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Manchester Phoenix

Manchester Phoenix was a semi professional ice hockey team from Greater Manchester, England. The club was formed in 2003 as a result of the efforts of supporters group Friends of Manchester Ice Hockey to bring top-level ice hockey back to Manchester after Manchester Storm folded in 2002.

The Phoenix team was a founder member of the Elite Ice Hockey League upon its formation in 2003, playing in the 17,500 capacity Manchester Arena. The cost of using such a large facility proved financially untenable, and Phoenix suspended playing operations in 2004 pending the construction of a smaller purpose built ice facility. Construction of the Altrincham Ice Dome commenced in 2006, and the club returned to the Elite League for the 2006–07 season. After three seasons in the EIHL, the club joined the English Premier Ice Hockey League on 30 April 2009.

During their time in EPIHL, the club was fairly successful, having won two league championships and one playoff final, with multiple appearances at the playoff finals weekend.

In 2015, the club was left without a home rink within Greater Manchester. They played their home games at Deeside Ice Arena in North Wales, Fylde Coast Ice Arena in Blackpool, and finally at Widnes Ice Arena.

The club folded on 31 January 2017 after an unsuccessful meeting with potential investors.

Origins
In 2002, the Manchester Storm, once the best-supported Ice Hockey club in Europe, ran into serious financial trouble and was folded. Initially fans protested against SMG, the company who owned the Manchester Evening News Arena as it was perceived that troubles had arisen due to SMG's disinterest in continuing to house the Storm at the Manchester Evening News Arena. This soon turned into a rally in support of the team and a supporters group known as 'The Friends of Manchester Storm' was established after Gary Cowan, the owner of the Storm officially announced he was finalising the organisation's operations due to unsustainable debts. Once it became clear that the Storm were not to return, FOMS changed their name, becoming the 'Friends of Manchester Ice Hockey', or 'FOMIH'.

This group had two established aims, namely to bring top level professional ice hockey back to Manchester and to ensure the creation of a new ice rink facility in the region. In 2003, a club was formed and with fans choosing to symbolically title the team the 'Manchester Phoenix', rising from the ashes of the Storm.

Initial playing operations
The newly formed Manchester Phoenix would be one of the founding members of the British Elite Ice Hockey League and played out of the MEN Arena for their inaugural season. Under player-coach Rick Brebant, and later Paul Heavey, the team finished sixth out of eight in the league, the final qualifying place for the playoffs. Phoenix finished second in their Playoff group ahead of the Belfast Giants, qualifying for the semi-final, where they were beaten 6–1 by the Nottingham Panthers.

Despite an impressive beginning, with 3,600 turning out for the first home game against the London Racers, crowds would not be consistent and it soon became apparent that ice hockey at the busiest indoor venue in Europe would no longer be viable with the season's average attendance being just 2,150 per game, falling far short of the rumoured number of 3,000 needed to cover costs. As a result, the Phoenix temporarily suspended playing operations at the end of the 2003–04 season.

In May 2004 the Phoenix announced that they had the funding to construct a new temporary ice rink but problems arose as to exactly where to locate the facility. As a result, the deadline for inclusion in the EIHL passed, and the Phoenix withdrew from the 2004–05 season. The club had still not managed to build a new venue by the following year, and announced that the Phoenix would not be part of the 2005–06 season either. In November 2005, the club announced details of a new rink to be built in partnership with Nikal, David McLean and Trafford Metropolitan Borough Council. The new rink would seat 2,026, with 24 wheelchair spaces, and standing for approx 4–500. Planning permission for the rink was finally granted in early January 2006 and construction began on 30 March, with the rink to be sited in Altrincham.

With progress being made, the Phoenix confirmed their inclusion in the EIHL once again, for the 2006–07 season with the Ice Dome scheduled to host its first game on 24 September 2006. The Phoenix also announced the appointment of Tony Hand as player/head coach. This was regarded as a huge step forward for the organisation, as Hand is regarded by many as the greatest British ice hockey player of all time. Unfortunately for Hand and the team, unexpected delays followed and so in the interim Phoenix home games were held at either IceSheffield or Deeside Leisure Centre. After further construction and two further missed completion dates, the rink eventually opened with a reduced capacity of 1,000 on 25 February 2007, with Phoenix playing host to the Basingstoke Bison. It was the first time professional hockey had been played in Manchester for almost three years. The remaining 700 seats were installed over the following months, with the Dome completely ready for the beginning of the 2007–08 season.

For further information, please see 2006–07 Manchester Phoenix season.

Demise
On the weekend of the 2015 playoff finals, it was announced by Silver Blades that they were unable to reach agreement with the Club to renew the ice time agreement despite an offer of reduced rental costs. Further details were given on the 8th April. Manchester Phoenix issued a statement refuting the allegations made of unpaid rental costs.

As a result of this, the club left themselves homeless, but with plans to build a new arena in Manchester City Centre. While this was being prepared however, it was announced that the club would play in Deeside for the 2015-2016 season.

In June 2016, it was announced that Manchester Phoenix would move to Eastlands for the 2016/2017 season. However unrealistic time scales and planning delays meant that this rink was not able to be started in time for the season. Instead, the club chose to play from the Fylde Ice Arena, Blackpool.

Again the proposed timescales proved unachievable and, the new rink was not able to be even started in time for January 2017, making the business model of playing from Blackpool unviable. As a result, the club was forced to release its imported playing staff and move to Silver Blades Widnes. This added pressure, and the unlikely prospect of the club being able to fund a permanent home in Manchester, meant that the club was forced to fold halfway through the 2016/17 season.

2007–08 season
Form continued to be hard to find for the Phoenix though. Despite scoring significant numbers of goals, the Phoenix defence proved to be anything but watertight and high scoring games became a regular occurrence. Manchester closed the regular season on 23 April with a 6–2 away loss to the Hull Stingrays, finishing 7th in the EIHL. This was perceived by many fans to be somewhat of an underachievement by the organisation.

The Phoenix's seventh-placed finish ensured a post-season matchup with their fiercest rivals, the Sheffield Steelers. Again two high scoring games would follow; the Phoenix lost 5–4 in Sheffield, ensuring a tense return leg at the Ice Dome. Despite scoring four goals, the Phoenix defence again proved to be a problem, with the game ending 4–4 in front of a sell out crowd of 2150. The draw meant that the Phoenix exited the playoffs in the first round for the second year in a row.

2008–09 season
For a game-by-game log, see 2008–09 Manchester Phoenix Season

2009–10 season
The team finished the season in 3rd place, and qualified for the EPL post season play-offs. They defeated the Peterborough Phantons 6–5 on aggregate in the quarter-finals to progress to the finals weekend in Coventry, where they were defeated in their semi final by the Slough Jets.

2010–11 season
On 27 March 2011, Manchester Phoenix played Swindon Wildcats at home on the last day of the season. Going into the game, Manchester Phoenix needed a single point to secure the league title. They beat Swindon 5–2 picking up two points and therefore were crowned league champions, earning the club's first major trophy.

2011–12 season
Despite losing player/coach Tony Hand to a serious injury, the club managed to remain competitive and finished a creditable 2nd in the league. The Club subsequently qualified for the play off finals weekend, where they defeated local rivals the Sheffield Steeldogs in the semi-final, before losing to the Slough Jets in the final game

2012–13 season
The Phoenix finished the season 3rd in the league, and also reached the Cup semi finals, losing to Guildford Flames. However, in the end of season play off finals, the club took their revenge beating Guildford 5–2 and emerged victorious, claiming their first play off title in the process.

2013–14 season
On 16 March 2014 Manchester Phoenix won their second league title after beating close rivals Basingstoke Bison 5–2. The Phoenix had been in contention for the title throughout the season, but only clinched the title with 1 round of fixtures remaining. The club proceeded to qualify for the Play Off Finals weekend, where they were unable to defend their Play Off title, finishing as runner up.

2014–15 season
On 3 April 2015, the eve of the 2015 playoff finals weekend, it was announced that Red Hockey UK purchased 34% of the Phoenix's shares, Red Hockey UK already owned the Bracknell Bees (49% of shares) and Telford Tigers (100%). The owners announced that they would be leaving Altrincham, moving the club to a new rink in central Manchester.

It was also during this weekend that Silver Blades made the announcement that their proposal concerning the renewal of the ice time agreement could not be agreed with the club despite the offer of reduced rental costs, which left the club playing all their "home" games in Deeside, North Wales, Blackpool, and Widnes during the following 2 seasons.

Statistics
These figures does not include the 2016-2017 season where all Manchester Phoenix results were scrubbed due to the club folding mid season.

Regular Season Games Played: 648

Regular Season Games Won: 325

Regular Season Win Percentage: .590

Regular Season Goals Scored:2,220

Regular Season Goals Against: 1,953

Attendance
The club attracted a significantly lower set of attendance figures than the Manchester Storm did. During the team's first season, the average attendance for all home league fixtures was given as 2,267, in a 17,245-seat arena (although only the lower 4,500 seats were made available for public use during games). When the move to Altrincham was completed, the attendance averaged 800, climbing to 1,027 in the 09–10 season. This makes the club the third-best attended club in the EPIHL, behind the Guildford Flames and Milton Keynes Lightning, and the ninth overall in Great Britain.

Club records
Appearances: Luke Boothroyd: 442 appearances. (2008–2017)

Points (Overall): Tony Hand: 655 (2006–present)

Points (Season): Tony Hand: 133 during regular season (2010–11)

Goals (Season): Marcus Kristoffersson: 62 regular season (2010–11 season)

PIMS: Tony Hand: 469

Attendance Single Game (MEN Arena): 3,600 (estimate), Vs. London Racers, 14 September 2003

Attendance Single Game (Altrincham): 2,100 (estimate), Vs. Basingstoke Bison, Sunday 3 March 2013, Vs. Peterborough Phantoms, Saturday 8 March 2013

Games between shut-outs: 212, between 15 March 2008 (2–0 loss to Cardiff Devils) to 30 October 2011 (3–0 loss to Basingstoke Bison). (details taken from club's official results database)

2003–04

 * Jayme Platt – EIHL Second Team All Star

2006–07

 * Johan Molin – EIHL Second Team All Star
 * 'EIHL Leading British Scorer (League)' – Tony Hand

2007–08

 * Joe Tallari – EIHL First Team All Star
 * 'Man of Ice' Awards – 'Hard As Ice' – Brett Clouthier
 * 'Man of Ice' Awards – 'Best Newcomer' – Joe Tallari
 * 'EIHL Leading British Scorer (League)' – Tony Hand

2008–09

 * Runner-up 2008–09 Knockout Cup
 * Runner-up 2008–09 Challenge Cup
 * Elite League Player of the Year – David-Alexandre Beauregard
 * Best British Netminder – Stephen Murphy
 * Best British Forward – Tony Hand
 * David-Alexandre Beauregard – EIHL First Team All Star
 * Tony Hand – EIHL Second Team All Star
 * 'Man of Ice' Awards – 'Fans Favourite' – David-Alexandre Beauregard
 * 'Man of Ice' Awards – 'Forward of the Year' – David-Alexandre Beauregard
 * 'Man of Ice' Awards – 'Hard As Ice' – Brett Clouthier
 * 'Man of Ice' Awards – 'Best Newcomer' – David-Alexandre Beauregard
 * 'Man of Ice' Awards – 'Player of the Year' – David-Alexandre Beauregard
 * 'Man of Ice' Awards – 'Outstanding Achievement' – Tony Hand
 * 'Man of Ice' Awards – '4000 Points Total' – Tony Hand

2009–10

 * Finished 3rd place EPL League
 * Semi-finalists Play-off's
 * Semi-finalists EPL Cup
 * 'EPL All Star 1st Team' – Tony Hand
 * 'EPL All Star 2nd Team' – Ed Courtenay

2010–11

 * English Premier League Champions
 * Semi-finalists Play-off's
 * Semi-finalists EPL Cup
 * 'EPIHL All Star 1st Team'- Steve Fone, Ladislav Harabin, Marcus Kristoffersson, Tony Hand
 * 'EPIHL All Star 2nd Team'- Pavel Gomenyuk, Curtis Huppe
 * 'EPIHL Player of the Year'- Tony Hand
 * 'EPIHL Coach of the Year'- Tony Hand

2011–12

 * Finished 2nd place EPL League
 * Runner-up Play-off's
 * Semi-finalists EPL Cup
 * 'EPIHL All star 2nd Team' – Martin Cingel

2012–13

 * Finished 3rd place EPL League
 * English Premier League Play Off Champions
 * Semi-finalists EPL Cup
 * 'EPIHL All Star 1st Team' – Luke Boothroyd
 * 'EPIHL All Star 2nd Team' – Michal Psurny

2013–14

 * English Premier League Champions
 * Runner-up 2013–14 Playoffs
 * Semi-finalists EPL Cup
 * 'EPIHL All Star 1st Team' – Stephen Fone, Luke Boothroyd, Michal Psurny
 * 'EPIHL All Star 2nd Team' – Robert Schnabel, Tony Hand, Robin Kovar
 * 'EPIHL Coach of the Year' – Tony Hand
 * 'EPIHL Player of the Year' – Luke Boothroyd

Retired numbers

 * #9 🏴 Tony Hand – Jersey retired for exceptional service to Manchester Phoenix.
 * #17 🇺🇸 Dwight Parrish – Jersey retired for services to ice hockey in Manchester.

Head coaches
Individuals who have been appointed head coach of the Manchester Phoenix:
 * 2003–04 Rick Brebant
 * 2004–05 Paul Heavey
 * 2006 – 2017 Tony Hand

Club captains
Players who have captained the Manchester Phoenix:

 * 2003–04 #41 🇺🇸 George Awada
 * 2006–08 #06 🇨🇦 Scott Basiuk
 * 2008–09 #05 🇨🇦 Kenton Smith
 * 2009 – 2017#04 🇬🇧 Luke Boothroyd

Two-team players
Players who have featured for both the Manchester Phoenix and the Manchester Storm in league fixtures:

 * #09 🇺🇸 Mark Bultje
 * #15 🇨🇦 Mike Morin
 * #17 🇺🇸 Dwight Parrish
 * #18 🇬🇧 Alan Hough
 * #21 🇨🇦 Jeff Sebastian
 * #91 🇨🇦 Nick Poole
 * #93 🇬🇧 Rick Brebant

NHL draftees
Players who have played for the Manchester Phoenix who have been selected in NHL entry drafts:

title: Manchester Phoenix


text:
Talk:Barn swallow

About the Monty Python and the Holy Grail reference
"In the film Monty Python and the Holy Grail, an open and hotly debated question is the airspeed velocity of an unladen swallow, for both African and European swallows, and whether they can carry coconuts or not." In the film, this isn't really "open and hotly debated". It's just more of a trivial thing. Also, the airspeed velocity of an unladen swallow is only asked to King Arthur by the bridgekeeper of the bridge of death as the third question that was asked to him, and when Arthur asked the keeper whether this was a European of African swallow he was talking about, the bridgekeeper did not know. The question of whether they carry coconuts or not is discussed in the beginning of the film, and the velocity of an unladen swallow is not discussed in this part, but how the swallow maintains it is. No proposition for the velocity is ever mentioned in the movie. Just how much they flap their wings to do so. These are all details, but if you're putting details, you might as well make them accurate. Slartibartfast1992 20:23, 25 April 2007 (UTC)

Wot? A swallow carryin' a coconut? {PowerGamer6 (talk) 07:15, 14 February 2008 (UTC)}

Monty Python also had the swallow ridiculously heavy at 5 ounces (142 g). More in-depth processing of the subject here. --Anshelm '77 (talk) 14:06, 14 February 2008 (UTC)

The link from Anshelm is broken. I am less interested in coconut conveyance than in speed. NotScintillating (talk) 03:32, 22 January 2022 (UTC)

Good article nomination on hold
This article's Good Article promotion has been put on hold. During review, some issues were discovered that can be resolved without a major re-write. This is how the article, as of November 19, 2007, compares against the six good article criteria:

 * 1. Well written?: [[Image:Symbol wait.svg|15px]] Decently well-written, but there are some persistent issues to be dealt with. Throughout, but especially in the lead, Breeding and In culture, there are too-small paragraphs. Having single-sentence paragraphs is poor grammar, and makes it very hard to read in an article of this length.
 * 2. Factually accurate?: [[Image:Symbol wait.svg|15px]] Some of the references - 12-14, 22, 23 -are inappropriately formatted; simple urls are not enough information for proper verification. Author, publication date, retrieval info (i.e. any of the core info of the web template at WP:CIT) are all desirable. Something is also off with ref number 18.
 * 3. Broad in coverage?: [[Image:Symbol wait.svg|15px]] I may have missed it, but I didn't see anything on what preys on swallows.
 * 4. Neutral point of view?: [[Image:Symbol support vote.svg|15px]] Fair representation of all significant views.
 * 5. Article stability? [[Image:Symbol support vote.svg|15px]] No edit wars, etc.
 * 6. Images?: [[Image:Symbol wait.svg|15px]] Accounted for with license tags and fair-use rationales where necessary. I would suggest removing the gallery, as it takes up undue space and there are no images in Breeding otherwise.

Please address these matters soon and then leave a note here showing how they have been resolved. After 48 hours the article should be reviewed again. If these issues are not addressed within 7 days, the article may be failed without further notice. Thank you for your work so far.— Van Tucky  Talk 00:14, 19 November 2007 (UTC)

PR notes
Well on the way to FA status. More nitpicks than anything else though will look at prose later.

 * Needs all measurements with imperial equivalents.✅

 * To make the prose run better, I'd have the subspecies followed by "described by X in 18xx" with an inline ref rather than how it stands currently.✅

 * Although over most of this swallow's range the subspecies are not contentious, - try removing it as I think this clause is superfluous.✅

I'll find some other stuff but very promising. cheers, Casliber (talk · contribs) 14:12, 24 November 2007 (UTC)

PS: I flipped a clause to reduce commas - this can be done in some other places. Have you read Tony1's prose guide - link on my userpage and very worthwhile. cheers, Casliber (talk · contribs) 14:14, 24 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Would be good to have a reliable source for etymology of rustica. Shyamal (talk) 13:42, 29 November 2007 (UTC)

Anglophone European name
See my recent edit of the page. In those parts of Europe where English is spoken as the native language, this bird is never called the 'barn swallow' - that's the American English name for it. It is simply the swallow. There's no 'often' about it. 86.155.207.81 (talk) 20:18, 9 December 2007 (UTC)

However, the recent proposed standardization of English names for birds worldwide (Gill, Frank, and Wright, Minturn (2006), Birds of the World: Recommended English Names Princeton: Princeton, ISBN 978-0691128276) does away with the "The _____" approach (indeed, this was one of the big obstacles to the standardization effort). Piledhigheranddeeper (talk) 18:18, 14 February 2008 (UTC)

Cape Province?
Our article on Cape Province, though Wikipedia can't be trusted, says that is was broken up in 1994. Perhaps saying "...the area encompassed by the former Cape Province of South Africa" or simply "...the former Cape Province of South Africa" would be better than what this article has now, "...the Cape Province of South Africa". Or maybe I'm wrong. Benjamin Scrīptum est  -   Fecī 01:12, 14 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Well the source cited for that fact was published in 1989, so it was the correct term then. I don't know what to replace it with. Graham 87 04:32, 14 February 2008 (UTC)

Range area
I'm somewhat sceptical of some of the 10 million km² ranges assigned by BirdLife International (Barn Swallow's entry here), as it appears to be their maximum for any species. The sole exception I've found so far is the Barn Owl, with 44 million km², though admittedly I haven't gone through all of the 9,821 extant species recognized by said organisation. Note that 10 million km² is about the size of Europe and less than 7 % of the world's land area; in other words a rather small range for a cosmopolitan species. Of my own books, only Raptors of the World (Ferguson-Lees et al. 2001) includes range area figures, with 60–70 million km² for the Black Kite, 54 million km² for the Peregrine Falcon and 30 million km² for the Northern Goshawk – all species that BirdLife International attributes with range areas no greater than 10 million km². Referring to alterante sources may therefore be advisable. --Anshelm '77 (talk) 14:59, 14 February 2008 (UTC)

Indeed, just by looking at the article's distribution map you can see that its breeding range alone accounts for perhaps 80 % of Eurasia and North America's land area, with some more in northern Africa and South America, putting the grand total perhaps somewhere in the 50–60 million km² region. --Anshelm '77 (talk) 16:52, 17 February 2008 (UTC)

BirdLife International has since upgraded the figure to 51.7 million km² (34.8 % of the world's land area), which I have included in the article (feel free to add the reference if necessary; it's already 1st on the reference list). --Anshelm '77 (talk) 19:09, 23 February 2010 (UTC)

National bird of Estonia
I see this page is featured now and it doesn't even have a picture of an Estonian 500 kroon banknote that features a barn swallow. I think it should be added to the article. Good job gettng this article to featured status though! H2ppyme (talk) 18:47, 14 February 2008 (UTC)

Swallow or Martin?
I'm not entirely comfortable with one of the statements in the lead section: "in Northern Europe it is the only common species called a "swallow" rather than a "martin"".

Actually, there are others. In Swedish, for example:
 * Barn Swallow = Ladusvala ("Barn Swallow")
 * House Martin = Hussvala ("House Swallow")
 * Sand Martin = Backsvala ("Brink Swallow")

LarRan (talk) 19:27, 14 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Well, the meaning is clearly "in Northern Europe it is the only common species called a "swallow" rather than a "martin" in English", only that sounds slightly laboured. Sabine's Sunbird  talk  02:13, 20 February 2008 (UTC)

can a swallow live on seed if been raised by human? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.40.240.44 (talk) 15:10, 5 June 2008 (UTC)
 * No jimfbleak (talk) 18:14, 5 June 2008 (UTC)

Barn Swallow common name
I tried to add information about the common name, which I believe is of historical interest, even though it is not perhaps the most crucial thing about the barn swallow. The information I provided was removed with the comment "rm good faith but unsourced/parochial/irrelevant". It certainly isn't parochial. Common names of birds is a field of inquiry that has generated many books and articles, so I am hardly alone in considering it interesting, so I don't know that I'd say it is irrelevant. As for unsourced - well, I provided one source from 1789, and the OED Online (ie OED 2nd ed 1989 for this entry) has its earliest citation from 1851.

So, what am I not getting? Is it that the information isn't quoted from some other singular source in total? ie does it constitute original research?WikiLambo (talk) 05:53, 27 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Barn Swallow is a featured article, and as such everything should have a reference.

jimfbleak (talk) 06:15, 27 June 2008 (UTC)
 * 1) What's a calque -unexplained and unlinked?
 * 2) Need a fully referenced source to support The earliest reference to the name comes from Gilbert White...
 * 3) The swallow, though called the chimney-swallow, by no means builds altogther in chimnies, but often within barns and out-houses against the rafters. In Sweden she builds in barns, and is called ladu swala, the barn-swallow. It occurs to me that this might be a quote from White, if so that's not clear, needs an accurate rendition without typos, and a ref including page number (note that there is an existing ref for the book in the next section). If it's not a quote it's pointless, if it is a quote only has a point if can be confirmed as earliest ref.
 * 4) White calls it chimney swallow, not barn swallow, so hardly first example of the latter. jimfbleak (talk) 06:19, 27 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Thanks for your prompt reply jimfbleak. I am not a seasoned Wikipedian and so perhaps it was my fault for not using a sandbox. I was in the process of editing again when you deleted my additions and there was an edit conflict.

 * 1) Calque can be linked to the Wiki on it.
 * 2) Yes it is a quotation from White and I was going to add the reference for the quotation from White, page numbers and all. In that quote he uses barn-swallow, not as a native English word, but as a translation of the Swedish. However, as the Wiki for The Natural History of Selborne says "first published in 1789. It has been continuously in print since then, with nearly 300 editions up to ... 2007" so his usage there would have been frequently read. It has since become the popular common name and chimney swallow is now obsolete (or perhaps also regional)
 * 3) altogther is indeed a typo, mea culpa. However, chimnies is not, it is a valid 18th plural form and is so in the original text.
 * 4) There can never be a source that states "the earliest reference" to any word. The OED, and historical lexicographers in general, are aware that antedatings are, in almost all cases, possible for any word. The best we can say is "the earliest reference so far adduced" - though this is cumbersome, and "the earliest reference" for all intents and purposes means the same thing, at least to lexicographers. But, perhaps it would be better to say "The earliest example in the Oxford English Dictionary dates from 1851, though an earlier example of the collocation is to be found in Gilbert White's ...." etc.

However, I fear that perhaps all of this still does not match up the standards required by featured articles. Is that right?WikiLambo (talk) 07:38, 27 June 2008 (UTC)

Picture
I have that picture from Thailand taken recently. From my field guide it looked to be a Barn Swallow (my guide agreed). However, it is considerably greyer than the images here. Is this a different species, subspecies? I don't suspect that it is a juvenile - there were quite a few like this. JJ Harrison (talk) 11:38, 24 February 2011 (UTC)
 * I suppose you have already checked against Hirundo tahitica. (see this) Nice pictures. Shyamal (talk) 15:24, 24 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Yeah, I suppose it must be a juvenile of one or the other. JJ Harrison (talk) 00:39, 25 February 2011 (UTC)

Etymology
I have a problem with this section in the article: "This genus of blue-backed swallows is sometimes called the "barn swallows."[2][3] The Oxford English Dictionary dates the English common name "barn swallow" to 1851, though an earlier instance of the collocation in an English-language context is in Gilbert White's popular book The Natural History of Selborne, originally published in 1789: The swallow, though called the chimney-swallow, by no means builds altogether in chimnies [sic], but often within barns and out-houses against the rafters... In Sweden she builds in barns, and is called ladu swala, the barn-swallow.[12] This suggests that the English name may be a calque on the Swedish term."

"Barn swallow" is a relatively modern name for this bird, as shown in the section quoted above. The much older name for this bird, although not its internationally recognised one, is simply "swallow". "Swallow" is derived from an Old English word, swealwe (ref Shorter OED Vol 2). The "barn swallow" was called simply the "swallow" in the UK from the mid 5th century AD onwards, and it still is. Nobody calls it the "barn swallow" here in the UK: it was and still is the only swallow known in the region and so a qualifier such as "barn" was and is unnecessary.

As the English language spread across the world and naturalists recorded other swallows, qualifiers became necessary. But you cannot write away the fact that the "barn swallow" is the original "swallow". It is the swallow after which the original Swallowtail butterfly is named. Why have a lengthy section about the calque to the Swedish term, and ignore the original etymology of the word "swallow", and have no explanation about how this swallow, Hirundo rustica, gave its name to all other swallows described in science? 86.133.212.121 (talk) 13:02, 6 April 2011 (UTC)

 * Good point. We can certainly add the derivation of "swallow" in. I have done similarly at White Stork and Common Raven. Casliber (talk · contribs) 13:24, 6 April 2011 (UTC)

Reference to the butterfly
Since it has been mentioned, the name-relation between the bird and the butterfly could be added/referenced somewhere, as indeed not only that butterfly but the entire family (Papilionidae) have, subsequently, been commonly called swallowtails. Atreyiu (talk) 18:06, 17 June 2012 (UTC)
 * I can't see where either the butterfly or the term "swallowtail" have been mentioned in the text. May be worth adding, but you will need a independent verifiable source since this is a featured article  Jimfbleak -  talk to me?  06:03, 18 June 2012 (UTC)

Behavioral Ecology and Notes on Improvement
As a featured article, this page exemplifies a well-organized page, adequately filled with relevant details. To begin, the page has an easily accessible table of contents, as well as article section titles aligning with those recommended by WikiProject Birds. Its description section accurately identifies the barn swallows’ characteristics of sexual dimorphism, the barn swallows’ coloring but more uniquely the tail length. The breeding section of the page is very thorough and well written. Although the extra-mating is established, the article could be improved by including the role of males’ tail length, a sexual ornament, in gaining extra-mates. Despite, the absence of this detail, the reader accurately and adequately understands breeding behavior of the barn swallows. Its strong rating emphasizes the quality of this page.

That will result in the following banner (and make the articles easy to track):

Confusing paragraph
The article says the paragraph "It is believed that the barn swallow began attaching its nest to Native American habitations in the early 19th century, ..."

I don't know much about birds, but does that mean barn swallows did not attach their nests to "Native American habitations" before the 19th century or that the birds preferred to attach to "Native American habitations" instead of European American habitations? Input from someone who knows the source would be helpful. Thank you. SchreiberBike talk 20:30, 21 May 2014 (UTC)

Blacklisted Links Found on Barn swallow
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Below is a list of links that were found on the main page:

 * http://www.bible-history.com/isbe/S/SWALLOW/
 * Triggered by  on the local blacklist

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From your friendly hard working bot.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 14:07, 4 April 2015 (UTC)

 * Fixed. Dger (talk) 17:54, 11 June 2015 (UTC)

Featured status
If it has blacklisted links, shouldn't it be demoted from FA status? TVShowFan122 (talk) 12:46, 14 April 2015 (UTC)

 * Not now. Dger (talk) 17:56, 11 June 2015 (UTC)

Blacklisted Links Found on Barn swallow
Cyberbot II has detected links on Barn swallow which have been added to the blacklist, either globally or locally. Links tend to be blacklisted because they have a history of being spammed or are highly inappropriate for Wikipedia. The addition will be logged at one of these locations: local or global If you believe the specific link should be exempt from the blacklist, you may request that it is white-listed. Alternatively, you may request that the link is removed from or altered on the blacklist locally or globally. When requesting whitelisting, be sure to supply the link to be whitelisted and wrap the link in nowiki tags. Please do not remove the tag until the issue is resolved. You may set the invisible parameter to "true" whilst requests to white-list are being processed. Should you require any help with this process, please ask at the help desk.

Below is a list of links that were found on the main page:

 * http://web.archive.org/web/20071117224841/http://www.bible-history.com/isbe/S/SWALLOW/
 * Triggered by  on the local blacklist
 * http://www.bible-history.com/isbe/S/SWALLOW/
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From your friendly hard working bot.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 12:47, 14 April 2015 (UTC)

 * Fixed. Dger (talk) 17:54, 11 June 2015 (UTC)

Possible additional photo
I don't want to presume in an article this mature, but I took a photo today of a barn swallow in flight that I think might make a good addition. I realize it's not a featured-quality photo, but I think it's a more than decent one, and I don't see anything like it in the article. - Jmabel | Talk 23:04, 17 June 2016 (UTC)
 * Although a little late, I support Jmabel's suggestion, as there is still no decent photo of a flying swallow in the article. -- jw (talk) 16:53, 7 January 2022 (UTC)

Not endangered?
The article says '''.. not endangered, although there may be local population declines due to specific threats .. '''.

I feel that the above is a serious understatement: I believe that the Swallow is in decline, for many reasons (as are many other animal species). The above sentence should be improved; I hesitate to do this until I (or some other good person) find(s) a good reference.

The European Commission gives one example quoting 42% decline in France between 1989 and 2017. Others such as RSPB quote 40 or 50% decline since 1970. - are these valid references? Others must also exist.

... Wikipedians please help. jw (talk) 21:05, 1 December 2021 (UTC)

Extent of range ?
There is confusing and contradictory information in this article:
 * at the top, range is 251 million km²
 * and later, in the status section, the estimated global extent is 51 700 000 km²

I would add that the implied accuracies of  25 1    and    5 1.7    million km² are ridiculous and these should be rounded off. I would suggest saying 50 million and 250 million.

Who can resolve the above ? (I'm sorry, I can't as I don't have access to the relevant references). -- jw (talk) 17:24, 7 January 2022 (UTC)

 * jw as it happens, I started tidying up this article yesterday, but I missed that, I'll have a look later Jimfbleak - talk to me?  07:28, 8 January 2022 (UTC)

 * jw, the 251000000 is correct, looks as if the initial 2 was omitted or lost. The trouble with rounding off is that the convert template will ensure that the US figure isn't a round number (and if you remove the template, someone will restore it) Jimfbleak -  talk to me?  07:36, 8 January 2022 (UTC)

 * User:Jimfbleak I suggest we need to say about 250000000 km2 but not having access to the source I hesitate to make the modif. --jw (talk) 15:10, 9 January 2022 (UTC)

 * jw, fine, I've done that. For a bird as common as the swallow, a million km² either way is nothing Jimfbleak - talk to me?  16:08, 9 January 2022 (UTC)

Wikipedia Ambassador Program course assignment
This article is the subject of an educational assignment at Washington University supported by the Wikipedia Ambassador Program during the 2012 Fall term. Further details are available on the course page.

The above message was substituted from by PrimeBOT (talk) on 15:50, 2 January 2023 (UTC)

URFA/2020 review
This article has been continuously updated, remains fully and appropriately referenced, and at most only needs a final polish if it's rerun at TFA at some point Jimfbleak - talk to me? 09:13, 27 January 2023 (UTC)

The barn swallow as Austrias national bird
The article claims: The barn swallow is the national bird of Austria and Estonia.[

While the Estonian article claims that it was Austria's national bird only from 1962 to 1964.

Suitsupääsuke on Eesti ja oli aastatel 1962–1964 Austria rahvuslind. (The barn swallow is Estonias, and was in the years 1962-1964, Austria's national bird)

I did not find anything in the German wikipedia but I found this article which was apparently released by birdlife Austria https://www.zobodat.at/pdf/VOSCHOE_038_0022-0023.pdf which supports Estonian Wikipedia's claim that the barn swallow was Austria's national bird only in 1962 to 1964 and was then replaced with the Silberreiher (Great egret?) 2001:1530:1011:180B:C2DD:280:AFB3:2 (talk) 17:59, 14 April 2024 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Barn swallow


text:
Isosceles trapezoid

In Euclidean geometry, an isosceles trapezoid (isosceles trapezium in British English) is a convex quadrilateral with a line of symmetry bisecting one pair of opposite sides. It is a special case of a trapezoid. Alternatively, it can be defined as a trapezoid in which both legs and both base angles are of equal measure, or as a trapezoid whose diagonals have equal length. Note that a non-rectangular parallelogram is not an isosceles trapezoid because of the second condition, or because it has no line of symmetry. In any isosceles trapezoid, two opposite sides (the bases) are parallel, and the two other sides (the legs) are of equal length (properties shared with the parallelogram), and the diagonals have equal length. The base angles of an isosceles trapezoid are equal in measure (there are in fact two pairs of equal base angles, where one base angle is the supplementary angle of a base angle at the other base).

Special cases
Rectangles and squares are usually considered to be special cases of isosceles trapezoids though some sources would exclude them.

Another special case is a 3-equal side trapezoid, sometimes known as a trilateral trapezoid or a trisosceles trapezoid. They can also be seen dissected from regular polygons of 5 sides or more as a truncation of 4 sequential vertices.

Self-intersections
Any non-self-crossing quadrilateral with exactly one axis of symmetry must be either an isosceles trapezoid or a kite. However, if crossings are allowed, the set of symmetric quadrilaterals must be expanded to include also the crossed isosceles trapezoids, crossed quadrilaterals in which the crossed sides are of equal length and the other sides are parallel, and the antiparallelograms, crossed quadrilaterals in which opposite sides have equal length.

Every antiparallelogram has an isosceles trapezoid as its convex hull, and may be formed from the diagonals and non-parallel sides (or either pair of opposite sides in the case of a rectangle) of an isosceles trapezoid.

Characterizations
If a quadrilateral is known to be a trapezoid, it is not sufficient just to check that the legs have the same length in order to know that it is an isosceles trapezoid, since a rhombus is a special case of a trapezoid with legs of equal length, but is not an isosceles trapezoid as it lacks a line of symmetry through the midpoints of opposite sides.

Any one of the following properties distinguishes an isosceles trapezoid from other trapezoids:
 * The diagonals have the same length.
 * The base angles have the same measure.
 * The segment that joins the midpoints of the parallel sides is perpendicular to them.
 * Opposite angles are supplementary, which in turn implies that isosceles trapezoids are cyclic quadrilaterals.
 * The diagonals divide each other into segments with lengths that are pairwise equal; in terms of the picture below,, (and AE ≠ CE if one wishes to exclude rectangles).

Angles
In an isosceles trapezoid, the base angles have the same measure pairwise. In the picture below, angles ∠ABC and ∠DCB are obtuse angles of the same measure, while angles ∠BAD and ∠CDA are acute angles, also of the same measure.

Since the lines AD and BC are parallel, angles adjacent to opposite bases are supplementary, that is, angles ∠ABC + ∠BAD = 180°.

Diagonals and height
The diagonals of an isosceles trapezoid have the same length; that is, every isosceles trapezoid is an equidiagonal quadrilateral. Moreover, the diagonals divide each other in the same proportions. As pictured, the diagonals AC and BD have the same length and divide each other into segments of the same length ( and ).

The ratio in which each diagonal is divided is equal to the ratio of the lengths of the parallel sides that they intersect, that is,
 * $$\frac{AE}{EC} = \frac{DE}{EB} = \frac{AD}{BC}.$$

The length of each diagonal is, according to Ptolemy's theorem, given by
 * $$p=\sqrt{ab+c^2}$$

where a and b are the lengths of the parallel sides AD and BC, and c is the length of each leg AB and CD.

The height is, according to the Pythagorean theorem, given by
 * $$h=\sqrt{p^2-\left(\frac{a+b}{2}\right)^2}=\tfrac{1}{2}\sqrt{4c^2-(a-b)^2}.$$

The distance from point E to base AD is given by
 * $$d=\frac{ah}{a+b}$$

where a and b are the lengths of the parallel sides AD and BC, and h is the height of the trapezoid.

Area
The area of an isosceles (or any) trapezoid is equal to the average of the lengths of the base and top (the parallel sides) times the height. In the adjacent diagram, if we write, and , and the height h is the length of a line segment between AD and BC that is perpendicular to them, then the area K is

 * $$K = \tfrac12\left(a+b\right) h.$$

If instead of the height of the trapezoid, the common length of the legs AB =CD = c is known, then the area can be computed using Brahmagupta's formula for the area of a cyclic quadrilateral, which with two sides equal simplifies to

 * $$K = \sqrt{(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)^2},$$

where $$s = \tfrac{1}{2}(a + b + 2c)$$ is the semi-perimeter of the trapezoid. This formula is analogous to Heron's formula to compute the area of a triangle. The previous formula for area can also be written as

 * $$K = \tfrac14 \sqrt{(a+b)^2(a-b+2c)(b-a+2c)}.$$

Circumradius
The radius in the circumscribed circle is given by
 * $$R=c\sqrt{\frac{ab+c^2}{4c^2-(a-b)^2}}.$$

In a rectangle where a = b this is simplified to $$R=\tfrac{1}{2}\sqrt{a^2+c^2}$$.

title: Isosceles trapezoid


text:
Manchester Storm (1995–2002)

The Manchester Storm were an ice hockey team from Manchester, England. The team formed in 1995, playing their home games at the then newly built NYNEX Arena, but they folded during the 2002–03 season.

Early success
Storm won the British Hockey League Division One in their first season, watched by an average crowd of 6,342. Success in the end of season promotion/relegation play-offs followed, resulting in Storm being promoted to the Premier Division of the British Hockey League. However, Britain's league structure was changed in 1996, with the formation of the Ice Hockey Superleague, of which the Manchester team were a founder member. This was alongside Ayr Scottish Eagles, Basingstoke Bison, Bracknell Bees, Cardiff Devils, Newcastle Riverkings, Nottingham Panthers and Sheffield Steelers. The highs of the inaugural season weren't matched in season 2 though, and Storm finished a disappointing seventh in the league. This led to the sacking of coach John Lawless.

American Kurt Kleinendorst was brought in for the 1997–98 season and he completely changed the face of the playing staff. There were 12 new faces on the 19 strong roster when the season started and they went on to make history for a British club in the European Hockey League. As well as holding Dynamo Moscow to a regulation time draw (losing 2–3 in overtime), they beat Sparta Prague home and away — winning 7–0 at home and 4–3 in the Czech capital.

Storm hold the record for the largest ice hockey attendance at a UK league game, set on 23 February 1997, when 17,245 people watched a match against Sheffield Steelers. At the time, this was also a European record. The record for the largest attendance at any ice hockey game in the UK is 17,551 at The O2 arena (London) on 30 September 2007 for an NHL game between the Los Angeles Kings and the Anaheim Ducks.

The end of an era
Manchester Storm folded in 2002 during the 2002–03 season when the costs of running the team out of the Manchester Arena, and at the top level of British hockey, could not be supported by ticket revenue and sponsorship. The then owners SMG who also ran the arena sold the team to Manchester businessman in full knowledge they did not want ice hockey in the arena then following Sky TVs pulling out of its contract to show live games this meant sponsors pulled out, with no live games and no sponsors and an Arena who didn't want ice hockey in the building owner Gary Cowan had no option other than to put the team into receivership. Later on during the same season Ayr Scottish Eagles also folded.

A supporters group was formed following the collapse of Manchester Storm and launched a new team called the Manchester Phoenix the following season.

Return of the Storm
In June 2015, following the departure of the Manchester Phoenix from the Altrincham Ice Dome due to a dispute with the current owners, it was announced a new team would be based at the rink using the Manchester Storm name. The newly formed Storm would replace the folded Hull Stingrays in the EIHL from the start of the 2015–16 season.

Past managers/head coaches

 * John Lawless 1995–97
 * Kurt Kleinendorst 1997–2000
 * Terry Christensen 2000–01
 * Daryl Lipsey 2001–02
 * Rob Wilson 2001–02 (assistant)

Honours

 * Superleague Winners 1998–99
 * Benson and Hedges Cup Winners (former Autumn Cup) 1999–2000
 * First Team All-Stars
 * 1997–98 Kris Miller, Craig Woodcroft
 * 1998–99 Frank Pietrangelo, Troy Neumeier
 * Second Team All-Stars
 * 1998–99 Kris Miller, Jeff Tomlinson, Jeff Jablonski
 * 2000–01 Greg Bullock

Two Team Players
Players who have featured for both the Manchester Phoenix and the Manchester Storm in league fixtures;

 * #5 🇬🇧 Russ Richardson
 * #9 🇺🇸 Mark Bultje
 * #15 🇨🇦 Mike Morin
 * #17 🇺🇸 Dwight Parrish
 * #18 🇬🇧 Alan Hough
 * #21 🇨🇦 Jeff Sebastian
 * #91 🇨🇦 Nick Poole
 * #93 🇬🇧 Rick Brebant

title: Manchester Storm (1995–2002)


text:
George W. Bush military service controversy

Controversy over George W. Bush's military service in the Air National Guard was an issue that first gained widespread public attention during the 2004 presidential campaign. The controversy centered on Texas Air National Guard, why he lost his flight status, and whether he fulfilled the requirements of his military service contract.

Timeline
George W. Bush joined the 147th Fighter-Interceptor Group of the Texas Air National Guard on May 27, 1968, during the Vietnam War. He committed to serve until May 26, 1974, with two years on active duty while training to fly and four years on part-time duty. In his 1968 Statement of Intent (undated), he wrote, "I have applied for pilot training to make flying a lifetime pursuit, and I believe I can best accomplish this to my satisfaction by serving as a member of the Air National Guard as long as possible."

Bush was quoted as saying elsewhere "I was not prepared to shoot my eardrum out with a shotgun to get a deferment. Nor was I willing to go to Canada ..." In his autobiography Bush states that he was willing to serve his country but preferred to do so as a combat pilot rather than "An infantryman wading across a paddy-field".

Following his six weeks of basic training, Bush began 54 weeks of flight training at Moody Air Force Base, Georgia. In December 1969, Bush began twenty-one weeks of fighter-interceptor training on the F-102 in Houston at the 147th's Combat Crew Training School, soloing in March 1970 and graduating in June 1970. When he graduated, he had fulfilled his two-year active-duty commitment.

In November 1970, Lt. Col. Jerry B. Killian, commander of the 111th Fighter Squadron, recommended that Bush be promoted to first lieutenant, calling him "a dynamic outstanding young officer" who stood out as "a top-notch fighter interceptor pilot." He said that "Lt. Bush's skills far exceed his contemporaries," and that "he is a natural leader whom his contemporaries look to for leadership. Lt. Bush is also a good follower with outstanding disciplinary traits and an impeccable military bearing." Bush was promoted.

Air National Guard members could volunteer for active duty service with the Air Force in a program called Palace Alert. The program deployed F-102 pilots to Europe and Southeast Asia, including Vietnam and Thailand. Six Air National Guard squadrons were deployed to Korea and Vietnam during 1968. According to three pilots from Bush's squadron, Bush inquired about this program but was advised by the base commander that he did not have the necessary flying experience (500 hours) at the time and that the F-102 would soon be retired, all aircraft of the type withdrawn from Vietnam by the end of 1968.

Bush's four-year part-time obligation to serve required him to maintain his immediate readiness to be recalled to active duty in the event of a national emergency. Bush performed part-time Guard duty as an F-102 pilot through April 1972, logging a total of 336 flight hours.

Before April 1972, Bush had fulfilled more than the required hours of service, but with more than two years remaining before his discharge. He volunteered his services on several projects, including a political campaign. After April 1972, Bush may have failed to meet the attendance requirements established for members of the Air National Guard. In mid-1972, he failed to meet the Air Force requirement for an annual physical examination for pilots and lost his authorization to be a pilot. According to Bush's pay records, he did not attend any drills between mid-April and the end of October 1972. He drilled in Alabama in October and November 1972, and again in January 1973; what duties he performed are unknown. Bush returned to his home unit in Houston and was paid for his service in April 1973 through July 1973; again, what duties he performed are not documented in any way.

On October 1, 1973, Bush was honorably discharged from the Texas Air National Guard and transferred to the Air Force Reserve's inactive reserves in Denver, Colorado. He was discharged from the Air Force Reserve on November 21, 1974, ending his military service.

Acceptance into the Air National Guard
During the 1968–1974 period, Presidents Johnson and Nixon decided against calling up National Guard units for service in Vietnam. However, military documents show during the Vietnam War, almost 23,000 Army and Air Guardsmen were called up for a year of active duty; some 8,700 were deployed to Vietnam.

In 1999, Ben Barnes, former Democratic Speaker of the Texas House of Representatives and Lieutenant Governor of Texas, gave testimony in a deposition for a lawsuit related to the Texas lottery; and following the deposition, his lawyer issued a statement to the press. According to the statement, Barnes had called the head of the Texas Air National Guard, Brigadier General James Rose, to recommend Bush for a pilot spot at the request of Bush family friend Sidney Adger. The statement also said, "Neither Congressman Bush nor any other member of the Bush family asked Barnes' help. Barnes has no knowledge that Governor Bush or President Bush knew of Barnes' recommendation." While working as an active fundraiser for John Kerry, Bush's opponent during the 2004 U.S. Presidential campaign, Barnes repeated that he used his political influence to preferentially refer people to the National Guard, including Bush.

Both George W. Bush and his father have stated that they did not ask Adger to intercede and were unaware of any action he may have taken. Walter Staudt, the colonel in command of Bush's squadron, has stated that he accepted Bush's application without receiving any outside pressure to do so.

In applying for pilot training, Bush took a standardized test on which he had a low score, in the 25th percentile. Also, Bush had two arrests for college pranks and four traffic offenses before applying for pilot training. In 2004, former and current military pilots said it was uncommon for an applicant to be accepted into pilot's school with such a record, though there was no specific score that disqualified a candidate.

Final flights
Flight logs released in September 2004 in response to a lawsuit (see below) showed that Bush, who had been flying in the F-102A Delta Dagger, a single-seater interceptor, for most of his career, flew nine times in T-33 trainers in February and March 1972 – nearly twice as many times as he had flown in T-33s in the prior 18 months. The logs also show that on March 12 and April 10 of 1972, Bush took two passes to land his F-102 fighter. Although White House officials could not explain the changes in the flight logs in these final flights, Air Force experts said there could be any of a number of reasons for the change in Bush's flight pattern. Retired Major General Paul A. Weaver, a former head of the Air National Guard, said Bush could have just been practicing landing skills. "It doesn't mean anything to have multiple approaches," Weaver said.

The final two entries of Bush's official flight logs show him being assigned to work as an instructional pilot in late May 1972 at a Texas Air National Guard base. The entries were entered even though he had left for Alabama in mid-May (see below) and his pay records show nonpayment for any work on the two dates of the instructional pilot assignment. Coding on the logs showed these assignments were subsequently deleted from the official record.

Flight physical
By regulation, all Air Force pilots were required to take and pass an annual physical in order to remain in flight status, in the three months prior to a pilot's birthday (in Bush's case, July 6). Bush did not take this mandatory physical examination in mid-1972. As a result of his failure to take his physical, his flight status was suspended by his commander on August 1, 1972, confirmed by Colonel Bobby Hodges on September 5, 1972, and confirmed again by a National Guard Bureau order on September 29, 1972, which meant he no longer was authorized to fly as a pilot.

Air National Guard regulations require that "the local commander who has authority to convene a Flying Evaluation Board will direct an investigation as to why the individual failed to accomplish the medical examination." But there are no records of an investigation or of any requests to complete one.

Although flight surgeons did the previous two physicals that Bush had taken, Bush said in 2000 that he wanted to wait to take the examination until his private doctor could do it. But regulations required the physical to be performed by an Air Force doctor. Air Force flight surgeons were assigned to Maxwell Air Force Base in Montgomery, Alabama, located across town from Maxwell AFB at the Dannelly Field Air National Guard Base at Dannelly Field airport, where Bush was paid for drilling in October and November 1972 and in January 1973, his only drilling dates between April 1972 and April 1973.

According to his released military records, after April 1972 Bush never flew again as an Air National Guard pilot.

Drill attendance in 1972 and 1973
During 2004, Democratic National Committee chairman Terry McAuliffe and others accused Bush of being absent without leave (AWOL) from the Air National Guard in 1972–73. White House communications director Dan Bartlett and others, who called the charge election-year propaganda, noted that Bush was honorably discharged and that no AWOL charge had ever been made against Bush by the National Guard.

Released military records show that Bush's documented service record through mid-April 1972 (Bush drilled on the 15th and 16th of that month) was without gaps; the period in question is from May 1972 forward.

Transfer request
On May 24, 1972, Bush submitted a form requesting a transfer to the 9921st Air Reserve Squadron in Montgomery, Alabama, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Reese R. Bricken. According to the request form, Bush was already in Alabama at work on the Senate campaign of Winton M. Blount, who was a friend of his father. Jimmy Allison, a longtime family friend, helped Bush get the campaign work.

On May 26, Bricken approved Bush's application for transfer. Bricken wrote: "You already understand that this is a Training Category G, Pay Group None, Reserve Section MM proposition." As an obligated Reservist, Bush was in Training Category "fA", which required a minimum of 48 periods of inactive duty training, and 15 days of active duty training, and was required to remain in that Training Category. Training Category "G" offered no training at all. According to Air Force regulations (AFM 35-3, paragraph 14-6), being in "Training Category A" meant that "If a member...will be unable to further train with his unit because of an impending change of residence,...he is required to sign a statement that he has been counseled." That counseling included notifying Bush of his obligation to find a new unit with which he could fulfill his training obligations.

On July 31, the Air Reserve Personnel Center (ARPC) rejected Bush's transfer request, saying that he could not be reassigned to an Air Reserve Squadron because of his obligated service. Bricken, asked about the matter in 2000, said that Bush made no effort to participate as a Guardsman with the 9921st.

Equivalent duty in Alabama
Bush remained obligated to train with his Texas unit or to perform substitute training elsewhere each month. On September 5, 1972, he requested permission to "perform equivalent duty" at the 187th Tactical Reconnaissance Group in Alabama "for the months of September, October, and November." He did not receive approval to do so, though his commanding officer recommended he be granted permission. He would have reported to Lieutenant Colonel William Turnipseed, the base commander, for drills on October 7 and 8, and November 4 and 5 (the September drill dates of the unit had already passed). Bush's grandfather, former U.S. Senator Prescott Bush, died of cancer on October 8, and Bush served as a pallbearer at the funeral in Greenwich, Connecticut. Turnipseed has said that he could not recall whether Bush reported on those occasions.

In 2004, John "Bill" Calhoun, a former Alabama Air National Guard officer who had served at the Dannelly Field Air National Guard Base said he had seen Bush report for duty "at least six times." He stated this happened in the spring and summer of 1972, a period Bush had not even applied for, and that Bush had spent time in his office. However, the payment and retirement records the White House handed out three days prior to Calhoun's claims show that Bush received no pay or attendance credits during that May to October period.

The U.S. Senate campaign in Alabama, on which Bush worked, ended on November 7, 1972, when Blount lost overwhelmingly. Released military records show that Bush was paid for service for the days of October 28–29 and November 11–14, 1973, and for January 4–6 and 8–10, 1973, and that he received a dental examination at Dannelly on January 6. All of those dates are outside of the period that was claimed for Bush's service in Alabama.

A 2006 column in the Birmingham News (Alabama) reported about people who remembered Bush when he was in Alabama, working for the Blount campaign: "None have specific recollections about Bush and the National Guard. Some heard he was serving but never saw for themselves." Opinions of him during his time working on the campaign ranged from good (amiable, well-liked, and fond of sports) to bad (bragging about drinking and allegations he trashed a cottage where he was living). Winton Blount's son Tom said "He was an attractive person, kind of a 'frat boy.' I didn't like him."

In 1972 and 1973, Bush dated Mavanee Bear, another member of Blount's campaign staff. Bear said in 2009 that "I know [Bush] served" while in Alabama because he had to reschedule meetings regularly, but also said, "I didn't see him in uniform." When later back in Texas, she said she frequently saw him in uniform, stating "I think he was mostly just flying in circles over Houston."

In a document dated May 2, 1973, Bush's immediate superiors gave him his annual performance review for the period from May 1, 1972, to April 30, 1973. The review stated that "Lt. Bush has not been observed at this unit during the period of the report." Lt. Col. William D. Harris Jr. and Lt. Col. Jerry B. Killian also wrote, "A civilian occupation made it necessary for him to move to Montgomery, Ala. He cleared this base on May 15, 1972, and has been performing equivalent training in a non-flying status with the 187 Tac Recon Gp. Dannelly ANG Base, Alabama."

Return to Houston
Back in Houston, in late 1972 or early 1973, Bush did unpaid volunteer work for a number of months with an inner-city poverty program, Project P.U.L.L. (Professional United Leadership League), the brainchild of John White, a former professional football player and civic leader.

Bush was paid for drilling on April 7–8, 1973. That service presumably occurred at his home base, Ellington Air Force Base, in Houston, in contradiction to the information in his performance review. For May 1973, Bush was paid for service on fifteen days: 1–3, 8–11, 19–20, 22–24, and 29-31. For June, he was paid for five days; for July (his last month of drilling) for 19 days. However, there is nothing in the released military documents that shows that he actually reported for duty on those days, or exactly where, or what duties he performed. As of the end of July 1973, Bush had been in the Air National Guard for a little over five years.

Six-year service obligation
On May 27, 1968, Bush signed a six-year obligation. That required him to complete "48 scheduled inactive-duty training periods" each fiscal year (typically consisting of four four-hour periods during one weekend each month), plus a minimum of 15 days of Annual Active Duty Training. For Bush, as a pilot, this was typically split into periods of duty of a few days each during the year.

The Boston Globe reported in September 2004 that "Bush fell well short of meeting his military obligation." They cite examples of Bush failing to meet Air National Guard commitments in 1972 and 1973. Bush's military records show that he was credited for attending Air National Guard drills during 1972 and 1973, but the time frame of these drills (see above) still left questions.

On July 30, 1973, his last day of paid service in the Texas Air National Guard, Bush signed a statement that "I have been counseled this date regarding my plans to leave my present Reserve of [sic] assignment due to moving from this area. I understand that: a. If I disassociate from my current Ready Reserve Assignment, it is my responsibility to locate and be assigned to another Reserve Forces unit or mobilization augmentation position. If I fail to do so, I am subject to involuntary order to active duty for up to 24 months under the provisions of AFM 35-3, chapter 14."

On September 5, 1973, Bush requested discharge from Texas Air National Guard service, to be effective on October 1. He wrote, "I am moving to Boston, Massachusetts to attend Harvard Business School as a full-time student." Jerry Killian recommended approval of the discharge the following day. Bush had completed five years, four months, and five days toward his six-year service obligation.

On October 1, 1973, Bush was honorably discharged from the Texas Air National Guard and transferred to the Air Force Reserve's inactive reserves in Denver, Colorado. On November 21, 1974, he was discharged from the Air Force Reserve, ending his military service.

In September 2004, Lawrence Korb, an Assistant Secretary of Defense under President Ronald Reagan, after reviewing the payroll records for Bush's last two years of service, concluded that they indicated that Bush did not fulfill his obligations and could have been ordered to active duty as a result.

Release of military records
During the 2000 presidential campaign, various military records of Bush were made public by the Bush campaign.

On February 13, 2004, during Bush's re-election campaign, more than 700 additional pages of documents on Bush's service were released, including those from the National Personnel Records Center, under the provisions of the Freedom of Information Act. This release was claimed by some to contradict the statement that Bush made on February 8, 2004 to Meet the Press interviewer Tim Russert, that "We did [authorize the release of everything] in 2000, by the way." In response, Bush contended that he was referring only to documents already in his possession, as opposed to the newly released documents from military sources.

On June 22, 2004, The Associated Press sued the U.S. Department of Defense and the U.S. Air Force, seeking access to all of Bush's records during his military service.

On July 8, 2004, the Pentagon reported that the microfilmed payroll records of Bush and numerous other service members had been inadvertently ruined in 1996 and 1997 by the Defense Finance and Accounting Service during a project to salvage deteriorating microfilm. The records lost included those covering July through September 1972, when Bush's claims of service in Alabama were in question, and the Pentagon reported that no paper backups were found.

On July 23, 2004, the Pentagon reported that the records it had previously reported destroyed had been found. A Pentagon official said the earlier statement that the records were destroyed was an "inadvertent oversight." The Pentagon released computerized payroll records covering Bush's 1972 service. Like the records released earlier by the White House, the newly released documents did not indicate that Bush performed any drills, in Alabama or elsewhere, during May through September 1972.

On September 7, 2004, the White House released the flight logs recording the flights done by Bush as a pilot. A Pentagon spokeswoman said the logs were found at the National Personnel Records Center in St. Louis, which is the central repository for veterans' records. She said the logs were found among a batch of records sent to St. Louis from Norton Air Force Base in 1993, which were originally thought to contain records of active-duty officers rather than of National Guardsmen such as Bush.

On September 24, 2004, under court order resulting from an earlier FOIA lawsuit filed by the Associated Press, the Pentagon released more documents.

On September 29, 2004, the White House released a November 1974 document, saying it had been in Bush's personnel file and that the Pentagon had found it.

On October 5, 2004, more than a week after a court-imposed deadline to turn over all records of Bush's military service, the Texas Air National Guard produced two previously unreleased documents (four pages of records) that included Bush's orders for his last day of active duty in 1973.

On October 14, 2004, two weeks after Texas National Guard officials signed an oath swearing they had turned over all records, the Texas National Guard released 31 additional pages of documents found by two retired Army lawyers who went through Guard files under an agreement between the Texas National Guard and The Associated Press, which sued to gain access to the files. A Guard spokesman defended the continuing discoveries, saying Guard officials did not find all of Bush's records because they were disorganized and in poor shape. "These boxes are full of dirt and rat [excrement] and dead bugs. They have never [sic] been sitting in an uncontrolled climate," said Lt. Col. John Stanford. "It's a tough task to go through archives that were not set up in a way that you could easily go through them."

Memos allegedly from Jerry Killian
The "Killian documents" were initially claimed by CBS to have come from the "personal files" of the late Lt. Col. Jerry B. Killian, Bush's squadron commander during Bush's Air National Guard service. They describe preferential treatment during Bush's service, including pressure on Killian to "sugar coat" an annual officer rating report for the then 1st Lt. Bush. CBS aired the story on September 8, 2004, amid more releases of Bush's official records by the Department of Defense, including one just the day before as the result of a FOIA lawsuit by the Associated Press.

The Killian documents are widely considered to be fake. Starting with a Free Republic web posting by Harry MacDougald, a conservative Republican lawyer posting under the blogger name "Buckhead." MacDougald and multiple fellow bloggers claimed that the formatting shown in the documents used proportional fonts that did not come into common use until the mid-to-late 1990s and alleged that the documents were therefore likely forgeries. While the widely publicized rationale of "Buckhead" was technically inaccurate, both related and unrelated serious challenges to the authenticity of the documents nonetheless exist. For instance, it is unlikely that the typewriters available to Killian's secretary could have produced such a document, and the documents contained U.S. Army, rather than U.S. Air Force, jargon.

The forgery allegations subsequently came to the attention of the mainstream media, especially after experts also questioned the documents' authenticity and lack of a chain of custody. The original documents have never been submitted for authentication. The man who delivered the copies, Lt. Col. Bill Burkett, a former officer in the Texas Army National Guard and outspoken Bush critic, claimed that he burned the originals. Burkett admitted lying to CBS and USA Today about where he had obtained the papers and eventually expressed doubts of his own about their authenticity.

CBS and Dan Rather initially defended the documents and the report, but on September 20, 2004 – less than two months before Election Day, CBS News stated that it had been "misled" and that it could not authenticate the documents and should not have used them. A later 60 Minutes broadcast an interview with Marian Carr Knox, secretary to Killian at the time, who stated that she "didn't type these memos", although she stated she had typed memos of similar content. CBS then formed an independent panel headed by former U.S. Attorney General Dick Thornburgh and retired Associated Press president Louis D. Boccardi to investigate the story and the handling of the Killian memos. The final report of the panel, while not addressing the authenticity of the documents, faulted many of the decisions made in developing the story, and producer Mary Mapes along with three others were forced to resign from CBS News.

Prior to the panel report being completed, Rather announced the date of his retirement, left 60 Minutes Wednesday, stepped down as anchor on March 9, 2006, and then left CBS altogether on June 20, 2006. The CBS news show that had aired the memos, 60 Minutes Wednesday, was canceled on May 18, 2005, allegedly due to poor ratings and not because of the memos broadcast.

In September 2007, Rather sued CBS and its former parent company, Viacom, for US$70 million, claiming that he had been made a "scapegoat" over the memos story. His legal fight with CBS ended in January 2010 when the New York State Supreme Court declined to hear his motion to reinstate his lawsuit.


text:
John Henry Williams (baseball)

John Henry Dussault Williams (August 27, 1968 – March 6, 2004) was the only son of baseball player Ted Williams. His mother was Ted's third wife, Dolores Wettach.

Background
Williams was born in August 1968 in Brattleboro, Vermont. His father named him "John-Henry" after the folk hero of the same name and his mother chose the middle name "Dussault" after Ding Dussault, a friend of the family and athletics coach at Tufts University.

Williams saw little of his father after his parents divorced in 1972. He attended Ted Williams baseball camp and would see his father at camp once a week during the summer. By all accounts, the relationship between Ted and Dolores remained chilly as their children grew. Dolores raised John Henry and his sister Claudia on a farm near Putney, Vermont.

He attended Vermont Academy, a small private college preparatory high school in Saxtons River, and graduated in 1986. He spent three semesters at Bates College before transferring to the University of Maine and earning a B.S. in marketing in 1991.

Business
In 1992, during the height of the sports card boom, John Henry, along with Grand Slam Marketing, founded a sports card company called the Ted Williams Card Company. The company issued two baseball and one football set (all three composed of retired players) over the next three years before it folded in 1995.

In 1999, he ran an internet service provider under the name hitter.net (formally known as Hitter Communications) that offered "nationwide" dial-up Internet access. The "nationwide" dial up service was offered as a white label product of AT&T with local dialup being provided by equipment at the Hitter.Net offices in Hernando, Florida. The company was considered to be one of the largest ISPs within the Tampa Bay area. Hitter.Net was assigned a dedicated account team and was onsite weekly 2 to 3 times a week, the sales led also which handled most of the larger ISPs within the region. John Henry also owned an adult web hosting company by the name of Strictly Hosting. The ISP went out of business in 2001 after filing for bankruptcy protection and was acquired by Earthlink. The adult web hosting company also went out of business during 2001 and was sold to another adult web hosting company which continued its operations for a few years afterward.

Baseball career
In 2002, at the age of 33, John Henry entered pro baseball, with Ted pulling strings to get him onto the Red Sox's rookie team in the Gulf Coast League. Dubbed "The Kid's Kid" by the media, John Henry had his father's build but little of his baseball talent: after just two games (where he failed to get a hit in six at-bats), he broke two ribs crashing into the stands in an attempt to catch a foul ball, ending his season. In 2003, Williams signed with the Schaumburg Flyers of the independent Northern League but was released in spring training. Later that season, John Henry played for two teams in the independent Southeastern League: the Selma Cloverleafs and the Baton Rouge Riverbats, where he hit a combined .149 in 27 games.

Alcor controversy
John Henry's father Ted died on July 5, 2002. Announcing there would be no funeral, he had Ted's body flown to the Alcor Life Extension Foundation in Scottsdale, Arizona, and placed in cryonic suspension. John Henry's lawyer produced an informal family pact signed by Ted, John Henry, and Claudia in which they agreed "to be put into biostasis after we die" to "be able to be together in the future, even if it is only a chance."

In his book, Ted Williams: An American Hero, Leigh Montville disputes this document, as he believes it to be a "practice autograph" with the rest of the contract written around it: It was signed "Ted Williams", whereas Williams typically signed legal documents with his full name (Theodore), according to Montville.

Barbara Joyce (Bobbie Jo) Ferrell, Ted's daughter by his first wife, sued John Henry, claiming that Ted wanted to be cremated and led a very public campaign against her half-brother. Ferrell, who was in contact with her father but had only met her siblings a few times, had been disinherited by Williams. She also alleged John Henry was planning to sell their father's DNA, a charge John Henry disputed. A judge ruled that the signature on the family pact was Ted's, and the note would stand as his final request. On December 20, 2002, Ferrell withdrew her objections after a judge agreed that a $645,000 trust would be distributed equally among the siblings.

Death
In October 2003, it was announced that John Henry had been diagnosed with acute myelogenous leukemia, the same disease that claimed Ted's brother, Danny, in 1960. He began chemotherapy, and underwent a bone marrow transplant with a donation from Claudia. He died with Claudia and Dolores at his side on March 6, 2004, at the UCLA Medical Center. He was 35.

John Henry's body was then transported to Alcor, in further fulfillment of the agreement.

title: John Henry Williams (baseball)


text:
Kinnie

Kinnie is a Maltese bittersweet carbonated soft drink brewed from bitter oranges and extracts of wormwood. It was first introduced in 1952 by the brewery Simonds Farsons Cisk, and continues to be produced by Farsons in Mrieħel, Birkirkara, Malta.

Kinnie is brown, and is drunk straight or mixed with alcohol. It holds a reputation for being Malta's favourite non-alcoholic beverage, sometimes even called the 'national soft drink'.

History
Kinnie was invented by Simonds Farsons Cisk's managing director Anthony Miceli Farrugia and was first produced in 1952 as an alternative to the cola drinks that proliferated in post-war Europe, specifically Coca-Cola. Its taste was deliberately kept different from its international competition due to branding reasons. In 1975, it became the soft drink of the year of the French Comité International d'Action Gastronomique et Touristique.

Kinnie's recipe is kept secret, though it is speculated to contain ginseng and rhubarb.

A Diet version for Kinnie appeared in 1984. In 2007, a new low calorie version of Kinnie called Kinnie Zest was made available. This has a stronger orange flavour, and is advertised as only having one calorie per bottle. Simonds started selling Kinnie Vita in 2014, which is sweetened using a blend of sugar and stevia leaf extract. In April 2021, Kinnie launched an alcoholic version of the drink called 'Kinnie Spritz'.

Sales locations
Kinnie is exported to the UK, Italy, Germany, Poland, the Netherlands, Libya, and Canada, while also being available in Japan.

Kinnie is produced in Australia by Maltese Beverages Pty Limited, under a licence from Farsons.

In March 2009, it was announced that Farsons were going to start exporting Kinnie into Russia. In the summer of 2010, Farsons and Kinnie UK Limited soft-launched Kinnie and its two variants in London's West End, reaching almost 100 trial outlets by September 2010.

title: Kinnie


text:
Talk:List of television stations in Ohio

Untitled
You wrote "Channel 64: WSTR - WB, Cincinnati". Click on the link and it won't take you to what you want. Please modify it.


text:
Exotic probability

Exotic probability is a branch of probability theory that deals with probabilities which are outside the normal range of [0, 1].

According to the author of various papers on exotic probability, Saul Youssef, the valid possible alternatives for probability values are the real numbers, the complex numbers and the quaternions. Youssef also cites the work of Richard Feynman, P. A. M. Dirac, Stanley Gudder and S. K. Srinivasan as relevant to exotic probability theories.

Of the application of such theories to quantum mechanics, Bill Jefferys has said: "Such approaches are also not necessary and in my opinion they confuse more than they illuminate."

title: Exotic probability


text:
User talk:Conumdrum

Hi, welcome to the Wikipedia! I hope you like the place, and decide to stick around. Here are some helpful links:

 * 1) Manual of Style
 * 2) Sandbox is where to experiment
 * 3) New user log lets us learn a bit about you

Anyway, I have some questions on Odd Pricing--what exactly is this phenomenon, and in what contexts does it appear? It sounds interesting, and you might want to add these things to the article. Thanks very much, by the way--the topic is one that deserves an article. Yours, Meelar 01:26, 8 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Hi conumdrum and welcome. I see that you have been unable to upload the images for the page you created. I think you have to be logged-in before you can upload images. By the way, are you aware that Odd Pricing means the same as psychological pricing. Good to have you on-board. mydogategodshat 02:44, 8 Mar 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Conumdrum


text:
Gulfstream G550

The Gulfstream G550 is a business jet aircraft produced by General Dynamics' Gulfstream Aerospace unit in Savannah, Georgia, US. The certification designation is GV-SP. A version with reduced fuel capacity was marketed as the G500. Gulfstream ceased production of the G550 in July 2021.

Development

The first production G550 (GV-SP) flew on 18 July 2002 and the aircraft received its FAA type certificate on August 14, 2003. In 2014, Gulfstream looked at a re-engine with the Rolls-Royce Pearl BR700 development announced in May 2018 for the new Global Express 5500 and 6500 variants but preferred the BR725-powered, 7,500 nmi G650. The 500th Gulfstream G550 aircraft was delivered in May 2015.

Deliveries went from 50 aircraft in 2011 to 19 in 2016 and with 40 units for sale in a fleet of 540. Valuations of the G550 are falling: a 10-year-old G550 valued $28 million a year before is worth $18-$20 million in January 2017, while a two-year-old went from $40 to $35 million. In May 2017, early 2003 G550s were valued at $14 million against more than $45 million for newly purchased aircraft, flying an average of 425 hours per year. In December 2018, a 2012-2013 G550 was valued $28-31 million, and cost $7,135 per hour for 400 hours a year.

As it was replaced by the Gulfstream G600 by October 2019, the G550 was kept in limited production for long-term special missions applications and government orders.

The final commercially available G550 was delivered in June 2021 after more than 600 of the aircraft were produced.

Design

Compared to the Gulfstream V, drag reduction details boost range by 250 nmi and increase fuel efficiency. Maximum takeoff weight (MTOW) is increased by 500 lb and takeoff performance is enhanced. A seventh pair of windows is added and the entry door is moved 2 ft forward to increase usable cabin length. The PlaneView flight deck features cursor control devices, Honeywell Primus Epic avionics, standard head-up guidance system by Rockwell Collins and enhanced vision system by Elbit, improving situational awareness in reduced visibility conditions.

Initial long-range cruise altitude is FL 400-410, first hour fuel burn is 4,500-5,000 lb decreasing for the second hour to 3,000 and 2,400 lb for the last hour. Flight hourly budget is $700-950 for engine reserves, $250 for parts and 2.5 maintenance hours. It competes against the Bombardier Global 6000, which has higher direct operating costs and less range but a more spacious cross section, and the Dassault Falcon 7X with fly-by-wire flight controls, better fuel efficiency and a wider but shorter cabin.

Variants

 * The same as the Gulfstream V or GV with a new flightdeck display system, airframe aerodynamic and engine improvements, main entry door moved forward, also marketed as the G550.
 * The same as the Gulfstream V or GV with a new flightdeck display system, airframe aerodynamic and engine improvements, main entry door moved forward, also marketed as the G550.

 * G500
 * The Gulfstream G500 has a reduced fuel capacity. Introduced in 2004 as a shorter 5800 nmi range version, it has the same exterior appearance, as well as the PlaneView cockpit, but Visual Guidance System (HUD) and Enhanced Vision System (EVS) are options. Its unit cost was.

 * G550
 * Marketing name for the GV-SP. In 2021, its equipped price was $54.5M (~$ in ).

 * C-37B
 * U.S. military designation for the G550 in a VIP passenger configuration.

 * EA-37B
 * U.S. military designation G550 version in an Electronic Warfare configuration to replace USAF's existing EC-130H Compass Call aircraft. Previously known as EC-37B, on November 14, 2023, Air Combat Command redesignated the platform as EA-37B to better identify its mission of finding and attacking enemy land or sea targets.

 * NC-37B
 * U.S. military designation for proposed G550 with the "Conformal AEW" body shape for use as range telemetry aircraft for U.S. Navy.

 * MC-55A Peregrine
 * Royal Australian Air Force designation for SIGINT and ELINT intelligence gathering variant.

 * G550 CAEW
 * Israel has acquired a number of G550s, fitted with the IAI EL/W-2085 sensor package (a newer derivative of the Phalcon system) for Airborne Early Warning (AEW) use and named the aircraft Eitam. This aircraft is heavily modified for the AEW role by Gulfstream's partner, Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI), and is also called CAEW (Conformal Airborne Early Warning) by Gulfstream Special Missions Department. Israel has also acquired a number of G550s dubbed SEMA (Special Electronic Missions Aircraft) with systems EL/I-3001 integration also carried out by IAI. In 2012, Italy acquired two G550 CAEWs as part of a counter-deal to Israel's $1 billion (~$ in ) order for 30 Alenia Aermacchi M-346 advanced jet trainers. In 2022, Italy ordered two additional aircraft. Singapore ordered four similar G550 CAEW aircraft equipped with the EL/W-2085 sensor package from Gulfstream and IAI.

 * E-550A: Italian military designation for the G550 CAEW
 * Air-to-air refueling variant: Israel Aerospace Industries has studied adapting the G550 for air-to-air refueling use.

Operators
The aircraft is operated by numerous governments, private individuals, companies and executive charter operators. A number of companies also use the aircraft as part of fractional ownership programs.

title: Gulfstream G550


text:
Talk:Dolls (2002 film)

Does saying that it god bad reviews sound like it was actually bad? In that case, how can I rephrase it so that it doesn't?

-- Pilaf 01:30, 8 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Dolls-poster.jpg
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title: Talk:Dolls (2002 film)


text:
Talk:Manchester Phoenix

Is it really spelled Pheonix? RickK 01:32, 8 Mar 2004 (UTC)

No, it's Phoenix. RickK 01:32, 8 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:LogoManchesterPhoenix.gif
Image:LogoManchesterPhoenix.gif is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

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text:
Es (Cyrillic)

Es (С с; italics: С с) is a letter of the Cyrillic script.

It commonly represents the voiceless alveolar fricative, like the pronunciation of $⟨s⟩$ in "sand".

History
The Cyrillic letter Es is derived from a variant of the Greek letter Sigma known as lunate sigma (Ϲ ϲ), in use in the Greek-speaking world in early medieval times. “Es” (Cyrillic: С) is related to the Latin letter “C” (C c), visuo-phono-semantically due to being a homoglyph and having similar roots, which C is a descendant of the Greek letter Gamma (Γ γ), and therefore С is related to the Latin C and Latin G. While the Cyrillic “С” represents the /s/ sound, many languages apply the value of to the Latin letter “C,” especially before front vowels like ‘‘e’’ and ‘‘i’’ (examples include English, French, Portuguese, and Latin American Spanish). This distinction between “hard” and “soft” C reflects historical phonetic shifts. As its name suggests, “Es” is also related to the Latin letter “S.”

The name of Es in the Early Cyrillic alphabet was (slovo), meaning "word" or "speech".

In the Cyrillic numeral system, Es had a value of 200.

Form
In the modern Latinized Cyrillic fonts in use today, the Cyrillic letter Es looks exactly like the C|Latin letter C, being one of six letters in the Cyrillic alphabet that share appearances with Latin alphabet letters but are pronounced differently (or at least differently from the most common pronunciation). This fact has been frequently abused by plagiarism detector circumventors.

Usage
As used in the alphabets of various languages, Es represents the following sounds:
 * voiceless alveolar fricative, like the pronunciation of $⟨s⟩$ in "sand"
 * palatalized voiceless alveolar fricative

The pronunciations shown in the table are the primary ones for each language; for details consult the articles on the languages.

Related letters and other similar characters

 * Σ σ/ς : Greek letter Sigma
 * S s : S|Latin letter S
 * Ѕ ѕ : Ѕ|Cyrillic letter Ѕ
 * C c : C|Latin letter C

title: Es (Cyrillic)


text:
Nanta

Nanta may refer to:
 * Notia, Greece - Nânta
 * Nanta (show), a South Korean theatrical show

Chinese place name

 * Nanta, Chenzhou (南塔街道), a subdistrict of Suxian District, Chenzhou, Hunan.

title: Nanta