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Elevon

Elevons or tailerons are aircraft control surfaces that combine the functions of the elevator (used for pitch control) and the aileron (used for roll control), hence the name. They are frequently used on tailless aircraft such as flying wings. An elevon that is not part of the main wing, but instead is a separate tail surface, is a stabilator (but stabilators are also used for pitch control only, with no roll function, as on the Piper Cherokee series of aircraft).

Elevons are installed on each side of the aircraft at the trailing edge of the wing. When moved in the same direction (up or down) they will cause a pitching force (nose up or nose down) to be applied to the airframe. When moved differentially, (one up, one down) they will cause a rolling force to be applied. These forces may be applied simultaneously by appropriate positioning of the elevons e.g. one wing's elevons completely down and the other wing's elevons partly down.

An aircraft with elevons is controlled as though the pilot still has separate aileron and elevator surfaces at their disposal, controlled by the yoke or stick. The inputs of the two controls are mixed either mechanically or electronically to provide the appropriate position for each elevon.

Operational aircraft

One of the first operational aircraft to utilise elevons was the Avro Vulcan, a strategic bomber operated by the Royal Air Force's V-force. The original production variant of the Vulcan, designated as the B.1, did not have any elevons present; instead, it used an arrangement of four inboard elevators and four outboard ailerons along its delta wing for flight control. The Vulcan received elevons on its extensively redesigned second variant, the B.2'; all of the elevators and ailerons were deleted in favour of eight elevons. When flown at slow speeds, the elevons operated in close conjunction with the aircraft's six electrically-actuated three-position airbrakes.

Another early aircraft to use elevons was the Convair F-102 Delta Dagger, an interceptor operated by the United States Air Force. A few years after the F-102's introduction, Convair built the B-58 Hustler, an early supersonic bomber, which was also equipped with elevons.

Perhaps the most iconic aircraft fitted with elevons was the Aérospatiale/BAC Concorde, a British–French supersonic passenger airliner. In addition to the requirement to maintain precise directional control while flying at supersonic speeds, designers were also confronted by the need to appropriately address the substantial forces that were applied to the aircraft during banks and turns, which caused twisting and distortions of the aircraft's structure. The solution applied for both of these issues was via management of the elevons; specifically, as the aircraft speed varied, the active ratio between the inboard and outboard elevons was adjusted considerably. Only the innermost elevons, which are attached to the stiffest area of the wings, would be active while Concorde was flown at high speeds.

The Space Shuttle Orbiter was furnished with elevons, although these were only operable during atmospheric flight, which would be encountered during the vehicle's controlled descent back to Earth. There were a total of four elevons affixed to the trailing edges of its delta wing. While flown outside of atmospheric flight, the Shuttle's attitude control was instead provided by the Reaction Control System (RCS), which consisted of 44 compact liquid-fueled rocket thrusters controlled via a sophisticated fly-by-wire flight control system.

The Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit, a large flying wing operated by the United States Air Force as a strategic stealth bomber, also used elevons in its control system. Northrop had opted to control the aircraft via a combination of split brake-rudders and differential thrust after assessing various different means of exercising directional control with minimal infringement on the aircraft's radar profile. Four pairs of control surfaces are positioned along the trailing edge of the wing's; while most surfaces are used throughout the aircraft's flight envelope, the inner elevons are normally only ever applied while being flown at slow speeds, such as on approach to landing. To avoid potential contact damage during takeoff and to provide a nose-down pitching attitude, all of the elevons remain drooped during takeoff until a high enough airspeed has been attained. The B-2's flight surfaces are automatically adjusted and repositioned without pilot input to do so, these changes being commanded by the aircraft's complex quadruplex computer-controlled fly-by-wire flight control system in order to counteract the inherent instability of the flying wing configuration.

Research programmes
Several technology research and development efforts exist to integrate the functions of aircraft flight control systems such as ailerons, elevators, elevons and flaps into wings to perform the aerodynamic purpose with the advantages of less: mass, cost, drag, inertia (for faster, stronger control response), complexity (mechanically simpler, fewer moving parts or surfaces, less maintenance), and radar cross section for stealth. However, the main drawback is that when the elevons move up in unison to raise the pitch of the aircraft, generating additional lift, they reduce the camber, or downward curvature of the wing. Camber is desirable when generating high levels of lift, and so elevons reduce the maximum lift and efficiency of a wing. These may be used in many unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and sixth generation fighter aircraft. Two promising approaches are flexible wings, and fluidics.

In flexible wings, much or all of a wing surface can change shape in flight to deflect air flow. The X-53 Active Aeroelastic Wing is a NASA effort. The Adaptive Compliant Wing is a military and commercial effort.

In fluidics, forces in vehicles occur via circulation control, in which larger more complex mechanical parts are replaced by smaller simpler fluidic systems (slots which emit air flows) where larger forces in fluids are diverted by smaller jets or flows of fluid intermittently, to change the direction of vehicles. In this use, fluidics promises lower mass and costs (as little as half), very low inertia and response times, and simplicity.

title: Elevon


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Mount Morris, New York (disambiguation)

Mount Morris, New York refers to:

 * Mount Morris (village), New York
 * Mount Morris (town), New York
 * Marcus Garvey Park, also called Mount Morris Park, in Harlem, Manhattan
 * Mount Morris Park Historic District, the area surrounding Marcus Garvey Park
 * Mount Morris (New York), a mountain in Adirondack Park
 * Morris–Jumel Mansion, formerly Mount Morris, in Washington Heights, Manhattan

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Mount Morris, New York (disambiguation)


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Angus King

Angus Stanley King Jr. (born March 31, 1944) is an American lawyer and politician serving as the junior United States senator from Maine since 2013. A political independent, he served as the 72nd governor of Maine from 1995 to 2003.

Born and raised in Virginia, King moved to Maine after graduating from law school. In 1989 he founded Northeast Energy Management, Inc., a company that developed and operated electrical energy conservation projects. He won the 1994 Maine gubernatorial election as the independent candidate in a four-way race and was reelected in a landslide in 1998. As the country's only independent governor, King enjoyed high approval ratings from both major political parties during his tenure. After leaving office in 2003, King returned to his business career.

King won Maine's 2012 Senate election to replace the retiring Republican Olympia Snowe and took office on January 3, 2013. He was reelected to a second term in 2018, following the state's inaugural instant-runoff voting elections. For committee assignment purposes, he caucuses with the Democratic Party. He is one of four independents currently serving in the Senate; the others are Joe Manchin of West Virginia, Bernie Sanders of Vermont, and Kyrsten Sinema of Arizona, who also caucus with the Democrats.

Early life, education, and early career
King was born in Alexandria, Virginia, the son of Ellen Archer (née Ticer) and Angus Stanley King, a lawyer. His father was a U.S. magistrate for the Eastern District of Virginia.

King graduated from Francis C. Hammond High School in Alexandria. He then enrolled at Dartmouth College, where earned a B.A. in 1966. At Dartmouth, King joined the Delta Upsilon social fraternity. He then attended the University of Virginia School of Law, graduating in 1969.

Soon after graduating from law school, King entered private law practice in Brunswick, Maine. He was a staff attorney for Pine Tree Legal Assistance in Skowhegan.

In 1972, he served as chief counsel to the U.S. Senate Subcommittee on Alcoholism and Narcotics. King served as a legislative assistant to Democratic U.S. Senator William Hathaway in the 1970s. He was also well-known statewide as a host on public television.

In 1973, when he was 29, King was diagnosed with an aggressive form of malignant melanoma. King has said he believes he survived cancer only because he had health insurance, and has highlighted this experience when explaining his support for the Affordable Care Act.

In 1975, King returned to Maine to practice with Smith, Loyd and King in Brunswick. In 1983 he was appointed vice president of Swift River/Hafslund Company, which developed alternative energy (hydroelectric and biomass) projects in New England.

In 1989, King founded Northeast Energy Management, Inc., a company that developed and operated electrical energy conservation projects. In 1994 he sold the company. As of 2012 King's investments were valued at between $4.8 million and $22.5 million.

Governor of Maine (1995–2003)
In May 1993, King announced he would run for governor of Maine as an independent in the 1994 election. Incumbent Governor John McKernan, a Republican, was term-limited and could not seek another term. King abandoned his lifelong affiliation with the Maine Democratic Party. "The Democratic Party as an institution has become too much the party that is looking for something from government", King told the Bangor Daily News a few weeks after he announced his candidacy. The Republican nominee was Susan Collins, Commissioner of Professional and Financial Regulation under Governor John McKernan and a protégée of U.S. Senator William Cohen, and at the time relatively unknown to the electorate. The Democratic nominee was former Governor and U.S. Representative Joseph E. Brennan. It was Brennan's fifth campaign for governor.

The general election was a highly competitive four-way race between King, Collins, Brennan, and Green Party nominee Jonathan Carter. King invested early in television advertising during Maine's unusually early June primary, allowing him to emerge from the primary season on an equal footing with his rivals. He positioned himself as a businessman and a pragmatic environmentalist focused on job creation and education. The Washington Times described King as an idealist who "wants to slash regulations but preserve the environment; hold the line on taxes; impose work and education requirements on welfare recipients; experiment with public school choice and cut at least $60 million from the state budget." His opponents criticized him for flip-flopping. Collins argued King "presents different images, depending on who he is talking to. Angus has been a Democrat his whole life. In my opinion, he became an independent because he didn't think he could beat Joe Brennan in a primary. He's extremely smooth, articulate and bright, but he says different things to different groups." King narrowly won the November 8 election with 35% of the vote to Brennan's 34%, a margin of 7,878 votes. Collins received 23% of the vote and Carter 6%. King won eight counties, Collins five and Brennan three. King's election as an independent was preceded by fellow independent James B. Longley, elected to the same office 20 years earlier.

During his tenure, King was the only U.S. governor unaffiliated with a political party. He was also one of only two governors nationwide not affiliated with either of the two major parties, the other being Jesse Ventura of Minnesota, who was elected in 1998 as a member of the Reform Party. The terms of Connecticut's independent governor Lowell Weicker and Alaska's independent governor Walter J. Hickel both ended when King's began. In his 2004 book Independent Nation, political analyst John Avlon describes all four governors as radical centrist thinkers. As governor, King signed legislation requiring that all school employees be fingerprinted and undergo background checks.

King had an approval rating of 75% going into his reelection bid in 1998, which he easily won, garnering 59% of the vote and defeating Republican Jim Longley Jr. (the son of the former governor), who took 19%, and Democrat Thomas Connolly, who received 12%. King's 59% was the highest share of the vote a gubernatorial candidate had received since Brennan's 1982 reelection with 62%. Brennan's 1982 victory was also the last time until 1998 that a gubernatorial candidate had won a majority of the vote, and King's 1998 reelection was the last time a Maine gubernatorial candidate received the majority of the vote until 2018.

In 2002, King launched the Maine Learning Technology Initiative (MLTI) to provide laptops for every public middle-school student in the state, the first initiative of its kind in the nation. It met with considerable resistance due to its cost but was enacted by the Maine Legislature. On September 5, 2002, the state began the program with a four-year $37.2-million contract with Apple Inc. to equip all 7th- and 8th-grade students and teachers in the state with laptops.

Hiatus from politics (2003–2012)
The day after he left office in 2003, King, his wife, Mary Herman, and their two children, who were 12 and 9 at the time, embarked on a road trip in a 40 ft motor home to see America. Over the next six months, the family traveled 15,000 mi and visited 33 states before returning home in June 2003.

During his post-gubernatorial residency in Maine, he lectured at Bowdoin College in Brunswick and Bates College in Lewiston. He was appointed a visiting lecturer at Bowdoin in 2004 and an endowed lecturer at Bates in 2009, teaching courses in American politics and political leadership at both institutions.

In 2007 King and Rob Gardiner, formerly of the Maine Public Broadcasting Network, formed Independence Wind, a wind energy company. In August 2009 Independence Wind along with joint venture partner Wagner Forest Management won Maine DEP approval for construction of a proposed $120-million, 22-turbine, utility-scale wind power project along a prominent mountain ridge in Roxbury, Maine. To avoid the appearance of a conflict of interest, King sold his share of the company after entering the 2012 U.S. Senate election. Of the project, King has said, "People who say wind is only an intermittent resource are looking for a one-shot solution. And my experience is that there are rarely silver bullets, but there is often silver buckshot. Wind is an adjunct source of energy. Ten percent, 20% can be very significant".

2012
On March 5, 2012, King announced that he was running for the U.S. Senate seat being vacated by Olympia Snowe. King said "hogwash" to allegations by some Republicans that he had cut a deal with Democrats to keep U.S. Rep. Chellie Pingree out of the race.

King's Senate campaign came under scrutiny for posting a heavily edited newspaper profile of him on its website.

On November 6, 2012, King won the Senate race with 53% of the vote, beating Democrat Cynthia Dill and Republican Charlie Summers. The following week, King announced that he would caucus with Senate Democrats, explaining not only that it made more sense to affiliate with the party that had a clear majority, but that he would have been largely excluded from the committee process had he not caucused with a party. King said he had not ruled out caucusing with the Republicans if they took control of the Senate in 2014 United States Senate elections, but when Republicans did win the majority that year, he remained in the Democratic caucus. King remained in the Democratic caucus after the 2016, 2018, and the 2020 elections, the first two of which also resulted in Republican Senate majorities and the last of which produced a 50–50 tie.

2018
On November 6, 2018, King was reelected, defeating Republican state Senator Eric Brakey and Democrat Zak Ringelstein.

Tenure
King supported reform of the Senate filibuster, noting that senators are no longer required to stand on the floor and speak during a filibuster. He also pointed out that the Constitution contains no 60-vote requirement to conduct business in the Senate. Accordingly, in 2013 King voted in favor of the so-called nuclear option to eliminate the filibuster for most presidential nominees.
 * 113th Congress (2013–2015)

King opposed attempts by the U.S. House to cut $40 billion from the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program over ten years, fearing that it "would affect people in a serious way" and drive more people to soup kitchens and food banks. He supported the more modest Senate efforts to save $4 billion over the same period by closing loopholes.

In 2014 King was chosen for the annual tradition of reading George Washington's Farewell Address to the Senate. King endorsed his colleague Susan Collins for reelection in the 2014 U.S. Senate election, calling her a "model Senator". At the same time, he endorsed Democratic Senator Jeanne Shaheen of New Hampshire for reelection. King also endorsed Eliot Cutler for governor in the 2014 election, as he had in 2010, but on October 29, 2014, he switched his endorsement to Democratic nominee Mike Michaud. He also endorsed Democrat Emily Cain for the Maine's second congressional district election and Republican Senator Lamar Alexander of Tennessee in his reelection campaign.

After Republicans gained the Senate majority in the 2014 election, King announced that he would continue to caucus with the Democrats. He cited his belief that it is good for a state to have a senator from each party, and that it is important to have a senator who caucuses with the same party as the President, saying, "In the end, who I caucus with is less important than who I work with." He added, "It does not mean I have become a Democrat. It does not mean I have made a promise to anybody."

In 2020, President Donald Trump said King was "worse than any Democrat" after King had a "testy" exchange with Vice President Mike Pence in a phone call in which King had criticized the executive branch's response to the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. King stated he had "never been so mad about a phone call in my entire life," after the phone call with Pence. He also called the President and Vice President's response to the pandemic "a dereliction of duty."
 * 116th Congress (2019–2021)

King was participating in the certification of the 2021 United States Electoral College vote count when Trump supporters attacked the United States Capitol. When they breached the Capitol, King and other senators were moved to a safe location. He called the event a "violent insurrection" and "unspeakably sad", and blamed Trump. In the wake of the attack, King announced that he supported invoking the Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution to remove Trump from office.
 * 117th Congress (2021–2023)

Current

 * Committee on Armed Services
 * Subcommittee on Airland (2017–present)
 * Subcommittee on Personnel (2013–2017)
 * Subcommittee on Seapower
 * Subcommittee on Strategic Forces (2013–2017; 2019–present) (Chair, 2021–present)
 * Committee on Energy and Natural Resources (2015–present)
 * Subcommittee on Energy
 * Subcommittee on National Parks (Chair, 2021–present)
 * Subcommittee on Public Lands, Forests, and Mining (2021–present)
 * Subcommittee on Water and Power (2015–2021)
 * Select Committee on Intelligence

Previous

 * Committee on the Budget (2013–2019)

Caucus memberships

 * Afterschool Caucuses
 * Congressional Coalition on Adoption

Legislation sponsored
The following is an incomplete list of legislation that King has sponsored:
 * Affordable College Textbook Act (S. 1864; 115th Congress)
 * In April 2023, it was revealed that Justice Clarence Thomas had accepted hundreds of thousands of dollars of travel and free gifts from a Republican donor. King and Senator Lisa Murkowski introduced a bipartisan bill intended to force the Supreme Court to establish an ethics code that would require the court to appoint an official to examine public complaints and potential conflicts.

Political positions
King has been described as a moderate Independent. He has called himself "neither a Democrat nor a Republican, but an American". The nonpartisan National Journal gave him a 2013 composite ideology score of 59% liberal and 41% conservative. His Crowdpac score is −4.3 (10 is the most conservative, −10 the most liberal), based on a data aggregation of his campaign contributions, votes, and speeches. In a study published by The Washington Post called "Party Unity scores," King voted with the Democratic Party 43% of the time. He has also received higher approval ratings from liberal interest groups than conservative ones. King has been rated 89% by the average liberal interest group; the American Conservative Union gave him a 7% lifetime conservative rating in 2020. GovTrack ranks King among the more moderate members of the Senate, near the Senate's ideological center. In 2014, King endorsed his Republican colleague from Maine, Susan Collins. According to FiveThirtyEight, which tracks Congressional votes, King had voted in line with President Trump's position on legislation about 38% of the time as of January 2021.

Agriculture
In August 2018, King was one of 31 senators to vote against the Protect Interstate Commerce Act of 2018, a proposed amendment to the 2018 United States farm bill that would mandate states to authorize agricultural product sales not prohibited under federal law. After the farm bill passed in December, King and Susan Collins released a statement expressing their delight at the amendment not being included as there were a "number of state laws in Maine that would have been undermined if this amendment was adopted, including those on crate bans for livestock, consumer protections for blueberry inspections, and environmental safeguards for cranberry cultivation".

Economic policy
King has called for the continuation of a tariff on imported athletic footwear, citing the potential loss of jobs at New Balance's Skowhegan and Madison factories in Maine. Also while governor, King vetoed a bill that would have raised Maine's minimum wage by 25 cents per hour.

In 2017, King opposed the Republican tax bill, criticizing its passage on a party-line vote without hearings, saying: "The Bangor City Council would not amend the leash law using this process." King criticized the legislation for adding $1 trillion to the U.S. budget deficit over ten years and sought to return the bill to committee, but his proposal failed on a party-line vote.

In March 2018, King and fellow Maine senator Susan Collins introduced the Northern Border Regional Commission Reauthorization Act, a bill that would bolster the Northern Border Regional Commission (NBRC) and was included in the 2018 United States farm bill. In June 2019, when King and Collins announced the NBRC would award grant funding to the University of Maine, the senators called the funding an investment in Maine's forest economy that would "help those who have relied on this crucial sector for generations" and "bolster efforts by UMaine to open more opportunities in rural communities."

On April 15, 2020, the Trump administration invited King to join a bipartisan task force on the reopening of the economy amid the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.

King is supportive of U.S. manufacturers like Auburn Manufacturing, a Maine company he visited in 2022 to promote domestic manufacturing and speak out against Chinese unfair trade practices.

Minimum wage
On March 5, 2021, King voted against Bernie Sanders's amendment to include a $15/hour minimum wage in the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021.

Trade
In February 2019, during ongoing trade disputes between the United States and China, King was one of ten senators to sign a bipartisan letter to Homeland Security Secretary Kirstjen Nielsen and Energy Secretary Rick Perry asserting that the American government "should consider a ban on the use of Huawei inverters in the United States and work with state and local regulators to raise awareness and mitigate potential threats" and urging them "to work with all federal, state and local regulators, as well as the hundreds of independent power producers and electricity distributors nationwide to ensure our systems are protected."

Environment and energy
King supports action to combat climate change and carries a laminated graph of increases in carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere to respond to climate change denialists. He was the only member of Congress to join a three-day U.S. Coast Guard fact-finding mission to Greenland in 2016, where he witnessed melting ice sheets firsthand and said that the impacts of climate change were "amazing and scary". Nevertheless, in March 2019 King joined Senate Republicans in voting against the Green New Deal.

King opposes oil drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge on that grounds that the amount of oil is not worth the environmental risk of extracting it. He also believes that new developments in the energy field, such as fracking, should be subject to "all appropriate environmental safeguards to protect the American people and the American land." King opposes the Keystone XL pipeline, saying it "will facilitate the transport of some of the world's dirtiest and most climate-harming oil through our country", and has cast several votes against legislation authorizing its construction. He said he was "frustrated" with President Obama's delay in deciding whether to authorize construction, but that he opposed Congress legislating the approval or disapproval of a construction project.

King has expressed opposition to the creation of a Maine Woods National Park. His 2012 campaign website said that local control is the best way to conserve land, but in 2014 King said he was keeping an open mind about the idea.

King initially expressed "serious reservations" about proposals to establish the Katahdin Woods and Waters National Monument, but expressed support for Obama's creation of the monument in 2016, saying that the administration had made commitments that convinced him that "the benefits of the designation will far outweigh any detriment"; that the monument would not hurt Maine's pulp and paper industry; and that the monument would help diversify the local economy.

King opposes efforts in Maine to ban the baiting and trapping of bears, including an effort to put the question to voters in 2014, calling such practices necessary to prevent interaction between bears and people, and saying the practices are based on science and the views of experts.

In 2017 King and Senator Jim Risch introduced the Securing Energy Infrastructure Act. The Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee approved the bill in 2018. The bill creates a pilot program for the federal government to study analog, nondigital, and physical systems that can be incorporated into the power grid to mitigate the potential effects of a cyberattack. The idea for the bill came after a 2015 cyberattack in Ukraine took down a large portion of the country's energy grid. In April 2019 King was one of four senators caucusing with the Democrats who voted with Republicans to confirm David Bernhardt, an oil executive, as Secretary of the Interior Department.

In April 2019 King was one of 12 senators to sign a bipartisan letter to top senators on the Appropriations Subcommittee on Energy and Water Development advocating that the Energy Department be granted maximum funding for carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS), arguing that American job growth could be stimulated by investment in capturing carbon emissions and expressing disagreement with President Trump's 2020 budget request to combine the two federal programs that do carbon capture research.

In July 2019 King called climate change "one of the most serious threats to" the United States, saying that two thirds of Arctic ice has disappeared over the past 30 years. A release from King's office stated that he had asserted the vital need for the U.S. to return to the aspirations of the Paris Climate Accord.

Foreign relations and national security
King has voted to arm Syrian rebels who are fighting Syrian President Bashar al-Assad and ISIL militants.

King favors the normalization of U.S.–Cuba relations. He opposes the U.S. embargo against Cuba, calling it an "antiquated" relic of the Cold War; in 2015 King introduced legislation to lift the embargo.

As a member of the Senate Intelligence Committee, King participated in its probe of Russia's interference in the 2016 U.S. elections. King said that the entire committee had "no doubt whatsoever" about the Kremlin's culpability in the meddling and described the cyberattacks as "a frontal assault on our democracy" that could present a long-term threat.

In May 2018 King and fellow Maine senator Susan Collins introduced the PRINT Act, a bill that would halt collections of countervailing duties and anti-dumping duties on Canadian newsprint and require the U.S. Department of Commerce to conduct a study of economic health of printing and publishing industries. Proponents of the bill argued it would offer a lifeline to the publishing industry amid newsprint price increases. Critics accused it of setting "a dangerous precedent for future investigations into allegations of unfair trade practices."

In August 2018 King and 16 other lawmakers urged the Trump administration to impose sanctions under the Global Magnitsky Act against Chinese officials responsible for human rights abuses against the Uyghur Muslim minority in western China's Xinjiang region. They wrote: "The detention of as many as a million or more Uyghurs and other predominantly Muslim ethnic minorities in "political reeducation" centers or camps requires a tough, targeted, and global response."

In November 2018 King joined Senators Chris Coons, Marco Rubio and a bipartisan group of lawmakers in sending the Trump administration a letter raising concerns about the People's Republic of China's undue influence on media outlets and academic institutions in the United States. They wrote: "In American news outlets, Beijing has used financial ties to suppress negative information about the CCP. ... Beijing has also sought to use relationships with American academic institutions and student groups to shape public discourse."

In late 2018 King voted to withdraw U.S. military aid for Saudi Arabia's war in Yemen.

In December 2018, after President Trump announced the withdrawal of American troops from Syria, King was one of six senators to sign a letter expressing concern about the move and their belief "that such action at this time is a premature and costly mistake that not only threatens the safety and security of the United States, but also emboldens ISIS, Bashar al Assad, Iran, and Russia."

In October 2019, King was one of six senators to sign a bipartisan letter to Trump calling on him to "urge Turkey to end their offensive [in Syria] and find a way to a peaceful resolution while supporting our Kurdish partners to ensure regional stability" and arguing that to leave Syria without installing protections for American allies would endanger both them and the U.S.

King rejected calls for a ceasefire in the 2023 Israel–Hamas war.

Iran
In 2015 King supported the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, an international agreement with Iran. In voting against a "resolution of disapproval" in opposition to the agreement, King stated, "The current alternatives, if this agreement is rejected, are either unrealistic or downright dangerous."

In May 2019 King said he believed U.S. intel on Iran was accurate but that he wanted to know which country was reacting to the actions of the other, adding that he was "gravely concerned because of the possibility of miscalculation, misunderstanding, misreading of some event and all of the sudden you're on the ladder of escalation that could be dangerous for this country and for the Middle East."

After President Trump halted retaliatory air strikes against Iran after Iran downed an American surveillance drone in June 2019, King said he agreed with the decision not to carry out the strikes but expressed concern about Trump's potentially limited options after steps taken by National Security Advisor John Bolton and Secretary of State Mike Pompeo. King also questioned the difference in U.S. relations with Iran that year as opposed to any other in the country's history and asserted that it was "a high-stakes gamble" if the U.S.'s pressure on Iran was unsuccessful.

Gun laws
King supports expanding background checks to most firearms transactions, with exceptions for transfers between family members, calling such a position "the single most effective step" that can be taken to keep guns out of the wrong hands. He supports limiting the size of magazines to 10 rounds, and to make purchasing a gun for someone not legally allowed to have one a federal crime. He does not support a ban on assault weapons, believing it will not work and that such a ban is not based on the functionality of the weapons, which are not relevantly different from the many hunting rifles owned by Maine residents. He noted that the vast majority of gun crimes are committed with handguns, not rifles.

King voted for the Manchin–Toomey amendment to expand background checks for gun purchases.

In 2018 King was a cosponsor of the NICS Denial Notification Act, legislation developed in the aftermath of the Stoneman Douglas High School shooting that would require federal authorities to inform states within a day after a person failing the National Instant Criminal Background Check System attempted to buy a firearm.

In August 2019, after two mass shootings in El Paso and Dayton, King cosponsored the Extreme Risk Protection Order Act, a bill authorizing states to use grants to develop red flag laws which would allow family members to petition courts for an order that would temporarily prevent someone from purchasing a gun and an order for law enforcement to take a firearm away.

After the 2023 Lewiston shootings, King joined fellow Maine Senator Susan Collins in opposing calls for a national assault weapons ban but supporting bans on functionalities such as high-capacity magazines.

Healthcare
King supports the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA or Obamacare), but has expressed support for modest adjustments to the legislation if they can be done on a bipartisan basis. In 2013 he voted to restore funding for the ACA as part of an amendment to legislation that funded government operations for 45 days. He has said that those opposed to the ACA who are attempting to discourage people from purchasing health insurance are "guilty of murder" and that doing so was "one of the grossest violations of our humanity that I could think of." In making this comment, King noted a time in his life when he believed he would have died had he not just acquired health insurance.

In 2015, as part of the Obama administration's fiscal year 2016 budget, the United States Department of Veteran Affairs proposed congressional authorization for $6.8 million toward leasing 56,600 square feet at an unspecified location in Portland, Maine, to expand a clinic that would authorize southern Maine veterans to receive basic medical and mental health care locally. King supported the proposal. He and Susan Collins released a statement that ensuring Maine veterans had access to high quality care "is one of our top priorities, and we're pursuing the input of local veterans and interested stakeholders to understand their perspective about the proposal."

In January 2017 King voted against the Republican Senate budget plan to accelerate repeal of the ACA and block repeal legislation from being filibustered; the measure passed on a largely party line 51–48 vote. He spoke out against the House Republican repeal legislation, noting that the Congressional Budget Office estimated that 14 million Americans would lose health insurance if the legislation were enacted. Of the House Republican bill, King said, "If you were designing a bill to hammer my state, it would be this bill," adding that it would most adversely affect Maine residents between the ages of 50 and 65.

King is a supporter of the Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP) program.

King favors abortion rights.

In February 2017 King and 30 other senators signed a letter to Kaléo Pharmaceuticals in response to an increase of the opioid-overdose-reversing device Evzio's price from $690 in 2014 to $4,500. They requested the detailed price structure for Evzio, the number of devices Kaléo Pharmaceuticals set aside for donation, and the totality of federal reimbursements Evzio received in the previous year.

King criticized Trump's 2017 budget proposal for its cuts to medical research. In 2018 he voted with all Republicans except Rand Paul and six Democrats to confirm Alex Azar, Trump's nominee for Health Secretary.

In June 2018 King and fellow Maine Senator Susan Collins released a statement endorsing a proposal by FCC Chairman Ajit Pai intended to boost funding for the Rural Health Care Program of the Universal Service Fund, writing that "with demand for RHC funding continuing to rise, any further inaction would risk leaving rural healthcare practitioners without lifesaving telemedicine services. This long-overdue funding increase would be a boon to both healthcare providers and patients in rural communities across our country."

In July 2019 King was one of eight senators to cosponsor the Palliative Care and Hospice Education and Training Act (PCHETA), a bill intended to strengthen training for new and existing physicians, people who teach palliative care, and other providers who are on palliative care teams that grant patients and their families a voice in their care and treatment goals.

In October 2019 King was one of 27 senators to sign a letter to Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell and Senate Minority Leader Chuck Schumer advocating the passage of the Community Health Investment, Modernization, and Excellence (CHIME) Act, which was set to expire the following month. The senators warned that if the funding for the Community Health Center Fund (CHCF) was allowed to expire, it "would cause an estimated 2,400 site closures, 47,000 lost jobs, and threaten the health care of approximately 9 million Americans."

King has voted against Republican attempts to completely defund Planned Parenthood, calling the proposals an "unfounded yet relentless assault" and "another example of misguided outrage that would only hurt those who need help the most." No federal funds go to Planned Parenthood for abortions (federal dollars pay for other health care services provided by the group, such as contraception and screenings for cancer and sexually transmitted diseases), but Republicans have sought to completely defund the organization because it provides abortions with other funds. King stated that supporters of the bill were in effect voting to deprive low-income Americans of healthcare over an issue "that has nothing to do with the 97 percent of the services that Planned Parenthood provides," saying: "To me, this bill is like attacking Brazil after Pearl Harbor."

Immigration
King strongly criticized President Donald Trump's Executive Order 13769, which barred the admission of refugees to the U.S. and barred travel by nationals of several Muslim-majority countries to the country. He said: "This is probably the worst foreign policy decision since the invasion of Iraq. What it's done is played right into ISIS's hands. They want us to turn this into a war of the west against Islam. They have explicitly said they want to drive a wedge ... There are 1.6 billion Muslims in the world and we don't want a war with all of them. We don't need a war with all of them. We're not opposed to all of them." King noted that U.S. forces fought alongside Muslim Iraqi troops, and that Muslim nations shared valuable counterterrorism intelligence with the U.S.

In 2018 King introduced legislation to halt separations of immigrant families at the border.

In June 2019, King and Senator Susan Collins released a joint statement confirming that they had questioned U.S. Customs and Border Protection "on the process being used to clear" asylum seekers for transportation to Portland, Maine, and opined that it was "clearly not a sustainable approach to handling the asylum situation." Collins and King were said to both be "interested in providing additional resources to the federal agencies that process asylum claims, so we can reduce the existing backlog and adjudicate new claims in a more timely fashion."

Railroad safety
In June 2019 King was one of ten senators to cosponsor the Safe Freight Act, a bill that would require freight trains have one or more certified conductors and a certified engineer aboard who can collaborate on how to protect both the train and people living near the tracks. The legislation was meant to correct a Federal Railroad Administration rollback of a proposed rule intended to establish safety standards.

Same-sex marriage
King supports same-sex marriage. He signed an amicus brief to the U.S. Supreme Court in United States v. Windsor encouraging it to strike down the Defense of Marriage Act.

Telecommunications
In April 2019 King was one of seven senators to sponsor the Digital Equity Act of 2019, legislation establishing a $120 million grant program that would fund both the creation and implementation of "comprehensive digital equity plans" in each U.S. state to support projects developed by individuals and groups. The bill also gave the National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) the role of evaluating and providing guidance for digital equity projects.

United States Postal Service
In March 2019 King was a cosponsor of a bipartisan resolution led by Gary Peters and Jerry Moran that opposed privatization of the United States Postal Service (USPS), citing the USPS as a self-sustained establishment and noting concerns that privatization could cause higher prices and reduced services for its customers, especially in rural communities.

Personal life
King's first wife was Edie Birney. She is the mother of King's three older sons. King and Birney divorced in 1982.

Since 1984, King has been married to Mary Herman. King has five children and six grandchildren.

King is an Episcopalian. He rides a Harley-Davidson motorcycle.

As of 2018 King's net worth, according to OpenSecrets.org, was more than $9.4 million.

Health issues
In June 2015, King underwent a successful surgery that removed a cancerous prostate that had been detected in a screening and biopsy. The surgery did not change King's plans to run for reelection in 2018.

On August 19, 2021, King and fellow senators Roger Wicker and John Hickenlooper tested positive for COVID-19. He fully recovered from the virus, saying, "I didn't feel great during the worst of my illness, but I'm confident that I would have felt a whole lot worse if I hadn't received the vaccine".

Scholastic

 * University degrees

 * Chancellor, visitor, governor, rector and fellowships

title: Angus King


text:
Č

The grapheme Čč (Latin C with caron, also known as háček in Czech, mäkčeň in Slovak, kvačica in Serbo-Croatian, and strešica in Slovene) is used in various contexts, usually denoting the voiceless postalveolar affricate consonant like the English ch in the word chocolate. It is represented in Unicode as U+010C (uppercase Č) and U+010D (lowercase č).

Origin
The symbol originates with the 15th-century Czech alphabet as introduced by the reforms of Jan Hus. In 1830, it was adopted into Gaj's Latin alphabet, which is used in Serbo-Croatian. It is also used in Macedonian, Slovak, Slovenian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Pomak, and Berber alphabets.

Uses
In Berber, Karelian, Slovenian, Serbo-Croatian, Sorbian, Skolt Sami, and Lakota alphabets, it is the fourth letter of the alphabet. In Czech, Northern Sami alphabet, Belarusian, and the Baltic languages Lithuanian and Latvian, the letter is in fifth place. In Slovak it is sixth letter of the alphabet. It is also used in Pashto (equivalent to چ), romanization of Syriac and Saanich.

It is equivalent to Ч in Cyrillic and can be used in Ukrainian, Belarusian, Russian, Serbian, and Bulgarian romanisations. It features more prominently in the Latin alphabets or transliterations of Serbo-Croatian and Macedonian. The letter Č can also be substituted by Ç in the transliterations of Turkic languages, either using the Latin script or the Cyrillic script.

/Č/ is also used in Americanist phonetic notation.

Č is the similar to the Sanskrit च (a palatal sound, although IAST uses the letter c to denote it)

Software
Representation in software follows the same rules as the háček.

Unicode
U+010C (uppercase Č—use Alt 268 for input) and U+010D (lowercase č—use Alt 269 for input) create this character. The combining character U+030C can be placed together with either c or C to generally achieve the same visual result.

TeX/LaTeX
In text the control sequence \v{c} will work. In math mode, $\check{c}$ also works.

title: Č


text:
Newfane, New York

Newfane is a town in Niagara County, New York, United States. The population was 9,666 at the 2010 census.

The Town of Newfane is in the north-central part of the county, north of the City of Lockport.

History
The Town of Newfane was established in 1824 by Wesley R. Rupert and others. The Newfane name was selected by early settlers who had roots in Newfane, Vermont. The town was created from portions of the Towns of Hartland, Somerset, and Wilson. The first town meeting was held at the Van Horn Mansion in 1824. The Newfane township consists of six hamlets; Appleton, Burt, the Newfane village, Olcott, Ridgewood and the northern portion of Wright's Corners. The Newfane village was once named "Charlotteville," but renamed Newfane, and Olcott was named Kempville in early times.

Its school district includes an early childhood center, an elementary school, a middle school, and one high school. The school's mascot is a panther.

In Olcott, there is a monument with a handful of names of soldiers who fought for the Union cause in the American Civil War. In total, 252 Union soldiers came from Newfane, of whom about 55 died during service. Olcott is also home to an original Herschell Carousel. The Carousel was built in 1928 and recently celebrated its 80th anniversary.

The town has two properties on the National Register of Historic Places: the First Baptist Church and the Van Horn Mansion.

Notable people

 * Steve Geltz, Tampa Bay Rays pitcher
 * Tom Jolls, TV weatherman and children's show host
 * Del Mason, former MLB player
 * Burt Van Horn, former US Congressman
 * John Beilein, professional basketball coach and college coach at the University of Michigan.
 * Ron Altbach, musician, King Harvest, Celebration.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 53.5 square miles (138.5 km2), of which 51.8 square miles (134.3 km2) is land and 1.6 square miles (4.2 km2)  (3.05%) is water. It also includes Wright's Corners. Newfane's northern border is Lake Ontario. The town's south border is shared with the Town of Lockport.

Adjacent cities and towns

 * Town of Lockport - south
 * City of Lockport - south
 * Town of Wilson - west
 * Town of Somerset - east
 * Town of Hartland - east
 * Lake Ontario - north

Major highways in the Town of Newfane

 * [[Image:NY-18.svg|20px]] New York State Route 18 (Lake Rd.), east-west highway across the north part of town roughly paralleling Lake Ontario.
 * [[Image:NY-78.svg|20px]] New York State Route 78 (Lockport-Olcott Rd.), north-south roadway through the town from the Lockport town line to its northern terminus at Lake Rd. (NY 18) in Olcott, NY.
 * [[Image:NY-104.svg|22px]] New York State Route 104 (Ridge Rd.), east-west roadway through the town from the Cambria town line to the Hartland town line. (Runs concurrently with NY 78 a short distance in Wrights Corners.)

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 9,657 people, 3,597 households, and 2,633 families residing in the town. The population density was 186.3 PD/sqmi. There were 3,854 housing units at an average density of 74.3 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the town was 90.76% White, 7.15% Black or African American, 0.54% Native American, 0.20% Asian, 0.51% from other races, and 0.85% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.98% of the population. There were 3,597 households, out of which 33.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.4% were married couples living together, 9.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.8% were non-families. 21.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.63 and the average family size was 3.08.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 26.0% under the age of 18, 7.1% from 18 to 24, 27.7% from 25 to 44, 24.7% from 45 to 64, and 14.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.1 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $41,438, and the median income for a family was $50,095. Males had a median income of $38,037 versus $25,279 for females. The per capita income for the town was $18,311. About 5.2% of families and 6.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7.9% of those under age 18 and 5.0% of those age 65 or over.

Communities and locations in Newfane

 * Appleton – A hamlet in the northeast part of Newfane.
 * Burt – A hamlet south of Olcott on Route 78, named after Burt van Horn, an early settler in the region.
 * Corwin – A hamlet between Newfane and Wrights Corners on Route 78.
 * Eighteen Mile Creek – A stream flowing northward through the town to Lake Ontario.
 * Hess Road – A location on the east border of the town, east of Newfane.
 * Ridgewood – A hamlet southeast of Newfane on Route 104 (Ridge Road).
 * Newfane – The hamlet of Newfane is on Route 78, centrally located in the town and on the east bank of Eighteen Mile Creek.
 * Olcott – A hamlet with a small boat harbor on Lake Ontario.
 * Olcott-Newfane Airport (D80) – A small general aviation airport on the west side of Eighteen Mile Creek and southwest of Olcott.
 * Woodland Heights – a lakeside hamlet on Lake Ontario.
 * Wrights Corners – A hamlet on the south town line, partly in the Town of Lockport. The community is located by the fork in Routes 78 and 104. It extends to Wicks Road.

title: Newfane, New York


text:
X-SAMPA

The Extended Speech Assessment Methods Phonetic Alphabet (X-SAMPA) is a variant of SAMPA developed in 1995 by John C. Wells, professor of phonetics at University College London. It is designed to unify the individual language SAMPA alphabets, and extend SAMPA to cover the entire range of characters in the 1993 version of International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). The result is a SAMPA-inspired remapping of the IPA into 7-bit ASCII.

SAMPA was devised as a hack to work around the inability of text encodings to represent IPA symbols. Later, as Unicode support for IPA symbols became more widespread, the necessity for a separate, computer-readable system for representing the IPA in ASCII decreased. However, X-SAMPA is still useful as the basis for an input method for true IPA.

Consonants

 * Asterisks (*) mark sounds that do not have X-SAMPA symbols. Daggers (†) mark IPA symbols that have recently been added to Unicode. Since April 2008, the latter is the case of the labiodental flap, symbolized by a right-hook v in the IPA: [[File:Unicode 0x0475.svg]]. A convention for the labiodental flap does not yet exist in X-SAMPA.

title: X-SAMPA


text:
Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District

Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District, 393 U.S. 503 (1969), was a landmark decision by the United States Supreme Court that recognized the First Amendment rights of students in U.S. public schools. The Tinker test, also known as the "substantial disruption" test, is still used by courts today to determine whether a school's interest to prevent disruption infringes upon students' First Amendment rights. The Court famously opined, "It can hardly be argued that either students or teachers shed their constitutional rights to freedom of speech or expression at the schoolhouse gate."

Background
In 1965, five students in Des Moines, Iowa, decided to wear black armbands to school in protest of American involvement in the Vietnam War and supporting the Christmas Truce that was called for by Senator Robert F. Kennedy. Among the students were John F. Tinker (15 years old), his siblings Mary Beth Tinker (13 years old), Hope Tinker (11 years old), and Paul Tinker (8 years old), along with their friend Christopher Eckhardt (16 years old). The students wore the armbands to several schools in the Des Moines Independent Community School District (North High School for John, Roosevelt High School for Christopher, Warren Harding Junior High School for Mary Beth, elementary school for Hope and Paul).

The Tinker family had been involved in civil rights activism before the student protest. The Tinker children's mother, Lorena, was a leader of the Peace Organization in Des Moines. Christopher Eckhardt and John Tinker attended a protest the previous month against the Vietnam War in Washington, D.C. The principals of the Des Moines schools learned of the plan and met before the incident occurred on December 16 to create a policy that stated that school children wearing an armband would be asked to remove it immediately. Students violating the policy would be suspended and allowed to return to school after agreeing to comply with it. The participants decided to violate this policy. Hope and Paul Tinker were not in violation of the policy, since the policy was not applicable to elementary schools, and were not punished. No violence or disruption was proven to have occurred due to the students wearing the armbands. Mary Beth Tinker and Christopher Eckhardt were suspended from school for wearing the armbands on December 16 and John Tinker was suspended for doing the same on the following day.

Legal precedents and issues
Previous decisions, such as West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette, had established that students did have some constitutional protections in public school. This case was the first time that the court set forth standards for safeguarding public school students' free speech rights. This case involved symbolic speech, which was first recognized in Stromberg v. California.

Lower courts
A suit was filed after the Iowa Civil Liberties Union approached the Tinker family, and the ACLU agreed to help with the lawsuit. Dan Johnston was the lead attorney on the case.

The Des Moines Independent Community School District represented the school officials who suspended the students. The children's fathers filed suit in the U.S. District Court, which upheld the decision of the Des Moines school board.

A tie vote in the U.S. Court of Appeals for the 8th Circuit meant that the U.S. District Court's decision continued to stand, which forced the Tinkers and Eckhardts to appeal to the Supreme Court directly.

The only students involved in the lawsuit were Mary Beth Tinker, John Tinker, and Christopher Eckhardt. During the case, the Tinker family received hate mail, death threats, and other hateful messages.

The case was argued before the court on November 12, 1968. It was funded by the Des Moines residents Louise Noun, who was the president of the Iowa Civil Liberties Union, and her brother, Joseph Rosenfield, a businessman.

Majority opinion
The court's 7–2 decision in favor of the students held that the First Amendment applied to public schools, and that administrators would have to demonstrate constitutionally valid reasons for any specific regulation of speech in the classroom. Justice Abe Fortas wrote the majority opinion, holding that the speech regulation at issue in Tinker was "based upon an urgent wish to avoid the controversy which might result from the expression, even by the silent symbol of armbands, of opposition to this Nation's part in the conflagration in Vietnam." This decision made students and adults equal in terms of First Amendment rights while at school. Bethel School District v. Fraser and Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeier later rewrote this implication, limiting the freedoms granted to students.

The Court held that for school officials to justify censoring speech, they "must be able to show that [their] action was caused by something more than a mere desire to avoid the discomfort and unpleasantness that always accompany an unpopular viewpoint," that the conduct that would "materially and substantially interfere with the requirements of appropriate discipline in the operation of the school." The Court found that the actions of the Tinkers in wearing armbands did not cause disruption and held that their activity represented constitutionally protected symbolic speech. The Court ruled that First Amendment rights were not absolute, and could be withheld if there was a “carefully restricted circumstance.” Student speech that has the potential to cause disruption is not protected by Tinker.

Dissents
Justices Hugo Black and John M. Harlan II dissented. Black, who had long believed that disruptive "symbolic speech" was not constitutionally protected, wrote, "While I have always believed that under the First and Fourteenth Amendments neither the State nor the Federal Government has any authority to regulate or censor the content of speech, I have never believed that any person has a right to give speeches or engage in demonstrations where he pleases and when he pleases." Black argued that the Tinkers' behavior was indeed disruptive and declared, "I repeat that if the time has come when pupils of state-supported schools, kindergarten, can defy and flout orders of school officials to keep their minds on their own schoolwork, it is the beginning of a new revolutionary era of permissiveness in this country fostered by the judiciary."

Harlan dissented on the grounds that he "[found] nothing in this record which impugns the good faith of respondents in promulgating the armband regulation."

Subsequent jurisprudence
Tinker remains a viable and frequently cited court precedent, and court decisions citing Tinker have both protected and limited the scope of student free speech rights. Tinker was cited in the 1973 court case Papish v. Board of Curators of the University of Missouri, which ruled that the expulsion of a student for distributing a newspaper on campus containing what the school deemed to be "indecent speech" violated the First Amendment. In the 1986 court case Bethel School District v. Fraser, the Supreme Court ruled that a high school student's sexual innuendo-laden speech during a school assembly was not constitutionally protected. The court said the protection of student political speech created in the Tinker case did not extend to vulgar language in a school setting. The court ruled that similar language may be constitutionally protected if used by adults to make a political point, but that those protections did not apply to students in a public school.

Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeier was a 1988 court case where a high school principal blocked the school paper from publishing two articles about divorce and teenage pregnancy. The Supreme Court ruled that schools have the right to regulate the content of non-forum, school-sponsored newspapers under "legitimate pedagogical concerns." The court reasoned that the principal's editorial decision was justified because the paper was a non-public forum since it was school-sponsored and existed as a platform for students in a journalism class. The Court in Hazelwood said that under the doctrine of Perry Education Association v. Perry Local Educators Association, a 1982 court case that clarified the definition of a public forum, a school facility like a newspaper only qualifies as a public forum if school authorities make those facilities available for "indiscriminate use by the general public."

The Court's rulings in Fraser and Hazelwood state that a “substantial disruption” or infringing on the rights of other students was reason enough to restrict student freedom of speech or expression. Some experts argue that the three individual cases each act independently of one another and govern different types of student speech. It is argued that Fraser does not interfere with Tinker, since Fraser questions sexual speech while Tinker protects political speech. While some believe that Tinker's protections were overturned by Fraser and Kuhlmeier, others believe that the latter cases created exceptions to the Tinker ruling. Others argue that a broad reading of Tinker allows for viewpoint discrimination on certain topics of student speech.

In 2013, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit re-heard a case en banc that had been argued before a panel of three of its judges, considering whether middle school students could be prohibited from wearing bracelets promoting breast cancer awareness that were imprinted with "I ♥ Boobies! (Keep a Breast)." The Third Circuit cited Tinker when ruling that the school's ban on the bracelets violated the students' right to free speech because the bracelets were not plainly offensive or disruptive. The court also cited Fraser, saying the bracelets were not lewd speech. The Supreme Court later declined to take up the case.

Several cases have arisen from the modern display of the Confederate flag. Courts applying the "substantial disruption test" under Tinker have held that schools may prohibit students from wearing clothing with Confederate symbols. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit cited Tinker in the 2013 court case Hardwick v. Heyward to rule that prohibiting a student from wearing Confederate flag shirt did not violate the First Amendment because there was evidence that the shirt could cause disruption. Exceptions to this are the 2010 court case Defoe v. Spiva and the 2000 court case Castorina v. Madison County School Board. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit said in Castorina v. Madison County School Board that based on Tinker and other Supreme Court rulings, the school board could not ban Confederate flag T-shirts while other "controversial racial and political symbols" like the "X" symbol associated with Malcolm X and the African American Muslim movement were permitted. In Defoe v. Spiva, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit ruled that "racially hostile or contemptuous speech" can be restricted, even if it was not disruptive. This deviated from the Tinker ruling, which said the school's restriction of the Tinkers' speech was unconstitutional because it was not disruptive.

The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit applied Tinker in February 2014 to rule that a California school did not violate the First Amendment in Dariano v. Morgan Hill Unified School District, where a school banned American flag apparel during a Cinco de Mayo celebration. The school said they had enacted the ban due to a conflict caused by American flag apparel that had occurred at the event the previous year. The Ninth Circuit declined to re-hear the case en banc and the U.S. Supreme Court later declined to review the case.

A Pennsylvania high school cheerleader, who had been reprimanded by her school for using offensive language in a social media post that she made off-campus and outside school hours, filed suit against the school in 2017 claiming her First Amendment rights had been infringed. The district court ruled in her favor, and the school district appealed to the Third Circuit. There, the three-judge panel upheld the district ruling unanimously, but the majority stated that Tinker could never apply to off-campus speech made by a student, while Judge Thomas L. Ambro believed this was too broad a claim. The school petitioned to the Supreme Court, which ruled in June 2021 in Mahanoy Area School District v. B.L. to uphold the ruling in favor of the student, but overturning the decision of the Third Circuit in that Tinker may cover some parts of off-campus speech when the school has a compelling interest, such as for incidents of harassments or threats. However, the Supreme Court did not attempt to define when such off-campus speech fell under a school's compelling interest.

Tinker Tour
Mary Beth Tinker decided to embark on a tour around the United States, called the Tinker Tour, beginning in 2013 to "bring real-life civics lessons to students through the Tinker armband story and the stories of other young people." The tour is a project of the Student Press Law Center.


text:
Talk:X-SAMPA

Untitled
I set the layout of this page the way I did, as opposed to the more chart-based layout of SAMPA chart because I think the people needing a reference for X-SAMPA are more likely to be trying to read it than to form it, and alphabetical order would be simpler to find. Disagree? --Muke Tever 07:37, 1 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * I like this layout, it's less scary for users who come here to "decode" a pronunciation guide, much more user friendly.

 * Three things I would like to see:

 * the lowercase letters all set out, many people wont know the IPA, this article should cover X-SAMPA in it's entirety, not refer people to IPA charts
 * images of the IPA characters in the table, the IPA characters wont display on most people's computers - that's why X-SAMPA exists after all. Any idea where we can get these?  (We could just chop up an image of an IPA chart, if someone has one of those).
 * The example words written out in X-SAMPA as well. E.g.:
 * D - ð - voiced dental fricative - English then, [DEn]

fabiform | talk 14:47, 1 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Yeah... I'll see about setting to work on a chart for the lower-case letters. I wasn't sure about uploading images (especially for stuff that is technically text), but if it's necessary...    --Muke Tever 16:51, 1 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * IMHO it would be useful. The vast majority of the IPA symbols come up as boxes for me.  If you have a chart, I'd be happy to do the chopping up.  :)  fabiform | talk 16:54, 1 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * There's IPA charts (and nice ones too) under the article International Phonetic Alphabet. There's also a comparison chart marked with X-SAMPA symbols beside the IPA ones, which is already linked to under this article.  (Note that a couple of distinctions X-SAMPA marks as diacritics, are technically different characters under the IPA, e.g. the retroflexes... The reverse is also true, e.g. in the case of X-SAMPA /5/ for l with tilde through.)  --Muke Tever 09:44, 2 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Why on earth didn't I think of looking there?! I'll start chopping it up now.  :)  fabiform | talk 11:16, 2 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * I'd like to see the spelled out lowercase letters as well (probably could be done with a fairly low amount of cut'n'paste, I just don't have the time right now). Why to upload characters as pictures when the IPA fonts are downloadable? At least I tend to remember its links in the IPA/sampa articles. Pictures are ugly: they're not in the right resolution, cannot be resized correctly and they're not IPA characters but pictures, so one cannot use the article to actually copy the character in other articles.

 * The article could use some examples from popular languages to show how to use the system.

 * I'll see about putting some together. --Muke Tever 17:56, 2 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * I hope you don't mind my border around the tables. I tried center as well but it looks ugly. --grin 14:17, 2004 Mar 2 (UTC)

 * Don't worry, I'm not going to replace the IPA text, but put in a row of images as well. Not everybody will be using computers which they have administrator priviliges on remember, and plenty of people won't know about downloading fonts.  fabiform | talk 14:29, 2 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Since we're organising this chart quite differently to the IPA one, do you think it would be a good idea to merge the Backslashed symbols with the upper- and lowercase letter tables? I was thinking of putting the letters followed by ` in with the upper and lowercase tables too, or do you think these would get too long?

Like this:

fabiform | talk 17:14, 2 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * That seems like a good idea, and I can't see anything wrong with it other than it feels slightly less organized. If you do this it should be noted somewhere that symbols with a following backslash are separate symbols not necessarily related to their unbackslasheds, so that people trying to parse, e.g., [r\`] don't stop at [r] and parse it as some kind of retroflex trill.  Actually that should be noted anyway, I'll do it now.  --Muke Tever 17:56, 2 Mar 2004 (UTC)

It looks like one of us (me?) has made a mistake with X\ and x\, can you check which is which because at the moment they conflict. Not being able to see the IPA font is a slight handicap for me. :) fabiform | talk 18:06, 2 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * It was my mistake, sorted now. :) fabiform | talk 22:16, 2 Mar 2004 (UTC)

I see different IPA1 and IPA2 chars at 3\, they're mirrored. Maybe my charset is buggy, maybe the article. --grin 02:29, 2004 Mar 3 (UTC)

 * You're right. Mistake on my part (i.e., in the text... the image was correct)  It's sposta be a sort of closed three (hence the mnemonic value of 3\).   Fixed now. --Muke Tever 04:12, 3 Mar 2004 (UTC)

I've been adding the SAMPA after the example words in English and French (I hope I've got them right!), I don't think we have any other dictionaries in the house to help me with the other languages.

I realised that we've not covered dipthongs, I think we should if this is going to be user-friendly. I mean [n@U] doesn't exactly look like it's going to translate to "no" for the average user. Shall I take the dipthongs from the English SAMPA page, or are they two language specific? Are there dipthongs for other languages? fabiform | talk 23:40, 3 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Missing symbols
While cross-checking Hungarian X-SAMPA chart to be I noticed several missing IPA/SAMPA symbols.

 * ʦ, LSL Ts Digraph
 * ʧ, LSL Tesh Digraph
 * ʣ, LSL Dz Digraph
 * ʤ, LSL Dezh Digraph

These are not diphtongs but normal phonemes (morphemes? I always mix them up).

''The one you want here is "phoneme", but technically they're neither; they're symbols for specific "phones": the unit of linguistically-significant sound. A phone's symbol may also be used to represent a specific phoneme in a given language, but a phoneme is a more abstract concept: it's the "underlying" sound that a speaker has in their head, as opposed to what actually comes out. For instance, English has a phoneme /p/ that comes out as [p_h] at the beginning of words and bare [p] elsewhere; /b/ is normally [b] but is [b_0] when whispering. We know that /p/ and /b/ are distinct because of minimal pairs like "pat" and "bat" and "fob" and "fop"; but the different /p/'s are "the same sound" because they never distinguish words. The phonetic result of two phonemes together may also be different than their results individually; phonemically, "cucumber" starts with /kju/, but phonetically it may come out as [c_hCu].''

As far as I see they're not on the normal IPA chart, so I guess they doesn't even exist. :) So, um, what now? --grin 10:53, 2004 Mar 11 (UTC)

Normally, such sounds - called affricates'' - may be indicated by simply putting the two symbols together, as long as the distinction between the affricate and the corresponding stop+fricative pair is not germane to the discussion. If such a distinction must be preserved, the affricate may be indicated by tying the two symbols graphically, with an arc much like the tie used in musical notation. The digraphs are a recognized variant of the tied notation, allowed by but not part of the IPA.''

 * According to the X-SAMPA specs, there are basically two options: mark them as /ts tS dz dZ/ plain, and if you need to differentiate clusters, use /t-s t-S/ etc for the clusters (which is what hyphen "separator" is for) -- the other option is to mark the digraph phonemes explicitly as /t_s t_S/ etc. (the diacritics _s _S _z _Z are "reserved" so as not to clash with this kind of use) and leave the clusters as unmarked /ts dz/ etc. The first is probably more readable.   --Muke Tever 17:16, 11 Mar 2004 (UTC)

I reverted a series of edits by an anonymous user today, they might have contained some useful edits, so someone might want to check them over. I reverted because of his/her use of "Amerikkkan", which made me doubt the content of all his/her edits to this page. fabiform | talk 19:07, 12 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Voiceless versus unvoiced
I disagree with the change of "voiceless" to "unvoiced". While they may for the most part be synonymous, "unvoiced" is ambiguous terminology, which could suggest either "voiceless" or "devoiced" sounds (the latter being a process affecting voiced sounds, which may still retain lenis articulation; the _0 diacritic is generally used to represent this). In addition, both X-SAMPA and the IPA use the term "voiceless". Unless there's a reason for "unvoiced" it should be changed back. —Muke Tever 02:29, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * OK, I understand what you mean. Now... is there a case when you can have both a devoiced and a voiceless variants of a voiced sound?

 * Apparently some Dutch accents have [v_0] and [f], according to.

 * What about the other way around: using the _v diacritic on an initially voiceless sound, does it produce the exact same sound as the corresponding voiced sound? That is, in the case of alveolar fricatives, is [s_v] the same as [z]? Or is it the case that the first one is fortis and the second one lenis?

 * I suppose it depends on the language. Presumably the choice of using [_v] instead of a voiced character indicates the ordinary voiced character is unsuitable somehow, but alternatively it may be for consistency in representation of a morpheme (as if one wanted to represent knife, knives as /naIf, naIf_vz/).   But honestly I do not see [_v] used much, so I can't say.

 * The "Voiced" and "Voiceless" diacritives are usually used in strict phonetic rendering to show a sound that is treated as a (say) voiceless phoneme but effectively pronounced voiced AFAIK --199.202.104.120 19:42, 7 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * After changing them back to 'voiceless'... What do you suggest we do with the previously existing 'unvoiced' entries? It doesn't seem right to use both terms in the same list so... should we then turn those into voiceless/devoiced?
 * --Danakil

 * Presumably the terminology should mirror the official X-SAMPA terms, so 'voiceless' in all cases. (I hadnt noticed there were "unvoiced"s in there before.) —Muke Tever 17:28, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Done. Thanks for pointing this out. --Danakil

Handy comparison chart
This IPA/X-SAMPA comparison image was made by a friend of mine. I uploaded it to Image:X-sampa.gif. It's very handy. Maybe it can be incorporated into the article somehow.--Sonjaaa 03:00, Sep 12, 2004 (UTC)
 * That link doesn't seem to go anywhere, Sonjaaa. I'm assuming you mean KT's chart? There is a link for that in External Links. --Actually, I just removed the link there to http://www.diku.dk/hjemmesider/studerende/thorinn/xsamchart.gif, and replaced it with http://www.conmicro.cx/~kturtle/language/xsamchart.gif, since the latter is the current, more or less maintained, version. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.115.21.42 (talk) 03:14, 2 February 2006 (UTC)
 * The latter link now lands on a UK gambling website, and the other gives a page not found (404) error, so neither of them is any use for people who want to compare or convert between IPA and X-SAMPA. yoyo (talk) 07:33, 14 October 2019 (UTC)
 * Given they're 13 years old it would be surprising if either of them worked. But luckily Wayback Machine has it saved. Nardog (talk) 08:25, 14 October 2019 (UTC)

Danish pronunciation
I have an objection to Danish vælge ["vElG@]. This is a very old-fashioned way to pronounce the word - a more contemporary way is ["vElj@]. Maybe "væge" [vEG@] is better, but the [G] sound is nowadays used only in very formal Danish. Danish stød is only pronounced [sd2?] in certain dialects - I presume the editor intended a reference to the article about Stød. --Apus 10:25, 23 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Yep, the velar fricative is ridiculously old-fashioned and I've removed it. Mr KEBAB (talk) 22:19, 2 May 2017 (UTC)

Asterisk?
(Note that it is a convention among some conlangers to use an asterisk (e.g., O*) instead of backslash). -- What's the source for this statement? I'm a long-standing member of the conlanging community and I've never come across this convention, nor has anyone I've asked about it. 84.70.22.61 12:28, 9 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Id like to second this. Ive never come across this in standard or occasional usage.--ATG 14:54, 12 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Likewise here; never seen or heard of this usage, so as I'm fixing other things here I'll remove this too. – Anon, 20/08/06
 * I'm not surprised if some people use asterisk instead of backslash. I think using backslash in an ASCII transcipt wasn't a very lucky idea, as this can (and indeed does) sometimes cause problems in programs that interpret it as an escape character. E.g. you cannot use backslash this way in Emu. --Kgeza7 (talk) 15:26, 6 April 2009 (UTC)

CXS ambiguity?
I just noticed Conlang X-SAMPA not only extends, but also conflicts with the official X-SAMPA, on the meaning of &. Since people looking for the charts may not know about this (I didn't, and I find it a little odd the X-SAMPA encodings for the four redefined vowels don't appear on the CNX-augmented chart), it may be helpful to point out this difference/incompatibility a little clearer.

Chart, again
I'm setting up one of the fancy IPA charts on my talk page as a reference that I can use to go from IPA to X-SAMPA. Would it (once it's both complete and with its other two main charts) be useful here for others who want to use a phonetic alphabet but don't have a keyboard with, say, "ŋ" on it?

Adiabatic 01:45, 4 May 2007 (UTC)
 * As a reference I think it's a brilliant idea. Well done! It's a bit less useful than it could have been, now that Unicode IPA fonts are easily available and UTF-8 support is catching on on the Internet, but I think it's wonderful. --Kjoonlee 22:24, 11 May 2007 (UTC)

Sortable charts
You might like to experiment with adding the parameter "sortable" in the Wikitable header (ie simply changing class="wikitable" to class="wikitable sortable"). This makes it easier to find the symbols by the shape of the IPA or the description of the sounds. Alternatively, the examples could be grouped by language. Just a suggestion: the article is very good as it stands.

You can see a couple of examples of this technique in Spelling in Gwoyeu Romatzyh. --NigelG (or Ndsg) | Talk 18:42, 3 January 2008 (UTC)

Scat?
Do we really need "scat" as the example for /k/? I am guessing it used to be cat before some vandalism? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.10.193.6 (talk) 02:52, 9 August 2008 (UTC)
 * the sound at the beginning of "cat" is actually aspirated in English ([k_h] in X-SAMPA), so it wouldn't be accurate to use cat as an example of pure [k]. --86.135.181.146 (talk) 23:56, 16 October 2008 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: page moved. Angr (talk) 17:59, 22 June 2012 (UTC)

Extended Speech Assessment Methods Phonetic Alphabet → X-SAMPA – An user (see history) moved this page from the original X-SAMPA to the current page, by expanding an acronym that a few people in the world know (only the original members of the very old ESPRIT project 2589 SAM). This makes the page inconsistent with similar pages in the other languages and not really necessary (is like to move IBM to International Business Machines). I propose to restore the original X-SAMPA name. Thank you. Relisted. Jenks24 (talk) 11:19, 22 June 2012 (UTC) Nonna Abelarda (talk) 07:33, 13 June 2012 (UTC)
 * I went ahead and moved it in the absence of any objections. Angr (talk) 17:59, 22 June 2012 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Wrong Example for "M"
The example for M is a Korean word, apparently pronounced (eu), that doesn't use M in it's X-SAMPA notation. Suggest a different example or, if the notation is confused and in reality does include a close back unrounded vowel, the correct pronunciation. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 180.57.62.4 (talk) 13:33, 19 September 2013 (UTC)
 * The Korean word is transliterated eu but it's pronounced, or [M] in X-SAMPA. Aɴɢʀ (talk) 19:46, 19 September 2013 (UTC)

X-SAMPA and SAMPA
Is SAMPA a subset of X-SAMPA (or is X-SAMPA a superset of SAMPA)? Error (talk) 22:54, 12 November 2022 (UTC)
 * Neither. SAMPA is language-dependent and thus has many forms, and X-SAMPA is not. Nardog (talk) 23:13, 12 November 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:X-SAMPA


text:
User talk:Mike40033

Hi there. Welcome to Wikipedia! Drop us a note at New user log to introduce yourself.

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Happy editing, Isomorphic 07:39, 1 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Hi again. Thanks for your note on the new user log.  If you're interested in contributing some of your mathematical knowledge, you might be interested in the utilities at WikiProject Mathematics.  Good luck.  Isomorphic 05:36, 2 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Hi Mike, nice to see another bird article contributor, especially from a prt of the world which is poorly covered at present. Now all we need is a South American!

jimfbleak

The Humungous Image Tagging Project
Hi. You've helped with the WikiProject Wiki Syntax, so I thought it worth alerting you to the latest and greatest of Wikipedia fixing project, User:Yann/Untagged Images, which is seeking to put copyright tags on all of the untagged images. There are probably, oh, thirty thousand or so to do (he said, reaching into the air for a large figure). But hey: they're images ... you'll get to see lots of random pretty pictures. That must be better than looking for at at and the the, non? You know you'll love it. best wishes --Tagishsimon (talk)

Untagged images
Hi. You uploaded Image:Circogoniaicosahedra ekw.jpg but did not list any copyright information on the image description page. Please mark it either as GFDL or public domain. See Image_copyright_tags for more info. Please note that images without copyright information may be deleted in the future. Thanks. RedWolf 19:00, Dec 23, 2004 (UTC)

untaggedimages-bl
Sweet job on adding sections to that page. Good move! --MaxPower 14:37, 2005 Jan 11 (UTC)

1 E60 m³
Hi there. Another editor has added the "prod" template to the article 1 E60 m³, suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. All contributions are appreciated, but the editor doesn't believe it satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and has explained why in the article (see also What Wikipedia is not and Importance). Please either work to improve the article if the topic is worthy of inclusion in Wikipedia, or, if you disagree, discuss the relevant issues at Talk:1 E60 m³. If you remove the prod template, the article will not be deleted, but note that it may still be sent to Articles for deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached. NickelShoe (Talk) 22:07, 23 April 2006 (UTC)

Regular polytope FAR
Regular polytope has been nominated for a featured article review. Articles are typically reviewed for two weeks. Please leave your comments and help us to return the article to featured quality. If concerns are not addressed during the review period, articles are moved onto the Featured Article Removal Candidates list for a further period, where editors may declare "Keep" or "Remove" the article from featured status. The instructions for the review process are here. Reviewers' concerns are here. Sandy (Talk) 23:29, 21 December 2006 (UTC)

abstract polytope references
Sure, go ahead and add the references to it and make a note on my talk page, then I'll go 'wikify' them for you. Just add them in whatever format you want or happen to be familiar with. Felisse (talk) 21:06, 15 February 2008 (UTC)

Abstract polytopes
You have previously contributed to the Abstract polytope article. If you feel able, please contribute to the discussion on Notation, where I am hoping to resolve a long-standing dispute. Many thanks in anticipation. — Cheers, Steelpillow (Talk) 14:41, 17 July 2010 (UTC)

The bogus term "polychoron"
Well, no, Mike, Wikipedia's technical articles indeed aspire to stick to standard terminology, and Wikipedia is the wrong place for someone's indiosyncratic coinage to be promoted. I have math credentials that qualify me to judge. If you cited a valid usage of this bogus term then

a) It must be very recent, because only a couple of months ago MathSciNet, which indexes keywords in all respected journals, had zero occurences of this coinage.

and

b) It is more than likely that the bogus occurrence of this bogus term in Wikipedia was what led naive young mathematicians to use it.

IF the term has any validity then let it catch on among mathematicians first. Since that is extremely far from what has happened to date, I suggest you stick to terms that are actually used by experts in a field.

Wikipedia has a big responsibility that you seem to be oblivious to, and that is to not make stuff up.Daqu (talk) 05:14, 10 July 2011 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
Hi, You appear to be eligible to vote in the current Arbitration Committee election. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to enact binding solutions for disputes between editors, primarily related to serious behavioural issues that the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the ability to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate, you are welcome to review the candidates' statements and submit your choices on the voting page. For the Election committee, MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 22:13, 30 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mike40033