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Fiat Uno

The Fiat Uno is a supermini manufactured and marketed by Fiat. Launched in 1983, the Uno was produced over a single generation (with an intermediate facelift, 1989) in three and five-door hatchback body styles until 1995 in Europe — and until 1 January 2014, in Brazil. Designed by Giorgetto Giugiaro of Italdesign, the Uno strongly recalled the high-roof, up-right packaging of Giugiaro's 1978 Lancia Megagamma concept, in a smaller configuration.

With over 8,800,000 built, it is the eighth most produced automobile platform in history, after the Volkswagen Beetle, Ford Model T, Fiat 124, 1965–1970 GM B platform, 1981–1997 GM J platform, 1961–1964 GM B platform, and 1977–1990 GM B platform.

The Uno name was reintroduced in 2010 in South America for the Fiat Mini (Economy) platform based car built in Brazil.

First generation (1983)
The Fiat Uno (Type 146) was launched in January 1983 to replace the Fiat 127. The tall, square body used a Kamm tail, achieved a drag coefficient of 0.34 and was noted for its interior space, fuel economy as well as its ride and handling. The project name was Tipo Uno ("Type 1"), as it followed the Tipo Zero (Panda).

Launched a month before the Peugeot 205, a noted competitor, the Uno went on sale just after General Motors launched its new Opel Corsa supermini (marketed as the Vauxhall Nova in the UK), quickly gaining competition from the Ford Fiesta and Nissan Micra.

United Kingdom sales began in June 1983, with more than 20,000 sold in its first full year and peaking at more than 40,000 sales in 1988.

In December 1983, the Uno was European Car of the Year for 1984, finishing narrowly ahead of the Peugeot 205.

Initially, the Uno was offered with the 0.9 litre (903 cc) 100-series OHV, 1.1 litre (1116 cc) and 1.3 litre (1301 cc) 128-series SOHC petrol engines and transmissions carried over from the 127. Typical for Fiats of the era, the Uno's badging did not reflect engine size but indicated metric horsepower output: 45, 55, 60, 70, or 75. The Uno was available as either a three or five-door hatchback. It also featured ergonomic switchgear clusters each side of the main instrument binnacle, user-operable with hands on the steering wheel, with only a single steering column stalk to control the turn signals and horn - thus dispensing from Fiat's traditional three-stalk system that had been employed on its cars since the late 1960s.

The Uno had MacPherson strut independent front suspension and twist-beam rear suspension with telescopic dampers and coil springs.

From 1985, the 1.0 litre (999 cc) SOHC Fully Integrated Robotised Engine (FIRE) powerplant was offered, replacing the 0.9 litre unit. This was a lighter engine, built with fewer parts, and gave improved performance and economy. The most luxurious version, the single-point injected 75 SX i.e., had remote door locks, integrated front foglamps, and the oval exhaust tip also used on the Turbo.

Turbo i.e.

In April 1985 the hot hatch version of the first series Uno – the Uno Turbo i.e. – was launched as a three-door only derivative. The Turbo i.e. model used a Ritmo/Strada-derived 1.3 128-series engine with Bosch multi-point fuel injection, Magneti Marelli electronic ignition and a water-cooled IHI turbocharger with an intercooler to reduce intake air temperatures. Engine capacity was initially stated as 1299 cc but this was revised early on in production to 1301 cc. This change was a result of Italy's highway system allowing a higher speed limit to cars of more than 1300 cc. In both forms the engine offered 105 PS but owners report that the 1301 cc version was notably more responsive and had greater torque than the earlier 1299 cc unit. Cars built from 1985 to late 1987 were fitted with a Ritmo/Strada-derived five-speed gearbox. This was then replaced by a newly developed 'C510' five-speed gearbox, featuring a more durable differential and improved gearchange linkage. Ratios were unchanged between the two units. The Turbo reached 205 km/h.

Externally, the Turbo i.e. model featured black plastic sill trims, arch extensions, fibreglass tailgate with spoiler, tinted side glass, side decals, revised front bumper with foglamps and inlets/scoops to direct air to the oil cooler and intercooler. Suspension was lowered and uprated, 13" alloy wheels with Pirelli P6 tyres were fitted and the brakes upgraded to vented discs on the front and solid discs on the rear.

The Turbo i.e. featured 'sports' seats, red carpet and an extended centre-console. Later models featured red seatbelts.

Options on the Turbo i.e. model included polished Cromodora wheels, electric windows, manual sunroof and digital instrument panel, the latter with bar-graphs for fuel level, coolant temperature, boost pressure, etc., and a digital speed display, switchable between km/h and mph.

An option on later first series Turbo i.e. models included a simple form of ABS that only operated on the front wheels. The system operated once per ignition cycle, requiring an ignition-initiated reset, had the system been triggered.

Diesel and Selecta models
In mid-1983 the 1.3-litre diesel which had already been seen in the Fiorino and the 147 was installed in the Uno as well, originally only for the Italian market. The Brazilian-built engine was derived from 124-series engines, and was never sold in the United Kingdom. It was added to other European markets beginning in early 1984. Daily production in mid-1983 was 280 cars, out of a daily total of 2000. It was sold as the Uno D (three doors) or the Uno DS ("Super", five doors). This badging was the only external giveaway, while in the interior an oil pressure gauge was added. It also received extra sound insulation under the hood and along the firewall. The engine has 45 PS, as did the smallest 903 cc petrol unit, but with considerably higher torque. The weight penalty was 121 kg rather than 79 kg for the 903. Additional accessories and sound deadening measures accounted for the remainder of the 100 kg weight difference, almost all of it over the front wheels.

In 1986, a 1.7 litre diesel engined 60DS version was launched together with the Uno Selecta continuously variable transmission (CVT) automatic. The 1.7L naturally aspirated diesel was the only diesel Uno sold in the UK. The CVT transmission was a co-development with Dutch Van Doorne and Ford, (Fiat owned 24% stake of Van Doorne at that time). There was also a 1.4-liter turbodiesel (Uno Turbo D), which offered 72 PS. This model was very quick for a small diesel at the time, and had better acceleration than the petrol-engined Uno 70, while fuel consumption was about a third lower. Noise levels were actually marginally lower than those of the 70 SX. The suspension was firmer to accommodate the heavier engine, while an oil temperature gauge was standard fitment.

Uno CS
The Uno was also produced in Brazil, called Uno CS, and imported in some European countries. But it was a totally different car: it was riding on a Fiat 147-derived platform, with four-wheel MacPherson suspension (with transverse leaf spring at the rear). Visual differences from the European Uno were the fuel cap, placed on the left, and the bonnet, of a clamshell design and hinged at the front. It had also had its own engines, part of the "Brazil" engine series.

Yugo Uno 45R
From 1988 to 1994, first series Uno was assembled in Kragujevac, Yugoslavia by Zastava. It was fitted with a 903 cc 45 PS engine also used in the Yugo 45. Only the three-door version was available. Due to a higher price than the Yugo, the Uno 45R was discontinued in 1994, after 2,620 examples had been produced.

Facelift
First shown at the Frankfurt Motor Show in September 1989, the Uno received a facelift with revised front styling and revised tailgate, the latter improving the drag coefficient to Cd 0.30,. The interior was revised with a new dashboard which dispensed with the pod-style switchgear in favour of conventional stalks on the steering column. The 1.1 litre engine was replaced by a FIRE version, and a Fiat Tipo-derived 1.4 litre (1,372 cc) engine replaced the 128/Ritmo/Strada-derived 1.3 litre in both naturally aspirated and turbo versions. A 1.4 litre Uno Turbo could reach a claimed 204 km/h, while the 1.0 version only managed 140 - 145 km/h depending on which transmission was fitted. The Uno Turbo i.e. variant was also restyled, upgraded with a Garret T2 turbine, Bosch LH Jetronic fuel injection and better aerodynamics.

Uno production ended in Italy in 1995 with 6,032,911 manufactured in Fiat's Italian factories. From 1994 to 2002, Uno was manufactured in Poland for Fiat Auto Poland. Polish-made Unos were marketed in Italy until 1997 as the Innocenti Mille Clip. Polish production initially took place in Bielsko-Biała, and from 2000 to 2002 in Tychy. Engines available were three petrol units (all naturally aspirated and fuel injected) – 0.9 litre from Seicento (years 1999–2002 only), 1.0 fire, 1.4 and one naturally aspirated diesel unit of 1.7 litres.

Continuing global production (1995–2014)

After Western European production and sales ceased, the Uno continued to be manufactured and sold in many other regions.

Argentina
In Argentina, the 3-door Fiat Uno was produced by Sevel Argentina from March 1989 to 2000, 179,767 units were built. The Uno's Fiasa engines ranged from the 1,049 cc 52 PS petrol four to a 1.3 and 1.5 litre version, with a 1.3-litre 45 PS diesel engine also available. The 1.6-litre Lampredi SOHC 87 PS SCV/SCR version sat at the top of the range. A 1.7 liter diesel with 58 PS was added in 1992 and soon displaced the 1.3 option.

A saloon version with four doors was also produced from 1988 to 2001. Called Duna or Elba (station wagon), 257,259 units of this version were built in Fiat's Córdoba plant.

Brazil
The car was made in Brazil until January 2014 in three versions: Mille Economy, Uno Furgão (panel van) and Fiorino Furgão. A total of 3.6 million Unos and Milles were built in Brazil during its 30-year production run. During the 1990s it was imported in Italy as "Innocenti Mille".

In the second half of the 1980s and the first half of the 1990s, the Uno was also available as a saloon, a pick-up, and in a wagon version. These are called Prêmio, Fiorino Pick-Up, and Elba respectively.

The Brazilian Uno featured an independent, transverse leaf spring suspension at the rear, based on the tried and tested Brazilian Fiat 147 (similar to the Italian Fiat 127). The clamshell design of the bonnet was also unique, since the Brazilian Uno kept the spare tyre located in the engine bay, like the old Fiat 147, thus saving extra space for the luggage in the boot. Originally sold with 1.05, 1.3 or 1.5 litre petrol engines (also in versions made to run on ethanol), and a 1.6 litre was added to the lineup in 1989. The now redundant 1.5 was cancelled, but another 1.5 was introduced in 1991, this one derived from the 1.3.

The Brazilian Fiat Uno family was topped by a sporting turbocharged 1.4-litre inline-four version (118 HP), the Uno Turbo i.e. This model was available between 1994 and 1996 and was part of the regularly available lineup; 1801 units were produced.

From 1990 to 2014, a 1.0 litre version was sold as the Fiat Mille, as a budget entry-level model, and received its most recent facelift for the 2004 model year. A Fire engine was used since 2001. The 2005 Brazilian range has received a Flex Fuel system, enabling the car to use ethanol or gasoline as fuel, both pure or in any proportion mixture; also, there is a version fitted for unpaved roads called Mille Way, which includes higher and a more resilient suspension, larger wheels and side cladding. 44 Despite the launch of the new Brazilian-built Uno in 2010, production of the Mille Economy and Mille Way continued until January 2014 3, only with a 1.0 litre engine. The Uno Furgão van was a light commercial version of the three-door Uno hatchback with blinded rear windows and no rear seat. It and the Fiorino Furgão were available with a 1.25 litre Fire engine.

Engines
Petrol

India
After an abortive launch in 1996 when its CKD joint partner PAL delivered only 617 cars of the 30,000 ordered, Fiat started its venture as a 50-50 Industrial Joint Venture between Fiat Group Automobiles S.p.A. (Fiat) and Tata Motors Limited in January 1997. At present the company employs about 600 employees in its Ranjangaon facility in the Pune District of Maharashtra. The Uno was initially a success in India, but then it faded badly due to poor dealer support.

Morocco
The Fiat Uno was also assembled in Morocco until 2003 by SOMACA (Société Marocaine des Constructions Automobiles), and remains a popular choice of car for "petit-taxi" use.

Turkey
The Uno was first assembled in Turkey in 1994 and the production ran until 2000. Only the five-door bodystyle was assembled in Turkey. The engine options were 1.4, and 1.4 i.e. The fully equipped version was named Uno Hobby; it offered power steering and AC. It also differed from regular Unos in being available only in one colour option, sky blue with silver bumpers.

South Africa
In South Africa, the Uno was assembled under licence by Nissan from 1990 until 1998 and then by Fiat from 1998 up until 2006. Unos manufactured by Nissan had the word "licence" underneath the Fiat badge on the rear end and models included the 1,108 cc FIRE,1,372 cc PACER, PACER SX and 1,372 cc TURBO. Later on there were also a number of special editions produced which included the Beat (1,372 cc), the Rio (1,108 cc) and for a short period the Cento (999 cc). After Fiat re-entered the South African market in 1998 Unos were rebadged as either the (1,108 cc) Mia or (1,372 cc) Tempo. They also featured the Fiat centenary badge from that point on. By the time initial production of the Uno ended in 2006 only the (1,108 cc) Mia was available for sale. 110,000 units were produced between 1990 and 2002.

In 2007, the Fiat Uno was redesigned and it re-entered the South African new car market. The car was now marketed and distributed by Fiat themselves. The model line-up includes the Uno Way, which has a higher suspension than the regular Uno and colour-coded bumpers. It is based on the 1983–1990 design, and is powered by a 1.2 litre 4-cylinder petrol engine.

Philippines
Local manufacturer Francisco Motors, primarily known as a manufacturer of the Jeepney, partnered with Fiat to create a joint venture called Italcar Pilipinas Inc. in 1990. They assembled the Fiat Uno from 1992–2000 under the People's Car Program, which was an incentive by the government of President Corazon Aquino to stimulate car production in the Philippines. The joint venture hoped to compete with the Toyota Corolla and Nissan Sentra with the Uno in the taxicab market, which accounted for many sales. The Uno was not popular and production decreased yearly until the venture was terminated in 2000.

Poland
Production in Fiat's factory in Poland ran until 2002. 173,382 units were built from June 1995 to October 2002. It was imported in Italy as Innocenti Mille Clip.

Pakistan
The Fiat Uno is also assembled from complete knock down (CKD) kits in Pakistan by Raja Motor Company. Production started in 2001 and continued until 2004 when the manufacturing plant had to be closed down. Only the diesel variant of the car was made available under the 1.7D model. Although large scale manufacturing of the car has ceased, stocks of CKD are still being assembled and sold at present.

United Kingdom
Around 300,000 examples of the Uno were sold in Britain between 1983 and 1995, with the MK1 proving more popular than the MK2. It was one of the most popular imported cars in Britain during the 1980s, peaking at more than 40,000 sales in 1988. However, by March 2019 there were just 232 examples of either generation still in use.

Second generation (2010)
The Fiat Uno name was resurrected for project Type 327, the Brazilian-built "Novo Uno" (New Uno). The new Uno is engineered at Brazil and co-designed with Turin's Centro Stile Fiat, and is basically a more urban interpretation of the Fiat Panda style on a Fiat Palio. It is larger and roomier than the first, but smaller and cheaper than the second. The car has two options of engines: the 1.0 Fire Evo (74 hp) and the 1.4 Fire Evo (87 hp), both able to use ethanol, gasoline or a mix of both fuels.

It is being sold in Brazil and several other South American countries as well, but it has yet to be confirmed whether this Uno will be sold in Europe.

In December 2013, Fiat launched the new Uno-based Fiorino panel van (project Type 327), successor of the old Fiorino.

In September 2014, Fiat unveiled a facelift for the Uno and introduced the Start & Stop system in the 1.4 Fire engine.

In 2016, Fiat launched another facelift for the Uno and introduced the Firefly engine, Available as a 1.0 or an 1.3 engine.

In 2018, Fiat removed the Way and Sporting trims and their versions with the GSR semi-automatic transmission, and added a new "Drive" version to be the new base model and only kept that and the "Attractive" version only with the 1.0 Firefly engine and in mid-2018 the Way version was brought back in with both 1.0 and 1.3 engines

In 2021 the model was no longer offered with the Firefly engine, it returned to the old 1.0 73/75 PS Fire Evo, only in the Attractive version. The Way, Sporting and Drive versions were discontinued. The model production ended at the end of this year with the Fiat Uno Ciao limited edition (250 units). Fiat manufactured a total of 4,379,356 Fiat Unos, across all generations, at its Betim plant in Brazil.

Safety
A Brazilian Fiat Uno was tested by Latin NCAP in 2011 and has been rated as highly unsafe, scoring only one star for adult occupants and two stars for children. Another test made in 2013 rated zero stars.

Fiat Uno Cabrio (Concept)
At the São Paulo International Motor Show in October 2010 the Uno Cabrio concept car was presented; the prototype has two seats and a body kit. The engine is the 1.4 Fire T-Jet 16V that produced 152 HP.

title: Fiat Uno


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1996 Romanian general election

General elections were held in Romania on 3 November 1996, with a second round of the presidential election on 17 November.

Opinion polls prior to the elections suggested incumbent President Ion Iliescu of the Social Democracy Party of Romania (PDSR, formerly the Democratic National Salvation Front) would win a third term, though it was believed a large field of candidates would push him into a runoff. Iliescu received the most votes in the first round, just ahead of his 1992 run-off opponent, Emil Constantinescu of the Romanian Democratic Convention (CDR).

In the second round, Constantinescu defeated Iliescu with 54 percent of the vote. Iliescu conceded defeat soon after the polls closed. Constantinescu took office on 29 November, marking the first peaceful transfer of power since the fall of communism. To date, it is the only time since the introduction of direct presidential elections that an incumbent Romanian president has been defeated when running for re-election. The 1996 Romanian presidential election was the third of its kind held in post-1989 Romania.

The CDR, a broad coalition of parties opposing the governing centre-left PDSR, also emerged as the largest bloc in Parliament, winning 122 of the 343 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and 53 of the 143 seats in the Senate.

President

Petre Roman, György Frunda, Gheorghe Funar, and Nicolae Manolescu openly endorsed Constantinescu in the second round. Corneliu Vadim Tudor, Tudor Mohora, and Adrian Păunescu openly endorsed Iliescu.

Senate
Romanian Democratic Convention (CDR) members included the PNȚCD, PNL, PNL–CD (1 senator), PAR (3 senators), PER (1 senator), Ecologist Federation of Romania (FER) (1 senator).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: 1996 Romanian general election


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Astrakhan Oblast

Astrakhan Oblast (Астраха́нская о́бласть; Астрахан облысы) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast) located in southern Russia. Its administrative center is the city of Astrakhan. As of the 2010 Census, its population was 1,010,073.

Geography
Astrakhan is traversed by the northeasterly line of equal latitude and longitude. Its southern border is the Caspian Sea, eastern is Kazakhstan (Atyrau Region and West Kazakhstan Region), northern is Volgograd Oblast, and western is Kalmykia.

It is within the Russian Southern Federal District.

History
Since the Middle Ages, the territory was ruled by Khazars, Cumania, the Mongol-Tatar Golden Horde, the Tatar Astrakhan Khanate and Russia.

Astrakhan region is the homeland of the Buzhans, one of several Slavic tribes from which modern Russians evolved; they lived in Southern Russia and inhabited the area around the Buzan river.

In the 16th century, Indians began moving to the region, bringing Indian influence.

From August - December 1942, the German invaders reached the border of Astrakhansky Oblast, crossing into the region: the Abwehr from 1942 to 1943, Nazi Army stragglers 1941–44. Buzan oblast was created on 27 December 1943, on parts of the territories of the abolished Kalmyk ASSR and Astrakhan Okrug of Stalingrad Oblast.

Project Vega
From 8 October 1980 to 27 October 1984, and under the leadership of Nikolai Baibakov, the USSR held fifteen deep underground nuclear tests for Nuclear Explosions for the National Economy at the site Vega in the Ryn Desert in the east of the oblast less than 50 km from downtown Astrakhan to create reservoirs for natural gas storage. Because of the detonation depth (975 to 1,100 meters) and relatively low yield (3.2 to 13.5 kilotons), no radiation was released to the environment. These blasts had lower yields than the Project Sapphire blasts, which were 40 km south-southwest of Orenburg, to reduce any possible seismic destruction to nearby towns in the Volga delta including Astrakhan. At that time, the natural gas fields near Astrakhan, which are at a depth of 3900 to 4,100 meters, could contain as much as 6 trillion cubic meters, which is an amount similar to Urengoy. In 2017, the Astrakhanskoye field, which is an area of 100 km by 40 km in the middle of the Astrakhan arch and is 60 km northeast of Astrakhan, is the ninth largest in Russia and the largest in European Russia with an estimated gas in place of 102 e12cuft. The deposit is operated by Gazprom Dobycha Astrakhan which is a wholly owned subsidiary of Gazprom. The field produces large amounts of sulfur, too.

Modern history
On 30 October 1997, Astrakhan, alongside Kirov, Murmansk, Ulyanovsk, and Yaroslavl signed a power-sharing agreement with the government of Russia, granting it autonomy. The agreement would be abolished on 21 December 2001.

Politics

During the Soviet period, the high authority in the oblast was shared between three persons: The first secretary of the Astrakhan CPSU Committee (who in reality had the biggest authority), the chairman of the oblast Soviet (legislative power), and the Chairman of the oblast Executive Committee (executive power). Since 1991, CPSU lost all the power, and the head of the Oblast administration, and eventually the governor was appointed/elected alongside elected regional parliament.

The Charter of Astrakhan Oblast is the fundamental law of the region. The Legislative Assembly of Astrakhan Oblast is the province's standing legislative (representative) body. The Legislative Assembly exercises its authority by passing laws, resolutions, and other legal acts and by supervising the implementation and observance of the laws and other legal acts passed by it. The highest executive body is the Oblast Administration, which includes territorial executive bodies such as district administrations, committees, and commissions that facilitate development and run the day to day matters of the province. The Oblast administration supports the activities of the Governor who is the highest official and acts as guarantor of the observance of the oblast Charter in accordance with the Constitution of Russia.

Legislature
The representative authority of the Astrakhan Oblast is the Duma of Astrakhan Oblast. Between 1994–2001, it was called the Astrakhan Regional Representative Assembly.

The Duma of Astrakhan Oblast has the following structure:
 * Chairman of the Duma of Astrakhan Oblast;
 * First Deputy Chairman of the Duma of Astrakhan Oblast;
 * Deputy Chairman of the Duma of Astrakhan Oblast;
 * Office of the Duma of Astrakhan Oblast;
 * Committees and political factions.

Since 2006, the chairman of the regional legislative body has been the head of the regional branch of the United Russia party, Alexander Klykanov, whose candidacy was considered in 2009 for the post of governor of the Oblast. In 2016, Igor Martynov was elected Chairman of the Duma of Astrakhan Oblast of the sixth convocation.

Executive
The governor is the highest official of the Astrakhan Oblast and heads the executive branch.

Governors of Astrakhan Oblast:
 * Anatoly Guzhvin — 1991–2004;
 * Alexander Zhilkin — 2004–2018;
 * Sergey Morozov — acting, 26 September 2018 — 5 June 2019;
 * Igor Babushkin — 5 June 2019 — present.

From 1991 to 2004, Anatoly Guzhvin, who won elections in 1996 and 2000, was the governor of the Oblast. After Guzhvin's death in August 2004, the early elections of the head of the Astrakhan Oblast on 5 December 2004 was won by the acting head of the region Alexander Zhilkin, enjoying the support of United Russia. The Governor supervises the work of the executive authorities of the region and the Government of the Astrakhan Oblast. From 2004 to 2017, Konstantin Markelov was the Chairman of the Government of the Astrakhan Oblast. Since 2017, Rasul Sultanov has been the Chairman of the Government of the Astrakhan Oblast.

Demographics

Vital statistics for 2022:
 * Births: 9,718 (9.8 per 1,000)
 * Deaths: 12,200 (12.3 per 1,000)

Total fertility rate (2022):

1.63 children per woman

Life expectancy (2021):

Total — 69.90 years (male — 65.86, female — 73.87)

Ethnic groups
According to the 2021 Census, the ethnic composition was:

(shown are the ethnic groups with a population of more than 5,000 people)
 * 144,459 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group.

Languages
The local group of Russian varieties is known as Astrakhan Russian and refers to several dialects spoken in and around the Astrakhan Oblast.

Religion
According to a 2012 survey which interviewed 56,900 people 46% of the population of Astrakhan Oblast adheres to the Russian Orthodox Church, 4% are Orthodox Christian believers who do not belong to any church or are members of other (non-Russian) Orthodox churches, 2% are unaffiliated generic Christians, 14% are Muslims, and 2% of the population adheres to the Slavic native faith (Rodnovery) or other folk religions of the region. In addition, 16% of the population declares to be spiritual but not religious, 6% is atheist, and 10% follows other religions or did not give an answer to the question.

Smaller religious communities not represented in the poll cited above but present in the region include Hindus, Jews and Buddhists, each having one temple in Astrakhan Oblast.

title: Astrakhan Oblast


text:
Talk:Barbara Line

Untitled
The sources for the various German defence lines and the dates they were crossed gets very confused. I believe this to be the best guess for the location of the Barbara line. Dates for retreat to it and breach of it are going to be approximate in a confused battlefield situation. DJ Clayworth 20:50, 20 Feb 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Barbara Line


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Met Office Hadley Centre

The Met Office Hadley Centre — named in honour of George Hadley — is one of the United Kingdom's leading centres for the study of scientific issues associated with climate change. It is part of, and based at the headquarters of the Met Office in Exeter.

Foundation
The Hadley Centre was founded in 1990, having been approved by the then British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher and was first named the Hadley Centre for Climate Research and Prediction but subsequently renamed on various occasions.

Major aims
The centre has several major aims:

 * To understand physical, chemical and biological processes within the climate system and develop state-of-the-art climate models
 * To use climate models to simulate global and regional climate variability and change
 * To predict inter-annual to decadal variability of climate
 * To predict long term climate change
 * To monitor global and national climate variability and change
 * To attribute recent changes in climate to specific factors

The 30th anniversary of the Hadley Centre was celebrated in 2020.

The Met Office employs over 1500 staff, with approximately 200 working in its climate research unit. Most of its funding comes from contracts with the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA), other United Kingdom Government departments and the European Commission. It also works closely with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) providing worldwide climate forecasting and predictions.

The climate model (HadGEM) developed by the centre is used for climate change research purposes across the world. It covers both Ocean modelling and Atmospheric Modelling. Collecting data from across the world.

Research projects based on Hadley Centre climate models
The UK Climate Prediction Project uses the Hadley Centre climate model projections of future UK climate to inform UK government policy.

The Australian Bureau of Meteorology and the Korean Meteorological Agency use the Hadley Centre GloSea5 system for long range prediction.

The volunteer computing project ClimatePrediction.net is a research team based at the University of Oxford conducting research into global climate change using adapted versions of the climate models developed at the Hadley Centre. Individuals can participate in the research efforts by donating spare computer resources to aid their research.

The PRECIS (Providing Regional Climates for Impacts Studies) project enables scientists from the around the globe to run a regional climate model towards carrying out research into climate change.

title: Met Office Hadley Centre


text:
Rostov Oblast

Rostov Oblast (Росто́вская о́бласть) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast), located in the Southern Federal District. The oblast has an area of 100967 km2 and a population of 4,200,729 (2021 Census), making it the sixth most populous federal subject in Russia. Its administrative center is the city of Rostov-on-Don, which also became the administrative center of the Southern Federal District in 2002.

Geography
Rostov Oblast borders Ukraine (Donetsk and Luhansk Oblasts) and also Volgograd and Voronezh Oblasts in the north, Krasnodar and Stavropol Krais in the south, and the Republic of Kalmykia in the east. The Rostov oblast is located in the Pontic-Caspian steppe. It is directly north over the North Caucasus and west of the Yergeni hills.

It is within the Russian Southern Federal District.

Rivers and lakes
The Don River, one of Europe's longest rivers, flows through the oblast for part of its course. Lakes cover only 0.4% of the oblast's area.

History
Historically, at various times, the territory was ruled either entirely or partly by Scythia, ancient Greeks, Old Great Bulgaria, Khazars, Kipchaks, Italians (Pisa, Venice, Genoa) the Mongol Empire, the Crimean Khanate, the Ottoman Empire, Russia and Soviet Ukraine. The ancient Greek city of Tanais is located in the province.

The Rostov Oblast was formed in 1937 out of the Azov-Black Sea Krai. During World War II, it was occupied by Nazi Germany in 1941–1943.

Demographics
Population:

Vital statistics for 2022:
 * Births: 32,753 (7.9 per 1,000)
 * Deaths: 60,775 (14.7 per 1,000)

Total fertility rate (2022):

1.25 children per woman

Life expectancy (2021):

Total — 69.79 years (male — 65.80, female — 73.67)

Ethnic groups
Residents identified themselves as belonging to 157 different ethnic groups, including 27 of more than 2,000 persons each. The largest ethnicities are the 3,795,607 Russians (90.3%); the 110,727 Armenians (2.6%) and the 77,802 Ukrainians (1.9%). Other important groups are the 35,902 Turks (0.9%); 16,493 Belarusians (0.4%); 13,948 Tatars (0.3%); 17,961 Azerbaijanis (0.4%); 11,449 Chechens (0.3%); 16,657 Romani (0.4%); 11,597 Koreans (0.3%); 8,296 Georgians (0.2%), and 2,040 Assyrians (.05%). There were also 76,498 people (1.8%) belonging to other ethno-cultural groupings. 76,735 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group.

Religion
According to a 2012 survey 49.5% of the population of Rostov Oblast adheres to the Russian Orthodox Church, 6% are unaffiliated generic Christians, 1% are either Orthodox Christian believers who do not belong to church or are members of other (non-Russian) Orthodox bodies, 1% are Muslims, and 1% are adherents of the Slavic native faith (Rodnovery) movement. In addition, 26% of the population declares to be "spiritual but not religious", 12% is atheist, and 3.5% follows other religions or did not give an answer to the question.

The Ascension Cathedral is the largest Russian Orthodox church in Novocherkassk, Rostov Oblast, Russia. It used to be one of the largest churches of the Russian Empire and the main church of the Don Host Oblast.

The five-domed building, which stands 75 meters tall, is a notable example of Russian Neo-Byzantine architecture. It was erected between 1891 and 1904 on the site of an earlier church. The first church on the site was built to Luigi Rusca's designs. It collapsed in 1846. A replacement church collapsed 17 years later.

Church of the Intercession of the Holy Virgin ― one of the oldest churches in Rostov-on-Don. For a considerable period of time, Intercession Church served as the principal church not only for the fortress of St. Dimitry of Rostov but also for the people of local settlements. Since the end of the 18th century, the Church of Intercession had been considered to be a cathedral. The status changed in 1822, when Church of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary on the decree of the Holy Synod was declared cathedral.

Theatres

 * Rostov academic drama theatre, named after Maxim Gorky.
 * Rostov State Musical Theater. The theater opened in September 1999, and is the successor to the 1919 Rostov Musical Comedy Theater, one of the best operetta theaters in the Soviet Union.

The theater has two stages as well as a music and entertainment center, and hosts about 300 performances and concerts annually, as well as various forums and festivals. Its repertoire encompasses both musical traditions, as well as experiments in the field of contemporary art.

 * Rostov state puppet theatre.
 * Rostov regional academic youth theatre (former Rostov theatre for young spectators).
 * Taganrog Theatre. The Taganrog Theater was established in 1827 by governor Alexander Dunaev. The theater was subsidized by the Taganrog's City Council since 1828, and its first director was Alexander Gor. The first group of Russian drama artists was directed by Perovsky and toured around the region, giving performances in Rostov on Don, Novocherkassk, Bahmut. The repertoire consisted mainly of dramas, melodramas and vaudevilles. In 1874, the Taganrog Municipality acquired the theater building by the purchase of its stocks.
 * Don theatre of drama and Comedy V. F. Komissarzhevskaya (the Cossack drama theatre) Novocherkassk.
 * Shakhty drama theatre, Shakhty.
 * Novoshakhtinskiy drama theatre, Novoshakhtinsk.

In Rostov-on-Don

 * Center for Contemporary Art "Tobacco Factory".
 * Rostov Regional Museum of Local History.
 * Rostov Regional Museum of Fine Arts.
 * Museum of Contemporary Art at Dmitrovskaya.
 * Museum of Russian-Armenian Friendship.
 * Museum of North Caucasus Railway. The first museum of history of North Caucasus Railway opened on 4 November 1960 in a Community Center of railwaymen at Rostov-Glavny station. Permanent exposition includes: information boards about famous North Caucasus railwaymen, model trains on a scale 1:15, uniform, cases, panoramas, implements of various times. The exhibition covers the period from emergence of rail transport in the region up to the present moment. The various collections from the Russian Civil War and the Great Patriotic War, now exceed 12,000 objects in the main fund.

In other cities of the region

 * Aksai Military History Museum, Aksay.
 * Archaeological museum-reserve "Tanais", Nedvigovka.
 * Azov Museum of History, Archaeology and Palaeontology, Azov. The bulk of the museum is located in the three-story building erected in 1892 which belonged to the former town council, there are 22 rooms. The symbol of the museum is the skeleton of a Trogontherium mammoth that existed 800-600 thousand years ago in the interglacial period. This is the world's unique skeleton with the whole skull. The museum's areas: permanent exhibitions - 2852 m2, temporary exhibitions - 580 m2, storage facilities - 1896 m2, park (open air) - 7.13 hectares.
 * Bataysk Museum of History, Bataysk.
 * Gukovo Museum of Mining Work, Gukovo.
 * House-Museum of S. Budyonny, Stan. Budennovskaya.
 * Novocherkassk Museum of the History of the Don Cossacks, Novocherkassk.
 * Razdorsk Ethnographic Museum-Reserve, the camp. Razdorskaya.
 * Salsk Art Museum named after People's Artist VK Nechitailo, Salsk.
 * Shakhty Museum of Local History, Shakhty.
 * Taganrog military museum, Taganrog. The start of museum exhibition creation refers to May 9, 2004, when the club Auto-Retro Taganrog was founded. Subsequently, several vehicle units were purchased and repaired. In 2008, club activity concept got military direction. On May 6, 2010, permanent exhibition consisting of several thousands of exhibits was opened. In July 2012, the name Taganrog military museum got official status.
 * The State Museum-Reserve of MA Sholokhov, St. Veshenskaya.
 * Volgodonsk Art Museum, Volgodonsk.
 * Volgodonsk Ecological and Historical Museum, Volgodonsk.

Economy
Major industries of Rostov Oblast are agriculture, agricultural industry, food processing, heavy industry, coal and automobile manufacture.

The largest companies in the region include Novoshakhtinsk Petrochemical Plant, Gloria Jeans Corp., Rostvertol, Oil-extracting factory "Yug Rusi", North Caucasian Railway.

Banking sector
In the Rostov Region in 1989, the first commercial bank in Southern Russia, Rostovsoсbank, was created on the basis of the regional division of the Zhilsotsbank USSR. The bank existed from 1989 to 1998, with four branches operating in Rostov-on-Don. In addition, the bank had branches in the cities of Taganrog, Shakhty, Gukovo and Donetsk. In 1998 Rostovsotsbank lost solvency, but was able to ensure full repayment of deposits to all depositors before the establishment of the Deposit Insurance System, even before the revocation of the banking license.

From 1999 to 2010, one of the largest banks in Southern Russia was Donskoy Narodny Bank (Don People's Bank), located in Rostov-on-Don.

As of 2022, there are 7 regional credit organizations and 21 bank branches operating in Rostov Oblast. The leading positions are taken by Sberbank, VTB, Alfa-Bank, Rosbank, Center-Invest and Fora-Bank.

title: Rostov Oblast


text:
Volgograd Oblast

Volgograd Oblast (Волгогра́дская о́бласть) is a federal subject (an oblast) of Russia, located in the lower Volga region of Southern Russia. Its administrative center is Volgograd. The population of the oblast was 2,500,781 in the 2021 Census.

Formerly known as Stalingrad Oblast, it was given its present name in 1961, when the city of Stalingrad was renamed Volgograd as part of de-Stalinization. Volgograd Oblast borders Rostov Oblast in the southwest, Voronezh Oblast in the northwest, Saratov Oblast in the north, Astrakhan Oblast and the Republic of Kalmykia in the southeast, and has an international border with Kazakhstan in the east. The two main rivers in European Russia, the Don and the Volga, run through the oblast and are connected by the Volga–Don Canal. Volgograd Oblast's strategic waterways have made it a popular route for shipping and for the generation of hydroelectricity.

Volgograd Oblast was the primary site of the Battle of Stalingrad during World War II, regarded as the single bloodiest battle in the history of warfare.

Geography

 * Borders length: 2221.9 km

Volgograd Oblast borders with Saratov, Rostov, Astrakhan, and Voronezh Oblasts, as well as with Kalmykia of Russia and with Kazakhstan (West Kazakhstan Region). Most of Volgograd oblast is located in the Pontic–Caspian steppe. The Yergeni hills are located to the southeast. Forests cover 4% of the territory. The major rivers are:
 * The Volga River
 * The Don River
 * The Medveditsa River
 * The Khopyor River

History
Since the Middle Ages, the territory was ruled by Khazars, Cumania, the Golden Horde and Russia.

Stalingrad Oblast (Сталинградская область) was established on December 5, 1936 on the territory of former Stalingrad Krai. It was the scene of the Battle of Stalingrad during World War II in 1942–1943. The oblast was given its present name on November 10, 1961.

Politics

During the Soviet period, three people exercised oblast-level authority:
 * 1) the first secretary of the Volgograd CPSU Committee (who in reality had the most power)
 * 2) the chairman of the oblast Soviet (legislative power)
 * 3) the chairman of the oblast Executive Committee (executive power)

In 1991 the CPSU lost de facto power, and the head of the Oblast administration, and eventually the governor was appointed/elected alongside elected regional parliament.

The Charter of Volgograd Oblast provides the fundamental law of the region. The Legislative Assembly of Volgograd Oblast is the province's standing legislative (representative) body. The Legislative Assembly exercises its authority by passing laws, resolutions, and other legal acts and by supervising the implementation and observance of the laws and other legal acts passed by it. The highest executive body, the Oblast Government, includes territorial executive bodies such as district administrations, committees, and commissions that facilitate development and run the day-to-day matters of the province. The Oblast administration supports the activities of the Governor, who is the highest official and acts as guarantor of the observance of the oblast Charter in accordance with the Constitution of Russia.

Demographics
The population of the oblast was 2,500,781 according to the 2021 Russian census, 2,610,161 in the 2010 Russian census, 2,699,223 in the 2002 Russian census, and 2,593,944 in the 1989 Soviet census.

Vital statistics for 2022:
 * Births: 17,622 (7.2 per 1,000)
 * Deaths: 34,437 (14.1 per 1,000)

Total fertility rate (2022):

1.14 children per woman

Life expectancy (2021):

Total — 69.96 years (male — 65.70, female — 74.14)

Ethnic groups
(shown are the ethnic groups with a population of more than 7,000 people)
 * 44,541 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group.

Religion
According to a 2012 survey, 54.5% of the population of Volgograd Oblast adheres to the Russian Orthodox Church, 4% are unaffiliated generic Christians, 2% are Eastern Orthodox Christian believers who don't belong to any church or are members of non-Russian Eastern Orthodox churches, and 3% are Muslims. In addition, 18% of the population declares to be "spiritual but not religious", 12% is atheist, and 6.5% follows other religions or did not give an answer to the question.

Government
Governor of Volgograd Oblast is Андрей Бочаров (since 2014)

Both the flag and the coat of arms of Volgograd Oblast include an image of The Motherland Calls, an 85 meter tall statue located in Volgograd.

Economy
Primary branches of economics are agriculture, food production, heavy industry, gas and petroleum refining. The Volga Hydroelectric Station operates on the Volga River.

The largest companies in the region include Volzhsky Pipe Plant, Volgogradenergosbyt (a local electric power distribution company), OJSC Kaustik (caustic soda manufacturer), Volzhsky Orgsintez (a chemical plant).

title: Volgograd Oblast


text:
Talk:Herbert Marcuse

Marcuse Wanted to Integrate both Eros and Logos
This needs to be known2601:447:4101:41F9:7827:E592:4B47:AAD1 (talk) 16:30, 28 August 2018 (UTC)

FreeKnowledgeCreator, please stop erasing Marcuse's own words.2601:447:4101:41F9:595D:1EFC:BE67:64B5 (talk) 19:40, 29 August 2018 (UTC)

I'm afraid there no excuse for covering up what Marcuse wrote and what he believed.68.47.65.239 (talk) 01:14, 30 August 2018 (UTC)
 * Stop making additions such as "Eros had to integrate with Logos in order to strive". They are worthless and do nothing to help explain Marcuse's ideas. FreeKnowledgeCreator (talk) 01:14, 30 August 2018 (UTC)

Sorry, but this is what he believed. If you don't like it, too bad. I even sourced his own book Eros and Civilization.68.47.65.239 (talk) 01:18, 30 August 2018 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia is an encyclopedia. It exists to convey meaningful, factual information to readers. Including a statement such as "Eros had to integrate with Logos in order to strive" is completely useless to readers because no one knows what it means. Even if Marcuse did believe that, Wikipedia is under no obligation to include it. It is not necessary, appropriate, or even possible for an article about a philosopher to list every single thing he may have believed; we summarize the most important points only. FreeKnowledgeCreator (talk) 01:49, 30 August 2018 (UTC)

Indeed, Wikipedia is an encylopedia. And as an encyclopedia, it needs to mention what Marcuse believed and what he wrote. The most important points are that he thought Eros and Logos needed to integrate to build society and that his philosophy was built around this assumption. You are quite right that they need be summarized, so quit contradicting your own words and let them be summarized.2601:447:4101:41F9:1C38:F501:2E85:F7A7 (talk) 11:07, 31 August 2018 (UTC)
 * The article needs to mention some of what Marcuse believed and what he wrote. Per WP:PROPORTION: "An article should not give undue weight to minor aspects of its subject, but should strive to treat each aspect with a weight proportional to its treatment in the body of reliable, published material on the subject." Do you have a reliable source stating that the "most important points are that he thought Eros and Logos needed to integrate to build society and that his philosophy was built around this assumption"? I accept that you are trying to improve the article, but you are frankly doing a poor job of it. Not only have you not provided evidence that the ideas you want to mention are among the most important, you have not even tried to respond to the point that a statement such as "To Marcuse, Eros had to integrate with Logos in order to strive" will be completely meaningless to most readers. Perhaps you could suggest a rewritten version that would actually convey some meaningful and useful information? FreeKnowledgeCreator (talk) 22:51, 31 August 2018 (UTC)

Aspects were not minor and were the core of his philosophy. Therefore, you can't use the WP:PROPORTION against me. My edits also contain very reliable academic sources, such as Stanford University. I even included his own book Eros and Civilization as one of my sources.2601:447:4101:41F9:1C38:F501:2E85:F7A7 (talk) 23:38, 31 August 2018 (UTC)

 * Wikipedia is a collaborative project, and your assertions about what aspects of Marcuse's ideas are most important do not carry any weight here. Discussion here is not a one-sided process whereby you make claims, other people have to accept them, and that's the end of it. You need to back up your claims about the importance of the material you added with reliable sources; if you cannot, they are irrelevant. You have persistently ignored the point that your additions will be largely or entirely meaningless to most readers. Again, I suggest that you confront the issue or propose a suitably reworded version. FreeKnowledgeCreator (talk) 00:05, 1 September 2018 (UTC)

Not an assertion at all. Even Stanford backed. You need to quit living in fantasy land and join the real world.2601:447:4101:41F9:3C4D:17D2:E221:7A4A (talk) 00:08, 1 September 2018 (UTC)
 * Your comment above, "Aspects were not minor and were the core of his philosophy", was an assertion and was backed by no evidence. Your mention of "Stanford" is presumably a reference to this article. It does not mention that Marcuse believed that "Eros had to integrate with Logos in order to strive", explain what that ungrammatical statement means, or suggest any importance to it whatever. Endlessly repeating that "Eros had to integrate with Logos in order to strive" is a properly written statement will never make that true. Whatever it is intended to mean, it is of no use whatever to readers. "He viewed the integration of Eros and Logos to be the liberation of society" is almost equally as unclear. The expression "the liberation of society" is neither clear in meaning nor neutral. The last of your additions reads, "Marcuse also believed that Logos was superior to Eros and would eventually absorb it"; that, too, is quite unclear in the absence of any explanation of what it means. You have cited it to Eros and Civilization, but it is not clear how the citation supports the statement so it appears to an original research use of the source, presenting your views rather than Marcuse's. One source you provided, Javier Sethness Castro's book Eros and Revolution: The Critical Philosophy of Herbert Marcuse, does support the statement that the categories of Marcuse's political philosophy principally involve the concepts of Logos and Eros; it would be appropriate to add some statement to that effect to the article. You need to stop making childish comments such as, "You need to quit living in fantasy land and join the real world", because they violate WP:CIVIL and WP:NPA. If you keep making them they will get you blocked. FreeKnowledgeCreator (talk) 00:50, 1 September 2018 (UTC)

3O Response: Wikipedia summarizes notable information about the subject, as reported in reliable secondary sources. Marcuse's own book is suitable to cite a quotation, but it is a primary source and doesn't itself establish notability. There should be a reliable secondary source to show that this is notable and important enough to be included. It would be helpful to use the quote parameter (and/or page for a page number) in the citation template to make this explicit (particularly when the source is long). Without this, it does look like original research. Additionally, if it is decided to summarize this information, I feel it could be phrased in a way that would be more understandable to the reader. – Reidgreg (talk) 14:16, 1 September 2018 (UTC)
 * Thank you. I accept that the IP editor is trying in good faith to improve the article, and some of the sources the IP has produced do seem helpful and could be used to improve the article. However, there are major problems both with the IP's approach to editing and with the material the IP has added. That includes problems with the comprehensibility of the material, which is of either little use or no use in its current form, and problems with original research. An example is the statement, "Marcuse also believed that Logos was superior to Eros and would eventually absorb it". It would be reasonable to summarize Marcuse's ideas that way if Marcuse had actually written something such as, "Logos is superior to Eros and will eventually absorb it." Anyone can see by looking at the citation provided for that assertion that Marcuse did not actually write that "Logos is superior to Eros and will eventually absorb it"; that solely represents the IP editor's interpretation of Marcuse. FreeKnowledgeCreator (talk) 23:08, 1 September 2018 (UTC)

He described perfectly well in Eros and Civilization, which I sourced.2601:447:4101:41F9:529:DCBA:F533:B7FA (talk) 02:01, 2 September 2018 (UTC) Even on page 126 He notes how Logos will absorb Eros in his eyes..2601:447:4101:41F9:529:DCBA:F533:B7FA (talk) 02:04, 2 September 2018 (UTC)
 * Please read WP:NOR. It makes it clear that even if article content is cited, it can still be original research, if you have placed an original interpretation on a source. That's what you've done here with the "Logos is superior to Eros and will eventually absorb it" line. Marcuse doesn't say that. Your comment "He described perfectly well in Eros and Civilization, which I sourced" doesn't address this. It is just a confused comment; it isn't even grammatical. As for the source you provide above, it discusses Marcuse, but again it does not state that Marcuse believed that "Logos is superior to Eros and will eventually absorb it"; that is an interpretation you are placing on it. FreeKnowledgeCreator (talk) 02:08, 2 September 2018 (UTC)

I'm afraid Marcuse does say that. Here is another copy of his book. I suggest you read pages 125 to 126.2601:447:4101:41F9:529:DCBA:F533:B7FA (talk) 02:12, 2 September 2018 (UTC)
 * I'm afraid Wikipedia is a collaborative project and that you cannot force content into this article over the objections of other editors. Insisting that you are right and expecting other people to automatically agree with you will accomplish absolutely nothing. Multiple editors now have told you that there are problems with what you have been doing. You need to take that into account and change your approach. The source you provided above contains none of the actual text of Eros and Civilization, so of course it is useless to other editors. The passage in the book that comes the closest to your text is this on page 126: "Eros is being absorbed into Logos, and Logos is reason which subdues the instincts." I suppose that is the source of your text about Logos absorbing Eros and being superior to it. It does not even represent Marcuse's views, as you seem to think. Marcuse is discussing the views other philosophers such as Plato, not stating that in his view Logos is "superior" to Eros and will eventually absorb it, which is your bizarre interpretation. FreeKnowledgeCreator (talk) 02:29, 2 September 2018 (UTC)

I'm afraid you need to cooperate.2601:447:4101:41F9:529:DCBA:F533:B7FA (talk) 02:31, 2 September 2018 (UTC)
 * I have cooperated, by seeking a third opinion, by considering what you have to say, and by looking up the sources you have provided. If by "you need to cooperate", what you really mean is, "you need to agree with me", then no, I don't need to do that. If you cannot make meaningful responses to criticisms of the edits you have made and the content you have added, then you are going to accomplish nothing here. FreeKnowledgeCreator (talk) 02:34, 2 September 2018 (UTC)

No, you are not cooperating and need to agree with what the words of Marcuse were. I'm afraid your talk is getting you nowhere fast2601:447:4101:41F9:529:DCBA:F533:B7FA (talk) 02:38, 2 September 2018 (UTC)
 * You added content to the article based on your interpretation of Eros and Civilization. You were told that what you added was both incorrect and represented an original research interpretation of the source. A relevant response would have been to try to show that your added content was correct and not original research. Saying that I "need to agree with what the words of Marcuse were" is simply drivel. If you keep on making such responses, it will show, to me and to others, that you cannot defend your additions rationally. FreeKnowledgeCreator (talk) 02:42, 2 September 2018 (UTC)

You're making me laugh. I'm afraid your interpretation is only art and not science.2601:447:4101:41F9:529:DCBA:F533:B7FA (talk) 02:45, 2 September 2018 (UTC)

 * I'm not going to respond to rubbish, incivility, or illogical and unsupported statements. Keep your comments relevant or they can potentially be removed from the talk page. I see that with this edit you have modified the text you added, so that it now reads, "Marcuse defended Plato's argument that while Eros was constructive, Logos was superior and would eventually absorb it". That's still original research and it does not even describe what Marcuse is doing accurately. He does not refer to any "argument" by Plato or try to defend it; nor does he state that Logos is somehow "superior" to Eros, which again is nonsense. FreeKnowledgeCreator (talk) 02:51, 2 September 2018 (UTC)

Yes it make sense. It's even what you were willing to acknowledge when edit the Eros and Civilization article.2601:447:4101:41F9:529:DCBA:F533:B7FA (talk) 02:53, 2 September 2018 (UTC)
 * You write, "It's even what you were willing to acknowledge when edit the Eros and Civilization article". Sorry, what are you talking about? Your comment is ungrammatical and hard to make sense of. FreeKnowledgeCreator (talk) 02:54, 2 September 2018 (UTC)

I couldn't even proofread that typo because you made your comment. Your ranting makes me laugh too hard and it's hard to me to pay attention to what I write.2601:447:4101:41F9:529:DCBA:F533:B7FA (talk) 02:57, 2 September 2018 (UTC) Oops made another typo.2601:447:4101:41F9:529:DCBA:F533:B7FA (talk) 02:58, 2 September 2018 (UTC)
 * I have not ranted. I have pointed out the problems with your edits, including the addition of material of questionable importance, the addition of material that is borderline incomprehensible, and your misunderstanding of the sources you have used, such as Marcuse's book Eros and Civilization, directly and rather bluntly. You failed to make any meaningful response to this. Again I thank you for trying to improve the article; some of the sources you have used may prove helpful. However, you need to change your approach; you just can't go on making the same edits and refusing to recognize the problems with them. FreeKnowledgeCreator (talk) 11:13, 2 September 2018 (UTC)
 * You added a paragraph that reads as follows,

"Much of Marcuse's philosophy was centered around the belief that Eros had to integrate with Logos in order to strive. Marcuse defended Plato's argument that while Eros was constructive, Logos was superior and would eventually absorb it. In One Dimensional Man, he argued that Logos would also liberate's one's gratification."

 * The first sentence of that is meaningless to me and I'm sure to most readers as well. The second sentence is a garbled and inaccurate account of Marcuse's ideas as presented in Eros and Civilization. The third sentence is sub-standard English and nearly as meaningless as the first sentence. If the problems with that paragraph were minor, then I would try to rewrite it rather than remove it entirely, but it suffers from such major problems I can't think of any valid approach but to remove it altogether. If you want to propose a rewritten or modified version of that paragraph, expressing things in better language, I'm prepared to consider it on its merits. FreeKnowledgeCreator (talk) 11:43, 2 September 2018 (UTC)

 * By the way, you also need to stop using weird or inappropriate edit summaries ("Had to accept"), as you did here. FreeKnowledgeCreator (talk) 12:03, 2 September 2018 (UTC)

Still laughing. I'm afraid it is not your duty to dictate what is included. I now even sourced a One Dimensional Man snippet from his website.2601:447:4101:41F9:E469:5CBF:1851:1D18 (talk) 12:04, 2 September 2018 (UTC)
 * The problems with your edits are not just a matter of my opinion. You have had two users now, myself and Reidgreg, tell you that there are major problems with them. FreeKnowledgeCreator (talk) 12:07, 2 September 2018 (UTC)

I'm afraid the NOR policy refers to unreliable sources. These sources are far from unreliable.2601:447:4101:41F9:E469:5CBF:1851:1D18 (talk) 12:45, 2 September 2018 (UTC)
 * No. WP:NOR deals with all sources and the way they are used. Even if you cite a reliable source, you can still engage in original research if you place an original interpretation on the source. To quote the policy: "The phrase "original research" (OR) is used on Wikipedia to refer to material—such as facts, allegations, and ideas—for which no reliable, published sources exist. This includes any analysis or synthesis of published material that serves to reach or imply a conclusion not stated by the sources. To demonstrate that you are not adding OR, you must be able to cite reliable, published sources that are directly related to the topic of the article, and directly support the material being presented". I also direct your attention to the part of the policy stating, "Drawing conclusions not evident in the reference is original research regardless of the type of source." Your addition, "Marcuse defended Plato's argument that while Eros was constructive, Logos was superior and would eventually absorb it" is original research in that it places a totally novel interpretation on Eros and Civilization. It is also an incorrect interpretation. The source simply does not say what you claim it does. FreeKnowledgeCreator (talk) 01:23, 3 September 2018 (UTC)

I'm afraid that's what exactly what I typed. It has to do with reliable sources with wording which backs the claim, so think that you can attempt to con me further without bringing me more laughter. What is written in your eyes isn't what was written in Eros and Civilization and One Dimensional Man.2601:447:4101:41F9:CEB:66CF:3DE9:A6B7 (talk) 01:37, 3 September 2018 (UTC)
 * What you wrote was, "the NOR policy refers to unreliable sources". That is incorrect, as I explained; the policy concerns all sources. I am familiar with Eros and Civilization, I have re-read the pages that you cited the statement "Marcuse defended Plato's argument that while Eros was constructive, Logos was superior and would eventually absorb it" to, and is perfectly clear that your addition is wrong and misrepresents the book completely. I am familiar with Plato as well, for that matter. Plato did not argue that while Eros is constructive Logos is superior and will eventually absorb it, and nor does Marcuse say he did. Your addition is frankly nonsense. If you seriously think your addition is accurate, and believe that Plato did argue that while Eros is constructive, Logos is superior and will eventually absorb it, then by all means explain in which of his works Plato argued that, explain what argument he used, and explain how Marcuse defended that supposed argument. You can't do it, because nothing in Eros and Civilization, or Plato, supports you. FreeKnowledgeCreator (talk) 01:54, 3 September 2018 (UTC)

Read the policy for yourself. It does indeed refer to unreliable resources. Not even the NOR article supports your fantasies.2601:447:4101:41F9:CEB:66CF:3DE9:A6B7 (talk) 02:00, 3 September 2018 (UTC)
 * You do not know what you are talking about. Read WP:NOR yourself, especially the part stating, "Drawing conclusions not evident in the reference is original research regardless of the type of source." The "regardless of the type of source" part indicates that it refers to all sources, including reliable sources. FreeKnowledgeCreator (talk) 02:03, 3 September 2018 (UTC)

Already have. Don't bother to source it some more without laughter, because it sure discusses unreliable resources and the wording of reliable resources.2601:447:4101:41F9:CEB:66CF:3DE9:A6B7 (talk) 02:09, 3 September 2018 (UTC)
 * The important point is that you added content that draws conclusions "not evident in the reference" and that this added content is thus original research and needs to be removed. I have started a discussion about your additions here. FreeKnowledgeCreator (talk) 03:49, 3 September 2018 (UTC)

The IP is behaving in a disruptive manner here. There is a clear WP:REFUSALTOGETTHEPOINT. If they persist, I think it likely that administrators might see fit to impose a ban on them editing this particular article. Midnightblueowl (talk) 10:01, 3 September 2018 (UTC)
 * The problem is ongoing. See here. The text added included, "However, he also wrote in Eros and Civilization that Eros had become "archaic mystical residue as early as Plato and that over time, Logos will likely absorb Eros." The first part of that is vague but not altogether wrong. The second part, "Logos will likely absorb Eros", is outright misinterpretation of Marcuse, apparently based on taking literally and out of context a piece of evocative language that was never meant to be understood in the way that IP suggests. I have pointed this out at Talk:Eros_and_Civilization. FreeKnowledgeCreator (talk) 01:47, 24 March 2019 (UTC)

Why does Wikipedia's Powers That Be put up with nonsense like this? FreeKnowledgeCreator seems to be acting precisely like a troll. Actio (talk) 22:39, 26 April 2019 (UTC)
 * I removed obviously poor-quality edits and I see no reason to apologize for doing so. I am happy to keep the article free from semi-literate garbage. You are not accomplishing anything by insulting me. Freeknowledgecreator (talk) 01:17, 10 September 2019 (UTC)

people influenced by HM
There is no evidence that Kathy Acker was influenced by Herbert Marcuse. Or cite it here? Actio (talk) 22:47, 26 April 2019 (UTC)
 * There is nothing to prevent you from removing such uncited material yourself. Although you gratuitously and pointlessly insulted me above, I will nevertheless perform the edit for you and remove the reference to Acker. Freeknowledgecreator (talk) 10:49, 18 September 2019 (UTC)

Possible error in the article
The article says Marx criticized the young Hegelians, but he was a member of them and criticized the old Hegelians. Rationaltail (talk) 00:00, 9 March 2021 (UTC)

 * He was the most radical outgrowth of the Young Hegelians. The Young Hegelians for the most part focused on criticism of religion, Marx was the one who shifted the focus to the "material", which is basically Marxist jargon for economic and capital factors. Marx *also* criticized the Old Hegelians but that doesn't mean he didn't criticize the Young Hegelians who were less radical than he was. It's not a contradiction at all.192.53.95.1 (talk) 20:33, 11 September 2023 (UTC)

Kołakowski
Citing Kołakowski to describe Marcuse's views is like citing Ann Coulter to describe the views of Rachel Maddow, or the other way around. This is incompatible with NPOV.--79.100.149.219 (talk) 18:25, 24 August 2021 (UTC) Also, Leszek Kołakowski description of Marcuse's views as 'essentially anti-Marxist' is presented under the section 'Criticism'. However, coming from Kołakowski, this particular description is not critical, since Kołakowski himself is a vehement anti-Marxist.--79.100.149.219 (talk) 18:39, 24 August 2021 (UTC)

Stanford Encyclopedia
@Newimpartial @Janelleclancy I have no position on the disputed text, but Stanford Encyclopedia of Philopsohpy is not WP:USERGENERATED. See their editorial policy Sennalen (talk) 20:16, 13 March 2023 (UTC)

 * Well, points 5 and 6 of that policy certainly differ from standard peer-review procedures. I am not at all convinced that the resulting regime is in any way equivalent to normal editorial responsibility, in spite of notional control by the Principal Editor. Newimpartial (talk) 20:20, 13 March 2023 (UTC)
 * The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy is top-tier as far as encyclopedias go. The authors are typically well regarded experts in their fields. Speaking as someone who's written articles for academic encyclopedias, I can tell you that the editorial oversight is typically pretty minimal. SEP does a better job of it than most, and the articles are updated periodically. That doesn't mean that everything they publish should automatically be considered the consensus view among scholars, but it's a solid WP:TERTIARY source as far as they go. Newimpartial is still correct that rigorously peer-reviewed WP:SECONDARY sources are preferable as a basis for article content, but tertiary sources like the SEP can be useful for assessing WP:DUE weight. Generalrelative (talk) 07:19, 15 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Herbert Marcuse


text:
ChucK

ChucK is a concurrent, strongly timed audio programming language for real-time synthesis, composition, and performance, which runs on Linux, Mac OS X, Microsoft Windows, and iOS. It is designed to favor readability and flexibility for the programmer over other considerations such as raw performance. It natively supports deterministic concurrency and multiple, simultaneous, dynamic control rates. Another key feature is the ability to live code; adding, removing, and modifying code on the fly, while the program is running, without stopping or restarting. It has a highly precise timing/concurrency model, allowing for arbitrarily fine granularity. It offers composers and researchers a powerful and flexible programming tool for building and experimenting with complex audio synthesis programs, and real-time interactive control.

ChucK was created and chiefly designed by Ge Wang as a graduate student working with Perry R. Cook. ChucK is distributed freely under the terms of the GNU General Public License on Mac OS X, Linux and Microsoft Windows. On iPhone and iPad, ChiP (ChucK for iPhone) is distributed under a limited, closed source license, and is not currently licensed to the public. However, the core team has stated that it would like to explore "ways to open ChiP by creating a beneficial environment for everyone".

Language features
The ChucK programming language is a loosely C-like object-oriented language, with strong static typing.

ChucK is distinguished by the following characteristics:

 * Direct support for real-time audio synthesis
 * A powerful and simple concurrent programming model
 * A unified timing mechanism for multi-rate event and control processing.
 * A language syntax that encourages left-to-right syntax and semantics within program statements.
 * Precision timing: a strongly timed sample-synchronous timing model.
 * Programs are dynamically compiled to ChucK virtual machine bytecode.
 * A runtime environment that supports on-the-fly programming.
 * The ChucK Operator (=>) that can be used in several ways to "chuck" any ordered flow of data from left to right.

ChucK standard libraries provide:

 * MIDI input and output.
 * Open Sound Control support.
 * HID connectivity.
 * Unit generators (UGens) - ie oscillators, envelopes, synthesis toolkit ugens, filters, etc.
 * Unit analyzers (UAnae) - blocks that perform analysis functions on audio signals and/or metadata input, and produce metadata analysis results as output - ie FFT/IFFT, Spectral Flux/Centroid, RMS, etc.
 * Serial IO capabilities - ie Arduino.
 * File IO capabilities.

Code example
The following is a simple ChucK program that generates sound and music:

// signal graph (patch) SinOsc s => JCRev r => dac; .2 => s.gain; // dry/wet mix (for reverb) .1 => r.mix; // an array of pitch classes (semitones) [ 0, 2, 4, 7, 9, 11 ] @=> int hi[]; // do forever: while ( true ) {     // choose a note, shift registers, convert to frequency Std.mtof( 45 + Std.rand2(0,3) * 12 +         hi[Std.rand2(0,hi.cap-1)] ) => s.freq; // advance time 120:: ms => now ; }

Uses
ChucK has been used in performances by the Princeton Laptop Orchestra (PLOrk) and for developing Smule applications, including their ocarina emulator. PLOrk organizers attribute some of the uniqueness of their performances to the live coding they can perform with ChucK.

Seemingly independent coverage

 * Graham Morrison, (2009) Generate choons with Chuck. Tired of the same old music in the charts, we create our own music from a series of pseudo random numbers. Linux Format issue 125
 * Alan Blackwell and Nick Collins, The Programming Language as a Musical Instrument in P. Romero, J. Good, E. Acosta Chaparro & S. Bryant (Eds). Proc. PPIG 17, pp. 120–130

title: ChucK


text:
AMIP

AMIP may stand for

 * The Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project, a climate experiment.
 * The Area Major Incident Pool, a now-obsolete branch of the British police's Criminal Investigation Department, superseded by the Specialist Crime & Operations.

title: AMIP


text:
Salaryman

Salaryman (サラリーマン) is an originally Japanese word for salaried workers. In Japanese popular culture, it is portrayed as a white-collar worker who shows unwavering loyalty and commitment to his employer.

"Salarymen" are expected to work long hours, work overtime, drink, sing karaoke, visit hostess bars with his or her colleagues and bosses, and prioritize work over everything else in his or her life. "Salarymen" typically enters a company after graduating from college and stays with that corporation for the duration of his career.

Other popular concepts surrounding salarymen include karōshi, or death from overwork. In conservative Japanese culture, becoming a salaryman is an average career choice for young men and women and those who do not take this career path are regarded as living with a stigma and less prestige. On the other hand, the word salaryman is sometimes used with derogatory connotation for his total dependence on his employer and lack of individuality.

History
The word sararīman is often described as wasei-eigo, a Japanese formation from English loanwords, but it appears to instead be a straight borrowing from the English phrase "salaried man", which predates the Japanese term by nearly a century. The Japanese term saw widespread use by 1930, even before government expansion and militarization drove the growth of white-collar employment. The term does not include all workers who receive a set salary, but only "white-collar workers in the large bureaucracy of a business firm or government office." The term includes those who work for government (e.g., bureaucrats) and major companies (e.g., those listed in Nikkei 225). Workers in the mizu shōbai (nightlife) and entertainment industries (including actors and singers) are not included even though their income may be salary based. Similarly, doctors, engineers, lawyers, accountants, musicians, artists, politicians, freelancers and corporate executives are also excluded.

A typical description of the salaryman is a male white-collar employee who typically earns his salary "based on individual abilities rather than on seniority." Salarymen are known for working long hours, sometimes over eighty hours per week. Often, because of his busy work schedule, the salaryman does not have time to raise a family and his work becomes a lifelong commitment. Companies typically hire the salarymen straight out of high school, and they are expected to stay with the company until retirement, around the time they reach the age between 55 and 60. As a reward for the demonstration of their loyalty, companies rarely fire the salarymen unless it is under special "dire" circumstances. There is also a belief that the "amount of time spent at the workplace correlates to the perceived efficiency of the employee." As a result of this intense work-driven lifestyle, salarymen may be more likely to suffer from mental or physical health problems, including heart failure or suicide.

Social image
The prevalence of salarymen in Japanese society has given birth to many depictions by both the Japanese and American media. Some films in Japan about salarymen include Mr. Salaryman, Japanese Salaryman NEO (based on the TV series), and a drama series entitled History of a Salaryman. There is a certain expectation among the middle and upper classes for Japanese people to become salarymen. For many young Japanese men and women, accepting anything less than becoming a salaryman and conforming to its ideal is considered a failure, not only of him or her, but of his parents.

The life of a salaryman revolves around work. The activities that he or she does outside of his or her working hours typically involve his or her coworkers, which lessens the distance between him or her and work. Due to this expectation, there have been a variety of derogatory names given to salarymen: 社畜 (shachiku, literally "corporate livestock" in reference to wage slavery), 会社の犬 (kaisha no inu or "company's dog"), and 企業戦士 (kigyou senshi or "corporate soldier"), to ridicule salarymen.

Entertainment
Changing social circumstances have greatly diversified the life of the salaryman outside of work. Though the importance of social drinking has not declined, its image has changed over time from mass partying during the economic bubble to conservative consumption at home after the collapse of the economy during the 1990s. Mahjong was an immensely popular game among the 1960s generation of salarymen, who brought the game into company circles directly from high school and college groups. The 1970s generation saw a gradual decrease in the number of avid mahjong players, and by the 1980s, it became common not to show any interest at it at all.

Golf became widely popular during the economic bubble, when golf club passes became useful tools for currying favor with corporate executives. Many mid-level salarymen were pressured into taking up golf to participate in golfing events with their superiors. The collapse of the economic bubble led to the closing of many golf courses, and playing golf with executives has become increasingly rare. However, some current salarymen may have golfing experience from their student days, and golf is still acknowledged as an expensive hobby for salarymen.

Karōshi
Extreme pressure on salarymen can lead to death by overwork, or karōshi. Salarymen feel intense pressure to fulfill their duty to support their family because of the gendered expectations placed on men. According to a Washington Post article, the Japanese government struggled for years to pass a law limiting to the number of hours one can work, and the issue has been prevalent since the 1970s. In 2014, after 30 years of activism, Japan's parliament (the Japanese Diet) passed a law "promoting countermeasures against karōshi."

However, many Japanese still criticize the government and believe there should be some form of punishment for companies that violate work hour laws. Approximately 2,000 annual applications are filed by the families of salarymen that die of karōshi. However, the death toll may be much higher, and "as many as 8,000 of the 30,000 annual suicides each year are thought to be work-related," with "as many as 10,000 non-suicide karōshi deaths per year."

Karōshi, literally "overwork death," was first diagnosed as a "circulatory disease brought on by stress" in the late 1970s after the 1973 oil crisis, which took a toll on the post-war reconstruction of Japanese industry. Since then, the number of deaths from overwork has increased, especially at larger and more prestigious companies. In 2002, Kenichi Uchino, a 30-year-old quality-control manager at Toyota, collapsed and died after working over 80 hours unpaid overtime for six months. After this incident, Toyota announced that it would begin monitoring their workers' health and would pay for all of their overtime hours.

title: Salaryman


text:
Maykop (disambiguation)

Maykop is the capital city of the Republic of Adygea, Russia.

Maykop or Maikop may also refer to:

 * Maykop culture, prehistoric culture of the northern Caucasus, ca. 3500 BCE–2500 BCE
 * Maikop kurgan, the eponym for the Maykop culture
 * Maykop Airport, a civilian airport in the Republic of Adygea, Russia

title: Maykop (disambiguation)


text:
Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project

Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP) is a standard experimental protocol for global atmospheric general circulation models (AGCMs). It provides a community-based infrastructure in support of climate model diagnosis, validation, intercomparison, documentation and data access. Virtually the entire international climate modeling community has participated in this project since its inception in 1990.

AMIP is endorsed by the Working Group on Numerical Experimentation (WGNE) of the World Climate Research Programme, and is managed by the Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison with the guidance of the WGNE AMIP Panel.

The AMIP experiment itself is simple by design; an AGCM is constrained by realistic sea surface temperature and sea ice from 1979 to near present, with a comprehensive set of fields saved for diagnostic research.

This model configuration removes the added complexity of ocean-atmosphere feedbacks in the climate system. It is not meant to be used for climate change prediction, an endeavor that requires a coupled atmosphere-ocean model (e.g., see AMIP's sister project CMIP).