text:
Talk:Das Kapital

Requested move 22 November 2019

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: No consensus. (non-admin closure) Cwmhiraeth (talk) 13:38, 1 December 2019 (UTC)

Das Kapital → Capital (book) – WP:CONSISTENT with Capital, Volume I; Capital, Volume II; Capital, Volume III; and the Capital, Volume IV redirect. It's completely bizarre that we're using conflicting titles for multiple articles about the same work. I'm suggesting the English titles per WP:USEENGLISH, but don't feel strongly about it; I suppose it's possible the WP:COMMONNAME is actually Das Kapital, and the other three articles should move instead. However, it seems to me that we might actually consider a merge, or at least selective merging and some cleanup; the Vol. I–III articles are looking more and more like WP:CONTENTFORKs rather than WP:SPINOFFs. — SMcCandlish ☏ ¢ 😼  12:15, 22 November 2019 (UTC)
 * Note: There was an RM in 2018, in which I supported the current name on the basis of WP:CONCISE and accepting at face value the COMMONNAME vs. USEENGLISH claim made by the nominator, but without knowing we had a whole series of articles with conflicting, and entirely English, titles.  — SMcCandlish ☏ ¢ 😼  12:18, 22 November 2019 (UTC)
 * Oppose. In all my life, English-speakers here in England have known this book mostly as Das Kapital. Anthony Appleyard (talk) 13:43, 22 November 2019 (UTC)
 * Oppose Per Anthony Appleyard. Obvious WP:COMMONNAME of an incredibly famous book.ZXCVBNM (TALK) 05:15, 23 November 2019 (UTC)
 * Oppose per above comments and support moving the articles on the Volumes to the CommonName form. Randy Kryn (talk) 11:16, 23 November 2019 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Oh come on! One of the most famous books ever written and known overwhelmingly by its German name. WP:UE doesn't mandate slavish translation of everything. -- Necrothesp (talk) 15:04, 27 November 2019 (UTC)
 * Support Regardless of the anecdotal evidence of the above commenters, Capital is the most common name for the work in English, as is shown by this google ngram search. Standard google searches yield similar results. Furthermore, while it may have been publish in English under Das Kapital at some point in the past, all standard modern editions of the work (e.g. Oxford World's Classics, Penguin Classics, Wordsworth Classics) are published under Capital. Scholarly discussion of the work also overwhelmingly uses Capital (for confirmation of this, see the "Further reading" and "External links" section of this very article). ThessalonianR (talk) 13:15, 28 November 2019 (UTC)
 * Try this one instead, given "Das Kapital" in English sources will almost invariably refer to this work. -- Necrothesp (talk) 17:02, 28 November 2019 (UTC)
 * The problem with comparing the frequency of the strings "Das Kapital" and "Marx's Capital" (which is done in your link) is that in only one of them is the name of the book preceeded by "Marx's". You are not comparing like for like. The reason why I prefixed "Marx's" is to control for the fact that "Capital" alone (which it would be reasonable to compare to "Das Kapital") refers to many other things besides the book. Other words can also be prefixed to ensure that only uses related to the book are counted. With "first volume of" prefixed we obtain much the same result. ThessalonianR (talk) 17:58, 28 November 2019 (UTC)
 * As I quite clearly said, "Das Kapital" in English sources will almost invariably refer to this work. -- Necrothesp (talk) 22:12, 28 November 2019 (UTC)
 * I understand what you're saying, and I don't dispute it. The problem is that the same is not the case with "Capital". We want to compare the use of these two terms only when they are used to refer to Marx's work. Google ngram is a good way of comparing these things (it searches very large corpora of books and its use is recommended in RM); however, in situations in which one or both of the terms has other referents we must control for this. This graph would not be a very good argument, would it? That is why, as I previously explained, it is necessary to prefix some words to form a phrase that can only be used to refer to the work in question. I have already provided two such searches, one that uses the phrase "Marx's Capital" and "Marx's Das Kapital", the other "first volume of Capital" and "first volume of Das Kapital". Both of those only show a subset of the use of each term, but they show comparable subsets. The problem with the search that you linked to is that it compares the entire set of uses of "Das Kapital" with a mere subset of the uses of "Capital" to refer to the work -- just those that are prefixed by "Marx's". As I said, this does not compare like for like. Does this really strike you as a fair comparison? If so, please give your reasons. I apologize if my previous comments have not been clear enough and hopefully this will help. ThessalonianR (talk) 08:04, 29 November 2019 (UTC)
 * One problem is that the resulting data is not consistent enough to show which is more common in other contexts. For example, see this ngram in which "Das Capital by Karl Marx" consistently outpaces "Capital by Karl Marx". Dekimasu よ! 15:34, 29 November 2019 (UTC)
 * Given that the frequency of the strings you have compared are a whole order of magnitude less frequent than the ones I linked to earlier, I'm not sure how significant this is. Incidentally, removing "Karl" yields the opposite result, and both pairs of strings put into a regular google search give more results when including "Capital". In any case, this argument was only one of those I made in my original comment. What do people have to say about the fact that in English it is published under Capital? Or that in nigh on all academic discussion of the work it is known as Capital?
 * To step back for a moment, if consensus cannot be arrived at on what the common name is (although I believe the evidence is very much in Capital's favour) then other criteria such as the use of the English and consistency should surely take precedence, in which case the page should be moved to Capital anyway. As the opener of this discussion made clear, consistency is his main concern. And to insist on the use of German when it is not clearly the common name seems perverse to me. ThessalonianR (talk) 19:15, 29 November 2019 (UTC)

 * Oppose - While I've never heard it called "Capital", it seems that this is a common form of the title in English. However, the English form is not the primary topic for the word "capital" and would need a disambiguation. Given this situation, I would think that "Das Kapital" would fall under the directive to use natural disambiguation instead of parenthetical disambiguation wherever practical. --Khajidha (talk) 13:01, 30 November 2019 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

 * Followup note: I will RM the other articles, then, to match this one's title. I didn't really care which title we used as long as it's consistently used.  That said, I think ThessalonianR has a good point, and I also have to observe that how famous a work is has jack to do with what title our article should have.  No one questioned whether Capital / Das Kapital is "an incredibly famous book" or "One of the most famous books ever written".  This sort of emotional venting is not helpful at RM or any other consensus discussion.  — SMcCandlish ☏ ¢ 😼  08:34, 6 December 2019 (UTC)

Footnote 3 should also link to volume 3, part 2
Footnotes 1, 2, and 3 link to the German editions of volumes 1 to 3, at www.e-rara.ch. Footnote 3 links to the third volume, part one, but there is no link (on that page or elsewhere) to the third volume, part two. However, it appears this (volume 3 part 2) can be downloaded from here:. Should Footnote 3 be amended to reflect that volume 3 is in two parts with a link to each part?

Mgchristensen (talk) 04:27, 9 April 2022 (UTC)

Supposed Bakunin's translation
"The foreign editions of Capital. Critique of Political Economy (1867) by Karl Marx include a Russian translation by the revolutionary socialist Mikhail Bakunin (1814–1876)."

That is not the case. Bakunin did start the translation to Russian, but according to Resis quoting Marx and James Guillaume, he never went far. Bakunin praised Das Kapital and wished for it to be translated to French, but he was not its translator to Russian. OliveiraCris (talk) 21:51, 15 December 2022 (UTC)

Requested move 20 April 2023

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: not moved. (closed by non-admin page mover) – Material  Works  21:09, 27 April 2023 (UTC)

– Previous move discussions Special:Permalink/1146764052, Special:Permalink/1146764052, and Special:Permalink/1071069187 generally relied on anecdotal evidence that "Das Kapital" is the WP:COMMONNAME which I contest here. While I agree that parenthetical disambiguation isn't beautiful, neither is the fact that "Das Kapital" is used for Das Kapital, Volume I when that name is used at a ratio of one to fifty per Google scholar.
 * Das Kapital → Capital (book)
 * Das Kapital, Volume I → Capital, Volume I
 * Das Kapital, Volume II → Capital, Volume II
 * Das Kapital, Volume III → Capital, Volume III

Google ngram shows that "Marx's Capital" is used more often than "Marx's Das Kapital" at a ratio of three to one. As does Google scholar at a ratio of six to one. ("Marx's Capital" vs "Marx's Das Kapital") Google search hits finds usage at a ratio of seventeen to one. ("Marx's Capital" vs "Marx's Das Kapital")

Per Google scholar: And Google ngram finds no results at all for "Das Kapital Volume I/II/III", as opposed to "Capital Volume I/II/III". I've edited this section slightly to make it more clear. : 3 F4U (they/it) 19:30, 20 April 2023 (UTC)
 * 1) "Capital Volume I" is used over "Das Kapital Volume I" at a ratio of seventeen to one. ( vs )
 * 2) "Capital Volume II" is used over "Das Kapital Volume II" at a ratio of . ( vs )
 * 3) "Capital Volume III" is used over "Das Kapital Volume III" at a ratio of thirty-three to one. ( vs )

It was noted previously that Encyclopedia Britannica uses "Das Kapital", however I'd like to point out that the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy uses "Capital". : 3 F4U (they/it) 18:20, 20 April 2023 (UTC) Pinging those who have previously contributed to these discussions : 3 F4U (they/it) 18:45, 20 April 2023 (UTC)

 * Not sure why I have been pinged here, but I would tend to oppose this per WP:NATURAL. BD2412  T 18:54, 20 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Guessing I might regret pinging people regarding their comments in a discussion from three years ago... oops and sorry in advance to anyone else who forgot about this discussion. My opposition to the applicability of WP:NATURAL here is that "Das Kapital, Volume I/II/III" isn't a common name and is barely used at all (No Google ngram data and far outnumbered (by factors of tens) by Capital in Google scholar hits). : 3 F4U (they/it) 19:24, 20 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Support per WP:USEENGLISH and the nom's WP:COMMONNAME argument.  — SMcCandlish ☏ ¢ 😼  20:09, 20 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Both Das Kapital and Capital are commonly used in English. The former is more unambiguous without extra context. Capital (book) is less ideal because it does not disambiguate from Capital (novel) or any other book of the same title (even though Marx's is the most prominent). In the context of Marx scholarship (etc.), it may well be customary to simply say Capital, but that is because of the context. And the comparison of Ngrams between "Marx's Capital" and "Marx's Das Kapital" is inapt, because only the former requires any inclusion of "Marx's" to be unambiguous. I would support the alternative Capital: A Critique of Political Economy. SilverLocust (talk) 23:49, 20 April 2023 (UTC)
 * The more I think about it, the more I wouldn't be against the original titles from four years ago (Das Kapital, Capital, Volume I, Capital, Volume II, and Capital, Volume III). Capital: A Critique of Political Economy doesn't sound bad either (though Capital (book) should continue to redirect here). : 3 F4U (they/it) 01:04, 21 April 2023 (UTC)

 * Comment from nominator I've figured out how to get Google ngram to examine usage of Capital/Das Kapital! :D See this comparison of Volume one of Capital vs Das Kapital (6:1 in favor of Capital), Volume two of Capital vs Das Kapital (7:1 in favor of Capital), and Volume three of Capital vs Das Kapital (16:1 in favor of Capital). : 3 F4U (they/it) 00:05, 21 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Fair enough, but Capital Volume I (for example) is more unambiguous than simply Capital. (Compare The Federalist Papers as a popular name for The Federalist, in contrast to Federalist No. 1.) And if a book is sufficiently in the weeds to be discussing particular volumes, it would have already clarified that the topic of discussion is Marx's Capital. My basic point is that on first impression Das Kapital is clearer than Capital (book). SilverLocust (talk) 00:56, 21 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Oppose: per SilverLocust. As far as I'm aware, and I'm willing to be proven wrong, Das Kapital is still the most commonly recognizable name of the book in English-language sources (which is exactly what WP:USEENGLISH is about, instead of using an English name). Of the high-profile online English sources, one is Encyclopædia Britannica. The specific volumes seem to vary in favor of Capital though (consistency-wise, if Das Kapital stays where it is, it would make sense for the volumes to stay too). –Vipz (talk) 06:41, 21 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Oppose Das Kapital is the common name and natural dab. In ictu oculi (talk) 13:58, 21 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Oppose and WP:SNOW close due to multiple past consensuses. --112.204.202.125 (talk) 06:00, 22 April 2023 (UTC)
 * I disagree with the above suggestion. WP:CCC. –Vipz (talk) 11:43, 22 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Oppose- I don't see it proved that Capital is more used than Das Kapital. I was able to generate an ngram on the English corpus that shows "Das Kapital" is used more often than "Marx's Capital" which would be consistent with those writing and reading those texts knowing that Marx and Engels wrote it so prefacing the bookname with the authors is redundant. GraemeLeggett (talk) 14:00, 22 April 2023 (UTC)
 * But if you prefix "Marx's" to both, which seems like the obvious thing to do, then the opposite is true. ThessalonianR (talk) 19:06, 23 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Support I made similar arguments to the nom last time. I think this hinges on a few things. The first is the idea that Capital is the "common name". The ngrams, title of the book in publication (Penguin, Oxford, Wordsworth), the overwhelming use of Capital in secondary literature, etc. seem like very strong evidence for this, but once again we're in a situation of people asserting that Das Kapital is the common name. I'm not exactly sure what kind of evidence the supporters Das Kapital need. The second issue is the "natural disambiguation" one. This makes some sense to me, even if I think using the common name trumps it. I like the compromise idea of using the full title Capital: A Critique of Political Economy. The third issue is consistency between the article titles. It clearly makes no sense for the articles on the individual volumes to use Das Kapital if no such works have ever been published (and I suspect it goes against WP:NOTNEO). If that is granted, from the point of view of consistency the main article should also use Capital. ThessalonianR (talk) 19:02, 23 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Oppose per NATURAL.--Ortizesp (talk) 06:36, 24 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Das Kapital is the very clear common name. Who on earth calls it Capital? WP:UE is vastly overused and does not mandate slavish translation of absolutely everything into English. -- Necrothesp (talk) 08:12, 24 April 2023 (UTC)
 * I do and practically everyone I know does? Anecdotal evidence like this is unhelpful in the face of clear overwhelming support for Capital evidenced by Google ngram. : 3 F4U (they/it) 14:20, 24 April 2023 (UTC)
 * And yet I don't think I've ever heard anyone do so! -- Necrothesp (talk) 14:40, 24 April 2023 (UTC)
 * As to your ngram, try this one! Given Das Kapital is so famous that it doesn't need Marx to disambiguate it and will almost always refer to the work when seen in English. -- Necrothesp (talk) 14:45, 24 April 2023 (UTC)
 * How does that explain the discrepancy between "[Number] volume of Das Kapital" vs "[Number] volume of Capital"? (Volume one, volume two, & volume three) You can refer to Capital without calling it "Marx's Capital" as well, so any good comparation needs to compare usage on fair terms. : 3 F4U (they/it) 15:19, 24 April 2023 (UTC)
 * I'd point out the fact that a solid majority of the references for the article use Capital over Das Kapital...
 * In particular, I think Capital is less awkward to use when discussing the book in more than a mere passing mention.
 * : 3 F4U (they/it) 15:59, 24 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Here are some JSTOR searches and figures for alternative comparisons:
 * "Das Kapital" = 5,608 results (English-only) // "Capital: A Critique of Political Economy" = 2,139 results
 * "Marx's Das Kapital" = 474 results // "Marx's Capital" = 2,633 results
 * "first volume of Das Kapital" = 182 results // "first volume of Capital" = 1,070 results
 * "second volume of Das Kapital" = 33 results // "second volume of Capital" = 140 results
 * "third volume of Das Kapital" = 68 results // "third volume of Capital" = 498 results
 * "Das Kapital, Vol. I" = 74 results // "Capital, Vol. I" = 1,517 results
 * "Das Kapital, Vol. II" = 17 results // "Capital, Vol. II" = 262 results
 * "Das Kapital, Vol. III" = 24 results // "Capital, Vol. III" = 425 results
 * "Das Kapital, Volume I" = 14 results // "Capital, Volume I" = 629 results
 * "Das Kapital, Volume II" = 1 result // "Capital, Volume II" = 98 results
 * "Das Kapital, Volume III" = 4 results // "Capital, Volume III" = 262 results
 * Could go further, but I think that it can already be said Capital indeed is prevalent, though Das Kapital is a contender for the primary, 'volume-less' topic, which goes in line with my reason for opposing the move. –Vipz (talk) 17:15, 24 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Well to me that shows Das Kapital is prevalent and specific references to individual volumes are sparing by comparison. You might also consider that English sentence may also use "Volume I of Das Kapital" or "first volume of " as a phrase in text while "Das Kapital, Volume II" is as likely to be a citation as it is to be text referring to the book itself. If anything the methodology of searching JSTOR should be improved, and that would still be ignoring usage in other areas of life. GraemeLeggett (talk) 11:27, 26 April 2023 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * Oppose per common name and perennial nomination (can't Wikipedia stop perennials with a limit of two or three nominations?). Randy Kryn (talk) 10:58, 26 April 2023 (UTC)

Legacy / Influence Section
Seems crazy to me that this article doesn't touch on the impact of one of the most socially impactful works in recorded history. The article for Harry Potter has a "Legacy" subheader overviewing all the fanfiction those books inspired, but nothing for a book that inspired social movements, political parties, economic reconfiguration, societal revolutions, assassinations, or civil wars in nearly every country on the face of the earth over two centuries?

Imagine if the article for the 95 Theses didn't mention the development of Protestantism. Bit of a head-scratcher. Jhodders (talk) 22:09, 3 May 2023 (UTC)

 * There is a legacy section at Karl Marx. What information distinctly related to this work, rather than Marx's writings as a whole, do you propose ought to be added here? SilverLocust (talk) 06:09, 19 May 2023 (UTC)

Opening - in contrast to
The opening has the sentence "Marx aimed to reveal the economic patterns underpinning the capitalist mode of production in contrast to classical political economists such as Adam Smith, Jean-Baptiste Say, David Ricardo and John Stuart Mill."

I don't think Marx was in contrast to them, any more than any of them were to each other. In fact, Marx was in many ways a faithful follower to Ricardo in many matters, particularly value, and our modern neoclassical economists are the ones who are in contrast to David Ricardo on many things (although not free trade, where they tend to agree with Ricardo).

I am changing those "in contrast to" words. I am not sure what the exact wording should be, but saying Marx is in contrast to Ricardo makes no sense, as he was a more faithful follower to Ricardo than modern economists are. I don't know what the exact words should be, but they should not be in contrast to, against and so forth.

I am also changing a repeat of this language further down the page.

In Book 1 of Capital, Chapter 1, Marx says "Since Robinson Crusoe’s experiences are a favourite theme with political economists..." with a footnote referencing Ricardo, and Marx goes on to use Robin Crusoe as a metaphor and quotes Ricardo's use of Crusoe in a footnote. This is just the beginning of Marx's references to Ricardo, who he often followed, although he sometimes diverged from him.

Describing Marx's relationship to his predecessors is complex, as he is, in his mind, sometimes following them, sometimes clarifying and adding to them, and sometimes contrasting them. To use terms Marx and Engels use, this is not an anti-thesis to the theses of previous economists, but a synthesis of them. Minimax Regret (talk) 15:42, 10 June 2023 (UTC)

Regarding the Complexity of "Volume IV"
I was doing some reading and happened upon the CPSU's introduction to their version of Volume IV/Theories of Surplus Value by karl Marx. It claims that the version by Kautsky, mentioned in this article on the Works, bastardized the original manuscripts and left out a lot of details, which their publication corrects. I have not read either version of Volume IV, so I cannot confirm whether or not the accusations in the preface are true (I suspect though that they likely are,) but in any case, it seemed like important information to include in the article, given this is essentially the only place on English Wikipedia which mentions anything about Volume IV, and a separate publication of it which is extremely different seems like it would be necessary to include. Thus I made an edit adding that the CPSU's publication exists and that it claims to be "more correct."

If anyone who has worked on this article has any further knowledge of the topic of what "Volume IV" precisely is, and how accurate a term that even is given that it seems only Lenin and Engels reference it that way even if it was intended to be a finishing work to Volumes I-III, I would appreciate a review of my edit and of the CPSU's preface to their version for accuracy's sake. Thanks AquaticOnWiki (talk) 02:04, 15 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Das Kapital


text:
Talk:Goodbye Cream (album)

Hey - I listen to this all the time! Charles Matthews 08:09, 20 Mar 2004 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Goodbye Cream (album)


text:
Disaronno

Disaronno Originale (28% alc/vol) is a type of amaretto—an amber-colored liqueur with a characteristic almond taste, although it does not actually contain almonds. It is produced in Saronno, in the Lombardy region of Italy, by ILLVA Saronno and is sold worldwide. According to the company, the liqueur is an infusion of apricot kernel oil with "absolute alcohol, burnt sugar, and the pure essence of seventeen selected herbs and fruits". The liqueur is sold in an oblong glass decanter designed by a craftsman from Murano.

The product was called Amaretto di Saronno (Amaretto from Saronno) until 2001, when it was rebranded as "Disaronno Originale" for marketing reasons.

Disaronno can be served neat as a cordial, on the rocks, or as part of a cocktail mixed with other alcoholic beverages, cola, ginger ale, or fruit juice. It may also be added to hot chocolate and is an ingredient in the Italian variant of an Irish coffee. The amaretto liqueur can also be used in the Italian dessert tiramisu.

title: Disaronno


text:
User:Chongruk

.

title: User:Chongruk


text:
Gregory Nagy

Gregory Nagy (Nagy Gergely, ; born October 22, 1942, in Budapest) is an American professor of Classics at Harvard University, specializing in Homer and archaic Greek poetry. Nagy is known for extending Milman Parry and Albert Lord's theories about the oral composition-in-performance of the Iliad and Odyssey.

Education and career
Nagy received his A.B. from Indiana University in 1962 in classics and linguistics, and his Ph.D. from Harvard University in 1966 in classical philology.

Since 1966, he has been a professor at Harvard University.

Since 2000, he has been the director of the Center for Hellenic Studies, a Harvard-affiliated research institution in Washington, D.C. He is the Francis Jones Professor of Classical Greek Literature and Professor of Comparative literature at Harvard, and continues to teach half-time at the Harvard campus in Cambridge, Massachusetts. From 1994 to 2000, he served as Chair of the Classics Department at Harvard University. He was Chair of Harvard's undergraduate Literature Concentration from 1989 to 1994. He served as the president of the American Philological Association in the academic year 1990-91.

From 2015 to 2021, he posted about his work on a frequent basis at his research blog, Classical Inquiries.

Massive open online course
In 2013 Harvard offered his popular class, The Ancient Greek Hero, which thousands of Harvard students had taken over the last few decades, through edX as a massive open online course. To assist Professor Nagy, Harvard appealed to alumni to volunteer as online mentors and discussion group managers. About 10 former teaching fellows have also volunteered. The task of the volunteers is to focus online class discussion on the course material. The course had 27,000 students registered.

Personal life
Nagy and his wife, Olga Davidson, Research Fellow, Institute for the Study of Muslim Societies and Civilizations, Boston University and chair of the Ilex Foundation, served as Faculty Deans (previously called co-masters) of Currier House at Harvard from 1986 to 1990.

Nagy has two brothers in allied fields: Blaise Nagy is a professor emeritus of Classics at the College of the Holy Cross in Worcester, Massachusetts, while Joseph F. Nagy is the Henry L. Shattuck Professor of Irish Studies in the Department of Celtic Languages and Literatures at Harvard University.

As sole author

 * Nagy, Gregory, Greek Dialects and the Transformation of an Indo-European Process (Harvard University Press, 1970)
 * Nagy, Gregory, Comparative Studies in Greek and Indic Meter (Harvard University Press, 1974)
 * Nagy, Gregory, The Best of the Achaeans: Concepts of the Hero in Archaic Greek Poetry, Revised Edition  (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998; original publication, 1979)
 * Nagy, Gregory, Greek Mythology and Poetics (Cornell University Press, 1990)
 * Nagy, Gregory, Pindar's Homer: The Lyric Possession of an Epic Past  (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990)
 * Nagy, Gregory, Poetry as performance. Homer and beyond. (Cambridge University Press, 1996)
 * Nagy, Gregory, Homeric Questions (University of Texas Press, 1996)
 * Nagy, Gregory, Plato's Rhapsody and Homer's Music : The Poetics of the Panathenaic Festival in Classical Athens (Harvard University Press, 2002)
 * Nagy, Gregory, Homeric Responses (University of Texas Press, 2003)
 * Nagy, Gregory, Homer's Text And Language (University of Illinois Press, 2004)
 * Nagy, Gregory, Homer the Classic      (Harvard University Press, 2009)
 * Nagy, Gregory, Homer: The Preclassic (University of California Press, 2010)
 * Nagy, Gregory, The Ancient Greek Hero in 24 Hours (Harvard University Press, 2013)

As editor or co-editor

 * Victor Bers and Nagy, G. eds., The Classics In East Europe: From the End of World War II to the Present (American Philological Association Pamphlet Series, 1996)
 * Nicole Loraux, Nagy, G., and Slatkin, L., eds., Postwar French Thought vol. 3, Antiquities (New Press, 2001)
 * Nagy, Gregory ed. with very brief introductions to collections of reprinted articles, Greek Literature (Taylor and Francis, London, 2001; Routledge, 2002), 9 vols. Nagy did not ensure that permission was given for publication in all cases and refuses to accept responsibility for not having done so.

Articles

 * Nagy, Gregory, "The Professional Muse and Models of Prestige in Ancient Greece", Cultural Critique 12 (1989) 133–143
 * Nagy, Gregory, "Early Greek Views of Poets and Poetry", in: The Cambridge History of Literary Criticism, vol. 1 (ed. G. Kennedy; Cambridge 1989; paperback 1993) 1–77
 * Nagy, Gregory, "The Crisis of Performance", in: The Ends of Rhetoric: History, Theory, Practice (ed. J. Bender and D.E. Wellbery; Stanford 1990) 43–59
 * Nagy, Gregory, "Distortion diachronique dans l'art homérique: quelques précisions", in: Constructions du temps dans le monde ancien (ed. C. Darbo-Peschanski; Paris 2000) 417–426.
 * Nagy, Gregory, "The Name of Achilles: Questions of Etymology and 'Folk-Etymology.'" Illinois Classical Studies 19 (1994): 3–9. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23065415.

title: Gregory Nagy


text: Talk:Makara (disambiguation)

title: Talk:Makara (disambiguation)


text:
Glubbdubdrib

Glubbdubdrib (also spelled Glubdubdrib or Glubbdubdribb in some editions) was an island of sorcerers and magicians, one of the imaginary countries visited by Lemuel Gulliver in the 1726 satirical novel Gulliver's Travels by Anglo-Irish author Jonathan Swift. The episode on Glubbdubdrib "explores the theme of humanity's progressive degeneration."

Location
The location of Glubdubdrib is illustrated in both the text and the map at the beginning of part III of Gulliver's Travels, though they are not consistent with each other. The map shows Glubdubdrib to be southwest of the port of Maldonada on the southwest coast of Luggnagg, while the text states the island is southwest of Balnibarbi, and Maldonada to be a port of that land.

Description
Glubbdubdrib is about one third as large as the Isle of Wight. The inhabitants of Glubbdubdrib can wield magic, and most of their technology is utilized through magical means. The eldest in succession is prince or governor of the island. He has a 'noble' palace, and a park of about three thousand acres, surrounded by a wall of hewn stone twenty foot high.

On visiting Glubbdubdrib, Gulliver had the occasion, thanks to the power of their necromancers, to speak with Brutus of ancient Rome, whom Gulliver greatly admired, among many other famous historical personages, including Socrates. Many ideas of historians were corrected this way. Gulliver spends five days doing this, then three days looking at some of the 'modern' dead, trying to find the greatest figure in the past 200 or 300 years in his country and others in Europe. Gulliver gets a new view of historians and heroes, claiming 'I was chiefly disgusted with modern History'.

title: Glubbdubdrib


text:
Casper (given name)

Casper (with the same sounding Kasper) is a family and personal name derived from Aramaic that means "Treasurer". The origins of the name have been traced as far back as the Old Testament and variations of the name have been adopted by a variety of cultures and languages.

Origins
The name is derived from Gaspar which in turn is from an ancient Chaldean word, "gizbar", which according to Strong's Concordance means "treasurer". The word "gizbar" appears in the Hebrew version of the Old Testament Book of Ezra (1:8). In fact, the modern Hebrew word for "treasurer" is still gizbar. By the 1st century B.C. the Septuagint gave a Greek translation of "gizbar" in Ezra 1:8 as "gasbarinou" (literally, "son of Gasbar"). The transition from "Gizbar" to "Caspar" and "Kaspar" can thus be summarized as: Gizbar→Gasbar→Gaspar→Caspar→Kaspar... with "C" being a misreading of the manuscript "G" and "K" having the same phonetic value as "C".

There are numerous modern variations such as Gaspar (Catalan, Portuguese and Spanish), Gaspare (Italian), Gaspard (French), Kaspar (Dutch, German), Kašpar (Czech), Casper (Dutch, English), Caspar (Dutch), Kacper (Polish), Kasperi (Finnish), Kasper (Danish, Swedish), Gáspár (Hungarian), Гаспар (Russian) and Kaspars (Latvian).

By the 6th century, the name "Gaspar" was recorded in mosaic at the Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo in Ravenna, Italy as one of the traditional names assigned by folklore to the anonymous Magi mentioned in the Gospel of Matthew account of the Nativity of Jesus. The letter "G" in the name Gaspar was clearly different from the letter "C" used elsewhere, suggesting that the name Gaspar preceded the name Caspar, and not the other way around as some have supposed.

The Western tradition of the name Gaspar also derives from an early 6th century Greek manuscript, Gaspar
 * Gosper
 * Kaspar
 * Kasper
 * Kosper

Individuals named Casper

 * Casper Ankergren (born 1979), Danish football goalkeeper
 * Casper Asbjornson (1909–1970), American Major League Baseball catcher
 * Casper ten Boom (1859–1944), Dutch watchmaker who aided Jews during the Holocaust
 * Casper Christensen (born 1968), Danish comedian
 * Casper Elgaard (born 1978), Danish auto racing driver
 * Casper Helling (born 1972), Danish speedskater, particularly in longer distances
 * Casper Henningsen (born 1985), Danish footballer
 * Casper Holstein (1876–1944), New York City gangster
 * Casper Janebrink (born 1970), Swedish singer, songwriter and musician
 * Casper Jørgensen (born 1985), Danish racing cyclist
 * Casper Ulrich Mortensen (born 1989), Danish handball player
 * Casper Pedersen (born 1996), Danish cyclist
 * Casper Reardon (1907–1941), classical and jazz harpist
 * Casper Ruud (born 1998), Norwegian tennis player
 * Casper Schoppen (born 2002), Dutch chess grandmaster
 * Casper Sloth (born 1992), Danish footballer
 * Casper Stornes (born 1997), Norwegian triathlete
 * Casper R. Taylor, Jr. (1934–2023), American politician
 * Casper Van Dien (born 1968), American actor
 * Casper Ware (born 1990), American professional basketball player
 * Casper Wells (born 1984), Major League Baseball player
 * Casper Wollenhaupt (1755–1809), merchant and politician in Nova Scotia (now part of Canada)
 * Casper Yost (1863–1941), longtime editor of the St. Louis Globe-Democrat newspaper

Fictional characters

 * Casper Darling, a scientist in the 2019 video game Control
 * Casper, the Grim Reaper in the 2023 visual novel A Date with Death
 * Casper, main character in the Casper the Friendly Ghost series
 * Casper, main character in the 1995 American coming-of-age drama film, Kids

title: Casper (given name)


text:
Talk:Amberg

Untitled
The title LORD Mayor for a town of this size is completely inappropriate. See also. Does anyone know how to change the template to change Lord Mayor to something sensible like Town Mayor.
 * The template takes the german title Oberbürgermeister and transforms it. So unless the source is faulty and the mayor of Amberg is not a Oberbürgermeister the infobox is correctly translated. Agathoclea 15:27, 25 June 2007 (UTC)

Well we could argue about this til the cows comes home, but in my opinion a mayor (OB) in a town of this size is NOT a Lord Mayor. The transformation is wrong. Town Mayor is more appropriate. I repeat my question: how can we get the template changed? BuzzWoof 12:44, 27 June 2007 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Amberg. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://archive.is/20131008010503/http://www.cncd.fr/frontoffice/bdd-region.asp?action=getRegion&id=2 to http://www.cncd.fr/frontoffice/bdd-region.asp?action=getRegion&id=2

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 11:27, 3 July 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Amberg. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20131018065542/http://amberg.de/fileadmin/Inhalte/Rathaus/Statistik/Jahrbuch/2010-2011_Jahrbuch.pdf to http://www.amberg.de/fileadmin/Inhalte/Rathaus/Statistik/Jahrbuch/2010-2011_Jahrbuch.pdf

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 08:09, 28 November 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Amberg


text:
Compound S

Compound S may refer to:

 * Cortodoxone
 * Zidovudine, by trade name

title: Compound S


text:
Pernicious anemia

Pernicious anemia is a disease where not enough red blood cells are produced due to a deficiency of vitamin B12. Those affected often have a gradual onset. The most common initial symptoms are feeling tired and weak. Other symptoms may include shortness of breath, feeling faint, a smooth red tongue, pale skin, chest pain, nausea and vomiting, loss of appetite, heartburn, numbness in the hands and feet, difficulty walking, memory loss, muscle weakness, poor reflexes, blurred vision, clumsiness, depression, and confusion. Without treatment, some of these problems may become permanent.

Pernicious anemia refers to a type of vitamin B12 deficiency anemia that results from lack of intrinsic factor. Lack of intrinsic factor is most commonly due to an autoimmune attack on the cells that create it in the stomach. It can also occur following the surgical removal of all or part of the stomach or small intestine; from an inherited disorder or illnesses that damage the stomach lining. When suspected, diagnosis is made by blood tests initially a complete blood count, and occasionally, bone marrow tests. Blood tests may show fewer but larger red blood cells, low numbers of young red blood cells, low levels of vitamin B12, and antibodies to intrinsic factor. Diagnosis is not always straightforward and can be challenging.

Because pernicious anemia is due to a lack of intrinsic factor, it is not preventable. Pernicious anemia can be treated with injections of vitamin B12. If the symptoms are serious, frequent injections are typically recommended initially. There are not enough studies that pills are effective in improving or eliminating symptoms. Often, treatment may be needed for life.

Pernicious anemia is the most common cause of clinically evident vitamin B12 deficiency worldwide. Pernicious anemia due to autoimmune problems occurs in about one per 1000 people in the US. Among those over the age of 60, about 2% have the condition. It more commonly affects people of northern European descent. Women are more commonly affected than men. With proper treatment, most people live normal lives. Due to a higher risk of stomach cancer, those with pernicious anemia should be checked regularly for this. The first clear description was by Thomas Addison in 1849. The term "pernicious" means "deadly", and this term came into use because, before the availability of treatment, the disease was often fatal.

Signs and symptoms
Pernicious anemia often presents slowly, and can cause harm insidiously and unnoticeably. Untreated, it can lead to neurological complications, and in serious cases, death. The onset may be vague and slow and the condition can be confused with other conditions, and there may be few to many symptoms without anemia. Pernicious anemia may be present without a person experiencing symptoms at first, over time, feeling tired and weak, lightheadedness, dizziness, headaches, rapid or irregular heartbeat, breathlessness, glossitis (a sore red tongue), poor ability to exercise, low blood pressure, cold hands and feet, pale or yellow skin, easy bruising and bleeding, low-grade fevers, tremor, cold sensitivity, chest pain, upset stomach, nausea, loss of appetite, heartburn, weight loss, diarrhea, constipation, severe joint pain, feeling abnormal sensations including tingling or numbness to the fingers and toes (pins and needles), and tinnitus, may occur. Anemia may present with a number of further common symptoms, including hair thinning and loss, early greying of the hair, mouth ulcers, bleeding gums, angular cheilitis, a look of exhaustion with pale and dehydrated or cracked lips and dark circles around the eyes, as well as brittle nails.

In more severe or prolonged cases of pernicious anemia, nerve cell damage may occur. This is may result in sense loss, difficulty in proprioception, neuropathic pain, difficulty walking, poor balance, loss of sensation in the feet, muscle weakness, blurred vision (either due to retinopathy or optic neuropathy ), impaired urination, fertility problems, decreased sense of taste and smell, decreased level of consciousness, changes in reflexes, memory loss, mood swings, depression, irritability, cognitive impairment, confusion, anxiety, clumsiness, psychosis, and, in more severe cases, dementia. Anemia may also lead to cardiac murmurs and/or altered blood pressure (low or high). The deficiency may also present with thyroid disorders. In severe cases, the anemia may cause congestive heart failure. A complication of severe chronic PA is subacute combined degeneration of spinal cord, which leads to distal sensory loss (posterior column), absent ankle reflex, increased knee reflex response, and extensor plantar response. Other than anemia, hematological symptoms may include cytopenias, intramedullary hemolysis, and pseudothrombotic microangiopathy. Vitamin B12 deficiency, which is reversible, is occasionally confused with acute myeloid leukemia, which is an irreversible condition presenting with some of the same hematological symptoms, including hypercellular bone marrow with blastic differentiation and hypersegmented neutrophils. Pernicious anemia can cause osteoporosis and may lead to bone fractures. Pernicious anemia can contribute to a delay in physical growth in children, and may also be a cause for delay in puberty for adolescents.

Causes
Vitamin B12 cannot be produced by the human body, and must be obtained from the diet. When foods containing B12 are eaten, the vitamin is usually bound to protein and is released by proteases released by the pancreas into the small bowel. Following its release, most B12 is absorbed by the body in the small bowel (ileum) after binding to a protein known as intrinsic factor. Intrinsic factor is produced by parietal cells of the gastric mucosa (stomach lining) and the intrinsic factor-B12-complex is absorbed by enterocytes in the ileum's cubam receptors. PA is characterised by B12 deficiency caused by the absence of intrinsic factor. Other disorders that can disrupt the absorption of vitamin B12 in the small intestine include celiac disease, surgical removal of crohn's disease, and HIV.

PA may be considered as an end stage of autoimmune atrophic gastritis, a disease characterised by stomach atrophy and the presence of antibodies to parietal cells and intrinsic factor. Autoimmune atrophic gastritis, is localised to the body of the stomach, where parietal cells are located. Antibodies to intrinsic factor and parietal cells cause the destruction of the oxyntic gastric mucosa, in which the parietal cells are located, leading to the subsequent loss of intrinsic factor synthesis. Without intrinsic factor, the ileum can no longer absorb the B12. Atrophic gastritis is often a precursor to gastric cancer.

Although the exact role of Helicobacter pylori infection in PA remains controversial, evidence indicates H. pylori is involved in the pathogenesis of the disease. A long-standing H. pylori infection may cause gastric autoimmunity by a mechanism known as molecular mimicry. Antibodies produced by the immune system can be cross-reactive and may bind to both H. pylori antigens and those found in the gastric mucosa. The antibodies are produced by activated B cells that recognise both pathogen and self-derived peptides. The autoantigens believed to cause the autoreactivity are the alpha and beta subunits of the sodium-potassium pump. In a study, B12 deficiency caused by Helicobacter pylori was positively correlated with CagA positivity and gastric inflammatory activity, rather than gastric atrophy. Less commonly, H. pylori and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome may cause a form of nonautoimmune gastritis that can lead to pernicious anemia.

Impaired B12 absorption can also occur following gastric removal (gastrectomy) or gastric bypass surgery. In these surgeries, either the parts of the stomach that produce gastric secretions are removed or they are bypassed. This means intrinsic factor, as well as other factors required for B12 absorption, are not available. However, B12 deficiency after gastric surgery does not usually become a clinical issue. This is probably because the body stores many years' worth of B12 in the liver and gastric surgery patients are adequately supplemented with the vitamin.

Although no specific PA susceptibility genes have been identified, a genetic factor likely is involved in the disease. Pernicious anemia is often found in conjunction with other autoimmune disorders, suggesting common autoimmune susceptibility genes may be a causative factor. In spite of that, previous family studies and case reports focusing on PA have suggested that there is a tendency of genetic heritance of PA in particular, and close relatives of the PA patients seem to have higher incidence of PA and associated PA conditions. Moreover, it was further indicated that the formation of antibodies to gastric cells was autosomal dominant gene determined, and the presence of antibodies to the gastric cells might not be necessarily related to the occurrence of atrophic gastritis related to PA.

Pathophysiology
Although the healthy body stores three to five years' worth of B12 in the liver, the usually undetected autoimmune activity in one's gut over a prolonged period of time leads to B12 depletion and the resulting anemia; pernicious anemia refers to one of the hematologic manifestations of chronic auto-immune gastritis, in which the immune system targets the parietal cells of the stomach or intrinsic factor itself, leading to decreased absorption of vitamin B12. The body needs enough intrinsic factor to absorb and reabsorb vitamin B12 from the bile, in which reduces the time needed to develop a deficiency.

B12 is required by enzymes for two reactions: the conversion of methylmalonyl-CoA to succinyl-CoA, and the conversion of homocysteine to methionine. In the latter reaction, the methyl group of levomefolic acid is transferred to homocysteine to produce tetrahydrofolate and methionine. This reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme methionine synthase with B12 as an essential cofactor. During B12 deficiency, this reaction cannot proceed, which leads to the accumulation of levomefolic acid. This accumulation depletes the other types of folate required for purine and thymidylate synthesis, which are required for the synthesis of DNA. Inhibition of DNA replication in maturing red blood cells results in the formation of large, fragile megaloblastic erythrocytes. The neurological aspects of the disease are thought to arise from the accumulation of methylmalonyl- CoA due to the requirement of B12 as a cofactor to the enzyme methylmalonyl-CoA mutase.

Diagnosis
The insidious nature of PA may mean that diagnosis is delayed. Diagnosis is not always straightforward and can be challenging and can take up to several years to receive a diagnosis from the onset of symptoms and almost 60% of those affected are misdiagnosed or not initially diagnosed at all. PA may be suspected when a patient's blood smear shows large, fragile, immature erythrocytes, known as megaloblasts. A diagnosis of PA first requires demonstration of megaloblastic anemia by conducting a full blood count and blood smear, which evaluates the mean corpuscular volume (MCV), as well the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC). PA is identified with a high MCV (macrocytic anemia) and a normal MCHC (normochromic anemia). Ovalocytes are also typically seen on the blood smear, and a pathognomonic feature of megaloblastic anemias (which include PA and others) is hypersegmented neutrophils. Neurological and other symptoms can occur without anemia.

Vitamin B12 serum levels are used to detect its deficiency, but do not distinguish its causes. Vitamin B12 levels can be falsely high or low and data for sensitivity and specificity vary widely. Normal serum levels may be found in cases of deficiency where myeloproliferative disorders, liver disease, transcobalamin II, or small intestinal bacterial overgrowth are present. Low levels of serum vitamin B12 may be caused by other factors than B12 deficiency, such as folate deficiency, pregnancy, oral contraceptive use, haptocorrin deficiency, and myeloma. High serum levels may caused by supplementing with vitamin B12, present of antibodies to intrinsic factor, or due to underlying condition.

The presence of antibodies to gastric parietal cells and intrinsic factor is common in PA. Parietal cell antibodies are found in other autoimmune disorders and also in up to 10% of healthy individuals. However, around 85% of PA patients have parietal cell antibodies, which means they are a sensitive marker for the disease. Intrinsic factor antibodies are much less sensitive than parietal cell antibodies, but they are much more specific. They are found in about half of PA patients and are very rarely found in other disorders. These antibody tests can distinguish between PA and food-B12 malabsorption.

A buildup of certain metabolites occurs in B12 deficiency due to its role in metabolic processes and cellular functions. Methylmalonic acid (MMA) can be measured in both the blood and urine, whereas homocysteine is only measured in the blood. An increase in both MMA and homocysteine distinguishes B12deficiency from folate deficiency because homocysteine alone increases in the latter.

Elevated gastrin levels can be found in around 80–90% of PA cases, but they may also be found in other forms of gastritis. Decreased pepsinogen I levels or a decreased pepsinogen I to pepsinogen II ratio may also be found, although these findings are less specific to PA and can be found in food-B12 malabsorption and other forms of gastritis.

The diagnosis of atrophic gastritis type A should be confirmed by gastroscopy and stepwise biopsy. About 90% of individuals with PA have antibodies for parietal cells; however, only 50% of all individuals in the general population with these antibodies have pernicious anemia.

Differential diagnosis
Forms of vitamin B12 deficiency other than PA must be considered in the differential diagnosis of megaloblastic anemia. For example, a B12-deficient state which causes megaloblastic anemia and which may be mistaken for classical PA may be caused by infection with the tapeworm Diphyllobothrium latum, possibly due to the parasite's competition with host for vitamin B12.

The classic test for PA, the Schilling test, is no longer widely used, as more efficient methods are available. This historic test consisted, in its first step, of taking an oral dose of radiolabelled vitamin B12, followed by quantitation of the vitamin in the patient's urine over a 24-hour period via measurement of the radioactivity. A second step of the test repeats the regimen and procedure of the first step, with the addition of oral intrinsic factor. A patient with PA presents lower than normal amounts of intrinsic factor; hence, addition of intrinsic factor in the second step results in an increase in vitamin B12 absorption (over the baseline established in the first). The Schilling test distinguished PA from other forms of B12 deficiency, specifically, from Imerslund–Gräsbeck syndrome, a B12-deficiency caused by mutations in CUBN that codes for cubilin the cobalamin receptor.

Vitamin B12 deficiency is also prevalent in patients having Crohn's disease (CD) so it should be differentiated.

Treatment
Pernicious anemia is usually easily treated by providing the necessary level of vitamin B12 supplementation. Pernicious anemia can be treated with intramuscular injections of vitamin B12. Initially in high daily doses, followed by less frequent lower doses, as the condition improves. Activity may need to be limited during the course of treatment. As long as the body is saturated with vitamin B12 expected to result in cessation of anemia-related symptoms and there are no other symptoms, unless there are irreversible neurological complications. There are not enough studies on whether pills are as effective in improving or eliminating symptoms as parenteral treatment. Folate supplementation may affect the course and treatment of pernicious anemia if vitamin B12 not replaced. In some severe cases of anemia, a blood transfusion may be needed to resolve haematological effects. Treatment is lifelong.

The treatment of PA varies by country and area. Opinions vary over the efficacy of administration (parenteral/oral), the amount and time interval of the doses, or the forms of vitamin B12 (e.g. cyanocobalamin/hydroxocobalamin). More comprehensive studies are still needed in order to validate the feasibility of a particular therapeutic method for PA in clinical practices.

Prognosis
A person with well-treated PA can live a healthy life. Failure to diagnose and treat in time, however, may result in permanent neurological damage, excessive fatigue, depression, memory loss, and other complications. In severe cases, the neurological complications of pernicious anemia can lead to death – hence the name, "pernicious", meaning deadly.

There is an increased risk of gastric cancer in those with pernicious anemia linked to the common feature of atrophic gastritis.

Epidemiology
PA is estimated to affect 0.1% of the general population and 1.9% of those over 60, accounting for 20–50% of B12 deficiency in adults. A review of literature shows that the prevalence of PA is higher in Northern Europe, especially in Scandinavian countries, and among people of African descent, and that increased awareness of the disease and better diagnostic tools might play a role in apparently higher rates of incidence.

History
A case of anemia with a first recognition of associated atrophic gastritis a feature of pernicious anemia, was first described in 1824 by James Combe. This was fully investigated in 1849, by British physician Thomas Addison, from which it acquired the common name of Addison's anemia. In 1871, the first accurate description of the disease in continental Europe was made by Michael Anton Biermer, a German physician who noted the insidious course of the condition. Because it was untreatable and fatal at the time, he first referred to it as "pernicious" anemia. Russell coined the term subacute combined degeneration of spinal cord.

In 1907, Richard Clarke Cabot reported on a series of 1,200 patients with PA; their average survival was between one and three years. Pernicious anemia was a fatal disease before about the year 1920; until the importance of the liver in hematopoiesis was recognized, the treatment of pernicious anemia was unsuccessful and arbitrary. It may have motivated George Whipple, who had a keen interest in liver diseases, to investigate the liver's role in hematopoiesis. Whipple began evaluating the effects of treatments for anemia caused by chronic blood loss. Whipple, Huber, and Robchett studied the effects on hemoglobin and blood regeneration of a variety of treatments, among which only raw liver showed real promise. Serendipity is said to have played a role in this discovery. Whipple observed that blood regeneration was poor in dogs fed cooked liver after chronic blood loss. Had it not been that a lazy laboratory technician gave the dogs raw liver, the much more dramatic response might not have been discovered then.

Around 1926, George Minot and William P. Murphy, who learned of Whipple's discovery, sought raw liver as a treatment for pernicious anemia. They later suggested a high-protein diet with high amounts of raw liver. This caused a rapid improvement in symptoms and a simultaneous rise in red blood cell counts. Fruit and iron were also part of the diet, and it appears that at this point, Minot and Murphy were not quite sure that the liver was a very important factor. It was thought that iron in liver tissue, not liver juice-soluble factor, cured hemorrhagic anemia in dogs. Thus, the discovery of liver juice as a treatment for pernicious anemia had been by coincidence. However, Minot, Murphy, and Whipple received the joint Nobel Prize for discovering a cure for a previously fatal disease of unknown cause in 1934, becoming the first Americans to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine.

It is not easy to eat uncooked liver, and extracts were developed as a concentrate of liver juice for intramuscular injection. In 1928, chemist Edwin Cohn prepared an extract that was 50 to 100 times stronger than obtained from raw liver. This became part of the standard management of pernicious anemia until the 1950s. The active ingredient in the liver remained unknown until 1948. The anti-pernicious anemia factor was only isolated from the liver by Smith, Rex, and others. The substance was cobalamin, which the discoverers called "vitamin B12". They showed that giving a few micrograms could prevent relapse in the disease. Dorothy Hodgkin and co-workers went on to use X-ray crystallography to elucidate the structure of cobalamin for which she, too, was awarded a Nobel Prize.

Understanding of the pathogenesis of pernicious anaemia increased over subsequent decades. It had long been known that the disease was associated with defects in the gastrointestinal tract: patients had chronic gastritis and lack of acid secretion (achlorhydria). It is known that transport of physiological amounts of vitamin B12 depends on the combined actions of gastric, ileal and pancreatic components. The gastric moiety was discovered and named 'intrinsic factor' by William Castle in 1930. A further important advance was made in the early 1960s by Doniach with the recognition that pernicious anemia is an autoimmune disease. Pernicious anemia is eventually treated with either injections or large oral doses of B12; injections are typically 1 mg every other day, or twice weekly, and oral doses are typically between 1 and 4 mg daily.

A medical author takes the view that Mary Todd Lincoln, the wife of American President Abraham Lincoln, had pernicious anemia for decades and died from it in 1882.

Permeation enhancers
Treatment using oral drugs is an easier option in management but the bioavailabity of B12 is low. This is due to low absorption in the intestine, and breakdown by enzyme activity. Research continues to focus on the use of permeation enhancers or permeation absorbers in combination with the treatment. One of the better performing enhancers studied is salcoprozate sodium (SNAC). SNAC is able to form a noncovalent complex with cobalamin while preserving its chemical integrity and protect B12 from gastric acidity. This complex is much more lipophilic than the water-soluble vitamin B12, so is able to pass through cellular membranes with greater ease. Molecular dynamics are used in experiments to gain an understanding of the molecular interactions involved in the different molecules used and the degree of ease achieved in absorption across the gastric epithelium.

title: Pernicious anemia


text:
Davidoff

Davidoff is a Swiss premium brand of cigars, cigarettes and smoker's accessories. The Davidoff cigarette brand has been owned by Imperial Brands after purchasing it in 2006. The non-cigarette portion of the Davidoff tobacco brand is owned by Oettinger Davidoff AG, which is based in Basel, Switzerland.

Oettinger Davidoff AG manufactures cigars, cigarillos, pipe tobaccos and smoker's accessories under the brands Davidoff, Camacho and Zino Platinum. The cigars are produced in the Dominican Republic and Honduras, and tobacco is sourced from the Dominican Republic, Nicaragua, Brazil, Peru, Mexico, Ecuador, Honduras and the United States of America.

Name
The brand name Davidoff originates from the surname of its Switzerland-Jewish-born founder, Zino Davidoff (born Sussele-Meier Davidoff; 1906, Novhorod-Siverskyi – 1994, Geneva), who ran a tobacco specialist shop in Geneva, Switzerland, from 1926 to 1994. He was known as the "King of Cigars".

History

After the Second World War, Zino Davidoff decided to acquire a licence to produce his own series of cigars. As he had discerning international customers, he named the various formats of this "Château" cigar series after famous Bordeaux vineyard estates. The first in the series was the "Château Latour" in 1946.

In 1967, Zino Davidoff was approached by Cubatabaco, Cuba's state tobacco monopoly, about creating a line of cigars carrying the "Davidoff" name. The cigars were rolled in the newly established El Laguito factory in Havana, which had been established to roll Cuban President Fidel Castro's own personal cigars, named Cohíba.

In 1968, the first cigars carrying the name "Davidoff" were released. The first formats were the No. 1, the No. 2 and the Ambassadrice. In 1970, Oettinger AG, located in Basel, Switzerland, acquired the rights to the Davidoff trademark.

In 1971, the Davidoff "Mini Cigarillos" (short fillers made of 100% tobacco) and, in 1972, the first Davidoff pipe tobaccos were released. As of 1975, the cigars of the Château series were delivered in cabinets bearing the Davidoff logo.

In 1976, the "Mille Series" and, in 1977, the “Dom Pérignon” cigar, named after the champagne, were released. In 1986, a limited release of "Anniversario" cigars were produced, to celebrate Zino Davidoff's 80th birthday.

The Zino Davidoff Group was spun out of Davidoff in 1980 to exclusively market non-tobacco luxury goods such as watches, leather goods, pens, fragrances, eyewear, coffee, and cognac. Public health researchers have suggested that this was in order to engage in trademark diversification (also known as "brand stretching") to promote the tobacco products, because it allows for advertising the brand in the face of restrictions on the direct promotion of tobacco products.

After numerous disputes over quality and ownership rights, Zino Davidoff and Cubatabaco decided to end their relationship. Leading up to this, in August 1989, Zino had publicly burned over one hundred thousand cigars that he had deemed of low quality and unfit to sell. All Davidoff products produced in Cuba were officially discontinued in 1991. An agreement was signed that no more Davidoff cigars from Cuba would be sold.

In 1990, after discontinuing Cuban-made products, Davidoff started to produce cigars in the Dominican Republic. After numerous test runs, Zino Davidoff found a partner in the local producer “Tabadom”, owned by Hendrik Kelner.

In 1991, the first Dominican-made Davidoff cigars were launched, continuing the product lines and cigar formats of their Cuban predecessors. With the move to the Dominican Republic, the Château series was renamed "Grand Cru", and the individual formats were numbered instead of carrying the names of vineyard estates.

In 1991, the limited release called "Aniversario" became an ongoing cigar series, called the "Aniversario" series. In 1992, the "Special" cigar series was released, with the format "Special R" as the first product. In 1994, the 87-year-old Zino Davidoff died in Geneva, Switzerland.

Cigarettes
Imperial Brands has owned the Davidoff cigarette brand name since purchasing it in 2006.

title: Davidoff


text:
Shaolin Soccer

Shaolin Soccer (Chinese: 少林足球) is a 2001 Hong Kong sports comedy film directed by Stephen Chow, who also stars in the lead role. The film revolves around a former Shaolin monk who reunites his five brothers, years after their master's death, to apply their superhuman martial arts skills to play soccer and bring Shaolin kung fu to the masses.

Plot
"Golden Leg" Fung, a Hong Kong soccer star, beats and berates his teammate Hung when the latter offers him a cheque to lose the game, claiming to be the middleman. Fung takes the cheque in the end and throws the game. Angry spectators beat him and break his leg.

Twenty years later, Fung walks with a limp and is the mistreated lackey of Hung, now a successful businessman. When Fung asks to coach Hung's soccer team, Hung mocks him and reveals he tricked him with a bad cheque and hired those who broke his leg. While drinking his sorrows in the streets, Fung comes across Sing, a Shaolin kung fu master who wants to promote the practical benefits of the martial art to the world. No one takes kung fu classes from Sing, however, as he is dirty and poor. He steals mantou from Mui, a woman with severe acne who uses Tai chi to make the food.

At first disdainful, Fung soon discovers the power of Sing's leg and offers to coach him in soccer. Compelled by the idea of promoting kung fu through soccer, Sing asks his former Shaolin brothers to join his team. Sing's brothers eventually agree. As a test, Fung arranges a game with a team known for vicious cheating. The thug team gives the Shaolin team a beating. When all seems lost, the Shaolin team members reawaken their powers and utilize them to defeat the other team. The thugs ask to join Sing's team. Sing takes Mui to try on expensive dresses at a high-end department store after hours and offers to buy her one. She gets a makeover to impress him, though the team and her boss mock her exaggerated '80s look. When Mui hints at her feelings for Sing, he tells her he only wants to be friends. She disappears after her boss fires her.

Team Shaolin enters the open cup competition in Hong Kong, where they see ridiculously one-sided victories due to their powers. They only meet their match in the final against Hung's Team Evil, who have superhuman strength and speed due to an American drug. The referee has also been bought out by Hung. Team Evil badly injures two of Team Shaolin's goalkeepers; the powerless members of Team Shaolin flee. As the team is about to lose by default, Mui, who has shaved her head, reappears to be their goalkeeper. When Team Evil's striker kicks the ball with flaming force towards Mui, she stops it with tai chi. She and Sing combine their skills and rocket the ball downfield. The ball blows through Team Evil's goal while hurling along all its players, scoring the sole and winning goal.

Later, Hung is imprisoned for doping, while the Team Evil players receive lifetime bans. Sing goes out for a jog and is pleased to see people around him using kung fu in their everyday lives, his lifelong dream having become a reality. A large ad on the side of a building shows that Sing and Mui, a famous couple, have won the world championship in bowling, among other things.

Cast

 * Stephen Chow as Sing / Mighty Steel Leg (#10): A Shaolin kung fu practitioner and former monk who wants to promote the martial arts form to the world. He is the team's striker and uses his extremely powerful legs to produce unstoppable soccer shots.
 * Ng Man-tat as Fung / Golden Leg: A homeless man and former soccer player from the 1980s who became crippled after being beaten by an angry mob after a match, which he deliberately lost after taking a bribe from Hung, the coach of Team Evil.
 * Wong Yat-fei as Iron Head (#11): The eldest of the Shaolin monk brothers, who is now working in a club. His style of kung fu utilizes his immensely hard head, and he specializes in headers during matches.
 * Mok Mei-lam as Hooking Leg (#2): The second eldest of the Shaolin monk brothers, who is now working as a dishwasher. As the team's full-back, Hooking Leg's Shaolin skills resemble ground tumbling boxing, which he uses to keep the ball away from the opponent and confuse them.
 * Tin Kai-man as Iron Shirt (#3): The third of the Shaolin monk brothers, who is now working as a businessman. As the team's full-back, Iron Shirt can absorb blunt force attacks without injuries, as well as hold and propel the ball with his abdomen.
 * Danny Chan Kwok-kwan as Empty Hand / Lightning Hand (#1): The fourth of the Shaolin monk brothers, who is now unemployed and job-hunting. Empty Hand resembles Bruce Lee to the point of wearing his yellow and black jumpsuit from Game of Death. As the team's goalkeeper, his fast hands and powerful arms allow him to instantly and accurately catch objects thrown at him.
 * Lam Chi-chung as Light Weight Vest (#6): The sixth and youngest of the Shaolin monk brothers, who has become obese and gluttonous after being diagnosed with a pituitary disease. He is the team's winger. Despite his illness, he is capable of utilizing his style of kung fu to leap incredible heights, giving the illusion of flight.
 * Zhao Wei as Mui: A baker and Sing's love interest, who is skilled at manipulating objects with tai chi. She rarely speaks Cantonese, but everyone else still understands her and vice versa.
 * Patrick Tse as Hung: The coach of Team Evil and Fung's former teammate, who has maintained a rivalry with Fung after forcing him to take a bribe during a match in the 1980s.
 * Shik Zi-yun as Team Evil's striker (#9), who can back flip and soar into the sky to kick a fiery ball to its target.
 * Cao Hua as Team Evil's goalkeeper (#21), who can guard his goalpost with one hand in his pocket. His incredibly strong hands can crush a thick metal crossbar.
 * Cecilia Cheung and Karen Mok as Team Dragon players #7 & #11, who can run so fast that they appear to be inches above the ground.
 * Fung Min-hun as the captain of Team Rebellion, a vicious mobster who wields a crescent wrench and steel mallet as weapons.
 * Vincent Kok as the captain of Team Tofu, the team that Team Shaolin faces in the preliminary match.

Inspiration
The inspiration for Shaolin Soccer came from Chow wanting a unique premise for a martial arts action film. According to an interview with Premiere Magazine, Chow stated,

Actually the 'over the top' CG and kinetic soccer moves were an inspiration that came from the classic Japanese manga series Captain Tsubasa. The animation was very big in Hong Kong over ten years ago when it swept kids of all ages and even adults loved it. It has a cult following in Europe as well. But it was only possible with pen and ink back then, now with the advent of CGI, it can really be done....(the idea of combining it with Kung Fu was in my head for many years but we had to wait for the CG technology to mature) Chow had intended for this film to appeal to a global audience, stating, "I can't rely on the local market, because it's too small, so since Shaolin Soccer it's always my ambition to go international".

Casting
Apart from several veteran actors, Chow stated in an interview with Premiere magazine that he cast several people in his entourage who had no prior acting experience before Shaolin Soccer. For example, Lam Chi Chung (Light Weight) had worked as Chow's screenwriter and Danny Chan Kwok-kwan (Empty Hand) was the dance choreographer hired to design the "Michael Jackson dance number" that followed Sing and Mui's first meeting early in the film. Chow comments he made Chan wear Bruce Lee's yellow-and-black tracksuit because only the goalkeeper "can wear a special uniform." Tin Kai-man (Iron Shirt) had been Chow's production manager on several movies, but had acted in numerous minor roles in previous films. For instance, he played a young wanna-be Triad member in Chow's preceding movie, King of Comedy. Cecilia Cheung and Karen Mok, who briefly appear as Team Dragon Players 7 & 11 in Shaolin Soccer, had major roles in King of Comedy. Chow defends his decision to hire non-actors, saying, "In terms of finding talent, I try to bring out the funniest thing I notice about them during casting, if it made us laugh at the casting, it will also do on the big screen."

Zhao Wei, who played the Mandarin-speaking Mui, said it was a different step for her to star in a Hong Kong production. However, Zhao admitted that she was not impressed with her look with less makeup because she is easily recognisable for her beautiful appearance.

Three of the principal cast members appeared in Chow's Kung Fu Hustle: Danny Chan Kwok-kwan (Empty Hand) portrayed Brother Sum, boss of the "Axe Gang"; Tin Kai-man (Iron Shirt) portrayed the loud-mouthed advisor of Brother Sum; and Lam Chi-chung (Light Weight) portrayed Bone, Chow's sidekick and partner in petty crime. Fung Min-hun (Team Rebellion Captain) briefly appeared as Cecilia Cheung's abusive boyfriend in King of Comedy and the Four Eyes Clerk who beats up both Sing and Bone when they make fun of him on the bus in Kung Fu Hustle.

Home media
In Hong Kong, the film was released on DVD and Video CD on 14 September 2001. The DVD release was shortened by 10 minutes, with the option for viewers to access the deleted scenes in the middle of the film. The scenes deleted from the DVD version are the dance sequence in front of Mui's bakery, much of the conversation over Mui's makeover and the blooper reel before the end credits. Viewers can also access the making of key special effects scenes as well.

The film was also released in UMD format for the Sony PSP on 23 December 2005.

The 2004 US DVD release by Miramax Films deleted 23 minutes of footage from the original cut; the omitted footage includes "Golden Leg" Fung's flashback opening sequence and Sing's interactions with Mui. This version features an English dub with Chow dubbing his own voice and Bai Ling as the voice of Mui. In addition, the DVD gives viewers the option to play the original Hong Kong version.

In the UK, the film was released on Blu-ray by Optimum Releasing on 26 January 2010.

The Japanese version of the film was released by Pioneer LDC on 22 November 2002. It was reissued by The Clockworks Group on 21 December 2003.

The Italian dub of the film features the voices of professional footballers Damiano Tommasi (as Mighty Steel Leg Sing), Vincent Candela (as Empty Hand), Marco Delvecchio (as Iron Head), Siniša Mihajlović (as Hooking Leg), Giuseppe Pancaro (as Iron Shirt) and Angelo Peruzzi (as Light Weight Vest).

Box office
At the Hong Kong box office, Shaolin Soccer grossed HK$60,739,847, making it the highest-grossing film in the region's history at the time. It held the record until 2004 when it was topped by Stephen Chow's next feature Kung Fu Hustle. Shaolin Soccer earned a worldwide gross of US$42,776,760.

Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a 89% approval rating based on 95 reviews; the average rating is 7.10/10. The site's critical consensus reads: "The plot is utterly ridiculous, and the soccer in the movie is unlike any ever played anywhere on Earth, but watching Shaolin Soccer, you will probably find it impossible to care." On Metacritic, the film has a score of 68 out of 100 based on 24 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".

China ban
The film's director Stephen Chow disagreed with the CCP's National Radio and Television Administration, which was concerned that the film's title would insult Buddhists. Chow refused to change the title to Kungfu Soccer, and the film's producer was banned from shooting in mainland China for one year.

Chinese
The first of a four volume Shaolin Soccer manhua was published in Hong Kong roughly nine months after the film originally premiered in 2001. The characters were drawn with large manga-like eyes and cartoonish bodies, but the artists were careful to retain the likenesses of each actor who portrayed them.

American
ComicsOne approached noted comic book artist Andy Seto with the idea of creating a two volume manhua-style graphic novel adaptation of the feature film. Seto attached himself to the project because the film was very popular and, therefore, had "a certain level of marketing value". The project was officially announced on 30 June 2003 and the release of vol. 1 was scheduled to coincide with the film's US premiere in August, but the film was pushed back. The Miramax film corporation bought the American film rights to Shaolin Soccer before its release in China, so they helped publish the comic book along with two Chinese film companies who originally produced the film. Volumes 1 (ISBN 1-58899-318-3) and 2 (ISBN 1-58899-319-1) were released in August and November 2003 and sold for US$13.95 each. Their suggested reading level was age 13 and above.

Seto worked to make the novel as faithful to the film as possible but he admits that Stephen Chow's brand of Mo lei tau comedy does not translate well into illustrations. He stated in an interview that "the Shaolin Soccer comic is 80% movie adaptation with 20% new content." This new content includes a backstory about Steel Leg's training in Shaolin before the death of his master, as well as completely rewriting entire sections of the movie. For example, in the film a group of bar thugs beat up Sing and Iron Head after listening to their lounge-style tribute to Shaolin kung fu. The following day, Sing seeks out the group and uses his Shaolin skills to beat the thugs using a soccer ball. Fung sees the brawl and comes up with the idea of fusing kung fu and soccer. However, in the comic book, Sing is meditating in the park when he gets hit in the head with a soccer ball. The cocky players mock him and destroy a stone statue of his deceased master. Sing proceeds to use the soccer ball as a weapon.

Another example is the fact the characters are visually different from the film. All of their comic book personas look to be in their twenties to thirties, with highly toned athletic physiques (with the exception of Light Weight); even Iron Head, who was the eldest of the six brothers, appears younger than he should.

Several online reviews have criticised the American adaptation for its apparent lack of story line coherence, mixture of realistic and cartoonish drawing styles, and bad Chinese-to-English translation, among other issues. In regards to the translation, one reviewer stated, "It's almost as if the book was translated with a first-year English student referencing a Chinese-to-English dictionary, with strangely assembled sentences and strange bursts of dialogue peppering the pages." Another common complaint was that the comics seemed to be geared towards those people who had previously seen the movie. Without this familiarity, a newcomer would lose track of the storyline because of the overcrowded pages and rapidly shifting plot.

Legacy

 * Stephen Chow produced Shaolin Girl, a Japanese film inspired by Shaolin Soccer.
 * Michael Dante DiMartino and Bryan Konietzko, co-creators of the Avatar: The Last Airbender animated television series, stated in an interview that "Shaolin Soccer is one of our favorite movies. It has tons of fantastic action and lots of funny moments. Some of the effects provided inspiration for how bending (the art of controlling the elements) might look on the show."
 * One episode of Keroro Gunso had a soccer theme which parodied this movie.
 * The music video for the American R&B singer-songwriter and rapper Lumidee's song "Dance" launched and the 2006 FIFA World Cup album soundtrack has scenes of the movie.
 * A clip of Shaolin Soccer was played on the big screen of the venue before the match Ivory Coast vs Serbia and Montenegro in the 2006 FIFA World Cup.
 * In June 2023, Stephen Chow took to social media to announce the completion of the script for his latest cinematic venture, titled Shaolin Women's Soccer.
 * Edgar Wright named the film as one of the influences on his Scott Pilgrim vs. the World.

Explanatory notes

title: Shaolin Soccer