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Tina Louise

Tina Louise ( Blacker; born February 11, 1934) is an American actress widely known for her role as movie star Ginger Grant in the CBS television situation comedy Gilligan's Island. Louise is the last surviving cast member of the TV series.

She began her career on stage in the mid-1950s before landing her breakthrough role in 1958 drama film God's Little Acre for which she received the Golden Globe Award for New Star of the Year.

Louise had starring roles in The Trap, The Hangman, Day of the Outlaw, and For Those Who Think Young. She also appeared in The Wrecking Crew, The Happy Ending, and The Stepford Wives (1975).

Early life
Louise was born Tina Blacker on February 11, 1934, in New York City. Her parents divorced by the time she was four. An only child, she was raised by her mother, Sylvia (née Horn, later Myers), a fashion model. Her father, Joseph Blacker, was a candy store owner in the Brooklyn borough of the city, and later an accountant. Louise attended PS 6, Scarborough Day School and Miami University. She is Jewish.

Early work
Louise got her first role at age two after being in an ad for her father's candy store. She began studying acting, singing, and dancing at age 17 under Sanford Meisner at the Neighborhood Playhouse School of the Theatre in Manhattan. Her acting debut came in 1952 in the Bette Davis musical revue Two's Company, followed by roles in such other Broadway productions as John Murray Anderson's Almanac, Will Success Spoil Rock Hunter?, and the hit musical Li'l Abner. She appeared in the live television dramas Studio One and Producers' Showcase.

Hollywood and Gilligan's Island
Louise made her film debut in 1958 in God's Little Acre. That same year, the National Art Council named her the "World's Most Beautiful Redhead." The next year, she starred in Day of the Outlaw with Robert Ryan. She became a leading lady for stars such as Robert Taylor and Richard Widmark, often playing sombre roles. She turned down roles in the films of Li'l Abner and Operation Petticoat, taking roles on Broadway and in Italian cinema. Among her Italian film credits were The Siege of Syracuse and Garibaldi (both in 1960).

Louise returned to the United States, began studying with Lee Strasberg, and became a member of the Actors Studio. In 1962, she guest-starred on the situation comedy The Real McCoys, portraying a country girl from West Virginia in the episode "Grandpa Pygmalion". She appeared with Bob Denver two years later in the beach party film For Those Who Think Young (1964). In 1964, she left the Broadway musical Fade Out – Fade In to portray movie star Ginger Grant on the situation comedy Gilligan's Island. Over time, she became unhappy with the role and was worried that it would typecast her. Although she continued to work in film and made guest appearances on television, she claimed repeatedly that playing Ginger had ruined her movie career. She did not appear in any of the subsequent Gilligan's Island sequel movies: Rescue from Gilligan's Island (1978), The Castaways on Gilligan's Island (1979), or The Harlem Globetrotters on Gilligan's Island (1981). Other actresses played the role of Ginger in the sequels. She maintained a steady acting career after the series ended, going on to appear in the Matt Helm spy spoof The Wrecking Crew (1969) with Dean Martin and in The Stepford Wives (1975).

Louise attempted to shed her comedic image by playing darker roles, such as a heroin addict in a 1974 episode of Kojak and as a cruel corrections officer in the 1976 television movie Nightmare in Badham County. Other television appearances included supporting roles in Look What's Happened to Rosemary's Baby (1976), SST: Death Flight (1977), and the soap opera Dallas during the 1978–1979 seasons. In the fall of 1984, she succeeded Jo Ann Pflug as Taylor Chapin on the syndicated soap opera Rituals.

Later work
Later film roles included a co-starring appearance in the Robert Altman comedy O.C. and Stiggs (1987) as well as the independently made satire Johnny Suede (1992) starring Brad Pitt. She appeared in the situation comedy Married... with Children as Miss Beck in episode "Kelly Bounces Back" (1990). In 2014, Louise starred in the spiritual drama Tapestry and the horror film Late Phases.

Although Louise declined to participate in any of three Gilligan's Island reunion television films, she made brief walk-on appearances on a few talk shows and specials for Gilligan's Island reunions, including Good Morning America (1982), The Late Show (1988) and the 2004 TV Land award show with the other surviving cast members. In the 1990s, she was reunited with costars Bob Denver, Dawn Wells, and Russell Johnson in an episode of Roseanne. She did not reunite with them for the television film Surviving Gilligan's Island (2001), co-produced by Wells; Ginger was portrayed by Kristen Dalton in the television film. Her relations with series star Denver were rumored to be strained, but in 2005, she wrote a brief, affectionate memorial to him in the year-end "farewell" issue of Entertainment Weekly after his death.

Following the news of Dawn Wells' passing in December 2020, Louise denied any longtime rumors that she resented the role of Ginger Grant: "Never true – I loved doing my part, especially after they really started writing for my character, originally billed as a 'Marilyn Monroe' type of character. A different director took over and really started to write for my character. I really loved my character." She also said that she was very grateful to the show's fans for their continued support, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic: "We were part of the wonderful show that everyone loves and has been a great source of comfort, especially during these times. We brought a lot of joy to people and still do. This show is an escape from so many things going on. Fathers share it with their children now. I get letters all the time about that."

Music
Louise made one record album, It's Time for Tina, which was released originally on Concert Hall in 1957 (Concert Hall 1521), and later reissued on Urania Records (1958 and 1959 respectively). With arrangements by Jim Timmens and Buddy Weed's Orchestra, 12 tracks include "Tonight Is the Night" and "I'm in the Mood for Love." Coleman Hawkins is featured on tenor sax. The album has been reissued on CD twice, most recently on the UK label Harkit Records. The album was released on iTunes in 2012. She also recorded for United Artists Records but recorded just one single for that label in 1958.

Personal life
From 1966 to 1971, Louise was married to radio and TV announcer/interviewer Les Crane, with whom she had one daughter, Caprice, who became an MTV producer and a novelist. Tina Louise and Les Crane appeared together as a married couple in a 1973 episode of  Love American Style. Caprice Crane's first novel, Stupid and Contagious, was published in 2006, and was dedicated to her mother.

Louise is a member of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences and a lifetime member of the Actors Studio. Louise has been a vocal advocate for improving child literacy. She donated a portion of the proceeds of her 2007 book, When I Grow Up, to literacy programs and said in a 2013 interview that she had been volunteering at local public schools since 1996. She has written three books including Sunday: A Memoir (1997) and When I Grow Up (2007). The last is a children's book that inspires children to believe they can become whatever they choose through creative and humorous comparisons of animal kingdom achievements. She also published a second children's book titled What Does a Bee Do? in 2009.

Louise is quoted as saying, "The best movie you'll ever be in is your own life because that's what matters in the end."

A Democrat, she campaigned for John F. Kennedy during the 1960 presidential election and Hillary Clinton in the 2016 presidential election.

Stage work

 * Two's Company (1952)
 * The Fifth Season (1953)
 * John Murray Anderson's Almanac (1953)
 * Will Success Spoil Rock Hunter? (1955)
 * Li'l Abner (1956)
 * Fade Out – Fade In (1964)

title: Tina Louise


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List of RLM paint designations

Following is a list of RLM (Reichsluftfahrt Ministerium) paint designations used by the German Ministry of Aviation from 1933 through 1945.

List

 * RLM - 01, SILBER ( silver )
 * RLM - 02, GRAU ( grey )
 * RLM - 03, SILBERGRAU ( silver grey )
 * RLM - 04, GELB ( yellow )
 * RLM - 05, ELFENBEIN ( ivory )
 * RLM - 21, WEIß ( white)
 * RLM - 22, SCHWARZ ( black )
 * RLM - 23, ROT ( red )
 * RLM - 24, DUNKELBLAU ( dark blue )
 * RLM - 25, HELLGRÜN ( light green )
 * RLM - 26, BRAUN ( brown )
 * RLM - 27, GELB ( yellow )
 * RLM - 28, WEINROT ( maroon )
 * RLM - 61, DUNKELBRAUN ( dark brown )
 * RLM - 62, GRÜN ( green)
 * RLM - 63v.1, GRÜNGRAU ( green-grey)
 * RLM - 63v.2, LICHTGRAU ( light grey)
 * RLM - 65, HELLBLAU ( light blue )
 * RLM - 66, SCHWARZGRAU ( black-grey )
 * RLM - 70, SCHWARZGRÜN ( black-green )
 * RLM - 71, DUNKELGRÜN ( dark green )
 * RLM - 72, GRÜN ( green )
 * RLM - 73, GRÜN ( green )
 * RLM - 74v.1, GRÜNGRAU ( grey-green )
 * RLM - 74v.2, GRÜNGRAU ( grey-green )
 * RLM - 75, GRAUVIOLETT ( grey-violet )
 * RLM - 76,  LICHTBLAU ( light blue)
 * RLM - 77,  HELLGRAU ( light grey)
 * RLM - 78,  HELLBLAU ( light blue )
 * RLM - 79,  SANDGELB ( sand-yellow )
 * RLM - 79, SANDBRAUN ( sand-brown)
 * RLM - 80,  OLIVGRÜN ( olive-green )
 * RLM - 81v.1,  BRAUNVIOLETT ( brown-violet )
 * RLM - 81v.2,  BRAUNVIOLETT ( brown-violet )
 * RLM - 81v.3,  BRAUNVIOLETT ( brown-violet )
 * RLM -82,  LICHTGRÜN ( light green )
 * RLM -83,  DUNKELBLAU ( dark-blue )
 * RLM -84v.1, GRAUBLAU ( green-blue )
 * RLM -84v.2, GRAUBLAU ( green-grey )
 * RLM -84v.3, GRAUBLAU ( green-blue )

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: List of RLM paint designations


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1993 in LGBT rights

This is a list of notable events in the history of LGBT rights that took place in the year 1993.

Events

 * Sodomy laws in the Republic of Ireland are repealed.
 * Minnesota bans private-sector discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity, becoming the first U.S. state to enact a law addressing transgender civil rights.

January

 * 15 – In U.S. state of Colorado, district court judge Jeffrey Bayless issues a temporary injunction in Romer v. Evans, preventing Amendment 2 from becoming part of the state constitution.

April

 * 25 – Third gay rights march on Washington, D.C., the March on Washington for Lesbian, Gay and Bi Equal Rights and Liberation draws an estimated 1,000,000 participants.

May

 * 5 – In Baehr v. Lewin, the Hawaii Supreme Court rules that denying marriage licenses to same-sex couples constitutes discrimination based on sex under the Hawaii Constitution. The court remands the case to the trial court to determine whether the state had a "compelling" state interest in barring such marriages.

July

 * 19 – Colorado's Supreme Court upholds an injunction issued by a district court in January against Amendment 2 and sends it back to the district court to be scrutinized.

September

 * 19 – The Hamilton Square Baptist Church protests break out in San Francisco.

October

 * 1 – A court orders the federal government of Canada to grant a gay federal worker spousal and bereavement benefits equal to those heterosexual employees receive.
 * 7 – In the United States, the AFL–CIO labor union passes a resolution to oppose the repeal of gay rights laws.

November

 * 2 – Voters in Cincinnati, Ohio, and Lewiston, Maine, repeal bans on discrimination based on homosexual orientation.
 * 30 – Don't Ask, Don't Tell, Don't Pursue, Don't Harass policy goes into effect in the United States armed forces.

December

 * 3 – The state senate of Massachusetts passes a bill that protects the civil rights of lesbian and gay students in public schools.
 * 14 – In Colorado, district court judge Jeffrey Bayless rules Amendment 2 unconstitutional.

title: 1993 in LGBT rights


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Wikipedia talk:Selected anniversaries/March 6

This can be rotated in by replacing Dred Scott entry: -
 * 1836 - Texas Revolution: Mexican forces took the Alamo.
 * 1857 - U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Dred Scott v. Sandford.

Removed:
 * 1946 - Vietnam War: Ho Chi Minh's agreement with France which recognizes Vietnam.

Nothing about this in any of the linked articles. --mav 08:08, 28 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Petru Groza
A suggestion for next year: -- PFHLai 19:04, 6 March 2007 (UTC)
 * 1945 - Petru Groza of the Ploughmen's Front, a party closely associated with the Communists, became Prime Minister of Romania.
 * Is it just my monitor, or does Image:Petru Groza joben.jpg look slightly blurry and out of focus. Zzyzx11 (Talk) 02:37, 7 March 2007 (UTC)

the Dred Scott case

 * ''Moved from WP:ERRORS

-- How did the Dred Scott case lead to Constitutional amendments? It didn't. It led to a similar judicial interpretation of Slavery until after the civil war, but it did not prompt amendments.Blaiseball 23:51, 6 March 2007 (UTC)

2012 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 06:58, 6 March 2012 (UTC)
 * Omitted: Battle of the Alamo (ineligible–POTD for 2012), Battle of Bizani, Aspirin, MS Herald of Free Enterprise, Mercaz HaRav massacre
 * Included: Pope Nicholas V (3rd appearance, last in 2005; rescued from Ineligible), Toronto (2nd appearance, last in 2004), La traviata (2nd appeaerance, last in 2010), Petru Groza (4th appearance, last in 2010), Operation Flavius (3rd appearance, last in 2009)
 * Added later for balance: Aspirin (2nd consecutive appearance, 5 total), Muhammad Ali (6th appearance, last in 2010)

2013 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 06:17, 5 March 2013 (UTC)
 * Moved to Ineligible: MS Herald of Free Enterprise (maintenance)
 * Omitted: Toronto; La traviata; Aspirin (ineligible—maintenance); Petru Groza; Muhammad Ali; Operation Flavius
 * Included: Emirate of Crete (first appearance); Battle of the Alamo (6th appearance, last in 2011); Battle of Bizani (2nd appearance, last in 2011; 100th anniversary); International Unemployment Day (first appearance); Zapruder film (first appearance; rescued from Ineligible); Pope Nicholas V (4th appearance; added to improve main page balance)

2014 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 10:24, 5 March 2014 (UTC)
 * Deleted: Aspirin (moved to October 10)
 * Added and deleted: Freedom from Want (painting) (Four Freedoms (Norman Rockwell) already appears on February 20)
 * New articles (unused): Svetlana Alliluyeva
 * Omitted: Battle of the Alamo; Battle of Bizani; International Unemployment Day; Zapruder film (ineligible—maintenance)
 * Included: Toronto (3rd appearance, last in 2012); Real Madrid C.F. (first appearance); Muhammad Ali (7th appearance, last in 2012; 50th anniversary); Mercaz HaRav massacre (2nd appearance, last in 2011)
 * Repeats: Pope Nicholas V (3rd consecutive appearance, 5 total)

2015 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 08:39, 4 March 2015 (UTC)
 * Omitted: Pope Nicholas V; Toronto; Real Madrid C.F.; Muhammad Ali; Mercaz HaRav massacre
 * Included: Emirate of Crete (2nd appearance, last in 2013); Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society (first appearance; 350th anniversary); La traviata (3rd appearance, last in 2012); Petru Groza (5th appearance, last in 2012; 70th anniversary); 1975 Algiers Agreement (2nd appearance, last in 2010; rescued from Ineligible; 40th anniversary)

2016 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 08:43, 4 March 2016 (UTC)
 * Omitted: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society; La traviata; Petru Groza; 1975 Algiers Agreement
 * Included: Pope Nicholas V (6th appearance, last in 2014); Dmitri Mendeleev (7th appearance, last in 2010; rescued from Ineligible); International Unemployment Day (2nd appearance, last in 2013); Operation Flavius (4th appearance, last in 2012)
 * Repeats: Emirate of Crete (2nd consecutive appearance, 3 total)

2017 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 07:51, 6 March 2017 (UTC)
 * Omitted: Emirate of Crete; Pope Nicholas V; International Unemployment Day; Operation Flavius
 * Included: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society (2nd appearance, last in 2015); Battle of the Alamo (7th appearance, last in 2013); Real Madrid C.F. (2nd appearance, last in 2014); Svetlana Alliluyeva (first appearance; 50th anniversary); MS Herald of Free Enterprise (6th appearance, last in 2011; 30th anniversary); Princess Clémentine of Orléans (first appearance; 200th birthday); Ayn Rand (first appearance)
 * Repeats: Dmitri Mendeleev (2nd consecutive appearance, 8 total)

2018 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 17:07, 6 March 2018 (UTC)
 * Moved to Ineligible: La traviata (maintenance); 1975 Algiers Agreement (maintenance); Mercaz HaRav massacre (maintenance)
 * New articles (ineligible): John Redmond (maintenance)
 * Omitted: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society (ineligible—maintenance); Dmitri Mendeleev (ineligible—maintenance); Real Madrid C.F.; Svetlana Alliluyeva (ineligible—maintenance); MS Herald of Free Enterprise; Princess Clémentine of Orléans (ineligible—maintenance); Ayn Rand
 * Included: Siege of Chandax/Emirate of Crete (Siege: first appearance; Emirate: 4th appearance, last in 2016); Georgy Malenkov (first appearance); Muhammad Ali (8th appearance, last in 2014); Operation Flavius (5th appearance, last in 2016; 30th anniversary); William Claflin (first appearance); Camilla Collett (first appearance); Sheila Varian (first appearance)
 * Repeats: Battle of the Alamo (2nd consecutive appearance, 8 total)

2019 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 16:44, 6 March 2019 (UTC)
 * Moved to Ineligible: UK miners' strike (1984–85) (maintenance)
 * Rescued from Ineligible (unused): Svetlana Alliluyeva; Princess Clémentine of Orléans
 * Omitted: Siege of Chandax/Emirate of Crete; Battle of the Alamo; Georgy Malenkov; Operation Flavius; William Claflin; Camilla Collett; Sheila Varian
 * Included: Pope Nicholas V (7th appearance, last in 2016); La traviata (4th appearance, last in 2015; rescued from Ineligible); Battle of Bizani (3rd appearance, last in 2013); Petru Groza (6th appearance, last in 2015); MS Herald of Free Enterprise (7th appearance, last in 2017); Alvise Loredan (first appearance); Lucy Barnes (writer) (first appearance); Shaukat Aziz (first appearance)
 * Repeats: Muhammad Ali (2nd consecutive appearance, 2 total)

2020 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 16:12, 9 March 2020 (UTC)
 * Deleted: Svetlana Alliluyeva (moved to March 9)
 * Omitted: Pope Nicholas V; Battle of Bizani; Muhammad Ali; MS Herald of Free Enterprise; Alvise Loredan; Lucy Barnes (writer); Shaukat Aziz
 * Included: 42 Martyrs of Amorium (first appearance); International Unemployment Day (3rd appearance, last in 2016); Battle of Fardykambos (first appearance); Luigi Alamanni (first appearance; 525th birthday); Ella P. Stewart (first appearance); Francisco Xavier do Amaral (first appearance)
 * Repeats: La traviata (2nd consecutive appearance, 5 total); Petru Groza (2nd consecutive appearance, 7 total; 75th anniversary)

2021 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 07:43, 9 March 2021 (UTC)
 * New articles (ineligible): Juan Luis Vives (maintenance); George du Maurier (maintenance); Gabriel García Márquez (maintenance); Anne Braden (maintenance)
 * Omitted: 42 Martyrs of Amorium; La traviata; International Unemployment Day; Battle of Fardykambos; Petru Groza; Luigi Alamanni; Ella P. Stewart; Francisco Xavier do Amaral
 * Included: Siege of Chandax/Emirate of Crete (Siege: 2nd appearance; Emirate: 5th; both last in 2018); Battle of the Alamo (9th appearance, last in 2018); Real Madrid CF (3rd appearance, last in 2017); Georgy Malenkov (2nd appearance, last in 2018); Operation Flavius (6th appearance, last in 2018); William Claflin (2nd appearance, last in 2018); Camilla Collett (2nd appearance, last in 2018); Sheila Varian (3rd appearance, last in 2018)

2022 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 17:35, 7 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Omitted: Siege of Chandax/Emirate of Crete; Battle of the Alamo; Real Madrid CF; Georgy Malenkov; Operation Flavius; William Claflin; Camilla Collett; Sheila Varian
 * Included: Pope Nicholas V (8th appearance, last in 2019); La traviata (6th appearance, last in 2020); Gleichschaltung (3rd appearance, last in 2007; previously appeared on July 14); Muhammad Ali (10th appearance, last in 2019); MS Herald of Free Enterprise (8th appearance, last in 2019); Princess Clémentine of Orléans (2nd appearance, last in 2017); Ayn Rand (2nd appearance, last in 2017; 40th anniversary); Francisco Xavier do Amaral (2nd appearance, last in 2020; 10th anniversary)


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Javagal Srinath

Javagal Srinath, (, born 31 August 1969) is a former Indian cricketer and currently an ICC match referee. He is considered among India's finest fast bowlers, and was the first Indian bowler to take more than 300 wickets in One Day Internationals. With India, Srinath was a member of the Indian team that was the joint-winners of the 2002 ICC Champions Trophy, a title they shared with Sri Lanka, and was a member of the team that were runners-up in the 2003 Cricket World Cup.

Srinath was a frontline fast bowler for the Indian cricket team until his retirement, and the second Indian pace bowler after Kapil Dev to take 200 Test match wickets. After Kapil Dev retired, Srinath led the Indian fast-bowling attack for over nine years. He remains India's second-highest One Day International wicket-taker with 315, second to Anil Kumble. In the four World Cup's he played in: 1992, 1996, 1999 and 2003, he took 44 wickets and was the joint highest wicket-taker for India in World Cups with Zaheer Khan. He is one of the fastest bowlers to have played for India.

Srinath retired from international cricket after the 2003 Cricket World Cup in South Africa.

Personal life
Srinath was born in August 1969 at Mysore in Karnataka. He played cricket from an early age. He attended Marimallappa High School and has a Bachelor of Engineering degree in instrumentation from Sri Jayachamarajendra College of Engineering (SJCE) in Mysore. He married his first wife, Jyothsna, in 1999. After their divorce, he married journalist Madhavi Patravali in 2008.

Domestic career
Srinath caught the eye of former Indian Test batsman Gundappa Viswanath, a selector for the state team, during a club match. He made his first-class debut for Karnataka against Hyderabad in 1989–90, taking a hat-trick in the first innings in which he bowled and taking wickets from successive balls in the second. He finished the season with 25 wickets in six matches, and took another 20 the following season. His second season involved a display of reverse swing against Maharashtra at Nehru Stadium in Pune, taking 7/93 to dismiss the home team for 311 in response to a Karnataka total of 638 on a good batting pitch.

Srinath took over 500 first-class wickets, including 96 at an average of 24.06 runs per wicket for Karnataka. He played in English county cricket for Gloucestershire in 1995 and took 87 wickets that season, including 9/76 against Glamorgan. Srinath also played county cricket for Leicestershire and Durham.

International career
Srinath made his One Day International debut at Sharjah in 1991. He played 11 ODIs and two Test matches in his debut year, taking 14 ODI wickets at an average of 30.00. He was selected for the Indian team for its 1991–92 tour of Australia, making his test debut against Australia at Brisbane. He took 3/59 as the third fast bowler during the match and finished the tour with ten wickets at 55.30. With an opportunity to take the new ball against South Africa in Cape Town, he took an economical 4/33 in 27 overs and ended the tour with 12 wickets at 26.08. Because the wickets in India were conducive to spin, however, Srinath spent seven consecutive home Test matches watching from the sidelines as India fielded only two fast bowlers.

Following the retirement of Kapil Dev in late 1994, Srinath played his first home Test match, playing against the West Indies. He took five wickets and scored 60 in the second innings to be named Player of the Match. His increased opportunities coincided with an improvement in his batting, and he scored two half-centuries during the series.

Srinath was considered a very fast bowler in his early years. In the 1997–98 Test series against Australia, one of Srinath's deliveries was measured at 149.6 km/h and Zimbabwe captain Alistair Campbell considered him faster than Lance Klusener and Allan Donald at their peak. He and Grant Flower had also faced Waqar Younis and Wasim Akram. Srinath was India's only regular fast bowler for many years, and his workload is believed to have caused his injuries; he underwent surgery on his right shoulder in 1997.

Injuries
Srinath's rotator-cuff injury, diagnosed in March 1997, kept him away from cricket until November of that year and affected his speed. The injury was caused by overuse. At the time, he had 92 test wickets in 27 tests—46 in his first 18, and 46 in his last nine matches. There were some doubts about whether he would be able to play again and when he announced his retirement in November 2003, Srinath said that he thought his career was over when he was recovering from the rotator-cuff injury.

He returned from injury in 1998 and took 17 wickets in Test matches and 37 wickets in 19 ODIs at an average of 22.00—the best year of his career.

Late career
With a change of Indian captain in 2000, Srinath was given fewer overs than Anil Kumble in Test matches. He was primarily used in ODIs and Test matches played outside of India, taking 21 Test and 15 ODI wickets in 2000. He took nine wickets against Zimbabwe in Delhi, and received his last Test Player of the Match award that year.

Inactive for much of 2001 due to emerging bowlers such as Zaheer Khan and Ajit Agarkar, he played eight Test matches and 15 ODIs. His Test career ended in 2002. Although Srinath wanted to retire from ODI, at the request of Indian captain Sourav Ganguly he agreed to play until the World Cup. He participated in India's tour of New Zealand in January a few weeks before the World Cup, taking 18 wickets in seven matches.

Bowling
Srinath was the second Indian bowler (after Kapil Dev) to take 200 wickets in Test cricket, with 236. Although some critics said that Srinath's average and strike rate suffered as a result of bowling to India's predominantly dry, spin-friendly wickets, his average at home was superior to his average abroad since he could reverse-swing the ball.

Retirement
Srinath toured England with the Lashings World XI team in summer 2005, and was a commentator for the India-England test series in 2006. In an interview, 1992 World Cup-winning Pakistan captain Imran Khan said that after watching Srinath bowl 150 km/h on Indian pitches he considered him the most underrated bowler in the world. Courtney Walsh recommended Srinath for county cricket when he was injured. Srinath is a familiar face to cricket viewers around the world as a commentator and ICC match referee. In 2010, he and former teammate Anil Kumble contested the Karnataka State Cricket Association elections. They won and Srinath, as secretary of the association, promotes young cricketers in Karnataka.

Referee
In April 2006, Srinath was selected as a match referee by the International Cricket Council and served during the 2007 World Cup. He has refereed in 35 test matches, 194 ODIs and 60 T20Is.

Honours

 * Arjuna Award – 1999
 * Honorary Doctorate from University of Mysore - 2023

title: Javagal Srinath


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Linebacker

Linebacker (LB) is a playing position in gridiron football. Linebackers are members of the defensive team, and line up three to five yards behind the line of scrimmage and the defensive linemen. They are the "middle ground" of defenders, playing closer to the line of scrimmage than the defensive backs (secondary), but farther back than the defensive linemen.

As such, linebackers play a hybrid role and are often the most versatile players on the defensive side of the ball; they can be asked to play roles similar to either a defensive lineman (such as stopping the runner on a running play) or a defensive back (such as dropping back into pass coverage). How linebackers play their positions depends on the defensive alignment, the philosophy of the coaching staff, and the particular play the offense may call.

Linebackers are divided into middle linebackers, sometimes called inside linebackers, and outside linebackers. The middle linebacker, often called "Mike", is frequently the "quarterback of the defense". His central role on the field means he is in the best position to call defensive plays and direct shifts and changes based on what the offense is doing. Outside linebackers are often in a position to blitz, a defensive maneuver where the player rushes into the offensive backfield to disrupt a running play or sack the quarterback on passing plays. Besides "Mike", other nicknames such as "Sam", "Will", or "Jack", are commonly used to refer to various linebacking roles.

Historically, some of the most impactful defensive players, such as Pro Football Hall of Fame members Chuck Bednarik, Dick Butkus, Jack Lambert, Ray Lewis, Ray Nitschke, Mike Singletary, Brian Urlacher, and Lawrence Taylor, were linebackers.

History
Before the advent of the two-platoon system with separate units for offense and defense, the player who was the team's center on offense was often, though not always, the team's linebacker on defense. Hence, in contemporary football, one usually sees four defensive linemen to the offense's five or more. Most sources claim coach Fielding H. Yost and center Germany Schulz of the Michigan invented the position. Schulz was Yost's first linebacker in 1904 when he stood up from his usual position on the line. Yost was horrified at first, but came to see the wisdom in Schulz's innovation. William Dunn of Penn State was another Western Conference linebacker soon after Schulz.

However, there are various historical claims tied to the linebacker position, including some before 1904. For example, Percy Given of Georgetown is another center with a claim to the title "first linebacker," supposedly standing up behind the line well before Schulz in a game against Navy in 1902. Other sources have the first linebacker in the South as Frank Juhan, who played at Sewanee during 1908–1910.

In the East, Ernest Cozens of Penn was "one of the first of the roving centers," another archaic term for the position, supposedly coined by Hank Ketcham of Yale. Walter E. Bachman of Lafayette was said to be "the developer of the 'roving center' concept". Edgar Garbisch of Army was credited with developing the "roving center method" of playing defensive football in 1921.

In professional football, Cal Hubbard is credited with pioneering the linebacker position. He starred as a tackle and end, playing off the line in a style similar to that of a modern linebacker.

Middle linebacker
The middle or inside linebacker (MLB or ILB), sometimes called the "Mike" or "Mac", is often referred to as the "quarterback of the defense". Often it is the middle linebacker who receives the defensive play calls from the sideline and relays that play to the rest of the team, and in the NFL he is usually the defensive player with the electronic sideline communicator. A jack-of-all-trades, the middle linebacker can be asked to blitz (though they often blitz less than the outside linebacker), cover, spy the quarterback, or even have a deep middle-of-the-field responsibility in the Tampa 2 defense. In standard defenses, middle linebackers commonly lead the team in tackles. The terms middle and inside linebacker are often used interchangeably; they are also used to distinguish between a single middle linebacker playing in a 4–3 defense, and two inside linebackers playing in a 3–4 defense. In a 3–4 defense, the larger, more run-stopping-oriented linebacker is usually still called "Mike", while the smaller, more pass protection/route coverage-oriented player is called "Will". "Mikes" usually line up towards the strong side or on the side the offense is more likely to run on (based on personnel matchups) while "Wills" may line up on the other side or even a little farther back between the defensive line and the secondary.

Outside linebacker
The outside linebacker (OLB), sometimes called the "Buck, Sam, and Rebel", is usually responsible for outside containment. This includes the strongside and weakside designations below. They are also responsible for blitzing the quarterback. Not only is the OLB responsible for outside containment and blitzing the QB, but they also have to perform pass coverage in the flats – sometimes called a drop. Outside linebackers pass coverages covers quick slants outside, in curls in the flats. The "flats" are the edge of the field closest to the sideline, from the line of scrimmage down about ten yards. John Alexander is the first person to have played outside linebacker in the NFL.

Strongside linebacker
The strongside linebacker (SLB) is often nicknamed the "Sam" for purposes of calling a blitz. Since the strong side of the offensive team is the side on which the tight end lines up, or whichever side contains the most personnel, the strongside linebacker usually lines up across from the tight end. Often the strongside linebacker will be called upon to tackle the running back on a play because the back will be following the tight end's block. He is most often the strongest linebacker; at the least he possesses the ability to withstand, shed, and fight off blocks from a tight end or fullback blocking the backside of a pass play. The linebacker should also have strong safety abilities in pass situation to cover the tight end in man on man situations. He should also have considerable quickness to read and get into coverage in zone situations. The strongside linebacker is also commonly known as the

Weakside linebacker
The weakside linebacker WLB), or the "Will" in 4–3 defense, sometimes called the backside linebacker, or "Buck", as well as other names like Jack or Bandit, must be the fastest of the three, because he is often the one called into pass coverage. He is also usually chasing the play from the backside, so the ability to maneuver through traffic is a necessity for the Will. The Will usually aligns off the line of scrimmage at the same depth as Mike. Because of his position on the weakside, the Will does not often have to face large interior linemen one on one unless one is pulling. In coverage, the Will often covers the back that attacks his side of the field first in man coverage, while covering the weak flat in Texas Loop or hooks/curl areas in zone coverage. The weakside linebacker is also commonly known as the

Formations
The number of linebackers is dependent upon the formation called for in the play; formations can call for as few as none, or  Most defensive schemes call for three or four, which are generally named for the number of linemen, followed by the number of linebackers (with the 46 defense being an exception). For example, the 4–3 defense has four defensive linemen and three linebackers; conversely, the 3–4 defense has three linemen and four linebackers.

4–3 defense
In the 4–3 defense there are four down linemen and three linebackers. The middle linebacker is designated "Mike" (or "Mac") and two outside linebackers are designated "Sam" and "Will" according to how they line up against the offensive formation. If there is a strong call, the linebacker on the strongside is called "Sam", while the linebacker on the weakside is called "Will". The outside linebacker's job is to cover the end to make sure a run does not escape and to watch the pass and protect from it. The middle linebacker's job is to stop runs between the tackles and watch the entire field to see the play develop. On pass plays, the linebackers' responsibilities vary based upon whether a man or zone coverage is called. In zone coverage, the linebackers will generally drop into across the middle of the field. However, some zones will send the outside linebackers into the flats (area directly to the left and right of the hash marks, extending 4–5 yards downfield). In a man-to-man call, the "Sam" will often cover the tight end with help from a safety over the top, while at other times, the "Sam" and "Will" will be responsible for the first man out of the backfield on their side of the center, with the "Mike" covering if a second man exits on that side of the field.

In the "Tampa 2" zone defense, the middle linebacker is required to drop quickly into a deep middle zone pass coverage thus requiring a quick player at this position.

3–4 defense
In the 3–4 defense three linemen play the line of scrimmage and four linebackers back them up, typically two outside linebackers and two inside linebackers. The weakside inside linebacker is typically called the "Will", while the strong side or middle inside linebacker is called the "Mike". "Sam" is a common designation for strong outside linebacker, while the other position is usually called "Jack" and is often a hybrid DE/LB.

The idea behind the 3–4 defense is to disguise where the fourth rusher will come from. Instead of the standard four down-linemen in the 4–3, only three players are clearly attacking nearly every play. A key for running this defense successfully is having a defensive front of three large defensive linemen who command constant double teams. In particular, the nose tackle, who plays over the offensive center, must be able to hold ground and to occupy several offensive blockers to allow the linebackers to make plays. The focus of the 3–4 defensive line is to occupy offensive linemen thus freeing the linebackers to tackle the running back or to rush the passer or otherwise drop into pass coverage.

The primary responsibilities for both outside linebackers are typically to stop the run and rush the quarterback in passing situations, in which they line in front of the tackles like true defensive ends. The outside linebackers in a 3–4 defense must be very skilled at rushing the quarterback, and would be playing defensive end in a 4–3 defense. Among inside linebackers, one is generally a run-stuffer who is better able to handle offensive linemen and stop running backs, while the other is often a smaller, faster player who excels in pass coverage. However, the smaller or cover LB should also be able to scrape and plug running lanes decently.

The design concept of the 3–4 defense is to confuse the offensive line in their blocking assignments, particularly in pass blocking, and to create a more complex read for the quarterback. Many 3–4 defenses have the ability to quickly morph into a 4–3 on the field.

46 defense
In the 46 defense, there are four linemen, three linebackers and a safety who is moved up behind the line of scrimmage. Thus, it appears as if there are four linebackers, but it is really three linebackers with one safety playing up with the other linebackers.

Three of the defensive linemen are over both of the offensive guards and the center, thereby making it difficult to double-team any one of the three interior defensive linemen. This can also take away the ability of the offense to pull the guards on a running play, because this would leave one of the defenders unblocked, or, at best, give another lineman a very difficult block to make on one of the defenders. The safety, like the linebacker, can blitz, play man-on-man, play zone, or drop back into deep coverage like a normal safety would do. The 46 is used in heavy run situations to stop the run, when a team wants to apply much pressure, or merely to confuse the quarterback and offensive line.

4–4 defense
This defense is effective at run-stopping but is weaker than a 4–3 defense at pass coverage because it uses only three defensive backs. This defensive scheme is often played with two inside line backers and two outside line backers. The names of the two inside line backers are often called Sam and Mike and these two are lined up about four yards from the line of scrimmage and are lined up with the offensive guard. The inside line backers are often more of a run player so they will defend the run before they will the pass. These line backers will be reading the offensive guard so they know what to do, so if the guard sets up to pass block the line backers know to get into their zone in order to cover the pass. If the guard come out for a run play they know that they need to fill the gap that they are supposed to so that they can make a play if it comes to them. Also, these inside line backers are often called on a blitz which is when no matter what the offense does, as soon as that ball is snapped they are shooting their gap and trying to get into the back field to make a play as fast as possible. Outside line backers sometimes are considered to be pass players before they are run players. But that depends on where they are lined up, if they are outside of the box of the defense then they will be pass first players, but if they play inside the box lined up behind the defensive end then they are typically a run player. One of the outside linebackers is usually called into either blitz or pass coverage to make up for the missing defensive back. In the NFL and college football, this alignment is used mainly in short yardage situations or near the goal line. It is commonly used in high school football.

title: Linebacker


text:
Wide receiver

A wide receiver (WR), also referred to as a wideout, and historically known as a split end (SE) or flanker (FL), is an eligible receiver in gridiron football. A key skill position of the offense, WR gets its name from the player being split out "wide" (near the sidelines), farthest away from the rest of the offensive formation.

A forward pass-catching specialist, the wide receiver is one of the fastest players on the field alongside cornerbacks and running backs. One on either extreme of the offensive line is typical, but several may be employed on the same play.

Through 2022 only four wide receivers, Jerry Rice (in 1987 and 1993), Michael Thomas (in 2019), Cooper Kupp (in 2021), and Justin Jefferson (in 2022), have won Offensive Player of the Year. In every other year it was awarded to either a quarterback or running back. No wide receiver has ever won MVP. Jerry Rice is the leader in receptions, receiving yards, and touchdowns on the all-time list for receivers, along with being a 3-time SB champion and 10-time All-Pro selection.

Role
The wide receiver's principal role is to catch forward passes from the quarterback. On passing plays, the receiver attempts to avoid, outmaneuver, or simply outrun the cornerbacks or safeties typically defending them. If the receiver becomes open on their pass route, the quarterback may throw a pass to them. The receiver needs to successfully catch the ball without it touching the ground (known as a completion) and then run with the ball as far downfield as possible, hoping to reach the end zone to score a touchdown.

Especially fast receivers are typically perceived as "deep threats", while those with good hands and perhaps shifty moves may be regarded as "possession receivers" prized for running crossing routes across the middle of the field, and converting third-down situations. Taller receivers with a height advantage over typically shorter defenders tend to play further to the outside and run deep more often, while shorter ones tend to play inside and run more routes underneath the top of the defense.

A wide receiver may block their's or another's defender, depending on the type of play being run. On standard running plays they will block their assigned defender for the running back. Particularly in the case of draws and other trick plays, they may run a pass route with the intent of drawing defenders away from the intended action. Well-rounded receivers are noted for skill in both roles; Hines Ward in particular received praise for his blocking abilities while also becoming the Pittsburgh Steelers' all-time leading receiver and one of 13 in NFL history through 2009 with at least 1,000 receptions.

Occasionally wide receivers are used to run the ball, usually in plays seeking to surprise the defense, as in an end-around or reverse. All-time NFL receiving yardage leader Jerry Rice also rushed the ball 87 times for 645 yards and 10 touchdowns in his 20 NFL seasons.

In even rarer cases, receivers may pass the ball as part of an outright trick play. Like a running back, a receiver may legally pass the ball so long as they receive it behind the line of scrimmage, in the form of a handoff or backward lateral. In Super Bowl XL, Antwaan Randle El, a four-year quarterback at Indiana University, threw a touchdown pass at the wide receiver position playing for the Pittsburgh Steelers against the Seattle Seahawks, the first wide receiver in Super Bowl history to do so, along with Jauan Jennings in Super Bowl LVIII.

Wide receivers often also serve on special teams as kick or punt returners, as gunners on coverage teams, or as part of the hands team during onside kicks. Devin Hester, from the Chicago Bears, touted as one of the greatest kick and punt returners of all time, was listed as a wide receiver (after his first season, during which he was listed as a cornerback). Five-time All-Pro and ten-time Pro Bowl member Matthew Slater was a gunner for the New England Patriots who was likewise listed as a wide receiver, however he had only one reception in his career.

In the NFL, wide receivers use the numbers 0–49 and 80–89.

A "route tree" system typically used in high school and college employs numbers zero through nine, with zero being a "go route" and a nine being a "hitch route" or vice versa. In high school they are normally a part of the play call, but are usually disguised in higher levels of plays.

History
The wide receiver grew out of a position known as the end. Originally, the ends played on the offensive line, immediately next to the tackles, in a position now referred to as the tight end. By the rules governing the forward pass, ends (positioned at the end of the line of scrimmage) and backs (positioned behind the line of scrimmage) are eligible receivers. Most early football teams used the ends sparingly as receivers, as their starting position next to the offensive tackles at the end of the offensive formation often left them in heavy traffic with many defenders around. By the 1930s, some teams were experimenting with spreading the field by moving one end far out near the sideline, drawing the defense away from running plays and leaving them more open on passing ones. These "split ends" became the prototype for what has evolved into being called today the wide receiver. Don Hutson, who played college football at Alabama and professionally with the Green Bay Packers, was the first player to exploit the potential of the split end position.

As the passing game evolved, a second de facto wide receiver was added by employing a running back in a pass-catching role rather than splitting out the "blind-side" end, who was typically retained as a blocker to protect the left side of right-handed quarterbacks. The end stayed at the end of the offensive line in what today is a tight end position, while the running back - who would line up a yard or so off the offensive line and some distance from the end in a "flank" position - became known as a "flanker".

Lining up behind the line of scrimmage gave the flanker two principal advantages. First, a flanker has more "space" between themselves and their opposing defensive cornerback, who can not as easily "jam" them at the line of scrimmage; second, flankers are eligible for motion plays, which allow them to move laterally before and during the snap. Elroy "Crazy Legs" Hirsch is one of the earliest players to successfully exploit the potential of the flanker position as a member of the Los Angeles Rams during the 1950s.

While some teams did experiment with more than two wide receivers as a gimmick or trick play, most teams used the pro set (of a flanker, split end, half back, full back, tight end, and quarterback) as the standard group of ball-handling personnel. An early innovator, coach Sid Gillman used 3+ wide receiver sets as early as the 1960s. In sets that have three, four, or five wide receivers, extra receivers are typically called slot receivers, as they play in the "slot" (open space) between the furthest receiver and the offensive line, typically lining up off the line of scrimmage like a flanker.

The first use of a slot receiver is often credited to Al Davis, a Gillman assistant who took the concept with him as a coach of the 1960s Oakland Raiders. Other members of the Gillman coaching tree, including Don Coryell and John Madden, brought these progressive offensive ideas along with them into the 1970s and early 1980s, but it was not until the 1990s that teams began to reliably use three or more wide receivers, notably the "run and shoot" offense popularized by the Houston Cougars of the NCAA and the Houston Oilers of the NFL, and the "K Gun" offense used by the Buffalo Bills. Charlie Joiner, a member of the "Air Coryell" San Diego Chargers teams of the late 1970s and early 1980s, was the first "slot receiver" to be his team's primary receiver.

Wide receivers generally hit their peak between the ages of 23 and 30, with about 80 percent of peak seasons falling within that range according to one study.

Types
The designation for a receiver separated from the main offensive formation varies depending on how far they are removed from it and whether they begin on or off the line of scrimmage. The three principal designations are "wide receiver"/"split end", "flanker", and "slot back":

 * Split end (X or SE): A receiver positioned farthest from center on their side of the field which takes their stance on the line of scrimmage, necessary to meet the rule requiring seven players to be lined up on it at the snap. In a punt formation, the split end is known as a gunner.
 * Flanker/Flanker back (Z or FL or 6 back): Frequently the team's featured receiver, the flanker lines up a yard or so behind the line of scrimmage, generally on the same side of the formation as a tight end. It is typically the farthest player from the center on its side of the field, and uses the initial buffer between their starting position off the line and a defender to avoid immediate "jamming" (legal defensive contact within five yards of the line of scrimmage).  Being a member of the "backfield", the flanker can go into lateral or backward motion before the snap to potentially position themselves for a changing role on the play or simply to confound a defense, and is usually the one to do so.
 * Slotback or slot receiver (Y, SB or SR): A receiver lining up in the offensive back field, horizontally positioned between the offensive tackle and the split end or between the tight end and the flanker. Canadian and arena football allow a slotback to take a running start at the line; American football allows the slot receiver to move backward or laterally like a flanker, but not at the same time as any other member of the backfield. They are usually larger players as they need to make catches over the middle. In American football, slot receivers are typically used in flexbone or other triple option offenses, while Canadian football uses three of them in almost all formations (in addition to two split ends and a single running back).

Gameplay
Wide receivers line up on the offensive side of the ball, typically on the line of scrimmage, and are positioned on the periphery of the formation. They are often split out wide from the offensive line, hence the name "wide" receiver. The primary objective of a wide receiver is to catch passes from the quarterback and gain yardage.

Wide receivers must possess a combination of speed, agility, and hands to excel in their role. They must be able to quickly accelerate off the line of scrimmage, create separation from defenders, and make contested catches in traffic. Additionally, route-running is a critical skill for wide receivers, as they must effectively navigate the field and find open space to receive passes.

Player roles
Wide receivers are typically categorized into different roles based on their skill sets and playing styles. These roles include:

 * Split end: Also known as "X receiver," the split end lines up on the line of scrimmage on the opposite side of the tight end. They are often the primary deep threat in the offense, using their speed to stretch the field vertically.
 * Flanker: The flanker, or "Z receiver," lines up off the line of scrimmage, usually on the same side as the tight end. They are versatile players who can excel in various routes, including short and intermediate passes.
 * Slot receiver: Slot receivers line up between the offensive line and the split end or flanker. They are often smaller and quicker than outside receivers, making them elusive targets in the passing game. Slot receivers are frequently targeted on short routes and are valuable in getting first downs.
 * Blocking receiver: While catching passes is the primary responsibility of wide receivers, some are also proficient blockers. Blocking receivers excel at engaging defenders and creating running lanes for ball carriers. Their blocking prowess is especially valuable on running plays and screen passes.

Strategies
Wide receivers are involved in various offensive strategies designed to exploit mismatches and create scoring opportunities. Some common strategies include:

 * Route combinations: Offensive coordinators design plays with multiple receivers running complementary routes to confuse defenses and create openings in coverage. These route combinations often involve receivers running short, intermediate, and deep routes to attack different areas of the field simultaneously.
 * Screen passes: Screen passes involve the quarterback quickly delivering the ball to a receiver behind the line of scrimmage, with blockers in front of them. Wide receivers must use their agility and vision to navigate through traffic and pick up yardage after the catch.
 * Play-action: Play-action plays involve the quarterback faking a handoff to a running back before throwing the ball downfield. Wide receivers play a crucial role in selling the play-fake by running convincing routes and drawing defenders away from the intended target.
 * Red zone targets: In the red zone, the area inside the opponent's 20-yard line, wide receivers become prime targets for scoring touchdowns. Their ability to win contested catches and find openings in the defense is invaluable in tight spaces near the end zone.

Notable Players
Some notable wide receivers include:

 * Jerry Rice: Widely regarded as the greatest wide receiver of all time, Jerry Rice set numerous records during his illustrious career. He played for the San Francisco 49ers, Oakland Raiders, and Seattle Seahawks, winning three Super Bowl championships and earning numerous accolades, including being named to the Pro Football Hall of Fame.
 * Randy Moss: Known for his incredible speed and leaping ability, Randy Moss was a dominant force on the field. He played for several teams, including the Minnesota Vikings, New England Patriots, and San Francisco 49ers, and holds the record for most touchdown receptions in a single season (23).
 * Terrell Owens: Terrell Owens, often referred to as T.O., was known for his athleticism, toughness, and flair for the dramatic. He played for multiple teams, including the San Francisco 49ers, Philadelphia Eagles, Dallas Cowboys, Buffalo Bills, and Cincinnati Bengals and ranks among the all-time leaders in receiving yards and touchdowns.
 * Calvin Johnson: Nicknamed "Megatron" for his imposing physical stature and dominance on the field, Calvin Johnson was a game-changing receiver for the Detroit Lions. He possessed a rare combination of size, speed, and hands.

title: Wide receiver


text:
Welcome to the Cruel World

Welcome to the Cruel World is the debut album by the American musician Ben Harper, released in 1994 through Virgin Records. The album established Harper as a popular folk musician in the California area. After the release, Harper went on to add a permanent backing band, the Innocent Criminals, although they remained unnamed until the Burn to Shine album. The song "I'll Rise" is based on a 1978 Maya Angelou poem "And Still I Rise".

Critical reception
The Indianapolis Star wrote that "Harper impresses with his play of guitar and dobro, but it's his mastery of the Weissenborn ... and his vocal nuances that persuade the listener to heed these vignettes of cold truth, the essence of blues."

Track listing
All songs written by Ben Harper except as noted.
 * 1) "The Three of Us" – 2:35
 * 2) "Whipping Boy" (Chris Darrow) – 5:31
 * 3) "Breakin' Down" (Harper, music: Jean-Pierre Plunier) – 4:00
 * 4) "Don't Take That Attitude to Your Grave" – 4:25
 * 5) "Waiting on an Angel" – 3:53
 * 6) "Mama's Got a Girlfriend Now" – 2:29
 * 7) "Forever" – 3:23
 * 8) "Like a King" – 4:18
 * 9) "Pleasure and Pain" – 3:44
 * 10) "Walk Away" – 3:49
 * 11) "How Many Miles Must We March" – 3:07
 * 12) "Welcome to the Cruel World" – 5:36
 * 13) "I'll Rise" (lyrics: Maya Angelou; music: Harper) – 3:35
 * 14) * Contains the hidden track "...By and By I'm Going to See the King" (Blind Willie Johnson) – 0:30
 * 15) * "Remember" (unreleased version; bonus track) – 2:49

Personnel
Musicians
 * Ben Harper – vocals, acoustic guitar, Weissenborn guitar, dobro
 * Richard Cook – Uilleann pipes on "Pleasure and Pain"
 * Rock Deadrick – percussion, drums, backing vocals
 * Tom Freund
 * Suzie Katayama – cello on "Pleasure and Pain"
 * John McKnight – bass guitar, accordion on "Mama's Got a Girlfriend Now"
 * Tommy D. Daugherty – drum programming
 * Gail Deadrick – piano on "I'll Rise"
 * Clabe Hangan, Clarence Butler, John Taylor, Kenneth McDaniel, Clyde Allen, Jelanie Jones, Kevin Williams – backing vocals

Production
 * Producers: Ben Harper, J.P. Plunier
 * Associate producer: Jeff Gottlieb, Mikal Reid
 * Engineer: Mikal Reid
 * Assistant engineer: Bradley Cook
 * Mixing: Mikal Reid
 * Mastering: Eddy Schreyer
 * Advisor: Ben Elder
 * Art direction: Tom Dolan, J.P. Plunier
 * Research: Ben Elder
 * Photography: Jeff Gottlieb

Certifications
} }

title: Welcome to the Cruel World


text:
List of people from Karnataka

This is a list of notable people from Karnataka, India. In order to be included, a person of influence needs only to have been born in Karnataka. This article can be expanded to accommodate newly surfacing information.

Cinema

 * Ambareesh
 * Ananth Nag
 * Aniruddha Jatkar
 * Aishwarya rai
 * Ananya Kasaravalli
 * Anuradha Paudwal
 * Anushka Shetty
 * Arati Ankalikar-Tikekar
 * Arjun Sarja
 * Aruna Balraj
 * Arthi
 * Atul Kulkarni
 * A. T. Raghu
 * B. Saroja Devi
 * B. C. Patil
 * B. S. Ranga
 * B. V. Karanth
 * Bala
 * Balakrishna
 * Balaraj
 * Bank Janardhan
 * Bharathi Vishnuvardhan
 * Bhargavi Narayan
 * Bhavana
 * Bhavani Prakash
 * Bianca Desai
 * Chandrika
 * Chandulal Jain
 * Chetan Kumar
 * Darshan Tugudeep
 * Daisy Bopanna
 * Deepika Padukone
 * Devaraj
 * Dinesh
 * Dingri Nagaraj
 * Dwarakesh
 * Ere Gowda
 * Ganesh
 * Ganesh Hegde
 * G. V. Iyer
 * Geetha
 * Girish Karnad
 * Girish Kasaravalli
 * Gulshan Devaiah
 * Guru Dutt
 * Hansika Motwani
 * Harshika Poonacha
 * Hema Bellur
 * Hema Prabhath
 * Honnavalli Krishna
 * Jaggesh
 * Jayant Kaikini
 * Kalpana
 * Kalyan Kumar
 * Kashinath
 * Keerthiraj
 * Keerthi Bhat
 * Kunigal Nagabhushan
 * Lakshmi Chandrashekar
 * Lakshmi Rai
 * Leelavathi
 * Leena Chandavarkar
 * Lokesh
 * M. S. Sathyu
 * Madhuri Itagi
 * Mandeep Roy
 * Manjula
 * Master Hirannaiah
 * Master Manjunath
 * Michael Madhu
 * Milind Gadagkar
 * Mohan
 * Mysore Lokesh
 * Nagathihalli Chandrashekar
 * Narasimharaju
 * Negro Johnny
 * Nidhi Subbaiah
 * Nirmala Chennappa
 * Nishan K. P. Nanaiah
 * Padma Vasanthi
 * Padmaja Rao
 * Pandari Bai
 * Pattabhirama Reddy, settler
 * Pooja Lokesh
 * Pradeep Uppoor
 * Prakash Rai
 * Prabhu Deva, settler
 * Pramila Joshai
 * Prathap
 * Prema
 * Puneeth Rajkumar
 * Puttana Kanagal
 * Raam Reddy
 * Radhika Pandit
 * Raghavendra Rajkumar
 * Rajanikanth
 * Rajesh Krishnan, settler
 * Rajkumar
 * Raju Sundaram, settler
 * Raj B. Shetty
 * Rakshita
 * Ramesh Arvind
 * Ram Kumar
 * Ramu
 * Ramya
 * Ravichandran, settler
 * Raju Talikote
 * Rashmi
 * Rashmika Mandanna
 * Rekha Das
 * Rockline Venkatesh
 * Rohit Shetty
 * Roopa Iyer, settler
 * R.T. Rama
 * Sarigama Viji
 * Sakshi Shivanand
 * Sanchita Shetty
 * Sandeep Chowta
 * Sanketh Kashi
 * Sathyabhama
 * Satyajith
 * Shamita Shetty
 * Shani Mahadevappa
 * Shankar Nag
 * Shanthamma
 * Shashi Kumar
 * Shivarajkumar
 * Shilpa Shetty
 * Shobraj
 * Shraddha Srinath
 * Shruti Naidu
 * Shylaja Nag
 * Sihi Kahi Chandru
 * Sihi Kahi Geetha
 * Sneha Ullal
 * Soundarya
 * Srinivas Prabhu
 * Sudha Baragur
 * Sudha Belawadi
 * Sudha Narasimharaju
 * Sunil
 * Srimurali
 * Srinath
 * Sudha Rani
 * Sudheer
 * Suman Nagarkar
 * Suman Ranganathan
 * Sundar Krishna Urs
 * Sundar Raj
 * Sunil Shetty
 * Sunil Kumar Desai
 * Sudeepa
 * Syed Aman Bachchan
 * T. S. Nagabharana
 * Tara
 * Tiger Prabhakar
 * Umashri
 * Upendra
 * Vajramuni
 * Vaishali Desai
 * Vasundhara Das
 * Vanishree
 * Vijay Kashi
 * Vinayak Joshi
 * Vishnuvardhan
 * Yashwant Sardeshpande

Theatre

 * Arundhati Nag
 * Bhargavi Narayan
 * B. V. Karanth
 * Chandrashekhar Kambara
 * Chindodi Leela
 * Girish Karnad
 * Gubbi Veeranna
 * K. V. Subbanna
 * Kalpana
 * Lakshmi Chandrashekar
 * Lokesh
 * Master Hirannaiah
 * Mukhyamantri Chandru
 * Prasanna
 * Shankar Nag
 * Shivananda
 * Umashree
 * Vajramuni
 * Yashwant Sardeshpande

Ancient architecture and sculpture

 * Amarashilpi Jakanachari
 * Gundan Anivaritachari
 * Ruvari Malithamma

Modern and contemporary art, art criticism

 * Dattatreya Aralikatte
 * Renuka Kesaramadu
 * Ashwini Bhat
 * Surekha
 * S. G. Vasudev
 * Yusuf Arakkal

Classical music - Carnatic

 * Gopala Dasa
 * Harikesanallur Muthayya Bhagavathar
 * Jagannatha Dasa
 * Kadri Gopalnath
 * Jyotsna Srikanth
 * Kanakadasa
 * Maharaja Jayachamaraja Wadiyar
 * Dr.Mysore Manjunath
 * Mysore Sadasiva Rao
 * Mysore V. Ramarathnam
 * Mysore Vasudevacharya
 * Mysore Nagaraj
 * N. Ravikiran
 * Purandaradasa
 * R. K. Srikanthan
 * R.R. Keshavamurthy
 * Sripadaraya
 * T. Chowdiah
 * Vadiraja
 * Vijaya Dasa
 * Vyasatirtha
 * Doraiswamy Iyengar
 * Adarsh Iyengar
 * Veene Sheshanna
 * Vittal Ramamurthy
 * Ghatam Udupa
 * K. V. Krishna Prasad
 * B. Shankar Rao
 * Anoor Anantha Krishna Sharma
 * M. S. Sheela
 * Vidyabhushana

Classical music - Hindustani

 * Basavaraja Rajaguru, vocal
 * Bhimsen Joshi, vocal
 * Bapu Padmanabha, bansuri
 * S. Ballesh, vocal and shehnai
 * Ganapati Bhat, vocal
 * Gangubai Hangal, vocal
 * Gururao Deshpande, vocal
 * Jayateerth Mevundi, vocal
 * Kumar Gandharva, vocal
 * Lalith J. Rao, vocal
 * Madhava Gudi, vocal
 * Mallikarjun Mansur, vocal
 * Milind Chittal, vocal
 * Nachiketa Sharma, vocal
 * Nagaraja Rao Havaldar, vocal
 * Pravin Godkhindi, bansuri
 * Puttaraja Gawai, vocal
 * Rajeev Taranath, sarod
 * Sanjeev Chimmalgi, vocal
 * Sangeetha Katti, vocal
 * Sawai Gandharva, vocal
 * Shobha Gurtu, vocal
 * Smita Bellur, vocal
 * Taranath Ram Rao Hattiangadi, tabla
 * Pandit Venkatesh Kumar, vocal
 * Vinayak Torvi, vocal
 * Keshav Ginde, flute
 * Madhav Gudi, vocal
 * Panchakshari Gawai, vocal

Modern musicians

 * Mysore Ananthaswamy, bhavageete
 * P. Kalinga Rao, bhavageete
 * Pandit Narasimhalu Vadavati
 * S. Ballesh, shehnai and vocal
 * Mysore Manjunath
 * Pravin Godkhindi, flute
 * Shimoga Subbanna, Sugama Sangeetha
 * C. Ashwath, Sugama Sangeetha
 * Balappa Hukkeri, folklore
 * G.V. Atri, bhavageete
 * Ganesh Hegde, choreography
 * Biddu Appaiah, composer
 * Bapu Padmanabha, flute

Film music

 * Anoop Seelin
 * Arjun
 * B. V. Karanth
 * C. Ashwath
 * G. K. Venkatesh
 * G. V. Iyer, settler
 * Gurukiran
 * S. Ballesh, playback singer, music director, shehnai
 * Hamsalekha
 * Jayant Kaikini
 * Mano Murthy
 * Rajan–Nagendra
 * Ravichandran
 * Sadhu Kokila
 * Sandeep Chowta
 * Shankar–Ganesh
 * V. Harikrishna
 * V. Manohar
 * Vijaya Bhaskar
 * Raghu Dixit
 * Bapu Padmanabha

Film singers

 * Nanditha
 * Rajkumar
 * Rajesh Krishnan
 * Vijay Prakash
 * Chetan Sosca

Dance

 * Maya Rao (1928-2014), Kathak Guru and founder of NIKC, Bangalore

Fashion

 * Deepika Padukone
 * Prasad Bidapa

Kings and nobles

 * Aliya Rama Raya
 * Abbakka Rani
 * Amoghavarsha I
 * Basaveshwara
 * Bijjala II
 * Bukka Raya I
 * Butuga II
 * Chikkadevaraja Wodeyar
 * Chamundaraya
 * Chand Bibi
 * Devaraya I
 * Deva Raya II
 * Dhruva Dharavarsha
 * Durvinita
 * Govinda III
 * Hyder Ali
 * Harihara I
 * Ibrahim Adil Shah II
 * Indra III
 * Jayachamaraja Wodeyar
 * Kempe Gowda
 * Krishna III
 * Krishnadeva Raya
 * Krishnaraja Wodeyar IV
 * Madakari Nayaka
 * Mayuravarma
 * Pulakesi II
 * Rani Chennamma of Keladi
 * Rani Chennamma of Kittur
 * Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya
 * Sangolli Rayanna, army chief of the Kingdom of Kittur
 * Tailapa II
 * Tippu Sultan
 * Veera Ballala II
 * Veera Ballala III
 * Vikramaditya II
 * Vikramaditya VI
 * Vishnuvardhana

Industrialists and businesspeople

 * A. B. Shetty, founder of Vijaya Bank
 * Ammembal Subba Rao Pai, founder of Canara Bank
 * B. R. Shetty, NMC Group
 * G. R. Gopinath, founder of Deccan Aviation
 * Gururaj Deshpande, venture capitalist
 * K. V. Kamath, managing director and CEO of ICICI Bank
 * Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw, Biocon India Ltd.
 * N. R. Narayana Murthy, Infosys Technologies, Ltd.
 * N S Narendra, founder of FirePro
 * Nandan Nilekani, Infosys Technologies, Ltd.
 * Phaneesh Murthy, iGATE Global Solutions, Ltd.
 * R. N. Shetty, Murdeshwar Group
 * T. M. A. Pai, co-founder of Syndicate Bank and Manipal Academy of Higher Education
 * V. G. Siddhartha, Cafe Coffee Day
 * Vaman Srinivas Kudva, co-founder of Syndicate Bank
 * Vijay Mallya, UB Group
 * Vijay Sankeshwar, Vijayanand Group
 * Vittal Mallya, UB Group
 * Pradeep Kar, Microland
 * Ashok Kheny, NICE
 * Thumbay Moideen, founder of Thumbay Group and Gulf Medical University

Health care

 * Dr. H. Sudarshan Ballal
 * Dr. C. N. Manjunath, cardiologist
 * Dr. M. C. Modi, eye surgeon
 * Dr. Sharan Patil, orthopaedic surgeon
 * Dr. Y. G. Parameshwara
 * Dr. Devi Shetty, cardiovascular surgeon

Science and technology
Science

 * C. N. R. Rao, chemistry
 * C. R. Rao, statistics
 * N. K. Naik, Professor Emeritus at IIT Bombay
 * M. C. Modi, ophthalmology
 * Narayan Hosmane, biochemistry, cancer research
 * Raja Ramanna, physics
 * Roddam Narasimha, aerospace, atmospheric sciences
 * U. R. Rao, space science
 * M.L. Kulkarni, pediatrician
 * B. N. Suresh
 * S. K. Shivkumar
 * K. N. Shankara
 * S. G. Balekundri
 * Nandan Nilekani
 * Sudha Murthy
 * Vivek Kulkarni
 * Narayan Hosmane
 * Gururaj Deshpande

Mathematics

 * D. C. Pavate
 * Mahaviracharya
 * Shakuntala Devi

Technology

 * Arun Netravali, Bell Lab
 * Kumar Malavalli, co-founder of Brocade Communication Systems
 * Sir M. Visvesvaraya

Engineering

 * Rajeshwari Chatterjee, Karnataka's first female engineer
 * S. S. Murthy, Electrical engineer

Economics

 * N. S. Subba Rao

Classical writers

 * Nripatunga Amoghavarsha
 * Asaga
 * Ranna, 10th-century poet
 * Janna
 * Adikavi Pampa
 * Sri Ponna
 * Shivakotiacharya
 * Muddana, 19th-century poet and author
 * Andayya, 13th-century writer
 * Gangadevi, 14th-century poet and author
 * Kumaravyasa
 * Harihara, poet
 * Lakshmisha (Jaimeni Bharatha in Kannada)
 * Raghavanka
 * Rudrabhatta
 * Basavanna
 * Akka Mahadevi
 * Sarvajna
 * Tirumalamba
 * Purandaradasa
 * Kanakadasa
 * Trivikrama Panditacharya
 * Narayana Panditacharya
 * Kumudendu Muni, author of Siribhoovalaya
 * Shishunaala Sharif Saheba, first Muslim poet in Kannada literature

Modern writers

 * A.N. Krishna Rao
 * Anupama Niranjana
 * Aravind Adiga, won the Man Booker Prize in 2008
 * B. G. L. Swamy
 * B. M. Srikantaiah
 * Beechi, comedian from Bellary District
 * Chandrashekhara Kambara
 * Da. Ra. Bendre
 * D. Javare Gowda
 * Jayalakshmi Seethapura
 * D. V. Gundappa
 * G. P. Rajarathnam
 * Girish Karnad
 * Gopalakrishna Adiga
 * Gorur Ramaswamy Iyengar
 * Ha Ma Nayak
 * H. S. Krishnaswamy Iyengar
 * K. S. Narasimhaswamy
 * K. S. Nissar Ahmed
 * K. Anantharamu
 * Kota Shivarama Karanth
 * Kuvempu
 * M. Govinda Pai
 * Maasti Venkatesh Ayengar
 * Maya Kamath, political cartoonist
 * P. Lankesh
 * Panchakshari Hiremath
 * A.K. Ramanujan
 * Poornachandra Tejaswi
 * P. T. Narasimhachar
 * R. C. Hiremath
 * R. K. Narayan, settler
 * Raja Rao
 * S. Srikanta Sastri
 * S. L. Bhyrappa
 * Shatavadhani Dr. R. Ganesh
 * Shashi Deshpande
 * T. P. Kailasam
 * T. R. Subba Rao
 * T. N. Srikantaiah
 * U. R. Ananthamurthy
 * V. K. Gokak
 * Yashwant Chittal
 * Ferdinand Kittel
 * Dinakara Desai
 * Venkatesh Galaganath

Politicians

 * K.C. Reddy, former Chief Minister
 * Kadidal Manjappa, former Chief Minister
 * Kengal Hanumanthaiah, former Chief Minister
 * Siddaramaiah, former Chief Minister
 * Shantaveri Gopala Gowda, Socialist leader, former MLA
 * S. Nijalingappa, former Chief Minister
 * Devaraj Urs, former Chief Minister
 * Kamaladevi Chattopadhyaya, freedom fighter
 * Basappa Danappa Jatti, former Vice-President
 * Gudleppa Hallikeri, freedom fighter, former Chairman of the Legislative Council.
 * M.N. Jois, freedom fighter, former M.L.C, Dy Speaker of Legislative Council
 * Bantwal Vaikunta Baliga, former Law Minister; former Speaker, Mysore State
 * Gundu Rao, former Chief Minister
 * Ramakrishna Hegde, former Chief Minister
 * Sudheendra Kulkarni
 * Prabhakar Kore, member of Rajya Sabha from Karnataka
 * S.R.Kanti, former Chief Minister
 * Neeraj Patil, Mayor of Lambeth district of London
 * S.R.Bommai, former Chief Minister
 * Veerendra Patil, former Chief Minister
 * S.Bangarappa, former Chief Minister
 * Veerappa Moily, former Chief Minister
 * L. G. Havanur, former Law Minister
 * H.D. Deve Gowda, former prime minister
 * J.H.Patel, former Chief Minister
 * George Fernandes, former Defense Minister
 * S.M. Krishna, Governor of Maharashtra, former Chief Minister
 * Dharam Singh, former Chief Minister
 * H.D.Kumaraswamy, former Chief Minister
 * B.S.Yediyurappa, former Chief Minister, MP
 * D.V. Sadananda Gowda, former Chief Minister and present union Statistics and Program implementation minister
 * Jagadish Shettar, former Chief Minister
 * Ramesh Jigajinagi, former Home Minister, currently Union Minister of state for drinking water and sanitation and M.P
 * M.P. Prakash, former deputy Chief Minister
 * Oscar Fernandes, former Union Minister
 * Jaffer Sharief, former Union Minister
 * Margaret Alva, former Union Minister
 * U. Srinivas Mallya, former Member of Parliament
 * H.N.Ananth Kumar, Union Minister for chemicals and fertilizers & M.P.
 * Mallikarjun Kharge, former Home Minister, former Union Railway Minister
 * K.H. Muniyappa, former Union minister of state for Railways
 * V.S.Acharya, former Minister for Home affairs & Medical Education
 * H.Vishwanath, former Minister, former M.P
 * Vatal Nagaraj, former MLA
 * Vishweshwara Hegde, former Education Minister
 * Bhagwanth Khuba, Member of Parliament,  Bidar
 * Shri Thanedar, United States Representative

Bureaucrats

 * C B Muthamma, first woman IFS officer
 * C. G. Somiah, Comptroller and Auditor General of India (1990-1996)
 * Shankar Bidari, IPS, DG & IPG, Karnataka
 * Abdul Rahman Infant, IPS, DG & IGP, Karnataka
 * Dr.M.H.Marigowda, former Director of Horticulture
 * H. T. Sangliana, former police officer, and M.P. Lok Sabha
 * Daya Nayak
 * Kempaiah
 * Veeranna Aivalli
 * Vivek Kulkarni

Cooperative movement

 * S. K. Amin, founder of South Kanara District Co-Operative Fish Marketing Federation

Religion and philosophy

 * Sarvajna
 * Sree Sree Shivakumara Swamiji, Karnataka Ratna, highest civilian awarded by the state
 * Kanaka Dasa, saint
 * Basavanna, founder of Veerashaivism, social reformer
 * Purandara Dasa, saint
 * Vidyaranya, 12th Shankaracharya of Sringeri, spiritual guide to Vijayanagar Empire
 * Allama Prabhu
 * Madhvacharya
 * Mangesh V. Nadkarni
 * Raghavendra Swami
 * Akka Mahadevi
 * Jayatirtha
 * Sripadaraya
 * Vyasatirtha
 * Vadirajatirtha
 * Madhvacharya
 * Naraharitirtha
 * Padmanabha Tirtha
 * Raghaveshwara Bharathi
 * Raghunatha Tirtha
 * Raghuvarya Tirtha
 * Raghuttama Tirtha
 * Gangadharendra Saraswati
 * Balagangadharanatha Swamiji
 * Shivamurthy Shivacharya Mahaswamiji
 * Satyavrata Tirtha
 * Satyanidhi Tirtha
 * Satyanatha Tirtha
 * Satyapriya Tirtha
 * Satyabodha Tirtha
 * Satyasandha Tirtha
 * Satyadharma Tirtha
 * Satyadhyana Tirtha
 * Satyapramoda Tirtha
 * Shishunala Sharifa
 * Jaggi Vasudev, founder of Isha Foundation
 * Siddharudha Swami
 * Narayan Maharaj
 * Narayanacharya
 * Dattatreya
 * Kaadsiddheshwar
 * Keshavashram

Yoga

 * Tirumalai Krishnamacharya, known as "the father of modern yoga" and reviver of Hatha yoga
 * B.K.S. Iyengar
 * Geeta Iyengar
 * Jaggi Vasudev
 * Malladihalli Sri Raghavendra Swamiji
 * Pattabhi Jois

Wildlife and environment

 * Hanumappa Sudarshan
 * Ullas Karanth, tiger conservation
 * Krupakar-Senani
 * Vandana Shiva

Historians, epigraphists and archaeologists

 * Dr. Shikaripura Ranganatha Rao
 * Dr. B.A. Saletore
 * P. B. Desai
 * P. Gururaja Bhat
 * G. S. Gai
 * A. N. Narasimhia
 * B. L. Rice
 * S. Srikanta Sastri

Social service

 * Sree Sree Shivakumara Swamiji
 * S. K. Amin
 * Malladihalli Sri Raghavendra Swamiji
 * Sudha Murthy
 * Tulsi Gowda
 * Veerendra Heggade
 * Saalumarada Thimmakka

Cricket

 * Vijay Bhardwaj
 * Raghuram Bhat
 * Roger Binny
 * Stuart Binny
 * Bhagwat Chandrasekhar
 * Deepak Chougule
 * Rahul Dravid
 * Doddanarasaiah Ganesh
 * David Johnson
 * Sunil Joshi
 * Syed Kirmani
 * Vinay Kumar
 * Anil Kumble
 * Sanjay Manjrekar
 * Abhimanyu Mithun
 * Manju Nadgoda
 * Manish Pandey
 * Brijesh Patel
 * Venkatesh Prasad
 * E.A.S. Prasanna
 * KL Rahul
 * A. Ramakrishnappa
 * Shantha Rangaswamy
 * Barrington Rowland
 * Ganesh Satish
 * Sujith Somasunder
 * Javagal Srinath
 * Robin Uthappa
 * Gundappa Vishwanath
 * Sadanand Viswanath

Hockey

 * B. P. Govinda (former captain, Arjun award)
 * M. P. Ganesh (former captain, Arjun Award)
 * Ashish Ballal
 * Arjun Halappa
 * M M Somaiya (former captain)

Football

 * Vinoth Kumar
 * Xavier Vijay Kumar
 * N.S. Manju
 * Kuppuswami Sampath
 * Shankar Sampingiraj
 * Karma Tsewang
 * Sanjeeva Uchil (Represented India in 1948 Olympics)

Athletics

 * Ashwini Nachappa
 * J. J. Shobha
 * Vandana Rao
 * Vandana Shanbagh
 * Vikas Gowda
 * Girisha Nagarajegowda Para-athletics

Badminton

 * Prakash Padukone
 * Anup Sridhar
 * Ashwini Ponnappa

Tennis

 * Rohan Bopanna
 * Poojashree Venkatesh
 * Srinath Prahlad

Others

 * C.C. Machaiah, former boxer, Olympian and coach, 1978 Arjuna Awardee
 * Chetan Baboor, Table Tennis
 * Nisha Millet, Swimming
 * Pankaj Advani, Billiards
 * Malathi Krishnamurthy Holla

Military

 * Ajjamada B Devaiah, Pilot in Indian air force, Maha Vir Chakra (posthumous), war martyr.
 * Field Marshal K.M. Cariappa, Commander-in-Chief, Indian Armed Forces
 * Gen.K. S. Thimayya, Chief of Staff, Indian Army
 * Gen. A C Iyappa, Prisoner-of-War in World War II, Indian Army, BEL chief.
 * Air Marshal C D Subbaiah, VrC, PVSM, World War II fighter pilot, Indian Army.
 * Ramesh Halagali, AVSM, SM, Deputy Chief of Indian Army.
 * Major M C Muthanna, killed by terrorists in Jammu and Kashmir, Shaurya Chakra awardee.
 * Major Sandeep Unnikrishnan, killed in action during the November 2008 Mumbai attacks, consequently awarded the Ashoka Chakra, Indian Army

Judiciary

 * Justice Manepalli Narayana Rao Venkatachaliah, retired Chief Justice of the Supreme Court
 * Justice N Y Hanumanthappa, Chief Justice of Orissa High Court and Ex-Member of Parliament, Chitra Durga
 * Justice Santhosh Hegde, retired Supreme Court Judge
 * Justice H.L.Dattu, retired Chief Justice of the Supreme Court
 * Justice V. Gopala Gowda, Supreme Court Judge
 * Chief Justice of India P. B. Gajendragadkar, from Gajendragad

Bharat Ratna

 * Sir M. Visvesvaraya, 1955
 * Bhimsen Joshi, 2008
 * C.N.R. Rao, 2014

Jnanpith Award

 * Kuvempu, for his epic Sri Ramayana Darshanam, in 1969
 * D. R. Bendre, for his anthology of poems Naku Thanthi, in 1974
 * K. Shivaram Karanth, for his novel Mookajjiya Kanasugalu, in 1977
 * Masti Venkatesha Iyengar, for his historical novel Chikkaveera Rajendra, in 1983
 * V. K. Gokak, for Bharatha Sindhu Rashmi, in 1990
 * U. R. Ananthamurthy, for his monumental contributions, in 1994
 * Girish Karnad, for his monumental contributions to Kannada literature and for contributions to Kannada theatre (Yayati), in 1998
 * Chandrashekhara Kambara, for his monumental contributions to Kannada literature, in 2010

Saraswati Samman

 * S. L. Bhyrappa, for his novel Mandra, in 2010

Militants

 * Iqbal Bhatkal
 * Kafeel Ahmed, 2007 London car bombing
 * Riyaz Bhatkal
 * Yasin Bhatkal

Others

 * Shakuntala Devi, calculating prodigy; "called human computer"
 * N. Someswara, doctor and quiz master of Thatt Antha Heli
 * Aluru Venkata Rao
 * Huilgol Narayana Rao
 * Ravi Belagere
 * Mayurasharma
 * Pulakesi I
 * Krishna Deva Raya
 * Kudroli Ganesh, magician
 * Kumara Rama
 * Somesvara I
 * Belawadi Mallamma
 * Kittur Chennamma
 * Attimabbe
 * Raghavendra Acharya
 * Pandita Ramabai, reformer for women's education, Sanskrit scholar, Christian Bible translator into Marathi
 * Saraswati Gangadhar
 * S. D. Phadnis, cartoonist
 * A. N. Prahlada Rao, crossword writer; created 40,000 crosswords; name mentioned in LIMCA Book of Records 2015

title: List of people from Karnataka


text:
Tight end

The tight end (TE) is an offensive position in American football, arena football, and Canadian football. It is a hybrid that combines the characteristics and roles of both an offensive lineman and a receiver. As part of the receiver corps, they play inside the flanks (tight), contrasted with the split end who plays outside the flanks (wide). Like offensive linemen, they are usually lined up on the offensive line and are large enough to be effective blockers. On the other hand, unlike offensive linemen, they are eligible receivers and potent weapons in a team's offensive schemes.

The tight end's role in any given offense depends on the preferences and philosophy of the head coach, offensive coordinator, and overall team dynamic. In some systems, the tight end will merely act as a sixth offensive lineman, rarely going out for passes. Other systems use the tight end primarily as a receiver, frequently taking advantage of the tight end's size to create mismatches in the defensive secondary. Many coaches will often have one tight end who specializes in blocking on running plays while using a tight end with better pass-catching skills in passing situations.

Offensive formations may have as few as zero or as many as three tight ends at one time.

Tight ends in 2024 make an average of 8 million dollars a year. Some of the top tight ends make around 17 million dollars a year. This position is one of the lowest paid in the NFL.

Origins
The advent of the tight end position is closely tied to the decline of the one-platoon system during the 1940s and '50s. Originally, substitutions were limited by rule, forcing players to be adept on both sides of the ball, with most offensive linemen doubling as defensive linemen or linebackers, and running backs and receivers doubling as defensive backs.

With the relaxation of substitution rules in professional football from the 1940s and after 1964 in the college game, a two-platoon system of offense and defense became the norm, with most players active on only one side of the ball. With the advent of the T-formation, double halfback sets quickly became a thing of the past, with a hybrid running back–receiver known as the "flanker back" positioned outside and behind the quarterback and running backs, at their "flank." The receivers on each end of the line of scrimmage retained their historic name, "ends."

By the start of the 1960s many pro clubs had begun to position the flanker back far to the outside, just behind the line of scrimmage, part of what Washington Redskins coach Bill McPeak characterized as a "three ends" system. The receiver spread out on numerically inferior "weak" side of the formation was commonly known as the "split end;" the end lining up to the same side as the flanker, positioned close to the blocking linemen, became known as the "tight end." This tight end position, developed in the 1950s, embraced both blocking and receiving functions and flourished as part of the specialization of the two-platoon era.

Greater use of the tight end as a receiver in the cutting edge offenses of the 1960s led to the emergence of the first stars at the position, including Mike Ditka of the Chicago Bears, Jackie Smith of the St. Louis Cardinals, and John Mackey of the Baltimore Colts.

The modern position
Nonetheless, tight ends remained primarily blockers lined up next to an offensive tackle and given short to medium drag routes. Starting in 1980, the Air Coryell offense began using tight end Kellen Winslow in wide receiver-type routes. Winslow was lined up wide, in the slot against a smaller cornerback, or put in motion to avoid being jammed at the line. Defenses would cover him with either a strong safety or a linebacker, because zone defenses were less popular. Strong safeties in those times also were favored for their run defense over coverage speed. Providing them another defender to help cover Winslow opened up holes for other receivers. Winslow would line up unpredictably in any formation, variously in a three point blocking stance, two point receiver's stance, or put in motion like a flanker or offensive back. Head coach Jon Gruden referred to such multi-dimensional tight ends as "jokers", calling Winslow the first ever in the NFL. Patriots head coach Bill Belichick notes that the pass-catching tight ends that get paid the most are "all direct descendants of Kellen Winslow", and there are fewer tight ends now that can block on the line.

In the 1990s, Shannon Sharpe's athletic prowess as a route-runner helped change the way tight ends were used by teams. Consistently double-covered as a receiver, he became the first tight end in NFL history to rack up over 10,000 career receiving yards. Tony Gonzalez and Antonio Gates, who both played basketball in college, pushed the position toward wide receiver speed and power forward strength and wingspan. At 6'6" Rob Gronkowski brought height, setting single-season tight end records in 2011 with 17 touchdowns—breaking Gates's and Vernon Davis's record of 13—and 1,327 receiving yards, surpassing Winslow's record of 1,290. Jimmy Graham that season also passed Winslow with 1,310 yards. Six of the NFL's 15 players with the most receptions that year were tight ends, the most in NFL history. Previous seasons usually had at most one or two ranked in the top.

Tight ends generally hit their peak between the ages of 25 and 30.

Tight ends in other leagues
In the Arena Football League the tight end serves as the 3rd offensive lineman (along with the center and guard). Although they are eligible receivers they rarely go out for passes and are usually only used for screen passes when they do.

However, in Canadian football, tight ends are, in general, no longer used professionally in the CFL, but are still used at the college level in U Sports. Tony Gabriel is a former tight end in Canadian football. There remain some tight ends in use at university level football; Antony Auclair, formerly a tight end for the Laval Rouge et Or, was a contender to be selected in the 2017 CFL Draft or possibly receive a tryout in the NFL. He was drafted by the CFL's Saskatchewan Roughriders in 2017, but instead signed with the NFL's Tampa Bay Buccaneers as an undrafted free agent that same year.

National Tight Ends Day
Since 2019, the NFL celebrates National Tight Ends Day on the fourth weekend of October to highlight tight ends in the league.

Roles

Tight ends have two primary roles: (1) act as a blocker and (2) act as a receiver. Very occasionally, a tight end is also given the opportunity to rush with the ball. This typically happens when they are put in motion before the ball is snapped.

Blocking
In the National Football League (NFL), the tight end is larger, stronger, and slower than a wide receiver, and therefore able to block more effectively. Among offensive ball-handlers it is the job of the tight end, along with the fullback, to block for both running backs and receivers. Tight ends are used as blockers to protect the quarterback during passing plays, to open holes in the line, and downfield to tie up linebackers and defensive backs.

Historically, a single tight end was used, typically placed on the right side of the offensive line. In the early 2000s two tight end formations began to be used with more frequency. Specialty plays may deploy 3- or 4-tight-end sets in "heavy" or "jumbo" packages, usually to block in short-yardage situations or to sow confusion in the defensive backfield with such an unusual formation. When a blocker larger than a tight end is desired without sacrificing the player's ability to catch a pass the position is sometimes filled by an offensive lineman who reports to the referee that he is an eligible receiver, referred to colloquially as a "tackle eligible".

Receiving
Historically, the primary role of a tight end was blocking, with strategic use as a receiver. Over time the emphasis of offense has shifted from running to passing, and with it the role of the tight end as a receiver expanded. The tight end is usually faster than the linebackers who cover him and often stronger than the cornerbacks and safeties who try to tackle him. In general, there is an inherent trade-off between a tight end's speed and agility and their size, meaning more mobile tight ends tend not to be as effective as blockers. This results in great premiums being placed on tight ends that can fill both roles effectively. When a team cannot find both in a single player they often rotate between those who are stronger in one role better than the other depending on the type of skill required by given plays.

At the extreme end the receiving spectrum are 'hybrid' tight ends that are drafted primarily for their pass-catching abilities. Often, these players have near-wide receiver speed, coupled with greater overall size and strength. Plays utilizing their assets are designed to capitalize on their combination of size, speed, and wingspan, at times spreading them out on the line like wide-receivers, off the line in the slot, or putting them in motion in the backfield.

Rushing
The decline of the fullback as a rushing position has seen the occasional deployment of tight ends as ball carriers, either aligned in the backfield or out of the slot in a reverse or sweep.

Physical attributes
Most tight ends are large in size, with an average height of 6 ft and a weight exceeding 254 lb. They are usually among the taller members of the team, comparable in height to many linemen. Tight ends need to be this size and weight because they do it all, they have to block linebackers and defensive linemen. They also run routes and catch passes from the quarterback and have to out run corners. They are also among its heavier players, with only linemen and some linebackers weighing more than averaged-sized tight ends. As a result, tight ends are almost universally slower than wide receivers and running backs, although occasionally one with exceptional speed appears. An example of a tight end with a speed advantage—at the expense of blocking ability—is 6 ft 248 lb Vernon Davis, who achieved a 4.38 forty yard dash time.

Jersey numbers
Specific skill positions typically are issued jersey numbers in a restricted range. High school rules nationally are determined by the National Federation of State High School Associations; tight ends are able to wear any number other than 50–79. The NCAA "strongly recommends" ends wear 80–99, but this is not required. In the NFL, numbering has changed in 2021, which allows them to wear numbers 0-49 and 80-89. The 0–49 number range is a relatively recent addition to the rules; as a result, most tight ends still bear numbers in the 80–89 range.

title: Tight end


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Bachem Holding

Bachem Holding AG is a Swiss bio-technology company active in the fields of chemistry, biochemistry and pharmaceuticals. It specializes in the commercial production of peptides and complex organic compounds as active pharmaceutical ingredients, in the production of peptide-based biochemicals and in the development of manufacturing processes for these compounds. It was founded in 1971 and is a subsidiary of Ingro Finanz AG. The head office is in Bubendorf in the canton of Basel-Landschaft; there are production sites in Vionnaz in the canton of Valais, in the Californian cities of Vista and Torrance, and in Great Britain in St Helens near Liverpool, with a sales and distribution site in Tokyo. At the end of 2017, it had 1057 employees, revenue of CHF 261.6 million, and net income of CHF 41.8 million.

History
In 2013 the company entered an agreement with GlyTech Inc. to cooperate on the production of glycosylated proteins and peptides.

In 2015 it bought American Peptide, a bio-technology company in Sunnyvale, California.

title: Bachem Holding


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Talk:Defensive team

There is overlap between this article and Lineman (football). RedWolf 08:32, Feb 28, 2004 (UTC)

 * As there should. Some positions fit into both categories, but not all linemen play on defense, and not all defensive players are linemen.

title: Talk:Defensive team


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Hicham El Guerrouj

Hicham El Guerrouj (هشام الݣروج; ⵀⵉⵛⴰⵎ ⴻⵍ ⴳⴻⵔⵔⵓⵊ; born 14 September 1974) is a retired Moroccan middle-distance runner. El Guerrouj is the current world record holder for the 1500 metres and mile events, and the former world record holder in the 2000 metres. He is the only man since Paavo Nurmi to win a gold medal in both the 1500 m and 5000 metres at the same Olympic Games.

El Guerrouj is widely regarded as the greatest middle-distance runner in history  and, as of June 2024, still holds six of the 10 fastest times ever run in the 1500 m as well as seven of the 15 fastest times in the mile.

He won a gold medal in the 1500 m at the 1997, 1999, 2001, and 2003 World Athletics Championships. He won the World Athlete of the Year award three times, and in November 2014, was inducted into the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) Hall of Fame.

Early life & career
Born in Berkane, Hicham El Guerrouj comes from a family of farmers. He initially pursued soccer and basketball in his sporting endeavors, but his spark in the sport of athletics came at the age of 13, when a local coach recognized his talent and encouraged him to pursue the sport. According to El Guerrouj, his urban upbringing and close proximity to a sports stadium allowed him to watch athletics competitions often, fueling his passion for running.

El Guerrouj's first international triumph was at age 18, when he came third in the 5000 metres of the 1992 Junior World Championships in Seoul, behind Haile Gebrselassie of Ethiopia and Ismael Kirui of Kenya. A year later, he was the #2 man on the Moroccan team at the World Junior Cross Country Championships.

In 1994, he was a member of the Moroccan team in the 1994 IAAF World Road Relay Championships, which won the race in world record time.

El Guerrouj rose to international prominence in the mid-1990s with near-record times in the 1500 metres and mile. At the age of 20 he finished second in the 1500 metres to then world record holder Noureddine Morceli at the 1995 World Championships in Gothenburg. In 1996 after setting a new personal best in the 1500 metres of 3:29.59 in Stockholm, he was considered one of the favourites for the Olympic gold.

1996 Atlanta Olympics – 1999 season
El Guerrouj competed in his first Olympic Games in 1996 at Atlanta. Running the 1500 metres final, as he was moving into position to challenge for the lead, he fell with 400 m to go and finished last in 12th place. He had been expected to challenge the world record holder and three-time World champion, Noureddine Morceli.

One month later, at the Grand Prix final in Milan, El Guerrouj became the first runner to defeat Morceli over 1500 m in four years. In the following years, El Guerrouj became the only middle distance runner to win four consecutive world titles in 1997, 1999, 2001, and 2003.

El Guerrouj set two world indoor records at the start of the 1997 season, starting with a 1500 m record of 3:31.18 at the Sparkassen Cup, which was not beaten until 22 years later, in 2019 by Samuel Tefera. He also set a new indoor best of 3:48.45 in the mile run at the Indoor Flanders meeting a few weeks later. In 1998 in Rome, El Guerrouj broke Morceli's 1500 m world record (3:27.37) with a time of 3:26.00.

In 1999, also in Rome, El Guerrouj broke the world record in the mile set by Noureddine Morceli in 1993, with a time of 3:43.13, completing the first 1500 metres in 3:28.21. Noah Ngeny of Kenya, who ran second, was also under the previous world record with a time of 3:43.40, which remains the second place world record to this day. This was the first time in over 40 years that two men had bettered the mile world record in the same race, neither of which have been broken in almost a quarter of a century.

Later that season he set a new world record over 2000 m in Berlin at 4:44.79, bettering the previous mark set by Morceli by more than three seconds, that has since been broken by Jakob Ingebrigtsen, who ran 4:43.13 in 2023. In 1999 El Guerrouj also ran the second fastest 3000 m ever in Brussels, with a time of 7:23.09.

2000 Sydney Olympics – 2003 season
At the Sydney Olympics, El Guerrouj was favourite to take gold but finished second in the 1500 metres, behind Noah Ngeny, a talented Kenyan runner at the peak of his career who had run as El Guerrouj's pacemaker when El Guerrouj ran his 1500m world record in Rome in 1998.

El Guerrouj successfully defended his 1500 m title in the 2001 and 2003 World Championships and came close to breaking his own 1500 m record in Brussels in 2001 with a time of 3:26.12. He also won 3 consecutive IAAF Golden League prizes in 2001, 2002 and 2003. He was the only middle distance athlete to produce the winning streak necessary to be entitled for a share of the jackpot of 50 kilograms (1,608 troy ounces) of gold (2000–2002) or US$1 million (1998–1999, 2003–present). As of 2011 he was the only athlete to have won it three times in a row.

In 2003, El Guerrouj set a personal best of 12:50.24 in the 5000 metres, which is the 26th fastest ever in the event. Later in the year, at the World Track & Field Championships, he finished a close second to Kenyan Eliud Kipchoge in the 5000 metres, adding a silver to the gold he had previously won in the 1500 metres.

2004 Athens Olympics and retirement
After a relatively poor start to the 2004 season that included slow times and an 8th-place finish in a 1500-metre race in Rome, El Guerrouj entered both the 1500 metres and the 5000 metres at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece.

Only 20 days before the Olympic final, 2000 Olympic bronze medalist Bernard Lagat ran the fastest 1500 m in 2004 (3:27.40), narrowly defeating El Guerrouj (3:27.64) at the Weltklasse Zürich meet on August 6. On August 24, in the final straight of the Olympic 1500m final, El Guerrouj beat Lagat by 0.12 seconds, winning the gold medal. In the finale, entering the home straight El Guerrouj led, only to be overtaken by Lagat- and then El Guerrouj re-took the lead a few strides from the line.

Four days later, El Guerrouj won the 5,000 m final with a time of 13:14.39, preventing Kenenisa Bekele from achieving the 5000 m/10000 m distance double, last achieved by Ethiopian Miruts Yifter in 1980 Moscow Olympics.

El Guerrouj became the first man in 80 years to win both 1500m and 5000m titles in the same Olympics, previously achieved only by the "Flying Finn" Paavo Nurmi in 1924.

On 16 May 2005, El Guerrouj was nominated for the Laureus World Sports Award for Sportsman of the Year.

Having fulfilled his sporting ambitions & due to injuries from his years of high intensity training, El Guerrouj never competed internationally again after 2004 Olympics and announced his retirement on May 22, 2006.

Awards and honors
His sporting career is marked by numerous recognitions such as the award for humanitarian effort from the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF), which he received in 1996. He is also a UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador. El Guerrouj was named IAAF World Athlete of the Year in 2001, 2002 and 2003 after remaining unbeaten in more than 20 races, becoming the first man to win the award in consecutive years. He was also named best athlete of the year by the athletics journal Track and Field News in 2002. In 2003, he was elected as a member of the IAAF Athletes Committee.

On September 7, 2004, El Guerrouj was decorated with the "Cordon de Commandeur" by King Mohammed VI of Morocco. In the same year, he was awarded the Prince of Asturias Awards.

He was a member of the International Olympic Committee Athletes' Commission from 2004 to 2012.

Hicham El Guerrouj is today an Ambassador for Peace and Sport, a Monaco-based international organization, as well as a member of its "Champions for Peace" club, a group of 54 famous elite athletes committed to serving peace in the world through sport.

Personal life
During the 1996 Summer Olympics, after his devastating fall in the 1500 metres final, El Guerrouj received a call from King Hassan II, then the King of Morocco. Hassan II said to El Guerrouj:

"“Do not cry. You are a champion in the eyes of the Moroccan people.""

In response to this call, El Guerrouj later reflected:

""After the call by His Majesty, it was another el-Guerrouj who was born. 'There is no similarity to the el-Guerrouj before this call and the el-Guerrouj right now.""

On 27 September 2003, El Guerrouj married Najoua Lahbil. They have a daughter named Hiba.

El Guerrouj is an admirer of Roger Bannister, whom he considers to be his "spiritual father". El Guerrouj met Bannister in 2000, and attended a 70 year anniversary event of Bannister's first sub-four minute mile on 6 May 2024 in Oxford, England.

In 2024, reflecting on the differences between the mile and 1500 metres, El Guerrouj stated the following:

"“My favourite is 1500m. It’s part of my heart. I competed in it a lot and I know every metre of this race. The mile is completely different. If you are not strong physically and mentally, you cannot run it well.”"

IAAF Grand Prix performances

 * 1997
 * Stuttgart: 3:31.18 indoor 1500 m
 * Gand: 3:48.45 indoor mile
 * 1998
 * Golden Gala: 3:26.00 1500 m
 * 1999
 * Golden Gala: 3:43.13 mile
 * 1999 IAAF Grand Prix Final: 4:44.79 2000 metres

Personal bests
The following table includes El Guerrouj's personal best times as published by the IAAF:

Awards

 * World Athlete of the Year: 2001, 2002, 2003
 * Track & Field News Athlete of the Year: 1999, 2001, 2002
 * L'Équipe Champion of Champions: 2005
 * IAAF Hall of Fame: 2014

title: Hicham El Guerrouj