text:
ACES Colombia

ACES (Spanish acronym: Aerolíneas Centrales de Colombia) was an airline with its headquarters in the Torre del Café in Medellín, Colombia and founded on August 30, 1971, by a group of 13 Colombian entrepreneurs, amongst them, most notably Orlando Botero Escobar and German Peñaloza Arias from Manizales and Luis H. Coulson, Jorge Coulson R., Alberto Jaramillo and Hernán Zuluaga from Medellín.

History
Mr. Botero and Mr. Peñaloza, who were considered pioneers in the early days of Colombian commercial aviation, had tried several times to establish a commuter service between Manizales and Bogotá. They managed to operate a small commuter airline by the name TARCA (acronym of Taxi Aéreo de Caldas), which was forced to shut down due to financial difficulties. With the support and capital of the new partners from Medellín, they embarked on the successful enterprise that would be ACES. The airline began service on February 22, 1972, with Saunders ST-27 aircraft for the routes Medellín-Bogotá and Manizales-Bogotá, and soon became a major player in the Colombian market. By 1976, the airline had expanded its network to smaller regional destinations, for which it purchased DHC-6 Twin Otter aircraft.

In 1981, ACES acquired its first Boeing 727-100 jet. In 1986, an expansion began with the acquisition of more 727-100 and the arrival of Fairchild FH-227 aircraft built under license by Fairchild in the United States and with slight modifications. The 727s had a capacity of 129 passengers and the Fairchilds of 44. At this time the first international charter flights also began to Havana, Varadero, Nassau, Freeport, Montego Bay, Puerto Plata, Punta Cana, St. Kitts, St. Maarten, Porlamar and Cancun.

In 1991, ACES completely replaced its Fairchild F-27 fleet with ATR 42 turbo-prop aircraft for its short-haul regional routes, and its Boeing 727-100 with the Boeing 727-200 Advanced variant. In 1992, ACES expanded its service internationally, operating flights from Medellín and Bogotá to Miami. Soon after, Juan Emilio Posada was appointed CEO and would serve until the airline's demise in 2003. In late 1997, ACES modernized its fleet acquiring brand-new Airbus A320-200 aircraft that replaced its Boeing 727s. It expanded its routes to Fort Lauderdale, Quito, Caracas, Cancún (served by charters), Santo Domingo, Punta Cana and San Juan, Puerto Rico; as well as additional domestic flights within Colombia.

ACES created a corporate culture of service and punctuality that would earn it the recognition and loyalty of its customers, resulting in consistent increases in its market share and revenues in the domestic market, which was dominated for decades by Avianca. It was named the "Best airline in Colombia" by several industry and consumer publications.

On May 20, 2002, ACES merged with major competitor Avianca and SAM to form the Alianza Summa, a strategic alliance aimed at joining forces to counteract the adverse circumstances that faced the airline industry in Colombia and the world after the September 11 attacks. ACES' operations were halted on August 20, 2003, after the board decided to liquidate the airline. By November 2003, Alianza Summa was dissolved and Avianca took over ACES' routes.

Fleet
ACES had in the past operated a variety of aircraft, including:

Accidents and incidents

 * On December 18, 1981, a DHC-6 Twin Otter (registered HK-2216) crashed in the municipality of San Antero, during the approach to the Coveñas Airport. In this incident 13 people perished, including the crew composed of Captain Guillermo Alberto García and co-pilot Andrés Rafael Londoño.
 * On November 29, 1982, a DHC-6 Twin Otter (registered HK-2536) crashed in the foothills of the Eastern Cordillera against Cerro Pan de Azúcar in the township of San Juanito, Meta. The flight came on a regular flight from San José del Guaviare and was heading to Bogotá under the command of Captain Marino Jiménez and co-pilot Edison Santacoloma, who along with 20 passengers lost their lives.
 * On August 1, 1988, a DHC-6 Twin Otter (registered HK-2445) was hijacked and demanded the pilot to land at an abandoned airstrip in Colombia. The passengers were reportedly robbed and the hijackers escaped, which six of them were later captured.
 * On November 30, 1996, a DHC-6 Twin Otter, operating flight 148, (registered HK-2602) crashed into Cerro El Barcino a few minutes after takeoff from Olaya Herrera Airport. The flight was operating the route between Medellin, Bahía Solano and Quibdó. 14 people died in the impact and subsequent fire, including the crew commanded by Captain Juan Carlos Bermúdez López; one passenger survived with serious injuries.
 * On October 11, 2000, an ATR 42-500 (registered VP-BOF) and a Boeing 727-200 (registered HK-3998X) collided on the El Dorado International Airport apron during the towing process. The ATR 42-500 was declared a total loss after the incident. There were no injuries or fatalities in this event.

title: ACES Colombia


text:
Talk:Vigna

Does anyone know why this lot got taken out of Phaseolus, and what the defining differences between the two genera are? seglea 06:54, 25 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * According to Hortus Third Vigna is:
 * "Closely related to Phaseolus, from which it differs in having stipules often appendaged and the thickened part of the style less strongly twisted and in characters of the pollen and biochemistry."
 * -- WormRunner 20:58, 27 Feb 2004 (UTC)

A note: The literature available in Google seems completely divided over whether the bambara groundnut is a Vigna or a Voandzeia. ITIS places it in Vigna. WormRunner 06:01, 28 Feb 2004 (UTC)

I've tried to incorporate the above in the article, but if someone who understands it better than I do could render it more comprehensible to the non-expert reader, that would be a service. seglea 18:17, 19 Apr 2004 (UTC)

I've taken out references to the genus being called the cowpeas, the most common usage of cowpea is used to describe the cultivated species Vigna unguiculata and it cultivars, so the species has been shifted from cow bean (which seems to be a made up name) to cowpea. ITIS was used for naming, please use ILDIS for naming legumes as it is an international taxonomic database. --nixie 23:14, 17 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Why does "Pedunculares" redirect here?
Not mentioned in article. 109.157.79.50 (talk) 00:16, 4 February 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Vigna


text:
Military tribunals in the United States

Military tribunals in the United States are military courts designed to judicially try members of enemy forces during wartime, operating outside the scope of conventional criminal and civil proceedings. The judges are military officers and fulfill the role of jurors. Military tribunals are distinct from courts-martial.

A military tribunal is an inquisitorial system based on charges brought by military authorities, prosecuted by a military authority, judged by military officers, and sentenced by military officers against a member of an enemy army.

The United States has made use of military tribunals or commissions, rather than rely on a court-martial, within the military justice system, during times of declared war or rebellion.

Most recently, as discussed below, the administration of George W. Bush sought to use military tribunals to try "unlawful enemy combatants", mostly individuals captured abroad and held at a prison camp at a military base at Guantánamo Bay, Cuba.

Jurisdiction
A military tribunal or commission is most usually used to refer to a court that asserts jurisdiction over persons who are members of an enemy army, are held in military custody, and are accused of a violation of the laws of war. In contrast, courts-martial generally take jurisdiction over only members of their own military. A military tribunal or commission may still use the rules and procedures of a court-martial, although that is not generally the case.

Military tribunals also, generally speaking, do not assert jurisdiction over people who are acknowledged to be civilians who are alleged to have broken civil or criminal laws. However, military tribunals are sometimes used to try individuals not affiliated with a particular state's military who are nonetheless accused of being combatants and acting in violation of the laws of war.

History
General George Washington used military tribunals during the American Revolution, including the prosecution of British Major John André, who was sentenced to death for spying and executed by hanging. Commissions were also used by General (and later President) Andrew Jackson during the War of 1812 to try a British spy; commissions, labeled "Councils of War," were also used in the Mexican–American War.

The Union used military tribunals during and in the immediate aftermath of the American Civil War. Military tribunals were used to try Native Americans who fought the United States during those Indian Wars which occurred during the Civil War; the thirty-eight people who were executed after the Dakota War of 1862 were sentenced by a military tribunal. The so-called Lincoln conspirators were also tried by military commission in the spring and summer of 1865. The most prominent civilians tried in this way were Democratic politicians Clement L. Vallandigham, Lambdin P. Milligan, and Benjamin Gwinn Harris. All were convicted, and Harris was expelled from the Congress as a result. All of these tribunals were concluded prior to the Supreme Court's decision in Milligan.

The use of military tribunals in cases of civilians was often controversial, as tribunals represented a form of justice alien to the common law, which governs criminal justice in the United States, and provides for trial by jury, the presumption of innocence, forbids secret evidence, and provides for public proceedings. Critics of the Civil War military tribunals charged that they had become a political weapon, for which the accused had no legal recourse to the regularly constituted courts, and no recourse whatsoever except through an appeal to the President. The U.S. Supreme Court agreed, and unanimously ruled that military tribunals used to try civilians in any jurisdiction where the civil courts were functioning were unconstitutional, with its decision in Ex parte Milligan (1866).

Military commissions were also used in the Philippines in the aftermath of the Spanish–American War; as these were used in an active war zone as an expedient of war, they did not fall afoul of Milligan.

During World War II, President Franklin D. Roosevelt ordered a military tribunal for eight German prisoners accused of espionage and planning sabotage in the United States as part of Operation Pastorius. Roosevelt's decision was challenged, but upheld, in Ex parte Quirin (1942). All eight of the accused were convicted and sentenced to death. Six were executed by electric chair at the District of Columbia jail on August 8, 1942. Two who had given evidence against the others had their sentences reduced by Roosevelt to prison terms. In 1948, they were released by President Harry S. Truman and deported to the American occupation zone of Germany.

Hamdi v. Rumsfeld
Hamdi v. Rumsfeld, 542 U.S. 507 (2004), is a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court recognized the power of the U.S. government to detain enemy combatants, including U.S. citizens, but ruled that detainees who are U.S. citizens must have the rights of due process, and the ability to challenge their enemy combatant status before an impartial authority.

It reversed the dismissal by a lower court of a habeas corpus petition brought on behalf of Yaser Esam Hamdi, a U.S. citizen who was being detained indefinitely as an illegal enemy combatant after being captured in Afghanistan in 2001. Following the court's decision, on October 9, 2004, the U.S. government released Hamdi without charge and deported him to Saudi Arabia, where his family lived and he had grown up, on the condition that he renounce his U.S. citizenship and commit to travel prohibitions and other conditions.

Argued April 28, 2004

Decided June 28, 2004

Trial by military commission of the Guantanamo detainees
The currently convened military commissions at the Guantanamo Bay detention camp are governed by the Military Commissions Act of 2009.

International tribunals

 * Heller, by Kevin Jon. The Nuremberg Military Tribunals and the Origins of International Criminal Law [Oxford University Press, 2011(, 509 pp,
 * Schabas, William A. "International war crimes tribunals and the United States." Diplomatic History 35.5 (2011): 769–786.

title: Military tribunals in the United States


text:
Boeing 247

The Boeing Model 247 is an early American airliner, and one of the first such aircraft to incorporate advances such as all-metal (anodized aluminum) semimonocoque construction, a fully cantilevered wing, and retractable landing gear. Other advanced features included control surface trim tabs, an autopilot and de-icing boots for the wings and tailplane. The 247 first flew on February 8, 1933, and entered service later that year.

Design and development
Boeing had eclipsed other aviation manufacturers by introducing a host of aerodynamic and technical features into a commercial airliner. This advanced design, which was a progression from earlier Monomail (Models 200, 221, 221A) and B-9 bomber designs, combined speed and safety. The Boeing 247 was faster than the U.S. premier fighter aircraft of its day, the Boeing P-12, which was an open-cockpit biplane. The low landing speed of 62 mph precluded the need for flaps, and pilots learned that at speeds as low as 10 mph, the 247 could be taxied "tail high" for ease of ground handling.

The 247 was able to fly on one engine. With controllable-pitch propellers (standard equipment on the 247D), the 247 could maintain 11500 ft at maximum gross takeoff weight on one engine. Aside from its size and the wing spar obstructing the cabin, its combination of features became the standard for the Douglas DC-1 and other airliners before World War II. Originally planned as a 14-passenger airliner powered by Pratt & Whitney R-1690 Hornet radial engines, the preliminary review of the design concept by United Air Lines' pilots had resulted in a redesign to a smaller, less capable configuration, powered by R-1340 Wasp engines.

One concern of the pilots was that no airfield then in existence, in their view, could safely take an eight-ton aircraft. They also objected to the use of Hornet engines, as the Hornet had a problem with detonation when running on the available low octane fuel, and suffered from excessive vibration. Pratt & Whitney's chief engineer, George Mead, knew the problem would be resolved eventually, but P&W's president, Frederick Rentschler acquiesced to the airline pilots' unanimous demand. The decision created a rift between Mead and Rentschler. Despite the disagreements, the 247 would be Boeing's showcase exhibit at the 1933 Chicago World's Fair.

The cockpit windshield of the first 247s was angled forward, instead of the conventional aft sweep. This was the design solution, similar to that adopted by other contemporary aircraft, to the problem of lighted control panel instruments reflecting off the windshield at night, but it turned out that the forward-sloping windshield would reflect ground lights instead, especially during landings, and it also increased drag slightly. By the introduction of the 247D, the windshield was sloped aft in the usual way, and the night-glare problem was resolved by installing an extension (the glarescreen) over the control panel.

Boeing considered safety features carefully, building in structural strength and incorporating design elements that enhanced passenger comfort and well-being, such as the thermostatically controlled, air conditioned, and sound-deadened cabin. The crew included a pilot and copilot, as well as a flight attendant (then known as a "stewardess"), who could tend to passenger needs. The main landing gear did not fully retract; a portion of the wheels extended below the nacelles, typical of designs of the time, as a means of reducing structural damage in a wheels-up landing. The tailwheel was not retractable. While the Model 247 and 247A had speed-ring engine cowlings and fixed-pitch propellers, the Model 247D incorporated NACA cowlings and variable-pitch propellers.

Operational history

As the 247 emerged from its test and development phase, the company further showcased its capabilities by entering a long-distance air race in 1934, the MacRobertson Air Race from England to Australia. During the 1930s, aircraft designs were often proven in air races and other aerial contests. A modified 247D was entered, flown by Colonel Roscoe Turner and Clyde Pangborn. The 247, race number "57", was essentially a production model, but all airliner furnishings were removed to accommodate eight additional fuselage fuel tanks. The MacRobertson Air Race attracted aircraft entries from all over the globe, including both prototypes and established production types, with the grueling course considered an excellent proving ground, as well as an opportunity to gain worldwide attention. Turner and Pangborn came in second place in the transport section (and third overall), behind the Boeing 247's eventual rival, the new Douglas DC-2.

Being the winner of the 1934 U.S. Collier Trophy for excellence in aviation design, the first 247 production orders were earmarked for William Boeing's airline, Boeing Air Transport. The 247 was capable of crossing the United States from east to west eight hours faster than its predecessors, such as the Ford Trimotor and Curtiss Condor. Entering service on May 22, 1933, a Boeing Air Transport 247 set a cross-country record of $19 1/2$ hours on its San Francisco to New York City inaugural flight.

Boeing sold the first 60 247s, an unprecedented $3.5 million order, to its affiliated airline, Boeing Air Transport (part of the United Aircraft and Transport Corporation, UATC), at a unit price of $65,000. TWA (Transcontinental & Western Air) also ordered the 247, but UATC declined the order, which resulted in TWA President Jack Frye setting out requirements for a new airliner and funding Don Douglas to design and build the Douglas DC-1 prototype. Douglas eventually developed the design into the DC-2 and DC-3.

The Boeing design had been the first to enter series production, but the 247 proved to have some serious deficiencies. Airlines considered its limited capacity a drawback, since it carried only 10 passengers, in five rows with a seat on each side of the aisle, as well as a stewardess. Compared to the more spacious DC-2 and later DC-3, the passenger count was too few to make it a commercially viable airliner. Another feature influencing passenger comfort was that the 247's main wing spar ran through the cabin, so persons moving through the cabin had to step over it. The Lockheed Model 10 Electra had a similar configuration, and while it was a more compact design, the Electra managed to carry the same number of passengers at a slightly better overall performance, and at a lower cost-per-mile.

Seventy-five 247s were built; Douglas collected 800 civil orders for DC-3s before the Pearl Harbor attack, and produced over 10,000 DC-3s, including wartime production of C-47s, while the rival Lockheed Electra "family" was eventually to reach over 3,000 in its various civil and military variants. Boeing Air Transport bought 60 examples, United Aircraft Corp. 10, Lufthansa ordered three, but only two were delivered, and one went to a private owner in China. While the industry primarily standardized on Boeing's competitors, many of United's aircraft were later purchased by Western Air Express at "bargain-basement prices".

The 247 remained in airline service until World War II, when several were converted into C-73 transports and trainers. The Royal Canadian Air Force's 121 Squadron operated seven 247Ds as medium transports during the early part of the war. One of these aircraft was donated to the Royal Air Force (RAF) for radar testing, where it was renumbered DZ203. DZ203 was passed among several units in the RAF before being used to make the world's first fully automatic blind landing on 16 January 1945.

Warlord "Young Marshal" Zhang Xueliang ordered two Boeing 247Ds for his air force. He used one of them, named Bai-Ying (White Eagle), during the Xi'an incident in 1936, during which he flew into the opposing Nationalist army's camp at Sian (now rendered as Xi'an) under a secret truce, and had their leader, Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek, arrested, ending the civil war between the Communist and Nationalist armies, so they could fight together against the Japanese invaders.

A number of specially modified variants included a Boeing 247Y appropriated from United for Air Corps use as a test aircraft fitted with two machine guns in the nose. The same installation later was fitted to a 247Y owned by Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek. This aircraft also featured a Colt .50 in machine gun in a flexible mount. A 247D purchased by the British RAF became a testbed for instrument approach equipment and received a nonstandard nose, new powerplants, and fixed landing gear. Some 247s were still flying in the late 1960s as cargo transports and business aircraft.

The Turner/Pangborn 247D still exists. Originally flown on September 5, 1934, it was leased from United Airlines for the 1934 MacRobertson Air Race and returned to United, where it served in regular airline service until 1937. Subsequently, the 247D was sold to the Union Electric Company of St. Louis for use as an executive transport. The Air Safety Board purchased the aircraft in 1939 and it remained in use for 14 years before it was donated to the National Air and Space Museum, Washington, DC. It is displayed today with two sets of markings, the left side is marked as NR257Y, in Colonel Turner's 1934 MacRobertson Air Race colors, while the right side is painted in United Airlines livery, as NC13369.

Variants

 * Model 247
 * Twin-engined civil transport airliner, initial production version

 * 247A
 * Powered by new 625 hp P&W Wasp, on special order for Deutsche Luft Hansa in 1934

 * 247E
 * This designation was given to the first Boeing 247 aircraft, it was used to test a number improvements that were later incorporated into the Boeing 247D.

 * 247D
 * Original one-off was a race aircraft designed for the MacRobertson Air Race; use of Hamilton Standard variable-pitch propellers allowed for a 7 mph gain; the 247D configuration incorporated in production series bearing the same name.

 * 247Y
 * Armed version, one exported to China, second used for trials

 * C-73
 * Designation for Boeing 247D airliners "drafted" into military service in USAAF, 27 in total

 * Model 280
 * Proposed development of Boeing 247 with 14 seats and 700 hp P&W Hornet engines

Civil operators

 * Viação Aérea Bahiana operated one aircraft.
 * 🇨🇦 Canada
 * Canadian Pacific Airlines
 * Quebec Airways
 * Private owner operated one aircraft.
 * Avianca as SCADTA operated 10 aircraft.
 * 🇩🇪 Germany
 * Lufthansa operated one aircraft and used a second for spares/testing.
 * 🇺🇸 United States
 * Boeing Air Transport (later United Air Lines) operated 60 aircraft.
 * Empire Air Lines
 * National Parks Airways
 * Pennsylvania Central Airlines
 * United Aircraft Corporation operated 10 aircraft.
 * Wien Air Alaska
 * Western Air Express, the predecessor of Western Airlines, received some of ex-United Aircraft Corporation aircraft.
 * Woodley Airways
 * Wyoming Air Service
 * Western Air Express, the predecessor of Western Airlines, received some of ex-United Aircraft Corporation aircraft.
 * Woodley Airways
 * Wyoming Air Service

Military operators

 * 🇨🇦 Canada
 * Royal Canadian Air Force
 * Royal Air Force
 * 🇺🇸 United States
 * United States Army Air Corps
 * United States Army Air Corps

Accidents and incidents

 * October 10, 1933:United Air Lines 247, NC13304 (c/n 1685), was probably the first victim of sabotage of a commercial airliner. The aircraft, en route from Cleveland to Chicago, was destroyed by a nitroglycerin-based explosive device over Chesterton, Indiana. All seven on board were killed.
 * November 9, 1933:A Pacific Air Transport 247, NC13345 (c/n 1727), crashed on takeoff after the pilot became disoriented in fog and low visibility; four of ten on board died.
 * November 24, 1933:A National Air Transport 247, NC13324 (c/n 1705), was being ferried from Chicago to Kansas City when it crashed near Wedron, Illinois, killing all three crew.
 * February 23, 1934: A United Air Lines 247, NC13357 (c/n 1739), crashed in Parley's Canyon in fog near Salt Lake City, killing all eight on board.
 * December 20, 1934: United Air Lines Flight 6, a 247 (NC13328, c/n 1709), struck a tree and crashed near Western Springs, Illinois, due to carburetor icing; all four on board survived. The aircraft involved was repaired and converted to 247D standard in July 1935 and returned to service; the aircraft was pressed into USAAF service in 1942 and redesignated as C-73 with tail number 42-57210. The aircraft was damaged in a wind storm at Duncan Field, Texas, on August 30, 1942, and was written off.
 * March 24, 1935: The sole 247 operated by Lufthansa (D-AGAR, c/n 1945) was damaged beyond economical repair in a collision with an Air France aircraft on the ground at Nuremberg and then scrapped
 * September 1, 1935:Western Air Express 247, NC13314 (c/n 1695), was being ferried from Burbank, California, to Saugus, California, when it struck high tension power lines after takeoff, killing all three on board.
 * October 7, 1935: United Airlines Flight 4, a 247D (c/n 1698), went down about 10 mi west of Cheyenne, Wyoming due to pilot error. Three crew and nine passengers killed, there were no survivors.
 * October 30, 1935:United Air Lines Boeing 247D, NC13323 (c/n 1704), crashed during an instrument checkflight near Cheyenne, killing the four crew members aboard.
 * December 15, 1936:Seven died when Western Air Express Flight 6, a 247D, en route from Burbank, California, to Salt Lake City via Las Vegas, crashed just below Hardy Ridge on Lone Peak in Utah. The major parts of the aircraft were hurled over the ridge and fell over 1000 ft into a basin below.
 * December 27, 1936: United Airlines Trip 34, a 247D (c/n 1737), crashed at the head of Rice Canyon, Los Angeles County, California, due to pilot error; all 12 on board died.
 * January 12, 1937 :Western Air Express Flight 7, a 247D (c/n 1696) flight from Salt Lake City to Burbank, crashed into a mountain near Newhall, California, killing five. Among the dead was Martin Johnson of Martin and Osa Johnson fame (adventurers, authors, and documentary filmmakers).
 * August 13, 1937 :A 247 being operated by the Luftwaffe's proving ground at Rechlin (formerly D-AKIN of Lufthansa, c/n 1944) crashed at Hannover, Germany, during a test flight, killing seven of eight on board. The aircraft was being used as a testbed for an experimental autopilot.
 * March 13, 1939: A SCADTA 247D, C-149, crashed near Manzanares, Caldas, Colombia, killing all eight on board.
 * February 27, 1940 :A SCADTA 247D, C-140, struck El Mortino mountain near Tona, Santander, Colombia, killing all 11 on board.
 * July 30, 1942:A Northwest Airlines C-73, 42-68639 (c/n 1717, former NC13335), crashed and burned on takeoff from Wold Chamberlain Field, near Minneapolis, Minnesota, killing all 10 on board.

Surviving aircraft

 * c/n 1699, CF-JRQ
 * Exhibited in Canada Aviation and Space Museum, Ottawa. Donated to the museum in 1967 by California Standard Oil of Calgary, Alberta.

 * c/n 1722, N18E
 * Exhibited in the National Museum of Science and Industry, Wroughton, UK

 * c/n 1729, N13347
 * Static display, flown after restoration at the Museum of Flight Restoration Center, Paine Field, Snohomish County, Washington, USA, to the Museum of Flight main facility on 26 April 2016 where it was subsequently installed in that museum's Air Park.

 * c/n 1953, NC13369 / NR257Y
 * Exhibited in the Hall of Air Transportation at the National Air and Space Museum, Washington, D.C., USA, with United Air Lines colors and registration as NC13369 on its right fuselage and wing and as NR257Y with MacRobertson Air Race markings on its left side.

title: Boeing 247


text:
User talk:Siyabonga1984

Hello, welcome to Wikipedia. Here's some tips:
 * You can introduce yourself on the new users page
 * If you made any edits before you got an account, you might be interested in assigning those to your username.
 * You can sign your name using three tildes, like . If you use four, you can add a datestamp too.
 * If you ever think a page or image should be deleted, please list it at the votes for deletion page. There is also a votes for undeletion page if you want to retrieve something that you think should not have been deleted.
 * If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page.

Other useful pages are: how to edit, how to write a great article, naming conventions, manual of style and the Wikipedia policies.

I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Angela. 07:13, Feb 25, 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Siyabonga1984


text:
What's with Andy?

What's with Andy? (French: Sacré Andy !) is an animated children's television series loosely based on the semi-autobiographical Just! book series by Australian author Andy Griffiths. The series is produced by CinéGroupe and aired on Teletoon, with various Disney-affiliated foreign studios and networks involved throughout the production of the series.

The main character is Andy Larkin, a mischievous teen and the self-proclaimed "world's greatest prankster". The show follows him as he tries to perform elaborate practical jokes, or pranks, on people in the fictional town of East Gackle, as his best friend, Danny Pickett, helps him out with almost every prank; his antagonists include: his older sister, Jen Larkin; and the bullies Peter Lik and Andrew Leech. He has a crush on a girl named Lori Mackney, whom he usually tries to impress.

The first season features an American cast of voice actors (with the exception of Canadian-born Ian James Corlett) and takes place in the United States. However, starting with the second season, all voice actors and screenwriters are Canadians and the show is set in the Canadian Prairies. Throughout the series, Andy often breaks the fourth wall to address the audience, with the screen freezing in black and white in the first season – a distinctive feature of the show referred to as "Doodle Vision".

Andrew "Andy" Larkin
Andy is a teenager who loves to prank people as well as annoy his friends and family (especially his sister), but often gets into trouble. His best friend is Danny and he has a crush on Lori. His catchphrase is "Cheque, please!" His name comes from Andy Griffiths, whom he is based on.

Daniel "Danny" Tadeus Pickett
Andy's best friend and right-hand man, helping him out with countless pranks. His last name has always been Pickett. The name "Danny Pickett is taken directly from the Just books. It's revealed in The Unfortunate One, that Danny is an Aries.

Lori Mackney
Andy's crush but she is dismayed by his childishness due to his pranking. It is hinted that she returns Andy's feelings and dislikes Jen because she thinks that Jen abuses Andy. She wears a cropped green tank top, blue skirt and slide sandals. She is known as "Lisa" in the books.

The Larkin family

 * Mr. Al Larkin: Andy and Jen's father and Freida's husband who also used to be a prankster, known as "The Mystery Prankster", aka "The Mystery Prankster of East Gackle" (he hides this fact from his family). However, he was cured of pranking by school counselor, Mrs. Murphy.
 * Mrs. Freida Larkin: Andy and Jen's mother and Al's wife. She knows nothing about her husband's past as a prankster.
 * Jennifer "Jen" Larkin: Andy's older sister who is always cranky and irritable. She blames her younger brother Andy for almost everything and finds his pranks childish and unfunny. She is unaware of her father's past as a prankster.
 * Spank Larkin: Andy's fat and lazy dog. Spank frequently yawns, especially after going for a walk. He also appears to have flatulence problems.
 * Norman Larkin: Andy's grandfather and Al's father who is also a prankster, implying that the male side of the Larkin family comes from a long line of pranksters (apparently with the exception of Al, but in the episode "Mind Games" it was revealed that he also used to be a prankster, possibly even greater than his son or father).

Recurring/minor characters

 * Teri: Jen's best friend.
 * Jervis Coltrane: A Canadian French snob who has a crush on Lori Mackney and dreams of being the Prime Minister of Canada.
 * Peter Lik and Andrew Leech: Peter and Andrew are Andy's and Danny's nemeses. They are usually referred to as Lik and Leech.
 * Craig Bennett: Jen's crush and one of the best athletes of East Gackle.
 * Martin Bonwick: He is a stereotypically nervous nerd who very often gets bullied.
 * Victor "Vic" Muskowitz (Mush): The pizza delivery man of East Gackle who is a good friend of Andy and Danny and he sometimes helps them with pranks.
 * Steve Rowgee Jr.: A dumb police officer who is the incompetent son of Steve Rowgee Sr.
 * Steve Rowgee Sr.: A police officer who is an old man, who always commands Steve Rowgee Jr. (his son) and is nicknamed the Iron Fisted Maniac.
 * Principal DeRosa: He is the bad-tempered principal of the school in East Gackle and the main antagonist who is obsessed with punishing Andy.
 * Mr. Hutchins: One of the many teachers at East Gackle school, Andy likes to prank him more than the other teachers.
 * Mayor Henry K. Roth: The mayor of East Gackle.
 * Mayor Simms: Mayor of West Gackle and Mayor Henry K. Roth's rival.
 * Clyde: The janitor of the school.
 * Hazel Strinner: She has a crush on Andy and Lori's protecting friend.
 * Louella Berman: Frieda's best friend.
 * Mrs. Wibbles: Principal DeRosa's secretary.

Additional voices (first season only)

 * Jodi Carlisle
 * Tim Conway - Andy's grandfather
 * E. G. Daily
 * Melissa Disney
 * Jeannie Elias
 * Barbara Goodson
 * Melissa Greenspan
 * Jess Harnell
 * Maurice LaMarche
 * André Sogliuzzo
 * Kath Soucie
 * Jim Ward

Production
The show is based on Andy Griffiths' children's series of Just! books (which were illustrated by Terry Denton), although many episodes are not directly based on the books. Changes from the books to the TV series include Andy's last name, which was originally that of his creator, and other minor name changes, such as Lori's name being Lisa in the books. The book series was based on the early life of Andy Griffiths.

It was originally an interactive Flash movie with completely different voice actors and a promotion for Fox Kids. A TV adaptation was announced by CinéGroupe on March 23, 2001 for broadcast on Teletoon and Fox Family later on in the year. Saban Entertainment participated in production and held distribution rights (Saban International).

The main production of the series moved to Canada in season 2, which was co-produced with the French studio SIP Animation (itself split from Saban Entertainment) and in association with German channel Super RTL. All the voice cast had to be replaced with this move with the exception of Andy Larkin's voice actor Ian James Corlett, as he was Canadian himself. As Saban Entertainment had by then been acquired by Disney, distribution of this season was handled by Disney subsidiary Buena Vista International Television.

In September 2003, the voice of Lori in Season 2, Jaclyn Linetsky, who also played the title character on Caillou, Meg in Mega Babies, and Megan O’ Connor in 15/Love, died in a traffic collision during production. She had managed to finish all of Season 2 prior to her death, but for the following season she was replaced by Eleanor Noble. The episode "Nurse Jen" was dedicated in her memory.

Season 3 was a collaboration between CinéGroupe and Super RTL, and distributed by the production company directly. The whole series was later added to CinéGroupe distribution partner HG Distribution's catalogue.

Broadcast
What's with Andy? originally aired on Teletoon in Canada. In Australia, where the books originated, it was broadcast on Fox Kids.

United States
In the United States, the series was first shown on September 22, 2001 on Fox Family Channel, later ABC Family. On January 17, 2005, it premiered on Toon Disney, which also had rights to the second but not the third season.

Europe
In Europe, the series was licensed to Fox Kids Europe, with television distribution serviced by Buena Vista International Television. The show aired on Fox Kids networks in the UK, France and Greece, with Super RTL in Germany and TF1 in France having free-TV rights at the time. By June 2003, plans for the series to air on Fox Kids in Central and Eastern Europe were announced, along with plans for a free-TV expansion for the series, with plans to pre-sell the series to Fox Kids in the Netherlands, Mediatrade in Italy, Antena 3 in Spain, SIC in Portugal and RTE in Ireland.

The show continued to air on the network after the rebranding as Jetix.

VHS
On April 8, 2003, CinéGroupe Star released a set of three VHS tapes called "Double Trouble"/"Sacré Délire", which featured an episode each from this show and The Kids from Room 402, alongside a music video from the Pig City tie-in album "Reggie and the Rashers". Volume 1 featured the episode "It Came from East Gackle", Volume 2 featured the episode "Just Stuffing", and Volume 3 featured the episode "Rhyme Time". The releases were sold in separate English  and French versions,   respectively.

DVD
All 26 episodes from season 1, as well as the first 7 episodes of season 2, were released on 10 DVD volumes with English audio in the Czech Republic in 2010.

The show was also released on DVD in other European countries, but only in the respective languages (i.e. without the original English audio). All of season 2 (and most of season 1) was released on DVD in Germany, and the entirety of season 1 was released on 5 DVD volumes in Russia.

Streaming
Season 3 was available on the Canadian YouTube channel Encore+ in both English and French until its shutdown in November 2022. This season was previously available in German on Kividoo.

Music
The three German-language theme songs for each season were released on Toggo music CDs volumes 4, 7, and 17 respectively by Sony Music, with the first and third-season songs being extended versions. The original English-language theme was also released on volume 2.

The soundtrack (including themes) from the first two seasons is distributed as production music by Red Brick Songs (formerly Casablanca Media Publishing) in Canada.

Reception
What's with Andy? received very high ratings in a number of countries.

On Teletoon in Canada, it was reported to be the second highest-rated original production as of October 2007. It also had about 40% market share in France (Fox Kids/TF1) and Germany as of 2003. The show won a fall 2002 Super RTL cartoon election poll with 60% of the vote, and obtained the second-highest ratings on the channel in July 2006.

title: What's with Andy?


text:
User talk:Revth

 Leave a Message  Hello Revth, welcome to Wikipedia. Here's some tips:
 * You can introduce yourself on the new users page
 * If you made any edits before you got an account, you might be interested in assigning those to your username.
 * You can sign your name using three tildes, like . If you use four, you can add a datestamp too.
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 * If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page.

Other useful pages are: how to edit, how to write a great article, naming conventions, manual of style and the Wikipedia policies.

I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Angela. 07:14, Feb 25, 2004 (UTC)

Hi there. Thanks for your note on the new user log. You're right, the History of Japan and its related articles can use work (of course, everything around here can be improved - that's the point.) Hope you like contributing and decide to stay. Isomorphic 19:31, 25 Feb 2004 (UTC)

I'm currently fixing Post-Occupation Japan to include the basic schoolbook stuff there. Now the events are gathered into decades to make it easy to find a event choronologically. Internal links are not yet there for most part, and this could take a while to fix :(

Revth 16:45, 26 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Seemed nice to me. Methinks it is a decent boilerplate for the other periods of modern Japan as well. -- EmperorBMA / ブリイアン 07:46, 28 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Discrimination in Japan
I found your article most edifying. The quality of the English is very good. As a native English speaker myself, it is clear though from reading your material that you are not :-) The material you provide is so good that I am in a quandry as to whether to attempt to alter the syntax to make it closer to my own model of English, or whether to leave it as you have written it. What are your thoughts? I also put a 'leave a message tag at the top of your talk page, which I hope you don't mind about - it makes it much easier to leave you messages Stan 08:18, 1 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * I've added a sentence explaining what 'even among developed nations' is about. I think explanation is more clearer now.
 * Revth 10:04, 1 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Black ships
Hi! Perhaps you could take a look at this page again, in particular, when were these ships seen? What was their role? Thanks Mark Richards 05:16, 3 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Also, Naruto_characters2 could probably do with a rethink, perhaps a bit more explanation up front of why it is suitable material for an encyclopedia? Thanks! Mark Richards 05:18, 3 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks for your reply - fascinating! Mark Richards 21:05, 4 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Is this like "...God, the God of our time?" redundant? - SV (talk) 22:57, 15 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * 挨拶は時の氏神 "Warm greetings to God, the Kami of our time"?

Also, from Loli-con, you wrote "...an adult younger" - English tends to put the modifier in front of the subject: 'a younger adult.' There are exceptions, of course - Dont ask me which ;) - SV (talk) 23:00, 15 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Hmm. I must have overlooked when I was editing.  It should, literally translated, be "Warm greetings are Kami of our time".  Fixed it. Thanks. Revth 05:56, 17 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Featured articles
Please come visit the featured arts again. In particular, ROC elections have passed, and the article is still waiting for approval. +sj+ 07:19, 2004 Mar 31 (UTC)

Japanese Grammar
You changed e to he and o to wo. But Manual of Style for Japan-related articles says to use Hepburn with e and o for particles. Please sort this out on Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style for Japan-related articles so we can agree on a consensus. Gdr 15:41, 2004 Apr 2 (UTC)

Hmm, sorry about that. Will look it up.Revth 15:03, 16 May 2004 (UTC)

Sashimi
In the Sashimi article, you said: However, many traditionalists scoff at this practice as the flavor of wasabi would become much harder to notice. What did you mean? They scoff at putting wasabi in the soy sauce when eating sashimi? Where else would you put it? Or are you talking about sushi? Mdchachi|Talk 14:29, 25 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Wasabi's main flavor comes from several Isothiocyanate. These quickly dissolve in water and lose their hot flavors. Thus, wasabi should be applied after a sashimi slice is dipped in soy sauce. Mixing wasabi into soy sauce makes it milder as flavors are lost and that's why it's a common way to prepare the sauce. One of the reason wasabi is sandwiched between the meat and slice of fish in sushi is to prevent wasabi from being exposed to soy sauce and losing its flavor.Revth 05:31, 26 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Interesting. I never saw anybody in Japan do this (of course all my Japanese friends & coworkers were not gourmets or anything). Do you have a source for this? Mdchachi|Talk 20:27, 26 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I took a brief look through few of search result from google but search result had been nearly 1700 site so it's probably there somewhere. Found a site here that support what I wrote but it's other way around. "http://www.mutugoro.com/moriyama/shouyu.htm"(In Japanese) It's a offcial site of a company called Moriyama that makes soy sauce. It says,
 * "Many people mix wasabi into soy sauce when dipping sashimi. But this is not a good way to eat. The flavor of soy sauce is ruined by the strong wasabi's flavor.  Wrap wasabi with sashimi and dip sashimi in soy sauce.  The flavor of soy sauce would spread first, taste of sashimi and hot flavor of wasabi next.  Soy sauce would tame fishy odor of sashimi.
 * "http://www.metroactive.com/papers/metro/05.02.02/sushi8-0218.html" This site supports my idea of not mixing wasabi into soy sauce. Another Japanese site claims that wasabi should be mixed so it would make wasabi-soy sauce.  Several sites wrote that non-Japanese had mixed a large serving of wasabi with drops of soy sauce making a green paste and eaten sushi with it and New York Times had run an article discouraging over use of wasabi.  I think it's okay to say that it should be topped separately or in small serving.Revth 06:20, 27 May 2004 (UTC)

Renga
Nice work on the Renga article. Any plans for Haiku and Tanka? Bmills 10:02, 16 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Orca
Hi Revth. You added "Japanese call them Shachi, believed to come from ancient words meaning "a fish that helps fishermen by herding fish, bringing good catch." to Orca. Thank you! For my own personal curiousity, is that the translation of the most common Japanese name? I know there are several. Also is it common knowledge that that is the ancient meaning in Japan? I want to write about the symbiotic relationship that man had with Orca in hunting Humpback Whales in the early twentieth century - most of the fisherman were Japanese so maybe this is when the word dates from. Do you know for sure? Thanks so much. Pcb21| Pete 15:31, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks so much for the info. Pcb21| Pete 08:42, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)

You are a liar
Hey, you are such a liar to say that the 2nd ball bounced on the hand of a chinese defender. As an editor of Wikipedia you have to have integrity. Shame on you.

 * There should have been tens of camera lined up to take any photo of a mistake by a Japanese player but no one took this particular moment. Do you have a picture capturing this "foul"? Revth 01:54, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Japanese Baseball
I'm currently working on Japanese Baseball and Japanese baseball teams. If possible, it would be great if I could get you to look at my current progress and fix any glaring errors. Thanks.

Plexus 03:30, 24 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Afro
I removed your information about Bobobo-bo Bo-bobo on the Afro page; i didn't think it was really that relevant. Quite a few anime and manga characters have afros. (Nabeshin in Excel Saga, Spike Spiegel from Cowboy Bebop (sort of), Haru from Texhnolyze, i could probably think of more if i was more of an otaku). Feel free to write an article on Bobobo-bo Bo-bobo, or create List of anime characters with afro hairstyles. Pyrop 05:10, Aug 25, 2004 (UTC)

Bishojo game
Just wanted to thank you for your help on bishojo game, the article has been nicely expanded with your inside knowledge :). Some nice collaborative editing we've done this evening (er, morning for you?). --Shibboleth 03:53, 26 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * It was great, and now I'm bit depressed now that Pornography in Japan is shorter than this article. Will have to work on it :). Revth 04:12, 26 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Ramen and Chuka Soba in Japanese cuisine
Hi Revth,

Thanks for setting the record straight about these being the same. I added chuka soba to the list because I've been in some restaurants that list them separately. On their menus, ramen is noodles, soup and other ingredients, but not thickened; in contrast, chuka soba is the same noodle, soup (which might be the same), plus thickened, stir-fried things put right on top. I guess that practice of separating the two is not common.

Fg2 10:17, Sep 9, 2004 (UTC)

user 4.23.83.100 trolling
I believe Vandalism in progress is the place to report trolling. --Auximines 16:30, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Kigo
I see that you were the last one to edit the kigo article. I have done some additions, but I haven't yet done any changes to what you've written. I made some comments under talk:kigo if you want to see what I may be changing. After I made my last changes to the Kigo page, I found some conflicting information for the date for the Tanabata Festival. I have seen both July 7, and the week before the Bon Festival. I will try to get some information off of the internet, but if you want to provide any information, that would be very helpful. gK 11:48, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Emperor?
Hi Revth, Can you list the emperor in each era? If it's easy, it would be a nice addition to the articles. Fg2 09:47, Oct 22, 2004 (UTC)

Bicycle: Featured article nomination
Hi

I have objected to the nomination of Bicycle for featured article status: One of my objections is this one:

Object, this sentence is to my knowledge inaccurate "Since the 1950s, when pedal driven coaster brakes predominated, cable-pull brakes have been the rule. These feature paired, padded calipers which are squeezed together onto the wheel rims by a cable pulled by the brake handles." For many decades the standard Irish/British country bicycle and I believe equivalent Chinese models used caliper brakes actuated by interlinked rods and levers. I am not aware that pedal driven brakes ever predominated in UK/Ireland/France/Asia. Was this a US phenomenon?

It may be that I am wrong and that pedal actuated brakes were/are very common on bicycles in Japan/Asia. I'd be grateful if you could give me any information on this matter.

--Sf 15:33, 29 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Hello, this is another "sf" on bicycles: I read up on your objections to the "bicycles in war" section, found no documentation for some of the material, and redid the section. If it looks O.K. to you, could you please withdraw the objection. thanks.Sfahey 00:36, 2 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Culture of Greece
Culture of Greece is this week's Collaboration of the week. Please come and help it become a featured-standard article.

Did you know has been updated
And an article you created recently has made the line up and is now featured on the main page. Enjoy! -- [[User:MacGyverMagic|Mgm|(talk)]] 14:42, Nov 14, 2004 (UTC)

Bias
I'd like your opinion at Requests for arbitration. Thanks. Chameleon 12:20, 20 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Article Licensing
Hi, I've started a drive to get users to multi-license all of their contributions that they've made to either (1) all U.S. state, county, and city articles or (2) all articles, using the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike (CC-by-sa) v1.0 and v2.0 Licenses or into the public domain if they prefer. The CC-by-sa license is a true free documentation license that is similar to Wikipedia's license, the GFDL, but it allows other projects, such as WikiTravel, to use our articles. Since you are among the top 1000 Wikipedians by edits, I was wondering if you would be willing to multi-license all of your contributions or at minimum those on the geographic articles. Over 90% of people asked have agreed. For More Information:
 * Multi-Licensing FAQ - Lots of questions answered
 * Multi-Licensing Guide
 * Free the Rambot Articles Project

To allow us to track those users who muli-license their contributions, many users copy and paste the " " template into their user page, but there are other options at Template messages/User namespace. The following examples could also copied and pasted into your user page:

 * Option 1
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions, with the exception of my user pages, as described below:

OR
 * Option 2
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions to any U.S. state, county, or city article as described below:

Or if you wanted to place your work into the public domain, you could replace " " with "  ". If you only prefer using the GFDL, I would like to know that too. Please let me know what you think at my talk page. It's important to know either way so no one keeps asking. – Ram-Man (comment) (talk)  13:43, Dec 9, 2004 (UTC)

Edit summary
Hello. Please provide an edit summary. Thanks and happy edits. Hyacinth 16:19, 30 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Questionnaire for "the text of the Korea Web Weekly article
hi there i see that ur really into far eastern culture and history but i have a little doubt that ur actually caucasian. ur japanese right? (coz u sound like a imperialist japanese historian from 1940s) haha if ur not, take it as a joke ok i wanted to answer some of ur questions u were sort of correct in saying that rice probably originated from south east asia, but, if u REALLY REALLY read newpapers and watched tv news like bbc or cnn, i'm sure u must have came across that the OLDEST RICE was found in korean peninsula which is 15,000 years old...if u don't believe it just go to http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3207552.stm and about nihonshoki and kojiki..every historian that studies far eastern study knows they're ull of fairy tales, i mean come on man, do u really believea that the jap kings were sons of god and they once ruled the world??? if u do, then i think u need to c a therapist RIGHT NOW

Japanese Stereotypes in TMNT
Hi, I saw your comment on the Featured Article candidate page for TMNT and I was wondering if you could maybe give some examples, or if you know of any links relating to these stereotypes. I know they're there, I just can't seem to put my finger on what they are, and I'd like to add a section to the article about criticism of TMNT, including violence, marketing and stereotypes. Thanks! --Ntg

See my comments under "washi" =

There is no such word as

tortuorous

There is "tortuous" (probably what is intended) and "torturous" (more painful)

Interesting work - thank you Peter (Pdn)

Sashimi from living fish illegal in Germany?
Hello,

I believe it was you who wrote in Sashimi:
 * In some countries, like Germany, the practice of preparing sashimi from a living fish is barred.

I don't find it all that hard to believe, but when editing Ikezukuri I couldn't find any source that verified the claim, so I'm leaving it out for the moment. Can you back it up somehow? Cohen the Bavarian 19:04, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Tsubazeriai
Hi ! About Tsubazeriai on tsuba, there is the expression for "to begin doing something" which I recall vaguely... was it Tsubazeriai too ? I put it on the page but it'd need confirmation. Thanks for a very interesting addition, by the way ! Cheers ! Rama 15:24, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Comet Hyakutake
Hi Revth - I wonder if you might be able to help out? The article on Comet Hyakutake is currently nominated for featured status, and something that has been suggested is that it needs a pronunciation guide to the name. I don't know the proper Japanese pronunciation, or how to represent it in the IPA; just wondered if you might be able to assist? Thanks! Worldtraveller 02:09, 20 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Thank you for Date Clan information
Revth, My family is descended from senior retainers of the Date Clan. My great-grandmother's family name was Shibata. Her ancestors served in a position called "Bugyo", which is the highest administrative position in the clan. One of her ancestors was Shibata Geki, who was involved in a famous conflict in the Date Clan in the 1660's. It has been difficult to find history of the Date Lineage. Your entry on Wikipedia is the first I have seen in English. I hope you continue. Thank you.

-Masaru 4/17/2005 ronin_forty_seven@hotmail.com

expos/nationals debate
There is a major debate going on, and I wondered if you might want to chime in. The debate involves how to deal with franchise moves in baseball. The question is whether Montréal Expos should be its own article or if it should redirect to Washington Nationals. All other instances of franchise moves in MLB redirect the old team name to the new team name, and the history of the franchise is covered within the new team name (for MLB, NBA and NFL examples, see here. Some people are confused and think the Expos and the Nats are different teams. Some people don't want to upset Canadian readers.

Indeed, the Washington Nationals are not a new team - the Montreal Expos franchise has moved to Washington, and the old franchise name should redirect to the new franchise name, just like the 20+ instances of this occuring in Wikipedia. For example, Brooklyn Dodger history resides in the Los Angeles Dodgers article. New York Giants history, including the Shot Heard 'Round the World, resides in the San Francisco Giants article.

If you have the time, maybe you could chime in on the conversation there, Votes for deletion/Montréal Expos. Kingturtle 23:16, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)

WP:JAWNB
Hi, Revth, have you visited our noticeboard? Many editors who are interested in Japan-related topics join it. Also I would like to let you know another Japan related promotion WP:JCOTW, Collaboration of the Week. The current collaboration is on Inland Sea. By the way I am happy to see you active here ;-) Cheers, -- Aphaea  *  05:36, 8 May 2005 (UTC)

lots of edits, not an admin
Hi - I made a list of users who've been around long enough to have made lots of edits but aren't admins. It looks like you're not active anymore, but if you come back and are at all interested in becoming an admin, can you please add an '*' immediately before your name in this list? I've suggested folks nominating someone might want to puruse this list, although there is certainly no guarantee anyone will ever look at it. I've marked you on this list as "inactve". Feel free to update this as well. Thanks. -- Rick Block (talk) July 3, 2005 18:27 (UTC)

LOVE PSYCHEDELICO
hi. is the band's name all in caps? ive seen it "Love Psychedlico" and "LOVE PSYCHDELICO" probably an equal number of times. one should redirect to the other, but which should be the article, and which the redirect? thanks. Nateji77 07:48, 31 July 2005 (UTC)

Abby (J-Pop)
Hi there! The article Abby (J-Pop) seems to be a stub, but there doesn't seem to be much information for this person. Do you think you can expand it? --HappyCamper 20:05, 3 September 2005 (UTC)

J-Pop vs. band
Hi, I see you've created many articles called XXXX (J-Pop) while I am pretty sure they should be XXXX (band)'. Naming conventions typically don't need as much disambiguation as you have given it and if it did need it you would use XXXX (Japanese band). Just wanted to let you know why many of your articles have been moved. gren グレン 21:22, 19 September 2005 (UTC)

Aburadako
See what I posted on the discussion page for the Aburadako article. Why say what the albums are called, if you already stated that they do not title their albums? Are you just describing what the picture on the album is in Japanease? --Notyouravgjoe | Talk 20:30, 18 May 2006 (UTC)

Hanyo and half-demon
The claim in Hanyo is that a hanyô is from actual Japanese mythology. If that were the case, Kojien should have it (it's got nue, for example, which is pretty obscure), and it doesn't. I think the characters are somebody's creation as well, for that matter. So, that article will probably need some looking at as well. MSJapan 06:25, 2 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I kicked Hanyo around a bit which probably made it much better, so take a look. And nue is nowhere near obscure if you are into Japan's fantasy and myths genre of works, I believe Megami Tensei series always had the nue as an enemy (and friend, so to speak). -- Revth 07:29, 2 June 2006 (UTC)

Oden and (Miso-)Dengaku
Hi Revth. I'm not sure what to make of the following sentence:

It seems the festival (then?) known at “mis oden gaku” (always called “dengaku” today?) had its name shortened to “oden” at some time. Any wording more specific than what we have now would be helpful. The article's Spanish and German (and Chinese?) versions, being translations of the English article, have the same needlessly ambiguous wording. Thank you for reading this. Wikipeditor 19:21, 27 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Did this contraction take place before or after it became the name for a food? That is, when the same name was used for both the food, and the festival, was it “oden” or “misodengaku”?
 * Was the food named like that because it was traditionally consumed during “misodengaku”?
 * Is this the actual etymology or somebody's guesswork?
 * It should be clear now. -- Revth 01:33, 28 June 2006 (UTC)

Thanks for your change, but I am still confused. The dengaku article seems to be about a festival, whereas the Korean article ko:오뎅 says dengaku is a food (and that the “honorific prefix to make a word polite” o お has been added to dengaku's den to form oden, so it would not be a contraction of misodengaku). So there is a food which is now called misodengaku or dengaku which was formerly (also?) called oden, and a festival called dengaku? Are festival and food in any way related to each other? If not, the oden article's wikilink to dengaku is misleading. Wikipeditor 15:26, 28 June 2006 (UTC)

 * There is a type of festival called "dengaku" which is also the name for a dish and both use the same kanji with same accent. Apart from this, there is oden which some people call dengaku or even misodengaku (when, obviously, dengaku is cooked with miso). All are related as original dengaku was probably a festival food and that festival may have came to be called dengaku. From a same root of ancient dengaku, oden and misodenganku diverged to became different food (at least, to some people). Dengaku itself also became different from its original form which was actually closer to modern oden. So, articles should really be organized like; Oden, Dengaku (dish), Dengaku (festival), and Misodengaku (as a redirect to Dengaku (dish)). --Revth 02:14, 29 June 2006 (UTC)

Wow. Thanks. Wikipeditor 00:45, 16 September 2006 (UTC)

Gun Politics
I would like to start a discussion about your addition about Japan on the Gun Politics page. I think your knowledge of japaneese history will help flesh out that part of the article. OTOH I think you missed the point about the balance of power, but I think an accurate application of the history could be helpful to the article. Rearden9 14:37, 15 September 2006 (UTC)

Unreferenced Articles
I am going through the Japanese military history, and found some of your created articles lack sources:

 * Shimazu Katsuhisa
 * Shimazu Takahisa
 * Shimazu Yoshihisa
 * Shimazu Yoshihiro

Any chance of getting some of those listed? Thanks! --Kuuzo 06:00, 1 December 2006 (UTC)
 * They were translated from JP-wiki articles with information available there at that time. I haven't checked them since. --Revth 06:39, 1 December 2006 (UTC)

Save the List!
They are trying to delete the lists we've work so hard on help put a stop to it. List of J-pop Artists Vote to keep our precious list!!! -Bilaber 21:55, 12 December 2006 (UTC)

Soichi Noguchi
Thank you so much for your help, brother! Is there any documentation for this? Yours in Scouting, Chris 22:18, 19 February 2007 (UTC) ps-where in Japan do you live? I am hoping to get a job out there this year.

TFA/R revamping
I have proposed revising the WP:TFA/R process. After the recent rejection of my proposal, I researched Old FAs. You were the nominator of an article that was promoted to WP:FA before 2005, and you continue to be an active wikipedian. Your article has not yet been featured on the main page as a WP:TFA. I am wondering if you have ever made an active effort to get it featured and if you are aware of the new TFA/R procedure, which requires an active request. Please respond to my talk page. TonyTheTiger (talk/cont/bio) 22:14, 2 April 2007 (UTC)

Mongolian barbecue
I didn't write the page, I just did minor formatting changes. I am not responsible for the content of the article. Please look at the very small changes I made and see that they are of minor importance. If you would like to discuss the content of the article you can talk to AjaxSmack Gymboy689 01:15, 11 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Why don't you just go ahead and translate the origin information in the japanese language article? Assuming that it has sufficient reference sources, of course. There are several articles that would benefit from the result. Than name Jingnisukan and/or Jingisukan nabe should then made into a redirect to Mongolian Barbeque. --Latebird 07:00, 11 May 2007 (UTC)

Yoshiharu Abe
A "" template has been added to the article Yoshiharu Abe, suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. All contributions are appreciated, but the article may not satisfy Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and the deletion notice explains why (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and Wikipedia's deletion policy). You may contest the proposed deletion by removing the  notice, but please explain why you disagree with the proposed deletion in your edit summary or on its talk page. Also, please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Even though removing the deletion notice will prevent deletion through the proposed deletion process, the article may still be deleted if it matches any of the speedy deletion criteria or it can be sent to Articles for Deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached. Gimme danger 23:44, 20 June 2007 (UTC)

A tag has been placed on 0930 requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done because the article appears to be about a person, group of people, band, club, company, or web content, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is notable: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, articles that do not assert the subject's importance or significance may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable.

If you think that you can assert the notability of the subject, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on the article's talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the article meets the criterion it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the article that would confirm the subject's notability under Wikipedia guidelines.

For guidelines on specific types of articles, you may want to check out our criteria for biographies, for web sites, for bands, or for companies. Feel free to leave a note on my talk page if you have any questions about this. -- Flyguy649 talk contribs 14:52, 12 September 2007 (UTC)

Shalom!
I'm trying to expand and bring the Eilat page up to date. From the history/talk pages you have been there too, so please come and see what we can do to make it even better. Thank you, Shir-El too 23:57, 29 October 2007 (UTC)

Toyotomi Hideyoshi and slavery
Hi Revth, In this August 2004 edit, you added the statement, "In 1588, Hideyoshi effectively abolished slavery by stopping sales of slaves. Contract and indentured labors replaced slavery." In this April 2005 edit a user questioned the statement by writing "needs to be researched," and after being removed, this this became a "citation-needed" template. Can you provide a reference in English or Japanese to support the statement, so that we can remove the template? Many thanks, Fg2 (talk) 04:27, 17 November 2007 (UTC)

A tag has been placed on Wyse (J-Pop) requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done because the article appears to be about a person, group of people, band, club, company, or web content, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is notable: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, articles that do not assert the subject's importance or significance may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable.

If you think that you can assert the notability of the subject, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on the article's talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the article meets the criterion it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the article that would confirm the subject's notability under Wikipedia guidelines.

For guidelines on specific types of articles, you may want to check out our criteria for biographies, for web sites, for bands, or for companies. Feel free to leave a note on my talk page if you have any questions about this. Ra2007 (talk) 21:24, 10 December 2007 (UTC)

add a citation.
to the Sungryemun article if you want to insert information related to Japanese occupation. As far as I've known, national treasure and just treasure are very different. Japan didn't designated Korean properties as "National treasures of Japan, but instead, "Treasure of Japan" during the japanese occupation. --Appletrees (talk) 01:00, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Because Appletrees slanders Japan, a lot of users dislike him. For instance, he tried to apply racist's tag to a famous philosopher Fukuzawa Yukichi in Japan. Moreover, he made the category of "Category:Anti-Chinese sentiment in Japan" and "Category:Anti-Korean sentiment in Japan". He only shouted, "You are SOCKS" though a lot of users advised to his attitude. --124.87.134.96 (talk) 13:15, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

Pleurotus eryngii
Hi, you just made an edit that made it appear that this mushroom was not recently introduced to Japan. Are you certain that this has been part of Japanese cuisine for a long time? I don't believe that is correct. Badagnani (talk) 06:20, 6 June 2008 (UTC)

List of WiiWare games
I've reverted your edit for List of WiiWare games. Saikyou Ginsei Igo and Saikyou Ginhoshi Shogi are indeed separate WiiWare games by Silver Star (adaptations of Go and Shogi respectively), though they have very similar looking interfaces. Misterkillboy (talk) 08:56, 25 June 2008 (UTC)

CERO & JPN Releases
Hello there. Just to be aware that JPN releases shouldn't really be included in VG infoboxes, if it wasn't first released there - from WP:VG/DATE: "Release dates should be provided from primarily English-speaking regions, including North America, Europe, and Australia/New Zealand. If the video game is first released in a non-English country, commonly in Japan, then that should also be stated. ..Releases in non-English countries should not be included in the infobox (unless it is first released in a non-English country), but if determined to be necessary to include, can be discussed further in the article's body.". I assume it's the same with CERO ratings, but I'm going to bring this up on WPT:VG. Thanks! Fin©™ 12:39, 27 June 2008 (UTC)

AfD nomination of Yoshiharu Abe
I have nominated Yoshiharu Abe, an article you created, for deletion. I do not feel that this article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and have explained why at Articles for deletion/Yoshiharu Abe. Your opinions on the matter are welcome at that same discussion page; also, you are welcome to edit the article to address these concerns. Thank you for your time. Do you want to opt out of receiving this notice?  naerii  03:22, 23 August 2008 (UTC)

JP Infobox Info
Hi there. Please don't add JP info (release, rating) to the infobox of games not developed there, it's not useful to other games and just clutters the infobox. Thanks! Fin©™ 09:16, 17 July 2009 (UTC)

Unreferenced BLPs
Hello Revth! Thank you for your contributions. I am a bot alerting you that 4 of the articles that you created  are tagged as Unreferenced Biographies of Living Persons. The biographies of living persons policy requires that all personal or potentially controversial information be sourced. In addition, to ensure verifiability, all biographies should be based on reliable sources. If you were to bring these articles up to standards, it would greatly help us with the current Category:All_unreferenced_BLPs article backlog. Once the articles are adequately referenced, please remove the unreferencedBLP tag. Here is the list:

Thanks!--DASHBot (talk) 17:57, 17 January 2010 (UTC)
 * 1) Yutaka Fukumoto -
 * 2) H-wonder -
 * 3) Daisuke Asakura -
 * 4) Yasuhiro Abe -

Speedy deletion nomination of Shinichi Aida
A tag has been placed on Shinichi Aida requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about a person or group of people, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is important or significant: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, such articles may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable, as well as our subject-specific notability guideline for biographies. You may also wish to consider using a Wizard to help you create articles – see the Article Wizard.

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page that has been nominated for deletion (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag - if no such tag exists then the page is no longer a speedy delete candidate and adding a hangon tag is unnecessary), coupled with adding a note on the talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the page meets the criterion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the page that would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Lastly, please note that if the page does get deleted, you can contact one of these admins to request that they userfy the page or have a copy emailed to you. 夢 追人  YumeChaser 03:46, 4 September 2010 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of 54-71

A tag has been placed on 54-71 requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about a person, organization (band, club, company, etc.) or web content, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is important or significant: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, such articles may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable.

If you think that the page was nominated in error, contest the nomination by clicking on the button labelled "Click here to contest this speedy deletion" in the speedy deletion tag. Doing so will take you to the talk page where you can explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. You can also visit the page's talk page directly to give your reasons, but be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be removed without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but do not hesitate to add information that is consistent with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. If the page is deleted, you can contact one of these administrators to request that the administrator userfy the page or email a copy to you. 114.150.34.98 (talk) 18:40, 18 December 2012 (UTC)

Hey I loved your edit of the battle of minatogawa. I was hoping you would add information to the English page of Ashikaga Yoshiteru. His Japanese page looks loaded with information I wish I could read. This is my request, thank you. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2607:FB90:768:58A8:0:45:526E:CF01 (talk) 15:03, 25 February 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
Hi, You appear to be eligible to vote in the current Arbitration Committee election. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to enact binding solutions for disputes between editors, primarily related to serious behavioural issues that the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the ability to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate, you are welcome to review the candidates' statements and submit your choices on the voting page. For the Election committee, MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 22:13, 30 November 2015 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Harada Naomasa

The article Harada Naomasa has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Have searched for information on Harada Naomasa, but have failed to find any. If anybody else finds info on him then add it to the references and remove this notice."

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Proposed deletion of Yōichi Aoyama

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Proposed deletion of Miho Watanabe

The article Miho Watanabe has been proposed for deletion because it appears to have no references. Under Wikipedia policy, this biography of a living person will be deleted after seven days unless it has at least one reference to a reliable source that directly supports material in the article.   The nominator also raised the following concern:
 * Unsourced, fails WP:BIO or WP:BAND. The three movies listed do not seem to exist. the website leads to a yoga instructor's personal website.

If you created the article, please don't be offended. Instead, consider improving the article. For help on inserting references, see Referencing for beginners, or ask at the help desk. Once you have provided at least one reliable source, you may remove the prod blp/dated tag. Please do not remove the tag unless the article is sourced. If you cannot provide such a source within seven days, the article may be deleted, but you can when you are ready to add one. ◢    Ganbaruby!    (Say hi!) 02:16, 20 June 2020 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Shimazu Katsuhisa

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Proposed deletion of Breath (band)

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Proposed deletion of Yamada Arinaga

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title: User talk:Revth


text:
Stickleback

The sticklebacks are a family of ray-finned fishes, the Gasterosteidae which have a Holarctic distribution in fresh, brackish and marine waters. They were thought to be related to the pipefish and seahorses but are now thought to be more closely related to the eelpouts and sculpins.

Taxonomy
The stickleback family, Gasterosteidae, was first proposed as a family by the French zoologist Charles Lucien Bonaparte in 1831. It was long thought that the sticklebacks and their relatives made up a suborder, the Gasterosteoidei, of the order Gasterostiformes with the sea horses and pipefishes making up the suborder Syngnathoidei. More recent phylogenetic work has shown that the Gaterosteoidei is more closely related to the Zoarcoidei and the Cottoidei, which means that this taxon would belong in the order Scorpaeniformes. but in other phylogenetic classifications it is treated as the infraorder Gasterosteales within the suborder Cottoidei or as a sister clade to the Zoarcales in the order Zoarciformes.

FishBase recognises 16 species in the family, grouped in five genera. However, several of the species have a number of recognised subspecies, and the taxonomy of the family is thought to be in need of revision.

Genera
The family Gasterosteidae includes the following genera:

 * Apeltes DeKay, 1842
 * Culaea Whitley, 1950
 * Gasterosteus Linnaeus, 1758
 * Pungitius d'Annone, 1760
 * Spinachia Cuvier, 1816

Description

Sticklebacks are endemic to the temperate zone and are most commonly found in the ocean, but some can be found in fresh water. The freshwater taxa were trapped in Europe, Asia, and North America after the Ice Age 10,000–20,000 years ago, and have evolved features different from those of the marine species.

Sticklebacks are carnivorous, feeding on small animals such as insects, crustaceans and fish larvae.

Sticklebacks are characterised by the presence of strong and clearly isolated spines in their dorsal fins. An unusual feature of sticklebacks is that they have no scales, although some species have bony armour plates.

Sizes
The maximum size of the best-known species, the three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus), is about 4 inches, but few of them are more than 3 inches long. They mature sexually at a length of about 2 inches. Most other stickleback species are roughly similar in size or somewhat smaller. The only exception is the far larger fifteen-spined stickleback (Spinachia spinachia), which can reach 22 cm (approx. 8.8 inches). Body form varies with habitat: sticklebacks in shallow lakes have developed a deep body specialized to enable feeding on benthic invertebrates, whilst those in deep oligotrophic lakes have adapted to feed on plankton and have a more slimlined body.

Personality
Research has shown that Sticklebacks display distinct personality traits, specifically in the area of taking a risk, and, can be considered bold or shy. These personality traits were determined to directly influence if they would lead, and if discouraged, attempt to lead again.

Mating
All stickleback species show similar, unusual mating behaviour. Freshwater males develop a red colouration, and although this may be seen in oceanic and benthic species these tend to remain dull-coloured. The male then constructs a nest from weeds held together by spiggin, a kidney secretion, then attract females to the nest. Females signal their readiness to mate with solitary rather than shoaling behaviour, a head-up posture; their bellies are also obviously distended with eggs. Courtship typically involves a zig-zag 'dance' where the male approaches the female in an erratic side-to-side pattern, and dorsal pricking of the female's abdomen. A female lays her eggs inside the nest, where the male fertilises them. The male then guards the eggs until they hatch 7–14 days later (depending on temperature), and may continue to guard the fry after they hatch. This large investment in both the nesting site and guarding of the eggs limits the number of females a male can mate with however males spawn multiple times. This introduces the ability for selection to favor male mate choice. Some males die following spawning.

Mating choice
Typically, the sex with the greatest parental investment has the strongest mate preferences. Stickleback species exhibit mutual mate choice in which both the male and female have strong mate preferences. This is due in part to the strong parental investment on behalf of the male in guarding the eggs.

Female mate choice
Female sticklebacks show a strong preference to male stickleback with bright red coloration under their throats. Females mate both more often with males with brighter red coloration and give on average, larger eggs to be fertilized by these males. This preference has led to brighter red coloring. This association is possible because the red coloration can only be produced by males that are free of parasites. This is referred to in the Hamilton-Zuk hypothesis.

However, there is also evidence that attractive male red coloration may be a faulty signal of male quality. Male sticklebacks that are more attractive to females due to carotenoid colorants may under-allocate carotenoids to their germline cells. Since carotinoids are beneficial antioxidants, their under-allocation to germline cells can lead to increased oxidative DNA damage to these cells. Therefore, female sticklebacks may risk fertility and the viability of their offspring by choosing redder, but more deteriorated partners with reduced sperm quality.

Female mate choice has also been seen to be condition dependent. Females are almost always the more choosy sex in most species. Female sticklebacks though, have been found to be less choosy of mates when in poor physical condition and inversely, more choosy in good condition.

Male mate choice
In some species, such as the three-spined stickleback, the large investment in both nesting site and guarding of eggs by males limits the number of females a male can mate with. This introduces the ability for selection to favor male mate choice. Male mate choice is rarely studied or observed in many species but multiple studies have confirmed male mate choice within stickleback species. Males show a choosiness similar to females as to what female they are willing to court and mate. Male sticklebacks have been observed to show preference towards female sticklebacks that are larger and longer. This is believed to be because larger females on average produce larger eggs, which leads to a greater offspring survival and fitness. In addition, male sticklebacks have also been observed to prefer females with more distended or bloated stomachs. The benefits of this is also due to larger eggs and thus offspring survival and fitness

Inbreeding avoidance
Female three-spined sticklebacks adjust their courting behaviour to the risk of inbreeding. When gravid females are given the choice between a courting unfamiliar non-sibling and a familiar brother, they prefer to mate with the non-sibling and thus avoid the disadvantages that accompany incest. Eggs from inbred matings compared to eggs from outbred matings have a lower rate of fertilization and hatching, and fewer progeny survive to reproductive age.

Use in science
Niko Tinbergen's studies of the behaviour of this fish were important in the early development of ethology as an example of a fixed action pattern. More recently, the fish have become a favourite system for studying the molecular genetics of evolutionary change in wild populations and a powerful "supermodel" for combining evolutionary studies at molecular, developmental, population genetic, and ecological levels. The nearly complete genome sequence of a reference freshwater stickleback was described in 2012, along with set of genetic variants commonly found in 21 marine and freshwater populations around the world. Some variants, and several chromosome inversions, consistently distinguish marine and freshwater populations, helping identify a genome-wide set of changes contributing to repeated adaptation of sticklebacks to marine and freshwater environments. The adaptations seen in oceanic threespine sticklebacks make them an ideal organism for the study of parallel evolution.

In culture
There is a sculpture in Kronstadt dedicated to stickleback, which saved thousands of city residents from starvation during the Leningrad Siege of World War II.

title: Stickleback


text:
User talk:Coreyander

Hello Corey, welcome to Wikipedia. Here's some tips:
 * You can introduce yourself on the new users page
 * If you made any edits before you got an account, you might be interested in assigning those to your username.
 * You can sign your name using three tildes, like . If you use four, you can add a datestamp too.
 * If you ever think a page or image should be deleted, please list it at the votes for deletion page. There is also a votes for undeletion page if you want to retrieve something that you think should not have been deleted.
 * If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page.

Other useful pages are: how to edit, how to write a great article, naming conventions, manual of style and the Wikipedia policies.

I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Angela. 07:23, Feb 25, 2004 (UTC)

WikiProject Sociology
I just started this and am looking to get some people involved. I've noticed your interest on the subject, and your involvement would certainly be appreciated. Thanks! Sarge[[User_talk:Sarge_Baldy| Baldy]] 06:17, Dec 7, 2004 (UTC)

Sociology Portal
Proposed Sociology Portal

Portal:Sociology has been proposed from WikiProject_Community and WikiProject_Sociology. - CQ 13:19, 15 May 2006 (UTC)

Biopower
Hello Corey Regards original research I will try and update more references as soon as possible as you will be well aware there are numerous references in the piece and it would be foolish of me not to update them.Regards the references I will try and update the section on Foucault and the concept Biopower.If you have a look at the article more closely there are 127 references I have no problem with anyone else having a try at editing the article but most of the article is taking from Foucault's lecture course at the College de France on Biopolitics and Biopower 1977 and 1978.Richardlord50 (talk) 10:59, 16 May 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:Coreyander