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Scafell

Scafell ( or ; also spelled Sca Fell, previously Scawfell ) is a mountain in the  Lake District region of Cumbria, England. It has a height of 964 m, making it the second-highest mountain in England after its neighbour, Scafell Pike, from which it is separated by Mickledore col.

Topography
Scafell stands between Wasdale in the west and upper Eskdale to the east. The highest part of the fell is a ridge running south from Mickledore as far as Slight Side, which is counted as a separate fell by most guidebooks. Despite regarding Slight Side as a separate entity, Wainwright included the wide upland area beyond it to the south west as a part of Scafell. More modern guides have partitioned the plateau off as a further independent top, Great How.

The opposing flanks of Scafell are entirely different in character. To the south, monotonous smooth slopes, stony and lacking vegetation at higher levels, run down toward Burnmoor and the head of Wastwater. But on the east side several large crags loom impressively over upper Eskdale. On the north side, the sheer faces of Scafell Crag provide some the finest rock scenery in the Lake District.

From the narrow ridge of Mickledore the northern face of Scafell rises precipitously, an unusually complete barrier to progress along a Lakeland ridge, which frustrates many ridge walkers who find that this is a cliff for rock climbers only. At the top of the rise from Mickledore is Symonds Knott (3,146 ft), the northern top. The wall of crags – Scafell Crag to the west and the East Buttress above the Eskdale side of Mickledore – has two main weaknesses. Running laterally across Scafell Crag is Lord's Rake, a scree-filled chute with several intermediate cols. It has two upper entrances onto the saddle separating Symonds Knott from the main summit. Formerly passable as a scramble, Lord's Rake suffered from a serious rock fall in 2002 — with subsequent further falls — and recent guidebooks do not consider it a viable route, although it is gradually becoming more stable. The block that was bridged across the head of Lord's Rake collapsed into the gully in July 2016, leaving several small unstable blocks behind, which can be avoided with care. The access to West Wall Traverse is clear of debris. The second breach in the crags is Broad Stand, a series of sloping steps which drop down from Symonds Knott almost to Mickledore; however, these steepen immediately above Mickledore and cannot be negotiated safely except by rock-climbers. The main summit stands a little to the south of the saddle, all around being a sea of stones. An easy ridge then steps down southward over Long Green to Slight Side. On the east are Cam Spout Crag and the fine high waterfall after which it is named.

Beyond Slight Side is a rough upland with many craggy tops and a number of tarns, before the southward descent finally ends in Lower Eskdale. South West of Scafell, below the scarp of Great How, is Burnmoor Tarn, one of the largest in Lakeland. Around 40 ft deep, it holds trout, perch and pike. The tarn is prevented from following what would appear the natural line of drainage into Miterdale by moraines, and empties southward, reaching the Esk at Beckfoot. Near the southern shore stands Burnmoor Lodge, once a keeper's cottage and a dwelling 2 mi from the nearest road.

Summit
The main summit bears a large cairn on a short rocky ridge. Northward is a saddle, marked by a large cross of stones and then the bouldery climb to Symonds Knott, the north top. This gives views straight down to Mickledore. Scafell gives a very different view to that from its higher neighbour with Wastwater and the coastal plain given great prominence. There is a fine vista of the Western Fells, together with Bowfell and the Coniston Fells.

Wasdale
The classic ascent via Lord's Rake path from Wastwater follows the main Scafell Pike footpath to Hollow Stones, then up to Lord's Rake. Lord's Rake may be followed in its entirety, or near the top of the first col, a diversion may be made onto the West Wall Traverse, the exit of which lies closer to the summit. However one section of Lord's Rake is now threatened by unstable rocks following a rock fall in 2001. An alternative is to ascend from the Burnmoor track via Green How, but this misses the rock scenery of Scafell Crag.

Eskdale
A pleasant but lengthy alternative begins from Boot in Eskdale, following the River Esk upstream, and scrambling up to the summit by way of Foxes Tarn. A gentler return can be made across moorland, by way of the Burnmoor Tarn. Also starting in Eskdale, the Terrace route can be followed from Wha House, first ascending Slight Side.

From Scafell Pike

The route from Scafell Pike to Scafell (or its reverse) is one of the most frustrating in the Lake District. What seems like a direct route is in fact very hazardous as it has to negotiate Broad Stand crag, which is a dangerous and exposed scramble that has caused many accidents and injuries. It is usually treated as a rock climb, with appropriate ropes and belay protection. Wainwright warns against its dangers to walkers. Its dangers are more obvious travelling from Scafell Pike, but travelling from Scafell, the route loses a lot of height before the danger is seen. Instead there are two walking routes, but they entail some loss of altitude. The first is via Foxes Tarn to the East of Scafell summit, and the second is via Lord's Rake and the West Wall traverse. All routes go via Mickledore.

Rock Climbing
Scafell Crag, the massive north buttress of Scafell, and the overhanging East Buttress to the East of Mickledore Col, are the site of many famous historic and contemporary rock climbs. The history of climbing on these crags is documented by a book by The Fell and Rock Climbing Club called Nowt but a fleein' thing. ISBN 978-0-85028-059-3, Latitude Press.

Name history
Until about 1920, the phonetic spelling "Scawfell" was the most common version. This was used by, among others William Wordsworth who, in addition to poetry, wrote a popular guide book to the Lake District, Harriet Martineau (whose work replaced Wordsworth's as the definitive guidebook), Jonathan Otley (who was one of the first to measure the height of most of the Lakeland fells), John Dalton (who also estimated the elevation of many of the fells), the surveyor of the Wasdale Head Enclosure map of 30 January 1808 and the hotel keepers and tour operators who lived or operated in the area, as typified by the many adverts in M. J. B. Baddeley's guide of 1895 (versus the guide text which was consistent with the maps therein). This split between local usage and maps printed by national publishers is further illustrated by the Wasdale Hall Estate Plan and Sales Particulars, dated 30th Sept 1920. This uses the spelling "Scawfell" throughout except in the map attached which was reproduced with permission of the Ordnance Survey. The first edition of the Rock and Fell Club Guide was titled "Climbs on the Scawfell Group". The phonetic "Scawfell" was still noticeably in use in the 1950s.

The change to the shorter spelling appears to have originated in the Donald Map of 1774, a document with a noticeable number of placename errors. This was then perpetuated by the Ordnance Survey from 1867. The Donald map is the first to name many mountains in the Lake District - earlier maps concentrated on showing passes through the mountains. Until 1867 the two spellings are roughly equally split on maps, the shorter form being more common with London publishers. General usage at the time was predominantly "Scawfell". The only notable guide book that used "Scafell" prior to 1867 is Ford. The Ordnance Survey produced detailed procedures on capturing correct placenames in 1825, largely as a result of their survey work transferring to Ireland between 1824 and 1838. However, when they restarted their work in England, given the status of Sca Fell as an essential surveying station (taking bearings of Slieve Donard and Snowdon, thereby helping to fix the relative positions of Ireland and England), the familiarity with this mountain probably meant that the "Name Book" procedures were overlooked. Hence the correct enquiries were not made and the mistake of Donald was perpetuated.

Wainwright stated that, originally, the name Scawfell/Scafell referred to the whole of the massif from Great End south to Slight Side; only more recently had the general term become applied solely to the part of the fell south of Mickledore. Wainwright's comments on this in book 4: "When men first named the mountains, the whole of the high mass south of Sty Head was known as Scaw Fell....". However, Jonathan Otley, writing in the first concise guide to the Lake District, maintained that local shepherds applied the name "Scawfell" only as far as Mickledore, with the summits beyond called simply "the Pikes". Otley also comments that the Donald map of 1774 and the Ordnance Survey were incorrect in their naming. Scafell Pike and Scafell were referred to by the Ordnance Survey in their 1811 report as "Sca-Fell Higher Top" and "Sca-Fell Lower Top". This can be confirmed from the 1811 account, a modern map and some elementary trigonometry. .

Once Scafell Pike (which has its own convoluted name history) had been identified as England's highest mountain, that fact and the greater interest in climbing and fell-walking necessitated the Scafell Range being broken down into a number of individually named elements. This process was completed before the death of Jonathan Otley in 1856, as Otley commented on this change.

It was once believed that Scafell was the highest mountain in this part of the Lake District – it is much more prominent in views from many directions than its higher neighbour – with the three apparently inferior peaks to the north (those now known as Scafell Pike, Ill Crag and Broad Crag) being known collectively as the "Pikes of Scawfell". The heights of many of the fells were first measured by John Dalton (Scafell: 3,240 ft) as a result of his study of meteorology and Jonathan Otley, who published a height of 3100 ft for "Scawfell" on his map of 1818. The Ordnance Survey first gave a height of 3,166 ft, but this remained essentially unpublished until the maps of Cumberland were printed. Dorothy Wordsworth did discover shortly after her ascent of "The Pikes" (Scafell Pike) in 1818 that this peak was higher than Sca Fell - presumably from Otley's map and guide book.

Gallery

File:Scafell massif winter.jpg|Scafell massif from Middle Fell. File:Scafells.jpg|Scafell massif from Middle Fell File:Lords' rake scafell in snow 2010.jpg|Lords Rake, Scafell, Cumbria - 2010 File:Scafell crag in snow.jpg|Scafell Crag, Cumbria, from the north, 2010 File:Scafell from scafell pike in snow 2010.jpg|Scafell from Scafell Pike, - 2010. File:Scafell broadstand in snow 2010.jpg|Detail in snow of Broadstand, Scafell, Cumbria - 2010 File:Scafell crag lords rake.jpg|Scafell Crag with Lord's Rake on the left. File:Ascent to mickledore scafell.jpg|The ascent from Wasdale to Mickledore (on the right) File:Scafell botterills slab.jpg|Botterill's slab on Scafell Crag, first climbed in 1903.

title: Scafell


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Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) is a complex of three enzymes that converts pyruvate into acetyl-CoA by a process called pyruvate decarboxylation. Acetyl-CoA may then be used in the citric acid cycle to carry out cellular respiration, and this complex links the glycolysis metabolic pathway to the citric acid cycle. Pyruvate decarboxylation is also known as the "pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction" because it also involves the oxidation of pyruvate.

This multi-enzyme complex is related structurally and functionally to the oxoglutarate dehydrogenase and branched-chain oxo-acid dehydrogenase multi-enzyme complexes.

Reaction
The reaction catalysed by pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is:

Pyruvate dehydrogenase (E1)

The E1 subunit, called the pyruvate dehydrogenase subunit, is either a homodimer (comprising two “ɑ” chains, e.g. in Escherichia coli) or a heterotetramer of two different chains (two “ɑ” and two “ꞵ” chains). A magnesium ion forms a 4-coordinate complex with three, polar amino acid residues (Asp, Asn, and Tyr) located on the alpha chain, and the thiamine diphosphate (TPP) cofactor directly involved in decarboxylation of the pyruvate.

Dihydrolipoyl transacetylase (E2)
The E2 subunit, or dihydrolipoyl acetyltransferase, for both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, is generally composed of three domains. The N-terminal domain (the lipoyl domain), consists of 1–3 lipoyl groups of approximately 80 amino acids each. The peripheral subunit binding domain (PSBD), serves as a selective binding site for other domains of the E1 and E3 subunits. Finally, the C-terminal (catalytic) domain catalyzes the transfer of acetyl groups and acetyl-CoA synthesis. In Gammaproteobacteria, 24 copies of E2 form the cubic core of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, in which 8 E2 homotrimers are located at the vertices of the cubic core particle.

Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase (E3)

The E3 subunit, called the dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase enzyme, is characterized as a homodimer protein wherein two cysteine residues, engaged in disulfide bonding, and the FAD cofactor in the active site facilitate its main purpose as an oxidizing catalyst. One example of E3 structure, found in Pseudomonas putida, is formed such that each individual homodimer subunit contains two binding domains responsible for FAD binding and NAD binding, as well as a central domain and an interface domain.

Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase Binding protein (E3BP)
An auxiliary protein unique to most eukaryotes is the E3 binding protein (E3BP), which serves to bind the E3 subunit to the PDC complex. In the case of human E3BP, hydrophobic proline and leucine residues in the BP interact with the surface recognition site formed by the binding of two identical E3 monomers.

Pyruvate dehydrogenase (E1)
Initially, pyruvate and thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP or vitamin B1) are bound by pyruvate dehydrogenase subunits. The thiazolium ring of TPP is in a zwitterionic form, and the anionic C2 carbon performs a nucleophilic attack on the C2 (ketone) carbonyl of pyruvate. The resulting intermediate undergoes decarboxylation to produce an acyl anion equivalent (see cyanohydrin or aldehyde-dithiane umpolung chemistry, as well as benzoin condensation). This anion attacks S1 of an oxidized lipoate species that is attached to a lysine residue. In a ring-opening SN2-like mechanism, S2 is displaced as a sulfide or sulfhydryl moiety. Subsequent collapse of the tetrahedral intermediate ejects thiazole, releasing the TPP cofactor and generating a thioacetate on S1 of lipoate. The E1-catalyzed process is the rate-limiting step of the whole pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.

Dihydrolipoyl transacetylase (E2)
At this point, the lipoate-thioester functionality is translocated into the dihydrolipoyl transacetylase (E2) active site, where a transacylation reaction transfers the acetyl from the "swinging arm" of lipoyl to the thiol of coenzyme A. This produces acetyl-CoA, which is released from the enzyme complex and subsequently enters the citric acid cycle. E2 can also be known as lipoamide reductase-transacetylase.

Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase (E3)
The dihydrolipoate, covalently bound to a lysine residue of the complex, is then transferred to the dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase (E3) active site, where it undergoes a flavin-mediated oxidation, similar in chemistry to e.g. thioredoxin reductase. First, FAD oxidizes dihydrolipoate back to its lipoate (disulfide) resting state, producing FADH2. Then, the substrate NAD+ oxidizes FADH2 back to its FAD resting state, producing NADH and H+.

Structural differences between species
PDC is a large complex composed of multiple copies of 3 or 4 subunits depending on species.

Gram-negative bacteria
In Gram-negative bacteria, e.g. Escherichia coli, PDC consists of a central cubic core made up from 24 molecules of dihydrolipoyl transacetylase (E2). Up to 16 homodimers of pyruvate dehydrogenase (E1) and 8 homodimers of dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase (E3) bind to the 24 peripheral subunit binding domains (PSBDs) of the E2 24-mer. In Gammaproteobacteria, the specificity of PSBD for binding either E1 or E3 is determined by the oligomeric state of PSBD. In each E2 homotrimer, two of the three PSBDs dimerize. While two E1 homodimers cooperatively bind dimeric PSBD, the remaining, unpaired PSBD specifically interacts with one E3 homodimer. PSBD dimerization thus determines the subunit composition of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex when fully saturated with the peripheral subunits E1 and E3, which has a stoichiometry of E1:E2:E3 (monomers) = 32:24:16

Gram-positive bacteria and eukaryotes
In contrast, in Gram-positive bacteria (e.g. Bacillus stearothermophilus) and eukaryotes the central PDC core contains 60 E2 molecules arranged into an icosahedron. This E2 subunit “core” coordinates to 30 subunits of E1 and 12 copies of E3.

Eukaryotes also contain 12 copies of an additional core protein, E3 binding protein (E3BP) which bind the E3 subunits to the E2 core. The exact location of E3BP is not completely clear. Cryo-electron microscopy has established that E3BP binds to each of the icosahedral faces in yeast. However, it has been suggested that it replaces an equivalent number of E2 molecules in the bovine PDC core.

Up to 60 E1 or E3 molecules can associate with the E2 core from Gram-positive bacteria - binding is mutually exclusive. In eukaryotes E1 is specifically bound by E2, while E3 associates with E3BP. It is thought that up to 30 E1 and 6 E3 enzymes are present, although the exact number of molecules can vary in vivo and often reflects the metabolic requirements of the tissue in question.

Regulation
Pyruvate dehydrogenase is inhibited when one or more of the three following ratios are increased: ATP/ADP, NADH/NAD+ and acetyl-CoA/CoA.

In eukaryotes PDC is tightly regulated by its own specific pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK) and pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase (PDP), deactivating and activating it respectively.
 * PDK phosphorylates three specific serine residues on E1 with different affinities. Phosphorylation of any one of them (using ATP) renders E1 (and in consequence the entire complex) inactive.
 * Dephosphorylation of E1 by PDP reinstates complex activity.

Products of the reaction act as allosteric inhibitors of the PDC, because they activate PDK. Substrates in turn inhibit PDK, reactivating PDC.

During starvation, PDK increases in amount in most tissues, including skeletal muscle, via increased gene transcription. Under the same conditions, the amount of PDP decreases. The resulting inhibition of PDC prevents muscle and other tissues from catabolizing glucose and gluconeogenesis precursors. Metabolism shifts toward fat utilization, while muscle protein breakdown to supply gluconeogenesis precursors is minimized, and available glucose is spared for use by the brain.

Calcium ions have a role in regulation of PDC in muscle tissue, because it activates PDP, stimulating glycolysis on its release into the cytosol - during muscle contraction. Some products of these transcriptions release H2 into the muscles. This can cause calcium ions to decay over time.

Localization of pyruvate decarboxylation
In eukaryotic cells the pyruvate decarboxylation occurs inside the mitochondrial matrix, after transport of the substrate, pyruvate, from the cytosol. The transport of pyruvate into the mitochondria is via the transport protein pyruvate translocase. Pyruvate translocase transports pyruvate in a symport fashion with a proton (across the inner mitochondrial membrane), which may be considered to be a form of secondary active transport, but further confirmation/support may be needed for the usage of "secondary active transport" desciptor here (Note: the pyruvate transportation method via the pyruvate translocase appears to be coupled to a proton gradient according to S. Papa et al., 1971, seemingly matching secondary active transport in definition).

Alternative sources say "transport of pyruvate across the outer mitochondrial membrane appears to be easily accomplished via large non-selective channels such as voltage-dependent anion channels, which enable passive diffusion" and transport across inner mitochondrial membrane is mediated by mitochondrial pyruvate carrier 1 (MPC1) and mitochondrial pyruvate carrier 2 (MPC2).

Upon entry into the mitochondrial matrix, the pyruvate is decarboxylated, producing acetyl-CoA (and carbon dioxide and NADH). This irreversible reaction traps the acetyl-CoA within the mitochondria (the acetyl-CoA can only be transported out of the mitochondrial matrix under conditions of high oxaloacetate via the citrate shuttle, a TCA intermediate that is normally sparse). The carbon dioxide produced by this reaction is nonpolar and small, and can diffuse out of the mitochondria and out of the cell.

In prokaryotes, which have no mitochondria, this reaction is either carried out in the cytosol, or not at all.

Evolutionary history
It was found that pyruvate dehydrogenase enzyme found in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells closely resembles an enzyme from Geobacillus stearothermophilus, which is a species of gram-positive bacteria. Despite similarities of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex with gram-positive bacteria, there is little resemblance with those of gram-negative bacteria. Similarities of the quaternary structures between pyruvate dehydrogenase and enzymes in gram-positive bacteria point to a shared evolutionary history which is distinctive from the evolutionary history of corresponding enzymes found in gram-negative bacteria. Through an endosymbiotic event, pyruvate dehydrogenase found in the eukaryotic mitochondria points to ancestral linkages dating back to gram-positive bacteria.

Pyruvate dehydrogenase complexes share many similarities with branched chain 2-oxoacid dehydrogenase (BCOADH), particularly in their substrate specificity for alpha-keto acids. Specifically, BCOADH catalyzes the degradation of amino acids and these enzymes would have been prevalent during the periods on prehistoric Earth dominated by rich amino acid environments. The E2 subunit from pyruvate dehydrogenase evolved from the E2 gene found in BCOADH while both enzymes contain identical E3 subunits due to the presence of only one E3 gene. Since the E1 subunits have a distinctive specificity for particular substrates, the E1 subunits of pyruvate dehydrogenase and BCOADH vary but share genetic similarities. The gram-positive bacteria and cyanobacteria that would later give rise to mitochondria and chloroplast found in eukaryotic cells retained the E1 subunits that are genetically related to those found in the BCOADH enzymes.

Clinical relevance
Pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency (PDCD) can result from mutations in any of the enzymes or cofactors used to build the complex. Its primary clinical finding is lactic acidosis. Such PDCD mutations, leading to subsequent deficiencies in NAD and FAD production, hinder oxidative phosphorylation processes that are key in aerobic respiration. Thus, acetyl-CoA is instead reduced via anaerobic mechanisms into other molecules like lactate, leading to an excess of bodily lactate and associated neurological pathologies.

While pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency is rare, there are a variety of different genes when mutated or nonfunctional that can induce this deficiency. First, the E1 subunit of pyruvate dehydrogenase contains four different subunits: two alpha subunits designated as E1-alpha and two beta subunits designated as E1-beta. The PDHA1 gene found in the E1-alpha subunits, when mutated, causes 80% of the cases of pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency because this mutation abridges the E1-alpha protein. Decreased functional E1 alpha prevents pyruvate dehydrogenase from sufficiently binding to pyruvate, thus reducing the activity of the overall complex. When the PDHB gene found in the E1 beta subunit of the complex is mutated, this also leads to pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency. Likewise, mutations found on other subunits of the complex, like the DLAT gene found on the E2 subunit, the PDHX gene found on the E3 subunit, as well as a mutation on a pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase gene, known as PDP1, have all been traced back to pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency, while their specific contribution to the disease state is unknown.

3D structures

 * , bovine kidney pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
 * , human full-length and truncated E2 (tE2) cores of PDC, expressed in E. coli

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex


text:
United States one-dollar bill

The United States one-dollar bill (US$1), sometimes referred to as a single, has been the lowest value denomination of United States paper currency since the discontinuation of U.S. fractional currency notes in 1876. An image of the first U.S. president (1789–1797), George Washington, based on the Athenaeum Portrait, a 1796 painting by Gilbert Stuart, is currently featured on the obverse, and the Great Seal of the United States is featured on the reverse. The one-dollar bill has the oldest overall design of all U.S. currency currently being produced (The current two-dollar bill obverse design dates from 1928, while the reverse appeared in 1976). The reverse design of the present dollar debuted in 1935, and the obverse in 1963 when it was first issued as a Federal Reserve Note (previously, one-dollar bills were Silver Certificates).

A dollar bill is composed of 25% linen and 75% cotton. That blend makes the notes more difficult to counterfeit compared to paper (as well as increasing its durability). As of December 2018, the average life of a dollar bill in circulation is 6.6 years before it is replaced due to wear. Approximately 42% of all U.S. currency produced in 2009 were one-dollar bills. , there were 12.7 billion one-dollar bills in circulation worldwide.

Large-size notes
(approximately 7+3/8 x)
 * 1862: The first one-dollar bill was issued as a Legal Tender Note (United States Note) with a portrait of Salmon P. Chase, the Secretary of the Treasury who served under President Abraham Lincoln.
 * 1869: The $1 United States Note was redesigned with a portrait of George Washington in the center and a vignette of Christopher Columbus sighting land to the left. The obverse of the note also featured overprinting of the word ONE numerous times in very small green type and blue tinting of the paper. Although this note is technically a United States Note, appeared on it instead of.
 * 1874: The Series of 1869 United States Note was revised. Changes on the obverse included removing the green and blue tinting, adding a red floral design around the word, and changing the term to . The reverse was completely redesigned. This note was also issued as Series of 1875 and 1878.
 * 1880: The red floral design around the words and  on the United States Note was removed and replaced with a large red seal. Later versions also had blue serial numbers and a small seal moved to the left side of the note.
 * 1886: The first woman to appear on U.S. currency, Martha Washington, was featured on the $1 silver certificate. The reverse of the note featured an ornate design that occupied the entire note, excluding the borders.
 * 1890: One-dollar Treasury or "Coin Notes" were issued for government purchases of silver bullion from the silver mining industry. The reverse featured the large word in the center surrounded by an ornate design that occupied almost the entire note.
 * 1891: The reverse of the Series of 1890 Treasury Note was redesigned because the treasury felt that it was too "busy," which would make it too easy to counterfeit. More open space was incorporated into the new design. The obverse was largely unchanged.
 * 1896: The famous "Educational Series" Silver Certificate was issued. The entire obverse was covered with artwork of allegorical figures representing "history instructing youth" in front of Washington D.C. The reverse featured portraits of George and Martha Washington surrounded by an ornate design that occupied almost the entire note.
 * 1899: The $1 Silver Certificate was again redesigned. The obverse featured a vignette of the United States Capitol behind a bald eagle perched on an American flag. Below that were small portraits of Abraham Lincoln to the left and Ulysses S. Grant to the right.
 * 1917: The obverse of the $1 United States Note was changed slightly with the removal of ornamental frames that surrounded the serial numbers.
 * 1918: The only large-sized, Federal Reserve Note-like $1 bill was issued as a Federal Reserve Bank Note (not to be confused with Federal Reserve Notes). Each note was an obligation of the issuing Federal Reserve Bank and could only be redeemed at that corresponding bank. The obverse of the note featured a borderless portrait of George Washington to the left and wording in the entire center. The reverse featured a bald eagle in flight clutching an American flag.
 * 1923: Both the one-dollar United States Note and Silver Certificate were redesigned. Both notes featured the same reverse and an almost identical obverse with the same border design and portrait of George Washington. The only difference between the two notes was the color of ink used for the numeral 1 crossed by the word, Treasury seal, and serial numbers along with the wording of the obligations. These dollar bills were the first and only large-size notes with a standardized design for different types of notes of the same denomination; this same concept would later be used on small-size notes.

Small size notes
(6.14 length × 2.61 width × $0.004 in$ thickness = 156 × 66.3 × $0.11 mm$)

In 1928, all currency was changed to the size which is familiar today. The first one-dollar bills were issued as silver certificates under Series of 1928. The Treasury seal and serial numbers were dark blue. The obverse was nearly identical to the Series of 1923 US$1 silver certificate, but the Treasury seal featured spikes around it and a large gray replaced the blue "1 DOLLAR." The reverse, too, had the same border design as the Series of 1923 US$1 bill, but the center featured a large ornate superimposed by. These are commonly known as "Funnybacks" due to the rather odd-looking "ONE" on the reverse. These US$1 silver certificates were issued until 1934.

In 1933, Series of 1928 US$1 United States Notes were issued to supplement the supply of US$1 Silver Certificates. Its Treasury seal and serial numbers were red and there was different wording on the obverse of the note. However, a month after their production, it was realized that there would be no real need for these notes and production was stopped. A small number of these US$1 bills entered circulation and the rest were kept in Treasury vaults until 1949 when they were issued in Puerto Rico.

In 1934, the design of the US$1 silver certificate was changed. This occurred with that year's passage of the Silver Purchase Act, which led to a large increase in dollar bills backed by that metal. Under Washington's portrait, was changed to. The Treasury seal was moved to the right and superimposed over, and a blue numeral 1 was added to the left. The reverse remained the same.

A year later, in 1935, the design of the one-dollar bill was changed again. On the obverse, the blue numeral 1 was changed to gray and made smaller, the gray to the right was removed, the Treasury seal was made smaller and superimposed by, and a stylized  was added over the treasury seal. The reverse was also changed to its current design, except for the absence of.

World War II brought about special issues of one-dollar bills in 1942. Special US$1 Silver Certificates were issued for Hawaii in case of a Japanese invasion. was printed vertically on the left and right side of the obverse and also horizontally across the reverse. The seal and serial numbers were changed to brown. Special Silver Certificates were also issued as payment for Allied troops in North Africa about to begin their assault into Europe, being distinguishable from regular Silver Certificates by their yellow seals; unlike the Hawaii overprint series, the remainder of the design was left unchanged. Both of these types of notes could be declared worthless if they fell into enemy hands.

The next change came in 1957 when the US$1 bill became the first piece of paper U.S. currency to bear the motto. The inclusion of the motto, "In God We Trust", on all currency was required by law in 1955, It was added over the word  on the reverse. Thus all series 1957 and later notes include the motto. Initially the BEP began printing the motto on notes printed with the new 32 note press, but soon Series of 1935G bills printed on an 18 note press featured the motto too. Later the 1935H series was printed only with the motto. The reason these 1935 series notes were produced into the 1960s was that older printing plates were used as long as possible. There is no particular difference in value if a bill does or does not have the motto.

The final production of US$1 Silver Certificates occurred in late 1963. In 1964, the redemption of Silver Certificates for silver coin ended and in 1968 the redemption of Silver Certificates for silver bullion ended.

Production of one-dollar Federal Reserve Notes was undertaken in late 1963 to replace the soon-to-be obsolete US$1 Silver Certificate. The design on the reverse remained the same, but the border design on the obverse underwent considerable modification, as the mostly abstract filigrees were replaced with designs that were mostly botanical in nature. In addition, the word "one", which appeared eight times around the border in small type, was eliminated. The serial numbers and treasury seal were printed in green ink. This was the first time the one-dollar bill was printed as a Federal Reserve Note.

The first change since then came in 1969, when the US$1 was among all denominations of Federal Reserve Notes to feature the new Treasury seal, with English wording instead of Latin.

The US$1 bill became the first denomination printed at the new Western Currency Facility in February 1991, when a shipment of 3.2 million star notes from the Dallas FRB was produced.

Though bill denominations of US$5 and higher have been redesigned twice since 1995 as part of ongoing anti-counterfeiting efforts, there are currently no plans to redesign the US$1 or US$2 bills.

Experimental issues
Since 1933, the one-dollar bill has been the exclusive experimental denomination among circulating US currency (except for the Natick experiment in 1981, see below). The first experiment was conducted in January and February of that year to assess the effects of using different ratios of cotton to linen in the make-up of the bills. Series 1928A and 1928B US$1 silver certificates with serial number block letters X-B and Y-B were used as the experimental group; the Z-B block was used as the control group. The results of the experiment were inconclusive.

In 1937, another test was conducted, similar in style to the 1933 experiment. This test used Series 1935 one-dollar bills. The particular notes used in this experiment can be identified by their serial numbers. Notes ranging from A00000001B to A06180000B and B00000001B–B03300000B were the experimental group and notes ranging from C00000001B to C03300000B were part of the control group. No conclusive results were found.

A better known test was done in 1942 during World War II to test alternative types of paper. This was a precautionary measure in case the current type of paper supply could not be maintained. Series 1935A notes made of the special paper and were printed with a red "S" to the right of the treasury seal, while notes of the control group were printed with a red R. Because they have some collector value, fake red S's and R's have been applied to regular Series 1935A notes to try to pass them at a higher value; checking a note's serial numbers can prevent this. Serial numbers of the R group range from S70884001C to S72068000C and serial numbers of the S group range from S73884001C to S75068000C.

Sometime in the early to mid-1960s, the BEP experimented with a new firm, the Gilbert Paper Company, to see if they could duplicate the usual paper production. The BEP selected a series of notes printed by the Philadelphia FRB as the test subjects. Serial numbers for this group range from C60800001A to C61440000A.

In August 1981, a similar experiment occurred during production of Series 1977A, when the BEP printed a few print runs on Natick paper. They included a regular run and a star note run from the Richmond FRB, with serial numbers ranging from E76800001H through E80640000H and E07052001* through E07680000* (many sources incorrectly identify the star range as Philadelphia instead of Richmond). One print run of US$10 star notes, also from Richmond, was included in this paper test, making it so far the only experimental printing not exclusive to the US$1.

One-dollar bills were again the subject of experimentation in May 1992, when the BEP began to test a web-fed Intaglio printing press. Because of a need for greater quantities of US$1 FRNs, the BEP sent out REQUEST FOR PROPOSALS (RFP) (year 1985) NO. BEP-85-73 to procure a web-fed intaglio printing press to dramatically increase the production of currency notes within the confines of their current (1985) 14th & C street facility. Instead of printing one side of a square sheet of 32 notes at a time, the web-fed press used 96 engraved images or plate-cylinder to print the back of the note, then another 96 image engraved plate-cylinder to print the front of the note. Both sides of notes were printed from a continuous roll of paper. The Alexander-Hamilton intaglio Web press printed both sides of intaglio at the same time. The web-press was designed as a full-blown production press as opposed to an experimental press. The notes were issued in Series 1988A, 1993, and 1995. Because of mechanical problems and operator error, as well as the sometimes poor quality of the notes, production was ended in July 1996. Web notes can be identified by the back plate number next to and the removal of face check letters and quadrant numbers.

Obverse of current $1 bill
The portrait of George Washington is displayed in the center of the obverse of the one-dollar bill, as it has been since the 1869 design. The oval containing George Washington is propped up by bunches of bay laurel leaves.

To the left of George Washington is the Federal Reserve District seal. The name of the Federal Reserve Bank that issued the note encircles a capital letter (A–L), identifying it among the twelve Federal Reserve Banks. The sequential number of the bank (1: A, 2: B, etc.) is also displayed in the four corners of the open space on the bill. Until the redesign of the higher denominations of currency beginning in 1996, this seal was found on all denominations of Federal Reserve notes. Since then it is only present on the $1 and $2 notes, with the higher denominations only displaying a universal Federal Reserve System seal, and the bank letter and number beneath the upper left serial number.

To the right of George Washington is the Treasury Department seal. The scales represent justice. The chevron with thirteen stars represents the original thirteen colonies. The key below the chevron represents authority and trust; 1789 is the year that the Department of the Treasury was established. The series 1969 dollar bills were the first to use a simplified Treasury seal, with the wording in English instead of Latin.

Below the FRB seal (to the left of George Washington) is the signature of the Treasurer of the United States, and below the USDT Seal (right side) is the Secretary of the Treasury's signature. To the left of the Secretary's signature is the series date. A new series date, or addition or change of a sequential letter under a date, results from a change in the Secretary of the Treasury, the Treasurer of the United States, and/or a change to the note's appearance such as a new currency design.

On the edges are olive branches entwined around the 1s. A small plate serial number-letter combination is on the lower right, and a small plate position (check) letter is on the upper left corner of the note. If "FW" appears before the lower right plate number it indicates that the bill was produced at the satellite Bureau of Engraving and Printing facility in Fort Worth, Texas. Currency has been printed here since Series 1988A. The absence of "FW" indicates the bill was printed at the main facility in Washington, D.C.

Reverse of current $1 bill
The reverse of the one-dollar bill has an ornate design that incorporates both sides of the Great Seal of the United States to the left and right of the word ONE. This word appears prominently in the white space at the center of the bill in a capitalized, shadowed, and seriffed typeface. A smaller image of the word "ONE" is superimposed over the numeral "1" in each of the four corners of the bill.

"THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA" spans the top of the bill, "ONE DOLLAR" is emblazoned along the bottom, and above the central "ONE" are the words "IN GOD WE TRUST", which became the official motto of the United States in 1956 by an Act of Congress. Below the reverse of the Great Seal on the left side of the bill are the words "THE GREAT SEAL", and below the obverse on the right side are the words "OF THE UNITED STATES."

The Great Seal, originally designed in 1782 and added to the dollar bill's design in 1935, is surrounded by an elaborate floral design. The renderings used were the typical official government versions used since the 1880s.

The reverse of the seal on the left features a barren landscape dominated by an unfinished pyramid of 13 steps, topped by the Eye of Providence within a triangle. At the base of the pyramid are engraved the Roman numerals MDCCLXXVI (1776), the year of American independence from Britain. At the top of the seal stands a Latin phrase, "ANNUIT COEPTIS", meaning "He favors our undertaking." At the bottom of the seal is a semicircular banner proclaiming "NOVUS ORDO SECLORUM" meaning "New Order of the Ages" that is a reference to the new American era. To the left of this seal, a string of 13 pearls extends toward the edge of the bill.

The obverse of the seal on the right features a bald eagle, the national bird and symbol of the United States. Above the eagle is a radiant cluster of 13 stars arranged in a six-pointed star. The eagle's breast is covered by a heraldic shield with 13 stripes that resemble those on the American flag. As on the first US flag, the stars and stripes stand for the 13 original states of the union. The eagle holds a ribbon in its beak reading "E PLURIBUS UNUM", a Latin phrase meaning "Out of many [states], one [nation]", a de facto motto of the United States (and the only one until 1956). Both the phrases "E Pluribus Unum" and "Annuit coeptis" contain 13 letters. In its left talons the eagle holds 13 arrows, and in its right talons it holds an olive branch with 13 leaves and 13 olives, representing, respectively, the powers of war and peace. To the right of this seal, a string of 13 pearls extends toward the edge of the bill. A plate position (check) number is normally found to the left of the eagle.

Collecting Federal Reserve dollar bills
Except for significant errors, and series 1988A web notes printed in small batches for some of the Federal Reserve districts (web notes from other series are more common), green seal dollars are of little collector value. However, two notes have generated public interest, although neither is scarce.

In 1963 dollar bills were produced for the Eleventh Federal Reserve District, headquartered in Dallas. Since the FRD jurisdictions are sequentially numbered, notes received the corresponding letter "K", for the 11th letter of the alphabet. Some people noticed that the 1963 Dallas note, with the number "11" and a "K" surrounded by a black seal, appeared about the time President John F. Kennedy was shot in Dallas in November 1963. The bill was not a commemorative issue and there was no connection between it and the shooting.

In 1968–69 Joseph W. Barr was Secretary of the Treasury for only 31 days and his signature appeared solely on the 1963B dollar bill. Some collectors thought that his brief tenure might make these notes valuable, but use of their plates continued for some time after his term in office and 458,880,000 were printed. Thus, they are very common.

Dollar Bills with interesting serial numbers can also be collected. One example of this is radar or “palindrome“ notes, where the numbers in the serial number are the same read from left to right or right to left. Very low serial numbers, or a long block of the same or repeating digits may also be of interest to specialists. Another example is replacement notes, which have a star to the right of the serial number. The star designates that there was a printing error on one or more of the bills, and it has been replaced by one from a run specifically printed and numbered to be replacements. Star notes may have some additional value depending on their condition, their year series or if they have an unusual serial number sequence. To determine the rarity of modern star notes, production tables are maintained.

Redesign or replacement of the $1 bill

In modern times, the one-dollar bill is used much more than the dollar coin, despite the U.S. Government's repeated efforts to promote the latter. There are organizations specifically aimed at either preventing (Save the Greenback) or advocating (Coin Coalition) the complete elimination of the one-dollar bill in favor of the dollar coin.

On November 29, 2012, a House subcommittee met to consider replacing the dollar bill. This action took place after the seventh Government Accountability Office report on the subject. The latest report claimed that switching to dollar coins would save $4.4 billion over thirty years. However, according to polls, few Americans want to give up dollar bills.

In response to various requests to redesign the $1 bill to include (among others) the Preamble, Bill of Rights, and list of Articles of the United States Constitution, recent budgets passed by Congress have included provisions to prevent the Treasury Department from spending any of its funds to redesign the $1 bill, since the potential cost impact of this change on the vending machine industry would greatly exceed its benefits.

title: United States one-dollar bill


text:
Talk:Gender identity/Archive 1

Earliest Materials
Off to a very nice start!

Warm Smile

Jaimenote

Should GI and GR articles be merged?
Folks may be interested in Sexual identity - someone's created a couple of articles on this topic... I'm not sure, but it seems it might have a bias... Martin 16:07 26 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Would a merge to gender role and identity be a good thing? When disambiguating gender I often have difficulty deciding whether to link here or to gender role. Martin 11:59, 19 Sep 2003 (UTC)

-

If you are really talking about merging gender role and gender identity, then that is not such a bad idea. But it must be done with a clear understanding of why John Money formulated these terms. Unfortunately, Money's insights sometimes run ahead of his ability to formulate things clearly. He started with the idea of gender and gender identity and then added the idea of gender role in order to "patch" his original formulation.

What looks simple when people with penises wear trousers and people with vaginas wear skirts and there are no other possibilities becomes very confusing when there turn out to be more than XX and XY chromosomal combinations, when things can happen prenatally to make the brain of an XX person become masculinaized, the brain of an XY person end up as feminine, etc., etc., when things can happen prenatally to make the external genitalia of an XX person look more-or-less male, the external genitalia of an XY person look more-or-less female -- with many shades of ambiguity between male and female possible, and, on top of all that, when post-natal social construction can cause an XX person to behave in ways (including roles in society) that are traditionally reserved for XY people, and vice-versa.

Patrick0Moran 14:41, 19 Sep 2003 (UTC)

Martin brought up the question of whether to merge gender role and gender identity. That would be the way that would fit in best with the way John Money, who started this whole line of analysis, originally defined these terms. But other people have used these terms, some responsibily and some just by grabbing them as buzz words and running with them to wherever they wanted to go. So I think it would be easier to get the two articles clearly formulated. Eventually one might want to have an article on what Money called "Gender-identity/role" -- a term that, to me, is very confusing but which reflects his insistence that gender identity and gender role are two aspects of the same thing.

There is another complexity since an individual has his gender identity and he creates for himself (after observing how others in his society do it) his own gender role. But then society comes along and decrees gender roles that are acceptable to the sexes. A person with female genitalia may have the gender identity of a man and may wear trousers, hawk and spit, etc., and so members of the society at large will suppose, on the basis of appearances, that the individual has male genitalia. When the female genitalia are revealed there will be more or less intense social recriminations depending on the society and the individuals involved.

In short, we go from sex (a component of gender identity) to gender identity, to gender role -- all within the individual -- then to a comparison of that gender role with a "standard" gender role, a reasoned conclusion about the gender identity of the person under observation, and at least an implicit judgment of what genitalia the person will have. If a person goes to negotiate a loan in a limo with uniformed driver, wearing a $1000 suit, and gets a phone call from "Buffet in Omaha" while in the bank president's office -- and then after the loan is made it is disclosed that the "substantial member of the community" put all the expenses for creating this fascade on a credit card, the bank is likely to feel deceived and vengeful. The same kind of thing can happen when a person represents "herself" as a woman and then is discovered not to fit the expectations of others who have invested time and other resources on the theory that they have been dealing with a female. Patrick0Moran 04:37, 23 Oct 2003 (UTC)

 * Patrick, I've tried not to say anything about a number of your edits on similar articles, I've even tried to help work things out, but I can't even begin to tell you how POV and offensive the above analogy is to the transgendered.

What I wrote was not intended to slam transgendered people. It was intended as an indication of why some societies (and some people in some societies that are generally more accepting) react so harshly to transgendered people. Some societies cannot deal with anything that is not either black or white. The Lakota deal with transgendered people much more humanely than do many other groups. They make space in their scheme of things for a third gender identity and a third gender role. What I said above was that what is highly individualized (gender identity) is reduced to an external appearance based on fairly standardized components (gender role, which includes clothing that is labeled "men's shoes," "women's shoes", etc.), encounters a society that has more or less rigid ideas about what is appropriate for males to wear and what is appropriate for females to wear, and is judged by some member or members of that society as a symbolic representation of the sex of the individual. When these people then find that their expectation is not supported, they can get quite upset.

I can give you an example of how upset people can get in comparison to the degree of mismatch between gender role items and sex. I went to a major "mart" to get a pair of boots to replace the ultra-lightweight boots that I'd worn out. I saw a pair that I liked except that they were a kind of yellow-brown that I figured would look lousy the minute I spilled some oil or whatever on them. I asked the lady clerk if she had any other boots like that. She said, angrily, "Those are women's boots!" The fact was that they were in the men's section, they were labeled as men's boots, and they were identical with another pair that I eventually found when they got a new shipment except that they were that light, "feminine" color. Why was this salesperson reacting to the color of dye that was used to treat the lighter pair of boots?

There can be a powerful negative reaction to a woman who dresses as a man in a business context. I would say that it is silly, except that so many people discount the abilities and contributions of women simply because they are women. And, I think, many of these people will interpret a woman's wearing men's clothing as an attempt to "unfairly" claim men's prerogatives. So, silly or not, people who live in such a society have to be aware that the negative reactions to dress are symptomatic of the deeper problem of sexism.

 * Also, several of your statements simply incorrectly define key terms, most notably sex, gender, gender identity, transsexual, and gender dysphoria. I'm not sure where this misinformation has come from, but I really do think that it would be best if articles made every effort to use terms as they are defined elsewhere within the Wikipedia, because disputes have already been worked out there, also for continuity, if nothing else.  Also, gender neutral pronouns might be nice for these topics, if you don't mind.  -- Paige 05:04, 23 Oct 2003 (UTC)

The article on sex defines the word correctly, I think. I'll look again to see whether I've twisted my tongue somewhere, but not at 3:15 a.m.

I think I am using gender the way that John Money defined it. He was the one who took it out of the realm of grammar and used it to name a category broader than sex.

Gender identity is, after all, what I am proposing to explain better, which indicates that I have some feeling that the present article is not sufficient.

As for transsexual, that is a second term that I think is a bit sticky. I haven't done a detailed search to see how it has changed over time, but it appears that it started out as a term to describe the course of change through which a person who started out with the feeling that his/her sexual organs were discordant with his/her internal sense of self then sought and received medical treatment to change the sexual organs to match the internal sense of self. But later on (I guess) it came to refer to people who had a realization that they wanted to change but had not yet started such a course of change, and/or anybody somewhere along the way to that change. I think I noticed when I was writing the draft above that I didn't know how to deal with the slippage and fix my words so that they would call up the right pictures.

Gender dysphoria? Doesn't that mean being unhappy with the gender with which society's assessment of one's genitalia has stuck one with? Again, when I've had some sleep I'll try to understand what you find "incorrectly defined" about what I've said. I read over that Wikipedia entry just before drafting the following, so I guess my memory is shot for good.

Patrick0Moran 07:44, 23 Oct 2003 (UTC)

Draft Revision
I would like to suggest the following material be substituted for the present GI article:

In sociology, gender identity describes the gender with which a person identifies (i.e, whether one conceives oneself to be a man, a woman, or describes oneself to oneself in some less conventional way), but also can be used to refer to the gender that other people attribute to the individual on the basis of what they know from gender role indications (clothing, hair style, etc.). There would be no need for the term if individuals with female external genitalia would always consider themselves girls or women, and individuals with male external genitalia would always consider themselves boys or men. The most easily understood cases in which it becomes necessary to distinguish between sex and gender are those in which the external genitalia of a boy or a man are surgically removed. When such a thing happens through accident or through deliberate intent, the libido and the ability of express oneself in sexual activity are changed, but the individual does not for that reason cease to regard himself as a boy or a man. One such case is reported in As Nature Made Him by John Colapinto. It details the persistence of a male gender identity and the stubborn adherence to a male gender role of a person whose penis had been totally destroyed shortly after birth as the result of a botched circumcision, and who had subsequently been surgically reassigned by constructing female genitalia. So the term "gender identity" is broader than the sex of the individual as determined by examination of the external genitalia.

The related term, "gender role", has two meanings that in individual cases may be divergent: First, people's gender roles are the totality of the ways by which they express their gender identities. Second, people's gender roles may be defined as the kinds of activities that society determines to be appropriate for individuals possessing their kind of external genitalia. There are probably as many shades and complexitites of sexual identity and gender identity as there are human beings, and there are an equal number of ways of working those gender identities out in the intricacies of daily life. Societies, however, tend to assign some classes of social roles to "male" individuals (as society perceives their sexes), and some classes of social roles to "female" individuals (again understanding that society will base such judgments on external genitalia). In some societies, there are other classes of social roles for, e.g., surgically neutered males. (See Hijra (India).) Complications arise when society insists that an individual adopt a manner of social expression (gender role) that the individual feels is inconsistant with what he or she is (gender identity).

There is a very small group of people who do not believe that their gender corresponds to their biological sex. One reason for such discordances is that some individuals have a chromosomal sex that has not been expressed in the external genitalia because of hormonal or other abnormal conditions during critical periods in gestation. Such a person may appear to others to be of one sex, but may recognize himself or herself as belonging to the other sex.

Some people find that their gender identity does not correspond to their external genitals. As indicated above, in some cases the reason for this discord is easy to find in the history of the individual. In some cases an individual has a male (XY) chromosomal sex, but (for a variety of possible reasons) the individual's genitalia have not grown naturally and appear to be entirely female. In other cases an individual has a female (XX) chromosomal sex, but hormonal imbalances during a critical period in gestation cause the body of this individual to become masculinized. The chromosomal sex, and the truth about the internal genitalia of the individual, may become manifest at puberty as when, in the case of an individual who is chromosomally female, menstruation and other changes appear in the individual who, up to that point, has been regarded as a boy.

The formation of a gender identity is a complex process that starts with conception, but which involves critical growth processes during gestation and even learning experiences after birth. There are points of differentiation all along the way, but language and tradition in most societies insist that every individual be categorized as either a man or a woman. When multiplicity is arbitrarily reduced to absolute dichotomy, conflicts are sure to result.

When, for instance, the gender identity of a person makes him a man, but his genitals are female, he may experience what is called gender dysphoria, i.e., a deep unhappiness caused by his experience of himself as a man and his lack of male genitals. In recent decades it has become possible to surgically supply such an individual with external male genitalia. (It is, of course, impossible to create functioning testicles for such a person.) A person who experiences gender dysphoria may, then, seek medical intervention and become surgically "reassigned".

An alternative, for some people, has been to retain the genitalia that they were born with, but to adopt a gender role that is consonant with what they perceive as their gender identity. In doing so they may defy the expectations of society. There is an emerging vocabulary for those who defy traditional gender identity - see transgender and genderqueer.

Sometimes the connection between gender identity and gender role is unclear. The original oversimplification was that there are unambiguously male human being and unambiguously female human beings, that they are clearly men and clearly women, and that they should behave in all important ways as men and women "naturally" behave. Investigations in biology and sociology have strongly supported the view that "the sex between the ears is more important than the sex between the legs", and the implication has been that people with masculine gender identities will truthfully give external representation of their gender identities by adopting gender roles that are appropriate to men, and, similarly, that people with feminine gender identities will adopt gender roles that are appropriate to women. It may be very difficult to determine, however, whether a specific drag queen is someone who has a female gender identity and is learning a female gender role, or whether that person is someone with a male gender identity who enjoys mimicing a female gender role to entertain others, to taunt the more rigid members of his society, or for some other reason, such as to repudiate the value or validity of rigid gender roles. Some, such as RuPaul, refuse to be categorized.

Patrick0Moran 04:37, 23 Oct 2003 (UTC)

 * Also, please stop putting reassigned in quotes. It is very condescending.  -- Paige 05:07, 23 Oct 2003 (UTC)

 * Another problem is, in the debate surrounding sexual identity, when asked if the term was just another word for a number of articles we already had here, you claimed it was not the same as those...including gender identity. Yet that article begins: "Sexual identity is the sex with which a person identifies..."  How can both terms be this, yet not be the same?  Once again, as I said in that earlier discussion, this is extremely confusing for the reader...and when you reader is someone who has had to explain these topics to lay people for most of her life, like myself, and I'm still confused by your writing, that may be problematic, wouldn't you agree?  --  Paige 05:16, 23 Oct 2003 (UTC)

I read your comment, wrote what follows, looked back at the article, and then almost decided to change "sex" to "gender," but it's more complicated than that. The problem arises because, in the thinking of most people, there is no difference between sex and gender. I've got to think about it some more. Something has to be done, you're right. But "gender identity is the gender you identify with" sounds like a circular definitition even though it isn't... It's too late to think clearly right now.

Maybe I didn't say that clearly enough. A person has his/her assessment of his/her sex. That assessment may include information not available to the other kids in the locker room, teachers, etc. A person may know, for instance, that he actually has ovaries instead of undescended testicles, and if prosthetic testicles have been provided nobody else may be the wiser. But he will know that his sexual status includes the fact that he will never fertilize an ovum and father a child. A person can be mistaken about his/her sexual identity. One of Anne Fausto-Sterling's books starts out by recounting the story of a world-class athlete who participated all her life as a woman until, after winning an important competition had to go through a chromosomal check on sex, when it was discovered that she was chromosomally XY. I think it was a mistake to pin the issue of sexual status on that single test, but the XY status was certain one important factor about her sexual identity of which she was ignorant.

Gender identity is not the sex with which a person identifies, it's the gender with which a person identifies. "I know I have a penis and testicles, but I'm a woman trapped in a man's body." Basic level, male sex is the ability to produce sperm, and that's what this person has. But there is something about brain or psyche or spirit or however you want to conceptualize it that says, "No, that's not me. I belong with other women."

 * Paige, I do not believe Patrick0Moran is using quotes around the word reassigned with the intention of being condescending; I believe he is using the quotation marks either to (1) distinguish that the term may be used differently in this context than it is in the larger public, or (2) indicate that it is the specific term under discussion in that part of the article. Please keep in mind that this is a touchy subject, and even when an individual is trying their hardest, the various affected individuals will likely have differing reactions to the same thing.

Actually, I was putting quotation marks around the word "reassigned" because of the way (or so it seems to me) that John Money and some other people in the field trivialize the change they make in people who have no say in what becomes of them. To me it is one of those terms like "sanitize" is when it's applied to the population of some village of subsistance farmers somewhere, and where it really means to use firearms to wipe everybody out. It's not a trivial decision like assigning some individual to one school district and then assigning him/her to some other school district. It's a terribly grave decision, and it should have a fittingly grave and non-cosmetic term. I just don't know the word.

 * Also, are there conventions on gender neutral pronouns? I typically use "s/he" or the grammatically incorrect "they," and occasionally "one" or "an individual."  Is there a particular other way which is more acceptable?

This is another area where I have tried to stick to plural pronouns because language forces us into imputing either male sex or masculine gender or female sex or feminine gender to every individual. What is the appropriate pronoun for a person whose experience of self is as neither man nor woman nor boy nor girl? To use "it" sounds utterly dehumanizing...

 * Patrick, I actually like your original first paragraph better than the one you suggest here. But I do not have as vested an interest, so perhaps others can be a better judge of what is appropriate.

 * --zandperl 05:29, 23 Oct 2003 (UTC)

I'm really woozy now. Which "original first paragraph"? I think the fewer vested interests one has the easier it is to be objective. But, on the other hand, completely interest-free people probably won't move a muscle. ;-)

Patrick0Moran 07:44, 23 Oct 2003 (UTC)

Discussion of Specific Points in Dispute

 * Also, several of your statements simply incorrectly define key terms, most notably sex, gender, gender identity, transsexual, and gender dysphoria. I'm not sure where this misinformation has come from, but I really do think that it would be best if articles made every effort to use terms as they are defined elsewhere within the Wikipedia, because disputes have already been worked out there, also for continuity, if nothing else. Also, gender neutral pronouns might be nice for these topics, if you don't mind. -- Paige 05:04, 23 Oct 2003 (UTC)

It's always possible that I've misspoken somewhere, but here are definitions that I would accept. What is your objection, if any, to each of the following?

From the article on sex:

The members of many species of living things are divided into two or more categories called sexes. These categories refer to complementary groups that combine genetic material in order to reproduce. This process is called sexual reproduction. Typically, a species will have two sexes: male and female The female sex is defined as the one that produces the larger gamete (i.e., reproductive cell).

From the article on gender:

Social scientists use gender to refer to a particular social identity, status, and cluster of roles, that are often (but not exclusively) assigned on the basis of sex.

From specialists:

gender identity: Francis Mark Mondimore, A Natural History of  Homosexuality, p. 108: "Individuals' genetic sex can

differ from their anatomic sex and from their gender identity (the individual's self-identity as a man or as a woman)."

transsexual: Anne Fausto-Sterling, in Sexing the Body, p. 253, speaks of "the modern-day transsexual, a person who uses surgery and hormones to transform his or her birth genitals."

transsexual: Francis Mark Mondimore, A Natural History of Homosexuality,  explains the origin of the word: "The Latin root for 'across' was combined with 'sex' to describe these individuals, who express the desire to cross over the seemingly uncrossable biological divide between male and female and become the opposite sex.... Transsexualism is a rare condition.... The defining characteristic is the desire to relinquish the role of the gender defined by one's anatomy and take up the identity of the opposite sex: anatomic males who desire to have the body and identity of a woman, or anatomic females who desire to have the body and identity of a man."

transexual: John Money, Gay, Straight, and In-Between, p. 88: "In contemporary usage, the term transexualism is used as a name for the sex-reassignment method of rehabilitation, as well as for the syndrome treated by means of sex reassignment."

 * Re the term transsexual: Why not look at the definition for transsexualism from the Wikipedia entry? Fausto-Sterling's definition of transsexualism doesn't encompass the desire for a transsexual to transition, neither does Money, who even spells it wrong. The point of desire is even expressed in the DSM-IV, if you're looking for more concretely established information. Dysprosia 07:08, 25 Oct 2003 (UTC)

 * That article has:

"A transsexual is a person who establishes a permanent identity with the opposite gender to his or her birth sex. The stereotypical explanation is of a "man trapped in a woman's body" or vice versa. A transsexual makes or desires to make a transition from their birth sex to that of the opposite sex, with some type of medical alteration to their body."

 * That definition looks o.k. to me. There are two spellings, and I prefer the one with two Ss. Sometimes people try to improve what is alread simple enough. Patrick0Moran 15:34, 25 Oct 2003 (UTC)
 * Unrelated point - I think the spelling with one "s" is incorrect; examine the etymology. Dysprosia 15:43, 25 Oct 2003 (UTC)
 * I have to agree with you on the spelling. I wouldn't use it myself. Patrick0Moran 20:31, 25 Oct 2003 (UTC)

gender dysphoria: Francis Mark Mondimore, op. cit., p. 185:  "Transsexual persons suffer from a profound unappiness and discomfort about their gender identity called 'gender dysphoria' (dysphoria is a clinical term used to describe any unpleasant psychological state). "

gender dysphoria: John Money, Gay, Straight, and In-Between, p. 88. "The syndrome of transexualism is known also as gender dysphoria according to a system of nomenclature that is based on concepts of patients' inner feelings and convictions, as an alternative to more empirical and objective evidence."

gender dysphoria: John Money, Lovemaps, p. 284: "the state, as subjectively experienced, of incongruity between the genital anatomy and the gender-identity/role (G-I/R), particularly in the syndromes of transexualism and transvestism."

One other thing, there are some good examples from real life of the "dangers of gender transgression" in Fausto-Sterling's book mentioned above, p. 110. "In a recent court case, a mother charged that her son, a transvestite, died because paramedics stopped treating him after discovering his male genitals." There are some very strange feelings engendered by behavioral expectations related to sex and gender that begin to be set up practically at birth. One female nurse escaped a mass murderer who killed every other woman in her dorm because she went into the women's restroom. The killer called to her to come out, but he refrained from going into the restroom after her. It may be helpful to examine why societies universally, or almost universally, establish requirements that make it easy to determine one's sex without viewing one's genitals. Note that the paramedics did not inquire into their patient's gender identity. The acted when the saw male genitals on a person who was out in society dressed as a woman.

Patrick0Moran 05:55, 24 Oct 2003 (UTC)

- (Moved comment on transsexual/transexual definition to that location.

Patrick0Moran 15:32, 25 Oct 2003 (UTC)

I've removed "As indicated above, in some cases the reason for this discord is easy to find in the history of the individual. In some cases an individual has a male (XY) chromosomal sex, but (for a variety of possible reasons) the individual's genitalia have not grown naturally and appear to be entirely female. In other cases an individual has a female (XX) chromosomal sex, but hormonal imbalances during a critical period in gestation cause the body of this individual to become masculinized. The chromosomal sex, and the truth about the internal genitalia of the individual, may become manifest at puberty as when, in the case of an individual who is chromosomally female, menstruation and other changes appear in the individual who, up to that point, has been regarded as a boy. " - the details were mentioned in the previous paragraph, and this para is going slightly offtopic and should be in intersex perhaps. Dysprosia 07:13, 31 Oct 2003 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gender identity/Archive 1


text:
Apidya

Apidya (titled Abidja (アビヂャ) in Japanese characters below the title) is a horizontally scrolling shoot 'em up video game developed by German studio Kaiko and released by Play Byte in 1992 for the Amiga. It was Kaiko's second game developed. Despite being labelled II in the title it is not a sequel to any game, but has the digits placed there simply for a gag.

Gameplay

The game is a horizontally scrolling shooter, with some elements similar to early, classic shoot 'em ups. The story revolves around Ikuro, whose wife Yuri has been poisoned by Hexaae, an evil lord of black magic. Ikuro uses magic to transform into a deadly bee and vows to find an antidote for Yuri and wreak revenge on Hexaae.

The player controls a bee capable of launching a number of projectiles which can damage or destroy enemy targets. The game uses the power-up bar system pioneered by Gradius. Destroyed enemies sometimes leave a power-up in the form of a red-and-yellow flower. The player may collect these flowers and activate new weapons and enhancements. A 'build-up' weapon, similar to the 'beam' weapon in R-Type, also features. If the fire button is held down for a second or two, the bee produces a hissing noise and releasing the fire button will then cause the bee to fire a large, organic projectile (a giant bee stinger) which can wipe out waves of small enemies, or damage larger ones.

If the player's bee is hit by enemy fire or crashes into the terrain, a life will be lost and the current stage is restarted except for the end bosses of the first 3 stages, that will continue till all lives are lost. Once all lives are lost the game ends. A co-operative two-player mode is possible, in which the second player controls a smaller companion drone, which can launch small projectiles and shield the first player. The drone can sustain 5 small projectiles per life but won't survive large projectiles or collisions and the stage doesn't reset if it dies, the large bee is the alpha which must survive to advance. The alpha bee dying resets the stage as with normal play minus end stage bosses for the first 3 stages. An alternating two player mode is also possible.

The game consists of five themed levels: a meadow, a pond, a sewer filled with mutated enemies, a bio-technological machine and a final level where the player must battle five final bosses. The final level offers plenty of points for slain enemies, offering a semi status quo for players as they will recover some lost lives from restarting the level. Each level is divided up into a number of stages (usually three where the last is the end boss, that doesn't reset upon losing a life only on credit). There is also a number of hidden bonus levels. In the first two levels, nearly all the enemies are real creatures which may be found in a meadow or pond. The later levels feature mutant and inorganic creations. During "Techno Party", the bee morphs into a more mechanized form for the duration of that level. The first boss is unique, it cannot be harmed so the player must survive till it vacates the game. There are four difficulty settings. When the difficulty is set to "easy", it is not possible to play the last level, the ending sequence is skipped and the player is directed straight to the end credits.

Music
The musical soundtrack to the game was composed by game musician Chris Huelsbeck. A high-quality arrangement of the soundtrack was released as a CD album in 1992. The soundtrack of level 4 features several samples from L.A. Style's James Brown Is Dead.

There have also been live performances of the game's music:

 * An Apidya suite was performed live by a full symphonic orchestra in 2003 at the Symphonic Game Music Concert series in Leipzig, Germany.
 * Music from Apidya was part of the 2006 PLAY!, a Video Game Symphony concert in Stockholm, Sweden.
 * Music from Apidya (as well as many of Hülsbeck's other works) was played by a symphonic orchestra at the Symphonic Shades concert in 2008.
 * Music from Apidya was featured on the Amiga Power; Album with Attitude.
 * Music from Apidya as a tribute do the Amiga, featured on album Project Paula - Amiga performed and mixed by Volkor X in 2017.

Reception
The game was largely praised as a fine example of the shoot 'em up genre. Amiga Power magazine described the game as offering "more playability than any other shoot 'em up" and awarded the game 89% in 1992. Amiga Format magazine awarded the game 90%.

Legacy
An unofficial GBA Apidya technical demo followed years later, and an unofficial Windows remake of the first level was released in 2002 but neither was ever completed.

title: Apidya


text:
Baron Sinclair of Cleeve

Baron Sinclair of Cleeve, of Cleeve in the County of Somerset, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created on 21 January 1957 for the businessman and public servant, Robert Sinclair. He notably served as President of the Imperial Tobacco Company and as Director-General of Army Requirements at the War Office from 1939 to 1942 and as Chief Executive at the Ministry of Production from 1943 to 1945. the title is held by his grandson, the third Baron, who succeeded his father in 1985.

Barons Sinclair of Cleeve (1957)

 * Robert John Sinclair, 1st Baron Sinclair of Cleeve (1893–1979)
 * John Robert Kilgour Sinclair, 2nd Baron Sinclair of Cleeve (1919–1985)
 * John Lawrence Robert Sinclair, 3rd Baron Sinclair of Cleeve (b. 1953).

There is no heir to the title.

title: Baron Sinclair of Cleeve


text:
Gohan (disambiguation)

Gohan or Son Gohan is a fictional character from the Dragon Ball series.

Gohan may also refer to:
 * Gohan River, a tributary of the Olt River, Romania
 * Gohan-eup, a town in Jeongseon, Gangwon Province, South Korea
 * Grandpa Son Gohan, adopted grandfather of Goku in Dragon Ball
 * Rice dishes (御飯) in Japanese cuisine
 * Gal Gohan, a manga series

title: Gohan (disambiguation)


text:
Talk:WASTE

Is WASTE really F2F?
I don't agree that WASTE is a friend-to-friend network. It's an invitation-only network, but once you've been invited you can discover the IP addresses of users you've never met before from [ping packets]. Michael Rogers

Shouldn't this page be at WASTE? whkoh 01:11, Mar 7, 2004 (UTC)
 * Well, I'll be bold and move it then, since there aren't any replies.   ⇒ whkoh [talk]   13:45, Mar 16, 2004 (UTC)

The text mentions that revocation of a license is not possible under the terms of the GPL but this seems to be missing the point. It's not that Nullsoft has tried to revoke a license granted by them, apparently the software was made available by someone who is not the copyright holder (even if he happens to be a Nullsoft employee) and the original license grant is invalid itself. Similarly, if I were to distribute Microsoft Windows under the GPL, MS would not be unable to stop this distribution as I am in no position to distribute Windows under any license. 82.203.196.197 11:01, 24 November 2005 (UTC)

Define official?
Can it really say that we're linking to the 'official' WASTE website? I mean really, define official. In the eye's of AOL and Nullsoft (due to AOL's bullying or otherwise) it's certainly not official. Perhaps it would be better to just rename the link as 'WASTE on SourceForge' or something similar. Thoughts? Also I think this page could use more information on the posting and removal of WASTE, the controversey it stirred up and the implications of trying to revoke GPL'd licensed code. I'd do it but I can't find any good informed sources on the issue at this time. --AsianAstronaut 01:56, 21 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Just to note: http://www.nullsoft.com/free/waste/ is the "offical" website.

Revokation of the GPL
The article states that revocation of the GPL "is not possible under the terms of the GPL license". However, can a license be considered valid if the software is leaked? IIRC, WASTE was released without the prior approval of AOL who is, ultimately, the copyright holder of the software. Only the copyright holder has the authority to offer any license to users. I believe the CEO of Nullsoft at the time quit over this dispute. 72.66.97.119 15:44, 14 April 2006 (UTC)
 * It is correct that one cannot "revoke the GPL" in the sense of retroactively asserting copyright on things the GPL allows. However, the page did not claim to revoke the GPL. It claimed that the person distributing the software held no rights to do so in the first place, which means that WASTE was never officially under the GPL anyway. There is a time and a place to defend the GPL, and it isn't here. Chris Cunningham 12:34, 3 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Justin coded it, he wanted it to be under GPL. But the assholes at AOL got scared and didnt want so.
 * That's irrelevant, Frap. Chris Cunningham 16:33, 2 June 2006 (UTC)

More Fokus on the Real W.A.S.T.E. Please!
The W.A.S.T.E. postal service does exist and it is probably the world's biggest conspiracy. Anybody mind that or am I the only member using Wiki? Okok, after all it is all underground and I am not really supposed to talk about it.

What is going on with waste
i joined and it says the network is down, please Reply. 65.147.189.229 01:33, 24 November 2006 (UTC)

 * You need to trade keys with someone else, you just can't just only connect.--Xercessthegreat 02:01, 22 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Right. There isn't one WASTE network. You connect to a friend and then you auto-connect to anyone that friend is connected with/knows. If two groups never come in contact, their networks will never join. I think this discussion is against talk page rules (see "this is not a forum"), so if someone who knows for a fact wants to delete this, cool. 134.60.115.152 (talk) 12:55, 24 June 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:WASTE


text:
Baron Sudeley

Baron Sudeley is a hereditary title that has been created three times in the history of Britain, twice in the Peerage of England and once in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. The first creation came in the Peerage of England in 1299 when John de Sudeley was summoned to Parliament as Lord Sudeley. On the death of the third Baron in 1367 the title fell into abeyance. The abeyance was terminated in 1380 when Thomas Boteler, the fourth Baron, became the sole heir. The sixth Baron was created Baron Sudeley by letters patent in 1441. He served as Lord High Treasurer from 1444 to 1447. On his death in 1473, the 1441 creation became extinct while the 1299 creation once again fell into abeyance.

The third creation came in the Peerage of the United Kingdom in 1838 when Charles Hanbury-Tracy was created Baron Sudeley, of Toddington in the County of Gloucester. He had previously represented Tewkesbury in the House of Commons as a Whig and served as Lord Lieutenant of Montgomeryshire. He was also Chairman of the Royal Commission appointed to judge designs for the new Houses of Parliament. He married his cousin Henrietta Susanna, daughter and heiress of Henry Leigh Tracy, 8th and last Viscount Tracy, through which marriage the estate of Toddington Manor in Gloucestershire came into the Hanbury family. Five days before the marriage Charles Hanbury assumed the additional surname of Tracy.

He was succeeded by his son, the second Baron. He sat as a Member of Parliament for Wallingford and served as Lord Lieutenant of Montgomeryshire. In 1806 Lord Sudeley assumed by Royal licence the surname of Leigh in lieu of his patronymic. However, in 1839 he discontinued the use of this surname and resumed by Royal licence his original surname of Hanbury-Tracy. On his death, the title passed to his son, the third Baron. He was also Lord Lieutenant of Montgomeryshire. He was succeeded by his younger brother, the fourth Baron. He was a Liberal Member of Parliament for Montgomery from 1863 to 1877 and served under William Ewart Gladstone as Captain of the Corps of Gentlemen-at-Arms in 1886. However, he later came into financial difficulties which caused the sale of the family seat of Toddington Manor.

The title is currently held by the eighth Baron (a member of the collateral branch of the family), who succeeded the seventh Baron on 5 September 2022.

Barons Sudeley; First and Second creation (1299 and 1441)

 * John de Sudeley, 1st Baron Sudeley (c. 1257–1336)
 * John de Sudeley, 2nd Baron Sudeley (d. 1340)
 * John de Sudeley, 3rd Baron Sudeley (c. 1337–1367) (abeyant)
 * Thomas Boteler, 4th Baron Sudeley (1355–1398) (abeyance terminated 1380)
 * John Boteler, 5th Baron Sudeley (d. 1417)
 * Ralph Boteler, 6th Baron Sudeley (d. 1473) (created Baron Sudeley in 1441; in 1473, first creation abeyant, second extinct)

Barons Sudeley; Third creation, 1838

 * Charles Hanbury-Tracy, 1st Baron Sudeley (1778–1858)
 * Thomas Charles Hanbury-Tracy, 2nd Baron Sudeley (1801–1863)
 * Sudeley Charles George Hanbury-Tracy, 3rd Baron Sudeley (1837–1877)
 * Charles Douglas Richard Hanbury-Tracy, 4th Baron Sudeley (1840–1922)
 * William Charles Frederick Hanbury-Tracy, 5th Baron Sudeley (1870–1932)
 * Richard Algernon Frederick Hanbury-Tracy, 6th Baron Sudeley (1911–1941)
 * Merlin Charles Sainthill Hanbury-Tracy, 7th Baron Sudeley (1939–2022)
 * Nicholas Edward John Hanbury-Tracy, 8th Baron Sudeley (b. 1959)

The heir presumptive is the present holder's half-brother Hon. Timothy Christopher Claud Hanbury-Tracy (b. 1968). The heir presumptive’s heir apparent is his son, Maximilian John Claud Hanbury-Tracy (b. 2004).

Line of Succession

 * Coronet of a British Baron.svg Charles Hanbury-Tracy, 1st Baron Sudeley (1778—1858)
 * Coronet of a British Baron.svg Thomas Charles Hanbury-Tracy, 2nd Baron Sudeley (1801—1863)
 * Coronet of a British Baron.svg Sudeley Charles George Hanbury-Tracy, 3rd Baron Sudeley (1837—1877)
 * Coronet of a British Baron.svg Charles Douglas Richard Hanbury-Tracy, 4th Baron Sudeley (1840—1922)
 * Coronet of a British Baron.svg William Charles Frederick Hanbury-Tracy, 5th Baron Sudeley (1870—1932)
 * Major Algernon Henry Charles Hanbury-Tracy (1871—1915)
 * Coronet of a British Baron.svg Richard Algenon Frederick Hanbury-Tracy, 6th Baron Sudeley (1911—1941)
 * Felix Charles Hubert Hanbury-Tracy (1882—1914)
 * Michael David Charles Hanbury-Tracy (1909—1940)
 * Coronet of a British Baron.svg Merlin Charles Sainthill Hanbury-Tracy, 7th Baron Sudeley (1939–2022)
 * Frederick Stephen Archibald Hanbury-Tracy (1848—1906)
 * Major Eric Thomas Henry Hanbury-Tracy (1871—1953)
 * Claud Edward Frederick Hanbury-Tracy-Domvile (1904—1987)
 * Desmond Andrew John Hanbury-Tracy (1928—2013)
 * Coronet of a British Baron.svg Nicholas Edward John Hanbury-Tracy, 8th Baron Sudeley (born 1959)
 * (1) Timothy Christopher Claud Hanbury-Tracy (b. 1968)
 * (2) Maximilian John Claud Hanbury-Tracy (b. 2004)
 * (3) Charles William Justin Hanbury-Tracy (1938-2024)
 * (4) Justin Hanbury-Tracy (b. 1971)
 * (5) Edward Claud Hanbury-Tracy (b. 1976)
 * Henry Hanbury-Tracy (1802—1889)
 * Charles Henry Tamworth Hanbury-Tracy (1842—1923)
 * Arthur Hanbury-Tracy (1843—1856)

title: Baron Sudeley


text:
E-FIT

Electronic Facial Identification Technique (E-FIT, e-fit, efit) is a computer-based method of producing facial composites of wanted criminals, based on eyewitness descriptions.

Uses
The system first appeared in the late 1980s, programmed by John Platten and has since been progressively refined by Platten and latterly by Dr Matthew Maylin. E-FIT has developed a reputation as a highly reliable and flexible system for feature-based composite construction.

Customers for this system exist in over 30 countries around the world. These include the Metropolitan Police Service, the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms (ATF), the New York Police Department, the Stockholm Police, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police and the Jamaica Constabulary Force.

E-FIT is used both for minor and serious crimes. In the United Kingdom, it is an ever-present feature on the BBC's Crimewatch television programme. The system is available in Spanish, German, English (both US and UK), French, Italian, Portuguese and Swedish.

The widespread use of the original E-FIT approach is gradually being superseded by a new version of the program called EFIT-V. EFIT-V is a full-colour, hybrid system that offers increased flexibility and speed, allowing the face to be constructed using both evolutionary and systematic construction techniques.

Efficacy
The E-FIT, Pro-fit, and similar systems used in the UK have been subjected to a number of formal academic examinations. In these studies, volunteers were able to identify the person in the composite about 20% of the time if the composite was prepared immediately after viewing the subject. However, one study found that if witnesses were required to wait two days before constructing a composite, which matches real-life applications more closely, success rates fell to between 3 and 8 per cent.

title: E-FIT


text:
Buruma

Buruma may refer to:
 * Buruma, Japanese for bloomers, specifically athletic bloomers
 * Bulma (ブルマ), a character in the Japanese comic series Dragon Ball, by Akira Toriyama
 * Ian Buruma, pen-name of an author on Japanese culture
 * Buruma (Baucau), a village in East Timor in the district of Baucau

title: Buruma