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Rembrandt Peale

Rembrandt Peale (February 22, 1778 – October 3, 1860) was an American artist and museum keeper. A prolific portrait painter, he was especially acclaimed for his likenesses of presidents George Washington and Thomas Jefferson. Peale's style was influenced by French neoclassicism after a stay in Paris in his early thirties.

Early life and education
Peale was born on February 22, 1778, near present-day Richboro, Pennsylvania, in Bucks County Pennsylvania, the third of six surviving children (11 had died) to his mother, Rachel Brewer, and father, Charles Willson Peale, in Bucks County. His father was also a notable artist, and named him after the noted 17th-century Dutch painter and engraver Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn. His father also taught all of his children, including Raphaelle Peale, Rubens Peale, and Titian Peale, to paint scenery and portraiture, and tutored Rembrandt in the arts and sciences.

Rembrandt began drawing at the age of eight. A year after his mother's death and the remarriage of his father, Peale left the school of the arts, and completed his first self-portrait at the age of 13. The canvas displays the young artist's early mastery. The clothes, however, give the notion that Peale exaggerated what a 13-year-old would look like, and Peale's hair curls like the hair of a Renaissance angel. Later in his life, Peale "often showed this painting to young beginners, to encourage them to go from 'bad' to better..."

Career
In July 1787, Charles Willson Peale introduced his son Rembrandt to George Washington, and the young aspirant artist watched his father paint the future president. In 1795, at the age of 17, Rembrandt painted an aging Washington, making him appear far more aged than in reality. The portrait was well received, and Rembrandt had made his debut.

In 1822, Peale moved to New York City, where he embarked on an attempt to paint what he hoped would become the "standard likeness" of Washington. He studied portraits by other artists including John Trumbull, Gilbert Stuart and his own father, as well as his own 1795 picture which had never truly satisfied him. His resulting work Patriae Pater, completed in 1824, depicts Washington through an oval window, and is considered by many to be second only to Gilbert Stuart's iconic Athenaeum painting of the first president. Peale subsequently attempted to capitalize on the success of what quickly became known as his "Porthole" picture. Patriae Pater (Latin for "Father of Our Country") was purchased by Congress in 1832 for $2,000. It currently hangs in the Old Senate Chamber.

In 1826, he helped found the National Academy of Design in New York City.

Peale went on to create over 70 detailed replicas, including one of Washington in full military uniform that currently hangs in the Oval Office. Peale continued to paint other noted portraits, such as those of the third president Thomas Jefferson while he was in office (1805), and later on a portrait of Chief Justice John Marshall.

Travels
Noted for his "itinerant" nature, Peale visited Europe several times to study art (Ward). Throughout his life, Peale traveled across the western hemisphere in search of inspiration and opportunities as an artist. His father helped pay his way to Paris, where he stayed from June to September 1808, and again from October 1809 to November 1810. In Paris, Peale studied the works of Jacques-Louis David, which influenced him to paint in the Neoclassical style. He painted the famous explorer Alexander von Humboldt and several other noted patrons such as Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac and François André Michaux. After his successes in France, Peale returned to Philadelphia in 1810.

His efforts to establish his knowledge and mastery of art were displayed in his painting The Roman Daughter (1811). The painting depicts a young girl shielding her father, a prisoner in chains, and feeding him from her breast, the emblem of "Roman Charity" reported in the pages of Pliny. It was deemed too "sensational" by the people of Philadelphia, who were unsympathetic to his endeavors toward "improving the state of fine arts in America" in the 19th century. Amid the economic hardship of the War of 1812, President Jefferson—who promised to buy the 1795 portrait of Washington, but could not keep his promise—instead encouraged Peale to go to Europe, as "we have genius among us but no unemployed wealth to reward it".

Peale's Baltimore Museum

Motivated by his father's establishment of the Philadelphia Museum (1786) and having been unsuccessful in Philadelphia, Rembrandt Peale assumed his father's role in another city. On August 15, 1814, Peale launched his first museum as soon as he arrived in the municipality of Baltimore, Maryland on Holliday Street between East Saratoga and Lexington Streets, the first building constructed in America to serve as a museum. It later served as the second Baltimore City Hall, 1830–1875; a "Colored" primary, grammar, and high school, part of Baltimore's segregated public school system, 1878–1889; and was restored in 1931 as the Municipal Museum of the City of Baltimore. Renovated and restored again in 1981, it reopened with a groundbreaking interpretive history exhibition, "Rowhouse: A Baltimore Style of Living." In 1985, the Municipal Museum, which had grown to five sites (Peale Museum, Carroll Mansion, 1840 House, Baltimore Center for Urban Archaeology, and H.L. Mencken House) was renamed Baltimore City Life Museums. It closed in 1997, a year after opening a new 30,000sf exhibition center.

The museum was elaborately illuminated by gas light, following the example of his brother Rubens in Philadelphia. This innovation made a great impression. Peale had acquired an important gas lighting patent, and with some associates founded the successful Gas Light Company of Baltimore. Having poor business sense, though, he did little to manage the company and was forced out after a few years due to the War of 1812.

In 1828, an ambitious Peale raised funds and tried earning money for his previous paintings, in order to travel to Rome. He took along his 15-year-old son, Michael Angelo, a determined young artist who copied his father's paintings in admiration. Peale successfully displayed portraits of Horatio Greenough and Washington as Patriæ Pater in the Florentine academy.

At the age of 82, Peale died on October 3, 1860, at his house on 1506 Vine St in Philadelphia. He is buried at Woodlands Cemetery in West Philadelphia.

Works
Exhibited and discussed in "In Pursuit of Fame: Rembrandt Peale 1778–1860," Washington D.C., National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian institution, 1992–93, The portrait of Margaret Irvine Miller exemplifies Peale's ability to convey a story and capture character through taking liberty with the way in which he portrayed his sitters. Mrs. Miller, by birth working-class, later raised her position in Philadelphia society. Though her clothing is aristocratic, Mrs. Miller's pose and gaze are those of a straightforward, working-class woman. The subtle juxtaposition is masterfully captured in the finest of terms.

In 1801, Peale painted a portrait of his brother Rubens, youngest of the six Peale children, who always had an admiration for gardening and tending to natural life. Peale seated his brother next to a geranium. The painting signifies the artist's admiration for a sibling's love of nature, and may have been inspired by the Dutch 17th-century artist, David Teniers the Younger, who had painted a series of oil-on-copper paintings representing the five senses. His painting, Smell is quite similar to Rembrandt Peale's. Rembrandt's piece captures the essence of a young gardener/artist's peace of mind, gracefully looking out, a posture of wonder and calmness.

In 1824, Peale painted the Patriæ Pater, in which a rectangle supporting an oval wreath surrounds the eye-catching image of George Washington. The most successful painting of Peale's 50-year career, it inspired John Marshall to have his portrait done by Peale in the same fashion. The painting was criticized as lacking authenticity, as it was not completed until after Washington's death (1799). Nonetheless, Peale received commendations for his portrait by many noted politicians such as Washington's nephew, Judge Bushrod Washington, who was an associate U.S. Supreme Court Justice, and Marshall.

Peale's neoclassical painting The Roman Daughter demonstrates compassion and graceful defense; his copy of Correggio's Angel, and his immense allegorical painting, Court of Death (1820), reveal the same artistic style.

Personal life
At the age of 20, Peale married 22-year-old Eleanor May Short (1776–1836) at St. Joseph's Catholic Church in Philadelphia. During their marriage, Peale and Short had nine children: Rosalba, Eleanor, Michael Angelo, Angelica, and Emma Clara among them. In 1840, he married Harriet Cany (1799–1869), one of his pupils and an artist in her own right.

Legacy
Rembrandt Peale completed more than 600 paintings. He painted portraits of many notable people, including American presidents George Washington and Thomas Jefferson, Chief Justice John Marshall, and John C. Calhoun. His paintings are in many public collections.

Collections

The following is a partial list of collections holding works by Rembrandt Peale:

 * Washington, D.C.: National Museum of American Art and National Portrait Gallery, The Smithsonian Institution
 * Baltimore, Maryland: The Peale Museum, Baltimore Museum of Art, Maryland Historical Society, Walters Art Museum
 * Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: The Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Atwater Kent Museum, Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts
 * Detroit, Michigan: Detroit Institute of Arts
 * Columbus, Georgia: The Columbus Museum
 * Birmingham, Alabama: Birmingham Museum of Art
 * New York: Brooklyn Museum, The Peale Museum of New York
 * New London, Connecticut: Lyman Allyn Art Museum
 * Dallas, Texas: The Dallas Museum of Art Modern American Collection
 * Pittsfield, Massachusetts: Berkshire Museum
 * Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: La Salle University Art Museum
 * Williamsburg, Virginia: Muscarelle Museum of Art at William & Mary
 * Wilmington, Delaware: Hagley Museum and Library

Other notable paintings

 * Charles Willson Peale, Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 1812
 * Washington Before Yorktown, Corcoran Gallery of Art, 1824
 * John C. Calhoun, Gibbes Museum of Art, 1834
 * The Sisters, Eleanor and Rosalba Peale, A. Augustus Healy Fund, Brooklyn Museum, 1826
 * General Thomas Sumter, Independence National Historical Park, Philadelphia, 1796
 * Mrs. Marbury, Private Collection, 1797
 * Sculpture, Atwater Kent Museum, Philadelphia, c. 1812
 * DeWitt Clinton, Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 1823
 * Mary Jane Peale, Elise Peale Patterson de Golpi-Toro, New York, 1835
 * Eleanor May Short Peale, Private Collection, 1836
 * William Henry Harrison, Grouseland (William Henry Harrison House), Vincennes, IN

A portrait identified
A painting of a comedian who was an acquaintance of the British painter George Clint—an artist whose style resembled Peale's, and who claimed the picture as his own—was examined by the National Portrait Gallery of London in 1914. It was initially confirmed as Clint's artwork. Later, the gallery further examined the history behind the painting: the English comedian, Charles Mathews, had arrived in New York in 1822, and left shortly after Peale had welcomed him for a portrait painting.

title: Rembrandt Peale


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Westray

Westray (, Westree) is one of the Orkney Islands in Scotland, with a usual resident population of just under 600 people. Its main village is Pierowall, with a heritage centre, the 15th-century Lady Kirk church and pedestrian ferry service to nearby Papa Westray island. Westray has a number of archeological sites dating from 3500 BC, and remains of several Norse-Viking settlements. The spectacular sea cliffs around Noup Head are home to thousands of seabirds.

Geography and geology

Westray has an area of 18.2 sqmi, making it the sixth largest of the Orkney Islands. The underlying geology is Rousay-type Middle Old Red Sandstone, the flagstones of which make excellent building materials. There is very little peat and the soil is noted for its fertility.

History
At the time of the earliest known settlements, c. 3500 BC, in Westray and neighbouring Papa Westray, it is believed that the two islands were joined. A Neolithic and Bronze Age site at the Links of Noltland is in the care of Historic Scotland. The site is threatened by the rapid erosion of the overlying sand dunes. Ongoing excavations have revealed over 30 buildings of Neolithic and Bronze Age date, the earliest of which overlaps in use with the Knap of Howar on the neighbouring island of Papa Westray (known as Papay to the locals), the oldest standing structure in NW Europe. The Westray Wife, 4 cm carved Neolithic figurine was discovered on the Noltland dig in 2009; this is the oldest carving of a human found in the British Isles. In 2010 some local businesses reported a 45% increase in turnover since the discovery of the figurine. Since then, four further figurines have been found, together with a wealth of other artefacts (carved stone ball, decorated grooved ware pottery, numerous carved bone objects and beads etc.). In 2015, a substantial subterranean building dating from the Bronze Age was uncovered; this was very well preserved and is interpreted as a sauna. The excavations won 'Best Rescue Dig' of the year in the prestigious 2014 Current Archaeology awards. Several of the figurines and other artefacts from the site can be seen at Westray Heritage Centre and the excavation is open seasonally (free of charge). The Heritage Centre also exhibits the 'Westray Stone' - a neolithic carved stone from a chambered tomb which closely resembles the art style of the Boyne Valley in Ireland.

Westray constituted a major family estate during the saga period of the 10th - 11th centuries. Largescale excavations of Norse period sites have been undertaken at Tuquoy, Quoygrew and Langskaill in recent years. Each of these was the site of a Viking-Norse settlement. Tuquoy has remains of a longhouse, a large rectangular building, and a midden (refuse dump). Quoygrew (Scheduled Monument SM13504) has the remains of a longhouse dating from 1100AD, used continuously until the early 20th century. Langskaill appears to have been an Iron Age settlement in use from 500 BC to the 14th century. An underground chamber was discovered in Langskaill farm in 1965. The investigation appears to indicate the abrupt disappearance of the pre-Norse culture, indicating an invasion by force by the Vikings. The Norse invaders built a large high-status settlement over the site of the earlier settlement.

It was at Noltland on Westray too, that one of the most impressive castles in Orkney, and indeed the Northern Isles, was built, Noltland Castle. The castle was commissioned in the 1560s by Gilbert Balfour, who probably played the leading role in the murder of Lord Darnley, consort of Mary, Queen of Scots. Balfour married Margaret Bothwell, the sister of Adam Bothwell, Bishop of Orkney who endowed him with Westray, when it was episcopal property. The Castle is situated above the Bay of Pierowall, was built in the 1560s. It is notable for an unusually large spiral staircase, "second only to Fyvie Castle, while its triple tiers of gunloops are without parallel in Scotland, if not Europe". However, Balfour was executed by the Swedes before he could use it.

Other attractions include the Romanesque Cross Kirk and the Castle O'Burrian sea stack once used as a hermitage. Noup Head Lighthouse was constructed in 1898.

Economy and infrastructure
Flights leave the island's Westray Airport at Aikerness for Kirkwall on the Orkney Mainland, and to Papa Westray in the world's shortest scheduled flight, of two minutes. The main ferry terminal is at Rapness with regular sailings by Orkney Ferries to Kirkwall.

The island's main industries are fishing, fish farming and cattle farming. Tourism is also important to the island economy. The local cheese, Westray Wife, is an organic unpasteurised cheese available in mild and mature varieties. It marries well with the local range of Westray chutneys (all Fairtrade) and bakery goods (including oatcakes). Fresh fish, seafood and lobster is available and is of a very high standard. The Westray Development Trust is well known for its renewable energy and recycling initiatives and plans to make the island self-sufficient in energy by 2012. A 900 kW community-owned wind turbine was erected in October 2009, the third large-scale such project in Scotland. “When the community realised it was their turbine, not someone else’s, there was no objection,” stated Alasdair McVicar of Westray Renewable Energy.

Wildlife
The spectacular sea cliffs around Noup Head are home to thousands of seabirds including 60,000 common guillemot and black-legged kittiwake, 30,000 razorbill and numerous Atlantic puffin and black guillemot. During the 1990s the black rat (Rattus rattus) may have been present although they have not been recorded since. Mice and the Orkney vole are present however, as are European otters.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Westray


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Ayutthaya Historical Park

Ayutthaya Historical Park (อุทยานประวัติศาสตร์พระนครศรีอยุธยา (Pronunciation)) covers the ruins of the old city of Ayutthaya, Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya Province, Thailand. The city of Ayutthaya was founded by King Ramathibodi I in 1351, though it is likely to be significantly older, based on evidence showing that the area was already populated during the Mon Dvaravati period. Sources further mention that around 850 AD, the Khmers occupied the area and established a stronghold there, naming it Ayodhya, after one of the holiest Hindu cities in India of the same name. The early history of Ayutthaya is connected to this Khmer settlement. Additionally, Prince Damrong has also attested to the existence of a city named Ayodhya, founded by the Khmers ruling from Lopburi at the point where the three rivers meet. An excavation map shows traces of an ancient baray (water reservoir) close to the southwestern tip of Wat Yai Chai Mongkhon, which could have been built on a former important Khmer temple complex.

The city was captured by the Burmese in 1569. Though not pillaged, it lost "many valuable and artistic objects." It was the capital of the country until its destruction by the Burmese army in 1767.

In 1969, the Fine Arts Department of Thailand began renovations of the ruins, scaling up the project after the site was declared a historical park in 1976. Part of the park was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1991.

Park sites

 * Wat Chaiwatthanaram
 * Wat Kasatrathiraj
 * Wat Kudi Dao
 * Wat Lokayasutharam
 * Wat Mahathat
 * Wat Phanan Choeng
 * Wiharn Phra Mongkhon Bopit
 * Wat Phra Ram
 * Wat Phra Si Sanphet
 * Wat Ratchaburana, Ayutthaya
 * Wat Yai Chai Mongkhon
 * Phra Chedi Suriyothai
 * Ayutthaya Historical Study Centre
 * Japanese village
 * Baan Hollanda (Dutch village)
 * Wat Phu Khao Thong
 * Elephant camp

title: Ayutthaya Historical Park


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Carl Wilhelm Borchardt

Carl Wilhelm Borchardt (22 February 1817 – 27 June 1880) was a German mathematician.

Borchardt was born to a Jewish family in Berlin. His father, Moritz, was a respected merchant, and his mother was Emma Heilborn. Borchardt studied under a number of tutors, including Julius Plücker and Jakob Steiner. He studied at the University of Berlin under Lejeune Dirichlet in 1836 and at the University of Königsberg in 1839. In 1848 he began teaching at the University of Berlin.

He did research in the area of the arithmetic-geometric mean, continuing work by Gauss and Lagrange. He generalised the results of Kummer on diagonalising symmetric matrices, using determinants and Sturm functions. He was also an editor of Crelle's Journal from 1856 to 1880, during which time it was known as Borchardt's Journal.

He died in Rüdersdorf, Germany. His grave is preserved in the Protestant Friedhof III der Jerusalems- und Neuen Kirchengemeinde (Cemetery No. III of the congregations of Jerusalem's Church and New Church) in Berlin-Kreuzberg, south of Hallesches Tor.

title: Carl Wilhelm Borchardt


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User talk:Ssd

If I answer your comment within a day of you posting it, I'll answer here unless you request otherwise.

I don't bother archiving what was here. If you wanna see it anyway, look for DELETED in the history.

Sysop
Congratulations! After receiving 100% support on RfA, you are now an administrator. You should read the relevant policies and other pages linked to from the administrators' reading list before carrying out tasks like deletion, protection, banning users, and editing protected pages such as the Main Page. Most of what you do is easily reversible by other sysops, apart from page history merges and image deletion, so please be especially careful with those. You might find the new administrators' how-to guide helpful. Good luck. Angela. 21:10, Jul 24, 2004 (UTC)

 * That's a helpful link! I've put them all in my watch list, and downloaded for later persual the ones I dind't read on the spot.  I'll go through all of them in the next couple of weeks (offline) and read the relevant ones sooner. --ssd 03:51, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)

anti-dejavu?
Ok, so I'm reading along in this discussion, and I find this fairly long and really pecular comment, and I think to myself either "What fool wrote this garbage, must have been half asleep" or "What clever guy wrote this? I agree with it totally!" and I get to the end, and it's ME!! Ugh. Creepy. --ssd 2:30am EST, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The same thing sometimes happens to me as well. Tell me if there's a better name for this than anti-dejavu.

--DavidCary 02:53, 4 January 2006 (UTC)
 * I think some call it CMS (crumbling mind syndrome), but I don't think that's a better name. Do you? --ssd 04:04, 9 January 2006 (UTC)

 * One of the funnier things I have seen on Wikipedia. I can imagine the same thing happening to me some day.  Why don't we see more humor and humanity around here?  Kd4ttc 16:54, 26 January 2006 (UTC)
 * I don't want to go on the cart!! --ssd 01:49, 27 January 2006 (UTC)

Anyone running the Amateur Talk page?
I was looking around to see who in the community is tending to the success of the amateur radio articles. Have you been taking on that role? If not, anyone who is keeping an eye on things? Steve Kd4ttc 16:51, 26 January 2006 (UTC)
 * There are a number of very active hams on wikipedia, although some non-hams have complained that the relevant articles are overly technical. There are a handful of amateur radio and radio related catagories, and I peridocally check changes to all those articles, but I wouldn't say that I "run" anything per se. --ssd 01:45, 27 January 2006 (UTC)

Spam on this page is not appreciated
Thank you for your contribution to the Category:Project management category in the past. This now links to Category:Projects by type for examples of projects in different domains. However, there is currently a Call for Deletion for this category. If you would like to contribute to the discussion, you would be very welcome. Please do this soon if possible since the discussion period is very short. Thank you for your interest if you can contribute. Regards, Jonathan Bowen 03:32, 17 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Bla. Spam.  I'll get you for this.  Let my vote be an example to others who wish to leave spam here. --ssd 20:29, 17 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Please note: I did a lot of editing, creation, and rearranging of categories when they were first created on wikipedia. As a consequence, there are a lot of categories that show me as author, when I really have no interest at all in the category.  There's rarely any point in bothering me with ancient stuff like that. --ssd (talk) 04:29, 3 September 2011 (UTC)

Too many antenna models
I made a page for television antennas. Daniel Christensen (talk) 16:19, 11 November 2009 (UTC)

Just to let you know
You have been mentioned at Missing Wikipedians. Ottawahitech (talk) 16:12, 8 September 2016 (UTC)please ping me
 * Yup I'm still here.  Hmm, maybe this deserves a longer response, which I'll put on my talk page. ssd (talk) 04:14, 10 September 2016 (UTC)

Early in wikipedia's development, I was a very active editor, adding articles in engineering and doing a lot of structural stuff like helping to categorize articles and create categories when they were first added as a feature to wikipedia. Since then, my life has gotten a lot busier and wikipedia has gotten a lot more complicated.

For instance, as wikipedia has matured, structural things that need to be done have gotten a lot more complicated to the point that by the time I read all the rules surrounding a problem that needs fixing, most of the problem has been fixed, and articles that once were thin and needed expanding have now been fleshed out to the point where the article content exceeds my expertise on the subject.

This doesn't mean I'm really inactive. I still watch quite a few articles and re-proof read articles I contributed to after they have undergone a lot of changes. However, the quality of editing on wikipedia has gotten high enough that after proof reading, I rarely find changes to make. On rare instances, when something new happens related to an article, I get to be the first to add the new item, but usually someone beats me to it and I just get to read the details.

I don't really see this is a problem. I'm not inactive per se, just that other people make edits I might have before I get around to it. I think needing to be the last edit on every article one has edited is probably some kind of narcissistic sickness, I don't need to be the one to have the last word. I'm ok being a bit more laid back than that.

Having said that, I think I'll now go review my contribution lists and see what people have mangled in my articles since I last checked. :-P ssd (talk) 04:18, 10 September 2016 (UTC)

International Amateur Radio Union member societies
I'm currently working on a (so far) personal project to try to clean up pages in Category:International Amateur Radio Union member societies. If my activity on that brought you here, please discuss it at Category talk:International Amateur Radio Union member societies, or better, get the attention of someone at WikiProject Amateur radio. --ssd (talk) 16:13, 14 July 2018 (UTC)

Trying to get WikiProject Amateur Radio back on the air!
Hi, I'm  Dr vulpes  (💬 • 📝) and I'm currently doing my best to resurrect the amateur radio WikiProject. A lot of the articles need some serious work and so I'm trying to organize an article improvement drive in October. If you're interested check out the link to the drive and the project page. Right now everything is in the planning stages, trying to find people interested, articles to focus on, etc. So if you know anyone who would like to help out feel free to invite them! If you no longer interested in this project that's a-ok just remove yourself from the list on the project page and I'll never badger you again. 73!  Dr vulpes  (💬 • 📝) 00:32, 15 September 2022 (UTC)
 * I erratically check these things and lightly watch many of the articles. My primary concern is that WP well covers material needed to pass ham exams, but general understanding of the material and hobby is also important.  Thanks for your work in organizing and rating the articles! ssd (talk) 12:29, 30 August 2023 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ssd


text:
Talk:Antibubble

Votes for Deletion
This article was listed on Votes for deletion Feb 20 to Feb 26 2004. Discussion:

 * Antibubble - vanity advert to web page - Texture 20:02, 20 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Google turns up a lot of hits for antibubble. The link is related and non-commercial--it just tells what an antibubble is and how to make one. Just stubbish for now. —Frecklefoot 20:26, 20 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * I don't consider a couple hundred to be a "lot of hits". Multiples are the web site itself. - Texture 20:30, 20 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * KEep. Ap[ears to be a legitimate scientific phenomenon--Mishac 20:34, 20 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * Threaten (new, unapproved response) Keep, as fixed. I'm not in the no-stubs school, but this really is just a stub that's a vanity advert to a web page for a phenomenon that's valid material (assuming it's not BS). So delete it unless it turns into something else. I'd accept even a good stub that says something about the matter, but this is not a good or acceptable stub. Dandrake 20:45, Feb 20, 2004 (UTC)
 * I change my vote to "Endangered" - Texture 20:47, 20 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * Then shouldn't it be in cleanup not VfD? Andrewa 20:51, 20 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * No, I define the new term "Endangered" as in need of really fast delete as a single website's quack theories... :) - Texture 21:21, 20 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. It's a very common phenomenon, and anyone washing dishes in soapy water has seen them even if they didn't know what they were (they look a great deal like air bubbles - what gives them away is the speed at which they move). They're easy to make once you know how. Denni 21:41, 2004 Feb 20 (UTC)
 * I've just finished reworking this page. Anyone not believing antibubbles exist can now go make their own. Denni 22:39, 2004 Feb 20 (UTC)
 * Keep. There was a long piece about this in Slashdot recently... it's a real phenomenon of legitimate interest. Dpbsmith 16:45, 21 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * Sorry, it wasn't my intention to advertise. The site mentioned isn't anything to do with me, but I thought it was a genuine resource for further info.
 * It's a legitimate external link, and the photos are great. Denni
 * Agree. I've just looked at it, and I think it's a fine site and a highly appropriate external link. In fact, I'd read articles about antibubbles before but only just realized now that I've seen them for years--we had a drip coffeemaker that produced them regularly. You'd see little droplets skimming across the surface of the brew before sinking in. Dpbsmith 00:47, 22 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * Awesome! Keep. BL 10:22, Feb 22, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep it. Why this is even on VfD is far beyond me. Xoder 22:11, Feb 25, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Interesting and relevant.Doovinator 19:56, 26 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep it. Antibubbles are awesome.  Also, my science teacher's sink faucet has something resembling an antibubble that comes out of it if you run it really slow, it's awesome.

Links
The link "Advanced Physics Forums: Antibubble" does not work. It links to "http://www.advancedphysics.org/viewthread.php?tid=235" which shows a 404 error. I believe that links to forums are often unreliable due to the fact that older threads are deleted periodically. Astrangequark 16:18, 26 August 2007 (UTC)

sftg
I like antibubble

 * Yeah, this is a cool article.. lame that it was ever AfD'd Danski14(talk) 17:17, 31 July 2018 (UTC)

Image to use
although i am not registered, 72.245.95.116 (talk) 22:24, 23 February 2008 (UTC) http://img148.imageshack.us/my.php?image=dscn3867ju1.jpg i give full permission to do whatever you want with this image as long as its credited to Frogz antibubbles of near boiling wax suspended on the surface of molten wax(they wont merge until the temperature has equalized)

title: Talk:Antibubble


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Nikolay Yakovlevich Sonin

Nikolay Yakovlevich Sonin (Russian: Никола́й Я́ковлевич Со́нин, February 22, 1849 – February 27, 1915) was a Russian mathematician.

Biography
He was born in Tula and attended Lomonosov University, studying mathematics and physics there from 1865 to 1869. His advisor was Nikolai Bugaev. He obtained a master's degree with a thesis submitted in 1871, then he taught at the University of Warsaw where he obtained a doctorate in 1874. He was appointed to a chair in the University of Warsaw in 1876. In 1894, Sonin moved to St. Petersburg, where he taught at the University for Women.

Sonin worked on special functions, in particular cylindrical functions. For instance, the Sonine formula is a formula given by Sonin for the integral of the product of three Bessel functions. He is furthermore credited with the introduction of the associated Laguerre polynomials. He also contributed to the Euler–Maclaurin summation formula.

Other topics Sonin studied include Bernoulli polynomials and approximate computation of definite integrals, continuing Chebyshev's work on numerical integration. Together with Andrey Markov, Sonin prepared a two volume edition of Chebyshev's works in French and Russian. He died in St. Petersburg.

title: Nikolay Yakovlevich Sonin


text:
Abolitionist Party of Canada

The Abolitionist Party of Canada was a Canadian political party founded by perennial candidate John Turmel. The party ran on a platform of monetary reform, including the abolition of interest rates and the income tax; the use of the local employment trading system of banking; and introducing a form of Social Credit with monthly dividends being paid out to each Canadian.

Unlike many Canadian social credit parties, the Abolitionists were not social conservatives, advocating, for instance, the legalization of marijuana and gambling.

Turmel attempted to run for the leadership of the national Social Credit party after the resignation of Fabien Roy in 1981, but the party chose to appoint Martin Hattersley instead. In 1982, Turmel founded the Christian Credit Party, which he disbanded in 1983.

Turmel founded the Abolitionist Party in 1993 with a similar program to that of the Christian Credit Party. The Abolitionist Party nominated 80 candidates in the 1993 federal election, who collected only 9,141 votes between them. (See also: Abolitionist Party candidates, 1993 Canadian federal election.) The Abolitionist Party subsequently reverted to being a personal vehicle for Turmel.

In 2003, Turmel attempted to organize a new party using the name of the defunct Libertarian Party of Canada, but was prevented from doing so by old members of the Libertarian Party who registered the name.

title: Abolitionist Party of Canada


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Spirometer

A spirometer is an apparatus for measuring the volume of air inspired and expired by the lungs. A spirometer measures ventilation, the movement of air into and out of the lungs. The spirogram will identify two different types of abnormal ventilation patterns, obstructive and restrictive. There are various types of spirometers that use a number of different methods for measurement (pressure transducers, ultrasonic, water gauge).

Pulmonary function tests
A spirometer is the main piece of equipment used for basic Pulmonary Function Tests (PFTs). Lung diseases such as asthma, bronchitis, and emphysema may be ruled out from the tests. In addition, a spirometer often is used for finding the cause of shortness of breath, assessing the effect of contaminants on lung function, the effect of medication, and evaluating progress for disease treatment.

Reasons for testing

 * Diagnose certain types of lung disease (such as COVID-19, bronchitis, and emphysema)
 * Find the cause of shortness of breath
 * Measure whether exposure to chemicals at work affects lung function
 * Check lung function before someone has surgery
 * Assess the effect of medication
 * Measure progress in disease treatment

Early development
The earliest attempt to measure lung volume can be dated back to the period A.D. 129–200. Claudius Galen, a Roman physician and philosopher, did a volumetric experiment on human ventilation. He had a child breathe in and out of a bladder and found that the volume did not change. The experiment proved inconclusive.

 * 1681, Borelli tried to measure the volume of air inspired in one breath. He assembled a cylindrical tube partially filled with water, with an open water source entering the bottom of the cylinder. He occluded his nostrils, inhaled through an outlet at the top of the cylinder and measured the volume of air displaced by water. Nowadays, this technique is very important in determining parameters of lung volume.

Nineteenth century

 * 1813, Kentish, E. used a simple "Pulmometer" to study the effect of diseases on pulmonary lung volume. He used an inverted graduated bell jar standing in water, with an outlet at the top of the bell jar controlled by a tap. The volume of air was measured in units of pints.
 * 1831, Thackrah, C. T. described a "Pulmometer" similar to that of Kentish. He portrayed the device as a bell jar with an opening for the air to enter from below. There was no correction for pressure. Therefore, the spirometer not only measured the respiratory volume, but also the strength of the respiratory muscles.
 * 1845, Vierordt in his book entitled "Physiologie des Athmens mit besonderer Rücksicht auf die Auscheidung der Kohlensäure" discussed his interest in measuring the volume of expiration accurately. He also completed accurate measures of other volume parameters by using his "Expirator". Some of the parameters he described are used today, including residual volume and vital capacity.
 * 1846 The water spirometer measuring vital capacity was developed by a surgeon named John Hutchinson. He invented a calibrated bell inverted in water, which was used to capture the volume of air exhaled by a person. Hutchinson published his paper about his water spirometer and the measurements he had taken from more than 4,000 subjects, describing the direct relationship between vital capacity and height and the inverse relationship between vital capacity and age. He also showed that vital capacity does not relate to weight at any given height. Hutchinson is regarded as the inventor of vital capacity because he found that with every inch of height vital capacity increased by eight cubic inches. He also used his machine for the prediction of premature mortality. He coined the term 'vital capacity', which was claimed as a powerful prognosis for heart disease by the Framingham study. He believed that his machine should be used for actuarial predictions for companies selling life insurance.
 * 1854 Dr. M. Alton Wintrich developed a spirometer, which was easier to use than Hutchinson's. He did an experiment with 4,000 subjects and concluded that there are three parameters affecting vital capacity: height, weight, and age. His experiment produced results similar to those of Hutchinson's study.
 * 1859 E. Smith developed a portable spirometer, which he used to measure gas metabolism.
 * 1866 Henry Hyde Salter (1823-1871) added a kymograph to the spirometer in order to record time while obtaining air volumes.
 * 1879 Gad J. published a paper entitled "Pneumatograph" that described a machine that allowed the recording of lung volume changes.

Twentieth century

 * 1902, Brodie T. G. was the first to use a dry-bellowed wedge spirometer
 * 1904 Tissot introduced the closed-circuit spirometer
 * 1939 Compton S. D. developed the lungometer for use by Nazi Germany
 * 1959 Wright B. M. and McKerrow C. B. introduced the peak flow meter
 * 1969 DuBois A. B. and van de Woestijne K. P. experimented on humans using the whole body plethysmograph
 * 1974 Campbell et al. refined the previous peak flow meter, developing a cheaper and lighter version

Interpreting Spirometry
Even with the numerical precision that a spirometer can provide, determining pulmonary function relies on differentiating the abnormal from the normal. Measurements of lung function can vary both within and among groups of people, individuals, and spirometer devices. Lung capacity, for instance, may vary temporally, increasing and then decreasing in one person's lifetime. As a result, ideas about what constitutes "normal" are based on one's understanding about the sources of variabilities and can be left to interpretation.

Traditionally, sources of variation have been understood in discrete categories, such as age, height, weight, gender, geographical region (altitude), and race or ethnicity. Global efforts were made in the early twentieth century to standardize these sources to enable proper diagnosis and accurate evaluation of pulmonary function. However, rather than further aiming to understand the causes of such variations, the primary approach for dealing with observed differences in lung capacity has been to "correct for" them. Using results from comparative population studies, attributes are empirically factored together into a "correction factor". This number is then used to form a personalized 'reference value' that defines what is considered normal for one individual. Practitioners may thereby find the percent deviation from this predicted value, known as 'percent of predicted,’ and determine whether someone’s lung function is abnormally poor or excellent.

In particular, 'race correction' or 'ethnic adjustment' effectively has been computer-programmed into the modern-day spirometer. Preconceived notions that 'white' people have greater pulmonary function are embedded in spirometer measurement interpretation and have only been reinforced through this medical stereotyping. In the United States, spirometers use correction factors of 10-15% for those identified as 'black' and 4-6% for those identified as 'Asian.'

Standard Guidelines
In 1960, the European Community for Coal and Steel (ECCS) first recommended guidelines for spirometry. The organization then published predicted values for parameters such as spirometric indices, residual volume, total lung capacity, and functional residual capacity in 1971. The American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society also recommends race-specific reference values when available. Even today, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health’s Spirometry Training Guide that is linked to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s website notes the use of race correction and a race-specific reference value in step four of "normal" spirometry.

Motivations
The use of reference values and discrete categorizations of sources of variability has been motivated by ideas of anthropometry and vital capacity. Studies have looked specifically at the relationship between anthropometric variables and lung function parameters.

Implications
The use of reference values has thus far not accounted for the social labelling of race and ethnicity. Often, determinations are subjective or silently ascribed by a practitioner. Another concern of using reference values is misdiagnosis. This was an important factor in the management and control of compensation for miners in Britain in the interwar period. In this politically loaded context, in which new X-ray technology could not be fully trusted, the spirometer represented secure evidence of respiratory disease in numerical terms that could be used in the complex compensation network.

Evaluation of vital capacity has influenced other sectors of life other than medicine as well, including evaluation of life insurance applicants and diagnosis of tuberculosis.

Regarding gender, some population studies have indicated no difference based on gender. Notably, spirometers have been used to evaluate vital capacity in India since 1929, recording a statistically significant difference between males (21.8 mL/cm) and females (18 mL/cm). Additionally, by 1990, around half of pulmonary training programs in both the United States and Canada adjusted for race and ethnicity.

The spirometer popularized notions of 'race corrections' and 'ethnic adjustments,' which suggested that black individuals have weaker lungs than white individuals. For example, Thomas Jefferson noted physical distinctions between different races such as a 'difference in the structure of the pulmonary apparatus,' which made black individuals 'more tolerant of heat and less so of cold, than the whites.' Jefferson's theories encouraged speculation on the natural conditioning of blacks for agricultural labor on southern plantations in the U.S. Samuel Cartwright, a slavery apologist and plantation owner, used the spirometer to make the claim that black people consumed less oxygen than white people in addition to racial 'peculiarities' he laid out in the New Orleans Medical and Surgical Journal that described racial differences in the respiratory system and the implication of them on labor.

South African studies also used the spirometer to address racial and class differences. Eustace H. Cluver conducted vital capacity measurement research at the University of Witwatersrand and found that poor white people had physical unfitness but that it was attributable to environmental issues rather than genetics. Using these studies, Cluver argued to the South African Association for the Advancement of Science during World War Two that improving both nutrition and physical training programs could help produce wealth and win the war by increasing the working capacity of individuals across all races as their labor was necessary to achieve these ends. Racism and the spirometer intersected again in these studies when further research was conducted on the effects of physical training on poor white recruits; vital capacity studies showed that 'the poor-white is biologically sound and can be turned into a valuable citizen' but no comment was made on the outcome of black South Africans.

Beyond the United States and South Africa, the spirometer was used in racial studies in India in the 1920s. Researchers found that the vital capacity of Indians was smaller than that of Westerners.

Altering interpretations
Many have questioned whether the current standards are sufficient and accurate. As a multiethnic society develops, racial and ethnic origin as a factor becomes more and more problematic to utilize. Ideas connecting ethnicity to lack of nutrition and birthplace in a poor country become invalid as people immigrate to or may be born in richer nations.

Whole body plethysmograph
This type of spirometer gives a more accurate measurement for the components of lung volumes as compared to other conventional spirometers. A person is enclosed in a small space when the measurement is taken.

Pneumotachometer
This spirometer measures the flow rate of gases by detecting pressure differences across fine mesh. One advantage of this spirometer is that the subject can breathe fresh air during the experiment.

Fully electronic spirometer
Electronic spirometers have been developed that compute airflow rates in a channel without the need for fine meshes or moving parts. They operate by measuring the speed of the airflow with techniques such as ultrasonic transducers, or by measuring pressure difference in the channel. These spirometers have greater accuracy by eliminating the momentum and resistance errors associated with moving parts such as windmills or flow valves for flow measurement. They also allow improved hygiene by allowing fully disposable air flow channels.

Incentive spirometer
This spirometer is specially designed to encourage improvement of one's lung function.

Peak flow meter
This device is useful for measuring how well a person's lungs expel air.

Windmill-type spirometer
This type of spirometer is used especially for measuring forced vital capacity without using water; it has broad measurements ranging from 1000 ml to 7000 ml. It is more portable and lighter than traditional water-tank type spirometers. This spirometer should be held horizontally while taking measurements because of the presence of a rotating disc.

Vitalograph
This instrument is used to measure vital capacity. It has a double walled metallic cylindrical chamber filled with water between two cylinders.

title: Spirometer


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Ecologist Greens

The Ecologist Greens (Οικολόγοι Πράσινοι (ΟΠ), Oikologoi Prasinoi, OP) are a Greek green political party. They are a member of the European Green Party.

History
The political party "Green Politics" (Πράσινη Πολιτική, Prasini Politiki) the body that lead to the establishment of the party under the name "Oikologoi Prasinoi", was founded back at 1996 and already registered as the Greek member of the European Green Party, including other local ecological groups and independent ecologists, like the "Ecological Forum" and Ecological Movement of Thessaloniki (Οικολογική Κίνηση Θεσσαλονίκης).

On 7–8 December 2002, the "Prasini Politiki" council ("Green Politics") called for a conference that convened in the building of the Athens Lawyer Association, and it decided to establish the Ecologists Greens and elected an 18-member council to coordinate the establishment of a new political entity. In the coming months, focus groups were created to shape the constitution and the political positions of the body, which were adopted by the first congress of the party in May 2003 at Panteion University.

2004 European elections
The 2004 Ecologists Greens participated for the first time in elections 2004 European Elections with Michalis Tremopoulos in the top of the list and they received 0.67%.

2006 local elections
In the prefectural elections of 2006, the Ecologists Greens supported the "Ecology -Solidarity" in Thessaloniki, that won 4.6% and acquired 2 seats on the Prefecture Council of Thessaloniki (Tremopoulos Michalis and Gogakou Dimitra), the "Eco-Athens" in the municipality of Athens, that took 1.4% of the votes, as well as 53 other municipal and County sets in rest of the country.

2007 national elections
At its 5th Congress in March 2007, the party decided to contest the 2007 Greek legislative election. Nanos Valaoritis, a distinguished living Greek poet, became the party's leading candidate in the 2007 Greek legislative election.

2008 Congress
During 29 and 30 of March 2008 the annual congress of the party took place in Athens at the Gkini building of the National Technical University of Athens (NTUA). The annual congress is the highest political entity of the party and was attended by a record of 235 members. Members of the party are recently (September 2008) reaching 700. With the 2007 Greek legislative election, its first general election, the party became the sixth largest party in Greece and the largest party without parliamentary representation.

2009 European and national elections
In the December 6-7-8 Party General Assembly, it was decided to contest the 2009 European Elections and the list of party candidates was elected. The Ecologists Greens managed to elect Michalis Tremopoulos as MEP, but they narrowly failed to gain representation in the following national elections in October 2009. Nevertheless, their share of the vote increased to 2.53% gaining approximately 100,000 more votes than in 2007.

January 2015 national elections
In January 2015, the Ecologists Greens decided to collaborate with SYRIZA. Alexis Tsipras' called for unity against the Memorandum and the Ecologists Greens decided to support SYRIZA's electoral list for the upcoming legislative election. One Ecologist Green MP was elected on the SYRIZA ticket, Giorgos Dimaras, and an Ecologist Green, Giannis Tsironis, was appointed Alternate Minister of Environment and Energy in the first Tsipras Cabinet.

September 2015 national elections
Giorgos Dimaras was reelected and Giannis Tsironis was elected for the first time. Tsironis was reappointed Alternate Minister of Environment in the second Tsipras cabinet on 23 September 2015.

On September 2018 cabinet reshuffle of the SYRIZA / ANEL/ OIKOLOGOI PRASINOI coalition, Giorgos Dimaras was appointed Vice Minister of the Environment and Energy Ministry of the Greek Government. Also Giannis Tsironis - another important member of the party of ECOGREENS - was affiliated as Alternate Minister of the Environment and Energy Ministry (from January 2015 until November 2016) and directly afterwards was affiliated as Alternate Minister of the Agricultural Development and Food Ministry (from November 2016 until August 2018).

2017, 13th Annual Congress
During 27 and 29 of January 2017 the annual congress of the party took place in Athens. The annual congress is the highest political entity of the party and was attended by a record of 260 members.

2021, 18th Annual Congress
At November 2021 the annual congress of the party took place in Athens. The annual congress is the highest political entity of the party and was attended by a record of 160 members. Following the finish of the Congress the internal procedure for voting and electing the new members of the General Political Secretariat and the Panhellenic Council was completed, while during the Congress the new co-presidents of the ECOGREENS - mrs Katerina Andrikopoulou - Sakorafa and mr. Dimitrios Politopoulos have already been elected to head together the management of the party.

2022, Ordinal ("Ektakto") Congress
During 19 and 20 of February 2022 the annual congress of the party took place in Athens. The annual congress is the highest political entity of the party and was attended by a record of 180 members.During this annual congress the most important issue brought for discussion and voting referred to the consideration of a possible election coalition for the next coming National Elections for the Greek Parliament, with "Prasinoi", another party of the general Ecological politics , formed well after ECOGREENS (Oikologoi Prasinoi) in 2020, and "Pirates" a newly established Greek party, in order to achieve better voting results from Greek citizen in total. This decision was later on (on July 2022) rejected from the side of "Prasinoi".

2023 National elections (held on May and June)
In February 2023, the Ecologists Greens (Oikologoi Prasinoi) and after the previous failure to proceed in a collaboration with 7 other very small and newly established political schemes, forming a coalition named "Green and Purple" (Prasino kai Mauve) decided to collaborate and form a new coalition with "Green Unity" (Prasini Enotita) a newly founded institution of highly recognized academic experts feeling appropriate to support the European "Green Deal" , the Fair Transition towards a Gas-Free Europe for 2030 and later and fighting against the Climate Change and its dramatic results on our Planet. The results achieved (in votes number and percentage were accordingly in MAY elections : 0,60% (35201 v.) / in JUNE elections (2nd round) : 0,41% (21188 v.).

2023 local Authorities elections (October 8, 2023)
At the 2023 Greek local Authorities elections (Mayors and Prefecture leaders) of 2023, held in October the Ecologists Greens supported a number of candidates, both for Mayors and Prefecture leaders. More than 12 local schemes were chosen to be supported, in some of which members of the "Oikologoi Prasinoi" contributed with their own candidacy. We name : in the Prefecture of Attica ,for the candidate - head mr. Giorgos Ioakimidis ("Attica Circle for Collaboration and Trust"), in the Prefecture of Central Macedonia for head officer mr. Apostolos Tzitzikostas ("Solidarity") with candidate the member of O.P. mr. Fotis Bimbasis, for the Prefecture of Thessalia for head officer mr. Dimitrios Kouretas and for the Prefecture of South Aegean islands for mr. Nikiforos Papanikolas. Also for new Mayorships Oikologoi Prasinoi supported the candidates in 10 different towns, while 4 of them were successfully selected.

2024, 19th Annual Congress
During 20 and 21 of January of 2024 the 19th annual congress of the party took place in Athens in hybrid state (both physical gathering at KOUKAKI- ATHENS and digitally, from distance with use of internet connections). The annual congress is the highest and most important political entity of the party and was attended by a record of 50 members. Following the finish of the Congress the internal procedure for voting and electing the new members of the General Political Secretariat (consisting of 9 members) and the Panhellenic Council (consisting of 17 members) was completed, while during the Congress the new co-presidents of the ECOGREENS - mrs Alexandra Datseri and mr. Konstantinos Ziavras have already been elected to head together the management of the party. With the following European Parliament Elections held in June of 2024, lot of serious decisions shall be taken during continuous meetings of the General Political Secretariat as well of the Panhellenic Council.

Aims
The basic principles of the Ecologists Greens (Oikologoi Prasinoi), as determined by their constitution are: sustainability, social justice, nonviolence, direct and participatory democracy, respect for diversity, decentralization and subsidiarity, protect and restore natural ecosystems, the quality of life, personal & social responsibility, equity and anti-austerity.

Affiliations

 * European Green Party

title: Ecologist Greens


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Gabapentin

Gabapentin, sold under the brand name Neurontin among others, is an anticonvulsant medication primarily used to treat partial seizures and neuropathic pain. It is a commonly used medication for the treatment of neuropathic pain caused by diabetic neuropathy, postherpetic neuralgia, and central pain. It is moderately effective: about 30–40% of those given gabapentin for diabetic neuropathy or postherpetic neuralgia have a meaningful benefit.

Sleepiness and dizziness are the most common side effects. Serious side effects include an increased risk of suicide, respiratory depression, and allergic reactions. Lower doses are recommended in those with kidney disease. Gabapentin acts by decreasing activity of a subset of calcium channels.

Gabapentin was first approved for use in 1993. It has been available as a generic medication in the United States since 2004. In 2021, it was the tenth most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 47million prescriptions. During the 1990s, Parke-Davis, a subsidiary of Pfizer, used a number of illegal techniques to encourage physicians in the United States to prescribe gabapentin for unapproved uses. They have paid out millions of dollars to settle lawsuits regarding these activities.

Medical uses
Gabapentin is recommended for use in focal seizures and neuropathic pain. Gabapentin is prescribed off-label in the US and the UK, for example, for the treatment of non-neuropathic pain, anxiety disorders and bipolar disorder. There is concern regarding gabapentin's off-label use due to the lack of strong scientific evidence for its efficacy in multiple conditions, its proven side effects and is potential for misuse and physical/psychological dependency.

Seizures
Gabapentin is approved for the treatment of focal seizures; however, it is not effective for generalized epilepsy.

Neuropathic pain
Gabapentin is recommended as a first-line treatment for chronic neuropathic pain by various medical authorities. This is a general recommendation applicable to all neuropathic pain syndromes except for trigeminal neuralgia, where it may be used as a second- or third-line agent.

In regard to the specific diagnoses, a systematic review has found evidence for gabapentin to provide pain relief for some people with postherpetic neuralgia and diabetic neuropathy. Gabapentin is approved for the former indication in the US. In addition to these two neuropathies, European Federation of Neurological Societies guideline notes gabapentin effectiveness for central pain. A combination of gabapentin with an opioid or nortriptyline may work better than either drug alone.

Gabapentin shows substantial benefit (at least 50% pain relief or a patient global impression of change (PGIC) "very much improved") for neuropathic pain (postherpetic neuralgia or peripheral diabetic neuropathy) in 30–40% of subjects treated as compared to those treated with placebo.

Evidence finds little or no benefit and significant risk in those with chronic low back pain or sciatica. Gabapentin is not effective in HIV-associated sensory neuropathy and neuropathic pain due to cancer.

Anxiety
There is a small amount of research on the use of gabapentin for the treatment of anxiety disorders.

Gabapentin is effective for the long-term treatment of social anxiety disorder and in reducing preoperative anxiety.

In a controlled trial of breast cancer survivors with anxiety, and in a trial for social phobia, gabapentin significantly reduced anxiety levels.

For panic disorder, gabapentin has produced mixed results.

Sleep
Gabapentin is effective in treating sleep disorders such as insomnia and restless legs syndrome that are the result of an underlying illness, but comes with some risk of discontinuation and withdrawal symptoms after prolonged use at higher doses.

Gabapentin enhances slow-wave sleep in people with primary insomnia. It also improves sleep quality by elevating sleep efficiency and decreasing spontaneous arousal.

Drug dependence
Gabapentin is moderately effective in reducing the symptoms of alcohol withdrawal and associated craving. The evidence in favor of gabapentin is weak in the treatment of alcoholism: it does not contribute to the achievement of abstinence, and the data on the relapse of heavy drinking and percent of days abstinent do not robustly favor gabapentin; it only decreases the percent days of heavy drinking.

Gabapentin is ineffective in cocaine dependence and methamphetamine use, and it does not increase the rate of smoking cessation. While some studies indicate that gabapentin does not significantly reduce the symptoms of opiate withdrawal, there is increasing evidence that gabapentinoids are effective in controlling some of the symptoms during opiate detoxification. A clinical study in Iran, where heroin dependence is a significant social and public health problem, showed gabapentin produced positive results during an inpatient therapy program, particularly by reducing opioid-induced hyperalgesia and drug craving. There is insufficient evidence for its use in cannabis dependence.

Other
Gabapentin is recommended as a first-line treatment of the acquired pendular nystagmus, torsional nystagmus, and infantile nystagmus; however, it does not work in periodic alternating nystagmus.

Gabapentin decreases the frequency of hot flashes in both menopausal women and people with breast cancer. However, antidepressants have similar efficacy, and treatment with estrogen more effectively prevents hot flashes.

Gabapentin reduces spasticity in multiple sclerosis and is prescribed as one of the first-line options. It is an established treatment of restless legs syndrome. Gabapentin alleviates itching in kidney failure (uremic pruritus) and itching of other causes. It may be an option in essential or orthostatic tremor. Although the efficacy of gabapentin for insomnia has not been established, it does alleviate sleep disorder in people with medical illness.

Gabapentin does not appear to provide benefit for bipolar disorder, complex regional pain syndrome, post-surgical pain, or tinnitus, or prevent episodic migraine in adults.

Contraindications
Gabapentin should be used carefully and at lower doses in people with kidney problems due to possible accumulation and toxicity. It is unclear if it is safe during pregnancy or breastfeeding.

Side effects
Dizziness and somnolence are the most frequent side effects. Fatigue, ataxia, peripheral edema (swelling of extremities), and nystagmus are also common. A 2017 meta-analysis found that gabapentin also increased the risk of difficulties in mentation and visual disturbances as compared against a placebo. Gabapentin is associated with a weight gain of 2.2 kg after 1.5 months of use. Case studies indicate that it may cause anorgasmia and erectile dysfunction, as well as myoclonus that disappear after discontinuing gabapentin or replacing it with other medication. DRESS, fever, swollen glands that do not go away, eyes or skin turning yellow, unusual bruises or bleeding, unexpected muscle pain or weakness, rash, long-lasting stomach pain which may indicate an  inflamed pancreas, hallucinations, anaphylaxis, respiratory depression, and increased suicidal ideation are rare but serious side effects.

Suicide
The gabapentin label contains a warning of an increased risk of suicidal thoughts and behaviors. According to an insurance claims database study, gabapentin use is associated with about 40% increased risk of suicide, suicide attempt and violent death as compared with a reference anticonvulsant drug topiramate. The risk is increased for people with bipolar disorder or epilepsy. Another study has shown an approximately doubled rate of suicide attempts and self-harm in people with bipolar disorder who are taking gabapentin versus those taking lithium. A large Swedish study suggests that gabapentinoids are associated with an increased risk of suicidal behaviour, unintentional overdoses, head/body injuries, and road traffic incidents and offences. On the other hand, a study published by the Harvard Data Science Review found that gabapentin was associated with a significantly reduced rate of suicide.

Respiratory depression
Serious breathing suppression, potentially fatal, may occur when gabapentin is taken together with opioids, benzodiazepines, or other depressants, or by people with underlying lung problems such as COPD. Gabapentin and opioids are commonly prescribed or abused together, and research indicates that the breathing suppression they cause is additive. For example, gabapentin use before joint replacement or laparoscopic surgery increased the risk of respiratory depression by 30–60%. A Canadian study showed that use of gabapentin and other gabapentinoids, whether for epilepsy, neuropathic pain or other chronic pain was associated with a 35–58% increased risk for severe exacerbation of pre-existing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Withdrawal and dependence
Withdrawal symptoms typically occur 1–2 days after abruptly stopping gabapentin (almost unambiguously due to extended use and during a very short-term rebound phenomenon) similar to, albeit less intense than most benzodiazepines. Agitation, confusion and disorientation are the most frequently reported, followed by gastrointestinal complaints and sweating, and more rare tremor, tachycardia, hypertension and insomnia. In some cases, users experience withdrawal seizures after chronic or semi-chronic use in the absence of periodic cycles or breaks during repeating and consecutive use. All these symptoms subside when gabapentin is re-instated or tapered off gradually at an appropriate rate.

On its own, gabapentin appears to not have a substantial addictive power. In human and animal experiments, it shows limited to no rewarding effects. The vast majority of people abusing gabapentin are current or former abusers of opioids or sedatives. In these persons, gabapentin can boost the opioid "high" as well as decrease commonly experienced opioid-withdrawal symptoms such as anxiety.

Overdose
Through excessive ingestion, accidental or otherwise, persons may experience overdose symptoms including drowsiness, sedation, blurred vision, slurred speech, somnolence, uncontrollable jerking motions, and anxiety. A very high amount taken is associated with breathing suppression, coma, and possibly death, particularly if combined with alcohol or opioids.

Pharmacodynamics
Gabapentin is a ligand of the α2δ calcium channel subunit. α2δ is an auxiliary protein connected to the main α1 subunit (the channel-forming protein) of high voltage activated voltage-dependent calcium channels (L-type, N-type, P/Q type, and R-type). Gabapentin is not a direct channel blocker: it exerts its actions by disrupting the regulatory function of α2δ and its interactions with other proteins. Gabapentin prevents delivery of the calcium channels to the cell membrane, reduces the activation of the channels by the α2δ subunit, decreases signaling leading to neurotransmitters release, and disrupts interactions of α2δ with NMDA receptors, neurexins, and thrombospondins. Out of the four known isoforms of α2δ protein, gabapentin binds with similar high affinity to two: α2δ-1 and α2δ-2. Most of the pharmacological properties of gabapentin are explained by its binding to just one isoform – α2δ-1.

The endogenous α-amino acids L -leucine and  L -isoleucine, which resemble gabapentin in chemical structure, bind α2δ with similar affinity to gabapentin and are present in human cerebrospinal fluid at micromolar concentrations. They may be the endogenous ligands of the α2δ subunit, and they competitively antagonize the effects of gabapentin. Accordingly, while gabapentin has nanomolar affinity for the α2δ subunit, its potency in vivo is in the low micromolar range, and competition for binding by endogenous L -amino acids is likely to be responsible for this discrepancy.

Gabapentin is a potent activator of voltage-gated potassium channels KCNQ3 and KCNQ5, even at low nanomolar concentrations. However, this activation is unlikely to be the dominant mechanism of gabapentin's therapeutic effects.

Gabapentin is structurally similar to the neurotransmitter glutamate and competitively inhibits branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase (BCAT), slowing down the synthesis of glutamate. In particular it inhibits BCAT-1 at high concentrations (Ki = 1 mM), but not BCAT-2. At very high concentrations gabapentin can suppress the growth of cancer cells, presumably by effecting mitochondrial catabolism, however the precise mechanism remains elusive.

Despite the fact that gabapentin is a structural GABA analogue, and in spite of its name, it does not bind to the GABA receptors, does not convert into GABA or another GABA receptor agonist in vivo, and does not modulate GABA transport or metabolism within the range of clinical dosing. In vitro gabapentin has been found to very weakly inhibit the GABA aminotransferase enzymne (Ki = 17–20 mM), however this effect is so weak it is not clinically relevant at prescribed doses.

Pharmacokinetics
Gabapentin is absorbed from the intestines by an active transport process mediated via an amino acid transporter, presumably, LAT2. As a result, the pharmacokinetics of gabapentin is dose-dependent, with diminished bioavailability and delayed peak levels at higher doses.

The oral bioavailability of gabapentin is approximately 80% at 100 mg administered three times daily once every 8 hours, but decreases to 60% at 300 mg, 47% at 400 mg, 34% at 800 mg, 33% at 1,200 mg, and 27% at 1,600 mg, all with the same dosing schedule. Drugs that increase the transit time of gabapentin in the small intestine can increase its oral bioavailability; when gabapentin was co-administered with oral morphine, the oral bioavailability of a 600 mg dose of gabapentin increased by 50%.

Gabapentin at a low dose of 100 mg has a Tmax (time to peak levels) of approximately 1.7 hours, while the Tmax increases to 3 to 4 hours at higher doses. Food does not significantly affect the Tmax of gabapentin and increases the Cmax and area-under-curve levels of gabapentin by approximately 10%.

Gabapentin can cross the blood–brain barrier and enter the central nervous system. Gabapentin concentration in cerebrospinal fluid is approximately 9–14% of its blood plasma concentration. Due to its low lipophilicity, gabapentin requires active transport across the blood–brain barrier. The LAT1 is highly expressed at the blood–brain barrier and transports gabapentin across into the brain. As with intestinal absorption mediated by an amino acid transporter, the transport of gabapentin across the blood–brain barrier by LAT1 is saturable. Gabapentin does not bind to other drug transporters such as P-glycoprotein (ABCB1) or OCTN2 (SLC22A5). It is not significantly bound to plasma proteins (<1%).

Gabapentin undergoes little or no metabolism.

Gabapentin is generally safe in people with liver cirrhosis.

Gabapentin is eliminated renally in the urine. It has a relatively short elimination half-life, with the reported average value of 5 to 7 hours. Because of its short elimination half-life, gabapentin must be administered 3 to 4 times per day to maintain therapeutic levels. Gabapentin XR (brand name Gralise) is taken once a day.

Chemistry

Gabapentin is a 3,3-disubstituted derivative of GABA. Therefore, it is a GABA analogue, as well as a γ-amino acid. Specifically, it is a derivative of GABA with a pentyl disubstitution at 3 position, hence, the name - gabapentin, in such a way as to form a six-membered ring. After formation of the ring, the amine and carboxylic groups are not in the same relative positions as they are in the GABA; they are more conformationally constrained.

Synthesis

A process for chemical synthesis and isolation of gabapentin with high yield and purity starts with conversion of 1,1-cyclohexanediacetic anhydride to 1,1-cyclohexanediacetic acid monoamide and is followed by a 'Hofmann' rearrangement in an aqueous solution of sodium hypobromite prepared in situ.

History
Gabapentin was designed by researchers at Parke-Davis to be an analogue of the neurotransmitter GABA that could more easily cross the blood–brain barrier and was first described in 1975 by Satzinger and Hartenstein. Under the brand name Neurontin, it was first approved in May 1993, for the treatment of epilepsy in the United Kingdom. Approval by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration followed in December 1993, for use as an adjuvant (effective when added to other antiseizure drugs) medication to control partial seizures in adults; that indication was extended to children in 2000. Subsequently, gabapentin was approved in the United States for the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia in 2002. A generic version of gabapentin first became available in the United States in 2004. An extended-release formulation of gabapentin for once-daily administration, under the brand name Gralise, was approved in the United States for the treatment postherpetic neuralgia in January 2011.

United Kingdom
Effective April 2019, the United Kingdom reclassified the drug as a class C controlled substance.

United States
Gabapentin is not a controlled substance under the federal Controlled Substances Act. Effective 1 July 2017, Kentucky classified gabapentin as a schedule V controlled substance statewide. Effective 9 January 2019, Michigan also classified gabapentin as a schedule V controlled substance. Gabapentin is scheduled V drug in other states such as West Virginia, Tennessee, Alabama, Utah, and Virginia.

Off-label promotion
Although some small, non-controlled studies in the 1990s—mostly sponsored by gabapentin's manufacturer—suggested that treatment for bipolar disorder with gabapentin may be promising, the preponderance of evidence suggests that it is not effective.

Franklin v. Parke-Davis case
Subsequent to the corporate acquisition of the original patent holder, the pharmaceutical company Pfizer admitted that there had been violations of FDA guidelines regarding the promotion of unproven off-label uses for gabapentin in the Franklin v. Parke-Davis case (see below).

While off-label prescriptions are common for a number of drugs, marketing of off-label uses of a drug is not. In 2004, Warner-Lambert (which subsequently was acquired by Pfizer) agreed to plead guilty for activities of its Parke-Davis subsidiary, and to pay $430 million in fines to settle civil and criminal charges regarding the marketing of Neurontin for off-label purposes. The 2004 settlement was one of the largest in U.S. history up to that point, and the first off-label promotion case brought successfully under the False Claims Act.

Kaiser Foundation Hospitals and Kaiser Foundation Health Plan sued Pfizer Inc., alleging that the pharmaceutical company had misled Kaiser by recommending Neurontin as an off-label treatment for certain conditions (including bipolar disorder, migraines, and neuropathic pain). In 2010, a federal jury in Massachusetts ruled in Kaiser's favor, finding that Pfizer violated the federal Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations (RICO) Act and was liable for US$47.36 million in damages, which was automatically trebled to just under $142.1 million. Aetna, Inc. and a group of employer health plans prevailed in their similar Neurontin-related claims against Pfizer. Pfizer appealed, but the U.S. Court of Appeals for the First Circuit upheld the verdict, and in 2013, the US Supreme Court declined to hear the case.

Gabasync
Gabasync, a treatment consisting of a combination of gabapentin and two other medications (flumazenil and hydroxyzine) as well as therapy, is an ineffective treatment promoted for methamphetamine addiction, though it had also been claimed to be effective for dependence on alcohol or cocaine. It was marketed as PROMETA. While the individual drugs had been approved by the FDA, their off-label use for addiction treatment has not. Gabasync was marketed by Hythiam, Inc. which is owned by Terren Peizer, a former junk bond salesman who has since been indicted for securities fraud relative to another company. Hythiam charges up to $15,000 per patient to license its use (of which half goes to the prescribing physician, and half to Hythiam).

In November 2011, the results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled study (financed by Hythiam and carried out at UCLA) were published in the peer-reviewed journal Addiction. It concluded that Gabasync is ineffective: "The PROMETA protocol, consisting of flumazenil, gabapentin and hydroxyzine, appears to be no more effective than placebo in reducing methamphetamine use, retaining patients in treatment or reducing methamphetamine craving."

Barrons, in a November 2005 article entitled "Curb Your Cravings For This Stock", wrote "If the venture works out for patients and the investing public, it'll be a rare success for Peizer, who's promoted a series of disappointing small-cap medical or technology stocks ... since his days at Drexel". Journalist Scott Pelley said to Peizer in 2007: "Depending and who you talk to, you're either a revolutionary or a snake oil salesman." 60 Minutes, NBC News, and The Dallas Morning News criticized Peizer after the company bypassed clinical studies and government approval when bringing to market Prometa; the addiction drug proved to be completely ineffective. Journalist Adam Feuerstein opined: "most of what Peizer says is dubious-sounding hype".

Usage trends
The period from 2008 to 2018 saw a significant increase in the consumption of gabapentinoids. A study published in Nature Communications in 2023, highlights this trend, demonstrating a notable escalation in sales of gabapentinoids. The study, which analyzed healthcare data across 65 countries/ regions, found that the consumption rate of gabapentinoids had doubled over the decade, driven by their use in wide range of indications.

Brand names
Gabapentin was originally marketed under the brand name Neurontin. Since it became generic, it has been marketed worldwide using over 300 different brand names. An extended-release formulation of gabapentin for once-daily administration was introduced in 2011, for postherpetic neuralgia under the brand name Gralise.

In the US, Neurontin is marketed by Viatris after Upjohn was spun off from Pfizer.

Related drugs
Parke-Davis developed a drug called pregabalin, which is related in structure to gabapentin, as a successor to gabapentin. Another similar drug atagabalin has been unsuccessfully tried by Pfizer as a treatment for insomnia. A prodrug form (gabapentin enacarbil) was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA).

Recreational use
Gabapentin when taken in excess, can induce euphoria, a sense of calm, a marijuana-like high, improved sociability, and reduced alcohol or cocaine cravings. Also known on the streets as "Gabbies", gabapentin was reported in 2017 to be increasingly abused and misused for these euphoric effects. About 1 percent of the responders to an Internet poll and 22 percent of those attending addiction facilities had a history of abuse of gabapentin. Gabapentin misuse, toxicity, and use in suicide attempts among adults in the US increased from 2013 to 2017.

After Kentucky's implementation of stricter legislation regarding opioid prescriptions in 2012, there was an increase in gabapentin-only and multi-drug use in 2012–2015. The majority of these cases were from overdose in suspected suicide attempts. These rates were also accompanied by increases in abuse and recreational use.

Withdrawal symptoms, often resembling those of benzodiazepine withdrawal, play a role in the physical dependence some users experience. Its misuse predominantly coincides with the usage of other CNS depressant drugs, namely opioids, benzodiazepines, and alcohol.

Veterinary use
In cats, gabapentin can be used as an analgesic in multi-modal pain management, anxiety medication to reduce stress during travel or vet visits, and anticonvulsant.

Veterinarians may prescribe gabapentin as an anticonvulsant and pain reliever in dogs. It has beneficial effects for treating epilepsy, different kinds of pain (chronic, neuropathic, and post-operative pain), and anxiety, lip-licking behaviour,  storm phobia, fear-based agression.

It is also used to treat chronic pain-associated nerve inflammation in horses and dogs. Side effects include tiredness and loss of coordination but they generally go away within 24 hours of starting the medication.

title: Gabapentin


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Talk:Stasis

Untitled
Guys, I typed in "stasis" because I'm studying Greek rhetoric, and showed up at this sci-fi article. I wonder if we should distinguish between the two somehow? Maybe the rhetorical term should be under "Stasis Theory" or something?Sara Parks Ricker

 * I was also struck by the absence of any alternative meanings. It would probably best to make Stasis the disambiguation page and have separate articles for Stasis in science fiction and Stasis theory, or whatever. Lee M 03:57, 18 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * And I was looking for STASIS as in venous stasis ... a medical condition. There are Stasis ulcers, venous stasis, stasis dermatitis, for a start. Lets disambig this ... if we can. WOW 18 Apr was the last suggestion !!  DrGnu 16:57, 25 Nov 2004 (UTC)

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United Farmers of Alberta

The United Farmers of Alberta (UFA) is an association of Alberta farmers that has served different roles in its 100-year history – as a lobby group, a successful political party, and as a farm-supply retail chain. As a political party, it formed the government of Alberta from 1921 to 1935.

Since 1935, it has primarily been an agricultural supply cooperative headquartered in Calgary, Alberta. , UFA operates 34 farm and ranch supply stores in Alberta and over 110 fuel stations in British Columbia, Alberta and Saskatchewan.

Founding as lobby group
UFA was founded in 1909 as a government lobby group following a merger between the Alberta Farmers' Association and Alberta branches of the Canadian Society for Equity. The UFA began as a non-partisan organization whose aim was to be a lobby group promoting the interest of farmers in the province. In 1913, under president William John Tregillus, the UFA successfully pressured Alberta's Liberal government to organize the Alberta Farmers' Cooperative Elevator Company (AFCEC), which joined with other Prairie elevator companies to eventually become the United Grain Growers. Tregillus was the first president of the AFCEC.

The UFA was a believer in the co-operative movement and supported women's suffrage. In 1912 women founded the parallel United Farm Women of Alberta, and in 1914, women were granted full membership rights in UFA itself.

By 1920, UFA had become the most influential lobby group in Alberta with over 30,000 registered members.

Entry into politics
Under pressure of losing influence to the upstart Alberta Non-Partisan League – which ran in four rural constituencies in the 1917 provincial election, winning two – and dissatisfied with the existing political parties, UFA entered the political arena in 1919. Some prominent UFA members (including its president, Henry Wise Wood) at first opposed entering into direct politics, as opposed to lobbying, however, because they thought abandoning the UFA's non-partisan policy would cause the UFA to break up.

In 1919, the UFA won a by-election in the Cochrane constituency. In 1921, Robert Gardiner won a seat in a federal by-election, becoming UFA's first Member of Parliament. Encouraged by this, UFA ran in 45 of Alberta's 61 ridings in the 1921 provincial election. To the surprise of nearly everyone, including themselves, UFA took 38 seats in the election, winning a majority government, and sweeping the Liberals out of power after almost 16 years. UFA and Progressive party candidates also captured all but two of the Alberta federal seats in the 1921 federal election (the other two were taken by Labour candidates).

Majority governments
As was the case with other United Farmer governments in Manitoba and Ontario, the UFA was elected unexpectedly and without a leader. To form its cabinet it went outside the Legislature to recruit a Premier, as did the other United Farmer governments. The UFA even approached Liberal leader Charles Stewart to remain as premier. Stewart declined, however, not wanting to lead the assembly as a member of the opposition. UFA President Henry Wise Wood also declined, and Vice-President Percival Baker, an elected MLA, died 24 hours after the election. Ultimately, UFA executive member Herbert Greenfield was named the first UFA Premier. Among his cabinet were Irene Parlby, the second female cabinet minister in the British Empire, and Calgary Labour Party MLA Alex Ross as Minister of Public Works.

The United Farmers government initiated several reforms, including improving medical care, broadening labour rights and making the tax system fairer. It made good on its promise of electoral reform, bringing in a measure of proportional representation through the STV. In 1923, the government formed the Alberta Wheat Pool and upset some of its support base by ending Prohibition, replacing it with open sale of alcohol through government-owned liquor stores and carefully regulated beer parlours, and refusing to establish a provincial bank, a bank owned by the provincial government, despite UFA conventions calling for it.

In 1925, John E. Brownlee, who was already widely believed to be the "true" leader of the United Farmers, succeeded Greenfield as Premier. Brownlee led the party to a second majority government in the 1926 election.

In 1929, after years of negotiating, Brownlee gained control over Alberta's natural resources. This was a right other provinces were granted at Confederation or upon entry into Confederation, but which Alberta and Saskatchewan were denied when they became provinces in 1905, instead receiving a yearly cash subsidy from the federal government. This deal would later become a critical factor in Alberta's economic success as the province's oil deposits were exploited.

Riding a wave of popularity resulting from this agreement, Brownlee led the United Farmers to a third majority government in the 1930 election, despite alienating socialists and labour groups as he led the party in a conservative fashion, and despite the quickly deteriorating financial conditions.

Decline
The Great Depression had a critical impact on the United Farmers' fortunes, as the crash in grain prices and simultaneous drought in southern Alberta hurt its support base, farmers. The government, with reduced tax revenue, engaged in cuts in services, staff and wages. The province was in debt after the grandiose spending of the relatively prosperous 1920s. The government also bailed out the hard-pressed Alberta Wheat Pool in 1929. Banks were repossessing the farms of many farmers who were unable to pay off their loans and interest when grain prices were lower than the cost of production. The government's Liberal and Conservative opponents grew louder and they hoped to become popular. At the same time, however, the government faced opposition from socialists calling for more interventionist anti-capitalist policies and for radical monetary reform. The latter stance was supported by William Aberhart's Social Credit movement, which in 1933–35 grew to a potent force among the province's farmers.

Henry Wise Wood retired as president of the UFA, more-radical-minded UFA MP Robert Gardiner, a member of the Ginger Group became president; the UFA conventions passed increased calls for strong government measures to address the province's widespread poverty; the UFA joined with the Canadian Labour Party and other political groups to help found the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation, the first Canada-wide farmer/labour political party (other than the revolutionary Communist Party of Canada). Premier Brownlee on more than one occasion opposed the UFA's leftward slide. The final blow for Brownlee occurred when he was caught up in a sex scandal as he was accused of seducing a young clerk working in the Attorney General's office. Brownlee resigned in disgrace in July 1934.

Richard G. Reid succeeded Brownlee as Premier, however with many voters jumping to the new Social Credit Party, the United Farmers' fall in politics was as rapid as its rise. The party was wiped off the political map in the 1935 election, losing all of its seats and tallying only 11 percent of the vote.

Of the nine UFA MPs elected in the 1930 federal election, eight joined the Cooperative Commonwealth Federation after it was formed in 1932. All eight ran as CCF candidates in the 1935 federal election and were defeated by a Social Credit landslide. The ninth UFA MP, William Thomas Lucas of Camrose, ran as a Conservative and was also defeated by the Socreds.

Two years after the UFA government was defeated, the organization withdrew from electoral politics. In 1938, the CCF committed itself to run candidates in the next provincial and elections, setting up local riding clubs for that purpose. In 1939, UFA officially disbanded its political arm, still continuing as a farmers supply co-operative. Many of the left-wing members of the UFA organization joined the CCF, though that party would not win the support of most former UFA voters. Many right-wing and centrist members of the UFA joined the Alberta Unity Movement, an attempt to form a coalition between United Farmers, Liberals and Conservatives to defeat Social Credit in the 1940 provincial election.

The CCF was folded into the New Democratic Party in 1961. Its Alberta wing claims the Alberta CCF's history as its own, thus making it a linear descendant of the UFA.

Federal politics
The United Farmers of Alberta ran candidates in several federal elections in alignment with, but usually to the left of, the Progressive Party of Canada with a number of UFA MPs sitting in the House of Commons with the Ginger Group of left wing MPs.

Following Robert Gardiner's election in a federal by-election prior to the 1921 election, Alberta farmer ran 14 candidates (some as UFA, some as Progressive Party candidates) in the 1921 federal election, not running in two Calgary ridings where strong Labour candidates carried the farmer-worker banner. All the UFA candidates (and the two Calgary Labour candidates) were elected, the incumbent Liberal MPs and Conservative contenders not getting one seat. In 1926, the province's Progressive MPs ran for re-election as UFA candidates. Eight of the UFA's 9 remaining MPs joined the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation when it was formed in 1932. All eight ran as CCF candidates in the 1935 federal election and were defeated. The ninth, William Thomas Lucas, ran as a Conservative in 1935 and was also defeated by the Social Credit landslide that were elections in Alberta that year.

UFA MPs

 * George Gibson Coote – accountant, Macleod, Alberta – elected as Progressive 1921, 1925, UFA 1926, 1930, (def as CCF 1935)
 * Robert Gardiner – farmer, Acadia, Alberta – elected as Progressive 1921, 1925, UFA 1926, 1930, (def as CCF 1935)
 * Ted Garland – farmer, Bow River, Alberta – elected as Progressive 1921–1925, UFA 1926–1930, (def as CCF 1935)
 * William Irvine – author, clergyman, farmer, worker – elected in East Calgary as Labour 1921, (def 1925), elected as UFA in Wetaskiwin, Alberta 1926, 1930, (def as CCF 1935)
 * Lincoln Henry Jelliff, Lethbridge, AB, elected as Progressive 1921, 1925, UFA 1926
 * Donald Ferdinand Kellner, Edmonton East, AB, elected as Progressive 1921, (def 1925), UFA 1926 (def. 1930)
 * Donald MacBeth Kennedy – farmer, Peace River, Alberta – elected as Progressive 1921, 1925, UFA 1926, 1930 (def as CCF 1935)
 * William Thomas Lucas – farmer, Victoria – elected as UFA 1921 Camrose 1925, 1926, 1930 (def as Conservative 1935)
 * Michael Luchkovich – teacher, Vegreville, Alberta – elected as UFA 1926, 1930, (def as CCF 1935)
 * Alfred Speakman – farmer, Red Deer, Alberta – elected as UFA 1921, 1925, 1926, 1930 (def as CCF 1935)
 * Henry Elvins Spencer – farmer, printer, publisher, Battle River, Alberta – elected as Progressive 1921, 1925, UFA 1926, 1930 (def as CCF 1935)

The modern cooperative
Following the dissolution of its political wing, UFA focused on its commercial operations. UFA entered into a partnership with Maple Leaf Fuels, a subsidiary of Imperial Oil in 1935 to distribute fuel to its members. The next year it began to open retail stations under the Maple Leaf brand across the province.

The first farm supply store opened in Calgary in 1954, and a second in Edmonton in 1957. That same year, UFA bought the assets of Maple Leaf Fuels, giving the co-op greater control over the business.

In 1984, UFA opened its first cardlock fuel agency in Calgary. Today, UFA has over 110 cardlock facilities across three provinces and was the largest cardlock network in Alberta.

UFA has over 120,000 members and with 2007 revenues of over $1.8 billion, UFA is ranked as the 37th largest business in Alberta by revenue according to Alberta Venture magazine.

In March 2009, UFA purchased Wholesale Sports in western Canada, and 15 Sportsman's Warehouse locations throughout the Northwest United States, which it then re-branded as Wholesale Sports.

Locations
F/S = Farm & Ranch Supply

P = Petroleum Agency / Cardlock

Alberta
106: Petro Locations (P) / 34: Farm & Ranch Supply (F/S) / 5: Fertilizer Plants (F/P)

 * Alix (P) Closed Summer 2013
 * Airdrie (F/S) (P)
 * Athabasca (F/S) (P)
 * Barrhead (P)
 * Bashaw (P)
 * Bawlf (P)
 * Bay Tree (P)
 * Beaverlodge (P)
 * Beiseker (P)
 * Bow Island (P)
 * Brooks (F/S) (P)
 * Buck Lake (P)
 * Calgary (P)
 * Camrose (F/S) (P)
 * Cardston (P)
 * Carstairs (P)
 * Castor (P)
 * Cereal (P)
 * Claresholm (F/S) (P)
 * CFB Cold Lake (P) Closed Fall 2013
 * Consort (F/S) (P)
 * Coronation (P)
 * Czar (P)
 * Delburne (P) Closed in 2017
 * Delia (P)
 * Dewberry (P)
 * Drayton Valley (F/S) (P)
 * Drumheller (P)
 * Eaglesham (F/P)
 * Eckville (P)
 * Edgerton (P)
 * Edmonton (2xP)
 * Edson (P)
 * Elk Point (P)
 * Fairview (F/S) (P)
 * Falher (F/S) (P)
 * Forestburg (P)
 * Fort Macleod (P)
 * Fort Saskatchewan (F/S) (P)
 * Fox Creek (P)
 * Glendon (P)
 * Grande Cache (P)
 * Grande Prairie (F/S) (3xP)
 * Grimshaw (F/S) (P)
 * Hanna (F/S) (P)
 * High Level (P)
 * High Prairie (P)
 * High River (F/S) (P)
 * Hines Creek (P)
 * Hinton (P)
 * Innisfail (P)
 * Killam (P)
 * La Crete (F/S) (P) (F/P)
 * La Glace (P)
 * Lac La Biche (P)
 * Lacombe (P)
 * Leduc (F/S) (P)
 * Lethbridge (F/S) (P) (F/P)
 * Lloydminster (P)
 * Lomond (P)
 * Manning (P)
 * Mannville (P)
 * Mayerthorpe (F/S) (P)
 * Medicine Hat (F/S) (P)
 * Milk River (P)
 * Morinville (P)
 * Nanton (P)
 * Nobleford (P)
 * Olds (F/S) (P)
 * Onoway (P)
 * Oyen (F/S) (P)
 * Peace River (P)
 * Picture Butte (P)
 * Pincher Creek (P)
 * Ponoka (F/S) (P)
 * Provost (F/S) (P)
 * Red Deer (F/S) (3xP)
 * Redcliff (P)
 * Rimbey (P)
 * Rocky Mountain House (P)
 * Rockyford (P) Closed in 2017
 * Rycroft (P)
 * Sexsmith (F/P)
 * Smoky Lake (P)
 * Spirit River (P)
 * Spruce Grove (F/S) (P)
 * St. Paul (F/S) (P)
 * Stettler (F/S) (P) (F/P)
 * Strathmore (F/S) (P)
 * Sylvan Lake (P)
 * Taber (F/S) (P)
 * Three Hills (P)
 * Tofield (P)
 * Trochu (F/S) (P)
 * Two Hills (F/S) (P)
 * Valleyview (P)
 * Vegreville (P)
 * Vermilion (F/S) (P) (F/P)
 * Vulcan (F/S) (P)
 * Wabasca (P)
 * Wainwright (P)
 * Wanham (P) Closed Fall 2013.
 * Warburg (P)
 * Westlock (F/S) (P)
 * Wetaskiwin (P)
 * Whitecourt (P)
 * Wildwood (P)
 * Worsley (P)

British Columbia
2: Petro Locations (P) / 0: Farm & Ranch Supply (F/S):

 * Dawson Creek (P)
 * Fort St. John (P)

Saskatchewan
4: Petro Locations (P) / 0: Farm & Ranch Supply (F/S):

 * Macklin (P)
 * Kindersley (P)
 * Swift Current (P)
 * Corman Park (P)

title: United Farmers of Alberta