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Garrison Petawawa

4 Canadian Division Support Base Petawawa, commonly referred to as Garrison Petawawa, is located in Petawawa, Ontario. It is operated as an army base by the Canadian Army.

Garrison facts
The Garrison is located in the Ottawa Valley in Renfrew County, 170 km northwest of Ottawa along the western bank of the Ottawa River. Its main gate is North of the town of Petawawa. The majority of the base territory is in the municipality of Laurentian Hills, with portions also in Petawawa and Deep River.

As of March 2022, the approximate personnel numbers are as follows:

 * Canadian Forces personnel: 6,000
 * DND civilian employees: 1,000
 * Canadian Forces dependents: 5,653

Approximately 6,000 people directly connected to the base live in local communities between Deep River and Pembroke.

The Garrison has an extensive infrastructure with 465 buildings and over 300 km2 of property comprising the Petawawa Training Area.

Fitness facilities
Dundonald Hall is the Garrison's main fitness facility and is located on Festubert Boulevard. It houses a 5,000 square metre field house containing a 200-metre indoor running track, a 25-metre swimming pool, a wading pool equipped with a winding water slide, and whirlpool and sauna facilities.

The complex houses a gymnasium, aerobic studio, teen room, preschool play rooms and meeting rooms. The "Rec Plex" is home to numerous clubs and societies on the base such as the Karate Club, Preschool Clubs and the Indoor Rock Climbing Club.

Recreation
The South Side Community Centre offers similar facilities and services to another area of the Petawawa community, including Recreation Service's and Military Family Resources Services.

During the summer, recreation options include golf on the base's 18-hole course, hiking local trails, beaches on local lakes and rivers, a full service marina for sail and power boating on the Ottawa River, or camping along the banks of the Ottawa River.

Winter recreation options include cross country ski trails, snowmobiling and ice fishing.

History
Founded in 1905 as the Petawawa Military Camp, or Camp Petawawa, the Garrison was created by the Department of Militia and Defence upon the purchase of 22430 acre of mostly agricultural property from local residents.

The Garrison derives its name from the Petawawa River. The origin of the name PETAWAWA is lost in antiquity, but legend has it that it is an Algonquian Native-Aboriginal word pronounced PETWEWE. The translation is thought to mean, "Where one hears noise like this", referring to the sound of the fast water over the rocks in the river. In another legend it is said that the area was named after an indigenous woman who inhabited the banks of the Petawawa River and lived to the age of 115 years.

Early French explorers used a trail or route through this area. The Mattawa Trail, now called Mattawa Road still exists on parts of the base today. The site was originally a German immigrant settlement. German pioneers toiled to build a community out of the harsh and rugged terrain. Some of the topographical features in the training area still bear the names of these early settlers.

By 1904 the Department of Militia and Defence purchased 150 properties from these settlers totaling 90 km2. The Royal Canadian Horse and Garrison Artillery were the first to train at Petawawa Military Camp during the summer of 1905. In 1906 the Royal Canadian Engineers constructed huts, stables and installed water and gas systems. In that same year "A" and "B" Batteries of the Royal Canadian Horse Artillery, commenced the first of many marches to Camp Petawawa for summer training from their permanent station in Kingston, Ontario.

By 1907 combined training and tactical exercises were conducted by various other units such as A and B Squadron, Royal Canadian Dragoons; A and B Batteries, Royal Canadian Horse Artillery; No. 2 Company, Royal Canadian Engineers; a battalion from The Royal Canadian Regiment; and detachments from the Medical and Ordnance Corps.

The first military aircraft flight in Canada took place at Petawawa. On 31 July 1909 under perfect weather conditions, J.A.D. McCurdy and F.W. Baldwin flew the "Silver Dart" at Camp Petawawa in the presence of military observers.

From December 1914 to May 1916, Petawawa was used as an internment camp for 750 German and Austrian prisoners of World War I. Most of these men were civilian internees, the majority of them Ukrainians and other Europeans who came to the Dominion from the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and so were categorized as "enemy aliens" at the outbreak of the war. At the same time Canada Car and Foundry Company had developed three inch shells and were being tested at the camp by Russian artillery. The prisoners, in effect forced labourers, were instrumental in helping clear roads and timber opening up an artillery range and so making these tests possible. From May 1916 to 1918, 10,767 Canadian troops were trained at Petawawa before being sent overseas.

The Garrison is also home to a marked grave of a member of the Chinese Labour Corps, Chou Ming Shan, whom died in transit in France in 1917 and buried at the base. Commonwealth War Graves Commission installed an official grave marker in 2019.

During World War II, three training centres (two artillery and one engineering) were established at Camp Petawawa. In September 1942, 12,515 troops were stationed on the base. The peak load was reached during 1943 when approximately 20,000 troops were undergoing training at one time. As in the previous war, Petawawa was the site of an internment camp. The camp's official designation was Internment Camp No.33; located at Centre Lake it held 645 civilian internees. There were 28 different nationalities, the majority being Italian and German people identified as enemy aliens.

In 1947, the training of militia and regular units of the Canadian Army resumed. The Royal Canadian Dragoons and 1st Battalion, The Royal Canadian Regiment were moved to Camp Petawawa in 1948. Upon being given the status of a permanent camp, it was officially designated "Camp Petawawa" in May 1951. During the next few years construction continued in order to accommodate more regular units, married quarters and schools for the soldiers' dependents. Units of the Special Force, such as 2 RCHA, 8th Hussars, PPCLI, and 1 RCR earmarked for service in Korea were concentrated at Petawawa before transferring to the United States for departure to the Korean Theatre. The 2nd Canadian Infantry Brigade Group was stationed to Petawawa upon return from Germany in 1959. This formation was redesignated 2 Combat Group in 1966.

The unification of the Canadian Forces resulted in Camp Petawawa being renamed Canadian Forces Base Petawawa (CFB Petawawa) on February 1, 1968. Under the CF, the base was allocated to Mobile Command.

On 1 April 1977, 2 Combat Group was disbanded. 2 Combat Group combined with the Canadian Airborne Regiment at CFB Petawawa to form the Special Service Force. The Special Service Force constituted a unique chapter in Canada's military history. It derived its name from the first Special Service Force, an historic formation of Americans and Canadians which pioneered special forces operations in a brief but immensely successful history during the second world war. The latter-day Special Service Force represented a compromise between the general purpose combat capabilities of a normal brigade and the strategic and tactical flexibility which derived from the lighter and more mobile capabilities of the Canadian Airborne Regiment. Units and soldiers of the Special Service Force served in operations both at home and around the world.

The Special Service Force was officially re-designated as 2 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group by a Ministerial Order signed on 24 April 1995. This decision to re-organize and re-equip the formation was due to current emphasis in Canadian defence policy on general-purpose capabilities. With a smaller force structure, a smaller defence budget and more frequent operational taskings, it has become clear that general-purpose capabilities provide the best return on Canada's investment in defence. Accordingly, 2 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group of Petawawa has been designed to be a mirror image of its two sister formations, 1 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group, based in Edmonton, Alberta and 5 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group, based in Valcartier, Quebec.

Barracks Building F-16 (constructed in 1953) was designated a Recognized Federal Heritage Building in 1995, due to its association with the efforts of the Canadian Armed Forces to meet Canada's post-World War II international commitments, and due to its modern classicist architecture common among federal buildings of the period.

Recent
Currently there are approximately 6,100 persons employed at 4 CDSB Petawawa (5,100 of them military) who are included in the units of 2 CMBG, Garrison Petawawa and lodger units. Soldiers at Garrison Petawawa have been involved in many operations throughout the world including tours in Afghanistan and Bosnia.

In 2005, 4 CDSB Petawawa celebrated its first 100 years of service. A number of events were planned in conjunction with units and the local communities to commemorate this special occasion.

In 2021, during the COVID-19 Pandemic, the base deployed medical military personnel to Cross Lake, to help organize a response to an outbreak in the Pimicikamak population.

Current operations
Garrison Petawawa is the home of the 4th Canadian Division Support Group and 2 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group, which is made up of:

 * 2 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group Headquarters & Signal Squadron
 * 2nd Regiment, Royal Canadian Horse Artillery
 * The Royal Canadian Dragoons
 * 1st Battalion, The Royal Canadian Regiment
 * 3rd Battalion, The Royal Canadian Regiment
 * 2 Combat Engineer Regiment
 * 2 Service Battalion

427 Special Operations Aviation Squadron and 450 Tactical Helicopter Squadron are based here and operate their own helipads at Petawawa Heliport. They fly the Bell CH-146 Griffon and CH-147F Chinook, respectively. Also located at the base are the Canadian Special Operations Regiment and the Canadian Special Operations Training Centre.

The base motto is, in the eastern Anishinaabe language, endazhe kinamandowa chimaganishak (or fully vocalized as endazhi-gikinoo'amawindowaa zhimaaganishag). The literal English translation is "Training Ground of the Soldiers". The translation used on the base is "Training Ground of the Warriors".

Garrison Petawawa Museum and the Canadian Airborne Forces Museum
The Garrison Petawawa Museum and the Canadian Airborne Forces Museum feature uniforms, medals, patches, photographs and other Base and Airborne memorabilia. It is open all week 11-4. The museum collects, preserves, and shows, documents, artifacts, photos which illustrate the military life of our base in the city of Petawawa in all aspects of life in peace and in war. The Garrison Petawawa Military Museums "are dedicated to the remembrance of our military past and recognition of the Canadian Armed Forces' service to humanity, through the education of our youth, the fostering of identity, and the nurturing of understanding, the promotion of spirit de corps and the preservation of our collective community heritage." Garrison Petawawa Military Museums are affiliated with CMA, CHIN, and Virtual Museum of Canada.

"INTO ACTION" (1988) by André Gauthier (sculptor) marks the 20th anniversary of the Canadian Airborne Regiment; the sculpture at the entrance to Garrison Petawawa's Airborne Forces Museum depicts a Canadian paratrooper in winter combat gear.

title: Garrison Petawawa


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USS Jacob Jones (DD-61)

USS Jacob Jones (Destroyer No. 61/DD-61) was a Tucker-class destroyer built for the United States Navy prior to the American entry into World War I. The ship was the first U.S. Navy vessel named in honor of Jacob Jones.

Jacob Jones was laid down by the New York Shipbuilding of Camden, New Jersey, in August 1914 and launched in May of the following year. The ship was a little more than 315 ft in length, just over 30 ft abeam, and had a standard displacement of 1090 LT. She was armed with four 4 in guns and had eight 21 inch (533 mm) torpedo tubes. Jacob Jones was powered by a pair of steam turbines that propelled her at up to 30 knots.

After her February 1916 commissioning, Jacob Jones conducted patrols off the New England coast. After the United States entered World War I in April 1917, Jacob Jones was sent overseas. Patrolling the Irish Sea out of Queenstown, Ireland, Jacob Jones rescued the survivors of several ships, picking up over 300 from the sunken Armed merchant cruiser RMS Orama (1911).

On 6 December, Jacob Jones was steaming independently from Brest, France, for Queenstown, when she was torpedoed and sunk by German submarine SMU U-53 with the loss of 66 men, becoming the first United States destroyer sunk by enemy action. Jacob Jones sank in eight minutes without issuing a distress call; the German submarine commander, Kapitänleutnant Hans Rose, after taking two badly injured Jacob Jones crewmen aboard his submarine, radioed the U.S. base at Queenstown with the coordinates for the survivors. The Veterans of Foreign Wars post in Dedham, Massachusetts is named for the ship.

Design and construction
Jacob Jones was authorized in 1913 as the fifth ship of the Tucker-class destroyer which, like the related O'Brien-class destroyer, was an improved version of the Cassin-class destroyers authorized in 1911. Construction of the vessel was awarded to New York Shipbuilding of Camden, New Jersey, which laid down her keel on 3 August 1914. Ten months later, on 29 May 1915, Jacob Jones was launched by sponsor Mrs. Jerome Parker Crittenden (née Paulina Cazenove Jones), a great-granddaughter of the ship's namesake, Commodore Jacob Jones (1768–1850), a U.S. Navy officer during the War of 1812. As built, Jacob Jones was 315 ft in length and 30 ft abeam and drew 9 ft. The ship had a standard displacement of 1060 LT and displaced 1205 LT when fully loaded.

Jacob Jones had two Curtis steam turbines that drove her two screw propellers, and an additional steam turbine geared to one of the propeller shafts for cruising purposes. The power plant could generate 17000 shp and move the ship at speeds up to 30 knots.

Jacob Jones' main battery consisted of four 4 in/50 Mark 9 guns, with each gun weighing in excess of 6100 lbs. The guns fired 33 lbs armor-piercing projectiles at 2900 ft/s. At an elevation of 20°, the guns had a range of 15920 yards.

Jacob Jones was also equipped with eight 21 in torpedo tubes. The General Board of the United States Navy had called for two anti-aircraft guns for the Tucker-class ships, as well as provisions for laying up to 36 floating mines. From sources, it is unclear if these recommendations were followed for Jacob Jones or any of the other ships of the class.

United States Navy career
USS Jacob Jones was commissioned into the United States Navy on 10 February 1916 under the command of Lieutenant Commander William S. Pye. Following her commissioning, Jacob Jones conducted training exercises off the New England coast, and then entered the Philadelphia Navy Yard for repairs. On 3 Feb. 1917, the day the United States broke diplomatic relations with Germany, the ship nearly sank in the naval yard. Contemporary reports said it might have been an act of sabotage. Upon the United States' entry into World War I on 6 April 1917, Jacob Jones patrolled off the coast of Virginia. She sailed from Boston for Europe on 7 May with a group of destroyers that included USS Cassin (DD-43), and arrived at Queenstown, Ireland, on 17 May.

Jacob Jones' duties at Queenstown involved patrolling and escorting convoys in the Irish Sea and making occasional rescues of survivors of sunken ships. On 8 July, SS Valetta was torpedoed by German submarine SMU U-87 some 120 nmi west of Fastnet Rock; Jacob Jones arrived on the scene and picked up 44 survivors of the British steamship. While escorting British steamship SS Dafila two weeks later, lookouts on Jacob Jones sighted a periscope, but before the destroyer could make an attack on the submarine, SMU U-45 torpedoed and sank the steamship. Jacob Jones was able to take on 26 of Dafila's 28-member crew after the ship went down.

On 19 October, the British Armed merchant cruiser RMS Orama (1911) and ten destroyers, including Jacob Jones, were escorting an eastbound convoy of twenty steamers, when German submarine SMU U-62 surfaced in the midst of the group. The submarine launched its only remaining torpedo at Orama, sinking that vessel. While sister ship USS Conyngham (DD-58) saw and depth charged U-62 (to no avail), Jacob Jones turned her attentions to rescuing Orama's survivors, gathering 309.

Sinking
In early December, Jacob Jones helped escort a convoy to Brest, France, with five other Queenstown-based destroyers. The last to depart from Brest on the return to Ireland, Jacob Jones was steaming alone in a zig-zag pattern when she was spotted by Kapitänleutnant Hans Rose on the German submarine SMU U-53. At 16:20 on 6 December 1917, near position 49.38333°N, -6.21667°W, lookouts on Jacob Jones spotted a torpedo 800 yards distant headed for the ship's starboard side. Despite having her rudder put hard left and emergency speed rung up, Jacob Jones was unable to move out of the way, and the torpedo struck her rudder. Even though her depth charges did not explode, Jacob Jones was adrift. The jolt had knocked out power, so the destroyer was unable to send a distress signal; since she was steaming alone, no other ship was present to know of Jacob Jones' predicament.

Commander David W. Bagley, the destroyer's commander, ordered all life rafts and boats launched. As the ship sank, her bow raised in the air almost vertically before she began to slip beneath the waves. At this point the armed depth charges began to explode, killing men who had been unable to escape the destroyer, and stunning many others in the water. The destroyer, the first United States destroyer ever lost to enemy action, sank eight minutes after the torpedo struck the rudder, taking with her two officers and 64 men.

Several of the crew—most notably Lieutenant, Junior Grade, Stanton F. Kalk, the officer-of-the-deck when the torpedo struck—began to get men out of the water and into the life rafts. Kalk worked in the cold Atlantic water to equalize the load among the various rafts, but died of exhaustion and exposure.

Bagley noted in his official account that about 30 minutes after Jacob Jones sank, the German submarine surfaced about two to three miles from the collection of rafts and took one of the American sailors on board. According to Uboat.net, what Rose of U-53 had done was surface and take aboard two badly injured American sailors. Rose had also radioed the American base at Queenstown with the approximate coordinates of the sinking before departing the area.

Bagley, unaware of Rose's humanitarian gesture, left most of the food, water, and medical supplies with Lieutenant Commander John K. Richards, whom he left in charge of the assembled rafts. Bagley, Lieutenant Commander Norman Scott (Jacob Jones' executive officer) and four crewmen (brought along to row), set out for aid in the nearby Isles of Scilly. At 13:00 on 7 December, Bagley's group was sighted by a British patrol vessel just six nautical miles (11 km) from their destination. The group was relieved to find that the British sloop HMS Camellia (1915) had found and taken aboard most of the survivors earlier that morning; a small group had been rescued on the night of the sinking by the American steamer SS Catalina (1913).

Several men were recognized for their actions in the aftermath of the torpedo attack. Kalk (posthumously) and Bagley received the Navy Distinguished Service Medal. Others honored included Chief Boatswain's Mate Harry Gibson (posthumously) and Chief Electrician's Mate L. J. Kelly, who both received the Navy Cross; and Richards, Scott, and Chief Boatswain's Mate Charles Charlesworth all received letters of commendation. Rose was awarded the Pour le Mérite and Ritterkreuz des Hohenzollerschen Hausordens mit Schwertern for this and other achievements in the tonnage war.

Wreck
On August 11, 2022, British deep-sea divers located the wreck of Jacob Jones off the Isles of Scilly at a depth of 115 m. Numerous artifacts were located, including the 80 lb ship's bell. The divers, who found the bell lying on its side, flipped it upright and photographed and filmed it.

On 15 January 2024, the British Ministry of Defence used an underwater robotic vehicle to salvage the ship's bell at the request of the U.S. Navy's Naval History and Heritage Command. The inscriptions "Jacob Jones" and "1915" were still visible on the bell, and its clapper was still in place. The bell was placed in the custody of Wessex Archaeology in Salisbury, England, with plans calling for it to be sent to the Naval History and Heritage Command's underwater archaeology unit at the Washington Navy Yard in Washington, D.C. The bell was transferred to the U.S. Navy in a handover ceremony on 20 May 2024.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: USS Jacob Jones (DD-61)


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9th Golden Raspberry Awards

The 9th Golden Raspberry Awards were held on March 29, 1989, at the Hollywood Palace to recognize the worst the movie industry had to offer in 1988.

Awards and nominations
{{Legend|#B0C4DE|Winner (in bold)}}

Films with multiple nominations
These films received multiple nominations:

title: 9th Golden Raspberry Awards


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User:Ertz

hi

title: User:Ertz


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User talk:Proserpia

Hi there Kim. Welcome! Isomorphic 03:30, 8 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * waves* -FZ 20:05, 17 May 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Proserpia


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Saint Philip

Saint Philip, São Filipe, or San Felipe may refer to:

People

 * Saint Philip the Apostle
 * Saint Philip the Evangelist also known as Philip the Deacon
 * Saint Philip Neri
 * Saint Philip Benizi de Damiani also known as Saint Philip Benitius or Filippo Benizzi, from Florence, 13th century
 * Saint Philip Minh Van Doan of the Vietnamese Martyrs

In the Americas

 * Saint Philip Parish, Antigua and Barbuda
 * The Parish of Saint Philip, Barbados, located in Barbados
 * San Felipe, Baja California, Mexico
 * San Felipe Creek (Salton Sea)
 * San Felipe Creek (Santa Clara County)
 * San Felipe, Orange Walk, Belize
 * San Felipe, Guainía, Colombia
 * Saint Philip, Indiana, United States
 * San Felipe Pueblo, New Mexico, United States
 * San Felipe, Texas, United States
 * Del Rio, Texas, United States, formerly named San Felipe Del Rio
 * San Felipe, Yucatán, Mexico
 * San Felipe, Lima, a neighborhood in Jesus Maria District, Peru
 * San Felipe, Yaracuy, in Venezuela
 * San Felipe de Puerto Plata, in the Dominican Republic
 * San Felipe, Chile
 * San Felipe, Retalhuleu, in Guatemala
 * San Felipe, Panama, a division of Panama City
 * Castillo de San Felipe (disambiguation)

Elsewhere

 * São Filipe, Cape Verde
 * São Filipe, Cape Verde (municipality)
 * Sint Philipsland (island), a former island in the Dutch province of Zeeland
 * Sint Philipsland (village), a village in the Dutch municipality of Tholen
 * San Felipe, Zambales, in the Philippines
 * San Felipe, fictional island in the novel Success To The Brave by Douglas Reeman (writing as Alexander Kent)

Ships

 * San Felipe (1690)
 * San Felipe (shipwreck), wrecked in Florida
 * San Felipe incident (1596), wrecked in Japan
 * San Felipe incident (1835), involved in a naval battle between Mexico and Texas

Other uses

 * Saint Philip (Nanni di Banco), a c. 1410–1412 sculpture of Philip the Apostle
 * Convento de San Felipe el Real, a former convent in Madrid
 * San Felipe Cooperative School in Lima, Peru

title: Saint Philip


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Potnia Theron

The Potnia Theron (Ἡ Πότνια Θηρῶν, ) or Mistress of Animals is a widespread motif in ancient art from the Mediterranean world and the ancient Near East, showing a central human, or human-like, female figure who grasps two animals, one to each side. Although the connections between images and concepts in the various ancient cultures concerned remain very unclear, such images are often referred to by the Greek term Potnia Theron regardless of culture of origin.

The term is first used once by Homer as a descriptor of Artemis and often used to describe female divinities associated with animals. The word Potnia, meaning mistress or lady, was a Mycenaean Greek word inherited by Classical Greek, with the same meaning, cognate to Sanskrit .

The oldest such depiction, the Seated Woman of Çatalhöyük, is a clay sculpture from Çatalhöyük in modern Turkey, made c 6,000 BC. This motif is more common in later Near Eastern and Mesopotamian art with a male figure, called the Master of Animals. Homer's mention of Potnia Theron refers to Artemis; Walter Burkert describes this mention as "a well established formula". An Artemis-type deity, a "Mistress of the Animals", is often assumed to have existed in prehistoric religion and often referred to as Potnia Theron with some scholars positing a relationship between Artemis and goddesses depicted in Minoan art.

An early example of Italian Potnia theròn is in the Museo civico archeologico di Monte Rinaldo in Italy: a plate illustrates a goddess that wears a long dress and holds hands with two lionesses.

In the Aeneid, Virgil mentions that within Psychro's Cave, in Crete, there lived the goddess Cybele whose chariot was drawn by two lions.

title: Potnia Theron


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Talk:White flight

Hostile tone of the article. Victim blaming. And victim blaming of a racist kind.
The article has a hostile tone, essentially blaming the people who left areas they were born in. Supposedly the people who left had only their own "racism" to blame, and the only violence was from the people who left, not the people who took their place. Normally in world history, if a group of people leave cities and towns their ancestors created, and new people take over these cities and towns, it is not the people who left who were the most violent - this can be the case, but it is not normally the case. Some objective evidence would be useful - for example what was the comparative murder rate? Who was more likely to kill who? Also putting the article in a series on discrimination prejudges the issue - it assumes that the people who left the areas were the guilty group. That the incoming group of people might have been anything other than perfect does not occur to the writer or writers of the article - or if it does occur them, they fear to mention the possibility. The writer or writers may think they are being "anti racist" - but, in reality, the article is intensely racist - filled with hatred (possibly self-hatred) for "white" (pinkish grey) people.2A02:C7E:1CA8:CE00:34B4:7ED:A60:6C18 (talk) 15:00, 12 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Yes, also the term "Yankees" or Yank was a derogatory term. Could someone please help edit this? also "pinkish grey" is perposperous. Just as "Black people" aren't literally black. White people aren't literly "white" or "pinkish grey" IrishLas (talk) 19:54, 20 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Perhaps your definition of “racist” is oversimplified—being that if it happens to offend you and discusses something heavily involving race it becomes “racist.” Unfortunately for you, that means most of American history is racist. Instead of insisting that the way this article is written makes it racist, re-evaluate why you are so sensitive to the text in the first place. 50.200.164.15 (talk) 06:11, 3 September 2023 (UTC)
 * We get it, you wanna be opposed WOMP.WOMP 2601:8C:B80:6660:394E:D15C:68B6:3688 (talk) 15:44, 29 November 2023 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 21 March 2023
Citation of specific historians that are rethinking White flight needed. "Historians" is too vague a term. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 157.131.52.140 (talk) 18:34, 21 March 2023 (UTC)

"insinuates racial motivation" in the lead.
This edit isn't appropriate; "insinuates" is POV language and the previous language better summarizes the article as a whole. We discuss the motivations in more detail further down the lead using much better sourcing. --Aquillion (talk) 05:01, 30 March 2024 (UTC)

 * Taken from quoted language in the article: "once the proportion of non-whites exceeds the limits of the neighborhood's tolerance for interracial living, whites move out." People would generally employ different terms to describe migrations if not for the aspect of inserting the idea of racial motivation.The wording is conventionally a fair descriptor to that end.  Where definition is agreeable, the properly descriptive word allows concise rendition in place of spelling out the definition.
 * Simply stating something is nonnegotiable or similarly undermining its validity with formal language is not a valid reason for removal. StuckMuck (talk) 14:22, 5 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Nothing about that describes the term as insinuat[ing] racial motivation. That's (I assume) your personal reading and interpretation of what you feel the source is doing, but that's not how we use sources and describing it that way based on your personal feelings are WP:OR. In order to say that in the article voice, you would need sources that actually say "the term is used to insinuate racial motivation", not sources that you personally feel are insinuating racial motivation. Even beyond that, the bit you quoted is clearly better-summarized with the more neutral version that was there before. --Aquillion (talk) 17:32, 5 April 2024 (UTC)
 * For the record, the policy on research recommends using your own words without changing the meaning as clearly intended in the context of the source. In my opinion, there is nothing wrong with this policy.  We don't just cite sources. We read them, and reading them requires critical thinking. Review is appreciated.
 * The best practice is to research the most reliable sources on the topic and summarize what they say in  your own words , with each statement in the article being verifiable in a source that makes that statement explicitly. Source material should be carefully summarized or rephrased without changing its meaning or implication. Take care not to go beyond what the sources express or to use them in ways inconsistent with the intention of the source, such as using material out of context. In short, stick to the sources.

 * It is self-evident that there are sensations when reading anything. It doesn't make sense to use that as a benchmark for any qualification.  There's a difference between rationalizing, and immersing yourself into open minded understanding of another person.  Rationalizations can be perfectly sound, and still not as objective as some perceive them to be, so I understand where the sentiment is coming from.

StuckMuck (talk) 23:51, 13 April 2024 (UTC)
 * If there was actually a slant it would have been explained, and not merely asserted.
 * The claim to violation of neutrality is appropriately dismissed. I don't enjoy this subject, but still took time to consider it and made a valid contribution in a way that is appropriate.  It might be reconsidered entirely with valid reason in the future.
 * The summary argument appears to corroborate the appropriateness of the contribution. We agree language that is typical of the article is summarized, and you happened to feel it is not "better".

Please clarify whether or not you understand that people would generally employ different terms to describe migrations if not for the aspect of inserting the idea of racial motivation. The article isn't talking about snowbirds.

The wording you initially take issue with is simply noting that the idea conveyed isn't solely thrust into conversation. It is introduced by assuming the racial construct has consequence. There is obviously a consequential implication in other ways people might refer, which unequivocally differentiates it from reference to consideration of inherently important factors independent from race. If you review the sentence you'll see it isn't actually written such that one would assume the term acutely means "insinuating racial motivation" the way it happens to be placed out of context in your sentence structure.

Reference: "White flight is a term that insinuates racial motivation for sudden or gradual large-scale migration of white people from areas simultaneously gaining population of other racial groups."

Also note that the plainly neutral wording tends to the term itself, thus one should expect the sentence would have some difference from one which is an expressed perception. — Preceding unsigned comment added by StuckMuck (talk • contribs) 00:14, 14 April 2024 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 19 April 2024
Several sources in the sub-section "crime" (under Catalysts in United States section) do not corroborate stated claims or are woefully out of date:

1. Source 97 (https://direct.mit.edu/rest/article/81/2/159/57121/Crime-Urban-Flight-and-the-Consequences-for-Cities) is used to corroborate the claim: "Studies suggest that rising crime rates were one of the reasons that white households left cities for suburbs in the 1960s and 1970s."

However, Ellen & O'Regan (2010) -- which is also used for citation 100 -- highlights that Cullen & Levitt (1999) assume a faulty temporal relationship between crime and population. As a result, they assess trends contemporaneously, rather than lagged, which critically ignores potential endogeneity.

2. Source 98 (https://academic.oup.com/qje/article/125/1/417/1880366?login=true) is alleged to corroborate the claim: "Studies suggest that rising crime rates were one of the reasons that white households left cities for suburbs in the 1960s and 1970s."

Yet, upon inspection, the cited author notes their analysis shows that "whites responded to this black influx by leaving cities and rule out an indirect effect on housing prices as a sole cause." Moreover, the cited manuscript does not empirically assess potential mechanisms, such as crime. As such, it is tenuous to use this manuscript as a source re: crime & white flight.

3. Source 99 (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0049089X17305422?via%3Dihub) is used to corroborate the claim, "Samuel Kye (2018) cites several studies that identified 'factors such as crime and neighborhood deterioration, rather than racial prejudice, as more robust determinants of white flight.'" This is misappropriation of the author's manuscript. The author cites this previous work as part of their literature review. It not the purpose of the study. In fact, the author finds resounding support for the racial white hypothesis (i.e., racial animosity is a chief motivating factor) in contrast to the alternative that race is a proxy for things like crime or poverty. As Kye (2018) states, "results show virtually no evidence supporting the racial proxy hypothesis. Instead, findings demonstrate that the odds of white flight are significantly greater for all groups in middle-class neighborhoods, rather than their poorer counterparts." As such, it is tenuous to use this manuscript as a source re: crime & white flight.

4. The time frame for Source 100 (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S009411901000032X#aep-section-id11) is 1980 to 2000. This does not match the 1950-1980 time frame under question in the sub-section. As such, it is tenuous to use this manuscript as a source to claim association between crime & white flight during the immediate post-War years.

The above-mentioned sources should not be permitted for this section. More broadly, this section should be struck as a potential catalyst, or, at least, heavy tempered with caution given its tenuous evidence. Ladybountiful11 (talk) 17:54, 19 April 2024 (UTC)

Lies
Suggesting that the overarching factor contributing to White flight during the 40s, 50s and 60s to be anything other than pure racism against blacks, on the part of the white lemmings, is a lie! 2601:C2:A00:4130:D525:5A61:9B90:C356 (talk) 18:37, 13 July 2024 (UTC)

 * Indeed, their kind shouldn't be allowed to leave and should be forced to get what's coming to them.
 * And before anyone accuses me of attempting to instigate violence, I am simply referring to their kind being educated so they can be less white and more similar to an actual human. Not that white scum could ever be fully human. 89.240.226.91 (talk) 18:39, 18 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:White flight


text:
Money (KMFDM song)

"Money" is a song by industrial rock group KMFDM from their 1992 album of the same name. It was released as a single in 1992, and released as a 7" in 2008, as the ninth release of KMFDM's 24/7 series. The song charted at No. 36 in July 1992 on Billboard's Dance/Club Play Songs Chart. The tracks on the single are included on the singles compilation album, Extra, Vol. 1.

Personnel

 * Sascha Konietzko – vocals, bass (1, 3, 5, 7), drums (1, 3, 5, 7), synths (2, 4, 6), programming
 * Günter Schulz – guitars
 * En Esch – vocals (1, 3, 5, 7)
 * Chrissie DeWinter - vocals (1, 3, 5, 7)
 * Dorona Alberti - vocals (2, 4, 6)

title: Money (KMFDM song)


text:
William Proxmire

Edward William Proxmire (November 11, 1915 – December 15, 2005) was an American politician. A member of the Democratic Party, he served as a United States Senator from Wisconsin from 1957 to 1989. He holds the record for being the longest-serving Senator from Wisconsin.

Known as a political maverick and an aggressive critic of wasteful government spending, Proxmire invented and rewarded the tongue-in-cheek Golden Fleece Award to appropriations he found particularly egregious. He was a member of the Senate Banking Committee, the Senate Appropriations Committee, and the Joint Economic Committee. On the Joint Economic Committee, he exposed numerous instances of wasteful spending on military programs such as the C-5 aircraft and the F-16 fighter, as well as other government programs such as the development of a supersonic transport airplane (SST).

Early life
The son of Dr. Theodore Stanley Proxmire, a Chicago-area surgeon, and Adele (Flanigan) Proxmire, Edward William Proxmire was born in Lake Forest, Illinois, on November 11, 1915. He later used "William" rather than "Edward" out of admiration for actor William S. Hart. He graduated from The Hill School (in Pottstown, Pennsylvania) in 1933, Yale University in 1938 (B.A.), Harvard Business School in 1940 (M.B.A.), and Harvard Graduate School of Public Administration in 1948 (M.P.A.). While at Yale, Proxmire joined the Chi Psi fraternity. During 1940 and 1941 Proxmire was a student clerk at J.P. Morgan & Co. and studied public speaking at Columbia University.

During World War II he joined the United States Army as a private, and advanced through the ranks to master sergeant. Proxmire later received a commission in the Military Intelligence branch. Most of his service involved counterintelligence work in the Chicago area, where members of his unit investigated individuals suspected of subversive activity. He served from 1941 to 1946, and was discharged as a first lieutenant. While in the Army, Proxmire also continued to study public speaking at Northwestern University. After discharge, he was an executive trainee at J. P. Morgan before returning to Harvard.

After getting his second master's degree while working as a teaching fellow at Harvard, Proxmire moved to Wisconsin to be a reporter for The Capital Times in Madison and to advance his political career in a favorable state. "They fired me after I'd been there seven months, for labor activities and impertinence," he once said. When he ran successfully for the state legislature in 1950, Proxmire was working as the business manager of the Union Labor News, a publication of the Madison Federation of Labor.

Wisconsin State Assembly
Proxmire served as a member of the Wisconsin State Assembly from 1951 to 1953. During his Assembly service, Proxmire was one of few members who maintained a perfect attendance record, a trait that he later continued in the U.S. Senate. While in the Assembly, he was employed as president of Artcraft Press of Waterloo. Proxmire was an unsuccessful candidate for Governor of Wisconsin in 1952, 1954 and 1956.

U.S. Senator
In August 1957, Proxmire won the special election to fill the remainder of the U.S. Senate term vacated by the May 2, 1957 death of Joseph McCarthy. After assuming his seat, Proxmire did not pay the customary tribute to his predecessor and stated instead that McCarthy was a "disgrace to Wisconsin, to the Senate, and to America."

Proxmire was reelected in 1958, 1964, 1970, 1976 and 1982; all but his 1964 win were by wide margins, including 71 percent of the vote in 1970, 73 percent in 1976 and 65 percent in 1982. In both of his last two campaigns, Proxmire refused contributions and spent less than $200 out of his own pocket, which covered the expenses related to filing re-election paperwork, and he mailed back unsolicited contributions. He was an early advocate of campaign finance reform. Throughout his Senate career, Proxmire also refused to accept reimbursements for travel expenses related to his official duties.

Consecutive roll call votes
Proxmire holds the U.S. Senate record for consecutive roll call votes cast: 10,252 between April 20, 1966, and October 18, 1988. In doing so, he surpassed the previous record of 2,941, which was held by Senator Margaret Chase Smith of Maine. In January 2016, Chuck Grassley broke Proxmire's record for longest amount of time between missed votes, but during his time without missing a roll call, Grassley had cast about 3,000 fewer votes than Proxmire.

Committee memberships
Proxmire served as the Chair of the Committee on Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs from 1975 to 1981 and again from 1987 to 1989. During his first tenure in this position, Proxmire was instrumental in devising the financial plan that saved New York City from bankruptcy in 1976–77. Proxmire's subcommittee memberships included Financial Institutions, Housing and Urban Affairs, and International Finance and Monetary Policy.

In addition to his work on the Banking Committee, Proxmire rose through seniority to become a high-ranking member of the Appropriations Committee and was active on several subcommittees, including Defense, Housing and Urban Development, Labor, Health and Human Services, and Related Agencies, and Postal Service and Related Agencies.

Issues and legislation
In October 1961, Proxmire issued a statement opposing a planned $22 million renovation of the U.S. Capitol by arguing that a "large part of the space created by the extension" would be used "to house private hideaway offices" for 23 senators. Proxmire continued to oppose the renovation, and the debate continued until the project was completed in the early 1970s.

In March 1964, Proxmire charged that political concerns, not national defense needs, were keeping too many naval shipyards open, which resulted in a waste of federal funds: "On the basis of every statistical study, both by the Navy and independent groups, private shipyards can build, repair or modernize five ships for the same number of dollars needed to turn out four ships in navy shipyards." Proxmire unsuccessfully favored proposals that awarded contracts to the lowest bidder to save money and close unneeded facilities, and he pointed out that "the advantages of this free enterprise approach" had been recognized by Robert McNamara, the Secretary of Defense and a former corporate chief executive officer.

From 1967 to 1986, Proxmire gave daily speeches noting the necessity of ratifying the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. He gave that speech every day that the Senate was in session for 20 years, for a total of 3,211 times. On February 11, 1986 the U.S. Senate ratified the convention.

In March 1969, Proxmire introduced legislation that would have regulated the credit life and disability insurance industries. He declared that Americans were being overcharged $220 million a year.

Proxmire was an early and outspoken critic of the Vietnam War and frequently criticized Presidents Lyndon Johnson and Richard Nixon. On the Senate Armed Services Committee, he exposed wasteful military spending and was instrumental in blocking military pork barrel projects. Despite his support of budgetary restraint, he regularly sided with dairy interests and supported dairy price supports.

Proxmire was head of the campaign to cancel the American supersonic transport and particularly opposed to space exploration and ultimately to eliminate spending on such research from NASA's budget. In response to a segment about space colonies run by the CBS program 60 Minutes, Proxmire stated that; "it's the best argument yet for chopping NASA's funding to the bone.... I say not a penny for this nutty fantasy." Proxmire introduced an amendment into the 1982 NASA budget that effectively terminated NASA's nascent SETI efforts before a similar amendment to the 1994 budget, by Senator Richard Bryan, terminated NASA's SETI efforts for good. With those positions, Proxmire drew the enmity of many space advocates and science fiction fandom. Arthur C. Clarke attacked Proxmire in his short story "Death and the Senator" (1960). Later, the short story "The Return of William Proxmire" (1989) by Larry Niven and the novel Fallen Angels (1991), written by Niven, Jerry Pournelle, and Michael F. Flynn, were directed against the senator.

In May 1971, Proxmire charged the Food and Drug Administration with violating federal law by authorizing residues of a cancer‐inducing hormone to come into contact with consumers, asserted the move to be in violation of the Delaney amendment in the Food Additives Amendment of 1958, and called for an immediate ban on Diethylstilbestrol.

In September 1971, Proxmire asserted the safety margin of the C‐5A cargo plane was threatened in spite of doubling costs and charged the US Air Force with not disclosing information on the costs to Congress.

In 1972, Proxmire urged the Air Force to recall General John D. Lavelle to active duty for the purpose of court-martial. Lavelle had been forced to retire as a major general due to alleged misconduct concerning Vietnam War bombing missions while he served as commander of Seventh Air Force. Lavelle was not recalled or court-martialed, and in 2007, newly-declassified and released information exonerated Lavelle by showing that President Richard M. Nixon had authorized the bombing missions.

In November 1973, after Attorney General Elliot Richardson resigned, and Robert Bork took over as Acting Attorney General, Proxmire wrote in a letter that Bork was serving illegally as Acting Attorney General since 30 days had passed with him being in office and not having a confirmation by the Senate. He said that any actions taken by Bork in the period after the 39 had passed could be met by challenge, and he called on President Nixon to rectify the situation. Assistant Attorney General Robert G. Dixon Jr. disputed Proxmire's claim by saying that similar occurrences of Acting Attorneys General that went over 30 days without Senate confirmations had happened six times earlier.

In January 1977, Proxmire was one of five Democrats to vote against Griffin Bell, President Jimmy Carter's nominee for United States Attorney General.

In January 1978, Carter wrote Proxmire on the responsibilities of New York City denizens in his plan to have the city avoid bankruptcy. In April, after New York Senators Daniel Patrick Moynihan and Jacob Javits introduced a Carter administration bill that would provide New York City with $2 billion in loan guarantees, Javits stated that he did not believe Proxmire would try killing the measure by bottling it up in committee.

In May, Proxmire announced his willingness to hold hearings on continued federal aid to New York City prior to municipal labor unions having their contracts negotiated and that the Senate Banking Committee would wait as long as possible to secure information on the labor settlement's impact. Proxmire stated it was not aware of when the labor contracts would reach a settlement, and the potentially-years-long process could prevent the Senate Banking Committee from taking any action. June 1978 had four days of scheduled hearings by the Senate Banking Committee on continued federal aid to New York City. After the June 6 hearing, Proxmire stated he had maintained an open mind in spite of leaning toward opposition, a shift from his prior position of unwavering disagreement with continued aid and that he was not against a favorable vote on the legislation by the Banking Committee that would authorize the remainder of the Senate to consider the subject. He admitted that the committee was split in the opinions of its members. Days afterward, Proxmire told reporters that the labor bill's continued filibuster made the chances of the Senate acting on the legislation by the end of the month unlikely since unanimous consent was required to end the filibuster. Later that month, along with Texas Republican John Tower and Utah Republican Jake Garn, Proxmire was one of the three senators voting against reporting out the bill authorizing $1.5 billion of long‐term loan guarantees for New York City. Proxmire added that he believed that the measure would pass through the Senate in a similar manner to the panel vote.

In February 1978, after President Carter nominated G. William Miller for Chair of the Federal Reserve, Proxmire was noted to be a reliable source of contention but predicted from the start of his confirmation process that Miller would meet little opposition. At the end of the month, eleven members of the Senate Banking Committee pressed for a confirmation of Miller as Federal Reserve Chair, a motion that Proxmire rejected while he was scheduling the vote for another day, and he admitted that the nomination would be easily confirmed by the panel and the full chamber. On March 2, Proxmire cast the sole dissenting vote against the Miller nomination and called him unqualified for the office since he was without experience in economic or monetary affairs. Proxmire acknowledged Miller's business success and was joined by ranking Republican, Edward W. Brooke, in indicating that the Carter administration had influenced members of the panel to hasten the confirmation process. When Miller was later nominated as Secretary of the Treasury in August 1979, Proxmire was once again the only senator to oppose confirmation. He claimed to base his vote on Miller's "unwillingness to open a full-scale investigation of allegations that Textron, the company he once headed, paid bribes to numerous foreign officials while Mr. Miller was in charge." Proxmire acknowledged a lack of evidence to show that Miller had been personally involved in bribes.

In February 1978, Proxmire said that the Navy and the Air Force had spent "at least $42,000 in the last year transporting 3,500 local community leaders to 31 military bases to lobby for military programs" and labeled the trips an example of local citizens being lobbied for military programs. Proxmire added that the trips had included the Air Force favoring production of the B‐1 bomber and gave an estimate cost of 42,000, as the Air Force had turned down on specifying the price.

In February 1979, Proxmire sent a letter to Secretary of the Treasury W. Michael Blumenthal to call on the Treasury Department to withhold federal loan guarantees from New York City until incumbent Mayor Ed Koch agreed to larger cuts in the budget for the following year. He charged the budgetary assumptions of the city as being too reliant on federal aid increases. In March, Proxmire sent a letter to Federal Reserve Chair Miller on his reservations on the establishment of a free trade zone to allow international banking activity in New York City and advocated for the proposal to be first submitted to Congress, as opposed to unilateral regulatory action.

In October 1979, Proxmire wrote head of the General Accounting Office Elmer B. Staats to request the GAO to investigate claims that the Department of Housing and Urban Development had authorized the P.I. Properties to steal funds from the federal government and low income tenants. The same day, Proxmire delivered a speech on the Senate floor that condemned the failure of the Housing and Urban Development Department to act on recommendation from staff members to terminate funding for the P.I. Properties' 285-unit project at 14th and Clifton Streets in Washington, DC.

Golden Fleece Award
Proxmire was noted for issuing his Golden Fleece Award, which was presented monthly between 1975 and 1988 to focus media attention on projects that he viewed as self-serving and wasteful of taxpayer dollars. Winners of the Golden Fleece Award included governmental organizations like the United States Department of Defense, Bureau of Land Management, and National Park Service.

The first Golden Fleece Award was awarded in 1975 to the National Science Foundation for funding an $84,000 study on why people fall in love. Other Golden Fleece awards over the years were awarded to the Justice Department for conducting a study on why prisoners wanted to get out of jail, the National Institute of Mental Health to study a Peruvian brothel ("The researchers said they made repeated visits in the interests of accuracy," reported The New York Times), and the Federal Aviation Administration for studying "the physical measurements of 432 airline stewardesses, paying special attention to the 'length of the buttocks.'"

Proxmire's critics said that some of his Golden Fleece awards went to basic science projects that led to important breakthroughs. In some circles, his name has become a verb for unfairly obstructing scientific research for political gain, as in "the project has been proxmired." In 1987, Stewart Brand accused Proxmire of recklessly attacking legitimate research for the crass purpose of furthering his own political career, with gross indifference as to whether his assertions were true or false as well as the long-term effects on American science and technology policy. Proxmire later apologized for several canceled projects, including SETI.

It is widely but incorrectly believed that Proxmire gave the award to Edward F. Knipling for his study of the sex life of the screwworm fly, the results of which were used to create sterile screwworms that were released into the wild and eliminated this major cattle parasite from North and Central America, which reduced the cost of beef and dairy products across the globe. In fact, there is no evidence for this claim in the Proxmire papers held by the Wisconsin Historical Society. In addition, the United States Department of Agriculture funded research on the sex life of the screwworm fly took place in the 1930s to the 1950s, long before the Golden Fleece era of the 1970s and 1980s, when Proxmire largely targeted contemporary research.

One winner of the Golden Fleece Award, Ronald Hutchinson, sued Proxmire for defamation in 1976. Proxmire claimed that his statements about Hutchinson's research were protected by the Speech or Debate Clause of the U.S. Constitution. The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that that clause does not immunize members of Congress from liability for defamatory statements made outside of formal congressional proceedings (Hutchinson v. Proxmire, ). The case was eventually settled out of court.

Personal life

In 1946, Proxmire married Elsie Stillman Rockefeller, a great-granddaughter of William Rockefeller, brother and partner of oil magnate John D. Rockefeller. They had two children, a son, Theodore, and a daughter, Elsie Stillman (Proxmire) Zwerner. Elsie Proxmire received an uncontested divorce in 1955.

In 1956, Proxmire married Ellen Imogene Hodges Sawall, who brought two children of her own to the marriage. Together, the couple had two sons, one of whom died in infancy.

Proxmire was the first United States Senator to get hair transplants for his pattern hair loss. The treatment he was receiving for a couple of months began on February 22, 1972. His 1972 tax return which was published in the Congressional Record revealed that he paid $2,758 for his hair transplant and claimed the operation as a medical expense.

Known for his devotion to personal fitness, which included jogging and push-ups, Proxmire earned the moniker "Push Up". In 1973, he published a book about staying in shape, entitled You Can Do It: Senator Proxmire's Exercise, Diet and Relaxation Plan. After leaving Congress, Proxmire had an office in the Library of Congress.

In 1998, Proxmire announced that he had been diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease. He died on December 15, 2005, aged 90, at a nursing home in Sykesville, Maryland, where he had lived for more than four years. He was buried at Lake Forest Cemetery in Lake Forest, Illinois.

Written works

 * Can Small Business Survive? H. Regnery Co., 1964; ISBN 0-405-11477-X
 * (with Paul H. Douglas) Report from Wasteland; America's Military-Industrial Complex. Praeger Publishing, 1970
 * Uncle Sam – The Last of the Bigtime Spenders. Simon & Schuster, 1972; ISBN 0-671-21432-2
 * You Can Do It!: Senator Proxmire's Exercise, Diet and Relaxation Plan. Simon & Schuster, 1973; ISBN 0-671-21576-0
 * Can Congress Control Spending? American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, Washington DC, 1973; ISBN 0-8447-2039-9
 * The Fleecing of America. Houghton Mifflin Company, 1980; ISBN 0-395-29133-X
 * Your Joy Ride to Health. Proxmire Publishing Co. 1994; ISBN 0-9637988-2-0

title: William Proxmire


text:
Wellington City Council

Wellington City Council is a territorial authority in New Zealand, governing the city of Wellington, the country's capital city and third-largest city by population, behind Auckland and Christchurch. It consists of the central historic town and certain additional areas within the Wellington metropolitan area, extending as far north as Linden and covering rural areas such as Mākara and Ohariu. The city adjoins Porirua in the north and Hutt City in the north-east. It is one of nine territorial authorities in the Wellington Region.

Wellington attained city status in 1886. The settlement had become the colonial capital and seat of government by 1865, replacing Auckland. Parliament officially sat in Wellington for the first time on 26 July 1865. During the last half of the nineteenth century, Wellington grew rapidly from 7,460 residents in 1867 to 49,344 by the end of the century.

The council represents a population of as of  and consists of a mayor and fifteen councillors elected from six wards (Northern, Onslow-Western, Lambton, Eastern, Southern general wards and Te Whanganui-a-Tara Māori ward). It administers public works, sanitation, land use and building consents, among other local services. The council has used the marketing slogan "Absolutely Positively Wellington" in an official capacity since the early 1990s.

Council and committees
The mayor and all councillors are members of council. Following a review in 2021 by former Local Government New Zealand chief executive Peter Winder, the council adopted a new committee structure. All committees apart from Te Kaunihera o Pōneke Council and Ngutu Taki CEO Performance Review Committee include two mana whenua representatives, who are paid and have voting rights.

Wellington's local electoral wards were given Māori names in 2018, after consultation with mana whenua.

Mayor
One mayor is elected at large from the entire Wellington City district.

Te Whanganui-a-Tara Māori ward
Te Whanganui a Tara is a Māori ward created by Wellington City Council in 2021. The 2022 election returned Nīkau Wi-Neera as its first-ever councillor.

Motukairangi/Eastern Ward
Motukairangi/Eastern Ward returns three councillors to the Wellington City Council. Since 2022 the councillors are:

Pukehīnau/Lambton Ward
Pukehīnau/Lambton Ward returns three councillors to the Wellington City Council. Since 2024 the councillors are:

Takapū/Northern Ward
Takapū/Northern Ward returns three councillors to the Wellington City Council. Since 2022 the councillors are:

Wharangi/Onslow-Western Ward
Wharangi/Onslow-Western Ward returns three councillors to the Wellington City Council. Since 2022 the councillors are:

Paekawakawa/Southern Ward
Paekawakawa/Southern Ward is the only ward that returns two councillors to the Wellington City Council (all others returning one or three). Since 2022 the councillors are:

Community boards
The council has created two local community boards under the provisions of Part 4 of the Local Government Act 2002, with members elected using a single transferable vote (STV) system or appointed by the council.

These are:
 * Tawa Community Board, having six elected members and two appointed members, representing the northern suburbs of Tawa, Grenada North and Takapū Valley; and
 * Mākara/Ōhāriu Community Board, having six elected members, representing the rural suburbs of Ohariu, Mākara and Mākara Beach.

Demographics
Wellington City had a population of 202,737 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 11,781 people (6.2%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 23,271 people (13.0%) since the 2006 census. There were 74,841 households. There were 98,823 males and 103,911 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.95 males per female. The median age was 34.1 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 32,856 people (16.2%) aged under 15 years, 54,999 (27.1%) aged 15 to 29, 93,669 (46.2%) aged 30 to 64, and 21,213 (10.5%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 74.1% European/Pākehā, 8.6% Māori, 5.1% Pacific peoples, 18.3% Asian, and 4.5% other ethnicities (totals add to more than 100% since people could identify with multiple ethnicities).

The proportion of people born overseas was 33.4%, compared with 27.1% nationally.

Although some people objected to giving their religion, 53.2% had no religion, 31.4% were Christian, 3.7% were Hindu, 1.6% were Muslim, 1.7% were Buddhist and 3.3% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 74,922 (44.1%) people had a bachelor or higher degree, and 12,690 (7.5%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $41,800, compared with $31,800 nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 96,453 (56.8%) people were employed full-time, 24,738 (14.6%) were part-time, and 7,719 (4.5%) were unemployed.

Suburbs
Wellington city has 57 officially defined suburbs; one can group them by the wards used to elect the city council. Some areas, while officially forming part of a larger suburb (or several suburbs), are considered by some to be separate communities. The officially defined suburbs include:

Takapū Northern Ward

 * official: Churton Park; Glenside; Grenada North; Grenada Village; Horokiwi; Johnsonville; Newlands; Ohariu; Paparangi; Takapu Valley; Tawa; Woodridge
 * informal: Greenacres; Linden; Redwood

Wharangi Onslow-Western Ward

 * official: Broadmeadows; Crofton Downs; Kaiwharawhara; Karori; Khandallah; Mākara; Mākara Beach; Ngaio; Ngauranga; Northland; Wadestown; Wilton.
 * informal: Cashmere; Chartwell; Highland Park; Rangoon Heights; Te Kainga

Pukehīnau Lambton Ward

 * official: Aro Valley; Highbury; Kelburn; Mount Cook; Mount Victoria; Oriental Bay; Pipitea; Te Aro; Thorndon; Wellington

Within Lambton Ward, the council's tourism agency has designated three inner-city "quarters", as marketing subdivisions to promote international and domestic tourism. They are:
 * Courtenay Quarter, centred around Courtenay Place
 * Cuba Quarter, centred around Cuba Street
 * Lambton Quarter, centred around Lambton Quay
 * The Waterfront Quarter, centred around the waterfront

Paekawakawa Southern Ward

 * official: Berhampore; Brooklyn; Island Bay; Kingston; Mornington; Newtown; Ōwhiro Bay; Southgate; Vogeltown
 * informal: Kowhai Park

Motukairangi Eastern Ward

 * official: Breaker Bay; Hataitai; Houghton Bay; Karaka Bays; Kilbirnie; Lyall Bay; Maupuia; Melrose; Miramar; Moa Point; Rongotai; Roseneath; Seatoun; Strathmore Park
 * informal: Crawford; Seatoun Bays; Seatoun Heights; Miramar Heights; Strathmore Heights.

Council-owned companies and enterprises
The Wellington City Council owns or directly operates several companies.

The council is a part-owner of Wellington Airport, and has two representatives on the airport's board. Mayor Andy Foster has been a member of the board since 2016, but has been criticised for poor attendance at board meetings.

The seven council-controlled organisations (CCOs) are
 * Basin Reserve Trust
 * Karori Sanctuary Trust (Zealandia Te Māra a Tāne)
 * Wellington Cable Car Ltd
 * Wellington Museums Trust (ExperienceWellington), which operates City Gallery Wellington and the Museum of Wellington City & Sea
 * Wellington Regional Economic Development Agency Ltd (WREDA)
 * Wellington Water manages all three water services for Hutt, Porirua, Upper Hutt and Wellington city councils, and South Wairarapa District councils.
 * Wellington Zoo Trust

The council has a similar interest in the Wellington Regional Stadium Trust.

Sister-city relationships

 * Sister cities
 * 🇦🇺 Sydney, Australia
 * 🇦🇺 Canberra, Australia
 * 🇨🇳 Beijing, People's Republic of China
 * 🇨🇳 Xiamen, Fujian, People's Republic of China
 * 🇯🇵 Sakai, Osaka, Japan

 * Historical sister cities
 * Harrogate, England, United Kingdom
 * 🇬🇷 Hania, Crete, Greece
 * 🇹🇷 Çanakkale, Turkey

Proposed/air marked future sister cities
 * Friendly cities
 * 🇨🇳 Tianjin, People's Republic of China

 * Ramallah, Palestine (region)

Amalgamations
The City of Wellington has subsumed many neighbouring boroughs including:

 * Melrose (established 1888) in 1903
 * Onslow (Khandallah/Ngaio) (established 1890) in 1919 (Wadestown had joined the city in 1906)
 * Karori (established 1891) in 1920
 * Miramar (established 1904) in 1921
 * Johnsonville (a Town Board from 1908), in 1953
 * Tawa (a Town district from 1951, then the Tawa Flat Borough Council from 1953) in 1989

List of town clerks/chief executives
The city council was legally headed by a town clerk, who was in charge of the council administration and operations, later renamed as chief executive officer in 1991. Holders of the office since 1842 are:

Buildings
The Wellington City Council owns and until May 2019 operated from a complex on Wakefield Street, with various extensions each representing a distinctive architectural period. The complex incorporates the Wellington Town Hall which opened in 1904, with the most recent extension completed in 1991 alongside the Wellington Central Library.

The Wakefield Street complex has been cleared of back office functions, and since 28 May 2019 will be closed completely for repairs and earthquake strengthening. In the interim, most of the council's central office staff are located in commercial premises at 113 The Terrace, and the council's public service centre is at 12 Manners Street. Due to repairs also being needed to the Wellington Central Library, and Capital E, all of the civic buildings on Civic Square are closed, except for the City Gallery.

title: Wellington City Council


text:
Wellington Province

Wellington Province, governed by the Wellington Provincial Council, was one of the provinces of New Zealand from 1853 until the abolition of provincial government in 1876. It covered much of the southern half of the North Island until November 1858, when Hawke's Bay Province split off, taking about a third of its area.

Territory
Wellington Province originally covered much of the southern half of the North Island. Its northern boundary was drawn arbitrarily across most of the middle of the island at latitude 39° south to the east coast, just including the entirety of Hawke Bay. North of that line was Auckland Province. The straight-line boundary did not extend right to the west coast, but dipped south to the coast just west of Waverley and short of Patea, allowing for New Plymouth Province (later renamed Taranaki Province) to the west.

Hawke's Bay settlers broke away to form Hawke's Bay Province on 1 November 1858. Wellington Province's new eastern boundary followed the main divide of the eastern ranges, and cut across from just south of Woodville to the east coast near Cape Turnagain. Thus Wellington lost about a third of its area, leaving it with a territory roughly the same as the combined present-day Manawatū-Whanganui and Wellington regions.

The latter Wellington provincial boundaries include four of New Zealand's main urban areas: Wellington, Palmerston North, Whanganui and Kāpiti. Other large towns are Feilding, Levin and Masterton. According to Statistics New Zealand figures at the 2001 census 626,000 people lived within the provincial boundaries.

European settlement
European settlement in what became Wellington Province started at Port Nicholson (now called Wellington Harbour) and at Whanganui in 1840. Settlement in Hawke's Bay started a decade later, around 1850.

Superintendents
Wellington Province had two successive superintendents.

Legislation
The only two acts of the provincial assembly still in effect are the Manawatu Racecourse Act 1869 and the Wanganui And Rangitikei Racecourses Act 1862.

Anniversary Day
New Zealand law provides an anniversary day for each province. Wellington Anniversary Day is the Monday that falls closest to 22 January and is observed as a public holiday within the old provincial boundaries.

title: Wellington Province