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Matter of France

The Matter of France, also known as the Carolingian cycle, is a body of literature and legendary material associated with the history of France, in particular involving Charlemagne and his associates. The cycle springs from the Old French chansons de geste, and was later adapted into a variety of art forms, including Renaissance epics and operas. Together with the Matter of Britain, which concerned King Arthur, and the Matter of Rome, comprising material derived from and inspired by classical mythology, it was one of the great European literary cycles that figured repeatedly in medieval literature.

Three Matters
The Matter of France was one of the "Three Matters" repeatedly recalled in medieval literature. It was contrasted with the Matter of Britain, the legendary history of Great Britain, Brittany and King Arthur; and the Matter of Rome, which represented the medieval poets' interpretations of Ancient Greek and Roman mythology and history. The three names were first used by the twelfth-century French poet Jean Bodel, author of the Chanson de Saisnes, a chanson de geste in which he wrote:

Description
About 1215 Bertrand de Bar-sur-Aube, in the introductory lines to his Girart de Vienne, set out a subdivision of the Matter of France into three cycles, which have been adopted by many modern critics as a useful means of grouping the chansons de geste. These are his words:

"At Saint-Denis, in the great abbey, we find it written (I don't doubt) in a book of noble lineage that there have been only three gestes in well-defended France (I think no-one will argue with me now).

The lordliest is that of the kings of France.

The next, it is right to say, was of Doon of the white beard, he of Mainz who had many lands. In his lineage were fierce and rugged people; they would have had the lordship of all of France, its power, its knighthood, but they were proud and jealous. Of that lineage, so full of treachery, was Ganelon who by his treason caused great sorrow in well-defended France when he committed in Spain the great felony that caused the death in pagan land of the Twelve Peers of France. You have heard tell in many a song that from the geste that came from Ganelon many a great knight was descended, fierce and bold and of very great fame. They would have been lords of the whole realm of France, but there was pride and treason in them. Through pride (we tell you truly) many a high-placed man has been thrown to earth, as were the angels in heaven (we know it in truth) who, for their crime, were thrown into the prison of hell where they will feel nothing but eternal pain. They lost the holy mansion of heaven by their pride and folly. Just so were Ganelon's kin, who would have been so powerful and famous if they had not been so full of treason. Of this lineage, which did nothing but evil, was the second geste.

The third geste, which was much to be praised, was that of Garin de Monglane of the fierce countenance. In his lineage I can well testify that there was not a single coward or good-for-nothing or traitor or vile flatterer; rather they were wise and bold knights and good fighters and noble warriors. Not once did they wish to betray a king of France; they strove to help their true lord and to advance his honour everywhere. They promoted Christendom and destroyed and confounded Saracens. This Garin of the fierce countenance had four sons; never were there bolder knights, I think, so that in a whole day one could not describe their prowess. The first son (I will not lie to you) was the fierce Hernaut of Beaulande. The second, as I have heard tell, was the praiseworthy Milon of Apulia. The third was Renier of Geneva, and the fourth was lord Girart the warrior."

The cycles can be outlined as follows:

 * The Geste du roi, whose chief character is Charlemagne, seen as champion of Christianity. This cycle contains the best known of the chansons, the Chanson de Roland.
 * La Geste de Garin de Monglane, whose central character was Guillaume d'Orange, identifiable with William, Count of Toulouse. These dealt with knights who were typically younger sons, not heirs, and who seek land and glory through combat with the Infidels. The twenty-four poems of this geste belong to the generation after Charlemagne, during the reign of an ineffectual Louis. The Chanson de Guillaume is one of the oldest poems of this geste.
 * The Geste de Doon de Mayence, in which the hero, as in the Geste de Guillaume, often suffers from royal injustice, but is goaded into rebellion.

Central figures of the Matter of France include Charlemagne and his paladins, especially Roland, hero of The Song of Roland, and his companion Oliver, who was frequently cast in conflict with the Muslim champion Fierabras. Originally, the Matter of France contained tales of war and martial valour, being focused on the conflict between the Franks and Saracens or Moors during the period of Charles Martel and Charlemagne. The Chanson de Roland, for example, is about the Battle of Roncevaux Pass during the Moorish invasion of southern France. As the genre matured, elements of fantasy and magic tended to accrue to the tales. The magic horse Bayard, for example, is a recurring figure in many of the tales.

The fundamental character of the "Matter of France" is feudal and Christian (in a crusading form). Although viewed as idolators, the Saracens were not necessarily depicted as un-chivalrous. The earliest gestes were likely sung by a jongleur, accompanied by a fiddle. It is apparent that the authors were ignorant of the fact that Islam is monotheistic. D. J. A. Ross says that people of the Middle Ages appear to have regarded the gestes as generally historical.

Einhard's Vita Caroli describes the Basque ambush at Roncevaux as driving the Frankish rearguard down the valley. The poet who wrote the Chanson de Roland did not hesitate to update the military tactics to a set-piece cavalry charge on the part of the Saracens, although retaining a landscape unsuitable for couched lances.

List of works
For a list of chansons that can be attached to each of these cycles, see Chanson de geste.

In later literature
After the period of the chanson de geste, the Matter of France lived on. Its most well known survival is in the Italian epics by Matteo Maria Boiardo, Ludovico Ariosto, and a number of lesser authors who worked the material; their tales of Orlando innamorato ("Roland in Love") and Orlando furioso ("Roland Gone Mad") were inspired by the chansons de geste. These works, in turn, inspired Torquato Tasso's Gerusalemme liberata and Edmund Spenser's The Faerie Queene, although these latter works have been separated from the Matter of France and put in the respective settings of the First Crusade and an imaginary faerie land.

Tales of the Matter of France were also found in Old Norse, where the Karlamagnus Saga was written in the thirteenth century in Norway; it contains a synopsis of the main stories of the cycle. Indeed, until a major revival in the 19th century breathed new life into the Arthurian cycle, the Matter of France had enjoyed similar renown to the Matter of Britain.

Modern fantasy literature has used the Matter of France far less than the Matter of Britain, although L. Sprague de Camp and Fletcher Pratt set one of their Harold Shea stories (The Castle of Iron) in the world of the Matter of France, and Poul Anderson's Three Hearts and Three Lions references the Matter of France. Through Anderson's book, the Matter of France also had some influence on the popular Dungeons & Dragons game. Italo Calvino's fantasy novel The Nonexistent Knight also takes place in this world.

title: Matter of France


text:
User talk:Texture/Archive-2004 February

Angela's welcome
Hello Texture, welcome to Wikipedia. Here are some useful links in case you haven't already found them;

 * How to edit a page
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian!

Angela 01:29, 21 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Hi you don't need to stick articles with msg:test on vfd. We find them anyway and they are instant deletion candidates. if you an article you discover which is vandalism use rather than. THanks. Secretlondon 18:35, Jan 26, 2004 (UTC)
 * Thanks! - Texture 19:55, 26 Jan 2004 (UTC)

Kerry --> redirect instead of disambiguation??
Would you also propose to redirect Bush to the outback of Australia instead of a having a disambiguation page also giving links to the important people named Bush??

 * Close - I can't think of an actual "Bush" to redirect to unless there is an entry on shrubbery. If anyone wants to find George Bush I expect them to type in "George Bush".  Think of any encyclopedia, ever see an entry that just says "Bush"?  No, but plenty that say "Bush, George" and "Bush, George W.". - Texture 15:12, 28 Jan 2004 (UTC)

Countries recognized as free of rabies in pets
Thank you for contributing this list to the rabies page. But what is the source of the list? As there are several different authorities that might be offering recognition, it would be helpful to know whether you are citing an international organisation (WHO, OIE,..), national government department (USDA, UK DEFRA, ...), university, research institution (CDC, Pasteur Institute,...) or some other source, and which one. There has in the past been considerable disagreement between governments and others about this kind of thing... EdH 01:11, Jan 29, 2004 (UTC)

 * I am not the contributor of the country list. I changed the title so that it did not falsly imply that there was no rabies in wild animals in those countries.  I also searched for the source of the list but found several versions listing different countries and, while it looked authentic, I could not determine the authority behind the one provided.  The contributing user was User:62.78.142.99 -Texture 03:31, 29 Jan 2004 (UTC)

Hey...thanks for reverting the blanking on the VfD page today. Your comment noted that I did the blanking. Just wanted to say, if I did it, it was unintentional. Take it easy ike9898 18:12, Feb 2, 2004 (UTC)

 * No harm. It looked like an accidental cut-and-paste but that page is so touchy that I wanted to point out where I was restoring content from so no one gets edgy. - Texture 18:40, 2 Feb 2004 (UTC)

My deletions
Texture. Please vote for the deletions of those pages on the VFD page written originally by me. I don't want my erroneous frivolity to stay on Wiki. I have better respect for Wiki now. - Kenneth Alansson

 * How is it frivolous? I'm seeking to understand why it should be deleted unless it does not exist or is in some other way incorrect or misleading.  Also, why do you not log in as Kenneth when you make your edits?  It doesn't allow us to see that you are the same Kenneth who created the article. - Texture 19:54, 2 Feb 2004 (UTC)

I since lost my password and did not expect a revert on my blanked material. I also had another name - Alansson. My input was genealogical and misleading, perhaps boastful- irrelevant to Wiki. It is in a bit of error. I thought I could pull it off before, but I think it's not that great. - Kenneth Alansson

DAC
Hi Texture! It was a vanity page (0 hits) of a new User:Noplasma. I assumed it was him, so i left a note in the talk page and moved the Daniel AC to the user space. Then i deleted the redirect. Its better this way than to flame things in VfD, a page that i avoid like the plague. Cheers, Muriel 17:05, 3 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * I was creating a VfD message at the same time you were deleting so check and make sure it is still gone, would you? - Texture 17:12, 3 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Fencer??
Me too! I'm in my fifth floret year and still lousy... Muriel

 * Foil, Sabre, or Epee? I prefer Sabre but I am better at Foil.  Qualified for the national competition five years in a row - but sadly haven't been fencing in over two years.  Considering taking it back up again or Kendo. - Texture 17:13, 3 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Foil (florete is foil in portuguese), what else for a delicate girl? Btw, continue the good work and dont get yourself involved in the crazy discussions around! Muriel

Hi, I've moved your comments on Anthony from CBU to his talk page. I think he is attention seeking by listing himself there and I don't feel that page is an appropriate place for what he is trying to do. Angela. 23:47, Feb 3, 2004 (UTC)~

 * Makes sense. - Texture 14:42, 4 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Re: MMOPW
Texture, actually, the page I deleted was deleted because it was blanked by the user who created it, with the edit summary "Oops, I made a typo". I assumed that they discovered they had spelled the acronym wrong. When non-admins blank a page they create, I try to go along and delete it, as that seems to be what they wish would happen. Sorry I didn't make it clearer in the deletion log. I think the other articles you mention are fine. Thanks! Jwrosenzweig 19:19, 4 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Thanks for tagging those VfD pages, I don't know why I forget that so often. - Hephaestos 22:46, 4 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Will be organizing the mitsubishi companies. Thanks for poitning out the typo. Christopher Mahan 01:16, 5 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Ricoeur stub
ah, thank you - I wasn't aware of the sheer cleverness of the stub concept :)

 * You're welcome - Texture 19:59, 6 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Hi, re your re-listings on VfD - you are incorrect. If there is a strong consensus to keep an article, it may be removed before 5 days. Only if there is a consensus to delete must it stay for the full five days. Pete/Pcb21 (talk) 15:48, 9 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * I have reread the deletion policy and if you want that to be the case I advise you to ad that new option for removal. - Texture 16:03, 9 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Ok, the deletion policy is badly worded, but it has been done this way for years (since before my time, at least), has been successful in making VfD less long than it would otherwise and there are virtually never objections on grounds of content. The pages you have re-added have all basically been re-written since they were originally listed for deletion. They are obviously keepers. You've just made work for yourself and other people by re-listing them. Policy is growing organically all the time - please apply plenty of thought as well as blindly following the letter of the pages before reverting other peoples changes. Pete/Pcb21 (talk) 16:40, 9 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * Please apply community discussion before removing votes after a single day or changing a policy unilaterally. Where is your support?  How does it hurt you to show valid votes for the five days? - Texture 16:58, 9 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * I've already written that removal of articles that obviously do not need to be deleted from Votes for Deletion is the policy as has been implemented by people who clean the page for a long time. Why do you think I might lie about that? The debate has not been going much more that an hour, I am not concerned that others have not weighed in either way yet. I've answered your last question at Wikipedia_talk:Votes_for_deletion. Pete/Pcb21 (talk) 17:04, 9 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * No, you haven't answered my questions. And, no, I haven't said you lied about anything. I am asking you what harm there is in showing the votes for the full five days. You have not answered in any talk page.  What you claim is obvious may not be when you remove votes after a single day.  Not everyone has seen the votes.  You are "not concerned that others have not weighed in either way yet", which is sad. This is a community. - Texture 17:07, 9 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * I specifically answered your point about what harm there was at this edit : http://en.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=Wikipedia_talk:Votes_for_deletion&oldid=2346555.

 * Re: "not concerned that others have not weighed in either way yet" -that was in reference to your question "Where is your support?" and was only half of the sentence I wrote. Pete/Pcb21 (talk) 17:26, 9 Feb 2004 (UTC)

penn kemp page
Hi -- I'm the ontario rep for the League of Canadian Poets and a friend of Penn's, which is why I added her name and page to the list. Being new, I didn't realize there was a problem with taking material from our home site (www.poets.ca), so have now (on the temp page) removed other URLs and prices, leaving just the titles of a few of her latest books, which is certainly not copyrighted info. The sentence at the top is original. Also, I'm sure Penn and the league are both happy to have this information out here (on Wikipedia -- which seems a fine site!). Am unsure what if anything I now need to do to make the temp page permanent, presuming it now meets the copyright criteria...?

Thanks for any help you can give. Sue

 * Sue, try these links: Boilerplate request for permission and Confirmation of permission - this will allow the original publisher (web page) to grant you permission to add it to this site. - Hope this helps - Texture 18:40, 9 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Talk page
How do I access sombody's talk page?Barbara Shack 17:24, 12 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * You just did. Or you can select "Post a comment" - Texture 17:26, 12 Feb 2004 (UTC)

God
Please do not remove everything, edit the page, for example God page. You have removed useful and undoubtedly NPOV info.

 * I reverted a two sentences of POV that changed the segment from a discussion of those who argue against the existence of got to the opposite. - Texture 18:22, 12 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Thank you for moving the reasons for the The factual accuracy of this article is disputed. Please see the relevant discussion on the talk page. and The neutrality of this article is disputed. Please see discussion on the talk page. notices from the page to the talk page. I placed them on the page, perhaps being too sensitive, so that certain users here at Wikipedia would be unable to miss the reason for the notices. OneVoice 18:30, 12 Feb 2004 (UTC)

answered you on my talk page
168...|...Talk 19:02, 12 Feb 2004 (UTC)

or
If you'd like a user friendly extract that concentrates on one line of dialogue, you also could look at Requests_for_comment/Lir 168...|...Talk 19:09, 12 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Rebeca a deity
to send a sympathy card to her family write: Cure Centrode Ortopedia Y Especialidades Att: The Franklyn Martinez Family Cdeoye # 109343 6911 N.W. 87 Ave. Ste.A Miami,Fla 33178

Did you read my ideas, twinone                THEFAN@PEOPLEPC

what is bakta?
What is bakta ? Is it the same as or related to bhakti? Andries 19:19, 14 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * I don't know. You'd have to ask the creator of the article. - Texture 19:24, 14 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Martha's Vineyard
Not a problem. It's easy to get confused. RickK 01:49, 16 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Mandragoras
You edited Mandragoras as being sames as or copyright of http://www.whitedragon.org.uk/articles/mandrake.htm

I checked it and can't find the article???

See Talk page!

 * Please see the talk page for an analysis of the exact text matches between your article and the web page specified. - Texture 15:38, 17 Feb 2004 (UTC)

The SOURCE is Lewis Spence and was published in the 1920 edition of The Encyclopaedia of Occultism. Spence died in 1955! Copyright free under US law?

Certainly NOT!! copyright of http://www.whitedragon.org.uk/articles/mandrake.htm ===========================

On checking the article posted is NOT at http://www.whitedragon.org.uk/articles/mandrake.htm

The web site posted is a match for your article.

=
==============

Texture re-read the post. . . the author is Lewis Spence. . . article published in 1920. . . copyright free. . . publication by http://www.whitedragon.org.uk/articles/mandrake.htm DOES NOT give that site copyright!

You are blinded by details. . . the article I posted is THE SOURCE of the whitedragon article!!

If you are going to edit a post do it with a degree of skill

 * It is posted on Possible copyright infringements for review. I cannot verify your claim. I only posted it as a possible copyright infringment. - Texture 22:28, 17 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * And please check http://www.whitedragon.org.uk/articles/mandrake.htm again. I have shown in great detail in the talk page where to find the content on this page. - Texture 22:30, 17 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Please do not delete the copyright analysis I added to the talk page. Texture 22:32, 17 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Mandragoras 2
I hope that next time you will take a more scholarly approach and think before you cut the work of others. The lesson for you is that the article you assumed held copyright was in fact a plagiarised article which did not cite it's sources.

Just because something is on someone elses web page it is not their copyright nor does it make them the owners of the material.

Next time check your facts, then check them again. . . and then try discussing it with the author before deleting! You may get better responses from people too!

with love

81.130.82.52 (that was and is no more . . . but I'll be back)

 * I will follow the Wikipedia process and report anything that appears to be a copyright violation. If it turns out to be legitimate, then I have done my job and the correct outcome was achieved.  I hope you appreciate what I, and others, try to do in helping this effort. - Texture 16:44, 19 Feb 2004 (UTC)

==gargoyle== Thank's for fixing the gargoyle picture, I am hopeless with formatting!

--Yak 22:21, Feb 19, 2004 (UTC)

MANDRAGORAS
Said I'd be back. . . so you don't intend to change. . . if something appears to a copyright infringement you will just report. Oh great. . . so scholarly. . . not going to investigate first but "report anything that appears to be a copyright violation". That is not a help. . . it is time-wasting. If you want to help, do some work first and investigate it yourself -- aal you are doing is just passing the buck! Does anyone appreciate what you do. . . in your dreams sweetheart!

 * Awwww... you called me "sweetheart". What are we referring to?  - Texture 22:30, 19 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Racist and Hate page reversions
Quit reverting articles without explaination or any valid reason.

 * Please see the talk page of those articles for a full explanation by myself and others. Those discussions belong on talk pages (where you have also added them). - Texture 19:10, 20 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Thanks! :D

Why to you ask to "protect" only your own bigoted and Marxist-PC POV?

 * In case you haven't noticed, I have added no content to this page. I am just trying to get you to have these discussions on the talk page.  Please.  - Texture 21:44, 20 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Mandragoras
>Awwww... you called me "sweetheart". What are we referring to? - Texture 22:30, 19 Feb 2004 (UTC)

What do you want to refer to?

Delete
Hi Texture, Mediawiki:Dtest is now Mediawiki:Delete. I'm just telling you because appeared on this page. I've changed the reference Secretlondon made to it above to avoid confusion. Hope you don't mind. Angela. 13:30, Feb 24, 2004 (UTC)~

 * Thanks, Angela! - Texture 16:00, 24 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Hi would you mind if the above link to MediaWiki:delete were not a link? I'm trying to clean up the number of pages linking to that page to make it easier to spot real candidates. thanks, Dori | Talk 15:15, Feb 25, 2004 (UTC)
 * Sure, no problem. - Texture 15:19, 25 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Hi, I personally would prefer if you add the msg:delete above the existing text rather than replacing it. (While never seen the least problem with your helpful and responsible use of this, I often don't know who put up the msg:delete without looking at page history.) What would you think about this? Cheers, -- Infrogmation 18:53, 27 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Sure, I'll start doing that wherever it does not include inappropriate text (such as language or attacks) - Texture 20:52, 27 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Re: mr. Vogel
You said this on CbU in regards to Mr. Vogel "his edits on other pages only amount to anti-jewish vandalism.". I responded (some time ago) by rejecting that statement. I am a Members' Advocate, and while Mr. Vogel may not technically be a member, I have chosen to take on his case and advocate for him. I respectfully request that you show caution in your statements against him, as when they come across as extreme or excessively judgmental, they do no service to your case against him. I furthermore request (generally) that you avoid CbU (its a well known flame pit) and rather attempt to utilize the Dispute resolution process. I want you to understand that I am aware of both Mr. Vogel’s vandalism, and separately, of false accusations against him. While he has unpopular politics, chooses not to create an account, and has engaged in vandalism in the past, I have also known him to be reasonable, interested in compromise and communication, and to provide a much needed window into the subjects on which he edits (white power/neo-nazi philosophies). IMO he was one of the most vital contributors (alongside myself and MIRV) to making cosmotheism the useful, quality article it is today. Sam Spade 21:31, 25 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * Thank you for your response. I have never attacked him but I do refer to dozens of non-article changes (dozens on a daily basis) that are flagrantly anti-semetic to be vandalism.  You do not have to agree with my opinion. I have no opinion on his other contributions. - Texture 21:35, 25 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * I am of course extremely curious as to such "non-article changes", and would be quite greatful for any effort on your part to provide me with any such examples. Sam Spade 21:39, 25 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * I am not going to search through his hundreds of rant attempts over the last week or two. There are plenty of examples such as trying to list the ADL and the JDL and the (supposed) Jewish-Russian Mafia as a Hate group and a rant against jews in Hate speech.  Repeated attempts to move this to the talk page were rebuffed.  I recommend you teach your client to discuss rather than vandalize by repeated attempts to impose a view only he shares. - Texture 22:02, 25 Feb 2004 (UTC)

User talk:207.19.195.78
I noticed that you put a delete on User talk:207.19.195.78, but you entered "your test" on the summary. I am assuming you didn't create a page just to be deleted, but I didn't want to put a test message there since I have no idea what this user did. Do you want me to delete the page? Dori | Talk 21:51, Feb 27, 2004 (UTC)

 * That was my mistake. I put  on user pages with a comment of "Your test" after doing a  on a test page they created.  I'll correct the user page. Thanks for pointing it out. - Texture 00:07, 28 Feb 2004 (UTC)

A question or two
Hi Texture, I am thinking of nominating you for adminship so I won't have to follow after your msg:delete links :) The thing is, I am worried that you might be someone else, who I might have a different opinion about. You seemed like you knew your way around since the beginning. I apologize if this offends you, and/or if you don't want to answer I completely understand. So is this a "sock puppet" account of an older hand? And since I am asking importune questions, should I use he or she when referring to you (it gets kinda confusing). thanks, Dori | Talk 22:06, Feb 27, 2004 (UTC)

 * I am not offended. I am just a computer person since I was 10 years old.  I began working in computers for the government when I was 16.  I pick things up fast and have no interest in Sock Puppets.  I am who I am and don't usually need fictionalized support.  What in the old user reminds you of me?  (I'm curious of what fault or vanity I might replicate in someone else...) - Texture 00:10, 28 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * OK, nothing in particular, it's just that I thought that you picked things up a little too quickly Dori | Talk 03:29, Feb 28, 2004 (UTC)

 * I would take on adminship if it were offered to me but I haven't been here long. It would be fun to go through the process whether I get it or not on the first nomination, so don't let me stop you... ;) I have no objection to "he" or "she" and have no preference to either.  (Today's world seems to need a new designation...) - Texture 00:15, 28 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * In that case, I'll go with he then since it's easier for me. Dori | Talk 03:29, Feb 28, 2004 (UTC)

 * One last reply - I am good at "knowing my way around" because I steal clues from those who do... My user page was stolen from another user with a particularly good way of organizing useful information about how to use Wikipedia. Another user is now a link on that page for the additional  information there.  I stole the original formatting for this talk page from the nice format Angela has on hers.  (She has since updated it.)  She was the one to welcome me so hers was my first example.  As I see neat ways of doing things I will take the parts I like and insert them into the me that I am building.  (Kinda reminds me of Japan shortly before, during and shortly after the intrusion of Perry.) - Texture 00:28, 28 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * That's the wiki way, it's not stealing as long as you give credit. See you on WP:RFA. Dori | Talk 03:29, Feb 28, 2004 (UTC)

Spurious relationship
I was surprised to see spurious relationship -- a topic within my professional expertise -- listed on votes for deletion, and I am glad to see most votes are to keep it. Albeit stubby, it is a very nicely written article. The example is very good and its explanation is crystal-clear, and that's more than can be said of many Wikipedia articles. I hope you will reconsider and change your vote. Michael Hardy 01:19, 29 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * I agree - it is a more encyclopedic article now than originally - Texture 03:14, 29 Feb 2004 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Texture/Archive-2004 February


text: Talk:Gundam

title: Talk:Gundam


text:
Manon Rhéaume

Manon Rhéaume (born February 24, 1972) is a Canadian former ice hockey goaltender. An Olympic silver medalist, she achieved a number of historic firsts during her career, including becoming the first woman to play in an exhibition game in any of the major North American pro-sports leagues.

In 1992, Rhéaume signed a contract with the Tampa Bay Lightning of the NHL, appearing in preseason exhibition games in 1992 and 1993. She spent five years in professional minor leagues, playing for a total of seven teams and appearing in 24 games. She also played on the Canada women's national ice hockey team, winning gold medals at the IIHF Women's World Championship in 1992 and 1994, and the silver medal at the 1998 Winter Olympics.

Playing career
Rhéaume, first woman NHL player, played for the Sherbrooke Jofa-Titan squad in the League Régionale du Hockey au Féminin in the province of Québec. She was the first female goaltender to play for a boys' team in the 1984 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament. Rhéaume was signed to the Trois-Rivières Draveurs in the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League, one of Canada's top junior ice hockey leagues, for the 1991–92 season, becoming the first woman to play in a men's Major Junior hockey game.

In 1992, Rhéaume tried out for the Tampa Bay Lightning; this was the first time a woman tried out for an NHL team. She played one period in a preseason game against the St. Louis Blues, allowing two goals on nine shots, and played in another preseason game against the Boston Bruins in 1993.

Also in 1992, Rhéaume was selected for the Canada national women's ice hockey team. She won gold medals at the 1992 and 1994 IIHF Women's World Championships, and was named to the All-Star team both years. She won the silver medal at the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano.

In 1992, Rhéaume was signed by the Atlanta Knights of the International Hockey League (IHL). Her first appearance against the Salt Lake Golden Eagles marked the first time a woman appeared in a regular season professional game. She played for seven different teams between 1992 and 1997, including Atlanta, the Knoxville Cherokees, Nashville Knights, the Las Vegas Aces, the Tallahassee Tiger Sharks, Las Vegas Thunder, and the Reno Renegades, appearing in a total of 24 games. While in Atlanta, Rhéaume wrote her autobiography, Manon: Alone in Front of the Net. She initially retired from professional hockey in 1997.

Later life
For the 1999–2000 season, Rhéaume was the goaltending coach of the Minnesota Duluth Bulldogs women's ice hockey program. She entered into the business world in 2000, serving as marketing director for Mission Hockey in Irvine, California, developing and promoting girls' hockey equipment for three years. She later worked in marketing at the Powerade Iceport in Milwaukee and with the Central Collegiate Hockey Association.

In 2008 Rhéaume suited up for the Minnesota Whitecaps of the Western Women's Hockey League, and in 2009 helped lead them to the Clarkson Cup finals of the Canadian women's ice hockey championships. On March 19, 2009, the Whitecaps, with Rhéaume in net, beat the Montreal Stars in a playoff game by a score of 4–3 in overtime, with Kim St. Pierre in net for the Stars. During the 2008–09 WWHL season, Rhéaume's Whitecaps took two of three games from the Calgary Oval X-Treme, snapping a string that saw the X-Treme go two years without tasting defeat in the regular season.

In October 2008, the IHL's Port Huron Icehawks announced plans to have Rhéaume take part in their training camp activities and play for at least one period of the team's exhibition season opener. On April 3, 2009, Rhéaume suited up for one game with the Flint Generals IHL team. She had been with the practice team since January, filling in for their regular goalie. Rhéaume is the third woman to play for the Generals.

In 2015, Rhéaume dropped the puck in the ceremonial opening faceoff before the first National Women's Hockey League game.

In October 2021, Rhéaume was hired by Bally Sports Detroit as an analyst and reporter for the Detroit Red Wings.

She was a goaltender for the 2022 NHL All-Star game's Breakaway Challenge.

Rhéaume was hired in July 2022 as hockey operations and prospect advisor for the Los Angeles Kings.

Media and popular culture
Rhéaume guest-starred as herself in the made-for-TV movie A Beachcombers Christmas with Tiger Williams and Jyrki Lumme. At the height of her popularity, she was approached to pose for Playboy Magazine, which she refused.

In 2011, Rhéaume took part in the Quebec TV show Le défi des champions (Champions' Challenge), a show that trained eight Quebec athletes (such as Isabelle Charest, Bruny Surin, Marc Gagnon, Marie-Andrée Lessard, Étienne Boulay, Nathalie Lambert and Mathieu Dandenault) to the art of the circus.

In June 2016, Rhéaume was mentioned in an episode of the show Bones, (season 11, episode 18), as the only woman to play in an NHL game.

Personal life
Rhéaume was married to Gerry St. Cyr, a minor league hockey player and roller hockey player, in June 1998, whom she later divorced. They have one son, Dylan. A goaltender like his mother, Dylan St. Cyr played for the Michigan State Spartans and previously served as goaltender for Notre Dame and Quinnipiac University.

After her divorce from Gerry St. Cyr, Rhéaume married her second husband, with whom she had a second son, Dakoda Rhéaume-Mullen, a defenseman who was drafted in the 2022 OHL Priority selection by the Sarnia Sting, 124th overall in the 7th round.

Rhéaume formed the Manon Rhéaume Foundation in 2008, which provides scholarships for young women.

She is the older sister of former NHL player Pascal Rhéaume.

Career statistics
Career statistics from Eliteprospects or The Internet Hockey Database or The Western Women's Hockey League.

Awards and honours

 * 1992 All-Star Team, Top Goaltender
 * 1994 All-Star Team, Top Goaltender

Notables

 * First girl to play at the Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament.
 * First woman to play in a major junior game [1991–92 Trois-Rivières Draveurs (QMJHL)]
 * First woman to play in a National Hockey League game, which also made her the first woman to play in any of the major professional North American sports leagues (September 23, 1992). [1992 Tampa Bay Lightning (NHL), played one exhibition game]
 * First woman to win a game in professional roller hockey
 * Played one game with Feldkirch.
 * 2000–01 Montreal Wingstar (Forward)
 * 2007–08 Little Caesars Senior Women's A Hockey Team (Playing as a Forward instead of Goaltender)

title: Manon Rhéaume


text:
Flag of South Carolina

The flag of South Carolina is a symbol of the U.S. state of South Carolina consisting of a blue field with a white palmetto tree and white crescent. Roots of this design have existed in some form since 1775, being based on one of the first American Revolutionary War flags. While keeping most of its design intact since its adoption, it has varied over the years.

South Carolina's placement in a 2001 survey of U.S. and Canadian subdivisional flags by the North American Vexillological Association is 10th out of 72 - 6th out of 50 U.S. states.

Moultrie Flag
In 1775, Colonel William Moultrie was asked by the Revolutionary Council of Safety to design a flag for the South Carolina troops to use during the American Revolutionary War. Moultrie's design had the blue of the militia's uniforms and a crescent taken from their cap insignia. It was first flown at Fort Johnson.

This flag was famously flown in the defense of a new fortress on Sullivan's Island, when Moultrie faced off against a British fleet. In the 16-hour battle on June 28, 1776, the flag was shot down, but Sergeant William Jasper ran out into the open, raising it and rallying the troops until it could be mounted again. This gesture was considered to be so heroic, saving Charleston from conquest for four years, that the flag came to be the symbol of the Revolution, and liberty, in the state and the new nation.

Soon popularly known as either the Liberty Flag or Moultrie Flag, it became the standard of the South Carolinian militia and was presented in Charleston by Major General Nathanael Greene when the city was liberated at the end of the war. Greene described it as having been the first American flag to fly over the South.

Origin of the crescent
William Moultrie states in his memoirs: "A little time after we were in possession of Fort Johnson, it was thought necessary to have a flag for the purpose of signals: (as there was no national or state flag at that time) I was desired by the council of safety to have one made, upon which, as the state troops were clothed in blue, and the fort was garrisoned by the first and second regiments, who wore a silver crescent on the front of their caps; I had a large blue flag made with a crescent in the dexter corner, to be in uniform with the troops ..."

Moultrie's original design placed the crescent vertically, with the opening directing upward. The 1860s flag also shows the crescent with upward pointing cusps. However, in 1910—for reasons that he did not document—Alexander Samuel Salley Jr., secretary of the state's Historical Commission, angled the crescent to its current orientation.

Design standardization
While the flag invariably includes a white palmetto and crescent design on a blue background, state law since 1940 has not provided "specifications for the shape, size, design or placement" of the symbols, or the exact color of the background. As a result, flags from different manufacturers may have different appearances. A committee of the South Carolina Senate held a hearing on the issue in January 2018 but did not immediately advance a bill to standardize the design.

A standardized design was revealed in 2020 but was immediately met with major backlash from the public for its perceived poor design and aesthetics. Two other designs were then proposed, one of which will become the official standardized version. However,, legislation has been procedurally roadblocked, with State Senator Brad Hutto being a core oppositional force to design standardization.

Commercial use
Shirts, belts, shoes, wallets, koozies, holiday decorations and other accessories featuring the flag's palmetto and crescent are popular throughout South Carolina and other southeastern states as a symbol of the state's long-standing heritage. It is also common for alumni and supporters of the state's main universities (the University of South Carolina, Clemson University, Coastal Carolina University, Furman University, the College of Charleston, Winthrop University, Wofford College, and The Citadel) to display the state flag in their school colors.

title: Flag of South Carolina


text: Template:County class destroyer

title: Template:County class destroyer


text:
Talk:London Marathon

Length of Marathon
I reverted the conversion of 26 miles 385 yds to 26.21875 miles for the principal reason that it is usual, when using the imperial system, to quote the distance in miles and yards. If you want to be pedantic, the official distance of the the marathon is 42195 metres, which is 1.2 cm (exactly) or half an inch (approximately) more than 26 miles 385 yards. If the official distance is converted to miles and decimals of a mile, you get 26.21876 miles. Martinvl (talk) 18:35, 17 April 2012 (UTC)

 * As you mentioned, the official distance is expressed in the metric system. I have updated the introduction to the article as a consequence, and by respecting WP:MOSNUM (there is no specific tie between the expressed length and the unit used, hence we should use the official unit). I would have used the Template:convert but that would yield to 26.21875 miles, which as you mentioned is unclear. Xionbox₪ 16:08, 23 April 2012 (UTC)

No. of competitors?
How many competitors in recent years? Only inaugural event is mentioned. 188.221.129.72 (talk) 09:33, 22 April 2012 (UTC)

Route map
Please see the following links and help get a route map into this article:
 * Talk:Boston Marathon
 * Graphics Lab/Map workshop

Many thanks, Anna Frodesiak (talk) 12:23, 22 April 2013 (UTC)

BBC
Interesting that this page contains a list of the BBC presenters who have led the coverage of the marathon and yet doesn't give the same amount of coverage to the men and women who have actually run the marathon... 151.226.118.134 (talk) 09:44, 26 April 2015 (UTC)

 * The list was added two days ago and used too much space and bolding. I have shortened it to a plain text paragraph without removing any information.[//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=London_Marathon&diff=659284322&oldid=658963170] London Marathon starts with a link to List of winners of the London Marathon. PrimeHunter (talk) 12:16, 26 April 2015 (UTC)

History of the mini marathon
I think you're being a bit dismissive of the youngsters - they're going on to become decent runners in their own right, and have inspired others across the world. As far as I can tell, the mini marathon actually started by inspiration from the main marathon, among the youngsters manning the feeding station just west of the Blackwall Flyover in Greenwich. The next year, the local Church organised a charity fund-raising fun-run for them in Greenwich Park, about 3.5 miles, a couple of weeks after the race itself. They then talked that around the 4 local schools, who took up the idea and found a way to fit it into the spare capacity at the front-end of the marathon itself. It now accepts kids from all London Boroughs. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 90.199.240.137 (talk) 11:40, 10 May 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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Deaths in the London Marathon
The Wikipedia page states Claire Squires as the most recent death in the London Marathon, but there was, subsequent to that, a male competitor dying in 2014. Someone might wish to amend the page appropriately. 82.41.44.46 (talk) 19:37, 22 September 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified
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Route map - Red and Green lines
I was wondering what the red and green separate lines over the first two miles represent. I could not find any explanation. Shouldn't an quick note about that be part of the caption? JimKaatFan (talk) 16:57, 25 February 2020 (UTC)
 * It's described in the paragraph adjacent to the images. The caption would be too large if all of this information were included. Kind regards, Willbb234Talk (please {{ping}} me in replies) 09:49, 30 March 2021 (UTC)

Comparison with Great Manchester Run
The pages for both the London marathon and the Great Manchester Run claim their respective races to be the 3rd largest mass running events in the UK, both referencing eachother as an example of a larger one (along with the Great North Run). This seems inconsistent, is one of these outdated? 82.13.179.59 (talk) 20:34, 30 August 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:London Marathon


text:
Flag of South Dakota

The current flag of South Dakota was adopted in 1992 to represent the U.S. state of South Dakota. It consists of a field of sky blue charged with a version (in navy blue on white) of the state seal in the center, surrounded by gold triangles representing the sun's rays, surrounded in turn by inscriptions in gold sans-serif capitals of "" on top and "" (the state nickname) on the bottom. The sun represents the common weather in South Dakota.

The first state flag was designed and adopted in 1909. This original flag was bi-faced, with a sun motif on one side and the state seal on the other. A redesign in 1963 embedded the state seal inside the original flag's sun motif. The inscription on the bottom was "" before it was changed in 1992.

Original flag (1909)
The first flag of South Dakota was designed by Ida McNeil in 1909. Ernest May, a state legislator from Deadwood, approached South Dakota Department of History superintendent Doane Robinson about the lack of a state flag. McNeil was then a legislative reference librarian at the state department. McNeil later recalled that during their meeting, Robinson turned to her and told May, "Miss Anding will make you a flag".

Seth Bullock, a Deadwood lawman, is sometimes credited as having brought forth the original request for a state flag to May, who in turn brought it to the state department. This claim might have originated from a 1948 edition of The Wi-Iyohi, a monthly bulletin published by the South Dakota State Historical Society. However, South Dakota historians and biographers of Bullock have not uncovered any evidence supporting this claim, and Robinson's 1925 Encyclopedia of South Dakota did not include any mention of Bullock's involvement.

Robinson only requested that the flag include a sun motif, as the state receives a considerable amount of sunshine, and also suggested placing the state seal on the reverse side. This first flag was made from silk upon which McNeil first placed the sun's appliqué and then embroidered its rays. The phrases "" and "" were embroidered in arcs surrounding the sun. The state seal was then painted on a second piece of silk, which was attached to the back of the first piece to make a two-sided flag.

Senate Bill 208 was introduced and passed on November 9, 1909. It stated: "The Flag of South Dakota shall consist of a field of blue, one and two-thirds as long as it is wide, in the center of which shall be a blazing sun in gold, two-fifths as wide in diameter as the width of the flag. Above this sun shall be arranged in the arc of the circle, in gold letters, the words 'South Dakota' and below this sun in the arc of the circle shall be arranged the words in gold letters, 'The Sunshine State', and on the reverse of the blazing sun shall be printed in dark blue the Great Seal of the State Of South Dakota. The edges of the flag shall be trimmed with a fringe of gold, to be in proportion to the width of the flag.  The staff shall be surmounted by a spearhead to which shall be attached cord and tassels of suitable length and size."

The first two flags went to the Secretary of State and Seth Bullock. Bullock's flag is now preserved at the state archives.

In 2015, the original state flag was reported as missing from the South Dakota State Capitol in Pierre. Secretary of State Shantel Krebs, within whose office the flag had been on display, and department employee Theresa Bray initially noted the disappearance on January 2. The capitol conducted internal searches for several weeks but was unable to find the flag. It was then reported to the Legislative Audit office, who then referred it to the South Dakota Attorney General's Office. In October 2015, the flag was recovered in Washington, D.C. from a former state employee, who had removed it from storage in 2013 while repairs were being done to the display.

First redesign (1963)
By 1963, the need for a revised flag was evident. The two-sided design was difficult and costly to reproduce—about $75 for materials in 1963 —and McNeil recreated the flags upon request for various state organizations. The designs on both sides often showed through to the other.

William Sahr, a state representative from Hughes County, introduced House Bill 503 to redesign the state flag, reducing it down to one side and moving the state seal to inside the sun motif. His design kept the wording from the original. McNeil supported the redesign but was against transposing the state seal onto the front, stating, "Many states use state seals on their flags and if we copy their efforts... we will lose the individuality of our flag". The measure passed and was signed into law on March 11, 1963.

On February 3, 1966, the South Dakota Legislature approved a further measure to create the Special State Flag Account, which set aside funds for the production and purchasing of new flags, and directed the finance department to keep on hand a stock of flags to be distributed as needed.

Second redesign (1992)
Following the adoption of the new state nickname as "the Mount Rushmore state", State Representative Gordon Pederson introduced a new bill to change the wording on the state flag. Although the new design was adopted and remains in use today, the 1963 and 1992 bills both included language that the previous versions of the state flag were still valid to use.

Design
1992 statute outlines the exact specifications for production of the flag: "The state flag or banner shall consist of a field of sky-blue one and two-thirds as long as it is wide. Centered on such field shall be the great seal of South Dakota made in conformity with the terms of the Constitution, which shall be four-ninths, the width of the flag in diameter. The seal shall be on a white background with the seal outlined in dark blue or, in the alternative, shall be on a sky-blue background with the seal outlined in dark blue thereon. Surrounding the seal in gold shall be a serrated sun whose extreme width shall be five-ninths the width of the flag. The words 'South Dakota' symmetrically arranged to conform to the circle of the sun and seal shall appear in gold letters one-eighteenth the width of the field above the sun and seal and the words 'The Mount Rushmore State' in like-sized gold letters and in like arrangement shall appear below the sun and seal. Flags designed of such material as may be provident for outdoor use need have no fringe but flags for indoor and display usage shall have a golden fringe one-eighteenth the width of the flag on the three sides other than the hoist."

Flag pledge
The official pledge of the South Dakota flag is, "I pledge loyalty and support to the flag and state of South Dakota, land of sunshine, land of infinite variety." The only protocol to the state flag pledge is that it does not either replace or preempt the Pledge of Allegiance to the flag of the United States.

2012
In January 2012, Representative Bernie Hunhoff sponsored a bill to adopt a new design for the state flag based on artwork by Dick Termes of Spearfish, South Dakota. Hunhoff introduced the bill on January 25, 2012; it was referred to the State Affairs committee. On February 6, the bill was amended to create the South Dakota State Flag Commission, which would have solicited submissions from the public for new flag designs and selected one to be considered by the 2013 legislature as the new state flag. Immediately after being amended, the bill was "deferred to the 41st legislative day". Since the South Dakota legislative session is only 40 days long, this type of deferral effectively kills legislation.

2024
In January 2024, another bill that would have created a South Dakota state flag design commission was killed in the same manner to the 2012 proposal.

title: Flag of South Dakota


text:
Melko

Melko has several meanings:
 * Paul Melko, American science-fiction author
 * Morgoth, sometimes referred to as Melko/Melkor, in J. R. R. Tolkien's Middle-earth legendarium

title: Melko


text:
Flag of Tennessee

The flag of Tennessee displays an emblem on a field of red, with a strip of blue bordered by white on the fly. The emblem in the middle consists of three stars on a blue circle also with a white border. The central emblem portion of the flag has been adopted as the state's unofficial logo, and appears in the logos of some Tennessee-based companies and sports teams. Examples include the First Horizon Bank and the Tennessee Titans.

In 2001, the North American Vexillological Association surveyed its members on the designs of the 72 U.S. state, territorial, and Canadian provincial flags and ranked the Tennessee flag 14th.

History
As the American Civil War was approaching in 1861, a flag was initially proposed for the state.

In 1897, Tennessee adopted a red, white, and blue tricolor. The three bars were deliberately slanted in an effort to represent the geographically distinct regions of Tennessee. The flag included the number "16", Tennessee having been admitted as the 16th state of the Union, and the words "The Volunteer State", the state's official nickname.

The current flag was designed by Colonel Le Roy Reeves, a Johnson City attorney who was then serving in the Tennessee National Guard. The Tennessee General Assembly officially adopted the flag on April 17, 1905.

Symbolism

The stars represent the three geographically and legally distinct Grand Divisions of Tennessee (i.e. East, Middle, and West Tennessee). The blue circle around the stars represents the unity of those grand divisions. The blue bar at the edge of the flag was just a design consideration. When asked about the blue bar, Reeves stated "The final blue bar relieves the sameness of the crimson field and prevents the flag from showing too much crimson when hanging limp." In October 1917, National Geographic erroneously reported the stars represented the state as the third to enter the Union after the original thirteen.

Vexillologist Steven A. Knowlton believes that "the Tennessee flag has pragmatic unity with the Confederate flag: both share the element of white stars inside a fimbriated blue charge, and the element of that blue charge on a red field." He also notes the resemblance between the Tennessee State Flag and the third national flag of the confederacy. However, Knowlton also acknowledged that there is no direct evidence of the flag being designed to emulate the Confederate flag.

Star arrangement
State law dictates exactly how the central emblem is to be displayed on the flag.

"The arrangement of the three (3) stars shall be such that the centers of no two stars shall be in a line parallel to either the side or the end of the flag, but intermediate between the same; and the highest star shall be the one nearest the upper confined corner of the flag."

In 1976, the U.S. Postal Service issued a sheet of 13 cent stamps illustrating U.S. state flags. Tennessee's was illustrated upside down.

Government flags
Alongside the state flag, there are other flags used by the government of Tennessee. The flag for the governor of Tennessee has been in use since 1939. It is a scarlet flag, with four stars, one in each corner, and the state military crest, a tree with three white stars, in the center. The Tennessee General Assembly has its own flag as well.

title: Flag of Tennessee


text:
HMS Antrim (D18)

HMS Antrim was a County-class destroyer destroyer of the British Royal Navy launched on 19 October 1967. In the Falklands War, she was the flagship for the recovery of South Georgia, participating in the first ever anti-submarine operation successfully conducted exclusively by helicopters. In 1984, she was commissioned into the Chilean Navy, and renamed Almirante Cochrane.

Background
Antrim first commissioned in 1970 and served her first commission in home and Mediterranean waters. In the mid-1970s, the Royal Navy removed 'B' turret and replaced it with four Exocet missile launchers to give her a greater anti-ship capability. After installation of the Exocet missiles it was found that the missile could be activated by small arms fire, so armoured plates were fitted to the outer sides of the missiles containers.

Operational history
In 1976 her commission included a visit to Stockholm, where she represented the Royal Navy at the wedding of the King of Sweden.

Falklands War
In 1982 she formed part of the Royal Navy task force for service in the Falklands War.

Antrim was the flagship of Operation Paraquet, the recovery of South Georgia in April 1982, where she took part in a 400-shell bombardment. Her helicopter, a Westland Wessex HAS.Mk3, was responsible for the rescue of 16 SAS men from Fortuna Glacier, and the crew of two previous rescue helicopters that had crashed. The aircraft played a key role in the detection and disabling of the Argentinian submarine ARA Santa Fe. This was the first ever anti-submarine operation successfully conducted exclusively by helicopters. Captain Lagos, commander of the Argentine forces on South Georgia, signed the surrender document for the Argentine forces there in her wardroom. Lieutenant-Commander Alfredo Astiz signed a separate document shortly afterwards aboard HMS Plymouth (F126).

While supporting the main landing at San Carlos Water, 12 bombs narrowly missed, but a 1000 lb bomb penetrated Antrim. It did not explode or kill anyone, and it took 10 hours to remove. Antrim fired her Sea Slug missile system at an Argentine Air Force Douglas A-4 Skyhawk without hitting it.

A name board formerly belonging to her now resides in the Falkland Islands Museum, Stanley.

Chilean Navy
Antrim was decommissioned in 1984 and sold to Chile on 22 June 1984. The Chileans renamed her Almirante Cochrane after Thomas Cochrane, who had commanded the Chilean Navy from 1817 to 1822. In 1994, Almirante Cochrane underwent the same refit as her sister ship Blanco Encalada (HMS Fife). This entailed removing her Sea Slug launcher and extending her deck aft to allow the installation of a new, larger hangar. In 1996 she received the Barak SAM in place of her Seacat launchers.

The Chilean Navy decommissioned Almirante Cochrane on 7 December 2006. On 11 December 2010, she was towed to China for scrap.

Affiliates as HMS Antrim
As part of her relationship with County Antrim, she carried a piece of the Giant's Causeway mounted in the ship's main passageway, appropriately also named the Giant's Causeway.
 * Royal Irish Rangers

Commanding officers
Notable commanding officers include D A Loram 1971-1973 and B G Young 1981-1983.

title: HMS Antrim (D18)


text:
Flag of Utah

The Beehive Flag is the official flag of the U.S. state of Utah. It is a horizontal tricolor with irregular bands of blue, white, and red. The middle white band contains a blue hexagon outlined in gold. Within the hexagon lies a gold-colored beehive, and below it sits a five-pointed white star.

The previous flag was redesignated as the "Historic State Flag" and retains co-official status in the state. It continues to fly year-round at the Utah Capitol, as well as on special occasions statewide. It can be flown at any time by private citizens.

Symbolism

The red, white, and blue tricolor references the colors of the flag of the United States. At the top, a blue stripe symbolizes Utah's skies and lakes and fundamental principles such as faith, knowledge, and freedom. It also imitates the blue background of the state's historic flag. The white middle stripe evokes peace and is divided into five peaks, representing the snowy peaks of Utah's mountains. Below, a red canyon stripe signifies Southern Utah's desert landscapes and the spirit of perseverance. In the center of the flag, a beehive design represents Utah's industrial character and official nickname, the Beehive State. The gold hexagon resembles honeycomb, representing the strength of Utah's people. The beehive within the hexagon symbolizes industry, prosperity, and unity. Below the beehive is a five-pointed star, which honors the five original tribal nations in Utah, and also alludes to Utah's 45th star on the American flag, representing the state's allegiance to the nation.

Color scheme
The colors designated for the flag are as follows:

Mormon pioneers flag

As allegedly designed by council in 1848, this flag was the first flag designed to unify the Saints as they celebrated their first pioneer day. This flag was lost in the 1850s but later recreated by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in 2002 and has flown on Ensign Peak since. Contemporary reports describe similar flags being flown in 1877 at the funeral of Brigham Young and in 1880 at the Golden Jubilee of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints. There is currently no historic documentation available to support this flag.

Flag of the State of Deseret
According to most descriptions, the flag of the State of Deseret was similar to the flag of the State of Utah, but as it was not standardized, multiple other secular and religious alternatives were also used.

Utah Territory

Blue fabric with the old coat of arms of Utah Territory. There is currently no evidence that the Utah Territory flag was made into an actual flag to fly during the Territory's existence (1850–1896), though copies have since been made.

1903 design
The flag's basic design uses the Seal of Utah which was adopted by the state legislature on April 3, 1896. The seal was designed by Charles M. Jackson, a crime reporter for the Salt Lake Herald, and Harry Emmett Edwards, an artist and bartender, and has similarities with the seal of the Utah Territory. The state's first flag was created in March 1903 to be used at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition in St. Louis, Missouri. Heber M. Wells, the governor of Utah, asked the Utah State Society Daughters of the Revolution (not to be confused with Daughters of the American Revolution) to oversee the creation of a flag. On May 1, 1903, the governor and his delegation marched, under the new flag, in the parade of states. The flag was blue, with the state seal and the year "1896" hand-embroidered in white thread in the flag's center. Initially, this flag was known as the "Governor's Flag" until Senate Joint Resolution 17 was passed by the legislature on March 9, 1911, making it the official state flag.

1913 design
In 1912, the Sons and Daughters of Utah Pioneers ordered a custom made copy of the newly adopted flag to be presented to the recently commissioned battleship USS Utah (BB-31). When the flag arrived, the group discovered that the shield on the flag was in full color instead of white, and the manufacturer had added a gold ring around the shield. Rather than have the flag remade, Annie Wells Cannon introduced HJR 1 and the Utah legislature changed the law to allow the manufacturer's changes to become part of the official flag. Prior to being received by the ship on June 25, 1913, the new flag was displayed at the state capitol in January 1913, then in the ZCMI windows on Main Street and at a ball held in honor of the flag.

During the 59th state legislative session in 2011, a Concurrent Resolution (HCR002) was adopted requiring flag makers to fix a mistake found on all then-current Utah state flags. The mistake originated in 1922 when a flag maker misplaced the year 1847, by stitching it just above the year 1896, instead of in its correct position on the shield. It is believed every flag made since 1922 used this flag as a model, and the mistake persisted for 89 years. Later that same 2011 session, House Bill #490 passed the legislature, making March 9 an annual Utah State Flag day.

1927 redesign attempt
In 1927, then-Governor George Dern, during his address to the Utah State Legislature, requested the state adopt a much simpler flag that could be made quickly and cheaply and could fly alongside the American flag. Nothing was done, however, until in 1930 when flag enthusiast Lilliebell Falck, from Ogden, approached him with a few simplified designs. Her favorite was a white beehive with 28 lines to represent Utah's counties. However, with growing opposition to the design by the Sons and Daughters of Utah Pioneers, the design was eventually scrapped later that year.

Salt Lake Tribune design contest (2002)
In 2002, The Salt Lake Tribune, along with the North American Vexillological Association, solicited designs for a new state flag. Over 1,000 designs were collected, with the top 35 selected for judging. However, no flags from this contest were adopted by the state.

2024 design
In 2018, State Representatives Steve Handy and Keven Stratton proposed 2 different approaches to updating the Utah flag. Representative Handy proposed creating a flag commission to receive input and designs from the public, with the ultimate goal of proposing a new flag to the legislature. Representative Stratton sponsored separate legislation to adopt a specific flag design. The Utah House of Representatives was more amenable to a proposal to involve the public with a commission, but ultimately both efforts failed in 2019.

Representative Handy proposed another bill in 2020, this time keeping the 2011 design as a "historical flag". However, the effort stalled in the House Political Subdivisions Committee on a tie vote.

After a failed 2020 redesign effort, State Senator Daniel McCay started a bill in the Utah Senate. To prepare for the debate, the House and Senate watched a TED Talk by Roman Mars, "Why city flags may be the worst designed thing you've never noticed." In addition to the Ted Talk, the lead designer for the Utah Jazz, Ben Barnes, shared a set of prototype designs for lawmakers.

In 2021, Senator McCay sponsored a bill to create a task force to redesign the Utah state flag. The bill also designated an official flag to commemorate the 125th anniversary of Utah's statehood. The bill passed in the House and the Senate and was signed into law by Governor Spencer Cox.

In 2022, the Utah State Flag Task Force accepted design submissions from the public. 5,703 designs were submitted, 2,500 of which were submitted by students. In September, 20 semifinalist designs were announced and Utahns were asked to submit their feedback. During the month-long comment period, 44,000 survey responses were given.

On November 10, 2022, the Task Force submitted a final proposal to the Utah State Legislature for adoption as the official state flag. On January 18, 2023, the Utah Senate Business and Labor Committee voted 6–1 to advance the flag to the State Senate, with McCay saying he hoped the new flag design will reach Spencer Cox's desk by March 3. On January 30, 2023, the State Senate approved the bill 17–10, which advanced to the State House of Representatives for approval. However, the flag was slightly modified; the eight-pointed star was replaced by a five-pointed star after a Indigenous constituent expressed reservations over the former, saying it looked more like an asterisk from a distance. In consultation with tribal leaders, tribal representation shifted to the 5 mountain peaks to represent the five original tribal nations of Utah (Navajo, Shoshone, Goshute, Paiute and Ute).

On March 2, 2023, the Utah House of Representatives approved the bill 40-35, and the State Senate passed the concurrence vote 19-9-1, sending the bill to the governor's desk for signing.

The bill was signed by Governor Cox on March 21, 2023, along with an executive order formalizing the change. The bill—and the new flag—went into effect on March 9, 2024, thus providing a one-year phase-in period to gradually transition to the new flag. The bill also designates the prior design as the official historic flag which may continue to be used by all. The executive order mandates that the historic state flag be flown above the state capitol every day of the year and once the bill goes into effect, the two flags should be flown from different flagpoles on capitol grounds. The order also petitions the legislature to amend the bill to allow the new flag to be flown below the historic state flag when they are flown together.

A public opinion poll conducted by the Hinckley Institute of Politics in March 2023 found that 48% of respondents supported the new flag, 35% opposed it, and 17% didn't know.

On May 17, 2023, the Utah State Capitol raised the new flag for the first time.

Attempts to remove the 2024 flag
Opponents of the new flag announced a campaign to initiate a 2023 ballot referendum on the adoption on the flag, hoping to retain the old flag, in spite of language in the bill that retains the historic state flag. The signature campaign failed, ultimately receiving only 21,030 verified signatures; official verification was halted after fewer than 50,000 signatures of the 134,298 required were submitted to county clerks.

Flag opponents launched a second signature campaign to put the issue on the 2024 ballot as an initiative. That campaign also failed, gathering 99,125 signatures. (The lieutenant governor's office had only validated 81,992 before the deadline, the remaining 17,133 signatures left unvalidated would not have been enough to cross the threshold of 134,298 signatures to qualify for the ballot.) On February 8, 2024, a group linked to the campaign filed a federal lawsuit against the lieutenant governor, alleging that ten separate provisions of the citizen initiative process that the legislature created were unconstitutional. The group sought injunctive relief for the alleged violations, but were denied on all counts. Subsequently, the group withdrew the lawsuit two days later.

During Utah's 2024 legislative session, Representative Phil Lyman put forward House Bill 436 in the Utah House of Representatives. The bill would have repealed the new flag, but it failed to advance out of committee.

title: Flag of Utah


text:
HMS Devonshire (D02)

HMS Devonshire was the first of the County-class destroyer destroyers and the first Batch 1 ship of the Royal Navy. The ship was built by Cammell Laird in Birkenhead near Liverpool. With a displacement of 6,200 tons full load, Devonshire was named after the English county of Devon. She was launched on 10 June 1960 and delivered to the navy two years later.

Operational service
In 1962 Devonshire was commissioned and became the first operational Royal Navy ship to fire the Seaslug missile. Following work up, she sailed for the Mediterranean, followed by a return to her home port of Portsmouth. From here she then sailed for Bermuda and the United States. She returned to Portsmouth just before the end of 1962. Captain George Cunningham Leslie OBE, served as Commanding officer from 1965 to 1966.

On 31 August 1966, Devonshire collided with the tanker British Sovereign off the mouth of the River Elbe. No-one was injured on either ship.

Captain Peter Buchanan served as Commanding Officer from 1973 to 1974. Devonshire was involved in patrol duties in the Persian Gulf and the Caribbean Sea, but was not involved in any armed conflict of the United Kingdom. Like the other first batch of County-class ships, Devonshire was fitted with the Seaslug anti aircraft missile defence system. She attended the 1977 Silver Jubilee Fleet Review off Spithead when she was part of the First Flotilla.

Decommissioning and disposal
Devonshire was decommissioned under defence cuts in 1978, though was immediately offered for sale to Egypt, but the sale did not go through. Laid up in Portsmouth harbour for six years, the ship was used as a target, first for testing the new Sea Eagle anti-ship missile, then sunk by HMS Splendid (S106) as a target on 17 July 1984 (two days after the Sea Eagle test) in the North Atlantic, whilst testing the Mark 24-Mod-2 Tigerfish torpedo.

Publications

 * Marriott, Leo, Royal Navy Destroyers since 1945, Ian Allan, ISBN 0-7110-1817-0
 * McCart, Neil, 2014. County Class Guided Missile Destroyers, Maritime Books. ISBN 978-1904459637
 * McCart, Neil, 2014. County Class Guided Missile Destroyers, Maritime Books. ISBN 978-1904459637

title: HMS Devonshire (D02)


text:
HMS Fife (D20)

HMS Fife was the first unit of the Batch 2 County-class destroyer destroyers of the Royal Navy. She was subsequently sold to Chile and scrapped in 2005.

Design and construction
Fife was the first and only British warship to bear the name, for the county of Fife. She was a Mk.2 Guided Missile Destroyer (GMD, also referred to pre-1975 by its then US Navy/NATO designator DLG (Destroyer, Light, Guided (USN 'Frigate') carrying long range surface to air missiles for area defence; post-1975 DDG, 'destroyer' with similar characteristics). The Mk.2 designator refers to her primary armament, the Seaslug Mk.2 missile.  The weapon had begun development in the early fifties and entered service in the Mk.1 GMDs like HMS Hampshire (D06).  By modern standards the Seaslug was a huge missile with one sustainer rocket motor and 4 disposable boosters.  The missile used 'beam riding' guidance.  It was launched from a huge twin-rail launcher in the stern and boosted into the guidance beam from the fire direction radar which pointed at the target, a high altitude supersonic attack aircraft.  Once in the beam the missile would fly at supersonic speed to the target where a proximity fuze would detect the target and detonate the continuous rod warhead.

The ship was ordered by the Ministry of Defence (MoD) on 26 September 1961. The keel was laid on 1 June 1962 by Fairfield Shipbuilding and the vessel was launched 9 July 1964. Fife was commissioned 21 June 1966 with the pennant number D20.

Royal Navy service
In 1969, Fife took part in a group deployment around the world. She left Portsmouth on 1 April 1970 and sailed to Safi in Morocco; the first visit by a British warship for over 100 years. Then to Lagos in Nigeria just at the end of the Biafran War. From Lagos to Simon's Town in South Africa. The gates of the former British naval base still bore the royal cypher, VR. From Simonstown, she briefly took part in the Beira Patrol off the shores of Mozambique after Prime Minister Ian Smith declared Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence. The Beira Patrol was a naval blockade to enforce economic sanctions on the errant regime. From there she crossed the Indian Ocean and stopped off at the NATO base on the island of Gan en route to Singapore. There she spent six weeks in an Assisted Maintenance Period (AMP) before heading for the South China Sea to conduct the first live firings of the Sea Slug Mk.2 area-protection anti-aircraft missile. The ship had been refitted in Portsmouth to accommodate a larger payload of missiles and this work was completed in Singapore where she took on live missiles. The trials were partially successful against US targets from bases in the Philippines. One failure was a result of the telemetry beam nutating waveguide breaking off and one booster motor failing to disengage. The missile crashed into the sea about 1 mile into the flight. After this she went to Hong Kong and Kobe in Japan for Expo 70, before heading to Pearl Harbor on Hawaii and then on to Long Beach in California and Acapulco in Mexico and via the Panama Canal to Puerto Rico and on to the Mediterranean. She visited Toulon and spent time in Malta and Gibraltar before returning to the UK. Whilst in Hawaii, the Royal Navy abolished the rum issue. As a result, Fife became the last ship in the Navy to issue rum by virtue of being the furthest west in the Pacific. The Hawaiian media came on board and were quite bemused when the ship's senior ratings staged a mock burial at sea, complete with a Piper's Lament provide by the ship's pipe and drum band and pall bearers dressed in black.

Her commanding officer for this voyage was Captain David Scott, who had been the 1st Lieutenant of HMS Seraph (P219) in the Second World War when the submarine executed Operation Mincemeat, a successful deception operation to disguise the 1943 Allied invasion of Sicily.

Fife had 'B' turret removed and replaced with four Exocet launchers in the mid-1970s. In 1977 she attended the Silver Jubilee Fleet Review and formed part of the 2nd Flotilla. In 1979 she provided assistance to the Caribbean island of Dominica after the island was severely hit by Hurricane David, for which she was awarded the Wilkinson Sword of Peace. She was under refit from October 1980 to December 1982, and therefore missed the Falklands War. Changes included replacing the old Wessex helicopter with a Westland Lynx, fitting a satellite communications system and anti-submarine torpedo tubes. She formally recommissioned after the refit on 31 March 1983.

Refit 1986
In 1986, Fife underwent a refit to convert her into a mobile training ship. The removal of her Seaslug missile system and its large magazine was completed in June 1986, which created space for extra messdecks and classrooms for officers under training. One messdeck still used hammocks and these officers are possibly the last men in the Royal Navy to sleep in hammocks; they were told so at the time. In early September 1986 she undertook a Dartmouth Training Ship (DTS) deployment to the Caribbean Sea and Florida, returning to Portsmouth in late November. She was accompanied on this deployment by the frigates HMS Diomede (F16) and HMS Apollo (F70).

A "hut" was built where the Seaslug launcher had once stood, aft of the helicopter pad. This grey box was a navigation training classroom and attracted much attention from a Russian Kashin-class destroyer, which regularly "buzzed" Fife for some close quarter photographs.

Her second Dartmouth Training Ship deployment in January 1987 took her via Brest into the Mediterranean Sea, in company with HMS Intrepid (L11). Her final voyage in the Royal Navy was to lead a Dartmouth Training Ship deployment to North America, in which she and HMS Juno (F52) sailed into the Great Lakes. On her return to Great Britain in June 1987 she landed the officers under training at Dartmouth and then proceeded to Portsmouth where she was decommissioned after 21 years of service.

Chilean Navy service
The ship was sold to Chile on 12 August 1987 and renamed Blanco Encalada. She was taken into refit at Talcahuano on her arrival and, taking advantage of the removed Sea Slug, her deck was extended aft and a new, larger hangar constructed. The rebuild was completed in May 1988. In 1996 Blanco Encalada's Sea Cat launchers were removed and she was fitted with the Barak SAM.

Blanco Encalada was decommissioned from the Chilean Navy on 12 December 2003 and was sold for scrap in November 2005. She was broken up by Turkish shipbreakers Leyal Gemi Sokum in 2013.

Commanding officers
Notable commanding officers include David Hallifax (1973-1975), David M Eckersley-Maslin in 1975, J Jeremy Black (1977-1978) and Jonathan J R Tod (1985-1985).

title: HMS Fife (D20)


text:
HMS Glamorgan (D19)

HMS Glamorgan was a County-class destroyer destroyer of the Royal Navy with a displacement of 5,440 tonnes. The ship was built by Vickers-Armstrongs in Newcastle Upon Tyne and named after the Welsh county of Glamorgan.

She was launched on 9 July 1964, and was delivered to the Royal Navy two years later. in 1974, she was the subject of a refit, when 'B' turret was replaced by four Exocet launchers in attempt to provide the Royal Navy, reduced by then to one strike carrier, HMS Ark Royal, with some surface fighting capability beyond the range of 4.5/6 inch guns. A much more expensive update, costing £63 million, fitted Glamorgan in 1977–1980 with a computerised C3 ADWAS system well in advance of its original fitting, but limited by the essential manual nature of the 4.5" turret and the ageing Seacat and Seaslug missiles.

In the spring and early summer of 1982 Glamorgan was involved in the Falklands War during which she engaged Argentine land forces and protected shipping. In the last days of the war, Argentine navy technicians fired a land-based MM-38 Exocet missile which struck the ship causing damage and killing 14 of her crew. She was refitted in late 1982 and her last active deployment for the Royal Navy was to the coast of Lebanon in 1984.

In 1986 Glamorgan was sold to the Chilean Navy, and renamed Almirante Latorre. The destroyer served for 12 years until late 1998. On 11 April 2005, she sank while under tow to be broken up.

Construction and design
Two County-class guided-missile destroyers, Glamorgan and HMS Fife (D20) were ordered as part of the Royal Navy's 1961–62 shipbuilding programme, as a follow-on to the existing four County-class destroyers ordered under the 1955–56 and 1956–57 programmes. They differed from the previous ships in being fitted with the revised Seaslug GWS2 missile system, which was expected to be much more effective than the earlier GWS1 system, and the use of the ADAWS combat data system to aid control of the ship's weapons.

Glamorgan was 521 ft long overall and 505 ft between perpendiculars, with a beam of 54 ft and a draught of 20 ft. Displacement was 6200 LT normal and 6800 LT deep load. The ship was propelled by a combination of steam turbines and gas turbines in a Combined steam and gas (COSAG) arrangement, driving two propeller shafts. Each shaft could by driven by a single 15000 shp steam turbine (fed with steam at 700 psi and 700 F) from Babcock & Wilcox boilers ) and two Metrovick G6 gas turbines (each rated at 7500 shp), with the gas turbines being used for high speeds and to allow a quick departure from ports without waiting for steam to be raised. Maximum speed was 30 kn and the ship had a range of 3500 nmi at 28 kn.

A twin launcher for the Seaslug anti-aircraft missile was fitted aft. The Seaslug GWS2 was a beam riding missile which had an effective range of about 40000 yd with a maximum altitude of 50000 ft. Up to 39 Seaslugs could be carried horizontally in a magazine that ran much of the length of the ship. Close-in anti-aircraft protection was provided by a pair of Seacat (missile) launchers and two single Oerlikon 20mm cannons, with two twin QF 4.5 inch Mark V gun mounts were fitted forward. A helicopter deck and hangar allowed a single Westland Wessex helicopter to be operated.

A Type 965 long-range air-search radar and a Type 278 height-finding radar was fitted on the ship's mainmast, also fitted on the mainmast was an array of ECM aerials. A Type 992Q Medium range gunnery radar and navigation radar type 978 were fitted to the foremast, also fitted on the foremast was an array of ESM aerials. Type 901 fire control radar for the Seaslug missile was mounted aft. Type 184 sonar was fitted.

Glamorgan was laid down at Vickers-Armstrong's Newcastle upon Tyne shipyard on 13 September 1962. She was launched on 9 July 1964 and was completed on 13 October 1966.

Service
In October 1968, Glamorgan took part in Exercise Coral Sands, a joint amphibious operations off Queensland, Australia, involving forces from Australia, New Zealand, the United States and the United Kingdom, visiting Australian ports after completion of the exercise.

In March 1976, Glamorgan took part in the multi-national exercise Valiant Heritage, a simulated amphibious assault against San Diego. The exercise opened with a live-fire Seaslug exercise in which Glamorgan destroyed a target drone aircraft.

Falklands campaign
At the start of the Falklands campaign, on 2 April 1982, Glamorgan was already at sea off Gibraltar about to take part in exercises; she was immediately diverted to join the main Royal Navy task force, and served as flagship for Rear Admiral Sandy Woodward, Flag Officer First Flotilla and Commander Carrier Battle Group, during the voyage south until 15 April, when he transferred his flag to the aircraft carrier HMS Hermes (R12). Her most useful armament proved to be her twin 4.5 in guns, which were intensively used to shell enemy positions onshore.

Glamorgan was first in action on the evening and night of 1 May when she joined forces with the frigates HMS Arrow (F173) and HMS Alacrity (F174) to bombard Argentine positions around Stanley. The three British ships soon came under attack by three IAI Dagger jets; two 500 lb bombs fell close alongside Glamorgan, causing minor underwater damage.

Two weeks later on 14 May, she supported British special forces during the Raid on Pebble Island in the west of the Falklands. For the next two weeks until the end of May she was almost continuously engaged bombarding various shore positions on the east of the islands mainly as part of a plan to distract attention from the landings at San Carlos Water, but also against the airfield at Stanley and in support of British forces ashore. On 29 May she fired a Seaslug missile at the airstrip, which landed close to an Argentine Air Force radar site, killing one Argentine Air Force lieutenant and wounding several airmen.

At the beginning of June, the task force having been reinforced with other ships, Glamorgan was detached to protect shipping in the Towing, Repair and Logistics Area (TRALA), some 200 mi away from the islands, but as the campaign reached a climax she was recalled in the evening of 11 June to support the Royal Marines fighting the Battle of Two Sisters. At 06:37 the following morning, Saturday 12 June 1982, Glamorgan was attacked with an MM38 Exocet missile, fired from an improvised shore-based launcher.

The missiles had been removed from the destroyer ARA Seguí and secured on the launcher, dubbed 'ITB' (Instalación de Tiro Berreta) by the Argentine Navy personnel which in Argentine slang would translate roughly as "trashy firing platform". Two MM38 Exocet missiles, their launcher, transporter, and the associated electronics trailer were assembled by the Argentine navy at Puerto Belgrano and flown by a C-130 Hercules transport aircraft to the Falkland Islands. A RASIT radar supplied by the Argentinian Army tracked Glamorgan's movements.

Glamorgan was steaming at about 20 kn some 18 nmi offshore. The first attempt to fire a missile did not result in a launch. At the second attempt, a missile was launched, but it did not find the target. The third attempt resulted in the last remaining missile tracking the target. The incoming Exocet missile was also being tracked on Glamorgans bridge and operations room by the Principal Warfare and Navigation Officers.

Before the missile impact, the ship executed a highspeed turn away from the missile, before the Exocet struck the port side adjacent to the hangar near the stern. The turn had prevented the missile from striking the ship's side perpendicularly and penetrating; instead, it hit the deck coaming at an angle, skidded on the deck and detonated, making a 10 x hole in the hangar deck and a 5 x hole in the galley area below, where a fire started.

The blast travelled forwards and down, and the missile body, still travelling forwards, penetrated the hangar door, causing the ship's fully fuelled and armed Wessex helicopter (HAS.3 XM837) to explode and start a severe fire in the hangar. Fourteen crew members were killed and more wounded. Six of those killed were from the ship’s flight of 737 Naval Air Squadron. Thirteen crew members who lost their lives that day were buried at sea that evening, a fourteenth, Able Seaman David McCann died of his wounds on August 19, 1982  The ship was underway again with all fires extinguished by 11:00.

Both the ship and its aircraft pursued no combat operations for the remainder of the conflict. On the following day, repairs were made at sea and, after the Argentinean surrender on 14 June, more extensive repairs were undertaken in the sheltered bay of San Carlos Water. She sailed for home on 21 June, and re-entered Portsmouth on 10 July 1982 after 104 days at sea.

A Memorial was erected in 2011 in memory of the ship and the lost crew at Hookers Point outside Stanley.

After the Falklands campaign
HMS Glamorgan spent many months in late 1982 being refitted and repaired. Two sets of STWS-1 triple anti-submarine torpedo tubes, capable of launching US Mark 46 torpedoes were fitted, while the ship's Seacat launchers were removed, replaced by two Bofors 40 mm guns. The Wessex helicopter was replaced by a Westland Lynx. The ship returned to service in 1983.

Her last active deployment for the Royal Navy was in 1983/4 and she was sent on the Armilla Patrol with HMS Brazen. She was originally to sail to the Far East. En route she docked at Gibraltar where the ship's crew were granted shore leave but, within a few hours and with members of her crew still enjoying a 'run ashore' she was back at sea. The bases of the US Marines and French forces in Beirut had been bombed by suicide bombers on 23 October and there were fears that British interests were at risk. Absent crew members were finally rounded up and flown aboard by the ship's Lynx. As the ship had a greater range than the Brazen she set off ahead and raced across the Mediterranean to the coast of Lebanon to evacuate the British peace-keeping troops with her Lynx. With this completed she rejoined the rest of her group and proceeded to the Straits of Hormuz.

Chilean Navy
She was decommissioned by the Royal Navy in September 1986, sold to the Chilean Navy on 3 October that year, and renamed Almirante Latorre. Latorre arrived in Chile in December 1986. The Sea Slug system was retained, although only for use against surface targets. A single MBB Bo 105 helicopter was carried. She was refitted from September 1995 to August 1996, with the ship's 40mm Bofors guns replaced by two 16-cell launchers for the Israeli Barak surface-to-air missile and the ADAWS combat data system replaced by the Chilean SISDEF-100 system. The destroyer was decommissioned again in late 1998. On 11 April 2005, she sank in the South Pacific while under tow to be broken up.

title: HMS Glamorgan (D19)


text:
HMS Hampshire (D06)

HMS Hampshire was a County-class destroyer destroyer of the Royal Navy. Laid down, in March 1959 a couple of weeks behind the class leader HMS Devonshire (D02), she was classified as a guided missile destroyer, as the Sea Lords regarded the concept of the cruiser and big gun ship as discredited by the perceived failure of the Tiger-class cruiser and the obsolescence of the heavy gun. The description of guided missile destroyer seemed more likely to win approval from the Treasury and Government for an adequate number of warships the size of small cruisers, which could play many traditional cruiser flagship and command functions, but had no armour around its gun and missile magazine.

Construction and design
Hampshire was one of two County-class destroyers ordered under the British Admiralty's 1955–56 shipbuilding programme. She was laid down at John Brown & Company's Clydebank shipyard on 26 March 1959 and launched by Princess Margaret on 16 March 1961. The ship was completed on 15 March 1963, and was the fifth ship of that name to serve with the Royal Navy.

Hampshire was 521 ft long overall and 505 ft between perpendiculars, with a beam of 54 ft and a draught of 20 ft. Displacement was 6200 LT normal and 6800 LT deep load. The ship was propelled by a combination of steam turbines and gas turbines in a Combined steam and gas (COSAG) arrangement, driving two propeller shafts. Each shaft could by driven by a single 15000 shp steam turbine (fed with steam at 700 psi and 950 F) from Babcock & Wilcox boilers ) and two Metrovick G6 gas turbines (each rated at 7500 shp), with the gas turbines being used for high speeds and to allow a quick departure from ports without waiting for steam to be raised. Maximum speed was 30 kn and the ship had a range of 3500 nmi at 28 kn.

A twin launcher for the Seaslug anti-aircraft missile was fitted aft. The Seaslug GWS1 was a beam riding missile which had an effective range of about 34000 yd. Up to 39 Seaslugs could be carried horizontally in a magazine that ran much of the length of the ship. Close-in anti-aircraft protection was provided by a pair of Seacat (missile) launchers, while two twin QF 4.5 inch Mark V gun mounts were fitted forward. A helicopter deck and hangar allowed a single Westland Wessex helicopter to be operated.

A Type 965 long-range air-search radar and a Type 278 height-finding radar was fitted on the ship's mainmast, with a Type 992Q navigation radar and an array of ESM aerials were mounted on the ship's foremast. Type 901 fire control radar for the Seaslug missile was mounted aft. Type 184 sonar was fitted.

Operational service
On 18 June 1963, Hampshire interrupted trials, to host the burial at sea of Admiral Cunningham, off the Nab Tower, near the Isle of Wight. In March 1964, as part of efforts to reinforce British forces in the Far East in response to the escalating Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation, Hampshire left Britain, arriving at Singapore on 13 April.

From her third Commission in 1967 Hampshire flew the flag of the Flag Officer, Western Fleet (United Kingdom). In July 1969 she was present at Torbay for the Royal Review and presentation of a new colour to the Western Fleet (United Kingdom).

Decommissioning and disposal
In the late 1960s there were plans to upgrade Hampshire and sister destroyers armed with Seaslug Mk 1, with Seaslug Mk 2 and a digital combat system being fitted, but the upgrade of Hampshire and Devonshire was cancelled on 31 March 1967 because of the amount of the time the ships would be out of the operational fleet, with the remaining two upgrades cancelled in 1968.

In 1976 she was the first of the County-class destroyers to be decommissioned. This was at a time the Labour Government was making severe defence cuts under pressure from the International Monetary Fund (IMF). She was cannibalised for spares to service her sister ships and subsequently sold for scrap in 1979, being broken up at Briton Ferry by Thos. W. Ward.

Commanding officers
Notable commanding officers include R A Trowbridge from 1967-1969 and R P Clayton between 1969 and 1970.

In media
The Hampshire appears in the UFO episode "Destruction", as it is used to secretly place sealed tanks filled with lethal gas from an unnamed war under water.

title: HMS Hampshire (D06)


text:
List of Quebec films

This is a list of films produced and co-produced in Quebec, Canada ordered by year of release. Although the majority of Quebec films are produced in French due to Quebec's predominantly francophone population, a number of English language films are also produced in the province.

2020s
† Films under this header were announced as going into production more than a year ago, but do not yet have confirmed release dates as of fall 2023.

title: List of Quebec films