finishing third in MVP voting behind Johnny Bench and Billy Williams.

In 1973, Stargell achieved the rare feat of simultaneously leading the league in both doubles and homers. Stargell had more than 40 of each; he was the first player to chalk up this 40-40 accomplishment since Hank Greenberg in 1940; other players have done so since (notably Albert Belle, the only 50-50 player). Stargell won his second home-run title that year, edging out three Atlanta Braves: Davey Johnson's 43, Darrell Evans' 41 and Aaron's 40. He also led the league in runs batted in and slugging percentage. For the third year in a row, he was narrowly edged out of the MVP award, as Pete Rose took the honor.

Beginning in 1975, after years of experimenting at the position, Stargell moved permanently to first base. He never played another game in the outfield.

In 1977, Stargell hit his 400th career home run on June 29 against the St. Louis Cardinals.

Stargell originated the practice of giving his teammates embroidered "Stargell stars" for their caps after a nice play or a good game. The practice began during the turbulent 1978 season, when the Pirates came from fourth place and 11.5 games behind in mid-August, to challenge the first-place Philadelphia Phillies for the division title. The season was scheduled to end in a dramatic, four-game showdown against the Phillies in Pittsburgh, in which the Pirates had to win all four games to claim the title. Following a Pirate sweep of the Friday-night double-header, Stargell belted a grand slam in the bottom of the first inning of the season's penultimate game to give the Pirates an early 4–1 lead, although the Pirates relinquished that lead later in the game and fell two runs short after a four-run rally in the bottom of the ninth inning, thus eliminating themselves from contention for the pennant. Stargell called that 1978 team his favorite team ever, and predicted that the Pirates would win the World Series the following year.

The Pirates did win the World Series in 1979, in a similar style as they had ended the 1978 season: from last place in the NL East at the end of April, the Pirates clawed their way into a first-place battle with the Montreal Expos during the latter half of the season. They excited fans with numerous come-from-behind victories along the way (many during their final at-bat) to claim the division pennant on the last day of the season. At his urging as captain, the team adopted the Sister Sledge hit song "We Are Family" as the team anthem. Then, his play on the field inspired his teammates and earned him the MVP awards in both the NLCS and the World Series. Stargell capped off the year by hitting a dramatic home run in Baltimore during the late innings of a close Game 7 to seal a Pirates' championship. The home run was his third of the series and, coincidentally, credited Stargell with the winning runs in both Game 7s of the two postseason meetings between the Pirates and the Orioles (1971 and 1979). The 1979 World Series victory also made the Pirates the only franchise in baseball history to twice recover from a three-games-to-one deficit and win a World Series (previously they had done so in 1925 against the Washington Senators). For the series, Stargell went 12-for-30; along with his three home runs, he also recorded four doubles for 25 total bases, which remains tied as a World Series record, Reggie Jackson having set it in the 1977 World Series, and his seven extra-base hits (three HRs and four doubles) in the 1979 World Series also set a record.

In addition to his NLCS and World Series MVP awards, Stargell finally took home the elusive MVP award (as co-winner along with St. Louis' Keith Hernandez) at the age of 39. Stargell is the only player to have won all three MVP trophies in a single year. He shared the Sports Illustrated magazine's "Sportsmen of the Year" award with NFL quarterback Terry Bradshaw, who also played at Three Rivers Stadium, for the Pittsburgh Steelers. Pirates manager Chuck Tanner said of Stargell, "Having him on your ball club is like having a diamond ring on your finger." Teammate Al Oliver once said, "If he asked us to jump off the Fort Pitt Bridge, we would ask him what kind of dive he wanted. That's how much respect we have for the man."

1980s
Stargell played until 1982, but he never appeared in more than 74 games after 1979. He retired with 475 home runs despite playing much of his career at Forbes Field, whose center field distance was 457 ft. Hall of Famer Roberto Clemente estimated, perhaps generously, that Stargell hit 400 fly balls to the warning track in left and center fields during his eight seasons in the park. The short fence in right field (300 ft to the foul pole) at Forbes Field was guarded by a screen more than 20 ft high which ran from the right-field line to the 375 ft mark in right center. Three Rivers Stadium, a neutral hitter's park, boosted Stargell's power numbers. The Pirates moved into Three Rivers in mid-1970, and he hit 310 of his 475 career home runs from 1970 until his retirement, despite turning 30 in 1970. Stargell's two home run titles came in his first three years at Three Rivers. Stargell's last game was on October 3, 1982, at Three Rivers Stadium against the Montreal Expos. Batting leadoff, he hit a single off Steve Rogers. He was then pinch run by Doug Frobel and subsequently was replaced by Richie Hebner at first base.

Long home runs
At one time, Stargell held the record for the longest home run in nearly half of the NL parks. On August 5, 1969, Stargell hit a home run off Alan Foster that left the stadium and measured 507 feet, the longest home run hit at Dodger Stadium. He hit a second home run out of Dodger Stadium on May 8, 1973, against Andy Messersmith, measured at 470 ft. Dodger Hall of Famer Don Sutton said of Stargell, "I never saw anything like it. He doesn't just hit pitchers, he takes away their dignity." Only four other home runs have been hit out of Dodger Stadium.

On June 25, 1971, Stargell hit the longest home run in Veterans Stadium history during a 14–4 Pirates win over the Philadelphia Phillies. The shot came in the second inning and chased starting pitcher Jim Bunning out of the game. The spot where the ball landed was eventually marked with a yellow star with a black "S" inside a white circle until Stargell's 2001 death, when the white circle was painted black. The star remained in place until the stadium's 2004 demolition. In 1978, against Wayne Twitchell of the Montreal Expos, Stargell hit the only fair ball to reach the club deck of Olympic Stadium. The seat where the ball landed (the home run was measured at 535 ft) was replaced with a yellow seat, while the other seats in the upper deck are red. Upon the Expos departure in 2004, the seat was removed and sent to the Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame.

Bob Prince, the colorful longtime Pirate radio announcer, would greet a Stargell home run with the phrase "Chicken on the Hill". This referred to Stargell's ownership of a chicken restaurant in Pittsburgh's Hill District. For a time, whenever he homered, Stargell's restaurant would give away free chicken to all patrons present in the restaurant at the time of the home run, in a promotion dubbed "Chicken on the Hill with Will". Prince himself once promised free chicken to listeners if Stargell hit a home run; Stargell did homer and Prince picked up a $400 bill at the restaurant.

Career statistics
In 36 postseason games, Stargell batted .278 (37-for-133) with 18 runs, 10 doubles, 7 home runs, 20 RBI, 17 walks, on-base percentage of .359, slugging average of .511, and on-base plus slugging of .871.

Later life
After retirement, Stargell spent two years as a first base coach for the Atlanta Braves from 1986 to 1988, wearing his customary #8. He was the first minor-league hitting coach for Chipper Jones. He was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1988, his first year of eligibility. He had an awkward interaction with the Pirates that season when the team wanted to schedule a Willie Stargell Night to honor his Hall of Fame election. Stargell refused to participate in the team's plans, still stinging from the team's refusal to even consider him for its managerial job that season.

In the 1985 trial of alleged cocaine dealer Curtis Strong, Stargell was accused by Dale Berra and John Milner (both former Pirates teammates) of distributing "greenies" (amphetamines) to players. Berra said that he obtained amphetamines from Stargell and Bill Madlock; he said he could get them from Stargell "on any given day I asked him for one." Stargell strongly denied these accusations. Commissioner Peter Ueberroth later cleared Stargell and Madlock of any wrongdoing.

Stargell returned to the Pittsburgh club in 1997 as an aide to Cam Bonifay, the team's general manager. He also worked as a special baseball adviser to Pirates owner Kevin McClatchy, who called Stargell "the ultimate class act". Stargell was hospitalized for three weeks in 1999 to treat undisclosed medical problems with one of his organs. A source close to the Pirates blamed Stargell's health problems on his gaining weight after retiring as a player. Stargell lost some of that weight, but gained weight again while working for the Pittsburgh front office.

After years of suffering from a kidney disorder, he died of complications related to a stroke in Wilmington, North Carolina, on April 9, 2001. In his later life, Stargell had also suffered from hypertension and heart failure. A segment of Stargell's bowel was removed more than two years before he died. He had been in the hospital recovering from gallbladder surgery at the time of his death. On April 7, 2001, two days before Stargell died, a larger-than-life statue of him was unveiled at the Pirates' new stadium, PNC Park, as part of the opening-day ceremonies. As his death occurred on the same day as the official opening of the stadium against the Reds, the statue served as a de facto memorial for Stargell.

Legacy
The Pirates retired his number 8 on September 6, 1982. In 1999, he ranked 81st on The Sporting News list of the 100 Greatest Baseball Players, and was also nominated as a finalist for the MLB All-Century Team. He threw out the ceremonial first pitch at the 1994 Major League Baseball All-Star Game. Stargell also threw out the ceremonial last pitch at Three Rivers Stadium before the team's move after the 2000 season.

After Stargell died, Joe Morgan said, "When I played, there were 600 baseball players, and 599 of them loved Willie Stargell. He's the only guy I could have said that about. He never made anybody look bad and he never said anything bad about anybody."

The Willie Stargell Foundation was established to promote research and treatment for kidney disease. Champion Enterprises sponsors a Willie Stargell Memorial Awards Banquet which raises money for disadvantaged children in Pittsburgh.

Stargell also worked to raise awareness of sickle cell anemia. He formed the Black Athletes Foundation (BAF) shortly after President Richard M. Nixon identified the disease as a "national health problem" in the early 1970s. For a decade, BAF, renamed the Willie Stargell Foundation, raised research money and public awareness about the disease. Starting in 1981, sickle cell awareness and fundraising was gradually being assumed by The Sickle Cell Society Inc. The Willie Stargell Foundation transitioned to raising money for treatment of and research into kidney disease.

Wilver “Willie” Stargell Avenue (formerly Tinker Avenue) is a major thoroughfare in his adolescent home of Alameda, California, connecting to the former Naval Air Station Alameda, and Stargell is honored with a plaque and plaza at its intersection with Fifth Street.

title: Willie Stargell


text:
User talk:Reflection

Hi Reflection, I agree about the "very slight residual confusion". But on the other hand I do like articles with lots of information in them. With patience I think we will collectively produce something that is maximally helpful to readers at all levels. Cheers, Opus33 20:17, 24 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Welcome to Wikipedia!
Hello, welcome to Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia that any one can edit! Find something that can be improved, either in content, grammar or formatting, then fix it. Don't be afraid. Be bold!. If you do something wrong, there is always someone who will clean up the mess.

Here are some links that you may find helpful:
 * Be bold!
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Finally, fell free to leave me a message on my talk page when you need help!

Exir Kamalabadi(Talk)(contribs) 13:27, July 10, 2005 (UTC)

A barnstar for you!
Wow! I am overcome - thanks so much! Reflection (talk) 17:45, 20 April 2017 (UTC)

1126
Hi,

Did you report this bug about "Interwiki templates" back in 2004? --Amir E. Aharoni (talk) 12:41, 14 November 2019 (UTC)

Hi Amir - Nope, I didn't. Thanks for asking. Reflection (talk) 23:44, 2 March 2020 (UTC)

title: User talk:Reflection


text:
Charles G. DeWitt

Charles Gerrit DeWitt (November 7, 1789 – April 12, 1839) was an American lawyer and politician from the U.S. state of New York. He served as a member of the United States House of Representatives and as United States Chargé d'Affaires to Guatemala.

Early life
DeWitt was born in Kingston, New York. He studied law and began the practice of law in Kingston. He was a clerk in the Navy Department and published a newspaper, The Ulster Sentinel, beginning in 1826.

Political career
He represented New York's 7th district as a Jacksonian in the 21st Congress, serving from March 4, 1829, to March 3, 1831. After leaving Congress he resumed the practice of law. On March 22, 1831, he was appointed by Secretary of the Treasury Samuel D. Ingham as one of three Commissioners of Insolvency for the Southern District of New York. He was appointed United States Chargé d'Affaires to Guatemala in 1833, and served in that position until 1839.

DeWitt committed suicide on board a steamboat in Newburgh, New York on April 12, 1839, and is interred in the Dutch Reformed Cemetery in Hurley, New York.

Family life
DeWitt's father Gerrit DeWitt was a miller, and his grandfather Charles DeWitt was a delegate to the Continental Congress. His great-nephew Henry Richard DeWitt was a New York state assemblyman.

title: Charles G. DeWitt


text:
Galois module

In mathematics, a Galois module is a G-module, with G being the Galois group of some extension of fields. The term Galois representation is frequently used when the G-module is a vector space over a field or a free module over a ring in representation theory, but can also be used as a synonym for G-module. The study of Galois modules for extensions of local or global fields and their group cohomology is an important tool in number theory.

Examples

 * Given a field K, the multiplicative group (Ks)× of a separable closure of K is a Galois module for the absolute Galois group. Its second cohomology group is isomorphic to the Brauer group of K (by Hilbert's theorem 90, its first cohomology group is zero).
 * If X is a smooth proper scheme over a field K then the ℓ-adic cohomology groups of its geometric fibre are Galois modules for the absolute Galois group of K.

Ramification theory
Let K be a valued field (with valuation denoted v) and let L/K be a finite Galois extension with Galois group G. For an extension w of v to L, let Iw denote its inertia group. A Galois module ρ : G → Aut(V) is said to be unramified if ρ(Iw) = {1}.

Galois module structure of algebraic integers
In classical algebraic number theory, let L be a Galois extension of a field K, and let G be the corresponding Galois group. Then the ring OL of algebraic integers of L can be considered as an OK[G]-module, and one can ask what its structure is. This is an arithmetic question, in that by the normal basis theorem one knows that L is a free K[G]-module of rank 1. If the same is true for the integers, that is equivalent to the existence of a normal integral basis, i.e. of α in OL such that its conjugate elements under G give a free basis for OL over OK. This is an interesting question even (perhaps especially) when K is the rational number field Q.

For example, if L = Q($\sqrt{−3}$), is there a normal integral basis? The answer is yes, as one sees by identifying it with Q(ζ) where

 * ζ = exp(2$\pi$i/3).

In fact all the subfields of the cyclotomic fields for p-th roots of unity for p a prime number have normal integral bases (over Z), as can be deduced from the theory of Gaussian periods (the Hilbert–Speiser theorem). On the other hand, the Gaussian field does not. This is an example of a necessary condition found by Emmy Noether (perhaps known earlier?). What matters here is tame ramification. In terms of the discriminant D of L, and taking still K = Q, no prime p must divide D to the power p. Then Noether's theorem states that tame ramification is necessary and sufficient for OL to be a projective module over Z[G]. It is certainly therefore necessary for it to be a free module. It leaves the question of the gap between free and projective, for which a large theory has now been built up.

A classical result, based on a result of David Hilbert, is that a tamely ramified abelian number field has a normal integral basis. This may be seen by using the Kronecker–Weber theorem to embed the abelian field into a cyclotomic field.

Galois representations in number theory
Many objects that arise in number theory are naturally Galois representations. For example, if L is a Galois extension of a number field K, the ring of integers OL of L is a Galois module over OK for the Galois group of L/K (see Hilbert–Speiser theorem). If K is a local field, the multiplicative group of its separable closure is a module for the absolute Galois group of K and its study leads to local class field theory. For global class field theory, the union of the idele class groups of all finite separable extensions of K is used instead.

There are also Galois representations that arise from auxiliary objects and can be used to study Galois groups. An important family of examples are the ℓ-adic Tate modules of abelian varieties.

Artin representations
Let K be a number field. Emil Artin introduced a class of Galois representations of the absolute Galois group GK of K, now called Artin representations. These are the continuous finite-dimensional linear representations of GK on complex vector spaces. Artin's study of these representations led him to formulate the Artin reciprocity law and conjecture what is now called the Artin conjecture concerning the holomorphy of Artin L-functions.

Because of the incompatibility of the profinite topology on GK and the usual (Euclidean) topology on complex vector spaces, the image of an Artin representation is always finite.

ℓ-adic representations
Let ℓ be a prime number. An ℓ-adic representation of GK is a continuous group homomorphism ρ : GK → Aut(M) where M is either a finite-dimensional vector space over $\overline{Q}$ℓ (the algebraic closure of the ℓ-adic numbers Qℓ) or a finitely generated $\overline{Z}$ℓ-module (where $\overline{Z}$ℓ is the integral closure of Zℓ in $\overline{Q}$ℓ). The first examples to arise were the ℓ-adic cyclotomic character and the ℓ-adic Tate modules of abelian varieties over K. Other examples come from the Galois representations of modular forms and automorphic forms, and the Galois representations on ℓ-adic cohomology groups of algebraic varieties.

Unlike Artin representations, ℓ-adic representations can have infinite image. For example, the image of GQ under the ℓ-adic cyclotomic character is $$\mathbf{Z}_\ell^\times$$. ℓ-adic representations with finite image are often called Artin representations. Via an isomorphism of $\overline{Q}$ℓ with C they can be identified with bona fide Artin representations.

Mod ℓ representations
These are representations over a finite field of characteristic ℓ. They often arise as the reduction mod ℓ of an ℓ-adic representation.

Local conditions on representations
There are numerous conditions on representations given by some property of the representation restricted to a decomposition group of some prime. The terminology for these conditions is somewhat chaotic, with different authors inventing different names for the same condition and using the same name with different meanings. Some of these conditions include:

 * Abelian representations. This means that the image of the Galois group in the representations is abelian.
 * Absolutely irreducible representations. These remain irreducible over an algebraic closure of the field.
 * Barsotti–Tate representations. These are similar to finite flat representations.
 * Crystalline representations.
 * de Rham representations.
 * Finite flat representations. (This name is a little misleading, as they are really profinite rather than finite.) These can be constructed as a projective limit of representations of the Galois group on a finite flat group scheme.
 * Good representations. These are related to the representations of elliptic curves with good reduction.
 * Hodge–Tate representations.
 * Irreducible representations. These are irreducible in the sense that the only subrepresentation is the whole space or zero.
 * Minimally ramified representations.
 * Modular representations. These are representations coming from a modular form, but can also refer to representations over fields of positive characteristic.
 * Ordinary representations. These are related to the representations of elliptic curves with ordinary (non-supersingular) reduction. More precisely, they are 2-dimensional representations that are reducible with a 1-dimensional subrepresentation, such that the inertia group acts in a certain way on the submodule and the quotient. The exact condition depends on the author; for example it might act trivially on the quotient and by the character ε on the submodule.
 * Potentially something representations. This means that the representations restricted to an open subgroup of finite index has some specified property.
 * Reducible representations. These have a proper non-zero sub-representation.
 * Semistable representations. These are two dimensional representations related to the representations coming from semistable elliptic curves.
 * Tamely ramified representations. These are trivial on the (first) ramification group.
 * Trianguline representations.
 * Unramified representations. These are trivial on the inertia group.
 * Wildly ramified representations. These are non-trivial on the (first) ramification group.

Representations of the Weil group
If K is a local or global field, the theory of class formations attaches to K its Weil group WK, a continuous group homomorphism φ : WK → GK, and an isomorphism of topological groups
 * $$r_K:C_K\tilde{\rightarrow}W_K^{\text{ab}}$$

where CK is K× or the idele class group IK/K× (depending on whether K is local or global) and $W K ab$ is the abelianization of the Weil group of K. Via φ, any representation of GK can be considered as a representation of WK. However, WK can have strictly more representations than GK. For example, via rK the continuous complex characters of WK are in bijection with those of CK. Thus, the absolute value character on CK yields a character of WK whose image is infinite and therefore is not a character of GK (as all such have finite image).

An ℓ-adic representation of WK is defined in the same way as for GK. These arise naturally from geometry: if X is a smooth projective variety over K, then the ℓ-adic cohomology of the geometric fibre of X is an ℓ-adic representation of GK which, via φ, induces an ℓ-adic representation of WK. If K is a local field of residue characteristic p ≠ ℓ, then it is simpler to study the so-called Weil–Deligne representations of WK.

Weil–Deligne representations
Let K be a local field. Let E be a field of characteristic zero. A Weil–Deligne representation over E of WK (or simply of K) is a pair (r, N) consisting of These representations are the same as the representations over E of the Weil–Deligne group of K.
 * a continuous group homomorphism r : WK → AutE(V), where V is a finite-dimensional vector space over E equipped with the discrete topology,
 * a nilpotent endomorphism N : V → V such that r(w)Nr(w)−1= ||w||N for all w ∈ WK.

If the residue characteristic of K is different from ℓ, Grothendieck's ℓ-adic monodromy theorem sets up a bijection between ℓ-adic representations of WK (over $q K v(w)$ℓ) and Weil–Deligne representations of WK over $\overline{Q}$ℓ (or equivalently over C). These latter have the nice feature that the continuity of r is only with respect to the discrete topology on V, thus making the situation more algebraic in flavor.

title: Galois module


text:
Talk:Diego Marani

Untitled
From VfD Herbee 03:58, 2004 Feb 23 (UTC)
 * Diego Marani - hopelessly POV. Each sentence portrays Marani and Europanto as an attack on Esperanto and Esperantists. I really can't see anything in there to salvage except "Diego Marani...is the inventor of...Europanto". At least part of the article looks like it was created by one of the parties involved in the edit war at Europanto. --cprompt 17:26, 15 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - Texture 23:48, 15 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep stub. Anthony DiPierro 00:46, 18 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * Too stubby; having both this stub and Europanto amounts to doing the same thing twice. Delete. Andre Engels 17:35, 18 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: redundant with Europanto. Wile E. Heresiarch 14:10, 19 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep stub version (should say he invented Europanto, but not duplicate the material in that article). --Delirium 07:05, Feb 20, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Valid stub. BL 07:32, Feb 22, 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep the current stub. it survived in other languages as well.--Homemadeglass (talk) 04:16, 26 February 2009 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Diego Marani


text:
Gaussian field

Gaussian field may refer to:

 * A field of Gaussian rationals in number theory
 * Gaussian free field, a concept in statistical mechanics
 * A Gaussian random field, a field of Gaussian-distributed random variables

title: Gaussian field


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Friedberg, Hesse

Friedberg (official name: Friedberg (Hessen)) is a town and the capital of the Wetteraukreis district, in Hesse, Germany. It is located 26 km (16 miles) north of Frankfurt am Main. In 1966, the town hosted the sixth Hessentag state festival, in 1979 the 19th.

Division of the town
The town consists of 7 districts:
 * Bruchenbrücken
 * Friedberg
 * Dorheim
 * Ockstadt
 * Bauernheim
 * Fauerbach
 * Ossenheim

History
The old city was refounded by the Hohenstaufen dynasty of the Holy Roman Empire, conveniently located at important trading routes. The city initially rivaled Frankfurt am Main economically, with an important annual trading fair, and initial rapid expansion, though its economic fortunes soon dwindled.

City tranquility was hampered by continuous rivalry between the two entities that made up Friedberg: The city and the castle of Friedberg that were politically independent from each other and in permanent competition, often quite maliciously, resulting in bitter rivalry that culminated once in the ransacking and destruction of the castle by angry citizens. In central Italy and Lombardy similar struggles between count and commune fueled the politics of Guelf and Ghibelline parties.

The city became a Free Imperial City (Freie Reichsstadt) of the Holy Roman Empire with a charter given in 1211. From the 14th-15th centuries, a 'noble republic' existed where twelve noble families shared a single castle. Between 1337 and 1498, the constitution for the castle developed with a network of knightly families with rights to elect a Burggraf (burgrave), two Baumeister, and twelve Regimentsburgmannen. They carried out numerous functions such as representing the community, maintaining the buildings and governing the affairs of the city. The Friedberg 'noble republic' was unusual in that it was sustained by a large number of families and its organization was formalized by a constitution. Under Napoleon, it was incorporated in the Grand Duchy of Hesse (Hesse-Darmstadt).

Friedberg sits atop a basalt plateau overlooking the Usa and has been populated at least since Roman times. The relics of a Mesolithic settlement have been found in Bruchenbrücken, a suburb of Friedberg. Castle Hill was the location of a Roman military camp, part of the limes or border fortifications and presumably identical with the castellum in monte tauno that is quoted in Roman records during the 1st century AD, though this is still under discussion. Ruins of the camp, as well as other Roman ruins, have been found and conserved, such as the remains of Roman public baths (thermae). The Roman settlement was abandoned during the retreat of the Romans on the Rhine frontier by 260 AD. The crown and ports atop the Adolfsturm (the most prominent feature of the Friedberg castle) was restored during the 1980s.

Friedberg's old town quarter once housed a prosperous Jewish community that was totally wiped out during World War II. Many of Friedberg's Jews fled to Palestine and the United States before the Holocaust, but all remaining Jews were deported in 1942 to Treblinka. The Judenbad (Jewish bath) contains a memorial to the fallen Jewish soldiers who fought for their fatherland during World War I. Today, only the medieval Jewish ceremonial bath, old synagogue arson memorial, and memorial plaque at one of the city's secondary schools are reminders of this part of the city's past. Sir Ernest Oppenheimer, diamond mining entrepreneur and former owner of De Beers was born and raised in Friedberg.

Friedberg was the home to the U.S. Army installation Ray Barracks. From approximately 1956 to 2007, Ray Barracks was the home of 3rd Brigade 3rd Armored Division. Elvis Presley served in 1st Bn 32nd Armor, whose motor pool and tanks were used in filming Presley's "GI Blues" (1960). The 1st Brigade 1st Armored Division was located here as well as in Gießen, Germany. The 1st Brigade (otherwise known as Ready First) was located at Ray Barracks from 1992 to 2007 when the installation was closed permanently and was returned to the city of Friedberg. The base is notable as the duty station of Elvis Presley during his military stint in Europe, who lived in nearby Bad Nauheim. Elvis Presley Platz was named for the American star and is in the main shopping center of the town. Presley's battalion, redesignated the 4th Battalion, 67th Armor, "Bandits," would be later commanded back-to-back by West Point classmates and future Army Generals Albert Bryant, Jr. and Martin Dempsey (the former Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff), who maintained their office above the "Elvis Aaron Presley Mess Hall," originally funded by Presley. Ray Barracks is further known for being the first duty station of former US Secretary of State and retired four-star General Colin Powell, who was stationed there as a Second Lieutenant in 1958.

Transport
Friedberg's main station is on the Main-Weser Railway and is the northern terminal of Frankfurt's S-Bahn line S6 and also a stop for German Intercity trains and several regional railway lines.

Twin towns – sister cities
Friedberg is twinned with:
 * Entroncamento, Portugal
 * 🇮🇹 Magreglio, Italy
 * 🇫🇷 Villiers-sur-Marne, France

Friedberg was previously twinned with Bishop's Stortford in the United Kingdom but in 2011, the English town council controversially ended its 45-year-old relationship with the city, as well as Villiers-sur-Marne in France.

Notable people

 * Erasmus Alberus (1500–1533), humanist, religious reformer and friend of Martin Luther
 * Hayim ben Bezalel (died 1588), rabbi
 * Leopold Cassella (1766–1847), entrepreneur
 * Siegfried Schmid (1774–1859), writer
 * Abraham Marcus Hirschsprung (1789–1871), founder of A.M. Hirschsprung & Sønner
 * Oscar Hertwig (1849–1922), zoologist
 * Richard Hertwig (1850-1937), zoologist
 * Albert Windisch (1878–1967), painter, Academy Professor and typographer
 * Sir Ernest Oppenheimer (1880–1957), diamond and gold mining entrepreneur, financier and philanthropist, controlled De Beers and founded the Anglo American Corporation of South Africa
 * Albert Stohr (1890–1961), bishop of Mainz
 * Ingrid Hornef (born 1940), painter, installation artist, sculptor
 * Herfried Münkler (born 1951), political scientist
 * Mathias Herrmann (born 1962), actor
 * René Pollesch (1962-2024), theatre director and playwright
 * Benjamin Herrmann (born 1971), film producer
 * Ike Moriz (born 1972), singer, songwriter and actor
 * Christof Leng (born 1975), politician
 * Dexter Langen (born 1980), footballer
 * Kamghe Gaba (born 1984), sprinter
 * Till Helmke (born 1984), sprinter
 * Kollegah (born 1984), rapper

title: Friedberg, Hesse


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Murray the K

Murray Kaufman (February 14, 1922 – February 21, 1982), professionally known as Murray the K, was an influential New York City rock and roll impresario and disc jockey of the 1950s, '60s and '70s. During the early days of Beatlemania, he frequently referred to himself as the fifth Beatle.

Early life
Murray Kaufman came from a show business family: his mother, Jean, played piano in vaudeville and wrote music and his aunt was a character actress on the stage and in film. He was a child actor—an extra—in several 1930s Hollywood films. He attended Peekskill Military Academy, a military boarding school, and he was later inducted into the United States Army where he arranged entertainment for the troops. Following the war, he put together shows in the Catskills' "Borscht Belt", also doing warm-ups for the headline performers.

Post-war
In the late 1940s and early 1950s, he worked in public relations and as a song plugger, helping to promote tunes like Bob Merrill's "(How Much Is) That Doggie in the Window?." From there, he worked as a radio producer and co-host at WMCA (and briefly thereafter at WAAT), working with personalities such as Laraine Day on the late night interview program Day at Night and with Eva Gabor. At the same time, he was doing promotion for several baseball players, including Mickey Mantle and Willie Mays, and his radio beginnings may be attributable to his connection with the New York Giants, whose manager, Leo Durocher, was the husband of Laraine Day. His work on those shows earned him his own late-night show that often featured his wife as co-host, as was popular at the time. For a while in the 1950s he was president of the National Conference of Disk Jockeys.

"This meeting of the Swingin' Soiree is now in session!"
Kaufman's big break came in 1958 after he moved to WINS/1010 to do the all-night show, which he titled The Swingin' Soiree. Shortly after his arrival, WINS's high-energy star disc jockey, Alan Freed, was indicted for tax evasion and forced off the air. Though Freed's spot was briefly occupied by Bruce Morrow, who later became known as Cousin Brucie on WABC, Murray was soon moved into the 7–11 pm time period and remained there for the next seven years, always opening his show with Sinatra and making radio history with his innovative segues, jingles, sound effects, antics, and frenetic, creative programming. Jeff Rice, writing in M/C Journal, says that Tom Wolfe calls Murray "the original hysterical disk jockey".

"The Fifth Beatle"
Murray the K reached his peak of popularity in the mid-1960s when, as the top-rated radio host in New York City, he became an early and ardent supporter and friend of The Beatles. When the Beatles came to New York on February 7, 1964, Murray was the first DJ they welcomed into their circle, having heard about him and his Brooklyn Fox shows from American groups such as the Ronettes (sisters Ronnie and Estelle Bennett and their first cousin Nedra Talley). The Ronettes met the Beatles in mid-January 1964, just a few weeks before, when the Harlem-born trio first toured England (the Rolling Stones were the group's opening act). The Beatles and Decca Records (distributor of Philles Records, the Ronettes' U.S. label) jointly threw the Ronettes a welcome party in London. When the band arrived in New York, Murray was invited by Brian Epstein to spend time with the group, and Murray persuaded his radio station (WINS) to let him broadcast his prime time show from the Beatles' Plaza Hotel suite. He subsequently accompanied the band to Washington, D.C. for their first U.S. concert, was backstage at their The Ed Sullivan Show premiere, and roomed with Beatles guitarist George Harrison in Miami, broadcasting his nightly radio shows from his hotel room there.

Murray came to be referred to as the "Fifth Beatle", a moniker he said he was given by Harrison during the train ride to the Beatles' first concert in Washington, D.C. or by Ringo Starr at a press conference before that concert. (However, in The Beatles: The First U.S. Visit he is seen christening himself thus in a phone conversation with the Beatles on the morning of their arrival in New York.) His radio station WINS picked up on the name and billed him as the Fifth Beatle, a moniker he came to regret. He was invited to the set of A Hard Day's Night in England and made several treks to England during 1964, giving WINS listeners more Beatle exclusives.

The move to FM
By the end of 1964, Murray found out that WINS was going to change to an all-news format the following year. He resigned on the air in December 1964 (breaking news about the sale of the station and the change in format before the station and Group W released it) and did his last show on February 27 prior to the format change that occurred in April 1965. A year later, in 1966, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) ruled that AM and FM radio stations could no longer simultaneously broadcast the same content, opening the door for Murray to become program director and primetime DJ on WOR-FM, 98.7—one of the first FM rock stations, soon airing such DJs as Rosko and Scott Muni in the new FM format. Murray played long album cuts rather than singles, often playing groups of songs by one artist, or thematically linked songs, uninterrupted by commercials. He combined live in-studio interviews with folk-rock—he called it "attitude music"—and all forms of popular music in a free-form format. He played artists like Bob Dylan and Janis Ian, the long album versions of their songs that came to be known as the "FM cuts". Al Aronowitz quotes Murray as saying about this formula, "You didn't have to hype the record any more. The music was speaking for itself."

Dylan
During that time Murray was often a champion of Bob Dylan during his much-maligned decision to go electric. He introduced him to boos at a huge Forest Hills Tennis Stadium concert in August 1965, saying "It's not rock, it's not folk, it's a new thing called Dylan."

He defended Dylan on a WABC-TV panel: "Even in his months of seclusion after the motorcycle accident, WABC-TV dedicated a television show to a discussion of what Bob Dylan was really like. When one member of the panel accused Dylan of all but inventing juvenile delinquency, there was only Murray the K to defend him. 'Is Bob Dylan every kid's father?' Murray asked."

Last years in radio
WOR-FM switched to the tighter and hit-oriented Drake format where DJs weren't allowed to pick the music and talk as much, so Murray the K left New York radio in August 1967 to host programs in Toronto—on CHUM—and on WHFS 102.3 FM in Bethesda, Maryland, in 1972. He returned to New York after his short stint on WHFS on the weekend show NBC Monitor and as a fill-in morning DJ, and then in 1972 moved to a regular evening weekend program on WNBC radio where Don Imus was broadcasting; he was joined there by the legendary Wolfman Jack, a year later. Although it was low-key, Murray's WNBC show featured his own innovative trademark programming style, including telling stories that were illustrated by selected songs, his unique segues, and his pairing cuts by theme or idiosyncratic associations. In early 1975, he was brought on for a brief stint at Long Island progressive rock station WLIR, and his final New York radio show ran later that year on WKTU after which—already in ill health—he moved to Los Angeles. The syndicated show Soundtrack of the '60s mentioned below was heard in New York City on WCBS-FM. Gary Owens succeeded Murray as its host.

Brooklyn Fox shows
Throughout his New York radio career, Kaufman produced multi-racial rock 'n' roll shows three or four times a year, usually during the Easter school recess, the week before Labor Day, and between Christmas and New Year at the Brooklyn Fox Theater. Those shows featured the top performers of the era and introduced new acts, such as The Delicates, Dionne Warwick, The Shirelles, Chuck Jackson, The Zombies, Little Anthony and the Imperials, the Ronettes, the Shangri-Las, Gene Pitney, Ben E. King, The Tymes, Smokey Robinson & The Miracles and Bobby Vinton (who was the leader of the house band when he asked for a chance to perform as a singer). In 1967, the show moved to the RKO 58th St. theater in Manhattan for a 9-day stint and was called "Music in the Fifth Dimension". It featured both traditional rock acts and some of the new progressive rock acts, including Cream, The Who, Phil Ochs, Simon & Garfunkel, Mitch Ryder, the Young Rascals and The Blues Project, among others.

Records, television, stage, and syndication
Throughout his radio career, from the 1950s through the 1970s, Murray also released numerous LP record albums, often compilations of hits by the acts that appeared in his famous Brooklyn Fox shows. These albums frequently had names such as Murray the K's Blasts from the Past or Murray the K's Sing Along with the Original Golden Gassers. He also released two albums of shows recorded live from the Brooklyn Fox Theatre: Murray the K's Holiday Revue (1964) and Greatest Holiday Revue (1966), combined on the two-record set Live as it Happened (1976).

"Meusurray" (named after a language game Murray invented and based on a technique used by carnival barkers to attract a crowd was a regular shtick on his 1010 WINS radio show) was a single by the girl group The Delicates, released on the United Artists label. The Delicates were Denise Ferri, Arleen Lanzotti and Peggy Santiglia ("Murray's Original Dancing Girls") They wrote the song which was arranged by Don Costa. The Delicates also wrote and recorded his "Submarine Race Watcher" theme, used to open and close his radio show. It was during the "twist craze" that Kaufman introduced a song sung by an unidentified artist named, "The Lone Twister", which in fact was Murray.

In the mid-1960s, Murray also produced and hosted television variety shows featuring rock performers. The best known was a national broadcast entitled It's What's Happening, Baby which was made under the auspices of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. The show aired on June 28, 1965 and featured performances by many of the popular artists of the day, including Jan & Dean, Mary Wells, the Dave Clark Five, The Supremes, The Drifters, Smokey Robinson & the Miracles, Ray Charles, Marvin Gaye, The Ronettes and The Righteous Brothers. He also ran shows with British Invasion bands that included The Zombies and The Yardbirds (who featured both Jeff Beck, and Jimmy Page of Led Zeppelin fame, on guitar). That show also introduced the first music video-style programming, pre-dating MTV by 15 years.

In 1966, Murray collaborated with media art collective USCO to design and produce the psychedelic multimedia event The World, which took place in the Roosevelt Field abandoned airplane hangar in Long Island and was dubbed the first discotheque. Live and recorded music played while slides and film were projected onto the crowd. Music acts that performed included The Young Rascals, The Hollies, Del Shannon, The Isley Brothers, and Mitch Ryder and the Detroit Wheels. The World was featured on the cover of Life magazine in May 1966.

In 1967, Murray produced and wrote "Murray the K in New York" which expanded on the music video-style approach he began in It's What's Happening, Baby and featured an eclectic line-up of stars, including The Doors, Otis Redding, Aretha Franklin, Spanky & Our Gang, and The Four Tops with guest appearances by Ed Sullivan and Joe Namath.

Other locally broadcast shows from the period included "Murray the K at Shea" with James Brown and The Four Seasons and "Music in the Year 2000."

In 1968, Murray produced and hosted a studio panel discussion program entitled "The Sound is Now"; it included appearances by Phil Ochs and Sonny and Cher who were grilled by Henry Morgan and Tex McCrary.

During the early 1970s, Murray acted as a special consultant to the stage show Beatlemania, and he toured the country giving interviews on behalf of the show.

In Los Angeles in the late 1970s he hosted Watermark's syndicated Soundtrack of the '60s until ill health forced him to resign and forced the cancellation of A Salute to Murray the K, a tribute concert slated for Madison Square Garden.

Film
Kaufman was parodied in the film The Rutles – All You Need Is Cash as a radio host named Bill Murray the K, played by actor Bill Murray. Kaufman appeared as a guest star on the 1960s television series Coronet Blue and also appeared as himself in the film I Wanna Hold Your Hand. He also appeared in the 1975 film That's the Way of the World.

Family and death
He was married six times and had three sons, Peter (Altschuler), Jeff and Keith. His first wife, Anna May, died in childbirth. He was married to his second, Toni, for three years; his third, Beverly, for three months; his fourth, Claire, for about nine years in the 1950s; his fifth, Jackie Hayes (called "Jackie the K"), from January 1960 until September 1978; and finally, his sixth, actress Jackie Zeman, for just one year, although they were together for seven years before marrying.

Kaufman died of cancer a week after his 60th birthday on February 21, 1982.

Legacy
He shares writing credit with his mother and Bobby Darin for Darin's breakout song, "Splish Splash".

Beginning in 1960, Kaufman's rock 'n' roll shows at the Brooklyn Paramount theater (as co-host with Clay Cole), Manhattan's Academy of Music theater on 14th Street and, predominantly, the Brooklyn Fox theater provided an inter-racial environment in which the performers and the audiences both thrived. The week-long, three-shows-a-day presentations continued throughout the most explosive periods of civil rights unrest in the mid-'60s, culminating in Kaufman's final show at the Brooklyn Fox Theater with a line-up that included The Who and Cream in their American debuts.

Murray was the author of a 1966 book, Murray the K Tells It Like It Is, Baby.

Kaufman was program director and primetime evening DJ on the nation's first FM rock station WOR-FM, changing the way in which radio listeners heard rock music. During the short run of progressive rock programming – the station switched to an oldies format within the first year – listeners would have been able to hear the full, album versions of songs including "Like A Rolling Stone" and "Society's Child" which were either played in shorter versions on AM radio or not played at all.

He is mentioned in the 1980 Ramones song "Do You Remember Rock 'n' Roll Radio?" as well as "Who Will Save Rock 'n' Roll" by the Dictators. He is also mentioned in "Life Is a Rock (But the Radio Rolled Me)" by Reunion.

A recording of Murray the K introducing the band Devo appears on their live compilation DEVO Live: The Mongoloid Years.

Murray the K introduced Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band as the band took the stage on November 4, 1976 in New York City.

He was inducted into the National Radio Hall of Fame in 1997.

Recordings made by Murray Kaufman

 * April 1955: Fraternity F-714 "The Crazy Otto Rag" as by Ludwig Von Kaufman/"Out Of The Bushes" as by Murray Kaufman (made while a DJ at WMCA)
 * 1959: Murray Kaufman Part 1/Part 2 (Part 1 is a 1010WINS radio jingle item featuring Murray and the Delicates and his themes; Part 2 is his "Ah, Bey, ah bey, koowi zowa zowa" chant, along with an explanation of its meaning.) The chant was lifted intact from a Thomas J. Valentino music library recording (on the Major Records label) entitled "African Drums With Native Chants" on the A side and "Drums (African)", "Native Work Chant (African)", and "Native Choral Chant (African)" on the B side.
 * 1961: Atlantic 2130 "The Lone Twister"/"Twistin' Up A Storm" as by The Lone Twister
 * 1965: Red Bird 10-045 "It's What's Happenin, Baby"/"The Sins Of A Family" as by 'Murray the "K"'. (The B side was a P. F. Sloan song.)

title: Murray the K