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Mickey Rourke

Philip Andre "Mickey" Rourke Jr. (born September 16, 1952) is an American actor and former professional boxer who has appeared primarily as a leading man in drama, action, and thriller films.

During the 1980s, Rourke played supporting roles in films like Body Heat (1981) and Diner (1982), before portraying leading roles in films like The Motorcycle Boy in Rumble Fish (1983), Charlie Moran in The Pope of Greenwich Village (1984), Captain Stanley White in Year of the Dragon (1985) and John Gray in 9½ Weeks (1986). He received critical praise for his work in the Charles Bukowski biopic Barfly and the horror mystery Angel Heart (both 1987). In 1991, following a string of critical and commercial failures, Rourke—who trained as a boxer in his early years—left acting and became a professional boxer for a time.

After retiring from boxing in 1994, Rourke returned to acting and had supporting roles in several films such as The Rainmaker (1997), Buffalo '66 (1998), Animal Factory, Get Carter (both 2000), The Pledge (2001), Once Upon a Time in Mexico (2003), Man on Fire (2004) and Domino (2005). In 2005, Rourke made a comeback in mainstream Hollywood circles with a lead role in the neo-noir action thriller Sin City, for which he won awards from the Chicago Film Critics Association, the Irish Film and Television Awards, and the Online Film Critics Society.

This comeback culminated in his portraying aging wrestler Randy 'The Ram' Robinson in the sports drama film The Wrestler (2008). For the role, Rourke won the Golden Globe Award and BAFTA Award for Best Actor, and received a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actor. After this, Rourke appeared in several commercially successful films; Iron Man 2, The Expendables (both 2010) and Immortals (2011), before primarily going on to work in independent and direct-to-video productions.

Early life
Philip Andre Rourke Jr. was born on September 16, 1952, in Schenectady, New York, to Annette (née Cameron) and Philip Andre Rourke (1924–1982). He has Irish and French ancestry. He was raised Catholic and still practices his faith. His father left the family when Mickey was young. After his parents divorced, his mother married Eugene Addis, a Miami Beach police officer with five sons, and moved Rourke, younger brother Joey, and sister (Patricia) to South Florida. There, he graduated from Miami Beach Senior High School in 1971.

Amateur boxing
During his teenage years, Rourke focused his attention mainly on sports. He took up self-defense training at the Boys Club of Miami. It was there that he learned boxing skills and decided on an amateur career.

At age 12, Rourke won his first boxing match as a 112 lb flyweight, fighting some of his early matches under the name Phil Rourke. He continued his boxing training at the famed 5th Street Gym, in Miami Beach, Florida. In 1969, Rourke, then weighing 140 pounds (63.5 kg), sparred with former World Welterweight Champion Luis Rodríguez. Rodríguez was the number one–rated middleweight (154 lb to 160 lb) boxer in the world and was training for his match with world champion Nino Benvenuti. Rourke says he received a concussion from his sparring match with Rodríguez.

At the 1971 Florida Golden Gloves, Rourke suffered another concussion in a boxing match. After being told by doctors to take a year off and rest, Rourke temporarily retired from the ring. From 1964 to 1973, Rourke compiled an amateur boxing record of 27 wins (including 12 straight knockouts), including a first-round knockout win over John Carver and decision victories over Ronnie Carter and Javier Villanueva, and three defeats.

Early acting roles
In 1971, as a senior at Miami Beach Senior High School, Rourke had a small acting role in the Jay W. Jensen–directed school play The Serpent. However, Rourke's interests were geared to boxing, and he never appeared in any other school productions. Soon after he temporarily gave up boxing, a friend at the University of Miami told Rourke about a play he was directing, Deathwatch, and how the man playing the role of Green Eyes had quit. Rourke got the part and immediately became enamored with acting. Borrowing $400 from his sister, he moved to New York, working an assortment of odd jobs while studying with Actors Studio alumni Walter Lott and Sandra Seacat. It was under the latter's tutelage, Rourke later recalled, that "everything started to click." Seacat motivated Rourke to find his father, from whom he was separated for more than twenty years. During his appearance on Inside the Actors Studio, after the release of The Wrestler, host James Lipton disclosed that Rourke had been selected to the Actors Studio in his first audition, which Elia Kazan is reported to have said was the "best audition in thirty years".

Appearing primarily in television films during the late 1970s, Rourke made his feature film debut with a small role in Steven Spielberg's 1941. He played Ritchie, Dennis Christopher's bullying and ill-fated co-worker in the 1980 slasher film Fade to Black. However, it was in 1981, with his portrayal of an arsonist in Body Heat, that Rourke first received significant attention, despite his modest time on screen. The following year, he drew further critical accolades for his portrayal as the suave compulsive gambler "Boogie" Sheftell in Barry Levinson's Diner, in which Rourke co-starred, alongside Paul Reiser, Daniel Stern, Steve Guttenberg, Tim Daly and Kevin Bacon; the National Society of Film Critics named him Best Supporting Actor that year. Soon thereafter, Rourke starred in Rumble Fish, Francis Ford Coppola's follow-up to The Outsiders.

Rourke's performance in the film The Pope of Greenwich Village alongside Daryl Hannah and Eric Roberts also caught the attention of critics, although the film was not financially successful. In the mid-1980s, Rourke earned himself additional leading roles. His role opposite Kim Basinger in the erotic drama 9½ Weeks helped him gain sex symbol status. He received critical praise for his work in Barbet Schroeder's Barfly as the alcoholic writer Henry Chinaski (the literary alter ego of Charles Bukowski), co-starring Faye Dunaway, and in Year of the Dragon, written by Oliver Stone.

In 1987, Rourke appeared in Angel Heart. The film was nominated for several awards. It was seen as controversial by some, owing to a sex scene involving Cosby Show cast member Lisa Bonet, who won an award for her part in the film. Although some of Rourke's work was viewed as controversial in the US, he was well received by European, and especially French audiences, who loved the "rumpled, slightly dirty, sordid ... rebel persona" that he projected in Year of the Dragon, 9½ Weeks, Angel Heart, and Desperate Hours. Director Adrian Lyne said that had Rourke died after the release of Angel Heart, he would have become a bigger phenomenon than James Dean.

In the late 1980s, Rourke performed with David Bowie on the Never Let Me Down album. Around the same time, he also wrote his first screenplay, Homeboy, a boxing tale in which he starred. In 1989, Rourke starred in the docudrama Francesco, portraying St. Francis of Assisi. This was followed by Wild Orchid, another critically panned film, which gained him a nomination for a Razzie award (also for Desperate Hours). In 1991, he starred in the box office bomb Harley Davidson and the Marlboro Man as Harley Davidson, a biker whose best friend, Marlboro, was played by Don Johnson. In his last role before departing for the boxing ring, Rourke played an arms dealer chased by Willem Dafoe and Samuel L. Jackson in White Sands, a film noir that reviewers found stylish but incoherent.

Rourke's acting career eventually became overshadowed by his personal life and career decisions. Directors such as Alan Parker found it difficult to work with him. Parker stated that "working with Mickey is a nightmare. He is very dangerous on the set because you never know what he is going to do." In a documentary on the special edition DVD of Tombstone, actor Michael Biehn, who plays the part of Johnny Ringo, mentions that his role was first offered to Rourke. Rourke has allegedly turned down several roles in high-profile films, including 48 Hrs., Platoon, Highlander, Top Gun, Beverly Hills Cop, The Untouchables, Rain Man, The Silence of the Lambs, Pulp Fiction, and Death Proof.

Professional boxing career
In 1991, Rourke decided that he "had to go back to boxing" because he felt that he "was self-destructing ... [and] had no respect for [himself as] an actor". Rourke was undefeated in eight fights, with six wins (four by knockout) and two draws. He fought internationally in countries including Spain, Japan, and Germany. During his boxing career, Rourke suffered a number of injuries, including a broken nose, toe, and ribs, a split tongue, and a compressed cheekbone. He also suffered from short-term memory loss.

His trainer during most of his boxing career was Hells Angels member, actor, and celebrity bodyguard Chuck Zito. Freddie Roach also trained Rourke for seven fights. Rourke's entrance song into the ring was often Guns N' Roses' "Sweet Child o' Mine" (to which reference is made in his film The Wrestler, in which Rourke's character enters his final match of the film to the song playing over the loudspeakers). Boxing promoters said that Rourke was too old to succeed against top-level fighters. Indeed, Rourke himself admits that entering the ring was a sort of personal test: "[I] just wanted to give it a shot, test myself that way physically, while I still had time." Rourke's boxing career resulted in a notable physical change in the 1990s, as his face needed reconstructive surgery to mend his injuries. His face was later called "appallingly disfigured".

Return to boxing in 2014
On November 28, 2014, Rourke briefly returned to the boxing ring and fought 29-year-old Elliot Seymour in Moscow, Russia. It was Rourke's first boxing match in over 20 years. Talks of him being involved in four more matches were released by Rourke himself after the match. He won the exhibition fight in the second round by TKO. The fight is not counted in his professional record since it was an exhibition match. The opponent later stated that he threw the fight, having been promised payment to take a dive in the second round.

1990s: Return to acting
In the early 1990s, Rourke was offered and declined the role of Butch Coolidge, which later became Bruce Willis's role in Pulp Fiction. After his retirement from boxing, Rourke did accept supporting roles in several 1990s films, including Francis Ford Coppola's adaptation of John Grisham's The Rainmaker, Vincent Gallo's Buffalo '66, Steve Buscemi's Animal Factory, Sean Penn's The Pledge, and Sylvester Stallone's remake of Get Carter. Rourke also has written several films under the name Sir Eddie Cook, including Bullet, in which he co-starred with Tupac Shakur.

While Rourke was also selected for a significant role in Terrence Malick's The Thin Red Line, his part ended up on the cutting room floor. Rourke also played a small part in the film Thursday, in which he plays a crooked cop. He also had a lead role in 1997's Double Team, which co-starred martial arts actor Jean-Claude Van Damme and former NBA player Dennis Rodman. It was Rourke's first over-the-top action film role, in which he played the lead villain. During that same year, he filmed Another 9½ Weeks, a sequel to 9½ Weeks, which received only limited distribution. He ended the 1990s with the direct-to-video films Out in Fifty, Shades and television film Shergar, about the kidnapping of Epsom Derby-winning thoroughbred racehorse Shergar. Rourke has expressed his bitterness over that period of his career, stating that he came to consider himself a "has-been" and lived for a time in "a state of shame".

2000–2009
In 2001, Rourke appeared as the villain in Enrique Iglesias's music video for "Hero", which also featured Jennifer Love Hewitt. In 2002, he took the role of The Cook in Jonas Åkerlund's Spun, teaming up once again with Eric Roberts. His first collaborations with directors Robert Rodriguez and Tony Scott, in Once Upon a Time in Mexico and Man on Fire, respectively, were in smaller roles. Nonetheless, these directors subsequently decided to cast Rourke in lead roles in their next films. In 2005, Rourke made his comeback in mainstream Hollywood circles with a lead role as Marv in Robert Rodriguez's adaptation of Frank Miller's Sin City. Rourke received awards from the Chicago Film Critics Association, the IFTA, and the Online Film Critics Society, as well as Man of the Year from Total Film magazine that year. Rourke followed Sin City with a supporting role in Tony Scott's Domino alongside Keira Knightley, in which he played a bounty hunter. Rourke played the role of "The Blackbird" in an adaptation of Elmore Leonard's Killshot, and appeared as Darrius Sayle in the adaptation of the Alex Rider novel Stormbreaker.

In addition, in 2004, Rourke provided the voice for "Jericho" in the third installment of the Driver video game series. Rourke also appeared in a 40-page story by photographer Bryan Adams for Berlin's Zoo Magazine. In an article about Rourke's return to steady acting roles, entitled "Mickey Rourke Rising", Christopher Heard stated that actors Johnny Depp, Sean Penn, and Brad Pitt have "animated praise for Rourke and his work". During a roundtable session of Oscar-nominated actors held by Newsweek, Brad Pitt cited Rourke as one of his early acting heroes along with Sean Penn and Gary Oldman.

Despite having withdrawn from acting at various points, and having made films that he now sees as a creative "sellout" (the action film Harley Davidson and the Marlboro Man), Rourke stated that "all that I have been through ...[has] made me a better, more interesting actor". Rourke's renewed interest in pursuing acting can be seen in his statement that "my best work is still ahead of me".

Rourke had a role in the film version of The Informers, playing Peter, an amoral former studio security guard who plots to kidnap a small child. In 2008, Rourke played the lead in Darren Aronofsky's The Wrestler, winner of the Golden Lion Award for Best Film at the Venice Film Festival, about washed-up professional wrestler Randy "The Ram" Robinson. Regarding first reading the screenplay, he stated that he originally "didn't care for it".

"'I didn't really care for the script, but I wanted to work with Darren and I kind of thought that whoever wrote the script hadn't spent as much time as I had around these kind of people and he wouldn't have spoken the way the dude was speaking. And, so Darren let me rewrite all my part and he put the periods in and crossed the T's. So once we made that change I was okay with it.'"

He also spoke on personal concern and hesitance of being in a film about wrestling, for he perceived it as being "pre-arranged and pre-choreographed". As he trained for the film, he developed an appreciation and respect for what real-life pro wrestlers do to prepare for the ring:

"I kept getting hurt. I think I had three MRIs in two months because I wasn't landing right. These guys take several years to learn how to land and I think after I started getting hurt doing it, I started to realize these guys are really suffering and I kind of gained a respect for their sport."

He trained under former WWE wrestler Afa the Wild Samoan for the part, and has received a BAFTA award, a Golden Globe award, an Independent Spirit Award, and an Oscar nomination as Best Actor. Rourke lost the Oscar to Sean Penn, while Penn did acknowledge Rourke in his acceptance speech.

Rourke has written or co-written six scripts: Homeboy, The Last Ride, Bullet, Killer Moon, Penance and the latest, Pain. Of these, the first three were produced as films between 1988 and 1996. In early 2009, Rourke developed a small feud with WWE wrestler Chris Jericho, as part of a storyline. The storyline climaxed at WrestleMania XXV, when Rourke knocked out Jericho with a left hook after Jericho won his match against Jimmy Snuka, Ricky Steamboat, and Roddy Piper, with Ric Flair in their corner. In 2009, Rourke starred in John Rich's music video for Shuttin' Detroit Down alongside Kris Kristofferson. In 2009, he voiced protagonist US Navy SEAL Dick Marcinko in the video game Rogue Warrior.

2010–present
In 2010, Rourke played the role of the main villain Whiplash in the film Iron Man 2. In an interview with New Zealand magazine Rip It Up magazine he revealed that he prepared for the role by visiting Russian jail inmates. In 2011, he portrayed the villainous King Hyperion in Immortals and received praise for his performance, while the film received mixed-to-positive reviews and became a box office success. He also had a minor role as Tool in Sylvester Stallone's The Expendables. Though he had little screen time, his performance was met with rave reviews and cited as one of the film's highlights.

Just before the end of the year, he confirmed on a British TV talk show that he would play Gareth Thomas in an upcoming film about the Welsh rugby star who came out as gay the previous year. As of February 2011, he began research on the film, but noted, "We're not going to make this movie until we've done all the proper research. We need to do our homework and I need to train for from nine to eleven months." In 2011, Rourke was cast in the film Java Heat as an American citizen shadowing terrorist groups in Java, Indonesia. The film was released in 2013. In 2014, he reprised his Marv role from Sin City in the sequel Sin City: A Dame to Kill For.

In 2020, Rourke competed in season four of The Masked Singer as "Gremlin" and sang "Stand by Me" by Ben E. King. After the performance, the Gremlin costume became too hot for him and he ended up unmasking himself before the audience could even vote for their favorite performer.

In the 2021 film Man of God, which is on the life of St Nectarios of Aegina, Mickey Rourke plays the role of a paralyzed man.

In 2023, he starred in Roman Polanski's drama film The Palace.

Other works
Rourke provided the mid-song rap on the David Bowie song "Shining Star (Makin' My Love)" on his album Never Let Me Down (1987).

Rourke had a significant role in SPUN(2002). made his stage debut in a revival of Arthur Miller's A View from the Bridge. He lent his voice to the video games Driv3r (2004) as Charles Jericho and True Crime: New York City (2005) as Terrence "Terry" Higgins, which was his fifth and last work with actor Christopher Walken. He also appeared in a Japanese TV commercial for Suntory Reserve (early '90s) and a commercial for Daihatsu and Lark cigarettes. In 2009, Rourke voiced the character of Dick Marcinko for the biographical video game Rogue Warrior, which was released on December 1, 2009. Rourke's portrayal of Marcinko was a source of humorous praise from a few critics (although many others criticized Rourke's role to the same degree that they did every other aspect of the game).

In 2010, he appeared in a Dutch TV commercial for Bavaria Beer.

Rourke appeared as a gangster in the music video for "Hero" by Enrique Iglesias. Actress Jennifer Love Hewitt also made an appearance in the clip.

Rourke has been the subject of two extensive biographies on his life and career Stand Alone: The Films of Mickey Rourke and Hollywood Outlaw: The Life of Mickey Rourke both were written by British author Saurav Dutt. In 2014, Dutt announced he was producing and writing a novelization inspired by an undeveloped script for a movie that Rourke wrote titled Wild Horses which was eventually released in Fall 2015.

Personal life
Rourke has dated several celebrities, including Terry Farrell and Sasha Volkova. He has been married twice and does not have children. In 1981, he married Debra Feuer, whom he met on the set of TV movie Hardcase and who co-starred with him in Homeboy (1988) as his love interest. The marriage ended in 1989, with Rourke subsequently commenting that making the film 9½ Weeks "was not particularly considerate to my wife's needs." The two have remained good friends, according to an interview Feuer gave in 2009.

Wild Orchid co-star Carré Otis was briefly a cause célèbre following the release of the film owing to rumors that she and then-lover Rourke filmed an unsimulated sex scene. Otis married Rourke on June 26, 1992. In 1994, Rourke was arrested on suspicion of spousal abuse. The charges were later dropped. The couple reconciled and also starred together in Exit in Red, but their marriage ended in December 1998. Otis and writer Hugo Schwyzer co-wrote Beauty, Disrupted: A Memoir, an autobiography that detailed Otis' marriage to Rourke that was published in October 2011 by HarperCollins. In November 2007, Rourke was arrested again, this time on DUI charges in Miami Beach.

In numerous TV and print interviews, he attributes his comeback after 14 years to his agent David A. Unger, weekly meetings with a psychiatrist, "Steve", and a Catholic priest, Father Peter Colapietro. Rourke had been described as a "real good Catholic" by late friend Tom Sizemore.

From 2009 to 2015, Rourke was in a relationship with Ukrainian-born German model Anastassija Makarenko. Mickey stated during an interview with Piers Morgan on July 12, 2022, he has been single for the past 7 years. In 2023, it was revealed that Rourke had begun training in Brazilian jiu-jitsu.

Political views
In May 1989, Rourke revealed that he donated most of his £1.5 million earnings from starring in the film Francesco to support Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) member Joe Doherty's campaign to receive political asylum in the United States. Doherty was wanted by the British government for his role in the killing of British Special Air Service officer Herbert Westmacott. After being arrested in the U.S. in 1983, Doherty's campaign became a cause célèbre as he fought an ultimately unsuccessful nine-year legal battle against being extradited to the UK. Rourke's donation was criticized by British victims of IRA bombing attacks in England. Doherty was eventually deported to Northern Ireland and imprisoned, but was subsequently released under the terms of the Good Friday Agreement.

In June 2006, Rourke publicly gave his support to US President George W. Bush and the Iraq War. In January 2009, Rourke expressed admiration for Bush in an interview with GQ magazine. He also expressed his astonishment that Islamic fundamentalists were allowed to continue their activities in the UK after the 7 July 2005 London bombings.

In August 2014, Rourke came under scrutiny for purchasing and wearing a T-shirt bearing the likeness of Russian President Vladimir Putin at a time when most of the Western world was criticizing and sanctioning Russia for its annexation of Crimea. When questioned by the press, Rourke explained: "If I didn't like him, I wouldn't buy the T-shirt, believe me. I met him a couple of times and he was a real gentleman. A very cool, regular guy. Looked me right in the eye. Good guy." However, Rourke has since denounced Putin for his involvement in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine and has urged Putin to end the conflict.

In 2015, Rourke expressed his support for Ben Carson for the Republican presidential nomination. He also denounced Republican frontrunner Donald Trump as a "bully". Rourke revealed that he has had a personal vendetta against Trump after an incident in which Trump sued both him and Tupac Shakur in the 1990s. Rourke has since been very vocal in his criticisms of Trump's presidency, referring to him as a "Garbage Can" president. In 2022, Rourke claimed that Trump had sent Secret Service to visit him as a result of his comments about the former president.

In July 2020, Rourke expressed support for Joe Biden in the 2020 United States presidential election on his Instagram account, encouraging him to "Go get his fat ass, Joe @joebiden", referring to Biden's challenge against Trump ("his fat ass" meaning "Trump's fat ass"). In August, he expressed support for Kamala Harris following her nomination for vice president in the 2020 United States presidential election following previous approval of her earlier in July. In October, Rourke voted for Biden and Harris which he said was the first time he had ever voted.

Dogs
In addition to his faith, Rourke has publicly attributed his comeback to his dogs. He is well known as a pet lover, particularly fond of small-breed dogs. A spay/neuter advocate, Rourke participated in a protest outside a pet shop in 2007 and has done a public service announcement for PETA.

His first little dog was reportedly a gift from his second wife. Though Rourke's dogs are generally referred to as "chihuahuas", some are not purebred. Loki, his most-publicized dog whom he described as "the love of my life", was a chihuahua-terrier mix. So reliant was Rourke on Loki's companionship, he spent US$5,400 to have her flown to England while he was on the set of the film Stormbreaker.

Rourke gave his dogs credit during his Golden Globe Best Actor acceptance speech January 11, 2009: "I'd like to thank all my dogs. The ones that are here, the ones that aren't here anymore because sometimes when a man's alone, that's all you got is your dog. And they've meant the world to me." The day of the 2009 Golden Globes, he told Barbara Walters that "I sort of self-destructed and everything came out about 14 years ago or so ... the wife had left, the career was over, the money was not an ounce. The dogs were there when no one else was there." Asked by Walters if he had considered suicide, he responded:"Yeah, I didn't want to be here, but I didn't want to kill myself. I just wanted to push a button and disappear.... I think I hadn't left the house for four or five months, and I was sitting in the closet, sleeping in the closet for some reason, and I was in a bad place, and I just remember I was thinking, 'Oh, man, if I do this,' [and] then I looked at my dog, Beau Jack, and he made a sound, like a little almost human sound. I don't have kids, the dogs became everything to me. The dog was looking at me going, 'Who's going to take care of me?'"

Beau Jack sired two of Rourke's later pets, Loki and her littermate Chocolate. Beau Jack died in 2002, although Rourke reportedly gave him 45 minutes of mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. Chocolate was the subject of a children's book, Chocolate at the Four Seasons, about his temporary stay with producer Bonnie Timmermann. Chocolate returned to Rourke and died in 2006. In addition to those dogs and several other past pets, Rourke currently owns a chihuahua named Jaws who appeared with him in his 2009 PETA ad, as well as in the film Once Upon a Time in Mexico. He has had as many as seven dogs at one time, back in 2005. Jaws originally was named "Little Mickey" and was originally slated to be euthanized. Rourke also believed Jaws was previously abused. At the time of his Golden Globes tribute to his pets, Rourke owned five chihuahuas: Loki, Jaws, Ruby Baby, La Negra and Bella Loca. About a month later, on February 16, 2009, Loki died in Rourke's arms at the age of 18.

title: Mickey Rourke


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Yan Luo

Yan Luo may refer to:

 * In Chinese mythology Yan Luo is the ruler of hell, see Yama (East Asia)
 * Luo Yan (screenwriter), Chinese born screenwriter, producer, and actress

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Yan Luo


text:
.357 SIG

The .357 SIG (designated as the 357 Sig by the SAAMI and 357 SIG by the C.I.P. or 9×22mm in official metric notation) is a bottlenecked rimless centrefire handgun cartridge developed by the Swiss-German firearms manufacturer SIG Sauer, in cooperation with ammunition manufacturer Federal Premium. The cartridge is used by a number of law enforcement agencies.

History
The .357 SIG is based on a necked-down 10mm Auto case, foregoing the large pistol primer utilized by the 10mm Auto in favor of the small pistol primer used in many common self-defense rounds, such as .40 S&W, .38 Special, 9mm and other similarly-sized cartridges. Excluding specialized wildcat cartridges used in competition shooting — e.g., the 9×25mm Dillon, which necked a 10mm Auto case down to a 9mm bullet — the .357 SIG was the first modern bottlenecked handgun cartridge to become commercially available since the 1961 introduction of Winchester's now-obsolete .256 Winchester Magnum, a .257 caliber round based on the .357 Magnum. Later the same year Remington and Smith & Wesson began jointly developing a similar round and, before the year's end, introduced the .22 Remington Jet, a .357 Magnum case necked down to accommodate a .22 caliber bullet.

Despite its favorable ballistics and performance, the .357 SIG has not achieved the widespread adoption seen with similar cartridges. One factor preventing the round from achieving greater popularity could be the cost of the ammunition, which frequently reaches double the expense of 9mm, .40 S&W or .45 ACP ammunition. Because of this, as well as availability issues, some law enforcement agencies that previously adopted the cartridge have reportedly began to move away from the .357 SIG in favor of more common rounds with comparable performance.

Cartridge dimensions
The .357 SIG has 1.27 ml (19.5 grains H2O) cartridge case capacity.

.357 SIG maximum C.I.P. cartridge dimensions. All sizes in millimeters.

Several sources have published contradicting information regarding .357 SIG headspacing. This is due to the cartridge having been originally designed as a .357 (9.02mm) round, but then rapidly adapted to the .355 (9mm) bullet. According to the official C.I.P. (Commission Internationale Permanente Pour L'Epreuve Des Armes A Feu Portatives) 2008 revised documents, the .357 SIG headspaces on the case mouth (H2). Some US sources are in conflict with this standard. However, the cartridge and chamber drawing in the ANSI/SAAMI American National Standards also clearly shows the cartridge headspacing on the case mouth. Likewise, US reloading supplier Lyman has published that the .357 SIG headspaces on the case mouth.

According to the C.I.P. rulings the .357 SIG case can handle up to 305 MPa (44,236 psi) piezo pressure. In C.I.P. regulated countries every pistol cartridge combo has to be proofed at 130% of this maximum C.I.P. pressure to certify for sale to consumers. The SAAMI pressure limit for the .357 SIG is set at 275.80 MPa (40,000 psi), piezo pressure.

Conversions

While it is based on a 10 mm case necked down to accept 0.355 in bullets, the .357 SIG cartridge case is slightly longer than .40 S&W by 0.009 in to 0.020 in total. Most .40 S&W pistols can be converted to .357 SIG by replacing the barrel, but sometimes the recoil spring must also be changed. Pistols with especially strong recoil springs can accept either cartridge with a barrel change. Magazines will freely interchange between the two cartridges in most pistols. .357 SIG barrel kits have allowed this cartridge to gain in popularity among handgun owners.

Performance
The table below shows common performance parameters for several .357 SIG loads. Bullet weights ranging from 115 to 150 gr have been offered. Loads are available with energies from 488 ftlbf to 583 ftlbf, and penetration depths from 9 in to over 16.5 in are available for various applications and risk assessments. Note: Underwood now also offers a standard pressure 65 gr .357 SIG Xtreme Defender (XD) round with a muzzle velocity of 2100 fps, muzzle energy of 636 ft. lbs. and a penetration depth of 17.5 inches.

Key:

Expansion – expanded bullet diameter (ballistic gelatin).

Penetration – penetration depth (ballistic gelatin).

PC – permanent cavity volume (ballistic gelatin, FBI method).

TSC – temporary stretch cavity volume (ballistic gelatin).

Because of its relatively high velocity for a handgun round, the .357 SIG has an unusually flat trajectory, extending the effective range. However, it does not quite reach the performance of the .357 Magnum with bullets heavier than 125 gr. Offsetting this general slight disadvantage in performance is that semi-automatic pistols tend to carry considerably more ammunition than revolvers.

The Virginia State Police has reported that attacking dogs have been stopped dead in their tracks by a single shot, whereas the former 147 grain 9 mm duty rounds would require multiple shots to incapacitate the animals. Proponents of the hydrostatic shock theory contend that the energy available in the .357 SIG is sufficient for imparting hydrostatic shock with well-designed bullets. Users have commented, "We're really impressed with the stopping power of the .357 SIG round."

The bottleneck shape of the .357 SIG cartridge makes feeding problems almost non-existent.

The "Accurate Powder" reloading manual claims that it is "without a doubt the most ballistically consistent handgun cartridge we have ever worked with."

Characteristics

The goal of the .357 SIG project was to offer a level of performance equal to the highly effective 125 gr .357 Magnum load. Measurements of standard factory .357 SIG cartridges loaded with 125 gr bullets showed approximate muzzle velocities of 1450 ft/s out of a 4 in barrel, which is essentially identical to the .357 Magnum with the same bullet weight and barrel length. These measurements were performed with a Thompson Center Encore 1842 break-action, single-shot pistol/rifle, preventing differing barrel length definitions between semi-automatic pistols and revolvers giving revolvers a potential muzzle velocity advantage.

With a simplistic approach to physics, recoil being directly proportional to "muzzle velocity × bullet mass" (due to conservation of momentum), the recoil of the .357 SIG is equal to or slightly less than that of the .40 S&W, and less than that of the full-power 10mm Auto loads or the original .357 Magnum, This simple approach to recoil is incomplete since the properties of the bullet alone do not determine the felt recoil, but also the rocket-like blast of propellant gases coming out of the barrel after the bullet leaves the muzzle. A more accurate view on recoil is that it is proportional to the mass of all ejecta × velocity of ejecta.

In comparing the energy levels of premium self-defense ammunition, the muzzle energy of 584 ft·lbf of the 125 gr 1450 ft/s .357 SIG load is greater than either the 475 ft·lbf generated by a 155 gr 1175 ft/s Speer GoldDot .40 S&W load or the 400 ft·lbf generated by a 180 gr 985 ft/s Speer GoldDot .40 S&W load.

Implementation
In 1994, Sig released the P229 pistol, the first production handgun introduced that was chambered in .357 SIG and specifically designed to handle the higher pressures of that round.

However, in 2013 the Texas DPS decided to replace their .357 SIG handguns with 9mm handguns. The ability to carry more rounds per magazine (9mm vs. .357 SIG) in a lighter gun were among the stated reasons for the change. That transition was suspended after recruits in the A-2014 class, the first to train with the new S&W M&P 9mm polymer handguns, experienced numerous malfunctions with those weapons.

The newer SIG Sauer P229 in .357 SIG has been adopted for use by agents and officers of the following national and state law enforcement organizations (LEO):
 * Federal Air Marshals
 * Delaware State Police
 * Texas Ranger Division
 * Virginia State Police
 * Richmond Police Department
 * Rhode Island State Police
 * U.S. Secret Service prior to 2019

title: .357 SIG


text:
Talk:Lady Charlotte Guest

Biography assessment rating comment
WikiProject Biography Assessment

The article may be improved by following the WikiProject Biography 11 easy steps to producing at least a B article. -- Yamara 08:47, 6 May 2007 (UTC)

Discussion
Just to explain why I removed the reference to Lady Llanover. Many people think that Lady Llanover was English, but this is not the case - she was born and lived in Wales. Deb 17:43, 16 Mar 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lady Charlotte Guest


text: Talk:Alfred University

title: Talk:Alfred University


text:
Kadam

Kadam may refer to:

 * Kadam (clan), an Indian clan
 * Kadam (Tibetan Buddhism), a school of Buddhism
 * Kadam People, an ethnic group in Uganda
 * Kadam Rao Padam Rao, the earliest available manuscript in Dakhini masnavi
 * Kadam River, a minor tributary of Godavari located in the Adilabad District of Telangana
 * Kadam virus of the Flavivirus genus
 * Mount Kadam, in the Karamoja region of Uganda
 * Neolamarckia cadamba, a tree commonly called kadam
 * Kadam, one of the Egyptian units of measurement
 * Kadam, temple priests in Tulja Bhavani Temple, Maharashtra, India

title: Kadam


text:
Barcelona Metro

The Barcelona Metro (Catalan and Spanish: Metro de Barcelona) is a network of rapid transit electrified railway lines that run mostly underground in central Barcelona and into the city's suburbs. It is part of the larger public transport system of Barcelona, the capital of Catalonia, Spain, with unified fares under the Autoritat del Transport Metropolità (ATM) scheme. As of 2024, the network is operated by two separate companies: Transports Metropolitans de Barcelona (TMB) and Ferrocarrils de la Generalitat de Catalunya (FGC). It is made up of 12 lines, combining the lines owned by the two companies. Two lines, L9 and L10, are being built at present, with both lines having different sections of each opened between 2009 and 2018. They are due to be fully completed in 2026. Three lines on the network have opened as automatic train operation/driverless vehicle systems since 2009: Line 11 being converted to driverless first, and then Lines 9 and 10, opening up driverless.

It is one of only two metros worldwide to operate on three different track gauges, being on line 8,  older Iberian gauge on line 1, and  and the remaining lines; the other metro with three gauges being the Toei Subway in Tokyo, which uses two narrow gauges and standard gauge. It is the only metro worldwide to operate on both narrow and broad gauge tracks.

The network length is 170 km, with 183 stations, as of November 2021.

History
The first rapid transit railway service in Barcelona was founded in 1863 by the private company Ferrocarril de Barcelona a Sarrià ("Railway from Barcelona to Sarrià", after 1916 Sarrià joined the municipality of Barcelona). Later this line evolved in what now is basically the current L6 metro service. This railway system, now part of the Ferrocarrils de la Generalitat de Catalunya company, was later inspired by the London Underground naming style having long names for the lines ("Sarrià line", "Balmes line"...).

Much later, in the 1920s, a second and a third rapid transit railway systems were founded with the construction of the Gran Metro between Lesseps and the Plaça de Catalunya (part of the modern L3) and, two years later, the Metro Transversal (now part of L1). This third one was built between the Plaça de Catalunya and la Bordeta to link the city centre with the Plaça d'Espanya and Montjuïc, the site of the 1929 Barcelona International Exposition. These two later rapid transit companies contrasted with the first one in being inspired by the Métropolitain de Paris (from where the word "metro" comes).

As of 2022, the network consists of 12 lines managed by 2 different operators: Transports Metropolitans de Barcelona (TMB) and Ferrocarrils de la Generalitat de Catalunya (FGC, or Catalan Government Railways). Fares and nomenclature are controlled by the Autoritat del Transport Metropolità, a citywide system that also includes local and regional buses, tramways and some commuter and regional train services.

Network
Since early 2020, the total length of the network is 166 km long and 189 stations, including the TMB+FGC+Montjuïc funicular.

The major network, operated by TMB, consists of eight lines, numbered L1 to L5 and L9 to L11 (which are distinguished on network maps by different colours), covering 102.6 km of route and 141 stations.

FGC lines are numbered L6, L7, L8 and L12. These lines, except all of L12 and part of L7, share tracks with commuter rail lines.

The Barcelona Metro lines do not have a name of their own but are generally referred to by their colour or by the number and the names of their termini.

Lines
The lines run as follows:

In addition to those, Renfe and FGC trains and the increasingly important tram routes and stations are displayed on most recent maps, including the info maps in the metro stations, all in a single variety of dark green.

L9 and L10
Construction work is taking place currently on L9/L10, which when finished will run from Badalona and Santa Coloma de Gramenet to the Zona Franca district and El Prat International Airport. The lines, which share a central section between Bon Pastor and Can Tries | Gornal, will be the longest automated metro line in Europe, at 47.8 km, and combined will have 52 stations. The project was approved in 2000 but has been challenged by some technical difficulties and some of their sections are pending further geological analysis. The first section of Line 9 that runs between La Sagrera and Can Zam opened in 2009, and by June 2010 eleven new stations on the new Lines L9 and L10 had opened. As of February 2016, the 15-station, 19.6 km south section of Line L9 between Zona Universitària and the airport (Aeroport T1 station) opened.

Tickets and pricing
In addition to the one-way ticket there are a number of other tickets and cards. All of the Autoritat del Transport Metropolità (ATM) transport cards are valid and can be used in the Barcelona Metro. These are:
 * Airport Ticket, is a one-way ticket for a journey between Aeroport T1 and Aeroport T2 stations on metro line L9 Sud and the rest of the metro network. Standard metro tickets such as single tickets are not valid for a trip to the airport.
 * T casual, which includes ten rides at a discounted price
 * T usual, unlimited journeys made in 30 consecutive days from the first use
 * T-16, unlimited journeys for children below 16

All of the metro stations are within fare zone 1.

Stations

At the end of 2018, there are 187 operational stations in the Barcelona Metro, served by the 12 lines in current use. The average distance between 2 stations is 807.50 metres.

An overwhelming majority of stations in the network lack related buildings or structures aboveground, mostly consisting of an access with stairs, escalators or elevators. The official TMB metro indicator, a red rhombus with a M inside, remains unused by FGC lines, which use their company logo and a different rhombus-shaped logo (actually rather similar to the one used inside the Madrid Metro) inside stations. Below ground their decoration is remarkably sober, with the exception of the new stations.

Disused stations
A number of stations in the network have been closed, were never inaugurated, or have been moved to a nearby location. See the main article for more details.

Accessibility
Accessibility for passengers with reduced mobility is nearing completion. , 8 out of 192 stations are not fully accessible. The non accessible stations are: Lines L2, L6, L7, L8, L9 Nord, L9 Sud, L10 Nord, L10 Sud, L11 and L12 are fully accessible. Non accessible connections (in both directions): For up to date info check the official sites of TMB and FGC
 * Ciutadella | Vila Olímpica (L4)
 * Clot (L1)
 * Espanya (L1/L3) - The FGC Plaça Espanya station (L8 and suburban lines) is accessible.
 * Maragall (L4/L5)
 * Plaça de Sants (L1/L5)
 * Urquinaona (L1/L4)
 * Verdaguer (L4/L5)
 * Virrei Amat (L5)
 * Catalunya L1/Rodalies (commuter/regional) to/from L3/FGC (metro L6/L7 and commuter)
 * Passeig de Gràcia L2/L4 to/from L3/Rodalies (commuter/regional)
 * Clot L1 to L2 in both directions (the Clot L2 station is accessible).
 * Ciutadella | Vila Olímpica L4 to/from Trambesòs

Transportation in the Metropolitan Area of Barcelona
The Barcelona Metro is part of a larger transportation network, regulated and fare-integrated by Autoritat del Transport Metropolità.

Among these services, there are two large systems which operate both inside and outside the city limits of Barcelona: the commuter train lines operated by Renfe, amalgamated in the Rodalies Barcelona, or Ferrocarrils de la Generalitat de Catalunya lines which start in the metro lines the company operates (L6, L7 and L8) and which become a fully-fledged railway system which serves most of the metropolitan area: list of FGC lines. FGC is developing metros for Sabadell and Terrassa - see Barcelona–Vallès Line.

Barcelona Metro topics

 * List of Barcelona Metro stations
 * Disused Barcelona Metro stations
 * Autoritat del Transport Metropolità
 * Spanish solution, also known as Barcelona solution

Rapid transit in Barcelona

 * Transport in Barcelona
 * List of railway stations in Barcelona
 * Rodalies de Catalunya and FGC-operated Rodalies Barcelona
 * List of Rodalies Barcelona railway stations
 * FGC suburban lines
 * Trambaix and Trambesòs
 * Tramvia blau
 * List of tram stations in Barcelona
 * Funicular de Montjuïc
 * Funicular de Vallvidrera

Other metro systems in Spain

 * Metro Bilbao
 * Madrid Metro
 * Palma de Mallorca Metro
 * Seville Metro
 * Valencia Metro
 * Málaga Metro
 * List of metro systems

title: Barcelona Metro


text:
Soldier's Medal

The Soldier's Medal is an individual decoration of the United States Army. It was introduced as Section 11 of the Air Corps Act, passed by the Congress of the United States on July 2, 1926. The Soldier's Medal is equivalent to the Navy and Marine Corps Medal, the Air and Space Forces' Airman's Medal, and the Coast Guard Medal. Prior to the creation of the Airman's Medal in 1960, airmen were awarded the Soldier's Medal.

The criteria for the medal are: "The Soldier's Medal is awarded to any person of the Armed Forces of the United States or of a friendly foreign nation who, while serving in any capacity with the Army of the United States, including Reserve Component soldiers not serving in a duty status at the time of the heroic act, distinguished himself or herself by heroism not involving conflict with an enemy."

History
A need to recognize acts of heroism in 1922 resulted in the War Department's issuing orders for acts of bravery during peacetime. This led to an Act of Congress (Public Law 446-69th Congress, July 2, 1926 (44 Stat. 780)) which established the Soldier's Medal for acts of heroism not involving actual conflict with an enemy. The Secretary of War directed that the Quartermaster General prepare and submit appropriate designs of the Soldier's Medal per letter signed by the Adjutant General dated 11 August 1926. The medal was designed by sculptor Gaetano Cecere.

The first Soldier's Medals were awarded on October 17, 1927, to John F. Burns and James P. Martin for their heroism during a fire and to James K. Wilson and Cleophas C. Burnett for saving people from drowning.

The period of time when the most Soldier's Medals were awarded was World War II (at least hundreds were awarded).

Prior to the establishment of the Airman's Medal, which was authorized on 10 August 1956 and created in 1960, the Soldier's Medal was awarded to U.S. Air Force personnel by the Army since 26 September 1947.

Criteria
The distinguishing criterion for awarding the Soldier's Medal, per Army Regulation 600-8-22, para 3-14, is "The performance must have involved personal hazard or danger and the voluntary risk of life under conditions not involving conflict with an armed enemy. Awards will not be made solely on the basis of having saved a life." It is the highest honor a soldier can receive for an act of valor in a non-combat situation, held to be equal to or greater than the level which would have justified an award of the Distinguished Flying Cross had the act occurred in combat. Any enlisted American servicemember who is eligible for retirement pay will receive an increase of 10 percent in retirement pay if the level of valor was equal to that which would earn the Distinguished Service Cross. Additional awards of the medal are denoted by oak leaf clusters worn on the suspension and service ribbon of the medal.

Appearance
The Soldier's Medal is issued as a 1 3/8 inch wide Bronze octagon with an eagle displayed, standing on a fasces, between two groups of stars of six and seven, above the group of six a spray of leaves. On the reverse is a shield paly of 13 pieces, on the chief the letters "US," supported by sprays of laurel and oak, around the upper edge the inscription "SOLDIER'S MEDAL" and across the face the words "FOR VALOR." In the base is a panel for the name of the recipient to be engraved. The medal is suspended from the ribbon by a rectangular-shaped metal loop with corners rounded.

The ribbon is 1 3/8 inches wide and consists of the following stripes: 3/8 inch Ultramarine Blue 67118 on each side and the center containing 13 White and Red stripes of equal width (7 White 67101 and 6 Old Glory Red 67156).

Notable recipients

 * Marty Allen, USAAF, was awarded the Soldier's Medal for bravery during a plane fire.
 * Aaron Bank, a United States Army officer who founded the United States Army Special Forces (commonly known as the Green Berets).
 * Joseph P. Cleland, for rescuing a drowning aviator off Bougainville Island in 1943.
 * Wayne A. Downing, was a US Army retired four-star General who has held command of the 75th Ranger Regiment, United States Army Special Operations Command, Joint Special Operations Command and United States Special Operations Command.
 * Edith Ellen Greenwood of the U.S. Army Nurse Corps (ANC) during World War II for saving fifteen patients.
 * John D. Hoffman for bravery in saving others after an explosion at a Manhattan Project plant.
 * Otto Kerner Jr., US Army, was awarded the Soldier's Medal for rescuing a drowning soldier off the coast of Sicily.
 * Kilma S. Lattin, US Army, and former Executive Tribal Council Member of the Pala Band of Mission Indians was awarded the Soldier's Medal for Valor for rescuing a woman engulfed in flames. He repeatedly sustained injuries while using his body to extinguish the fire, and saved the woman’s life.
 * Henry Mucci, US Army, was awarded the Soldier's Medal for rescuing a soldier in danger of drowning in 1943.
 * Colin Powell, who was injured in a Vietnam War helicopter crash and rescued three comrades from the burning wreckage, including his division commander Charles M. Gettys, division chief of staff Jack L. Treadwell, and Gettys's aide-de-camp, Ron Tumelson.
 * Alek Skarlatos was awarded the Soldier's Medal after thwarting a terrorist attack on a train in France.
 * Christopher Speer, a former member of the United States Army Special Forces and Delta Force. Awarded the Soldier's Medal for risking his life to save two Afghan children who were trapped in a minefield on July 21, 2002. Two weeks later he died at Ramstein Air Base from a head injury sustained from a grenade in Afghanistan.
 * Hugh Thompson Jr., Lawrence Colburn, and Glenn Andreotta were awarded the Soldier's Medal for their intervention in the My Lai Massacre (1968), which included threatening to fire on their own comrades if they did not stop the killings.
 * Brad Wenstrup, an Ohio congressman, an Army Reserve colonel, and Iraq war veteran, was awarded the Soldier’s Medal for his actions during the 2017 shooting at a congressional baseball team practice.
 * Samuel Tankersley Williams, for supervising the evacuation of the transport ship Susan B. Anthony after it struck a mine off the coast of France during Operation Overlord in June 1944.

title: Soldier's Medal


text:
Talk:Denial-of-service attack

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 6 September 2020 and 7 December 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Lipute17.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 19:58, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Legality
If the "United Kingdom is unusual in that it specifically outlawed denial-of-service attacks", attacks would not be illegal in other EU countries. So how could people be arrested for them? Furthermore to say that those "committing criminal denial-of-service attacks may, as a minimum, lead to arrest" reads oddly, arrest is nether a criminal sanction nor an end in itself. People are arrested if they have broken the law and face charges.

Confusing "record" dates
Under the History section, a paragraph starts by saying Google was attacked with a peak of 2.54 T/s in 2017. A few sentences later it says attacks in 2018 set records for the worst (highest peak?) attacks, but those numbers are lower. Did the Google attack happen in a later year than stated, or are the T/s numbers incorrect? Source documentation also needs to be cited. MandieJ1975 (talk) 02:44, 31 January 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Denial-of-service attack


text:
Cyclefly

Cyclefly were an alternative rock band from Cork, Ireland, and Antibes, France.

The band toured on both sides of the Atlantic many times, including headline and support tours with Bush, Live, Linkin Park, and Iggy Pop. The band also played at a number of major music festivals, including Reading and Leeds Festivals, Woodstock 99, and Ozzfest. They released two full-length albums; the critically acclaimed Generation Sap in 1999, recorded in the Sound City Studios in Van Nuys, Los Angeles, California, which was produced by Sylvia Massy, and Crave in 2002, produced by Colin Richardson, Bill Appleberry and Tobias Miller. Crave also featured a guest vocal spot on "Karma Killer" from Linkin Park vocalist Chester Bennington.

In the early 2000s, the band dissolved with members moving to a band called Hueman. While guitarist Nono Presta went on form alt metal outfit That Falling Feeling. In the early 2010s, Mako (and later Mako DC) formed through former members.

EPs

 * Dogabone (1995)
 * Cyclefly (1998)

Singles

 * "Supergod"
 * "Violet High"
 * "No Stress" - UK No. 68
 * "Karma Killer" (feat. Chester Bennington)

title: Cyclefly


text:
Voice of Russia

Voice of Russia (Голос России), commonly abbreviated VOR, was the Russian government's international radio broadcasting service from 1993 until 2014, when it was reorganised as Radio Sputnik. Its interval signal was a chime version of 'Majestic' chorus from the Great Gate of Kiev portion of Pictures at an Exhibition by Mussorgsky.

History
Russian President Boris Yeltsin issued a decree on 22 December 1993 which reorganised Radio Moscow under a new name: Voice of Russia.

On 9 December 2013, Russian President Vladimir Putin issued a presidential decree dissolving the Voice of Russia as an agency, and merging it with RIA Novosti to form the Rossiya Segodnya international news agency.

Margarita Simonyan, editor-in-chief of the Rossiya Segodnya, said in March 2014 that "We will stop using obsolete radio broadcasting models, when the signal is transmitted without any control and when it is impossible to calculate who listens to it and where." The Voice of Russia ceased shortwave and European mediumwave radio broadcasts on 1 April 2014. The service continued to be available worldwide via the internet, in selected regions on satellite, and in several cities on FM, AM (in North America) or local digital radio.

On 10 November 2014, the Voice of Russia was replaced by Radio Sputnik, part of the Sputnik News multimedia platform operated by Rossiya Segodnya.

Broadcast languages
By 2013, the Voice of Russia had been broadcasting in 38 languages, including:

 * Albanian
 * Armenian
 * Arabic
 * Azerbaijani
 * Bengali
 * Bulgarian
 * Chinese
 * Crimean Tatar
 * Czech
 * Dari
 * English
 * French
 * German
 * Hausa
 * Hindi
 * Hungarian
 * Italian
 * Japanese
 * Kurdish
 * Kyrgyz
 * Moldovan
 * Mongolian
 * Norwegian
 * Pashto
 * Persian
 * Polish
 * Portuguese
 * Russian
 * Serbian
 * Spanish
 * Turkish
 * Ukrainian
 * Urdu
 * Uzbek

title: Voice of Russia


text:
Talk:Epididymal hypertension/Archive 1

Material moved from Talk:Blue Ball
(Two items, dated
 * 01:00, 2004 Mar 12 (UTC) and
 * 02:30, 2004 Mar 13 (UTC);

copied by Jerzy(t) 21:28, 2004 Mar 16 (UTC))

Source material for improving this article will be found in

LCCN: 76007000 //r85 ISBN: 0818402229 : Author: Ellis, Albert. Title: Sex and the liberated man / Albert Ellis. Edition: 1st ed. Publisher: L. Stuart, Date: c1976. Description: 347 p. ; 24 cm. Notes: Published in 1963 under title: Sex and the single man. Notes: Includes index. Notes: Bibliography: p. 309-336. Subject: Single men. Subject: Sex instruction for men. Subject: Rational-emotive psychotherapy.

The author, an MD (his specialization is psychiatry), specifically discusses the condition in the 1963 edition (emphasis added above) from a medical point of view (and as a rational reason for intercourse!); presumably the 1976 one will also suffice. --Jerzy(t) 01:00, 2004 Mar 12 (UTC)

Someone asked for a technical term. The symptom is orchalgia or orchidalgia, per Dorland's 27th edn, p. 1187. --Jerzy(t) 02:30, 2004 Mar 13 (UTC)

 * The orchalgia definition in wikipedia specifies chronic pain. Does Dorland's text same the same? If so, then "blue balls" is different because it is acute pain.

Treatment for women with pelvic congestion?
The gals need help too! Where is this part of the article?

Social aspects
I feel that this page needs a section on the social implications of blue balls. However, 1) I don't feel entirely qualified to write about it and 2) I've already been accused of being overly politically correct this week on the pump so I'm not being bold, and I figured I'd discuss it first. Something about blue balls being a common tactic (at one time, less so now) for adolescent men to pressure young women into sex, or as an excuse for sexual assault. And make it clear that the thing to do about them is to masturbate, not blame the person you're with for not taking care of your erection for you. moink 18:00, 16 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * that is a good idea, I thought it was fake and used SOLEY as a trick...Oreo man 02:01, 20 May 2006 (UTC)
 * In fact, my health teacher actually told our class that blue balls didn't exist. Imagine my surprise later in life when I expereinced it for the first time :-(. (DonGaspar 01:59, 11 August 2006 (UTC))

Copied from Blue Ball
(The issues of this language are unrelated to disambiguation, but should be consistent with the article Blue balls.)

The following appears on Blue Ball but is more efficient to discuss here:
 * "Blue balls" is a modern slang term for a minor cramping men may get in the groin after they are sexually stimulated for a prolonged period but do not ejaculate.

--Jerzy(t) 21:28, 2004 Mar 16 (UTC)

Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary conforms to common sense usage in saying a cramp is "a painful spasmodic muscular contraction", and the groin does have muscles. But blue balls is not a cramp, but an ache in the testicles (whose musculature is insignificant at most). Ellis emphasizes "congestion", which i take to imply that the pain reflects failure to release the eleveated local blood pressure resulting from failure to relieve the engorgement of the genitals that is crucial to erection, i.e., a condition related to the "pain and tenderness" of priapism. (It may be informative to consult side-effects information of Viagra and its competitors, some of which are effective for 3 days and advise medical care for erections lasting over 4 hours.) --Jerzy(t) 21:28, 2004 Mar 16 (UTC)

Further, the term ejaculate, like the earlier "release semen" (that a well-intentioned editor used to replace simply "release"), misleadingly suggests that fluid pressure of seminal fluid is at issue; i think research will show that there is no significant seminal pressure except that imposed in pulses by the prostate during ejaculation. The real issue is indeed plain "release", or rather release of either sympathetic or parasympathetic (never could remember which is which) nervous-system excitation, which in turn entails destimulation of sphincter-like structures that sustain the engorgement (and that ED-medications work by affecting). --Jerzy(t) 21:28, 2004 Mar 16 (UTC)

OK, i scanned the article; probably all i need to have said is "the dab should be brought in line with the article". --Jerzy(t) 21:33, 2004 Mar 16 (UTC)

Medical term
Something I've long wondered: is there a more technical, medical name that answers to the colloquial and maybe even vulgar "blue balls"? Judging by the external links, it doesn't seem that there is. --Iustinus 21:25, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * someone has suggested moving the page to prostatic congestion. You can discuss the move on requested moves.  delldot | talk 05:02, 13 January 2006 (UTC)

Moved. — Nightstallion (?) 11:54, 18 January 2006 (UTC)

But women don't have a prostate. What is the equivalent term for us?--Sonjaaa 05:18, 2 April 2006 (UTC)

I moved it back. Prostatic congestion (Prostatosis) is not the same as this condition, it is just one symptom of blue balls. Case in point: There are other causes for prostatic congestion, such as cancer, Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia, birth defects, smoking, sitting for extended periods, prostatitis, cysts, and age-realted enlargement of the prostate. [. Davodd 08:07, 5 April 2006 (UTC)

 * The most general term I've seen, which applies to either gender, is pelvic congestion, so I added a sentence about it and created a redirect page from that term. We could also work it the other way around by making the article more general, renaming it "pelvic congestion," and making "blue balls" redirect to it. I have no strong feelings about either option--Officiallyover 10:02, 6 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I like "pelvic congestion" more as the actual article name with "blue balls" going here as it covers both genders better. That would require some article work than a simple name change though to generalize it a bit more. I think it would come across as more professional though compared to documenting a slang term, albeit widely used. -- Northgrove 12:15, 5 July 2006 (UTC)

Factual edits I just made
I changed the word "disrupted" because it sounded like it meant something abnormal was happening. I changed the language about lymphatic fluid because I can't regard lymph as flowing to the end tissues. There could be increased production or pooling of lymph at the tissues due to a greater perfusion pressure, so that's what I described. Finally, cold water does not stimulate blood flow "throughout the body," and it does not sound like it would stimulate blood flow to the scrotum. Cold generally decreases blood flow to the skin, hence your skin turns paler in the cold and you lose less heat through it. Experiments have shown this decreased blood flow directly. If it worked the other way around, your skin would radiate heat even faster as it got colder. Penis_size says that "one general physiological response to cold is decreased circulation of blood to the appendages. As the size of the penis very much relies on blood supply, this results in a decreased flaccid size." Finally, pseudoephedrine causes constriction of peripheral arterioles too, so if it does treat blue balls, this fits with the idea that cold causes the same constriction. I kept both possible mechanisms of action of the cold shower for now, however, and I wrote this long-winded justification because if I had changed the explanation to merely "decreased blood flow" then one of our references—which looks otherwise very well written—would contradict our article. --Officiallyover 11:15, 6 April 2006 (UTC)

This is not a medical term!
The medical tone of this article is preposterous. "Blue balls" is of course a slang term, but there is no corresponding legitimate medical equivalent term because there is no such medical condition. It's just a slang way to say you haven't come in a while. I would delete the bulk of this article but I know someone will just revert it.
 * Did you even read the fucking article? It clearly defines the medical causes of this condition.
 * PS: "pelvic congestion" (Unsigned)
 * I agree that Blue Balls isn't a medical condition, and that it's not equivalent to prostratic, pelvic or vasocongestion. Like the OP said, it's simply the state of straining for relief if you haven't come in a while.  Let's not make a disease out of everything, people.  Maikel 09:54, 24 July 2007 (UTC)

Blue Balls Excuse
Two things I don't like about the "blue balls excuse" part:

1.) Telling the person who's turning you on that you have blueballs doesn't necessarily mean you are pressuring them to have sex or get you off (though I'm sure that does happen sometimes, unfortunately). Often, it's merely to explain why you are groaning and limping after an intense make-out session.  there's nothing shameful about being honest with your partner.  2.) Who says blueballs can only be used to pressure WOMEN into having sex? I'm sure gay men might use blueballs as an excuse to pressure their partners into having sex, especially if their partners can sympathize with the condition. that doesn't make coersion right, but I'm sure it's not limited to just guys tricking girls
 * AFAIK, one of the issues is historically at least it wasn't something that women (or girls more likely) knew much about or could find out much about. There is this perception at least that girls/women were led to believe that blue balls was something that could only be 'cured' by sex when in fact it will go away by itself and masturbation would work just as well. On the other hand, we can expect most gay guys would be less likely to be taken in by these claims. And as I've stated, the perception is this is primarily an excused used by teens, not e.g. by 30 year olds. And even today (and especially in the yesteryears) it's probably fair to say that many gay teens are still struggling with their sexuality and so are less likely to be having sex with guys or at least less likely to be dating guys. Of course, I'm sure blue balls can and has been attempted on men as well I'm just pointing out the fact the current gay population is only by most estimates 20% at most and the fact that it seems most likely to be a less useful excuse on other gays and the fact as I've said it's more likely to be something used by younger people all adds up to mean it probably was and is significantly less commonly used by gay men/boys. Of course, we should still be neutral and talk about partners rather then women. P.S. I am a guy. And also quite tired so forgive me for rambling. P.P.S. I forgot to mention that gay men tend to be more promiscious or less restrictive with sex also means there is probably less need for the excuse Nil Einne 23:27, 23 September 2006 (UTC)

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the . Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

no move. --  tariq abjotu  14:15, 15 October 2006 (UTC)

Requested move
Blue balls → Vasocongestion — Simply because Vasocongestion is a more...medical term Deenoe 02:14, 10 October 2006 (UTC)

Survey
Add  * Support   or   * Oppose   on a new line followed by a brief explanation, then sign your opinion using ~.

 * Support per nom. --Deenoe 02:14, 10 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Support, though I'd prefer separating the articles, as I think "blue balls" is used more informally. I doubt that even 50% of the time that "blue balls" is used, there's actually vascocongestion. Croctotheface 03:38, 10 October 2006 (UTC) Changing my vote to oppose the move and instead have the vasocongestion article focus on the medical aspects and leaving the blue balls article to concentrate on the popular usage.  The current version of the article suggests that blue balls and vasocongestion are the same, which does not seem to be accurate. Croctotheface 08:58, 10 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Oppose, the logic behind this move is flawed. Vasocongestion includes such things as red eyes from hay fever. It makes no sense, especially since "blue balls" is the more common and accurate term. It seems the most likely reason for the move is that some poeple are uncomfortable or offended by the article's name. Wikipedia is not censored WP:NOT. - Davodd 06:55, 10 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Opppose - use common names. I don't know whether "Vasocongestion" is more broad than "blue balls", but if it is it shouldn't simply be a redirect here. Thryduulf 07:57, 10 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Oppose. As has already been pointed out, vascocongestation is not blue balls. Accusation of censorship is however ridiculous. Loom91 07:59, 10 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Oppose Even if a proper medical term is proposed I still support Blue balls because it is vastly more common than whatever the medical term is. Vicarious 07:24, 11 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Oppose. --Serge 00:42, 12 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Oppose I know what blue balls is, I don't know what vasocongestation is. Furthermore, far more people are going to look for 'blue balls' than vasocongestation. ManicParroT 20:57, 12 October 2006 (UTC)

Discussion

 * Such a move would be less medically accurate. Vasocongestion deserves to be is own article. It includes such topics as blushing, erections and Dyspareunia, menstruation and sex flush - as well as blue balls. - Davodd 07:10, 10 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Well, okay then, why not use Pelvic Congestion, which is (now I found) the clinically accurate word. As of yesterday, Vasocongestion was redirecting here, which was not right. But I strongly believe we should use Pelvic congestion, not Blue Balls. --Deenoe 10:02, 10 October 2006 (UTC)
 * And by the way, I'm not trying to censor. But Blue balls isnt a medical term. --Deenoe 20:54, 10 October 2006 (UTC)
 * We are a general-purpose encyclopaedia, not a medical encyclopaedia. Per Naming conventions (common names), articles should be at the most common unambiguous name. There are execptions to this, but none apply to this case as there are no specific guidelines for medicine-related articles and there are no issues with any of national varieties of english, abbreviations, diacritics or technical limitations. Thryduulf 22:11, 10 October 2006 (UTC)
 * The words "cunt" and "fuck" aren't medical terms (i.e. vagina and sexual intercourse), either - but both slang words words are common, storied, and distinct enough to warrant encyclopedic articles. - Davodd 00:28, 12 October 2006 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

this page has a problem, i can`t edit all of it
there are some informations noone wants to know, fix it if you can, now (5) minutes later they just disappeared, i`m fearful of a new sort of wiki vandalism, better check that, sometimes the site has some info on someones penis on it, and no, i´m not on drugs —Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.47.191.232 (talk • contribs)
 * The history shows that this page has been vandalised a few times today, all of which was reverted very quickly
 * vandalised 01:32 reverted 01:33
 * vandalised 06:30 reverted 06:31
 * vandalised 18:04-18:12
 * vandalised 18:25-18:26 both vandals reverted 18:26
 * However, there were no edits to the article at all around the time you posted here (21:08 and 21:12). The most probable cause is that you saw a cached version of the page that contained vandalism, and after you clicked back from thsi talk page to the article your cache updated to the version where the vandalism had already been removed. Thryduulf 22:24, 10 October 2006 (UTC)

'''

I just wanted to say that this is a terrible page and there should be serious consideration for its removal. The "source" from an MD that was sites is a TERRIBLE study. This is an isolated case with large study conducted. It is speculation of one person based on no facts and should NOT be considered a credible source.'''

Never Had Blue Balls
I have never had anything close to this condition, sounds like poor circulation. What percentage of the male population gets this condition? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 67.110.221.182 (talk) 07:34, 5 February 2007 (UTC).

 * At the risk of venturing into original research, have you been in the situation that would produce this condition? My experience is that it takes most of 24 hours of fairly constant stimulation to produce it in me, which hasn't happened all that often (thankfully). I'm sure it varies from man to man, so maybe you just take longer than most. In this liberated age, I'd guess it would be rare (but obviously not unknown) for men to be in a situation where they developed this condition... hence comments such as yours and others who don't believe it exists. My suspicion is that most men could suffer from it given the right circumstances.

 * But there's little information I've seen about it, and a lot of misinformation. See http://alderspace.pbwiki.com/blue%20balls for one (other) attempt at providing some accurate info. Andrewa 08:52, 26 February 2007 (UTC)

Most definitely happens, take an uninterested anonymous user's word for it. Most definitely sucks too.

More Medical Jargon
I check the citation from Pediatrics. There was a follow up letter to the editor where two other names were provided. Here's the relevant sentence:

'The condition described, what the urologists often term "epididymal hypertension," and some have labeled "deadly sperm buildup" or "DSB," has many other manifestations of which physicians and their caretakers ought to be aware.' (PEDIATRICS Vol. 108 No. 5 November 2001, pp. 1233-1234)

If letters to the editor are permissible sources for Wikipedia, then both terms should be added to the article. Incidentally, the response from Weinzimer and Thornton is worth reading :)

New requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of the . Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Blue balls → Pelvic congestion — Unlike the last move request, the primary justification for this one is not that pelvic congestion is a "more medical term". Wikipedia has articles for plenty of colloquialisms—though it's true that when dealing with medical issues, the terminology used by health professionals is generally preferable to slang. Indeed, slang is strongly discouraged on Manual_of_Style_%28medicine-related_articles%29:

 * "The article title should be the scientific or recognised medical name rather than the lay term or a historical eponym that has been superseded. These alternative names may be specified in the lead. Create redirects to your article to help those searching with alternative names. For example, heart attack redirects to myocardial infarction."

Since there does seem to be strong precedent for using the less-common medical term instead of the more-common slang one (hell, "heart attack" is much less slangy than "blue balls", yet it's redirected to Myocardial infarction!), that is the secondary justification for this move.

However, the primary justification is simply this: the article discusses both male and female congestion, but obviously females cannot have "blue balls". Having a section called "Blue balls" is both misleading and inaccurate—plus it just sounds ridiculous. Yet the article isn't long enough to merit a split into separate pages for male and female congestion (and having another article called "pink ovaries" or something obviously wouldn't help with the secondary problem!), so the only really neutral and accurate way of presenting this information would seem to be replacing the male-specific term with a gender-neutral one. That, plus the strong precedent for cases like heart attack (redirected to myocardial infarction) and runny nose (redirected to rhinorrhea), seems sufficient to me to justify a page-move, despite how common the phrase "blue balls" is (in the United States, at least).

By the way, it should be noted that the main reason past move requests have been rejected has simply been because they were inaccurate: blue balls is not vasocongestion, nor is it prostatic congestion. Also note that this article move is not being proposed because "blue balls" is synonymous with "pelvic congestion": a medical synonym for blue balls would probably look more like "acute testicular congestion" or "male pelvic congestion". Rather, the move is being proposed because "pelvic congestion" more accurately describes the article's contents, which deal with both male and female congestion. -Silence 21:42, 12 May 2007 (UTC)

Survey
Add  * Support   or  <tt> * Oppose </tt>  on a new line followed by a brief explanation, then sign your opinion using ~.

 * Support per nom. The article discusses both male and female congestion, so "blue balls" is an (amusing) misnomer. Moreover, Manual of Style (medicine-related articles) is quite clear in favoring medical terminology over colloquialisms, even when the colloquialism is more common (e.g., heart attack ). -Silence 21:42, 12 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Support as the title is misrepresentative of the article's scope, although the section on women is rather small. Someone may be able to write an article exclusively on the usage of the term "blue balls", but that is not the case yet. Pelvic congestion seems to be used more often for women, with the pelvic congestion syndrome, but the term itself is gender neutral enough. –Pomte 03:33, 15 May 2007 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the . Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

This article has been renamed as the result of a move request. --Stemonitis 21:07, 17 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Oppose - The move is unneeded and inaccurate. It is trying to solve a problem that does not exist by moving a generally known term to an obscure and inaccurate word. See: Wikipedia is not censored. This is an article about a slang term - like the slang word fuck, which is not merged with sexual intercourse or the slang word "cunt", which is not merged into either of the words vagina or vulva. - Davodd 21:23, 22 May 2007 (UTC)

Vandalism
Somebody appears to have added a 6-word piece of vandalism to the first para of the article "Cause" ("...or a date with Ellen Truxaw"). While it's quite amusing, it's not in the Wiki spirit... As a rank newbie, I haven't done any editing, but have left that to my more experienced colleagues. I would be interested to learn how to draw attention to any apparent vandalism one spots while browsing. For example, will this contribution automatically be brought to the attention of anybody, or is there another mechanism I should use to ensure it doesn't lay dormant until somebody stumbles across it?

BTW, as a Brit I would remark that the expression "blue balls" is not particularly common in the UK, and in my experience is used more by Americans. But I'm unable to suggest a UK-English equivalent.

Geoffreywatson 07:00, 15 June 2007 (UTC)

Extremes
I am not qualified to edit this article, however I think more note should be made of extreme conditions. Vasocongestion can, in extreme cases, lead to extended periods of unbearable pain (to the point of loosing the ability to walk, speak coherently, or use the washroom, and almost to the point of loosing consciousness). This is not necessarily related to either priapism or orchalgia, and can occur to a person who suffers from neither.

Shadowlance 20:18, 21 August 2007 (UTC)

Merge with Pelvic congestion
I think this article must be merged with Pelvic congestion, because is the same term. Applied to both genres. --andres.- --201.244.129.63 01:42, 29 October 2007 (UTC)
 * No it is not. This is a sizable article about a common slang term, its meaning, and its uses in society. It should not be merged any more than fuck should be merged into sexual intercourse, cunt into vagina, asshole into anus, or shit into feces. - Davodd 21:25, 29 October 2007 (UTC)
 * This is a valid argument, and I vote that blue balls should remain a separate article from both Vasocongestion and pelvic congestion. However, those two articles seem less distinct and may need merging.Dukeofwulf (talk) 17:50, 12 November 2008 (UTC)

I strongly feel that this article remains separate to allow for easy discoverability from web searches. The "blue balls" topic would get lost under "pelvic congestion." StarchMD (talk) 15:12, 27 November 2008 (UTC)StarchMD

Treatment
Treatment Citation? No citation appears on the treatment. I can personally testify that it doesn't work :-S —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.0.6.205 (talk) 21:42, 12 April 2008 (UTC)

I will not edit the treatment section, but it needs clarification. I am interpeting the last sentence to mean that analgesics do not affect prostaglandins. This is 100% false. If that is not how it was intended to be interpeted it has to be rewritten so that it says something to the effect of "vasocongestion is not caused by the prostaglandin system". Brantunger (talk) 23:49, 28 March 2009 (UTC)

 * Just... elevate your legs above the level of your heart for five minutes. Apart from being effective, you can safely do this in the company of others ;) Hakluyt bean (talk) 01:51, 9 September 2009 (UTC)

Title
Shouldn't the technical/medical name of this condition be used for the title, as well as when refering to it in the article, as opposed to using the slang term "blue balls" repeatedly? Sahuagin (talk) 18:18, 13 September 2008 (UTC)

 * Not necessarily. Wikipedia naming conventions give preference to the most common term. See WP:NAME. __meco (talk) 18:25, 13 September 2008 (UTC)

Other side effects
Pretty sure that finding blood in your semen is a problem:. In fact, visible amounts of blood passed through the urethra should always be checked with a qualified professional (just one example: ).

I would suggest deleting this section if citations are not provided soon. 213.143.18.23 (talk) 13:07, 18 May 2009 (UTC)

Am I the only person that suffers diarrhea as a side effect of blue balls?--Fatbrett2 (talk) 15:02, 3 April 2010 (UTC)

Reddit thread
Interesting comments (with references to Wikipedia) here:

http://www.reddit.com/r/AskReddit/comments/a9zc7/men_of_reddit_have_you_ever_experienced_blue/

75.84.238.18 (talk) 08:41, 2 December 2009 (UTC)

fluid?
so is the fluid sperm? or what fluid is the article informing us about? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.164.201.38 (talk) 23:04, 26 June 2012 (UTC)

Uncited(able)/Unverified(able) text moved here from article page.
I've spent a few hours copyediting this article to bring it up to Wikipedia standards. The following text is moved here from the article page under the Every Thing Must Be Verifiable and No Original Research mandates as I cannot find any information from reliable sources (or any sources) to back up these claims: Other side effects Some men may also experience other side effects. These can vary from a minor headache that generally wears off after a couple of minutes or muscle cramps or grumpiness. (Grumpiness more likely due to the lack of orgasm rather than the physical effects). In other more severe cases it has been known for men to suffer from stomach pains, and upset or a loose stomach combined with intense stomach cramps. The prostatic congestion and pain/tenderness or edema of the testes, and is misconceptionally believed to have the symptom of a blue tinged scrotum (from the notion that blue equals pain, as in a bruise or black eye, which can also appear blue). Sexually transmitted infection Some men who are infected with sexually transmitted lymphogranuloma venereum may experience enlarged lymph nodes in the groin that become fluctuant and unable to flush lymphatic fluid correctly, resulting in edema (swelling) of the affected area and discoloration. Treatment The easiest way to relieve the symptoms of blue balls is ejaculating. The resultant ejaculation jump-starts the sympathetic nervous system, which increases blood flow through the penis area, dissipating the fluid buildup. Even without orgasm, the symptoms of blue balls usually subside within an hour of onset, but they can also last much longer, up to 24–48 hours or longer. Simply lying down can also sometimes help the pain associated with blue balls. A male suffering from 'Blue Ball' can also relieve pain by carefully lying on his left hand side and gently raising his right knee to his stomach. By doing this, it will relieve the subject of any accumulated gas that may have compiled over the space of time the male is aroused. One folk remedy for blue balls is the cold shower. Putting cold substances on the crotch supposedly helps stimulate the muscles that control blood flow. Wearing a jockstrap (or other form of support) can alleviate some of the discomfort caused by the condition. Please feel free to re-add any of the above information if reliable sources are found to back up these claims. - Davodd (talk) 08:29, 27 November 2010 (UTC)

I moved the treatment section back at its place. Much better to apply "says who" and other tags that question the treatment options. H15 H16N355 | K1N6 M3 (T47K)  20:14, 25 May 2012 (UTC)

 * I disagree; Wikipedia does not exist to be useful per se and shouldn't be giving medical advice anyways (especially without citations.) OSborn arfcontribs. 20:32, 25 May 2012 (UTC)

 * And I disagree with your disagreeing. I'm sure you know about the "Citation needed" and "fact" tags which should always be used where citations are missing instead of deleting useful information. For what you said, seems you don't much care about the usefulness of the knowledge. What do you believe information is for? Besides, it has been proven that informed patients have better chances of positive outcomes and it is widely accepted that dispensing knowledge to patients is much needed and appreciated (Woolf, Steven H., MD, MPH et al., "Promoting Informed Choice: Transforming Health Care To Dispense Knowledge for Decision Making", Anals of Internal Medicine - http://www.annals.org/content/143/4/293.short). Enrich a public source of information like Wikipedia and help people get more informed instead of trying to hamper people's rightful actions to spread useful knowledge. Spreading information is *not* giving medical advice and never will be. H15 H16N355 |  K1N6 M3 (T47K)  01:28, 29 May 2012 (UTC)

 * Reliable sources were found to back up the some key claims made, therefore, the "treatment" section has been put back at its place. Anyone can feel free to find more reliable sources and add them to the article or remove any unsourced claims within the section. H15 H16N355 |  K1N6 M3 (T47K)  02:02, 29 May 2012 (UTC)

I still do not feel that this article meets wikipedia standards. There is no scientific evidence to show that this condition exists, only anecdotal evidence, as is made clear in the only medical journal referenced on this page (Pediatrics [2000]). At the very least, this means that all causal claims need to be removed.99.255.64.245 (talk) 18:20, 15 November 2012 (UTC)

Blue balls is a LIE. There. I said it.
Blue balls is a lie started by guys who want their partner to finish them. I will be the first person to come out and say it to the world, if need be. There are no side-effects of not finishing. No stomach ache, no head ache, no cramped muscles, no pain, no nothing. It is dishonest trickery, and I'm defying my oath to the male species and telling it aloud for every girl to hear. The is no such thing as blue balls. This trickery has gone on long enough, it was funny for decades, but now people are trying to do scientific studies and research on it, and it's time that we (males) come up with something new. Skiendog (talk) 23:09, 20 May 2011 (UTC)

 * Seems to be a lot of lies in the sexual realm - there's the whole "female ejaculation" thing too. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.231.208.77 (talk) 06:28, 16 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Again, correct. It's peeing, that's all.  Skiendog (talk) 15:49, 3 October 2011 (UTC)

 * Someone needs to be castrated!!! Blue balls is a lie- I thought u were a woman for a minute there...Stop tucking!!! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.190.11.4 (talk) 03:35, 12 July 2011 (UTC)

 * It's not a lie--just a very convenient truth, heh. As the article mentions it's not universally experienced, and when it is the remedy is never more than an arm's length away. The lie is that it's anything more a trivial discomfort... and we all use it, so shhh. 109.123.89.16 (talk) 03:53, 20 September 2011 (UTC)

 * "Trivial discomfort" ...I'll agree with that. But definitely no pain. Skiendog (talk) 15:42, 3 October 2011 (UTC)

 * Just because something has never been experienced by someone does not mean it is not real, some woman have never experienced an orgasm, and obviously they are real. All I can say is a male is lucky if never gets to experience Blue Balls, as a mild case it is an ache, a bad case is painful, and a very bad case can result in stomach cramps. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Lyonesse74 (talk • contribs) 19:22, 18 October 2011 (UTC)

 * If it's only a lie used by guys to take advantage of their partners, how do you explain the fact that I get get pain and nausea but I have never told a partner about it? I just suffer through the pain or deal with it discreetly on my own. Why would I trick myself into feeling pain? Just because some assholes lie about it doesn't mean that it's fake.

 * I feel like using skiendog's balls as my Muay Thai training bags and then politely letting him know that he should only talk about things that he is not ignorant about. Just because one has not experienced a condition does not, I repeat, DOES NOT mean it doen't exist. I'm appalled by the idea of using excuses to force a girl to do ANYTHING with me which she doesn't REALLY feel A LOT like doing. I'm too proud for that. Still, I have experienced, just yesterday, a very painful case of epididymal hypertension (aka, blueballs). Felt like I got kicked in my groins (is that only a "trivial discomfort"? Hell no.) I know for a fact that if I stay provoking and turning a girl somewhere we can't do it for too long and she does the same to me, I'll get it. So don't talk about what you know nothing about. H15 H16N355 | K1N6 M3 (T47K)  20:46, 25 May 2012 (UTC)

 * EDIT: Oh. First the husky guy says it's a "LIE", then he accepts that it exists, "[B]ut definitely no pain." WTF? Get a grip.

H15 H16N355 | K1N6 M3 (T47K)  20:34, 25 May 2012 (UTC)
 * Edit2: Just cause some people probably only saw female squirting orgasms (female ejaculation) on porn movies, where they obviously use the ignorance of people to deceive them, DOES NOT mean it doesn't exist. There's a whole bunch of things that people don't know about the human body. H15 H16N355 | K1N6 M3 (T47K)  20:46, 25 May 2012 (UTC)
 * Having just experienced the first major episode of blue balls ever, I can only agree that the only liar here is Skiendog. There was on pressure on my partner, quite the contrary, I called the stops. I screwed up with the last condom and she was willing to proceed with potentially compromised protection, but I wasn't. Too ashamed about having ruined it to even tell her I was in pain, even though she probably would've tried to alleviate it with her mouth or hands had I done so. Kick in the groin (the afterache, not the initial crippling pain) is a very apt comparison indeed. Not debilitating, but certainly not trivial either. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.77.133.227 (talk) 12:21, 26 May 2012 (UTC)

 * I'll have you know that after numerous times edge masturbating yesterday, I felt an excruciating pain. I wanted to just go to bed, so I could do it again tomorrow, but my body literally forced me to finish. Only then did the pain subside. This phenomenon has nothing to do with lying to get into a female's pants. Please refrain from sharing such uneducated conclusions in the future. --68.51.138.119 (talk) 19:58, 1 September 2012 (UTC)

 * I have blue balls right now. It's not a lie. Even though they're not really blue. Yet. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 109.97.167.70 (talk) 21:00, 10 January 2013 (UTC)

Die in a fire Skiendog. I had to hobble half a mile back to my car. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.228.195.92 (talk) 00:26, 23 January 2013 (UTC)

Blue balls is not a lie
While I can understand your perspective of thinking Blue balls condition is a hoax to get girls to put out, that is not the reality. I suffer from Blue Balls when I start masturbating (no ejaculation) then stop for 20-40 minuets but still stay in an excited state (not erection necessarily) but still mentally and physically stimulated. After this time I get a very painful dull ache in both my testicles. If I ejaculate it does not easy the pain at all. The pain lasts for 40 - 60 minuets. I assume the post below about this real condition is trolling or an immature individual.

Also I have Varicocele condition on one of my testes. I think this intensifies the pain due to poor blood circulation but that is just a hypothesis. 24.239.116.215 (talk) 02:29, 13 July 2013 (UTC)

"Treatment"
Although you'd think the treatment is obvious, the article should perhaps indicate this. Plus one of the people who commented above mentions a possible medical condition that might be related to symptoms. Perhaps this article should be expanded a little beyond the sexual slang aspect? 70.72.221.229 (talk) 18:50, 14 July 2013 (UTC)

Blue Ball
বাংলায় এটা নিয়ে আর্টিকেল তৈরী করা উচিৎ Ashfaqur Rahman AAkash (talk) 04:00, 26 December 2016 (UTC)

Treatments
As far as I know, there are no scientifically-proven treatments for "blue balls". There are only home remedies.

I found a lay article by a San Francisco paramedic, which was medically reviewed by a retired cardiologist. It cites two sources, both from the journal Pediatrics:

 * " 'Blue balls': A diagnostic consideration in testiculoscrotal pain in young adults: A case report and discussion."
 * "Blue balls." (Letter.)

The lay article suggests three suggested treatments for "blue balls".

These are:

 * Exercise: especially strength training.
 * Vagal stimulation: e.g. by bearing down, as if you're straining to help push a bowel movement out.
 * Cold showers.

The article explains why each of the three treatments is suggested.

The article concludes with an explanation of why there isn't, and will likely never be, much money to fund research into the condition.

WP:MEDRS asks us to cite clinical practice guidelines, meta-analyses, and/or literature reviews. But WP:IAR seems to imply that, because these don't exist here, we should cite lesser (but still reliable) sources instead. (Perhaps while warning readers that we're citing lesser sources.)

Since there are no scientifically-proven treatments, I think we should mention the suggested (but not proven) treatments in our article. Where I live, two of the three treatments are free, and the third is very inexpensive. We can mention that they're not proven.

Thoughts?

Kind regards,

—TealHill (talk) 12:26, 6 December 2017 (UTC)

 * In addition to the points I mentioned above, let me add a few more points:
 * WP:MEDRS admits that "a lightweight source may sometimes be acceptable for a lightweight claim".
 * User:WhatamIdoing wrote elsewhere: "Primary sources are sometimes the best possible sources for standard information about rare diseases. Secondary is not the definition of a good source. It's important to balance multiple considerations around the reliability of sources. A recent primary source from an expert in a respected journal in a relevant area is often better than a review article written by a grad student in a third-tier journal. When we're writing about a common or well-researched condition, we can pick the best of the best of the best (and that's what we wrote MEDRS around), but when we're working on articles about rare diseases, we need to think about sources holistically, and not just through a simplistic primary-bad/secondary-good lens." Although I admit that "blue balls" is not a rare disease, I insist that it is a condition which has been mostly ignored by the peer-reviewed medical literature.
 * Kind regards, --TealHill (talk) 06:36, 13 November 2018 (UTC)
 * TealHill, Doc James reverted you on that piece before. I see that you have added it back. Even when something is a rare medical matter, one can still often find decent sources on it on Google Books. Flyer22 Reborn (talk) 02:05, 14 November 2018 (UTC)
 * I have trimmed verwell health. If there are no sources that are any good often it is best to simple say less. Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) 02:33, 14 November 2018 (UTC)

Painkillers
Do painkiller gels (e.g. Voltaren / diclofenac gel) or painkiller pills (e.g. Tylenol / acetaminophen / Advil / ibuprofen) successfully treat "blue balls"? TealHill (talk) 06:38, 13 November 2018 (UTC)

Blue walls listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Blue walls. Please participate in the redirect discussion if you wish to do so. Hildeoc (talk) 16:57, 17 July 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Epididymal hypertension/Archive 1


text:
Bloomers (disambiguation)

Bloomers are undergarments named after Amelia Bloomer.

Bloomers may also refer to:
 * Bloomers (TV series), the 1979 BBC sitcom by James Saunders, starring Richard Beckinsale.
 * Auntie's Bloomers, a blooper show hosted by Terry Wogan that ran on BBC television from 1991 to 2001.

title: Bloomers (disambiguation)


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Digital stamp

A digital stamp in crafting, stamping, card making and scrapbooking is a digital image printed onto paper from the user's printer. Digital stamps come in a variety of formats, including PNG, JPG, and TIFF. Digital stamps offer many advantages over traditional rubber stamps because of their ability to be flipped, resized, rotated and easily stored.

In addition, digital stamps can be printed on a variety of papers and cardstocks, and when properly heat sealed can be used with a variety of coloring mediums including colored pencil, copic markers, even watercolors.

There are many digital stamping companies today.

A digital stamp, in mail or philately, is similar to a conventional postage stamp except it is resident on or in a computer. A digital stamp can typically be downloaded and printed onto envelopes or packages by authorized individuals.

Some artistamp-issuing entities have issued "digital stamps", which have usually remained only pictures on a computer.

A digital stamp can also be an encoded way of "approving" or "remarking on" a digital copy of a document. Paper/hard copies of documents continue to be popular because they can be signed/initialed/remarked on in a manner that is unique and traceable to the reviewer. A digital stamp seeks to duplicate or replace this and enable a paperless exchange of information that still manages to have a verifiable comment and review.

title: Digital stamp