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Talk:List of children's games

Warball
Hi, I noticed that warball directs the reader to a page about a metal band.

It is not a children's game, but I'm not sure what warball is - it may or may not be one. Please change. Signed, An alert wiki-leecher.71.135.76.244 22:25, 15 March 2007 (UTC)

I am looking for information about a game we played in the 40s and 50s that we called FLY or sometimes STICKS. We had about 6 or so sticks approximately 40 cms long that were placed in a line about 40 centimetres apart. We ran between the sticks from botom to top. When finished we we able to move one stick to the top to create a bigger space in the middle. The object of the game was to traverse the spaces without touching the sticks. It became harder each time a stick was removed.If you touched a stick with your feet, you were out.Thanks, Faye —Preceding unsigned comment added by 60.241.66.229 (talk) 22:55, 16 September 2007 (UTC)

Skelly
Hi, I was looking for the game of "skelly" we played it with bottle caps. We put melted wax into the bottle cap to give it more weight too. The object of the game was to shoot the cap with your pointer finger and thumb to each numbered box, I think it was 9 boxes, then to the middle for the win. You could knock your opponents cap out and they had to shoot from wherever the cap landed. I want to make a skelly board for my grandchildren to keep something of my past alive. Does anyone have the correct placement of the numbers, for the board. Thanks, and please add Skelly to your list of traditional children's games, it sure was a favorite of mine.....Carol — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.189.99.115 (talk) 19:09, 13 September 2008 (UTC)

King's Base
(As a kid in Massachusetts, I loved playing this game with my cousins. I don't remember how we learned it, but I think it was originally British.)

King's Base is an outdoor tag-style game played by about a dozen children, typically boys. At the start of the game each boy chooses a recognizable home base, such as a tree or fence post. If a boy leaves base, he can be tagged and captured by any other boy who later leaves base (is "fresher"). Once a capture is made, both boys get a free walk back to the base of the captor. The captive them becomes the teammate of the captor. The game is over when all boys are on the same team, and the winner is the boy who has been on the team the longest.

While the game is mostly about running, a good bit of cunning is involved as well. Players need situational awareness of who is "fresher", and baiting opponents is an essential part of the game.

Variation: teammates on base can hold hands in a chain and extend the base by the principle of "electricity". This gives an advantage to larger teams and shortens the game. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.78.218.189 (talk) 01:30, 15 September 2010 (UTC)

"Slaps"
Slaps was a game that I and many other played in Elementary School especially, though it was used in feats of brute strength and will in the upper school years to prove "dominance" or just generally piss off the teachers. We affectionately called it 'slaps' - we called Red Hands 'pull-away-and-slap' or 'pull-away' in the rare occasions it was played - 'rare', of course, signifying that it was not played too often.

This is how it was played:

Two people would lock hands rather like as shown in this picture: http://www.local802afm.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/Hands-clasping-istock-2.jpg

The people'd be across from each other, or sitting next to each other but turned face to face. Like shown, we'd wrap our hand around the other's hand, with the thumb in between the other's index finger and thumb and the other four fingers clutching the edge of the other side. For best results, the hands are about the same size and don't cover up too much of the dorsal side of the other's hand, because you need to need enough room to (funnily enough) slap. There are other ways you can lock hands, but this is the one we typically used as we found it easiest to uncover the back of the hand in this position.

We used the back of the hand because it was decently sensitive and wasn't in a place where awkward bruises or sores would attract unwanted attention. There were variants, including slapping the underbelly of the forearm, the palm, and the face - but they were either deemed not painful enough or they'd attract unwanted attention, as mentioned before.

In addition, locking hands and then slapping with the other one was a good way to make it harder. All you can really do while having your hands intertwined is to apply pressure to your opponent's hand; you can't recoil or shake it off, and the combination of squeezing the other's hand (both for causing them more pain and relieving yours) and slapping was found to be extremely effective.

I'm sure you've figured out the actual game by now: You simply take turns slapping each other's hand. Unlike arm wrestling, where the strongest always wins, this involves stamina and pain tolerance. It's kind of like walking barefoot on asphalt on a sunny day; you feel it stinging. . . gets hotter. . . it burns, but you grit your teeth and bear it. . . your feet feel like they're on fire. . . and then you jump up, yelp, and run over to the nearest towel/shadow/moist grass/water to get your feet off the ground and wait for the stinging to wear off.

There were variants; in some games you'd only lose if you took your hand out or said "stop", more commonly, you couldn't make a sound at all. The latter was especially useful in avoiding authority figures - for some reason, the adults wouldn't let us voluntarily inflict pain upon each other.

Most of the time, people with the same dominant hand would play, because you could either lock right-hand-with-right-hand or left-hand-with-left-hand. Either way, it was still fairly even - of course, one will always be able to slap harder, but you're either both using the dominant hand or both using the lesser hand. If you a right-handed person played with a left-handed person, it would be unfairly unbalanced. In a case of locking the right hands, the left-handed person would win and vice-versa.

I don't know if this was a local thing or not, but I don't think it is - I moved around a few times as a child; there were at least a few kids each in Omaha, Charlotte, and Phoenix who knew how to play right off the bat. I never heard it referred to as anything but 'slaps', though it is worth noting that the number of kids recognizing the game were in the minority.

Secondly - I went through all the games. If I knew it by a different name, yet it was never mentioned in the article, I'll list it here; I won't pretend to be smart about Wikipedia, and I like to avoid editing - I don't do a very good job of it.

British bulldogs - we called it "Octopus's Garden"; this is similar to the "octopus" mentioned on the article. -Variants of Tag - we called "Octopus Tag" "Octopus's Garden" as well. We considered these variants of the same game; they were often played in different way, especially depending on location. "Octopus Tag" was played in cul-de-sacs; one gym teacher called a version "line tag" because the taggers were stuck on the half-court line on a marking of basketball lines on the floor of the gym; "Red Rover" was sometimes played in the sense of "Red Rover, send people who are -category- over!" - this was usually moderated to generalities and/or played with a large numbers of players, because people would get smart and call out "wearing a red shirt with a pony on it with a blue knee-length skirt" and zero-in on single players like that. Also, "Sharks and Minnows" was used in any occasion when there was an "infected" group and "uninfected" group. Typically, there would be a defined space and some hiding places or rest/vantage points (exempli gratia sharks can't access playground equipment but they can still tag you if you're on a piece, so people would crowd at the top of the slide . . .)

Hope I didn't bore you. Just something to think about.

— Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.99.140.120 (talk) 21:19, 7 July 2013 (UTC)

Yahtzee Jr.
Why is this commercial branded game listed here? Surely that's inappropriate, and only encourages every single commercial board game to be added. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.206.6.145 (talk) 11:56, 27 April 2015 (UTC)

Clothing
Mother may I put on some clothing 2601:2C2:A80:6380:89DF:6F85:8FDB:E4CA (talk) 19:33, 10 July 2023 (UTC)

Kerby
The Kerby ball game definitely deserves an article, its been played by British children since the late 1900s and the Kerby Championship sees around 20,000 participants annually. Basically two people stand either side of a road and take it in turns trying to throw a ball at their opponents curb. There are minor regional variants for how you score points, but it boils down to being awarded points for how far the ball bounces back and whether you catch it. There is a lot of information in Google. 81.78.71.175 (talk) 23:59, 16 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of children's games


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Raffles

Raffles may refer to:

People

 * Sir Stamford Raffles (1781–1826), British statesman, Lieutenant Governor of Java and founder of Singapore in 1819
 * Thomas Raffles (1788–1863), English Congregational minister
 * Frank Boucher (1901–1977), Canadian ice hockey player and executive nicknamed "Raffles"

Schools

 * Raffles Girls' Primary School, an all-girls primary school in Singapore
 * Raffles Girls' School, an all-girls secondary school in Singapore
 * Raffles Institution, a pre-tertiary educational institution in Singapore
 * Raffles Junior College, the formerly independent junior college affiliate of Raffles Institution
 * National University of Singapore, formerly known as Raffles College
 * Raffles University, Neemrana, Rajasthan, India
 * Raffles International Christian School, a school in Indonesia

Business

 * Raffles City Singapore, a shopping mall
 * Raffles City Shanghai, China
 * Raffles City Chongqing, China
 * Raffles Hotel in Singapore, named after Stamford Raffles
 * Raffles Hotels & Resorts, a chain of luxury hotels
 * Fairmont Raffles Hotels International, a hotel management company and owner of the Raffles Hotel
 * Raffles (cigarette), a cigarette brand made by Philip Morris

Fiction

 * A. J. Raffles (character), a fictional gentleman thief in a series of books by E. W. Hornung
 * Raffles, the Amateur Cracksman (1917 film), a silent adaptation starring John Barrymore and Evelyn Brent
 * Raffles (1930 film), a sound adaptation starring Ronald Colman
 * Raffles (1939 film), another adaptation, starring David Niven
 * Raffles (1958 film)
 * Raffles (TV series), a 1977 television adaptation starring Anthony Valentine
 * Raffles (Lord Lister), a fictional German pulp hero originally with similarities to A. J. Raffles
 * Raffles Haw, an 1891 fictional character in a moralistic story by A. Conan Doyle
 * "Raffles", an episode of the British sitcom Hi-de-Hi!

Places

 * Raffles, Cumbria, a suburb of Carlisle, United Kingdom
 * Raffles Bay, Northern Territory, Australia
 * Raffles Island, Semersooq, Greenland
 * Raffles Place, Central Region, Singapore

Other uses

 * The plural of raffle, a game of chance involving numbered tickets
 * Raffles's malkoha (Rhinortha chlorophaea), a species of cuckoo
 * Raffles (horse), a famous Arabian horse stallion
 * The Raffles Museum of Biodiversity Research, at the National University of Singapore
 * Raffles (video game), a 1991 video game released on Atari ST and Amiga
 * Raffles v Wichelhaus [1864] EWHC Exch J19, a leading case on mutual mistake in English contract law

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Raffles


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Pilbara

The Pilbara is a large, dry, thinly populated region in the north of Western Australia. It is known for its Aboriginal peoples; its ancient landscapes; the red earth; and its vast mineral deposits, in particular iron ore. It is also a global biodiversity hotspot for subterranean fauna.

Definitions of the Pilbara region
At least two important but differing definitions of "the Pilbara" region exist. Administratively it is one of the nine regions of Western Australia defined by the Regional Development Commissions Act 1993; the term also refers to the Pilbara shrublands bioregion (which differs in extent) under the Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia (IBRA).

General
The Pilbara region, as defined by the Regional Development Commissions Act 1993 and administered for economic development purposes by the Pilbara Development Commission, has an estimated population of 61,688, and covers an area of 507,896 sqkm. It contains some of Earth's oldest rock formations, and includes landscapes of coastal plains and mountain ranges with cliffs and gorges. The major settlements of the region are Port Hedland, Karratha and Newman. The three main ports in this region are Port Hedland, Dampier and Port Walcott.

The area is known for its petroleum, natural gas and iron ore deposits, which contribute significantly to Australia's economy. Other than mining, pastoral activities as well as fishing and tourism are the main industries.

Local government
The Pilbara region, under the Pilbara Development Commission, contains four local government areas:

 * Ashburton – Shire of Ashburton
 * East Pilbara – Shire of East Pilbara
 * Karratha – City of Karratha
 * Port Hedland – Town of Port Hedland

Etymology
The Pilbara Aboriginal Language Centre Wangka Maya says that the name for the Pilbara region derives from the Aboriginal word bilybara, meaning "dry" in the Nyamal and Banyjima languages.

Alternatively, the Western Australia Gas Industry claims that the region takes its name from pilbarra, an Aboriginal word for the mullet that is available in local waters. The Pilbara Creek (originally spelt "Pilbarra") is a tributary of the Yule River, a significant river in the region. Sea mullet and barramundi can still be caught in the Yule River today. Pilbara Goldfield, discovered in 1885, was named after the creek, and the name later became associated with the region.

History

Radiocarbon dating estimates in evidence show that rock art and standing stones at Murujuga in Dampier Archipelago, Australia's earliest known stone structures, believably dating from 6046 to 5338 BC, are of contextualization by thousands of years of unique cultural traditions and folklore. These sites have lived up as part of survival in present times.

The first European to explore the area was Francis Thomas Gregory in 1861. Within two years, European settlers had begun arriving. The region was regarded as part of the North West at first – a larger area that included the modern Kimberley and Gascoyne regions.

Settlements along the coast at Tien Tsin Harbour (later Cossack), Roebourne and Condon (officially Shellborough; later abandoned) were established over ensuing decades, mainly as centres of the rangeland livestock (grazing/pastoral) industry or pearling ports. However, as natural mother of pearl beds around Cossack were fished out, the pearling fleet began to move northward, and by 1883 it was based at Broome, in the Kimberley region. From c. 1900, pastoralism went into decline with the growth of other, more productive agricultural areas of the state.

Mining in the region started on 1 October 1888, when the Pilbara Goldfield was officially declared – named after a local creek, the goldfield would later give its name to the region as a whole. It was later divided into the Nullagine Goldfield and Marble Bar Goldfield. However, gold mining began to decline in the Pilbara in the mid-1890s, after alluvial ore had been exhausted. In 1937, mining of asbestos commenced at Wittenoom Gorge. While the presence of abundant iron ore had been known for about a century, it was not until the 1960s and the discovery of high-grade ore in the Hamersley Ranges that the area became pivotal to the state's economy, and towns built to accommodate mining and allied services boomed.

In the 1950s, three British nuclear weapons tests were carried out in the Montebello Islands, 130 km (81 mi) off the Pilbara coast.

Prehistory
The Aboriginal population of the Pilbara considerably predates, by 30–40,000 years, the European colonisation of the region. Archaeological evidence indicates that people were living in the Pilbara even during the harsh climatic conditions of the Last Glacial Maximum. The early history of the first peoples is held within an oral tradition, archeological evidence and petroglyphs. Near the town of Dampier is a peninsula known as Murujuga, which contains a large collection of World Heritage-listed petroglyphs, dating back thousands of years. Rock art in the Pilbara appears to have been primarily etched into the hard rock surfaces, compared to predominantly paintings on the softer sandstone in the Kimberley. This does not preclude that painting was and is not performed in the Pilbara.

20th century
Working conditions in the pearling and pastoral industries for Aboriginal people in the Pilbara region around 1900 have been described as slavery, with no wages paid, kidnapping as well as severe and cruel punishments for misbehaviour and absconding all common practices. Some incidents, such as the Bendu Atrocity of 1897, attracted international condemnation. The first strike by Indigenous people in Australia took place in 1946 in the Pilbara, known as the Pilbara strike or Pilbara Aboriginal strike, when Aboriginal pastoral workers walked off the stations in protest at low pay and bad working conditions, a strike that lasted for over three years.

Family clans in the Pilbara who were supported by mining prospector, Don McLeod, developed skills for mining and the concentration of rare metals. For a short period money accumulated, which according to Aboriginal law was to be used for traditional ways. Eventually the funds were used to establish an independent Aboriginal-controlled school. The concept has expanded into a movement with around 20 similar schools established in northern Western Australia by the mid-1990s. Jan Richardson, wife of Victorian Aboriginal activist Stan Davey, wrote a biography of McLeod as a doctoral thesis.

21st century
In 2006, it was estimated that 15% of the population of the Pilbara identify as Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander people, approximately 6,000 people.

Many Pilbara communities face the many complex effects of colonisation, and lack adequate access to housing, health and education. A 1971 survey of 1,000 Aboriginal people conducted by Pat McPherson found that most had one or more serious diseases. At the McClelland Royal Commission into British nuclear testing, Aboriginals from the Pilbara provided evidence regarding the explosion on the Montebello Islands.

Aboriginal communities are sited over a number of different places. Many have poor infrastructure, and relations between police and Aboriginal people are often tense.

Location and description
Under the Regional Development Commissions Act Pilbara is situated south of the Kimberley, and is made up of the local government areas of Shire of Ashburton, Shire of East Pilbara, City of Karratha and Town of Port Hedland.

The Pilbara region covers an area of 507,896 km2 (193,826 mi2) (including offshore islands), roughly the combined land area of the US States of California and Indiana. It has a population of more than 45,000, most of whom live in the western third of the region, in towns such as Port Hedland, Karratha, Wickham, Newman and Marble Bar. A substantial number of people also work in the region on a fly-in/fly-out basis. There are approximately 10 major/medium population centres and more than 25 smaller ones

The Pilbara consists of three distinct geographic areas. The western third is the Roebourne coastal sandplain, which supports most of the region's population in towns and much of its industry and commerce. The eastern third is almost entirely desert, and is sparsely populated by a small number of Aboriginal peoples. These are separated by the inland uplands of the Pilbara Craton, including the predominant Hamersley Range which has a considerable number of mining towns, the Chichester Range and others. These uplands have a number of gorges and other natural attractions.

The Pilbara contains some of the world's oldest surface rocks, including the ancient fossilised remains known as stromatolites and rocks such as granites that are more than three billion years old. In 2007, some of the oldest evidence of life on Earth was found in 3.4 billion-year-old sandstones at Strelley Pool, which preserve fossils of sulfur-processing bacteria. The mineralized spheres, which were found on an ancient beach and have a cell-like morphology, were chemically analysed, revealing that they used sulfur for fuel.

An extinct genus of stromatolite-forming cyanobacteria, Pilbaria was named after this region, where the type specimen was found.

Climate
The climate of the Pilbara is arid and tropical. It experiences high temperatures and low irregular rainfall that follows the summer cyclones. During the summer months, maximum temperatures exceed 32 C almost every day, and temperatures in excess of 45 C are not uncommon. Winter temperatures rarely drop below 10 C on the coast; however, inland temperatures as low as 0 C are occasionally recorded.

The Pilbara town of Marble Bar set a world record of most consecutive days of maximum temperatures of 100 degrees Fahrenheit (37.8 degrees Celsius) or more, during a period of 160 such days from 31 October 1923 to 7 April 1924.

The average annual rainfall in the region is between 200 and 350 mm. Almost all of the Pilbara's rainfall occurs between December and May, usually with occasional heavy downpours in thunderstorms or tropical cyclones. The period from June to November is usually completely rainless, with warm to very hot and sunny conditions. Like most of the north coast of Australia, the coastal areas of the Pilbara experience occasional tropical cyclones. The frequency of cyclones crossing the Pilbara coast is about 7 every 10 years. Due to the low population density in the Pilbara region, cyclones rarely cause large scale destruction or loss of life.

Economy
The Pilbara's economy is dominated by mining exports and petroleum export industries.

During the 1970s the area was known for union militancy with many strikes and some mines operating as fully unionised 'closed shops.' This was challenged by employers from the mid-1980s onwards and the region now has a very low level of union membership compared to other parts of Australia.

Iron ore
Most of Australia's iron ore is mined in the Pilbara, with mines mostly centred around Tom Price and Newman. The iron ore industry employs 9,000 people from the Pilbara area. The Pilbara also has one of the world's major manganese mines, Woodie Woodie, situated 400 km southeast of Port Hedland.

Iron ore deposits were first discovered by prospector Stan Hilditch, who in 1957 found a large iron ore deposit in the southern Ophthalmia Range, at what was to become the Mount Whaleback mine.

In the 1960s, it was reportedly called "one of the most massive ore bodies in the world" by Thomas Price, then vice president of US-based steel company Kaiser Steel. Geoscience Australia calculated that the country's "economic demonstrated resources" of iron amounted to 24 gigatonnes, or 24 billion tonnes. According to the Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics,, that resource is being used up at a rate of 324 million tonnes a year, with rates expected to increase over coming years. Experts Gavin Mudd (Monash University) and Jonathon Law (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation) expect it to be gone within 30 to 50 years (Mudd) and 56 years (Law).

, active iron ore mines in the Pilbara are:
 * BC Iron
 * Iron Valley mine
 * BHP
 * Area C mine
 * Jimblebar mine
 * Mount Whaleback mine
 * Orebodies 18, 23 and 25 mine
 * Yandi mine
 * Yarrie mine
 * Fortescue Metals Group
 * Christmas Creek mine
 * Cloud Break mine
 * Rio Tinto
 * Brockman mine
 * Brockman 4 mine
 * Channar mine
 * Eastern Range mine
 * Hope Downs mine
 * Marandoo mine
 * Mesa A mine
 * Mesa J mine
 * Mount Tom Price mine
 * Nammuldi mine
 * Paraburdoo mine
 * West Angelas mine
 * Yandicoogina mine
 * Atlas Iron
 * Pardoo mine
 * Moly Mines
 * Spinifex Ridge (molybdenum, copper, iron ore)

Liquified natural gas
A significant part of Pilbara's economy is based on liquified natural gas (LNG) through the North West Shelf Venture and Pluto LNG plant, both operated by Woodside.

Agriculture
The region also has a number of cattle-grazing stations, and a substantial tourist sector, with popular natural attractions including the Karijini and Millstream-Chichester national parks and the Dampier Archipelago.

Transport
The first railway in the Pilbara region was the narrow-gauge Marble Bar Railway between Port Hedland and Marble Bar. The Marble Bar Railway opened in July 1911 and closed in October 1951. The Roebourne-Cossack Tramway opened in 1897 and many industrial railways have been built to serve the mines.

Five heavy-duty railways are associated with the various iron-ore mines. They are all standard gauge and built to the heaviest North American standards. Rio Tinto runs driverless trains on its railways.

Ports
The ports of the Pilbara are:

 * Port Hedland
 * Nelson Point and Finucane Island (operated by BHP)
 * Herb Elliott Port (operated by the Fortescue Metals Group)
 * Dampier (operated by Rio Tinto)
 * Cape Lambert (operated by Rio Tinto)
 * Anketell Port (under development)

Terrestrial

The dominant flora of the Pilbara is acacia trees and shrubs and drought-resistant Triodia spinifex grasses. Several species of acacia (wattle) trees are endemic to the Pilbara and are the focus of conservation programs, along with wildflowers and other local specialities.

"Fairy circles" (known as "linyji" in the Manyjilyjarra language and "mingkirri" in the Warlpiri language) which are circular patches of land barren of plants, varying between 2 and 12 m in diameter and often encircled by a ring of stimulated growth of grass, are found in the western part of the Great Sandy Desert in the Pilbara. It has not yet been proven what causes these formations, but one theory suggests that they have been built and inhabited by Australian harvester termites since the Pleistocene.

The Pilbara is home to a wide variety of endemic species adapted to this tough environment. There is a high diversity of invertebrates, including hundreds of species of subterranean fauna (both stygofauna and troglofauna), which are microscopic invertebrates that live in caves, vugs or groundwater aquifers of the region, and terrestrial fauna (see short-range endemic invertebrates). The Pilbara olive python, the western pebble-mound mouse, and the Pilbara ningaui of the Hamersley Range are among the many species of animals within the fragile ecosystems of this desert ecoregion. Birds include the Australian hobby, nankeen kestrel, spotted harrier, mulga parrot and budgerigars.

Wildlife has been damaged by the extraction of iron, natural gas and asbestos, but the protection of culturally and environmentally sensitive areas of the Pilbara is now enhanced by the delineation of several protected areas, including the Millstream-Chichester and the Karijini National Parks.

Freshwater
The western Pilbara is part of the Pilbara freshwater ecoregion, also known as the Pilbara-Gascoyne or Indian Ocean drainage basin. The freshwater region is characterized by intermittent rivers which form deep gorges, and brackish-water caves that host endemic species. The region includes the drainages of the Murchison, Gascoyne, Ashburton, Fortescue, and De Grey rivers. The Great Sandy Desert, which covers the eastern Pilbara, has little freshwater habitat.

title: Pilbara


text:
M-37 (Michigan highway)

M-37 is a north–south state trunkline highway in the US state of Michigan. The southern terminus is near the border between Kalamazoo and Calhoun counties at exit 92 of Interstate 94 (I-94) southwest of Battle Creek. The northern terminus is at the Mission Point Light on Old Mission Point in Grand Traverse County. In between, the highway connects Battle Creek, Grand Rapids and Traverse City. Motorists will travel through agricultural land, forests, suburbs and large cities along the way. The section of M-37 on the Old Mission Peninsula was designated what is now a Pure Michigan Scenic Byway in 2008.

Originally named the Muskegon, Grand Traverse and Northport State Road, and later the Newaygo and Northport State Road, today's modern highway can be traced back to the 19th century and earlier. The southernmost section between Grand Rapids and Battle Creek parallels an early Indian trail. The modern highway was formed by July 1, 1919 along this segment. By the 1940s, a second section of highway was designated M-37, creating a gap between it and the original section. This gap was eliminated in the 1950s, completing the M-37 corridor in the state. Additional changes to the routing were made through the Grand Rapids area into the 1970s.

Route description
M-37 runs for 221.27 mi through the western side of the Lower Peninsula of Michigan connecting Battle Creek, Grand Rapids and Traverse City. Segments of it have been listed on the National Highway System (NHS), a network of roads important to the nation's economy, defense, and mobility. Through the Grand Rapids area, M-37 is on the NHS along Broadmoor and East Beltline avenues north of M-6 and the concurrency with I-96. The second segment on the NHS runs from M-115 in Mesick to Traverse City. The road has also been designated what is now a Pure Michigan Byway through the Old Mission Peninsula. The trunkline is maintained by the Michigan Department of Transportation (MDOT). As part of this responsibility, the department tracks the traffic volumes along M-37. MDOT uses a metric called average annual daily traffic, which is a calculation of the average traffic level for a segment of roadway on any average day of the year. Along M-37, the volume varies from the peak 49,173 vehicles on a section of I-96/M-37 in Grand Rapids to the 718 vehicles at the northern terminus by the Mission Point Light.

West Michigan
M-37 starts joined with Business Loop I-94 (BL I-94) as the two highway designations run concurrently at exit 92 on I-94 southwest of Battle Creek. They follow Columbia Avenue and pass around the southern side of the W. K. Kellogg Airport. When the roadway meets M-96, BL I-94/M-37 turns northward, joining M-96 around the eastern end of the airport to Dickman Road. M-37 jogs westerly onto Dickman Road before continuing northward Helmer Road through suburban residential areas in Springfield and across the Kalamazoo River into Level Park-Oak Park. There the highway intersects M-89, passes through more residential areas and exits the Battle Creek metro area.

North of Bedford, M-37 meanders through rural Barry County. The road passes through mixed agricultural and forest lands near several small lakes in the area. On its path to Hastings, the trunkline runs through Dowling and meets the western terminus of M-79. The highway follows Hanover Street through the south side of Hastings into downtown, where it turns west on Green Street and north on Broadway Street. At the intersection of Broadway and State streets, M-37 meets and joins M-43. West of Hastings, M-43 separates and heads south toward Kalamazoo while M-37 turns northwesterly and runs parallel to the Thornapple River. The highway follows the river west and north to the community of Middleville through mixed farms and forests.

In southern Kent County, M-37 follows Cherry Valley Road through Caledonia. As the highway transitions to Broadmoor Avenue, the landscape also transitions from rural to suburban. North of 76th Street, Broadmoor widens to a four-lane boulevard which passes a campus of Davenport University near the M-6 freeway on the outskirts of the Grand Rapids area. This section is dominated by light industrial complexes west of the Gerald R. Ford International Airport in the suburb of Kentwood. These complexes change over to retail establishments north of 32nd Street. At 28th Street, Broadmoor Avenue ends, and East Beltline Avenue begins. M-37 follows East Beltline Avenue between the Woodland Mall and the Centerpointe Mall. North of the malls, M-37 passes through the campus of Calvin University and along residential areas at the east end of Reeds Lake. The intersection of East Beltine Avenue and Fulton Street is the western terminus for M-21, a highway that runs east across the state to Flint. North of this junction, M-37 meets I-96 and M-44

M-37 parts East Beltline Avenue and turns west along I-96. The freeway runs west and then north around the edge of Grand Rapids. Near 3 Mile Road, I-96/M-37 runs west again, continuing across the Grand River and meeting the US Highway 131 (US 131) freeway. The next interchange immediately west of US 131 is for Alpine Avenue, which M-37 follows north. This road runs through a commercial and retail corridor in the communities of Walker and Comstock Park. South of 6 Mile Road, Alpine Avenue widens into a four-lane divided highway. This highway splits from Alpine Avenue north of 8 Mile Road and turns to the northwest as the surroundings transition to rural farmland again. M-37 transitions back to a two-lane road south of Sparta. The trunkline passes to the west of Kent City and crosses into Muskegon County at Casnovia. Through this area, the highway parallels a line of the Marquette Rail that runs north from Grand Rapids.

West of the county line, M-37 meets and merges with M-46 along Apple Avenue. The two highways separate at a roundabout junction where M-37 turns north on Newaygo Road. M-37 passes Half Moon Lake and through Bailey. In recent years the highway has served as the location of West Michigan's Longest Yard Sale which spans about 75 mi of the route starting in the Bailey–Grant area of Newaygo County through northern Lake County. Between |Grant and Newaygo, the farms transition to forest. M-82 follows M-37 through downtown and across the Muskegon River. The highway continues north along Evergreen Drive between Emerald, Sylvan and Twinwood lakes. This area is where M-37 crosses into the Manistee National Forest. M-20 follows M-37 through downtown White Cloud and over the White River. Further north, the road passes through Brohman and Lilley in the northern end of the county.

Northern Michigan
As M-37 crosses into Lake County, the highway crosses the Pere Marquette River. US 10 follows M-37 through Baldwin. The Marquette Rail line turns westward on the edge of town, and north of Baldwin, the highway forms the dividing line between the Manistee National Forest to the west and the Pere Marquette State Forest to the east. The road crosses the Little Manistee River near Peacock and the Pine River in southwest Wexford County. M-37 curves to the northeast along the edge of the Hodenpyl Dam Pond near Mesick. M-37 turns east to follow M-115 through the community and then returns to a northward course into Sherman and on to Buckley. North of the latter community, the highway crosses into Grand Traverse County. The area around Buckley transitions to agricultural use again. This landscape continues past the M-113 to the area known as Chums Corners. There, M-37 merges with US 31, and the two run through a small unincorporated community that is host to Turtle Creek Stadium, home of the Traverse City Pit Spitters, a minor league baseball team. US 31/M-37 enters the south side of Traverse City near the intersection with South Airport Road and the Grand Traverse Mall. As the highway heads towards Grand Traverse Bay and downtown, it passes several car dealerships, an outlet mall and other retailers. After the city limits, the roadway is also given the name Division Street. North of 14th Street, US 31/M-37 passes the former Traverse City State Hospital, a Kirkbride Plan former mental asylum. This section of town is mostly residential except for the old state hospital and Munson Medical Center. North of Front Street, Division Street meets Grandview Parkway. This roadway runs along the bay from the northwest carrying M-22/M-72. When the two streets meet, M-22 ends, and US 31/M-37 and M-72 merge into a triple concurrency along the bay north of downtown Traverse City. Grandview Parkway passes the Open Space park, the marina, the former Clinch Park Zoo and runs along a narrow piece of land between the Boardman River and the bay. Grandview Parkway ends east of the mouth of the river, and the highway continues along Front Street past the Great Lakes Maritime Academy and the home berth of the TS State of Michigan to Garfield Avenue near the campus of Northwestern Michigan College. M-37 turns north along Garfield Avenue to Peninsula Drive, leaving US 31/M-72.

M-37 follows Center Road up the middle of the Old Mission Peninsula. This landform divides Grand Traverse Bay into its east and west arms. The highway runs along a ridge at the center of the peninsula offering views of each arm of the bay. This area contains the greatest concentration of cherry trees in the US. These trees are said to "explode in a filigree of creamy pink blossoms in May" by the editors of Reader's Digest magazine. The area is also famous for its vineyards and wineries. The peninsula's seven wineries produce Rieslings, pinot grigios and chardonnays. The first grapes were introduced to the region in 1983. In the fall, the area is renowned for its colors in addition to the harvest. Besides cherries and grapes, apples are also grown in the area, contributing to the bounty each year. At the tip of the peninsula is the Mission Point Light, a lighthouse that dates back to 1870. M-37 ends at a cul-de-sac in front of the building which is located near the 45th Parallel, halfway between the North Pole and the Equator.

Early history
The southern section of M-37 follows the path of an early Indian trail that connected the St. Joseph Trail near Kalamazoo and Battle Creek to the Grand River Trail near present-day Alto. These trails "were narrow and permitted only single-file travel." In the Grand Rapids area, Alpine Avenue was originally constructed as a plank road. These roads were at least 8 ft wide covered with wood planks 3 in thick.

A portion of M-37 follows the route of the Muskegon, Grand Traverse and Northport State Road, which was later renamed the Newaygo and Northport State Road. The road was authorized by the state legislature in 1857, and it was intended to connect the settlements in Muskegon and Newaygo counties, which at the time were "most northerly on the south side of the 'Big Woods'", with the growing settlements around the Grand Traverse Bay. Construction progressed slowly and was only opened through Wexford County in 1863. and the bridge over the Manistee River in 1864 at what is now Sherman.

The Custer Trail, named for General George Armstrong Custer, was created in 1917 along a series of roads between Grand Rapids and Ft. Wayne, Indiana that included the modern M-37. Custer commanded the Michigan Cavalry Bridge during the Civil War, and he was wildly popular in the state after the war. The road that bears his name never achieved that level of popularity. By 1930, the name had already fallen out of use.

State highway era
The Michigan State Highway Department (MSHD) signed M-37 initially as part of the state trunkline highway system by July 1, 1919. This section of highway ran from Battle Creek to Grand Rapids, roughly along the modern routing. By 1929, the highway was extended north to Peacock in Lake County, replacing the contemporary M-54 in the process. A group of local leaders formed an organization to lobby for the completion of the highway in 1928 when state efforts to do stalled. The Grand Rapids–Leelanau Association named their roadway the Paradise Trail and promoted it as an alternative to both US 31 and US 131. They convinced local land owners to donate land to build the road. Backers named the road for the "divine scenic and recreational delights" in the area.

An unnumbered section of gravel highway was opened in 1937 west of Cadillac; the roadway extended south from M-55 to the Wexford–Lake county line. Later, in 1940, the MSHD renumbered the north–south leg of M-42 from Mesick north to Traverse City and Old Mission. As a result, M-37 was then a discontinuous highway with a gap between M-63 in Peacock to M-115 at Mesick. The spur in Wexford County is shown after 1941 as an "earthen" highway, before disappearing from state maps completely in 1945. A section of M-37 through Newaygo County was renamed in 1945 for Stevens T. Mason, the first governor of the State of Michigan. At the time, Consumers Power Company recommended that all north–south roads in the county bear the name of a state governor as part of a plan to rename the major roads in the county. The company wanted to simplify directions for their employees looking for customers' homes in the area. In the middle of 1948, M-37 was extended to M-55 on a gravel highway that followed the previously unnumbered highway in Wexford County and a new roadway in Lake County. As a result, M-37 still had a gap, but only between M-55 and M-115.

M-37 through the south side of the Grand Rapids area was realigned in late 1949 or early 1950. After the change, the highway follows Broadmoor Avenue to 28th Street and 28th Street west to its former routing along Kalamazoo Avenue. In 1953, this routing was shifted further when M-37 was rerouted to run north on East Beltline Avenue concurrent with US 131 and M-21 to Cascade Road. There it turned west along Cascade Road and Fulton Street into downtown back to its existing alignment. During that same time frame, the gap in the routing between M-55 and Mesick was eliminated. The highway was moved to bypass Sparta, Kent City and Casnovia to the southwest in the 1962. Another change around the same time frame shifted M-37's routing through Grand Rapids again. This time, M-37 was rerouted to follow M-11/M-21 along 28th Street to the US 131 freeway north to I-96 and back to Alpine Avenue. The final Grand Rapids routing change was made in 1969 when M-37 was moved to its current course along East Beltline Avenue and I-96. This change resulted in a concurrency with the southernmost end of M-44 that was later removed in 1977 when M-44 was truncated northward. A proposed new routing near Comstock Park in the 1970s would have removed M-37 from Alpine Avenue. The new highway, if built, would have run southeastward from the Alpine Avenue split to US 131 near 6 Mile Road. In 2008, the northernmost 18 mi on the Old Mission Peninsula were designated what is now a Pure Michigan Scenic Byway by MDOT. In 2013, the hairpin curve on a hill north of Mesick was straightened and the hill slightly leveled.

To expand the blast radius for ammunitions testing at Fort Custer, MDOT rerouted the BL I-94/M-37 to run along the southern and eastern edges of the airport in Battle Creek instead of following roads on the opposite sides. This change was completed in 2015.

MDOT and the Grand Traverse County Road Commission (GTCRC) announced in August 2019 that the GTCRC would take over ownership of M-37 on the Old Mission Peninsula north of Traverse City effective May 1, 2020. If the change were completed, MDOT would have removed M-37 from the US 31 concurrency through Traverse City, truncating the highway to terminate in Chums Corners. In November 2019, Peninsula Township officials went on record in opposition to the transfer. The City of Traverse City supported accepting jurisdiction of a 0.74 mi section of M-37 north of US 31/M-72 to the city limits in February 2020. MDOT announced a public hearing for May 21, 2020, to take public comment on the transfer. Because only state trunkline highways are eligible for Pure Michigan Byway status and that section of M-37 has that status, the department is required to conduct at 30-day review of the transfer and removal of byway status. In May 2021, the department announced that it had cancelled plans to transfer M-37 to the local jurisdictions.

title: M-37 (Michigan highway)


text:
Battersea Shield

The Battersea Shield is one of the most significant pieces of ancient Celtic art found in Britain. It is a sheet bronze covering of a (now vanished) wooden shield decorated in La Tène style. The shield is on display in the British Museum, and a replica is housed in the Museum of London.

History
The Battersea Shield is dated by the museum to c.350–50 BC, though later dates up to the early 1st century AD had previously been suggested, usually in the later part of this range; Miranda Aldhouse-Green is typical in using "2nd-1st century BC" in 1996. It was dredged from the bed of the River Thames at Battersea in London in 1857, during excavations for the predecessor of Chelsea Bridge; in the same area workers found large quantities of Roman and Celtic weapons and skeletons in the riverbed, leading many historians to conclude that the area was the site of Julius Caesar's crossing of the Thames during the 54 BC invasion of Britain, although it is now thought that the shield was a votive offering, which probably predates the invasion.

Description
The Battersea Shield is made of several different pieces, held together by rivets concealed under the decorative elements. It is decorated with repoussé decoration, engraving, and enamel. The decoration is in the typically Celtic La Tène style, consisting of circles and spirals. There are 27 small round compartments in raised bronze with red cloisonné enamel; the bronze within the compartment forms a sort of swastika, thought to have been associated with good luck and also "solar energy". This symbol was known as the whirling sun in ancient times. Enamel was a Celtic speciality, and reflects the use of red Mediterranean coral inlays in other British Celtic artefacts, such as the Witham Shield, and here may perhaps be considered as an imitation of imported coral, though the use of enamel allows a more elaborate design. Some scholars have read a reversible human face into the decoration at the points where the smaller circles link to the larger one.

The bronze sheet is said by archaeologists to be too thin to have offered effective protection in combat, and shows no signs of battle damage. It is therefore believed that the shield was cast into the river as a votive offering, and made either as a "parade piece" or status symbol, or specifically for votive offering. Nothing remains of the plain wooden or leather shield to which the surviving metal plate would have been fixed.

In popular culture
The shield plate inspired the name of a 2004 EP, Battersea Shield, by electronic bands The Orb and Meat Beat Manifesto, which was sold in an embossed tin based on the design of the Battersea Shield, instead of a standard jewel case.

title: Battersea Shield


text:
2003 in LGBT rights

This is a list of notable events in the history of LGBT rights that took place in the year 2003.

Events

 * The US state of California bans gender identity discrimination in the private sector.
 * The US state of New Mexico bans discrimination based on sexual orientation or gender identity in the private sector.
 * Publication of Louis Crompton's 648-page, world-spanning study Homosexuality & Civilization by Harvard University Press. (ISBN 0-674-01197-X)

January

 * 30 — In Belgium, legislation to allow same-sex couples to marry becomes active. Because of Belgian requirements for marriage, it will take until June before the first same-sex marriages are actually performed. The legal rights are not completely equal to opposite-sex marriage because couples lack adoption rights.

March

 * 13 — In the United States, The Census Bureau releases figures showing that 34.3 percent of households headed by lesbian couples, and 22.3 percent of those headed by gay male couples are raising children. The report also shows that 99.3 percent of counties in the U.S. have households headed by same-sex couples.
 * 24 — New Mexico governor Bill Richardson signs the New Mexico Hate Crimes Act, establishing enhanced penalties for hate crimes, including anti-gay hate crimes.

May

 * 21 — Marilyn Musgrave, U.S. congresswoman from Colorado, introduces the Federal Marriage Amendment in the country's House of Representatives with 108 co-sponsors.
 * 28 — Rick Perry, governor of the U.S. state of Texas, signs the Texas Defense of Marriage Act. The act allows Texas to deny recognition of same-sex marriages and other forms of same-sex partnerships performed in other states.
 * 30 — Paul E. Patton, governor of the U.S. state of Kentucky, signs an executive order banning public-sector discrimination based on sexual orientation or gender identity.

June

 * 10 — The United States Department of Justice reverses an earlier decision banning the annual employee gay pride event.
 * 10 — Michael Stark and Michael Leshner are wed in Ontario, becoming the first legal same-sex marriage in Canada.
 * 18 — Canadian province of Ontario appeals court rules that civil same-sex marriages will be recognized as valid by the government, making Canada the first country in the Americas to honor legal same-sex marriage.
 * 21 — Janet Napolitano, governor of the U.S. state of Arizona, issues an executive order banning sexual orientation discrimination in the public sector.
 * 26 — The Supreme Court of the United States strikes down all remaining US state sodomy laws in Lawrence v. Texas.
 * 27 — In its first application of the Lawrence precedent, the Supreme Court vacates the Kansas Supreme Court's decision in Limon v. Kansas.

July

 * 2 — Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. adds "sexual orientation" to its corporate non-discrimination policy.
 * 28 — Ed Rendell, governor of the U.S. state of Pennsylvania, issues an executive order banning gender identity discrimination in the public sector.
 * 30 — George W. Bush, president of the United States, says he supports "codifying marriage in the United States as being between one man and one woman."
 * 31 — Jerrold Nadler, U.S. congressman from New York, reintroduces the Permanent Partners Immigration Act (H.R 832) in the U.S. House of Representatives. Patrick Leahy, U.S. senator from Vermont, also introduces the proposal as S. 1510 in the U.S. Senate.

August
United Nations Human Rights Committee decides the case Young v. Australia, concerning pension rights of surviving partner.

September

 * 18 — The bill to repeal Section 28 in the remaining parts United Kingdom (England and Wales and Northern Ireland) receives Royal Assent. Section 28 had already been repealed within Scotland in 2000. The UK repeal became active on November 18.

October

 * 27 — Statistics from the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation show that 16.7 percent of hate crimes committed in the country in 2002 were due to bias against the victim's perceived sexual orientation, the highest rate in the 12 years federal records have been kept.
 * 29 — A Human Rights Campaign study shows 60 percent of American adoption agencies accept applications from gay and lesbian couples and 40 percent claim to have placed children in homes headed by same-sex couples.

November

 * 15 — Canadian politician Ted Nebbeling marries his partner of 32 years in what is believed to be the first same-sex marriage of a cabinet minister.
 * 18
 * In Goodridge v. Department of Public Health, the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court declares that a ban on same-sex marriage in Massachusetts is unconstitutional. It's the first such decision by a U.S. state's highest court.
 * Repeal of Section 28 becomes effective in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland
 * 20 — The United States Congress passes a resolution condemning all violations of internationally recognized human rights norms based on the real or perceived sexual orientation or gender identity of an individual.
 * 26
 * In the United Kingdom, the Queen's Speech, which gives the government's program of legislation for the year ahead, includes a bill to allow Civil Partnerships for same-sex couples.
 * In the United States Senate, the Federal Marriage Amendment is introduced by Wayne Allard of Colorado, Sam Brownback of Kansas, Jim Bunning of Kentucky, James Inhofe of Oklahoma, and Jeff Sessions of Alabama.

December

 * 1 — In the United Kingdom, the Employment Equality (Sexual Orientation) Regulations 2003 are introduced, making discrimination against lesbian, gay and bisexual employees unlawful. However, the regulations do not apply to pension rights or to employees of religious organisations.
 * 6 — Houston, Texas, city councilmember Annise Parker defeats fellow councilmember Bruce Tatro as Houston's first lesbian city controller.
 * 23 — Michigan governor Jennifer Granholm signs an executive order banning employment discrimination based on sexual orientation.

Deaths

 * January 19 — Morris Kight, 83, gay rights activist
 * January 22 — Sarah Pettit, 36, co-founder of Out magazine
 * December 10 — Bob Ross, 69, founder and publisher of the Bay Area Reporter
 * December 25 — Jim Osgood, 71, gay rights advocate and leader of Mattachine Midwest

title: 2003 in LGBT rights


text:
Stransham family

There have been various famous members of the Stransham family:

 * Anthony Blaxland Stransham (d. 1900), general, leader of the Royal Marines during the First Opium War
 * Edward Stransham (c. 1557–1586), English Roman Catholic priest and Catholic martyr
 * Streynsham Master (1640–1724), pioneer in the British East India Company

title: Stransham family


text:
Goldfields–Esperance

The Goldfields–Esperance region is one of the nine regions of Western Australia. It is located in the south-eastern corner of Western Australia, and comprises the local government areas of Coolgardie, Dundas, Esperance, Kalgoorlie–Boulder, Laverton, Leonora, Menzies, Ngaanyatjarraku, Ravensthorpe and Wiluna.

It also incorporates the area along the Great Australian Bight to the South Australian border known as the Nullarbor Plain.

Geography
The Goldfields–Esperance region is the largest of Western Australia's regions, with an area of 770488 km2, nearly as large as New South Wales and comparable in size to Turkey. It is mostly a low and flat plateau of extremely ancient Precambrian rocks that have been stable since long before the Paleozoic Era. Because of the extreme geological stability and the absence of glaciation since the Carboniferous, the soils are extremely infertile and generally quite saline. Consequently, the region supports the lowest stocking rates in the world: it is considered that one sheep per square mile is the maximum sustainable rate except in the small wetter area near Esperance. There are no rivers; any rainfall that is not absorbed by the dense rooting systems of the native flora percolates to form extremely saline groundwater, which is very frequently too salty even for adult sheep.

In the 1890s the goldfields term was used for country between Southern Cross and Coolgardie; however, as the gold fields extended to Kalgoorlie and beyond, the term Eastern Goldfields was used for the locations in vicinity of Kalgoorlie at that stage.

The Little Sandy Desert and the Gibson Desert are found in the northern part of the region, with the Great Victoria Desert in the south east.

Climate
The climate is mostly hot and dry. Annual rainfall is typically around 250 mm per year and can be very variable, except in the small area near Esperance and Cape Arid National Park where reliable winter rainfall can give annual totals as high as 635 mm (25 inches) falling mainly in the winter months. Most rainfall is produced by thunderstorms in spring or summer or by cloudbands from the northwest in autumn and winter, but sometimes cyclones from the Pilbara decay into rain depressions and produce heavy rainfall. Climate change has already had a major impact: in the Kalgoorlie – Eucla – Wiluna – Giles area annual rainfall has increased by over 40 percent since 1967 – probably due to lower frequencies of anticyclones located over the interior of Australia instead of the adjacent oceans.

Population
The region has a population of just under 60,000 people, about half of whom live in the City of Kalgoorlie–Boulder. Another quarter live in the Shire of Esperance, and the remaining shires are very sparsely populated. Nearly 10% of the region's population are of Aboriginal descent, which is substantially higher than the state as a whole.

Economy
The economy of the Goldfields sub-region is based on the extraction and processing of various mineral resources, primarily gold and nickel. In 2012 the mining of gold, nickel and platinum yielded just under A$9 billion.

Pastoralism in the northern goldfields commenced in the early 1900s with Yundamindera Station being established by Dr. Laver. In 1923 Yundmindera was purchased along with Mount Celia Station with a combined area of over 1000000 acre by T. H. Pearse, who stocked the property with sheep. Between 1925 and 1928 were established, and over £1,500,000 was invested in properties in the northern and eastern goldfields. In three months of 1925 over 40,000 sheep were railed to the area and in one month of 1927 seven trains carrying sheep arrived. By 1934 the goldfields were stocked with over 500,000 sheep and 25,000 cattle. Shearing the same year produced approximately 11,667 bales of wool valued at £243,600.

Further south near Esperance, the economy is based on agriculture, with wheat, canola and barley widely grown and making up about 80% of the area's agricultural economy. These crops require huge inputs of fertilisers because of the sandy nature of the soils and are a major threat to the region's great plant diversity. In 2021–22, the Esperance zone harvested 3,550,000 tonnes of grain. Pastoralism is also common, with both sheep and cattle stations being common in the area. Along the coast fishing and aquaculture are common, with fisheries for abalone, pilchards and sharks.

title: Goldfields–Esperance


text: User talk:152.163.252.103

title: User talk:152.163.252.103


text:
Pilates

Pilates is a type of mind-body exercise developed in the early 20th century by German physical trainer Joseph Pilates, after whom it was named. Pilates called his method "Contrology". It is practiced worldwide, especially in developed countries such as Australia, Canada, Germany, South Korea, New Zealand, the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Pilates uses a combination of around 50 repetitive exercises to spur muscle exertion. Each exercise flows from the "five essentials": breath, cervical alignment, rib and scapular stabilization, pelvic mobility, and utilization of the transversus abdominis. Each exercise is typically repeated three to five times. As of 2023, over 12 million people practice Pilates.

Pilates developed in the aftermath of the late nine-teenth century physical culture of exercising to alleviate ill health. There is, however, only limited evidence to support the use of Pilates to alleviate problems such as lower back pain. While studies have found that regular sessions improve balance, and can help muscle conditioning in healthy adults (compared to doing no exercise), it has not been shown to be an effective treatment for any medical condition.

History
Pilates was developed by Joseph Pilates from Mönchengladbach, Germany. His father was a gymnast and his mother a naturopath.

Pilates said that the inspiration for his method came to him during World War I, while he was being held at the Knockaloe internment camp on the Isle of Man. Pilates spent four years there, working on his fellow internees, developing his method of a system of exercises intended to strengthen the human mind and body, believing that mental and physical health were interrelated.

In his youth, Pilates had practiced many of the physical training regimens available in Germany, and it was from these that he developed his own method. It has clear connections with the physical culture of the late nineteenth century, such as the use of special apparatuses, and claims that the exercises could cure ill health. It is also related to the tradition of "corrective exercise" or "medical gymnastics" as typified by Pehr Henrik Ling.

Pilates accompanied his method with a variety of equipment, which he called "apparatus". Each apparatus was designed to help accelerate the process of stretching, strengthening, body alignment and increased core strength started by mat work. The best-known and most popular apparatus today, the Reformer, was originally called the Universal Reformer, aptly named for "universally reforming the body". Eventually Pilates designed other apparatus, including the Cadillac, Wunda Chair, High "Electric" Chair, Spine Corrector, Ladder Barrel and Pedi-Pole.

He published two books related to his training method: Your Health: A Corrective System of Exercising That Revolutionizes the Entire Field of Physical Education (1934) and Return to Life Through Contrology (1945).

Description

A systematic review of Pilates in 2012 examined its literature to form a consensus description of it, and found it could be described as "a mind-body exercise that requires core stability, strength, and flexibility, and attention to muscle control, posture, and breathing".

According to The New York Times, pilates "can be tailored to a spectrum of fitness goals, ages and abilities". Pilates is not a cardiovascular workout, but rather a strength and flexibility workout. There are various elements that contribute to distinguishing Pilates from other forms of resistance training. For example, Pilates places a heavy emphasis on breathwork and creating a mind-body connection. Joseph Pilates even states "Above all, learn how to breathe correctly." Participants consciously use the core and breath for all forms of movement.

In his book Return to Life through Contrology, Joseph Pilates presented his method as the art of controlled movements, which should look and feel like a workout (not a therapy) when properly done. If practiced consistently, Pilates improves flexibility, builds strength, and develops control and endurance in the entire body. It puts emphasis on alignment, breathing, developing a strong core, and improving coordination and balance. The core, consisting of the muscles of the abdomen, low back and hips, is often called the "powerhouse" and is thought to be the key to a person's stability. Pilates' system allows for exercises to be modified in difficulty, from beginner to advanced or any other level, and to accommodate the instructor's and practitioner's goals and/or limitations. Their intensity can be increased as the body adapts itself to the exercises.

A number of versions of Pilates are taught today; most are based on up to nine principles.

Effectiveness
In 2015 the Australian Government's Department of Health published a meta study which reviewed the existing literature on 17 alternative therapies, including Pilates, to determine whether any were suitable for being covered by health insurance. The review found that due to the small number and methodologically limited nature of the existing studies, the effectiveness of Pilates was uncertain. Accordingly, in 2017, the Australian government named it a practice that would not qualify for insurance subsidy, saying this step would "ensure taxpayer funds are expended appropriately and not directed to therapies lacking evidence".

For the treatment of lower back pain, low-quality evidence suggests that while Pilates is better than doing nothing, it is no more effective than other forms of physical exercise. There is some evidence that regular sessions can help condition the abdominal muscles of healthy people, when compared to doing no exercise. There is no good evidence that it helps improve balance in elderly people.

From the limited data available, it would seem from the statistically and clinically significant findings that Pilates has demonstrated efficacy as a tool for the rehabilitation of a wide range of conditions.

Mat and reformer Pilates
Pilates is continuously evolving through the use of modern equipment, but the core of the technique is tied to the movement patterns designed by Joseph Pilates. Pilates can be performed on both a mat or on specialized equipment. Pilates often incorporates spring-based resistance machines known as reformers, which consists of a box-like frame, sliding platform, springs, straps/ropes, and pulleys that help support the spine and target different muscle groups. For example, in order to target the upper back, a typical Pilates move on the reformer involves lying face-down on top of an accessory called a long box which is placed on top of the sliding platform. The participant then lifts their head and chest while pulling back the straps down toward their hips to slide forward with the moving platform and repeating a few times. The straps can be heavier or lighter depending on the resistance that is controlled by the springs.

With mat Pilates, people sit or lie with their body weight as the main resistance, using gravity to stabilize their core. For example, a common mat Pilates exercise is called "roll-up", where participants start by sitting on the floor with their legs straight out in front of them and their arms extended over their legs. Participants then slowly —using the breath to control the motion —uncurl their upper bodies backward toward a supinated lying down position, until they are indeed lying down on their backs with their arms out over their heads. They then curl back up into the starting position as they exhale, repeating this process multiple times.

Accessories such as resistance circle rings or resistance bands may be used in both mat and reformer Pilates.

Comparison with yoga
Modern yoga, like Pilates, is a mind-and-body discipline, though yoga classes are more likely to address spiritual aspects explicitly. Both yoga and Pilates incorporate elements of stretching and breathing. Both are low-impact, low-intensity exercises, but there are key differences. When practicing yoga, individuals hold certain poses for longer periods of time and flow into others; when practicing Pilates, individuals move their arms or legs while in certain positions. With yoga, breath is used for relaxation and to hold poses. With Pilates, breath is used to power the muscles with more energy. Most pilates exercises start from laying down, whereas most yoga poses start from standing up.

Some poses are similar in the two disciplines; for example, open leg balance closely resembles Navasana (boat pose); roll over is similar to Halasana (plough pose); and swan and push-up are essentially identical to Bhujangasana (cobra pose) and Chaturanga Dandasana (low plank pose). Both disciplines develop strength, flexibility and fitness. Pilates, however, emphasises core strength where yoga emphasizes flexibility.

Legal status
Pilates is not professionally regulated.

In October 2000 "Pilates" was ruled a generic term by a U.S. federal court, making it free for unrestricted use. The term is still capitalized in writing due to its origin from the proper name of the method's founder.

As a result of the court ruling, the Pilates Method Alliance was formed as a professional association for the Pilates community. Its purpose is to provide an international organization to connect teachers, teacher trainers, studios, and facilities dedicated to preserving and enhancing the legacy of Joseph H. Pilates and his exercise method by establishing standards, encouraging unity, and promoting professionalism.

title: Pilates


text:
Talk:Yakov Zeldovich

English spelling of Zeldovich name
Why a spelling Iakov (Я́ков) is used here instead of Yakov? Can someone explain this? I believe that я is in English spelled »ya«, not »ia«. Once I've read that this man was Russian Bourbaki in physics and related fields and that's why he deserves a better article. Best regards. --XJamRastafire 22:50, 27 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * I took the liberty of changing it since no one had piped up, one way or the other. His last name is normally transliterated with an apostrophe in English, Zel'dovich. Don't ask me why. He really is deserving of a thorough biography, as he is one of the most important theoretical astrophysicists ever. One day, perhaps. --Joke137 00:13, 12 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, if you really want to know, it's because in that "льд" in the Cyrillic spelling of his last name, the "л" is the "l", the "д" is the "d", but the "ь" has absolutely no equivalent in English, or the Roman alphabet, because it represents palatalization of the preceding consonant (makes it sound a bit more "y"-like). So, I guess they have to indicate it somehow, and they went with "'".
 * As for the first name, I would definitely agree that "Yakov" would be the more usuall translation than "Iakov". It's yet another palatalization thing. --John Owens (talk) 23:38, 2005 Mar 19 (UTC)
 * I think simple "l" would be rather correct transliteration in this case. The word itself is not of Russian origin, it has Jewish (and as such, Germanic) origin.--Nixer 20:20, 16 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Why is the single apotrophe added to the name Zeldovich, to make it Zel'dovich? Why is this different? My grandfather was part of this Zeldovich family clan in Russia, and likely was his second or third cousin. He often signed his name in Hebrew letters for the pronunciation of Zeldovich. I was told that the word in Russian means "from gold". Is this correct" Gohebrew (talk) 19:30, 5 October 2008 (UTC)

 * I know nothing of Russian but in English, the effect of the apostrophe is to change the pronunciation to "Zel-Dovich" rather than "Zeldo-Vich". Perhaps someone with some knowledge of Russian could say which is the closer.George Dishman (talk) 19:51, 10 February 2015 (UTC)

Some info added, more needed
I've just added some info about Zeldovich, but I think, more, especially in astrophysics, needed. Also the photo and perhaps copyedit of my bad English. Cmapm 16:15, 24 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * This is great. I've tried to copyedit it and add what little I know about Zel'dovich. I think he did some very important work in black holes and stellar structure, but it's not something I know much about. --Joke137 05:07, 25 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks for additions, copyediting and for you kind words. Although, I think, actually, the scientist was great, I only did my best to make a short summary of his bio. The section on astrophysics looks much better after your additions and in my view, the article is almost complete. Cmapm 11:52, 26 Mar 2005 (UTC)

I would agree with this, especially as there is not even a mention of the Harrison-Zel'dovich spectrum which is a key feature of cosmological inflation theory and of current interest as a result of the Planck mission. That's why I looked at this page. George Dishman (talk) 19:55, 10 February 2015 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as start, and the rating on other projects was brought up to start class. BetacommandBot 10:06, 10 November 2007 (UTC)

I am Yakov Borisovich Zel'dovich's relative. I corresponded with his son and grandson about Yakov Borisovich Zeldovich's personal life history, and that of his father and grandfather.

Professor and Dr. Yakov Zeldovich descended from a famous Chassidic Jewish family of Lithuanian descent. The Zeldovich family had strong ties to the Chabad-Lubavitch worldwide movement. Chabad was then centered in the village of Lubavitch. The Zeldovich family itself was centered in the nearby town of Berezine, known today as Berezino. There is a famous river there with the same name, where Napolean's soldiers met a ruthless destruction, after burning Moscow and fleeing by foot back to France during the bitter Russian winter. My grandfather repeated the story of this event many times, as it was proudly passed down through the generations.

The Zeldovich family business was deforesting trees on a very large scale, shipping them to paper mills, and selling the logs for other related wood by-products. This was made possible by bidding accurately upon giant forests, calculating how many trees could be deforested in that square-footage, and how much revenue could be produced from the ensueing logs.

The Zeldovich family were among the wealthiest Jewish families in Czarist Russia. Most parts of the family abandoned their wealth and properties with the demise of the Czarist regime and with the advent of Communism. One of the exceptions was Prof. Zeldovich's parents and his family, who were very assimilated. Prof. Zeldovich's grandfather, Naum, passed away at an early age. Although he was brought up in a devout, religous home, Prof. Zeldovich's father, Boris, or Boruch, had very seedy friends, who took advantage of the young man's huge inheritance. Large money was spent upon wild parties, excessive drinking, and scores of women.

At one point, Prof. Zeldovich's father settled down and had a family. His sister was a great physician in Petersburg/Leningrad. As you correctly reported, he later lived in Moscow. Like his father, Zeldovich had a reputation as a womeniser, fathering many illigitiment children. He is said to have liked in particular married women.

As Jewish law defines religious identity by maternal birth, and not by paternal birth, it is unclear if Prof. Zeldovich's own descendants are Jewish, for it is not known if he married a Jewess.

Gohebrew (talk) 10:25, 5 October 2008 (UTC)

The apostrophe
Can we decide whether or not to write the apostrophe in his name? The article uses both indiscriminately. Marnanel (talk) 18:26, 1 April 2020 (UTC)

 * Only the references/books as of now use ', KR 17387349L8764 (talk) 08:29, 29 January 2024 (UTC)

Links/Refs to managed sites
The links https://master.sai.msu.ru/en/zelcen/ and https://managementtools5.wlu.edu/managementtools/alsosoffline.htm are only accessible with user/pass. KR 17387349L8764 (talk) 08:31, 29 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Yakov Zeldovich


text:
World Climate Report

World Climate Report, a newsletter edited by Patrick Michaels, was produced by the Greening Earth Society, a non-profit organization created by the Western Fuels Association.

Early editions were paper based; it was then transferred to a web-only format, having ceased publication as a physically based report with Volume 8 in 2002. It existed until 2019 in blog form at www.worldclimatereport.com, although the website itself was not updated after late 2012.

World Climate Report presented a dismissive view of anthropogenic-driven mass global climate change, or as it calls it, 'Global Warming Alarmism'. However, it did not reject other well-established and widely accepted scientific concepts such as global climate change itself or the greenhouse effect,  in general attempting to engender itself as giving a well balanced and scientific view of the sources (though often at a contrary expense of its perceived adversaries: the aforementioned alleged 'Global Warming Alarmists').

WCR says of itself:

 * World Climate Report, a concise, hard-hitting and scientifically correct response to the global change reports which gain attention in the literature and popular press. As the nation's leading publication in this realm, World Climate Report is exhaustively researched, impeccably referenced, and always timely. This popular biweekly newsletter points out the weaknesses and outright fallacies in the science that is being touted as "proof" of disastrous warming. It's the perfect antidote against those who argue for proposed changes to the Rio Climate Treaty, such as the Kyoto Protocol, which are aimed at limiting carbon emissions from the United States ... World Climate Report has become the definitive and unimpeachable source for what nature now calls the “mainstream skeptic” point of view..

In addition to Patrick Michaels (chief editor), the staff is listed as Robert C. Balling, Jr (contributing editor), Robert Davis (contributing editor), and Paul Knappenberger (Administrator).

title: World Climate Report


text:
Latent homosexuality

Latent homosexuality is an Moritz schenk erotic attraction toward members of the same sex that is not consciously experienced or expressed in overt action. This may mean a hidden inclination or potential for interest in homosexual relationships, which is either suppressed or not recognized, and which has not yet been explored, or may never be explored.

The term was originally proposed by Sigmund Freud. Some argue that latent homosexuality is a potentially iatrogenic effect (that is, it is not present until suggested by a therapist). Others argue that the term latent is not truly applicable in the case of homosexual urges, since they are often not in the unconscious or unexpressed category, but rather exist in the conscious mind and are (often violently) repressed on a conscious level.

Links to homophobia
A theory that homophobia is a result of latent homosexuality was put forth in the late 20th century. A 1996 study from the University of Georgia by Henry Adams, Lester Wright Jr., and Bethany Lohr was conducted concerning this theory. The research was done on 64 heterosexual men, 35 of whom exhibited homophobic traits and 29 who did not. They were assigned to groups on the basis of their scores on the Index of Homophobia (W.W. Hudson & W.A. Ricketts, 1980). The groups did not differ in aggression.

Three tests were conducted using penile plethysmography. While there was no difference in response when the men were exposed to heterosexual and lesbian pornography, there was a major difference in response when the men were exposed to male homosexual pornography.

The researchers reported that 24% of the non-homophobic men showed some degree of tumescence in response to the male homosexual video, compared to 54% of the subjects who scored high on the homophobia scale. In addition, 66% of the non-homophobic group showed no significant increases in tumescence after this video, but only 20% of the homophobic men failed to display any arousal. Additionally, when the participants rated their degree of sexual arousal later, the homophobic men significantly underestimated their degree of arousal by the male homosexual video.

The results of this study indicate that individuals who score in the homophobic range and admit negative affect toward homosexuality demonstrate significant sexual arousal to male homosexual erotic stimuli.

A possible explanation is found in various psychoanalytic theories, which have generally explained homophobia as a threat to an individual's own homosexual impulses causing repression, denial, or reaction formation (or all three; West, 1977). Generally, these varied explanations conceive of homophobia as one type of latent homosexuality where persons either are unaware of or deny their homosexual urges.

Another explanation of these data is found in Barlow, Sakheim, and Beck's (1983) theory of the role of anxiety and attention in sexual responding. It is possible that viewing homosexual stimuli causes negative emotions such as anxiety in homophobic men but not in nonhomophobic men. Because anxiety has been shown to enhance arousal and erection, this theory would predict increases in erection in homophobic men.

A 2013 study did not find any connection between homophobia and attraction to the same sex. Same-sex attraction was related to positive evaluations of gay men and lesbians among female participants.

Links to environment
Situational homosexuality may be due to exposure to a single-gender environment, such as a single-sex school, prison, or military service.

In fiction
In Kingsley Amis' 1966 book The Anti-Death League, the main character is introduced while resisting treatment for repressed homosexuality – which a doctor believes that he has – despite the man being openly homosexual.

Latent homosexual themes were a common theme of science fiction films of the 1950s.

In the 1999 film American Beauty, the character Colonel Fitts (Chris Cooper) is depicted as being a latent homosexual. Throughout the film, Fitts makes several statements that are narrow-minded and homophobic, and it disturbs the colonel that his son Ricky might be homosexual. However, toward the end of the film, it is revealed that Fitts has sexual feelings toward men when he approaches his neighbor Lester Burnham (Kevin Spacey) and kisses him, but Lester rejects Col. Fitts, and this greatly humiliates him.

title: Latent homosexuality


text:
SEV

Sev or SEV may refer to:

 * Sev (food), an Indian snack food; tomato Sev, palak sev, plain sev
 * Sev puri (redirect from Sev Puri) Indian snack and a type of chaat from Mumbai
 * Sev mamra, Indian snack mixture of spicy dry ingredients such as puffed rice (mamra), savoury noodles (sev) and peanuts.
 * Sev (band) rock band from the Northern Virginia area who appeared in a national advertising campaign for Pepsi Blue
 * "Sev" (song) (Turkish "love"), the Turkish entry to the Eurovision Song Contest 1995

People with the name

 * Sev Lewkowicz (born 1951), musical composer, producer, arranger and keyboard player based in the UK
 * Sev Statik, a hip hop musician from Albany, New York, US
 * Sev Aszkenazy, American real estate developer in San Fernando, born in 1961.

Acronyms

 * SEV (company), a power company of the Faroe Islands
 * Comecon, a former economic organization under the leadership of the Soviet Union
 * Sociedad Española de Vexilología, the Spanish Society of Vexillology
 * Union of Transport Workers, Swiss trade union, from the initials of its former name in German
 * Sevenoaks railway station, Kent, National Rail station code SEV
 * Space Empires V, 2006 4X turn based strategy game

Science and technology

 * Solar electric vehicle
 * Space Exploration Vehicle
 * Secure Encrypted Virtualization, an AMD technology
 * Nyarafolo language (ISO 639 code)

title: SEV


text:
USS Bass (SS-164)

USS Bass (SF-5/SS-164), a Barracuda-class submarine and one of the "V-boats", was the first ship of the United States Navy to be named for the bass.

Construction and commissioning
Bass′s keel was laid at the Portsmouth Navy Yard. She was launched as V-2 (SF-5) on 27 December 1924 sponsored by Mrs. Douglas E. Dismukes, wife of Captain Dismukes, and commissioned on 26 September 1925. Like her sisters, Bass was designed to meet the fleet submarine requirement of 21 kn surface speed for operating with contemporary battleships.

Engineering
V-2 was completed with two Busch-Sulzer direct-drive 6-cylinder 2-cycle main diesel engines of 2250 hp each, along with two Busch-Sulzer auxiliary diesel engines of 1000 hp each, driving electrical generators. The latter were primarily for charging batteries, but to reach maximum surfaced speed, they could augment the mechanically coupled main-propulsion engines by driving the 1,200 hp (890 kW) electric motors in parallel via an electric transmission. Although it wasn't until about 1939 that its problems were solved, electric transmission in a pure diesel-electric arrangement became the propulsion system for the successful fleet submarines of World War II, the Tambor-class through the Tench-class. Prior to recommissioning in 1940, the auxiliary diesels were replaced with two BuEng Maschinenfabrik Augsburg Nürnberg AG (MAN-designed) 6-cylinder 4-cycle diesel engines of 1000 hp each. In 1942-43 Bass was converted to a cargo submarine, with the main engines removed to provide cargo space, significantly reducing her speed on the remaining auxiliary diesels.

Inter-War Period
V-2 was assigned to Submarine Division 20 (SubDiv 20) and cruised along the Atlantic coast and in the Caribbean Sea until November 1927, when the Division sailed for San Diego, California, arriving on 3 December 1927. V-2 operated with the fleet on the West Coast, in the Hawaiian Islands, and in the Caribbean Sea until December 1932. During this period her 5 inch (127 mm)/51 caliber deck gun was replaced by a 3 inch (76 mm)/50 caliber weapon.

Renamed Bass on 9 March 1931, she was assigned to SubDiv 12 in April. On 1 July, her hull classification symbol was changed from SF-5 to SS-164. On 2 January 1933, she was assigned to Rotating Reserve SubDiv 15, San Diego. Bass rejoined the fleet again in July and cruised along the West Coast, in the Canal Zone, and in the Hawaiian Islands until January 1937. She then departed the West Coast and arrived at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on 18 February 1937, where she went out of commission in reserve on 9 June.

World War II
Bass was recommissioned at Portsmouth, New Hampshire on 5 September 1940, and assigned to SubDiv 9, Atlantic Fleet. From February–November 1941, she operated along the New England coast and made two trips to St. George, Bermuda. She arrived at Coco Solo, Canal Zone on 24 November and was on duty there when the Japanese launched their attack on Pearl Harbor.

In 1942, Bass was attached to Submarine Squadron 3 (SubRon 3), SubDiv 31, Atlantic Fleet. From March–August, while based at Coco Solo, she made four war patrols in the Pacific, off Balboa, Panama. While at sea on 17 August 1942, a fire broke out in the after battery room and quickly spread to the aft torpedo room and starboard main electric motor, resulting in the death of 26 enlisted men by asphyxiation. The following day, USS Antaeus (AS-21) arrived to assist the submarine and escorted her into the Gulf of Dulce, Costa Rica. Both then proceeded to Balboa.

Bass remained in the Canal Zone until October 1942, when she departed for Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, arriving on 19 October. Bass was then overhauled at Philadelphia Navy Yard. At this time she was converted to a cargo submarine with the removal of her main engines, severely restricting her speed on the remaining auxiliary engines. Bass proceeded to New London, Connecticut where she conducted secret experiments off Block Island in December 1943. She was again in Philadelphia for repairs from January–March 1944. During the remainder of the year, she was attached to SubRon 1, Atlantic Fleet, and operated out of New London in the area between Long Island and Block Island.

Bass was decommissioned at the Naval Submarine Base New London on 3 March 1945 and expended as a target for the Mark 24 Fido "mine" (actually an acoustic homing torpedo) on 12 March 1945. The location of the wreck is 41.01667°N, -71.53333°W.

title: USS Bass (SS-164)


text:
USS Cachalot (SS-170)

USS Cachalot (SC-4/SS-170) was a United States Navy submarine and the lead ship of her class, known as the "V-boats" and named for the sperm whale. Her keel was laid down by the Portsmouth Navy Yard. She was launched on 19 October 1933 as V-8 (SC-4) sponsored by Miss K. D. Kempff, and commissioned on 1 December 1933 with Lieutenant Commander Merril Comstock in command. Cachalot was the first submarine to have the Torpedo Data Computer, Arma Corporation's Mark 1, installed.

Design
Cachalot was built by the Portsmouth Navy Yard, as were most of the previous V-boats. Design conservatism and economic realities forced Portsmouth to continue to use riveting in the construction of the inner and outer hulls, although non-critical areas like the superstructure, piping brackets, support framing, and interior tankage were actually welded. Her sister, Cuttlefish (the first submarine built by Electric Boat since the S-class of 1925) had most of the outer hull and fuel tanks welded, while retaining riveting for the inner hull. Both were medium-sized submarines built under the tonnage limits of the London Naval Treaty of 1930. An extensive study was conducted to determine the optimum submarine size under the treaty restrictions, factoring in total force, endurance, and percentage of the force that could be maintained on station far from a base, as in a Pacific war scenario. Despite the calculation process, size reduction had gone too far with the Cachalots, limiting their patrol endurance. After three Pacific war patrols, Cachalot was relegated to training duties in September 1942, once numerous Gato-class boats became available.

The as-built engine specifications were two BuEng-built, MAN-designed M9Vu 40/46 nine-cylinder two-cycle direct drive main diesel engines, 1535 hp each, with one BuEng MAN two-cycle auxiliary diesel engine, driving a 330 kW electric generator. The auxiliary engine was for charging batteries or for increased surface speed via a diesel-electric system providing power to the main electric motors. As with most V-boats, the main engines proved troublesome, and were replaced in 1937-38 by two Winton GM 16-278 16-cylinder four-cycle diesels, 1600 hp each.

Inter-war period
After shakedown, further construction, tests, and overhaul, Cachalot sailed for San Diego, California, where on 17 October 1934 she joined the Submarine Force, U.S. Fleet. Operating until 1937 principally on the West Coast, she engaged in fleet problems, torpedo practice, and antisubmarine, tactical, and sonar training exercises. She cruised twice to Hawaiian waters and once to the Panama Canal Zone to participate in large-scale fleet exercises.

Cachalot cleared San Diego on 16 June 1937, bound for New London, Connecticut, and duty in experimental torpedo firing for the Newport Torpedo Station and sonar training for the New London Submarine School until 26 October 1937, when she began a lengthy overhaul at the New York Navy Yard. This included replacement of her troublesome engines with General Motors Winton engines. A year later, she sailed for participation in a fleet problem, torpedo practice and sound training in the Caribbean Sea and off the Canal Zone, and on 16 June 1939 reported at Pearl Harbor for duty with the Submarine Force and the Scouting Force.

World War II
War came to Cachalot as she lay in Pearl Harbor Navy Yard in overhaul. In the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor of 7 December 1941, one of her men was wounded, but the submarine suffered no damage. Yard work on her was completed at a furious pace, and on 12 January 1942 she sailed on her first war patrol. After fueling at Midway Island, she conducted a reconnaissance of Wake Island, Eniwetok, Ponape, Truk, Namonuito, and the Hall Islands, returning to Pearl Harbor on 18 March with vitally needed intelligence of Japanese bases. Her second war patrol, for which she cleared from Midway on 9 June, was conducted off the Japanese home islands, where she damaged an enemy tanker. Returning to Pearl Harbor on 26 July, she cleared on her final war patrol on 23 September, penetrating the frigid waters of the Bering Sea in support of the Aleutian Islands operations.

Over-age and lacking endurance for strenuous war patrols, Cachalot still had a key role to play, acting as training ship for the Submarine School at New London. She served there from late 1942 until 30 June 1945, when she sailed to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, being decommissioned there on 17 October. She was sold for scrap on 26 January 1947.

Awards

 * American Defense Service Medal with "FLEET" clasp
 * American Campaign Medal ribbon.svg American Campaign Medal
 * Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal with three battle stars for World War II service
 * World War II Victory Medal ribbon.svg World War II Victory Medal

title: USS Cachalot (SS-170)


text:
USS Cuttlefish (SS-171)

USS Cuttlefish (SC-5/SS-171), a Cachalot-class submarine and one of the "V-boats," was the second ship of the United States Navy to be named for the cuttlefish. Her keel was laid down by Electric Boat Company in Groton, Connecticut. She was launched on 21 November 1933 sponsored by Mrs. B. S. Bullard, and commissioned on 8 June 1934, Lieutenant Commander Charles W. "Gin" Styer in command. Cuttlefish was the first submarine built entirely at Electric Boat's facility in Groton, Connecticut; construction of previous Electric Boat designs had been subcontracted to other shipyards, notably Fore River Shipbuilding of Quincy, Massachusetts. Four Peruvian R-class submarines had previously been finished in Groton, using material from cancelled S-boats salvaged from Fore River.

Design
Cuttlefish differed from her sister Cachalot (built by the Portsmouth Navy Yard) mainly in her different internal arrangements and the incorporation of the first air conditioning plant in a USN submarine. Like all of the other V-boats (except V-1, 2, and 3), she was built to a partial riveted/partial welded construction. Electric Boat expanded on the use of welding pioneered by Portsmouth, with most of Cuttlefish's outer hull and fuel tanks welded, but with the internal pressure hull still riveted. This was entirely successful as it virtually eliminated the problem of fuel leakage caused by the riveted fuel tanks on earlier boats. Both were medium-sized submarines built under the tonnage limits of the London Naval Treaty of 1930. An extensive study was conducted to determine the optimum submarine size under the treaty restrictions, factoring in total force, endurance, and percentage of the force that could be maintained on station far from a base, as in a Pacific war scenario. Despite the calculation process, size reduction had gone too far with the Cachalots, limiting their patrol endurance. After three Pacific war patrols, Cuttlefish was relegated to training duties in September 1942, once numerous Gato-class submarine boats became available.

The as-built engine specifications were two BuEng-built, MAN-designed M9Vu 40/46 nine-cylinder two-cycle direct drive main diesel engines, 1535 hp each, with one BuEng MAN two-cycle auxiliary diesel engine, driving a 330 kW electric generator. The auxiliary engine was for charging batteries or for increased surface speed via a diesel-electric system providing power to the main electric motors. As with most V-boats, the main engines proved troublesome, and were replaced in 1937-38 by two Winton GM 16-278 16-cylinder four-cycle diesels, 1600 hp each.

Inter-War Period
Departing New London, Connecticut on 15 May 1935, Cuttlefish arrived at San Diego, California on 22 June. She sailed on torpedo practice and fleet tactics exercises along the West Coast and in the Hawaiian Islands until 28 June 1937, when she sailed for the Panama Canal, Miami, Florida, New York City, and New London, Connecticut.

Arriving at New London on 28 July, she conducted experimental torpedo firing, sound training, and other operations for the Submarine School. At this time her troublesome MAN engines were replaced with Winton GM engines at the New York Navy Yard in 1937–38, as were her sister's. She sailed from New York City on 22 October 1938 for Coco Solo, where she conducted diving operations and other exercises for the training of submariners until 20 March 1939, sailing then for the Mare Island Navy Yard, California.

Cuttlefish arrived at Pearl Harbor on 16 June and was based there on patrol duty, as well as joining in battle problems and exercises in the Hawaiian area. That autumn, she cruised to the Samoan Islands, and in 1940 to the West Coast. On 5 October 1941, she cleared Pearl Harbor for an overhaul at the Mare Island Navy Yard.

World War II
After returning to Pearl Harbor, Cuttlefish put to sea on her first war patrol on 29 January 1942. On 13 February, she performed a reconnaissance of Marcus Island, gaining valuable information, and after patrolling in the Bonin Islands, returned to Midway Island on 24 March. She refitted there and at Pearl Harbor, and on 2 May cleared Midway for her second war patrol. From 18 to 24 May, she reconnoitered Saipan and the northern part of the Mariana Islands. On 19 May, she attacked a patrol ship, and while maneuvering for a second attack, was detected. She was forced deep to endure four hours of severe depth charging, more of which came her way on 24 May when she challenged three enemy destroyers. The next day an alert enemy plane caught her on the surface and dropped two bombs as she went under, both of them misses.

As it became obvious the Japanese Fleet was out in strength, Cuttlefish was ordered to patrol about 700 nmi west of Midway, remaining on station during the Battle of Midway from 4–6 June 1942. She returned to Pearl Harbor on 15 June, and there and at Midway prepared for her third war patrol, for which she sailed on 29 July under the command of Lieutenant Commander Elliot E. Marshall. Patrolling off the Japanese homeland, she attacked a destroyer on 18 August, and received a punishing depth charge attack. Three days later, she launched a spread of torpedoes, three of which hit a freighter and one of which hit an escort. Explosions were seen, but the sinking could not be confirmed. On 5 September, she attacked a tanker which, it is believed, she sank.

Returning to Pearl Harbor on 20 September 1942, Cuttlefish was ordered to New London, where she served the Submarine School as a training ship from December 1942 to October 1945. On 8 December 1944, she suffered minor damage in a collision with USS Bray (DE-709). She was decommissioned at Philadelphia on 24 October 1945, and sold for scrap on 12 February 1947.

Awards

 * American Defense Service Medal with "FLEET" clasp
 * American Campaign Medal ribbon.svg American Campaign Medal
 * Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal with two battle stars for World War II service
 * World War II Victory Medal ribbon.svg World War II Victory Medal

title: USS Cuttlefish (SS-171)


text:
Energy bar

Energy bars are supplemental bars containing cereals, micronutrients, and flavor ingredients intended to supply quick food energy. Because most energy bars contain added protein, carbohydrates, dietary fiber, and other nutrients, they may be marketed as functional foods. Manufacturing of energy bars may supply nutrients in sufficient quantity to be used as meal replacements.

Nutrition
A typical energy bar weighs between 30 and 50 g and is likely to supply about 200–300 Cal (840–1,300 kJ), 3–9 g of fat, 7–15 g of protein, and 20–40 g of carbohydrates — the three sources of energy in food. In order to provide energy quickly, most of the carbohydrates are various types of sugars like fructose, glucose, maltodextrin and others in various ratios, combined with complex carbohydrate sources, such as oats or barley. Proteins come mostly in the form of whey protein. Fats sources are often cocoa butter and dark chocolate.

Usage
Energy bars are used in a variety of contexts. Energy bars may be used as an energy source during athletic events such as marathons, triathlons and other activities which require a high energy expenditure for long periods of time. They are also commonly used as meal replacements in weight-loss programs. They may be used as a snack. For those who are malnourished, energy bars, such as Plumpy'nut, are an effective tool for treating malnutrition.

title: Energy bar


text: Template:Skipjack class submarine

title: Template:Skipjack class submarine