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IBM 1440

The IBM 1440 computer was announced by IBM October 11, 1962. This member of the IBM 1400 series was described many years later as "essentially a lower-cost version of the 1401", and programs for the 1440 could easily be adapted to run on the IBM 1401.

Despite what IBM described as "special features ... to meet immediate data processing requirements and ... to absorb increased demands," the 1440 did not quite attain the same commercial success as the 1401, and it was withdrawn on February 8, 1971.

Author Emerson Pugh wrote that the 1440 "did poorly in the marketplace because it was initially offered without the ability to attach magnetic tape units as well." (referring to offering both tape and disk).

System configuration
The IBM 1441 processing unit (CPU) contained arithmetic and logic circuits and up to 16,000 alphanumeric storage positions.

The console was either a Model 1 or, when an electric typewriter was added, a Model 2, of the IBM 1447 operator's console.

Peripherals
The following peripherals were available: An IBM 1440 could be configured with a choice of:
 * IBM 1442 card reader/punch
 * Model 1 read up to 300 cards a minute and punched up to 80 columns a second
 * Model 2 read up to 400 cards a minute and punched up to 160 columns a second
 * Model 4, a read-only unit, read up to 400 cards/minute.
 * Model 4 (lowest cost)
 * Model 4, for reading, and a Model 1 or 2 as a second unit

 * IBM 1443 flying typebar printer
 * Basic rate of 150 lines a minute and up to 430 lines a minute, depending on typebar
 * Interchangeable typebars having character sets of 13, 39, 52, and 63 characters

 * IBM 1311 disk drive
 * Capacity for 2 million characters in each removable pack
 * With optional "Move Track Record" feature, capacity is increased to 2,980,000 characters in each pack
 * Each pack weighed less than 10 lb (5 kg).
 * Up to five 1311 drives
 * Tape drives
 * The IBM 7335 tape drive, available for use with the 1440, was introduced by IBM on October 10, 1963.

Software
[[File:IBM 1401 AUTOCODER programm select and print.jpg|thumb|IBM 1440 Autocoder was the Assembly language provided by IBM

Click on above image to enlarge]] IBM 1440 Autocoder was the assembly language provided by IBM. An IOCS was also provided, as was a collection of "Disk File Organization Routines".

Pricing
The cost and rental rate were:
 * Purchase price: $90,000 and up, depending on system configuration.
 * Rental rate: $1,500 and up, monthly rental, depending on system configuration.

Installations
Notable installations included a high-end 1440 at the Chicago Police Department installed by reformist superintendent Orlando Winfield Wilson in the early 1960s.

In the 1960s, Polish ZOWAR (ZETO Warszawa) was officially the first customer for IBM in Poland after WWII, despite the Iron Curtain.

In 2012, the TechWorks! Prototype Workshop of the Center for Technology & Innovation (CT&I) in Binghamton, New York successfully resurrected a 1440 system including a CPU and console, a 1311 disk drive, and a 1442 card reader/punch.

An example of a more fully configured 1440 was:
 * five disk drives
 * two magnetic tape drives
 * two card reader-punches
 * one high-speed printer
 * an optical reader (to transfer specially coded medical data forms to magnetic tape)

title: IBM 1440


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Roque Máspoli

Roque Gastón Máspoli Arbelvide (12 October 1917 in Montevideo – 22 February 2004 in Montevideo) was a Uruguayan football player and coach. He was the goalkeeper for the Uruguay national team that won the 1950 World Cup. He was also the head coach for the Uruguayan team that won the 1980 Mundialito.

Career
Born in Montevideo, into a Ticinese family originally from Caslano, Maspoli began playing in the youth ranks of Club Nacional de Football. He would make his Uruguayan Primera División debut with Liverpool de Montevideo in 1939.

After one season with Liverpool, he joined C.A. Peñarol. He would spend the rest of his playing career with Peñarol, winning six Primera titles with the club.

In the final match of the 1950 World Cup, known as the "Maracanazo" due to Uruguay's surprising win at the Maracanã stadium in Rio de Janeiro, in front of near 200,000 Brazilian fans, Máspoli allowed one goal as the visitors beat favorites Brazil 2–1.

Máspoli also coached Uruguayan club Peñarol, with which he won five national championships, the Copa Libertadores and the 1966 Intercontinental Cup, when the team beat Real Madrid 4–0 on aggregate. Later, he managed teams in Spain, Peru and Ecuador.

In the 1980s, Máspoli spent several years coaching the Uruguay national team. He took charge again in 1997, becoming the oldest ever manager of any national football team at the age of 80.

Roque Máspoli was hospitalized on 10 February 2004 with heart trouble. He died twelve days later at the age of 86. His remains are buried at Cementerio del Buceo, Montevideo.

Club
Nacional
 * Primera División: 1933, 1934, 1939
 * Torneo de Honor: 1935, 1938, 1939
 * Torneo Competencia: 1934

Peñarol
 * Primera División: 1944, 1945, 1949, 1951, 1953, 1954

International
Uruguay
 * FIFA World Cup: 1950

Individual

 * FIFA World Cup All-Star Team: 1950
 * IFFHS Uruguayan Men's Dream Team (Team B)

Club
Peñarol
 * Primera División: 1964, 1965, 1967, 1985, 1986
 * Intercontinental Cup: 1966
 * Copa Libertadores: 1966

Defensor Lima
 * Peruvian Primera División: 1973

Barcelona SC
 * Serie A: 1987

International
Uruguay
 * 1980 Mundialito Gold medal: 1981

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Roque Máspoli


text:
Camping World Stadium

Camping World Stadium is an outdoor stadium in Orlando, Florida, United States located in the West Lakes neighborhood of Downtown Orlando, west of new sports and entertainment facilities including the Kia Center, the Dr. Phillips Center for the Performing Arts, and Inter&Co Stadium. It opened in 1936 as Orlando Stadium and has also been known as the Tangerine Bowl and Florida Citrus Bowl. The City of Orlando owns and operates the stadium.

Camping World Stadium is the current home venue of the Citrus Bowl and the Pop-Tarts Bowl. It is also the regular host of other college football games including the Florida Classic between Florida A&M and Bethune-Cookman, the MEAC/SWAC Challenge, and the Camping World Kickoff. The stadium was built for football and in the past, it has served as the home of numerous minor/alternate-league football clubs, including teams from the WFL, USFL, WLAF, XFL, UFL, and most recently the Orlando Guardians of the 2020 XFL. From 2011 to 2013, it was the home of the Orlando City SC, a soccer team in USL Pro, then it was a temporary home for Orlando City of the MLS while Inter&Co Stadium was under construction.

From 1979 to 2006, the stadium served as the home of the UCF Knights football team. It was one of the nine venues used for the 1994 FIFA World Cup, and also hosted 1996 Olympic soccer matches. The stadium has hosted the NFL's Pro Bowl five times.

Stadium history
Construction on the stadium began in 1936 as a project of the Works Progress Administration under President Franklin D. Roosevelt during the Great Depression. The stadium was built to the immediate east of the baseball park Tinker Field, which opened in 1914. The stadium opened later in 1936 with a capacity of 8,900 as Orlando Stadium. The first college football bowl game was played on January 1, 1947. Catawba defeated Maryville 31–6 in the inaugural Tangerine Bowl. 2,000 seats were added in 1952. During this period, the stadium was known as the Tangerine Bowl. 5,000 more seats were added in 1968, along with the first press box.

From 1974 to 1976 an expansion project raised the capacity to 50,612, including a 3,600-seat upper deck on the east sidelines. However, shortly after completion the project proved to be a public fiasco and potentially an architectural and engineering failure. On November 27, 1976, the first major game was held at the expanded stadium, a regular season matchup between Florida and Miami. During the game, the newly constructed upper deck noticeably swayed whenever fans stood up and cheered. The deck vibrated, fences and railings shook and creaked, causing an unnerving sensation for the patrons sitting in those sections. The swaying and shaking was noticeable again about a month later during the 1976 Tangerine Bowl game. The swaying was so pronounced that some fans vowed never to sit in those seats again, while some refused to return to the stadium at all. Before long, engineering evaluations, as well as legal investigations, uncovered numerous missteps, rushing, and cut corners in the stadium's design. While it was believed that the upper deck was structurally sound and met building codes, it nevertheless was deemed a failure. Additional problems included inadequate access to restrooms in the upper deck, gaps between the sections which required obstructive fences, and the fact that the upper deck was built at such an angle that it had poor sight lines. Meanwhile, unsightly I-beams installed to hold up the upper deck now blocked seats in the lower deck that were previously unobstructed.

The maligned stadium's reputation was heavily tarnished after the upper deck scandal, criticized by public officials, media, and fans. Further complicating the situation was UCF's pending move to the stadium for 1979. The city finally received a settlement of $900,500 from the stadium's engineers, architects, and designers, money that was soon appropriated for new improvements. The infamous steel east upper deck was dismantled in May 1980.

After various new improvements, and a $30 million renovation that added new concrete upper decks to both sides, a capacity of 65,438 was established in 1989. In 1983, the Florida Department of Citrus was added as a title sponsor for the facility, at a price of $250,000. From 1999 to 2002, key stadium improvements included the addition of contour seating, two escalators, and a new 107 ft wide scoreboard/video screen. A new sound system, along with two full-color ribbon displays along the upper decks, were also added. The expansion resulted in the upper deck overhanging Tinker Field's right field area, albeit at a significant height.

Professional football
Camping World Stadium has been home field to several short-lived professional football teams. From 1966 to 1970, the stadium was home to the Orlando Panthers of the Continental Football League. In 1974, the Florida Blazers of the World Football League played their only season in existence at the Tangerine Bowl. The USFL's Orlando Renegades played one season in 1985. The Orlando Thunder of the WLAF called the Citrus Bowl home in their two-season existence during the early 1990s, while the XFL's Orlando Rage played there in 2001 as well as the UFL's Florida Tuskers, occupying the stadium for 2 seasons from 2009, before moving to Virginia Beach as the Virginia Destroyers in 2011. The Orlando Fantasy of the Lingerie Football League moved to the stadium shortly after, having previously used the UCF Arena.

In 2022, it was announced that Orlando had been chosen to be the home of one of the third incarnation of the XFL’s eight teams and that the team would play its home games at Camping World Stadium. The Orlando Guardians played in the 2023 XFL season before folding after the XFL's merger with the USFL.

The stadium hosted the NFL's all-star game, the Pro Bowl, from 2017 through 2020. In 2024, the event returned for a fifth time under the new title Pro Bowl Games. It was the first time since the NFL transitioned the event to a new format of skills competitions and non-contact Flag football. Seven NFL preseason games have been held at the stadium.

College football
The stadium has hosted various college football games, including many bowl games:

 * Since 1947 (except for 1973), the stadium has hosted a bowl game, currently known as the Citrus Bowl, typically played on January 1 or January 2. The bowl has also been known by different names, and has also been held during December, at various times during its history.
 * The December 1958 edition of the game, then known as the Tangerine Bowl, was notable for the segregation policy of the stadium operators, the Orlando High School Athletic Association (OHSAA), leading to the University at Buffalo declining their bowl bid, as their two black players would not have been allowed to play.
 * Since 1997, the stadium has been home to the Florida Classic, an annual game between Bethune–Cookman University and Florida A&M University.
 * Since 2001, the stadium has hosted a December bowl game, which has undergone several name changes due to sponsorship changes—, it is known as the Pop-Tarts Bowl.
 * In 2010 and 2011, the stadium hosted the East–West Shrine Game, which then moved to Tropicana Field in St. Petersburg, Florida.
 * The stadium hosted the Cure Bowl, a December bowl game, from 2015 through 2018 and again in 2020.
 * The stadium hosted the 1979 NCAA Division I-AA Football Championship Game, 2005 C-USA Championship Game, and 2016 ACC Championship Game.
 * Rollins College of Winter Park, Florida, was the first college to use the then-named Orlando Stadium as its home field. It played there prior to and after World War II.

High school football
The Florida High School Athletic Association state football championships are held at Camping World Stadium. The varsity football team from nearby Jones High School used Camping World Stadium as a regular season home field for decades through the end of their 2011 season. The school started playing home football games on their own field beginning on August 31, 2012.

Soccer
The playing surface is large enough for use in international soccer matches, and it was a venue for the 1994 FIFA World Cup. In five matches, attendance averaged over 60,000 per match. In 1996, Olympic soccer matches in both the men's and women's competitions were held at the stadium.

It hosted the USISL A-League Orlando Sundogs in 1997. It also hosted the Major League Soccer All-Star Game in 1998. The stadium was the home of Orlando City SC, a soccer team in the USL Pro League. In 2013, the investment group that owned that club was awarded an expansion team in Major League Soccer. They spent their 2014 season in USL Pro at ESPN Wide World of Sports Complex in Lake Buena Vista while Camping World Stadium was being renovated.

During the 2013 season, Fifth Third Bank owned naming rights to the field for Orlando City matches. Its name during those matches was Fifth Third Bank Field at the Citrus Bowl.

Orlando City played their final USL Pro match at Camping World Stadium on September 6, 2013. They won the USL Pro Championship over Charlotte Eagles, 7–4, before a crowd of 20,886. The last soccer event held at Camping World Stadium before its renovation was an international friendly between the women's teams of the United States and Brazil. The U.S. won the match, 4–1, before a crowd of 20,274.

Orlando City, now playing in Major League Soccer, returned to Camping World Stadium for the 2015 and 2016 seasons.

The Orlando Pride, the National Women's Soccer League 2016 expansion team owned by Orlando City SC, played in Camping World Stadium while the Orlando City (now Exploria) Stadium was completed.

Camping World Stadium was one of the venues for Copa América Centenario in June 2016. Three group stage matches were held there, Paraguay vs Costa Rica on June 4, Bolivia vs Panama on June 6 and Brazil vs Haiti on June 8.

The stadium hosted the Mexico national football team vs. Guatemala "MexTour" on April 27, 2022.

The 2022 Florida Cup exhibition soccer match between Arsenal and Chelsea, 4–0, had an attendance of 63,811, a record crowd for a soccer match at the stadium.

WrestleMania
On March 30, 2008, the stadium hosted WrestleMania XXIV, the 2008 edition of WWE's flagship professional wrestling pay-per-view. The first WrestleMania held in Florida, and the second to be held entirely outdoors since WrestleMania IX at Caesars Palace, it had a reported attendance of 74,635—the largest crowd in stadium history. It was estimated to have brought in $51.5 million in revenue to the local economy.

WWE returned to Camping World Stadium to host WrestleMania 33, which took place on April 2, 2017. WWE claimed an attendance record of 75,245, exceeding the total of WrestleMania XXIV.

Other events

 * The Citrus Bowl was the site of two William Graham Crusades, the most recent of which took place in 1983.
 * During the 1996 Summer Olympics, it hosted some of the football (soccer) preliminaries.
 * Drum Corps International has held its annual World Championships at the stadium four times in 1996, 1997, 1998, and 2003
 * The Feld Entertainment-promoted Monster Jam shows held there every year featured a track similar to the one at Sam Boyd Stadium in 2008 and 2009. The 2014 Monster Jam event on January 25 was the last event held at Camping World Stadium before its reconstruction began.
 * The Corporate 5K Orlando road race has been based at the stadium for several years.
 * The AMA Supercross Series holds an annual spring event.
 * British rock band Pink Floyd performed their only concert in Orlando at the stadium on April 30, 1988, as part of their A Momentary Lapse of Reason tour.
 * The stadium hosted the Rock Super Bowl festivals during the late 1970s and early 1980s
 * Guns N' Roses continued their Not in This Lifetime... Tour, playing at the stadium on 29 July 2016 to a sold-out crowd.
 * The stadium hosted the Monster Jam World Finals XX on May 10–11, 2019 and World Finals XXI on May 21–22, 2022.
 * The stadium has hosted The Bands of America Orlando Regional Championship every fall since 2018 excluding 2020, when it was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
 * The stadium hosted Billy Joel on his only show stop in Florida on his stadium series of the Billy Joel in Concert Tour on March 12, 2022.
 * The stadium hosted the Garth Brooks Triple Live Stadium Tour on March 26, 2022. The attendance was 70,000, which set a new concert attendance record at the stadium.
 * The stadium hosted Paul McCartney's second and final Florida show on his Got Back Tour on May 28, 2022.
 * Def Leppard and Mötley Crüe performed at the stadium on June 19, 2022, during their The Stadium Tour.

Renovations
By 2005, Orlando-area government officials and officials from the University of Central Florida (UCF) expressed dissatisfaction with the state of the facility and lack of revenue, as while UCF was the primary leasing tenant for the facility, it received minimal revenue from football games. Lack of an agreement to rectify these issues led UCF to consider relocating, or spend considerable expense to upgrade the facility at its own cost. In addition, the stadium's capacity was seen as too large for UCF, leaving the stadium an appearance of being empty even with attendance of as much as 30,000–40,000 people per game. UCF's all-time attendance record was 51,978 for the 2005 C-USA Championship Game versus Tulsa. Furthermore, the stadium was located over 10 mi from the university's main campus in East Orlando, with travel times of up to a half-hour due to traffic. In 2005, UCF officials led by university president John Hitt made the decision to construct a new on-campus stadium, which opened for the 2007 season.

Orlando officials began exploring stadium refurbishment project in 2004, when the Capital One Bowl bid to become a Bowl Championship Series (BCS) game, but was not chosen due to the stadium's aging condition. Camping World Stadium also submitted a bid for the ACC Championship Game, but lost to Jacksonville Municipal Stadium. The key reasons for losing the bids were the lack of modern luxury boxes, bench seating, and capacity. The hopes for Camping World Stadium became reality when, on September 29, 2006, Orlando Mayor Buddy Dyer announced an agreement on a $175-million renovation of Camping World Stadium. It is part of the "Triple Crown for Downtown", a $1.1-billion plan to redo the Orlando Centroplex with a new $480-million arena for the Orlando Magic, a new $375-million performing arts center, and the Camping World Stadium improvements. Conceptual drawings for the possible improvements include enclosed concourses on the east and west sides of the stadium and additions to the north side that will finally complete the lower bowl. The Orlando/Orange County Interlocal Agreement was approved by the Orlando City Council on August 6, 2007. However, the plans were heavily affected by the Great Recession of 2007–08. In 2010, the natural grass surface was replaced with AstroTurf Gameday Grass 3D after the 2009 Champs Sports Bowl and 2010 Capital One Bowl were marred by poor field conditions that led to two football player injuries. Stadium conditions once again prompted a review of the stadiums condition. Finally, it was announced in May 2013 that the Florida Citrus Bowl Stadium would undergo a reconstruction during 2014, at a cost of less than US$200 million. The cost estimate as of March 2014 was US$207 million. The stadium's upper-level seating was retained, but the entire lower bowl structure was demolished.

In the newly reconstructed stadium there are two 360-degree concourses, a 20000 sqfoot plaza deck ("Party Deck") in the north end zone, 41,000 all-new lower bowl seats with six additional inches of leg room & chairbacks, multiple giant video displays, new team facilities including locker rooms training rooms and attached media, new stadium operations facilities to allow better efficiency in food service, security, first aid and maintenance, new concessions and restrooms, and an open-air façade. The new mezzanine is now referred to as the "Plaza level". The upper deck, previously numbered the "300" level, is now numbered the "200" level.

The reconstruction began immediately following a groundbreaking event held at the stadium on January 29, 2014, and demolition of the entire lower bowl lasted 25 days. The first event at the renovated Camping World Stadium was the 2014 edition of the Florida Classic on November 22, 2014. The Bethune-Cookman Wildcats defeated the Florida A&M Rattlers, 18–17 in overtime.

Orlando City returned to the renovated Camping World Stadium for the 2015 season, their first season in Major League Soccer, while awaiting construction of their own soccer-specific stadium. In their first match, a 1–1 draw against fellow expansion team New York City FC on March 8, 2015, they drew a sellout crowd of 62,510, the largest attendance for a soccer match at the venue.

The United States women's national soccer team returned to Camping World Stadium on October 25, 2015. They defeated Brazil again, 3–1. The attendance of 32,869 was the largest attendance for a standalone USWNT friendly in the state of Florida.

The Orlando Pride, the expansion National Women's Soccer League team owned by Orlando City SC, played in Camping World Stadium until the Orlando City Stadium was complete. On April 23, 2016, they broke the record for attendance at an NWSL game, setting at 23,403, when the Pride beat the Houston Dash, 3–1.

On November 19, 2015, CONCACAF and CONMEBOL announced that Camping World Stadium would be one of the host venues for the Copa América Centenario soccer tournament in 2016.

On April 26, 2016, Florida Citrus Sports announced that they had sold naming rights for the stadium to Camping World. Camping World also became the title sponsor of the stadium's college football kickoff game through at least 2019, and the annual December bowl game held at the stadium was known as the Camping World Bowl from 2017 through 2019. These naming changes did not affect the Citrus Bowl or the Florida Classic.

In 2021, Camping World Stadium renovations included modernizing and improving the north endzone seating bowl, concession areas, club-level seating, and new premium mezzanine clubs on east and west. The project was completed on a fast-track schedule of less than 12 months by Construction Manager Barton Malow. During the work, the City of Orlando and Florida Citrus Sports hosted several events at the stadium. All were held without incident due to specialized safety techniques that separated construction activities, visitors, and staff.

Florida Citrus Sports released plans for a new renovation on November 14, 2023. Plans included demolition of the upper decks built in the 1980s, and replacing them with a new set of upper decks on the east, west, and south sides of the stadium, integrated with the lower bowl in a 360-degree concourse. The new upper decks would total 18,000 seats. The plans also included a 100,000-square-foot fieldhouse. The Orange County Board of County Commissioners approved $400 million in tourist development tax revenue for use in the renovation on January 23, 2004.

Seating and attendance
Prior to the 2014 renovation, the stadium had 65,000 permanent seats. The lower bowl lacked permanent seats in the north end zone, though temporary bleachers could be erected there if necessary. The temporary bleachers were last used for the 2005 Capital One Bowl, which had an attendance of 70,229.

Following the renovation, the seating capacity was reduced to 60,219 due to the introduction of chair-back seats in the lower bowl and Plaza Level. The upper deck continues to have bench seats. Temporary bleachers can be added in the Plaza level in place of the Party Deck to increase the capacity to 65,194.

In popular culture

 * Camping World Stadium (then still known as the Citrus Bowl) was a filming location for the 1998 Adam Sandler movie The Waterboy. In the film, the Citrus Bowl depicted both the home stadium of the fictional University of Louisiana Cougars as well as the venue of the climactic Bourbon Bowl game.
 * Exterior shots of the then-Citrus Bowl were used in the television series Coach, starring Craig T. Nelson as Coach Hayden Fox. In the show, the Citrus Bowl was the home stadium of the fictional Orlando Breakers franchise, which Coach Fox led during the series' final two seasons (1995–1997). The change, which coincided with a production move to Disney-MGM Studios (now Disney's Hollywood Studios), reflected the real-life expansion team, the Jacksonville Jaguars.

title: Camping World Stadium


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The Regulators (novel)

The Regulators is a novel by American author Stephen King, writing under the pseudonym Richard Bachman. It was published in 1996 at the same time as its "mirror" novel, Desperation. The two novels represent parallel universes relative to one another, and most of the characters present in one novel's world also exist in the other novel's reality, albeit in different circumstances. Additionally, the US hardcover first editions of each novel, if set side by side, make a complete painting, and on the back of each cover is also a peek at the opposite's cover.

King had previously "killed off" Bachman after the pseudonym was publicly exposed around the time of the 1984 release of the Bachman novel Thinner. However, on the book's jacket and in a tongue-in-cheek introduction by the book's editor, it was alleged that this 1996 work was written by Bachman years earlier, but the manuscript had only recently been discovered by his widow in a trunk. The novel began as a screenplay titled The Shotgunners. King says that film writer-director Sam Peckinpah read the script and made some suggestions, but Peckinpah died while King was writing the second draft.

Plot
Along a residential street in the suburban town of Wentworth, Ohio, a paperboy is suddenly shot by a mysterious stranger in a red van. The neighborhood’s panicked civilians run for shelter while author Johnny Marinville attempts to contact the police. However, an otherworldly force prevents the call from going through. Two other colorful vans, each driven by mysterious and odd strangers, later appear and kill three more residents. Former police officer Collie Entragian directs the affected residents and corrals them into the homes of victim David Carver and veterinarian Tom Billingsley. Only two residents remain indoors the entire time, seemingly unfazed: Audrey Wyler and her autistic nephew Seth, whom she has been caring for since the death of his family two years ago, remain silent among the chaos.

During a trip to a mining town in Desperation, Nevada, an evil, otherworldly being named Tak took possession of Seth's body after it was released from a mine. Implementing strong mental influence, it later killed Seth’s parents and siblings. Tak then forced Audrey's husband to commit suicide. To survive, Audrey took refuge in a mental construct of her creation, modeling her safe place after a favorite retreat. Seth, meanwhile, is sent into the deep recesses of his mind while Tak is in control and suffers poor hygiene and nutrition as a result of the creature’s neglect. Because of his autism, Seth displays a gifted mental strength that is likely the reason Tak was drawn to him in the first place. It also helps keep his mind intact while Tak is in control. Tak is the source of the vans, which are derived from the cartoon MotoKops 2200, which Seth watches religiously. Seth also often watches a Western movie named The Regulators, and Tak eventually transforms the neighborhood into an Old West landscape with no way to escape, as some of the residents soon find.

After several other people are killed in various ways (including Collie, after being mistakenly shot by a neighborhood teenager named Jim Reed, who then committed impulse suicide), Seth makes time for Audrey to escape the house while Tak is preoccupied. After Audrey puts a laxative in Seth's milk, she takes the chance to go across the street to the Carver's home and explain the situation to the others. Seth ingests the laxative which causes Tak to leave Seth's body temporarily as it cannot stand witnessing the boy defecate. She slips back to the house with Johnny to try to rescue Seth before Tak returns, but Cammie Reed follows, with a gun. Distraught over the death of her son, Jim, earlier, Cammie kills Seth, and mortally wounds Audrey as Tak tries to re-enter the boy’s body. Tak’s attention is then diverted to her and it enters Cammie’s body instead. However, she cannot hold up to Tak the way that Seth could and her body is destroyed as a result of the possession. Tak leaves her in the form of smoke and dissipates in the wind. The vans disappear and the landscape is returned to its normal state. A short epilogue in the form of a letter reveals that Seth’s and Audrey’s spirits have taken up residence at the meadow from Audrey’s mental sanctuary, and live there happily in what is implied to be an alternate parallel paradise.

Characters

 * Cary Ripton; paperboy and baseball player.
 * Hannibal; German Shepherd of the Reed family.
 * Mary Jackson; wife of Peter Jackson. Had an affair.
 * Peter Jackson; English professor and husband of Mary Jackson.
 * Collie Entragian; former police officer.
 * Kirsten Carver; mother of Ralph and Ellen Carver, wife of David Carver, who calls her 'Pie'.
 * David Carver; father of Ralph and Ellen Carver, husband of Kirsten Carver.
 * Ralph Carver; 6 year old favorite child of mother Kirsten Carver and father David Carver. Brother of Ellen Carver whom he calls 'Margrit the Maggot'.
 * Ellen 'Ellie' Margaret Carver; 11 year old sister of Ralph Carver and daughter of David and Kirsten Carver.
 * Tom Billingsley; retired town veterinarian.
 * John Edward Marinville; author acclaimed for his novel Delight, and work on children's books. Former alcoholic and mediocre guitar player.
 * Steve Ames; wandering guy in a truck.
 * Cynthia Smith; worker at the EZ Stop 24.
 * Brad Josephson; husband of Belinda Josephson.
 * Belinda 'Bee' Josephson; wife of Brad Josephson.
 * Marielle Soderson; rude wife of Gary Soderson.
 * Gary Soderson; alcoholic husband of Marielle Soderson.
 * Debbie Ross; visiting friend of Susie Geller.
 * Susie Geller; teenage daughter of Kim Geller and friend of Debbie Ross.
 * Kim Geller; racist mother of Susie Geller.
 * Cammie Reed; mother of Jim and David Reed.
 * Jim Reed; son of Cammie Reed, twin of David Reed, and potential love interest of Susie Geller.
 * David Reed; son of Cammie Reed, twin of Jim Reed, and potential love interest of Susie Geller.
 * Audrey Wyler; widow of Herb Wyler and aunt to Seth Garin. Victim of years of psychological abuse from Tak.
 * Herb Wyler; deceased husband of Audrey Wyler and uncle to Seth Garin. Casualty of years of psychological abuse from Tak.
 * Seth Garin; deceptively brilliant 8 year old autistic orphan. Nephew to Audrey and Herb Wyler and the only host of Tak.
 * The Hobarts; a severely religious family that had to move as a result of torture from Tak.

Connections and adaptations
In the novel's epilogue, a letter written by a woman on her honeymoon to her friend mentions one of King's earlier works, The Shining. As a mirror novel, characters from Desperation appear, though in different roles and, in some cases, different physical appearances. In August 2014, King mentioned that there had been discussions about turning The Regulators into a TV series, but no other mention was made thereafter. In August 2022, it was announced that Bohemia Group had optioned the rights to the novel for an adaptation and tapped George Cowan to write the script with Justin Ross as producer, who also co-wrote the screenplay with Cowan.

title: The Regulators (novel)


text: User talk:62.171.194.9

title: User talk:62.171.194.9


text:
Desmosome

A desmosome ("binding body"), also known as a macula adherens (plural: maculae adherentes) (Latin for adhering spot), is a cell structure specialized for cell-to-cell adhesion. A type of junctional complex, they are localized spot-like adhesions randomly arranged on the lateral sides of plasma membranes. Desmosomes are one of the stronger cell-to-cell adhesion types and are found in tissue that experience intense mechanical stress, such as cardiac muscle tissue, bladder tissue, gastrointestinal mucosa, and epithelia.

Structure
Desmosomes are composed of desmosome-intermediate filament complexes (DIFCs), a network of cadherin proteins, linker proteins and intermediate filaments. The DIFCs can be broken into three regions: the extracellular core region (desmoglea), the outer dense plaque (ODP), and the inner dense plaque (IDP).

The extracellular core region, approximately 34 nm in length, contains desmoglein and desmocollin, which are in the cadherin family of cell adhesion proteins. Both have five extracellular domains, and have calcium-binding motifs. Extracellular calcium helps form the cadherin adhesion by allowing the cadherin extracellular domain on desmoglein and desmocollin to become rigid. They bind to each other via heterophilic interactions in the extracellular space near their N-termini, in contrast with the homophilic binding characteristic of other cadherins. Desmoglein and desmocollin have a single pass transmembrane region plus an intracellular anchor to secure its position in the cell membrane. Desmogleins and the desmocollin isoform "Dsc-a" contain an intracellular cadherin domain, which binds to plakoglobin.

The outer dense plaque, which is about 15–20 nm in length, contains the intracellular ends of desmocollin and desmoglein, the N-terminus side of desmoplakin, and the armadillo family of mediatory proteins plakoglobin and plakophilin. Armadillo proteins are involved in mediating attachment to intracellular filaments and cell membrane proteins. Armadillo proteins consist of β-catenin, p120-catenin, plakoglobin (γ-catenin), and plakophilins 1-3. In desmosomes, plakoglobin and plakophilin help to anchor desmoplakin and keratin filaments to the desmosome structure. Plakoglobin has 12-arm repeats with a head and tail structure. Plakophilins have 9-arm repeats, and exist in two isoforms: a shorter "a" form and longer "b" form.

The inner dense plaque, also about 15–20 nm in length, contains the C-terminus end of desmoplakin and their attachment to keratin intermediate filaments. Desmoplakin is the most abundant part of the desmosome, as it operates as the mediator between the cadherin proteins in the plasma membrane and the keratin filaments. Desmoplakin has two isoforms that differ in the length of their middle rod domain. All desmoplakins have an N-terminal head, a C-tail consisting of three plakin repeats, and a glycine-serine-arginine rich domain (GSR) at the C-end.

Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy
Mutations within the desmosome are the main cause of arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM), a life-threatening disease caused by mutations usually in desmoglein 2, but sometimes in desmocollin 2. It often afflicts individuals between 20 and 50 years, and has been publicly known as a cause of death in young athletes, although the majority of sudden deaths do not occur in close connection to physical activity. The current incidence within the population is accepted as 1/10,000; however, it is thought that 1/200 may have a mutation that may predispose to ACM. Symptoms of ACM include fainting, shortness of breath, and heart palpitations and the condition is treated by implanting a small defibrillator device.

Blisters
Blistering diseases such as pemphigus vulgaris (PV) and pemphigus foliaceus (PF) are autoimmune diseases in which auto-antibodies target desmogleins. PV is caused by circulating autoantibodies (IgG) that target Dsg3 (Desmoglein 3) and sometimes Dsg1. PV is manifested by suprabasal acantholysis, or blisters in the mucous membrane and blisters in the epidermis. PF patients have autoantibodies that target Dsg1 with superficial blisters on the epidermis with no mucous membrane issues. Both disease result in a loss of keratinocyte adhesion. Pemphigus can also be caused by a bacterial infection: bullous impetigo is an infection caused by a staphylococcus bacterium that releases a toxin that cleaves the Dsg1 extracellular domain.

Similar symptoms occur with Hailey–Hailey disease, though the cause is not autoimmune but genetic. A haploinsufficiency of the ATP2C1 gene located on chromosome 3, which encodes the protein hSPCA1, causes malformation of the desmosomes. Desmoglein 1 haploinsufficiency leads to striate palmoplantar keratoderma, a disease which causes extreme thickening of the epidermis. Loss of desmoglein 4 leads to defective hair-follicle differentiation.

Epidermolysis bullosa simplex is an epidermal blistering disease caused by mutations in genes coding for keratin 5 and 14, which attach to desmoplakin. This disease manifests as rupture of the basal epidermis when stress is applied. Ectodermal dysplasia or skin fragility syndrome is caused by plakophillin 1 mutations. This is manifested by detachment of intermediate filaments and desmoplakin from the desmosome.

History
The desmosome was first discovered by Giulio Bizzozero, an Italian pathologist. He named these dense nodules the nodes of Bizzozero. In 1920, the term desmosome was originated by Josef Schaffer. The first combining form, desmo-, Neo-Latin from Greek desmos, bond, carries meaning of binding or bonding things together. Combined with -some, which comes from soma, body, it thus makes a desmosome a binding body.

title: Desmosome


text:
Talk:Española, New Mexico

(Older comments)
Dirtyhalfblood 21:37, 12 July 2007 (UTC) GET THE FACTS STRAIGHT!Dirtyhalfblood 21:37, 12 July 2007 (UTC) I feel that this piece does not have alot of information on this beatiful city I call home.It also has "some" wrong information, for instance the curent major is Richard Lucero and the fiestas are in mid July not in the the fall. If theres gonna be a page on Espanola then it should have the correct information. >=[ User:Dirtyhalfblood

I forgot to log in, but I live in "Spaña", and I know people spell it with an eñe, so I put two in. JerryFriedman
 * Does that mean it should be moved to Española, New Mexico? –Hajor 02:14, 19 Mar 2005 (UTC)

This article makes very poor claims to the "cause" of poverty, crime, and racism, as well as the "dependence" of the habitants of Espanola. There is no absolute truth to these claims nor vertification of such citing. There is also an absence of the effects and responsibility of the Santa Fe "artist" and Los Alamos scientist that contributes to a negative peception of Espanola. The effect is that of disparity and gentrification.

How can an article on Espanola not mention lowriders?

Political corruption
Being from the area, I can well believe that there is serious political corruption in Espanola. However, this needs to be documented from a verifiable source. 128.165.87.144 22:51, 12 March 2007 (UTC)

Largest community of ethnically diverse Sikhs in the world?
A statement such as this definitely requires a verifiable source, otherwise it should be removed. Rodan44 07:59, 27 October 2006 (UTC)

the name sounds similar to the Spanish word for Spanish español Atomic1fire 04:10, 8 June 2007 (UTC)

Name
This is not the official spelling of the city name--mrg3105 (comms) If you're not taking any flak, you're not over the target. 00:48, 20 February 2008 (UTC)

 * The nickname seems to belong to http://www.torrancecountynm.org/! However, New York Times thinks its in Albuquerque--mrg3105 (comms) If you're not taking any flak, you're not over the target. 05:14, 22 February 2008 (UTC)

Images
Anybody have any better images? Someone who takes pictures like these out of a moving car is a dork. ~ WikiDon (talk) 20:48, 19 June 2008 (UTC)

"Metro" definition
I've changed the scope of Metro in the Infobox Settlement to be the Española Micropolitan Statistical Area. This seems more useful than lumping Española in with the much larger Santa Fe via the Santa Fe-Española combined statistical area as was done before. Leave comments here if you disagree. Thanks. --Uncia (talk) 19:51, 15 July 2008 (UTC)

Tildes
I understand why people want to include the tilde in the name, as the city's website uses the tilde. However, it is plainly not the more common English spelling: espanola "new mexico" returns more than five times as many results as española "new mexico". If you check http://factfinder.census.gov, you'll see that it was listed as "Espanola" in the 2000 census, and no change is recorded by the Census Bureau. Moreover, the Geographic Names Information System, the official data repository of the United States Geological Survey (can't get more official than that) lists it as the City of Espanola, as well as the populated place of Espanola. Nyttend (talk) 11:20, 2 August 2008 (UTC)
 * The USGS GNIS database appears to be of two minds about this. The city itself is listed without the ñ:, as are a number of other related features. But a sizable percentage of all related place names listed in GNIS do use ñ, such as , , etc. Finally, USGS topographic maps show the city as Española. See, for example, USGS topos at ACME Mapper. It seems to me that, at least as far as the USGS is concerned, either way is fine. Pfly (talk) 09:04, 22 July 2010 (UTC)
 * Common usage should not trump fact unless the common usage is so overwhelmingly common, and seeing how this is a town of a few thousand in a state many people don't even know is part of the country :P, I would wager there is no 'overwhelmingly common' usage in English. The name of the city is Española; Espanola is a different word entirely, spelled and pronounced differently. And in the case we have here where official names are divided, go more local, which means include the eñe. "Common usage" is a catch-all used to justify way too much here. Just because some journalists or bloggers can't be arsed to find an eñe when writing about the town doesn't mean their laziness matters to us. --Golbez (talk) 13:25, 22 July 2010 (UTC)
 * Totally agree. The common usage that decides is the common usage of the residents and those in the immediate area; if they pronounce the name [espaˈɲola], which they do, it's clearly Española. In addition to being disrespectful, the misspellings of clueless types who are quite happy to wish someone Feliz ano nuevo ('Happy new anus') are irrelevant. Barefoot through the chollas (talk) 19:36, 14 June 2019 (UTC)

heroin usage source doesn't support summary
Here's the text:

Espanola is also considered one of the heroin capitals of the United States. The rate of substance abuse here is three times the state average and fifteen times the national average.[8]

Source [8] is this NPR article:

http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4804031

The text at that link is an article about community responses to drug use many years ago in nearby Chimayo, and does not support the claim that Espanola is "one of the heroin capitals" of the country, nor does it mention either of the numbers ("three times" and "fifteen times").

Either the two sentences above should be removed or the citation should be changed to support the claims it is adjacent to.

Mikedelong (talk) 15:26, 30 September 2008 (UTC)
 * I wasn't able to confirm this story, so I replaced it with one I could confirm. The old story was probably not accurate, since (1) the numbers seem exaggerated compared to the new story; (2) these kinds of figures are usually tracked by county and not by city, so we wouldn't know the figures for Española by itself. --Uncia (talk) 19:09, 30 September 2008 (UTC)

Obama picture
I'm inclined to agree with the IP; the picture does not really illustrate anything about the city. It illustrates that, yes, Senator Obama visited the town, but it doesn't even do that well. It's not like we need the picture to prove it happened. I don't really see what it adds to the article. --Golbez (talk) 18:59, 24 March 2011 (UTC)

 * Exactly, Why I reverted. The article is not really a 'scrapbook' and it should not be used as one. It's nice that Obama was in town and all, but its not a big deal to the area of the article. I could see if Obama's face was noticeable. 98.23.200.16 (talk) 00:59, 25 March 2011 (UTC)

I found this sentence
in the Agriculture section.
 * " While there is a tangible feeling of pride for culture and family amongst Hispanics and natives, there is an ever-increasing influence and presence of people that do not belong to either of these groups."

This means what? "natives" are who? And who exactly are these "people" in question? Anglos? Mexican Nationals? Folks from Chimayo? And the next paragraph is even more of an editorial on victimhood than the previous one. All unsourced. However, since I am an inclusionist and not a deletionist I am reluctant to just whack it out without discussing it first. Carptrash (talk) 03:09, 26 March 2011 (UTC)

the last edit made
includes the phrase:
 * "and the first merchant owner included "

it seems to me that if there is only one owner it should read "and the first merchant owner was", and if there were more than one it should be "and the first merchant owners included" but it does not (opinion) really work as it now stands. Carptrash (talk) 17:01, 26 March 2011 (UTC)

Then fix it? 174.131.209.55 (talk) 05:44, 28 March 2011 (UTC)
 * Answering a question with a question is always an interesting choice. So....I don't know (hence the question in the first place) fix it singular or plural? Carptrash (talk) 20:38, 30 March 2011 (UTC)

regardless of when the city was founded
I believe that the section on the Spanish settlement in the Española Valley should be placed prior to the 1880s section. Otherwise we find the reader jumping all over in the place in time. Let's run the whole History Section from oldest to newest. Carptrash (talk) 21:06, 1 April 2011 (UTC)
 * That we include this phrase several times in the article " Española has been called the first capital city in America" suggests that it's history does start with the Spaniards. To me. Carptrash (talk) 21:15, 1 April 2011 (UTC)

Since there has been no discussion here I am going to put the early part of the history first. Again. Carptrash (talk) 21:06, 3 April 2011 (UTC)

I just moved this sentence here
"Today, there are efforts to make downtown more business friendly once again, also in planning is a railroad museum."
 * we can't use words such as "today" because, what day would that be?
 * a phrase such as "more business friendly" refers to what?
 * and plans for a railroad museum (as well as everything else in here that is going to be retained) needs to be sourced. Carptrash (talk) 15:23, 2 April 2011 (UTC)

Another edit war, History Section
The Pre-1880s section has been up for questioning because the first capital was San Juan, New Mexico. Being in the Espanola Valley, it is not how Espanola became a city, the railroads made Espanola what it is. Certain users have reverted changes.

Please give input on this.

And, if reverted back we must make sure the article's pictures meet up with the storyline. Reverted edits make a mess. JHarrelson (talk) 03:46, 7 April 2011 (UTC)
 * So really the Pre-1880s stuff does not really belong in the article at all. Certainly not between the 1970s and the 1980s were it currently is lodged.  Carptrash (talk) 14:09, 7 April 2011 (UTC)

It should be mentioned, but it is not top priority. It shouldn't be. There is a current format where pictures line up with the railroad history, and we have more information on the railroads. Maybe if we find more information on the "New capital" we can add the information as top priority as well as some photo's to describe with. JHarrelson (talk) 16:47, 7 April 2011 (UTC)
 * What do you think of this sentence in the opening paragraph?
 * " Española has been called the first capital city in America.[3]" Carptrash (talk) 16:53, 7 April 2011 (UTC)

 * It was a source that was thrown in there way back to add to the history section. No one really refers to it as the capital city, that's Santa Fe's history. Plus the source comes from the city's website. Not such a reliable source coming from the government, and people who tore down downtown businesses and historical buildings to create a plaza that never even existed in Espanola. JHarrelson (talk) 17:00, 7 April 2011 (UTC)

I believe that government source are considered okay in wikipedia, but you are thinking that this particular phrase shsould go? Carptrash (talk) 21:06, 7 April 2011 (UTC)
 * If you were to ask anyone what the first capital city would be, I'm sure they would not answer Espanola. I don't know if we should remove it, but it's not the first capital. Could be the first capital city. JHarrelson (talk) 22:28, 7 April 2011 (UTC)

I am wondering why
you thought it was okay to change the name of the city to "Espanola" without engaging in any discussion about it? The city's own website calls itself "Española". The Rio Grande Sun, the local newspaper calles it "Española". All the road signs around here spell it "Española". The federal govt. probably never uses an ñ. I urge you to revert your redirect and post something on the discussion page. As was done in 2009. Carptrash (talk) 00:15, 21 April 2011 (UTC)

 * Because the United States Census refers Espanola, as Espanola. It is listed as "Espanola" on every government source. The discussion held previously had more for Espanola, than Española. Locals refer to it as Española, but everyone always can't have their way. I'm just doing what is right for this site. JHarrelson (talk) 03:08, 21 April 2011 (UTC)

On "every government source"? A wonderful statement, it is just wrong. The city of Española's web site says "Española" and they are a government site. The road signs spelling it "Española" are put up by the government. New Mexico Magazine has this to say. "The jewel of northern New Mexico, Española was founded in 1598 by Spain as the first capital of New Mexico." Does that suggest that the city's history should begin with the Spanish instead of the Anglos? As far as everyone always having their way goes ........... Carptrash (talk) 16:36, 21 April 2011 (UTC)

 * It does not matter what a website "says", the State still has signs that say "Espanola", and secondly, Espanola was not founded by the spanish. You really need to stop that. Without Railroads, Espanola the "city" would not exist, the city was founded in 1880 with the introduction of the railroads. There was no buildings before the railroads. San Juan was founded by the Spanish. JHarrelson (talk) 16:41, 21 April 2011 (UTC)

So you are saying that the New Mexico Magazine is not a credible source? You do not care what the city of Española calls its self? Carptrash (talk) 16:44, 21 April 2011 (UTC)

 * First off, I don not hold it as a reliable source, because Santa Cruz and San Juan are the areas the Spanish founded. Secondly, this town fails to admit it started as a railroad town because of the anglo culture, it was mayor Lucero who started adding an eñe. I have been researching through old Newspapers and all call the town "Espanola" until 1995. There was never an offical change with the State. JHarrelson (talk) 16:49, 21 April 2011 (UTC)

Hmmmm. My 1965 edition of New Mexico Place Names spells it "Española", Lucreo had not become mayor yet. Carptrash (talk) 17:38, 21 April 2011 (UTC)

 * Funny, but the GNIS calls Espanola, Espanola, and here. I'm sure they know their cities. Espanola was never refered to as "Española" before the 1990's If you have proof, show it. JHarrelson (talk) 19:12, 21 April 2011 (UTC)

The 2009–2010 New Mexico Blue Book, put out by the New Mexico Secretary of State, spells it with a tilde. See for example Resource Section p. 322, p. 324. --75.208.79.241 (talk) 15:02, 22 April 2011 (UTC)

This clearly seems like something that should have been discussed before performing. Also, there is a definite problem with using the census bureau, as they appear to omit all diacritics. They name a particular town in Colorado as "Canon City", yet our article on Cañon City, Colorado states that the federal government approved the use of an eñe in the title. However, the same agency apparently has not done the same for Española: Entries for the town in the GNIS all refer to "Espanola", though some specific locations include the eñe. (see ). So the question becomes, who matters more: The city or the federal government? For a city name I would always defer to the city or, if possible, the state (and I don't know if the state itself records and manages such things). But let's be clear: Any argument that relies on the census bureau's name has just been proven insufficient, so please don't use it. --Golbez (talk) 15:37, 22 April 2011 (UTC)
 * You ask for proof that "Española"was used prior to the 1990s right after I posted that it is spelled with an  "ñ" in my 1965 New Mexico Place Names?  Do you want me to scan and post that?  Anyway, I just emailed the New Mexico Sec. of State Office about it.  Here is their reply.
 * "Einar,
 * The correct way to spell it is Española. It has a tilde over the n. I think some people don't know how to use the tilde symbol on their computers and that is why you see it without the tilde in some places.  Angel Espinoza    Webmaster    Secretary of State's Office."
 * Do we need more than this? Carptrash (talk) 16:38, 22 April 2011 (UTC)

 * I agree with Golbez, on alot. But i'd rather us be safe and use the federal government's name for Espanola. Which is Espanola. And pictures all the sudden Carptrash? why the urge now? JHarrelson (talk) 17:41, 22 April 2011 (UTC)
 * You might need to e-mail someone from the federal government. State would be biased, since there are employees that are from Espanola. And GOOGLE.COM, spells it ESPANOLA as well. JHarrelson (talk) 17:42, 22 April 2011 (UTC)
 * First you need to establish, through some kind of Wikipedia policy, that the federal government is the end-all be-all for municipal naming, because we have local and state governments to handle that kind of thing. Municipal governments exist at the pleasure of the state government, not the federal government. Secondly, I'm not sure the existence or lack thereof of an eñe has anything to do with 'safety'. I know what you meant, but the terminology still felt hyperbolic. Frankly, I was ready to throw the article back to Española until I saw that the GNIS includes the eñe for Cañon City, but not for Española, which complicated things slightly. But in that case, we're making the USGS's GNIS the singular authority on Wikipedia for place naming in the United States, and if that's the case we need a policy or guideline stating such before we can proclaim it to be so. If there is no extant policy or guideline for either of these (GNIS as single source, federal government superseding state government on municipal naming), then I propose moving the article back until such time as they exist. If there is, then please present them. My opinion places the municipal government or state government as paramount; yours places the federal. Both are valid opinions, we must decide which one is correct. --Golbez (talk) 18:40, 22 April 2011 (UTC)

I had decided that I would allow you to what you want with this article, so chose to not add pictures. Actually, I still have not added any to the article, just the discussion page. The reason is to show you how the city and the state (who do the road signs) refer to the city. To have you write that what the Sec. of State of the state of New Mexico says is not good enough is taking this whole discussion into a surrealist, Kafkaesque, Twilight Zone sort of place that we might never get out of. You asked for a pre-1990 use of Española, I gave you one. You are ignoring it. I looked up Peñasco NM in the census and it was spelled "Penasco" Pretty soon I am going to post this discussion on the Admin board and get some professional help in here. Carptrash (talk) 18:32, 22 April 2011 (UTC)
 * I'm an admin, though I'm involved. But I don't think this has escalated to that point yet. No edit or move warring has occurred; while you may thing JHarrelson is being obtuse, he nonetheless has not insulted or violated any rules. He was bold and moved it. The question is, is there a procedural reason to move it back? If so, then yes, admins should be consulted. But at this point I don't see it as something that has gone at all into the realm of "needs administrator action". We're still way back in the "discussion" stage, and perhaps eventually a Requested Move vote. --Golbez (talk) 18:46, 22 April 2011 (UTC)
 * There is no reason to move it back, Google Espanola, New Mexico. The majority of articles are spelt "Espanola" my family has lived in Espanola since 1882, the introduction of the railroads. And according to my family, it has always been Espanola. I'm sure they would know, they were some of the first business owners here. I'm just pointing out, it's best we don't try to create a fake profile of the city, there is no source from the fed's that say Espanola has an eñe. Plus city-data.com also has Espanola, as Espanola. JHarrelson (talk) 19:05, 22 April 2011 (UTC)
 * "Just ask my family" is a far worse argument than you've been giving, you should step away from using that. --Golbez (talk) 19:21, 22 April 2011 (UTC)

Yea, well FYI, Peñasco, New Mexico is actually spelled with the eñe, here. Espanola is not. JHarrelson (talk) 19:26, 22 April 2011 (UTC)

 * I'm just saying, United States Board on Geographic Names has Espanola, as "Espanola", that's federal. They also have our high school with out the eñe, and our junior high school with out. But, the Middle school consolidated and became Vigil Middle school. JHarrelson (talk) 19:28, 22 April 2011 (UTC)
 * And I'm just asking, where is the Wikipedia guideline that we defer to the feds on all municipal naming issues? --Golbez (talk) 19:34, 22 April 2011 (UTC)

Why would we mislead people? This is an encyclopedia. The government never "okay-ed" an approval to change the name. That is like adding an accent mark on Santa Fe, to Santa Fé. Why would we do that? They have not, we should not either. JHarrelson (talk) 19:38, 22 April 2011 (UTC)
 * You have yet to demonstrate where it is even within federal authority to "okay" a name change. That the USGS catalogues names does not mean they are an arbiter of names, merely that this is what the federal government uses, which may be different from local and state usage. And we have not added an accent to Santa Fe because no government - federal, state, or municipal - uses one, so that argument is a straw man. --Golbez (talk) 19:42, 22 April 2011 (UTC)
 * And as to why we should change it back? There is more evidence that the town is in fact Espanola, besides using (selected site) pictures that have the eñe, most places in town don't even use it. I always wondered why this article had the eñe, most that decided have never been here. JHarrelson (talk) 19:49, 22 April 2011 (UTC)
 * Having lived in the region for a year or so, and with family there, I've always heard it pronounced, by locals and family, as Espanyola, which is spelled with an eñe. So my personal evidence counteracts yours, so both can be discarded. :) As for "selected pictures" and "most places don't use it", that doesn't change that the official city website includes the eñe. However, the seal does not appear to, though it is too low resolution to really tell. As for why we should change it back: Because it's the city's name. :) Now, the question is, who decides a city's name? The city, the state, or the feds? I say the city and the state; you say the feds. Neither of us have backed up our arguments with Wikipedia guidelines, so it remains an empty shouting match. The only real option appears to be to ask the naming conventions board and to run an actual Requested Moves process (Which, and I've been saying this all along, should have been performed before your move). --Golbez (talk) 20:01, 22 April 2011 (UTC)

Good for you, business licences we have, (family owners of 11 businesses) all show from the state, "Espanola" I thought that was weird since you said the "state", the secretary of State's office alone has 5 workers from Espanola. How would we know they would not have been biased? Anyway, I have always pronounced it as, Es-paan-olla along with all my co-workers and employees. Anyway point being, as someone who was born and raised here we have two whole different opinions. As for the city website is concerned? I know who runs it, and you probably wouldn't be suprised. You should already know how corrupt politics are here, Espanola pretends to be something it's not. JHarrelson (talk) 23:31, 22 April 2011 (UTC)
 * Neither snide remarks nor inside first-hand knowledge are viable sources for a Wikipedia article. Just because you disagree with the government in the city doesn't make its name less valid. --Golbez (talk) 06:37, 23 April 2011 (UTC)

Some observations (some of which were repeated above): States are the sovereign authorities for municipalities; the existence of a municipality is entirely at the will of the state. In most states, secretary of state is the definitive authority for a municipal name; when a municipality is formed or renamed, it is the secretary of state that certifies the act and keeps the official register of municipalities. The United States Board on Geographic Names normalizes the names for federal government uses; it is not itself the original naming authority, only an authority on what name federal agencies are to use at the time for clarity. (And Google Maps just copies the BGN GNIS and its derivatives.) Regardless of how it came about, if the New Mexico Secretary of State says it is "Española", either it really is "Española" now, or someone at the Secretary of State's office has modified the official registry. I do wonder how a town that long-time residents consider to have no eñe came to end up with one at the Secretary of State. Is there a chance that municipality names used to be recorded with no accents or eñes in New Mexico, and when they migrated the registry to a newer filing system, the Secretary of State made a decision to add what accents or eñes (they thought) would have existed had the old registry had a system for them? At that point it starts getting into subtle legal matters; but, absent evidence that the Secretary of State has done something unauthorized, that office's registry entry is almost certainly as official as official gets. Another possibility: Does New Mexico law allow a municipality to change its name by city council resolution rather than referendum? That could have snuck by without much notice. Also, as far as the federal BGN GNIS: How recently did GNIS start carrying accents and eñes in its system? It might be that it only has accents and eñes for names that have been updated in the system since it began being able to take eñes. --Closeapple (talk) 00:32, 23 April 2011 (UTC)
 * Thank you for your comments. The main problem here is, we have lots of statements flying around and nothing to back them up. --Golbez (talk) 06:37, 23 April 2011 (UTC)

 * After contacting the Sec of State's office and getting the reply that I did I was tempted to revert to "Española" back and forth a few times and draw the Admins into the fray, but will not. Part of my original objection here was that there was no discussion about this move prior to its being initiated. But Golbez, I see that you have addressed that too. A look at the discussion page above this discussion will show that JHarrelson and I have disagreed before - about where the history section should begin, with the Spanish  or the Anglos.  I decided to let him have his way, tho I think it weakens the article. But now he appears to me to consider the article to be his to do with what he will.  Time to draw the line.  I find this statement to be particularly revealing. "the secretary of State's office alone has 5 workers from Espanola. How would we know they would not have been biased?"  I mean, if there are 5 Españolans working for the Federal Government can the same claim be made about them? Carptrash (talk) 02:51, 23 April 2011 (UTC)
 * And furthermore, if there are 5 people from the city in the secy of state's office, and they say there's an eñe in the name, why is JHarrelson assuming they are incorrect? What makes those residents less relevant than his family? Political bias? --Golbez (talk) 06:37, 23 April 2011 (UTC)

 * Of course we have disagreed before, it's not about the "Spanish" or "Anglos". It's about what is right for this article. This city was NOT founded by the Spanish. The surrounding areas were, Espanola came up from the sand because of the railroads. The town would not exist, at all. We would not be having this discussion. But, that is a whole different conversation. If you want to revert it, be my guest, I believe I did the right thing. JHarrelson (talk) 04:28, 23 April 2011 (UTC)

New Mexico municipal elections are non-partisan
New Mexico municipal elections are non-partisan, so the party affiliations, if any, of the Mayor and City Councilors is irrelevant. These should be removed from the infobox. Community-banned user often uses his sockpuppets to put these in. --75.208.239.43 (talk) 17:44, 29 May 2011 (UTC)

a recent exchange regarding how to spell the city's name

 * This appeared on my talk page today

Someone crying foul?

An email to the Rio Grande Sun, the gossip newspaper of Espanola, New Mexico. I read your reports on how you gave false information about what was discussed on here. Nice way of twisting everything up, hope to hear from you in the future. JHarrelson (talk) 21:50, 5 June 2011 (UTC)

 * Here is my response. When I went to post it on the sender's talk page i discovered that he had been blocked, so I could not post it there.  So, I am posting it here instead, thinking that JHarrelson will posible find it.  My reply is:

 * I hope that this is soon enough for you. I will post the same thing on your talk page to improve the chance of your seeing it.  I am about to post the email that I sent the Rio Grande SUN and expect you to inform me (feel free to uses bold font to do so) which part of it is "false information" and what has been "twisted."  Hope to hear from you in the future.
 * Hi,
 * Hi,

 * I am a New Mexico Wikipedian who is engaged in a nasty fight on wikipedia over how to spell the name of the city of Española. My argument is with an editor who considers New Mexico Magazine to not be a credible source and also will not accept my email from the NM Secretary of State either.

 * His claim is that Española was founded by Anglos in the 1880s and they spelled it Espanola. He further claims that the name was never changed over to Española and thus the wikipedia article should be called “Espanola, New Mexico".  My posting pictures of road signs, school buildings etc have not changed his mind.  Not wanting to get into an edit war with him I have backed off but am now looking for an historically verifiable source as to the correct spelling of the town’s name and hope that you can help me out.

So, again, which part of this is "false" and which part "twisted"? Carptrash (talk) 23:09, 6 June 2011 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: Page moved. -- Hadal (talk) 22:39, 1 July 2011 (UTC)

Espanola, New Mexico → Española, New Mexico – This article was moved from "Española, New Mexico" to "Espanola, New Mexico", without discussion, by a community-banned editor. Other users have provided evidence to the contrary, including images of highway signs, etc., and an email from the NM Secretary of State's office confirming that "Española" is the official spelling (see earlier talk page discussion). Camerafiend (talk) 00:45, 23 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Please make the move. The Rio Arriba SUN, the local newspaper, did an article on this article (Website Reignites Spelling Debate: Tilde or No Tilde? - May 26, 2011) and concluded, "The Anglos just had it wrong."  Also a book published in 1888 uses the spelling Española showing that this is not just some modern PC thing.   I am not sure how to move the discussion page (just like the article?) or would try it myself.  Carptrash (talk) 22:16, 23 June 2011 (UTC)

 * Move As noted above, the secretary of state should have the final word. Personally, I've always heard it pronounced with the tilde. Cliff (talk) 03:53, 24 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Move; local evidence and government indicates the use of an eñe, despite federal choice or ignorance. --Golbez (talk) 04:17, 24 June 2011 (UTC)

 * Tentative Move I only know what has been posted on this discussion page.  From what I see:  1) the original move was controversial and done with-out prior discussion; 2) the oldest reference mentioned (1888) is said to show a tilde; on the other hand, 3) local use seems to be both; 4) I'm not sure, but from my experience with Google search, diacritical counting is iffy (along with the possible non-use of tildes on web sites by people who leave them off for such reasons as laziness [none of my Spanish friends use tildes in their e-mails] or lack of skill etc.); never-the-less the tilde version garnered over four million hits as opposed to under two for the plain verson.Kdammers (talk) 11:04, 28 June 2011 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

I just cut this out

 * "modeling the neoclassical revival style"

of the section discussing the Bond House, because it is not built in the neoclassical revival style. Please feel free to suggest other wise and we can discuss it. Einar aka Carptrash (talk) 23:59, 28 June 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
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Assessment comment
Substituted at 14:41, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 31 May 2016
unprotect the redirect

65.175.134.44 (talk) 16:01, 31 May 2016 (UTC)
 * No. TJH2018  talk  16:02, 31 May 2016 (UTC)

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Sentence needs Clarificaton
In the "Early Settlers section authors have written about Juan De Onate's early efforts. Then one reads "He declared the area a capital for Spain, the area of Don Diego de Vargas' new villa at Santa Cruz." That sentence is not easy to figure out in a quick read. Did the author mean to say that De Onate claimed an area in Espanola as capitol city for Spain and that the area he claimed later was where Don Diego De Vargas' later built his villa at Santa Cruz? If so, that needs to be clarified with a slight edit. De Onate was recalled to Mexico City after his atrocities and told never to return. Spaniards left in droves after the Pueblo Revolt of 1598. De Vargas appeared many years later, so De Onate and De Vargas never crossed paths in Espanola which is why the offending sentence is so troublesome.

67.0.62.253 (talk) 07:54, 9 July 2018 (UTC)

Suggested "early settlers" change
Since the Ohkay Owingeh (San Juan) Pueblo and the Kha'po Owingeh (Santa Clara) Pueblo existed long before Juan de Oñate and his community of Spanish settlers claimed the region as Española for the Spanish crown, perhaps this section should be renamed "Early Explorers " or "Early Spanish Settlers."

Taram (talk) 08:07, 9 July 2018 (UTC)
 * Agreed; went with "Spanish settlement". --Golbez (talk) 13:49, 9 July 2018 (UTC)

 * Looks good! Thank you, Golbez (talk)! Taram (talk) 18:03, 9 July 2018 (UTC)

Confusing timeline
The timeline of the post-railroad history is confusing. It starts taking about the urban renewal of the '80s, and then goes into the start of the Manhattan project, which would have been ~45 years earlier. Hb94 (talk) 13:43, 12 July 2018 (UTC)

"The newly expanded Presbyterian Hospital, additions added over 43 new beds" If not 43, how many?
Is there some reason for the imprecise and uninformative "over 43"? Is the actual number 44? 100? It reads as though someone was bitten by the dreaded over/more than bug. This needs to be cleaned up by someone who knows the facts. Barefoot through the chollas (talk) 19:44, 14 June 2019 (UTC)
 * I couldn't see any reason for it, so I removed the claim, since it was unsourced and just a caption on a photograph that was not showing beds or asserting that the photograph was of unit with the new beds. I also tagged the unsourced employer list and some (even more dreaded) "recently" noise from 2010. --Closeapple (talk) 07:51, 15 June 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Española, New Mexico


text:
Oni

An oni is a kind of yōkai, demon, orc, ogre, or troll in Japanese folklore. They are believed to live in caves or deep in the mountains. Oni are known for their superhuman strength and have been associated with powers like thunder and lightning, along with their evil nature manifesting in their propensity for murder and cannibalism. They are typically portrayed as hulking figures with one or more horns growing out of their heads, massive teeth, and occasionally a third eye in the center of the forehead. They are typically depicted with red, blue, black, or yellow colored skin, wearing loincloths of tiger pelt, and carrying iron kanabō clubs. They also have three to six digits on each hand and foot tipped with claw-like nails. Oni are able to change their looks to fool their victims into trusting them. Oni can be male or female, but have been predominantly male throughout history. Female oni are sometimes referred to by the name Yamauba. When in disguise, oni are capable of appearing as a man or woman, regardless of their gender. As monstrous as oni are, they have been linked to bringing good fortune and wealth.

During the Heian period (794–1185), were often depicted in Japanese literature, such as, as terrifying monsters that ate people. A prominent depiction of is that they eat people in one mouthful, which is called "". In, and , for example, a woman is shown being eaten in one mouthful by a. There is the theory that the reason why stories of were common is that wars, disasters, and famines where people lose their lives or go missing were interpreted as  from another world appearing in the present world who take away humans.

It was not until the legend of was created that the  began to be depicted in paintings, and the 14th century Ōeyama ekotoba (大江山絵詞) is the oldest surviving picture scroll depicting. Shuten-dōji has been regarded as the most famous and strongest oni in Japan. The legend of Shuten-dōji has been described since the 14th century in various arts, traditional performing arts and literature such as emakimono, jōruri, noh, kabuki, bunraku, and ukiyo-e. The tachi (Japanese long sword) "Dōjigiri" with which Minamoto no Yorimitsu decapitated Shuten-dōji' in the legend is now designated as a National Treasure and one of the Tenka-Goken (Five Greatest Swords Under Heaven).

They are popular characters in Japanese art, literature, and theater and appear as stock villains in the well-known fairytales of Momotarō (Peach Boy), Issun-bōshi, and Kobutori Jīsan. Although oni have been described as frightening creatures, they have become tamer in modern culture as people tell less frightening stories about them like Oni Mask and Red Oni Who Cried.

Etymology, change of meaning
, written in as 鬼, is read in China as guǐ (pinyin), meaning something invisible, formless, or unworldly, in other words, a 'ghost' or the 'soul of the dead'. On the other hand, the Japanese dictionary Wamyō Ruijushō (和名類聚抄) written in Japan in the 10th century explained the origin of the word as a corruption of on/onu (隠), meaning 'to hide'. The dictionary explained that is hidden and does not want to reveal itself. When the character for 鬼 was first introduced to Japan, it was pronounced as ki (キ) in the reading.

The character 鬼 has changed over time in Japan to become its own entity, and there are significant differences between the Japanese oni (鬼) and the Chinese guǐ (鬼). The Chinese guǐ generally refers to the disembodied spirits of the dead and are not necessarily evil. They usually reside in the underworld, but those with a grudge sometimes appear in the human world to haunt, and Taoist priests and others have used their supernatural powers to exterminate them. Japanese oni (鬼), on the other hand, are evil beings that have substance, live in certain places in the human world, such as mountains, have red or blue bodies with horns and fangs, are armed with metal clubs, and can be physically killed by cutting with Japanese swords.

The Izumo no Kuni Fudoki (出雲国風土記) and Nihon Shoki (日本書紀) are the earliest written examples of as entities rather than soul of the dead. The Izumo no Kuni Fudoki, whose compilation began in 713, tells the story of a one-eyed who ate a man. Nihon Shoki, completed in 720, tells of a hat-wearing watching the funeral of Emperor Saimei from the top of Mount Asakura. The character for 鬼 is believed to have been read as when the Nihon Shoki was completed, and was also read as, , and  in the Heian period. In Konjaku Monogatarishū (今昔物語集), the character for 鬼 is read as. It was not until the end of the Heian period that the reading of for the character 鬼 became almost universal.

Particularly powerful oni may be described as kishin or kijin (literally "oni god"; the "ki" is an alternate character reading of "oni"), a term used in Japanese Buddhism to refer to Wrathful Deities.

The oni was syncretized with Hindu-Buddhist creatures such as the man-devouring yaksha and the rakshasa, and became the oni who tormented sinners as wardens of Hell (Jigoku), administering sentences passed down by Hell's magistrate, King Yama (Enma Daiō). The hungry ghosts called gaki (餓鬼) have also been sometimes considered a type of oni (the Kanji for "ki" 鬼 is also read "oni"). Accordingly, a wicked soul beyond rehabilitation transforms into an oni after death. Only the very worst people turn into oni while alive, and these are the oni causing troubles among humans as presented in folk tales.

Some scholars have even argued that the oni was entirely a concept of Buddhist mythology.

Oni bring calamities to the land, bringing about war, plague/illness, earthquakes, and eclipses. They have the destructive power of lightning and thunder, which terrifies people through their auditory and visual effects.

Origins
Most Japanese folklore come from the Kojiki (古事記, "Records of Ancient Matters" or "An Account of Ancient Matters") and Nihongi (日本紀, "Japanese Chronicles"). These stories are the history and development of Japan in ancient times. At the beginning of time and space, Takamagahara (高天原, "Plane of High Heaven" or "High Plane of Heaven") came into being, along with the three divine beings Amenominakanushi (天之御中主, The Central Master or "Lord of the August Center of Heaven"), Takamimusubi (高御産巣日神, "High Creator"), and Kamimusubi (神産巣日, The Divine Creator). These three divine beings were known as Kami, and the three together are sometimes referred to as Kotoamatsukami (別天神, literally "distinguishing heavenly kami"). They manifested the entire universe. They were later joined by two more Kami, Umashiashikabihikoji (宇摩志阿斯訶備比古遅神, Energy) and Amenotokotachi (天之常立神, Heaven).

Finally, two lesser Kami were made to establish earth, Izanagi (イザナギ/伊邪那岐/伊弉諾, meaning "He-who-invites" or the "Male-who-invites") and Izanami (イザナミ, meaning "She-who-invites" or the "Female-who-invites"). These two were brother and sister. They also are married and had many children, one of them being Kagutsuchi (カグツチ, Fire). Upon birth, Kagutsuchi mortally wounded Izanami, who went to Yomi (黄泉, 黄泉の国, World of Darkness) on her death and was transformed into a Kami of death. Izanami, who gave life in the physical world, continued to do so in the underworld, ultimately creating the very first oni.

Demon gate

According to Chinese Taoism and esoteric Onmyōdō, the ways of yin and yang, the northeasterly direction is termed the kimon (鬼門, "demon gate") and considered an unlucky direction through which evil spirits passed. Based on the assignment of the twelve zodiac animals to the cardinal directions, the kimon was also known as the ushitora (丑寅), or "Ox Tiger" direction. One hypothesis is that the oni's bovine horns and tiger-skin loincloth developed as a visual depiction of this term.

Temples are often built facing that direction, for example, Enryaku-ji was deliberately built on Mount Hiei which was in the kimon (northeasterly) direction from Kyoto in order to guard the capital, and similarly Kan'ei-ji was built towards that direction from Edo Castle.

However, skeptics doubt this could have been the initial design of Enryaku-ji temple, since the temple was founded in 788, six years before Kyoto even existed as a capital, and if the ruling class were so feng shui-minded, the subsequent northeasterly move of the capital from Nagaoka-kyō to Kyoto would have certainly been taboo.

Japanese buildings may sometimes have L-shaped indentations at the northeast to ward against oni. For example, the walls surrounding the Kyoto Imperial Palace have notched corners in that direction.

Traditional culture
The traditional bean-throwing custom to drive out oni is practiced during Setsubun festival in February. It involves people casting roasted soybeans indoors or out of their homes and shouting "Oni wa soto! Fuku wa uchi!" ("鬼は外！福は内！"), preferably by a strong wrestler.

This custom began with the aristocratic and samurai classes in the Muromachi period (1336–1573). According to the Ainōshō (壒嚢鈔), a dictionary compiled in the Muromachi period, the origin of this custom is a legend from the 10th century during the reign of Emperor Uda. According to the legend, a monk on Mount Kurama threw roasted beans into the eyes of to make them flinch and flee. Another theory is that the origin of this custom lies in the word 豆 (mame), which means bean. The explanation is that in Japanese, まめ, マメ (mame) can also be written as 魔目 (mame), meaning the devil's eye, or 魔滅 (mametsu), meaning to destroy the devil. During the Edo period (1603–1867), the custom spread to Shinto shrines, Buddhist temples and the general public.

Regionally around Tottori Prefecture during this season, a charm made of holly leaves and dried sardine heads are used as a guard against oni.

There is also a well-known game in Japan called oni gokko (鬼ごっこ), which is the same as the game of tag that children in the Western world play. The player who is "it" is instead called the "oni".

Oni are featured in Japanese children's stories such as Momotarō (Peach Boy), Issun-bōshi, and Kobutori Jīsan.

Modern times
In more recent times, oni have lost some of their original wickedness and sometimes take on a more protective function. Men in oni costumes often lead Japanese parades to dispel any bad luck, for example.

Japanese buildings sometimes include oni-faced roof tiles called onigawara (鬼瓦), which are thought to ward away bad luck, much like gargoyles in Western tradition.

Many Japanese idioms and proverbs also make reference to oni. For example, the expression "Oya ni ninu ko wa oni no ko" (親に似ぬ子は鬼の子) (Translation: "A child that does not resemble its parents is the child of an oni.") may be used by a parent to chastise a misbehaving child.

They can be used in stories to frighten children into obeying because of their grotesque appearance, savage demeanor, as well as how they can eat people in a single gulp.

Stories

 * 1) Momotaro, the Peach Boy, is a well-known story about an elderly couple having the misfortune of never being able to conceive a child, but they find a giant peach that miraculously gives them a boy as their child. As the boy grows, he is made aware of an island of demons where the people are captured and, after their money is taken, kept as slaves and a source of food. Momotaro sets out to travel to the island with some cakes specially made for him, and while on his journey, he meets a dog, a monkey, and a pheasant who partner up with him to defeat the demons on the island, and once the demons have been taken out they recover the treasures and return them to the rightful owners. Momotaro and his companions, after accomplishing their goal, all return to their respective homes.
 * 2) Oni Mask is a story where a young girl goes off to work at a ladies' house to make money for her ailing mother. She talks to a mask of her mother's face once she is done with her work to comfort herself. One day, the curious coworkers see the mask and decide to prank her by putting on an oni mask to replace the mother's mask. Seeing the Oni mask, she takes it as a sign that her mother is worse and not getting better, so she leaves after alerting her boss. After trying to run to her mother's side, she is sidetracked by some men gambling by a campfire. The men catch her and ignore her pleas to let her go to her mother and instead make her watch the fire so it does not go out during the game. While she is stoking the fire, she decides to put on the Oni mask to protect her from the flames. At that moment, the men see only a brightly lit Oni through the red glowing flames and, terrified, run away without gathering their money. The girl, after having made sure the fire would not go out, gathers the money, and waits for the men to return for it, but as time grows, she remembers she was going to see her mother and runs to her mother. While she is at home, she sees her mother is healthier than before, and because of the money the gamblers left behind, she has enough to take care of her without going back to work at the ladies' house.
 * 3) Red Oni Who Cried is a story of two oni, one red, the other blue. The red one wants to befriend humankind, but they are afraid of it, making the red oni cry. Knowing what the red oni wants, the blue oni devises a plan to make himself the villain by attacking the houses of the humans and allowing the red oni to save the humans from the blue oni, making the red oni a hero to the humans' eyes. After the humans see the red oni protect them from the blue oni, they determine that the red one is a good oni whom they would like to be friends with, which is what the red one wanted. Seeing this exchange, the blue oni decides to leave so as not to cause any misunderstanding with the humans. When the red oni decides to go home to his friend the blue oni, he notices that the blue oni is gone and realizes what the blue oni has done for him and cries from being touched by the blue oni's thoughtfulness and wonderful friendship.

In popular culture
The oni remains a very popular motif in Japanese popular culture. Their varied modern depiction sometimes relies on just one or two distinctive features which mark a character as an oni, such as horns or a distinctive skin colour, although the character may otherwise appear human, lacking the oni's traditionally fearsome or grotesque features. The context of oni in popular culture is similarly varied, with instances such as appearances in animated cartoons, video games and use as commercial mascots.
 * The game series Touhou Project has several characters based on oni such as Suika Ibuki, who is also animated singing the popular song "We Are Japanese Goblin", an example of modern popular culture depicting oni as far less menacing than in the past.
 * The Unicode Emoji character U+1F479 (👹) represents an oni, under the name "Japanese Ogre".
 * The first-person shooter Overwatch has an oni-themed skin for its character Genji.
 * In the Japanese role-playing horror game Ao Oni, the titular oni is depicted as a blue/purplish creature with a large head and human-like features. In the subsequent 2014 movie adaptation, the oni is given a radical makeover to appear more monstrous and scary, while in its 2016 anime adaptation, the oni remains faithful to its original appearance.
 * The heavy metal band Trivium features an oni mask on their album cover for Silence in the Snow. The mask also appeared in the artwork for their single, "Until the World Goes Cold", and in the music video for the song.

title: Oni


text:
Atban Klann

A.T.B.A.N Klann (A Tribe Beyond a Nation) was an American hip hop group composed of Will 1X, apl.de.ap, Mooky Mook, and DJ Motiv8. The Atban Klann were signed to Eazy-E's Ruthless Records. Will 1X (who later changed his stage name to will.i.am) and apl.de.ap were first signed by Eazy-E when they were in high school and would later become members of The Black Eyed Peas.

History
The group was signed to Ruthless Records in 1992 and debuted on Eazy-E's EP, 5150: Home 4 tha Sick on the track entitled "Merry Muthaphuckkin' Xmas". Soon after, the group recorded their debut album, Grass Roots, which was to be released on October 6, 1994; however, the album was shelved shortly before its release, and shortly after being jailed for 6 weeks in early 1995 on a domestic assault charge, Mookie Mook would leave after an argument. The duo would stay with Ruthless until they were dropped from the label after Eazy-E died in 1995. Will 1X would change his name to will.i.am and the Atban Klann would add Taboo and later Fergie and become the Grammy award winning band, The Black Eyed Peas.

Singles

 * 1994: Puddles of H2O

Studio album
Grass Roots was originally planned for release at the end of 1993 for Ruthless Records, distributed by Relativity Records; however, the album was put on hold. In 1994, the group released the first single from the album, "Puddles of H2O", as a CD single and promotional twelve-inch, with the B-side single "Let Me Get Down". However, with the band being dropped from Ruthless in 1995 it was not released at that time. The songs from the album later leaked and a cover was made using a photo of apl.de.ap and will.i.am from the Bridging the Gap photo-shoot in 2000. It was then remastered and released properly for the first time on vinyl in 2020 by Back 2 Da Source Records, which sold out.

Track listing

 * 1) "Open Your Mind"
 * 2) "Put On Your Adidas"
 * 3) "Goin for a Ride"
 * 4) "Mountain Top" (feat. Dante Santiago and Mr. Shaw)
 * 5) "L.A. Borrio Woman Beater"
 * 6) "Lord of the Flies" (feat. Huck Finn)
 * 7) "No Sequel"
 * 8) "Focus on You" (feat. Dante Santiago and Dandilion)
 * 9) "Quid Pro Quo"
 * 10) "World's Gone Mad" (feat. Longevity)
 * 11) "Strollin"
 * 12) "This Is Dedicated" (feat. Dandilion and Mr. Shaw)
 * 13) "Let Me Get Down" (feat. Mr. Shaw)
 * 14) "Duet" (feat. Dante Santiago and Dandilion)
 * 15) "Puddles of H2O"
 * 16) "Rain on Me"
 * 17) "Eyougodah"

Personnel

 * A.T.B.A.N. Klann
 * Will 1X – vocals
 * apl.de.ap – vocals
 * Mooky Mook – vocals
 * DJ Motiv8 – turntables

 * Featured artists
 * Dante Santiago – vocals
 * Mr Shaw – vocals
 * Dandillion – vocals
 * Huck Finn – vocals
 * Longevity – vocals

title: Atban Klann


text: User talk:80.178.158.34

title: User talk:80.178.158.34


text:
Daryn Jones

Daryn Jones (born January 3, 1978, in Victoria, British Columbia) is a Canadian comedian and radio and television personality.

Career
He began his career in stand-up comedy clubs at the age of 17, receiving formal training in a private training school.

He and fellow comedian Morgan "Mista Mo" Smith co-wrote and co-starred on the sketch comedy television show Buzz on the Toronto Community Access Channel in the mid-1990s. The show was picked up by the Canada-wide cable channel Comedy Network in 2000. In 2004, Jones was hired for the Rick Mercer Report, where he was a writer and an on-air correspondent. Buzz ended its run the next year.

In 1999, Jones co-hosted a morning show for contemporary hit radio station KISS 92 FM with Jay Michaels but left to focus on his television career after Buzz was picked up by The Comedy Network.

Jones made multiple appearances on CTV's Open Mike with Mike Bullard. He hosted Laughing Matters and YTV's flagship weekday afternoon programming block The Zone and has written for Oro Magazine and the National Post. Jones was a featured performer at the 2000 Canadian Comedy Awards, and received the 2001 Gemini Award for Best Writing in a Comedy Series for Buzz.

In 2006 he became the host of MTV Canada's flagship series MTV Live, alongside co-hosts Nicole Holness, Paul "The Intern" Lemieux, and Sheena Snively. Jones has interviewed a variety of newsworthy guests including Dave Navarro, Mark Wahlberg, Brian Stever, The Cult, Tom Cruise, Feist, Tori Spelling, Nelly Furtado, Weird Al Yankovic, Trailer Park Boys, Jake Gyllenhaal, and Quentin Tarantino. He has appeared in commercials for Blockbuster Video and Arby's. He also appeared in Degrassi: The Next Generation in the episode "The Ghost In The Machine- Part 1" as a guitar salesman. In 2010 he was a correspondent with CTV for the Vancouver 2010 Olympics. He also had a small part in Seventeen Again with Tia, Tamera and Tahj Mowry.

On May 4, 2012, he announced via Twitter that he would be leaving MTV Live. May 9 was Jones' last day on the program; the following day, he was announced as the host of Over the Rainbow, a reality talent competition which aired on CBC Television in the 2012–13 season. Sometime after the conclusion of the show, Jones began to appear sporadically on Hockey Night in Canada for its 60th season. Not long after, Jones began appearing on Donut Showdown alongside Eden Grinshpan.

Jones returned to KISS 92.5 in 2018 and was the afternoon drive/early evening host.

In December 2023, he became the co-host of Virgin Radio Toronto's morning drive show with Deepa Prashad.

title: Daryn Jones