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Cultural assimilation

Cultural assimilation is the process in which a minority group or culture comes to resemble a society's majority group or assimilates the values, behaviors, and beliefs of another group whether fully or partially.

The different types of cultural assimilation include full assimilation and forced assimilation. Full assimilation is the more prevalent of the two, as it occurs spontaneously. When used as a political ideology, assimilationism refers to governmental policies of deliberately assimilating ethnic groups into the national culture.

During cultural assimilation, minority groups are expected to adapt to the everyday practices of the dominant culture through language and appearance as well as via more significant socioeconomic factors such as absorption into the local cultural and employment communities.

Some types of cultural assimilation resemble acculturation in which a minority group or culture completely assimilates into the dominant culture in which defining characteristics of the minority culture are less obverse or outright disappear; while in other types of cultural assimilation such as cultural integration mostly found in multicultural communities, a minority group within a given society adopts aspects of the dominant culture through either cultural diffusion or for practical reason like adapting to another society's social norms while retaining their original culture. A conceptualization describes cultural assimilation as similar to acculturation while another merely considers the former as one of the latter's phases. Throughout history there have been different forms of cultural assimilation examples of types of acculturation include voluntary and involuntary assimilation.

Assimilation could also involve the so-called additive acculturation wherein, instead of replacing the ancestral culture, an individual expands their existing cultural repertoire.

Overview
Cultural assimilation may involve either a quick or a gradual change depending on the circumstances of the group. Full assimilation occurs when members of a society become indistinguishable from those of the dominant group in society.

Whether a given group should assimilate is often disputed by both members of the group and others in society. Cultural assimilation does not guarantee social alikeness. Geographical and other natural barriers between cultures, even if created by the predominant culture, may be culturally different. Cultural assimilation can happen either spontaneously or forcibly, the latter when more dominant cultures use various means aimed at forced assimilation.

Various types of assimilation, including forced cultural assimilation, are particularly relevant regarding Indigenous groups during colonialism taking place between the 18th, 19th, and 20th centuries. This type of assimilation included religious conversion, separation of families, changes of gender roles, division of property among foreign power, elimination of local economies, and lack of sustainable food supply. Whether via colonialism or within one nation, methods of forced assimilation are often unsustainable, leading to revolts and collapses of power to maintain control over cultural norms. Often, cultures that are forced into different cultural practices through forced cultural assimilation revert to their native practices and religions that differ from the forced cultural values of other dominant powers. In addition throughout history, voluntary assimilation is often in response to pressure from a more predominant culture, and conformity is a solution for people to remain in safety. An example of voluntary cultural assimilation would be during the Spanish Inquisition, when Jews and Muslims accepted the Roman Catholic Church as their religion, but meanwhile, many people still privately practised their traditional religions. That type of assimilation is used to convince a dominant power that a culture has peacefully assimilated yet often voluntary assimilation does not mean the group fully conforms to the accepted cultural beliefs.

The term "assimilation" is often used about not only indigenous groups but also immigrants settled in a new land. A new culture and new attitudes toward the original culture are obtained through contact and communication. Assimilation assumes that a relatively-tenuous culture gets to be united into one unified culture. That process happens through contact and accommodation between each culture. The current definition of assimilation is usually used to refer to immigrants, but in multiculturalism, cultural assimilation can happen all over the world and within varying social contexts and is not limited to specific areas.

Immigrant assimilation
Social scientists rely on four primary benchmarks to assess immigrant assimilation: socioeconomic status, geographic distribution, second language attainment, and intermarriage. William A.V. Clark defines immigrant assimilation in the United States as "a way of understanding the social dynamics of American society and that it is the process that occurs spontaneously and often unintended in the course of interaction between majority and minority groups."

Studies have also noted the positive effects of immigrant assimilation. A study by Bleakley and Chin (2010) found that people who arrived in the US at or before the age of nine from non-English speaking countries tend to speak English at a similar level as those from English speaking countries. Conversely, those who arrived after nine from non–English speaking countries have much lower speaking proficiency and this increases linearly with age at arrival. The study also noted sociocultural impacts such as those with better English skills are less likely to be currently married, more likely to divorce, have fewer children, and have spouses closer to their age. Learning to speak English well is estimated to improve income by over 33 percent. A 2014 study done by Verkuyten found that immigrant children who adapt through integration or assimilation are received more positively by their peers than those who adapt through marginalization or separation.

Perspective of dominant culture
There has been little to no existing research or evidence that demonstrates whether and how immigrant's mobility gains—assimilating to a dominant country such as language ability, socioeconomic status etc.— causes changes in the perception of those who were born in the dominant country. This essential type of research provides information on how immigrants are accepted into dominant countries. In an article by Ariela Schachter, titled "From "different" to "similar": an experimental approach to understanding assimilation", a survey was taken of white American citizens to view their perception of immigrants who now resided in the United States. The survey indicated the whites tolerated immigrants in their home country. White natives are open to having "structural" relation with the immigrants-origin individuals, for instance, friends and neighbors; however, this was with the exception of black immigrants and natives and undocumented immigrants. However, at the same time, white Americans viewed all non-white Americans, regardless of legal status, as dissimilar.

A similar journal by Jens Hainmueller and Daniel J. Hopkins titled "The Hidden American Immigration Consensus: A Conjoint Analysis of Attitudes toward Immigrants" confirmed similar attitudes towards immigrants. The researchers used an experiment to reach their goal which was to test nine theoretical relevant attributes of hypothetical immigrants. Asking a population-based sample of U.S. citizens to decide between pairs of immigrants applying for admission to the United States, the U.S. citizen would see an application with information for two immigrants including notes about their education status, country, origin, and other attributes. The results showed Americans viewed educated immigrants in high-status jobs favourably, whereas they view the following groups unfavourably: those who lack plans to work, those who entered without authorization, those who are not fluent in English and those of Iraqi descent.

Adaptation to new country
As the number of international students entering the US has increased, so has the number of international students in US colleges and universities. The adaptation of these newcomers is important in cross-cultural research. In the study "Cross-Cultural Adaptation of International College Student in the United States" by Yikang Wang, the goal was to examine how the psychological and socio-cultural adaptation of international college students varied over time. The survey contained a sample of 169 international students attending a coeducational public university. The two subtypes of adaptation: psychological and socio-cultural were examined. Psychological adaptation refers to "feelings of well-being or satisfaction during cross-cultural transitions;" while socio-cultural refers to the ability to fit into the new culture. The results for both graduate and undergraduate students show both satisfaction and socio-cultural skills changed over time. Psychological adaptation had the most significant change for a student who has resided in the US for at least 24 months while socio-cultural adaptation steadily increased over time. It can be concluded that eventually over time, the minority group will shed some of their culture's characteristic when in a new country and incorporate new culture qualities. Also, it was confirmed that more time spent in a new country would result in becoming more accustomed to the dominant countries' characteristics.

Figure 2 demonstrates as the length of time resided in the United States increase—the dominant country, the life satisfaction and socio-cultural skill increase as well—positive correlation.

In turn, research by Caligiuri's group, published in 2020, shows that one semester of classroom experiential activities designed to foster international and domestic student social interaction serve to foster international students’ sense of belonging and social support.

In a study by Viola Angelini, "Life Satisfaction of Immigrant: Does cultural assimilation matter?", the theory of assimilation as having benefits for well-being. The goal of this study was to assess the difference between cultural assimilation and the subjective well-being of immigrants. The journal included a study that examined a "direct measure of assimilation with a host culture and immigrants' subjective well-being." Using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel, it was concluded that there was a positive correlation between cultural assimilation and an immigrant's life's satisfaction/wellbeing even after discarding factors such as employment status, wages, etc. "Life Satisfaction of Immigrant: Does cultural assimilation matter?" also confirms "association with life satisfaction is stronger for established immigrants than for recent ones." It was found that the more immigrants that identified with the German culture and who spoke the fluent national language—dominant country language, the more they reported to be satisfied with their lives. Life satisfaction rates were higher for those who had assimilated to the dominant country than those who had not assimilated since those who did incorporate the dominant language, religion, psychological aspects, etc.

Willingness to assimilate and cultural shock
In the study "Examination of cultural shock, intercultural sensitivity and willingness to adopt" by Clare D’Souza, the study uses a diary method to analyze the data collected. The study involved students undergoing a study abroad tour. The results show negative intercultural sensitivity is much greater in participants who experience "culture shock." Those who experience culture shock have emotional expression and responses of hostility, anger, negativity, anxiety frustration, isolation, and regression. Also, for one who has traveled to the country before permanently moving, they would have predetermined beliefs about the culture and their status within the country. The emotional expression for this individual includes excitement, happiness, eagerness, and euphoria.

Another article titled "International Students from Melbourne Describing Their Cross-Cultural Transitions Experiences: Culture Shock, Social Interaction, and Friendship Development" by Nish Belford focuses on cultural shock. Belford interviewed international students to explore their experience after living and studying in Melbourne, Australia. The data collected were narratives from the students that focused on variables such as "cultural similarity, intercultural communication competence, intercultural friendship, and relational identity to influence their experiences."

United States
Between 1880 and 1920, the United States took in roughly 24 million immigrants. This increase in immigration can be attributed to many historical changes. The beginning of the 21st century has also marked a massive era of immigration, and sociologists are once again trying to make sense of the impacts that immigration has on society and on the immigrants themselves.

Assimilation had various meanings in American sociology. Henry Pratt Fairchild associates American assimilation with Americanization or the "melting pot" theory. Some scholars also believed that assimilation and acculturation were synonymous. According to a common point of view, assimilation is a "process of interpretation and fusion" from another group or person. That may include memories, behaviors, and sentiments. By sharing their experiences and histories, they blend into the common cultural life. A related theory is structural pluralism proposed by American sociologist Milton Gordon. It describes the American situation wherein despite the cultural assimilation of ethnic groups to mainstream American society, they maintained structural separation. Gordon maintained that there is limited integration of the immigrants into American social institutions such as educational, occupational, political, and social cliques.

During The Colonial Period from 1607 to 1776, individuals immigrated to the British colonies on two very different paths—voluntary and forced migration. Those who migrated to the colonies on their own volition were drawn by the allure of cheap land, high wages, and the freedom of conscience in British North America. On the latter half, the largest population of forced migrants to the colonies was African slaves. Slavery was different from the other forced migrations as, unlike in the case of convicts, there was no possibility of earning freedom, although some slaves were manumitted in the centuries before the American Civil War. The long history of immigration in the established gateways means that the place of immigrants in terms of class, racial, and ethnic hierarchies in the traditional gateways is more structured or established, but on the other hand, the new gateways do not have much immigration history and so the place of immigrants in terms of class, racial, and ethnic hierarchies are less defined, and immigrants may have more influence to define their position. Secondly, the size of the new gateways may influence immigrant assimilation. Having a smaller gateway may influence the level of racial segregation among immigrants and native-born people. Thirdly, the difference in institutional arrangements may influence immigrant assimilation. Traditional gateways, unlike new gateways, have many institutions set up to help immigrants such as legal aid, bureaus, and social organizations. Finally, Waters and Jimenez have only speculated that those differences may influence immigrant assimilation and the way researchers that should assess immigrant assimilation.

Furthermore, the advancement and integration of immigrants into the United States has accounted for 29% of U.S. population growth since 2000. Recent arrival of immigrants to the United States has been examined closely over the last two decades. The results show the driving factors for immigration including citizenship, homeownership, English language proficiency, job status, and earning a better income.

Canada
Canada's multicultural history dates back to the period European colonization from the 16th to 19th centuries, with waves of ethnic European emigration to the region. In the 20th century, Indian, Chinese and Japanese were the largest immigrant groups.

20th century–present: Shift from assimilation to integration
Canada remains one of the largest immigrant populations in the world. The 2016 census recorded 7.5 million documented immigrants, representing a fifth of the country's total population. Focus has shifted from a rhetoric of cultural assimilation to cultural integration. In contrast to assimilationism, integration aims to preserve the roots of a minority society while still allowing for smooth coexistence with the dominant culture.

Australia
Legislation applying the policy of "protection" over Aboriginal Australians (separating them from white society ) was adopted in some states and territories of Australia when they were still colonies, before the federation of Australia: in the Victoria in 1867, Western Australia in 1886, and Queensland in 1897. After federation, New South Wales crafted their policy in 1909, South Australia and the Northern Territory (which was under the control and of South Australia at the time) in 1910–11. Mission stations missions and Government-run Aboriginal reserves were created, and Aboriginal people moved onto them. Legislation restricted their movement, prohibited alcohol use and regulated employment. The policies were reinforced in the first half of the 20th century (when it was realized that Aboriginal people would not die out or be fully absorbed in white society ) such as in the provisions of the Welfare Ordinance 1953, in which Aboriginal people were made wards of the state. "Part-Aboriginal" (known as half-caste) children were forcibly removed from their parents in order to educate them in European ways; the girls were often trained to be domestic servants. The protectionist policies were discontinued, and assimilationist policies took over. These proposed that "full-blood" Indigenous Australians should be allowed to “die out”, while "half-castes" were encouraged to assimilate into the white community. Indigenous people were regarded as inferior to white people by these policies, and often experienced discrimination in the predominantly white towns after having to move to seek work.

Between 1910 and 1970, several generations of Indigenous children were removed from their parents, and have become known as the Stolen Generations. The policy has done lasting damage to individuals, family and Indigenous culture.

At the 1961 Native Welfare Conference in Canberra, Australian federal and state government ministers formulated an official definition of "assimilation" of Indigenous Australians for government contexts. Federal territories minister Paul Hasluck informed the House of Representatives in April 1961 that: "The policy of assimilation means in the view of all Australian governments that all aborigines and part-aborigines are expected eventually to attain the same manner of living as other Australians and to live as members of a single Australian community enjoying the same rights and privileges, accepting the same responsibilities, observing the same customs and influenced by the same beliefs, hopes and loyalties as other Australians. Thus, any special measures taken for aborigines and part-aborigines are regarded as temporary measures not based on colour but intended to meet their need for special care and assistance to protect them from any ill effects of sudden change and to assist them to make the transition from one stage to another in such a way as will be favourable to their future social, economic and political advancement."

Brazil
In January 2019, the newly elected Brazil President Jair Bolsonaro stripped the Indigenous Affairs Agency FUNAI of the responsibility to identify and demarcate Indigenous lands. He argued that those territories have very tiny isolated populations and proposed to integrate them into the larger Brazilian society. According to the Survival International, "Taking responsibility for Indigenous land demarcation away from FUNAI, the Indian affairs department, and giving it to the Agriculture Ministry is virtually a declaration of open warfare against Brazil’s tribal peoples."

Canada 1800s–1990s: Forced assimilation
During the 19th and 20th centuries, and continuing until 1996, when the last Canadian Indian residential school was closed, the Canadian government, aided by Christian Churches began an assimilationist campaign to forcibly assimilate Indigenous peoples in Canada. The government consolidated power over Indigenous land through treaties and the use of force, eventually isolating most Indigenous peoples to reserves. Marriage practices and spiritual ceremonies were banned, and spiritual leaders were imprisoned. Additionally, the Canadian government instituted an extensive residential school system to assimilate children. Indigenous children were separated from their families and no longer permitted to express their culture at these new schools. They were not allowed to speak their language or practice their own traditions without receiving punishment. There were many cases of violence and sexual abuse committed by the Christian church. The Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada concluded that this effort amounted to cultural genocide. The schools actively worked to alienate children from their cultural roots. Students were prohibited from speaking their native languages, were regularly abused, and were arranged marriages by the government after their graduation. The explicit goal of the Canadian government, through the Catholic and Anglican churches, was to completely assimilate Indigenous peoples into broader Canadian society and destroy all traces of their native history.

Croatia and Transylvania
During Croatia’s personal union with Hungary, ethnic Croatians were pressured to abandon their traditional customs in favor of adopting elements of Hungarian culture, such as Catholicism and the Latin alphabet. Because of this, elements of Hungarian culture were considered part of Croatian culture, and can still be seen in modern Croatian culture.

Throughout the Kingdom of Hungary, many citizens, primarily those who belonged to minority groups, were forced to convert to Catholicism. The forced conversion policy was harshest in Croatia and Transylvania, where civilians could be sent to prison for refusing to convert. Romanian cultural anthropologist Ioan Lupaș claims that between 1002, when Transylvania became part of the Kingdom of Hungary, to 1300, approximately 200,000 non-Hungarians living in Transylvania were jailed for resisting Catholic conversion, and about 50,000 of them died in prison.

Mexico and Peru
A major contributor to cultural assimilation in South America began during exploration and colonialism that often is thought by Bartolomé de Las Casas to begin in 1492 when Europeans began to explore the Atlantic in search of "the Indies", leading to the discovery of the Americas. Europe remained dominant over the Americas' Indigenous populations as resources such as labor, natural resources i.e. lumber, copper, gold, silver, and agricultural products flooded into Europe, yet these gains were one-sided, as Indigenous groups did not benefit from trade deals with colonial powers. In addition to this, colonial metropoles such as Portugal and Spain required that colonies in South America assimilate to European customs – such as following the Holy Roman Catholic Church, acceptance of Spanish or Portuguese over Indigenous languages and accepting European-style government.

Through forceful assimilationist policies, colonial powers such as Spain used methods of violence to assert cultural dominance over Indigenous populations. One example occurred in 1519 when the Spanish explorer Hernán Cortés reached Tenochtitlán – the original capital of the Aztec Empire in Mexico. After discovering that the Aztecs practiced human sacrifice, Cortés killed high-ranked Aztecs and held Moctezuma II, the Aztec ruler, captive. Shortly after, Cortés began creating alliances to resume power in Tenochtitlán and renamed it Mexico City. Without taking away power through murder and spread of infectious diseases the Spanish conquistadores (relatively small in number) would not have been able to take over Mexico and convert many people to Catholicism and slavery. While Spaniards influenced linguistic and religious cultural assimilation among Indigenous peoples in South America during colonialism, many Indigenous languages such as the Incan language Quechua are still used in places such as Peru to this day by at least 4 million people.

New Zealand
In the course of the colonization of New Zealand from the late-18th century onwards, assimilation of the indigenous Maori population to the culture of incoming European visitors and settlers at first occurred spontaneously. Genetic assimilation commenced early and continued – the 1961 New Zealand census classified only 62.2% of Māori as "full-blood Maoris". (Compare Pākehā Māori.) Linguistic assimilation also occurred early and ongoingly: European settler populations adopted and adapted Māori words, while European languages affected Māori vocabulary (and possibly phonology).

In the 19th century colonial governments de facto encouraged assimilationist policies; by the late-20th century, policies favored bicultural development. Māori readily and early adopted some aspects of European-borne material culture (metals, muskets, potatoes relatively rapidly. Imported ideas – such as writing, Christianity, monarchy, sectarianism, everyday European-style clothing, or disapproval of slavery – spread more slowly. Later developments (socialism, anti-colonialist theory, New Age ideas ) have proven more internationally mobile. One long-standing view presents Māori communalism as unassimilated with European-style individualism.

title: Cultural assimilation


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Intelligent Whale

Intelligent Whale is an experimental hand-cranked submarine developed for potential use by the United States Navy in the 1860s.

History
Intelligent Whale was built on the design of Scovel Sturgis Merriam in 1863 by Augustus Price and Cornelius Scranton Bushnell. In 1864 the American Submarine Company was formed, taking over the interests of Bushnell and Price and there followed years of litigation over the ownership of the craft. Intelligent Whale was completed and launched in 1866. When title was established by a court the submarine was sold on 29 October 1869 through a contract made by owner Oliver Halstead and Secretary of the Navy George M. Robeson to the United States Navy Department, with most of the price to be paid after successful trials. In September 1872 the first trial was held and was unsuccessful, whereupon the Department refused further payments and abandoned the project.

Intelligent Whale submerged by filling water compartments, and expelled the water by pumps and compressed air. It was estimated that it could stay submerged for about ten hours. Thirteen crewmen could be accommodated, but only six were needed to make her operational. The only known trial, reported by submarine pioneer John Philip Holland, was made by a certain General Sweeney and two others. They submerged the boat in 16 ft of water and Sweeney, clad in a diver's suit, emerged through a hole in the bottom, placed a charge under a scow, and reentered the submarine. The charge was exploded by a lanyard and a friction primer attached to the charge, sinking the scow.

Following the failed trial in 1872, Intelligent Whale was put on display at the Brooklyn Navy Yard and remained there until 1968 when she was moved to the Washington Navy Yard where she remained until being relocated to the National Guard Militia Museum of New Jersey in Sea Girt, New Jersey, where she is currently on display.

The U.S. Navy did not accept a submarine for service until the USS Holland was commissioned in 1900.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Intelligent Whale


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Harri Porten

Harri Porten (born 1972) is a software engineer. Porten, a KDE developer and former Trolltech employee, is the CEO of Froglogic, a consultancy company related to Qt development. He lives in Hamburg, Germany.

Porten originally wrote the KJS JavaScript engine for Konqueror, the KDE project's file manager and web browser. KJS was eventually used by Apple as the basis for JavaScriptCore. He also contributed to the development of KPPP, the KDE project's Internet dialer.

Porten took part in the development of Qt, a GUI toolkit used by Windows, macOS, and X11 developers.

His company Froglogic is known for Squish, a professional cross-platform automated GUI testing framework for applications written using Qt.

title: Harri Porten


text:
Talk:Shock site/Last Measure

Note
This page was moved from Last Measure to preserve its history for GFDL purposes per Redirects for discussion/Log/2007 August 9 as content from it was merged into Shock site. This history is therefore needed for attribution should that merged content be restored in the future. WjBscribe 00:09, 18 August 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Shock site/Last Measure


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Assimilate

Assimilate is a 2019 American science fiction horror film directed by John Murlowski and starring Joel Courtney, Andi Matichak and Calum Worthy also with Mason McNulty and Cam Gigandet. It is a loose and unofficial adaptation of Jack Finney's 1954 novel The Body Snatchers.

Plot
Zach and Randy are two kids who run a YouTube channel dedicated to exploring their town somewhere in Missouri. However, they don't get as many views as they expect to, due to the fact that their town has nothing interesting going on. Zach is in love with a girl named Kayla, a lacrosse player over at the local high school, but she only regards him as a friend, she is concerned over soon having to study overseas as it means leaving her younger brother Joey since their parents don't have any time for him. During the day, Zach and Randy meet a neighbor, Ms. Bisette, who is concerned about a strange bug moving in an unnatural, synchronized pattern on her apples. They then notice a boy being dragged by his arm by his mother who the boy is screaming (to onlookers) that this woman is not his mother. But he is ignored on the basis he is just acting out.

One night, Zach and Randy hear screaming from Ms. Bisette's house, and when they go in, she screams that something bit her. However, the next day Ms. Bisette claims that nothing happened when questioned by Deputy Josh Haywood. Zach and Randy begin to see disturbing events unfold the next day, with the pastor and sheriff acting emotionless. However, Haywood dismisses the claims, telling the two not to cause any more trouble.

Outside, they run into Kayla, who is worried about the erratic behavior of her parents. Their suspicions are confirmed when Zach witnesses a bug running around the attic, with Kayla's mom's body in a hamper. However, Haywood finds nothing during a search the next day. Around that time, Kayla's mom comes, but also displays the same emotionless behavior. With no other choice, Zach, Randy, and Kayla leave, leaving behind Kayla's now clearly distressed younger brother Joey, greatly upsetting Kayla. The three go to Zach's farmhouse, where they see Zach's dad, an amputee, but he oddly gets up from his wheelchair, having been replaced by a copycat. The townspeople surround Zach and Randy and lock them in the farmhouse, putting two ice coolers in front of them. Zach then witnesses his mom being killed and "assimilated" by the bug. Luckily, Zach and Randy escape and with Kayla's help, run to Haywood's RV. By now, Haywood has begun to believe Zach and Randy, having killed his double. The four plan to radio the National Guard and send someone in, but the townspeople swarm the RV. In the ensuing chaos, Haywood is dragged out of the window and killed, and Randy leads the assimilated away as a distraction while Zach and Kayla run.

Kayla explains that there is a flower shop van that could serve as an escape vehicle. In order to reach it, they display the same emotions as the copies, fooling the doubles. They pass by the burned corpses of the townspeople, and Zach manages to get the keys. However, Kayla witnesses a process in which the kids are coerced by their parents to be bitten and copied. Kayla poses as a copy and finds Joey, but a single tear is seen by a copy and exposes her ruse. Zach is able to grab Kayla, but Joey runs off to a family cabin in the woods (Kayla having instructed him to). In the forest, Zach finds Randy, but it's revealed that Randy was killed and replaced with a copycat, and Kayla and Zach are forced to drown the copy. Zach makes a plan to upload another one of his vlogs to YouTube, hoping to tell the world what is happening. However, since both Zach and Kayla were bitten by the bugs earlier, their copies come to kill them. Zach and Kayla fend off their clones by flooding the room with carbon dioxide (distracting them with images on the monitors), suffocating them, and they are able to upload the vlog onto YouTube.

The two run into the woods into the cabin, where they find Joey staring at the TV screen, having escaped with both Kayla and Joey cuddling each other for comfort as they weep over being orphaned. In a reveal through TV displays, Zach and Kayla watch in horror as feeds from Washington, D.C., Beijing, Agra, Paris, London, New York and Tokyo show copies burning the corpses of dead humans and walking in the same emotionless state as previously seen. Zach, Kayla, and Joey realize their town was among the last to be hit by the copies.

The final scene shows the YouTube video comment section, where it's revealed that multiple people are still alive in different cities of the world, specifically Boston, Nanjing and Prague. However, the state of the Earth is unknown, with the copies now outnumbering the humans.

Cast

 * Joel Courtney as Zach Henderson
 * Calum Worthy as Randy Foster
 * Andi Matichak as Kayla Shepard
 * Mason McNulty as Joey Shepard
 * Katherine McNamara as Hannah
 * Cam Gigandet as Deputy Josh Haywood
 * Terry Dale Parks as Pastor Greg
 * Kyler Porche as Dylan

Reception
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of based on  reviews, with an average rating of.

Noel Murray of the Los Angeles Times wrote: "there’s nothing especially original about Assimilate. But director John Murlowski and a talented young cast … do at least keep the action lively and unpretentious."

title: Assimilate


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User:Sikilai

Other projects: Wikimedia Meta-Wiki

Hello dear friend. I'm German. But it's alright. :) --Sikilai 04:03, 5 Mar 2004 (UTC)

de:Benutzer:Sikilai simple:User:Sikilai

title: User:Sikilai


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Spey River

Spey River may refer to:

 * River Spey, Scotland, important for the scotch whisky distilleries along its banks
 * Spey River (Ontario)
 * Spey River (Southland) in New Zealand
 * Spey River (Tasman) in New Zealand

title: Spey River


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Talk:Digital image

Vector graphics
klasjfajsdkf by me!I do not think that it is useful to include 'vector graphics' as a class of 'digital images'. People who work in digital image processing do not work with vector graphics. Algorithms that are said to apply to 'digital images' do not apply to vector graphics.

'vector graphics' can be a kind of 'graphics device', or a class of (2D) 'geometric models'. Some '2d computer graphics' algorithms are specific for vector graphics. But they are not 'digital images'.

--Jorge Stolfi 04:09, 5 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * Since when are raster graphics the only type of digital image? Are vector graphics not images? Yes they are. Are they no digital? I would think that they are digital. There are separate articles for raster and vector graphics, so this article should not be just about raster graphics. And, why are there not images on this page? Althepal 04:04, 29 April 2007 (UTC)
 * I agree, this is a glaring omission. I just finished cleaning up the intro and realised there was no mention of vector-based graphics, which is plain wrong for an article which by definition should overview both raster and vector graphics: either may be the basis for a digital image. I'm not so well up on vector graphics, so if you'd like to include something back in, I'll check out getting some appropriate images. mikaultalk 12:25, 21 June 2007 (UTC)
 * The word digital means different thing. You probably think: "both raster and vector graphics produce images represented in digital form, therefore raster and vector images should be placed to the same category". But digital images are digital not because they are stored digitally. They are digital because they are digitized from real life images. This is a long-used term in digital image processing. And there is no way to get vector image directly from image sensor.--Avivanov76 (talk) 12:51, 14 October 2017 (UTC)
 * Warm greetings from 2024. The task and goal of being able to get an image description of a scan of an image is an old challenge - it is not accurate to say that there is "no way to get a vector image from" a scanned image. It was more difficult in the nineties but scanning into some descriptive format is getting more and more common, in varying fields/different images from 2d images, DTP & typesetting (OCR) to say music notation and varying forms of 3d scanning.
 * (That said, I am old-school and not a huge fan of the term 'digital' in this article. I would have liked just "computer imaging", but I am warming up to it) Chipbite-mawi (talk) 09:47, 20 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Came here to say that I think the following sentence is misleading at best but IMO it is simply false/incorrect:
 * > "Depending on whether the image resolution is fixed, it may be of vector or raster type."
 * I dont understand the point, so maybe it is me - if so it should be clarified. I can't see how resolution dictates vector or raster. There is no threshold in terms of resolution that separates raster vs vector approaches.
 * I think the sentence should be removed. Chipbite-mawi (talk) 09:52, 20 May 2024 (UTC)
 * If one wants to mention how resolution relates to the approaches, one could perhaps clarify instead that raster images have a fixed resolution (or something similar, not sure about phrase) and that "vector image approaches instead are independent from and do not directly relate to resolution but can be scaled to cater to different outputs." Chipbite-mawi (talk) 09:57, 20 May 2024 (UTC)

Cleanup time
This article has languished for a while. I've removed a lengthy account of the history of television as it was at best incidental and largely irrelevant to the article subject, being concerned with analog image processing. I've sourced instead an outline history, ignoring much earlier image processing (which was pretty much based around codifying, rather than digitizing, although if anyone feels different it could be mentioned I guess) and starting instead with the advent of advanced digital computers. I'll leave the re-inclusion of video game technology to anyone who can provide a source but I'd suggest mention of it was kept in proportion relative to imaging as a whole. The rest of the article is in serious need of a clean up, especially of the "vector" and "viewing" sections. I've tagged it accordingly. --mikaultalk 01:41, 27 August 2009 (UTC)

Projected Digital Image (PDI)
I started this section without much verification yet. (I'm surprised that it appears to be a new subject). I'm not sure whether this is the page for this section; I don't believe this topic needs it own page. A lot of work is needed for this topic, but not just in isolation. For example, a typical competition may use a Canon projector, yet neither the page for the Canon company, nor the page about their products, discusses their projectors (except a brief mention at 2004). I think the whole topic of photographic societies and their competitions and the tools (software and hardware) used for them needs more coverage across Wikipedia. This is "work in progress". Barry Pearson 08:46, 30 October 2011 (UTC)

 * Overhead_projector discusses earlier equipment used for the same purposes, without using the word "digital". Jim.henderson (talk) 09:12, 30 October 2011 (UTC)

So, I've looked around a little more, and agree that these topics are not yet well covered. However, I also think this is the wrong article. I mostly see this hardware in use in popular astronomy lectures, which is to be expected since those are my cup of tea. These particular image projectors seem to be video projectors as used in showing motion pictures. They work just as well for stillpix, and that article seems the right place for the hardware discussion.

I find articles already existing for animal shows, art exhibitions and the like, and a Category:Photography exhibitions which seems to lack a general lead article about photo shows and competitions. Perhaps you have already started writing it, in the form of your section of the present article, and need merely convert it into a stub article and expand it. Unless, that is, you find an existing article that can better use this material. Jim.henderson (talk) 00:20, 2 November 2011 (UTC)

 * Sinuhet: I'm almost sure this is not the right page. Digital image is a sequence of bits. Projectors and especially competitions cannot define it. Go ahead and create a new article for PDI.

title: Talk:Digital image


text:
Francisco de Ulloa

Francisco de Ulloa (died 1540) was a Spanish explorer who explored the west coast of present-day Mexico and the Baja California Peninsula under the commission of Hernán Cortés. Ulloa's voyage was among the first to disprove the cartographic misconception of the existence of the Island of California.

Exploring career
It is not known whether Ulloa accompanied Cortés on his first expedition to the New Spain. By the account of historian Bernal Díaz del Castillo, he came to Mexico later while transporting letters to Cortés from his wife. According to some early historians, Ulloa was influential in helping subdue the Aztec capital Tenochtitlan by naval power.

In 1539, at the private expense of Cortés, he embarked on an expedition in three small vessels, sailing north from Acapulco to explore the Pacific Coast, and to seek a sea route through the North American continent that supposedly led to the Gulf of St. Lawrence, proving the existence of a northern passage. The expedition left on July 8 sailing northwards along the coast and reaching the Gulf of California six weeks later. Ulloa named it the "Sea of Cortés" in honor of his patron. When one of his ships was lost in a storm Ulloa paused to repair the other two ships, and then resumed his voyage on September 12, eventually reaching the head of the Gulf.

Unable to find the through-continent route, Ulloa turned south and sailed along the eastern coast of the Baja California Peninsula, landing at the Bay of La Paz. After taking on supplies of wood and water Ulloa rounded the tip of the peninsula with great difficulty and sailed northward along the western shore in the Pacific Ocean.

The voyage eventually reached 28 degrees north near the Isla de Cedros. The fierce winds and high seas he encountered eventually stalled his progress. Accounts differ if Ulloa continued northward or if he turned around to return to New Spain. A personal letter to Cortés on April 5 seemed to indicate that he intended to continue northward, at which point his ship was lost. However, no records note the loss of his voyage, and the fact that later maps from the voyage of Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo included detail of this part of the peninsula indicate that Ulloa returned to New Spain and was able to confer with cartographers.

Díaz del Castillo maintains that Ulloa was able to return to port, and was stabbed to death by a soldier from his crew in 1540. However, in 1543, Cortés indicated that he believed Ulloa was alive as part of a legal investigation as to the whereabouts of the daughter of one of his former pilots, stating that "Ulloa had carried her off and could give the information better than he," casting further doubt on Ulloa's ultimate fate.

Although his discoveries showed that Baja California is a peninsula, legends and maps depicting California as an island persisted intermittently into the 18th century, indicating that Ulloa was unable to convince explorers or cartographers of his discovery.

title: Francisco de Ulloa


text:
Strait of Anián

The Strait of Anián was a semi-mythical strait, documented from around 1560, that was believed by early modern cartographers to mark the boundary between North America and Asia and to permit access to a Northwest Passage from the Arctic Ocean to the Pacific. The true strait was discovered in 1728 and became known as the Bering Strait. The Strait of Anián had been generally placed nearby, but sometimes appeared as far south as California.

History
The source of this idea is unknown. The Martin Waldseemüller map of 1506 or 1507 shows America and Asia separated. A 1562 map by Paolo Forlani shows Asia and North America joined north of about the latitude of San Diego. The strait probably took its name from Ania, a Chinese province mentioned in a 1559 edition of Marco Polo's book. The name probably first appeared on a map issued by the Italian cartographer Giacomo Gastaldi in 1562. It appeared on maps by Abraham Ortelius (1564), Bolognini Zaltieri (1567) and Gerardus Mercator (1567). The Zaltieri and Gastaldi maps show it narrow and crooked. Gastaldi and Ortelius have an "Ania" or "Anian" on the east side of the strait. A speculative map of 1578 shows Frobisher Strait extending all the way across Canada and ending at the Strait of Anián. Juan de Fuca, a Greek navigator, sailed in a Spanish expedition in 1592 to seek the fabled Strait of Anián. A 1719 map by Herman Moll shows the strait as a probable bay at 50° North, north of the Island of California. The 1726 edition of a map by Johannes van Keulen shows the strait north of the Island of California with the note that "They say that one can come through this strait to Hudson Bay, but this is not proven."

In popular culture
The Strait of Anián can be seen in the map of Brobdingnag featured in Jonathan Swift's classic novel Gulliver's Travels.

The Strait of Anián is mentioned in the Prologue of James Clavell's novel Shōgun as a possible destination for a sailing voyage undertaken by Francis Drake.

title: Strait of Anián


text:
User talk:Sikilai

Hi there. Welcome to Wikipedia! Drop us a note at New user log to introduce yourself.

If you need editing help, visit How does one edit a page. For format questions, visit our manual of style. You can use the Show preview button before you save, to make sure your edits do what you intended.

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If you have any other questions about the project then check out Help or add a question to the Village pump. You can also drop me a question on my talk page.

Happy editing, Isomorphic 04:12, 5 Mar 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Sikilai


text:
Brent Scowcroft

Brent Scowcroft (March 19, 1925 –August 6, 2020) was a United States Air Force officer who was a two-time United States National Security Advisor, first under U.S. President Gerald Ford and then under George H. W. Bush. He served as Military Assistant to President Richard Nixon and as Deputy Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs in the Nixon and Ford administrations. He served as Chairman of the President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board under President George W. Bush from 2001 to 2005, and advised President Barack Obama on choosing his national security team.

Early life and education
Scowcroft was born March 19, 1925, in Ogden, Utah, the son of Lucile (née Ballantyne) and James Scowcroft, a grocer and business owner. He was a descendant of early 19th-century British immigrants from England and Scotland, along with immigrants from Denmark and Norway. He elaborated upon his relationship with the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in a 1999 oral history: "I have close personal ties to some of the church leadership. They would not consider me a good Mormon. I don't live by all of the rules the Mormons like—I like a glass of wine and a cup of coffee. But yes, I do consider myself a Mormon. It's part of a religious and a cultural heritage."

Scowcroft received his undergraduate degree and commission in the United States Army Air Forces from the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York, in June 1947. With the establishment of an independent United States Air Force in September 1947, his commission transferred to the USAF. Scowcroft subsequently earned an MA (1953) and PhD (1967) in international relations from Columbia University.

Career

Having envisioned life as a fighter pilot following World War II, Scowcroft completed his pilot training in October 1948 following his commissioning as an Air Force Second Lieutenant in 1947 and received his Air Force Command Pilot Wings. However, on January 6, 1949, while on flight training with a North American P-51 Mustang, his aircraft experienced engine trouble after taking-off from Grenier Army Airfield, causing the plane to crash-land. Although his injuries were not critical, Scowcroft assumed that he would never fly again and considered another career within the Air Force. He served in a variety of operational and administrative positions from 1948 to 1953. In the course of his military career, he held positions at the Joint Chiefs of Staff, headquarters of the United States Air Force, and the Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs. His other assignments included: faculty positions at the United States Air Force Academy and the United States Military Academy, and Assistant Air Attaché in the American Embassy in Belgrade, Yugoslavia.

As a senior officer, General Scowcroft was assigned to Headquarters U.S. Air Force in the office of the Deputy Chief of Staff, Plans and Operations, and served in the Long Range Planning Division, Directorate of Doctrine, Concepts and Objectives from 1964 to 1966. He next attended the National War College at Fort McNair, followed by assignment in July 1968 to the Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs. In September 1969, he was reassigned to Headquarters U.S. Air Force in the Directorate of Plans as Deputy Assistant for National Security Council Matters. In March 1970 he joined the Joint Chiefs of Staff organization and became the Special Assistant to the Director of the Joint Staff.

Scowcroft was appointed Military Assistant to the President in February 1972; and was reassigned as Deputy Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs in January 1973. He was promoted to lieutenant general on August 16, 1974, and retired from active duty at that rank on December 1, 1975. He had, just a month earlier, during the Halloween Massacre, become the United States National Security Advisor (for him, the first time), replacing Henry Kissinger. Scowcroft's continued service in the Air Force would have been contingent on reconfirmation of his rank by the Senate, a distinction that National Security Advisor H. R. McMaster elected to pursue in 2018.

His military decorations and awards included the Air Force Distinguished Service Medal, the Legion of Merit with oak leaf cluster and the Air Force Commendation Medal.

On the 24th anniversary of the USS Liberty incident (in 1991), approximately 50 Liberty survivors, including Captain William McGonagle, were invited to the White House to meet with President George H.W. Bush in a meeting set up by former Congressmen Paul Findley and Pete McCloskey. After waiting for over 2 hours, President Bush waved at them as he passed by in his limousine, but did not meet with them in person. Many of the survivors were reportedly disheartened and disappointed with this. Instead, Scowcroft and White House Chief of Staff John H. Sununu greeted them. Rear Admiral Thomas A. Brooks, who had spoken out in favor of Liberty survivors previously, presented them with a Presidential Unit Citation that had been signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson but never awarded. Former Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Admiral Thomas H. Moorer, a longtime Liberty advocate, was also in attendance. This meeting was objected to by the Anti-Defamation League.

Before joining the Bush administration, Scowcroft was vice chairman of Kissinger Associates. He had a long association with Henry Kissinger, having served as his assistant when Kissinger was the National Security Adviser under Richard Nixon, from 1969.

Scowcroft was long sought after as a respected, professional and largely apolitical or nonpartisan expert (within the standards of fellow White House veterans) and chaired and served on a number of policy advisory councils, including the President's General Advisory Committee on Arms Control, the President's Commission on Strategic Forces, the President's Blue Ribbon Commission on Defense Management, the Defense Policy Board, and the President's Special Review Board (Tower Commission) investigating the Iran–Contra affair. He also served on the Guiding Coalition of the nonpartisan Project on National Security Reform. He was appointed Co-Chair of the Blue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear Future from 2010 to 2012 alongside Lee Hamilton.

On the morning of September 11, 2001, Scowcroft was in an E-4B aircraft, also known as the National Airborne Operations Command Center (NAOC), on the taxiway, waiting to takeoff for Offutt Air Force Base, when the first hijacked airliner hit the World Trade Center (WTC). Scowcroft's aircraft was en route to Offutt when the second hijacked airliner struck the WTC. Scowcroft was involved in observing the command and control operations of both President George W. Bush in Florida, and Vice President Dick Cheney, who was at the White House.

Scowcroft was the founder and president of The Forum for International Policy, a think tank. He was also president of The Scowcroft Group, an international business consulting firm. He was co-chair, along with Joseph Nye, of the Aspen Strategy Group. He was a member of the Inter-American Dialogue, Trilateral Commission, and the Council on Foreign Relations and a board member of the Center for Strategic and International Studies and the Atlantic Council.

Scowcroft was a leading Republican critic of American policy towards Iraq before and after the 2003 invasion, which war critics in particular have seen as significant given Scowcroft's close ties to former President George H. W. Bush. He drew attention for reports of remarks critical of Bush – which he did not deny when reported by The Washington Post citing his view that "Bush is 'mesmerized' by Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon, that Iraq was a 'failing venture' and that the administration's unilateralist approach has harmed relations between Europe and the United States." Despite his public criticism of the decision to invade, Scowcroft continued to describe himself as "a friend" of the Bush administration. He also strongly opposed a precipitous withdrawal, arguing that a pull-out from Iraq before the country was able to govern, sustain, and defend itself "would be a strategic defeat for American interests, with potentially catastrophic consequences both in the region and beyond". Scowcroft went on to stress that the U.S. must "secure the support of the countries of the region themselves. It is greatly in their self-interest to give that support.. unfortunately, in recent years they have come to see it as dangerous to identify with the United States, and so they have largely stood on the sidelines."

He backed the invasion of Afghanistan as a "direct response" to 9/11 terrorism, a war that would go on to last about 20 years.

President George H. W. Bush presented him with the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1991. In 1993, he was created an Honorary Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire by Queen Elizabeth II at Buckingham Palace. In 1988, he received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement. In 2005, Scowcroft was awarded the William Oliver Baker Award by the Intelligence and National Security Alliance.

In 1998, he co-wrote A World Transformed with George H. W. Bush. This book described what it was like to be in the White House during the end of the Cold War, as the Soviet Union collapsed in the early 1990s. Notably, both figures explained why they didn't go on to Baghdad in 1991: "Had we gone the invasion route, the United States could conceivably still be an occupying power in a bitterly hostile land." In 1994, Scowcroft co-authored the opinion-editorial "The Time for Temporizing is Over" urging President Bill Clinton to order a preemptive strike on North Korea's Yongbyon nuclear facility unless it readmitted International Atomic Energy Agency inspectors.

His discussions of foreign policy with Zbigniew Brzezinski, led by journalist David Ignatius, were published in a 2008 book titled America and the World: Conversations on the Future of American Foreign Policy.

Scowcroft was a member of the Honorary Council of Advisors for U.S.-Azerbaijan Chamber of Commerce (USACC). Critics have suggested that Scowcroft was unethical in his lobbying for the Turkish and Azeri governments because of his ties to Lockheed Martin and other defense contractors that do significant business with Turkey. He was also a member of the board of directors of the International Republican Institute, and served on the Advisory Board for Columbia University's School of International and Public Affairs and for America Abroad Media.

Scowcroft endorsed Hillary Clinton in the run-up for the 2016 United States presidential election.

Evaluation
Scholarly evaluations of Scowcroft's performance have been generally favorable. For example Ivo Daalder and I. M. Destler quoting other scholars, conclude:

"'Brent Scowcroft was in many ways the ideal national security adviser—indeed, he offers a model for how the job should be done.' His 'winning formula' consisted of gaining the trust of the key principals of U.S. foreign policymaking, establishing 'a cooperative policy process at all levels,' one both transparent and collegial, and keeping an 'unbreakable relationship with the president,' thanks to their close friendship and mutual respect. The result was that Scowcroft 'proved to be an extraordinarily effective national security adviser' in comparison with others who have held the office, particularly in light of the difficult and transformative period in which he held office."Other evaluations from colleagues and national security veterans in both parties echo similar points.

In a largely laudatory obituary, The New York Times noted "his appeal for public service was a classic reminder of a less partisan age, when presidents often reached out to experienced talent, regardless of party loyalties."

The Atlantic Council provided an assessment, with quotes from several experts after Scowcroft's death, that noted "Looking back on his time working with Scowcroft in the Nixon administration, former US Secretary of State Henry Kissinger explained that 'in a period when America was tearing itself apart,' Scowcroft’s 'steadiness had a calming influence then as did his faith in his country’s ultimate purposes.' Former US Secretary of Defense Robert Gates argued that what 'set Brent apart as National Security Advisor was that he played fair…he did not take advantage of his close relationship with the president to disadvantage others.' John Deutch, former Director of Central Intelligence, recalled that “Brent had the ideal temperament to lead the country. He was smart, deceptively articulate with a calm demeanor that often masked his strategic thinking.'"

Scowcroft award
Scowcroft was the inspiration and namesake for a special presidential award begun under the George H. W. Bush administration. According to Gates, the award is given to the official "who most ostentatiously falls asleep in a meeting with the president". According to Gates, the president "evaluated candidates on three criteria. First, duration—how long did they sleep? Second, the depth of the sleep. Snoring always got you extra points. And third, the quality of recovery. Did one just quietly open one's eyes and return to the meeting, or did you jolt awake and maybe spill something hot in the process?" According to Bush himself, the award "gives extra points for he/she who totally craters, eyes tightly closed, in the midst of meetings, but in fairness a lot of credit is given for sleeping soundly while all about you are doing their thing." Scowcroft had gained a reputation for doing such things to the extent that it became a running gag.

Personal life
Scowcroft married Marian Horner in 1951. His wife, a Pennsylvania native, was trained as a nurse at St. Francis School of Nursing in Pittsburgh and graduated from Columbia University. They had one daughter, Karen Scowcroft. Marian Horner Scowcroft, a diabetic, died on July 17, 1995, at George Washington University Hospital.

In March 1993, when Scowcroft was given an honorary KBE by Queen Elizabeth II, his daughter was also received by the Queen.

Death
On August 6, 2020, Scowcroft died at his home in Falls Church, Virginia, at age 95. On January 29, 2021, Scowcroft was buried at Arlington National Cemetery.

Honors

 * US Air Force Pilot Badge.png  Air Force Pilot Badge
 * Joint Chiefs of Staff seal.svg   Office of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Identification Badge
 * US - Presidential Service Badge.png  Presidential Service Badge
 * Air Force Distinguished Service Medal with three bronze oak leaf cluster
 * Legion of Merit with oak leaf cluster
 * Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom_(ribbon).svg Presidential Medal of Freedom (1991)
 * US DoD Distinguished Public Service Award BAR.svg Department of Defense Medal for Distinguished Public Service (2016)
 * Order of the British Empire (Military) Ribbon.png Honorary Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire, Military version (KBE) (1993)
 * EST_Order_of_the_Cross_of_Terra_Mariana_-_3rd_Class_BAR.png Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana, 3rd Class (2006)
 * GER_Bundesverdienstkreuz_5_GrVK_Stern.svg Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany (2009)
 * JPN Kyokujitsu-sho 1Class BAR.svg Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun (2016)

title: Brent Scowcroft


text:
User talk:Drunkasian

Hi there. Welcome to Wikipedia! Drop us a note at New user log to introduce yourself. Hope you enjoy it here and stick around. Make good contributions and I may ever forgive you for going to Duke ;-)

If you need editing help, visit How does one edit a page. For format questions, visit our manual of style. You can use the Show preview button before you save, to make sure your edits do what you intended.

You can sign your name on talk pages by using " " for your username and " ~ " for your username and a timestamp.

Some time when you're bored, you can read through our policies and guidelines. If you made any edits before you got an account, you might be interested in assigning those to your username.

If you have any other questions about the project then check out Help or add a question to the Village pump. You can also drop me a question on my talk page.

Happy editing, Isomorphic 04:15, 5 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Hey, Drunkasian:

You went to school in Korea? Cool! To protect your own privacy, you may or may not want to advertise all these details about your personal life on your user page, however: it might just suffice to say that you went to school in Korea and the US and are now a student at Duke. Anyhow, I checked out your Korean-language Duke article, and it looks pretty good. You seem to write quite naturally in Korean. We are always glad to have another contributor with Korean interests on board. Cheers, Sewing 21:50, 12 Mar 2004 (UTC)

아, 참! 전 바보죠?  물론, you write Korean well because you are Korean by birth, right? Geez, I'm such a fool! Anyhow, 환영합니다. --Sewing 21:56, 12 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * yep, i grew up in korea 'til i was 11.

Drunkasian 00:25, 13 Mar 2004 (UTC)

as far as i know kosovar is the adjective form of kosovo, which leads me to believe "kosovar towns" is actually the correct spelling in the context given in Kosovo War... unless there's something i missed.
 * Drunkasian 07:23, 13 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * There is :) Correct adjective form is "Kosovian", similar to "Belgrade/Belgradian" or "Canada/Canadian", though it is rarely used and oftenly just the nominative form is used (for example see this google search, it is used by CNN, BBC and other major media houses). "Kosovar" means "Resident of Kosovo" in Albanian language and the term is used for political purposes. Nikola 07:30, 13 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * "Kosovar" is the more widespread usage in English and is more grammatically correct. Google reports only 392 instances of "Kosovian" (many of which are spam); 144,000 instances of "Kosovar" (of which 80,500 are on English-language pages); and 19,800 instances of "Kosovan". The fact that "Kosovar" is so predominant suggests that we should use it as the most common version.

 * Lies, lies as usual. While it is true, that "Kosovar" is (again incorrectly) used for "resident of Kosovo", it is rarer as an adjective - "Kosovo villages" on Google returns 639 hits and "Kosovar villages" returns 551. Nikola 21:52, 17 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Let's parse those a bit. "Kosovo villages" means villages in Kosovo. "Kosovar villages" means villages inhabited by Kosovars. Both usages are correct and there isn't too much to chose between them, as the meanings are effectively identical (it would be different if there were Kosovar villages outside of Kosovo. Note that you report a nearly equal level of usage of both terms. -- ChrisO 00:03, 18 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * As regards grammar, -an is the usual ending in English for words that end with -o; for instance, Sarajevo -> Sarajevan, Tobago -> Tobagan, and so on. I think the use of -ar in "Kosovar" is indeed probably due to the Albanian influence; strictly speaking it should be "Kosovan" but this has evidently been altered in common usage. Note that the appearance of the letter "a" has nothing to do with the Albanian spelling of Kosovo (i.e. Kosova), it's just a grammatical feature of English. "Kosovar" or "Kosovan" derive from "Kosovo", not "Kosova".

 * And if the correct grammatical ending is indeed -an, why would the ending -ar suddenly become correct as well? Even if not fully correct, -ian is at least an English ending, unlike -ar. Nikola 21:52, 17 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Like I said, -an is indeed the grammatically correct ending, but it has clearly been influenced by the Albanian word "Kosovar". The term is used to refer to Serbs as well - Googling for "Kosovar Serb" or "Kosovar Serbs" returns about 2,900 results. I honestly think you're getting worked up over nothing here - the word is a perfectly ordinary English noun that by coincidence is very similar to an Albanian noun, and has mutated into an identical form.

 * Incidentally (I should have checked this earlier), the Oxford English Dictionary endorses the use of both "Kosovan" and "Kosovar" but not "Kosovian". That's good enough for me and probably 99% of English-speakers. -- ChrisO 00:03, 18 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * "Kosovian" is grammatically incorrect; the -ian ending should only be used for nouns ending in -ia (e.g. Russia, Serbia, Georgia). -- ChrisO 19:37, 17 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Hi Drunkasian, I saw your note on the new user log. Welcome :) Since you're multilingual, you might be interested in a couple of pages we have to organise translations into English: Translation into English and Pages needing translation into English.  If you enjoy chatting to people, you might want to pop into a wikipedia IRC channel: IRC channels.  :)  fabiform | talk 23:25, 13 Mar 2004 (UTC)

안녕하세요. Xaos입니다. 한국어 위키백과에서 일어난 일에 대해서 신경을 쓰지 못하고 있었습니다. 아흔씨가 활발히 환경도 개선하고 열심히 노력하고 있는 것 같아서, 믿고 있었습니다. 계속 interwiki를 되돌리고 있는 줄은 몰랐습니다. 앞으론 좀 더 신경을 쓰도록 하겠습니다. 한국어 위키백과에서 남용의 조짐을 발견하면, 제게 이메일을 주시거나, http://freefeel.org/wiki/_be_fb_b8_c1 에 메시지를 남겨주세요.

그리고, 결국 이런 일들이 일어나는 데에는 한국어 위키백과의 도움말 환경(wikipeida space)이 부족한 것이 원인이 되는 것 같은데, 도움말 환경을 만드는 데에는 한명의 노력으론 너무 힘이 듭니다.

Hi, it's Xaos from KoWikiPedia. I didn't notice the situation in Ko wikipedia. I haven't visited ko wikipedia for a long time, and lately I found an active user, a-heun and could see his efforts to improve the language environment and ect, so I just trusted him. Sorry for being a bad, uncaring sysop. I'll visit more frequently and see if anything goes wrong. If you notice some sign of vandalism in Ko, you can e-mail me, or visit http://freefeel.org/wiki/_be_fb_b8_c1 and leave a message.

And, evetually, these problems occur because the Wikiepda space of Ko wikipedia doesn't provide enough explanation about the site. To construc t the whole is not an easy task. And sadly I don't have enough time to do that alone.

soax

Hello, Drunkasian! I accidently visited here. I am a korean student, class of 2009 at Duke!!!

It's really nice seeing you working on the Duke University page on Wikipedia. :- ) I am really looking forward to having undergraduate experiences at Duke!!!

P.S. btw, Do you happen to know Duke DES-CS program?

stub => 토막글 ==

hi. drunkasian here. saw your name listed under sysop so i thought i'd ask a question here. i've been adding some korean entries, but i can't seem to find the korean equivalent of "msg:stub". does this exist and where can i find such information in the future? Drunkasian 2004년 3월 17일 (水) 05:13 (UTC)
 * it's --Yonghokim 20:47, 11 July 2005 (UTC)

Regarding Wikipedian alma mater list
There is a Houston ISD alma mater list in the Wikipedians category:

Wikipedians_by_alma_mater

WhisperToMe 19:46, 1 August 2005 (UTC)

Classic Rock
Hello. I was wondering if you would like to participate in my classic rock survey. I'm trying to find the most liked classic rock song. There is more information on my user page. Hope you participate! 02:59, 30 November 2005 (UTC)

Korean translation
Hi Drunkasian, I was wondering if you would mind communicating with a Korean editor for me? I don't know Korean and his English is not great.

It's actually on commons - commons:User:Jimy1004 regarding this image he's uploaded Image:Korean army K-1 tank.jpg (click through to the commons page).

At the moment he's licensed it under cc-by-sa-2.5, but that is only appropriate if the copyright holder has explicitly stated this to him (I don't think he has).

The copyright holder also should be aware that the image can be used for any purpose including commercial, and can be re-used or modified. These are the conditions of making it "free"ly available.

Thanks, commons:User:pfctdayelise / pfctdayelise 22:21, 7 December 2005 (UTC)

Copyright status
Could you tell me the copyright status of ko:Image:Deoksugung palace.jpg? --Puzzlet Chung 01:49, 20 December 2005 (UTC)

Moving pages
Thank you for your effort to clean up the article Grant Hill and its disambiguation pages. Unfortunately your work left a couple of uncool things behind including double redirects, blanked pages, etc. I cleaned it up for you now, but to avoid similar things happening in the future, Thanks again. --Zoz (t) 15:44, 9 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Please familiarize yourself with How to rename (move) a page.
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About Lamar
You heard that Lamar High School has school uniforms next year, right? WhisperToMe 06:02, 26 July 2006 (UTC)

Article for Duke University Newspaper, The Chronicle, on Duke Wikipedia Page
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title: User talk:Drunkasian


text:
Crystal Cruises

Crystal Cruises is an American cruise line. It was founded in 1988 by Japanese shipping company Nippon Yusen Kaisha, and sold to Hong Kong-headquartered conglomerate Genting Hong Kong in 2015. Following insolvency in 2022, the Crystal Cruises brand and two cruise ships were bought by A&K Travel Group, to recommence operations in 2023, with headquarters in Hallandale Beach, Florida. The new company has announced major refurbishments and enhancements for the two ships in a Fincantieri shipyard in Trieste, Italy, including increasing the number of butler suites and reducing guest capacity, and resumed service in July 2023 with shore excursions organized by Abercrombie & Kent.

History
The company was founded in 1988 by Nippon Yusen Kaisha (NYK). Its first ship was Crystal Harmony.

On March 3, 2015, NYK announced that it was selling Crystal Cruises to Genting Hong Kong. The sale price was US$550 million in cash, subject to certain adjustment items. On May 15, 2015, GHK announced that it had closed on the acquisition.

On July 20, 2015, Crystal announced that it would expand to provide expedition cruises, river cruises, and private jet travel.

On February 4, 2016, Crystal Cruises signed a purchase option for the SS United States, also providing funding for docking costs for the ship in Philadelphia for nine months while it conducted a feasibility study into returning the ship to service. However, the plan was dropped on August 5, 2016, citing technical challenges. It also announced a donation of US$350,000 to cover docking costs through to the end of the year.

In September 2019, Crystal Cruises announced that it would have Broadway-themed cruises available starting in 2020.

In August 2020, Crystal cancelled all cruises for the remainder of the year. Its parent company Genting Hong Kong had suspended payments to creditors citing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. The new 200-passenger Crystal Endeavor was under construction at the time, with delivery scheduled for November 2020; that was delayed for a year because of the suspension of operations at the MV Werften shipyard in Germany.

In March 2021, Crystal announced all-Bahamas cruises aboard Crystal Serenity would start on July 3, 2021, with departures from Nassau and Bimini to work around CDC cruise bans due to COVID-19 in the US. Ports of call within the Bahamas included Harbour Island, Great Exuma, Long Island, and San Salvador. All passengers were required to be vaccinated for COVID-19. The opening booking day set a record for the most bookings on a single day in the company's history. Some destinations expressed concerns with the company's announcement, lack of consultation with local stakeholders, and negative impact to their existing tourism economy.

Following the insolvency of Genting Hong Kong, Crystal suspended operations of all its cruise ships in January 2022. Crystal Symphony and Crystal Serenity were subsequently arrested in Freeport, Bahamas over unpaid bills in February, and the company's headquarters in the United States closed. Meanwhile, V.Ships Leisure was appointed by the liquidators to manage Crystal's ships.

On June 22, 2022, it was announced that A&K Travel Group, owned by Manfredi Lefebvre d'Ovidio and Geoffrey Kent had bought the bankrupt line's brand and two ocean vessels, Crystal Serenity and Crystal Symphony, intending to return the ships to service in 2023.

Two new ships were ordered at Fincantieri in June 2024 for delivery from 2028 onwards.

Crystal Yacht Cruises
Crystal Yacht Cruises launched in December 2015 with the Crystal Esprit. The 62-guest, 3,000-ton yacht is outfitted with features including a two-passenger submarine, four 10-passenger zodiacs for excursions, and a 12-passenger yacht tender for boating adventures. Additionally, water skis, wake boards, kayaks, jet skis, fishing, and scuba and snorkel equipment are available.

Crystal Expedition Cruises
On January 15, 2018, the company cut steel for Crystal Endeavor at MV Werften, part of a family of shipyards known for their passenger-ship, icebreaker, and private-yacht building expertise. The new PC6-designated expedition yacht was to launch on July 17, 2021, in Reykjavik, Iceland. Crystal Endeavor has a displacement of 20,200 GT and would operate polar expeditions and voyages in remote tropical regions. The yacht was to offer accommodation for 200 guests.

Crystal River Cruises
In July 2016, Crystal launched Crystal River Cruises with the refurbished vessel . Crystal Bach and Crystal Mahler, the first two of four Rhine-class new-build river ships, were added in 2017 followed by Crystal Debussy and Crystal Ravel, in 2018.

Crystal Luxury Air/Crystal AirCruises
Crystal Luxury Air private jet service launched in 2015 with the company's Bombardier Global Express jet, available for charter and accommodating 12 guests. In August 2017, Crystal AirCruises took flight with the launch of Crystal Skye, a Boeing 777-200LR configured with 88 first-class, flat-bed seats, a lounge/dining room that seats 24, and a full bar. The National Hockey League was one of its first three charter customers. In addition, the company took delivery of a Boeing 787 Dreamliner in May 2017. As of November 2017, this aircraft was in storage.

title: Crystal Cruises