text:
List of World War II flying aces

Fighter aces in World War II had tremendously varying kill scores, affected as they were by many factors: the pilot's skill level, the performance of the airplane the pilot flew and the planes they flew against, how long they served, their opportunity to meet the enemy in the air (Allied to Axis disproportion), whether they were the formation's leader or a wingman, the standards their air service brought to the awarding of victory credits, et cetera.

Towards the end of the war, the Axis powers had largely exhausted their supply of skilled pilots and the replacements did not have as much opportunity to gain enough experience to be successful. Additionally, national policies differed; German, Italian, and Japanese pilots tended to return to the cockpit over and over again until they were killed.

It is not clear what impact each nation's rules for score crediting have on the counts listed below. Germans credited a shared victory to only one pilot, while the French credited full victory to all participants. British, Finnish and US air forces credited fractional shares of aerial victories, resulting in fractions, such as 11½, which might be for example 10 aircraft and three shares with the second pilot. Some U.S. commands also credited aircraft destroyed on the ground. The Soviets counted only solo kills, while group kills were counted separately, as did the Japanese. The Italian Air Force did not officially credit victories to individual pilots, but to their unit as a whole. Probable kills are usually left out of the list.

It is necessary to emphasize that the question of assessing and comparing the success rate of fighters by number of victories is one of the more problematic. There are disputes about what is "shot down" and what is "air victory", but the most problematic seems to be credibility of reports and reliability of its confirmation, which was substantially different in particular air forces. The most reliable is considered the confirmation of the victories in RAF, which based its counts on comparison of testimonials of participants and – if possible – film material.

Aces

 * List of World War II aces from Australia
 * List of World War II aces from Austria
 * List of World War II aces from Belgium
 * List of World War II aces from Bulgaria
 * List of World War II aces from Canada
 * List of World War II aces from China
 * List of World War II aces from Croatia
 * List of World War II aces from Czechoslovakia
 * List of World War II aces from Denmark
 * List of World War II aces from Finland
 * List of World War II aces from France (Vichy France)
 * List of World War II aces from Germany (Jet aces, night fighter)
 * List of World War II aces from Hungary
 * List of World War II aces from Italy
 * List of World War II aces from Ireland
 * List of World War II aces from Japan
 * List of World War II aces from New Zealand
 * List of World War II aces from Norway
 * List of World War II aces from Poland
 * List of World War II flying aces from Romania
 * List of World War II aces from Slovakia
 * List of World War II aces from South Africa
 * List of World War II aces from Southern Rhodesia
 * List of World War II aces from the Soviet Union
 * List of World War II aces from Spain
 * List of World War II aces from the United Kingdom
 * List of World War II aces from the United States

title: List of World War II flying aces


text:
Saint Clare

Saint Clare may refer to:

People

 * Saint Clare of Assisi (1194–1253), the founder of the Poor Clares and companion of Saint Francis of Assisi
 * Saint Clare of Montefalco (1268–1308), the Italian abbess also called Saint Clare of the Cross

Other uses

 * Saint Clare (film), an upcoming film starring Bella Thorne
 * MV St Clare, a car ferry operating between Portsmouth and the Isle of Wight, England
 * St. Clare Castle, a mansion in Appley on the Isle of Wight, England
 * St. Clare's (series), a series of children's books by Enid Blyton
 * St. Clare Entertainment, an American television production company

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Saint Clare


text:
Freebirds

Freebirds may refer to:
 * The Fabulous Freebirds, a professional wrestling stable
 * Free Birds, a 2013 American animated buddy comedy film

title: Freebirds


text:
User talk:James hunter

What you did at Colonsay, Saskatchewan is considered vandalism and is enough to get you blocked from using wikipedia. Don't do it again. -- Graham :) 00:44, 9 Mar 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:James hunter


text:
Lithium aluminium hydride

Lithium aluminium hydride, commonly abbreviated to LAH, is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula Li[AlH4] or LiAlH4. It is a white solid, discovered by Finholt, Bond and Schlesinger in 1947. This compound is used as a reducing agent in organic synthesis, especially for the reduction of esters, carboxylic acids, and amides. The solid is dangerously reactive toward water, releasing gaseous hydrogen (H2). Some related derivatives have been discussed for hydrogen storage.

Properties, structure, preparation
LAH is a colourless solid but commercial samples are usually gray due to contamination. This material can be purified by recrystallization from diethyl ether. Large-scale purifications employ a Soxhlet extractor. Commonly, the impure gray material is used in synthesis, since the impurities are innocuous and can be easily separated from the organic products. The pure powdered material is pyrophoric, but not its large crystals. Some commercial materials contain mineral oil to inhibit reactions with atmospheric moisture, but more commonly it is packed in moisture-proof plastic sacks.

LAH violently reacts with water, including atmospheric moisture, to liberate dihydrogen gas. The reaction proceeds according to the following idealized equation:
 * Li[AlH4] + 4 H2O → LiOH + Al(OH)3 + 4 H2

This reaction provides a useful method to generate hydrogen in the laboratory. Aged, air-exposed samples often appear white because they have absorbed enough moisture to generate a mixture of the white compounds lithium hydroxide and aluminium hydroxide.

Structure
LAH crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c. The unit cell has the dimensions: a = 4.82, b = 7.81, and c = 7.92 Å, α = γ = 90° and β = 112°. In the structure, Li+ cations are surrounded by five [AlH4]− anions, which have tetrahedral molecular geometry. The Li+ cations are bonded to one hydrogen atom from each of the surrounding tetrahedral [AlH4]− anion creating a bipyramid arrangement. At high pressures (>2.2 GPa) a phase transition may occur to give β-LAH.

Preparation
Li[AlH4] was first prepared from the reaction between lithium hydride (LiH) and aluminium chloride:
 * 4 LiH + AlCl3 → Li[AlH4] + 3 LiCl

In addition to this method, the industrial synthesis entails the initial preparation of sodium aluminium hydride from the elements under high pressure and temperature:
 * Na + Al + 2 H2 → Na[AlH4]

Li[AlH4] is then prepared by a salt metathesis reaction according to:
 * Na[AlH4] + LiCl → Li[AlH4] + NaCl

which proceeds in a high yield. LiCl is removed by filtration from an ethereal solution of LAH, with subsequent precipitation of LAH to yield a product containing around 1% w/w LiCl.

An alternative preparation starts from LiH, and metallic Al instead of AlCl3. Catalyzed by a small quantity of TiCl3 (0.2%), the reaction proceeds well using dimethylether as solvent. This method avoids the cogeneration of salt.

Solubility data
LAH is soluble in many ethereal solutions. However, it may spontaneously decompose due to the presence of catalytic impurities, though, it appears to be more stable in tetrahydrofuran (THF). Thus, THF is preferred over, e.g., diethyl ether, despite the lower solubility.

Thermal decomposition
LAH is metastable at room temperature. During prolonged storage it slowly decomposes to Li3[AlH6] (lithium hexahydridoaluminate) and LiH. This process can be accelerated by the presence of catalytic elements, such as titanium, iron or vanadium. When heated LAH decomposes in a three-step reaction mechanism:

$$ is usually initiated by the melting of LAH in the temperature range 150–170 °C, immediately followed by decomposition into solid Li3[AlH6], although $$ is known to proceed below the melting point of Li[AlH4] as well. At about 200 °C, Li3[AlH6] decomposes into LiH ($$)  and Al which subsequently convert into LiAl above 400 °C ($$). Reaction R1 is effectively irreversible. $$ is reversible with an equilibrium pressure of about 0.25 bar at 500 °C. $$ and $$ can occur at room temperature with suitable catalysts.

Thermodynamic data
The table summarizes thermodynamic data for LAH and reactions involving LAH, in the form of standard enthalpy, entropy, and Gibbs free energy change, respectively.

Use in organic chemistry
Lithium aluminium hydride (LAH) is widely used in organic chemistry as a reducing agent. It is more powerful than the related reagent sodium borohydride owing to the weaker Al-H bond compared to the B-H bond. Often as a solution in diethyl ether and followed by an acid workup, it will convert esters, carboxylic acids, acyl chlorides, aldehydes, and ketones into the corresponding alcohols (see: carbonyl reduction). Similarly, it converts amide, nitro, nitrile, imine, oxime, and organic azides into the amines (see: amide reduction). It reduces quaternary ammonium cations into the corresponding tertiary amines. Reactivity can be tuned by replacing hydride groups by alkoxy groups. Due to its pyrophoric nature, instability, toxicity, low shelf life and handling problems associated with its reactivity, it has been replaced in the last decade, both at the small-industrial scale and for large-scale reductions by the more convenient related reagent sodium bis (2-methoxyethoxy)aluminium hydride, which exhibits similar reactivity but with higher safety, easier handling and better economics.

LAH is most commonly used for the reduction of esters and carboxylic acids to primary alcohols; prior to the advent of LAH this was a difficult conversion involving sodium metal in boiling ethanol (the Bouveault-Blanc reduction). Aldehydes and ketones can also be reduced to alcohols by LAH, but this is usually done using milder reagents such as Na[BH4]; α, β-unsaturated ketones are reduced to allylic alcohols. When epoxides are reduced using LAH, the reagent attacks the less hindered end of the epoxide, usually producing a secondary or tertiary alcohol. Epoxycyclohexanes are reduced to give axial alcohols preferentially.

Partial reduction of acid chlorides to give the corresponding aldehyde product cannot proceed via LAH, since the latter reduces all the way to the primary alcohol. Instead, the milder lithium tri-tert-butoxyaluminum hydride, which reacts significantly faster with the acid chloride than with the aldehyde, must be used. For example, when isovaleric acid is treated with thionyl chloride to give isovaleroyl chloride, it can then be reduced via lithium tri-tert-butoxyaluminum hydride to give isovaleraldehyde in 65% yield.

Lithium aluminium hydride also reduces alkyl halides to alkanes. Alkyl iodides react the fastest, followed by alkyl bromides and then alkyl chlorides. Primary halides are the most reactive followed by secondary halides. Tertiary halides react only in certain cases.

Lithium aluminium hydride does not reduce simple alkenes or arenes. Alkynes are reduced only if an alcohol group is nearby, and alkenes are reduced in the presence of catalytic TiCl4. It was observed that the LiAlH4 reduces the double bond in the N-allylamides.

Inorganic chemistry
LAH is widely used to prepare main group and transition metal hydrides from the corresponding metal halides.

LAH also reacts with many inorganic ligands to form coordinated alumina complexes associated with lithium ions.

 * LiAlH4 + 4NH3 → Li[Al(NH2)4] + 4H2

Hydrogen storage
LiAlH4 contains 10.6 wt% hydrogen, thereby making LAH a potential hydrogen storage medium for future fuel cell-powered vehicles. The high hydrogen content, as well as the discovery of reversible hydrogen storage in Ti-doped NaAlH4, have sparked renewed research into LiAlH4 during the last decade. A substantial research effort has been devoted to accelerating the decomposition kinetics by catalytic doping and by ball milling. In order to take advantage of the total hydrogen capacity, the intermediate compound LiH must be dehydrogenated as well. Due to its high thermodynamic stability this requires temperatures in excess of 400 °C, which is not considered feasible for transportation purposes. Accepting LiH + Al as the final product, the hydrogen storage capacity is reduced to 7.96 wt%. Another problem related to hydrogen storage is the recycling back to LiAlH4 which, owing to its relatively low stability, requires an extremely high hydrogen pressure in excess of 10000 bar. Cycling only reaction R2 — that is, using Li3AlH6 as starting material — would store 5.6 wt% hydrogen in a single step (vs. two steps for NaAlH4 which stores about the same amount of hydrogen). However, attempts at this process have not been successful so far.

Other tetrahydridoaluminiumates
A variety of salts analogous to LAH are known. NaH can be used to efficiently produce sodium aluminium hydride (NaAlH4) by metathesis in THF:
 * LiAlH4 + NaH → NaAlH4 + LiH

Potassium aluminium hydride (KAlH4) can be produced similarly in diglyme as a solvent:
 * LiAlH4 + KH → KAlH4 + LiH

The reverse, i.e., production of LAH from either sodium aluminium hydride or potassium aluminium hydride can be achieved by reaction with LiCl or lithium hydride in diethyl ether or THF:
 * NaAlH4 + LiCl → LiAlH4 + NaCl
 * KAlH4 + LiCl → LiAlH4 + KCl

"Magnesium alanate" (Mg(AlH4)2) arises similarly using MgBr2:
 * 2 LiAlH4 + MgBr2 → Mg(AlH4)2 + 2 LiBr

Red-Al (or SMEAH, NaAlH2(OC2H4OCH3)2) is synthesized by reacting sodium aluminum tetrahydride (NaAlH4) and 2-methoxyethanol:

title: Lithium aluminium hydride


text:
Don Juan de Austria

Don Juan de Austria may refer to:

People:
 * Vimaladharmasuriya I of Kandy, king of the Kingdom of Kandy from 1590 to 1604
 * John of Austria, ("Don Juan de Austria" or "Don John of Austria", 1547–1578) general and illegitimate son of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
 * John Joseph of Austria (1629–1679), Spanish general and political figure, illegitimate son of Philip IV of Spain
 * Archduke Johann of Austria (1782–1859)

Ships
 * Don Juan de Austria, a Spanish Navy cruiser that fought in the Battle of Manila Bay during the Spanish–American War.

The Arts
 * Don John of Austria, an opera by Isaac Nathan.

title: Don Juan de Austria


text:
Talk:Filter

Filter programs
"Filter program" is a Unix-specific concept with a technical definition; perhaps the page should be renamed "Filter (Unix)".

Pherhaps there should be a separate page, e.g. "Filter (software)" for non-Unix filters such as mail filter, printer filter, spam filter, etc. however only the first of these exists at present... Jorge Stolfi 00:51, 9 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Image processing
I suggest that there should be an entry for "filtering" as used in the image processing field (the entries for "optics" and "software" do not seem to fit). Unsigned contribution by User:Mwtoews, 04:41, 10 July 2009. User:142.92.160.16, 17:45, 19 June 2006
 * You have it the wrong way round, an article needs to exist first before a subject if given an entry on a dab page. We have Bayer filter but I cannot find a general article on filter (image processing).  If there is one, then by all means add it to the page.  Sp in ni  ng  Spark  17:53, 10 July 2009 (UTC)
 * How did I ask that question? + m t  23:56, 10 July 2009 (UTC)
 * My mistake, I thought it was a new post for some reason.  Sp in ni ng  Spark  08:46, 11 July 2009 (UTC)

No pipe
User:Spinningspark we don't pipe entries per MOS:DABENTRY so please don't repeat this bad entry style. Widefox ; talk 21:03, 23 August 2018 (UTC)
 * Ok, but what you had done was to remove the word filter from the entry, which made the reason for the entry here unintelligible. Usefullness to the reader is more important than officious compliance with guideline smallprint. You might want to avoid that bad entry style in future. SpinningSpark 22:27, 23 August 2018 (UTC)

History
Filtrations about information 10 lines 115.96.219.85 (talk) 06:34, 14 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Filter


text:
Talk:Hanno the Navigator

Stecchini's Link & Controversy
A note on the link provided:

The voyage of Hanno carefully analyzed by a classical scholar.
 * http://www.metrum.org/mapping/hanno.htm

While I agree that this description is fascinating and sounds convincing (but then I lack knowledge of African geography), the site also contains a long exposition by the same scholar trying to make the case that the Christian gospels are based on a lost play by Seneca. I cannot judge on the accuracy of this either, but it's bound to be controversial. I don't know whether the way the link is described should be changed (and I definitely think the link should stay), but I just thought other people might want to know.

--Martijn faassen 00:52, 9 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Livio Tullio Stecchini was a historian of science, a teaching professor (Harvard PhD), a scholar of ancient weights and measures, (the science of metrology) and cartography. This site in question is a kind of e-festschrift to Stecchini's memory reprinting some scattered material. Stecchini's analysis to the geometry and methods for constructing the Great Pyramid were interpreted for a popular audience in Peter Tompkins' Secrets of the Great Pyramid with Stecchini's "Notes of the Relation of Ancient Measures to the Great Pyramid," in an appendix to the book. Of course anything about the pyramids excites the untutored imagination and one fears for quackery and pseudoarchaeology. Yes, Stecchini's essay on "the Deluge as Metaphor" may also excite some indignation. But there are brilliant essays at this site, on the origin of money in Greece, on the relation between Greece and Anatolia in "Gyges and Homer", and in "The Key to Ancient Architecture," Stecchini's famous analytic measurements of the Parthenon, etc.

 * I certainly hope even Christianists will take this material seriously. Wetman 02:12, 9 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Agreed. I just wanted to make this information known. I thought the article on Hanno's journey was very convincing, but was a bit taken aback seeing the Seneca stuff and started wondering, as this seemed to be a rather extraordinary claim (thus requiring extraordinary evidence; then again, this is a religious book therefore full of extraordinary claims in itself). --Martijn faassen 20:14, 12 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Stecchini's genius is as a historian of measurements, thus navigation is an area I'd trust him in. But he was Italian, and an atmosphere of sentimental piety sometimes induces guys to smash a little crockery... Wetman 20:19, 12 Mar 2004 (UTC)

"Boat of a Million Years"
I seem to recall that in "Boat of a Million Years", while the lead character is called Hanno, he is explicitly not the historical Hanno. I will remove this section until someone comes with evidence I don't recall correctly. Martijn Faassen 21:25, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * (I didn't want to complain, but this far-fetched fiction reference was like a pebble in my shoe. Wetman 23:41, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC))

 * Well, I have to admit, I do not recall for sure whether the Hanno in the book is in fact THE Hanno the Navigator, but I do remember they call him Hanno the Phoenician, which of course is not proof. A reference on the net to Library Journal says "Hanno the Navigator" in a book review. As far as the pebble in the shoe goes Wetman, do you mean that you feel connecting the sci-fi novel to Hanno in this way (assuming it is THE Hanno) is far-fetched, or do you mean that you believe that the Hanno in the book is not the same, or something else? I have seen on Wikipedia fictional portrayals connected to actual historical figures, both referencing the historical figure to it's appearance in fiction and vice versa, so I don't think I'm setting a precedent here. It was my intention to write a short entry for The Boat of a Million Years referencing back to here. I assume that this is how historical novels are handled. I firmly believe that it is the inter-connectivity of Wikipedia which makes it great. Where else would such a link even be possible? I guess I can imagine someone only versed in science fiction reading the article for The Boat of a Million Years, clicking the reference to Hanno, and getting turned on by the fact that Hanno is in fact a real person and maybe exploring a bit further. Of course, all this is mute if Hanno here isn't the same Hanno as in the book. Jimaginator 12:03, Apr 13, 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm pretty convinced the Hanno in the book isn't supposed to be Hanno the Navigator. I think he explicitly denies being that Hanno at some point, in fact. When I was reading it I was wondering, so I took note when it was denied. Martijn Faassen 09:18, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * A section on Boat of a Million years was added again at some point. I just cut it down to what I understand to be the case of the book. I think the book never makes a true identification of the protagonist Hanno with Hanno the Navigator. Since people keep adding it back, I figure we do need a small section if only to state the truth. If someone can quote lines from the book identifying that Hanno with the article's, please give textual evidence. Martijn Faassen 17:27, 18 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Remarks about people appearing in video games etc rarely enrich the reader's understanding of the original. So there are many pebbles in my shoes. However, though Hanno the Navigator's genuine history enriches a reading of this sci-fi fantasy, the converse is clearly not true.... --Wetman 14:04, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Your point is well taken, but I wonder where the interface between fiction and fact should be. Hypothetically, had Twain wrote "A Connecticut Yankee Meets Hanno The Navigator", would it be worthy of inclusion here? Would its age and notoriety make its inclusion automatic? After reading your comment here, I randomly chose Abraham Lincoln as a very well know figure and found that there is a line describing Steven Spielberg possibly making a movie of his life. Why have such a comment at all? Why not include a list of ALL of the fictional and semi-fictional portrayals? Presumably, Spielberg will at least try on some level to show some historical accuracy, but suppose his treatment were truly pure fiction? Anyway, I would hardly claim that my information regarding Hanno's (or not) appearance in the Poul Anderson novel enriches, but rather that it is informative. I would claim however that it is helpful to provide Wikipedia readers with as much information as possible, and let them sort it out. Would love to hear your thoughts. Jimaginator 19:10, Apr 13, 2005 (UTC)

 * IMO, the "possibly" part makes a Spielberg film bio of Lincoln un-notable, for the time being. There should be a Walt Whitman note at Abraham Lincoln, I reckon. Age and notoriety are almost worthy of inclusion all on their own: Zsa Zsa Gabor. It's a case-by-case call: Marguerite Yourcenar is worth a reference at Hadrian, because Memoirs of Hadrian affects our perception of Hadrian. Other pop culture manufacturers merely use "big names" as props, as Steven King employs myths: spurious appearance of depth. But I have a deeply instilled "high-culture" bias anyway... --Wetman 19:34, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Uh oh, "high-culture". I wish I knew what that was! Would that be Shakespeare who wrote for the common people, or Mozart with his popular musicals? I used to perceive a difference, but I'm not so certain anymore. Will a Nobel Prize winning author be "classic" in 300 years, or The Simpsons? We may do a disservice by superimposing a preconceived notion of relative worth on the entries we write and edit. Still, I have to admit, that given a choice between Mozart's and The Simpsons' article vanishing forever, I will have to be in favor of Mozart being saved. The test of time does have its merits. For now, I will leave poor Hanno alone, but this issue is an interesting one, and I am going to take a further look into how it is approached throughout Wikipedia. Jimaginator 00:27, Apr 14, 2005 (UTC)

Gorillas
What is with the hairy women? [unsigned]

 * Don't know whether this was a serious question, but I added in some text going into the various theories concerning the hairy women. Martijn Faassen 20:19, 24 August 2006 (UTC)

Pharaoh Neccho
Hi. Sorry, it's taken me a while to get back here. I hope in the next day or two to make absolutely sure, and I think someone has confused Herodotus's account of the Phoenician voyage around Africa with Hanno's voyage. I'll reread the account of Hanno's voyage to make sure my memory is correct and, if so, correct the article. By the way, I'm happy with BCE dates. Gallador 14:15, 8 April 2007 (UTC)

Herodotus
Hi. Actually, modern scholars believe the report Phoenicians circumnavigated Africa, for the reason Herodotus doubted it, that the sun was to the north. This account of a voyage c. 595 BCE around Africa from the east has been confused in this Hanno article with Hanno's separate voyage c. 425 BCE. part way down the west coast. Gallador 22:55, 8 April 2007 (UTC)

Removed additions of Oroblanco
It is sad to see that the additions I added yesterday have been so quickly removed and replaced with the erroneous information such as Hanno living circa 450 BC, which is absolutely incorrect and can be proven by the fact that one of the cities founded by Hanno is mentioned specifically by the Greek historian Hecataeus, who lived 550 to 470 BC. In fact the work of Hecataeus which mentions Hanno's city has been dated to 520 BC. How could Hecataeus have mentioned the city if Hanno lived more than twenty years after his death? This sort of mis-information is rife with many Carthaginian historical figures, and I see that we cannot get the record set straight thanks to our members like Wetman. I included references, which have been deleted.

Good luck with your Wikipedia, I will not add any further information. Oroblanco —Preceding unsigned comment added by Oroblanco (talk • contribs) 01:58, 24 November 2007 (UTC)

 * (The deleted bits of "information" were the "Dating the Voyage of Hanno" section and asserted Atlantis connections with a personal signature added shown in this diff. Was anything of value lost in deleting this apparently unencyclopedic unsourced personal essay? --Wetman (talk) 10:08, 24 November 2007 (UTC))

Dr. Fell's Professional Status
User:Clovis re-prefixed "amateur" to Dr. Fell's name as a epigrapher, stating in his description that this is the case because Dr. Fell's "training and experience" a marine biologist.

However, it is disingenuous to discount an academic as an "amateur" if his professional experience crosses into other fields. Many people go on to significant professional expertise in fields other than the title of their academic major.

In Fell's case, his doctoral dissertation in Marine Biology was on the dispersion of animal species, including humans, to islands. Consequently it was his doctoral thesis on dispersion of people in the Pacific that led Dr. Fell into the field epigraphy. As a tenured Harvard professor, Dr. Fell published several books on epigraphy and founded several epigraphic societies. One would be hard pressed to find a "professional" epigrapher who has published more on the subject.

It appears to me that Clovis' use of the word "amateur" is intended to marginalise Dr. Fell's expertise because Clovis disagrees with Dr. Fell's conclusion. That violates NPOV. I am reverting it - again. Cadwallader (talk) —Preceding comment was added at 18:07, 8 April 2008 (UTC)

 * He was an amateur. You even wrote "It should also be remembered that most of the pioneering work on epigraphy that is now taught by academics was originally published by "amateurs" such as Georg Fabricius - literature professor, Theodor Mommsen - classicist. Like Fell, these men were multi-talented tenured professors whose interests and academic work delved into a number of far-fetched areas." If you actually know anything about Barry Fell, you should know that even his most fervent supporters praise him for his identifcation of scripts and deprecate his translations and the accuracy of his drawings of inscriptions. 'Amateur' is correct.  And I agree with you that there are many gifted and famous amateurs, but I don't think Fell was one of them. Of course, if you prefer 'untrained' or 'unqualified'....Doug Weller (talk) 20:28, 8 April 2008 (UTC)

Gorillas?
Is there any definitem evidence that Gorillas lived in the costal areas where Hanno travelled?

Could this be a misprint for Chimpanzees which are more active and savage than Gorillas?AT Kunene (talk) 11:39, 28 December 2010 (UTC)

Later voyages
There are bound to various arguments about the length of Hannos voyages. About the only definite clue seems to be the rivers of fire which may be an active volcano.

Wherever Hanno reached there doesn't seem to be any mention of any subsequant voyages to the same area or even any further results of the Phoenician voyage around Africa.

Could it be that there were no profits likely to be made from such extended trade routes and that was an end to these voyages of exploration?AT Kunene (talk) 17:29, 29 October 2012 (UTC)

 * It's widely thought that the Carthaginians / Phoenicians were fairly secretive about their activities, and that what information they did share was designed to discourage competition. Himilco's exploration to the north took place at the same time as Hanno's, and we hear nothing more about trade in that direction either, yet the Carthaginians seems to have had sources of tin from somewhere. But keep in mind this page is not a general forum, the main purpose is to discuss how the article can be improved, sourced, etc. Til Eulenspiegel /talk/ 18:13, 29 October 2012 (UTC)

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Ancient authors
List of ancient authors that mention Hanno: (Greek authors, according to University of Chicago) (according to similar source)
 * Appian
 * Polybius
 * Diodorus Siculus
 * Herodotus
 * Aristotle
 * Cicero
 * Plautus

Maybe some more? Wikinights (talk) 22:22, 29 October 2020 (UTC)

Removing external links
Today I removed several external links. Page before, Page after. Reasons:
 * "Arriani et Hannonis ..." this Greek and Latin text is unreadable for most readers.
 * "Primo volume dell ..." same reason but in Italian
 * "Hannonis periplus. Quem ..." no link; should be placed in External links instead. Published in 1661, probably Latin, not readily available per a Google search; therefore, I think it will never be used as a source.
 * "Genuina Stephani Byzantini" Latin
 * "Geographi graeci minores ..." Latin and Greek
 * "The Periplus of Hanno" translation on archive.org. We already have a more recent translation cited, which also has more introductory material, annotations, maps, etc.
 * "Periplus in English" same
 * "Hanno's voyage" same
 * "Hanno, a Carthaginian navigator" encyclopedia entry already cited
 * "Annotated commentary" webpage already cited. Significant differences from modern version
 * "Scan of an original Byzantine manuscript" the Byzantine manuscript is cited in the article as "Add MS 19391" Wikinights (talk) 00:37, 1 November 2020 (UTC)

Section plan
This is my current plan for the sections.

0. Lead 1. Biography 2. Periplus 2.0. Note information about text 2.1. Summarize the periplus 2.2. Textual criticism 3. Expedition (from a modern scholar's viewpoint) 4. Ancient authors' accounts 5. Legacy Wikinights (talk) 08:58, 10 July 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hanno the Navigator


text:
Talk:Hugh of Lincoln

Lincoln Cathedral
I'll do some work on this page in a couple of weeks; just to say that I will be taking out the statement that Lincoln cathedral is the first gothic building in the country, a claim which no building can really make, and certainly not Lincoln. It is, however, prodigiously advanced in its style and most fine. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.232.241.108 (talk • contribs) 15:11, 17 November 2007

Appointment as Bishop of Lincoln
This article follows the Catholic Encyclopedia in dating St. Hugh's :) appointment as Bishop of Lincoln to 1181 after a vacancy of 16 years. All other sources I have found state that he was appointed in 1186 after the cathedral was struck by lightning. The Wikipedia list of Bishops of Lincoln gives Geoffrey Plantagenet as bishop from 1173 to 1183 and Walter de Coutances from 1183 to 1184, and this is confirmed by other web sites and the 1973 Encylcopedia Britannica.

The article also does not mention his conflicts with Richard and John. For example, according to other sources he was on his way to protest to Richard about his oppression of the church when he heard of Richard's death. Dudleymiles 13:29, 10 August 2007 (UTC)
 * I've updated the appointment and consecration dates to follow The Handbook of British Chronology Ealdgyth | Talk 02:51, 2 September 2007 (UTC)

'English saint'
Linking to a category is always unpleasant, but it seemed much more on topic than just linking to English people and non-specific saint. Anyone have the time to start a list of English saints to match everyone else's? Just remember to exclude the ones from before 1066, since list of Anglo-Saxon saints has inexplicably already been done first. — Llywelyn II   10:54, 3 January 2015 (UTC)

edit: Ok, so the Scots don't have their page either, yet. And the Americans and Australians do, but Canada's more modest (or less holy). — Llywelyn II   10:56, 3 January 2015 (UTC)

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Neither an English nor French Holyman.
Seems to of been a Savoyard, Burgundian or somesuchlike, not French. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.155.40.85 (talk) 01:52, 4 January 2019 (UTC)

Needs a Rewrite
I started editing this for grammar, pulled up short at the mention of a boarding school and soon found significant problems with the citations, starting with https://sthugh.org/, the website of a parish church, whose brief biography of St. Hugh mentions none of background it is supposed to justify.

Similarly, https://www.british-history.ac.uk/fasti-ecclesiae/1066-1300/vol3/pp1-5, is cited repeatedly, but contains only a few dates. Elsewhere on the same website, there is a substantial section on the Priory at Witham: https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/som/vol2/pp123-128#fnn58, which contains some very interesting information about St. Hugh and seems to have been overlooked when this piece was researched.

On the other hand there are large pieces of Hugh's story that are given without any citations or quotes.

The 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica is an outdated (and in this case, rather fulsome) source, frozen in time. The 2019 Encyclopedia Britannica just "updated and corrected" its entry on St. Hugh. Things change.Merry medievalist (talk) 18:03, 21 January 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hugh of Lincoln


text:
Kilcreggan

Kilcreggan (Scottish Gaelic: Cille Chreagain) is a village on the Rosneath Peninsula in Argyll and Bute, West of Scotland.

It developed on the north shore of the Firth of Clyde at a time when Clyde steamers brought it within easy reach of Glasgow at about 25 miles (40 km) west of the centre of Glasgow by boat. Many Glasgow shipowners and merchants made their summer retreats or even permanent residences there, and this is reflected in some very grand houses along the shore. Not all have remained occupied; some were demolished and others have been converted into flats.

Its location at the end of the Rosneath peninsula, between the Gare Loch and Loch Long, makes the journey 38 miles (61 km) by road. The B833 minor road runs along the shore for the length of the village then cuts north inland just to the east of Kilcreggan pier rather than going east along the shore past Portkil Bay to Rosneath Point. About 2 miles (3 km) north of Kilcreggan the road reaches the village of Rosneath then continues north along the shores of the Gare Loch.

The majority of the houses look south across the Clyde towards the towns of Gourock and Greenock, and further down the firth towards the Isle of Arran.

Large attractive houses continue westwards from the pier towards Baron's Point, which marks the southern entrance to Loch Long, almost to the adjoining village of Cove which looks across Cove Bay towards Blairmore, only about 2 miles (3 km) distant, but separated by the deep waters of Loch Long. To the east of the pier, houses at Portkil extend down to Portkil Bay, and the 413-foot (126 m) hill at Rosneath home farm is topped by a television mast.

A ferry subsidised by Strathclyde Partnership for Transport provides a regular service from Kilcreggan pier across the Clyde to Gourock. Until 2012, the ferry service also included crossings of the Gare Loch to Helensburgh, and was operated by Clyde Marine Services which ran the elderly MV Kenilworth until 2007 when they introduced the new MV Seabus for the route. After re-tendering, the contract for the Gourock to Kilcreggan route was awarded by SPT to Clydelink which bought the smaller MV Island Princess for the run and commenced services on 1 April 2012. On 24 March 2012 more than 400 people protested at the pier over fears for the future of the service. The contract was taken away from Clydelink and returned to Clyde Marine, who resumed the Gourock to Kilcreggan ferry service on 14 May 2018 with the former Seabus, now in blue livery and renamed Chieftain. CalMac are to take over the contract from 1 June 2020, leasing Chieftain from Clyde Marine.

Kilcreggan is in the historic county of Dunbartonshire. Before the local government reorganisation in 1975 it formed part of the joint police burgh of Cove and Kilcreggan. It then formed part of Dumbarton District and Strathclyde Region until the reorganisation of the 1990s. It has been part of Argyll and Bute unitary authority since then.

Craigrownie Parish Church of Scotland serves the communities of Ardpeaton, Cove and Kilcreggan.

title: Kilcreggan


text:
Volodymyr, Volyn Oblast

Volodymyr (Володимир), previously known as Volodymyr-Volynskyi (Володимир-Волинський) from 1944 to 2021, is a small city in Volyn Oblast, northwestern Ukraine. It serves as the administrative centre of Volodymyr Raion and the center of Volodymyr urban hromada. It is one of the oldest cities in Ukraine and the historic centre of the region of Volhynia; it served as the capital of the Principality of Volhynia and later as one of the capital cities of the Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia. Population:

The medieval Latin name of the town "Lodomeria" became the namesake of the 19th century Austro-Hungarian Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, of which the town itself was not a part. 5 km south from Volodymyr is Zymne, where the oldest Orthodox monastery in Volynia is located.

Name
The city was named after Vladimir the Great (Volodymyr the Great), who was born in the village of Budiatychi, about 20 km from Volodymyr, and later also abbreviated Lodomeria, Ladimiri. Following the partitions of Poland and the annexation of Volhynia by the Russian Empire in 1795, it was called Volodymyr-Volynskyi (Vladimir-Volynsky) to distinguish it from Vladimir-on-Klyazma. The name was not in use between 1919 and 1939 when the city was again part of Poland. In 1944, the name Volodymyr-Volynskyi was restored.

On 1 October 2021, the city council voted to drop the regional qualifier and change the name of the city to just Volodymyr. The decision had to be ratified by Ukraine's national parliament (Verkhovna Rada) to take effect. On 14 December 2021 parliament approved the name change (it was supported by 348 people's deputies). The city of Vladimir in Russia opposed the name change, claiming that there can be only one city called Vladimir.

Over the centuries its residents and rulers have used various names:
 * Wolodymyr
 * Lodomeria
 * Владимирь
 * Володимѣрь
 * Володимєръ
 * Włodzimierz
 * Владиміръ/Владиміръ-Волынскъ/Владимир-Волынск/Владимир-Волынский
 * Володимир/Володимир-Волинськ/Володимир-Волинський
 * Уладзімер/Уладзімер-Валынск/Уладзімер-Валынскі
 * לודמיר

History
The city is one of the oldest towns in Ukraine. It was originally a stronghold founded by Vladimir the Great (Volodymyr the Great). In 988, the city became the capital of Volodymyr Principality and the seat of an Orthodox bishopric, as mentioned in the Primary Chronicle.

In 1160, the building of the Sobor of Dormition of the Holy Mother of God was completed. By the 13th century, the city became part of Galicia–Volhynia as one of the most important trading towns in the region. After being conquered by Batu Khan in 1240, the city was under the rule of the Mongol Empire, together with other principalities in Rus'. In 1241, the Mongol army gathered near the town before the First Mongol invasion of Poland.

In the early 14th century, the Metropolitan of Kiev and all Rus', Theognostus, resided in the city for several years before moving to Moscow. In 1349, the Polish king, Casimir the Great, captured the city, and subsequently it became part of the Kingdom of Poland. The Polish king began building a castle, destroyed by Lithuanians after 1370, and established a Catholic bishopric in the city (known as Włodzimierz), later transferred to nearby Lutsk, which in the 15th century instead of Volodymyr became the leading city and capital of Volhynia. In 1370, it was taken by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (after 1386, part of the Polish–Lithuanian Union) and it was not until the Union of Lublin of 1569 that it returned to the Crown of Poland. In the meantime, the city was given Magdeburg town rights in 1431. In 1491 and 1500, it was invaded by Tatars. From 1566 to 1795 it was part of the Volhynian Voivodeship. It was a royal city of Poland. Most of the city's landmarks were built at that time, including the Baroque church of St. Joachim and St. Anne, the Jesuit church, the Dominican monastery and the chapel of St. Josaphat. Włodzimierz was also a garrison town, with the 6th Polish Infantry Regiment stationed there in 1790, and the 2nd Polish National Cavalry Brigade stationed there in 1794.

On July 17, 1792, the Battle of Włodzimierz took place in the vicinity of the town: a numerically inferior Polish force led by Tadeusz Kościuszko defeated a Russian army. The city remained a part of Poland until the Third Partition of Poland of 1795 when the Russian Empire annexed it. That year the Russian authorities changed the name of several cities in Volhynia, including Zviahel, which became Novohrad-Volynskyi. Volodymyr-Volynskyi stayed within the Russian Partition until 1917. In the 19th century, as part of anti-Polish repressions, the Russians demolished the Dominican church and Capuchin monastery, and the former Jesuit and then Basilian church was converted into an Orthodox church. In the 18th and 19th centuries the town started to grow rapidly, mostly thanks to large numbers of Jews settling there as part of the Pale of Settlement. By the second half of the 19th century, they made up the majority of the population. According to the Geographical Dictionary of the Kingdom of Poland, in the late 19th century, the city had 8,336 inhabitants, 6,122 of them Jews. In 1908, the railway station was opened.

Immediately after World War I, the area became disputed by the newly formed Second Polish Republic, Bolshevist Russia, and the Ukrainian People's Republic, with the Polish 17th Infantry Regiment capturing it overnight on 23 January 1919. In the interbellum, the city was a seat of a powiat within the Volhynian Voivodeship of Poland and an important garrison was located there. In 1926, the Volyn Artillery Reserve Cadet School (Wołyńska Szkoła Podchorążych Rezerwy Artylerii) was established in Włodzimierz. Before the outbreak of World War II, the city's population was predominantly Polish and Jewish, with a Ukrainian minority.

World War II
Following the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union, and the start of World War II, the city was occupied by Soviet forces on 19 September 1939. On 23 June 1941, at the start of the German invasion of the Soviet Union, the city was occupied by Germany and attached to the Reichskommissariat Ukraine, and immediately the Jewish community of 11,554 began to be persecuted. Between 1–3 September 1942, 25,000 Jews from the local area were shot at Piatydni. On November 13, 1942, the Germans killed another 3,000 Jews from the town near Piatydni. During World War II, a German concentration camp was located near the city. About 140 Jews returned to the city after the war but most later emigrated. By 1999, only 30 remained.

From September 1941, the Germans operated the Oflag XI-A prisoner-of-war camp in the town, which was reorganized as Stalag 365 in April 1942. In 1943, the city became a shelter for Poles escaping massacres carried out by Ukrainian nationalists of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA). Attacks by the UPA took place mainly in the suburbs. Poles were defended both by the Polish police established with the consent of the Germans and an illegal self-defense unit. In the city, Poles suffered from overpopulation, hunger and diseases. According to later research by Władysław Siemaszko and Ewa Siemaszko, a total of 111 Poles were killed in a dozen UPA attacks. The city was liberated by the Red Army on 20 July 1944 and annexed to the Ukrainian SSR. After the war, the vast majority of Polish residents was displaced to the post-war Polish territories, as the city was annexed from Poland by the Soviets.

Post-war
A Cold War air base was located north-east of the town at Zhovtnevy.

Since 1991, the city has been part of Ukraine.

Discovery of mass graves from World War II
A series of mass graves were discovered in 1997, with exhumations completed by 2013. Originally thought to be an example of NKVD mass murder, similar to the Katyn massacre and the Vinnytsia massacre, the Volodymyr-Volynskyi murders were shown in 2012 to have been carried out by German forces, most likely the Einsatzgruppen C. The primary archeological evidence for German culpability was that most of the bullet shell casings were dated 1941 and were from a German factory. Testimony by a Jewish survivor of the city, Ann Kazimirski (née Ressels), who lived on Kovelska Street, recorded by the USC Shoah Foundation corroborated the view that the perpetrators were German and that the victims were primarily Jewish. Anthropological analysis of the remains led to the conclusion that three quarters of the victims were women and children. The 747 victims were reinterred in local city cemeteries.

Churches in Volodymyr
The oldest place of worship in the town is the Temple of Volodymyr, erected several kilometres from the modern town's centre and first mentioned in a chronicle (letopis) of 1044. The oldest existing church is the Dormition of the Mother of God built by Mstyslav Izyaslavovych in 1160. By the late 18th century it fell into disuse and finally collapsed in 1829, but was restored between 1896 and 1900. The third of the old Orthodox churches is the Eastern Orthodox Basil the Great's cathedral, which was erected in the 14th or 15th century, though local legends attribute its construction to Volodymyr the Great, who supposedly built it some time after 992.

In 1497, Duke Alexander Jagiellon erected a Catholic church of Holy Trinity and a Dominican monastery. In 1554, another wooden Catholic church was founded by Princess Anna Zbaraska, which was later replaced by a new St. Joachim and Anna's church in 1836. In 1755, a Jesuit church was erected there by the starost of Słonim Ignacy Sadowski and, in 1780, the Greek Catholic Josaphat's church was added to the list. Following the Russian Empire's takeover of the town, in the effect of the Partitions of Poland, both shrines were confiscated and donated to the authorities of the Orthodox Church, which converted them to an Orthodox monastery and church, respectively, while the Dominican monastery was converted to an administrative building.

Museum
There also exists Volodymyr-Volynsky Historical Museum, an architectural monument of the 19th century.

Twin towns - Sister cities
Volodymyr is twinned with:
 * 🇺🇦 Dubno, Ukraine
 * 🇺🇦 Korosten, Ukraine
 * 🇵🇱 Hrubieszów, Poland
 * 🇵🇱 Kętrzyn, Poland
 * 🇵🇱 Łęczyca, Poland
 * 🇵🇱 Malbork, Poland
 * 🇩🇪 Zwickau, Germany
 * Raseiniai, Lithuania

Notable people

 * Josaphat Kuntsevych – archeparch (archbishop) of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, also a martyr and saint of the Catholic Church
 * Amtylochius – bishop and saint of Eastern Orthodox Church
 * Ipatii Potii – bishop, writer, and humanist, also co-founder and supporter of the Union of Brest
 * Wacław Hipsz – protonotary apostolic of the Catholic Church and the Prefect of Secondary Education in Volodymyr-Volynsky until 1939
 * Janusz Bardach – surgeon, Kolyma survivor, and memoirist
 * Juliusz Bardach – legal historian and professor of the University of Warsaw.
 * Teresa Lewtak-Stattler – social activist, stalag prisoner, Councillor of the Warsaw Capital, and meritorious member of Polish Home Army who took part in special operations against German Nazi high-ranking officials in German-occupied Poland during World War II and was involved in underground humanitary aid to Jews from Warsaw Ghetto
 * Józef Han – chairman of society of veterans of 27th Home Army Infantry Division (Poland) in Hrubieszów
 * Ann Kazimirski (née Ressels) – Holocaust survivor, teacher, lecturer, and author of the autobiographical book Witness to Horror, in which she describes growing up in Volodymyr (Ludmir), surviving the Holocaust, and making a new life in Canada for her and her family
 * Jerzy Strojnowski – psychiatrist, philosopher and writer, also professor and co-founder of Psychology Institute at John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin
 * Jerzy Antczak – film director.
 * Jan Tadeusz Stanisławski – writer, satirist, and actor
 * Ahatanhel Krymsky – orientalist and polyglot
 * Hannah Rachel Verbermacher (1805–1888), also known as the Maiden of Ludmir or the Ludmirer Moyd, the only independent female Rebbe in the history of the Hasidic movement

Link
Official Web site of the Volodymyr-Vohlynsky historical museum

title: Volodymyr, Volyn Oblast


text:
Dimmer

A dimmer is a device connected to a light fixture and used to lower the brightness of the light. By changing the voltage waveform applied to the lamp, it is possible to lower the intensity of the light output. Although variable-voltage devices are used for various purposes, the term dimmer is generally reserved for those intended to control light output from resistive incandescent, halogen, and (more recently) compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) and light-emitting diodes (LEDs). More specialized equipment is needed to dim fluorescent, mercury-vapor, solid-state, and other arc lighting.

Dimmers range in size from small units the size of domestic light switches to high-power units used in large theatrical or architectural lighting installations. Small domestic dimmers are generally directly controlled, although remote control systems (such as X10) are available. Modern professional dimmers are generally controlled by a digital control system like DMX or DALI. In newer systems, these protocols are often used in conjunction with Ethernet.

In the professional lighting industry, changes in intensity are called "fades" and can be "fade up" or "fade down". Dimmers with direct manual control had a limit on the speed they could be varied at but this problem has been largely eliminated with modern digital units (although very fast changes in brightness may still be avoided for other reasons like lamp life).

Modern dimmers are built from semiconductors instead of variable resistors, because they have higher efficiency. A variable resistor would dissipate power as heat and acts as a voltage divider. Since semiconductor or solid-state dimmers switch quickly between a low resistance "on" state and a high resistance "off" state, they dissipate very little power compared with the controlled load.

Most recently, software programmable internal dimmers can use signals from the same switch that turns lights on and off to control dimming. No dedicated external dimmer is needed. A simple communications protocol, such as Blink'n'Dim, delivers dimming commands via the power line. They enable computer control via networked switches, but do not require it. Their cost is about the same as the older "dimmability" circuitry that they replace in LED bulbs, fixtures or drivers.

History
Early dimmers were directly controlled through the manual manipulation of large dimmer panels. This required all power to come through the lighting control location, which could be inconvenient, inefficient and potentially dangerous for large or high-powered systems, such as those used for stage lighting.

In 1896, Granville Woods patented his "Safety Dimmer", which greatly reduced wasted energy by reducing the amount of energy generated to match desired demand rather than burning off unwanted energy.

In 1959, Joel S. Spira, who would found the Lutron Electronics Company in 1961, invented a dimmer based on a then-new solid state switching device called a Silicon Controlled Rectifier or SCR. This small device allowed the dimmer to be installed in a standard electrical wall box while saving energy.

In 1966, Eugene Alessio patented a light bulb socket adapter for adjusting a light level on a single light bulb using a triac. To house this device, he decided on a 2-inch round device with one end capable of being screwed into a light bulb socket and the other end able to receive a light bulb.

When solid-state dimmers came into use, analog remote control systems (such as 0-10 V lighting control systems) became feasible. The wire for the control systems was much smaller (with low current and lower danger) than the heavy power cables of previous lighting systems. Each dimmer had its own control wires, resulting in many wires leaving the lighting control location.

More recent digital control protocols such as DMX512, DALI, or one of the many Ethernet-based protocols like Art-Net, ETCnet, sACN, Pathport, ShowNet or KiNET enable the control of a large number of dimmers (and other stage equipment) through a single cable.

Rheostat dimmer
Dimmers based on rheostats were inefficient since they would dissipate a significant portion of the power rating of the load as heat. They were large and required plenty of cooling air. Because their dimming effect depended a great deal on the total load applied to each rheostat, the load needed to be matched fairly carefully to the power rating of the rheostat. Finally, as they relied on mechanical control they were slow and it was difficult to change many channels at a time.

Salt water dimmer
Early examples of a rheostat dimmer include a salt water dimmer or liquid rheostat; the liquid between a movable and fixed contact provided a variable resistance. The closer the contacts to each other, the more voltage was available for the light. Salt water dimmers required regular addition of water and maintenance due to corrosion; exposed parts were energized during operation, presenting a shock hazard.

Coil-rotation transformer
The coil-rotation transformer used a fixed-position electromagnet coil in conjunction with a variable-position coil to vary the voltage in the line by varying the alignment of the two coils. Rotated 90 degrees apart, the secondary coil is affected by two equal but opposite fields from the primary, which effectively cancel each other out and produce no voltage in the secondary.

These coils resembled the standard rotor and stator as used in an electric motor, except that the rotor was held against rotation using brakes and was moved to specific positions using high-torque gearing. Because the rotor did not ever turn a complete revolution, a commutator was not required and long flexible cables could be used on the rotor instead.

Autotransformer dimmer
Variable autotransformers (trade name "Variac") were then introduced. While they are still nearly as large as rheostat dimmers, which they closely resemble, they are relatively efficient devices. Their voltage output, and so their dimming effect, is largely independent of the load applied so it was far easier to design the lighting that would be attached to each autotransformer channel. Remote control of the dimmers was still impractical, although some dimmers were equipped with motor drives that could slowly and steadily reduce or increase the brightness of the attached lamps. Autotransformers have fallen out of use for lighting but are used for other applications.

However, there are certain lighting scenarios in which autotransformers are still a desirable solution (as of 2021). For instance, the control room of an audio recording studio may require an extremely strict limit for electromagnetic interference. In comparison with solid-state dimmers, the conducted emissions produced by autotransformers are effectively zero.

Solid-state dimmer
Solid-state, or semiconductor, dimmers were introduced to solve some of these problems. Semiconductor dimmers switch on at an adjustable time (phase angle) after the start of each alternating-current half-cycle, thereby altering the voltage waveform applied to lamps and so changing its RMS effective value. Because they switch instead of absorbing part of the voltage supplied, there is very little wasted power. Dimming can be almost instantaneous and is easily controlled by remote electronics. This development also made it possible to make dimmers small enough to be used in place (within the pattress) of normal domestic light switches.

The switches generate some heat during switching and can also cause radio-frequency interference. Inductors or chokes are used as part of the circuitry to suppress this interference. When the dimmer is at 50% power, the switches are switching their highest voltage (>325 V in Europe) and the sudden surge of power causes the coils on the inductor to move, creating a buzzing sound associated with some types of dimmer; this same effect can be heard in the filaments of the incandescent lamps as "singing". The suppression circuitry might be insufficient to prevent buzzing to be heard on sensitive audio and radio equipment that shares the mains supply with the lighting loads. In this case, special steps must be taken to prevent this interference. European dimmers must comply with relevant EMC legislation requirements; this involves suppressing the emissions described above to limits described in EN55104.

In the electrical schematic shown, a typical light dimmer based on a silicon-controlled rectifier (SCR) dims the light through phase-angle control. This unit is wired in series with the load. Diodes (D2, D3, D4 and D5) form a bridge, which generates pulsed DC. R1 and C1 form a circuit with a time constant. As the voltage increases from zero (at the start of every halfwave) C1 charges up. When C1 is able to make Zener diode D6 conduct and inject current into the SCR, the SCR fires. When the SCR conducts, D1 discharges C1 through the SCR. The SCR shuts off when the current falls to zero and the supply voltage drops at the end of the half cycle, ready for the circuit to start work on the next half cycle. This circuit is called a leading-edge dimmer or forward phase dimming.

Dimmers based on insulated-gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) do away with most of the noise present in TRIACs by chopping off the falling side of the sine wave. These circuits are called trailing-edge dimmers or reverse phase dimming.

An even newer, but still expensive technology is sine-wave dimming, which is implemented as a high-power switched-mode power supply followed by a filter.

Control

Non domestic dimmers are usually controlled remotely by means of various protocols. Analogue dimmers usually require a separate wire for each channel of dimming carrying a voltage between 0 and 10 V. Some analogue circuitry then derives a control signal from this and the mains supply for the switches. As more channels are added to the system more wires are needed between the lighting controller and the dimmers.

In the late 70s, serial analogue protocols were developed. These multiplexed a series of analogue levels onto a single wire, with embedded clocking signal similar to a composite video signal (in the case of Strand Lighting's European D54 standard, handling 384 dimmers) or separate clocking signal (in the case of the US standard AMX192).

Digital protocols, such as DMX512 have proved to be the answer since the late 80s. In early implementations a digital signal was sent from the controller to a demultiplexer, which sat next to the dimmers. This converted the digital signal into a collection of 0 to +10 V or 0 to −10 V signals which could be connected to the individual analogue control circuits.

Modern dimmer designs use microprocessors to convert the digital signal directly into a control signal for the switches. This has many advantages, giving closer control over the dimming, and giving the opportunity for diagnostic feedback to be sent digitally back to the lighting controller.

Some dimmers in residential applications are also equipped with a radio receiver to be used as wireless light switches which can be remotely controlled by a radio transmitter.

Patching
Patching is the physical ("hard patch") or virtual ("soft patch") assignment to a circuit or channel for the purpose of control.

Hard patch
Dimmers are usually arranged together in racks, where they can be accessed easily, and then power is run to the instruments being controlled. In architectural installations electricity is run straight from the dimmers to the lights via permanent wiring (this is called a circuit). They are hard run and cannot be changed.

However venues such as theatres demand more flexibility. To allow for changes for each show, and occasionally during shows, theatres sometimes install circuits run permanently to sockets around the theatre. Instead of these circuits going directly to the dimmer they are connected to a patch bay. A patch bay usually sits next to the dimmers enabling the dimmers to be connected to specific circuits via a patch cable. The patch bay may also enable many circuits to be connected to one dimmer and even series connection for low-voltage lamps. Also in some theatres individual cables are run directly from the light to dimmer. The assigned connections between the circuits (either at the patch bay or in the form of individual cables) and the dimmers is known as the mains or hard patch. This is most common in older theatres, and on a tour where dimmers will be brought in by the touring company.

Soft patch
Most modern fixed installations do not have patch bays; instead they have a dimmer-per-circuit, and patch dimmers into channels using a computerised control console's Soft Patch.

Dimming curves
The design of most analogue dimmers meant that the output of the dimmer was not directly proportional to the input. Instead, as the operator brought up a fader, the dimmer would dim slowly at first, then quickly in the middle, then slowly at the top. The shape of the curve resembled that of the third quarter of a sine wave. Different dimmers produced different dimmer curves, and different applications typically demanded different responses.

Television often uses a "square law" curve, providing finer control in top part of the curve, essential to allow accurate trimming of the colour temperature of lighting. Theatrical dimmers tend to use a softer "S" or linear curve. Digital dimmers can be made to have whatever curve the manufacturer desires; they may have a choice between a linear relationship and selection of different curves, so that they can be matched with older analogue dimmers. Sophisticated systems provide user-programmable or nonstandard curves, and a common use of a nonstandard curve is to turn a dimmer into a "non-dim", switching on at a user defined control level.

Preheat
Switching high-intensity incandescent (filament) lamps to full power from cold can shorten their life dramatically, owing to the large inrush current that occurs. To reduce stress on the lamp filaments, dimmers may have a preheat function. This sets a minimum level, usually between 5% and 10%, which appears turned-off, but stops the lamp from cooling down too much. This also speeds up the lamp's reaction to sudden bursts of power that operators of rock'n'roll-style shows appreciate. The opposite of this function is sometimes called top-set. This limits the maximum power supplied to a lamp, which can also extend its life.

In less advanced systems, this same effect is achieved by literally pre-heating (warming) the globes before an event or performance. This is usually achieved by slowly bringing the lights up to full (or usually 90-95%) power over a period of between 1/2 to 1 hour. This is as effective as a built-in preheat function.

Digital

Modern digital desks can emulate preheat and dimmer curves and allow a soft patch to be done in memory. This is often preferred as it means that the dimmer rack can be exchanged for another one without having to transfer complicated settings. Many different curves, or profiles can be programmed and used on different channels.

Rise time
One measure of the quality of a leading edge dimmer is the "rise time". The rise time in this context is the amount of time it takes for the cut part of the waveform to get from zero to the instantaneous output voltage. In the waveform above it is a measure of the slope of the almost vertical edge of the red trace. Typically it is measured in tens to hundreds of microseconds. A longer rise time reduces the noise of the dimmer and the lamp as well as extending the life of the lamp. A longer rise time also reduces the electromagnetic interference produced by the dimmer. Unsurprisingly, a longer rise time is more expensive to implement than a short one, this is because the size of choke has to be increased. Newer dimming methods can help minimize such problems.

title: Dimmer


text:
Talk:Lord Harcourt

I removed:
 * Lord Harcourt was the lord of Harcourt, son of Arathron, Lord of Arabia.

because it's not at all clear which Lord Harcourt this is about. Google hits indicated a lot of them, dating back at least to the 12th century! One of the people that works on British peers will have to straighten this out. -- Toby Bartels 01:07, 9 Mar 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lord Harcourt


text:
John Maddicott

John Robert Lewendon Maddicott, (born  22 July 1943) is an English historian who has published works on the political and social history of England in the 13th and 14th centuries, and has also written a number of leading articles on the Anglo-Saxon economy, his second area of interest.

Born in Exeter, Devon, he was educated at Worcester College, Oxford. He has written a biography of Thomas, 2nd Earl of Lancaster, and one on Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester. In Hilary term 2004, he delivered the Ford Lectures, the most prestigious history lectures in Oxford University, on the topic of the genesis of the English Parliament. He taught at the University of Manchester and was a fellow and tutor in history at Exeter College, Oxford, from 1969 until 2006. An elected Fellow of the British Academy (FBA), he was also joint editor of the English Historical Review from 1990 to 2000. In 2001 he delivered the British Academy's Raleigh Lecture on History.

Selected publications

 * Thomas of Lancaster, 1307-22: A Study in the Reign of Edward II. (Oxford, 1970)
 * "The English Peasantry and the Demands of the Crown, 1294-1341", Past and Present. Vol Supplement No. 1 (1975)
 * "Trade, Industry and the Wealth of King Alfred", Past and Present. Vol 123 (1989)
 * Simon de Montfort. (Cambridge, 1994); pbk reprint
 *  'An Infinite Multitude of Nobles': Quality, Quantity and Politics in the Pre-Reform Parliaments of Henry III, in Thirteenth Century England, vii (1999), pp. 17–46
 * "Power and prosperity in the Age of Bede and Beowulf", Proceedings of the British Academy. (2002)
 * The Origins of the English Parliament, 924-1327. (Oxford, 2010)

title: John Maddicott


text:
Talk:Hamilton College

Suicide-related scandal
I don't know how much can be said... but it seems that *something* should be said given the scandalous neglect that the administration showed in the Graham Burton suicide case.

https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/12/us/college-student-suicide-hamilton.html?nl=top-stories&nlid=71392839ries&ref=cta — Preceding unsigned comment added by Gregorybard (talk • contribs) 04:21, 13 May 2018 (UTC)

 * While sad, that's not encyclopedic information. - Kzirkel (talk) 23:14, 17 September 2020 (UTC)

Requested move 14 August 2018

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: pages moved as requested per the discussion below. Dekimasu よ! 16:49, 21 August 2018 (UTC)

– WP:PRIMARYTOPIC Prisencolin (talk) 03:37, 14 August 2018 (UTC)
 * Hamilton College (New York) → Hamilton College
 * Hamilton College → Hamilton College (disambiguation)

 * Evidence? ElKevbo (talk) 05:11, 14 August 2018 (UTC)

 * Support Pageviews show a primary topic [|Hamilton_College_(England)|Hamilton_College,_South_Lanarkshire|Hamilton_College_(Iowa)|Hamilton_College_(Kentucky)].  Crouch, Swale  ( talk ) 12:56, 14 August 2018 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Formatting of sections
The history section for this page got moved up, and lost the history tab all together, not the history of Hamilton College is combined with the overview of the school — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:182:c903:4070:5053:7035:c7e9:bac4 (talk • contribs) 17:21, September 17, 2020 (UTC)

 * Someone accidentally erased the title of the History section. I've fixed it. ElKevbo (talk) 22:49, 17 September 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hamilton College


text:
Talk:Wave interference

Can someone restore the long-standing animation, and text explaining it, which has been recently removed
I've just removed some recent pseudo-science additions by an unnamed person. An unnamed person has removed text and an animation explaining constructive & destructive interference, which can be seen here ... https://web.archive.org/web/20160530224057/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interference_(wave_propagation). Can someone please restore that deleted text & animation. Natural Philo (talk) 03:20, 2 July 2016 (UTC) Update: The crackpot has reinstated their irrelevant/insane additions, (apparently via an anonymous proxy). Can anything be done to prevent anonymous obsessional nutcases from adding their ravings to wikipedia and deleting valid content ? Natural Philo (talk) 00:08, 3 July 2016 (UTC)

 * Yes, you can request that a page be protected from anonymous/IP address editing for some length of time. David Spector (talk) 17:50, 6 June 2022 (UTC)

Is anyone still working on this page, I have some input that should help. The work on the page is based on classical physics, using the quantum physics provides insight that answers most of questions above. Wikidave2015 (talk) 00:41, 31 January 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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Are the details of interference patterns the same?
The article says, "Interference effects can be observed with all types of waves."

While this is certainly true, it is always implicitly assumed that the detailed interference patterns are also always the same (up to differences in internal forces such as viscosity/Reynold's Number). But is this true? Does the Schrödinger equation, which precisely describes photon interference, also work precisely for water waves, using the Fresnel/Young equation? I think only as a first approximation. I think quantum interference is actually different from classical interference. I can't seem to find any confirmation. David Spector (talk) 17:46, 6 June 2022 (UTC)

 * The sentence is correct, but the Wave interference section -- which may have been added since your comment -- clarifies that the details differ.
 * Matter waves and light waves are complex functions; water waves are real functions. The sums differ as the complex amplitude involves phase.
 * Johnjbarton (talk) 22:59, 8 June 2023 (UTC)

Quantum Interference section overwrought.
In concept the Wave interference is great. However, I'm about to make changes that I want to explain in more detail.

item d on the list of differences is incorrect: "In classical optical interference the energy conservation principle is violated as it requires quanta to cancel." Classical optics has no quanta as a start. An energy conservation is not a pointwise property.

The paragraph on double slit is off base. It seems to be wrestling with wave-particle duality. Fine, but here the topic is wave interference and we need not ponder metaphysics, just waves.

The list of differences is introduced but then delayed.

The biggest issue here is that the article over all is missing a reasonable sense of "classical waves". So comparing to classical waves not effective. Johnjbarton (talk) 00:04, 9 June 2023 (UTC)

 * I ended up reorganizing to make at kinda "classical wave" section, but it has to real-valued waves as optical waves are classical. The list of differences now works to distinguish mechanical+gravity waves from optical+quantum waves. Reordered the article to match.
 * Using the scary "complex valued wave functions" in section title may not be great but it does not raise the math level beyond what was there before. And it is significantly more correct.
 * I added more links. I suppose more refs could be pulled from matter wave and more could be added.
 * Comments and suggestions welcome. Johnjbarton (talk) 00:10, 9 June 2023 (UTC)

This page is obviously very very hard to understand by a general public
While the start is almost OK for a science-educated reader, jargon is used more and more often and at the end most readers will be lost, except those who know it all (and argue about details, as above), but those do not really need this page!!! I think that we need a pedagogic science writer here. 86.192.110.239 (talk) 18:50, 2 February 2024 (UTC)

 * The page does mix up material waves (water waves, elastic waves) and quantum waves (light, matter waves). Both exhibit interference, because they are waves. But everything else about them differs. For quantum waves, three major complications: waves are not directly experienced, the amplitudes are complex, and coherence is required for interference.
 * I think reorganizing the article along these lines would help.
 * The basics of interference for material waves is simple. To say more than the simple combination immediately bring in math. I don't see any practical way around this, or value to be honest. Johnjbarton (talk) 00:18, 4 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Wave interference


text:
Bruce Sutter

Howard Bruce Sutter (January 8, 1953 – October 13, 2022) was an American professional baseball pitcher who played 12 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB) between 1976 and 1988. He was one of the sport's dominant relievers in the late 1970s and early 1980s, making effective use of the split-finger fastball. A six-time All-Star and 1982 World Series champion, Sutter recorded a 2.83 career earned run average and 300 saves, the third-most in MLB history at the time of his retirement. Sutter won the National League's (NL) Cy Young Award in 1979 as its top pitcher, and won the NL Rolaids Relief Man Award four times. He became the only pitcher to lead the NL in saves five times (1979–1982, 1984).

Born in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, Sutter briefly attended Old Dominion University and was subsequently signed by the Chicago Cubs as an undrafted free agent in 1971. He played five years for the Cubs, four for the St. Louis Cardinals, and three for the Atlanta Braves, serving as each team's closer during his tenure. His usage in the eighth and ninth innings of games was partly responsible for ushering in a more specialized era for the closer role. In the mid-1980s, Sutter began to experience shoulder problems, undergoing three surgeries before retiring in 1989.

Sutter was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 2006, his 13th year of eligibility. He was also honored by the Cardinals with the retirement of his uniform number 42 in 2006 and induction into the Cardinals Hall of Fame in 2014. Sutter also served as a minor league consultant for the Philadelphia Phillies.

Early life
Sutter was born to Howard and Thelma Sutter in Lancaster, Pennsylvania. His father managed a Farm Bureau warehouse in Mount Joy, Pennsylvania. Bruce was the fifth child of six.

Sutter graduated from Donegal High School in Mount Joy, where he played baseball, football, and basketball. He was quarterback and captain of the football team and also served as captain for the basketball squad, which won a district championship in his senior season. His baseball team also won the county championship.

Early career
After being selected by the Washington Senators in the 21st round of the 1970 MLB draft, Sutter instead attended Old Dominion University. He dropped out of school and returned to Lancaster to play semi-professional baseball. Ralph DiLullo, a scout for the Chicago Cubs, signed Sutter as a free agent in September 1971. He pitched in two games for the Gulf Coast League Cubs in 1972. When he was 19, Sutter had surgery on his arm to relieve a pinched nerve. When he recovered from surgery and returned to the mound a year later, Sutter found that his previous pitches were no longer effective. He learned the split-finger fastball from minor league pitching instructor Fred Martin. Sutter's large hands helped him to use the pitch, which was a modification of the forkball.

Sutter had nearly been released by the Cubs, but found success with the new pitch. Mike Krukow, who was also a Cubs minor league player at the time, said, "As soon as I saw him throw it, I knew he was going to the big leagues. Everyone wanted to throw it after he did." He recorded a 3–3 win–loss record, a 4.13 earned run average (ERA), and five saves in 40 games for the Quincy Cubs in Class A baseball in 1973.

Sutter split the 1974 season between the Class A Key West Conchs and the Class AA Midland Cubs. Though he finished the season with a combined 2–7 record, he recorded a 1.38 ERA in 65 innings. He returned to Midland in 1975 and finished the year with a 5–7 record, a 2.15 ERA, and 13 saves. Sutter led the team in ERA and saves as they won the Texas League West Division pennant. He started the 1976 season with the Class AAA Wichita Aeros, but he pitched only seven games with the team before being promoted to the major leagues.

Chicago Cubs (1976–1980)
Sutter joined the Cubs in May 1976. He pitched in 52 games and finished with a 6–3 win–loss record and 10 saves. In 1977 he had a 1.34 ERA, earned an All-Star Game selection, and finished sixth and seventh in NL Cy Young Award and Most Valuable Player Award voting, respectively. On September 8, 1977, Sutter struck out all three batters on nine total pitches in the ninth inning of a 10-inning 3–2 win over the Montreal Expos, becoming the 12th NL pitcher and the 19th pitcher in major-league history to achieve an immaculate inning. Sutter had also struck out the side (although not on nine pitches) upon entering the game in the eighth inning, giving him six consecutive strikeouts, tying the NL record for a reliever.

Sutter's ERA increased to 3.19 in 1978, but he earned 27 saves. In May 1979, the Cubs acquired relief pitcher Dick Tidrow. Tidrow would enter the game and pitch a couple of innings before Sutter came in for the save. Sutter credited Tidrow for much of his success. Sutter saved 37 games for the club, tying the NL record held by Clay Carroll (1972) and Rollie Fingers (1978), and won the NL Cy Young Award. This year also marked the first of five seasons (four consecutive) in which he led the league in saves. Sutter also won the Rolaids Relief Man of the Year Award and The Sporting News Fireman of the Year Award. In addition to a league-leading 28 saves in 1980, Sutter recorded a 2.64 ERA and finished with a 5–8 win–loss record in 60 games. His strikeout total, which had been over 100 the previous three seasons, fell to 76 that year and he never finished with more than 77 strikeouts in any of his remaining seasons.

St. Louis Cardinals (1981–1984)
Sutter was traded to the St. Louis Cardinals for Leon Durham, Ken Reitz, and a player to be named later in December 1980. He made his fifth consecutive All-Star Game in 1981. He recorded 25 saves, registered a 2.62 ERA, and finished fifth in the NL Cy Young Award voting.

Sutter registered 36 saves in 1982, finishing third in the Cy Young Award voting. Sutter earned the save in the pennant-clinching victory in the NLCS. The Cardinals won the 1982 World Series and Sutter is credited with two saves in that Series, including the Series-clinching save in Game 7 which ended with a strikeout of Gorman Thomas.

In 1983, Sutter recorded a 9–10 win–loss record and a 4.23 ERA; while his save total declined to 21. In April of that year, Sutter executed a rare unassisted pickoff play: as Bill Madlock of the Pittsburgh Pirates took a long lead off first base, he became distracted by Cardinals first baseman Keith Hernandez. Sutter ran off the mound to tag Madlock out.

Sutter, who won both the Rolaids Relief Man of the Year Award and The Sporting News Reliever of the Year Award again in 1981, 1982, and 1984, tied Dan Quisenberry's major league record for most saves in a season (45) in 1984. (His MLB record was broken by Dave Righetti (46) in 1986 and his NL record was broken by Lee Smith (47) in 1991.) During Sutter's record-breaking season, he pitched a career-high innings. It was one of five seasons in which Sutter threw more than 100 innings.

Atlanta Braves (1985–1988)
Sutter joined the Atlanta Braves in December 1984 as a free agent. The New York Times reported that Sutter's six-year contract paid him $4.8 million and placed another $4.8 million into a deferred payment account at 13 percent interest. The newspaper estimated that the account would pay Sutter $1.3 million per year for 30 years after the initial six seasons of the contract. Sutter said that he was attracted to the Braves because of Atlanta's scenery and his respect for Ted Turner and Dale Murphy.

Before the start of the 1985 season, Cardinals manager Whitey Herzog commented on facing the season without Sutter. "To me, Bruce is the best there ever was," Herzog said. "Losing him is like Kansas City losing Dan Quisenberry...I told Bruce, 'Look, you've taken care of your children and your grandchildren and your great-grandchildren. Now, if I get fired in July, will you take care of me and Mary Lou?'"

When Sutter arrived in Atlanta, only two Braves pitchers had ever earned 25 or more saves in a season; the Braves in 1984 had recorded 49 saves as a team, just four more than Sutter's own total. In 1985, Sutter's ERA rose to 4.48 and his saves total decreased to 23. By the end of the season, he was bothered by nerve impingement in the right shoulder. He underwent surgery on the shoulder after the season, and recovered in time to appear in spring training in mid-March 1986.

Near the end of March 1986, Sutter commented on his recovery, saying, "I'm throwing the ball as hard as I ever have, but it's just not getting there as fast. I don't know what's going to happen. I just have to keep throwing and see. So far, there have been no setbacks. Today I felt great, no problems." Sutter started the season with a 2–0 record and a 4.34 ERA in 16 games. He was placed on the disabled list in May due to arm problems. On July 31, manager Chuck Tanner announced that Sutter would probably not return to pitching in that season.

Sutter underwent shoulder surgery in February 1987, the third procedure performed on his arm, in an attempt to remove scar tissue and to promote nerve healing. To recover from the surgery, he was required to miss the entire 1987 season. He returned to limited action with the Braves in 1988. In late May, Sutter earned saves on consecutive nights and sportswriter Jerome Holtzman characterized his pitching as "vintage Sutter". He finished the year with a 1–4 record, a 4.76 ERA and 14 saves in 38 games pitched. In late September, he had arthroscopic surgery on his right knee.

Retirement
By March 1989, Sutter was dealing with a severely torn rotator cuff and he admitted that he would be unlikely to return to baseball. "There's probably a 99.9 percent chance I won't be able to pitch again," he said. General Manager Bobby Cox said that "Bruce is not going to retire. We're not going to release him. We'll put him on the 21-day disabled list, then probably move him to the 60-day disabled list later on." Sutter planned to reevaluate his condition after resting his arm for three to four months. The Braves released him that November.

Sutter retired with exactly 300 saves — at the time, the third-highest total in history, behind Rollie Fingers (341) and Goose Gossage (302). His career saves total was an NL record until broken by Lee Smith in 1993.

Hall of Fame
Sutter appeared on his thirteenth Baseball Hall of Fame ballot in 2006. Sportswriter Matthew Leach of MLB.com referred to this ballot as Sutter's best chance for induction; he pointed out that Sutter would only be eligible for two more Hall of Fame ballots. Nearing the end of his eligibility, Sutter said he did not think about induction very often. "It's just an honor to be on the ballot, but it's not something I think that much about. I have no control over it. ... It's out of my hands. It's the voters, it's in the voters' hands. There's nothing I can do about it. I can't pitch anymore... There's a lot of guys that I think should be in that aren't in. It's for the special few people to get into the Hall of Fame. It shouldn't be easy to get in", he said. On January 10, 2006, Sutter was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in his 13th year of eligibility by receiving 400 votes out of a possible 520 (76.9%). He was the fourth relief pitcher inducted, and the first pitcher inducted without starting a game.

MLB.com columnist Mike Bauman attributed the delay in Sutter's Hall of Fame election to several factors. He pointed out that Sutter's first five strong seasons were with the Cubs, a team that did not receive much attention during those years. He also noted that the closer role was relatively new in baseball history. Finally, he wrote that Sutter's candidacy was hurt because his career was cut short by injuries.

At his Hall of Fame induction that July, Sutter was the only former MLB player inducted. However, he was joined by 17 Negro league baseball players. During his induction speech, Sutter said, "I haven't played baseball for 18 years now and I'm getting more sentimental as I get older. You start losing family members and you start losing friends. There are teammates who have passed on. You start thinking of them as you put together a speech. I'm not usually an emotional guy. My kids said the first time they ever saw me cry was when I got that phone call [telling him that he was elected]. Now today. I guess a lot of people have seen me crying now." Johnny Bench and Ozzie Smith wore decorative beards to the induction speech in honor of Sutter. Sutter's Hall of Fame plaque depicts him wearing a Cardinals cap.

Other honors
Sutter's number 42, which he wore throughout his career, was retired by the St. Louis Cardinals during a ceremony at Busch Stadium on September 17, 2006. He shares his retired number with Jackie Robinson, whose number 42 was retired by all MLB teams in 1997.

In November 2010, Sutter was inducted into the St. Louis Sports Hall of Fame. A few months later, Whitey Herzog accepted the honor in place of Sutter, whose wife was hospitalized with cancer. In January 2014, the Cardinals announced Sutter among 22 former players and personnel to be inducted into the St. Louis Cardinals Hall of Fame Museum for the inaugural class of 2014.

Personal life and death
Sutter remained in Atlanta with his wife and three sons after retirement. His son Chad was a catcher who played for Tulane University and was selected by the New York Yankees in the 23rd round (711th overall) of the 1999 amateur draft. Chad played one season in the minor leagues and later joined the coaching staff of the Tulane baseball team.

On August 23, 2010, Sutter was named a minor league consultant for the Philadelphia Phillies. He was hired to evaluate pitching prospects at the team's Class AA and AAA affiliates.

Sutter died at the age of 69 while in hospice in Cartersville, Georgia, on October 13, 2022, after a recent diagnosis of cancer.

Upon the news of his death, MLB Commissioner Rob Manfred said, "Bruce Sutter was the first pitcher to reach the Hall of Fame without starting a game, and he was one of the key figures who foreshadowed how the use of relievers would evolve. Bruce will be remembered as one of the best pitchers in the histories of two of our most historic franchises."

title: Bruce Sutter