text:
Talk:Walkie-talkie

Old talk
Was walkie-talkie really originally developed by Henryk Magnuski, Polish engineer? I have urge to put that into article...

See this page http://sitka.triumf.ca/morgan/dlhings/walkietalkie.html which credits a lot of other people. User:Rjstott

 * That page is now at http://dlhings.ca/walkietalkie.html BlueStraggler (talk) 23:59, 15 April 2009 (UTC)

 * According to my sources Magnuski was the main constructor of the SCR-300. However, the company's name was not yet Motorola at the time. The difference between those constructions mentioned on the abovementioned page and SCR-300 is that Magnuskis walkie-talkie was a hand-held radio, not a huge box carried by a radio operator. You can see the pic of his invention here. Halibutt 02:51, Jul 8, 2004 (UTC)

For the record, the SCR-536 was the "Handie-Talkie" and Don Mitchell, Chief Engineer of Galvin Manufacturing Company is credited with driving that development effort. He received a special citation from the Army for this work. Henry Magnuski's contribution towards the development of the SCR-300 "Walkie-Talkie", a 35 pound backpack radio, is documented quite well via two sources, cited below:

The Founder's Touch by Harry Mark Petrakis, 1965, McGraw-Hill, NY, p. 144-147

Chapter 13 - The Talkies - Handie and Walkie

Noble joined the company in early September 1940. He began by working on the possibility of adapting many of the AM systems common in that time to FM. He had no responsibility in the development of the "Handie-Talkie" radio but went to Fort Monmouth, New Jersey, with Don Mitchell to make the presentation of the unit to the Signal Corps. Among the Signal Corps officers present at that time were two, Col. Colton, and Major J.D. O'Connell, who would play important roles in the development of a longer range portable unit than the "Handie-Talkie" radio.

Sometime after the United States had gone to war, on a visit to Washington, Noble was told by Col. O'Connell that the Signal Corps had let a contract for the development of a new AM portable transmitter-receiver. Noble told him bluntly that he felt this was a grave mistake, and that the area of development should be for an FM portable unit. Noble felt strongly such a unit could be developed and that Motorola could do it. As a result of this conversation, and Noble's confidence in the company's ability to meet the challenge, Col. O'Connell issued a Signal Corps contract for the development of an FM portable transmitter-receiver to Motorola.

A series of meetings were held with Signal Corps Engineers at Fort Monmouth, and engineering meetings at Motorola were attended by Noble's team which included Henry Magnuski, Marion Bond, Lloyd Morris, and Bill Vogel. Working furiously against time, this brilliant team developed a design which included a single tuning control to tune both the transmitter and the receiver simultaneously and an automatic frequency control to insure clear communication without the need for critical precision tuning on the part of the operator. They also overcame the primary problems of establishing an adequate power supply, a minimum number of crystals, and the fungiciding of the unit to allow it to withstand tropical temperatures and humidity.

The final critical acceptance test took place at Fort Knox, Kentucky, where Col. O'Connell had set up a conference for the testing of a variety of portable and mobile communications equipment. Members of the Infantry Board, always highly critical of the application of communications equipment to battlefield conditions, had been invited as observers. Bob Galvin accompanied Dan Noble and Bill Vogel to Fort Knox for these crucial tests. Since they only had two working models, each night was spent in the hotel checking them over carefully to make sure they were ready for additional tests the following day. The performance of the SCR-300, Walkie-Talkie, during those tests, its capacity to communicate through interfering ignition noise, and the rugged quality of the design, met with unusually enthusiastic response from the hard-headed Infantry and Signal Corps officers.

Motorola was to produce nearly 50,000 of these famed SCR-300 Walkie-Talkie units during the course of the war, the first units transported by air for use in the invasion of Italy by the Allied Forces. A sizeable quantity went to the Pacific. Perhaps their greatest contribution was in the European invasion, where their role in re-establishing order at the conclusion of the Battle of the Bulge gained Motorola tremendous recognition and a general feeling that perhaps the Walkie-Talkie was the single most useful piece of communications equipment employed in the invasion.

Noble was awarded a Certificate of Merit from the Army for his part in the development of the Walkie-Talkie. Noble, accepting the award, stressed the major contributions of Magnuski, Vogel, Morris and Bond. He went on to say that the development of the Walkie-Talkie was an academic exercise compared to the contribution of the men on the battlefields, the men fighting the war.

A Personal Journal: 50 Years at Motorola by Andy Affrunti Sr. Privately published manuscript, 1985

P. 63-64

Soon after I started in the research lab in late 1940, Henry Magnuski and I received our first assignmment based on a military contract: a portable FM communications radio. It was a typical Monday morning when Dan Noble approached Henry and me and asked both of us to sit at my workbench. Dan motioned Henry to sit at his right and me at his left and placed an official looking sheet of paper on the bench. I noticed the fancy heading that read, United States Army Signal Corps. Dan read the eight paragraphed items aloud and finished by saying, "Henry and Andy, I want you to start working on this immediately. During my visit to the Signal Corps last week they placed a life-and-death priority on this program for the infantry. You will get whatever assistance you need and I expect to see a prototype fabricated as soon as possible."

Shocked by the demand he placed on us, we read and reread this one sheet of paper several times. The Signal Corps designated this communications equipment as a portable infantry battalion transceiver nomenclatured SCR-300. We soon realized that this was a specification document to design and develop a portable, frequecy modulated radio receiver and transmitter powered by batteries. The complete equipment should not weigh over 35 pounds and be carried on the back of an infantry combat soldier. It should provide solid communications over a distance of three miles and be water-proofed against rain. No more than two crystals could be used and it should cover a frequency range continouously variable from 40.0 to 48.0 megacycles providing 48 channels of communications.

p. 73-74

We tested and retested our prototype in the lab and finally just a few days before the Signal Corps representatives came, Henry and I were ready. We stood eight miles apart - more than twice the specification - on a bright spring day in 1941, he standing on the flat roof of the Tropic-aire building next to the Augusta Boulevard plant, I in the Thatcher Woods Forest Preserve parking lot to the west of the plant. Marconi or Bell couldn't have felt better when they heard others on radio or telephone than I did when I heard Henry's Polish-accented voice from Augusta Boulevard: "Ondy, do you hear me?"

"Yes, Henry," I said from my forest preserve station, "I hear you very good, loud and clear."

When we reported to Dan Noble and our lab associates the successful result of our test, everyone was jubilant. Our prototypes housed in the two green wooden boxes took on an aire of great importance. A week later in the same location the field test was repeated for Signal Corps officials who gave us a quick verbal approval to develop a production prototype.

So it would appear that proper credit for the SCR-300 goes to Dan Noble for conceiving an FM portable unit, and the team of Magnuski, Bond, Morris and Vogel for the actual implementation and production. The FM circuit design and development appears to be the work of Magnuski as the principal RF engineer. --hankm 23:25, 9 July 2005 (UTC)

Choosing a walkie talkie
This [http:// consumers.endlex.com/Entertainment/walkietalkie.html link] in the article is pretty useless. The information isn't specific to walkie talkies - looks like a generic article with walkie-talkie thown in lots of times. Link spam? Anyone got any better sources? Pgr94 19:36, 25 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Yeah, it's linkspam alright. This kind of link has been added to about 30 other articles. Graham 87 15:37, 11 November 2006 (UTC)

Choose a picture
Two pictures of FRS W/Ts is one too many; do we like the first or second one better? The first one shows several slightly different types - teh second shows some generic bubble-pack toys. I'm prejudiced in favor of the first since I took the picture. May I zap the second one? --Wtshymanski 17:54, 27 March 2007 (UTC)

Additional comment moved from article
A history of radio is not required here. I've moved the following strangely-formatted additions here to talk since they are out of place in the walkie-talkie article.--Wtshymanski 23:12, 23 May 2007 (UTC)Wireless Communication

Prior Inventions

The invention of the walkie-talkie is preceded by the discovery of radio and the invention of wireless communication. The invention of wireless communication was made by Guglielmo Marconi. Born in Italy in 1874 to a Catholic father and a Protestant mother, he had an interest in science from an early age. He attended the University of Bologna and studied electro-magnetics before becoming interested in radio. He wanted to create a device which would allow ships to communicate with shores without wires. He built a team of accredited scientists and electricians to help him with the project. Beginning in the 1890’s he was able to send bursts of radio 100 yards and was gradually increasing the distance. By 1897 he was sending signals across the English Channel; in December of 1901 he and his team sent the first transatlantic signal from Canada to Britain. Although he could only send Morse code, his system was then used for ships crossing the Atlantic, including the H.M.S. Titanic. However credit for the device is often also given to his coworker Nikola Tesla, because he and Marconi battled for the patent. In the end the United States Supreme Court granted Tesla the patent over Marconi in 1943, but not before Marconi had made his own company and a rather large profit.

Reginald Fessenden

One of the biggest steps in this journey was made by Reginald Fessenden who began working with radio in 1897, and also taught Marconi. He invented the receiver in 1900, which allowed machines to better receive incoming radio waves and also expanded the distance within which these machines could communicate. He also designed the first wireless telephone but at first could only send Morse code. Later he improved his designs which soon allowed voices to be transmitted. He sent the first voice transmission on December 24, 1906 on a device known as a “radio telephone.” He also sent the first two way telegraph across the Atlantic from Scotland.

Two Way Radio

In 1933 an American inventor named Frank Gunther invented a two way dispatch radio for use in police cars in Bayonne, New Jersey. Unlike what would soon become the walkie-talkie these devices required an operator to send messages out to other receivers. While these receivers could talk to the operator they could not talk to each other. Also these devices were mounted in cars, and could not yet be carried around easily.

'''The Walkie-Talkie Al Gross'''

Therefore the next step was to make wireless communication like this portable and usable without an operator. However the invention of the portable two-way is generally credited with the American inventor Al Gross. (There are some claims that a Canadian named Donald Hings may have also invented it, but it is more probable that he just developed a different kind a few years later. There is little conclusive evidence showing him as the inventor of the walkie-talkie. Alfred Gross was born on February 22, 1918 in Toronto, Canada. He and his family moved to Cleveland, Ohio not long after his birth. When he was nine, he and his family took a trip on Lake Erie. He was amazed by the ship’s radios and asked the captain to explain how they worked. What started as curiosity seemed to develop into a lifelong pursuit. By the time he was 16, he had reportedly built a radio station, called W8PAL, in his basement using materials from the local junkyard.

During the War

By 1936 Gross had a strong interest in radio, especially operating it above 100 megahertz. He attended what is now Case Western Reserve University in 1938, and created his first portable two way device. He attracted the attention of the Office of Strategic Services, the forerunner of the CIA. They recruited him to help build new technologies for the troops in World War II. In 1941 he had created air to ground two way radios, named Joan and Eleanor, although he had already made ground to ground radios by 1938. He received the patent for the design in 1939. (Daniel Hings received one in 1942.) The elements of Gross’ design were considered classified by the U.S. government until 1975-76. Despite the long time kept under wraps, Gross was unable to make any real money from his designs because he failed to see the usefulness of his inventions. Therefore he did not renew his patents before the U. S. released his work. He is also credited with creating the first cellular phone and the first pager, but did not renew the patents on these inventions either.

 * I think removal of this material is the right move. I was going to do something similar. hankm 00:58, 24 May 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:H23AAB and P33AAC Handie Talkie Manual.jpg
Image:H23AAB and P33AAC Handie Talkie Manual.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

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BetacommandBot (talk) 17:21, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

Alternatives
Please include VoIP over Wifi/WiMax as a alternative see http://www.webopedia.com/DidYouKnow/Internet/2005/voIP_WiFi.asp —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.246.175.36 (talk) 09:58, 2 March 2009 (UTC)

Range
What's the range on those devices? This important fact is missing from the article. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus 03:15, 22 April 2009 (UTC)

 * Depends on the exact conditions. Typically a few hundred meters, it can be a few kilometers if a clear line of sight exists between the two stations, or much less inside buildings. 10-15 or more kilometers if a repeater is used, depending on the location of the repeater. Sv1xv (talk) 04:07, 22 April 2009 (UTC)

SSB, CW etc on ham H/T
"All mode" portables like the Tokyo HyPower HT750 are rare exceptions and never caught up. 99.95% of all ham HT transmit only FM, although many can receive all modes. Even AM is not supported, while it is standard for airband and older CB walkie-talkies. Unless we include radios like FT-817. We should change wording to somewhat. Sv1xv (talk) 14:58, 22 April 2009 (UTC)
 * Agree. Check out the recent edit. - LuckyLouie (talk) 15:41, 22 April 2009 (UTC)

It is very good now. I may edit a little the part about marine and airband WTs. Sv1xv (talk) 16:15, 22 April 2009 (UTC)

RE: Amateur radio and multiple modes; please don't confuse your personal experience, probably within the USA, with the actual situation, especially in other nations. There are many, many HF transceivers which are multi-mode and quite a few which are ALL mode transceivers. Indeed I am currently sat only a foot from a portable transceiver which covers a chunk of the RF spectrum and will transmit in both AM and FM (with the various submodes, like SSB, CW and so on included) across that entire range (where permitted by law). —Preceding unsigned comment added by 90.195.192.80 (talk) 13:05, 5 September 2010 (UTC)

Smartphone apps
There are a growing number of smartphone apps that use the walkie-talkie PTT paradigm. Should they be mentioned in this article and if so as "modern day versions" or in a section of cultural influence of PTT as a concept? Joe407 (talk) 08:52, 15 August 2012 (UTC)
 * Perhaps not at great length, but worth a mention especially if there's a good citation. There's also a PTT in mobile telephone services that lets a group of phone users talk as if using walkie-talkies but that is described in Push to talk and might just be mentioned here. --Wtshymanski (talk) 15:14, 15 August 2012 (UTC)

 * OK now we have an WP:RS on the topic referring to these apps as Walkie-Talkies. http://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/06/technology/personaltech/zello-heytell-and-voxer-make-your-smartphone-a-walkie-talkie-david-pogue.html?pagewanted=all Now I just need to find the time to write the paragraph.  Joe407 (talk) 12:49, 10 September 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
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Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Walkies which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 17:48, 2 April 2023 (UTC)

Additions
Some people believe that walkie talkies can pick up cell phone conversation... sourced to radiofinds.com. Unfortunately, blogs are not WP:RS. - LuckyLouie (talk) 16:51, 10 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Walkie-talkie


text:
Talk:Narita International Airport

Air India story
Did that piece of luggage explode in Tokyo, or in Vancouver? If the entire incident happened in Canada, the story really has no relevance to Narita Airport. -- Sekicho 10:05, Mar 2, 2004 (UTC)

Sekicho, the luggage exploded in Tokyo. WhisperToMe 02:14, 3 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Section needs work
the airlines and destination section is messed up

76.64.229.97 (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 22:47, 3 May 2012 (UTC).

Confusion
"Recently, Tokyo International Airport was allowed to have other international flights within Asia, as well as to Hawaii, in an attempt to alleviate Narita's problems with capacity. There has been some discussion about exchanging roles between Narita airport and Haneda to accommodate Tokyo residents as Narita is in Chiba prefecture and a typical train ride from even the eastern parts of Tokyo on an express train takes roughly 1 hour."

Can someone explain the significance of Narita being in Chiba, this relationship to Tokyo, and ... what is Haneda? This is the first time Haneda is mentioned in the article!! --Golbez 04:01, Aug 31, 2004 (UTC)

 * Narita is usually understood to be the Tokyo airport that serves international flights. Haneda was the first airport and nowadays only serves flights within Japan. I mean, they do other flights but mostly it's domestic.

 * Also, Haneda is in Tokyo proper, while Narita is about 40km or so to the east. Tokyo was so crowded and thus an airport in the suburbs (per se) was essential. Mike H 04:02, Aug 31, 2004 (UTC)

 * So that is the first mention of Haneda in the article. And since Narita is so far east, in a different prefecture, it takes an hour to get there, even from the east side of Tokyo. Gotcha. --Golbez 04:17, Aug 31, 2004 (UTC)

 * An hour by train and even longer by car. Maybe not from the far east side of Tokyo but I know it was, like, three hours from Kanagawa prefecture, which is maybe 70km from Narita. 80 at most. Mike H 04:18, Aug 31, 2004 (UTC)

Name change for Narita International Airport
The history shows some confusion over the name "Narita International Airport." My first instinct was that the name was wrong, since for many years, some people called it that in error.

I verified the name change took place on 01 April 2004, and added that information. The old name, "New Tokyo International Airport," was more descriptive of the destination most people thought of as departed for Japan. You don't hear people saying "I'm going to fly to Narita for business." Unless they are frequent travelers who just can't resist saying things like "I'm departing for Heathrow in the morning." --Reward 02:24, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

KHH service on UA and NW
Please stop putting Kaohsiung as a destination for United and Northwest. UA and NW do not fly to KHH! They never fly there, they only fly to TPE. Bucs2004 20:42, 15 June 2006 (UTC)

NW used to fly to Kaohsiung. But not anymore! WhisperToMe 21:47, 15 June 2006 (UTC)

The name of the Japanese transport minister is not Noah.
FYI, Some goofball changed the name of the Japnese transport minister in the section about Narita Train Station to 'Noah Block'

JFK service on DL
One anon user has been adding New York-JFK as a destination for Delta. Delta does not fly to JFK from NRT....they only fly to Atlanta. Does Delta fly to JFK from NRT? I only recall them flying to Atlanta only. Bucs2004 03:40, 13 July 2007 (UTC)

They used to fly from JFK, but not anymore. WhisperToMe 18:25, 11 November 2007 (UTC)

Tijuana service on Aeromexico
This exists, yes? Can we put it up? (unsigned by 165.82.92.15)
 * We list destination from an airport. NRT-MEX is nonstop. Only MEX-TIJ-NRT has a stop. HkCaGu (talk) 18:39, 2 May 2010 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:NAA logo.jpg
Image:NAA logo.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot 04:46, 16 September 2007 (UTC)

Naha or Okinawa?
This article currently shows destinations of "Naha" and "Okinawa", both referring to Naha Airport. Within the Aviation Project, Wikipedia:WikiProject Aviation/Airline destination lists: Asia, would seem to show the preferred destination name for Naha Airport to be "Okinawa". Per this guidance, I will change all "Naha" destination references here to "Okinawa". --Chaswmsday (talk) 18:59, 16 July 2012 (UTC)

Missing flight, Outdated info
There are two small problems, china eastern has flights between Tokyo Narita and Qingdao and Qingdao is not listed in it's destinations. Shandong Airlines also launch Narita to Qingdao on September 3, yet the date is still there and it is September 6. If you don't believe me, it says it when you search for Qingdao to Tokyo Narita flights.72.89.35.142 (talk) 01:50, 7 September 2012 (UTC)

unsupported statement in article, and it is a "on this day" article today!
Please look at this: http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2209&dat=19780520&id=Xl1YAAAAIBAJ&sjid=-jQNAAAAIBAJ&pg=7085,4794702 - this is a google photographic cache of the news story cited in the article (now a dead link) to support this statement: "The runway was completed and the airport scheduled to open on March 30, 1978, but this plan was disrupted when, on March 26, 1978, a group armed with Molotov cocktails drove into the airport in a burning car, broke into the control tower and destroyed much of its equipment, causing about $500,000 in damages and delaying the opening by another two months, to May 20, 1978." The article says all these attacks were stopped at the gate. I suggest this be corrected or removed or another source that reflects this information be cited.HammerFilmFan (talk) 12:45, 26 March 2013 (UTC)

United flights to Denver
The service has been postponed again to 11 June 2013. Source: http://www.denverpost.com/breakingnews/ci_22900081/united-airlines-postpones-denver-tokyo-another-month?source=rss please change the date from 13 May 2013 to 11 June 2013. Thanks! 68.119.73.36 (talk) 01:22, 30 March 2013 (UTC)
 * Pictogram voting question.svg Question: The article states the launch date is 10 June; is there a reason it should be 11 June? – 29611670.x (talk) 05:47, 13 April 2013 (UTC)
 * The launch is from Denver. It translate to the next day from Nartita. HkCaGu (talk) 06:05, 13 April 2013 (UTC)
 * Yes check.svg Done Ah, got it; thanks ☺ (I see you changed it—I marked the request as answered.) Was looking at the wrong history page! – 29611670.x (talk) 06:17, 13 April 2013 (UTC)

Edit request on 13 April 2013 : American Airlines ads service from JFK here on JUNE 1st!!!! serious issue here! I work for AA and you don't have this new route! heres my source:
Not done: please be more specific about what needs to be changed. You seem to have added a copy the entire article, which I removed. Please just say which part needs to be changed, and the reliable source that supports it. RudolfRed (talk) 23:32, 13 April 2013 (UTC)
 * Wrong. Sources say HND, not this airport! HkCaGu (talk) 00:28, 14 April 2013 (UTC)

Edit Request on 30 April 2013: Japan Airlines new route to Helsinki on 1 July 2013
Japan Airlines will launch service to Helsinki on 1 July 2013 as per official JAL website: https://www.jal.co.jp/en/helsinki/. 68.119.73.36 (talk) 22:14, 30 April 2013 (UTC)
 * Yeap. I will add it. Thanks. WorldTraveller101Did I mess up? 00:23, 1 May 2013 (UTC)

Edit Request on 5 July 2013: New overnight facilities for LCC passengers in Terminal 2
Could a registered user please add to the Current Issues section/LCC service subsection the following information; The Narita International Airport Corp. has been, from April 2013 onwards, allowing LCC passengers stay to overnight at the airport, and is now providing some facilities for them in Terminal 2, namely a 24-hour convenience store on the fourth floor of the Terminal 2 building (which will begin operating on the 10th [11th local dateline] of July), and designated sleeping areas (requires [further?] ID checks). Thanks.

Source: Many LCC passengers stay overnight at Narita Airport The Japan News by The Yomiuri Shimbun, July 5 2013

83.70.233.111 (talk) 12:11, 5 July 2013 (UTC)

Edit Request on 31 August 2013: United Airlines flight to Hong Kong
United is cancelling Narita to Hong Kong flights from 26 October 2013 according to united.com timetables. 68.119.73.36 (talk) 22:46, 31 August 2013 (UTC)
 * Already done a week ago. Sailsbystars (talk) 06:47, 10 September 2013 (UTC)

AirAsia Japan
Can a registered user update the airline section to remove the airline/destination listings for AirAsia Japan? It has folded and will relaunch under the name, Vanilla Air in December.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanilla_Air — Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.225.37.49 (talk) 06:43, 1 November 2013 (UTC)

Edit Request
Also, EgyptAir has ended flights to Narita and United has ended flights to Hong Kong as those dates have long passed. Can someone remove them from the table. 68.119.73.36 (talk) 21:24, 6 November 2013 (UTC)

 * Yes check.svg Done. Thanks. --Stfg (talk) 11:34, 9 November 2013 (UTC)

AirAsia Japan
Can a registered user update the airline section to remove the airline/destination listings for AirAsia Japan? It has folded and will relaunch under the name, Vanilla Air in December.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanilla_Air

72.130.223.108 (talk) 18:30, 11 November 2013 (UTC)

 * Yes check.svg Done I've removed those mentions that refer to its airline/destination listings, as requested. Note that AirAsia Japan is still mentioned in the LCC service section. This is a historical mention, but it might be a good idea to expand that paragraph to mention their folding. It needs a source, and I have not done that. --Stfg (talk) 11:21, 13 November 2013 (UTC)

Edit request, 22 November 2013

 * Cebu Pacific Air | Manila (beginning 30 March 2014) |

Verargulla (talk) 05:07, 22 November 2013 (UTC)

 * Yes check.svg Done by today. --Stfg (talk) 10:37, 22 November 2013 (UTC)

Please consider adding the world airport template to External Links. Template name: World-airport Syntax: *

Airportcodes (talk) 08:09, 1 December 2013 (UTC)

 * No done as it adds no encyclopedic value and other such websites exist, possible candidate for deletion. MilborneOne (talk) 11:23, 1 December 2013 (UTC)

All Nippon Airways Heathrow Service
ANA is cancelling London-Heathrow service on 29 March 2014 (last flight) as the airline will start HND-LHR on 30 March 2014. Source is http://www.ana.co.jp/eng/aboutana/press/2013/131209.html. 68.119.73.36 (talk) 00:48, 10 December 2013 (UTC)

 * Yes check.svg Done, thanks! -- El Hef  ( Meep? ) 04:56, 11 December 2013 (UTC)

ANA destination changes
ANA is starting service to Dusseldorf from 30 March 2014. From 29 March 2014 (last flights), ANA is ending service to Frankfurt and Munich in favor of Haneda service. Source: http://www.ana.co.jp/eng/aboutana/press/2013/131218.html. Thanks! 68.119.73.36 (talk) 18:57, 18 December 2013 (UTC)
 * Pictogram voting keep.svg Unprotected. I've unprotected the page, so you should be able to edit it yourself now. I'll monitor it for vandalism, and if there is a significant amount I'll probably put the page on pending changes protection. — Mr. Stradivarius  ♪ talk ♪ 11:55, 27 December 2013 (UTC)

Strange Land Use
I know the history section talks somewhat about the land issues surrounding the airport. But I feel the article could use a separate section describing the unique land situation of Narita Airport. This is the only major airport in the world that has a working farm smack dab in the middle of it. Why is this so, and what are the prospects of getting this inappropriate and dangerous farm out of the middle of an international airport? The world has enough terrorist risks already, without having a private farm sitting in the middle of a major international airport. This article does not sufficiently address this current situation. --Westwind273 (talk) 06:29, 3 February 2015 (UTC)

Do you work for the private company that has taken over this airport? My only interest is why there isn't a picture of the small farm on this page; the artice does in fact address the issue, though, no pictures. Oh, and as of 2005, officially the corporation running this airport has given up any claim on the farms. 68.107.138.161 (talk) 13:22, 21 April 2015 (UTC)

Westwind273 it was a land grab or annexation of private land by the government, only after tens of thousands of japanese had protested it - the government assigned fair payments to the land owners. It's a clear example of the mafia-like mentality of corporations and governments. Gendalv (talk) 11:09, 14 May 2018 (UTC)

Sources about Northwest Airlines facilities in Narita Airport
WhisperToMe (talk) 16:49, 12 August 2015 (UTC)
 * Taylor, Michael. "Northwest's narita comfort zones." South China Morning Post. Wednesday, 05 October, 2005.

Vanilla Air
Can a registered user please remove the "(begins 25 December 2016)" section for the Vanilla Air route to/from Cebu? Since it is now past 25 December 2016... 172.56.42.233 (talk) 07:50, 27 December 2016 (UTC)
 * Yes check.svg Done DRAGON BOOSTER   ★  08:43, 27 December 2016 (UTC)

External links modified (February 2018)
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 4 external links on Narita International Airport. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20141202100214/http://www.naa.jp/en/airport/location.html to http://www.naa.jp/en/airport/location.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20150513075558/http://www.narita-airport.jp/en/guide/t_info/index.html to http://www.narita-airport.jp/en/guide/t_info/index.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20161021205147/http://www.mlit.go.jp/common/001141840.pdf to http://www.mlit.go.jp/common/001141840.pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120110195951/http://www.nca.aero/e/news_20110506e.html to http://www.nca.aero/e/news_20110506e.html

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United hub status
In the infobox for this page, it lists United as a hub airline with a reference link to United's corporate fact sheet page. However, the destination fact sheet no longer lists Narita as a hub. What exactly is the current status of United's presence at Narita? Are they still officially a hub? Unofficially a hub?

 * No longer a hub. See http://otp.investis.com/generic/sec/sec-show.aspx?ipage=12572474&Cik=0000100517&Type=PDF (page 3). "UAL, through United and its regional carriers, operates more than 4,500 flights a day to 338 airports across five continents, with hubs at Newark Liberty International Airport (“Newark”), Chicago O’Hare International Airport (“Chicago O’Hare”), Denver International Airport (“Denver”), George Bush Intercontinental Airport (“Houston Bush”), Los Angeles International Airport (“LAX”), A.B. Won Pat International Airport (“Guam”), San Francisco International Airport (“SFO”) and Washington Dulles International Airport (“Washington Dulles”)." - Sekicho (talk) 14:23, 1 May 2018 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 06:21, 6 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Narita-airport-logo.png

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Narita International Airport


text:
Aoimori Railway Line

The Aoimori Railway Line (青い森鉄道線) is a regional rail line in Aomori Prefecture, Japan that is operated by the Aoimori Railway Company. It connects the terminal station of the Iwate Galaxy Railway Line, Metoki Station, in the town of Sannohe to Aomori Station, the terminus of several rail lines in the city of Aomori. The Aoimori and Iwate Galaxy Railway Lines are former sections of the Tōhoku Main Line that connected Tokyo to Aomori that were rendered obsolete for long-distance passenger services by the completion of the high-speed Tōhoku Shinkansen between Tokyo and Shin-Aomori stations. Though local passenger services are run on the line by the Aoimori Railway Company, the East Japan Railway Company continues to operate limited services, such as the sightseeing train Resort Asunaro, along the line, and the Japan Freight Railway Company (which owns a minority stake on the Aoimori Railway Company) transports freight along the line.

History
The predecessor to the Aoimori Railway Line was completed as the Metoki–Aomori portion of the Nippon Railway on 1 September 1891. When the Nippon Railway was nationalized on 1 November 1906, it became part of the Japanese National Railways (JNR) system and was designated part of the Tōhoku Main Line on 12 October 1909. With the privatization and dissolution of JNR on 1 April 1987, the line came under the control of the East Japan Railway Company (JR East).

On 1 December 2002, with the opening of the Tōhoku Shinkansen, the portion of the Tōhoku Main Line located in Iwate Prefecture became the Iwate Galaxy Railway Line, and the portion in Aomori Prefecture from the Iwate border to Hachinohe Station became the Aoimori Railway Line. With the opening of the Tōhoku Shinkansen extension to Shin-Aomori on 4 December 2010, the Tōhoku Main Line tracks between Hachinohe and Aomori were transferred from JR East to the Aoimori Railway Company, resulting in the completion of the Aoimori Railway Line.

There have been a few new developments along the line since its transfer to the Aoimori Railway Company. On 12 March 2012, Nonai Station was relocated 1.5 km southwest of its original location. Tsutsui Station, near Aomori High School, was opened on 15 March 2014. Two-car Aoimori 703 series sets began operations on the line on the same day to handle the increased loads presented by the opening of Tsutsui Station.

Organization
The Aoimori Railway Line is operated by the Aoimori Railway Company, a "third-sector" publicly and privately owned company. The railway facilities and tracks are owned by the prefectural government of Aomori as a "Category 3 Railway Business" under the Railway Business Act of Japan. The Aoimori Railway Company leases these facilities from the prefectural government and is responsible for operation of passenger trains on the tracks. This scheme is intended to mitigate the company's burden as an owner of fixed assets and is known as "track/service separation" (上下分離方式).

The Aoimori Railway Line is designated as the rail line between Aomori and Metoki stations that was formerly the northernmost section of the Tōhoku Main Line. Trains operated by the Aoimori Railway Company primarily operate between Aomori and Hachinohe stations; however, some of the railway's trains continue south beyond Hachinohe to Sannohe Station, with fewer continuing south to Morioka Station. Some of the trains that run along the railway between Hachinohe and Metoki Station are carried by the rolling stock of the Iwate Galaxy Railway Company, the operator of the former Tōhoku Main Line between Metoki and Morioka stations.

Japan Freight Railway Company (JR Freight), the nationwide freight train operator, continues to use the line for freight services. For maintenance work, the line relies on the services of the Hachinohe Rinkai Railway Company. As of January 2021, the only JR East limited express operate along the line is the Resort Asunaro sightseeing train that runs between Hachinohe and Ōminato stations, using the line between Hachinohe and Noheji.

Rolling stock and equipment

 * Aoimori 701 series 2-car EMUs x9
 * Aoimori 703 series 2-car EMUs x2

The Aoimori Railway operates a fleet of 701 series two-car electric multiple units (EMUs). One set was built from new in September 2002, while eight more were transferred from JR East.

Two new two-car Aoimori 703 series EMUs were delivered in November 2013 and introduced from the start of the 15 March 2014 timetable revision.

Future plans
The railway has been negotiating with the city of Aomori since December 2015 on a proposal to open a new station between Tsutsui Station and Aomori Station near the point at which the railway passes under Japan National Route 103. The station would be part of a sports arena development for the 2025 National Sports Festival of Japan to be held in Aomori. The neighborhood the station would serve is a primarily residential area, but it would also provide access to some busy shopping centers within walking distance to the station. As of January 2021, no final decision has been made regarding the construction of the new station.

title: Aoimori Railway Line


text:
Red Gendron

Dennis "Red" Gendron (November 27, 1957 – April 9, 2021) was an ice hockey coach, most recently for the University of Maine men's ice hockey team. Gendron previously served as head coach for the Albany River Rats and Indiana Ice and held multiple positions for the New Jersey Devils, Albany River Rats, University of Maine, University of Massachusetts, Yale University, and Team USA

High school
Gendron's first coaching position was as assistant coach to Albie Brodeur for two seasons from 1979-1981 at his alma mater, Berlin High School. In 1981 he accepted his first head coaching position at Bellows Free Academy, in St. Albans, Vermont. During his nine years at BFA, Gendron led the Bobwhites to four state championships (1982, 1983, 1987, 1988) and was twice named Vermont coach of the year. While at BFA he coached future NHL All-Star John LeClair, coached baseball and football, and taught history.

University of Maine (1990–93)
Gendron's entered the collegiate coaching ranks in 1990 as an assistant coach for Shawn Walsh at the University of Maine men's hockey team. In his third season as an assistant at Maine, Gendron helped guide the Black Bears to the 1993 NCAA Division I Men's Ice Hockey Championship and an overall record of 42–1–2. During his two seasons as assistant coach at Maine Gendron coached two Hobey Baker Award winners, Scott Pellerin 1991–92 and Paul Kariya 1992–93.

New Jersey Devils/Albany River Rats
In the summer of 1993 the New Jersey Devils hired Gendron to serve as a technological specialist for the 1993–94 season. The following season, 1994–95, Gendron was promoted to assistant coach serving under head coach Jacques Lemaire and alongside fellow assistant coach Larry Robinson. That season the Devils would go on to defeat the Detroit Red Wings to capture the team's first Stanley Cup championship.

For the 1996–97 season, Gendron was named assistant coach of the New Jersey Devils AHL affiliate Albany River Rats, a position he remained in until the 1999–00 season. During the 2000–01 and 2001–02 season Gendron served as a scout for the Devils.

Gendron became head coach of the Albany River Rats for the 2002–03 season. He was replaced during the 2003–04 AHL season by Robbie Ftorek.

During Gendron's tenure as a member of the New Jersey Devils organization the team won three Stanley Cup Championships 1995, 2000, 2003 and finished runner-up in 2001. His name was engraved on the Stanley Cup in 1995 and 2000.

Indiana Ice
On June 17, 2004, the USHL's Indiana Ice named Gendron head coach.

University of Massachusetts
In July 2005 Gendron was hired by Don "Toot" Cahoon to serve as assistant coach for the University of Massachusetts men's hockey team, a position he held for six seasons. While at UMass, he helped the Minutemen reach the 2007 NCAA Division I Men's Ice Hockey Tournament where they eventually lost in the regional final to the University of Maine. That postseason appearance represented the first NCAA Division 1 tournament appearance for the Minutemen since the program rejoined Division 1 for the 1993–94 season.

Yale University
In 2011, Gendron was named associate head coach at Yale University, a position he would remain in for two seasons. In his second season as an associate head coach of the Bulldogs, Gendron helped guide the team to the first national championship in school history in 2013.

University of Maine (2013–2021)
On May 17, 2013, Gendron was named the fifth head coach in the history of the University of Maine men's hockey.

International
Gendron served as an assistant coach for 1993, 2001, and 2002 World Junior Championships for Team USA and also has worked several U.S. Select 16 and 17 teams.

Author
Gendron's book Coaching Hockey Successfully, published in 2002, is used by USA Hockey as the advanced-level manual for its coaching education program.

Personal life
Gendron grew up in Berlin, New Hampshire, graduated from Berlin High School in 1975, and played on the state championship hockey team his senior year. Gendron attended New England College in Henniker, New Hampshire where he studied History and Secondary Education, played on the baseball team, and played defenseman and served as a three-year captain for the hockey team. He and his wife, Janet, had two daughters, Katelyn and Allison. Gendron was fluent in both French and English, and spoke some Russian.

Gendron died after a medical event while golfing on April 9, 2021.

title: Red Gendron


text:
Çorum Province

Çorum is a province in the Black Sea Region of Turkey, but lying inland and having more characteristics of Central Anatolia than the Black Sea coast. Its area is 12,428 km2, and its population is 524,130 (2022). Its provincial capital is the city of Çorum, the traffic code is 19.

History
Excavations reveal that Çorum area was inhabited during the Paleolithic, Neolithic period and the 4th stage of the Calcolithic Age. Remains of these periods have been found at Büyük Güllüce, Eskiyapar and Kuşsaray.

In later times Çorum and its environs were dominated by Hittites and in the district of Boğazkale is one of the most important Hittite sites in Anatolia, the UNESCO World Heritage listed Hattusa, the capital of the Hittite Empire from 1700 BC to 1200 BC. Other important Hittite sites include the open-air temples at Yazılıkaya and Alacahöyük; royal tombs; and the excavations of Boğazköy including tablets proving tradings links between the Hittites and the Ancient Egyptians.

Later civilizations such as the Phrygians arrived here and who left remains at Pazarlı, north of Çorum. Besides the Phrygians, the Cimmerians, Medes, Persians, Galatians, Romans, Byzantines, Seljuk Turks, Danishmends, Mongol Empire (Ilkhanids), Eretnids, Kadi Burhan al-Din and finally the Ottoman Empire also arrived here. As well as the Hittite archaeology, the province also contains a number of castles, bridges and mosques dating from the Seljuk and Ottoman periods.

In 1980, Nationalist Movement Party militants perpetrated the Çorum Massacre against the Alevi Turk minority, killing 57 and injuring more than 200.

Geography
The province of Çorum is a mixture of mountains and high plateaus, some of it watered by the Kızılırmak and Yeşilırmak rivers. The province includes much attractive high meadow and mountain for walking and excursions from the city and towns.

Çorum is also known as a Geographical centre of Earth. In 2003, a revised calculation by Holger Isenberg using the higher resolution ETOPO2 global digital elevation model (DEM) with data points every 2' (3.7 km near equator) led to a more precise result of 40°52′N 34°34′E in the region of Çorum, Turkey (180 km northeast of Ankara) and thereby validated Woods' calculation.

Districts
Çorum province is divided into 14 districts (capital district in bold):

 * Alaca
 * Bayat
 * Boğazkale
 * Çorum
 * Dodurga
 * İskilip
 * Kargı
 * Laçin
 * Mecitözü
 * Oğuzlar
 * Ortaköy
 * Osmancık
 * Sungurlu
 * Uğurludağ

Population

 * The census data of 1831 is only the central city, villages and towns are not included.
 * The boxes with (-) sign are the times the before the subprovince was a subprovince.

title: Çorum Province


text:
George (band)

George (stylised as george) were an Australian rock band from Brisbane, Queensland. The band's first album, Polyserena, reached No. 1 on the Australian charts on 17 March 2002.

Background
For most of george's career, the band consisted of Katie Noonan on vocals and keyboards, her brother Tyrone Noonan on vocals, guitar and keyboards, Geoff Green on drums and percussion, Paulie Bromley on bass guitar and Nick Stewart on guitar. Geoff Hooton, a bass guitar player, left the band in early 2000 and was replaced by Bromley. The band was originally founded by the Noonans, Stewart and Stewart's twin brother James Stewart. The latter would leave the band early on, however, to pursue a career in acting.

The Noonans formed the nucleus of the band, doing most of the songwriting and lead vocals. Stewart also contributed to many of the band's tunes. The Noonans grew up with a background in classical music; their mother, Maggie Noonan, is a well-known opera singer. Katie Noonan studied opera and jazz at the Queensland Conservatorium.

Stewart grew up listening to and playing rock music. Bromley played in the underground Brisbane rock band Pangaea with Ben Ely of Regurgitator. Green studied music at the Queensland University of Technology.

History
The band were formed in 1996 to enter a university music competition. They released a series of independent EPs, namely George in 1998, You Can Take What's Mine in 1999 and Bastard Son/Holiday in 2000. Bastard Son/Holiday peaked at number 74 on the ARIA chart. The EPs did progressively better, earning good airplay on Triple J radio and community radio stations across Australia. George were also winning a strong live following throughout Australia.

George signed with Festival Mushroom Records in mid-2001. "Special Ones" was the first single released on Festival Records, followed by "Run" in October 2001 and "Breathe in Now" in February 2002. From this time the band toured heavily.

The band's first album, Polyserena, debuted at No. 1 on the national album charts in its first week; George became only the tenth Australian band to do this with a debut album. Polyserena was certified double platinum and spent 36 weeks in the top 50.

In January 2003, the band joined the Sydney Symphony Orchestra over two nights (23 and 25) to perform Concerto for Group and Orchestra by Jon Lord. The band is the only rock group other than Deep Purple to perform the piece. It was typical of the band's eclectic approach combining classical, rock, funk, jazz and even electronic music.

George released the album Unity in February 2004 and it debuted at No. 5 on the Australian album chart of 1 March 2004. Katie Noonan said on the band's website that the title reflected the band's approach on the album. "That family vibe brings a closeness and honesty that permeates what we do. Collectively and individually, we've been through a great period of change and growth. Knowing we can look to each other for strength brings comfort and solidarity. We have all been through the same thing and there's an incredible sense of union from that experience - that's what being in a band's about."

George performed live in Brisbane on 22 December 2004. Following this, the band took a break while individual members attended to their own projects. While there were no immediate plans to regroup and perform, or to record new material, the band intended to make a comeback at some stage. The band reformed for a performance on the forecourt of the Sydney Opera House on 27 January 2005.

In 2016, the band was announced to perform at Victoria's Queenscliff Music Festival, the band's first performance in 11 years. The band also put on a 20th-anniversary celebration at the Concert Hall, QPAC, during the Brisbane Festival on 9 September 2016. Following their performance at Taronga Zoo in 2017, the group once again folded and returned to their individual careers.

In 2021, the band announced a reunion to play a residency at the Brisbane Powerhouse to play Polyserena in its entirety.

ARIA Music Awards
The ARIA Music Awards are annual awards, which recognises excellence, innovation, and achievement across all genres of Australian music. george have been nominated for 8 awards.

 * 2001 || "Special Ones" || Breakthrough Artist - Single || Nominated
 * rowspan="6"| 2002 || rowspan="4"| Polyserena || Album of the Year || Nominated
 * Best Group || Nominated
 * Best Pop Release || Nominated
 * Breakthrough Artist – Album || Won
 * David Nicholas and george for Polyserena|| Producer of the Year || Nominated
 * Chris Von Sanden for Polyserena|| Best Cover Art || Nominated
 * 2004 || Unity || Best Adult Contemporary Album || Nominated
 * Breakthrough Artist – Album || Won
 * David Nicholas and george for Polyserena|| Producer of the Year || Nominated
 * Chris Von Sanden for Polyserena|| Best Cover Art || Nominated
 * 2004 || Unity || Best Adult Contemporary Album || Nominated
 * Chris Von Sanden for Polyserena|| Best Cover Art || Nominated
 * 2004 || Unity || Best Adult Contemporary Album || Nominated
 * 2004 || Unity || Best Adult Contemporary Album || Nominated
 * 2004 || Unity || Best Adult Contemporary Album || Nominated

title: George (band)


text:
User:20040302

A little happy birthday me - been editing wikipedia for 20 years! 🎉🥳🎂

The most common query about me is the name. It refers to the date that I registered, which is why some of my wikifriends nickname me March 2nd. I also appreciate the gender, race, and status neutrality that this name offers.

However, if you find it hard to speak in gender neutral terms, when referring to me please be welcome in using masculine terminology, rather than having to resort to she/he etc. Or you may like to try using fe/fem/fes as an alternative to he/him/his, or any other modern strategies you are familiar with.

I believe that the purpose of Nagarjuna and his followers was to deliver a non-philosophical - even anti-philosophical - explanation for anatta, albeit written in a language understood by philosophers of their time. Understanding the nature of Anatta is essential to the path of awakening.

If we examine the ending of suffering which is the teaching of Lord Buddha in accordance with the four noble truths then we see he taught us the path to the ending of suffering (the fourth noble truth). The path that he disclosed was, essentially, the eightfold path, which is often (especially in the Mahayana) categorised into the three higher trainings of Śīla, Samādhi, Paññā. Meditating on Paññā is, basically, developing insight into the three marks of existence (in the Pali canon, Buddha tells us: “All these aggregates are anicca, dukkha and anatta.”) which tie us to Samsara due to the twelve Nidānas of Pratitya-samutpada. Therefore Anatta, as one of the three marks of existence, is central to Buddhism, Buddha's teachings, and Buddhist practice. The problem that Nagarjuna faced in his day was that there were many followers of Buddha, and teachers of Buddha's path, whose views of Anatta fell into nihilism or positivism. What he wanted to do was to demonstrate that Buddha's word was truth, and that it was unambiguously true.

When we look at the path, specifically of meditating on, for instance, impermanence, it's important to know how to meditate on them in a manner that will make a difference. So, if we just sit there without thinking, we are not engaging with the object (impermanence); we need to think about our experience of impermanence, the ramifications of impermanence, the nature of impermanence, and the pervasiveness of impermanence. By familiarising ourselves with impermanence we are gradually able to overcome our engagement with the world as if things within it were permanent; there will be a direct effect; what starts off as an intellectual idea will become a part of our reality - especially if we strengthen the basis of our meditation through sila and samadhi. For me, there is no mystery, magic, philosophy, or complexity in that. But for it to be efficacious, it is imperative that we understand just exactly what impermanence means. If, for instance, we think that impermanence only implies change (such as a river changes) but no ending, then our view of impermanence is not complete. Likewise if we believe that impermanence only implies ending but no change, the our view of impermanence is also not complete. So it is important for us to understand what these things mean in a precise and very clear manner. We need to think about something and study it in order to understand it; we then need to continually familiarise ourselves with it in order to know it, or realise (make it real for us) it.

In the Pali canon Lord Buddha does not directly speak much about Anatta, but he speaks enough for us to understand what he means. What Nagarjuna and his followers did was to uncover the precise meaning of Anatta without falling into nihilism or positivism, using language to cut through language, using philosophy to cut through all philosophies without anxiety, confusion, or ambiguity. To accuse Nagarjuna of being a philosopher monk as opposed to, say, a meditator monk is to completely mistake him.

My interests are indicated by my contributions.

I wish to work on meeting the guidelines of the wikipedia project:

 * That articles should be NPOV.
 * That articles should not be involved in promoting a socio-political agenda.

I confess that I fail against my own criteria at times, but am always willing to be reminded of them. However I am convinced that many valuable wikipedians have a lot to understand about what a neutral POV is. I consider it to be well-defined as:

NPOV articles describe debates fairly rather than advocating any side of the debate.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_source_examples#Religious_sources ''Secondary sources are not necessarily from recent years – or even centuries. The sacred or original text(s) of the religion will always be primary sources, but any other acceptable source may be a secondary source in some articles. For example, the works of Thomas Aquinas are secondary sources for a Roman Catholic perspective on many topics, but are primary sources for Thomas Aquinas or Summa Theologica.''

I have written this, as my original page mentioned my friend Nat Krause and I kept on being mistaken for him. I am not a Sock puppet.

title: User:20040302


text:
USC Viterbi School of Engineering

The USC Viterbi School of Engineering (formerly the USC School of Engineering) is the engineering school of the University of Southern California. It was renamed following a $52 million donation by Andrew J. Viterbi, co-founder of Qualcomm.

The school is headed by Dean Yannis Yortsos. Its research centers have played a major role in development of multiple technologies, including early development of the Internet when USC researcher Jonathan Postel was an editor of communications-protocol for the fledgling internet, also known as ARPANET. The school's faculty has included Irving Reed, Leonard Adleman, Solomon W. Golomb, Barry Boehm, Clifford Newman, Richard Bellman, Lloyd Welch, Alexander Sawchuk, Maja Matarić, and George V. Chilingar.

Major research centers

 * Alfred Mann Institute – business incubator for medical device development in preparation for commercialization
 * Center for Biomimetic Microelectronic Systems – National Science Foundation Engineering Research Center
 * Center for Risk and Economic Analysis of Terrorism Events (CREATE) – interdisciplinary national research center funded by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security
 * Center for Systems and Software Engineering (CSSE) – research the relationship between systems, software, and users.
 * Information Sciences Institute (housed at separate facilities in Marina del Rey, California and Arlington, Virginia) – played a major role in the development of the Internet, and continues to be a major research center in computer science
 * Institute for Creative Technologies – conducts research in virtual reality and immersive digital environment
 * Integrated Media Systems Center – National Science Foundation's Exclusive Engineering Research Center for multimedia and Internet research
 * Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER) Partner Institution – Current Research
 * USC + Amazon Center on Secure & Trusted Machine Learning
 * USC ECE-ISE Meta Center for Research and Education in AI and Learning – center to advance AI research and increase accessibility in AI education
 * USC-Lockheed Martin Quantum Computing Center - conducts research in quantum computing

Specific contributions

 * AFL Theory – created by Prof. Seymour Ginsburg
 * ART image file format – developed by Prof. Irving Reed
 * Baum-Welch algorithm – developed by Prof. Lloyd Welch in collaboration with Leonard E. Baum
 * CMOS image sensor – invented by Prof. Eric Fossum
 * COCOMO – developed by Prof. Barry Boehm
 * Contour Crafting – under development by Behrokh Khoshnevis of ISI
 * DNA computing – invented by Prof. Leonard Adleman
 * Domain name system (DNS) – developed by Paul Mockapetris and the late Jon Postel at ISI
 * Dynamic programming – developed by Prof. Richard Bellman
 * Golomb coding – entropy encoding invented by Prof. Solomon W. Golomb that is optimal for alphabets following geometric distributions
 * ICANN – founded by Jon Postel, to ensure the stable and secure operation of the Internet's unique identifier systems
 * Image compression & recognition – the work of William Pratt, Harry Andrews and subsequently Andrew G. Tescher led to today's JPEG compression system for still images
 * Kerberos – security protocol developed by B.Clifford Neuman.
 * Lenna – widely used standard test image in image processing experiments
 * LOOM – knowledge representation language developed by researchers in the AI research group at ISI
 * MBASE – software development process developed by Prof. Barry Boehm and Dan Port
 * MOSIS – integrated circuit (IC) foundry service run by ISI
 * Network Voice Protocol (NVP) – first implemented in 1973 by Internet researcher Danny Cohen of ISI
 * Pseudorandom sequences/shift register sequences – in 1967, Prof. Solomon Golomb published the first book devoted exclusively to pseudorandom sequences
 * Reed-Solomon code – invented in 1960 by Prof. Irving S. Reed and Gustave Solomon
 * Viterbi algorithm – invented by Andrew Viterbi
 * .us – the ccTLD for the United States, originally administrated by Jon Postel of ISI
 * 10.2 – surround sound format developed by Prof. Tomlinson Holman (creator of THX) and Prof. Chris Kyriakakis

AeroDesign Team of USC
The AeroDesign Team (ADT) is a student-led design team within the Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering. Founded in 1991, ADT's purpose is to help students gain industry-like experience by competing in early design competitions that simulate typical design cycles in the Aerospace field. The team started out competing in the SAE AeroDesign contest but then switched its participation to the AIAA Design/Build/Fly (DBF) contest in 1997. The DBF contest has rules that change yearly, requiring students to come up with a completely new design each year. ADT won the DBF contest in 1998, 2009, 2014, and 2017. This is the second most first-place finish ever out of the 100+ universities from around the world that participate yearly.

Associated Students of Biomedical Engineering
Among the many organizations on campus, the Associated Students of Biomedical Engineering (ASBME) is an undergraduate student organization for biomedical engineering students at the USC Viterbi School of Engineering. ASBME is a student-run undergraduate and graduate biomedical engineering organization at USC that serves the engineering student body through academic, social, and corporate events. Students gain clarity in their chosen field of study and the opportunities that being a BME major brings. Students are also able to get a foot in the corporate door at the annual ASBME corporate dinner, attended by USC alumni as well as other corporate representatives.

Activities consist of regular meetings with guest speakers and panels, the BIOMED Research Symposium, the annual Corporate Dinner and Networking Nights designed to foster relationships between graduating students and industry, and many other social, community, and corporate events.

ASBME serves as USC's chapter of the Biomedical Engineering Society (BMES) and sends some of its students to the annual BMES Conference each year.

Pi Tau Sigma (Tau Beta Chapter)
Pi Tau Sigma is an international mechanical engineering honor society that strives to "create better engineers through a commitment to academic excellence and dedication to service." The USC Tau Beta Chapter is composed of the top mechanical engineers at the University of Southern California. USC's Pi Tau Sigma engages in social, industry and community service-related events in the USC neighborhood and beyond. Paul Ronney serves as an advisor for the USC chapter of Pi Tau Sigma.

USC Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence
USC has a student chapter of Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence. AAAI organizes speaker events and information sessions in the field of Artificial Intelligence to increase students' interest in AI.

USC Rocket Propulsion Lab (USCRPL)
USCRPL was founded in 2005 with the goal of putting a student-designed and -built rocket into space.

In 2019, USCRPL became the world’s first student organization to successfully launch and recover an entirely student-designed and student-fabricated rocket (Traveler IV) past the Karman line with a confidence of 90%.

Viterbi Graduate Students Association (VGSA)
The Viterbi Graduate Students Association (VGSA) is the student government for the graduate students of the Viterbi School. It consists of representatives from all departments and several student organizations, as well as the Viterbi Graduate Student Liaison (VGSL).

Notable alumni

 * Gary Dean Anderson, graphic designer and architect best known for designing the recycling symbol.
 * Neil Armstrong, American astronaut and aeronautical engineer who was the first person to walk on the Moon.
 * Wanda Austin, former president and CEO of The Aerospace Corporation and former interim president of USC.
 * Karol J. Bobko, American aerospace engineer, retired U.S. Air Force officer, and a former USAF and NASA astronaut.
 * Charles Bolden, former administrator of NASA, a retired United States Marine Corps Major General, and a former astronaut who flew on four Space Shuttle missions.
 * Colin Brady, American animator and film director with notable film credits including Toy Story, Toy Story 2, and A Bug’s Life.
 * Yvonne Brill, inventor of the electrothermal hydrazine thruster.
 * James L. Buie, inventor of transistor–transistor logic.
 * Gerald Carr, American mechanical and aeronautical engineer, United States Marine Corps officer, naval aviator, and NASA astronaut.
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title: USC Viterbi School of Engineering


text:
Lindbladian

In quantum mechanics, the Gorini–Kossakowski–Sudarshan–Lindblad equation (GKSL equation, named after Vittorio Gorini, Andrzej Kossakowski, George Sudarshan and Göran Lindblad), master equation in Lindblad form, quantum Liouvillian, or Lindbladian is one of the general forms of Markovian master equations describing open quantum systems. It generalizes the Schrödinger equation to open quantum systems; that is, systems in contacts with their surroundings. The resulting dynamics is no longer unitary, but still satisfies the property of being trace-preserving and completely positive for any initial condition.

The Schrödinger equation or, actually, the von Neumann equation, is a special case of the GKSL equation, which has led to some speculation that quantum mechanics may be productively extended and expanded through further application and analysis of the Lindblad equation. The Schrödinger equation deals with state vectors, which can only describe pure quantum states and are thus less general than density matrices, which can describe mixed states as well.

Motivation
In the canonical formulation of quantum mechanics, a system's time evolution is governed by unitary dynamics. This implies that there is no decay and phase coherence is maintained throughout the process, and is a consequence of the fact that all participating degrees of freedom are considered. However, any real physical system is not absolutely isolated, and will interact with its environment. This interaction with degrees of freedom external to the system results in dissipation of energy into the surroundings, causing decay and randomization of phase. More so, understanding the interaction of a quantum system with its environment is necessary for understanding many commonly observed phenomena like the spontaneous emission of light from excited atoms, or the performance of many quantum technological devices, like the laser.

Certain mathematical techniques have been introduced to treat the interaction of a quantum system with its environment. One of these is the use of the density matrix, and its associated master equation. While in principle this approach to solving quantum dynamics is equivalent to the Schrödinger picture or Heisenberg picture, it allows more easily for the inclusion of incoherent processes, which represent environmental interactions. The density operator has the property that it can represent a classical mixture of quantum states, and is thus vital to accurately describe the dynamics of so-called open quantum systems.

Definition
The Lindblad master equation for system's density matrix $ρ$ can be written as (for a pedagogical introduction you may refer to )

 * $$\dot\rho=-{i\over\hbar}[H,\rho]+\sum_{i}^{} \gamma_i\left(L_i\rho L_i^\dagger -\frac{1}{2} \left\{L_i^\dagger L_i, \rho\right\} \right)$$

where $$\{a, b\} = ab + ba $$ is the anticommutator, $$H$$ is the system Hamiltonian, describing the unitary aspects of the dynamics, and $$L_i$$ are a set of jump operators describing the dissipative part of the dynamics. The shape of the jump operators describes how the environment acts on the system, and must ultimately be determined from microscopic models of the system-environment dynamics. Finally, $$\gamma_i \geq 0$$ are a set of non-negative coefficients called damping rates. If all $$\gamma_i = 0$$ one recovers the von Neumann equation $$\dot\rho=-(i/\hbar)[H,\rho]$$ describing unitary dynamics, which is the quantum analog of the classical Liouville equation.

More generally, the GKSL equation has the form

 * $$\dot\rho=-{i\over\hbar}[H,\rho]+\sum_{n,m } h_{nm}\left(A_n\rho A_m^\dagger-\frac{1}{2}\left\{A_m^\dagger A_n, \rho\right\}\right)$$

where $$\{A_m\}$$ are arbitrary operators and $h$ is a positive semidefinite matrix. The latter is a strict requirement to ensure the dynamics is trace-preserving and completely positive. The number of $$A_m$$ operators is arbitrary, and they do not have to satisfy any special properties. But if the system is $$N$$-dimensional, it can be shown that the master equation can be fully described by a set of $$N^2-1$$ operators, provided they form a basis for the space of operators.

Since the matrix $h$ is positive semidefinite, it can be diagonalized with a unitary transformation $u$:

 * $$u^\dagger h u = \begin{bmatrix}

\gamma_1 & 0       & \cdots & 0 \\ 0       & \gamma_2 & \cdots & 0 \\ \vdots  & \vdots   & \ddots & \vdots \\ 0       & 0        & \cdots & \gamma_{N^2-1} \end{bmatrix}$$

where the eigenvalues $γ_{i}$ are non-negative. If we define another orthonormal operator basis

 * $$ L_i = \sum_j u_{ji} A_j $$

This reduces the master equation to the same form as before:

$$\dot\rho=-{i\over\hbar}[H,\rho]+\sum_{i}^{} \gamma_i\left(L_i\rho L_i^\dagger -\frac{1}{2} \left\{L_i^\dagger L_i, \rho\right\} \right)$$

Quantum dynamical semigroup
The maps generated by a Lindbladian for various times are collectively referred to as a quantum dynamical semigroup—a family of quantum dynamical maps $$\phi_t$$ on the space of density matrices indexed by a single time parameter $$t \ge 0$$ that obey the semigroup property
 * $$\phi_s(\phi_t(\rho)) = \phi_{t+s}(\rho), \qquad t,s \ge 0.$$

The Lindblad equation can be obtained by
 * $$\mathcal{L}(\rho) = \mathrm{lim}_{\Delta t \to 0} \frac{\phi_{\Delta t}(\rho)-\phi_0(\rho)}{\Delta t}$$

which, by the linearity of $$\phi_t$$, is a linear superoperator. The semigroup can be recovered as
 * $$\phi_{t+s}(\rho) = e^{\mathcal{L}s} \phi_t(\rho).$$

Invariance properties
The Lindblad equation is invariant under any unitary transformation $v$ of Lindblad operators and constants,

 * $$ \sqrt{\gamma_i} L_i \to \sqrt{\gamma_i'} L_i' = \sum_{j} v_{ij} \sqrt{\gamma_j} L_j ,$$

and also under the inhomogeneous transformation

 * $$ L_i \to L_i' =  L_i + a_i I,$$
 * $$ H \to H' =  H + \frac{1}{2i} \sum_j \gamma_j \left (a_j^* L_j - a_j L_j^\dagger \right ) +bI,$$

where $a_{i}$ are complex numbers and $b$ is a real number. However, the first transformation destroys the orthonormality of the operators $L_{i}$ (unless all the $γ_{i}$ are equal) and the second transformation destroys the tracelessness. Therefore, up to degeneracies among the $γ_{i}$, the $L_{i}$ of the diagonal form of the Lindblad equation are uniquely determined by the dynamics so long as we require them to be orthonormal and traceless.

Heisenberg picture
The Lindblad-type evolution of the density matrix in the Schrödinger picture can be equivalently described in the Heisenberg picture using the following (diagonalized) equation of motion for each quantum observable $X$:
 * $$\dot{X} = \frac{i}{\hbar} [H, X] +\sum_i \gamma_i \left(L_i^\dagger X L_i -\frac{1}{2}\left\{L_i^\dagger L_i, X\right\} \right).$$

A similar equation describes the time evolution of the expectation values of observables, given by the Ehrenfest theorem. Corresponding to the trace-preserving property of the Schrödinger picture Lindblad equation, the Heisenberg picture equation is unital, i.e. it preserves the identity operator.

Physical derivation
The Lindblad master equation describes the evolution of various types of open quantum systems, e.g. a system weakly coupled to a Markovian reservoir. Note that the $H$ appearing in the equation is not necessarily equal to the bare system Hamiltonian, but may also incorporate effective unitary dynamics arising from the system-environment interaction.

A heuristic derivation, e.g., in the notes by Preskill, begins with a more general form of an open quantum system and converts it into Lindblad form by making the Markovian assumption and expanding in small time. A more physically motivated standard treatment covers three common types of derivations of the Lindbladian starting from a Hamiltonian acting on both the system and environment: the weak coupling limit (described in detail below), the low density approximation, and the singular coupling limit. Each of these relies on specific physical assumptions regarding, e.g., correlation functions of the environment. For example, in the weak coupling limit derivation, one typically assumes that (a) correlations of the system with the environment develop slowly, (b) excitations of the environment caused by system decay quickly, and (c) terms which are fast-oscillating when compared to the system timescale of interest can be neglected. These three approximations are called Born, Markov, and rotating wave, respectively.

The weak-coupling limit derivation assumes a quantum system with a finite number of degrees of freedom coupled to a bath containing an infinite number of degrees of freedom. The system and bath each possess a Hamiltonian written in terms of operators acting only on the respective subspace of the total Hilbert space. These Hamiltonians govern the internal dynamics of the uncoupled system and bath. There is a third Hamiltonian that contains products of system and bath operators, thus coupling the system and bath. The most general form of this Hamiltonian is

 * $$ H= H_S + H_B + H_{BS} \, $$

The dynamics of the entire system can be described by the Liouville equation of motion, $$ \dot{\chi}=-i[H,\chi] $$. This equation, containing an infinite number of degrees of freedom, is impossible to solve analytically except in very particular cases. What's more, under certain approximations, the bath degrees of freedom need not be considered, and an effective master equation can be derived in terms of the system density matrix, $$\rho=\operatorname{tr}_B \chi $$. The problem can be analyzed more easily by moving into the interaction picture, defined by the unitary transformation $$ \tilde{M}= U_0MU_0^\dagger$$, where $$ M$$ is an arbitrary operator, and $$ U_0=e^{i(H_S+H_B)t} $$. Also note that $$U(t,t_0)$$is the total unitary operator of the entire system. It is straightforward to confirm that the Liouville equation becomes

 * $$ \dot{\tilde{\chi}}=-i[\tilde{H}_{BS},\tilde{\chi}] \, $$

where the Hamiltonian $$\tilde{H}_{BS}=e^{i(H_S+H_B)t} H_{BS} e^{-i(H_S+H_B)t} $$ is explicitly time dependent. Also, according to the interaction picture, $$\tilde{\chi}= U_{BS}(t,t_0)\chi U_{BS}^\dagger (t,t_0)$$, where $$U_{BS}=U_0 ^\dagger U(t,t_0)$$. This equation can be integrated directly to give

 * $$ \tilde{\chi}(t)=\tilde{\chi}(0) -i\int^t_0 dt' [\tilde{H}_{BS}(t'),\tilde{\chi}(t')] $$

This implicit equation for $$ \tilde{\chi} $$ can be substituted back into the Liouville equation to obtain an exact differo-integral equation

 * $$ \dot{\tilde{\chi}}=-i[\tilde{H}_{BS}(t),\tilde{\chi}(0)] - \int^t_0 dt' [\tilde{H}_{BS}(t),[\tilde{H}_{BS}(t'),\tilde{\chi}(t')]]$$

We proceed with the derivation by assuming the interaction is initiated at $$ t=0 $$, and at that time there are no correlations between the system and the bath. This implies that the initial condition is factorable as $$ \chi(0) = \rho(0) R_0 $$, where $$ R_0 $$ is the density operator of the bath initially.

Tracing over the bath degrees of freedom, $$ \operatorname{tr}_R \tilde{\chi} = \tilde{\rho} $$, of the aforementioned differo-integral equation yields

 * $$ \dot{\tilde{\rho}}= - \int^t_0 dt' \operatorname{tr}_R\{[\tilde{H}_{BS}(t),[\tilde{H}_{BS}(t'),\tilde{\chi}(t')]]\} $$

This equation is exact for the time dynamics of the system density matrix but requires full knowledge of the dynamics of the bath degrees of freedom. A simplifying assumption called the Born approximation rests on the largeness of the bath and the relative weakness of the coupling, which is to say the coupling of the system to the bath should not significantly alter the bath eigenstates. In this case the full density matrix is factorable for all times as $$ \tilde{\chi}(t)=\tilde{\rho}(t)R_0 $$. The master equation becomes

 * $$ \dot{\tilde{\rho}}= - \int^t_0 dt' \operatorname{tr}_R\{[\tilde{H}_{BS}(t),[\tilde{H}_{BS}(t'),\tilde{\rho}(t')R_0]]\} $$

The equation is now explicit in the system degrees of freedom, but is very difficult to solve. A final assumption is the Born-Markov approximation that the time derivative of the density matrix depends only on its current state, and not on its past. This assumption is valid under fast bath dynamics, wherein correlations within the bath are lost extremely quickly, and amounts to replacing $$ \rho(t')\rightarrow \rho(t)$$ on the right hand side of the equation.

 * $$ \dot{\tilde{\rho}}= - \int^t_0 dt' \operatorname{tr}_R\{[\tilde{H}_{BS}(t),[\tilde{H}_{BS}(t'),\tilde{\rho}(t)R_0]]\} $$

If the interaction Hamiltonian is assumed to have the form

 * $$H_{BS}=\sum_i \alpha_i \Gamma_i$$

for system operators $$ \alpha_i $$ and bath operators $$ \Gamma_i $$ then $$\tilde{H}_{BS}=\sum_i \tilde{\alpha}_i \tilde{\Gamma}_i$$. The master equation becomes

 * $$ \dot{\tilde{\rho}}= - \sum_{i,j} \int^t_0 dt' \operatorname{tr}_R\{[\tilde{\alpha}_i(t) \tilde{\Gamma}_i(t),[\tilde{\alpha}_j(t') \tilde{\Gamma}_j(t'),\tilde{\rho}(t)R_0]]\} $$

which can be expanded as

 * $$\dot{\tilde{\rho}} = - \sum_{i,j} \int^t_0 dt' \left[ \left( \tilde{\alpha}_i(t) \tilde{\alpha}_j(t') \tilde{\rho}(t) - \tilde{\alpha}_i(t) \tilde{\rho}(t) \tilde{\alpha}_j(t') \right) \langle\tilde{\Gamma}_i(t)\tilde{\Gamma}_j(t')\rangle + \left( \tilde{\rho}(t) \tilde{\alpha}_j(t') \tilde{\alpha}_i(t) - \tilde{\alpha}_j(t') \tilde{\rho}(t) \tilde{\alpha}_i(t) \right) \langle\tilde{\Gamma}_j(t')\tilde{\Gamma}_i(t)\rangle \right] $$

The expectation values $$ \langle \Gamma_i\Gamma_j \rangle=\operatorname{tr}\{\Gamma_i\Gamma_jR_0\} $$ are with respect to the bath degrees of freedom. By assuming rapid decay of these correlations (ideally $$ \langle \Gamma_i(t)\Gamma_j(t') \rangle \propto \delta(t-t') $$), above form of the Lindblad superoperator L is achieved.

Examples
For one jump operator $$ F $$ and no unitary evolution, the Lindblad superoperator, acting on the density matrix $$ \rho $$, is

 * $$ \mathcal{D}[F](\rho) ={F\rho F^\dagger} -\frac{1}{2}\left( F^\dagger F \rho + \rho F^\dagger F\right) $$

Such a term is found regularly in the Lindblad equation as used in quantum optics, where it can express absorption or emission of photons from a reservoir. If one wants to have both absorption and emission, one would need a jump operator for each. This leads to the most common Lindblad equation describing the damping of a quantum harmonic oscillator (representing e.g. a Fabry–Perot cavity) coupled to a thermal bath, with jump operators

 * $$\begin{align}

F_1 &= a, & \gamma_1 &= \tfrac{\gamma}{2} \left(\overline{n}+1 \right ),\\ F_2 &= a^{\dagger}, & \gamma_2 &= \tfrac{\gamma}{2} \overline{n}. \end{align}$$

Here $$\overline{n}$$ is the mean number of excitations in the reservoir damping the oscillator and $γ$ is the decay rate. If we also add additional unitary evolution generated by the quantum harmonic oscillator Hamiltonian with frequency $$ \omega_c $$, we obtain

 * $$ \dot{\rho}=-i[\omega_c a^\dagger a,\rho]+\gamma_1\mathcal{D}[F_1](\rho) + \gamma_2\mathcal{D}[F_2](\rho). $$

Additional Lindblad operators can be included to model various forms of dephasing and vibrational relaxation. These methods have been incorporated into grid-based density matrix propagation methods.

title: Lindbladian