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Bay Miwok

The Bay Miwok are a cultural and linguistic group of Miwok, a Native American people in Northern California who live in Contra Costa County. They joined the Franciscan mission system during the early nineteenth century, suffered a devastating population decline, and lost their language as they intermarried with other native California ethnic groups and learned the Spanish language.

The Bay Miwok were not recognized by modern anthropologists or linguists until the mid-twentieth century. In fact, Alfred L. Kroeber, father of California anthropology, who knew of one of their constituent local groups, the Saklan (Saclan), from nineteenth-century manuscript sources, presumed that they spoke an Ohlone (a.k.a. Costanoan) language.

In 1955 linguist Madison Beeler recognized an 1821 vocabulary taken from a Saclan man at Mission San Francisco as representative of a Miwok language. The language was named "Bay Miwok" and its territorial extent was rediscovered during the 1960s (see Landholding Groups or Local Tribes section below).

Culture
The Bay Miwok lived by hunting and gathering, and lived in small bands without centralized political authority. They spoke Bay Miwok also known as Saclan. They were skilled at basketry.

Religion
The original Bay Miwok people's world view was a form of Shamanism. As they were centrally located along an arc of Miwok-speaking groups across Central California, the Bay Miwok probably shared the Kuksu religion ceremonial motifs common to both the Coast Miwok to the west and Plains Miwok to the east. The Kuksu religion (dubbed the Kuksu Cult by early historians) included a cycle of elaborate dancing ceremonies, each with its own group of actors and distinctive feather-decorated regalia, an all-male society that met in subterranean dance rooms, puberty rites of passage, shamanic intervention with the spirit world, and, in some areas, an annual mourning ceremony. Varying forms of the Kuksu Cult were shared with other indigenous ethnic groups of Central California, such as their neighbors the northern Ohlone, Maidu, Patwin, Pomo, and Wappo. However Kroeber observed less "specialized cosmogony" in the Miwok, which he termed one of the "southern Kuksu-dancing groups", in comparison to the Maidu and other northern California tribes.

Traditional narratives and mythology
The specific myths, legends, tales, and histories of the Bay Miwok are not well documented. C. Hart Merriam published a creation story, The Birth of Wek-Wek and the Creation of Man, centered on Mt. Diablo, that was told by a Hool-poom'-ne Miwok, perhaps a descendant of the Julpun Bay Miwok of Marsh Creek, eastern Contra Costa County.

One might suspect that the full corpus of Bay Miwok mythology and sacred narrative shared the motifs that the linguistically related and better-documented ethnographic Coast Miwok and Sierra Miwok held in common. All Miwok peoples believed in animal and human spirits, and saw the animal spirits as their ancestors. Coyote was seen as the representation of their creator god. The Sierra and Plains Miwok, as well as the Bay Miwok, believed this world began at Mount Diablo, following a flood.

Landholding groups or local tribes
The names and general territorial areas of seven Bay Miwok-speaking land-holding groups have been inferred through indirect methods, based for the most part on information in the ecclesiastical records of missions San Francisco and San Jose. In a 1961 Ph.D. dissertation, James Bennyhoff used data from the Alphonse Pinart transcripts of the mission records to identify four more East Bay local territorial groups, in addition to the Saclan, as members of this unique Miwok language group. "The major clues to the linguistic affiliation of these river mouth tribelets are provided by the personal names of female neophytes recorded in the baptismal registers ... Ompin, Chupcan, Julpun, and Wolwon [Volvon-ed.] are linked together by the use of a distinctive constellation of endings which appear in female personal names," he wrote. Milliken subsequently used the same technique, applied to the original mission records, to identify two additional local tribes—Jalquin and Tatcan—as Bay Miwok speakers. Milliken then inferred and mapped the relative locations of all seven groups, using clues from historic diaries together with mission register information regarding intermarriage patterns among East Bay local tribes. The locations of the seven Bay Miwok local tribes are generally as follows:

 * At and surrounding present-day City of Concord: Chupcan.
 * At Mt. Diablo, surrounding present-day City of Clayton and east along Marsh Creek to Brentwood: Volvon (also spelled Wolwon, and Bolbon).
 * Along lower Marsh Creek (east of Antioch): Julpun.
 * At present-day City of Pittsburg and north to rural south Solano County: Ompin.
 * At and surrounding present-day cities of Lafayette and Walnut Creek: Saclan.
 * At and surrounding present-day City of Danville, on San Ramon Creek: Tatcan.
 * In south portion of present-day City of Oakland, in present City of San Leandro, and on San Leandro Creek to the east: Jalquin.

Another group, the Yrgin of present-day City of Hayward and Castro Valley, had Chochenyo Ohlone signature female name endings, rather than Bay Miwok name endings. Yet they were so highly intermarried with the Jalquin that it seems possible that they and the Jalquin formed a single bilingual local tribe.

History
Documentation of Miwok peoples dates back as early as 1579 by a priest on a ship under the command of Francis Drake. Identification and references to the Bay Miwok tribes exists from California Mission records as early as 1794.

Spanish-American Franciscans set up Catholic missions in the Bay Area in the 1770s, but did not reach the Bay Miwok territory until 1794. Beginning in 1794, the Bay Miwoks were forced to migrate to the Franciscan missions, most to Mission San Francisco de Asís (of San Francisco), but some others to Mission San José (in present-day Fremont). All but the Ompin and Julpun in the northeast were at the missions by the end of 1806; the latter two groups moved to Mission San José during the 1810-1812 period. The first baptisms and emigration to the missions of each tribe were:
 * In 1794-1795, 143 Saclans were baptized at the San Francisco Mission (25 more in later years).
 * In 1799-1805, 152 Yrgins were baptized at the San Jose Mission.
 * In 1801-1803, 77 Jalquins were baptized at the San Francisco Mission.
 * In 1804, 127 Tatcans were baptized at San Francisco Mission.
 * In 1805, 44 Volvons were baptized at the San Jose Mission; another 54 were baptized at Mission San Francisco over 1805-1806.
 * In 1810, 146 Chupcans were baptized at the San Francisco Mission.
 * In 1811, 103 Julpuns were baptized at the San Jose Mission; others fled to the east and north, and continued to come in for baptism until as late as 1827.
 * In 1811, 99 Ompins were baptized at the San Jose Mission; 15 more were baptized in 1812.

Missionary linguist Felipe Arroyo de la Cuesta obtained the only extant Bay Miwok vocabulary during a visit to Mission San Francisco in 1821.

Population change over time
Estimates for the precontact populations of most native groups in California have varied substantially. (See Population of Native California.) Alfred L. Kroeber put the 1770 population of the Plains and Sierra Miwok (but excluding the Bay Miwok, about whom he was not aware) at 9,000. Sherburne Cook carried out a more specific analysis of contact-period population in Alameda and Contra Costa counties west of the San Joaquin Valley, without regard to the Ohlone-Bay Miwok language boundary; he suggested a total population of 2,248. Richard Levy estimated 19,500 people for all five Eastern Miwok groups as a whole (Bay, Plains, Northern Sierra, Central Sierra, and Southern Sierra) prior to Spanish contact, and 1,700 specifically for the Bay Miwok.

A total of 859 Bay Miwok speakers were baptized at the Franciscan missions (479 at Mission San Francisco and 380 at Mission San Jose), most between 1794 and 1812. By the end of 1823, only 52 of the Mission San Francisco Bay Miwoks were still alive, along with 11 of their Mission-born children. No comparable data are available for Mission San Jose that year, but by 1840 only 20 Bay Miwok people were alive there. Late nineteenth century survivors from both missions intermarried with people from other language groups. Descendants are alive today (see Present Day section below).

Present day
The Muwekma Ohlone Tribe of the San Francisco Bay Area states that it includes the descendants of various Bay Miwok and Ohlone groups, including the previously federally recognized Verona Band of Alameda County. The Bureau of Indian Affairs denied the tribe's request for federal recognition in 2002, and other tribal groups have disputed their land claims.

Notable Bay Miwok people

 * 1795 – Potroy, leader of a 1795 revolt and flight from Mission San Francisco by newly Christianized Saclans, he was arrested by Spanish soldiers in 1797, tried, and sentenced to three sets of whippings and one year in shackles at the San Francisco Presidio.
 * 1801 – Liberato Culpecse, born Jalquin, baptized at the Mission San Francisco in 1801, one of the main ancestors of the present day Muwekma Tribal community.

title: Bay Miwok


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Lyceum

The lyceum is a category of educational institution defined within the education system of many countries, mainly in Europe. The definition varies among countries; usually it is a type of secondary school. Basic science and some introduction to specific professions are generally taught.

History
Lyceum is a Latin rendering of the Ancient Greek Λύκειον (lykeion), the name of a gymnasium in Classical Athens dedicated to Apollo Lyceus. This original lyceum is remembered as the location of the peripatetic school of Aristotle. Some countries derive the name for their modern schools from the Latin but use the Greek name for the ancient school: for example, Dutch has lykeion (ancient) and lyceum (modern), both rendered lyceum in English (note that in classical Latin the C in lyceum was always pronounced as a K, not a soft C, as in modern English).

The name lycée was retrieved and utilized by Napoleon in 1802 to name the main secondary education establishments. From France the name spread in many countries influenced by French culture.

India
The Goa Lyceum (Liceu de Goa) in Panaji, Goa – established in 1854, following the Portuguese model – was the first public secondary school in the state, then a Portuguese territory. Later, the Goa Lyceum received the official title of Liceu Nacional Afonso de Albuquerque (Afonso de Albuquerque National Lyceum). The Christ University Lyceum in Bengaluru, Karnataka - established in 2021, where scholars sit and do there research work and have discussion.

Philippines
The Philippines follows its version of the K-12 system, where the term junior high school might be used instead of lyceum. However, there are schools that appropriate the word lyceum in their name. The Lyceum of the Philippines University (LPU) is a university in Manila established by former wartime president José P. Laurel. Among its notable alumni are former president Rodrigo Duterte, popular author Rene Villanueva, and actor Cesar Montano. LPU has campuses in Makati, Batangas, Laguna, Cavite, and Davao.

The Filipino word for lyceum is liseo from Spanish liceo which can be found in some names of various universities and educational institutions which are unaffiliated with LPU.

Uzbekistan and Tajikistan
Lyceums also emerged in the former Soviet Union countries after they became independent. One typical example is Uzbekistan, where all high schools were replaced with lyceums (litsey is the Russian term, derived from French lycée), offering a three-year educational program with a certain major in a certain direction. Unlike Turkey, Uzbek lyceums do not hold university entrance examinations, which gives students the right to enter a university, but they hold a kind of mock examination which is designed to test their eligibility for a certain university.

Albania
The Albanian National Lyceum was a high school in the city of Korçë, Albania, that emphasized French culture and European values. The school fully functioned with a French cultural emphasis from 1917 to 1939. The school was continued post World War II as the Raqi Qirinxhi High School.

Belarus
The Belarusian Humanities Lyceum is a private secondary school founded shortly after Belarus' independence from the USSR by intellectuals, such as Vincuk Viacorka and Uladzimir Kolas, with the stated aims of preserving and promoting native Belarusian culture, and raising a new Belarusian elite. It was shut down in 2003 by the Ministry of Education of Belarus allegedly for promoting enmity within Belarusian society and using the classroom as a political soapbox, indoctrinating students with biased views on history, ideology, politics, morality and values. The lyceum eventually switched to homeschooling with a limited number of underground homeschoolers.

Czech Republic
The term lyceum refers to a type of secondary education consisting of anywhere from four years ended by graduation. It is a type of schooling between grammar school and a technical high school. For example, the famous scientist Gerty Cori went to a lyceum school.

Finland
The concept and name lyceum (in Swedish, lyseo in Finnish) entered Finland through Sweden. Traditionally, lycea were schools to prepare students to enter universities, as opposed to the typical, more general education. Some old schools continue to use the name lyceum, though their operations today vary. For example, Helsinki Normal Lyceum educates students in grades 7–12, while Oulu Lyceum enrolls students only in grades 10–12. The more commonly used term for upper secondary school in Finland is lukio in Finnish and gymnasium in Swedish.

France
The French word for an upper secondary school, lycée, derives from Lyceum. (see Secondary education in France.)

Germany
The lyceum in Germany was known as an old term for a Gymnasium for girls. In Bavaria it was also a Hochschule to study theology and philosophy.

Greece
In Greece, Λύκειο refers to a type of upper secondary education school for students aged 15 to 18 or 20. The lyceum school first grade admitted students can have a maximum age up to 20 years old. Evening lyceum (Εσπερινό) is both for adult and underage working students, and lasts three years as of the 2020–2021 academic year, per Law 4547/2018. The lyceum awards the Απολυτήριο, apolytirio or apolyterio, which is the upper secondary education leaving certificate.

Upper secondary school (lyceum)

 * Ειδικό Λύκειο (eidiko lykeio; special lyceum)
 * Πρότυπο Λύκειο (protipo lykeio; model lyceum; 2015–present)
 * Μουσικό Λύκειο (mousiko lykeio; musical lyceum; 3 years, 1998–present)
 * Καλλιτεχνικό Λύκειο (kalitexniko lykeio; art lyceum; 3 years, 2003–present)
 * Πειραματικό Λύκειο (peiramtiko lykeio; experimental lyceum; 3 years, 2015–present)
 * Γενικό Λύκειο (ΓΕΛ; geniko lykeio; general lyceum; 3 years, 1976–1996, 2006–present)
 * Γενικό Λύκειο Διαπολιτισμικής Εκπαίδευσης (ΓΕΛΔΕ ; i.e. comprehensive lyceum; diapolitismiko lykeio, general lyceum of cross-cultural education; 3 years, 2018–present)
 * Eπαγγελματικό Λύκειο (ΕΠΑΛ; epagelmatiko lykeio; vocational lyceum; EPAL; 3 years, 2006–present)
 * Εσπερινό Γενικό Λύκειο (esperino geniko lykeio; evening general lyceum; 3 years, 1976–present)
 * Εσπερινό Επαγγελματικό Λύκειο (esperino epagelmatiko lykeio; evening vocational lyceum; 3 years)
 * Ενιαίο Ειδικό Επαγγελματικό Γυμνάσιο-Λύκειο (integrated special vocational gymnasium-lyceum; ΕΝ.Ε.Ε.ΓΥ-Λ)
 * Γενικό Εκκλησιαστικό Λύκειο (ΓΕΕΛ; ekklisiastiko lykeio; ecclesiastical general lyceum; 3 years, 2006–present)

Defunct upper secondary school (lyceum)

 * Αθλητικό Λύκειο (athlitiko lykeio; athletic lyceum; 3 years)
 * Ενιαίο Λύκειο (eniaio lykeio; integrated lyceum; 3 years, 1997–2006)
 * Τεχνικό Λύκειο (techniko lykeio; technical lyceum; 3 years, 1977–1985)
 * Επαγγελματικό Λύκειο (epagelmatiko lykeio; vocational lyceum; 3 years; Law 576/1977; 1977–1985)
 * Γυμνάσιο (gymnasium; integrated 3-year lower and 3-year upper secondary school)
 * Ενιαίο Πολυκλαδικό Λύκειο (ΕΠΛ; eniaio polykladiko lykeio; integrated multifarious lyceum; 3 years, 1985–1997)
 * Τεχνικό Επαγγελματικό Λύκειο (ΤΕΛ; techniko epagelmatiko lykeio; technical vocational lyceum; 3 years, 1985–1998)
 * Τεχνικό Επαγγελματικό Εκπαιδευτήριο (ΤΕΕ; techniko epagelmatiko ekpaideftirio; technical vocational training centre; 3 years, 1998–2006)

Hungary
Before World War I, secondary education institutes with a primary goal of preparing for higher studies were often referred to by the word líceum.

In contemporary Hungarian, the most ubiquitous word for these institutions is gimnázium, but líceum lives on as an archaizing word referring to schools of high prestige and revered traditions, most notably Calvinist boarding schools.

Italy
The lyceum is considered by most the hardest and most prestigious kind of secondary school in Italy.

The term liceo refers to a number of upper secondary school, which last five years (from 14 to 19 years of age) and are specialized in teaching philosophy, ancient Greek (in the sole liceo classico) and Latin, but also maths, physics, trigonometry, biology and chemistry. It gives preparation for university. It is divided into five different branches, each one specialized in certain subjects: Maths and natural sciences are also present.
 * Liceo classico (classical lyceum) is the most various between them but is known for focusing on history, ancient Greek and Latin.
 * Liceo scientifico (scientific lyceum) focuses on maths, physics, biology and chemistry.
 * Liceo linguistico (linguistic lyceum) focuses almost entirely on a certain number of languages. Each school can decide which language to teach, but Italian and English are always present.
 * Liceo artistico (arts lyceum) focuses on arts history and practical arts (varying from drawing to painting to sculpturing)
 * Liceo delle scienze umane (lyceum of human sciences) focuses on human sciences such as psychology, anthropology, sociology and pedagogy.
 * Liceo musicale (music lyceum) focuses on musical performance.

Latvia
The first Lyceum in Riga was founded in 1675 by the king Charles XI of Sweden (in Latin, Schola Carolina), and was renamed to the Imperial Lyceum of Riga (in German, Kaiserliches Lyceum zu Riga) in 1733. In September 1921, the Riga French Lycée, an upper secondary school supported by the Government of France was founded in Riga. In 1989, during the Latvian National Awakening, the Pushkin Lyceum of Riga (Puškina licejs) with education programs in Russian was established. In 2002, another Russian lyceum was established in Daugavpils (Daugavpils Krievu vidusskola - licejs), renamed to Daugavpils High School of Technologies (Daugavpils Tehnoloģiju vidusskola - licejs) in 2020.

Lithuania
Some gymnasiums are called licėjus, e.g. Vilnius Lyceum.

Malta
Junior lyceums refer to secondary education state owned schools.

Republic of Moldova
Until recently, in the Republic of Moldova the lyceum – called liceu – was an educational institution where students studied from the first to the twelfth grade and would obtain the baccalaureate degree upon completion. In most cases, the lyceums were specialized in a particular domain (fine art, theatre, language) that was relevant to the personality whose name the institution bore. In other respects, it was little different from any regular school, with the exception of slightly higher education standards and supposedly being more prestigious. After 2010, regular schools were all formally reformed into lyceums, although their quality remained of the same level as before and most did not get any particular specialization, thereby being dubbed 'theory lyceums' (liceu teoretic). One reason for the 2010 reform was to reduce the influence of the Soviet/Russian educational system and/or mentality in Moldova.

Netherlands
In the Netherlands, a lyceum is a selective secondary school for children aged 12–18 that offers "voorbereidend wetenschappelijk onderwijs" (vwo) and "hoger algemeen voortgezet onderwijs" (havo), the top and high levels of secondary education available in that country. Successful completion allows vwo students admission to university and havo students to hogeschool, comparable to vocational university. The term lyceum is also sometimes used for other vocational schools such as the Grafisch Lyceum, or Muzieklyceum Amsterdam, which grew into the Conservatorium van Amsterdam.

Poland
The liceum is the Polish secondary-education school. Polish liceums are attended by students aged 15 to 19–20 (see list below). Before graduating, pupils are subject to a final examination, the matura.

Polish liceums are of several types:
 * general lyceum (15–19)
 * specialised lyceum (15–19)
 * complementary lyceum (17-20)

Portugal
From 1836 until 1978, in the Portuguese educational system, the lyceum (liceu), or national lyceum (liceu nacional), was a high school that prepared students to enter universities or more general education. On the other hand, the technical school (escola técnica) was a technical-oriented school.

After several education reforms, all these schools merged into a single system of "3rd cycle basic" and secondary schools (escolas básicas do 3.º ciclo e secundárias), offering grades 7 to 12.

Romania
The Romanian word for lyceum is liceu. It represents a post-secondary form of education. In order for a student to graduate the lyceum and obtain a baccalaureate diploma, they must pass the bac. The lyceum consists of four school years (ages 15–19). Although the lyceum is a pre-university educational institution, it can be enough for the graduates to find a job, mainly in office work.

Russia
In Imperial Russia, a lyceum was one of the following higher educational facilities: Demidov Lyceum of Law in Yaroslavl (1803), Alexander Lyceum in Tsarskoye Selo (1810), Richelieu Lyceum in Odessa (1817), and Imperial Katkov Lyceum in Moscow (1867).

The Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum was opened on October 19, 1811, in the neoclassical building designed by Vasily Stasov and situated next to the Catherine Palace. The first graduates included Aleksandr Pushkin and Alexander Gorchakov. The opening date was celebrated each year with carousals and revels, and Pushkin composed new verses for each of those occasions. In January 1844 the Lyceum was moved to Saint Petersburg.

During 33 years of the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum's existence, there were 286 graduates. The most famous of these were Anton Delwig, Wilhelm Küchelbecher, Nicholas de Giers, Dmitry Tolstoy, Yakov Karlovich Grot, Nikolay Yakovlevich Danilevsky, Alexei Lobanov-Rostovsky and Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin.

Since the 1990s there are lyceums (special secondary schools) with in-depth study of humanitarian or natural science disciplines. As a rule, university professors teach in lyceums, and the educational system resembles that of a university. Later, the lyceums were renamed special general secondary schools.

Serbia
The Lyceum of the Principality of Serbia was the first higher education school in Serbia in which education was taught in Serbian. It was founded in 1838 on the initiative of Prince Miloš Obrenović in 1838 in Kragujevac, then the capital of Serbia. When Belgrade became the Serbian capital in 1841, the Serbian Lyceum opened there. In 1863 it became known as the Grandes écoles until 1905 when it officially changed its name to the University of Belgrade.

Turkey
The Turkish word for the latest part of pre-university education is lise which is derived from the French word lycée and corresponds to high school in English. It lasts four to five years with respect to the type of the high school. At the end of their lise education, students take the TYT/AYT test, i.e. university entrance examination, to get the right to enroll in a public university or a private university.

Ukraine
According to the Law of Ukraine "On Education", the lyceum is a level III secondary institution of education (or a structural unit of another institution of education) that provides field-specific secondary education. As it is planned, since 2017 a three-year senior school will be a lyceum of academic or vocational training. In vocational school, a student will master their first profession, whereas in an academic lyceum they will deepen personal knowledge of specific subjects that will be studied further at a higher education establishment. Graduates of academic lyceums will be able to obtain a bachelor's degree in three years (in most specialties) instead of four.

Other types of lyceums in Ukraine include military lyceums and lyceums with intensive military and physical training.

United States
See lyceum movement and comparison of US and UK secondary school years (except Scotland).

Chile
It is not uncommon in Chile to use the word liceo when referring to a high school. Another term is enseñanza media (secondary education); however, liceo is the most common term due to Chile's extensive European influence.

Uruguay
Liceo is commonly used to refer to secondary education. It was adopted from the French immigrants of the 19th century.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Lyceum


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Talk:Communes of the Cher department

Untitled
Orval is also a municipality in belgium where the Orval Monastery's is located. What is the correct approach for a page name conflict like that ? Orval is already wellknow with that name.

title: Talk:Communes of the Cher department


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User talk:Horst F JENS

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title: User talk:Horst F JENS


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Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact

The Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact (日ソ中立条約), also known as the Japanese–Soviet Non-aggression Pact (日ソ不可侵条約), was a non-aggression pact between the Soviet Union and the Empire of Japan signed on April 13, 1941, two years after the conclusion of the Soviet-Japanese Border War. The agreement meant that for most of World War II, the two nations fought against each other's allies but not against each other. In 1945, late in the war, the Soviets scrapped the pact and joined the Allied campaign against Japan.

Background
After the Fall of France and then the expansion of the Axis Powers, the Soviet Union wished to mend its diplomatic relations in the Far East to safeguard its eastern border and to concentrate on the European Theatre of World War II. On the other hand, the Empire of Japan was bogged down in a seemingly-interminable war against China and had rapidly-deteriorating diplomatic relations with the United States. Those factors made the Japanese seek an accommodation with the Soviet Union to improve its international standing and to secure the northern border of Manchukuo from a possible Soviet invasion.

Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin was initially unaware of Adolf Hitler's briefing to his generals that an attack on the Soviet Union by the European Axis Powers would let Japan overtly challenge the United States. That briefing was based on the belief that if such an attack occurred, the Soviet Union would be too preoccupied with fighting Nazi Germany. That would make Japan feel less threatened by any possible Soviet invasion of Manchukuo and allow Japan to have enough provisions and capabilities to start a war against the United States. The pact would allow both Japan and the Soviet Union to avoid fighting on multiple fronts.

Stalin believed that his "problems can be solved in a natural way if the Soviets and the Japanese cooperate". After concluding the nonaggression treaty, Stalin, in an unprecedented gesture, saw Japanese Foreign Minister Yosuke Matsuoka off at the train station. That was symbolic of the importance that Stalin, who rarely appeared before foreign diplomats, attached to the treaty. It also provided him with the occasion, in the presence of the entire diplomatic corps, to invite negotiations with Germany and to flaunt his increased bargaining power.

Signing
The treaty was signed in Moscow on April 13, 1941, by Foreign Minister Yosuke Matsuoka and Ambassador Yoshitsugu Tatekawa for Japan and Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov for the Soviet Union.

The same day, all three men also signed a declaration regarding Mongolia and Manchukuo. The Soviet Union pledged to respect the territorial integrity and the inviolability of Manchukuo, and Japan did the same for Mongolia.

Effects
Later in 1941, Japan, as a signatory of the Tripartite Pact, considered denouncing the Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact, especially after the German invasion of the Soviet Union, but it made the crucial decision to keep the pact and to expand southwards by instead invading the European colonies in Southeast Asia. That had a direct bearing on the Battle of Moscow since the absence of a Japanese threat allowed the Soviets to move large forces from Siberia and to send them to the front against the Germans.

It is possible that if the Germans had won the Battle of Stalingrad, Japan would have invaded Siberia. General Tomoyuki Yamashita, who was known for his achievements in the Battle of Singapore, was sent to Manchuria in July 1942 and tasked with organizing troops for the invasion.

At the Yalta Conference in February 1945, Stalin secretly agreed to enter the war against Japan in exchange for American and British recognition of certain Soviet territorial claims in Asia. The Soviet offensive was to start within three months after the end of the war in Europe.

Soviet denunciation
On April 5, 1945, the Soviet Union denounced the pact with Japan by informing the Japanese government that "in accordance with Article Three of the above mentioned pact, which envisaged the right of denunciation one year before the lapse of the five-year period of operation of the pact, the Soviet Government hereby makes known to the Government of Japan its wish to denounce the pact of April 13, 1941." The wording of the denunciation suggested that the Soviet Union wished to see the treaty go out of effect immediately, and Time magazine reported that the Soviet Foreign Commissar's tone indicated that the Soviet Union might soon go to war against Japan.

The text of the treaty had stated that the pact remained "valid for five years" (i.e., until April 13, 1946). When Japanese Ambassador Naotake Sato pressed him, Molotov assured him that the treaty would remain in force until April 1946. The treaty also stated, "In case neither of the Contracting Parties denounces the Pact one year before the expiration of the term, it will be considered automatically prolonged for the next five years" (April 13, 1946 - April 13, 1951). The denunciation came on April 5, 1945, which under those terms meant that the treaty would not renew on April 13, 1946.

On May 8 or 9, 1945, the date depending on the time zone, Nazi Germany surrendered, which ended the war in Europe and started the secret three-month countdown for the Soviets to start hostilities against Japan. On August 9, 1945, just after midnight in Manchuria, the Soviets invaded Manchuria. The declaration of war against Japan followed nearly six hours later. Because of the time zone difference of 7 hours, the declaration of war could be still dated August 8, 1945, and was presented to the Japanese ambassador in Moscow at 11 p.m. Moscow time.

During the Soviet invasion, Japanese forces on the Asian mainland were unprepared to resist and were overrun relatively quickly. In the last campaign of the war, Soviet territorial gains in Asia were Manchukuo, Mengjiang (Inner Mongolia) and northern Korea.

Text of pact
"PACT OF NEUTRALITY BETWEEN UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS AND JAPAN

The Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and His Majesty the Emperor of Japan, guided by a desire to strengthen peaceful and friendly relations between the two countries, have decided to conclude a pact on neutrality, for which purpose they have appointed as their Representatives:

 * The Presidum of the Supreme Soviet of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics -
 * Vyacheslav Mikhailovich Molotov, Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars and People's Commissar of Foreign Affairs of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics;
 * His Majesty the Emperor of Japan -
 * Yosuke Matsuoka, Minister of Foreign Affairs, Jusanmin, Cavalier of the Order of the Sacred Treasure of the First Class, and
 * Yoshitsugu Tatekawa, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, Lieutenant General, Jusanmin, Cavalier of the Order of the Rising Sun of the First Class and the Order of the Golden Kite of the Fourth Class,

who, after an exchange of their credentials, which were found in due and proper form, have agreed on the following:

 * Article one: Both Contracting Parties undertake to maintain peaceful and friendly relations between them and mutually respect the territorial integrity and inviolability of the other Contracting Party.
 * Article two: Should one of the Contracting Parties become the object of hostilities on the part of one or several third powers, the other Contracting Party will observe neutrality throughout the duration of the conflict.
 * Article three: The present Pact comes into force from the day of its ratification by both Contracting Parties and remains valid for five years. In case neither of the Contracting Parties denounces the Pact one year before the expiration of the term, it will be considered automatically prolonged for the next five years.
 * Article four: The present Pact is subject to ratification as soon as possible. The instruments of ratification shall be exchanged in Tokyo, also as soon as possible.

In confirmation whereof the above-named Representatives have signed the present Pact in two copies, drawn up in the Russian and Japanese languages, and affixed thereto their seals.

Done in Moscow on April 13, 1941, which corresponds to the 13th day of the fourth month of the 16th year of Showa.

V. Molotov;

Yosuke Matsuoka;

Yoshitsugu Tatekawa"

Text of declaration
"DECLARATION

In conformity with the spirit of the Pact on neutrality concluded on April 13, 1941, between the U.S.S.R. and Japan, the Government of the U.S.S.R. and the Government of Japan, in the interest of insuring peaceful and friendly relations between the two countries, solemnly declare that the U.S.S.R. pledges to respect the territorial integrity and inviolability of Manchoukuo and Japan pledges to respect the territorial integrity and inviolability of the Mongolian People's Republic.

Moscow, April 13, 1941

On behalf of the Government of the U.S.S.R.

V. MOLOTOV

On behalf of the Government of Japan

YOSUKE MATSUOKA

YOSHITSUGU TATEKAWA"

Text of denunciation
"Soviet Denunciation of the Pact with Japan

The American Ambassador at Moscow transmitted to the Secretary of State, by a telegram dated April 5, 1945, the following statement, as received from the press section of the Foreign Office, regarding Soviet denunciation of the U.S.S.R.-Japanese neutrality pact:

' Today at 3 p.m. People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs of the USSR Mr. V. M. Molotov, received the Japanese Ambassador, Mr. N. Sato, and made the following statement to him in the name of the Soviet Government:

'The neutrality pact between the Soviet Union and Japan was concluded on April 13, 1941, that is, before the attack of Germany on the USSR and before the outbreak of war between Japan on the one hand and England and the United States on the other. Since that time the situation has been basically altered. Germany has attacked the USSR, and Japan, ally of Germany, is aiding the latter in its war against the USSR. Furthermore Japan is waging a war with the USA and England, which are allies of the Soviet Union.

In these circumstances the neutrality pact between Japan and the USSR has lost its sense, and the prolongation of that pact has become impossible.

On the strength of the above and in accordance with Article Three of the above mentioned pact, which envisaged the right of denunciation one year before the lapse of the five-year period of operation of the pact, the Soviet Government hereby makes know [sic] to the Government of Japan its wish to denounce the pact of April 13, 1941.'

The Japanese Ambassador Mr. N. Sato, promised to inform the Japanese Government of the statement of the Soviet Government.'"

Text of declaration of war
"Soviet Declaration of War on Japan

London, Aug., 8, 1945 - Foreign Commissar Molotov's announcement of the declaration of war, as broadcast by Moscow, follows:

'On Aug. 8, People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs of the U.S.S.R. Molotov received the Japanese Ambassador, Mr. Sato, and gave him, on behalf of the Soviet Government, the following for transmission to the Japanese Government:

'After the defeat and capitulation of Hitlerite Germany, Japan became the only great power that still stood for the continuation of the war.

The demand of the three powers, the United States, Great Britain and China, on July 26 for the unconditional surrender of the Japanese armed forces was rejected by Japan, and thus the proposal of the Japanese Government to the Soviet Union on mediation in the war in the Far East loses all basis.

Taking into consideration the refusal of Japan to capitulate, the Allies submitted to the Soviet Government a proposal to join the war against Japanese aggression and thus shorten the duration of the war, reduce the number of victims and facilitate the speedy restoration of universal peace.

Loyal to its Allied duty, the Soviet Government has accepted the proposals of the Allies and has joined in the declaration of the Allied powers of July 26.

The Soviet Government considers that this policy is the only means able to bring peace nearer, free the people from further sacrifice and suffering and give the Japanese people the possibility of avoiding the dangers and destruction suffered by Germany after her refusal to capitulate unconditionally.

In view of the above, the Soviet Government declares that from tomorrow, that is from Aug. 9, the Soviet Government will consider itself to be at war with Japan.' '"

title: Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact


text:
Pact (disambiguation)

A pact is a formal agreement.

Pact, The Pact or PACT may also refer to:

Entertainment

 * The Pact (novel), by Jodi Picoult, 1998
 * The Pact (2002 film), adaptation of Picoult's The Pact
 * The Pact (2003 film), Australian film
 * The Pact (2006 film), American documentary
 * The Pact (2012 film), American horror film
 * The Pact (2018 Spanish film), Spanish horror thriller film
 * The Pact (TV series), American title for Polish series Pakt
 * The Pact (British TV series), Welsh drama series
 * "The Pact" (The Amazing World of Gumball), a television episode
 * The Pact, former title of 2018 American comedy film Blockers
 * The Pact (comics), a production of Image Comics
 * The Pact (2002 book), a 2002 non-fiction book by The Three Doctors

Organizations

 * Parents and Abducted Children Together, UK charity dealing with international child abduction
 * Party for Accountability, Competency and Transparency, Canadian political party
 * Pratigya Apprenticeship for Community Transformation, an Indian residential program for tribal youth
 * Prison Advice and Care Trust, UK charity supporting prisoners and their families
 * Producers Alliance for Cinema and Television, UK media trade association
 * Protecting American Communities Task Force, group of federal agents established in 2020 by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security
 * PACT (Protestant Adoption Society), an Irish adoption organisation

Places

 * Pact, Isère, a commune in France
 * Puppetry Art Center of Taipei, an art center in Taipei, Taiwan

Science and technology

 * PACT (compiler), a series of compilers for the IBM 701 and 704 computers
 * Photodynamic Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, an alternative name for Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy
 * Protein ACTivator of the interferon-induced protein kinase, a protein encoded by the PRKRA gene
 * Powdered activated carbon treatment, a waste water treatment technology
 * Programme of Action for Cancer Therapy, an IAEA project on radiation medicine
 * Positioning Advertising Copy Testing, a document detailing features of a Good Copy Testing System
 * PACT (interaction design), a structure used to analyse user interfaces

title: Pact (disambiguation)


text:
Vana

Vana (or with diacrits, e.g. Váňa) may refer to:

 * Vana, Gujarat, a village on Saraushtra peninsula, western India
 * Vana State, a former princely state whose seat was in Vana, Gujarat
 * Vana, Iran, a village in Mazandaran Province, Iran
 * Váňa, a Czech surname
 * Vána, a fictional character from J. R. R. Tolkien's legendarium
 * Vana, wife of the legendary Swedish king Sveigðir
 * Vana Parva, a book of the Mahabharata

title: Vana


text:
William Sutcliffe

William Sutcliffe (born 9 March 1971) is a British novelist. He has written many acclaimed novels, spanning genres from satire to YA fiction. His 2008 book Whatever Makes You Happy has been adapted into a 2019 film by Netflix, under the title Otherhood.

Novels
Sutcliffe's novels could be categorised as humorous. New Boy has much authentic material in it that refers to actual incidents from his life at Haberdashers', although it would be going too far to call it "autobiographical".

His next novel concerns a 10-year-old growing up in a North London suburb with his family, and the plot centres on the complex knot of his childhood friendships. Sutcliffe's 2008 book Whatever Makes You Happy (2008) is about interfering mothers of men who refuse to grow up. This has recently been adapted into a film by Netflix, under the new title Otherhood. His first young adult novel,  The Wall (2013), tells of a boy in Israel's Occupied Territories whose discovery of a tunnel underneath the barrier wall sets off a spiralling chain of events after he goes under and is saved from his attackers by a girl on the other side. Following on from the success of his first YA novel, Sutcliffe wrote his second, Concentr8, in (2015).

In 2009, he donated the short story Sandcastles: A Negotiation to Oxfam's 'Ox-Tales' project, four collections of UK stories written by 38 authors. Sutcliffe's story was published in the 'Fire' collection.

More recently, Sutcliffe has been writing more humorous books for a younger audience, with his Circus of Thieves trilogy. He has also written a humorous novel for teenagers, The Gifted, the Talented and Me. The book had an extremely good reception, gaining positive reviews in many newspapers.

Personal life
Sutcliffe was born in 1971, in London. He was educated at Haberdashers' Aske's School and Emmanuel College, Cambridge, where he read English literature. He later worked as a TV researcher before becoming a novelist. He now lives in Edinburgh with his wife the novelist Maggie O'Farrell, and their three children.

title: William Sutcliffe


text:
Cola (disambiguation)

Cola is a type of soft drink.

Cola may also refer to:

Places

 * Columbia, South Carolina, nicknamed Cola Town

Arts and media

 * "Cola" (Lana Del Rey song), 2012 song by Lana Del Rey
 * "Cola" (CamelPhat and Elderbrook song), a 2017 song by CamelPhat and Elderbrook
 * Cola (band), a Montreal post-punk band

Biology

 * Cola (moth), a genus of moths of the family Erebidae
 * Cola (plant), the genus of plants from which the kola nut is harvested
 * The kola nut
 * a tight cluster of buds, as in the colas of a female cannabis plant

Technology

 * Collision On Launch Assessment, an assessment made on the launch of a payload to space that the launch vehicle or spacecraft might collide with other artificial satellites or space debris during the launch and initial deployment

Other uses

 * Cola (name), a surname and given name
 * the plural of Colon (rhetoric), a rhetorical figure, or of Colon (punctuation)
 * Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels, Roman Catholic cathedral in Los Angeles, California
 * Cost-of-living adjustment, adjustment of salaries based on changes in a cost-of-living index
 * "Piano de cola", Spanish for "grand piano"
 * Covered outdoor learning area (COLA), for open sided shelter, with the acronym common in Australian schools

title: Cola (disambiguation)


text:
User:Sampo

ja:%E5%88%A9%E7%94%A8%E8%80%85:Sampo An sysop of Japanese Wikipedia.

I'm also known as 138.243.201.1, 138.243.201.3.

title: User:Sampo


text:
Audio control surface

In the domain of digital audio, a control surface is a human interface device (HID) which allows the user to control a digital audio workstation or other digital audio application. Generally, a control surface will contain one or more controls that can be assigned to parameters in the software, allowing tactile control of the software. As digital audio software is complex and can play any number of functions in the audio chain, control surfaces can be used to control many aspects of music production, including virtual instruments, samplers, signal processors, mixers, DJ software, and music sequencers.

A control surface is a physical interface, often resembling an analog Mixing console, used to manage your DAW (Digital audio workstation), plug-ins, and other audio software. There are many configurations of a control surfaces. They can contain a single fader like the Sparrow 3x100mm, to a large advanced console like the Avid S6. Control surfaces often features faders, knobs (rotary encoders), and buttons that can be assigned to parameters in the software. Other control surfaces are designed to give a musician control over the sequencer while recording, and thus provide transport controls (remote control of record, playback and song position). Control surfaces are often incorporated into MIDI controllers to give the musician more control over an instrument. Control surfaces with motorized faders can read and write mix automation.

The control surface connects to the host computer via many different interfaces. MIDI was the first major interface created for this purpose, although many devices now use USB, FireWire, or Ethernet.

History
In the1950s the history of Mixing Control Surfaces began with the Altec Revocon remote mixing controller for sound reinforcement. It was the first type of equipment that allowed a sound engineer to control a backstage or booth mixer from anywhere in the audience or space that they were in with motorized controls on the mixer. Soon after in the 1960s, Fairchild introduced the Integra Control Surface mixers. These mixers were the first ones that incorporated channel strips that look like fader channels today. The Integra Control Surface controlled a rack mixer using LDR (light-dependent resistors) and reed relays. The next major development happened another decade later in the 1970s when motorized faders (flying Faders) were invented. This allowed for the integration of mix automation capabilities into consoles, allowing the position of the physical faders to correspond with automation data. A good example of this is if there needed to be a fade out. The automation data would tell the fader from its current position down to 0 over the specified time period. This technology was expensive at first, but the products improved through the 1980s allowing the cost to decrease and making them more commonplace.

Robert Moog introduced the first MIDI keyboards in 1982 which are control surfaces. Shortly after, Sequential Circuits released the Prophet 600 which was a keyboard with a MIDI interface as well as Roland releasing the MPU-401 that offered software that allowed the device to communicate directly with a PC. Both were released in 1983.

Non-Motorized Faders
Traditional slider-style level controls. They work well in a live production environment, listening to others while creating music, and providing playback to DJs when looping. They are not recommended for mixing with DAWS due to the lack of data output.

Motorized Faders
The faders are motorized for playback of a mix. They represent the physical position of a channels level at a specific position in a mix's timeline. You can create new data by grabbing it during the mix and it will overwrite what is there.

Buttons
Often will have an LED to indicate on or off. They can indicate channel mutes, solo sends, talkback, or perform navigation within a menu.

Transport Controls
These are the buttons that look like a conventional tape. They allow you to play, stop, fast forward.

Display/Meters
Mimics the meters on screen on the DAW's computer display. It may show different settings, levels, routing, time code, and other information.

Examples

 * Smart AV Tango - A hybrid controller with a 22" touch screen, compatible with major DAWs for MAC & PC.
 * M-Audio ProjectMix - Control surface that can control many different applications.
 * Mackie Control - Serves a similar purpose as the ProjectMix.

title: Audio control surface


text:
Sturgeon Bay, Wisconsin

Sturgeon Bay is a city in and the county seat of Door County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 9,646 at the 2020 census. Located at the bay of Sturgeon Bay for which it is named, it is the most-populous city on the Door Peninsula, a popular Upper Midwest vacation destination.

History
The area was originally inhabited by the Ho-Chunk and Menominee. The town is known in the Menominee language as Namāēw-Wīhkit, or "bay of the sturgeon". The Menominee ceded this territory to the United States in the 1831 Treaty of Washington. After that, the area was available for white settlement.

The community was first recorded as Graham in 1855 but, in 1857, the state legislature organized it as the town of Ottumba. Subsequently, the name was reverted to Graham and, in 1860, a petition was submitted to the county board to change the community's name to that of the adjacent bay. A company of volunteer firefighters was established in 1869. In 1874, Sturgeon Bay was incorporated as a village. It became a city in 1883, and the police department was founded that year. In 1891, Charles Mitchell Whiteside, a member of the Wisconsin Assembly, sponsored a bill that merged the community of Sawyer with Sturgeon Bay.

The city is locally known for the Sturgeon Bay Bridge at Michigan Street, which at the time of its 1931 opening was the second across the bay and carried the former route of WIS 17 (now WIS 42 and WIS 57/78).

Sturgeon Bay was one of a number of cities in the Midwest to assist with production during World War II. In 1943, many streets received new names. The former names of some streets are stenciled into older sidewalks.

Geography
At 584 feet above sea level, Sturgeon Bay is located at 44.83222°N, -87.37194°W (44.813376, -87.372076). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 11.66 sqmi, of which, 9.82 sqmi is land and 1.84 sqmi is water.

Sturgeon Bay is at the natural end of Sturgeon Bay. The Sturgeon Bay Ship Canal was built across the remainder of the Door Peninsula. It is one of several cities along Green Bay, including Green Bay, Marinette and Escanaba, Michigan, and along Lake Michigan north of Manitowoc and south of Manistique, Michigan.

Sturgeon Bay is 38.4 miles north of Green Bay, 127 miles north of Milwaukee, 169 miles south of Houghton, Michigan and 289 miles east of Minneapolis. Although Marinette is 21.9 miles away, people must physically travel towards the bottom of the bay by Green Bay and travel along or nearby the western shore of Green Bay.

Stevens Hill
Stevens Hill is a populated place within the city of Sturgeon Bay, just to the northeast of the downtown. The top of the hill has the highest elevation in the city. It is within Big Hill Park, which is 13.2 acres in area and is used for mountain biking, picnicking, and sledding.

Climate
Sturgeon Bay has a humid continental climate (Köppen: Dfb).

2010 census
At the 2010 census, there were 9,144 people, 4,288 households and 2,385 families. The population density was 931.2 /sqmi. There were 4,903 housing units at an average density of 499.3 /sqmi. The racial make-up was 95.1% White, 1.0% African American, 0.9% Native American, 0.6% Asian, 1.0% from other races, and 1.4% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 2.7% of the population.

There were 4,288 households, of which 24.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 42.5% were married couples living together, 9.7% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.5% had a male householder with no wife present, and 44.4% were non-families. 38.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.07 and the average family size was 2.74.

The median age was 45.2 years. 19.8% of residents were under the age of 18; 7.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 22.5% were from 25 to 44; 31% were from 45 to 64; and 19.2% were 65 years of age or older. The sex make-up of the city was 48.1% male and 51.9% female.

2000 census
At the 2000 census, there were 9,437 people, 4,048 households and 2,432 families residing in the city. The population density was 981.4 /sqmi. There were 4,447 housing units at an average density of 462.5 /sqmi. The racial make-up of the city was 97.22% White, 0.33% Black or African American, 0.78% Native American, 0.37% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.46% from other races, and 0.82% from two or more races. 1.28% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 4,048 households, of which 28.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 42.81% were married couples living together, 9.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 39.9% were non-families. 35.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.26 and the average family size was 2.92.

23.5% of the population were under the age of 18, 7.6% from 18 to 24, 26.6% from 25 to 44, 23.7% from 45 to 64, and 18.7% were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.0 males.

The median household income was $31,935 and the median family income was $45,084. Males had a median income of $31,879 and females $21,414. The per capita income was $18,899. About 5.5% of families and 7.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.2% of those under age 18 and 8.3% of those age 65 or over.

Entertainment and recreation
The community has one movie theater, Sturgeon Bay Cinema 6, and a professional regional theatre, the Third Avenue Playhouse. Every year the town hosts Steel Bridge Songfest, where nationally known musicians and songwriters perform. Past performers include Jackson Browne, Jane Wiedlin of The Go-Go's and Pat MacDonald of Timbuk3.

The city owns 20 parks totaling 121.7 acres, with Sunset Park as the largest at 44 acres. The county owns 56 acres of fairgrounds (John Miles County Park) and maintains 2.5 miles of the Ahnapee Trail extending into the city limits. The Ice Age Trail diverges from the Ahnapee trail and passes through city limits for 5 miles (mostly through city streets). It exits the city to reach its northern terminus at Potawatomi State Park. The Wisconsin DNR owns or maintains easements on two public properties in the city; 20 acres along Big Creek and 80 acres south of Strawberry Lane. Additionally, four private organizations maintain a total of 723.1 acres of parks and other areas preserved for natural and historical purposes within and adjacent to the city.

Education
The community is served by Sturgeon Bay High School and has a satellite campus of Northeast Wisconsin Technical College. Sturgeon Bay has two elementary schools, Sawyer and Sunrise. The middle school, T.J. Walker Middle School, is connected to the high school. St. Peter's Lutheran School is a pre-K to 8th grade school of the Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod. Three former schools, Saint Peter and Paul, Corpus Christi and Saint Joseph, have combined to form Saint John Bosco.

Media
Sturgeon Bay had the Door County Advocate (now a subsidiary of Green Bay Press-Gazette) and numerous radio stations in the Door County Radio Market. No television stations originate from Sturgeon Bay and WFRV's and WLUK's remote-operated weather cameras are the only full-time presence of Green Bay stations in the city.

Highways

 * [[Image:WIS 42.svg|25px]] WIS 42 Northbound travels to Egg Harbor, Fish Creek, Sister Bay, Ellison Bay and Gills Rock. South it travels to Algoma, Kewaunee, Two Rivers, and Manitowoc, where it connects to I-43.
 * [[Image:WIS 57.svg|25px]] WIS 57 southbound connects to Green Bay and connects with Baileys Harbor and Jacksonport northbound.
 * CTH-S

Bridges in the city include the Michigan Street Bridge (built 1929-31), Bay View Bridge (built 1976-78) and Oregon Street Bridge (built 2006-08).

Water
Sturgeon Bay has a medium-sized port, and has received vessels as long as 307 feet and a deadweight tonnage carrying capacity of 64,457 metric tonnes. A major shipbuilding and repair facility and the Coast Guard Station Sturgeon Bay is located at the port. Most traffic comes from pleasure boats. The dock at Graham Park is able to accommodate cruise boats.

Airport
Sturgeon Bay is served by Door County Cherryland Airport, which is off of Wisconsin Highway 42 and 57 on County Highway PD.

Notable people

 * Gideon Winans Allen, Wisconsin state representative
 * Robert C. Bassett, U.S. presidential advisor
 * Eddie Cochems (1877-1953), "father of the forward pass"
 * Frank N. Graass, Wisconsin state representative
 * Chris Greisen, Milwaukee Iron quarterback (AFL)
 * Nick Greisen, Denver Broncos linebacker (NFL)
 * Stuart Hagmann, film and television director
 * Bernard Hahn, Wisconsin state representative
 * Arthur G. Hansen (1925-2010), engineer, former president of Georgia Institute of Technology (1969–71) and Purdue University (1971-82), and chancellor of the Texas A&M University System (1982–85)
 * Joseph Harris, Wisconsin state senator
 * Lawrence Johnson, Wisconsin state representative
 * Al C. Kalmbach, founder of Kalmbach Publishing
 * Doug Larson, newspaper columnist and writer
 * Pat MacDonald, former member of Timbuk 3
 * Edward S. Minor, U.S. representative
 * Conrad P. Olson, Oregon Supreme Court justice
 * Henry J. Overbeck, Wisconsin state representative
 * Casey Rabach, Washington Redskins center (NFL)
 * Dennis A. Reed, Wisconsin state representative
 * Marian E. Rottman (1882–1955), nursing educator and supervisor
 * Hallie H. Rowe, Wisconsin state representative
 * Marjorie Rusche, composer
 * Paul J. Schlise, U.S. Navy admiral
 * Anna Augusta Von Helmholtz-Phelan, professor, author
 * Alexander B. Whitman, Wisconsin state senator
 * Jarvis T. Wright, Wisconsin state representative
 * Randy Wright, Green Bay Packers quarterback (NFL)

title: Sturgeon Bay, Wisconsin


text:
Christian III (disambiguation)

Christian III generally refers to Christian III of Denmark. It may also refer to:

 * Christian III, Count of Oldenburg (d. 1285)
 * Christian III, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken (1674–1735)
 * Christian III Maurice, Duke of Saxe-Merseburg (1680–1694)
 * Christian Günther III, Prince of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen (1736–1794)

title: Christian III (disambiguation)


text:
Talk:Graham scan

Pseudocode
Look like the pseudocode was written by students that don't really understand the book they are reading ... !!! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A01:CB00:220:9300:51AE:D4BE:95EC:AD2D (talk) 12:58, 10 February 2019 (UTC)

Error on this page
On couple places were tag is used there is an error:

"Failed to parse (Cannot write to or create math output directory): (x_1,y_1), Failed to parse (Cannot write to or create math output directory): (x_2,y_2)"

I've copied the document's code into the sandbox, and there worked fine... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 78.3.221.164 (talk) 12:53, 23 January 2009 (UTC)

Applications
would be interesting to add to this article what its practical applications are. Graham 23:16, 15 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Are they different from those of the result, the convex hull? Frencheigh 22:59, 18 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Yes, of course. Why would I need to find the convex hull of a set of points? In other words, what is the practical application of this? Graham 23:57, 18 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Well, it would make more sense to put those on the Convex hull page, I think (where there are already some sort of vague applications). Frencheigh 01:18, 19 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Subtle errors
On the Featured article candidates page I wrote that the article contains subtle errors. They do not invalidate the main idea, but may lead to confusion. Most of them are related to treating of degenerate cases. The best way to deal with them is to break the description into four parts. Still another problem is in description of computational complexity. While the general idea is correct, the description is wrong. In fact, it could be a good idea to illustrate the method of amortized analysis in computational complexity theory by applying it to gracham's scan. I promised to fix the article, but unfortunately I am seriously distracted from work in wikipedia now, sorry. Mikkalai 05:20, 21 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * 1) case of points in general position, for the most transparent exposition of the main idea
 * 2) hints for treating degenerate cases (something about 3 points on a line is already mentioned)
 * 3) hints for treating precision of real-life computer computations
 * 4) hints for speed-up of particular steps

 * Then is the "the loop", actually, as the article says, O(n)? If so, would the use of radix sort make the algorithm O(n), rather than O(n log n)... Frencheigh 22:00, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * You cannot sort in O(n), so no. But yes, the loop is O(n). — Timwi 15:23, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Please keep in mind that you can use radix sort usefully, if point coordinates are integers and scaled to range [0, O(n)]. In particular, since Graham scan sorts the angles, you are nowhere. However if you do have points with "good" integer coordinates, there are variants of Convex Hull algorithm that do better. Also, the fact that Gracham's requires computation of angles, the algorithm, being nice theoretically, in practice has problems with robustness. mikka (t) 17:53, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * The range "[0, O(n)]" doesn't make any sense. Any finite number n of points is always in the interval [-kn, kn] for some k. Graham's scan does not require computation of any angles. — Timwi 19:51, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * The range does make sense, if one recalls that the whole "O" terminology makes sense only in an asymptotic case, i.e., when we have an infinite (say, reasonably large) series of problem instances. If we speak about one isolated problem, then all algorithhms are O(1). Graham scan does require computation of either angles (as written in the article) or comparison of tangent values (if one is smart enough), which has the same problem with real numbers (usage of integers leads to overflow problems). The version that does not require angular sort has a different name. mikka (t) 20:28, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I have no idea what your interval is supposed to mean. This is an algorithm that is applied to one set of points, not a sequence of sets of increasing size. Regardless, no matter what you do, you can't sort in O(n). That's a fact. — You do not need to use "real" (floating-point) numbers anywhere in Graham scan (unless of course the input is already floating-point). Look at the fourth paragraph in the algorithm section. — Timwi 08:33, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Timwi, you should look up Radix sort. The O(n.log n) bound only applies to comparison based sorts. 99.74.82.46 (talk) 03:08, 22 October 2009 (UTC)

 * Radix sort on n-bit integers makes n passes over the data. Quicksort makes log(n) passes with high probability. So for input size less than 2^n, quicksort will do less work than radix sort, even on integers. For 32-bit integers the break-even point is 16 GiB, for 64 bit integers it is more than what is addressable on x86-64. So while you are technically correct, it is highly misleading to say radix-sort has better complexity compared to other algorithms. 62.163.252.147 (talk) 17:41, 29 May 2024 (UTC)

Diagram request
A diagram indicating which points have been labelled p1 p2 and p3 when calculating the cross product would be cool, i dont have the time atm, maybe later 61.68.3.133 11:13, 3 January 2006 (UTC)

Delisted GA
There are no images, there are no references. slambo 17:28, 23 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I added an illustration. It isn't very cute, but illustrates the main point of the algorithm. Imbaczek 22:52, 21 January 2006 (UTC)

Ref: Note 1
When does the check mentioned in Note 1 come into play? I dont think this check is necessary.

Angle comparison
Use of monotonic function is OK but "slope of the line may be used" slope may cause problems when vectors are perpendicular or nearly perpendicular Is comparison by angle only enough ? In case of collinear points comparison by distance (polar radius) can be useful

collinear points
The convex hull article defines the problem as the minimal set. If this is true, then it does indeed matter whether you throw out a point when it's between two others; you must.

 * A convex set includes all Euclidean points inside convex boundaries. There is an infinite number of them, not only those you explicitly specified to build the convex hull.  So the important thing is the boundary, not in how many points you define that boundary.  SnakeScaly (talk) 16:31, 12 May 2009 (UTC)

Considering the following case it appears (some) aligned points have to be removed: If colinear points are accepted the result of the devised algorithm would be:
 * p1 = { -1 -1 }
 * p2 = { 1 0 }
 * p3 = { 0.5 0.5 } <- turns left (from the two previous)
 * p4 = { 0 0 }    <- turns left
 * p5 = { 1 1 }    <- aligned
 * p6 = { 0 1 }    <- turns left

{ p1, p2, p3, p4, p5, p6 }

However the convex hull is:

{ p1, p2, p5, p6 }

--Mboucher42 (talk) 16:03, 4 April 2013 (UTC)

CLRS pseudocode suggests to delete collinear points except of the farthest from p0 According to pseudocodes from other books sorting also by distance from p0 will be enough

Failed Good Article review
GA review – see WP:WIAGA for criteria

--jwandersTalk 04:27, 12 February 2008 (UTC)
 * 1) Is it reasonably well written?
 * A. Prose quality:
 * B. MoS compliance:
 * 1) Is it factually accurate and verifiable?
 * A. References to sources:
 * B. Citation of reliable sources where necessary:
 * C. No original research:
 * 1) Is it broad in its coverage?
 * A. Major aspects:
 * B. Focused:
 * 1) Is it neutral?
 * Fair representation without bias:
 * 1) Is it stable?
 * No edit wars, etc:
 * 1) Does it contain images to illustrate the topic?
 * A. Images are copyright tagged, and non-free images have fair use rationales:
 * B. Images are provided where possible and appropriate, with suitable captions:
 * 1) Overall:
 * Pass or Fail:
 * 1) Is it stable?
 * No edit wars, etc:
 * 1) Does it contain images to illustrate the topic?
 * A. Images are copyright tagged, and non-free images have fair use rationales:
 * B. Images are provided where possible and appropriate, with suitable captions:
 * 1) Overall:
 * Pass or Fail:
 * B. Images are provided where possible and appropriate, with suitable captions:
 * 1) Overall:
 * Pass or Fail:
 * Pass or Fail:

Delisted - and good for it
Obviously the article was not reviewed by an expert in computational geometry. The description of the algorithm has numerous problems I will not even start to list here. I will better rewrite it in my free time. It is OK-ish for the first read about the algorithm, but ... `'Míkka>t 04:54, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

Cross product ?
Cross product is only defined in 3- and 7-dimensional space. What you use here to test for collinearity/turn direction is a dot product with one vector turned 90 degrees. So for points p1, p2 and p3:

$$\mathbf{u} = \mathbf{p}_2 - \mathbf{p}_1$$

$$\mathbf{v} = \mathbf{p}_3 - \mathbf{p}_1$$

$$ccw = \mathbf{u}_\perp \cdot \mathbf{v}$$

Since $$\mathbf{u}_\perp = \begin{vmatrix}u_x & u_y\end{vmatrix}_\perp = \begin{vmatrix}-u_y & u_x\end{vmatrix}$$, you get the final formula:

$$ccw = \mathbf{u}_\perp \cdot \mathbf{v} = u_{\perp{}x} v_x + u_{\perp{}y} v_y = -u_y v_x + u_x v_y = (p_{2x}-p_{1x})(p_{3y}-p_{1y}) - (p_{2y}-p_{1y})(p_{3x}-p_{1x})$$

SnakeScaly (talk) 16:31, 12 May 2009 (UTC)

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ —Preceding unsigned comment added by 196.30.31.182 (talk) 10:21, 27 October 2010 (UTC)

Whoever wrote the above, interpret the cross product of $$ \mathbf{u} $$ x $$ \mathbf{v} = (u_x, u_y) $$ x $$ (v_x, v_y) $$ in 2D as $$ u_x v_y - u_y v_x $$.

If $$ u_x v_y - u_y v_x < 0 $$ then $$ \mathbf{u} $$ is anti-clockwise from $$ \mathbf{v} $$ and if $$ u_x v_y - u_y v_x > 0 $$ then $$ \mathbf{u} $$ is clockwise from $$ \mathbf{v} $$.

Clearly, if $$ u_x v_y - u_y v_x = 0 $$, the two vectors are parallel. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 196.30.31.182 (talk) 10:19, 27 October 2010 (UTC)

__________________________________

What really is used are affine coordinates. That is, the quantity computed is the 3x3-determinant or triple product of the vectors $$(1,x_A,y_A)$$, $$(1,x_B,y_B)$$ and $$(1,x_C,y_C)$$. This determinant is positive if the planar triangle ABC is positively, counter-clockwise oriented or the curve A-B-C has a left turn. And negative for clockwise or a right turn. Using row- or column-operations one arrives at a 2x2-determinant with the same value as the 3x3-determinant and giving the expression in the article.

\begin{vmatrix} 1&x_A&y_A\\ 1&x_B&y_B\\ 1&x_C&y_C \end{vmatrix} = \begin{vmatrix} 1&x_A   &    y_A\\ 0&x_B-x_A&y_B-y_A\\ 0&x_C-x_A&y_C-y_A \end{vmatrix} = \begin{vmatrix} x_B-x_A&y_B-y_A\\ x_C-x_A&y_C-y_A \end{vmatrix} $$ --LutzL (talk) 14:38, 14 June 2012 (UTC)

Animating GIF image
I was working on some personal web pages, and I made an animating gif image of the Graham scan process, I thought it might add to the quality of the page to include it. Here is a link to it, feel free to use it if someone cares to edit the main page.

link image —Preceding unsigned comment added by David Ashley (talk • contribs) 21:22, 8 October 2009 (UTC)

Pseudo-code example is confusing
I'm trying to implement this algorithm in the Ruby language for use inside Google's SketchUp. I think I understand the algorithm itself, but I'm having trouble deciphering the pseudo-code.

My first problem is with the array. Do the indices go a) from one to the number of points, b) from zero to the number of points minus one, or c) something else? For example, when it refers to points[1] during the first step (finding the lower-left point) is it referring to the first point in the list, or the second?  And then, when it refers to points[0], is that a new point that was added to the front of the list?

Also, what does "We want points[0] to be a sentinel point that will stop the loop." mean? Is there supposed to be a test that will exit the for loop early? Is this "sentinel point" even necessary? Which point is it and where is it supposed to be inserted in the array?

No offense to the original author (nor to Sedgewick or Wayne) but could someone else who understands this algo make some new (or clarify the existing) pseudo-code?

Thanks a lot to anyone who has worked on or will work on this article (except Altenmann, who is a ***) (all the other references to this algo I could find are even less comprehensible!)

75.28.168.96 (talk) 22:13, 27 October 2009 (UTC)
 * Sorry, this is an encyclopedia, not student advisor. I deleted the pseudocode, because it is incorrect. If you need it for job, I am sure you will find numerous implementations of the algorithm in the internet. If you need it for a student project, please read and understand an algorithm, and implement it yourself. If wikipedia is unclear, please read other books. Wikipedia is not the ultimate source of absolute wisdom, it is a tool to find information. - Altenmann >t 22:51, 27 October 2009 (UTC)

 * I put the code back for two reasons:

 * 1) You obviously don't know why it's "incorrect", or you would have fixed it (though you are omniscient enough to know who I am and why I need the algorithm. Odd...).

 * 2) because I still have hopes that someone who does know what's wrong (which may be me, no thanks to you) will have something to fix, thus making Wikipedia better, rather than using it as his/her personal trolling grounds.

 * 75.28.168.96 (talk) 00:02, 28 October 2009 (UTC)

For the psuedocode, it says "sort by polar angle". Well is it sort by polar angle ascending as i gets higher or sort by polar angle descending as i gets higher? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Yamazon3 (talk • contribs) 03:09, 13 December 2011 (UTC)

Why not use the pseudocode from Cormen et al? Many other Wikipedia articles use pseudocode from that text, and it's very understandable.Dideler (talk) 06:34, 16 March 2012 (UTC)

Speed up
"In order to speed up the calculations, it is not necessary to calculate the actual angle these points make with the x-axis; instead, it suffices to calculate the cosine of this angle: it is a monotonically decreasing function in the domain in question (which is 0 to 180 degrees, due to the first step) and may be calculated with simple arithmetic."

Having implemented this algorithm, I found a possible problem with this "speed up", regarding numerical stability near zero. Consider the angles 0 and say 1.0e-11; their cosines are 1 and 0.99999999999999999999995. Thus two angles within 1.0e-11 have cosines only 5.0e-23 apart, which may be considered equal to machine precision. In general, two small angles 0 and e will give cosines 0.5e^2 apart.

As far as I can tell, this optimisation isn't in the original paper, nor does it have its own ref. It's been in the article from the beginning, but originally referred to the "tangent" instead of cosine, which doesn't make sense at all. It also reeks of premature optimisation - this speed up won't affect the Big O performance of the operation, and it's unclear it would speed things up in general. For starters, calculating the angles is O(n), so in general not the bottleneck of an O(n log n) algorithm. Whilst atan2 may take extra CPU cycles, it's quite an assumption that this would be noticeable in most circumstances. Since there appears to be no reference, I propose removing it altogether to avoid confusing the issue. Mdwh (talk) 09:43, 11 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Hi, but where do you get the angles from? The slope of the lines is computed first and is actually the tangens of the angle of the line, so "computing the tangens" or the cosine from it actually does not need to involve the actual angle at all. Also, per the german page, it is possible to use the oriented area formula to compare two points for greater angle wrt. a third point. AC has a greater angle than AB if ABC is positively oriented iff C is left of the line from A through B (see my comment above under "cross product"). Nevertheless, this special point has no place in an informal or motivational overview of the algorithm.--LutzL (talk) 14:29, 11 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Basically, what LutzL said. The whole point of the optimisation is that it’s possible to compare angles using integer arithmetic only (using the co-ordinates of the original points) without having to actually compute any angles or use any floating-point arithmetic at all. — Timwi (talk) 07:47, 3 December 2012 (UTC)

 * In fact, the  function in the example implementation is the embodiment of this! There’s no floating-point arithmetic and no angle calculation in there. — Timwi (talk) 07:49, 3 December 2012 (UTC)

Graham scan or Graham's scan?
The title is Graham scan, but the lead introduces it as Graham's scan. Throughout the article both versions are used. Which is correct? Ollieinc ( talk ) 09:37, 31 May 2017 (UTC)

Parallelisation
The article claims that the linear phase of Graham's scan can be parallelised in a way similar to the all nearest smallest value problem. There is no source, and I have not been able to find any. The crucial difference between Graham and ANSV is that point p_{i + 2} in the convex hull depends on both p_{i + 1} and p_{i}. That introduces a dependency that cannot be resolved with the same technique (building a binary tree where the parent of two points is the minimum). 145.137.143.111 (talk) 08:35, 8 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Graham scan


text:
User talk:Ulas Burkay

Ulas, welcome to Wikipedia. There is a problem with Bosphorus University -- you copied it directly from another web site. Unless you have their permission, that's against the law. Please be careful about this. I suggest you read several of our policy pages to learn more about contributing here so you can avoid this in the future -- perhaps Welcome, newcomers, How to edit a page, and Community Information Directory to start with. Thanks -- if you need help, post at the Village pump or you can leave a note on my talk page. Jwrosenzweig 23:16, 15 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Unverified images
Hi! Thanks for uploading the following image:

 * Image:Dolmab1.jpg

I notice it currently doesn't have an image copyright tag. Could you add one to let us know its copyright status? (You can use if you release it under the GNU Free Documentation License,  if you claim fair use, etc.) If you don't know what any of this means, just let me know at my talk page where you got the images and I'll tag them for you. Thanks so much. [[User:Poccil|Peter O. (Talk, automation script)]] 03:55, Dec 11, 2004 (UTC)

P.S. You can help tag other images at User:Yann/Untagged_Images. Thanks again.

title: User talk:Ulas Burkay


text:
Ferns, County Wexford

Ferns (, short for Fearna Mór Maedhóg) is a historic town in north County Wexford, Ireland. It is 11 km north of Enniscorthy. The remains of Ferns Castle are in the centre of the town.

History
Ferns is believed to have been established in the 6th century, when a monastery was founded in 598 dedicated to St Mogue of Clonmore (St. Aidan), who was a Bishop of Ferns. The town became the capital of the Kingdom of Leinster, and also the Capital of Ireland when the kings of that southern part of the province established their seat of power there. It was a very large city, but shrank after a fire destroyed most of it. The city stretched all the way past the River Bann (tributary of the River Slaney), and it is speculated that had it not burned, it would be one of Ireland's biggest cities today. King Dermot MacMurrough founded St. Mary's Abbey as a house of Augustinian canons c. 1158 and was buried there in 1171.

Ferns Castle, an Anglo-Norman fortress, was built in the middle of the 13th century by William, Earl Marshall. In the time of Elizabeth I, it was granted to Sir Thomas Maisterson from Nantwich, Cheshire, who became a considerable force in the county. Today about half of the castle still stands. The town also contains the 13th-century St Edan's Cathedral (Church of Ireland) This was a big aisled cathedral with a long chancel. The present east wall of the cathedral is the original east wall; the cathedral ran further to the west, towards the entrance to the cemetery. It has been suggested that the ruined building to the east, which has a row of fine Gothic windows, might have been built to house the effigy of Bishop John St John, now on the porch of the church. The Tower and the Chapter House were added on in the 19th century. The cemetery has several high crosses and parts of crosses.

The 19th-century population peaked in 1851, but never reached the levels of medieval times. Lewis's Topography of 1834 claimed the town "consists chiefly of one irregular street, and contains 106 houses indifferently built, retaining no trace of its ancient importance". The Abbey, St.Peter's Church (Catholic and Anglican), and the remainder of the great cathedral are regarded as historic, holy places, and are still regarded as churches. This includes the abbey, which has the title of an abbey church.

Annalistic references
See Annals of Inisfallen (AI)

 * AI741.1 Kl. Repose of Cúán.u, abbot of Ferna, and Flann.Feórna son of Colmán, king of Ciarraige Luachra, [died].

Church of St. Aidan
The old Catholic church stood in the north of the town until the 1970s, when it was decided to demolish the building. A convent, St. Aidan's Monastery of Adoration, has stood in its place since 1990.

The foundation stone of the new Church of St. Aidan was laid on the Feast of St. Aidan, 31 January 1974. This new Roman Catholic church was completed in 1975. In 2007, the new church went under a major refurbishment, and during 2007 and 2008 the parish replaced the old slates with new composite-metal material. The interior was also refurbished and a few minor changes were made to the look of the building.

A plaque listing the names of parish priests, from 1644, is on the wall to the right of the altar, beside the organ. The pipe organ in St. Aidan's Church dates from 1901. Its bellows were once inflated by hand, until modifications were made to it in the 1970s, one of which saw a new electric blower to inflate the bellows installed. The pipe organ was transferred from the old church to the new church and is still in use. Before being transferred, it was completely dismantled, reshaped and redesigned to fit into a much smaller space, in the new church.

The Bell, dating from 1911, was installed in the tower of St. Mogue's Church, by Canon John Doyle. It was moved and now stands outside the new Catholic church today, and is rung on special occasions, such as the New Year's midnight celebrations, Christmas, and Easter.

Religion and heritage
The town gave the name to the Diocese of Ferns (both Roman Catholic and Church of Ireland). The town's religious traditions live on today through the recent establishment in Ferns of a hermitage.

Ferns has evidence of four distinct periods in Irish history. Archaeological digs have revealed habitations from the Bronze, Iron, early Christian and Norman eras.

Ferns boasts many ecclesiastical sites dating from the early Christian era through Norman and the Middle Ages. Heritage sites include:
 * Ferns Castle (which has a visitor centre and houses the Ferns Tapestries)
 * Cathedral Graveyard
 * The Grave of King Dermot MacMurrough
 * St. Mary’s Augustinian Abbey
 * St. Edan’s Cathedral
 * Remainder of the great Medieval Gothic Cathedral
 * Ferns High Crosses
 * St. Mogue’s Cottage
 * St. Peter’s Church
 * St. Mogue's Well
 * Monument to Father John Murphy (who was born near Ferns)
 * St. Aidan's Church (New Catholic Church)
 * St. Aidan’s Monastery of Adoration (Convent on the old Catholic church site)

Transport
Ferns is on the Gorey to Enniscorthy R772 road at the intersection with the R745 (both are regional roads). The town has been bypassed by the M11 motorway linking Dublin to Wexford since 18 July 2019.

Regular (almost hourly) bus services link Ferns to Dublin and Rosslare are provided by a number of companies. Ferns railway station opened on 16 November 1863, closed to passenger traffic on 30 March 1964 and to goods traffic on 3 November 1975, before finally closing altogether on 7 March 1977.

Sport
Ferns is the home of Ferns St Aidan's GAA, a hurling, Gaelic football and camogie club.

People

 * Anne Doyle - former RTÉ newsreader
 * Dermot MacMurrough (d. 1171) - former King of Uí Cheinnselaig and Leinster
 * Gordon D'Arcy professional Ireland and Leinster rugby player

title: Ferns, County Wexford


text:
Remarkable cardinal

In mathematics, a remarkable cardinal is a certain kind of large cardinal number.

A cardinal κ is called remarkable if for all regular cardinals θ > κ, there exist π, M, λ, σ, N and ρ such that

 * 1) π : M → Hθ is an elementary embedding
 * 2) M is countable and transitive
 * 3) π(λ) = κ
 * 4) σ : M → N is an elementary embedding with critical point λ
 * 5) N is countable and transitive
 * 6) ρ = M ∩ Ord is a regular cardinal in N
 * 7) σ(λ) > ρ
 * 8) M = HρN, i.e., M ∈ N and N ⊨ "M is the set of all sets that are hereditarily smaller than ρ"

Equivalently, $$\kappa$$ is remarkable if and only if for every $$\lambda>\kappa$$ there is $$\bar\lambda<\kappa$$ such that in some forcing extension $$V[G]$$, there is an elementary embedding $$j:V_{\bar\lambda}^V\rightarrow V_\lambda^V$$ satisfying $$j(\operatorname{crit}(j))=\kappa$$. Although the definition is similar to one of the definitions of supercompact cardinals, the elementary embedding here only has to exist in $$V[G]$$, not in $$V$$.

title: Remarkable cardinal


text:
Ed & Red's Night Party

Ed & Red's Night Party (formerly called Ed's Night Party and sometimes referred to simply as Ed the Sock) is a former Canadian talk variety show. It was hosted by Steven Joel Kerzner as Ed the Sock and Kerzner's real-life wife Liana K. Other people who worked on the show included DJ James Stamos and comedian Ron Sparks. To date, it is the longest running Canadian late night talk show in history.

History
Originally produced by Rogers Television in Toronto (the same television entity that developed The Tom Green Show in Ottawa), the series was syndicated across Canada in the early 1990s. Ed's profile was raised even higher with a series of specials and appearances on the national music video channel MuchMusic. The series was taken off the air in Alberta and other parts of the country after the show aired a comedy sequence in which Ed is shown supposedly having sex with a Playboy playmate, even though the program was being broadcast in a late night time slot.

In addition to its record-breaking run in Canada, the show briefly ran on G4 in the United States as part of their Midnight Spank late night television programming block. The show was also carried on the Ripe TV on-demand service. The show was retired with its final episode airing on CITY-TV on August 31, 2008. In Australia the show is seen on Fuel TV, where it is known as Ed the Sock.

Legacy
After the shows cancellation, both Ed the Sock, Liana Kerzner, and Ron Sparks would later return together on a different show produced by CHCH-TV Hamilton called This Movie Sucks!, where the three pick on bad movies.

Co-hosts

 * Eric Tunney
 * Howard Glassman (Humble Howard)
 * Craig Campbell

title: Ed & Red's Night Party