text:
Talk:Libertarian socialism/Archive 1

AaronS 11/19/03:

Shouldn't it be made clearler that libertarian socialism is the more traditional form of anarchism (as opposed to anarcho-capitalism), and that terms like left-anarchism and socialist anarchism are used mainly by anarcho-capitalists, and are typically viewed as misnomers?

Congratulations on the new version, it's much tighter. But perhaps it could be expanded a bit on some issues, for example on why do anarchists oppose private property but not personal possesions, why do they oppose hierarchy, etc. Daniel

From Errico Malatesta:

 * ...an Italian libertarian socialist (anarchist).

Should we do all the libertarian socialists like this, or what? Our options are:
 * 1) libertarian socialist (anarchist)
 * 2) libertarian socialist (aka anarchist)
 * 3) anarchist (more accurately, libertarian socialist)
 * 4) anarchist (link goes to libertarian socialism, but says "anarchist")

Ah, words. -- Sam Francis

I was thinking about this too. What I did for Chomsky was

anarchist (libertarian socialist)

I don't know if that's better than the ones above. I think that "anarchist" should definitely appear before "libertarian socialist" if that's what the person called themselves. DanKeshet

 * That's probably the best thing: put what they call themselves first. But then, the meaning of the word "anarchist" has changed since the time of many of these people. "Revolutionary Socialist" used to mean "anarchist."

 * Whichever describes them best should be the link, then, but what they called themselves should come first. But of course, some, like Mikhail Bakunin and Peter Kropotkin really should have a link to the anarchism page, regardless. -- Sam Francis

 * I've started using anarchist . For Kropotkin and the like I'm going to put see also: anarchism. -- Sam

 * Sounds good to me. Of course, everybody's welcome to question the organization of the pages into anarchism, l-s, a-c, etc.  This is a scheme set before I did any serious work on the pages, but one that made sense to me. DanKeshet
 * Makes sense to me too. Not that I've ever bothered looking at anarcho-capitalism. --Sam

 * Some libertarian socialists say that theirs is an internally antagonistic philosophy, but that such antagonism is necessary to satisfy both the necessary liberty of the individual and the harmony of the society. Others feel that the two are symbiotic, and that the liberty of the individual guarantees the harmony of the society, and vice-versa.

Graft: Does this mean "Some libertarian socialists believe that individual liberties and societal harmonies are opposing goals that must be balanced, while some believe that they're symbiotic goals that promote one another"? (Not that this wording is better, I just want to rephrase what you said to make sure I understand.) DanKeshet

Yes, you got it. Graft

How about some pages on the history of anarchism in various countries/areas; eg. Cuba (see Cuban Anarchism), Africa (see African Anarchism), South Africa, Britain, Japan, the US, Mexico, Spain, France, Russia, etc.... (I'll find the online references for those books later.) -- Sam

Moved from anarchism page:
 * === Libertarian socialism vs. Direct Democracy ===

 * what are the commons and the differences?''

I hardly think this is an appropriate comparison: libertarian socialism is a tendency that might sometimes encompass direct democracy as an organizing principle (but not even that, necessarily). The two are, I think, orthogonal, not counterposed. Graft 18:02 Oct 16, 2002 (UTC)

What do people think about moving "libertarian socialism" to "anarcho-communism"? Personally I think libertarian socialism sounds pretty kludgy and unfamiliar, and the fact that it doesn't contain the word "anarchist" or some derivative is confusing. Furthermore I dislike "left anarchism" because it buys into left/right dichotomies that I don't think are appropriate for characterizing anarchism. So, I say we move this article to "anarcho-communism", where it will get more attention and love. Graft

 * How about anarchist communism, as Kropotkin would call it? I don't mind particularly; you might be right. Go for it if no one objects :) -- Sam

 * I only just noticed this: anarcho-communism. Somebody wrote an article on it. The only links to it are from talk pages. I think it needs to be merged into this article.

 * As for what to call this one: I agree that "libertarian socialism" is an awkward name, because it doesn't contain the word "anarchism", and time was that I argued for it to be moved myself. However, I get the impression that "libertarian socialism" is being increasingly widely used, to the point where it's more common than "anarcho-communism", "left-anarchism", or whatever (Google seems to back this up). That said, I wouldn't really oppose a page move. --Camembert

 * Suggestion: we improve this page first. The anarcho-communism page is, at present, a very philosophical view. It certainly needs to be integrated, but this page, I think, should be improved first; it needs the history and development of anarchist communism, the political and economic views, major works and movements -- along the way, that page can be integrated. Once we have a good, coherent article, we can change the name.

 * By the way, "anarchist communism" gets about 600 more google hits than "anarcho-communism", but "libertarian socialism" gets about 3,400 -- more than twice as much (actually, the 8th hit is this page). --Sam

 * Anyway, I vote for this article to be at anarchist communism or anarcho-communism -- Sam

Nice work, Graft. I think the most important thing to do now is elaborate on and clarify the parts of the word: Libertarian (or anarchist, anarcho-) is the political bit, and socialism (or communism) is the economic bit. We should make this clear, as I think these are the two central part sof the philosophy: as you've begun doing with the headings Anti-capitalism (economic) and Opposition to the state (political). I'll have a look and see what improvements I can do. I think this will be a very good page soon. -- Sam

this page seems to imply that anarchists are libertarians.

 * Only inasmuch as its title has the word "libertarian" in it, surely? There's nothing to suggest that in the article. "Libertarian socialism" does seem to be the most widely used term for this flavour of anarchism (see the discussion just above), and although it might be a little confusing at first, I don't see how anybody reading this article could go away with the impression that "libertarian socialists" are the same as "libertarians". --Camembert

Can we perhaps have at least an opening explanation which clarifies the difference between libertarians and libertarian socialists. All the libertarians I know are adamantly opposed to socialism and all the anarchists I know are adamantly opposed to libertarianism.

 * Yes, that might be a good idea. I won't write it just now (I'm rather tired), but will get round to it eventually if nobody else does (I hope somebody else does) - a sentence or two should do it. --Camembert

 * Done. Hope the beginning isn't too verbose. --Sam

The modern usage of libertarian to mean a particular brand of anarcho-capitalist is at odds with the historical tradition of libertarian meaning those who favor liberty - i.e., those who oppose government (restrictions on liberty). I usually distinguish these by calling modern libertarians big-L "Libertarians", and don't use the small-L "libertarian" because it is now too confused in meaning. I think we should avoid the use of "libertarian" and use "Libertarian" or "anarchist" where appropriate. Graft

 * Contrary to popular opinion, libertarian socialism has not traditionally been a utopian movement, tending to avoid dense theoretical analysis or prediction of what a future society would or should look like. The tradition instead has been that such decisions cannot be made now, and must be made through struggle and experimentation, so that the best solution can be arrived at democratically and organically, and to base the direction for struggle on established historical example (with some exceptions, notably Peter Kropotkin). As such, a common critique of anarchism has been that it lacks vision; anarchists would counter that this (i.e., exploration rather than predetermination) is one of its great strengths.

Can someone please explain/justify the highlighted comment above? --Sam

GE Bridger explained it rather well in his 1911 book, "It is not of concern to mesh out the legalistic details of what a future society must look like, we do not have time for such pedantic nonsense, rather we must simply plunge forward - come what may."

In essence, critics of anarchism will ask anarchists to submit a 10,000 page legal code explaining the function of their society and anarchists will avoid such dense theoretical anaylsis as such decisions cannot be made at this time, and it is best to simply trust and have faith in anarchism. Vera Cruz

 * Sorry, it's the bit about 'except Kropotkin' that I'm questioning. I know he set forward some more detailed visions in his books, but I'm pretty sure he also noted that we shouldn't set forward anything but suggestions for experimentation. -- Sam

 * I haven't read him in a while, so if that's the case you can ditch the "except Kropotkin", but I don't seem to remember him ever saying anything like that. John Henry McKay (who is not an anarcho-communist) characterizes him as strongly supportive of a planned society. Graft

 * I've removed the bracketed comment; the following is a quote from The Conquest of Bread, Chapter 6, where Kropotkin is talking of expropriation: "...We have no intention of tracing out the plans of expropriation in their smallest details. We know beforehand that all that any man, or group of men, could suggest today would be far surpassed by the reality when it comes. Man will accomplish greater things, and accomplish them better and by simpler methods than those dictated to him beforehand. Thus we shall merely indicate the manner by which expropriation might be accomplished...". -- Sam

libertarians are anarchist socialists? Vera Cruz

 * NO. "Socialist libertarian" is a name by which many Anarchists like to call themselves. It has nothing to do with "libertarian" at all. Specifically, Anarchists believe in "liberty", meaning absence of restriction, on behavior--but they also believe that the many should be free to sieze the assets of the few; i.e., they do not believe in private property. Libertarians assert that there is no "freedom" without the freedom to enjoy the fruit of one's labor unmolested. --Len.

..."Collective ownership of the means of production" applies to industrial settings, not to the workshop in your garage. (Jizzbug)

 * Wrong. As soon as your garage workshop exceeds a certain level of productivity, it is nationalized. Specifically, observe that you do not have the power to hire employees to work in your garage. (Len)

While there are authoritarian flavors of socialism that advocate imposing socialistic values by force, that by no means makes coercion a fundamental tenant of socialism in theory or anarchism in particular... (Jizzbug)

 * Wrong again: anarcho-socialism cannot exist without force. If force is not used, then I can set up a factory in my basement, sell the products, and hire workers. Boom! Ipso facto capitalism. Unless "the many" can take it away...or unless the workers can "fire me" by taking my house away and own the factory inside it...In short, anarcho-socialism must either tolerate capitalistic endeavors or it must suppress them forcibly. The nature of your quibble is only that the force is not necessarily directed from a central authority--in other words, it takes the form of mob rule.

 * The relevance to the article is the question which anarcho-socialists do not, but must, answer: HOW is ownership of the means of production made "public"? In other words, will capitalistic businesses be tolerated within an overall anarchistic society? (Cooperative business certainly are tolerated in a capitalist society.) If not, who will prevent them, and how? Who will seize new businesses? Etc. --Len

 * This exact debate is the subject of the book "The Anarchists" by John Henry McKay. Different people in the book take different stances, but McKay concludes that the true anarchist would take the stance that everyone is free to do as they like - if someone wishes to create a capitalist enclave within an anarchist society, this is entirely their choice. Anything else would not be compatible with anarchism.
 * Of course, given the choice, I highly doubt someone would choose to be a wage slave as opposed to participating in ownership of a factory. Especially if the majority of the people aren't using money or markets - you'd have a hard time getting people to accept your worthless currency in exchange for their labor. Graft

 * Please add to "the importance of force" section under "philosophy" arguments regarding the interaction/relation, if any, of anarcho-communism and force. If some people believe that anarcho-socialism cannot exist without force, then that's a point of view, and we want it in the article, attributed to those who hold that position, preferably with quotes and cites. If that assertion has been rebutted by anarcho-communist philosophers, that's also a matter of interest. -Martin

 * Note to graft: the comparison between "wage slave" is something of a false dichotomy. Would you rather be a peon in a highly successful company, or part owner of a company running in the red? Advocates of communal ownership of the means of production generally consider the benefits without considering the risks. (If my employer goes under, I go elsewhere while he starves.) --Len

 * You have a really peverted view of the world, Len. In the real world, the situation is almost exactly the opposite - employers rarely suffer shocks when companies fold, while employees must deal with the difficulties of finding employment without the benefit of a tremendous cushion of capital to tide them over in the meanwhile. Not to mention that employers rarely have their fingers in just one pie. Graft

 * You are obviously a college student. In the real world, son, employers often suffer shocks when their companies fold. (The vast majority do not run multi-million or -billion dollar companies, BTW.) My old boss is struggling to put food on the table since his company folded; I went on basically unscathed to a new position. My heart aches for him. Your idea of "employers" is straight out of Das Kapital, and bears little relation to the real world. --Len

Len, please take a look at this. I plan on elaborating the section on violence. Having read the frequently asked question at that link, do you have any further objections/ refutations? -- Sam

 * Danke. Note that I'm interested in framing the article (though I'm leery of actually touching the article itself), not in refuting anarcho-socialism. It is true that I consider the system to be thoroughly refuted, but I would like to see it make the best, clearest case it can for itself in the context of this article.

 * I know this, but I thought you might want to argue it out further here. -- Sam

 * Sam, the question whether forcible suppression of capitalism is necessary does not resolve into the question of which is more efficient. The argument can of course be made that management by committee is inherently less efficient than management by specialized experts--but that isn't the issue driving this question. The question is: Will capitalistic endeavors spring up naturally unless actively suppressed? The answer (POV) is yes, but the reason is not that capitalism is inherently more efficient: the reason is that individuals will continue to believe that they personally can do better by pursuing some individual endeavor--and some individuals indisputably can. So they will. Anarchism defines this as immoral (whereas libertarians define this as the engine of progress), and face the question: should it be suppressed? If the answer is no, then anarcho-socialists are fundamentally free-market libertarians with a personal preference for co-ops. If it is yes, then they are actually authoritarian socialists. (I am interested in pursuing this further, because I think it's relevant but I haven't the faintest how best to fold it into the article). --Len

 * I disagree with Sam (below). I would not consider most libertarian socialists to be "free market libertarians with a preference for co-ops".  If you read the works describing participatory economics, a theoretical economic system currently popular with many libertarian socialists, it goes into great lengths about how markets themselves are undesirable and describing other methods of non-hierarchical exchange.  DanKeshet

 * P.S. Also, please don't call anybody "son" as you called Graft above. It's highly condescending and offensive.

 * I don't feel particularly apologetic, under the circumstances: Mr. Graft allowed ideological generalities to drive the ridiculous conclusion that employers are unaffected by the failure of their ventures--which, to me, translates into the human terms of those employers I've watched lose everything. While innocent enough, the effect of Graft's naive views is highly offensive to ME. --Len

 * If that's how you want to look at it, then, yes, libertarian socialists are free market libertarians with a preference for co-ops. We advocate freedom, and we believe that that freedom would lead to people working cooperatively (not necessarily in cooperatives, but using cooperation as opposed to competition. I don't agree that capitalist enterprises will naturally spring up, and I have arguments to explain that view (though I haven't yet articulated them here!). -- Sam

 * No offense was meant, Sam. My point is this: if I'm allowed to build a workshop on land I own; hire people as long as they're willing, or hire out my services to anyone who wishes to buy them; sell my posessions or buy those of others, both parties being willing; give away my posessions both while living and at the time of death; then the system we're describing *is* capitalism. Nothing about capitalism forbids cooperative ownership if it is preferred.

 * But on the other hand: if my workshop can be taken away because it's too big; if I can't give my posessions to my heirs; if some posessions are deemed non-transferrable by law; if employing others' labor is outlawed; then we're describing an authoritarian economy--because somebody has to administer those restrictions, and oversee the use of things that individuals aren't allowed to own.

 * So if you really advocate capitalism, together with a belief that cooperative ownership is beneficial, then you might find that you are genuinely a free-market libertarian. Conversely, if you actually believe in certain forcible restrictions, like those mentioned above, then I think it's worth realizing that your philosophy inescapably implies the existence of a command structure--whether local or centralized--which overrides individual freedom. In short, socialism.

 * (Which raises the off-topic question whether anarcho-socialism actually exists, or whether it really is a variation of socialism whose adherents refuse to admit the role of command structure in their desired economic order.) --Len

 * I didn't take any offence, sorry if it came across that way! Don't worry, I think you'll find it difficult to offend me; it's not as if I haven't been through these arguments countless times...

 * You mention law and the basis of your arguments is on possessions. Neither of these exist in an anarchist society -- at least, not as we know them! Now, I think your view of this system is tainted by the fact that it has socialism in its title: as Kropotkin predicted in a letter to Lenin, authoritarian socialism has given socialism a bad name. You share a view of society with Milton Friedman, among many others. Please see User:Sam_Francis/Socialism.

 * Perhaps there's some insight I'm lacking, but I fail to see any possibility that the concept of "posessions" could disappear. That would mean that people actually stopped thinking in terms of meum and tuum--in other words, that they would stop wanting things. Only one person can wear a jacket at one time, so the act of posessing will persist, at least in the transient sense...but in your vision, nobody would ever say to another, "Hey, you're wearing my jacket!", or "Hey, you're eating my cake!" For this to happen would require a fundamental change in human nature. Do the anarchists have a secret which can turn everyone into monks (or at least ascetics), when 2,000 years of church effort could only draw a small minority to that viewpoint? --Len

 * As for possesions, this is addressed in the text of the article. Most anarchists draw a distinction between personal property ("my jacket") and shared, productive property ("this steel factory", "this 20-person farm").  Clearly, there are gray lines ("this fancy saw", "this little vegetable garden", etc.), but most anarchists don't address the gray areas in theory, preferring to leave it to the people involved to decide.  (This too is addressed in the article, as theoretical vs. practical.)

 * This is the crux of the issue, Dan. If there is a line, over which my property ceases to be my property and is in some way withdrawn from my control, then we are actually looking at a command economy. Even if we could reset the clock at zero with nobody "owning" any real estate, for example, and all real-estate transfers forbidden, then we have a command economy: some person or group has authority, and hence ownership, of the real estate. No matter how you argue that that group is "everybody", eventually the situation crystalizes such that some subset has de facto control of that asset. Again, we are back to a command economy, or at least a multi-tiered society. The Spanish revolution illustrates this process very nicely. --Len

 * Also, I think it's wrong to think of libertarian socialism as an economic theory. It simply isn't one.  There are economic theories (like participatory economics) that are more and less compatible with libertarian socialism, but there are many different ideas out there, and two people could agree that they're libertarian socialists but disagree on many fundamental questions of economics (like "Should there be prices?").  DanKeshet

 * No problem here. It is nevertheless a theory with economic implications, which are interesting in their own right. --Len

 * I did, in fact, start out as something of a free-market libertarian. I cherish liberty, and I want things to work so that human energy and resources are not wasted. But I saw what I gradually came to think was a better way to acheive that. And, like Tolkien, "[m]y political opinions lean more and more to anarchy..."

 * You are allowed to do whatever you want; whether people will help you do these things or not is another matter. I don't believe that people in this society would work for wages, no matter what you offer them. Why would they? Their needs would be met with minimum effort (after all, that is the first aim; to meet people's needs), they can do whatever kind of work they want. Everything is free. It might seem utopian, but, to be frank, I don't care. That it is utopian implies that it wouldn't 'work', but simply saying that is no argument that proves it wouldn't.

 * Your last point is certainly not off-topic on this page! We're talking about libertarian socialism, and your asing whether or not that can exist. Certainly an important point to consider.

 * Thanks for your time, Len, these discussions are definately providing raw material with which we can add to the article. -- Sam

 * Oh, and I'm pretty sure Kropotkin deals with this question too, somewhere in The Conquest of Bread, perhaps. -- Sam

 * Note that the FAQ to which you pointed me makes very painful reading: your movement would greatly benefit from a competent writer or two. --Len

 * I realise this; it is difficult to write an FAQ like that (which is what this is becoming). (But there are some great anarchist writers -- honest!) See me new comments on structure, below.

I've just been reading some of the problems that Len has had about Libertarian Socialism, and a question occured to me. Len seems to believe that force is required to acheive socialism. But what I don't understand is how, on a practical level, can you enforce private property "rights" without the use of force? For instance, if someone is farming a large enough area of land, they would require multiple workers to farm such land. If there is no government enforcement of property laws, what's to stop me from simply moving in to a bit of the land and start farming a portion of it myself, and how would you stop the workers from expecting that they get an equal share of the product? If you didn't give the workers what they diserved they would leave, and without property rights you couldn't possibly maintain the land yourself. On the other hand, if you were living in a particular house, why would I want to take it from you if I easily could obtain my own home. Human history has shown that Human greed only hungers for objects which are considered valuableas social status symbols. Who wants to collect as many limestone rocks as possible? Who wants as much gold as they can get? The only difference between the two is the rarity, and thus the value as percived by others. With a simple change in perspective, force is not required to maintain socialism.

-

Some thoughts: would it be better to have the history/development as a seperate part to the theory and philosophy? The two are intertwined, but there are advantages to seperating them. Following is an outline of the article as it stands. The problem I'm considering is where to elaborate on the historic background. The 'conflict with Marxism' section is one place to put the relevant history of the First International etc, but it could, of course, become quite a lengthy section (we could get into Russia, Spain, Cuba...).
 * Introduction: disambiguation with other philosophies and basic tenets (possibly mention more famous figures and movements).
 * Theory
 * Anti-capitalism
 * Opposition to state
 * Conflict with Marxism
 * History
 * Pre-"anarchism" period (ancient and pre-19th century)
 * [What I've called] Anarchism: a new word -- 19th/20th century developments
 * Influence: anarchist movements and influence

So: do we definately want a 'theory' section, which will describe the ideas or libertarian socialism, followed by a history section, which will describe the origins of those ideas? Or some other format? -- Sam

This article is quickly developing, with some good input. However, it will be very long, and quite possibly will never be complete. I suggest that once each significant section -- such as the one on violence -- is developed to essay length, it can be summarised here and have its own article (like anarchism and violence). These articles should be sort of capsules -- they will complement this article and make it more succint, but will be easily readable as articles on their own. -- Sam

title: Talk:Libertarian socialism/Archive 1


text:
Baron Westwood

Baron Westwood, of Gosforth in the County of Northumberland, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created in 1944 for the trade unionist William Westwood. He was General Secretary of the Ship Constructors' and Shipwrights' Association (now part of GMB Union) from 1929 to 1945. the title is held by his great-grandson, the fourth Baron, who succeeded his father in that year.

Barons Westwood (1944)

 * William Westwood, 1st Baron Westwood (1880–1953)
 * William Westwood, 2nd Baron Westwood (1907–1991)
 * William Gavin Westwood, 3rd Baron Westwood (1944–2019)
 * (William) Fergus Westwood, 4th Baron Westwood (b. 1972)

The heir presumptive is the present holder's younger brother Hon. Alistair Cameron Westwood (b. 1974).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Baron Westwood


text:
Talk:Bowl and doily spider

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 15 September 2020 and 17 December 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Juliaskittle.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 16:10, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Student Suggestion
Hello! I added a picture of North America, Wikispiders suggests including photos of where the spider lives. I would suggest adding more inline references, not just the end of paragraphs to better help the reader understand where the information comes from. Also, the taxonomy and web sections need references. I removed an ambiguous link marked by wiki for “immobilize”. Lastly, I would suggest combining sections like Pre-Copulation and Copulation only because these sections are so short. Akwan826 (talk) 18:07, 3 December 2020 (UTC)

Hi! This article was well written and had a lot of interesting sections. I mostly went through and changed some of the wording around to make sure it was in a clear and concise voice. It was mostly minor changes, though. Shaynarosenbloom (talk) — Preceding undated comment added 05:05, 4 December 2020 (UTC)

Untitled
Shouldn't this link into some bigger spider project? I have a feeling there is even a template for it. Mark Richards 20:34, 4 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Here it is! I think these need to be merged. Bowl-and-doily and dwarf spiders
 * No. one is about spider family, another is about a species. Mikkalai 20:43, 4 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Yes you should just link them all together — Preceding unsigned comment added by 206.176.112.21 (talk) 20:25, 18 February 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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I have just modified one external link on Bowl and doily spider. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
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Student Peer Edit
I really like your entry. Your information is well organized and referenced. In the Taxonomy section, you should add the reference for what is written there. I made some minor grammatical changes, but overall, it’s really well written. The Typical Prey and Prey Capture subsection says that there is an ambiguation, I tried to fix it, but I wasn’t sure what definition of immobilizing you wanted to use; I wasn’t sure if I should delete the hyperlink to that page, I recommend you to check/fix this. In the Web Design and Prey Memory subsection, there is no citation, you should add the citation for both subsections. Also, if you can add a map or the particular places – States or cities – where this spider species could be found it would be great to guide the future reader of your entry. Salazarjhan (talk) 22:48, 30 November 2020 (CST)

title: Talk:Bowl and doily spider


text:
Mile End

Mile End is an area in London, England and is located in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets. It is in East London and part of the East End. It is 4.2 mi east of Charing Cross. Situated on the part of the London-to-Colchester road called Mile End Road, it was one of the earliest suburbs of London.

It was also known as Mile End Old Town; the name provides a geographical distinction from the unconnected former hamlet called Mile End New Town. In 2011, Mile End had a population of 28,544.

Toponymy
Mile End is recorded in 1288 as La Mile ende. It is formed from the Middle English 'mile' and 'ende' and means 'the hamlet a mile away'. The mile distance was in relation to Aldgate in the City of London, reached by the London-to-Colchester road. In around 1691 Mile End became known as Mile End Old Town, because a new unconnected settlement to the west and adjacent to Spitalfields had become known as Mile End New Town.

Beginnings
Whilst there are many references to settlement in the area, excavations have suggested that this was a rural area with very few buildings before 1300.

The road from the Aldgate (on London's defensive wall) to Colchester is known as Mile End Road when it passes through the district. In the medieval period it was known as Aldgatestrete to reflect the starting point of the road, it later became known as the Great Essex Road to reflect its destination.

The River Lea, the historic western boundary of Essex, was once much wilder and formed a formidable obstacle. The road, which has existed since at least Roman times, once forded the river at Old Ford in northern Bow. It moved to its present-day alignment after the foundation of Bow Bridge in 1110. The new bridge was around 900 metres south-east of the ford, requiring a new alignment to be established.

The area running alongside Mile End Road was known as Mile End Green, a large open common which became known as a place of assembly for Londoners, as reflected in the name of Assembly Passage, a short road 470 meters west of the Stepney Green tube station.

Peasants' Revolt
In 1381 an uprising against the tax collectors of Brentwood quickly spread; firstly in the surrounding villages and then throughout the South-East of England. However it was the rebels of Essex led by a priest named Jack Straw, and the men of Kent led by Wat Tyler, who marched on London. On 12 June the Essex rebels (comprising 100,000 men) camped at Mile End. On the following day the men of Kent arrived at Blackheath. On 14 June, the teenaged King Richard II rode to Mile End where he met the rebels and signed their charter. The king subsequently had the leaders and many rebels executed.

Expansion
Speculative developments existed by the end of the 16th century and continued throughout the 18th century. It developed as an area of working and lower-class housing, often occupied by immigrants and migrants new to the city.

In 1811 Bancroft Road Cemetery at Globe Fields was opened for its first burial by the separatist "Maiden Lane synagogue in Covent Garden". By 1884 it was in disrepair. The cemetery was full by 1895. The synagogue became bankrupt in 1907 and incorporated back into the larger Western Marble Arch Synagogue.

In 1820 the New Globe pub opened next to the new "Globe Bridge", with its licence possibly transferring from a nearby pub called the Cherry Tree which closed at around this time. Mile End Hospital was originally an infirmary for the local workhouse, established in 1859. In 1883 the facility was rebuilt as the "Mile End Old Town Infirmary". A training school for nurses was added in 1892. During the First World War it served as a military hospital. In 1930 it was renamed "Mile End Hospital" and then joined the National Health Service when it commenced in 1948. It was renamed "the Royal London Hospital (Mile End)" in 1990 but reverted back to "Mile End Hospital" in 1994. Also in June 1990 the Bancroft Unit for the Care of the Elderly opened at Mile End Hospital having moved from Bethnal Green. In 2012 it was taken under the management of Barts Health NHS Trust.

In 1882 novelist and social commentator Sir Walter Besant proposed a Palace of Delight with concert halls, reading rooms, picture galleries, an art school, various classes, social rooms and frequent fêtes and dances. This coincided with a project by the philanthropist businessman Edmund Hay Currie to use money from the winding up of the "Beaumont Trust", (together with subscriptions) to build a "People's Palace" in the East End. Five acres of land were secured on the Mile End Road and the Queen's Hall was opened by Queen Victoria on 14 May 1887. The complex had a library, swimming pool, gymnasium and winter garden by 1892 which provided an eclectic mix of populist entertainment and education. A peak of 8,000 tickets were sold for classes in 1892. By 1900, a Bachelor of Science degree was introduced, awarded by the University of London. The building was destroyed by fire in 1931 but the Draper's Company (major donors to the original scheme) invested to rebuild the technical college and create Queen Mary College in December 1934. A new "People's Palace" was constructed in 1937 by the Metropolitan Borough of Stepney in St Helen's Terrace. This finally closed in 1954.

In 1902 Mile End tube station was opened by the Whitechapel & Bow Railway (W&BR). Electrified services started in 1905. The first services were provided by the District Railway (now the District line). Then the Metropolitan line followed in 1936 (this part was renamed in 1988 as the Hammersmith & City line.) In 1946 (as part of the Central line eastern extension) the station was expanded and rebuilt Stanley Heaps (Chief Architect of London Underground) and his assistant Thomas Bilbow. Services started on 4 December 1946. Following nationalisation of the W&BR, full ownership of the station passed to London Underground in 1950.

In 1903 The Guardian Angels Church (designed by Frederick Arthur Walters) opened. It was paid for by Henry Fitzalan-Howard, 15th Duke of Norfolk as a memorial to his youngest sister Lady Margaret Howard, who had performed charitable work in the East End.

In 1933 a ring known as Mile End Arena (covered with a canopy, crumbling walls and rickety corrugated iron) was opened behind Mile End station. It was only used in summer and closed in 1953.

Second World War

As well as suffering heavily in earlier blitzes, Mile End was hit by the first V-1 flying bomb to strike London. On 13 June 1944, that "doodlebug" impacted next to the railway bridge on Grove Road, an event now commemorated by a blue plaque. Eight civilians were killed, 30 injured, and 200 made homeless by the blast.

After the Second World War, a part of Mile End remained mostly derelict for many years, until it was cleared to extend Mile End Park.

Contemporary
The Stepney Green Conservation Area was designated in January 1973, covering the area previously known as Mile End Old Town. It is a large Conservation Area with an irregular shape that encloses buildings around Mile End Road, Assembly Passage, Louisa Street and Stepney Green itself. It is an area of exceptional architectural and historic interest, with a character and appearance worthy of protection and enhancement. It is situated just north of the medieval village of Stepney, which was clustered around St. Dunstan's Church.

In 1990 Ragged School Museum opened in the premises of the former site of the Copperfield Road Ragged School.

On 17 June 1995, the Mile End Stadium hosted a gig by Britpop band Blur where 27,000 fans saw them supported by the Boo Radleys, Sparks, John Shuttleworth, Dodgy and the Cardiacs.

A groundbreaking project funded by the Millennium Commission called the Green Bridge opened in 2000 (a pedestrian and cyclist separation structure over the A11 (Mile End Road) connecting the two halves of Mile End Park to form a linear park). It included new retail frontages.

The St Clement's Hospital site was closed in 2005, with services transferred to a new Adult Mental Health Facility at Mile End Hospital in October 2005.

The Palm Tree pub building was Grade II listed in 2015 by Historic England.

The Night Tube service began at Mile End tube station (on the Central line) on 19 August 2016. Since 2016, northern Mile End has fallen under the remit of the Bow Roman Road Neighbourhood Forum. This includes the shops under The Green Bridge on the northern side of Mile End Road (A11), the Mile End Climbing Wall, and Palm Tree.

A 165 year old historically important pub which had been one of the few buildings locally to survive the blitz, "The Carlton" closed in May 2018. This was an important part of local community history. It was sold to Trustee Properties Ltd who obtained permission from Tower Hamlets Council in 2017 to develop five flats but not to demolish the ground floor of the pub. But they demolished the whole building without approval.

Governance

Mile End formed a hamlet within the large ancient parish of Stepney, in the Tower division of the Ossulstone hundred of Middlesex. Although formally part of the historic (or ancient) county of Middlesex, military and most (or all) civil county functions were managed more locally, by the Tower Division (also known as the Tower Hamlets) under the leadership of the Lord-Lieutenant of the Tower Hamlets.

The role of the Tower Division ended when Mile End became part of the new County of London in 1889. The County of London was replaced by Greater London in 1965.

For more local government, Mile End was grouped into the Stepney poor law union in 1836, becoming a single civil parish for poor law purposes in 1857.

It formed part of the Metropolitan Police District from 1830.

Upon the creation of the Metropolitan Board of Works in 1855 the vestry of Mile End Old Town became an electing authority. The vestry hall was located on Bancroft Road.

The parish became part of the County of London in 1889 and in 1900 it became part of the Metropolitan Borough of Stepney.

In 1965 Stepney was incorporated into the London Borough of Tower Hamlets.

There was a Mile End Parliament constituency from 1885 to 1950, which was notable for being one of two constituencies in the UK to elect a Communist Party MP Phil Piratin to the House of Commons between 1945 and 1950. The area now is covered by the Bethnal Green and Bow and Poplar and Limehouse constituencies.

Geography
Mile End, which is in London's East End has an unusual landmark, the "Green Bridge" (known affectionately as the banana bridge, due to its yellow underside). This structure (designed by CZWG Architects and opened in 2000) carries Mile End Park over the busy Mile End Road. The top of the bridge includes garden and water features and some shops and restaurant space built in below.

Ackroyd Drive Greenlink, Tower Hamlets Cemetery Park and Mile End Park form a large green corridor. The Greenlink is a linear site bisected by roads into five rectangular plots. From the south these are Cowslip Meadow, allotments, Blackberry Meadow, Peartree Meadow and Primrose Meadow.

Sport and leisure
Mile End has a Non-League football club, Sporting Bengal United F.C., which plays at Mile End Stadium. The Mile End Skate Park provides a protected recreational space for skate sports. There are many green spaces in Mile End, including the Tower Hamlets Cemetery Park, one of the "Magnificent Seven" cemeteries.

Media
The neighbourhood was depicted unfavourably in the pop band Pulp's 1995 song "Mile End", which was featured on the Trainspotting soundtrack. The song describes a group of squatters taking up residence in an abandoned 15th-floor apartment in a run-down apartment tower.

In 2009, the music video for "Confusion Girl" by electropop musician Frankmusik was filmed in Mile End Park and Clinton Road, Mile End.

In 2011, the music video for "Heart Skips a Beat" by Olly Murs and Rizzle Kicks was filmed in Mile End's skate park.

Rail
Mile End tube station is on the London Underground Central, District and Hammersmith & City lines, all of which connect Mile End directly to the East End, City of London and Central London. The Central line also links the area directly to Stratford and Essex in the east and London's West End. The station is in London fare zone 2.

Buses
There are bus stops on Mile End Road, Burdett Road and Grove Road.

London Bus routes 25, 205, 277, 309, 323, 339, 425, D6, D7 and night buses N25, N205 and N277 stop in the area.

Buses link Mile End directly to destinations across London, including Canary Wharf, the City of London, King's Cross, Paddington and Stratford.

Road
The A11 (Mile End Road) passes east–west through Mile End, linking the locale to Aldgate in the west and Stratford in the east. At Stratford, the road meets the A12 where eastbound traffic can continue towards Ilford, the M11 (for Stansted Airport) and destinations in Essex.

The A1205 (Grove Road/Burdett Road) carries traffic northbound towards Victoria Park and Hackney. The road terminates to the south at the A13 near Limehouse and Canary Wharf.

Air pollution
The London Borough of Tower Hamlets monitors roadside air quality in Mile End. In 2017, average Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) levels in the locale failed to meet the UK National Air Quality Objective of 40μg/m3 (micrograms per cubic metre).

An automatic monitoring site in Mile End recorded a 2017 annual average of 48μg/m3. Alternative monitoring sites on Mile End Road also failed to meet air quality objectives. A site at the junction with Globe Road in nearby Stepney recorded 52μg/m3 as a 2017 average, whilst a site at the junction with Harford Street recorded 41μg/m3.

Exposure to higher concentrations of NO2 has been linked to lung disease and respiratory problems.

Cycling
Mile End is on London-wide, national and international cycle networks. Public cycling infrastructure in the locale is provided by both Transport for London (TfL) and the London Borough of Tower Hamlets. Routes include:

 * National Cycle Route 1 (NCR 1) – a long-distance leisure cycle route between Dover, Kent and the Shetland Islands, Scotland and forms part of the National Cycle Network. The route passes through Mile End Park on traffic-free shared use paths. In North London, the route runs from Canary Wharf to Enfield Lock.
 * Cycle Superhighway 2 (CS2) – a commuter cycling route from Aldgate in the City to Stratford in the east. The route runs signposted, unbroken and traffic-free on cycle track for the majority of the route. The route follows the A11 (Mile End Road) through Mile End, and the track is coloured blue. It was upgraded between Bow and Aldgate and was completed in April 2016, with separated cycle tracks replacing cycle lanes along the majority of the route.
 * Cycleway between Hackney and the Isle of Dogs – a proposed commuter cycle route made in 2019. According to current proposals, the southern portion of the route will run unbroken, signposted and traffic-free on cycle track between Mile End and Canary Wharf.
 * EuroVelo 2 ("The Capitals Route") – EuroVelo 2 is an international leisure cycle route between Moscow, Russia and Galway, Ireland. Through Mile End, it follows the route of NCR 1.
 * Regent's Canal towpath – a shared use path from Limehouse to Angel. The route is unbroken and traffic-free for its entire length, and can be accessed at Mile End through Mile End Park. The route links Mile End directly to Hackney and Dalston en route.

Notable people

 * Mabel Lucie Attwell (1879–1964), the British illustrator for children's books (married to painter and illustrator Harold Cecil Earnshaw), was born in Mile End.
 * Rokhsana Fiaz, the Labour Mayor of Newham since 2018, was born in Mile End hospital.
 * Craig Fairbrass, actor in EastEnders and London Heist.
 * Muzzy Izzet, professional footballer who was a part of the Turkey side that reach the semi-finals of the 2002 FIFA World Cup.
 * Charles Pope, (1883–1917) Recipient of the Victoria Cross in June of 1917 was born in Mile End.
 * Pop singer Samantha Fox was born here.
 * Jason Tindall, the former professional footballer and current assistant manager at Newcastle United, is from Mile End.

title: Mile End


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Spanish Town

Spanish Town is the capital and the largest town in the parish of St. Catherine in the historic county of Middlesex, Jamaica. It was the Spanish and British capital of Jamaica from 1534 until 1872. The town is home to numerous memorials, the national archives, and one of the oldest Anglican churches outside England (the others are in Virginia, Maryland, and Bermuda).

History
The Spanish settlement of Villa de la Vega was founded by the Spanish in 1534 as the capital of the colony. Later, it was also called Santiago de la Vega or St. Jago de la Vega. Indigenous Taino had been living in the area for approximately a millennium before this, but this was the first European habitation on the south of the island.

When the English conquered Jamaica in 1655, they renamed the settlement as Spanish Town in honour to the original Spanish root of this town. Since the town was badly damaged during the conquest, Port Royal took on many administrative roles and functioned as an unofficial capital during the beginning of English rule. By the time Port Royal was devastated by an earthquake in 1692, Spanish Town had been rebuilt and was again functioning as the capital. Spanish Town remained the capital until 1872, when the seat of the colony was moved to Kingston.

Kingston had been founded in the aftermath of the 1692 earthquake. By 1755, serious rivalry from lobbyists caused increasing speculation about the continued suitability of Spanish Town as the capital. In 1836, Governor Lionel Smith observed that "the capital was in ruins, with no commercial, manufacturing and agricultural concern in operation." To worsen the situation, following the Morant Bay Rebellion of 1865, Sir John Peter Grant ordered the removal of the capital in 1872 to Kingston. As a larger port, it had come to be considered the natural capital of the island. After the seat of government was relocated, Spanish Town lost much of its economic and cultural vitality.

Points of interest
Built on the west bank of the Rio Cobre, the town lies 13 miles from Kingston on the main road. Its history was shaped by two significant colonial periods: Spanish rule from 1534 to 1655 and the English from 1655 to 1872. After that the capital was relocated to Kingston. The Anglican Church took over the 16th century cathedral.

The historic architecture and street names mark the colonial history, such as Red Church and White Church streets, symbolic of the Spanish chapels of the red and white cross, as well as Monk Street, in reference to the monastery that once stood nearby. Nugent and Manchester streets were named for the British Colonial Governors, George Nugent and William Montagu, 5th Duke of Manchester. King Street runs past the King's House, the governor's residence, and Constitution Street, near to the Square, refers to the island's former administrative centre. Regency buildings in the town centre include the Rodney Memorial flanked by two guns from the French ship Ville de Paris (1764), and the façade of the Old King's House, which was the residence of the governor until 1872.

Old Iron Bridge
Spanish Town is the site of an early cast-iron bridge, designed by Thomas Wilson and manufactured by Walker and Company of Rotherham, England. Spanning the Rio Cobre, the bridge was erected in 1801 at a cost of £4,000. Its four arched ribs are supported on massive masonry abutments. After the abutments deteriorated, endangering the structure, it was listed in the 1998 World Monuments Watch by the World Monuments Fund.

A restoration project began in 2004, with funding provided by American Express through World Monuments Fund. Progress was slow until 2008, when a renewed restoration effort was made. A first phase of restoration was completed in April 2010, when the repair of the abutments allowed the bridge to be reopened for the public. More recently, violence in the area has prevented the bridge from achieving the status of a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Today
In 2009 the population of Spanish Town was estimated to be about 160,000. The population of Spanish Town, like the rest of the St. Catherine, has been growing rapidly.

It is sometimes referred to colloquially as "Spain" or "Prison Oval" within Jamaica. The latter nickname is a reference to the cricket pitch or oval located just outside the St. Catherine District Prison, where some inmates can get a limited view of the sport through their cell windows. Association football is also played at the Prison Oval; Rivoli United F.C. is the major team.

The town had one of the first Spanish cathedrals to be built in the New World, constructed around 1525. Many Christian denominations have churches or meeting halls in the town, including a Roman Catholic church and Wesleyan, Baptist and Seventh-day Adventist chapels. There is also a mosque.

Standing untouched in character is a historic alms-house, public hospital, and a penal institution built in the eighteenth century. The town contains a factory that manufactures dyes from logwood, a salt factory, and a rice processing plant. In the neighbourhood are five large sugar estates, a milk condensary, and a large textile mill.

Government and infrastructure
The Rio Cobre Juvenile Correctional Centre of the Department of Correctional Services, Jamaica is located in Spanish Town.

Roads
Spanish Town is on the main A1 (Kingston to Lucea) and A2 (Spanish Town to Savanna-la-Mar) roads. It is well served by buses, mini buses and taxis, which operate from the Spanish Town Transport Hub.

Rail
The now disused Spanish Town railway station formerly provided access to four lines:
 * Kingston to Montego Bay
 * Spanish Town to Ewarton
 * Bog Walk to Port Antonio
 * Linstead to New Works

The station opened in 1845 and closed in October 1992 when all passenger traffic on Jamaica's railways abruptly ceased.

Notable people

 * Ivy Baxter (1923-1993), pioneer in the field of Jamaican dance
 * Yohan Blake, sprinter, attended school in Spanish Town
 * Anne Brodbelt (1751–1827), letter writer and social observer
 * Cornel Chin-Sue, footballer
 * Davian Clarke, sprinter
 * Chronixx, singer
 * Chevelle Franklyn, gospel reggae singer, born in Tawes Pen, Spanish Town
 * DJ Akademiks, YouTuber and podcaster, born in Spanish Town
 * Lutan Fyah, reggae singer
 * Rajiv Maragh, Jockey
 * Uriah Hall, mixed martial artist, born in Spanish Town
 * Andrew Holness, politician, Prime Minister of Jamaica
 * Jason Jackson, mixed martial artist
 * Randy Brown, mixed martial artist
 * Grace Jones, singer and actress, born in Spanish Town
 * Diana King, reggae singer, born in Spanish Town
 * Koffee, reggae singer/rapper, born in Spanish Town
 * Jermaine Lawson, cricketer
 * Amelia Lewsham, "White Negress" born in Spanish Town in the 1740s
 * Oswald George Powe, political and equality activist
 * Prince Far I, reggae deejay, born in Spanish Town
 * Kirk Diamond, reggae singer and social activist.
 * Bunny Shaw, Jamaican woman footballer
 * Shirley Anne Tate, Jamaican sociologist, scholar, researcher, educator, and author; born in Spanish Town.
 * Spice, dancehall musician, born in Spanish Town
 * Alfred Valentine, cricketer
 * Micheal Ward, British actor, born in Spanish Town
 * Precious Wilson, soul singer, born in Spanish Town

Other sources

 * James Robertson, Gone is the Ancient Glory, Spanish Town Jamaica 1534–2000, Kingston, Jamaica: 2005.
 * Parish Information

title: Spanish Town


text:
User:Newbie~enwiki

I am currently interested in Schmidhuber's Godel machine, and found the beginning (?) of some sort of discussion here at Wikipedia.

I am also interested in cryptography and certain aspects of graph theory, and other things.

title: User:Newbie~enwiki


text:
Kainai Nation

The Kainai Nation (ᖿᖱᖻᖳ or ᖿᖱᖻᖷ, romanized : Káínawa, Blood Tribe) is a First Nations band government in southern Alberta, Canada, with a population of 12,800 members in 2015, up from 11,791 in December 2013.

Akáínaa translates directly to 'many chief' (from aká, 'many' and nínaa, 'chief') while Káína translates directly to 'many chief people'. The enemy Plains Cree call the Kainai mihkowiyiniw, 'stained with blood', thus 'the bloodthirsty, cruel', therefore, the common English name for the tribe is the Blood tribe.

The Kainai speak a language of the Blackfoot linguistic group; their dialect is closely related to those of the Siksika and Piikani. They are one of three nations comprising the Blackfoot Confederacy.

At the time treaties such as Treaty 7 were signed, the Kainai were situated on the Oldman, Belly, and St. Mary rivers west of Lethbridge, Alberta. The Kainai reserve Blood 148 is currently the largest in Canada with 4,570 inhabitants on 545 sqmi and is located 200 km south of Calgary.

Economy
The Kainai Nation is engaged in diverse enterprises and they trade with domestic and international partners. Ammolite mining for example provides a rare highly demanded gem mineral to Asia for Feng Shui. Ammolite is currently known only to be found in the Bearpaw Formation as unique conditions of prehistoric times were optimal for the fossilization of marine life into ammolite. Over the years, mining operations have uncovered several oceanic dinosaur fossils which have been stored for study at the Royal Tyrrell Museum; however, they belong to the Kainai Nation.(Lawrynuik)

Specific claims
The Kainai Nation filed many specific claims with the federal government. In 2017, a federal court ruled that the Crown had underestimated the band's population, which resulted in the band's reserve being smaller than it should have been. As such, the Blood Tribe reserve could be expanded by 421 km2, but the community could seek a cash-in-lieu-of-land settlement for this claim instead.

In July 2019, the Kainai Nation settled a claim over Crown mismanagement of the band's ranching assets. The community received a $150 million cash settlement. Chief Roy Fox said that $123 million of this settlement will be used to develop "housing, capital works, a new administration building and a new skating rink".

Band council
The Kainai Nation is governed by an elected council of twelve to fifteen, with one chief. The term of office is four years. Historical chiefs of the Kainai are below:

 * Last of the hereditary chiefs, Traditional Chief Jim Shot Both Sides (1956–1980)
 * Chief Chris Shade (1996–2004)
 * Chief Charles Weasel Head (2004–2016)
 * Chief Roy Fox (Makiinimaa – Curlew) (2016–present)

Police force
In pre-treaty times, the iikunuhkahtsi were a society responsible for the punishment of misdeeds. the Blood reserve was policed by the Blood Tribe Police, with 31 officers.

Notable people

 * Cherish Violet Blood - stage and film actress
 * Red Crow - 1887 Treaty Number Seven Chief
 * Byron Chief-Moon - performer and choreographer
 * Eugene Creighton (Owns Many Horses)
 * Eugene Brave Rock - actor and stunt man
 * Faye HeavyShield - artist
 * Marie Smallface Marule - academic administrator, activist, and educator
 * Natawista Iksina (1825–1893) - interpreter and diplomat
 * Jerry Potts
 * Pete Standing Alone
 * Seen from afar (1810–1869) - PEENAQUIM (Pe-na-koam, Penukwiim, translated as seen from afar, far seer, far off in sight, and far off dawn; also known as Onis tay say nah que im, Calf Rising in Sight, and Bull Collar), chief of the Blood tribe of the Blackfoot nation; b. c. 1810, probably in what is now southern Alberta, son of Two Suns; d. 1869 near the present city of Lethbridge, ALB
 * Elle-Máijá Tailfeathers - Kainai and Sámi actress, producer, filmmaker and curatorial assistant
 * Esther Tailfeathers
 * Tom Three Persons - Rodeo athlete and rancher, best known for winning the saddle bronc competition at the inaugural Calgary Stampede in 1912

In popular culture
In 1960, the Kainai and their Sun Dance were featured in the National Film Board of Canada (NFB) documentary Circle of the Sun. Tribal leaders had been concerned that the Sun Dance might be dying out, and had permitted filming as a visual record. This documentary was later referenced by electronic music duo Boards of Canada on their debut album Music Has The Right to Children, with song titles such as "Kanai Industries" and "Pete Standing Alone" paying homage to the tribe and its leader.

In 1973, the NFB released the documentary Kainai, which discusses the construction and consequences of a factory on their property.

In 2006, community leader Rick Tailfeathers contributed a small ammolite carving of a buffalo skull to the Six String Nation project. The object was permanently mounted on the interior of Voyageur, the guitar at the heart of the project. Following a presentation about the project in September 2014 at Tatsikiisaapo'p Middle School, project creator Jowi Taylor was presented with a braid of sweet grass by school principal Ramona Big Head. The braid resides in the headstock area in the bed of the guitar case.

On National Aboriginal Day in 2011, the NFB released the Pete Standing Alone trilogy, which includes Circle of the Sun, Standing Alone and a 2010 film, Round Up, documenting 50 years of the Kainai Nation as well as the life of elder Pete Standing Alone.

Historical newspapers

 * The Kainai News was one of Canada's first aboriginal newspapers and instrumental in the history of aboriginal journalism in Canada. It was published in southern Alberta by the Blood Indian Tribe and later by Indian News Media. Content focused on a range of local issues within the reserve as well as national issues such as the Indian Act, the Whitepaper and Bill C-31. Of particular significance are editorial cartoons by Everett Soop which were a regular feature of the newspaper. Its first editor way Caen Bly, granddaughter of Senator James Gladstone.
 * The Sun Dance Echo was a predecessor to the Kainai News. It was edited by Reggie Black Plume and occasionally contained articles by Hugh Dempsey.

Communities
The Kainai nation communities include:

 * Bullhorn
 * Fish Creek
 * Ft Whoop Up
 * Levern
 * Moses Lake
 * Old Agency
 * Standoff

title: Kainai Nation


text:
West Los Angeles College

West Los Angeles College (West L.A. College or WLAC) is a public community college in Culver City, Los Angeles County, California. It is part of the California Community Colleges System and the Los Angeles Community College District. It is accredited by the Accrediting Commission for Community and Junior Colleges. The school offers associate degrees including 18 vocational-oriented programs in addition to 25 transfer programs. The college awards more than 600 degrees and certificates annually in 39 fields.

Beginning in the fall of 2016, WLAC became one of only 15 community colleges in the State of California approved to offer a bachelor's degree. The bachelor's degree awarded at WLAC is in Dental Hygiene.

Athletics
The college's athletic teams are nicknamed the Wildcats. The teams were previously known as the Oilers. The Wildcats nickname was adopted in 2008. The college currently sponsors 12 varsity sports, five men's, six women's, and one co-ed. West Los Angeles competes as a member of the California Community College Athletic Association (CCCAA) in the Western State Conference (WSC) for all sports except football, which competes in Southern California Football Association (SCFA).

Men's:
 * Baseball
 * Basketball
 * Cheer (co-ed)
 * Cross country
 * Football
 * Track and field

Women's:
 * Basketball
 * Cheer (co-ed)
 * Cross country
 * Soccer
 * Softball
 * Track and field
 * Volleyball

The college athletic fields hosted track and field events at the 1984 Summer Olympics.

Notable alumni

 * Jhené Aiko (born 1988), singer and songwriter
 * LaVar Ball, former basketball player (and football player), now businessman
 * Isaac Bruce, professional football player
 * Tre Capital (born 1995), rapper and songwriter
 * Rashied Davis, professional football player
 * Keyshawn Johnson, professional football player
 * Warren Moon, professional football player
 * Schoolboy Q (born 1986), rapper, also played on the football team
 * Ryan Sherriff (born 1990), Major League Baseball pitcher
 * Louie Walker, professional football player

title: West Los Angeles College


text:
Patronage

Patronage is the support, encouragement, privilege, or financial aid that an organization or individual bestows on another. In the history of art, arts patronage refers to the support that princes, popes, and other wealthy and influential people have provided to artists such as musicians, painters, and sculptors. It can also refer to the right of bestowing offices or church benefices, the business given to a store by a regular customer, and the guardianship of saints. The word patron derives from the Latin patronus ('patron'), one who gives benefits to his clients (see patronage in ancient Rome).

In some countries the term is used to describe political patronage or patronal politics, which is the use of state resources to reward individuals for their electoral support. Some patronage systems are legal, as in the Canadian tradition of the prime minister to appoint senators and the heads of a number of commissions and agencies; in many cases, these appointments go to people who have supported the political party of the prime minister. As well, the term may refer to a type of corruption or favoritism in which a party in power rewards groups, families, or ethnicities for their electoral support using illegal gifts or fraudulently awarded appointments or government contracts. The opposite of this structure, where all individuals advance based on their personal traits and abilities, is meritocracy.

In many Latin American countries, patronage developed as a means of population control, concentrating economic and political power in a small minority which held privileges that the majority of the population did not. In this system, the patrón holds authority and influence over a less powerful person, whom he protects by granting favors in exchange for loyalty and allegiance. With roots in feudalism, the system was designed to maintain an inexpensive, subservient labor force, which could be utilized to limit production costs and allow wealth and its privileges to be monopolized by a small elite. Long after slavery, and other forms of bondage like the encomienda and repartimiento systems were abolished, patronage was used to maintain rigid class structures. With the rise of a labor class, traditional patronage changed in the 20th century to allow some participation in power structures, but many systems still favor a small powerful elite, who distribute economic and political favors in exchange for benefits to the lower classes.

Arts
From the ancient world onward, patronage of the arts was important in art history. It is known in greatest detail in reference to medieval and Renaissance Europe, though patronage can also be traced in feudal Japan, the traditional Southeast Asian kingdoms, and elsewhere—art patronage tended to arise wherever a royal or imperial system and an aristocracy dominated a society and controlled a significant share of resources. Samuel Johnson defined a patron as "one who looks with unconcern on a man struggling for life in the water, and, when he has reached ground, encumbers him with help".

Rulers, nobles, and very wealthy people used patronage of the arts to endorse their political ambitions, social positions, and prestige. That is, patrons operated as sponsors. Many languages have terms for patrons (such as the English "mecenate") that are derived from the name of Gaius Maecenas, generous friend and adviser to the Roman Emperor Augustus. Some patrons, such as the Medici family of Florence, used artistic patronage to "cleanse" wealth that was perceived as ill-gotten through usury. Art patronage was especially important in the creation of religious art. The Roman Catholic Church and later Protestant groups sponsored art and architecture, as seen in churches, cathedrals, painting, sculpture and handicrafts. While sponsorship of artists and the commissioning of artwork is the best-known aspect of the patronage system, other disciplines also benefited from patronage, including those who studied natural philosophy (pre-modern science), musicians, writers, philosophers, alchemists, astrologers, and other scholars. Artists as diverse and important as Chrétien de Troyes, Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo, William Shakespeare, and Ben Jonson all sought and enjoyed the support of noble or ecclesiastical patrons. Figures as late as Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Ludwig van Beethoven also participated in the system to some degree; it was only with the rise of bourgeois and capitalist social forms in the middle 19th century that European culture moved away from its patronage system to the more publicly supported system of museums, theaters, mass audiences and mass consumption that is familiar in the contemporary world.

This kind of system continues across many fields of the arts. Though the nature of the sponsors has changed—from churches to charitable foundations, and from aristocrats to plutocrats—the term patronage has a more neutral connotation than in politics. It may simply refer to direct support (often financial) of an artist, for example by grants. In the latter part of the 20th century, the academic sub-discipline of patronage studies began to evolve, in recognition of the important and often neglected role that the phenomenon of patronage had played in the cultural life of previous centuries.

Charity
Charitable and other non-profit making organizations often seek one or more influential figureheads to act as patrons. The relationship often does not involve money. As well as conferring credibility, these people can use their contacts and charisma to assist the organization to raise funds or to affect government policy. The British royal family are especially prolific in this respect, devoting a large proportion of their time to a wide range of causes.

Commercial
Sometimes consumers support smaller or local businesses or corporations out of loyalty even if less expensive options exist. Their regular custom is referred to as 'patronage'. Patronage may entitle members of a cooperative to a share of the surplus or profit generated by the co-op, called a patronage refund. This refund is a form of dividend.

Anglican

 * See main articles Advowson and Parish

In the Church of England, patronage is the commonly used term for the right to present a candidate to a benefice.

Patronage of Our Lady
The liturgical feast of the Patronage of Our Lady was first permitted by decree of the Sacred Congregation of Rites on 6 May 1679, for all the ecclesiastical provinces of Spain, in memory of the victories obtained over the Saracens, heretics and other enemies from the sixth century to the reign of Philip IV of Spain. Pope Benedict XIV ordered it to be kept in the Papal States on the third Sunday of November. To other places it is granted, on request, for some Sunday in November, to be designated by the ordinary. In many places, the feast of the Patronage is held with an additional Marian title of Queen of All Saints, of Mercy, Mother of Graces. The Office is taken entirely from the Common of the Blessed Virgin, and the Mass is the "Salve sancta parens".

Presbyterian
The Church Patronage (Scotland) Act 1711, (in force until 1874) resulted in multiple secessions from the Church of Scotland, including the secession of 1733, which led to the formation of the Associate Presbytery, the secession of 1761, which led to the formation of the Relief Church, and the Disruption of 1843, which led to the formation of the Free Church of Scotland.

Journalism
While most news companies, particularly in North America are funded through advertising revenue, secondary funding sources include audience members and philanthropists who donate to for-profit and non-profit organizations.

Politics
Political leaders have at their disposal a great deal of patronage, in the sense that they make decisions on the appointment of officials inside and outside government (for example on quangos in the UK). Patronage is therefore a recognized power of the executive branch. In most countries, the executive has the right to make many appointments, some of which may be lucrative (see also sinecures). In some democracies, high-level appointments are reviewed or approved by the legislature (as in the advice and consent of the United States Senate); in other countries, such as those using the Westminster system, this is not the case. Other types of political patronage may violate the laws or ethics codes, such as when political leaders engage in nepotism (hiring family members) and cronyism such as fraudulently awarding non-competitive government contracts to friends or relatives or pressuring the public service to hire an unqualified family member or friend.

Philippines
Political patronage, also known as "padrino system", has been the source of many controversies and corruption. It has been an open secret that one cannot join the political arena of the Philippines without mastery of the padrino system. From the lowest barangay official to the President of the Republic, it is expected that one gains political debts and dispenses political favor to advance one's career or gain influence, if not wealth.

Russia
After Soviet leader Vladimir Lenin's retirement from politics in March 1923 following a stroke, a power struggle began between Soviet Premier Alexei Rykov, Pravda editor Nikolai Bukharin, Profintern leader Mikhail Tomsky, Red Army founder Leon Trotsky, former Premier Lev Kamenev, Comintern leader Grigory Zinoviev, and General Secretary Joseph Stalin. Stalin used patronage to appoint many Stalinist delegates (such as Vyacheslav Molotov, Lazar Kaganovich, Grigory Ordzhonikidze, and Mikhail Kalinin) to the Party Politburo and Sovnarkom in order to sway the votes in his favour, making Stalin the effective leader of the country by 1929.

South Africa
In 2012, the African National Congress (ANC) mayor of Beaufort West in the Western Cape Province wrote a letter that openly and illegally solicited funds from the Construction Education and Training Authority for the ANC's 2016 election campaign. This episode, amongst many others including instances revolving around President Jacob Zuma, revealed how the African National Congress as ruling political party utilized patronage to reward supporters and strengthen the leading faction of the party's control over governmental institutions.

United States
In the United States during the Gilded Age, patronage became a controversial issue. Tammany boss William M. Tweed was an American politician who ran what is considered now to have been one of the most corrupt political machines in the country's history. Tweed and his corrupt associates ruled for a brief time with absolute power over the city and state of New York. At the height of his influence, Tweed was the third-largest landowner in New York City, a director of the Erie Railway, the Tenth National Bank, and the New-York Printing Company, as well as proprietor of the Metropolitan Hotel. At times he was a member of the United States House of Representatives, the New York City Board of Advisors, and the New York State Senate. In 1873, Tweed was convicted for diverting between $40 million and $200 million of public monies.

Six months after James Garfield became president in 1881, Charles J. Guiteau, a disappointed office-seeker, assassinated him. To prevent further political violence and to assuage public outrage, Congress passed the Pendleton Act in 1883, which set up the Civil Service Commission. Henceforth, applicants for most federal government jobs would have to pass an examination. Federal politicians' influence over bureaucratic appointments waned, and patronage declined as a national political issue.

Beginning in 1969, a Supreme Court case in Chicago, Michael L. Shakman v. Democratic Organization of Cook County, occurred involving political patronage and its constitutionality. Shakman claimed that much of the patronage going on in Chicago politics was unlawful on the grounds of the first and fourteenth amendments. Through a series of legal battles and negotiations, the two parties agreed upon The Shakman Decrees. Under these decrees, it was declared that the employment status of most public employees could not be affected positively or negatively based on political allegiance, with exceptions for politically inclined positions. The case is still in negotiation today, as there are points yet to be decided.

Political patronage is not always considered corrupt. In the United States, the U.S. Constitution provides the president with the power to appoint individuals to government positions. The president also may appoint personal advisers without congressional approval. Not surprisingly, these individuals tend to be supporters of the president. Similarly, at the state and local levels, governors and mayors retain appointments powers. Some scholars have argued that patronage may be used for laudable purposes, such as the "recognition" of minority communities through the appointment of their members to a high-profile position. Bearfield has argued that patronage be used for four general purposes: create or strengthen a political organization; achieve democratic or egalitarian goals; bridge political divisions and create coalitions, and to alter the existing patronage system.

Venezuela
Boliburguesía is a term that was coined by journalist Juan Carlos Zapata in order to "define the oligarchy that has developed under the protection of the Chavez government". During Hugo Chávez's tenure, he seized thousands of properties and businesses while also reducing the footprint of foreign companies. Venezuela's economy was then largely state-run and was operated by military officers that had their business and government affairs connected. Senior fellow at the Brookings Institution, Harold Trinkunas, stated that involving the military in business was "a danger", with Trinkunas explaining that the Venezuelan military "has the greatest ability to coerce people, into business like they have". According to Bloomberg Business, "[b]y showering contracts on former military officials and pro-government business executives, Chavez put a new face on the system of patronage".

Science
There are historical examples where the noble classes financed scientific pursuits.

Many Barmakids were patrons of the sciences, which greatly helped the propagation of Indian science and scholarship from the neighboring Academy of Gundishapur into the Arabic world. They patronized scholars such as Jabir ibn Hayyan and Jabril ibn Bukhtishu. They are also credited with the establishment of the first paper mill in Baghdad. The power of the Barmakids in those times is reflected in The Book of One Thousand and One Nights; the vizier Ja'far appears in several stories, as well as a tale that gave rise to the expression "Barmecide feast".

"We know of Yahya b Khalid al Barmaki (805) as a patron of physicians and, specifically, of the translation of Hindu medical works into both Arabic and Persian. In all likelihood, however, his activity took place in the orbit of the caliphal court in Iraq, where at the behest of Harun al Rashid (786 -809), such books were translated into Arabic. Thus Khurasan and Transoxania were effectively bypassed in this transfer of learning from India to Islam, even though, undeniably the Barmakis cultural outlook owed something to their land of origin, northern Afghanistan, and Yahya al Barmaki's interest in medicine may have derived from no longer identifiable family tradition."

Sports
In the same manner as commercial patronage, those who attend a sporting event may be referred to as patrons, though the usage in much of the world is now considered archaic—with some notable exceptions. Those who attend the Masters Tournament, one of the four major championships of professional golf, are still traditionally referred to as "patrons," largely at the insistence of the Augusta National Golf Club. This insistence is occasionally made fun of by sportswriters and other media. In polo, a "patron" is a person who puts together a team by hiring one or more professionals. The rest of the team may be amateurs, often including the patron themself.

Also, people who attend hurling or Gaelic football games organised by the Gaelic Athletic Association are referred to as patrons.

title: Patronage


text:
Talk:Linyphiidae

untitled
potatoes  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.104.16.109 (talk) 14:14, 19 June 2013 (UTC) The Bowl and Doily spiders are small (about 4 mm. or 2/10 inch) creatures that weave a fairly complex sheet web system consisting of an inverted dome shaped web ("bowl") suspended above a horizontal sheet web ("doily"). They are members of the Lynphiinae, and their formal name is Frontinella pyramitela.

I've copied the above text here from Bowl and doily spider, since I don't know enough about this to encorporate it (does it apply to all, or only some spiders?). I have added the photos. Mark Richards 20:37, 4 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * Better not. Especially if you don't know enough. Mikkalai 20:44, 4 Mar 2004 (UTC)

For the future, please keep in mind that there is no such thing as "Bowl and doily and dwarf spider", but there are "Bowl and doily and dwarf spiders", jusr as there is no noun "scissor" (there is a "to scissor" verb). This is a common mistake of dictionary compilers to back-derive a singular from a plural. Mikkalai 21:20, 4 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * This case was an especially tricky one: bowl-and-doily...and dwarf.Mikkalai 22:05, 4 Mar 2004 (UTC)

sheetweb spider: same or different family?http://www.landcareresearch.co.nz/research/biodiversity/invertebratesprog/invertid/bug_details.asp?Bu_Id=57 Mikkalai 21:40, 4 Mar 2004 (UTC)~

Are we sure about the money spider thing?
i always heard that if you throw it over your shoulder you have monetary luck, could somone cite a reference for whats written as my grandma doesent really count for mine —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.153.16.145 (talk) 10:57, 7 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Everything about this comment is gold. — Preceding unsigned comment added by VarikValefor (talk • contribs) 05:50, 10 September 2017 (UTC)

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I don't have time for this garbage. I followed the link to indicate that the remote URL doesn't seem to be problematical. The place I arrived at indicated that I might need to go someplace else. Stupid and annowing.P0M (talk) 05:05, 11 February 2014 (UTC)

Map update
The map seems to indicate that Linyphiidae is not found on Svalbard, but various sources on the internet indicate that there are many representatives on Svalbard. Ordinary Person (talk) 06:35, 25 April 2014 (UTC)

Including, for instance, Lepthyphantes sobrius .Ordinary Person (talk) 06:36, 25 April 2014 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Linyphiidae


text:
Pipers Creek (Seattle)

Pipers Creek is a 1.4 mi urban stream that is located in the Broadview and Blue Ridge neighborhoods of Seattle, Washington, in the United States.

Course and features

The entire length of the creek is within the boundaries of Carkeek Park, and its mouth is at Puget Sound.

Its tributaries are Venema Creek and Mohlendorph Creek. The creek was renamed "Piper's" by white settler A. W. Piper, but now apostrophe is often left out. The Duwamish tribe call the creek "Dropped Down" (Lushootseed: qWátub).

Daylighted Mohlendorph Creek is mostly within the boundaries of Carkeek Park. It receives Venema Creek and empties into Pipers Creek near the mouth on Puget Sound.

Most of daylighted Venema Creek is within Carkeek Park. It empties into Mohlendorph Creek, just west of the Carkeek Park Environmental Education Center.

title: Pipers Creek (Seattle)


text:
Special Zone of Xaisomboun

Xaisomboun (also Saysomboun, ໄຊສົມບູນ) was a special zone (khetphiset) of Laos, located in the north of the country, near the capital Vientiane. The special zone was created 1994 by the military, with area split off from the provinces Vientiane and Xiangkhoang, in order to control and suppress the postwar Hmong resistance. It was officially dissolved on January 13, 2006, although the term continues to be used.

Geography
The special zone of Xaisomboun is in a mountainous region south of the Plain of Jars. It contains the tallest mountain in Laos, Phou Bia, and the protected area Phou Khao Khouay.

Military control
The area of the special zone of Xaisomboun was once controlled by the Hmong "Secret Army" and included the military bases Long Tieng and Sam Thong; today it is controlled by the Lao People's Army (LPA), which have put pressure on Hmong insurgents. Into 2016, the Laotian government continued to deny access to officials from the European Union and the United Nations, despite reports of killings by the military, including killings using chemical weapons.

In 2021, the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization (UNPO) condemned the treatment and military violence against the ChoaFa people living in the special zone of Xaisomboun, as well as "intimidation, harassment and persecution of human rights defenders, journalists, and members of minority communities through arbitrary arrests and enforced disappearances".

Administrative divisions
The province was originally made up of the following districts:
 * 1) Hom (18-03)
 * 2) Longsane (18-04)
 * 3) Phun (18-05)
 * 4) Thathom (18-02)
 * 5) Anouvong (18-01)

History

 * 23 September 2004 – The districts Hom and Longsane were merged. The new district, still named Hom, was reassigned to Vientiane Province.
 * 27 June 2005 – The districts Phun and Xaisomboun were merged, with the new district still named Xaisomboun.
 * 13 January 2006 – Xaisomboun District was reassigned to Vientiane Province, while Thathome District went to Xiangkhoang Province. Therefore, the special area of Xaisomboun was dissolved.

title: Special Zone of Xaisomboun


text:
Hlathikhulu Forest Reserve

Hlathikulu Forest is a coastal scarp forest in the Lebombo Mountains of South Africa, between Ingwavuma and the Pongola Gorge. The forest is also known as the Gwaliweni Forest. The forest is part of the IUCN's Maputaland Centre of Plant Endemism

History
It is the site of the murder of the Zulu King Dingane by Zulu Nyawo, iNkosi Sambane of the Nyawo Royal House and Nondawana. After being stabbed to death, Dingane was buried beneath a large fig tree at his residence at eSankoleni. Three large stones were used to mark the grave.

In 1948, the forest was proclaimed as the Hlatikulu Forest Reserve. In 1987, while under the jurisdiction of the KwaZulu bantustan, it was renamed to Hlathikhulu Nature Reserve. On 7 March 2013, it was formally declared as a nature reserve: Hlathikhulu Forest Reserve Nature Reserve.

Biodiversity
Bird species recorded here include the lemon dove (Aplopelia larvata), trumpeter hornbill (Bycanistes bucinator), olive woodpecker (Dendropicos griseocephalus), pink-throated twinspot (Hypargos margaritatus), Livingstone's turaco (Tauraco livingstonii) and African crowned eagle (Stephanoaetus coronatus).

Tree species found here include the Lebombo ironwood (Androstachys johnsonii) and Lebombo krantz ash (Atalaya alata).

title: Hlathikhulu Forest Reserve


text:
Hearts of Darkness: A Filmmaker's Apocalypse

Hearts of Darkness: A Filmmaker's Apocalypse is a 1991 American documentary film about the production of Apocalypse Now, a 1979 Vietnam War epic directed by Francis Ford Coppola.

Synopsis and production
Hearts of Darkness chronicles how production problems—among them bad weather, actors' poor health, and other issues—delayed the filming of Apocalypse Now, increasing costs and nearly destroying the life and career of its director, Francis Ford Coppola.

The documentary was begun by Coppola's wife, Eleanor Coppola, who narrated behind-the-scenes footage. In 1990, Coppola turned her material over to two young filmmakers, George Hickenlooper and Fax Bahr (co-creator of MADtv), who subsequently shot new interviews with the original cast and crew, and intercut them with Eleanor Coppola's material. After a year of editing, Hickenlooper, Bahr, and Coppola debuted their film at the 1991 Cannes Film Festival.

The title is derived from the Joseph Conrad 1899 novella Heart of Darkness, the source material for Apocalypse Now.

Awards
Originally aired on the Showtime Network in the United States, Hearts of Darkness won several awards, among them the National Board of Review award for Best Documentary, 1991; an American Cinema Editors society award for Best Edited Documentary (1992); two Emmy Awards for "Outstanding Individual Achievement - Informational Programming - Directing" and "Outstanding Individual Achievement - Informational Programming - Picture Editing" (1992), and the International Documentary Association award (1992). Critic Gene Siskel listed it as the best movie of 1991.

Home media
Hearts of Darkness was released by Paramount Home Video on VHS and LaserDisc in 1992, with further re-releases occurring in 1994 and 1998. Paramount later released the film on DVD on November 20, 2007. That version includes a commentary track from both Eleanor and Francis Ford Coppola, recorded separately, and a bonus documentary entitled Coda, about Coppola's film Youth Without Youth.

The film is also available on Blu-ray in the Full Disclosure (2010) and Final Cut (2019) editions of Apocalypse Now.

Cultural references
A quote from the Coppola interview shown at the beginning of the film ("We were in the jungle, there were too many of us, we had access to too much money, too much equipment, and little by little we went insane") is sampled in UNKLE's song "UNKLE (Main Title Theme)", and also in the Cabaret Voltaire song "Project80" (as part of a larger sample from that interview).

Hearts of Dartmouth: Life of a Trailer Park Girl is a documentary about the making of the TV series Trailer Park Boys. It was directed and narrated by Annemarie Cassidy, then-wife of Trailer Park Boys director Mike Clattenburg.

An episode of the cartoon Animaniacs, "Hearts of Twilight", was a parody of the documentary.

The TV comedy Community the documentary is the basis of the episode "Documentary Filmmaking: Redux" - in which the character of Abed makes a Behind the Scenes documentary on the creation of a commercial for the Community College with Dean Pelton being the commercial's director who becomes erratic as the commercial's production goes out of control. Several characters, including guest star Luis Guzmán say "Yea but haven't you seen Hearts of Darkness? Way better than the-"

On the DVD commentary of Good Will Hunting, Matt Damon and Ben Affleck reveal that Casey Affleck's line "I swallowed a bug" is a reference to Marlon Brando's line in the documentary. In the Joss Whedon film Serenity, River Tam has the same line.

The 2008 comedy Tropic Thunder parodies both Hearts of Darkness and Apocalypse Now.


text:
Baron Wilson

Baron Wilson, of Libya and of Stowlangtoft in the County of Suffolk, was a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created in 1946 for the prominent military commander Field Marshal Sir Henry Maitland Wilson. The title became extinct on the death of his only son, the second Baron, in 2009.

Barons Wilson (1946)

 * Henry Maitland Wilson, 1st Baron Wilson (1881–1964)
 * Patrick Maitland Wilson, 2nd Baron Wilson (1915–2009)

title: Baron Wilson