text:
Talk:Homo habilis

Facts I Would Like to Know More About
I personally thought this was a good page. I would like to know more about homo habilis though! Such as, how did they become extinct? I'll probably add some info. About that once I find it on other sites ^.^  -Freddy

Fixed it up a bit! cool species, added pic too.--Quena@sympatico.ca 04:59, 21 November 2005 (UTC)

I deleted a short paragraph that had to do with more religious aspects in comparison with actual evidence of H. habilis backing up the species in general. --King of the Dancehall 20:33, 9 December 2005 (UTC)

I would like to know more about this homo habilis you have said that they were found along east africa bt which country? to me i think tanzania is the main country through which oldvai gorge is the main place —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 196.44.170.61 (talk • contribs).

I want to know what shelters Homo Habilis used. I will not add it myself though, too lazy. May add what they specifically ate sometime soon, though.

Contradiction?
The section "Stratification and expansion" may be a bit fallacious, I don't think there is any fossil evidence of any Homo prior to H.erectus existing outside of Africa. The section lacks citations and until there is a valid reference disproving this complaint, such misleading information ought to be removed.

From the article: "Anthropologist Richard Leakey’s son Jonathon Leakey, unearthed an ape-like skull that shared human like traits in 1964", but Richard Leakey was born 1944, so his child could not had been more than 4-5 years old, and then Richard would have had to been a father in a quite young age. Does anyone have any more facts about this? /Nilzzon 16:13, 20 January 2006 (UTC

You're right. Richard Leakey was actually the brother of Jonathan Leakey. Louis Leakey was the father of both Richard and Jonathan Leakey. Details can be found in the Leakey foundation's website, which states, "In 1960, eldest son Jonathan Leakey found parts of a juvenile hominid skull, jaw, and hand bones."  --Angrylilgurl 05:07, 18 April 2006 (UTC)

Would like to see more comparisons between habilis and others such as erectus or aferensis —Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.21.156.31 (talk) 19:21, 23 April 2009 (UTC)

removed inappropriate/useless/unrelated insult comment 98.67.2.77 (talk) 20:13, 14 June 2010 (UTC)HammerFilmsFan

Australopithecus habilis?
I am not fully indating on the theories of the recent data that would include the H. habilis being reclassed as under the Australopithecus genus but i do know of the eviendce just not enough to write about it. could a section be added to express this new data by someone with more knowledge of the topic than i. of if there is alot to rename the topc to fit with it so. cj105 24 May 2006
 * I haven't heard any (recent) proposal to reassign habilis to Australopithecus. - UtherSRG (talk) 11:39, 24 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Not very recent, but in 1999 Wood et al. proposed this reclassification. See "The Human Genus", Wood and Collard, Science 2 April 1999: 65, DOI: 10.1126/science.284.5411.65 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 62.178.237.94 (talk) 16:54, 28 March 2009 (UTC)

He proposed it, but this has been seen as invalid revisionism. The Austro's are clearly in a separate genus, and some paleontologists (the minority view at this time) see them closer to apes than man. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.67.2.77 (talk) 20:15, 14 June 2010 (UTC)

Douglas Futuyma calls the specimen "australopithecus habilis" in his second edition of "Evolution"(part of the evolutionary biology curriculum in great parts of the U.S). Stinukli (talk) 21:17, 31 October 2011 (GMT +1)

The reasoning for A. habilis rather than Homo habilis is due to the disproportionatly longer arm length in habilis versus other homo species, small cranium volume, a skull still retaining archaic features (protruding face) and shorter stature suggesting a spacially restrictive environment. Australopithecus brain sizes ranged from ~300 - ~600 which is close to the range of "Homo" habilis of 363-600 yet the page uses the very upper limit of habilis to say it had a brain size roughly half the size of the human brain. The page should state that they had a brain size only marginally larger than their decendants. The head shape, size of the body and long arm length relative to body still display archaic features. It is my view that this page is rather pro Leakey as they had decided to lower the limits of what species could be considered in the Homo genus by the features mentioned above. 70.126.82.78 (talk) 02:38, 9 February 2012 (UTC)
 * Correction: Homo habilis brain sizes were formerly thought to range between 363 and 600 cc, even as late as 2000 when the "Australopithecus habilis" paper now cited in this Article was published. Subsequent reassessments of H. habilis skull fragments have updated its brain size to range between 550 and 687 cc. Despite what was published as late as 2000, the lower limit of H. habilis brain size is much higher than the 363 cc you talked about here. Here's a link: http://tolweb.org/treehouses/?treehouse_id=3710. If that's not recent enough, I can always dig out my Evolution textbook. At any rate, the Article now uses an outdated source to take a revisionist position in its Lead contrary to scholarly consensus. I will be bold and correct this. Even this link, while it does indeed talk about ongoing controversy, makes it clear that the H. habilis brain averages more than 600 cc, the very measurement you insisted was the maximum of the range: http://australianmuseum.net.au/Homo-habilis. Exact quote: "Brain averaged 610 cubic centimetres in size, representing 1.7 per cent of their body weight. This was a significant increase compared to australopithecine brains" (Emphasis added).
 * 610 cc > 600 cc. Again, 610 cc is now calculated to be the average brain size for Homo habilis, whereas you cited 600 cc as the maximum.
 * Homo habilis was a descendant of Australopithecus sediba and itself the common ancestor of the Genus Homo. Technically, the Genus Homo would become polyphyletic if it were to exclude its common ancestor, regardless of visible physical features. Moreover, the increase in brain size from A. sediba to H. habilis was appreciable and most likely explains why stone tool use began when it did. The Mysterious El Willstro (talk) 18:48, 24 June 2013 (UTC)

ER 1470
Is ER 1470 known by a different name? I was expecting to find it here with no luck. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 66.234.198.197 (talk • contribs).

 * KNM ER 1470 is Homo rudolfensis. - UtherSRG (talk) 17:50, 11 September 2006 (UTC)

Full Skeleton of a Homo habilis
Is a there a picture of a full Homo habilis skeleton, besides from the head. Anker99 19:18, 24 October 2006 (UTC)
 * No, so far only skulls (or parts of skulls) have been discovered. {The poster foremrly known as 87.81.230.195} 94.12.69.184 (talk) 19:10, 21 August 2017 (UTC)

Java
-didn't homo habilis exist until 27,000 in Java? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 142.59.193.47 (talk • contribs).

No - habilis never lived outside of Africa, as far as the known fossil record analysis.

 * No. - UtherSRG (talk) 15:42, 12 April 2007 (UTC)
 * That was probably Homo erectus.Kfc1864 00:45, 17 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Actually, Homo erecus lived in Java, and Neanderthals lived till 27,000 ya. Get your acts right.:) Kfc 1864  talk  my edits 09:58, 8 October 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Richard Leakey on Time.jpg
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Discovery of new Homo erectus and Homo habilis fossils at Lake Turkana
In case anyone should have time to annotate the article, the following are links to a Times article questioning that Homo habilis is the direct ancestor of Homo erectus as a result of recent finds at Lake Turkana, as well as to a news article and a letter in Nature:

  .

I shall try and include some detail myself in due course, but that might be better done by someone with a scientific background who understands the debates. DSuser 13:45, 9 August 2007 (UTC)

Reconstructions
we need authors. affilliations and nation of origins for reconstruction. this one is german apparently. and to looks very thin what i think is not warranted. a comprehensive reference in the field would also be helpfull, it is a very rich resource when the chemical and geophysical and anatomical aspects are weighed to the anthropological/medical knowledge they derive from. Plenty of the research is relevant for the reconstruction of habitats, diets and other aspects. I don't think there is better except research on site.24.132.170.252 (talk) 23:45, 20 May 2009 (UTC)

'Hobbits' Of Flores Island Descended From H. habilis?
This interesting article 'The foot that may prove 'hobbits' existed', states that:

"The long toes of H. floresiensis suggest they could be the direct descendants of a hominin similar to an early human ancestor such as H. habilis, rather than the more recent H. erectus, a species known to have migrated out of African long before the migration of our own species, H. sapiens." --217.33.67.248 (talk) 12:38, 19 June 2009 (UTC)

Well, that makes an assumption that the Flores Island species was a true species, and not some local morph of a known hominid. However, if habilis is the direct anscestor of erectus and the like, then, technically, yes - but habilis died out long, long before the Florestian creatures lived, and if they are a true taxon, then their ancestor was much more recent. 98.67.2.77 (talk) 20:21, 14 June 2010 (UTC)HammerFilmsFan

H.h. outside Africa? Really?
The article currently contains unsourced statements to the effect that H.h. ranged into Europe and Asia. This is to my knowledge completely unfounded, but I'm a late prehistoric archaeologist so I don't have any literature on the subject. Anybody else? Martin Rundkvist (talk) 20:46, 16 August 2009 (UTC)

The Azores is Africa, I can see how some might have ended up there — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.163.109.87 (talk) 00:32, 26 January 2017 (UTC)
 * Wait, this would mean that they built boats or rafts to get there. Just how advanced are these hominins? A lot we probably don't know since the stuff didn't preserve.198.85.118.64 (talk) 17:33, 20 March 2018 (UTC)

Expansion and Inclusion
I have begun an attempt to make the pages on Homo ergaster, Homo erectus, Homo heidelbergensis, Homo neanderthalensis, Homo habilis, and Homo georgicus resemble each other in format and content more closely. I shall try to present each competing interpretation, but have often settled, half-way through the page, on presenting each species as legitimately distinct (while letting readers know, of course). My main concern is that these six pages present many prevalent and valid interpretations but no conformity of tone or content between pages (or sometimes even paragraphs). I shall also try to make conglomerate authorship less detectable between pages, personally editing large chunks using my own tone. I shall attempt, however, to let no personal interpretations of our ancestry interfere with the hypotheses presented. I will not eradicate any additions to these pages' content, obviously, but will attempt to make their voice and presentation uniform. Homo Ergaster (talk) 00:25, 6 January 2010 (UTC)

Inconsistency?
This article suggests a connection between Homo Ergaster and Homo Erectus. But when you link to the Homo Ergaster page on Wikipedia, the information there suggests there may not be a direct link between Ergaster and Erectus. Can any changes be made to ensure these two closely related articles don't appear to contradict each other?

Solaricon (talk) 14:20, 2 May 2010 (UTC) yes we must avoid the appearance of contradictions/inconsistencies76.178.120.228 (talk) 09:30, 27 December 2010 (UTC)

Olduvai Gorge
It says Homo habilis was discovered in Olduvai Gorge, but also in Kenya, the Olduvai Gorge article says it's in Tanzania. Is this a contradiction or does the gorge go through both countries? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.154.245.138 (talk) 00:12, 10 December 2011 (UTC)
 * No, Olduvai Gorge is entirely within Tanzania, but it's part of the larger Great Rift Valley where many fossils of early hominids have been found, and which is partly in Kenya. The first-discovered Homo habilis specimen, and several others, were found in Olduvai Gorge, but others were found in Kenya. {The poster formerly known as 87.81.230.195} 94.12.69.184 (talk) 19:20, 21 August 2017 (UTC)

Adjective and noun version
If we were talking about a member or members or traits of a species, does the term's conjugation change in any way? For example would I just say "a pair of homo habilis attacked a lone homo habilis, demonstrating homo habilis violence" ? Ranze (talk) 23:41, 8 October 2013 (UTC)
 * Yes, although in each case you should write it as Homo habilis – with the Genus given a capital 'H', the species a lower case 'h', and the whole name in italics: in extended text, you could also, after the first use, just write 'habilis'. Technically such Binomial names are in (Scientific) Latin, but few people try to work out and use the correct Latin inflections. {The poster formerly known as 87.81.230.195} 94.12.69.184 (talk) 19:30, 21 August 2017 (UTC)

New 2.8-myo find – habilis?
The current footnote 1 in the lede links to the very recent announcement of a 2.8 million-year-old jawbone. However, the linked reference (a BBC news story rather than a scholarly paper) does not explicitly identify the jawbone as being H. habilis, although it implies ancestry to habilis. (I have been unable thus far to access any more scholarly sources for the story.)

I think we need more solid sources to confirm that the specimen is indeed considered habilis, and not some (perhaps yet-unnamed) habilis antecedant. {The poster formerly known as 87.81.230.195} 212.95.237.92 (talk) 18:22, 6 March 2015 (UTC)

 * I think the reference is to the age of the Hominini tribe and origin of Homo, not of Habilis. I agree it is far too early to assign a specific species to the new jawbone, but I don't think this reference does that, it merely confirms the (new) 2.8 mya date for Homo as a genus. Nowimnthing (talk)
 * it is a bad idea to give a "reference" in the form of an url to a news story in any case. I linked the paper now, but I agree with Nowimnthing, it isn't clear at all that this fossil is H. habilis "proper" rather than ancestral to H. habilis. --dab (𒁳) 23:17, 9 March 2015 (UTC)

Why is Nutcracker Man mentioned?
I don't understand what the paragraph is implying, or why it's relevant. To summarize: in 1955 Mary Leakey found two H. habilis teeth; later these were classified as "milk teeth"; however, in 1959 she found the cranium of Nutcracker Man (which is a robust australopithecine and isn't H. habilis). Well - so what? What did this mean for the milk teeth? What's "however" about that? If the point is that the teeth clearly didn't belong to Nutcracker Man, that could do with more elucidation. Card Zero (talk) 13:39, 22 April 2017 (UTC)

 * Can't find any Nutcracker in the current article. It seems this issue has been addressed. Also there is only a single "however" in the article at the moment – truly that must be a record for Wikipedia! – and its use even seems somewhat justified, which is even more amazing! --BjKa (talk) 21:43, 8 January 2020 (UTC)

another genus of hominin?
How come these can't be considered to be another genus of hominin, especially since they are not quite like later hominins such as H. erectus/ergaster but not quite like Australiopiths.198.85.118.64 (talk) 17:30, 20 March 2018 (UTC)

"scientists reported"
this is extremely lazy editing, to the point of simply wasting the time of people who have to clean it up. Sorry about the rant, but I see this kind of thing all the time and I wanted to vent. And I see you decorate your user page with all kinds of both academic and on-wiki achievements, so one should assume that more can be expected. --dab (𒁳) 08:33, 26 June 2019 (UTC)
 * You never write "scientists reported". We aren't underpaid journalists, we are unpaid encyclopedists.
 * You "cite" a press release dated January 2019, and turned this into "in January 2019, scientists reported". This is wrong, and shows that you haven't even glanced at the content of the press release itself. The press release reports on the publication of a special issue of an anthropological journal dedicated to the anatomy of A. sediba.
 * The volume on A. sediba was published in 2018. It appears to be a review of what is known about this species to date. It isn't "scientists reporting" some new find, it is paleoanthropologists reporting on what has emerged as general consensus
 * Finally, it is incredibly lazy that you, after you decided that your random url about a tenuously related topic, which you have not bothered to read must be added to this article, you simply tag it to the introduction section. This shows that not only did you not bother to read your source, you also did not bother to as much as glance over the existing article, even if just to establish where your 'addition' might fit into its structure.

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Eating meat caused larger brains?
Are there conclusive evidences that eating meat caused larger brains? - or not? - could this notion be more of a guess than factual? - this notion is referred to in the "Homo habilis" section of the article - My own related comments have been published in The New York Times (see copy, in part, below) - Could there have been some other cause for larger brains? - or not?

Copied, in part, from => https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/21/opinion/coronavirus-meat-vegetarianism.html#permid=107161120

Thank you for an excellent article - fwiw - seems eating meat may be linked to a higher cancer risk, according to a W.H.O. report ( https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/27/health/report-links-some-types-of-cancer-with-processed-or-red-meat.html ) => this finding seems to be consistent with the notion that humans may not be natural meat eaters - after all, humans can't eat raw meat like cats and dogs (real meat eaters) - humans may need to cook such food first - a relatively recent development in human history - further - seems early humans, instead of chasing after rabbits, or digging up carrots, may have been more opportunistic - and may have gone from one berry patch to another - much like many other primates - support for such a notion may include studies of the pulverized dental calculus of the fossil remains of early hominins, like "Australopithecus sediba" ( https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228324388_The_Diet_of_Australopithecus_Sediba ) - a related discusssion may be found in the 2015 PBS film documentary, "The Dawning of Humanity", that focused on discovering the fossil remains of "Homo naledi", but which also discussed related dental calculus studies (at about 46 min/114 min) ( https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawn_of_Humanity ) ( transcript: https://www.springfieldspringfield.co.uk/view_episode_scripts.php?tv-show=nova-1974&episode=s43e01 - archive copy: https://web.archive.org/web/20160304042614/https://www.springfieldspringfield.co.uk/view_episode_scripts.php?6tv-show=nova-1974&episode=s43e01 ) ...

In any case - Comments Welcome - Stay Safe and Healthy !! - Drbogdan (talk) 21:27, 2 April 2021 (UTC)
 * We get food poisoning relatively easily because most of us cook raw meat, and don't need to harden our stomachs towards it. It's the same reason we don't have knives for teeth like other carnivores because we have actual knives to cut up food and daintily eat. In hunter-gatherer societies, hunting and gathering are equally important. Meat is problematic in civilization because the majority of people have a comparatively inactive lifestyle (most people can't pull off an Inuit diet). Australopithecines (like A. sediba) were probably a lot more herbivorous than Homo. Consensus is meat caused bigger brains, either by providing more calories, or taking less calories to digest. H. naledi is an oddball and it's unclear how it relates to any other hominin  User:Dunkleosteus77 |push to talk 22:01, 2 April 2021 (UTC)

 * Comment first in response to the article snippet posted above - I don't know what they consider "relatively recent", but humans have almost certainly been cooking  for 1-1.5 million years. As for the australopithecines, they came in two basic forms: gracile and robust. The robust australopithecines are thought to have been strict vegetarians, whence they evolved their huge jaws and massive molars - to be able to process extremely hard  and tough plant foods. The gracile  australopithecines - among them those from whom came our direct ancestors - were likely more omnivorous, but their meat intake was probabably limited to small critters.), insects (namely termites) etc. the first evidence of butchering is not till Homo habilis, and not widespread till Homo erectus. One fact that is a litle unsettling, but there's direct evidence that it happened, was that the last remaining robust australopithecines appear to have been hunted to extinction by Homo erectus and butchered for their meat. Firejuggler86 (talk) 05:11, 26 June 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Homo habilis


text:
Mining engineering

Mining in the engineering discipline is the extraction of minerals from the ground. Mining engineering is associated with many other disciplines, such as mineral processing, exploration, excavation, geology, metallurgy, geotechnical engineering and surveying. A mining engineer may manage any phase of mining operations, from exploration and discovery of the mineral resources, through feasibility study, mine design, development of plans, production and operations to mine closure.

History of mining engineering
From prehistoric times to the present, mining has played a significant role in the existence of the human race. Since the beginning of civilization, people have used stone and ceramics and, later, metals found on or close to the Earth's surface. These were used to manufacture early tools and weapons. For example, high-quality flint found in northern France and southern England were used to set fire and break rock. Flint mines have been found in chalk areas where seams of the stone were followed underground by shafts and galleries. The oldest known mine on the archaeological record is the "Lion Cave" in Eswatini. At this site, which radiocarbon dating indicates to be about 43,000 years old, paleolithic humans mined mineral hematite, which contained iron and was ground to produce the red pigment ochre.

The ancient Romans were innovators of mining engineering. They developed large-scale mining methods, such as the use of large volumes of water brought to the minehead by aqueducts for hydraulic mining. The exposed rock was then attacked by fire-setting, where fires were used to heat the rock, which would be quenched with a stream of water. The thermal shock cracked the rock, enabling it to be removed. In some mines, the Romans utilized water-powered machinery such as reverse overshot water-wheels. These were used extensively in the copper mines at Rio Tinto in Spain, where one sequence comprised 16 such wheels arranged in pairs, lifting water about 80 ft.

Black powder was first used in mining in Banská Štiavnica, Kingdom of Hungary (present-day Slovakia) in 1627. This allowed blasting of rock and earth to loosen and reveal ore veins, which was much faster than fire-setting. The Industrial Revolution saw further advances in mining technologies, including improved explosives and steam-powered pumps, lifts, and drills.

Education

Becoming an accredited mining engineer requires a university or college degree. Training includes a Bachelor of Engineering (B.Eng. or B.E.), Bachelor of Science (B.Sc. or B.S.), Bachelor of Technology (B.Tech.) or Bachelor of Applied Science (B.A.Sc.) in mining engineering. Depending on the country and jurisdiction, to be licensed as a mining engineer may require a Master of Engineering (M.Eng.), Master of Science (M.Sc or M.S.) or Master of Applied Science (M.A.Sc.) degree.

Some mining engineers who have come from other disciplines, primarily from engineering fields (e.g.: mechanical, civil, electrical, geomatics or environmental engineering) or from science fields (e.g.: geology, geophysics, physics, geomatics, earth science, or mathematics), typically completing a graduate degree such as M.Eng, M.S., M.Sc. or M.A.Sc. in mining engineering after graduating from a different quantitative undergraduate program.

The fundamental subjects of mining engineering study usually include:
 * mathematics; calculus, algebra, numerical analysis, statistics
 * geoscience; geochemistry, geophysics, mineralogy, geomatics
 * mechanics; rock mechanics, soil Mechanics, geomechanics
 * thermodynamics; heat transfer, mass transfer
 * hydrogeology
 * fluid mechanics; fluid statics, fluid dynamics
 * Geostatistics; spatial analysis
 * control engineering; control theory, instrumentation
 * surface mining; open-pit mining
 * underground mining (soft rock)
 * underground mining (hard rock)
 * computing; DATAMINE, MATLAB, Maptek (Vulcan), Golden Software (Surfer), MicroStation, Carlson
 * drilling and blasting
 * solid mechanics; fracture mechanics

In the United States, about 14 universities offer a B.S. degree in mining and mineral engineering. The top rated universities include West Virginia University, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Virginia Tech, the University of Kentucky, the University of Arizona, Montana Tech, and Colorado School of Mines. Most of these universities offer M.S. and Ph.D. degrees.

In Canada, there are 19 undergraduate degree programs in mining engineering or equivalent. McGill University Faculty of Engineering offers both undergraduate (B.Sc., B.Eng.) and graduate (M.Sc., Ph.D.) degrees in Mining Engineering. and the University of British Columbia in Vancouver offers a Bachelor of Applied Science (B.A.Sc.) in Mining Engineering and also graduate degrees (M.A.Sc. or M.Eng and Ph.D.) in Mining Engineering.

In Europe, most programs are integrated (B.S. plus M.S. into one) after the Bologna Process and take five years to complete. In Portugal, the University of Porto offers an M.Eng. in Mining and Geo-Environmental Engineering and in Spain the Technical University of Madrid offers degrees in Mining Engineering with tracks in Mining Technology, Mining Operations, Fuels and Explosives, Metallurgy. In the United Kingdom, The Camborne School of Mines offers a wide choice of BEng and MEng degrees in Mining engineering and other Mining related disciplines. This is done through the University of Exeter. In Romania, the University of Petroșani (formerly known as the Petroşani Institute of Mines, or rarely as the Petroşani Institute of Coal) is the only university that offers a degree in Mining Engineering, Mining Surveying or Underground Mining Constructions, albeit, after the closure of Jiu Valley coal mines, those degrees had fallen out of interest for most high-school graduates.

In South Africa, leading institutions include the University of Pretoria, offering a 4-year Bachelor of Engineering (B.Eng in Mining Engineering) as well as post-graduate studies in various specialty fields such as rock engineering and numerical modelling, explosives engineering, ventilation engineering, underground mining methods and mine design; and the University of the Witwatersrand offering a 4-year Bachelor of Science in Engineering (B.Sc.(Eng.)) in Mining Engineering as well as graduate programs (M.Sc.(Eng.) and Ph.D.) in Mining Engineering.

Some mining engineers go on to pursue Doctorate degree programs such as Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D., DPhil), Doctor of Engineering (D.Eng., Eng.D.). These programs involve a significant original research component and are usually seen as entry points into academia.

In the Russian Federation, 85 universities across all federal districts are training specialists for the mineral resource sector. 36 universities are training specialists for extracting and processing solid minerals (mining). 49 are training specialists for extracting, primary processing, and transporting liquid and gaseous minerals (oil and gas). 37 are training specialists for geological exploration (applied geology, geological exploration). Among the universities that train specialists for the mineral resource sector, 7 are federal universities, and 13 are national research universities of Russia. Personnel training for the mineral resource sector in Russian universities is currently carried out in the following main specializations of training (specialist's degree): "Applied Geology" with the qualification of mining engineer (5 years of training); "Geological Exploration" with the qualification of mining engineer (5 years of training); "Mining" with the qualification of mining engineer (5.5 years of training); "Physical Processes in Mining or Oil and Gas Production" with the qualification of mining engineer (5.5 years of training); "Oil and Gas Engineering and Technologies" with the qualification of mining engineer (5.5 years of training). Universities develop and implement the main professional educational programs of higher education in the directions and specializations of training by forming their profile (name of the program). For example, within the framework of the specialization "Mining", universities often adhere to the classical names of the programs "Open-pit mining", "Underground mining of mineral deposits", "Surveying", "Mineral enrichment", "Mining machines", "Technological safety and mine rescue", "Mine and underground construction", "Blasting work", "Electrification of the mining industry", etc. In the last ten years, under the influence of various factors, new names of programs have begun to appear, such as: "Mining and geological information systems", "Mining ecology", etc. Thus, universities, using their freedom to form new training programs for specialists, can look to the future and try to foresee new professions of mining engineers. After the specialist's degree, you can immediately enrol in postgraduate school (analogue of Doctorate degree programs, four years of training).

Salary and statistics
Mining salaries are usually determined by the level of skill required, where the position is, and what kind of organization the engineer works for.

Mining engineers in India earn relatively high salaries in comparison to many other professions, with an average salary of $15,250. However, in comparison to mining engineer salaries in other regions, such as Canada, the United States, Australia, and the United Kingdom, Indian salaries are low. In the United States, there are an estimated 6,150 employed mining engineers, with a mean yearly wage of US$103,710.

Pre-mining
As there is considerable capital expenditure required for mining operations, an array of pre-mining activities are normally carried out to assess whether a mining operation would be worthwhile.

Mineral exploration is the process of locating minerals and assessing their concentrations (grade) and quantities (tonnage), to determine if they are commercially viable ores for mining. Mineral exploration is much more intensive, organized, involved, and professional than mineral prospecting – though it frequently utilizes services exploration, enlisting geologists and surveyors in the necessary pre-feasibility study of the possible mining operation. Mineral exploration and estimation of the reserve can determine the profitability conditions and advocate the form and type of mining required.

Mineral discovery
Mineral discovery can be made from research of mineral maps, academic geological reports, or government geological reports. Other sources of information include property assays and local word of mouth. Mineral research usually includes sampling and analysing sediments, soil, and drill cores. Soil sampling and analysis is one of the most popular mineral exploration tools. Other common tools include satellite and aerial surveys or airborne geophysics, including magneto-metric and gamma-spectrometric maps. Unless the mineral exploration is done on public property, the owners of the property may play a significant role in the exploration process and might be the original discoverers of the mineral deposit.

Mineral determination
After a prospective mineral is located, the mining geologist and engineer determine the ore properties. This may involve chemical analysis of the ore to determine the sample's composition. Once the mineral properties are identified, the next step is determining the quantity of the ore. This involves determining the extent of the deposit and the purity of the ore. The geologist drills additional core samples to find the limits of the deposit or seam and estimates the quantity of valuable material present.

Feasibility study
Once the mineral identification and reserve amount are reasonably determined, the next step is to determine the feasibility of recovering the mineral deposit. A preliminary survey shortly after the discovery of the deposit examines the market conditions, such as the supply and demand of the mineral, the amount of ore needed to be moved to recover a certain quantity of that mineral, and analysis of the cost associated with the operation. This pre-feasibility study determines whether the mining project is likely to be profitable; if so, a more in-depth analysis of the deposit is undertaken. After the full extent of the ore body is known and has been examined by engineers, the feasibility study examines the cost of initial capital investment, methods of extraction, the cost of operation, an estimated length of time to pay back the investment, the gross revenue and net profit margin, any possible resale price of the land, the total life of the reserve, the full value of the account, investment in future projects, and the property owner or owners' contract. In addition, environmental impact, reclamation, possible legal ramifications, and all government permitting are considered. These steps of analysis determine whether the mining company and its investors should proceed with the extraction of the minerals or whether the project should be abandoned. The mining company may decide to sell the rights to the reserve to a third party rather than develop it themselves. Alternatively, the decision to proceed with extraction may be postponed indefinitely until market conditions become favourable.

Mining operation
Mining engineers working in an established mine may work as an engineer for operations improvement, further mineral exploration, and operation capitalization by determining where in the mine to add equipment and personnel. The engineer may also work in supervision and management or as an equipment and mineral salesperson. In addition to engineering and operations, the mining engineer may work as an environmental, health, and safety manager or design engineer.

The act of mining requires different methods of extraction depending on the mineralogy, geology, and location of the resources. Characteristics such as mineral hardness, the mineral stratification, and access to that mineral will determine the method of extraction.

Generally, mining is either done from the surface or underground. Mining can also occur with surface and covert operations on the same reserve. Mining activity varies as to what method is employed to remove the mineral.

Surface mining
Surface mining comprises 90% of the world's mineral tonnage output. Also called open pit mining, surface mining removes minerals in formations near the surface. Ore retrieval is done by material removal from the land in its natural state. Surface mining often alters the land's characteristics, shape, topography, and geological makeup.

Surface mining involves quarrying and excavating minerals through cutting, cleaving, and breaking machinery. Explosives are usually used to facilitate breakage. Hard rocks such as limestone, sand, gravel, and slate are generally quarried into benches.

Using mechanical shovels, track dozers, and front-end loaders, strip mining is done on softer minerals such as clays and phosphate removed. Smoother coal seams can also be extracted this way.

With placer mining, dredge mining can also remove minerals from the bottoms of lakes, rivers, streams, and even the ocean. In addition, in-situ mining can be done from the surface using dissolving agents on the ore body and retrieving the ore via pumping. The pumped material is then set to leach for further processing. Hydraulic mining is utilized as water jets to wash away either overburden or the ore itself.

Mining process

 * Blasting
 * Explosives are used to break up a rock formation and aid in the collection of ore in a process called blasting. Blasting generally the heat and immense pressure of the detonated explosives to shatter and fracture a rock mass. The type of explosives used in mining is high explosives, which vary in composition and performance properties.  The mining engineer is responsible for selecting and properly placing these explosives to maximize efficiency and safety.  Blasting occurs in many phases of the mining process, such as the development of infrastructure and the production of the ore. An alternative to high explosives are Cardox blasting cartridges, invented in 1931, and extensively used from 1932 in coal mines. The cartridge contains an 'energizer' which heats liquid carbon dioxide until it ruptures a bursting disk; then, a physical explosion of the supercritical fluid.
 * Leaching
 * Leaching is the loss or extraction of certain materials from a carrier into a liquid (usually, but not always, a solvent). Mostly used in rare-earth metal extraction.

 * Flotation
 * Flotation (also spelled floatation) involves phenomena related to the relative buoyancy of minerals. It is the most widely used metal separating method.

 * Electrostatic separation
 * Separating minerals by electro-characteristic differences.

 * Gravity separation
 * Gravity separation is an industrial method of separating two components, either a suspension or dry granular mixture, where separating the components with gravity is sufficiently practical.

 * Magnetic separation
 * Magnetic separation is a process in which magnetically susceptible material is extracted from a mixture using a magnetic force.

 * Hydraulic separation
 * Hydraulic separation is a process that uses the density difference to separate minerals. Before hydraulic separation, minerals were crushed into uniform sizes; minerals with uniform sizes and densities will have different settling velocities in water, which can be used to separate target minerals.

Mining health and safety
Legal attention to health and safety in mining began in the late 19th century. In the 20th century, it progressed to a comprehensive and stringent codification of enforcement and mandatory health and safety regulation. In whatever role, a mining engineer must follow all mine safety laws.

United States
The United States Congress, through the passage of the Federal Mine Safety and Health Act of 1977, known as the Miner's Act, created the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) under the US Department of Labour. The act provides miners with rights against retaliation for reporting violations, consolidated regulation of coal mines with metallic and non-metallic mines, and created the independent Federal Mine Safety and Health Review Commission to review violations reported to MSHA.

The act codified in Code of Federal Regulations § 30 (CFR § 30) covers all miners at an active mine. When a mining engineer works at an active mine, they are subject to the same rights, violations, mandatory health and safety regulations, and compulsory training as any other worker at the mine. The mining engineer can be legally identified as a "miner".

The act establishes the rights of miners. The miner may report at any time a hazardous condition and request an inspection. The miners may elect a miners' representative to participate during an inspection, pre-inspection meeting, and post-inspection conference. The miners and miners' representatives shall be paid for their time during all inspections and investigations.

Environmental concerns
Waste and uneconomic material generated from the mineral extraction process are the primary source of pollution in the vicinity of mines. Mining activities, by their nature, cause a disturbance of the natural environment in and around which the minerals are located. Mining engineers should therefore be concerned not only with the production and processing of mineral commodities but also with the mitigation of damage to the environment both during and after mining as a result of the change in the mining area.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Mining engineering


text:
Bulerías

Bulería (interchangeable with the plural, bulerías) is a fast flamenco rhythm made up of a 12 beat cycle with emphasis in two general forms as follows: [12] 1 2 [3] 4 5 [6] 7 [8] 9 [10] 11 or [12] 1 2 [3] 4 5 6 [7] [8] 9 [10] 11 This may be thought of as a measure of followed by a measure of   (known as hemiola).

For dancers, it is commonly viewed with a compas or bar of 6 counts as opposed to 12.

An interesting counting method has been used by Pepe Romero, in his book Classical Guitar Style and Technique, which is 2 measures of time followed by 3 measures of  time. This puts the emphasis on the last beat of each measure: 1 2 [3] 1 2 [3] 1 [2] 1 [2] 1 [2]

When performed, the bulería always starts on beat twelve of the compas, so the accented beat is heard first.

It is normally played at 195-240 beats per minute, most commonly in an A-phrygian mode (por medio) with a sharpened third to make A major the root chord. A typical rasgueado pattern involves only the A and B♭ chords, were golpes are used to accent the chords as follows:

[A] — — [B♭] — — [B♭] —[B♭] —[A]—

Although professional players often intersperse other chords, in more traditional playing variations of chords from the Andalusian cadence are utilised and modern players, influenced by jazz may use a greater variety of chord patterns and variations.

It originated among the Calé Romani people of Jerez during the 19th century, originally as a fast, upbeat ending to soleares or alegrias. It is among the most popular and dramatic of the flamenco forms and often ends any flamenco gathering. The name bulerías comes from the Spanish word burlar, meaning "to mock" or bullería, "racket, shouting, din". It is the style which permits the greatest freedom for improvisation, the metre playing a crucial role in this. Speed and agility are required and total control of rhythm as well as strength in the feet which are used in intricate tapping with toe, heel and the ball of the foot. (See also tap dance.)

Cante (singing)
When sung, the bulería has three or four octosyllabic lines. It is sometimes subdivided into bulerías al golpe and bulerías ligadas. The former is slower while the latter is frantic.

There are many styles of Buleria depending on the region of Spain from which it originated. For example: Buleria de Lebrija, Buleria de Jerez (possibly the most commonly used style), Buleria de Cadiz, Buleria de Utrera etc.

title: Bulerías


text:
User:Andrewbarrett

Just Learning
This Wiki stuff seems quite powerful. I'm looking at using the technology for a large family website. --Andrewbarrett 16:19, 25 Feb 2004 (UTC)

title: User:Andrewbarrett


text:
Talk:Main Page/New Design

Proposal of new design/skin
A made a project of new layout for Main Page. Look at it please and comment it. I know that it probably needs some color nudging and perhaps rearrangement of some links, but even now it looks magnificient to me.

How it looks? Like merge of Nostalgia and Cologne Blue skins with consensus of old and new designs. A key to success were smaller fonts.

And here is article page layout:

Give it a chance folks. If someone actually wants to implement it I could send a PSD file with all the layers for easy manipulation. Forseti 12:37, 25 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * Hi, Forseti, I'm interested in implementing it for testing purposes. Just send me a message to ew[+]ewsoftware[-]de. Thanks. -- Eckhart Wörner
 * Done, Forseti 09:29, 16 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * Anyone who would like to see how this could look like in html can do this here and here. -- Eckhart Wörner 20:25, 20 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * I like it. It definitely looks a lot more 'professional' which (as I have said before) I think is quite important.  Not sure how easy it would be to implement though.  The software treats the main page the same as any other page on the site, including the links in the side bar, so without changing the software we can't change the side links.  Also, it would need to be implemented as a new skin to affect the page outside of the main content.  I think this would be good, but how would the content look in other skins?  If it is implemented, it should replace the default skin (with the default being kept as 'Wikipedia Classic') as it is primarily aimed at new users who won't have created an account yet.

 * I reckon a lot of people will be against the design because it uses more graphics and table code, but I don't see that as a problem. Let's see what people think though...  --HappyDog 12:53, 25 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Graphics is not a problem - this layout adds only 5 pics, all of which are below 20*20 pixels. Would be about 2-3 kB in GIF. BTW: why tables are bad? -- Forseti 09:29, 16 Mar 2004 (UTC)

I believe that all main articles on the English wikipedia should receive a newer design -- kind of like that of the newer main page, which looks pretty good. I am for the Main Page/Forseti Idea. Wikigreat 16:08, 25 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Wow. I'm in love... Please, even if only as an optional skin, someone implement this! -- Kwekubo 23:38, 25 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * I agree. Forseti's design is not only aesthetically beautiful, it is functional and is faithful to the spirit of an encyclopedia -- categories and reference, but it still has interesting entry points for current events, to make it link to what's happening today, now. How quickly can it be done? :) Fuzheado 06:05, 26 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Main Page/Temp;talk
 * Main Page/Temp2;talk
 * Main Page/Temp3;talk
 * Main Page/Temp5;talk (Previously Temp 4)
 * Main Page/Temp6;talk
 * Main Page/Temp7;talk
 * Main Page/Temp9;talk (DRAFT)
 * Main Page/Temp10;talk
 * Main Page/Forseti Idea;talk
 * French Wikipedia's delicious design
 * A delectable Anglicised version of French Wikipedia by Tom-.

Feedback
It looks cute, but I'm not sure what it is supposed to be. A skin? A Main Page? Both? Which features of the site are supposed to be permanent navigational elements, which are supposed to be editable? Do you want the sidebars to be editable? If so, what is shown in their place on pages other than the Main Page?

The only actual content which we could transfer from this design to our current one is in the middle: the list of topics. I have explained in detail on Talk:Main Page why it is a bad idea to place so much emphasis on structure to gain readers.

As for the skin, this has to be implemented on the code level. There is no template system. The design in this mock-up is too confused about what it wants to be to be of much use in designing a new skin, though.

Forseti, you clearly have good design skills. I encourage you to come up with a page-independent skin mock-up, which should also be compatible with most browsers. Then we can talk about what it takes to implement that proposal. You may want to talk to User:Tarquin, who has also done some work in that area.—Eloquence 06:15, Feb 26, 2004 (UTC)

 * It's a design of Main Page. The links on yellow field should be permanent and on blue line below - dependent on page status (protected pages disallow editing for example) but presented independently of skin. Preferably skins would change the colors and other trivia only as opposed to current skins that significantly change the link repertoire. So for now forget about skins (I mentioned them because I borrowed some ideas from Classic and Cologne) and assume it is layout design.

 * Yes, different layouts could be done, but a) they should be skinnable too (so that one can change the colors if he can't stand them), b) they should be clearly targeted at 'casual readers', 'professional academics', 'serious writers' and so forth. But this isn't too important IMHO and could be eventually be done later, if really needed.

 * Back to this design: Essentially yellow topmost part should be permanent navigational elements, all below - subject for edit. Frankly, I think that the sidebars on Main Page need some serious CMS system that would make all the edits on Main Page for users. Manual edits would be disallowed so as not to mess things in all that tables and markup.

 * As for 'what in place of sidebars on other pages?' question, I have two proposals: 1. instead of blue sidebar there could be present toolbar (this from Cologne Blue is especially exhaustive) and red toolbar could vanish - eighter allowing article text to spread in its place or making whitespace. 2. blue sidebar - as above, red one - See also and External Links sections (or other useful links to the article). In case of second proposal, edit form for articles should change - instead of one textarea there should be one for article proper and one for each section on red sidebar. Mix and mold this proposals to your liking.

 * I agree that some things should be done at code level. Probably yellow part should be hardcoded. Also, I introduced 'Wikipedia News' section because I feel that 1. there is need for some gateway to the community on main page, 2. even old design lacked a place that would outline the most important current community proceedings like announcements, polls, debates etc.

 * Sidebars should be easy. They are intended to contain current and similar tags. However current code would have to be modified somewhat: smaller pics and fonts should be presented. All else is HTML & CSS coding.

 * Please, tell me what exactly this mock-up should be. While I've done WWW coding I'm not accustomed to this terminology. Do you want working sample webpage like those on Main Page/Temp but static?

 * I'll make some projects in spare time, but now I'm too busy.
 * Forseti 08:35, 26 Feb 2004 (UTC)

I really like the look of it. Not sure about all the layout changes, but I do like the top bar. The main page proposal looks very nice, the only problem I have with it is that it uses the sidebars in a way that's different from regular articles, which might be confusing... specific visual elements should have the same function everywhere. Fredrik 13:51, 29 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Yummy. Looks very professional and unique, which is, of course, important if we wish to attract more Wikipedians. [ alerante | “” 20:47, 6 Apr 2004 (UTC) ]

 * love it. Great use of curved edges, inverse space, color and spacing.  can we implement something like this?  +sj +  06:40, 30 May 2004 (UTC)

looks, but nothing new
I don't like the new look.

Due to the baby blue hue, I'm constantly clicking around in blank space because it looks like I've accidentally selected the entire body of the page. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 108.200.33.153 (talk) 22:58, 7 May 2012 (UTC)

Colours
Kingdom, Pylum, Class, Order, FAMILY, Genus, Species.........  Doesn't matter the example, but Merlin is a good one. If I search tat way am I looking for real or fiction? Old or new? If I could even cut that in half like black and white, black and white is how its cut and doesn't even exist.

I can't design, but am I looking for a lead of my direction, the blue there and red not, could lead to an easy colourfull split in subjects would be much nicer than there or not and even possibly a classifaction all the same, but a way you can tell real or theory, black, white or gray...

The question I have is, being lots of colours in the world, why are red and blue the black and white of this world, everything I want can be any shade of gray................

Have Fun James

title: Talk:Main Page/New Design


text:
Alegrías

Alegrías is a flamenco palo or musical form, which has a rhythm consisting of 12 beats. It is similar to Soleares. Its beat emphasis is as follows: 1 2 [3] 4 5 [6] 7 [8] 9 [10] 11 [12]. Alegrías originated in Cádiz. Alegrías belongs to the group of palos called Cantiñas and it is usually played in a lively rhythm (120-170 beats per minute). The livelier speeds are chosen for dancing, while quieter rhythms are preferred for the song alone.

One of the structurally strictest forms of flamenco, a traditional dance in alegrías must contain each of the following sections: a salida (entrance), paseo (walkaround), silencio (similar to an adagio in ballet), castellana (upbeat section) zapateado (literally "a tap of the foot") and bulerías. This structure though, is not followed when alegrías are sung as a standalone song (with no dancing). In that case, the stanzas are combined freely, sometimes together with other types of cantiñas.

Recommended listenings for this palo include most singers from Cádiz, like Chano Lobato, La Perla de Cádiz, Aurelio Sellés, but also general singers like Manolo Caracol or La Niña de los Peines.

Also, you can listen "Mar Amargo" from Camarón and "La Tarde es Caramelo" from Vicente Amigo.

It is one of the cante chico forms of flamenco. The word Alegrías literally means "joys."

title: Alegrías


text: User talk:146.82.104.162

title: User talk:146.82.104.162


text: Template:Subdivisions of Sweden

title: Template:Subdivisions of Sweden


text:
José Mercé

José Mercé (born José Soto Soto in 1955 in Jerez de la Frontera) is a Spanish flamenco singer. As a 12-year-old he performed at flamenco festivals. Later he moved to Madrid where he recorded his first album in 1968.

Family
He is the great-grandson of nineteenth-century seguiriya maestro Francisco Valencia, whose nickname was Paco la Luz.

He is also the nephew of Manuel Soto Sordera, the patriarch of Jerez flamenco. Mercé's nickname comes from his participation in the choir of the Basilica de la Merced when he was a boy.

Production
The youthful Mercé became one of the most sought-after singers for accompanying dance, and he has worked with the Trío Madrid, formed by Mario Maya, El Güito and Carmen Mora. From 1973 to 1983 he joined the company of Antonio Gades, with which he travelled half-way around half the world and took part in the film Bodas de Sangre, by Carlos Saura.

He has also worked with guitarists Enrique De Melchor, Tomatito, Vicente Amigo and Moraito.

Discography

 * Bandera de Andalucía (1968)
 * Desnudando el Alma (1994)
 * Del Amanecer… (1998)
 * Caminos reales del cante (1999)
 * Aire (2000)
 * Cuerpo y Alma (2001)
 * Recopilación. Verde junco y otros éxitos (2002)
 * Lío (2002)
 * Quebrando el Aire (2002)
 * Verde junco & Hondas Raices (2004)
 * Ruido (2010)
 * Mi única llave (2012)
 * Doy La Cara (2016)
 * El Oripando (2022)

 * Contributing artist
 * The Rough Guide to Flamenco (1997, World Music Network)

Awards

 * In 1986 he won the Córdoba National Competition (Concurso Nacional de Arte Flamenco de Córdoba).
 * In 2010 he received the Medalla de Andalucía for his merits as a flamenco singer.
 * In 2013 José Mercé's album Mi única llave was nominated for the Grammy Latinos in the category "Best Flamenco Album".

title: José Mercé


text:
Tomatito

José Fernández Torres, known as Tomatito (born Fondón, 1958), is a Spanish roma flamenco guitarist and composer. Having started his career accompanying famed flamenco singer Camarón de la Isla (with Paco de Lucía), he has made a number of collaborative albums and six solo albums, two of which have won Latin Grammy Awards.

Beginnings, Camarón de la Isla
Jose Fernandez Torres grew up in a musical family, which included two guitar playing uncles: Niño Miguel, a flamenco guitarist, and Antonio, a professional guitarist.

Tomatito, who had been playing clubs in Andalucía, became a flamenco sensation when he was discovered by guitarist Paco de Lucía. He accompanied legendary flamenco singer Camarón de la Isla for two decades. With Paco and Camarón he recorded four albums, and had a 1979 hit called "La Leyenda del Tiempo". Their album Paris 87 won a Latin Grammy for best flamenco album in 2000. Their partnership continued until Camarón's death in 1992.

Later career
Tomatito's music blends traditional flamenco and jazz. On some albums, such as Barrio Negro, he experimented with Afro-Cuban and Brazilian Music. He has also worked with flamenco singers Duquende and Potito and pianist Chano Domínguez, among others. A collaboration with pianist Michel Camilo produced the albums Spain (2000), which won a Latin Grammy, and Spain Again (2006).

Tomatito has produced six solo albums. His 2005 album Aguadulce won a Latin Grammy for best flamenco album, and in 2010 he won his second solo Latin Grammy for Sonanta Suite.

His music for the film Vengo, directed by Tony Gatlif, won the César Award for Best Music Written for a Film in 2001.

On March 11, 2019, he was awarded by the Premio Flamenco Radio of Canal Sur.

Style and instruments
Tomatito incorporates elements of jazz in his style of flamenco; both, he says, "emerged as a response to discrimination, a cry of suffering, or the joy of liberation". Half of what he plays is improvised, he said. He frequently employs the Phrygian mode, and his favorite tuning is D, A, D, G, B♭, D.

He plays guitars made by Manuel Reyes, and uses (and endorses) strings by Savarez.

Solo albums

 * 1987: Rosas del Amor
 * 1991: Barrio Negro
 * 1997: Guitarra Gitana
 * 2000: Spain (with Michel Camilo)
 * 2001: Paseo de los Castaños
 * 2004: Aguadulce
 * 2006: Spain Again (with Michel Camilo)
 * 2008: Pansequito
 * 2010: Sonanta Suite (with Josep Pons and the Orquesta Nacional de España)
 * 2013: Soy Flamenco
 * 2016: Spain Forever (with Michel Camilo)
 * 2019:  Rodrigo: Concierto De Aranjuez

Singles

 * 2012: "Mi Santa" Ft Romeo

With Camarón de la Isla and Paco de Lucía

 * 1981: "Como El Agua"
 * 1983: "Calle Real"
 * 1984: "Vivire"
 * 1992: "Potro de Rabia y Miel"

With Camarón de la Isla

 * 1979: "La Leyenda del Tiempo"
 * 1986: "Te lo Dice Camarón"
 * 1987: "Flamenco Vivo"
 * 1989: "Soy Gitano"
 * 1994: "Camarón Nuestro"
 * 1999: Paris 1987

title: Tomatito


text:
Almeria (disambiguation)

Almeria may refer to:

Places

 * Almería, a city in Spain, capital of the province of Almería
 * Port of Almeria, the commercial port of Almería
 * Almería, Colima, a municipio in Mexico
 * Province of Almería, in southern Spain
 * Almeria, Biliran, a municipality in the Philippines
 * Almeria, Nebraska

Other uses

 * Almeria (moth), a moth genus
 * Almeria grape, a type of white grape
 * UD Almería, a football (soccer) club in the city of Almería
 * 5879 Almeria, an asteroid
 * Almería (album), a 2012 album by American alternative rock band Lifehouse
 * River Almería, a stretch of the Andarax
 * Almeria, a character in the 1697 play The Mourning Bride

title: Almeria (disambiguation)


text:
Camarón de la Isla

José Monje Cruz (5 December 1950 – 2 July 1992), better known by his stage name Camarón de la Isla, was a Spanish Romani flamenco singer. Considered one of the all-time greatest flamenco singers, he was noted for his collaborations with Paco de Lucía and Tomatito, and the three of them were of major importance to the revival of flamenco in the second half of the 20th century.

Early life
He was born in San Fernando, Cádiz, Spain, into a Spanish Romani family, the seventh of eight children. His mother was Juana Cruz Castro, a "Canastera", literally a basket weaver, and meaning from a wandering Roma family, and whose gift of singing was a strong early influence.

His father, Juan Luis Monje, was also a singer as well as a blacksmith, and had a forge where Camarón worked as a boy. His uncle José nicknamed him Camarón (Spanish for "Shrimp") because he was blonde and fair skinned.

When his father died of asthma, while still very young, the family went through financial hardship. At the age of eight he began to sing at inns and bus stops with Rancapino to earn money. At sixteen, he won first prize at the Festival del Cante Jondo in Mairena del Alcor. Camarón then went to Madrid with Miguel de los Reyes and in 1968 became a resident artist at the Tablao Torres Bermejas, where he remained for twelve years.

Musical career
During his time at Tablao Torres Bermejas, he met Paco de Lucía, with whom he recorded nine albums between 1969 and 1977. The two toured extensively together during this period. As Paco de Lucía became more occupied with solo concert commitments, Camarón worked with the flamenco guitarist Tomatito.

In 1976, at the age of 25, Camarón married Dolores Montoya, a Romani girl from La Línea de la Concepción whom he nicknamed "La Chispa" (The Spark). At the time La Chispa was 16. The couple had four children.

Many consider Camarón to be the single most popular and influential flamenco cantaor (singer) of the modern period. In his recordings and collaborations, he sought to incorporate contemporary elements and expand the appeal of flamenco, for example by recording with the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra, whilst staying true to the genre's roots. Although his work was criticized by some traditionalists, he was one of the first to feature an electric bass in his songs. This was a turning point in the history of Flamenco music that helped distinguish Nuevo Flamenco.

When Camarón was already a recognised artist, internationally acclaimed for his authenticity and depth, he received an offer from the Rolling Stones. Mick Jagger personally wanted them to play together. According to his biographer Alfonso Rodríguez, Camarón said: "If they don't know anything about flamenco, what am I going to sing for them?" Mick Jagger called him several times and offered him a lot of money, but Camaron preferred to stay in Andalusia and not complicate his life.

He also turned down an offer from the Gipsy Kings to be part of their tour of Latin America. According to his wife, Dolores Montoya, La Chispa, they offered him "a Mercedes convertible, 50 million pesetas and insurance for what could happen" and he turned it down. For him, his family was the main priority.

Health issues and death
In later years, his health deteriorated due to heavy smoking and some level of drug abuse.

In 1992, Camarón de la Isla died of lung cancer in Badalona, Spain. He was buried in a Catholic ceremony at the cemetery of San Fernando as he wanted. It was estimated that 100,000 people attended his funeral.

Posthumous awards and recognitions
On 5 December 2000 the Ministry of Culture of the Junta de Andalucía posthumously awarded to Camaron the 'Llave de Oro del Cante', the Golden Key of Flamenco. This was only the fourth key awarded since 1862.

In 2005, film director Jaime Chávarri released the biopic Camarón in Spain starring Óscar Jaenada as Camarón and Verónica Sánchez as La Chispa. The film, produced in consultation with Camarón's widow, was subsequently nominated for several Goya Awards.

In 2006, Isaki Lacuesta directed La Leyenda del Tiempo (The Legend of Time), in which a Japanese woman visits Camarón's birthplace to learn to sing exactly like him.

In 2018, the documentary film Camarón: Flamenco y Revolución (Camarón: The Film), from the Spanish director Alexis Morante, was released through Netflix. In an interview, the director would say that one of his goals with the film was "to explain how the myth was built".

In 2021 a museum devoted to the singer was opened in San Fernando.

Partial discography
With Paco de Lucía:
 * Al Verte las Flores Lloran (1969)
 * Cada Vez que Nos Miramos (1970)
 * Son Tus Ojos Dos Estrellas (1971)
 * Canastera (1972)
 * Caminito de Totana (1973)
 * Soy Caminante (1974)
 * Arte y Majestad (1975)
 * Rosa María (1976)
 * Castillo de Arena (1977)
 * Camaron en la Venta de Vargas (2004)

With Paco de Lucía and Tomatito:
 * Como el Agua (1981)
 * Calle Real (1983)
 * Viviré (1984)
 * Potro de Rabia y Miel (1992)

With Tomatito:
 * Te lo Dice Camarón (1986)
 * Flamenco Vivo (1987)
 * Soy Gitano (1991)
 * Camarón Nuestro (1994)
 * Paris 1987 (1999)

Other: Contributing artist:
 * La Leyenda del Tiempo (1979) (Released as a solo album)
 * Como El Agua (1981)
 * Soy Gitano (1989) (Released with the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra, with guest appearances by Tomatito)
 * Camarón: Reencuentro  (2008)
 * The Rough Guide to Flamenco (1997, World Music Network)

The titles given for the first five albums with Paco de Lucía are those in popular usage, being the titles of the first tracks. Formally, all of them are entitled El Camarón de la Isla con la colaboración especial de Paco de Lucía, as shown in the album cover image included above, with the exception of Canastera.

title: Camarón de la Isla


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Trilemma

A trilemma is a difficult choice from three options, each of which is (or appears) unacceptable or unfavourable. There are two logically equivalent ways in which to express a trilemma: it can be expressed as a choice among three unfavourable options, one of which must be chosen, or as a choice among three favourable options, only two of which are possible at the same time.

The term derives from the much older term dilemma, a choice between two or more difficult or unfavourable alternatives. The earliest recorded use of the term was by the British preacher Philip Henry in 1672, and later, apparently independently, by the preacher Isaac Watts in 1725.

Epicurus' trilemma
One of the earliest uses of the trilemma formulation is that of the Greek philosopher Epicurus, rejecting the idea of an omnipotent and omnibenevolent God (as summarised by David Hume):

 * 1) If God is unable to prevent evil, then he is not all-powerful.
 * 2) If God is not willing to prevent evil, then he is not all-good.
 * 3) If God is both willing and able to prevent evil, then why does evil exist?

Although traditionally ascribed to Epicurus and called Epicurus' trilemma, it has been suggested that it may actually be the work of an early skeptic writer, possibly Carneades.

In studies of philosophy, discussions, and debates related to this trilemma are often referred to as being about the problem of evil.

Apologetic trilemma
One well-known trilemma is sometimes used by Christian apologists considered a proof of the divinity of Jesus, and is most commonly known in the version by C. S. Lewis. It proceeds from the premise that Jesus claimed to be God, and that therefore one of the following must be true:

 * 1) Lunatic: Jesus was not God, but he mistakenly believed that he was.
 * 2) Liar: Jesus was not God, and he knew it, but he said so anyway.
 * 3) Lord: Jesus is God.

The trilemma, usually in Lewis' formulation, is often used in works of popular apologetics, although it is almost completely absent from discussions about the status of Jesus by professional theologians and biblical scholars.

The "cruel trilemma"
The "cruel trilemma" was an English ecclesiastical and judicial weapon developed in the first half of the 17th century, and used as a form of coercion and persecution. The format was a religious oath to tell the truth, imposed upon the accused prior to questioning. The accused, if guilty, would find themselves trapped between:
 * 1) A breach of religious oath if they lied (taken extremely seriously in that era, a mortal sin), as well as perjury;
 * 2) Self-incrimination if they told the truth; or
 * 3) Contempt of court if they said nothing and were silent.

Outcry over this process led to the foundation of the right to not incriminate oneself being established in common law and was the direct precursor of the right to silence and non-self-incrimination in the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution.

The Münchhausen trilemma
In the theory of knowledge the Münchhausen trilemma is an argument against the possibility of proving any certain truth even in the fields of logic and mathematics. Its name is going back to a logical proof of the German philosopher Hans Albert. This proof runs as follows: All of the only three possible attempts to get a certain justification must fail:
 * 1) All justifications in pursuit of certain knowledge have also to justify the means of their justification and doing so they have to justify anew the means of their justification. Therefore, there can be no end. We are faced with the hopeless situation of an infinite regression.
 * 2) One can stop at self-evidence or common sense or fundamental principles or speaking ex cathedra or at any other evidence, but in doing so the intention to install certain justification is abandoned.
 * 3) The third horn of the trilemma is the application of a circular argument.

The trilemma of censorship
In John Stuart Mill's On Liberty, as a part of his argument against the suppression of free speech, he describes the trilemma facing those attempting to justify such suppression (although he does not refer to it as a trilemma, Leo Parker-Rees (2009) identified it as such). If free speech is suppressed, the opinion suppressed is either:
 * 1) True – in which case society is robbed of the chance to exchange error for truth;
 * 2) False – in which case the opinion would create a 'livelier impression' of the truth, allowing people to justify the correct view;
 * 3) Half-true – in which case it would contain a forgotten element of the truth, that is important to rediscover, with the eventual aim of a synthesis of the conflicting opinions that is the whole truth.

Buddhist Trilemma
The Buddhist philosopher Nagarjuna uses the trilemma in his Verses on the Middle Way, giving the example that:

 * a cause cannot follow its effect
 * a cause cannot be coincident with its effect
 * a cause cannot precede its effect

"The Uneasy Triangle"
In 1952, the British magazine The Economist published a series of articles on an "Uneasy Triangle", which described "the three-cornered incompatibility between a stable price level, full employment, and ... free collective bargaining". The context was the difficulty maintaining external balance without sacrificing two sacrosanct political values, jobs for all and unrestricted labor rights. Inflation resulting from labor militancy in the context of full employment put powerful downward pressure on the pound sterling. Runs on the pound triggered a long series of economically and politically disruptive "stop-go" policies (deflation followed by reflation). John Maynard Keynes had anticipated the severe problem associated with reconciling full employment with stable prices without sacrificing democracy and the associational rights of labor. The same incompatibilities were also elaborated on in Charles E. Lindblom's 1949 book, Unions and Capitalism.

The "impossible trinity"
In 1962 and 1963, a trilemma (or "impossible trinity") was introduced by the economists Robert Mundell and Marcus Fleming in articles discussing the problems with creating a stable international financial system. It refers to the trade-offs among the following three goals: a fixed exchange rate, national independence in monetary policy, and capital mobility. According to the Mundell–Fleming model of 1962 and 1963, a small, open economy cannot achieve all three of these policy goals at the same time: in pursuing any two of these goals, a nation must forgo the third.

Wage policy trilemmas
In 1989 Peter Swenson posited the existence of "wage policy trilemmas" encountered by trade unions trying to achieve three egalitarian goals simultaneously. One involved attempts to compress wages within a bargaining sector while compressing wages between sectors and maximizing access to employment in the sector. A variant of this "horizontal" trilemma was the "vertical" wage policy trilemma associated with trying simultaneously to compress wages, increase the wage share of value added at the expense of profits, and maximize employment. These trilemmas helped explain instability in unions' wage policies and their political strategies seemingly designed to resolve the incompatibilities.

The Pinker social trilemma
Steven Pinker proposed another social trilemma in his books How the Mind Works and The Blank Slate: that a society cannot be simultaneously "fair", "free", and "equal". If it is "fair", individuals who work harder will accumulate more wealth; if it is "free", parents will leave the bulk of their inheritance to their children; but then it will not be "equal", as people will begin life with different fortunes.

The political trilemma of the world economy
Economist Dani Rodrik argues in his book, The Globalization Paradox, that democracy, national sovereignty, and global economic integration are mutually incompatible. Democratic states pose obstacles to global integration (e. g. regulatory laws, taxes and tariffs) to protect their own economies. Therefore, if we need to achieve complete economic integration, it is necessary to also remove democratic nations states. A government of some nation state could possibly pursue the goal of global integration on the expense of its own population, but that would require an authoritarian regime. Otherwise, the government would be likely replaced in the next elections.

Holmström's theorem
In Moral Hazard in Teams, economist Bengt Holmström demonstrated a trilemma that arises from incentive systems. For any team of risk-neutral agents, no incentive system of revenue distribution can satisfy all three of the following conditions: Pareto efficiency, balanced budget, and Nash stability. This entails three optimized outcomes:
 * 1) Martyrdom: the incentive system distributes all revenue, and no agent can improve their take by changing their strategy, but at least one agent is not receiving reward in proportion to their effort.
 * 2) Instability: the incentive system distributes all revenue, and all agents are rewarded in proportion to their effort, but at least one agent could increase their take by changing strategies.
 * 3) Insolvency: all agents are rewarded in proportion to their effort, and no shift in strategy would improve any agent's take, but not all revenue is distributed.

The Brexit trilemma
Following the Brexit referendum, the first May government decided that not only should the United Kingdom leave the European Union but also that it should leave the European Union Customs Union and the European Single Market. This meant that a customs and regulatory border would arise between the UK and the EU. Whilst the sea border between Great Britain and continental Europe was expected to present manageable challenges, the UK/EU border in Ireland was recognised as having rather more intractable issues. These were summarised in what became known as the "Brexit trilemma", because of three competing objectives: no hard border on the island; no customs border in the Irish Sea; and no British participation in the European Single Market and the European Union Customs Union. It is not possible to have all three.

The Zionist trilemma
Zionists have often desired that Israel be democratic, have a Jewish identity, and encompass (at least) the land of Mandatory Palestine. However, these desires (or "desiderata") seemingly form an inconsistent triad, and thus a trilemma. Palestine has an Arab majority, so any democratic state encompassing all of Palestine would likely have a binational or Arab identity.

However, Israel could be:

 * Democratic and Jewish, but not in all of Palestine.
 * Democratic and in all of Palestine, but not Jewish.
 * Jewish and in all of Palestine, but not democratic.

This observation appears in "From Beirut to Jerusalem" (1989), by Thomas Friedman, who attributes it to the political scientist Aryeh Naor (historically, the 'trilema' is inexact since early Zionist activists often (a) believed that Jews would migrate to Palestine in sufficiently large numbers; (b) proposed forms of bi-national governance; (c) preferred forms of communism over democracy).

The Žižek trilemma
The "Žižek trilemma" is a humorous formulation on the incompatibility of certain personal virtues under a constraining ideological framework. Often attributed to the philosopher Slavoj Žižek, it is actually quoted by him as the product of an anonymous source: One cannot but recall here a witty formula of life under a hard Communist regime: Of the three features—personal honesty, sincere support of the regime and intelligence—it was possible to combine only two, never all three. If one were honest and supportive, one was not very bright; if one were bright and supportive, one was not honest; if one were honest and bright, one was not supportive.

The project-management trilemma
Arthur C. Clarke cited a management trilemma encountered when trying to achieve production quickly and cheaply while maintaining high quality. In the software industry, this means that one can pick any two of: fastest time to market, highest software quality (fewest defects), and lowest cost (headcount). This is the basis of the popular project management aphorism "Quick, Cheap, Good: Pick two," conceptualized as the project management triangle or "quality, cost, delivery".

The trilemma of an encyclopedia
The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy is said to have overcome the trilemma that an encyclopedia cannot be authoritative, comprehensive and up-to-date all at the same time for any significant duration.

In data storage
The RAID technology may offer two of three desirable values: (relative) inexpensiveness, speed or reliability (RAID 0 is fast and cheap, but unreliable; RAID 6 is extremely expensive and reliable, with correct performance and so on). A common phrase in data storage is "fast, cheap, good: choose two".

The same saying has been pastiched in silent computing as "fast, cheap, quiet: choose two".

In researching magnetic recording, used in hard drive storage, a trilemma arises due to the competing requirements of readability, writeability and stability (known as the Magnetic Recording Trilemma). Reliable data storage means that for very small bit sizes the magnetic medium must be made of a material with a very high coercivity (ability to maintain its magnetic domains and withstand any undesired external magnetic influences). But this coercivity must be overridden by the drive head when data is written, which means an extremely strong magnetic field in a very tiny space, but the size occupied by one bit of data eventually becomes so small that the strongest magnetic field able to be created in the space available, is not strong enough to allow data writing. In effect, a point exists at which it becomes impractical or impossible to make a working disk drive because magnetic writing activity is no longer possible on such a small scale. Heat-assisted magnetic recording (HAMR) and Microwave Assisted Magnetic Recording (MAMR) are technologies that aim to modify coercivity during writing only, to work around the trilemma ..

In anonymous communication protocols
Anonymous communication protocols can offer two of the three desirable properties: strong anonymity, low bandwidth overhead, low latency overhead.

Some anonymous communication protocols offer anonymity at the cost of high bandwidth overhead, that means the number of messages exchanged between the protocol parties is very high. Some offer anonymity with the expense of latency overhead (there is a high delay between when the message is sent by the sender and when it is received by the receiver). There are protocols which aims to keep the bandwidth overhead and latency overhead low, but they can only provide a weak form of anonymity.

Other (technology)
The CAP theorem, covering guarantees provided by distributed systems, and Zooko's triangle concerning naming of participants in network protocols, are both examples of other trilemmas in technology.

title: Trilemma


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Wikipedia talk:Main Page/Temp10

You know this actually looks better than most other Temps. --Wikigreat 16:35, 25 Feb 2004 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia talk:Main Page/Temp10


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Moraíto Chico II

Moraíto Chico (born Manuel Moreno Junquera; 13 September 1956 – 10 August 2011) was a Flamenco guitarist.

He was known as one of the best and most in-demand accompanying guitarists of his generation, and regularly accompanied José Mercé, Diego Carrasco and other popular flamenco singers. He also performed often with such stars as La Paquera de Jerez, Camarón de la Isla and Manuel Agujetas. Moraito was particularly renowned for his powerful, full, and round sound, his driving rhythmic style and impressive rasgueos. He was one of the finest exponents of the buleria form and can be seen and heard playing in this style on Carlos Saura's influential 'Flamenco' and "Flamenco, Flamenco' films.

Moraito was the nephew of the original Moraíto (Manuel Moreno a.k.a. Manuel Morao), and son of the original Moraíto Chico (Juan Moreno). His son, Diego Del Morao, is one of the best known of the current generation of Flamenco guitarists.

He died on 10 August 2011, after a long struggle with cancer.

Works
He has recorded two solo albums:

 * "Morao, Morao"
 * "Morao y Oro"

Moraito also participated in an instructional video and scores booklet (now published as a DVD) with Encuentro Publications which included in the first part of the video / DVD five selected pieces from his repertoire: two Bulerías, Sevillanas, Tangos and Vals-Bulerías. The second part was devoted to Moraíto's speciality: together with singer Fernando Terremoto (also deceased), Moraíto focused on basic principles and difficulties of the accompaniment of cante using Malagueñas, Seguiriyas and Tientos/Tangos.

title: Moraíto Chico II


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British Columbia Electric Railway

The British Columbia Electric Railway (BCER) was an historic railway which operated in southwestern British Columbia, Canada. Originally the parent company for, and later a division of, BC Electric Company (now BC Hydro), the BCER assumed control of existing streetcar and interurban lines in southwestern British Columbia in 1897, and operated the electric railway systems in the region until the last interurban service was discontinued in 1958. During and after the streetcar era, BC Electric also ran bus and trolleybus systems in Greater Vancouver and bus service in Greater Victoria; these systems subsequently became part of BC Transit, and the routes in Greater Vancouver eventually came under the control of TransLink. Trolley buses still run in the City of Vancouver with one line extending into Burnaby.

History
Streetcar and interurban services were inaugurated in southwestern British Columbia between 1890 and 1891, operated by the following companies:
 * National Electric Tramway and Lighting Company Limited, which launched the streetcar service in Victoria on February 22, 1890;
 * Vancouver Electric Railway and Light Company Limited, which launched Vancouver's streetcar system on June 27, 1890 ; and
 * Vancouver & Westminster Tramway Company, which launched New Westminster's streetcar system on October 8, 1891, as well as the Vancouver–New Westminster interurban line (via Central Park in Burnaby) in the same year.

With the global depression in the 1890s, all three companies went into receivership, and were amalgamated in 1895 into the Consolidated Railway and Light Company. The newly founded company was forced into receivership again after a streetcar accident in Victoria (the Point Ellice Bridge Disaster) resulted in 55 deaths, and was reorganized as the British Columbia Electric Railway Company Limited in April 1897.

Power supply
Power was supplied by then-innovative diversion projects at Buntzen Lake and on the Stave River system farther east, all of which were built primarily to supply power for the interurbans and street railway.

Interurban rail lines
Vancouver–Marpole

BCER began the Vancouver-Steveston interurban and freight service in 1905 after leasing the line from Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) and electrifying it. The Vancouver-Marpole line's right-of-way (whose northern section runs beside Arbutus Street) remained under the ownership of the CPR, which continued running freight trains on the corridor until June 2001. With the end of freight operations on the line in sight, Vancouver City Council adopted the Arbutus Corridor Official Development Plan in 2000, designating the corridor as a transportation/greenway public thoroughfare to prevent other types of development from taking place along the right-of-way.

Marpole–Steveston (Lulu Island Branch)

The Steveston line's alignment on Lulu Island can be traced by Railway Avenue, Granville Avenue, Garden City Road, and Great Canadian Way. After the end of passenger service in 1958 the Granville and Garden City section of the line was relocated largely parallel to River Road north of Westminster Highway.

Marpole–New Westminster

Interurban service between Marpole and New Westminster along the North Arm of the Fraser River was started in 1909. Still in operation today, as part of the Southern Railway of British Columbia.

New Westminster–Chilliwack (Fraser Valley Branch)

Opened October 4, 1910 (also used by freight) and still in operation today, as part of the Southern Railway of British Columbia. This line made use of the New Westminster Bridge, opened in 1904.

Burnaby Lake Line

The Burnaby Lake line's right-of-way is largely taken up by the Trans-Canada Highway, but sections of it survive as walking and biking trails.

Central Park Line

Following the cessation of interurban services on the Central Park Line, the right-of-way remained under the control of BC Hydro. By 1975, the Greater Vancouver Regional District proposed incorporating the right-of-way into a light rail line linking Vancouver and New Westminster, thereby reinstating passenger rail service on the corridor. The provincial government eventually took over the project, which evolved into the Vancouver SkyTrain's Expo Line.

New Westminster–Queensborough

The tracks from New Westminster to Queensborough and the 'Railway Bridge' across the north arm of the Fraser River are still in operation today, as part of the Southern Railway of British Columbia.

New Westminster – Fraser Mills

Opened in 1912, construction of ramps leading to and from the new Pattullo Bridge resulted in the closure of the Queensborough and Fraser Mills lines in 1937, as well as the truncation of the Burnaby Lake line to Sapperton.

Victoria – Deep Bay

Now called Deep Cove, the Victoria to Deep Cove line (1913), was one of three passenger railways to serve the Saanich Peninsula, and was closed on November 1, 1924, due to low ridership. The Victoria-Deep Cove interurban's alignment can be traced by Burnside Road, Interurban Road and the Interurban Rail Trail, West Saanich Road, Wallace Drive, Aldous Terrace, Mainwaring Road, one of Victoria International Airport's runways, and Tatlow Road to Deep Cove. Besides the stretch through the airport, the stretch at the Experimental Farm (now called the Sidney/Centre for Plant Health) has also been blocked.

Stave Lake

A 6 mi steam train branch line, the Stave Falls Branch, (constructed during the building of the original Stave Falls hydroelectric plant) was isolated from the main interurban network, and linked the power plant and community at Stave Falls to the Canadian Pacific Railway station at Ruskin. The route of the Stave Falls Branch along Hayward Lake is also now a walking trail managed by BC Hydro and the District of Mission, with sections of it south of Ruskin Dam used as local powerline and neighbourhood walking trails.

Port Moody–Coquitlam

The Port Moody-Coquitlam Railway connected the Port Moody – Ioco spur of the Canadian Pacific Railway to the Coquitlam Dam in order to haul supplies and materials to the dam.

Alouette Lake

Similar to the Stave Lake and Port Moody-Coquitlam lines, the Alouette Lake dam tracks connected power facilities to the CPR that ran on the north side of the Fraser River at Kanaka Creek in Haney.

Jordan River

This 5.3-mile railway connected the powerhouse and harbour at the mouth of the Jordan River to the Jordan River Dam.

"Rails-to-Rubber" transition
BCER ended streetcar service in New Westminster on December 5, 1938. The company then announced its "Rails-to-Rubber" conversion programme on September 30, 1944, with North Vancouver's last streetcar service and two of Vancouver's streetcar lines ending in April 1947, and Victoria's streetcar service ending on July 4, 1948. In Vancouver, many streetcar lines were converted to trolley buses, with the first route of BCER's Vancouver trolley bus system opening on 16 August 1948.

The Chilliwack line ceased service in 1950, followed by the Vancouver-Marpole line in 1952 and the Burnaby Lake line in 1953. The stretch of the Central Park line in Burnaby and New Westminster was closed on October 23, 1953, followed by the rest of the line through Vancouver on July 16, 1954. The last streetcar line in Vancouver, the 14 Hastings East, ran on April 22, 1955. The Marpole-New Westminster interurban line was closed in 1956, followed by the Marpole-Steveston line on February 28, 1958, marking the complete closure of the interurban system.

In 1961, the provincial government took over BC Electric, with the railway becoming a division of Crown corporation BC Hydro. In August 1988, BC Hydro sold their freight division which included rolling stock and rails and the rights to run freight trains through Fraser Valley Subdivision, not the corridor, to a company known as Itel of Chicago who resold it to a new shortline operator and the railway is now known as the Southern Railway of British Columbia and is exclusively a freight railway.

At the time, BC Hydro did not specifically reserve rights to operate passenger rail service using Southern Railway of British Columbia's facilities, but did retain the ability to grant operating rights to others, including to providers of passenger rail service, that do not materially interfere with Southern Railway of British Columbia's operations.

In addition, BC Hydro in 1988 also sold the track assets of a section between Cloverdale from Pratt Junction through Langley City and beyond to CP Rail, but retained ownership of the right-of-way. At the time, BC Hydro also granted CPR a statutory right-of-way to use this section of the corridor in perpetuity, but put agreements in place to retain partial running rights for passenger service, which were renewed in 2009.

While there has been a number proposals regarding the restart of a commuter passenger rail service along the line, a review was conducted by the British Columbia Ministry of Transportation and Infrastructure in 2010. The review noted issues around high cost per ride and low projected ridership relative to bus alternatives.

Subsequently, TransLink conducted a study as part of the 2010–2012 Surrey Rapid Transit Study to explore merits of utilizing the Interurban corridor for fast, frequent, and reliable rapid transit service. The interurban corridor was not selected, nor recommended for further consideration because the corridor does not directly connect relevant regional destinations of Surrey Central and Langley City, resulted in less attractive travel times between key destinations, and would require significant capital investments to meet safety requirements and reliability objectives compared to alternatives.

In particular, TransLink noted that the routing of the interurban line does not directly connect to the largest regional centre in the South of Fraser – Surrey Metro Centre – which is expected to be the focus of future population and employment growth, and the current alignment is indirect and through lower density and diverse areas, with a low ridership catchment near potential stations. Also, TransLink estimated that the interurban estimated travel times are not competitive with rapid transit along Fraser Highway or King George Boulevard, with transit times estimated to be around 63 minutes to travel between Langley and Surrey Central, which is double that of a possible bus rapid transit line or a Skytrain route along the Fraser Highway. Finally, TransLink has indicated that freight traffic along the line is expected to increase along the corridor, due to increased traffic at the Port of Metro Vancouver, in particular the Roberts Bank Superport.

Remaining BCER cars
After the decommission of the BCER streetcar and interurban system, most of the cars were either scrapped or burned underneath the Burrard Bridge, but some cars were sold for various other uses such as becoming bunkhouses, storage sheds and in some cases decor. A handful of cars were also donated to various museums mostly in the U.S. Since then however, many preservation societies have bought back the cars and begun restoring them. The following is a list of the known BCER cars in existence and their current locations (as of January 2016).

Streetcars

 * #53  Built in 1904, operated in Vancouver, on permanent static display inside The Old Spaghetti Factory in Gastown, Vancouver, BC.
 * #153 Built in 1908, operated in North Vancouver, currently on display at the Museum of North Vancouver (MoNoVa), North Vancouver, BC.
 * #400 Built in 1922, operated in Victoria, now located at the Nelson Electric Tramway Society in Nelson, BC.

Interurban cars

 * #1207 Built in 1905, operated on the Marpole–Steveston Line, was located at the Downtown Historic Railway in Vancouver, BC. As of January 2016, it has been relocated to the Fraser Valley Historical Railway Society, Cloverdale, BC.
 * #1220 Built in 1913, operated on the Marpole–Steveston Line, currently being restored at the Steveston Tram Museum, Richmond, BC.
 * #1223 Built in 1913, operated on the Burnaby Lake Line, on static display at the Burnaby Village Museum, Burnaby, BC.
 * #1225 Built in 1913, operated on the Marpole–Steveston and Burnaby Lake Lines, currently in operation at the Fraser Valley Historical Railway Society, Cloverdale, BC.
 * #1231 Built in 1913, operated on the Marpole–Steveston and Burnaby Lake Lines, currently under restoration at the Fraser Valley Historical Railway Society, Cloverdale, BC.
 * #1235 Built in 1913, operated on the Marpole–Steveston Line, located at the Canada Science and Technology Museum, Ottawa, ON
 * #1304 Built in 1911, operated on the Fraser Valley – Chilliwack Line, currently in operation at the Fraser Valley Historical Railway Society, Cloverdale, BC.

Accidents and Incidents
On November 10, 1909, a BCER Streetcar train collided with a flatbed truck carrying lumber at Lakeview Train Station, 14 people were killed and 9 people were injured.

title: British Columbia Electric Railway