text:
Nakatado District, Kagawa

Nakatado (仲多度郡) is a district located in Kagawa Prefecture, Japan.

Due to the district government enforcement in 1899, the district was formed when the Naka and Tado Districts merged.

The district contains 3 towns: Kotohira (琴平町), Tadotsu (多度津町), Mannō (まんのう町).

Timeline

 * March 16, 1899 - Naka and Tado Districts merged to form Nakatado District. (3 towns, 27 villages)
 * April 1, 1899 - The town of Marugame gained city status to become the city of Marugame. (2 towns, 27 villages)
 * November 3, 1901 - The villages of Zentsūji, Amino, and Yoshida merged to form the town of Zentsūji. (3 towns, 24 villages)
 * June 1, 1917 - The village of Rokugō merged into the city of Marugame. (3 towns, 23 villages)
 * May 10, 1942 - The village of Toyohara merged into the town of Tadotsu. (3 towns, 22 villages)
 * April 1, 1951 - The village of Minami merged into the city of Marugame. (3 towns, 21 villages)
 * April 1, 1953 - The village of Yoshima merged into the city of Sakaide. (3 towns, 20 villages)
 * March 31, 1954 (2 towns, 15 villages)
 * The village of Honjima merged into the city of Marugame.
 * The town of Zentsūji and the villages of Yoshiwara, Yogita, Tatsukawa, and Fudeoka merged to form the city of Zentsūji.
 * May 3, 1954 - The villages of Shika and Shirakata merged into the town of Tadotsu. (2 towns, 13 villages)
 * October 17, 1954 - The village of Gunge merged into the city of Marugame. (2 towns, 12 villages)
 * April 1, 1955 (3 towns, 7 villages)
 * The villages of Sogō and Shichika merged to form the village of Chūnan.
 * The town of Kotohira and Enai merged to form the town of Kotohira.
 * The villages of Yoshino, Kanno, and Shijō merged to form the town of Mannō.
 * July 1, 1955 - The village of Takashino merged into the town of Mannō. (3 towns, 6 villages)
 * 1956年3月31日 - Parts of the town of Mannō merged into the town of Kotohira.
 * September 30, 1956 (3 towns, 4 villages)
 * The town of Mannō absorbed the village of Nagasumi, Ayauta District.
 * The villages of Sanagishima and Takamishima merged into the town of Tadotsu.
 * October 10, 1957 - Parts of the town of Mannō merged into the town of Kotohira.
 * November 1, 1957 - The village of Kotonami, Ayauta District moved to Nakatado District. (3 towns, 5 villages)
 * March 31, 1958 - The village of Zōgō split and merged into the town of Kotohira and the city of Zentsūji. (3 towns, 4 villages)
 * May 1, 1958 - The villages of Tarumi and Hiroshima merged into the city of Marugame. (3 towns, 2 villages)
 * April 1, 1962 - The village of Kotonami gained town status to become the town of Kotonami. (4 towns, 1 village)
 * January 1, 1970 - The village of Chūnan gained town status to become the town of Chūnan. (5 towns)
 * March 20, 2006 - The towns of Mannō (満濃町) absorbed the towns of Chūnan and Kotonami to form the new town of Mannō (まんのう町). (3 towns)

title: Nakatado District, Kagawa


text:
Takase, Kagawa

Takase (高瀬町) is a former town located in Mitoyo, Kagawa Prefecture, Japan. As of 2019, the area had an estimated population of 15,294 in 6,048 households and a population density of 271 persons per km2. The total area is 56.36 km2.

On January 1, 2006, Takase merged with the towns of Mino, Nio, Saita, Takuma, Toyonaka and Yamamoto (all from Mitoyo District) to create the current city of Mitoyo and no longer exists as an independent municipality.

Geography
Takase is located in Mitoyo in western Kagawa Prefecture. It borders Mino to the north, Nio to the northwest, Toyonaka to the west, Yamamoto to the south, Chūnan and Kotohira to the southeast, and Zentsūji to the northeast.

The area contains several natural landforms, including Takase River (高瀬川, Takasegawa), Kuniichi Pond (国市池, Kuniichiike), Iwase Pond (岩瀬池, Iwaseike), and the following mountains.

 * Mount Ōsa (大麻山, Ōsayama)
 * Mount Kotohira (琴平山, Kotohirayama) (also known as Mount Konpira (金毘羅山, Konpirasan)
 * Mount Hiage (火上山, Hiagezan)
 * Mount Tōbu (東部山, Tōbuyama)
 * Mount Katamuki (傾山, Katamukiyama)
 * Mount Asahi (朝日山, Asahiyama)
 * Mount Ki (城山, Kiyama)
 * Mount Tokami (爺神山, Tokamiyama), one of the Sanuki Seven Fuji (讃岐七富士, Sanukinanafuji)
 * Mount Onigausu (鬼ヶ臼山, Onigausuyama)
 * Mount Mayu (眉山, Mayuyama)
 * Mount Yamajō (山条山, Yamajōyama)
 * Mount Torigoe (鳥越山, Torigoeyama)
 * Mount Jin (陣山, Jinyama)

Neighboring areas
Within Mitoyo Outside Mitoyo
 * Mino
 * Nio
 * Toyonaka
 * Yamamoto
 * Kotohira
 * Chūnan
 * Zentsūji

History
On March 31, 1955, the five villages located near Takase River - Kamitakase, Katsuma, Hijifuta, Ninomiya, and Asa - merged to become the town of Takase.

On January 1, 2006, the town of Takase, along with the neighboring towns of Nio, Saita, Toyonaka, Yamamoto, Takuma, and Mino, merged to form the city of Mitoyo.

The Great Shōwa Merger
The following three proposals were considered for the merger of 1955.
 * An eight village merger consisting of the villages of Kamitakase, Katsuma, Hijifuta, Ninomiya, Asa, Yoshizu, Ōmi, and Shimokatsuma
 * A five village merger consisting of the villages of Kamitakase, Katsuma, Hijifuta, Ninomiya, and Asa (the merger that was implemented)
 * A three village merger consisting of the villages of Kamitakase, Katsuma, and Hijifuta

The schools and such of the villages of Kamitakase, Katsuma, and Hijifuta were closely related, so their merger went relatively smoothly. The villages of Ninomiya, Asa, Yoshizu, Ōmi, and Shimotakase, however, had room to consider other frameworks, so the merger had to wait for their decision to be made. Ultimately, the villages of Yoshizu, Ōmi, and Shimotakase merged to form the town of Mino, and the villages of Ninomiya and Asa joined the framework for the town of Takase, creating the town of Takase from the merging of the five villages.

Economy
Takase is known for its agriculture, especially its green tea, onions, peaches, and grapes (New Pione variety).

Education
Takase has five public elementary schools and one public middle school operated by the Mitoyo city government. It also has one public high school operated by the Kagawa Prefectural Board of Education, as well as one private high school and one vocational school, both affiliated with Shikoku Gakuin University.

Elementary Schools

 * Katsuma Elementary School
 * Kamitakase Elementary School
 * Ninomiya Elementary School
 * Asa Elementary School
 * Hiji Elementary School

Middle Schools

 * Takase Junior High School

High Schools

 * Takase High School
 * Kagawa Nishi High School, Shikoku Gakuin University

Vocational Schools

 * Shikoku Gakuin University Vocational School

Public institutions
Takase has one major medical institution, the city-funded Mitoyo Nishikawa Hospital. It is also the location of Mitoyo City Hall and the Mitoyo Police Station.

Railways
Shikoku Railway Company - Yosan Line
 * Takase

Buses
Mitoyo City Community Bus

Expressways and highways

 * JP Expressway E11.svg Takamatsu Expressway (Takase Parking Area)

Main local roadways

 * Kagawa Prefectural Route 23, Takuma-Kotohira Line
 * Kagawa Prefectural Route 24, Zentsūji-Ōnohara Line
 * Kagawa Prefectural Route 35, Toyonaka-Mino Line
 * Kagawa Prefectural Route 49, Kan’onji-Zentsūji Line

Common roadways

 * Kagawa Prefectural Route 218, Saita-Kamitakase Line
 * Kagawa Prefectural Route 219, Kanda-Takase Line
 * Kagawa Prefectural Route 221, Miyao-Takase Line
 * Kagawa Prefectural Route 222, Shimotakase-Takase Line
 * Kagawa Prefectural Route 224, Okamoto-Takase Line
 * Kagawa Prefectural Route 225, Hagata-Toyonaka Line

Sister cities

 * Hapcheon County, South Gyeongsang, South Korea - Sister city since July 13, 1996

Local attractions

 * Takase Natural Hot Spring
 * Mount Asahi Forest Park
 * Mount Asahi Forest Park Folk Museum
 * Tokami Park, located on Mount Tokami
 * Ōminakami Shrine
 * Ninomiya Kiln ruins

Notable people from Takase

 * Kinujirō Ishī, founder of Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.
 * Kimiyo Kurimoto (maiden name: Matsuzaki), former World Table Tennis Champion
 * Tadao Maekawa, former governor of Kagawa Prefecture and former president of Kagawa University
 * Michiyo Usuki, marimba and sanukite lithophone player
 * Keiko Mori, announcer for Nishinippon Broadcasting
 * Kokeshi Katsura, rakugo storyteller
 * Tsuyoshi Kaji, former straight man of the comedy duo Ice Cream (affiliated with Yoshimoto Kogyo)
 * Mokichi Mori, first president of the Western confectionery Takase Yōgashi, who named the company after his hometown

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Takase, Kagawa


text:
Yamamoto, Kagawa

Yamamoto (山本町) was a town located in Mitoyo District, Kagawa Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 7,584 and a density of 227.68 persons per km2 (592.3 persons per mi2). The total area was 33.31 km2 (12.8 mi2).

On January 1, 2006, Mito, along with the towns of Mino, Nio, Saita, Takase, Takuma and Toyonaka (all from Mitoyo District), was merged to create the city of Mitoyo and no longer exists as an independent municipality.

Geography

 * Western part of Kagawa
 * Rivers: Saita River, Kaunda River, Kouchi River

History

 * A long time ago - Yamamoto was part of Toyota District.
 * April 1, 1955　- Mitoyo District's Tsuji Village, Kouchi Village, Kōda Village, and Saita-Ono Village were merged to create Yamamoto Village.
 * November 3, 1957　- Renamed Yamamoto Town.
 * January 1, 2006 - Yamamoto was merged with 6 other towns to create Mitoyo city.

Mayor

 * 1955　Founder Hara (数栄)
 * 1959　2nd Maya (真屋 友一)
 * 1971　3rd Ando (安藤 要)
 * 1979　4th Hara (原 正司)
 * 1991　5th Iwakura (岩倉 礼一)
 * 1999　6th Ohashi (大橋 良男)

Education
The following were elementary and junior high schools in the town. There were no high schools or secondary schools in Mino.

 * Tsuji Elementary School
 * Kouchi Elementary School
 * Ono Elementary School
 * Kaunda Elementary School
 * Mitoyo Junior High School

Transportation

 * Bus
 * Takase Jishou Unkou(Independent Carrier)
 * Highways
 * Expressway
 * There was no Takamatsu Expressway connection in Yamamoto, but there was one in Toyonaka, north of Yamamoto.
 * National Highways
 * Route 377
 * Regional Highways
 * Route 5 - Kan'onji(Kagawa and Tokushima)
 * Route 6 - Kan'onji(Kagawa and Tokushima)
 * Shikoku Railway Company(JR Shikoku)
 * There is no railroad in Yamamoto, but there is one in Toyonaka to the north and Saita to the south

Shikoku 88 Temple Pilgrimage

 * Number 67 Daikoji Temple

Famous People From Yamamoto

 * Mise Kouji (Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks)

title: Yamamoto, Kagawa


text:
Mino, Kagawa

Mino (三野町) was a town located in Mitoyo District, Kagawa Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2005, the town had an estimated population of 9,952. The total area was 19.34 km2.

On January 1, 2006, Mino, along with the towns of Nio, Saita, Takase, Takuma, Toyonaka and Yamamoto (all from Mitoyo District), was merger to create the city of Mitoyo and no longer exists as an independent municipality.

Mino had a sister city relationship with Evansville (Indiana), Unadilla (New York State), Sanyuan County in the city of Xianyang (Shaanxi China) and Florenville (Belgium).

The city of Mitoyo gets its name from the Mitoyo District which originally got half of its name from an older district called Mino District, and the other half from Toyota District (豊田郡).

History

 * March 16, 1899 - Mino District was dissolved by incorporating parts of it into the neighboring Toyota and Mitoyo Districts.
 * April 1, 1955 - Shimotakase Village, Omi Village, and Yoshizu Village were merged to create Mino Village.
 * September 1, 1961 - Renamed Mino Town.
 * January 1, 2006 - Mino was merged with 6 other towns to create Mitoyo City.

Education
The following were kindergarten, elementary, and junior high schools in the town. There were no high schools or secondary schools in Mino.
 * Shimotakase Kindergarten
 * Yoshizu Kindergarten
 * Omi Kindergarten
 * Shimotakase Elementary School
 * Yoshizu Elementary School
 * Omi Elementary School
 * Minotsu Junior High School

Transportation

 * Shikoku Railway Company(JR Shikoku)
 * Yosan Line
 * Mino Station
 * Tsushima no Miya Station - This station is only open for two days a year during the summer. August 4 and August 5 from 8:00 AM to 3:30 PM. It was built in 1916. The train schedule for this station is available from June to August only.
 * Highways
 * Expressway
 * Takamatsu Expressway - There is an on/off ramp in Mino, but only heading towards Takamatsu for the on-ramp and towards Matsuyama for the off-ramp.
 * National Highways
 * Route 11
 * Regional Highways
 * Route 21 - Marugame to Takuma to Kan'onji
 * Route 23 - Takuma to Kotohira
 * Route 48 - Zentsuji to Takuma
 * Local Routes
 * Route 220 Omi to Yoshizu to Nio
 * Route 221 Miyao to Takase
 * Route 222 Shimotakase to Takase

Famous Places and Events

 * Fureai Park Mino
 * Tsushima Jinja Shrine (津島神社) - Summer Festival
 * Koueizan Honmonji Temple (Daibou)
 * Daibouichi - End of November Exhibition

Shikoku 88 Temple Pilgrimage

 * Number 71 Iyadani Temple 34.22994°N, 133.7245°W

Famous People From Mino
Kaname Jun (要潤)

Kento Momota (桃田 賢斗)

title: Mino, Kagawa


text:
Ōnohara, Kagawa

Ōnohara (大野原町) was a town located in Mitoyo District, Kagawa Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 12,851 and a population density of 248.76 persons per km2. The total area was 51.66 km2.

On October 11, 2005, Ōnohara, along with the town of Toyohama (also from Mitoyo District), was merged to create the city of Kan'onji and no longer exists as an independent municipality.

Structures of interest in Ōnohara include Honenike Dam, a multiple-arch dam completed in 1930.

title: Ōnohara, Kagawa


text:
Toyonaka, Kagawa

Toyonaka (豊中町) was a town located in Mitoyo District, Kagawa Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 11,684 and a density of 586.84 persons per km2. The total area was 19.91 km2.

On January 1, 2006, Toyonaka, along with the towns of Mino, Nio, Saita, Takase, Takuma and Yamamoto (all from Mitoyo District), was merged to create the city of Mitoyo and no longer exists as an independent municipality.

title: Toyonaka, Kagawa


text:
Takuma, Kagawa

Takuma (詫間町) was a town located in Mitoyo District, Kagawa Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 15,179 and a density of 488.23 persons per km2. The total area was 31.09 km2.

On January 1, 2006, Takuma, along with the towns of Mino, Nio, Saita, Takase, Toyonaka and Yamamoto (all from Mitoyo District), was merger to create the city of Mitoyo and no longer exists as an independent municipality.

title: Takuma, Kagawa


text:
Nio, Kagawa

Nio (仁尾町) was a town located in Mitoyo District, Kagawa Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 6,896 and a density of 445.19 persons per km2. The total area was 15.49 km2.

On January 1, 2006, Nio, along with the towns of Mino, Saita, Takase, Takuma, Toyonaka and Yamamoto (all from Mitoyo District), was merger to create the city of Mitoyo and no longer exists as an independent municipality.

Nio had a sister city relationship with Waupaca, Wisconsin.

title: Nio, Kagawa


text:
Toyohama, Kagawa

Toyohama (豊浜町) was a town in Mitoyo District, Kagawa Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 8,774 and a density of 525.70 persons per km2. The total area was 16.69 km2.

On October 11, 2005, Toyohama, along with the town of Ōnohara (also from Mitoyo District), was merged to create the city of Kan'onji and no longer exists as an independent municipality.

title: Toyohama, Kagawa


text:
Saita, Kagawa

Saita (財田町) was a town located in Mitoyo District, Kagawa Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 4,621 and a density of 97.99 persons per km2. The total area was 47.16 km2.

On January 1, 2006, Saita, along with the towns of Mino, Nio, Takase, Takuma, Toyonaka and Yamamoto (all from Mitoyo District), was merger to create the city of Mitoyo and no longer exists as an independent municipality.

title: Saita, Kagawa


text:
Mitoyo District, Kagawa

Mitoyo (三豊郡) was a district located in Kagawa Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the district had an estimated population of 93,984 and a density of 322.96 persons per km2. The total area was 291.01 km2.

Mergers

 * Mitoyo District was created by the merger of two separate districts, (三野郡) Mino-gun and (豊田郡) Toyota-gun in 1899.
 * On October 11, 2005 - the towns of Ōnohara and Toyohama merged to form the city of Kan'onji.
 * On January 1, 2006 - the towns of Mino, Nio, Saita, Takase, Takuma, Toyonaka and Yamamoto were merged to create the city of Mitoyo. Mitoyo District was dissolved as a result of this merger. (Merger Information Page in Japanese)

title: Mitoyo District, Kagawa


text:
User:TexasDex

My real name is Gordon, and I'm a Linux Systems Administrator and Cybersecurity Engineer.

Homepage: www.texasdex.com

My Contributions to Wikipedia

Articles I am most proud of my contributions to:
 * Cystic Fibrosis
 * Drexel University

Articles I'm proud of starting:
 * Animutation
 * Barbara Kingsolver
 * Coin tossing
 * Cyanide and Happiness
 * GSI Commerce
 * Magic Eye

Favorite Photos: Image:Middle finger.JPG

title: User:TexasDex


text:
SSE3

SSE3, Streaming SIMD Extensions 3, also known by its Intel code name Prescott New Instructions (PNI), is the third iteration of the SSE instruction set for the IA-32 (x86) architecture. Intel introduced SSE3 in early 2004 with the Prescott revision of their Pentium 4 CPU. In April 2005, AMD introduced a subset of SSE3 in revision E (Venice and San Diego) of their Athlon 64 CPUs. The earlier SIMD instruction sets on the x86 platform, from oldest to newest, are MMX, 3DNow! (developed by AMD, no longer supported on newer CPUs), SSE, and SSE2.

SSE3 contains 13 new instructions over SSE2.

Changes
The most notable change is the capability to work horizontally in a register, as opposed to the more or less strictly vertical operation of all previous SSE instructions. More specifically, instructions to add and subtract the multiple values stored within a single register have been added. These instructions can be used to speed up the implementation of a number of DSP and 3D operations. There is also a new instruction to convert floating point values to integers without having to change the global rounding mode, thus avoiding costly pipeline stalls. Finally, the extension adds, an alternative misaligned integer vector load that has better performance on NetBurst based platforms for loads that cross cacheline boundaries.

CPUs with SSE3

 * AMD:
 * Opteron (since Stepping E4 )
 * Sempron (since Palermo. Stepping E3)
 * Athlon 64 (since Venice Stepping E3 and San Diego Stepping E4)
 * Athlon 64 FX (since San Diego Stepping E4)
 * Athlon 64 X2
 * Phenom 64 X2
 * Turion family
 * K10 family
 * APU family (including without GPU)
 * FX Series
 * Zen family
 * Intel:
 * Celeron D
 * Celeron (starting with Core microarchitecture)
 * Pentium 4 (since Prescott)
 * Pentium D
 * Pentium Extreme Edition (but NOT Pentium 4 Extreme Edition)
 * Pentium Dual-Core
 * Pentium (starting with Core microarchitecture)
 * Core
 * Xeon (since Nocona )
 * Atom
 * VIA/Centaur:
 * C7
 * Nano
 * Transmeta Efficeon TM88xx (NOT Model Numbers TM86xx)

Arithmetic

 * Add-Subtract-Packed-Double
 * Input: { A0, A1 }, { B0, B1 }
 * Output: { A0 − B0, A1 + B1 }
 * Output: { A0 − B0, A1 + B1 }

 * Add-Subtract-Packed-Single
 * Input: { A0, A1, A2, A3 }, { B0, B1, B2, B3 }
 * Output: { A0 − B0, A1 + B1, A2 − B2, A3 + B3 }
 * Output: { A0 − B0, A1 + B1, A2 − B2, A3 + B3 }

AOS ( Array Of Structures )

 * Horizontal-Add-Packed-Double
 * Input: { A0, A1 }, { B0, B1 }
 * Output: { A0 + A1, B0 + B1 }
 * Output: { A0 + A1, B0 + B1 }

 * Horizontal-Add-Packed-Single
 * Input: { A0, A1, A2, A3 }, { B0, B1, B2, B3 }
 * Output: { A0 + A1, A2 + A3, B0 + B1, B2 + B3 }
 * Output: { A0 + A1, A2 + A3, B0 + B1, B2 + B3 }

 * Horizontal-Subtract-Packed-Double
 * Input: { A0, A1 }, { B0, B1 }
 * Output: { A0 − A1, B0 − B1 }
 * Output: { A0 − A1, B0 − B1 }

 * Horizontal-Subtract-Packed-Single
 * Input: { A0, A1, A2, A3 }, { B0, B1, B2, B3 }
 * Output: { A0 − A1, A2 − A3, B0 − B1, B2 − B3 }
 * Output: { A0 − A1, A2 − A3, B0 − B1, B2 − B3 }

 * As stated above, this is an alternative misaligned integer vector load. It can be helpful for video compression tasks.
 * As stated above, this is an alternative misaligned integer vector load. It can be helpful for video compression tasks.

 * These are useful for complex numbers and wave calculation like sound.
 * These are useful for complex numbers and wave calculation like sound.

 * Like the older x87  instruction, but ignores the floating point control register's rounding mode settings and uses the "chop" (truncate) mode instead. Allows omission of the expensive loading and re-loading of the control register in languages such as C where float-to-int conversion requires truncate behaviour by standard.
 * Like the older x87  instruction, but ignores the floating point control register's rounding mode settings and uses the "chop" (truncate) mode instead. Allows omission of the expensive loading and re-loading of the control register in languages such as C where float-to-int conversion requires truncate behaviour by standard.

Other instructions

 * The  instruction is used to specify a memory address for monitoring, while the   instruction puts the processor into a low-power state and waits for a write event to the monitored address.
 * The  instruction is used to specify a memory address for monitoring, while the   instruction puts the processor into a low-power state and waits for a write event to the monitored address.

title: SSE3


text:
Kirill of Turov

Cyril of Turov, alternately Kirill of Turov (Кѷриллъ Туровськiй, Кірыла Тураўскі, Кирилл Туровский; 1130–1182) was a bishop and saint of the Russian Orthodox Church. He was one of the first and finest theologians of Kievan Rus'; he lived in Principality of Turov, now southern Belarus. His feast day in the Eastern Orthodox Church is on 28 April.

Cyril of Turov
For centuries Cyril of Turov enjoyed considerable prestige as a writer; his works were continuously copied and imitated. According to Zenkovsky's assessment of Cyril's heritage: "Cyril, Bishop of Turov, was probably the most accomplished master of Orthodox theology and the Byzantine style of writing. He had an excellent command of Greek and his literary achievements surpass those of any other Russian man of letters of that era ... Of all his works, Cyril's sermon with the triumphant description of spring as the symbol of the Resurrection was the most popular." Indeed, this sermon is one of his best known works in which he creates some of his more compelling images like a simile comparing the melting of ice in the spring and Thomas's dissolving doubts about Christ's resurrection: "Ныне зима греховнаа покаянием престала есть и лед невериа богоразумием растаяся... лед же Фомина невериа показанием Христов ребр растаяся." [Today the winter of sin has stopped in repentance, and the ice of unbelief is melted by wisdom spring appears...] It is often emphasized that Kirill was an accomplished author who exerted influence on subsequent generations of East Slavs (continuing through the 17th century). The question of Kirill's heritage is problematic to some degree. First of all, there is the problem with the historically verifiable existence of Kirill of Turov; the questions as to whether he ever existed and who he might have been have not been answered definitively.

Biographic details
Biographic details are scant and because none come from sources contemporary with Kirill, many are debated. All we have in terms of his biography is a short Synaxarion Life: Life of Kirill of Turov (28 April) which was written no earlier than the mid-13th century. This terse formulaic composition draws heavily on the hagiographic conventions and yields very few historical details. He was born in a thriving town of Turov, the son of wealthy parents. He was characterized by extreme piety at a young age and he entered a monastery still a young man. In the monastery he was respected for his asceticism and his learned interpretation of biblical texts. He is said to be the consecrated bishop of Turov in the 1160s. With the support of the Metropolitan in 1169 he became involved in deposing Fedor, who occupied the bishopric of Rostov. Usually he is thought to have died in 1182. According to an alternative line of thought, he became a bishop after 1182, remaining a monk throughout the period of the 1160s and 1170s. Even the dates of Kirill's life and work are debated. The dates 1130-1182 had been commonly accepted but among notable scholars, Simon Franklin vigorously disputes them. Kirill's title the Bishop of Turov is usually agreed to be a later invention arising out of a desire to designate an appropriately high status to the author of extremely popular and influential words. Even though Kirill came to be known as the Bishop of Turov his works deal most extensively with a theme of monasticism. It is often emphasized that Kirill's points of reference are located within the walls of the monastery. Monks are Kirill's most frequent addressees.

Alternative names and attributions
Generally, Kirill's autographs are not available and the manuscript sources are separated from the assumed time of composition by centuries. The medieval habit of anonymity and pseudonymity further complicates the process of attribution. Apart from the very rare "Kirill of Turov" (even when this designation occurs, it tends to be just one of several variant readings), the headings in 'his' manuscripts include "Kirill the monk," "Kirill the philosopher," "Saint Kirill," "The Blessed father Kirill," "the blessed monk Kirill," "Kirill the unworthy monk," "the venerable Kirill." Given this variety of labels, 'Kirill's' texts invite several candidates for being their more likely authors (writers whose existence has been substantiated with historical facts). Hypothetically, each work can be allocated to one of several real Kirills and Cyrils: Cyril of Jerusalem (ca. 315-386); Cyril of Alexandria (d. 444); Cyril of Scythopolis (mid-sixth century); Konstantin-Cyril, apostle of the Slavs(d. 869); Metropolitan Kirill I of Kiev (1223–1233); Metropolitan Kirill II of Kiev (1243–1290); Bishop Kirill of Rostov (1231–1262); Kirill of Turov. There are also numerous Kirills who may have been active but were not recorded by chroniclers and hagiographers. Matters are further complicated by the fact, that these labels appear to have been used interchangeably as Simon Franklin points out.

Works
Questions of authorship notwithstanding, a remarkable corpus of works in different genres has been attributed to Kirill of Turov: festal homilies, monastic commentaries, some letters, and a cycle of prayers, other hymnological texts, several versions of a penitential Prayer Canon, a Canon of Olga and an abecedarian prayer. These works constitute what came to be known as Corpus Cyrillianium (which at its core has only eleven works which are agreed by the majority to be by Kirill of Turov.)

This is a 19th-century consensus which is generally assumed but continuously questioned. In manuscript sources, there are 23 prayers attributed to Kirill, as well as an additional nine unattributed prayers that are regularly copied together as a group. The prayers form a seven-day liturgical cycle. His homilies are also a cycle based on the ecclesiastical calendar from Palm Sunday to the Sunday before Pentecost. His allegorical commentaries are directed at a monastic audience.

As a scholar of Kyrill, C.M. MacRobert summarizes the state of scholarship: "Even if further early copies of the texts attributed to Kirill of Turov come to light, it may well not be possible to reconstruct his kanon in the form in which he wrote it—supposing that he did write it—or to determine the original wording of his prayers. The attempt to establish a canon of his liturgical works may ultimately be vain: what we have to deal with is not necessarily the recognizable oeuvre of one man, but rather a devotional tradition, a profoundly penitential spirituality which was cultivated among the East Slavs during the medieval period and taken up by other Orthodox Slavs under the pressure of social and political vicissitudes." Another problem that complicates any precise attribution is the traditionalism of the Corpus Cyrillianum and the genre itself. The Kirillic genres themselves are deliberately constructed so as to give an impression of timelessness and universality. Details of contemporary "relevance" yielding specific clues as to time, place, and people (like Kirill's admonition of Feodorek – Bishop Fedor of Rostov called so in depreciation) are rare and skillfully disguised. Kirill-the author identifies himself as a humble monk (following the tradition of humility topos) who fades before the ultimate author and authority of God. Here is an example of Kyrill's humility topos taken from "A Tale of a layman, and on monasticism, and on the soul, and on repentance"; by the most sinful monk Kirill, for Vasilij, abbot of the Caves: "(52) And me: I beg you, do not spurn me like a dog, but remember me even here in your prayers, and there throw me scraps from that holy table, and may all Christians be judged worthy of that life, through Jesus Christ our Lord, to whom glory with the Father and with the Holy Spirit, now and ever." And another one from: A Sermon for Low Sunday by the unworthy monk Kirill in praise of the resurrection, and concerning the paschal bread, and concerning Thomas's resting of the Lord's ribs: "(1) The Church requires a great teacher and a wise interpreter to adorn the feast. But we are poor in word and dim in mind, and we lack the fire of the Holy Spirit to compose words to benefit the soul. Yet, for the love of the brethren that are with me, I shall say a few words concerning the renewal of the resurrection of Christ."

Style: Kirill's traditionalism
Most Kievan Rus' literature is based on the Eastern Christian tradition which came to Rus' from Byzantium via Slavonic translations originating mainly in Bulgaria. "The homiletic and exegetic genres are among the 'purest' versions of the rhetorical tradition inherited from Byzantium, relatively uncontaminated in language and structure," as Franklin affirms. These genres within the tradition of Christian rhetoric became Kievan elite culture, eagerly imitated by Rus' medieval authors who "played the game according to received rules". The Byzantines also valued the stability of form and expression-the impression of timelessness. Consequently, in creating their native tradition, Kievan writers drew on the "tradition one of whose higher aesthetic virtues was traditionalism itself". As Franklin sees it, Kirill's "self-imposed task was to perpetuate a tradition, not to change or modernize it; to become authoritative by following authority rather than by challenging it".

Kirill's works are not original in form because they closely follow the Byzantine style. In content it relies heavily on quotes from the Holy Texts. Kirill's texts are characterized by their extreme citationality. Simon Franklin in his most current English translation of the sermons numbers about 370 biblical quotation and allusions. Further textual sources for almost all of Kirill's works are also identified. They are works by early Christian and Byzantine churchmen that would have been available to Kirill in Slavonic translations: John Chrysostom, Epiphanius of Salamis, Ephrem of Syrus, Gregory of Nazianzus, Eusebius of Caesarea, and the scholia of Nicetas of Heraclea, Titus of Bostra, Theophylact of Ohrid, and the chronicler George the monk (George Hamartolus). As Ingunn Lunde points out, Kirill's technique of quotations is based on the convention of the epideictic discourse where the establishment of verbal correspondences and parallels through emphasis and amplification serve to invocation of the authority of the sacred texts. "What is essential is the recognition of certain layer of sacred texts or voice in the orators' discourse". If we accept the conventional attributions of works to Kyrill of Turov, he can be justly named the most prolific extant writer of Kievan Rus'.

Churches named after St. Cyril
There are several Belarusian Orthodox churches named after St. Cyril in Belarus, including, among others:

 * Church of the Holy Bishop Cyril of Turov at the Cathedral House (Minsk, Russian Orthodox)
 * Cathedral of St. Bishops Cyril of Turov and Lawrence of Turov (Turau, Russian Orthodox)
 * Church of the Holy Bishop Cyril of Turov (Svietlahorsk, Russian Orthodox)

Besides that, several notable Orthodox and Greek Catholic churches of the Belarusian diaspora are named after St. Cyril of Turaŭ:

 * Church of St Cyril of Turau and All the Patron Saints of the Belarusian People (London, Belarusian Greek Catholic)
 * St. Cyril of Turau Cathedral (Brooklyn, Belarusian Autocephalous Orthodox)
 * Church of St. Cyril of Turau (Toronto, Belarusian Autocephalous Orthodox)

title: Kirill of Turov


text:
Public holidays in Slovakia

National holidays in Slovakia

Table
† - the date is acknowledged as a national holiday but is not a public holiday

title: Public holidays in Slovakia


text:
Douglas DC-7

The Douglas DC-7 is an American transport aircraft built by the Douglas Aircraft Company from 1953 to 1958. A derivative of the DC-6, it was the last major piston engine-powered transport made by Douglas, being developed shortly after the earliest jet airliner—the de Havilland Comet—entered service and only a few years before the jet-powered Douglas DC-8 first flew in 1958. Larger numbers of both DC-7B and DC-7C variants were also built.

Unlike other far more successful propeller-driven Douglas aircraft, such as the DC-3 and DC-6, no examples of the DC-7 remain in service as of 2020.

Design and development
In 1945 Pan American World Airways requested a DC-7, a civil version of the Douglas C-74 Globemaster military transport. Pan Am soon canceled their order. That proposed DC-7 was unrelated to the later DC-6-derived airliner.

American Airlines revived the designation when they requested an aircraft that could fly across the United States coast-to-coast non-stop in about eight hours. (Civil Air Regulations then limited domestic flight crews to 8 hours' flight time in any 24-hour period. ) Douglas was reluctant to build the aircraft until American Airlines president C. R. Smith ordered 25 at a total price of $40 million, thus covering Douglas' development costs.

The DC-7 wing was based on that of the DC-4 and DC-6, with the same span; the fuselage was 40 in longer than the DC-6B. Four eighteen-cylinder Wright R-3350 Duplex-Cyclone Turbo-Compound engines provided power. The prototype flew in May 1953 and American received their first DC-7 in November, inaugurating the first non-stop east-coast-to-west-coast service in the country (unrealistically scheduled just under the eight-hour limit for one crew) and forcing rival TWA to offer a similar service with its Super Constellations. Both aircraft frequently experienced inflight engine failures, causing many flights to be diverted. Some blamed this on the need for high-power settings to meet the national schedules, causing overheating and failure of the engines' power recovery turbines.

DC-7B
The DC-7 was followed by the DC-7B with slightly more power, and on some DC-7Bs (Pan Am and South African Airways), fuel tanks over the wing in the rear of the engine nacelles, each carrying 220 usgal. South African Airways used this variant to fly Johannesburg to London with one stop. Pan Am's DC-7Bs started flying transatlantic in summer 1955, scheduled 1 hr 45 min faster than the Super Stratocruiser from New York to London or Paris.

DC-7C
Early DC-7s were purchased only by U.S. carriers. European carriers could not take advantage of the small range-increase of the early DC-7, so Douglas released an extended-range variant, the DC-7C (Seven Seas) in 1956. Two 5 ft wingroot inserts added fuel capacity, reduced interference drag and made the cabin quieter by moving the engines farther outboard; all DC-7Cs had the nacelle fuel tanks previously seen on Pan American's and South African's DC-7Bs. The fuselage, which had been extended over the DC-6Bs with a 40 in plug behind the wing for the DC-7 and DC-7B, was lengthened again with a 40-inch plug ahead of the wing to give the DC-7C a total length of 112 ft.

Operational history
Since the late 1940s Pan Am and other airlines had scheduled a few non-stop flights from New York to Europe, but westward non-stops against the prevailing wind were rarely possible with an economic payload. The Lockheed Super Constellation and DC-7B that appeared in 1955 could occasionally make the westward trip, but in summer 1956 Pan Am's DC-7C finally started doing it fairly reliably. BOAC was forced to respond by purchasing DC-7Cs rather than wait on the delivery of the Bristol Britannia. The DC-7C found its way into several other overseas airlines' fleets, including SAS, which used them on cross-polar flights to North America and Asia. The DC-7C sold better than its rival, the Lockheed L-1649A Starliner, which entered service a year later, but sales were cut short by the arrival of Boeing 707 and Douglas DC-8 jets in 1958–60.

Starting in 1959 Douglas began converting DC-7s and DC-7Cs into DC-7F freighters to extend their useful lives. The airframes were fitted with large forward and rear freight doors and some cabin windows were removed.

The predecessor DC-6, especially the DC-6B, established a reputation for straightforward engineering and reliability. Pratt & Whitney, manufacturer of the DC-6s Double Wasp engines, did not offer an effective larger engine apart from the Wasp Major, which had a reputation for poor reliability. Douglas turned to Wright Aeronautical for a more powerful engine. The Duplex-Cyclone had reliability issues of its own, and this affected the DC-7's service record. Carriers who had both DC-6s and DC-7s in their fleets usually replaced the newer DC-7s first once jets started to arrive. Some airlines retired their DC-7s after little more than five years of service, whereas most DC-6s lasted longer and sold more readily on the secondhand market.

Basic price of a new DC-7 was around $823,308 (£570,000).

Price of a DC-7B was around $982,226 (£680,000) in 1955, rising to $1,184,490 (£820,000) in 1957.

Similarly, the price of a DC-7C was $1,155,560 (£800,000) in 1956, increasing to $1,343,385 (£930,000) by 1958.

Cost of the DC-7F "Speedfreighter" conversion was around $166,112 (£115,000) per aircraft.

Variants

 * DC-7
 * Production variant, 105 built.

 * DC-7B
 * First long-range variant with higher gross weight and fuel capacity, with most of the added fuel in saddle tanks in enlarged engine nacelles. (Only Pan Am and South African DC-7Bs had the saddle tanks.) 112 built.

 * DC-7C Seven Seas
 * Longer-range variant with non-stop transatlantic capability, improved 3400 hp R-3350 engines and increased fuel capacity mainly in longer wings, 121 built.

 * DC-7D
 * Unbuilt variant with Rolls-Royce Tyne turboprops.

 * DC-7F
 * Freight conversion of all three variants with two large freight doors.

Airlines
DC-7s were used by Alitalia, American Airlines, BOAC, Braniff Airways, Caledonian Airways, Delta Air Lines, Eastern Air Lines, Flying Tigers, Japan Airlines, KLM, Mexicana de Aviacion, National Airlines, Northwest Orient, Panair do Brasil, Pan American World Airways, Riddle Airlines, Sabena, SAS, South African Airways, Swissair, Turkish Airlines, Transports Aériens Intercontinentaux, and United Airlines.

Seventeen DC-7s remained on the U.S. registry in 2010, they were used mainly for cargo and as aerial firefighting airtankers. Due to its engine problems, the DC-7 has not had the same longevity as the DC-6, which is still used by a number of commercial operators.

Military operators

 * 🇨🇴 Colombia
 * 🇫🇷 France
 * 🇲🇽 Mexico
 * Rhodesia Flown by civilian sanctions buster Jack Malloch

Accidents and incidents
The Douglas DC-7 suffered 82 incidents and accidents with a total of 714 fatalities.

 * June 30, 1956: United Airlines Flight 718, a DC-7, (N6324C) collided over the Grand Canyon with TWA Flight 2, an L-1049 Super Constellation (N6902C), resulting in the deaths of 128 people on both aircraft.

 * January 31, 1957: A DC-7 (N8210H) still owned by Douglas crashed into a school yard in the Pacoima area of Los Angeles, California, following a midair collision with Northrop F-89J Scorpion 52-1870, resulting in the deaths of the four crewmembers aboard the DC-7, the pilot of the Scorpion jet, and three students on the ground.

 * March 5, 1957: An American Air Lines DC-7B (N316AA) on a flight from Idlewild (JFK) airport to Love Field (Dallas) suffered failure of the #1 engine. The propeller and nose section detached and struck the fuselage, leading to decompression.  The pilot made a successful emergency landing at Memphis; there were no fatalities or injuries. The plane was repaired and returned to service.

 * June 28, 1957: An Eastern Air Lines DC-7B (N808D) collided with a parked Eastern Air Lines Lockheed L-1049 (N6212C) at Miami International Airport after returning from a training flight. Fuel leaked and both aircraft burned out.

 * February 1, 1958: Pan Am Flight 70, a DC-7C (N733PA, Clipper Blue Jacket), landed wheels-up at Schiphol Airport as a result of pilot error; all 16 on board survived. The aircraft was repaired and returned to service as a freighter. See also July 26, 1970 below.

 * March 10, 1958: A DC-7B (N846D) still owned by Douglas crashed at Long Beach, California during a test flight before delivery to Eastern Air Lines.

 * March 25, 1958: Braniff Flight 971, a DC-7C (N5904), crashed shortly after takeoff from Miami while attempting to return after an engine caught fire. Nine passengers out of 24 people aboard died in the accident.

 * April 21, 1958: United Airlines Flight 736, a DC-7 (N6328C) en route from Los Angeles to Denver, collided with a Nellis Air Force Base, North American F-100 Super Sabre "F-100F" (two-seater) (56-3755) near Las Vegas. Both aircraft crashed out of control resulting in the deaths of 49 people.

 * May 18, 1958: A Sabena DC-7C (OO-SFA) crashed near Casablanca–Anfa Airport during the attempted landing. All nine crewmembers and 52 of the 56 passengers died.

 * September 24, 1959: TAI Flight 307, a DC-7C, crashed at Bordeaux airport with the loss of 54 lives. After takeoff, the aircraft failed to gain altitude and collided with trees 3 km from the start of the takeoff.

 * November 16, 1959: National Airlines Flight 967, a DC-7B on a flight from Tampa, Florida, to New Orleans, crashed into the Gulf of Mexico. All 42 occupants perished. Although sabotage was suspected, no definite cause of the crash was determined due to a lack of evidence. The aircraft was owned by Delta Air Lines.

 * February 26, 1960: Alitalia Flight 618, a DC-7C (I-DUVO), crashed at Shannon Airport, Ireland, shortly after takeoff following a loss of altitude while making a left turn with 34 fatalities out of 52 passengers and crew. No cause was established for this accident.

 * July 14, 1960: Northwest Orient Airlines Flight 1-11, a DC-7C (N292), ditched off Polillo Island, Philippines due to failure of the number two engine and fire; one person (out of 58 on board) died when the number two propeller separated and penetrated the fuselage.

 * February 18, 1961: A Pan AM DC-7CF (N745PA) struck a mound of earth short of the runway in Stuttgart while attempting an ILS approach, shearing off the undercarriage and #1 engine. The pilots retained control and were able to climb away, then make a belly landing at Nurnberg airport. The aircraft was written off.

 * November 1, 1961: A Panair do Brasil DC-7C (PP-PDO) flying from Sal to Recife crashed into a hill about 2.7 km short of the runway at Recife. Forty-five passengers and crew out of the 88 persons aboard lost their lives. The accident was attributed to pilot error.

 * March 4, 1962: Caledonian Airways Flight 153 crashed into a swamp shortly after takeoff from Douala International Airport; all 111 people on board died. It is the worst single-aircraft accident of a DC-7.

 * October 22, 1962: Northwest Airlines Flight 292, a DC-7C (N285) with 7 crew and 95 passengers, made a successful water landing in Sitka Sound just before 1 p.m. local time after struggling with propeller problems for 45 minutes while operating as a military charter flight between McChord Air Force Base and Elmendorf Air Force Base. The plane stayed afloat for 24 minutes after coming to rest in the water, giving the occupants ample time to evacuate into life rafts with only 6 minor injuries reported. All passengers and crew were quickly rescued by U.S. Coast Guard ships. The cause was an overspeeding propeller when the blower section on engine number two failed.

 * November 30, 1962: Eastern Air Lines Flight 512, a DC-7B on a flight from Charlotte, North Carolina, to New York-Idlewild, crashed after a missed approach due to fog. This accident, which cost 25 lives (out of 51 on board), was attributed to improper crew procedures.

 * June 3, 1963: Northwest Airlines Flight 293, a Military Air Transport Service flight from McChord Air Force Base in Washington state to Elmendorf Air Force Base in Alaska crashed into the Pacific Ocean near Annette Island, Alaska, with the loss of all 101 people aboard. Due to the lack of evidence, no cause was established for this accident.

 * February 8, 1965: Eastern Air Lines Flight 663 crashed a few minutes after takeoff from John F. Kennedy Airport in New York after taking evasive action to avoid a possible collision with another airliner (Pan Am Flight 212, a Boeing 707). All 84 passengers and crew died.

 * December 7, 1968: A North American Aircraft Trading DC-7C (VR-BCY) crashed during approach to Uli Airstrip following triple engine failure during a relief flight, killing all four crew.

 * June 5, 1969: A Swedish Red Cross DC-7B (SE-ERP) was shot down by a Nigerian Air Force MiG-17 and crashed at Eket, Nigeria, killing all four crew. The aircraft was operating a supply flight from Fernando Po (now Bioko) to Biafra.

 * July 26, 1970: An ARCO ferry flight of a DC-7CF (VR-BCT), from Kinshasa suffered an explosive failure of the #3 engine. The pilots succeeded in making a belly landing on 2 engines (engine #4 having been inoperable for the entire flight), however the plane was damaged beyond repair. This aircraft had previously crashed in 1958.

 * October 2, 1970: A Spantax DC-7C (EC-ATQ) was written off at Barajas Airport.

 * December 31, 1972: Professional Baseball player Roberto Clemente and 4 others in a chartered DC-7 died when the plane crashed shortly after takeoff from San Juan, Puerto Rico. Only parts of the fuselage and the body of pilot Jerry Hill were recovered. The cause was traced to maintenance and pilot errors.

 * June 21, 1973: A Skyways International DC-7C (N296) crashed in the Everglades six minutes after takeoff from Miami International Airport, apparently caused by an onboard fire and/or severe turbulence. Three crew members, the sole occupants, died. The aircraft was on lease to Warnaco Incorporated.

 * March 3, 1974: A Douglas DC-7C/F (EI-AWG) operating an Aer Turas Teo charter flight from Dublin landed at Luton Airport on runway 08 just after midnight but failed to achieve reverse thrust. Normal braking application also was ineffective and the emergency pneumatic brakes were applied. All main wheel tires burst. The aircraft overran the runway and continued over the steep bank at the eastern perimeter finally coming to rest in soft ground 90 metres beyond. The situation had also been made worse by an inadvertent application of forward thrust by the crew in trying to achieve reverse thrust. Three of the six passengers and two of the four crew were injured. The badly damaged aircraft was written off.

 * October 4, 1976: An Emirates Air Transport DC-7CF (TZ-ARC) struck Mount Kenya due to a premature descent, killing the four crew.

 * September 12, 1977: A Safe Air Cargo DC-7BF (N6314J) crashed on climbout from Yakutat Airport after an engine lost power and caught fire, killing the four crew. 14 CFR 91 subpart D was revised in the wake of this accident.

 * September 6, 1978: An Advance Aviation Inc. DC-7CF (N244B) was being used to smuggle marijuana when it crashed near Farmerville, Louisiana due to pilot error, killing one of six on board. Thirty-five bales of marijuana were recovered from the wreckage.

 * June 22, 1979: A Go Transportation DC-7CF (N357AL) crashed on climbout from Barstow Airport due to overloading and loss of engine power (caused by improper 100 octane fuel), killing one of six crew.

 * September 14, 1979: A Butler Aircraft Inc. DC-7 (N4SW) transporting company employees to Medford, Oregon, crashed on the crest of Surveyor Mountain near Klamath Falls, Oregon. The crash, which claimed the 12 occupants aboard, was attributed to the crew's decision to undertake a night flight at low altitude.

 * 1980: An Aero Services Corp. DC-7CF (N8219H) was shot down and crashed in Colombia during a smuggling flight.

 * July 27, 1980: A Lambda Air Cargo DC-7CF (CP-1291) burned out on the ground at Trujillo Airport.

 * November 28, 1980: A Central Air Service DC-7B (N816D) crashed near Pecos Municipal Airport, Texas, soon after takeoff killing the pilot and co-pilot onboard. The plane entered a steep 90° left bank after takeoff, descended fast with the no. 2 prop feathered and crashed in a field.

 * October 9, 1986: A T&G Aviation DC-7C (N5903) ditched off Dakar due to engine problems, killing three of four crew.

 * December 8, 1988: A T&G Aviation DC-7CF (N284) was shot down by a SAM-7 missile fired by the Polisario Front and crashed in the Western Sahara, killing the five crew. A second T&G DC-7 (N90984) was also hit, losing an engine, but was able to land safely. Polisario soldiers thought the aircraft were Moroccan C-130s.

 * October 1, 1992: A TBM Incorporated DC-7B (N848D) crashed near Union Valley Reservoir, California due to pilot error and poor crew resource management, killing both pilots.

Surviving aircraft
No DC-7s are in operation today. A small number survive on display:
 * N381AA is on display at Epic Flight Academy in New Smyrna Beach, Florida.
 * N4887C is on display at the Delta Flight Museum in Atlanta, Georgia.
 * A DC-7 tail number C-0921 (nicknamed "Charlie 21"), originally flown by United Airlines, was installed at Iliff Preschool in Denver, Colorado in 1971 and is still serving as a kindergarten classroom.
 * EC-BBT is on display in Gran Canaria.
 * N51701 is on display at the Pima Air and Space Museum in Tucson, Arizona.
 * Three Erickson Aero Tanker DC-7s are currently parked at Madras Municipal Airport, Madras, Oregon. N838D (Tanker 60) is planned to join the Erickson Aircraft Collection; N401US (Tanker 62) and N6353C (Tanker 66) are withdrawn from use, awaiting disposal.

title: Douglas DC-7


text:
Public holidays in Croatia

Public holidays in Croatia are regulated by the Holidays, Memorial Days and Non-Working Days Act (Zakon o blagdanima, spomendanima i neradnim danima ).

* In 2020 there was a change in holidays: June 25 (was Statehood Day until 2019, became Independence Day in 2020) and October 8 (was Independence Day until 2019, became Day of the Croatian Parliament in 2020) changed names and were demoted from public holidays to memorial days (working). May 30 (was Day of the Croatian Parliament until 2019, became National Day in 2020) was promoted from a memorial day to a public holiday, and November 18 (Homeland War Victims Remembrance Day) was added as a new public holiday.

Note: Citizens of the Republic of Croatia who celebrate different religious holidays have the right not to work on those dates. Christians who celebrate Christmas, Easter and Easter Monday per the Julian calendar, Muslims on the days of Ramadan Bayram and Kurban Bayram, and Jews on the days of Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur.

Unofficial holidays

 * Popular carnival celebrations are held in most cities and towns in the country on Shrove Tuesday (Pokladni utorak), when customarily businesses in public sector and hospitality industry cease work for the day earlier than usual, but the day is not officially designated a public holiday.
 * Some cities also celebrate de facto public holidays on their patron saints' feast days. For example, in Split, the day of Saint Domnius (Sveti Duje) is celebrated on May 7, while Dubrovnik marks the day of Saint Blaise (Sveti Vlaho) on 3 February ; business usually cease work earlier than usual on these days. Most of rural village parishes in Slavonia celebrate their patron saints' with kirbaj / kirvaj festival (from German kirche weihe) when schools are usually closed for a day.
 * Even though Christmas Eve (24 December ), New Year's Eve (31 December), and Good Friday are not public holidays, businesses customarily close earlier (as early as 12pm).

title: Public holidays in Croatia


text:
Talk:Opiate

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
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Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 01:55, 18 January 2022 (UTC)

Untitled
Actually, the broadest term is "opioid", which is any substance, natural or synthetic, that behaves like morphine in the body. The term "opiate" is generally understood to mean only those opioids that occur naturally, or are derived from them. Examples of opioids that would not be opiates are the synthetics fentanyl and methadone.

This would be a fairly major revision, so what do others think about making it? --Phil Karn

 * Go for it. Only opioids in my opinion are really a class of chemical compounds that show affinity to opioid receptors. Kpjas

I know that opiates are much more readily available from the seed pod and other parts of the straw than they are from the seed. I would recommend changing the text to reflect this by replacing "seed" with "seed-pod" in the article. -- Morelos jejje
 * Opiate is a drug which comes from opium or poppy straw. Opioid is a drug which acts on the opioid receptor (mu, kappa, etc.). Most opiates are opioids, but not all (Papaverine, for example is an opiate with no opioid effects).  The two terms mean different and non-overlapping things.  They get confused and confounded all the time, and I am changing the introduction sentence to clarify that.  -- Kevin  — Preceding unsigned comment added by DrKC MD (talk • contribs) 23:26, 11 November 2023 (UTC)

 * Papaverine on the page. W;ChangingUsername (talk) 19:31, 1 June 2024 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 21 August 2018 and 7 December 2018. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Dschaefer5326.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 05:46, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Heroin
Heroin is not a natural occurring alkaloid, so is not an opiate. There can be some confusion between the words opiate and opioid, but there is not in a voice about opiates. There is yet a large heroin and a opioid voice, so I have removed the heroin part here.

 * Heroin is not classified as an opioid (eg. oxycodone or hydromorphone). It is an "opiate". It is a pro-drug for the systemic delivery of morphine, nothing more. Morphine is converted into "heroin" through a very simple process and in vivo, it is reverted back into morphine. Their chemical structures are identical execpt for the two acetyl groups attached. Their pharmacology is also identical. Do you know why? Because it is morphine that does the work, while the acetyl groups act as some sort of propeller. It doesn't take much brainpower to figure this out, really. TheGoodSon
 * Of course heroin is an opioid. An opioid is anything that acts on the opioid receptors (has morphine-like action), including all opiates.  However, an opiate is an alkaloid naturally occurring in the opium poppy, which heroin is not.  Heroin is derived from morphine, but oxycodone and hydrocodone are derived from codeine or thebaine, and that doesn't make them opiates.  They're called semisynthetic opioids, as is heroin.  Your references do not state anywhere that heroin is an opiate or that it's not an opioid.  The term "opiate" is sometimes used in place of "opioid" (where someone would even class a completely synthetic opioid like pethidine as an "opiate") in casual use, but Wikipedia should be technically correct.
 * OK, I just looked at a couple online medical dictionaries (http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/ and http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/mplusdictionary.html). Apparently "opioid" traditionally didn't encompass the opium alkaloids (I wonder if it encompassed endogenous compounds with morphine-like action, but maybe they hadn't been discovered yet), and "opiate" is used in a broader sense.  At any rate, I want to reiterate that this is a discussion of semantics, and has nothing to do with the fact that heroin is a prodrug.  And I personally think that the definition of "opioid" that says "anything that acts on the opioid receptors" and the definition of "opiate" as "an alkaloid naturally occurring in opium" are more precise and avoid a lot of ambiguity about semisynthetics, endogenous opioids, etc. and whether "derived from opium" means "separated out of opium" or "chemically derived from an opium alkaloid".  Or (perhaps better) we could talk about the two definitions and what each encompasses.  But there's no reason to single out heroin. --Galaxiaad 14:30, 21 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Heroin is an opioid. It is man made or 'semi synthetic' bevause the naturally occuring alkaloid has been treated to make heroin. It doesn't matter if the treatment is undone in the body. Crack cocaine reverts to its Hydrochloride form in the body, but it is still freebase cocaine crack rocks-- bumping this because you're mixing up drugs like morphine, oxycodeine, heroin and fentanyl. Just irresponsible W;ChangingUsername (talk) 19:12, 1 June 2024 (UTC)

Hi Galaxiaad, I am going to have to disagree with you. There is a very good reason to single out heroin (vs. oxycodone, hydrocodone or other "semi-synthetics"). You have to understand that the conversion of codeine into hydrocodone is very sophisticated and complex, unlike the conversion of morphine into heroin. What happens with the codeine (in it's conversion into hydrocodone), is that the codeine is broken down and it's chemical structure is significantly altered. If you took a look at all the "semi-synthetic" opioids, you'd notice that they are all very similar in structure (oxycodone and hydrocodone are very similar to codeine; while hydromorphone and oxymorphone are much more similar to morphine). Using morphine to get hydromorphone, is again, very complex and sophisticated. The morphine molecule is significantly altered. Getting diamorphine (out of morphine) is a very simple process that can be done at home by amateurs (if one had freebase morphine). All it requires is some acetic acid and heat and that's it. The morphine molecule is NOT changed one bit, but two acetyl groups attach themselves to morphine - making it more lipid soluble (which is why it delivers more morphine to the brain, faster). So, there is a significant difference between oxycodone, hydrocodone, and other semi-synthetics vs heroin. First, neither of the former are prodrugs (you may be able to make a case for oxycodone, as it is metabolised into oxymorphone, which plays a small role in the analgesic efficacy of oxycodone). Second, the chemical structures of the semi-synthetics are vastly different from each other and their parent drugs (be it codeine or morphine). Heroin, however, has the exact chemical structure as morphine does, except for the two acetyl groups. Numerous studies have been done on the similarities between heroin and morphine. In fact, you can find one in the morphine article.

I would, however, like to say that, you are right in saying that heroin is not an alkaloid. It's not, but because of it's chemical structure and similarities to morphine (both pharmacologically and chemically), it is often considered to be an opiate, as opposed to opioid. In which semi-synthetic opioid does morphine itself play such a role in alleviating pain, suffering, etc as it does with heroin? None! TheGoodSon —The preceding  signed but undated.

 * I still don't agree with you. I wish someone else would weigh in on this discussion... or maybe sometime soon I'll try and rewrite those parts highlighting the controversy about terminology.  Again, if you actually have any references saying that because heroin is so similar to morphine (something I don't disagree with), it's considered an opiate, that would really help your case. --Galaxiaad 15:15, 23 August 2007 (UTC)

 * I am in total agreement with Galaxiaad. Lets make this nice and simple.  What does the SCIENTIFIC community define an opiate as?  An alkaloid present in the Papaver somniferum plant.  This article begins by defining an opiate as "...any of the narcotic alkaloids found in opium.".  So far so good.  So lets run a little test to see if heroin is an opiate.  To make this simpler lets use the chemical name, diacetylmorphine.  Alright here we go, is morphine an opiate? YES.  Is codeine an opiate? YES.  Is diacetylmorphine a pro-drug of morphine? YES.  Is diacetylmorphine any of the following: morphine, codeine, thebaine, oripavine, or papaverine? NO.  That is a negative.  Unequivocally No!  Has diacetylmorphine EVER been found the opium poppy?  NO! For the last time, please god don't make me ever have to discuss again, NO!  Diacetylmorphine "heroin" has never been found in the resin or plant material of the opium poppy.  Therefor it can tap dance all around the god damn universe, it has never been and will never be an opiate.  This is so simple it's making me want to blow my brains out.  This is like black and white.  Heroin is not an alkaloid found in opium, therefor by definition it is not an opiate.  Diacetylmorphine != morphine, it can change into morphine all it wants, that doesn't make the original chemical change as well.  That is the nature of time.  Diacetylmorphine becoming morphine doesn't mean that it was morphine to begin with.  Now please, I've gone on way longer than was needed (hopefully).  So please just follow the rules of science and stop trying to call heroin an opiate.  In the next day or so I will remove the significant mentions of heroin from this article.  Along with the casual non encyclopedic tone.  Remember, addiction potential is non quantifiable.  Therefor, "highly addictive" is meaningless.  Unfortunately that's not all.  Remember, here on wikipedia you must cite sources for data such as this: "with as little as three days usage resulting in withdrawal symptoms when use is terminated".  Who says a physical dependence can form in as little as three days?  What dosages were used when this was tested?  Who were the test subjects?  Was a double blind conducted?  Without citing a source that provides this kind of information (and hopefully much much more) the claim that a physical dependence can form in three days is absolutely useless.  There is one more part that must be addressed (pretty much making the whole section a problem):
 * "The fact that heroin is so widely and destructively abused, however, has to date made the regulatory commissions of most countries loath to appear to give heroin any legitimacy by allowing any medical uses."
 * The first problem is the claim that heroin widely used, citing a source that had done a study on percentage of heroin users in a number of populations would provide far more information and provide credibility. The second is the implication that the majority of recreational heroin use is destructive.  Although not said directly it is implied.  The problem with an attempt to claim that the majority or even a significant amount of heroin use is destructive is that responsible users of heroin do not advertise there presence.  Due to its illegality in the majority of the world, it is only those who experience negative consequences from heroin use that are seen by the public, researchers, or law enforcement.  This makes any claim to destructive effects of heroin hard to defend without careful study.  Third, the use of the word abuse or abused does not reflect a NPOV.  It is far simpler to either say "use" or use one of those handy adjectives to change it to reflect a specific circumstance.  For example, "John buys one 20 bag of heroin a week.  On Friday night every week John uses his heroin.  Gary buys one 40 bag of heroin every day.  His heroin use has become problematic, he is now having trouble paying rent." Or "Kens destructive use of heroin has resulted in the loss of his car, apartment, and job."  Now we are simply describing what has happened rather than passing judgment.
 * Fourth and almost last. The use of the word loath is really tough to use in an encyclopedia.  To loath something is to dislike it to the highest degree.  To loath a person is to be hostile to every aspect of their being.  In some cases loath implies disgust, sometimes even a physical response to said disgust, such as nausea.  Loath is such a strong word that it is my opinion that the only accurate use of the word can be by the individual experiencing the loathing.  Using it to another parties reaction is almost impossible.  Finally (yes it's true), by claiming that the resistance to allowing medical use of heroin in many areas is due to a desire to avoid granting it "legitimacy" causes a whole host of problems.  First you must provide an area that said medical use provides legitimacy for.  Does it give legitimacy to its medical use?  If so, then any worry about granting legitimacy to its medical  use is unfounded, as the medical use would only occur if it did in fact have legitimate medical uses.  If the concern is that medical use will grant legitimacy to general use, how does either allowing or disallowing a particular use grant legitimacy?  It is the positive and negative effects that grant legitimacy, not simply public opinion or the opinion of a regulatory committee.  If one is examining recreational use, it has already attained legitimacy.  Legitimate is defined as "being exactly as purposed : neither spurious nor false".  So lets look at recreational use.  Is the recreational user using heroin for its enjoyable effects?  Yes, that is the definition of recreational use.  Therefor its purpose in that situation is to produce pleasure.  Making its use legitimate.

 * SO! If you subject yourself to reading this entire diatribe I hope that it is clear now why heroin is not an opi opiates.

 * Should someone choose to return this article to its previous state I fear that this must be taken to the higher authorities. It does NOT matter what you believe heroin should be classified as.  The fact of the matter is that under the rules established by the scientific and medical communities for the classification of compounds as either opiates, opioids, semi-synthetic opioids, or fully synthetic opioids; heroin IS NOT AN OPIATE.  Wikipedia is not for opinion it is for fact.

Foolishben 08:33, 27 September 2007 (UTC)

 * I'm sorry to say there is yet another problem that was not addressed. This claim made in the Overview: "Codeine, morphine and heroin metabolites are so similar, that it is impossible to distinguish whether heroin, codeine or morphine has been taken when low concentrations of opioids are found in the urine.", is completely false.  Heroin is metabolized into 3-monoacetylmorphine and morphine, codeine is metabolized into morphine.  The only reason morphine or codeine could not be distinguished from heroin is that the amounts used were to small for a measurable amount of 3-MAM to be present in the test subjects urine.  This cannot be used to support the false claim that heroin is for all intents and purposes identical to morphine, or that heroin is an opiate.  Science has ruled.  HEROIN IS NOT AN OPIATE.  Stop messing with this page.

I just edited the Overview section rather heavily, which was necessary due to typos and general unreadability. I also took pains to distinguish between naturally occurring OPIATES and synthetic OPIODS. It appears that some who have edited this page assume that their own use of the substances in question makes them authorities, which they clearly are not. I believe that most editors who are concerned with medical and scientific accuracy in this article will find my edits to be satisfactory. And, one final suggestion: we should leave the discussion of the precise metabolic pathway heroin takes upon administration to the heroin page and agree to abide by the established conventions for distinguishing between natural and synthetic opium products. R0m23 (talk) 21:35, 29 May 2008 (UTC)

This is an old discussion, but what none of the people in this discussion do is CITE THEIR SOURCES. I'm perfectly willing to accept that heroin is not an opiate, but for God's sake CITE!!! I'm not even clear about whether opiates are a subset of opioids or vice versa, or if they are two entirely separate classifications. Foolishben in particular is ranting and raving about this with no appeal to authority other than his own. I'm not going to contact him now as I'm not making any changes, but please people, in the future, back up what you say with references. They can even be incorrect!!! Just something other than "I say it's scientific, so it's authoritative." Cuvtixo (talk) 15:01, 1 April 2017 (UTC)

 * Bumping this one too. I hope everyone gets a notification
 * Also see my talk entry about disambiguation whether you agree with me or not, please. Opiates and opioids are both dufferent to one another like night and day. W;ChangingUsername (talk) 19:15, 1 June 2024 (UTC)
 * And for Citation
 * I'm not going to double check, because Wikipedia is so sketchy in this group. But @TheGoodSon @Galaxiaad were talking, and @Thegoodson
 * And galax cites a source. I think the actual Heroin page, or at least 6-Monoacetylmorphine Links one to the other as a metabolite of morphine or heroin (goodsons argument). 6MAM is an opioid - it isn't a natural opiate, it has to be created or treated in specific conditions. The body does that - it treats it - to acetylate it like you do to morphine to make heroin. Or to opium. But the in vivo transformation of the opiate (morphine) or 'opioid' heroin to 6MAM doesn't make 6MAM a natural product.
 * Im not saying 'natural' as a way to change any minds. I mean to say the point i am trying to explain (without sources linked) is that you CAN get morphine, CAN get codeine (and codeinone, papaverine) from opium by way of extraction, but heroin is then made by treating (so isnt natural, is a semi synthetic) the opium constitutes, which CANNOT contain heroin. Also, morphine CAN'T be fully synthesised yet. But when it is, it will still probably be an opiate, because it xomes from Opium or poppy then opium, which heroin could not. It couldn't never cannot not W;ChangingUsername (talk) 19:27, 1 June 2024 (UTC)

And for 6MAM, a poppy could probably be put into a situation where it does treat the position (without the other) by switching the pathways around, or something. Adding this comment because a good source for the article is biochemistry- papaver somniferum.W;ChangingUsername (talk) 19:27, 1 June 2024 (UTC)

 * And for heroin: it is an opioid (YouTube) W;ChangingUsername (talk) 19:39, 10 June 2024 (UTC)

Reference 6 does not support statement about morphine-induced pulmonary edema
Statement: "Although uncommon, reports of morphine-induced pulmonary edema are not unheard of.[6]" Reference 6: Wang WS, Chiou TJ, Hsieh RK, Liu JH, Yen CC, Chen PM (Oct 1997). "Lethal acute pulmonary edema following intravenous naloxone in a patient received unrelated bone marrow transplantation". Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi (Taipei) 60 (4): 219–23. .

Reference 6 does not support statement about morphine-induced pulmonary edema. Instead, reference 6 is about naloxone-induced pulmonary edema.

-- Meesther

Clarification with regard to thebaine
While thebaine is indeed a minor component of opium, this compound is not primarily obtained from opium but from P. bracteatum or more recently from special cultivars of P. somniferum for legal extraction directly from plant biomass. I needed to clarify this, since thebaine does not participate in the narcotic effect of opium, and is not a main constituent thereof. Since, these are potent pharmacological agents under international control, correct statements are imperative to avoid confusion and misinterpretations. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Osterluzei (talk • contribs) 02:03, 13 February 2011 (UTC)

Clairification
Thebaine is one of the alkaloids present in opium. The relative amount, or usual commercial source, is irrelevant. It is, has been, and always be an opiate. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.73.1.89 (talk) 06:18, 23 April 2013 (UTC)

Copyright problems
This article was tagged for copy-paste concerns. Evaluation shows that content entered in May 2007 duplicates content from poppies.org which is, unfortunately, not compatibly licensed with Wikipedia (see their terms of service). Other content added by this contributor may need to be checked for copying. Any assistance in rewriting the article to remove this material by interested editors would be much appreciated, since otherwise it may simply need to be excised. --Moonriddengirl (talk) 00:42, 11 March 2012 (UTC)

Article could use a major overhaul
This article is in sorry shape. The article does not even mention the cardinal effects of opiates (euphoria, analgesia, sedation, resp. depression etc.); the bulk of the content is contained in the section about individual alkaloids and is often not even relevant, eg. the first thing noted about morphine is that it does not cause pulmonary edema as often as heroin. This is true but hardly the first thing worth noting abour morphine ("Morphine is the principle active in opium, and is the gold standard by which all other narcotics are measured" would be a good one, etc.).

This is a fairly important article given the crucial importance of opiates in medicine; by comparison, look at Morphine! That article arguably has more information about opiates in general in it than this article does itself! IforgotAboutSemiProtection (talk) 00:48, 30 June 2012 (UTC)

 * Opioid is pretty thorough. Maybe that's what you're looking for?CrocodilesAreForWimps (talk) 04:37, 13 February 2013 (UTC)

As above... Conflicting definitions of opioid.
It appears that you folks are aware of the conflicting definitions of opioid here and in the opioid article. Here opioids include opiates; there opioids are exclusive of opiates. Here morphine is an opioid; there morphine isn't an opioid. Both definitions exist as do editors' opinions. Neither definition is wrong. However Wikipedia needs to settle on a consistent definition. I learned the inclusive definition but the exclusive definition might reduce ambiguity. Nonetheless I believe the most common accepted use needs to be considered.

I sense the editors here and there may be as different as the definitions. This central issue needs to be discussed and here and at the opioid article talk page and resolved by a common consensus. To use a bad pun, you need to get on the same page. Box73 (talk) 11:26, 4 October 2015 (UTC)

 * I address this under the Heroin section of this Talk page. I think it worthwhile to repeat CITE YOUR SOURCES! Right here on the Talk page. The common accepted use isn't really an issue to discuss at this point, because editors are bickering over these definitions with no references here. If we have conflicting definitions that are cited, we can then debate which source is more authoritative. And this doesn't include arguing that one definition is more "scientific". That's a moot point if you don't have a citation. Cuvtixo (talk) 15:08, 1 April 2017 (UTC)
 * Winnner! Just found a good one on the Opioid page. Hemmings, Hugh C.; Egan, Talmage D. (2013). Pharmacology and Physiology for Anesthesia: Foundations and Clinical Application: Expert Consult - Online and Print. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 253. ISBN 1437716792. "Opiate is the older term classically used in pharmacology to mean a drug derived from opium. Opioid, a more modern term, is used to designate all substances, both natural and synthetic, that bind to opioid receptors (including antagonists).

Okay, I looked at the Opioid page and judged it to be more authoritative, and newer, citing scientific publications rather than just a definition from an online dictionary. As well changing the introduction I find the former definition differentiating passage here confusing as well as too lecturing or chastising in tone. Note a big problem there, although a scientific book is cited, is that it extensively defines "opioid", when this article is about "opiates", which are simply a subset of opioids, as admitted to in the passage. Several not-opiate opioids are mentioned and linked to articles. Such definitions should be moved to Opioid, rather than reverting here, or included in a new article about Synthetic and/or Semisynthetic Opioids. If it simply defined opiates further there would be no issue. Cuvtixo (talk) 15:54, 1 April 2017 (UTC) For clarification: apparently "opioid" used to strictly be synthetic chemicals not derived (or directly derived) from opium. Opiate was for those that were derived from opium. There were (and still are) differences of opinion whether "semi-synthetic" substances like heroin should belong to one or the other category. Recently, it seems opioid is being used for all; derived from poppies, semi-synthetic and synthetic. https://www.naabt.org/education/opiates_opioids.cfm Opiates are drugs derived from opium. At one time "opioids" referred to synthetic opiates only (drugs created to emulate opium, however different chemically). Now the term Opioid is used for the entire family of opiates including natural, synthetic and semi-synthetic. http://detoxanswers.com/.../opiate-vs-opioid-what-is-the-difference-between-opiate-and-opi... Sep 5, 2016 - An opiate is a substance derived from the poppy plant (which contains opium). Opiates are sometimes called "natural" since the active ... http://opium.com/derivatives/opiate-vs-opioid-whats-difference/ Opiate vs. Opioid. Opiates or opiate drugs originate from naturally-occurring alkaloids found in the opium poppy plant. ... Opiate drug types include heroin, opium, morphine and codeine. Both opiates and opioids are in some way derived from opium. Cuvtixo (talk) 16:50, 1 April 2017 (UTC)

Proposed edits
https://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/FamilyIntroductionForward?familyId=50 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3799236/ RessoC (talk) 20:03, 16 October 2019 (UTC) RessoC (talk) 05:10, 16 October 2019 (UTC) Jcoloso (talk) 22:42, 16 October 2019 (UTC)
 * I think this article also needs to incorporate more of the history of opiates in its introduction before it starts talking about opiate abuse. Something like "Opiates have long been used for a variety of medical conditions with evidence of opiate trade and use for pain relief as early as the eighth century AD." https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC46725/pdf/pnas01469-0022.pdf
 * I believe it would be a good idea to briefly touch on what receptors opiates act on and how that relates to the physiological effects. I would add a physiological effect section after the esters of morphine section, including the main opioid receptors: mu (μ), delta (δ), Kappa (κ) and NOP. Mu is involved in the pain and analgesia pathways that opiates are used for and associated with. Other clinically important roles of mu are its involvement in respiratory and cardiovascular functions, gastrointestinal peristalsis, feeding, and mood. I don't think that too much further information is needed as long as we would like to link these to their respective Wikipedia pages.
 * It would be helpful to cover opiates and their medical uses today, and its potential for dependence and abuse. I would like to add a section for Opiate Use and Abuse with some statistics such as "In 2016, the World Health Organization reported that 27 million people suffer from opioid abuse disorder. WHO also reported that in 2015, 450,000 people died as a result of drug use, with between a third and a half attributed to opioids." https://www.who.int/substance_abuse/information-sheet/en/
 * As mentioned above, I believe this article would benefit from including historical background of opiates, including the isolation of opium's active ingredient by Friedrich Sertürner in 1806 and of codeine years later. Exploring the historical background of opiates as medicine can highlight how scientists attempted to mitigate unwanted side effects and ultimately progressed to fully synthetic opioids. Additionally, it would be helpful to include how naturally derived opiates were used in cultures of antiquity for healing and religious purposes. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC46725/

FNguyen3 (talk) 07:18, 17 October 2019 (UTC)
 * I think it would be helpful to add a section talking about general characteristics as well as side effects of opiates & the addiction to them.
 * It would also be useful to talk about sites of opioid action such as them inhibiting glutamate & Substance P neurons in the dorsal horn & thalamus for the ascending pathway & the blockage of GABAergic inhibitory neurons in the midbrain & medulla of the descending pathway.
 * In the introduction when it talks about the statistics of opioid use recreationally, I would also add the death toll associated with them. 2014: 47,000 deaths

EOh92 (talk) 16:52, 17 October 2019 (UTC)
 * It would be helpful to expand the mechanism of action of the opiates, as well as their structure activity relationships. Although the chemical structures of morphine and codeine exist, I would propose to speak on how the variability in opiate structures give rise to their different profiles (pharmacokinetics, etc.) A useful source would be: https://www-ncbi-nlm-nih-gov.ucsf.idm.oclc.org/pubmed/12643945
 * Another edit that would be beneficial would be to expand on the metabolites of various opiates, as codeine itself is only a prodrug. Currently, the subsection "Esters of Morphine" exist, but I would expand this section to include other opiate metabolites. https://www-ncbi-nlm-nih-gov.ucsf.idm.oclc.org/pubmed/9061094

Peer Reviews
Part 1

 * I thought Group 12 did a great job in adding more historical context to opiates stating how long they have been around and their role in pain relief. I think this provides a brief background before diving into the abuse potential of the drug. I also think it was valuable that the group members added a section covering the mechanism of action. I think this is vital to understanding the potential for opioid abuse and current epidemic. Adding the pharmacology information also further explains why side effects of opiates occur and how it may lead to respiratory depression and significant deaths. Julie.dao (talk) 21:42, 6 November 2019 (UTC)Julie

Part 2

 * I think the draft submission reflect a neutral point of view because Group 12 added factual information on the mechanism of action. No opinions were stated. Julie.dao (talk) 21:42, 6 November 2019 (UTC)Julie

Part 1
 * The group’s edits substantially improve the article. The group strengthened the lead section by discussing the history of opioid use and then updating statistics on opioid deaths using a variety of reliable neutral sources (WHO, CDC, peer-reviewed articles). Large amounts of clinically and scientifically useful information were added to multiple sections of the article, from the addition of various opioid metabolites besides morphine to side effects, to pharmacology and pharmaceutical chemistry, to contraindications, and risk factors for abuse. They cited reputable sources and summarized accordingly.
 * Yes, the group has achieved its goals for improvement. The addition of brief information about the history of opioid use and updated information about opioid deaths, plus the pharmacology information, helped make the article feel more complete and balanced, rather than leaning far too much towards general information or scientific. I remember structure-activity relationships were mentioned in the proposed edits and didn’t see any edits regarding those, but so much else has been done by all group members to greatly improve the article.

Part 2
 * For the most part much of the information has been properly paraphrased with plagiarism. I did notice the “Absolute Contraindications” followed the wording from the source a little closely, so perhaps some of the bullets can be paraphrased/re-worded in a similar way that the “Risk Factors for Prescription Abuse” section was. This is definitely challenging since a lot of this information is medical terminology that can’t always be altered much. You could also consider directly stating the source, like saying “Those with the following conditions, as stated by [source], should not be using opioids:” I liked that the sentence in the lead about the history of opioids was an overarching summary of the cited article on opioid history, and I like that the statistics from the WHO information sheet were creatively cited (instead of saying 160,000 deaths of 450,000, the sentence said “a third”). The pharmacology information was also well-cited, such as the morphine section, which paraphrased a lot of the scientific information from the article. DangNathanCP133 (talk) 04:25, 7 November 2019 (UTC)

The style of these edits is aligned with Wikipedia's manual of style. There is no apparent bias in any of the added/altered content. I appreciate the use of bullet points for listing items such as contraindications and risk factors. It is not entirely clear that the citation for each bullet point is tied to the original citation, might be worth citing for each bullet.Kyle.merchant (talk) 23:42, 6 November 2019 (UTC)

Part 1 The group's work definitely provides substantial additions to the topic of opiate, as they were able to expand on morphine, hydromorphone and oxymorphone pharmacokinetics, as well as opiate indication, complications, pharmacology, contraindications and risk factors. They were able to execute their proposed edits and provide a more holistic understanding of opiates and their use and misuse in humans. I would suggest in the opiate complications and side effects section, to amend the sentence starting with, "Those addicted to opiates will prioritize acquiring these drugs over other activities..." to instead incorporate more of a factual sentence with citation on the effects opiates have on professional and personal relationships. Overall, the group has done an outstanding job of achieving its goal of expanding on the opiate wiki page.

Part 2 Yes the points are verifiable with secondary sources that are accessible. There are a few points, however, that do not have citations at the end of the sentence/paragraph and I am wondering if those are a part of the previously mentioned citation or are missing a citation. For instance, the sentence that starts with "the majority of opioid receptors are u receptors (more than 70%)..." doesn't have a citation, nor does the sentence starting with "Less common side effects include: delayed gastric emptying, hyperalgesia...". All other points are verifiable. Fmsiddiqui93 (talk) 01:46, 7 November 2019 (UTC)

Not to be confused by
I think the page should be disambiguated ag the top "not to be confused by" tag to Opioid and also Opium as the editor is confusing that too. W;ChangingUsername (talk) 18:52, 1 June 2024 (UTC)

 * Example i tried to make, for the three (including opium) tye box:

(talk) 19:03, 1 June 2024 (UTC)

 * W;ChangingUsername (talk) 19:37, 10 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Opiate