text:
South Melbourne

South Melbourne is an inner suburb in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 3 km south of Melbourne's Central Business District, located within the City of Port Phillip local government area. South Melbourne recorded a population of 11,548 at the 2021 census.

Historically known as Emerald Hill, South Melbourne was one of the first of Melbourne's suburbs to adopt full municipal status and is one of Melbourne's oldest suburban areas, notable for its well preserved Victorian era streetscapes.

The current boundaries are complex. Starting at the east end of Dorcas Street, it runs along the rear of properties on St Kilda Road, then south along Albert Road, north up Canterbury Road, along the rear of the north side of St Vincent Place, zigzags west along St Vincent Street, then north up Pickles Street. There is then an arm of former industrial land to the west between Boundary Road, the freeway and Ferrars Street. It then runs along Market Street to Kingsway, then up Dorcas Street to St Kilda Road.

History

Before European settlement, the area now called South Melbourne stood out as largely flat with central hill (where the Town Hall now stands) surrounded by swampy land to the north and south. The hill was a traditional social and ceremonial meeting place for Aboriginal Australian peoples.

The area was colonised by Europeans in the 1840s and became known as Emerald Hill.

During the Victorian Gold Rush of 1851 a tent city, known as "Canvas Town" was established. The area soon became a massive slum, home to tens of thousands of fortune seekers from around the world.

Land sales at Emerald Hill began in 1852, and while the hill itself was reserved as the site for an orphanage, Canvas Town was soon replaced by cottages, including many that were prefabricated overseas in timber and corrugated iron. Independence from the City of Melbourne was granted when Emerald Hill was proclaimed a borough on 26 May 1855. In 1857, Melbourne's second railway line, to St Kilda, was created running through the new municipality.

On 6 August 1868, a weekly newspaper, The Record, began publication. In 1872, it changed its name to The Record and Emerald Hill and Sandridge Advertiser, reverting to The Record in 1881. The Record continued publication until 22 December 1954.

The new municipality developed rapidly and by 1872 Emerald Hill was proclaimed a town. By the 1870s, parts of South Melbourne became a favoured place of residents for the wealthy, particularly in St Vincent Gardens, Melbourne's best London style residential square (which mostly lies in Albert Park), but most of the locality was developed with more modest single storey terraces and cottages, some in timber. The orphanage on the hill relocated in 1878, and the crest of the hill become the site of the South Melbourne Town Hall, built between 1879 and 1880, and designed in suitable grandeur to evoke the city's booming status, establishing a civic heart at Bank Street. In 1883 Emerald Hill became a city, changing its official name to South Melbourne.

South Melbourne experienced a decline in the 1950s as Melbourne sprawled outwards. Like many other Melbourne inner city suburbs, during the 1960s, the Housing Commission of Victoria stepped in and erected several high-rise public housing towers including the earliest high rise, Emerald Hill Court, and the tallest, Park Towers (c.1969). They soon housed some of Melbourne's postwar migrants, who also lived in the many modest cottages, adding a multicultural flavour to the area.

In the 1980s, like other inner suburban areas, South Melbourne's gentrification got under way, and many of the terrace houses and cottages were renovated and a new middle class moved in. From the 1990s, the industrial districts of South Melbourne, closer to the city, and including Southbank, have been redeveloped with mid and high rise apartments; in 1996 the most intensively developed part of Southbank was transferred to the City of Melbourne. At the same time, the City of South Melbourne was amalgamated with the Cities of St Kilda and Port Melbourne to create the City of Port Phillip.

Population
In the 2016 Census, were 10,920 people in South Melbourne. 55.5% of people were born in Australia. The next most common countries of birth were England 4.8%, China 3.0%, New Zealand 2.8%, India 1.5% and Malaysia 1.4%. 66.5% of people spoke only English at home. Other languages spoken at home included Mandarin 3.9%, Greek 2.8%, Russian 1.9%, Cantonese 1.3% and Italian 1.2%. The most common responses for religion were No Religion 40.7% and Catholic 17.3%.

Transport
South Melbourne is served by tram routes 1, 12, 58, and 96. Route 96 runs along the former St Kilda railway line, which was converted to light rail in 1987.

In 2006 there were strong calls by a joint council project and the Inner Melbourne Action Group to provide an inner south tram link between the City of Port Phillip and the City of Stonnington, by connecting route 112 with route 8 via Park Street. This would have required less than 100 metres of track to be laid along the Park Street gap to create the new route.

Commercial areas
The main commercial district is centred on Clarendon Street and side streets, including an area around the South Melbourne Market, with many retailers, cafes, eateries, art galleries and more.

Like the Melbourne CBD, there are many small laneways in South Melbourne, most of them cobbled in bluestone.

Housing
South Melbourne's predominant housing is terraced or semi-detached Victorian.

Park Towers is a notable example of Housing Commission of Victoria hi-rise public housing. There are a number of such towers in parts of South Melbourne, built since the 1960s.

In recent years, South Melbourne has seen an increase in population density, due to apartment development in nearby Southbank, where development has spilled over from the Melbourne CBD. To the east, towards the St Kilda Road complex, are many high rise office buildings.

Heritage
The Victorian era terraced house and cottage areas of South Melbourne are extensive and mostly heritage-listed. A handful of original prefabricated cottages have survived, with a corrugated iron example in Coventry Street now a museum run by the National Trust. The elaborate town hall with its tall clock tower is one of the landmarks of Melbourne's heritage of Victorian architecture. The block that the town hall stands on was all developed in the late 1870s-1880s with substantial terrace houses and shops, and remains intact to this day.

See Yup Temple is a Chinese temple, built in 1856, is Melbourne's most notable reminder of the Chinese immigration during the gold rush.

Television industry
South Melbourne features television production studios owned by the Seven Network and Global Television in the south of the suburb. This was formerly the Melbourne studios of the Seven Network prior to them moving to the Melbourne Docklands's Digital Broadcast Centre. Several Seven Network shows like Deal or No Deal, Dancing with the Stars It Takes Two were filmed at the South Melbourne location whilst Seven News is filmed at Docklands.

Sport

South Melbourne FC is regarded as one of Australia's most successful soccer clubs, with four national titles to their name. They currently play in the Victorian Premier League at Lakeside Stadium, a rectangular stadium built on Lake Oval, the former home ground of the South Melbourne Swans. Historically, they have been known as South Melbourne Hellas, a tribute to the migrant Greek founders of the club and traditionally played at Middle Park.

It was once home to the South Melbourne Swans, which played in the Victorian Football League (VFL), which played out of the Lake Oval (now Lakeside Stadium) in nearby Albert Park, before relocating to Sydney in 1982 in a radical move, which eventually spawned the national Australian Football League.

A new athletics track and field facility replaced the earlier updated soccer ground, but soccer is still present in the centre of the track.

Notable people
Notable people from or who lived in South Melbourne include:
 * Ian Gardiner (1943–2008), artist, woodcut printmaker
 * George King, Australian rules footballer (1892–1976)
 * Robert MacGregor (1825–1883), politician and headmaster
 * John Reid "Gentleman Jack" McGowan (1872–1912), champion boxer
 * Herbert Henry "Dally" Messenger (1883–1959), champion rugby footballer
 * Russell Mockridge (1928–1958), racing cyclist, Olympic Games gold medallist
 * Max Papley (1940–present), Australian rules footballer
 * Arthur Ted Powell (1947–present), landscape/cityscape artist and printmaker
 * Bob Skilton (1938–present), Australian rules footballer
 * William John Wills (1834–1861), pioneering explorer-surveyor and eponymous member of 'the Burke and Wills expedition'

title: South Melbourne


text:
User:Intangir

22, male, math/cs undergrad at UAB in Birmingham, AL, USA, North America, Earth, Sol System, Milky Way Galaxy, Prime Material Plane, Multiverse, your mom =)

My favorite Slashdot comments about Wikipedia:

My hopeless endeavors

 * Finish my attempt to elegantly prove the four color theorem I succeeded in finding an equivalent statement. Too bad its just as hard to prove. :)
 * Find where speculative theory begins and experimental evidence ends. Science is resistant but not immune to dogma.

Declaration of bias
I am broadly agnostic and skeptical. This means that I have(in order of uncertainty):
 * Skepticism of dogma- I am a scientific skeptic. Pseudoscience is without merit.
 * Skepticism of unobservables- I am a firm scientific antirealist. Specifically, I am the kind that reads unobservable entities in theory to be mere conceptual metaphors.
 * Skepticism of god- I don't know whether or not a god exists.
 * Skepticism of myself- In general, I am rarely confident in my opinions.
 * Skepticism of experts- I support fringe science. Its primary divergence is a lack of expert support. While it is good to generally trust experts more than neophytes or cranks, even an entire field of experts can be wrong.

Notable additions
Pages Authored
 * Dev-C++ : My favorite Integrated Development Environment
 * Kuroda normal form : CNF is to CFG as KNF is to CSG
 * Audiation : A neologism for 'thinking in music'.
 * Rate theory : Theory that pitch is signaled in the neuron's firing rate.
 * Gravitational interaction of antimatter : I favor antimatter repulsion.

Images Authored
 * Image:Bismuth_Crystal.jpg

Destubbings
 * World Community Grid : I also started a Wikipedia team for it.

Wikifications
 * Place theory : Theory that pitch is signaled by the location of firing neurons.

Todo list

 * Toki pona needs a plain language distillation of my esoterically EBNF grammar for it.
 * Tree automata needs expansion.
 * Stückelberg-Feynman interpretation deserves its own article.
 * Gravitational interaction of antimatter needs a miracle.
 * Exotic matter talks exclusively about negative mass.
 * Negative energy needs an article.
 * Antiphotons need an article.
 * Talk:Drake equation, someone needs to respond to my question.
 * Propose a fringe science wikiproject, or propose a mandate expansion of the pseudoscience wikiproject.

Random musings and hard questions for which I don't have good answers

 * What are the advantages/disadvantages of Average absolute deviation vs. Standard deviation?
 * What are all the theoretical assumptions which are as yet unverified by experiment?
 * How can the practice of science be rational at the blurred line between theory and experiment?
 * The first theories of Quantum Mechanics started with the uncertainty principle which predicts vacuum fluctuations. Stochastic Electrodynamics starts with vacuum fluctuations and predicts an uncertainty principle. Feynman's Quantum Electrodynamics starts with virtual particles and predicts both. In essence, Virtual particles -> vacuum fluctuations <-> uncertainty principle.
 * Light (theoretically) travels faster in between casimir plates because there is 'less vacuum' there. This seems very similar to how light slows down in a dense medium. In such a case, light is said to "gain an effective mass". Perhaps then, photons could be said to have an effective mass in a normal vacuum which is lowered when traveling between casimir plates. Even if providing no new predictive insight, such a theory, if effective, would be ontologically cute. I need to research this.
 * How does particle exchange explain attractive forces? The common uncertainty principle explanation seems dubious.
 * Normal deterministic causality assumes that a past state predicts a future state. What is it called when a past state and a future state predict a state inbetween?
 * If Wikipedia is inhabited by netizens and 99% of all internet traffic is pornography, why aren't 99% of articles porn related? Perhaps after arriving here by mistake looking for Bomis Babes, Wikipedians universally hit upon the idea to write about unexcitingly non-sexual things in an effort to "think about baseball"?

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Intangir


text:
Carole Pope

Carole Ann Pope (born 6 August 1950) is a British-born Canadian rock singer-songwriter, whose provocative blend of hard-edged new wave rock with explicit homoerotic and BDSM-themed lyrics made her one of the first openly lesbian entertainers to achieve mainstream fame.

Early life
Pope was born on 6 August 1950 in the rural outskirts of Manchester in England. She was the oldest of four children born to Jack Pope, a salesperson, a member of the Communist Party of Great Britain, and a circus stilt walker, and to Celia, a music hall performer. Pope grew up with two sisters, Diane and Elaine, and a brother, Howard. At the age of five, Pope emigrated with her parents to Montreal. After a couple of years there, the family moved to the Toronto suburb of Scarborough, Ontario. She studied at Cedarbrae Collegiate Institute.

1968–1988: Rough Trade
Pope met her longtime musical partner Kevan Staples at a band audition in Scarborough. In 1968, they began performing together as a duo in Yorkville, which was Toronto's live music and arts district at the time. In 1970, they adopted the name O, changing it to The Bullwhip Brothers the following year.

In 1975, Pope and Staples recruited several backup musicians and formed the band Rough Trade. Pope often performed in black leather pants and bondage attire. The band's first album, Rough Trade Live, was produced by Jack Richardson.

Whilst with Rough Trade, Pope sang backup vocals on Murray McLauchlan's album Into a Mystery, in 1980, and would go on to win the Juno Award for Most Promising Female Vocalist in 1981 and subsequently the Juno Award for Best Female Vocalist in 1982 and 1983.

Rough Trade released their first studio album, Avoid Freud, and also made an appearance in the Canadian horror film, Deadline, in 1980. They would win a Genie Award and four gold and two platinum records as the decade progressed. She and Kevan Staples co-wrote the 1983 single "Transformation" along with the track "Design for Living", for singer/songwriter Nona Hendryx's second studio album, Nona. Pope also appeared as a guest vocalist on the Payola$ single "Never Said I Loved You," which was a top 10 hit in 1983. She would team up again with Payola$ founder Paul Hyde to sing the duet "My Brilliant Career" on his album Living Off the Radar in 2000. She also sang the role of Primavera Nicholson in the COC production of R. Murray Schafer's Patria I in November 1987.

Although Rough Trade did not record or perform extensively after its final Deep Six in '86 tour, they did not officially break up until 1988. Since breaking up, the band has had numerous reunions, and in 2022, Rough Trade - The Musical, a musical based on the band's music (and the life of Pope's late brother, Howard), debuted at Joe's Pub, in Manhattan.

1988–1999: Solo Beginnings
After Rough Trade disbanded, Pope released her debut solo single in 1988, which was a cover of The Flirtations' 1968 soul hit, Nothing but a Heartache. The B-side was her self-penned song, I'm Not Blind. She relocated to Los Angeles in 1989 to pursue opportunities in soundtrack work and acting, and produced the soundtrack for The Silencer, a thriller movie directed by Amy Goldstein, which was released in 1992.

In 1995, Pope announced she was no longer living in Los Angeles. That same year, she released her debut EP, Radiate, featuring drummer Jack Irons. A music video was produced to promote the EP's third track, Kiss The Ground. Pope also starred in the cabaret, Quiet Please, There's a Bitter, Petulant Diva on Stage, at Buddies in Bad Times Theatre. In 1997, Pope provided the voice for the schoolteacher in the animated version of Pippi Longstocking, and in 1999 playwright Bryden MacDonald staged Shaking the Foundations, a musical revue based on the music of Rough Trade.

2000–2005: Release of autobiography and first solo album
In 2000, Random House published Pope's autobiography, Anti Diva. The book included Pope's first public acknowledgement that she had been in a relationship with British singer Dusty Springfield in the early 1980s. That year she and Staples contributed a track to the Dusty Springfield tribute album Forever Dusty: Homage to an Icon. Anti Diva also revealed fleeting 1970s dalliances with comic actress Andrea Martin and music producer Bob Ezrin. Years later, Pope discussed attending Dusty Springfield's funeral where she spent time with the Pet Shop Boys, amongst other notables.

Soon afterwards, Pope re-recorded the Rough Trade single "High School Confidential" for the Queer as Folk season 1 soundtrack and appeared in the Toronto production of The Vagina Monologues in 2001. She would then move to New York City to continue writing and recording. In 2005, 21 years after her last EP, Pope returned to Los Angeles and released Transcend, her debut full-length solo album.

2011–present: Second solo album, EP, and collaborations
In 2011, Pope released Landfall, her second full-length album, featuring a duet with Rufus Wainwright. That year she also was a guest vocalist on the album The Hills Are Alive by the Brooklyn Rundfunk Orkestrata.

Pope is an ambassador for the Harvey Milk School in New York City and a board director for the Songwriters Association of Canada. In 2015, Pope signed with Squirtgun Records (distributed by eOne Entertainment) to re-release the Music for Lesbians EP on 23 June 2015.

On 22 September 2017, Pope released the single, This Is Not A Test. An accompanying music video, directed by Jasun Mark, was released on 8 May 2018. Later that same year, Pope collaborated with keyboardist Kevin Hearn to release the single, Resist It, on 22 October 2018., which was later accompanied by a music video directed by Phillip Harder. A third single, I'm There, produced in collaboration with Spoons' keyboardist Rob Preuss, was released the following year.

In 2021, Pope collaborated with Ottawa band Church of Trees to release the song "World's A Bitch". Later that same year, Pope worked with Canadian performer Clara Venice to produce the single "Speaking In Code". Venice had previously added her Theremin skills to Pope's 2017 single, This Is Not A Test.

Pope served as a guest judge on the second episode of the third season of Canada's Drag Race.

On July 21, 2023, it was revealed that a documentary based on Pope's autobiography is currently in the works. The documentary, titled AntiDiva: The Confessions of Carole Pope, is being funded by The Canada Media Fund. The production of the documentary is being handled by Gay Agenda, and it is scheduled to debut on CBC’s Documentary Channel in 2025.

Personal life
Pope currently lives in Los Angeles, although she has previously resided in New York.

Health
In March 2018, Pope was forced to cancel a scheduled performance in Toronto due to a fractured ankle. Subsequently, she was compelled to cancel all of her scheduled performances for the remainder of the year due to mobility challenges that she had encountered during her tour. This ultimately resulted in a diagnosis of spinal stenosis. In order to assist with her living expenses following surgery, a fundraiser was established on GoFundMe.

Albums

 * Transcend (2005)
 * Landfall (2011)

EPs

 * Radiate (1995)
 * The Silencer (1999)
 * Music for Lesbians (2014; 2015 re-release with Squirtgun/eOne)

Singles

 * "Nothing but a Heartache" / "I'm Not Blind" (1988, B-side reissued in 2022 as a single)
 * "Transcend" (1999)
 * "World Of One" (2000)
 * "Johnny Marr" (2007)
 * "Shining Path/Tell Me" (2010)
 * "Viral 01/Viral 02" (2011)
 * "Francis Bacon" (2013)
 * "Lesbians in the Forest" (featuring Peaches) (2013)
 * "Vagina Wolf" (2014)
 * "This Is Not a Test" (2017)
 * "Resist It" (with Kevin Hearn) (2018)
 * "I'm There" (with Rob Preuss) (2019)
 * "I Want to Live" (2020)
 * "World's a Bitch" (2021) (with Church of Trees and Rob Preuss)
 * "Speaking in Code" (2021) (with Clara Venice)
 * "More Or Less" (2024) (Bandcamp exclusive)

title: Carole Pope


text:
Baron Crathorne

Baron Crathorne, of Crathorne in the North Riding of the County of York, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created in 1959 for the Conservative politician and former Minister of Agriculture and Fisheries, Sir Thomas Dugdale, 1st Baronet. He had already been created a baronet, of Crathorne in the North Riding of the County of York, in 1945. the titles are held by his son, the second Baron, who succeeded in 1977. Lord Crathorne is one of the ninety elected hereditary peers that remain in the House of Lords after the passing of the House of Lords Act 1999, and sits as a Conservative.

The family seat is Crathorne House, near Yarm, North Yorkshire.

Barons Crathorne (1959)

 * Thomas Lionel Dugdale, 1st Baron Crathorne (1897–1977)
 * Charles James Dugdale, 2nd Baron Crathorne (born 1939)

The heir apparent is the present holder's only son Hon. Thomas Arthur John Dugdale (born 1977).

Line of succession

 * Coronet of a British Baron.svg Major Thomas Lionel Dugdale, 1st Baron Crathorne (1897–1977)
 * Coronet of a British Baron.svg Charles James Dugdale, 2nd Baron Crathorne (born 1939)
 * (1) Hon. Thomas Arthur John Dugdale (b. 1977)
 * (2) Hon. David John Dugdale (b. 1942)
 * (3) Jonathan William Shaun Dugdale (b. 1980)

title: Baron Crathorne


text:
PLOKTA

The term PLOKTA (sometimes rendered in lowercase, plokta) /plok't*/ is an acronym for Press Lots Of Keys To Abort, and essentially means pressing random keys in an attempt to get some response from a (computer) system.

One might plokta when the abort procedure for a program is not known, or when trying to figure out if the system is just sluggish or really hung. Plokta can also be used while trying to figure out any unknown key sequence for a particular operation. Someone going into "plokta mode" usually places both hands flat on the keyboard and mashes them down, hoping for some useful response. This will sometimes eventually result in beeping sounds from an unresponding computer as its keyboard buffer fills up.

A slightly more directed form of plokta could often be seen in email messages or Usenet articles from new users with terminal-based clients - the text might end with

^X^C q      quit :q :q! ^C end x      exit ZZ      ^D ?      help

as the user vainly tries to find the right exit sequence, with the incorrect tries piling up at the end of the message.

title: PLOKTA


text:
Baron Colyton

Baron Colyton, of Farway in the County of Devon and of Taunton in the County of Somerset, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created on 19 January 1956 for the diplomat and Conservative politician Henry Hopkinson. He notably served as Minister of State for the Colonies from 1952 to 1955. He resided at Netherton Hall in the parish of Farway, Devon. , the title is held by his grandson, the second Baron, who succeeded in 1996.

Barons Colyton (1956)

 * Henry Lennox D'Aubigne Hopkinson, 1st Baron Colyton (1902–1996)
 * Alisdair John Munro Hopkinson, 2nd Baron Colyton (b. 1958)

The heir apparent is the present holder's son Hon. James Patrick Munro Hopkinson (b. 1983)

Line of Succession

 * Coronet of a British Baron.svg Henry Lennox D'Aubigne Hopkinson, 1st Baron Colyton (1902—1996)
 * Hon. Nicholas Henry Eno Hopkinson (1932—1991)
 * Coronet of a British Baron.svg Alisdair John Munro Hopkinson, 2nd Baron Colyton (born 1958)
 * (1) Hon. James Patrick Munro Hopkinson (b. 1983)
 * (2) Hon. Thomas Charles Robert Hopkinson (b. 1985)
 * (3) Charles Henry Kenneth Hopkinson (b. 1960)
 * (4) Frederick Nicholas Hugo Hopkinson (b. 1990)
 * (5) Henry Jonathan Arthur Hopkinson (b. 1992)

title: Baron Colyton


text:
User:Easilyremembered

.

title: User:Easilyremembered


text:
East Didsbury (disambiguation)

East Didsbury is a suburban area in Manchester to the east and south of Didsbury.

East Didsbury may also refer to:
 * East Didsbury tram stop, a light rail stop in Didsbury, England; the terminus of Metrolink's South Manchester Line
 * East Didsbury railway station, a heavy rail stop in Disbury England, located along the Styal Line

title: East Didsbury (disambiguation)


text:
Canton, New York (disambiguation)

Canton, New York, is the name of two places in St. Lawrence County, New York.

 * Canton (town), New York
 * Canton (village), New York, in the town

title: Canton, New York (disambiguation)


text:
Baron Clitheroe

Baron Clitheroe of Downham in the County of Lancaster is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created in the 1955 Birthday Honours for the Conservative politician Ralph Assheton, who had previously served as Financial Secretary to the Treasury. He was the son of Ralph Cockayne Assheton, for many years a member of the Lancashire County Council, who had been created baronet of Downham in the County of Lancaster, on 4 September 1945. Three months after being raised to the peerage, Lord Clitheroe succeeded his father in the baronetcy. , the titles are held by the first Baron's son, the second Baron, who succeeded in 1984.

In the immediate aftermath of World War II, Ralph Assheton also acquired title to the manorial and mineral rights as well as land holdings within the former Honour of Clitheroe. These were purchased out of the Clitheroe Estate Company following its administration in 1945. They included the Lordship of the Forest of Pendle.

The Assheton family, also spelled Ashton, derive from Ashton-under-Lyne. The military commander Sir John de Assheton (or de Ashton) was among their ancestors.

The family seat is Downham Hall, near Downham, Lancashire.

Assheton baronets of Downham (1945)

 * Sir Ralph Cockayne Assheton, 1st Baronet (1860–1955)
 * Sir Ralph Assheton, 2nd Baronet (1901–1984) (created Baron Clitheroe in 1955)

Barons Clitheroe (1955)

 * Ralph Assheton, 1st Baron Clitheroe (1901–1984)
 * Ralph John Assheton, 2nd Baron Clitheroe (born 1929)

The heir apparent is the present holder's son, the Hon. Ralph Christopher Assheton (born 1962). The heir apparent's heir apparent is his son, Ralph Anthony Assheton (born 1998).

Line of succession

 * Ulster.svg Sir Ralph Cockayne Assheton, 1st Baronet (1860–1955)
 * Coronet of a British Baron.svg Ralph Assheton, 1st Baron Clitheroe (1901–1984)
 * Coronet of a British Baron.svg Ralph John Assheton, 2nd Baron Clitheroe (born 1929)
 * (1) Hon. Ralph Christopher Assheton (born 1962)
 * (2) Ralph Anthony Assheton (born 1998)
 * (3) Hon. John Hotham Assheton (born 1964)
 * (4) William Hotham Assheton (born 1992)
 * (5) James Charles Assheton (born 1999)
 * Hon. Nicholas Assheton (1934–2012)
 * (6) Thomas Assheton (born 1963)
 * (7) Noah Frederick Assheton (born 1991)

title: Baron Clitheroe


text:
Wilmslow Road

Wilmslow Road is a major road in Manchester, England, running from Parrs Wood northwards to Rusholme where it becomes the Oxford Road. The name of the road changes again to Oxford Street when it crosses the River Medlock before reaching Manchester city centre. The road runs through the centres of Didsbury, Withington and Fallowfield, including the major student residential campus of Owens Park, to Rusholme. Oxford Road passes through the University of Manchester campus, the Institute for Contemporary Theatre campus of BIMM University and the All Saints campus of the Manchester Metropolitan University. Several hospitals including the Christie Hospital and Manchester Royal Infirmary have been built along the road. It also features several parks and gardens such as Fletcher Moss Gardens, Platt Fields and Whitworth Park.

The road is part of a major bus corridor with bus movements of over one a minute at peak times and is a key centre for business, culture and higher education.

Route
Wilmslow Road, Oxford Road and Oxford Street are part of an 18th-century route from Manchester to Oxford, and from there to Southampton, which can be traced on modern maps by locating roads which are called (or used to be called) the A34. Wilmslow Road was designated the A34 until 1967. Many sections of the route have been re-designated when motorways and bypasses took the A34 away from its original route and they took names such as the A3400 and A44. The ancient route goes via Cheadle, Cheadle Hulme, Wilmslow, Congleton, Newcastle-under-Lyme, Stafford, Birmingham, Stratford-upon-Avon and Woodstock.

Boundaries and designations
Oxford Road and Oxford Street are the continuation of Wilmslow Road into the centre of Manchester. Oxford Street begins at St Peter's Square 53.4778°N, -2.2441°W and the name changes from Oxford Street to Oxford Road as the road crosses the River Medlock 53.4737°N, -2.2401°W, placing Oxford Road railway station closer to Oxford Street than Oxford Road. Wilmslow Road starts at the junction with Hathersage Road 53.4591°N, -2.2274°W and continues to Parrs Wood 53.4058°N, -2.2184°W where it crosses the ancient county boundary into Cheshire. It crosses the River Mersey over the Cheadle Bridge into Cheadle. Its route is then called Manchester Road for a short time but there is a Wilmslow Road on the other side of Cheadle.

Oxford Street and a section of Oxford Road together form part of the A34. The B5117 consists of part of Oxford Road and part of Wilmslow Road. Though a continuous thoroughfare, part of Wilmslow Road also contains part of the A6010, the whole of the B5093, part of the A5145 and the whole of the B5095.

Turnpike trust
In 1753, the Manchester and Wilmslow Turnpike Trust was created by Act of Parliament, with powers to build, maintain, and improve the most northerly stretch of the Manchester to Oxford route, funded by the collection of tolls. In 1755 the trust built the first stone bridge over the Mersey. This collapsed in 1756 and was rebuilt in 1758. The bridge was replaced in 1780 and again in 1861.

The improved transport links spurred the development of villages such as Rusholme and Withington along the route. These villages eventually merged and became part of the city of Manchester. Chorlton-on-Medlock, the district nearest the town centre, was developed as a residential suburb in 1793–94 by the three landowners. Most of the important streets were given impressive names, Oxford Street, Cambridge Street and Grosvenor Street being three of these. Over the next fifty years residential development spread southwards as far as High Street (the old name of Hathersage Road). The very few remaining dwellings of that period include Waterloo Place, 323, 325, 327 and 333 Oxford Road and Grove House (316–324).

In 1861 the turnpike trust was threatened with abolition but survived by offering to build Palatine Road from Withington to West Didsbury. All turnpike trusts in the United Kingdom were abolished by 1881. Until some time in the 1880s all of Oxford Road and Oxford Street was called Oxford Street (as far south as High Street). The present street and road with different series of house numbers were introduced so that Oxford Street ended at the old township border of the River Medlock. The Chorlton-on-Medlock section became Oxford Road and from Rusholme to Parrs Wood remained Wilmslow Road.

Trams
Horse-drawn omnibuses operated along Wilmslow Road from before 1850. In 1877 the Rusholme Board of Health gained Parliamentary approval to lay tramlines. The trams were horse drawn and operated by the Manchester Carriage Company. Rusholme was incorporated into the City of Manchester in 1885. The city electrified the route in December 1902 and operated the new trams. The Tram Sheds, a feature of Wilmslow Road at the time were no longer needed and became a riding school and later the Rusholme Theatre.

Congestion
Kingsway was constructed in stages, from 1928, and completed in 1930. It was built as relief road to ease congestion on Wilmslow Road to the west. It was named after King George V and was originally numbered A5079. It was one of the earliest purpose-built roads especially for motor vehicles, and built as a dual carriageway. In 1959, it was extended south across the River Mersey to bypass Cheadle and later renumbered to become the A34 in 1967.

Bus corridor
Wilmslow Road is reputed to be the busiest bus corridor in Europe. Several bus companies operate services along all or part of the corridor, competing for the large numbers of passengers who use the route. The main operators are Stagecoach Manchester (along with its low cost brand Magic Bus) and First Greater Manchester. Other buses along sections of route are provided by companies including Arriva North West and Bullocks Coaches. The number of competing companies has reduced in recent years, as since bus deregulation in 1986 it had been common for four or five different operators to run services along the length of the route at any one time.

The bus corridor is popular with passengers for its frequent bus services, relatively low fares, and services that run at any hour of the day. Other factors responsible for the high patronage include the high density of students and the notable public facilities that can be found along the route. Wilmslow Road is designated a Quality Bus Corridor by Transport for Greater Manchester.

Oxford Road Corridor
The Oxford Road Corridor innovation district is a square mile in the south of Manchester's city centre where two of the UK's largest universities, the University of Manchester and Manchester Metropolitan University, are based alongside Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust. These organisations oversee the area in a partnership incorporated in 2007 alongside Manchester City Council and Bruntwood.

In 2015, The Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (BEIS) invited consortia, formed around geographic and technological themes, to apply to be involved in the science and innovation audit (SIA) process. The Greater Manchester and East Cheshire SIA highlighted that 50% of the City Region's science and innovation assets were located in the Oxford Road Corridor. Recognising the region's ‘Core Strengths’ in Health Innovation and Advanced Materials, and ‘Fast Growth Opportunities’ focused on the future potential of Digital, Energy, and Industrial Biotechnology.

In 2018, Manchester City Council adopted a Strategic Spatial Framework for the Oxford Road Corridor to guide future development and protect the area's unique innovation eco-system.

The Oxford Road Corridor is home to a wide concentration of public, private, academic, and clinical institutions, generating 20% of Manchester's GVA and providing 79,000 jobs. It is home to 50% of Manchester's life sciences businesses, 74,000 students including 16,220 international students, with 42% of all students studying STEM related disciplines. Property companies Bruntwood and Bruntwood SciTech have invested significantly into assets in the area, acquiring the Manchester Technology Centre in 2003 and developing Manchester Science Park, and Citylabs both of which have designated Life Sciences Enterprise Zone status, and Circle Square which is home to over 35 digital tech businesses including Hewlett Packard Enterprise, Northcoders, Blair Project and Tootoot.

The Oxford Road Corridor partnership shapes the direction of Oxford Road, using cultural activity to animate the area such as 2021's Corridor of Light.

Landmarks
Sorted from north to south, although there is some overlap.

Oxford Street

 * One St Peter's Square, a 14 storey office building on the junction of Oxford Street and Mosley Street adjacent to St Peter's Square which was completed in 2014. Previously Elisabeth House, which was demolished in 2012.
 * Odeon Cinema (demolished), originally the Paramount, opened on 6 October 1930, in its later period converted to a multi-screen cinema. It once had a fine theatre organ, and was where comedy duo Morecambe and Wise first met. The cinema closed in 2004, and it was believed the interior was deliberately destroyed to avoid listing of the building which would create difficulty if the owners wanted to demolish the building. In 2012, the building remained empty and derelict. In 2017 it was demolished to provide space for the Landmark office development.
 * St James's Buildings, at no. 65 (Grade II listed), contain offices for various companies with shops and other facilities at street level. This building was designed by architects Clegg, Fryer & Penman for the Calico Printers' Association and built in 1912–13. It is high and broad and the façade is all of Portland stone. The central entrance block is crowned by a tower; the entrance hall is the most opulent in surviving Manchester warehouses. It has green marble columns and the walls are clad with grey and white marble.
 * Tootal, Broadhurst and Lee Building, Manchester (formerly Churchgate House) at no. 56 (Grade II*) Originally built as a cotton warehouse.
 * Palace Theatre on the junction of Whitworth Street. One of the premiere theatres in the United Kingdom outside of the West End.
 * Manchester Oxford Road railway station (Grade II): although named Oxford Road, the railway station is located on Whitworth Street West which begins at 68 Oxford Street; access to the station is by Station Approach.
 * Bridgewater Heights (also known as 17 New Wakefield Street) is a 348 ft tall building on Great Marlborough Street south of the railway line (because of its height, it overlooks Oxford Street).
 * Artisan Heights (also known as 1-5 Wakefield Street) is a 312 ft tall student accommodation tower.
 * Red brick and terracotta Refuge Assurance Building (Grade II*) has a 217 foot tower and now houses the Kimpton Clocktower Hotel.

Oxford Road

 * New Broadcasting House (now demolished) was the regional headquarters of the BBC North West from 1975 until 2012. The BBC has moved down the River Irwell from the city centre to MediaCityUK.
 * All Saints Campus of Manchester Metropolitan University, the fourth largest university in the United Kingdom.
 * The Union MMU, the students' union for Manchester Metropolitan University at 99 Oxford Road (previously the site of the Northern School of Music). The students' union moved to Cambridge Street in January 2015.
 * Royal Northern College of Music has 696 students and is at 124 Oxford Road with an entrance on Booth Street West.
 * Manchester Aquatics Centre, a host venue of the 2002 Commonwealth Games, now owned by the University of Manchester.
 * University of Manchester is the largest "single-site" university in the United Kingdom with over 40,000 students. It includes the neogothic Manchester Museum. Its Oxford Road campus extends on both sides of Oxford Road south of Booth Street and north of Grafton Street and Denmark Road.
 * Manchester Royal Infirmary is the chief site for Central Manchester and Manchester Children's University Hospitals NHS Trust.
 * Whitworth Art Gallery is north of Whitworth Park.

Wilmslow Road

 * Curry Mile is the stretch of Wilmslow Road in central Rusholme: it boasts at least 50 restaurants, take-aways and kebab houses specialising in the cuisines of South Asia and the Middle East.
 * Fallowfield Campus is the main residential campus of the University of Manchester; Ashburne Hall is one of the halls on Wilmslow Road.
 * Owens Park is a large former hall of residence that housed 1,056 students.
 * Withington Public Library
 * Christie Hospital is one of the largest cancer treatment centres in Europe.
 * Didsbury Campus, formerly part of Manchester Metropolitan University, now residential properties.
 * Fletcher Moss Gardens
 * Parrs Wood High School is the fourth largest secondary school in the UK with 2,480 pupils.
 * The Towers is a research establishment.
 * Appleby Lodge is a set of eight 1930s blocks of flats.

Theatres and cinemas
Prince's Theatre was a theatre in Oxford Street from 1864 to 1940. It was built on a site on the corner of Lower Mosley Street by the architect Edward Salomons for the theatrical manager Charles Alexander Calvert. The theatre was the scene of a series of public-spirited dramatic enterprises, including those remarkable Shakespearean revivals organised successively by John Knowles and Charles Calvert. Later it became known for its pantomimes, from the mid-1890s until 1914. By the 1930s, it was in some financial difficulty and closed in 1940. After demolition and many years of delay the office block of Peter House was built on the site.

The Palace Theatre on the junction of Whitworth Street opened in 1891.

The Hippodrome, designed by Frank Matcham for Sir Oswald Stoll, was a 3,000-seat theatre built on the corner of Great Bridgewater Street, on part of the site of Hengler's Grand Cirque, and opened in December 1904. In 1934, it started showing films but the theatre was sold to Granada Theatres and closed in February 1935. The Hippodrome was demolished and replaced in October 1935 by the Theodore Komisarjevsky-designed 2,300-seat Gaumont, who acquired it from Granada shortly before opening. It was the grandest of Manchester's cinemas with a fine theatre organ. Norman Cocker was a notable organist there. After its eventual closure in January 1974 it was converted into Rotters nightclub and operated under several names until its closure in 1990. It was demolished and replaced by a NCP car park.

Other cinemas which have existed in Oxford Street, Oxford Road or Wilmslow Road are:
 * Cornerhouse at no. 70, either side of Station Approach; Cornerhouse 1 was opened as the Tatler News Theatre in May 1935 designed by Peter Cummings. It closed in September 1959 and reopened as the Tatler Classic in November 1961. It was renamed the Tatler Cinema Club in 1969 and closed in August 1981 before the establishment of Cornerhouse with three cinemas in 1985. The Cornerhouse closed in 2015.
 * Grosvenor Picture Palace was on the corner of Oxford Road and Grosvenor Street from 1915 to 1968 and is now the Footage pub.
 * Manchester News Theatre on the corner of Hall Street was also designed by Peter Cummings and opened in December 1936. It became known as the Tatler Theatre until it closed in September 1967. It reopened as the Manchester Film Theatre from October 1967 to April 1973. It reopened again in August 1973 and later became the Cameo Cinema until it was demolished in 1981.
 * New Oxford Cinema built by Provincial Cinematograph Theatres on the corner of Chepstow Street, next to the Hippodrome, opened in 1911. The opening programme on 15 December 1911 included footage of Captain Scott's Antarctic expedition. On the next day the cinema opened to the public and before long became known as the Oxford Picture House and in 1927 was renamed first the Oxford Theatre and four months later the New Oxford Theatre. By 1930 it was owned by the European Motion Picture Company Ltd and in 1949 was acquired by the Buxton Theatre Circuit. A wide screen was installed in 1954 and after a period of stiff competition with the two Rank cinemas in the street the New Oxford was taken over by the Rank Organisation in June 1960. After Rank introduced two and then three screens to the Odeon the New Oxford closed on 25 October 1980. After closure part of the ground floor was converted into a McDonald's fast food restaurant.
 * Paramount Theatre was a 2,920-seat theatre opened in October 1930 opposite the Hippodrome. It was acquired by Odeon Cinemas in 1939 and reopened in 1940. It once had a fine theatre organ. It closed in 1973 to be converted into a two screen multiplex in January 1974 and converted into a triplex in 1979 and added four more screens in 1992. It closed in September 2004
 * Regal Twins - Built in 1929-30 originally containing two large meeting halls over a parade of shops, before the interior of the halls was completed, they were converted into two cinemas with fashionable 1930 Art Deco interiors, the world's first multiplex in 1930. These were converted in 1972, to a five-screen complex (Studios 1 to 5) by Star Group, as the first five-cinema complex in Britain, before closing in the 1980s. In 1994 it became the Dancehouse Theatre.
 * The Scala Cinema was on Wilmslow Road in Withington from 1912 to 2001.
 * Trocadero Picture Palace - in Rusholme was opened in 1912 and closed in the 1970s.

title: Wilmslow Road


text:
Gunnison River

The Gunnison River is located in western Colorado, United States and is one of the largest tributaries of the Colorado River.

Description
The 180 mi river flows east to west and has a drainage area of 7923 sqmi according to the USGS. The drainage basin of the Gunnison collects water from different habitats, such as forests and alpine meadows, located along the Continental Divide. As the river flows westward, it carves through the San Juan Mountains. It flows into the Colorado River at Grand Junction.

The Gunnison River Basin is popular for recreational activities such as fishing, rafting, boating, camping, hiking, and rock climbing.

Contamination of the Gunnison River with selenium and mercury results from irrigation of high-selenium soils derived from the Mancos Shale and from mineral mining. The region surrounding the Gunnison River is part of the Colorado Mineral Belt. Contamination of the Gunnison River with selenium and mercury is a conservation concern for the bonytail chub, Colorado pikeminnow, humpback chub, and razorback sucker, whose critical habitat includes the lower Gunnison River.

Basin features
The Gunnison River is formed by the confluence of the Taylor and East rivers at Almont in eastern Gunnison County, Colorado. Just past the town of Gunnison, the river begins to swell into the expanse of Blue Mesa Reservoir, a 36 mi reservoir formed by Blue Mesa Dam, where it receives the Lake Fork of the Gunnison. Just downstream, it is dammed again to form Morrow Point Reservoir and then dammed again to form Crystal Reservoir. The reservoirs produce hydroelectric power and supply the surrounding areas with water for both municipal and irrigation use. The reservoirs are located along the upper part of the Gunnison River. Below Crystal Dam, the Gunnison River begins to roar through massive cataracts.

The Gunnison River then flows through the Black Canyon of the Gunnison, one of the longest, narrowest, and deepest gorges in the world. At the outlet of the Black Canyon, it receives the North Fork River, and then downstream, near Delta, it is joined by the Uncompahgre River. It then winds through desert canyonlands, where it receives Kannah Creek. It then empties out of the Dominguez Canyon into the Colorado River at Grand Junction, where some years it rivals the Colorado River in volume.

The Gunnison River ranges in width from 100 to 1000 ft and in depth from 3 to 50 ft. The river's powerful current and many rapids make upstream travel nearly impossible. It is navigable by small craft throughout its course and by larger boats below the Black Canyon. Parts of the Black Canyon are non-navigable by any sort of craft because of giant cataracts. Navigation through the entire canyon is dangerous and for experienced boaters only.

History
The first non-native to see and record information of the Gunnison River was Juan Maria de Rivera, who came to the banks of the river just below its confluence with the Uncompahgre River in 1761 and 1765. It was again seen in 1776 by Silvestre Vélez de Escalante. At the time the Spanish name for the river was Rio de San Javier (Xavier); the Native American name was Tomichi. Escalante noted that Rivera thought it was "the great Rio del Tizon", the long-used Spanish name for the lower Colorado River.

Through the mid-1800s, the river was variously named the Eagle, Eagle Tail, South Fork of the Grand, Grande, and Grand River. Exploration reports and published maps of the 1850s and 1860s most commonly referred to the river as the Grand River. In subsequent years, however, the river was renamed for U.S. Army Captain John W. Gunnison of the Topographic Engineers, who was ambushed and killed by Pahvant Utes while mapping a trail west in Utah Territory in 1853.

Fishing
The lower section of the Gunnison River is designated as Gold Medal Water and Wild Trout Water. The designated area begins 200 yards below the Crystal Dam and stretches through the Black Canyon to the confluence of the North Fork and Gunnison rivers.

Engineering
Part of the river's water is diverted to irrigate the Uncompahgre Valley via the 5 mi Gunnison Tunnel, which was built between 1905 and 1909. The Blue Mesa Dam, Morrow Point Dam, and Crystal Dam–built between the 1960s and the 1970s–are part of the Colorado River Storage Project.

Past
Throughout the late 19th and early 20th century the Bureau of Reclamation built multiple dams (Blue Mesa, Morrow Point, and Crystal) and reservoirs (Blue Mesa, Morrow Point, and Crystal). All of these projects provided the area with large amounts of water which supported local agriculture, recreation, and other industries. Development of the Gunnison River prompted concerns from those wanting to preserve the scenic beauty of the river (especially the Black Canyon of the Gunnison). In the 1930s President Herbert Hoover designated the Black Canyon of the Gunnison River a national monument in order to protect "the roar of the river". By the end of the 20th century the Black Canyon received more protections when Congress declared the canyon a national park.

Present
In 2008 the Black Canyon Decree was passed which resolved legal disputes over water resources in Colorado and protect the Black Canyon of the Gunnison. The decree set a flow regime that "will protect the water-dependent resources of the Black Canyon and help restore the ecological balance in the river system disrupted by three federal dams immediately upstream of the Park." The condition of the Gunnison River continues to improve with increased protections for Black Canyon National Park and as stakeholders, scientists, and natural resource managers continue their efforts to protect the Gunnison. Their efforts include conducting scientific research and publishing information that informs the general public how they can protect the river. According to a progress report from 2019, the Gunnison Basin Selenium Management Program continues its efforts to "develop and implement a Selenium Management Program (SMP) in cooperation with the State of Colorado and Gunnison River basin water users to reduce adverse effects of selenium on endangered fish species in the Gunnison and Colorado rivers."

Future
The Gunnison River is threatened by climate change, demand for water resources, and ongoing challenges regarding selenium contamination. Because of these factors the future of the Gunnison River is uncertain.

Ecosystem contamination
Selenium and mercury contamination of the Gunnison River results from irrigation of soils that are naturally high in selenium, mining activity, and atmospheric mercury deposition. Selenium and mercury contribute to concerns about conservation of resident biota. Four fish species - the humpback chub, bonytail chub, Colorado pikeminnow, and the razorback sucker - are endemic to the region. Critical habitat for these species includes the lower Gunnison River. Elevated salinity concentrations are also a problem for the river and its users. Soils derived from the Mancos Shale, east of the Uncompahgre River, are naturally high in both selenium and salinity.

Selenium
Elevated selenium in the Gunnison River Basin reflects the underlying geology. The Gunnison River Basin sits atop the Mancos Shale which is naturally elevated in selenium. The seleniferous soil the shale produces have come to the subsurface due to weathering of the rock and uplift. Agricultural irrigation of seleniferous soils is one mechanism of selenium loading to the Gunnison River. As farmland in the Gunnison River Basin is abundant, the amount of selenium reaches well over the normal concentration in areas from Grand Junction to the tributaries in the upper Gunnison River. Some of the most concentrated tributaries of the Gunnison, namely the Uncompahgre, load large amounts of selenium to the Gunnison River. Selenium concentrations in the River can be as high as 11 ppm during peak times. Agricultural areas in the Gunnison River Basin are heavily farmed and provide large amounts of sediment during the growing months. Concentrations of selenium in the Gunnison River rise in April until they peak in August due to irrigation drainage. These peaks in selenium concentrations coincide with the reproduction events of the Colorado pikeminnow and the razorback sucker. High amounts of selenium are deposited into the yolk by the mother and juvenile fish eat algae that is highly concentrated with selenium in August. Effects of high selenium concentrations in fish include reduced oxygenation rates and lowered total energy capacity used for movement and reproduction, with fitness consequences for migratory fish such as the Colorado pikeminnow. Elevated selenium exposure can also cause malformations in adult fish.

Mercury
Mercury in the Gunnison River comes from human activities including surface mining and burning fossil fuels such as coal. As rain water is discharged, it transports mercury to the river where bacteria biotransform mercury into methylmercury. Methylmercury has no biological benefit but rather bioaccumulates and biomagnifies through the trophic levels of the Gunnison River ecosystem. These concentrations of mercury can be as high as 13% above thresholds set in place by the EPA. Humpback chub, bonytail chub, Colorado pikeminnow, and the razorback sucker are susceptible to elevated concentrations of mercury based on their long distance annual migrations to reproduce. The Colorado pikeminnow is especially vulnerable to high concentrations of mercury as its life cycle is relatively long and the distances they travel for migration are especially far.

Remediation
Organizations throughout Colorado are collaborating on pollution remediation in the Gunnison River in order to increase habitat quality for the razorback sucker and the Colorado pikeminnow. Some of these organizations and plans include The Gunnison River Basin's Selenium Management Plan, The Selenium Control Program, and the Bureau of Reclamation's Gunnison Basin Selenium Management Program. These programs aim to minimize the impact of selenium and salinity as unhealthy amounts of salinity lead to lower reproduction rates of fish as well as problems with agriculture. Current remediation attempts have led to a 43% reduction of selenium concentrations since the 1980s but additional reductions are needed to ensure the safety of the ecosystem. These attempts include giving funding to farmers of the Gunnison River Basin to reduce the amount of sedimentation deposited back into the river and therefore lower the overall amount of selenium being loaded into the river via tributaries. Salinity is being addressed by implementing local investments into the water use infrastructure by converting old systems to direct pipeline and sprinklers to help reduce the amount of runoff into the Gunnison. By reducing the amount of runoff being directed into the Gunnison, less selenium has been deposited into the river by irrigation drainage. As climate change reduces stream flow in the Gunnison River, future concentrations of both selenium and mercury will continually rise. This has led water managers and stakeholders from the Gunnison River Basin to review options in order to reduce the impact of climate change. These plans for the future hope to strengthen the critical water infrastructure, reduce agriculture water shortages, and encourage the beneficial relationship between agricultural, environmental and recreational water uses. In addition, the Clean Water State Revolving Fund has awarded the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment almost $13 million for future research and development along with pollution control and mitigation attempts. Most recently, the Gunnison River will soon be evaluated by state water quality officials to determine if the improvement programs have been successful in reducing the selenium and salinity levels toxic to the endangered fish. If the selenium levels are above the 4.6 mg/L water quality standard, the Gunnison will be subject to reclassification.

title: Gunnison River


text:
Jack DeJohnette

Jack DeJohnette (born August 9, 1942) is an American jazz drummer, pianist, and composer.

Known for his extensive work as leader and sideman for musicians including Charles Lloyd, Freddie Hubbard, Keith Jarrett, Bill Evans, John Abercrombie, Alice Coltrane, Sonny Rollins, Miles Davis, Joe Henderson, Michael Brecker, Pat Metheny, Herbie Hancock and John Scofield, DeJohnette was inducted into the Modern Drummer Hall of Fame in 2007. He has won two Grammy Awards and been nominated for five others.

Early life and musical beginnings
DeJohnette was born in Chicago, Illinois, to Jack DeJohnette (1911–2011) and Eva Jeanette DeJohnette (née Wood, 1918–1984). Although of predominantly African-American heritage, he has stated that he has some Native American ancestry, specifically Seminole and Crow. He began his musical career as a pianist, studying from age four with Antoinette Rich, the leader of an all-female symphony orchestra in Chicago, and first playing professionally at the age of 14. When Jack was 13, he switched to drums and was taught drumming techniques from a local jazz drummer, Bobby Miller Jr, who lived in the same neighborhood. DeJohnette credits his uncle, Roy Wood Sr. (1915–1995), a Chicago disc jockey and vice president/co-founder of the National Black Network of Black Broadcasters, as his inspiration to play music.

DeJohnette played R&B, hard bop, and avant-garde music in Chicago. He led his own groups in addition to playing with Richard Abrams, Roscoe Mitchell and other eventual core members of the Association for the Advancement of Creative Musicians (founded in 1965). He also occasionally performed with Sun Ra and his Arkestra, and later in New York as well. In the early 1960s, DeJohnette had the opportunity to sit in for three tunes with John Coltrane and his quintet, an early foray into playing with big-name jazz musicians.

In 1966 DeJohnette moved to New York City, where he became a member of the Charles Lloyd Quartet. A band that recognized the potential influence of rock and roll on jazz, Lloyd's group was where DeJohnette first encountered pianist Keith Jarrett, who would work extensively with him throughout his career. However, DeJohnette left the group in early 1968, citing Lloyd's deteriorating, "flat" playing as his main reason for leaving. While Lloyd's band was where he received international recognition for the first time, it was not the only group DeJohnette played with during his early years in New York, as he also worked with groups including Jackie McLean, Abbey Lincoln, Betty Carter, and Bill Evans. DeJohnette joined Evans' trio in 1968, the same year the group headlined the Montreux Jazz Festival and produced the album Bill Evans at the Montreux Jazz Festival. In November 1968, he worked briefly with Stan Getz and his quartet, which led to his first recordings with Miles Davis.

The Miles Davis years
In 1969, DeJohnette left the Evans trio and replaced Tony Williams in Miles Davis's live band. Davis had seen DeJohnette play many times, one of which was during a stint with Evans at Ronnie Scott's Jazz Club in London in 1968, where he also first heard bassist Dave Holland. Davis recognized DeJohnette's ability to combine the driving grooves associated with rock and roll with improvisational aspects associated with jazz.

DeJohnette was the primary drummer on Bitches Brew. DeJohnette and the other musicians saw the Bitches Brew sessions as unstructured and fragmentary, but also innovative: "As the music was being played, as it was developing, Miles would get new ideas ... He'd do a take, and stop, and then get an idea from what had just gone on before, and elaborate on it ... The recording of Bitches Brew was a stream of creative musical energy. One thing was flowing into the next, and we were stopping and starting all the time." While he was not the only drummer involved in the project, as Davis had also enlisted Billy Cobham, Don Alias, and Lenny White, DeJohnette was considered the leader of the rhythm section within the group. He played on the live albums that would follow the release of Bitches Brew, taken from concerts at the Fillmore East in New York and Fillmore West in San Francisco. These ventures were undertaken at the behest of Clive Davis, then president of Columbia Records.

DeJohnette continued to work with Davis for the next three years, which led to collaborations with other Davis band members John McLaughlin, Chick Corea, and Holland; he also drew Keith Jarrett into the band. DeJohnette contributed to such Davis albums as Live-Evil (1971), Jack Johnson (1971), and On the Corner (1972), along with sessions later released on the 1981 compilation album Directions. He left the Davis group in mid-1971, although he returned for several concerts through the rest of that year.

Solo and bandleader in the 1970s and '80s
DeJohnette's first record, The DeJohnette Complex, was released in 1968; on the album, he played melodica as well as drums, often allowing his mentor, Roy Haynes, to sit behind the set. He also recorded, in the early 1970s, the albums Have You Heard, Sorcery, and Cosmic Chicken. He released these first four albums on either the Milestone or Prestige labels, and then switched to ECM for his next endeavors; ECM gave him a "fertile platform" for his "atmospheric drumming and challenging compositions." He was also featured on First Light, an album by trumpeter Freddie Hubbard, released by CTI in 1971.

The musical freedom he had while recording for ECM offered DeJohnette many dates as a sideman and opportunities to start his own groups. He first formed the group Compost in 1972, but this was a short-lived endeavor, and DeJohnette cited the music as far too experimental to achieve commercial success. During this period, DeJohnette continued his career as a sideman as well, rejoining Stan Getz's quartet from 1973 to October 1974, and also enticing Dave Holland to join Getz's rhythm section. This stint briefly preceded the formation of the Gateway Trio, a group that DeJohnette helped form but did not lead. This group came directly out of DeJohnette's time with Getz, as Holland joined him in this group along with guitarist John Abercrombie, both of whom would become associated with DeJohnette throughout his career. His next group effort was Directions, a group formed in 1976 featuring saxophonist Alex Foster, bassist Mike Richmond, and Abercrombie, showing the links between the members of the Gateway trio. This was another short-lived group, yet it led directly to the formation of DeJohnette's next group, New Directions, which featured Abercrombie again on guitar along with Lester Bowie on trumpet and Eddie Gómez on bass. This group coexisted with another DeJohnette group, Special Edition, which was the first DeJohnette-led group to receive critical acclaim. This group also helped the careers of many lesser-known young horn players, as it had a rotating front line that included David Murray, Arthur Blythe, Chico Freeman, and John Purcell, among others.

During this period, especially with Special Edition, DeJohnette offered "the necessary gravity to keep the horns in a tight orbit" in his compositions while also treating his listeners to "the expanded vocabulary of the avant-garde plus the discipline of traditional jazz compositions." DeJohnette's work with Special Edition has been interrupted regularly by other projects, the most significant of which are his recordings in 1983 and tours from 1985 as a member of Keith Jarrett's trio, which was totally devoted to playing jazz standards. The trio included his long-time compatriot Jarrett and bassist Gary Peacock, and all three have been members of the group for over 25 years.

At the start of the 1980s, DeJohnette played on the album 80/81 with Pat Metheny, Charlie Haden, Dewey Redman and Michael Brecker. In 1981, DeJohnette performed at the Woodstock Jazz Festival, held in celebration of the 10th anniversary of the Creative Music Studio.

1990s to the present
DeJohnette continued to work with Special Edition into the 1990s, but did not limit himself to that. In 1990 he toured in a quartet consisting of himself, Herbie Hancock, Pat Metheny, and his long-time collaborator Holland, and released Parallel Realities with this group the same year. In 1992 he released a major collaborative record, Music for the Fifth World, which was inspired by studies with a Native American elder and brought him together musically with players like Vernon Reid and John Scofield. He had also, during the 1980s, resumed playing piano, which led to his 1994 tour as an unaccompanied pianist. He also began working again with Abercrombie and Holland, reviving the Gateway trio. In 1990, DeJohnette was awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Music from Berklee College of Music.

In 2004, he was nominated for a Grammy award for his work on Keith Jarrett's live album The Out-of-Towners, and continued to work with that group into 2005. In the next few years, DeJohnette would begin and lead three new projects, the first of which was the Latin Project consisting of percussionists Giovanni Hidalgo and Luisito Quintero, reedman Don Byron, pianist Edsel Gomez, and bassist Jerome Harris. The other two new projects were the Jack DeJohnette Quartet, featuring Harris again alongside Danilo Perez and John Patitucci, and the Trio Beyond, a tribute to DeJohnette's friend Tony Williams and his trio Lifetime (consisting of Williams, Larry Young and John McLaughlin), featuring John Scofield and Larry Goldings. DeJohnette also founded his own label, Golden Beams Productions, in 2005. That same year, he released Music in the Key of Om on his new label, an electronic album which he created for relaxing and meditative purposes on which he played synthesizer and resonating bells, which was nominated for a Grammy in the Best New Age Album category.

DeJohnette continued to make albums as a leader and sideman throughout this period as well, one of which was The Elephant Sleeps But Still Remembers, a collaboration that documents the first meeting of DeJohnette and guitarist Bill Frisell in 2001 and led to another tour, with Frisell and Jerome Harris. The next year Trio Beyond released Saudades, a live recording of a concert commemorating Tony Williams in London in 2004. In 2008, DeJohnette toured with Bobby McFerrin, Chick Corea, and the Jarrett trio, and the next year won the Grammy Award for Best New Age Album with Peace Time. In 2010, he founded the Jack DeJohnette Group, featuring Rudresh Mahanthappa on alto saxophone, David Fiuczynski on double-neck guitar, George Colligan on keyboards and piano, and long-time associate Jerome Harris on electric and acoustic bass guitars.

In 2012, DeJohnette released Sound Travels, which included appearances by McFerrin, Quintero, Bruce Hornsby, Esperanza Spalding, Lionel Loueke, and Jason Moran. The same year, he was awarded an NEA Jazz Masters Fellowship for his "significant lifetime contributions [which] have helped to enrich jazz and further the growth of the art form."

Style
DeJohnette's style incorporates elements of jazz, free jazz, world music, and R&B, contributing to him being one of the most highly regarded and in-demand drummers. Initially a traditional grip player, he later switched to matched grip due to a problem with tendinitis.

His drumming style has been called unique; one critic writes that he is not merely a drummer but a "percussionist, colourist and epigrammatic commentator mediating the shifting ensemble densities" and that "his drumming is always part of the music's internal construction." In a 2004 interview, Modern Drummer magazine called DeJohnette's drumming "beyond technique."

DeJohnette calls himself an "abstract thinker" when it comes to soloing, saying that he puts "more weight on the abstract than, 'What were you thinking in bar 33?' I don't like to think that way. I can do it, but I like to be more in the flow." In terms of what he feels when he plays, DeJohnette said that when he plays, he goes "into an altered state, a different headspace. I plug into my higher self, into the cosmic library of ideas." He has remarked that he has to play with a lot of restraint when playing in Keith Jarrett's trio, in order "to play with the subtlety that the music requires."

Whilst DeJohnette is most famous and mostly active as a drummer, he is also a schooled pianist. He began studying piano at age four and later took piano lessons at the Chicago Conservatory of Music and played both as a pianist and as a drummer in his early career. Later on, he would return to the piano, releasing solo piano albums in 1985 and 2016 and touring as an unaccompanied pianist in 1994. He has also played piano, organ and synthesizer keyboard instruments on albums on which he plays as a drummer, e.g. on Pictures (1977) or on New Directions In Europe (live in concert in 1979, released 1980).

Discography

 * The DeJohnette Complex (Milestone, 1968 [1969])
 * Have You Heard (Milestone, 1970)
 * Jackeyboard (Trio, 1973)
 * Time & Space (Trio, 1973)
 * Sorcery (Prestige, 1974)
 * Cosmic Chicken (Prestige, 1975)
 * Untitled (ECM, 1976)
 * Pictures (ECM, 1976 [1977])
 * New Rags (ECM, 1977)
 * New Directions (ECM, 1978)
 * Special Edition (ECM, 1979 [1980])
 * New Directions in Europe (ECM, 1979 [1980])
 * Tin Can Alley (ECM, 1980 [1981])
 * Inflation Blues (ECM, 1982 [1983])
 * Album Album (ECM, 1984)
 * The Jack DeJohnette Piano Album (Landmark, 1985)
 * Zebra (MCA, 1989)
 * In Our Style (DIW, 1986)
 * Irresistible Forces (MCA/Impulse!, 1987)
 * Audio-Visualscapes (MCA/Impulse!, 1988)
 * Parallel Realities (MCA, 1990)
 * Earthwalk (Blue Note, 1991)
 * Music for the Fifth World (Manhattan, 1992)
 * Extra Special Edition (Blue Note, 1994)
 * Dancing with Nature Spirits (ECM, 1995)
 * Oneness (ECM, 1997)
 * The Elephant Sleeps But Still Remembers (Golden Beams, 2001) with Bill Frisell
 * Music from the Hearts of the Masters (Golden Beams, 2005)
 * Music in the Key of Om (Golden Beams, 2005)
 * Hybrids (Golden Beams, 2005), The Ripple Effect
 * Saudades (ECM, 2006), Trio Beyond
 * Peace Time (Golden Beams, 2006 [2007])
 * Music We Are (Golden Beams, 2009)
 * Sound Travels (eOne/Golden Beams, 2012)
 * Made in Chicago (ECM, 2013 [2015]) with Muhal Richard Abrams, Larry Gray, Roscoe Mitchell, Henry Threadgill
 * In Movement (ECM, 2016)
 * Return (Newvelle, 2016), solo piano (vinyl LP)
 * Hudson (Motema, 2017)

As a guest

 * If on a Winter's Night... - Sting (2009) - drums on one song The Burning Babe

Awards

 * Fellow of United States Artists (2012)
 * NEA Jazz Master (2012)
 * Grammy Award for Best Jazz Instrumental Album, Skyline, 64th Annual GRAMMY Awards
 * Grammy Award for Best New Age Album, Peace Time, 51st Annual Grammy Awards
 * Five additional Grammy Award nominations

title: Jack DeJohnette


text:
Tarantino (surname)

Tarantino is an Italian word meaning "originating from Taranto", a town in Apulia in Southern Italy. It is used, for example, as the demonym for Taranto and for the Tarantino dialect of the Sicilian language.

List
Notable people with the surname include:

 * Alexa Tarantino (born 1992), American jazz musician
 * Giuseppe Tarantino (1857–1950), Italian philosopher
 * Luigi Tarantino (born 1972), Italian Olympic fencer
 * Javier Tarantino (born 1984), Spanish footballer
 * Jevon Tarantino (born 1984), American springboard diver
 * Massimo Tarantino (born 1971), Italian footballer
 * Nazzareno Tarantino (born 1979), Italian footballer
 * Quentin Tarantino (born 1963), American film director, screenwriter, and actor
 * Ray Tarantino (born 1976), photographer and songwriter of Italian descent
 * Tarina Tarantino (born 1969), American jewelry designer
 * Tonette Walker (née Tarantino; born 1955), First Lady of Wisconsin
 * Tony Tarantino (1940–2023), American actor, father of Quentin Tarantino

title: Tarantino (surname)


text:
Mukwa

Mukwa may refer to:

 * Mukwa, Wisconsin, United States
 * Mukwa (tree), Pterocarpus, also referred to as mukwa.

title: Mukwa


text:
User talk:Secretlondon/Photos

it would be more fun and useful from my point of view for you to have your images listed here as thumbnails rather than file names. Check out how I've done it at the bottom of my user page. Kingturtle 23:56, 7 Mar 2004 (UTC) P.S. keep up the outstanding work!

title: User talk:Secretlondon/Photos


text:
Sorrento, Victoria

Sorrento is a coastal suburb on the Mornington Peninsula in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 103 km south-west of Melbourne's Central Business District, located within the Shire of Mornington Peninsula local government area. Sorrento recorded a population of 2,013 at the 2021 census. Sorrento is known for its appealing weather, limestone buildings, and its world-class day-spas, which take advantage of the local water pressure to provide an unparalelled scrub.

It is thought that the name 'Sorrento' (after the Italian seaside town) was conferred upon what was known as Sullivans Bay when the area was first opened for housing development in 1869.

History
The Boonwurrung people occupied the area now known as the Mornington Peninsula for tens of thousands of years before the arrival of Europeans. The area now known as Sorrento is traditionally known to the Boonwurrung as Bullanatoolong. In February 1802, Lieutenant John Murray of HMS Lady Nelson (1798) led the first British force to enter Port Phillip Bay. Murray chose to anchor Lady Nelson off what is now known as Sorrento Beach. On 17 February the crew landed ashore and were greeted by about 18 local Boonwurrung. The crew, with their dinners in hand, showed how they ate bread. While one of the crew was handing out bread to everyone, they were ambushed. In response, several Boonwurrung were shot at by musket fire, with three receiving likely mortal wounds. Murray then ordered grapeshot and round shot to be fired from the carronades aboard the ship at the fleeing men. This occurred at a place Murray named Bowen's Point which is now referred to as the Western Sister headland on the Sorrento foreshore. After exploring the southern part of the bay, Murray formally took possession of the area on 8 March 1802 for King George III of Great Britain in a small ceremony at a place now known as the Point King Foreshore Reserve in Sorrento. A few days later Murray sailed out of the heads and returned to Sydney.

In 1803, the British returned and established a convict settlement under the command of Lieutenant Governor David Collins at the Eastern Sister headland of Sullivan Bay in Sorrento. The site became the first British settlement on mainland Australia outside of the Sydney region. Within a few months, the settlement of around 500 people was abandoned and subsequently moved to Hobart in Tasmania. The famous convict, William Buckley, escaped from the Collins Settlement and went on to live with Aboriginal people in the Geelong area for over thirty years.

The Collins Settlement in Sorrento saw the first magistrates' court, public hospital, postal service and government printing office to be established in the region later known as Victoria. The first Victorian wedding, christening and funeral services were also held at the Sullivan Bay site.

Sorrento Post Office opened on 10 January 1871; the heritage-listed Sorrento Post Office building (now used for retail and a cafe) dates from 1904 to 1905.

From the 1870's actor and entrepreneur George Coppin who had a holiday home there invested heavily in making Sorrento a popular destination, through both transportation and accommodation. In 1874 he founded the Sorrento-Queenscliff Steam Navigation Company, which operated the paddle steamer Golden Crown between Port Melbourne, Sorrento and Queenscliff, making the town much more accessible, and built the Continental Hotel in 1875 on what was then called Ocean Amphitheatre Road (now Ocean Beach Road). Then in 1889 he founded a company that built a steam powered tram which ran between the ferry terminal and the back beach, where he built a large hotel, the Back Beach Palace, in 1890 (demolished 1965). The tram operated in the summer months, and out of peak periods became a horse tram, the line eventually closing in 1921. Through his efforts the town became a popular destination, with more hotels and holiday homes, sometimes quite grand, built into the early 20th century, as well as shops lining Ocean Beach Road.

The town has a number of grand historic homes and hotels which date back to the 1860s, almost all of which have been constructed with local limestone. The Australia ICOMOS charter for the conservation of places of cultural significance in the practice of local heritage protection has listed 30 properties. Mechanics' Institute, Sorrento was built in 1877 using local limestone and the building, which is now classified by the National Trust of Australia, houses the Nepean Historical Society's museum. Other notable limestone buildings still standing include: Sorrento Hotel (1872), Anglican Church (1875 nave, 1889 transept), Athenaeum Theatre (1894), Continental Hotel (1875), Whitehall Guest House (1904, on the bank beach). The Koonya Hotel and Morgans (both on the foreshore, currently known as Italico restaurant) were built by the Skelton/Clark family (1876). The sandstone Presbyterian Church was built around 1880. Ophir House, opposite the Masonic Lodge on Cooper Street was a smaller version of Whitehall (demolished).

The Sorrento Park, established in 1870, contains a variety of trees, including an Aleppo Pine grown from a seed of the Lone Pine of Gallipoli. Situated above the beach and overlooking the bay, Sorrento Park has a children's playground, BBQ facilities, and public toilets.

The town continues to be a popular destination, with regular ferry services to Portsea and Queenscliff.

Population
In the 2016 census, there were 1,592 people in Sorrento. 78.0% of people were born in Australia and 86.8% of people spoke only English at home. The most common responses for religion were No Religion 29.0%, Catholic 24.7% and Anglican 19.3%.

Tourist attractions
Charter fishing boats operate from Sorrento Pier. A regular ferry service links Sorrento with Queenscliff in summer.

Sport
The town has an Australian Rules football team, The Sorrento Sharks, competing in the Mornington Peninsula Nepean Football League before winning flags in the PFA in 1929 and 1933, then the MPFL in 1935, 1953, 1964, 1969, 1979, 1980 then the MPNFL in 2004, 2008, 2010, 2011 (seniors and reserves) and 2012. Former St.Kilda footballer Troy Schwarze coached the four grand finals between 2008 and 2011, before Nick Claringbold took over for 2012 so Troy could follow his dream coaching St.Kilda's mid-fielders at their new facility in Seaford and on match days. Troy played with Sorrento in about 9 matches during 2012 when not required in the AFL, and the finals series. Ben McCormack took over the captaincy from Dave Lawson when Dave was appointed coach at Crib Point 3 years ago.

The Sorrento Cricket Club, coached by former Melbourne CC player and mystic guru Nick Davern, also known as "Tin Hat", competes in the Provincial Division of the Mornington Peninsula Cricket Association, having won the Sub-District in 1989/90 and 2002/03, District Division in 2005/2006. It also won senior premierships in the Southern Peninsula Cricket Association (1922-1965) six in succession between 1946/47 and 1951/52, under Bill Clark and Arthur Robertson (3 each), then again in 1955/56 under Jack Mullen and 1957/58 under Derek Minter. Its first and only Provincial First XI premiership was 1971/72 under ex-Northcote and Collingwood player Graham Burt. Forty years on, the seniors had their next opportunity in a Provincial Grand Final losing to rivals Baxter in 2011/12. Season 2012/13 looked promising with the inclusion of ex-Victorian batsman Nick Jewell who scored 3 centuries before the Christmas interval, going on to win the Club Championship with 706 runs and 7 catches, including an opening partnership with Jedd Falck of 205. A second consecutive grand final appearance failed. In 2010/2011 Ryan O'Connor became the first player to win the W. B. Wedgwood medal for Sorrento but it didn't take long for the club to win another with Captain Anthony Blackwell winning in 2011/2012.

Season 2023/24 Sorrento Cricket Club have appointed former Victorian state player and Melbourne Stars player Sebastien Gotch and also recruited former Victorian U/17 & U/19 player Luke Kranzbruhler in what shapes up to be an exciting season for the Sharks.

The original Macfarlan Reserve pavilion was erected in 1935 with a terraced grandstand upstairs. It was demolished and completely rebuilt in 1984 and re-opened as the Robert (Bob) Keegan pavilion in 1985. Several balconies have been added since. Plans exist to add a gymnasium when funds are available.

The Sorrento Tennis Club originally occupied the land beside the Museum and is a sunken garden today. It was relocated to its current site in the 1960s followed by the Scout Hall and fire track a decade or so later. Netball courts, a skate park and basketball stadium followed creating a single sports complex together with the lawn bowls rinks.

Golfers play at the course of the Sorrento Golf Club on Langford Road.

Sorrento Cemetery
Dame Nellie Melba sang to raise funds for cemetery gates which rusted over time and were taken down and dumped at the tip where they were souvenired and used as a garden ornament. Notable interments include Federal Senator John Button, Member of the Legislative Assembly of Victoria, Vin Heffernan, actor Sophie Heathcote, naturalist Edith Coleman, cricketer Shane Warne and Dame Zara Bate, the wife of former Prime Minister of Australia Harold Holt who disappeared at nearby Cheviot Beach. Ronald Joseph Walker AC CBE was an Australian businessman best known for his work in managing sporting events. As well as serving as Lord Mayor of Melbourne from 1974 to 1976.

title: Sorrento, Victoria