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Cillian Murphy

Cillian Murphy (born 25 May 1976) is an Irish actor. He made his professional debut in Enda Walsh's 1996 play Disco Pigs, a role he later reprised in the 2001 screen adaptation. His early film credits include the horror film 28 Days Later (2002), the dark comedy Intermission (2003), the thriller Red Eye (2005), the Irish war drama The Wind That Shakes the Barley (2006), and the science fiction thriller Sunshine (2007). He played a transgender Irish woman in the comedy-drama Breakfast on Pluto (2005), which earned him a Golden Globe Award nomination.

Murphy began his collaboration with filmmaker Christopher Nolan in 2005, playing the Scarecrow in The Dark Knight trilogy (2005–2012) as well as appearing in Inception (2010) and Dunkirk (2017). He gained greater prominence for his role as Tommy Shelby in the BBC period drama series Peaky Blinders (2013–2022) and for starring in the horror sequel A Quiet Place Part II (2020). Murphy portrayed J. Robert Oppenheimer in Nolan's Oppenheimer (2023), for which he received several awards, including the Academy Award for Best Actor.

In 2011, Murphy won the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Solo Performance for the one-man play Misterman. In 2020, The Irish Times named him one of the greatest Irish film actors of all time.

Early life and education

Murphy was born on 25 May 1976 in Douglas, Cork. His mother taught French while his father, Brendan, worked for the Department of Education. His grandfather, aunts, and uncles were also teachers. He was raised in Ballintemple, Cork, alongside his younger brother Páidi and younger sisters Sile and Orla. He started writing and performing songs at the age of 10.

Murphy was raised Catholic and attended the fee-paying Catholic secondary school Presentation Brothers College, where he did well academically but often got into trouble, sometimes being suspended; he decided in his fourth year that misbehaving was not worth the hassle. Not keen on sports, which was a major part of the school's curriculum, he found that artistic pursuits were neglected at the school.

Murphy got his first taste of performing in secondary school, when he participated in a drama module presented by Corcadorca Theatre Company director Pat Kiernan. He later described the experience as a "huge high" and a "fully alive" feeling that he then set out to chase. Novelist William Wall, who was his English teacher, encouraged him to pursue acting but he was set on becoming a rock star. In his late teens and early 20s, he sang and played the guitar in several bands alongside his brother, Páidi, and the Beatles-obsessed duo named their most successful band The Sons of Mr. Green Genes, which they adopted from the Frank Zappa song of the same name. He later said the band "specialised in wacky lyrics and endless guitar solos". They were offered a five-album deal by Acid Jazz Records, which they rejected because Páidi was still in school and the duo did not agree with the small amount of money they would get for giving the record label the rights to Murphy's compositions. Murphy later confessed, "I'm very glad in retrospect that we didn't sign because you kind of sign away your life to a label and the whole of your music."

Murphy began studying law at University College Cork (UCC) in 1996, but failed his first-year exams because he "had no ambitions to do it". Not only was he busy with his band, but he knew within days after starting at UCC that he did not want to practise law. After seeing Corcadorca's stage production of A Clockwork Orange, directed by Kiernan, he began directing his attention to acting. His first major role was in the UCC Drama Society's amateur production of Observe the Sons of Ulster Marching Towards the Somme, which starred Irish-American comedian Des Bishop. Murphy also played the lead in their production of Little Shop of Horrors, which was performed in the Cork Opera House. He later admitted that his primary motivation at the time was not to pursue an acting career, but to go to parties and meet women.

1996–2002: Theatre work and early roles
Murphy pressured Pat Kiernan until he got an audition at Corcadorca Theatre Company, and in September 1996, he made his professional acting debut on the stage, playing the part of a volatile Cork teenager in Enda Walsh's Disco Pigs. Walsh recalled meeting and discovering Murphy: "There was something about him – he was incredibly enigmatic and he would walk into a room with real presence and you'd go, "My God". It had nothing to do with those bloody eyes that everyone's going on about all the time." Murphy observed, "I was unbelievably cocky and had nothing to lose, and it suited the part, I suppose". Originally intended to run for three weeks in Cork, Disco Pigs ended up touring throughout Europe, Canada and Australia for two years, and Murphy left both university and his band. Though he had intended to go back to playing music, he secured representation after his first agent caught a performance of Disco Pigs, and his acting career began to take off.

He starred in many other theatre productions, including Shakespeare's Much Ado About Nothing (1998), The Country Boy, and Juno and the Paycock (both 1999). He began appearing in independent films such as On the Edge (2001), and in short films, including Filleann an Feall (2000) and Watchmen (2001). He also reprised his role for the film adaption of Disco Pigs (2001) and appeared in the BBC television mini-series adaptation of The Way We Live Now. During this period, he moved from Cork, relocating first to Dublin for a few years, then to London in 2001. In 2002, Murphy starred as Adam in a theatre production of Neil LaBute's The Shape of Things at the Gate Theatre in Dublin. Writing for The Irish Times, Fintan O'Toole praised Murphy's performance, "Murphy measures out his metamorphosis with an impressive subtlety and intelligence".

2002–2004: 28 Days Later and breakthrough
Murphy was cast in the lead role in Danny Boyle's horror film 28 Days Later (2002). He portrayed pandemic survivor Jim, who is "perplexed to find himself alone in the desolate, post-apocalyptic world" after waking from a coma in a London hospital. Casting director Gail Stevens suggested that Boyle audition Murphy for the role, having been impressed with his performance in Disco Pigs. Stevens stated that it was only after seeing his slender physique during filming that they decided to feature him fully nude at the beginning of the film. She recalled that Murphy was shy on set with the tendency to look slightly away from the camera, but enthused that he had a "dreamy, slightly de-energised, floating quality that is fantastic for the film". Released in the UK in late 2002, by the following July, 28 Days Later had become a sleeper hit in North America, and success worldwide, putting Murphy in front of a mass audience for the first time. His performance earned him a nomination for Best Newcomer at the 8th Empire Awards, and Breakthrough Male Performance at the 2004 MTV Movie Awards. Murphy professed that he considered the film to be much deeper than a zombie or horror film, expressing surprise at the film's success, and that American audiences responded well to its content and violence. Murphy said, "The film did so well. And you watch zombie stuff [now], we were the first people to make zombies run, and [that] changed everything. It has a very special place in my heart, that movie."

In 2003, Murphy played the role of Konstantine in a stage production of Chekhov's The Seagull at the Edinburgh International Festival. He said that he wanted to play Konstantine because the character "goes on this amazing journey through the play [...] he comes to realise there's no point being an iconoclastic writer just for the sake of it, and that the search for new forms has to have something behind it".

Murphy starred as a lovelorn, hapless supermarket stocker who plots a bank heist with Colin Farrell in Intermission (2003), which became the highest-grossing Irish independent film in Irish box office history (until The Wind That Shakes the Barley broke the record in 2006). Reflecting on his roles in 28 Days Later and the "sad-sack Dublin shelf-stacker" in Intermission, Sarah Lyall of the International Herald Tribune stated that Murphy brought "fluent ease to the roles he takes on, a graceful and wholly believable intensity. His delicate good looks have, as much as his acting prowess, caused people to mark him as Ireland's next Colin Farrell, albeit one who seems less likely to be caught tomcatting around or brawling drunkenly at premieres." He had a minor supporting role in the successful Hollywood period drama Cold Mountain (2003). He portrayed a deserting soldier who shares a grim scene with Jude Law's character, and was on location in Romania for only a week. Murphy stated that it was a "massive production", remarking that director Anthony Minghella was the calmest director he'd ever met. Murphy also had a role as a butcher in Girl with a Pearl Earring (2003) with Scarlett Johansson and Colin Firth.

In 2004, Murphy toured Ireland with the Druid Theatre Company, in The Playboy of the Western World (playing the character of Christy Mahon) under the direction of Garry Hynes—who had previously directed Murphy back in 1999 in the theatre productions of Juno and the Paycock—and also in The Country Boy.

2005–2006: Villainous roles and critical success
Murphy appeared as Dr. Jonathan Crane in Christopher Nolan's Batman Begins (2005). Originally asked to audition for the role of Bruce Wayne/Batman, Murphy never saw himself as having the right physique for the superhero, but leapt at the chance to connect with director Nolan. Though the lead went to Christian Bale, Nolan was so impressed with Murphy that he gave him the supporting role of Dr. Crane, whose alter ego is supervillain Scarecrow. Nolan told Spin magazine, "He has the most extraordinary eyes, and I kept trying to invent excuses for him to take his glasses off in close-ups". He starred as Jackson Rippner, who terrorises Rachel McAdams on an overnight flight in Wes Craven's thriller, Red Eye (2005). The New York Times film critic Manohla Dargis asserted that Murphy made "a picture-perfect villain" and that his "baby blues look cold enough to freeze water and his wolfish leer suggests its own terrors". The film was favourably reviewed and earned almost $100 million worldwide.

Murphy received several awards nominations for his 2005 villainous roles, among them a nomination as Best Villain at the 2006 MTV Movie Awards for Batman Begins. Entertainment Weekly ranked him among its 2005 "Summer MVPs", a cover story list of 10 entertainers with outstanding breakthrough performances. The New Yorker 's David Denby wrote: "Cillian Murphy, who has angelic looks that can turn sinister, is one of the most elegantly seductive monsters in recent movies."

Murphy starred as Patrick/"Kitten" Braden, a transgender Irish woman in search of her mother, in Neil Jordan's comedy-drama Breakfast on Pluto (2005), based on the novel of the same title by Patrick McCabe. Seen against the film's kaleidoscopic backdrop of 1970s glitter rock fashion, magic shows, red-light districts and IRA violence, Murphy transforms from androgynous teen to a blonde drag queen. He had auditioned for the role in 2001 and, though Jordan liked him for the part, the director of The Crying Game was hesitant to revisit transgender and IRA issues. The actor lobbied Jordan for several years in a bid to get the film made before Murphy became too old to play the part; in 2004, he prepared for the role by meeting a transvestite who dressed him and took him clubbing with other transvestites. The role required "serious primping" with eyebrow plucking and chest and leg hair removal, and Roger Ebert noted the way that Murphy played the character with a "bemused and hopeful voice". While lukewarm reviews of Breakfast on Pluto tended to praise Murphy's performance highly, a few critics dissented: The Village Voice, which panned the film, found him "unconvincing" and overly cute. Murphy was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Musical or Comedy for Breakfast on Pluto and won the fourth Irish Film and Television Academy Best Actor Award. Premiere magazine cited his performance as Kitten in their "The 24 Finest Performances of 2005" feature.

In 2006, Murphy starred in The Wind That Shakes the Barley, a film about the Irish War of Independence and the Irish Civil War, which won the Palme d'Or at the 2006 Cannes Film Festival and became the most successful Irish independent film at the Irish box office. Murphy was especially keen on appearing in the film due to his intimate connections to Cork, Ireland, where the film was shot. Murphy auditioned six times for the role of Damien O'Donovan, a young doctor turned revolutionary, before winning the part. Murphy considered it a very special privilege to have been given the role and stated that he was "tremendously proud" of the film, remarking that the "memories run very, very deep – the politics, the divisions and everybody has stories of family members who were caught up in the struggle." David Denby noted Murphy's moments of deep stillness and idiosyncrasies in portraying the character. Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times wrote that "Murphy is especially good at playing the zealotry as well as the soul-searching and the regret, at showing us a man who is eaten up alive because he's forced to act in ways that are contrary to his background and his training". GQ magazine presented Murphy with its 2006 Actor of the Year award for his work in The Wind That Shakes the Barley.

2006–2010: Further theatre and film roles
Murphy returned to the stage starring opposite Neve Campbell at the New Ambassadors Theatre in London's West End from November 2006 to February 2007, playing the lead role of John Kolvenbach's play Love Song. Theatre Record described his character of Beane as a "winsomely cranky" mentally unstable "sentimentalised lonely hero", noting how he magnetically, with "all blue eyes and twitching hands", moves "comically from painfully shy "wallpaper" to garrulous, amorous male. Variety magazine considered his performance to be "as magnetic onstage as onscreen", remarking that his "unhurried puzzlement pulls the slight preciousness in the character's idiot-savant naivete back from the brink".

He starred in the science fiction film Sunshine (2007) as a physicist-astronaut charged with re-igniting the sun, also directed by Danny Boyle. He starred opposite Lucy Liu in Paul Soter's romantic comedy Watching the Detectives (2007); the indie film premiered at the 2007 Tribeca Film Festival and was released direct-to-DVD. Murphy starred as Richard Neville, editor of the psychedelic radical underground magazine Oz in the film Hippie Hippie Shake, which was filmed in 2007, but the project, much delayed, was eventually shelved in 2011.

Murphy made a brief re-appearance as the Scarecrow in Nolan's The Dark Knight (2008), the sequel to Batman Begins, before starring in The Edge of Love—about a love quadrangle involving the poet Dylan Thomas—with Keira Knightley, Sienna Miller and Matthew Rhys. In July 2008, Murphy made a debut appearance in another medium—on a postage stamp; the Irish Post Office, An Post, released a series of four stamps paying homage to the creativity of films recently produced in Ireland, including one featuring Murphy in a still from The Wind That Shakes the Barley. In 2009, Murphy starred opposite rock singer Feist and actor David Fox in The Water, directed by Kevin Drew of Broken Social Scene. The 15-minute Canadian short film, released online in April 2009, is nearly silent until the Feist song of the same title plays close to the end. Murphy was attracted to the role as a fan of Broken Social Scene and the prospect of making a silent movie, which he considered to be the "hardest test for any actor". Murphy also starred in Perrier's Bounty, a crime dramedy from the makers of Intermission, in which he portrayed a petty criminal on the run from a gangster played by Brendan Gleeson.

In 2010, he made a return to theatre in From Galway to Broadway and back again, which was a stage show that celebrated the Druid Theatre Company's 35th birthday. The direct-to-video psychological thriller Peacock (2010), co-starring Elliot Page, Susan Sarandon and Bill Pullman, starred Murphy as a man with a split personality who fools people into believing he is also his own wife. Christian Toto of The Washington Times referred to the film as "a handsomely mounted psychological drama with an arresting lead turn by Cillian Murphy", and noted that although Murphy wasn't a stranger to playing in drag, his work in the film set a "new standard for gender-bending performances". Murphy next starred in Christopher Nolan's Inception (2010), playing entrepreneur Robert Fischer, whose mind is infiltrated by DiCaprio's character Cobb to convince him to dissolve his business. That year, Murphy also made an uncredited cameo as programmer Edward Dillinger Jr., son of original Tron antagonist Ed Dillinger (David Warner) in Tron: Legacy.

2011–present: Peaky Blinders and Oppenheimer
In 2011, Murphy performed in the stage monodrama Misterman, written and directed by Enda Walsh, with whom he had previously worked on Disco Pigs. The production was initially staged in Galway and was taken to St. Ann's Warehouse in Brooklyn, New York. Murphy said of the role, "The live nature of it makes it so dangerous. You're only there because of the good will of the audience, and that's compounded by its being a one-man show." His performance earned critical acclaim, garnering Irish Times Theatre Award and a Drama Desk Award. Sarah Lyall of the International Herald Tribune described Murphy's character Thomas Magill to be a "complicated mixture of sympathetic and not nice at all – deeply wounded, but with a dangerous, skewed moral code", praising his ability to mimic wickedly. Lyall noted Murphy's "unusual ability to create and inhabit creepy yet fascinating characters from the big screen to the small stage in the intense one-man show Misterman", and documented that on one evening the "theater was flooded, not with applause but with silence", eventually culminating in a standing ovation at his powerful performance. He played the lead in the British horror film Retreat (2011), which had a limited release. He also appeared in the science fiction film In Time (2011), starring Justin Timberlake and Amanda Seyfried, which was poorly reviewed.

Murphy starred in Red Lights (2012) with Robert De Niro and Sigourney Weaver. He played Tom Buckley, the assistant to Weaver's character who is a paranormal investigator. Murphy considered working with De Niro to have been one of the most intimidating moments in his career. He remarked: "My first scene when I come to visit him my character is supposed to be terrified and intimidated. There was no acting involved. The man has presence. You can't act presence. I'll never have that. Watching him use it... when you put a camera on it, it just becomes something else." The film was panned by critics and under-performed at the box office. Murphy went on to reprise his role as the Scarecrow for the third time in The Dark Knight Rises (2012), and had a supporting role as Mike in the British independent film Broken (2012). His performance earned him a British Independent Film Award for Best Supporting Actor nomination.

Since 2013, Murphy has starred as Thomas Shelby in the BBC television series Peaky Blinders, a series about a criminal gang in Birmingham during the post-World War I period. Jason Statham was initially picked for the role by director Steven Knight, who met both actors to talk about the role. Knight later said, "Cillian, when you meet him, isn't Tommy, obviously, but I was stupid enough not to understand that". He picked Murphy after receiving a text message from Murphy that read, "Remember, I'm an actor". Murphy told The Independent, "[The scripts] were so compelling and confident, and the character was so rich and complex, layered and contradictory. I was like, 'I have to do this.'" Peaky Blinders was praised and received high ratings. A second series began broadcasting on the BBC in October 2014. On 25 August 2019, the first episode of season 5 was broadcast on BBC One. In an interview with Digital Spy, director Anthony Byrne said, "if we did start shooting in January (2021), we wouldn't finish until May or June and then it's another 6 months of editing". Series six premiered on 27 February 2022. In 2013, Murphy made his directorial debut with a music video for the band Money's single Hold Me Forever. The video features dancers from the English National Ballet and was filmed at The Old Vic Theatre in London.

In 2014, Murphy starred in the drama Aloft, and Wally Pfister's Transcendence. Both of these garnered mostly unfavourable critic reviews according to the aggregator Rotten Tomatoes. That same year, Murphy reunited with Enda Walsh in the play Ballyturk. He starred in Ron Howard's 2015 film In the Heart of the Sea. In 2015, he contributed spoken vocals to the tracks "8:58" and "The Clock" from Paul Hartnoll's album 8:58. The two previously met while Hartnoll was scoring the second season of Peaky Blinders. In 2016, Murphy starred in Ben Wheatley's Free Fire, and portrayed Czechoslovak World War II army soldier Jozef Gabčík, who was involved in Operation Anthropoid, the assassination of Reinhard Heydrich in Anthropoid. Rupert Hawksley of The Telegraph believed Cillian's performance in Anthropoid, but opined that he is "not asked to do an awful lot, other than smoke and look perplexed".

In 2017, Murphy played a shell-shocked army officer who is recovered from a wrecked ship in Christopher Nolan's war film Dunkirk, which emerged as a critical and box-office success. He felt that his character, who is nameless and was credited simply as Shivering Soldier, was "representative of something experienced by thousands of soldiers, which is the profound emotional and psychological toll that war can have". Murphy has also played a role in the feature film Anna as Miller, released in June 2019. His next release, A Quiet Place Part II (2021), stars Murphy as Emmett, a hardened survivor and old family friend of the Abbotts. Murphy's character reluctantly takes in the Abbotts following the events of the first film. Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian praised his performance.

Murphy portrayed J. Robert Oppenheimer in the biographical thriller Oppenheimer. The film marks the sixth collaboration between Nolan and Murphy, and the first starring Murphy as the lead. To prepare for the role, Murphy lost a significant amount of weight to match Oppenheimer's near-emaciated appearance, extensively researched Oppenheimer's life and took inspiration from David Bowie's appearance in the 1970s. Released in 2023, the film grossed over $975 million worldwide and garnered positive reviews from critics. Murphy's performance was lauded, with Empire's Dan Jolin writing: "At the film's pulsing nucleus is Murphy as Oppenheimer, and he is compelling throughout." For his performance, he won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama, BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role, Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role, and Academy Award for Best Actor.

Murphy launched the independent production company Big Things Films with Alan Moloney in February 2024. He produced and starred in the historical drama Small Things like These, which opened the 74th Berlin International Film Festival, and the upcoming Steve, through a collaboration with Netflix. Murphy will also executive produce the sequel to 28 Days Later, titled 28 Years Later, and is in talks to reprise his role. Additionally, Murphy will reprise his role in a Peaky Blinders film which will shoot in September 2024. He will also produce and star in Blood Runs Coal for Universal Pictures.

Murphy has presented shows on BBC Radio 6 Music since 2013; since 2020 he has hosted Cillian Murphy's Limited Edition, a limited-run series broadcasting late on Sunday evenings in which he draws from his personal music collection and answers "reasonable questions" from listeners. As of 2024, three seasons of Limited Edition have been produced, totaling 28 episodes.

Public image
Reserved and private, Murphy professes a lack of interest in the celebrity scene, finding the red carpet experience "a challenge" that he does not "want to overcome". He intentionally practises a lifestyle that will not interest the tabloids, stating, "I haven't created any controversy, I don't sleep around, I don't go and fall down drunk". He prefers not to speak about his life outside of acting and did not appear on any television talk shows until 2010, when he was a guest on Ireland's Late Late Show to promote Perrier's Bounty, though he still remained reserved. Murphy's introverted nature and lack of interest in social media has prompted several fans to create memes on his detached demeanour in press interviews and junkets. In 2017, upon being asked his opinion on the "Disappointed Cillian Murphy" meme, he answered, "What's a meme?".

In 2015, Murphy was named one of GQ's 50 best-dressed men, and in 2024, he was announced as the new face of Italian luxury fashion company Versace.

Activism
Murphy participated in the 2007 Rock the Vote Ireland campaign, targeting young voters for the general election, and campaigning for the rights of the homeless with the organisation Focus Ireland. In 2011, he became a patron of the UNESCO Child and Family Research Centre at the National University of Ireland Galway. He is closely associated with the work of Professor Pat Dolan Director UCFRC and UNESCO Chair in Children, Youth and Civic Engagement. In February 2012, he wrote a message of support to the former Vita Cortex workers involved in a sit-in at their plant, congratulating them for "highlighting [what] is hugely important to us all as a nation". Murphy was a supporter of the 2018 Irish referendum to repeal the eighth amendment of the constitution that restricted access to abortions, appearing on The Blindboy Podcast to urge men to support women and vote in favour of the referendum.

Personal life
In 2004, Murphy married his longtime girlfriend Yvonne McGuinness, whom he met at one of his rock band's shows in 1996. They lived in Dublin until 2001, when they moved to London so his wife could attend the Royal College of Art. After 14 years, they moved back to Dublin in 2015. They have two sons, born in 2005 and 2007.

Murphy was raised Catholic and had been verging on agnosticism until researching his role as a physicist and astronaut in the 2007 film Sunshine, which confirmed his atheism. In 2019, he said the Catholic faith still shaped his morality.

He was a vegetarian for around 15 years, which he said happened because he was "worried about getting mad cow disease" rather than a moral decision. He also had qualms about unhealthy agribusiness practices. He began eating meat again to bulk up for his role in Peaky Blinders. In a 2022 interview, he said he had returned to vegetarianism.

Acting credits and awards
Murphy's most commercially successful films have been his many collaborations with Nolan, including Oppenheimer, Inception, Batman Begins, and Dunkirk. Following the success of Oppenheimer and the Barbenheimer phenomenon, Murphy was named in Variety list of the most influential figures of 2023 in the entertainment and media industry. Murphy's works also include other critically acclaimed films, such as A Quiet Place II and The Wind that Shakes the Barley. He has received several accolades over the course of his career, including four Irish Film & Television Awards,  a BAFTA Award, a Golden Globe Award, and an Academy Award.

title: Cillian Murphy


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Central Time Zone

The North American Central Time Zone (CT) is a time zone in parts of Canada, the United States, Mexico, Central America and some Caribbean islands.

In parts of that zone (20 states in the US, three provinces or territories in Canada, and several border municipalities in Mexico), the Central Time Zone is affected by two time designations yearly: Central Standard Time (CST) is observed from the first Sunday in November to the second Sunday in March. It is six hours behind Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) and designated internationally as UTC−6. From the second Sunday in March to the first Sunday in November the same areas observe daylight saving time (DST), creating the designation of Central Daylight Time (CDT) which is five hours behind UTC and known internationally as UTC−5.

Canada
The province of Manitoba is the only province or territory in Canada that observes Central Time in all areas.

The following Canadian provinces and territories observe Central Time in the areas noted, while their other areas observe Eastern Time:
 * Nunavut (territory): western areas (most of Kivalliq Region and part of Qikiqtaaluk Region)
 * Ontario (province): a portion of the northwest bordering southeastern Manitoba, in and around Kenora.

Also, most of the province of Saskatchewan is on Central Standard Time year-round, never adjusting for Daylight Saving Time. One major exception includes Lloydminster, a city whose borders overlap both Alberta and Saskatchewan. The city charter stipulates that it shall observe Mountain Time and DST, putting the community on the same time as all of Alberta (UTC−7) in the winter, and in time with Saskatchewan (UTC−6) during the summer.

United States
Ten states are contained entirely in the Central Time Zone:
 * Alabama
 * Arkansas
 * Illinois
 * Iowa
 * Louisiana
 * Minnesota
 * Mississippi
 * Missouri
 * Oklahoma
 * Wisconsin

Five states are split between the Central Time Zone and the Mountain Time Zone:
 * Kansas: all except for Sherman, Wallace, Greeley, and Hamilton counties
 * Nebraska: eastern two thirds including the eastern one third of Cherry County
 * North Dakota: all except for southwest regions, south part of McKenzie County, and the majority of Dunn County and far western Sioux County
 * South Dakota: eastern half including part of Stanley County
 * Texas: all except for El Paso, Hudspeth, and northwestern Culberson counties

Five states are split between the Central Time Zone and the Eastern Time Zone: Additionally, Phenix City, Alabama, and several nearby communities in Russell County, Alabama, unofficially observe Eastern Time. This is due to their close proximity to Columbus, Georgia, which is on Eastern Time.
 * Florida: most of Florida Panhandle west of the Apalachicola River; Franklin County west of the Apalachicola River and parts of Gulf County are in the Central Time Zone
 * Indiana: northwest (Gary) and southwest (Evansville) regions
 * Kentucky: the western portion of the state, including its three major towns: Bowling Green, Owensboro and Paducah
 * Michigan: Gogebic, Iron, Dickinson, and Menominee counties
 * Tennessee: West Tennessee and Middle Tennessee, including the major cities of Nashville and Memphis

Although legally located within the Central Time Zone, Kenton, Oklahoma—located to the adjacent east of the defined border of the Central and Mountain time zones (at the Oklahoma−New Mexico state line)—unofficially observes Mountain Time. This is reportedly because most people who interact with the town reside in either New Mexico or Colorado.

Mexico
Most of Mexico—roughly the eastern three-fourths—lies in the Central Time Zone, except for five northwestern states (Baja California, Baja California Sur, Sinaloa, Sonora, and most of Nayarit) and one southeastern state (Quintana Roo). It is known locally as the Zona Centro.

The federal entities of Mexico that observe Central Time:

 * Aguascalientes
 * Campeche
 * Chihuahua – Excluding the municipalities of Janos, Ascensión, Juárez, Guadalupe, and Práxedis Gilberto Guerrero, which observe Mountain Time with DST. Additionally, counties east of Guadalupe observe Daylight Savings in Central Time.
 * Coahuila
 * Colima – except for the Revillagigedo Islands, in which the inner islands use UTC−7 and the outer island uses UTC−8
 * Chiapas
 * Durango
 * Guanajuato
 * Guerrero
 * Hidalgo
 * Jalisco
 * Mexico City
 * Michoacán
 * Morelos
 * Nayarit – *only the municipality of Bahía de Banderas, rest of the state uses UTC−7
 * Nuevo León
 * Oaxaca
 * Puebla
 * Querétaro
 * San Luis Potosí
 * State of Mexico
 * Tabasco
 * Tamaulipas
 * Tlaxcala
 * Veracruz
 * Yucatán
 * Zacatecas

Central America
Out of the seven countries comprising Central America, all but one use Central Standard Time year-round:
 * Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua.

Panama, which recognizes Eastern Standard Time (UTC−5) year round, is the exception.

Central Daylight Time
Daylight saving time (DST) is in effect in much of the Central time zone between mid-March and early November. The modified time is called "Central Daylight Time" (CDT) and is UTC−05:00.

In the United States, all time zones that observe DST were effectively changed by the Energy Policy Act of 2005. Beginning in 2007, DST would now begin at 2 a.m. on the second Sunday in March instead of the first Sunday in April, moving the time from 2 to 3 a.m. Additionally, DST would end at 2 a.m. on the first Sunday in November instead of the last Sunday in October, moving the time from 2 to 1 a.m.

At the time, Mexico decided not to go along with this change and observed their horario de verano from the first Sunday in April to the last Sunday in October. In December 2009, the Mexican Congress allowed ten border cities, eight of which are in states that observe Central Time, to adopt the US daylight time schedule effective in 2010. However, in October 2022, CDT was used in Mexico for the last time after DST was abolished. The US is also seeing traction in the same direction with the Sunshine Protection Act that proposes legislation that would permanently end the switching of times and make daylight saving time permanent.

Alphabetical list of major Central Time Zone metropolitan areas

 * Acapulco, Guerrero
 * Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes
 * Amarillo, Texas
 * Antigua Guatemala
 * Austin, Texas
 * Baton Rouge, Louisiana
 * Beaumont/Port Arthur, Texas
 * Belize City, Belize
 * Belmopan, Belize
 * Birmingham, Alabama
 * Bismarck, North Dakota
 * Bloomington, Illinois
 * Bowling Green, Kentucky
 * Brandon, Manitoba
 * Cedar Rapids, Iowa
 * Champaign, Illinois
 * Chicago, Illinois
 * Clarksville, Tennessee
 * Comarca Lagunera (Torreón, Gómez Palacio, Lerdo)
 * Columbia, Missouri
 * Cuernavaca, Morelos
 * Dallas–Fort Worth, Texas
 * Des Moines, Iowa
 * Enid, Oklahoma
 * Evansville, Indiana
 * Fargo, North Dakota
 * Fort Smith, Arkansas
 * Fort Walton Beach, Florida
 * Grand Forks, North Dakota
 * Grand Rapids, Manitoba
 * Green Bay, Wisconsin
 * Guadalajara, Jalisco
 * Guatemala City, Guatemala
 * Houston, Texas
 * Huntsville, Alabama
 * Iowa City, Iowa
 * Jackson, Mississippi
 * Jackson, Tennessee
 * Janesville, Wisconsin
 * Jonesboro, Arkansas
 * Joplin, Missouri
 * Kansas City, Missouri/Kansas
 * Killeen–Temple–Fort Hood, Texas
 * Lafayette, Louisiana
 * Lawrence, Kansas
 * León, Guanajuato
 * Lincoln, Nebraska
 * Little Rock, Arkansas
 * Lubbock, Texas
 * Madison, Wisconsin
 * Managua, Nicaragua
 * Memphis, Tennessee
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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Central Time Zone


text:
File:Basic instinct 001.jpg

Screenshot of Sharon Stone portraying Catherine Tramell from the movie Basic Instinct - this shot is used to identify Catherine Tramell in the article of the same name, and to identify and portray the style and feel of the interrogation scene of Basic Instinct in the article Basic Instinct.

DVD capture. Color and brightness modified using Photoshop.

Fair Use Rationale for Basic Instinct

 * 1) No free equivalent can be created. This image depicts part of an iconic sequence in movie, of which every image is copyrighted.
 * 2) This image respects commercial opportunities - the commercial product is a movie - a single image cannot meaningfully replace it.
 * 3) One image (cropped at that!) is the minimum that could be used to depict the sense. A two hour film has maybe 200 000 frames - so the usage factor for 1 frame is very small.
 * 4) Basic instinct was released in 1992, this image was published then.
 * 5) The image represents an iconic moment in a film that grossed $353 million (USD) and was nominated for two academy awards and two golden globes. Highly encyclopedic.
 * 6) The image is generally compliant with en.wikipedia's image policies.
 * 7) The image is used in at least on article, Basic instinct.
 * 8) The image contributes significantly to the article. It depicts an historically memorable scene which much of the movie's controversy and criticism was centred on.  The image conveys the feeling of the scene in a way mere words cannot hope to.
 * 9) This image is used only in the article namespace.
 * 10) The image is a screencapture from the DVD, the copyright is owned by TriStar Pictures.

Fair use Rationale for Catherine Tramell

 * 1) No free equivalent can be created. This image depicts a fictional character during her most notorious moment which is a sequence in movie, of which every image is copyrighted.  As a fictional character, no free images can be produced.
 * 2) This image respects commercial opportunities - the commercial product is a movie - a single image cannot meaningfully replace it.
 * 3) One image (cropped at that!) is the minimum that could be used to depict the character. A two hour film has maybe 200 000 frames - so the usage factor for 1 frame is very small.
 * 4) Basic instinct was released in 1992, this image was published then.
 * 5) The image represents an iconic depiction of a character in a film that grossed $353 million (USD) and was nominated for two academy awards and two golden globes. Highly encyclopedic.  The character appeared in a second film so separate discussion of the character is warranted.
 * 6) The image is generally compliant with en.wikipedia's image policies.
 * 7) The image is used in at least on article, Catherine Tramell.
 * 8) The image contributes significantly to the article. It depicts an historically memorable scene which much of the movie's controversy and criticism was centred on.  The image conveys the feeling of the scene in a way mere words cannot hope to. Aside from which, as a fictional character who's sexual appeal is an important part of the story, her appearance is critical to understanding of the character.
 * 9) This image is used only in the article namespace.
 * 10) The image is a screencapture from the DVD, the copyright is owned by TriStar Pictures.

title: File:Basic instinct 001.jpg


text:
Marcus Antistius Labeo

Marcus Antistius Labeo (died 10 or 11 AD) was a Roman jurist.

Marcus Antistius Labeo was the son of Pacuvius Labeo, a jurist who caused himself to be slain after the defeat of his party at Philippi. Since his name was different from his father's, he was presumably adopted by an otherwise unknown Antistius. A member of plebeian nobility in easy circumstances, young Labeo entered public life early. Marcus Antistius rose quickly to the praetorship; but undisguised antipathy for the new regime and the brusque manner he occasionally gave expression to Republican sympathies in the Senate – what Tacitus calls his incorrupta libertas – proved an obstacle to his advancement. His rival, Ateius Capito, a loyal client of new ruling powers, was promoted by Caesar Augustus to the consulate even though Labeo was in line for the job. Smarting under the wrong done him, Labeo declined the office when it was offered to him in a subsequent year.

From this time he seems to have devoted his whole time to jurisprudence. His training in the science had been derived principally from Trebatius Testa. To his knowledge of the law he added a wide general culture, devoting his attention specially to dialectics, philology (grammatica), and antiquities, as valuable aids in the exposition, expansion, and application of legal doctrine. Down to the time of Hadrian his was probably the name of greatest authority; and several of his works were abridged and annotated by later hands.

While Capito is hardly ever referred to, the dicta of Labeo are of constant recurrence in the writings of the classical jurists, such as Gaius, Ulpian and Julius Paulus; and no inconsiderable number of them were thought worthy of preservation in Justinian's Digest. Labeo gets the credit of being the founder of the Proculian school, while Capito is spoken of as the founder of the rival Sabinian one; but it is probable that the real founders of the two scholae were Proculus and Masurius Sabinus, followers respectively of the methods of Labeo and Capito.

Labeo's most important literary work was the Libri posteriores, so called because published only after his death. It contained a systematic exposition of the common law. His Libri ad Edictum embraced a commentary, not only on the edicts of the urban and peregrine praetors, but also on that of the curule aediles. His Probabilium lib. VIII., a collection of definitions and axiomatic legal propositions, seems to have been one of his most characteristic productions.

title: Marcus Antistius Labeo


text:
Labeo (disambiguation)

Labeo (Latin for "lip") is a genus of carp with distinctive lip hangings.

The name Labeo may refer to:

 * Pacuvius Labeo (d. 42 BC), Roman jurist and assassin of Julius Caesar
 * Marcus Antistius Labeo (d. 10 or 11 AD), noted jurist
 * Attius Labeo (1st century AD), much derided Roman poet
 * Claudius Labeo (1st century AD), military leader in the Batavian rebellion
 * Cornelius Labeo (3rd century AD), scholar of ancient Roman religion
 * Notker Labeo, (b. c.950, d. 1022), medieval German monk

title: Labeo (disambiguation)


text:
Basic Instinct

Basic Instinct is a 1992 neo-noir erotic thriller film directed by Paul Verhoeven and written by Joe Eszterhas. Starring Michael Douglas, Sharon Stone, George Dzundza, Jeanne Tripplehorn, and Wayne Knight, the film follows San Francisco police detective Nick Curran (Douglas) as he investigates the brutal murder of a wealthy rock star. During the course of the investigation, Curran becomes entangled in a passionate and intense relationship with Catherine Tramell (Stone), an enigmatic writer and the prime suspect.

The script for Basic Instinct was developed by Eszterhas in the 1980s, and it became the subject of a bidding war. Carolco Pictures secured the rights to the film and brought Verhoeven on board to direct. Stone was cast as Tramell after the role was rejected by several actresses. Production was plagued by protests and intense conflict between Eszterhas and Verhoeven.

Basic Instinct premiered in Los Angeles on March 18, 1992, and was theatrically released in the United States by TriStar Pictures on March 20, 1992. The film received mixed reviews upon its release, with praise for the performances of the cast, score, and editing, while its writing and character development were criticized. It also generated controversy due to its sexually explicit content, violence, and depiction of homosexual relationships. Despite the public protest, Basic Instinct was a commercial success, grossing $352.9 million worldwide and becoming the fourth-highest-grossing film of 1992. Due to its success and controversy, it inspired many imitators, and has been labelled as "perhaps the quintessential erotic thriller of the 1990s."

Since its release, Basic Instinct has undergone a critical reevaluation. The film has been recognized for its groundbreaking depictions of sexuality in mainstream Hollywood cinema, and was described by one scholar as "a neo-film noir masterpiece that plays with, and transgresses, the narrative rules of film noir." Numerous versions of the film have been released on videocassette, laserdisc, DVD, and Blu-ray, including a director's cut with extended footage previously unseen in North American cinemas.

A sequel, Basic Instinct 2, was released 14 years later in 2006. The film stars Stone, but was made without the involvement of Verhoeven or Douglas. It received negative reviews and was relatively unsuccessful.

Plot
Homicide detective Nick Curran and his partner and best friend Gus Moran investigate the murder of retired rock star Johnny Boz in San Francisco. Boz was stabbed to death with an ice pick while having sex with a mysterious blonde woman. Nick's prime suspect is Boz's girlfriend, crime novelist Catherine Tramell, whose novel mirrors the crime. Catherine is uncooperative and taunts the investigators by smoking and exposing herself. Although she is released, Nick discovers that she has a history of befriending murderers. This includes Roxy Hardy, Catherine's girlfriend, who impulsively killed her two younger brothers at the age of 16, and Hazel Dobkins, who killed her husband and children.

Nick, who accidentally shot two tourists while high on cocaine during an undercover assignment, attends counseling sessions with police psychologist Dr. Beth Garner. The two have an on-and-off affair. Nick discovers that Catherine is using him as the basis for the protagonist of her latest book, in which his character is murdered after falling for the wrong woman. He becomes suspicious that she has bribed Lt. Marty Nilsen for his psychiatric file. In response, Nick assaults Nilsen in his office. Nilsen is found murdered, and Nick is suspected and placed on leave. Moran later uncovers evidence that Nilsen had been paid fifty thousand dollars three months earlier, before Nick had even met Catherine.

Nick and Catherine embark on a passionate but tense affair, much to Moran's chagrin given his suspicions about her. It starts one night when Nick sees Catherine snorting cocaine with Roxy at Boz's club. They return to Catherine's place and Roxy observes Nick and Catherine having rough sex, with Catherine tying Nick to the bed. This mirrors the way Boz was tied up by the mystery blonde. Jealous of Nick, Roxy tries to run him over with Catherine's car but dies when the vehicle crashes. Catherine is saddened by Roxy's death and confesses to Nick about a college encounter with a girl that ended badly as the girl became obsessed with her. Nick identifies that girl as Beth; Beth claims that it was Catherine who was obsessed. Catherine insists that the obsessive behavior came from Beth and even led her to file a report to the Berkeley campus police; when Nick visits Berkeley, he finds out that Catherine's report was withdrawn by Nilsen a year earlier. Nick also learns that a college professor of Catherine and Beth's was killed with an ice pick in an unsolved homicide that inspired one of Catherine's early novels. He also discovers that Beth's former husband was mysteriously murdered five years earlier (this, too, had been investigated by Nilsen before), and that unconfirmed rumours at the time pointed to the involvement of Beth's unnamed lesbian lover.

Nick discovers the final pages of Catherine's book, where the fictional detective finds his partner's body in an elevator. Catherine breaks off their affair, leaving Nick upset and suspicious. He meets Moran, who has arranged to meet Catherine's college roommate in Oakland to learn about Catherine and Beth. Moran is stabbed to death with an ice pick in the elevator and Nick finds Moran's body in a fashion similar to the description in the book. Beth arrives unexpectedly and claims that she received a message to meet Moran. Nick suspects Beth of killing Moran and shoots her when he believes she's reaching for a gun. However, Beth was only fiddling with her keychain.

Evidence implicates Beth in the murders of Boz, Nilsen, Moran, and her own husband. The investigators also find photos and newspaper clippings of Catherine that imply an obsession with her. Nick is left confused and dejected. Catherine meets him at his apartment and explains her reluctance to commit to him due to her loved ones dying. However, they have sex and discuss their future. As they do, an ice pick is seen under the bed, implying that Catherine was the killer all along.

Production
The screenplay, which was written in the 1980s, sparked a bidding war until it was finally purchased by Carolco Pictures for US$3 million. Eszterhas, who had previously been the creative force behind several blockbuster films such as Flashdance (1983) and Jagged Edge (1985), managed to complete the script in just 13 days. However, Verhoeven had suggested changes to the script that Eszterhas strongly disagreed with, including a lesbian sex scene that Eszterhas deemed "exploitative". With Verhoeven unwilling to budge, Eszterhas and producer Irwin Winkler left the production.

Gary Goldman was subsequently brought on board to rewrite the script four times at Verhoeven's suggestion. However, by the fourth draft, Verhoeven himself acknowledged that his proposals were "undramatic" and "really stupid". By the fifth and final draft, the script had returned to Eszterhas' original vision, with only minor tweaks to visuals and dialogue. As a result, Joe Eszterhas received sole writing credit for the film. In preparation for the car chase scene, Douglas drove up the steps on Kearny Street in San Francisco for four nights by himself.

The home of Stone's character, prominently featured in the film, is said to be in Stinson Beach, California, just north of San Francisco. In reality, the scenes were shot at a mansion near Carmel-by-the-Sea, about 120 mi south of San Francisco. The property had been previously owned by the late adventurer Steve Fossett and his wife until her death in 2017. In 2018, the residence was purchased by software engineer Gary Vickers, who combined it into an estate with four adjoining cottages he also owned; he put the entire property on sale the following year for $52.4 million. By 2022, the asking price had been lowered to $29.6 million.

Casting
After numerous actors turned down the lead role, Carolco worried they would not be able to cast a suitable male lead. CAA's agent Ronald Meyer called Carolco and said that he knew the script had been turned down by actors; Meyer said Michael Douglas would agree to star in the film if Carolco could meet his salary requirement, and Carolco quickly agreed. Douglas was cast in the project early on. He recommended Kim Basinger for the role of Catherine Tramell, but she declined. He also suggested Julia Roberts, Greta Scacchi, and Meg Ryan, but they all turned down the role. Debra Winger, Michelle Pfeiffer, Geena Davis, Kathleen Turner, Kelly Lynch, Ellen Barkin, and Mariel Hemingway all turned down the role as well when offered by Verhoeven and producers.

Verhoeven considered Demi Moore, but ultimately chose Sharon Stone, with whom he had previously worked on Total Recall. Verhoeven had been particularly struck by the way she quickly transitioned from evil to love in a couple of seconds before her character's death in that film. Verhoeven tested with Stone as Douglas first refused to test with her. Verhoeven kept playing her test after testing everyone else, and Douglas later agreed to test with Stone after 12 other actresses turned down the role. Michael Douglas was initially upset that the relatively unknown Stone was cast in the role, determined to have another A-list actress star in the movie with him. Worried about taking the risk on his own, he said, "I need someone to share the risks of this movie. [...] I don't want to be up there all by myself. There's going to be a lot of shit flying around." He later remarked that "we had a fabulous actress in Sharon. She was just perfect for the role". Stone was paid $500,000 for her role, while Douglas received $14 million.

Soundtrack
The musical score for Basic Instinct was composed by Jerry Goldsmith and earned him nominations for an Academy Award and a Golden Globe Award. Goldsmith described the process as challenging, stating, "Basic Instinct was probably the most difficult [score] I've ever done. It's a very convoluted story with very unorthodox characters. It's a murder mystery, but it isn't really a murder mystery. The director, Paul Verhoeven, had a very clear idea of how the woman should be, and I had a hard time getting it. Because of Paul pushing me, I think it's one of the best scores I've ever written. It was a true collaboration."

In terms of featured music, commercially released tracks played a minor role in the film. The club scene prominently features "Blue" by Chicago house music performer LaTour and "Rave the Rhythm" by the group Channel X, as well as "Movin' on Up" by Jeff Barry and Ja'Net DuBois. Chris Rea's "Looking for the Summer" is heard during a scene between Douglas and his partner at Mac's Diner.

The film's official soundtrack was released on March 17, 1992. In 2004, Prometheus Records issued an expanded version of Goldsmith's score, which included previously omitted sections and alternative compositions for certain elements.

Theatrical
The film opened in North American theatres in March 1992, and after being entered into the 1992 Cannes Film Festival continued on to a worldwide release.

MPAA rating
Basic Instinct is rated R for "strong violence and sensuality, and for drug use and language". Initially, the film was given an NC-17 rating by the MPAA for "graphic depictions of extremely explicit violence, sexual content and strong language". However, under pressure from TriStar and Carolco, Verhoeven cut 35 to 40 seconds from the film to achieve an R rating. Verhoeven described the changes in a March 1992 article in The New York Times:Actually, I didn't have to cut many things, but I replaced things from different angles, made it a little more elliptical, a bit less direct. The European theatrical release did not require these cuts. The uncut version was later released in the USA on home video.

Home media
Following its theatrical version, an unrated version of the film was released on video in 1992, running at 129 minutes. In 1997, a DVD release containing only the R-rated version was issued, followed by a "collector's edition" DVD release in 2001. This edition contained the uncut version of the film along with a commentary by Camille Paglia and a small ice pick (which was actually a pen), the villain's weapon of choice. This version, which runs 127 minutes, was subsequently re-released twice in 2003 and 2006, respectively.

In March 2006, the unrated version, also known as the "director's cut", was re-released on DVD and labeled as the "ultimate edition". The film was released on Blu-ray in 2007 with the "director's cut" label.

The theatrical release of the film was cut by 35 to 40 seconds to avoid an NC-17 rating, with some violence and sexually explicit content removed. The missing or censored material, later released on video and DVD as the director's cut, included:
 * The murder of Johnny Boz in the opening scene. In the director's cut, the killer is seen stabbing him in his neck, in the chest and through his nose. In addition, the killer is still having violent sex with him while stabbing him at the same time.
 * The scene where Nick rapes Beth is cut in the US theatrical version. He is seen ripping off her clothes and forcing her over the couch, before a cut to the two of them lying on the floor. In the uncut version, she verbally tells him to stop and says 'no' multiple times.
 * The scene where Nick and Catherine have sex after going to the club is longer and much more explicit in the uncut version.

In 2021, StudioCanal released a restored 4K Ultra HD 'collector's edition' of the film on Blu-ray, DVD, and digital download in the UK (June 14), Australia (July 7), and New Zealand (July 14). The restoration was supervised by the director and completed in 2019–2020, using the original 35MM negative. Additionally, a new documentary titled "Basic Instinct, Sex, Death & Stone" was added as a special feature.

Box office
Basic Instinct opened in theaters in the United States and Canada on March 20, 1992, and became one of the highest-grossing films of that year. It debuted at number one at the US box office, grossing $15 million in its opening weekend. After briefly dropping down the charts, it returned to number one in its fifth week, where it remained for four weeks. In total, the film grossed $117.7 million in the United States and Canada. Internationally, it grossed $352,927,224, making it the fourth-highest-grossing film released in 1992 worldwide. In Italy, it had a record opening of $5.44 million and remained number one for four weeks, ultimately grossing $20 million and becoming the highest-grossing film for the year. It was the highest-grossing film in Spain of all time, with a gross of $21.6 million, and in the United Kingdom, it was number one for three weeks and the highest-grossing film for the year with a gross of £15.5 million. It was also number one for the year in France ($27 million), Germany (4.5 million admissions), South Africa ($3 million), Iceland, and Ireland. In Australia, it was number one for three weeks and the second-highest-grossing film for the year, grossing A$13.1 million.

Critical response
Basic Instinct's critical reaction was mixed. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a score of 56% based on 77 reviews, with an average rating of 6.20/10 and the consensus that "Unevenly echoing the work of Alfred Hitchcock, Basic Instinct contains a star-making performance from Sharon Stone, but is ultimately undone by its problematic, overly lurid plot." On Metacritic the film holds a score of 43 based on 28 critics, indicating "mixed or average" reviews. Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale.

Janet Maslin of The New York Times praised the film, saying "Basic Instinct transfers Mr. Verhoeven's flair for action-oriented material to the realm of Hitchcockian intrigue, and the results are viscerally effective even when they don't make sense." Peter Travers of Rolling Stone also praised the film, saying it was a guilty pleasure film; he also expressed admiration for Verhoeven's direction, saying his "cinematic wet dream delivers the goods, especially when Sharon Stone struts on with enough come-on carnality to singe the screen," and praised Stone's performance: "Stone, a former model, is a knockout; she even got a rise out of Arnold Schwarzenegger in Verhoeven's Total Recall. But being the bright spot in too many dull movies (He Said, She Said; Irreconcilable Differences) stalled her career. Though Basic Instinct establishes Stone as a bombshell for the Nineties, it also shows she can nail a laugh or shade an emotion with equal aplomb."

Australian critic Shannon J. Harvey of the Sunday Times called it one of the "1990s['] finest productions, doing more for female empowerment than any feminist rally. Stone—in her star-making performance—is as hot and sexy as she is ice-pick cold."

The film had many detractors. Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times awarded it two out of four stars, saying the film was well crafted but died down in the last half-hour: "The film is like a crossword puzzle. It keeps your interest until you solve it. Then it's just a worthless scrap with the spaces filled in." Dave Kehr of the Chicago Tribune also gave a negative review, calling it psychologically empty: "Verhoeven does not explore the dark side, but merely exploits it, and that makes all the difference in the world."

Initial
After the script was made available to gay rights activist groups in early 1991, concerns arose as to the film's depiction of homosexual relationships, and the portrayal of a bisexual woman as a murderous psychopath. Activists claimed that the film followed a pattern of negative depictions and stereotypes of homosexuals in film. While Eszterhas was open to addressing these concerns, Verhoeven, Douglas, and producer Alan Marshall rejected the changes, claiming that they "undermined" Eszterhas' script and "lessen the integrity of the picture." Upon resuming filming in San Francisco in late April 1991, gay and lesbian rights activists and demonstrators attended, and the San Francisco Police Department's riot police were present at every location to manage the crowds. Protesters outside the filming locations held signs that said "Honk if you love the 49ers" and "Honk if you love men." On April 29, Marshall ordered a citizen's arrest and personally identified each protester he wanted arrested. However, this did not result in any action by the local police department.

Members of the lesbian and bisexual activist group LABIA protested against the film on its opening night. Others also picketed theatres to dissuade people from attending screenings, carrying signs saying "Kiss My Ice Pick", "Hollywood Promotes Anti-Gay Violence" and "Catherine Did It!"/"Save Your Money—The Bisexual Did It". Verhoeven himself defended the groups' right to protest, but criticized the disruptions they caused, saying "Fascism is not in raising your voice; the fascism is in not accepting the no."

Six protestors disrupted the filming of Saturday Night Live on April 11, 1992, while Stone was hosting. The protestors attempted to rush the stage, but they were apprehended by security; two women and four men were arrested and charged with disorderly conduct and harassment. The live version of Stone's interrupted monologue was replaced in repeat broadcasts with footage from the dress rehearsal.

Film critic Roger Ebert mentioned the controversy in his review, saying "As for the allegedly offensive homosexual characters: The movie's protesters might take note of the fact that this film's heterosexuals, starting with Douglas, are equally offensive. Still, there is a point to be made about Hollywood's unremitting insistence on typecasting homosexuals—particularly lesbians—as twisted and evil." Camille Paglia denounced the gay activist and feminist protests against Basic Instinct, and called Sharon Stone's performance "one of the great performances by a woman in screen history", praising her character as "a great vamp figure, like Mona Lisa herself, like a pagan goddess."

Women's rights groups also protested the film over its negative depiction of women and a brutal rape scene, with a branch of The National Organization for Women calling the film "the most blatantly misogynistic film in recent memory." Its Los Angeles branch president at the time claimed the movie sent a message "that women like violence, women like to be used, women like to be raped." The film was also criticized for glamorizing cigarette smoking. Screenwriter Joe Eszterhas was later diagnosed with throat cancer and publicly apologized for glamorizing smoking in his films.

Renewed
Since the release of the film, Stone has alleged multiple times that a scene in which her vulva was exposed as she crossed her legs was filmed without her knowledge. Stone later said she was told that her lack of underwear would only be alluded to and not shown. She had been wearing white underwear until Verhoeven said they reflected light on the camera lens and asked her to remove them, assuring her that only a shadow would be visible. Stone stated that it was not until she saw the film in a screening room with a test audience that she became aware of the visible nudity, leading her to slap Verhoeven in the face and leave the screening. In her 2021 memoir, Stone again stated that she was misled by Verhoeven with regard to the circumstance of the filming of the scene, even though she ultimately did not seek an injunction against it. Verhoeven responded that it was "impossible" and "she knew exactly what we were doing." However, despite having a "radically different" memory about the particular scene, he praised Stone's performance and said they are on good terms. In a 1998 Inside the Actors Studio interview, Stone said that while she was initially angry, she realized the director's decision was the right one, saying, "And I thought about it for a few days and I knew in my heart, he was right. I hated that it existed, I hated it more that he stole it from me instead of allowing me to choose. But he was right." She has also allegedly joked, "At least it proves I'm a natural blonde."

In a 1993 Entertainment Weekly interview, Jeanne Tripplehorn stated that the notorious "brutal, bruising sex" between her and Douglas's character was somewhat "lighter" when described to her by Verhoeven before shooting. During the trial for Luka Magnotta for the murder of Jun Lin, the prosecution stated that Luka Magnotta stabbed Lin to death with a screwdriver painted silver in order to resemble the ice pick used by Stone's character, Catherine Tramell.

title: Basic Instinct


text:
User talk:Jengod/Archive1

Slow
Please slow down your edits and use the preview button. Rmhermen 01:10, Oct 16, 2003 (UTC)

Summary
Howdy. Could you please use the "Summary" more often when editing articles and perhaps include more minor changes per save (when making a minor edit)? Thanks! Daniel Quinlan 05:12, Oct 16, 2003 (UTC)

Bottom
Just a note. We add new content to the bottom of talk pages. I don't know why, it is just the common practice. Rmhermen

Camino Real
I see you commented out a section from Camino Real. I think you should put that part back: I'm not (yet) going to revert your change myself (but I suspect someone else may). Can I ask you to reconsider? Thanks. -- Finlay McWalter 10:42, 7 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * firstly, please don't delete or comment-out content and mark the revision as minor
 * secondly, these paragraphs came from the Hackers Jargon file, which we (deliberately) imported a while ago. So there is a lot of geeky content.  If you intend to purge the wikipedia of all content you consider to be inappropriate for reason of geekiness, please report your intention on Village pump first.
 * while you may not consider this content appropriate, several others have. It's in common currency, and the section in question is properly written.

Thanksgiving
Jengod, Good job on the Thanksgiving article. It is worded much better now. Noldoaran 03:33, Nov 21, 2003 (UTC)
 * For future reference: you can sign your talk page messages by writing "~" and Wikipedia will automaticly expand it into your user name and time stamp. see How to edit a page.
 * You may want to take a look at What is a minor edit? When should I use it?, and rethink your use of minor edits.
 * Good job! Keep up the good work! If you have any questions feel free to ask me on my talk page.
 * Noldoaran 03:57, Nov 21, 2003 (UTC)

Gulf of Sidra
You'll probably like Gulf of Sidra incident (1989), since you liked Gulf of Sidra incident (1981). Thought I might as well take care of both at the same time.:) Jamesday 03:26, 22 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Amerocentrism
My apologies, it's just irritating the sheer number of American articles that just assume the country (Brits are the next worst offenders, but a long, long way behind). Trouble is, it's too easy to be snide on line. Sorry again, jimfbleak

'Salem's Lot
I noticed you moved 'Salem's Lot to Salem's Lot. I put it where it originally was because the name of the book does have a ' at the start, and would be the correct title (as mentioned in the article, the ' is there because it is a shortening of the town's name). I didn't have it as such in the article because it didn't work with the bold and italics. I think it would be best if you moved it back there for the sake of accuracy to the book's name. Thanks in advance. -- sofa

Holidays
Sorry Jengod... I had to remove you POVs and sillies from your recent changes. I wanted to say I like your sense of humor. *grins* No hard feelings? UtherSRG 05:07, 11 Dec 2003 (UTC)

U.S. vs. UK
Ah... But in British English we tend to use US and UK. Saying U.K. seems old fashioned... However the article on the US should use US abbreviations. :)Secretlondon 19:29, Dec 24, 2003 (UTC)

Swing State
Hi. Thanks for the edits on swing state--there was some stuff in there that I hadn't learned, and the links are very useful. But the general rule is, if you change actual words in any but the most innocuous way--i.e., if the meaning could be said to have changed--you can't mark an edit as minor. I did appreciate your help, though--that article needed some sort of list, and I couldn't figure out how to incorporate it. Just watch out on the use of the minor edit box. Meelar 18:13, 13 Jan 2004 (UTC)

Minor Edits
This is a perfect example. Adding an external link to a page -- or any text -- is NOT a minor edit, since it changes the content of a page. Please keep this in mind in the future. Meelar 01:28, 14 Jan 2004 (UTC)

Newport Tower
Thanks for the link on Oak Island on the Newport Tower page. It was refreshing to have someone jump in.Decumanus 04:45, 14 Jan 2004 (UTC)

Phillis Wheatley
Thanks for adding Phillis Wheatley to Poetry of the United States. My ignorance of U.S. colonial poetry is terrifyingly deep and I had never heard of her. I'll certainly pursue here work now. Bmills 11:06, 14 Jan 2004 (UTC)

I've been reading this. It's incredible how a slave of the time got to be so much the mistress of the "master's" poetic idiom. Thanks for putting me on to her, and thanks for the kind comment on the US poetry page. Bmills 11:39, 15 Jan 2004 (UTC)

UC "series"
I disagree with adding a series box to the UC articles. They don't follow any chronological order. The listing at the bottom is more in line with what is done for EU countries. --Jia ng 01:53, 16 Jan 2004 (UTC)

Series Articles
What are you doing to find the other series articles? I don't remember what I searched for, but I know I had to browse over a hundred search results to get the apparently very incomplete list I had made. Just curious...Tuf-Kat 03:14, Jan 16, 2004 (UTC)

Reader's Choice
Is there any reason you blanked Reader's Choice? If you want it deleted, you should really list it on VfD. Angela. 05:29, Jan 16, 2004 (UTC)

Summary
Would it be possible for you to use the summary window when you make major changes to articles? Also, in Upper Midwest you deleted a valid definition and replaced it with what I assume was the top result from Google. Davodd 08:29, Jan 16, 2004 (UTC)

Coral trees
Well, I`m no botanist either, but I've done my best. It's one of those tricky cases where gardeners use the genus name as a common name, but they don't mean to include all the genus. I thought there were only a few of these things till I started looking on the web... 128 species on LegumeNet! I hope we've managed between us to give an entry that will be helpful both to gardeners and to botanists.

Where is "round here" for you? And do you know what species you have got? If you could get a picture and load it up, that would be great. seglea 06:25, 18 Jan 2004 (UTC)

Jiang
Yes, you're right. I was being a bit brusque. As he explained to me after he blanked out the background of Donald Rumsfeld and I asked him why, he believes having flags in the portrait is POV. I just think that was a ridiculous conlusion to make. What he did to the Warren Christopher image was, IMO, a net loss and completely unnecessary. My comments expressed my irritation towards the matter. --Jiang 10:01, 19 Jan 2004 (UTC)

Decumanus
Ϯ Decumanus 00:08, 25 Jan 2004 (UTC)

I just wrote David G. Burnet and stumbled across Francisco de Miranda, which I thought might interest you. -- Decumanus 07:44, 26 Jan 2004 (UTC)

Agreed, about the tussles. Like me, maybe you find it fascinating how all these things came to be. By the way, solar symbol is reference to a link on my page. It's a funny coincidence, don't you think? -- Decumanus 19:31, 26 Jan 2004 (UTC)

It's funny that you mention the Compromise of 1850. I have an entire book on it that belonged to my mother when she was in college. It's got a bunch of interesting maps I've never seen elsewhere showing all the proposals for carving up the Republic of Texas in different ways. I also got her historical atlases, and I think that's where I developed a fascination, like you, outside of school, from just looking at the maps of westward expansion, the names of territories, etc.,and how things fluctuated and then all the pieces of the states came to interlock as they exist now. -- Decumanus 19:54, 26 Jan 2004 (UTC)

You, you, you. Of course. :) -- Decumanus 22:17, 13 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Mincemeat Tarts
Just thought I'd let you know I've transwikied your recipe for Mincemeat tart over to Wikibooks, and listed the page at the en:wikipedia at Votes for deletion. The content is not being deleted completely, just moved over to another project where we've decided it and all recipes belong. Gentgeen 10:03, 27 Jan 2004 (UTC)

Bleeding Kansas
I notice there is a page on Bleeding Kansas now. -- Decumanus 06:54, 28 Jan 2004 (UTC)

U.S. Congressional Committees
Thanks re: committees. Anyway, I'll be writing those as I go along. Eventually, I'd like a page for each committee and subcommittee. When we're all old and gray... Meelar 01:41, 30 Jan 2004 (UTC)

Georges Seurat
About the article you created entitled Grey weather, Grande Jatte. I did a Google search on the text in that article, and it returned a page with a clear copyright notice. Did you ask the author for permission to copy the text in his article? Denelson83 02:51, 30 Jan 2004 (UTC)

''As I noted in the comment on my post, I was moving it off the Georges Seurat article where it clearly did not belong. I didn't write it or make the addition. You can see for yourself in the page histories. jengod 05:09, Jan 30, 2004 (UTC)''

Kathleen Kennedy
Saw your question to Emsworth about Kathleen Kennedy. She'd have been known as Marchioness of Hartington or Kathleen, Marchioness of Hartington (or simply "Lady Hartington") after her marriage. I don't know that she can really be considered to have had a "married surname," exactly, since that's not really how it works. john 05:39, 30 Jan 2004 (UTC)

 * I am sure that peers have surnames, and believe transmit these to their wives as normal, but these surnames are almost never used. The title most often replaces the surname as the primary way of identifying the peer. Therefore, I think that the married surname is probably "Cavendish," but it is not too important. -- Emsworth 11:40, Jan 30, 2004 (UTC)

 * You are very welcome -- Emsworth 20:06, Jan 30, 2004 (UTC)

List of US regions
I added a couple sections to the article, one for named regions of annexation,and the other for formerly independent countries. It thought both sort of deserved inclusion on the page. I thought the regions deserved to be included separately than in the page about territorial acquisitions, which are the names of the how the regions were annexed, not really the regions themselves. I'll defer to you (as the semiofficial curator of the page) as to how you might want to organize them, since you have a good grasp of how the page has been evolving. -- Decumanus 20:41, 30 Jan 2004 (UTC)

Mad, Bad and Dangerous to Know
So what does "Mad" in Mad magazine mean? Angry? Have you heard of Angry Cow Disease? Does the acronym for Mutually Assured Destruction imply that it is an angry action of an insane action. Is Mad scientist confusing to you? I could go on. Mintguy 10:02, 6 Feb 2004 (UTC)

I think the interpretation of "Jimmy's mad" would depend on the emphasis and the context rather than the words used, whichever side of the Atlantic you were on. Hence it is not a "word having different meanings in British and American English". (also posted on the relevant page) Mintguy (T) 21:04, 6 Feb 2004 (UTC)

USA vs. United States
re adding country names - I didn't realise about the redircts resulting from using USA, I'll use United States instead. However, just as a quibble, 'United States' is surely as informal as 'USA' - to be formal it would be 'United States of America'. Flobster 07:37, 9 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Virginia Colony
Are you working on Virginia Colony? Or should it be posted to Cleanup or Votes for deletion? --Mrwojo 17:50, 9 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Re: worms
Why thank you! I figured I'd ease up on the fish articles for at least today. ;) Hadal 21:18, 9 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Kerry
Just wanted to say nice additions. Hope there wasn't too much "edit-conflicts" during the edits. Sincerely, JDR

St Paul's School
cross-posted to each others' talk pages - James F., Jengod

Is there any particular reason you moved the above article to ... (UK)? Unless you're going to place some more information at the original location, I don't see any reason for putting in ungainly disambiguation characters... Also, it's generally considered Good Practice to change all articles that link to the pages to avoid the created redirect. James F. (talk) 23:18, 11 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Hi. :) I moved St Paul's School to St Paul's School (UK) so St. Paul's could be a disambig page for the U.K. school and St. Paul's School (U.S.), attended by the U.S. prez candidate. Do you think we should do it a different way? I'll be happy to go rejigger the redirects once we get this all sorted out. jengod 23:23, Feb 11, 2004 (UTC)

 * Ah, right. You might consider whether an in-page disambiguation might be more suitable, however, if the US one is less 'well known' than the UK one...
 * I might get started on those redirects, in the mean time.
 * I'd imagine that you really want to move St. Paul's School (U.S.) to St Paul's School (U.S.), too...
 * James F. (talk) 02:47, 12 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * I'd imagine that you really want to move St. Paul's School (U.S.) to St Paul's School (U.S.), too...
 * How come? Is that some spelling convention I don't know about? St. Paul's (U.S.) probably should get its own page b/c John Kerry went there. Not as many famous people, but famous enough. jengod 02:56, Feb 12, 2004 (UTC)

 * No, I meant that at the top or bottom of St Paul's School, there should be a "This article refers to the Public School in London; there is also an article about the school in North Carolina in the United States, located at St Paul's School (U.S.)." or something similar, as is done, say, on London itself.
 * About "Saint" being shortened to "St" and not "St.", yes, there is a policy about it, and no, I can't find it... ;-(
 * James F. (talk) 03:15, 12 Feb 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jengod/Archive1


text:
John Stewart (musician)

John Coburn Stewart (September 5, 1939 – January 19, 2008) was an American songwriter and singer. He is known for his contributions to the American folk music movement of the 1960s while with the Kingston Trio (1961–1967) and as a popular music songwriter of the Monkees' No. 1 hit "Daydream Believer" and his own No. 5 hit "Gold" during a solo career spanning 40 years that included almost four dozen albums and more than 600 recorded songs.

Early life
Born in San Diego, Stewart was the son of horse trainer John S. Stewart and spent his childhood and adolescence in Southern California, living mostly in the cities of Pasadena and Claremont. He graduated in 1957 from Pomona Catholic High School, which at the time was a coeducational school. Following graduation from high school, John went on to attend Mt. San Antonio Junior College in Walnut, California, during 1957–1958, when he was active in its music and theater programs. He demonstrated an early talent for music, learning the guitar and banjo. He composed his first song, "Shrunken Head Boogie," when he was ten years old. In an interview in Michael Oberman's 'Music Makers' column (The Washington Star) on 30 October 1971, Stewart said, "I bought a ukulele when I was in Pasadena. I would listen to Sons of the Pioneers records. Tex Ritter really turned me on to music. 'I Love My Rooster' was Top Ten as far as I was concerned."

Musical career
Stewart's first venture into popular music was with a high school garage band known as Johnny Stewart and the Furies. Influenced by the reigning icons of the day, Elvis Presley and Buddy Holly, the Furies toured southern California colleges and coffee houses, releasing one single in 1957, "Rockin' Anna," which was a minor, regional hit.

Following the breakup of the Furies and a short time as a member of the Woodsmen, Stewart teamed up with Gil Robbins (father of actor Tim Robbins) and John Montgomery to form the Cumberland Three, a group patterned after, and heavily influenced by, the increasingly popular Kingston Trio. The major accomplishment of the Cumberland Three was a two-LP set of Songs from the Civil War, with the albums containing a compilation of songs from the Confederacy and the Union, respectively. In all, the Cumberland Three released three albums, after which Stewart left the group to join the Kingston Trio, replacing Trio founder Dave Guard in 1961.

Kingston Trio years
The Kingston Trio had emerged from the relatively crowded San Francisco folk music culture in 1957, using a mixture of calypso, pop, and folk styles, along with several forms of comedy, in their act. Relying on new pop-oriented arrangements of folk music classics as well as some original compositions, the Trio earned their first gold record with "Tom Dooley" and thereby launched a major revival in folk music that led to and influenced the careers of Bob Dylan, Peter, Paul, & Mary, and John Denver, among others. The group had become one of the best-known and best-selling acts on the folk music scene and were enjoying a lucrative recording and touring contract with Capitol Records, having ten albums under their collective belts, when Dave Guard departed the group in 1961 to explore other musical directions. Stewart was selected by the remaining members Nick Reynolds and Bob Shane as Guard's successor, bringing with him his respected skills as a musician, composer, and performer.

Reynolds, Shane, and Stewart recorded a dozen albums together, taking the music of the Trio into new directions, including more original material, and performing songs by relative newcomers Tom Paxton, Mason Williams and Gordon Lightfoot.

The pop-folk era began to wane as the music of groups such as the Beatles, the Rolling Stones, and fellow Californians the Beach Boys increasingly dominated the charts, and in 1967 the members of the Kingston Trio decided to disband.

Solo career, the post-Trio years
Stewart continued to write songs and record for Capitol, while touring as a solo act. It was during this time that he composed the hit "Daydream Believer" for the Monkees, which was a hit for Anne Murray as well, and the closest Stewart came to writing a "standard". He also wrote "Never Goin' Back" for the Lovin' Spoonful, which he recorded on his own 1969 album California Bloodlines. He later toured with Robert F. Kennedy's ill-fated 1968 presidential campaign and met and married in 1975 fellow folk singer Buffy Ford (with whom he remained until his death). He recorded a string of albums, including his signature album, California Bloodlines, as well as Willard, Cannons in the Rain, and Wingless Angels.

Though usually successful with critics and a core group of fans, Stewart's albums were not considered commercial successes; he left Capitol after only two solo releases and was signed by Warner Bros. Records, where he also recorded just two albums before moving on to RCA Records, with whom he released three LPs (including a live performance album, The Phoenix Concerts). Stewart followed his release from RCA with a contract at the Robert Stigwood organization, the same organization that serviced the recording contracts for Eric Clapton, the Bee Gees, as well as several other disco performers. It was at RSO Records that Stewart enjoyed his most commercially successful years as a solo artist. Teaming up with Stevie Nicks and Lindsey Buckingham (then in Fleetwood Mac), Stewart recorded and released Bombs Away Dream Babies, which made it to #10 on Billboard's album chart and included the #5 hit, "Gold," in 1979. (Perhaps fittingly, considering the song's cynical attitude, Stewart later stopped performing "Gold" in concert, calling it "vapid" and "empty". The artist further claimed the tune meant nothing to him, having done it for the money and to please his record company.)

Two other tracks from Bombs Away, "Midnight Wind" and "Lost Her in the Sun", also hit the Top 40, making Stewart a sudden pop star at the age of 40. However, the follow-up album, Dream Babies Go Hollywood (1980), proved to be a commercial disappointment, hitting only #85 on the album chart. None of the singles from that LP (or any of his subsequent albums) made the Billboard Hot 100, though Stewart continued to perform right up to the time of his death.

Later years
Stewart's later and most significant success was as a songwriter. Several of his songs were recorded by a number of popular acts, including Nanci Griffith ("Sweet Dreams Will Come"), Rosanne Cash ("Runaway Train", "Dance with the Tiger"), and Joan Baez ("Strange Rivers"). He also continued to record new material, producing CDs on his own "Neon Dreams" label in between commercial releases. They usually coincided with one of his tours. His last album was The Day the River Sang in 2006.

In his later years, Stewart teamed up with former Kingston Trio member Nick Reynolds to offer fans the ultimate Trio Fantasy: performing for and with Stewart and Reynolds. In 2005 and 2006 Bob Shane attended and performed a few songs with Stewart and Reynolds at the Trio Fantasy Camp, which is held annually in Scottsdale, Arizona.

A tape of Stewart's 1969 song "Mother Country" from California Bloodlines was played on the Apollo 11 spacecraft during its return to Earth. The production team of CNN's 2019 film Apollo 11 heard the song while listening to archival footage of the flight and included a blend of the astronaut's tape with the original studio recording of the tune in the soundtrack as the craft approached the Earth's atmosphere.

In 2001, Stewart was awarded the Lifetime Achievement Award by the World Folk Music Association.

Personal life
Stewart had a passion for painting, doing art shows and covers for his recordings and books. He continued to be a prolific songwriter and toured the United States and Europe regularly. He married Julie Koehler in 1960, having three children with her and resided in Marin County, California. He met his second wife, Buffy Ford Stewart, through music and married her in 1975. Stewart's brother Mike, who died in 2002, founded the folk-rock group We Five in the mid-1960s. He was the uncle of Jamie Stewart of the band Xiu Xiu.

Death
In 2007, Stewart was diagnosed with the early stages of Alzheimer's disease, but resolved to continue performing for as long as he was able. On January 19, 2008, he died from a stroke at a San Diego hospital, ten days before a scheduled performance in Scottsdale, Arizona. He was 68 years old.

In addition to his wife, Buffy, he was survived by their son Luke, along with three children from his first marriage: Amy, Jeremy, and Mikael (a sound technician).

The Cumberland Three

 * Folk Scene U.S.A., 1960
 * Civil War Almanac - "Yankees" Vol. 1, 1960
 * Civil War Almanac - "Rebels" Vol. 2, 1960

Solo

 * Signals Through the Glass, John Stewart and Buffy Ford, 1968
 * California Bloodlines, 1969 #193
 * Willard, 1970
 * The Lonesome Picker Rides Again, 1971
 * Sunstorm, 1972
 * Cannons in the Rain, 1973 #202
 * The Phoenix Concerts, 1974
 * Wingless Angels, 1975
 * Fire in the Wind, 1977
 * Bombs Away Dream Babies, 1979
 * Gold, 1979 (compilation)
 * John Stewart in Concert, version of Phoenix Concerts, 1980
 * Forgotten Songs of Some Old Yesterday, 1980
 * Dream Babies Go Hollywood, 1980
 * Blondes, 1982
 * Revenge of the Budgie, John Stewart and Nick Reynolds, 1983
 * Trancas, 1984
 * Centennial, 1984
 * The Last Campaign, 1985
 * Punch the Big Guy, 1987
 * ''The Complete Phoenix Concerts, 1990
 * ''American Sketches (re-release of Centennial), 1990
 * Deep in the Neon, 1991
 * Neon Beach, 1991
 * Bullets in the Hour Glass, 1992
 * American Originals, 1992
 * Chilly Winds, 1993
 * Airdream Believer, 1995
 * Bandera, 1995
 * Turning Music into Gold - The Best of John Stewart, 1995
 * American Journey [box: The Last Campaign, The Trio Years, An American Folk Song Anthology], 1996
 * ''The Trio Years, 1996
 * '' An American Folk Song Anthology, 1996
 * Live at The Turf Inn, Scotland, John Stewart and Buffy Ford, 1996
 * Rough Sketches, 1997
 * Teresa and the Lost Songs, 1998
 * One Night in Denver, 1998
 * Gold, 1999
 * John Stewart & Darwins Army, 1999
 * Rocket Roy in the Real World, 1999
 * Way Too Much Fun, 2000
 * Buster, 2000
 * Wires from the Bunker, 2000
 * Savannah, 2000
 * Johnny Moonlight, 2000
 * Front Row Music: Before the War, 2001
 * Armstrong, 2001
 * The Americans, 2002
 * A Night at Jimmy Duke's - Johnny and the Nasty Britches, 2002
 * The Runner, 2002
 * Secret Tapes, 2002
 * Ballads, 2003
 * Havana, 2003
 * Tanforan, 2003
 * Earth Rider, 2003
 * Songs to Drive By, 2003
 * The Complete Blondes, 2003
 * The Day the River Sang, 2006
 * An Introduction to John Stewart (California Bloodlines + Willard), 2006
 * Bite My Foot, 2009
 * The Amazing ZigZag Concert, 2010 (Disc 3 of 5-CD box set, recorded in April, 1974)
 * Summer's Child, 2012 (Radio show broadcast live from Ebbet's Field, Denver, Colorado, 1975)
 * One Night in Prescott, 2016
 * Old Forgotten Altars: The 1960s Demos, 2020

title: John Stewart (musician)


text:
NTRU

NTRU is an open-source public-key cryptosystem that uses lattice-based cryptography to encrypt and decrypt data. It consists of two algorithms: NTRUEncrypt, which is used for encryption, and NTRUSign, which is used for digital signatures. Unlike other popular public-key cryptosystems, it is resistant to attacks using Shor's algorithm. NTRUEncrypt was patented, but it was placed in the public domain in 2017. NTRUSign is patented, but it can be used by software under the GPL.

History
The first version of the system, which was called NTRU, was developed in 1996 by mathematicians Jeffrey Hoffstein, Jill Pipher, and Joseph H. Silverman. That same year, the developers of NTRU joined with Daniel Lieman and founded the company NTRU Cryptosystems, Inc., and were given a patent on the cryptosystem. The name "NTRU", chosen for the company and soon applied to the system as well, was originally derived from the pun Number Theorists 'R' Us or, alternatively, stood for Number Theory Research Unit. In 2009, the company was acquired by Security Innovation, a software security corporation. In 2013, Damien Stehle and Ron Steinfeld created a provably secure version of NTRU, which is being studied by a post-quantum crypto group chartered by the European Commission.

In May 2016, Daniel Bernstein, Chitchanok Chuengsatiansup, Tanja Lange and Christine van Vredendaal released NTRU Prime, which adds defenses against potential attack to NTRU by eliminating algebraic structure they considered worrisome. However, after more than 20 years of scrutiny, no concrete approach to attack the original NTRU exploiting its algebraic structure has been found so far.

NTRU became a finalist in the 3rd round of the Post-Quantum Cryptography Standardization project, whereas NTRU Prime became an alternate candidate.

Performance
At equivalent cryptographic strength, NTRU performs costly private-key operations much faster than RSA does. The time of performing an RSA private operation increases as the cube of the key size, whereas that of an NTRU operation increases quadratically.

In 2010, the Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Leuven, noted that "[using] a modern GTX280 GPU, a throughput of up to $200,000$ encryptions per second can be reached at a security level of 256 bits. Comparing this to a symmetric cipher (not a very common comparison), this is only around 20 times slower than a recent AES implementation."

Resistance to quantum-computer-based attacks
Unlike RSA and elliptic-curve cryptography, NTRU is not known to be vulnerable to attacks on quantum computers. The National Institute of Standards and Technology wrote in a 2009 survey that "[there] are viable alternatives for both public key encryption and signatures that are not vulnerable to Shor's Algorithm" and that "[of] the various lattice based cryptographic schemes that have been developed, the NTRU family of cryptographic algorithms appears to be the most practical". The European Union's PQCRYPTO project (Horizon 2020 ICT-645622) is evaluating the provably secure Stehle–Steinfeld version of NTRU (not original NTRU algorithm itself) as a potential European standard. However the Stehle–Steinfeld version of NTRU is "significantly less efficient than the original scheme".

Standardization

 * The standard IEEE Std 1363.1, issued in 2008, standardizes lattice-based public-key cryptography, especially NTRUEncrypt.
 * The standard X9.98 standardizes lattice-based public-key cryptography, especially NTRUEncrypt, as part of the X9 standards for the financial services industry.
 * The PQCRYPTO project of the European Commission is considering standardization of the provably secure Stehle–Steinfeld version of NTRU.

Implementations
Originally, NTRU was only available as a proprietary, for-pay library, and open-source authors were threatened with legal action. It was not until 2011 that the first open-source implementation appeared, and in 2013, Security Innovation exempted open-source projects from having to get a patent license and released an NTRU reference implementation under the GPL v2.

Implementations:
 * OpenSSH by default uses NTRU combined with the X25519 ECDH key exchange since August 2022, included in version 9.0.
 * The GPL-licensed reference implementation
 * A BSD-licensed library
 * bouncycastle
 * Lokinet was the first onion router implementing NTRU algorithm for its intraweb and End-2-End Encrypted events.
 * GoldBug Messenger was the first chat and E-mail client with NTRU algorithm under open-source license, which is based on the Spot-On Encryption Suite Kernels.
 * Additionally, wolfSSL provides support for NTRU cipher suites in a lightweight C implementation.

title: NTRU


text:
IMT-2000

IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications-2000) is the global standard for third generation (3G) wireless communications as defined by the International Telecommunication Union.

In 1999 ITU approved five radio interfaces for IMT-2000 as a part of the ITU-R M.1457 Recommendation. The five standards are:

 * IMT-2000 CDMA Direct Spread
 * also known as W-CDMA, used in UMTS, the successor to GSM
 * IMT-2000 CDMA Multi-Carrier
 * also known as CDMA2000, the successor to 2G CDMA (IS-95)
 * IMT-2000 CDMA TDD
 * also known as TD-SCDMA
 * IMT-2000 TDMA Single Carrier
 * also known as EDGE, an intermediate 2.5G technology
 * IMT-2000 FDMA/TDMA
 * also known as DECT

To meet the IMT-2000 standards, a system must provide peak data rates of at 384 Kbit/s for mobile stations and 2 Mbit/s for fixed stations.

title: IMT-2000


text:
Nationalist Conservative

The label Nationalist Conservative was used by several Quebec Members of the House of Commons of Canada (MPs) and several unsuccessful candidates. They used this label in order to distinguish themselves from the British imperialist reputation of the Conservative Party or as a result of disputes with the party.

The three MPs were first elected in the nineteenth century when the term nationalism in Quebec referred to Canadian nationalism, as opposed to British imperialism or a desire for an independent Quebec.

title: Nationalist Conservative


text:
Chuckles

Chuckles are jelly candies coated with a light layer of sugar. They come in five flavors: lime, orange, cherry, lemon, and licorice. Each package of Chuckles contains one piece of each flavor. The candies are made with corn syrup, sugar, modified and unmodified cornstarch, and natural and artificial flavors and colors.

History
The Chuckles brand was first produced in 1921 by Fred W. Amend. The only factory was in Danville, Illinois. Nabisco bought the Chuckles Company in 1970. A management buyout occurred in 1986, and the company was quickly acquired by Leaf. Leaf's US properties were sold to The Hershey Company in 1996 and the Chuckles trademark was licensed to Hershey. Hershey sub-licensed Chuckles to Farley's & Sathers in 2002, which later merged with Ferrara Pan in 2012 (also owned by Catterton Partners), forming the Ferrara Candy Company. The Chuckles trademark is currently owned by Iconic IP Interests, LLC.

From 1974 to 1975, Chuckles sponsored stuntman Evel Knievel.

title: Chuckles