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Grand Trunk Railway

The Grand Trunk Railway (Grand Tronc) was a railway system that operated in the Canadian provinces of Quebec and Ontario and in the American states of Connecticut, Maine, Michigan, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Vermont. The railway was operated from headquarters in Montreal, Quebec, with corporate headquarters in London, United Kingdom (4 Warwick House Street). It cost an estimated $160 million to build. The Grand Trunk, its subsidiaries, and the Canadian Government Railways were precursors of today's Canadian National Railway.

The original charter was for a line running from Montreal to Toronto mostly along the north shore of the St. Lawrence River. It quickly expanded its charter eastward to Portland, Maine, and westward to Sarnia, Ontario. Over time it added many subsidiary lines and branches, including four important subsidiaries:
 * Grand Trunk Eastern which operated in Quebec, Vermont, New Hampshire and Maine.
 * Central Vermont Railway which operated in Quebec, Vermont, Massachusetts, and Connecticut.
 * Grand Trunk Pacific Railway which operated in Northwestern Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and British Columbia.
 * Grand Trunk Western Railroad which operated in Michigan, Indiana, and Illinois.

A fifth subsidiary was the never-completed Southern New England Railway, chartered in 1910, which would have run from a connection with the Central Vermont at Palmer, Massachusetts, to the deep-water, all-weather port of Providence, Rhode Island.

Charter, construction, and expansion

The company was incorporated on November 10, 1852, as the Grand Trunk Railway Company of Canada to build a railway line between Montreal and Toronto.

The charter was soon extended east to Portland, Maine and west to Sarnia, Canada West. In 1853 the GTR purchased the St. Lawrence and Atlantic Railroad from Montreal to the Canada East – Vermont border, and the parent company Atlantic and St. Lawrence Railroad through to the harbour facilities at Portland. A line was also built to Lévis, via Richmond from Montreal in 1855, part of the much-talked about "Maritime connection" in British North America. In the same year it purchased the Toronto and Guelph Railroad, whose railway was already under construction. But the Grand Trunk Railway Company changed the original route of the T&G and extended the line to Sarnia, a hub for Chicago-bound traffic. In October of 1856, the section from Montreal to Toronto opened, while the line from Toronto to Sarnia was finished in November of 1859. Also in 1859, a ferry service was established across the St. Clair River to Fort Gratiot (now Port Huron, Michigan).

The Grand Trunk was one of the main factors that pushed British North America towards Confederation. The original colonial economy structured along the water route from the Maritimes up the St. Lawrence River and the lower Great Lakes was greatly expanded by the duplicate route of the Grand Trunk. The explosive growth in trade during the 1850s within the United Province of Canada and further east by water to the Maritimes demanded that a railway link the entire geopolitical region. During this time the GTR extended its line to Lévis further east to Rivière-du-Loup.

By 1860, the Grand Trunk was on the verge of bankruptcy and in no position to expand further east to Halifax. On the eve of the American Civil War, it stretched from Sarnia in the west to Rivière-du-Loup in the east and Portland in the southeast. Colonists in the United Province of Canada, some of whom had experienced their territory being attacked by the United States fifty years earlier (in the War of 1812), were uncomfortably close to the giant Union Army and faced terrorist attacks during the mid-19th century in the form of Fenian raids.

Such security concerns led to demands for a year-round transportation system that British reinforcements could use should their territory be attacked during winter when the St. Lawrence River was frozen, and the only railway for British reinforcements to use would be the Grand Trunk connection at Portland, in the United States. Many citizens thought that the only way to finish the Grand Trunk – and protect the country – would be to unite all the colonies into a federation so that they could share the costs of an expanded railway system. Thus the British North America Act, 1867 included the provision for an Intercolonial Railway to link with the Grand Trunk at Rivière-du-Loup. The end of the American Civil War saw British North America on the verge of uniting in a single federation, and the GTR's financial prospects improved as the railway was well-positioned to take advantage of increased population and economic growth. By 1867, it had become the largest railroad system in the world by accumulating more than 2055 km of track that connected locations between its ocean port at Portland, Maine, its river port at Rivière-du-Loup, the three northern New England states, and much of the southern areas of the new provinces of Quebec and Ontario. By 1880, the Grand Trunk Railway system stretched all the way from Portland in the east to Chicago, Illinois, in the west (by means of the Grand Trunk Western Railroad between Port Huron and Chicago).

Several impressive construction feats were associated with the GTR: the first successful bridging of the St. Lawrence River on August 25, 1860, with the opening of the first Victoria Bridge at Montreal (replaced by the present structure in 1898); the bridging of the Niagara River between Fort Erie, Ontario and Buffalo, New York; and the construction of a tunnel beneath the St. Clair River, connecting Sarnia, Ontario, and Port Huron, Michigan. The latter work opened in August 1890 and replaced the railcar ferry at the same location.

Heyday
Common during 19th century railway construction in British colonies, GTR built to a broad gauge (Provincial Gauge) of ; however, this was changed to the standard gauge of between 1872 and 1885 to facilitate interchange with U.S. railroads. To overcome the gauge difference, the GTR experimented with a form of variable-gauge axles called "adjustable gauge trucks", but these proved unreliable.

The GTR system expanded throughout southern Ontario, western Quebec, and the U.S. state of Michigan over the years by purchasing and absorbing numerous smaller railway companies, as well as building new lines. GTR's largest purchase came on August 12, 1882, when it bought the 1371 km Great Western Railway, running from Niagara Falls to Toronto, and connecting to London, Windsor, and communities in the Bruce Peninsula.

The company sold the line along the St. Lawrence River between Rivière-du-Loup and Lévis in 1879 to the federal government-owned Intercolonial Railway (IRC), and granted running rights in 1889 to the IRC on trackage between Lévis and Montreal (via Richmond); however, the IRC's construction of a more direct line from Lévis to Saint-Hyacinthe in 1899 saw most of this traffic transferred to that line.

Bankruptcy and nationalization
As the dominant railway in British North America, GTR was reportedly asked by the federal government soon after Confederation to consider building a rail line to the Pacific coast at British Columbia but refused, forcing the government to enact legislation creating the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) to meet British Columbia's conditions for joining Confederation. By the early 20th century, GTR desired to operate in Western Canada, particularly given the virtual monopoly of service that CPR maintained and the lucrative increasing flows of immigrants west of Ontario. The federal government encouraged GTR to co-operate with a local railway company operating on the Prairies, the Canadian Northern Railway (CNoR), but an agreement was never reached.

CNoR decided to build its own transcontinental system at this time, forcing GTR in 1903 to enter into an agreement with Wilfrid Laurier's government to build a third railway system from the Atlantic to the Pacific. GTR would build (with federal assistance) and operate the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway (GTPR) from Winnipeg, Manitoba to Prince Rupert, British Columbia, while the government would build and own the National Transcontinental Railway (NTR) from Winnipeg to Moncton, New Brunswick via Quebec City, which the GTR would also operate.

As part of this program, the federal government encouraged the GTR to purchase the Canada Atlantic Railway (CAR) with lines southeast from Ottawa to Vermont, and west from Ottawa to Georgian Bay. The GTR took effective control of the CAR in 1905, although the purchase was not ratified by Parliament until 1914.

The routing of these systems was extremely speculative, as GTPR's main line was located farther north than the profitable CPR main line in the Prairies, and NTR was located even farther north of populous centres in Ontario and Quebec. Construction costs on the GTPR escalated, despite having the most favourable crossing of the Continental Divide in North America at Yellowhead Pass. GTR's cost-conscious president Charles Melville Hays was one of the victims on board RMS Titanic on April 15, 1912. His death is speculated to have contributed to poor management of GTR over the ensuing decade, and also contributed to the abandonment of the uncompleted Southern New England Railway to Providence, Rhode Island, begun in 1910.

Construction started on the GTPR/NTR in 1905, and the GTPR opened to traffic in 1914, followed by the NTR in 1915. It was a transcontinental system, with the only exception being the NTR's ill-fated Quebec Bridge, which would not be completed for several more years.

The first indication the arrangement with the government was faltering came when GTR refused to operate the NTR, citing economic reasons. With the enormous cost of building the GTPR and the limited financial returns being realized, GTR defaulted on loan payments to the federal government in 1919. GTPR was nationalized on March 7 of that year, being operated under a federal government Board of Management until finally being placed under the control of the Crown corporation Canadian National Railways (CNR) on July 20, 1920.

GTR underwent serious financial difficulties as a result of the GTPR, and its shareholders, primarily in the United Kingdom, were determined to prevent the company from being nationalized as well. Eventually on July 12, 1920, GTR was placed under control of another federal government Board of Management while legal battles continued for several more years. Finally, on January 20, 1923, GTR was fully absorbed into the CNR on a date when all constituent companies were merged into the Crown corporation.

At the time that the GTR was fully merged into CNR, approximately 125 smaller railway companies comprised the Grand Trunk system, totalling 12800 km in Canada and 1873 km in the United States.

Accident
Canada's worst railway accident based on loss of life happened on the GTR, occurring on June 29, 1864, when a passenger train operating between Lévis and Montreal missed a signal for an open drawbridge on the Richelieu River near the present-day town of Mont-Saint-Hilaire, Quebec, plunging onto a passing barge and killing 99 German immigrants.

Legacy

Canadian Rail speculated in 1963 that an independent GTR might have survived had it always used standard gauge. The GTR was a private company headquartered in England that received heavy Canadian government subsidies and was never profitable because of competition from shipping and American railways. (In 1880 40% of the Grand Trunk traffic was from one or another American city to and from Chicago, taking a shortcut across Ontario.) Inflated construction costs, overestimated revenues, and an inadequate initial capitalization threatened bankruptcy for the Grand Trunk.

Sir Joseph Hickson was a key executive from 1874 to 1890 based in Montreal who kept it afloat financially and formed an alliance with the Conservative party. Carlos and Lewis (1995) show that it managed to survive because its British investors accurately assessed the corporation's value and prospects, which included the likelihood that the Canadian government would bail out the railway should it ever default on its bonds. The government had guaranteed a very large loan and had enacted legislation authorizing debt restructuring. These arrangements allowed the company to float new bond issues to replace existing debt and to issue securities in lieu of interest.

Charles Melville Hays joined the Grand Trunk in 1895 as general manager (and in 1909, president, based in Montreal). Hays was the architect of the great expansion during a colourful and free-spending era. He upgraded the tracks, bridges, shops and rolling stock, but was best known for building huge grain elevators and elaborate tourist hotels such as the Château Laurier in Ottawa. Hays blundered in 1903 by building a subsidiary, the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway Company some 4800 km long; it reached Prince Rupert in northern British Columbia in 1914. The government built and the Grand Trunk was to operate the National Transcontinental to link the main Grand Trunk with its Pacific subsidiary. The very expensive subsidiary was far north of major population centres and had too little traffic.

Nearing bankruptcy in 1919, the entire system was nationalized: the government merged the Grand Trunk, the Grand Trunk Pacific, and the National Transcontinental lines into the new Canadian National Railways. The process was completed in 1923. The Grand Trunk lines in the United States, however, kept their distinctive name.

The Grand Trunk legacy seeped into late 20th century popular culture, when a hard rock trio from Flint, Michigan, called itself Grand Funk Railroad in 1969.

GTR hotels
Like the CPR and CNR, the GTR began building and operating hotels during the first two decades of the 20th century. Most of the hotels survived the takeover of the GTR by CNR in 1923 and were operated by Canadian National Hotels:
 * Château Laurier (Ottawa) 1912-1923 - acquired by Canadian National Hotels and later by Canadian Pacific Hotels; now part of the Fairmont Hotels and Resorts chain
 * Hotel Macdonald (Edmonton) 1912-1923 - acquired by Canadian National Hotels and later by Canadian Pacific Hotels; now part of the Fairmont Hotels and Resorts chain
 * Fort Garry Hotel (Winnipeg) 1913-1923 - acquired by Canadian National Hotels and now independently operated
 * Highland Inn (Algonquin Park) 1905–1923; sold to Government of Ontario and demolished

Grand Trunk today
Grand Trunk Railway was built fully a century before major property and highway development took place in the various jurisdictions it crossed and as such had the choice of geography in selecting the most direct routes. As a result, significant sections of GTR mainlines in Canada and Grand Trunk Western routes in the U.S. are still in active use by Canadian National (CN) today, particularly the Quebec City–Chicago corridor by way of Drummondville, Montreal, Kingston, Toronto, London, Sarnia/Port Huron, and Battle Creek.

Following deregulation of the railway industry in Canada and the United States, CN has abandoned or sold many former GTR and GTW branch lines in recent decades, including the former Portland–Montreal main line which had instigated the development of the system to a large degree. As well, a part of the original Toronto–Sarnia routing via St. Mary's Junction and Forest to Point Edward, Ontario, was sold or abandoned, using the Great Western Railway routing instead.

Grand Trunk Corporation
CN continues to use the "Grand Trunk" name for its holding company the Grand Trunk Corporation. The corporation was created in 1971 to provide autonomy in operation for CN's US subsidiaries: Grand Trunk Western Railroad; Duluth, Winnipeg & Pacific Railway; and the Central Vermont Railway. The main goal of the corporation, headquartered in Detroit, was to make GTW profitable and keep parent CN from having to subsidize GTW's losses. CN sold off the Central Vermont in 1995 when CN became a public traded company instead of a crown corporation.

CN continued to place its US acquisitions as subsidiaries under the Grand Trunk Corporation which includes Illinois Central, Wisconsin Central, and Great Lakes Transportation. The Association of American Railroads considers the Grand Trunk Corporation as a Class I railroad.

The Portland, Maine-Chicago, Illinois mainline of the Grand Trunk is or was known by the following names:
 * CN Berlin Subdivision, Portland to Island Pond
 * CN Sherbrooke Subdivision, Island Pond to Saint-Hyacinthe
 * CN Saint-Hyacinthe Subdivision, Saint-Hyacinthe to Montreal
 * CN Montreal Subdivision, Montreal to Dorval
 * CN Kingston Subdivision, Dorval to Toronto
 * CN Weston Subdivision, Toronto to Brampton
 * CN Halton Subdivision, Brampton to Georgetown
 * CN Guelph Subdivision, Georgetown to St. Marys
 * CN Forest Subdivision, St. Marys to Sarnia (St. Clair Tunnel)
 * GTW Flint Subdivision, Port Huron (St. Clair Tunnel) to Battle Creek
 * GTW Southbend Subdivision, Battle Creek to Chicago

The Montreal-Toronto segment had been known by the following names:
 * CNR Cornwall Subdivision, Dorval to Brockville
 * CNR Gananoque Subdivision, Brockville to Belleville
 * CNR Oshawa Subdivision, Belleville to Toronto

The Grand Trunk Railway Building on Warwick House Street in London continues to stand. Built by Aston Webb, the 7 storey building was built in 1907 with the banner The Grand Trunk Railway of Canada on 4 Warwick House Street and Canadian National Railway on Cockspur Street. CN no longer owns the building. The current tenant on the lower floor is The Original London Tour Centre at 17–19 Cockspur Street.

In popular culture
In Series 3, Episode 1 of Downton Abbey, which takes place during the spring of 1920, Robert Crawley, Earl of Grantham learns that he has lost most of the fortune that he received from his wife Cora, which Lord Grantham had largely invested in Grand Trunk Railway stock.

title: Grand Trunk Railway


text:
Messerschmitt Me 321 Gigant

The Messerschmitt Me 321 Gigant was a large German cargo glider developed and used during World War II. Intended to support large-scale invasions, the Me 321 had very limited use due to the low availability of suitable tug aircraft, high vulnerability whilst in flight, and its difficult ground handling, both at base and at destination landing sites. The Me 321 was developed, in stages, into the six-engined Messerschmitt Me 323 Gigant, which removed some of the problems with ground handling, although the payload was reduced. Vulnerability to ground fire and aerial attack remained a constant problem during operations of all variants.

Development
During the preparations for a possible invasion of Britain during World War II (Operation Sea Lion) the Luftwaffe's Transport Command saw an obvious need existed for a larger-capacity cargo- and troop-carrying aircraft than its mainstay, the Junkers Ju 52.

When the plans for Operation Sea Lion were shelved in December 1940, and planning began for the invasion of the USSR (Operation Barbarossa), the most cost-effective solution to the need for transport aircraft was found to be to use gliders. Accordingly, the Technical Bureau of the Luftwaffe issued a tender for rapid development of a Grossraumlastensegler ("large-capacity transport glider") to the aircraft manufacturers Junkers and Messerschmitt. The specification called for the glider to be capable of carrying either an 88 mm gun plus its tractor, or a medium tank. The codename Projekt Warschau (Project Warsaw) was used, with Junkers being given the codename Warschau-Ost and Messerschmitt Warschau-Süd.

The Junkers design, the Ju 322 Mammut was unsuccessful, though, due to the company opting to use all-wood construction. Messerschmitt's design for this transport glider consequently secured the contract for the company. Initially given the RLM designation Me 263, this designation number was later reused (see: RLM) for the second-generation rocket fighter developed in 1945: Messerschmitt Me 263. That number was "freed-up" when the number for this aircraft was switched to Me 321.

Design
The Me 263 had a framework of steel tubing provided by the Mannesmann company, with wooden spars and a covering of doped fabric. This allowed for quick construction and easy repair when needed and also saved weight. The Me 263 was redesignated the Me 321 and was nicknamed Gigant (Giant) due to its huge size.

Its nose stood over 6 m high, and was made up of two clamshell doors, which could only be opened from the inside, when ramps would be used to allow vehicles to drive in or out. Compared to the Ju 52, the Me 321 offered a load area six times larger. The cargo hold was 11 m (36 ft) long, 3 m (10 ft) wide and 3.4 m (11 ft) high, and could accommodate a gross cargo weighing up to 23 MT. The cargo space had been designed to replicate the load space of a standard German railway flatcar, allowing any cargo that could travel by rail to fit into an Me 321. In addition, if used as a passenger transport, it could accommodate up to 200 fully equipped soldiers.

The Me 321 was fitted with a jettisonable undercarriage comprising two Bf 109 mainwheels at the front and two Junkers Ju 90 main wheels at the rear and was intended to land on four extendable skids.

The first flight of the prototype Me 321 V1 took place on 25 February 1941, towed into the air by a Ju 90. It was piloted by Messerschmitt test pilot Karl Baur, and carried 3 tonnes (3 tons) of ballast. Baur reported that the controls were heavy and responses sluggish. They decided to enlarge the cockpit to accommodate a co-pilot and radio operator, and dual controls were fitted. Electric servo motors were also fitted to assist in moving the huge trailing edge flaps and further tests caused a braking parachute to also be added.

The test flights were plagued by take-off difficulties, since the Junkers Ju 90 was not powerful enough, and as an interim measure three Bf 110 heavy fighters were used, in a so-called Troikaschlepp, with the trio of twin-engined fighters taking off together in a V formation. This was a highly dangerous manoeuvre and Ernst Udet asked Ernst Heinkel to come up with a better aerial towing method. Heinkel responded by creating the Heinkel He 111Z Zwilling (Twins), which combined two He 111 aircraft through the use of a new "center" wing section with a fifth engine added. Underwing-mount, liquid monopropellant Walter HWK 109-500 Starthilfe rocket-assisted take-off booster units were also used to assist take-off from rough fields.

Operational history
The first Me 321 A-1 production aircraft entered service in May 1941 with Grossraumlastensegler 321 at Leipheim, initially towed by Ju 90s and later by the He 111Z and the Troikaschlepp arrangement of three Bf 110s. The triple Zerstörer arrangement was very dangerous in the event that one or more of the take-off booster rockets failed. One such failure did occur in 1941, which led to the collision of the tow planes and the deaths of all 129 occupants of the four aircraft. This was the deadliest aviation accident up to that time and was not matched until the Tachikawa air disaster of 1953 and not exceeded until the 1960 New York mid-air collision. The later Me 321 B-1 variant had a crew of three and was armed with four 7.92 mm (.312 in) MG 15 machine guns.

The Me 321 was less than successful on the Eastern Front for various reasons:

 * As a glider, the Me 321 lacked the ability to make a second or third approach to a crowded landing strip.
 * Moving on the ground was impossible without specialized vehicles.
 * Before the introduction of the He 111 Zwilling, the dangerous Troikaschlepp arrangement gave a one-way range of only 400 km, which was insufficient for a safe operating zone.

In early 1942, the remaining Me 321s were withdrawn from service in Russia in anticipation of the planned Operation Herkules, the invasion of Malta, in which a fleet of the gliders hauled by He 111Zs was to be used. The plan was abandoned due to a lack of towing aircraft.

In 1943, Me 321s returned to Russia for use in a projected operation to relieve the besieged Sixth Army at Stalingrad, but by the time they reached the front line, no suitable airfields remained and they were sent back to Germany.

Following the cancellation of the Stalingrad operation, the Me 321 gliders were mothballed, scrapped, or converted into the powered variant, the Me 323 with six 895 kW engines, the largest land-based cargo aircraft of World War II. A further proposed operation — in which the remaining Me 321s would have landed troops on Sicily — was also abandoned, due to a lack of suitable landing sites.

Ultimately, 200 Me 321s were produced.

Variants

 * Me 321 A-1: single-pilot version; 100 built
 * Me 321 B-1: had a crew of three (including co-pilot) and was armed with 2–4 × 7.92 mm MG 15 machine-guns; 100 built

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Messerschmitt Me 321 Gigant


text:
User:Jmieres~enwiki

I am a pharmacy student from Chile. I only participate in the spanish wikipedia because my english is not very good (not to the point of writing articles in english).

es:Usuario:Jmieres

title: User:Jmieres~enwiki


text:
Talk:Rutabaga

Still confused
I have read this article and I now know it is not an exclusively US vegetable (which I thought before) but I still don't know whether it is what I call a swede or what I call a turnip - for me these are two quite different vegetables. In particular one is yellow and the other is white. The flavours are different too. Does the US word refer to both? 82.235.147.212 (talk) 15:33, 25 January 2015 (UTC)

 * According to anecdotal commentaries on the talk page, the rutabaga is the yellow while the white is simply called a turnip. --Jeremy (blah blah • I did it!) 05:40, 26 January 2015 (UTC)

 * Terminology continues to cause problems for readers despite genuine attempts to reach consensus and sort things out. The basic problem is the article title 'rutabaga', which is an exclusively American name which nobody else has ever heard of. The natural assumption is that rutabagas are some odd US vegetable. In fact Rutabaga (US) = Swede (most of England) = Yellow Turnip (northern England, Scotland, Ireland) = Neep (Scotland). All the same thing. Turnip (US, most of England) = white turnip (northern England, Scotland, Ireland). The 'yellow' and 'white' qualifiers are sometimes dropped in local dialects leading to confusion for outsiders. HTH. --Ef80 (talk) 19:33, 17 May 2015 (UTC)

 * Rutabaga is a North American name, not an exclusive United States thing as the term has been shown to be prominent in Canada as well - so it is a variations of English thing. The article was originally written created as Rutabaga, and as such per WP:Retain it should be kept under its existing name unless there is a compelling reason to do so. There has been at least three discussions regarding the issue and the consensus is that there is no consensus to rename it to another term such as swede. --Jeremy (blah blah • I did it!) 04:42, 18 May 2015 (UTC)
 * I am well aware of the article's history and am not suggesting yet another discussion of renaming. Retaining the Rutabaga name is the best solution, but as I said, it continues to cause problems. We just have to live with it. --Ef80 (talk) 20:41, 18 May 2015 (UTC)

 * ... the leaves can be eaten as a leaf vegetable.
 * Aha! – Sca (talk) 14:36, 15 November 2018 (UTC)

more on etymology
This is great but in Swedish: http://www.sprakochfolkminnen.se/sprak/dialekter/aktuellt-dialektord/dialektord/2017-11-01-rotabagge-rabba-och-stonja.html --Espoo (talk) 20:11, 17 March 2019 (UTC)

Redirect from yellow turnip is misleading
I came to wikipedia to find out what species the yellow turnips sold in belgium are, but I only get reidrected to rutabaga, this I believe is wrong, the yellow turnip does not look like a rutabaga, but I am not sure since I cannot find out more about it. It appears to be a variety of turnip. Though it may be a hybrid? It tastes halfway between a radish and a rutabaga in my opinion so that is why I came to find more info about it, but it is not mentioned anywhere on english wikipedia that I found. This redirect seems to add confusion, I'm not an experienced editor so I thought I would make do with a headsup on the talk page. https://harvesttotable.com/turnips_the_gold_ball/ https://www.delhaize.be/nl-be/shop/Groenten-en-fruit/Verse-groenten/Andere-groenten/Gele-rapen-Bos-Cat1/p/F1996020800313920000 SkyfishArt (talk) 10:53, 4 October 2019 (UTC)
 * Actually it is correct to redirect "yellow turnip" to this page because in some places that is what they are called. I doubt that there is more confusion about naming any vegetable than this one.  And then if one does research, rutabaga may be called a turnip and one must just assume they mean rutabaga...and on and on...which I know because I tried to do research for the Halloween section of this article. I looked at the links you have provided and it appears that these are an unusual variety that is yellow - in the same way that some radishes have different colored flesh than the usual white.  Why don't you add it to the turnip page?  I'll help you if you need help.  Gandydancer (talk) 17:54, 4 October 2019 (UTC)
 * The mention of 'radish' suggests some sort of Mooli / Daikon rather than a turnip. --Ef80 (talk) 11:27, 28 March 2020 (UTC)

Move
Move to swede. A rutabaga is not an actual name and is a pathetic joke. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A02:C7D:3FB0:300:BC36:37BA:1D93:59CB (talk) 10:40, 30 August 2020 (UTC)

History
Even though it wasn't "printed" Pliny discusses rutabagas in Book XVIII C. 34. Probably a significant addition to this article. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Droopyfeathers (talk • contribs) 20:02, 11 November 2020 (UTC)

 * Can you list any secondary sources that mention Plinys text about rutabagas? Hardyplants (talk) 23:20, 11 November 2020 (UTC)

snagging
As a teenager in the late 60s I worked on a farm here in Cheshire, UK, paid 10p (2 shillings) per hour to "snag" mangles and turnips, and had we grown swedes it would have been the same term. So the term "snaggers" isn't so archaic! Another Geoff (talk) 17:59, 7 May 2022 (UTC)

Spices
Hello This is not the article for soups or Finnish soups. This is the swede/rutabaga article. Invasive Spices (talk) 10 September 2022 (UTC)

 * I'm inclined to agree. There was too much irrelevant detail in the section, which I've now removed. Barry Wom (talk) 13:44, 10 September 2022 (UTC)

Scottish
neep is not the only Scottish word for turnip, as in Scots Gaelic snèap is used 142.181.249.247 (talk) 22:59, 25 April 2023 (UTC)

 * Would need a reference to go on the article per WP:VERIFY. TylerBurden (talk) 15:20, 26 April 2023 (UTC)

Etymology section
Is it really necessary to list what its name is in various languages? The whole final paragraph feels unnecessary. 2A00:801:7B0:A738:1573:F14E:48E4:2CFE (talk) 11:58, 28 December 2023 (UTC)

 * Agreed. Now removed. Barry Wom (talk) 12:40, 28 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rutabaga


text:
Talk:Brassica

A start
I've made a start on this genus. The varietal names will be a headache due to the variation in them. Any dependable references?

Imc 19:33, 24 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Species list
I'm also confused by the species list. I was working on Rapini, trying to give it a taxobox, but it's usually known as Brassica rapa, which Wikipedia thinks is a turnip, or Brassica campestris, which Wikipedia thinks is Chinese cabbage. What's to do? – Quadell (talk) (sleuth) 20:23, Feb 15, 2005 (UTC)

 * I believe that B. campestris is a synonym for B. rapa (Oleifera Group).  These plants are highly variable;  B. rapa includes all the things you mention, as well as more than one kind of oilrape.  — Pekinensis 19:44, 18 May 2005 (UTC)

Species list
I would like to trim the list to a single level, leaving the intraspecific details to the individual articles, hoping to ease both readability and maintainability.

 * Brassica alboglabra - Chinese Kale, Chinese Broccoli, Early Kailaan
 * Brassica bourgeaui
 * Brassica campestris - Wild Mustard
 * Brassica carinata - Abyssinian Mustard or Abyssinian Cabbage
 * Brassica cernua - Chinese cabbage, Chinese Leaf, Celery Cabbage
 * Brassica chinensis - Chinese Flowering Cabbage, choy sum
 * Brassica elongata - Elongated Mustard
 * Brassica fimbriata - Kitchen Kale
 * Brassica fruticulosa - Mediterranean Cabbage
 * Brassica hirta - White Mustard, Yellow Mustard
 * Brassica japonica - Japanese Cabbage, Mizuma
 * Brassica juncea - Indian Mustard, Brown and leaf mustards, Sarepta Mustard.
 * Brassica kaber - Wild Mustard, Field Mustard, Charlock
 * Brassica napus - Mustard, Oilseed rape, Canola, Rutabaga (Swede Turnip)
 * Brassica narinosa - Broadbeaked Mustard
 * Brassica nigra - Black mustard
 * Brassica oleracea - Kale, Cabbage, Broccoli, Cauliflower, Kai-lan, Brussels sprouts
 * Brassica perviridis - Tender Green, Mustard Spinach
 * Brassica rapa - Chinese cabbage, Turnip, Rapini
 * Brassica rupestris - Mustard
 * Brassica septiceps - Seventop Turnip
 * Brassica tournefortii - Asian Mustard

As discussed above, the content itself is difficult; I am only making a presentation suggestion. — Pekinensis 19:44, 18 May 2005 (UTC)

Done. — Pekinensis 15:58, 22 May 2005 (UTC)

I am going to remove the following from the list of species, because ITIS  and the University of Melbourne  (suggestions for further or preferred authorities are welcome) agree in deprecating or ignoring them:

— Pekinensis 16:17, 23 May 2005 (UTC)

'potent anti-cancer properties'
"They [...] contain multiple nutrients with potent anti-cancer properties: diindolylmethane, sulforaphane and selenium."

Not sure what the appropriate convention is here for flagging such statements, but that looks like rather a strong claim to make without a supporting citation, and may in fact (for all I know) be stronger than the facts warrant. Should this get a "citation required" note, or should it be re-worded?

Reference formatting
It appears that some of my edits have been reverted without an explanation. I have restored my last edit, and would like to attempt to establish consensus on how to proceed. — James Estevez (talk) 20:07, 24 May 2013 (UTC)
 * going back to the version from may 6, many of the sources were non-technical summaries of journal articles. i reformatted these using laysummary so that both the journal article and the non-technical summary were listed together. these were deleted when you switched to and . it is also more difficult to check for citations that should be combined when some are using  and some are using .  —Chris Capoccia  T⁄C 20:37, 24 May 2013 (UTC)
 * I saw that, thank you for your work. When I went to cite I included the lay summary by expanding the doi template with your generated  . Regarding combining refs, with 14 references, duplicates can be detected by inspection. On larger articles that obviously becomes impractical, though. Addressing my original concern, I went to your talk page and I gather that you conduct edits by copy-pasting from your sandbox into the article, which is presumably how my changes were overwritten.
 * As a short glance at your talk archives shows, citation templates can be contentious. I don't have a dog in this fight, so to speak. My goal in switching to was to make the text easier to edit. This can also be accomplished by list-defined references, which would be my preference. In any event, I'm unlikely to be making many substantial additions outside of the genomics section. Do as you will.— James Estevez (talk) 21:00, 24 May 2013 (UTC)
 * i can switch them to list-defined reference format if you'd like. —Chris Capoccia  T⁄C 21:48, 24 May 2013 (UTC)

 * Thanks.— James Estevez (talk) 20:23, 25 May 2013 (UTC)

Origin of name
Where does the name Brassica come from? • • • Peter (Southwood) (talk): 07:37, 14 December 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Brassica


text:
Cowpea

The cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) is an annual herbaceous legume from the genus Vigna. Its tolerance for sandy soil and low rainfall have made it an important crop in the semiarid regions across Africa and Asia. It requires very few inputs, as the plant's root nodules are able to fix atmospheric nitrogen, making it a valuable crop for resource-poor farmers and well-suited to intercropping with other crops. The whole plant is used as forage for animals, with its use as cattle feed likely responsible for its name.

Four subspecies of cowpeas are recognised, of which three are cultivated. A high level of morphological diversity is found within the species with large variations in the size, shape, and structure of the plant. Cowpeas can be erect, semierect (trailing), or climbing. The crop is mainly grown for its seeds, which are high in protein, although the leaves and immature seed pods can also be consumed.

Cowpeas were domesticated in Africa and are one of the oldest crops to be farmed. A second domestication event probably occurred in Asia, before they spread into Europe and the Americas. The seeds are usually cooked and made into stews and curries, or ground into flour or paste.

Most cowpeas are grown on the African continent, particularly in Nigeria and Niger, which account for 66% of world production. A 1997 estimate suggests that cowpeas are cultivated on 12.5 ha of land, have a worldwide production of 3 million tonnes and are consumed by 200 million people on a daily basis. Insect infestation is a major constraint to the production of cowpea, sometimes causing over 90% loss in yield. The legume pod borer Maruca vitrata is the main preharvest pest of the cowpea and the cowpea weevil Callosobruchus maculatus the main postharvest pest.

Taxonomy and etymology
Vigna unguiculata is a member of the Vigna (peas and beans) genus. Unguiculata is Latin for "with a small claw", which reflects the small stalks on the flower petals. Common names for cultivated cowpeas include black-eye pea, southern pea, niebe (alternatively ñebbe), and crowder pea. All cultivated cowpeas are found within the universally accepted V. unguiculata subspecies unguiculata classification, which is then commonly divided into four cultivar groups: unguiculata, biflora, sesquipedalis, and textilis. The classification of the wild relatives within V. unguiculata is more complicated, with over 20 different names having been used and between 3 and 10 subgroups described. The original subgroups of stenophylla, dekindtiana, and tenuis appear to be common in all taxonomic treatments, while the variations pubescens and protractor were raised to subspecies level by a 1993 characterisation.

The first written reference of the word 'cowpea' appeared in 1798 in the United States. The name was most likely acquired due to their use as a fodder crop for cows. Black-eyed pea, a common name used for the unguiculata cultivar group, describes the presence of a distinctive black spot at the hilum of the seed. Black-eyed peas were first introduced to the southern states in the United States and some early varieties had peas squashed closely together in their pods, leading to the other common names of southern pea and crowder pea.

The sesquipedalis subspecies arrived in the United States via Asia. It is characterised by unusually long pods, leading to the Latin name (sesquipedalis means "foot and a half long") and the common names of yardlong bean, asparagus bean, and Chinese long-bean.

Description
A large morphological diversity is found within the crop, and the growth conditions and grower preferences for each variety vary from region to region. However, as the plant is primarily self-pollinating, its genetic diversity within varieties is relatively low. Cowpeas can either be short and bushy (as short as 20 cm) or act like a vine by climbing supports or trailing along the ground (to a height of 2 m). The taproot can penetrate to a depth of 2.4 m after eight weeks.

The size and shape of the leaves vary greatly, making this an important feature for classifying and distinguishing cowpea varieties. Another distinguishing feature of cowpeas is the long 20 - 50 cm peduncles, which hold the flowers and seed pods. One peduncle can support four or more seed pods. Flower colour varies through different shades of purple, pink, yellow, and white and blue.

Seeds and seed pods from wild cowpeas are very small, while cultivated varieties can have pods between 10 and 110 cm long. A pod can contain six to 13 seeds that are usually kidney-shaped, although the seeds become more spherical the more restricted they are within the pod. Their texture and colour are very diverse. They can have a smooth or rough coat and be speckled, mottled, or blotchy. Colours include white, cream, green, red, brown, and black, or various combinations.

History
Compared to most other important crops, little is known about the domestication, dispersal, and cultivation history of the cowpea. Although there is no archaeological evidence for early cowpea cultivation, the centre of diversity of the cultivated cowpea is West Africa, leading an early consensus that this is the likely centre of origin and place of early domestication. New research using molecular markers has suggested that domestication may have instead occurred in East Africa and currently both theories carry equal weight.

While the date of cultivation began may be uncertain, it is still considered one of the oldest domesticated crops. Remains of charred cowpeas from rock shelters in Central Ghana have been dated to the 2nd millennium BC. In 2300 BC, the cowpea is believed to have made its way into Southeast Asia, where secondary domestication events may have occurred. From there they traveled north to the Mediterranean, where they were used by the Greeks and Romans. The first written references to the cowpea were in 300 BC and they probably reached Central and North America during the slave trade through the 17th to early 19th centuries.

Cultivation
Cowpeas thrive in poor dry conditions, growing well in soils up to 85% sand. This makes them a particularly important crop in arid, semidesert regions where not many other crops will grow. As well as an important source of food for humans in poor, arid regions, the crop can also be used as feed for livestock. Its nitrogen-fixing ability means that as well as functioning as a sole crop, the cowpea can be effectively intercropped with sorghum, millet, maize, cassava, or cotton.

The optimum temperature for cowpea growth is 30 C, making it only available as a summer crop for most of the world. It grows best in regions with an annual rainfall between 400 and 700 mm. The ideal soils are sandy and it has better tolerance for infertile and acid soil than most other crops. Generally, 133000 /ha for the erect varieties and 60000 /ha for the climbing and trailing varieties. The seeds can be harvested after about 100 days or the whole plant used as forage after about 120 days. Leaves can be picked from 4 weeks after planting.

These characteristics, along with its low fertilisation requirements, make the cowpea an ideal crop for resource-poor farmers living in the Sahel region of West Africa. Early-maturing varieties of the crop can thrive in the semiarid climate, where rainfall is often less than 500 mm. The timing of planting is crucial, as the plant must mature during the seasonal rains. The crop is mostly intercropped with pearl millet, and plants are selected that provide both food and fodder value instead of the more specialised varieties.

Storage of the seeds can be problematic in Africa due to potential infestation by postharvest pests. Traditional methods of protecting stored grain include using the insecticidal properties of Neem extracts, mixing the grain with ash or sand, using vegetable oils, combining ash and oil into a soap solution or treating the cowpea pods with smoke or heat. More modern methods include storage in airtight containers, using gamma irradiation, or heating or freezing the seeds. Temperatures of 60 C kill the weevil larvae, leading to a recent push to develop cheap forms of solar heating that can be used to treat stored grain. One of the more recent developments is the use a cheap, reusable double-bagging system (called PICs) that asphyxiates the cowpea weevils.

Pests and diseases
Insects are a major factor in the low yields of African cowpea crops, and they affect each tissue component and developmental stage of the plant. In bad infestations, insect pressure is responsible for over 90% loss in yield. The legume pod borer, Maruca vitrata, is the main preharvest pest of the cowpea. Other important pests include pod sucking bugs, thrips, aphids, cowpea curculios and post-harvest beetles Callosobruchus maculatus and Callosobruchus chinensis.

M. vitrata causes the most damage to the growing cowpea due to their large host range and cosmopolitan distribution. It causes damage to the flower buds, flowers, and pods of the plant, with infestations resulting in a 20–88% loss of yield. While the insect can cause damage through all growth stages, most of the damage occurs during flowering. Biological control has had limited success, so most preventive methods rely on the use of agrichemicals. Genetically modified cowpeas has been developed to express the cry protein from Bacillus thuringiensis, which is toxic to lepidopteran species including the maruca. BT Cowpea was commercialised in Nigeria in 2019.

Severe C. maculatus infestations can affect 100% of the stored peas and cause up to 60% loss within a few months. The weevil generally enters the cowpea pod through holes before harvest and lays eggs on the dry seed. The larvae burrow their way into the seed, feeding on the endosperm. The weevil develops into a sexually mature adult within the seed. An individual bruchid can lay 20–40 eggs, and in optimal conditions, each egg can develop into a reproductively active adult in 3 weeks. The most common methods of protection involve the use of insecticides, the main pesticides used being carbamates, synthetic pyrethroids, and organophosphates.

Cowpea is susceptible to nematode, fungal, bacterial, and virus diseases, which can result in substantial loss in yield. Common diseases include blights, root rot, wilt, powdery mildew, root knot, rust and leaf spot. The plant is susceptible to mosaic viruses, which cause a green mosaic pattern to appear in the leaves. The cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV), discovered in 1959, has become a useful research tool. CPMV is stable and easy to propagate to a high yield, making it useful in vector development and protein expression systems. One of the plant's defenses against some insect attacks is the cowpea trypsin inhibitor (CpTI). CpTI has been transgenically inserted into other crops as a pest deterrent. CpTI is the only gene obtained outside of B. thuringiensis that has been inserted into a commercially available genetically modified crop.

Besides biotic stresses, cowpea also faces various challenges in different parts of the world such as drought, heat, and cold. Drought lowers the growth rate and development, ultimately reducing yield, although cowpea is considered more drought tolerant than most other crops. Drought at the preflowering stage in cowpea can reduce the yield potential by 360 kg/ha. Crop wild relatives are the prominent source of genetic material, which can be tapped to improve biotic/abiotic tolerance in crops. International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Nigeria and Institut de l’Environment et de Recherches Agricoles are looking to tap into the genetic diversity of wild cowpeas and transfer that into cultivars to make them more tolerant to different stresses and adaptive to climate change.

Culinary use
Cowpeas are grown mostly for their edible beans, although the leaves, green seeds and pods can also be consumed, meaning the cowpea can be used as a food source before the dried peas are harvested. Like other legumes, cowpeas are cooked to make them edible, usually by boiling. Cowpeas can be prepared in stews, soups, purees, casseroles and curries. They can also be processed into a paste or flour. Chinese long beans can be eaten raw or cooked, but as they easily become waterlogged are usually sautéed, stir-fried, or deep-fried.

A common snack in Africa is koki or moin-moin, where the cowpeas are mashed into a paste, mixed with spices and steamed in banana leaves. They also use the cowpea paste as a supplement in infant formula when weaning babies off milk. Slaves brought to America and the West Indies cooked cowpeas much the same way as they did in Africa, although many people in the American South considered cowpeas not suitable for human consumption. A popular dish was Hoppin' John, which contained black-eyed peas cooked with rice and seasoned with pork. Over time, cowpeas became more universally accepted and now Hoppin' John is seen as a traditional Southern dish ritually served on New Year's Day.

Nutrition and health
Cowpea seeds provide a rich source of proteins and food energy, as well as minerals and vitamins. This complements the mainly cereal diet in countries that grow cowpeas as a major food crop. A seed can consist of 25% protein and has very low fat content. Cowpea starch is digested more slowly than the starch from cereals, which is more beneficial to human health. The grain is a rich source of folic acid, an important vitamin that helps prevent neural tube defects in unborn babies.

The cowpea has often been referred to as "poor man's meat" due to the high levels of protein found in the seeds and leaves. However, it does contain some antinutritional elements, notable phytic acid and protease inhibitors, which reduce the nutritional value of the crop. Methods such as fermentation, soaking, germination, debranning, and autoclaving are used to combat the antinutritional properties of the cowpea by increasing the bioavailability of nutrients within the crop. Although little research has been conducted on the nutritional value of the leaves and immature pods, what is available suggests that the leaves have a similar nutritional value to black nightshade and sweet potato leaves, while the green pods have less antinutritional factors than the dried seeds.

Production and consumption
Most cowpeas are grown on the African continent, particularly in Nigeria and Niger, which account for 66% of world cowpea production. The Sahel region also contains other major producers such as Burkina Faso, Ghana, Senegal, and Mali. Niger is the main exporter of cowpeas and Nigeria the main importer. Exact figures for cowpea production are hard to come up with as it is not a major export crop. Estimating world cowpea production is rather difficult, as it is usually grown in a mixture with other crops, but according to a 1997 estimate, cowpeas were cultivated on 12.5 ha and had a worldwide production of 3 e6MT. While they play a key role in subsistence farming and livestock fodder, the cowpea is also seen as a major cash crop by Central and West African farmers, with an estimated 200 million people consuming cowpea on a daily basis.

According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, as of 2012, the average cowpea yield in Western Africa was an estimated 483 kg/ha, which is still 50% below the estimated potential production yield. In some tradition cropping methods, the yield can be as low as 100 kg/ha.

Outside Africa, the major production areas are Asia, Central America, and South America. Brazil is the world's second-leading producer of cowpea seed, accounting for 17% of annual cowpea production, although most is consumed within the country.

title: Cowpea


text:
List of paranormal magazines

This is a list of notable magazines on paranormal, anomalous and Fortean phenomena. These magazines are generally opposed by skeptical magazines.

 * 3rd Stone – an Earth mysteries magazine; defunct
 * Explore: The Journal of Science & Healing
 * Fate – broad array of accounts of the strange and unknown
 * Fortean Times – publishes reports of anomalous phenomena and investigative articles
 * Journal of Near-Death Studies
 * Journal of Parapsychology
 * Journal of Scientific Exploration – official research journal of the Society for Scientific Exploration
 * Lobster – twice yearly magazine focused on parapolitics
 * Magazine of the Society for Psychical Research – quarterly membership magazine covering a broad range of paranormal phenomena; previously known as the Paranormal Review
 * NeuroQuantology
 * Nexus – UFOs, fringe science, conspiracy theory, alternative medicine
 * Steamshovel Press – investigative articles, parapolitics, alternative history; self-described as "all conspiracy, no theory"; defunct
 * UFO Magazine – American magazine, not to be confused with the now-defunct British UFO Magazine; defunct
 * Weird NJ – deals with sightings of UFOs, ghosts, the Jersey Devil and other supernatural occurrences in the state of New Jersey

title: List of paranormal magazines


text:
Omeprazole

Omeprazole, sold under the brand names Prilosec and Losec, among others, is a medication used in the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), peptic ulcer disease, and Zollinger–Ellison syndrome. It is also used to prevent upper gastrointestinal bleeding in people who are at high risk. Omeprazole is a proton-pump inhibitor (PPI) and its effectiveness is similar to that of other PPIs. It can be taken by mouth or by injection into a vein. It is also available in the fixed-dose combination medication omeprazole/sodium bicarbonate as Zegerid and as Konvomep.

Common side effects include nausea, vomiting, headaches, abdominal pain, and increased intestinal gas. Serious side effects may include Clostridium difficile colitis, an increased risk of pneumonia, an increased risk of bone fractures, and the potential of masking stomach cancer. Whether it is safe for use in pregnancy is unclear. It works by blocking the release of stomach acid.

Omeprazole was patented in 1978, and approved for medical use in 1988. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. It is available as a generic medication. In 2021, it was the eighth-most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 54million prescriptions. It is also available without a prescription in the United States.

Medical uses
Omeprazole can be used in the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), peptic ulcers, erosive esophagitis, Zollinger–Ellison syndrome, and eosinophilic esophagitis.

Peptic ulcers
Peptic ulcers may be treated with omeprazole. Infection with Helicobacter pylori can be treated by taking omeprazole, amoxicillin, and clarithromycin together for 7–14 days. Amoxicillin may be replaced with metronidazole in patients who are allergic to penicillin.

Adverse effects
Adverse effects occurring in at least 1% of people include: Other concerns related to adverse effects are:
 * Central nervous system: headache (7%), dizziness (2%)
 * Respiratory: upper respiratory tract infection (2%), cough (1%)
 * Gastrointestinal: abdominal pain (5%), diarrhea (4%), nausea (4%), vomiting (3%), flatulence (3%), acid regurgitation (2%), constipation (2%)
 * Neuromuscular and skeletal: back pain (1%), weakness (1%)
 * Dermatologic: rash (2%)
 * Recurrence of Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea
 * Osteoporosis-related fractures
 * Hypomagnesemia

Concern has been expressed regarding vitamin B12 and iron malabsorption, but effects seem to be insignificant, especially when supplement therapy is provided.

Since their introduction, proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs, especially omeprazole) have also been associated with several cases of acute interstitial nephritis, an inflammation of the kidneys that often occurs as an adverse drug reaction.

Long-term use
Long-term use of PPIs is strongly associated with the development of benign polyps from fundic glands (which is distinct from fundic gland polyposis); these polyps do not cause cancer and resolve when PPIs are discontinued. No association is seen between PPI use and cancer, but use of PPIs may mask gastric cancers or other serious gastric problems and physicians should be aware of this effect.

There is a possible association between long term use and dementia which requires further study to confirm.

A review article in U.S. Pharmacist in 2013 states that long-term use of PPIs is associated with decreased calcium absorption (causing increased risk of osteoporosis and fractures), decreased magnesium absorption (causing electrolyte disturbances), and increased risk of certain infections such as C. difficile and community-acquired pneumonia. They hypothesize that this is due to decreased stomach acid production.

Pregnancy and breastfeeding
The safety of using omeprazole has not been established in pregnant or breastfeeding women. Epidemiological data do not show an increased risk of major birth defects after maternal use of omeprazole during pregnancy.

Interactions

Important drug interactions are rare. However, the most significant major drug interaction concern is the decreased activation of clopidogrel when taken together with omeprazole. Although still controversial, this may increase the risk of stroke or heart attack in people taking clopidogrel to prevent these events.

This interaction is possible because omeprazole is an inhibitor of the enzymes CYP2C19 and CYP3A4. Clopidogrel is an inactive prodrug that partially depends on CYP2C19 for conversion to its active form. Inhibition of CYP2C19 may block the activation of clopidogrel, which could reduce its effects.

Almost all benzodiazepines are metabolised by the CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 pathways, and inhibition of these enzymes results in a higher area under the curve (i.e., the total effect over time of a given dose). Other examples of drugs dependent on CYP3A4 for their metabolism are escitalopram, warfarin, oxycodone, tramadol, and oxymorphone. The concentrations of these drugs may increase if they are used concomitantly with omeprazole.

Omeprazole is also a competitive inhibitor of p-glycoprotein, as are other PPIs.

Drugs that depend on an acidic stomach environment (such as ketoconazole or atazanavir) may be poorly absorbed, whereas acid-labile antibiotics (such as erythromycin which is a very strong CYP3A4 inhibitor) may be absorbed to a greater extent than normal due to the more alkaline environment of the stomach.

St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum) and Ginkgo biloba significantly reduce plasma concentrations of omeprazole through induction of CYP3A4 and CYP2C19.

Proton-pump inhibitors like omeprazole have been found to increase the plasma concentrations of methotrexate.

Pharmacology
Omeprazole irreversibly blocks the enzyme system on parietal cells that is needed for the secretion of gastric acid. It is a specific H$+$/K$+$ATPase inhibitor. This is the enzyme needed for the final step in the secretion of gastric acid.

Mechanism of action
Omeprazole is a selective and irreversible proton pump inhibitor. It suppresses stomach acid secretion by specific inhibition of the H+/K+-ATPase system found at the secretory surface of gastric parietal cells. Because this enzyme system is regarded as the acid (proton, or H+) pump within the gastric mucosa, omeprazole inhibits the final step of acid production.

Omeprazole also inhibits both basal and stimulated acid secretion irrespective of the stimulus as it blocks the last step in acid secretion. The drug binds non-competitively so it has a dose-dependent effect.

The inhibitory effect of omeprazole occurs within 1 hour after oral administration. The maximum effect occurs within 2 hours. The duration of inhibition is up to 72 hours. When omeprazole is stopped, baseline stomach acid secretory activity returns after 3 to 5 days. The inhibitory effect of omeprazole on acid secretion will plateau after 4 days of repeated daily dosing.

Pharmacokinetics
The absorption of omeprazole takes place in the small intestine and is usually completed within 3 to 6 hours. The systemic bioavailability of omeprazole after repeated doses is about 60%. Omeprazole has a volume of distribution of 0.4 L/kg. It has high plasma protein binding of 95%.

Omeprazole, as well as other PPIs, are only effective on active H+/K+-ATPase pumps. These pumps are stimulated in the presence of food to aid in digestion. For this reason, patients should be advised to take omeprazole with a glass of water, before a meal. Additionally, most sources recommend that after taking omeprazole, at least 30 minutes should be allowed to elapse before eating (at least 60 minutes for immediate-release omeprazole plus sodium bicarbonate products, such as Zegerid).

Omeprazole is completely metabolized by the cytochrome P450 system, mainly in the liver, by CYP2C19 and CYP3A4 isoenzymes. Identified metabolites are the sulfone, the sulfide, and hydroxy-omeprazole, which exert no significant effect on acid secretion. About 77% of an orally given dose is excreted as metabolites in the urine, and the remainder is found in the feces, primarily originating from bile secretion. Omeprazole has a half life of 0.5 to 1 hour.

Chemistry
Omeprazole contains a tricoordinated sulfinyl sulfur in a pyramidal structure and therefore can exist as either the (S)- or (R)-enantiomers. Omeprazole is a racemate, an equal mixture of the two. In the acidic conditions of the canaliculi of parietal cells, both enantiomers are converted to achiral products (sulfenic acid and sulfenamide configurations) which react with a cysteine group in H+/K+ ATPase, thereby inhibiting the ability of the parietal cells to produce gastric acid.

 * Omeprazole Mechanism V1.svg

AstraZeneca also developed esomeprazole (Nexium) which is a eutomer, purely the (S)-enantiomer, rather than a racemate like omeprazole.

Omeprazole undergoes a chiral shift in vivo which converts the inactive (R)-enantiomer to the active (S)-enantiomer, doubling the concentration of the active form. This chiral shift is accomplished by the CYP2C19 isozyme of cytochrome P450, which is not found equally in all human populations. Those who do not metabolize the drug effectively are called "poor metabolizers". The proportion of the poor metabolizer phenotype varies widely between populations, from 2.0 to 2.5% in African Americans and white Americans to >20% in Asians. Several pharmacogenomics studies have suggested that PPI treatment should be tailored according to CYP2C19 metabolism status.

Measurement in body fluids
Omeprazole may be quantified in plasma or serum to monitor therapy or to confirm a diagnosis of poisoning in hospitalized patients. Plasma omeprazole concentrations are usually in a range of 0.2–1.2 mg/L in persons receiving the drug therapeutically by the oral route and 1–6 mg/L in people with acute overdose. Enantiomeric chromatographic methods are available to distinguish esomeprazole from racemic omeprazole.

History
Omeprazole was first made in 1979 by Swedish AB Hässle, part of Astra AB. It was the first of the proton pump inhibitors (PPI). Astra AB, now AstraZeneca, launched it as an ulcer medicine under the name Losec in Sweden. It was first sold in the United States in 1989 under the brand name Losec. In 1990, at the request of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, the brand name Losec was changed to Prilosec to avoid confusion with the diuretic Lasix (furosemide). The new name led to confusion between omeprazole (Prilosec) and fluoxetine (Prozac), an antidepressant.

Economics
When Prilosec's U.S. patent expired in April 2001, AstraZeneca introduced esomeprazole (Nexium) as a patented replacement drug. Many companies introduced generics as AstraZeneca's patents expired worldwide, which are available under many brand names.

Omeprazole was a subject of a patent litigation in the U.S. The invention involved application of two different coatings to a drug in pill form to ensure, that the omeprazole did not disintegrate before reaching its intended site of action in stomach. Although the solution by means of two coating was obvious, the patent was found valid, because the source of the problem was non-obvious and was discovered by the patentee.

In September 2023, AstraZeneca announced it would pay $425 million to settle product liability litigations against Prilosec in the United States.

Brand names
Brand names include Losec, Prilosec, Zegerid, Miracid, and Omez.

title: Omeprazole


text:
Talk:Airy function

Untitled
Hi, I should say that in the integral formula for the Bi Airy function the exponential expression misses the zt component. See eg Abramowitz formula 10.4.33. regards, jan

 * Checked and fixed, thanks. -- Jitse Niesen 12:45, 25 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Asymptotic formula
the asymptotic formula for Ai and Bi when x sto -infinite seems to be inverted regards

 * You're right. Thanks very much for letting us know. -- Jitse Niesen (talk) 13:17, 5 October 2006 (UTC)

Solving the Airy equation
One should write down two ways to solve the Airy equation: 1. The series solution method and, 2. The Laplace transform. With regard to the Laplace transform, one should explain how to take the contour on the complex plane. Watson1905 (talk) 20:50, 11 February 2014 (UTC)

Properties
As far as I can see, both Ai(x) and Bi(x) are convex for positiv x. Juergen.

 * Indeed. The differential equation immediately implies that $$y''>0$$ if $$x>0$$ and $$y>0$$. Thanks. -- Jitse Niesen (talk) 00:23, 9 November 2006 (UTC)

Asymptotic formula again
"the asymptotic formula for Ai and Bi when x sto -infinite seems to be inverted" This is still not quite correct. If the asymptotic expressions for Ai(x) and Bi(x) at large negative real x, as given on the Article page, are interchanged, then a minus sign needs to be put in front of the new expression for Bi(x). Alternatively, the given expressions can be corrected without interchanging them: in the arguments of the sine and cosine terms, one changes the sign of the factor pi/4 from minus to plus. LROS 13:23, 28 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I don't know what it is; for some reason, this seems to be extremely confusing for me. I changed the sign of pi/4 and I hope everything is correct now, as this is all very embarrassing. -- Jitse Niesen (talk) 07:49, 29 November 2006 (UTC)

Is it integrable?
The text says that cosine integral in the solution for Ai(x) is not integrable, although the integral converges everywhere. Does this even make sense?
 * Yes. For a function to be Lebesgue integrable, its absolute value must be integrable.  This is not the case for Ai(x), because it doesn't decay.  However $$\lim_{a\to\pm\infty}\int_{0}^a Ai(x) dx$$ does exist as an improper integral, due to the cancellation mentioned in the article. -- GWO

Bairy function
Bi(x) is apparently colloquially known as the "Bairy" function. Unfortunately a Google search gives mainly references to function libraries using the term as an abbreviation, so I don't know how to back it up. Confusing Manifestation 06:15, 24 May 2007 (UTC)

This was added as a joke from a Math professor's class. Hence it has been removed.

There is at least one math professor (namely, my diff. eq. professor) who uses “Bairy” unironically. I don’t think it is a joke after all. BalinKingOfMoria (talk) 18:49, 4 November 2019 (UTC)

Web Calculators
Last night, Arthur Rubin removed a link to an web calculator providing useful free services to users of airy functions. Many wikipedia articles on topics that have calculational aspects provide links to web calculators. This was the only calculator link on the article, so the link to that useful service is now gone. Web calcualtors for such relative obscrure functions are rare. Please cite an official policy justifcation, explain your actions in light of these points, or engage in a conversation as to why you believe this information to be inappropriate. Otherwise I plan to revert the change. Ichbin-dcw (talk) 19:47, 25 May 2010 (UTC)

Everything but what it is
This article is a prime example of that set of Wikipedia pages that talks at length about a subject without ever explaining it. rowley (talk) 18:40, 3 June 2010 (UTC)

Disambiguation: Fabry-Perot etalon Airy Function
In undergraduate optics classes, it's taught that the Airy function is what's listed on: http://www.phy.davidson.edu/stuhome/cabell_f/diffractionfinal/pages/fabry.htm#Characteristics or http://www.tecoptics.com/etalons/theory.htm. It would be great to update this page to include this popular equation. OpticalEngineer (talk) 02:56, 31 July 2012 (UTC) Went ahead and updated the page. OpticalEngineer (talk) 03:42, 31 July 2012 (UTC)

Airy wavelength
One can define the Airy wavelength $$\lambda$$ in terms of a far-field distance $$X$$ and wavenumber $$k_0$$ at that distance (such that $$Ai(x/\lambda)$$ oscillates like $$\sin (k_0 x + \phi)$$ at $$x \sim X$$). Can anyone provide a good reference for this usage?

One should explain the meaning of Airy transform and that it is a unitary transform.

Also one should PROOF the orthogonality of Airy functions. This is quite important in physical problems. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Watson1905 (talk • contribs) 22:06, 10 February 2014 (UTC)

Orthogonality and unitarity properties
One should explain the meaning of Airy transform and that it is a unitary transform.

Also one should PROOF the orthogonality of Airy functions. This is quite important in physical problems. Watson1905 (talk) 20:42, 11 February 2014 (UTC)

Ai(x)
Why does the article say “Airy function Ai(x)” or “The function Ai(x) and the related function Bi(x)”? The functions are called “Ai” and “Bi” respectively, “(x)” is the function application at x and not the function itself anymore. 1234qwer1234qwer4 (talk) 14:07, 1 November 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Airy function


text:
Elliott Sharp

Elliott Sharp (born March 1, 1951) is an American contemporary classical composer, multi-instrumentalist, performer, author, and visual artist.

A central figure in the avant-garde and experimental music scene in New York City since the late 1970s, Sharp has released over eighty-five recordings ranging from contemporary classical, avant-garde, free improvisation, jazz, experimental, and orchestral music to noise, no wave, and electronic music. He pioneered the use of personal computers in live performance with his Virtual Stance project of the 1980s. He has used algorithms and fibonacci numbers in experimental composition since the 1970s, and has cited literature as an inspiration for his music and often favors improvisation. He is an inveterate performer, playing mainly guitar, saxophone and bass clarinet. Sharp has led many ensembles over the years, including the blues-oriented Terraplane, Orchestra Carbon, and SysOrk, a group dedicated to the realization of algorithmic and graphic scores.

Biography
Sharp was classically trained in piano from an early age, taking up clarinet and guitar as a teen. He attended Cornell University from 1969 to 1971, studying anthropology, music, and electronics. He completed his B.A. degree at Bard College in 1973, where he studied composition with Benjamin Boretz and Elie Yarden; jazz composition, improvisation, and ethnomusicology with trombonist Roswell Rudd; and physics and electronics with Burton Brody. In 1977 he received an M.A. from the University at Buffalo, where he studied composition with Morton Feldman and Lejaren Hiller, and ethnomusicology with Charles Keil.

From the late 1970s, Sharp established himself internationally. His compositions have been performed by the JACK Quartet, Kronos Quartet, Ensemble Musikfabrik, the hr-Sinfonieorchester, the Ensemble Modern, Continuum, the Orchestra of the SEM Ensemble, the FLUX Quartet, Zeitkratzer, the Soldier String Quartet, and Grammy-winning violinist Hilary Hahn. His work has been featured at festivals worldwide, including Other Minds in San Francisco 2021, the 2018 RuhrTriennale, Huddersfield 2018, MaerzMuzik Berlin 2014, Tomorrow Festival Shenzhen 2012, New Music Stockholm festival 2008, Donaueschingen Festival 2007, Hessischer Rundfunk Klangbiennale 2007, Venice Biennale 2003 & 2006, and Darmstädter Ferienkurse fur Neue Musik 2003.

He has collaborated regularly with many people, including Christian Marclay, Nels Cline, Bobby Previte, Z'EV, Joey Baron, David Torn,, Zeena Parkins, Vernon Reid, and Frances-Marie Uitti, as well as qawaali singer Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan, blues legend Hubert Sumlin, actor/writer Eric Bogosian, jazz greats Jack DeJohnette and Sonny Sharrock, pop singer Debbie Harry, and Bachir Attar, leader of the Master Musicians of Jajouka. He was curator of the monumental sound-art exhibition ‘’Volume: Bed of Sound’’ for MoMA PS1, which featured the works of 54 artists including Vito Acconci, Tod Dockstader, John Duncan, Walter Murch, Muhal Richard Abrams, Laurie Anderson, Chris & Cosey, Survival Research Laboratories, Ryuichi Sakamoto, Sonic Youth, and Butch Morris.

He produces records for a wide variety of artists, and has curated several State of the Union CDs, compilations of one-minute tracks by experimental musicians. He releases music under his own label, zOaR music, as well as punk label SST and downtown music labels such as Knitting Factory records and John Zorn’s Tzadik label. Sharp describes himself as a lifelong "science geek", having modified and created musical instruments since his teen years, and frequently borrowing terms from science and technology for his compositions.

Sharp received the 2015 Berlin Prize in Musical Composition, spending six months as a Fellow-in-Residence at the American Academy in Berlin. He was awarded a 2014 Guggenheim Fellowship, was a 2009 Master Artist-in-Residence at the Atlantic Center for the Arts, a New York Foundation for the Arts Fellow in music in 2010 and 2019, and received a 2003 Foundation for Contemporary Arts Grants to Artists Award. He has composed scores for feature films and documentaries, created music and sound-design for The Sundance Channel, MTV and Bravo networks; and has presented numerous sound installations in art galleries and museums. Guitar Player magazine’s 30th anniversary issue included Sharp among their list of “The Dirty Thirty – Pioneers and Trailblazers”.

In March 2011, Sharp's 60th birthday was celebrated with a weekend of all-star concert events entitled "E#@60", hosted by Brooklyn's ISSUE Project Room. In March 2021, his 70th birthday was celebrated with a series of concert events entitled “E#@70”, presented by Brooklyn’s Roulette.

Sharp lives in lower Manhattan with media artist Janene Higgins and their two children.

Solo

 * The Collapsed Wave (2023)
 * Steppe (2023)
 * Octal: Book Four (2022)
 * Karman Lines (2021)
 * Isosceles (2020)
 * Cryptid Fragments 1991-1996 (2020)
 * Octal Book Three (2014) for solo 8-string guitarbass
 * The Yahoos Trilogy (2013)
 * Octal Book Two (2010)
 * Tectonics – Abstraction Distraction (2010)
 * Concert in Dachau (2008)
 * Octal Book One (2008)
 * Solo Beijing (2007)
 * Sharp? Monk? Sharp! Monk! (2006)
 * Quadrature (2005)
 * Velocity of Hue (2004)
 * Tectonics – Errata (1999)
 * Tectonics – Field and Stream (1997)
 * Sferics (1996)
 * Tectonics (1995)
 * Westwerk (1992)
 * K!L!A!V! (1990)
 * Looppool (1988)
 * Rhythms and Blues (1980)
 * Resonance (1979)

As a leader

 * Nots (1981) with Art Baron, Olu Dara, Bill Laswell, Diana Meckley, M.E. Miller, Charles K. Noyes, Phillip Wilson
 * I/S/M:R (1982) with Michael Brown, Al Diaz, David Linton
 * In the Land of the Yahoos (1987) with Christoph Anders, Sussan Deihim, Elizabeth Fischer, David Fulton, Paul Garrin, Shelley Hirsch, Shigeto Kamada, Christian Marclay, Jane Tomkiewicz
 * Beneath the Valley of the Ultra-Yahoos (1992) with Samm Bennett, Alva Rogers, Anthony Coleman, Victor Poison-Tete, Eugene Chadbourne, Sussan Deihim, Shelley Hirsch, Barbara Barg, K.J. Grant, Lee Ann Brown
 * Dyners Club Guitar Quartet (1994) with Roger Kleier, David Mecionis, John Myers
 * Boodlers (1995) with Fred Chalenor, Henry Franzoni
 * Boodlers – Counter Fit (1997) with Fred Chalenor, Henry Franzoni, Joseph Trump
 * Arc 1: I/S/M (1996) with Art Baron, Michael Brown, Al Diaz, Olu Dara, Bill Laswell, David Linton, Diana Meckley, M.E. Miller, Charles K. Noyes, Bobby Previte, Phillip Wilson
 * Arc 2: The Seventies (1998) with, Steve Piccolo, Geoff MacAdie, Stewart Gilbert, Kunda Magenau, Denis Williamson, Murry Kohn, Donald Knaack, Bobby Previte, Jim Whittemore, Chris Vine
 * Arc 3: Cyberpunk & the Virtual Stance (1998)
 * Autar (2000) with the Bedouin Musicians of Muhammad Abu-Ajaj
 * Raw Meet (2002) with Melvin Gibbs, Lance Carter
 * Radio Hyper-Yahoo (2004) with Tracie Morris, Eric Bogosian, Sim Cain, Maggie Estep, Steve Buscemi, Lisa Lowell, Jack Womack, Eszter Balint, Edwin Torres,, Steve Piccolo, Gak Sato
 * War Zones (2008)
 * Christian Marclay: Graffiti Composition (2010) Elliott Sharp, Melvin Gibbs, Mary Halvorson, Lee Ranaldo, Vernon Reid
 * Electric Willie: a Tribute to Willie Dixon (2010) Elliott Sharp, Henry Kaiser,, Queen Esther, Glenn Phillips, Melvin Gibbs, Lance Carter (Yellowbird)
 * Err Guitar (2017)
 * Syzygy (2019)

with Carbon

 * Monster Curve (1982)
 * Datacide (1989)
 * Sili/contemp/tation (1990)
 * Tocsin (1991)
 * Truthtable (1993)
 * Autoboot (1994)
 * Amusia (1994)
 * Interference (1995)
 * Serrate (2009)
 * Void Coordinates (2010)
 * Amsterdam Live 2010 (2023)

with Orchestra Carbon

 * Larynx (1988, 2007)
 * Abstract Repressionism: 1990–99 (1992)
 * Spring & Neap (1997)
 * Rheo~Umbra (1998)
 * SyndaKit (1999)
 * Radiolaria (2001)
 * Quarks Swim Free (2006)

String Quartets

 * Hammer, Anvil, Stirrup (1987) with Soldier String Quartet and Carbon
 * Twistmap (1991) with Soldier String Quartet
 * Cryptid Fragments (1993) with Margaret Parkins, Michelle Kinney, Sara Parkins, and Soldier String Quartet
 * Digital (1986) on Short Stories
 * XenocodeX (1996) with Soldier String Quartet
 * A Modicum of Passion (2004) with (vocals) Devorah Day, Ben Miller,, Joan Wasser; and (strings) Stephanie Griffin, Conrad Harris, Amy Kimball, Garo Yellin
 * Elliott Sharp String Quartets 1986–1996 (2003) with Soldier String Quartet and The Meridian Quartet
 * The Boreal (2009) performed and recorded by JACK Quartet
 * Tranzience (2013) performed and recorded by JACK Quartet
 * Akheron (2014) premiered by JACK Quartet

Orchestral

 * Racing Hearts, Tessalation Row, Calling (2003)
 * Plastovy Hrad (2018) commissioned by Brno Contemporary Orchestra and conducted by Pavel Snajdr.
 * Oceanus Procellarum commissioned and premiered by Ensemble Resonanz, Kampnagel, Hamburg and Huddersfield Festival, UK.
 * Occam's Machete (2023) premiered by Sharp's SysOrk string ensemble

w/SysOrk

 * Sylva Sylvarum 2014 (2020)
 * ReGenerate (2021)
 * Flexagons 2014 (2022)

with Terraplane

 * Terraplane (1994)
 * Terraplane – Blues for Next (2000)
 * Terraplane – Music fr Yellowman (2002)
 * Terraplane – Do the Don't (2003) with Hubert Sumlin
 * Terraplane – Secret Life (2005)
 * Terraplane – Forgery (2008)
 * Terraplane – Sky Road Songs (2012) with Hubert Sumlin
 * Terraplane – 4AM Always (2014) – Winner of the Jahrespreis from Deutsche Schallplattenkritik
 * Kick It Six (2020)
 * Century (2021)

Duos

 * In New York (1990) with Bachir Attar
 * Psycho~Acoustic (1994) with Zeena Parkins
 * Psycho~Acoustic – Blackburst (1996) with Zeena Parkins
 * Hoosegow: Mighty (1996) with Queen Esther
 * Improvisations (1997) with Frances-Marie Uitti
 * Revenge of the Stuttering Child (1997) with Ronny Someck
 * Poverty Line (1997) with Ronny Someck
 * Rwong Territory (1998) with DJ Soulslinger
 * High Noon (1999) with Christian Marclay
 * Anostalgia (2002) with Reinhold Friedl
 * The Prisoner's Dilemma (2002) with Bobby Previte
 * Tongue (2004) with John Duncan
 * Volcanic Island (2005) with Yasuhiro Usui
 * Tranz (2006) with Merzbow
 * Feuchtify (2006) with Reinhold Friedl
 * Hums 2 Terre (2007) with Franck Vigroux
 * Duo Milano (2007) with Nels Cline
 * pi:k (2007) with Charlotte Hug
 * BASE (2008) with Antoine Berthaume
 * Scharfefelder (2008) with Scott Fields
 * Protoplasmic (2009) with Boris Savoldelli
 * Afiadacampos (2010) with Scott Fields
 * Reflexions (2010) with Michiyo Yagi
 * Chansons du crépuscule (2017) with Helene Breschand
 * Olso (2019) with John Andrew Wilhite-Hannisdal
 * Kumuska (2019) with Saadet Türköz
 * Alluvial Plain (2020) with Matthew Evan Taylor
 * Peregrinations (2020) with Frances-Marie Uitti
 * Duality (2022) with Tracie Morris

Collaborative groups

 * Semantics – Bone of Contention (1987) Elliott Sharp, Ned Rothenberg, Samm Bennett
 * Bootstrappers (1989) George Hurley, Mike Watt, Elliott Sharp
 * Bootstrappers – GI=GO (1992) Elliott Sharp, Thom Kotik, Jan Kotik
 * Downtown Lullaby (1998) John Zorn, Wayne Horvitz, Elliott Sharp, Bobby Previte
 * GTR OBLQ (1998) Vernon Reid, Elliott Sharp, David Torn
 * Beyond (2001) Joey Baron, Elliott Sharp, Roberto Zorzi
 * In the Tank (2006) Natsuki Tamura, Elliott Sharp, Takayuki Kato, Satoko Fujii
 * TECK String 4tet (2007) Carlos Zingaro, Elliott Sharp, Ken Filiano, Tomas Ulrich
 * Venice, dal vivo (2010) Elliott Sharp, Joey Baron, Franck Vigroux, Bruno Chevillon
 * Crossing the Waters (2013) Elliott Sharp, Melvin Gibbs, (Intakt)
 * Expressed By The Circumference (2019) Elliott Sharp, Álvaro Domene, Michael Caratti
 * Evocation (Infrequent Seams, 2022) with Andrew Cyrille and Richard Teitelbaum, recorded in 2011

As producer

 * John Zorn: Spy Vs Spy (Nonesuch, 1988)
 * Mofungo: Bugged (SST, 1988)
 * N.A.D + Sonny Sharrock, Denardo Coleman, Henry Kaiser, Christian Marclay, Fred Frith: Ghosts (Heron, 1989)
 * Mofungo: Work (SST, 1989)
 * Kazamaki/Laar: Return to Street Level (Ear-Rational, 1990)
 * The Frigg: Frigg: Brecht (Knitting Factory, 1999)
 * PAK: 100% Human Hair (Ra Sounds, 2007)
 * Christian Marclay: Graffiti Composition (Dog W/A Bone, 2010)
 * Binibon (radio play, produced and directed) (Henceforth, 2010)
 * Hubert Sumlin - New York 95 (2020)
 * Los Desinhibidos (2022)

As a compilation producer

 * Peripheral Vision (zOaR, 1982)
 * State of the Union (zOaR, 1992)
 * Island of Sanity (No Man's Land, 1987)
 * Real Estate (Ear-Rational, 1990)
 * State of the Union (MuWorks, 1993)
 * State of the Union (Atavistic, 1996)
 * State of the Union 2.001 (Electronic Music Foundation, 2001)
 * Timebomb: Live at the Clocktower Gallery (MoMA PS1, 1997)
 * Secular Steel (Gaff Music, 2004)
 * I Never Met a Guitar (Clean Feed, 2010)

Recorded film scores and score compilations

 * Figure Ground (compilation) (1997)
 * Suspension of Disbelief  (compilation) (2001)
 * Soundtrack for the film Commune (2005)
 * Soundtrack for the film What Sebastian Dreamt (2005)
 * Q-Mix (2009)
 * Spectropia Suite (2010) Score to the sci-fi feature film by Toni Dove performed by the 31 Band, Sirius String Quartet, and special guest Debbie Harry

Film appearances

 * Elliott Sharp: Doing the Don't (2008 DVD documentary)
 * The Old, Weird America: Harry Smith's Anthology of American Folk Music (2007 DVD)
 * Elliott Sharp: The Velocity of Hue. Live in Cologne (2007 DVD)
 * April in New York with Bobby Previte (2007 DVD)
 * Roulette TV: Elliott Sharp. Roulette Intermedium Inc. (2000 DVD)
 * Record Player: Christian Marclay (2000 DVD)

Music composed for film

 * Spectropia (2006)
 * Commune (2005)
 * The Time We Killed (2004)
 * What Sebastian Dreamt (2003)
 * Daddy and the Muscle Academy (1991)
 * Antigone/Rites of Passion (1990)
 * The Salt Mines (1990)

Opera and theater

 * Innosense (1981)
 * Em/Pyre (2006)
 * Binibon (2009)
 * About Us (2010)
 * Port Bou (2014)
 * Instant Opera (2017)
 * Filiseti Mekidesi (2018)
 * Die Grösste Fuge (2021)

Installations

 * Chorale (2019): 8-channel sound installation at Geoff Stern Art Space, Berlin.

 * Suspension (2004): 2-channel installation of video and sound exploring the awareness of momentary stillness in the metropolis. Collaboration with video artist Janene Higgins, for The Chelsea Art Museum, NYC.

 * Fluvial (2002): A system for flowing audio to create moving sound currents within the enclosed space of the Engine 27 gallery in NYC, Fluvial uses randomization, filtering, and feedback as its basic processing elements to make full use of the room's spatialization potential.

 * Chromatine (2001): Both musical instrument and sculpture, encouraging visitors to touch the sculpture and cause it to play music. For the Gallery of the School of Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.

 * Tag (1997): An interactive audio installation created for the Departure Lounge exhibition at the Clocktower Gallery of MoMA PS1, New York City.

 * Distressed Vivaldi (1996): Soundtrack created for the Model Home exhibition at the Clocktower Gallery of MoMA PS1, New York City.

title: Elliott Sharp


text:
Tenth Amendment (disambiguation)

The Tenth Amendment may refer to the:
 * Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, part of the Bill of Rights
 * Tenth Amendment of the Constitution of India, which incorporated Dadra and Nagar Haveli
 * Tenth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland, which permitted the state to ratify the Single European Act
 * Tenth Amendment of the Constitution Bill 1986, a failed attempt to amend the Constitution of Ireland
 * Tenth Amendment of the Constitution of South Africa

title: Tenth Amendment (disambiguation)


text:
User:M. E. Smith

Hi, folks. I don't know what I'm supposed to put here. Like Zaphod Beeblebrox, I'm just this guy, you know? I'll try to use my powers only for good, not evil.

title: User:M. E. Smith


text:
Millicent Fenwick

Millicent Vernon Fenwick (née Hammond; February 25, 1910 – September 16, 1992) was an American fashion editor, politician, and diplomat. A four-term Republican member of the United States House of Representatives from New Jersey, she entered politics late in life and was renowned for her energy and colorful enthusiasm. She was regarded as a moderate and progressive within her party and was outspoken in favor of civil rights and the women's movement.

Early life and education
Millicent Vernon Hammond was born the middle of three children to the politician and later Ambassador to Spain, Ogden Haggerty Hammond (October 13, 1869 – October 29, 1956) of Louisville, Kentucky and his first wife, Mary Picton Stevens (May 16, 1885 – May 7, 1915) of Hoboken, New Jersey. Her paternal grandparents were General John Henry Hammond (June 30, 1833 – April 30, 1890), who served as chief of staff for William Tecumseh Sherman during the Vicksburg Campaign, and Sophia Vernon Wolfe (1842 – May 20, 1923), daughter of Nathaniel Wolfe, a lawyer and legislator from Louisville. Her maternal grandparents were John Stevens (July 1856 – January 21, 1895), oldest son of Stevens Institute of Technology founder Edwin Augustus Stevens and grandson of inventor John Stevens and Mary Marshall McGuire (May 4, 1850 – May 2, 1905). Ogden Hammond and Mary Stevens got married on April 8, 1907, and both derived from families who were heavily involved in history. Ogden Haggerty Hammond was “the son of a civil war general,” and after his father's passing, he “entrenched himself in all aspects of superior life.” Mary Picton Stevens “was the heir to a fortune based largely on real estate holdings in Hoboken, New Jersey." Millicent's father attended school at Yale University and later in life became a New York financier. She had a sister, Mary Stevens Hammond, and a brother, Ogden H. Hammond, Jr. She was also cousins with John Hammond, a well-known record producer.

During World War I, Hammond insisted on going overseas to help those who needed assistance in Europe, despite the potential dangers that were affiliated while doing so. In 1915, when Millicent was five years old, her mother perished in the sinking of the British ocean liner RMS Lusitania, which her father survived. When Ogden arrived back home from this tragic event, he did not want to discuss what happened, regarding his wife nor the event, and kept himself busy and distracted by becoming very involved with his work. Everyone, both friends and family, respected his decision and carried on with their normal lives as if nothing transpired. He remarried two years later, to Marguerite McClure "Daisy" Howland, and by that marriage Fenwick had a stepbrother, McClure (Mac) Howland. Ogden's children now had a stepmother. However, Daisy was so preoccupied with herself, Mac, and her social status that she spent minimal time with her stepchildren. Millicent and Daisy did not have a good relationship, and her father was no help. If there were any family issues going on, Ogden requested that his children address them with Daisy and not him. After their mother's passing, Millicent developed a closer relationship with her siblings, especially her sister, Mary. In 1918, the trial of the Lusitania took place, as people were suing the ship's company for failure to show passengers aboard the safety precautions. Ogden was one of the many people to testify and when the jury reached the verdict, the Hammonds were each compensated, receiving over $60,000.

Raised in comfortable circumstances in Bernardsville, Millicent attended the exclusive Nightingale-Bamford School in nearby Manhattan, and then Foxcroft School, a private boarding school in Middleburg, Virginia. She attended Barnard College and then the New School for Social Research, both in Manhattan.

In 1931, she met Hugh McLeod Fenwick (February 17, 1905 – July 24, 1991), who was married to Dorothy Ledyard, the daughter of New York attorney Lewis Cass Ledyard. Hugh briefly attended Harvard University before he began working in the field of aviation in Pensacola, Florida. Fenwick later became a "lieutenant in the flying section of the New Jersey National Guard." The relationship between Hugh and Millicent was kept discreet until he was divorced. When the two became engaged, Millicent's stepmother was beside herself and Ogden, too, was disappointed with his daughter. Daisy, "a devout Catholic," was so disenchanted with Millicent's marrying a divorced man that she prohibited her from returning to the house. Despite her father's and stepmother's disapproval, Hugh and Millicent married on June 11, 1932. The couple rented a house in Bedminster, New Jersey for about a year, and then moved to Bernardsville, New Jersey.

The Fenwicks welcomed their first child, Mary Stevens Fenwick, on February 25, 1934, also Millicent's birthday. Becoming a mother did not come easy to Millicent and she therefore had to hire a nanny to help raise her daughter. When Hugh and Millicent welcomed their second child, Hugo Hammond Fenwick, their marriage started to go downhill. Hugh's dishonesty about telling different stories and lying played a big role in the separation between the two. Hugh relocated to Europe leaving behind an enormous amount of debt his wife had to pay off. After several years of being separated, Hugh and Millicent divorced in 1945. Hugh remarried to Barbara West and had a daughter, Maureen, while Millicent did not remarry and instead focused on working and caring for her children.

While Hugh and Millicent were still together, she briefly modeled for Harper's Bazaar. When they divorced, it was difficult for Millicent to find a job that would support both herself and her children because she never received a high school diploma. After searching for jobs and not being recognized by publishers for the stories she had authored, Millicent was hired to work for Vogue magazine as a caption editor. She stayed with Vogue for a little over a decade and held several job titles during her employment with the magazine. She concluded her career at Vogue in 1948. She compiled Vogue's Book of Etiquette, which sold a million copies and eventually went on tour around the country.

By 1952, Millicent officially retired from work because her children were old enough to support themselves. She also inherited money, which was substantially enough to support her following her retirement.

Local and state office
During the 1950s, Fenwick became involved in politics via the Civil Rights Movement. Often described as being blessed with exceptional intelligence, striking good looks, and a keen wit, she rose rapidly in the ranks of the Republican Party. She was elected to the Bernardsville Borough Council in 1957, serving until 1964, and around the same time was appointed to the New Jersey Committee of the United States Commission on Civil Rights, on which she served from 1958 to 1974. She was elected to the New Jersey General Assembly in 1969, serving from 1970 to December 1972, when she left the Legislature to become director of the New Jersey Division of Consumer Affairs under Governor William T. Cahill.

U.S. House of Representatives
Elected to Congress from New Jersey in 1974 aged 64, Fenwick became a media favorite during her four terms in the House of Representatives. Known for her opposition to corruption by both parties and special interest groups, she was called "the conscience of Congress" by television newscaster Walter Cronkite. She was one of the most liberal Republicans in the House.

In 1975, the Helsinki Accords were negotiated in Helsinki, Finland. They were primarily an effort to reduce tension between the Soviet and Western blocs by securing their common acceptance of the post-World War II status quo in Europe. One week after the signing of the treaty, Fenwick went to Moscow as a junior member of a congressional delegation. She met refuseniks who wanted to contact American congressmen and held an unofficial meeting with dissident Yuri Orlov. She was thus convinced that political action in America based on the Helsinki Accords would improve human rights in the Soviet Union. Before departing, Fenwick raised some specific cases with Leonid Brezhnev at a final press conference. Returning to the U.S., Fenwick initiated the establishment of the Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE), which oversaw the implementation of the Helsinki Accords. Despite her upper-class, society girl background, Fenwick went to Washington with a tough, blue collar work ethic. Virtually any night, hours after typical congressmen had headed out for dinner and home, she stayed working in her Capitol Hill office, and always was willing to answer reporters' questions about her actions.

Once, when a conservative male congressman attacked a piece of women's rights legislation by saying, "I've always thought of women as kissable, cuddly, and smelling good," Fenwick responded, "That's what I've always thought about men, and I hope for your sake that you haven't been disappointed as many times as I've been."

Candidate for U.S. Senator
In 1982, she ran for a United States Senate seat, and defeated conservative Jeffrey Bell in the Republican primary. However, she then narrowly lost the general election to progressive Democratic businessman and Automatic Data Processing CEO Frank Lautenberg in an upset. Fenwick said subsequently, "I never expected to lose. I had no concession speech prepared, or anything. I never expected to lose."

In 2008, when Lautenberg was running for reelection to the Senate, his Republican opponents made an issue out of his age of 84, arguing that he had voiced similar criticisms of the then-72-year-old Fenwick during their 1982 election campaign. Lautenberg denied having made an issue of Fenwick's age, saying he "only questioned her ability to do the job."

Ambassador
After leaving the House of Representatives following the 1982 election, Fenwick was appointed by President Ronald Reagan as United States Ambassador to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations in Rome, Italy. She held this position from June 1983 to March 1987, when she retired from public life at the age of 77.

Later life
Fenwick died of heart failure in her home town of Bernardsville on September 16, 1992.

She was fluent in Italian, French and Spanish.

The Millicent Fenwick Monument, a sculpture by Dana Toomey, was paid for by voluntary donations and unveiled in October 1995. Always decorated, it is near the Bernardsville train station.

Fenwick is considered by some to be the model for the character of Lacey Davenport in Garry Trudeau's comic strip Doonesbury, although Trudeau insisted the character was modeled on no one in particular. Lacey Davenport first appeared several months before Fenwick was first elected to Congress.

She is the grandmother of CEO Jonathan Reckford and great-grandmother of U.S. Olympic rower Molly Reckford.

Legacy
According to biographer Amy Schapiro:
 * During Fenwick's public service career she earned a reputation for integrity and moral values. Her principled positions, including her opposition to congressional raises and PAC money, prompted Walter Cronkite to call her the “conscience of Congress.” She served as the basis of Garry Trudeau's Doonesbury character Congresswoman Lacey Davenport.

New Jersey Governor Thomas Kean said:
 * She was the only really ambitious seventy-year-old I've ever met. She loved serving in office, and whether in the state assembly or the United States Congress, she never ceased marveling that she had actually been chosen to represent the people. In legislative bodies she remained a maverick....she hated hypocrisy and those who abused the public trust. Stubborn to a fault, she never betrayed her ideals or paid much attention to the polls. In the end, that was probably why she lost her last election, but the example she set and the way she conducted her life continue to stand as a model for all those who might want to pursue public life.

Electoral history

 * 1974 U.S. House
 * Millicent Fenwick (R), 53.4%
 * Frederick Bohen (D), 43.5%
 * 1976 U.S. House
 * Millicent Fenwick (R), 66.9%
 * Frank Nero (D), 31.3%
 * 1978 U.S. House
 * Millicent Fenwick (R), 72.6%
 * John Fahy (D), 27.4%
 * 1980 U.S. House
 * Millicent Fenwick (R), 77.5%
 * Kieran Pillon, Jr. (D) 20.5%
 * 1982 U.S. Senate
 * Frank Lautenberg (D), 51%
 * Millicent Fenwick (R), 48%

title: Millicent Fenwick