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UCL Institute of Education

The UCL Institute of Education (IOE) is the faculty of education and society of University College London (UCL). It specialises in postgraduate study and research in the field of education and is one of UCL's 11 constituent faculties. Prior to merging with UCL in 2014, it was a constituent college of the University of London. The IOE is ranked first in the world for education in the QS World University Rankings, and has been so every year since 2014.

The IOE is the largest education research body in the United Kingdom, with over 700 research students in the doctoral school. It also has the largest portfolio of postgraduate programmes in education in the UK, with approximately 4,000 students taking Master's programmes, and a further 1,200 students on PGCE teacher-training courses. At any one time the IOE hosts over 100 research projects funded by Research Councils, government departments and other agencies.

History
In 1900, a report on the training of teachers, produced by the Higher Education Sub-Committee of the Technical Education Board (TEB) of the London County Council, called for further provision for the training of teachers in London in universities. The TEB submitted a scheme to the Senate of the University of London for a new day-training college, which would train teachers of both sexes when most existing courses were taught in single-sex colleges or departments. The principal of the proposed college was also to act as the Professor of the Theory, History and Practice of Education at the university. The new college was opened on 6 October 1902 as the London Day Training College under the administration of the LCC.

Its first principal was Sir John Adams, who had previously been the Professor of Education at University of Glasgow. Adams was joined with a mistress and master of Method (later Vice-Principals). The bulk of the teaching was carried out by the Vice-Principals and other specialists were appointed to teach specific subjects, including Cyril Burt. Initially the LDTC only provided teacher training courses lasting between 1 and 3 years.

The LDTC became a school of the University of London in 1909 and was wholly transferred to the university and was renamed the University of London, Institute of Education in 1932. Gradually the institute expanded its activities and began to train secondary school teachers and offered higher degrees. It also moved into specific areas of research with its Child Development Department, administered by Susan Sutherland Isaacs and the training of teachers for the colonial service. At the outbreak of World War II, the institute was temporarily transferred to the University of Nottingham.

As a result of the report of the McNair Committee, which was established by the Board of Education to examine recruitment and training of teachers and youth leaders a new scheme for teacher training was established in England. "Area Training Organisations" (ATO) were created to co-ordinate the provision of teacher training and were responsible for the overall administration of all colleges of education within their area. The ATO for the London area was based at the University of London under the name University of London, Institute of Education, which was responsible for around 30 existing colleges of education and education departments, including the existing Institute of Education. The colleges (known as "constituent colleges" of the institute) prepared students for the "Certificate in Education" of the institute, and latterly for the Bachelor of Education and Bachelor of Humanities degrees of the university. The existing institute (referred to as the "Central Institute") and the new ATO (referred to as the "Wider Institute") had separate identities, but confusingly were administered from the same building and by the same administrative staff. This dual identity continued until the Wider Institute gradually disappeared and was finally dissolved in 1975, coinciding with the closure (or "merger" with local polytechnics and other institutions) of many of the colleges of education.

In 1987 the institute once again became a school of the University of London and was incorporated by royal charter.

The IOE and UCL formed a strategic alliance in October 2012, including co-operation in teaching, research and the development of the London schools system. In February 2014 the two institutions announced their intention to merge and the merger was completed in December 2014.

In March 2015 it was announced that the IOE would be the lead partner in the UK Centre for Global Higher Education, a new centre focusing on the systematic investigation of higher education and its future. The Economic and Social Research Council announced that it would provide £5 million in funding for the centre for the period to 2019, the other partners in which are Lancaster University and the University of Sheffield.

Campus
The first home of the IOE (as the London Day Training College) was Passmore Edwards Hall on Clare Market, which belonged to the London School of Economics. It moved again in its second year to the Northampton Technical Institute in Finsbury and the College of Preceptors building in Bloomsbury Square. In 1907 the college moved to its first purpose-built building on Southampton Row. In 1938, the institute moved to the Senate House complex of the University of London on Malet Street. After World War II, the Senate House complex became unworkable due to a sharp increase in numbers of students. The institute began to expand into other buildings in the neighbouring area, including four houses on Bedford Way which were leased as a residential hall for students in 1946, a building on Tavistock Square as home of the music department in 1958, and a few "huts" on Malet Street (formerly belonging to the University of London Student Union) where the library was transferred. In 1960, plans were prepared for a new building on Bedford Way designed by Denys Lasdun, though only part of his initial design was completed. The library was one of the aspects dropped from the design and in 1968 it was moved from huts into a converted office block on Ridgmount Street The library finally moved into an extension of the Bedford Way building in 1992 and was renamed the "Newsam Library" after Peter Newsam, the Director who oversaw the new construction.

In 2004, the Institute of Education and Birkbeck, University of London, jointly founded London Knowledge Lab, an interdisciplinary research unit concerned with learning and technology. It is located in Emerald Street, Holborn. In 2016, by mutual and cordial agreement, the institutional collaboration came to an end with the launch of two separate research centres, the UCL Knowledge Lab and the Birkbeck Knowledge Lab, extending the legacy of the London Knowledge Lab.

Library
The IOE's Newsam Library is the largest in its field in Europe, containing more than 300,000 volumes and nearly 2,000 periodicals.

Main collections

 * Educational collection of publications covering every aspect of education in the United Kingdom, organized by the specialist classification scheme, London Education Classification.
 * International collection covering aspects of the organisation of education outside the UK
 * Reference collection including reference works, indexes, legal guidance, statistics of education in the UK and recent official government publications. The library also maintains the Digital Education Resource Archive (DERA) which contains full text digital publications from over 100 official departments and agencies relating to education, skills and training.
 * Other subjects collection containing publications on educational related subjects including psychology, sociology, linguistics etc.
 * Large selection of teaching materials for all subjects and stages of the curriculum with children's fiction and picture books.

Special collections
There are 27 special collections of publications held by the Newsam Library. Some of the collections relate to a specific subject area or have been collection by a single source while others have been built up with several sources. The collection contains a comprehensive range of documents on education in the UK, the National Textbook Collection, and other unique resources.

Archives
The institute's archive collections date back from 1797, and holds over 130 deposited collections as well as the records of the institute itself. The deposited collections contain the personal papers of educationalist and other notable people involved with education and the records of educational organisations such as trade unions, and education projects. The collections cover a wide area of education, from pre-school all the way through to adult education, from formal education settings to informal settings. The archives are open to both internal and external researchers by appointment only, and form part of University College London's Special Collections.

Research
The IOE had a total research income of £12.17 million in 2013/14, of which £6.59 million was from UK Research Councils, £2.0 million from UK central government, £1.07 from European governments, £0.81 million from UK-based charities, and £1.7 million from other sources.

A total of 219 full-time-equivalent staff from the IOE were submitted to the Education Unit of Assessment (UoA) of the 2014 Research Excellence Framework (REF), around 15 per cent of the total 1,442 staff submitted by all institutions to the UoA and by far the highest amount of any single institution (compared to 54 staff submitted by the second-placed Open University and 40 by the third-placed Edinburgh University). 28% of the IOE's research was classified as 4* (compared to 19% in the 2008 Research Assessment Exercise (RAE 2008)) and 40% as 3* (compared to 38% in the 2008 RAE) and the IOE achieved a GPA of 3.21, ranking it joint 11th in the UoA. Furthermore, according to the UCL Institute of Education's research page, one-quarter of all UK Education research occurs at the IOE, while the IOE is home to four times as many leading education scholars than any other UK university.

The IOE prepared 23 cases for impact evaluation, with the next largest submission in the UoA comprising six cases. In a league table produced by Times Higher Education the IOE ranked first for "research power" in the UoA with a rating of 703 (compared to 164 for the second-placed Open University and 140 for the third-placed Oxford University).

Centre for Longitudinal Studies
The Centre for Longitudinal Studies (CLS) is an ESRC Resource Centre based at the IOE. CLS houses three of Britain's internationally renowned birth cohort studies:

 * National Child Development Study (NCDS)
 * 1970 British Cohort Study (BCS70)
 * Millennium Cohort Study (MCS): 2000 birth cohort

The studies were key sources of evidence for a number of UK Government inquiries such as the Plowden Committee on Primary Education (1967), the Warnock Committee on Children with Special Educational Needs (1978), the Finer Committee on One Parent Families (1966–74), the Acheson Independent Inquiry into Inequalities in Health (1998) and the Moser Committee on Adult Basic Skills (1997–99). A study of working mothers and early child development was influential in making the argument for increased maternity leave. Another study on the impact of assets, such as savings and investments on future life chances, played a major part in the development of assets-based welfare policy, including the much-debated "Baby Bond".

Heather Joshi was director of the Centre for Longitudinal Studies between 2003 and 2010. She was succeeded by Jane Elliott, who served as director from 2010 to 2014. The archives of the CLS are held within the IOE's archive collections.

Notable former faculty and staff

 * Basil Bernstein (1924–2000), sociologist and linguist
 * Max Black (1909–1988), philosopher
 * Cyril Burt (1883–1971), educational psychologist
 * Jon Davison (1949-), first professor of teacher education
 * Rosemary Firth (1912–2001), social anthropologist
 * Harvey Goldstein (1939–2020), statistician
 * Chris Husbands (1959–), educationalist and former director of the institute
 * Susan Sutherland Isaacs, (1885–1948), educational psychologist and psychoanalyst
 * George Barker Jeffery (1891–1957), mathematician and educationalist
 * Joseph Lauwerys (1902–1981)
 * Leonard John Lewis, international educationalist
 * Karl Mannheim (1893–1947), sociologist
 * Richard Stanley Peters (1919– 2011), philosopher, professor of philosophy of education
 * Marion Richardson (1892–1946), artist, educator and author who published workbooks on penmanship and handwriting
 * Harold Rosen (1919–2008), educationalist, professor and head of English department
 * Christian Schiller (1895–1976), HM Inspector and senior lecturer
 * Philip E. Vernon, (1905–1987), psychologist

Notable alumni

 * T. Q. Armar (1915–2000), Ghanaian publisher
 * Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa (1912–1966), first Prime Minister of independent Nigeria
 * Paul Bird (1923–1993), artist and teacher
 * Quentin Blake (born 1932), cartoonist, illustrator and children's book author
 * Waveney Bushell, (born 1928), Guyanese-born educational psychologist
 * Jane E. Clerk (1904–1999), schoolteacher and pioneer woman education administrator on the Gold Coast, now Ghana
 * Reginald Horace Blyth (1898–1964), author and devotee of Japanese culture
 * Valerie Davey (born 1940), former Labour Member of Parliament for Bristol West
 * Bryan Davies, Baron Davies of Oldham, PC (born 1939), Labour member of the House of Lords
 * Modjaben Dowuona (1908–1991), first Registrar of the University of Ghana; Minister for Education (1966–1969)
 * Michael Duane (1915–1997, controversial head teacher
 * U. A. Fanthorpe (1929–2009), poet
 * Beryl Gilroy (née Answick) (1924–2001), novelist
 * Alice Jane Green (1863 – 1966) She co-founded Moreton Bay College in Australia.
 * Jonathan Gullis (born 1990), former Minister of State for School Standards
 * Sally Morgan, Baroness Morgan of Huyton (born 1959), British Labour Party politician
 * William R. Newland (potter) (1919–1998), New Zealand born studio potter
 * Harry Mwaanga Nkumbula (1917?–1983), Zambian nationalist leader who assisted in the struggle for the independence of Northern Rhodesia
 * Aydin Önaç (born c. 1950), controversial headteacher
 * Harry Rée (1914–1991), British educationalist and member of the Special Operations Executive
 * Bill Renwick (1929–2013), New Zealand Director-General of Education 1975–1988
 * Harold Rosenthal (1917–1987), music critic
 * Irene Sabatini, Zimbabwean novelist
 * Brian Simon (1915–2002), educationalist and historian
 * Katherine Weare (born 1950), professor of Education

Principals and directors
Principals of the London Day Training College
 * 1902–22: John Adams (1857–1934)
 * 1922–32: Sir Percy Nunn (1870–1944)

Directors of the Institute of Education
 * 1932–36: Sir Percy Nunn (1870–1944)
 * 1936–45: Sir Fred Clarke (1880–1952)
 * 1945–57: George Barker Jeffery (1891–1957)
 * 1958–73: Lionel Elvin (1905–2005)
 * 1973–83: William Taylor
 * 1983–89: Denis Lawton
 * 1989–94: Sir Peter Newsam
 * 1994–2000: Peter Mortimore
 * 2000–11: Geoff Whitty
 * 2011–15: Sir Chris Husbands
 * 2015–16: Andrew Brown (interim)
 * 2016–2020: Becky Francis
 * 2020–2021: Sue Rogers (interim)
 * July 2021 – Present: Li Wei

title: UCL Institute of Education


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The Delinquents (1957 film)

The Delinquents is a 1957 American drama film written, produced, and directed by Robert Altman. As the directorial debut of Altman, he filmed it in his hometown of Kansas City, Missouri during the summer of 1956 on a $63,000 budget. It is not only the first film Altman directed, but also the first to star Tom Laughlin.

Plot
In suburban Kansas City, a group of hot-rod greasers and carousing delinquents stir trouble in a bar when they are denied drinks. Cholly and Eddy, the leaders of the gang, respond by breaking a window. Meanwhile, 18-year-old Scotty White and 16-year-old Janice Wilson are very much in love, but her parents stand between them because Janice is "too young to go steady" and Scotty "hangs out with the wrong crowd", with her dad telling him to stay away. Scotty, going to college in the fall, is told he could talk to them about seeing her when he comes back for Christmas vacation. At the drive-in alone that night, Scotty gets wrongly targeted by a gang who are looking for the person who slashed one of their tires. Cholly comes to Scotty's rescue. Cholly cooks up the idea of posing as Janice's new boyfriend and bringing her to meet Scotty the next night. The plan works well, and the teen crowd all meet at an abandoned mansion on the edge of town. However, the party gets out of hand with wild drinking and dancing, and Scotty and Janice leave to be alone after Cholly and Eddy each dance suggestively with Janice.

Soon after, the police mysteriously appear and break up the drunken free-for-all. Cholly and his right-hand-delinquent Eddy suspect Scotty of tipping off the police, and the whole gang kidnaps Scotty the next day and force him to gulp down an entire bottle of Scotch when he won't admit to being the informant. In panic after Scotty passes out from drinking, the gang begins to drive him out to the country with the intention of abandoning him on the side of the road but on the way they pull into a service station to get some gas. Eddy decides to hold up the station, but Scotty unknowingly bungles it when he wakes up. Cholly hits the station attendant on the head with a gas pump, and the gang speeds off, leaving Scotty behind with the cash and the attendant. Scotty staggers home, finds the gang has kidnapped Janice, has several fights, and then has a switchblade fight with Cholly (told by a psychotic Eddy to kill Scotty to kill the only witness) in a home kitchen. Wounded, Scotty then goes to the police as the Whites and Wilsons reclaim their kids.

The film, which had started with a voiceover describing it as a tale of violence and immorality, ends with a voiceover: "“This is one story. Who's to blame? The answers are not easy, nor are they pleasant. We are all responsible, and it's our responsibility not to look the other way. Violence and immorality like this must be controlled, channeled. Citizens everywhere must work against delinquency, just as they work against cancer, cerebral palsy, or any other crippling disease. For delinquency is a disease. But the remedies are available: patience, compassion, understanding, and respect for parental and civil authority. By working with your church group, with a youth organization in your town, by paying closer attention to the needs of your children, you can help prevent the recurrence of regrettable events like the ones you have just witnessed. You can help halt the disease before it cripples our children, before it cripples society.”"

Cast

 * Tom Laughlin as Scotty White
 * Peter Miller as Bill Cholly
 * Richard Bakalyan as Eddy
 * Rosemary Howard as Janice Wilson
 * Leonard Belove and Helen Hawley as Mr. and Mrs. White
 * James Lantz and Lotus Corelli as Mr. and Mrs. Wilson
 * Christine Altman as Sissy Wilson

Background
Elmer Rhoden Jr. was a Kansas City motion picture theater exhibitor, president of the prominent Commonwealth Theaters chain in Missouri, Kansas, Arkansas, Iowa, Oklahoma, and South Dakota. Rhoden wanted to get into producing films. He had the distributing apparatus at hand and the necessary capital to invest. Although television was drawing viewers out of the theaters, teenagers still frequented theaters, and, soon, film producers realized that there was a large "teen market" they could tap into. During the mid-to-late 1950s, following the success of movies by American International Pictures aimed at the teenage market such as Shake, Rattle & Rock! and Hot Rod Girl, a huge wave of films, often referred to as exploitation films, were later produced by the major Hollywood studios and independents alike. Common subjects of 1950s teen films included juvenile delinquency, rock and roll, horror, science fiction, and hot rods. Rhoden Jr. was one of the first independent exhibitors to note these shifts in the film industry and was determined to make it work for his business.

Due to the "consent decree" component of the "Paramount Ruling", the major studios were constrained from booking their own chains by this antitrust ruling. But the Commonwealth circuit and other small regional independent film companies, by virtue of not having previously existed as film producers, were exempt from this rule. It was the beginning of the days of the low-budget regional filmmaker, and Rhoden figured that if he budgeted his "teen-flicks" cheaply enough and peddled them to his own Commonwealth chain, he would be guaranteed a tidy profit. So, in the spring of 1956, he raised $63,000 with the help of other local businessmen in Kansas City, decided his first teen film would be about troubled teens, thought up a title for it and nothing else, and hired local filmmaker Robert Altman (who knew Rhoden Jr. casually and had been directing industrial films and documentaries for the local Calvin Company) to write and direct the film.

Using several starting points such as Blackboard Jungle, The Wild One, and Rebel Without a Cause for influence, Altman wrote the screenplay for The Delinquents in five to seven days.

Casting
Rhoden approved the script and gave Altman the go-ahead on the casting, scouting of locations, and so forth. For much of the cast, Altman turned to the local Kansas City actors with whom he had worked in community theater and in industrial films, including James Lantz, Leonard Belove, and Kermit Echols, as well as his then-wife Lotus Corelli and his eight-year-old daughter Christine. However, hoping for a Hollywood-style film, Altman and Rhoden took a trip to California and cast for the three leads there. They came up with Peter Miller from Blackboard Jungle to play Cholly, and Richard Bakalyan to play Eddy. Tom Laughlin was cast in the lead role of Scotty, here making his film debut. Altman and Rhoden also came back from California with soundman Bob Post and camera operator Harry Birch.

Altman employed his friends and Calvin co-workers on the crew, including Reza Badiyi as assistant director/associate producer and his sister Joan as production manager. Altman scouted locations in Kansas City and chose to film in Loose Park, as well as at the Jewel Box Nightclub, one of his favorite hangouts, and also at several popular local teen hangouts including the Crest Drive-In Theater (which Rhoden owned) and Allen's Drive-In. Through Kansas City native George Kuhn, one of the actors in the teenage gang in the film, Altman secured the temporary use of two houses to be those of Scotty and Janice in the film. One of them was Kuhn's and his parents', the other was his neighbors'.

Filming
Altman filmed The Delinquents in three weeks during the summer of 1956. Although Rhoden was officially the executive producer, Altman did most of that type of work himself. As Altman said years later, "I wrote the thing in five days, cast it, picked the locations, drove the generator truck, got the people together, took no money, and we just did it, that's all". Altman had the cooperation of local businesses as well as the Kansas City Police Department. Altman and Rhoden had actually gone to the police to make sure their portrayal of delinquents and their problems was accurate, and also contacted them in order to receive their cooperation for blocking off streets and using the police station for certain scenes. They also used real police officers as actors in the film.

Altman's film crew was made up mostly of his Calvin co-workers. Calvin photographer Charles Paddock was director of photography, and Badiyi was assistant director. Calvin artist and designer (and Altman's brother-in-law) Chet Allen was art director, and Altman's sister Joan served in a production executive (such as script girl) while Altman's wife (Lotus Corelli) and daughter Christine also starred in the film. Also with Altman's Kansas City crew were Californians Harry Birch (camera operator) and Bob Post (sound recorder).

Laughlin was cast after Altman consulted the only agent he had in Bob Longnecker, who had Laughlin as a client. Laughlin and Altman had conflicting theories of acting. To Altman, Laughlin was "an unbelievable pain in the ass", guilty that he had not become a priest, "with a big Catholic hangup and a James Dean complex". There was one particular incident where Altman was ready to shoot a scene in which Laughlin was supposed to appear physically exhausted, and Laughlin excused himself with, "I've got to get in the mood now". Laughlin then insisted on running around the block a couple of times while cast and crew cooled their heels. Laughlin was attempting to do "everything he'd heard about James Dean doing", but when Laughlin's attempts at method acting were not welcomed by the rest of the cast or crew, he wanted to quit the film. Altman then worked out a compromise for communication whereby Altman would tell Laughlin exactly what he wanted in any given scene. According to Altman, Laughlin "performed the last half of the picture under protest". Laughlin, who described himself not as a Method actor but a "Stanislavsky actor", described the production as "very amateurish", disapproving of the lack of organization in Altman, with one instance involving Laughlin deciding to roll the cameras himself and shoot a scene rather than wait for Altman to show up for the crew (as he felt guilt over the fact that the production was on Rhoden’s money), which began the seeds of Laughlin starting to become a director.

Altman's experimental directing style was still developing, but one sign of his future directorial achievements can be seen in a story told by one of Altman's young cast members, SuEllen Fried, about the shooting of a party scene in the film: "He rented an old house off Walworth Boulevard and told us to pretend we were having the wildest party of our lives, while he moved the camera from room to room and just filmed whatever was going on. We didn't know when the camera was going. We were just having a wild party". Altman (who described writing the film as one done over a weekend that he dictated to his sister Joan that would see the scenes improvised on set) expressed his thoughts about doing a script as one where he tried to avoid the characters having the same voice, where the distinction in sources and voices seemed closer to reality that would push the actor into creating the part rather than having the writer or director just bring the elements prepackaged, which only works out if the actor is willing to take the responsibility.

Post-production
Finally, The Delinquents has also been noted (and praised) for its "technical excellence", particularly the quality of the black-and-white photography. Director of photography Charles Paddock said that, just before beginning filming on The Delinquents, Altman advised him to watch the film The Asphalt Jungle and imitate that style of lighting.

The filming was completed by August 1956. In his contract with Rhoden, Altman had a clause stipulating that the film's post-production and editing would be executed under professional conditions in Hollywood. In late August, Altman and Reza Badiyi traveled across the country by car (Rhoden would not approve the air fare) to edit the film in California with Helene Turner. Fred Brown contributed the sound effects.

The finished film was picked up for distribution by United Artists for $150,000, who wanted a teenage exploitation film in order to compete with the other studios. United Artists altered the ending a bit and added a moralistic narration by a stock actor at the beginning and end. Altman did not find out until he saw a preview of the film, and was not impressed.

Release and legacy
The Delinquents received its "gala world premiere" in Kansas City in February 1957. The showing of the film was preceded by live music, a dance contest, and a parade of Corvettes carrying residents who had worked on the film. It was all covered by a live radio broadcast and the theater's house lights were brought out. The film was rejected by the British Board of Film Classification in 1957. United Artists released the film worldwide the next month. The film's release was not wide, and it played mostly in drive-ins. However, it did gross $1,000,000 for United Artists. When Alfred Hitchcock saw the film, he was apparently impressed enough to give Altman a job directing episodes of Alfred Hitchcock Presents, which led to more television work for Altman over the next decade.

Rhoden produced one more film in Kansas City (The Cool and the Crazy) and was featured in TIME as one of the "new wave" of producers. He then produced a delinquency film in Hollywood, Daddy-O, but his mini-mogul reign was short-lived. An alcoholic who drank heavily, he died in 1959 at the age of 37 three months after suffering a heart attack.

Home media
As of April 29, 2011, the film has been released on DVD-R via Amazon.com.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: The Delinquents (1957 film)


text:
Triad (monitors)

In cathode-ray tube (CRT) terms, a triad is a group of 3 phosphor dots coloured red, green, and blue on the inside of the CRT display of a computer monitor or television set. By directing differing intensities of cathode rays onto the 3 phosphor dots, the triad will display a colour by combining the red, green and blue elements. However, triads are not pixels, and multiple triads will form one logical pixel of the displayed image.

In liquid-crystal displays (LCDs), colours are similarly composed of these 3 fundamental colours.

title: Triad (monitors)


text: Template:University of Cambridge

title: Template:University of Cambridge


text:
Talk:3DNow!

Unnamed section
I'd love to see: (1) some analysis of the usefulness of these extra instructions, perhaps compared to Intel's MMX instructions and their subsequent SSE instructions in the Pentium 3, or even compared to AltiVec, and (2) some analysis of whether the 3DNow! instructions were actually used by developers. I recall the suspicion was that 3DNow! was all hype and marketing. Tempshill 22:07, 1 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * As far as I know Microsoft DirectX and mplayer heavily use 3DNow! when available. But since virtually all x86 processors now support SSE the interest in 3DNow! generally fades away.Zuxy

It says "However, 3DNow! instructions can generally be executed with a lower latency and throughput than SSE instructions." Does this mean lower latency AND lower throughput? This is unclear, especially as the contexts seem to present an advantage over SSE.
 * latency means how long it takes to perform 1 instruction; throughput means how long it takes to perform each subsequent instruction. so lower latency and lower throughput = quicker execution

Rumour or truth
Long time ago I've heard that when a program simply used MMX or x87 instructions, the processor is able to real-time change the code to use better and faster 3DNow! instructions without any application intervention or modification.

Is that real, or was only a rumour?

—Claunia 23:17, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

 * It's a rumor, I'm afraid. Recent x86 processors (newer than Pentium Pro and K6) translate x86 instructions into RISC-like micro-ops on the fly and schedule/execute these micro-ops, but there's no x87->3DNow! translation. Programs have to rewritten and recompiled to use 3DNow! instructions.Zuxy

3dnow2?
I was running mplayer to watch a video on my linux ststem, and saw the following among its output

Does anyone know anything about this 3DNow2 flag? --Pandora Xero 13:49, 5 September 2007 (UTC)

Drop the exclamation mark?
Should we? It does look a bit silly that every time 3DNow! is mentioned we have !!!!! Rilak (talk) 11:16, 20 March 2009 (UTC)
 * It's part of the trademark, so it has to stay. Compare with the Yahoo! article. C xong (talk) 02:42, 4 March 2010 (UTC)

Remove the word rape?
I don't think that the first sentence should contain the word rape. TheWaters (talk) 23:56, 1 September 2009 (UTC)

Can be wrong assumption
From article: "Software written to use AMD's 3DNow! instead of the slower x87 FPU could execute up to 4x faster, depending on the instruction-mix."
 * It can be not true, just assuming, that x87 FPU is 80 bits, and "3Dnow!" is 128 bits, and that if you use 4 single precision (four 32 bit), then it fit into 128bit (32*4). But there is highly possibility that "3Dnow!" (as well as SSE instructions) are based on calculation of earlier instructions (on general purpose instructions in CPU as "x87 FPU" instructions as well). So this instructions just simplify programing and do not making calculation any faster at all. For example code written in C++ of cosine function and code of SSE instruction of cosine function will be calculated in same time don't matter it is for scalars or vector.xyzw. Only if you somehow really can prove that begining with "x87 FPU" instructions (which are since 486 CPU) there was added additional 80 multiplication and similar calculations (-,+,/) units. But even general purpose instructions (at least in modern processors) are 32 bits or 64 bits (16 bits for 8086/286 and 32 for 386DX and till Pentium 4 and then goes 32bits and 64bits for "Core i7" and 64bit types CPU's). My guess is that there is only one unit of multiplication, subtraction, addition and division (and those are in general purpose instructions since 8086). All over SSE based on those, so are just concurrency of where to hold instructions in CPU some kind BIOS (or ROM) or in C++ codes (HDD). And I mean there no any clue to understand how much faster, for example, calculation of 4 cosine numbers parallel using SSE instructions, than calculating cosine using your Taylor series code, which would not use neither SSE nor "3Dnow!" nor any over (except maybe those which are since 8086 or 386 CPU). I think it should be 4 cosine SSE parallel still slower four times than one cosine (using Taylor series) based on 8086 instructions (GP). — Preceding unsigned comment added by Versatranitsonlywaytofly (talk • contribs) 13:40, 26 February 2012 (UTC)
 * I mean on free pascal there 16 decimal (64 bits) number addition operation done in 1/16 of clock, so with 3GHz you can done 3000/16=187.5 addition operations or about the same amount multiplication operations. So If there would be such thing as four 32 bit (8 decimal digits = 32 bits) floating point scalars additions or multiplications in one cycle, then there wouldn't be needed 3D graphics accelerators. My suggestion is that 287 and 387 and 8087 chips are not coprocessors, but instructions ROM's (like only readable nand flash memory on SD 16 GB memory card).

PrefetchW
I was directed here by the Broadwell article that says the Broadwell processor will support prefetchw. Any info on this here? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 38.97.97.99 (talk) 18:45, 17 April 2014 (UTC)

4 of 6 external links are dead
These external links do not link to a specific page: 2 - AMD 3DNow Instruction Porting Guide (PDF) 3 - 3DNow Technology Manual 4 - AMD Extensions to the 3DNow and MMX Instruction Sets Manual 6 - AMD Geode LX Processors Data Book — Preceding unsigned comment added by Cor Koomen (talk • contribs) 13:24, 13 August 2014 (UTC)

 * Hello there! Have you tried to rescue them using the Wayback Machine? — Dsimic (talk | contribs) 03:29, 16 August 2014 (UTC)

 * Hi, thanks for the comment. I just tried. Do you think this will do for the fifth external link? new link. — Cor Koomen (talk) 10:40, 17 August 2014 (UTC)

 * Unfortunately, Wayback Machine doesn't have that page archived. — Dsimic (talk | contribs) 08:48, 20 August 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:3DNow!


text:
People's Council of Latvia

The People's Council of Latvia (Latvijas Tautas padome, LTP) was a temporary council which declared Latvia's independence on November 18, 1918 and then acted as the temporary parliament of the country until a Constitutional Assembly was elected.

The People's Council was formed on November 17, 1918 as a result of merging two councils of Latvian organizations: Latvian Provisional National Council (Latvijas Pagaidu Nacionālā padome, LPNP) and the Democratic Bloc. Originally, the People's Council had 40 members representing all the major Latvian political organizations, except the far right and the far left (communists). It was later expanded to 245 representatives.

On November 18, 1918, the People's Council declared Latvia an independent country at the now National Theatre of Latvia. It chose Jānis Čakste as the President of the Council and Kārlis Ulmanis as the Prime Minister of the Latvian Provisional Government. The People's Council acted as a temporary parliament of Latvia until May 1, 1920 when the Constitutional Assembly was elected.

title: People's Council of Latvia


text:
Wikipedia:Tutorial (historical)/Editing

Editing most Wikipedia pages is easy. You can choose between two methods: classic editing through wiki markup (wikitext); and a newer system, VisualEditor (VE).

The VisualEditor option is a user-friendly, WYSIWYG (what you see is what you get) system that allows you to edit pages without needing to first learn the wikitext "markup". The VisualEditor user guide has further information.

Editing environments
To edit, click the Edit tab at the top of a Wikipedia page, or click on the blue link ([edit]) to the right of a section heading. This will take you to a new page containing the editable content of the current page. Wiki markup is used extensively throughout Wikipedia for such things as hyperlinks, tables and columns, footnotes, inline citation, special characters.

Edit summary
It's considered good practice to enter a brief explanation of an edit you make. This is done in the edit summary box, under the edit window. For example, after correcting a spelling error, you might just type "sp."; after correcting a typo, you might enter "typo". In such cases, you can, if you wish, check the box "This is a minor edit" (available only if you've logged in).

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Show preview
Before saving your edit by clicking "Publish changes", it's usually a good idea to click the Show preview button. This lets you see what the page will look like after your edit. We all make mistakes; this feature helps you catch them before other people see them! Using  before saving also lets you format and try other edits without cluttering the page history. For more information, see Help:Show preview

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Wiki markup
Images, sounds, and videos can significantly enhance an article. A file that is already hosted on Wikipedia or Wikimedia Commons can be inserted with the code " ". (" " can be substituted for " " with no change in effect. Choose either—it doesn't make any difference.) Using " " generates a thumbnail of an image (the most common placement option), which is typically sized differently from the original image. Several options can affect a thumbnail's placement and size, and there are other methods for placing images not in a thumbnail format, such as in a frame, table or "infobox", which we don't cover here.

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Continue the tutorial with Formatting →

ko:위키백과:길라잡이 (서식) pl:Wikipedia:Tutorial/1 vi:Wikipedia:Sách hướng dẫn/Viết bài

title: Wikipedia:Tutorial (historical)/Editing


text: Template:Victor-class submarine

title: Template:Victor-class submarine


text:
Stevenson and Higgins

Stevenson, Higgins and Company (also Janefield Cabinet and Chair Works) was a cabinet works firm in Beith, Scotland.

It was founded by Hugh Stevenson, William Stevenson and Hugh Higgins in 1883.

title: Stevenson and Higgins


text:
Navan

Navan (, meaning "the Cave") is the county town and largest town of County Meath, Ireland. It is at the confluence of the River Boyne and Blackwater, around 50 km northwest of Dublin. At the 2022 census, it had a population of 33,886, making it the ninth largest settlement in Ireland. The town is in a civil parish of the same name.

Etymology
The Modern Irish name An Uaimh is most likely derived from the prehistoric burial mound An Odhbha, named after Odhbha, the first wife of Érimón. It is likely the result of Odbha being later misunderstood and confused by locals with the similar sounding and much more familiar word uaimh, or uamha,  which also has a very similar meaning "cave, crypt or souterrain". The Modern English name Navan is likely either an anglicisation of An Uaimh, which was often written and pronounced An Uamhainn, or of An Odhbha(n). An Uaimh was the town's sole official name from the foundation of the Irish Free State in 1922 until 1970 when it was changed to Navan. Since the Official Languages Act 2003 both the Irish and English name have had equal status, as in the rest of the country.

An Odhbha
Originally An Odhbha was probably a prehistoric tumulus, one of many in the Boyne Valley.

Roman Artefacts
A small Roman copper alloy figure was found in the River Boyne near Navan. The figurine most likely represents a Lar, a Roman deity believed to protect the household. It is likely that the figure was placed in the river as a votive offering as in Irish mythology the river was considered divine and to have been created by the goddess Boann (Bóinn in Modern Irish). This belief in the divinity of rivers was shared by the Romans. Two Roman coins have also been found in Navan.

Middle Ages
The town of Navan was founded by the Normans: Hugh de Lacy, who was granted the Lordship of Meath in 1172, awarded the Barony of Navan to one of his knights, Jocelyn de Angulo, who built a fort there, from which the town developed.

Inside the town walls, Navan consisted of three streets. These were Trimgate Street, Watergate St. and Ludlow St. (which was once called Dublingate St.) The orientation of the three original streets remains from the Middle Ages but the buildings date from the Victorian and Edwardian periods.

More recent history
Navan Town Hall started life as the local bridewell in 1831 and only became a municipal facility in 1983.

The town's Post Office on Trimgate Street office was built in 1908 on the site of an earlier post office. In 1990, the post office was relocated to Kennedy Road. The building of a new shopping centre re-oriented the town's centre. The onetime post office was acquired as the site of the town's first McDonald's restaurant.

Bus transport
Navan is served by several bus routes. The town has no central bus station.

Since 2020, there are two town bus routes operated by Bus Éireann, the N1 and N2.

 * N1 runs from Commons Road to Kilcarn Bridge, serving the town centre and areas of the town east of the Boyne River.
 * N2 runs from Commons Road to Aisling Place, serving the town centre and areas north of the Boyne and Blackwater Rivers.

Navan is also served by long distance bus routes. Several are operated by Bus Éireann including the 109 and its variants 109A and 109X, which run to Dublin. Bus Éireann also runs the commercial NX express service to Navan.

Sillan also serve the town. Royal Breffni Tours provide services to Dundalk Institute of Technology. Streamline Coaches provide services to NUI Maynooth.

Education
Navan has a number of secondary schools, including private denominational and public inter-denominational and non-denominational. St. Patrick's Classical School is a Roman Catholic boys-only school. Loreto Secondary School, St. Michael's at the Loreto Convent, and St. Joseph's Secondary School at the Mercy Convent are both girls-only Roman Catholic convent schools. Coláiste na Mí is a VEC-run school in Johnstown that opened in 2013. Beaufort College is a large state-owned inter-denominational vocational school. The Abylity Secondary College was a parent-owned fee-paying non-denominational school.

Navan and the surrounding area has a number of primary schools, including the town's Catholic boys' primary school Scoil Mhuire, which was originally run by the De La Salle Brothers. Pierce Brosnan is a former pupil of St. Anne's Loreto, which is situated beside St. Mary's Catholic Church and near to St. Joseph's Mercy. There are also St. Paul's, St. Stephen's, St. Ultan's, and St. Oliver's primary schools. Scoil Éanna is the town's only gaelscoil. The town's only Church of Ireland secondary school, Preston School, closed in the 1970s. It is now the site of the shopping centre in the town. There is a Church of Ireland primary school known as Flowerfield School, on the Trim rd a new site. It was originally situated at the Flowerfield area of the town, on the main thoroughfare to Drogheda, in a building that has been sympathetically converted into private accommodation. There is also a multi-denominational Educate Together primary school in the town, sited at Commons Road.

Demographics
In 2022, there were 33,707 people residing in Navan. In 2022, according to the CSO, the town is 64.2% White Irish and 1.9% Irish Traveller, 17.8% White of any other background, 3.9% Black, 4.1% Asian, 3.6% any other racial background, and 4.3% not stated.

Gaelic Games

Navan is home to several GAA clubs, including Navan O'Mahonys and Simonstown Gaels.

Páirc Tailteann is a stadium in Navan and is home of the Meath Gaelic football and Hurling teams

Association football
Parkvilla Football Club was founded in 1966 and currently plays in North East Football league Premier Division and their reserve team competes in Division 3B.

Rugby
Navan R.F.C. currently compete in the All Ireland League (AIL) Division 2A.

Cricket
Knockharley Cricket Club was founded in 1982 and are the only cricket club in County Meath competing in the Leinster Cricket Union, the club's most recent success came in 2006 when the 1st XI won the Middle 2 Leinster Cup defeating Mullingar at North Kildare.

Public art
Public art and sculptures in Navan include Sniomh, by Betty Newman Maguire, which sits in front of Navan Fire Station. This sculpture is reputedly inspired by the movement of water and the merging of the rivers Boyne and Blackwater.

Another public sculpture, The Fifth Province by Richard King, is located on the Navan Bypass. This sculpture is composed of four branches and a central upright stem that symbolises the flowering of hope and peace.

The Bull, designed by sculptor Colin Grehan, is a prominent piece of public art. Situated in the market square of the town, this is a 16 tonne limestone statue of a bull being held back by two handlers and commemorates the historic bull markets that took place in the area. The statue was surrounded by controversy over its cost, an estimated €90,000, and its location. Local man Paddy Pryle noted that "anybody coming up Timmons Hill, which is one of the main entrances into the town, will be entering Navan via the bull's arse. It is one of the most crazy things I have seen put up yet," Objections to the statue delayed its erection by 8 years.

Folklore
According to local folklore a Souterrain was discovered near the Navan Viaduct in 1848. The location of its entrance has since been lost.

Another folk tale involves the ghost of Francis Ledwidge. According to the story an old friend of Ludwidge was working at the Meath Chronicle, the local news printer, when he heard the sound of Ledwidge's motorcycle outside. His friend was confused as he believed Ledwidge was fighting on the Western Front, upon going out to greet him the friend found that Ledwidge had disappeared. The story claims that this ghostly apparition appeared at the same moment he died.

In the Fenian cycle of Irish mythology, Fionn mac Cumhaill studied under the druid Finegas along the river Boyne. He is believed to have caught the Salmon of Knowledge in what is now Navan.

Twinning
Navan is twinned with the following places:
 * Bobbio, Italy
 * Broccostella, Italy

Notable people

 * Francis Beaufort, scientist and naval officer
 * Pierce Brosnan, actor
 * Shane Cassells, Fianna Fáil politician
 * Ian Clarke, computer scientist
 * Sam Curtis, professional footballer
 * Keith Donegan, racing driver
 * Simon Fagan, musician
 * Anthony Holten, author
 * Donal Keogan, Gaelic footballer
 * Gráinne Maguire, stand-up comedian, writer and podcaster
 * Arthur Mathews, comedy writer
 * Conor Nash, Australian Rules Footballer
 * Helen McEntee, Fine Gael politician
 * Dylan Moran, comedian
 * John O'Callaghan, DJ
 * Hector Ó hEochagáin, TV personality
 * Joseph Rooney, Catholic priest
 * Tommy Tiernan, comedian
 * Paul Tighe, Catholic prelate
 * Yemi Adenuga, TV personality and Ireland's first black female elected Councillor

title: Navan


text:
Henri Milne-Edwards

Henri Milne-Edwards (23 October 1800 – 29 July 1885) was a French zoologist.

Biography
Henri Milne-Edwards was the 27th child of William Edwards, an English planter and colonel of the militia in Jamaica and Elisabeth Vaux, a Frenchwoman. Henri was born in Bruges, in present-day Belgium, where his parents had retired; Bruges was then a part of the newborn French Republic. His father had been jailed for several years for helping some Englishmen in their escape to their country. Henri spent most of his life in France. He was brought up in Paris by his older brother Guillaume Frederic Edwards (1777–1842), a distinguished physiologist and ethnologist. His father was released after the fall of Napoleon. The whole family then moved to Paris.

At first he turned his attention to medicine, in which he graduated as an MD at Paris in 1823. His passion for natural history soon prevailed, and he gave himself up to the study of the lower forms of animal life. He became a student of Georges Cuvier and befriended Jean Victoire Audouin.

He married Laura Trézel. They had nine children, including the biologist Alphonse Milne-Edwards.

Name
Originally the name Milne was one of the first names of Henri, but, to avoid confusion with his numerous relatives, he added it to his surname Edwards. He usually wrote it as "Milne Edwards", whilst his son Alphonse always used "Milne-Edwards". In taxon-authorship, the hyphenated name "Milne-Edwards" is most often used for both father and son.

Works

One of his earliest papers (Recherches anatomiques sur les crustacés), which was presented to the French Academy of Sciences in 1829, formed the theme of an elaborate and eulogistic report by Cuvier in the following year. It embodied the results of two dredging expeditions undertaken by him and his friend Audouin during 1826 and 1828 in the neighbourhood of Granville, and was remarkable for clearly distinguishing the marine fauna of that portion of the French coast into four zones.

Also in 1829, working in the scientific field of herpetology, he described and named five new species of lizards.

He became professor of hygiene and natural history in 1832 at the Collège Central des Arts et Manufactures. In 1841, after the death of Audouin, he succeeded him at the chair of entomology at the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle. In 1862 he succeeded Isidore Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire in the long-vacant chair of zoology.

Much of his original work was published in the Annales des sciences naturelles, with the editorship of which he was associated from 1834. Of his books may be mentioned the Histoire naturelle des Crustacés (3 vols., 1837–1841), which long remained a standard work; Histoire naturelle des coralliaires, published in 1858–1860, but begun many years before; Leçons sur la physiologie et l'anatomie comparée de l'homme et des animaux (1857–1881), in 14 volumes; and a little work on the elements of zoology, originally published in 1834, but subsequently remodelled, which enjoyed an enormous circulation.

In 1842, he was elected a foreign member of the Royal Society. The Royal Society in 1856 awarded him the Copley Medal in recognition of his zoological investigations. He was elected an international member of the American Philosophical Society in 1860. He died in Paris. His son, Alphonse Milne-Edwards (1835–1900), who became professor of ornithology at the museum in 1876, devoted himself especially to fossil birds and deep-sea exploration.

An important early classification scheme for vertebrates, diagrammed as a series of nested sets, was illustrated in Milne-Edwards (1844).

Taxon described by him

 * See Category:Taxa named by Henri Milne-Edwards

Honour
The name of Henri Milne-Edwards is honoured in several names of genera and species, such as:

 * Edwardsia (de Quatrefages, 1841)
 * Edwardsiella (Andres, 1883)
 * Henricia (J. E. Gray, 1840)
 * Milneedwardsia (Bourguignat, 1877)
 * Milnesium (Doyère, 1840)
 * Alpheus edwardsii (Audouin, 1826)
 * Archaeoniscus edwardsii (Westwood, 1854)
 * Aristaeopsis edwardsiana (Johnson, 1868)
 * Boeckosimus edwardsii (Krøyer, 1846)
 * Calliostoma milneedwardsi (Locard, 1898)
 * Cancer edwardsi (Bell, 1835)
 * Chirostylus milneedwardsi (Henderson, 1885)
 * Ciona edwardsi (Roule, 1886)
 * Colobomatus edwardsi (Richiardi, 1876)
 * Colpaster edwardsi (Perrier, 1882)
 * Conus milneedwardsi (F. P. Jousseaume, 1894)
 * Costa edwardsii (Roemer, 1838)
 * Diastylis edwardsi (Krøyer, 1841)
 * Diogenes edwardsii (de Haan, 1849)
 * Discodoris edwardsi (Vayssière, 1902)
 * Dynamene edwardsi (Lucas, 1849)
 * Ebalia edwardsii (Costa, 1838)
 * Fedora edwardsi (Jullien, 1882)
 * Forskalia edwardsi (Kölliker, 1853)
 * Glossocephalus milneedwardsi (Bovallius, 1887)
 * Goniastrea edwardsi (Chevalier, 1971)
 * Grapsicepon edwardsi Giard & Bonnier, 1888
 * Jasus edwardsii (Hutton, 1875)
 * Lithophyllon edwardsi (Rosseau, 1850)
 * Lophoura edwardsi (Kölliker, 1853)
 * Maasella edwardsi (de Lacaze-Duthiers, 1888)
 * Montipora edwardsi (Bernard, 1879)
 * Myrianida edwardsi (de Saint-Joseph, 1887)
 * Neoamphitrite edwardsii (de Quatrefages, 1865)
 * Ocenebra edwardsii (Payraudeau, 1826)
 * Odontozona edwardsi (Bouvier, 1908)
 * Onisimus edwardsii (Krøyer, 1846)
 * Pagurus edwardsi (Dana, 1852)
 * Periclimenes edwardsi (Paulson, 1875)
 * Pisoides edwardsi (Bell, 1835)
 * Plesionika edwardsii (Brandt, 1851)
 * Propithecus edwardsi (Grandidier, 1871)
 * Sadayoshia edwardsii (Miers, 1884)
 * Salmincola edwardsi (Olsson, 1869)
 * Sergestes edwardsii (Krøyer, 1855)
 * Tergipes edwardsii (Nordmann, 1844)
 * Teuchopora edwardsi (Jullien, 1882)

title: Henri Milne-Edwards


text:
Talk:Obsolescence

Removal
I removed the following because it doesn't fit the definition at the begining of the article. Replace it if you like, but try to resolve the contradiction. ike9898 22:14, Mar 1, 2004 (UTC)

 * Intentional physical obsolescence
 * A product is designed to last for a specific lifetime (example: home entertainment electronics)
 * If a product will be technically or stylisticly obsolete in five years, many marketers will design the product so it will only last for that time (this is done through a technical process called value engineering — great euphemism!)
 * Doing this will reduce the cost of making the product, and lower the price to consumers (unless there is a lack of competition in the industry, in which case the cost reduction will probably not be passed on to the consumer in the form of lower price)

removed a low level vandalism 67.142.178.25 (talk) 05:17, 1 March 2012 (UTC)

Term applied to People
I don't agree that a the word 'obs.' can be applied to people. I realize it may be used this way sometimes, colloquially, but I really don't think it's right. The person's service might be obsolete- the service a cobbler provides is now pretty much obsolete in the US, but the person isn't. Whether or not anyone 'wants' him as a person, and whether or not he performs any use to society isn't really at issue. It's just not a word you apply to people. No one will stop you from using it this way, but it is confusing. Here's an equivalent example: If someone is commiting crimes, you could say that the person is 'malfunctioning', and in a way you would be correct, but it's likely to just confuse the person you are talking to. So....I'm going to change it a little. ike9898 20:46, Mar 2, 2004 (UTC)

 * Next time you pass by an old age home take 10 minutes and go inside. You will find many examples of people that are being treated as obsolete, that is unwanted, no longer useful etc. mydogategodshat 04:19, 3 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Whatever. This is the end of this argument for me.  I would just like to reiterate that some words are applied to people and some aren't.  It's a convention of modern English.  You can make up your own conventions, but that really sort of defeats the purpose of communication.  ike9898 14:11, Mar 3, 2004 (UTC)

 * We may not like the fact that some people are treated as if they are no longer useful, and we may not like the fact that this fits the definition of obsolescence exactly, and we may not like the fact that people sometimes use the term in regards to people, but that is no reason to hide or deny the fact in an encyclopedia. mydogategodshat 19:30, 3 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * This article is incomplete without a discussion of obsolescence as it is applied to people. The fact is, the word is used that way.  I forget the name, but a famous linguist said something along the lines of "English is the language that English speakers speak".  English evolves (did you notice the order of my punctuation in the prior sentence?), and although obsolescence might once have only been applied to objects, it has transitioned over to human application.  Also, it doesn't matter if it's not possible for a human to actually be obsolete, why can't we have words for things that are impossible?  The word might imply description of an object, but this objectification is often precisely the reason that the word is chosen; it gives the word a certain flavor (notice how I used flavor here, even though we're not talking about food?).  This article is incomplete without a discussion of obsolescence as it is used to describe people.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.185.6.77 (talk) 01:38, 7 July 2009 (UTC)

Obsolete Words
Perhaps someone could compile some of the obsolete words from wikipedia and create a list of them on this page, or on a separate article?

 * Nah. --74.111.24.115 00:53, 8 October 2006 (UTC)

Question of NPOV
The following sentence does not strike me as neutral: "Fortunately, since companies prefer to maintain their consumer base, they have a strong incentive to support products for several years after their release." Apparently, whoever wrote it never tried to buy a compatible charger for their six-month-old cell phone at the store where they bought the phone. Bob Badour 23:54, 1 June 2006 (UTC)

Obsolescent
Perhaps the article should expanded to include things which are Obsolescent- ie, the actual item itself is no longer made, but the spare parts and accessories which enable it to remain functional are? For example, there are a lot of firearms in calibres which have been out of production for years (The British stopped making .303 rifles in 1956, for example), yet modern commercial ammunition is readily available and there are people who make spare parts for them, enabling owners to continue using their rifles despite the fact they're technically obsolete. The same could be said of a number of items, ranging from Dot Matrix printers to old Radios and TVs that used Valves/Vacuum Tubes instead of transistors... --Commander Zulu 14:14, 19 July 2006 (UTC)

Annoyances
How many of you are annoyed how companies make electronics obsolete? I myself didn't buy a DVD player until 2005, way after the technology was released. From what I heard, in a few more years there won't be DVD's at all, requiring me to purchase whatever latest technology that exists. They are already doing it with TV's by disabling Analog TV signals. Soon we'll all have to purchase a new technology, and I think it's pretty screwed up. What do yall think, do you agree this is wrong, or do you agree that making things obsolete is a way to make technology better? --MidnightScott (talk) 02:30, 3 April 2008 (UTC)

 * I don't believe that DVDs or even CDs will be rendered obsolete for at least 10 years. They're still fighting the BlueRay versus HD-DVD battle, and that won't be settled for at least two or three more years. You can still buy cassette players, VCRs, and even vinyl LPs, for cryin' out loud. — Loadmaster (talk) 02:31, 5 April 2008 (UTC)

 * I imagine long ago one of the first guy's ancestors was busy complaining that this whole bronze thing was totally a conspiracy to make people throw away their old flint tools. Herr Gruber (talk) 15:41, 9 August 2014 (UTC)

any marxist scholars out there?
Sure would be nice if a professor gave input from a Marxist perspective, using more precise disciplinary language and references. Anybody there? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 198.108.84.77 (talk) 03:57, 20 January 2009 (UTC)

Philosophies and ideas
There ought to be mention of the concept of outmoded and obsolescent ideas in philosophies. Much of philosophy focuses on what is modern and what is not, what is obsolescent and what is not. ADM (talk) 11:19, 20 January 2009 (UTC)

Unclear introduction
In the introduction, part of the definition is "...even though it may still be in good working order" (Emphasis is mine)...while "may" is a decent hedge, the weight of it is lost to the balance of the sentence making it seem as though it is at odds with the first entry of functional obsolescence. As I sit here trying to think of a more elegant and clear way to present the idea, it also occurs to me that the definition in and of itself is pretty weak. I think some of the general problem I have with it rests on using the word "want", which also flies in the face of functional obsolescence and planned obsolescence in that in some cases consumers have no desire to move to newer products, but companies discontinue support to help improve revenue from the newer product (one of the many reasons they may choose to).

Maybe something like: "Obsolescence is the process by which something falls into general disuse. The process can start for a variety of reasons, but typically ends with that thing being considered obsolete.  Things such as ideas, products, services, and processes can become obsolete while sometimes still being fully functional."...but actually, you know, elegant.

I think I'd also chop off the final sentence of the original as it sets improper expectations with respect to the rest of the article (or maybe move it). — Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.142.178.25 (talk) 05:51, 1 March 2012 (UTC)

Style obsolescence
Can "style obsolescence" be reverted to "psychological obsolescence" ? The latter is more often used in texts, and if not changed, the article is more confusing Do so by undoing this revision: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Obsolescence&oldid=620516267&diff=prev KVDP (talk) 07:36, 25 August 2014 (UTC)

Functional Obsolescence
I thoroughly enjoyed reading this section, excellent illustration OP! "For example, while one could theoretically adapt an Avro Lancaster to deploy modern JDAM bombs, the situations in which it could actually succeed at doing so against modern air defenses would be so few that it would be essentially useless."

New legal regulation in France
You may want to add information / updates about the new legal situation in France -- planned obsolescence can have serious consequences, 300.000 EUR, 2 yrs, or even penalties of even 10 % of companies revenue are possible. Class action suits are possbile. -- Thomas Österheld (talk) 23:21, 4 November 2014 (UTC)

No drivers in new Windows version
I am just writing an article in German and English about my 2004 purchased scanner not working with Windows 7 and higher. I linked the German version to the part "functional obsolescence" where this problem is special mentioned and the open source movement is named as counter movement. Great, my article is about, that my old scanner works with Linux.

But there is no such content here in the English version.

Pege.founder (talk) 06:00, 28 April 2017 (UTC)

Distinguishing Between "Obsolete" and "Obsolescent."
We need a sharper distinction between "obsolete" and "obsolescent."

We might want consider splitting this article.

Fountain pens are obsolescent, but not obsolete.

Best wishes,

184.22.216.231 (talk) 07:31, 26 July 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Obsolescence


text:
Combining character

In digital typography, combining characters are characters that are intended to modify other characters. The most common combining characters in the Latin script are the combining diacritical marks (including combining accents).

Unicode also contains many precomposed characters, so that in many cases it is possible to use both combining diacritics and precomposed characters, at the user's or application's choice. This leads to a requirement to perform Unicode normalization before comparing two Unicode strings and to carefully design encoding converters to correctly map all of the valid ways to represent a character in Unicode to a legacy encoding to avoid data loss.

In Unicode, the main block of combining diacritics for European languages and the International Phonetic Alphabet is U+0300–U+036F. Combining diacritical marks are also present in many other blocks of Unicode characters. In Unicode, diacritics are always added after the main character (in contrast to some older combining character sets such as ANSEL), and it is possible to add several diacritics to the same character, including stacked diacritics above and below, though some systems may not render these well.

Unicode ranges
The following blocks are dedicated specifically to combining characters:

 * Combining Diacritical Marks (0300–036F), since version 1.0, with modifications in subsequent versions down to 4.1
 * Combining Diacritical Marks Extended (1AB0–1AFF), version 7.0
 * Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement (1DC0–1DFF), versions 4.1 to 5.2
 * Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols (20D0–20FF), since version 1.0, with modifications in subsequent versions down to 5.1
 * Cyrillic Extended-A (2DE0–2DFF), version 5.1
 * Combining Half Marks (FE20–FE2F), versions 1.0, with modifications in subsequent versions down to 8.0

Combining characters are not limited to these blocks; for instance, the combining dakuten (U+3099) and combining handakuten (U+309A) are in the Hiragana block, the Devanagari block contains combining vowel signs and other marks for use with that script, and so forth. Combining characters are assigned the Unicode major category "M" ("Mark").

Codepoints U+032A and U+0346–034A are IPA symbols:
 * U+032A : dental
 * U+0346 : dentolabial
 * U+0347 : alveolar
 * U+0348 : strong articulation
 * U+0349 : weak articulation
 * U+034A : denasal

Codepoints U+034B–034E are IPA diacritics for disordered speech:
 * U+034B : nasal escape
 * U+034C : velopharyngeal friction
 * U+034D : labial spreading
 * U+034E : whistled articulation

U+034F is the "combining grapheme joiner" (CGJ) and has no visible glyph.

Codepoints U+035C–0362 are double diacritics, diacritic signs placed across two letters.

Codepoints U+0363–036F are medieval superscript letter diacritics, letters written directly above other letters appearing in medieval Germanic manuscripts, but in some instances in use until as late as the 19th century. For example, U+0364 is an e written above the preceding letter, to be used for (Early) New High German umlaut notation, such as uͤ for Modern German ü.

OpenType
OpenType has the ccmp "feature tag" to define glyphs that are compositions or decompositions involving combining characters, the mark tag to define the positioning of combining characters onto base glyph, and mkmk for the positionings of combining characters onto each other.

Zalgo text
Combining characters have been used to create Zalgo text, which is text that appears "corrupted" or "creepy" due to an overuse of combining characters. This causes the text to extend vertically, overlapping other text. This is mostly used in horror contexts on the Internet. It is typically very challenging for most software to render, so the combining marks are often reduced or completely stripped off.

title: Combining character


text: Template:University of Oxford

title: Template:University of Oxford


text:
Deschambault-Grondines

Deschambault-Grondines is a municipality located in the Portneuf Regional County Municipality (RCM), in the Capitale-Nationale region, Quebec, Canada.

Deschambault-Grondines was created in 2002 by the merger of the villages of Deschambault and Grondines. It is a member of the Fédération des Villages-relais du Québec. '

History
The village of Deschambault is located in the eastern part of the municipality. It has its origins in the Seigneurie de Chavigny, granted in 1640 by the Compagnie de la Nouvelle-France. In 1671, Jacques-Alexis Fleury, Sieur Deschambault, married the heiress of the seigneury and became its owner in 1683 through an exchange of land. He then gave his name to his new domain. The parish of Saint-Joseph-de-Deschambault was founded in 1713 and canonically erected in 1753. The parish municipality was created in 1855, and the village municipality separated from it in 1951. These two entities merged again in 1989. '

. . . At one time, Deschambault was said to have "a pilot every two houses." Very early on "the taste for the sea" developed there, because the St. Lawrence has long been the only way to access the village. "Everything was happening on the river !" says Father Jacques Paquin, coordinator of the Deschambault Navigators Committee." Even after the opening of the Chemin du Roy, a route considered difficult, the seaway continued to be used more than the land route. Deschambault, a village of sailors, Le Soleil. Translated from French.

History
The name Grondines was named by Samuel de Champlain himself in 1674. . "Grondines" is from the French verb "gronder", meaning to rumble or roar.

The 'seigneurie des Grondines' was one of the oldest lordship in the province of Quebec, and was initially granted in 1637 by the Company of New France to Duchess Marie-Madeleine de Vignerot de Pontcourlay, Dame d'atours of Marie de' Medici, and niece of Cardinal Richelieu, chief minister of Louis XIV.

The estate covered a land area of around 90 square miles or nearly 60,000 acres. ' In 1646, the Governor of New-France at the time, Charles Jacques Huault de Montmagny, gave the concession to the nuns hospitallers, administrators of Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, and thereafter, it was resold in 1683 to Lord Jacques Aubert. Being the father-in-law of Louis Hamelin, the next lord of Grondines, the lordship passed to the Hamelin family afterwards, and was transmitted to their descendants until 1797, following the British Conquest. In 1698, comte Louis de Buade of Château Frontenac award them concessions, extending their lordship with additional islands and isles. This family was one of the eight seigneurial dynasties that lived permanently on their estate for six generations.

Over time, the Hamelins married members of the French-Canadian nobility. The families were the Couillard de l'Espinay, the Denys de la Ronde, partners of Charles Aubert de La Chesnaye, the Fleury d'Eschambault, the Gaultier de Varennes, the Lorimier de la Rivière, the Chavigny de la Chevrotière, and their in-laws included the Barons Le Moyne de Longueuil, the Pézard de Champlain, and the Boucher de Montarville. '

A member of this family was also recognized as noble by the Sovereign Council of New France of Louis XIV in 1654, and would join the French-Canadian nobility, being the lord and commander Jacques-François Hamelin de Bourgchemin et de l'Hermitière, a descendant of Jacques Hamelin, bishop of Tulle. ' In 1766, a member of the Hamelin de Chavigny also appeared in documents of the Canadian nobility, where they asked the king to keep in power the current Governor of Quebec James Murray, with the hope of being less penalized by the injustices they had to suffer after the British conquest.

The signatories, including A. Hamelin, were Luc de la Corne, François-Joseph Cugnet, Aubert de Gaspé, Antoine Juchereau Duchesnay, and a few others. The last lord of Grondines was Senator David Edward Price in 1871, a member of the influential Price family.

The Grondines windmill was built and is the oldest windmill in Québec.

St. Lawrence River
In canoes, made of birch bark or carved out of a tree trunk, First Nations have crisscrossed the St. Lawrence River from west to east, from the Great Lakes to the Atlantic Ocean and all the rivers of the Americas, from north to south, from the Arctic to Tierra del Fuego, for millennia. Indigenous peoples knew the advantages, irritants, barriers and dangers of waterways long before the arrival of Europeans and Jacques Cartier (1491-1557).

Opposite Cape Lauzon, in the middle of the St. Lawrence River, the Richelieu Rapids stretch for a distance of nearly 2 km. These rapids, which are virtually invisible, correspond to a narrowing of the channel, marked, especially at low tide, by a much stronger current than anywhere else on the St. Lawrence downstream of Montreal. '

From the canoes of the First Nations to the ships of the conquerors, the Richelieu Rapids have played a strategic role in the history of Cape Lauzon, Deschambault and all of Quebec. To this day, they still make life as hard for sailboats, rowboats, canoes, small boats as they do for the captains of large merchant ships.

The St. Lawrence River limits the territory of Portneuf regional County (RCM) for nearly 70 km. Along the Chemin du Roi, from one village to another, several spaces allow you to rest, visit, picnic, fish, observe birds, dip your toes in the water. The main attraction remains the docks.

In Grondines, the tip of the Anse des Grondines, also known in the vernacular: La Grande Pointe, Pointe de la Laille or Grande pointe de la Laille. The word laille could come from the English light, since there was a lighthouse at the end of the island.

According to historian Raymond Douville, this point is the origin of the name Grondines, probably given by the boaters who had to go around, at the rising tide, the many pebbles that the waves hit in dull roars and whose echoes resonated on the escarpments of the coast.
 * Tide Table, Government of Canada, Statons Grondines - 03325
 * Atlas of Tidal Currents, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, from Grondines to Portneuf, pages 96 to 107

Geology
DESCRIPTION OF THE AREA « . . . The part of the Grondines map-area underlain by Paleozoic rocks (approximately two-thirds of the whole) is a nearly featureless plain rising in the north and west to 250 feet above sea level, and dropping to tide water level along the Saint-Laurent. »
 * Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources Quebec
 * Grondines area, Geological report.

Ecology
« . . . The Grondines and Sainte-Anne-de-la-Pérade swamp is one of the last, large, treed swamps on the river. It extends along seven kilometres of shoreline in the St. Lawrence River’s freshwater estuary. The swamp shelters several at-risk species, including plants that are endemic to the freshwater estuary. It is a rare biodiversity hot spot on a global scale, according to the Atlas de la biodiversité du Québec (Quebec biodiversity atlas). » The Grondines and Sainte-Anne-de-la-Pérade Swamp, A unique ecosystem.

Demographics
Population trend:
 * Population in 2021: 2,235 (2016 to 2021 population change: 0.7%)
 * Population in 2016: 2,220
 * Population in 2011: 2,131
 * Population in 2006: 2,032

Private dwellings occupied by usual residents: 1,044 (total dwellings: 1,169)

Mother tongue:
 * English as first language: 0.7%
 * French as first language: 97.5%
 * English and French as first language: 0.4%
 * Other as first language: 1.3%

Attractions

 * Saint-Joseph of Deschambault church, classed historical monument in 1964.
 * The old presbytery of Deschambault, classed historical monument in 1965.
 * The old mill of Grondines, classed archaeological monument in 1984.
 * The church of Saint-Charles-Borromée in Grondines.
 * Presbytery of Grondines, classed historical monument in 1966.
 * House of the Grolo widow, classed historical monument in 1971.
 * House of Delisle, classed historical monument in 1963.
 * House of F.-R.-Neilson-Sewell, classed historical monument in 1978.
 * The old Chevrotière Mill, classed historical monument in 1976.

title: Deschambault-Grondines


text:
Donald J. Cram

Donald James Cram (April 22, 1919 – June 17, 2001) was an American chemist who shared the 1987 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Jean-Marie Lehn and Charles J. Pedersen "for their development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity." They were the founders of the field of host–guest chemistry.

Early life and education
Cram was born and raised in Chester, Vermont, to a Scottish immigrant father, and a German immigrant mother. His father died before Cram turned four, leaving him the only male in a family of five. He grew up on Aid to Dependent Children, and learned to work at an early age, doing jobs such as picking fruit, tossing newspapers, and painting houses, while bartering for piano lessons. By the time he turned eighteen, he had worked at least eighteen different jobs.

Cram attended the Winwood High School in Long Island, N.Y. From 1938 to 1941, he attended Rollins College in Winter Park, Florida on a national honorary scholarship, where he worked as an assistant in the chemistry department, and was active in theater, chapel choir, Lambda Chi Alpha, Phi Society, and Zeta Alpha Epsilon. It was at Rollins that he became known for building his own chemistry equipment. In 1941, he graduated from Rollins College with a BS in chemistry.

In 1942, he graduated from the University of Nebraska–Lincoln with a MS in organic chemistry, with Norman O. Cromwell serving as his thesis adviser. His subject was "Amino ketones, mechanism studies of the reactions of heterocyclic secondary amines with -bromo-, -unsaturated ketones."

In 1947, Cram graduated from Harvard University with a PhD in organic chemistry, with Louis Fieser serving as the adviser on his dissertation on "Syntheses and reactions of 2-(ketoalkyl)-3-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinones"

Career
From 1942 to 1945, Cram worked in chemical research at Merck & Co laboratories, doing penicillin research with mentor Max Tishler. Postdoctoral work was as an American Chemical Society postdoctoral fellow at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, with John D. Roberts. Cram was the originator of Cram's rule, which provides a model for predicting the outcome of nucleophilic attack of carbonyl compounds. He published over 350 research papers and eight books on organic chemistry, and taught graduate and post-doctoral students from 21 different countries.

Research
Cram expanded upon Charles Pedersen's ground-breaking synthesis of crown ethers, two-dimensional organic compounds that are able to recognize and selectively combine with the ions of certain metal elements. He synthesized molecules that took this chemistry into three dimensions, creating an array of differently shaped molecules that could interact selectively with other chemicals because of their complementary three-dimensional structures. Cram's work represented a large step toward the synthesis of functional laboratory-made mimics of enzymes and other natural molecules whose special chemical behavior is due to their characteristic structure. He also did work in stereochemistry and Cram's rule of asymmetric induction is named after him.

In 1973, Cram collaborated on research with Irish chemist Francis Leslie Scott.

Professor
Cram was named an assistant professor at the University of California, Los Angeles in 1947, and a professor in 1955. He served there until his retirement in 1987. He was a popular teacher, having instructed some 8,000 undergraduates in his career and guided the academic output of 200 graduate students. He entertained his classes by strumming his guitar and singing folk songs. He showed a self-deprecating style, saying at one time:

"An investigator starts research in a new field with faith, a foggy idea, and a few wild experiments. Eventually the interplay of negative and positive results guides the work. By the time the research is completed, he or she knows how it should have been started and conducted."

Awards and honors

 * NAS Award in Chemical Sciences
 * Saul Winstein Endowed Chair in Organic Chemistry
 * National Medal of Science, 1993
 * International Academy of Science, Munich, member
 * Glenn T. Seaborg Medal, 1989
 * Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement, 1988
 * ACS Southern California Tolman Award, 1984
 * ACS Chicago Section Willard Gibbs Award, 1985
 * ACS Cope Award for Distinguished Achievement in Organic Chemistry, 1974
 * American Academy of Arts and Sciences, member, 1967
 * American Chemical Society Award for Creative Work in Synthetic Organic Chemistry, 1965
 * National Academy of Sciences, member, 1961
 * 1987 Nobel Prize in Chemistry

Personal life
Cram once admitted that his career wasn't without sacrifice. His first wife was Rollins classmate, Jean Turner, who also graduated in 1941, and went on to receive a master's degree in social work from Columbia University. His second wife, Jane, is a former chemistry professor at Mount Holyoke College. Cram chose not to have any children, "because I would either be a bad father or a bad scientist."

Cram died of cancer in 2001, at the age of 82.

title: Donald J. Cram