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Mary Higgins Clark

Mary Higgins Clark (born Mary Theresa Eleanor Higgins; December 24, 1927 – January 31, 2020) was an American author of suspense novels. Each of her 51 books was a bestseller in the United States and various European countries, and all of her novels remained in print, with her debut suspense novel, Where Are the Children?, in its 75th printing.

Higgins Clark began writing at an early age. After several years working as a secretary and copy editor, she spent a year as a stewardess for Pan-American Airlines before leaving to marry and start a family. She supplemented the family's income by writing short stories. After her husband died in 1964, Higgins Clark worked for many years writing four-minute radio scripts until her agent persuaded her to try writing novels. Her debut novel, a fictionalized account of the life of George Washington, did not sell well, and she decided to exploit her love of mystery/suspense novels. Her suspense novels became very popular, and have sold more than 100 million copies in the United States alone. Her former daughter-in-law Mary Jane Clark is also a writer, as was her daughter Carol Higgins Clark.

Early life
Mary Theresa Eleanor Higgins was born on Christmas Eve 1927 ( some sources mistakenly cite 1929 as the year ). She was the second child and only daughter of Nora C. (Durkin) and Luke Joseph Higgins. Her father was an Irish immigrant, and her mother was American-born, also of Irish descent. The United States census gives her age in April 1940 as 12, which indicates her year of birth is 1927, as that was her age at her last birthday, the question asked by census enumerators.

She was born about a year and a half after the birth of her older brother, Joseph. Her younger brother John, followed three years later. Even as a small child, she was interested in writing; she composed her first poem at age seven and often crafted short plays for her friends to enact. She began keeping a journal when she was seven years old, noting in her first entry, "Nothing much happened today."

The family lived off the earnings from their Irish pub and were fairly well-off, owning a home in the Bronx and a summer cottage on Long Island Sound. Although the Great Depression began when Higgins Clark was still a baby, her family was initially not affected and even insisted on feeding the men who knocked on their door looking for work. By the time Higgins Clark was ten, however, the family began to experience financial trouble, as many of their customers were unable to pay the bar tabs they had run up. Higgins Clark's father was forced to lay off several employees and work longer hours, spending no more than a few hours at home each day. The family was thrown into further turmoil in 1939, when young Mary returned home from an early Mass to discover that her father had died in his sleep.

Nora Higgins, now a widow with three young children to support, soon discovered that few employers were willing to hire a 52-year-old woman who had not held a job in over fourteen years. To pay the bills, Higgins Clark was forced to move out of her bedroom so that her mother could rent it out to paying boarders. Six months after their father's death, Higgins Clark's older brother cut his foot on a piece of metal and contracted severe osteomyelitis. Higgins Clark and her mother prayed constantly for him, and their neighbors came en masse to give blood for the many transfusions the young boy needed. Despite the dire predictions of the doctors, Joseph Higgins survived. Higgins Clark credited his recovery to the power of their prayers.

When Higgins Clark graduated from Saint Francis Xavier Grammar School, she received a scholarship to continue her education at the Villa Maria Academy, a school run by the nuns of the Congregation de Notre Dame de Montreal. There, the principal and other teachers encouraged Higgins Clark to develop her writing, although they were somewhat less than pleased when she began spending her class time writing stories instead of paying attention to the lesson. At sixteen, Higgins Clark made her first attempt at publishing her work, sending an entry to True Confessions, which was rejected.

To help pay the bills, she worked as a switchboard operator at the Shelton Hotel, where she often listened in to the residents' conversations. In her memoir she recalls spending much time eavesdropping on Tennessee Williams but complained that he never said anything interesting. On her days off, Higgins Clark would window shop, mentally choosing the clothes she would wear when she finally became a famous writer.

Despite Higgins Clark's contribution to the family finances, the money her mother earned babysitting was not enough, and the family lost their house and moved into a small three-room apartment. When Joseph graduated from high school in 1944, he immediately enlisted in the Navy, both to serve his country during war and to help his mother pay her bills. Six months after his enlistment he contracted spinal meningitis and died. Although the family mourned Joseph's death deeply, as his dependent, Nora was guaranteed a life pension and no longer needed her daughter's help to pay the bills.

Early career
Soon after Joseph died, Higgins Clark graduated from high school and attended Wood Secretarial School on a partial scholarship. After completing her coursework the following year, she accepted a job as the secretary to the head of the creative department in the internal advertising division at Remington Rand. She soon enrolled in evening classes to learn more about advertising and promotion. Her growing skills, as well as her natural beauty, were noticed by her boss and others in the company, and her job was expanded to include writing catalog copy (alongside future novelist Joseph Heller) and to model for the company brochures with a then unknown Grace Kelly.

Although she enjoyed her job, Higgins Clark's imagination was sparked by an acquaintance's casual comment, "God, it was beastly hot in Calcutta." Inspired to become a flight attendant like her acquaintance, Higgins Clark underwent rigorous interviews to earn a position as a flight attendant (then known as stewardess) for Pan American Airlines, making five dollars less a week than in her secretarial job. Her supervisor at Remington Rand hosted a goodbye dinner for her, and Higgins Clark invited her neighbor, Warren Clark, whom she had admired for years, to be her date. By the end of the evening Warren Clark had informed her that he thought she should work as a stewardess for a year, and then they should be married the following Christmas. Higgins Clark accepted the somewhat unorthodox proposal.

For most of 1949, she worked the Pan Am international flights, traveling through Europe, Africa, and Asia. One of her flights became the last flight allowed into Czechoslovakia before the Iron Curtain fell. On another of her flights, Higgins Clark escorted a four-year-old orphan down the steps of the airplane into the waiting arms of her adoptive mother, a scene that was heavily televised.

At the end of her year of flying, on December 26, 1949, Higgins Clark happily gave up her career to marry Warren Clark. To occupy herself, she began taking writing courses at NYU and, with some of her classmates, formed a writing workshop in which the members would critique each other's works-in-progress. The workshop, which persisted for almost forty years, met weekly. At each meeting two members would have twenty minutes each to present their latest work. The other members would then have three minutes each to offer constructive criticism.

One of her professors at NYU told the class they should develop plot ideas by reading newspapers and asking themselves prompts such as, "Suppose...?" and "What if...?" She has said that she still gets many of her ideas by utilizing said prompts, along with "Why?". For her first NYU writing assignment she used this method to expand her own experiences into a short story called "Stowaway" about a stewardess who finds a stowaway from Czechoslovakia on her plane. Although her professor offered high praise for the story, Higgins Clark was continually frustrated in her attempts to find a publisher. Finally, in 1956, after six years and forty rejections, Extension Magazine agreed to purchase the story for $100.

While those six years were devoid of professional milestones, on a personal level Higgins Clark and her husband were very busy. Their first child, Marilyn, was born nine months after their wedding, with Warren Jr. arriving thirteen months later. A third child, David, was born two years after his brother. Two months after Higgins Clark's short story sold, the fourth baby made her appearance and was promptly named Carol, after the heroine in her mother's story. After selling that first short story, Higgins Clark began regularly finding homes for her works. Through the writer's workshop she met an agent, Patricia Schartle Myrer, who represented Higgins Clark for twenty years until her retirement. They became such good friends that Higgins Clark named her fifth and last child for her. While Warren worked and Higgins Clark wrote, they encouraged their children to find ways to earn money as well, with all five children eventually taking professional acting and modeling jobs. Young Patty served as a Gerber Baby, while David was featured in a national United Way ad. Higgins Clark herself filmed a television commercial for Fab laundry detergent. The commercial, which aired during the I Love Lucy show, earned her enough money that she and Warren were able to take a trip to Hawaii.

In 1959, Warren Clark was diagnosed with severe angina, and, although he curtailed his activities on his doctor's order, he suffered three heart attacks within the next five years, each time returning from the hospital in poorer health. After the last heart attack in 1964, they felt that Warren would be unable to work again, so Higgins Clark called a friend who wrote scripts for radio shows to see if there were any job openings. The day that she accepted a job writing the radio segment "Portrait of a Patriot," Warren suffered a fatal heart attack. His mother, who was visiting at the time, collapsed dead at his bedside upon discovering that he had died. In one night, Higgins Clark lost both her husband and her mother-in-law.

Aspire to the Heavens
Higgins Clark's initial contract to be a radio scriptwriter obligated her to write 65 four-minute programs for the "Portrait of a Patriot" series. Her work was good enough that she was soon asked to write two other radio series. This experience of fitting an entire sketch into four minutes taught Higgins Clark how to write cleanly and succinctly, traits that are incredibly important to a suspense novel, which must advance the plot with every paragraph. Despite the security offered by her new job, money was tight in the beginning as she strove to raise five children aged five to thirteen alone. For their first Christmas without Warren, Higgins Clark's only gifts to her children were personalized poems describing the things she wished she could have purchased for them.

By the late 1960s, the short story market had collapsed. The Saturday Evening Post, which in 1960 named Higgins Clark's short story "Beauty Contest at Buckingham" one of their ten best of the year, was in serious financial straits and had decided to stop publishing fiction, and many of the popular women's magazines were also dropping or cutting back on fiction, focusing on self-help articles instead. Because her short stories were no longer able to find a publisher, Higgins Clark's agent suggested that she try writing a full-length novel. Using her research and experience with the Portraits of a Patriot series, Higgins Clark spent the next three years writing a fictionalized account of the relationship between George and Martha Washington, Aspire to the Heavens. It is about George Washington and the love for his house. Although it was sold for only a small advance, its acceptance gave Higgins Clark confidence that she could indeed finish a full-length book and find a publisher. The novel "was remaindered as it came off the press," and, to make matters worse, four months after the publication of the novel, Mary's mother, Nora, died.

To ensure that her children would not have to struggle financially, Higgins Clark was determined that they should have good educations. To provide a good example she entered Fordham University at Lincoln Center in 1971, graduating summa cum laude in 1979, with a BA in philosophy. Her children followed her example. The two eldest, Marilyn and Warren, have become judges, and Patty works at the Mercantile Exchange in New York City. David is the president and CEO of Talk Marketing Enterprises, Inc, and Carol has authored many popular suspense novels.

During this time Higgins Clark became increasingly frustrated with her employer, and, although two of her children were partially dependent on her for their college tuition, she quit her job and joined two of her former colleagues in forming their own company to write and market radio scripts. To scrape up the $5000 she needed to start the business, Higgins Clark was forced to pawn her engagement ring, and, for the eight months it took the company to become profitable, she did not receive a salary, further straining the family finances.

Higgins Clark continued writing even during these hard times.

Suspense genre
Encouraged by her agent to try writing another book, Higgins Clark returned to the suspense stories that she loved as a child, which had provided her first success as a short story writer. While she was in the midst of writing the story, her younger brother Johnny died, leaving her the sole surviving member of her family. To temporarily forget her heartache, Higgins Clark threw herself into her writing, and soon finished the novel. Very quickly after the novel, Where are the Children? was completed, Simon & Schuster agreed to purchase it for the relatively small sum of $3000. Three months later, in July 1974, Higgins Clark received word that the paperback rights for the novel had sold for one hundred thousand dollars. For the first time in many years, she had no immediate financial worries. Where Are the Children? became a bestseller and was favorably reviewed. Two years after its publication Higgins Clark sold her second suspense novel for $1.5 million.

Since 2010, Paris-based La Sabotière have been producing a series of her crime novels as television films. Mary Higgins Clark crime novel anthology series was placed into development in October 2019 under a partnership between Montreal-based Reel One Entertainment, U.S. producer Element 8 Entertainment and La Sabotière. The first season is slated to be based on I’ll Be Seeing You and, attached as writer and executive producer is Ilene Rosenzweig.

Other writings
Higgins Clark's debut novel about George Washington, Aspire to the Heavens was retitled Mount Vernon Love Story and rereleased in 2002, the same year as her autobiography, Kitchen Privileges, which relied heavily on the journals she kept all of her life. In 2006, she announced that she would be fulfilling one of her dreams by publishing her first children's book. Ghost Ship was published by Simon & Schuster, who have published her suspense novels.

She wrote several Christmas-themed mystery novels with her daughter, Carol. Although popular with readers, some critics have complained that the books are of lesser quality because the tone is much lighter than her solo output.

Later life
Higgins Clark dated throughout her widowhood. She described her second marriage (1978–1986) to Raymond Ploetz as "disastrous" and had it annulled.

In 1996, she married John J. Conheeney after they were introduced by her daughter, Patty. Conheeney died at age 89 on October 8, 2018. He was the retired CEO of Merrill Lynch Futures. The couple lived in Saddle River, New Jersey. (Higgins Clark first moved to New Jersey in 1956 when she and her first husband bought a home in Washington Township, Bergen County, New Jersey.)

In 1981, Higgins Clark happened to be in Washington, D.C., the day President Ronald Reagan was shot. Because she had a press pass she was able to join the media waiting to hear the President's prognosis. When the doctor finally arrived to start the press conference, Higgins Clark was one of the few people chosen to ask a question.

In 2011, she served as the Grand Marshal of the New York City St. Patrick's Day Parade.

In addition to her residence in Saddle River, Higgins Clark owned homes in Manhattan, Dennis, Massachusetts, and Naples, Florida. She died in Naples on January 31, 2020, at the age of 92.

Popular reception
Higgins Clark had over 50 novels published, with millions of copies sold throughout the United States.

In 2001, the hardcover edition of Higgins Clark's On the Street Where You Live was Number One on the New York Times Hardcover Bestseller list at the same time that the paperback version of her novel Before I Say Good-bye reached Number One on the New York Times Paperback Bestseller list.

Her books have been bestsellers in France, and have earned her the distinction of being named a Chevalier of the Order of Arts and Letters in France in 2000. She has been honored in France with the Grand Prix de Littérature Policière (1980) and the Deauville Film Festival Literary Award (1999). She was awarded the AIHS Gold Medal from the American Irish Historical Society, which is awarded to an Irish-American or Irish-national of significant accomplishment.

Many of the books deal with crimes involving children or with telepathy.

While Higgins Clark was aware that many people claiming to be psychics behave fraudulently, she believed that she had met people with genuine ESP powers. Nora Higgins, on looking at a photo of her eighteen-year-old son in his brand new Navy dress blues told Mary that "He has death in his eyes", and the young man died shortly after. A psychic that Higgins Clark visited just as her second novel, Where Are the Children, was being published in paperback told her that she would become very famous and make a great deal of money. Although at the time she laughed off the prediction, the following week her novel reached the bestseller lists and she sold the movie rights shortly after, truly launching her career.

Critical reception
Higgins Clark won numerous awards for her writing. In addition to those previously referenced, she won the Horatio Alger Award (1997) and the Passionists' Ethics in Literature Award (2002), as well as the Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University Spirit of Achievement Award (1994) and the National Arts Club's Gold Medal in Education (1994). She was awarded eighteen honorary doctorates, including one from her alma mater, Fordham University. Her success was also recognized by groups representing her heritage. The American Irish Historical Society granted her the Gold Medal of Honor in 1993, and in 2001 she won the Ellis Island Medal of Honor. She was named a Bronx Legend (1999).

Mary Higgins Clark served as the Chairman of the International Crime Congress in 1988 and was the 1987 president of the Mystery Writers of America. For many years she served on the board of directors of the Mystery Writers of America. Simon & Schuster, which have published all of Higgins Clark's novels and in the late 1990s signed her to a $64-million, four-book contract, have funded the Mary Higgins Clark Award, given by the Mystery Writers of America to authors of suspense fiction. The announcement that an award would be given in her honor was made at the 55th Annual Edgar Allan Poe Awards, where Higgins Clark was inducted as a Grand Master.

Higgins Clark was made a Dame of the Order of St. Gregory the Great, and was honored as a Dame of Malta and a Dame of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre. The Franciscan Friars gave her a Graymoor Award (1999) and she was awarded a Christopher Life Achievement Award. She served as a board member for the Catholic Communal Fund and as a member of the Board of Governors at Hackensack Hospital.

Higgins Clark was inducted into the Irish America Hall of Fame in March 2011.

Fiction
Standalone Stories
 * 1968 Aspire to the Heavens (reissued in 2002 as Mount Vernon Love Story: A Novel of George and Martha Washington )
 * 1975 Where Are the Children?
 * 1977 A Stranger is Watching
 * 1980 The Cradle Will Fall
 * 1982 A Cry in the Night
 * 1984 Stillwatch
 * 1986 Murder in Manhattan (co-author Thomas Chastain)
 * 1987 Terror Stalks The Class Reunion (short story)
 * 1987 Murder On The Aisle (short story)
 * 1987 Weep No More, My Lady
 * 1988 Caribbean Blues
 * 1988 Double Vision (short story)
 * 1989 While My Pretty One Sleeps
 * 1989 That's The Ticket (short story, audio only)
 * 1989 The Anastasia Syndrome and Other Stories
 * 1989 The Lost Angel (short story, audio only)
 * 1990 Voices in the Coal Bin (short story, audio only with Carol Higgins Clark's That's the Ticket)
 * 1990 The Body in the Closet (short story, audio only)
 * 1991 Loves Music, Loves to Dance
 * 1992 All Around the Town
 * 1992 Missing in Manhattan (anthology)
 * 1993 I'll Be Seeing You
 * 1993 Death on the Cape and Other Stories
 * 1993 Stowaway and Milk Run (two stories)
 * 1994 Remember Me (large print edition)
 * 1995 Let Me Call You Sweetheart
 * 1995 Justice in Manhattan (anthology)
 * 1995 Silent Night
 * 1995 Bad Behavior
 * 1996 Moonlight Becomes You
 * 1996 Mother: Famous Writers Celebrate Motherhood with a Treasury of Short Stories, Essays, and Poems
 * 1996 My Gal Sunday
 * 1997 Pretend You Don't See Her
 * 1998 You Belong to Me
 * 1999 We'll Meet Again
 * 1999 The Night Awakens: A Mystery Writers of America Anthology
 * 1999 The Plot Thickens (editor)
 * 2000 Before I Say Good-bye
 * 2000 Deck The Halls
 * 2001 On the Street Where You Live
 * 2001 He Sees You When You're Sleeping
 * 2002 Daddy's Little Girl
 * 2002 Murder in the Family (anthology)
 * 2003 The Second Time Around
 * 2004 Nighttime Is My Time
 * 2005 No Place Like Home
 * 2006 Two Little Girls in Blue
 * 2007 Ghost Ship
 * 2007 I Heard That Song Before
 * 2008 Where Are You Now?
 * 2009 Just Take My Heart
 * 2010 The Shadow of Your Smile
 * 2011 The Magical Christmas Horse
 * 2011 I'll Walk Alone
 * 2012 The Lost Years
 * 2013 Daddy's Gone A Hunting
 * 2013 Plot Thickens (anthology)
 * 2015 The Melody Lingers On
 * 2016 Death Wears a Beauty Mask and Other Stories
 * 2016 As Time Goes By
 * 2017 All By Myself, Alone
 * 2018 I've Got My Eyes on You
 * 2019 Kiss the Girls and Make Them Cry

Alvirah and Willy series Focuses on Alvirah Meehan, a lottery winner, and her husband Willy, a plumber, as they solve many crimes and murders.
 * 1987 Weep No More, My Lady
 * 1992 Plumbing For Willy (short story, included in The Lottery Winner)
 * 1994 The Lottery Winner and Other Stories
 * 1998 All Through the Night
 * 2000 Deck the Halls (crossover with Carol's main protagonist Reagan Reilly)
 * 2004 The Christmas Thief And Other Stories (crossover with Carol's main protagonist Reagan Reilly)
 * 2006 Santa Cruise: A Holiday Mystery at Sea (crossover with Carol's main protagonist Reagan Reilly)
 * 2008 Dashing Through the Snow (crossover with Carol's main protagonist Reagan Reilly)

Under Suspicion series Focuses on Laurie Moran, producer on the television series "Under Suspicion", a documentary program which investigates unsolved cold cases.
 * 2014 I've Got You Under My Skin
 * 2014 The Cinderella Murder
 * 2015 All Dressed in White
 * 2016 The Sleeping Beauty Killer
 * 2017 Every Breath You Take
 * 2018 You Don't Own Me
 * 2020 Piece of My Heart

Non-fiction

 * 2001 Kitchen Privileges: A Memoir
 * 2002 Kitchen Privileges: A Memoir (Simon & Schuster Audiocassette Audiobook) (4 audiocassettes, approximately 5 hours running time) (Unabridged) ISBN 0-7435-2919-7. Read by the author.

Theatrical film adaptations

 * 1982: A Stranger Is Watching
 * 1986: Where Are the Children?

Selected television adaptations

 * 1983: The Cradle Will Fall
 * 1987: Stillwatch
 * 1992: Double Vision
 * 1992: Terror Stalks the Class Reunion
 * 1992: A Cry in the Night
 * 1992: Weep No More My Lady
 * 1995: Remember Me
 * 1997: Let Me Call You Sweetheart
 * 1997: While My Pretty One Sleeps
 * 1998: Moonlight Becomes You
 * 2001: Loves Music, Loves to Dance
 * 2002: You Belong to Me
 * 2002: Pretend You Don't See Her
 * 2002: Haven't We Met Before?
 * 2002: Lucky Day
 * 2002: All Around the Town (film)
 * 2002: We'll Meet Again
 * 2002: He Sees You When You're Sleeping
 * 2003: A Crime of Passion
 * 2003: Before I say Goodbye
 * 2004: I'll Be Seeing You
 * 2004: Try to Remember
 * 2004: The Cradle Will Fall
 * 2004: Try to Remember
 * 2011: Deck the Halls
 * 2013: The Mystery Cruise
 * 2013: Toi que j'aimais tant (Daddy's Little Girl )
 * 2014: My Gal Sunday
 * 2014: Où es-tu maintenant (Where Are You Now?)
 * 2014: Deux petites filles en bleu (Two Little Girls in Blue )
 * 2015: Souviens-toi (Remember Me )
 * 2015: La clinique du docteur H (The Cradle Will Fall )''
 * 2015: Les années perdues (The Lost Years )
 * 2018: Rien ne vaut la douceur du foyer (No Place like Home )
 * 2018: Ce que vivent les roses (Let Me Call You Sweetheart )

title: Mary Higgins Clark


text:
Talk:United States congressional committee

How are they selected?
Information on how committee members are selected would be good. Jack Waugh (talk) 16:33, 13 September 2013 (UTC)

Untitled
Someone do the whole magic and make a chart (I can't do it outside of FrontPage...) of the committees... frankly, they look somewhat ugly right now. ugen64 00:11, Feb 21, 2004 (UTC)
 * Just did that. How does it look? - sebmol 21:00, 31 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Old committees
In the House Rules Manual it gives some of the history of committees that I was considering adding. Should articles be put up under the name of former committees since abolished or should this information go under the present committees and redirects placed under the former names? PedanticallySpeaking 18:39, May 26, 2005 (UTC)

 * Renamed committee names, I think, should be mentioned in articles using their current names with redirects placed under the former names. There is currently a category, Category:U.S. Congressional historic committees, for some more info.—Mark Adler (markles)  13:26, 9 January 2006 (UTC)

Conference Committee
Should the Conference Committee be mentioned here? - TopAce 12:48, 9 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes! Tell us what you know.  If you can, put a link to it in Template:USCongressCommittees. (If you can't, put a note here and someone else will do it. —Mark Adler (markles)  13:26, 9 January 2006 (UTC)
 * I added the Conference Committee into this article. I must fix the link to its full article though. - TopAce 14:49, 9 January 2006 (UTC)

Other?
What is this type of committee listed--"Other", next to Standing and Select? Can someone define this because I don't know what it means and am inclined to delete it. Unschool 22:27, 21 May 2006 (UTC)

Qualification for membership
Are committee members all congressmen or can others join a committee as well? S Sepp 15:23, 10 June 2006 (UTC)
 * In the Senate, they are all senators. In the House, they are all members or non-voting delegates/resident commissioners.  Committees do, however, have paid staff who are not themselves congressmen. —Markles 16:42, 10 June 2006 (UTC)

My question: When a party has a majority of seats in either the House or the Senate, my understanding is they get to appoint all the committee chairs for that body. Do they also get a majority of members on each committee? In other words, when a party has a majority of members in the House or the Senate, does that mean they also control ALL the committees for that body, or just some? How does that work? The article didn't seem to address this. 69.230.76.135 (talk) 18:44, 4 October 2008 (UTC)
 * There is no hard and fast rule on make up of the individual committees, other than rules limiting size and who controls the chairman's gavel. The majority in the chamber controls who gets to chair every committee. Majority/minority ratios on the individual committees generally mirror the majority/minority ratio in the overall chamber. In the Senate, where the body is split 51-49, the Democrats chair the committees and have a one vote margin on most committees. Again there is no hard and fast rule on the split, so it would be hard to cover every possible organization in the article.DCmacnut < > 21:25, 4 October 2008 (UTC)

Upgrade in progress Sep 19 2010
I'm working with other editors to upgrade the main article United States Congress and will be adding material from the United States Congress/sandbox which is a proposed revamp which is too large and has extra material. See discussion on Talk:United States Congress if interested.--Tomwsulcer (talk) 01:25, 20 September 2010 (UTC)

Update: added about 3K of information from the sandbox. Only a mild copyedit in one or two places. Generally the lists here look in good shape. Originally it was in the article United States Congress which is undergoing a revamp. Please do not delete this added material without notifying us on the Talk:United States Congress page. It has been part of the main article for a while and may get deleted there, so any deletions here may possibly mean there are no more copies of it in either location.--Tomwsulcer (talk) 01:59, 20 September 2010 (UTC)

Explanation of edits
Figured more space could help me explain my edits better. Hope it isnt a wiki faux pas.

Removed the 1761 date in the lede. From: Since 1761 the growing autonomy of committees has fragmented the power of each congressional chamber as a unit.

Congress did not exist then as far as I can tell. If there were committees under the Articles of Confederation then maybe It could be said but still likely a distinct government considering how different it was. Additionally later on the article says:The first House committee was appointed on April 2, 1789.

Removed the without doubt and changed it to possibly. From: This dispersion of power has,without doubt, weakened the Legislative Branch relative to the other branches of the federal government, i.e., the Executive Branch, the courts, and the bureaucracy

It was a statement of fact but was actually an opinion. I can certainly see a reasonable person believing that the specialization that committees offer allow Congress to function with additional strength rather than weaker. Further it was not cited(tempting to remove it completely but hell maybe this is a popular "well known" position on the subject. i don't know the subject that well.) but even if it was it should be attributed to one person rather than put out as a statement of fact and probably not in the lede.

Removed the bureaucracy From: This dispersion of power has possibly weakened the Legislative Branch relative to the other branches of the federal government, i.e., the Executive Branch, the courts, and the bureaucracy

Any bureaucracy is inherently part of one of the three branches power. They can also rescind such power at will. Example is say FDA. It is part of Executive and its power was delegated by Congress. Congress can also rescind it's powers. If I make other edits to the article I will use the short summery function unless it is too short.

Finally while I state things here sounding like I am absolutely correct I make plenty of mistakes and if you disagree I respect that. Please feel free to tell me why. Winfredtheforth (talk) 02:54, 7 October 2013 (UTC)

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text:
Philip de László

Philip Alexius László de Lombos (born Fülöp Laub;  Fülöp Elek László; 30 April 1869 – 22 November 1937), known professionally as Philip de László, was an Anglo-Hungarian painter known particularly for his portraits of royal and aristocratic personages. In 1900, he married the Anglo-Irish socialite Lucy Guinness, and he became a British subject in 1914. László's patrons awarded him numerous honours and medals. He was invested with the Royal Victorian Order by Edward VII in 1909 and, in 1912, he was ennobled by Franz Joseph I of Austria; becoming a part of the Hungarian nobility.

Early life
László was born in seemingly humble circumstances in Pest as Fülöp Laub, the eldest son of Adolf and Johanna Laub, a tailor and seamstress of Jewish origin. Fülöp and his younger brother Marczi changed their surname to László in 1891.

He was apprenticed at an early age to a photographer while studying art, eventually earning a place at the National Academy of Art, where he studied under Bertalan Székely and Károly Lotz. He followed this with studies in Munich and Paris. László's portrait of Pope Leo XIII earned him a Grand Gold Medal at the Paris International Exhibition in 1900. In 1903, László moved from Budapest to Vienna. In 1907, he moved to England and remained based in London for the remainder of his life, although endlessly travelling the world to fulfil commissions.

Personal life
In 1900, László married Lucy Madeleine Guinness, a member of the banking branch of the Guinness family and a sister of Henry Guinness. They had first met in Munich in 1892, but for some years had been forbidden to see each other. The couple had six children and 17 grandchildren.

László became interested in Catholicism as a young man, probably through his friendship with the Valentins, an elderly Bavarian couple. He was baptised into the Catholic Church in 1894 ... "he never worshipped regularly but read the Bible and was a firm believer in God and the Christian story". His faith was especially strengthened by his visit to the Vatican in 1900, where he met and painted the aging Pope Leo XIII. László converted to Anglicanism upon his marriage, and his children were raised as Protestants. At a lecture to the Fisher Society in 1934, he said "I believe that to worship nature is a religious duty. I see in nature the fullest revelation of the Divinity, and my faith is that only by acceptance of this revelation and by striving to realise it in all its perfection can I prove my worship to be sincere".

Later life
László's patrons awarded him numerous honours and medals. In July 1909, he was appointed Member of the Royal Victorian Order (MVO) by Edward VII. In 1912, he was ennobled by King Franz Joseph of Hungary; his surname then became "László de Lombos", but he soon was using the name "de László".

Despite his British citizenship, his marriage and five British citizen sons, de László was interned for over twelve months in 1917 and 1918 during the First World War, accused of making contact with the enemy (he had written letters to family members in Austria). He was released on grounds of ill health, and exonerated in June 1919.

De László suffered heart problems for the last years of his life. In October 1937, he had a heart attack and died a month later at his home, Hyme House, in Fitzjohns Avenue, Hampstead, London. His work was part of the painting event in the art competition at the 1932 Summer Olympics.

In 1939, ''Portrait of a Painter. The Authorized Life of Philip de László'' by Owen Rutter, written in conjunction with de László, was published. In 2010, Yale University Press published De László, His Life and Art by Duff Hart-Davis and Dr. Caroline Corbeau-Parsons. His reputation still remains largely as a society portrait painter, but well numbered amongst his sitters were industrialists and scientists, politicians and painters, men and women of letters and many other eminent, as well as ordinary, people. Family members and a team of editors are compiling a catalogue raisonné www.delaszlocatalogueraisonne.com published online and in progress. His oeuvre currently numbers almost 4,000 works, including drawings.

Subjects
Portraits painted by László include the following individuals:

 * Count Albert Apponyi (1897, 1930)
 * Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria (1899)
 * Empress Elizabeth of Austria (posthumous, 1899)
 * Arthur Balfour (1908, 1914)
 * Count Leopold Berchtold (1907)
 * George Bell, Bishop of Chichester (1931)
 * Sir Henry Birchenough (1926)
 * Sir Ernest Cassel (1900)
 * Count and Countess Jean de Castellane (1899)
 * Robin Vane-Tempest-Stewart, 8th Marquess of Londonderry (1911)
 * Lady Castlereagh (later Edith, Marchioness of Londonderry; 1913, 1918, 1927)
 * William Cavendish-Bentinck, 6th Duke of Portland (1912)
 * Sir Austen Chamberlain (1920)
 * Elisabeth, Duchess of Clermont-Tonnerre (1902)
 * U.S. President Calvin Coolidge (1926)
 * George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston (former Earl Curzon of Kedleston; 1913)
 * Grace Curzon, Marchioness Curzon of Kedleston (1916)
 * Randall Davidson, Archbishop of Canterbury (1926)
 * George Claridge Druce, British botanist (1931)
 * Sir Alfred East (1907)
 * William II, German Emperor (1908)
 * Augusta Victoria, German Empress and Queen of Prussia (1899, 1908)
 * Cecilie, German Crown Princess (1908)
 * Princess Charlotte, Duchess of Saxe-Meiningen (1899)
 * Bernhard III, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen (1899)
 * Catherine, Baroness d'Erlanger (1899)
 * Margaret Eustis Finley (1932)
 * Georg von und zu Franckenstein (1925)
 * The Duke and Duchess of Gramont (1902)
 * Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark (1913)
 * Princess Andrew of Greece (born Princess Alice of Battenberg; 1907, 1922)
 * King Constantine I of Greece (1914)
 * Princess Nicholas of Greece (former Grand Duchess Elena Vladimirovna of Russia; 1922)
 * Queen Olga of Greece (1914)
 * Princess Cecilie of Greece and Denmark (1914)
 * Princess Anastasia of Greece and Denmark (1915)
 * Prince Christopher of Greece and Denmark (1919)
 * Princess George of Greece and Denmark (1921)
 * Princess Olga of Greece and Denmark (1922)
 * Elisabeth, Queen of Greece (1924, 1925)
 * Princess Margarita of Greece and Denmark (1928)
 * Princess Theodora of Greece and Denmark (1928)
 * Princess Irene, Duchess of Aosta (1931)
 * The Archimandrite Gregorius (1894)
 * Lucy Guinness (Philip de László's future wife; 1901, 1902, 1918, 1919 and 1936)
 * Prince Chlodwig zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst (1899)
 * Charles Holme (1928)
 * Joseph Joachim (1903)
 * Hudson Kearley, 1st Viscount Devonport (1914)
 * Arnold Keppel, 8th Earl of Albemarle (1916)
 * Jan Kubelik (1903)
 * Cosmo Gordon Lang, Archbishop of Canterbury (1932, 1933)
 * Johnny de László (Philip de László's youngest son; 1919)
 * Stephen and Paul de László (his sons, 1910)
 * Pope Leo XIII (1900)
 * Lord Leverhulme (1926)
 * James Lowther, 1st Viscount Ullswater (1907)
 * Earl and Countess of Mansfield (separately) (Earl 1930, Countess 1927)
 * James Robert Dundas McEwen (1915)
 * Mary Frances Dundas McEwen (1913 or 1914)
 * Andrew W. Mellon (1931)
 * Baroness Conrad de Meyendorff (born Nadine Vladimimova Louguinine)
 * Lord and Lady Minto (1912)
 * Princess Charlotte of Monaco (1928)
 * Prince Louis II of Monaco (1928)
 * Jeanne de Montagnac, Madame Maximilian von Jaunez (1909, 1911, 1914)
 * Louis Mountbatten, 1st Marquess of Milford Haven (1910, 1914; when Prince Louis of Battenberg)
 * Edwina Mountbatten, Countess Mountbatten of Burma (1923, 1924; former Lady Louis Mountbatten)
 * Victoria Mountbatten, Marchioness of Milford Haven (born Princess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhine; 1923)
 * George Mountbatten, 2nd Marquess of Milford Haven (1924)
 * Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma (1925; former Lord Louis Mountbatten)
 * William Waldegrave Palmer, 2nd Earl of Selborne (1911)
 * Joseph Ferguson Peacocke, Archbishop of Dublin (1908)
 * Alan Percy, 8th Duke of Northumberland (1927)
 * Helen Percy, Duchess of Northumberland (1916, 1928 & 1937)
 * Lady Elizabeth Percy (1922)
 * Lord Richard Percy and Lady Diana Percy (1924)
 * Professor Vittorio Putti (c. 1925)
 * Mariano Cardinal Rampolla (1900)
 * Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts (1911)
 * Queen Marie of Romania (1924, 1936)
 * Helen of Greece and Denmark (former Queen Mother of Romania; 1925)
 * King Carol II of Romania (1936)
 * King Ferdinand I of Romania (1936)
 * King Michael I of Romania (1936)
 * U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt (1910)
 * Vita Sackville-West (1910)
 * Charles Alexander, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (1898)
 * King Alfonso XIII of Spain (1927)
 * Queen Victoria Eugenia of Spain (painted 1910, 1913, 1920, 1927, and 1928)
 * Infante Gonzalo of Spain (1927)
 * Infante Juan, Count of Barcelona (1927)
 * Alfonso, Prince of Asturias (1927)
 * Infante Jaime, Duke of Segovia (1927)
 * Infanta Beatriz of Spain (1927)
 * Infanta María Cristina of Spain (1927)
 * Queen Louise of Sweden (former Princess Louise of Battenberg; 1907)
 * Princess Beatrice (1912, 1926)
 * Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll (1915)
 * Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone (1929, 1932)
 * Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn (1937)
 * King Edward VII of the United Kingdom (1907)
 * Alexandra of Denmark (1907)
 * Princess Victoria (1907)
 * Claude Bowes-Lyon, 14th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne (1931)
 * Cecilia Bowes-Lyon, Countess of Strathmore and Kinghorne (1931)
 * Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother (1925, 1931)
 * King George VI of the United Kingdom (1931)
 * Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom (former Princess Elizabeth of York; 1933)
 * Prince George, Duke of Kent (1934)
 * Princess Marina, Duchess of Kent (1934)
 * Maria Agathe, Duchess of Ratibor, Princess of Corvey (1899)
 * Victor II, Duke of Ratibor (1898)
 * Princess Egon of Ratibor (born Princess Leopoldine Lobkowicz; 1898)
 * Princess Nina Georgievna of Russia (March 1915)
 * Princess Xenia Georgievna of Russia (1915, 1920)
 * Margaret Leicester Warren (1928)
 * Ignaz Wechselmann (1894)
 * Pauline Morton Sabin (1926)
 * Betty Stockfeld (1930). Twice: one as Mary Magdalene, now in Hungarian National Portrait Gallery.
 * Maharani Indira Devi of Baroda and Cooch Behar

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Talk:The Division Bell

Cover used
A thought I've had for a long time but I might as well ask, should we really being using an LP cover in the infobox? This being 1994, the album was primarily sold as a CD - that's the 'default' format and also lasts the full 66 minutes. The LP version was obscurer in 1994 so I think it's odd that it should end up being used here. I reckon the original British CD would make more sense. Thoughts? TangoTizerWolfstone (talk) 07:55, 19 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Division Bell


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User:XTaran~enwiki

Actual article count in the Englisch language Wikipedia:.

About me & Home Page
I studied computer science and now work in a small but fine IT company near Mainz (Germany), mostly doing web application development there using Apache, mod_perl, MySQL and LDAP, mostly on Linux and FreeBSD boxes.

See http://abe.home.pages.de/english.html or my German Wikipedia user page for details.

de:Benutzer:XTaran

How I came here
I'm also a (non-professional) writer for Symlink, a Swiss German news site in the style of Slashdot and focused on Open Source, IT politics and data protection. I often needed some hyperlinks for details on some topics and Wikipedia often gave me exactly what I looked for... Maybe I also heard first about Wikipedia on our own news site.

Wiki experience history
IIRC I had my first Wiki experiences with the Emacs Wiki, the tcsh Wiki, and the POE Wiki. On the last one I also have a Wiki home page. Now my Wiki activity mainly focuses on Wikipedia in German and English as well as our company internal Wiki, a TWiki. :-)

Pages initially created by me

 * Adams-Farwell
 * Bonzai Linux
 * EkkoBSD
 * Fendt
 * FTBFS
 * GPL (former redirect)
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 * Number sign
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Early contributions
I made early contributions from 194.95.226.11

Friends at en.Wikipedia

 * Ermel
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 * TheK

title: User:XTaran~enwiki


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Sectionalism

Sectionalism is loyalty to one's own region or section of the country, rather than to the country as a whole.

Sectionalism occurs in many countries, such as in the United Kingdom.

In the United Kingdom
Sectionalism occurs most notably in the constituent nation of Scotland, where various sectionalist/separatist political organizations and parties have existed since the early 1920s, beginning with the Scots National League. Today, Scottish sectionalism is most strongly associated and advocated by the Scottish National Party (SNP), which can be described as both sectionalist and separatist. The SNP advocates for both Scottish independence and more autonomy for Scotland while remaining a part of the United Kingdom.

In the United States
Sectionalism in 1800s America refers to the different lifestyles, social structures, customs, and the political values of the North and the South. Regional tensions came to a head during the War of 1812, resulting in the Hartford Convention which manifested New England's dissatisfaction with a foreign trade embargo that affected its industry disproportionately, as well as dilution of Northern power by new western states, and a succession of Southern Presidents. Sectionalism increased steadily in 1800–1850 as the North industrialized, urbanized, and built prosperous factories, while the deep South concentrated on plantation agriculture based on slave labor, together with subsistence farming for poor whites who owned no slaves. Southerners defended slavery in part by claiming that Northern factory workers toiled under worse conditions and were not cared for by their employers. Defenders of slavery referred to factory workers as the "white slaves of the North".

The South expanded into rich new lands in the Southwest (from Alabama to Texas). However, slavery declined in the border states and could barely survive in cities and industrial areas (it was fading out in cities such as Baltimore, Louisville, and St. Louis), so a South based on slavery was rural and non-industrial. On the other hand, as the demand for cotton grew the price of slaves soared, as slaves were considered imperative for the harvest and refinement of cotton. Historians have debated whether economic differences between the industrial Northeast and the agricultural South helped cause the Civil War. Historians now disagree with the economic determinism of historian Charles Beard in the 1920s and emphasize that Northern and Southern economies were largely complementary.

Historians do agree that social and cultural institutions were very different in the North and South. In the South, wealthy white men owned all of the quality land, leaving poor white farmers with marginal lands of low productivity. Fears of slave revolts and abolitionist propaganda made the South militantly hostile to suspicious ideas. Members and politicians of the newly formed Republican Party were extremely critical of Southern society and argued that the system of free labor in place in the North resulted in much more prosperity. Republicans criticizing the Southern system of slavery would commonly cite the larger population growth of the Northern states, alongside their rapid growth in factories, farms, and schools as evidence of the superiority of a free labor system.

Southerners argued that it was the North that was changing and was prone to new "isms", while the South remained true to the historic republican values of the Founding Fathers (many of whom owned slaves, including Washington, Jefferson, and Madison). The issue of accepting slavery (in the guise of rejecting slave-owning bishops and missionaries) split the largest religious denominations (the Methodist, Baptist, and Presbyterian churches) into separate Northern and Southern denominations. Industrialization meant that seven out of eight European immigrants settled in the North. The movement of twice as many whites leaving the South for the North contributed to the South's defensive-aggressive political behavior.

The Western United States was also growing due to the innovations of the railway system and the massive boom in the steel industry. The expansion of the railway system paved the way for agriculturists to produce wool and grain. Westerners were able to develop their own strong sectional identity and embrace their region's uniqueness while the Easterners looked down on the Westerners.

In Spain
Sectionalism can be found in the Spanish regions of Catalonia, the Spanish portion of the Basque Country, Galicia, and Andalusia.

In Ukraine
After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, Ukraine became its own unitary state, however, also containing regions heavily populated by Russians. This caused a few rebellions throughout the eastern parts of the nation, taking place in the self-declared republics of the Donetsk People's Republic, the Luhansk People's Republic, and the peninsula of Crimea. Crimea is disputed by both Ukraine and the Russian Federation. Many nations oppose Russia's annexation of Crimea.

In Canada
In 1977, the province of Quebec started an independence movement from Canada, wanting to be an independent French-speaking nation. There were two referendums (1980 and 1995) for whether Quebec would stay as a province of Canada or become its own nation. Both of these referendums failed, keeping Quebec under the governance of the Canadian government. In the north, the Canadian government had given the indigenous Inuit peoples throughout the Yukon, Northwest Territories and Nunavut a certain amount of self-governance, allowing them to maintain their cultural practices.

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Marko Marulić

Marko Marulić Splićanin (in Latin Marcus Marulus Spalatensis; 18 August 1450 – 5 January 1524), was a Croatian poet, lawyer, judge, and Renaissance humanist who coined the term "psychology". He is the national poet of Croatia. According to George J. Gutsche, Marulic's epic poem Judita "is the first long poem in Croatian", and "gives Marulić a position in his own literature comparable to Dante in Italian literature." Marulić's Latin poetry is of such high quality that his contemporaries dubbed him "The Christian Virgil." He has been called the "crown of the Croatian medieval age", the "father of the Croatian Renaissance", and "The Father of Croatian literature."

Marulić scholar Bratislav Lučin notes that he was well-versed in both the Christian Bible and in the Fathers of the Church. At the same time, Marulić also attentively read the Pre-Christian Greek and Latin classics. He read and interpreted Latin epigrams, wrote glosses on the erotic poetry of Catullus, read Petronius' Satyricon, and admired Erasmus of Rotterdam. Marulić also composed epic works of Christian poetry, humanist elegies, and even satirical and erotic epigrams.

According to Franz Posset, Marulić aspired to the Renaissance humanist ideal of the uomo universale ("universal man"). To this end, he was interested in painting and drawing, local and national history, languages, and poetry. His overall goal always remained renovatio Christiana ("The Renewal of Christianity") as represented by the future Counter-Reformation. Accordingly, like many other Renaissance humanists who shared his views, Marulić denounced simony and immorality among Roman Catholic priests and members of the hierarchy in often violent language throughout his writings.

Although Marulić and Martin Luther lived at the same time and were published by two of the same Basel printers, their collected writings make no mention of each other. In the absence of evidence to the contrary, it must be assumed that both theologians were simply unaware of the other's existence. At the same time, both men shared a common belief in Evangelica Veritas ("Gospel Truth") and "theology for piety". They both built their differing theology upon the similar training they received in scholasticism, Renaissance humanism, and Devotio Moderna. Like fellow Renaissance humanists Johann Reuchlin, Erasmus of Rotterdam, Thomas More, and John Fisher, however, Marko Marulić remained committed to an internal renewal of Roman Catholicism and loyal to the Holy See, while Martin Luther and his adherents did not.

Marulić's work was admired both by many of the greatest and most influential Catholic saints of the Counter-Reformation and also, since much of Marulić could be read without violating sola scriptura, by generations of believers in Protestantism.

His writings in Renaissance Latin, once adored and envied across Europe, shared the destiny that befell most Renaissance Humanist literature and faded into obscurity. According to Lučin, however, the passage of time has slowly revealed the important web of influence that the poet and writer wove all over Europe and far beyond its borders. Marulić's writings were admired by churchmen such as Saints Francis Xavier, Francis de Sales, Peter Canisius, and Charles Borromeo, by monarchs and statesmen such as King Henry VIII, Thomas More, and Emperor Carl V, and emulated by poets like Jan Dantyszek, Conrad Peutinger, and Francisco de Quevedo. Furthermore, manuscripts of Marulić works previously thought lost, such as his Christian epic poem the Davidiad in 1952, his Latin-Croatian literary translation of Thomas à Kempis' The Imitation of Christ in 1989, and the Glasgow Codex in 1995, continue to resurface and to belatedly see publication for the first time.

More recently, Pope John Paul II quoted from a Marulić poem during his 1998 apostolic visit to Solin, Croatia.

Biography
Marulić was born on 18 August 1450 into the Croatian nobility in Split, Dalmatia. He was the first of seven children. The palazzo in which he was born still stands on Papalić Street in Split. His father, Nikola Marulić, was descended from the Pečenić family (Pecinić, Picinić, Pezzini in Italian). Marulić came from a 15th century branch of the family whose founder was named Petar, and who only began calling themselves Marulić, Marulus or De Marulis, in the 15th century. His mother, Dobrica de Albertis, was a member of the Italian nobility.

Very little is known about his life, and the few facts that remain are often unreliable. It is certain that he attended a school in Split run by the Italian Renaissance humanist scholar Tideo Acciarini (1430–1490). Marulić's education is known also to have included instruction in the Greek language by Hieronymus Genesius Picentinus. Although his library later contained many textbooks on the language, Marulić read and spoke it imperfectly and only rarely used Greek words.

After completing school, Marulić is believed to have studied law at Padua University, after which he spent much of his life in his home town. His star-crossed love affair with a Split noblewoman ended when her father, the commander of the city's Venetian military garrison, allegedly buried her alive. A grieving Marulić lived for about two years as a postulant at a monastery on the island of Šolta, in the Adriatic Sea. Returning to Split, Marulić practiced law, serving as a judge, examiner of notarial entries and executor of wills. Owing to his work, he became the most distinguished member of Split's humanist circle.

Marulić's Evangelistarium ("Evangelistary"), a moral and theological compendium of Old and New Testament texts, was first published in 1487. The book was later republished by Italian Jewish publisher Gershom Soncino at Pisa and a copy of that edition was purchased by the German humanist scholar and Hebraist Johann Reuchlin in 1492. In 1519, another edition of the "Evangelistary" was published by Sebastian Münster.

Between 1496 and 1499, Marulić worked on a compendium of Christian morality, entitled De institutione bene vivendi per exempla sanctorum ("Instruction on How to Lead a Virtuous Life Based on the Examples of Saints"). In addition to Old and New Testament examples, Marulić also drew upon the writings of St Jerome, Gregory the Great, Eusebius of Caesarea, John Cassian, the lives of the saints, and other Ecclesiastical writers. The book was first published in Latin at Venice in 1507 and became well known in the Germanosphere when Adam Petri reprinted it at Basel in 1513. The compendium was widely and repeatedly reprinted and translated into many vernacular languages, which established Marulić's fame throughout Europe.

Occasionally Marulić visited Venice (to trade) and Rome (to celebrate the year 1500).

He was a great admirer of the late medieval religious movement known as Devotio Moderna. By 1509, Marulić had finished translating Thomas à Kempis' The Imitation of Christ, a highly important literary and devotional work of the movement, from Medieval Latin into Croatian. His translation, however, remained unpublished until 1989. In 1510, Marulić wrote The Deeds of the Kings of Dalmatia and Croatia and Quinquaginta parabole ("Fifty Parables"). He finished writing The Life of St. Jerome in 1513. The following year, he completed Carmen de doctrina Domini nostri Iesu Christi pendentis in cruce ("Poem about the Teaching of Our Lord Jesus Christ Hanging on the Cross"), which has usually been published as part of De institutione bene vivendi and which remains his most famous work of Christian poetry in Latin. In 1517, Marulić finished his epic poem the Davidiad, which was considered lost for more than 400 years, only rediscovered in 1952, and published for the first time in 1954. He wrote De humilitate et gloria Christi ("On the Humility and Glory of Christ") and An Account of Illustrious Men of the Old Testament the following year.

His final works were De ultimo Christi judicio ("On the Last Judgment of Christ") and Judita, Marulić's Christian work of epic poetry retelling the Book of Judith in the Croatian language, which he produced between 1520 and 1522. The latter earned him the title "Father of Croatian literature."

Marko Marulić died in Split on 5 January 1524 and was buried in the Church of St. Francis in the historic city center.

Legacy
Marulić's Liber de laudibus Herculis ("A Book in Praise of Hercules"), in which he, "lets the followers of Hercules, the titan of the pagans, compete with the titan of the Christians, that is, Jesus Christ, who, of course, is ultimately the victor", was posthumously published in 1524. It is also known under the title Dialogus de Hercule a Christicolis superato ("The Dialogue about Hercules, Who was Surpassed by Those Who Worship Christ"). For this reason, Marulić is considered one of the most dynamic and influential theological and devotional writers of the Renaissance.

During the 16th and 17th century, Marulić's three most popular and most widely read works were De institutione bene vivendi per exempla sanctorum ("Instruction on How to Lead a Virtuous Life Based on the Examples of Saints"), Evangelistarium ("Evangelistary"), and Quinquaginta parabole ("Fifty Parables"). By 1680, these three books had been republished more than eighty times not only in the original Latin, but also in many European vernacular languages, including Italian, German, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Czech, Flemish, and even Icelandic.

The British Library still has King Henry VIII's Latin-language copy of Marulić's Evangelistiarium, a book that was read in English and recommended to the King by Sir Thomas More. Extensive margin notes in the King's own hand prove that Marulić's book was a major source for the Defence of the Seven Sacraments, Henry's polemic against Lutheranism.

De institutione bene vivendi per exempla sanctorum ("Instruction on How to Lead a Virtuous Life Based on the Examples of Saints"), a voluminous book of Christian morality based on examples from the Bible and concluding with the Latin poem Carmen de doctrina Domini nostri Iesu Christi pendentis in cruce ("Poem about the Teaching of Our Lord Jesus Christ Hanging on the Cross"), was first published in 1506 in Venice. The final poem, which remains Marulić's most famous work of Latin Christian poetry, was published separately in a standalone volume at Erfurt by the German Renaissance humanist and Cistercian abbot Henricus Urbanus in 1514.

De Institutione was seen by Roman Catholic priests during the Counter-Reformation as a rich source of stories for use during their preaching and was "considered the work most useful for Catholics in the defense of their ancestral Faith." De Institutione is further known to have had an enormous influence upon St Francis Xavier; it was the only book, aside from the Roman Breviary, that he carried with him and constantly re-read during his missionary work in Portuguese India. St. Francis Xavier's copy of the book was returned to Spain after his death and was long treasured in Madrid as a second class relic by the Society of Jesus. Writing in 1961, Marulic scholar Ante Kadič announced that recent inquiries about the volume had come up empty and that he believed the Saint's copy must have been destroyed during the May 1931 arson attack by Spanish Republicans against the Jesuit monastery in Madrid. Further research, however, will be needed to determine whether excerpts from De institutione were translated into Japanese by Paul Yôhô-ken (1510–1599) and his son and published at Nagasaki by the Jesuits as Sanctos no go-sagyô no uchi nukigakkan dai-ichi ("Extracts from the Acts of the Saints") in 1591.

While imprisoned for recusancy in the Tower of London under Queen Elizabeth I, St. Philip Howard, who was later canonized in 1970 by Pope Paul VI as one of the Forty Martyrs of England and Wales, wrote a translation into Elizabethan English verse of Marulić's poem Carmen de doctrina Domini nostri Iesu Christi pendentis in cruce ("A Dialogue Betwixt a Christian and Christ Hanging on the Crosse"). Howard also produced an English translation of John Justus of Landsberg's Alloquia Jesu Christi ad animam fidelem ("An Epistle in the Person of Jesus Christ to the Faithful Soule") during his imprisonment in the Tower, which was posthumously published at Antwerp, in the Spanish Netherlands (1595). St. Philip Howard's translation of Marulić's poem was published instead of a preface to the Antwerp edition and again, with updated English orthography, as part of the March/April 2022 issue of the literary magazine, St. Austin Review.

On October 4, 1998, Pope John Paul II quoted from Marulić's Carmen de doctrina Domini nostri Iesu Christi pendentis in cruce ("Poem about the Teaching of Our Lord Jesus Christ Hanging on the Cross") during an apostolic visit to Solin, Croatia, "One of your poets has written, Felix qui semper vitae bene computat usum ('Happy is he who always puts his life to good use.') It is vital to choose true values, not those which pass, to choose genuine truth, not half-truths and pseudo-truths. Do not trust those who promise you easy solutions. Nothing great can be built without sacrifice."

Writing
The central figure of the humanist circle in Split, Marulić was inspired by the Bible, ancient writers and Christian hagiographies. The main topics of his writings were Christian theological by nature. He wrote many poems, discussions on theology and Christian ethics, stories and epic poetry. He wrote in three languages: Renaissance Latin (more than 80% of his surviving opus), Croatian and Italian (three letters and two sonnets are preserved).

Croatian works
In his Croatian-language works, Marulić achieved a permanent status and position that has remained uncontested. His central Croatian oeuvre, the epic poem Judita (Libar Marca Marula Splichianina V chomse sdarsi Istoria Sfete udouice Iudit u uersih haruacchi slosena chacho ona ubi uoiuodu Olopherna Posridu uoische gnegoue i oslodobi puch israelschi od ueliche pogibili) written in 1501 and published in Venice in 1521, is based on the Biblical tale from a Deuterocanonical Book of Judith, written in Čakavian dialect, his mother tongue, and described by him as u versi haruacchi slozhena ("arranged in Croatian stanzas"). His other works in Croatian are:

 * Suzana ("Susanna") – a Biblical poem in 780 verses, based on the account from the Book of Daniel of the Babylonian Jewish woman of the same name who was falsely accused of adultery and how her innocence was proven and she was saved from death by stoning by the timely intervention and interrogation of her accusers by the Prophet Daniel.
 * Poklad i korizma (Carnival and Lent), Spovid koludric od sedam smrtnih grihov ("A Nun's Confession of the Seven Deadly Sins"), Anka satir (Anka: A Satire) – secular poetry, and poetry dedicated to his sister Bira
 * Tužen'je grada Hjerosolima (Jerusalem's Lament) – anti-Turkish laments
 * Molitva suprotiva Turkom ("A Prayer Against the Turks") – poem in 172 doubly rhymed dodecasyllablic stanzas of anti-Turkish theme, written between 1493 and 1500. The poem contains the hidden acrostic Solus deus potes nos liberare de tribulatione inimicorum nostrorum Turcorum sua potentia infinita, "Only God with his infinite might can save us from the misery of our enemies, the Turks", discovered by Luko Paljetak. It is believed to show the influence of Juraj Šižgorić's Elegija o pustošenju Šibenskog polja and the medieval song Spasi, Marije, tvojih vjernih from Tkonski miscellany. Marulić's poem in turn has influenced Zoranić's Planine – the first Croatian novel, in which ganka pastira Marula alludes to Turks, and also to Petar Lučić and his work Molitva Bogu protiv Turkom, and Primož Trubar's Pjesni zuper Turke.

American historian John Van Antwerp Fine, Jr. emphasizes that Marulić belongs to a group of humanists and clerics placed in the "Croat" camp who, at least at the time they wrote their texts, did not seem to have a Croatian ethnic identity. It must be noted however, that a critical review of Fine's work highlighted subjective conclusions. Neven Budak of the University of Zagreb noted "ideological prejudices", "omission of historical facts" and "preconceived conclusions" due to Fine's alleged personal bias regarding the former Yugoslavia and its various ethnic groups.

Latin works
Marulić's European fame rested mainly on his works written in Renaissance Latin which were repeatedly re-published. He is also well-known for his Psichiologia de ratione animae humanae, which contains the earliest known literary reference to psychology.

In 1517, Marulić completed the Davidiad an epic poem which retold the Old Testament story of King David in Virgilian Latin with multiple references to Greek and Roman mythology. In addition to the small portions that attempt to recall Homer, the Davidiad is heavily modeled upon Virgil's Aeneid. Indeed, the work was so heavily indebted to the Aeneid that Marulić's contemporaries called him the "Christian Virgil from Split." Serbian-American philologist Miroslav Marcovich also detects "the influence of Ovid, Lucan, and Statius" in the work.

The Davidiad was considered lost by 1567 and long remained so. After a search lasting nearly two centuries by Croatian literary scholars at libraries and archives throughout Europe, Marulic's original manuscript (Ms. T) resurfaced at the Turin National University Library in 1922. News of its existence and the fact that it had never previously been published was spread throughout Classical academia by Carlo Dionisotti in 1952. The editio princeps was published by Josip Badalić of the Yugoslav Academy of Sciences and Arts in 1954, but this work "proved to be a failure," as whole verses were left out and many words were misread by the editor. Several years later, in 1957, Miroslav Marcovich overcame many of the difficulties that plagued Badalić's work and produced a more usable critical edition. Latinist Veljko Gortan eventually corrected around 50 instances of misread words and published his own critical edition in 1974. A literary translation of the Davidiad into Croatian hexameters was made by Branimir Glavačić and published alongside the Latin original as part of Veljko Gortan's edition in 1974.

Marulić was active in the struggles against the Ottoman Turks who were invading the Croatian lands at that time. To this end, he wrote a Latin Epistola to Pope Adrian VI and begged for assistance in the fight against the Ottomans. In his epigram In discordiam principium Christianorum ("Against Discord between the Princes of the Christians"), Marulić denounced the monarchs of Europe for warring among themselves at a time when the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire and the janissaries were invading Christendom.

Glasgow codex
A Marulić manuscript found in Glasgow University Library threw new light on his work and persona. It was discovered in 1995 by Darko Novaković, who stated that, in comparison with Marulić's known carmina minora, the poems in the codex introduce three thematic novelties. Unexpectedly vehement, satirical epigrams are featured and the intensity of his satirical impulse is startling, even in such conventional poems as epitaphs. Three poems reveal his love of animals. The greatest revelation are the verses which show Marulić as the author of love poems. This aspect represents the most serious challenge to the traditional picture of the poet: the last epigram in the collection is a true Priapeum marked with lascivious ambiguity.

Visual artist
According to Fisković, Marulić was an accomplished illustrator. In his will he left to his sister a book he illustrated and conceived. The second edition of Judita, prepared by Zadar publisher Jerolim Mirković, dated 30 May 1522, is adorned with nine woodcuts, the last of which is signed "M". It is assumed that the illustrations were created by Marulić himself.

Commemoration
Marulić's portrait was depicted on the obverse of the Croatian 500 kuna banknote, issued in 1993.

The Croatian state decoration awarded for special merit in culture, the Order of Danica Hrvatska, is ornamented with the face of Marko Marulić.

The Festival of Croatian Drama in Split – 'Festival Marulićevi dani' (Festival of Marulić days) – is named after Marulić and gives annual MARUL awards.

The revue Marulić (hr) and the journal Colloquia Maruliana are named after him. Marulianum is a scientific centre of Split Literary Circle dedicated to research on Marulić.

By the decree of Sabor in 1996, 22 April is commemorated in Croatia as the Day of the Croatian Book (hr) in tribute to Marulić and his Judita. Sabor declared 2021 in Croatia as a Year of Marko Marulić and Year of reading in Croatia, marking 500 years since the publication of Judita. The Croatian government declared 2024 as the Year of Marko Marulić in memorial of the 500th anniversary of his death.

title: Marko Marulić


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Georgie Parker

Georgina Parker (born 16 December 1964) is an Australian television soap actress and has also appeared in film and theatre. She is a double Gold Logie winner, best known for her acting roles in Australian soap operas; as Lucy Gardiner (later Tyler) in A Country Practice; as Theresa "Terri" Sullivan in All Saints; and as Roo Stewart in Home and Away, as well as being a presenter on the children’s program Play School.

Early life
Parker was born in 1964. She grew up in the Sydney North Shore suburb of St Ives and attended St Ives North Public School in primary and attended Abbotsleigh School for Girls, in Sydney. Parker is the daughter of iconic Australian furniture designer Tony Parker of Parker Furniture.

Career
Parker was first seen in a small cameo part in the Yahoo Serious movie Young Einstein, before becoming a fixture on Australian television through her role as nurse Lucy Gardiner in A Country Practice from 1989 to 1992. She also appeared as Despina, Memo's love interest, in the sitcom Acropolis Now. She had starring roles in the television series Over the Hill in 1994 and as young firefighter 'Mad Dog' Cartwright in the first season of Fire in 1995.

From 1998 until 2005, Parker played Sister Teresa (Terri) Sullivan, a nurse and former nun, in the Australian medical drama series All Saints, for which she was awarded a number of Logies, including 'Most Popular Actress' in 2001. This saw her win the award for the fourth time, having already won 3 times from 1991 to 1993 for her role on A Country Practice. In 2001 & 2002 Parker won the Gold Logie or 'Most Popular TV Personality' firmly cementing her place as an Australian television favourite.

In 2002, Parker took part in the Australian musical theatre production The Man from Snowy River: Arena Spectacular, where she appeared as Kate Conroy, the daughter of the Station owner, John Conroy - and the romantic interest of Jim Ryan (The Man).

In 2004 Parker starred in the Sydney Theatre Company's production of Scenes from a Separation, as journalist Nina Molyneux. After concluding her work on All Saints in 2005, Parker starred in the Ensemble Theatre's production of Chapter Two as actress Jennie MacLaine.

In 2006, she joined the Nine Network to host the new TV show, Clever. She also appears on the ABC children's show Play School and starred in the telemovie Stepfather of the Bridefor the same network. In 2006 she also headlined the Network Ten telemovie The Society Murders. She was a semi-regular guest on the show The Glass House.

She was in The Wiggles DVD Racing to the Rainbow.

Georgie Parker starred in the drama Emerald Falls, which aired on Network Ten. She also briefly hosted Animal Emergency for Channel Nine in 2008, and acted as the New South Wales Premier in the telemovie Scorched for Channel Nine in 2008.

Parker released a children's album in 2008.

In 2010, she appeared as Det. Senior Sergeant Susan Blake on the Australian drama City Homicide. She played Miss Monica in David Williamson's Rhinestone Rex and Miss Monica.

The Seven Network announced in August 2010 that Parker would return to screens playing the character of Roo Stewart in Home and Away. The character was previously portrayed by Justine Clarke from 1988 to 1989.

In 2011, Parker appeared on Who Do You Think You Are?, season 3, episode 6, in which she explored the strength and courage shown by the women on both sides of her family. On her mother's side, Georgie's quest begins with her maternal grandmother Grace, before investigating her father's maternal ancestors, the Breckenridges.

Personal life
She has been married since December 1999 to Steve Worland, the screenwriter of the Fox Searchlight feature film Bootmen (2000). Worland is also an action-adventure novelist and wrote Velocity (2012) and Combustion (2013). They have a daughter, Holly, born in September 2000. Parker suffers from Scoliosis and is an ambassador of the National Scoliosis Foundation

ARIA Music Awards
The ARIA Music Awards is an annual ceremony presented by Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA), which recognise excellence, innovation, and achievement across all genres of the music of Australia. They commenced in 1987.

! Ref.
 * 2009
 * Here Comes The Sun
 * Best Children's Album
 * Nominated
 * }
 * }
 * }

Logie Awards
Parker has been nominated for Logie Awards several times, and has won many Logies, including two Gold Logies.

Awards for Georgie Parker include:

title: Georgie Parker


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Cheryl Gallant

Cheryl Gallant (born May 23, 1960) is a Canadian politician who represents the riding of Renfrew—Nipissing—Pembroke in the House of Commons of Canada. She is a member of the Conservative Party of Canada. Along with fellow MP Scott Reid, they are the longest-serving current Conservative MPs, and the last two MPs still serving who were members of Canadian Alliance.

Early life and career
Gallant was born in Sarnia, Ontario. She attended the University of Western Ontario, graduating with a Bachelor of Science degree in chemistry. Prior to becoming a politician, she worked for a major Canadian life insurance company as a group insurance executive and for a time as an office manager of a family-owned professional practice. Gallant has been married since 1985, and is the parent of four daughters. She has served as the Chair of the City of Pembroke Downtown Development Commission and as a member of the Economic Advisory Committee for the city.

Political career
Gallant won her seat in the 2000 federal election, defeating Liberal incumbent Hec Clouthier and making history as the first woman elected to federal office in Renfrew County. Renfrew-Nipissing-Pembroke was one of only three Ontario federal riding districts not to elect a Liberal. Gallant took advantage of local opposition to Bill C-68, the Firearms Act, and benefited from backlash to Clouthier's support for gun control.

She is currently a member of the Conservative Party of Canada in the House of Commons of Canada, having previously been a member of the Canadian Alliance party from 2000 to 2003. She is largely viewed as one of the most vocal social conservatives in the House of Commons. While a popular figure among the Christian Right and property rights activists, she regularly draws the ire of opponents. Serving in a riding with the largest military base and only national nuclear research facility in Canada, she has advocated for increased federal support for CFB Petawawa and the Chalk River Laboratories.

During the 37th Parliament, Gallant served as deputy house leader of the Official Opposition. She has served as CPC critic for science, research and development, was a member of the Commons Standing Committee on National Defence and Veteran's Affairs, and the Standing Committee on Industry. She has also served as opposition critic of Canadian Heritage, Amateur Sport, the National Capital Commission, Science, Research and Development, the Federal Economic Development Initiative for Northern Ontario, and Small Business. In the 39th Parliament, she served as government vice-chair of the House NATO committee and on the House Committee for Natural Resources.

In the 38th Parliament, Gallant served as a member on the Subcommittee on Agenda and Procedure of the Standing Joint Committee on Library of Parliament, and the Library of Parliament.

Her service continued in the 39th Parliament, where she served on the committee for the Status of Women, National Defence, and Library of Parliament.

During the 40th Parliament, she served for varying lengths of time as a member on the following committees: National Defence, the Library of Parliament, the Subcommittee on Agenda and Procedure on the Standing Committee on National Defence, Scrutiny of Regulations, Natural Resources, and Transport, Infrastructure, and Communities.

In the 2008 election, Gallant won her fourth term in Parliament, winning 28,906 of 47,314 votes (61.1% of the total). Her nearest rival, Liberal candidate Carole Devine, received 9,740 votes (20.6%).

Gallant won her fifth term in Parliament in a landslide election, collecting 27,462 of 51,398 votes (53.43% of the total). Her closest opponent, Independent Hec Clouthier, received 9,611 votes (18.70%).

In the 41st Parliament, Gallant serves as a member of the Standing Committee on Industry, Science, and Technology, as well as the Standing Committee on National Defence. She was elected by colleagues to represent Canada as Chair of the Canadian-North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Parliamentary Association. The Canada-NATO Parliamentary Association consists of membership of all political parties represented in the House of Commons.

In March 2012, Gallant traveled to Norway to observe Canadian Forces from Petawawa participate in NATO exercises. In April 2012, she received second place in The Hill Times poll for Best Conservative Constituency MP.

Gallant was re-elected for a sixth term in 2015. In a statement on April 2, 2019, Gallant addressed the Speaker in the House regarding carbon pricing in Canada stating that the effects would necessitate higher tuition fees on college and university students to make up for increased heating and carbon payments.

Gallant was challenged for the Conservative nomination in Renfrew—Nipissing—Pembroke for the 2019 election by Mike Coates, the campaign manager for former Conservative leadership candidate Kevin O'Leary. However, Gallant was successful in winning the nomination 866 votes to 522.

On October 21, 2019, Gallant was re-elected for her seventh term in office after winning 30,387 of 57,506 ballots cast, or 52.67% of the vote. She is the longest serving woman in the federal caucus. During the ensuing 43rd Canadian Parliament, she introduced one private member bill, Bill C-222, An Act to amend the Expropriation Act (protection of private property) which sought to disallow the exemption of a public hearing in cases where private land is being expropriated for the purposes of "restoring historical natural habitats or addressing, directly or indirectly, climate variability". It was brought to a vote on February 17, 2021, but defeated with only Conservatives Party members voting in favour. In the 2020 Conservative Party of Canada leadership election she endorsed Peter MacKay.

She won re-election in 2021, despite being "nowhere to be found" during the campaign, according to CTV News Ottawa. During the campaign, Gallant claimed "Now that the pandemic is passing, they’re rebranding climate change as a climate emergency in order to justify climate lockdowns." The claim was cited by Prime Minister Justin Trudeau as an example of a need for Conservative leader Erin O'Toole to control his candidates.

Controversies
In 2002, she made anti-gay remarks to then Minister of Foreign Affairs Bill Graham, when during a heated exchange, she shouted "Ask your boyfriend" and "How's your boyfriend?".

Shortly before the 2004 election, Gallant made headlines for her criticism of Bill C-250, an amendment to the Criminal Code introduced by NDP MP Svend Robinson which would protect sexual orientation from hate propaganda. Among other things, Gallant claimed that the bill would limit freedom of opinion, make sections of the Bible "hate literature" and provide protection to pedophiles.

During the 2004 election, a controversy erupted when Gallant compared abortion to the beheading of Iraq War hostage Nick Berg. The Conservative Party then announced that she was suffering from laryngitis, and after this, she did not appear at some scheduled debates.

Gallant resurfaced in the spotlight on March 17, 2005, when she suggested that Christians were being persecuted by the Liberal Party in a flyer she sent to her constituents. Conservative leader Stephen Harper, confronted with the news, said "I'll let Cheryl Gallant explain those remarks herself; I haven't seen them."

Several constituents have accused Gallant of obtaining birth-date information from passport applications during the 2006 campaign. Her office regularly sent out greeting cards to constituents when their birthday came. One affected resident told the Ottawa Citizen, "The principle is really bothering me: that my information has been gathered without my knowledge. I don't know how it's going to be used." Two families who received cards have sent letters to the Privacy Commissioner of Canada, asking confirmation the MP won't use the collected personal information. The Office of the Privacy Commissioner has no jurisdiction in investigating such matters. Gallant's aide says the Member receives many requests for birthday and anniversary cards, and the office is unsure how the information was put on the list, since Gallant receives thousands of requests for salutations and the birth date could have been on one of the request forms returned by a constituent. In addition, two constituents named Mr. and Mrs. White, who were unsatisfied with the response they received from Gallant's office, contacted the Liberal MP for Ottawa-Vanier Mauril Bélanger. Bélanger contacted the Office of the Ethics Commissioner on their behalf, who found grounds for and did conduct a preliminary inquiry into the matter. Although in their report they commented "personal information should only be used for the purpose for which it is gathered, or for a use consistent with that purpose," they found Gallant's use of the information did not further her private interests as alleged. Because the use of the constituents' information did not meet the definition in Section 3(2) of the Member's Code for furthering private interests, the Office of the Ethics Commissioner discontinued their inquiry.

Of around 60 major candidates in 15 Eastern Ontario and Western Quebec ridings, Gallant was the only one who didn't attending a meeting with the Ottawa Citizen editorial board. "Ms. Gallant's decision to duck every difficult question from the media is nothing short of childish", commented Citizen columnist Kelly Egan. Gallant has stated that she was focused on campaigning locally in order to keep in touch with the concerns of local constituents.

In February 2011, during Defence Committee hearings in St. John's before an audience which included the family and co-workers of mariners lost at sea in recent accidents on the Atlantic, Gallant remarked, "In Ontario we have inland seas, the Great Lakes, and it would never occur to any of us, even up in the Ottawa River, to count on the Coast Guard to come and help us." Gallant said federal search and ocean rescue should be coordinated with privately operated resources and local governments. Gallant's comparison of recreational boaters in sheltered inland waters to mariners on the Atlantic hundreds of miles from land drew outrage from many who had lost family at sea. She initially refused to apologize saying her remarks were misinterpreted, but on February 10, Gallant said she was sorry and did not mean to minimize ocean dangers.

On March 28, 2011, after stating in a press release that she hoped for a clean election campaign, Gallant compared Liberal leader Michael Ignatieff to Libyan dictator Moammar Gadhafi. Gallant wrote on her Twitter page: "No carbon tax please, Igaffi!" Her initial tweet was deleted, but not before it was screen-captured and distributed to the national press. She tweeted an apology to Ignatieff for her remarks on April 1.

In March 2016, Gallant caused further outrage and controversy by using the death of Corporal Nathan Cirillo as a means to generate money for her campaign through an Easter ham lottery. Cirillo was killed while standing guard at the National War Memorial on Oct. 22, 2014.

In May 2016, Gallant accused the Rideau Institute of having ties to North Korea, Iran, and Russia on account of the Institute having those countries as options on their donation page when stating their nation of origin.

In June 2017, Gallant was the only Member of Parliament to vote against a government motion re-affirming support for the Paris Agreement.

In February 2021, Gallant was recorded on a Zoom meeting with a university student group, accusing Liberals of wanting to “normalize sexual activity with children”.

During the so-called "Freedom Convoy", Gallant commented on her Facebook page to "Watch for Trudeau's gang to pull off false flag operations." She advertised a Pembroke protest on her Facebook page, and has encouraged protests nationwide.

title: Cheryl Gallant