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Venlafaxine

Venlafaxine, sold under the brand name Effexor among others, is an antidepressant medication of the serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) class. It is used to treat major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and social anxiety disorder. Studies have shown that venlafaxine improves post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). It may also be used for chronic pain. It is taken orally (swallowed by mouth). It is also available as the salt venlafaxine besylate (venlafaxine benzenesulfonate monohydrate) in an extended-release formulation (Venbysi XR).

Common side effects include loss of appetite, constipation, dry mouth, dizziness, sweating, insomnia, drowsiness and sexual problems. Severe side effects include an increased risk of suicide, mania, and serotonin syndrome. Antidepressant withdrawal syndrome may occur if stopped. There are concerns that use during the later part of pregnancy can harm the baby. How it works is not entirely clear, but it seems to be related to the potentiation of the activity of some neurotransmitters in the brain.

Venlafaxine was approved for medical use in the United States in 1993. It is available as a generic medication. In 2021, it was the 44th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States with more than 15million prescriptions.

Medical uses
Venlafaxine is used primarily for the treatment of depression, general anxiety disorder, social phobia, panic disorder, and vasomotor symptoms.

Venlafaxine has been used off label for the treatment of diabetic neuropathy and migraine prevention. It may work on pain via effects on the opioid receptor. It has also been found to reduce the severity of 'hot flashes' in menopausal women and men on hormonal therapy for the treatment of prostate cancer.

Due to its action on both the serotoninergic and adrenergic systems, venlafaxine is also used as a treatment to reduce episodes of cataplexy, a form of muscle weakness, in patients with the sleep disorder narcolepsy. Some open-label and three double-blind studies have suggested the efficacy of venlafaxine in the treatment of attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Clinical trials have found possible efficacy in those with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Case reports, open trials and blinded comparisons with established medications have suggested the efficacy of venlafaxine in the treatment of obsessive–compulsive disorder.

Depression
A comparative meta-analysis of 21 major antidepressants found that venlafaxine, agomelatine, amitriptyline, escitalopram, mirtazapine, paroxetine, and vortioxetine were more effective than other antidepressants, although the quality of many comparisons was assessed as low or very low.

Venlafaxine was similar in efficacy to the atypical antidepressant bupropion; however, the remission rate was lower for venlafaxine. In a double-blind study, patients who did not respond to an SSRI were switched to either venlafaxine or another SSRI (citalopram); similar improvement was observed in both groups.

Studies have not established its efficacy for use by children. In children and adolescents with depression, venlafaxine increases the risk of suicidal thoughts or attempts.

Higher doses (e.g. 225 mg and 375 mg per day) of venlafaxine are more effective than lower doses (e.g. 75 mg per day), but also cause more side effects.

Studies have shown that the extended release is superior to the immediate release form of venlafaxine.

A meta-analysis has shown that efficacy of venlafaxine is not correlated with baseline severity of depression. In other words, regardless of how severe a person's depression is initially, the efficacy of venlafaxine remains consistent and is not influenced by the severity of depression at the start of treatment.

Contraindications
Venlafaxine is not recommended in patients hypersensitive to it, nor should it be taken by anyone who is allergic to the inactive ingredients, which include gelatin, cellulose, ethylcellulose, iron oxide, titanium dioxide and hypromellose. It should not be used in conjunction with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI), as it can cause potentially fatal serotonin syndrome. Venlafaxine might interact with tramadol or other opioids, trazodone, so caution is needed while mixing multiple serotonergic agents together.

Adverse effects
Venlafaxine can increase eye pressure, so those with glaucoma may require more frequent eye checks.

A 2017 meta-analysis estimated venlafaxine discontinuation rate due to adverse effects to 9.4%.

Suicide
The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) requires all antidepressants, including venlafaxine, to carry a black box warning with a generic warning about a possible suicide risk.

A 2014 meta analysis of 21 clinical trials of venlafaxine for the treatment of depression in adults found that compared to placebo, venlafaxine reduced the risk of suicidal thoughts and behavior.

A study conducted in Finland followed more than 15,000 patients for 3.4 years. Venlafaxine increased suicide risk by 60% (statistically significant), as compared to no treatment. At the same time, fluoxetine (Prozac) halved the suicide risk.

In a study sponsored by Wyeth, which produces and markets venlafaxine, the data on more than 200,000 cases were obtained from the UK general practice research database. At baseline, patients prescribed venlafaxine had a greater number of risk factors for suicide (such as prior suicide attempts) than patients treated with other anti-depressants. The patients taking venlafaxine had significantly higher risk of suicide than the ones on fluoxetine or citalopram (Celexa). After adjusting for known risk factors, venlafaxine was associated with an increased risk of suicide relative to fluoxetine and dothiepin that was not statistically significant. A statistically significant greater risk for attempted suicide remained after adjustment, but the authors concluded that it could be due to residual confounding.

An analysis of clinical trials by the FDA statisticians showed the incidence of suicidal behaviour among the adults on venlafaxine to be not significantly different from fluoxetine or placebo.

Venlafaxine is contraindicated in children, adolescents and young adults. In children and adolescents with depression, venlafaxine increases the risk of suicidal thoughts or attempts.

Serotonin syndrome
The development of a potentially life-threatening serotonin syndrome (also classified as "serotonin toxicity") may occur with venlafaxine treatment, particularly with concomitant use of serotonergic drugs, including but not limited to SSRIs and SNRIs, many hallucinogens such as tryptamines and phenethylamines (e.g., LSD/LSA, DMT, MDMA, mescaline), dextromethorphan (DXM), tramadol, tapentadol, pethidine (meperidine) and triptans and with drugs that impair metabolism of serotonin (including MAOIs). Serotonin syndrome symptoms may include mental status changes (e.g. agitation, hallucinations, coma), autonomic instability (e.g. tachycardia, labile blood pressure, hyperthermia), neuromuscular aberrations (e.g. hyperreflexia, incoordination), or gastrointestinal symptoms (e.g. nausea, vomiting, diarrhea). Venlafaxine-induced serotonin syndrome has also been reported when venlafaxine has been taken in isolation in overdose. An abortive serotonin syndrome state, in which some but not all of the symptoms of the full serotonin syndrome are present, has been reported with venlafaxine at mid-range dosages (150 mg per day). A case of a patient with serotonin syndrome induced by low-dose venlafaxine (37.5 mg per day) has also been reported.

Pregnancy
There are few well-controlled studies of venlafaxine in pregnant women. A study released in May 2010 by the Canadian Medical Association Journal suggests use of venlafaxine doubles the risk of miscarriage. Consequently, venlafaxine should only be used during pregnancy if clearly needed. A large case-control study done as part of the National Birth Defects Prevention Study and published in 2012 found a significant association of venlafaxine use during pregnancy and several birth defects including anencephaly, cleft palate, septal heart defects and coarctation of the aorta. Prospective studies have not shown any statistically significant congenital malformations. There have, however, been some reports of self-limiting effects on newborn infants. As with other serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs), these effects are generally short-lived, lasting only 3 to 5 days, and rarely resulting in severe complications.

Bipolar disorder
According to the ISBD Task Force report on antidepressant use in bipolar disorder, during the course of treatment for depression with those suffering from bipolar I and II, venlafaxine "appears to carry a particularly high risk of inducing pathologically elevated states of mood and behavior." Because venlafaxine appears to be more likely than SSRIs and bupropion to induce mania and mixed episodes in these patients, provider discretion is advised through "carefully evaluating individual clinical cases and circumstances."

Liver injury
A rare but serious side effect of venlafaxine is liver injury. It appears to affect both male and female patients with a median age of 44. Cessation of venlafaxine is one of the appropriate measures of management. While the mechanism of venlafaxine-related liver injury remains unclear, findings suggest that it may be related to a CYP2D6 polymorphism.

Overdose
Most patients overdosing with venlafaxine develop only mild symptoms. Plasma venlafaxine concentrations in overdose survivors have ranged from 6 to 24 mg/L, while postmortem blood levels in fatalities are often in the 10–90 mg/L range. Published retrospective studies report that venlafaxine overdosage may be associated with an increased risk of fatal outcome compared to that observed with SSRI antidepressant products, but lower than that for tricyclic antidepressants. Healthcare professionals are advised to prescribe Effexor and Effexor XR in the smallest quantity of capsules consistent with good patient management to reduce the risk of overdose. It is usually reserved as a second-line treatment for depression due to a combination of its superior efficacy to the first-line treatments like fluoxetine, paroxetine and citalopram and greater frequency of side effects like nausea, headache, insomnia, drowsiness, dry mouth, constipation, sexual dysfunction, sweating and nervousness.

There is no specific antidote for venlafaxine, and management is generally supportive, providing treatment for the immediate symptoms. Administration of activated charcoal can prevent absorption of the drug. Monitoring of cardiac rhythm and vital signs is indicated. Seizures are managed with benzodiazepines or other anticonvulsants. Forced diuresis, hemodialysis, exchange transfusion, or hemoperfusion are unlikely to be of benefit in hastening the removal of venlafaxine, due to the drug's high volume of distribution.

Withdrawal syndrome
People stopping venlafaxine commonly experience SSRI withdrawal symptoms such as dysphoria, headaches, nausea, irritability, emotional lability, sensation of electric shocks (commonly called "brain zaps" ), and sleep disturbance. Venlafaxine has a higher rate of moderate to severe withdrawal symptoms relative to other antidepressants (similar to the SSRI paroxetine).

The higher risk and increased severity of withdrawal symptoms relative to other antidepressants may be related to the short half-life of venlafaxine and its active metabolite. After stopping venlafaxine, the levels of both serotonin and norepinephrine decrease, leading to the hypothesis that the withdrawal symptoms could result from an overly rapid reduction of neurotransmitter levels.

Other
In rare cases, drug-induced akathisia can occur after use in some people.

Venlafaxine should be used with caution in hypertensive patients. Venlafaxine must be discontinued if significant hypertension persists. It can also have undesirable cardiovascular effects.

Pharmacodynamics
Venlafaxine is usually categorized as a serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI), but it has also been referred to as a serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor (SNDRI). It is described as 'synthetic phenethylamine bicyclic derivative with antidepressant activity'. It works by blocking the transporter "reuptake" proteins for key neurotransmitters affecting mood, thereby leaving more active neurotransmitters in the synapse. The neurotransmitters affected are serotonin and norepinephrine. Additionally, in high doses it weakly inhibits the reuptake of dopamine. The frontal cortex largely lacks dopamine transporters; therefore venlafaxine can increase dopamine neurotransmission in this part of the brain.

Venlafaxine selectively inhibits the serotonin transporter at lower doses, but at a dose of 225 mg per day it additionally blocks the norepinephrine transporter (NET), as measured by the intravenous tyramine pressor test.

Venlafaxine indirectly affects opioid receptors as well as the α2-adrenergic receptor, and was shown to increase pain threshold in mice. These benefits with respect to pain were reversed with naloxone, an opioid antagonist, thus supporting an opioid mechanism.

Pharmacokinetics
Venlafaxine is well absorbed, with at least 92% of an oral dose being absorbed into systemic circulation. It is extensively metabolized in the liver via the CYP2D6 isoenzyme to desvenlafaxine (O-desmethylvenlafaxine, now marketed as a separate medication named Pristiq ), which is just as potent an SNRI as the parent compound, meaning that the differences in metabolism between extensive and poor metabolisers are not clinically important in terms of efficacy. Side effects, however, are reported to be more severe in CYP2D6 poor metabolisers. Steady-state concentrations of venlafaxine and its metabolite are attained in the blood within 3 days. Therapeutic effects are usually achieved within 3 to 4 weeks. No accumulation of venlafaxine has been observed during chronic administration in healthy subjects. The primary route of excretion of venlafaxine and its metabolites is via the kidneys. The half-life of venlafaxine is relatively short, so patients are directed to adhere to a strict medication routine, avoiding missing a dose. Even a single missed dose can result in withdrawal symptoms.

Venlafaxine is a substrate of P-glycoprotein (P-gp), which pumps it out of the brain. The gene encoding P-gp, ABCB1, has the SNP rs2032583, with alleles C and T. The majority of people (about 70% of Europeans and 90% of East Asians) have the TT variant. A 2007 study found that carriers of at least one C allele (variant CC or CT) are 7.72 times more likely than non-carriers to achieve remission after 4 weeks of treatment with amitriptyline, citalopram, paroxetine or venlafaxine (all P-gp substrates). The study included patients with mood disorders other than major depression, such as bipolar II; the ratio is 9.4 if these other disorders are excluded. At the 6-week mark, 75% of C-carriers had remitted, compared to only 38% of non-carriers.

Chemistry
The IUPAC name of venlafaxine is 1-[2-(dimethylamino)-1-(4 methoxyphenyl)ethyl]cyclohexanol, though it is sometimes referred to as (±)-1-[a-[a-(dimethylamino)methyl]-p-methoxybenzyl]cyclohexanol. It consists of two enantiomers present in equal quantities (termed a racemic mixture), both of which have the empirical formula of C17H27NO2. It is usually sold as a mixture of the respective hydrochloride salts, (R/S)-1-[2-(dimethylamino)-1-(4 methoxyphenyl)ethyl]cyclohexanol hydrochloride, C17H28ClNO2, which is a white to off-white crystalline solid. Venlafaxine is structurally and pharmacologically related to the atypical opioid analgesic tramadol, and more distantly to the newly released opioid tapentadol, but not to any of the conventional antidepressant drugs, including tricyclic antidepressants, SSRIs, MAOIs, or RIMAs.

Venlafaxine extended release is chemically the same as normal venlafaxine. The extended release (controlled release) version distributes the release of the drug into the gastrointestinal tract over a longer period than normal venlafaxine. This results in a lower peak plasma concentration. Studies have shown that the extended release formula has a lower incidence of nausea as a side effect, resulting in better compliance.

Interactions
Venlafaxine should be taken with caution when using St John's wort. Venlafaxine may lower the seizure threshold, and coadministration with other drugs that lower the seizure threshold such as bupropion and tramadol should be done with caution and at low doses.

Recreational use
Venlafaxine can be abused as recreational drug, with damages that can manifest within a month. Hard data regarding prevalence of abuse are not easy to find. Abusers reported usage of extremely high dosage, 5 to 10 times of acceptable clinical dosage. The adverse side effects were strong cases of the listed side effects. As standard measure treatment is to be supervised by a doctor with relevant education, such as neurologist or psychiatrist.

Brand names

Venlafaxine was originally marketed as Effexor in most of the world; generic venlafaxine has been available since around 2008 and extended release venlafaxine has been available since around 2010.

As of January 2020, venlafaxine is marketed under many brand names worldwide, many with alternative extended release forms (not shown): Adefaxin, Alenthus, Altven, Alventa, Amfax, Anapresin, Ansifix, Arafaxina, Argofan, Arrow Venlafaxine, Axone, Axyven, Benolaxe, Blossom, Calmdown, Dalium, Defaxine, Depefex, Depretaxer, Deprevix, Deprexor, Deprixol, Depurol, Desinax, Dislaven, Dobupal, Duofaxin, Easyfor, Ectien, Eduxon, Efastad, Efaxin, Efaxine, Efectin, Efegen, Efevelon, Efevelone, Efexiva, Efexor, Effegad, Effexine, Effexor, Elafax, Elaxine, Elify, Enpress, Enlafax, Envelaf, Falven, Faxigen, Faxine, Faxiprol, Faxiven, Faxolet, Flavix, Flaxen, Fobiless, Ganavax, Idixor, Idoxen, Intefred, Illovex, Lafactin, Lafaxin, Lanvexin, Laroxin, Levest, Limbic, Linexel, Maxibral, Mazda, Melocin, Memomax, Mezine, Neoxacina, Neoxacina, Nervix, Norafexine, Norezor, Norpilen, Noviser, Nulev, Odiven, Olwexya, Oriven, Paxifar, Politid, Pracet, Prefaxine, Psiseven, Quilarex, Rafax, Senexon, Sentidol, Sentosa, Serosmine, Seroxine, Sesaren, Subelan, Sulinex, Sunveniz, Sunvex, Symfaxin, Tedema, Tifaxin, Tonpular, Trevilor, Tudor, Vafexin, Valosine, Vandral, Velaf, Velafax, Velahibin, Velaxin, Velaxor, Velept, Velpine, Venax, Venaxin, Venaxx, Vencarm, Vencontrol, Vendep, Venegis, Venex, Venexor, Venfalex, Venfax, Ven-Fax, Venfaxine, Venforin, Venforspine, Veniba, Veniz, Venjoy, Venla, Venlabax, Venlablue, Venlabrain, Venladep, Venladex, Venladoz, Venlaf, Venlafab, Venlafaxin, Venlafaxina, Venlafaxine, Venlagamma, Venlalic, Venlamax, Venlamylan, Venlaneo, Venlapine, Venla-Q, Venlasand, Venlatrin, Venlavitae, Venlax, Venlaxin, Venlaxine, Venlaxor, Venlazid, Venlectine, Venlifax, Venlift, Venlix, Venlobax, Venlofex, Venlor, Venorion, Venozap, Vensate, Ventab, Venxin, Venxor, Vextor, Venzip, Vexamode, Vfax, Viepax, ViePax, Voxafen, Zacalen, Zanfexa, Zaredrop, Zarelis, Zarelix, and Zenexor.

In some countries, Effexor is marketed by Viatris after Upjohn was spun off from Pfizer.

Veterinary uses
Veterinary overdose in dogs is very well treated by Cyproheptadine HCl.

Venlafaxine is highly toxic to Bacillariophyta and Chlorophyta phytoplankton. Cats are drawn to the smell of venlafaxine and tend to ingest the pills, which is highly toxic to them.

title: Venlafaxine


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Robert Hayman

Robert Hayman (14 August 1575 – November 1629) was a poet, colonist and Proprietary Governor of Bristol's Hope colony in Newfoundland.

Early life and education
Hayman was born in Wolborough near Newton Abbot, Devon, the eldest of nine children. His mother was Alice Gaverocke and his father, Nicholas Hayman, a prosperous citizen and later mayor and MP of both Totnes and Dartmouth. By 1579 the family was living in Totnes, where in the high street Hayman as a small boy met Sir Francis Drake, who presented him with an orange (Hayman records the incident in one of his poems).

According to the 17th-century historian Anthony Wood Hayman was educated at Exeter College and the college register shows him matriculating on 15 October 1590 (the register wrongly shows his age as eleven whereas in fact he was fifteen). He then, according to Wood, "retired to Lincolns-inn, without the honour of a degree": but here Wood is incorrect, as Hayman commenced B.A. on 8 July 1596. He was admitted as a law student to Lincoln's Inn on 16 October 1596, where, again according to Wood, he "studied for a time the municipal law", though modern researches find no evidence of this or of any intention to qualify as a lawyer. In his supplication for B.A. Hayman had mentioned a plan to travel and study in Europe, and this apparently happened, as in a letter his father wrote to Robert Cecil in 1600 he states that he hoped for a career for his son in some government office, and that towards this end he had educated him at both Oxford University and at Poitiers. Wood explains that "his geny being well known to be poetical, (he) fell into acquaintance with" a literary circle which included Ben Jonson, Michael Drayton, John Donne, George Wither, John Owen and others. These encouraged his literary efforts with the result, according to Wood, that Hayman had "the general vogue of a poet". Perhaps because of these distractions Hayman seems not to have achieved any significant public office in England. Although Edward Sharpham dedicated a play to him in 1607 there is nothing further known about his activities for twenty years until he emerges as a venturer and colonist to the new world.

Family
Hayman was married on 21 May 1604 at St Petroc's Church, Exeter, to Grace Spicer, daughter of a prominent merchant of Exeter; but they appear to have had no children and as Hayman does not mention her directly in his works it seems she died young. Several of the poems later published in the book 'Quodlibets' however are dedicated to other members of the Spicer family, so he apparently remained on friendly terms with them.

Colonial career
Hayman was appointed the Newfoundland colony's first and only governor in 1618 when Bristol's Society of Merchant Venturers received a charter from King James I of England to establish the settlement. Hayman's brother-in-law John Barker was the society's master. Hayman lived in the colony for fifteen months before returning to England and visited again over several summers until his tenure as governor ended in 1628. Much of his work was in England raising money for the settlement, publicizing it and encouraging more colonisation efforts. In 1628 he petitioned the king's favourite the Duke of Buckingham to forward a "Proposition of profitt and honor" to the king which set out the need to encourage continued colonization of Newfoundland, and which specifically mentioned a plan to build a settlement to be called 'Carolinople' (i.e. "Charles's Town").

As Newfoundland's first poet in English, Hayman is remembered for his writings extolling the island, its climate and its early English pioneers. In his leisure hours as governor in Harbour Grace he composed a work later published in England as Quodlibets. Quodlibets ("What you will") was the first book in the English language written in what would become Canada. Some of it consisted of original short poems by Hayman, and some of translations, both of Latin poems by John Owen (epigrammatist) and of French prose by Rabelais. It was published in London in 1628, presumably as part of Hayman's attempts to raise interest in the colony.

Although Hayman apparently remained committed to Newfoundland he was also interested in other colonial ventures, including one to Guyana under the direction of Robert Harcourt. Having arranged his financial affairs he made his will late in the fall of 1628 and left in the Little Hopewell for the Amazon. By February 1629 (new style) he was in Guiana looking into using the river 'Wiapoco' (modern Oyapock) as a trading route.

Death
It was while travelling up the Oyapock by canoe that Hayman died of a sudden fever and was hastily buried by his companions near the banks of the river, on or about 17 October 1629. His will, signed and sealed on 17 November 1628 but not proved until 1633 (1632 Old Style), leaves his estate to "my loving Cosin and Nephew Thomas Muchell of Longaston" (modern Long Ashton) "in the Countie of Somersett...". His will also mentions two "policies of insurance" taken out with the diocesan chancellor of London, Arthur Duck. Of the value of £100 each, one related to the safe arrival of Hayman's ship in Guiana and the other was "of one hundred pounds assured by the said Doctor Arthur Ducke on my life".

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Robert Hayman


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Monument Valley

Monument Valley (Tsé Biiʼ Ndzisgaii,, meaning "valley of the rocks") is a region of the Colorado Plateau characterized by a cluster of sandstone buttes, with the largest reaching 1000 ft above the valley floor. The most famous butte formations are located in northeastern Arizona along the Utah–Arizona state line. The valley is considered sacred by the Navajo Nation, the Native American people within whose reservation it lies.

Monument Valley has been featured in many forms of media since the 1930s. Famed director John Ford used the location for a number of his Westerns. Film critic Keith Phipps wrote that "its 5 mi2 have defined what decades of moviegoers think of when they imagine the American West".

Geography and geology
Monument Valley is part of the Colorado Plateau. The elevation of the valley floor ranges from 5000 to 6000 ft above sea level. The floor is largely siltstone of the Cutler Group, or sand derived from it, deposited by the meandering rivers that carved the valley. The valley's vivid red coloration comes from iron oxide exposed in the weathered siltstone. The darker, blue-gray rocks in the valley get their color from manganese oxide.

The buttes arising from the valley floor are clearly stratified, with three principal layers. The lowest layer is the Organ Rock Shale, the middle is de Chelly Sandstone, and the top layer is the Moenkopi Formation capped by Shinarump Conglomerate. Major rock formations include West and East Mitten Buttes, Merrick Butte, and Hunts Mesa. Another notable formation is Totem Pole, a highly eroded butte remanent. The valley also includes large stone structures, such as the "Eye of the Sun".

Between 1945 and 1967, the southern extent of the Monument Upwarp was mined for uranium, which occurs in scattered areas of the Shinarump Conglomerate; vanadium and copper are associated with uranium in some deposits.

Tourism

Monument Valley includes much of the area surrounding Monument Valley Navajo Tribal Park, a Navajo Nation equivalent to a national park. Oljato, for example, is also within the area designated as Monument Valley.

Visitors may pay an access fee and drive through the park on a 17 mi dirt road. Parts of Monument Valley, such as Mystery Valley and Hunts Mesa, are accessible only by guided tour.

Climate
Monument Valley experiences a desert climate with cold winters and hot summers. While the summers may be hot, the heat is tempered by the region's high altitude. Although the valley experiences an average of 54 days above 90 °F annually, summer highs rarely exceed 100 °F. Summer nights are comfortably cool, and temperatures drop quickly after sunset. Winters are cold, but daytime highs are usually above freezing. Even in the winter, temperatures below 0 °F are uncommon, though possible. Monument Valley receives an occasional light snowfall in the winter; however, it usually melts within a day or two.

In visual media

Monument Valley has been featured in numerous computer games, in print, and in motion pictures, including multiple Westerns directed by John Ford that influenced audiences' view of the American West, such as: Stagecoach (1939), My Darling Clementine (1946), Fort Apache (1948), She Wore a Yellow Ribbon (1949), and The Searchers (1956).

Many more recent movies, with other directors, were also filmed in Monument Valley, including Sergio Leone's Once Upon a Time in the West (in 1967), the first Spaghetti Western to be filmed outside Europe, and Gore Verbinski's The Lone Ranger.

title: Monument Valley


text:
Talk:Bearing (navigation)

how do you use a bearing

 * I'm not expert, but do the bearing tells you the direction to another point. If you get the bearing to another location and start in that direction and keep going straight, that will be the closest way to that point, traveling over the surface of the Earth (on a great circle).  Bubba73 23:11, July 30, 2005 (UTC)

 * I've added an external link to a free program to calculate the distance and bearing of two points on the Earth. Bubba73 00:42, August 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * ACK, w.

Serious errors in article
There is confusioin about three different kinds of reference directions, which are true north (reference of charts! and Gyros, magnetic north which depends on local (temporary changing) Magnetic variation, and compass north, which furthermore may be influenced by ship's own magnetic field. In a chart, only true bearings or true courses can be used, therefore, any compass reading has to be corrected first for Magnetic deviation (the error added by ship's magnetism), and second for variation, before being of use for navigation.

Give me c. one week to have a diagram explaining those relations. w. any IP. 07:25, 27 February 2007 (UTC)
 * oops - being late;) on "reference directions," see course (navigation) meanwhile. any IP. 13:24, 20 March 2007 (UTC)

 * I tried to fix the wording of the definition of magnetic bearing, stressing that "magnetic north" is not the same as "direction towards the north magnetic pole", because magnetic anomalies ruin the idealistic model of straight magnetic field lines in many places on Earth. Hence, no instrument can show the real direction towards a magnetic pole. Igusarov (talk) 13:40, 13 March 2017 (UTC)

---I definitely agree on this. Bearing is the actual compass direction of the forward motion of the aircraft. It is affected by local magnetic variation and the carrier's own magnetic field. It has NOT AT ALL anything to do with reference of true north. --Natasha2006 17:56, 25 April 2007 (UTC)

- North is a direction, not a plane: "A true bearing is measured in relation to the fixed horizontal reference plane of true north..." Kortoso (talk) 21:24, 14 November 2013 (UTC)

They way I understand it, at least for aircraft...
Bearing is compass direction (magnetic or true) to a reference object, be it moving or stationary. Heading is the direction the aircraft is pointed. Track is the actual direction of travel after wind drift correction. Course is the intended (but not necessarily the actual) track.

Without a (second) reference point, bearing is meaningless. —Preceding unsigned comment added by BillMichaelson (talk • contribs) 15:31, 24 April 2009 (UTC)

US Army definition of Bearing needs correction
The first reference ray is always North or South, not North, South, East or West. The second example has the directions reversed - it should be S30E not E30S. — Preceding unsigned comment added by TRS80Math (talk • contribs) 11:38, 10 July 2011 (UTC)

Does "con" have any bearing on this?
Sorry for the lame pun. I'm trying to understand the difference between "bearing" and "con". The bearing comes from the navigator, while the con comes from the conning tower...is that it, or are there more details? ```` — Preceding unsigned comment added by PickMyName (talk • contribs) 20:00, 11 March 2012 (UTC)

Pronunciation
How do sailors pronounce "bearing"? I've heard some foreign sailors pronounce it like "beering"--is that nautical slang, or was it just a foreigners' mistake? Thanks, Ibn Battuta (talk) 16:42, 18 September 2012 (UTC)
 * I think it is said "bareing", although in many accents or dialects like you may have heard, it is possible it has been pronounced differently throughout them.  Rcsprinter  (lecture)  @ 16:22, 23 October 2012 (UTC)

Possibly the worst article on Wikipedia !
This article is basically utterly incorrect, in every broad concept and detail, from top to bottom.

People who are not mathematicians, completely skilled in Vector3 math, and who are not active professional navigators, should not even try to edit this page.

The current page is astoundingly bad. I am not going to try to correct it, but just ease some of the bloopers. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.148.179.249 (talk) 10:53, 24 October 2012 (UTC)

another small error

 * 360° ÷ 32 = 11.25°, so 32 points of 11.25° is 360°. I.e. it does not require any special knowledge it’s just arithmetic.-- JohnBlackburne wordsdeeds 22:03, 23 March 2016 (UTC)

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Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 18:38, 9 December 2017 (UTC)

Missing Illustration
The very first illustration -- at the very top of the article -- is missing. The caption for it is there, but the illustration itself is not. The Grand Rascal (talk) 12:23, 14 August 2019 (UTC)
 * Thumbnail generation fault. I've slightly changed the resolution so it is generated. (Hohum @ ) 16:12, 14 August 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bearing (navigation)


text:
Talk:Nino Burjanadze

Untitled
Dear secretlondon, Nino Burdjanadzes husband is Badri Bizadze. He is no longer deputy prosecutor general. He became chief of the coast guard two weeks ago. Better read Georgian internet sources. ChrisM

 * I note it is more commonly spelt "Badri Bitsadze" in English. The version you give I cannot in fact find any uses of.  Morwen 22:47, Mar 11, 2004 (UTC)

 * It's also spelled Bitzadze. I would go with Bitsadze but noting the variant spellings as well. -- ChrisO 23:49, 11 Mar 2004 (UTC)

I don't know why Levzur keeps deleting the alternative transliteration of Burjanadze's name but I would guess that it's because it's a Russian-style transliteration; he seems to have a bad case of Russophobia. -- ChrisO 08:45, 26 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * For the record, Google returns the following numbers of results:

 * Burjanadze - 8,760
 * Burdjanadze - 3,290
 * Burdzanadze - 121

 * -- ChrisO 09:00, 26 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * The third spelling is Burdzhanadze - 5,360 hits, not Burdzanadze
 * Andris 23:32, May 8, 2004 (UTC)

 * For the sake of contrast now (October 2005), Google searches bring the following results.

 * Burjanadze - 58,500
 * Burdjanadze - 16,800
 * Burdzhanadze - 18,800

 * Burjanadze clearly seem to be the most widespread transliteration: Google results from
 * February 2006, Burdzhanadze seems to have significantly declined in use.

 * Burjanadze - 71,500
 * Burdjanadze - 20,200
 * Burdzhanadze - 16,900

 * Well, there definately seems to be little doubt which spelling format is gaining the most ground, here are comparisons from April 2004 to April 2006:

 * Burjanadze - 8,760 to 151,000
 * Burdjanadze - 3,290 to 29,400
 * Burdzhanadze - 5,360 to 29,400

 * We can anticipate the more English-friendly spelling becoming more widely used in the West as she becomes more famous, as she is the kind of politician the West likes and who wants the West to like her. London Times with "J": http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article5254306.ece —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.36.149.60 (talk) 09:04, 29 November 2008 (UTC)

Choice of script in article
Look: I think it is nice that Wikipedia is giving names in Georgian in the Georgian alphabet, but why in the old, ecclesiastical script (khutsuri)? They should be in Mkhedruli, the modern civil script. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.105.137.137 (talk) 16:13, 12 August 2008 (UTC)

 * I can't see anything in the Georgian-language text of this article (or any other article on a Georgian person or topic) that is choosing a script. As far as I know, this would be determined by the font settings in your browser and/or the fonts available on your computer.  If you go to the Georgian-language Wikipedia, what does the text there look like to you?  Richwales (talk) 16:39, 12 August 2008 (UTC)

IPA Pronunciation Issues
Issue 1:

The current IPA transcription uses [ ɪ ʊ  a ] -- but I'm seeing only / i  u  ɑ / in the Georgian language article.

Is the IPA here allophonic, or dialectical, or an error?

Issue 2:

Please add syllable-division marks (period/full stop) and (primary, secondary) syllable-stress marks [ˈ ˌ] if such stress exists in Georgian. (Note a stress mark also serves as a syllable-division mark when present.)

Issue 3:

Additionally a typical English pronunciation should be given as "in English: [IPA]".

As an edutated English speaker, knowing it is foreign and having never heard it spoken, I would by default say [ˈni:.no bʊr.dʒəˈnɑ:.dzɛi].

But this should be ascertained from news broadcasters -- and I fear my American compatriots who turn Myanmar into "My-ann-marr" might be problematic in this regard. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.36.153.236 (talk) 10:01, 29 November 2008 (UTC)

Vandalism
Please discuss the article before resorting to vandalism and removing large chunks of text. Thank you Zylog79 (talk) 21:26, 3 June 2011 (UTC)

 * Discussions must be held before questionable text/sources are incorporated, not after.--Margarita439 (talk) 02:40, 4 June 2011 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 20:22, 25 October 2020 (UTC)
 * Nino Burjanadze14.jpg

title: Talk:Nino Burjanadze


text:
Maryport

Maryport is a town and civil parish in Cumbria, England.

The town is situated just outside the Lake District National Park, at the northern end of the former Cumberland Coalfield.

Location
Maryport is located on the A596 road 6 mi north of Workington, 21.1 mi west of Keswick and 26 mi south-west of Carlisle. Silloth is 12.6 mi to the north on the B5300 coast road, which passes through the villages of Allonby, Mawbray, Beckfoot and Blitterlees.

It's one of the southernmost towns on the Solway Firth, where the River Ellen skirts the grounds of Netherhall School before flowing through Maryport into the Solway Firth.

Maryport railway station is on the Cumbrian Coast Line.

Prehistoric times
Evidence for Final Palaeolithic and Mesolithic occupation was found at Netherhall Road. This was the first located archaeological evidence of tuff exploitation in the Lake District.

Roman and medieval times
The town was established around 122 as one of several Roman localities called Alauna. It was a command and supply base for the coastal defences at the western extremity of Hadrian's Wall. The town contains substantial remains of the Roman fort, which was the last in a series that stretched southwards along the coast from the wall to prevent it being avoided by crossing the Solway Firth. Geomagnetic surveys have revealed a large Roman town surrounding the fort. A Romano-British (native) settlement located directly beside the fort may even have supplied the fort with food, possibly in exchange for goods like pottery.

The Senhouse Roman Museum adjoins the site of Alauna, and has a replica wooden watch-tower overlooking the fort and the sea. The museum houses a large collection of Roman altar stones found at the site.

On Castle Hill are the earthworks and buried remains of a 12th-century motte-and-bailey castle. On the summit are the foundations of a World War II gun emplacement.

To the north are the ruins of Netherhall Estate. The only remains of this once grand manor are stables and a 14th-century pele tower, largely built of dressed Roman stones presumably from Alauna Roman fort nearby. The tower was formerly part of a large house of later date which was demolished in 1979 following a fire.

Georgian times
For many years the town was named Ellenfoot but the name was changed by Humphrey Senhouse as he began developing the town as a port, following the example of Whitehaven. In 1749 an Act of Parliament was passed to allow the creation of the present town. Humphrey Senhouse named the new town after his wife Mary. The Senhouse family were landowners in the area and responsible for the development of the town and excavation of its Roman past. The family also had interests in the West Indies. In 1770, Humphrey Senhouse's son, William, was appointed Surveyor General of Customs in Barbados where he purchased a sugar plantation and managed another for Sir James Lowther of Whitehaven. William's brother, Joseph, had a coffee plantation in Dominica. Both men were considerable slave-owners.

It was during this period that the town's lighthouse was built.

Victorian times
The town quickly developed as an industrial centre throughout the 19th century. An iron foundry opened and the port developed as did shipyards, such as Wood's yard and Ritson's yard, which was famous for launching ships broadside into the River Ellen because it was not wide enough to allow ships to be launched the usual way.

The Maryport and Carlisle Railway, opened in the 1840s, with George Stephenson as its engineer, made the transport of coal much easier. Large new mines were sunk in the Aspatria area and almost all their production passed through the port. In 1846, 213,152 tons of coal were shipped from Maryport and by 1857 this had risen to more than 340,000 tons. Much of the coal produced in the area was turned into coke for the local iron and steel industry. By 1890, the Allerdale Coal Company had thirty Beehive coke ovens working on its site at Buckhill, Broughton Moor.

In 1874, the owners announced a cut of 10% in the miners' wages. A strike began in the Aspatria pits and then the owners made a further cut of 15%. By December, the strike had spread to the whole area with 2,000 men involved. The strike lasted until March 1875. There was violence when some 'blacklegs' were assaulted and many colliers left the area to seek work elsewhere. In 1894, John Osmaston who operated the Dearham Colliery became insolvent and the bank took over his pits. Two groups of local miners formed co-operatives and leased the mines at Crosshow and Townhead from the Lowthers. They found it impossible to compete with the other wealthy coal-owners in a tight market and also had serious problems with drainage. This unique experiment ended in 1903 when both companies went into liquidation.

Modern times
During the early years of the 20th century, trade in the docks remained steady but was badly affected by the 1926 General Strike. Then, in 1927, a new deep-water dock was opened in Workington. Previously, the Workington Iron and Steel works had imported much of their raw material through Maryport but all of this trade was immediately transferred to the new facility. The local Solway Blast Furnaces also closed.

Maryport became a ghost town. The government declared West Cumberland a ‘Special Area' but, by 1933, 57.3% of the town's insured workforce was unemployed. 1,684 men were out of work. Maryport was “for the most part, living on public funds”. In 1936 twenty unemployed men marched from Maryport to join the Jarrow Crusade to London. Known as the Maryport Marchers, they were joined by two marchers from Cleator Moor and two marchers from Frizington. The Maryport Marchers Council organised this.

Despite a minor boom during the Second World War, when coal from North East England was diverted to the port, Maryport never recovered. The docks were closed to cargo ships in the 1960s. The last deep pit in the area, at Risehow, closed in 1966.

Today, after a series of major regeneration projects such as the yacht marina in the local harbour, prospects for the town are starting to look better. It is expected that tourism will play a major role in the future of the town.

In October 2018, it was announced that the Netherhall School community swimming pool was to close.

Maryport Lighthouse
The town has a small lighthouse, formerly run by Trinity House, the general lighthouse authority for England. It is a Grade II listed building.

In 2010 Trinity House transferred responsibility for the new light to the Maryport Harbour Authority. The old lighthouse was restored and repainted in 2017 as part of a government-funded initiative for the refurbishment of seaside towns.

Governance
The town is part of the parliamentary constituency of Workington. In the December 2019 general election, the Tory candidate for Workington, Mark Jenkinson, was elected the MP, overturning a 9.4 per cent Labour majority from the 2017 election to eject shadow environment secretary Sue Hayman by a margin of 4,136 votes. Until the December 2019 general election The Labour Party has won the seat in the constituency in every general election since 1979.The Conservative Party has only been elected once in Workington since World War II, at the 1976 by-election. The town historically has been a Labour supporting area.

Before Brexit, it was in the North West England European Parliamentary Constituency.

For Local Government purposes it is in the Cumberland unitiary authority area.

Maryport has its own parish council, Maryport Town Council.

Economy
The economy of the area and the emergence of the industrial capacity of the town itself developed largely because of mining and sea trade, but these industries have since declined and the town now relies on tourism as the basis of its economy. There is an aquarium, Maryport Maritime Museum (housed in a former pub on the harbour, and established as a museum in 1975 ) and a Roman museum. The last houses numerous Roman artefacts, most notably a series of altars to Jupiter Optimus Maximus, which were excavated in the vicinity of the Roman fort. In July 2008, a new tourism venue, the Wave Centre, opened its doors. The Wave Centre is a theatre and conference facility, an interactive heritage exhibition on the local history of Maryport, the Tourist Information Centre for Maryport and a gift shop and bistro.

The town has two industrial estates, the Glasson Industrial Estate and the Solway Industrial Estate, which are home to many small local businesses. It was formerly home to a factory belonging to the Bata company which closed in the early 1980s.

Culture
The town is a major name on the blues music scene, holding the "Maryport Blues Festival" every summer. This has previously attracted names such as Jools Holland, Dionne Warwick, Elkie Brooks, Buddy Guy, Jethro Tull, Van Morrison, Robert Cray and Chuck Berry. The three-day event usually takes place on the last weekend of July, attracting both local and international artists. The 2018 Maryport Blues Festival was cancelled.

Maryport also holds the annual Taste of The Sea food festival where visitors can enjoy food from all over Cumbria, such as Rum Butter and Kendal Mint Cake.

The town has a Scout Group (2nd Maryport) that has been in the town for over 70 years and incorporates most sections within the Scouting Movement. The group was visited by the Bishop of Carlisle to mark the centenary of Scouting in 2008.

The town also has a Girl Guiding Group, a Young Archaeology Society, and a local wildlife conservation society.

Maryport Golf Club, a 18-hole course, was formed on 21 January 1905.

Media
Local news and television programmes are provided by BBC North East and Cumbria and ITV Border. Television signals are received from the Caldbeck TV transmitter.

Local radio stations are BBC Radio Cumbria on 95.6 FM and Greatest Hits Radio Cumbria & South West Scotland on 102.2 FM.

The town is served by the local newspaper, Times & Star.

Education
Maryport has five local primary schools, and one secondary school, Netherhall School.

Notable people

 * Dan Bewley, speedway rider,
 * Taylor Charters, footballer,
 * Fletcher Christian, mutineer on HMS Bounty,
 * Douglas Clark, rugby league player,
 * Jack Connor, footballer,
 * Kyle Dempsey, footballer,
 * William Harrison Merchant Navy Officer, and first Captain of Brunel's SS Great Eastern,
 * Mark Heron, musician,
 * Dick Huddart, rugby league player,
 * Thomas Henry Ismay, founder of the White Star Line shipping company
 * Ricky Lightfoot, world champion trail runner,
 * James Lomas, rugby league player,
 * Dave McCracken, songwriter, music producer, programmer, mixer and remixer,
 * Seán Milroy, Irish revolutionary and politician,
 * Glenn Murray, footballer,
 * Tee Ritson, rugby league player,
 * Ike Southward, rugby league player,
 * Edward Benn Smith, recipient of the Victoria Cross,
 * Tom Smith, footballer,
 * George Tosh, engineer and metallurgist,
 * Lee Logan, founder of neowin.

title: Maryport


text:
A596 road

The A596 is a primary route in Cumbria, in northern England, that runs between Thursby (5 mi north-east of Wigton) and Workington. For its entirety the A596 parallels the A595, and meets the A595 at both ends. The A596 begins its course at a roundabout junction with the A595 at Thursby, before continuing past the towns of Wigton and Aspatria. As it travels further towards the coast, it reaches the town of Maryport, where there is a junction to the B5300 heading up the coast to Silloth via Allonby, Mawbray, and Beckfoot. It then crosses over the River Derwent, skirting the eastern edge of Workington shortly before terminating at the junction with the A595 at Lillyhall.

November 2009 Great Britain and Ireland floods
Workington Bridge on the A596 was closed after the November 2009 Great Britain and Ireland floods as were many other roads across the River Derwent. A temporary station, called Workington North was constructed north of the Derwent to provide access to the town to those cut off by road.

title: A596 road


text:
A595 road

The A595 is a primary route in Cumbria, in Northern England that starts in Carlisle, passes through Whitehaven and goes close to Workington, Cockermouth and Wigton. It passes Sellafield and Ravenglass before ending at the Dalton-in-Furness by-pass, in southern Cumbria, where it joins the A590 trunk road. The road is mostly single carriageway, apart from in central Carlisle, where it passes the castle as a busy dual carriageway road named Castle Way, and prior to that as Bridge Street and Church Street, where it passes close to the McVitie's or Carr's biscuit factory. The Lillyhall bypass is also dual carriageway.

The road in the Whitehaven area was laid out in the 1930s and the A595 was designated a trunk route in 1946. It was detrunked in 1998, apart from an 18 mi section between Little Clifton and Calder Bridge. This section represents the route from Sellafield to the A66.

At Duddon Bridge and at Dove Ford near Grizebeck the road passes through farmyards.

Northern section
The 85 mi long A595 is also known as the Cumbrian Coast Road despite much of the road following in an inland route. Starting at the Hardwicke Circus roundabout junction with the A7 in Carlisle, it forms a short section of dual carriageway known as Castle Way. This section passes Carlisle Castle and Tullie House. Prior to the construction of Castle Way, the road was split in 2 at this section. It then continues over Caldew Bridge to a thoroughfare called Caldewgate, before arriving at a roundabout close to the McVitie's factory in the city centre. It then follows the route of Wigton Road through the district of Morton, before reaching the outer boundary of Carlisle. At this point it passes the start point of the Carlisle Northern Development Route, where construction work commenced in 2009. This route is the A689. A further roundabout was constructed in 2011 around 1 mile south of Carlisle in anticipation of increased traffic for a nearby garden centre development.

The route continues in a south-westerly direction until it reaches a roundabout on the outskirts of Thursby at a junction with A596. The roads previously met in the centre of the village of Thursby, before the construction of the Thursby bypass in the 1980s. The A595 runs largely parallel to A596, before the A596 terminates in Workington.

The road then continues in a southerly direction, passing close to the town of Wigton. A staggered crossroads at the section provides access to Wigton and also the B5305 towards Penrith. The twin transmitters of Caldbeck and Sandale are visible close to this section of the road.

The next section follows a meandering path through several hamlets, before reaching the village of Bothel, where the A591 from Keswick terminates. The road then passes the site of the former Moota motel. Here it forms the boundary of the Lake District National Park for a little over 3 miles. This section of the route is notable for the two long straight sections, which are fairly rare on the A595. The road once again meanders until the roundabout junction with the A594 road from Cockermouth to Maryport. It then passes over the River Derwent via Papcastle Bridge before turning west and becoming the part of the A66 until Little Clifton. During the 2009 Cumbrian floods, the Papcastle bridge was briefly closed, essentially splitting West Cumbria in two. With bridge collapses and damage on the nearby A596, and a road closure on the A591, the only passable route to anywhere north of the River Derwent was via the A66 and M6 to Carlisle – a diversion of over 90 mi.

At this point the road turns towards Lillyhall, passing through Lillyhall Industrial Estate and joining the Distington bypass, constructed in 2008. This section of road is notable as it is the only section of national speed limit dual carriageway along the whole length of the road. The end of the dual carriageway section is a roundabout junction near Lowca rejoining the original A595 road. It is then a short journey along the coast to the edge of Whitehaven.

Southern section
The road passes through Loop Road North & Loop Road South in Whitehaven passing the suburbs of the Highlands, Hill Crest and Hensingham. It forms the Hensingham bypass at this section, constructed in the 1980s to ease the passage of construction traffic to Sellafield through a particularly narrow and busy section of the road. It then passes close to West Cumberland Hospital and West Lakes Science & Technology Park. There is a campaign to build a bypass from the recently built Distington Bypass to this part of the A595 to ease congestion in the Whitehaven area.

After this, the road the passes near to Moor Row and through the centre of Bigrigg, before heading downhill to Egremont. The northbound side of the road here was upgraded in the 1980s to provide an extra uphill lane for overtaking due to the steep gradient. At the bottom of the hill the roundabout forms a junction with the B5086 which gives access to Cleator Moor and eventually Cockermouth.

The A595 the forms the Egremont bypass. This bypass was built in the early '90s as a result of an investment by BNFL in local infrastructure following the siting of the THORP reprocessing plant at Sellafield. Prior to the bypass, the A595 originally passed right through the middle of town of Egremont. Once past the village of Thornhill, you can then see the sprawling Sellafield nuclear site. Twin cooling towers previously dominated the skyline here. However, they were demolished in 2007.

The road then passes Beckermet and Calder Bridge, junctions here give access to the Sellafield site. From Calder Bridge, the A595 forms the boundary of the Lake District National Park, going between the villages of Seascale and Gosforth. It enters the national park at the bridge over the River Irt at Holmrook and continues past the village of Ravenglass, then passes through over the River Esk at Hinning House bridge before passing through the villages of Waberthwaite and Bootle and round the foot of Black Combe.

At Whicham the road has a TOTSO (turn off to stay on) junction with the A5093, close to the town of Millom, taking a north-easterly route along Whicham Valley. For much of this stretch, the road is close to or is the boundary of the Lake District National Park. At Duddon Bridge, the road crosses the river Duddon which previously marked the boundary of the historic county of Cumberland and Lancashire. The road then turns towards Broughton-in-Furness and used to go through it but now diverts via Foxfield before turning north to rejoin its old route, then once again turning south. At Grizebeck, the A5092 then branches off the road to connect with the A590 forming another TOTSO. This is also the point at which the A595 ceases to be the boundary to the Lake District National Park.

The road finally passes through Kirkby-in-Furness, Ireleth and Askam-in-Furness before terminating 1.8 mi further south at Elliscales roundabout where it crosses the Dalton bypass A590.

The last section of the road is particularly narrow and even passes through a farmyard, though plans have been approved to bypass this with the original road anticipated to become private access.

Safety
The road, along with the A66, is considered to be the most dangerous road in Cumbria. There are several accident blackspots along the length of the road. One of the most notable is the stretch through Moota, which is regularly the scene of fatal accidents. The northern section was formerly a trunk road, but until the recent completion of the Distington Bypass it had only one small section of dual carriageway. The southern section of the road around New Mill does not have a secondary route. When this section is closed due to an accident or roadworks, the detour routes are via Wrynose and Hardknott mountain passes for cars, and via the M6 J40 for HGVs, the latter being a detour of 120 mi. The poor safety record of the road is highlighted by signs erected on the route stating "1245 casualties in 5 years".

Carlisle Northern Development Route (A689)
The Carlisle Northern Development Route (CNDR) is a 5 mi long north-western bypass of Carlisle, which replaced the main road through the city (Wigton Road, Church Street, Bridge Street and Castle Way) and diverted traffic from the city's roads. The road is single carriageway, with a number of roundabout junctions, as well as a new bridge over the River Eden. The route begins near Newby West (to the west of the city), before meeting the B5307 (the road to Abbeytown). Shortly afterwards it crosses over the River Eden, and curves round to the north of the Kingstown Industrial Estate, and terminates at Junction 44 of the M6 motorway.

The development of the route suffered several setbacks. In August 2008 a discovery of a great crested newt colony led to a delay in the start of the project. In February 2009 a potentially important Stone Age find was discovered during surveying work. The most serious problem to face the development was the near collapse of the bank providing the funds under a private finance initiative. Belgian bank Dexia was involved in a £5 billion bailout during the Credit Crunch. A consortium of banks later stepped in to provide the funding, and construction got underway. The bypass opened in Spring 2012.

Parton to Lillyhall improvements
The Parton to Lillyhall bypass was opened in December 2008 after a period of 18 months construction. The road runs from the junction with the A596 at Lillyhall to a new junction created close to the A595 junction for Lowca. The new road replaces a winding, narrow section of the A595 which passed through the village of Distington. Prior to this project the A595 was considered for de-trunking, meaning the scheme would have become the responsibility of Cumbria County Council. However, it was not de-trunked, and has instead been listed in the government's Targeted Programme of Improvements.

Whitehaven Eastern Relief Road
Copeland MP Jamie Reed and Cumbria County Council leader Stewart Young have been pressing the UK government for an eastern relief road to take the A595 away from a bottleneck through the town of Whitehaven. The proposed route would connect with recent Parton to Lillyhall bypass, it would then pass to the east of the town, past the newly proposed replacement for West Cumberland Hospital, then finally passing West Lakes Science & Technology Park before joining the current A595 south of Whitehaven. Plans are being drawn up as part of the Energy Coast masterplan to regenerate West Cumbria.

title: A595 road


text:
A4W reactor

The A4W reactor is a naval reactor used by the United States Navy to propel warships and generate onboard electricity.

The A4W designation stands for:

 * A = Aircraft carrier platform
 * 4 = Contractor's fourth core design generation
 * W = Westinghouse, the contracted designer

History
These nuclear fission pressurized water reactors (PWRs) were jointly designed by Bettis Atomic Power Laboratory and Knolls Atomic Power Laboratory and built by Westinghouse Electric Company. Their reactor cores are expected to operate for about 25 years before refueling is required. The only ships to use these nuclear reactors are the Nimitz-class supercarriers, which have two reactors rated at 550 MWth each. These generate enough steam to produce 140,000 shaft horsepower (104 MW) for each pair of the ship's four shafts – two per propulsion plant – plus approximately 100 MW of electricity.

title: A4W reactor


text:
User:Darius-poland-viki

I'm from polish wikipedia. I live in Cracow. Jestem z polskiej wikipedii. Ze stolicy tj. z Krakowa. My nick: gzegzolka.men I'm lookimg for UK coat of arms without helmet because as I know it is UK Governmant coat of arms

title: User:Darius-poland-viki


text:
Lists of national institutions

Lists of national institutions cover various transnational lists associated with nation states. These include lists related to government, services, sports and culture.

Government

 * Lists of countries and territories
 * List of sovereign states
 * Member states of the United Nations
 * List of national border changes since World War I
 * List of national capitals
 * List of national constitutions
 * List of national governments
 * List of current heads of state and government
 * List of legislatures by country
 * List of supreme courts by country

Services

 * List of national and international statistical services
 * List of national archives
 * Flag carrier
 * List of law enforcement agencies
 * List of national and state libraries
 * List of national newspapers
 * List of national parks
 * List of national parks in the Alps

Sports

 * National sport
 * List of women's national association football teams
 * List of men's national association football teams
 * List of International Rugby League members
 * List of international rugby union teams
 * List of NHL statistical leaders by country
 * List of national netball teams

Culture

 * National poet
 * National poetry
 * State religion
 * List of national theatres

title: Lists of national institutions


text:
Retroflex consonant

A retroflex, apico-domal, or cacuminal consonant is a coronal consonant where the tongue has a flat, concave, or even curled shape, and is articulated between the alveolar ridge and the hard palate. They are sometimes referred to as cerebral consonants—especially in Indology.

The Latin-derived word retroflex means "bent back"; some retroflex consonants are pronounced with the tongue fully curled back so that articulation involves the underside of the tongue tip (subapical). These sounds are sometimes described as "true" retroflex consonants. However, retroflexes are commonly taken to include other consonants having a similar place of articulation without such extreme curling of the tongue; these may be articulated with the tongue tip (apical) or the tongue blade (laminal).

Types
Retroflex consonants, like other coronal consonants, come in several varieties, depending on the shape of the tongue. The tongue may be either flat or concave, or even with the tip curled back. The point of contact on the tongue may be with the tip, with the blade , or with the underside of the tongue. The point of contact on the roof of the mouth may be with the alveolar ridge, the area behind the alveolar ridge , or the hard palate. Finally, both sibilant ( or ) and nonsibilant consonants can have a retroflex articulation.

The greatest variety of combinations occurs with sibilants, because for them, small changes in tongue shape and position cause significant changes in the resulting sound. Retroflex sounds generally have a duller, lower-pitched sound than other alveolar or postalveolar consonants, especially the sibilants. The farther back the point of contact with the roof of the mouth, the more concave is the shape of the tongue, and the duller (lower pitched) is the sound, with subapical consonants being the most extreme.

The main combinations normally observed are: Subapical sounds are sometimes called "true retroflex" because of the curled-back shape of the tongue, and the other sounds sometimes go by other names. For example, Ladefoged and Maddieson prefer to call the laminal post-alveolar sounds "flat post-alveolar".
 * Laminal post-alveolar, with a flat tongue. These occur, for example, in Polish cz, sz, ż (rz), dż.
 * Apical post-alveolar, with a somewhat concave tongue. These occur, for example, in Mandarin zh, ch, sh, r, Hindi and other Indo-Aryan languages.
 * Subapical palatal, with a highly concave tongue, which occur particularly in the Dravidian languages and some Indo-Aryan languages. They are the dullest and lowest-pitched type and, after a vowel, often add strong r-coloring to the vowel and sound as if an American English r occurred between the vowel and consonant. They are not a place of articulation, as the IPA chart implies, but a shape of the tongue analogous to laminal and apical.

Other sounds
Retroflex sounds must be distinguished from other consonants made in the same parts of the mouth:
 * the palato-alveolar consonants (e.g., ), such as the sh, ch and zh occurring in English words like ship, chip and vision
 * the alveolo-palatal consonants (e.g., ), such as the j, q and x occurring in Mandarin Chinese
 * the dorsal palatal consonants (e.g., ), such as the ch in German ich or the ñ  in Spanish año
 * the grooved alveolar consonants (e.g., ), such as the s and z occurring in English words like sip and zip

The first three types of sounds above have a convex tongue shape, which gives them an additional secondary articulation of palatalization. The last type has a groove running down the center line of the tongue, which gives it a strong hissing quality. The retroflex sounds, however, have a flat or concave shape, with no associated palatalization, and no groove running down the tongue. The term "retroflex", in fact, literally means "bent back" (concave), although consonants with a flat tongue shape are commonly considered retroflex as well.

The velar bunched approximant found in northern varieties of Dutch and some varieties of American English is acoustically similar to the retroflex approximant. It is articulated with the body of the tongue bunched up at the velum.

IPA transcription
In the International Phonetic Alphabet, the symbols for retroflex consonants are typically the same as for the alveolar consonants, but with the addition of a right-facing hook to the bottom of the symbol.

Retroflex consonants are transcribed in the International Phonetic Alphabet as follows:

Other conventions
Some linguists restrict these symbols for consonants with subapical palatal articulation, in which the tongue is curled back and contacts the hard palate, and use the alveolar symbols with the obsolete IPA underdot symbol for an apical post-alveolar articulation: ⟨ṭ, ḍ, ṇ, ṣ, ẓ, ḷ, ɾ̣, ɹ̣⟩, and use ⟨ᶘ, ᶚ⟩ for laminal retroflex, as in Polish and Russian. The latter are also often transcribed with a retraction diacritic, as ⟨s̠⟩. Otherwise they are typically but inaccurately transcribed as if they were palato-alveolar, as ⟨ʃ⟩.

Consonants with more forward articulation, in which the tongue touches the alveolar or postalveolar region rather than the hard palate, can be indicated with the retracted diacritic (minus sign below). This occurs especially for ; other sounds indicated this way, such as ⟨ṉ ḻ ḏ⟩, tend to refer to alveolo-palatal rather than retroflex consonants.

Occurrence
Although data are not precise, about 20 percent of the world's languages contain retroflex consonants of one sort or another. About half of these possess only retroflex continuants, with most of the rest having both stops and continuants.

Retroflex consonants are concentrated in the Indian subcontinent, particularly in the Indo-Aryan and Dravidian languages, but are found in other languages of the region as well, such as the Munda languages and Burushaski.

The Nuristani languages of eastern Afghanistan also have retroflex consonants. Among Eastern Iranian languages, they are common in Pashto, Wakhi, Sanglechi-Ishkashimi, and Munji-Yidgha. They also occur in some other Asian languages such as Mandarin Chinese, Javanese and Vietnamese.

The other major concentration is in the indigenous languages of Australia and the Western Pacific (notably New Caledonia). Here, most languages have retroflex plosives, nasals and approximants.

Retroflex consonants are relatively rare in the European languages but occur in such languages as Swedish and Norwegian in Northern Europe, some Romance languages of Southern Europe (Sardinian, Sicilian, including Calabrian and Salentino, some Italian dialects such as Lunigianese in Italy, and some Asturian dialects in Spain), and (sibilants only) Faroese and several Slavic languages (Polish, Russian, Serbo-Croatian, Slovak and Sorbian). In Swedish and Norwegian, a sequence of r and a coronal consonant may be replaced by the coronal's retroflex equivalent: the name Martin is pronounced (Swedish) or  (Norwegian), and nord ("north") is pronounced  in (Standard) Swedish and  in many varieties of Norwegian. That is sometimes done for several consonants in a row after an r: Hornstull is pronounced ).

The retroflex approximant is in free variation with the postalveolar approximant  in many dialects of American English, particularly in the Midwestern United States. Polish and Russian possess retroflex sibilants, but no stops or liquids at this place of articulation.

Retroflex consonants are largely absent from indigenous languages of the Americas with the exception of the extreme south of South America, an area in the Southwestern United States as in Hopi and O'odham, and in Alaska and the Yukon Territory as in the Athabaskan languages Gwich’in and Hän. In African languages retroflex consonants are also rare but reportedly occur in a few Nilo-Saharan languages, as well as in the Bantu language Makhuwa and some other varieties. In southwest Ethiopia, phonemically distinctive retroflex consonants are found in Bench and Sheko, two contiguous, but not closely related, Omotic languages.

There are several retroflex consonants that are implied by the International Phonetic Association. In their Handbook, they give the example of, a retroflex implosive, but when they requested an expansion of coverage of the International Phonetic Alphabet by Unicode in 2020, they supported the addition superscript variants of not just but of the retroflex lateral fricatives  and , of the retroflex lateral flap , and of the retroflex click release. (See Latin Extended-F.) The lateral fricatives are explicitly provided for by extIPA.

Most of these sounds are not common, but they all occur. For example, the Iwaidja language of northern Australia has a retroflex lateral flap  as well as a retroflex tap  and retroflex lateral approximant ; and the Dravidian language Toda has a subapical retroflex lateral fricative   and a retroflexed trill. The Ngad'a language of Flores has been reported to have a retroflex implosive. Subapical retroflex clicks occur in Central !Kung, and possibly in Damin.

Most languages with retroflex sounds typically have only one retroflex sound with a given manner of articulation. An exception, however, is the Toda language, with a two-way distinction among retroflex sibilants between apical (post)alveolar and subapical palatal.

title: Retroflex consonant


text:
Percussion mallet

A percussion mallet or beater is an object used to strike or beat a percussion instrument to produce its sound.

The term beater is slightly more general. A mallet is normally held in the hand while a beater may be a foot or mechanically operated, for example in a bass drum pedal. The term drum stick is less general still but still applied to a wide range of beaters. Some mallets, such as a triangle beater, are normally used only with a specific instrument, while others are used on many different instruments. Often, mallets of differing material and hardness are used to create different timbres on the same types of instrument (e.g. using either wooden or yarn mallets on a xylophone).

Some mallets, such as vibraphone mallets, are normally just called mallets, others have more specialized names including:

 * Drum sticks, of many types, some used with a wide variety of instruments,.
 * Rutes, used with many instruments.
 * Brushes, used particularly with snare drum but also with many other instruments.
 * Tippers used to strike a bodhrán.
 * Bachi, used with Japanese taiko drums.
 * Hammers, used to strike tubular bells

Drum sticks
Drum sticks are beaters normally used in pairs, with each held in one hand, and are similar to or derived from the snare drum sticks that were subsequently adopted for kit drumming.

They are the most general-purpose beaters, and the term covers a wide variety of beaters, but they are mainly used for untuned percussion.

Mallets
As well as being a general term for a hand-held beater, mallet is also used specifically to refer to a hand-held beater comprising a head connected to a thin shaft, and used in pairs. There is a wide selection of mallets to choose from to create a desired sound, articulation, character, and dynamic for the pieces being played. Professional percussionists typically have a good selection of mallets on hand to be prepared for each piece. There are three main types:

 * Unwrapped mallets, used on glockenspiel, xylophone, and other instruments with keys made of durable material, have heads made of brass, rubber, nylon, acrylic, wood, or other hard materials.[[Image:Timpani Mallets.JPG|thumb|Timpani mallets]][[Image:Spazzole-brushes.jpg|thumb|Brushes in use on a [[snare drum]]]] Rutes and nylon brushes.JPG
 * Wrapped mallets, mostly used on marimba, vibraphone, and other instruments with softer keys (though they can be used on more durable instruments as well), have heads of kelon, rubber, nylon, acrylic, or other medium-hard materials wrapped in softer materials like yarn, cord or latex. Wrapped mallets are also the mallets of choice to play suspended cymbal, though drum set players will typically use drum sticks instead.
 * Felt mallets or cartwheel mallets have heads composed of layers of felt, held between two steel washers. They are mainly used on untuned percussion as well as on timpani.

Mallet shafts are commonly made of rattan, birch, or synthetic materials such as fibreglass. Birch is stiff and typically longer, while rattan is a more flexible shaft and gives a more open sound. Fiberglass is ideal for playing lightly on an instrument because it is easy to control.

Different mallets are used primarily to alter the timbre of the mallet instrument being played. Generally, mallets composed of softer materials will stick to the instrument for longer as they bounce off of it, which gives a deeper sound made up of lower frequencies. Harder materials tend to bounce off quicker, and as they stick to the instrument for a shorter amount of time, they tend to be able to excite more of the higher frequencies, giving the sound a higher pitch with more overtones. Mallet's choice is typically left up to the performer, though some compositions specify if a certain sound is desired by the composer.

Players frequently employ two mallets in a matched grip or four mallets in a four-mallet grip; however, the use of up to six mallets is not uncommon. More than two mallets may be used even when no chords are called for by the composer so that the performer has a wider range of timbres from which to select or to facilitate the performance of music that moves rapidly between high and low, and if hit properly can switch between the two pitches.

If the mallet is too hard, the instrument may be damaged. For example, on rosewood marimbas, certain mallets may be too hard, increasing the risk of a cracked bar.

Brushes
Brushes are a set of bristles connected to a handle so that the bristles make a rounded fan shape. They are often used in jazz or blues music, but also in other genres such as rock, country, and pop. The bristles can be made of metal or plastic; the handles are commonly made of wood or aluminum and are often coated with rubber. Some brushes are telescoping so that the bristles can be pulled inside a hollow handle and the fan made by the bristles can be of variable length, width, and density. Retracting the bristles also protects the brush when it is not being used. The non-bristled end of the brush may end in a loop or a ball.

Rutes
A route or multi-rod consists of several thin sticks that are bound together to form one stick. Its sound is midway between a stick and a brush.

Long used in orchestral music, in the mid-20th century routes also became popular for many other purposes including kit drumming and bodhrán.

By dissipating much of the energy of the stroke within the stick, a route allows a drummer to achieve both a tone and a playing action that would normally be associated with a quite loud playing, but at a moderate or even low volume. The tone produced by many can be adjusted by adjusting the position of one of the bands holding the bundle together.

Major percussion mallet companies

 * Vic Firth
 * Vater
 * Regal Tip
 * Pro-Mark
 * Ayotte Drums

title: Percussion mallet


text:
Talk:Bionicle

Maori vs Lego
Some mention needs to be made of the Maori vs Lego issues that these toys caused, see:
 * http://www.wired.com/news/culture/0,1284,56451,00.html
 * http://archives.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/asiapcf/auspac/06/01/newzealand.maori/
 * http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/1619406.stm
 * http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/HL0211/S00055.htm

Mata Nui Online Game II
- 	To all who played the mnog2 game and can't finish because of the glitches i have made a statement on the MNOG2 talk page and also made a petition. if you agree with the statment said there (it says:i think that the glitches that keep u from finishing the game should be fixed! i want to play the whole game! i am asking everyone to send an email or go to the website and find a place to post messages to the bionicle staff telling them to either fix the glitches or remake the game exactly the same but with the glitches fixed. please do this! Knapper1176 (talk) 21:00, 13 November 2008 (UTC) - 	) then please sign the petition and do what the statement says. thanks! Knapper1176 (talk) 18:43, 18 November 2008 (UTC)

Secondary Colors
Doe this seem really nessessary? The sets are easily identifiable as they are. There really is no use to list secondary colors. If someone can explain solidly why these should stay in a week, I wont remove them. Unknown Toa 19:04 February 20 2006

New content
Can someone please go to www.bionicle.com and update this article? John Khoo (talk) 09:46, 1 February 2008 (UTC)

Why don't YOU do it!? BIONICLE233 (talk) 13:15, 20 March 2009 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 193.11.11.12 (talk)

Trademark
Bionicle is trademarked in all caps. Shouldn't this article be moved to "BIONICLE"? Opinions are bad! 04:29, 7 April 2008 (UTC)
 * The page exists, it just redirects here. :/  Bfahome!  04:31, 7 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Oh, then should it be then other way around? XD -- Opinions are bad!  05:19, 7 April 2008 (UTC)
 * No that would go against the WP:MOSTM. There are some exceptions to this guideline but none of them apply here. --76.71.211.198 (talk) 02:09, 10 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Though there would be no objections if you changed the article lead to something like

 * Bionicle (trademarked BIONICLE) is a...

 * preferably accompanied by a respective citation. – Cyrus XIII (talk) 02:38, 13 April 2008 (UTC)

I AM HAVING A PROBLEM THAT YOU KEEP DELETING THE BIONICLE PAGES FOR NO REASON, WHY ARE YOU DOING THIS!!!!! C'tan Nightbringer (talk) 03:54, 2 May 2008 (UTC)

Because there is a whole other wiki about Bionicle. Wikipedia is probably deleting them because they wants to keep it simple. The average reader is not going to understand what Bionicle is! But if a reader does, and whats to learn more, then he/she can go to BS01. The Bionicle wiki. BIONICLE233 (talk) 18:46, 17 March 2009 (UTC)

That's a piece of crap. There are wikis for other stuff like Batman and Heroes, why not delete those pages?--Carolinapanthersfan (talk) 12:29, 19 June 2009 (UTC)

C-Class rated for Comics Project
As this B-Class article has yet to receive a review, it has been rated as C-Class. If you disagree and would like to request an assesment, please visit WikiProject_Comics/Assessment and list the article. Hiding T 14:54, 12 February 2009 (UTC)

Vandalism
I just finished cleaning up after some vandalism on this page. i had better not see any more vandalism here. User:Phantokachao

Plot summary
Do we really need a 70-kilobyte plot summary on this article? 194.100.223.164 (talk) 13:24, 19 May 2009 (UTC)
 * I have removed the plot summary, thereby shortening the article by almost 90%. And looking at the history, the plot summary used to be twice that long. If someone feels it's relevant, it can be added back, but please, please, more concisely. There's really no need to essentially duplicate the entire script of the show. I have written articles about Star Trek: The Next Generation episodes, and they've been about a tenth of this length, at the most. J I P  | Talk 19:21, 19 May 2009 (UTC)
 * The way the artice looks now, at only 11 kilobytes, is much better. J I P  | Talk 20:00, 1 June 2009 (UTC)

Correct. If anyone here has heard of BIONICLEsector01 wiki, the article for that was only about 1/3 as long as the old version of this article.--Star2009 (talk) 03:58, 3 June 2009 (UTC)

Makuta Teridax
I suggest we make a page of Makuta Teridax for 2 reasons:

First, as compared to This guy and And this guy and This girl, all characters from a minor 2006 television series that lasted 18 episodes, and Teridax has appeared in, not 1, but 2 direct-to-video movies. Second, he has mad a signifcant, if not major role, in every year of BIONICLE.

How can you disagree when we have such charecters from a defunct, unsuccesful 2006 series that had only 18 episodes.--Carolinapanthersfan (talk) 00:15, 18 June 2009 (UTC)

Second,

So, where did all the discussion about the creators go? One minute there's an intense argument about whether the guys who actually created this monster should be on the wiki page at all, the next it's relegated to a sub-page, and now, nowhere. So where are we, Greg, or have we been expunged from the history? I think at least a credit would be nice, given the billions this thing has made. Cheers, Alastair —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.159.213.99 (talk) 21:48, 10 August 2009 (UTC)

2010
Where was that info confirmed?--Star2009 (talk) 02:08, 14 October 2009 (UTC)

 * Good question. Until there's a citation, I'm removing that part.--Twilight Helryx (talk) 14:12, 14 October 2009 (UTC)

Why I've removed the subsections for Bara Magna
Here are my reasons:

1) None of the other sections have any, even though all have books, some have promos, and 2003-2005 had movies.

2) They're unnecessarily cluttering up the page. There should either be a separate section about the books/movies or we should leave stuff about them in the template.

3) If you're worried about the fact that there isn't an article about the books, don't worry. I am happy to assure you that anyone who really cares would go to List of Bionicle media (which just so happens to be in the aforementioned template). As for the promos, I don't think they meet WP:NOTABILITY as just about everything has a promo and if we list them all, there would be no end to them. But for those who really must know about the various Bionicle promos, you can find info about them on Biosector 01.

So there you have it. If you have any disagreements regarding the removal, please feel free to comment why you don't think so.-- Twilight  Helryx  21:27, 5 November 2009 (UTC)

Hidden message re spoiler warning
I removed it -- we don't do spoiler warnings under any circumstances. – ukexpat (talk) 18:15, 10 November 2009 (UTC)

URGENT: The Three Virtues
This is a very important theme in the Bionicle storyline (whether spoken or implied) but this entire article does not directly address these. However, I haven't figured out how to squeeze those in without breaking the flow of the summary so if anyone knows how to get them in, please do so. Otherwise, we'll be forced to remove the image from the article.-- Twilight  Helryx  01:00, 11 November 2009 (UTC)

No more Bionicle sets after 2010 Bionicle Stars?
Okay, I'm officially confused. I just reverted an uncited edit that said there would be no more Bionicle sets after Stars. I at first dismissed it as a rumor and reverted it but after doing another search, I saw a Eurobrick announcement on Google that said there would be no more afterwards and the Bionicle line would be replaced with something else. However, I currently cannot access the page so could someone verify this for me? Man, I really hope this isn't true. I mean, come on, there's still a 2011 storyline, and some time during 2006, Greg Farshtey said they had the Bionicle story planned out for the next twenty years.-- Twilight  Helryx  19:09, 24 November 2009 (UTC)

First question:What is Stars? BIONIC LE233  ♥♠♣ 19:17, 24 November 2009 (UTC)

 * Bionicle Stars. They're the Winter 2010 sets. I hear that they're supposed to be a sub-theme containing a roster of the most popular sets of each "era". Sorry. Clarified the title. I am partially asking to decide whether to include it into the article and partially because of my own emotions.-- Twilight  Helryx  19:46, 24 November 2009 (UTC)

So you would like to put in the article that there will be no more sets after Stars? Thats ok with me if thats the question. But I highly disagree that there will be no more sets after winter of 2010. Thats crazy! If Greg says that theres more story lines coming for the next 20 yrs, Lego wouldn't just stop making BIONICLE sets. They would lose lots of orders. BIONIC LE233  ♥♠♣ 20:54, 24 November 2009 (UTC)

 * I think so too; it's just that I saw a small piece of a Eurobricks topic that said there won't be any but I just wasn't sure what to believe. I'll see if I can get onto BZPower to see if this is true. You know what else is nuts? I saw a fragment of another announcement that says there won't be any sets but the story will. Come on! If there are no sets, how can the story survive? Only a few devoted fans would gather and Bionicle would come crashing down. Besides, I'm pretty sure that LEGO wouldn't try to attract new fans (which is partially why the 2009 story isn't in the MU) only to stop selling the toys about a year later. If that's the case, then I would that that would probably be one of the dumbest bad business moves in history. >_> -- Twilight  Helryx  21:01, 24 November 2009 (UTC)

To be honest, I wanted to know whether this is from an official source. However, I cannot currently access the sites so I would appreciate it if you could check them for me. Here are the links:

 * http://www.eurobricks.com/forum/index.php?showtopic=32222&st=1575
 * http://thebionicle-blog.blogspot.com/

-- Twilight  Helryx  21:07, 24 November 2009 (UTC)

I'm sure the people that wrote that stuff were stupid teens saying stupid stuff. Trust Greg and Lego, not the other guys.

And about the links, I prefer not to go to sites I have never heard about before for fear of spam, spyware, viruses etc. Sorry. BIONIC LE233  ♥♠♣ 21:16, 24 November 2009 (UTC)

 * Okay. But if anyone else is willing, he or she can go right ahead. In the meantime, nothing about this subject in the article.I'll go to BZPower as soon as I am able to in order to in order confirm or refute this topic.-- Twilight  Helryx  21:19, 24 November 2009 (UTC)

The Bionicle Stars are the last bionicle sets. The story will continue, though. --Bold Clone (talk) 21:51, 24 November 2009 (UTC)

 * Okay, now that is officially ridiculous. (not you Bold Clone, I meant the idea) I wonder how the story would last without the toys. Unless, they intend to re-release old sets? Has Mr. Farshtey or someone from Lego directly confirmed this? Sorry, I haven't been able to check on BZPower. x.x" -- Twilight  Helryx  22:27, 24 November 2009 (UTC)

Okay, I've just went to BZP (on another computer) and the Stars are indeed the last sets for Bionicle. I guess we'll see how they manage to keep the fans coming in. Please ignore my above comments; I get a bit neurotic when stuff like this happens. x.x" I will go ahead and add the references in (the Bionicle blog is going first, I'll add BZPower as soon as I have access again). -- Twilight  Helryx  00:37, 25 November 2009 (UTC)

Thats surprising! I can't believe it! Whats Lego doing?! I guess our collection ends there my friends. Hopefully they'll bring back old ones I missed. BIONIC LE233  ♥♠♣ 14:05, 25 November 2009 (UTC)
 * Yeah, we better get all the available ones while we still can. Guess this means I better start searching the web a 2003 Takanuva (the one I want the most but missed when it came out)and the Toa Nuva sets (which I've always regretted not getting) before their prices jump. But don't worry, the story won't end (yet). I'm just wondering how long it'll last without the toys. I really hope that they find some other way to promote the story. The announcement is still sitting at or near the top of the BZPower news section so can someone grab that link for me? The reason I'm asking for it is, besides the previously mentioned reason, because that version is directed at BZP members and has a part saying that Lego would collaborate (or something like that) with fans to expand the story. And don't worry, I know that site very well and am also a member (under the same user name as the one right now) so I know there aren't any viruses and the like.-- Twilight  Helryx  17:48, 25 November 2009 (UTC)

Is lego CRAZY? this is their dumbest move since canceling exo-force in the middle of the story--Chaos of Air, ONLINE (talk) 04:18, 28 November 2009 (UTC)

 * Well, be glad that at least they're not canceling the story for Bionicle. According to Mr. Farshtey, the story will continue until at least 2011, and that's only because Lego doesn't have anything planned for anything for 2012. I just wish they didn't cancel the next movies; The Legend Reborn had ended with a massive cliff-hanger. If you still want to follow the story, just go to bioniclestory.com; that's where the whole story's going to be for good while (the 2010 book is going to released in the US as web serials instead). Okay, from this point on, we'll discuss the "has Lego lost their mind?" topic on bzpower as per WP:FORUM and because last I checked, the discussion for this topic is still going on on BZP.-- Twilight  Helryx  13:01, 28 November 2009 (UTC)

Comics?
Anyone know enough to start an article on the comics? I was just redlinking it at Bionicle (comics) so thought I;d throw it in here. (Emperor (talk) 02:25, 5 January 2010 (UTC))

Images
Is the lack of images due to copyright issues or something? I can't help but feel that something as visual and tactile as Lego (albeit more than just simple sets, but an entire story arc apparently) should have at least two or three pictures illustrating what is being talked about. Thoughts? I don't really know the whole finding a good legal image process, and don't intend to learn it right now as I once again ended up here from an entirely different topic that actually was relevant to homework. That happens a lot :P Cheers! Imascrabblefreak (talk) 05:22, 8 February 2011 (UTC)
 * I added some pictures found on Flickr that were openly licensed. Secondplanet (talk) 16:00, 31 August 2014 (UTC)

Bionicles replaced by Herofactory
Most of you have probably noticed that the Bionicle stars is the last set( :'. But the fear not! HeroFactory is Just as cool!

TaRiX oF tAJuN 21:08, 1 April 2011 (UTC)

External links and BS01
I saw a few threads on this subject, but I don't know what the wikitext comment is referencing. It seems like there was consensus against adding other wikis, but where is the consensus to add BS01 from editors not affiliated with BS01? It would appear to fail WP:ELNO#12 otherwise. Also I know there used to be two official Lego links, but those are now dead. czar ♔  04:17, 31 December 2013 (UTC)

cultural reference tip off
hello? this message is to be relayed to BZPower. I have spotted a Bionicle reference in the most recent episode of the Clangers, "Small's New Star". Amongst a shot of the clutter in the Iron Chicken's nest, I spotted an old Bionicle part, specifically one of the additional foot parts to Pohatu's feet (his 2001 and 2002 incarnations). Visokor (talk) 17:02, 10 July 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 3 one external links on Bionicle. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080430203005/http://www.bzpower.com:80/forum/index.php?s=&showtopic=49257&view=findpost&p=3765906 to http://www.bzpower.com/forum/index.php?s=&showtopic=49257&view=findpost&p=3765906
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20121006180226/http://www.bzpower.com/forum/index.php?showtopic=335541 to http://www.bzpower.com/forum/index.php?showtopic=335541
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Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 23:57, 2 November 2016 (UTC)

hello,

I believe that a look around the internet for new external links and sources is necessary. Many of the sources are dead links or deleted accounts. I'm sure that most of that information is saved somewhere, most likely the way back machine, so getting new links shouldn't be that difficult. --Gry3y-- (talk) 22:03, 19 September 2022 (UTC)

Removal of story section
The story section takes up over half of the entire article's length, and consists almost exclusively of in-universe plot summaries. Do we really need it? I think it should be removed from the article.

The article originally had over 100 kilobytes of nothing but in-universe plot added in April 2009 by an anon IP user, but it was removed. The same should be done now. J I P | Talk 11:03, 5 November 2019 (UTC)
 * There had been no replies here for four months, so I just went ahead and removed all the plot information from the story section. It cut the article length in half. J I P  | Talk 12:49, 2 March 2020 (UTC)
 * I say add it back. It's important for the overview. --Luka1184 (talk) 21:38, 16 August 2021 (UTC)

"List of Bionicle characters" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect List of Bionicle characters. Please participate in the redirect discussion if you wish to do so. Utopes (talk / cont) 21:21, 8 April 2020 (UTC)

"Bionicle in Japan" listed at Redirects for discussion
A discussion is taking place to address the redirect Bionicle in Japan. The discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2020 November 9 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. Dominicmgm (talk) 16:23, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

"Bionicle products (not building sets)" listed at Redirects for discussion
A discussion is taking place to address the redirect Bionicle products (not building sets). The discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2020 November 16 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. Dominicmgm (talk) 22:40, 16 November 2020 (UTC)

"Bionicle contests" listed at Redirects for discussion
A discussion is taking place to address the redirect Bionicle contests. The discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2020 November 16 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. Dominicmgm (talk) 22:41, 16 November 2020 (UTC)

"Bionicle stuff" listed at Redirects for discussion
A discussion is taking place to address the redirect Bionicle stuff. The discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2020 November 16 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. Dominicmgm (talk) 22:43, 16 November 2020 (UTC)

Source on BIONICLE launching in 2000 in Europe?
Is there a source on the statement that BIONICLE launched in Europe in 2000? I've seen "December 30, 2000" written in some places, but only on other encyclopedias so that can't be used as a source. If it's truly December 30, it's probably more accurate to say "January 1st" anyway, no? Surely they meant to launch it on January 1st in Europe, I mean, if toys already started appearing in December 30th, and some stores simply decided to put up some of the toys early? Luka1184 (talk) 15:34, 12 June 2022 (UTC)

Redirects for toas
Redirects for several fictional characters have been nominated for deletion: Redirects for discussion/Log/2023 March 12. – Uanfala (talk) 13:47, 12 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bionicle


text:
Abbott

Abbott may refer to:

People

 * Abbott (surname)
 * Abbott Handerson Thayer (1849–1921), American painter and naturalist
 * Abbott and Costello, famous American vaudeville act

Argentina

 * Abbott, Buenos Aires

United States

 * Abbott, Arkansas
 * Abbott, Mississippi
 * Abbott, Nebraska
 * Abbott, Texas
 * Abbott, Virginia
 * Abbott, West Virginia
 * Abbott Township, Pennsylvania

Companies

 * Abbott Laboratories, an American health care and medical devices company
 * Abbott Records, a former American record label
 * E. D. Abbott Ltd, an English maker of car bodies between 1929 and 1972

Other uses

 * Abbott-Detroit, an American luxury automobile
 * Abbott's Get Together, a magic convention held in Michigan
 * Abbott 33, a Canadian sailboat design
 * Abbott House (childcare agency), an American human services agency

title: Abbott