text:
Talk:Toad

Frog??
Why is Toad in the category Frog? Weird. What about putting it in amphibian? 20:29, 8 Sep 2004 (UTC)

I agree, and I must say, that I was totally baffled that this article says that toad is the common name for certain frogs. I always thought that frogs were different amphibians to frogs, with a longer life expectancy and being more intelligent than frogs. Vorbee (talk) 17:51, 20 July 2017 (UTC)

 Typically, a frog is any animal in the order Anura. There are two notions of toad: the taxonomic and the common usage. The taxonomic toad, or true toad, is any frog in the family Bufonidae. The common use of toad seems to be any frog that is not a treefrog and has bumpy skin or is largely terrestrial.

The League of Gentlemen (comedy)
I reverted to the previous version, because the text does not belong in a biological article, but is part of the plot the above mentioned comedy. The removed text was inserted at the appropriate place within the text of the comedy. JoJan 08:11, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Improvement Drive
Frog has been nominated to be improved by WP:IDRIVE. Help us improve it and support Frog with your vote on WP:IDRIVE. --Fenice 07:53, 2 January 2006 (UTC)

Renaming
Should we rename this article to "true toad", as "Toad" is too broad of a term, and is used on many species of frogs. The term "true toad" is also used at the beginning of the article. --liquidGhoul 15:14, 17 April 2006 (UTC)

Frog?
The article really should come right out and make it clear; is it or is it not a kind of frog? CanadianCaesar Et tu, Brute? 13:11, 18 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Yes, it is. Read the latest subject in Talk:Frog. Read the section on taxonomy in Frog. If you would like that repeated in this article, feel free, it is a wiki... --liquidGhoul 14:10, 18 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Perhalps we could put something about how Agatha, from the Eragon universe, attempted to prove how 'toads' don't actually exist, just as some worthless trivia people can impress their friends with... Thunderflame ([[User talk:Thunderflame|talk]) 15:55, 20 February 2008 (UTC)

yes but no — Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.83.158.114 (talk) 21:46, 30 July 2014 (UTC)

Toad vs. Bufonidae
I understand this is a sensitive issue to some, but when I searched "Bufonidae," this article came up. I would suggest a "toad" article (such as this one) that refers to "toads" in a general sense (including "false toads," such as narrow-mouthed toads and fire-bellied toads), along with a SEPARATE article for the "true toads," i.e. Bufonidae.Pstevendactylus 01:37, 31 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Rename this article true toad and change Bufonidae to redirect there; let toad redirect to frog. Sound reasonable? Or we can have a separate article that says something like "this is not what you're looking for, look here or there". Sort of disambiguation in a smartass way. I prefer the former. - User:Samsara (talk • contribs) 11:17, 31 May 2006 (UTC)

 * The phrasing "true toad" is not used in common language, the only place I've seen it used is in taxonomic lists. If someone is looking for information they're not going to be looking for "true toad", they're just going to be looking for "toad". If they get redirected to frog, they're going to have that much further to hunt to get to the info they're looking for. I think it should stay as is, and that this article should discuss the differences between the families referred to toads, and perhaps why some of them are referred to as toads, as opposed to frogs. Having links to articles on the family and subfamily names is already done for many other animal groups and that wouldn't hurt either. -Dawson 14:04, 31 May 2006 (UTC)

 * While I don't exactly disagree with leaving things as they are, I'd just like to point out that everything should be crystal clear to the reader by the third paragraph of the intro to frog. - User:Samsara (talk • contribs) 14:29, 31 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Assuming someone would even read frog when that wasn't what they were looking for. Toad should remain a seperate article, and have a paragraph mentioning the same kind of thing at the top of it for clarity. As is, it kind of mentions it, but only vaguely. -Dawson 16:13, 31 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Pstevendactylus, I'm coming round to your view now. It would be good to have an article on "popular toads" separate from proper Bufonidae, if only to take advantage of the photos (see my recent edit summary). - User:Samsara (talk • contribs) 19:37, 1 June 2006 (UTC)
 * I agree also. If you search for toad, something similar to this comes up, and then a seperate one for the Bufonids (probably called "true toad"). --liquidGhoul 07:00, 2 June 2006 (UTC)

 * There really needs to be two seperate atricles True Toad (ie. Bufonidae) and Toad (in general). It doesn't make sense having more than 1 family on this page, I mean just because Hylidae and Hyperoliidae are both tree frogs doesn't mean you put them on the same article.--Tnarg1 2 3 4  5 08:39, 6 July 2006 (UTC)

Yeah I agree, there needs to be two articles. Froggydarb 08:47, 6 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Seeing this article isn't just on Bufonidae, True toad should not redirect here neither should Bufonidae I will make a new article for True toad now and remove the redirects from true toad and bufonidae.--Tnarg1 2 3 4  5 11:53, 12 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Use what used to be here, look at the history. --liquidGhoul 12:07, 12 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Problem solved. I've gone and made the True toad article, I just copied and rephrased relevant parts of this article. It's only a start and can be expaned.--Tnarg1 2 3 4  5 12:24, 12 July 2006 (UTC)

Warts
Yes, but do they give you warts?--Corinthian 13:32, 12 June 2006 (UTC)
 * That would be a no. --liquidGhoul 14:05, 12 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Can you give a toad a wart? --Corinthian 14:59, 12 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Papillomaviruses, which cause warts, are pretty species specific. It is highly unlikely you could give a toad a wart. :) --Dawson 15:42, 12 June 2006 (UTC)

"Warts are caused by an internal viral infection. Therefore, it is impossible for warts to be caused by an external source, such as a toad." -- This description is really strange to me, especially the use of "internal" and "external". Ref to the article "wart" in wikipedia: "Warts are common, and are caused by a viral infection, specifically by the human papillomavirus (HPV) and are contagious when in contact with the skin of another." I suggest changing that to HPV-related explanation. Tomlee2060 (talk) 01:14, 19 May 2008 (UTC)

Stub
I've marked this as a stub. Just look at the Frog article! I think we still needs loads more over here.--200.44.7.192 23:35, 23 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Frog is a featured article, so yes it is very good. But, this is still not a stub, as there is a decent amount of info. Also, in the future, could you use amphibian-stub instead of biology-stub. --liquidGhoul 04:26, 24 June 2006 (UTC)

I have kissed a frog and a toad tons of times and have never had a wart! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.62.198.175 (talk) 19:12, 11 May 2009 (UTC)

Not sure where I should ask this...
I was walking last week in the woods and I happened to come across what I'm pretty sure is a toad. Is there anywhere specific I could ask on wikipedia and find out exactly what type of toad it is (so the photos I took of it go in the right article)? Obviously I'd need to upload the images first, but I'm sort of unclear on that process as well... - Salur 23:29, 1 August 2006 (UTC)
 * The best places to ask would be the talk pages of WP:TOL and WP:AAR. --liquidGhoul 23:36, 1 August 2006 (UTC)

> This article struck me as a stub as well. Where is the information on reproduction, habitat, diet, etc. that I think would be especially relevant in regard to articles on animals

This article has not much information and i need info! :( JuJu 5:25 PM — Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.103.65.218 (talk) 21:24, 7 April 2012 (UTC)

is Imaninja actually a toad?
Is it a toad? or is it some moron editing wikipedia? along with imgonnakillaninja. it's all stupid
 * Removed. Unreferenced claims; Must be a hoax. JoJan 09:01, 5 March 2007 (UTC)

i have a project on toads and i can't find any info. focused on the whole concept of frogs gbdfgnthnergnenhenen

Taxobox picture
Should nt the type species Common toad be the one in the taxobox? Billlion (talk) 14:02, 24 December 2007 (UTC) wik wiki wiki

Describe Jonathan Bobb.
"Toad refers to a number of species of amphibians or is commonly used to describe Jonathan Lobb. "

I am sure Mr. Lobb will regard this as libel. Best remove or rewrite it. 71.96.210.158 (talk) 12:37, 17 August 2008 (UTC)

Bug: image text overlap
This bug I think is why the top left toad image is overlapped by text. I think the wiki text of the article is fine and some day when the bug is fixed the page will look right. Hope so. Toad has wart. :-) --Rogerhc (talk) 02:12, 20 December 2009 (UTC)

I know this is the wrong place but am trying to find out what they eat? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.62.107.192 (talk) 02:35, 9 July 2010 (UTC)

Knot
A group of toads is called a "Knot."

A cladistic group or many toads in one place?80.141.162.111 (talk) 20:55, 1 April 2011 (UTC)

Song: Eat a Toad
Dr Chordate has a great song which describes some of the biological characteristics of toads. A video of a performance of that song can be found here: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aLeGFdvHp1c&feature=related Enjoy! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 198.209.9.250 (talk) 15:47, 4 February 2012 (UTC)

Ajamalne's toad photo
This photo was placed in a gallery in the lede of the article by user Ajamalne. I am pretty sure there are wiki standards for gallery locations and such I am no longer current on, but I hope someone can move this photo to a more proper location. 45.37.108.163 (talk) 05:53, 14 March 2019 (UTC)

Frog vs. Toad vs. Anura
The article currently states that "Toad is a common name for certain frogs, especially of the family Bufonidae...".

This makes sense if one takes frog to be synonymous with the term Anuran - but it makes no sense otherwise.

In common speech we make a distinction between frogs and toads; in taxonomy there is also a distinction. There are not only true toads (i.e. Bufonidae), but there are also other Anurans called toads which are neither true toads nor frogs.

I therefore think the first line of the article should be changed to "Toad is a common name for certain members of the order Anura, especially of the family Bufonidae...". There is no reason for frog to be synonymous with Anuran - it's actually more confusing that way.

title: Talk:Toad


text:
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United Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest 1992

The United Kingdom competed at the Eurovision Song Contest 1992 with Michael Ball and the song "One Step Out of Time".

Artist selection
The BBC continued to use a national final A Song for Europe to select United Kingdom's entry. For 1992, the multi-artist format utilized since 1976 was dropped in favor of a single artist performing several songs as from 1964 to 1975. Michael Ball was revealed by the BBC as the British entrant for the 1992 Eurovision Song Contest.

A Song for Europe 1992
Two songs each were premiered during the four broadcasts of Wogan on BBC1 between 8 and 30 March 1992, and were later featured in various programmes on BBC Radio 2.

Eight songs, all performed by Michael Ball, competed in the televised final on 3 April 1992 held at the BBC's TVC3 Studio in London and hosted by Terry Wogan. The show was broadcast on BBC1 and BBC Radio 2 with commentary by Ken Bruce. The performances were filmed earlier on 2 April 1992 and a public televote selected the winning song, "One Step Out of Time", which was revealed during a separate show broadcast on BBC1 and hosted by Terry Wogan.

Paul Curtis' song was a last minute replacement for an unnamed song that was either disqualified or withdrawn. It was Curtis' 22nd and last song to feature in the UK's Eurovision heats; a record for any songwriter. It was the only one of the eight songs that Michael Ball did not record. He released the other five best placed songs on his debut album Michael Ball, which topped the UK album chart in May 1992. The winning song was released by his label Polydor on single in 7" vinyl, cassette and CD formats, reaching no. 20 in the UK singles chart. The remaining two songs were eventually included on various compilation albums.

At Eurovision
Ball performed 16th on the night of the contest, following Austria and preceding Ireland. He received 139 points, placing 2nd in a field of 23. Despite coming second, he received more 12 points than eventual winner Ireland.


text:
Vijaynagar

Vijayanagar or Vijayanagara (meaning "city of victory") may refer to:

India

 * Vijayanagara Empire (or Karnata Empire), of Southern India, 14th–17th centuries A.D.
 * Vijayanagara, capital city of the Vijayanagara Empire
 * Vijayanagara metropolitan area
 * Vijayanagara (Karnataka Assembly constituency), Assembly constituency in Karnataka, India
 * Vijayanagar, Bangalore, neighborhood in Bangalore, Karnataka, India
 * Vijay Nagar (Vidhana Sabha constituency), Assembly constituency
 * Vijayanagar, Mysore, neighbourhood in Mysore, Karnataka, India
 * Vijayanagar, Belgaum, a small village in Belgaum District, Karnataka
 * Vijayanagar, Hubli, neighbourhood in Hubli, Karnataka, India
 * Vijayanagar, Davanagere, neighbourhood in Davanagere, Karnataka, India
 * Vijayanagar, Chitradurga, neighbourhood in Chitradurga, Karnataka, India
 * Vijayanagar, Hassan, neighbourhood in Hassan, Karnataka, India
 * VIjayanagar, Arasikere, village in Arasikere Taluk, Hassan, Karnataka, India
 * VIjayanagar, Belagavi, village in Chikkodi Taluk, Belagavi, Karnataka, India
 * VIjayanagar, Indi, village in Indi Taluk, Vijayapura district, Karnataka, India
 * VIjayanagar, Muddebihal, village in Muddebihal Taluk, Vijayapura district, Karnataka, India
 * VIjayanagar, Bidar, village in Aurad Taluk, Bidar, Karnataka, India
 * VIjaynagar, Kalaburagi, village in Aland Taluk, Kalaburagi, Karnataka, India
 * Vijay Nagar, Ghaziabad, neighbourhood in Ghaziabad District, Uttar Pradesh
 * Vijayanagar, Hyderabad, neighbourhood in Hyderabad, Telangana
 * Vijaynagar, Arunachal Pradesh, a town in Changlang district of Arunachal Pradesh
 * Vijaynagar tehsil, in Srigangagnagar district of Rajasthan
 * VIjaynagar, Sangli, neighbourhood in Sangli, Maharashtra, India
 * VIjaynagar, Miraj, village in Miraj Taluka, Sangli, Maharashtra, India
 * Vijay Nagar, Indore, neighbourhood in Indore city, Madhya Pradesh
 * Vizianagaram, Andhra Pradesh, also known as Vijayanagaram
 * Vizianagaram district, Andhra Pradesh
 * Vijaynagar State, a princely state in Gujarat
 * Vijaynagar taluka, a taluka in Gujarat
 * Vijoy Nagar, a village in Nicobar district

Nepal

 * Bijaya Nagar, a V.D.C. in Pyuthan District

title: Vijaynagar


text:
Talk:Barbary macaque

Move to Barbary Macaque?

 * Support: Although "Barbary Ape" is common, it is also misleading; They are not apes, but macaques. Barbary Ape should of course redirect to this article, and noted as an alternate name in the text. Tom Radulovich 23:23, 14 August 2005 (UTC)
 * support - I'm good with this. But please put move requests only on the talk and not on the article itself. - UtherSRG (talk) 00:08, August 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * weak oppose. "Barbary ape" returns twice the number of google hits; use the most common name. Eugene van der Pijll 20:19, 15 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Sometimes, this is not a good thing. It would be better to be correct and in the minority, than wrong and common. Mammal Species of the World lists this species as "Barbary Macaque", and it is the leading authority on mammals. The Primate section was written by Colin Groves, one of the leading authorities on primates. Should we choose Google over an actual primatologist? - UtherSRG (talk) 20:50, August 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * That's basically what "Most common" seems to mean: not at the most correct name, according to the specialists; but at the name that is most often used. BTW, the OED 1st ed., one of the leading authorities on the English language, only has "barbary ape". Eugene van der Pijll 21:13, 15 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Naming conventions (common names) offers the caveat: "In cases where the common name of a subject is misleading (For example: "tidal wave" would be a misleading title since these phenomena have nothing to do with tides), then it is sometimes reasonable to fall back on a well-accepted alternative (tsunami, for example)." This is one of these instances. Tom Radulovich 05:33, 16 August 2005 (UTC)

This article has been renamed after the result of a move request. Dragons flight 07:30, August 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Support --Yath 19:52, 16 August 2005 (UTC)

Just Curious
What they eat during winter?--Menah the Great 01:34, 28 January 2007 (UTC)

Appearance
the monkey's size as stated in this article (6,5m, 10ft, or whatever) is absolutely, incredibly wrong! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 195.23.5.93 (talk) 12:37, 27 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Fixed (before you even finished your comment). - UtherSRG (talk) 14:27, 27 September 2007 (UTC)

Monkey Mayhem
Is "monkey mayhem" an accepted term for their forays into town? It ostensibly sounds silly to me. SirGrotius 15:16, 27 September 2007 (UTC)

Tunnel to Gibraltar?
I read in a highly unreliable source (a jehovas wittness free booklet, fwiw) that these monkies came to gibraltar through a now lost secret tunnel connecting gibraltar and africa. Is there any reliable source that can corroborate that this story exists, and is sufficiently well known to merit mention in the articel. -- 82.181.254.50 (talk) 14:59, 6 March 2008 (UTC)

 * I most seriously doubt it. More likely is that they took advantage of one or more periods when there was a dry-land connection between Morocco and Spain, and the Mediterranean was a series of disconnected lakes. AnonMoos (talk) 23:45, 6 March 2008 (UTC)

 * However, there's something about the story at Gibraltar_Barbary_Macaques. -- AnonMoos (talk) 23:53, 6 March 2008 (UTC)
 * A tunnel, that sounds less likely than them walking over before Hercules seperated the Pillars. Do this modern day fountains of myth have any explanations for why there was a skull of one in Ireland? A tunnel to Avalon and a quick boat ride maybe? Or maybe it was a Jesus monkey and walked. Do you have any actual sources for these popular beliefs? Cheap tourist book or something? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.137.207.191 (talk) 17:43, 3 April 2008 (UTC) lieve unresolved.

The myth was well known when I lived in Gib in the 1970s, but was known to be a myth. Most versions suggested the tunnel led into Ms Michael's cave. But I do not have a printed source. Whether they walked over the land bridge or were brought over by humans is I believe unresolved. 80.6.99.67 (talk) 20:07, 28 October 2017 (UTC)

Killer Dolphins
I have posted a long comment in the Talk section of the main Macaque genus article, about the renaming of all the macaque species articles to "[Name] Macaque" (e.g. "Barbary Macaque") from their traditionally names (e.g. Barbary Ape).

Would you please take a look at that here:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Macaque#Killer_Dolphins

And then correct this individual species article.

Thanks! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.180.30.135 (talk) 12:12, 16 September 2012 (UTC)

Peer Review
This article is very well written and organized. The separate section headers are very clear and helpful in presenting information. I've only made a few small changes in sentence structure. Many of your sentences are long and wordy, so I've shortened some or switched things around so it's easier to understand. Njoymusic2 (talk) 23:27, 25 November 2012 (UTC)

For this article, I made some slight alterations to the writing style, editing for clarity proper grammar. I changed some sentences that were slightly unwieldy, shortening them to make the article flow better. I also revised/rewrote the opening of the article, as it was unclear and seemed to be somewhat confused. I noted numerous places where citations would be beneficial.

I would suggest further discussion of the animal’s appearance. Do the different sexes have any distinguishing characteristics? How does morphology change over time? I would also expand on the information provided about smiles and the skull of the Barbary macaque discovered in Northern Ireland or remove these entirely as they are very much out of place at this time. Also, several sections not pertaining to behavior are in drastic need of expansion. This article is off to a good start though.

--Cobiorower (talk) 03:18, 27 November 2012 (UTC)cobiorower

The sentence about male ejaculation in the mating section needs clarification, since it may refer to anything from frequency of copulation to volume of ejaculate. Also, the section on environmental impact is pretty confusing. I don't think it clearly established a link between bark chewing behavior, the health of the forest, and water availability. Overall it's pretty good though. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Gabriel.hassler (talk • contribs) 03:53, 27 November 2012 (UTC)

Lead image
The lead image for this article is very good, but perhaps not appropriate as the lead image. For example, it does not show the whole body, and does not show they are tail-less. I propose it be replaced with one of these below. The original image is good and could easily be placed in the "social behaviour" section.

DrChrissy (talk) 20:39, 23 August 2015 (UTC)

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text:
Anyang

Anyang is a prefecture-level city in Henan, China. The northernmost city in Henan, Anyang borders Puyang to the east, Hebi and Xinxiang to the south, and the provinces of Shanxi and Hebei to its west and north respectively. Anyang had a total population of 5,477,614 as of the 2020 census, 2,675,523 of whom lived in the built-up (or metro) area made of four urban districts and Anyang and Tangyin counties, now largely agglomerated with the city proper.

Anyang is the location of the ancient city of Yin, which was the capital of the Shang dynasty and the first stable capital of China. Henan once had the largest population in China.

Early history
Xiaonanhai, on the far western edge of the city, was home to prehistoric cavemen during the Stone Age. Over 7,000 artifacts (including stone tools and animal bone fossils) have been unearthed here, representing what has been dubbed the Xiaonanhai culture.

Around 2000 BC, the legendary sage-kings Zhuanxu and Emperor Ku are said to have established their capitals in the area around Anyang from where they ruled their kingdoms. Today their mausoleums are situated in Sanyang village south of Neihuang County.

At the beginning of the 14th century BC, King Pangeng of the Shang dynasty established his capital 2 km north of the modern city on the banks of the Huan River. The city, known as Yin, was the first stable capital in Chinese history and from that point on the dynasty that founded it would also become known as the Yin dynasty.

The capital served 12 kings in 8 generations including Wu Ding, under whom the dynasty reached the zenith of its power, until it was wiped out along with the dynasty that was founded by King Wu of the Zhou in 1046 BC.

Anyang was made the county seat of Anyang County c. 607 CE and it has held that position ever since.

Anyang's Tangyin County was the seat of Yue Village, the birthplace of the famous Song dynasty general, Yue Fei. This was also the historic home of Zhou Tong, Yue's military arts tutor (though fictional sources place him in Shaanxi).

Modern era
The town was known as Zhangde (彰德) until 1912, when it was given its present name of Anyang, following the establishment of the Republic of China.

In August 1949, Anyang prefecture was detached from Henan and – along with Puyang and Xinxiang – consigned to the short lived experimental province of Pingyuan by the ruling Communist government. All three were eventually returned to Henan's territory in November 1953, with the dissolution of Pingyuan.

Geography and climate
Anyang spans a total area of 7355 km2. The city's elevation is generally higher in the west, with the foothills of the Taihang Mountains running through the area, and lower in the east, which comprises part of the North China Plain.

Anyang has a four-season, monsoon-influenced humid continental climate/semi-arid climate (Köppen Dwa/BSk). Winters are cold and very dry, with a January 24-hour average of −0.8 °C. Summers are hot and humid, with July averaging 27.2 °C. A majority of the annual precipitation of 552 mm falls in July and August alone, and the annual mean temperature is 14.28 °C. With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 43% in July to 58% in May, the city receives 2,225 hours of bright sunshine annually, with April to June the sunniest period. Extreme temperatures have ranged from −21.7 °C to 43.2 °C.

Administration
The prefecture-level city of Anyang administers 4 districts, 1 county-level city and 4 counties. These, in turn, administer 46 subdistricts, 66 towns, and 23 townships, which then administer 302 residential communities and 2,979 administrative villages.

 * Beiguan District
 * Wenfeng District
 * Yindu District
 * Long'an District
 * Linzhou City
 * Anyang County
 * Tangyin County
 * Hua County
 * Neihuang County

Demographics
Per the 2020 Chinese Census, Anyang has a population of 5.48 million people. The overwhelming majority of the city's population is ethnically Han Chinese, with ethnic minorities constituting a population of around 10,000 people. 43 different ethnic minorities live in the city, with prominent ethnic minority communities including the Hui, Mongols, Manchus, Zhuang, Miao, Tibetans, and the Yi.

Economy
Anyang is a largely industrial city, with major industries including the production of metals such as iron and steel, coal coking, and clothing production. Major Chinese steel producer Shagang Group has operations in Anyang. Major mineral reserves in Anyang include dolomite, potassium-bearing shale, nepheline syenite, quartzite, limestone, and clay.

The city's total gross domestic product (GDP) totaled 243.55 billion renminbi (RMB) as of 2021, a 5% increase from the prior year. Anyang's primary sector comprised 9.7% of the city's GDP, the secondary sector comprised 43.7%, and the tertiary sector comprised 46.6%.

The per capita disposable income in Anyang totaled 27,365 RMB as of 2021, an increase of 7.2% from 2020. The per capita disposable income of Anyang's urban residents was 37,464 RMB, a 6% annual increase, and the per capita disposable income of rural residents was 18,424 RMB, an 8.4% annual increase.

Sixteen foreign-funded enterprises (joint ventures, cooperative enterprises, and wholly foreign-owned enterprises) have been established in Anyang. Recently, Anyang has established an economic and technological development zone covering a total area of 22.8 km2, and issued a series of preferential policies to attract many domestic Chinese and foreign businesses.

The Anyang Hongqiqu Airport opened on November 29, 2023.

Tourism
Anyang city is an ancient city with a history of over 3,000 years and is one of the Eight Ancient Capitals of China, and also one of the best preserved. It is one of the key birthplaces of Chinese ancient culture. Here are the primitive caves of 25,000 years ago, the overlapping strata of the Yangshao Culture, Longshan Culture and Xiaotun Culture, the memorial mausoleums of ancient Emperor Zhuanxu and Emperor Ku over 4,000 years ago, the first library of inscriptions on bones and tortoise shells, the Soul Spring Temple, known as the "First Ancient Buddhist Temple in Henan", and 10,000-Buddha Ravine, as well as unique Wenfeng Pagoda, Xiuding Temple Pagoda and Mingfu Temple Pagoda. The city has three large museums: the Anyang Museum, the National Museum of Chinese Writing, and the Yinxu Museum on the ruins and royal tombs of the Shang dynasty. Anyang also has beautiful natural scenery—the Taihang Linlu Hill Scenic Area on the 400-km Taihang Mountains and the grand 1,500-km Red Flag Canal.

Changchun Temple
Changchun Temple, a Taoist shrine, was built on the hillside of the mountains surrounding it during the Tang dynasty. It was officially opened to the public on 1 May 2014, after a period of cautious restoration.

Tianning Temple
Tianning Si (Mansion Temple) was established during the Zhou dynasty, and has recently been restored by the Protection and Research Institute of Ancient Architecture of Anyang City, and opened to the public. The main structures within the temple compound include: the gate house, the three-room (8.4 m x 14 m) Hall of the Heavenly King with hanging-eaves over the gables rebuilt in 2002, the slightly larger Precious Hall of the Great Hero (17.8 m x 11.65 m) with single-eave gabled roof originally from the Qing dynasty and rebuilt in 2001, and the Wenfeng Pagoda.

Wenfeng Pagoda
Wenfeng Ta (Literature Peak Pagoda) on the grounds of the Tianning Temple is believed to have been constructed in 925 and is known, from inscriptions concerning the reconstruction of the temple, to have been in place by 952. The current pagoda was constructed during the Ming dynasty and received its current name during the Qing dynasty due to its proximity to the Confucian temple. The five-story dark red brick octagonal tower is 38.65m high and is, unusually, larger at the top than the bottom and is topped with a 10-metre Lamaist stupa-style dagoba steeple. The pagoda stands on a two-metre-high stone pedestal and is decorated with multi-eave pent roofs and carvings of Buddhas and bodhisattvas. The unique pagoda is the symbol of Anyang.

Yinxu ruins and museum
Located about 2 km northwest of Anyang are the ruins of the Shang dynasty capital known as Yin. This massive archaeological site was discovered in 1899, excavated in the decades that followed, and first opened to the public in the 1980s as the Garden Museum of Yinxu. The current Yinxu museum was opened on 16 March 2005, and includes the famous Tomb of Fu Hao.

The site was later designated a UNESCO World Heritage Sites in 2006.

title: Anyang


text:
United Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest 1993

Sonia represented the United Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest 1993, singing "Better the Devil You Know". The song, chosen from a selection broadcast on A Song for Europe, was placed second in the contest.

Artist selection
A shortlist of artists included by the BBC was presented to the Head of Delegations of each participating country in the Eurovision Song Contest that ultimately selected the British entrant. Sonia was revealed by the BBC as the British entrant for the 1993 Eurovision Song Contest. The UK branch of the International Eurovision Fan Club (OGAE), had conducted a poll in late 1991, asking the members to nominate which singer they'd like to represent the UK in the contest. Sonia was the overwhelming winner of that poll, announced in early 1992.

A Song for Europe 1993
Two songs each, both performed by Sonia, were premiered during four preview programmes on BBC1 between 14 March and 4 April 1993. The final, held at the BBC Television Centre in London and hosted by Terry Wogan, was filmed earlier on 8 April 1993 and televised on 9 April 1993. The show was broadcast on BBC1 and BBC Radio 2 with commentary by Ken Bruce. A public televote selected the winning song, "Better the Devil You Know", which was revealed during a separate show broadcast on BBC1 and hosted by Terry Wogan.

Sonia released the winning song on an Arista vinyl 7" single, 12" single, CD single and cassette, reaching no. 15 in the UK singles chart. The top four songs were included in her album Better The Devil You Know, released by Arista just after the Eurovision final. The album peaked at no. 32 in the UK album chart. The remaining four tracks have not been released in any official format.

At Eurovision
Twenty five countries participated in the final of the Eurovision Song Contest, held at the Green Glens Arena in Millstreet, Ireland on 15 May. "Better the Devil You Know" was placed second with 164 points. It received points from every country apart from Greece and Malta.


text:
User talk:Lambda

VPC
— raeky  T  10:42, 2 August 2010 (UTC)

Confirming that I own lambda2 on en.wikibooks
This is an edit to confirm that I own the User:Lambda2 account on en.wikibooks. — λ (talk | contribs) 20:39, 2 January 2012 (UTC)
 * The rename on en wikibooks is complete. Remember to visit Special:Mergeaccount to unify the account. Thanks QU TalkQu  23:08, 2 January 2012 (UTC)

Confirming that I own lambda2 on en.wikinews
This is an edit to confirm that I own the User:Lambda2 account on en.wikinews. — λ (talk | contribs) 20:51, 2 January 2012 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 08:53, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Lambda


text:
User talk:BovineBeast

Addition of Nepa: (Nepal Bhasa) in Nepal
Hi BovineBeast, Addition of "Nepa:" from Nepal Bhasa has not been added at the expense of all other languages of Nepal, but as an additional name that is used by Nepalese people. Moreover, the term "Nepal" itself is derived from the term "Nepa:" from Nepal Bhasa. After the restoration of multiparty democracy in 1991, if you go to Nepal, especially in Kathmandu, authorities are reverting back the names of most of the places and streets to their original name in Nepal Bhasa. Using Nepal Bhasa, Maithili or Tamang bhasa is not just as using any other language, for indigenous people it is an example of expression of their freedom and right, as for many years, the Autocratic Partyless Government of Nepal had suppressed the use of such languages, especially Nepal Bhasa due to fear of its rich cultural heritage and influence.

Newars are part of Janajatis (Indigenous communities) if Nepal, who form more than 50% of the population of Nepal. When talking about various languages, indigenous communities are now agreed in the concept of using their original language and terms in places. Thus, all indigenous community support the use of Nepal Bhasa as an additional official language in Kathmandu, and likewise use of Maithili in terai region. Of course, this is yet to happen due to narrow mindedness of some policymakers.

However, when indigenous communities and local people themselves are happy with using the term, you should not try to use such statements and claim that a term from Nepal Bhasa is being used at the expense of other languages of Nepal. This definitely looks like a comment in favour of dividing the united communities and is nothing short than derogatory to me.

I value your contributions to Wikipedia and respect you for your voluntary work, however, I request you to give due respect to sentiments of indigenous Nepalese people as well.

Moving Central German language to Middle German
Hi BovineBeast

I've formally requested (according to Requested moves) the move you've suggested. You might want to leave your signature at Talk:Central German language. -- j. 'mach' wust ˈtʰɔ̝ːk͡x 10:57, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Hey, I know you. You're a member of the Conlang list, right? I go by 'Joe' there. BovineBeast 09:53, 31 July 2005 (UTC)

India Demographics
Because of India's rich diversity, no one image can represent all of India's one billion people. That is why I propose selecting a new demographics image every three months. This would allow for a regional balance and would show India as a whole. Many people have agreed that this is the only way to represent India's rich and varied diversity. Since you have voted for a change in the demographics section, I wanted to update you on this proposal. I would love to hear your comments on talk:India. Thanks so much. Have a great day!

-Coollemonade 23:51, 4 March 2007 (UTC)

Irish nationalist
Hi there bovine. Thanx for removing Irish Nationalist from the Gladius article. As a significant contributor to the article I feel I should say that phrase was vandalism, which often is subtle and hard to detect. One has to be on the lookout all the time. No one who does not know of Pokorny would detect how absurd that is. Just someone hacking around instead of contributing. Ciao.Dave 15:39, 8 April 2007 (UTC)

Indian demographics pic
Hi, I believe you had once expressed a view about this pic that appears in the India article, demographics section. I do not know what your exact comment was. But you had been counted among those who had expressed a view to "keep" the pic in the article. Since some of us now feel that this pic is a better replacement, in that it is more relevant to the said section, I request you to please leave a comment here. Thanks. Sarvagnya 09:13, 27 May 2007 (UTC)

Your RFA
BovineBeast, I suggest you withdraw your request for adminship as it is failing and doesn't have a serious chance of success. I appreciate your contributions to Wikipedia and your eagerness to expand the ways you can help with the project. As soon as you feel that you have enough constructive criticism at the RFA to improve as an editor, I suggest you leave a withdrawal message here or on the RFA. I or another editor will handle the rest. Let me know if you have any questions or want specific feedback about something by leaving a message here.--Chaser - T 18:18, 20 June 2007 (UTC)

Your recent RfA
I'm sorry, but I've closed your Request for adminship prematurely. Simply put, you've only got 390 edits on Wikipedia; while edit count isn't the only determining factor, and numerous people have their own personal standards that they judge RfA candidates by, there was no chance that the RfA was going to pass.

I'm sorry about this, and hope you don't take it personally. If you continue to contribute to the project in a positive fashion, I'm confident that you could possibly run a successful RfA in the future. You may want to consider submitting yourself to Editor review for feedback on where to get some good experience, and when you're ready for RfA again, there's a great Admin coaching program for you to use, as well as a guide to requests for adminship.

I would suggest you take some of the feedback you received to heart; several people (such as Stwalkerster) gave you some prime examples of how best to step up your involvement with Wikipedia. If you have any other questions about becoming an administrator, please don't hesitate to ask me. Good luck! EVula // talk // ☯  // 22:20, 20 June 2007 (UTC)

Bhutan Scout Tshogpa
Can you please help render Bhutan Scout Tshogpa, and also "Be Prepared", the Scout Motto, into Bhutanese script? Thanks! Chris 05:50, 14 August 2007 (UTC)

Hey!
Hey, cool to see somebody I actually know also contributing useful stuff to the 'pedia. Keep up the good work and see u around SOAS. BTW, we have a London Wikipedia meetup if ur interested, look at: Meetup/London 8. Poeloq (talk) 22:06, 17 January 2008 (UTC)

Tibetan Wikipedia
Hello. I see you understand Tibetan, so why don't you sometimes contribute to Tibetan Wikipedia. Articles need to be expanded there. --Visconsus (talk) 09:40, 4 April 2008 (UTC)

Unreferenced BLPs
Hello BovineBeast! Thank you for your contributions. I am a bot alerting you that 2 of the articles that you created  are tagged as Unreferenced Biographies of Living Persons. The biographies of living persons policy requires that all personal or potentially controversial information be sourced. In addition, to ensure verifiability, all biographies should be based on reliable sources. If you were to bring these articles up to standards, it would greatly help us with the current Category:All_unreferenced_BLPs article backlog. Once the articles are adequately referenced, please remove the unreferencedBLP tag. Here is the list:

Thanks!--DASHBot (talk) 17:24, 17 January 2010 (UTC)
 * 1) Gehendra Bahadur Rajbhandari -
 * 2) Tulsi Giri -

ArbCom elections are now open!
Hi, You appear to be eligible to vote in the current Arbitration Committee election. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to enact binding solutions for disputes between editors, primarily related to serious behavioural issues that the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the ability to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate, you are welcome to review the candidates' statements and submit your choices on the voting page. For the Election committee, MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 22:12, 30 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:BovineBeast


text:
User talk:Borisgloger

Welcome
Hello, welcome to Wikipedia.

You might find these links helpful in creating new pages or helping with the above tasks: How to edit a page, How to write a great article, Naming conventions, Manual of Style. You should read our policies at some point too.

If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. If you made any edits before you got an account, you might be interested in assigning those to your username. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian!

 * If you made any edits before you got an account, you might be interested in assigning those to your username.

 * You can sign your name using three tildes, like this: . If you use four, you can add a datestamp too.

 * If you ever think a page or image should be deleted, please list it at the votes for deletion page. There is also a votes for undeletion page if you want to retrieve something that you think should not have been deleted.

Again, welcome! - UtherSRG 18:25, 20 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Unreferenced BLPs
Hello Borisgloger! Thank you for your contributions. I am a bot alerting you that 1 of the articles that you created  is tagged as an Unreferenced Biography of a Living Person. The biographies of living persons policy requires that all personal or potentially controversial information be sourced. In addition, to ensure verifiability, all biographies should be based on reliable sources. If you were to bring this article up to standards, it would greatly help us with the current Category:All_unreferenced_BLPs article backlog. Once the article is adequately referenced, please remove the unreferencedBLP tag. Here is the article:

Thanks!--DASHBot (talk) 18:21, 16 January 2010 (UTC)
 * 1) Helmut Willke -

title: User talk:Borisgloger


text:
Pan Geng

Pán Gēng, personal name Zi Xun, was a Shang dynasty King of China. He is best known for having moved the capital of the Shang dynasty to its final location at Yīn.

Records
In the Records of the Grand Historian he was listed by Sima Qian as the nineteenth Shang king, succeeding his older brother Yang Jia. Oracle script inscriptions on bones unearthed at Yinxu alternatively identify him as the eighteenth Shang king. He ruled for about 28 years according to both the Bamboo Annals and the Records of the Grand Historian.

The Bamboo Annals provide a brief summary of the major known events of his rule, which are as follows. He was enthroned in the year of Bingyin (丙寅) with Yan (奄) as his capital. In the seventh year of his regime, the Ying vassal (应侯) came to Yan to pay homage to him. In the fourteenth year of his reign he moved his capital to Beimeng (北蒙), renaming it Yin (殷). In the fifteenth year of his reign he reviewed his army at the new capital, and in the nineteenth year of his reign he assigned his minister Fen (邠侯) to Yayu (亚圉).

The Records of the Grand Historian provides a different account of the relocation of the capital. It states that Pán Gēng moved the capital from a location north of the Yellow River to Bo 亳, the capital of the Shang founder Tang, on the south side of the river. It further states that this move was initially opposed by the people of Yin, who were tired of being moved, but that they were eventually satisfied when the Tang system of government was adopted, and the move proved to be prosperous.

Upon his death, he was given the posthumous name Pán Gēng and was succeeded by his younger brother Xiao Xin.

In the Classic of History, there exists a chapter entitled "Pán Gēng", which tradition holds to have been a speech by this king; however, the language in it is so different from that of Pán Gēng's time that it is most likely not a product of his era.

Historical reference
Wang Anshi, in his response to Sima Guang's accusatory letter, cited the example of Pán Gēng's undaunted perseverance in pursuing his goal (movement of the capital) in the face of opposition of both government officials and the common people.

title: Pan Geng


text:
United Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest 1994

For the Eurovision Song Contest 1994, the United Kingdom entered "Lonely Symphony (We Will Be Free)", performed by Frances Ruffelle. It received 63 points and 10th place.

Artist selection
Frances Ruffelle was revealed by the BBC as the British entrant for the 1994 Eurovision Song Contest.

A Song for Europe 1994
Two songs each, both performed by Frances Ruffelle, were premiered during four preview programmes on BBC1 between 5 and 12 March 1994. Eight songs competed in the televised final on 18 March 1994 held at the BBC Television Centre in London and hosted by Terry Wogan following a similar format of the past two years. The show was broadcast on BBC1 and BBC Radio 2 with commentary by Ken Bruce.

A panel of experts provided feedback regarding the songs during the show. The panel consisted of Richard O'Brien and Jonathan King.

A public televote selected the winning song, "Lonely Symphony", which was revealed during a separate show broadcast on BBC1 and hosted by Terry Wogan.

The winning song was renamed "Lonely Symphony (We Will Be Free)" and was released by Virgin on CD single with an extended version included and on standard 7" vinyl & cassette single formats, reaching no. 25 in the UK single chart. The song was renamed again as "We Will Be Free (Lonely Symphony)" for the Eurovision final in Dublin. To date, none of the other seven songs from the 1994 contest have been officially released in any format.

At Eurovision
Frances performed 6th on the night, after Iceland and before Croatia. She picked up 63 points, finishing 10th. The UK jury awarded 12 points to runner up Poland.


text:
Helmut Willke

Helmut Willke (30 May 1945 – 15 January 2024) was a German sociologist who studied the effect of globalization on modern society. He coined the term Atopia to denote a society that exists without borders, with no national identity. He was professor at Zeppelin University in Friedrichshafen, Germany. Helmut Willke has been teaching planning and decision theory since 1983 in the University of Bielefeld’s department of sociology, and state theory and global governance since 2002. He also held visiting professorships in Washington, D.C., Geneva and Vienna. His main areas of interest and praxis are in systems theory, state theory, global governance and global regime building; organizational development, systems dynamics and systems guidance; and knowledge management (introduction, instruments, strategies). He participated in Social Trends Institute's Experts Meeting "Family Policies in the Western Countries". Willke was born in Tailfingen on 30 May 1945, and died in Cologne on 15 January 2024, at the age of 78.

Works

 * Systemtheorie I. Eine Einführung in die Grundprobleme. 7th Edition, Stuttgart 2004 (UTB)
 * Systemtheorie II: Interventionstheorie. 3rd Edition, Stuttgart 1999 (UTB)
 * Systemtheorie III: Steuerungstheorie. 3rd Edition, Stuttgart 1995 (UTB)
 * Ironie des Staates, Frankfurt 1992 (Suhrkamp)
 * Supervision des Staates, Frankfurt 1997 (Suhrkamp)
 * Systemisches Wissensmanagement, Stuttgart 1998 (UTB)
 * Atopia - Studien zur atopischen Gesellschaft, Suhrkamp, 2001
 * Dystopia, Frankfurt 2002 (Suhrkamp)
 * Heterotopia, Frankfurt 2003 (Suhrkamp).

title: Helmut Willke


text:
Arthurlie

Arthurlie is an area of the town of Barrhead, East Renfrewshire, Scotland.

History of Arthurlie
The lands of Arthurlie were held in medieval times by the Stewart family, a branch of the noble Stewarts of Darnley. Later the lands became the property of Allan Pollock, Esq. and remained in his family for several generations before being inherited by Gavin Ralston of Woodside in Beith. The area has long been associated with the legends of King Arthur. The name means 'Arthur's meadow.' Arthurlie was a barony of considerable extent, however it eventually came to be purchased by Henry Dunlop Esq. in 1818 from Gavin Ralston, a distant relative.

The Dunlop family ran Gateside Cotton Mill under the name of James Dunlop & Son. The old house was torn down and Arthurlie House was erected with the old gardens extended and remodelled in 1818. The estate remained in the hands of the Dunlop family until about 1938. It was a Mr. Charles Taylor who discovered the ancient Arthurlee Cross being used as a gatepost on the estate and persuaded Henry Dunlop to rescue it.

The Arthurlie Cross
This stone is a 9th - 10th century cross-shaft made from a very hard and compact sandstone, and it now stands at NS 4997 5854, by the roadside, set in a modern rectangular base and protected by railings. Stylistically, it belongs to the 'Govan School' of carving, as seen most notably in The Govan Stones collection at Govan Old Parish Church.

The cross measures 2.2 m high, 0.5 m wide, and 0.2 m thick and is in good condition except that one face is badly worn. One side had an iron ring indented into it, almost flush with the surface, this being done during its time when it was being used as a gate post after it was no longer used as a bridge. In the 1857 Name Book it was believed that its original site had been at NS 4968 5813 in a field called Cross-stane-park. In 1795 it was acting as a footbridge over a stream in the Colinbar Glen area at the bottom of the Cross-stane-park (NS 497 580). It stayed there long enough to be worn smooth on one face; it was seen by the OS surveyor in 1857

In approximately 1870 it was erected in the grounds of Arthurlee House at NS 4979 5814 as shown in the photograph. Sometime prior to 1942 it was moved yet again by Barrhead Council to its present position.

The stone is said to be associated with Arthur, King of the Britons. Locally it was said to mark Arthur's grave or a conspicuous leader of that name.

title: Arthurlie


text:
Atopia (disambiguation)

Atopia is a Canadian production company and film distributor.

Atopia may also refer to:

 * Atopia, a 2001 book by Helmut Willke
 * Atopia, a 2019 book of poetry by Sandra Simonds

title: Atopia (disambiguation)


text:
United Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest 1995

For the 1995 Eurovision Song Contest, held in Dublin for the second consecutive year, the United Kingdom entered "Love City Groove", performed by Love City Groove. It finished in 10th place with a total of 76 points.

A Song for Europe 1995
A Song for Europe 1995 was the national final developed by the BBC in order to select the British entry for the Eurovision Song Contest 1995. Eight acts competed in a televised show on 31 March 1995 held at the BBC Television Centre in London and hosted by Terry Wogan. The winner was selected entirely through a public vote. The final was broadcast on BBC1 and BBC Radio 2 with commentary by Ken Bruce, while the results show was broadcast on BBC1.

After the UK only achieved a low top ten finish the previous year, the BBC returned to a format last seen in 1991 where different acts performed, each song was also introduced by a Eurovision style "postcard" style video showcasing the song writers introduced by Jonathan King. The panel was adapted into a famous celebrity "supporter", with the public televote remaining.

Competing entries
BBC collaborated with music producer Jonathan King to select eight finalists to compete in the national final. The eight competing songs were premiered during the Top of the Pops Song for Europe Special on BBC1 on 24 March 1995.

Final
Eight acts competed in the televised final on 31 March 1995. Each song was introduced by a supporter who championed the songs during the show. The supporters consisted of Tony Mortimer, Bruno Brookes, Ian Dury, Let Loose, Scarlet, Cheryl Baker, Mike Read and Jonathan King. A public televote selected the winner, "Love City Groove" performed by Love City Groove.

At Eurovision
The United Kingdom performed 15th on the night, following Belgium and preceding Portugal. Love City Groove received 76 points and finished joint 10th with Malta. The UK jury awarded 12 points to Israel, with ten points going to Slovenia.


text:
United Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest 1996

The United Kingdom selected their entry for the Eurovision Song Contest 1996 in Oslo, Norway with a new show, The Great British Song Contest. The winning entry was Gina G with "Ooh Aah... Just a Little Bit".

The Great British Song Contest 1996
The Great British Song Contest 1996 was the national final developed by the BBC in order to select the British entry for the Eurovision Song Contest 1996. Eight acts competed in the competition which consisted of a semi-final on 1 March 1996 and a televised final on 8 March 1996. Both semi-final and final were broadcast on BBC1.

Semi-final
The qualifying round for the contest (the first since ), a special edition of Top of the Pops, was broadcast on BBC1 on 1 March 1996 and hosted by Nicky Campbell. It was announced that the four songs with the highest number of telephone votes would qualify for the final. A recap of the songs were also featured during the following morning's edition of Live & Kicking with voting lines reopened for a short time. The top four songs were announced later that evening during The National Lottery Live and went forward to the final on 8 March.

Final
The final was held on 8 March 1996 at BBC Television Centre. Hosted by Terry Wogan, it was broadcast on BBC1 at 20:00. For the first time since 1985, there was no simultaneous broadcast with BBC Radio 2. The winning entry was announced at the end of the show following a further public phone vote. The guest performers were Irish boy band Boyzone, who performed their version of Cat Stevens' "Father and Son" and actress Nicola Hughes who performed "The Acid Queen" from the rock musical The Who's Tommy.

At Eurovision
With the exception of host nation Norway, who were exempted, all 29 countries wishing to participate in the 1996 contest had to go through an audio-only pre-qualifying round held on 20 March. The lowest-placed seven songs would be eliminated and would not appear in Oslo. Gina G was placed third with 153 points, thus qualifying for the final.

On the night of the final Gina G performed 2nd in the running order, following Turkey and preceding Spain. At the end of the voting it had received 77 points, placing 8th out of 23 contestants. The United Kingdom jury awarded its 12 points to Cyprus.

When Belén Fernández de Henestrosa, the Spanish spokesperson, announced the votes of the Spanish jury, she awarded six points to "Holland" (the Netherlands), which host Ingvild Byrn misheard as "Poland." The official results table corrected this error, and the Netherlands' seventh-place result was restored at the expense of the United Kingdom, who ultimately finished eighth. Despite this result, 'Just a Little Bit' is one of the most successful of the UK's entries at Eurovision, not only topping the UK singles chart but also finding success in America, where the song was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Dance Recording in 1998.


text:
Talk:Punch buggy

Original Beetle
"Volkswagen states that only the original Beetle design, not the 1998-released New Beetle is valid for the purposes of Slugbug."

Is there a reference for this? DJ Clayworth 18:30, 20 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * I couldn't find any, so I'll just put up what used to be at 'Punch-bug' —

 * The game is considered by some to have lost some of its appeal, because Beetles are now much more common due to Volkswagen's 1998 release of the New Beetle; some players do not consider this new model to be valid for the purposes of the game.

 * — or something like it until if someone does find proof. -- Djinn112 19:59, Feb 20, 2004 (UTC)

Wikification (Complete)
Work on this article should be in progress very soon. *Vendetta* (whois talk edits) 10:03, 28 March 2007 (UTC)

I have added and wikified what I can but I won't remove or change the wiki tag above as I guess you want to come back and do more work on the article Douglike 14:41, 28 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Thank you for the help! I think the article still needs some more wikification to get it going, so we'll keep looking at it.  I have limited computer time, so by all means go ahead and contribute if you like.  *Vendetta* (whois talk edits) 00:30, 29 March 2007 (UTC)

 * From going over the article again, it appears nearly finished as far as wikification goes. Sources have been added and the content is looking much better.  I think the only thing left to do would be to go over the Rules section; there are still a few typos, though I can't for the life of me find a satisfactory way to rewrite it.  Hopefully someone can figure out what to do with it.  The Variants section might need a few tweaks, though I am having trouble deciding what to do with that, too.  Anyway, I believe that once these few changes are made we can remove the Wikify tag and template (probably the tone tag as well; I don't know as much about that, but it seems okay considering the subject matter) and consider it cleaned up.  *Vendetta* (whois talk edits) 18:49, 29 March 2007 (UTC)

 * I've edited the intro to Rules to make it a bit more... encyclopedic, I suppose. I'm avoiding the variants section because that could go on forever, depending on how many variants you can find, and how much detail you want Douglike 21:09, 29 March 2007 (UTC)

Edited the entire article, changing a few sentences around and cleaning up typos and other errors. Added a little bit of content, as well. The article looks to be complete in terms of wikification and I think we knocked out the tone issue as well. I've removed both tags from the article as a result of this. Great job everyone!

I took out the last part of "Another recent variant of the game is upon the sighting of a traditional Jeep CJ or Jeep Wrangler, a participant will yell, "Beep Jeep (color)!" and "Beep" another participant on the shoulder (using an open hand, like beeping the horn). The intent is more of a push than a punch. If the Jeep has the top down, two "Beeps" are allowed. Also known as Jeep Jab. Created circa 2006 by K&KA." I could not find any source saying that K&KA created this game, it sounds more like someone just trying to sign the page. Gorkymalorki 23:48, 27 June 2007 (UTC)

Wikified as part of the Wikification wikiproject! *Vendetta* (whois talk edits) 02:02, 30 March 2007 (UTC)

Micro bus
A micro bus (VW Van) was never included in the original game of Punch buggy. Also, a Cadillac regardless of view within whatever, was never included.

I've also noticed that history of the game was never included.

this site has been up since 1999, and is considered the first 'complete' page on the game.

http://www.geocities.com/jaredperi/beetle/buggy.html

--Whuntmore 17:42, 4 December 2007 (UTC)

 * .../jaredperi/beetle/buggy.html at the Internet Archive. —MJBurrage(T•C) 04:04, 25 March 2010 (UTC)

Another Variation
From my understanding, a GEEKMobile from the Geeksquad is worth 4 hits. It is from the Chief Inspector himself Robert Stephens --Powerfire (talk) 22:58, 13 June 2009 (UTC)

Over hear (Eastern Indiana), if you say the color of the Punch Bug, you get punched back three times. TwistedRed (talk) 01:25, 3 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Powerfire--I've never heard of that. Our family (specifically my sister who is a mechanical engineer major) came up with the tradition that if you see a GeekSquad Beetle, you do a sort of nerdy slapping motion at the other person (i.e., lightly flailing hands at the other person, only slightly hitting them)... Venku Tur'Mukan (talk) 18:16, 9 February 2011 (UTC)

Punch Buggy IS the car
In South Louisiana we referred to the cars themselves as punch buggies, as in "Look at that punch buggy." The game was called something like "punch buggy punch," which is what was said when delivering the strike. We never used colors in this process. --Volkris (talk) 23:41, 15 February 2008 (UTC)

I have never heard this game called punch buggy. Most people call it 'car punch' or 'punchies' —Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.211.70.109 (talk) 16:18, 18 October 2008 (UTC)

Here in Texas we always used 'slug bug,' but then again there are people who call soda 'soda pop.' Invmog (talk) 20:17, 24 November 2009 (UTC)

 * Up north the more common variant is "slugabug" (or "hugabug" around younger kids)... see my post under "Hug Bug." Venku Tur'Mukan (talk) 18:13, 9 February 2011 (UTC)

 * What brought me to this page was my daughter and her friends' use of the term "slug bug" to describe the car itself. I was surprised to learn that a) there is a game with this name, and b) there is another name "punch buggy" associated with it. — Loadmaster (talk) 20:07, 16 January 2012 (UTC)

Where in the world was it called "Punch Buggy"?? I've never heard it called that before. In southeastern Michigan it's always been Slug Bug as far as I know. I wonder which was more widely used? Donnie Love (talk) 14:47, 9 May 2015 (UTC)

 * Upon further research, (I know, original research is not allowed.) it seems Slug Bug was more widely used. The variant Punch Buggy was used mostly in Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New York, where there were a higher concentration of Amish people still using horse-drawn buggies. Therefore this article is incorrectly named. Donnie Love (talk) 17:38, 9 May 2015 (UTC)

 * "Punch Buggy" was super-common in Canada (usually with the colour, as in "Punch Buggy Red!", following my punching your sibling in the arm). I never heard Slug Bug in my entire life until I saw this Wikipedia page. So... we'll need something more substantive before renaming this article. Greg Salter (talk) 19:29, 21 September 2019 (UTC)

 * Oh, and the Simpsons used "Punch Buggy" as well (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bhiYbojZ9VM). So again... not gonna agree that this should be renamed. Greg Salter (talk) 19:33, 21 September 2019 (UTC)

Variants involving different vehicles?
Most of the "Variants involving different vehicles" sound fake. I recommend deleting the entire section. --Jeremy Butler 11:39, 31 May 2008 (UTC)

 * How about the PT Cruiser Bruiser??170.199.250.52 (talk) 01:48, 11 March 2021 (UTC)

International
Should we make a list of the places around the world that is played? i'm from Argentina and i used to play this game, only that we said "Poncho, no recibo" (poncho must come from punch, and "no recibo" is "i won't receive" like "No punch back!" ) --89.131.16.106 (talk) 19:39, 7 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Only if there are reliable sources for each entry on the list. Readers need to be able to verify the information independently. Kafziel Complaint Department 20:50, 7 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Where on earth would you get reliable sources for this? I think this is a good idea, regardless. In the UK, this game is unknown, to my knowledge.

2010 Super Bowl Ad
Volkswagen released an ad, premiering during Super Bowl XLIV, which portrays this game and seems to define two rules: the color of the bug should be declared and all Volkswagen vehicles count. There is an ad campaign at [] with a contest, game, and the ad itself, but it appears to call the game 'PunchDub' - phonetically similar yet loses the 'bug' terminology. There is also an 'official' set of rules available, along with an 'interview with the game's creator'. Anyone care to help add the rules? --Shawn McNaughton 08:43, 8 February 2010 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Shawngmc (talk • contribs)
 * It's just an ad meant to put a spin on a popular kids' game to make the cars seem fun, like the old one with the VW stuck up in a tree. It's not intended to be taken seriously. I don't think there's anything wrong with a mention of it in connection with the article, as long as we don't get carried away thinking it redefines the game. Volkswagen can no more set the rules for punch buggy than Colt can set the rules for Russian roulette. Kafziel Complaint Department 17:24, 8 February 2010 (UTC)

Hug Bug
Since hug rhymes just as well as slug bug and since that slug bug can cause violent tendencies to emerge in children, the hug bug variant is advised. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.8.213.116 (talk) 04:48, 20 October 2010 (UTC)

 * Our family uses that around our young one ("Hugabug!" followed by a light tap or a hug). My dad and I go by more traditional rules where the first one to punch the other (shoulder, thigh, something that doesn't distract his driving) doesn't get punched back, whether or not they say "slugabug" or the color. My mom thinks it doesn't matter who gets hit first; the point is just to see it and get other people. Of course, kids have come up with their own stuff ("bug spray," "no hit-backs," etc.) over the years and the name varies by region. Venku Tur'Mukan (talk) 18:11, 9 February 2011 (UTC)

Article title should be changed to "slug bug"
As this Google NGRAM search shows, the phrase "slug bug" has appeared in way more books in recent years than any of the other names for this game. Most of the books that contain that phrase are indeed talking about the game in question. My family calls it punch bug, but it appears slug bug is winning out by far, and so should be the title of the article. Any objections to changing it? Jbening (talk) 16:17, 16 January 2012 (UTC)
 * I don't know how ngrams work, but what it's showing is wrong. Look at search results here and you'll see that Punch buggy is just as common.  And that's before you consider how many uses of the phrases are actually referring to the game.  So I don't see any pressing need to change the article name on the basis of this, particularly when there's already a redirect that brings Slug bug here anyway. -- Escape Orbit  (Talk) 17:59, 16 January 2012 (UTC)
 * The Simpsons called it Punch Buggy. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bhiYbojZ9VM That makes it law.  :-)     Greg Salter (talk) 19:36, 21 September 2019 (UTC)

Variant
Another variation awards one point to the player that calls out a Volkswagen and the color. It also awards two points to the player that calls out "Red Jeep Jackson," when spotting a red jeep (when spoken quickly, Red Jeep Jackson sounds similar to the baseball player, Reggie Jackson). Three points are awarded to the player that spots a yellow Volkswagen and calls out "Yellow Slugmarine" (a reference to the Beatles song, Yellow Submarine).

This is how I grew up learning to play the game (in Northern California). I knew a lot of other people that played it this way as well. So, I guess my source for this is personal experience. I'm sure someone will say that it doesn't fit within the guidelines of sources. Jeepers! We're talking about the Slug Bug Game! — Preceding unsigned comment added by JRG1976 (talk • contribs) 15:53, 20 March 2013 (UTC)
 * The problem with "personal experience" is there is no way to verify it, or gauge its notability, two key parts of Wikipedia policy. If we are to allow your personal experience, the we must allow everyone else's, all the while having no way of telling if it is accurate, or if it is just something someone made up one day of absolutely no significance.  Pretty soon we have what this article was previously approaching; a list of trivial variations that no-one can tell were ever is use outside one family. -- Escape Orbit  (Talk) 17:24, 20 March 2013 (UTC)

Origins?
Has anyone done any research on the origins of this game? JointCompound (talk) 10:19, 21 October 2021 (UTC)

Merging with padiddle/car game?
The punch buggy article is about a game where you spot VW beetles and either punch a rival or score a point.

The padiddle article is about a game where you spot cars with damaged lights and either punch a rival (or roof or window), or kiss them, or remove your clothes, or score a point.

The car game article is about various games you can play in a car. One section is about "Car tag", where you spot a certain type of vehicle and either punch a rival or score a point.

I think these are clearly all describing minor variations of the same game. "Car tag" would be a good generic name for that, but that name isn't sourced and I can't find any evidence of that name in use. From news and book searches, Punch Buggy seems to be more widespread as a game than Padiddle, and has gotten more mainstream coverage. Would suggest either merging everything to Punch buggy, or using a bland descriptive title like Car-spotting game to describe the various games. (I think there's enough content and notability here for it to be more than just a section in car games.)

Pinging User:Plantdrew who suggested a merge in edit summaries. Lord Belbury (talk) 16:18, 31 August 2022 (UTC)

 * Car-spotting game would be fine. The term "punch buggy" encompasses the rules of a particular car-spotting game; players are punched when a VW "bug" is spotted. Car-spotting games that don't necessarily involve punching or VWs shouldn't be lumped under the name "punch buggy". Plantdrew (talk) 16:36, 31 August 2022 (UTC)

I've merged the two articles and the car game section to a new article at Car-spotting game. --Lord Belbury (talk) 15:32, 6 September 2022 (UTC)

 * I've undone the merger. Needs to be far more discussed. It's a variety of the genre, but it's not a good merger as it lumps things together without sources calling them versions of the same game. oknazevad (talk) 15:45, 6 September 2022 (UTC)
 * No problem, I'll put a formal discussion template up. --Lord Belbury (talk) 15:57, 6 September 2022 (UTC)

 * Merge all to Car-spotting game. All variations on the theme. No need for separate articles. ‡ El cid, el campeador  talk  17:36, 6 September 2022 (UTC)
 * The Twinkle plugin created the formal vote/discussion over at the target article, Talk:Car-spotting game. --Lord Belbury (talk) 17:52, 6 September 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Punch buggy


text:
Talk:Raynald of Châtillon

Please stop sabotaging of this page with implicit Hamilton opinions
This page and others are littered with sentences stated as fact, while they come from a single source that runs contrary to consensus half the time: the very unknown Bernard Hamilton.

It seems that someone is trying to push their religio-poltiical views. Why don't the mods do anything? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.70.135.54 (talk) 04:48, 12 February 2017 (UTC)
 * The "very unknown Bernard Hamilton" has published more than a dozen books about medieval history and the history of the crusades . One of his books cited in the article was published by the Cambridge University Press. There is a collection of essays written by the leading experts of the history of the crusades which was dedicated explicitly to Hamilton . I am sure the article could be improved, but baseless accusations and biased approaches will not contribute to its improvement. Please be specific when communicating on the Talk page in the future, otherwise we have to ignore your remarks. Borsoka (talk) 09:03, 12 February 2017 (UTC)
 * I'm sure this is all covered in the discussions that were just archived, but...Hamilton is also the only one who has written anything substantial about him, even though the 1978 article is a bit short and maybe a bit out of date by now. But there are plenty of other good sources in the article as well, so the page is definitely not based on a single source. There was supposed to be an entire book dedicated to him, "Reynald of Châtillon: A Bio-Bibliographical Study" (edited by Paul Crawford), but it doesn't seem to have been published yet. Adam Bishop (talk) 20:54, 12 February 2017 (UTC)
 * Alex Mallett, one of the contributors to the book, informs me that as far as he knows, the book is still being published (but he doesn't know when). Adam Bishop (talk) 11:09, 14 February 2017 (UTC)

 * Still not sure about that book, but there is also "Differing Views of Renaud de Châtillon: William of Tyre and L'Estoire d'Eracles" by Philip Handyside, in Deeds done beyond the Sea: essays on William of Tyre, Cyprus and the Military Orders presented to Peter Edbury, ed. Susan B. Edgington and Helen J. Nicholson (Ashgate, 2014).

New text
thank you for your contribution. I reverted your edit first of all, because it was poorly formatted. Please use the Preview bottom before saving your edits. Secondly, the text contradicts other authors cited in the article (for instance, compare the versions about Raynald's raid in Cyprus). Thirdly, I assume some of your text are copied verbatim from the cited source which is not allowed. Please suggests your proposed edits here. Borsoka (talk) 05:37, 15 December 2022 (UTC)

Not a martyr of Christian faith
Saladin executed him for his raids on caravans, a serious crime in any country and not a deed acceptable under the laws of Christian societies. Captured with Raynald de Chatillon was Guy de Lusignan, simply a prisoner of war. Saladin treated Guy de Lusignan with great mercy in no way contingent of abandoning Christianity in favor of Islam. Guy de Lusignan had done nothing really wrong. Guy de Lusignan was released after watching the (probably rightful) execution of Reynald de Chatillon without being pressured to convert to Islam.

Saladin had a reputation of justice in the Christian world, part of which originated in this incident. Caravan raiders are essentially pirates of the "sea of sand". Like all leaders of Christian or Muslim polities alike in that time, Saladin had no tolerance for murder and robbery and used the death penalty against such a crime. I thus will strike him as a martyr of faith. Pbrower2a (talk) 13:32, 2 January 2023 (UTC)

 * Agreed. Raynald de Chatillon's treaty-breaking crimes against peaceful caravans are well evidenced and his execution was a clear example of routine justice. Iskandar323 (talk) 14:04, 2 January 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Raynald of Châtillon


text:
United Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest 1998

The United Kingdom competed in the Eurovision Song Contest 1998. In addition, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) was also the host broadcaster and staged the event at the National Indoor Arena in Birmingham on 9 May 1998 after the nation won the competition in with the song "Love Shine a Light" performed by Katrina and the Waves. The BBC organised a public selection to select its entry for the contest, The Great British Song Contest 1998. Eight songs competed over two rounds, with four songs selected through a radio-broadcast semi-final advancing to the televised final round, held on 15 March 1998, where viewers selected the winning entry through televoting. Imaani received the most votes and was selected to represent the UK in the contest with the song "Where Are You?". Imaani performed 16th at the international contest, and at the close of the voting process the UK finished in second place with 166 points, the nation's 15th second-place finish since its debut.

Background
Prior to the 1998 contest, the United Kingdom had participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 40 times since their first entry in 1957 and had competed in all but two editions of the contest. Before this year's event, the UK had won the contest five times: in 1967 with the song "Puppet on a String" performed by Sandie Shaw, in 1969 with the song "Boom Bang-a-Bang" performed by Lulu, in 1976 with the song "Save Your Kisses for Me" performed by Brotherhood of Man, in 1981 with the song "Making Your Mind Up" performed by Bucks Fizz, and in 1997 with the song "Love Shine a Light" performed by Katrina and the Waves. The nation had also finished in second place on 14 occasions, more than any other country.

Per the rules of the 1998 contest, as the previous year's winning country and contest hosts, the UK was given an automatic place in the competition, with the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) subsequently included on the European Broadcasting Union's (EBU) list of the 25 countries that had signed up to partake in the contest. The BBC opted to select its chosen entry for the contest through a national final entitled The Great British Song Contest 1998.

The Great British Song Contest 1998
The BBC organised a public selection process to determine its entry for the Eurovision Song Contest 1998. The Great British Song Contest was organised for the third time, following the same format used the previous year: after a public submission process, eight songs were selected to compete in a semi-final broadcast on BBC Radio 2, where listeners would choose four entries via televoting to progress to a final on BBC One. A second round of public voting during the televised broadcast would determine the winning song that would represent the UK at Eurovision. More than 800 songs were submitted to the competition and following several rounds of shortlisting from these songs, the eight semi-finalists were determined.

Semi-final
The eight songs which featured in the semi-final were previewed on the Radio 2 shows Wake Up to Wogan and The Ken Bruce Show between 2 and 5 February 1998, with two songs being played each day on both programmes. The semi-final was then held on 6 February, hosted by Ken Bruce and Terry Wogan. Once all songs had been played, listeners were invited to phone in and vote for their favourites from 9–10am. The result was announced at the end of the broadcast; the qualifying songs were announced in alphabetical order by title.

Final
Each of the finalists featured on weekly editions of The National Lottery Draw on BBC One, with one act appearing each week over a period of four weeks: Kitt appeared on the 21 February 1998 broadcast; Alberta on 28 February 1998; Imaani on 7 March 1998; and The Collective on 14 March 1998. A free promotional CD featuring extracts of the four finalists was also released and made available in high street record shops, while the four finalists and the previous year's winning act Katrina Leskanich performed live at London's G-A-Y nightclub on 14 March 1998. Between the semi-final and the final, Kitt changed her stage name to Sapphire.

The final was held on 15 March 1998, broadcast on BBC One and presented by Wogan. The broadcast featured the same performances of the acts as those featured on The National Lottery Draw, with Wogan providing live links between songs and short pre-recorded introductions by the songwriters of each song preceding each performance. Other segments of the broadcast included behind-the-scenes footage featuring Ulrika Jonsson at Birmingham's National Indoor Arena, the venue for the then-upcoming Eurovision Song Contest, an interview with Leskanich hosted by Jonsson and clips during the end credits of previous UK winning Eurovision performances. Following a brief recap of the participating acts, a one-hour voting window was opened for viewers to vote through telephone at a cost of 10p per call and via the internet; the results were subsequently announced by Wogan on 21 March 1998 during that evening's National Lottery Draw on BBC One, with the top three acts announced in reverse order along with the number of votes received. 2.66 million viewers watched the Great British Song Contest final and the National Lottery Draw which featured the results attracted an audience of 9.81 million.

Promotion
Ahead of the contest, Imaani made several appearances on UK television programmes to promote her entry to the British public. Imaani performed her Eurovision song on the BBC's children's programmes Blue Peter on 23 March 1998, Live & Kicking on both 28 March 1998 and 11 April 1998, and Fully Booked on 3 May 1998, while she also appeared on the BBC's music chart show Top of the Pops on both 8 and 22 May 1998. BBC Radio 2 also produced a radio documentary, titled Going for a Song, broadcast 9 May 1998, the day of the Eurovision final, which followed Imaani's preparations for the Eurovision Song Contest. "Where Are You?" was released in the formats of both CD and cassette on 9 March 1998, featuring an additional ballad mix of the song. The song peaked at number 15 on the UK Singles Chart, while it also charted on the Netherlands' Mega Top 100 and Belgium's Ultratop chart.

At Eurovision
As the winners of the previous year's event, the UK was given the chance to host the Eurovision Song Contest in 1998, with the BBC selecting the National Indoor Arena in Birmingham as the venue of the contest, held on 9 May 1998. Following confirmation of the 25-country participant list, the running order for the contest was decided by a draw held on 13 November 1997; the UK was assigned position 16, following and preceding.

Imaani took part in technical rehearsals at the venue on 5 and 7 May 1998, followed by dress rehearsals on 8 and 9 May. Ahead of the contest, the UK were considered one of the favourites among bookmakers to win the contest for a second time, featuring alongside the entries from, , and the. The contest was hosted by Wogan and Jonsson and was broadcast in the UK on television and radio, with Wogan also providing commentary for BBC One and Bruce doing likewise on BBC Radio 2. Imaani performed alongside the BBC Concert Orchestra, which was conducted by James McMillan for her performance.

At the end of the contest, the UK finished in second place, receiving a total of 166 points. The result gave the UK its 15th second-place finish in its competitive history, which remains a contest record  The United Kingdom would achieve another second place in.

Voting
The same voting system in use since 1975 was again implemented for the contest, with each country providing 1–8, 10 and 12 points to their 10 highest-ranking songs, with countries not allowed to vote for themselves. For the first time however, the contest results were determined predominantly by public voting via telephone, following a successful trial among five countries the previous year; an eight-member back-up jury was also assembled in case technical failures rendered the telephone votes invalid.

A total of 407,167 valid votes were registered in the UK in total during the five-minute voting window, which determined the UK's points; the BBC subsequently published a full breakdown of the votes cast for each country after the Eurovision Song Contest. Bruce was also appointed the spokesperson and announced the results of the UK vote during the broadcast.


text:
Particle detector

In experimental and applied particle physics, nuclear physics, and nuclear engineering, a particle detector, also known as a radiation detector, is a device used to detect, track, and/or identify ionizing particles, such as those produced by nuclear decay, cosmic radiation, or reactions in a particle accelerator. Detectors can measure the particle energy and other attributes such as momentum, spin, charge, particle type, in addition to merely registering the presence of the particle.

Examples and types
Many of the detectors invented and used so far are ionization detectors (of which gaseous ionization detectors and semiconductor detectors are most typical) and scintillation detectors; but other, completely different principles have also been applied, like Čerenkov light and transition radiation.

Historical examples
 * Bubble chamber
 * Wilson cloud chamber (diffusion chamber)
 * Photographic plate (Nuclear emulsion)

 * Detectors for radiation protection

The following types of particle detector are widely used for radiation protection, and are commercially produced in large quantities for general use within the nuclear, medical, and environmental fields.
 * Dosimeter
 * Electroscope (when used as a portable dosimeter)
 * Gaseous ionization detector
 * Geiger counter
 * Ionization chamber
 * Proportional counter
 * Scintillation counter
 * Semiconductor detector

Commonly used detectors for particle and nuclear physics

 * Gaseous ionization detector
 * Ionization chamber
 * Proportional counter
 * Multiwire proportional chamber
 * Drift chamber
 * Time projection chamber
 * Micropattern gaseous detector
 * Geiger–Müller tube
 * Spark chamber
 * Solid-state detectors:
 * Semiconductor detector and variants including CCDs
 * Silicon Vertex Detector
 * Solid-state nuclear track detector
 * Cherenkov detector
 * Ring-imaging Cherenkov detector (RICH)
 * Scintillation counter and associated photomultiplier, photodiode, or avalanche photodiode
 * Lucas cell
 * Time-of-flight detector
 * Transition radiation detector
 * Calorimeter
 * Microchannel plate detector
 * Neutron detector

Modern detectors
Modern detectors in particle physics combine several of the above elements in layers much like an onion.

Research particle detectors
Detectors designed for modern accelerators are huge, both in size and in cost. The term counter is often used instead of detector when the detector counts the particles but does not resolve its energy or ionization. Particle detectors can also usually track ionizing radiation (high energy photons or even visible light). If their main purpose is radiation measurement, they are called radiation detectors, but as photons are also (massless) particles, the term particle detector is still correct.

At colliders

 * At CERN
 * for the LHC
 * CMS
 * ATLAS
 * ALICE
 * LHCb
 * for the LEP
 * Aleph
 * Delphi
 * L3
 * Opal
 * for the SPS
 * The COMPASS Experiment
 * Gargamelle
 * NA61/SHINE
 * At Fermilab
 * for the Tevatron
 * CDF
 * D0
 * Mu2e
 * At DESY
 * for HERA
 * H1
 * HERA-B
 * HERMES
 * ZEUS
 * At BNL
 * for the RHIC
 * PHENIX
 * Phobos
 * STAR
 * At SLAC
 * for the PeP-II
 * BaBar
 * for the SLC
 * SLD
 * At Cornell
 * for CESR
 * CLEO
 * CUSB
 * At BINP
 * for the VEPP-2M and VEPP-2000
 * ND
 * SND
 * CMD
 * for the VEPP-4
 * KEDR
 * Others
 * MECO from UC Irvine

Under construction

 * For International Linear Collider (ILC)
 * CALICE (Calorimeter for Linear Collider Experiment)

Without colliders

 * Antarctic Muon And Neutrino Detector Array (AMANDA)
 * Cryogenic Dark Matter Search (CDMS)
 * Super-Kamiokande
 * XENON

On spacecraft

 * Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS)
 * DAMPE (DArk Matter Particle Explorer)
 * Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope
 * JEDI (Jupiter Energetic-particle Detector Instrument)

Theoretical Models of Particle Detectors
Beyond their experimental implementations, theoretical models of particle detectors are also of great importance to theoretical physics. These models consider localized non-relativistic quantum systems coupled to a quantum field. They receive the name of particle detectors because when the non-relativistic quantum system is measured in an excited state, one can claim to have detected a particle. The first instance of particle detector models in the literature dates from the 80's, where a particle in a box was introduced by W. G. Unruh in order to probe a quantum field around a black hole. Shortly after, Bryce DeWitt proposed a simplification of the model, giving rise to the Unruh-DeWitt detector model.

Beyond their applications to theoretical physics, particle detector models are related to experimental fields such as quantum optics, where atoms can be used as detectors for the quantum electromagnetic field via the light-matter interaction. From a conceptual side, particle detectors also allow one to formally define the concept of particles without relying on asymptotic states, or representations of a quantum field theory. As M. Scully puts it, from an operational viewpoint one can state that "a particle is what a particle detector detects", which in essence defines a particle as the detection of excitations of a quantum field.

title: Particle detector


text:
United Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest 1990

The United Kingdom was represented by Emma in the Eurovision Song Contest 1990 with the song "Give a Little Love Back to the World".

A Song for Europe 1990
The eight songs in contention to represent the UK were presented during Terry Wogan's Wogan chat show on BBC1. Two songs were presented during each of four broadcasts between 21 and 28 March. The songs were also featured in various programmes on BBC Radio 2.

A separate results show was broadcast on BBC1 the same evening. BBC Radio 2 simulcast the final and also broadcast the results show, both with commentary by Ken Bruce.

Final
The 1990 edition of A Song for Europe was held in Television Centre, London on 30 March in Studio 1. The BBC Concert Orchestra under the direction of Alyn Ainsworth as conductor accompanied all the songs, but despite performing live, the orchestra were off-screen, behind the set. Terry Wogan presided over the eight finalists and a panel of celebrities was assembled to comment on each of the entries. The panel was composed of Gloria Hunniford, Tim Rice, Cathy McGowan and Carl Davis.

As in the last two years, a national telephone vote decided the outcome of the contest. Emma won with a runaway phone poll of 97,625 calls over John Miles, who polled 38,966.

UK Discography

 * Kelly - Better Be Good to Me: Loading Bay LBAY25 (B Side).
 * Emma - Give a Little Love Back to the World: Big Wave BWR33 (7" Single)/BWRT33 (12" Single)/BWRCD33 (CD Single)/BWRC33 (Cassette).

At Eurovision
The final was held in Zagreb, Yugoslavia on 5 May. Emma was supported by several backing singers including Miriam Stockley (later a backing vocalist for Katrina and the Waves in 1997) and Sam Blue (who competed against Katrina and the Waves in the 1997 national final). Despite being one of the favourites to win, "Give a Little Love Back to the World" had to settle for sixth place with 87 points. The British jury voting was quite idiosyncratic awarding no points to Italy or France (unlike neighbours Ireland who gave Italy 12 points and France 8) and 12 points to Iceland who finished 4th as well as awarding Ireland 10 points.