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Glass Hammer

Glass Hammer is an American progressive rock band from Chattanooga, Tennessee, created and led by Steve Babb and Fred Schendel.

Babb and Schendel, who founded the band in 1992, are the only constant members in the lineup, having surrounded themselves by various guest performers. The different lineups included several lead vocalists, including Michelle Young and Jon Davison. Originally a studio project only, the band occasionally performs live, especially since the early 2010s, but never does large-scale tours.

Origins and early years (1992-1997)
Schendel and Babb (then credited as "Stephen DeArqe") first met in 1986, and formed Glass Hammer in 1992 when they began to write and record Journey of the Dunadan, a concept album based on the story of Aragorn from J.R.R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings on which they performed most vocals and instruments. To their surprise, the album, released the following year, sold several thousand units via the Internet, TV home shopping, and phone orders, convincing them that Glass Hammer was a project worth continuing.

Embarking on a small tour in the south-east of the US, the band was joined by singer Michelle Young (who had been featured as a guest on a single track of Journey of the Dunadan), and drummer Walter Moore. With this line-up, they released their second album Perelandra in 1995, with Moore performing guitars instead of drums (which were handled by Schendel), and all four members performing lead vocals. It is another concept album, this time inspired by C. S. Lewis' The Chronicles of Narnia and Space Trilogy book series.

After a small tour to support the album, Young left the band in 1997 to pursue a solo career. The same year, the band released Live and Revived, a live/compilation album consisting of recorded live rehearsals from the previous tour and unreleased material written shortly after the release of Journey of the Dunadan. The album was originally limited to 1000 copies, but was later re-released. In parallel to Glass Hammer, Babb and Schendel created a techno/dance project, titled TMA-2, releasing two unsuccessful albums, Artifact One (1996) and Tick Tock Lilies (1998), before dropping the project.

Moore / Bogdanowicz years (1998-2009)
In 1998, Glass Hammer released their third studio album, On to Evermore, which saw Moore acting as main lead vocalist. It was followed two years later by Chronometree, another concept album following a young man who becomes convinced that aliens are trying to communicate with him through his albums. Guest Brad Marler provided lead vocals for the album.

Susie Bogdanowicz, who had provided backing vocals on Chronometree, joined the band as a full-time member, while Moore stopped acting as drummer, acting solely as singer on studio works, and also as guitarist in concerts; this would go on to become Glass Hammer's longest and steadiest line-up, which would be featured on the next four albums, the first being The Middle-Earth Album in 2001, their second album based on Lord of the Rings after Journey of the Dunadan. Jokingly marketed as a live album recorded during a performance at The Prancing Pony, an inn in Lord of the Rings, the album's first half emulated the sound of a band actually performing at the inn, while the second half was recorded like a traditional studio album. The Middle-Earth Album was followed by Lex Rex the following year.

The band's seventh studio album Shadowlands was released in 2004. The following year, The Inconsolable Secret would mark the last album with the line-up effective since The Middle-Earth Album, as Moore would leave his role as full-time member following the release of the album. In parallel to these studio albums, this line-up had also recorded and released the live album Live at Nearfest and the live DVD Lex Live, both recorded in 2003 and released in 2004.

After the departure of Moore, Glass Hammer recruited Carl Groves as their new male lead vocalists, recording and releasing the live DVD Live at Belmont in 2006. After a compilation album of rare/previously unreleased tracks titled The Compilations, the band released their first studio album with Groves, Culture of Ascent, in 2007. In 2009, the band took a completely different musical direction for their tenth studio album, Three Cheers for the Broken-Hearted, a pop rock album without Groves with focus on Bogdanowicz's vocals. The album was received negatively by fans due to departing from the band's usual progressive sound; although Schendel and Babb defended the quality of the album, they later admitted that they should not have released it under the Glass Hammer name.

Davison years (2009-2014)
Later in 2009, both Bogdanowicz and Groves left Glass Hammer, and Schendel and Babb recruited new singer Jon Davison and new guitarist Kamran Alan Shikoh. Together, this new line-up released three studio albums: If in 2010, Cor Cordium in 2011, and Perilous in 2012. The albums saw a return to progressive rock, with a shift towards a symphonic rock-oriented sound compared to previous albums. All three albums were very positively received, and resulted in a notable gain in popularity for the band.

In 2013, the band re-releasedThe Inconsolable Secret, with several tracks re-recorded with Davison and Shikoh and included in a third disc.

Meanwhile, Davison was selected by Yes as their new lead singer, which resulted in him having a reduced role in Glass Hammer.

In 2013, Bogdanowicz and Groves re-joined Glass Hammer, while Aaron Raulston joined as full-time drummer on January 17. With this seven-members line-up, the band released Ode to Echo in 2014, featuring all current and former full-time lead vocalists in the band's history, with current members Babb, Schendel, Bogdanowicz, Groves and Davison, and contributions by former vocalists Walter Moore and Michelle Young. After the release, Davison would quit working with the band due to his work with Yes, although he would only be officially removed from the line-up years later.

Recent years and live performances (2015-present)
With the line-up now consisting of Schendel, Babb, Bogdanowicz, Groves, Shikoh, and Raulston, the band released their fifteenth studio album The Breaking of the World in 2015.

In 2016, Carl Groves left the band once again, with the band choosing to focus on Bogdanowicz as vocalist. With this line-up, they released Valkyrie, a concept album following "a soldier’s struggle to return home from the horrors of war, to the girl who loves him and must ultimately find her way to him"; the album's vocals were focused on Bogdanowicz, although Schendel and Babb also performed secondary lead vocals for the first time in years. In a shift from their usual recording methods, the band rehearsed the album for several weeks, in order to record the album as if it were an actual live performance.

In 2017, the band released Untold Tales, a compilation album of unreleased or hard to find Glass Hammer recordings originating from the early 90s to 2017, and as such featured both current and former members of Glass Hammer. On the 2018 Cruise to the Edge festival, on which he was also performing with Yes, Davison performed with Glass Hammer as a guest, marking the first time he performed live with the band. On April 18, 2018, Glass Hammer announced their upcoming live album Mostly Live, which does not feature Kamran Alan Shikoh; they also removed Shikoh from the band's lineup on their official Facebook, stating in a post "And then there were four."

On August 13, 2018, after several weeks of teasing via videos featuring the character of Tom from their fourth album Chronometree released in 2000, the band announced their seventeenth studio album, Chronomonaut for an October 12, 2018 release. A a sequel to Chronometree, the album follows Tom "in the modern day though his mid-life crisis", as "the voices have returned and have been urging Tom to time-travel back to the glory days of the early prog scene." The release coincided with a remastered re-release of Chronometree with a bonus track.

On December 8, 2019, the band published two videos about their next album, Dreaming City, stating that "all the basic tracks are down. All the songs have their shapes and their arrangements." They stated that their inspirations included 1970s' Rush, Hawkwind, and Michael Moorcock's Elric of Melniboné novels (the first novel in the series being 1961's The Dreaming City); it would be a concept album themed around sword and sorcery, but in a "more Tongue-in-cheek [way than] people manage to understand sometimes." The album would be set in the same universe as The Inconsolable Secret.

Music
While many musicians have appeared on Glass Hammer albums over the years, Babb and Schendel have remained the core of the band. Both men play a variety of instruments, but Babb mainly concentrates on bass guitar and keyboards while Schendel also plays keyboards as well as various guitars and drums (until the addition of live drummer Matt Mendians to the studio recording band in 2004). They also sing, although a number of other vocalists (most notably Michelle Young, Walter Moore, Susie Bogdanowicz, Carl Groves, and Jon Davison) have also handled lead vocal duties.

Lyrically, Glass Hammer is inspired mostly by their love of fantasy literature (most notably Tolkien and C. S. Lewis) and by their Christian faith. Although by their own admission they have tried to avoid becoming an overtly Christian band, their 2002 release Lex Rex was a concept album based on a Roman soldier's encounter with Jesus.

Musically, their most apparent influences are Yes, Kansas, Emerson, Lake & Palmer, and to a less noticeable extent, Genesis. While Glass Hammer has, for the most part, combined those influences into a characteristic style of their own, they made much more direct references to the aforementioned bands on their 2000 album Chronometree, which told the story of a drug-addled progressive rock fan who becomes convinced aliens are speaking to him through the music he listens to.

Discography
Studio albums
 * Journey of the Dunadan (1993)
 * Perelandra (1995)
 * On to Evermore (1998)
 * Chronometree (2000)
 * The Middle-Earth Album (2001)
 * Lex Rex (2002)
 * Shadowlands (2004)
 * The Inconsolable Secret (2005, re-recorded in 2013)
 * Culture of Ascent (2007)
 * Three Cheers for the Broken-Hearted (2009)
 * If (2010)
 * Cor Cordium (2011)
 * Perilous (2012)
 * Ode to Echo (2014)
 * The Breaking of the World (2015)
 * Valkyrie (2016)
 * Chronomonaut (2018)
 * Dreaming City (2020)
 * Skallagrim - Into the Breach (2021)
 * "At the Gate" (2022)
 * "ARISE" (2023)

Live albums
 * Live and Revived (1997; also a compilation of previously unreleased tracks)
 * Live at Nearfest (2004)
 * Double Live (2015)
 * Mostly Live (2018)

Live DVDs
 * Lex Live (2004)
 * Live at Belmont (2006)
 * Live at the Tivoli (2008)
 * Double Live (2015)

Others
 * Love Changes (1995) – collaborative album by Tracy Cloud featuring Glass Hammer
 * Harbour of Joy (1996) – collaborative Camel tribute album by various artists; provided the song "Air Born"
 * The Compilations (2006) – compilation of rare/previously unreleased material from 1996-2004
 * One (2010) – old recordings by Babb and Schendel from 1991-1992
 * The Stories of H.P. Lovecraft (2012) – collaborative album by various artists; provided the song "Cool Air"
 * Untold Tales (2017) – compilation of rare/previously unreleased material from 1993-2017
 * A Matter of Time – Volume 1 (2020) – reworked tracks from previous albums

Related
 * Artifact One (1996) – album by TMA-2, a techno/dance project by Babb and Schendel
 * Tick Tock Lilies (1998) – second and last TMA-2 album
 * David & Goliath - the Musical (2002) – Babb and Schendel
 * Do Not See Me Rabbit (2011) – Schendel solo album, released under the name Trurl

Members
 Current members
 * Fred Schendel – keyboards, guitars, backing vocals (1992–present), lead vocals (1992-2004, 2015–present) , drums (1992-2004)
 * Steve Babb – bass, keyboards, backing vocals (1992–present), lead vocals (1992-2004, 2016–present) , percussion (1992-2004)
 * Aaron Raulston - drums (2013–present)
 * Hannah Pryor – lead vocals (2021–present)

Former members
 * Michelle Young – lead vocals (1993-1997; guest: 1992, 2013), keyboards (1993-1995)
 * Walter Moore – drums (1993-2000), lead vocals, guitar (1995-2005; guest vocalist: 2005-2014)
 * Susie Bogdanowicz - lead vocals (1999-2009, 2013-2021)
 * Carl Groves – lead vocals (2006–2009, 2013-2016)
 * Jon Davison – lead vocals (2009–2014; guest: 2018)
 * Kamran Alan Shikoh – guitars, electric sitar (2009–2018)

Former session/guest musicians
 * David Carter – guitars (1992-2005)
 * Brad Marler – lead vocals (2000)
 * Terry Clouse – guitars (2000)
 * Sarah Snyder – vocals (2001)
 * Bethany Warren (Susie Bogdanowicz's younger sister) – vocals (2004–2014)
 * Flo Paris – vocals (2004–2014)
 * Matt Mendians – drums (2004–2014)
 * The Adonia String Trio – string trio (2005–2014)
 * Rebecca James – violin
 * Susan Whitacre – viola
 * Rachel Beckmann/Hackenberger – cello
 * David Wallimann – guitars (2007–2014)
 * Randall Williams – drums (2009-2013)

Interviews

 * Feature article and interview in Pathways to Excellence's Winter 2005 and Spring 2006 issues

title: Glass Hammer


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Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence

The Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AAAI) is an international scientific society devoted to promote research in, and responsible use of, artificial intelligence. AAAI also aims to increase public understanding of artificial intelligence (AI), improve the teaching and training of AI practitioners, and provide guidance for research planners and funders concerning the importance and potential of current AI developments and future directions.

History
The organization was founded in 1979 under the name "American Association for Artificial Intelligence" and changed its name in 2007 to "Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence". It has in excess of 4,000 members worldwide. In its early history, the organization was presided over by notable figures in computer science such as Allen Newell, Edward Feigenbaum, Marvin Minsky and John McCarthy. Since July 2022, Francesca Rossi has been serving as president. She will serve as president until July 2024 when president-elect Stephen Smith will begin his term.

Conferences and publications
The AAAI provides many services to the Artificial Intelligence community. The AAAI sponsors many conferences and symposia each year as well as providing support to 14 journals in the field of artificial intelligence. AAAI produces a quarterly publication, AI Magazine, which seeks to publish significant new research and literature across the entire field of artificial intelligence and to help members to keep abreast of research outside their immediate specialties. The magazine has been published continuously since 1980.

AAAI organises the "AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence", which is considered to be one of the top conferences in the field of artificial intelligence.

Awards
In addition to AAAI Fellowship, the AAAI grants several other awards:

ACM-AAAI Allen Newell Award
The ACM-AAAI Allen Newell Award is presented to an individual selected for career contributions that have breadth within computer science, or that bridge computer science and other disciplines. This endowed award is accompanied by a prize of $10,000, and is supported by the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AAAI), Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), and by individual contributions.

Past recipients:
 * Fred Brooks (1994)
 * Joshua Lederberg (1995)
 * Carver Mead (1997)
 * Saul Amarel (1998)
 * Nancy Leveson (1999)
 * Lotfi A. Zadeh (2000)
 * Ruzena Bajcsy (2001)
 * Peter Chen (2002)
 * David Haussler and Judea Pearl (2003)
 * Richard P. Gabriel (2004)
 * Jack Minker (2005)
 * Karen Spärck Jones (2006)
 * Leonidas Guibas (2007)
 * Barbara J. Grosz and Joseph Halpern (2008)
 * Michael I. Jordan (2009)
 * Takeo Kanade (2010)
 * Stephanie Forrest (2011)
 * Moshe Tennenholtz and Yoav Shoham (2012)
 * Jon Kleinberg (2014)
 * Eric Horvitz (2015)
 * Jitendra Malik (2016)
 * Margaret A. Boden (2017)
 * Henry Kautz (2018)
 * Lydia Kavraki and Daphne Koller (2019)
 * Moshe Y. Vardi and Hector J. Levesque (2020)
 * Carla Gomes (2021)
 * Stuart Russell and Bernhard Schölkopf (2022)

AAAI/EAAI Outstanding Educator Award
The annual AAAI/EAAI Outstanding Educator Award was created in 2016 to honor a person (or group of people) who has made major contributions to AI education that provide long-lasting benefits to the AI community.

Past recipients:
 * Peter Norvig and Stuart Russell (2016)
 * Sebastian Thrun (2017)
 * Todd W. Neller (2018)
 * Ashok Goel (2019)
 * Marie desJardins (2020)
 * Michael Wooldridge (2021)
 * AI4K12.org team: David S. Touretzky, Christina Gardner-McCune, Fred G. Martin, and Deborah Seehorn (2022)
 * Ayanna Howard (2023)

AAAI Squirrel AI Award for Artificial Intelligence for the Benefit of Humanity
The AAAI Squirrel AI Award for Artificial Intelligence for the Benefit of Humanity is a $1 million award that recognizes the positive impacts of AI to meaningfully improve, protect, and enhance human life.

AAAI Senior Members
Senior Member status is designed to recognize AAAI members who have achieved significant accomplishments within the field of artificial intelligence. To be eligible for nomination for Senior Member, candidates must be consecutive members of AAAI for at least five years and have been active in the professional arena for at least ten years. Applications should include information that details the candidate's scholarship, leadership, and/or professional service.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Quercus wislizeni

Quercus wislizeni, known by the common name interior live oak, is an evergreen oak, highly variable and often shrubby, found in many areas of California in the United States continuing south into northern Baja California in Mexico. It generally occurs in foothills, being most abundant in the lower elevations of the Sierra Nevada, but also widespread in the Pacific Coast Ranges—where since 1980 it has been known as a separate species Quercus parvula —and the San Gabriel Mountains. It was named for its collector, Friedrich Adolph Wislizenus (1810–1889).

Description
It is a large shrub or tree growing to 22 m tall, although where it is common in the low-elevation Sierra Nevada foothills it seldom exceeds 10 m. The dark-green leaves—appearing grayish from a distance—are usually small, 2 – long, thick, and often spiny-toothed at higher elevations, particularly on young trees. The male flowers are on catkins, the female flowers in leaf axils. The acorns are 1 – long, and mature the second season (about 18 months) after flowering.

Nomenclature
Although originally published by Alphonse Pyramus de Candolle as "wislizeni", some sources, e.g., Jensen in Flora of North America, mistakenly spelled the specific epithet "wislizenii." Correct spelling is with one "i," per ICN article 60C.2. Wislizenus' specimen was thought by de Candolle to have been collected in Chihuahua, Mexico. However, German-born American botanist Georg Engelmann later corrected the location to the American fork of the Sacramento River near Auburn, California.

California physician and botanist (and one of the founding fathers of the California Academy of Sciences) Albert Kellogg described an oak in an 1855 publication as Quercus arcoglandis (spur acorn oak), apparently the same species as Q. wislizeni. This clearly predates French-Swiss botanist de Candolle's 1864 name, and if confirmed to be this same taxon would have priority. More investigation is needed to resolve this taxonomic conflict.

Currently there are two recognized varieties of interior live oak:
 * Q. wislizeni A. DC. var. wislizeni (1864)
 * Q. wislizeni A. DC. var. frutescens Engelm (1878). This is an invalid taxon. Engelmann's Q. wislizeni var. frutescens description is virtually identical to de Candolle's Q. wislizeni, while Engelmann's Q. wislizeni description most closely matches Kellogg's Q. morehus.

Ecology
The interior live oak is a red oak (section Lobatae) in the California Floristic Province (series Agrifoliae). Q. wislizeni hybridizes with California black oak (Q. kelloggii) (= Quercus × morehus, Abram's oak). All California red oaks show evidence of introgression and/or hybridization with one another.

A common alliant tree is gray pine (Pinus sabiniana).

Deer browse the tree's foliage.

Uses
Humans use the wood as a fuel source.

title: Quercus wislizeni


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Belau, Schleswig-Holstein

Belau is a municipality in the district of Plön, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany.

title: Belau, Schleswig-Holstein


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Ochsenhausen

Ochsenhausen is a city in the district of Biberach, Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is located between the city of Biberach and Memmingen. it has a population of 9,261. The mayor of the town is Philipp Bürkle.

History
For many centuries, Ochsenhausen Abbey (Reichskloster Ochsenhausen), first mentioned in 1093, was a self -governing prince-abbey within the Holy Roman Empire ruled by a prince-abbot.

In 1803, in the course of the German mediatisation, the abbey was secularized and erected into a secular principality that was then granted to Count Franz Georg Karl von Metternich in compensation for the loss of his immediate fiefs on the left bank of the Rhine after the whole area was annexed by revolutionary France. In 1806, the short-lived principality was annexed to the Kingdom of Württemberg, which in 1871 became part of the German Empire.

The abbey still dominates the town from a hill. Ochsenhausen is called a "Baroque Kingdom of Heaven" ("Himmelreich des Barock") because of the monastic architecture.

Attractions
Every year the Öchsle-Fest takes place. It is named after a historical narrow gauge railway called Öchsle which ran from Ochsenhausen to Warthausen.

Buildings

 * Basilica Kirche St. Georg
 * Stream Krummbach
 * Rathaus, 1606
 * Gasthof zur Post, 1650
 * Klosterapotheke, 1736
 * Chapel Gottesackerkapelle St. Veit, 1679
 * Music and cabaret stage Scharfrichterhaus
 * Gym Dr.-Hans-Liebherr-Sporthalle, 2010

Notable people

 * Anton Schranz (1769 – 1839), head of the Schranz family of artists who worked in Minorca, Malta, Egypt, Athens, Greece and Turkey
 * Joseph Ersing (1882–1956), politician (Centre Party (Germany), CDU), Member of Reichstag, Member of Landtag (Württemberg-Baden)
 * Josef Hecht (1882–1956), teacher and conservationist
 * Hans-Karl Riedel (1893–1967), entrepreneur and local politician
 * Karl Norbert Schmid (1926–1995), organist and composer
 * Werner Simmling (born 1944), politician (FDP), member of Bundestag 2009–2013
 * Hanns-Friedrich Kunz (born 1945), singer and choir conductor
 * Gerhard Baur (born 1947), mountaineer and camera man
 * Hans J. Briegel (born 1962), theoretical physician
 * Matthias Dolderer (born 1970), race pilot
 * Sandro Cortese (born 1990), motorcycle racer
 * Nicole Rolser (born 1992), football player

title: Ochsenhausen


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Jack Hayward

Sir Jack Arnold Hayward (14 June 1923 – 13 January 2015) was an English businessman, property developer, philanthropist, and president of English football club Wolverhampton Wanderers.

Early life
The only son of Charles William Hayward, an industrialist, and his wife, Hayward was born in the Whitmore Reans area of Wolverhampton. He was educated at Northaw Preparatory School and later Stowe School in Buckinghamshire.

At the outbreak of the Second World War, he cycled to Oxford to volunteer to fight, eventually joining the Royal Air Force (RAF). He received flight training in Yorkshire and Clewiston, Florida, in the United States.

He served first as a pilot officer in 671 Squadron operating under South East Asia Command (SEAC) in India, flying Dakota transporter aircraft for the supply of the 14th Army in Burma. In 1946 he was demobilised as a flight lieutenant.

Career
After demobilisation he began work in Rotary Hoes, part of the Firth Cleveland group of companies formed by his father, Sir Charles Hayward, as an agricultural equipment salesman in South Africa. In 1951 he founded the American arm of the group in New York, where he was based for five years before relocating to the Bahamas as it was a sterling area. His father began the family involvement with the Bahamas during the 1950s, after relocating his business from the United States. Jack arrived in Grand Bahama in 1956 and became a vice-president of the Grand Bahama Port Authority, which helped promote the development of Freeport. Jack took over his father's interests in the Bahamas and continued to play an active role in Freeport.

In addition to his home in Freeport, in England he owned a farm in Sussex and in Scotland was Laird of Dunmaglass, a 14,000-acre estate near Inverness. The Sunday Times Rich List placed him as 125th richest in Britain with an estimated £160 million fortune in 2009.

Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C.
Hayward became a supporter of Wolverhampton Wanderers as a young child in the late 1920s. He first had a serious opportunity to purchase the club in 1982, when Wolves were £2.5million in debt and relegated from the First Division. He was reportedly offered 400 shares for around £40,000 but declined to buy them. When Wolves went into receivership later that year, Hayward was reportedly behind one of the offers being tabled to save the club, but it was ultimately bought by the Bhatti brothers in an unsuccessful rescue attempt fronted by former Wolves player Derek Dougan.

Hayward became the owner and chairman of Wolves, then in the Second Division following back-to-back promotions, after buying the club in May 1990 for £2.11 million. It is estimated that he spent well in excess of £70m of his personal finance on redeveloping their Molineux Stadium, writing off annual debts, and purchasing players for the club during the 17 years in which he was the owner. His reign saw seven different managers employ his resources in attempts to make the club a top-flight side. In the event, they only managed one season at the highest level (2003–04), despite his riches having enabled Wolves to invest in many players who would normally have been beyond the financial reach of non-Premier League clubs. In May 2007 it was announced that he had sold control of the club to businessman Steve Morgan for a nominal £10 fee, in exchange for a conditional £30m of investment in the club. Hayward had originally offered the club for sale in September 2003, but had struggled to find suitable takers. Morgan's takeover was formally completed on 9 August 2007. Hayward remained the life president of Wolverhampton Wanderers and was later inducted into the club's Hall of Fame.

By the time he retired as chairman at Molineux, Hayward was recognised as one of a select group of football benefactors who had spent huge fortunes of time and money on rescuing their hometown boyhood club from obscurity. Other such benefactors include Jack Walker (Blackburn Rovers), Lionel Pickering (Derby County), Steve Gibson (Middlesbrough) and Dave Whelan (Wigan Athletic).

Charity
Hayward was knighted in 1986 – adding to his 1968 OBE award – for his charitable actions, having donated money in 1969 to buy Lundy Island for the National Trust, to buy the SS Great Britain and, more recently, £500,000 to the Vulcan to the Sky fund. He also put funds into repairing the King Edward VII Memorial Hospital on the Falkland Islands after the Falklands War and was named as the mystery benefactor of £1 million to the South Atlantic Fund to aid families of British serviceman killed or injured in that war.

He funded three international racing yachts, Great Britain I, II and III, spent £100,000 on saving the sloop Gannet (the Royal Navy's only survivor of the transition from sail to steam) and contributed another £100,000 to help raise the Mary Rose. After befriending fellow Wulfrunian and cricketer Rachael Heyhoe Flint, he financed tours of the West Indies by the England women's cricket team in 1969–70 and 1970–71, and in 1973 sponsored the first-ever Women's Cricket World Cup, two years before the first World Cup in the men's game.

Hayward appeared in the 1970 BBC Chronicle programme; "The Great Iron Ship" which documented the recovery and subsequent voyage of the SS Great Britain from the Falklands to Bristol.

Political views
Hayward was a donor to the Liberal Party in the 1970s, having met its leader Jeremy Thorpe (one of the West Country MPs who campaigned to get Lundy Island purchased for the nation) in 1969. He backed the party in the October 1974 general election, enabling Thorpe to travel around the coast by hovercraft on speaking tours and the party to field a record number of parliamentary candidates, although only 13 were returned as MPs. Thorpe and his wife Marion were guests at Hayward's home in the Bahamas, and Thorpe offered unsuccessfully to find a buyer for Freeport in return for payment when Hayward and his colleagues were considering selling.

Hayward was awarded £50,000 in libel damages against the Sunday Telegraph after an article published in 1978 accused him of being the paymaster in the alleged conspiracy to murder Norman Scott in the Thorpe affair, of which Thorpe was cleared. In 1979, he gave evidence for the Crown in court when Thorpe was implicated in the affair, letters from Thorpe that Hayward had kept being among the exhibits.

In a 2003 interview with Sathnam Sanghera, Hayward said of his political views, "If I had my way, I'd form my own party far more right-wing than Margaret Thatcher. I'd bring back National Service, the Scaffold, the cat o' nine tails, the Empireplaces like Sierra Leone and Nigeria were so much better off under British rule than they are now." When Sanghera asked him why he had thus supported the Liberal Party, he replied, "Well, I used to say, 'I don't want anything to do with Europe.' And Jeremy [Thorpe] used to say, 'My dear fella, if we joined Europe, with our expertise on how to run an empire, we'll be in charge of Europe! We will be the master race!' And I would say, 'How much do you want?' Also, I felt sorry for them."

Style
Hayward was nicknamed "Union Jack" in the Bahamas media for his British patriotism. He imported 10 red London buses to Freeport and was permitted by the General Post Office to install British-style red telephone and pillar boxes. Visiting seamen from the Royal Navy were always given dinner at a local restaurant “with the compliments of Sir Jack”. Back in Britain, Hayward drove a Range Rover bearing the bumper sticker: “Buy abroad — sack a Brit”. In Who's Who, he declared his recreations as, mainly, "promoting British endeavours, mainly in sport...protecting the British landscape, keeping all things bright, beautiful and British".

With his crumpled clothes and pockets stuffed with bits of paper, it was observed of Hayward that he looked “more like an absent-minded retired geography teacher than one of the richest men in the world”. He relaxed by watching cricket — he was a life member of Surrey County Cricket Club — and taking part in amateur dramatics — he built a modern theatre at Freeport for the local Players’ Guild, of which he was a leading actor. He banned non-British vehicles from his estate in Sussex and refused to drink French wine or mineral water.

Family
Hayward married Jean Mary Forder in 1948 and had two sons, Rick and Jonathan, and a daughter Susan. Both his sons have also been involved with Wolverhampton Wanderers. Jonathan joined the board upon his father's takeover in 1990 and later served as chairman, before resigning in 1997. In 1999 his father controversially sued him for £237,000, claiming he was responsible for financial irregularities. The matter was settled out of court in favour of the elder Hayward. His elder son Rick later became chairman of the club in 2003 during the Premier League, taking over from his father, but stepped down in 2006. His grandson Rupert joined the board in the reshuffle following Steve Morgan's takeover but resigned a year later.

Hayward was awarded the freedom of the City of Wolverhampton on 9 July 2003.

In January 2011 Hayward was in a court battle for over £100 million of his own personal fortune, after being sued by his daughter Susan Heath, then aged 62, elder son Rick, 59, and six of his grandchildren after they had been removed as beneficiaries from trusts set up by him. The fallout between Hayward and his family started over the £10 sale of Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C. to Steve Morgan.

Hayward died on 13 January 2015 in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, aged 91.

Legacy
The Sir Jack Hayward High School in Freeport, Bahamas, was named after him in 1998. Wolverhampton Wanderers' training complex at Compton is also named after him, as is Jack Hayward Way, a street beside the Molineux ground, previously Molineux Way, that was renamed in commemoration of his 80th birthday in 2003.

The Grand Bahama Highway Bridge is to be renamed the Sir Jack Hayward Bridge. Hayward had campaigned for its building for 10 years before it was launched with a contract signing ceremony in May 2014 at which he was present. The bridge was commissioned in March 2016.

The South Bank of Molineux, known as the Jack Harris Stand at the time, was renamed the Sir Jack Hayward Stand after his death.

title: Jack Hayward


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Child's Play 2

Child's Play 2 is a 1990 American supernatural slasher film and the direct sequel to Child's Play, written by Don Mancini and directed by John Lafia, one of the co-writers of the first film. It is the second installment in the Child's Play franchise and set two years after the first film; the plot follows Charles Lee Ray (better known as Chucky) continuing his pursuit for Andy Barclay, who was placed in foster care, and transferring his soul into him after being resurrected. Alex Vincent and Brad Dourif reprised their roles while Christine Elise, Jenny Agutter, Gerrit Graham and Grace Zabriskie joined the cast.

Child's Play 2 was released on November 9, 1990, exactly two years after the first film was released, and grossed over $35 million on a budget of $13 million. It was followed by a sequel, Child's Play 3, 9 months later.

Plot
Two years after the death of Chucky, the Play Pals Corporation, manufacture of the Good Guy doll line, is attempting to recover from the negative publicity surrounding the event. To reassure its stockholders that there was nothing actually wrong with the doll, they acquire Chucky's remains and reassemble him. During the process, a power surge fatally electrocutes one of the assembly line workers and Chucky is reanimated. Mr. Sullivan, the CEO of the company, orders his assistant Mattson to dispose of the doll.

Meanwhile, Andy Barclay, now eight years old, has been in foster care ever since his mother was institutionalized for backing up his claims that his doll was alive. Andy is brought in by foster parents Phil and Joanne Simpson, though Phil is apprehensive about Andy's needs. Andy later meets Kyle, a cynical, street-smart teenage girl the Simpsons are also fostering. Chucky discovers Andy's whereabouts by using Mattson's car phone to call Grace Poole, the manager of Andy's foster center, before suffocating Mattson with a plastic bag.

Chucky infiltrates the Simpson's home and takes the place of another Good Guy doll, "Tommy," which he buries in the backyard. Andy begins to bond with Kyle after the two are punished for an heirloom Chucky destroyed. That night Chucky reveals himself to Andy, but Kyle enters the room before he can complete the voodoo chant to possess him. Kyle doesn't believe Andy's claim that Chucky is alive. Phil and Joanne barge into the room and blame Kyle for the chaos; Phil throws Chucky into the basement in frustration. Chucky realizes that his body is becoming human again after suffering a nosebleed.

The next day, Chucky secretly follows Andy to school and defaces his homework, resulting in Andy being assigned detention. Chucky kills Andy's teacher Miss Kettlewell by stabbing her with an air pump and then beating her with a yardstick, but Andy manages to escape. Andy tries to warn his foster parents about Chucky, but Phil refuses to believe him and considers returning him to the foster center.

That night, Andy sneaks into the basement to confront Chucky, but the doll overpowers him. When Phil arrives to investigate, Chucky trips him, causing him to fall from the stairs and break his neck. Joanne blames Andy for Phil's death and sends him back to the foster center. Kyle discovers "Tommy" buried outside and realizes Andy was telling the truth. She rushes to warn Joanne, only to discover that Chucky has already killed her. Chucky ambushes Kyle and forces her to drive him to the foster center.

Chucky stabs Grace to death and captures Andy. Kyle pursues them through the streets and to the nearby Play Pals factory, but is unable to find them before Chucky knocks Andy unconscious and completes the ritual. However, the spell fails as he has spent too much time in his doll body and is now permanently trapped. Enraged, Chucky chases Andy and Kyle through the factory. After Chucky murders a factory technician, Kyle and Andy manage to mutilate his body with assembly-line equipment. Chucky escapes and attacks again, knocking out Kyle. Andy is able to open an emergency release valve, showering Chucky with molten plastic and seemingly killing him.

After saving the unconscious Kyle from being killed on a conveyor belt, the two approach the half-melted Chucky, who suddenly springs back to life. Kyle shoves a high-pressure air hose into his mouth, inflating his head until it explodes, finally killing him. Andy and Kyle exit the factory, unsure of where to go.

Cast

 * Alex Vincent as Andy Barclay
 * Brad Dourif as the voice of Chucky
 * Ed Gale (in-suit performer)
 * Christine Elise as Kyle
 * Jenny Agutter as Joanne Simpson
 * Gerrit Graham as Phil Simpson
 * Grace Zabriskie as Grace Poole
 * Peter Haskell as Haskell Sullivan
 * Beth Grant as Elizabeth Kettlewell
 * Greg Germann as Mattson
 * Edan Gross as Tommy Doll
 * Charles Meshack as Van Driver

Production
United Artists purchased the script to the original Child's Play partially because UA President Tony Thomopoulis and MGM/UA Communications Chairman Lee Rich believed that it had the potential for multiple sequels. Producer David Kirschner asked Tom Holland to return as director but declined due to his conflicts with producer David Kirschner and UA during the first film. John Lafia, who had been turned down as director because he had no experience, was hired by Kirschner after directing The Blue Iguana. Mancini also agreed to return. Mancini and Lafia decided to set the film at a foster home due to Lafia's experience living in a large family. MGM/UA also commissioned a screenplay from Mark Patrick Carducci in case it was dissatisfied with Mancini's script, but it was not used. Carducci's script would have involved Andy in a mental institution after the murders in the first film.

The sequel was in pre-production and was set to begin filming on October 15, 1989, when UA President Richard Berger told producer David Kirschner that the film was put on hold as the studio was about to be acquired by the Australian group Qintex, whose director Christopher Skase intended to ban the studio from producing horror films.

Paramount Pictures, Warner Bros., Columbia Pictures, 20th Century Fox, The Price Company, Carolco, New Line Cinema, The Walt Disney Company, and Universal Pictures expressed interest in picking up the film rights to the series and sequel. Disney, which was working with Kirschner to develop Hocus Pocus (1993), was especially interested in purchasing the series under its Touchstone Pictures label because it wanted to create a horror-themed attraction at its Disney-MGM Studios theme park. However, Universal won the rights bid after Steven Spielberg and Kathleen Kennedy assisted Universal's Sid Sheinberg in convincing Kirschner to accept a negative pickup deal with the studio.

Originally the film was intended to open with a courtroom scene of a jury sentencing Karen Barclay to a mental institution for insisting that Chucky was alive, and both Catherine Hicks and Chris Sarandon were intended to reprise their roles as Karen and Detective Mike Norris from the first film. Sarandon recalled to People in 2023 that he declined to return when asked because Holland would not be involved. However, their scenes were cut from the scripts because of budgetary constraints, and as a result of their omission the film is much shorter than the other installments in the series. The courtroom scene would be recycled as the ending of Curse of Chucky in 2013. It also would have contained a scene where Chucky's remains were held in a police evidence locker alongside Jason Voorhees and Michael Myers's masks, an idea which came to be reused in Bride of Chucky in 1998.

Jenny Agutter would be cast as Joanne Simpson after Veronica Cartwright was considered. Gerrit Graham would beat Jeffrey Jones, Tim Matheson, and Charles Grodin for the role of Phil Simpson. Shannen Doherty, Kristy Swanson, Holly Marie Combs, and Christine Elise all auditioned for the role of Kyle. Although Elise nearly missed her follow-up audition to film an episode of Baywatch, she got the role.

Principal photography began on November 6, 1989 with a $12 million budget. Since Kirschner was busy after getting hired to run Hanna-Barbera, the production was supervised by Robert Latham Brown. Unlike the first film which was mostly shot on-location in Chicago, most of the second film was shot on Universal Studios Lot in Universal City, California. The Play Pals factory sequence was shot in an abandoned warehouse in Valencia, California. Brad Dourif recorded all of his dialogue as Chucky in advance, which allowed his words to match up with his facial movements better than in the first film. Kevin Yagher returned to do the special effects and puppetry, directing several scenes of the film himself. Ed Gale was rehired to play the body of Chucky, but unlike in the first film very few of his scenes were used. The International Alliance of Theatrical Stage Employees picketed the shoot to demand that the production company stop using non-union employees, with the crew voting to sign a union contract in January 1990 shortly before filming wrapped. Graeme Revell, whose only scoring experience was the 1989 Australian psychological horror film Dead Calm, was hired to compose the music after lying to the studio that he had composed an orchestral composition before. Kevin Carlson, Van Snowden, and N. Brock Winkless IV were credited as part of the puppeteers of Chucky.

Music
The score of the film was composed by Graeme Revell, and conducted, as well as orchestrated, by Shirley Walker. Unlike the first film that has electronic music, the music for the sequel is completely orchestral.

Novelization
A tie-in novelization to the film was later written by Matthew J. Costello. The author added in some of his own plot scenes exclusive to the novel, such as going deeper into Andy Barclay and Chucky's past. Chucky is characterized to have an absent father and his abusive mother being a dwarf. Chucky got teased a lot because of this and later strangled his mother to death. Also, Chucky was put in special classes when he was younger. During the scene at the factory, Chucky sees a bunch of Good Guy dolls and wishes that he could bring them to life to do his bidding. This was partially used as the plot of the film Cult of Chucky.

Box office
The film opened at number one in the US with an opening weekend gross of $10,718,520 from 1,996 screens in the US. The film grossed a total of $28,501,605 in the US and an additional $7.3 million internationally for a worldwide gross of $35.8 million.

Critical response
Rotten Tomatoes gives the film an approval rating of 40% based on 15 reviews. Evan Dickson of Bloody Disgusting, in describing how it surpasses the original film, wrote, "Child's Play 2 manages to strip away all artifice and still manage to be an effective slasher."

Variety wrote, "Child's Play 2 is another case of rehashing the few novel elements of an original to the point of utter numbness." Gene Siskel gave the film zero stars out of four, calling it "A vicious, ugly little thriller." On Siskel and Ebert's Worst of 1990 show, Siskel further criticised the film, accusing director John Lafia of "prostituting himself" and rhetorically asking the audience "who was this trash made for and would you want to sit next to them in a theater?"

Kevin Thomas of the Los Angeles Times thought the original was "a terrific one-of-a-kind thriller," but "Not so the sequel. It's an all-out horror film—handsomely produced but morbid and not in the least amusing to watch." Richard Harrington of The Washington Post called it "an inevitable sequel that's not as good as its progenitor, but better than most movies with the numbers 2 through 8 in their titles."

Controversy
It was later revealed that the movie was a favourite of Martin Bryant, who committed the Port Arthur massacre.

Audience's response
Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale. According to the creator, Don Mancini, and the cast of the Child's Play franchise, Child's Play 2 is considered the favorite film of Chucky by fans.

Home media
Child's Play 2 was first released on VHS by MCA/Universal Home Video in North America on April 11, 1991. The film was later released on DVD in 1999 and bundled with the fourth film Bride of Chucky. This released on DVD by Universal Pictures Home Entertainment on October 22, 2002. It was released in multiple collections, such as: Child's Play 2 was released on 4K Ultra HD by Scream! Factory on August 16, 2022. This release included a new 4K scan from the original camera negative, a new Dolby Atmos track and several interviews recorded in 2022 with creator Don Mancini, actor Alex Vincent, producer David Kirschner, actress Christine Elise, actress Beth Grant, and executive producer Robert Latham Brown.
 * The Chucky Collection (alongside Child's Play 3 and Bride of Chucky), released on October 7, 2003.
 * Chucky – The Killer DVD Collection (alongside Child's Play 3, Bride and Seed of Chucky), released on September 19, 2006.
 * Chucky: The Complete Collection (alongside Child's Play  and 3, Bride, Seed and Curse of Chucky), released on October 8, 2013.
 * Chucky: Complete 7-Movie Collection (alongside Child's Play  and 3, Bride, Seed, Curse and Cult of Chucky), released on October 3, 2017.

Sequels
The film was followed by Child's Play 3 in 1991, Bride of Chucky in 1998, Seed of Chucky in 2004, Curse of Chucky in 2013, Cult of Chucky in 2017, and the TV series Chucky in 2021.

title: Child's Play 2


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No Need to Argue

No Need to Argue is the second studio album by Irish alternative rock band the Cranberries, released on 3 October 1994 through Island Records. It is the band's best-selling album, and has sold 17 million copies worldwide as of 2014. It contains one of the band's most well-known songs, "Zombie". The album's mood is considered to be darker and harsher than that on the band's debut album Everybody Else Is Doing It, So Why Can't We?, released a year prior.

Composition
In some of the songs, the band decided to take on a rockier and heavier side, using distortion and increasing the volume. Drummer Fergal Lawler said the musical change happened because after two years of touring to promote their debut album, "we had been used to hearing ourselves loud on stage and everything, so maybe that's a natural thing that happened then." During a week off in New York City, the band decided to record demos for the upcoming album, and after calling producer Stephen Street and having him fly in from London, recorded early versions of six songs at the Magic Shop recording studios.

The song "Yeat's Grave" is about William Butler Yeats, and quotes one of his poems, No Second Troy.

The O'Riordan written track "Zombie" is, according to her, about the Warrington IRA bombings in 1993 that resulted in the death of two children. "The Icicle Melts" a track written by O'Riordan, she states in a 1994 issue of Vox magazine as well as a 1994 Hot Press article that the song was written about the case of James Bulger and her reaction. O'Riordan also states in the 1994 Hot press article that the original title of the song was "The Liverpool child" a reference to where James Bulger was murdered.

Cover art
For the sleeve design, art director Cally re-enlisted photographer Andy Earl and hired the same sofa that featured on the debut album. The sofa was transported by hand to many locations in and around Dublin including Dalkey Island, coming to rest in a photo studio in Dublin where the white room had been constructed for the cover shot. The band, somewhat influenced by a recent Blur photo, decided to dress up and wear suits. The hand lettering was by Charlotte Villiers, video coordinator at Island Records and distant relative of the Villiers engine manufacturing family.

Each single sleeve featured the band on the sofa in a different location. These images also appeared in the album's booklet. The disc itself featured a photo of just the sofa in the same room. The sofa later appeared in the video for "Alright" by the British band Supergrass in 1995.

Critical reception
Dylan Yadav of Immortal Reviews wrote: "No Need To Argue, their 1994 record that cemented their importance in Irish music". Yadav described that the "rustic upbringing" of O'Riordan's childhood—reflected on "Ode to My Family", "gives credence to the rest of the album and it's personal, grassroots presence". "Yeat's Grave", in "similar fashion" of "Zombie", "is dark and describes those struggles", Yadav opined. He finished the retrospective review by stating that "the Cranberries turned their struggles to art in No Need To Argue, an album that helped bring to light what the culture of Ireland was. Dolores O'Riordan made it all happen with her voice, and that's not to discredit the rest of the band; but that voice is what made the Cranberries stand out amongst the rest. She voiced the struggle of a whole country". In a contemporary review, J. D. Considine wrote that some songs reminded the vocal styles of other artists like "Ridiculous Thoughts" recalling Sinéad O'Connor, "particularly the way O'Riordan handles the phrase 'Twister, aow' and "Zombie" is a bit too much like early Siouxsie and the Banshees". Though Considine positively added, "neither song makes that debt seem especially problematic". The reviewer praised O'Riordan for her performance; "the most memorable thing about her delivery is its unvarnished emotionality". In a retrospective review, AllMusic noted a progression in O'Riordan's way of singing: "No Need to Argue starts to see O'Riordan take a more commanding and self-conscious role", notably on the heavy rock track "Zombie". However, reviewer Ned Raggett stated; "where No Need succeeds best is when the Cranberries stick at what they know, resulting in a number of charmers like "Twenty One," the uilleann pipes-touched "Daffodil's Lament," [...] and the evocative "Disappointment"."

Legacy
On 5 August 1995, Billboard stated that No Need to Argue was the largest seller of albums since its release, with 5.1 million copies sold in six months. On 10 March 1996, the Cranberries won a Juno Awards for Best-Selling Album. In 2009, No Need to Argue was ranked No. 90 on Billboard magazine: "300 Best-Selling Albums of All Time". In July 2014, Guitar World placed No Need to Argue at No. 41 in their "Superunknown: 50 Iconic Albums That Defined 1994" list.

Personnel
Personnel adapted from No Need to Argue liner notes

 * The Cranberries
 * Dolores O'Riordan – vocals, electric and acoustic guitars, keyboards, string arrangements
 * Noel Hogan – electric and acoustic guitars
 * Mike Hogan – bass guitar
 * Fergal Lawler – drums, percussion

title: No Need to Argue


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Unagisaki hōchō

An unagisaki hōchō (鰻裂き包丁) is a knife specialized for filleting eel. The sharp tip of the knife is pushed into the eel near the head, and then slid along the body of the eel to open up the entire length of the fish. Besides the standard version as shown in the picture, there are many other local styles that differ significantly for different cities in Japan like Nagoya, Osaka, and Kyoto.

title: Unagisaki hōchō


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2004 FH

2004 FH is a micro-asteroid and near-Earth object of the Aten group, approximately 30 meters in diameter, that passed just 43,000 km above the Earth's surface on 18 March 2004, at 22:08 UTC. It was the 11th closest approach to Earth recorded. The asteroid was first observed on 16 March 2004, by astronomers of the Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research at the Lincoln Laboratory's Experimental Test Site near Socorro, New Mexico.

Orbit and classification

is an Aten asteroid. It passed 43,000 km from the Earth on 18 March 2004. For comparison, geostationary satellites orbit Earth at 35,790 kilometers. Despite its small size, it is still the fourth largest asteroid detected coming closer to the Earth than the Moon.

Had this object hit Earth, it would probably have detonated high in the atmosphere. It might have produced a blast measured in hundreds of kilotons of TNT, but may not have produced any effect on the ground. It could also have been an Earth-grazing fireball if it had been much closer but not close enough to impact.

On 17 March 2044 the asteroid will pass no closer than 0.0116 AU from the Earth. also has the distinction of having the lowest inclination of any known near-Earth asteroids.

Two weeks later another asteroid approached even closer,, which was smaller, and a few years later , which was closer in size passed by at similar distance.

Physical characteristics
is an assumed stony S-type asteroid.

Rotation period
In March 2004, two rotational lightcurves of were obtained from photometric observations by astronomers Petr Pravec, Stefano Sposetti and Raoul Behrend. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 0.0504 hours (3.02 minutes) with a brightness amplitude of 1.16 and 0.75 magnitude, respectively (U=3/2+).

This makes this object a fast rotator, currently among the Top 100 known to exist. The photometric observations also revealed, that is a tumbler with a non-principal axis rotation.

Diameter and albedo
has been estimated to measure approximately 30 meters (100 feet) in diameter. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 24 meters based on an absolute magnitude of 25.7.

title: 2004 FH


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Japanese counter word

In Japanese, counter words or counters (, josūshi) are measure words used with numbers to count things, actions, and events. Counters are added directly after numbers. There are numerous counters, and different counters are used depending on the kind or shape of nouns that are being described.

In Japanese, as in Chinese and Korean, numerals cannot quantify nouns by themselves (except, in certain cases, for the numbers from one to ten; see below). For example, to express the idea "two dogs" in Japanese one could say either:

but just pasting 二 and 犬 together in either order is ungrammatical. Here ni is the number "two",  hiki is the counter for small animals,  no is the possessive particle (a reversed "of", similar to the " 's" in "John's dog"), and  inu is the word "dog".

Counters are not independent words; they must appear with a numeric prefix. The number can be imprecise: nan or, less commonly,  iku, can both be used to mean "some/several/many", and, in questions, "what/how many/how much". For example:

Some nouns prefer 幾 iku, as in:
 * 幾晩？ iku-ban? "how many nights?"
 * 幾日も行っていた iku-nichi mo itte ita "I was gone for many days."

Counters are similar in function to the word "pieces" in "two pieces of paper" or "cups" in "two cups of coffee". However, they cannot take non-numerical modifiers. So while "two pieces of paper" translates fairly directly as:

"two green pieces of paper" must be rendered as 緑の紙二枚 midori no kami ni-mai, akin to "two pieces of green paper".

Just as in English, different counters can be used to convey different types of quantity.

There are numerous counters, and depending on the kind or shape of nouns the number is describing, different counters are used.

Grammatically, counter words can appear either before or after the noun they count. They generally occur after the noun (following particles), and if used before the noun, they emphasize the quantity; this is a common mistake for English learners of Japanese. For example:

In contrast:

would only be appropriate when emphasizing the number as in responding with "[I] drank two bottles of beer" to "How many beers did you drink?".

Phrase structure involving numerals and counters
In generative grammar, one proposed structure of Japanese nominal phrases includes three layers of functional projections: #P, CaseP, and QuantifierP. Here, #P is placed above NP to explain Japanese's lack of plural morphology, and to make clear the # head is the stem of such morphology. This structure relies on movement in order to satisfy agreement via extended projection principle features.

Substitution of counters
In Japanese, virtually all nouns must use a counter to express number because Japanese lacks singular/plural morphology. In this sense, virtually all Japanese nouns are mass nouns. This grammatical feature can result in situations where one is unable to express the number of a particular object in a syntactically correct way because one does not know, or cannot remember, the appropriate counting word. With quantities from one to ten, this problem can often be sidestepped by using the traditional numerals (see below), which can quantify many nouns without help. For example, "four apples" is りんご四個 ringo yonko where ko is the counter, but can also be expressed, using the traditional numeral four, as りんご四つ ringo yottsu. These traditional numerals cannot be used to count all nouns, however; some, including nouns for people and animals, require a proper counter (except for 1 and 2 people, which virtually always use variants of the traditional numerals; see exceptions).

Some of the more common counters may substitute for less common ones. For example, 匹 hiki (see below) is often used for all animals, regardless of size. However, many speakers will prefer to use the traditionally correct counter, 頭 tō, when speaking of larger animals such as horses. This yields a range of possible counters, with differing degrees of usage and acceptability – for example, when ordering kushikatsu (fried skewers), one may order them as 二串 futa-kushi (two skewers), 二本 ni-hon (two sticks), or 二つ futa-tsu (two items), in decreasing order of precision.

Counters may be intentionally misused for humorous, stupid, or insulting effects. For example, the phrase 男一匹 otoko ippiki ("one man [like an animal]"), uses 匹 hiki, the counter for animals, instead of the typical counters for people.

Common counters by category
This is a selective list of some of the more commonly used counting words.

Extended list of counters
This list also includes some counters and usages that are rarely used or not widely known; other words can also be used as counters more sporadically.

Euphonic changes
Systematic changes occur when particular numbers precede counters that begin with certain phonemes. For example, 一 ichi + 回 kai → 一回 ikkai. The details are listed in the table below.

This can be the result of the morpho-phonological phenomenon of historical sound changes, as shown by the voicing of 匹 hiki:

change from glottal to bilabial.

It may also be that some counters carry features which are responsible for for singular, dual, and plural nouns, where singular carries [+singular, −augmented] features, dual carries [−singular, −augmented] features, and plural carries [−singular, +augmented] features.

These changes are followed fairly consistently but exceptions and variations between speakers do exist. Where variations are common, more than one alternative is listed.

Jū is replaced by either ju- or ji- (じゅっ/じっ) followed by a doubled consonant before the voiceless consonants as shown in the table. Ji- is the older form, but it has been replaced by ju- in the speech of recent generations.

Exceptions
The traditional numbers are used by and for young children to give their ages, instead of using the age counter 歳 (or 才) sai.

Some counters, notably 日 nichi and 人 nin, use the traditional numerals for some numbers as shown in the table below. Other uses of traditional numbers are usually restricted to certain phrases, such as 一月 hitotsuki and 二月 futatsuki (one and two months respectively), 一言 hitokoto (a single word) and 一度 hitotabi (once).

Sometimes common numbers that have a derived meaning are written using different kanji. For example, hitori (alone) is written 独り, and futatabi (once more, another time) is normally written 再び instead of 二度. The counter for months kagetsu (derived from kanji 箇月) is commonly written ヶ月.

Nana and shichi are alternatives for 7, yon and shi are alternatives for 4, and kyū and ku are alternatives for 9. In those three pairs of options, nana, yon and kyū respectively are more commonly used. Some counters, however, notably 人 nin (people), 月 gatsu (month of the year), 日 ka/nichi (day of the month, days), 時 ji (time of day) and 時間 jikan (hours) take certain alternatives only. These are shown in the table below.

While 回 kai (occurrences) and 銭 sen (0.01 yen, now rarely used) follow the euphonic changes listed above, homophones 階 kai (stories/floors of a building) and 千 sen (1000) are slightly different as shown below, although these differences are not followed by all speakers. Thus 三階 ("third floor") can be read either sankai or sangai, while 三回 ("three times") can only be read sankai.

Ordinal numbers
In general, the counter words mentioned above are cardinal numbers, in that they indicate quantity. To transform a counter word into an ordinal number that denotes position in a sequence, 目 me is added to the end of the counter. Thus "one time" would be translated as 一回 ikkai, whereas "the first time" would be translated as 一回目 ikkaime.

This rule is inconsistent, however, as counters without the me suffix are often used interchangeably with cardinal and ordinal meanings. For example, 三階 sangai can mean both "three floors" and "third floor."

Periods of time
To express a period of time one may add 間 kan to the following words: 秒 byō, 分 fun, 時 ji, 日 nichi (and its irregular readings aside from tsuitachi), 週 shū, ヶ月 kagetsu and 年 nen. Usage varies depending on the word, though. For example, omitting kan in the case of 時間 jikan would be a mistake, whereas shūkan and shū are both in frequent use. In addition, kagetsukan is rarely heard due to essentially being superfluous, the ka already functioning to express the length.

Counter for rabbits
The counter for rabbits is -wa (羽), which is the same as the counter for birds species. Usually, -hiki  (匹) is used for "small-to-medium-size animals", therefore, the counter for rabbits is an exception. There are many theories about why -wa (羽) is used for rabbits instead of -hiki (匹).

One of the theories is that in Edo-era, eating four-legged animals was strictly forbidden by the government, and people were not allowed to consume rabbit meat. Then, people started to categorize rabbits as birds so that they can consume rabbit meat, and the counter was also changed from -hiki (匹) to -wa (羽). Another theory is that taste of rabbit meat is similar to bird meat, and in addition, the rabbits were captured using a net just like birds so -wa (羽) is used instead of -hiki (匹). Takemitsu says that the origin of the word rabbit, 兎 usagi, is 羽 u which describes birds feather: therefore, the counter, -wa (羽), is used for rabbits.

title: Japanese counter word


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Sunbeam

A sunbeam, in meteorological optics, is a beam of sunlight that appears to radiate from the position of the Sun. Shining through openings in clouds or between other objects such as mountains and buildings, these beams of particle-scattered sunlight are essentially parallel shafts separated by darker shadowed volumes. Their apparent convergence in the sky is a visual illusion from linear perspective. The same illusion causes the apparent convergence of parallel lines on a long straight road or hallway at a distant vanishing point. The scattering particles that make sunlight visible may be air molecules or particulates.

Crepuscular rays

Crepuscular rays or god rays are sunbeams that originate when the sun is just below the horizon, during twilight hours. Crepuscular rays are noticeable when the contrast between light and dark is most obvious. Crepuscular comes from the Latin word "crepusculum", meaning twilight. Crepuscular rays usually appear orange because the path through the atmosphere at sunrise and sunset passes through up to 40 times as much air as rays from a high midday sun. Particles in the air scatter short wavelength light (blue and green) through Rayleigh scattering much more strongly than longer wavelength yellow and red light.

Loosely, the term "crepuscular rays" is sometimes extended to the general phenomenon of rays of sunlight that appear to converge at a point in the sky, irrespective of time of day.

Anticrepuscular rays

In some cases, sunbeams may extend across the sky and appear to converge at the antisolar point, the point on the celestial sphere opposite of the Sun's direction. In this case, they are called antisolar rays (anytime not during astronomical night) or anticrepuscular rays (during the twilight period). This apparent dual convergence (at both the solar and the antisolar points) is a perspective effect analogous to the apparent dual convergence of the parallel lines of a long straight road or hallway at directly opposite points (to an observer above the ground).

Alternative names

 * Backstays of the sun, a nautical term, from the fact that backstays that brace the mast of a sailing ship converge in a similar way
 * Buddha rays
 * God rays, used by some members of the computer graphics industry
 * Jacob's Ladder
 * Light shafts, sometimes used in the computer graphics industry, such as the game engine Unreal Engine
 * Ropes of Maui, originally taura a Maui – from the Maori tale of Maui Potiki restraining the sun with ropes to make the days longer
 * Sun drawing water, from the ancient Greek belief that sunbeams drew water into the sky (an early description of evaporation)

title: Sunbeam


text:
Traverse County

Traverse County may refer to:

 * Places
 * Traverse County, Minnesota
 * Grand Traverse County, Michigan

 * Ships
 * USS Traverse County (LST-1160), a United States Navy tank landing ship in commission from 1952 to 1970, which also saw non-commissioned service in the Military Sealift Command from 1972 to 1973 as USNS Traverse County (T-LST-1160)

title: Traverse County


text:
User:Enigmasoldier

My name is Jeff Schroeder and I am a recovering Linux Systems Administrator / Software Engineer.

I'm also a pretty big Linux user. Take a look at my resume for any questions or contact info.

title: User:Enigmasoldier


text:
Bulkington

Bulkington is a large village and former civil parish near Bedworth, in the Nuneaton and Bedworth district of Warwickshire, England. In the 2011 census the ward had a population of 6,146 decreasing slightly to 6,080 at the 2021 census. It is located around 6 mi northeast of Coventry, just south of the town of Nuneaton, east of Bedworth and 5 mi southwest of Hinckley. Despite historically having stronger links with Bedworth, Bulkington forms part of the Nuneaton Urban Area. Bulkington was mentioned in the Domesday Book as Bochintone, meaning "estate associated with a man called Bulca".

The parish originally contained seven hamlets, two of which were subsumed by Bulkington village following residential building expansion which began in the 1930s.

Historically the main industry in Bulkington was ribbon weaving. Today Bulkington is largely a commuter village for larger nearby urban centres such as Coventry, Nuneaton, Bedworth, Hinckley and Leicester.

Bulkington has connections with the locally born author George Eliot (Mary Ann Evans), who knew the village well. She is thought to have referred to it as Raveloe in her book Silas Marner (1861). The church of St James is where George Eliot's uncle and aunt are buried.

Medieval
The early history of Bulkington can be traced in the Domesday Book of 1086, where it is mentioned as among the estates of the Count of Meulan, overseen by his sub-tenant Salo. Originally the parish of Bulkington consisted of two five-hide vills - in the south Bulkington and Barnacle, and in the North Marston, Weston and Bramcote. The first four of these were all held by the Count of Meulan. Bulkington was the largest of these sub-divisions (at 4 hides and 1 virgate) and functioned as the centre of the manor; however, by the late 13th century the centre of the manor had moved to Weston-in-Arden. By 1285 the manor of Weston contained Bulkington, Bramcote, Barnacle, Ryton, Clifton, and Wibtoft. The manor house Weston Hall, which dates to the 16th century, still stands in Weston-in Arden. It was substantially renovated in 1892, and after serving for a time as a night club in the 1970s and 1980s, it now functions as a hotel.

Early modern
Throughout the medieval period and until the late 18th century, the principal employment in Bulkington had been agriculture: 100 acre of meadow land were recorded in 1086; further, windmills are recorded for Weston and Marston Jabbett, and a water mill in Bramcote. However, in 1766 700 acre of common land were enclosed at Ryton, and 4 years later enclosure was applied to the remainder of land in Bulkington, totalling 1600 acre. Because of this, ribbon weaving supplemented or replaced agriculture as the main source of income for the majority of Bulkington's population. This cottage industry had spread to Bulkington from the major centres of Coventry and Bedworth, where it had been introduced by the Huguenots in the 18th century.

The late 18th century and early 19th century was a period of significant growth for the village, with its population almost tripling in size. The 1830s saw a slump in the industry, due in part to the introduction of factory production at Coventry, and competition from cheap imports. However, the 1840s brought another period of growth when many buildings were re-fronted or rebuilt in chequered brick work (characteristic of North Warwickshire buildings of the period). The industry collapsed in the 1860s "when the Cobden treaty with France removed the duty on French silks entering England". This was accompanied by a depression in agriculture and led to a fall in the population by almost a third by 1891.

The Bulkington Baptismal register, 1841–1861, records that: 'On Thursday, 15 August 1861, six families comprising 27 members left for Quebec, Canada, in consequence of the continued depression of the Ribbon trade…. At the same time 83 houses were vacant in the parish. Robert Potter, Vicar'. Nonetheless, ribbon production continued in Bulkington into the middle of the 20th century, through small factory production rather than as a cottage industry. The last factory, in Arden Road, closed in the early 1950s.

In 1847 the Trent Valley Line was built near the village, and Bulkington railway station was opened. The station was closed in 1931.

Recent developments
Speculative private housing development began in the 1930s and by the 1960s surrounded the village with expansive suburban areas. In addition to the greenfield development of the 1960s, much of the village itself was redeveloped. This involved the creation of a shopping precinct in Leicester Street, which was the traditional heart of the village. Additionally, many of the chequered-pattern brick buildings were replaced by typical 1960s suburban houses. In 1968 a new east-west distributor road linking School Road and Bedworth Road replaced an ancient footpath.

This development divorced the Church from Church Street; further road developments led to the demolition of many of the buildings in the historic precinct, and by the 1980s only Church Street retained any historic continuity. The remaining historic buildings were threatened with demolition which led directly to the creation of the Bulkington Conservation Area in 1985, which covers Church Street and the area surrounding St James' Parish Church.

In November 2008 the Barbridge Close area, north of St James' Church, was excluded from the conservation area. St. James' is a Grade II listed building, along with two 19th-century chest tombs in the grounds. Numbers 3 and 4 Church Street, and the wrought iron railings on St James' are also afforded listed status.

Political representation
Bulkington is a ward of the Nuneaton and Bedworth local government district which, like the other wards in the district, is represented by 2 councillors. Bulkington is represented by Richard Smith (Conservative Party) & John Beaumont (Labour Party).

The Nuneaton and Bedworth district is a subdivision of the Warwickshire County Council, which is currently Conservative controlled. Bulkington elects a councillor to the county council along with part of Whitestone ward. They are currently represented by Jeff Morgan (Conservative).

Bulkington was part of the Nuneaton constituency in the House of Commons. However, following the changes to the Warwickshire parliamentary constituency boundaries which came into effect on 13 June 2007, and used for the first time at the 2010 general election, Bulkington was transferred into the Rugby constituency.

Civic history
In July 1850, Bulkington Local Board of Health was formed under the Public Health Act 1848, and in 1894 this was converted into an urban district council. From 1894 to 1932 Bulkington functioned as an independent urban district; however, the village lost its independence in 1932 under the Warwickshire Review Order, when it became part of the Rugby Rural District. Six years later, in 1938, it became part of Bedworth Urban District, which had been established in 1928.

From 1938 Bulkington was therefore treated as part of Bedworth for administrative purposes. An administrative oversight at the time of the 1938 order merging Bulkington into Bedworth Urban District meant that the civil parish of Bulkington nominally continued to exist as an urban parish until 1954, but did not have a parish council of its own, being administered by Bedworth Urban District Council. The two civil parishes of Bedworth and Bulkington merged in 1954 to create a single parish called Bedworth covering the whole area of Bedworth Urban District. In 1951 the parish had a population of 3240. In 1974 the Bedworth Urban District became part of the Nuneaton and Bedworth district, which was created by the Local Government Act 1972. No successor parish was created for Bedworth, and so it became an unparished area.

Religion and church history
The 2001 Census records Bulkington's population as being predominantly Christian, with 84.7% of residents naming Christianity as their religion. 8.4% stated No Religion, 0.8% Other and 6.0% did not disclose. The village is served by four churches: the Anglican St James' Parish Church, Our Lady of the Sacred Heart Catholic Church, Ryton Methodist Church, and Bulkington Congregational Church.

Parish Church of St James
St James' is the oldest church in Bulkington, dating to the 12th century. The church was given to the Abbey of Leicester after its foundation in 1143. Following the Dissolution of the Monasteries the church came into the Crown's hands until 1554, when it was passed on and sold numerous times before returning to the Crown's possession by 1662. It has remained in the possession of the Crown since. Records for baptisms and burials begin in 1606 and for marriages in 1683. The church had chapels in Weston, Ryton, Marston, Bramcote, Shilton and Ansty; the latter two were transferred from the Abbey of Leicester to Coventry Priory, and subsequently became independent parishes. The rectory, "was acquired in 1587 by Robert Johnson, Archdeacon of Leicester, as part of the endowment of the grammar schools which he founded at Oakham and Uppingham".

The Old Vicarage, a Victorian Tudor-Gothic building lies to the north-east of the church; a modern, suburban style vicarage lies closer to the church. The church today "consists of a chancel with a vestry on the north; a nave, with a clearstory to the south only; north and south aisles; south porch; and a western tower". It displays a series of architectural developments from the 13th century through to the 20th, though the earliest material in the church dates from the 12th century, represented by a single voussoir and bell capital found in 1907 and built into the south porch. The tower was built in the mid-15th century and restored in 1907. The church has eight bells, the earliest of which belongs to the 16th century; these can be heard on Sundays, and during the week when the bell ringers practice.

Bulkington Congregational Church
Little is known of the history of this church, as its records were recently destroyed in a fire. However, a plaque on the front gable of the building records that it was built in 1811 and restored in 1883, making it the second oldest church building in the village. Further, the records for births and baptisms from 1812 to 1836 are available in the Warwickshire County archive. The church is a rectangular, two-storey brick building with a balcony. A later, single storey extension from the south of the building serves as the church hall. The church manse is situated to the south of the church. It lay unoccupied for some time but has since been renovated and is now occupied by the new pastor and his wife who moved to the area in the summer of 2008.

Ryton Methodist Church
There were originally two Methodist churches in the parish of Bulkington: Bulkington Methodist and Ryton Methodist. Ryton Methodist Church was initially situated in Long Street but moved to Rugby Road in 1911. A gazetteer from 1848 reports that there was a place of worship for 'Wesleyans' in the parish, making the Methodist church (though not church building) the third oldest church in the village. Bulkington Methodist closed after 110 years on 12 October 1960 when the building had become unsafe; its congregation joined Ryton Methodist Church.

Our Lady of the Sacred Heart Catholic Church
The presence of the (post-Reformation) Catholic Church in Bulkington begins in 1842 when Richard Brome de Bary, owner of Weston Hall, converted to Catholicism. He established a mission at his home, dedicated to Our Lady of Bethlehem. As well as Bulkington, the church also serves the nearby village of Wolvey. The parish belongs to the archdiocese of Birmingham. The church is a brick building in Gothic style and was built in 1869; it holds 150 people. Recent architectural additions include the extension of the sacristy, the building of a parish hall, and the erection of a grotto to the Virgin Mary. The church has held a bi-annual flower festival since 1990.

Education
Bulkington has two schools: St James' Church of England Academy and Arden Forest Infant School, with a combined total of approximately 420 pupils. What is now St James' Church of England Junior School was built in 1959 as a 2-form entry school. In 1973, following the North Warwickshire primary school reorganisation plan, it became a Middle School and it was at this time that the school's name was changed to St James' Church of England Middle School. In 1996, the school was redesignated a junior school, returning it to its original status.

Arden Forest Infant School was founded in 1996 due to the Warwickshire reorganisation of schools and the subsequent amalgamation of Bulkington First School and Weston-in-Arden First School.

Demography
At the 2001 census, the Bulkington ward, which includes Bulkington, Weston-in-Arden, Ryton, Marston Jabbett, Bramcote (west), had a total population of 6,303. There were 3,214 females (51.0%) and 3,089 males (49.0%). The largest age groups in the ward were: 45–59 (1,526, 24.2%); 30–44 (1,104, 17.5%); and 65–74 (873, 13.9%). The vast majority of residents are white: 6,236 (98.9%). The largest ethnic minority was Asian: 38 (0.60%).

title: Bulkington


text:
NFC

NFC usually refers to:
 * Near-field communication, a set of communication protocols for electronic devices
 * National Football Conference, part of US National Football League

NFC may also refer to:

Psychology

 * Need for cognition, in psychology
 * Need for closure, social psychological term

Sports

 * NFC Championship Game, the National Football Conference Championship Game
 * NCAA Football Championship (Philippines)
 * National football centre, soccer centre in several countries

Organizations

 * National Fertilizer Corporation, a state-owned enterprise in Pakistan
 * National Finance Center of the US Department of Agriculture
 * Nuclear Fuel Complex, a division of the Department of Atomic Energy in India
 * National Finance Commission Award, a series of economic reforms in Pakistan

Other

 * New Friends Colony, a residential neighborhood in India
 * News First Class, a news website
 * No Fem el CIM, Catalan social movement
 * Normalization Form Canonical Composition, one of the forms of Unicode normalization
 * Norwegian Forest cat, a breed of domestic cat

title: NFC


text:
Hyperreal

Hyperreal may refer to:

 * Hyperreal numbers, an extension of the real numbers in mathematics that are used in non-standard analysis
 * Hyperreal.org, a rave culture website based in San Francisco, US
 * Hyperreality, a term used in semiotics and postmodern philosophy
 * Hyperrealism (visual arts), a school of painting
 * Hyperreal (The Shamen song), 1990
 * Hyperreal (Flume song)", 2017
 * "Hyperreal", a song by My Ticket Home
 * "Hyper Real", a song by Negativland from Dispepsi

title: Hyperreal


text:
Caroline Dhavernas

Caroline Dhavernas (born May 15, 1978) is a Canadian actress. In the United States, her best known work has been her collaborations with Bryan Fuller. She played Jaye Tyler in the Fox comedy-drama series Wonderfalls, and Alana Bloom in the NBC psychological horror drama series Hannibal.

She also starred as Lily Brenner in the ABC medical drama Off the Map. From 2017 to 2019, she portrayed the titular character in the Canada-produced and Canadian- and American-distributed medical drama-black comedy Mary Kills People.

Early life
Dhavernas was born in Montreal, Quebec, the daughter of the Québécois actors Sébastien Dhavernas and Michèle Deslauriers. Her sister Gabrielle Dhavernas is also an actress and specializes in dubbing. The voice timbre of both actresses is very similar, enabling Gabrielle to dub the voice of Caroline. She learned English at a very young age, as her parents sent her to an English-speaking elementary school called The Priory School.

Career

She began her career at the age of 8, dubbing voices for television productions such as Babar. At the age of 12 she began her acting career in the film Comme un Voleur (1990). Also in 1990, she played bubbly magic wizard fairy Lucy in the children's musical film via home video, The Magic Dragon Tales. In 1992, she appeared as the dark brunette haired girl who played with the horse in the bedtime story hit Black Beauty. In 1996, she played her main role as magical blonde mermaid princess Summer Rose in the girly romance drama Summer's Colors.

Dhavernas portrayed swimmer Marilyn Bell in the television film Heart: The Marilyn Bell Story (1999). She trained for two months with the Pointe-Claire Swim Club to convincingly portray Bell, who was the first to cross 32-mile Lake Ontario in 1954. Other notable films have included a leading role in Edge of Madness (2002), and supporting roles in Out Cold (2001) and Lost and Delirious (2001). She also had a notable role on Law & Order as a closeted, gay teenager who killed her girlfriend in the episode "Girl Most Likely" (season 12, episode 17).

Dhavernas portrayed Jaye Tyler, the central character in Wonderfalls, which debuted on US television in March 2004. Jaye is an over-educated underachiever from a wealthy family who lives in a trailer park and works at the Wonderfalls Gift Emporium, a Niagara Falls gift shop. The show's premise is that Jaye is spoken to by inanimate objects, which encourage her to help others. Dhavernas has described the show as being like "Touched by an Angel on acid". The show received widespread critical praise, but Fox cancelled the show after only four episodes aired. Millions of fans signed an online petition with the hope that Fox would continue the show, and as a result 20th Century Fox released the DVD with all 13 completed episodes. She did her own voice-overs for the French translation of Wonderfalls. She appeared as Cerise in the 2003 horror flick A Tale of Two Sisters, inspired the South Korea hit from 2001, whom she and Katharine Isabelle starred together.

Since the cancellation of Wonderfalls, Dhavernas has continued to appear in Canadian-made features in 2004, such as Niagara Motel and These Girls. In early 2006, she played Isabella Marie, who lived in love, tragedy, and ugliness with suggesting her family, winding up being pregnant, and haunting her dark vengeance with luciferin of fallen agony, in The Beautiful Beast and the follow-up The Diary Of Isabella. She also appeared in Black Sheep (2006 New Zealand film), produced by Jonathan King and directed by Eli Roth, as Nikki, Hollywoodland (2006) as Barbara about the death of actor George Reeves, and Juliana O'Neill, the wife of Eric O'Neill, on Breach (2007).

Dhavernas also took the lead role in Surviving My Mother (which went under the working title of The Yellow Woman), a film directed by Émile Gaudreault which premiered at the Festival des films du monde of Montreal on August 28, 2007. In 2008, Dhavernas starred in Passchendaele, a film written and directed by Paul Gross about the Battle of Passchendaele. Passchendaele accounted for half of 2008's box office revenue from made-in-Canada anglophone films and as of 2009 is the most expensive film in Canadian history. "It's a beautiful film and I'm really, really happy to be part of it. It's about battle of Passchendaele, which was a very important battle for Canadians and it's a big part of our history. It was just so amazing to be privileged to live a little part of that history. A piece of our history."

Other projects include The Cry of the Owl, a film adaptation of Patricia Highsmith's novel of the same name, and the popular Quebec comedy Father and Guns (De père en flic). In 2009, she played Bethany in the romance action drama In Heat. She also appeared in the first and last episodes of HBO's miniseries The Pacific, produced by Steven Spielberg and Tom Hanks, and a guest role on Law & Order: Criminal Intent, where she played Maya in the episode "Love Sick" in May 2010. In 2011, she played Emily in the rare appearance in the HS reading hit The Awakening.

In 2012, audiences saw her in Martin Villeneuve's Mars et Avril, a science fiction film based on the graphic novels of the same name.

In 2013, she was cast as Alana Bloom, the female lead in Hannibal, reuniting her with Wonderfalls creator Bryan Fuller.

Dhavernas starred in the Canadian black comedy-drama medical thriller Mary Kills People, which premiered on Global on January 25, 2017. The series premiered in the U.S. on April 23 on the Lifetime U.S. basic cable network. Season 2 debuted on Global on January 3, 2018, and also on Lifetime on March 13. Each season consisted of six episodes on both Global and Lifetime. Lifetime did not air the third and final season when the network announced in December 2018. The series concluded in 2019.

She also voiced the narrator in the video game from Ubisoft titled Child of Light.

In November 2021, CDPQ Infra announced that Dhavernas was selected to become the official voice announcer of the Réseau express métropolitain, following in the footsteps of her mother, Michèle Deslauriers, who has been the voice of the Montreal Metro since 2003.

Personal life
Dhavernas has been in a relationship with actor Maxime Le Flaguais since 2016. In September 2018 she gave birth to their daughter, named Françoise.

title: Caroline Dhavernas


text:
Kanowna, Western Australia

Kanowna is a ghost town in the Goldfields region of Western Australia, about 20 km east of Kalgoorlie.At the 2016 census, Kanowna had a population of 10 people.

After the discovery of gold in the area in 1893, the townsite was gazetted in 1894. and the population grew from 2,500 in 1897 to over 12,500 by 1899. However, the alluvial gold supply was rapidly exhausted and underground mines following the outcropping vein produced decreasing amounts of gold, resulting in a slow but steady decrease in the population. The railway station was closed during the Great Depression, and by 1953 the town had been abandoned. The railway station platform, two cemeteries and mine workings are all that is left of the original town of Kanowna. Signs erected by the Eastern Goldfields Historical Society mark the sites of significant buildings.

Increasing gold prices in the late 1970s sparked renewed interest in exploring the geology of the area for new sources of gold. The discovery of a large amount of gold, previously undiscovered because the vein did not reach the surface, made gold mining in the region economically viable again. Mining recommenced in 1986, initially as open-cut mining, before moving to underground mines. As of 2002, the Kanowna Belle mine employed more than 300 people.

title: Kanowna, Western Australia


text:
Ronja, the Robber's Daughter

Ronia, the Robber's Daughter (Swedish: Ronja rövardotter) is a children's fantasy book by the Swedish author Astrid Lindgren, first published in 1981.

The book has been translated into at least 39 languages. It was adapted as a film in 1984, a Danish and a German musical, the Japanese anime, and a live-action television adaptation.

Plot summary
Ronia is a girl growing up among a clan of robbers living in a castle in the woodlands of early-Medieval Scandinavia. As the only child of Matt, the chief, she is expected to become the leader of the clan someday. Their castle, Matt's Fort, is split into two parts by a lightning bolt on the day of Ronia's birth. Ronia grows up with Matt's clan of robbers as her only company, until a rival robber group led by Borka moves into the other half of the castle, exacerbating the longstanding rivalry between the two bands.

One day, Ronia sees Birk Borkason, the only son of Borka, idling by the chasm. He is the only other child she has ever met, and so she is sorry that he is a Borka. He engages her in a game of jumping across, which does not end until Birk almost falls down. Ronia saves him, and they eventually become friends.

The following winter is long and cold and although Matt's robbers are well fed, their counterparts are suffering on the other side of the chasm. Ronia brings food to Birk through a secret passageway. They get very close but both know that they cannot tell their families. Later that year, Birk is captured by Ronia's father. Ronia gives herself to the Borkas so she must be exchanged, but as a result, her father disowns her and refuses to acknowledge her as his daughter. Birk and Ronia run away to the woods, where they live in a cave and experience several harrowing adventures with the wood's indigenous wildlife, including trolls, forest gnomes, and harpies. Ultimately their families repent of their feuding, and everyone is reunited, but the story concludes with both Ronia and Birk deciding that the robber's life is not for them.

Literature
In 1983, Trina Schart Hyman illustrated a cover for the book, which is published by Puffin Books.

Film
In 1984, the book was made into a Swedish fantasy film. It was directed by the Swedish film director Tage Danielsson and adapted for screenplay by Astrid Lindgren herself. It was a major success, becoming the highest-grossing film in Sweden, and winning a Silver Bear at the 1985 Berlin International Film Festival. More than 1.5 million people attended its screenings in Sweden.

Musical
In 1991 the book was made into a Danish musical called Ronja Røverdatter. The musical is written by Danish composer Sebastian.

In 1994 the book was made into a German musical called Ronja Räubertochter. The musical is written by Axel Bergstedt in the German language, and has orchestra, band and more than one hundred people on the stage.

Stage
A production in the Balver Höhle was performed in 1993 and 2004 and in Oberkirch in 2006.

A production of Ronja the Robber's Daughter interpreted by Ronny Danielsson performed at Stadsteatern Stockholm Sweden 2014, 2016, and 2018.

A stage play based on the novel was written by Allison Gregory.

Live-action
A live-action television adaptation of the novel premiered in March 2024. Hans Rosenfeldt writes the script while Lisa James Larsson directs the series. Twelve episodes, divided into two seasons, have been ordered. The series is produced by Filmlance Productions, the company behind Swedish TV productions such as Beck, Bron, and Caliphate.

Anime
A CGI television series from Japan debuted in October 2014. Titled Sanzoku no Musume Ronia, the show was produced by Dwango, NHK, NHK Enterprises, Polygon Pictures and Studio Ghibli. The show was directed by Goro Miyazaki and scripted by Hiroyuki Kawsaki.

Translations

Ronia, the Robber's Daughter has been translated into 39 languages. The two English versions translate the Swedish names differently. The Swedish word "rövare" is more akin to the English word reaver, rather than robber (rånare).

title: Ronja, the Robber's Daughter


text:
Anglo-America

Anglo-America most often refers to a region in the Americas in which English is the main language and British culture and the British Empire have had significant historical, ethnic, linguistic, and cultural impact. This includes the United States, most of Canada, and some Caribbean countries. Anglo-America is distinct from Latin America, a region of the Americas where Romance languages (e.g., Spanish, Portuguese, and French) are prevalent. The adjective is commonly used, for instance, in the phrase "Anglo-American law", a concept roughly coterminous with Common Law.

Geographic region
While Canada is one of the two principal Anglo-American countries, the province of Quebec and the region of Inuit Nunangat both have non-English speaking majorities, and for this reason they are excluded from Anglo-America. Sint Eustatius, Sint Maarten, and Saba are also not typically included in Anglo-America, despite their English-speaking majorities, because they are constituent countries or public bodies that form part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands.

Economy
People from other parts of the world have immigrated to Anglo-America in search of a better quality of life, better employment, and an escape from famine, poverty, violence, and conflict. People from many different ethnic origins in Latin America and more remote places all over the world, including the less English-dominant parts of Oceania, continental Europe, Asia, and Africa, all live in Anglo-America contemporarily.

title: Anglo-America