text:
Talk:Thomas Cranmer

NPOV — a Martyr and a Traitor?
Several points in this article are written from an Anglican POV. Calling Cranmenr a martyr without qualification is one such point. Saying that historians use the word martyred is disingenuous. Historians also use the word executed. Catholic sources hold that he was properly sentenced to death for treason, should we then argue that he died a martyr and a traitor?

Also, his trial and conviction for treason predated his conviction and execution for heresy by two and a half years. The trials were entirely separate events, and the delay of execution for treason so that he might be tried for heresy is quite noteworthy. It is so misleading as to be patently false to say that he was tried for treason and heresey when Mary came to the throne. Had the papacy not insisted on the heresy trial he would have been executed for treason two years earlier.

I remind ReHistBuff that in cases of questionable POV we make judgments objective by referring to who holds them. "Jesus, the messiah" beocmes "Jesus, the Christian messiah" and so forth. Cranmer is just as much a traitor to some as he is a martyr to others. The word martyr has not been removed but objectively qualified. Wrotesolid (talk) 16:57, 14 April 2010 (UTC)

 * The dictionary definition of martyr, describes someone who undergoes the penalty of death for persistence in the Christian faith and also someone who undergoes death for any great cause. Cranmer is a martyr by the dictionary definition, but he is also described as a heretic and a traitor by the legal authorities of the time. Cranmer was martyred because he died for his faith. Incidentally, I notice that Thomas More is frequently described as a martyr in his Wikipedia article, though legally he was a traitor and was never charged with heresy so can hardly be said to had been condemned for his faith. He died because he was a traitor not because he was a Catholic. I hope that you will soon go over to that article to correct that Roman Catholic POV as assiduously as you are bent on correcting this Anglican one. Dabbler (talk) 19:19, 14 April 2010 (UTC)

 * I am an atheist, and, what is relevant here, a believer in NPOV. One way to pursue NPOV is to specify who holds a belief rather than to state the belief as if it is an objective fact or universally held.

 * I came to this article recently after watching Elizabeth R with Glenda Jackson. Note that I added mention of the papacy's responsibility to the article summary.  I have no problem at all with the word martyr being used so long as what he was a martyr for is specified, which is Anglicanism.  Cranmer wasn't a martyr for religious freedom.  He wasn't a martyr for science, or for republicanism, or for democracy.  He was a martyr for his version of the true church, which was the Anglican one.

 * If, Dabbler, you want my comment on a dispute on the Saint Thomas More page, let me know. But except as a fictional character I am no fan of his. Wrotesolid (talk) 21:40, 14 April 2010 (UTC)

 * I am just curious as to why you seem to be very involved creating a dispute about one or two words here but don't seem to care that the same word is used more frequently with less justification in another article, as an atheist surely you should go after the bigger target too? Or are your principles restricted to removing "POV" from Anglican articles? In good NPOV faith, even as an atheist, shouldn't you go and see what you can do over there too? Dabbler (talk) 22:13, 14 April 2010 (UTC)

Please let us nip this in the bud, Dabbler. I am not about to get into a discussion of my motives. Your imputation of an anti-Anglican bias is groundless and, with your comment "really", borderline uncivil. I refer you to WP:AGF. There is also no requirement that one fix any and all other articles before fixing this one. There's a WP catch phrase for that policy too, although it slips my tongue. My actions here are very simple. I am not deleting the word martyr from the article, it would be absurd, Cranmer is an Anglican martyr. What I am doing is following the explicit policy WP:ATTRIBUTEPOV which says that on converts POV statements to acceptable ones by attribution and specification. There is no such thing as simply being a martyr, one is always a martyr to a specific cause, and Cranmer's specific cause was not religious freedom nor the right to peaceful political dissent but for the true Church of England.

As this article stands with the current specifications that he was an Anglican martyr I have no complaints, in case you fear some further agenda.

As for now, please refrain from any further personal remarks. Wrotesolid (talk) 23:34, 14 April 2010 (UTC)

 * There is nothing disingenuous about using words as written in the sources. The sources are from historians not "Protestant" or "Catholic" sources. The details of the ordering and time gap of the trials are in the text and does not need to be in the lead. It is only your opinion that he would have been executed after a treason trial. It is also not clear that it was the papacy that insisted on a heresy trial. Simply, there were two trials and they were done during the beginning of Mary's reign. The reasons for the time gap are mostly speculation. --RelHistBuff (talk) 14:14, 15 April 2010 (UTC)

 * Concerning the qualification of "Anglican" martyr, note that at the time there was no Anglican church. Cranmer was a reformer like Luther, Calvin, and Bucer. They all believed at the time that the whole Church could be completely reformed. In Cranmer's case he died for that belief. So the word "Anglican" is not appropriate here and is anachronistic. --RelHistBuff (talk) 14:20, 15 April 2010 (UTC)

I refer you to WP:ATTRIBUTEPOV, RelHistBuff. The word execution describes an objective fact which no sane person disputes. But martyrdom is a judgment which can be countered with death as a heretic. Cranmer was not a martyr in the eyes of Catholics, but a heretic. I see no point in emphasizing that they thought he was a heretic, but to describe him as a martyr without qualification is to treat the Anglican pov as if it is an unqualified objective fact. That simply cannot be done. The solution is to specifiy and to attribute. Read the policy.

At your suggestion I have removed the reference to the papacy, although the same claim is made in the body of the article. And in light of your complaint I have changed Anglican to Protestant, since, as you yourself say, "In Cranmer's case he died for that belief." I am not prepared to continue this edit war. My next step will be to take this up as a case of ownership and pov pushing. Let's avoid that with discussion and the ability to compromise, since you do not contest the factuality of my statements, just the wording. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Wrotesolid (talk • contribs) 16:26, 15 April 2010 (UTC)

 * The question is the definition of the word. It is used in both religious and non-religious contexts but it simply means someone who has been put to death for refusing to renounce their beliefs. You say that "martyr" and "heretic" are opposites. However, the opposite of the POV-word "heretic" is the equally POV-word "saint". Cranmer is not being called a saint, but something neutral. However, I believe it is acceptable to change the clause to "died a Protestant martyr". The wikilink should be removed as it is a low-value link.
 * I would contest the addition of the text concerning the two trials. There is nothing POV about what is stated in the lead and it is sufficient. The details are in the article. I do not recall from MacCulloch on the rationale behind the gap in time between the two trials and your statement implies that there was a rationale. --RelHistBuff (talk) 16:58, 15 April 2010 (UTC)

I have just placed a warning on your talk page due to your wholesale reversions. Perhaps we can resolve this, since the above comment was made while I was issuing the warning. I will comment at length in a minute.Wrotesolid (talk) 17:01, 15 April 2010 (UTC)

First, since you accept the specification of Cranmer's dying a Protestant martyr I think that gets us almost all the way home. I will restore that wording.

Second, the word execution in the section head is npov. Changing it to Martyrdom for Protestantism or some such would be too awkward. There is no problem with the section itself.

Finally, I do not understand what your objection is to briefly mentioning the two and a half year delay between the conviction for treason and the execution as a heretic. To say that both happened upon Mary's accession is inaccurate. His trial and execution for heresy happened fully half way though Mary's reign. I will restore that wording on the assumption that you agree a delay of half her reign makes the original wording inaccurate. Wrotesolid (talk) 17:12, 15 April 2010 (UTC)

 * On your point about the section name, the word is a neutral word and it is historically accepted. MacCulloch even uses the word "martyrdom" in a chapter title. Ridley and Loades also uses the word.

 * The issue of the two trials could be resolved by changing from "when Mary I" to "after Mary I". --RelHistBuff (talk) 17:31, 15 April 2010 (UTC)

I have restored "Protestant martyr" in the summary and "execution" as npov for "martyrdom" in the section head. I have restored mention of the gap and added "reactionary Catholic forces with a reference to a Catholic source. The point is not that the previous wording was pov but that it was historically misleading.  The conviction for treason was within three months of Mary's accession, while the trial for heresy lasted half way through her reign.

 * Finally, you mentioned something about "The wikilink should be removed as it is a low-value link." I am not sure what you were referring to, so either explain yourself here or be bold and remove the link if you haven't already. Wrotesolid (talk) 17:36, 15 April 2010 (UTC)

 * I have already removed the wikilink (to the word "martyr"). The text and reference that you added is a POV. I changed from "when" to "after" in order to avoid the assumption that the trials occurred just as Mary was enthroned. The text in the lead is NPOV. The gap in time is mentioned in the article. --RelHistBuff (talk) 17:42, 15 April 2010 (UTC)
 * If I might offer an opinion? First of all, that you too for bringing up this discussion. Questions like these keep me on Wikipedia when so much crap puts me off. Can the term 'martyr', 'martyrdom', be neutral, unquoted, in a historical essay? It would seem on one hand, it can be, for in modern language it tends to mean anyone who has died or suffered greatly for a heartfelt cause. So the poor fellow who slips off a rock face and breaks his leg can be a martyr to his (or her) abseiling. A teacher who perseveres with a challenging student is a martyr to his or her profession. And so forth. And yet on the other hand, there always seems to be some judgement value attached. The man who breaks his leg climbing could be just a bloody idiot who has no idea what he's doing. But the word 'martyr' suggests some kind of nobility to his misfortune. In the West we would never refer to a Middle-eastern car-bomber as a 'martyr'. To most of us they are foolish, deceived, cruel and desparate persons. Yet many Islamists (please note I say some- in its essence Islam is a peace-loving religion, as are most Moslems) call them martyrs. So different values are attached, depending upon who is observing the event.

 * And so with Thomas Cranmer. Martyr or traitor? That's another word that is never neutral.I think we simply need to describe his life in terms of the events that occurred in it. Of course, we might say, 'he is regarded as a martyr for Protestantism in England'. Just as Thomas More might be described as 'regarded as a martyr by Catholics in England'.--Gazzster (talk) 02:02, 16 April 2010 (UTC)

Let's imagine you are arrested and told you are being charged with murder. Of whom, you ask? Well, that's not important. Murder is the word used by the accuser, the sheriff answers. Can you be a murderer without murdering someone specific? Can you betray without betraying someone, or somthing? Martyr means "witness." Witness of what? Yes, one can be a martyr, but only if one is a martyr for some cause. It is proper therefore, when the issue can be specified, to specify it.

We have to be brief in section titles, but we also have to maintain an NPOV position. "Trials, recatations and execution" is perfectly NPOV. No one denies Cranmer was executed.

Finally, the summary as it stood was simply inaccurate in its implications. Would we say that after Mary came to the throne she died? It's true, but the emphasis implies that the events followed one on the other. That Cranmer's execution for high treason was stayed for two and a half years so that he might first be tried and then burnt for heresy rather than being beheaded is quite significant. Adding just a few words to show this is in the name of accuracy. Furthermore, that the Catholic Church admits its own responsibility for the heresy trial is of interest, and the reference to the Catholic encyclopedia on the matter hardly amounts to POV. Indeed, the evidence is an admission against interest and is hence highly relevant.

If anyone has a suggestion of how to better or more economically word these points while maintaining NPOV and accuracy I am quite interested in such a discussion.

Until then, and in the absence of any response on the Adminstaror's discussion, I am restoring the more accurate and NPOV language. Wrotesolid (talk) 03:14, 16 April 2010 (UTC)

RelHistBuff, I am confused as to the motivation for your delinking "martyr" and deleting the reference to the list of Common Worship holy days. I reastablished them on my last edit. Surely the link for martyr is just as helpful as that for religious images. Indeed, I would also linkify heresy the first time it appears in the article. And what was the reason for removing the external reference? The list of holidays seems of interest. There doesn't seem to be any inappropriate promotion of some, say, commercial interest. Can you explain why these should be deleted if you want them deleted? Wrotesolid (talk) 03:39, 16 April 2010 (UTC)
 * Looking at things in context, I suppose the charge was standard and the trial was standard. The trial would appear to have been carried out in justice according to the standards of the time. He had publicly supported the faith of Henry VIII during his reign, which, with notable ommissions of course, was the faith of Mary I.So the charge of traitor and heretic would appear to have merit.--Gazzster (talk) 05:21, 16 April 2010 (UTC)

 * Concerning the matter of wikilinks, this is a grey area. Certain words are already well-known and understood and do not need to be linked (so called low-value links). For example, one could argue that "plague", which is linked, is already well-known and could potentially be de-linked. Originally, "martyr" was not linked and as I believe it is well-known, I thought it could be de-linked. However, as this is a grey area, I have no problem of it being linked.

 * Concerning the additional text in the lead, the original text simply stated there were two trials. It is not clear why there was a gap in time. It is a speculation to blame unspecified "reactionary Catholic forces". And the use of a turn-of-the-century Catholic encyclopedia as a reference is extremely weak and it is clearly a POV-source. The original text is sufficient and the details are in the article.

 * Concerning the section title and the word "martyrdom", I note again that the word is used by historians and it is in the sources. The definition of someone being put to death for refusing to renounce one's belief is in fact neutral. Cranmer, as well as Latimer and Ridley, are referred to as martyrs (see Oxford martyrs) and the use of the word reflects common usage. Whether one takes the word as a POV is a matter of one's own opinion. Gazzler has brought up an interesting point about Islamists calling suicide car-bombers as martyrs. In my opinion that is a misuse of the word. There is a difference between someone putting themselves in harm's way and someone who is unwillingly put to death for one's belief. Unfortunately the word has been hijacked by current media and its meaning is now being distorted. But the original definition, common usage in the context of Cranmer, and historical support still stands. However, Wikipedia being as it is, a !vote always seems to override scholarship or external expertise. If there is a consensus to use "execution" instead then so be it. --RelHistBuff (talk) 09:22, 16 April 2010 (UTC)

 * As can be seen, there is no consensus to change the word, martyrdom. I will go back to the original wording which as I stated is neutral. The word is neutral, i.e., used by both Catholic and Protestants alike (see Forty Martyrs of England and Wales) and the use of the word in the context of Cranmer has support from the sources. --RelHistBuff (talk) 09:38, 10 May 2010 (UTC)

"Saint Thomas More, so far as I am concerned, was a vicious fool and murdering hypocrite who got exactly what was coming to him, regardless of Paul Scofield's efforts. I read Utopia in high school, studied More in a graduate level course on the Reformation, and wrote a term paper on him. But that's my OR POV, and not relevant."

I think this language is totally against Wikipedia principles, even in a Talk Page, and only proves that the main problem of Wikipedia is that any "vicious fool" or brainless "hypocrite" like this user can post in here.81.193.220.166 (talk) 19:12, 4 June 2010 (UTC)

Thomas Cranmer Martyrdom and Execution
I don't understand the nature of this debate. Thomas Cranmer had already recanted his Protestant views and returned to the Roman Catholic Chuch, probably not by personal conviction, but as to respect for the queen Mary I, that he still regarded as the Head of the Church of England, and to avoid his execution by being burned at the stake. Nevertheless, even being against the Canonic Law, he was going to be executed as an heretic, so he still would have been a unlikely Catholic martyr, for being executed after his recantation, or a Anglican martyr, if would return to his previous faith. Since he had nothing to loose anymore, he choose to die as a Protestant martyr.81.193.220.166 (talk) 18:52, 4 June 2010 (UTC)

Thomas Cranmer tried to save both John Fisher and Thomas More lifes by having sworn a special oath. I think this deserves being mentioned in the article.Mistico (talk) 19:21, 4 June 2010 (UTC)

File:Thomas Cranmer by Gerlach Flicke.jpg to appear as POTD soon
Hello! This is a note to let the editors of this article know that File:Thomas Cranmer by Gerlach Flicke.jpg will be appearing as picture of the day on January 28, 2013. You can view and edit the POTD blurb at Template:POTD/2013-01-28. If this article needs any attention or maintenance, it would be preferable if that could be done before its appearance on the Main Page so Wikipedia doesn't look bad. :) Thanks! — Crisco 1492 (talk) 23:36, 27 January 2013 (UTC)

Archdeacon of Taunton
While working on a new article The Old House, Milverton I came across this source from the BBC and this from the University of Bristol, which say that Cranmer was archdeacon of Taunton and lived in the house - but I'm having trouble narrowing down the dates for this. Can anyone help & should this be included in the article?— Rod talk 21:32, 7 June 2013 (UTC)

 * This confirms it, but the start date on him holding the office is unknown. Note that the previous officeholder held until 1531, so Cranmer's holding of the office was very brief. I'm not sure it's worth a mention, it was a minor office he held briefly. Ealdgyth - Talk 21:49, 7 June 2013 (UTC)

Vicegerency is not a hyphenated word.
"Vicegerency" and "vicegerent" should not be spelled with hyphens. Why does the author insist on it?

The Wikipedia article on "Vicegerent" does not spell it that way and yet any attempt to correct the spelling in this article gets immediately reverted.

I can't find any responsible source that hyphenates that word. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 23.119.205.88 (talk) 19:35, 16 February 2014 (UTC)

In re Tag requesting further inline citations
… see first the Edit summary, and then look at the lack of inline citations in the following—

 * the opening sentences of the opening paragraphs of the "Reforms reversed…" section
 * opening sentences of paragraphs beginning...
 * "In 1538, the king…"
 * "In the summer of…"
 * "Cranmer’s first contact…"
 * "While Cranmer was…"
 * "Cranmer was not…"
 * "The vice-regency brought…"

Etc., etc. Bottom line, the references and work here are exceptional, but the long tracts without inline citation make impossible followup of the material by interested readers, and make scholarly verification (and so confidence in material) somewhat limited. Since, unlike Britannica, article authors here are unknown, our basis in trust comes from the solid nature of the sourcing. Le Prof Leprof 7272 (talk) 07:08, 26 June 2014 (UTC)
 * The six (of 49!) paragraphs that are sourced to one footnote are not at all excessive. The six paragraphs mentioned above all go to a source with decent number of pages referenced but not so many that it's unreasonable nor difficult to verify. One paragraph distilling down six or eight pages of source material is not excessive. I mean, we could just put the same ref after each sentence and that would make it "look more referenced" but it would be useless work. Ealdgyth - Talk 18:50, 26 June 2014 (UTC)
 * I agree with Ealdgyth -- the paragraphs in question are indeed sourced to the best scholarly sources available. It is false to say the "authors here are unknown" --MacCulloch, for example, is professor at Oxford and one of the best known scholars of the Reformation in the world. Jasper Ridley was a well-known biographer & his book on Cranmer received very good reviews. Anyone who wants to check can easily get the books in a library. Rjensen (talk) 19:14, 26 June 2014 (UTC)

Magdalene College
This article has been added to the Alumni of Magdalene College, Cambridge category. But, I can't find a reliable source that says he was a student at that college. Can anyone clarify this? Danrok (talk) 18:32, 21 March 2018 (UTC)

Legacy
Doesn't it seem a bit ironic to describe uncritical protestant biographers of this reformation martyr as "hagiographic"? Isn't there a better word, that doesn't rely on a metaphorical use of a word that means "saint-adoring"? MrDemeanour (talk) 11:59, 20 October 2018 (UTC)

needs adjustment - not encyclopedic
" It was a sign of a broken man, a sweeping confession of sin. " - the language here needs to be more formal/less dramatic. Thanks. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 50.111.22.46 (talk) 15:11, 21 March 2020 (UTC)

Vice-gerential
Obscure word, gerent being "one who rules or manages". Vice-regential comes from the cited Diarmaid MacCulloch book. I know I wanted it to be "vice-regental". - Donald Albury 17:35, 8 April 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Thomas Cranmer


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Talk:Battle of Alexandria (1801)

Superficial and inaccurate
This is both superficial and inaccurate. JF42 (talk) 14:03, 22 March 2013 (UTC)

28th Regt and cavalry attack
The reference to the 28th Regiment engaging enemy to the rear of the battalion is incorrectly placed in the timeline. This was not in relation to the column of infantry the penetrated between the front and rear wings of the 42nd  but the subsequent cavalry attack. I shall move the reference accordingly.

JF42 (talk) 05:31, 8 October 2019 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Battle of Alexandria (1801)


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Danny Gare

Daniel Mirl Gare (born May 14, 1954) is a Canadian broadcaster, ice hockey coach and former National Hockey League (NHL) player, most notably of the Buffalo Sabres. During a 13-year professional career, Gare also played for the Detroit Red Wings and Edmonton Oilers. He was a two-time All-Star right winger who twice scored 50 goals in a season for the Sabres. He was known for his quick wrist shot and status as a small, yet scrappy and fearless player.

Playing career
Gare played for the WCJHL's Calgary Centennials from 1971 to 1974. In his final season with the team, he had 127 points. Gare was selected by the Buffalo Sabres with the 29th pick of the 1974 NHL amateur draft.

Gare, who wore #18, scored his first career NHL goal just 18 seconds into his first regular season game helping the Sabres defeat the Boston Bruins, 9-5, on October 10, 1974.

In his rookie season of 1974–75, he had 62 points in the regular season and 13 points in the playoffs, as Buffalo went to the Stanley Cup finals. The following year, Gare had 50 goals and 73 points. He had 77 points in 1977–78. In 1979–80, he tied for the league lead with 56 goals and had a career-high 89 points. He then had 85 points the following season.

Because of his goal scoring prowess he played right wing on the power play even during The French Connection years, which pushed René Robert back to the point. He holds team records for most goals by a right winger (267), most game-tying goals (21), and fastest goal scored from start of NHL career (0:18 into his debut versus the Boston Bruins on 10 October 1974).

On December 2, 1981, Gare, along with Jim Schoenfeld and Derek Smith were traded to the Detroit Red Wings in exchange for Mike Foligno, Dale McCourt and Brent Peterson. Sabres goalie Bob Sauve was dealt to the Red Wings in a separate transaction. Gare finished his career with the Edmonton Oilers in 1986–87.

Gare served as the Sabres captain from the 1977–78 season through his trade to Detroit. He was the Red Wings captain for four seasons from 1982 through 1986.

Post-career
Following his playing career, Gare was briefly an assistant coach and TV color analyst for the Tampa Bay Lightning, and served on the Buffalo Sabres broadcast team on Empire Sports Network. He served as color analyst for the Columbus Blue Jackets under FSN Ohio from 2006 until April 2009. He also served as an interim studio analyst for the Sabres when Mike Robitaille has been unavailable and did color commentary for games that Harry Neale was unable to work. He was appointed the alternate Sabres color analyst and paired with Kevin Sylvester in an effort to reduce the workload of longtime Sabres broadcaster Rick Jeanneret.

Gare was inducted into the Buffalo Sabres Hall of Fame in 1994. On November 22, 2005, Gare had his number 18 jersey retired by the Sabres. He is the fifth player of seven total so honored.

Achievements and awards

 * WCHL All-Star Team (1974)
 * NHL Second All-Star Team (1980)
 * NHL All-Star Game (1980, 1981)

title: Danny Gare


text:
Lorenzo's Oil

Lorenzo's Oil is a 1992 drama film directed and co-written by George Miller. It is based on the true story of Augusto and Michaela Odone, parents who search for a cure for their son Lorenzo's adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD), leading to the development of Lorenzo's oil. The film was shot in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, primarily from September 1991 to February 1992. It had a limited release in North America on December 30, 1992, with a nationwide release two weeks later, on January 15, 1993. Though it was a box office disappointment, grossing $7.2 million against its $30 million budget, the film was generally well received by critics and garnered two nominations at the 65th Academy Awards.

Plot
Lorenzo is a bright and vibrant young boy living in the Comoro Islands, as his father Augusto Odone works for the World Bank and is stationed there. However, after relocating with his parents to the United States, he begins to show signs of neurological problems (such as falling, loss of hearing, tantrums, etc.). The boy is diagnosed as having adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD), which is fatal within two years. Failing to find a doctor capable of treating their son's rare disease, Augusto and his wife, Michaela, set out on a mission to find a treatment to save their son. In their quest, the Odones clash with doctors, scientists and a support group that is skeptical that anything could be done about ALD, much less by laypeople. But they persist, setting up camp in medical libraries, reviewing animal experiments, enlisting the aid of Professor Gus Nikolais, badgering researchers, questioning top doctors all over the world and even organizing an international symposium about the disease.

Despite research dead-ends, the horror of watching their son's health decline and being surrounded by skeptics (including the coordinators of the support group they attend), they persist until they finally hit upon a possible therapy. The Odones sponsor an international meeting of scientists doing research on ALD, requiring two conditions ahead of time. First they insist that the meeting focus on potential treatments and second, they require that they be allowed to participate, despite being non-scientist laypeople. The pivotal scene in the movie portrays this meeting, in which the scientists are presenting their research. When Dr. William B. Rizzo mentions his studies in which the addition of oleic acid to cultured cells blocked accumulation of the factors which cause ALD, the Odones jump into the conversation, asking if this oil might help their son. Although the scientists play down their hope, pointing out that it would take years of work to produce the oil and test in clinical trials, the Odones seize the promise of this possible curative treatment. As the scene ends, Michaela Odone is shown beginning the effort to find someone able and willing to produce the same oil Dr. Rizzo gave to his cells. They contact over 100 firms around the world until they find an elderly British chemist, Don Suddaby, who is working for Croda International and is willing to take on the challenge of distilling the proper formula.

The Odones obtain a precious vial of the oil (actually containing two specific long chain fatty acids, isolated from rapeseed oil and olive oil) and add it to their son's diet. This treatment proves successful in normalizing the accumulation of the very long chain fatty acids (which had been causing their son's steady decline), as measured in blood levels. This treatment halts the progression of his disease and is dubbed "Lorenzo's Oil". This oil is soon found to be successful in preventing the progression of harm in other patients with ALD. Meanwhile, Lorenzo has a great deal of neurological damage, and the Odones are dismayed to see that the oil can reverse their son's symptoms only very, very slowly. The Odones realize that more rapid improvement of their son's severe condition will require treatments to repair the myelin sheath (a lipid insulator) around the nerves, and Augusto is shown taking on the new challenge of organizing biomedical efforts to heal myelin damage in patients.

Finally, Lorenzo, at the age of 14, shows definite improvement (swallowing for himself and answering "yes" or "no" questions by blinking) and it is revealed that he has regained his sight, can move his head from side to side, vocalize simple sounds and is learning to use a computer. The movie ends with scenes of ALD patients who were treated with Lorenzo's Oil earlier in the course of their disease. In these patients the devastating neurological degeneration from which Lorenzo suffered was able to be prevented.

Production
Principal photography for Lorenzo's Oil began on September 9, 1991 in the Pittsburgh suburb of Ben Avon, Pennsylvania and continued throughout the city and area.

Possibly to emphasize the "everyman" aspect of the plot (the notion that a cure could affect families and individuals anywhere), many smaller roles were played by inexperienced actors or non-actors with unusual physical features and mannerisms. For example, the poet James Merrill was noticed by a casting director at a New York public reading of his poetry. His rarefied speaking cadences were utilized in a symposium scene in which he played a questioning doctor.

Music
The film uses Allegri's Miserere, Edward Elgar's cello concerto, as well as Barber's Adagio for Strings and Mozart's Ave verum corpus K.618.

The opening song is "Kijana Mwana Mwali" (Swahili, "Song about a Young Lady"), sung by the Gonda Traditional Entertainers.

A 1960 recording of Maria Callas with the La Scala orchestra and chorus is heard singing selections from Bellini's Norma at several points.

The music for the Easter Midnight Mass scene is a Russian Orthodox Church hymn, "Bogoroditse Devo" (Rejoice, O Virgin) from "Three Choruses from 'Tsar Feodor Ioannovich'", taken from the album Sacred Songs of Russia by Gloriae Dei Cantores.

Other music include Barber's Agnus Dei and Mahler's Symphony No. 5.

The original music from the motion picture soundtrack was scored and composed by Stewart Copeland.

Critical response
Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film four out of four stars and called it an "immensely moving and challenging movie", adding that "it was impossible not to get swept up in it." James Berardinelli of ReelViews gave it three out of four stars and claimed, "it was about the war for knowledge and the victory of hope through perseverance."

Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes retrospectively collected reviews from 40 critics to give the film a score of 93%, with an average rating of 7.10/10,. The website's consensus reads, "A harrowing tribute to the heroism of parental love, Lorenzo's Oil is kept from abject misery by George Miller's sensitive direction and outstanding performances from Nick Nolte and Susan Sarandon." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 80 out of 100, based on 21 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film a grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale.

Medical response
Though the film seemed to accurately portray the events related to the boy's condition and his parents' efforts during the time period covered by the film, it was criticized for falsely painting a picture of a miracle cure. Subsequent research with Lorenzo's oil has not clearly proven its long-term effectiveness in treating ALD after its onset. However, it prevented the onset of ALD in two-thirds of the susceptible boys. The actual subject of the film, Lorenzo Odone, died of pneumonia in May 2008 at the age of 30, having lived two decades longer than originally predicted by doctors.

Hugo Moser, on whom the character of Professor Nikolais was based, called the film's portrayal of him "an abomination".

Box office
The film grossed $7,286,388 domestically with a budget of around $30 million.

title: Lorenzo's Oil


text:
User talk:Cyber~enwiki

Hi- I noticed you remove the 'votes for deletion' notices on Vitamin T and Vitamin U. These two articles are still under consideration for deletion, so it's inappropriate to remove the notices. BTW, welcome to the Wiki and happy editing. ike9898 22:46, Mar 19, 2004 (UTC)

Oh, also your addition to Westward Ho! really wasn't helpful. I reverted it. I don't mean to harp. ike9898 22:52, Mar 19, 2004 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Cyber. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Cyber~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

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Renamed
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title: User talk:Cyber~enwiki


text:
Talk:Nizami Ganjavi

Semi-protected edit request on 9 March 2023
In Farsi, the poet's name is NEZAMI not NIZAMI. It is incorrect to spell it using an 'I' instead of an 'E' so I recommend that, throughout the document, his first name be changed to "Nezami". Rhyga (talk) 17:29, 9 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: The article already covers the alternate spellings of the name. RudolfRed (talk) 19:33, 9 March 2023 (UTC)

Block of commented-out code
Either these citations need to be in the article or not. Leaving them in but commenting them out is unacceptable, so copying-and-pasting here. These seem to be additional citations for the statement "Nezami is variously mentioned as a Persian and/or Iranian".

D) I.M. Dyakonoff (1915- 1999). The Book of Memoirs, Publisher: (European House), Sankt Petersburg, Russia, 1995 (Russian). excerpt pp. 730-731: "There were slight problems with Nizami - first of all he was not Azeri but Persian (Iranian) poet, and though he lived in presently Azerbaijani city of Ganja, which, like many cities in the region, had Iranian population in Middle Ages. Russian:Перед войной отгремел юбилей армянского эпоса Давида Сасунского (дата которого вообще-то неизвестна) – хвостик этого я захватил в 1939 г. во время экспедиции на раскопки Кармир-блура. А сейчас в Азербайджане готовился юбилей великого поэта Низами. С Низами была некоторая небольшая неловкость: во-первых, он был не азербайджанский, а персидский (иранский) поэт, хотя жил он в ныне азербайджанском городе Гяндже, которая, как и большинство здешних городов, имела в Средние века иранское.".

E) The Russian philologist Ivan Mikhailovich Steblin-Kamensky, Professor and the Dean of the Oriental Department of Saint Petersburg University comments ("Oriental Department is ready to cooperate with the West", Saint Petersburg University newspaper, № 24—25 (3648—49), 1 November 2003").  Translation: We trained such specialists, but, as shown by our communication with them, there are a lot of nationalistic tendencies there and academic fraud. Apparently it's related to the first years of independence. Their works include nationalist beginnings. Objective perspective, scientific understanding of the problems and timeline of historical developments are lacking. Sometimes  there is an outright falsification. For example, Nizami, the monument of whom was erected at  Kamennoostrovsk boulevard, is proclaimed Great Azerbaijani poet. Although he did not even speak Azeri. They justify this by saying that he lived in the territory of current Azerbaijan, but Nizami wrote his poems in Persian language!".

F) (Russian) Shnirelman, Viktor A. Memory Wars: Myths, Identity and Politics in Transcaucasia. Moscow: Academkniga, 2003 ISBN 5-94628-118-6. excerpt:: "К этому времени отмеченные иранский и армянский факторы способствовали быстрой азербайджанизации исторических героев и исторических политических образований на территории Азербайджана. В частности, в 1938 г. Низами в связи с его 800-летним юбилеем был объявлен гениальным азербайджанским поэтом (История, 1939. С. 88–91). На самом деле он был персидским поэтом, что и неудивительно, так как городское население в те годы было представлено персами (Дьяконов, 1995. С. 731). В свое время это признавалось всеми энциклопедическими словарями, выходившими в России, и лишь Большая Советская Энциклопедия впервые в 1939 г. объявила Низами "великим азербайджанским поэтом" (Ср. Брокгауз и Ефрон, 1897. С. 58; Гранат, 1917. С. 195; БСЭ, 1939. С. 94). Translation from Russian: "By that time, already mentioned Iranian and Armenian factors contributed to the rapid azerbaijanization of historical heroes and historical political entities on the territory of Azerbaijan. In particular, in 1938, Nizami in connection with his 800-year anniversary was declared a genius (marvelous) Azerbaijani poet (History, 1939. pp. 88–91). In fact, he was a Persian poet, which is not surprising, because the urban population in those years was Persian (Dyakonov, 1995. page. 731). At one time it was recognized by all Encyclopedic Dictionaries of published in Russia, and only the Big Soviet Encyclopedia for the first time in 1939, announced Nizami as a "Great Azerbaijani poet" (Sr. Brockhaus and Efron, 1897. page. 58; Garnet, 1917. page. 195 ; BSE, 1939. p. 94)".

with allegation of politicization A) Willem van Schendel (PhD, Professor of Modern Asian History at the University of Amsterdam), Erik Jan Zürcher (PhD. held the chair of Turkish Studies in the University of Leiden). Identity Politics in Central Asia and the Muslim World: Nationalism, Ethnicity and Labour in the Twentieth Century. I.B.Tauris, 2001. ISBN 1-86064-261-6. "Soviet Nationalism’: An Ideological Legacy to the Independent Republics of Central Asia’" Prof. Dr. Bert G. Fragner (Austrian Academy of Sciences (Vienna): Executive Director (Institute of Iranian Studies)). page. 20 «It was up to the central power to solve these kinds of contradiction by arbitrary decisions. This makes clear that Soviet nationalism was embedded into the political structure of what used to be called ‘Democratic Centralism’. The territorial principle was extended to all aspects of national histories, not only in space but also in time: ‘Urartu was the oldest manifestation of a state not only on Armenian soil but throughout the whole Union (and, therefore, implicitly the earliest forerunner of the Soviet state) ’, 'Nezami from Ganja is an Azerbaijani Poet', and so on.»

B) Slezkine, Yuri. "The Soviet Union as a Communal Apartment." in Stalinism: New Directions. Ed. Sheila Fitzpatrick, Routledge, New York, 2000. pages 330–335. ISBN 0-415-15233-X.  Excerpt: "Indeed, the 1934 Congress of Soviet Writers, which in many ways inaugurated high Stalinism as a cultural paradigm, was a curiously solemn parade of old-fashioned romantic nationalisms. Pushkin, Tolstoy and other officially restored Russian icons were not the only national giants of international stature – all Soviet peoples possessed, or would shortly acquire, their own classics, their own founding fathers and their own folkloric riches. The Ukrainian delegate said that Taras Shevchenko was a "genius"and a "colossus" "whose role in the creation of the Ukrainian literary language was no less important than Pushkin's role in the creation of the Russian literary language, and perhaps even greater."The Armenian delegate pointed out that his nation's culture was "one of the most ancient cultures of the orient,"that the Armenian national alphabet predated Christianity and that the Armenian national epic was "one of the best examples of world epic literature"because of "the lifelike realism of its imagery, its elegance, the profundity and simplicity of its popular wisdom and the democratic nature of its plot."The Azerbaijani delegate insisted that the Persian poet Nizami was actually a classic of Azerbaijani literature because he was a "Turk from Giandzha" and ..."

C) Walter Kolarz, "Russia and Her Colonies" Archon Books, 1967. page. 245. Excerpt: "The attempt to 'annex' an important part of Persian literature and to transform it into 'Azerbaidzhani literature' can be best exemplified by the way in which the memory of the great Persian poet Nizami (1141—1203) is exploited in the Soviet Union. The Soviet regime does not pay tribute to Nizami as a great representative of world literature, but is mainly interested in him as a ‘poet of the Soviet Union’, which he is considered to be because he was born in Gandzha in the territory of the present Azerbaidzhani Soviet Republic. The Soviet regime proclaims its ownership over Nizami also by ‘interpreting’ his works in accordance with the general pattern of Soviet ideology. Thus the leading Soviet journal Bolshevik stressed that Nizami's ‘great merit’ consisted in having undermined Islam by ‘opposing the theological teaching of the unchangeable character of the world’. Stalin himself intervened in the dispute over Nizami and gave an authoritative verdict on the matter. In a talk with the Ukrainian writer, Mikola Bazhan, Stalin referred to Nizami as ‘the great poet of our brotherly Azerbaidzhani people’who must not be surrendered to Iranian literature, despite having written most of his poems in Persian."

D) "AO Tamazishvili." Unknown Pages of Russian Oriental Studies: [Collection] / Ros. Acad. Sciences, Institute of Oriental Studies, St. Peterb. Phil. arch. RAS [status. V. Naumkin (отв. Ed.), NG Romanov, IM Smilyanska]. Moscow: Eastern. lit., 2004. From the History of Study of Nezami-ye Ganjavi in the USSR: around the anniversary – E. Bertels, Stalin, and others. Pp. 173–199. (in Russian) MartinPoulter (talk) 10:43, 16 May 2023 (UTC)

Ganjavi in the thought of Great Iran
همه عالم تن است و ایران دل

نیست گوینده زین قیاس خجل چون که ایران دل زمین باشد دل ز تن به بود یقین باشد

The poem he wrote is only the name of Iran.  ایرانی تبار (talk) 09:23, 19 September 2023 (UTC)

 * Translation as per Google Translate:
 * An alternate translation uses shame instead of ''shyness. Peaceray (talk) 14:14, 19 September 2023 (UTC)
 * An alternate translation uses shame instead of ''shyness. Peaceray (talk) 14:14, 19 September 2023 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 23 December 2023
change ganjavi to ganje'ei Egilruq (talk) 16:01, 23 December 2023 (UTC)

 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate.  Delta  space 42 (talk • contribs) 21:47, 24 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Nizami Ganjavi


text:
Amaretto

Amaretto (Italian for 'a little bitter') is a sweet Italian liqueur originating from the comune (municipality) of Saronno. Depending on the brand, it may be made from apricot kernels, bitter almonds, peach stones, or almonds, all of which are natural sources of the benzaldehyde that provides the almond-like flavour of the liqueur. It generally contains 21 to 28 percent alcohol by volume.

When served as a beverage, amaretto can be drunk by itself, used as an ingredient to create several popular mixed drinks, or added to coffee. Amaretto is also commonly used in Italian and other cuisines, especially in recipes for confectionery and sweet baked goods.

Etymology
The name amaretto originated as a diminutive of the Italian word amaro, meaning "bitter", which references the distinctive flavour lent by the mandorla amara or by the drupe kernel. However, the bitterness of amaretto tends to be mild, and sweeteners (and sometimes sweet almonds) enhance the flavour in the final products. Thus, one can interpret the liqueur's name as a description of the taste as "a little bitter". Cyanide is processed out of the almond preparation before its use.

One should not confuse amaretto with amaro, a different family of Italian liqueurs that, while also sweetened, have a stronger bitter flavour derived from herbs.

Legend
Despite the history of introducing and accepting almonds into Italian cuisine, newer takes on the meanings and origins have been popularized by two major brands. Though of sometimes questionable provenance, these tales hold a sentimental place in Saronno culture:

"In 1525, a Saronno church commissioned artist Bernardino Luini, one of Leonardo da Vinci's pupils, to paint its sanctuary with frescoes. As the church was dedicated to the Virgin Mary, Luini needed to depict the Madonna but needed a model. He found his inspiration in a young widowed innkeeper, who became his model and (in most versions) lover. The woman wished to give him a gift out of gratitude and affection. Her simple means did not permit much, so she steeped apricot kernels in brandy and presented the resulting concoction to a touched Luini."

Notable brands

 * DeKuyper – Netherlands
 * Disaronno – Italy
 * Lazzaroni – Italy
 * Bols – Netherlands
 * Luxardo – Italy

Usage
Amaretto serves a variety of culinary uses.

Cooking

 * Amaretto is frequently added to desserts, including ice cream, which enhances the flavour of the dessert with almonds and is complementary to the flavour of chocolate. Tiramisu, a popular Italian cake, is often flavoured with either real amaretto or alcohol-free amaretto aroma.
 * Savoury recipes that call for amaretto usually involve meats, such as chicken.
 * A few shots of amaretto can be added to pancake batter for a richer flavour.
 * Amaretto is often added to almondine sauce for fish and vegetables.
 * Amaretto is often added to whipped cream.
 * Amaretto chocolate truffles

Cocktails
Cocktails with Amaretto liqueur as a primary ingredient:
 * Amaretto Piña Colada – amaretto liqueur, light rum, coconut milk, and pineapple juice
 * Amaretto sour – amaretto liqueur, lemon juice, egg white, sugar or simple syrup and orange slice and cherries, for garnish
 * French Connection – amaretto liqueur and Cognac – IBA official cocktail
 * Godfather – amaretto liqueur and Scotch
 * Nutcracker Martini – amaretto liqueur, dark crème de cacao, vodka, and Irish cream
 * Snickerdoodle Cookie Martini – amaretto liqueur, cinnamon liqueur, and cinnamon vodka
 * Toasted Almond – amaretto liqueur, coffee liqueur, and milk or cream. Some versions add vodka

Orgeat syrup
Amaretto is sometimes used as a substitute for Orgeat syrup in places where the syrup cannot be found or to impart a less sweet flavour.

title: Amaretto


text:
Wallace Edwards

Wallace Edwards was a Canadian children’s author and illustrator whose imagination transformed the world of animals and strange creatures for a generation of children. His illustrations don’t condescend to children, they engage the imagination on multiple levels, blending childhood whimsy with adult sophistication. "

A Canadian illustrator and writer who won the 2002 Governor General's Award for his first children's book Alphabeasts., Edwards was also the recipient of a multitude of awards and short lists, the Gold Medal from ForeWord Magazine’s Book of the Year Award, and the Children’s Choice Award from the International Reading Association for Alphabeasts; the Ruth and Sylvia Schwartz Children’s Book Award, The Amelia Frances Howard-Gibbon Illustrator’s Award, the Children’s Choice Award from the International Reading Association for Monkey Business; the Canadian Library Association’s Honour for Mixed Beasts; and the Junior Library Guild Award for The Cat’s Pajamas.

Born in Ottawa, Ontario, Edwards was a graduate of the Ontario College of Art, and his work can be found in numerous public and private collections. He has also worked widely with Metro Toronto Zoo, the City of Toronto, the B.C. Ministry of the Environment, the Canadian Children’s Book Centre, the Canadian Wildlife Federation, and various magazines. (https://quillandquire.com/authors/call-of-the-wild/

On October 16, 2007, Wallace Edwards was nominated for the Governor General's Award for illustrating The Painted Circus. To date, Edwards has both written and illustrated fifteen published books, of which three have been nominated for this, Canada's most prestigious literary award.

His art has been described as “Curious and witty, sophisticated and highly original in approach…” resulting in work which is “visually pleasing as well as mentally stimulating” (taken from the Canada Council for the Arts web site). His children’s books have been reviewed in the Quill and Quire, the Globe and Mail, the Toronto Star, Macleans, the Christian Science Monitor, the National Post, the Detroit Free Press, the Chicago Tribune, the LA Times, the Washington Post, and the School Library Journal, among others.

Edwards was also a pioneering artist in virtual and augmented reality. In 2013 he was the Canada Council supported Artist-in-Residence at York University's Future Cinema Lab where he first began to create augmented and immersive materials. He has since gone on to create work in virtual and augmented reality exhibited at the international Electronic Literature Organization conferences in Portugal, Canada and Italy.

Edwards lived in Yarker, Ontario, Canada, and died on December 25, 2022, in Kingston, Ontario, at the age of 65.

Books
As writer and illustrator:
 * Alphabeasts
 * Monkey Business (2004)
 * The Extinct Files: My Science Project (2009)
 * Cat's pyjamas (2010) "Many young readers are (rightly) allergic to anything that can be described as “exquisite,” but there’s no better word for The Cat’s Pajamas."
 * The painted circus : P.T. Vermin presents a mesmerizing menagerie of trickery and illusion guaranteed to beguile and bamboozle the beholder! (Toronto: Kids Can Press, 2007),
 * Uncle Wally's Old Brown Shoe (Vancouver: Orca Book Publishers, 2012)
 * Mixed Beasts (2013)
 * Unnatural Selections (Orca, 2014) "What makes Unnatural Selections so magnificent is the attention to detail. Like celebrated Australian author-illustrator Graeme Base (Animalia), Edwards creates richly layered scenes bursting with multiple components. Beyond the mythical animals featured in the foreground, readers are encouraged by a reference section at the book’s end to go back and hunt for additional creatures hidden throughout. Hours can be spent poring over every inch of each page, unearthing elements previously unnoticed. In the peripheries live Snailagators, Dorses, Snirds, and even a Frogtopus. No doubt, many readers will delight in searching for these unusual hybrids, but Edwards’ greatest triumph is his ability to encourage us all to discover the strange and wonderful beasts that already dwell in our own imaginations."
 * Once Upon a Line (2015)
 * What is Peace? (Peace Quest, 2016)
 * Woodrow at Sea (2018) "What’s most surprising about Woodrow at Sea is that it’s by Wallace Edwards, the beloved Governor General’s Literary Award–winner known for his intricate wordplay and illustrations. With this book, Edwards is moving in a different direction, foregoing his rich, deep-coloured palette for one much brighter, and embracing simplicity in his drawings rather than detail and subtext. Fans will miss his unique voice and style – not to mention witty rhymes – but taken on its own, Woodrow at Sea is a delight." "Wallace describes the narrative arc of this latest book as the Odyssey, much distilled. "It's a very simple version of the hero's tale, where my elephant protagonist sets off on an adventure, meets a fellow traveller, and finds himself in a situation where each one saves the other."
 * Do you Wonder? (2022)
 * Pigs Can`t Fly (2023)

title: Wallace Edwards


text:
Tunnel of Love (album)

Tunnel of Love is the eighth studio album by the American singer-songwriter Bruce Springsteen, released on October 5, 1987. Although members of the E Street Band occasionally performed on the album, Springsteen recorded most of the parts himself, often with drum machines and synthesizers. Tunnel of Love is not officially regarded as an E Street Band album, as The Rising (2002) was marketed as his first studio album with the E Street Band since Born in the U.S.A. (1984).

In 1989, the album was ranked No. 25 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the "100 Best Albums of the Eighties" while in 2012, Rolling Stone ranked it at No. 467 on their list of the 500 greatest albums of all time. "Brilliant Disguise", "Tunnel of Love", "One Step Up", "Tougher Than the Rest", and "Spare Parts" were all released as singles. "Tunnel of Love" won Best Rock Vocal Performance, Solo at the 1988 Grammy Awards.

Background
The New York Times writer Jon Pareles said that Springsteen "turned inward" on this album, writing about "love gone wrong" in response to changes in his personal life, particularly his crumbling marriage to Julianne Phillips. Pareles said that most of the songs on the album were about the difficulty of mature love rather than Springsteen's earlier arena rock anthems to the working man. Tunnel of Love songs were described as "midtempo ballads or pop-rock hymns". "Brilliant Disguise" has been called "a heart-wrenching song about never being really able to know someone".

On the B-sides of vinyl and cassette singles, outtakes like "Lucky Man", "Two for the Road" and a 1979 track, "Roulette" were included. On the EP that accompanied the 1988 tour, Springsteen included album cut "Tougher Than the Rest", but included another River outtake, "Be True" a rearranged, acoustic "Born To Run", and a cover of Bob Dylan's "Chimes of Freedom".

Commercially the album went triple Platinum in the US on April 19, 1988, with "Brilliant Disguise" being one of his biggest hit singles, peaking at No. 5 on the Billboard Hot 100, "Tunnel of Love" also making the top 10, reaching No. 9, and "One Step Up" reaching the top 20 at No. 13. The 1988 Springsteen and E Street Band Tunnel of Love Express tour would showcase the album's songs, sometimes in arrangements courtesy of the Miami Horns.

Amusement park tunnel of love memorabilia was provided by the National Amusement Park Historical Association to be used on the record sleeve of the Tunnel of Love single. A cover of "All That Heaven Will Allow" was a minor hit single for country band the Mavericks in 1995.

Music videos
Irish filmmaker Meiert Avis directed the music videos for "Brilliant Disguise", "One Step Up", "Tougher Than the Rest", and "Tunnel of Love". The videos were shot on location in New Jersey, including Asbury Park. The intensely personal "Brilliant Disguise" video broke new ground on MTV, being a single shot without edits. The video of the title track was nominated for five MTV Video Music Awards, including Video of the Year, and Best Editing.

Critical reception
In a contemporary review for Playboy, music critic Robert Christgau wrote that, apart from the humorous opening track and the clichéd track that follows, Tunnel of Love is "convincing, original stuff—it zeroes in on fear of commitment as a pathology and battles it." He particularly praised the album's introspective second half in his consumer guide for The Village Voice, saying that it showed Springsteen's decency and ability for self-examination. Rolling Stone magazine's Steve Pond said that Tunnel of Love is "a varied, modestly scaled, modern-sounding pop album" rather than a rock and roll album and felt that its unromantic tales of love are similar to Springsteen's socially conscious work about broken promises and dreams in America:

"On Tunnel of Love, Springsteen is writing about the promises people make to each other and the way they renege on those promises, about the romantic dreams we're brought up with and the internal demons that stifle those dreams. The battleground has moved from the streets to the sheets, but the battle hasn't changed significantly."

In The Village Voice's annual Pazz & Jop critics poll, Tunnel of Love finished second in the voting for the year's best album. Christgau, the poll's creator, named it the third best album of the year in his own list. In 1989, the album was ranked #25 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the "100 Best Albums of the Eighties" while in 2012, the same magazine ranked it at #467 on their list of the 500 greatest albums of all time. In 1998, Q magazine readers voted Tunnel of Love the 91st greatest album of all time.

Writing for America Magazine, Catholic priest and sociologist Andrew Greeley argued that this album exemplifies the American Catholic imagination. In a 2014 article for Grantland, Steven Hyden said Tunnel of Love remained Springsteen's "most underrated record" among fans but in his own opinion, Springsteen's best lyrically. "You really shouldn't be allowed to hear this record until you've been married for a few years", Hyden wrote, "though at that point it might strike a little too close to home. If Ingmar Bergman had been born in Freehold and cut his artistic teeth at the Stone Pony, he would've made this record in place of Scenes From a Marriage. Totally '80s production aside ... this album represents the heaviest blues of Springsteen's career. The songs are about men and women who flirt, have sex, fall in love, get married, get bored, have sex with other people, and wind up stuck in the middle of that dark night from the second disc of The River."

Unreleased outtakes
While more than 80 songs were said to have been recorded for Springsteen's previous album, only 19 are known to have been recorded for Tunnel of Love, with 12 making the album's final cut. "Lucky Man" and "Two For the Road" were released as B-sides, and later on Tracks along with other outtakes such as "The Honeymooners," "The Wish" and "When You Need Me." "Part Man, Part Monkey" was also recorded during these sessions and played live on the Tunnel of Love Express Tour. Although that version remains unreleased, it would be re-recorded during future album sessions and eventually released. "Walking Through Midnight," the only other unreleased song, was co-written by Southside Johnny who recorded the song for his own album, 1988's Slow Dance.

 * "Part Man, Part Monkey"
 * "Walking Through Midnight"

Personnel
Musicians
 * Bruce Springsteen – lead vocals, backing vocals, guitars, mandolin, bass guitar, keyboards, harmonica, percussion, drum machine, sound effects on "Tunnel of Love"
 * Roy Bittan – acoustic piano on "Brilliant Disguise", synthesizers on "Tunnel of Love"
 * Clarence Clemons – backing vocals on "When You're Alone"
 * Danny Federici – Hammond organ on "Tougher Than the Rest", "Spare Parts" and "Brilliant Disguise"
 * Nils Lofgren – guitar solo on "Tunnel of Love", backing vocals on "When You're Alone"
 * Patti Scialfa – backing vocals on "Tunnel of Love", "One Step Up" and "When You're Alone"
 * Garry Tallent – bass guitar on "Spare Parts"
 * Max Weinberg – drums on "All That Heaven Will Allow", "Two Faces" and "When You're Alone"; percussion on "Tougher Than the Rest", "Spare Parts", "Walk Like a Man", "Tunnel of Love", and "Brilliant Disguise"
 * James Wood – harmonica on "Spare Parts"

Technical
 * Toby Scott – engineering
 * Tim Leitner, Roger Talkov, Squeek Stone, Rob Jacobs – engineering assistants
 * Bob Clearmountain – mixing
 * Mark McKenna – mixing assistant
 * Jay Healy – mixing assistant on "Tunnel of Love"
 * Bob Ludwig – mastering
 * Heidi Cron – mastering assistant
 * Sandra Choron – art direction
 * Annie Leibovitz, Bob Adelman, Kryn Taconis, Elliott Erwitt – photography

title: Tunnel of Love (album)


text:
Talk:Amaretto

bias
This article seems to have a slight bias toward Disarrono. Who wrote this anyways? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.31.70.31 (talk) 19:19, 26 December 2010 (UTC)

Strange, random statement
Almost enough for a dictionary definition, but not quite. --Wetman (talk) 23:54, 19 March 2004 (UTC)

Amaro
Damn, I just created a stub, Amaro (drink). Most of the information in this article should really be there: Amaretto is just one kind of Amaro, of which there are hundreds. That's about all I know though. Stevage 21:22, 3 October 2006 (UTC)

I do not know who listed the drinks on this page, but two of them are not even real drinks, and two others the recipes were incorrect. Please do not post any recipes unless you are absolutely sure it is a real drink and the recipe is correct. Please keep in mind just because you can find a recipe for the drink on the internet does not make it a real drink. I can post a website claiming I made a boof-foofy-banana-dragon, but that does not make it a real drink, understand? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.87.5.68 (talk) 09:33, 19 October 2010 (UTC)

Cocktails
I know that Wikipedia a list of indiscriminate information (the rule oft quoted when claiming that drink recipes should never appear within Wikipedia). However, there are many exceptions to this guideline when used in an encyclopedic manner and to highlight or expand the understanding of the topic. The cocktails listed (with the probable exception of Silverlake slip and possibly the Amaretto sour and Cafe Zürich) are well known cocktails that feature and showcase Amaretto's unique bitter almond flavor. The cocktails indicated as IBA Official Cocktails are internationally notable. The cocktails help illustrate the popularity and notability of the liqueur. It could be argued that these recipes should be moved into their own articles. Unfortunately, I think we would end up with a bunch of stubs, since the most unique thing about these drinks are 1) their relationship with Amaretto, and 2) they are internationally notable cocktails. The relationship is better illustrated (in my opinion) by including them here in this article. The notability is identified with the IBA designation. To put it another way, the drinks are worth noting, but without the information about Amaretto, standalone articles would probably be deleted. That's not the say the drinks are not worth including, but rather that consolidation into this article makes more sense than splitting them off. Thoughts? If the layout is of concern (the whitespace makes the recipes easier to read, but takes up screen space), they could be collapsed into paragraph format (see List of cocktails for examples). --Willscrlt 04:32, 2 January 2007 (UTC)
 * I'm going to be bold and remove all but the IBA official cocktails. To the extent that other cocktails would help feature, showcase, illustrate, or what-have-you the uniqueness of amaretto, it seems like the first thing to do would be to say (and source!) that stuff about amaretto in the first place. --Sneftel (talk) 22:16, 14 February 2009 (UTC)
 * I noticed all the cocktails had been removed. I restored them since they are as previously mentioned iconic and IBA official cocktails in some instances.  Also many other articles link to this page's cocktail subsection, for keywords like godfather and french connection, etc.  Rather than mess up dozens of links all over Wikipedia, I thought it was better left reinstated in the short term until the notable cocktails can be given their own articles where it's appropriate.  I still think this article should mention the most common cocktails, providing links to the newly created articles though, rather than listing the ingredients and glass type etc. since Amaretto is such a commonly used mixer, rather than a drink that's enjoyed by itself. --88.108.167.187 (talk) 21:18, 19 May 2009 (UTC)
 * We should definitely keep some cocktails in... my vote, again, is to limit it to the IBA official ones. There were badges identifying those at one point, which were removed for no clear reason. I'll put them back for now, and see if anyone gets pissed off. --Sneftel (talk) 17:54, 1 June 2009 (UTC)

The amaretto sour has been around for decades. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 174.100.209.41 (talk) 03:39, 13 January 2013 (UTC)

Etymology
Was the removal of the following for a good reason, an accident, or was it vandalism? The information was sourced.

Etymology
The name is a diminutive of the Italian amaro, meaning "bitter", indicating the distinctive flavor lent by the mandorla amara--the bitter almond or the drupe kernel. However, the bitterness is not unpalatable, and their flavor is enhanced by sweeteners, and sometimes sweet almonds, in the final products. Therefore, the liqueur's name can be said to describe the taste as "a little bitter", and the plural, referring to the biscuits, suggests "little bitter things" or "things [that are] a little bitter". If no response within 48 hours, I will revert. If reverted, but the removal was made with for a good reason (like the information is blatantly false, as can be shown by other sources), it can always be deleted again. Thanks! --Willscrlt 08:23, 4 January 2007 (UTC)
 * A little bitter
 * Well, it's been way over 48-hours (I forgot), and since nobody has presented a reason as to why this was removed (or why it should remain removed), I have gone ahead and reinserted it into the article again. The cited source isn't as strong a one as I would prefer to see, but it seems fairly reliable. Before removing this information again, it would be good to mention a source at least as reliable that indicates this information is inaccurate. If you find a really reliable source that debunks this as a false statement, the section should probably be rewritten to explain that is the case. -- Willscrlt (  Talk · Cntrb  ) 00:12, 25 January 2007 (UTC)

Slashfood
I'm removing the slashfood reference. Initially the line "Formerly known as Amaretto Disaronno, the company altered the name to Disaronno Originale after copyright issues arose" was added for the explicit purpose of someone planting an advertisement covered spam link (even if a link is used in the reference section rather than external links, its still going to get clicks and it still helps that site's position in search engines). That link was removed, and the slashfood link was added just a few days ago (a page with even more ads and adsense ads disguised as a site navigation). The catch is that slashfood's brand new article is just a rephrase of what was used on wikipedia itself, so its kind of redundant. So the name change thing was inserted really in bad faith in the first place, I'd like to see it remain but either without a reference link or with this clean page as a reference (with info on the litigation):

http://www.brownwelsh.com/HPLowry_archive/CBJ1999.htm

 * Please remember to sign your comments with four tildes (like this ~ ) to help keep conversations orderly. Someone else had added the information, then someone removed the link, but kept the statement. When I edited the article, I did a search for the information. I did find some sites in Italian (which I do not speak) that seem to corroborate the name change due to litigation (can't really tell for sure), and only two English references. The Slashfood seemed so-so, but I agree that it is a pretty poor source.
 * Since we should not include negative information that is unsourced, I think the entire reference should be removed (and will do so if it's still there when I check in a moment). It can always be added later if good sources are located. It might be an error in omission, but that would better than an error in providing information that could be damaging to the company's reputation. --Willscrlt 14:59, 5 January 2007 (UTC)

The information on the brand name appears to refer to the American market. In Europe, at least, it was originally called "AMARETTO DI SARONNO" then changed to "DI SARONNO AMARETTO ORIGINALE" (copied from a bottle on my shelf!) 84.192.152.162 (talk) 13:36, 30 January 2008 (UTC)

units
I added metric units to some of the cocktails, but it's not clear whether they are US or UK fluid ounces, so I've reluctantly assumed it's american units. I guess it doesn't matter too much as long as the proportions are the same. Ideally the metric conversions should be in measurable amounts, but I haven't done this. Stanlavisbad (talk) 17:10, 26 November 2007 (UTC)

Confusion between Amaretto and Amaretti
This article is *VERY* confusing. I'm having a real big issue with the mixing in of Amaretto the liquor information, and then the Amore (Amaretti ??) cookie(?) information..... I can't even tell if it is a cookie or what. I wouldn't even know where to start to edit, because it is all mixed up together and you can't tell what is what. I understand the relation of the cookie, due to its almond content, but what does it have to do with the liquor other than their history? The most confusing sections are the "History" and the "Usage:Cooking" sections. If the page is to be about Amaretto liquor, lets stick to that and not toss in the cookie references.

71.193.228.220 (talk) 23:33, 10 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Agreed, i scrolled from "is a liquer" to "crumbled on top off". Obviously the second was about the biscuit, which should not be in this article at all, except as a see also. Everything flavoured with almonds is not identical, even if they have similar names in a foreign language.Yobmod (talk) 16:52, 9 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Yup. I have changed the redirect Amaretti so it no longer directs to this article;  instead it goes to Amaretto (disambiguation) (which needs expansion).  --Una Smith (talk) 19:19, 14 November 2009 (UTC)

Requested move
Amaretto → Amaretto (liqueur) — The liqueur is one of many things called amaretto, and most of those things are not this liqueur. --Una Smith (talk) 19:31, 14 November 2009 (UTC)
 * Amaretto (disambiguation) → Amaretto

 * Neutral. I would support the proposal _if_ we had an article on the biscuits and/or the Python variant.  But we don't.  As things stand, the liqueur is the only thing called "Amaretto" _that we have an article about_, so disambiguation isn't _currently_ needed.  (Incidentally, note spelling of "liqueur" if the move goes through). Tevildo (talk) 21:27, 14 November 2009 (UTC)
 * Spelling fixed. For what it's worth, an amaretto is any cookie with almonds.  So an almond biscotto is an amaretto. --Una Smith (talk) 04:30, 15 November 2009 (UTC)

 * Oppose - The drink is clearly the WP:PRIMARYTOPIC for the word "amaretto" in English usage. The cookies are called "amaretti" and the language doesn't even compete. Melchoir (talk) 22:15, 14 November 2009 (UTC)
 * Oppose. This is the only article on Wikipedia with the title "Amaretto". --DAJF (talk) 04:55, 15 November 2009 (UTC)

 * Support — Amaretto is a flavor, not a liqueur.  A quick search through Wikipedia found numerous articles about amaretto flavored cookies and other amaretto flavored foods and drinks, any of which may be called an "amaretto" in English.  I have expanded the dab page accordingly.  The article now occupying the page name Amaretto is misnamed;  its topic very clearly is limited to some (not all) amaretto flavored liqueurs and the mixed drinks made from them.  I doubt the claim, as yet unsupported, that a liqueur is the primary topic.  A quick look at the incoming links to Amaretto shows many that do not intend a liqueur;  they intend a flavor, often a flavor of cookie.  Thus, disambiguation is in order and the dab page should be moved to this ambiguous base name. --Una Smith (talk) 05:24, 15 November 2009 (UTC)
 * Note - Una, as the nominator, it is understood that you support the move. This should be part of your reasoning in the nomination. --Jeremy (blah blah • I did it!) 15:51, 15 November 2009 (UTC)
 * There is no requirement nor expectation that the nominator supports a move. --Una Smith (talk) 21:14, 15 November 2009 (UTC)
 * I'm a little confused about your methodology for expanding the dab page. You've linked Speculaas and Ghorabiye, apparently because they taste like almonds. The purpose of a disambiguation page is to enable a reader to find the specific article they're looking for, in the situation where that title is the "natural name" of more than one article. Can you think of realistic situations under which someone's trying to look for Ghorabiye, and they assume that the natural name of that cookie is "Amaretto"?

--Sneftel (talk) 16:52, 15 November 2009 (UTC)
 * Each is a kind of cookie that someone who uses "amaretto" (plural "amaretti") to refer to an, er, amaretto cookie would call an amaretto ... unless they know a more specific name for it. --Una Smith (talk) 21:14, 15 November 2009 (UTC)
 * Consider Chocolate and Chocolate liqueur. Also, here are some Google Book search results:
 * amaretto 1498 hits
 * amaretto -liqueur 1379 hits
 * amaretto -cookie 1486 hits
 * Looks like a tie to me. Amaretto is an adjective, a flavor, like vanilla, chocolate, mocha... --Una Smith (talk) 21:28, 15 November 2009 (UTC)
 * Try as I might, I can't find anyone referring to a Ghorabiye as "an amaretto", which I think you're taking to be a more general term than it's actually used as. The use of the word "amaretto" to refer to a particular type of italian almond biscuit does seem to be somewhat common, and is definitely worth a hatnote, but a glance over the google book search you referred to shows that virtually all of them are referring to the liqueur (that is, as a noun, not an adjective), despite mentioning neither "liqueur" nor "cookie". --Sneftel (talk) 21:52, 15 November 2009 (UTC)

 * Support mildly -- Googling shows that the primary meaning is the liqueur. Think about why people use the encyclopedia. But good use of dab pages solves all subordinate problems. DavidOaks (talk) 06:12, 15 November 2009 (UTC)
 * Oppose. All the other links on the dab page go to things that are specifically named after, or flavored like, amaretto the liqueur. Moreover, none of them seems to even remotely approach the notability of the liqueur. This is a clear case where the secondary dab page serves everyone's interest... though I'd suggest that some of the links there, the pages of which don't even mention "amaretto", would be better put on a List of Things That Taste Like Almonds, or something. --Sneftel (talk) 14:32, 15 November 2009 (UTC)
 * The claim here seems to be "the liqueur came first". Sneftel, do you have a reliable source for that?  --Una Smith (talk) 06:05, 16 November 2009 (UTC)

 * Oppose. The liquer is the primary topic. A hatnote on that article can lead to the disambiguation page. BTW, I think that Amaretti (ie - the cookies) should get an article, as a merger of Amaretto di Saronno and Amaretti morbidi di Sassello, among others, as done on the Italian Wikipedia (see Biscotto amaretto; though Speculaas and Ricciarelli are likely sufficiently independently notable to warrant their own article). Mind  matrix  15:27, 15 November 2009 (UTC)
 * Oppose - per common name. Amaretto is the widely recognized name for this liqueur, any recipe simply states it as such, e.g. 1/2 a jigger of amaretto. --Jeremy (blah blah • I did it!) 15:46, 15 November 2009 (UTC)
 * Does "jigger of amaretto" refer to a liqueur or an almond extract? If I offer you a tray of amaretti, are they shots or are they cookies? --Una Smith (talk) 21:14, 15 November 2009 (UTC)
 * You're being obtuse, whether purposely or not, I am not sure, so please look up what a jigger is. If you were to offer me a jigger of amaretto, I would decline because I don't like it; if you were offer me a jigger of amaretti, I would look at you funny and wonder if you had one too many jiggers of amaretto. --Jeremy (blah blah • I did it!) 02:55, 17 November 2009 (UTC)

 * Support. The dab page is looking a lot healthier now, and includes what I would call an "amaretto biscuit".  Tevildo (talk) 21:54, 15 November 2009 (UTC)

Discussion
What about the other amaretto flavored liqueurs that do not have "amaretto" in their brand name? Where do they belong? Apparently not on this article. In fact, the Disaronno Originale doesn't really belong on the article Amaretto anymore, does it? Does it even say "amaretto" anywhere on the label? I've put a "citation needed" tag on the lede; if the word "amaretto" belongs exclusively to almond liqueurs of Italian origin, I'd like to see that backed up by a reliable source. At this point, the article content doesn't even meet its scope as defined in the lede. There are other amaretto liqueurs of Italian origin, beyond the two export market leaders mentioned in the article. In short, the article page name and content are not well matched. --Una Smith (talk) 06:05, 16 November 2009 (UTC)

Per this website, the Lazzaroni amaretto liqueur was the first amaretto liqueur, and was named after the Lazzaroni amaretto cookie. But that puts the first amaretto liqueur in 1851, which is really late. Consider the history of chocolate liqueur. If the claim is that it is the first commercial amaretto liqueur made in Saronno, that may be true. But who cares? --Una Smith (talk) 06:24, 16 November 2009 (UTC)

November 2009
I changed this page - whoever originaly wrote it based it on their own opinions and not fact: Amarretto does not contain almonds and the diminutive in italian is not 'etto'. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.180.253.120 (talk) 18:24, 26 November 2009 (UTC)

 * The article has a lot of problems, one of which is that it is actually about the two amaretto liqueurs known as amaretto di Saronno. --Una Smith (talk) 23:28, 26 November 2009 (UTC)

Amaretto is made from almond and apricot pits, I assure you. Sounds like you are the one stating opinions —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.87.5.68 (talk) 09:36, 19 October 2010 (UTC)

Reporting that "amaretto is made from apricot pits" is dangerous!!!! Raw apricot pits in certain quantities are lethal especially children! Please do not mislead readers by being vague! Either leave it out of the article or explain that it is distilled or "cooked" (or whatever you have researched) which is safe for consumption. And I think it is becoming clear that "DiSaronno Originale" does not belong in this article and doesn't contain almonds or apricot pits according to their branded website so maybe explain the confusion and send readers to a separate article on "DiSaronno Originale" originally thought to be an amaretto liqueur.HeyBeautiful (talk) 12:10, 3 January 2013 (UTC)

Copyright problem removed
Prior content in this article duplicated one or more previously published sources. The material was copied from: http://www.distillerievincenzi.com/storia-EN.php. Copied or closely paraphrased material has been rewritten or removed and must not be restored, unless it is duly released under a compatible license. (For more information, please see "using copyrighted works from others" if you are not the copyright holder of this material, or "donating copyrighted materials" if you are.) For legal reasons, we cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from other web sites or published material; such additions will be deleted. Contributors may use copyrighted publications as a source of information, but not as a source of sentences or phrases. Accordingly, the material may be rewritten, but only if it does not infringe on the copyright of the original or plagiarize from that source. Please see our guideline on non-free text for how to properly implement limited quotations of copyrighted text. Wikipedia takes copyright violations very seriously, and persistent violators will be blocked from editing. While we appreciate contributions, we must require all contributors to understand and comply with these policies. Thank you. Sneftel (talk) 17:52, 30 March 2014 (UTC)

Un amaretto per favore
In case useful - when last in Milan I asked for 'un amaretto' in a restaurant and was asked which amaro I wanted. In northern Europe ordering 'un amaretto' always yields Di Saronno, but to this waiter in Milan this just meant a shot of any bitter herbal digestif - the others the waiter suggested were much more bitter than Di Saronno (as he agreed). Guffydrawers (talk) 19:17, 10 May 2015 (UTC)

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Edit conflicts Sept 2017
Anon, could you please give a source for the claim that liquors lacking almonds are "legally" prevented from being called amaretto? By the way, while it may not say it on the label now, I'm old enough to remember when "Disarrano" was labeled and marketed as "Amaretto DiSarrano" in the Americas. -- Infrogmation (talk) 05:00, 3 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Regardless of what regulations exist in different countries, it's not acceptable to simply remove the mention of the various brands from the article. Brands like Disaronno are described as "amaretto" in general use, and so the article needs to reflect that. Compare the article Champagne. Sneftel (talk) 08:55, 3 September 2019 (UTC)

 * No legal definition for "amaretto" exists in either the European codex (EC 110/2008 - Jan 15, 2008) or the US CFR (Title 27, Chapter 1, Part 5, Section 5.22). The word "amaretto" occurs zero times in either document. This means anything can be called "amaretto," which literally means "a little bitter" in Italian. The main source of flavoring for liqueurs traditionally labeled as "amaretto" is benzaldehyde, which although traditionally extracted from almonds, can be derived from anything. A review of the Disaronno website implies the removal of "amaretto" from the Disaronno label was voluntary as the brand attempted to distinguish itself by focusing on the name rather than the description, having the unintended effect of causing some to logically conclude that the product itself had been changed, thus no longer fitting a (non-existent) legal definition. Given this clarification, there is no reason to remove the Disaronno brand from the article, given that its composition, taste, and appearance are unquestionably recognizable as "amaretto."Vapeur (talk) 12:22, 3 September 2019 (UTC)

Coretto?
Amaretto Coretto. Variation?

title: Talk:Amaretto


text:
Leeds City F.C.

Leeds City Football Club was the leading professional club in Leeds, England, before the First World War. The club was highly successful in the wartime football league; however, it faced sanction for paying its players during wartime which had been made illegal. The club was dissolved in 1919 after the club's directors failed to co-operate with the subsequent FA inquiry. In 1919 Leeds United was established as a replacement.

History
The club was established in 1904, taking the coat of arms of Leeds as the club badge and adopting blue, yellow and white as the club's colours. They were elected to the Football League in 1905. The original secretary, a role that then also carried the modern responsibilities of manager and coach, was Gilbert Gillies (1904–1908) who was followed by Frank Scott-Walford before in 1912, they appointed Herbert Chapman who guided the club to their highest position in the league (4th in the Second Division).

Leeds City's whole league career was in the Second Division. However, during the First World War the club won several wartime honours under the stewardship of Herbert Chapman. Following the conclusion of the war a scandal ensued and the club was accused of financial irregularities, including breaking the ban on paying players during the war, that led to the club's dissolution in 1919. They were expelled from The Football League eight games into the 1919–20 season. The harsh punishment was handed down mostly because of the behaviour of the club's directors, who refused to co-operate in an FA inquiry, and refused to hand over the club's financial records.

Port Vale took over their remaining fixtures (as well as their results up to that point). Leeds City were the first club to be expelled from the League mid-season, and one of only two to be expelled from the League due to financial irregularities, with Bury expelled a century later in 2019. Ironically, Leeds City's successors, Port Vale, nearly lost their League status for similar reasons in 1968, although they ultimately managed to retain it in an end-of-season vote among the other clubs. On 17 October 1919, an auction was held at the Metropole Hotel in Leeds, where the playing staff was auctioned off along with other assets of the club. The 16 members of the playing squad were bought by nine clubs for a total of £9,250:

In the wake of its demise, Leeds United was formed, and entered the Football League the following year. None of the players auctioned ever played for the new Leeds United, but winger Ivan Sharpe, who had scored 17 goals in 65 appearances for City between 1913 and 1915, spent 2½ years at United between 1920 and 1923 only making one appearance and right-half Harry Sherwin, who left City just five months before its dissolution, went on to score twice in 107 games for United between 1921 and 1925.

Subsequent clubs
A second Leeds City was established in 1924 as an amateur club and joined the Yorkshire League. That club folded after leaving the league at the end of the 1926–27 season.

Another Leeds City was formed in 2006 and joined Division Two of the West Yorkshire League. They were Division Two runners-up in their first season, earning promotion to Division One. The following season saw them finish as runners-up in Division One, resulting in promotion to the Premier Division. The club continued in the West Yorkshire league until August 2019

Honours
War-time
 * Midland Sub Tournament North: Winners 1915–16
 * Midland Section: Winners 1916–17, 1917–18
 * League Championship Cup: Winners 1917–18

Ground
Having originally played at the Wellington Ground, the club moved into Elland Road after Holbeck Rugby Club folded in October 1904. In their first season in the Football League their average attendance was 10,025, the third highest in the Second Division. Their best season, 1913–14, saw them average 15,845.

title: Leeds City F.C.