text:
Talk:Sea of Japan naming dispute/Archive 1

Maveric149 keeps removing links and said "It dont exsist" Dont you stop that? --Anon

 * Kept? I did that once and at the time the article did not exist. Put your comments on the bottom of the page in the future. --mav

--- I recovered this interesting link. The despute is clearly relate to the article. -
 * Anti-Japanese sentiments is Korean's base of energy

I smell fishy ....

---

''It is uncertain when the Koreans first perceived donghae as the equivalent of Sea of Japan. At the end of the 20th century they translated Donghae into English and began to use "East Sea"."

I removed this sentence 1) It is certain that the name Donghae was used in pre-19th-century maps and 2) it's irrelevant, since then we would have to say when did Japan first started to perceive their East Sea as the Japanese East Sea? User:Jeejee

 * Donghae was not the Sea of Japan. Donghae was merely the sea located to the east of those who lived in the Korean Peninsula. Can you find any Korean map that shows the whole sea and "Donghae" on it?
 * Japanese Tokai is similar to Korean Donghae. It was the sea located to the east of Japan. It is not the whole Pacific Ocean. "Pacific Ocean" cannot be replaced by Tokai.Nanshu 15:24 Feb 14, 2003 (UTC)

 * Yes I have a Korean map, which says Dong Hae. Jeejee

 * Which? Nanshu 16:11 Feb 14, 2003 (UTC)

---

Removed "However the fact is that there is no map that designate the sea exactly as "East Sea". Instead some 19th-cetunry maps show "Eastern Sea" on the East China Sea."

This has been proved by the Koreans on their governemnt web site, and there is a list of maps. Please stop removing the links to the Korean governemnt, when I myself added BOTH the Japanese and Korean government links. Your refusal to present both internet web sites clearly establishes your bias. User:Jeejee

 * You can examine cheap tricks Korea played by yourself. Here is a list by South Korea. How many maps adopt "East Sea"? Nothing! Korea could found only two maps, that show "The EASTERN or COREA SEA", both of which were made by John Senex.
 * I just replaced it with the root page. You can reach the site by 2 clicks.
 * Why did you remove "Eastern Sea"? Yes. It is your unfavorable fact.Nanshu 15:15 Feb 14, 2003 (UTC)

 * No that's your assumption that I removed an unfavorable fact. I was merely negligent and didn't see the "ern" of "Eastern."  However, as you mentioned there are two maps, and so it's not a FACT like that you claimed.  My concern with this sentence was that "however the fact is..." Jeejee

 * Here is an exapmle of Eastern Sea on the East Chin Sea. I found about 20 such maps. Nanshu 16:11 Feb 14, 2003 (UTC)
 * I fear you misunderstood me. I wrote, "Instead some 19th-cetunry maps show "Eastern Sea" on the East China Sea."
 * That's fine. Just don't use statements  like "it's a fact..." when these facts are being disputed.  I will contact some Korean scholars on this matter and ask them to contribute, my knowledge only comes from my own research, but I'm not an expert.

I've removed this bit as not relevant to the article. If someone wants to put it elsewhere, I'd suggest rephrasing it first. Matthew Woodcraft

 * ==Anti-Japanism==
 * South Koreans also ridiculously claim that Japanese intentionally promoted Korea instead of Corea during colonial era, reason being that K comes after J.
 * The fact is Korea is English, Corea is Latin. In the Barcelona Olympics in 1992, Korean name was written as Corea.
 * The series of ridiculous Korean claiming against Japan are based on Korea's Anti-Japanism.

I further reverted the addition of a link labelled "I see Koreans are on top of the world", and all other changes done at the same time. Cyp 12:55 Feb 16, 2003 (UTC)

 * - VANK, a volunteer Korean cyber-organization, began an e-mail flooding campaign to raise international awareness of the dispute. + VANK, a volunteer Korean cyber-organization, began an e-mail campaign to raise international awareness of the dispute.

 * - VANK + Others
 * + * Koreas unite against Japan BBC News, August 16, 2002
 * + * A sea by any other name Guardian, August 23, 2002
 * * VANK * VANK
 * - * Koreans internet censorship campaign VANK finding target of mail flooding. + * Backgrounder on the name dispute
 * - * I see Koreans are on top of the world VANK hangul +
 * - Other +
 * - * Anti-Japanese sentiments is Korean's base of energy +
 * - * Anti-Japanese sentiments is Korean's base of energy +

The following text are removed from the article as it seems to be not relevant as a part of an encylopedia article.

''The North Koreans demand "East Sea of Korea". What will happen if Madagascar renames the Indian Ocean to "East Ocean", Australia proposes "West Ocean" and Pakistan asks for "Pakistani Ocean"? Should the international ogranizations approve them and rename it to "East/Indian/Pakistani/West Ocean"?''

--Lorenzarius 15:04 Feb 16, 2003 (UTC)

 * 216.148.221.156 has re-added the above passage without giving a reason. But I think the text is not NPOV enough, and that's why I removed it. It may be better if it is rephrased. --Lorenzarius 05:55 Feb 17, 2003 (UTC)

Does the really need to be a separate article? Why can't it be incorporated into the Sea of Japan article? -- Zoe

 * I'd like to let geography free from politics. -- Nanshu

 * If that were at all possible then we wouldn't have nearly as many wars. --mav

 * So what? --Nanshu

 * Meaning that is not possible to separate geography, especially political geography, from politics. With that said, the summary at Sea of Japan is probably enough (although it could use a bit more). --mav

 * Currently the article Sea of Japan is geographic except the last paragraph. This works well as an "isolation" article. -- Nanshu 11:45 Feb 19, 2003 (UTC)

Removed last paragraph under Japan: It should be noted that Korea did not raise the issue until 1992, although South Korea joined the IHO (IHB) in 1957. Moreover it has described only "Japan Sea" on its own official nautical charts until 1993. In 1993 it first included both "Japan Sea" and "Tong Hae" (Tong Hae is an old romanization of Donghae). It is in 1995 that Korea first adopted "East Sea" on their charts.

Someone can rephrase this paragraph, but Korea started to raise the issue in the mid 1960s, (someone also deleted that) and made a formal request in 1992, so first sentence is incorrect. I'm not sure where you get the rest of the information, but I would like from now on, bibliographical information on all these "facts." Jeejee

Urg...what does the last link to Korean Anti-Japan article do with this article??? Japan is also very Anti-Korean and I'm sure I can find Korean articles that say the same thing about Japan. This can go on ad infinitum so please stop adding in information which only increases bigotry and misunderstanding. Anti-Korean or Anti-Japan sentiments are mutual on both sides. In any case, according to the official Japanese government position, the Rape of Nanking never even happened!! How can you claim the Japanese to be objective in anything?? Jeejee

Hey 212.198.0.93 aka Jeejee, I didn't delete that list. Check Revision history. -- Nanshu 11:45 Feb 19, 2003 (UTC)

 * Sorry Nanshu, I hadn't checked that. I apologize. Jeejee

Ed Poor, --Nanshu 01:53, 25 Sep 2003 (UTC)
 * I let you know a somewhat dirty Japanese saying: miso kuso (not knowing Miso from shit). That's what you did. "althout generally accepted" is NPOV because 97% of maps in the world use "Sea of Japan".
 * Nobody can "restore" what has never existed. So South Korea cannot "restore" the name "East Sea".

There are a lot more than 2 maps on the link http://www.korea.net/issue/eastsea/map_app1.asp that use a variation of either "East Sea" or "Sea of Korea." "Eastern" is a variation of "East," as is "Oriental," which comes from the Latin word for "East." And if the map is in French and the sea is called "Mer de Coree" ( http://www.korea.net/issue/eastsea/images/13.pdf ), don't tell me that doesn't count! I have added explanatory text to the article and a supporting link (to the British Library collection), plus mentioned the 1919 IHU meeting that settled on the name "Sea of Japan." Also: if you want justify the Japanese arguments with facts, fine. But do not shout down the Korean arguments. Both sides have valid points to make, and no one person can judge the correct answer to this problem: least of all any Wikipedian. --Sewing 20:27, 17 Oct 2003 (UTC)

I would like to propose a name change for the "Sea of Korea" / "Sea of Japan". Why not call it the "Sea of Korea, China, and Japan"? Rickyrab 20:38, 17 Oct 2003 (UTC)

The current naming of the body of water is, in terms of international law, an open issue. I have added the appropriate references in the introductory paragraph. If the IHO and UNCSGN ever resolve that the "Sea of Japan" is the only official name, then I will reword this article accordingly. Until then, downgrading the Korean names for the body of water goes against the Wikipedia's NPOV policy. --Sewing 16:31, 22 Oct 2003 (UTC)

I have removed 2 non-governmental POV links: one Korean, one Japanese:

 * VANK
 * Anti-Japanese sentiments is Korean's base of energy

The VANK's page has some information that is also provided on the Korean government pages. The Japanese page is part of a highly POV Web site. The article itself makes some useful points but trivializes others. --Sewing 21:27, 24 Oct 2003 (UTC)

The article did not say that the UN or IHO have adopted the name "East Sea." It said that those bodies have recommended using both names "Sea of Japan" and "East Sea" until the dispute can be resolved. I have restored the first paragraph. --Sewing 14:16, 22 Jan 2004 (UTC)

 * Hi Sewing. Are you certain that UN and/or IHO actually "recommends" using of both names for this case? (Not so seems to me.) By the way, this issue is almost forgotten (or not known from outset) by Japanese masses, but Takeshima is getting some hot. Takanoha 15:01, 22 Jan 2004 (UTC) Takanoha

 * I could not find any evidence that the 7th UNCSGN recommends use of both names. Something said in the middle of the discussion should not be confused as a final decision, as well as something asserted by prominent peoples should not be confused as an organizational dicision. Takanoha 11:48, 24 Jan 2004 (UTC)

Some argument took place in the 7th UNCSGN, but no conclusion was made. See item 11 of (PDF). The resolution A.4.2.6 serves solely for IHO. The "Limits of Oceans and Seas" published by IHO is not revised yet. Takanoha 14:09, 27 Jan 2004 (UTC)

The following was moved from Talk:South Gyeongsang.

copied material: begin

Maybe this has been discussed elsewhere, but I haven't met any Koreans calling it the Sea of Japan. IMHO this stretch of water simply has two names. I'd call it Sea of Japan when referring to Japanese matters, but as for Korean ones, I actually think it's not the most appropriate form. I thought East Sea (Sea of Japan) was catering for my point, but then I can sea that East Sea only leads to a disambiguation page... diwiki 21:13, 17 Sep 2003 (UTC)

 * The statuses of the two names are different. Sea of Japan is the internationally accepted geographic name for the body of water while East Sea is a local name in South Korea. --Nanshu 01:40, 18 Sep 2003 (UTC)

 * That's right. I thought it wasn't culturally sensitive... but I'll stick with the Sea of Japan then.... and will add East Sea in brackets, as you corrected it. diwiki 11:34, 19 Sep 2003 (UTC)

 * Nanshu is wrong. See Notice below.

Notice
The current naming of the body of water immediately east of South Korea is an open issue, according to a 1998 decision of the 7th United Nations Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names and a 1974 International Hydrographic Organization resolution regarding the naming of disputed bodies of water. According to UNCSGN and in accordance with the IHO resolution, the names "Sea of Japan" and "East Sea" are to be used simultaneously. When the issue is resolved, this article will be edited appropriately. Until then, downgrading the Korean name for the body of water violates Wikipedia's NPOV policy. For background on the dispute and a summary of the different points of view, see Dispute over the name Sea of Japan --Sewing 17:20, 22 Oct 2003 (UTC)

copied material: end

Hey, Sewing, do you know what are "a 1998 decision of the 7th United Nations Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names" and "a 1974 International Hydrographic Organization resolution"? They are general rules that "recommends" that disputed names are shown until the agreement. Neither the UNCSGN nor the IHO claim that the name "Sea of Japan" is disputed so that they apply Resolution III/20 or Technical Resolution A4.2.6. Therefore neither the UNCSGN nor the IHO accepted the name "East Sea" as an international geographic name. So using "Sea of Japan" alone is not imcompatible with Wikipedia's NPOV policy. It may be helpful to show the local name "East Sea" other than the international geographic name at Korea-related articles, but it is needless for the rest.

Maybe Sewing did not see the nature of Resolution III/20 or Technical Resolution A4.2.6. because the information provided by KOIS is very misleading. .I cannot find academic conscience at KOIS's page. I feel pity for him. --Nanshu 01:31, 24 Feb 2004 (UTC)

I think the list of maps taken from http://www.kois.go.kr/issue/EastSea/map_c2.asp violates copyright laws. At least it violates the Japanese Copyright Law. --Nanshu 01:31, 24 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * I have better things to do than waste my time and energy arguing with a Japanese nationalist. I have added a link at the top of the article to NPOV_dispute. Perhaps one day this will truly be a neutral article, but not as long as you are editing it.  --Sewing 21:20, 24 Feb 2004 (UTC)

"Opinions and views" is ridiculous. Is there any objection to splitting this into the two sections: Japan's opinion and Korea's opinion. --Nanshu 02:04, 26 Feb 2004 (UTC)


text:
Miki Nagasawa

Miki Nagasawa (長沢 美樹) is a Japanese voice actress. She was raised in Fukushima. Formerly affiliated for Haikyo, she is affiliated with Atomic Monkey. On anime roles, she voiced the eponymous character in Vampire Princess Miyu, Wedy in Death Note and Maya Ibuki in Neon Genesis Evangelion. In video games, she voiced Shelinda in Final Fantasy X and X-2, Kuyo in Genji: Dawn of the Samurai, Karin in Shadow Hearts 2, and Sleigh Presty in Super Robot Wars. Nagasawa attended Nan Desu Kan in 2009.

Animation

 * 1994
 * Key the Metal Idol (OVA) – Sakura Kuriyagawa
 * Macross 7 – Jessica

 * 1995
 * Neon Genesis Evangelion – Maya Ibuki

 * 1996
 * After War Gundam X – Perla Ciss
 * Brave Command Dagwon – Maria Tobe, Gunkid
 * Martian Successor Nadesico – Izumi Maki

 * 1997
 * Vampire Princess Miyu (TV series) – Miyu

 * 1998
 * Anpanman – Creampanda''
 * Blue Submarine No. 6 – Mutio
 * Cowboy Bebop – Judy
 * Cyber Team in Akihabara – Kamome Sengakuji
 * Getter Robo Armageddon (OVA) – Michiru Saotome
 * Princess Nine – Ryo Hayakawa

 * 2000
 * Boys Be – Yumi Kazama
 * The Candidate for Goddess – Kizna Towryk
 * éX-Driver – Lisa Sakakino
 * Gate Keepers – Keiko Ochiai

 * 2001
 * Captain Tsubasa: Road to 2002 – Manabu Okawa
 * Case Closed – Yoko Okino (episode 249 – present)
 * Fruits Basket - Kyo's Mother
 * Love Hina – Tsuruko Aoyama (Bonus episode: "Motoko's Choice, Love or the Sword: Don't Cry")

 * 2004
 * Kyo Kara Maoh! – Lyra
 * Mobile Suit Gundam MS IGLOO (OVA series) – Monique Cadillac

 * 2005
 * Onegai My Melody – Patricia
 * Naruto – Toki

 * 2006
 * Death Note – Wedy
 * Koi suru Tenshi Angelique – Rachel

 * 2007
 * Claymore series – Helen

 * 2010
 * Super Robot Wars Original Generation: The Inspector – Sleigh Presty

 * 2011
 * Mobile Suit Gundam AGE – Lalaparly Madorna

 * 2012
 * Hunter × Hunter (Second Series) (Baise, Coco Loo)
 * 2013
 * Magi: The Kingdom of Magic – Leraje

2024
 * 2014
 * One Piece – Wicca

 * Chi's Sweet Summer Vacation – Grandmother

Video games
Pre-2023 2023
 * Angelique – Rachel
 * Final Fantasy X – Shelinda
 * Final Fantasy X-2 – Shelinda
 * Fushigi Yūgi Genbu Kaiden Gaiden: Kagami no Miko – Uruki
 * Mobile Suit Gundam Side Story: The Blue Destiny – Maureen Kitamura
 * Atelier Elie ~The Alchemist of Salburg 2~ – Elfile
 * True Love Story 2 – Sawada
 * Blood: The Last Vampire – Ruria
 * Super Robot Wars – Sleigh Presty
 * Tales of Vesperia – Sodia, Droite
 * Tales of Fandom – Primula Rosso
 * Capcom vs. SNK 2 – Cammy and Maki
 * Genji: Dawn of the Samurai – Kuyo
 * Genji: Days of the Blade – Kuyo
 * Shadow Hearts 2 – Karin Koenig
 * JoJo's Bizarre Adventure: Heritage for the Future – Mannish Boy

 * Honkai: Star Rail - Pom-Pom

Dubbing

 * Cowboy Bebop (Judy (Lucy Currey))

Drama CDs

 * Century Prime Minister (vol. 1–3) – Miki Nagashima
 * Skip Beat! – Kyōko Mogami
 * Fushigi Yugi Genbu Kaiden as Uruki (female form)
 * Saredotsumibitoharyūtoodoru – Saredo Shivunya
 * Hayate X Blade – Miyamoto Shizuku
 * Fruits Basket – Momiji Sohma
 * Hogen Renai Vol.5 – "Kanagawa Prefecture", "Fukushima" – Hyakuhana Atsumi
 * Anime tenchō series – Ramika Hoshi

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Miki Nagasawa


text:
Trenton Doyle Hancock

Trenton Doyle Hancock (born 1974) is an American artist working with prints, drawings, and collaged-felt paintings. Through his work, Hancock mainly aims to tell the story of the Mounds, mystical creatures that are part of the artist's world. In this sense, each new artwork is the artist's contribution to the development of Mounds.

Early life and education
Hancock was born in 1974 in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, and grew up in Paris, Texas. He received a BFA from Texas A&M University–Commerce. As an undergrad, Doyle worked as a cartoonist for the school newspaper. At the time, he thought he would become a professional cartoonist following graduation. The influence of Hancock's early interest in cartoons is still visible in his current work. Following his studies at Texas A&M University-Commerce, Hancock earned an MFA from the Tyler School of Art at Temple University, Philadelphia. Hancock's art was also significantly influenced by his upbringing in Paris, Texas. Church was a fundamental focal point of his childhood, as his stepfather was a minister. Thus, religious tropes and themes are abundant in his works, such as recurring references to Redemption and the Eucharist.

Work
Hancock makes prints, videos, drawings, sculptures, individual performances, and collaged felt paintings. His influences include comics, graphic novels, cartoons, music, and film.

Hancock is known for his visual work that focuses on the Mounds and the Vegans, two forces that are constantly dueling with one another and serve as a representation of the eternal battle between good and evil. This extended series also serves to explore Hancock's mythology of the two forces, which gives him the opportunity to develop his concepts at length. He has structured this world to be one he can both occupy and continuously rework, depicting the life stages of a variety of characters, such as the Mounds: ancient half-human and half-plant creatures which were created thousands of years ago when a human male ejaculated into a field of flowers. The Vegans are malevolent beings who seek to destroy all Mounds, especially "The Legend": the original Mound, and the most despised among Vegans. The Vegans are meant to symbolize those who are determined to force their beliefs on others, whereas the Mounds symbolize the Earth, acceptance, love, and progressive behaviors. Other key characters in Hancock's works are Painter, a maternal spirit who governs color, Loid, a paternal energy focused on words, and Torpedo Boy, an unheroic super hero alter ego that Hancock created as a child. Torpedo Boy has superhuman strength, but his human emotions—especially his pride—prevent him from performing his heroic duties to their fullest extent. Additional characters that appear in the work alongside him include Junior Mound, Bringback, Baby Curt, and Shy Jerry.

Trenton Doyle Hancock is known for taking risks in his art, and has stated that he is typically the most interested in his art when he feels he has done something daring with it: whether it deals with social issues, universal dilemmas, or personal matters. Regarding whether Torpedo Boy and the Vegans are meant to symbolize good and evil in his works, Hancock states: "Hopefully there's a range of what the Vegans are, and what Torpedo Boy is. You can choose to identify with that range or not. I came from a household where there were very strict ideas about what good and evil are. When I left home, I realized that didn't really work for me, that life was a huge grey area. That became more interesting."

In 2013 his work was translated to Cult of Color: Call to Color, a ballet created in collaboration with Ballet Austin's Artistic Director Stephen Mills.

Awards and fellowships
Among the honors that Hancock has earned are an Artadia Award (2003), The Greenfield Prize at the Hermitage Artist Retreat (2013), a two-year residency and commission of original work, Art League Houston's Texas Artist of the Year (2017), and Texas Medal of Arts Awards in Visual Arts (2019). Hancock was also one of the youngest artists to be featured in the Whitney Biennial, being selected for two consecutive exhibitions in 2000 and 2002. He was a Core Artist in Residence at the Museum of Fine Arts, Houston in 2002.

Exhibitions and publications

 * Fruitmarket Gallery, Edinburgh, Scotland "The Wayward Thinker" (2007)
 * Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen, Rotterdam, The Netherlands "The Wayward Thinker" (2007)
 * Arthouse at The Jones Center, Austin, USA "Sirens’ Song" (2007)
 * Clementine Gallery, New York, USA "The Lizard Cult" (2007)
 * Museum of Modern Art, New York, USA "The Compulsive Line: Etching 1900 to Now" (2006)
 * Zachęta National Gallery of Art, Warsaw, Poland "Black Alphabet" (2006)
 * Villa Manin Centre for Contemporary Art, Infinite Painting: Contemporary Paintings and Global Realism "Passariano, Italy" (2006)
 * Virginia Museum of Contemporary Art, Virginia, USA "Skin & Bones, 20 Years of Drawing" (2015)
 * James Cohan Gallery, Stockholm, Sweden "Powerful Babies: Keith Haring’s Impact on Artists Today" (2015)
 * Contemporary Arts Museum Houston, Texas, USA "Skin and Bones, 20 Years of Drawing" (2014)
 * MoCA Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio "DIRGE: Reflections on [Life and] Death" (2014)
 * John and Mable Ringling Museum of Art, Florida, USA, Trenton Doyle Hancock, "EMIT: What the Bringback Brought" (2015)
 * Contemporary Art Museum St. Louis, St. Louis, MO "The Re-Evolving Door to the Moundverse (2018)
 * Temple Contemporary, Philadelphia, PA "From a Black Son to a White Man to a Black Woman and Back Again" (2018)
 * Phillips New York, New York City, New York, AMERICAN AFRICAN AMERICAN (2019)
 * John Michael Kohler Arts Center, Sheboygan, WI, "Makeshift" (2018-2019)
 * The Menil Collection, Houston, Texas, USA "Contemporary Focus: Trenton Doyle Hancock" (2019)
 * Mass MoCA, North Adams, Massachusetts, USA “Mind Of The Mound: Critical Mass" (2019)

Hancock was included in the American Folk Art Museum's "Dargerism" exhibit, showing the influence of Henry Darger on contemporary artists.

title: Trenton Doyle Hancock


text:
Public holidays in Denmark

Other special days
Some of these days derive from politics, and some from Roman Catholic traditions that predate the current national church. Some are simply the Scandinavian tradition of starting the celebrations of a special day on the evening before the actual day.

title: Public holidays in Denmark


text:
Pullback (differential geometry)

Let $$\phi:M\to N$$ be a smooth map between smooth manifolds $$M$$ and $$N$$. Then there is an associated linear map from the space of 1-forms on $$N$$ (the linear space of sections of the cotangent bundle) to the space of 1-forms on $$M$$. This linear map is known as the pullback (by $$\phi$$), and is frequently denoted by $$\phi^*$$. More generally, any covariant tensor field – in particular any differential form – on $$N$$ may be pulled back to $$M$$ using $$\phi$$.

When the map $$\phi$$ is a diffeomorphism, then the pullback, together with the pushforward, can be used to transform any tensor field from $$N$$ to $$M$$ or vice versa. In particular, if $$\phi$$ is a diffeomorphism between open subsets of $$\R^n$$ and $$\R^n$$, viewed as a change of coordinates (perhaps between different charts on a manifold $$M$$), then the pullback and pushforward describe the transformation properties of covariant and contravariant tensors used in more traditional (coordinate dependent) approaches to the subject.

The idea behind the pullback is essentially the notion of precomposition of one function with another. However, by combining this idea in several different contexts, quite elaborate pullback operations can be constructed. This article begins with the simplest operations, then uses them to construct more sophisticated ones. Roughly speaking, the pullback mechanism (using precomposition) turns several constructions in differential geometry into contravariant functors.

Pullback of smooth functions and smooth maps
Let $$\phi:M\to N$$ be a smooth map between (smooth) manifolds $$M$$ and $$N$$, and suppose $$f:N\to\R$$ is a smooth function on $$N$$. Then the pullback of $$f$$ by $$\phi$$ is the smooth function $$\phi^*f$$ on $$M$$ defined by $$(\phi^*f)(x)=f(\phi(x))$$. Similarly, if $$f$$ is a smooth function on an open set $$U$$ in $$N$$, then the same formula defines a smooth function on the open set $$f$$ in $$\phi^{-1}(U)$$. (In the language of sheaves, pullback defines a morphism from the sheaf of smooth functions on $$N$$ to the direct image by $$\phi$$ of the sheaf of smooth functions on $$M$$.)

More generally, if $$f:N\to A$$ is a smooth map from $$N$$ to any other manifold $$A$$, then $$(\phi^*f)(x)=f(\phi(x))$$ is a smooth map from $$M$$ to $$A$$.

Pullback of bundles and sections
If $$E$$ is a vector bundle (or indeed any fiber bundle) over $$N$$ and $$\phi:M\to N$$ is a smooth map, then the pullback bundle $$\phi^*E$$ is a vector bundle (or fiber bundle) over $$M$$ whose fiber over $$x$$ in $$M$$ is given by $$(\phi^*E)_x=E_{\phi(x)}$$.

In this situation, precomposition defines a pullback operation on sections of $$E$$: if $$s$$ is a section of $$E$$ over $$N$$, then the pullback section $$\phi^*s=s\circ\phi$$ is a section of $$\phi^*E$$ over $$M$$.

Pullback of multilinear forms
Let Φ: V → W be a linear map between vector spaces V and W (i.e., Φ is an element of L(V, W), also denoted Hom(V, W)), and let

$$F:W \times W \times \cdots \times W \rightarrow \mathbf{R}$$

be a multilinear form on W (also known as a tensor – not to be confused with a tensor field – of rank (0, s), where s is the number of factors of W in the product). Then the pullback Φ∗F of F by Φ is a multilinear form on V defined by precomposing F with Φ. More precisely, given vectors v1, v2, ..., vs in V, Φ∗F is defined by the formula

$$(\Phi^*F)(v_1,v_2,\ldots,v_s) = F(\Phi(v_1), \Phi(v_2), \ldots ,\Phi(v_s)),$$

which is a multilinear form on V. Hence Φ∗ is a (linear) operator from multilinear forms on W to multilinear forms on V. As a special case, note that if F is a linear form (or (0,1)-tensor) on W, so that F is an element of W∗, the dual space of W, then Φ∗F is an element of V∗, and so pullback by Φ defines a linear map between dual spaces which acts in the opposite direction to the linear map Φ itself:

$$\Phi\colon V\rightarrow W, \qquad \Phi^*\colon W^*\rightarrow V^*.$$

From a tensorial point of view, it is natural to try to extend the notion of pullback to tensors of arbitrary rank, i.e., to multilinear maps on W taking values in a tensor product of r copies of W, i.e., W ⊗ W ⊗ ⋅⋅⋅ ⊗ W. However, elements of such a tensor product do not pull back naturally: instead there is a pushforward operation from V ⊗ V ⊗ ⋅⋅⋅ ⊗ V to W ⊗ W ⊗ ⋅⋅⋅ ⊗ W given by

$$\Phi_*(v_1\otimes v_2\otimes\cdots\otimes v_r)=\Phi(v_1)\otimes \Phi(v_2)\otimes\cdots\otimes \Phi(v_r).$$

Nevertheless, it follows from this that if Φ is invertible, pullback can be defined using pushforward by the inverse function Φ−1. Combining these two constructions yields a pushforward operation, along an invertible linear map, for tensors of any rank (r, s).

Pullback of cotangent vectors and 1-forms
Let $$\phi:M\to N$$ be a smooth map between smooth manifolds. Then the differential of $$\phi$$, written $$\phi_*$$, $$d\phi$$, or $$D\phi$$, is a vector bundle morphism (over $$M$$) from the tangent bundle $$TM$$ of $$M$$ to the pullback bundle $$\phi^*TN$$. The transpose of $$\phi_*$$ is therefore a bundle map from $$\phi^*T^*N$$ to $$T^*M$$, the cotangent bundle of $$M$$.

Now suppose that $$\alpha$$ is a section of $$T^*N$$ (a 1-form on $$N$$), and precompose $$\alpha$$ with $$\phi$$ to obtain a pullback section of $$\phi^*T^*N$$. Applying the above bundle map (pointwise) to this section yields the pullback of $$\alpha$$ by $$\phi$$, which is the 1-form $$\phi^*\alpha$$ on $$M$$ defined by $$ (\phi^*\alpha)_x(X) = \alpha_{\phi(x)}(d\phi_x(X))$$ for $$x$$ in $$M$$ and $$X$$ in $$T_xM$$.

Pullback of (covariant) tensor fields
The construction of the previous section generalizes immediately to tensor bundles of rank $$(0,s)$$ for any natural number $$s$$: a $$(0,s)$$ tensor field on a manifold $$N$$ is a section of the tensor bundle on $$N$$ whose fiber at $$y$$ in $$N$$ is the space of multilinear $$s$$-forms $$ F: T_y N\times\cdots \times T_y N\to \R.$$ By taking $$\phi$$ equal to the (pointwise) differential of a smooth map $$\phi$$ from $$M$$ to $$N$$, the pullback of multilinear forms can be combined with the pullback of sections to yield a pullback $$(0,s)$$ tensor field on $$M$$. More precisely if $$S$$ is a $$(0,s)$$-tensor field on $$N$$, then the pullback of $$S$$ by $$\phi$$ is the $$(0,s)$$-tensor field $$\phi^*S$$ on $$M$$ defined by $$ (\phi^*S)_x(X_1,\ldots, X_s) = S_{\phi(x)}(d\phi_x(X_1),\ldots, d\phi_x(X_s))$$ for $$x$$ in $$M$$ and $$X_j$$ in $$T_xM$$.

Pullback of differential forms
A particular important case of the pullback of covariant tensor fields is the pullback of differential forms. If $$\alpha$$ is a differential $$k$$-form, i.e., a section of the exterior bundle $$\Lambda^k(T^*N)$$ of (fiberwise) alternating $$k$$-forms on $$TN$$, then the pullback of $$\alpha$$ is the differential $$k$$-form on $$M$$ defined by the same formula as in the previous section: $$ (\phi^*\alpha)_x(X_1,\ldots, X_k) = \alpha_{\phi(x)}(d\phi_x(X_1),\ldots, d\phi_x(X_k))$$ for $$x$$ in $$M$$ and $$X_j$$ in $$T_xM$$.

The pullback of differential forms has two properties which make it extremely useful.

 * 1) It is compatible with the wedge product in the sense that for differential forms $$\alpha$$ and $$\beta$$ on $$N$$, $$\phi^*(\alpha \wedge \beta)=\phi^*\alpha \wedge \phi^*\beta.$$
 * 2) It is compatible with the exterior derivative $$d$$: if $$\alpha$$ is a differential form on $$N$$ then $$\phi^*(d\alpha) = d(\phi^*\alpha).$$

Pullback by diffeomorphisms
When the map $$\phi$$ between manifolds is a diffeomorphism, that is, it has a smooth inverse, then pullback can be defined for the vector fields as well as for 1-forms, and thus, by extension, for an arbitrary mixed tensor field on the manifold. The linear map $$\Phi = d\phi_x \in \operatorname{GL}\left(T_x M, T_{\phi(x)}N\right)$$

can be inverted to give $$\Phi^{-1} = \left({d\phi_x}\right)^{-1} \in \operatorname{GL}\left(T_{\phi(x)}N, T_x M\right).$$

A general mixed tensor field will then transform using $$\Phi$$ and $$\Phi^{-1}$$ according to the tensor product decomposition of the tensor bundle into copies of $$TN$$ and $$T^*N$$. When $$M=N$$, then the pullback and the pushforward describe the transformation properties of a tensor on the manifold $$M$$. In traditional terms, the pullback describes the transformation properties of the covariant indices of a tensor; by contrast, the transformation of the contravariant indices is given by a pushforward.

Pullback by automorphisms
The construction of the previous section has a representation-theoretic interpretation when $$\phi$$ is a diffeomorphism from a manifold $$M$$ to itself. In this case the derivative $$d\phi$$ is a section of $$\operatorname{GM}(TM,\phi^*TM)$$. This induces a pullback action on sections of any bundle associated to the frame bundle $$\operatorname{GM}(m)$$ of $$M$$ by a representation of the general linear group $$\operatorname{GM}(m)$$ (where $$m = \dim M$$).

Pullback and Lie derivative
See Lie derivative. By applying the preceding ideas to the local 1-parameter group of diffeomorphisms defined by a vector field on $$M$$, and differentiating with respect to the parameter, a notion of Lie derivative on any associated bundle is obtained.

Pullback of connections (covariant derivatives)
If $$\nabla$$ is a connection (or covariant derivative) on a vector bundle $$E$$ over $$N$$ and $$\phi$$ is a smooth map from $$M$$ to $$N$$, then there is a pullback connection $$\phi^*\nabla$$ on $$\phi^*E$$ over $$M$$, determined uniquely by the condition that $$\left(\phi^*\nabla\right)_X\left(\phi^*s\right) = \phi^*\left(\nabla_{d\phi(X)} s\right).$$

title: Pullback (differential geometry)


text:
Public holidays in Chad

 * This is a list of public holidays in Chad.

December 1, "Freedom and Democracy Day", remembers December 1, 1990 and celebrates the ascent of President Idriss Déby to power.

March 8 is celebrated as "International Women's Day"—La Journee Internationale de la Femme—and marks the culmination of a national week of activities (la Semaine Nationale de la Femme Tchadienne, or "SENAFET") celebrating women. Observations of "huit mars", as it is known locally in French, vary from town to town, ranging from small ceremonies or a day off school for girls only to a week of events that includes races, contests and expositions by women’s groups and ends with parades and community-wide celebrations.

title: Public holidays in Chad


text:
Public holidays in Armenia

The following is a list of public holidays in Armenia.

Non-working legal holidays and remembrance days
Per Armenian law, 12 days are declared as non-working days. Non-working days include:

Other legal holidays
The following days are mentioned in relevant laws, but are not specified as non-working days:

Other traditional, international and professional holidays, as well as religious holidays, can also be celebrated in Armenia. National minorities can also celebrate their national holidays.

Reshuffling by government
The Government of Armenia is allowed to swap working and non-working days. It usually makes use of this e.g. declaring Easter Monday non-working, while the next Saturday becomes a working day instead.

Vardavar
Every year, 14 weeks after Easter, Armenians celebrate Vardavar (Վարդավար), a lively festival where people soak each other with water using hoses, buckets, spray guns, and other tools. Regardless of who you are or where you are, you will get wet if you are out and about during Vardavar.

The origins of Vardavar trace back to ancient Armenian pagan traditions. Historically, on this day known as Water Day, Armenians made offerings of red roses to Astłik, the goddess of water, beauty, love, and fertility. The name "Vardavar" itself is a blend of the words "vard" (meaning "rose") and "var" (meaning "burn") in Armenian.

Despite its pagan roots, Vardavar has been seamlessly integrated into Christian Armenian culture. Following Armenia's conversion to Christianity in 301 AD, the explicit pagan elements were removed from the celebration. However, the festival's essence, symbolized by the joyous and communal water splashing, remains a beloved tradition.

Armenian Earthquake Memorial Day
Armenian Earthquake Memorial Day is a day of remembrance in Armenia for the earthquake of magnitude 6.9 on the Richter scale that struck in northwest Armenia (then part of the Soviet Union) on 7 December 1988. The earthquake damaged much of the country's infrastructure, especially in the cities of Spitak, Leninakan (now Gyumri), Kirovakan (now Vanadzor), and Stepanavan, along with other small towns and villages near the epicenter.

Each year, 7 December is recognized by the government of Armenia (and the de facto government of Nagorno-Karabakh) as a day of remembrance of the tragedies that stemmed from the earthquake in 1988.

Motherhood and Beauty Day
Motherhood and beauty day (Մայրության և գեղեցկության օր) is an official holiday in Armenia dedicated to women. While March 8 celebrates all women, April 7 is mother's day. April 7 is the Feast of the Annunciation in the calendar of the Armenian Apostolic Church. It is expected to give presents to one's own mother. Celebrating each woman as beautiful in her own way, mothers are particularly happy to receive flowers.

title: Public holidays in Armenia


text:
Hideo Ishikawa

Hideo Ishikawa (石川 英郎) is a Japanese voice actor and narrator from Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan. He is currently affiliated with Aoni Production He is most known for being the voice of Kicchō Fukuda in Slam Dunk, Jūshirō Ukitake in Bleach, Auron in Final Fantasy X, Itachi Uchiha in Naruto, Squall Leonhart in Final Fantasy VIII and Kingdom Hearts, Pierre de Chaltier in Tales of Destiny and Ryoma Nagare in many of the newer Getter Robo OVAs and Super Robot Wars games.

Television animation

 * 1993
 * Slam Dunk as Kicchou Fukuda, Hiroshi Morishige, Tatsumasa Oda, Teruo Ookawa
 * Sailor Moon R as Driver, Man

 * 1994
 * Captain Tsubasa J as Makoto Soda
 * Dragon Ball Z as Monk, Subordinate A

 * 1998
 * Outlaw Star as Father, Silgrian
 * Cooking Master Boy as Raihou
 * Bubblegum Crisis: Tokyo 2040 as Masaki
 * All Purpose Cultural Cat Girl Nuku Nuku as Eiichi Ikenami
 * Fancy Lala as Hiroya Aikawa
 * Record of Lodoss War: Chronicles of the Heroic Knight as Randy
 * Getter Robo Armageddon as Ryoma Nagare

 * 1999
 * Gokudo as Hanayo
 * Bucky - The Incredible Kid as Geki
 * GTO: Great Teacher Onizuka as Hideo
 * One Piece as Fullbody

 * 2000
 * Platinumhugen Ordian as Satoru Tachibana
 * Gravitation as Tatsuha Uesugi
 * Muteki-ō Tri-Zenon as Jin Makinohara
 * Shin Getter Robo vs Neo Getter Robo as Ryoma Nagare

 * 2001
 * Tales of Eternia as John
 * The SoulTaker as Umon
 * Mamimume Mogacho as DJ Mash
 * Rave Master as Schneider

 * 2003
 * Avenger as Jade
 * Tantei Gakuen Q as Kintaro Tooyama
 * Getbackers as Boss

 * 2004
 * Naruto as Itachi Uchiha
 * New Getter Robo as Ryoma Nagare
 * Gravion Zwei as Ewan

 * 2005
 * Bleach as Jūshirō Ukitake
 * Transformers: Cybertron as Dreadlock

 * 2006
 * La Corda D'Oro: primo passo as Hiroto Kanazawa
 * Innocent Venus as Toraji Shiba
 * Death Note as Hideki Ide, Raye Penber
 * Night Head Genesis as Jin Tanaka
 * Ring ni Kakero 1: Nichibei Kessen Hen as Kazuki Shinatora
 * Marginal Prince as Stanislav Sokurov

 * 2007
 * Naruto: Shippuden as Itachi Uchiha
 * Kaiji as Funai

 * 2008
 * Kyōran Kazoku Nikki as Dekamelon
 * Hell Girl: Three Vessels as Tange Hideto
 * Fantastic Detective Labyrinth as Kantarou Izumi
 * Porfy no Nagai Tabi as Cloud
 * Rin: Daughters of Mnemosyne as Shōgo Shimazaki

 * 2009
 * La Corda D'Oro ~secondo passo~ as Hiroto Kanazawa
 * Phantom ~Requiem for the Phantom~ as Issac Wisemel

 * 2010
 * Tegami Bachi as Dr. Thunderland Jr
 * Tegami Bachi: Reverse as Dr. Thunderland Jr.
 * Battle Spirits: Brave as Rahze
 * Yu-Gi-Oh! 5D's as Z-ONE
 * Ring ni Kakero 1: Shadow as Kazuki Shinatora

 * 2011
 * We Without Wings - Under the Innocent Sky as Karuo Karube
 * Gosick as Wong Kai
 * Ring ni Kakero 1: Sekai Taikai-hen as Kazuki Shinatora

 * 2012
 * Senki Zesshō Symphogear as Genjūrō Kazanari
 * Naruto Spin-Off: Rock Lee & His Ninja Pals as Itachi Uchiha
 * Aesthetica of a Rogue Hero as Ken'ya Onizuka

 * 2013
 * Senki Zesshō Symphogear G as Genjūrō Kazanari

 * 2014
 * La Corda d'Oro Blue Sky as Hōsei Toki
 * Hero Bank as Ryūga Tennōji
 * Lord Marksman and Vanadis as Emir

 * 2015
 * Assassination Classroom as Asano Gakuho
 * My Love Story!! as Molester 2
 * Senki Zesshō Symphogear GX as Genjūrō Kazanari
 * Sengoku Musou as Toyotomi Hideyoshi

 * 2016
 * Pandora in the Crimson Shell: Ghost Urn as Mr. chicken

 * 2017
 * Senki Zesshō Symphogear AXZ as Genjūrō Kazanari

 * 2018
 * JoJo's Bizarre Adventure: Golden Wind as Polpo / Black Sabbath

 * 2019
 * Senki Zesshō Symphogear XV as Genjūrō Kazanari

 * 2021
 * Getter Robo Arc as Ryoma Nagare

2024
 * 2022
 * Uzaki-chan Wants to Hang Out! ω as Fujio Uzaki
 * Bleach: Thousand-Year Blood War as Jūshirō Ukitake

 * Kinnikuman: Perfect Origin Arc as Knock

Original video animation (OVA)

 * Final Fantasy VII Advent Children (2006) as Cait Sith
 * Saint Seiya: The Lost Canvas (2008) as Oneiros
 * Voltage Fighter Gowcaizer (1996) as Ikki Tachibana/Brider 1, Captain Atlantis/Randy Riggs and Platonic Twins/Ryo Asahina
 * Wild Adapter (xxxx) as Tokito Minoru

Drama CD

 * Samurai Shodown (1994) as Tam Tam, Ukyo Tachibana
 * The King of Fighters '94 (1995) as Robert Garcia

Theatrical animation

 * Slam Dunk: Conquer the Nation, Hanamichi Sakuragi! (1994) as Kenta Mine
 * Road to Ninja: Naruto the Movie (2012) as Itachi Uchiha
 * Classmates (2016) as Manabu Hara

Video games
Unknown date
 * Money Puzzle Exchanger (1997) as Blibov Sakata / Mackermocally
 * Final Fantasy X (2001) as Auron
 * Kingdom Hearts (2002) as Leon
 * Ore no Shita de Agake (2002) as Takafumi Higuchi
 * DreamMix TV World Fighters (2003) as Simon Belmont, Yugo Ogami
 * Ace Combat 5: The Unsung War (2004) as Alvin H. Davenport
 * Airforce Delta Strike (2004) as David Smith, Albert Ungar
 * Kingdom Hearts II (2005) as Leon, Auron
 * Dirge of Cerberus: Final Fantasy VII (2006) as Cait Sith
 * Last Escort (2006) as Satoru Kushinoyuki
 * Naruto: Ultimate Ninja Storm (2008) as Itachi Uchiha
 * Dissidia: Final Fantasy (2008) as Squall Leonhart
 * Tales of Hearts R (2008) as Galando Grinus
 * Samurai Warriors 3 (2009) as Motonari Mori
 * Yakuza 4 (2010) as Daisaku Minami
 * Naruto Shippuden: Ultimate Ninja Storm 2 (2010) as Itachi Uchiha
 * Dragon Ball: Raging Blast 2 (2010) as Hatchihyakku
 * Dissidia 012 Final Fantasy (2011) as Squall Leonhart
 * Final Fantasy Type-0 (2011) as Qator Bashtar
 * Naruto Shippuden: Ultimate Ninja Storm Generations (2012) as Itachi Uchiha
 * Yakuza 5 (2012) as Kamon Kanai
 * Dissidia Final Fantasy NT (2015) as Squall Leonhart
 * Time Crisis 5 (2015) as Keith Martin
 * Super Robot Wars OG The Moon Dwellers (2016) as Al-Van Ranks
 * Dissidia Final Fantasy Opera Omnia (2017) as Squall Leonhart
 * Super Smash Bros. Ultimate (2018) as Simon Belmont, Mii Fighter Type 9
 * Kingdom Hearts III Re Mind (2020) as Leon
 * Live A Live (2022) as Kenichi Matsu
 * Final Fantasy VII Rebirth (2024) as Cait Sith
 * Reynatis (2024) as Ryunosuke Shidou
 * Destrega as Gradd
 * Dynasty Warriors 4 as Zhou Tai
 * Dynasty Warriors 7 as Jia Xu
 * Final Fantasy Type-0 HD as Qator Bashtar
 * Final Fantasy X-2 as Auron, Tobli
 * Kaiser Knuckle (known outside Japan as Global Champion) as Gekkou
 * Kessen as Ii Naomasa
 * Kiniro no Corda as Hiroto Kanazawa
 * Kiniro no Corda 2 as Hiroto Kanazawa
 * Langrisser I & II as Taylor
 * Rockman X6 as Rainy Turtloid, Blizzard Wolfang
 * Onimusha: Dawn of Dreams as Tenkai Nankobo (Samonosuke Akechi)
 * Tales of Destiny as Pierre de Chaltier (PS2 remake)
 * Tales of Eternia as Roen and Gnome
 * Voltage Fighter Gowcaizer as Captain Atlantis/Randy Riggs and Platonic Twins/Ryo Asahina
 * Xenosaga as Kevin Winnicot
 * Yo-Jin-Bo as Tsubaki Tainojō
 * Samurai Warriors 2 as Hideyoshi Toyotomi until Spirit of Sanada
 * Soshite Bokura Wa as Shuhei Aoyama
 * Super Robot Taisen OG: The Moon Dwellers (2016), Al-Van Lunks
 * Warriors Orochi 3 as Jia Xu until 4 Ultimate

Drama CD

 * 110 Ban wa Koi no Hajimari series 1, as Yasuto Fuse
 * 3 Ji Kara Koi wo Suru series 1: 3 Ji Kara Koi wo Suru I, as Ryoutarou Fujishiba
 * 3 Ji Kara Koi wo Suru series 2: 3 Ji Kara Koi wo Suru II, as Ryoutarou Fujishiba
 * 3 Ji Kara Koi wo Suru series 3: 3 Ji Kara Koi wo Suru III, as Ryoutarou Fujishiba
 * 3 Ji Kara Koi wo Suru series 5: 8 Ji Han Kara Fall In Love, as Ryoutarou Fujishiba
 * Boxer Wa Inu Ni Naru series 1: Boxer Wa Inu Ni Naru, as Abel
 * Boxer Wa Inu Ni Naru series 2: Doctor Wa Inu wo Kau, as Abel
 * Boxer Wa Inu Ni Naru series 4: Akuta Wa Inu wo Enjiru, as Abel
 * Broadcast o Toppatsure!, as Uzuki Kuno
 * Count Cain, as Cain Hargreaves
 * Dokyusei, as Manabu Hara
 * Finder Series, as Feilong
 * Hameteyaru!, as Kouji
 * Koi no Series 2: Koi no Seasoning, as Tousui Jougasaki
 * Koi no Series 3: Koi no Mixing, as Tousui Jougasaki
 * Rolex ni Kuchizukewo, as Hitoshi Takeuchi
 * Saikyou no Koibito, as Yuuya Ikuno
 * Sora to Hara, as Manabu Hara
 * Sotsugyosei, as Manabu Hara
 * Wild Adapter, as Tokito Minoru
 * Yellow, as Go
 * Yokubo no Vector, as Tatsuro Hasabe

Tokusatsu

 * Ultraman Tiga (1996) as Irudo (Voice: Kazue Ikura) (ep. 41)
 * Mirai Sentai Timeranger (2000) as Blackmailing School Gang Leader Flan (ep. 17)
 * Hyakujuu Sentai Gaoranger (2001) as Duke Org Propela (ep. 32-33)
 * Kamen Rider Decade (2009) as Ten-Faced Demon Llumu Qhimil (ep. 28-29)
 * OOO, Den-O, All Riders: Let's Go Kamen Riders (2011) as Ten-Faced Demon Llumu Qhimil, Inazuman, Shocker Greeed
 * Kaizoku Sentai Gokaiger (2011) as Zodomas (ep. 4)
 * Kamen Rider × Kamen Rider Fourze & OOO: Movie War Mega Max (2011) as Kamen Rider Stronger
 * Kamen Rider × Super Sentai: Super Hero Taisen (2012) as Kamen Rider Hibiki, Doras other
 * Kamen Rider × Super Sentai × Space Sheriff: Super Hero Taisen Z (2013) as Zanjioh, Sabotegron other
 * Heisei Riders vs. Shōwa Riders: Kamen Rider Taisen feat. Super Sentai (2014) as Skyrider, General Shadow, General Jark, Ten-Faced Demon other
 * Ressha Sentai ToQger (2014) as Film Shadow (ep. 39)
 * Super Hero Taisen GP: Kamen Rider 3 (2015) as Rider Man other
 * Uchu Sentai Kyuranger (2017) as Gamettsui (ep. 2)

Dubbing roles

 * 2 Days in the Valley as Wes Taylor (Eric Stoltz)
 * Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter as Abraham Lincoln (Benjamin Walker)
 * Ghost Ship as Dodge (Ron Eldard)
 * Thomas & Friends as Rusty (Seasons 4–7), Troublesome Trucks (Season 5), Blue Narrow Gauge Coaches (Season 4), and The Elsbridge Cricket Club (Season 4)

title: Hideo Ishikawa


text: User talk:68.237.36.204

title: User talk:68.237.36.204


text:
Public holidays in the Philippines

Public holidays in the Philippines are of two types: regular holidays and special non-working days.

History
On July 25, 1987, President Corazon Aquino promulgated the Administrative Code of the Philippines. Chapter 7 of this code specified a list of ten nationwide regular holidays and two nationwide special days and provided that the President may proclaim any local special day for a particular date, group or place. Seven of the regular holidays were specified with fixed dates, two with movable dates, and one was specified to fall on the last Sunday in August. The code did not specify how the movable dates were to be determined

In 2001, President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo decided to include holiday manipulation, also known as Holiday Economics as part of the then-new government's list of principal economic policies, moving the celebration dates for holidays occurring on midweek days to weekend days. This was codified by Republic Act. No. 9492, approved on July 25, 2007, which replaced the list of holidays and special days. This act had been specified by the Administrative Code with a new list of eleven national holidays and three nationwide special days. The act also provided that Eidul Adha shall be celebrated as a regional holiday in the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao. The act specified two of the holidays and one special day with fixed dates, five of the holidays and two special days as occurring on a Monday nearest to or preceding specified dates, and two of the holidays as having movable dates. The act mandated that the President shall issue a proclamation for specifying the specific date movable holidays at least six months prior to the holiday concerned. The act specified that holidays falling on a Wednesday will be observed on the Monday of that week, that holidays falling on a Sunday will be observed on the Monday that follows, and provided that  regular holidays and special days may be modified by order or proclamation.

Presidential Proclamations issued subsequent to the promulgation of Republic Act No. 9492 established celebration dates for national holidays and special days, and established new holidays and special days, some nationwide and some local to specified localities.

Holiday types
The Labor Code of the Philippines specifies two types of holidays: the "regular holiday" and the "special non-working day". There is a difference in the pay that employers are required to pay between the two type of holidays. There is also a difference in what is closed and in how the days are declared.

On top of these pay rules, an employee shall be given an additional 30% if the holiday falls on their rest day, and an additional 30% if they work overtime.

On a regular holiday, if the employee did not work, they are entitled 100% of their daily wage. However, a special non-working day usually follows a 'No Work, No Pay' principle. Therefore, the employee is not entitled to any compensation if they did not work that day. If the employee works on the special non-working day, they shall be entitled to an additional compensation of 30% of the regular daily wage.

Former holidays
Independence Day was formerly celebrated on July 4—the date of the Philippine independence from the United States in 1946, a date chosen because it was also American Independence Day. On May 12, 1962, President Diosdado Macapagal issued Presidential Proclamation No. 28, which declared Tuesday, June 12 a special public holiday throughout the Philippines, "... in commemoration of our people's declaration of their inherent and inalienable right to freedom and independence." On August 4, 1964, Republic Act No. 4166 renamed July 4 holiday as "Philippine Republic Day", proclaimed June 12 as "Philippine Independence Day", and enjoined all citizens of the Philippines to observe the latter with befitting rites.

In 1955, President Ramón Magsaysay issued Presidential Proclamation No. 212, s. 1955, which established the observance of Philippine–American Day every November 15, which was the anniversary of the 1935 inauguration of the Commonwealth of the Philippines. Sometime during the administration of President Ferdinand Marcos, Philippine–American Day was renamed "Philippine–American Friendship Day" and moved to July 4, overshadowing the observance of the date as Republic Day. After the Third Republic and the abolition of the 1935 Constitution under Martial Law, it was impolitic to remind the public of the old republic. This is why, when President Marcos issued Presidential Proclamation No. 2346 s. 1984, reference was made to Philippine–American Friendship Day, which was relegated to a working holiday without mention of Republic Day.

During the administration of President Corazon C. Aquino, the practice of celebrating July 4 as both Philippine–American Friendship Day and Republic Day as a non-working holiday was formally abolished. Section 26 of the Administrative Code of 1987 specified a list of regular holidays and nationwide special days that did not include July 4.

Nationwide observance
Originally, there were only regular and special holidays. On February 26, 2021, former President Rodrigo Duterte announced the certain special holidays as special working holidays in 2021 under Proclamation No. 1107. This new measure is intended to boost productivity and economic recovery in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic.

On October 13, 2023, President Bongbong Marcos announced that February 25 will no longer be a holiday in 2024 under Proclamation No. 368. The Malacañang stated that the event has "minimum socioeconomic impact" as it falls on a Sunday.

Local observance
Philippine cities, municipalities, or barangays, often observe one or more holidays. Being a predominantly Catholic country, these are usually the feasts of the locale's one or more patron saints.

Secular observances usually mark a government's founding day or the birth or death of a prominent native. These are often celebrated with parades, processions, entertainment, and feasting, as well as whatever local customs are traditional.

Local holidays for the most part are applicable only to the immediate area concerned, and barangay fiestas do not usually warrant a public holiday for the area unless otherwise ordered. Such holidays are usually declared as special non-working day and is proclaimed by the President.

title: Public holidays in the Philippines


text:
Public holidays in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

This is a list of holidays in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.


text:
Public holidays in Iran

Iran uses three official calendar systems, including the Solar Hijri calendar as the main and national calendar, the Gregorian calendar for international events and Christian holidays, and the Lunar Hijri calendar for Islamic holidays.

In 2008, the Iranian government's English-language newspaper Iran Daily wrote that "[the] problem of too many annual public holidays has perpetually been a subject of concern," pointing out that the government would often declare "unofficial holidays [...] to allow extended weekends" around the national holidays. "[I]f official and unofficial holidays are added to weekends, almost half the year the country is holidaying! The serious issue of so many holidays should not be tolerated [...]"

Iran is one of the countries with the most public holidays in the world, with 28 holidays. Many holidays' exact dates are determined by the Islamic calendar, and therefore their Gregorian dates vary from year to year.

title: Public holidays in Iran


text:
Akira Ishida

Akira Ishida (石田 彰) is a Japanese actor and voice actor.

For his portrayal of Saki Abdusha alongside with Sakiko Tamagawa, Akiko Hiramatsu, Rica Matsumoto, Bin Shimada, Issei Masamune and Etsuko Kozakura in You're Under Arrest, Setsuna Aoki in Sakura Wars, Makoto Kurumizawa alongside with Shinichirō Miki and Megumi Hayashibara in Boys Be and Athrun Zala alongside with Sōichirō Hoshi, Rei Tanaka, Naomi Shindō, Nanako Mori, Megumi Toyoguchi, Fumiko Orikasa, Kenichi Suzumura, Maaya Sakamoto, Neya Michiko, Takehito Koyasu and Kotono Mitsuishi in Gundam SEED, Gundam Seed Destiny and Mobile Suit Gundam SEED FREEDOM & Masahiro Sanada in Tenjō Tenge, he was chosen as the most popular voice actor in the Animage Anime Grand Prix in 2004, and won the Best Supporting Character (male) award at the 1st Seiyu Awards in 2007. He is best known for his roles as Gaara in Naruto, Zeref in Fairy Tail, Cho Hakkai in Saiyuki, Kaworu Nagisa in Neon Genesis Evangelion, Kuja in Final Fantasy, Otto Apocalypse in Honkai Impact 3rd, Luocha in "Honkai: Star Rail", Kamisato Ayato in "Genshin Impact", Katsura Kotarou in Gin Tama & Eishi Tsukasa in Food Wars Shokugeki no Sōma.

Audio drama

 * xxxx || Aishite Ageru Nya! -Boku no Pet- || Seto Keiichi || ||
 * xxxx || Akaya Akashiya Ayakashino || Abe-san-tachi || ||
 * xxxx || Amari Sensei no Karei na Seminar || ||
 * xxxx || Arashi no Yoru ni || Mei || ||
 * xxxx || B.Ichi || Emine || ||
 * xxxx || Uragiri wa Boku no Namae wo Shitteiru || Kanata Wakamiya || ||
 * xxxx || Ai wo Utau Yori Ore ni Oborero || Ran Nikkaidou || ||
 * xxxx || Danna Catalogue || Asaya Kouichi || ||
 * xxxx || Dogs: Bullets & Carnage || Badō Nails || ||
 * xxxx || Fire Emblem Reimeihen&Shiranhen || Marth || ||
 * xxxx || Fookies || Karen Teira, Chiyotanda Tomo || ||
 * xxxx || Category: Freaks || Asagi Nanami || ||
 * xxxx || Fujimi Orchestra Series 2: D-Senjou no Aria || Taketo Igarashi || ||
 * xxxx || Fujimi Orchestra Series 3: Samayoeru Violinist || Taketo Igarashi || ||
 * xxxx || Fujimi Orchestra Series 4: Concert wa Osuki? || Taketo Igarashi || ||
 * xxxx || Fujimi Orchestra Series 5: Akaikutsu Waltz || Taketo Igarashi || ||
 * xxxx || Fujimi Orchestra Series 7: Recital Rhapsody || Taketo Igarashi || ||
 * xxxx || Fujimi Orchestra Series 8: Tounoin Hakaku Katariki || Taketo Igarashi || ||
 * xxxx || Fujimi Orchestra Series testimony: Majime Kon Masu wa Conductor no Yume wo Miruka? || Taketo Igarashi || ||
 * xxxx || Genso Suikoden || Ted || ||
 * xxxx || GFantasy Comic CD Collection Fire Emblem: Ankoku Ryū to Hikari no Ken || Curausu || ||
 * xxxx || Gin no Requiem || Kira || ||
 * xxxx || Gunparade March || Atsushi Hayami || ||
 * xxxx || Hakkekkyuu-bu Katsudou Kiroku ~Kanbyou-hen~ Vol.3 || ||
 * xxxx || Hatoful Boyfriend || Shirogane Le Bel Sakuya || ||
 * xxxx || Honeymoon Vol.9 || Chiharu Okumura || ||
 * xxxx || I LOVE PET! vol. 5 || Persian - Roro || ||
 * xxxx || Igarashi-kun no Hito ni Ienai Gin no Yoru || Kira, Igarashi Taketo || ||
 * xxxx || Kamikaze || Ishigami Kamuro || ||
 * xxxx || Kareshi Igai Vol.1 Douryou to no Ayamachi || Nozomi Takano || ||
 * xxxx || Landscape ~Ano Natsu no Negai~ || ||
 * xxxx || M to N no Shouzou || Eīchi Hijiri || ||
 * xxxx || Marukawa-kun Chi no Nekotachi || Mikio Marukawa || ||
 * xxxx || Gekkou Kamen || Iwai Juurou || ||
 * xxxx || My Sexual Harassment series 2: Yume Kamoshirenai || boy || ||
 * xxxx || Nanairo Kamen || Tokio || ||
 * xxxx || No Money || Yukiya Ayase || Drama CD ||
 * xxxx || Okane ga nai series 1 || Yukiya Ayase || ||
 * xxxx || Olimpos || Apollo || ||
 * xxxx || Persona 3 || Main Character Shujinkou, Pharos, Mochizuki Ryoji || ||
 * xxxx || Pick of the Litter || Shii Hiyokoya || ||
 * xxxx || Pinky:SHOW TIME! || Hobby-kun || ||
 * xxxx || S.L.H Stray Love Hearts || Shizuka Uryu || ||
 * xxxx || Samurai Deeper Kyo || Sasuke Sarutobi || ||
 * 2010 || Shinakoi || Kazuya Kitagawa || ||
 * xxxx || Shōnen Onmyōji || Seimei Abeno (young) || ||
 * xxxx || Shosen Kedamono series 1 & 3 || Youichi Yasaka || ||
 * xxxx || Slayers || Xellos || ||
 * xxxx || Starry Sky || Kotarou Hoshizuki || ||
 * xxxx || Suki na Mono wa Suki Dakara Shouganai!! || Kai Nanami || ||
 * xxxx || Tales of Eternia || Rid Hershel || ||
 * xxxx || Tears of Sheep / Histuji no Namida || Arashi Kimijima || ||
 * xxxx || The Epic of Zektbach Novel CD Series ～Blind Justice～ || Nox || ||
 * xxxx || The Law of Ueki; The Law of Drama || Inumaru Wanko || ||
 * xxxx || The Law of Ueki; The Law of Radio || Inumaru Wanko || ||
 * xxxx || The Manzai || Seda Ayumu || ||
 * xxxx || Tsuki no Sabaku Satsujin Jiken || Mizuki Nanase || ||
 * xxxx || Voice Color Series Vol.7 || ||
 * xxxx || Wagamama Prisoner || Akira Takami || ||
 * xxxx || Abunai series 3: Abunai Bara to Yuri no Sono || Kyou Sakuranomiya || ||
 * xxxx || Analyst no Yuutsu series 1: Benchmark ni Koi wo Shite || Jun Toriumi || ||
 * xxxx || Black Bird || ||
 * xxxx || Boku no Mono ni Narinasai series 2: Kimi no Tonaride Nemurasete || Takumi Asano || ||
 * xxxx || Boku no Mono ni Narinasai series 3: Ikeru Tokomade Ikouyo || Takumi Asano || ||
 * xxxx || Boku no Mono ni Narinasai series 4: Kitto Junai Toiunowa.. || Takumi Asano || ||
 * xxxx || Boku no Mono ni Narinasai series || Takumi Asano || ||
 * xxxx || Catch Me! || Tomoyuki Suwa || ||
 * xxxx || Endless Series || Takaomi Toudou || ||
 * xxxx || Last Order || Mahiro Shiho || ||
 * xxxx || Manatsu no Higaisha 1 & 2 || Masashi Nakasato || ||
 * xxxx || Miscast Series || Kazuki Tachibana || ||
 * xxxx || Mo Dao Zu Shi/Ma Dou So Shi || Jin Guangyao/Jin Kouyou || ||
 * xxxx || Okane ga nai series 2: Okane Shika Nai || Yukiya Ayase || ||
 * xxxx || Okane ga nai series 3: Kawaige Nai || Yukiya Ayase || ||
 * xxxx || Okane ga nai series 4: Okane ja Kaenai || Yukiya Ayase || ||
 * xxxx || Ore no Mono! || Mimuro Azuma || ||
 * xxxx || Ourin Gakuen series 1: Ikenai Seitokaishitsu || Rin Takase || ||
 * xxxx || Ourin Gakuen series 2: Ai no Sainou || Rin Takase || ||
 * xxxx || Pretty Baby 2 || Saori Inaba || ||
 * xxxx || Romantist Taste || Akira Okano || ||
 * xxxx || Saigo no Natsuyasumi || Asahi Toono || ||
 * }
 * xxxx || Pinky:SHOW TIME! || Hobby-kun || ||
 * xxxx || S.L.H Stray Love Hearts || Shizuka Uryu || ||
 * xxxx || Samurai Deeper Kyo || Sasuke Sarutobi || ||
 * 2010 || Shinakoi || Kazuya Kitagawa || ||
 * xxxx || Shōnen Onmyōji || Seimei Abeno (young) || ||
 * xxxx || Shosen Kedamono series 1 & 3 || Youichi Yasaka || ||
 * xxxx || Slayers || Xellos || ||
 * xxxx || Starry Sky || Kotarou Hoshizuki || ||
 * xxxx || Suki na Mono wa Suki Dakara Shouganai!! || Kai Nanami || ||
 * xxxx || Tales of Eternia || Rid Hershel || ||
 * xxxx || Tears of Sheep / Histuji no Namida || Arashi Kimijima || ||
 * xxxx || The Epic of Zektbach Novel CD Series ～Blind Justice～ || Nox || ||
 * xxxx || The Law of Ueki; The Law of Drama || Inumaru Wanko || ||
 * xxxx || The Law of Ueki; The Law of Radio || Inumaru Wanko || ||
 * xxxx || The Manzai || Seda Ayumu || ||
 * xxxx || Tsuki no Sabaku Satsujin Jiken || Mizuki Nanase || ||
 * xxxx || Voice Color Series Vol.7 || ||
 * xxxx || Wagamama Prisoner || Akira Takami || ||
 * xxxx || Abunai series 3: Abunai Bara to Yuri no Sono || Kyou Sakuranomiya || ||
 * xxxx || Analyst no Yuutsu series 1: Benchmark ni Koi wo Shite || Jun Toriumi || ||
 * xxxx || Black Bird || ||
 * xxxx || Boku no Mono ni Narinasai series 2: Kimi no Tonaride Nemurasete || Takumi Asano || ||
 * xxxx || Boku no Mono ni Narinasai series 3: Ikeru Tokomade Ikouyo || Takumi Asano || ||
 * xxxx || Boku no Mono ni Narinasai series 4: Kitto Junai Toiunowa.. || Takumi Asano || ||
 * xxxx || Boku no Mono ni Narinasai series || Takumi Asano || ||
 * xxxx || Catch Me! || Tomoyuki Suwa || ||
 * xxxx || Endless Series || Takaomi Toudou || ||
 * xxxx || Last Order || Mahiro Shiho || ||
 * xxxx || Manatsu no Higaisha 1 & 2 || Masashi Nakasato || ||
 * xxxx || Miscast Series || Kazuki Tachibana || ||
 * xxxx || Mo Dao Zu Shi/Ma Dou So Shi || Jin Guangyao/Jin Kouyou || ||
 * xxxx || Okane ga nai series 2: Okane Shika Nai || Yukiya Ayase || ||
 * xxxx || Okane ga nai series 3: Kawaige Nai || Yukiya Ayase || ||
 * xxxx || Okane ga nai series 4: Okane ja Kaenai || Yukiya Ayase || ||
 * xxxx || Ore no Mono! || Mimuro Azuma || ||
 * xxxx || Ourin Gakuen series 1: Ikenai Seitokaishitsu || Rin Takase || ||
 * xxxx || Ourin Gakuen series 2: Ai no Sainou || Rin Takase || ||
 * xxxx || Pretty Baby 2 || Saori Inaba || ||
 * xxxx || Romantist Taste || Akira Okano || ||
 * xxxx || Saigo no Natsuyasumi || Asahi Toono || ||
 * }
 * xxxx || Boku no Mono ni Narinasai series 2: Kimi no Tonaride Nemurasete || Takumi Asano || ||
 * xxxx || Boku no Mono ni Narinasai series 3: Ikeru Tokomade Ikouyo || Takumi Asano || ||
 * xxxx || Boku no Mono ni Narinasai series 4: Kitto Junai Toiunowa.. || Takumi Asano || ||
 * xxxx || Boku no Mono ni Narinasai series || Takumi Asano || ||
 * xxxx || Catch Me! || Tomoyuki Suwa || ||
 * xxxx || Endless Series || Takaomi Toudou || ||
 * xxxx || Last Order || Mahiro Shiho || ||
 * xxxx || Manatsu no Higaisha 1 & 2 || Masashi Nakasato || ||
 * xxxx || Miscast Series || Kazuki Tachibana || ||
 * xxxx || Mo Dao Zu Shi/Ma Dou So Shi || Jin Guangyao/Jin Kouyou || ||
 * xxxx || Okane ga nai series 2: Okane Shika Nai || Yukiya Ayase || ||
 * xxxx || Okane ga nai series 3: Kawaige Nai || Yukiya Ayase || ||
 * xxxx || Okane ga nai series 4: Okane ja Kaenai || Yukiya Ayase || ||
 * xxxx || Ore no Mono! || Mimuro Azuma || ||
 * xxxx || Ourin Gakuen series 1: Ikenai Seitokaishitsu || Rin Takase || ||
 * xxxx || Ourin Gakuen series 2: Ai no Sainou || Rin Takase || ||
 * xxxx || Pretty Baby 2 || Saori Inaba || ||
 * xxxx || Romantist Taste || Akira Okano || ||
 * xxxx || Saigo no Natsuyasumi || Asahi Toono || ||
 * }
 * xxxx || Okane ga nai series 2: Okane Shika Nai || Yukiya Ayase || ||
 * xxxx || Okane ga nai series 3: Kawaige Nai || Yukiya Ayase || ||
 * xxxx || Okane ga nai series 4: Okane ja Kaenai || Yukiya Ayase || ||
 * xxxx || Ore no Mono! || Mimuro Azuma || ||
 * xxxx || Ourin Gakuen series 1: Ikenai Seitokaishitsu || Rin Takase || ||
 * xxxx || Ourin Gakuen series 2: Ai no Sainou || Rin Takase || ||
 * xxxx || Pretty Baby 2 || Saori Inaba || ||
 * xxxx || Romantist Taste || Akira Okano || ||
 * xxxx || Saigo no Natsuyasumi || Asahi Toono || ||
 * }
 * xxxx || Ourin Gakuen series 2: Ai no Sainou || Rin Takase || ||
 * xxxx || Pretty Baby 2 || Saori Inaba || ||
 * xxxx || Romantist Taste || Akira Okano || ||
 * xxxx || Saigo no Natsuyasumi || Asahi Toono || ||
 * }
 * xxxx || Romantist Taste || Akira Okano || ||
 * xxxx || Saigo no Natsuyasumi || Asahi Toono || ||
 * }
 * }

title: Akira Ishida


text:
Jim Sanborn

Herbert James Sanborn, Jr. (born November 14, 1945, in Washington, D.C.) is an American sculptor. He is best known for creating the encrypted Kryptos sculpture at CIA headquarters in Langley, Virginia.

Biography
Sanborn's father was the head of exhibitions at the Library of Congress, and his mother was a concert pianist and photo researcher. He grew up in Alexandria and Arlington, Virginia, attending Burgundy Farm Country Day School, followed by JEB Stuart High School—both in Fairfax County—and then attended Randolph-Macon College, receiving a degree in paleontology, fine arts, and social anthropology in 1968, followed by a Master of Fine Arts degree in sculpture from the Pratt Institute in 1971. He taught at Montgomery College in Rockville, Maryland, and then for nine years was the artist-in-residence at Glen Echo Park.

Art
Sanborn's artwork has been displayed at the High Museum of Art, the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, the Corcoran Gallery of Art, and the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden. He has created sculptural works for the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the Central Intelligence Agency, and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Themes in his work have included "making the invisible visible", with many sculptures focusing on topics such as magnetism, the coriolis effect, secret messages, and mysteries of atomic reactions.

Sculptures
While in England studying archaeology, Sanborn endeavored to create a structure out of stone to gain a better insight on Romanesque sculptures. From this he has created many works of art that deal with invisible forces. These include the coriolis effect and its use of Newton's laws of motion that govern the motion of an object in an inertial frame of reference. He has also worked on pieces that implemented the Earth's magnetic field using lodestones. Other sculptures have featured the science of cryptography. One of Sanborn's most famous cryptographic works, entitled Kryptos, is featured in Dan Brown's 2009 novel The Lost Symbol. The novel is one of books which includes Robert Langdon, the symbologist.

Kryptos

Kryptos was the first cryptographic sculpture made by Sanborn. It was presented to the Central Intelligence Agency in Langley, Virginia on November 3, 1990.

The sculpture has been both a puzzle and a mystery for those who hope to crack the cyphered messages contained within the sculpture's 2,000 alphabetic letters. Since Kryptos was erected, three of the four sections have been confirmed to have been solved. No one has yet been able to solve the remaining 97-character message. He has also said that should he die before the sculpture's code is cracked, there will be a "sort of historic record" left to verify the claim.

Ex Nexum
As part of its 1994–1997 renovations, Sanborn was commissioned to create a sculpture. The sculpture is entitled Ex Nexum; it was installed in 1997 at Little Rock Old US Post Office & Courthouse.

Lux
Lux was built in 2001 at the Old Post Office Building in Fort Myers, Florida. Both cylinders are made of bronze and they stand as high as 8' with a diameter of 5'. Another work, Caloosahatchee Manuscripts, is in the same location.

Exhibits
Sanborn has also created works of art that reach into the realms of atomic energy and experimental physics. In Atomic Time: Pure Science and Seduction, he presented a "life-size re-creation of a hypothetical atomic lab." The exhibit featured the sculpture Critical Assembly, a three-dimensional representation of the components of an atomic bomb. The sculpture included a disassembled sphere that had been designed to hold the nuclear payload of plutonium and uranium.

His next exhibit Terrestrial Physics, was to displayed in June 2010 as part of Denver, Colorado's Biennial of the Americas. It included a sculpture that is able to generate a 1 million volt potential difference. Utilizing a recreated Van de Graaff generator, Sanborn created a fully functional particle accelerator capable of creating nuclear fission.

Large-scale outdoor projects
In addition to designing intricate sculptures and exhibits, Sanborn has also turned some of his large-scale outdoor art into an interactive experience. Coastline located at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Headquarters in Silver Spring, Maryland, is one such piece. A recreation of a portion of Atlantic coastline, the waves experienced here are transferred in "real time" from a monitoring station at Woods Hole, Massachusetts.

Sanborn designed Indian run park located adjacent to the U.S. Federal Courthouse in Beltsville, Maryland, with inspiration from the Iroquois Nations that inhabited the area nearly 900 years ago. On this site, hundreds of artifacts by the Iroquois have been discovered, and it is estimated that thousands still remain. The artist himself has also "seeded" 10,000 arrowheads within the grounds, allowing visitors the opportunity of taking a piece of this work of art with them. The park, named after the original Indian Run river that once existed there, includes a waterfall and walkway resembling the snaking waterway. Also, located within the park is a bronze cylindrical sculpture written in Onondaga language and "transcribed from the ancient oral tradition of the five Iroquois nations." At night it is illuminated with a pinpoint light that emits its text upon the surrounding environment.

Literature
Sanborn's 2004 book, Atomic Time: Pure Science and Seduction, includes images detailing his exhibit Atomic Time: Pure Science and Seduction inspired by the Manhattan Project.

Selected works

 * Kryptos, CIA, 1990. Embedded with four ciphers, it was intended to be a challenge to the employees of the CIA. Presently only three of the four messages have been deciphered.
 * Coastline, 1993, an outdoor wave pool sculpture at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration complex in Silver Spring, Maryland.
 * Cyrillic Projector, a sculpture installed at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte in 1997.
 * A,A, erected in 2004 on the campus of the University of Houston, adjacent to the M.D. Anderson Library.
 * Lingua located at the Walter E. Washington Convention Center. It contains historical text ranging from 1400 BC to the present day.
 * Critical Assembly, 2003, modeled the first atomic bomb and key experiments of the Manhattan Project and was displayed at the Corcoran Gallery of Art.
 * Radiance, 2008, Louisiana State University, erected in front of the Center for Energy Studies.
 * Terrestrial Physics, 2009, which includes a full-scale working particle accelerator. It premiered in June 2010 as part of Biennial of the Americas.

Awards and grants

 * 1982 National Endowment For The Arts Fellowship
 * 1983 Kawasaki International Sculpture Symposium, Kawasaki Japan.
 * 1984 Virginia Commission On The Arts Fellowship.
 * 1986 National Endowment For The Arts Fellowship.
 * 1987 Kaoshiung Taiwan International Sculpture Symposium, Kaoshiung Taiwan.
 * 1988 Awards In The Visual Arts Grant.
 * 1988 Louis Comfort Tiffany Foundation Grant.
 * 1990 Art Matters Inc. Grant.
 * 1991 Virginia Museum Fellowship.
 * 1992 Virginia Commission On the Arts Grant.
 * 1992 Pollock-Krasner Foundation Grant.
 * 1994 Virginia Commission on The Arts Grant.
 * 1997 Sirius Project Residency, Cork Ireland.

title: Jim Sanborn


text:
Public holidays in Venezuela

The table below shows a list of the most notable holidays in Venezuela. Popular and public holidays are included in the list.

Other public holidays may be observed. In 2019, several days were announced as national holidays based on widespread blackouts.

Official holidays
Information adapted from the Office of National Holidays.

title: Public holidays in Venezuela


text:
Public holidays in North Korea

This is a list of public holidays in North Korea. See also the Korean calendar for a list of traditional holidays. , the North Korean calendar has 71 official public holidays, including Sundays. In the past, North Koreans relied on rations provided by the state on public holidays for feasts. Recently, with marketization people are able to save up money and buy the goods they need.

The Day of the Sun, the birthday of its founder and first leader Kim Il Sung, on 15 April is the most important holiday in the country. The second most important is the Day of the Shining Star on 16 February, the birthday of Kim Jong Il. , Kim Jong Un's birthday is still not a public holiday. Other holidays of great importance are the Party Foundation Day (10 October) and the Day of the Foundation of the Republic (9 September). North Koreans often schedule their wedding days on important national holidays.

North Korea regularly carries out missile and nuclear tests on such important anniversaries.

Momentous changes in political holidays in North Korean calendars
During some years, certain dates related with the Kim regime are additionally designated as public holidays for propaganda purposes.

In the 2014 version of the North Korean calendar, "Generalissimo Day" (대원수추대일) briefly became a holiday that honors when Kim Jong Il posthumously received the title "Generalissimo of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea" in 2012.

In the 2015 calendar, a new public holiday was to be celebrated on June 19, marking the date in 1964 when Kim Jong Il graduated from Kim Il Sung University and began working as part of the Party’s organizational leadership. Various events related to the commemorative day take place every year on this date in North Korea, but this was the first time it has been recognized as a national holiday.

In the 2017 calendar, July 3 became a public holiday called "Day of the Strategic Forces" (전략군절).

title: Public holidays in North Korea


text:
Susan Atkins

Susan Denise Atkins (May 7, 1948 – September 24, 2009) was an American convicted murderer who was a member of Charles Manson's "Family". Manson's followers committed a series of nine murders at four locations in California over a period of five weeks in the summer of 1969. Known within the Manson family as Sadie, Sadie Glutz, Sadie Mae Glutz or Sexy Sadie, Atkins was convicted for her participation in eight of these killings, including the most notorious, the Tate murders in 1969. She was sentenced to death, which was subsequently commuted to life imprisonment when the California Supreme Court invalidated all death sentences issued prior to 1972. Atkins was incarcerated until her death in 2009. At the time of her death, she was California's longest-serving female inmate, long since surpassed by fellow Manson family members Leslie Van Houten and Patricia Krenwinkel.

Early life
Atkins was born on May 7, 1948, in San Gabriel, California. She was of English, Irish, Scottish, and German descent. The second of three children, she grew up in northern California. According to Atkins, her parents, Jeanne (née Jett) and Edward John Atkins, were alcoholics. Her mother died of cancer in 1964. Over the next three years, Susan's life was disrupted by the gradual breakup of her family, frequent relocations, and her leaving home to live independently. Until she was 13 years old, Atkins and her family lived in a middle-class home in the Cambrian Park area of San Jose, California. She was described by those who knew her as a quiet, self-conscious girl who belonged to her school's glee club and the local church choir. Two weeks before her mother was hospitalized for the final time, Susan arranged for members of the church choir to sing Christmas carols under her bedroom window. After Jeanne Atkins' death, relatives were asked to help look after Susan and her two brothers.

Edward Atkins eventually moved to Los Banos, California, with Susan and her younger brother Steven. When he found work on the San Luis Dam construction project, Edward left the two children behind to fend for themselves. Susan took a job during her junior year in school to support herself and Steven. Atkins had been an average student in Leigh High School in San Jose, but her grades deteriorated when she entered Los Banos High School. During this time, she lived with various relatives.

In December 1966, Atkins asked two classmates to go to San Francisco with her over the Christmas school break. In early 1967 she was working as a stripper in Los Angeles, and Anton LaVey hired her for a performance. Later in 1967, Atkins met Manson when he played guitar at the house where she was living with several friends. When the house was raided several weeks later by the police and Atkins was left homeless, Manson invited her to join his group, who were embarking on a summer road trip in a converted school bus painted completely black. She was nicknamed "Sadie Mae Glutz" by Manson and a man who was creating a fake ID for her at the time. Atkins later claimed to have believed Manson was Jesus. The growing "Manson Family" settled at the Spahn Ranch in the San Fernando Valley in southern California, where, on October 7, 1968, Atkins bore a son by Bruce White, whom Manson called Zezozose Zadfrack Glutz. Atkins' parental rights were terminated once she was convicted of the murders, and no one in her family would assume responsibility for the child. Her son was adopted and renamed from the time of her incarceration in 1969. She had no further contact with him.

Murder of Gary Hinman
During the summer of 1969, Manson and his commune at Spahn's Ranch were attracting the attention of the police, who suspected them of auto thefts and were suspicious of the high number of underage runaways. In an attempt to raise money to move away to the desert, Manson encouraged drug dealing. Purportedly, a botched drug scam by Family member Charles "Tex" Watson led Manson to confront and shoot a man named Bernard "Lotsapoppa" Crowe. Manson believed he had killed Crowe, and he further believed Crowe was a Black Panther. Neither was true. Nonetheless, Manson feared retaliation from the Black Panthers and pressured his followers for more money.

During this time someone suggested that Family acquaintance Gary Hinman had just inherited a large sum of money. Manson hoped Hinman could be persuaded to join the commune and contribute his purported new inheritance.

Manson sent Atkins, Bobby Beausoleil, and Mary Brunner to Hinman's home on July 25, 1969. When Hinman said that he had not inherited any money, Beausoleil beat him severely. When Hinman still insisted that he had no inheritance, Manson showed up in person and swung at his head with a sword, slicing his face and severely cutting his ear. Manson directed Atkins and Brunner to stay behind and tend to Hinman's wounds. Two days later, and after a phone call from Manson, Beausoleil had Hinman sign over the registrations to his cars and then fatally stabbed him twice. Beausoleil left a bloody hand print on the wall along with the words "Political Piggy" reportedly placed there in hopes of implicating the Black Panthers. Beausoleil was arrested on August 7, 1969, when he was found asleep in one of Hinman's vehicles. He was still wearing the bloodstained clothing he wore during the crime. The murder weapon was hidden in the tire well of the car's trunk.

Sharon Tate and LaBianca murders
On the evening of August 8, 1969, Manson gathered Atkins, Linda Kasabian, and Patricia Krenwinkel in front of Spahn's Ranch and told them to go with Charles "Tex" Watson and do as they were told. In Atkins' grand jury testimony, she stated that while in the car, Watson told the group they were going to a home to get money from the people who lived there and to kill them. Atkins wrote "PIG" on the front door in Sharon Tate's blood.

On the night of August 10, 1969, Manson, Atkins, Krenwinkel, Watson, Linda Kasabian, Leslie Van Houten, and Steve "Clem" Grogan, went to the home of Leno and Rosemary LaBianca. Manson and Watson entered the home and tied the couple up. He then went back to the car and sent Krenwinkel and Van Houten inside to do as Watson said.

Motivation
In later years, prosecutor Vincent Bugliosi stated that he believed the murders had numerous, disparate motives, all of which he believed served to benefit Manson. Atkins stated that she wanted to do a crime that would shock the world.

Arrest and jailhouse confession
On August 16, 1969, the police raided Spahn's Ranch in connection with auto thefts. The charges were later dropped and everyone was released. Soon after their release, Manson and his followers left Spahn Ranch for Barker Ranch, another isolated location. However, the authorities were still suspicious of the group, raided the new location in October 1969, and arrested the group again on auto theft charges. It would be the last time many of them would be free. Just after this arrest, another member of the group implicated Atkins in the Hinman murder and she was charged with that crime.

While in jail, Atkins befriended two middle-aged career criminals, Virginia Graham and Veronica "Ronnie" Howard, to whom she confessed her participation in the Tate/LaBianca murders (for example, telling the women that she had stabbed Tate and tasted Tate's blood). They subsequently reported her statements to the authorities. This, combined with information from other sources, led to the arrests of Atkins and others involved in the Tate/LaBianca murders (Van Houten, Krenwinkel, Kasabian, and Watson).

Virginia Graham and Ronnie Howard later received the bulk of the $25,000 reward offered by Roman Polanski for solving the murder case. Their testimony was corroborated by extensive forensic evidence, the testimony of Linda Kasabian, and the grand jury testimony of Atkins herself.

Grand jury testimony
Atkins agreed to testify for the prosecution, in exchange for the State of California not seeking the death penalty against her. Atkins appeared before a grand jury, and provided extensive testimony concerning the events on the nights of August 8 and 9, 1969.

When asked if she were willing to testify, knowing that she was not being given immunity, and might incriminate herself in her trial testimony, she responded, "I understand this, and my life doesn't mean that much to me. I just want to see what is taken care of."

Atkins' grand jury testimony was extremely lurid, and provides remarkable details concerning the Tate murders. Atkins told the grand jury that she stabbed Frykowski in the legs and held Tate down while Watson stabbed her. She also testified that Tate had pleaded for her life and that of her unborn child. In response, Atkins replied, "Woman, I have no mercy for you." She told the grand jury that her words were intended to reassure herself, and not addressed to Tate. Atkins also denied her earlier statement to Howard and Graham that she had tasted Tate's blood.

Prior to the trial, Atkins repudiated her grand jury testimony in a written statement filed with the court, and discontinued her cooperation with the prosecution. As a result, the State of California sought the death penalty in her case.

Atkins alleged that the reason that she repudiated her grand jury testimony was that "Manson sent his followers to suggest that it might be better for me and my son if I decided not to testify against him".

There is an ongoing debate as to the exact details of the killings, and the accuracy of Atkins' grand jury testimony. In the book, Helter Skelter, the prosecutor, Vincent Bugliosi wrote that he viewed Atkins' testimony as "substantially truthful," with a few omissions concerning the events of the second night.

However, Atkins herself later gave a slightly different account of the crimes. In a 1976 interview, after she had become a born-again Christian, Atkins claimed that she did not actually stab anyone during the Tate murders, and that Watson was responsible for the murder of Sharon Tate. In his 1978 memoir, Watson declared himself responsible for all of Tate's injuries, characterizing Atkins' initial confessions as exaggeration, jail house bragging, and a bid for attention.

From the early 1970s onward however, Atkins had told parole boards that her original grand jury testimony was truthful and accurate as to what transpired in the Tate home; however, it didn't completely match the forensics and autopsy reports.

Tate–LaBianca trial
Manson, Krenwinkel, Van Houten, and Atkins went on trial on June 15, 1970. Watson was later tried separately as he was at the time in Texas fighting extradition. Kasabian, who had no direct involvement in the murders, was offered, and accepted, legal immunity.

During the sentencing phase of the trial, Atkins testified that she stabbed Tate. She stated that she had stabbed Tate because she was "sick of listening to her, pleading and begging, begging and pleading". Little credibility was given to Atkins' testimony in general, as it frequently contradicted known facts. She claimed "(Manson) told us that we were going to have to get on the stand and claim we had deliberately and remorselessly, and with no direction from him at all, committed all the murders ourselves".

Throughout the trial, Atkins and her co-defendants attempted to disrupt proceedings and were noted for both their lack of remorse for their victims and lack of concern for their own fate. They sang Manson-penned songs while being led to the courtroom. All four defendants were sentenced to death on March 29, 1971. Atkins was transferred to California's new women's death row in April 1971.

Hinman trial
After the Tate/LaBianca trial, Atkins was convicted for the Hinman murder. She pleaded guilty to the charges against her. She testified she had not known Hinman was to be robbed or killed, although Atkins subsequently contradicted herself on this point in her 1977 autobiography.

Imprisonment
Atkins arrived on California's death row on April 23, 1971, but her death sentence was automatically commuted to life in prison the next year following the California Supreme Court's People v. Anderson decision, which invalidated all death sentences imposed in California prior to 1972. In 1977, Atkins published her autobiography, Child of Satan, Child of God, in which she recounted the time she spent with Manson and the family, her religious conversion, and her prison experiences.

From 1974 onward, Atkins said she was a born-again Christian after seeing a vision of Jesus Christ in her cell. She became active in prison programs, teaching classes and received two commendations for assisting in emergency health interventions with other inmates, one of which was a suicide attempt.

Atkins married twice while in prison. Her first marriage was to Donald Lee Laisure on September 2, 1981. Atkins became Laisure's 36th wife, but the two divorced after he sought to marry yet again. In 1987, she married James W. Whitehouse, a graduate of Harvard Law School who was 15 years her junior. Whitehouse represented Atkins at her 2000 and 2005 parole hearings and maintained a website dedicated to her legal representation.

During Atkins' 2000 parole hearing, Sharon Tate's sister, Debra, read a statement written by their father, Paul, which said in part, "Thirty-one years ago I sat in a courtroom with a jury and watched with others. I saw a young woman who giggled, snickered and shouted out insults; even while testifying about my daughter's last breath, she laughed. My family was ripped apart. If Susan Atkins is released to rejoin her family, where is the justice?"

In April 2002, Atkins told a Los Angeles Times reporter of her work to discourage teenagers from idolizing Manson and her hope of someday leaving prison to live in Laguna Beach, California.

In 2003, Atkins filed a lawsuit in federal court claiming that she was a "political prisoner" due to the repeated denials of her parole requests regardless of her suitability.

On June 1, 2005, Atkins had her 17th parole hearing; this resulted in a three-year denial. She was given less than six months to live and subsequently requested a "compassionate release" from prison. Atkins' attorney, Eric P. Lampel, stated that Atkins' condition had deteriorated to the point that she was paralyzed on one side, could only talk "a little bit", and could not sit up in bed without assistance. The hearing was attended by various family members of the victims, including Debra Tate and members of the Sebring family, and they requested that her parole be denied. She received a four-year denial.

In April 2008, it was revealed that Atkins had been hospitalized for more than a month with an undisclosed illness that was subsequently reported to be terminal brain cancer. Her left leg had been amputated.

Opinions on Atkins' release request
Vincent Bugliosi, who prosecuted Atkins, said he was not opposed to her release given her current condition, adding that she had paid "substantially, though not completely, for her horrendous crimes. Paying completely would mean imposing the death penalty." Bugliosi stated he supported her release to save the state money. The cost for Atkins' medical care since she was hospitalized on March 18, 2008, "reportedly surpassed $1.15 million with additional cost of over $300,000 to guard her hospital room." Bugliosi stated he was challenging the notion that "just because Susan Atkins showed no mercy to her victims, we therefore are duty-bound to follow her inhumanity and show no mercy to her."

Former prosecutor Stephen R. Kay, who prosecuted Manson supporters, opposed Atkins' release, stating:

Atkins married twice while in prison. For a long time, she got conjugal visits and Sharon Tate and the others were dead and buried long ago. So I think it's a matter of principle that she should not be granted clemency.

Kay also stated that he had attended about 60 parole hearings related to the murders and spent considerable time with the victims' families, witnessing their suffering.

Los Angeles County District Attorney Steve Cooley stated that he was strongly opposed to the release, saying in a letter to the board it would be "an affront to people of this state, the California criminal justice system and the next of kin of many murder victims." Cooley wrote that Atkins' "horrific crimes alone warrant a denial of her request" and that she "failed to demonstrate genuine remorse and lacks insight and understanding of the gravity of her crimes." Suzan Hubbard, director of adult prisons in California, also recommended against granting Atkins' request. California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger opposed Atkins' release, stating: I don't believe in [compassionate release]. I think that they have to stay in, they have to serve their time ... [T]hose kinds of crimes are just so unbelievable that I'm not for the compassionate release.

Orange County District Attorney Tony Rackauckas also opposed Atkins' release, stating that "It would be a grave miscarriage of justice to burden the citizens of Orange County by paroling her to Orange County, where she can enjoy the comforts of her husband, home and mercy she did not show Sharon Tate [or] her unborn baby."

Release hearing and results
The Board of Parole Hearings considered Atkins' request for compassionate release during its monthly meeting on July 15, 2008. During the 90-minute hearing, emotional pleas were made by both supporters and opponents of Atkins' release. The public hearing limited speakers' comments to five minutes each. After the board heard the case (as well as other agenda items), it retired to closed session for final deliberations. Due to her failing health, Atkins herself did not attend the hearing.

Debra Tate, by this point the only surviving immediate relative of murder victim Sharon Tate, spoke in opposition to a compassionate release for Atkins, stating, "She will be set free when judged by God. It's important that she die in incarceration." Pam Turner, a niece of Sharon Tate, also opposed Atkins' release, stating, "If she were capable of comprehending what our family's been through, she would be ashamed to come before this parole board and ask such a request." Anthony DiMaria, the nephew of murder victim Thomas Jay Sebring, also opposed Atkins' release, stating, "You will hear various opinions with respect to this today, but you will hear nothing from the nine people who lie in their graves and suffered horrendous deaths at the hands of Susan Atkins."

Gloria Goodwin Killian, director of ACWIP (Action Committee for Women in Prison) and a Pasadena legal researcher and prisoner advocate, spoke in support for Atkins' compassionate release, arguing, "Susan has been punished all that she can be. Short of going out to the hospital and physically torturing her, there is nothing left anyone can do to her. The people who are suffering are the people you see in this room today." In July 2008, Atkins' husband, James W. Whitehouse, told the board, "They tell me we're lucky if we have three months. It's not going to be fun. It's not going to be pretty."

Ultimately, after final deliberations the 11 members of the California Board of Parole Hearings unanimously declined to refer Atkins' request for compassionate release to the sentencing court. The decision—posted on its website—meant that Atkins' request would not be forwarded to the Los Angeles Superior Court that sentenced her, which would have had the final say as to whether she would be released. On September 24, 2008, Atkins was transferred back to the Central California Women's Facility in Chowchilla, California, to the facility's skilled nursing center.

Atkins' minimum eligible parole date was October 6, 1976. Her initial parole consideration hearing was on September 14, 1976, at which time she was denied parole. Prior to her 2009 parole hearing, a website maintained by Atkins' husband claimed that she was paralyzed over 85 percent of her body and unable to sit up or be transferred to a wheelchair. For the final time, Atkins was denied parole on September 2, 2009.

Death
Atkins died on September 24, 2009, at the Central California Women's Facility in Chowchilla. A prison spokesperson announced to reporters that her cause of death was listed as natural causes. Her husband, James Whitehouse, subsequently released a statement saying that "Her last whispered word was 'Amen'."

Media portrayals
Atkins was portrayed by Nancy Wolfe in the 1976 made-for-TV film Helter Skelter, and by Marguerite Moreau in that film's 2004 remake. She was played by Maureen Allisse in The Manson Family (2003), by Anjelica Scannura in Manson, My Name Is Evil (2009), by Devanny Pinn in House of Manson (2014), by Ambyr Childers in the 2015 TV series Aquarius, by Sarah Paulson in American Horror Story: Cult, by Kristine Hayworth in Prettyface, by Marianne Rendon in Charlie Says, and by Mikey Madison in Once Upon a Time in Hollywood.

title: Susan Atkins


text:
Public holidays in Norway

Holidays in Norway

title: Public holidays in Norway