text:
User talk:Allstar86

Harvard-Westlake Question / Welcome
Hi Allstar,

I was just curious what brought you to the Harvard-Westlake page...thanks for adding the link to the website and to Jake and Maggie Gyllenhaal. I think I searched for them fairly recently to see whether or not I should put in a link, but I can't remember having found anything.

Anyway, welcome to Wikipedia. Patrick Grey Anderson 17:40, 8 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Airline destinations
It is proper to list a flight without a plane change as a destination. Vegaswikian 02:54, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * If you sign with 4 tildes ~ it includes your signon with your comments, makes replies easier. As to your question, I have not checked what is listed on wiki destinations in detail.  But in the case of Aloha, if you look at their website it clearly shows Honolulu as a direct flight, which can include stops.  The flight is 441 if I remember correctly.  I would like to think that showing that as a destination would be fine.  I'm not sure where you would even ask for information about this.  Maybe village pump in the policy section.  I would think following the airline standard would be the correct decision.  But like you I'm rather new so I don't know for sure. Vegaswikian 05:31, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I did a quick check at Reno/Tahoe International Airport for Aloha and it does not show Honolulu but it also states that the destinations listed are nonstop. So maybe there are two cases.  One where they list direct flights and the other where they list only nonstop flights.  Vegaswikian 05:40, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)

TLAs
A proposal has been made at Requested moves to move TLAs from AAA to DZZ and other related pages to Wikipedia namespace. Please visit Talk:TLAs from AAA to DZZ for the related discussion. -- Francs2000 | Talk 00:46, 16 September 2005 (UTC)

Deletion of 'liberals wikipedians' category
Hi. I saw you're (like me) listed in this category which is up for deletion. Hoped you'd like to vote in favor of keeping it... Thanks! Larix 23:11, 19 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks for voting! Larix 16:10, 25 December 2005 (UTC)

Georgia link thank you
Allstar86, Thank you for making that edit on my user page so that Georgia is linked properly to the US state article, not the country article. Brendenhull 23:35, 18 March 2006 (UTC)

you're welcome :] --Allstar86 14:44, 2 April 2006 (UTC)

Nomination for adminship
 Brendenhull would like to nominate you to be an administrator. Please visit Requests for adminship to see what this process entails, and then contact Brendenhull to accept or decline the nomination. A page has been created for your nomination at Requests for adminship/. If you accept the nomination, you must formally state your acceptance and answer the questions on that page. Once you have answered the questions, you may post your nomination for discussion, or request that your nominator do so.

Image Tagging for Image:Harvard-Westlake crest.jpg
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Template:Airlines of the United States
What exactly is a 'Dependent regional airline'? Would this be better listed as just regional airline? Also AK and HI should be under this heading since all of those are regional airlines.

As to your question on the usefulness, I have mixed feelings since it may be too large. In looking at this it did not seem as large I thought it might be. So maybe it would be OK.

I did some edits to stop the '•' character from starting a line. You can use the same technique for the airline names if you pipe ('|') the name for display. Vegaswikian 23:20, 2 January 2007 (UTC)

In response to your request for comment on my talk page, Template:Airlines of the United States looks good to me. I'm just hoping someone will create the missing articles for those small airlines in Alaska which provide scheduled passenger service. If anyone is interested, here's a partial list taken from the Essential Air Service article (also, a few of these are missing from your template): Zyxw 12:17, 8 January 2007 (UTC)
 * 40-Mile Air - http://www.40-mileair.com
 * Alsek Air Service - http://www.alsekair.com
 * Copper River Air Taxi - http://www.copperriverair.com
 * Ellis Air Taxi - http://www.ellisair.com
 * Harris Aircraft Services - http://www.harrisaircraft.com
 * Island Air Service - http://www.kodiakislandair.com
 * Servant Air - http://www.servantair.com
 * Taquan Air - http://www.taquanair.com
 * Warbelow's Air Ventures - http://www.warbelows.com
 * Ward Air - http://www.wardair.com

Fix for Neo
Hey Allstar, Thanks for that quick fix on my page (DL). I must not have been paying attention while I was typing. I appreciate the assistance! Neo16287 22:56, 14 January 2007 (UTC)

Earth Institute
I do not think the various parts of this center can possibly survive as separate articles. Even at major universities like Columbia, only the most important and comprehensive research centers have individual articles. I have therefore edited them all into redirects to the main page, where it would be reasonable to make sections for each. When there was apparently non-copyvio content, I used it for the section. Before you go to any more work on this elaborate et of pages, please stop and consider. See WP:WALLED GARDEN. Based on practice at AfD, this is probably the best way to handle it. DGG 20:36, 25 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Probably should have made test pages first. People are deleting everything before I can rewrite anything. Stopping for now. --Allstar86 20:46, 25 June 2007 (UTC)
 * I will help as much as I can-- if anything actually gets deleted, I'm an admin, so I can undelete it temporarily. No text is actually lost: If you go to the redirects, e.g. Center for the Study of Science and Religion, and look at the edit history, you will see the original text. But make sure it isnt copyvio, the ed. who marked the copyvio will probably check. As for getting copyright permission, it is my experience that Columbia will only give permission for non-Commercial use, which as you know cannot be accepted,  But if you think you can get an OK for GFDL, get it and add it back.
 * Most of what I do here is trying to save bios of major academics and articles about important institutions, & it is my very strong advice that you start by having one strong article, and do not attempt to do separate pages for each of the centers except after the sections get quite large; But of course you know you can disregard anything I say, and try for yourself. DGG 21:01, 25 June 2007 (UTC)
 * I think that is great advice. Also, you should find some reliable sources that discuss the Institute and work them into the article ASAP, before someone challenges the whole thing on notability and verifiability grounds. --Butseriouslyfolks 00:53, 26 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Good edits today, and now for the refs--and link the directors' names if they are faculty and likely to be notable. And just for some more work, there may be suitable links from some of the subject pages. DGG 02:57, 27 June 2007 (UTC)

Scrollable references list
Thanks for bringing that to my attention. Cheers. Do you know of anyway then to stop extra long URL's from spill off the side of pages then? I was never editing long reference lists, just wide ones. Esradekan 22:49, 16 September 2007 (UTC)

Disputed fair use rationale for Image:Bullshot poster.jpg
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Scrolling lists
Well I have seen in them in some FA and no one complained about them or removed them so I could not realize that they are not allowed.--Avala (talk) 17:59, 8 May 2008 (UTC)

List
Hi Allstar86, thanks for your note. I'll review your list sometime today. All the best. The Rambling Man (talk) 09:01, 10 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Wow, that "day" turned into three. Apologies.  I've left some comments on the list's talk page.  Let me know if I can help further.  All the best.  The Rambling Man (talk) 17:56, 13 July 2008 (UTC)

List
Well, you can take it to peer review - you'll be guaranteed a review there within three days, but it won't be an expert "list" review. Or, you could go to WP:FLC and nominate it to see what people think. Most of the points I picked up would have been immediately mentioned to you there so you're off to a good start already now you've taken care of them. Let me know if I can help further. All the best. The Rambling Man (talk) 08:06, 14 July 2008 (UTC)

NPT list
Heh - well, after all, there I was expecting to see a list of treaty signatories, but it seems Obamania is ubiquitous these days. Biruitorul Talk 04:23, 26 July 2008 (UTC)

See my comments on the NPT page. I strongly recommend that you change "signatories" to "parties." NPguy (talk) 04:18, 28 July 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Curitiba hacked.png
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scrolling lists
Yeah i noticed they are not allowed anymore, that's why I stopped adding them, cheers EOZyo (мѕğ) 06:06, 17 September 2008 (UTC)

Speedy deletion of Alsek Air Service
A tag has been placed on Alsek Air Service requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about a company or corporation, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is notable: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, articles that do not indicate the subject's importance or significance may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable, as well as our subject-specific notability guideline for companies and corporations.

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page that has been nominated for deletion (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on the talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the article meets the criterion it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the article that would would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Lastly, please note that if the article does get deleted, you can contact one of these admins to request that a copy be emailed to you. Beeblebrox (talk) 05:25, 3 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Yea, you got me, that other airline did survive AfD. And this is exactly why I nominated it in the first place, because I was afraid it would open the door to every little tiny local airline in Alaska to have it's own article. Really, how is this notable? How is it more notable than a local water or land taxi? I honestly just don't get it. Beeblebrox (talk) 06:09, 3 October 2008 (UTC)
 * First, let me say I am sympathetic to the cause of not filling up Wikipedia with unimportant junk, so perhaps, if consensus dictates, we can combine some of these smaller airlines into a single article. As to their worthiness, I suppose I believe that public scheduled air service is inherently notable. From that, I believe that any such Alaskan airline that provides such a service, especially essential air service, is worthy of its own article. See Bering Air, Frontier Flying Service, Hageland Aviation Services, Isla Nena Air, Island Air Service, Servant Air, Taquan Air, Warbelow's Air Ventures, and Wings of Alaska, for other examples.
 * It will likely be that every little public airport in Alaska eventually gets an article, and it's well on its way: see List of airports in Alaska. These airlines serve to connect those dots.
 * Put another way, I believe the red links on Template:Airlines of the United States and Essential Air Service should be made as articles. I do NOT, however, believe that the hundreds of charter airlines should get their own article.
 * Given the AFD on Alaska Seaplane Service, I believe I'm in the majority in thinking these little airlines should be kept, but perhaps those more knowledgeable of Wikipedia Policy can argue the case better than I. In any case, I think this is something that should be debated and not speedy-deleted. I'm always up to talking this through, and perhaps the people at WP:AIRPORTS can be helpful too. --Allstar86 (talk) 06:37, 3 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Frankly, I thought the keep voters at that AfD mostly labored under the highly mistaken notion that little tiny airplanes are the main way everyone gets around in Alaska, and willfully ignored my evidence to the contrary. Here's an example: these guys have the same passanger capacity, and operate on a regular shedule but they use vans instead of airplanes. Are they notable? Also, this article does not cite any sources. Beeblebrox (talk) 06:53, 3 October 2008 (UTC)

AfD nomination of Alsek Air Service
I have nominated Alsek Air Service, an article you created, for deletion. I do not think that this article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and have explained why at Articles for deletion/Alsek Air Service. Your opinions on the matter are welcome at that same discussion page; also, you are welcome to edit the article to address these concerns. Thank you for your time. SchuminWeb (Talk) 09:24, 3 October 2008 (UTC) SchuminWeb (Talk) 09:24, 3 October 2008 (UTC)

Essential Air Service updates
Thanks for updating the tables in the Essential Air Service article. Having added the first table two years ago, I can appreciate how much work was involved. Although the current Alaska chart at http://ostpxweb.dot.gov/aviation/X-50%20Role_files/080801alaska.htm still shows Icy Bay and Cape Yakataga as having service to Cordova, the actual orders (see PDF links at Order 2006-9-22 and Order 2008-7-28) from the U.S. Department of Transporation show that the destination changed to Yakutat in November 2006 when Alsek Air Service started provided EAS services. I've updated the EAS and airport articles to reflect this change, but wanted to let you know in case there's some other source you know of that says otherwise. -- Zyxw (talk) 09:08, 8 October 2008 (UTC)

NPT parties
Hi Allstar, well done on the parties to treaty pages especially the NPT and CTBT articles. For the NPT, could we please have distinction of the colors on the map between NWS and NNWS after all this is arguably the most importance distinction of the treaty. Poliphile (talk) 03:19, 16 September 2009 (UTC)

Unreferenced BLPs
Hello Allstar86! Thank you for your contributions. I am a bot alerting you that 1 of the articles that you created  is tagged as an Unreferenced Biography of a Living Person. The biographies of living persons policy requires that all personal or potentially controversial information be sourced. In addition, to insure verifiability, all biographies should be based on reliable sources. if you were to bring this article up to standards, it would greatly help us with the current Category:All_unreferenced_BLPs article backlog. Once the article is adequately referenced, please remove the unreferencedBLP tag. Here is the article:

Thanks!--DASHBot (talk) 21:39, 8 January 2010 (UTC)
 * 1) Ana Mathis -

Reviewer granted
Hello. Your account has been granted the "reviewer" userright, allowing you to to review other users' edits on certain flagged pages. Pending changes, also known as flagged protection, will be commencing a a two-month trial at approximately 23:00, 2010 June 15 (UTC).

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Proposed deletion of Ana Mathis

The article Ana Mathis has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * Can't find sources to show notability or verify content. Not on IMDB, either

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 * No objection; was copied over from a moved article --Allstar86 (talk) 05:38, 18 January 2011 (UTC)

Autopatrolled
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Nomination of Island Air Service for deletion
The article Island Air Service is being discussed concerning whether it is suitable for inclusion as an article according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

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Nomination of Alsek Air Service for deletion
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Nomination of Taquan Air for deletion
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Template:USBill
Hi, Allstar. Thanks for your work to improve Template:USBill. I notice, though, that your 1 July 2011 edit has left the now-current version with this error text at the top of the page:

 * Expression error: Unrecognised punctuation character "{"  Expression error: Unrecognised punctuation character "{"

You might like to have a look. Best, –  OhioStandard  (talk) 16:09, 6 August 2011 (UTC)

List of parties to the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty
Hi All-star,

Great job with getting List of parties to the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty up to featured list status! I have nominated the article to go up on the main page in the Today's Featured List section. Some concerns about the article have been raised here. If you are willing to help address these concerns, it would be greatly appreciated.

Neelix (talk) 21:34, 10 March 2012 (UTC)

Freedom of speech = New WikiProject

 * WP:WikiProject Freedom of speech

Hi there, Allstar86, thank you for your helpful edit to Portal:Freedom of speech/Topics! :)

I've recently gone ahead and created WP:WikiProject Freedom of speech. If you're interested, here are some easy things you can do: Thank you for your interest in Freedom of speech, — Cirt (talk) 01:24, 30 October 2012 (UTC)
 * 1) List yourself as a participant in the WikiProject, by adding your username here: WikiProject_Freedom_of_speech.
 * 2) Add userbox User Freedom of speech to your userpage, which lists you as a member of the WikiProject.
 * 3) Tag relevant talk pages of articles and other relevant pages using WikiProject Freedom of speech.
 * 4) Join in discussion at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Freedom of speech.
 * 5) Notify others you think might be interested in Freedom of speech to join the WikiProject.

Proposed deletion of Susquehanna Bank

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 * Not notable.

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Ponca City airport
I was looking at the Ponca City airport page and did not see any references in the History section. I thought rather than tagging it, I would just bring it to your attention as the page seems to be one of those you are working on. Okheric (talk) 16:22, 27 March 2014 (UTC)

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Nomination of Center for Climate Systems Research for deletion
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title: User talk:Allstar86


text:
Haa, Bhutan

Haa, Ha, or Has is a Thromde or town, and the seat of Haa District in Bhutan.

Haa is situated in Haa Valley in the west of the Bhutan bordering Sikkim. The major economic activity is rice production, yak herding and trade with neighbouring China. Haa accommodates The Indian Military Training Team (also known as IMTRAT). IMTRAT is responsible for the training of the personnel of the Royal Bhutan Army (RBA) and the Royal Bodyguard of Bhutan (RBG). It is the oldest training team sent outside India to a friendly-foreign nation. The place has a religious significance as Lhakhang Karpo and other monasteries are situated there.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Haa, Bhutan


text:
Golden Valley County

Golden Valley County is the name of two counties in the United States:

 * Golden Valley County, Montana
 * Golden Valley County, North Dakota

title: Golden Valley County


text:
Robert Curbeam

Robert Lee Curbeam Jr. (born March 5, 1962) is a former NASA astronaut and captain in the United States Navy. He currently holds the record for the most spacewalks during a single spaceflight, accomplished during the STS-116 mission, when Curbeam completed four spacewalks.

Education
Curbeam graduated from Woodlawn High School, Baltimore County, Maryland in 1980. He earned a Bachelor of Science degree in Aerospace Engineering from the United States Naval Academy in 1984, a Master of Science degree in Aeronautical Engineering from the Naval Postgraduate School in 1990, and a master's degree in Astronautical Engineering from the Naval Postgraduate School in 1991.

Curbeam was named Fighter Wing One Radar Intercept Officer of the Year in 1989 and received the U.S. Naval Test Pilot School Best Developmental Thesis (DT-II) Award.

Naval career
Upon graduation from the U.S. Naval Academy, Curbeam commenced Naval Flight Officer training in 1984. In 1986 he reported to Fighter Squadron 11 (VF-11) and made overseas deployments on board the aircraft carrier USS Forrestal (CV-59). During his tour in VF-11, he also attended the Navy Fighter Weapons School.

Upon graduation of United States Naval Test Pilot School in December 1991, he reported to the Strike Aircraft Test Directorate, where he was the project officer for the F-14A/B Air-to-Ground Weapons Separation Program. In August 1994, he returned to the U.S. Naval Academy as an instructor in the Weapons and Systems Engineering Department.

NASA career
Selected by NASA in December 1994, Curbeam reported to the Johnson Space Center in March 1995. After completing a year of training and evaluation, he was assigned to the Computer Support Branch in the Astronaut Office. He is a veteran of three space flights: STS-85 in 1997, STS-98 in 2001, STS-116 in 2006, and has logged over 901 hours in space, including over 45 hours during three spacewalks.

Between the first two flights, Curbeam was a spacecraft communicator (CAPCOM) responsible for relaying all voice communication between Mission Control and crews aboard the Space Shuttle and International Space Station. After his second flight, he also was the CAPCOM Branch Chief. During the spring of 2002, he was Deputy Associate Administrator for Safety and Mission Assurance, at NASA Headquarters, Washington, D.C.

Spaceflight experience
STS-85 (August 7–19, 1997) was a 12-day mission during which the crew deployed and retrieved the CRISTA-SPAS payload, operated the Japanese Manipulator Flight Demonstration (MFD) robotic arm, studied changes in the Earth's atmosphere, and tested technology destined for use on the future International Space Station.

STS-98 (February 7–20, 2001) continued the task of building and enhancing the International Space Station by delivering the U.S. laboratory module Destiny. The Shuttle spent seven days docked to the station while Destiny was attached. In helping to complete its assembly, Curbeam logged over 19 EVA hours in 3 space walks.

STS-116 (December 9–22, 2006), launched December 9, 2006, at 8:47 p.m. EST, was a mission to the International Space Station. The mission involved the installation of a new truss segment and the rewiring of the station's electrical system. During the mission, Curbeam was the EVA crewmember for the record-breaking four spacewalks, three of which were conducted along with astronaut Christer Fuglesang (Sweden) and one along with astronaut Sunita Williams.

Post-NASA career
On December 7, 2007, NASA announced that Curbeam had chosen to leave NASA after 13 years, to pursue a job in the private sector. He presently works for Northrop Grumman Innovation Systems as the Senior Director of Business Development in Virginia.

Having played lacrosse as a student athlete at the Naval Academy, Curbeam became an assistant coach for the boys lacrosse team at Clear Lake High School in Houston, Texas. In 2011, Curbeam led Clear Lake to the semifinal match of the Texas High School Lacrosse League South District Championship game.

title: Robert Curbeam


text:
User talk:BenYackley

Well, well, well...

Here in this obscure corner of the online universe, we meet again.

Did you recognize my name when you edited away my changes? I certainly recognized yours, although I have to admit that Yackley is less common than Anderson.

Yes, it's me, Patrick Anderson, your old elementary school friend/nemesis. :) Remember?

What are you up to? Patrick Grey Anderson 21:07, 5 Mar 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:BenYackley


text: Talk:LexisNexis Risk Solutions

title: Talk:LexisNexis Risk Solutions


text:
User:WorthyDan

 * [| Problems With Wikipedia Part One]
 * [| Problems With Wikipedia Part Two]

Dan Thompson is an artist, writer and founder of RAG - the Revolutionary Arts Groop, formed in 2000 and based in West_Sussex, England.

Dan’s arts career started in 1988, when he joined the community arts team at The Connaught Theatre, Worthing. While there he was involved in the transformation of the Ritz, an Edwardian theatre then used as a rehearsal room, scenery store and workshops, into a working venue; it still operates today, as a cinema.

In 1993, Dan founded Exit, a multimedia arts collective who fused art, DJs, live bands, artists and a psychedelic lightshow and brought diverse bands like 70 Gwen Party, Big_Country, Tribute To Nothing and Orange Deluxe to Worthing. NME scribe John Robinson described Exit’s debut event as “sufficiently apocalyptic”.

Also in 1993, Dan started work with Rainbow Theatre; a relationship which continues to this day. Dan has worked as a designer on many shows touring schools, and is a founder member of Rainbow Shakespeare, Rainbow Theatre’s sister company who produce open-air productions each summer and have performed at the Glastonbury Festival.

From 1994, Exit were based at The Factory in Worthing, a nightclub designed by Deadline artists Jamie_Hewlett (Tank_Girl & Gorillaz), Phil Bond and Glynn Dillon.

After Exit, Dan spent time working in Brighton clubs and touring with bands. He went on to work with influential Britpop club and record label Blow Up, as a DJ on a tour of arts centres, universities and colleges, to promote the Blow Up A-Go-Go single when it was used on a GAP ad campaign.

Dan started working with maverick musician Richard Durrant, after meeting him during a production of African Sanctus in 1995, and became involved in Richard’s label LongMan Records in 1998. Dan was also involved in The Adur Festival from 1995 - 2000, and in founding the successful Beach Dreams events.

Between 1998 - 1999, Dan returned to his interest in historic theatre and cinema buildings, as a founder of the Trust that now own and manage the Dome Cinema, Worthing.

In 1999, Dan became a member of Karin Paish’s Alchemic Resource Centre, based on a Shoreham houseboat. Dan’s collaborations with Karin and performance artist Harry Palmer saw him on GM-TV

During the Adur Festival 2000, Dan held his first solo exhibition, which led to him joining Worthing studios group 12 Miles West. It was while resident here that he formed the Revolutionary Arts Group, with his wife Tracey Thompson who he met when they shared space at the studio. In 2008, Dan bought a Worthing CD and record shop, Random Rules, and relaunched it as Revolutionary Music, adding art, books and fanzines to the CDs and records.

title: User:WorthyDan


text:
Wikipedia talk:Selected anniversaries/May 10

 * 1837 - Panic of 1837: New York City banks fail, and unemployment reaches record levels.
 * 1857 - Indian Mutiny: In India, the Sepoys revolt against the British Army.
 * 1933 - Censorship: In Germany, the Nazis stage massive public book burnings.
 * 1941 - World War II: The United Kingdom's House of Commons is destroyed by the Luftwaffe in an air raid.

Removed:
 * 1857 - The First War Of Indian Independence : Sepoys mutinied against the British Army.

This is a good candidate except that it is a duplicate article that needs to be merged. Once that is done it can be put back. --mav 19:32, 9 May 2004 (UTC)

100px|Winston Churchill -- 199.71.174.100 01:26, 31 January 2006 (UTC)
 * 1940 - Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain of the United Kingdom resigned and formally recommended Winston Churchill as his successor.

 * Regarding the 2005 entry, I suggest that you add that the assassination attempt was also directed against Georgian president Mikheil Saakashvili as well as President Bush. Seleucus (talk) 03:34, 10 May 2011 (UTC)

2012 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 06:04, 9 May 2012 (UTC)
 * Moved to Ineligible: First Barbary War (saved for June 10)
 * Omitted: Indian Rebellion of 1857; First Transcontinental Railroad; Invasion of Iceland; 1997 Qayen earthquake; Vladimir Arutyunian
 * Included: Second Continental Congress (first appearance); National Gallery (2nd appearance, last in 2010); Lê Văn Khôi revolt (2nd appearance, last in 2010); Astor Place Riot (first appearance); Rudolf Hess (3rd appearance, last in 2005)

2013 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 06:00, 9 May 2013 (UTC)
 * Rescued from Ineligible (unused): John Wilkes
 * Moved to Ineligible: Second Continental Congress (maintenance)
 * Omitted: National Gallery; Le Van Khoi revolt; Astor Place Riot; Rudolf Hess; Vladimir Arutyunian
 * Included: Cayman Islands (7th appearance, last in 2010; rescued from Ineligible); Indian Rebellion of 1857 (8th appearance, last in 2011); Victoria Woodhull (first appearance); Voyage of the James Caird (first appearance); J. Edgar Hoover (6th appearance, last in 2010); François Mitterrand (first appearance)

2014 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 09:07, 9 May 2014 (UTC)
 * New articles (unused): Panic of 1837 (actually appeared once in 2004, but had been removed from the page); One World Trade Center
 * Omitted: Federated States of Micronesia (ineligible—maintenance); Cayman Islands; Indian Rebellion of 1857; Victoria Woodhull (ineligible—maintenance); Voyage of the James Caird (ineligible—TFA for 2014); François Mitterrand
 * Included: Science and technology of the Han dynasty (first appearance); Lê Văn Khôi revolt (3rd appearance, last in 2012); Neville Chamberlain (4th appearance, last in 2008); 1997 Qayen earthquake (2nd appearance, last in 2011)
 * Repeats: J. Edgar Hoover (2nd consecutive appearance, 7 total)

2015 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 05:18, 9 May 2015 (UTC)
 * Deleted: John Wilkes (appears on January 19)
 * Rescued from Ineligible (unused): Voyage of the James Caird
 * Omitted: Science and technology of the Han dynasty; Lê Văn Khôi revolt; J. Edgar Hoover; 1997 Qayen earthquake
 * Included: Cayman Islands (8th appearance, last in 2013); Panic of 1837 (2nd appearance, last in 2004); Indian Rebellion of 1857 (9th appearance, last in 2013); John Wayne Gacy (first appearance)
 * Repeats: Neville Chamberlain (2nd consecutive appearance, 5 total; 75th anniversary)

Suggestion

 * 1994 - Nelson Mandela became South Africa's first black President, and the first elected in a fully representative democratic election. S at yam Mishra  --talk-- 08:56, 10 January 2016 (UTC)
 * सत्यम् मिश्र: Your suggestion is nice but I regret to say that it had already been on the main page and we can't have it another time. As the article talk page says, any aspects of his life had been considered as a blurb so that it has appeared many times on the main page. However, I added your suggestion to the ineligible list. Thanks. --Mhhossein (talk) 13:05, 8 May 2016 (UTC)

Comments - 2016
Some articles were moved to the ineligible list. Regarding J. Edgar Hoover, do you think it's still too detailed considering the fact that it has gone numerous edits? --Mhhossein (talk) 12:55, 8 May 2016 (UTC)
 * The article had a Overly detailed tag on it, so it wasn't me who made the decision. Anyway, since it's gone now I put it back in. — howcheng  {chat} 07:15, 9 May 2016 (UTC)

2016 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 07:14, 9 May 2016 (UTC)
 * Omitted: Cayman Islands (ineligible—maintenance); Panic of 1837; Indian Rebellion of 1857; Neville Chamberlain; John Wayne Gacy
 * Included: Science and technology of the Han dynasty (2nd appearance, last in 2014); National Gallery (4th appearance, last in 2012); First Transcontinental Railroad (6th appearance, last in 2011; rescued from Ineligible); Rudolf Hess (4th appearance, last in 2012; 75th anniversary); François Mitterrand (2nd appearance, last in 2013)

2017 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 08:18, 10 May 2017 (UTC)
 * Moved to Ineligible: Indian Rebellion of 1857 (maintenance); Invasion of Iceland (maintenance)
 * Omitted: Science and technology of the Han dynasty; National Gallery; First Transcontinental Railroad; Rudolf Hess; François Mitterrand (ineligible—maintenance)
 * Included: Lê Văn Khôi revolt (4th appearance, last in 2014); Astor Place Riot (2nd appearance, last in 2012); Neville Chamberlain (6th appearance, last in 2015); 1997 Qayen earthquake (3rd appearance, last in 2014); Vladimir Arutyunian (3rd appearance, last in 2012); Ahmad ibn Tulun (first appearance); Thomas Young (scientist) (first appearance); Swami Sri Yukteswar Giri (first appearance)

2018 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 06:56, 10 May 2018 (UTC)
 * Moved to Ineligible: First Transcontinental Railroad (maintenance); J. Edgar Hoover (maintenance)
 * Omitted: Lê Văn Khôi revolt; Astor Place Riot; Neville Chamberlain; 1997 Qayen earthquake; Vladimir Arutyunian; Ahmad ibn Tulun; Thomas Young (scientist); Swami Sri Yukteswar Giri
 * Included: Science and technology of the Han dynasty (3rd appearance, last in 2016); Capture of Fort Ticonderoga (2nd appearance, last in 2010); Voyage of the James Caird (2nd appearance, last in 2013); Rudolf Hess (5th appearance, last in 2016); Anne Robert Jacques Turgot (first appearance); Felix Manalo (first appearance); Shen Congwen (first appearance)
 * Repeats: 1997 Qayen earthquake (2nd consecutive appearance, 4 total)

Wrong main blurb (2018)
Romania actually celebrates the Independence Day on the 9th of May. See this article by the National Radio Station.Anonimu (talk) 11:33, 10 May 2018 (UTC)

2019 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 15:58, 10 May 2019 (UTC)
 * Omitted: Science and technology of the Han dynasty; Capture of Fort Ticonderoga; 1997 Qayen earthquake; Anne Robert Jacques Turgot; Felix Manalo; Shen Congwen
 * Included: National Gallery (4th appearance, last in 2016); Panic of 1837 (3rd appearance, last in 2015); Vladimir Arutyunian (4th appearance, last in 2017); Theingapati (first appearance); Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle (first appearance); Joan Crawford (first appearance)
 * Repeats: Voyage of the James Caird (2nd consecutive appearance, 3 total); Rudolf Hess (2nd consecutive appearance, 6 total)

2020 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 16:14, 11 May 2020 (UTC)
 * New articles (unused): Singu Min
 * Omitted: National Gallery (ineligible—maintenance); Panic of 1837; Rudolf Hess; Vladimir Arutyunian; Theingapati; Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle; Joan Crawford
 * Included: Lê Văn Khôi revolt (5th appearance, last in 2017); 1997 Qayen earthquake (5th appearance, last in 2018); One World Trade Center (first appearance); Al-Aziz Billah (first appearance); Johann Peter Hebel (first appearance); Lorenzo Bandini (first appearance)
 * Repeats: Voyage of the James Caird (3rd consecutive appearance, 4 total)

2021 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 06:57, 12 May 2021 (UTC)
 * Omitted: Lê Văn Khôi revolt; One World Trade Center; Al-Aziz Billah; Johann Peter Hebel; Lorenzo Bandini
 * Included: Astor Place Riot (3rd appearance, last in 2017); Rudolf Hess (7th appearance, last in 2019; 80th anniversary); Vladimir Arutyunian (5th appearance, last in 2019); Colin Campbell, 1st Earl of Argyll (first appearance); Singu Min (2nd appearance, last in 2021; also appeared on February 14, his death anniversary); Miuccia Prada (first appearance)
 * Repeats: Voyage of the James Caird (4th consecutive appearance, 5 total); 1997 Qayen earthquake (2nd consecutive appearance, 6 total)

2022 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 07:41, 11 May 2022 (UTC)
 * Moved to Ineligible: Panic of 1837 (maintenance)
 * Omitted: Astor Place Riot; Voyage of the James Caird; Vladimir Arutyunian; Colin Campbell, 1st Earl of Argyll; Swami Sri Yukteswar Giri; Miuccia Prada
 * Included: Science and technology of the Han dynasty (4th appearance, last in 2018); Capture of Fort Ticonderoga (3rd appearance, last in 2018); Battle of Tabqa (first appearance); Leonhart Fuchs (first appearance); Karl Barth (first appearance); Arthur Kopit (first appearance)
 * Repeats: Rudolf Hess (2nd consecutive appearance, 8 total); 1997 Qayen earthquake (3rd consecutive appearance, 7 total; 25th anniversary)


text:
Golden Valley

Golden Valley may refer to:

Australia

 * Golden Valley, Tasmania

Canada

 * Val-d'Or (Golden Valley), a town in Quebec

Myanmar

 * Shwetaunggya

United Kingdom

 * Golden Valley, Derbyshire, England
 * Golden Valley (Herefordshire), the valley of the River Dore, England
 * Golden Valley (Stroud), the valley of the River Frome, England

United States

 * Golden Valley, Arizona
 * Golden Valley, Minnesota
 * Golden Valley, Nevada
 * Golden Valley, North Dakota
 * Golden Valley County, Montana
 * Golden Valley County, North Dakota
 * Golden Valley Township, Roseau County, Minnesota

Zimbabwe

 * Golden Valley, Zimbabwe

Railways

 * Golden Valley line, a railway line in Wiltshire and Gloucestershire, England
 * Golden Valley Light Railway, in Derbyshire, England
 * Golden Valley Railway, in Hertfordshire, England

Other uses

 * Golden Valley (children's play), by Dorothy Hewett, 1981

title: Golden Valley


text:
Talk:Guenon

Assessment Comment
I'm assessing the article on the genus as mid importance and consider, unless convinced otherwise by specific articles, the species articles to be low importance. If you feel otherwise feel free to say so. Regards.Gallador (talk) 16:59, 26 March 2009 (UTC)

Authority for Cercopithecus?
Who named the genus Cercopithecus? This article and ITIS both say "Linnaeus, 1758". However, I find that a bit implausible since So there's a puzzle here. Gdr 13:29:37, 2005-08-05 (UTC)
 * 1) in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae Linnaeus put all the monkeys in Simia;
 * 2) if he named the genus you would have expected him to place a species in it, but none of the species currently in Cercopithecus was placed there by Linnaeus
 * 3) the type species was originally Simia diana

 * Linnaeus named it as a group within Simia in SN 10. See Wikispecies which comes from Groves. - UtherSRG (talk) 13:57, August 5, 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes. Simia was suppressed by Opinion 114 of the ICZN, S. diana Linnaeus was designated the type in 1926. Ucucha|... 14:30, 5 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Guenon


text:
Expo Line (SkyTrain)

The Expo Line is the oldest line of the SkyTrain rapid transit system in the Metro Vancouver region of British Columbia, Canada. The line is owned and operated by BC Rapid Transit Company, a subsidiary of TransLink, and links the cities of Vancouver, Burnaby, New Westminster and Surrey.

The line was originally known only as "the SkyTrain" from its inception in 1985 until 2002, as it was the system's only line during this time. In 2002, after the opening of the system's second line, the Millennium Line, the original line was given the name "Expo Line". The new name was in recognition of Expo 86 (the World's Fair that Vancouver hosted in 1986) as the transit system had been built in large part as a showcase and an attraction for that fair.

Route
The line is elevated from Stadium–Chinatown to New Westminster stations, except for short at-grade sections between Nanaimo and Joyce–Collingwood stations in East Vancouver, and around the SkyTrain yards at Edmonds station in Burnaby.

The line travels underground for a short stretch between New Westminster and Columbia stations. Just east of Columbia is a junction where the line splits. One branch crosses the Fraser River, via the SkyBridge, and is elevated for the rest of its run through Surrey, with King George as its terminus station. The other branch continues through New Westminster, first through a tunnel and then elevated until it terminates at Production Way–University in Burnaby.

From just west of Nanaimo station all the way to New Westminster station, the Expo Line follows BC Electric's former Central Park Line, which carried interurbans between Vancouver and New Westminster from 1890 to the early 1950s.

ICTS demonstration project (1983)
What is now known as SkyTrain began as a demonstration project to showcase the newly developed linear induction propulsion technology to Vancouver and other prospective cities throughout the world. Although Toronto's Scarborough RT was completed before the Expo Line in 1985, the ICTS demonstration was the first system to use SkyTrain technology. The Intermediate Capacity Transit System (ICTS) demonstration was built using the Advanced Rapid Transit (ART) technology developed by the Urban Transportation Development Corporation (now part of Bombardier). Construction began on March 1, 1982, and was completed in early 1983. The demonstration project consisted of just one station and about one kilometre of guideway with no switches. This original station was not "named" during this time as it was the only station, but then in 1985 opened as Main Street station.

As it was a showcase station, Main Street had a different initial design from other stations on the Expo Line that came after it. For example, glass was featured in the station's design, but was missing from other original Expo Line stations, except Stadium station (now Stadium–Chinatown) since it was tied to the Expo grounds. Having preceded other stations on the line by three years, Main Street–Science World was visibly older, and signs of rust and wear were showing before extensive renovations to the station were completed in 2014.

The guideway for the showcase line was a straight section east of the station running over Terminal Avenue. It ended across from where the former Brussels Chocolate factory once was, located on Terminal. There was no guideway west of the station as the track ended immediately at the west end of the platform where the Vancity head office now stands.

The ICTS guideway was built differently from the rest of the Expo Line. The columns were different especially with how they are joined with the guideway. The walkway between the two tracks is of a different but also inferior design from the Expo Line, and it is showing signs of rust that come with the older age of the guideway.

There was only a single two-car train running on the north westbound track. After passengers boarded, it ran east toward the end of the test guideway. At the eastern end, the train would stop and after a pause, reverse directions and return to the station. Since there were no switches, only the northern track was used and the train would run back and forth on the same track. There was also a single car mock up parked on the south platform, what is now the eastbound platform. This car was not operational. The two-car train and single car mock up were of a different and unique design to all the production Mark I trains. The red tail lights were located on the bottom beside the headlights, instead of at the top. The end door and window were of a different design. As well, there were black panels on either side of the door, that are not found in the production trains. The whereabouts of these trains is unknown.

The ICTS guideway was retrofitted during the construction of the Millennium Line to accommodate the heavier weight Mark II cars. This was done by adding additional steel-reinforced concrete beams to the columns where they support the guideway. These are clearly visible when driving or walking on Terminal Avenue under the guideway. With the exception of the original ICTS guideway, no other part of the Expo Line required retrofitting for strength in order to accommodate the Mark II cars.

After the 1983 preview closed, the single pair of demonstration cars were sent back to Ontario, which have since served as test trains for the UTDC. The subsequent trains ordered for Expo were designed slightly differently from the demo train set because of issues such as a lack of standardized parts, and the wish to introduce automated computer technology to drive the trains.

Phase I: Waterfront to New Westminster (1985)

Following the demonstration project, construction of the first phase of the Expo Line between Vancouver and New Westminster got under way in mid-1983, with guideway construction nearing completion by late 1984, and station construction beginning in early 1985. On December 11, 1985, SkyTrain began providing free weekend service, with full revenue service opening on January 3, 1986. Phase I was 21.4 km in length, starting at Waterfront station and terminating at New Westminster station. The newly built system had limited Sunday service until 1990, and shorter revenue hours during weekdays than SkyTrain's current revenue schedule as of 2010.

During Expo 86, special shuttle trains ran from a third track at Stadium station, where there was a connection to the monorail serving the main site of the world's fair, to the Canadian pavilion at Waterfront station. Waterfront station was divided in two, with a fence going down the centre of the platform. One side of the platform was used exclusively for the shuttles, and was accessible only from the Canada Place entrance, while the other side was only for revenue service and was only accessible from the main entrance to the east.

For the first few years of revenue service until the early 1990s, all trains were lined with carpeting, and train doors did not open automatically but rather at the push of buttons on the interior and exterior of the trains when docked in stations. This on-demand system reflected the small-scale ridership SkyTrain had before Vancouver experienced a major population boost. Due to an inability to steadily maintain the carpeting, wax floors of the same colour were installed between 1992 and 1993.

In the planning of the original line, a proposed future station at Boundary Road and Kingsway, or "Boundary station" was to be included to serve employees of BCTel. However, the proposal was scrapped largely due to a fear of the station attracting crime to the neighbourhood and noise-level concerns.

Phase II: Columbia and Scott Road stations (1989–1990)
The first extension, or Phase II, was split into two parts. Construction began in 1987, with Columbia station opening on February 14, 1989, adding 600 m of guideway in the City of New Westminster. The second segment opened on March 16, 1990, and included Scott Road station in Surrey, crossing the Fraser River via the purpose-built, cable-stayed "SkyBridge", adding 2.5 km to the line.

Phase III: Surrey City Centre extension (1994)
Construction of a 4 km second extension, or Phase III, began in late 1991 and opened on March 28, 1994, adding three stations in Surrey's City Centre district in Whalley. Private partnerships with surrounding businesses in the community led to the then-new stations having a different appearance from the rest of the Expo Line. This extension set one of the Expo Line's current eastern terminus at King George station. It also added Gateway and Surrey Central stations.

Branch to Production Way–University (2016)
In 2002, the Millennium Line opened and shared the same track alignment with the Expo Line from Waterfront station in Downtown Vancouver to Columbia station in New Westminster. At Columbia, the two lines diverged, with the Expo Line crossing the Fraser River towards Surrey City Centre and the Millennium Line entering a short tunnel towards northeastern New Westminster and North Burnaby.

In late 2016, the SkyTrain system underwent a service change in preparation for the opening of the Evergreen Extension, resulting in a new branch of the Expo Line serving four stations that were originally built for the Millennium Line. On October 22, 2016, this branch began service from Columbia to Sapperton, Braid, Lougheed Town Centre, and Production Way–University stations, while the Millennium Line began running between VCC–Clark and Lougheed Town Centre (and later, Lafarge Lake–Douglas) stations, effectively ending nearly 15 years of Millennium Line service between Waterfront and Braid. The main Expo Line service between Waterfront and King George stations remained in place, operating at the same frequency levels.

Technology
The Expo Line uses a fleet of Innovia ART and Innovia Metro trains built by Bombardier Transportation (now Alstom). Like the Millennium Line, the trains are powered by linear induction motors rather than the conventional electric (rotary) motors used on the Canada Line. Expo Line trains are operated by the same SelTrac automated train control system used in the rest of the SkyTrain network.

The 2023 fleet consists of six-car Mark I trains using the Innovia ART 100, two- and four-car Mark II trains (operating in coupled pairs of two cars) using the Innovia ART 200, and four-car Mark III trains using the Innovia Metro 300.

Capacity upgrades
Before the purchase of some Mark II vehicles in 2009, the Expo line was operating at capacity while carrying 12,000 passengers per hour per direction (pphpd). Its ultimate design capacity was 19,400 pphpd using six-car Mark I trains operating at 93-second headways. However, exclusively operating a fleet of five-car trains would increase the capacity to 25,700 pphpd if Mark II trains were used.

Several options have been considered over the system's history to increase capacity on the Expo Line, including: In late 2020, TransLink ordered 41 Alstom Mark V trainsets in five-car configurations. These trains are based on the previous Mark III trains; however, each train will have an additional carriage and will have more internal space. Each five-car Mark V train will be able to hold 672 passengers regularly, both seated and standing, with a potential crush capacity of up to 1,207 passengers. The order will provide for both an increase in the number of trainsets and ultimately a total replacement of the mid-1980s to early 1990s Mark I rolling stock. Construction will be required at some stations to accommodate the 80 m length of the Mark V trainsets, but no service interruptions will be necessary.
 * Purchasing middle "C" cars to use with some of the Mark II trainsets to maximize available platform space. Current platforms can fit six-car Mark I trains and five-car Mark II/III trains. With its current fleet, TransLink can only create two-car and four-car Mark II trains (2 or 2+2). By adding a middle "C" car to some Mark II couplets to create three-car trainsets, longer five-car Mark II trains could have been used (2+3).
 * Reducing SkyTrain operating headways to 75 seconds per train, down from the 108 seconds used in the early 2010s, which would have allowed for more trains to operate at peak times.
 * After using longer trains and running trains at 75-second headways, the next option would be to lengthen the station platforms beyond 80 m to accommodate even longer trains. This expansion option would be the most expensive as it would require heavy construction at all Expo Line stations.

Surrey–Langley extension
The Surrey Langley SkyTrain Project is a 16 km elevated extension of the Expo Line from King George SkyTrain Station in Surrey to 203 Street in Langley City, routed mostly along Fraser Highway. Anticipated to open in late 2028, it will be built in one phase (a change from earlier plans) and include the following eight stations: The 2008 Provincial Transit Plan included a 6 km extension from King George station in Surrey east to Guildford, then along 152 Street to Fraser Highway and southeast to 168 Street; a further extension to Willowbrook Shopping Centre in Langley Township was also included in the plan. In 2011, as part of phase 2 of the Surrey Rapid Transit Study, different possibilities were examined for expanding rapid transit along multiple corridors in the South of Fraser region. In addition to SkyTrain, light rail and bus rapid transit were also in consideration. In 2016, TransLink was building dual business cases for LRT and SkyTrain technologies.

In November 2018, following a change of government in Surrey, the Metro Vancouver Mayors' Council voted to indefinitely suspend the at-grade Surrey light rail project in favour of extending the Expo Line from King George station to Langley City. This extension would be 16 km long and add eight stations to the Expo Line. The $1.65billion in funding that was earmarked for the light rail project was intended to be used to construct part of this extension to Langley but was insufficient to fund the entire extension, with $1.9billion more needed to complete the project. The existing funding would extend the line 7 km to Fleetwood in Surrey and add 4 new stations, terminating at 166th Street.

On July 25, 2019, the Mayors' Council voted to extend the Expo Line to Fleetwood using the existing funds. The council also voted to proceed with preparing a detailed business case for the full Surrey–Langley SkyTrain extension, which was expected to be completed by early 2020. If approved by the end of the third quarter of 2020, construction would have started in early 2022, with revenue service to Fleetwood projected to have started in late 2025.

On October 8, 2020, during the 2020 provincial election campaign, the BC NDP pledged to work with senior levels of government to obtain the $1.5billion needed to complete the full extension to Langley.

On July 9, 2021, Prime Minister Justin Trudeau announced that the federal government would provide up to $1.3billion to build the SkyTrain extension to Langley in a single phase. At that time, the cost of the project was estimated between $3.8 and $3.95billion in total, more than $650million in excess of the earlier $3.13billion estimate from TransLink, with the rest of the funding being split between TransLink and the provincial government. The full extension to Langley was planned to be constructed as a single project rather than in two phases and is scheduled to open in 2028. In July 2022, the provincial government officially approved this one-phase plan. Procurement for contractors was slated to start later in 2022, with major construction expected to begin in 2024. On March 7, 2024, the provincial Ministry of Transportation announced that SkyLink Guideway Partners had been selected to build the elevated guideway for the extension.

title: Expo Line (SkyTrain)


text:
Pedal steel guitar

The pedal steel guitar is a console-type of steel guitar with pedals and knee levers that change the pitch of certain strings to enable playing more varied and complex music than other steel guitar designs. Like all steel guitars, it can play unlimited glissandi (sliding notes) and deep vibrati—characteristics it shares with the human voice. Pedal steel is most commonly associated with Country music and Hawaiian music.

Pedals were added to a lap steel guitar in 1940, allowing the performer to play a major scale without moving the bar and also to push the pedals while striking a chord, making passing notes slur or bend up into harmony with existing notes. The latter creates a unique sound that has been popular in country and western music— a sound not previously possible on steel guitars before pedals were added.

From its first use in Hawaii in the 19th century, the steel guitar sound became popular in the United States in the first half of the 20th century and spawned a family of instruments designed specifically to be played with the guitar in a horizontal position, also known as "Hawaiian-style". The first instrument in this chronology was the Hawaiian guitar also called a lap steel; next was a lap steel with a resonator to make it louder, first made by National and Dobro Corporation. The electric guitar pickup was invented in 1934, allowing steel guitars to be heard equally with other instruments. Electronic amplification enabled subsequent development of the electrified lap steel, then the console steel, and finally the pedal steel guitar.

Playing the pedal steel has unusual physical requirements in requiring simultaneous coordination of both hands, both feet and both knees (knees operate levers on medial and lateral sides of each knee); the only other instrument with similar requirements is the American reed organ. Pioneers in development of the instrument include Buddy Emmons, Jimmy Day, Bud Isaacs, Zane Beck, and Paul Bigsby. In addition to American country music, the instrument is used in sacred music in the eastern and southern United States (called Sacred Steel), jazz, and Nigerian Music.

Early history and evolution
In the late 19th century, Spanish guitars were introduced in the Hawaiian Islands by European sailors and Mexican "vaqueros". Hawaiians did not embrace the standard guitar tuning that had been in use upon their introduction. Rather, they re-tuned the guitars to make them sound a major chord when all six strings were strummed, now known as an "open tuning". The term for this is "slack-key" because certain strings were "slackened" to achieve it. To change chords, they used some smooth object, usually a piece of pipe or metal, sliding it over the strings to the fourth or fifth position, easily playing a three-chord song. It is physically difficult to hold a steel bar against the strings while holding the guitar against the body and the Hawaiians laid the guitar across the lap and played it while sitting. Playing this way became popular throughout Hawaii and spread internationally.

Electrific amplification
Hawaiian lap steel guitars were not loud enough to compete with other instruments, a problem that many inventors were trying to remedy. In Los Angeles in the 1920s, a steel guitar player named George Beauchamp saw some inventions which added a horn, like a megaphone, to steel guitars to make them louder. Beauchamp became interested, and went to a shop near his home to learn more. The shop was owned by a violin repairman named John Dopyera. Dopyera and his brother Rudy, showed Beauchamp a prototype of theirs which looked like a big Victrola horn attached to a guitar, but it was not successful. Their next attempt yielded some success with a resonator cone, resembling a large metal loudspeaker, attached under the bridge of the guitar. Buoyed by their success, Beauchamp joined the Dopyera brothers in forming a company to pursue their invention. The new resonator invention was promoted at a lavish party in Los Angeles and demonstrated by the well-known Hawaiian steel player Sol Hoopii. An investor wrote a check for $12,000 that very night.

A factory was built to manufacture metal-body guitars with the new resonators. Money problems and disagreements followed, and the Doperyas won a legal battle against Beauchamp over the company, then went on their own to form "the Dobro Corporation", Dobro being an acronym for DOpyera and BROthers. Beauchamp was out of a job. He had been thinking about an "electric guitar" for years, and at least part of the dispute with the Dopyeras was over him spending too much time on the electrification idea and not enough on improving the resonator guitar. Beauchamp enrolled in electronics courses and, for his first effort, he made a single-string guitar out of a 2x4 piece of lumber and experimented with phonograph pickups, but had no success. He eventually came up with the idea of using two horseshoe magnets encircling the guitar strings like a bracelet, and six small metal rods wrapped with wire to concentrate the magnetic field (one under each guitar string).

When connected to an electronic amplifier and loudspeaker, it worked. He enlisted the aid of a skilled craftsman to fashion a guitar neck and body to connect to his device. The final construct, he thought, resembled a frying pan, and that is what the instrument was nicknamed. He applied for patent June 2, 1934 and received it on August 10, 1937. Beauchamp asked a nearby engineer named Adolph Rickenbacker to help manufacture the product and together they founded a company first named "Ro-Pat-In", soon changed to "ElectroString". The guitar brand was called "Rickenbacker" because they thought the name was easier to pronounce than "Beauchamp" (pronounced Beecham) and because Adolph's cousin, Eddie Rickenbacker, an American pilot and WWI flying ace, was a well-known name in the U.S. at that time.

In 1931, the Great Depression was at its worst, and people were not buying guitars; in addition, the patent office delayed on the application, in part because they had no category for the invention—was it a musical instrument or an electrical device? Electrostring's competitors infringed on the patent, but the owners did not have the money to litigate the infringements. Beauchamp was ultimately deprived of economic benefit for his invention because his competitors rapidly improved on it making his specific patent obsolete. Electrostring's most successful product was the Hawaiian guitar (lap steel) A22 "Frying Pan", the first electrified instrument of any kind — made with a metal body, smaller than a traditional Spanish guitar, to be played on the musician's lap.

Two additional breakthroughs emerged: One, the guitar amplifier, which had to be purchased in order to use the invention; and two, perhaps unrealized at the time, that electrified guitars no longer had to have the traditional guitar shape—this profoundly influenced electric guitar designs forever forward.

Lap steel
The first lap steels had a smaller body, but still retained a guitar-like shape. Instrument makers rapidly began making them into a rectangular block of wood with an electric pickup, the precursor of the pedal steel. According to music writer Michael Ross, the first electrified stringed instrument on a commercial recording was a western swing tune by Bob Dunn in 1935. He recorded with Milton Brown and his Musical Brownies. Brown has been called "The father of western swing" The inherent limitation of the lap steel was its constraint to very limited chords not changeable during a performance without re-tuning. For that reason, scores of different tunings are available for lap steel players.

Lap steel becomes console steel
The next problem to be dealt with was the need to play with different voicings on the same guitar; i.e., the way the strings are tuned. The only way to accomplish this at the time was the addition of a duplicate neck and strings on the same instrument, tuned differently. Players continued to add more necks, eventually getting up to four. This meant a bigger and heavier instrument, now called a "console" which necessitated putting it on a stand or legs rather than the performer's lap. Noel Boggs, a lap steel player with Bob Wills, received the first steel guitar made by instrument maker Leo Fender in 1953. Fender relied on prominent performers to field test his instruments. Boggs was one of the first players to switch to a different neck during a solo. Leon McAuliffe, composer of "Steel Guitar Rag", also played with Bob Wills, and used a multi-neck steel guitar. When Wills said his well-known tag line, "Take it away, Leon", he was referring to McAuliffe. A Fender Stringmaster triple-neck console steel was heard in a number one hit song in 1959,"Sleep Walk", a steel guitar instrumental by Santo and Johnny, the Farina Brothers.

Console steel becomes pedal steel
The expense of building multiple necks on the same instrument made them unaffordable for most players, and a more sophisticated solution was needed. At this point, the goal was simply to create a pedal that would change the pitch of all the strings at once to emulate a second neck. In 1939, a guitar called the "Electradaire" featured a pedal controlling a solenoid, triggering an electrical apparatus to change the tension on the strings. This was not successful. That same year, bandleader Alvino Rey worked with a machinist to design pedals to change the pitch of strings but was without success. The Harlan Brothers of Indianapolis created the "Multi-Kord" with a universal pedal that could fairly easily be configured to adjust the pitch of any or all strings, but was extremely hard to push when tensioning all strings at once. The Gibson Guitar Company introduced the "Electraharp" in 1940, which featured pedals radially oriented from a single axis at the instrument's left rear leg. The instrument was not popular and only 43 were sold before production was halted, but the U.S. entry into World War II played a part in lack of demand. After WW II, Gibson redesigned and reintroduced the Electraharp and Bud Isaacs used one on the song "Big Blue Diamonds" for King Records. The most successful pedal system from the various contenders was designed about 1948 by Paul Bigsby, a motorcycle shop foreman and racer who also invented the commercially successful Spanish guitar vibrato tailpiece. Bigsby put pedals on a rack between the two front legs of the steel guitar. The pedals operated a mechanical linkage to apply tension to raise the pitch of the strings.

Bigsby built guitars incorporating his design for the foremost steel players of the day, including Speedy West, Noel Boggs, and Bud Isaacs, but Bigsby was a one-man operation working out of his garage at age 56, and not capable of keeping up with demand. One of Bigsby's first guitars was used on "Candy Kisses" in 1949 by Eddie Kirk. The second model Bigsby made went to Speedy West, who used it extensively.

Pedal steel in country music: the birth of a new sound
In 1953, Bud Isaacs received one of Bigsby's new creations, a double-neck steel which featured pedals to change the pitch of only two strings. Isaacs was the first to push the pedal while notes were still sounding. Other steel players strictly avoided doing this, because it was considered "un-Hawaiian". When Isaacs first used the setup on the 1953 recording of Webb Pierce's song "Slowly", he pushed the pedal while playing a chord, so notes could be heard bending up from below into the existing chord to harmonize with the other strings, creating a stunning effect which had not been possible with the older (non-pedal) lap steels. Of this recording of "Slowly", steel guitar virtuoso Lloyd Green said, "This fellow, Bud Isaacs, had thrown a new tool into musical thinking about the steel with the advent of this record that still reverberates to this day." It was the birth of the future sound of country music and caused a virtual revolution among steel players who wanted to duplicate it.

Also in the 1950s, steel guitar hall-of-famer Zane Beck added knee levers to the pedal steel guitar capable of bending notes downward. The player can move each knee either right, left or up (depending on the model) triggering different pitch changes. The levers function basically the same as foot pedals, and may be used alone, in combination with the other knee, or more commonly, in combination with one or two foot pedals. They were first added to Ray Noren's console steel. Initially, the knee levers just lowered the pitch, but in later years with refinements, could raise or lower pitch.

Buddy Emmons' contributions to pedal steel
When "Slowly" was released, Bigsby was in the process of building a guitar for steel virtuoso Buddy Emmons. Emmons heard Isaacs' performance on the song, and told Bigsby to make his guitar setup to split the function of Isaacs' single pedal into two pedals, each controlling a different string. This gave the advantages of making chords without having to slant or move the bar, e.g., minors and suspended chords. Jimmy Day, another prominent steel player of the day, did the same thing, but reversed which strings were affected by the two pedals. This prompted future manufacturers to ask customers if they wanted a "Day" or an "Emmons" setup. In 1957, Emmons partnered with guitarist/machinist Harold "Shot" Jackson to form the Sho-Bud company, the first company devoted solely to pedal steel guitar manufacture.

Emmons made other innovations to the steel guitar, adding two additional strings (known as "chromatics") and a third pedal, changes which have been adopted as standard in the modern-day E9 instrument. The additional strings allow the player to play a major scale without moving the bar. He also developed and patented a mechanism to raise and lower the pitch of a string on a steel guitar and return to the original pitch without going out of tune. The Sho-Bud instruments of the day had all the latest features: 10 strings, the third pedal, and the knee levers.

Modern pedal steel
The pedal steel continues to be an instrument in transition. In the United States, as of 2017, the E9 neck is more common, but most pedal steels still have two necks. The C6 is typically used for western swing music and the E9 neck is more often used for country music. The different necks have distinctly different voicings. The C6 has a wider pitch range than the E9, mostly on the lower notes. Certain players prefer different setups regarding which function the pedals and levers perform, and which string tuning is preferred. In the early 1970s, musician Tom Bradshaw coined the term copedent, a portmanteau of "chord-pedal-arrangement". Often represented in table form, it is a way of specifying the instrument's tuning, pedal and lever setup, string gauges and string windings.

There are proponents of a "universal tuning" to combine the two most popular modern tunings (E9 and C6) into a single 12 or 14-string neck that encompasses some features of each. It was developed by Maurice Anderson and later modified by Larry Bell. By lowering the C6 tuning a half-step to make it a B6, many commonalities with the E9 tuning are achieved on the same neck and it is called the E9/B6 tuning.

Use in non-traditional genres
The pedal steel most commonly associated with American country music, but it is also sometimes heard in jazz, sacred music, popular music, nu jazz, and African music. In the United States in the 1930s, during the steel guitar's wave of popularity, the instrument was introduced into the House of God, a branch of an African-American Pentecostal denomination, based primarily in Nashville and Indianapolis. The sound bore no resemblance to typical American country music. The steel guitar was embraced by the congregation and often took the place of an organ. The first documented use of a pedal (rather than lap) steel in this tradition was in 1952, but it did not become common until the early 1970s. This musical genre, known as "Sacred Steel" was largely unknown until, in the 1980s, a minister's son named Robert Randolph took up the instrument as a teenager, and has popularized it and received critical acclaim as a musician. Neil Strauss, writing in the New York Times, called Randolph "one of the most original and talented pedal steel guitarists of his generation.

The pedal steel guitar became a signature component of Nigerian Juju music in the late 1970s. Nigerian bandleader King Sunny Adé featured pedal steel guitar in his 17 piece band, which, wrote New York Times reviewer Jon Pareles, introduces "a twang or two from American blues and country" Norwegian jazz trumpeter Nils Petter Molvaer, considered a pioneer of Future jazz (a fusion of jazz and electronic music), released the album Switch, which features the pedal steel guitar.

title: Pedal steel guitar


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Talk:Diana monkey

Photo
Can someone replace the photo with a more useful one where you can see the monkey's face? 212.9.31.12 (talk) 14:23, 18 November 2011 (UTC)

Yeah, seriously. It's like a photo from the Harry Potter universe and the monkey has got bored and started to wander off. It is distracting enough that my first thought was to click the Talk page and see if anyone had mentioned it. The Diana monkey is named after its browband, which is NOT VISIBLE in the main picture of the article. - Timmy Thompson — Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.252.39.13 (talk) 15:47, 21 November 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Diana monkey