text:
Orthorhombic crystal system

In crystallography, the orthorhombic crystal system is one of the 7 crystal systems. Orthorhombic lattices result from stretching a cubic lattice along two of its orthogonal pairs by two different factors, resulting in a rectangular prism with a rectangular base (a by b) and height (c), such that a, b, and c are distinct. All three bases intersect at 90° angles, so the three lattice vectors remain mutually orthogonal.

Bravais lattices
There are four orthorhombic Bravais lattices: primitive orthorhombic, base-centered orthorhombic, body-centered orthorhombic, and face-centered orthorhombic.

For the base-centered orthorhombic lattice, the primitive cell has the shape of a right rhombic prism; it can be constructed because the two-dimensional centered rectangular base layer can also be described with primitive rhombic axes. Note that the length $$a$$ of the primitive cell below equals $$\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{a^2+b^2}$$ of the conventional cell above.

Crystal classes
The orthorhombic crystal system class names, examples, Schönflies notation, Hermann-Mauguin notation, point groups, International Tables for Crystallography space group number, orbifold notation, type, and space groups are listed in the table below.

In two dimensions
In two dimensions there are two orthorhombic Bravais lattices: primitive rectangular and centered rectangular.

title: Orthorhombic crystal system


text:
Democratic Party (UK, 1998)

The Democratic Party was a political party active in the United Kingdom between 1998 and 2005, although not officially deregistered until 2010.

It was founded in November 1998 by Malvern businessman Geoff Southall, who also funded the party. It was described as "right wing" or "hard right" in news reports, but claimed to occupy the centre-ground of British politics. It aimed to reduce Britain's involvement with the European Union, opposed the adoption of the euro, called for direct democracy, and argued for limits on immigration. The party's slogan was "The will of the people NOT the party". It had a few hundred members in 1999, including previous supporters of James Goldsmith's Referendum Party.

Charles Beauclerk, Earl of Burford, stood as its candidate in the November 1999 Kensington and Chelsea by-election against Michael Portillo, receiving 189 votes (0.9%). The party decided not to stand any candidates in the 2001 general election, citing a lack of media attention. It criticised the United Kingdom Independence Party in 2000 for being perceived as right-wing, lacking political acumen, and performing poorly in Westminster elections. In 2003, the party took legal action against the UK government in the High Court over the then-proposed EU Constitution.

Until 2001 the party's Home and Legal Affairs spokesman was Alan Kilshaw, who resigned when he and his then wife became involved in an adoption scandal.

Other than in seeking legal advice, the party was inactive after 2005 at the latest, and received no income in 2008 or 2009. According to the Electoral Commission the party was 'de-registered voluntarily' in June 2010.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Democratic Party (UK, 1998)


text:
Alfred Wallis

Alfred Wallis (18 August 1855 – 29 August 1942) was a British fisherman and artist known for his port landscapes and shipping scenes painted in a naïve style. Having no artistic training, he began painting at the age of 70, using household paint on scraps of cardboard. He achieved little commercial success, although his work was championed by progressive artists such as Ben Nicholson and Christopher Wood.

Life and work
Alfred's parents, Charles and Jane Wallis, were from Penzance in Cornwall, and moved to Devonport, Devon, in 1850, to find work. Alfred and his brother Charles were born in Devonport. Later, when Jane Wallis died, the family returned to Penzance. Upon leaving school, Alfred was apprenticed to a basketmaker before becoming a mariner in the merchant service by the early 1870s. He sailed on schooners across the North Atlantic between Penzance and Newfoundland.

Wallis married Susan Ward in St Mary's Church, Penzance, in 1876, when he was 20 and his wife was 41. He became stepfather to her five children. He continued as a deep-sea fisherman on the Newfoundland run in the early days of his marriage, which allowed him to earn a good wage. After the death of his two infant children Alfred switched to local fishing and labouring in Penzance.

The family moved to St Ives, Cornwall, in 1890 where he established himself as a marine stores dealer, buying scrap iron, sails, rope and other items. In 1912, his business, "Wallis, Alfred, Marine Stores Dealer" closed and Alfred kept busy with odd jobs and worked for a local antiques dealer, Mr Armour, which provided some insight into the world of objets d'art.

Following his wife's death in 1922, Wallis took up painting, as he later told Jim Ede, "for company". He was self-taught, and never had an art lesson.

His paintings are an excellent example of naïve art; perspective is ignored and an object's scale is often based on its relative importance in the scene, giving many of his paintings a resemblance to early maps. Wallis painted seascapes from memory, in large part because the world of sail he knew was being replaced by steamships. As he put it, his subjects were "what use To Bee out of my memory what we may never see again ..." Having little money, Wallis used what materials were immediately available, mostly painting on cardboard torn from packing boxes and using a limited palette of paint bought from ship chandlers.

By fortunate coincidence, in 1928, a few years after he had started painting, Ben Nicholson and Christopher Wood came to St Ives and established an artist colony. They were delighted to find Wallis and celebrated his direct approach to image-making. Nicholson commented later that "to Wallis, his paintings were never 'paintings' but actual events". Wallis was propelled into a circle of some of the most progressive artists working in Britain in the 1930s.

The influence, however, was all one way; Wallis continued to paint as he always had. Nicholson later termed Wallis's art "something that has grown out of the Cornish seas and earth and which will endure".

Through Nicholson and Wood, Wallis was introduced to Jim Ede who promoted his work in London. Despite this attention, Wallis sold few paintings and continued to live in poverty until he died in the Madron workhouse near Penzance. He is buried in Barnoon cemetery, overlooking St Ives Porthmeor beach and the Tate St Ives gallery. An elaborate gravestone, made from tiles by the potter Bernard Leach and depicting a tiny mariner at the foot of a huge lighthouse – a popular motif in Wallis's paintings – covers the tomb.

Wallis thought his neighbours resented his fame, and that they believed him to be secretly rich. In one of his last letters, to Ede, he wrote:

"i am thinkin of givin up The paints all to gether i have nothin But Persecution and gelecy [jealousy] and if you can com [come] down for an hour or 2 you can take them with you and give what they are worf [worth] afterwards. These drawers and shopes are all jealous of me."

Examples of Wallis's paintings can be seen at the Tate St Ives and at Kettle's Yard in Cambridge (Jim Ede's home). In October 2020, an exhibition titled "Alfred Wallis Rediscovered" opened at Kettle's Yard.

title: Alfred Wallis


text:
Ceratiola

Ceratiola is a genus of flowering plants with a single species, Ceratiola ericoides, a shrub endemic to the Southeastern United States.

Names
C. ericoides is commonly known as Florida rosemary, sand heath, scrub rosemary, or sandhill rosemary.

Taxonomy
C. ericoides is the sole species in the genus Ceratiola. It was formerly included in the plant family Empetraceae, which since 2002 has been reclassified as the tribe Empetreae in the Ericoideae sub-family of the Ericaceae family.

Distribution and habitat
C. ericoides is native to subtropical scrub and dry sandy habitats on the Atlantic Coastal Plain in the southeastern United States, including Georgia and South Carolina, throughout Florida, and in coastal counties of Alabama and Mississippi. It commonly occurs in Florida scrubs together with sand pine and evergreen scrub oaks.

Description
Florida rosemary can grow to 6 ft tall. The growth form is a rounded shrub with dense branching. Dark green leaves are needle-like, eight to twelve mm long and one mm wide, and smell like the herb rosemary. The yellow to brown flowers are small. Green or yellow fruit are three mm in diameter.

Reproduction
The Florida rosemary is dioecious and wind pollinated. Flowers are in the leaf axils on the previous years growth. Flowers bloom on leaf axils of the previous year's growth from September through October. Fruits ripen in January through April. Flowers and fruit may remain on the plant year-round. Plants do not produce seed until they are 10 to 15 years old. Seed production per plant increases until age 20 to 30 years. Seed production begins to fall off in plants more than 35 years old. The fruit is a drupe containing two seeds. It is juicy and yellow in color. The fruit and seeds are consumed primarily by the Florida harvester ant, the oldfield mouse, the eastern towhee, and the Florida scrub jay. Seeds eaten by ants and mice are destroyed, while those in fruits eaten by birds pass through the birds' digestive tracts unharmed. Seeds in soil lose viability in less than 10 years.

Florida rosemary plants release a chemical called ceratiolin into the soil, which breaks down into hydrocinnamic acid, which in turn inhibits the growth of other plants, and of rosemary seeds (a process called allelopathy). Decomposition by microbiota, fire, and other disturbances to the soil break down the hydrocinnamic acid, allowing other plants to grow, and rosemary seeds to sprout.

Florida scrub communities typically experience fires at 15 to 100 year intervals, which kill all plants, including rosemary. If a scrub patch burns less than ten years after a previous fire, there will not be seeds available in the soil to sprout into new rosemary plants. Johnson suggests that the falloff in seed production after a plant passes 35 years in age indicates that fires usually occur no more than 40 years after a previous fire, so that there is no selective pressure to continue producing large seed crops past 40 years.

title: Ceratiola


text:
Hecke operator

In mathematics, in particular in the theory of modular forms, a Hecke operator, studied by, is a certain kind of "averaging" operator that plays a significant role in the structure of vector spaces of modular forms and more general automorphic representations.

History
used Hecke operators on modular forms in a paper on the special cusp form of Ramanujan, ahead of the general theory given by. Mordell proved that the Ramanujan tau function, expressing the coefficients of the Ramanujan form,

 * $$ \Delta(z)=q\left(\prod_{n=1}^{\infty}(1-q^n)\right)^{24}=

\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \tau(n)q^n, \quad q=e^{2\pi iz}, $$

is a multiplicative function:

 * $$ \tau(mn)=\tau(m)\tau(n) \quad \text{ for } (m,n)=1. $$

The idea goes back to earlier work of Adolf Hurwitz, who treated algebraic correspondences between modular curves which realise some individual Hecke operators.

Mathematical description
Hecke operators can be realized in a number of contexts. The simplest meaning is combinatorial, namely as taking for a given integer $n$ some function $f(Λ)$ defined on the lattices of fixed rank to

 * $$\sum f(\Lambda')$$

with the sum taken over all the $Λ′$ that are subgroups of $Λ$ of index $n$. For example, with $n=2$ and two dimensions, there are three such $Λ′$. Modular forms are particular kinds of functions of a lattice, subject to conditions making them analytic functions and homogeneous with respect to homotheties, as well as moderate growth at infinity; these conditions are preserved by the summation, and so Hecke operators preserve the space of modular forms of a given weight.

Another way to express Hecke operators is by means of double cosets in the modular group. In the contemporary adelic approach, this translates to double cosets with respect to some compact subgroups.

Explicit formula
Let $M_{m}$ be the set of $2×2$ integral matrices with determinant $m$ and $Γ = M_{1}$ be the full modular group $SL(2, Z)$. Given a modular form $f(z)$ of weight $k$, the $m$th Hecke operator acts by the formula

 * $$ T_m f(z) = m^{k-1}\sum_{\left(\begin{smallmatrix}a & b\\ c & d\end{smallmatrix}\right)\in\Gamma\backslash M_m}(cz+d)^{-k}f\left(\frac{az+b}{cz+d}\right), $$

where $z$ is in the upper half-plane and the normalization constant $m^{k−1}$ assures that the image of a form with integer Fourier coefficients has integer Fourier coefficients. This can be rewritten in the form

 * $$ T_m f(z) = m^{k-1}\sum_{a,d>0, ad=m}\frac{1}{d^k}\sum_{b \pmod d} f\left(\frac{az+b}{d}\right), $$

which leads to the formula for the Fourier coefficients of $T_{m}(f(z)) = Σ b_{n}q^{n}$ in terms of the Fourier coefficients of $f(z) = Σ a_{n}q^{n}$:

 * $$ b_n = \sum_{r>0, r|(m,n)}r^{k-1}a_{mn/r^2}.$$

One can see from this explicit formula that Hecke operators with different indices commute and that if $a_{0} = 0$ then $b_{0} = 0$, so the subspace $S_{k}$ of cusp forms of weight $k$ is preserved by the Hecke operators. If a (non-zero) cusp form $f$ is a simultaneous eigenform of all Hecke operators $T_{m}$ with eigenvalues $λ_{m}$ then $a_{m} = λ_{m}a_{1}$ and $a_{1} ≠ 0$. Hecke eigenforms are normalized so that $a_{1} = 1$, then

 * $$ T_m f = a_m f, \quad a_m a_n = \sum_{r>0, r|(m,n)}r^{k-1}a_{mn/r^2},\ m,n\geq 1. $$

Thus for normalized cuspidal Hecke eigenforms of integer weight, their Fourier coefficients coincide with their Hecke eigenvalues.

Hecke algebras
Algebras of Hecke operators are called "Hecke algebras", and are commutative rings. In the classical elliptic modular form theory, the Hecke operators $T_{n}$ with $n$ coprime to the level acting on the space of cusp forms of a given weight are self-adjoint with respect to the Petersson inner product. Therefore, the spectral theorem implies that there is a basis of modular forms that are eigenfunctions for these Hecke operators. Each of these basic forms possesses an Euler product. More precisely, its Mellin transform is the Dirichlet series that has Euler products with the local factor for each prime $p$ is the inverse of the Hecke polynomial, a quadratic polynomial in $p^{−s}$. In the case treated by Mordell, the space of cusp forms of weight 12 with respect to the full modular group is one-dimensional. It follows that the Ramanujan form has an Euler product and establishes the multiplicativity of $τ(n)$.

Other related mathematical rings are also called "Hecke algebras", although sometimes the link to Hecke operators is not entirely obvious. These algebras include certain quotients of the group algebras of braid groups. The presence of this commutative operator algebra plays a significant role in the harmonic analysis of modular forms and generalisations.

title: Hecke operator


text: User talk:207.32.61.205

title: User talk:207.32.61.205


text:
Xavier University

Xavier University is a private Jesuit university in Cincinnati, Ohio. It is the sixth-oldest Catholic and fourth-oldest Jesuit university in the United States. Xavier has an undergraduate enrollment of 4,860 students and graduate enrollment of 1,269 students. The school's system comprises the main campus in Cincinnati, Ohio, as well as regional locations for the Accelerated Bachelor of Science in Nursing (ABSN) program in Columbus and Cleveland.

Xavier University is primarily an undergraduate, liberal arts institution. It provides an education in the Jesuit tradition, which emphasizes learning through community service, interdisciplinary courses and the engagement of faith, theology, philosophy and ethics studies.

Xavier's athletic teams, known as the Xavier Musketeers, compete in the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I level in the Big East Conference.

History
Xavier University is the fourth oldest Jesuit University and the sixth oldest Catholic university in the United States. The school was founded in 1831 as a men's college in downtown Cincinnati next to St. Francis Xavier Church on Sycamore Street. The Athenaeum, as it was then called, was dedicated to the patronage of Saint Francis Xavier by Bishop Edward Fenwick on October 17, 1831. Upon Bishop John Baptist Purcell's request, the Society of Jesus took control of The Athenaeum in 1840, and the name was changed to St. Xavier College in honor of the 16th century Spanish Jesuit missionary, St. Francis Xavier who, like the founder of the Jesuits, Ignatius Loyola, was a Spanish Navarrese.

St. Xavier College moved in 1912 to its current Evanston location, about 5 mi north of downtown Cincinnati, after the purchase of 26 acres from the Avondale Athletic Club. The "original" Anthenaeum is now the seminary of the Archdiocese of Cincinnati. St. Xavier College and St. Xavier High School officially split in 1919, though they did not become financially independent until 1934. The school's name was changed a second time to its current name, Xavier University, in 1930.

Xavier fully admitted women starting in 1969, but women began attending the college in 1914 in the evening, weekend, and summer school divisions. Edgecliff College, another Catholic college in Cincinnati, merged with Xavier University in 1980.

Majors and minors
Xavier University has more than 90 undergraduate majors and 40 graduate programs within the College of Arts and Sciences, The College of Professional Sciences, The College of Nursing and the Williams College of Business. Majors include nursing, business, biomedical sciences, psychology, biology, exploratory, exercise science, sport management, sport marketing and finance. All students must complete the core curriculum (see below).

Rankings

 * Xavier was ranked No. 166 among national universities by U.S. News & World Report for its 2022-23 edition of America's Best Colleges report.
 * Forbes ranked Xavier #492 among its 'Top Colleges in America' for 2022
 * Princeton Review ranked Xavier among its 'Best 378 Colleges in America' for 2022
 * Niche ranked Xavier the #6 Catholic College in Ohio for 2023
 * U.S. News & World Report ranked Xavier #23 in 'Best Undergraduate Business Analytics Programs in the Nation' for 2022-23
 * U.S. News & World Report ranked Xavier #25 in 'Best Undergraduate Entrepreneurship Program in the Nation' for 2022-23
 * U.S. News & World Report ranked Xavier #29 in 'Best Undergraduate Marketing Programs in the Nation' for 2022-23
 * U.S. News & World Report ranked Xavier #36 in 'Best Undergraduate Finance Programs in the Nation' for 2022-23
 * U.S. News & World Report ranked Xavier #54 in 'Best Undergraduate Teaching Program Among National Universities' for 2022-23

Core curriculum
Undergraduate students attending Xavier must complete a significant number of distribution requirements that are more commonly known as the Core Curriculum. There are required courses in: Theology, Philosophy, Mathematics, Fine Arts, History, Physical Science, Literature, Second Language, and the Social Sciences.

Honorary society chapters
Xavier has several honorary society chapters, including:
 * Alpha Sigma Nu, the honor society of Jesuit institutions of higher education
 * Beta Alpha Psi, an honor organization for financial information students and professionals
 * Beta Gamma Sigma, the international honor society serving business programs accredited by AACSB International
 * Phi Beta Kappa, an elite honor society present within only 10% of universities
 * Mortar Board, national honor society recognizing college seniors
 * Eta Sigma Phi, an honor society aimed at preserving interest and scholarship in Classical Studies.

Campus
The campus covers approximately 205 acre in the City of Cincinnati (Evanston neighborhood). At the center of campus are the Gallagher Student Center and Bellarmine Chapel. Bellarmine Chapel's roof is in the shape of a hyperbolic paraboloid, also known as a saddle roof, that will not collapse even if the Chapel walls were removed. The chapel is also home to an active parish community independent of the university.

Academic mall
Six buildings with castle architecture overlook Victory parkway on one side of the Academic Mall: Lindner Hall (home to the Department of Physics), Logan Hall (home to the Chemistry Department), Albers Hall (home to the Biology Department), Hinkle Hall (home to the Departments of Mathematics, Computer Science, English, History, Philosophy and Theology), Schmidt Hall (houses the University Administration offices) and Edgecliff Hall (home to the Department of Music).

The other side of the Academic mall includes three buildings: Walter Schott Hall (home to the Office of Admission, Office of Financial Aid and the Departments of Modern Languages, Classics, Communication Arts, Political Science and Sociology), McDonald Library (home to the University Library and Archives) and Alter Hall (main classroom building on campus).

Our Lady of Peace Chapel was relocated to the Academic Mall in 2018. Originally constructed in 1938 by Charles F. and Elizabeth R. Williams on their property in Anderson Township, the 22-seat chapel is now located off Dana Avenue on the west end of the Academic Mall.

Academic Quad
The Academic Quad, also known as the Hoff Quad, is east of the Academic Mall. It includes three buildings: Conaton Learning Commons (home to academic support services), Smith Hall (home to the Williams College of Business) and Hailstones Hall (traditional classroom building).

Residential Mall
The Residential Mall, north of the Academic mall, includes four underclassmen residence halls: Brockman Hall, Buenger Hall, Kuhlman Hall and Husman Hall. The all-purpose area for students and events between Kuhlman, Husman and Gallagher is referred to as "The Xavier Yard."

A residential complex called Justice Hall (formerly known as Fenwick Place ) opened in fall 2011 to the south of the Residential Mall. It is home to the campus dining center in addition to providing housing for upper-class students.

West Campus
West campus is on the west side of Victory Parkway. Athletic facilities include J. Page Hayden Field, Corcoran Soccer Field, Schmidt Fieldhouse and the Heidt Champion Center (formerly O'Connor Recreational Center).

Academic buildings include: St. Barbara Hall and the Armory (home to Xavier's ROTC program), Joseph Hall (Home to the Education and Sports Studies Departments) and Elet Hall (home to the Department of Psychology).

East Campus
The Cintas Center, where the Musketeers host their basketball games, is adjacent to the Residential Mall. In addition to the 10,250-seat arena, Cintas also includes the Schiff Conference Center and the James and Caroline Duff Banquet Center. The A. B. Cohen Center, located across the parking lot from Cintas Center, is home to the Art Department and Xavier Art Gallery.

The Health United Building opened in 2019. Located between University Station and the Commons Apartments, the facility houses a recreational center, an upgraded health and wellness center, and classroom facilities and labs for five academic programs: Nursing, Occupational Therapy, Health Services Administration, Sport Studies and Radiologic Technology.

Athletics
Xavier competes at the NCAA Division I level in the Big East Conference, and their mascot is D'Artagnan the Musketeer. Xavier sponsors eight intercollegiate sports for men, and eight sports for women. The university's graduation rate of 94% is the third highest graduation rate for athletes in the nation behind Duke University and Stanford University. Xavier sports teams have several traditional rivalries with local universities, including the University of Cincinnati and the Villanova University.

Xavier was a founding member of the Midwestern City Conference in 1979. Renamed the Midwestern Collegiate Conference in 1985, it is now known as the Horizon League. Xavier was a member of the Atlantic 10 Conference from 1995 to 2013 where it enjoyed many successful basketball seasons. On March 20, 2013, the Xavier administration announced that the school will join the newly created Big East following the realignment of the old Big East Conference, and moved to the new conference July 1, 2013.

The basketball and volleyball teams play in the 10,250-seat Cintas Center on campus which opened in 2000.

Men's basketball
The Xavier men's basketball team is perhaps the best known of the sports sponsored at Xavier. The team has enjoyed considerable recent success, reaching the Elite Eight in the NCAA Tournament in 2004, 2008, and 2017. Since 1985, every men's basketball player who has played as a senior has graduated with a degree. During the era of college football's now-defunct Bowl Championship Series, Xavier was one of only two schools outside the main BCS conferences (a group now known as the Power Five) to be listed among the top 20 most valuable programs in college basketball (the other being UNLV) according to Forbes.

Football
Xavier fielded an NCAA Division I football team until the 1973 season.

Baseball
The Xavier baseball team won the 2014 Big East Championship and participated in the Nashville Regional. The 2009 Xavier Baseball team won the Atlantic 10 tournament and participated in the Houston Regional. The Xavier baseball won the 2023 Big East Championship and participated in the Nashville Regional.

Swimming
The Xavier men's swim team earned the school's first Big East Conference Championship in 2014. The Xavier men's swim team overall has captured the Big East Title in 2014, 2015, 2016, 2019, 2020, and 2021 making it their second three peat and sixth championship in their eight years since joining the conference in 2013.

Club sports
The club sports program is designed to serve the interests of Xavier University students, faculty, and staff in different sports and recreational activities. These interests may be competitive, recreational, and/or instructional in nature.

In 2017 the Xavier Men's Rugby Club team made it the Final Four in Denver Colorado for the National Small College Rugby Championship. Xavier finished 3rd in the country at the Tournament and was ranked 3rd in the Country that year. The Xavier Rugby Club has been ranked in the Top 20 of the National Collegiate Rugby Conference 7 out of the last 8 years. The Volley Ball team The Xavier Men's Volleyball Club Team took home 2nd place at Nationals in April 2019.In 2022, the Xavier Men's Volleyball Club Team won the national championship.

Mascots
Xavier is one of a handful of universities with two mascots. D'Artagnan, the Musketeer, is the university's official mascot and is the origin of the school's nickname, The Xavier Musketeers. The Musketeer concept was suggested in 1925 by the late Reverend Francis J. Finn, S.J.

The Blue Blob came about in 1985 when the spirit squad coordinators realized that a more audience-friendly mascot was needed. The musketeer mascot, who sported a handlebar mustache and a prop sword, scared younger spectators. The Blue Blob is a furry creature that has made several television and magazine appearances over the years, including a controversial PlayBoy appearance. The Blue Blob has Bobble-Body dolls, Plush replicas, and T-shirts made in his likeness, and an annual Blue Blob Appreciation Night during the Musketeer's basketball season. He most recently appeared on two ESPN This is SportsCenter commercials with Pro Football Hall of Fame member Jim Kelly and SportsCenter anchors Scott Van Pelt and John Anderson.

Media
Most Xavier games can be heard on WLW or WKRC-AM. Joe Sunderman does the play-by-play and Byron Larkin does color commentary for most games. Fox Sports Net Ohio holds the local television rights to the Musketeers basketball games. Brad Johansen does play-by-play and Steve Wolf is the analyst. Over the air stations, WCPO-TV and WSTR-TV have held the rights to Xavier games in the past.

Faith and service
The Dorothy Day Center for Faith and Justice is an important part of Xavier University's mission to form men and women for others.

Student programs
At the beginning of freshman year, the center gives students opportunities to form community among themselves, with an effort at inclusiveness across all lines of faith and culture. They are then encouraged to join the other students in choosing from a variety of service opportunities.

Students can pursue community service through the following programs: work in the Nexus community garden, weekly service with organizations in the Cincinnati area through the X-CHANGE program, Community Action Day when the whole XU community and alumni are encouraged to give a day of service to the larger community, a monthly service opportunity at St. Francis Seraph Soup Kitchen, and Alternative Breaks offering opportunities to serve in the United States and abroad during fall and spring breaks. A total of 25 immersion trips are offered. It is estimated that students perform more than 60,000 service hours in a year.

Most programs include reflection components and the following programs facilitated by the center are also staged to provoke reflection: Ignatian Family Teach-In for Justice, Stories of Solidarity, Jesuit Martyrs of El Salvador commemoration, and Contemplatives in Action.

More intensive service experiences include the following:
 * Summer Service Internship allows 20 students to live on campus while being paid for working at an area non-profit.
 * Graduate Internship employs graduates to work along with the CFJ staff.
 * is the center's listing of non-profit internships nationwide. This is supplemented by Idealist.org which includes also international listings. Sponsors of internships include Scripps Howard Foundation, the Catholic Archdiocese, the Catholic Campaign for Human Development, and Community Shares.
 * GetAway for First Year Students, with opportunities to organize and make spiritual retreats.
 * Graduate School and Year-of-Service Fair introduces students to over 50 options for a year of service after graduation, at home and abroad. Some of the more popular are Peace Corps, Jesuit Volunteer Corps, Public Allies, and Americorps. Long listings of possibilities are on websites hosted by Stanford, Notre Dame, Service Leader, and Volunteer.gov.

Notable alumni

 * Danny Abramowicz, professional football player
 * Naji Marshall, professional basketball player
 * George Billman, physiology professor
 * J. Kenneth Blackwell, Ohio Secretary of State, 2006 Republican Ohio gubernatorial candidate
 * John Boehner, Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives for the 112th Congress and 113th Congress, U.S. House of Representatives Minority Leader and Majority Leader
 * Kilee Brookbank, author and philanthropist
 * Phil H. Bucklew, Naval Officer and professional football player. Widely credited as the "Father of Naval Special Warfare"
 * Jim Bunning, U.S. Senator from Kentucky and professional baseball player
 * Derrick Brown, professional basketball player
 * John A. Cade, Maryland State Senator
 * Lionel Chalmers, professional basketball player
 * Donald D. Clancy, Congressman
 * Bill Cunningham, radio talk show host
 * Dane Dastillung, professional football player
 * John J. Dillon, 35th Indiana Attorney General
 * Dennis E. Eckart, politician
 * Russell Findlay, first chief marketing officer of Major League Soccer
 * Thomas J. Fogarty, surgeon and inventor of the balloon embolectomy catheter
 * Edward J. Gardner, politician
 * Michael X. Garrett, Commanding General, United States Army Forces Command
 * Kaiser Gates, professional basketball player
 * Charles Geschke, president and co-founder of Adobe Systems
 * Brian Grant, professional basketball player
 * Nick Hagglund, professional soccer player
 * Richard Hague, poet
 * Victor W. Hall, U.S. Navy admiral
 * Zach Hankins, professional basketball player
 * Michael Hawkins, professional basketball player
 * Bob Heleringer (class of 1973), politician and lawyer
 * Howard V. Hendrix, science fiction author
 * Patricia L. Herbold, U.S. Ambassador to Singapore
 * Paul John Hilbert, politician
 * Tyrone Hill, professional basketball player
 * Jack Hoffman, professional football player
 * Greg J. Holbrock, politician
 * Tu Holloway, professional basketball player
 * Robert Huebner, virologist
 * Tyrique Jones, professional basketball player
 * Jason Kokrak, professional golfer
 * Alfred James Lechner Jr., US federal judge
 * John C. Lechleiter, president, CEO, and chairman of Eli Lilly and Company
 * John Logsdon, Director of the Space Policy Institute at George Washington University
 * Ken Lucas, politician
 * Tom Luken, politician
 * Mark Lyons, professional basketball player
 * Nora McInerny, writer
 * Rhine McLin, Mayor of Dayton
 * Art Mergenthal, professional football player
 * Jack Miles, Pulitzer Prize winner
 * Ryan Nemeth, professional wrestler
 * Donald C. Nugent, US federal judge
 * David Nordyke, educator
 * Daniel Edward Pilarczyk, archbishop
 * James Posey, professional basketball player and coach
 * M. Henrietta Reilly, mathematician, and one of the few women to study and later teach there under a special program for Catholic sisters in the Cincinnati region
 * Jalen Reynolds, professional basketball player
 * Dennis L. Riley, politician
 * Richard Romanus, actor
 * Robert Romanus, actor
 * Romain Sato, professional basketball player
 * Chris Seelbach, politician
 * Dom Sigillo, professional basketball player
 * Julianne Smith, U.S. Ambassador to NATO
 * Matt Stainbrook, professional basketball player
 * Derek Strong, professional basketball player
 * Francis Wade, philosopher
 * David West, professional basketball player
 * Carroll Williams, professional football player
 * Garry Wills, author
 * Leo Wise, newspaper editor and publisher

Notable faculty

 * Arthur J. Dewey, New Testament scholar
 * John J. Gilligan, Congressman and Governor of Ohio
 * Paul F. Knitter, theologian
 * Richard Polt, Heidegger scholar; manual typewriter enthusiast
 * Henry Heimlich, "inventor" of Heimlich Maneuver, Advanced Clinical Science Professor 1977–89
 * Boris Podolsky, physicist and "creator" of the EPR paradox
 * Norman Finkelstein, poet and literary critic

title: Xavier University


text: User talk:202.138.119.193

title: User talk:202.138.119.193


text:
Hydraulic engineering

Hydraulic engineering as a sub-discipline of civil engineering is concerned with the flow and conveyance of fluids, principally water and sewage. One feature of these systems is the extensive use of gravity as the motive force to cause the movement of the fluids. This area of civil engineering is intimately related to the design of bridges, dams, channels, canals, and levees, and to both sanitary and environmental engineering.

Hydraulic engineering is the application of the principles of fluid mechanics to problems dealing with the collection, storage, control, transport, regulation, measurement, and use of water. Before beginning a hydraulic engineering project, one must figure out how much water is involved. The hydraulic engineer is concerned with the transport of sediment by the river, the interaction of the water with its alluvial boundary, and the occurrence of scour and deposition. "The hydraulic engineer actually develops conceptual designs for the various features which interact with water such as spillways and outlet works for dams, culverts for highways, canals and related structures for irrigation projects,  and cooling-water facilities for thermal power plants."

Fundamental principles
A few examples of the fundamental principles of hydraulic engineering include fluid mechanics, fluid flow, behavior of real fluids, hydrology, pipelines, open channel hydraulics, mechanics of sediment transport, physical modeling, hydraulic machines, and drainage hydraulics.

Fluid mechanics
Fundamentals of Hydraulic Engineering defines hydrostatics as the study of fluids at rest. In a fluid at rest, there exists a force, known as pressure, that acts upon the fluid's surroundings. This pressure, measured in N/m2, is not constant throughout the body of fluid. Pressure, p, in a given body of fluid, increases with an increase in depth. Where the upward force on a body acts on the base and can be found by the equation:

 * $$p=\rho gy$$

where,
 * ρ = density of water
 * g = specific gravity
 * y = depth of the body of liquid

Rearranging this equation gives you the pressure head $$\frac{p}{\rho g}=y$$. Four basic devices for pressure measurement are a piezometer, manometer, differential manometer, Bourdon gauge, as well as an inclined manometer.

As Prasuhn states:

 * On undisturbed submerged bodies, pressure acts along all surfaces of a body in a liquid, causing equal perpendicular forces in the body to act against the pressure of the liquid. This reaction is known as equilibrium. More advanced applications of pressure are that on plane surfaces, curved surfaces, dams, and quadrant gates, just to name a few.

Real and Ideal fluids
The main difference between an ideal fluid and a real fluid is that for ideal flow p1 = p2 and for real flow p1 > p2. Ideal fluid is incompressible and has no viscosity. Real fluid has viscosity. Ideal fluid is only an imaginary fluid as all fluids that exist have some viscosity.

Viscous flow
A viscous fluid will deform continuously under a shear force by the pascles law, whereas an ideal fluid does not deform.

Laminar flow and turbulence
The various effects of disturbance on a viscous flow are a stable, transition and unstable.

Bernoulli's equation
For an ideal fluid, Bernoulli's equation holds along streamlines.

 * $$\frac{p}{\rho g}+\frac{u^2}{2g}= \frac{p_1}{\rho g}+\frac{u_1^2}{2g} = \frac{p_2}{\rho g}+\frac{u_2^2}{2g} $$

As the flow comes into contact with the plate, the layer of fluid actually "adheres" to a solid surface. There is then a considerable shearing action between the layer of fluid on the plate surface and the second layer of fluid. The second layer is therefore forced to decelerate (though it is not quite brought to rest), creating a shearing action with the third layer of fluid, and so on. As the fluid passes further along with the plate, the zone in which shearing action occurs tends to spread further outwards. This zone is known as the "boundary layer". The flow outside the boundary layer is free of shear and viscous-related forces so it is assumed to act as an ideal fluid. The intermolecular cohesive forces in a fluid are not great enough to hold fluid together. Hence a fluid will flow under the action of the slightest stress and flow will continue as long as the stress is present. The flow inside the layer can be either vicious or turbulent, depending on Reynolds number.

Applications
Common topics of design for hydraulic engineers include hydraulic structures such as dams, levees, water distribution networks including both domestic and fire water supply, distribution and automatic sprinkler systems, water collection networks, sewage collection networks, storm water management, sediment transport, and various other topics related to transportation engineering and geotechnical engineering. Equations developed from the principles of fluid dynamics and fluid mechanics are widely utilized by other engineering disciplines such as mechanical, aeronautical and even traffic engineers.

Related branches include hydrology and rheology while related applications include hydraulic modeling, flood mapping, catchment flood management plans, shoreline management plans, estuarine strategies, coastal protection, and flood alleviation.

Antiquity
Earliest uses of hydraulic engineering were to irrigate crops and dates back to the Middle East and Africa. Controlling the movement and supply of water for growing food has been used for many thousands of years. One of the earliest hydraulic machines, the water clock was used in the early 2nd millennium BC. Other early examples of using gravity to move water include the Qanat system in ancient Persia and the very similar Turpan water system in ancient China as well as irrigation canals in Peru.

In ancient China, hydraulic engineering was highly developed, and engineers constructed massive canals with levees and dams to channel the flow of water for irrigation, as well as locks to allow ships to pass through. Sunshu Ao is considered the first Chinese hydraulic engineer. Another important Hydraulic Engineer in China, Ximen Bao was credited of starting the practice of large scale canal irrigation during the Warring States period (481 BC–221 BC), even today hydraulic engineers remain a respectable position in China.

In the Archaic epoch of the Philippines, hydraulic engineering also developed specially in the Island of Luzon, the Ifugaos of the mountainous region of the Cordilleras built irrigations, dams and hydraulic works and the famous Banaue Rice Terraces as a way for assisting in growing crops around 1000 BC. These Rice Terraces are 2,000-year-old terraces that were carved into the mountains of Ifugao in the Philippines by ancestors of the indigenous people. The Rice Terraces are commonly referred to as the "Eighth Wonder of the World". It is commonly thought that the terraces were built with minimal equipment, largely by hand. The terraces are located approximately 1500 metres (5000 ft) above sea level. They are fed by an ancient irrigation system from the rainforests above the terraces. It is said that if the steps were put end to end, it would encircle half the globe.

Eupalinos of Megara was an ancient Greek engineer who built the Tunnel of Eupalinos on Samos in the 6th century BC, an important feat of both civil and hydraulic engineering. The civil engineering aspect of this tunnel was that it was dug from both ends which required the diggers to maintain an accurate path so that the two tunnels met and that the entire effort maintained a sufficient slope to allow the water to flow.

Hydraulic engineering was highly developed in Europe under the aegis of the Roman Empire where it was especially applied to the construction and maintenance of aqueducts to supply water to and remove sewage from their cities. In addition to supplying the needs of their citizens they used hydraulic mining methods to prospect and extract alluvial gold deposits in a technique known as hushing, and applied the methods to other ores such as those of tin and lead.

In the 15th century, the Somali Ajuran Empire was the only hydraulic empire in Africa. As a hydraulic empire, the Ajuran State monopolized the water resources of the Jubba and Shebelle Rivers. Through hydraulic engineering, it also constructed many of the limestone wells and cisterns of the state that are still operative and in use today. The rulers developed new systems for agriculture and taxation, which continued to be used in parts of the Horn of Africa as late as the 19th century.

Further advances in hydraulic engineering occurred in the Muslim world between the 8th and 16th centuries, during what is known as the Islamic Golden Age. Of particular importance was the 'water management technological complex' which was central to the Islamic Green Revolution. The various components of this 'toolkit' were developed in different parts of the Afro-Eurasian landmass, both within and beyond the Islamic world. However, it was in the medieval Islamic lands where the technological complex was assembled and standardized, and subsequently diffused to the rest of the Old World. Under the rule of a single Islamic caliphate, different regional hydraulic technologies were assembled into "an identifiable water management technological complex that was to have a global impact." The various components of this complex included canals, dams, the qanat system from Persia, regional water-lifting devices such as the noria, shaduf and screwpump from Egypt, and the windmill from Islamic Afghanistan. Other original Islamic developments included the saqiya with a flywheel effect from Islamic Spain, the reciprocating suction pump  and crankshaft-connecting rod mechanism from Iraq,  and the geared and hydropowered water supply system from Syria.

Modern times
In many respects, the fundamentals of hydraulic engineering have not changed since ancient times. Liquids are still moved for the most part by gravity through systems of canals and aqueducts, though the supply reservoirs may now be filled using pumps. The need for water has steadily increased from ancient times and the role of the hydraulic engineer is a critical one in supplying it. For example, without the efforts of people like William Mulholland the Los Angeles area would not have been able to grow as it has because it simply does not have enough local water to support its population. The same is true for many of our world's largest cities. In much the same way, the central valley of California could not have become such an important agricultural region without effective water management and distribution for irrigation. In a somewhat parallel way to what happened in California, the creation of the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) brought work and prosperity to the South by building dams to generate cheap electricity and control flooding in the region, making rivers navigable and generally modernizing life in the region.

Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519) performed experiments, investigated and speculated on waves and jets, eddies and streamlining. Isaac Newton (1642–1727) by formulating the laws of motion and his law of viscosity, in addition to developing the calculus, paved the way for many great developments in fluid mechanics. Using Newton's laws of motion, numerous 18th-century mathematicians solved many frictionless (zero-viscosity) flow problems. However, most flows are dominated by viscous effects, so engineers of the 17th and 18th centuries found the inviscid flow solutions unsuitable, and by experimentation they developed empirical equations, thus establishing the science of hydraulics.

Late in the 19th century, the importance of dimensionless numbers and their relationship to turbulence was recognized, and dimensional analysis was born. In 1904 Ludwig Prandtl published a key paper, proposing that the flow fields of low-viscosity fluids be divided into two zones, namely a thin, viscosity-dominated boundary layer near solid surfaces, and an effectively inviscid outer zone away from the boundaries. This concept explained many former paradoxes and enabled subsequent engineers to analyze far more complex flows. However, we still have no complete theory for the nature of turbulence, and so modern fluid mechanics continues to be combination of experimental results and theory.

The modern hydraulic engineer uses the same kinds of computer-aided design (CAD) tools as many of the other engineering disciplines while also making use of technologies like computational fluid dynamics to perform the calculations to accurately predict flow characteristics, GPS mapping to assist in locating the best paths for installing a system and laser-based surveying tools to aid in the actual construction of a system.

title: Hydraulic engineering


text:
Maguro bōchō

A maguro bōchō (鮪包丁), or maguro kiri bōchō (鮪切り包丁), is an extremely long, highly specialized Japanese knife that is commonly used to fillet tuna, as well as many other types of large ocean fish.

The maguro bōchō is a long knife with a blade length of 30 cm (12 inches) to 150 cm (60 inches) in addition to a long handle. It can fillet a tuna in a single cut, although usually two people are needed to handle the knife and the tuna. Often they are used by two people simultaneously, where the second person handles the other end, using a towel wrapped around the blade for protection. The flexible blade can be curved to match the shape of the spine to minimize the amount of meat remaining on the tuna carcass.

They are commonly found at wholesale fish markets in Japan, the largest of which is the Tsukiji fish market in Tokyo, for which they are often called oroshi-hōchō (卸包丁), as there is little need for them elsewhere. They may be found at very large restaurants, but they are not used in a regular Japanese kitchen, unless there is a frequent need to fillet tuna with a weight of 200 kg (440 pounds) or more.

They are not designed for use as weapons, but as tools, although they have been used as weapons by yakuza.

title: Maguro bōchō


text:
Sky & Telescope

Sky & Telescope (S&T) is a monthly American magazine covering all aspects of amateur astronomy, including the following:
 * current events in astronomy and space exploration;
 * events in the amateur astronomy community;
 * reviews of astronomical equipment, books, and computer software;
 * amateur telescope making; and
 * astrophotography.

The articles are intended for the informed lay reader and include detailed discussions of current discoveries, frequently by participating scientists. The magazine is illustrated in full color, with both amateur and professional photography of celestial sights, as well as tables and charts of upcoming celestial events.

History
Sky & Telescope was founded by Charles A. Federer and his wife Helen Spence Federer and began publication at Harvard College Observatory in November 1941, as a result of the merger of the separate magazines, The Sky and The Telescope. In 2005, Sky Publishing Corporation was acquired by New Track Media, a portfolio company of the private equity firm Boston Ventures. In 2014, New Track was sold to F+W Media. Following the mid 2019 bankruptcy of F+W media, the magazine was sold to the American Astronomical Society.

The magazine played an important role in the dissemination of knowledge about telescope making, through the column "Gleanings for ATMs" that ran from 1933 to 1990.

In December 1995, the magazine published the Caldwell Catalogue, which was authored by Patrick Moore.

Its main competitor is Astronomy.

title: Sky & Telescope


text:
James Alexander Murray

James Alexander Murray (9 November 1864 in Moncton, New Brunswick – 16 February 1960) was a Conservative politician and the 16th premier of New Brunswick. Murray was first elected to the legislature in 1908 and served as Minister of Agriculture before becoming Premier in 1917 only to have his government defeated in the general election weeks later.

title: James Alexander Murray


text:
Northeast Ohio

Northeast Ohio is a geographic and cultural region that comprises the northeastern counties of the U.S. state of Ohio. Definitions of the region consist of 16 to 23 counties between the southern shore of Lake Erie and the foothills of the Appalachian Mountains, home to over 4.5 million people. It is anchored by the metropolitan area of Cleveland, the most populous city in the region with over 372,000 residents in 2020. Other metropolitan centers include Akron, Canton, Mansfield, Sandusky, and Youngstown. Northeast Ohio includes most of the area known historically as the Connecticut Western Reserve.

Composition
Different sources define the region as having various boundaries. In its most expansive usage, it contains six metropolitan statistical areas: Cleveland–Elyria, Akron, Canton–Massillon, Youngstown–Warren, Mansfield, and Weirton–Steubenville along with eight micropolitan statistical areas. There are 23 counties in the region, with over 4.5 million residents and a labor force of almost 2.2 million. The GDP (nominal) of Northeast Ohio is over $195 billion, which makes it comparable to that of New Zealand or the Republic of Ireland.

Counties

 * Ashland
 * Ashtabula
 * Carroll
 * Columbiana
 * Coshocton
 * Cuyahoga
 * Erie
 * Geauga
 * Harrison
 * Holmes
 * Huron
 * Jefferson
 * Lake
 * Lorain
 * Mahoning
 * Medina
 * Portage
 * Richland
 * Stark
 * Summit
 * Trumbull
 * Tuscarawas
 * Wayne

Combined Statistical Area
Most of Northeast Ohio is part of the Cleveland–Akron–Canton Combined Statistical Area, which ranked as the 17th-largest Combined Statistical Area (CSA) in the United States as of the 2020 Census with a population of 3,769,834. It includes the six counties that make up Greater Cleveland (Cuyahoga, Lake, Geauga, Lorain, Medina, and Ashtabula), the Akron metropolitan area (Portage and Summit counties), the Canton–Massillon metropolitan area (Stark and Carroll counties), and the Sandusky metropolitan areas, in addition to the Norwalk, New Philadelphia–Dover, Wooster, Fremont, and Coshocton micropolitan areas.

The Cleveland–Akron–Canton media market covers much of this area, including all of Northeast Ohio except for the Youngstown/Warren region. It is the 19th largest in the United States as of 2023, according to Nielsen Media Research. Northeast Ohio and the Cleveland CSA are also part of the larger Great Lakes Megalopolis.

Higher education
Northeast Ohio is home to a number of higher education institutions, including:
 * Ashland University (Ashland)
 * Baldwin Wallace University (Berea)
 * Case Western Reserve University (Cleveland)
 * Cleveland Institute of Art (Cleveland)
 * Cleveland Institute of Electronics (Cleveland)
 * Cleveland Institute of Music (Cleveland)
 * Cleveland State University (Cleveland)
 * Cuyahoga Community College (Cleveland, Highland Hills, Parma, and Westlake)
 * DeVry University (Seven Hills)
 * Fortis College (Cuyahoga Falls)
 * Franciscan University of Steubenville (Steubenville)
 * Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine (Warrensville Heights)
 * Hiram College (Hiram)
 * John Carroll University (University Heights)
 * Kent State University (Kent)
 * Kent State University at Ashtabula (Ashtabula)
 * Kent State University at East Liverpool (East Liverpool)
 * Kent State University at Geauga (Burton)
 * Kent State University at Salem (Salem)
 * Kent State University at Stark (Jackson Township)
 * Kent State University at Trumbull (Warren)
 * Kent State University at Tuscarawas (New Philadelphia)
 * Kent State University College of Podiatric Medicine (Independence)
 * Kenyon College (Gambier)
 * Lake Erie College (Painesville)
 * Lakeland Community College (Kirtland)
 * Lorain County Community College (Elyria)
 * Malone University (Canton)
 * Mount Vernon Nazarene University (Mount Vernon)
 * Northeast Ohio Medical University (Rootstown)
 * Notre Dame College (South Euclid)
 * Oberlin College (Oberlin)
 * Ohio State University, Mansfield Campus (Mansfield)
 * Stark State College (Jackson Township, Ohio)
 * Stautzenberger College (Brecksville)
 * University of Akron (Akron)
 * Wayne College (Orrville)
 * Medina County University Center (Medina)
 * UA Lakewood (Lakewood)
 * University of Mount Union, (Alliance)
 * Ursuline College (Pepper Pike)
 * Walsh University (North Canton)
 * College of Wooster (Wooster)
 * Youngstown State University (Youngstown)

Sports and recreation

Northeast Ohio is home to a number of professional sports teams, including three from the major North American sports leagues. The Cleveland Guardians of Major League Baseball play at Progressive Field, Cleveland Browns of the National Football League (NFL) are based at Cleveland Browns Stadium, and the Cleveland Cavaliers of the National Basketball Association (NBA) play at Rocket Mortgage FieldHouse. Rocket Mortgage FieldHouse is also home to one additional professional franchise, the Cleveland Monsters of the American Hockey League. The Monsters are the top minor league affiliate of the Columbus Blue Jackets of the National Hockey League (NHL).

There are a number of other professional sports teams in the region that play in various minor leagues. The Guardians have three minor league affiliates in the area: the AA Akron RubberDucks of the Eastern League who play at Canal Park in Akron, the Single-A Lake County Captains of the Midwest League who play at Classic Park in Eastlake, and the Single-A Mahoning Valley Scrappers of the New York–Penn League, who play at Eastwood Field in Niles. Additionally, there is an independent baseball team, the Lake Erie Crushers of the Frontier League, who play at Sprenger Stadium in Avon. The region also boasts of a lower league professional soccer team in Cleveland SC that plays at Don Shula Stadium. The Youngstown Phantoms are a junior ice hockey team in the United States Hockey League that has home games at Covelli Centre.

Motorsports venues in the region include Mid-Ohio Sports Car Course in Lexington and Summit Motorsports Park in Norwalk, a major NHRA venue.

The region is home to a number of NCAA athletic programs, including four in Division I: the Akron Zips, Cleveland State Vikings, Kent State Golden Flashes, and Youngstown State Penguins. Both Akron and Kent State are members of the Cleveland-based Mid-American Conference, while Cleveland State and Youngstown State are members of the Horizon League. Six schools compete at the NCAA Division II level: the Lake Erie Storm, Ursuline Arrows, Malone Pioneers, Ashland Eagles, Notre Dame Falcons, and Walsh Cavaliers. There are nine schools at the Division III level: Mount Union Purple Raiders, Hiram Terriers, John Carroll Blue Streaks, Baldwin Wallace Yellow Jackets, Case Western Reserve Spartans, Kenyon Lords, Oberlin Yeomen, Wooster Scots, and Franciscan Barons. One school, the Mount Vernon Nazarene Cougars, competes in the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA).

The Cleveland Metroparks are a system of nature preserves that encircle the city, and the Cuyahoga Valley National Park encompasses the Cuyahoga River valley between Cleveland and Akron. The region is home to Mentor Headlands Beach, the longest natural beach on the Great Lakes.

Local transit

 * Ashtabula County Transportation System
 * Geauga County Transit
 * Greater Cleveland Regional Transit Authority
 * Laketran
 * Lorain County Transit
 * Medina County Transit
 * METRO Regional Transit Authority
 * Portage Area Regional Transportation Authority
 * Richland County Transit
 * Stark Area Regional Transit Authority
 * Steel Valley Regional Transit Authority
 * Western Reserve Transit Authority

Amtrak stations

 * Alliance station
 * Cleveland Lakefront Station
 * Elyria station
 * Sandusky station

Interstate highways

 * [[Image:I-71.svg|20px]] Interstate 71
 * [[Image:I-271.svg|23px]] Interstate 271
 * [[Image:I-76.svg|20px]] Interstate 76
 * [[Image:I-77.svg|20px]] Interstate 77
 * [[Image:I-80.svg|20px]] Interstate 80
 * [[Image:I-480.svg|23px]] Interstate 480
 * [[Image:I-90.svg|20px]] Interstate 90
 * [[Image:I-490.svg|23px]] Interstate 490
 * [[Image:I-277.svg|23px]] Interstate 277
 * [[Image:I-680.svg|23px]] Interstate 680

US highways

 * [[Image:US 6.svg|20px]] U.S. Route 6
 * [[Image:US 20.svg|20px]] U.S. Route 20
 * [[Image:US 30.svg|20px]] U.S. Route 30
 * [[Image:US 42.svg|20px]] U.S. Route 42
 * [[Image:US 62.svg|20px]] U.S. Route 62
 * [[Image:US 224.svg|25px]] U.S. Route 224
 * [[Image:US 250.svg|25px]] U.S. Route 250
 * [[Image:US 322.svg|23px]] U.S. Route 322
 * [[Image:US 422.svg|23px]] U.S. Route 422

Airports
Definition of abbreviations:
 * FAA – The location identifier assigned by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA).
 * IATA – The airport code assigned by the International Air Transport Association (IATA). Those that do not match the FAA code are shown in bold.
 * ICAO – The location indicator assigned by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO).
 * Enpl. – The number of enplanements (commercial passenger boardings) that occurred at the airport in calendar year 2022, as per FAA records.

Area codes
In the 1950s, AT&T assigned most of Northeast Ohio area code 216. The western half of the region, including Ashland and Richland counties, and parts of Huron, Wayne and Erie counties, was assigned area code 419. In 1996, area code 216 was reduced in size to cover the northern half of its prior area, centering on Cleveland. Area code 330 was introduced for the southern half of Northeast Ohio, including Summit, Portage, Medina, Stark, Columbiana and Mahoning counties, and much of Wayne, Trumbull and Tuscarawas counties.

In 1997, area code 216 was further split as the need for additional phone numbers grew. Area code 216 was again reduced in geographical area to cover the city of Cleveland and its inner ring suburbs. Area code 440 was introduced to cover the remainder of was what previously area code 216, including all of Lake, Lorain, Ashtabula and Geauga counties, and parts of Trumbull, Huron, Erie and Cuyahoga counties. Some communities, such as Parma and Parma Heights, were divided into multiple area codes. In 1999, Congressman Dennis Kucinich introduced federal legislation to protect small and medium-sized cities from being split into two or more area codes.

In 2023, it was announced that by the third quarter of 2024, area code 440 would be exhausted. Area code 436 was assigned to overlap the existing area code 440. Any new phone number in the geographical area formerly covered by area code 440 could be assigned a phone number in either the 436 or 440 are codes.

In 2000, it was anticipated that the available phone numbers in area code 330 would be exhausted, and an overlay area code was introduced. Area code 234 was assigned to overlap existing area code 330. With the creation of area code 234, any new phone number in the geographical area formerly covered by area code 330 could be assigned a phone number in either the 234 or 330 area codes, with no change in local or long distance toll status. This made necessary the use of ten-digit dialing within the 330/234 area code region. After the introduction of area code 234, assignments of new telephone numbers in the area did not continue at an accelerated pace, and new phone numbers for area code 234 were not assigned until 2003.

title: Northeast Ohio


text:
Sahti

Sahti is a Finnish type of farmhouse ale made from malted and unmalted grains including barley and rye. Traditionally the beer is flavored with juniper in addition to, or instead of, hops; the mash is filtered through juniper twigs into a trough-shaped tun, called a kuurna in Finnish. Sahti is top-fermented and many have a banana flavor due to isoamyl acetate from the use of baking yeast, although ale yeast may also be used in fermenting.

The end product is a cloudy beer with phenolic flavors and a distinct taste similar to banana, balanced by the bitterness from the juniper branches. The carbonation level tends to be very low. Sahti was traditionally brewed as a farmhouse ale, but commercial versions are now available. Commercial sahti is usually 8% ABV. In Finland, due to the higher percentage of alcohol in sahti, it is only sold in commercial sahti breweries, pubs or state-owned Alko stores, not in regular markets or grocery stores. Sahti has to be stored cold until consumption and is therefore not available in all Alko branches.

Within Finland, sahti has differing characteristics depending on which part of the country it is from. It is often known as Tavastian beer from Häme (well-known sahti areas, such as Sysmä, Joutsa, Kuhmoinen and Lammi, are in Häme) but it is also made in Finland Proper and some parts of Central Finland. Every year the Finnish sahti brewing championship is held on the first weekend in August.

Brewing process
Traditionally, the most common sahti brewing process is using a long step infusion mash that may last up to six hours, after which the wort is lautered through the kuurna. Unlike most beers, traditional sahti wort goes straight from the lauter tun to the fermenter without boiling.

However, this is only one of several brewing processes that have traditionally been used. Sahti has also been brewed as a stone beer, with infusion mashing, with variants of decoction mashing, by boiling the mash in the kettle, and so on. Some regions of Finland have called their farmhouse ale taari, and in these areas different brewing processes appear to have been used, such as fermenting in the mash, and baking the wet malts in bread-like shapes before lautering.

Commercial sahti brands

 * Kellarin Varastopanimo Joutsa: Varastopanimon Sahti
 * Panimoravintola Beer Hunter's: Mufloni Sahti (from Pori)
 * Finlandia Sahti and Finlandia Strong Sahti (from Sastamala)
 * Hartolan Sahti, known as Krouvin Sahti and Punakallion Sahti.
 * Hollolan Hirvi Kivisahti
 * Huvila sahti (from Savonlinna)
 * Joutsan Sahti
 * Lammin Sahti (from Lammi)
 * Tiinan Sahti (from Sysmä)
 * Stadin Panimo: Stadin Sahti (from Helsinki)
 * Olu Bryki Raum / Vanhan Rauman Panimo: Kullervo (Rauma)

In other countries
A farmhouse ale that in some cases is similar is brewed on the Swedish island of Gotland (known as Gotlandsdricka). An even closer relative in terms of flavour is a farmhouse ale known as koduõlu (lit. "home beer"), brewed on the Estonian islands in the Baltic.

In Estonia one commercial beer is sometimes described as "Estonian sahti", despite actually being an Estonian koduõlu:

 * Pihtla Õlu from Pihtla õlleköök, Estonia

Finnish sahti has protected status in Europe., so that in order to be described as sahti a beer must be brewed following something close to the traditional process and ingredients. Modern craft beer versions of sahti can be somewhat removed from the original style, because brewers may use more hops, might not use juniper twigs, could introduce more carbonation, boil the wort, and may not use Finnish baking yeast.

In many countries sahti has been the subject of recent interest by homebrewers and microbreweries who have brewed many takes on the style. It is not clear if any of them actually resemble the original Finnish sahti beers in any way, so in the EU most of these beers could not be marketed as sahti.

Other versions:

 * Mad Scientist #19 from Sixpoint Brewing
 * Samuel Adams: Norse Legend sahti (from Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.)
 * Dogfish Head Brewery: Sah'tea (from Milton, Delaware, U.S.) made with masala chai and juniper berries
 * Sahti Ale - New Belgium Brewing Company (from Fort Collins, Colorado, U.S.)
 * Parallel 49 Brewing Company "Sahti Claws"
 * Sahti - Gambling Man Brewing Company, UK (The first true Sahti to be commercially brewed in the UK)
 * Ale Apothecary - "Sahati," a mixed fermentation ale lautered in a spruce kuurna with spruce branches
 * Browar Pinta - "Koniec Świata" (pol. "The End of The World, owes its name to the date of its release to the market, which was supposed to be the end of the world), polish attempt of brewing Sahti beer. Made with juniper berries and branches.
 * Bare Bear from Off Color Brewing
 * Sahti - Kiitos Brewing, Salt Lake City Utah
 * Ivar the Boneless - Proper Brewing, Salt Lake City Utah
 * Löyly - HammerHeart Brewing Company, Lino Lakes Minnesota
 * Ymir the Creator from High Ground Brewing in Terra Alta, WV
 * Mānuka Sahti - Kererū Brewing, NZ
 * Bushcrafter Sahti - Prairie Pride Brewing in Grand Island, NE
 * Sauna Brau - Turnagain Brewing in Anchorage, AK
 * Finnish Line - Independent Brewing in Bel Air, MD
 * Osmotar Sahti - from Stonyslope Brewing Company in Calgary, AB, Canada

title: Sahti


text:
Morgunblaðið

Morgunblaðið (, The Morning Paper) is an Icelandic daily newspaper. Morgunblaðið's website, mbl.is, is the most popular website in Iceland. It is currently the country's only daily printed newspaper.

History
Morgunblaðið was founded by Vilhjálmur Finsen and Ólafur Björnsson, brother of Iceland's first president, Sveinn Björnsson. The first issue, only eight pages long, was published on 2 November 1913.

On 25 February 1964, the paper first printed a caricature by Sigmúnd Jóhannsson which featured the first landings on Surtsey. He became a permanent cartoonist for Morgunblaðið in 1975 and worked there until October 2008.

In a controversial decision, the owners of the paper decided in September 2009 to appoint Davíð Oddsson, a member of the Independence Party, Iceland's longest-serving Prime Minister and former Governor of the Central Bank, as one of the two editors of the paper.

In May 2010, Helgi Sigurðsson was hired as the papers cartoonist. He became known for controversial drawings on topics such as immigration, refugees and COVID-19. His last drawing was published on 14 December 2021. On 7 January 2022, it was reported that Helgi had resigned from Morgunblaðið, following editorial requests that he would tone down his latest submissions.

title: Morgunblaðið


text:
Homebrew

Homebrewing mainly refers to small-scale, non-commercial manufacture of a drink, typically beer.

Homebrew or home brew may also refer to:

Computing

 * Homebrew Computer Club
 * Homebrew (package manager), for macOS and Linux
 * Homebrew (video games), software written by hobbyists for proprietary game consoles
 * Atari 2600 homebrew
 * PlayStation Portable homebrew
 * PlayStation 3 homebrew
 * The Homebrew Channel

Music and media

 * Homebrew (Neneh Cherry album)
 * Homebrew (Steve Howe album), 1996
 * Homebrew, song by the band 311 from their album Grassroots (album)
 * Homebrew, album by Paul Lansky
 * Home Brew (band) (also known as Home Brew Crew), a New Zealand hip hop group
 * Home Brew (album), the first studio album by the group
 * "Home Brew" (The Green Green Grass), an episode from the sitcom

Other

 * A roleplaying game played using house rules, or devised entirely by its participants
 * Amateur radio homebrew

title: Homebrew


text:
User:Kinnejeff

External Links: Jeff Kinne

title: User:Kinnejeff


text: Talk:Tolkien fandom

title: Talk:Tolkien fandom


text:
Lotus 340R

The Lotus 340R is a limited edition sports car manufactured by Lotus Cars in 2000 at their Hethel factory.

Overview
Originally introduced as a concept car at the 1998 Birmingham Motor Show, the 340R is a special edition of the Lotus Elise. 340 were built, and all were sold before they were manufactured. It uses a custom built bodyshell with no roof or doors. All cars came with a silver and black colour scheme. Special A038R tyres were developed for the 340R in collaboration with Yokohama.

While road-legal in the UK and Europe, most of the surviving cars are only used for racing, track use, or demonstrations.

Engine
The engine is a four-cylinder version of the 1.8L Rover K-Series engine called VHPD (Very High Power Derivative) used in the regular Elise which produces 177 bhp at 7800 rpm and 172 Nm at 6750 rpm as standard, or 187 bhp at 7500 rpm and 189 Nm at 5600 rpm with optional Lotus accessories. The former can accelerate to 60 mph from a standstill in 4.4 seconds and has a top speed of 133 mph.

Specifications

 * 0-160 km/h 10.7 sec
 * Power-to-weight ratio: undefined bhp/Ton or undefined kg/bhp
 * Price: £35,000

title: Lotus 340R


text:
James Boyle Uniacke

James Boyle Uniacke (1799 – 26 March 1858) led the first responsible government in Canada as it is today or any colony of the British Empire. He was the first Premier of the colony of Nova Scotia from 1848 to 1854 serving concurrently as the colony's Attorney-General.

The son of Richard John Uniacke, James was born to politics and entered the colony's legislative assembly in 1832 as a Conservative. In 1838 he joined the Executive Council and became a Reformer during the struggle for responsible government culminating in the 1848 election, the first under responsible government, which resulted in a Liberal Party administration led by Uniacke with Howe becoming more prominent after 1851 as Uniacke's health declined. Uniacke worked closely with Joseph Howe, the most influential reform politician of the era and put Howe in his cabinet as Provincial Secretary. The two politicians worked to adapt Nova Scotia's institutions to the new democratic forms. Uniacke retired as Premier in 1854 to become commissioner of crown lands and surveyor general.

In 1832, Uniacke married Rosina Jane, the daughter of John Black. Uniacke lived for years with Rosina in what is now known as the Black-Binney House, which is now a national historic site.

title: James Boyle Uniacke


text:
User:Misplacedstar

Salutations!

I'm a new writer to Wikipedia. I am slightly biased, but I also will consider the validity of things that I don't agree with.

title: User:Misplacedstar


text:
WCCO-TV

WCCO-TV (channel 4), branded CBS Minnesota, is a television station licensed to Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States, serving as the CBS outlet for the Twin Cities area. It is owned and operated by the network's CBS News and Stations division, and maintains studios on South 11th Street along Nicollet Mall in downtown Minneapolis; its transmitter is located at the Telefarm complex in Shoreview, Minnesota.

WCCO-TV's programming is also seen on full-power satellite station KCCW-TV (channel 12) in Walker (with transmitter near Hackensack). Nielsen Media Research treats WCCO-TV and KCCW-TV as one station in local ratings books, using the identifier name WCCO+. From 1987 until 2017, WCCO-TV operated a second satellite, KCCO-TV (virtual and VHF digital channel 7) in Alexandria (with transmitter near Westport).

WCCO is one of three owned-and-operated network affiliates in the Twin Cities market, the others being Fox O&O KMSP-TV (channel 9) and MyNetworkTV O&O WFTC (channel 9.2).

History
WCCO-TV's roots originate with a radio station, but not WCCO (830 AM). Radio station WRHM, which signed on the air in 1925, is the station to which WCCO-TV traces its lineage. In 1934, two newspapers—the Minneapolis Tribune and the Saint Paul Pioneer Press-Dispatch—formed a joint venture named "Twin Cities Newspapers", which purchased the radio station and changed its call letters to WTCN. Twin Cities Newspapers later expanded into the fledgling FM band with WTCN-FM, and shortly thereafter to the then-new medium of television with the launch of WTCN-TV on July 1, 1949, becoming Minnesota's second television station, broadcasting from the Radio City Theater at 50 South 9th Street in downtown Minneapolis. Robert Ridder became president of WCCO-TV in 1949. Channel 4 has been a primary CBS affiliate since its sign on; it is the only major commercial station in the Minneapolis–St. Paul market not to have changed its primary affiliation. However, it had a secondary affiliation with ABC during its early years, from 1949 to 1953, until a new station using the WTCN-TV calls (now known as KARE-TV) picked up the ABC affiliation, retaining it from its 1953 sign on until 1961 when it became an independent station; it has been affiliated with NBC since 1979.

Twin Cities Newspapers sold off its broadcast holdings in 1952, with channel 4 going to the Murphy and McNally families, who had recently bought the Twin Cities' dominant radio station, WCCO, from CBS. The stations merged under a new company, Midwest Radio and Television, with CBS as a minority partner. The call letters of channel 4 were changed to WCCO-TV to match its new radio sibling on August 17 (the WTCN-TV call sign appeared again in the market the following year on the new channel 11). CBS was forced to sell its minority ownership stake in the WCCO stations in 1954 to comply with Federal Communications Commission ownership limits of the time.

In 1959, WCCO became the first station in the midwest to have a videotape machine; it came at a cost of $50,000 and one part-time employee was hired to operate the machine.

On July 23, 1962, WCCO-TV was involved in the world's first live international broadcast via the Telstar satellite; the station's mobile units provided the feed for all three networks, ABC, CBS, and NBC, for a program originating from native land in the Black Hills showing Mount Rushmore to the world.

The station began telecasting color programs in 1955. In September 1983, WCCO relocated its operations from its longtime studios on South 9th Street to the present location at South 11th Street and Nicollet Mall. The network gained full ownership of WCCO-TV in 1992, when it acquired what was by then known as Midwest Communications. In 2000, Viacom bought CBS, and WCCO became part of the Viacom Television Stations Group. In 2006, Viacom Television Stations Group was renamed CBS Television Stations when Viacom split into two companies.

During the 1980s, a cable-exclusive sibling station was created to supplement WCCO, with its own slate of local and national entertainment programming. This was known as WCCO II, but by 1989, it had evolved into the Midwest Sports Channel, focusing on regional sporting events. It continued under CBS ownership until 2000, when it was announced that MSC and sibling RSN Home Team Sports were to be sold. HTS went to Comcast, while MSC was sold to Fox Entertainment Group and became part of Fox Sports Net, becoming Fox Sports North. It had been an FSN affiliate since 1997.

On February 2, 2017, CBS agreed to sell CBS Radio to Entercom, currently the fourth-largest radio broadcasting company in the United States. The sale was completed on November 17, 2017, and was conducted using a Reverse Morris Trust so that it was tax-free. While CBS shareholders retain a 72% ownership stake in the combined company, Entercom, now Audacy, is the surviving entity, with WCCO radio and its sibling stations separated from WCCO-TV.

On August 13, 2019, National Amusements announced that Viacom and CBS Corporation would recombine their assets, forming the entity ViacomCBS. The sale was completed on December 4, 2019, resulting in CBS Television Stations, including WCCO-TV, becoming subsidiaries of ViacomCBS. On February 16, 2022, ViacomCBS changed its name to Paramount Global.

On August 14, 2023, Wendy McMahon, a former creative services director at WCCO-TV, was named CBS News and Stations president.

Sports programming
In 1961, with the establishment of the Minnesota Vikings of the National Football League, the station, via CBS, which held the rights to broadcast NFL games, became the 'unofficial' home station of the team. This partnership continued through the 1993 season, at which time most games were moved to WFTC. Today, most Vikings games are on KMSP-TV; since 1998, WCCO airs at least two Vikings games each season when the Vikings host an AFC team, or, since 2014, with the institution of the new 'cross-flex' rules, any games that are moved from KMSP-TV. In 1992, WCCO provided coverage of Super Bowl XXVI, which was hosted at the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome.

Since 2023, WCCO has aired select Minnesota Golden Gophers football games as a part of a new deal between CBS and the Big Ten Conference.

News operation
WCCO presently broadcasts $38 1/2$ hours of locally produced newscasts each week (with $6 1/2$ hours each weekday and three hours each on Saturdays and Sundays). WCCO leads the Twin Cities market in nearly all time slots, from its morning show to the 10 p.m. news. WCCO leads by large margins in overall households, though compared to the 25–54 demographic, the numbers are much more competitive with NBC affiliate KARE.

WCCO began broadcasting local newscasts in high-definition on May 28, 2009, becoming the third major network station in the Twin Cities (behind KARE and KMSP) to do so.

WCCO-TV launched a streaming news service, CBSN Minnesota (now CBS News Minnesota) on December 12, 2019, as part of a rollout of similar services (each a localized version of the national CBSN service across the CBS-owned stations).

On September 5, 2022, WCCO premiered an hour-long 4 pm newscast called The 4.

Notable former on-air staff

 * Clellan Card – children's show personality "Axel" (1954–1966; deceased)
 * Bill Carlson – entertainment reporter, midday news anchor (deceased)
 * Paul Douglas – chief meteorologist (1997–2008; later with StarTribune and WCCO Radio)
 * Randi Kaye – news reporter, news anchor (later with CNN)
 * Bud Kraehling – weather anchor/staff announcer (1949–1996; deceased)
 * Dave Moore – news anchor (1950s–1991; deceased)
 * Barry Petersen – news reporter (later with CBS News)
 * David Schechter – investigative reporter (later with CBS News)
 * Hal Scott – sports anchor (1960s–1980; deceased)
 * Don Shelby – news reporter/news anchor (1978–2010; retired)
 * Susan Spencer – news reporter, news anchor (later with CBS News)
 * Bill Stewart – news reporter (later with ABC News, murdered in Nicaragua in 1979 while on assignment)
 * Michele Tafoya – sports anchor/sports reporter (later with CBS Sports, NBC Sports, ABC Sports and ESPN)
 * Heather Tesch – meteorologist (later with The Weather Channel)
 * Ben Tracy – news reporter (later with CBS News)

Subchannels
The stations' signals are multiplexed:

Analog-to-digital conversion
WCCO-TV ended regular programming on its analog signal, over VHF channel 4, on June 12, 2009, the official date on which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 32, using virtual channel 4.

As part of the SAFER Act, WCCO-TV kept its analog signal on the air until July 12 to inform viewers of the digital television transition through a loop of public service announcements from the National Association of Broadcasters.

Satellite stations and translators
WCCO-TV operates a satellite station northwest of the Twin Cities area:

It formerly operated a second satellite station:

Both of these stations were founded by the Central Minnesota Television Company and maintained primary affiliations with NBC and secondary affiliations with ABC from their respective sign-ons until the summer of 1982, when both stations switched to CBS. KCMT had originally broadcast from a studio in Alexandria, with KNMT operating as a satellite station of KCMT. Central Minnesota Television sold both stations to Midwest Radio and Television in 1987, at which point they adopted their present call letters and became semi-satellites of WCCO-TV.

Until 2002, the two stations simulcast WCCO-TV's programming for most of the day, except for separate commercials and inserts placed into channel 4's newscasts. However, in 2002, WCCO-TV ended KCCO/KCCW's local operations and shut down the Alexandria studio, converting the two stations into full-time satellites. Since then, channel 4 has identified as "Minneapolis–St. Paul/Alexandria/Walker", with virtually no on-air evidence that KCCO and KCCW were separate stations.

CBS sold KCCO's spectrum in the FCC's spectrum incentive auction, but was expected to engage in a channel-sharing agreement. In a request for a waiver of requirements that KCCO broadcast public service announcements related to the shutdown (as the station no longer had the capability to originate separate programming, such announcements would also need to air on WCCO-TV and KCCW-TV despite not being relevant outside of KCCO's viewing area; CBS inserted a crawl at the KCCO transmitter for broadcast every fifteen minutes), CBS disclosed that KCCO would shut down December 30, 2017. WCCO-TV remains available on cable and satellite providers in the Alexandria area; Selective TV, Inc., a local translator collective, announced on December 22, 2017, that it had struck a deal to add WCCO to its lineup.

Translators
In addition, the broadcast signal of WCCO-TV is extended by way of eight translators:
 *  Alexandria (translates WCCO-TV)
 *  Alexandria (translates WCCO-TV)
 *  Frost (translates WCCO-TV)
 *  Jackson (translates WCCO-TV)
 *  Olivia (translates WCCO-TV)
 *  Red Lake (translates KCCW-TV)
 *  Redwood Falls (translates WCCO-TV)
 *  Willmar (translates WCCO-TV)

title: WCCO-TV


text:
Landsmannschaft Westpreußen

The Landsmannschaft Westpreußen ("Territorial Association of West Prussia", "Homeland Association of West Prussia") is an organization of Heimatvertriebene — Germans born in West Prussia, or their descendants, who either fled or were expelled to the Federal Republic of Germany during the Expulsion of Germans after World War II.

The organization was founded on 6 April 1949 and is based in Münster, North Rhine-Westphalia. Its current president is Mrs. Sibylle Dreher, and CDU politician Mrs. Erika Steinbach is a notable member. The Landsmannschaft is a member of the Federation of Expellees.

title: Landsmannschaft Westpreußen


text:
Treaty of Aigun

The Treaty of Aigun was an 1858 treaty between the Russian Empire and Yishan, official of the Qing dynasty of China. It established much of the modern border between the Russian Far East and China by ceding much of Manchuria (the ancestral homeland of the Manchu people), now known as Northeast China. Negotiations began after China was threatened with war on a second front by Governor-General of the Far East Nikolay Muraviev when China was suppressing the Taiping Rebellion. It reversed the Treaty of Nerchinsk (1689) by transferring the land between the Stanovoy Range and the Amur River from the Qing dynasty to the Russian Empire. Russia received over 600,000 km2 of what became known as Outer Manchuria. While the Qing government initially refused to recognize the validity of the treaty, the Russian gains under the Treaty of Aigun was affirmed as part of the 1860 Sino-Russian Convention of Peking.

Background
Since the reign of Catherine the Great (1762 – 1796), Russia had desired to become a naval power in the Pacific. It gradually achieved its goals by annexing the Kamchatka Peninsula and establishing the naval outpost of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky in 1740, naval outposts in Russian America and near the Amur watershed, encouraging Russians to go there and settle, and slowly developing a strong military presence in the Amur region.

From 1850 to 1864, when China was heavily involved in suppressing the Taiping Rebellion, and Governor-General of the Far East Nikolay Muraviev camped tens of thousands of troops on the borders of Mongolia and Manchuria, preparing to make legal Russian de facto control over the Amur from past settlement. Muraviev seized the opportunity when it was clear that China was losing the Second Opium War, and threatened China with a war on a second front. The Qing dynasty agreed to enter negotiations with Russia.

Signing
The Russian general Muraviev and the Qing official Yishan, both military governors of the area, signed the treaty on May 28, 1858, in the town of Aigun. The Qing government initially refused to ratify the treaty and considered the treaty invalid, but in 1860 the Sino-Russian Convention of Peking affirmed Russian gains under the Treaty of Aigun and also ceded Primorye and the Ussuri region to the Russians.

Effects
The resulting treaty established a border between the Russian and Chinese Empires along the Amur River. (Chinese and Manchu residents of the Sixty-Four Villages East of the River would be allowed to remain, under the jurisdiction of Manchu government.) The Amur, Sungari, and Ussuri rivers were to be open exclusively to both Chinese and Russian ships. The territory bounded on the west by the Ussuri, on the north by the Amur, and on the east and south by the Sea of Japan was to be jointly administered by Russia and China—a "condominium" arrangement similar to that which the British and Americans had agreed upon for the Oregon Territory in the Treaty of 1818. (Russia gained sole control of this land two years later.)
 * 1) The inhabitants along the Amur, Sungari, and Ussuri rivers were to be allowed to trade with each other.
 * 2) The Russians would retain Russian and Manchu copies of the text, and the Chinese would retain Manchu and Mongolian copies of the text.
 * 3) All restrictions on trade to be lifted along the border.

Perception in China
In China, especially after the rise of Chinese nationalism in the 1920s, the treaty has been denounced as an unequal treaty.

title: Treaty of Aigun


text:
Sodium hydride

Sodium hydride is the chemical compound with the empirical formula NaH. This alkali metal hydride is primarily used as a strong yet combustible base in organic synthesis. NaH is a saline (salt-like) hydride, composed of Na+ and H− ions, in contrast to molecular hydrides such as borane, silane, germane, ammonia, and methane. It is an ionic material that is insoluble in all solvents (other than molten sodium metal), consistent with the fact that H− ions do not exist in solution.

Basic properties and structure
NaH is colorless, although samples generally appear grey. NaH is around 40% denser than Na (0.968 g/cm3).

NaH, like LiH, KH, RbH, and CsH, adopts the NaCl crystal structure. In this motif, each Na+ ion is surrounded by six H− centers in an octahedral geometry. The ionic radii of H− (146 pm in NaH) and F− (133 pm) are comparable, as judged by the Na−H and Na−F distances.

"Inverse sodium hydride" (hydrogen sodide)
A very unusual situation occurs in a compound dubbed "inverse sodium hydride", which contains H+ and Na− ions. Na− is an alkalide, and this compound differs from ordinary sodium hydride in having a much higher energy content due to the net displacement of two electrons from hydrogen to sodium. A derivative of this "inverse sodium hydride" arises in the presence of the base [36]adamanzane. This molecule irreversibly encapsulates the H+ and shields it from interaction with the alkalide Na−. Theoretical work has suggested that even an unprotected protonated tertiary amine complexed with the sodium alkalide might be metastable under certain solvent conditions, though the barrier to reaction would be small and finding a suitable solvent might be difficult.

Preparation
Industrially, NaH is prepared by introducing molten sodium into mineral oil with hydrogen at atmospheric pressure and mixed vigorously at ~8000 rpm. The reaction is especially rapid at 250−300 °C.

 * 2 Na + H2 → 2 NaH

The resultant suspension of NaH in mineral oil is often directly used, such as in the production of diborane.

As a strong base
NaH is a base of wide scope and utility in organic chemistry. As a superbase, it is capable of deprotonating a range of even weak Brønsted acids to give the corresponding sodium derivatives. Typical "easy" substrates contain O-H, N-H, S-H bonds, including alcohols, phenols, pyrazoles, and thiols.

NaH notably deprotonates carbon acids (i.e., C-H bonds) such as 1,3-dicarbonyls such as malonic esters. The resulting sodium derivatives can be alkylated. NaH is widely used to promote condensation reactions of carbonyl compounds via the Dieckmann condensation, Stobbe condensation, Darzens condensation, and Claisen condensation. Other carbon acids susceptible to deprotonation by NaH include sulfonium salts and DMSO. NaH is used to make sulfur ylides, which in turn are used to convert ketones into epoxides, as in the Johnson–Corey–Chaykovsky reaction.

As a reducing agent
NaH reduces certain main group compounds, but analogous reactivity is very rare in organic chemistry (see below). Notably boron trifluoride reacts to give diborane and sodium fluoride:

 * 6 NaH + 2 BF3 → B2H6 + 6 NaF

Si–Si and S–S bonds in disilanes and disulfides are also reduced.

A series of reduction reactions, including the hydrodecyanation of tertiary nitriles, reduction of imines to amines, and amides to aldehydes, can be effected by a composite reagent composed of sodium hydride and an alkali metal iodide (NaH⋅MI, M = Li, Na).

Hydrogen storage
Although not commercially significant sodium hydride has been proposed for hydrogen storage for use in fuel cell vehicles. In one experimental implementation, plastic pellets containing NaH are crushed in the presence of water to release the hydrogen. One challenge with this technology is the regeneration of NaH from the NaOH formed by hydrolysis.

Practical considerations
Sodium hydride is sold as a mixture of 60% sodium hydride (w/w) in mineral oil. Such a dispersion is safer to handle and weigh than pure NaH. The compound is often used in this form but the pure grey solid can be prepared by rinsing the commercial product with pentane or tetrahydrofuran, with care being taken because the waste solvent will contain traces of NaH and can ignite in air. Reactions involving NaH usually require air-free techniques.

Safety
NaH can ignite spontaneously in air. It also reacts vigorously with water or humid air to release hydrogen, which is very flammable, and sodium hydroxide (NaOH), a quite corrosive base. In practice, most sodium hydride is sold as a dispersion in mineral oil, which can be safely handled in air. Although sodium hydride is widely used in DMSO, DMF or DMAc for SN2 type reactions there have been many cases of fires and/or explosions from such mixtures.

title: Sodium hydride


text:
Emergency Government Headquarters

Emergency Government Headquarters is the name given for a system of nuclear fallout shelters built by the Government of Canada in the 1950s and 1960s as part of continuity of government planning at the height of the Cold War. Situated at strategic locations across the country, the largest of these shelters are popularly referred to as "Diefenbunkers", a nickname coined by federal opposition politicians during the early 1960s. The nickname was derived from the last name of the Prime Minister of the day, John Diefenbaker, who authorized their construction. Over fifty facilities were built along several designs for various classes of service.

Most of these facilities were built, often in great secrecy, at rural locations outside major cities across Canada. The majority of the larger facilities were two-story underground bunkers while the largest at CFS Carp had four floors; these facilities were designed to withstand a near-miss from a nuclear explosion. Each underground facility had entrances through massive blast doors at the surface, as well as extensive air filters and positive air pressure to prevent radiation infiltration. Underground storage was built for food, fuel, fresh water, and other supplies for the facilities which were capable of supporting several dozen people for a period of several weeks. The facilities were operated by personnel from the Royal Canadian Corps of Signals, renamed to Communications Command after the 1968 unification of the Canadian Armed Forces.

Decommissioning and legacy
Following the end of the Cold War, all but one of the Diefenbunkers have been decommissioned and either covered over, demolished or sold. Only the facility located at CFB Valcartier remains in use, as an itinerant accommodations barracks.

The two Diefenbunkers which members of the public may visit are located at former CFS Carp in Ontario and CFS Debert. CFS Carp was decommissioned in 1994 and has been converted into a year-round museum dedicated to the history of the Cold War. CFS Debert in Nova Scotia was open for tours for the decade following its closure in 1994 as part of a local military museum. It was later used for summer accommodations for an air cadet gliding school. In 2009, it was sold and then resold for use as a secure data storage facility. In 2018, CFS Debert reopened to the public, featuring historical tours, escape rooms, laser tag, special events, and more. In 2019, the present owner of the Diefenbunker at former CFS Debert purchased the neighbouring NATO building. The plans for the NATO building are currently unknown.

The Diefenbunker that was located at former CFS Penhold in Alberta was decommissioned in 1994. It was sold to a pair of businessmen from Red Deer in 1995 for CA$472,000. Members of the Hells Angels, a criminal outlaw motorcycle gang, in addition to a group of white supremacists and a car theft group from Miami, were also rumored to have been interested in purchasing the bunker; the businessmen later claimed the Hells Angels had offered them CA$1.3 million for it. However, the government repurchased the building in 1998 for CA$1.25 million (equivalent to $ million in ) in addition to $100,000 in disbursement fees due to potential security risks; they had the shelter demolished in 2001.

A Toronto Star report in February 2020 discussed another nuclear bunker, intended for the politicians of Toronto, Ontario, built during the Cuban Missile Crisis. Located in a home on Old Yonge St. in Aurora, Ontario and still in place, this concrete-reinforced room was intended "to serve as a control centre to house Toronto politicians and emergency personnel in the event of a nuclear attack". According to the report, the bunker includes maps, status boards for recording casualties, one hundred telephone lines, water tanks and an escape route.

In popular culture
The film The Sum of All Fears has a scene that was shot on location in the Diefenbunker at former CFS Carp. The scene consisted of the President of the United States, James Cromwell, and his political advisors performing a war game scenario.

The finale of the second season of The Amazing Race Canada featured a task completed at the Diefenbunker at former CFS Carp. One member of each team had to search among the bunker's vast array of rooms for three of five hidden souvenirs: a helicopter, a tank, a jeep, a plane, and a compass.

title: Emergency Government Headquarters