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K3b

K3b (from KDE Burn Baby Burn) is a CD, DVD and Blu-ray authoring application by KDE for Unix-like computer operating systems. It provides a graphical user interface to perform most CD/DVD burning tasks like creating an Audio CD from a set of audio files or copying a CD/DVD, as well as more advanced tasks such as burning eMoviX CD/DVDs. It can also perform direct disc-to-disc copies. The program has many default settings which can be customized by more experienced users. The actual disc recording in K3b is done by the command line utilities cdrecord or cdrkit, cdrdao, and growisofs. As of version 1.0, K3b features a built-in DVD ripper.

As is the case with most KDE applications, K3b is written in the C++ programming language and uses the Qt GUI toolkit. Released under the GNU General Public License, K3b is free software.

A first alpha of a KDE Platform 4 version of K3b was released on 22 April 2009, the second on 27 May 2009 and a third on 14 October 2009.

K3b is a software project that was started in 1998, and is one of the mainstays of the KDE desktop.

Features
Some of K3b's main features include:
 * Data CD/DVD burning;
 * Audio CD burning;
 * CD-Text support;
 * Blu-ray /DVD-R/DVD+R/DVD-RW/DVD+RW support;
 * CD-R/CD-RW support;
 * Mixed Mode CD (CD-DA and -ROM on one disc);
 * Multisession CD;
 * Video CD/Video DVD authoring;
 * eMovix CD/eMovix DVD;
 * Disk-to-disk CD and DVD copying;
 * Erasing Rewritable discs;
 * ISO image support;
 * Ripping Audio CDs, Video CDs, Video DVDs.

K3b can also burn data CDs that support Linux/Unix based OS, Windows, DOS, Very Large Files (UDF), Linux/Unix + Windows, Rock Ridge, and Joliet file systems.

K3b's full list of features (the below list could be still incomplete):
 * Creating data CDs:
 * Add files and folders to data CD project via drag and drop;
 * Remove files from your project, move files within your project;
 * Create empty directories within your project;
 * Write data CDs on-the-fly directly without an image file or with image file. It's also possible to just create the image file and write it to CD later;
 * Rockridge and Joliet file system support;
 * Rename files within the project;
 * Let K3b rename all the mp3/ogg files you add to your project to a common format like "artist - title.mp3;
 * For advanced users: support for nearly all the mkisofs options;
 * Verifying the burned data;
 * Support for multiple El-Torito boot images;
 * Multisession support.
 * Creating audio CDs:
 * Pluggable audio decoding. Plugins for WAV, mp3, FLAC, and Ogg Vorbis are included;
 * CD-Text support. Will automagically be filled in from tags in audio files;
 * Write audio CDs on-the-fly, without decoding audio files to wav before;
 * Normalize volume levels before writing;
 * Cut audio tracks at the beginning and the end.
 * Creating Video CDs:
 * VCD 1.1, 2.0, SVCD;
 * CD-i support (Version 4).
 * Creating mixed-mode CDs:
 * CD-Extra (CD-Plus, Enhanced Audio CD) support;
 * All data and audio project features.
 * Creating eMovix CDs.
 * CD Copying:
 * Copy single and multi session data CDs;
 * Copy Audio CDs;
 * Copy Enhanced Audio CDs (CD-Extra);
 * Copy CD-Text;
 * Add CD-Text from CDDB;
 * CD Cloning mode for perfect single session CD copies.
 * DVD Burning:
 * Support for DVD-R(W) and DVD+R(W);
 * Creating data DVD projects;
 * Creating eMovix DVDs;
 * Formatting DVD-RWs and DVD+RWs.
 * CD Ripping:
 * CDDB support via http, cddbp and local cddb directory;
 * Sophisticated pattern system to automatically organize the ripped tracks in directories and name them according to album, title, artist, and track number;
 * CD-Text reading. May be used instead of CDDB info;
 * K3b stores CDDB info of the ripped tracks which will automatically be used as CD-Text when adding the ripped files to an audio project;
 * Plugin system to allow encoding to virtually every audio format. Plugins to encode to Ogg Vorbis, mp3, FLAC, and all formats supported by SoX included.
 * DVD Ripping and DivX/XviD encoding.
 * Save/load projects.
 * Blanking of CD-RWs.
 * Retrieving Table of contents and cdr information.
 * Writing existing iso images to CD or DVD with optional verification of the written data.
 * Writing cue/bin files created for CDRWIN.
 * DVD copy (no video transcoding yet).
 * Enhanced CD device handling:
 * Detection of maximal writing and reading speed.
 * Detection of Burnfree and Justlink support.
 * Good media detection and optional automatic CD-RW and DVD-RW blanking.
 * KParts-Plugin ready.

title: K3b


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Baron Hacking

Baron Hacking, of Chorley in the County Palatine of Lancaster, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created in 1945 for the Conservative politician Sir Douglas Hacking, 1st Baronet. He was Chairman of the Conservative Party from 1936 to 1942. Hacking had already been created a baronet in 1938. the titles are held by his grandson, the third Baron, who succeeded his father in 1971.

Barons Hacking (1945)

 * Douglas Hewitt Hacking, 1st Baron Hacking (1884–1950)
 * Douglas Eric Hacking, 2nd Baron Hacking (1910–1971)
 * Douglas David Hacking, 3rd Baron Hacking (b. 1938)

The heir apparent is the present holder's son, Hon. Douglas Francis Hacking (b. 1968).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Baron Hacking


text:
Baron Hives

Baron Hives, of Duffield in the County of Derby, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created 7 July 1950 for the Ernest Hives, Chairman of Rolls-Royce Ltd. the title is held by his grandson, the third Baron, who succeeded his uncle in 1997.

Baron Hives (1950)

 * Ernest Walter Hives, 1st Baron Hives (1886–1965)
 * John Warwick Hives, 2nd Baron Hives (1913–1997)
 * Matthew Peter Hives, 3rd Baron Hives (b. 1971)

The heir apparent is the present holder's son, the Hon. Henry Peter David Hives (born 2024).

title: Baron Hives


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Vigna

Vigna is a genus of plants in the legume family, Fabaceae, with a pantropical distribution. It includes some well-known cultivated species, including many types of beans. Some are former members of the genus Phaseolus. According to Hortus Third, Vigna differs from Phaseolus in biochemistry and pollen structure, and in details of the style and stipules.

Vigna is also commonly confused with the genus Dolichos, but the two differ in stigma structure.

Vigna are herbs or occasionally subshrubs. The leaves are pinnate, divided into 3 leaflets. The inflorescence is a raceme of yellow, blue, or purple pea flowers. The fruit is a legume pod of varying shapes containing seeds.

Familiar food species include the adzuki bean (V. angularis), the black gram (V. mungo), the cowpea (V. unguiculata, including the variety known as the black-eyed pea), and the mung bean (V. radiata). Each of these may be used as a whole bean, a bean paste, or as bean sprouts.

The genus is named after Domenico Vigna, a seventeenth-century Italian botanist and director of the Orto botanico di Pisa.

Uses
Root tubers of Vigna species have traditionally been used as food by the Indigenous Peoples of the Northern Territory.

Selected species
The genus Vigna contains at least 90 species, including:

Subgenus Ceratotropis

 * Vigna aconitifolia (Jacq.) Maréchal —moth bean, mat bean, Turkish gram
 * Vigna angularis (Willd.) Ohwi & H. Ohashi —adzuki bean, red bean
 * Vigna angularis var. angularis (Willd.) Ohwi & H. Ohashi
 * Vigna angularis var. nipponensis (Ohwi) Ohwi & H. Ohashi
 * Vigna glabrescens Maréchal et al.
 * Vigna grandiflora (Prain) Tateishi & Maxted
 * Vigna hirtella Ridley
 * Vigna minima (Roxb.) Ohwi & H. Ohashi
 * Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper —black gram, black lentil, white lentil, urd-bean, urad bean
 * Vigna mungo var. silvestris Lukoki, Maréchal & Otoul
 * Vigna nakashimae (Ohwi) Ohwi & H. Ohashi
 * Vigna nepalensis Tateishi & Maxted
 * Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek —mung bean, green gram, golden gram, mash bean, green soy, celera-bean, Jerusalem-pea
 * Vigna radiata var. radiata (L.) Wilczek
 * Vigna radiata var. sublobata (Roxb.) Verdc.
 * Vigna reflexopilosa Hayata —Creole-bean
 * Vigna reflexopilosa var. reflexopilosa Hayata
 * Vigna reflexopilosa var. glabra Tomooka & Maxted
 * Vigna riukiuensis (Ohwi) Ohwi & H. Ohashi
 * Vigna stipulacea Kuntze
 * Vigna subramaniana (Babu ex Raizada) M. Sharma
 * Vigna tenuicaulis N. Tomooka & Maxted
 * Vigna trilobata (L.) Verdc. —jungle mat bean, jungli-bean, African gram, three-lobe-leaved cowpea
 * Vigna trinervia (Heyne ex Wall.) Tateishi & Maxted
 * Vigna umbellata (Thunb.) Ohwi & H. Ohashi —ricebean, red bean, climbing mountain-bean, mambi bean, Oriental-bean

Subgenus Haydonia

 * Vigna monophylla Taub.
 * Vigna nigritia Hook. f.
 * Vigna schimperi Baker
 * Vigna triphylla (R. Wilczek) Verdc.

Subgenus Lasiospron

 * Vigna diffusa (Scott-Elliot) A. Delgado & Verdc.
 * Vigna juruana (Harms) Verdc.
 * Vigna lasiocarpa (Mart. ex Benth.) Verdc.
 * Vigna longifolia (Benth.) Verdc.
 * Vigna schottii (Bentham) A. Delgado & Verdc.
 * Vigna trichocarpa (C. Wright ex Sauvalle) A. Delgado
 * Vigna vexillata (L.) A. Rich. —zombi pea, wild cowpea
 * Vigna vexillata var. angustifolia
 * Vigna vexillata var. youngiana

Subgenus Vigna

 * Vigna ambacensis Welw. ex Bak.
 * Vigna angivensis Baker
 * Vigna filicaulis Hepper
 * Vigna friesiorum Harms
 * Vigna gazensis Baker f.
 * Vigna hosei (Craib) Backer —Sarowak/Sarawak bean
 * Vigna luteola (Jacq.) Benth. —Dalrymple vigna
 * Vigna membranacea A. Rich.
 * Vigna membranacea subsp. caesia (Chiov.) Verdc.
 * Vigna membranacea subsp. membranacea A. Rich.
 * Vigna monantha Thulin
 * Vigna racemosa (G. Don) Hutch. & Dalziel
 * Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc. —Bambara groundnut, Congo goober, hog-peanut, jugo bean, njugumawe (Swahili) (sometimes separated in Voandzeia)
 * Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. —cowpea, crowder pea, Southern pea, Reeve's-pea, snake-bean
 * Vigna unguiculata subsp. cylindrica—catjang
 * Vigna unguiculata subsp. dekindtiana—wild cowpea, African cowpea, Ethiopian cowpea
 * Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis—yardlong bean, long-podded cowpea, asparagus bean, Chinese long bean, pea-bean
 * Vigna unguiculata subsp. unguiculata—black-eyed pea, black-eyed bean

Incertae sedis

 * Vigna comosa
 * Vigna dalzelliana
 * Vigna debilis Fourc.
 * Vigna decipiens
 * Vigna dinteri Harms
 * Vigna dolichoides Baker in Hooker f.

 * Vigna frutescens

 * Vigna gracilis

 * Vigna kirkii
 * Vigna lanceolata—pencil yam, Maloga-bean, parsnip-bean, merne arlatyeye (Arrernte)

 * Vigna lobata (Willd.) Endl.
 * Vigna lobatifolia
 * Vigna marina (Burm.f.) Merr. —dune-bean, notched cowpea, sea-bean, mohihihi, nanea (Hawaiian)

 * Vigna multiflora
 * Vigna nervosa
 * Vigna oblongifolia
 * Vigna owahuensis Vogel —Oahu cowpea
 * Vigna parkeri—creeping vigna

 * Vigna pilosa

title: Vigna


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John Curwen

 John Curwen (14 November 1816 – 26 May 1880) was an English Congregationalist minister and diffuser of the tonic sol-fa system of music education created by Sarah Ann Glover. He was educated at Wymondley College in Hertfordshire, then Coward College as that institution became known when it moved to London, and finally University College London.

Background and biography
John Curwen was a descendant of the Curwens of Workington Hall in Cumbria, one of the oldest families in England, the male line proper being a direct descent from Eldred, a pre-Norman Englishman, whose son Ketel held lands in the Barony of Kendal. Orm, Ketel's son, inherited the Cumbrian manor of Workington.

Curwen was born 14 November 1816, at Heckmondwike, West Riding of Yorkshire, the son of Spedding Curwen and Mary Jubb. His father was a Non-conformist minister, as John was also from 1838 until 1864. Curwen gave up full-time ministry to devote himself to his new method of musical nomenclature.

He established the Tonic Sol-Fa Press in Plaistow, where he had been a minister, and in 1879 the Tonic Sol-Fa college (later the Forest Gate School of Music) in Forest Gate.

Curwen married Mary Thompson (1816–1890) in May 1845. They had four children – Margaret, John Spencer, Spedding and Thomas Herbert. Curwen died at Heaton Mersey, Stockport on 26 May 1880. His son John Spencer married Annie Jessy Gregg, who went on to write the extensive and influential series Mrs. Curwen's Pianoforte Method based on her adaptation for the piano of John Curwen's method for voice.

Tonic sol-fa
Curwen's system was designed to aid in sight reading of the stave with its lines and spaces. He adapted it from a number of earlier musical systems, including the Norwich Sol-fa method of Sarah Ann Glover (1785–1867) of Norwich. Her Sol-fa system was based on the ancient gamut; but she omitted the constant recital of the alphabetical names of each note and the arbitrary syllable indicating key relationship, and also the recital of two or more such syllables when the same note was common to as many keys (e.g. C, Fa, Ut, meaning that C is the subdominant of G and the tonic of C). The notes were represented by the initials of the seven syllables, still in use in Italy and France as their names. Curwen taught himself to sight-read based on Glover's Norwich Sol-fa, made alterations and improvements, and named his method Tonic Sol-fa. In the Tonic Sol-fa the seven letters refer to key relationship (relative pitch) and not to absolute pitch. Curwen utilised the first letter (lower case) of each of the solmisation tones (do, re, me, fa, sol, la, ti), and a rhythmic system that used bar lines (prefixing strong beats), half bar lines (prefixing medium beats), and semicolons (prefixing weak beats) in each measure.

Curwen felt the need for a simple way of teaching how to sing by note through his experiences among Sunday school teachers. Stemming from his religious and social beliefs, Curwen thought that music should be easily accessible to all classes and ages of people. Apart from Glover, similar ideas had been elaborated in France by Pierre Galin (1786–1821), Aimé Paris (1798–1866) and Emile Chevé (1804–1864), whose method of teaching how to read at sight (the Galin-Paris-Chevé system) also depended on the principle of tonic relationship being taught by the reference of every sound to its tonic, and by the use of a numeric notation. Curwen adapted French time names from Paris' Langue de durées.

Curwen's publications
Curwen brought out his Grammar of Vocal Music in 1843, and in 1853 started the Tonic Sol-Fa Association. The Standard Course of Lessons on the Tonic Sol-fa Method of Teaching to Sing was published in 1858. In 1879 the Tonic Sol-Fa College was opened. Curwen also began publishing, and brought out a periodical called the Tonic Sol-fa Reporter and Magazine of Vocal Music for the People, and in his later life was occupied in directing the spreading organisation of his system. With his son, John Spencer Curwen (1847–1916) who later became principal of the Tonic Sol-Fa College, Curwen incorporated the J. Curwen & Sons publishing firm in 1863. This firm continued as the Curwen Press into the 1970s, when it was closed. The Sol-fa system was widely adopted for use in education, as an easily teachable method in the reading of music at sight, but its more ambitious aims for providing a superior method of musical notation have not been generally adopted. In 1872, Curwen changed his former course of using the Sol-fa system as an aid to sight reading, when that edition of his Standard Course of Lessons excluded the staff and relied solely on Curwen's Tonic Sol-fa system.

Curwen technically did not invent Tonic Sol-fa. Rather he developed a distinct method of applying it in music education, including both rhythm and pitch. The name and current form can be traced to Curwen.

Works

 * A Tonic Sol-fa Primer
 * The Teacher's Manual of the Tonic Sol-fa Method
 * Grammar of Vocal Music
 * Musical Theory
 * Musical Statics

Memorial
Curwen is remembered in Heckmondwike with a memorial in the Green Park and by the John Curwen Cooperative Primary, by Curwen Primary School in Plaistow, London, and by Curwen Crescent, and in 2007 a new housing development in the north of the town was named Curwen Park.

title: John Curwen


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Baron Harding of Petherton

Baron Harding of Petherton, of Nether Compton in the County of Dorset, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created in 1958 for Field Marshal Sir John Harding. He served as Chief of the Imperial General Staff from 1952 to 1955 and as Governor of Cyprus from 1955 to 1957. The title is now held by his grandson, the third Baron, who succeeded his father in 2016.

Diana "Dido" Harding, Baroness Harding of Winscombe, a businesswoman and Conservative life peer, is the daughter of the 2nd Baron.

Barons Harding of Petherton (1958)

 * (Allan Francis) John Harding, 1st Baron Harding of Petherton (1896–1989)
 * John Charles Harding, 2nd Baron Harding of Petherton (1928–2016)
 * William Alan John Harding, 3rd Baron Harding of Petherton (b. 1969)

The heir apparent is the present holder's son, the Hon. Angus John Edward Harding (b. 2001).

Line of succession

 * Coronet of a British Baron.svg Field Marshal (Allan Francis) John Harding, 1st Baron Harding of Petherton (1896–1989)
 * Coronet of a British Baron.svg John Charles Harding, 2nd Baron Harding of Petherton (1928–2016)
 * Coronet of a British Baron.svg William Allan John Harding, 3rd Baron Harding of Petherton (born 1969)
 * (1) Hon. Angus John Edward Harding (b. 2001)
 * (2) Hon. Mungo Richard John Harding (b. 2003)
 * (3) Hon. David Richard John Harding (b. 1978)

title: Baron Harding of Petherton


text:
Talk:Sauromys

Yes, but what is it? My limited research indicates its a bat. DJ Clayworth 21:54, 24 Feb 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sauromys


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Emo Philips

Emo Philips (born Philip Soltanec, February 7, 1956) is an American actor, stand-up comedian, writer, and producer. His stand-up comedy persona makes use of paraprosdokians spoken in a wandering falsetto tone of voice. The confused, childlike delivery of his material produces the intended comic timing in a manner invoking the "wisdom of children" or the idiot savant.

Career
The character of Emo Philips appears as a fidgety, possibly mentally disturbed, nervous but highly intelligent individual. Philips constantly moves throughout the routine, often shifting from sitting to standing positions, wandering from end to end on stage, playing with his hair or clothing, or going as far as to partially undress as he delivers punchlines. His comedy, which is largely self-deprecating and ironic, is often delivered in a modulated falsetto. His look (occasionally described as geeky, disco and vaudeville-inspired), particularly his hair—a 1970s-style bob with straight-lined front fringe—has been a signature part of his appearance and act for most of his career.

Philips has recorded three comedy albums. His album E=mo², recorded live at Caroline's in Manhattan, New York City won the 1985 New Music Award for best comedy album. It was later re-released along with his Live at the Hasty Pudding Theatre album on a single CD. He also released an album called Emo in 2001. A joke of his was voted funniest religious joke ever in a 2005 online poll. In 2006, he appeared at the Newbury Comedy Festival. He was included in the top 50 of E4's 100 Greatest Comedians, and also appeared number 54 on Channel 4's top 100 greatest standups.

Aside from Philips's long career as a standup comic, he has been featured in acting roles on television series such as Miami Vice and The Weird Al Show. In 2006, he appeared on British television, as a guest on the panel game 8 Out of 10 Cats. Philips has several voiceover credits, including work on the animated series Dr. Katz, Professional Therapist; Home Movies; Space Ghost Coast to Coast; Adventure Time as Cuber the mysterious storyteller; and the voice of Dooper in the animated series Slacker Cats. he has also appeared on four episodes of @midnight, in February 2015, April 8, 2016, a 1990s themed episode on September 26, 2016, and the finale episode on August 4, 2017.

He has appeared in feature films including 1989's UHF (as Joe Earley, a rather clumsy school shop teacher who accidentally saws his thumb off) and Desperation Boulevard in 1998. Additionally, he appeared in the original 1992 version of Meet the Parents (also executive producer) and was an associate producer of the 2000 remake.

Around 2001, Philips began to appear more often after a hiatus in the 1990s. His look was drastically altered, appearing more "new millennium" rather than his signature bob and 1970s casual disco look. Now embracing salt & pepper spiked up gray hair and dressed in black active sportswear, Philips delivered the same comedy routine but with a much more subdued persona. Though still fidgety, he no longer carried random props or undressed himself as he was used to doing. Like most of the Reagan era comedians, he felt the need to adapt to changing times and styles of the flourishing digital age in an effort to stay relevant to younger audiences, particularly later year Generation X and millennials who comprised the majority of college populations during the early part of the 2000s.

Philips only carried that appearance for a few years, retiring it in 2005 and emerging back on the comedy circuit around 2010 with his classic look and persona. He has experienced a considerable resurgence in popularity since then and has been a featured performer at many national comedy tours over the last several years, appearing at the Moontower Comedy Festival in Austin, Texas and appearing frequently on 24/7 Comedy.

"Weird Al" Yankovic and Philips toured together throughout the US in 2018, in Yankovic's Ridiculously Self-Indulgent, Ill-Advised Vanity Tour, and again in the 2022 iteration. On November 5, 2011, Emo married actress and screenwriter Kipleigh Brown.

Discography

 * 1985: E=mo²
 * 1987: Live at the Hasty Pudding Theatre
 * 2001: Emo
 * 2003: E=mo² plus the Entire Live at the Hasty Pudding Theatre

title: Emo Philips


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Baron Howick of Glendale

Baron Howick of Glendale, of Howick in the County of Northumberland, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created in 1960 for Sir Evelyn Baring, the former Governor of Kenya. A member of the famous Baring family, he was the third and youngest son of Evelyn Baring, 1st Earl of Cromer, and the great-grandson of Sir Francis Baring, 1st Baronet, the founder of Barings Bank. Baring's uncle was Edward Baring, 1st Baron Revelstoke, the father of Maurice Baring, while other members of the family include Francis Baring, 1st Baron Northbrook, and Alexander Baring, 1st Baron Ashburton. the title is held by the first Baron's son, the second Baron, who succeeded in 1973.

The family seat is Howick Hall, near Howick, Northumberland.

Barons Howick of Glendale (1960)

 * Evelyn Baring, 1st Baron Howick of Glendale (1903–1973)
 * Charles Evelyn Baring, 2nd Baron Howick of Glendale (b. 1937)

The heir apparent is the present holder's son Hon. David Evelyn Charles Baring (b. 1975) The next heir-in-line is his elder son Felix Charles Alexander Baring (b. 2007)

title: Baron Howick of Glendale


text:
Amateur Photographer

Amateur Photographer is a British photography magazine, published weekly by Kelsey Media. The magazine provides articles on equipment reviews, photographic technique, and profiles of professional photographers.

About the magazine
Amateur Photographer was first published on 10 October 1884 by Hazell, Watson and Viney, making it over 130 years old. It has established itself as the world's number one weekly photography magazine. Some of the most renowned photographers such as Alfred Stieglitz, Frank Meadow Sutcliffe, David Bailey and Bob Carlos Clarke have written for the magazine over the years.

This magazine is now owned by Kelsey Media which acquired it (with World Soccer) from Future plc after Future acquired TI Media, the previous owner of the magazine.

Regular features
AP (as it is referred to) is usually based around the following items:

 * AP News - information on the world of film and digital photography; including details of product launches, external competitions and upcoming events (festivals, events, galleries and camera clubs).
 * Letters - Readers letters concerning recent events, views on photography and feedback on AP articles. Sponsored by Fujifilm UK, film or digital media is provided for all letters published.
 * Photo Insight - Each week one of four photographers explains the ideas and techniques behind a particular photograph.
 * Reader Spotlight - Readers photographs. Readers can submit up to 10 photographs (not needing to be themed) on film or digital media. A selection of these is published each week. The 'Editor's Choice' each week is paid £50.
 * AP's Icons of Photography - A camera, photograph, photographer or other notable figure from photographic history.
 * AP Test Bench - AP's tests of the latest photography equipment.
 * Ask AP - Technical help in response to readers letters and emails.
 * Vendor Adverts/Classifieds - A wide selection of UK and international equipment vendors (some offering preferential rates to AP readers); and AP's own classified ads for readers to submit.
 * Final Analysis - Weekly essay from Roger Hicks.

Amateur Photographer of the Year (APOY)
APOY is an annual competition run by Amateur Photographer, and is open to anyone that earns less than 10% of their yearly salary from photography.

Each year's competition is run on a monthly basis, with each month having a dedicated "theme" for the images to adhere to. The APOY judges than narrow the entries down to a short list of 50. From there, the final 'Top 30' are awarded points and published in the magazine; with the top three places being awarded prize donated by Canon UK. All 30 point scoring photographers are entered into the league table; which is edited after each round. After all ten rounds, the photographer with the highest score in the league table is crowned the Amateur Photographer Of the Year and wins £5,000 worth of vouchers.

Current staff

 * Editor: Nigel Atherton
 * Technical Editor: Andy Westlake
 * Features Editor: Amy Davies
 * Technique Editor: Hollie Latham Hucker
 * Production Editor: Jacqueline Porter
 * Deputy Editor: Geoff Harris
 * Online Editor: Joshua Waller
 * Deputy Online Editor: Jessica Miller
 * Online Writer: Isabella Ruffatti

Notable ex-members of staff or contributors

 * Geoffrey Crawley – An expert on the science of photography, as well as the inventor of the Paterson range of developers, Crawley was previously the Editor of the British Journal of Photography for 21 years. He is also known for exposing the Cottingley Fairies hoax and advising investigators into the assassination of U.S. President John F. Kennedy. Crawley died in 2010.
 * Bob Carlos Clarke – Irish; erotic photographer column in the early 1990s.
 * David Bailey

title: Amateur Photographer


text:
Political unions involving Sweden

Sweden has for political and dynastic reasons been in union with other kingdoms and princely states, ostensibly personal unions.

Norway (I)
In 1319 the infant Magnus Eriksson was crowned as king of both Sweden and Norway (which included Iceland and Greenland). In 1332 when the King of Denmark Christopher II died as a "king without a country" after he had pawned Denmark piece by piece, King Magnus took advantage of his neighbour's distress, redeeming the pawn for the eastern Danish provinces for a huge amount of silver. Magnus Eriksson would later on buy Skåneland from Denmark twice first time in 1332 and second time in 1341.The union of these two countries lasted until 1343 when Magnus preemptively let his son Haakon, succeed him to the Norwegian throne, though he would still rule as regent during his son's minority, which ended in 1355, when Haakon came of age. In 1360 the Danish king Valdemar Atterdag reconquered Skåneland.

Mecklenburg-Schwerin
In 1384 Albrekt of Mecklenburg (ca 1338-1412) was king of Sweden 1363-1389 and Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin 1384-1412. Briefly forming a personal union in 1384 to 1389.

Kalmar Union
In 1397 the three Scandinavian kingdoms of Sweden, Norway and Denmark were united in the Kalmar Union, a personal union agreed upon in the Swedish city of Kalmar. After only a few decades the relationship between Sweden and the leading power Denmark had deteriorated into open conflict. The period until the dissolution in 1521 was marked by the constant strife between Sweden and Denmark. The union was sometimes made defunct by Sweden electing a monarch separate from the union king, and on one occasion Sweden and Norway were even de facto united in a personal union in opposition to the union monarch.

Poland-Lithuania
In 1592 Sigismund succeeded his father John III of Sweden to the Swedish throne, but after the Polish election in 1587 and confirmation of GDL Natural and legal rights in 1588 he had also been elected king of Poland–Lithuania making him the monarch of both nations. Sigismund, who was a Roman Catholic failed however to gain support in Lutheran Sweden, and was eventually deposed and succeeded by his uncle Charles IX in Sweden 1599.

Palatine Zweibrücken
In 1654, Christina abdicated and was succeeded by her cousin Charles X, Duke of Palatine Zweibrücken. Sweden and Zweibrücken were also united under Charles XI and Charles XII, until the death of the latter in 1718, at which point he was succeeded by his sister Ulrike Eleonora on the Swedish throne, but not in his German Duchy.

Grand Duchy of Lithuania
In 1655, Lithuania and Sweden signed the Treaty and Union of Kėdainiai. This personal union de facto established Lithuania as Sweden's protectorate with Charles X Gustav serving as its Grand Duke of Lithuania. Following Sweden's defeat in the Second Northern War, the protectorate was terminated in 1657.

Hesse-Kassel
Frederick I of Sweden had acceded to the Swedish throne when his wife, Ulrike Eleonora, abdicated in his favour in 1721. In 1730 he was also in line of succession to the duchy of Hesse-Kassel, which resulted in a personal union that lasted until his death in 1751.

Norway (III)
By the Treaty of Kiel in 1814 the king of Denmark-Norway ceded Norway to the king of Sweden, an event which likely would have resulted in a full political union between Sweden and Norway. The treaty however never came into force, as Norway adopted a constitution and declared independence. Sweden, which would not accept this outcome, went to war and forced Norway into accepting a personal union with Sweden. The two kingdoms had full inner autonomy and separate institutions, sharing only the monarch and the foreign policy, which was conducted by the Swedish foreign office. The new Bernadotte dynasty could just as well be termed Norwegian until the dissolution of the union in 1905.

European Union
In 1995 Sweden joined the European Union after holding a referendum on the matter. The European Union at present constitutes 27 European states. The organisation is a political union where each state is technically allowed to conduct their own foreign policy (though a loose joint policy is in place).

title: Political unions involving Sweden


text:
Template talk:Controversial

Purpose
I see this template often and I often wonder what it's meant to impart. That Wikipedia acknowledges that the topic is controversial? That should be readily apparent by a number of other warnings and links to prior discussions by that point. That we want users to follow our standard dispute resolution process? I doubt the current language would be successful at that, especially as that language is already shoved into the standard talk header template. That we want users to abide by NPOV? Doubtful that this template sandwiched on the talk page will cut it. Is there one singular thing we're looking for users to get from this? Because there might be a better way to express it with existing templates. czar 22:37, 5 July 2022 (UTC)

title: Template talk:Controversial


text:
Province of Georgia

The Province of Georgia (also Georgia Colony) was one of the Southern Colonies in colonial-era British America. In 1775 it was the last of the Thirteen Colonies to support the American Revolution.

The original land grant of the Province of Georgia included a narrow strip of land that extended west to the Pacific Ocean.

The colony's Corporate charter was granted to General James Oglethorpe on April 21, 1732, by George II, for whom the colony was named. The charter was finalized by the King's privy council on June 9, 1732.

Oglethorpe envisioned a colony which would serve as a haven for English subjects who had been imprisoned for debt and "the worthy poor". General Oglethorpe imposed very strict laws that many colonists disagreed with, such as the banning of alcoholic beverages. He disagreed with slavery and thought a system of smallholdings more appropriate than the large plantations common in the colonies just to the north. However, land grants were not as large as most colonists would have preferred.

Another reason for the founding of the colony was as a buffer state and a "garrison province" which would defend the southern British colonies from Spanish Florida. Oglethorpe imagined a province populated by "sturdy farmers" who could guard the border; because of this, the colony's charter prohibited slavery. The ban on slavery was lifted by 1751 and the colony became a royal colony by 1752.

Foundation
Although many believe that the colony was formed for the imprisoned, the colony was actually formed as a place of no slavery. Oglethorpe did have the vision to make it a place for debtors, but it transformed into a royal colony. The following is an historical accounting of these first English settlers sent to Georgia:

A committee was appointed to visit the jails and obtain the discharge of such poor prisoners as were worthy, carefully investigating character, circumstances and antecedents.

Thirty-five families, numbering one hundred and twenty persons, were selected.

On the 16th of November, 1732, the emigrants embarked at Gravesend on the ship Anne ... arriving January 13th [1733] in the harbor of Charleston, S. C. ... They set sail the day following ... into Port Royal, some eighty miles southward, to be conveyed in small vessels to the river Savannah.

Oglethorpe continued up the river to scout a location suitable for settlement. On February 12, 1733, Oglethorpe led the settlers to their arrival at Yamacraw Bluff, in what is now the city of Savannah, and established a camp with the help of a local elderly Creek chief, Tomochichi. A Yamacraw Indian village had occupied the site, but Oglethorpe arranged for the Indians to move. The day is still celebrated as Georgia Day.

The original charter specified the colony as being between the Savannah and Altamaha Rivers, up to their headwaters (the headwaters of the Altamaha are on the Ocmulgee River), and then extending westward "to the south seas." The area within the charter had previously been part of the original grant of the Province of Carolina, which was closely linked to Georgia.

Development of the colony
The Privy Council approved the establishment charter on June 9, 1732, and for the next two decades the council of trustees governed the province, with the aid of annual subsidies from Parliament. However, after many difficulties and the departure of Oglethorpe, the trustees proved unable to manage the proprietary colony, and on June 23, 1752, they submitted a deed of reconveyance to the crown, one year before the expiration of the charter. On January 2, 1755, Georgia officially ceased to be a proprietary colony and became a royal colony.

From 1732 until 1758, the minor civil divisions were districts and towns. In 1758, without Indian permission, the Province of Georgia was divided into eight parishes by the Act of the Assembly of Georgia on March 15. The Town and District of Savannah was named Christ Church Parish. The District of Abercorn and Goshen, plus the District of Ebenezer, was named the Parish of St. Matthew. The District of Halifax was named the Parish of St. George. The District of Augusta was named the Parish of St. Paul. The Town of Hardwick and the District of Ogeechee, including the island of Ossabaw, was named the Parish of St. Philip. From Sunbury in the District of Midway and Newport to the south branch of Newport, including the islands of St. Catherine and Bermuda, was named the Parish of St. John. The Town and District of Darien, to the Altamaha River, including the islands of Sapelo and Eastwood and the sea islands north of Egg Island, was named the Parish of St. Andrew. The Town and District of Frederica, including the islands of Great and Little St. Simons, along with the adjacent islands, was named the Parish of St. James.

Following Britain's victory in the French and Indian War, King George III issued the Proclamation of 1763. One of its provisions was to extend Georgia's southern boundary from the Altamaha River to the St. Marys River. Two years later, on March 25, 1765, Governor James Wright approved an act of the General Assembly creating four new parishes – St. David, St. Patrick, St. Thomas, and St. Mary – in the recently acquired land, and it further assigned Jekyll Island to St. James Parish.

The Georgia colony had had a sluggish beginning. James Oglethorpe did not allow liquor, and colonists who came at the trustees' expense were not allowed to own more than 50 acre of land for their farm in addition to a 60 foot by 90 foot plot in town. Those who paid their own way could bring ten indentured servants and would receive 500 acres of land. Additional land could neither be acquired nor sold. Discontent grew in the colony because of these restrictions, and Oglethorpe lifted them. With slavery, liquor, and land acquisition the colony developed much faster. Slavery had been permitted from 1749. There was some internal opposition to slavery, particularly from Scottish settlers, but by the time of the War of Independence, Georgia was much like the other Southern colonies.

Revolutionary War period and beyond
During the American Revolution Georgia's population was at first divided about exactly how to respond to revolutionary activities and heightened tensions in other provinces. After violence broke out in Massachusetts in 1775, radical Patriots stormed the royal magazine at Savannah and carried off its ammunition, took control of the provincial government, and drove many Loyalists out of the province. In 1776 a provincial congress had declared independence and created a constitution for the new state. Georgia also served as the staging ground for several important raids into British-controlled Florida.

In 1777 the original eight counties of the state of Georgia were created. Prior to that Georgia had been divided into local government units called parishes. Settlement had been limited to the near vicinity of the Savannah River; the western area of the new state remained under the control of the Creek Indian Confederation.

James Wright, the last Royal Governor of the Province of Georgia, dismissed the royal assembly in 1775. He was briefly a prisoner of the revolutionaries before escaping to a British warship in February 1776. During the American Revolutionary War Wright was the only royal governor to regain control of part of his colony after British forces captured Savannah on December 29, 1778. British and Loyalist forces restored large areas of Georgia to colonial rule, especially along the coast, while Patriots continued to maintain an independent governor, congress, and militia in other areas. In 1779 the British repelled an attack of militia, Continental Army, and French military and naval forces on Savannah. The 1781 siege of Augusta, by militia and Continental forces, restored it to Patriot control. When the war was lost for Britain, Wright and British forces evacuated Savannah on July 11, 1782. After that the Province of Georgia ceased to exist as a British colony.

The new state of Georgia was a member of the Second Continental Congress, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, the tenth state to ratify the Articles of Confederation on July 24, 1778, and the fourth state to be admitted to the Union under the U.S. Constitution, on January 2, 1788.

On April 24, 1802, Georgia ceded to the U.S. Congress parts of its western lands, that it had claims for going back to when it was a province (colony). These lands were incorporated into the Mississippi Territory and later (with other adjoining lands) became the states of Alabama and Mississippi.

title: Province of Georgia


text:
Best in Show

Best in Show may refer to:

 * Best in Show (film), a 2000 film written and directed by Christopher Guest
 * Best in Show (Grinspoon album), 2005
 * Best in Show (Jackyl album), 2012
 * The Best in Show award (BIS), or the Best in Show competition, in conformation dog shows and Concours d'Elegance
 * Best in Show winners of Crufts
 * Best in Show winners of the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show
 * Best in Show winners of the Pebble Beach Concours d'Elegance
 * Best In Show – 1982 Kentucky Broodmare of the Year, dam of multiple stakes winners and stakes producers

title: Best in Show


text:
Talk:Berlin-to-Kitchener name change

Comments
Amazing how few Kitchenerites know the full history of their own city. The original name was The Eby Settlement. Which later became Eby Towne. Because the many German speaking settlers in the town and general area the name was again changed, this time to Berlin, on the recommendation of Bishop Benjamin Eby. The Eby's, like most original immigrants to the area, were Pennsylvannia Dutch, however, the Dutch part of the name was really a mispronounciation of Pennsylvania Duetch. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.64.235.113 (talk) 04:19, 15 September 2017 (UTC)

Excellent article! It was featured on the Main Page today, if you hadn't noticed. I've been working on some of the local-area articles, but this is well-researched and a great story to boot. Bravo. Radagast 22:01, Feb 24, 2004 (UTC)

I second that. Always wondered what the story behind the name was. DJ Clayworth 22:03, 24 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Fun page! Thanks. ;Bear 21:48, 2004 Mar 29 (UTC)

Significant parts of this seem to be taken from James Bow's piece (the last external link). Doesn't this violate copyright? Pha telegrapher 02:34, 15 September 2006 (UTC)

Berlin was not the original name for this town. It was known as Sandhill before the name of Berlin was chosen for the settlement. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 204.110.227.11 (talk) 21:41, 23 April 2009 (UTC)

How come 346 votes out of 892 were enough to change the name? ( 892 - 346 = 546) Or were there a sugnificant number of invalid or spoiled ballot papers, ie over 200 (so that the vote to retain Berlin was less than 346) Hugo999 (talk) 14:44, 29 June 2009 (UTC)

 * The vote was a straw poll of several names. Kitchener got the most votes of all the choices. Flyingsquirrel (talk) 21:32, 26 January 2010 (UTC)

 * I think you mean that it was "first paste the post", straw polls are defined as votes that have no binding changes. They are used to get a feel to see what will get chosen in the future. Think political surveys on TV versus an actual election. 24.246.40.139 (talk) 18:13, 22 March 2012 (UTC)

June vote discrepancies
There are discrepancies across sources regarding the June 1916 vote totals. If you add up the valid votes most historians provide, it generally comes to 729. Add that to the invalid vote tally of 163 and you end up with 892 total votes. The thing is, most historians write there were 1,055 total votes.

I presume this is what happened: an early historian (maybe Barbara Wilson, 1977) made an arithmetic error by accidentally adding the invalid votes (163) twice (729 + 163 = 892 while 729 + 163 + 163 = 1,055). Later historians cite Wilson but don't correct the error, allowing it to persist through time.

Here are the numbers provided by different sources. If they do not include a figure I just write "?" in its place.

In Barbara Wilson's book of original sources, the July 1916 petitioners write the following: "11. The result of this breach of faith, as well as of all the unfairness of the promoters since the outset of the movement, was the insignificant vote of the citizens on the new name, only 729 in an electorate after deducting repeaters of some 4500...."

The 729 caught my eye since it seems the more likely total for valid votes after looking at the above data.  Tkbrett  (✉) 20:55, 16 March 2021 (UTC)

 * I will also note here that English & McLaughlin cite Wilson for their numbers, so that is not a separate source. Moyer and Hayes do not say where their numbers come from.  Tkbrett  (✉) 14:17, 25 March 2021 (UTC)

 * I added McKegney to the table. She cites Wilson throughout her book, yet she is the only one to have resolved the vote total issue by returning to the primary sources.  Tkbrett  (✉) 16:32, 10 April 2021 (UTC)

See Also: Swastika, Ontario
It seems to me that perhaps adding a See Also section with a wikilink to Swastika, Ontario might be appropriate here? Yes, the town was named for Sanskrit symbol before use by the Nazis. During WWII, the province attempted to rename the town to "Winston", but the town replaced the Winston sign with a Swastika sign and a message "To hell with Hitler, we came up with our name first." I just updated the Swastika, Ontario article so that it discusses the temporary name. Normally, I would just make this change, but because this article is on today's DYK front page it seems better to discuss this. Cxbrx (talk) 00:31, 29 June 2021 (UTC)
 * , That's fascinating. I never knew that existed, so I would support adding that to the see also section. A S U K I T E  15:14, 29 June 2021 (UTC)
 * these are good points. ---Sm8900 (talk) 🌍 21:11, 29 June 2021 (UTC)
 * I've gone ahead and added it. I'd like to avoid having a see also section that becomes burdened with including every other controversial city name, but this one seems apt given that it relates to both Ontario and something controversially German. Outside of my research for the Berlin to Kitchener change, I'm unaware how many more similar cases there are. If the answer is a lot, it could make sense to collect them as List of Canadian place names changed from German names, similar to the article List of Australian place names changed from German names.  Tkbrett  (✉) 11:23, 30 June 2021 (UTC)
 * There are a couple of other former Berlins: Genevra, California, Marne, Michigan, Otoe, Nebraska. Anti-German sentiment does a pretty good job of covering this, though, so I don't think the See Also section here is really the best place for other examples. —Kusma (talk) 12:41, 14 September 2021 (UTC)

Usage of "Berlin to Kitchener"
In this context, "Berlin to Kitchener" is a compound adjective, modifying the compound noun "name change" and a compound adjective usually requires hyphens, or some similar character, between its parts (consider a "blue-green shade" or a "twice-told tale"). Thus, it seems that the standard typography of the title of this article would be "Berlin-to-Kitchener name change" or something similar. catsmoke (talk) 04:48, 1 July 2021 (UTC)

 * Sorry, I missed this when you originally commented here two years (!) ago. After reading up on compound adjectives in Garner's Modern American Usage (he terms them "phrasal adjectives"; pp. 625–628), I now understand their importance and I believe you are correct; it should be Berlin-to-Kitchener name change. I do not think this is a drastic and surprising change, so it can probably be moved right away, but I will give it a few days to see if anyone raises any objections.  Tkbrett  (✉) 14:04, 6 July 2023 (UTC)

 * Yes, "phrasal adjective" is the better term. Thank you for your attention to my suggestion. Thank you for the link to Garner's, I find it to be excellent. —catsmoke talk 13:22, 9 July 2023 (UTC)
 * I went ahead and moved the page, as I doubt anyone else is going to comment here.  Tkbrett  (✉) 15:16, 9 July 2023 (UTC)

 * A wise and correct move. —catsmoke talk 07:22, 10 July 2023 (UTC)

Missing name explanantions
It's a pity not all the unsuccessful proposed names mentioned in the text have explanations provided in the footnotes. I think some should be in reliable sources. I quote unreliable sources from the net in grey and offer speculation in pink:

jnestorius(talk) 17:58, 28 January 2022 (UTC)
 * I found information on the origins of the various name suggestions, but several of those explanations were removed during the FAC process after it became clear that multiple books were not up to the reliable sourcing standard. Many of the details surrounding the specific names are the part of local rumour. It tends to be the folksy self-published researchers who find the name suggestions interesting, while the historians end up focusing on larger aspects of the name change.  Tkbrett  (✉) 22:11, 28 January 2022 (UTC)
 * I understand the concern. I think it's worth leaving the matter open, in case any RS should come to light for one or more of the unexplained ones. I surmise there is more hope of relevant primary sources surviving for the city council shortlist than the committee of 99's.
 * Some semi-related points:
 * whatever their proposers may have been alluding to, most of the names were seen as gibberish by many commentators [Chadwick pp. 143–144]. The WP article seems to be vaguer: A report in the Berlin News Record wrote that the names became "the joke of the country".
 * Chadwick also states [p. 142] that the committee of 99 "stipulated that no name already on the map could be proposed nor any name connected with past or present wars" [ruling out Waterloo, Brock, and Kitchener].
 * jnestorius(talk) 13:54, 29 January 2022 (UTC)
 * I entirely avoided using Chadwick when writing the page because I didn't think his book would reach the reliable sourcing standard. Though Kenneth McLaughlin provides a laudatory foreword, describing Chadwick's research as "painstakingly accurate", the book made my historiography senses tingle; when I grabbed it off the shelf at the library, I flipped to the back and saw it did not include a bibliography, nor does it include either footnotes or endnotes to indicate from where he's getting information. That made me think it probably isn't the best book for historical research purposes, but is instead intended as an interesting read for the popular reading non-historian market.
 * The best book on the subject to my mind is Patricia P. McKegney's The Kaiser's Bust: A Study of War-Time Propaganda in Berlin, Ontario, 1914–1918 (University of Bamberg Press, 1991). She passes over the name suggestions without explaining any of them (besides "Kitchener", of course; pp. 177–178), though she indicates in an endnote that they first ran in the 30 May 1916 issue of the Berlin News Record (pp. 177, 263n28). I'll see if I can get this issue of the newspaper from the Kitchener Public Library, since it may have the information you seek. When they went remote due to the pandemic, they were quite helpful providing me with scans of papers while I worked through both this page and the Berliner Journal. I'm not sure if they're still providing that service or if you have to go check the microfilm yourself, but I'll let you know what I find.  Tkbrett  (✉) 14:53, 29 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Is there a danger of doing original research into whether or not a particular source is reliable? Assessing Chadwick in the light of WP:SCHOLARSHIP, it seems to amount to whether Wilfrid Laurier University Press is a "well-regarded academic press". I am not qualified to answer that, but it seems odd to me to suggest a book as "Further reading" if its reliability is in question. Maybe it's only the photos in the book that are worth looking at? Or should the Further-reading entry come with some kind of "accessible-but-not-reliable" health warning? jnestorius(talk) 16:22, 29 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Historian Geoffrey Hayes reviewed the book in a 1995 issue of Labour/Le Travail. He criticizes the book as poor by the standards of history but an entertaining read. In particular: "Perhaps good history simply makes bad drama. Perhaps also this reviewer may be asking for too much, for Chadwick's book (like the play) is intended primary for a popular audience. Both works deserve a substantial audience, and not just from Kitchener, for what they suffer in historical objectivity is largely offset by their detailed and highly entertaining presentation." (p. 342). With this in mind, I don't have any major issues with including it in the Further reading section provided we don't cite it within the body of the text.  Tkbrett  (✉) 16:42, 29 January 2022 (UTC)
 * In light of Hayes' review, I included information regarding Chadwick's book and play.  Tkbrett  (✉) 16:52, 29 January 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Berlin-to-Kitchener name change


text:
Yakama Indian Reservation

The Yakama Indian Reservation (spelled Yakima until 1994) is a Native American reservation in Washington state of the federally recognized tribe known as the Confederated Tribes and Bands of the Yakama Nation. The tribe is made up of Klikitat, Palus, Wallawalla, Wenatchi, Wishram, and Yakama peoples.

Geography
The reservation is located on the east side of the Cascade Mountains in southern Washington state. The eastern portion of Mount Adams lies within this territory. According to the United States Census Bureau, the reservation covers 2,185.94 square miles (5,661.56 km²) and the population in 2000 was 31,799. It lies primarily in Yakima and the northern edge of Klickitat counties. The largest city on the reservation is Toppenish.

About 80% of the reservation's land is held in trust by the federal government for the benefit of the tribe and tribal members. The remaining 20% of the reservation's land is privately owned.

Some 410,000 acres of the reservation are shrub-steppe rangeland; as of 2014, about 15,000 wild horses roamed these lands—an unsustainable population, many times what the land can support.

History
The reservation was created in 1855 by a treaty signed by Washington Territory Gov. Isaac Stevens and representatives of the Yakama tribe. Several Native leaders believed that those representatives did not have the authority to cede communal land and had not properly gained consensus from the full council or tribe. A dispute over the treaty conditions led to the Yakima War (1855–1858), which the Yakama and allied tribes waged against the United States.

Following the Bannock War of 1878, the United States government forced the Northern Paiute people out of Nevada and onto the Yakama Reservation, although most had not been involved in the war. The more than 500 Paiute in Washington were subjected to privation for more than a decade before being allowed to return to Nevada. They were forced to compete for the limited resources and housing on the reservation with peoples who had been established there for decades. The Paiute did not return to Nevada until the 1886 expansion of the Duck Valley Indian Reservation permitted them to reunite with their Western Shoshone brethren.

In 1994, the Yakima Tribal Council unanimously voted to change the spelling of the tribe's name from Yakima to Yakama, matching the spelling of the 1855 treaty. The pronunciation remained the same.

The Yakama reservation was affected by the Cougar Creek fire, one of the 2015 Washington wildfires. About 80% of the Cougar Creek fire burned on reservation land. The Yakama responded by salvage logging.

Membership
Roughly 10,000 people were enrolled members of the Yakama Nation in 2009. The required blood quantum for tribal membership is 1⁄4.

Economy
The Yakama Nation suffers from high poverty and unemployment; a 2005 report indicated that 42.8% of Yakama Nation families lived in poverty. As of 2017, there was a wait list of 1,800 families for tribal housing, and high rates of homelessness. In 2016, an encampment at the reservation was set up by about 130 people evicted from tribal housing. Members of the tribe responded by building tiny houses, but the structures do not have plumbing and are not viewed as a permanent solution.

The tribe undertakes forest management activities, including a lumber mill that supports several hundred jobs in the region. The tribe owns one of the largest commercial forests in the country, which makes up a sizable percent of the tribe's income.

The tribe operates a casino, one of the few Native American casinos in the United States that are "dry" (alcohol-free).

The Yakama Nation is one of several tribal governments in the northwestern United States to offer free bus service on its reservation.

Law and government
The governance of the tribe is the responsibility of a 14-member tribal council, elected by a vote of the tribe's members.

In 1963, most criminal and civil jurisdiction over tribal members was transferred from the tribe to the Washington state government under Public Law 280. (Misdemeanors and traffic infractions continued to be handled by the tribe.) From 1983 to April 1993, thirteen women were killed on the reservation, and two other women disappeared in the early 1990s; none of the cases were solved, fueling native distrust of the FBI.

In 2016, full criminal jurisdiction over tribal members reverted to the tribe, along with jurisdiction over the five civil areas of "compulsory school attendance, public assistance, domestic relations, juvenile delinquency and operations of motor vehicles on public roads and highways on the reservation."

The Yakama Nation bans alcohol on tribal land, including its casino and convenience store, as well as on tribal powwows and other ceremonies. In 2000, the tribal council voted to extend its alcohol ban to the entirety of the 1.2-million-acre reservation, including private land owned by the estimated 20,000 non-tribal members who lived on the reservation. Washington state, represented by its state attorney general, sued the tribe. The suit was dismissed on ripeness grounds, because the ban had not yet been enforced against non-tribal members or on privately owned land. In 2001, the acting U.S. Attorney for the Eastern District of Washington issued an opinion letter stating that federal prosecutors would enforce existing federal liquor laws, but would not enforce a ban on the sale of alcohol on privately owned, non-Indian communities within the reservation.

The reservation has struggled with substance abuse over a series of decades. Although the recreational use of marijuana is generally legal in Washington state under Initiative 502 (enacted by voters in 2012), the Yakama have sought to block the issuance of licenses for the legal marijuana cultivation and sales on their lands; in 2014, the tribe filed challenges to almost 1,300 pending applications for marijuana business licenses in the 10-county area on which the reservation is located.

Crime and public safety
In February 2018, the Yakama tribal council Yakamas passed a resolution declared a public safety crisis in response to a surge of crime on the reservation, particularly in White Swan. The resolution sought to impose greater penalties on tribal members who commit crimes (including the loss of treaty rights to hunt and fish, as well as banishment from the tribe) and stated that non-members who committed crimes on the reservation could be excluded from the reservation.

In June 2019, the tribal council said that the reservation was plagued by drug use and violent crime, as well as "disregard for the rule of law and general civil unrest" and responded by imposing a youth curfew, establishing a telephone hotline for reporting crime, and increasing penalties for theft and assault. The announcement came after five people were killed in White Swan on the reservation in a shooting earlier that month.

Communities

 * Glenwood
 * Harrah
 * Parker
 * Satus
 * Tampico (part)
 * Toppenish
 * Union Gap (part)
 * Wapato
 * White Swan

title: Yakama Indian Reservation