text:
Gregg Allman

Gregory LeNoir Allman (December 8, 1947 – May 27, 2017) was an American musician, singer and songwriter. He was known for performing in the Allman Brothers Band. Allman grew up with an interest in rhythm and blues music, and the Allman Brothers Band fused it with rock music, jazz, and country at times. He wrote several of the band's most popular songs, including "Whipping Post", "Melissa", and "Midnight Rider". Allman also had a successful solo career, releasing seven studio albums. He was born and spent much of his childhood in Nashville, Tennessee, before relocating to Daytona Beach, Florida and then Macon, Georgia.

He and his brother Duane Allman formed the Allman Brothers Band in 1969, which reached mainstream success with their 1971 live album At Fillmore East, but shortly thereafter, Duane was killed in a motorcycle crash. The band continued, and released Brothers and Sisters, which became their most successful album, in 1973. Allman began a solo career with Laid Back the same year. He gained some additional fame for his 1975 to 1978 marriage to pop star Cher. He had an unexpected late-career hit with his cover of the song "I'm No Angel" in 1987, and his seventh solo album, Low Country Blues (2011), saw the highest chart positions of his career. Throughout his life, Allman struggled with alcohol and substance use, which formed the basis of his memoir My Cross to Bear (2012). His final album, Southern Blood, was released posthumously on September 8, 2017.

Allman performed with a Hammond organ and guitar, and was recognized for his soulful voice. For his work in music, Allman was referred to as a Southern rock pioneer and received numerous awards, including one Grammy Award; he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and the Georgia Music Hall of Fame. His distinctive voice placed him 70th in the Rolling Stone list of the "100 Greatest Singers of All Time".

Early life
Gregory LeNoir Allman was born on December 8, 1947, at Saint Thomas Hospital in Nashville, Tennessee to Geraldine Robbins Allman (1917–2015) and Willis Turner Allman (1918–1949). The couple had met during World War II in Raleigh, North Carolina when Allman was on leave from the U.S. Army, and were later married. Their first child, Duane Allman, was born in Nashville in November 20,1946. On December 26, 1949, Willis offered a ride home to a hitchhiker, who shot and killed him in Norfolk, Virginia. Geraldine moved to Nashville with her two sons and never remarried. Lacking money to support her children, she enrolled in college to become a Certified Public Accountant (CPA)—state laws at the time, according to her son, required students to live on-campus.

As a result, Gregg and his older brother were sent to Castle Heights Military Academy in nearby Lebanon. A young Gregg interpreted these actions as evidence of his mother's dislike for him, though he later came to understand the reality: "She was actually sacrificing everything she possibly could—she was working around the clock, getting by just by a hair, so as to not send us to an orphanage, which would have been a living hell." While his brother adapted to his surroundings with a defiant attitude, Allman felt largely depressed at the school. With little to do, he studied often and developed an interest in medicine—had he not gone into music, he hoped to become a dentist. He was rarely hazed at Castle Heights as his brother protected him, but often suffered beatings from instructors when he received poor grades. The brothers returned to Nashville upon their mother's graduation, and moved to Daytona Beach, Florida in 1959. Allman would later recall two separate events in his life that led to his interest in music. In 1960, the two brothers attended a concert in Nashville with Jackie Wilson headlining alongside Otis Redding, B.B. King, and Patti LaBelle. Allman was also exposed to music through Jimmy Banes, an intellectually disabled neighbor of his grandmother in Nashville, who introduced him to the guitar.

Gregg worked as a paper boy to afford a Silvertone guitar, which he purchased at a Sears when he saved up enough funds. Like his brother, he was left-handed, but played the guitar right-handed. He and his brother often fought to play the instrument, though there was "no question that music brought" the two together. In Daytona, they joined a YMCA group called the Y Teens, their first experience performing music with others. He and Duane returned to Castle Heights in their teen years, where they formed a band, the Misfits. Despite this, he still felt "lonesome and out of place", and quit the academy. He returned to Daytona Beach and pursued music further, and the duo formed another band, the Shufflers, in 1963. He attended high school at Seabreeze High School, where he graduated in 1965. However, he grew undisciplined in his studies as his interests diverged: "Between the women and the music, school wasn't a priority anymore."

First bands (1960–1968)
The two Allman brothers began meeting various musicians in the Daytona Beach area. They met a man named Floyd Miles, and they began to jam with his band, the Houserockers. "I would just sit there and study Floyd ... I studied how he phrased his songs, how he got the words out, and how the other guys sang along with him", Gregg would later recall. They later formed their first "real" band, the Escorts, which performed a mix of top 40 and R&B music at clubs around town. Duane, who took the lead vocal role on early demos, encouraged his younger brother to sing instead. He and Duane often spent all of their money on records, as they attempted to learn songs from them. The group performed constantly as music became their entire focus; Gregg missed his high school graduation because he was performing that evening. In his autobiography, Gregg recalls listening to Nashville R&B station WLAC at night and discovering artists such as Muddy Waters, who later became central to his musical evolution. He avoided being drafted into the Vietnam War by intentionally shooting himself in the foot.

The Escorts evolved into the Allman Joys, the brothers' first successful band. After a successful summer run locally, they hit the road in fall 1965 for a series of performances throughout the Southeast; their first show outside Daytona was at the Stork Club in Mobile, Alabama, where they were booked for 22 weeks straight. Afterwards, they were booked at the Sahara Club in nearby Pensacola, Florida, for several weeks. Allman later regarded Pensacola as "a real turning point in my life", as it was where he learned how to capture audiences and about stage presence. He also received his first Vox keyboard there, and learned how to play it over the ensuing tour. By the following summer, they were able to book time at a studio in Nashville, where they recorded several songs, aided by a plethora of drugs. These recordings were later released as Early Allman in 1973, to Allman's dismay. He soon grew tired of performing covers and began writing original compositions. They settled in St. Louis, Missouri for a time, where in the spring of 1967 they began performing alongside Johnny Sandlin and Paul Hornsby, among others, under various names. They considered disbanding, but Bill McEuen, manager of the Nitty Gritty Dirt Band, convinced the band to relocate to Los Angeles, giving them the funds to do so.

He arranged a recording contract with Liberty Records in June 1967, and they began to record an album under the new name the Hour Glass, suggested by their producer, Dallas Smith. Recording was a difficult experience; "the music had no life to it—it was poppy, preprogrammed shit", Allman felt. Though they considered themselves sellouts, they needed money to live. At concerts, they declined to play anything off their debut album, released that October, instead opting to play the blues. Such gigs were sparse, however, as Liberty only allowed one performance per month. After some personnel changes, they recorded their second album, Power of Love, released in March 1968. It contained more original songs by Allman, though they still felt constricted by its process. The band broke up when Duane explicitly told off executives at Liberty. They threatened to freeze the band, so they would be unable to record for any other label for seven years. Allman stayed behind to appease the label, giving them the rights to a solo album. The rest of the band mocked Allman, viewing him as too scared to leave and return to the South. Meanwhile, Duane began doing session work at FAME Studios in Muscle Shoals, Alabama, where he began putting together a new band. He phoned his brother with the proposition of joining the new band—which would have two guitarists and two drummers. With his deal at Liberty fulfilled, he drove to Jacksonville, Florida, in March 1969 to jam with the new band. He called the birth of the group "one of the finer days in my life ... I was starting to feel like I belonged to something again."

Formation, touring, and Duane's death (1969–1971)
The Allman Brothers Band moved to Macon, Georgia, and forged a strong brotherhood, spending countless hours rehearsing, consuming psychedelic drugs, and hanging out in Rose Hill Cemetery, where they would write songs and more—"I'd be lying if I said I didn't have my way with a lady or two down there", said Allman. In addition to Gregg, the band included Duane, Dickey Betts on guitar, Berry Oakley on bass, and Jaimoe and Butch Trucks on drums. The group remade blues numbers like "Trouble No More" and "One Way Out", in addition to improvising jams. Gregg, who had struggled to write in the past, became the band's main songwriter, composing songs such as "Whipping Post" and "Midnight Rider". The group's self-titled debut album was released in November 1969 through Atco and Capricorn Records, but suffered from poor sales. The band played continuously in 1970, performing over 300 dates on the road, which contributed to a larger following. Their second record, Idlewild South, was issued in September 1970, and also received a muted commercial response.

Their fortunes began to change over the course of 1971, where the band's average earnings doubled. "We realized that the audience was a big part of what we did, which couldn't be duplicated in a studio. A lightbulb finally went off; we needed to make a live album", said Gregg. At Fillmore East, recorded at the Fillmore East in New York City, was released in July 1971. At Fillmore East peaked at number thirteen on Billboard Top Pop Albums chart, and was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America that October, becoming their commercial and artistic breakthrough. Although suddenly very wealthy and successful, much of the band and its entourage now struggled with addiction to numerous drugs; they all agreed to quit heroin, but cocaine remained a problem. His last conversation with Duane was an argument over cocaine: Gregg took some of his brother's supply, and later denied it when accused. In his memoir, My Cross to Bear, Gregg wrote: "I have thought of that lie every day of my life ... told him that lie, and he told me that he was sorry and that he loved me."

Duane was killed in a motorcycle accident on October 29, 1971, in Macon. At his funeral, Gregg performed "Melissa", which was his brother's favorite song. "I tried to play and I tried to sing, but I didn't do too much writing. In the days and weeks that followed, ... I wondered if I'd ever find the passion, the energy, the love of making music", he remembered. As the band took some time apart to process their loss, At Fillmore East became a major success domestically. "What we had been trying to do for all those years finally happened, and he was gone," Gregg remembered. He later expanded upon his brother's passing in his memoir:

"When I got over being angry, I prayed to him to forgive me, and I realized that my brother had a blast. ... Not that I got over it—I still ain't gotten over it. I don't know what getting over it means, really. I don't stand around crying anymore, but I think about him every day of my life. ... Maybe a lot of learning how to grieve was that I had to grow up a little bit and realize that death is part of life. Now I can talk to my brother in the morning, and he answers me at night. I've opened myself to his death and accepted it, and I think that's the grieving process at work."

Mainstream success and fame (1972–1976)
After Duane's death, the band held a meeting on their future; it was clear all wanted to continue, and after a short period, the band returned to the road. They completed their third studio album, Eat a Peach, that winter, which raised each member's spirits: "The music brought life back to us all, and it was simultaneously realized by every one of us. We found strength, vitality, newness, reason, and belonging as we worked on finishing Eat a Peach", said Allman. Eat a Peach was released the following February, and it became the band's second hit album, shipping gold and peaking at number four on Billboard album chart. "We'd been through hell, but somehow we were rolling bigger than ever", Allman recalled. The band purchased 432 acres of land in Juliette, Georgia, which became a group hangout. Berry Oakley, however, was visibly suffering from the death of his friend, and in November 1972 he too was killed in a motorcycle crash. "Upset as I was, I kind of breathed a sigh of relief, because Berry's pain was finally over", Allman said.

The band unanimously decided to carry on, and enlisted Lamar Williams on bass and Chuck Leavell on piano. The band began recording Brothers and Sisters, their follow-up album, and Betts became the group's de facto leader during the recording process. Meanwhile, after some internal disagreements, Allman began recording a solo album, which he titled Laid Back. The sessions for both albums often overlapped and its creation caused tension within the rest of the band. Both albums were released in late 1973, with Brothers and Sisters cementing the Allman Brothers' place among the biggest rock bands of the 1970s. "Everything that we'd done before—the touring, the recording—culminated in that one album", Allman recalled. "Ramblin' Man", Betts' country-infused number, rose to number two on the Billboard Hot 100 and gave the band their biggest hit. The group returned to touring, and played arenas and stadiums almost solely. Privately, the group was dealing with miscommunication and spiraling drug problems. In 1974, the band was regularly making $100,000 per show, and was renting the Starship, a customized Boeing 720B used by Led Zeppelin and the Rolling Stones. "When [we] got that goddamn plane, it was the beginning of the end", said Allman.

Band member relationships became increasingly frustrated, amplified by heavy drug and alcohol abuse. In January 1975, Allman began a relationship with pop star Cher—which made him more "famous for being famous than for his music", according to biographer Alan Paul. The sessions that produced 1975's Win, Lose or Draw, the last album by the original Allman Brothers Band, were disjointed and inconsistent. Upon its release, it was considered subpar and sold less than its predecessor; the band later remarked that they were "embarrassed" by the album. Though their relationships were fraying, the Allman Brothers Band went on tour for some of the biggest crowds of their career. Allman later pointed to a benefit for presidential candidate Jimmy Carter as the only real "high point" in an otherwise "rough, rough tour". The "breaking point" came when Allman testified in the trial of security man Scooter Herring, who was arrested and soon convicted on five counts of conspiracy to distribute cocaine. Bandmates considered Allman a "snitch", and he received death threats, leading to law-enforcement protection. Herring received a 75-year prison sentence, but he only served eighteen months. The band refused to communicate with Allman after the ordeal and finally broke up. Leavell, Williams, and Jaimoe continued playing together in Sea Level, Betts formed Great Southern, and Allman founded the Gregg Allman Band.

Marriages, breakups, and music (1975–1981)
Allman married Cher in June 1975, and the two lived in Hollywood during their years together as tabloid favorites. Their marriage produced one son, Elijah Blue Allman, who was born in July 1976. He recorded his second solo album, Playin' Up a Storm, with the Gregg Allman Band, and it was released in May 1977. He also worked on a collaborative album with Cher titled Two the Hard Way, which, upon its release, was a massive failure. The couple went to Europe to tour in support of both albums, though the crowd reception was mixed. With a combination of Allman Brothers fans and Cher fans, fights often broke out in venues, which led Cher to cancel the tour. Turmoil began to overwhelm their relationship, and the two divorced in 1978. Allman returned to Daytona Beach to stay with his mother, spending the majority of his time partying, chasing women, and touring with the Nighthawks, a blues band.

The Allman Brothers Band reunited in 1978. Allman remembered that each member had his own reasons for rejoining, though he surmised it was a combination of displeasure with how things ended, missing each other, and a need for money. The band's reunion album, Enlightened Rogues, was released in February 1979 and was a mild commercial success. Betts's lawyer, Steve Massarsky, began managing the group, and led the band to sign with Arista, who pushed the band to "modernize" their sound. Drugs remained a problem with the band, particularly for Betts and Allman. The band again grew apart, replacing Jaimoe with new guitarist Dan Toler's brother Frankie. The band considered their post-reunion albums—Reach for the Sky (1980) and Brothers of the Road (1981)—"embarrassing", and subsequently broke up in 1982. "It was like a whole different band made those records ... In truth, though, I was just too drunk most of the time to care one way or the other", Allman would recall.

Downtime, a surprise hit, and another reformation (1982–1990)
Allman spent much of the 1980s adrift and living in Sarasota, Florida with friends. His alcohol abuse was at one of its worst points, with Allman consuming "a minimum of a fifth of vodka a day." He felt the local police pursued him heavily; during this time, he was arrested and charged with a DUI. While he did not consider himself "washed up", he noted in his autobiography that he kept a "fear of everybody forgetting about you." Southern rock had faded from view and electronic music formed much of the pop music of the decade. "There was hardly anybody playing live music, and those who did were doing it for not much money, in front of some die-hard old hippies in real small clubs", he later recalled. Nevertheless, he reformed the Gregg Allman Band and toured nationwide. At one point, he attempted to reconnect with his children, though, according to him, "it just wasn't a good situation".

By 1986, having grown tired of financial instability, Allman approached Betts for a co-headlining tour, a sort-of Allman Brothers reunion. After recording several demos, Allman was offered a recording contract by Epic Records. His third solo release, I'm No Angel (1987), sold well; its title track became a surprise hit on radio. Allman released another solo album the following year, Just Before the Bullets Fly, though it did not sell as well as its predecessor. In the late 1980s, he moved to Los Angeles. He married Danielle Galiana in what he dubbed midlife crisis. The marriage began with Allman overdosing—"so [it] started off with a bang", he said. He dabbled in acting starting in 1989, taking several small parts. His largest (and final) role was criminal Will Gaines in the 1991 crime drama Rush. Allman greatly enjoyed the experience: "It was a different facet of the entertainment industry, and I wanted to see how those people worked together." The Allman Brothers Band celebrated its twentieth anniversary in 1989, and the band reunited once more for a summer tour, with Jaimoe again on drums. They featured guitarist Warren Haynes and pianist Johnny Neel, both from the Dickey Betts Band, and bassist Allen Woody. The band returned to the studio with longtime producer Tom Dowd for 1990's Seven Turns, which was considered a return to form. "Good Clean Fun" and "Seven Turns" each became big hits on the Mainstream Rock Tracks chart. The addition of Haynes and Woody had "reenergized" the ensemble.

Reforming the band and breaking addictions (1991–2000)
The newly reformed Allman Brothers began touring heavily, which helped build a new fan base: "We had to build a fan base all over again, but as word of mouth spread about how good the music was, more and more people took notice. It felt great, man, and that really helped the music", Allman recalled. Neel left the group and the band added percussionist Marc Quiñones, formerly of Spyro Gyra, the following year. They recorded two more studio albums—Shades of Two Worlds (1992) and Where It All Begins. In 1993 his youngest daughter Layla Brooklyn Allman was born while Gregg was living in Novato, California. When his relationship with Shelby Blackburn ended, Layla and Shelby moved back to Los Angeles. Allman's older daughter, Island, came to live with him in Novato, and despite early struggles, they eventually grew very close. "Island is the love of my life, she really is", he would later write. The band was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in January 1995; Allman was severely inebriated and could barely make it through his acceptance speech. Seeing the ceremony broadcast on television later, Allman was mortified, providing a catalyst for his final, successful attempt to quit alcohol and substance abuse. He hired two in-home nurses that switched twelve-hour shifts to help him through the process. He was immensely happy to finally quit alcohol, writing later in his autobiography: "Did I get any positive anything out of all that? And you've got to admit to yourself, no, I didn't. You can see what happened and that by the grace of God, you finally quit before it killed you."

For much of the 1990s, Allman lived in Marin County, California, spending his free time with close friends and riding his motorcycle. He recorded a fifth solo album, Searching for Simplicity, which was quietly released on 550 Music in 1997. The album's title reflected his search "for a more simple life" following his rehabilitation from drugs and alcohol. Despite positive developments in his personal life, relationships began declining in the band yet again. Haynes and Woody left to focus on Gov't Mule, feeling as though a break was imminent. The group recruited Oteil Burbridge of the Aquarium Rescue Unit to replace Woody on bass, and Jack Pearson on guitar. Concerns arose over the increasing loudness of Allman Brothers shows, which were largely centered on Betts. "It had ceased to be a band—everything had to be based around what Dickey was playing", said Allman. Pearson, struggling with tinnitus, left as a result. Butch Trucks phoned his nephew, Derek Trucks, to join the band for their thirtieth anniversary tour. Anger boiled over within the group towards Betts, which led to all original members sending him a letter, informing him of their intentions to tour without him. All involved contended that the break was temporary, but Betts responded by hiring a lawyer and suing the group, which led to a permanent divorce. That August, Woody was found dead in a hotel room in New York, which hit Allman particularly hard. In 2001, Haynes rejoined the band, setting the stage for over a decade of stability within the group.

Touring and health problems (2000–2011)
Allman moved to Richmond Hill, Georgia, in 2000, purchasing five acres on the Belfast River. The last incarnation of the Allman Brothers Band was well-regarded among fans and the general public, and remained stable and productive. The band released their final studio album, Hittin' the Note (2003), to critical acclaim. Allman co-wrote many songs on the record with Haynes, and he regarded it as his favorite album by the group since their earliest days. The band continued to tour throughout the 2000s, remaining a top touring act, regularly attracting more than 20,000 fans. The decade closed with a successful fortieth anniversary celebration at the Beacon Theatre, where the band would hold residencies most years during their reunion. In 2014, the Allman Brothers Band performed their final concerts, as Haynes and Derek Trucks desired to depart the group.

Allman struggled with health problems during the last years of his life. He was diagnosed with hepatitis C in 2007, which he attributed to a dirty tattoo needle. By the next year, three tumors were discovered within his liver. He went on a waiting list and after five months, he underwent a successful liver transplant in 2010.

In 2011, Allman went public about his battle with hepatitis C. He headlined Merck and the American Liver Foundation's "Tune In to Hep C Campaign" to raise awareness and urge baby boomers to get tested and treated. As part of Tune In to Hep C, The Allman Brothers Band headlined a hepatitis C fundraiser and awareness concert at the Beacon Theatre in New York. The concert raised $250,000 to benefit the National Viral Hepatitis Roundtable and the American Liver Foundation for education and awareness efforts. The National Viral Hepatitis Roundtable in October 2017 created the Gregg Allman Hepatitis C Leadership Award – an annual award to posthumously honor Allman and others who work on behalf of people living with hepatitis C. Michael Lehman, Allman's longtime manager, accepted the award on his behalf.

Allman's seventh album, Low Country Blues, was produced by T-Bone Burnett. Upon its release in January 2011, it represented Allman's highest-ever chart peak in the U.S., debuting at number five. He promoted the album heavily in Europe, until he had to cancel the rest of the trip due to an upper respiratory infection. This led to lung surgery later in 2011, and rehab in 2012 for addiction following his treatments. That year, Allman released his memoir, My Cross to Bear, which was 30 years in the making. In 2014, a tribute concert was held celebrating his career; it was later released as All My Friends: Celebrating the Songs & Voice of Gregg Allman.

Final years and death (2012–2017)
After the dissolution of the Allman Brothers, Allman kept busy performing music with his solo band, releasing the live album Gregg Allman Live: Back to Macon, GA in 2015. In 2016, he received an honorary doctorate from Mercer University in Macon, presented by former President Jimmy Carter. However, his health problems remained; he had atrial fibrillation, and though he kept it private, his liver cancer had returned. "He kept it very private because he wanted to continue to play music until he couldn't", his manager Michael Lehman said. He attempted to keep a light schedule at the advice of doctors, who warned that too many performances might amplify his conditions. His last concert took place in Atlanta at his own Laid Back Festival along with ZZ Top at Lakewood Amphitheatre on October 29, 2016 (the 45th anniversary of his brother's death), and he continued to cancel concerts citing "serious health issues". He denied reports that he had entered hospice care, but was resting at home on doctor's orders.

Allman died at his home in Richmond Hill, Georgia, on May 27, 2017, due to complications from liver cancer at the age of 69. His funeral took place at Snow's Memorial Chapel in Macon on June 3, and was attended by once-estranged bandmate Dickey Betts, his ex-wife Cher, and former President Carter, among others. According to Rolling Stone, the mourners dressed casually in jeans per Allman's request, and "hundreds of fans, many wearing Allman Brothers shirts and listening to the band's music, lined the route along the funeral procession." He was buried at Rose Hill Cemetery in Macon, beside his brother Duane, and fellow band member Berry Oakley.

Before his death, Allman recorded his last album, Southern Blood, with producer Don Was at FAME Studios in Muscle Shoals, Alabama. The album was recorded with his then-current backing band. The album was released on September 8, 2017, and received critical acclaim.

In My Cross to Bear, Allman reflected on his life and career:

"Music is my life's blood. I love music, I love to play good music, and I love to play music for people who appreciate it. And when it's all said and done, I'll go to my grave and my brother will greet me, saying, 'Nice work, little brother—you did alright.' I must have said this a million times, but if I died today, I have had me a blast."

Musical style and songwriting
Allman's style was rooted in rhythm and blues music. He characterized his work with the Allman Brothers Band as "playing some blues with some jazz mixed in." He was introduced to blues music through musician and childhood friend Floyd Miles, who later toured with Allman as a part of his solo band. He also gave him advice on how to sing from his stomach, as opposed to his chest. Allman was inspired by "Little Milton" Campbell, who "inspired me all my life to get my voice crisper, get my diaphragm harder, use less air, and just spit it out. He taught me to be absolutely sure of every note you hit, and to hit it solid." After his death, many outlets credited Allman as among the greatest white blues vocalists of his time. Many close to Allman disputed this, with son Devon Allman commenting, "My dad didn't see color. ... I know people mean well when they say the best white blues singer, but I say take white off of there, because he was just one of the best ever. He just channeled so much feeling." Jaimoe called the label "straight bullshit. He's a great blues singer. A great singer, period." An editorial published in The Roanoke Times questioned that while Allman could rightfully be considered a cultural appropriator, "Is that not the nature of music, or art in general, that it borrows from different cultures to create something new?" Likewise, a Newsweek tribute to Allman noted that "Ray Charles took grief for making a country and western album, too."

As a songwriter, Allman wrote several famous songs, including "Whipping Post", "Melissa", and "Midnight Rider", which he dubbed the "song I'm most proud of in my career." He could be a very slow songwriter, writing only when inspiration struck. If the song was forced, he felt it could end up contrived. In My Cross to Bear, his 2012 memoir, he laid out his approach to songwriting: the first verse introduces a story, it is expounded upon in the second, and the third may serve as an epilogue. Allman credited singer-songwriter John D. Loudermilk, whom he first met while touring with the Allman Joys, as an influence on his writing. "[He] taught me to let the song come to me, not to force it, not to put down a word just because it might rhyme or fit. He taught me to let the feeling come from your heart and go to your head." Allman received the Songwriter Award from the Georgia Music Hall of Fame in the last year of his life.

On October 28, 2021, Sony Music Publishing announced it had signed a global agreement with Gregg Allman's estate to administer its catalog of songs. The deal covered many of Allman's compositions from his time as a member of the Allman Brothers Band, as well as songs written throughout his solo career.

Personal life
Allman was married seven times:
 * He married Shelley Kay Jefts in 1971; they divorced the following year. They had a son, Devon.
 * He married Janice Blair in 1973; they divorced in 1974. She is pictured on the sleeve of Laid Back.
 * His most well-known relationship was with Cher, whom he married in 1975. They had a son, Elijah Blue, and divorced in 1978.
 * He wed Julie Bindas in 1979; they had a daughter, Delilah Island, and divorced in 1981.
 * He married Danielle Galiana in 1989; they divorced in 1994.
 * His longest marriage was to Stacey Fountain, from 2001 to 2008—"seven out-of-sight years," he remarked.
 * In 2012, he announced his engagement to Shannon Williams, who was 40 years his junior. They were married in February 2017.

In My Cross to Bear, he wrote that "Every woman I've ever had a relationship with has loved me for who they thought I was." At the time of its writing, he noted that he only spoke to two out of his then-six ex-wives, including Cher.

Allman had five children, three with various wives and two with other women he had relationships with:
 * son Michael Allman was born on July 3, 1966. He was raised in Daytona Beach, Florida. From his relationship with go-go dancer Mary Lynn Sutton.
 * son Devon Allman (born 1972), lead singer of Honeytribe and The Allman Betts Band, from his marriage to Shelley Kay Jefts;
 * son Elijah Blue Allman (born 1976), lead singer of Deadsy, from his marriage to Cher;
 * daughter Delilah Island Allman (born 1980) from his marriage to Julie Bindas; and
 * daughter Layla Brooklyn Allman (born 1993), lead singer of Picture Me Broken, from a relationship with radio journalist Shelby Blackburn

Allman was averse to organized religion for many years, but claimed he always believed in a God. Following his health ailments in the latter stages of his life, he came around to his own form of Christianity, and began wearing a cross necklace. In his memoir, he stated: "As long as you have spirituality, you're never alone. It's sort of like my mother said all those years ago: now I have my own kind of faith, just like other people. They take what they want of faith, and they leave the rest alone, and I do the same. That's the way it should be." He credited his sixth wife, Stacey Fountain, with helping him increase his faith.

Discography
Studio
 * Laid Back (1973)
 * Playin' Up a Storm (1977)
 * Two the Hard Way (1977) (with Cher)
 * I'm No Angel (1987)
 * Just Before the Bullets Fly (1988)
 * Searching for Simplicity (1997)
 * Low Country Blues (2011)
 * Southern Blood (2017)

Live
 * The Gregg Allman Tour (1974)
 * Gregg Allman Live: Back to Macon, GA (2015)

title: Gregg Allman


text:
Talk:Paavo Susitaival

this might be helpful. Mark Richards 21:33, 4 Mar 2004 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Paavo Susitaival


text:
Roger Glover

Roger David Glover (born 30 November 1945) is a Welsh bassist, songwriter, and record producer. He is best known as a member of the hard rock bands Deep Purple and Rainbow. As a member of Deep Purple, Glover was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in April 2016.

Early career
Born near Brecon, Wales, Glover moved with his family to the South Kensington area of London at the age of nine. Around that time his interests started to shift towards rock music, and by the time he was thirteen Glover began playing guitar.

He later moved to the North London district of Pinner, and while at Harrow County School for Boys he formed his first band, Madisons, with a group of friends; in time this merged with a rival band to become Episode Six, a band which later featured Glover's future Deep Purple bandmate, vocalist Ian Gillan. The two left Episode Six in 1969 to join Deep Purple.

Deep Purple and solo
Glover spent four years (1969–1973) with Deep Purple, during which the band saw their most successful releases in the albums in Rock, Fireball, Machine Head, Who Do We Think We Are and the live album Made in Japan. He is credited with developing the title for the band's iconic song "Smoke on the Water", thus inspiring the song's lyrics which were written by Ian Gillan. Glover says the title came to him when he awoke from a dream two days after the famous fire over Lake Geneva. While he liked the title, he was reluctant to have the band use it because he initially thought it sounded like a drug song. Glover also developed the guitar riff to "Maybe I'm a Leo", stating, "I wrote the riff to 'Maybe I'm a Leo' after hearing John Lennon's 'How Do You Sleep?'."

Glover contributed bass on Jon Lord's first solo album, Gemini Suite (1971), and was the featured soloist in the bass movement.

Glover departed Deep Purple, along with Gillan, after the band's second tour of Japan in the summer of 1973.

Throughout the 1970s Glover produced albums and/or singles by such acts as Judas Priest, Nazareth, Elf, Status Quo, the Ian Gillan Band and David Coverdale.

In 1974 Glover released his first solo album, The Butterfly Ball and the Grasshopper's Feast, which generated the single "Love Is All", featuring lead vocals by Ronnie James Dio. The single did little in the UK, but became an unexpected number one hit song in the Netherlands, Belgium, and Australia. The song came with an animated music video starring a guitar-playing frog. In 1978 Glover's second album followed: Elements.

From 1979 to 1984 he was the bassist, lyricist and producer for Ritchie Blackmore's band, Rainbow, working on four of the group's studio albums.

In 1983 he recorded his third solo album, Mask, released the next year.

When Deep Purple reformed in April 1984, Glover returned to his old band where he has remained for the last four decades.

In 1988 Glover, along with fellow Deep Purple member Ian Gillan, recorded the side-project album Accidentally on Purpose. Almost two decades later Glover played with Gillan during Gillan's brief solo tour in 2006.

In 2002 Glover released his fourth post-DP album, entitled Snapshot, under the name Roger Glover and the Guilty Party. The album featured performances from Randall Bramblett (who shared co-writing credits on several tracks) as well as Glover's daughter, Gillian.

In 2011 he released his second Guilty Party album, If Life Was Easy, which featured guest appearances by Nazareth's Dan McCafferty and Pete Agnew as well as Walther Gallay and Daniel "Sahaj" Ticotin.

Notable collaborations and performances
In an interview for the Come Hell or High Water concert-documentary, he described how he was once forced to perform lead vocals for an entire Deep Purple concert in the 1970s due to Ian Gillan's illness. In 2021, he performed co-lead vocals on one track (The Battle of New Orleans) on the Turning to Crime album, the first time he has performed vocals of any kind on a Deep Purple record.

In 2001 Glover was among a host of bass players who contributed to Gov't Mule's double album The Deep End, recorded as a tribute to the late Allen Woody, Mule's original bassist. Glover played on Deep Purple's "Maybe I'm a Leo", which was one of Woody's favourite songs. On 3 May 2003, in New Orleans, Glover also took part in a special concert performed by Gov't Mule featuring appearances from all bass players who had contributed to The Deep End album.

On 7 October 2007 Glover joined his former bandmate Jon Lord to perform Concerto for Group and Orchestra at the Royal & Derngate in Northampton. The concert also featured the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra conducted by Paul Mann.

In 2008 Glover played bass on a charity single called "Lucy's Song", written and produced by David Domminney of Rogue Studios in London and available at iTunes. Income from the sale went to The Linda McCartney Cancer Centre (specifically to promote their Field of Women event which took place at Liverpool Cricket Club on 6 July 2008).

On 21 March 2012 Ian Paice was playing a gig with the Deep Purple tribute band Purpendicular in Pratteln, Switzerland. The band received a surprise reinforcement as Roger Glover "happened to be in the neighbourhood" and joined them on stage.

Personal life
Glover has been married twice and has three daughters. The eldest, musician Gillian Glover (born 1976), is from his first marriage. He currently lives in Switzerland with his partner and their two daughters.

In 2004 ITV Wales aired a TV special about Glover, entitled Roger Glover – Made in Wales (produced by Craig Hooper) which featured interviews from fellow musicians Ian Gillan and Ian Paice, as well as Glover's mother, Brenda, and his then-wife.

Gear
Roger Glover played Fender Precision, Fender Mustang and Rickenbacker 4001 basses during his early years with Deep Purple. In late 1970s, he used a Gibson Thunderbird. In the mid-1980s Roger used Peavey Foundation with a neck from Peavey Fury Bass. Since the mid-1990s, he has used Vigier Bass Guitars, SWR heads and cabinets, and Picato and Ernie Ball strings.

Painting and photography

On 22 October 2010 Roger Glover's artwork exhibition called Happy Silence opened at the K-8 e.V. Galerie in Cologne. Previously Glover has let many of his pictures be auctioned in other galleries for charitable purposes, but this was the first large-scale presentation of his work.

Discography

 * Episode Six
 * Put Yourself in My Place (1987)
 * BBC Radio 1 Live 1998/1969 (1997)
 * The Complete Episode Six (1991)
 * Cornflakes and Crazyfoam (2002)
 * Love, Hate, Revenge (2005)
 * Compilation albums of songs recorded between 1964 and 1969

 * Solo
 * Let's Go to the Disco/Broken Man (single) (1974, with Ray Fenwick, released under the name Marlon)
 * The Butterfly Ball and the Grasshopper's Feast (1974)
 * Strawberry Fields Forever/Isolated Lady (single) (1975, with Eddie Hardin)
 * Elements (1978)
 * Mask (1984)
 * Accidentally on Purpose (1988, with Ian Gillan)
 * Snapshot (2002)
 * If Life Was Easy (2011)

 * Guest appearances
 * Rupert Hine & David MacIver – Pick Up a Bone (1971)
 * Jon Lord – Gemini Suite (1972)
 * Dave Cousins – Two Weeks Last Summer (1972)
 * Nazareth – Loud 'n' Proud (1973, "Free Wheeler")
 * Andy Mackay – In Search For Eddie Riff (1974)
 * Dan McCafferty – Dan McCafferty (1975)
 * Ian Gillan Band – Child in Time (1976)
 * Eddie Hardin – Wizard's Convention (1976, "Loose Ends")
 * John Perry – Sunset Wading (1976)
 * Eddie Hardin – You Can't Teach An Old Dog New Tricks (1977)
 * David Coverdale – White Snake (1977)
 * Strawbs - The Best of Strawbs (1978)
 * David Coverdale – Northwinds (1978)
 * Joe Breen – More Than Meets The Eye (1978)
 * Wheels – Don't Be Strange (1979)
 * Eddie Hardin – Circumstantial Evidence (1982)
 * Ian Gillan – Naked Thunder (1990, "No More Cane on the Brazos")
 * Pretty Maids – Jump The Gun (1990, "Dream On")
 * Ian Gillan – Cherkazoo and Other Stories (1992, archival recordings from 1972 to 1974)
 * Gov't Mule – The Deep End, Volume 1 (2001, "Maybe I'm A Leo")
 * Gov't Mule – The Deepest End, Live in Concert (2003, "Maybe I'm A Leo")
 * Ian Gillan – Gillan's Inn (2006)
 * Domminney – Lucy's Song (charity single for Field for Women) (2008)
 * Bernhard Welz – Stay Tuned (2010, "Believe Me")
 * Walther Gallay – Stigmates (2014)
 * Celebrating Jon Lord (2014)
 * Purpendicular – This Is The Thing #1 (2015)
 * Alice Cooper – Paranormal (2017)

 * As producer
 * Rupert Hine & David MacIver – Pick Up A Bone (1971)
 * Elf – Elf (1972, with Ian Paice)
 * Nazareth – Razamanaz (1973)
 * Nazareth – Loud 'n' Proud (1974)
 * Nazareth – Rampant (1974)
 * Spencer Davis Group – Living in a Back Street (1974)
 * Hardin & York, with Charlie McCracken – Hardin & York, with Charlie McCracken (1974, two tracks only)
 * Elf – Carolina County Ball (1974)
 * Elf – Trying to Burn the Sun (1975)
 * Reflections – Moon Power/Little Star (single) (1975)
 * Strapps – Strapps (1976)
 * Ian Gillan Band – Child in Time (1976)
 * Rory Gallagher – Calling Card (1976)
 * Status Quo – Wild Side of Life/All Through The Night (single) (1976)
 * Judas Priest – Sin After Sin (1977)
 * Young & Moody – Young & Moody (1977)
 * Eddie Hardin – You Can't Teach An Old Dog New Tricks (1977)
 * Strapps – Secret Damage (1977, with Louie Austin and Chris Kimsey)
 * David Coverdale – White Snake (1977)
 * David Coverdale – Northwinds (1978)
 * Barbi Benton – Ain't That Just the Way (1978)
 * Joe Breen – More Than Meets The Eye (1978)
 * Grand Theft – Have You Seen This Band? (1978)
 * Rainbow – Down to Earth (1979)
 * Young & Moody – Devil Went Down To Georgia/You Can't Catch Me (single) (1979)
 * Young & Moody – All The Good Friends/Playing Your Game (single) (1980)
 * Michael Schenker Group – The Michael Schenker Group (1980)
 * Rainbow – Difficult to Cure (1981)
 * Rainbow – Straight Between the Eyes (1982)
 * Rainbow – Bent Out of Shape (1983)
 * Deep Purple – Perfect Strangers (1984, with Deep Purple)
 * Rainbow – Finyl Vinyl (1986)
 * Deep Purple – The House of Blue Light (1987, with Deep Purple)
 * Pretty Maids – Jump the Gun (1990)
 * Deep Purple – Slaves and Masters (1990)
 * Deep Purple – The Battle Rages On... (1993, with Thom Panunzio)
 * Deep Purple – Purpendicular (1996)
 * Deep Purple – Abandon (1998)
 * Dream Theater – Made in Japan (2006)
 * Gillian Glover – Red Handed (2007, additional production)
 * Café Bertrand – L'Art délicat du Rock & Roll (2008, mixing)
 * Young & Moody – Back for the Last Time Again (2011, archive recordings)

 * Film and TV appearances
 * 1976 The Butterfly Ball (feature film)
 * 1991 Deep Purple – Heavy Metal Pioneers (Warner, interviewee)
 * 1995 Rock Family Trees, ep. Deep Purple (TV, interviewee)
 * 1996 In a Metal Mood
 * 2000 100 Greatest Artists of Hard Rock (TV, interviewee)
 * 2002 Gov't Mule – Rising Low (feature)
 * 2002 Classic Albums, ep. Deep Purple – Machine Head (Granada, interviewee)
 * 2004 Roger Glover – Made in Wales (ITV, interviewee)
 * 2006 Memo – Ivan Pedersen's 40 års karriere (feature, interviewee)
 * 2007 Ian Gillan – Highway Star: A Journey in Rock (feature, interviewee)
 * 2011 Metal Evolution, ep. Early Metal, Part 2: UK Division (VH1, interviewee)
 * 2013 Behind The Music Remastered, ep. Deep Purple (VH1, interviewee)

title: Roger Glover


text:
Baron Norton

Baron Norton, of Norton-on-the-Moors in the County of Stafford, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created in 1878 for the Conservative politician and former President of the Board of Trade, Sir Charles Adderley. He was succeeded by his elder son, the second Baron. Two of his sons, the third and fourth Baron, both succeeded in the title. On the latter's death in 1944, the title passed to his eighty-nine-year-old uncle, the fifth Baron.

Barons Norton (1878)

 * Charles Bowyer Adderley, 1st Baron Norton (1814–1905)
 * Charles Leigh Adderley, 2nd Baron Norton (1846–1926)
 * Ralph Bowyer Adderley, 3rd Baron Norton (1872–1933)
 * Ronald Wollstan Fleetwood Adderley, 4th Baron Norton (1885–1944)
 * Henry Arden Adderley, 5th Baron Norton (1854–1945)
 * Hubert Bowyer Arden Adderley, 6th Baron Norton (1886–1961)
 * John Arden Adderley, 7th Baron Norton (1915–1993)
 * James Nigel Arden Adderley, 8th Baron Norton (born 1947)

The heir apparent is the present holder's son, the Hon. Edward James Arden Adderley (born 1982).

The heir apparent's heir apparent is his son, Frederick John Arden Adderley (born 2015).

Line of succession

 * [[Image:Coronet of a British Baron.svg|15px]] Charles Bowyer Adderley, 1st Baron Norton (1814–1905)
 * [[Image:Coronet of a British Baron.svg|15px]] Charles Leigh Adderley, 2nd Baron Norton (1846–1926)
 * [[Image:Coronet of a British Baron.svg|15px]] Ralph Bowyer Adderley, 3rd Baron Norton (1872–1933)
 * [[Image:Coronet of a British Baron.svg|15px]] Ronald Woolstan Fleetwood Adderley, 4th Baron Norton (1885–1944)
 * [[Image:Coronet of a British Baron.svg|15px]] Henry Arden Adderley, 5th Baron Norton (1854–1945)
 * [[Image:Coronet of a British Baron.svg|15px]] Hubert Bowyer Arden Adderley, 6th Baron Norton (1886–1961)
 * [[Image:Coronet of a British Baron.svg|15px]] John Arden Adderley, 7th Baron Norton (1915–1993)
 * [[Image:Coronet of a British Baron.svg|15px]] James Nigel Arden Adderley, 8th Baron Norton (born 1947)
 * (1) Hon. Edward James Arden Adderley (born 1982)
 * (2) Frederick John Arden Adderley (born 2015)
 * (3) Hon. Nigel John Adderley (born 1950)
 * Hon. Michael Charles Adderley (1917–1992)
 * (4) Charles Henry Adderley (born 1954)
 * (5) Anthony John Adderley (born 1955)
 * (6) David Michael Adderley (born 1962)

title: Baron Norton


text:
Lysis buffer

A lysis buffer is a buffer solution used for the purpose of breaking open cells for use in molecular biology experiments that analyze the labile macromolecules of the cells (e.g. western blot for protein, or for DNA extraction). Most lysis buffers contain buffering salts (e.g. Tris-HCl) and ionic salts (e.g. NaCl) to regulate the pH and osmolarity of the lysate. Sometimes detergents (such as Triton X-100 or SDS) are added to break up membrane structures. For lysis buffers targeted at protein extraction, protease inhibitors are often included, and in difficult cases may be almost required. Lysis buffers can be used on both animal and plant tissue cells.

Choosing a buffer
The primary purpose of lysis buffer is isolating the molecules of interest and keeping them in a stable environment. For proteins, for some experiments, the target proteins should be completely denatured, while in some other experiments the target protein should remain folded and functional. Different proteins also have different properties and are found in different cellular environments. Thus, it is essential to choose the best buffer based on the purpose and design of the experiments. The important factors to be considered are: pH, ionic strength, usage of detergent, protease inhibitors to prevent proteolytic processes. For example, detergent addition is necessary when lysing Gram-negative bacteria, but not for Gram-positive bacteria. It is common that a protease inhibitor is added to lysis buffer, along with other enzyme inhibitors of choice, such as a phosphatase inhibitor when studying proteins with phosphorylation.

Buffer
Buffer creates an environment for isolated proteins. Each buffer choice has a specific pH range, so the buffer should be chosen based on whether the experiment's target protein is stable under a certain pH. Also, for buffers with similar pH ranges, it is important to consider whether the buffer is compatible with the experiment's target protein. The table below contains several most commonly used buffers and their pH ranges.

Salts
Lysis buffer usually contains one or more salts. The function of salts in lysis buffer is to establish an ionic strength in the buffer solution. Some of the most commonly used salts are NaCl, KCl, and (NH4)2SO4. They are usually used with a concentration between 50 and 150 mM.

Detergent
Detergents are organic amphipathic (with hydrophobic tail and a hydrophilic head) surfactants. They are used to separate membrane proteins from membrane because the hydrophobic part of detergent can surround biological membranes and thus isolate membrane proteins from membranes. Although detergents are widely used and have similar functions, the physical and chemical properties of detergents of interest must be considered in light of the goals of an experiment.

Detergents are often categorized as nonionic, anionic, cationic, or zwitterionic, based on their hydrophilic head group feature.

Nonionic detergents like Triton X-100 and zwitterionic detergents like CHAPS (3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonate) are nondenaturing (will not disrupt protein functions). Ionic detergents like sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and cationic detergents like ethyl trimethyl ammonium bromide are denaturing (will disrupt protein functions). Detergents are a major ingredient that determines the lysis strength of a given lysis buffer.

Detergent-Free Cell Lysis Buffers
One common issue faced by many cell lysis buffers is the disruption of protein structures during the lysis process, partially caused by use of detergents. Detergents often prevent the restoration of native conditions necessary for proper protein folding.

For the longest time, after a detergent-based cell lysis, a buffer exchange and/or dialysis had to be performed to remove the detergent among other hindering compounds to restore native conditions.

To overcome this a solution has emerged in the form of a detergent-free cell lysis buffer. The GentleLys buffer employs copolymers instead of detergents, ensuring efficient cell lysis while maintaining the native environment crucial for the correct folding of cellular components, such as proteins.

Others
Other additives include metal ions, sugar like glucose, glycerol, metal chelators (e.g. EDTA), and reducing agents like dithiothreitol (DTT).

NP-40 lysis buffer
It may be the most widely used lysis buffer. The solubilizing agent is NP-40, which can be replaced by other detergents at different concentrations. Since NP-40 is a nonionic detergent, this lysis buffer has a milder effect than RIPA buffer. It can be used when protein functions are to be retained with minimal disruption.

Recipe:
 * 150 mM NaCl
 * 1.0% Nonidet P-40 or Triton X-100
 * 50 mM Tris-Cl
 * Adjust pH to 7.4

RIPA (RadioImmunoPrecipitation Assay) lysis buffer
RIPA buffer is a commonly used lysis buffer for immunoprecipitation and general protein extraction from cells and tissues. The buffer can be stored without vanadate at 4 °C for up to 1 year. RIPA buffer releases proteins from cells as well as disrupts most weak interactions between proteins.

Recipe:
 * 1% (w/w) Nonidet P-40 (NP-40)
 * 1% (w/v) sodium deoxycholate
 * 0.1% (w/v) SDS
 * 0.15 M NaCl
 * 0.01 M sodium phosphate, pH 7.2
 * 2 mM EDTA
 * 50 mM sodium fluoride (NaF)
 * 0.2 mM fresh sodium orthovanadate (Na3VO4.2H2O, it has phosphatase inhibitor function because it mimics phosphate)
 * 100 U/ml protease inhibitor, such as aprotinin

SDS (sodium dodecyl sulfate) lysis buffer
SDS is ionic denaturing detergent. Hot SDS buffer is often used when the proteins need to be completely solubilized and denatured.

Recipe:
 * 0.5% (w/v) SDS
 * 0.05 M Tris⋅Cl
 * Adjust pH to 8.0
 * Add 1 mM fresh dithiothreitol (DTT)

ACK (Ammonium-Chloride-Potassium) lysing buffer
ACK is used for lysis of red blood cells in biological samples where other cells such as white blood cells are of greater interest.

Recipe:
 * 150 mM ammonium chloride
 * 10 mM potassium bicarbonate
 * 0.1 mM EDTA
 * Adjust pH to 7.2-7.4

GentleLys (Gentle Lysis)
The GentleLys buffer employs synthetic nanodisc copolymers to gently disrupt the cell membrane, offering a milder alternative to conventional detergent-based lysis buffers. This gentle approach eliminates the need for harsh chemicals, creating an environment that preserves the native state of cellular proteins. Consequently, the proteins maintain their structural integrity and functionality, a marked departure from the denaturing effects of detergent-based buffers.

Detergents, salts & enzymes
Cell lysis is a critical step in the purification of enzymes from bacterial cells, various components are commonly included in lysing buffers to facilitate effective cell disruption and release of the target enzyme. These components include detergents, salts, and enzymes, each playing a specific role in the lysis process. Examples of detergents used in lysing buffers include:

Detergents:

Detergents are amphipathic molecules that possess both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties. In the context of cell lysis, detergents act by disrupting the lipid bilayer of the bacterial cell membrane, leading to membrane permeabilization and release of intracellular components, including the target enzyme.

Commonly used detergents in lysing buffers include:

a. Triton X-100: a nonionic detergent frequently employed due to its mild and effective membrane-disrupting properties, it solubilizes lipids and membrane proteins, allowing the release of intracellular contents.

b. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS): an anionic detergent that denatures proteins by disrupting their secondary and tertiary structures, it solubilizes cellular membranes and aids in protein extraction.

c. Tween-20: a nonionic detergent is milder compared to SDS and Triton X-100. It assists in membrane permeabilization and solubilization of proteins without causing significant denaturation.

Salts:

Salts are crucial components of lysing buffers as they help maintain optimal cellular conditions and provide ionic strength to facilitate cell disruption.

Commonly used salts in lysing buffers include:

a. Sodium chloride (NaCl): NaCl is often included to maintain isotonic conditions, preventing osmotic shock and cell rupture during the lysis process.

b. Potassium chloride (KCl): Similar to NaCl, KCl can be used to adjust the ionic strength and facilitate cell lysis.

Enzymes:

Certain enzymes are added to lysing buffers to enhance cell lysis by digesting specific cellular components that can interfere with the extraction of the target enzyme.

Examples of enzymes used in lysing buffers include:

a. Lysozyme: Lysozyme breaks down the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls, weakening their structural integrity and facilitating subsequent disruption. It is particularly effective for Gram-positive bacteria.

b. DNase (Deoxyribonuclease): DNase degrades DNA present in the lysate, reducing its viscosity and preventing DNA-related interference in downstream purification steps.

c. RNase (Ribonuclease): Similar to DNase, RNase degrades RNA in the lysate, reducing its viscosity and minimizing RNA-related interference.

The specific combination and concentrations of detergents, salts, and enzymes in lysing buffers can vary depending on the target enzyme, cell type, and experimental requirements, optimization of these components is crucial to achieve efficient cell lysis while preserving the stability and activity of the desired enzyme during the purification process.

Lysis buffer in DNA and RNA studies
In studies like DNA fingerprinting the lysis buffer is used for DNA isolation. Dish soap can be used in a pinch to break down the cell and nuclear membranes, allowing the DNA to be released. Other such lysis buffers include the proprietary Qiagen product Buffer P2.

title: Lysis buffer


text:
Baron Northbourne

Baron Northbourne, of Betteshanger in the County of Kent, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created in 1884 for Sir Walter James, 2nd Baronet, who had earlier represented Kingston upon Hull in the House of Commons as a Conservative. His son, the second Baron, sat as a Liberal Member of Parliament for Gateshead. The latter's great-grandson, the fifth Baron, who succeeded his father in 1982, was one of the ninety elected hereditary peers that were allowed to remain in the House of Lords after the passing of the House of Lords Act 1999, and sat as a cross-bencher until his retirement in 2018. , the titles are held by his son, the sixth baron, who succeeded his father in that year.

The James baronetcy, of Langley Hall, in the County of Berkshire, was created in the Baronetage of Great Britain in 1791 for the first Baron's grandfather Sir Walter James, the last Warden of the Mint. Born Walter James Head, he assumed by Act of Parliament the surname of James only in 1778, on inheriting the estates of his brother William (himself having inherited the estates of their uncle-in-law, John James of Denford Court). His son and heir John James notably served as Minister Plenipotentiary to the Netherlands. The latter was the father of the second Baronet, who was raised to the peerage in 1884.

The Hon. Cuthbert James, second son of the second Baron, represented Bromley in the House of Commons as a Conservative between 1919 and 1930.

The first Baron Northbourne was the grandson of Robert Stewart, 1st Marquess of Londonderry, making him first cousin twice removed of Sir Winston Churchill, who was the grandson of his first cousin Lady Frances Anne Emily Vane, Duchess of Marlborough. He was also the great grandson of Charles Pratt, 1st Earl Camden.

James baronets, of Langley Hall (1791)

 * Sir Walter James James, 1st Baronet (1759–1829)
 * John James (died 1818)
 * Sir Walter Charles James, 2nd Baronet (1816–1893) (created Baron Northbourne in 1884)

Baron Northbourne (1884)

 * Walter Charles James, 1st Baron Northbourne (1816–1893)
 * Walter Henry James, 2nd Baron Northbourne (1846–1923)
 * Walter John James, 3rd Baron Northbourne (1869–1932)
 * Walter Ernest Christopher James, 4th Baron Northbourne (1896–1982)
 * Christopher George Walter James, 5th Baron Northbourne (1926–2019)
 * Charles Walter Henri James, 6th Baron Northbourne (born 1960)

The heir apparent is his elder son, the Hon. Henry Christopher William James (born 1988).

Line of succession

 * Coronet of a British Baron.svg Walter Charles James, 1st Baron Northbourne (1816–1893)
 * Coronet of a British Baron.svg Walter Henry James, 2nd Baron Northbourne (1846–1923)
 * Coronet of a British Baron.svg Walter John James, 3rd Baron Northbourne (1869–1932)
 * Coronet of a British Baron.svg Walter Ernest Christopher James, 4th Baron Northbourne (1896–1982)
 * Coronet of a British Baron.svg Christopher George Walter James, 5th Baron Northbourne (1926–2019)
 * Coronet of a British Baron.svg Charles Walter Henri James, 6th Baron Northbourne (born 1960)
 * (1) Hon. Henry Christopher William James (born 1988)
 * (2) Hon. Alexander Oliver Charles James (born 1996)
 * (3) Hon. Anthony Christopher Walter Paul James (born 1963)
 * (4) Edward Christopher William James (born 2001)
 * (5) Hon. Sebastian Richard Edward Cuthbert James (born 1966)
 * (6) Arthur Sebastian Christopher Hamilton James (born 1999)
 * (7) Alfred Sebastian Anthony Walter James (born 2001)
 * (8) Albert Linus Sebastian Harry James (born 2006)
 * Lt.-Col. Hon. Cuthbert James (1872–1930)
 * Maj. Thomas James (1906–1976)
 * ''Antony Nigel James (1944–2016)
 * (9) Alexander Robert James (born 1974)
 * (10) Georgie James (born 2001)
 * Charles Henry Thomas James (born 1976–2024)
 * Hon. Wilfred James (1874–1908)
 * Henry Norman James (1903–1989)
 * (11) John Henry James (born 1947)
 * (12) Nicholas John James (born 1976)

title: Baron Northbourne


text:
Baron Newton

Baron Newton, of Newton-in-Makerfield in the County Palatine of Lancaster, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created in 1892 for the Conservative politician William Legh, who had earlier represented Lancashire South and Cheshire East in the House of Commons.

Overview
Both his son, the second Baron, and his great-grandson, the fourth Baron, were Conservative government ministers. the title is held by the latter's eldest son, the fifth Baron, who succeeded in 1992.

The family seat is Laughton Park Farm, near Lewes, East Sussex. The ancestral seat was Lyme Park, near Disley, Cheshire. It was given to the National Trust in 1946 by the third Baron Newton.

Barons Newton (1892)

 * William John Legh, 1st Baron Newton (1828–1898)
 * Thomas Wodehouse Legh, 2nd Baron Newton (1857–1942)
 * Richard William Davenport Legh, 3rd Baron Newton (1888–1960)
 * Peter Richard Legh, 4th Baron Newton (1915–1992)
 * Richard Thomas Legh, 5th Baron Newton (b. 1950)

The heir apparent is the present holder's son Piers Richard Legh (b. 1979)

title: Baron Newton


text:
Nick Simper

Nicholas John Simper (born 3 November 1945) is an English bass guitarist, who was a co-founding member of Deep Purple and Warhorse. In the 1960s, he began his professional career in bands such as Johnny Kidd & the Pirates, The Flower Pot Men, and Lord Sutch's Savages.

Biography
Simper was born in Frogmore House Maternity Home, Norwood Green, Southall, Middlesex. Prior to co-founding Deep Purple in 1968, Simper played for a number of bands, including The Renegades (1960–61), The Delta Five (1961–63), Some Other Guys (1963–64), Buddy Britten & The Regents renamed Simon Raven Cult (1964–66) and Johnny Kidd & the Pirates. After a few months of his joining The Pirates, Simper and Kidd were involved in a car crash that took Kidd's life and left Simper injured. After recovering, Simper briefly reactivated The Pirates as a tribute band to Kidd (1966–67) before joining the Garden, the backing band for The Flower Pot Men (1967–68), where he played alongside Jon Lord who initially suggested that Simper be asked to join Deep Purple. Simper also had a brief encounter with Lord Sutch's Savages.

Simper played bass on three Deep Purple albums from 1968 to 1969. He was fired from Deep Purple in mid-1969 together with original singer Rod Evans. When new singer Ian Gillan from the band Episode Six was sought as a replacement for Evans, bandmate Roger Glover tagged along to play bass at some rehearsals and recorded the single "Hallelujah" for Deep Purple. Ritchie Blackmore had also appeared in interviews during disputes with Simper.

After his departure, he briefly worked with Marsha Hunt before forming his own band Warhorse, that recorded two albums for Vertigo. Warhorse was managed by Ron Hire, originally part of HEC Enterprises, the original investors in Deep Purple. During this time, Simper also played on a Lord Sutch live album, along with Ritchie Blackmore and Keith Moon.

For Warhorse, the breakthrough of a big selling album had not occurred. There was very strong interest from Warner Bros., with their senior A&R rep (Dave Dee) attempting to sign the band to the label. At Warner Bros. expense, they went into the studio and recorded two tracks, competing with Heavy Metal Kids.

By 1974, crippling finances signalled the end for the band. Warhorse's last gig in late 1974 was at Polhill College, Bedford. Unfortunately, their 2000-Watt Midas P.A. broke down and despite the best efforts of their roadie and managers it could not be made to perform properly. They tried, and performed a B.B. King song (Three O'clock in the Morning) to see if they could manage some kind of performance, but made their apologies to the audience and left.

Simper and guitarist Pete Parks spent the next three years writing, recording and initially formed a new band, called Nick Simper's Dynamite (1975) that released one single.

On 9 October 1976, Simper took part in the Johnny Kidd 10th Anniversary Memorial Show at the Edwardian Club at the Loughborough Hotel in Brixton.

With no financial backing, along with Parks, Simper succeeded to get Nick Simper's Fandango (1977–83) off the ground and released two albums. Around the same time, Frankie Reid formed the band Flying Fox (1977–84) with Carlo Little, Simper and Parks to play rock 'n' roll whenever they were free from commitments from their other bands.

After Little's departure the band renamed itself The Good Old Boys (1985–present). In the mid-1990s, drummer Mick Underwood invited Simper to become part of the reactivated Quatermass, which had released one album on Harvest in 1970. Under the guise of Quatermass II (1994–97) they recorded one album.

In 2007, Simper also joined the line-up of Adelle & Co with Parks, Adelle Kirk, Jim Byers and Richard Hudson.

Since launching his own website in the 2000s, Simper has renewed his contact with a wider audience. The renaissance of his work has led to a one-off reunion of Warhorse in 2003 (and also 2005). During a gig in Austria in 2007, Simper performed the Deep Purple song "Emmaretta" with the support band Nasty Habits. On 6 September 2008, The Good Ol' Boys stepped in towards the end to support Deep Purple tribute band 24 Carat Purple at the Mick Jagger Centre, Dartford. Simper played "Hush" as a guest with this band, using bassist Pete Hartley's bass guitar. In March 2009, Simper again performed with Nasty Habits in Austria. The band played a setlist composed of songs from the first three Deep Purple studio albums. Later that year, Nick Simper & Nasty Habits played another show in Plock, Poland.

In 2010, Simper and Nasty Habits played more shows presenting "The Deep Purple Mark One Songbook" in Austria, Switzerland, Hungary and Poland while an album was in the making. The Budapest show was recorded for future release.

Rock and Roll Hall of Fame snub
In 2016, Deep Purple was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. All members from the band's first seven years (1968 to 1974) were announced as individual inductees, except Simper, but including original lead singer Rod Evans whose tenure in Deep Purple paralleled Simper's. Evans had also been successfully sued by Deep Purple's management in 1980 for performing an unauthorized tour under the band name; Simper had been approached by the same promotion company that had hired Evans, but declined to participate.

Simper stated, "Yes, it is a little strange that I am [the] only one from Marks I, II and III being left out, but I shan't lose any sleep over this. It's not as if I need to be given this award to know what we did in Deep Purple made an impact. And I'm sure it wasn't a decision that came from the band."

Guest appearances

 * 1972 Hands of Jack the Ripper (Screaming Lord Sutch & Heavy Friends)
 * 1983 Roscoe Rocks Again (Roscoe Gordon)
 * 2003 Rag Moppin' (Wee Willie Harris & the Alabama Slammers)
 * 2007 Carlo Little Night of Honour (DVD)
 * 2008 White Horses of Lyme Bay (CD EP)
 * 2009 Never Stop Rockin' (Carlo Little All Stars)

title: Nick Simper