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Unité d'habitation

The Unité d'habitation (, Housing Unit) is a modernist residential housing typology developed by Le Corbusier, with the collaboration of painter-architect Nadir Afonso. It formed the basis of several housing developments throughout Europe designed by Le Corbusier and sharing the same name.

The most famous of these buildings is located in the southern part of Marseille, France. It was added to the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2016 because of its importance to the development of modernist architecture, along with 16 other works by Le Corbusier. It is also designated a historic monument by the French Ministry of Culture. It was damaged by fire on 9 February 2012.

History
In 1920, Le Corbusier started to develop the Unité d'Habitation type, which became influential in 20th century modernism and contemporary residential design in Europe. The first realizations were built in Paris and Marseille in the 1940s as high-rise concrete structures. During the construction of the Marseille building, a few model apartments were built and furnished for visitors as an exhibition.

In the 1980s, a team from ETH Zurich surveyed several apartments in Marseille and built several full-scale models for exhibitions in Paris, Karlsruhe, Tokyo and New York. In 1986, a full-scale model was constructed at the Badischer Kunstverein by Gernot Bayne based on the survey of Ruggero Tropeano. The same model was then on display at Centre Pompidou. A full scale original kitchen, stairs, and other parts of the apartments are stored and displayed in several museum collections around the world. The Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) in New York acquired a complete kitchen in 2013. In 2007, students built a structurally correct full-scale model inside the museum "Cité de l'Architecture et du Patrimoine" in Paris. Unité d'habitation model apartments have been rebuilt in exhibitions or renovated in their historic style.

La Cité Radieuse, Marseille
The first and most famous of the Unité d'Habitation buildings is in Marseille, France, and was built between 1947 and 1952. One of Le Corbusier's most famous works, it proved enormously influential and is often cited as the initial inspiration for the Brutalist architectural style and philosophy.

The Marseille building, developed with Le Corbusier's designers Shadrach Woods and George Candilis, comprises 337 apartments of 23 different layouts across 12 storeys, all suspended on large pilotis. The building also incorporates shops including an architectural bookshop, a rooftop gallery, educational facilities, a hotel that is open to the public, and a restaurant, "Le Ventre de l'Architecte" ("The Belly of the Architect"). The building is constructed in béton brut (rough-cast concrete), as the hoped-for steel frame proved too expensive due to the post-war steel shortage.

Inside, wide corridors ("streets in the sky") run along the central long axis of every third floor of the building. Each apartment lies on two levels, such that the room on one side of a corridor belongs to the apartment that is mostly below the corridor floor, while that on the opposite side belongs to the apartment above. On those floors without corridors, the apartments stretch from one side of the building to the other, and each has a balcony on the western side.

The flat roof is designed as a communal terrace with sculptural ventilation stacks, a running track, and a shallow paddling pool for children. There is also a children's art school in the atelier. The roof, where a number of theatrical performances have taken place, was renovated in 2010 and 2022, and since 2013 it has hosted an exhibition center headed by designer Ora-Ïto called the MaMo. The roof has unobstructed views of the Mediterranean Sea and Marseille.

According to Peter Blake, members of CIAM held a "great celebration" for the building's opening on its roof, on a summer evening in 1953. "Architects from every part of the world attended", including Walter Gropius, who said at the event: "Any architect who does not find this building beautiful, had better lay down his pencil."

Le Corbusier's design was criticised by US architect Peter Blake for having small children's rooms, some without windows. Unlike many of the blocks it inspired, which lack the original's generous proportions, communal facilities and parkland setting, the Unité is popular with its residents and is now mainly occupied by upper middle-class professionals.

Interiors
The apartments were equipped with built-in furniture, and specially designed storage walls with various cupboards with sliding doors, which were designed by Charlotte Perriand in collaboration with Atelier Le Corbusier. Additionally Perriand collaborated on the design of the apartment kitchens, 321 of the 337 units were equipped with the Cuisine Atelier Le Corbusier, type 1 kitchens, many of which are still in place due to their efficient use of space. The steel stairs and the aluminium kitchen counters were designed by Jean Prouvé. Unité d'habitation model apartments have been renovated in the individual historic Unité buildings as well as rebuilt in exhibitions around the world.

Other buildings and influences
In the block's planning, the architect drew on his study of a Soviet communal housing project, the Narkomfin Building in Moscow, designed by the architect Moisei Ginzburg and completed in 1932.

Le Corbusier's design for utopian high density housing for cities was repeated in four more buildings with the same name and a very similar design:
 * Unité d'Habitation of Nantes-Rezé in 1955,
 * Unité d'Habitation of Berlin in 1957,
 * Unité d'Habitation of Briey in 1963,
 * Unité d'Habitation of Firminy-Vert in 1965.

All were oriented with the building's long axis running north–south, so the units face east and west.

The replacement of steel by rough-cast concrete (béton brut) was a key element that seeded the Brutalist Movement. The Unité d'Habitation inspired many brutalist housing complexes. In England such buildings include the Alton West estate in Roehampton, London, and Park Hill in Sheffield, both of which have attracted much negative criticism. More successful English incarnations of the Unité include Chamberlin, Powell and Bon's Barbican Estate (completed 1982), Gordon Tait's Samuda Estate, Isle of Dogs (1965), Ernő Goldfinger's Balfron Tower (1967), and Trellick Tower (1972), all in London. The triple-level roof garden of Great Arthur House (1957) inspired by Le Corbusier's Unité d'Habitation is a fine vantage point towards St Paul's Cathedral and the Barbican Estate and has panoramic views across London. Roof terrace for the tenants was furnished with a decorative pool, seats and plant boxes. The crowning glory is a distinctive concrete canopy and pergola. The estate was popular with professionals such as doctors and is still a self-sufficient 'urban village'. It is seen as the most successful of England's housing developments from the early 1950s. Designed by Chamberlin, Powell and Bon.

The apartment building Polska Akademia Nauk (Polish Academy of Sciences) in 20 Wiejska Street in Warsaw, Poland was inspired by Le Corbusier's principles. The architect was Jerzy Gieysztor and the building was completed in 1964. Among Central European countries, it is unique for its period. It is an abstract sculptural building that floats over anthropomorphic concrete pillars (pilotis). All its apartments are spacious, there is an indoor shopping mall, and the roof terrace has a swimming pool. This building was also inspired by the Polish pavilion from the 1937 World Expo in Paris, especially the sandstone wall relief and the entrance roof with round holes. Other Polish buildings inspired by the Unité d'Habitation include the Za Żelazną Bramą Housing Estate (Behind the Iron Gate) in Warsaw, and Superjednostka in Katowice, built in the 1970s.

In Scotland, the Glasgow College of Building and Printing (1964), and the Charles Oakley Building, (1963), both former buildings of the City of Glasgow College - were designed in the late 1950s by architect Peter Williams of the local firm Walter Underwood & Partners. They are non-residential educational blocks that differ greatly from Le Corbusier's Unité d'Habitation, inside and outside. Yet the roof terrace of the Unité d'Habitation in Marseille inspired Peter Williams to design the rooftops of these college buildings with gymnasia. Both buildings are now Grade II listed, with the Building and Printing College (now known as the 'Met Tower') is as of 2023 undergoing restoration and conversion into office space

Other examples of buildings that drew inspiration from Le Corbusier's Unité d'Habitation in Marseille are:
 * A building (1954) in Vukovarska street in Zagreb, designed by architect Drago Galić.
 * The Super Andrija building (1973) designed by architect Miroslav Cantinelli (Siget, Novi Zagreb, Siget Street 18) and The Mamutica (Mammoth) building (1974) designed by architects Đuro Mirković and Nevenka Postružnik (Travno, Novi Zagreb, Božidara Magovca Street 3-63).
 * The fire-station in the Boulevard Masséna, Paris, designed by architect Jean Willerval and completed in 1971. The roof terrace has a tennis court. There is a swimming pool on the ground floor.
 * The Reserve Square Complex in Cleveland, Ohio, built 1969–1973.
 * The Riverside Plaza in Minneapolis, Minnesota, which opened in 1973. Its brutalist design and multi-colored panels were influenced by the Unité d'Habitation.
 * The Akbar Hotel in Chanakyapuri, New Delhi was designed by Shiv Nath Prasad and constructed from 1965-69. It shares many elements.

title: Unité d'habitation


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Vesna Vulović

Vesna Vulović (Весна Вуловић, ; 3 January 1950 – 23 December 2016) was a Serbian flight attendant who survived the highest fall without a parachute: 10.16 km or 33,338 feet. She was the sole survivor after an explosion tore through the baggage compartment of JAT Flight 367 on 26 January 1972, causing it to crash near Srbská Kamenice, Czechoslovakia (now part of the Czech Republic). Air safety investigators attributed the explosion to a briefcase bomb. The Yugoslav authorities suspected that émigré Croatian nationalists were to blame, but no one was ever arrested.

Following the bombing, Vulović spent days in a coma and was hospitalized for several months. She suffered a fractured skull, three broken vertebrae, broken legs, broken ribs, and a fractured pelvis. These injuries resulted in her being temporarily paralyzed from the waist down. Vulović made an almost complete recovery but continued to walk with a limp. She had little to no memory of the incident and had no qualms about flying in the aftermath of the crash. Despite her willingness to resume work as a flight attendant, Jat Airways (JAT) gave her a desk job negotiating freight contracts, feeling her presence on flights would attract too much publicity. Vulović became a celebrity in Yugoslavia and was deemed a national hero.

Vulović was fired from JAT in the early 1990s after taking part in anti-government protests during the breakup of Yugoslavia, but avoided arrest as the government was concerned about the negative publicity that her imprisonment would bring. She continued her work as a pro-democracy activist until the Socialist Party of Serbia was ousted from power during the Bulldozer Revolution of October 2000. Vulović later campaigned on behalf of the Democratic Party, advocating Serbia's entry into the European Union. Her final years were spent in seclusion, and she struggled with survivor guilt. Having divorced, Vulović lived alone in her Belgrade apartment on a small pension until her death in 2016.

Early life
Vesna Vulović was born in Belgrade on 3 January 1950. Her father was a businessman and her mother was a fitness instructor. Driven by her love of the Beatles, Vulović travelled to the United Kingdom after completing her first year of university, hoping to improve her English-language skills. "I initially stayed with my parents' friends in Newbury," she recalled, "but wanted to move to London. It was there that I met up with a friend who suggested we go to Stockholm. When I told my parents I was living in the Swedish capital, they thought of the drugs and the sex and told me to come home at once." Upon returning to Belgrade, Vulović decided to become a flight attendant after seeing one of her friends in a flight attendant's uniform. "She looked so nice and had just been to London for the day," Vulović recalled. "I thought, 'Why shouldn't I be an air hostess? I could go to London once a month'." She joined JAT, the national flag carrier and dominant airline of Yugoslavia, in 1971.

JAT Flight 367
The secondary crew of JAT Flight 367, flying from Stockholm to Belgrade with stopovers in Copenhagen and Zagreb, arrived in Denmark on the morning of 25 January 1972. According to Vulović, she was not scheduled to be on Flight 367, and JAT had confused her for another flight attendant also named Vesna. Nevertheless, Vulović said that she was excited to travel to Denmark because it was her first time visiting the country. The crew had the entire afternoon and the following morning to themselves. Vulović wished to go sightseeing but her colleagues insisted that they go shopping. "Everybody wanted to buy something for his or her family," she recalled. "So I had to go shopping with them. They seemed to know that they would die. They didn't talk about it, but I saw ... I felt for them. And the captain was locked in his room for 24 hours. He didn't want to go out at all. In the morning, during breakfast, the co-pilot was talking about his son and daughter as if nobody else had a son or daughter."

Flight 367 departed from Stockholm Arlanda Airport at 1:30 p.m. on 26 January. The aircraft, a McDonnell Douglas DC-9, landed at Copenhagen Airport at 2:30 p.m., whereupon Vulović and her colleagues boarded the plane. "As it was late, we were in the terminal and saw it park," Vulović said. "I saw all the passengers and crew deplane. One man seemed terribly annoyed. It was not only me that noticed him either. Other crew members saw him, as did the station manager in Copenhagen. I think it was the man who put the bomb in the baggage. I think he had checked in a bag in Stockholm, got off in Copenhagen and never re-boarded the flight."

Flight 367 departed from Copenhagen Airport at 3:15 p.m. At 4:01 p.m., an explosion tore through the DC-9's baggage compartment. The explosion caused the aircraft to break apart over the then-Czechoslovak village of Srbská Kamenice. Vulović was the only survivor of the 28 passengers and crew. She was discovered by villager Bruno Honke, who heard her screaming amid the wreckage. Her turquoise uniform was covered in blood and her stiletto heels had been torn off by the force of the impact. Honke had been a medic during the Second World War and was able to keep Vulović alive until rescuers arrived.

Air safety investigators attributed Vulović's survival to her being trapped by a food trolley in the DC-9's fuselage as it broke away from the rest of the aircraft and plummeted towards the ground. When the cabin depressurized, the passengers and other flight crew were blown out of the aircraft and fell to their deaths. Investigators believed that the fuselage, with Vulović pinned inside, landed at an angle in a heavily wooded and snow-covered mountainside, which cushioned the impact. Vulović's physicians concluded that her history of low blood pressure caused her to pass out quickly after the cabin depressurized and kept her heart from bursting on impact. Vulović said that she was aware of her low blood pressure before applying to become a flight attendant and knew that it would result in her failing her medical examination, but she drank an excessive amount of coffee beforehand and was accepted.

Between 1962 and 1982, émigré Croatian nationalists carried out 128 terrorist attacks against Yugoslav civilian and military targets. Yugoslav authorities suspected that they were to blame for bringing down Flight 367. On the day of the crash, a bomb exploded aboard a train travelling from Vienna to Zagreb, injuring six. A man, describing himself as a Croatian nationalist, called the Swedish newspaper Kvällsposten the following day and claimed responsibility for the bombing of Flight 367. No arrests were ever made. The Czechoslovak Civil Aviation Authority later attributed the explosion to a briefcase bomb.

Paralysis and recovery
Following the crash, Vulović spent days in a coma, having fractured her skull and suffered a cerebral hemorrhage. She also suffered two broken legs and three broken vertebrae, one of which was crushed completely. Her pelvis was fractured and several ribs broken. Her injuries resulted in her being temporarily paralyzed below the waist. She had total amnesia from the hour preceding her fall until one month afterwards. Vulović's parents told her that she first learned of the crash about two weeks after it occurred. She fainted upon being shown a newspaper headline by her doctor and had to be tranquilized. The last thing that Vulović could remember from before the crash was greeting passengers as they boarded. The next thing she remembered was seeing her parents in her hospital room about one month later.

Vulović underwent treatment in a Prague hospital until 12 March 1972, after which she was flown to Belgrade. She was offered a hypnotic injection to help her sleep during the flight back to Yugoslavia, but declined, explaining that she was not afraid of flying because she had no memory of the crash. In Belgrade, Vulović's hospital room was placed under 24-hour police protection because authorities feared that the perpetrators of the bombing would wish to kill her. The guards changed shifts every six hours, and no one was allowed in to see her except for her parents and doctors. Vulović's hospitalization lasted until June 1972, after which she travelled to Montenegro to recuperate at a seaside resort, where her doctors visited her every two or three days.

Vulović underwent several operations to restore her movement. At first, she could only move her left leg, and one month thereafter, she was able to move her right. Vulović's parents had to sell both of their cars to pay for her treatment. Within ten months of her fall, Vulović had regained the ability to walk, but limped for the rest of her life, her spine permanently twisted. In total, she spent sixteen months recuperating. "Nobody ever expected me to live this long," she recounted in 2008. Vulović attributed her recovery to her "Serbian stubbornness" and "a childhood diet that included chocolate, spinach, and fish oil".

Fame
In September 1972, Vulović expressed willingness to resume working as a flight attendant. JAT felt that her presence on flights would attract too much publicity and instead gave her a desk job negotiating freight contracts. In Yugoslavia she was celebrated as a national hero. Her reputation as a "Cold War heroine" also extended to the Soviet Union and other Warsaw Pact countries. After the crash, Vulović was honored by Yugoslav President Josip Broz Tito, and the Serbian folk singer Miroslav Ilić recorded a song titled "Vesna stjuardesa" ("Vesna the Stewardess"). She was soon made an honorary citizen of Srbská Kamenice. Honke, the man who found Vulović alive after the crash, had a granddaughter born six weeks after her fall; she was named Vesna in Vulović's honour. Vulović continued to fly regularly, stating that other passengers were surprised to see her on flights and wanted to sit next to her.

Vulović's parents both died within a few years of the crash. In 1977, she married mechanical engineer Nikola Breka after a year of dating. Although she was advised by physicians that her injuries would not have an adverse effect on her reproductive function, Vulović experienced an ectopic pregnancy that nearly proved fatal and was never able to have children. In 1985, The Guinness Book of World Records recognized Vulović as the world record holder for surviving the highest fall without a parachute: 10160 m. She was thus officially acknowledged as having surpassed the records of other fall survivors, such as Alan Magee, Juliane Koepcke, Nicholas Alkemade, and Ivan Chisov. She received the recognition at a London gala from musician Paul McCartney.

In the early 1990s, Vulović and her husband divorced. She attributed the divorce to her chain smoking, which her husband disapproved of. Around the same time, Vulović was fired from JAT for speaking out against Serbian statesman Slobodan Milošević and taking part in anti-government protests. She avoided arrest because the government was concerned about the negative publicity that her imprisonment would bring. In response to her activism, pro-Milošević tabloids launched a smear campaign against her, claiming that Flight 367 had been shot down by a Czechoslovak surface-to-air missile and that she had fallen from a lesser height than previously believed. Vulović continued taking part in anti-government demonstrations throughout the 1990s. When Milošević and his Socialist Party of Serbia were ousted in the Bulldozer Revolution of October 2000, Vulović was among several celebrities who took to the balcony of Belgrade's city hall to make victory addresses. She later campaigned on behalf of the Democratic Party and advocated for Serbia's entry into the European Union, which she believed would bring economic prosperity.

Later life and death
Vulović told reporters that she did not think of her fall every day, but admitted to struggling with survivor's guilt. "Whenever I think of the accident, I have a prevailing, grave feeling of guilt for surviving it and I cry ... Then I think maybe I should not have survived at all." Vulović declined therapy to help cope with her experiences and instead turned to religion, becoming a devout Orthodox Christian. She stated that her ordeal had turned her into an optimist. "If you can survive what I survived," she said, "you can survive anything."

In 2009, Peter Hornung-Andersen and Pavel Theiner, two Prague-based journalists, claimed that Flight 367 had been mistaken for an enemy aircraft and shot down by the Czechoslovak Air Force at an altitude of 800 m, far lower than the official altitude of 10,160 m. The two claimed that the Czechoslovak State Security had conjured up Vulović's record fall as part of a cover-up. They also hypothesized that the call received by Kvällsposten, claiming responsibility for the aircraft's downing, was a hoax. The Czech Civil Aviation Authority dismissed the journalists' claim, calling it a conspiracy theory. Hornung-Andersen conceded that the pair's evidence was only circumstantial. Vulović said that she was aware of the journalists' claims, but stated that because she had no memory of the event, she could not confirm or deny the allegations. Guinness World Records continues to list her as the record-holder for surviving the highest fall without a parachute.

In the last years of her life, Vulović lived on a pension of €300 per month in her Belgrade apartment. "I don't know what to say when people say I was lucky," she remarked. "Life is so hard today." Vulović lamented that her mother and father might not have died prematurely had she not been aboard Flight 367, stating that the incident not only ruined her life, but also those of her parents. She only occasionally granted interviews and declined numerous requests, most notably from Oprah Winfrey and the BBC, saying that she was "tired" of discussing her fall. By the time she had reached her sixties, Vulović's deteriorating health prevented her from taking part in annual commemorations at Srbská Kamenice, which she had previously attended for many years.

In December 2016, Vulović's friends became concerned for her well-being after she abruptly stopped answering telephone calls. On 23 December, locksmiths discovered her body in her apartment after forcing open the door. Vulović's friends said that she had struggled with heart ailments in the years leading up to her death. She was buried in Belgrade's New Cemetery on 27 December.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Vesna Vulović


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User:Tallkmac

Hi, my name is Kyle. I am a highschool student in Florida (USA).

My Top Ten: 1) The Bible 2) Computers 3) Basketball 4) Jazz 5) Chess 6) Politics 7) Travelling 8) Lord of the Rings 9) Madden  10) ...

title: User:Tallkmac


text:
Smurf Amplifier Registry

The Smurf Amplifier Registry is a blacklist of networks on the Internet which have been misconfigured in such a way that they can be used as smurf amplifiers for smurf denial of service attacks.

It can probe networks for vulnerability to smurf amplification, and then will either add them to its database, or remove them from the database, depending on the result of the test.

title: Smurf Amplifier Registry


text:
Rostov-Yaroslavsky railway station

Rostov-Yaroslavsky (until 1904 was known as Rostov ) is the passenger railway station in Rostov (Yaroslavl Oblast, Russia) and a stop along the Trans-Siberian Railway.

History
The station was opened in 1870 on the Alexandrov - Yaroslavl section. The first train from Moscow to Rostov ran January 1 (13), 1870.

In 1958, during the electrification of the Alexandrov - Yaroslavl-Glavny section, the station was electrified with 3 kV direct current.

On October, 2020, a high-speed train "Lastochka" running from Moscow to Kostroma began to stop at Rostov-Yaroslavsky station, with the travel time of 2 hour 17 minutes from Moscow.

Terminal
The station's appearance has changed several times over its long history. Old-timers still remember a small wooden structure with a stone central part - a waiting room and two-storey wings connected by a gallery.

The modern building of the station was built in 1975. The townspeople call it a "ship" for its resemblance to a large ocean liner, miraculously moored near the railroad tracks. Above the station towers a spire with a rook, the symbol of the city. The building is U-shaped and has 2 floors. The average height of the main premises is 3.35 m, the height of the lobby and hall is 8 m. The total area of the building by internal measurement is 1881.8 m2.

Activities
The station is open for cargo operations.

Commercial operations performed at the station:

 * sale of passenger tickets
 * acceptance and delivery of luggage
 * acceptance and delivery of wagonload consignments of cargo (open platforms)
 * receipt and delivery of small consignments of goods (covered warehouses)
 * receipt and delivery of wagonload and small consignments of cargo (sidings)
 * receipt and delivery of wagonload consignments of cargo (covered warehouses)
 * receipt and delivery of cargo in general-purpose containers (3 and 5 tons)
 * reception and dispatch of cargo in general-purpose containers (20 tons)
 * reception and delivery of small consignments (open yards)

title: Rostov-Yaroslavsky railway station


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2004 Arkhangelsk explosion

On March 16, 2004, an explosion destroyed a corner section of a nine-storey Soviet-era apartment building in Arkhangelsk, Russia. It happened at 3:03 a.m. local time (UTC +3). The explosion occurred in 120 Avenue of the Soviet Cosmonauts in the October district (Oktyabrskiy rayon) of Arkhangelsk.

The death toll from the explosion was 58 (33 women, 16 men and 9 children). Two of the dead succumbed to their wounds in a hospital after being rescued.

The explosion came two days after Vladimir Putin won reelection and several weeks after a suicide bombing killed 41 Moscow Metro passengers.

In April 2004, authorities arrested and charged 26-year-old former employee of city gas services Sergey Alekseychik. On December 16, 2005, he was sentenced to 25 years in prison. According to the official version, Alekseychik was fired from his natural gas technician job several days prior to the explosion, and to get even with his former employers and the city, he sabotaged the gas system thus causing the tragedy.

title: 2004 Arkhangelsk explosion


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Talk:Effective results in number theory

Untitled
"effectively computable" should be defined somehow ;-) --FvdP

While I revised the french translation of this article, I stumbled on a few sentences I could hardly understand:

 * These included lower bounds for class numbers (ideal class groups for some families of number fields grow);: I understood & translated as : "lower bounds on how grows the ideal class group of some families of fields". I'll put that back in this article, but can someone confirm it's true ?

 * Ineffective results are still being proved in the shape A or B, where we have no way of telling which.  That's not clear (to me). Does this mean: no effective way to tell which of A or B, but an effective way to determine "A or B" ?

Also, about: taking much more care about proofs by contradiction: what kind of care ? Care of making them effective ?

--FvdP 20:47, 16 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Effectively computable - old-fashioned, see Church-Turing thesis. It's better to link to that, than explain it twice.

Growth of class numbers - the sense is OK, but the English expression above? Anyway, typically we want to bound from below (minoration) for h(-d), the class number of Q(√-d).

Example of a fairly recent ineffective result: one out of 3, 5, and 7 is a primitive root modulo p for infinitely many primes p; but we cannot compute which one, from the proof.

Charles Matthews 15:50, 17 Mar 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Effective results in number theory


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Talk:William the Lion

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Jakegard.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 13:01, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

The Feb 2008 RM result
The last RM held on this article was ruled as no move to William the Lion. Therefore, I revert the erroneous change. GoodDay (talk) 23:42, 21 January 2011 (UTC)
 * It was moved in response to changes in the naming guidelines. It has been stable at William the Lion for nearly half a year. If you want to move it, open a WP:RM discussion. Deacon of Pndapetzim ( Talk ) 23:54, 21 January 2011 (UTC)
 * The articles were so neat & trim, when Name # of country was in place. GoodDay (talk) 00:09, 22 January 2011 (UTC)

Ya may aswell go back to the lion version, Pat. Even though I disagree with a page being moved contrary to it's last RM ruling. GoodDay (talk) 01:27, 22 January 2011 (UTC)

 * This is short-sighted behaviour by both of you and Pat. Established Wiki-practice is that after a month, certainly after three, a page's location becomes stable. Transgressing it for your own advantage not only is unlikely to do any good for the move you want, but will in the long run be non-beneficial as you see others violating it for POVs you don't like. Deacon of Pndapetzim ( Talk ) 02:29, 22 January 2011 (UTC)
 * I've already 'reverted' one editors move & I'm not gonna do it again. GoodDay (talk) 02:57, 22 January 2011 (UTC)

A potentially controversial move is a potentially controversial move. You're supposed to go through WP:RM, and, if you don't, I think others should be able to revert no matter how much time has gone by in order to discourage unilateral moves like this. However, every time I've tried to get consensus on this rule at WP:RM (and I've tried several times), I can't get consensus to support it. In fact, consensus is always that once an article is move and established at a new stable name, then once again WP:RM is required to move it. That means, by current rules, it was acceptable to move it today, but once it was reverted, that should have been accepted. In any case, someone who cares probably should file a proposal at WP:RM - and this history should be explained in the nomination. --Born2cycle (talk) 09:38, 22 January 2011 (UTC)

 * Yes, this is the custom on wikipedia and serves us well if you actually think about it. We don't check back to 2003 to place the burden of consensus on individual edits, if original stable version was always preferred to most recent stable version we'd have a nightmare of a time. But to correct you on one thing, the move was not unilateral, but was one of dozens made at one time in response to changes in the naming guidelines that preferenced well-known nicknames over obscure numerals (having RMs for each one was both unnecessary and unreasonable waste of community resources). I'm going to allow PatGallacher a chance to move it back, but will move it back myself if he doesn't do so. If a move is still desired, an WP:RM can be started. Deacon of Pndapetzim ( Talk ) 10:24, 22 January 2011 (UTC)
 * You should let a non-involved administrator do that, as you've an interest in Scottish monarchial articles. The move back to William the Lion by you, could be interpreted as your 'personal preference'. GoodDay (talk) 13:07, 22 January 2011 (UTC)

The above discussion is good evidence of why making knowingly controversial moves is a bad thing - all the energy so far (including mine now) has been expended in discussing procedural issues, instead of addressing what we know will we have to discuss in the end anyway: what are the pros and cons of the various proposed titles. Is it possible to move on to that question now? --Kotniski (talk) 12:42, 22 January 2011 (UTC)

To start the ball rolling, Google Books returns me 50,000 hits for William the Lion, 704 for William I the Lion, and 474 for William I of Scotland. Unless I've overlooked some issue with the search, that would appear to settle things rather overwhelmingly. (I don't see what any change in the guidelines has to do with this - WP:NCROY has always acknowledged that common cognomens can be used instead of the name+numeral form.)--Kotniski (talk) 12:47, 22 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Cognomens should've been limited to monarchs who came before their successors starting using 'regnal numbers'. For example Edward the Confessor, Alfred the Great in England. What happened as NCROY is that the anti-'Name # of country' crowd took over & thus the instabilities followed. GoodDay (talk) 13:03, 22 January 2011 (UTC)
 * I still see the pro-name#ofcountry crowd in control at NCROY, even though the last RfC showed them to be in a minority. But that isn't the issue here - as I say, the guideline has always (at least, for longer than I can remember) allowed cognomens - do you have any arguments as to why we shouldn't use this one?--Kotniski (talk) 13:10, 22 January 2011 (UTC)
 * The latest RM's seem to proove otherwise. As for why 'name # of country', if the monarch's got a regnal number - use it. When there's a I, we should have a II, III, IV etc. As for the 'of country'? many countries monarch shared the same name. GoodDay (talk) 13:22, 22 January 2011 (UTC)
 * It's hard to know what you mean. Has another country had a monarch (or anyone) called William the Lion? Do you believe we should have articles called William II of Scotland etc.? Why should we use a rarely used regnal number when there's a far more recognizable name we can use?--Kotniski (talk) 13:31, 22 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Pruss/Germay had 2 monarchs named William & the United Kingdom has a William & likely another in the future. England had 3 named William (including Willia II of Scotland). GoodDay (talk) 13:38, 22 January 2011 (UTC)
 * And all this is relevant how?--Kotniski (talk) 13:50, 22 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Indeed, this discussion should be taking place at NCROY. GoodDay (talk) 14:06, 22 January 2011 (UTC)
 * This is quite a bad case to be making a stand on. He is almost never known as "William I" because there is only poor realization that there even is a "William II", the latter being thought of as "William of Orange" and as a King of Britain (even though this is actually inaccurate). @GoodDay, yes, this is my preference, but proper procedure requires it to go back to the last stable name if you are actually contesting it. Deacon of Pndapetzim ( Talk ) 14:50, 22 January 2011 (UTC)
 * It's best to have a non-involved administrator handle it. GoodDay (talk) 15:26, 22 January 2011 (UTC)
 * It's not an administrative matter ... and anyway you (a non-administrator) are the one that started trying to kick up a fuss here. Deacon of Pndapetzim ( Talk ) 15:32, 22 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Well then somebody who's not involved, can revert. GoodDay (talk) 15:38, 22 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Indeed, though I will do it myself if they don't. A WP:RM is needed to move this page away from its recent stable name against current naming conventions. If you want to show your own good faith you should move it back yourself. Deacon of Pndapetzim ( Talk ) 15:42, 22 January 2011 (UTC)
 * I've already made 1 revert, which was to correct a non-supported page move. If you're gonna revert it, there's nothing I can do about, nor do I intend to revert you 'again'. GoodDay (talk) 15:49, 22 January 2011 (UTC)

Look, stop arguing about who moved what - does anyone have any arguments to support calling this article anything other than the common and unique name of its subject: "William the Lion"?--Kotniski (talk) 16:05, 22 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Scotland had 2 monarchs named William, of which this fellow is the first. The Scottish monarchs before & after him, also go by name # of country. GoodDay (talk) 16:13, 22 January 2011 (UTC)
 * The use of Lion has its origins in the 14th century (maybe earlier) and is the way that he is referred to by anyone who knows anything of Scottish history. The use of the name is synomynous to William the Conqueror who is not referred to as William I of England.  The article should be returned to William the Lion asap. -Bill Reid | (talk) 17:39, 22 January 2011 (UTC)
 * I disagree. As for the conquerer, it should be William I of England, but I haven't protested it, 'cuz the RM was ruled correctly & that page wasn't moved hastily. GoodDay (talk) 17:51, 22 January 2011 (UTC)

I note that it was Deacon of Pritzdeam who made the move back in October 12, and marked it as minor, which it clearly wasn't. This is disruptive editing. PatGallacher (talk) 18:44, 22 January 2011 (UTC)

The October 12 (2010) move had no consensus. Recommend 'Deacon' or anybody, begin an RM if the wish to seek a consensus for moving to William the Lion. GoodDay (talk) 18:47, 22 January 2011 (UTC)

Absolutely. I'm wondering which calendar defines 3 and a bit months as "half a year"! Deb (talk) 18:51, 22 January 2011 (UTC)

 * This is not on, claiming there is consensus against this at Wikipedia_talk:Naming_conventions_(royalty_and_nobility), when it's just the same ideologues pushing the same minority POV. The article is has been at William the Lion for 4 months. That is the last stable name. Trying to manipulate and transgress established wikipedia etiquette because you think you'll get an advantage in an WP:RM proposal is tendentious editing and bad faith. . Note that at Talk:James Chichester-Clark PatGallacher seems to have a different opinion about article stability. Deacon of Pndapetzim ( Talk ) 18:55, 22 January 2011 (UTC)
 * We're just going in circles here & there's not enough input. GoodDay (talk) 19:01, 22 January 2011 (UTC)

 * PS: Did DrK rule the RM as no consensus to move to William the Lion (February 2008)? Did anybody complain about the page not being moved between February 2008 & October 2010? Was the page ever moved in that time frame? GoodDay (talk) 19:03, 22 January 2011 (UTC)

 * Why don't we all quit bickering, and just have a simple move discussion to get this sorted. Either to William I of Scotland or William the Lion, whichever the page currently isn't at.  Night w   13:40, 23 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Adjust the RM to today's reversion to the non-consensus title. Then re-start the RM. GoodDay (talk) 16:06, 23 January 2011 (UTC)

To review: An RM was held in February 2008 for moving William I of Scotland to William the Lion, the RM was ruled no consensus for move & this was respected for about -2.5 yrs-. Deacon then moves page to William the Lion in October 2010. It was alright for him to move a page that was stable for way over 2.5 years, with no-consensus to do so. Yet, it wasn't alright for me to revert his erroneous move, that was stable for only 3 months? Something is wrong here folks, article such as these shouldn't be hijacked in this way. GoodDay (talk) 16:17, 23 January 2011 (UTC)

Requested move 2

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

No consensus to move. Vegaswikian (talk) 07:28, 30 January 2011 (UTC)

William the Lion → William I of Scotland — In response to recent move-warring on this page, I've lodged this move request in order to ascertain consensus regarding the article's title. Online encyclopaedias show divided useage: William is listed in Britannica as "William I (king of Scotland)"; in Columbia Encyclopaedia as "William the Lion"; and in Britroyals as "King William I (the Lion) of Scotland".  Night w   16:21, 23 January 2011 (UTC)
 * For the record, I remain neutral.  Night w   15:45, 24 January 2011 (UTC)

Survey

 * Feel free to state your position on the renaming proposal by beginning a new line in this section with  or  , then sign your comment with  . Since polling is not a substitute for discussion, please explain your reasons, taking into account Wikipedia's policy on article titles.

 * Support, per David I of Scotland, Malcolm IV of Scotland, Alexander II of Scotland etc. Cognomens aren't NPoV based, as they're usually given by the monarch's admirers or detractors. GoodDay (talk) 16:27, 23 January 2011 (UTC)

 * Support to some extent in protest at the way this issue has been mishandled. However, although "William the Lion" does have some currency, he is not quite a household name comparable to Robert the Bruce or William the Conqueror.  There are quite a few Scottish kings with cognomens which we do not use at present e.g. Donal Ban, Malcolm Canmore, Alexander the Fierce, Malcolm the Maiden. PatGallacher (talk) 16:36, 23 January 2011 (UTC)

 * Oppose 'William I of Scotland'. William the Lion is the one Scottish monarch overwhelmingly known by his cognomen, and it would be surprising to see the article not titled the way it is. Scots do not know a 'William I' because, really, there is no 'William II' (though William of Orange technically was he is not known as 'William II' but William III or William of Orange). Compare 5400 hits for <"William the Lion" "king of Scots"> with a similar search with 'WIlliam I' (you'll see 2,860, but the vast majority refer to William the Conqueror, the English king 'WIlliam I'-- when they refer to the Scottish king most are citations of the Barrow RRS charter collection with that name). If you say 'William I' to a Scottish historian they'll think you're talking about William the Conqueror, though a historian (probably unlike a layman) will understand 'William I' (the RRS edition has given it a little currency). PatGallacher's comparison with "Alexander the Fierce" is not a good one; William is almost always referred to as 'the Lion' both popularly and among historians (and incidentally, his only biography is entitled William the Lion: 1143-1214: Kingship and Culture). 'William the Lion' is a no brainer application of WP:COGNOMEN, more so than William the Conqueror (and definitely more so than Cnut the Great). Deacon of Pndapetzim ( Talk ) 18:10, 23 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Oppose move from William the Lion to William I of Scotland, according to the guidelines If a monarch or prince is overwhelmingly known, in English, by a cognomen, it may be used. I had never heard of "William I of Scotland" before I noticed this discussion. Finn Rindahl (talk) 18:34, 23 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Support, though I won't die in a ditch over this one. I would just comment that, when the present second-in-line to the UK throne becomes king, people will inevitably ask "Why is he William V of Scotland as well as England? Who were the earlier Williams of Scotland?" Deb (talk) 18:49, 23 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Which is how relevant to what we title this article as? If anything, having an article called William I but no succeeding one called William II is going to confuse people any more (but if they want this analytical information they'll have to read the articles anyway - the only information the titles can impart is that of what the kings are usually called, which in the case of this William appears to be "the Lion").--Kotniski (talk) 07:11, 24 January 2011 (UTC)
 * It's something to consider, isn't it? As you say, it could be an argument either for or against. Deb (talk) 12:51, 24 January 2011 (UTC)
 * William would be 'William V' because the numerals of the British monarchs are taken from the English ones only (though they say this will change in future, it wouldn't make a difference here), beginning 1066 (three English Williams, plus one UK one). If Prince William were to become a Scottish monarch, he'd technically be either William III or William IV. :) Deacon of Pndapetzim ( Talk ) 13:19, 24 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Ya mean, if William were to reign over the UK as David, Malcolm, Robert, James etc. It would be as David III, Malcolm V, Robert IV, James VIII etc. GoodDay (talk) 14:35, 24 January 2011 (UTC)
 * I'm pretty sure that was not what Deacon meant. I'm also pretty sure I don't understand what you mean GoodDay. Finn Rindahl (talk) 15:02, 24 January 2011 (UTC)

 * As far as I'm aware nothing is certain. This article may be of interest to you. John Hendo (talk) 15:07, 24 January 2011 (UTC)

 * Oppose. Controversy or not, it's always good to consult the secondary sources themselves rather than relying on any preconceived notions about what one personally thinks would be the most appropriate name. Note that "per Article X, Y", is not an argument at all (nor is WP:Otherstuffexists) and we're not here to vote. Medieval Scottish history is not my usual fare or else I could have told from experience, but it doesn't take a lot of digging to find out that "William the Lion" is common usage. E.g. G. W. S. Barrow, The kingdom of the Scots, pp. 19, 49, if you want a reference. Surely, that the only modern monograph to be devoted to this ruler (by D. D. R. Owen) is entitled Wiliam the Lion, 1143-1214 is also a weighty fact. To dismiss such modern historians as POV-pushing "admirers or detractors" just seems to show a (somewhat amusing) lack of understanding how historians work. Cavila (talk) 20:11, 23 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Thank goodness, his cognomen wasn't William the Nose picker, William the Farter or worst. GoodDay (talk) 20:38, 23 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Ridiculous remark. Time to grow up GoodDay. -Bill Reid | (talk) 21:01, 23 January 2011 (UTC)
 * I'm 6ft tall, can't get any taller. PS: Don't be so dang serious. GoodDay (talk) 21:03, 23 January 2011 (UTC)
 * This is just a comment, not a criticism - but I am pretty sure everyone here is aware that he is "commonly known" as William the Lion. The question is whether that is the best title for an encyclopaedia article.  And a good title for an encyclopaedia article is seldom the same as a good title for a book.  (I know; I write both.) Deb (talk) 12:54, 24 January 2011 (UTC)
 * So you're saying that you'd prefer the title Alexander III of Macedon simply because there were other Alexanders before him?  Night w   13:00, 24 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Sure, historians may occasionally go for a different name to illustrate a specific point or even to appeal to a wider audience, but we've already established that Owen is not deviating from the norm here. So what exactly is so inappropriate about it? Or do you simply disagree with WP:Article title? Cavila (talk) 15:30, 24 January 2011 (UTC)
 * That's right - I'd say "often" rather than "occasionally". I'm saying that the fact that a book is called "William the Lion" doesn't make it the best title for an article.  The criteria for selecting a book title are completely different. This is a point I raised some years ago in a naming discussion, and I think it's worth reiterating here.  I didn't say that "William the Lion" is not a valid title for the article, just that the book title argument is potentially misleading.  Deb (talk) 18:08, 24 January 2011 (UTC)

 * Oppose. The Scottish educational system uses William the Lion, not William I of Scotland nor even William of Scotland. But if  an advanced search of these terms in Google books is carried out a result of 51,000, 470 and 4580 respectively is received--hardly a ringing endorsement for William I of Scotland.  -Bill Reid | (talk) 21:01, 23 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Oppose. I am no historian but as a layman I know him as William the Lion. After reading WP:COGNOMEN I have no hesitation in opposing a move. John Hendo (talk) 22:45, 23 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Oppose, evidence is clear that the cognomen is vastly better known than the form with the regnal number.--Kotniski (talk) 07:06, 24 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Oppose, my military encyclopaedia calls him "William the Lion, King of Scotland" even though it normally uses XXX I for royalty. --Bermicourt (talk) 20:18, 24 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Weak oppose -- This is a difficult case because he was the only King William of Scotland; the next of the name was William III of England, who is not usually known as William II and II (unlike James VI and I or his father-in-law James VII and II). I would be happy with the article being at "William the Lion", provided the other version exists as a redirect.  Peterkingiron (talk) 14:41, 26 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Oppose – {Sorry, GoodDay.) I long felt the anti-cognomen rule was applied too harshly. It seemed bizarre that William the Conqueror was at William I of England when it was just going to make everyone pipe link. Anyway, it seems this feller has been far better known as William the Lion, so there it should be. In general, I'm reticent about cognomens for monarchs who aren't well known outside their realm, but because Scotland has only had one King William of its own, I'm not troubled by this one. -Rrius (talk) 09:11, 27 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Oppose, as per articles Alfred the Great, Æthelred the Unready, etc. Zarcadia (talk) 20:08, 29 January 2011 (UTC)

Discussion
This might be the first time, I've been in an RM to seek moving a page from its non-consented version (see Feb 2008 RM). But hopefully, this RM's ruling will be respected. GoodDay (talk) 16:30, 23 January 2011 (UTC)

Eek, the trend isn't looking favourable. GoodDay (talk) 21:54, 26 January 2011 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Requested move 3

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: article not moved Armbrust, B.Ed. WrestleMania XXVIII The Undertaker 20–0  05:15, 7 July 2012 (UTC)

William the Lion → William the Lyon – as an overwhelmingly used name for this king. Alison Weir also calls him "the Lyon" and a quick Google Books search turns this up:

 * William the Lion on Google Books (356,000 results)
 * William the Lyon on Google Books (9,760,000 results)

So, per WP:NCROY, I propose this move.

 * Support as nominator. --Alexcoldcasefan (talk) 10:11, 30 June 2012 (UTC)

 * Oppose. Modern historians use the name William the Lion.  Searching Google Books and using the operands "William the Lyon" -"Lion" gives 14,800 hits while William the Lion" -"Lyon" gives 351,000 hits--that's a ratio of 24:1 in favour the Lion --Bill Reid | (talk) 12:14, 30 June 2012 (UTC)

 * Oppose per Bill. I did a Google Book test of my own. I limited it to those published in the last century and excluded the words "wiki" and "wikipedia". I got only 867 hits for "William the Lyon", and a whopping 14,400 for "William the Lion".--Brianann MacAmhlaidh (talk) 06:08, 1 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Oppose. "Lyon" is simply not the "overwhelmingly used name" by historians. Quite the reverse. Ben   Mac  Dui  08:22, 1 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Oppose I have never seen him called this before, always the Lion. Alison Weir might call him that, but this is probably an affectation on her part. PatGallacher (talk) 20:09, 3 July 2012 (UTC)
 * oppose The hits on that "9,760,000 results" search for William the Lyon are William P. Lyon, William S. Lyon, William F. Lyon, William Hector Lyon and so on and so forth... Finn Rindahl (talk) 21:43, 3 July 2012 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

King's evil
Although we do have one very dated source to back this up, I am cautious about the claim that he ever touched for the king's evil. This practice was certainly not normal in Scotland, and even in France and England it is questionable whether it was practiced as early as this. PatGallacher (talk) 14:20, 28 December 2014 (UTC)

Ada Fitz William
Either the birth date for William I or for Ada Fitz William are way off, or William fathered her around the age of 4. Unsure what the right answer is. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Republicson (talk • contribs) 15:55, 27 September 2015 (UTC)

Husbands of Isabel and Isabella
Mentioned husbands of: It seems likely that the first one is wrong. --Japarthur (talk) 12:46, 5 February 2016 (UTC)
 * "Isabel (1195–1253), married Roger Bigod, 4th Earl of Norfolk and Robert "of Fur Fan" De Ros, Sir Knight and had issue."; her page does not mention a second husband.
 * "Isabella Mac William married Robert III de Brus then Robert Furfan de Ros, Magna Carta Suretor"; her page mentions both husbands.

Lack of citation
It seems like there is a lack of citation in the body of the article. There is not a citation in the life portion until seven paragraphs in the article.Jakegard (talk) 04:36, 24 October 2017 (UTC) Jakegard (talk) 04:36, 24 October 2017 (UTC)

Taylor Swift as great great.xxx granddaughter
I have removed the mention; see Talk:Taylor Swift for more information. Lectonar (talk) 14:03, 11 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:William the Lion


text: User:JimClark/TestStub

title: User:JimClark/TestStub


text:
Old Rhine

Old Rhine or Oude Rijn may refer to:

 * Oude Rijn (Gelderland), a long former bend in river Rhine in the Dutch province of Gelderland
 * Oude Rijn (Utrecht and South Holland), a branch of the Rhine delta in the Dutch provinces of Utrecht and South Holland
 * Alter Rhein, the old river bed of the Alpine Rhine in St. Gallen and Vorarlberg in the Alpine Rhine Valley

title: Old Rhine


text:
User:Bird/animal cruelty replies

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We appreciate your effort in contacting us, and would like to give you some general information on how to fight against this and any other similar sites that you may encounter. Unfortunately, new ones appear every day.

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The place where the actual animal cruelty took place is not significant under this statute. Anyone convicted of the interstate or foreign sale of these depictions of animal cruelty can be faced with a fine, or up to a five year prison sentence. An exception is made for depictions serious with religious, political, scientific, educational, journalistic, historical or artistic value.

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1) your local society for the prevention of cruelty to animals (SPCA) and/or humane society (which may have the power to enforce animal cruelty laws in the area);

2) your local law enforcement officials;

3) your local city/county health department (because abuse of animals often involves unsafe or unsanitary conditions for humans);

4) your federal, state and local taxing authorities (because operations involving cruelty to animals often operate without filing or paying taxes);

5) The Internet Fraud Complaint Center at www.ifccfbi.gov, a joint partnership between the FBI and The National White Collar Crime Center established to address fraud committed over the Internet;

6) local and national media organizations;

7) www.h4ha.org/stopcruelty/index.html, a group that is attempting to stop sites advocating cruelty to animals;

8) any ISP hosting a Web site advocating animal abuse.	You can find the address of an ISP by connecting Network Solutions at http://www.networksolutions.com and inputting the name of the Web site. (NOTE: Network Solutions merely registers domain names and is not responsible in any way for the content of the Web sites it registers); and

9) the ISP that you regularly do business with, to encourage them to screen their own sites and not allow Web sites promoting animal cruelty.

Note: "Local", as used above, means based in the area from which the Web site originates.

For more information, please visit these Web sites:

ZDNet: Bonsai Kitten: An Obvious Hoax http://netscape.zdnet.com/zdhelp/stories/main/0,5594,2692699,00.html

Wired.com: FBI Goes After Bonsaikitten.com http://www.wired.com/news/politics/0,1283,41733,00.html

Bonsai Kitten: The World's Most Hated Website? http://www.about.com/culture/urbanlegends/library/weekly/aa021401a.html

Bonsai Kitten Petition (offers a history of the Bonsai Kitten Web site) http://urbanlegends.about.com/library/blbonsai.htm

Cordially,

The ASPCA Humane Law Enforcement Department

title: User:Bird/animal cruelty replies


text:
Radley College

Radley College, formally St Peter's College, Radley or the College of St. Peter at Radley, is a public school (independent boarding school for boys) near Radley, Oxfordshire, England, which was founded in 1847. The school covers 800 acre including playing fields, a golf course, a lake, and farmland. Before the counties of England were re-organised, the school was in Berkshire.

Radley is one of only four public schools to have retained the boys-only, boarding-only tradition, the others being Sherborne, Harrow and Eton. Formerly this group included Winchester, although the latter school is currently undergoing a transition to co-ed status. Of the seven public schools addressed by the Public Schools Act 1868 four have since become co-educational: Rugby (1976), Charterhouse (1971), Westminster (1973), and Shrewsbury (2014). For the academic year 2022/23, Radley charged boarders up to £14,850 per term, or £44,550 per annum. It is a member of the Rugby Group.

History
Radley was founded in 1847 by William Sewell (1804–79) and Robert Corbet Singleton (1810–81). The first pupil was Samuel Reynolds, who in 1897 wrote his reminiscences of school life.

The school was originally housed in Radley Hall, now known as "Mansion". Radley Hall was built in the 1720s for the Stonehouse family. Later in the 18th century the estate passed to the Bowyer family, who commissioned Capability Brown to re-design the grounds. After the school was founded, extensive building work took place, beginning with Chapel (replaced by the current building in 1895), F Social and Octagon (the earliest living accommodation for the boys), Clock Tower, and in 1910 the dining hall (Hall). Building work has continued throughout the 20th and 21st centuries, with three new Socials, a weights-room/gym, a rowing tank, a theatre, and a real tennis court being completed since 2006. The Science Block was also expanded and refurbished in 2019. The grounds include a lake, a golf course and woodland.

On 31 August 2017, The Daily Telegraph reported that a whistleblower had suggested that teachers had helped their students in an art GCSE exam. Investigations by the exam board found no fault beyond a minor technical breach of exam regulations. Radley College issued a statement expressing full support for staff and procedures both within the art department and across the school.

On 6 July 2018, a plane trailing a banner reading "Make Radley Great Again" was flown over the school, in protest against Warden John Moule's campaign of modernisation. The £750 cost of the plane hire was raised by pupils at the school.

Price-fixing cartel case (2005)
In 2005 Radley College was one of fifty of the country's leading independent schools which were found guilty by the Office of Fair Trading of running an illegal price-fixing cartel which had allowed them to drive up fees. Each school was required to pay a nominal penalty of £21,360 and all agreed to make ex-gratia payments totalling three million pounds into a Trust designed to benefit pupils who attended the schools during the period in respect of which fee information was shared. In their defence, Jean Scott, the head of the Independent Schools Council, said that independent schools had previously been exempt from the anti-cartel rules applied to business; they were following a long-established procedure in sharing the information with one another and they were unaware of the current law.

School terms
There are three academic terms in the year:

 * The Michaelmas term, from early September to mid-December.
 * The Lent term, from early January to late March.
 * The Summer term, from mid-April to late June or early July.

Radley formalities
Radley College has its own specialised terminology and formalities, similar to the notions of Winchester College. For example, all teachers are referred to as "dons", and female teachers and members of staff are addressed only as "ma'am"; the headmaster is known as the "warden"; boarding houses are known as "socials", with their masters being known as "tutors" and their head prefects as "pups"; ties earned by pups, top sportsmen, and other distinguished boys have flat bottoms and are known as "strings" ("social strings" if earned for distinction within the social, "college strings" if earned for distinction within the wider college); and the five year-groups, from first to last, are called "shell", "remove", "fifth", "6.1", and "6.2". During the Michaelmas and Lent terms, gowns are worn over uniforms, while during the summer term, shirts are worn without ties, jackets, or gowns (known as "Summer Dress" or, more officially, as "Shirt-Sleeve Order"). A formal house meeting is held once a week, known as "social prayers" (an assembly usually with a talk or presentation); an informal house meeting with food, known as "cocoa", takes place every evening; a weekend which a boy would usually stay in school for but has been allowed to leave on is known as a "privi" (short for "privilege weekend" as these can be cancelled if a boy is subject to disciplinary proceedings); and the final day of the academic year is known as "gaudy", from the Latin gaudē meaning "rejoice thou".

Socials
There are 11 socials at Radley, each housing approximately 70 boys and distinguished by the colours of their members' ties. They are each known by a single letter, although they are formally named after their tutor (e.g., H, formally May's Social). When the college opened, most boys were living together in College, but they were under the care of six "social tutors" and the term "social" then referred to all the boys under the care of one tutor. When D Social was built in 1886 all the boys and their tutor were united in their own living quarters and so the word "social" came to mean the building and all of its inhabitants. Similar to Eton's houses and their dames, each social at Radley has a matron known as the "PHM" ("pastoral housemistress"), whose role is central.

Academic aspects
The school was inspected by the independent schools' Inspectorate in February 2008. The inspection report rated the school's standard of education as "outstanding", the highest rating. There was a subsequent inspection by ISI in 2013.

In 2012, the Independent review of A level results, based on government issued statistics, ranked Radley 31st in the UK, ahead of Malvern (32nd), Harrow (34th), Winchester (73rd), Tonbridge (74th), Eton (80th) and Wellington (89th) By 2019 they were still in the top 100 but had dropped to 75th place.

Sports
Sports played at the College are rugby football in the Michaelmas Term, hockey, rowing and football in the Lent Term and cricket, rowing, lawn tennis, and athletics in the Summer Term.

Other sports played include badminton, basketball, beagling, cross-country, fencing, fives, lacrosse, rackets, real tennis, rugby sevens, squash and water polo.

Rugby
Rugby is the major sport of the Michaelmas term. The school fields 23 rugby teams on most Saturdays of the Michaelmas term and on some Thursdays. The Master in charge of Rugby is Gloucester loose-head prop Nick Wood, OR.

Rowing
Radley is recognised for its rowing, having won events at Henley Royal Regatta on 6 occasions. Only Eton, St Paul's, Shrewsbury, and St Edward's have won more events at the Regatta.

Cricket
Cricket is played in the summer term. Some Old Radleians have progressed to play cricket for England or captain county level cricket teams. The cricket grounds (including Smithson Fields) have been described as 'arguably one of the best in the country' while the sporting facilities have been described as world-class.

Field hockey
Eighteen hockey teams are fielded during the Lent term. Teams train on three Astroturf pitches and a full-sized indoor hockey pitch. Radley takes part in the Independent Schools Hockey League.

Football
Twelve football teams are fielded in the Lent term. Radley competes in ISFA Southern Independent Schools Lent Term League. There is a yearly pre-season training camp before term starts.

Other sports
Sports such as fives, rackets, sailing, badminton, and polo are represented, as well as scuba diving. A real tennis court opened in July 2008, which made Radley the only school in the world to have fives, squash, badminton, tennis, racquets, and real tennis courts all on campus.

Southern Railway Schools Class
The school lent its name to the thirty-first steam locomotive (Engine 930) in the Southern Railway's Class V of which there were 40. This Class was also known as the Schools Class because all 40 of the class were named after prominent English public schools. "Radley", as it was called, was built in 1934 and was withdrawn in 1962. A nameplate from 930, Radley, is now displayed in the stationery department of Shop (the College's shop).

List of Wardens

 * R C Singleton (founder) (1847–1851)
 * W B Heathcote (1851–1852)
 * W M Sewell (founder) (1852–1861)
 * R W Norman (1861–1866)
 * W Wood (1866–1870)
 * C Martin (1871–1879)
 * R J Wilson (1880–1888)
 * H Lewis Thompson (1888–1896)
 * T Field (1897–1913)
 * E Gordon Selwyn (1913–1919)
 * A Fox (1919–1925)
 * W H Ferguson (1925–1937)
 * J C Vaughan Wilkes (1937–1954)
 * W M M Milligan (1954–1968)
 * D R W Silk (1968–1991)
 * R M Morgan (1991–2000)
 * A W McPhail (2000–2014)
 * J S Moule (2014–Present)

Old Radleians

 * Boyd Alexander, traveller and ornithologist
 * James Bachman, comic writer and actor
 * Merton Barker, cricketer and field hockey player
 * Richard Beard, prize-winning author of fiction and non-fiction
 * Harry Bicket, conductor
 * C. E. Bowden, pilot and pioneer of IC engined model flight and radio control
 * Gerald Brenan, writer
 * John Bridcut, documentary film maker
 * Christopher Bulstrode, orthopedic surgeon and author
 * William Burdett-Coutts, producer, Assembly Festival
 * James Burton, conductor and composer
 * Richard Toby Coke, UKIP politician
 * Collingwood Tinling, builder of first jet engine
 * William Collins, author and cricketer
 * Peter Cook, comedian
 * John Crabtree, lawyer and businessman; Lord Lieutenant of the West Midlands
 * Tim Crooks, Olympic rower
 * Jamie Dalrymple, cricketer
 * Norman Denny, author, translator of Victor Hugo's Les Misérables
 * Ted Dexter, cricketer
 * Alexander Downer, former Australian Foreign Minister and former Australian High Commissioner to the Court of St James
 * Mark Durden-Smith, television presenter
 * Marc Edwards, sports correspondent with BBC World News (formerly with CCTV International, France 24 and Eurosport)
 * Ivan Ewart, British naval officer and charity worker
 * Jeremy Flint, bridge player
 * George Freeman, Conservative Member of Parliament for Mid Norfolk
 * David Freeman-Mitford, 2nd Baron Redesdale, father of the Mitford sisters
 * Andrew Gant, choirmaster and composer
 * Richard Gibson, actor, best known as Herr Flick in the BBC series 'Allo 'Allo!
 * Nicholas Hannen, actor
 * Robert Hall, BBC special correspondent
 * Noel Harrison, English actor & member of the British Olympic skiing team in the 1950s
 * Simon Hart, Conservative Member of Parliament for Carmarthen West and South Pembrokeshire.
 * Alex Hearne, cricketer
 * Christopher Hibbert, historian
 * Cyril Holland, son of Oscar Wilde
 * Sir George Hollingbery, former Conservative Member of Parliament for Meon Valley and Her Majesty's Ambassador-designate to the Republic of Cuba
 * Charles Howard, 20th Earl of Suffolk, pioneering bomb disposal expert in the Second World War
 * Alan Huggins, Hong Kong judge
 * Charles Hulse, cricketer
 * Ben Hutton, cricketer
 * Jamie Laing, Reality TV in Made in Chelsea
 * Thomas Langford-Sainsbury, air vice marshal
 * Hugh Lindley-Jones, cricketer
 * Desmond Llewelyn, actor best known for playing Q in many James Bond films
 * Archie Lorne, heir-apparent to the Dukedom of Argyll
 * James Lovegrove, SF novelist
 * Rupert Lowe, Reform UK Member of Parliament for Great Yarmouth
 * Dick Lucas, evangelical Anglican preacher
 * Sir Edgar Ludlow-Hewitt, air chief marshal
 * James Charles Macnab of Macnab, soldier and chief of Clan Macnab
 * Sir George Mallaby, public servant, High Commissioner to New Zealand
 * Robert Marshall, cricketer
 * Sir Charlie Mayfield, CEO of Waitrose and John Lewis Partnership
 * J.X. Merriman, South African statesman
 * Harold Monro, founder of the Poetry Bookshop
 * Lord Charles Montagu Douglas Scott, admiral
 * Andrew Motion, poet and former Poet Laureate
 * Andrew Nairne, director of Kettle's Yard
 * Sandy Nairne, director of the National Portrait Gallery
 * Sir Christopher Nugee, Lord Justice of the Court of Appeal (England and Wales)
 * Edward Nugee, Barrister, Treasurer of the Inner Temple
 * Lt Gen Richard Nugee, British Army officer
 * Owen Paterson, MP and former cabinet minister
 * Ian Payne, broadcaster
 * James Pearce, journalist and presenter for BBC Sport
 * Sir David Pountney, opera director
 * Edgar Prestage, historian and Portuguese scholar
 * Dennis Price, actor
 * Sir Nicholas Redmayne (1938–2008), stockbroker and investment banker
 * Michael Reeves, film director
 * S.H. Reynolds, clergyman
 * Professor Sir Mike Richards, UK National Cancer Director
 * Lord Scarman, judge
 * Brough Scott, horse racing journalist, radio and television presenter, and former jockey
 * James Scott, cricketer
 * Tom Shakespeare, sociologist and broadcaster
 * Thomas Spyers, cricketer
 * Clive Stafford Smith, campaigning lawyer
 * Andrew Strauss, cricketer
 * Will Stuart, rugby player
 * Jeremy Stuart-Smith, High Court judge
 * Sir Reginald Stubbs, colonial governor
 * Lieutenant Colonel Rupert Thorneloe, killed in action in Afghanistan on 1 July 2009
 * Nigel Twiston-Davies, Cheltenham Gold Cup winning horse trainer
 * Charlie Wallis, cricketer
 * Peter Wildeblood, journalist and playwright and celebrated gay rights campaigner
 * Richard Wilson, Baron Wilson of Dinton, former UK Cabinet Secretary
 * Simon Wolfson, Baron Wolfson of Aspley Guise, CEO of Next plc
 * Major General Sir Edward Woodgate, who died of wounds sustained during the Battle of Spion Kop
 * Charles Worsley, cricketer

title: Radley College


text:
Matsubayashi-ryū

Matsubayashi-Ryū (松林流), is a style of Okinawan karate founded in 1947 by Shōshin Nagamine (1907–1997) (an Okina Sensei ). Its curriculum includes 18 kata, seven two-man yakusoku kumite (pre-arranged sparring) routines, and kobudō (weapons) practice.

Nagamine named his style in honor of the two most important masters that his teachings were based upon: Sōkon Matsumura of Shuri-te, and Kosaku Matsumora of Tomari-te. He chose to name the school using the first kanji characters from both master's names Matsu (松) and the style is pronounced in Japanese "Matsubayashi". Matsubayashi-ryū is a style of Shōrin-ryū and the terms Matsubayashi-ryū and Shōrin-ryū can be used interchangeably. Normally, the style is referred to as Shōrin-ryū, but when a definite distinction is required between the other styles of the Shōrin-ryū family (Kobayashi Shōrin-ryū, Shōbayashi Shōrin-ryū and Matsumura Seito Hohan Sōken) then it is called Matsubayashi-ryū. Nagamine also credited Motobu Chōki as the teacher who inspired his seven Yakusoku Kumite Forms.

Matsubayashi-ryū is one of the better-documented traditional karate styles, owing to Nagamine's book, The Essence of Okinawan Karate-dō. as well as Tales of Okinawa's Great Masters. Takayoshi Nagamine

After the death of Nagamine O Sensei in 1997, many of his senior students formed their own organisations to teach Matsubayashi-ryū. In the years following Nagamine Soke, continued to lead the organization, but was unable to get unification, due to politics within the organization. Since 2012, Yoshitaka Taira has been the association president. There are now, many other organizations which are continuing the teachings of O Sensei outside of the WMKA.

Kata
Kata are sets of moves in Karate and are considered the most important part of the Matsubayashi-ryu style.

 * Fukyugata series (1-2)
 * Pinan series (1-5)
 * Naihanchi series (1-3)
 * Ananku
 * Wankan
 * Rōhai
 * Wanshu
 * Passai
 * Gojūshiho
 * Chintō
 * Kusanku

Ranks
These are the ranks as set out by the World Matsubayashi-ryu (Shorin-ryu) Karate-Do Association (WMKA) and the Kodokan Nagamine Karate Dojo (World Honbu).

Mudansha
 * 8th Kyu - White Belt, one green stripe
 * 7th Kyu - White Belt, two green stripes
 * 6th Kyu - Green Belt, three white stripes
 * 5th Kyu - Green Belt, two white stripes
 * 4th Kyu - Green Belt, one white stripe
 * 3rd Kyu - Brown Belt, three white stripes
 * 2nd Kyu - Brown Belt, two white stripes
 * 1st Kyu - Brown Belt, one white stripe

Yudansha
 * 1st to 10th Dan - Black Belt

Shogo Titles
 * Renshi (6th Dan) - Black Belt with one stripe
 * Kyoshi (7th & 8th Dan) - Black Belt with two stripes
 * Hanshi (9th & 10th Dan) - Black Belt with three stripes
 * Hanshisei (10th Dan) - Black Belt with four stripes

Major Organizations of Matsubayashi-ryu
After the passing of the Matsubayashi-ryu founder, Shoshin Nagamine, in 1997 many practitioners of Matsubayashi-ryu Karate-do were affiliated with the Nagamine Honbu Dojo and the Okinawan Matsubayashi-ryu Karate-do Federation.

 * World Matsubayashi-ryu Karate-Do Association (WMKA), headed by Yoshitaka Taira and Toshimitsu Arakaki
 * Matsubayashi Associations or Honbu dojos throughout the World ***
 * SKKA North American Matsubayashi Shorin Ryu Karate & Kobudo Association, Gardena California. Eihachi Ota Hanshi, 10 Dan.
 * NAMKA North American Matsubayashi Ryu Karate Association - Don Caponigro Sensei
 * European Matsubayashi-ryu (Shorin-ryu) Karate-Do Association (EMKA)], Europe - Ole-Bjørn Tuftedal
 * Okinawa Shorin-ryu New Zealand, New Zealand - Kevin Plaisted
 * Matsubayashi-ryu Karate Association of Australia (MKAA), Australia - John Carlyle
 * Okinawan Shorin Ryu Karate - Midwest-honbu-dojo (USA) - Bill George sensei
 * World Shorin-ryu Karate-Do Federation (WSKF), United States - Board of Directors
 * Matsubayashi Shorin-ryu International, Ireland & Netherlands - Patrick Beaumont Sensei
 * Matsubayashi-Ryu (Shorin-ryu) Karate-Do Argentina, Argentina, headed by Shigehide Akamine Hanshi
 * Matsubayshi Ryu Karatedo Tenyokan Association, (Tiida Ryu) - Lara Chamberlain. www.sczenkarate.org
 * Shorin Ryu Karate-Do International headed by Figgiani Jerry Sensei. Tamaki Takeshi Sensei, Technical Director
 * SKKA Canada

Well-known Matsubayashi-Ryu Practitioners
Ranks and honorifics have been excluded from the list for simplicity.

Okinawa
 * Shoshin Nagamine, Founder of Matsubayashi-Ryu, O-sensei (DECEASED) 1907 - 1997
 * Takayoshi Nagamine, Second generation headmaster (Soke) of Matsubayashi-Ryu. USA in 1967 to teach in Cincinnati Ohio until 1979. (DECEASED)
 * Nakamura Seigi, Senior student of Shoshin Nagamine, and Chief Instructor at the Honbu dojo (DECEASED)
 * Masao Shima, Senior student of Shoshin Nagamine (DECEASED)
 * Yasuharu Makishi, Senior student of Shoshin Nagamine (DECEASED)
 * Toshimitsu Arakaki, Senior student of Shoshin Nagamine
 * Yoshitaka Taira, student of Shoshin Nagamine
 * Kiyoshi Shinjo, Senior student of Shoshin Nagamine
 * Eihachi Ota, Student of O-sensei Nagamine & Senior student of Masao Shima.
 * Takeshi Tamaki, Senior student of Shoshin Nagamine
 * Nobuhide Higa, Senior student of Shoshin Nagamine
 * Chotoku Omine, Senior student of Shoshin Nagamine and sent to the United States to promote Matsubayashi-Ryu by Shoshin Nagamine (DECEASED)
 * Kensei Taba (DECEASED), Senior student of Shoshin Nagamine and Founder of his own organisation, the Okinawa Shogen-Ryu Karate-Do Assn.
 * Chokei Kishaba, Senior student of Shoshin Nagamine and Founder of Shōrin-ryū Kishaba Juk
 * Shigehide Akamine, Student of Shoshin Nagamine who moved to Argentina and heads the Matsubayashi-Ryu (Shorin-Ryu) Karate-Do Argentina

United States
 * *Eihachi Ota Hanshi 10 Dan, student of Masao Shima. Highest ranked Matsubayashi practitioner in the US, over 75 years old, he is still very active. He is President of SKKA (Shorin Ryu Karate Kobudo Association) & Okinawa Karate and Kobudo Association.
 * James Wax, First non-Okinawan to receive a Black belt from Shoshin Nagamine in Matsubayashi-Ryu.(DECEASED)
 * Sam Palmer, Student of Ueshiro Sensei (DECEASED)
 * Parker Shelton, Student of Bob Yarnall and James Wax (DECEASED)
 * Joseph Carbonara - Student of Chotoku Omine (DECEASED)
 * Bob Yarnall, Student of Jim Wax
 * James Driggs, Student of Jim Wax & Takayoshi Nagamine - All (DECEASED)
 * Frank Grant (deceased) Student of Jim Wax and Shoshin Nagamine, Chairman of the World Shorin-ryu Karate-do Federation
 * Bill George, Student of Soke Takayoshi Nagamine
 * Walter Rowden,(Deceased) Student of Sam Palmer,(Deceased)
 * David Erler, Student and son of Ed Erler
 * Ed Erler, Student of Omine Chotoku sensei
 * Evan Cosden, Student of Ed Erler & Eihachi Ota
 * Richard Lohrding, Student of Sam Palmer
 * Don Caponigro, Student of Frank Grant/Soke Nagamine

 * Frank Palermo, Student of Bob Yarnall

Canada  Ireland
 * Frank Baehr - Student of Shoshin Nagamine
 * Patrick Beaumont - Student of Nagamine Takayoshi Soke

Spain
 * Ricardo Fuchs Camani - Student of Shigehide Akamine

Norway Netherlands
 * Ole-Bjørn Tuftedal - Student of Yoshitaka Taira Sensei
 * Dmitry Boguslavsky - Student of Patrick Beaumont Sensei

title: Matsubayashi-ryū


text:
Nicholas Rowe

Nicholas or Nick Rowe may refer to:

 * Nicholas Rowe (writer) (1674–1718), English dramatist and Poet Laureate
 * James N. Rowe or Nick Rowe (1938–1989), American military officer and prisoner of war during the Vietnam War
 * Nicholas Rowe (actor) (born 1966), British actor
 * Nicholas Rowe (producer), American music producer
 * Nick Rowe, guitarist with Bloodsimple from 2002 to 2008

title: Nicholas Rowe