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On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences

The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences (OEIS) is an online database of integer sequences. It was created and maintained by Neil Sloane while researching at AT&T Labs. He transferred the intellectual property and hosting of the OEIS to the OEIS Foundation in 2009. Sloane is the chairman of the OEIS Foundation.

OEIS records information on integer sequences of interest to both professional and amateur mathematicians, and is widely cited. , it contains over 370,000 sequences, and is growing by approximately 30 entries per day.

Each entry contains the leading terms of the sequence, keywords, mathematical motivations, literature links, and more, including the option to generate a graph or play a musical representation of the sequence. The database is searchable by keyword, by subsequence, or by any of 16 fields.

History
Neil Sloane started collecting integer sequences as a graduate student in 1964 to support his work in combinatorics. The database was at first stored on punched cards. He published selections from the database in book form twice: These books were well received and, especially after the second publication, mathematicians supplied Sloane with a steady flow of new sequences. The collection became unmanageable in book form, and when the database had reached 16,000 entries Sloane decided to go online—first as an email service (August 1994), and soon after as a website (1996). As a spin-off from the database work, Sloane founded the Journal of Integer Sequences in 1998. The database continues to grow at a rate of some 10,000 entries a year. Sloane has personally managed 'his' sequences for almost 40 years, but starting in 2002, a board of associate editors and volunteers has helped maintain the database. In 2004, Sloane celebrated the addition of the 100,000th sequence to the database,, which counts the marks on the Ishango bone. In 2006, the user interface was overhauled and more advanced search capabilities were added. In 2010 an [//oeis.org/wiki/ OEIS wiki] at [//oeis.org/ OEIS.org] was created to simplify the collaboration of the OEIS editors and contributors. The 200,000th sequence,, was added to the database in November 2011; it was initially entered as A200715, and moved to A200000 after a week of discussion on the SeqFan mailing list, following a proposal by OEIS Editor-in-Chief Charles Greathouse to choose a special sequence for A200000. A300000 was defined in February 2018, and by end of January 2023 the database contained more than 360,000 sequences.
 * 1) A Handbook of Integer Sequences (1973, ISBN 0-12-648550-X), containing 2,372 sequences in lexicographic order and assigned numbers from 1 to 2372.
 * 2) The Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences with Simon Plouffe (1995, ISBN 0-12-558630-2), containing 5,488 sequences and assigned M-numbers from M0000 to M5487. The Encyclopedia includes the references to the corresponding sequences (which may differ in their few initial terms) in A Handbook of Integer Sequences as N-numbers from N0001 to N2372 (instead of 1 to 2372.) The Encyclopedia includes the A-numbers that are used in the OEIS, whereas the Handbook did not.

Non-integers
Besides integer sequences, the OEIS also catalogs sequences of fractions, the digits of transcendental numbers, complex numbers and so on by transforming them into integer sequences. Sequences of fractions are represented by two sequences (named with the keyword 'frac'): the sequence of numerators and the sequence of denominators. For example, the fifth-order Farey sequence, $$\textstyle {1 \over 5}, {1 \over 4}, {1 \over 3}, {2 \over 5}, {1 \over 2}, {3 \over 5}, {2 \over 3}, {3 \over 4}, {4 \over 5}$$, is catalogued as the numerator sequence 1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 3, 2, 3, 4 and the denominator sequence 5, 4, 3, 5, 2, 5, 3, 4, 5. Important irrational numbers such as π = 3.1415926535897... are catalogued under representative integer sequences such as decimal expansions (here 3, 1, 4, 1, 5, 9, 2, 6, 5, 3, 5, 8, 9, 7, 9, 3, 2, 3, 8, 4, 6, 2, 6, 4, 3, 3, 8, 3, 2, 7, 9, 5, 0, 2, 8, 8, ... ), binary expansions (here 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, ... ), or continued fraction expansions (here 3, 7, 15, 1, 292, 1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 3, 1, 14, 2, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 1, 84, 2, 1, 1, ... ).

Conventions
The OEIS was limited to plain ASCII text until 2011, and it still uses a linear form of conventional mathematical notation (such as f(n) for functions, n for running variables, etc.). Greek letters are usually represented by their full names, e.g., mu for μ, phi for φ. Every sequence is identified by the letter A followed by six digits, almost always referred to with leading zeros, e.g., A000315 rather than A315. Individual terms of sequences are separated by commas. Digit groups are not separated by commas, periods, or spaces. In comments, formulas, etc.,  represents the nth term of the sequence.

Special meaning of zero
Zero is often used to represent non-existent sequence elements. For example, enumerates the "smallest prime of n2 consecutive primes to form an n × n magic square of least magic constant, or 0 if no such magic square exists." The value of a(1) (a 1 × 1 magic square) is 2; a(3) is 1480028129. But there is no such 2 × 2 magic square, so a(2) is 0. This special usage has a solid mathematical basis in certain counting functions; for example, the totient valence function Nφ(m) counts the solutions of φ(x) = m. There are 4 solutions for 4, but no solutions for 14, hence a(14) of A014197 is 0—there are no solutions.

Other values are also used, most commonly −1 (see or ).

Lexicographical ordering
The OEIS maintains the lexicographical order of the sequences, so each sequence has a predecessor and a successor (its "context"). OEIS normalizes the sequences for lexicographical ordering, (usually) ignoring all initial zeros and ones, and also the sign of each element. Sequences of weight distribution codes often omit periodically recurring zeros.

For example, consider: the prime numbers, the palindromic primes, the Fibonacci sequence, the lazy caterer's sequence, and the coefficients in the series expansion of $$\textstyle {{\zeta(n + 2)} \over {\zeta(n)}}$$. In OEIS lexicographic order, they are: whereas unnormalized lexicographic ordering would order these sequences thus: #3, #5, #4, #1, #2.
 * Sequence #1: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97, ...
 * Sequence #2: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 101, 131, 151, 181, 191, 313, 353, 373, 383, 727, 757, 787, 797, 919, 929, ...
 * Sequence #3: 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, 233, 377, 610, 987, 1597, ...
 * Sequence #4: 2, 4, 7, 11, 16, 22, 29, 37, 46, 56, 67, 79, 92, 106, 121, 137, 154, ...
 * Sequence #5: 3, 8, 3, 24, 24, 48, 3, 8, 72, 120, 24, 168, 144, ...

Self-referential sequences
Very early in the history of the OEIS, sequences defined in terms of the numbering of sequences in the OEIS itself were proposed. "I resisted adding these sequences for a long time, partly out of a desire to maintain the dignity of the database, and partly because A22 was only known to 11 terms!", Sloane reminisced. One of the earliest self-referential sequences Sloane accepted into the OEIS was (later ) "a(n) = n-th term of sequence An or –1 if An has fewer than n terms". This sequence spurred progress on finding more terms of. lists the first term given in sequence An, but it needs to be updated from time to time because of changing opinions on offsets. Listing instead term a(1) of sequence An might seem a good alternative if it were not for the fact that some sequences have offsets of 2 and greater. This line of thought leads to the question "Does sequence An contain the number n?" and the sequences, "Numbers n such that OEIS sequence An contains n", and , "n is in this sequence if and only if n is not in sequence An". Thus, the composite number 2808 is in A053873 because is the sequence of composite numbers, while the non-prime 40 is in A053169 because it is not in, the prime numbers. Each n is a member of exactly one of these two sequences, and in principle it can be determined which sequence each n belongs to, with two exceptions (related to the two sequences themselves):
 * It cannot be determined whether 53873 is a member of A053873 or not. If it is in the sequence then by definition it should be; if it is not in the sequence then (again, by definition) it should not be. Nevertheless, either decision would be consistent, and would also resolve the question of whether 53873 is in A053169.
 * It can be proved that 53169 both is and is not a member of A053169. If it is in the sequence then by definition it should not be; if it is not in the sequence then (again, by definition) it should be. This is a form of Russell's paradox. Hence it is also not possible to answer if 53169 is in A053873.

Abridged example of a typical entry
This entry,, was chosen because it contains every field an OEIS entry can have.

Entry fields

 * ID number
 * Every sequence in the OEIS has a serial number, a six-digit positive integer, prefixed by A (and zero-padded on the left prior to November 2004). The letter "A" stands for "absolute". Numbers are either assigned by the editor(s) or by an A number dispenser, which is handy for when contributors wish to send in multiple related sequences at once and be able to create cross-references. An A number from the dispenser expires a month from issue if not used. But as the following table of arbitrarily selected sequences shows, the rough correspondence holds.

 * Even for sequences in the book predecessors to the OEIS, the ID numbers are not the same. The 1973 Handbook of Integer Sequences contained about 2400 sequences, which were numbered by lexicographic order (the letter N plus four digits, zero-padded where necessary), and the 1995 Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences contained 5487 sequences, also numbered by lexicographic order (the letter M plus 4 digits, zero-padded where necessary). These old M and N numbers, as applicable, are contained in the ID number field in parentheses after the modern A number.

 * Sequence data
 * The sequence field lists the numbers themselves, to about 260 characters. More terms of the sequences can be provided in so-called B-files. The sequence field makes no distinction between sequences that are finite but still too long to display and sequences that are infinite; instead, the keywords "fini", "full", and "more" are used to distinguish such sequences. To determine to which n the values given correspond, see the offset field, which gives the n for the first term given.

 * Name
 * The name field usually contains the most common name for the sequence, and sometimes also the formula. For example, 1, 8, 27, 64, 125, 216, 343, 512, is named "The cubes: a(n) = n^3.".

 * Comments
 * The comments field is for information about the sequence that does not quite fit in any of the other fields. The comments field often points out interesting relationships between different sequences and less obvious applications for a sequence. For example, Lekraj Beedassy in a comment to A000578 notes that the cube numbers also count the "total number of triangles resulting from criss-crossing cevians within a triangle so that two of its sides are each n-partitioned," while Neil Sloane points out the unexpected relationship between centered hexagonal numbers and second Bessel polynomials  in a comment to A003215.

 * References
 * References to printed documents (books, papers, ...).

 * Links
 * Links, i.e. URLs, to online resources. These may be:
 * references to applicable articles in journals
 * links to the index
 * links to text files which hold the sequence terms (in a two column format) over a wider range of indices than held by the main database lines
 * links to images in the local database directories which often provide combinatorial background related to graph theory
 * others related to computer codes, more extensive tabulations in specific research areas provided by individuals or research groups

 * Formula
 * Formulas, recurrences, generating functions, etc. for the sequence.

 * Example
 * Some examples of sequence member values.

 * Maple
 * Maple code.

 * Mathematica
 * Wolfram Language code.

 * Program
 * Originally Maple and Mathematica were the preferred programs for calculating sequences in the OEIS, and they both have their own field labels., Mathematica was the most popular choice with 100,000 Mathematica programs followed by 50,000 PARI/GP programs, 35,000 Maple programs, and 45,000 in other languages.
 * As for any other part of the record, if there is no name given, the contribution (here: program) was written by the original submitter of the sequence.

 * Crossrefs
 * Sequence cross-references originated by the original submitter are usually denoted by "Cf."
 * Except for new sequences, the "see also" field also includes information on the lexicographic order of the sequence (its "context") and provides links to sequences with close A numbers (A046967, A046968, A046969, A046971, A046972, A046973, in our example). The following table shows the context of our example sequence, A046970:

 * Keyword
 * The OEIS has its own standard set of mostly four-letter keywords that characterize each sequence:
 * allocated - An A-number which has been set aside for a user but for which the entry has not yet been approved (and perhaps not yet written).
 * base - The results of the calculation depend on a specific positional base. For example, 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 101, 131, 151, 181 ... are prime numbers regardless of base, but they are palindromic specifically in base 10. Most of them are not palindromic in binary. Some sequences rate this keyword depending on how they are defined. For example, the Mersenne primes 3, 7, 31, 127, 8191, 131071, ...  does not rate "base" if defined as "primes of the form 2^n − 1". However, defined as "repunit primes in binary," the sequence would rate the keyword "base".
 * bref - "sequence is too short to do any analysis with", for example,, the number of isomorphism classes of associative non-commutative non-anti-associative anti-commutative closed binary operations on a set of order n.
 * changed The sequence is changed in the last two weeks.
 * cofr - The sequence represents a continued fraction, for example the continued fraction expansion of e or π.
 * cons - The sequence is a decimal expansion of a mathematical constant, like e or π.
 * core - A sequence that is of foundational importance to a branch of mathematics, such as the prime numbers, the Fibonacci sequence , etc.
 * dead - This keyword used for erroneous sequences that have appeared in papers or books, or for duplicates of existing sequences. For example, is the same as.
 * dumb - One of the more subjective keywords, for "unimportant sequences," which may or may not directly relate to mathematics, such as popular culture references, arbitrary sequences from Internet puzzles, and sequences related to numeric keypad entries., "Mix digits of pi and e" is one example of lack of importance, and , "Price is Right wheel" (the sequence of numbers on the Showcase Showdown wheel used in the U.S. game show The Price Is Right) is an example of a non-mathematics-related sequence, kept mainly for trivia purposes.
 * easy - The terms of the sequence can be easily calculated. Perhaps the sequence most deserving of this keyword is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, ..., where each term is 1 more than the previous term. The keyword "easy" is sometimes given to sequences "primes of the form f(m)" where f(m) is an easily calculated function. (Though even if f(m) is easy to calculate for large m, it might be very difficult to determine if f(m) is prime).
 * eigen - A sequence of eigenvalues.
 * fini - The sequence is finite, although it might still contain more terms than can be displayed. For example, the sequence field of shows only about a quarter of all the terms, but a comment notes that the last term is 3888.
 * frac - A sequence of either numerators or denominators of a sequence of fractions representing rational numbers. Any sequence with this keyword ought to be cross-referenced to its matching sequence of numerators or denominators, though this may be dispensed with for sequences of Egyptian fractions, such as, where the sequence of numerators would be . This keyword should not be used for sequences of continued fractions; cofr should be used instead for that purpose.
 * full - The sequence field displays the complete sequence. If a sequence has the keyword "full", it should also have the keyword "fini". One example of a finite sequence given in full is that of the supersingular primes, of which there are precisely fifteen.
 * hard - The terms of the sequence cannot be easily calculated, even with raw number crunching power. This keyword is most often used for sequences corresponding to unsolved problems, such as "How many n-spheres can touch another n-sphere of the same size?" lists the first ten known solutions.
 * hear - A sequence with a graph audio deemed to be "particularly interesting and/or beautiful", some examples are collected at the OEIS site.
 * less - A "less interesting sequence".
 * look - A sequence with a graph visual deemed to be "particularly interesting and/or beautiful". Two examples out of several thousands are A331124 A347347.
 * more - More terms of the sequence are wanted. Readers can submit an extension.
 * mult - The sequence corresponds to a multiplicative function. Term a(1) should be 1, and term a(mn) can be calculated by multiplying a(m) by a(n) if m and n are coprime. For example, in, a(12) = a(3)a(4) = −8 × −3.
 * new - For sequences that were added in the last couple of weeks, or had a major extension recently. This keyword is not given a checkbox in the Web form for submitting new sequences; Sloane's program adds it by default where applicable.
 * nice - Perhaps the most subjective keyword of all, for "exceptionally nice sequences."
 * nonn - The sequence consists of nonnegative integers (it may include zeroes). No distinction is made between sequences that consist of nonnegative numbers only because of the chosen offset (e.g., n3, the cubes, which are all nonnegative from n = 0 forwards) and those that by definition are completely nonnegative (e.g., n2, the squares).
 * obsc - The sequence is considered obscure and needs a better definition.
 * recycled - When the editors agree that a new proposed sequence is not worth adding to the OEIS, an editor blanks the entry leaving only the keyword line with keyword:recycled. The A-number then becomes available for allocation for another new sequence.
 * sign - Some (or all) of the values of the sequence are negative. The entry includes both a Signed field with the signs and a Sequence field consisting of all the values passed through the absolute value function.
 * tabf - "An irregular (or funny-shaped) array of numbers made into a sequence by reading it row by row." For example,, "Triangle read by rows giving successive states of cellular automaton generated by "rule 62."
 * tabl - A sequence obtained by reading a geometric arrangement of numbers, such as a triangle or square, row by row. The quintessential example is Pascal's triangle read by rows,.
 * uned - The sequence has not been edited but it could be worth including in the OEIS. The sequence may contain computational or typographical errors. Contributors are encouraged to edit these sequences.
 * unkn - "Little is known" about the sequence, not even the formula that produces it. For example,, which was presented to the Internet Oracle to ponder.
 * walk - "Counts walks (or self-avoiding paths)."
 * word - Depends on the words of a specific language. For example, zero, one, two, three, four, five, etc. For example, 4, 3, 3, 5, 4, 4, 3, 5, 5, 4, 3, 6, 6, 8, 8, 7, 7, 9, 8, 8 ..., "Number of letters in the English name of n, excluding spaces and hyphens."
 * Some keywords are mutually exclusive, namely: core and dumb, easy and hard, full and more, less and nice, and nonn and sign.

 * Offset
 * The offset is the index of the first term given. For some sequences, the offset is obvious. For example, if we list the sequence of square numbers as 0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25 ..., the offset is 0; while if we list it as 1, 4, 9, 16, 25 ..., the offset is 1. The default offset is 0, and most sequences in the OEIS have offset of either 0 or 1. Sequence, the magic constant for n × n magic square with prime entries (regarding 1 as a prime) with smallest row sums, is an example of a sequence with offset 3, and , "Number of stars of visual magnitude n." is an example of a sequence with offset −1. Sometimes there can be disagreement over what the initial terms of the sequence are, and correspondingly what the offset should be. In the case of the lazy caterer's sequence, the maximum number of pieces you can cut a pancake into with n cuts, the OEIS gives the sequence as 1, 2, 4, 7, 11, 16, 22, 29, 37, ... , with offset 0, while Mathworld gives the sequence as 2, 4, 7, 11, 16, 22, 29, 37, ... (implied offset 1). It can be argued that making no cuts to the pancake is technically a number of cuts, namely n = 0, but it can also be argued that an uncut pancake is irrelevant to the problem. Although the offset is a required field, some contributors do not bother to check if the default offset of 0 is appropriate to the sequence they are sending in. The internal format actually shows two numbers for the offset. The first is the number described above, while the second represents the index of the first entry (counting from 1) that has an absolute value greater than 1. This second value is used to speed up the process of searching for a sequence. Thus , which starts 1, 1, 1, 2 with the first entry representing a(1) has 1, 4 as the internal value of the offset field.

 * Author(s)
 * The author(s) of the sequence is (are) the person(s) who submitted the sequence, even if the sequence has been known since ancient times. The name of the submitter(s) is given first name (spelled out in full), middle initial(s) (if applicable) and last name; this in contrast to the way names are written in the reference fields. The e-mail address of the submitter is also given before 2011, with the @ character replaced by "(AT)" with some exceptions such as for associate editors or if an e-mail address does not exist. Now it has been the policy for OEIS not to display e-mail addresses in sequences. For most sequences after A055000, the author field also includes the date the submitter sent in the sequence.

 * Extension
 * Names of people who extended (added more terms to) the sequence or corrected terms of a sequence, followed by date of extension.

Sloane's gap
In 2009, the OEIS database was used by Philippe Guglielmetti to measure the "importance" of each integer number. The result shown in the plot on the right shows a clear "gap" between two distinct point clouds, the "uninteresting numbers" (blue dots) and the "interesting" numbers that occur comparatively more often in sequences from the OEIS. It contains essentially prime numbers (red), numbers of the form an (green) and highly composite numbers (yellow). This phenomenon was studied by Nicolas Gauvrit, Jean-Paul Delahaye and Hector Zenil who explained the speed of the two clouds in terms of algorithmic complexity and the gap by social factors based on an artificial preference for sequences of primes, even numbers, geometric and Fibonacci-type sequences and so on. Sloane's gap was featured on a Numberphile video in 2013.


text:
Gregory III

Gregory III may refer to:

 * Pope Gregory III, in office 731–741
 * Gregory III, Count of Tusculum, r. 1058–1108
 * Grigor III Pahlavuni, Armenian Catholicos of Cilicia in 1113–1166
 * Gregory III Šubić of Bribir, died in 1342 or 1356, Croatian noble
 * Patriarch Gregory III of Alexandria, Greek Orthodox patriarch, in office 1354–1366
 * Patriarch Gregory III of Constantinople, in office 1443–1450
 * Gregory III Laham, Patriarch of the Melkite Greek Catholic Church from 2000

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Gregory III


text:
Aymer de Valence, 2nd Earl of Pembroke

Aymer de Valence, 2nd Earl of Pembroke (c. 1270 – 23 June 1324) was an Anglo-French nobleman. Though primarily active in England, he also had strong connections with the French royal house. One of the wealthiest and most powerful men of his age, he was a central player in the conflicts between Edward II of England and his nobility, particularly Thomas, 2nd Earl of Lancaster. Pembroke was one of the Lords Ordainers appointed to restrict the power of Edward II and his favourite Piers Gaveston. His position changed with the great insult he suffered when Gaveston, as a prisoner in his custody whom he had sworn to protect, was removed and beheaded at the instigation of Lancaster. This led Pembroke into close and lifelong cooperation with the king. Later in life, however, political circumstances combined with financial difficulties would cause him problems, driving him away from the centre of power.

Though earlier historians saw Pembroke as the head of a "middle party", between the extremes of Lancaster and the king, the modern consensus is that he remained essentially loyal to Edward throughout most of his career. Pembroke was married twice, and left no legitimate issue, though he did have a bastard son. He is today remembered primarily through his wife Marie de St Pol's foundation of Pembroke College, Cambridge, and for his splendid tomb that can still be seen in Westminster Abbey. He was also an important figure in the Wars of Scottish Independence.

Family and early years
Aymer was the son of William de Valence, son of Hugh X, Count of La Marche and Isabella of Angoulême. William was Henry III's half-brother through his mother's prior marriage to King John, and as such gained a central position in the Kingdom of England. He had come to the earldom of Pembroke through his marriage to Joan de Munchensi, granddaughter of William Marshal. Aymer was the third son of his family, so little is known of his birth and early years. He is believed to have been born some time between 1270 and 1275. As his father was on crusade with Lord Edward until January 1273, a date towards the end of this period is more likely. The later date is problematic, however because his mother by then was in her mid-forties. With the death in battle in Wales of his remaining brother William in 1282 (John, the elder brother, was dead in 1277), Aymer found himself heir to the Earldom of Pembroke. He married Béatrice, daughter of Raoul II of Clermont, sometime before October 1295.

William de Valence died in 1296, and Aymer inherited his father's French lands, but had to wait until his mother died in 1307 to succeed to the earldom. In 1320, his first wife Béatrice de Clermont died. In 1321, Aymer married his second wife Marie de St Pol. Through inheritance and marriages his lands consisted of—apart from the county palatine in Pembrokeshire—property spread out across England primarily in a strip from Gloucestershire to East Anglia, in south-east Ireland (Wexford), and French lands in the Poitou and Calais areas.

In 1297 he accompanied Edward I on a campaign to Flanders, and seems to have been knighted by this time. With his French connections he was in the following years a valuable diplomat in France for the English King. In 1302 he was amongst the team of plenipotentiaries appointed by Edward I of England to negotiate the Treaty of Paris (1303) that returned Gascony to Edward.

He also served as a military commander in Scotland, fighting against Robert the Bruce. In 1306 at the Battle of Methven he won the day over Bruce in a sneak attack, only to be soundly defeated by Bruce at Loudoun Hill the next year.

Ordinances and Piers Gaveston
Edward I died in 1307 and was succeeded by his son Edward II. The new king at first enjoyed the goodwill of his nobility, Valence among them. Conflict soon ensued, however, connected especially with the enormous unpopularity of Edward's favourite Piers Gaveston. Gaveston's arrogance towards the peers, and his control over Edward, united the Baronage in opposition to the king. In 1311 the initiative known as the Ordinances was introduced, severely limiting Royal powers in financial matters and in the appointment of officers. Equally important, Gaveston was expelled from the realm, as Edward I had already done once before. Pembroke, who was not among the most radical of the Ordainers, and had earlier been sympathetic with the king, had now realised the necessity of exiling Gaveston.

When Gaveston without permission returned from exile later the same year, a Baronial council entrusted Pembroke and the Earl of Surrey, with the task of taking him into custody. This they did on 19 May 1312, but not long after Thomas of Lancaster, acting with the earls of Warwick, Hereford and Arundel, seized Gaveston and executed him on 19 June. This act had the effect of garnering support for the king and marginalising the rebellious earls. As far as Pembroke was concerned, the seizing and execution of a prisoner in his custody was a breach of the most fundamental chivalric codes, and a serious affront to his honour. The event must therefore be seen as pivotal in turning his sympathies away from the rebels and towards the king.

Later years

In the following years, Pembroke worked closely with the king. He was appointed the king's lieutenant in Scotland in 1314, and was present at the disastrous English defeat at the Battle of Bannockburn, where he helped lead Edward away from the field of battle. In 1317, however, while returning from a papal embassy to Avignon, he was captured by a Jean de Lamouilly, and held for ransom in Germany. The ransom of £10,400 was to cause Pembroke significant financial difficulties for the remainder of his life.

Although ostracised because of the murder of Gaveston, Thomas of Lancaster had regained virtual control of royal government in the period after England's defeat at Bannockburn. Proving himself as incapable to rule as Edward, however, he soon grew unpopular. Pembroke was one of the magnates who in the years 1316–1318 tried to prevent civil war from breaking out between the supporters of Edward and those of Lancaster, and he helped negotiate the Treaty of Leake in Nottinghamshire in 1318, restoring Edward to power. Peace did not last long, however, as the king by now had taken on Hugh Despenser the Younger as another favourite, in much the same position as Gaveston. Pembroke's attempts at reconciliation eventually failed, and civil war broke out in 1321. In 1322 Lancaster was defeated at the Battle of Boroughbridge in what is now North Yorkshire, and executed. Pembroke was among the earls behind the conviction. Also in 1322, Pembroke founded Chantry College of Milton near Gravesend.

After Boroughbridge Pembroke found himself in a difficult situation. The opponents of Hugh Despenser and his father had lost all faith in him, but at the same time, he found himself marginalised at court where the Despensers' power grew more and more complete. On top of this came his financial problems. On 23 June 1324, while on an embassy to France, he suddenly collapsed and died while lodging somewhere in Picardy.

Legacy
T. F. Tout in 1914, one of the first historians to make a thorough academic study of the period, considered Pembroke the one favourable exception in an age of small-minded and incompetent leaders. Tout wrote of a "middle party", led by Pembroke, representing a moderate position between the extremes of Edward and Lancaster. This "middle party" supposedly took control of the royal government through the Treaty of Leake in 1318. In his authoritative study of 1972, J. R. S. Phillips rejects this view. In spite of misgivings with the king's favourites, Pembroke was consistently loyal to Edward. What was accomplished in 1318 was not the takeover by a "middle party", but simply a restoration of royal power.

Aymer and his sister Agnes rented one of the old manor houses of Dagenham in Essex, which has been called Valence House ever since; it is now a museum. Aymer married twice; his first marriage, before 1295, was to Beatrice, daughter of Raoul de Clermont, Lord of Nesle in Picardy and Constable of France. Beatrice died in 1320, and in 1321 he married Marie de St Pol, daughter of Guy de Châtillon, Count of St Pol and Butler of France. He never had any legitimate children, but he had an illegitimate son, Henry de Valence, whose mother is unknown. Pembroke's most lasting legacy is probably through his second wife, who in 1347 founded Pembroke College, Cambridge. The family arms are still represented on the dexter side of the college arms. Aymer de Valence was buried in Westminster Abbey, where his tomb effigy can still be seen as a splendid example of late gothic architecture, elaborating on the design of the nearby tomb of Edmund Crouchback, Earl of Lancaster.

Media
Aymer was portrayed by Sam Spruell in the 2018 movie Outlaw King about Robert the Bruce.

title: Aymer de Valence, 2nd Earl of Pembroke


text:
Gregory II

Gregory II may refer to:

 * Pope Gregory II (715–731)
 * Gregory II of Naples (766–794)
 * Gregory II, Count of Tusculum (1044–1058)
 * Gregory II the Martyrophile (1066–1105)
 * Patriarch Gregory II of Constantinople (1283–1289)
 * Patriarch Gregory II of Alexandria (1316–1354)
 * Gregory II Bulgarian (–1474)
 * Gregory II Youssef (1864–1897)
 * Joseph Gregorio II (1857–1868)

title: Gregory II


text:
Ceropegia

Ceropegia is a genus of plants within the family Apocynaceae, native to Africa, southern Asia, and Australia. It was named by Carl Linnaeus, who first described this genus in his Genera plantarum, which appeared in 1737. Linnaeus referred to the description and picture of a plant in the Horti Malabarici as the plant for which the genus was created. In 1753 he named this species as Ceropegia candelabrum. Linnaeus did not explain the etymology but later explanations stated that the name Ceropegia was from the Greek word keropegion κηροπηγɩον. This means candelabrum in Latin, which has a broader range than the modern word - "a candlestick, a branched candlestick, a chandelier, candelabrum, or also lamp-stand, light-stand, sometimes of exquisite workmanship".

An alternative explanation for the name was given later by William Jackson Hooker in 1830 in Curtis's Botanical Magazine in the description of Ceropegia elegans: "From κηρός, wax, and πηγή, a fountain, in allusion to the delicate, waxy umbels of some species". However, four years later Hooker gave the etymology in the description in the same periodical of Ceropegia lushii as "remarkable for the peculiar shape of its flowers, frequently arranged in umbels, hence its name κηροπηγɩον, a candelabrum, or lamp-stand".

They have many common names including lantern flower, parasol flower, parachute flower, bushman's pipe, string of hearts, snake creeper, wine-glass vine, rosary vine, and necklace vine.

Ceropegia species are traded, kept, and propagated as ornamental plants. In Africa, the roots and leaves of some species are eaten raw and the tubers in India are eaten raw or stewed in curries.

Appearance

The stems are vining or trailing in most species, though a few species from the Canary Islands have erect growth habits. Among some species, such as Ceropegia woodii, the nodes swell, and the roots similarly expand to form tubers beneath the soil surface. The leaves are simple and opposite, although they can be rudimentary or absent. Especially in certain succulent species, the leaves may also be thick and fleshy.

The flowers have a tubular corolla with five petals most often fused at the tips, forming an umbrella-like canopy, a cage, or appendage-like antennae. Pollination is accomplished by flies, and species can be generalists by attracting multiple families, or extremely specialized. Ceropegia dolichophylla releases scents that attract kleptoparasitic flies by mimicking the pheromones released by predatory arthropods in distress. The flowers are often inflated and fused at several points, forming a cage. Flies become momentarily trapped inside, accomplishing pollination as they move about.

Classification
The genus Ceropegia belongs to the subfamily Asclepiadoideae (milkweeds) within the family Apocynaceae. Species of this genus bear similarities to the carrion flowers or stapelias. There are at least 420 known species. More are being discovered and described regularly. They are distributed throughout most of sub-Saharan Africa and Madagascar to the Arabian Peninsula, southeast Asia, the Canary Islands, the tropical Pacific, and Australia.

A generic complex, with many interesting taxonomic problems at both generic and specific level, is formed by three genera: Ceropegia, Brachystelma and Riocreuxia.

Selected species
450 species are accepted. Selected species include: • # Ceropegia africana (South Africa)

• # Ceropegia ampliata (South Africa)''

• #Ceropegia anjanerica (Western Ghats, India)

• # Ceropegia antennifera (South Africa)

• # Ceropegia arabica (Arabia)

• # Ceropegia arenaria

• # Ceropegia aridicola

• # Ceropegia aristolochoides (Senegal to Ethiopia)

• # Ceropegia armandii (Madagascar)

• # Ceropegia ballyana (Kenya)

• # Ceropegia barbarta (South Africa)

• # Ceropegia barkleyi (South Africa)

• # Ceropegia bonafouxii (Namibia)

• # Ceropegia bosseri (Madagascar)

• # Ceropegia cancellata (South Africa)

• # Ceropegia candelabrum (Asia)

• # Ceropegia carnosa (South Africa)

• # Ceropegia ceratophora (Canary Islands)

• # Ceropegia chrysantha (Canary Islands)

• # Ceropegia cimiciodora (South Africa)

• # Ceropegia crassifolia (southern Africa)

• # Ceropegia debilis

• # Ceropegia decidua (eastern Africa)

• # Ceropegia denticulata (tropical Africa)

• # Ceropegia devecchii (eastern Africa)

• # Ceropegia dichotoma (Canary Islands)

• # Ceropegia dimorpha (Madagascar)

• # Ceropegia dinteri (Namibia)

• # Ceropegia distincta (Zanzibar)

• # Ceropegia elegans

• # Ceropegia filiformis (South Africa)

• # Ceropegia fimbriata (South Africa)

• # Ceropegia fusca (Canary Islands)

• # Ceropegia galeata (Kenya)

• # Ceropegia gemmifera - Togo tangle

• # Ceropegia haygarthii (South Africa)

• # Ceropegia hians (Canary Islands)

• # Ceropegia intermedia (India)

• # Ceropegia beddomei (Western Ghats, India)

• # Ceropegia jainii (Western Ghats, India)

• # Ceropegia juncea (Coast of Coromandel, India)

• # Ceropegia krainzii (Canary Islands)

• # Ceropegia leroyi (Madagascar)

• # Ceropegia linearis (South Africa)

• # Ceropegia lugardae (eastern Africa)

• # Ceropegia multiflora (southern Africa)

• # Ceropegia nilotica (eastern Africa)

• # Ceropegia pachystelma (southern Africa)

• # Ceropegia petignatii (Madagascar)

• # Ceropegia racemosa (tropical Africa)

• # Ceropegia radicans (South Africa)

• # Ceropegia rendallii (South Africa)

• # Ceropegia robynsiana (Congo)

• # Ceropegia rupicola (Arabia)

• # Ceropegia sandersonii (southern Africa)

• # Ceropegia senegalensis (Senegal)

• # Ceropegia seticorona (eastern Africa)

• # Ceropegia somaliensis (eastern Africa)

• # Ceropegia stapeliiformis (South Africa)

• # Ceropegia stentii (South Africa)

• # Ceropegia striata (Madagascar)

• # Ceropegia succulenta

• # Ceropegia superba (Arabia)

• # Ceropegia turricula (South Africa)

• # Ceropegia variegata (Arabia)

• # Ceropegia verrucosa

• # Ceropegia vincifolia (Western Ghats, India)

• # Ceropegia viridis (Madagascar)

• # Ceropegia woodii - string of hearts

• # Ceropegia zeyheri (South Africa)

title: Ceropegia


text:
Greeley

Greeley can refer to:

 * Greeley (surname)

Counties

 * Greeley County, Nebraska
 * Greeley County, Kansas

Places

 * Greeley, Colorado, a city
 * Greeley, Iowa, a city
 * Greeley, Kansas, a city
 * Greeley, Kentucky, an unincorporated community
 * Greeley, Minnesota, an unincorporated community
 * Greeley, Missouri, an unincorporated community
 * Greeley Center, Nebraska, a village, commonly shortened to Greeley
 * Greeley, Pennsylvania

Other

 * Greeley Estates, a band from Arizona
 * Greeley House (Chappaqua, New York)
 * Horace Greeley High School

title: Greeley


text:
Aymer de Valence (bishop)

Aymer de Valence (c. 1222 – 4 December 1260) was a Bishop of Winchester around 1250.

Life
Valence was a half-brother of King Henry III of England; his mother was Isabella of Angoulême, the second wife of King John, his father was Hugh X of Lusignan, the count of La Marche, whom Isabelle married in 1220. He was also the uncle of Aymer de Valence, 2nd Earl of Pembroke.

The children of Isabella's marriage came to England in 1247 in the hope of obtaining court preferment. Aymer received a prebend in the diocese of London. In 1250 the King, by putting strong pressure upon the electors, succeeded in obtaining the election of Aymer to the see of Winchester on 4 November. The appointment was in every way unsuitable. Aymer was illiterate, ignorant of the English language, and wholly secular in his mode of life. Upon his head was concentrated the whole of the popular indignation against the foreign favourites; and he seems to have deserved this unenviable distinction. However, he received confirmation of his election to the see from Pope Innocent IV on 14 January 1251, along with a dispensation to keep his other ecclesiastical income.

He played a role in touching off the baronial reform movement of 1258. On 1 April 1258 Aymer sent a posse to attack men of the magnate John fitz Geoffrey at Shere in Surrey, killing one of them. At a parliament opened at Westminster a week later John fitz Geoffrey demanded justice from the king; Henry excused Aymer, his half-brother, and refused justice thus angering the barons. At the Parliament of Oxford in 1258 he and his brothers repudiated the Provisions of Oxford prepared by the barons. He was pursued to Winchester, besieged in Wolvesey Castle, and finally compelled to surrender and leave the kingdom. He had never been consecrated; accordingly in 1259 the chapter of Winchester proceeded to a new election. Aymer, however, gained the support of Pope Alexander IV, and in January 1259, Alexander IV sent Velascus (a Friar Minor) to England to compel the King and the barons to reinstate Aymer to his bishopric at Winchester. He was on his way back to England when he was overtaken by a fatal illness at Paris, having only been consecrated on 16 May 1260 before his death on 4 December 1260. He is buried in Paris.

title: Aymer de Valence (bishop)


text:
List of World War II flying aces by country

This is a list of fighter aces in World War II, ordered by national origin. See also List of World War II flying aces.

Australia
There were 103 air aces from Australia during the Second World War. For more information, see List of World War II aces from Australia.

Austria
There were 51 air aces from Austria during the Second World War. For more information, see List of World War II aces from Austria.

Belgium
There were 14 air aces from Belgium during the Second World War. For more information, see List of World War II aces from Belgium.

Canada
There were 152 air aces from Canada during the Second World War. For more information, see List of World War II aces from Canada.

China
There were more than 25 fighter aces from China during the Second World War, although not all flew for the Allies. For more information, see List of World War II aces from China.

Croatia
From 1941 to 1945, the portion of Yugoslavia occupied by the Axis powers existed as the Independent State of Croatia, a puppet state of Nazi Germany. There were 25 fighter aces from the Independent State of Croatia, fighting for the Axis, during the Second World War. See List of World War II aces from Croatia.

Czechoslovakia
There were more than 30 aces from Czechoslovakia during the Second World War. See List of World War II aces from Czechoslovakia and List of World War II aces from Slovakia.

Denmark
There were 3 fighter aces from Denmark during the Second World War. For further information, see List of World War II aces from Denmark.

Finland
There were 96 fighter aces from Finland during the Second World War. For further information, see List of World War II aces from Finland.

France
There were more than 180 aces from France during the Second World War. See List of World War II aces from France and List of Vichy France flying aces.

Germany
There were over 2,500 aces from Germany during the Second World War. For a detailed list of 890 (updated as of October 2017) of these aces, see List of World War II aces from Germany.

Greece
There were 6 air aces from Greece during the Second World War.

Hungary
There were 39 air aces from Hungary during the Second World War. For further information, see List of World War II aces from Hungary.

Ireland
There were more than 13 aces from Ireland during the Second World War. See List of World War II aces from Ireland.

Italy
There were more than 166 aces from Italy during the Second World War. See List of World War II aces from Italy.

Japan
There were more than 475 aces from Japan during the Second World War. See List of World War II aces from Japan.

New Zealand
There were more than 80 aces from New Zealand during the Second World War. For a complete list, see List of World War II aces from New Zealand.

Norway
There were 20 aces from Norway during the Second World War. For a complete list, see List of World War II aces from Norway.

Philippines
There were only two known aces of the Philippines during the Second World War.

* Jesús A. Villamor

* César Basa

Poland
There were 91 air aces from Poland during the Second World War. For further information, see List of World War II aces from Poland.

Rhodesia
There were 11 air aces from Rhodesia during the Second World War. See List of World War II aces from Rhodesia.

Romania
There were 126 aces from Romania during the Second World War by Romanian 1944 standards. See List of World War II flying aces from Romania.

Slovakia
There were 19 air aces from Slovakia during the Second World War. See List of World War II aces from Slovakia and List of World War II aces from Czechoslovakia.

South Africa
There were 59 aces from South Africa during the Second World War. See List of World War II aces from South Africa.

Soviet Union
Soviet Union produced the highest scoring allied aces during the Second World War. See List of World War II aces from the Soviet Union.

Spain
There were 20 air aces from Spain during the Second World War, see List of World War II aces from Spain.

Sweden

 * William Y. Anderson as a Swedish-American pilot flying with U.S. Army Air Forces. 7 kills (+ V-1 "flying bomb" on  17 June 1944).

United Kingdom
There are 753 aces listed from the United Kingdom during the Second World War.

United States
There were 1297 aces from the United States during the Second World War. See List of World War II aces from the United States.


text:
Talk:Cold Mountain (film)

Cast
I think Donald Sutherland played Nicole Kidman's father. Could someone check that and add him to the cast? Therin83 12:28, 26 November 2006 (UTC)

Who was the blond guy, part of the home guard, who Inman fights at the end? --67.172.13.176 (talk) 22:38, 3 March 2009 (UTC)

Link to article on 'Battle of the crater' —Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.169.67.73 (talk) 22:56, 16 May 2010 (UTC)

SFX
Since it was strongly asserted in the edit notes that the specific software used to edit the film is especially interesting, I'd like someone to add something to that paragraph that illuminates the special circumstances. Bevo 20:17, 2 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Novelization
Shouldn't someone make a page about the novel, then keep this one as a disambig page? -Beelzebubs 23:02, 18 May 2004 (UTC)

I agree. First and foremost, Cold Mountain is a novel, and a wonderful, literate one at that. I think this article should focus on the style and sinuous plotlines of Charles Frazier's work, rather than the derivative, simplified screenplay. --TGV 06:17, 24 December 2005 (UTC)

Has this not gone anywhere? We definitely need to keep the movie and novel as separate articles, as the novel stood out by itself, winning numerous awards, and having achieved status as a modern masterpiece. --128.103.29.10 02:54, 3 February 2006 (UTC)

Disambiguation
That disambiguation should also link to the T'ang era poet, Cold Mountain (Han-Shan) -marudubshinki 06:18 PM Friday, 18 February 2005

I'll do it
Gimme a little while I'll write a stub article for the novel + a disambig page. --Ben Tibbetts 22:26, 4 April 2006 (UTC)

Done
Skipped on the disambig and rather just created Cold Mountain (novel) - just a stub, but it's a start! Please edit and add what you can to make the article on the modern classic worthy of its subject. --Ben Tibbetts 01:55, 6 April 2006 (UTC)

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the . Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

move. — Nightst a  llion  (?) 07:09, 15 May 2006 (UTC)

Requested move

 * Cold Mountain → Cold Mountain (film) … Rationale: There is absolutely no reason why the article on the film should take the main "Cold Mountain" article. There is also the poet Hanshan.  I would like to turn "Cold Mountain" into a dab page to link the novel, movie, and poet onto one single dabpage. Hbdragon88 23:17, 8 May 2006 (UTC) copied from the entry on the WP:RM page

Survey

 * Add *Support or *Oppose followed by an optional one-sentence explanation, then sign your opinion with  ~

 * Support as the nominator. Hbdragon88 23:18, 8 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Support 132.205.45.148 01:17, 12 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Support - I can't think of much reason to keep it other than film marketing. —204.42.20.62 20:42, 13 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Oppose Although it seems to me like the movie and book entries can be merged. Dab header or CM (dab) page for Hanshan ~ trialsanderrors 06:17, 15 May 2006 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

North Carolina statement
"This caused some controversy in North Carolina, although in fact an estimated 95 percent of feature films and television shows made in the state since the 1980s were set somewhere else."

Can we have a source for this estimate? Seems like it should be the other way around, i.e. 95% of features & TV shows set in the state since the 1980s were made somewhere else. Dforest 23:52, 5 November 2006 (UTC)

Legacy?
isnt the movie a little young to have a legacy section?.

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as start, and the rating on other projects was brought up to start class. BetacommandBot 19:10, 28 August 2007 (UTC)

"Retarded"
I removed a reference to Ruby's supposed mental defect from the plot summary. Neither in the book nor the movie is Ruby portrayed as mentally deficient. She is certainly coarse and lacks the refinement of education but she is not in any way handicapped.

PS: If I messed up editing protocol here, I apologize. I'm not a regular wikipedia user.

 * Don't worry. If the person who created the page doesn't like what you've done, it will be summarily removed without even discussing it with you. You might even receive a comment informing you how stupid and ignorant you are. WilliamSommerwerck (talk) 11:41, 14 March 2015 (UTC)

Ruby
Thanks for editing-out Ruby's purportedly being mentally retarded. I noticed this error last night, but you fixed it before I had a chance to. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.172.117.144 (talk) 01:49, 26 November 2007 (UTC)

Questionable evisceration
In November 2011, an editor with minimal history eviscerated this page for no good reason. The reason given was, "I made the summary much more brief and removed all the plot spoilers and excessive detail." I intend to restore most of the deleted content over the next few days, absent objection. Spoilers are not an issue if a movie is more than a few months old. Wikipedia articles are meant to be encyclopedic descriptions, not just promotional teasers. Eleuther (talk) 01:11, 13 June 2012 (UTC)

The only colonel on this movie,GAVRILA CRISTIAN 30 yers died in a car accident on 23.07.2012 youtube:ACCIDENT BALTATI 23072012  god forgive my brother... — Preceding unsigned comment added by 5.13.41.18 (talk) 03:53, 16 August 2012 (UTC)

The only colonel on this movie,GAVRILA CRISTIAN 30 yers died in a car accident on 23.07.2012 youtube:ACCIDENT BALTATI 23072012  god forgive my brother... — Preceding unsigned comment added by 5.13.41.18 (talk) 03:56, 16 August 2012 (UTC)

Historical Scholarship
I'm another fan of the movie and book, and I just wanted to point out that several Appalachian Studies scholars gave both favorable reviews for their accurate representations of studies on the subject. So, I thought that in the next few days I'd add a section on what historians thought, but anybody is welcome to help.Silas Robertson (talk) 20:41, 7 May 2013 (UTC)Silas Robertson; May 7, 2013

 * Hi, Silas! That would be a great addition. There are some article guidelines at WP:FILMHIST that you can check out. Let me know if you'll need any help with setting up referencing! Erik (talk | contribs) 21:16, 7 May 2013 (UTC)

 * Thanks, Eric. I will definitely need help with referencing, because I'm new to Wikipedia.  The articles I'm using are hard copies, but they can be found through JSTOR.  Silas Robertson (talk) 22:52, 8 May 2013 (UTC)Silas Robertson, May 8, 2013.

differences from the novel
Anthony Minghella made significant changes, removing or altering the unbelievable -- and let's face it -- downright stupid elements (such as Inman's impossible escapes from the Home Guard, and a bear stumbling over the side of a cliff). Someone should at least briefly list the changes. WilliamSommerwerck (talk) 11:45, 14 March 2015 (UTC)

Closing scene Question
As the family enjoys their Easter dinner, they show close ups of all the surviving individuals, with two additions: Edmom and Ida's daughter and Ruby and Georgia's new baby. But as they close the scene there is another child in a red garment. Who did that child represent? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.205.140.160 (talk) 22:05, 23 August 2015 (UTC)

Changes to 'Historical Accuracy' section?
The second paragraph of the "Historical Accuracy" section is very convoluted and its meaning is obscure:

"Several scholars reviewed the movie for its representation of historical studies on North Carolina during the Civil War, especially the state's mountainous western region." The movie doesn't in any sense "[represent]...studies." I assume what is meant is that scholars reviewed the movie to determine its historical accuracy.

"Their justification is the effect popular media has on national and worldwide perceptions of Appalachian people, particularly southern Appalachians in this case." Their justification for what? What is being justified in this sentence? Are the aforementioned scholars "justifying" their discussion? Why should they need to justify that?

"The opinions vary, but the consensus among them is the historical context of the movie is close to the scholarship. Although these scholars disagree about the accuracy of particular elements of the movie, they agree that the story gets at least some things right." Which "scholarship" is the movie "close to?"

The wording is just very odd, and doesn't make sense. I'd suggest a brief paragraph like this: "Several scholars with an interest in the effect popular media has on perceptions of Appalachian people reviewed the movie for its historical accuracy based on what we know of North Carolina during the Civil War. Opinions varied, and while these scholars disagree about the accuracy of particular elements of the movie, they agree that the story gets some things right."

I haven't read the APPALJ Roundtable Discussion though, so I'll leave it to someone who has. 182.239.139.90 (talk) 12:51, 8 January 2016 (UTC)
 * I found a link to the Roundtable Discussion, which turns out to be freely available with registration, and added it to the article. I encourage you to take a look and make improvements to this section as appropriate! Ibadibam (talk) 22:43, 11 January 2016 (UTC)

Veasy's slave 'lover?'
Vesey impregnated a black slave woman. There's no reason to think they are lovers, as is described. nikelous 14:16, 14 September 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cold Mountain (film)


text:
James Thomas Milton Anderson

James Thomas Milton Anderson (July 23, 1878 – December 29, 1946) was the fifth premier of Saskatchewan and the first Conservative to hold the office.

Early career
Anderson was chosen as leader of the Conservatives in 1924 and was one of the party's three Members of the Legislative Assembly elected in the 1925 election.

Premiership
In the 1929 election, the Conservatives were able to exploit patronage scandals surrounding the Liberal government of Saskatchewan Premier James Garfield Gardiner to achieve a major breakthrough by winning 24 seats. The Liberals won 28 seats, with 5 going to the Progressive Party and the remaining 4 to independents. The Liberals tried to form a minority government but were defeated in a motion of no confidence, which allowed Anderson to form a co-operative government, a coalition between the Conservatives, Progressives and Independents.

Anderson was accused of working closely with the Ku Klux Klan, which was a major force in the province in the late 1920s and the early 1930s with an estimated 25,000 members. Pat Emmons, a senior Klan defector, alleged that Anderson and Klan officials regularly met, and the Liberals accused the Conservatives of being a front for the Klan. With few Blacks in the province, and First Nations largely confined to Indian reserves under the informal pass system, the focus of the Klan was against immigration, Catholics, and francophones; as well as opposition to the Gardiner Liberals, who were seen as supporting all three of those groups.

Anderson denied the allegations, but upon gaining power, he took the portfolio of Minister of Education while he was premier and proposed amendments to the Schools Act to ban the instruction of French in public schools and to outlaw the display of religious symbols in all schools, including the Catholic separate school system. The Klan supported those changes and worked hard to elect and defend the Conservative-dominated government.

Loss of office
The Anderson government also had to face the onset of the Great Depression and the Dust Bowl, which destroyed the province's agrarian economy. Anderson also had to deal with labour unrest culminating in the Estevan Riot of 1931. The government formed the Saskatchewan Relief Commission to try to help those affected by the drought and massive unemployment. Those efforts were insufficient, and in the 1934 elections, the Conservatives lost every seat in the legislature and remained a minor party for 40 years.

Saskatchewan general elections, 1925 to 1934
Anderson led the Conservative Party in three general elections, in 1925, 1929 and 1934. They came in third in seats in 1925, formed a minority government in 1929, and were completely eliminated from the Assembly in the 1934 election.

1925 General election
In his first general election, Anderson and the Conservatives came in third, although he managed to win a seat in the Legislative Assembly.

1 Premier when election was called; Premier after the election. 2 Co-Leaders of the Opposition after the election.

1929 General election
Anderson led the Conservatives to a much improved result in the 1929 election, being only eight seats short of a majority in a hung parliament. Premier Gardiner and the Liberals had four more seats than the Conservatives. Gardiner chose to face the Assembly in hopes of obtaining sufficient support from some of the opposition members to maintain his government. Anderson organized a vote on a confidence motion which defeated the government. Gardiner resigned and Anderson became Premier.

1 Premier when election was called; lost confidence motion in the Assembly after the election;  resigned as Premier and became Leader of the Opposition. 2 Co-Leader of the Opposition when the election was called; became Premier after successful vote of non-confidence in the Gardiner government.

1934 General election
Anderson was Premier for almost five years and led the Conservatives into the 1934 election, at the depths of the Great Depression and Dirty Thirties. The Conservatives were routed, losing every seat, although they came in second in the popular vote. The Liberals under Gardiner won a massive majority, with all but five seats in the Legislative Assembly. The Farmer-Labour Party formed the Opposition.

1 Leader of the Opposition when election was called; Premier after the election. 2 Party leader during the election, but failed to win seat; role as Leader of the Opposition taken by George Hara Williams. 3 Premier when election was called; lost seat in the election and resigned as Premier.

Saskatchewan constituency elections
Anderson stood for election five times, all in the riding of Saskatoon City, which returned two members. After becoming Premier after the 1929 general election, he was required by the electoral law at that time to be re-elected in a by-election, which he won by acclamation. He won two contested elections and lost two.

1925 General election: Saskatoon City
E Elected. X Incumbent. 1 Rounding error.

1929 General election: Saskatoon City
E Elected. X Incumbent.

1929 By-election: Saskatoon City
E Elected. X Incumbent.

1934 General election: Saskatoon City
E Elected. X Incumbent. 1 Rounding error.

1938 General election: Saskatoon City
E Elected. X Incumbent.

title: James Thomas Milton Anderson


text:
Sandis Ozoliņš

Sandis Ozoliņš (born 3 August 1972), commonly spelled Sandis Ozolinsh in North America, is a Latvian former professional ice hockey player and coach. During his career in North America, Ozoliņš was a seven-time NHL All-Star, Stanley Cup champion (as a member of the 1995–96 Colorado Avalanche), and Norris Trophy finalist. He is also the all-time leader for goals, assists, points, and games played by a Latvian in the NHL and holds several Colorado Avalanche and San Jose Sharks franchise records. Ozoliņš also the highest-paid sportsman in Latvian history, before NBA basketball player Andris Biedriņš succeeded him in 2008. He became the head coach of Dinamo in 2017.

Ozoliņš was drafted in the 1991 NHL Entry Draft by the San Jose Sharks as the 8th pick of the 2nd round, 30th overall. He played for the Sharks, Colorado Avalanche, Carolina Hurricanes, Florida Panthers, Mighty Ducks of Anaheim and New York Rangers. He is often considered a prototype "offensive defenseman," becoming heavily involved in his team's offense and scoring opportunities.

In 2014 Ozoliņš was awarded Order of the Three Stars for his long-standing contributions to Latvian ice hockey and sports.

Early playing career
Ozoliņš was drafted 30th overall by the San Jose Sharks in the 1991 NHL Entry Draft and had played for the Kansas City Blades, a minor league team in the International Hockey League. He and Latvian teammate Artūrs Irbe won a Turner Cup with the Blades in 1992.

San Jose Sharks
Ozoliņš joined the Sharks in 1992–93, scoring 23 points in 37 games. He missed the majority of his rookie season recovering from a knee injury suffered in a game against Philadelphia on December 30, 1992. After recovering from his injury, Ozoliņš ended the 1993–94 season with an 81-game, 26-goal/64-point sophomore effort, leading the league in goals by a defenceman. Ozoliņš helped the Sharks to move beyond the first round of the playoffs for the first time in franchise history, losing in the conference semifinals.

Colorado Avalanche
Ozoliņš began the 1995–96 season with one goal and three assists in seven games for the Sharks before being acquired by the Colorado Avalanche for Owen Nolan on October 26, 1995. In 66 games during his first season, Ozoliņš scored 50 total points, with more than half on the power play. Ozoliņš won the Stanley Cup with the Avalanche in 1996. The following season Colorado won the Presidents' Trophy. After losing to the Detroit Red Wings in the 1997 conference finals, Ozoliņš finished third in votes for the Norris Trophy, awarded to the league's most outstanding defenceman. In the regular season, he scored a career-high 68 points, second in the league for defencemen after Brian Leetch. Ozoliņš scored his first career hat trick on December 6, 1999, against the Vancouver Canucks. 1999 was his final year in Denver, in which Ozoliņš made $4 million as Colorado's third-highest paid player.

Carolina, Florida and Anaheim
During the 2000 NHL Entry Draft, Ozoliņš was traded to the Carolina Hurricanes for Nolan Pratt and draft picks that became Václav Nedorost, Jared Aulin, and Agris Saviels. The agreement reunited Ozoliņš with fellow Latvian Artūrs Irbe. They had played together in Latvia and San Jose, shared an agent, and together funded a youth hockey organization that buys equipment for children in Latvia. After expiration of Ozoliņš' Avalanche deal, he signed a five-year contract with Carolina worth more than $25 million. "When you have a player like Sandis, you're willing to spend the money," general manager Jim Rutherford said. Ozoliņš didn't help the Hurricanes to advance in the playoffs, playing just one and a half seasons with Carolina before being traded to the Florida Panthers.

Ozoliņš became a Panther after being acquired in 2001–02 mid-season from Carolina along with Byron Ritchie in exchange for Bret Hedican, Kevyn Adams, Tomáš Malec and a draft pick. Ozoliņš made his Panthers debut against Chicago on January 16, 2002. He wore #44 because #8 was already worn by Peter Worrell. Ozoliņš scored 10 goals and 19 assists in the remaining 37 games of the season. The Panthers did not make the playoffs during his time in Florida.

During the 2002–03 season, the Panthers sent Ozoliņš to the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim for Matt Cullen, Pavel Trnka, and a draft pick. During the 2003 NHL All-Star weekend (several days after he had been traded), Ozoliņš skipped the NHL All-Star skills competition where he would have had to wear a Panthers uniform. "Participating in the All-Star Game is one thing, but the skills competition is another," said Ozoliņš, who was voted as an Eastern Conference starter. "It would look really unusual for a player to be representing his old team, so I thought this was the right thing to do." He was fined an undisclosed amount by the league. Upon his arrival with the Ducks, Ozoliņš helped the club reach their first Stanley Cup Finals, losing a seven-game series to the New Jersey Devils. In 2003–04, Ozoliņš battled injuries and was limited to 36 games.

NY Rangers and return to San Jose
Following the lockout in 2004–05, Ozoliņš was dealt to the New York Rangers at the trading deadline for a third-round draft pick (which the Rangers had obtained earlier in a trade with the San Jose Sharks). With 14 points in 19 games in the 2005–06 season, Ozoliņš helped his team to advance to the playoffs, for which the Rangers had not qualified since 1997. In the next season on December 18, 2006, on the heels of a 6–1 loss to New Jersey, the Rangers placed Ozoliņš on waivers. After clearing waivers, Ozoliņš was assigned to the Hartford Wolf Pack of the American Hockey League (AHL), but a short while later was put on the injured reserve list due to a knee injury.

Ozoliņš later entered into the league's substance abuse program following a drunk driving arrest. After playing 2 games for the Worcester Sharks of the AHL and being cleared to play by doctors within the league's substance abuse program, he signed a one-year contract with San Jose on November 2, 2007. "That was a big turnaround this summer and I'm finally comfortable with what I am and what has happened, I actually feel pretty good and I do what I have to do and I do what I was advised to do. And I do it for myself and not for anybody else," said Ozoliņš. In the 2007–08 NHL season he scored 3 goals and 13 assists in 39 games for the Sharks. He had a notable highlight reel save against the Anaheim Ducks, whereas the puck slipped by goalie Evgeni Nabokov, and Ozoliņš slipped and fell as he made a stick save on the goal line.

Dinamo Riga
After his season with the Sharks, Ozoliņš was offered a one-year contract by the Los Angeles Kings worth $800,000, but he declined it and went on hiatus from hockey for a year.

On July 13, 2009, Ozoliņš unexpectedly signed a one-year deal with KHL home country team Dinamo Riga, with whom he started his senior career in 1990. Ozoliņš got back his #8 – the same number which he wore while playing for Dinamo Riga. Ozoliņš was named a captain for the first time in his career. In the 2009–10 KHL season he was the team's leader in points among defensemen, scoring 5 goals and 20 assists in 43 games. In January 2010, Ozoliņš was selected to play on the starting roster for the Jaromír Jágr team in the KHL All-Star game. He was also selected to play in the KHL All-Star skills competition, but, due to a minor injury, only played in the first period and withdrew from the skills competition. On May 18, 2010, Ozoliņš extended his contract with Dinamo for another year, after he declined larger offers from four different KHL teams.

In the first month of the 2010–11 KHL season Ozoliņš was honoured as the league's best defenseman after he registered 1 goal and 11 assists in 11 games, at the time being the league's leader in assists. He was injured in the November 28 game against HC Sibir and missed all of the December due to broken ribs. In January 2011, Ozoliņš was again selected to play on the starting roster in the KHL All-Star game. Before the start of a 2011–12 KHL season Ozoliņš received an offer from KHL Gagarin Cup 2011 winners Salavat Yulaev Ufa to join the team, but he declined it. During the 2011–12 KHL season, league officials confirmed Ozoliņš as captain of the Western Conference team in the All-Star Game 2012 (which took place on January 21, 2012) versus the Eastern Conference team captained by Sergei Fedorov. On July 12, 2012, Dinamo Riga board member Guntis Ulmanis told Latvian radio station Baltkom that Ozoliņš left KHL team Dinamo Riga as a free agent and could receive lucrative offers from Russian clubs. Since joining Riga, Ozoliņš had 22 goals and 65 assists in 158 regular season KHL appearances, serving as the team captain for every game. During his time with Dinamo Riga, Ozoliņš set several franchise records as a defenseman.

Atlant Moscow Oblast
On September 24, 2012, Ozoliņš signed a one-year deal with the KHL team Atlant Moscow Oblast. In his only season with Atlant in 2012–13, Ozoliņš was named team captain and immediately served as a fixture on the blueline, producing 2 goals and 20 points in 42 games.

Return home
In the off-season, Ozoliņš made another return as a free agent to Dinamo Riga, signing a one-year contract on May 8, 2013.

Retirement
On May 27, 2014, during an interview on national television, he announced his retirement from professional hockey and plans to move into politics. However, he returned to Dinamo Riga as an assistant coach on October 31, 2016. He was promoted to head coach of the team on May 29, 2017. On November 8, 2022, it was announced that Sandis Ozolinsh had been hired as an Amateur Scout for the Colorado Avalanche organization of whom he won his only Stanley Cup with as a player back in 1996.

International play
Ozoliņš, who was born in Latvia, played hockey internationally for the Soviet Union until 1991. His first major international tournament was 1991 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships, where he won a silver medal, losing in the gold medal game to Canada. Following the breakup of the Soviet Union, he played under the new flag of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) and won a gold medal at the 1992 World Junior Championships. During the tournament, the USSR was formally dissolved and the team was renamed as the Commonwealth of Independent States national junior team. Because Ozoliņš and Sergei Zholtok were from Latvia, which wasn't a member of the CIS, some other teams protested, but the protest was denied.

Ozoliņš didn't play again internationally until 1998 due to injuries and the NHL playoff schedule. In 1998, after losing with the Avalanche to the Edmonton Oilers in the first round of the playoffs, Ozoliņš was able to rush to Switzerland and made his debut for Latvia in the elite division, where team Latvia had qualified for the second time since its independence in 1991. At that tournament, he registered 1 goal and 2 assists. He again helped his nation at the Men's World Ice Hockey Championship; he was able to participate because of the Hurricanes loss in the Conference quarterfinals. Latvia finished the tournament in 13th place. He played in next year's championship as well as one game during the 2002 Winter Olympics Ice hockey tournament. In the game versus Slovakia, Ozoliņš registered 4 assists, helping Latvia to a 6–6 tie.

After a three-year absence, Ozoliņš helped Latvia qualify for the 2006 Winter Olympics Ice hockey tournament. It was intended to be his last international tournament; he announced his international retirement to the media following the conclusion of the Olympics. Despite his announced retirement he rejoined team Latvia in their bid to qualify for the 2014 Olympics. The Latvian team, including Ozoliņš, did indeed qualify for the 2014 Winter Olympic Games in Sochi (and was named captain), where they upset the Swiss to earn a berth in the quarterfinals, then lost to Canada to finish 8th.

Personal life
Ozoliņš was married to his secondary school schoolmate Sandra for more than 15 years, until May 2010 Ozoliņš applied for divorce. He has two sons – Roberts (born in 1994) and Christopher (born in 1996). During the off-season Ozoliņš resides in Denver, Colorado, and most recently in Jūrmala, Latvia. Ozoliņš was the owner of Vilki OP/LaRocca of the Riga Open Championship until it became defunct in 2006. Ozoliņš also owns other Latvian sports ventures, including Latvia's first 18-hole golf course, Ozo Golf Club. In December 2009, Ozoliņš was voted as 2009's most popular sportsman in Latvia by internet voters.

Colorado Avalanche records

 * Most all-time playoff goals by an Avalanche defenseman – 18
 * Most all-time playoff assists by an Avalanche defenseman – 49
 * Most all-time playoff points by an Avalanche defenseman – 67

Transactions

 * October 26, 1995 – Traded by the San Jose Sharks to the Colorado Avalanche in exchange for Owen Nolan.
 * June 24, 2000 – Traded by the Colorado Avalanche, along with Columbus' 2000 2nd round draft choice, to the Carolina Hurricanes in exchange for Nolan Pratt, Carolina's 2000 1st round draft choice, Carolina's 2nd round draft choice, and Philadelphia's 2000 2nd round draft choice.
 * July 24, 2000 – Signed a five-year contract with the Carolina Hurricanes worth more than $25 million.
 * January 16, 2002 – Traded by the Carolina Hurricanes, along with Byron Ritchie, to the Florida Panthers in exchange for Bret Hedican, Kevyn Adams and Tomáš Malec.
 * January 30, 2003 – Traded by the Florida Panthers, along with Lance Ward to the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim in exchange for Pavel Trnka, Matt Cullen and Anaheim's 2003 4th round draft choice.
 * March 9, 2006 – Traded by the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim to the New York Rangers in exchange for New York's 2006 3rd-round draft choice.
 * November 2, 2007 – Signed a one-year deal for $650,000 with the San Jose Sharks.
 * July 13, 2009 – Signed a one-year deal with the Dinamo Riga.
 * May 18, 2010 – Extended contract with Dinamo Riga for 2010–11 KHL season.
 * April 19, 2011 – Extended contract with Dinamo Riga for 2011–12 KHL season.
 * September 24, 2012 – Signed a one-year deal with the Atlant Moscow Oblast.
 * May 8, 2013 – Signed a one-year deal with the Dinamo Riga.
 * May 27, 2014 - Announced his retirement.

title: Sandis Ozoliņš


text:
Paul I

Paul I may refer to:

 * Paul of Samosata (200–275), Bishop of Antioch
 * Paul I of Constantinople (died c. 350), Archbishop of Constantinople
 * Pope Paul I (700–767)
 * Paul I Šubić of Bribir (c. 1245–1312), Ban of Croatia and Lord of Bosnia
 * Paul I, Serbian Patriarch, Archbishop of Peć and Serbian Patriarch (c. 1530–1541)
 * Paul I of Russia (1754–1801), Emperor of Russia
 * Paul Peter Massad (1806–1890), Maronite Patriarch of Antioch
 * Paul of Greece (1901–1964), King of Greece
 * Pavle, Serbian Patriarch (1914–2009), Patriarch of the Serbian Orthodox Church

title: Paul I


text:
Belvidere

Belvidere (from the Latin bellus + videre, meaning "beautiful sight") may refer to:

Australia

 * Belvidere, South Australia, a small town southeast of Strathalbyn
 * Belvidere Range, South Australia, a mountain range
 * Hundred of Belvidere, a district north of the Barossa Valley in South Australia
 * District Council of Belvidere, a former local government area governing the hundred

United States

 * Belvidere, Idaho, a place in Valley County, Idaho
 * Belvidere Township, Boone County, Illinois
 * Belvidere, Illinois, a city within the township
 * Belvidere, Kansas
 * Belvidere Township, Michigan
 * Belvidere Township, Minnesota
 * Belvidere, Minnesota, a former post office in Belvidere Township
 * Belvidere (Natchez, Mississippi), on the NRHP
 * Belvidere, Nebraska
 * Belvidere, New Jersey
 * Belvidere Historic District (Belvidere, New Jersey), on the NRHP
 * Belvidere, New York, a place in Allegany County, New York
 * Belvidere (Belmont, New York), on the NRHP
 * Belvidere, North Carolina, an unincorporated community
 * Belvidere (Belvidere, North Carolina), on the NRHP
 * Belvidere (Williamsboro, North Carolina), on the NRHP
 * Belvidere Plantation House, Hampstead, North Carolina, on the NRHP
 * Belvidere Historic District (Hertford, North Carolina), on the NRHP
 * The Belvidere, a mansion in Claremore, Oklahoma, on the NRHP in Rogers County, Oklahoma
 * Belvidere, South Dakota
 * Belvidere, Tennessee
 * Belvidere, Vermont
 * Belvidere (Goochland County, Virginia), a historic farm property
 * Belvidere, Wisconsin

Elsewhere

 * Belvidere, County Westmeath, Ireland, a townland in the civil parish of Moylisker
 * Belvidere, Western Cape, South Africa

Schools

 * Belvidere School, Shrewsbury, Shropshire, England
 * Belvidere High School (Illinois), United States
 * Belvidere High School (New Jersey), United States

title: Belvidere


text:
Stephen IV

Stephen IV may refer to:

 * Stephen IV, Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch (died 744)
 * Pope Stephen III, aka Stephen IV, (720–772), native of Sicily
 * Pope Stephen IV, Pope from June 816 to January 817
 * Stephen IV of Hungary (c. 1133 – 1165), King of Hungary and Croatia
 * Stephen IV of Serbia (c. 1285 – 1331), King of Serbia
 * Stephen Ostojić of Bosnia (died 1421), King of Bosnia
 * Stephen IV of Moldavia (r. 1517–1527)

title: Stephen IV


text:
Restionaceae

The Restionaceae, also called restiads and restios, are a family of flowering plants native to the Southern Hemisphere; they vary from a few centimeters to 3 meters in height. Following the APG IV (2016): the family now includes the former families Anarthriaceae, Centrolepidaceae and Lyginiaceae, and as such includes 51 genera with 572 known species. Based on evidence from fossil pollen, the Restionaceae likely originated more than 65 million years ago during the Late Cretaceous period, when the southern continents were still part of Gondwana.

Description
The family consists of tufted or rhizomatous, herbaceous plants belonging to a group of monocotyledons that includes several similar families, such as the sedges, rushes, and grasses. They have green, photosynthetic stems and leaves that have been reduced to sheaths. Their flowers are extremely small and in spikelets, which in turn make up the inflorescences. Male and female flowers are on separate plants and, like grasses, are wind-pollinated.

Distribution
Plants in the family are distributed on all the southern continents - South America (two spp., Apodasmia chilensis and Gaimardia australis), Africa south of the Equator and including Madagascar (about 330 spp.) and Australia (about 150 spp.) - in New Zealand (four spp.) and widely distributed in Southeast Asia (one sp.). They are often dominant elements of the flora in the Mediterranean climates of South Africa and Western Australia. They are the defining family in the Western Cape fynbos plant community. The South American species is very similar to one of the New Zealand species, leading to the conjecture that it might have crossed the Pacific in the last 30 million years. The distribution of restios in Africa is irregular, with the same single species occurring in Madagascar, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Tanzania, and Malawi, while a different species is found in the Chimanimani Mountains of eastern Zimbabwe. Four species are found in the Natal Drakensberg, one of which spills over into Mpumalanga and Limpopo provinces. The vast majority of species, though, are to be found in the Cape Floristic Region and particularly plentiful on hard sandstone formations. The center of diversity lies in the Kogelberg, where more than a third of all Restionaceae may be found. Restionaceae are grown in Kirstenbosch, Cape Town's National Botanical Gardens.

A number of the largest African species have become popular as garden ornamentals in many parts of the world, some being useful as accent plants similar to small species of bamboo, but with pendant stems of greater delicacy. Also, many smaller species offer a great variety of decorative features and deserve horticultural attention.

Taxonomy
The family Restionaceae has been recognized by most taxonomists. The APG II system of 2003 (unchanged from the APG system, 1998), recognizes this family and assigns it to the order Poales, in the clade commelinids of the monocots. The Cronquist system of 1981 also recognized this family and placed it in the order Restionales, in the subclass Commelinidae in class Liliopsida in division Magnoliophyta.

Genera
, Kew's Plants of the World Online lists the following 48 genera in the family Restionaceae:

• Alexgeorgea Carlquist

• Anarthria R.Br.

• Anthochortus Nees ex Endl.

• Aphelia R.Br.

• Apodasmia B.G.Briggs & L.A.S.Johnson

• Askidiosperma Steud.

• Baloskion Raf.

• Calorophus Labill.

• Cannomois P.Beauv. ex Desv.

• Catacolea B.G.Briggs & L.A.S.Johnson

• Centrolepis Labill.

• Ceratocaryum Nees

• Chaetanthus R.Br.

• Chordifex B.G.Briggs & L.A.S.Johnson

• Coleocarya S.T.Blake

• Cytogonidium B.G.Briggs & L.A.S.Johnson

• Dapsilanthus B.G.Briggs & L.A.S.Johnson

• Desmocladus Nees

• Dielsia Gilg

• Elegia L.

• Empodisma L.A.S.Johnson & D.F.Cutler

• Eurychorda B.G.Briggs & L.A.S.Johnson

• Gaimardia Gaudich.

• Hopkinsia W.Fitzg.

• Hydrophilus H.P.Linder

• Hypodiscus Nees

• Hypolaena R.Br.

• Lepidobolus Nees

• Leptocarpus R.Br.

• Lepyrodia R.Br.

• Loxocarya R.Br.

• Lyginia R.Br.

• Mastersiella Gilg-Ben.

• Melanostachya B.G.Briggs & L.A.S.Johnson

• Nevillea Esterh. & H.P.Linder

• Platycaulos H.P.Linder

• Platychorda B.G.Briggs & L.A.S.Johnson

• Restio Rottb.

• Rhodocoma Nees

• Soroveta H.P.Linder & C.R.Hardy

• Sporadanthus F.Muell. ex Buchanan

• Staberoha Kunth

• Taraxis B.G.Briggs & L.A.S.Johnson

• Thamnochortus P.J.Bergius

• Tremulina B.G.Briggs & L.A.S.Johnson

• Tyrbastes B.G.Briggs & L.A.S.Johnson

• Willdenowia Thunb.

• Winifredia L.A.S.Johnson & B.G.Briggs

title: Restionaceae


text:
Bellwood

Bellwood may refer to:

People with the surname

 * Bessie Bellwood, a popular music hall performer of the Victorian era
 * James Charles Bellwood, a New Zealand labourer, physical education instructor and sports coach
 * Pamela Bellwood, an American actress
 * Peter Bellwood, a Professor of Archaeology

Places in the United States

 * Bellwood, Alabama
 * Bellwood, Florida
 * Bellwood (Atlanta), former name of the town, then from 1987 to 2007 neighborhood of Atlanta, now called Marietta Street Artery
 * Bellwood, Illinois
 * Bellwood (Metra), rail station
 * Bellwood, Louisiana
 * Bellwood, Nebraska
 * Bellwood, Pennsylvania
 * Bellwood Lake, Texas
 * Bellwood, Virginia
 * Bellwood (Richmond, Virginia), listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Chesterfield County, Virginia
 * Bellwood, West Virginia
 * Bellwood, Wisconsin

Fictional places

 * The protagonist's hometown (Ben Tennyson) on Cartoon Network's Ben 10 franchise.

title: Bellwood


text:
Yankton

Yankton may refer to:

People

 * Yankton Dakota, division of the Dakota people, sometimes referred to as Yankton

Places

 * Yankton County, South Dakota
 * Yankton, South Dakota
 * Yankton, Oregon

Other

 * Lake Yankton, a lake in Minnesota
 * Yankton College, a small liberal arts college in Yankton, South Dakota

title: Yankton


text:
Stephen V

Stephen V may refer to:

 * Pope Stephen IV, aka Stephen V, Pope from 816 to 817
 * Pope Stephen V (885–891)
 * Stephen V of Hungary (born before 1239 – 1272), King of Hungary and Croatia, Duke of Styria
 * Stephen V Báthory (1430–1493), Hungarian commander, judge of the Royal Court and Prince of Transylvania
 * Stephen V of Moldavia (r. 1538–1540)

title: Stephen V


text:
Methuen

Methuen may refer to:

 * Methuen (surname)
 * Methuen, Massachusetts, a U.S. city
 * Methuen High School
 * Methuen Mall
 * Baron Methuen, a British title of nobility
 * Methuen Cove, South Orkney Islands
 * Methuen Publishing, Methuen & Co. Ltd., a British publishing firm
 * Methuen Treaty, a 1703 treaty on wine and textiles trade between Portugal and England

title: Methuen


text:
Hughes Medal

The Hughes Medal is awarded by the Royal Society of London "in recognition of an original discovery in the physical sciences, particularly electricity and magnetism or their applications". Named after David E. Hughes, the medal is awarded with a gift of £1000. The medal was first awarded in 1902 to J. J. Thomson "for his numerous contributions to electric science, especially in reference to the phenomena of electric discharge in gases", and has since been awarded over one-hundred times. Unlike other Royal Society medals, the Hughes Medal has never been awarded to the same individual more than once.

The medal has on occasion been awarded to multiple people at a time; in 1938 it was won by John Cockcroft and Ernest Walton "for their discovery that nuclei could be disintegrated by artificially produced bombarding particles", in 1981 by Peter Higgs and Tom Kibble "for their international contributions about the spontaneous breaking of fundamental symmetries in elementary-particle theory", in 1982 by Drummond Matthews and Frederick Vine "for their elucidation of the magnetic properties of the ocean floors which subsequently led to the plate tectonic hypothesis" and in 1988 by Archibald Howie and M. J. Whelan "for their contributions to the theory of electron diffraction and microscopy, and its application to the study of lattice defects in crystals".

title: Hughes Medal


text:
Xenia

Xenia may refer to:

People

 * Xenia (name), a feminine given name; includes a list of people with this name

United States
listed alphabetically by state
 * Xenia, Illinois, a village in Clay County
 * Xenia Township, Clay County, Illinois
 * Xenia, Illinois, a city in Logan County now known as Atlanta
 * Xenia, Indiana, a town in Miami County now known as Converse
 * Xenia, Dallas County, Iowa, an unincorporated community
 * Xenia, Hardin County, Iowa, an unincorporated community
 * Xenia, Kansas, an unincorporated community in Bourbon County
 * Xenia, Missouri, an extinct community
 * Xenia, Ohio, a city in Greene County
 * Xenia Township, Greene County, Ohio

Elsewhere

 * Xenia Hill, in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica

Hospitality

 * Xenia (Greek), the ancient Greek concept of hospitality, translated as "guest-friendship"
 * Xenia motif, the representation of a host's generosity to his guests
 * Xenia (hotel), a now-defunct chain of state-owned hotels in Greece
 * Xenia Hotels & Resorts, an Orlando-based hotel company

Nature

 * Xenia (coral), a genus of coral
 * Xenia (plants), pollen effects on seeds and fruits
 * Hypolycaena xenia, a species of butterfly
 * Paratephritis xenia, a species of fruit flies
 * Phyllocnistis xenia, a species of moth

Vehicles

 * Xenia (automobile), an American car
 * Daihatsu Xenia or Toyota Avanza, a multi-purpose vehicle
 * USS Xenia (AKA-51), an Artemis-class attack transport

Other uses

 * 625 Xenia, an asteroid
 * Xenia (band), a former Yugoslav band
 * Xenia College, defunct institution in Xenia, Ohio, U.S.
 * Xenia (film), a 2014 Greek film
 * Xenia, a book of epigrams by Martial intended to accompany gifts
 * Xenia Orchidacea, a book in three volumes published 1858–1900, by Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach & Friedrich Wilhelm Ludwig Kraenzlin
 * 1974 Xenia tornado, a severe tornado that affected Xenia and Wilberforce, Ohio
 * Xenia (emulator), an Xbox 360 emulator

title: Xenia


text:
Bellflower

Bellflower may refer to:
 * Bellflower, California, a city in Los Angeles County, California, United States
 * Bellflower, Illinois, a village in McLean County, Illinois, United States
 * Bellflower, Missouri, a city in Montgomery County, Missouri, United States
 * Bellflower, one of several plant species in the family Campanulaceae
 * Bellflower, one of any plant species in the genus Campanula
 * American bellflower
 * Chinese bellflower
 * Bonnet bellflower
 * Bellflower (film), a 2011 American film
 * Bellflower apple

title: Bellflower


text:
West New York (disambiguation)

West New York is a town in New Jersey.

It may also refer to:
 * Western New York
 * Staten Island, westernmost Borough in New York City

title: West New York (disambiguation)