text:
Talk:Jürgen Klinsmann

Untitled
The man's name is Jürgen, not Jurgen. ;) Markalexander100 02:37, 14 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * Yes, but they don't have those funny dots in English :)) -217.237.32.69 20:11, 17 June 2006 (UTC)

Funny dots? Umlauts, dear...

I wish we had umlauts in English -- they are cool! --Amcalabrese 03:44, 6 December 2006 (UTC)

Is this the best pic we can find of klinsmann? pitiful

best performance since 2002? that sounds crazy since there hasnt been any other world cup ^^

What is with all the nonsense about diving? 2 of the related links convey nothing about diving and one of them goes to the "urban dictionary", hardly an erudite selection more fitting of trivia than anything other. Changing. Ernham 03:15, 7 August 2006 (UTC)Ernham

I am a Tottenham supporter and I think Jurgen Klinsmann was a fantastic player, but he was a diver. Just look back to when he was playing for Monaco and got Costacurta sent off against Milan, Costacurta was about 2 yards away from him and didn't touch him whatso-ever!!

You are not a German and you have never celebrated Klinsmann's goals. You are not a Bayern fan, so get fucked!!!

 * stop the hating please^^
 * Fact is, Klinsmann was never booked for diving. This kind of reputation came up, when he went to the English Premier League, and hostile fans were looking for an excuse to hate the guy before he even played a game, and this was the best they could come up with.
 * So it is kay to mention 'he was criticized by fans for diving', but it is factually not right to qualify him as a diver, so not worthy of mention in an encyclopedia. Greetings, Jonathan. (<---not Klinsmann son^^) Jonathan0007 (talk) 07:26, 9 November 2011 (UTC)

the "wikidaily"
Wikipedia isn't a daily of life fo recent events. Can't believe that this page has 22 years of playing career on the same space that 2 years of coaching.

 * But then there are hundreds of players having their daily playing careers, but only 2 or 3, or so, of them in a life-time who might be called upon to helm their national team. Those are some other numbers to consider.

 * Still others would be some dates. Like the date the Internet reached critical mass, or the date Wikipedia started. I've found it to be pretty universal that--not just at Wikipedia--but everywhere online, that going back to certain dates becomes in some respect pre-historic and sparsely reported or simply neglected. Even if from books, there may be none for Klinsmann or many sports figures. I don't think this is a good thing, but it is a real limitation of these kinds of web-based projects, in many case.

 * One thing I found lacking in the article were some of the examples of Klinsmann's innovations in brigning in fitness trainers, experts on increasing foot speed, or even some of the unorthodox things like the sessions of table tennis or archery, or pyschologists. If these things go on to revolutionize German or even European soccer, then perhaps Klinsmann's contribution will have been much greater as a coach than as a player. It is too early to know how these things will play out yet, but my point is that just counting the years doesn't always translate into what parts of a career are significant or worth discussing in detail.

 * You get this all the time with writers or composers who were also teachers or conductors. They may have spent many years doing the latter but when you read about them in an encyclopedia that only gets a sentence or a phrase, often no more than a short paragraph. The former, on the other hand, may receive pages of attention.

 * Also, you can't assume the part you object to will always be there in that form. For example, if the Kilnsmann approach, now passed on to others, turns out to be something truly lasting, maybe it will get its own subpage and most of that material will be moved there in future years. So call what you see now a "wikiworkinprogress"! W.C. 21:31, 12 July 2006 (UTC)

According to the Chicago Tribune sport section, Mr. Klinsmann was also offer the position to coach the national team of Mexico. So, I think it's just fair to add it in the article because they added he was offer to coach the US national team.

Source: http://chicagosports.chicagotribune.com/sports/soccer/fire/cs-0610100160oct10,1,148288.story?coll=cs-fire-headlines

Apprentice ?
The article claims Klinsman to be a "qualified baker's apprentice" ? That sounds quite misleading, since he actually completed his apprenticeship and passed the required exams. So his correct qualification (for bakery) would (in German) be "Bäckergeselle" which should translate to "journeyman baker" (since bakery is a traditional craft it has retained the traditional titles). More colloquial, he would be called "gelernter Bäcker" ("learned Baker", but within a context where "learned" is understood as to have completed a well regulated apprenticeship and passed an examination regulated by the craftsmen's chamber in that craft). So he is everything but an apprentice. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.176.199.13 (talk) 16:01, 30 September 2007 (UTC)

Goals
The article mentions Klinsmann scored 31 goals with Bayern Munich .. well thats partially correect if consider only the goals scored in Bundeslega 16 in season 95-96 and 15 in season 96-97 but in season 95-96 he scored 15 goals in Uefa cup also ... why is that not mentioned ?!!--Blain Toddi (talk) 11:07, 23 December 2007 (UTC)

In the text it correctly states Klinsmann scored 20 league goals for Tottenham in 1994/95, but in the info box it says 21. For this reason I will amend it.Statto74 (talk) 12:31, 5 March 2014 (UTC)

Height
How true is the claim of 182 cm being Klinsmann's height? In the link below, the apparent 180 cm (as per his article) Guardiola almost towers over him. Is Klinsmann shorter than 182 or is Pep taller than 180? Or would Jurgen be standing on a lower platform in the picture?

http://www.uefa.com/multimediafiles/photo/competitions/ucl/81/79/97/817997_biglandscape.jpg Depor23 (talk) 08:20, 9 April 2009 (UTC)

After looking at some other photos, I would say that Guardiola is definitely standing on a higher platform than Klinsmann. It seems Klinsmann is indeed 182 cm. Nothing to see here. :P -Depor23 (talk) 13:18, 10 April 2009 (UTC)

German-language TV
On multiple occasions, during his appearances on ESPN, the hosts have referred to his work on German TV broadcasts. I Googled a bit but didn't find details about his German appearances. The details should be in this article. - Regards, PhilipR (talk) 06:52, 5 July 2010 (UTC)

At http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Klinsmann is written in section "Trivia" "Bei der Fußball-WM 2002 in Japan und Südkorea war Klinsmann Fußballexperte des ZDF, bei der WM 2010 in Südafrika hingegen Experte und Co-Kommentator bei RTL." It means Klinsmann was cocommentator for the World Cup 2002 for the station ZDF (Zweites Deutsches Fernsehen - 2nd german television) an for the World Cup 2010 for the station RTL (german speaking).

Another german source (http://www.zdf-jahrbuch.de/2002/programmarbeit/figgemeier_gruschwitz_deike.htm): "Das WM-Finale in Yokohama setzte den würdigen Schlusspunkt. Brasilien gegen Deutschland, 26,52 Millionen Zuschauer im Durchschnitt, ein Marktanteil von 88,2 Prozent, die beste deutsche Fernsehquote 2002. Ein letztes Mal war Anchorman Poschmann im Sony-Center, Sympathikus Klinsmann mit Partner Hiepen im Stadion, Reporter Réthy vor dem Mikrophon – geballte Kompetenz. Doch verbietet sich eigentlich eine Auflistung einzelner Namen, es war schließlich und allein eine wunderbare Teamarbeit, die den ZDF-WM-Erfolg möglich machte. Ein Dank an Kolleginnen und Kollegen aus Technik, Produktion und Redaktion! Sie alle haben, auch mit der emotionalen Übertragung des glorreichen Empfangs der deutschen Nationalmannschaft in Frankfurt, die Antwort gegeben." — Preceding unsigned comment added by 62.245.191.218 (talk) 15:05, 16 June 2011 (UTC)

Kaiser
It is written in the article "He was even referred to as "Kaiser"". But this is not true. Here, in Germany, nobody associated Klinsmann if you say "Kaiser" reagarding to football. "Kaiser" regarding to football is Franz Beckenbauer only.
 * True that. I removed this incorrect (and unreferenced) statement. 80.139.148.56 (talk) 08:06, 9 September 2015 (UTC)

West Germany / Germany
I just would like to point out that the article's strict distinction between the 'West German team' and the 'German team' is very misleading. Klinsmann only played for and coached one single German national team, the team of the German Football Association (DFB) which represented and still represents the Federal Republic of Germany. Team West Germany and Team Germany are identical. EnemyOfTheState undefined 19:38, 29 July 2011 (UTC)

 * Unfortunately this misleading distinction is made in many Wiki articles, and even in the article about Germany before reunification. It is colloquial language to call the DFB-team until 1990 "West Germany", but this is not factually correct, the proper name was always only "Germany", representing the "Federal Republic of Germany" and all "Germans" with their governing body "German Football Association". No "West" in any of the names. The DFB represented (even before 1990) all German people and the German country "Federal Republic of Germany" awarded citizenship to every German, no matter where (Federal Republic of Germany, German Democratic Republic, Silesia, Russia...) he was born or lived. The governing body of the German Team, DFB, is the same since 1900, over hundred years now, and has never changed the name which was and is still today "German Football Association". There were other German Teams like "Böhmen und Mähren", "DFV" and "Saarland", but they are increasingly irrelevant, and execpt for an olympic gold medal of the "DFV"-team in 1976 they never really accomplished anything worth mentioning, and an olympic medal is not a big deal among footballers, the World Cup and continental tournaments are much more important.
 * So if nobody minds, i will correct the redundant/misleading distinction between "Germany" and "West Germany". Greetings, Jonathan. Jonathan0007 (talk) 07:45, 9 November 2011 (UTC)

User:86.137.26.211
Youtube is not an acceptable reliable source, even as a primary source. See WP:RS. Additionally, reverting 3 times, such as, and  Dennis Brown (talk) 22:40, 15 November 2011 (UTC)

Edit War
I am disgusted by the behaviour of the some of the established users here, who seem to think they are the only ones to add their opinions to this article. I see many things unsourced here, lauding Klinsmann's abilities, yet when I add a book source and a video interview with the man himself - pertaining to his poor performance in the 1990 Semi-final, I am railroaded and told I need a 'reliable source'. What can be more reliable than the English Official History which includes that game and the man himself saying the same thing in an audio video? And this is a European person, it should be British English. The fact that he now coaches the US team has no bearing on the use of 'defense' over defence when discusing his playing days in the 1980s.

It looks as if people here don't want this information in this article, and whatever source I produce, will find some excuse to have it removed. The above rubbish about 'reliability' is absurd in the circumstances. It appears this is only a free-to-edit wikipedia if your comments are agreed with by a pack who assume ownership of these articles. 86.137.26.211 (talk) 22:44, 15 November 2011 (UTC)
 * You can't use yourself as a "source". That is the very foundation of Wikipedia, one of the WP:Pillars, and one of the biggest violations you can have.  Before you call the guidelines "absurd", it would likely do you good to actually READ THEM.  WP:V, WP:RS apply here.  Then you might understand why they exist.  You can't be expected to understand something you haven't read, but you are still obligated to abide by the same guidelines.  Dennis Brown (talk) 22:53, 15 November 2011 (UTC)

 * What are you talking about? I have never used myself as a source. I ADDED sources. What's wrong with you? Don't you listen? One of them was a BOOK SOURCE. So you're objections ARE 'absurd'. 86.137.26.211 (talk) 23:10, 15 November 2011 (UTC)

 * Every footballer earns criticism, especially by fans of the opposing teams. Since Klinsmann has had a successfull career, played in many leagues, clubs and tournaments, it is certain to say he has many enviers. Although for starters I don't want to make assumptions about your motives. The desire to include "negative facts" about footballers is there, but it is not standard to include them unless they are relevant in a way that they are widespread opinion in the public. And even then you can't present a "poor performance" or a "dive" as a fact, but you have to say "observers/the coach/the media criticised footballer XYZ for his poor performance", you cannot include this subjective information as if it is a fact. Also keep it relevant: If we need to include every bit of criticism made somewhere in every article about footballers, WP articles about these footballers would morph into grotesk bashing of these persons accomplishments, that's not what WP is all about. If you think it is, please show me another article that evaluates the degree to which a footballer has been fouled and if his reaction to this is appropriate in all of his games, like some people for some reason want to do here. Other than many strikers Klinsmann has never been booked for a dive, this is a FACT, and that is pretty strong case for people assuming, that his alledged reputation is basicly build up by enviers and opposing fans, and not advocated by neutrals who want to judge him in a fair manner. And when I see how you phrase things like a foul that was "barely a contact" while that same foul left Klinsmann with a 15 cm bleeding wound on his leg, then it is kind of obvious, that you are not interested in a neutral evalution of what happenend, but that you hold a grudge or something like that and want to carry your personal feelings into WP articles. And this is really not the place. Greetings, Jonathan. Jonathan0007 (talk) 23:36, 15 November 2011 (UTC)
 * PS As for that spelling discussion: Since Klinsmann is US coach, i think the article is more relevant to US users, and therefore should use American spelling, even in parts that are about European competitions. But tbh i don't care strongly one way or the other. Jonathan0007 (talk) 23:41, 15 November 2011 (UTC)

 * What a load of sh1t. You say you won't attack my alleged motives yet instantly complain that I am not being neutral because I referred to an incident in the final - which did NOT result in a 15cm wound. Klinsmann said he made it out to be worse than it was - "twice over" according to him. If you'd bothered to wait, I'd have a source for that too.
 * And if you had bothered to sit and wait some more, I'd be adding more than just negatives - his entry into the Pele's 125 living footballers list, along with a wealth of other things etc, etc. And by the way, I'm a Germanophile actually. So don't tell me I'm not interested in producing a neutral article. I'm not the one deleting sources, which are completely legitimate and dreaming up illogical and contradictory 'reasons' to do so.
 * No justification for non-use of Brit. Eng. See Wikipedia guidlines on the subject. 86.137.26.211 (talk) 00:10, 16 November 2011 (UTC)

 * First I would have to ask you to keep this discussion in a moderate tone, no need for swear words. Secondly I said "for starters" in the part you referr to, because I wanted to make something else clear before (of course) questioning your motive, since it seems pretty obvious. As for that wound, that is not dreamt up by me, it is already included in the sources. That you deny this is just another piece in the puzzle that shows you selecting and editing in what your personal taste is. Also what do you mean "if i'd bothered to wait"? I am waiting, am i not? On this article I didn't delete any content lately, but still since I'm capable of logical thought it is to me still pretty obvious that you don't seem to be neutral. That you are Germanophile doesn't proof you are neutral. Klinsmann had many opponents in Germany too, fans of opposing clubs, supporters of rival strikers, critics of his coaching abilities and his choice of living in California and not in Germany, and fans especially since he left after WC2006 (against the wish of the overwhelming majority of the fans) some people were angry or frustrated and are since then not very happy about Klinsmann. So this is not as simple as "you like Germans" = "you like Klinsmann". Actually, it is not about what you like at all. Rather than your acclaimed background I look at your actions, and that is adding non-encyclopedic content. Anyway, let's keep it simple, because my experience is people who possibly have emotions over these cases seem to have the will to discuss this forever, and I'm not in this for lenghty pointless discussions, and therefore will not engage here any longer in trying to help you by explaining what you seemingly don't want to understand. It is as simple as that:
 * Edit the article in a neutral way and in keeping with policy and editing standards, and your participation is welcome. Everything else will be reverted. Simple as that. For anything else I would referr you to what has already been said, especially the part of one of the other users that gave you advise to read about how to improve articles before actually editing. And I don't mean this in a disrespectful way. Greetings, Jonathan. Jonathan0007 (talk) 00:59, 16 November 2011 (UTC)

 * I never said it was about what I like! For goodness sake. You're talking a cross purposes all the time.
 * I found the accussation that I was a klinsmann 'hater' insulting. I'm not. I'm not German either, so I'm not an 'enemy within' - I assumed that when I said "Germanophile" you'd understand that I was not German - just interested in all things.....
 * I did not add none-encyclopedic content. I sourced it, and was well on my way to covering it all until this lot started deleting everything.
 * The only thing I'm emotional about is my treatment and the lack of logic from you. So whatever you've previously said is immaterial. I doesn't fit. And stop patronising me - I certainly don't need help. And I have no intention of beating my head against a brick wall created by you for much longer. 86.137.26.211 (talk) 11:34, 16 November 2011 (UTC)

 * What you are doing here is really counterproductive. I will review this article and try to find a source for every contested passege, and I will comb out any none-neutral phrasing that isn't justified with a source.
 * As for your "I never said it was about what I like", so why meantioning the Germanphile-thing then? You cannot be angry about me missing the point when I simply respond to you missing the point. Plus I even said this is missing the point.
 * You cannot be emotional about my lack of logic, since I argue logical. There is a difference between lack of logic, and lack of understanding or will to acknowledge logic. In this case it looks more like you're annoyed because you don't get what you want, which is to use WP to critize a public figure you seemingly don't like. Again: I'm well aware that this is missing the point, I'm just responding to your explanation why you are emotional.
 * I'm sorry if it looked as if I was patronising you, I certainly didn't want to do that, I just wanted to clarify the situation, so you have an explanation and not just some reverts to see what is going on. Greetings, Jonathan. Jonathan0007 (talk) 12:04, 16 November 2011 (UTC)

Orange County Blue Star
I have removed Klinsmann's stas for his games at Orange County Blue Star, the fact he played under a pseudonym, Jay Goppingen, indicates these appearences were not full first team fixtures.Statto74 (talk) 12:47, 5 March 2014 (UTC)

Football/Association Football/Soccer
Given that he's been coach of the US national soccer team for nearly three years, I don't think the lead should call him a "football manager". At the least, it should say "association football". (suoı̣ʇnqı̣ɹʇuoɔ · ʞlɐʇ) nɯnuı̣ɥԀ 21:44, 1 May 2014 (UTC)
 * When he's managed the team for as long as he played professional and national football in Europe, 18 years, then we can talk about changing. It does say association football, right in the link. Walter Görlitz (talk) 22:25, 1 May 2014 (UTC)
 * In this case, I would agree with Phinumu that the word "association" should not be hidden in the link, but should in fact be present in the article. As things currently stand, the opening sentence suggests that he is the manager of the United States national football team, an entity which does not exist and which, if it did exist, would likely be an American football team. Tad Lincoln (talk) 22:57, 12 September 2014 (UTC)

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Lead / introduction section
The lead section (also known as the lead or introduction) of a Wikipedia article is the section before the table of contents and the first heading. The lead serves as an introduction to the article and a summary of its most important contents. It is not a news-style lead or "lede" paragraph.

Quite a lot of sensational points have crept into the lead for this article over the years. Matters such as personality disputes at FC Bayern Muenchen, the league position at the time Klinsmann was released, his replacement as the coach of the German team and the details of Klinsmann's sacking from the USMT are all relevant material for the full biography but they are out of place in the lead section. I have tried to edit the lead section carefully and judiciously. In doing so, I have first of all studied the Wikipedia Manual of Style on Lead Sections: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section

The lead should stand on its own as a concise overview of the article's topic. It should identify the topic, establish context, explain why the topic is notable, and summarize the most important points, including any prominent controversies.

The fact that a personality dispute at FC Bayern might have been a controversy that gained prominence for a few days at the time does not make it a prominent controversy. The same is true for Klinsmann's sacking from the national team.

Please compare the section on his career as a manager to the section on his career as a player. Let us not forget that he is still far more notable as a player than as a manager (although those with short memories may not realise that). Yet the section on his playing career does not even mention Stuttgart or Tottenham Hotspur in the intro section, the clubs with which is he is most closely associated.

By contrast, the section on his managerial career has become bloated and full of trivial points. I can see a similar criticism has been made above in relation to the body of this article. I agree with that criticism though I do not propose immediately to begin editing the whole article.

Please also consider the articles on Klinsmann in other languages (especially the German page). None have such a bloated lead section.

Having carefully considered the Manual of Style and compared other articles, I have taken some time to edit the lead section to make it more succinct, in the style of the (admirable) section on his playing career but leaving most of the detail of his (less notable) managerial career to the detailed section below.

I would urge anybody who is inclined to unthinkingly undo my edits simply because that is the way it was before to read the Manual of Style first.

Friedrich Dürrenmatt (talk) 04:58, 10 May 2020 (UTC)
 * The lead should be a summary of the article.
 * US fans had grown impatient with Klinsmann's lack of results which is why that sentence should remain.
 * Restoring until consensus to change is achieved. Walter Görlitz (talk) 05:50, 11 May 2020 (UTC)
 * Notifying some previous editors of this article of the WP:MOSLEAD discussion.     Walter Görlitz (talk) 05:56, 11 May 2020 (UTC)

I came online to try to improve the quality of one Wikipedia article and my reasons are sound. You have not provided any explanation why Klinsmann's sacking from the USMNT is a particularly key moment in his career. It obviously is not. It has nothing to do with why he is notable. It does not feature in the lead section in any other language. It was added by someone in a hurry on the day that it happened and it should have been removed that day. Klinsmann is famous above all as a striker. Obviously north american fans may know him better as the manager of the USMNT but this is a global site. There is far too much about his managerial career in the lead and you are making it worse.

I am going to avoid ad hominem remarks but I am not impressed with the bullying approach you have taken on this issue. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Friedrich Dürrenmatt (talk • contribs) 08:34, 11 May 2020 (UTC)

I have now waited for one month. The fact that "US fans had grown impatient" does not come close to justifying the repeated inclusion of this line in the Lead Section.

1. It is not right that the Lead should be a summary of the article. The style guide explains that the Lead should "stand on its own as a concise overview of the article's topic. It should identify the topic, establish context, explain why the topic is notable, and summarize the most important points, including any prominent controversies." I stress, the Lead should be concise and should summarize only "the most important points", not the article as a whole. 2. Klinsmann has had a long career full of successes and controversies. As currently drafted, the Lead section does not even mention ""any"" of the club teams that he played for and yet goes into detail about a trivial incident in relation to his managerial career. Yet when his career is reviewed he will be remembered far more as a striker than as a manager. Even his managerial career, his role in the German team will be seen with at least as much importance as in the US team. In the minds of English fans, he is most famous for being accused of diving, for his goal celebrations and for his success at Tottenham. But none of those points needs to be brought out in great detail in the Lead. Indeed, the current (old) draft of Lead does not even mention that he ""played"" for Tottenham (or Stuttgart, Inter, Bayern, etc)!

I have therefore edited the Lead to provide a ""concise"" summary of ""the most important"" points in the article.

The first paragraph of the new draft summarises, concisely, his club career, his international career and his managerial career. The second paragraph summarises, concisely, his major achievements which establish his notability.

The Lead should not (and the new draft does not) descend into the details of minor controversies. No controversy is so significant in his case that it comes close to establishing his notability and none should be included in the Lead.Friedrich Dürrenmatt (talk) 11:32, 5 June 2020 (UTC)

Honorary Captain
A minor point within the lead section but one that should not be allowed to get out of hand. Klinsmann was the fifth honorary captain of the German National Football Team: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehrenspielf%C3%BChrer. That is a reference to the Men's team, whether we are talking about official usage, common usage or even Wikipedia conventions: https://www.dfb.de/en/national-teams/. No women have been made the honorary captain of the men's team. Bettina Wiegmann and Birgit Prinz have been made captain of the German women's team. That is a different team and a different honour. There is only one honourary captain of the men's team at a time, while Wiegmann and Lahm were honourary captains of the different teams at the same time. It is striking that someone keeps editing this Klinsmann article to include the 2 women while, at the same time, the article about the German women's team still showed only Wiegmann as having been an honourary captain, while the article about the Men's team failed to list Lahm as an honourary captain. I have fixed the women's article and will fix the men's article when I get around to it unless someone else does it first. Please stop this editing war. Nobody lists Wiegmann or Prinz as having been a captain of the men's team: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany_national_football_team#Captains and there is no reason why a different approach should be taken in an article about the men's team.

Friedrich Dürrenmatt (talk) 04:58, 10 May 2020 (UTC)

Do I have to discus ever single piece of censorship you are planning for the article? Two female players achieved honorary captain before Klinsmann. However, you're right, the sources don't support it. Walter Görlitz (talk) 06:06, 12 May 2020 (UTC)
 * No, but I put a lot of work into rewriting the lead and I think my points are sound. Two female players were made hon capt of the women's team which is great and I have updated the women's team article to reflect this (it was years out of date). 81.109.207.71 Friedrich Dürrenmatt (talk) 07:45, 23 May 2020 (UTC)
 * You should probably not edit when logged-out, and if I don't need to discuss every edit, then why did you revert with the reason that it was an un-discussed change? That makes it seem as though you do it expect a discussion. Walter Görlitz (talk) 03:07, 14 May 2020 (UTC)

Current employment
The page says he worked at ESPN FC as of last year but is writing a newsletter for BBC Sport during the World Cup. Is he still working at ESPN? Can we get clarity on that? Aresef (talk) 21:08, 25 November 2022 (UTC)

Stuttgarter Kickers
When did Jurgen sign for the Kickers, as there seems to be some discrepancy. The article stated (for a couple of years, up until a few minutes ago) that he signed for them in 1978, aged 16 (He would have been 14 in 78). It then says he went pro with them two years later, in 82 (which tallies with the 16 years old at signing) can anyone confirm the date at all? Moons of Io (talk) 16:04, 5 May 2023 (UTC)

He was just sacked
https://v.daum.net/v/20240216142741514?from=newsbot&botref=CN2&botevent=a Dontsusme (talk) 05:42, 16 February 2024 (UTC)

 * ￼in eng
 * https://m-en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20240216005000315 Dontsusme (talk) 05:43, 16 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jürgen Klinsmann


text:
User:Duniyadnd

Contribute whatever I feel like. Esp. if the content isn't written yet, particular interest in football (soccer).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Duniyadnd


text:
Progressive Conservative Party of Prince Edward Island

The Progressive Conservative Party of Prince Edward Island is one of three major political parties on Prince Edward Island. The party and its rival, the Liberals, have alternated in power since responsible government was granted in 1851.

History
The policies of the Liberals and Progressive Conservatives (PCs) are very similar. The major differences are in their allegiances to federal parties and in personalities. The PC Party began as the Conservative Party of Prince Edward Island, and changed its name in 1942 to reflect the development of the federal Progressive Conservative Party.

The Progressive Conservatives formed the government in Prince Edward Island under Premier Pat Binns, starting in 1996. The party lost its bid for a fourth mandate in 2007.

In October 2010, following the resignation of Binns as party leader (in 2007), a leadership election was held. Jim Bagnall became interim leader of the party in 2010 when previous interim leader MLA Olive Crane resigned the post to seek the permanent leadership of the party.

Crane won the PC leadership in October 2010, and served for over two years. She resigned as party leader on 31 January 2013, and was succeeded by Steven Myers as interim leader.

Rob Lantz was elected leader of the party at a leadership election on February 28, 2015, at the University of Prince Edward Island Sports Centre, but resigned on September 23, 2015, after failing to win a seat in the 2015 provincial election.

On October 15, 2015, the party chose Borden-Kinkora MLA Jamie Fox as interim leader

James Aylward, MLA for Stratford-Kinlock, defeated Brad Trivers and was chosen leader on October 19, 2017, replacing interim leader Jamie Fox.

On September 17, 2018, Aylward announced his pending resignation as leader, effective upon the election of his successor on February 9, 2019.

Dennis King was elected leader of the party, succeeding Aylward.

Traditionally, the Tories have done better among Protestant voters, while Liberals have had more support from Catholics. Politics on the island, however, has never been sectarian, and both parties have always had voters and members from both populations. Indeed, it has been the custom until recently for a Liberal incumbent of one denomination to be opposed by a Tory challenger of the same denomination and vice versa. This had tended to minimise religious sectarianism within the parties. The Liberals have also traditionally enjoyed the support of the province's small Acadian population concentrated in Prince County at the west end of the island. Progressive Conservative support has tended to be greater on the eastern half of the island.

Current MLAs

 * Gilles Arsenault, Evangeline-Miscouche
 * Zack Bell, Charlottetown-Winsloe
 * Jill Burridge, Stratford-Keppoch
 * Darlene Compton, Belfast-Murray River
 * Robin Croucher, Souris-Elmira
 * Susie Dillon, Charlottetown-Belvedere
 * Natalie Jameson, Charlottetown-Hillsborough Park
 * Cory Deagle, Montague-Kilmuir
 * Tyler DesRoches, Summerside-Wilmot
 * Rob Lantz, Charlottetown-Brighton
 * Ernie Hudson, Alberton-Bloomfield
 * Dennis King, Brackley-Hunter River
 * Sidney MacEwen, Morell-Donagh
 * Hilton MacLennan, Tyne Valley-Sherbrooke
 * Mark McLane, Cornwall-Meadowbank
 * Matthew MacKay, Kensington-Malpeque
 * Steven Myers, Georgetown-Pownal
 * Barb Ramsay, Summerside-South Drive
 * Jenn Redmond, Mermaid-Stratford
 * Bloyce Thompson, Stanhope-Marshfield
 * Brad Trivers, Rustico-Emerald


text:
User talk:Muffa~enwiki

Muffa: If you sign a comment with 4 tildes ( ~ ) it will be automatically converted into your user name (linked) & a timestamp. -- Jmabel 02:44, 14 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * and if you want to what UTC means, just read Coordinated Universal Time. It within 1 second of Greenwich Mean Time. If you want a quick signature with a time stamp, just press the signature button which is the second last at the top of the edit box. --Henrygb 23:32, 30 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Muffa. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Muffa~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 01:40, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 16:38, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Muffa~enwiki


text:
User:Alan Chang

I am a student in mathematics.

title: User:Alan Chang


text:
Morphological typology

Morphological typology is a way of classifying the languages of the world (see linguistic typology) that groups languages according to their common morphological structures. The field organizes languages on the basis of how those languages form words by combining morphemes. Analytic languages contain very little inflection, instead relying on features like word order and auxiliary words to convey meaning. Synthetic languages, ones that are not analytic, are divided into two categories: agglutinative and fusional languages. Agglutinative languages rely primarily on discrete particles (prefixes, suffixes, and infixes) for inflection, while fusional languages "fuse" inflectional categories together, often allowing one word ending to contain several categories, such that the original root can be difficult to extract. A further subcategory of agglutinative languages are polysynthetic languages, which take agglutination to a higher level by constructing entire sentences, including nouns, as one word.

Analytic, fusional, and agglutinative languages can all be found in many regions of the world. However, each category is dominant in some families and regions and essentially nonexistent in others. Analytic languages encompass the Sino-Tibetan family, including Chinese, many languages in Southeast Asia, the Pacific, and West Africa, and a few of the Germanic languages. Fusional languages encompass most of the Indo-European family—for example, French, Russian, and Hindi—as well as the Semitic family and a few members of the Uralic family. Most of the world's languages, however, are agglutinative, including the Turkic, Japonic, Dravidian, and Bantu languages and most families in the Americas, Australia, the Caucasus, and non-Slavic Russia. Constructed languages take a variety of morphological alignments.

The concept of discrete morphological categories has been criticized. Some linguists argue that most, if not all, languages are in a permanent state of transition, normally from fusional to analytic to agglutinative to fusional again. Others take issue with the definitions of the categories, arguing that they conflate several distinct, if related, variables.

History
The field was first developed by brothers Friedrich von Schlegel and August von Schlegel.

Analytic languages
Analytic languages show a low ratio of morphemes to words; in fact, the correspondence is nearly one-to-one. Sentences in analytic languages are composed of independent root morphemes. Grammatical relations between words are expressed by separate words where they might otherwise be expressed by affixes, which are present to a minimal degree in such languages. There is little to no morphological change in words: they tend to be uninflected. Grammatical categories are indicated by word order (for example, inversion of verb and subject for interrogative sentences) or by bringing in additional words (for example, a word for "some" or "many" instead of a plural inflection like English -s). Individual words carry a general meaning (root concept); nuances are expressed by other words. Finally, in analytic languages context and syntax are more important than morphology.

Analytic languages include some of the major East Asian languages, such as Chinese, and Vietnamese. Note that the ideographic writing systems of these languages play a strong role in regimenting linguistic continuity according to an analytic, or isolating, morphology (cf. orthography).

Additionally, English is moderately analytic, and it and Afrikaans can be considered as some of the most analytic of all Indo-European languages. However, they are traditionally analyzed as fusional languages.

A related concept is the isolating language, one in which there is only one, or on average close to one, morpheme per word. Not all analytic languages are isolating; for example, Chinese and English possess many compound words, but contain few inflections for them.

Synthetic languages
Synthetic languages form words by affixing a given number of dependent morphemes to a root morpheme. The morphemes may be distinguishable from the root, or they may not. They may be fused with it or among themselves (in that multiple pieces of grammatical information may potentially be packed into one morpheme). Word order is less important for these languages than it is for analytic languages, since individual words express the grammatical relations that would otherwise be indicated by syntax. In addition, there tends to be a high degree of concordance (agreement, or cross-reference between different parts of the sentence). Therefore, morphology in synthetic languages is more important than syntax. Most Indo-European languages are moderately synthetic.

There are two subtypes of synthesis, according to whether morphemes are clearly differentiable or not. These subtypes are agglutinative and fusional (or inflectional or flectional in older terminology).

Fusional languages
Morphemes in fusional languages are not readily distinguishable from the root or among themselves. Several grammatical bits of meaning may be fused into one affix. Morphemes may also be expressed by internal phonological changes in the root (i.e. morphophonology), such as consonant gradation and vowel gradation, or by suprasegmental features such as stress or tone, which are of course inseparable from the root.

The Indo-European and Semitic languages are the most typically cited examples of fusional languages. However, others have been described. For example, Navajo is sometimes categorized as a fusional language because its complex system of verbal affixes has become condensed and irregular enough that discerning individual morphemes is rarely possible. Some Uralic languages are described as fusional, particularly the Sami languages and Estonian. On the other hand, not all Indo-European languages are fusional; for example, English and Afrikaans, as well as some North Germanic languages lean more toward the analytic.

Agglutinative languages
Agglutinative languages have words containing several morphemes that are always clearly differentiable from one another in that each morpheme represents only one grammatical meaning and the boundaries between those morphemes are easily demarcated; that is, the bound morphemes are affixes, and they may be individually identified. Agglutinative languages tend to have a high number of morphemes per word, and their morphology is usually highly regular, with a notable exception being Georgian, among others.

Agglutinative languages include Hungarian, Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, Malayalam, Turkish, Mongolian, Korean, Japanese, Swahili, Zulu and Indonesian.

Polysynthetic languages
In 1836, Wilhelm von Humboldt proposed a third category for classifying languages, a category that he labeled polysynthetic. (The term polysynthesis was first used in linguistics by Peter Stephen DuPonceau who borrowed it from chemistry.) These languages have a high morpheme-to-word ratio, a highly regular morphology, and a tendency for verb forms to include morphemes that refer to several arguments besides the subject (polypersonalism). Another feature of polysynthetic languages is commonly expressed as "the ability to form words that are equivalent to whole sentences in other languages". The distinction between synthetic languages and polysynthetic languages is therefore relative: the place of one language largely depends on its relation to other languages displaying similar characteristics on the same scale.

Many Amerindian languages are polysynthetic; indeed, most of the world's polysynthetic languages are native to North America. Inuktitut is one example, for instance the word-phrase: tavvakiqutiqarpiit roughly translates to "Do you have any tobacco for sale?". However, it is a common misconception that polysynthetic morphology is universal among Amerindian languages. Chinook and Shoshone, for instance, are simply agglutinative, as their nouns stand mostly separate from their verbs.

Oligosynthetic languages
Oligosynthetic languages are ones in which very few morphemes, perhaps only a few hundred, combine as in polysynthetic languages. Benjamin Whorf categorized Nahuatl and Blackfoot as oligosynthetic, but most linguists disagree with this classification and instead label them polysynthetic or simply agglutinative. No known languages are widely accepted as oligosynthetic.

In constructed languages
Constructed languages (conlangs) take a variety of morphological alignments. Despite the Indo-European family's typical fusional alignment, most universal auxiliary languages based on the family have ended up being agglutinative morphologically because agglutination is more transparent than fusion and thus furthers various goals of the language creators. This pattern began with Volapük, which is strongly agglutinative, and was continued with Esperanto, which tends to be agglutinative as well. Other languages inspired by Esperanto like Ido and Novial also tend to be agglutinative, although some examples like Interlingua might be considered more fusional. Zonal constructed languages such as Interslavic tend to follow the language families they are based on.

Fictional languages vary among J. R. R. Tolkien's languages for the Middle earth universe, for example, Sindarin is fusional while Quenya is agglutinative. Among engineered languages, Toki Pona is completely analytic, as it contains only a limited set of words with no inflections or compounds. Lojban is analytic to the extent that every gismu (basic word, not counting particles) involves pre-determined syntactical roles for every gismu coming after it in a clause, though it does involve agglutination of roots when forming calques. Ithkuil, on the other hand, contains both agglutination in its addition of affixes and extreme fusion in that these affixes often result from the fusion of numerous morphemes via ablaut.

Interconnectedness
While the above scheme of analytic, fusional, and agglutinative languages dominated linguistics for many years—at least since the 1920s—it has fallen out of favor more recently. A common objection has been that most languages display features of all three types, if not in equal measure, some of them contending that a fully fusional language would be completely suppletive. Jennifer Garland of the University of California, Santa Barbara gives Sinhala as an example of a language that demonstrates the flaws in the traditional scheme: she argues that while its affixes, clitics, and postpositions would normally be considered markers of agglutination, they are too closely intertwined to the root, yet classifying the language as primarily fusional, as it usually is, is also unsatisfying.

Cyclical evolution
R. M. W. Dixon (1998) theorizes that languages normally evolve in a cycle from fusional to analytic to agglutinative to fusional again. He analogizes this cycle to a clock, placing fusional languages at 12:00, analytic languages at 4:00, and agglutinative languages at 8:00. Dixon suggests that, for example, Old Chinese was at about 3:00 (mostly analytic with some fusional elements), while modern varieties are around 5:00 (leaning instead toward agglutination), and also guesses that Proto-Tai-Kadai may have been fusional. On the other hand, he argues that modern Finno-Ugric and Dravidian languages are on the transition from agglutinative to fusional, with the Finno-Ugric family being further along. Dixon cites the Egyptian language as one that has undergone the entire cycle in three thousand years.

Other linguists have proposed similar concepts. For instance, Elly van Gelderen sees the regular patterns of linguistic change as a cycle. In the unidirectional cycles, older features are replaced by newer items. One example is grammaticalization, where a lexical item became a grammatical marker. The markers may further grammaticalize, and a new marker may come in place to substitute the loss of meaning of the previous marker.

WALS
The World Atlas of Language Structures (WALS) sees the categorization of languages as strictly analytic, agglutinative, or fusional as misleading, arguing that these categories conflate multiple variables. WALS lists these variables as: These categories allow to capture non-traditional distributions of typological traits. For example, high exponence for nouns (e.g., case + number) is typically thought of as a trait of fusional languages. However, it is absent in many traditionally fusional languages like Arabic but present in many traditionally agglutinative languages like Finnish, Yaqui, and Cree.
 * Phonological fusion – how intrinsically connected grammatical markers are phonologically to their host words
 * Formative exponence – the number of categories expressed in a single marker (e.g., tense + number + gender for verbs in some languages)
 * Flexivity – allomorphy and inflectional classes such as possessive classification

title: Morphological typology


text:
Lincoln Hall

Lincoln Hall may refer to one of the following:

People

 * Lincoln Hall (climber) (1955 – 2012), Australian mountain climber and author

England

 * Lincoln Hall, one of the University of Nottingham Halls of Residence in Nottingham, England.
 * Lincoln Hall, a student residence at Lincoln College, Oxford in Oxford, England.
 * Lincoln Hall, a student residence at Wymondham College in Norfolk, England.

United States

 * Lincoln Hall, a classroom building at Danville Area Community College in Danville, Illinois.
 * Lincoln Hall, a middle school in the Lincolnwood School District 74 in Lincolnwood, Illinois.
 * Lincoln Hall (University of Illinois) in Urbana, Illinois, United States.
 * Lincoln Hall (New York), a nonprofit educational institution in Lincolndale, New York
 * Lincoln Hall, Berea College, a National Historic Landmark at Berea College, Berea, Kentucky.
 * Lincoln School (Springfield, Missouri), a classroom building at Ozarks Technical Community College in Springfield, Missouri.
 * Lincoln Hall, a classroom building at Cornell University College of Arts and Sciences in Ithaca, New York.
 * Lincoln Hall, a student residence at Bluffton University in Bluffton, Ohio.
 * Lincoln Hall, a student residence at the University of Nevada, Reno in Reno, Nevada.
 * Lincoln Hall (Portland, Oregon), a former high school and current performing arts building at Portland State University in Portland, Oregon.
 * Lincoln Hall Chicago, a concert hall in Chicago, Illinois.

title: Lincoln Hall


text:
User:Sihan

Wiki-Content i have provided:

Octaeteris, a common cycle of Moon, Venus and Earth.

de:Benutzer:Sihan

title: User:Sihan


text:
Eroge

An eroge (エロゲ or エロゲー, erogē; ; a portmanteau of erotic game エロチックゲーム, erochikku gēmu) is a Japanese genre of erotic video game. The term encompasses a wide variety of Japanese games containing erotic content across multiple genres. The first eroge were created in the 1980s, and many well-known companies in the Japanese gaming industry originally produced and distributed them. Some eroge are primarily focused on erotic content, while others, such as Key's Kanon, only contain occasional scenes in an otherwise non-erotic work. Games in the latter category are often re-released with sexual content removed for general audiences. Throughout its history, the genre has faced controversy for its use of explicit sexual content, and as a result has been banned from several console platforms.

History
Eroge is a Japanese erotic video game. The earliest known commercial erotic computer game is PSK's Lolita Yakyūken, released in 1982. That same year, Koei released the erotic title, Seduction of the Condominium Wife (団地妻の誘惑), which was an early role-playing adventure game with color graphics, owing to the eight-color palette of the PC-8001 computer. It became a hit, helping Koei become a major software company.

In another opinion, Yuji Horii recalled in 1986 that he saw a demonstration of a Yakyūken-like game running on the FM-8 in the end of 1981, and he considered Yakyūken was the origin of adult games. Some writers say that Yakyūken produced for Sharp MZ computers by Hudson Soft is the first Japanese adult game.

Other now-famous Japanese companies such as Enix, Square and Nihon Falcom also released erotic adult games for the PC-8801 computer in the early 1980s before they became mainstream. Early eroge usually had simple stories, some even involving anal sex, which often led to widespread condemnation from the Japanese media. In some of the early erotic games, the erotic content is meaningfully integrated into a thoughtful and mature storytelling, though others often used it as a flimsy excuse for pornography. Erotic games made the PC-8801 popular, but customers quickly became tired of paying 8800 yen ($85) for such simple games. Soon, new genres were invented: ASCII's Chaos Angels, a role-playing-based eroge, inspired Dragon Knight by Elf and Rance by AliceSoft.

In the early 1990s eroge games became much more common. Most eroge games, a fairly large library, found its way on the PC-9801 platform. FM Towns also received many games, more so than the X68000 or MS-DOS, whilst the MSX platform (which had many eroge games in the 1980s) was nearing the end of its lifetime. Eroge was much less common on consoles – only NEC's PC Engine series had officially licensed adult games, and from the mid-90s, Sega's Saturn. Both Nintendo and Sony disallowed adult video games on their consoles. Games also started to appear on Windows as it grew in popularity.

In 1992, Elf released Dōkyūsei. In it, before any eroticism, the user has to first win the affection of one of a number of female characters, making the story into an interactive romance novel. Thus, the love simulation genre was invented. Soon afterwards, the video game Otogirisou on the Super Famicom attracted the attention of many Japanese gamers. Otogirisou was a standard adventure game but had multiple endings. This concept was called a "sound novel".

In 1996, the new software developer and publisher Leaf expanded on this idea, calling it a visual novel and releasing their first successful game, Shizuku, a horror story starring a rapist high school student, with very highly reviewed writing and music. Their next game, Kizuato, was almost as dark. However, in 1997, they released To Heart, a sweetly sentimental story of high school love that became one of the most famous and trendsetting eroge ever. To Heart music was so popular it was added to karaoke machines throughout Japan—a first for eroge.

In response to increasing pressure from Japanese lobby groups, in mid-1996 Sega of Japan announced that they would no longer permit Sega Saturn games to include nudity.

After a similar game by Tactics, One: Kagayaku Kisetsu e, became a hit in 1998, Visual Arts scouted main creative staff of One to form a new brand under them, which became Key. In 1999, Key released Kanon. It contains only about seven brief erotic scenes in a sentimental story the size of a long novel (an all-ages version was also released afterward), but the enthusiasm of the response was unprecedented, and Kanon sold over 300,000 copies. In 2002 a 13-episode anime series was produced, as well as another 24-episode anime series in 2006. According to Satoshi Todome's A History of Eroge, Kanon is still the standard for modern eroge and is referred to as a "baptism" for young otaku in Japan. Although many eroge still market themselves primarily on sex, eroge that focus on story are now a major established part of Japanese otaku culture. Voice actors who have voiced for eroge have often been credited under a pseudonym.

As the visual novel standard was adopted, the erotic parts in eroge began to become less and less apparent. Many eroge become more story-oriented than sex-oriented, making story the main focus for many modern eroge. More and more people who used to reject such type of games began to become more open-minded, realizing that eroge are not just about sex anymore. A lot of story-focused eroge tend to have only a few erotic scenes.

Another subgenre is called "nukige" (抜きゲー), in which sexual gratification of the player is the main focus of the game.

Gameplay

There is no set definition for the gameplay of eroge, except that they all include explicit erotic or sexual content depending on the game. Like other pornographic media in Japan, erotic scenes feature censorship of genitalia, only becoming uncensored if the game is licensed and released outside Japan, unless produced illegally by dōjin (usually with a construction kit like NScripter or RPG Maker). Additionally, some games may receive an "all-ages" version, such as a port to consoles or handheld devices where pornographic content is not allowed, which either remove or censor the sex scenes entirely.

Eroge is most often a visual novel or dating sim. However, there are also many other gameplay genres represented within eroge, such as role-playing games, mahjong games, or puzzle games. Some eroge, such as those made by Illusion Soft, are just simulations of sex, with no "conventional" gameplay included.

title: Eroge


text:
Talk:Europol

More into an encyclopedic article
This page should be made more into an encyclopedic article, no? --Vikingstad 02:53, 14 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * It certainly should. Particularly because nowhere here or on the article page does it say anything about their having given us permission ("The materials provided in this web site may be used for private purposes. For use, reproduction or transmission for purposes other than private use, please request permission from EUROPOL.") to cut and paste their entire faq. –Hajor 03:03, 14 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * I have now fixed the page, but I have still a lot of text from the original article. This shouldn't be a problem though, it is an official governmental website after all! --Vikingstad 03:45, 14 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * Hey, good work! –Hajor 03:49, 14 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Getting the temp back?
Maybe we should move the temp back now? Haven't really worked on it, but it's a lot better than the old FAQ... --Vikingstad 00:54, Mar 18, 2004 (UTC)

 * I'm not actually sure... I thought if it's been listed on the CopyVio page then we have to leave it here for at least a week -- at the end of which someone comes along, deletes the main page, and moves the /temp page over there, thus removing the CopyVio version from the history? With a bit of luck, someone more knowledgable will be reading this and help us out. –Hajor 01:05, 18 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * Ok, I have now sent an email to EUROPOL requesting permission to use this information. Let's hope they respond, and as soon they do I'll move the temp section over to the real article page. --Vikingstad 01:13, Mar 18, 2004 (UTC)

The copyvio has been deleted and your /temp new article has been moved here. - Texture 18:36, 22 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * If this is not what was intended, please contact me. - Texture 18:36, 22 Mar 2004 (UTC)

re-writing
I'm writing my thesis on this topic so I'll post up an extended version shortly & update it fairly regularly.

Niall

History
Put in a history section. Is it relevant enough? Too long/short? Have I overlooked anything? Will put in other sections or edit/update existing ones shortly.

HEY! Why is "Police" linked in the expansion of "Europol" ? Not a single person on this earth knows with "European" means but doesn't know what "Police" means. Knock off the gratuitous links!

hey! IT IS A VERY IMPORTANT PART OF THE EXPANSION AND SECURISING EU SO THAT'S WAY POLICE IT IS MENTION HERE AND HAVE A VERY HIGH IMPORTANCE.. READ MORE KNOW MORE!!!

title: Talk:Europol


text:
Spelling pronunciation

A spelling pronunciation is the pronunciation of a word according to its spelling when this differs from a longstanding standard or traditional pronunciation. Words that are spelled with letters that were never pronounced or that were not pronounced for many generations or even hundreds of years have increasingly been pronounced as written, especially since the arrival of mandatory schooling and universal literacy.

Examples of words with silent letters that have begun to be often or sometimes pronounced include often, Wednesday, island, and knife. In addition, words traditionally pronounced with reduced vowels or omitted consonants (e.g. cupboard, Worcester), may be subject to a spelling pronunciation.

If a word's spelling was standardized prior to sound changes that produced its traditional pronunciation, a spelling pronunciation may reflect an even older pronunciation. This is often the case with compound words (e.g., waistcoat, cupboard, forehead). It is also the case for many words with silent letters (e.g. often ), though not all—silent letters are sometimes added for etymological reasons, to reflect a word's spelling in its language of origin (e.g. victual, rhyming with little but derived from Late Latin victualia). Some silent letters were added on the basis of erroneous etymologies, as in the cases of the words island and scythe.

Spelling pronunciations are often prescriptively discouraged and perceived as incorrect next to the traditionally accepted, and usually more widespread, pronunciation. If a spelling pronunciation persists and becomes more common, it may eventually join the existing form as a standard variant (for example waistcoat and often), or even become the dominant pronunciation (as with forehead and falcon).

Prevalence and causes
A large number of easily noticeable spelling pronunciations occurs only in languages such as French and English in which spelling tends to not indicate the current pronunciation. Because all languages have at least some words which are not spelled as pronounced, spelling pronunciations can arise in all languages. This is of course especially true for people who are only taught to read and write and who are not taught when the spelling indicates an outdated (or etymologically incorrect) pronunciation. In other words, when many people do not clearly understand where spelling came from and what it is (a tool for recording speech, not the other way around), spelling pronunciations are common.

On the other hand, spelling pronunciations are also evidence of the reciprocal effects of spoken and written language on each other. Many spellings represent older forms and corresponding older pronunciations. Some spellings, however, are not etymologically correct.

Speakers of a language often privilege the spelling of words over common pronunciation, leading to a preference for, or prestige of, spelling pronunciation, with the written language affecting and changing the spoken language. Pronunciations can then arise that are similar to older pronunciations or that can even be completely new pronunciations that are suggested by the spelling but never occurred before.

Examples of English words with common spelling pronunciations

 * kiln with a fully pronounced n, instead of a silent n. Kiln was originally pronounced kil with the n silent, as is referenced in Webster's Dictionary of 1828. From English Words as Spoken and Written for Upper Grades by James A. Bowen 1900: "The digraph ln, n silent, occurs in kiln. A fall down the kiln can kill you."
 * often, pronounced with . This is actually a reversion to the 15th-century pronunciation, but the pronunciation without is still preferred by 73% of British speakers and 78% of American speakers. Older dictionaries do not list the pronunciation with  although the 2nd edition of the OED does (and the first edition notes the pronunciation with the comment that it is prevalent in the south of England and often used in singing; see the Dictionary of American Regional English for contemporaneous citations that discuss the status of the competing pronunciations). The sporadic nature of such shifts is apparent upon examination of examples such as whistle, listen and soften in which the t remains usually silent.
 * forehead once rhymed with horrid but is now pronounced with the second syllable as by 85% of American speakers and 65% of British speakers. This is actually a reversion to the original pronunciation.
 * clothes was historically pronounced the same way as the verb close ("Whenas in silks my Julia goes/.../The liquefaction of her clothes"—Herrick), but many speakers now insert a, a voiced th. This is actually a reversion to the 15th-century pronunciation.
 * salmon is pronounced by a minority of English speakers with, due to the letter l being reintroduced, despite being neither written nor pronounced in the original Anglo-French pronunciation.
 * falcon is now nearly always pronounced with, and only 3% of speakers have no . The was silent in the old pronunciation: compare French faucon and the older English spellings faucon and fawcon. That may suggest either analogical change or the reborrowing of the original Latin.
 * alms, balm, calm, psalm, etc. are now often pronounced with in some parts of the United States. In most of the United Kingdom, the traditional  pronunciation continues to prevail.
 * comptroller is often pronounced with ; the accepted pronunciation is controller (the mp spelling is based on the mistaken idea that the word is related to comp(u)tare "count, compute," but it comes from contre-roll "file copy").
 * ye (actually, yͤ or Þe), the definite article, as in Ye Olde Coffee Shoppe, is often pronounced like the archaic English pronoun ye instead of as the word the, based on the misleading use of the symbol y to substitute for the archaic printer's mark Þ: the letter thorn. (On the other hand, the beginning of the pronoun ye in Middle and Early Modern English is correctly pronounced like the beginning of you.)
 * Mackenzie, Menzies, Dalziel now include the sound in place of the original, due to the insular flat-topped g of Gaelic scripts being commonly transcribed into English as the similar-looking letter z.
 * armadillo and other words from Spanish with the double-L pronounced instead of  (the latter being the closest approximation to the sound in Latin American Spanish); similarly, the Italian-sourced maraschino (cherry) and bruschetta with the  associated with that consonant cluster in German instead of the  of Italian.
 * victuals, pronounced (rhyming with skittles), whose c (for a consonant that had been lost long before the word was borrowed from French) was re-introduced on etymological grounds, and the word is sometimes pronounced with . The original pronunciation is reflected in, for example, the brand name "Tender Vittles".
 * The pronunciation of waistcoat as waist-coat is now more common than the previous pronunciation.
 * conduit, historically pronounced or, is now nearly always pronounced  in most of the United States.
 * covert, historically pronounced (reflecting its link with the verb cover) is now usually pronounced, by analogy to overt.
 * medicine, historically pronounced with two syllables but now quite often with three (some speakers use two when they mean medicaments and three when they mean medical knowledge; the pronunciation with three syllables is standard in the United States).
 * Bartholomew, formerly pronounced or, is now.
 * Anthony (from Latin Antonius), now (in Anglophone countries outside the UK) is typically.
 * Numerous placenames with traditional pronunciations have been displaced by ones influenced by the spelling: St. Louis, formerly now (in the US), Papillion (Nebraska), formerly  now . Montpelier, the capital of Vermont, is now pronounced , instead of the French.
 * Sir George Everest's surname is pronounced . The mountain named after him – Mount Everest – is generally pronounced.
 * Interjections such as tsk tsk! or tut tut! (a pair of dental clicks), now commonly and.
 * The words Arctic, Antarctic and Antarctica were originally pronounced without the first, but the spelling pronunciation has become very common. The first c was originally added to the spelling for etymological reasons and was then misunderstood as not being silent.
 * zoology, which is often pronounced zoo-ology, though, technically, this is likely influenced more by the word zoo (rhyming with goo) than by its spelling because it is never pronounced zoo-logy . (It has been posited that dropping the diaeresis in zoölogy antiquated the pronunciation .) A similar case might be the pronunciation outside the United States of hecatomb as rhyming with deck a tomb and pronounced instead of.
 * hotel, originally pronounced because of the pronunciation of the French hôtel, is now usually pronounced with an audible h. Nevertheless, maître d'hôtel is pronounced.
 * herb, a word with origins in Old French, is generally pronounced with a silent h in the United States. The same was true of the United Kingdom until the 19th century, when it adopted a spelling pronunciation, with an audible h.
 * Ralph, originally pronounced or  in the United Kingdom, is now often pronounced.
 * German loanwords such as spiel and stein are sometimes pronounced as beginning with, as if they were native English words, instead of . In German, initial s, immediately before p or t, is pronounced as if it were sch.
 * nephew was, until recent generations, predominantly pronounced in Britain, descended from Middle English nevew and originally loaned from Old French neveu, a spelling which remains unchanged into modern French. But the v was later changed to ph where the p hints at its Latin root nepot, which can be found in more recent Latin loanwords like nepotism. Today, spelling pronunciation has shifted the word's pronunciation predominantly to.

Opinions
Spelling pronunciations give rise to varied opinions. Often, those who retain the old pronunciation consider the spelling pronunciation to be a mark of ignorance or insecurity. Those who use a spelling pronunciation may not be aware that it is one and consider the earlier version to be slovenly since it slurs over a letter. Conversely, the users of some innovative pronunciations such as "Feb (for February) may regard another, earlier version as a pedantic spelling pronunciation.

Henry Watson Fowler (1858–1933) reported that in his day, there was a conscious movement among schoolteachers and others encouraging people to abandon anomalous traditional pronunciations and to speak as is spelled. According to major scholars of early modern English (Dobson, Wyld et al.), in the 17th century, there was already beginning an intellectual trend in England to pronounce as is spelled. That presupposes a standard spelling system, which was only beginning to form at the time. Similarly, quite a large number of corrections slowly spread from scholars to the general public in France, starting several centuries ago.

A different variety of spelling pronunciations are phonetic adaptations, pronunciations of the written form of foreign words within the frame of the phonemic system of the language that accepts them. An example of that process is garage ( in French), which is sometimes pronounced in English.

Children and foreigners
Children who read frequently often have spelling pronunciations because, if they do not consult a dictionary, they have only the spelling to indicate the pronunciation of words that are uncommon in the spoken language. Well-read second language learners may also have spelling pronunciations.

In some instances, a population in a formerly non-English-speaking area may retain such second language markers in the now native-English speaking population. For example, Scottish Standard English is replete with second language marks from when Scots started to be subsumed by English in the 17th century.

However, since there are many words that one reads far more often than one hears, adult native-language speakers also succumb. In such circumstances, the spelling pronunciation may well become more comprehensible than the other. That, in turn, leads to the language evolution mentioned above. What is a spelling pronunciation in one generation can become the standard pronunciation in the next.

In other languages
In French, the modern pronunciation of the 16th-century French author Montaigne as, rather than the contemporary , is a spelling pronunciation.

When English club was first borrowed into French, the approved pronunciation was, as being a reasonable approximation of the English. The standard then became on the basis of the spelling, and later, in Europe,, deemed closer to the English original. The standard pronunciation in Quebec French remains. Similarly, shampooing "shampoo; product for washing the hair" at the time of borrowing was but it is now.

In Italian, a few early English loanwords are pronounced according to Italian spelling rules such as water ("toilet bowl," from English water (closet)), pronounced, and tramway, pronounced. The Italian word ovest ("west") comes from a spelling pronunciation of French ouest (which, in turn, is a phonetic transcription of English west); that particular instance of spelling pronunciation must have occurred before the 16th century, when the letters u and v were still indistinct.

A few foreign proper names are normally pronounced according to the pronunciation of the original language (or a close approximation of it), but they retain an older spelling pronunciation when they are used as parts of Italian street names. For example, the name of Edward Jenner retains its usual English pronunciation in most contexts, but Viale Edoardo Jenner (a main street in Milan) is pronounced. The use of such old-fashioned spelling pronunciations was probably encouraged by the custom of translating given names when streets were named after foreign people: Edoardo for Edward, or Giorgio for George for Via Giorgio Washington.

In Spanish, the ch in some German words is pronounced or, instead of. Bach is pronounced, and Kuchen is , but Rorschach is , rather than , Mach is or , and Kirchner is  or. Other spelling pronunciations are club pronounced, iceberg pronounced in Spain (in the Americas, it is pronounced ), and folclor and folclore as translations of folklore, pronounced  and. Also in Spanish, the acute accent in the French word élite is taken as a Spanish stress mark, and the word is pronounced.

When Slavic languages like Polish or Czech borrow words from English with their spelling preserved, the pronunciation tends to follow the rules of the receiving language. Words such as marketing are pronounced as spelled, instead of the more phonetically faithful.

In standard Finnish, the sound /d/ developed as a spelling pronunciation for the letter d, though it originally represented a /ð/ sound. Similarly, /ts/ in words like metsä (forest) is a pronunciation spelling of tz used in pre-1770s orthography, which originally represented a long /θ/ sound. The dental fricatives had become rare by the 1700s, when the standard pronunciations started to develop into their current forms, which became official in the 1800s. The /d/ sound, however, is not present in most dialects and is generally replaced by a /r/, /l/ or simply dropped (e.g. lähde "water spring" may be pronounced as lähre, lähle or lähe). Standard ts is often replaced with tt or ht (mettä, mehtä).

In Vietnamese, initial v is often pronounced like a y in the central and southern varieties. However, in formal speech, speakers often revert to the spelling pronunciation, which is increasingly being used in casual speech as well.

Chinese has a similar phenomenon called youbian dubian where unfamiliar characters may be read with the pronunciation of similar characters that feature the same phonetic component. For instance, the character 町 is rarely used in Chinese but is often used in Japanese place names (where it is pronounced chō). When read in Mandarin Chinese, it came to be pronounced dīng (such as in Ximending, a district in Taipei that was named during Japanese occupation) in analogy with the character 丁 (also pronounced dīng), even though its expected etymological reflex is tǐng.

In Welsh the word cadair is traditionally pronounced with either a or, depending on dialect, in the final syllable – i.e. $\langleai\rangle$. The pronunciation is a spelling pronunciation, the spelling was settled on so as not to give preference to any particular dialect. A similar situation occurred with the word eisiau which is usually pronounced or  but many younger and second-language learners pronounce it as spelt:.

title: Spelling pronunciation


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Thomas O. Paine

Thomas Otten Paine (November 9, 1921 – May 4, 1992) was an American engineer, scientist and advocate of space exploration, and was the third Administrator of NASA, serving from March 21, 1969, to September 15, 1970.

During his administration at NASA, the first crewed lunar landing by Apollo 11 was flown as were three other Apollo missions. Paine was also deeply involved in preparing plans for the post-Apollo era at NASA.

Early life and education
Born in Berkeley, California, Paine attended public schools in various cities and graduated from Brown University in 1942 with an A.B. degree in engineering. At Brown, Paine joined Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity. In World War II, he served as a submarine officer in the Pacific and in the subsequent Japanese occupation. In late 1945, Paine became the executive officer of the prize crew which sailed the Japanese aircraft-carrying submarine I-400 from Japan to Pearl Harbor. He qualified as a Navy deep-sea diver and was awarded the Commendation Medal and Submarine Combat Insignia with stars. From 1946 to 1949, Paine attended Stanford University, receiving an M.S. degree in 1947 and Ph.D. degree in 1949 in physical metallurgy. During his career, Paine received honorary Sc.D. degrees from Brown, Clarkson College of Technology, Nebraska Wesleyan University, the University of New Brunswick, Oklahoma City University, and an honorary D.Eng. degree from Worcester Polytechnic Institute.

Stanford University
Paine began his career as a research associate at Stanford University from 1947 to 1949, where he made basic studies of high-temperature alloys and liquid metals in support of naval nuclear reactor programs.

General Electric
Paine joined the General Electric Research Laboratory in Schenectady, New York, in 1949 as a research associate, where he started research programs on magnetic and composite materials. In 1951, Paine transferred to the Meter and Instrument Department of G.E. in Lynn, Massachusetts, as the manager of materials development, and later as a laboratory manager. Under Paine's management, this lab received the Award for Outstanding Contribution to Industrial Science in 1956 from the American Association for the Advancement of Science for its work in fine-particle magnet development. From 1958 through 1962, Paine was a research associate and manager of Engineering Applications at the Research and Development Center of the General Electric Company in Schenectady, N.Y., From 1963 to 1968, Paine was manager of TEMPO, the Center for Advanced Studies of General Electric located in Santa Barbara, California.

NASA Administrator
Paine was appointed Deputy Administrator of NASA on January 31, 1968. Upon the retirement of James E. Webb on October 8, 1968, he was named Acting Administrator of NASA. He was nominated as NASA's third Administrator on March 5, 1969, and confirmed by the Senate on March 20, 1969.

Paine was recruited to succeed Webb by President Lyndon Johnson. He was tasked with the responsibility of getting the Apollo program back on track in the wake of the Apollo 1 disaster, and fulfilling President Kennedy's goal "before this decade is out, of landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth."

During his administration at NASA, the first seven Apollo missions were flown, highlighted by the first human lunar landing by Apollo 11. In all, 20 astronauts orbited Earth, 24 traveled to the Moon, and 12 walked upon its surface. Many automated scientific and applications spacecraft were also flown in U.S. and cooperative international programs.

Paine was also deeply involved in preparing plans for the post-Apollo era at NASA. Along with George Mueller and others, Paine developed an ambitious plan calling for the establishment of a lunar base and a massive space station in Earth orbit before the end of the 1970s, culminating in a crewed mission to Mars as early as 1981. President Richard Nixon rejected these plans, however.

He was awarded the NASA Distinguished Service Medal.

Apollo 11 Goodwill Messages
Paine was instrumental in acquiring the sentiments of world leaders that became the Apollo 11 Goodwill Messages which now rests on the lunar surface. He personally corresponded with the heads of what became seventy-three participating nations, and coordinated the efforts to enshrine their messages on a tiny silicon disc manufactured by the Sprague Electric Company of North Adams, Massachusetts. Paine's name is also etched onto the disc.

Paine proposed the idea of the messages to the State Department's Under Secretary for Political Affairs U. Alexis Johnson. A high level committee determined that a plaque declaring that "We Came in Peace for all Mankind" and the planting of a U.S. flag on the Moon were to be part of the ceremonial activities for Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin on the lunar surface.

General Electric
Paine resigned from NASA September 15, 1970, to return to the General Electric Co. in New York City as vice president and group executive, Power Generation Group (worldwide ship propulsion, nuclear power, and steam and gas turbine generators), and later became senior vice president for science and technology (oversight of GE's research and development).

Northrop corporation
Paine left GE in 1976 to become the president and chief operating officer of Northrop Corporation, where he also served as a director. Paine retired as president of Northrop in 1982.

National Commission on Space
On October 12, 1984, President Ronald Reagan issued Executive Order 12490 that commissioned a panel of experts to investigate and evaluate the future of the national space program. President Ronald Reagan appointed Paine to be the chairman of this investigation. Rather than naming the commission after himself, as is customary, he chose instead to name it The National Commission on Space. Members of the 15-member commission included Dr. Luis Alvarez (a winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics), Neil Armstrong (NASA astronaut and the first man on the Moon), Dr. Gerard K. O'Neill (American physicist and space activist), Dr. Kathryn D. Sullivan (Space Shuttle astronaut and first American woman to walk in space), Dr. Jeane Kirkpatrick (political scientist and former United States Ambassador to the United Nations) and Brigadier General Charles E. "Chuck" Yeager (rocket plane pilot and first man to break the sound barrier).

Since leaving NASA fifteen years earlier, Paine had been a vocal spokesman for an expansive future of Space exploration. The National Commission on Space took most of a year to prepare its report, conducting public hearings throughout the United States. The Commission report, Pioneering the Space Frontier, was published in May 1986. It espoused "a pioneering mission for 21st-century America... to lead the exploration and development of the space frontier, advancing science, technology, and enterprise, and building institutions and systems that make accessible vast new resources and support human settlements beyond Earth orbit, from the highlands of the Moon to the plains of Mars." The report also contained a "Declaration for Space" that included a rationale for exploring and settling the solar system and outlined a long-range space program for the United States.

Thomas O. Paine Associates
In 1982, Paine established Thomas Paine Associates - High Technology Enterprises (TPA) in Westwood, CA, and relocated it in Santa Monica, CA, in 1986. TPA also housed Paine's 3400-volume Submarine Warfare Library, which was later donated to the Nimitz Library, U.S. Naval Academy.

Corporate directorships
Paine served as a director for many corporations, including the RCA, NBC, Eastern Air Lines, Nike, Arthur D. Little, Inc., Orbital Sciences, and Quotron Systems (a division of the Citicorp company). Paine also served as a Director of the Planetary Society, the National Space Institute, the International Academy of Astronautics, and the Pacific Forum CSIS Honolulu Hawaii. The Planetary Society honored his commitment to Mars by establishing The Thomas O. Paine Award for the Advancement of Human Exploration of Mars.

University trustee
Paine also served as a Trustee of Occidental College and Brown University and was a member of the National Academy of Engineering.

Personal life
Paine was married to Barbara Helen Taunton Pearse of Perth, Australia. They had four children: Marguerite Ada, George Thomas, Judith Janet, and Frank Taunton.

Paine died of cancer at his home in the Brentwood neighborhood of Los Angeles on May 4, 1992, at the age of 70.

In 1972, Paine donated his papers to the Library of Congress, where they are currently open and available in the Manuscript Division. Although there is one container of classified material, the other 183 are open and available to researchers.

In media
In the 1966 BBC TV Panorama documentary California 2000, Paine was interviewed and offered predictions on how technology will impact society.

In the 1995 movie Apollo 13, Paine is played by Joe Spano. In the 1996 TV movie Apollo 11, he is played by Carmen Argenziano. In the 1998 TV miniseries From the Earth to the Moon, he is played by Sam Anderson.

A fictionalized Thomas O. Paine is depicted in the 2019 alternate history web television series For All Mankind. The name of the show is inspired by the inscription on the Apollo 11 lunar plaque Paine was instrumental in bringing about. In the show's setting, Paine stays on as NASA administrator until Nixon loses re-election to Ted Kennedy in 1972. He is then brought back by Reagan when elected in 1976 and remains NASA administrator until killed in the 1983 Korean Air Lines Flight 007 incident. In the show Paine is played by Dan Donohue.

title: Thomas O. Paine


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Yeshiva of Far Rockaway

Yeshiva of Far Rockaway (also known as Yeshiva Derech Ayson (יְשִׁיבָה דֶרֶךְ אֵיתָן) and Derech Ayson Rabbinical Seminary) is a yeshiva located at 802 Hicksville Road, Far Rockaway, Queens in New York City. It comprises a high school, beis medrash, and Kollel. The school was founded by Rabbi Yechiel Yitzchok Perr, who was the rosh yeshiva (dean) from the school's inception until his death in May 2024, and by Rabbi Nachman Bulman. It has intensive Talmudic studies, and features the rosh yeshiva's musar (ethics) lectures in the Novardok tradition. The yeshiva also has a kollel, Kollel Ner Rochel Leah, for married students.

History
Rabbi Yechiel Perr, an alumnus of Yeshiva Beis Yosef-Novardok in Brooklyn, Beth Medrash Govoha, the Talmudical Yeshiva of Philadelphia, and Mesivta Yeshiva Rabbi Chaim Berlin, founded the Yeshiva of Far Rockaway in 1969. The name of the yeshiva, Derech Ayson, comes from the sefer by Rabbi Avraham Yoffen of Novardok.

The yeshiva's principal from 1970 until his death was Rabbi Aaron Brafman, older brother of Benjamin Brafman.

Notable alumni

 * Rabbi Azriel Brown, Rosh Yeshiva, Yeshiva Gedola of Carteret
 * Rabbi Yaakov Mayer, Rosh Yeshiva, Yeshiva Gedola of Carteret
 * Ari Goldwag, Jewish recording artist, songwriter, and producer
 * Rabbi Ezra Schwartz, Rosh Yeshiva, Yeshiva University
 * Rabbi Chaim Steinmetz, Senior Rabbi, Congregation Kehilath Jeshurun

title: Yeshiva of Far Rockaway


text:
Footy

Footy or footie may refer to:

 * Some forms of football:
 * Association football
 * Australian rules football
 * Rec footy
 * 9-a-side footy
 * The Footy Show (AFL)
 * Rugby league football
 * Touch footy
 * The Footy Show (rugby league)
 * Rugby Union
 * Footy (model yacht), one-foot-long sailboat
 * Footy, style of egg cup
 * Footy, a.k.a. Blanket sleeper
 * a short form of video footage.

title: Footy