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Agnieszka Holland

Agnieszka Holland (born 28 November 1948) is a Polish film and television director and screenwriter, best known for her political contributions to Polish cinema. She began her career as an assistant to directors Krzysztof Zanussi and Andrzej Wajda, and emigrated to France shortly before the 1981 imposition of the martial law in Poland.

Holland is best known for her films Europa Europa (1990), for which she received a Golden Globe Award as well as an Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay nomination, The Secret Garden (1993), Angry Harvest and the Holocaust drama In Darkness, the last two of which were nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film. In 2017, she received a Alfred Bauer Prize (Silver Bear) for her film Spoor at the Berlin International Film Festival. In 2020, she was elected President of the European Film Academy. In 2023, her film Green Border won the Special Jury Prize at the Venice International Film Festival.

Early life and education
Holland was born in Warsaw, Poland, in 1948. She is the daughter of journalists Irena (née Rybczyńska) and Henryk Holland, who had been a prominent Communist activist since 1935 and a captain in the Soviet Army. Holland's mother was Roman Catholic and her father Jewish, but she was not brought up in either faith. Her father, Henryk Holland, lost his parents in a ghetto during the Holocaust, and spent most of his adult life denying his own Jewishness. Holland's father was an ardent Communist journalist whose publications against a number of prominent professors led to their dismissals by the Communist regime. Holland's mother participated in the 1944 Warsaw Uprising as a member of the Polish resistance movement. Holland's Catholic mother aided several Jews during the Holocaust and received the Righteous Among the Nations medal from the Yad Vashem Institute in Israel.

Holland was often ill as a child, and spent much time writing, drawing and directing short plays with other children. When she was eleven, her parents, whose marriage had been continuously contentious, divorced, and her mother soon remarried a Jewish journalist, Stanisław Brodski.

Holland describes her relationship with her father as influential, but very distant. According to her "he was very interesting, very intelligent, and in the last years of his life he gave me a lot of doors to the art and the film. But he wasn't really interested in the young children and he only noticed me when he wanted to make a kind of show". Holland recalls being shown off to her father's friends during late-night gatherings, and then being ignored in the morning when he was no longer entertaining. When she was thirteen, her father died by suicide while under house arrest in Warsaw.

Holland attended the Stefan Batory Gymnasium and Lyceum in Warsaw. After high school, she studied at the Film and TV School of the Academy of Performing Arts in Prague (FAMU) because, as she said in an interview, she thought the Czechoslovak films of the 1960s were very interesting: "I watched first films of Miloš Forman, Ivan Passer, and Věra Chytilová. They seemed to be fantastically interesting to me, unlike what was being made in Poland at that time". At FAMU, she also met her future husband and fellow director, Laco Adamik.

Holland witnessed the Prague Spring of 1968 while in Czechoslovakia, and was arrested for her support of the dissident movement for the government reforms and political liberalization. She describes her time in Prague as her "introduction to politics, violence, beauty, art, marriage, film and other arts...everything that happened to [her] after was based on this Czechoslovak experience". During her imprisonment she spent time in a cell between two inmates who had fallen in love. It became her job to pass erotic notes and messages between them. Holland herself said that "it was like phone sex and I was the cable". During her time in Prague and in prison, she realized "she'd rather be an artist than an agitator". Holland graduated from FAMU in 1971. She returned to Poland, and wrote her first screenplay. Though it was censored and prevented from being developed, it attracted the attention of Andrzej Wajda, who became her mentor. Her daughter with Adamik, Kasia (born 28 December 1972), is also a director.

The events and confusing identities that made up her childhood resulted in Holland being known to have a significant struggle with identity, which manifests itself in many of her most famous films, specifically those related to Polish-Jewish interactions during the Holocaust. According to Holland, the tense relationship between ethnic Jews and Poles is still an ongoing issue. She claims that "Jews from Poland are still hostile to the Polish...There are things in Catholicism and Polish nationalism which are deeply anti-Semitic". Her film Europa, Europa brought her success and recognition in Hollywood, but she has always and still faces trouble in her career and life due to her past. Holland's "mixed Polish Catholic and Jewish ancestry...places her at the hub of this century's violence". These conflicts and hardships have been the inspiration for films such as Europa, Europa and In Darkness.

Career
Holland began her career as an assistant director for Polish film directors Krzysztof Zanussi and Andrzej Wajda. Her credits include Zanussi's 1973 film Iluminacja (Illumination), and Wajda's 1983 film Danton. She was first assistant director on Wajda's 1976 Man of Marble, an experience which gave her the capability to explore political and moral issues within the confines of an oppressive regime. Though she had a large role to play in the success of this film, her name was kept off of the credits because of censorship laws. In the first part of her career, owing to censorship by Communist authorities, Holland was unable to release any films under her own name. Wajda offered to adopt her, but she refused, convinced that she could eventually release films under own name. Her first major film was Provincial Actors (Aktorzy Prowincjonalni), a 1978 chronicle of tense backstage relations within a small-town theater company which was an allegory of Poland's contemporary political situation. It won the International Critics Prize at the 1980 Cannes Film Festival.

Holland directed two more major films in Poland, Fever (Gorączka, 1980; entered in the 31st Berlin International Film Festival ) and A Lonely Woman (Kobieta samotna) in 1981, before immigrating to France shortly before the December 1981 imposition of martial law in Poland. She was told that she could not return to Poland, and was unable to see or even have any contact with her daughter for over eight months. During this time, though safe, Holland was unable to create any successful films on her own.

Knowing she could not return to communist Poland, Holland wrote scripts for fellow Polish filmmakers in exile: Wajda's Danton, A Love in Germany (1983), The Possessed (1988) and Korczak (1990). She also developed her own projects with Western European production companies, directing Angry Harvest (1985), To Kill a Priest (1988) and Olivier, Olivier (1992). Holland received an Academy Award nomination for Best Foreign Language Film for Angry Harvest, a West German production about a Jewish woman on the run during World War II.

Holland's depiction of the Holocaust
Some of Holland's most famous work has been her depictions of the Holocaust. These works have been controversial because of Holland's commitment to realism, and the acceptance of all types of individuals both as victims and as flawed human beings deserving of guilt. According to an article written about Holland, her films about the Holocaust "cling to the world as she sees it. A world in which wisdom, if it exists at all, lies in accepting the violence and human frailty in everyone, without exception, including Jewish people". This is most poignant in Holland's 2011 film In Darkness, in which Jewish and Polish Catholic characters are juxtaposed as having some of the same reprehensible qualities as well as redeemable ones.

Holland's best-known film may be Europa Europa (1991), which was based on the life of Solomon Perel (a Jewish teenager who fled Germany for Poland after Kristallnacht in 1938). At the outbreak of World War II and the German invasion of Poland, Perel fled to the Soviet-occupied section of the country. Captured during the German invasion of the USSR in 1941, Solomon convinced a German officer that he was German and found himself enrolled in the Hitler Youth. The film received a lukewarm reception in Germany, and the German Oscar selection committee did not submit it for the 1991 Best Foreign Language Film Oscar. However, it attracted the attention of Michael Barker (who handled Orion Classics' sales at the time). Europa, Europa was released in the United States, winning the 1991 Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film and an Oscar nomination for best adapted screenplay.

Almost twenty years later, Holland released In Darkness (2011), a German-Canadian-Polish co production that dramatized the story of a Polish sewage worker who aided a group of Jewish refugees by hiding them in the sewers of Lwów during the time when Jewish people in the city were being sent to extermination camps. The story focuses on the relationships between ethnic Poles and Jewish people during the Holocaust. The characters of In Darkness are shown as having some strong similarities, despite the fact that the realities for Jews and ethnic Poles, specifically those depicted in the film, are extremely different. By comparing the Polish protagonist to the Jewish ones, Holland recreates the morally confusing and physically brutal world that though very different for those who were hunted, was everywhere during the Third Reich. This juxtaposition seemed to be a reflection of Holland's own personal experience, specifically her struggle with identity and anti-semitism.

Holland and Hollywood
Until her successful 1991 film Europa, Europa, Holland was barely recognized as an acclaimed filmmaker in Hollywood. Her chance came about because of a roller coaster ride with the future producer of her American debut Artur Brauner. Holland had been treated to a day at Disneyland by the American Academy when she was in the running as a nominee for a foreign Oscar for her film Angry Harvest. After the difficulty she had getting Angry Harvest made, she had almost decided to give up filmmaking once and for all, but Brauner was convinced that with Europa, Europa he had a perfect project for her. During her trip to Disney, Holland, "against her better judgement decided to ride a roller coaster with her producer. After they stepped off, Holland was shaking with fear as Brauner whipped a contract out of his pocket: "Sign!"". The success of this film brought Holland to the attention of mainstream Hollywood, bringing her the opportunity to direct the film adaptation of the 1911 novel The Secret Garden. This was Holland's first movie made for a major studio with a broad American public in mind. It was a huge change in style for Holland, who was known at the point for her generally dark and pessimistic directorial perspective.

Holland's later career
A friend of Polish writer and director Krzysztof Kieślowski, Holland collaborated on the screenplay for his film, Three Colors: Blue. Like Kieślowski, Holland frequently examines issues of faith in her work. Much of her film work has a strong political slant. Government reprisals, stifling bureaucratic machinery, sanctioned strikes and dysfunctional families are represented in her early work. In a 1988 interview Holland said that although women were important in her films, feminism was not the central theme of her work. She suggested that when she was making films in Poland under the Communist regime, there was an atmosphere of cross-gender solidarity against censorship (the main political issue). Holland said that she was interested in happenings between people, not the politics occurring outside them; in this context, "maybe you could say that all my movies are political."

Holland's later films include Olivier, Olivier (1992), The Secret Garden (1993), Total Eclipse (1995), Washington Square (1997), the HBO production Shot in the Heart (2001), Julie Walking Home (2001), and Copying Beethoven (2006).

In a 1997 interview, when asked how her experiences as a director have influenced her films, Holland said "filmmakers of the younger generation lack life experience" and, as a result, lack many of the tools needed to breathe humanity into their characters. Compared to directors of her generation, she feels that the younger generation comes from wealthy families, goes straight to film schools and watches movies primarily on videotape. Holland suggests that this results in what she calls a "numbness" and "conventionalization" of contemporary cinema.

In 2003, Holland was a member of the jury at the 25th Moscow International Film Festival. The following year she directed "Moral Midgetry", the eighth episode of the third season of the HBO drama series The Wire. In 2006, Holland returned to direct the eighth episode of the fourth season ("Corner Boys"). Both were written by novelist Richard Price. Show runner David Simon said that Holland was "wonderful behind the camera" and staged the fight between Avon Barksdale and Stringer Bell in "Moral Midgetry" well.

In 2007 Holland, her sister Magdalena Łazarkiewicz and her daughter Katarzyna Adamik directed the Polish political drama series Ekipa, and in 2008 Holland became the first president of the Polish Film Academy. On 5 February 2009, the Krakow Post reported that Holland would direct a biopic about Krystyna Skarbek entitled Christine: War My Love.

Her 2011 film, In Darkness, was selected as the Polish entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 84th Academy Awards. In January 2012, the film was one of the five nominees.

Holland accepted an offer to film a three-part drama for HBO about Jan Palach, who immolated himself in January 1969 to protest "normalization" after the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in August 1968. The resulting miniseries, Burning Bush, has been shown in Poland and Germany and selected for a Special Presentation screening at the 2013 Toronto International Film Festival. She also won the Czech Lion Award in the Best Director category for this TV series.

On 1 December 2013, the film screened at the National Gallery of Art in Washington, DC, where Holland was invited to deliver the Rajiv Vaidya Memorial Lecture: Viewing History through the Filmmaker's Lens. It was also shown at the 2013 Philadelphia Film Festival. Holland was a guest speaker at Brooklyn College.

In December 2013, Holland was announced as director of NBC's next miniseries Rosemary's Baby, a two-part version of the best selling novel by Ira Levin with Zoe Saldana.

Holland took over the chairmanship of the European Film Academy board in January 2014.

In March 2016, it was announced that Holland was set to direct an adaptation of Peter Swanson's best-selling novel The Kind Worth Killing, a psychological thriller about a ruthless female killer.

In February 2017, Agnieszka Holland received The Silver Bear Alfred Bauer Prize for Spoor. The award is given to the films that are perceived to open new perspectives in the art of film.

In 2019, she won the Golden Lions Award (Polish: Złote Lwy) at the 44th Gdynia Film Festival for her historical film Mr. Jones, which deals with the subject of the Great Famine in Ukraine. On 23 November 2019, Agnieszka Holland and Anne Applebaum were awarded Orders of Princess Olga, 3rd Class by Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky for their efforts in promoting the memory of the Holodomor.

In 2020, her next film Charlatan was selected as the Czech entry for the Best International Feature Film at the 93rd Academy Awards making the February shortlist.

In 2023, her film Green Border, which portrays the plight of migrants caught in the Belarus–European Union border crisis, premiered at the 80th Venice International Film Festival where it was awarded the Special Jury Prize. The film caused much controversy, and met with strong criticism from Polish government officials, who accused Holland of painting a bad image abroad of Polish border guards. In October 2023, the Los Angeles Film Critics Association selected Holland as the winner of the association's Career Achievement Award stating that "With moral clarity, deep empathy and invigorating filmmaking, her work lays bare the damage that oppressive regimes and sociopolitical conflicts wreak on everyday souls". On 12 October 2023, she was awarded an honorary doctorate from the National Film School in Łódź.

Her next project is Franz Kafka biopic titled Franz. As of March 2024, the film is in pre-production.

Filmography

 * Jesus Christ's Sin (Grzech Boga, 1970)
 * Evening at Abdon's (Wieczór u Abdona, 1975)
 * Pictures from Life: A Girl and Aquarius (Obrazki z życia: dziewczyna i "Akwarius", 1975)
 * Sunday Children (Niedzielne dzieci, 1977)
 * Screen tests (Zdjęcia próbne, 1976)
 * Something for something (Coś za coś, TV movie, 1977)
 * Provincial Actors (Aktorzy prowincjonalni, 1979, International Critics Prize at Cannes Film Festival)
 * Fever (Gorączka, 1980)
 * A Lonely Woman (Kobieta samotna, 1981)
 * Postcards from Paris (TV film, 1982)
 * Interrogation (1982)
 * Culture (documentary, 1985)
 * Angry Harvest (Bittere Ernte, 1985, Germany, Academy Award nominee for the best foreign language film)
 * To Kill a Priest (1988)
 * Europa, Europa (1990, Academy Award nominee for the best screenplay)
 * Olivier, Olivier (1992)
 * The Secret Garden (1993)
 * Red Wind (TV movie, 1994)
 * Total Eclipse (1995)
 * Washington Square (1997)
 * The Third Miracle (1999)
 * Shot in the Heart (2001)
 * Golden Dreams (documentary, 2001)
 * Julie Walking Home (2002)
 * Cold Case (2004)
 * Copying Beethoven (2006)
 * The Wire
 * Episode 3.08 "Moral Midgetry" (2004)
 * Episode 4.08 "Corner Boys" (2006)
 * Episode 5.05 "React Quotes" (2008)
 * A Girl Like Me: The Gwen Araujo Story (2006)
 * Ekipa (2007)
 * Janosik. Prawdziwa historia (2009)
 * The Killing
 * Episode 1.06 "What You Have Left" (2011)
 * Episode 1.09 "Undertow" (2011)
 * Episode 2.01 "Reflections" (2012)
 * Treme
 * Episode 1.01 "Do You Know What It Means" (2010)
 * Episode 1.10 "I'll Fly Away" (2010)
 * Episode 2.10 "That's What Lovers Do" (2011)
 * Episode 4.05 "...To Miss New Orleans" (2013)
 * In Darkness (2011) (nominee for Best Foreign Language Film award at the 84th Academy Awards as Polish entry)
 * Burning Bush (2013) (a three-part mini-series created for HBO)
 * Rosemary's Baby (2014)
 * House of Cards
 * Episode 3.10 "Chapter 36" (2015)
 * Episode 3.11 "Chapter 37" (2015)
 * Episode 5.10 "Chapter 62" (2017)
 * The Affair
 * Episode 3.6 (2015)
 * Spoor (2017)
 * The First
 * Episode 1.01 "Separation" (2018)
 * Episode 1.02 "What's Needed" (2018)
 * Mr. Jones (2019)
 * Charlatan (2020)
 * Green Border (2023)
 * Franz (2025)

Other work
Agnieszka Holland translated the novel The Unbearable Lightness of Being from Czech to Polish. She volunteered for this task after meeting the author, Milan Kundera, in 1982, and reading the manuscript; both were living in Paris at that time. Holland found the events of the book relatable not only to her personal experience of the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia but also to the strikes of 1980 in Poland, and therefore wanted to introduce the book to the Polish audience. The translation was originally published by the London-based publisher Aneks and has since been widely reprinted.

In 2023, Holland appeared as a guest star in the Polish Netflix series Absolute Beginners.

title: Agnieszka Holland


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Conrad I

Conrad I or Konrad I may refer to:

 * Conrad I, Count of Auxerre (died c. 864), French count of several counties, including Paris 859–862/4
 * Conrad I of Germany (881–918), Duke of Franconia and King of Germany in 911–918
 * Conrad of Constance (900–975), German bishop and saint
 * Conrad I, Duke of Swabia (915/920-997), ruled 983–997
 * Conrad, Duke of Lorraine (c. 922 – 955)
 * Conrad I of Burgundy (925–993)
 * Conrad I of Spoleto, or Conrad of Ivrea (died 997)
 * Conrad I, Duke of Carinthia (975–1011)
 * Conrad I of Italy (989/990–1039), ruled as Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor 1027–1039
 * Conrad I, Duke of Bavaria (1020–1055), ruled 1049–1053
 * Conrad I, Duke of Bohemia (c. 1035–1092), Duke of Bohemia in 1092
 * Conrad I, Count of Luxembourg (1040-1086)
 * Conrad I of Salzburg (c. 1075–1147), Archbishop of Salzburg 1106–1147
 * Conrad I, Count of Württemberg (born before 1081), ruled 1083–1110
 * Conrad I of Raabs (died 1143), Burgrave of Nuremberg c. 1105–1143
 * Conrad I, Duke of Zähringen (c. 1090–1152)
 * Conrad, Margrave of Meissen (c. 1097–1157), ruled 1123–1156
 * Conrad I, Duke of Merania (died 1159), ruled 1152–1159
 * Conrad of Montferrat or Conrad I of Jerusalem (died 1192), King of Jerusalem in 1190–1192
 * Conrad of Wittelsbach (c. 1120/1125–1200), Archbishop of Mainz 1161–1165 and 1183–1200
 * Conrad I, Duke of Spoleto (died 1202)
 * Conrad I, Burgrave of Nuremberg (c. 1186–1261), ruled 1218–1261
 * Konrad I of Masovia (c. 1187/8–1247), 6th Duke of Masovia, son of Casimir II and Helen of Moravia
 * Conrad of Thuringia (1206–1240)
 * Conrad I of Sanneck (died before 1255), Lord of Žovnek (Sanneck), in what is now Slovenia
 * Konrad I of Meissen, or Konrad von Wallhausen (died 1258), Bishop of Meissen 1240–1258
 * Conrad I of Sicily, also Conrad IV of Germany, (1228–1254)
 * Konrad I, Duke of Głogów (c. 1228/29–1273/74)
 * Conrad, Margrave of Brandenburg-Stendal (c. 1240–1304)
 * Conrad I, Count of Oldenburg (died 1347)
 * Konrad I of Oleśnica (c. 1294–1366)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Conrad I


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Adhesive bandage

An adhesive bandage, also called a sticking plaster, medical plaster, or simply plaster in British English, is a small medical dressing used for injuries not serious enough to require a full-size bandage. They are also known by the genericized trademarks of Band-Aid (as "band-aid" or "band aid" in Australia, Canada, India and the US) or Elastoplast (in the UK).

Function
The adhesive bandage protects the wound and scab from friction, bacteria, damage, and dirt. Thus, the healing process of the body is less disturbed. Some of the dressings have antiseptic properties. An additional function is to hold the two cut ends of the skin together to make the healing process faster.

Design
An adhesive bandage is a small, flexible sheet of material which is sticky on one side, with a smaller, non-sticky, absorbent pad stuck to the sticky side. The pad is placed against the wound, and overlapping edges of the sticky material are smoothed down so they stick to the surrounding skin. Adhesive bandages are generally packaged in a sealed, sterile bag, with a backing covering the sticky side; the backing is removed as the bandage is applied. They come in a variety of sizes and shapes.

Materials
The backing and bag are often made of coated paper, but may be made of plastic.

The adhesive sheet is usually a woven fabric, plastic (PVC, polyethylene or polyurethane), or latex strip. It may or may not be waterproof; if it is airtight, the bandage is an occlusive dressing. The adhesive is commonly an acrylate, including methacrylates and epoxy diacrylates (which are also known as vinyl resins).

Some people have allergies to some of these materials, particularly latex and some adhesives.

Colors
Due to being widely available only in a standard color, some people with skin tones darker than the standard bandage color have expressed frustration at having to use bandages that looked less conspicuous on the skin of lighter-skinned people. This has led to greater support for pharmaceutical companies that manufacture these bandages in a variety of skin tones.

Some bandages, especially those designed for children, may come in a wide variety of colors or may feature cartoon characters.

Special bandages are used by food preparation workers. These are waterproof, have strong adhesive so they are less likely to fall off, and are usually blue so that they are more clearly visible in food. Some include a metal strip detectable by machines used in food manufacturing to ensure that food is free from foreign objects.

Variants

Transdermal patches are adhesive bandages with the function to distribute medication through the skin, rather than protecting a wound.

Butterfly closures, also known as butterfly stitches, are generally thin adhesive strips which can be used to close small wounds. They are applied across the laceration in a manner which pulls the skin on either side of the wound together. They are not true sutures, but can often be used in addition to, or in place of actual sutures for small wounds. Butterfly stitches can be advantageous in that they do not need a medical professional to be placed or removed, and are thus a common item in first aid kits.

Notable brands

 * Band-Aid
 * Curad
 * Elastoplast
 * Nexcare

title: Adhesive bandage


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Vatersay

The island of Vatersay (Bhatarsaigh) is the southernmost and westernmost inhabited island in the Outer Hebrides of Scotland, and the settlement of Caolas on the north coast of the island is the westernmost permanently inhabited place in Scotland. The main village, also called Vatersay, is in the south of the island.

Geography
Vatersay is irregularly shaped and has a tombolo: it is composed of two rocky islands (north and south) linked by a sandy isthmus. The isthmus is covered in sand dunes and on either side are large white-sand beaches: Bàgh Siar (West Bay), and Bàgh Bhatarsaigh (Vatersay Bay) to the east. There are a number of beaches backed by sand dunes.

The island is about 3 mi from north to south, and the northern section of the island is about 3+1/2 mi from west to east.

Vatersay is linked to the larger island of Barra to the north by the approximately 250 m Vatersay Causeway, which was completed in 1991. This is of great benefit, as the shipping of goods and passenger traffic no longer has to rely on a small passenger ferry boat. Access to school and for emergency services is also much quicker and easier. The causeway is about 2 mi by road from Castlebay.

At low tide, the island is also linked to the islet of Uineasan to the east. To the south are the uninhabited islands of Pabbay, Mingulay and Sandray.

Wildlife
Wildlife on the island includes Eurasian otters, seals and grey herons. Bonnie Prince Charlie's flower (Calystegia soldanella), reputedly originating from French seeds dropped by Bonnie Prince Charlie is, in Scotland, found only on Vatersay and Eriskay. Also found on Vatersay are Atlantic puffins.

Archaeology
The island has remains of an Iron Age broch at Dun a' Chaolais overlooking the Sound of Vatersay, and nearby is a passage grave dated to the 3rd millennium BC. There is also a Bronze Age cemetery at Trèseabhaig south of the heights of Heiseabhal Mòr and a cairn built around 1000 BC west of the village of Vatersay. The offshore islet of Bioruaslum has a walled fort that may be of Neolithic provenance.

Ownership
At the end of the nineteenth century, the existing landowner, wanting to use the whole of the island for their own farming purposes, evicted all the existing crofter inhabitants. Between 1902 and 1906 there were a sequence of Land raid actions when some of these men, the so-called "Vatersay Raiders", returned and took possession of land, claiming that an ancient law allowed a man to acquire land by building a wooden dwelling and lighting a fire on its hearth within a day. However, the landowner Lady Gordon Cathcart took them to court, and they were imprisoned. After much public protest at these events, in 1909, the Congested Districts Board (Scotland) bought Vatersay island for £6250 and it was divided into 58 crofts.

Wrecks
In September 1853, the Annie Jane, a three-masted migrant ship out of Liverpool bound for Montreal, Quebec, Canada, struck rocks off West Beach during a storm. Within ten minutes the ship began to founder and break up, casting 450 people into the raging sea. In spite of the conditions, islanders tried to rescue the passengers and crew.

There were only a few survivors. A small cairn and monument marks the site where the bodies recovered from the sea were buried. An inscription reads:

"On 28th September 1853 the ship Annie Jane with emigrants from Liverpool to Quebec was totally wrecked in this bay and threefourths of the crew and passengers numbering about 350 men women and children were drowned and their bodies interred here."

Two Chinese seamen from the SS Idomeneus, which sank on 28 September 1917, are also buried somewhere near the monument. There is a commemorative headstone in Cuier Churchyard.

The remains of a Catalina flying boat that crashed on the slopes of Heiseabhal Beag in 1944 lie in a stream bed near the shore.

Cited sources

 * Branigan, Keith (2007) Ancient Barra: exploring the Archaeology of the Outer Hebrides. Comhairle nan Eilean Siar.

title: Vatersay


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Rose O'Neill

Rose Cecil O'Neill (June 25, 1874 – April 6, 1944) was an American cartoonist, illustrator, artist, and writer. She rose to fame for her creation of the popular comic strip characters, Kewpies, in 1909, and was also the first published female cartoonist in the United States.

The daughter of a book salesman and a homemaker, O'Neill was raised in rural Nebraska. She exhibited interest in the arts at an early age, and sought a career as an illustrator in New York City. Her Kewpie cartoons, which made their debut in a 1909 issue of Ladies' Home Journal, were later manufactured as bisque dolls in 1912 by J. D. Kestner, a German toy company, followed by composition material and celluloid versions. The dolls were wildly popular in the early twentieth century, and are considered to be one of the first mass-marketed toys in the United States.

O'Neill also wrote several novels and books of poetry, and was active in the women's suffrage movement. She was for a time the highest-paid female illustrator in the world upon the success of the Kewpie dolls. O'Neill has been inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame.

In 2022 at San Diego Comic Con, Rose O'Neill was inducted into the Eisner Awards Hall of Fame as a Comic Pioneer.

Early life
O'Neill was born on June 25, 1874, in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, the daughter of William Patrick, an Irish immigrant, and Alice Asenath "Meemie" Smith O'Neill. She had two younger sisters, Lee and Callista, and three younger brothers: Hugh, James, and Clarence. The family moved to rural Nebraska while O'Neill was young. From early childhood, she expressed significant interest in the arts, immersing herself in drawing, painting, and sculpture. At thirteen, she entered a children's drawing competition sponsored by the Omaha Herald and won first prize for her drawing, titled "Temptation Leading to an Abyss".

Within two years, O'Neill was providing illustrations for the local Omaha publications Excelsior and The Great Divide as well as other periodicals, having secured this work with help from the editor at the Omaha World-Herald and the Art Director from Everybody Magazine who had judged the competition. The income helped support her family, which her father had struggled to support as a bookseller. O'Neill attended the Sacred Heart Convent school in Omaha.

Move to New York
To market her skills to a broader audience, O'Neill moved to New York in 1893; she stopped in Chicago en route to visit the World Columbian Exposition. The nuns accompanied her to various publishers to sell work from her portfolio of sixty drawings. She was able to sell her drawings to numerous publishing houses and began taking orders for more. A four-panel comic strip by O'Neill was featured in a September 19, 1896, issue of Truth magazine, making her the first American woman to publish a comic strip.

While O'Neill was living in New York, her father made a homestead claim on a small tract of land in the Ozarks wilderness of southern Missouri. The tract had a "dog-trot" cabin with two log cabins (one was used for eating and the other for sleeping) and a breezeway between. A year later when O'Neill visited the land, it had become known as "Bonniebrook". During this time O'Neill was experiencing considerable success, having joined the staff of Puck, an American humor magazine, where she was the only female on staff. In 1909, she began work drawing advertisements for Jell-O, and contributed illustrations to Harper's and Life magazines.

Early illustrations
In 1892, while in Omaha, O'Neill met a young Virginian named Gray Latham, whom she married in 1896. He visited O'Neill in New York City, and continued writing to her when she went to Missouri to see her family. After Latham's father went to Mexico to make films, he went to Bonniebrook in 1896. Concerned with the welfare of her family, O'Neill sent much of her paycheck home. In the following years O'Neill became unhappy with Latham, as he liked "living large" and gambling, and was known as a playboy. O'Neill found that Latham, with his very expensive tastes, had spent her paychecks on himself. O'Neill then moved to Taney County, Missouri, where she filed for divorce in 1901, returning to Bonniebrook. Latham died the same year, and some sources state that O'Neill was widowed.

In late 1901, O'Neill began receiving anonymous letters and gifts in the mail. She learned that they were sent by Harry Leon Wilson, an assistant editor at Puck. O'Neill and Wilson became romantically involved soon after, and married in 1902. After a honeymoon in Colorado, they moved to Bonniebrook, where they lived for the next several winters. During the first three years Wilson wrote two novels, The Lions of the Lord (1903) and The Boss of Little Arcady (1905), both of which O'Neill drew illustrations for. One of Wilson's later novels, Ruggles of Red Gap, became popular and was made into several motion pictures, including a silent movie, a "talkie" starring Charles Laughton, and then a remake called Fancy Pants starring Lucille Ball and Bob Hope. The couple divorced in 1907.

In 1904, O'Neill published her first novel, The Loves of Edwy, which she also illustrated. A review published by Book News in 1905 considered O'Neill's illustrations to "possess a rare breadth of sympathy with and understanding of humanity".

Kewpies and breakthrough
As educational opportunities were made available in the 19th century, women artists became part of professional enterprises, and some founded their own art associations. Artwork made by women was considered to be inferior, and to help overcome that stereotype women became, according to art historian Laura Prieto, "increasingly vocal and confident" in promoting women's work. Many women artists, including O'Neill, could be characterized as examples of the educated, modern, and independent "New Woman," a form of gender identity that emerged at the time. According to Prieto, artists "played crucial roles in representing the New Woman, both by drawing images of the icon and exemplifying this emerging type through their own lives". In the late 19th century and early 20th century, about 88% of the subscribers of 11,000 magazines and periodicals were women. As women entered the artist community, publishers hired women to create illustrations that depicted the world from a woman's perspective. Other successful illustrators were Jennie Augusta Brownscombe, Jessie Willcox Smith, Elizabeth Shippen Green, and Violet Oakley.

It was amid the New Woman and burgeoning suffragist movements that, in 1908, O'Neill began to concentrate on producing original artwork, and it was during this period that she created the whimsical Kewpie characters for which she became known. Their name, "Kewpie", derives from Cupid, the Roman god of love. According to O'Neill, she became obsessed with the idea of the cherubic characters, to the point that she had dreams about them: "I thought about the Kewpies so much that I had a dream about them where they were all doing acrobatic pranks on the coverlet of my bed. One sat in my hand." She described them as "a sort of little round fairy whose one idea is to teach people to be merry and kind at the same time". The Kewpie characters made their debut in comic strip form in 1909 in an issue of Ladies' Home Journal. Further publications of the Kewpie comics in Woman's Home Companion and Good Housekeeping helped the cartoon grow in popularity rapidly.

In 1913, German doll manufacturer Kestner & Co. began making Kewpie dolls. The dolls were immediately successful, and more companies were licensed to produce them in order to meet demand. O'Neill repeatedly visited Germany to supervise the doll manufacturers. As O'Neill rose to fame, she garnered a public reputation as a bohemian, and became an ardent women's rights advocate. The success of the Kewpies amassed her a fortune of $1.4 million, with which she purchased properties including Bonniebrook, an apartment in Washington Square Park in Greenwich Village, Castle Carabas in Connecticut, and Villa Narcissus (bought from Charles Caryl Coleman) on the Isle of Capri, Italy. At the height of the Kewpie success, O'Neill was the highest-paid female illustrator in the world. O'Neill was well known in New York City's artistic circles, and through her association, she was the inspiration for the song "Rose of Washington Square".

Paris and later career
O'Neill continued working, even at her wealthiest, exploring many different types of art. She learned sculpture at the hand of Auguste Rodin and had several exhibitions of sculptures and paintings in Paris and the United States. These works were more experimental in nature, and largely influenced by dreams and mythology. O'Neill spent 1921 to 1926 living in Paris. While there, she was elected to the Société Coloniale des Artistes Français in 1921, and had exhibitions of her sculptures at the Galerie Devambez in Paris and the Wildenstein Galleries in New York in 1921 and 1922, respectively.

In 1927, O'Neill returned to the United States, and by 1937 was living at Bonniebrook permanently. By the 1940s, she had lost the majority of her money and properties, partly through extravagant spending, as well as the cost of fully supporting her family, her entourage of "artistic" hangers-on, and her first husband. The Great Depression also hurt O'Neill's fortune. During that period, O'Neill was dismayed to find that her work was no longer in demand. After thirty years of popularity, the Kewpie character phenomenon had faded, and photography was replacing illustration as a commercial vehicle. O'Neill experimented with crafting a new doll, eventually creating Little Ho Ho, which was a laughing baby Buddha. However, before plans could be finalized for production of the new little figure, the factory burned to the ground.

Personal life

O'Neill became a prominent personality in the Branson, Missouri community donating her time and pieces of artwork to the School of the Ozarks at Point Lookout, Missouri, and remaining active in the local art community.

On April 6, 1944, O'Neill died of heart failure resulting from paralysis at the home of her nephew in Springfield, Missouri. She is interred in the family cemetery at Bonniebrook Homestead, next to her mother and several family members. Bonniebrook Homestead was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.

As author and illustrator

 * The Loves of Edwy (Boston: Lothrop, 1904)
 * The Lady in the White Veil (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1909)
 * The Kewpies and Dottie Darling (New York: George H. Doran, 1912)
 * The Kewpies: Their Book, Verse and Poetry (New York: Frederick A. Stokes, 1913)
 * The Kewpie Kutouts (1914)
 * The Kewpie Primer (1916)
 * The Master-Mistress (New York: Knopf, 1922)
 * Kewpies and the Runaway Baby (New York: Doubleday, Doran, 1928)
 * Garda (New York: Doubleday, Doran, 1929)
 * The Goblin Woman (New York: Doubleday, Doran, 1930)

Illustrator only

 * The Lions of the Lord by Harry Leon Wilson (Boston: Lothrop, 1903)
 * The Boss of Little Arcady by Harry Leon Wilson (Boston: Lothrop, 1905)
 * The Hickory Limb by Parker Hoysted Fillmore (New York: John Lane Co., 1910)
 * Our Baby’s Book (New York: Woman's Home Companion, 1914)
 * A Little Question of Ladies’ Rights by Parker Hoysted Fillmore (New York: John Lane Co., 1916)
 * Tomorrow's House; or The Tiny Angel by George O'Neil (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1930) – brother–sister collaboration
 * Sing a Song of Safety by Irving Caesar (New York: I. Caesar, 1937)

title: Rose O'Neill


text:
User talk:YJMS0001/extrapages

I fixed Hong Kong Local Culture. Do I get extra credit? -- Kaihsu 18:39, 2004 Mar 2 (UTC)

title: User talk:YJMS0001/extrapages


text:
Russell Alan Hulse

Russell Alan Hulse (born November 28, 1950) is an American physicist and winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics, shared with his thesis advisor Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr., "for the discovery of a new type of pulsar, a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation".

Biography
Hulse was born in New York City and graduated from the Bronx High School of Science and the Cooper Union. He received his PhD in physics from the University of Massachusetts Amherst in 1975.

While working on his PhD dissertation, he was a scholar in 1974 at the Arecibo Observatory in Puerto Rico of Cornell University. There he worked with Taylor on a large-scale survey for pulsars. It was this work that led to the discovery of the first binary pulsar.

In 1974, Hulse and Taylor discovered binary pulsar PSR B1913, which is made up of a pulsar and black companion star. Neutron star rotation emits impulses that are extremely regular and stable in the radio wave region and is nearby condensed material body gravitation (non-detectable in the visible field). Hulse, Taylor, and other colleagues have used this first binary pulsar to make high-precision tests of general relativity, demonstrating the existence of gravitational radiation. An approximation of this radiant energy is described by the formula of the quadrupolar radiation of Albert Einstein (1918).

In 1979, researchers announced measurements of small acceleration effects of the orbital movements of a pulsar. This was initial proof that the system of these two moving masses emits gravitational waves.

Later years
After receiving his PhD, Hulse did postdoctoral work at the National Radio Astronomy Observatory in Green Bank, West Virginia. He moved to Princeton, where he has worked for many years at the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory. He has also worked on science education, and in 2003 joined the University of Texas at Dallas as a visiting professor of physics and of mathematics and science education.

In 1993, Hulse and Taylor shared the Nobel Prize in Physics for the discovery of the first binary pulsar.

Hulse was elected a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 2003, and is cited in the American Men and Women of Science.

In 2004, Hulse joined University of Texas at Dallas and became the Founding Director of UT Dallas Science and Engineering Education Center (SEEC).

In July 2007 Hulse joined the Aurora Imaging Technology advisory board.

title: Russell Alan Hulse


text:
Talk:Alkyl group

Untitled
Is Alkyl reactive or caustic?
 * No it is not either. -- Ed (Edgar181) 12:34, 13 August 2008 (UTC)

---

Not reactive, the only reaction alkanes can undergo is radical halogenation. As far as caustic goes, well, not really. They aren't reactive but you wouldnt want to dip your hands in a solution of them. Naphtha (cigarette lighter fuel), butane in lighters, natural gas, petroleum ether, ligroin, benzine (not benzene) are all entirely or mostly alkanes.

Page switched to redirect to alkane due to redundancy.

---

Alkyl != Alkane
This topic needs something doing to it. An alkyl is not an alkane. I will do a bit later today, im an a level student and by no means an expert so someone can help me if they want.

And Alkyls are extremely reactive because they are radicals and therefore no found on there own.

Usefulness of page?
Hi, I did a semi-major copy edit of some of the stranger elements of this page (e.g. odd capitalisation, some grammar, and some incorrect claims – there is no such thing as 2-ethyl), however, I can't help thinking that there is more useful and clearer information at alkane and IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry. Perhaps we should keep the first few sections, remove most of what is in the "Naming Alkyls" section, and provide links to the other more comprehensive articles. -postglock 05:31, 16 February 2006 (UTC)

 * I didn't see anything obvious about the uses of Alkyls. It appears to be one of the active ingredients in Lysol. It would be helpful to explain what it does. Madhu 16:57, 24 June 2006 (UTC)

Redirect, Oh Yes.
Hi all, I strongly believe this entire article should redirect to Alkane. It is confusing to anyone without a strong background in chemistry and, frankly, even then the very first sentence is wrong. It states, "In chemistry, an alkyl substituent is an alkane missing one hydrogen." Then, later in the page, it correctly illustrates Alkyl with an isopropyl group, which is of course "missing" 3 hydrogens. All alkyl is, is a way to say Alkane. Ds2207 (talk) 23:05, 23 February 2011 (UTC)
 * I agree with the redirect, but you will probably get some that strongly disagree. We have an article on aryl, to which we should probably merge phenyl.  And methyl], [[ethyl...--Smokefoot (talk) 01:40, 24 February 2011 (UTC)

Merger proposal
I propose that Methyl group, Ethyl group, Propyl, and Butyl be merged into Alkyl. The reasons for merging are Overlap, Text, Context, as explained in Merging. Plasmic Physics (talk) 04:33, 29 January 2013 (UTC)
 * But there is significant information that pertains to methyl only, isn't that so? Will a merge be good for readers? Why should we assume that the reader that comes here (through the search bar, through Google, or through a wikilink) also wants to read about the other groups? --Jorge Stolfi (talk) 05:01, 6 February 2013 (UTC)

 * Whether readers are interested in other groups or not, is not relevant, considering the reasons given. A merge should not cause the destruction of non-trivial information. Plasmic Physics (talk) 06:36, 6 February 2013 (UTC)
 * Seems like a terrific idea, but like all ideas, reasons not to implement can always be identified. I view articles like Propyl as original research, since there is no body of scholarship that carves out this particular group for study.  Is there a chapter in our organic texts on butyl? The situation is laughable (translation: only in Wikipedia). These semanticist articles were created by us (yes, me too) in our haste to form Wikipedia, but now that it is created, perhaps some of the hairsplitting should be reversed, to, as Plasmic says, serve readers vs satisfying own personal fetishes. --Smokefoot (talk) 13:01, 6 February 2013 (UTC)

 * Of course we're to serve readers first, I just think that based on splitting/merging policy, that that counter reason given by Stolfi is invalid. Plasmic Physics (talk) 22:01, 6 February 2013 (UTC)

 * Please, please, reconsider: when a reader looks up "propyl" (whether by typing to the search box or by clicking on a link) what is he looking for? What is the best answer we can give him? It is saddening to see articles in many technical areas (not just chemistry) gradually getting polymerized into massive intractable lumps, that are hard to read and even harder to edit. The cause seems to be a vague desire by committed editors to organize all articles of one area within some systematic framework and format. Now, systematization is important in theses, textbooks, manuals, databases; for Wikipedia it is very low priority, if relevant at all.  Indeed I believe it is one of the toxins that are killing this project. I see people wasting inordinate amounts of time fighting over and implementing general systematization policies that, at best, make no difference to the readers. Please relax, let's stop worrying about consistency.  Let's worry instead on making sure that readers find the information they need, as quikly and easily as possible.  Let's take life one little article at a time, as we feel it is best for it, in a healthily chaotic way.  Wikipedia will actually get better that way. All the best, --Jorge Stolfi (talk) 02:39, 14 February 2013 (UTC)
 * PS. Also please keep in mind that Wikipedia is not a textbook. What is good for a textbook an be very bad for Wikipedia. --Jorge Stolfi (talk) 02:54, 14 February 2013 (UTC)
 * PPS. Also don't waste time reading the stuff in Wikipedia:*. All the "rules" in there were written by people like me. ;-) --Jorge Stolfi (talk) 02:54, 14 February 2013 (UTC)
 * Merger seems reasonable for ethyl and beyond. I don't see anything especially notable about them each individually or substantial content specific to any of them other than the specific identities of the isomers. That last point is all I can think of for "why would someone want to look up one of these by name?", and leaving redirects to a unified Table of alkyl groups page would resolve that. Or alternately, the "___yl group" could be discussed in each "___ane" page (with appropriate redirects). There at least whatever special details are worthy about the group would likely also apply to the alkane (lots of isomers of butyl, etc). There is lots of content on methyl that is seems distinct from higher alkyls, so I do not support merging that one (it's already a bit of a summary-style page). DMacks (talk) 04:36, 14 February 2013 (UTC)

 * The idea of articles for each and every alkyl group is not a huge deal for me, although I am inclined otherwise. I confess to being a merger-ist often, although I am sympathetic to Jorge's point that we are not creating a textbook.  On the other hand we are not producing a stamp collector's catalogue.  If the merged article becomes an "intractable lump", that would be unfortunate of course. Maybe someone with time could create a prototype in their sandbox for review and debate. Your relaxed colleague,  --Smokefoot (talk) 04:57, 14 February 2013 (UTC)

 * With respect to Methyl group: it contains three main sections, the first section, Methyl cation, anion, and radical, is objectionable to inclusion. They do not relate directly to the topic of that article, which is concerned with a functional group. The second section, Reactivity, can easily be adapted into an Alkyl article, to include trends as a function of chain length. The final section, Etymology, can be disposed with, as it is already covered in Methanol. Plasmic Physics (talk) 05:12, 14 February 2013 (UTC)
 * I agree that the ions should have their own articles. Google shows several papers specifically on CH3+, I will try to do that. However, methinks taht the (relative) shortness of what is left of methyl group should be addressed by adding more contents. Surely there is a lot more that can be said about one of the most common "lego blocks" of organic chemistry, no? Indeed, perhaps that may be another argument for splitting: I would think that a short specific article on a narrow topic would seem less intimidating, and therefore more likely to attract contributions by experts that are not regular editors, than a section in a larger article. Maybe? All the best, --Jorge Stolfi (talk) 02:55, 16 February 2013 (UTC)

 * Opposed to merge. Alkyl already merges into alkane and this article cannot get any bigger. I agree with Jorge Stolfi: big is ugly. The Methyl group, Ethyl group, Propyl, and Butyl articles will remain small by necessity but they all have specific issues. A reader looking up butyl should expect an article on butyl. The alkyl article before the merge also had its merits. A topic like hexyl and anything beyond should merge there. V8rik (talk) 21:33, 14 February 2013 (UTC)
 * Also oppose merge. There are of course similarities between the alkyl groups but there are also differences, so at least the first few (say 4) deserve their own articles. If we did merge the combined article would just have sections named Methyl, Ethyl, Propyl and Butyl anyway. It would just take longer for readers to find information on ethyl (for example). Dirac66 (talk) 18:29, 17 February 2013 (UTC)
 * I now reverse my former tilt toward merger. The points were made well. I have been wracking my brain to think of long chained things that might be notable and exceptions to the nothing beyond say butyl - benzyl.  What do we do with pentyl?--Smokefoot (talk) 20:11, 17 February 2013 (UTC)

 * I find that these short explanations of common chemical groups (methyl etc.) are very useful on their own and definitely oppose a merger. That some information overlap does not matter much. Njaelkies Lea (d) 11:18, 9 March 2013 (UTC)

 * The thing is that most information overlaps, and the rest is just textbook chemistry logic. Plasmic Physics (talk) 11:31, 9 March 2013 (UTC)

I think that methyl should merge with methane, ethyl with ethane, propyl with propane, etc. If these alkyl groups were to be left separate from their parent alkane, then there might as well be a page for all the alkyl groups like heptyl and octyl. Kittenono (talk) 22:55, 23 July 2013 (UTC)

 * I think that makes sense. Maybe a separate alkyl page, with links to all the alkyl groups? Each group has something unique, and the page shouldn't get too big. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 202.54.248.160 (talk) 07:05, 18 October 2013 (UTC)

 * I think any merging is a bad idea. Why don't we have some consistency on Wikipedia & just merge every functional group article into one article?  Because it'd be tedious, superfluous, unnecessary, & counterproductive.
 * Also, you'd end up with a ridiculously long article. Albeit I can see the logic in Kittenono's idea to merge methyl with methane, propyl with propane, ethyl with ethane, etc... but I don't necessarily agree with it.  It should be plainly obvious to anyone who lacks even a basic understanding of organic chemistry (or of any chemistry at all for that matter; to someone who is entirely scientifically illiterate) that these are groups that are pieces of other molecules, but not synonymous with said larger molecules.
 * (Psychonaut25 - 13375p34k / C0n7r1b5 07:48 AM EST, 24 October 2013 (UTC))

 * Why do you suppose that a merged Alkyl article would be ridiculously long? The total information from all the merging candidates do not equate to a particularly long article, unless you propose to add new information yourself. Furthermore, you're using an invalid argument for opposing my proposal (Straw man fallacy). Plasmic Physics (talk) 12:08, 24 October 2013 (UTC)

i-Pr vs n-Pr, etc
Now that we seem to have consensus on non-merger of Me, Et, Pr, and Bu. What about these separate articles: n-Pr vs i-Pr, and t-Bu vs n-Bu vs i-Bu. --Smokefoot (talk) 20:11, 17 February 2013 (UTC)
 * Yes, I think it is more reasonable to merge isomers with similar names, to avoid the proliferation of too many articles. The reader looking for isopropyl may try propyl, and if not a redirect will help. However I would not merge isomers with totally dissimilar (common) names, such as maleic acid and fumaric acid. Dirac66 (talk) 04:23, 18 February 2013 (UTC)

Webpage Name Change
Alkyl is the title of this Wikipedia page, which is part of the web address for the page.

I propose that the name be revised to "Alkyl Group" as this is the common way it is used in chemistry.

Changing the name would require changing the web address. Unfortunately I don't know how to change the address, and I'm not sure if it would be appropriate.

Please advise or comment on this proposal, or someone go ahead and make the change. PeteSwazzy (talk) 04:48, 29 December 2020 (UTC)

 * As a chemist I don't see how that would be an improvement. Also, this page covers several other uses of the term, such as "alkyl radical" --Cubbi (talk) 03:32, 30 December 2020 (UTC)

Vague statement on alkyl free radicals
"The neutral alkyl free radicals have no special name. Such species are usually encountered only as transient intermediates, but some are quite stable and can be 'put into a bottle.'"

I have added both the and  tags to this statement as it is both too vague and includes technical jargon that may or may not mean "literally placed into a bottle" or perhaps isolated in some other way. I felt these tags were the most pertinent, although a is perhaps also due here since this statement is not backed up by a reference and it is difficult to find a reference without knowing what or which compounds the author is referring to.  Illini407  talk 15:36, 13 May 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Alkyl group


text:
Sulfonamide (medicine)

Sulfonamide is a functional group (a part of a molecule) that is the basis of several groups of drugs, which are called sulphonamides, sulfa drugs or sulpha drugs. The original antibacterial sulfonamides are synthetic (nonantibiotic) antimicrobial agents that contain the sulfonamide group. Some sulfonamides are also devoid of antibacterial activity, e.g., the anticonvulsant sultiame. The sulfonylureas and thiazide diuretics are newer drug groups based upon the antibacterial sulfonamides.

Allergies to sulfonamides are common. The overall incidence of adverse drug reactions to sulfa antibiotics is approximately 3%, close to penicillin; hence medications containing sulfonamides are prescribed carefully.

Sulfonamide drugs were the first broadly effective antibacterials to be used systemically, and paved the way for the antibiotic revolution in medicine.

Function
In bacteria, antibacterial sulfonamides act as competitive inhibitors of the enzyme dihydropteroate synthase (DHPS), an enzyme involved in folate synthesis. Sulfonamides are therefore bacteriostatic and inhibit growth and multiplication of bacteria, but do not kill them. Humans, in contrast to bacteria, acquire folate (vitamin B9) through the diet.

Sulfonamides are used to treat allergies and coughs, as well as having antifungal and antimalarial functions. The moiety is also present in other medications that are not antimicrobials, including thiazide diuretics (including hydrochlorothiazide, metolazone, and indapamide, among others), loop diuretics (including furosemide, bumetanide, and torsemide), acetazolamide, sulfonylureas (including glipizide, glyburide, among others), and some COX-2 inhibitors (e.g., celecoxib).

Sulfasalazine, in addition to its use as an antibiotic, is also used in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.

History
Sulfonamide drugs were the first broadly effective antibacterials to be used systemically, and paved the way for the antibiotic revolution in medicine. The first sulfonamide, trade-named Prontosil, was a prodrug. Experiments with Prontosil began in 1932 in the laboratories of Bayer AG, at that time a component of the huge German chemical trust IG Farben. The Bayer team believed that coal-tar dyes which are able to bind preferentially to bacteria and parasites might be used to attack harmful organisms in the body. After years of fruitless trial-and-error work on hundreds of dyes, a team led by physician/researcher Gerhard Domagk (working under the general direction of IG Farben executive Heinrich Hörlein) finally found one that worked: a red dye synthesized by Bayer chemist Josef Klarer that had remarkable effects on stopping some bacterial infections in mice. The first official communication about the breakthrough discovery was not published until 1935, more than two years after the drug was patented by Klarer and his research partner Fritz Mietzsch.

Prontosil, as Bayer named the new drug, was the first medicine ever discovered that could effectively treat a range of bacterial infections inside the body. It had a strong protective action against infections caused by streptococci, including blood infections, childbed fever, and erysipelas, and a lesser effect on infections caused by other cocci. However, it had no effect at all in the test tube, exerting its antibacterial action only in live animals. Later, it was discovered by Daniel Bovet, Federico Nitti, and Jacques and Thérèse Tréfouël, a French research team led by Ernest Fourneau at the Pasteur Institute, that the drug was metabolized into two parts inside the body, releasing from the inactive dye portion a smaller, colorless, active compound called sulfanilamide. The discovery helped establish the concept of "bioactivation" and dashed the German corporation's dreams of enormous profit; the active molecule sulfanilamide (or sulfa) had first been synthesized in 1906 and was widely used in the dye-making industry; its patent had since expired and the drug was available to anyone.

The result was a sulfa craze. For several years in the late 1930s, hundreds of manufacturers produced myriad forms of sulfa. This and the lack of testing requirements led to the elixir sulfanilamide disaster in the fall of 1937, during which at least 100 people were poisoned with diethylene glycol. This led to the passage of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act in 1938 in the United States. As the first and only effective broad-spectrum antibiotic available in the years before penicillin, heavy use of sulfa drugs continued into the early years of World War II. They are credited with saving the lives of tens of thousands of patients, including Franklin Delano Roosevelt Jr. (son of US President Franklin Delano Roosevelt) and Winston Churchill. Sulfa had a central role in preventing wound infections during the war. American soldiers were issued a first-aid kit containing sulfa pills and powder and were told to sprinkle it on any open wound.

The sulfanilamide compound is more active in the protonated form. The drug has very low solubility and sometimes can crystallize in the kidneys, due to its first pKa of around 10. This is a very painful experience, so patients are told to take the medication with copious amounts of water. Newer analogous compounds prevent this complication because they have a lower pKa, around 5–6, making them more likely to remain in a soluble form.

Many thousands of molecules containing the sulfanilamide structure have been created since its discovery (by one account, over 5,400 permutations by 1945), yielding improved formulations with greater effectiveness and less toxicity. Sulfa drugs are still widely used for conditions such as acne and urinary tract infections, and are receiving renewed interest for the treatment of infections caused by bacteria resistant to other antibiotics.

Preparation
Sulfonamides are prepared by the reaction of a sulfonyl chloride with ammonia or an amine. Certain sulfonamides (sulfadiazine or sulfamethoxazole) are sometimes mixed with the drug trimethoprim, which acts against dihydrofolate reductase. As of 2013, the Republic of Ireland is the largest exporter worldwide of sulfonamides, accounting for approximately 32% of total exports.

Side effects
Sulfonamides have the potential to cause a variety of adverse effects, including urinary tract disorders, haemopoietic disorders, porphyria and hypersensitivity reactions. When used in large doses, they may cause a strong allergic reaction. The most serious of these are classified as severe cutaneous adverse reactions (i.e. SCARs) and include the Stevens–Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis (also known as Lyell syndrome), the DRESS syndrome, and a not quite as serious SCARs reaction, acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis. Any one of these SCARs may be triggered by certain sulfonamides.

Approximately 3% of the general population have adverse reactions when treated with sulfonamide antimicrobials. Of note is the observation that patients with HIV have a much higher prevalence, at about 60%.

Hypersensitivity reactions are less common in nonantibiotic sulfonamides, and, though controversial, the available evidence suggests those with hypersensitivity to sulfonamide antibiotics do not have an increased risk of hypersensitivity reaction to the nonantibiotic agents. A key component to the allergic response to sulfonamide antibiotics is the arylamine group at N4, found in sulfamethoxazole, sulfasalazine, sulfadiazine, and the anti-retrovirals amprenavir and fosamprenavir. Other sulfonamide drugs do not contain this arylamine group; available evidence suggests that patients who are allergic to arylamine sulfonamides do not cross-react to sulfonamides that lack the arylamine group, and may therefore safely take non-arylamine sulfonamides. It has therefore been argued that the terms "sulfonamide allergy" or "sulfa allergy" are misleading and should be replaced by a reference to a specific drug (e.g., "cotrimoxazole allergy").

Two regions of the sulfonamide antibiotic chemical structure are implicated in the hypersensitivity reactions associated with the class.

 * The first is the N1 heterocyclic ring, which causes a type I hypersensitivity reaction.
 * The second is the N4 amino nitrogen that, in a stereospecific process, forms reactive metabolites that cause either direct cytotoxicity or immunologic response.

The nonantibiotic sulfonamides lack both of these structures.

The most common manifestations of a hypersensitivity reaction to sulfa drugs are rash and hives. However, there are several life-threatening manifestations of hypersensitivity to sulfa drugs, including Stevens–Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis, agranulocytosis, hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, fulminant hepatic necrosis, and acute pancreatitis, among others.

title: Sulfonamide (medicine)


text:
Dressing

Dressing commonly refers to the activity of putting on clothing. Dressing may also refer to:

Technique

 * Dressing (medical), a medical covering for a wound, usually made of cloth
 * Dressing (knot), the process of arranging a knot
 * Dressing, the application of a profile onto a grinding wheel
 * Dressing, a covering or enhanced construction method to improve an object's appearance:
 * Ashlar, stone dressing(s)
 * Brickwork dressings, using counter-coloured or complementary coloured bricks
 * Stucco (also known as render or rendering):
 * Binder (material) and water applied in decorative fashion; it can also refer to interior
 * aggregates,
 * Plasterwork in relief
 * Well dressing (decoration), a tradition practised in some parts of rural England
 * Dressing, the preparation of an animal for consumption or sale, field dressing e.g.
 * Dressed weight, refers to the weight of an animal after being partially butchered
 * Ore dressing, mineral processing

Food

 * Salad dressing, a type of sauce which is generally poured on a salad, or spread on the bread of a sandwich
 * Stuffing, also called dressing, a mixture of various ingredients used to fill a cavity in another food item

Others

 * Dressed particle, a bare particle together with some excitations of other quantum fields
 * Ship dressing or dressing overall, stringing international maritime signal flags on a ship at special occasions
 * "The Dressing", an episode of the Adult Swim animated television series, Aqua Teen Hunger Force

title: Dressing


text:
Talk:Time dilation

"Time contraction" listed at Redirects for discussion
A discussion is taking place to address the redirect Time contraction. The discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2021 March 18 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. DVdm (talk) 23:03, 18 March 2021 (UTC)

 * Redirect was deleted - DVdm (talk) 10:51, 26 March 2021 (UTC)

"Combined effect of velocity and gravitational time dilation" has a mislabeled metric
The section on "Combined effect of velocity and gravitational time dilation" claims it is using the Schwarzschild metric, and links to the Schwarzschild metric page, but it looks more like a misformed representation of isotropic coordinates, and it cites a source that uses what the source calls an "ECI frame" which looks like a weak-field Newtonian metric. 5.57.12.217 (talk) 11:47, 1 November 2021 (UTC)
 * To me it looks like conforming to the cited sources and like pure Schwarzschild. - DVdm (talk) 12:16, 1 November 2021 (UTC)

Misleading Animation
The animation where the red clock rotates around the blue clock as illustration for special relativistic effects is misleading, since at least one of the two clocks is not part of an inertial system and thus SRT does not apply. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 217.95.168.158 (talk) 14:41, 10 April 2022 (UTC)
 * How do you figure? SRT applies to the red clock; the animation shows the effect on that clock compared to the frame of reference of the blue clock. —C.Fred (talk) 14:45, 10 April 2022 (UTC)
 * The red clock is rotating around the blue clock so it is not representing an inertial system and so the SRT approach to time dilation does not apply to the red clock. (Well: Of course also the blue clock could be rotating around the red clock, if we take the red clock to be inertial. However, at least one of the systems is not an inertial system.) Of course, in this situation there also is time dilatation, but it is not a special relativistic effect alone. We have general relativistic effects as well, since acceleration is part of the game (or, locally equivalently, gravitation). — Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.163.198.2 (talk) 11:30, 11 April 2022 (UTC)
 * You share a common misconception that SRT does not apply to accelerated systems. It does. Where SRT does not apply is in the presence of gravitation. See Spacetime_diagram Prokaryotic Caspase Homolog (talk) 11:59, 11 April 2022 (UTC)
 * Interesting argument. Agreeing to yours. Mine runs as follows: The red clock is accelerated. By the equivalency principle this acceleration is locally equivalent to a gravitational field. This gravitational field produces a time dilatation. This effect is not predicted by SRT. So while the SRT might mathematically be used (as your citation suggests), the SRT formula will produce an incorrect result. I agree that the SRT can be used. I fear it will produce an incorrect prediction in the scenario we are looking at. Which leaves us with an illustration in the article suggesting a theory which will be delivering a result which is different from current state of the art (which should use ART, despite the fact that SRT does produce a consistent result, different from experiment). Interested in your opinion on this. 87.163.198.2 (talk) 17:25, 11 April 2022 (UTC)

language
Can we read by myanmar subject ? Waiyanaungphyo (talk) 04:10, 27 January 2023 (UTC)

 * @Waiyanaungphyo Looking at the links to the article in other languages (at the top of the article page), this article is available in Bangla and Sinhala. Does that help? —C.Fred (talk) 13:12, 27 January 2023 (UTC)

Given the forward nature of this kind of time dilation, I would also as do many people like to see a theoretical description of backwards time dilation since this topic has become an interesting point by travel through wormholes or possibly an Alcubiere drive. This of course remains theory how many times the speed of C should one go to travel back in time using a spaceship equiped with an Alcubiere drive if York time concept is non existant. One would as to obide to the law of conservation of energy need to replicate the ships matter except the fuel many rockets are 70 percent fuel and 30 percent matter unless a closed loop engine is used. But in this case nuclear fuel would be used possibly even fusion if attainable since it is more lightweight than fission materials. This of course is strictly theoretical but none the less an aspect that should as theory be added to this time dilation topic, with mention of its theoretic nature. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.24.84.243 (talk) 11:20, 16 March 2023 (UTC)

Larmor misquoted
The quote starting "individual electrons describe corresponding.." gives the incorrect equation. From the paper the quote should be "and the individual electrons describe corresponding parts of their orbits in times shorter for the latter system in the ratio e^-1/2 or (l — ½v²/c²), while those less advanced in the direction of v are"

In the article text the equation is given as √(1—v²/c²) which is the the inverse of the Lorentz and Einstein equation for gamma 2001:8003:146B:CD00:819A:61CD:C43C:35E1 (talk) 11:08, 21 April 2023 (UTC)

 * In the quoted text we have ε = 1/(1−v²/c²), and so, as you can verify, ϵ^(−½) = √(1—v²/c²), which is, as you can also verify, (1 — ½v²/c²) to first order in v²/c². In this article, we have simply left it as √(1—v²/c²), in stead of going to first order. Look at it as a semi-quote. I removed the double quotes. - DVdm (talk) 13:13, 21 April 2023 (UTC)

Some suggestions, again ....
I am 87 now ! Must I await to be 100 years before you will accept my suggestions formulated in 2017 ! 🤔

See https://phymatheco.github.io

Read it before suppressing it, Non second chance !!! Chessfan (talk) 16:31, 3 February 2024 (UTC)

 * Still no need to read it, as Wikipedia still does not accept wp:original research - DVdm (talk) 20:02, 3 February 2024 (UTC)
 * You cheat ! See Gourgoulhon General Relativity ! Chessfan (talk) 22:40, 3 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Time dilation


text:
John Kingsley Read

John Kingsley Read (18 April 1936 – 18 September 1985) was a British fascist politician and Holocaust denier. He was chairman of the National Front (NF) from 1974 until 1976, when he founded the National Party.

A former member of the Conservative Party and chairman of the Blackburn Young Conservatives, Read left to join the NF in 1973 having addressed a rally against the arrival of Ugandan Asians in Britain earlier that same year in Blackburn.

A strong orator, Read rose quickly through the NF ranks, his style drawing comparisons to American politician George Wallace, to whom he also bore a passing physical resemblance. Read was later denounced as a drunkard by Andrew Fountaine.

After securing the support of potential rival Roy Painter, Read was elected chairman of the National Front in 1974, with the neo-imperialist John Tyndall his deputy chairman, in what was regarded as a vote by the "populist" or Strasserite wing of the party against the authoritarian Tyndall.

Later, Read himself "drifted" into the populist camp but was only narrowly re-elected as chairman in 1975. He tried to expel Tyndall from the party but Read's decision was overturned at the High Court.

In 1976, Read left the NF along with many of his followers to establish the National Party (NP), which won two seats on Blackburn Council, one of them held by Read, but their other councillor was disqualified for election irregularities.

Read designed the front cover motif for the British edition of Arthur Butz's Holocaust denial book, The Hoax of the Twentieth Century, which was circulated by the NP. After the murder of a young Sikh man, Gurdip Singh Chaggar, in a suspected racist attack, Read remarked during a speech at an NP meeting, "One down, a million to go," which effectively ended his presentation of a more "moderate" stance. Read was later acquitted of making the statement in a decision which aroused "furious controversy".

Following Read's death in 1985, Nick Griffin asserted that Kingsley Read had been working with the knowledge of other leading members of the NF to feed false information to Searchlight magazine, although John Tyndall was convinced that Read had been a double agent. Searchlight stated that Read had supplied them with the entire membership list of the National Party.

In 1984, Read appeared in The Other Face of Terror, a British documentary about far-right groups. Read openly admitted designing and helping to distribute Holocaust denial material.

title: John Kingsley Read


text:
Nicholas IV

Nicholas IV can refer to:

 * Patriarch Nicholas IV of Constantinople (1147–1151)
 * Pope Nicholas IV (1288–1292)
 * Patriarch Nicholas IV of Alexandria (1412–1417)
 * Nicholas IV, Duke of Opava (c. 1400 – 1437)

title: Nicholas IV


text:
Lieutenant Governor of North Carolina

The lieutenant governor of North Carolina is the second-highest elected official in the U.S. state of North Carolina and is the only elected official to have powers in both the legislative and executive branches of state government. A member of the North Carolina Council of State, the lieutenant governor serves a four-year term with a two consecutive term limit. The current lieutenant governor is Mark Robinson, a Republican, who has held the office since 2021. The Constitution of North Carolina designates the lieutenant governor the ex officio president of the State Senate and a member of the State Board of Education. They are also required to serve as acting governor of the state in the event of the governor's absence, and assume the governorship in the event it becomes vacant.

Five lieutenant governors have succeeded to the governorship throughout the office's history due to a vacancy. The constitution allows the governor and General Assembly to assign the lieutenant governor additional duties, and the lieutenant governor has thus been accorded membership on and responsibility for several appointments on other state boards. Unlike other Council of State offices, there is no mechanism to fill a vacancy in the lieutenant governorship between elections. From its creation in 1868 up until the 1970s, the lieutenant governorship was a single-term, part-time position largely confined to legislative duties when the General Assembly was in session. Most of the candidates who sought the office were veteran legislators seeking a final prestigious accomplishment for their careers. In 1971, new legislation declared it a full-time job.

In 1972, the Democratic-controlled General Assembly expanded the office's resources to challenge the incoming Republican governor. In 1977, the lieutenant governor was constitutionally authorized to serve two consecutive terms. The office's political prominence increased over the years following the succession amendment and the legislature continued to expand its powers. Upon a Republican's assumption of lieutenant gubernatorial office in 1989, Democrats in the Senate modified the body's rules, stripping the office of its long-standing powers to appoint committees in that house and assign bills to those committees. With the shift away from legislative duties, the office became increasingly used as a means to enhance its incumbents' bids for higher office; lieutenant governors have often run for governor, but few have been successful.

History
Under North Carolina's first constitution in 1776, the state's executive authority was exercised by the governor. It accorded the duty of presiding over the North Carolina Senate to a speaker of the Senate, who was also to act as governor in case that office became vacant. The office of lieutenant governor was created by the state's 1868 constitution. The lieutenant governor—who was to be chosen by popular election—replaced the speaker of the Senate as that body's presiding officer and assumed the former office's role in succeeding to the governorship in the event it became vacant. Furthermore, the constitution made the official an ex officio member of the newly-created State Board of Education.

From 1868 until 1970, presiding over the Senate was the lieutenant governor's primary role, and in that capacity they appointed senators to committees (a power accorded to them by Senate rules) and oversaw the passage of legislation. The job was a part-time position, since the lieutenant governor served only when the General Assembly was in session or in the absence of the governor. What other functions they performed were largely ceremonial, and the office attracted little public attention. From 1943 to 1954, by informal arrangement, the official chaired the State Board of Education. Constitutional revisions which took effect in 1971 made the lieutenant governor a member of the Council of State. The Executive Reorganization Act of 1971 affirmed the role of lieutenant governor as a full-time job. With the election of James Holshouser as governor in 1972—the first Republican to win the office in decades—the Democratic majority in the General Assembly was compelled to raise the stature of the office of the lieutenant governor, which was held by Democrat Jim Hunt. It raised the job's salary from $5,000 to $30,000 per year, increased the office operating budget, and expanded its staff from two to five.

From 1868 to 1977, the lieutenant governor and the governor were limited to standalone four-year terms. In 1977, the state constitution was amended to allow both the governor and the lieutenant governor to serve two consecutive terms. James C. Green, who served from 1977 to 1985, was the first lieutenant governor to serve consecutive terms. The office's political prominence increased over the years following the succession amendment and the legislature continued to expand its powers. Green led the Senate in an effort at the onset of his term to make the lieutenant governor the ex officio chair of the State Board of Education by law, directly challenging the authority of Hunt, who had since become governor and was responsible for recommending the board's chair. The proposal was ultimately defeated in the House of Representatives.

Despite this, the legislature granted the lieutenant governor automatic membership on several state boards and significant appointment responsibilities. By 1982, North Carolina had one of the most powerful lieutenant governorships in the country. By 1989, the lieutenant governor was responsible for 195 appointments to 87 state boards (106 of these were subject to legislative confirmation). Despite this, the officials experienced mistrust from the Senate and faced several unsuccessful attempts to strip them of their appointive powers. From 1985 to 1989, Democrat Robert B. Jordan served as lieutenant governor while Republican James G. Martin served as governor, making him the de facto leader of the North Carolina Democratic Party. Upon Republican Jim Gardner's assumption of lieutenant gubernatorial office in 1989, Democrats in the Senate modified the body's rules, stripping the office of its powers to appoint committees in that house and assign bills to its committees. During Gardner's tenure, the office's staff was further expanded. In 1997 the General Assembly debated modifying the constitution to provide for the election of the lieutenant governor on a joint ticket with the governor or to have the office assume the responsibilities of the North Carolina Secretary of State, but these proposals did not move forward. Another effort in 2015 to amend the constitution to provide for the office's joint ticket election with the governor failed.

Three lieutenant governors assumed the office of governor upon the death of the incumbent: Curtis H. Brogden in 1874, Thomas M. Holt in 1891, and Luther H. Hodges in 1954. Tod R. Caldwell in 1870 assumed the office upon the previous governor's impeachment and removal, and Thomas J. Jarvis assumed it in 1879 upon the incumbent's resignation. Historically, the lieutenant governorship was often sought by veteran state legislators as a final prestigious accomplishment for their careers. With the shift away from legislative duties after the 1970s, the office became increasingly used as a means to enhance incumbents' bids for higher office; lieutenant governors have often run for governor, but few have been successful. Bev Perdue was the first woman to serve as lieutenant governor, while Mark Robinson was the first black person to ever be elected to the office. He was sworn in on January 9, 2021.

Election
As with other state officials, only qualified voters in North Carolina are eligible to be elected lieutenant governor. Unlike most other candidates, who must be at least 21 years of age, any potential lieutenant governor—like the governor—must be at least 30 years of age. They must also have been a citizen of the United States for at least five years and a resident of North Carolina for at least two years preceding election. Like the governor, the lieutenant governor is elected every four years thereafter, but is elected on their own ticket. Contested elections for the office of lieutenant governor are resolved by a majority vote of the General Assembly. Their term of office begins on January 1 following their election. They serve for a four-year term and until their successor has assumed office. The lieutenant governor is limited to serving two consecutive terms in office, with no limits on nonconsecutive terms.

Powers, duties, and structure
The lieutenant governor is the only officer in North Carolina vested with responsibilities in both the executive and legislative branches of state government. The constitution designates the lieutenant governor the President of the Senate. In this capacity they direct the debate on bills and maintain order in that house, but have little influence over its workflow. They cannot cast a vote in the Senate except to break ties. In the event of a gubernatorial vacancy, the constitution requires the lieutenant governor to assume the governorship. If the governor is temporarily incapacitated or absent, the lieutenant governor is to serve as acting governor. In the event the governor-elect fails to qualify for their office, the lieutenant governor-elect becomes governor.

The constitution makes the lieutenant governor ex offico a member of the North Carolina Board of Education and one of the ten state officers who comprise the Council of State. They are also ex officio a member of the North Carolina Capital Planning Commission, the State Board of Community Colleges, and the State Board of Economic Development. They have the power to appoint some members of other executive state boards, though state law does not grant them the power to create their own official boards. The constitution allows the governor and General Assembly to assign the lieutenant governor additional duties. State law empowers the lieutenant governor to oversee the awarding of the North Carolina Medal of Valor for law enforcement officers.

The lieutenant governor's office is located in the Hawkins-Hartness House on Blount Street in Raleigh. They also have an office in the North Carolina State Legislative Building. They retain a staff to assist in carrying out their functions. As of January 2024, the office has nine employees retained under the terms of the State Human Resources Act. They are provided with a security detail supplied by the North Carolina Highway Patrol. As with all Council of State officers, the lieutenant governor's salary is fixed by the General Assembly and cannot be reduced during their term of office. In 2023, the lieutenant governor's annual salary was $157,403.

Removal and vacancies
Unlike with other officers on the Council of State, the governor of North Carolina cannot appoint an interim officer in the event the lieutenant governor's office becomes vacant. In such an instance, the lieutenant governor's role in the Senate is assumed by the president pro tempore. In the event that the lieutenant governor is impeached by the North Carolina House of Representatives, the chief justice of the North Carolina Supreme Court presides over the court of impeachment, composed at minimum of a majority of the members of the State Senate. A two-thirds affirmative vote of the senators present constitutes a conviction and thus removal and future disqualification from holding office. Avenues for removing the lieutenant governor from office in circumstances other than impeachment—such as a lack of physical or mental capacity—may be determined by law.

List of lieutenant governors

 * Parties

title: Lieutenant Governor of North Carolina