text:
Martin P5M Marlin

The Martin P5M Marlin (P-5 Marlin after 1962), built by the Glenn L. Martin Company of Middle River, Maryland, was a twin piston-engined flying boat that entered service in 1951, and served into the late 1960s with the United States Navy performing naval patrols. It also served with the United States Coast Guard and the French Navy. 285 were produced.

Development
Built as a successor to the PBM Mariner, it had better engines, an improved hull, and a single vertical fin tail. The XP5M Marlin prototypes were based on the last PBM-5 Mariners, the company designation being Model 237. The type was heavily improved, again leading to the P5M-2 (Model 237B), which was redesignated SP-5B. A number of P5M-1 models were also used for training, designated TP-5A (after 1962).

Design

The Marlin was designed as a gull-winged aircraft to place the engines and propellers high above the spray. Power was provided by two Wright R-3350 radial engines. The rear hull did not lift sharply from the water at the tail, instead rising up steadily, a Martin innovation; this gave the aircraft a longer base of flotation and reduced "porpoising" over waves.

The prototype had nose and tail turrets with twin 20 mm cannon in each, as well as a dorsal turret with two 0.5 in (12.7 mm) M2 Browning machine guns. The cockpit area was the same as the Mariner's. It first flew on 30 May 1948.

The first of 167 production P5M-1 aircraft was produced in 1951, flying on 22 June 1951. Changes from the prototype included a raised flight deck for improved visibility, the replacement of the nose turret with a large radome for the AN/APS-44 search radar, the deletion of the dorsal turret, and new, streamlined wing floats. The engine nacelles were lengthened to provide room for weapons bays in the rear.

The P5M-1 was followed by 116 P5M-2 planes. These had a T-tail to put the tail surfaces out of the spray, an AN/ASQ-8 MAD boom at the rear of the tail-tip, no tail guns (the gun position replaced by the antenna for the AN/APN-122 Doppler Navigation Set), better crew accommodation, and an improved bow to reduce spray during takeoff and landing.

U.S. Navy
The last flying boat operations of the United States Navy were Market Time patrols of VP-40. Maritime surveillance patrols began in February 1965 to locate small craft transporting supplies from North Vietnam to Viet Cong units in South Vietnam. VP-40 operated from seaplane tenders and patrolled off the Mekong delta between Phú Quốc and Vung Tau. The last U.S. Navy P5M, redesignated as SP-5B, was flown to NAS Patuxent River, Maryland on 12 July 1968 for interim storage pending construction of display area at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. As a display area at Smithsonian did not materialize, the aircraft was later relocated to the National Naval Aviation Museum at NAS Pensacola, Florida where it is currently on display.

The final Marlin flight was carried out by VP-40, to San Diego Bay on 6 November 1967.

U.S. Coast Guard
Seven P5M-1Gs and four P5M-2Gs were built for the United States Coast Guard for air-sea rescue service, but they found the planes difficult to maintain and surplus to requirements. They were subsequently transferred to the U.S. Navy, which redesignated them as TP-5As and used them as training aircraft, since they had no provision for armament.

French Navy
The French Navy took delivery of ten former U.S. Navy Marlins between 1957 and 1959 to replace Short Sunderlands in maritime patrol service, based in Dakar, Senegal in West Africa. They were returned in 1964.

Company designations

 * M-237: Company designation for P5M-1
 * M-237B: Company designation for P5M-2
 * M-270: XP5M-1 prototype converted with a revised hull.
 * M-290: Company designation for P5M-3 which was completely revised into the unbuilt four-engine P7M SubMaster

Pre-1962 designations

 * XP5M-1
 * Prototype converted from a PBM Mariner with modified hull and tail.

 * P5M-1
 * Production model for the United States Navy, 160 built, later redesignated P-5A.

 * P5M-1G
 * Modified P5M-1 for the United States Coast Guard, seven conversions, later returned to the Navy as P5M-1T.

 * P5M-1S
 * Modified P5M-1 with upgraded electronic and anti-submarine equipment, eighty conversions, later redesignated SP-5A.

 * P5M-1T
 * Seven former USCG P5M-1Gs returned to Navy as crew trainers and one former P5M-1, later redesignated TP-5A.

 * P5M-2
 * Updated model, 108 built for the U.S. Navy and 12 built for the French Navy. The P5M-2 featured a T-tail in lieu of the low mounted horizontal stabilizer used on the P5M-1s. United States aircraft were later redesignated P-5B.

 * P5M-2S
 * Most P5M-2s were modified with upgraded electronic and anti-submarine equipment, later redesignated SP-5B.

 * P5M-2G
 * Four P5M-2s built for the USCG, later transferred to U.S. Navy as P5M-2s.

 * P5M-3
 * Completely revised as four-engine M-313 P7M-1 SubMaster. Mockup built in 1956 but lost to Lockheed P-3 Orion.

Post-1962 designations

 * P-5A
 * P5M-1 redesignated in 1962.

 * SP-5A
 * P5M-1S redesignated in 1962.

 * TP-5A
 * P5M-1T redesignated in 1962.

 * P-5B
 * P5M-2 redesignated in 1962.

 * SP-5B
 * P5M-2S redesignated in 1962.

Operators

 * 🇫🇷 France
 * French Navy

 * 🇺🇸 United States
 * United States Coast Guard
 * United States Navy

Survivors
One SP-5B is located at the National Naval Aviation Museum at Naval Air Station Pensacola, Florida. This aircraft, BuNo 135533, is believed to be the last remaining example of the Marlin. It is now displayed inside the new hangar (as of the spring of 2010) and much of the exterior has been restored. The restoration is being financed by the museum and the Mariner/Marlin Association.

title: Martin P5M Marlin


text:
Charles Bolden

Charles Frank Bolden Jr. (born August 19, 1946) is a former Administrator of NASA, a retired United States Marine Corps Major General, and a former astronaut who flew on four Space Shuttle missions.

He graduated from the United States Naval Academy with the class of 1968. Bolden became a Marine aviator and test pilot. After his service as an astronaut, he became Deputy Commandant of Midshipmen at the Naval Academy.

On May 23, 2009, President Barack Obama announced the nomination of Bolden as Administrator of NASA and Lori Garver as deputy NASA administrator. Both were confirmed by the Senate by unanimous consent on July 15, 2009. Bolden was the first African American to head the agency on a permanent basis.

On January 12, 2017, Bolden announced his retirement from NASA during a town hall meeting at NASA Headquarters in Washington D.C. His last day would be January 19, and Robert M. Lightfoot Jr. was announced as acting NASA Administrator.

In 2020, Bolden was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering for leadership and development of U.S. human spaceflight and space operations programs, and for revitalizing fundamental aeronautics research.

Education
Bolden graduated from C. A. Johnson High School in Columbia, South Carolina, in 1964. He earned a Bachelor of Science degree in Electrical Science from the United States Naval Academy in 1968, where he was a contemporary of future Marine officers Oliver North, Jim Webb and Michael Hagee and future Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Michael Mullen, and Admirals Dennis C. Blair, and Jay L. Johnson, and later earned a Master of Science degree in Systems Management from the University of Southern California in 1977. He is a member of Omega Psi Phi fraternity.

Military career
In high school Bolden was turned down for an appointment to the United States Naval Academy by South Carolina's Congressional delegation, which included then segregationist Senator Strom Thurmond. Bolden received his appointment after personally writing, as a high school senior, to President Lyndon B. Johnson. A recruiter came to his house a few weeks later, eventually leading to Bolden receiving an appointment from U.S. Representative William L. Dawson from Chicago, Illinois. He later received notes of congratulations from Thurmond at various career milestones.

Bolden was commissioned a second lieutenant in the United States Marine Corps (USMC) following graduation from the United States Naval Academy in 1968. He was president of his class. He underwent flight training at Pensacola, Florida, Meridian, Mississippi, and Kingsville, Texas, before being designated a United States Naval Aviator in May 1970.

He flew more than 100 sorties into North and South Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia in the A-6A Intruder while assigned to VMA(AW)-533 at Royal Thai Air Base Nam Phong, Thailand, from June 1972 to June 1973. Upon returning to the United States, Bolden began a two-year tour as a Marine Corps officer selection and recruiting officer in Los Angeles, California, followed by three years in various assignments at Marine Corps Air Station El Toro, California.

In June 1979, he graduated from the United States Naval Test Pilot School at Naval Air Station Patuxent River, Maryland and was assigned to the Naval Air Test Center's Systems Engineering and Strike Aircraft Test Directorates. While there, he served as an ordnance test pilot and flew numerous test projects in the A-6E, EA-6B, and A-7C/E airplanes. He logged more than 6,000 hours flying time.

Bolden was selected as an astronaut candidate by NASA in 1980. He was a member of the NASA Astronaut Corps until 1994 when he returned to assignments in the Marine Corps, first as the Deputy Commandant of Midshipmen at the Naval Academy, effective June 27, 1994. In July 1997, he was assigned as the Deputy Commanding General of I Marine Expeditionary Force. From February to June 1998, he served as Commanding General, I MEF (Forward) in support of Operation Desert Thunder in Kuwait. In July 1998, he was promoted to his final rank of major general and assumed his duties as the Deputy Commander, United States Forces Japan. He then served as the Commanding General, 3rd Marine Aircraft Wing, from August 9, 2000, until August 2002. He retired from the military in August 2004.

NASA career
Selected by NASA in May 1980, Bolden became an astronaut in August 1981. He was one of several astronauts recruited by Nichelle Nichols as part of a NASA effort to increase the number of minority and female astronauts. His technical assignments included: Astronaut Office Safety Officer; Technical Assistant to the Director of Flight Crew Operations; Special Assistant to the Director of the Johnson Space Center; Astronaut Office Liaison to the Safety, Reliability and Quality Assurance Directorates of the Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) and the Kennedy Space Center (KSC); Chief of the Safety Division at JSC; Lead Astronaut for Vehicle Test and Checkout at the Kennedy Space Center; and Assistant Deputy Administrator, NASA Headquarters.

A veteran of four space flights, he has logged over 680 hours in space. Bolden served as pilot on STS-61-C (January 12–18, 1986) and STS-31 (April 24–29, 1990), and was the mission commander on STS-45 (March 24 – April 2, 1992), and STS-60 (February 3–11, 1994).

Bolden was the first person to ride the Launch Complex 39 slidewire baskets which enable rapid escape from a Space Shuttle on the launch pad. The need for a human test was determined following a launch abort on STS-41-D where controllers were afraid to order the crew to use the untested escape system.

A few years before his appointment by President Barack Obama to be administrator of NASA, Bolden auditioned, along with professional actors, for the role of virtual host for NASA's "Shuttle Launch Experience" educational attraction at the Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex in Merritt Island, Florida.

Spaceflights

On STS-61-C, Bolden piloted. During the six-day flight, crew members deployed the SATCOM Ku-band satellite and conducted experiments in astrophysics and materials processing. The mission launched from Kennedy Space Center on January 12, 1986, orbited the Earth 96 times, and ended with a successful night landing at Edwards Air Force Base, California on January 18, 1986.

Bolden piloted during STS-31. Launched on April 24, 1990, from Kennedy Space Center, the crew spent the five-day mission deploying the Hubble Space Telescope and conducting a variety of mid-deck experiments. They also used a variety of cameras, including both the IMAX in cabin and cargo bay cameras, for Earth observations from their record-setting altitude of over 400 miles. Following 75 orbits of Earth in 121 hours, Discovery landed at Edwards Air Force Base on April 29, 1990.

On STS-45, Bolden commanded a crew of seven aboard, launched on March 24, 1992, from Kennedy Space Center. STS-45 was the first Spacelab mission dedicated to NASA's "Mission to Planet Earth". During the nine-day mission, the crew operated the twelve experiments that constituted the ATLAS-1 (Atmospheric Laboratory for Applications and Science) cargo. ATLAS-1 obtained detailed measurements of atmospheric chemical and physical properties. In addition, this was the first time an artificial beam of electrons was used to stimulate an auroral discharge. Following 143 orbits of Earth, Atlantis landed at Kennedy Space Center on April 2, 1992.

Bolden commanded STS-60's crew of six aboard Discovery. This was the historic first joint-American–Russian Space Shuttle mission involving the participation of a Russian cosmonaut, Sergei Krikalev, as a mission specialist. The flight launched on February 3, 1994, from Kennedy Space Center, and carried the Space Habitation Module-2 (SPACEHAB-2), and the Wake Shield Facility. The crew conducted a series of joint American/Russian science activities. The mission achieved 130 orbits of the Earth, ending with a landing on February 11, 1994, at the Kennedy Space Center.

Administrator of NASA

In 2009, President Obama appointed Bolden to be administrator of NASA.

In a NASA video published April 28, 2010, titled "NASA's New Era of Innovation and Discovery", Bolden said, "We're going to turn science fiction into science fact".

On the same day, at a question and answer session with employees at the Johnson Space Center, Bolden compared the Constellation Program to a stillborn baby calf extracted from a camel's womb by U.S. Marines. Bolden said, "We've got some stillborn calves around, and we have got to figure out ways to help each other bring them back to life".

In a June 2010 interview with Al Jazeera, Bolden said that the top three goals he was tasked with by President Obama were to help re-inspire children to want to get into science and math, to expand NASA's international relationships, and, "perhaps foremost", "to reach out to the Muslim world ... to help them feel good about their historic contribution to science... and math and engineering". The White House disagreed with Bolden's statement, with the press secretary saying Bolden probably misspoke and "That was not his task, and that's not the task of NASA".

Bolden said his agency's long-term ambition is landing astronauts on Mars. He has cited spending cuts as a concern for major NASA projects.

On August 28, 2012, he was the first human being to have his voice broadcast on the surface of Mars. Although the rover has no speakers, it received the transmission of his voice and then beamed it back to Earth.

In 2013, he noted the National Aerospace Week as Administrator of NASA.

On October 28, 2015, Bolden presented the next steps for a human journey to Mars at the Center for American Progress in Washington, D.C.

On January 12, 2017, Bolden announced his resignation from NASA during a Town Hall meeting at NASA Headquarters in Washington D.C. His last day would be January 19, and Robert M. Lightfoot Jr. was announced as acting NASA Administrator.

After leaving NASA, Bolden has served on the United Arab Emirates Space Advisory Committee.

Personal life
Bolden lives in Alexandria, Virginia, and is married to Alexis (née Walker); the couple have two children. Bolden is a Christian, stating in a question and answer session in May 2010:

Honors

 * Honorary Doctor of Science Degree from the University of South Carolina – 1984
 * Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters from Winthrop College – 1986
 * University of Southern California's Alumni Award of Merit – 1989
 * Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters from Johnson C. Smith University – 1990
 * Honorary Doctor of Engineering from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute – 2008
 * Honorary Doctor of Laws from Monmouth University – 2011
 * Honorary Doctor of Public Service from the University of Maryland University College – 2012
 * Honorary Doctor of Engineering from the University of Bristol – 2014
 * National Space Trophy – 2014
 * Honorary Doctor of Science from Rochester Institute of Technology – 2015
 * Honorary Doctor from Bar-Ilan University – 2016
 * Nierenberg Prize – 2016
 * Inducted into the National Aviation Hall of Fame in 2017
 * Honorary Doctor of Science from University of Arizona – 2017
 * Carl Sagan Award for Public Appreciation of Science – 2017
 * International Space Hall of Fame – 1997
 * Member of the National Academy of Engineering – 2020
 * Wright Brothers Memorial Trophy, 2020
 * Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters from Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University – 2022
 * Mani L. Bhaumik Breakthrough of the Year Award - 2022
 * National Air and Space Museum Trophy for Lifetime Achievement

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Charles Bolden


text:
Talk:Gay bathhouse

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Gay bathhouse. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20081006204759/http://gothamist.com/2007/09/18/east_village_ba.php to http://gothamist.com/2007/09/18/east_village_ba.php

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 04:22, 3 November 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Gay bathhouse. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20091026051121/http://viewer.zmags.com/showmag.php?mid=rwqftf to http://viewer.zmags.com/showmag.php?mid=rwqftf

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 01:59, 7 November 2017 (UTC)

Notable patrons
What's the point of the Notable Patrons section?

Does the article on New York's Central Park have a "notable visitors" section? Does the article on the Sound of Music (on Broadway have a list of "notable attendees"?

So why list the "notable patrons" of gay bathhouses? Is this just for the sake of gossip? Or are we trying to say that since these famous people frequent bathhouses, it's OK for others to do it? In any case, this this seems unnecessarily sensationalist. This belongs in a tabloid, not an encyclopedia.Omc (talk) 23:28, 16 July 2019 (UTC)

Images
The image of the Jermyn Street Hammam (at 76 Jermyn Street) should be removed as these baths (all to often confused with the Savoy baths at No.92) were never gay, and were destroyed during the Blitz. An image of the Everard baths, the Savoy, Bermondsey, or Harrow Road would be much more appropriate if they could be found. Ishpoloni (talk) 08:44, 3 October 2020 (UTC)

This is definitely a confusing one. It does however look like that image was added partly in error maybe thinking it was of the Savoy baths. I have checked and can find no references to the Hammam being important in gay history. The Savoy ones do but I can find no images available. I will remove the image from this article. Thanks for your help on this!

AussieWikiDan (talk) 13:09, 4 October 2020 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: History of Sexualities
— Assignment last updated by LivMourning (talk) 21:53, 13 December 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gay bathhouse


text:
Baron Kilmarnock

Baron Kilmarnock, of Kilmarnock in the County of Ayr, Scotland, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created in 1831 for William Hay, 18th Earl of Erroll. This was a revival of the Kilmarnock title held by his great-grandfather William Boyd, 4th Earl of Kilmarnock, who was attainted in 1746 (with his titles forfeited). The barony of Kilmarnock remained a subsidiary title of the earldom of Erroll until the death in 1941 of the eighteenth Earl's great-great-grandson, the twenty-second Earl. The earldom, which could be passed on through female lines, was inherited by the late Earl's daughter and only child, the twenty-third Countess. The barony of Kilmarnock, which could only be passed on to male heirs, was inherited by the Earl's younger brother, the sixth Baron. He assumed the surname of Boyd in lieu of Hay the same year he succeeded to the title. the title is held by his younger son, the eighth Baron, who succeeded his elder brother in 2009.

The current Barons Kilmarnock are the hereditary Clan Chiefs of Clan Boyd.

Barons Kilmarnock (1831)

 * William George Hay, 18th Earl of Erroll, 1st Baron Kilmarnock (1801–1846)
 * William Harry Hay, 19th Earl of Erroll, 2nd Baron Kilmarnock (1823–1891)
 * Charles Gore Hay, 20th Earl of Erroll, 3rd Baron Kilmarnock (1852–1927)
 * Victor Alexander Sereld Hay, 21st Earl of Erroll, 4th Baron Kilmarnock (1876–1928)
 * Josslyn Victor Hay, 22nd Earl of Erroll, 5th Baron Kilmarnock (1901–1941)
 * Gilbert Allan Rowland Boyd, 6th Baron Kilmarnock (1903–1975), brother of the 22nd Earl of Erroll
 * Alastair Ivor Gilbert Boyd, 7th Baron Kilmarnock (1927–2009), son of the 6th Baron
 * Robin Jordan Boyd, 8th Baron Kilmarnock (1941–), brother of the 7th Baron

The heir presumptive is the holder's son Hon. Simon John Boyd (b. 1978).

title: Baron Kilmarnock


text:
University of Baltimore

The University of Baltimore (UBalt, UB) is a public university in Baltimore, Maryland. It is part of the University System of Maryland. UBalt's schools and colleges provide education in business, law, public affairs, and the applied arts and sciences. The university is the location of one of Maryland's two law schools.

Early history
Founded by a group of Baltimore business professionals, UBalt originally sought to provide educational opportunities for working men and women, meaning that the first classes were held not above the ornate dragons of the current liberal arts and policy building, but in a four-story rowhouse on St. Paul St. in 1925.

In 1937, after the addition of day programs to augment the initial night courses, a full-scale junior college was added to the university's offerings. Other changes in the following decades included the construction of the Langsdale Library in 1966, according to an administrative history of the school. In the 1970s, UBalt merged with Eastern College, Mount Vernon School of Law, and Baltimore College of Commerce.

During the presidency of Thomas Granville Pullen, the university became regionally accredited in 1971 with the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools and built the Langsdale Library. For a three-decade period that started in 1975 and would eventually end in 2007, UBalt became an "upper division academic institution," offering only third and fourth year undergraduate and post-graduate course work. Also in 1975, ownership was assumed by the state of Maryland.

In 1988, the state merged UBalt into the new statewide university system, the University of Maryland System, which was later renamed University System of Maryland.

Lower division Initiative and later developments
The Lower Division Initiative was a program that began in 2005 to extend the University of Baltimore's position to once again offer the first two years of the baccalaureate degree. In April 2005, the University System of Maryland's board of regents approved plans that would allow UBalt to start accepting freshmen and sophomores. Under the original plan, freshmen and sophomore were to be admitted starting in the fall of 2006.

In a unanimous vote on February 15, 2006, the Maryland Higher Education Commission approved a revised mission statement submitted by the University of Baltimore, thus enabling the university to return to four-year undergraduate status. This was the same initiative that had received approval from the board of regents in 2005; however, the plan was revised slightly, calling for freshmen to be admitted in the fall of 2007.

The university stated that the new program better reflected the current focus and was designed to prepare students in business, pre-law, technology, public affairs, and applied liberal arts. It also said that it would offer freshmen "free" tuition for their first year, a benefit made possible by an anonymous private donor. An estimate stated that 140 freshmen were expected in the incoming class of fall of 2007.

Near the time of the change, the university also changed the school colors and adopted the new slogan, "Knowledge That Works".

Since beginning to accept freshmen again, UBalt has built a new, 12-story building for the university's law school along with the construction of additional residential capacity on campus. In May 2014, it was announced that Kurt L. Schmoke would become the university's eighth president, succeeding retired president Robert Bogomolny.

As of 2022, the renovation of Langsdale Library, which was renamed to Robert L. Bogomolny Library, was complete. The renovation was designed by the German architectural firm Behnisch Architekten, which had also been responsible for the design of the 2013 law school structure at Charles St. and Mount Royal Ave.

Starting in 2005, the university's MBA program has been the target of nearby institutions' criticism regarding a supposed diversion of funds, with UB's status as a traditionally white institution bringing calls for a restructuring of state funding. As of early 2022, that criticism was ongoing.

Academics
The university offers numerous undergraduate, graduate, and professional as well as several certificate and joint degree programs. It offers 19 Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Science degree programs, spanning the arts and sciences, public affairs, and business.

At the master's level, UBalt offers a Master of Public Administration (MPA), a Master of Business Administration (previously offered jointly with Towson University), and 13 Master of Science and 3 Master of Art degrees. The MPA program was the first in the state to be fully accredited by the National Association of Schools of Public Affairs and Administration (NASPAA); it was also ranked #72 nationally in U.S. News & World Report's 2023-24 edition of "Best Grad Schools." Additionally, the university offers two Master of Fine Arts degrees. The Practitioner Specialization of the M.S. in Counseling Psychology program is accredited by the Masters in Psychology and Counseling Accreditation Council, and both the undergraduate and graduate programs in Criminal Justice are certified by the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences. The university's Masters degree in Applied Psychology, Counseling Psychology concentration, is accredited by the Masters in Psychology and Counseling Accreditation Council (MPCAC). The law school offers a Master of Laws degree.

At the doctoral level, UBalt offers a program leading to a research-based Doctor of Science degree in Information and Interaction Design. UBalt also offers a Doctor of Public Administration. Through its law school, UBalt offers the Juris Doctor.

Colleges and schools
The university is composed of multiple colleges and schools:
 * Merrick School of Business
 * School of Law
 * Yale Gordon College of Arts and Sciences
 * College of Public Affairs

Campus and student services
The main campus is located in Baltimore's Mt. Vernon cultural district, close to downtown and the Inner Harbor. The Lyric Opera House, Joseph Meyerhoff Symphony Hall, and the Maryland Institute College of Art (MICA) are nearby. For the most part, the main academic buildings surround the intersections of Mount Royal Avenue and North Charles Street. Gordon Plaza is at the center of campus.

University buildings
The buildings include:
 * H. Mebane Turner Learning Commons
 * The Academic Center
 * The Charles Royal Building
 * John and Frances Angelos Law Center
 * Robert L. Bogomolny Library
 * UBalt Student Center
 * William H. Thumel Sr. Business Center
 * The Liberal Arts and Policy Building

Student housing developments
The university, the Bozzuto Group, and the Gould Property Co. entered into a public-private joint venture to develop UBalt's Bolton Yard parking lot into a mixed use development, including apartments, a UBalt student bookstore, other retail, and garage parking. The project, which is named the Fitzgerald at UB Midtown, broke ground in 2008 and was largely complete by 2011.

The Fitzgerald project was viewed at the time of its inception as a prelude to future public-private development projects—for instance more student housing. To that end, an October 2010 announcement indicated that the university was planning an 11-story student housing tower, to again be built in partnership with a private company, according to The Baltimore Sun. The student housing tower was largely complete by mid-2012.

According to a 2014 Baltimore Sun article, the university was considering building additional dormitory space on West Oliver Street, at the site of a facility currently used for postal vehicle maintenance. That development has yet to be named. According to a 2023 Baltimore Sun article, the university intends to enter into a ground-lease arrangement with the development firm Zahlco for the eventual creation of apartments and ground-floor retail on the former postal site.

Police and public safety
The University of Maryland, Baltimore (UMB) and University of Baltimore (UBalt) began a public safety collaboration in the first quarter of 2022. All police officers on the UBalt campus are employed by the UMB Police Department (UMBPD). The UMBPD is a fully certified law enforcement agency through the Maryland Police and Correctional Training Commissions (MPCTC).

UBalt maintains responsibility for campus security performed by unarmed, civilian security personnel known as the UBalt Safety and Security team. Uniformed officers from UMB — sworn, armed, and professionally trained and certified — are assigned to patrol the UBalt campus. At the same time, UBalt's Safety and Security staff provides building access and control, including office lockouts, welcome desk staffing, interior/exterior patrols, and more.

Local transit
Penn Station, with connections to Amtrak and MARC service, and a Light Rail stop, are just to the north of campus. The University of Baltimore/Mt. Royal station on the Baltimore Light Rail system is on the northwest edge of campus. The State Center station on the Baltimore Metro system is just a few blocks from campus. UBalt runs shuttle bus service between its academic buildings, parking garages, and the nearby public transportation/local transit stops.

Satellite campuses
In conjunction with the University System of Maryland, UBalt offers courses and several undergraduate and graduate degree programs at the Universities at Shady Grove in Rockville, Maryland. Through a partnership with the College of Southern Maryland, UBalt offers the upper-level undergraduate coursework leading toward the bachelor's degree in business in Southern Maryland. UBalt also offers online classes.

Student life
UBalt has numerous academic clubs, student organizations, and an active student government; as of May 2017, more than 90 were listed on the university's website. The academic clubs usually sponsor a host of programs and speakers throughout the school year. Not all clubs are academic or sports-related, however: Clubs related to improv, crafting, religions, languages, and film are among the non-academic, non-sports options. The UB Post  is the monthly student newspaper, which serves the purpose of keeping the general student population informed of upcoming campus activities, as well as relevant news. Run by students, it is available in print and online, and has been published since 1933. Leonard Robinson is the editor-in-chief. A student-run press, Plork, provides additional printing experience for students majoring in fields related to media design, publishing, and writing, as does the university's 50-year-old literary magazine, Welter. The Student Center is the central place for students—housing The Hive market and cafe, the UB Campus Pantry, the Interfaith Space, student government and organization offices, and study lounges.

The University of Baltimore has not offered any varsity sports since 1983.

Student housing
In the years 2012–2017, the number of UBalt students living near campus increased 134 percent. Students have the option to reside in The Varsity, located on West Biddle Street 0.2 miles from the campus, or in other private complexes nearby.

Campus recreation and wellness

UBalt has an athletic/fitness center named Campus Recreation and Wellness, which is continually growing for the betterment of the university and surrounding community. It has an aerobics studio, a sparring/boxing room, two indoor racquetball courts, a well-equipped gym, a basketball court, and locker rooms. The Recreation Center, located on the third and fourth floor of the Academic Center, offers fitness classes free of charge on a first-come, first-served basis to all members and hosts the Sport Club and Intramural Sports teams. At one time, UBalt owned and operated a golf driving range in the Mount Washington neighborhood of Baltimore. However, this facility has been leased to the city. Campus Recreation and Wellness seeks to serve the recreation, fitness, health, and leisure needs of the university community through instructional and competitive sport activities, including aerobics classes, golf lessons, intramural sports, informal recreation, and sport clubs. The Recreation Center facilities include basketball, racquetball, badminton and volleyball courts, weight and cardio rooms, aerobic and spinning studios, indoor golf cage, foosball, darts, Wii gaming system, as well as locker rooms and a sauna. The facilities are open to students, faculty, staff and Recreation Center members with valid UBalt BeeCards.

The UBalt men's lacrosse team won four USILA Division II national championships in four consecutive years, 1956–1959.

Honor societies
The university hosts chapters of several honor societies, including:
 * Alpha Chi
 * Alpha Phi Sigma
 * Beta Alpha Psi
 * Beta Gamma Sigma
 * Mu Kappa Tau
 * Phi Alpha Theta
 * Phi Theta Kappa
 * Pi Alpha Alpha
 * Pi Sigma Alpha
 * Psi Chi
 * Sigma Iota Epsilon
 * Sigma Tau Delta
 * Omicron Delta Kappa

Business

 * Peter Angelos – owner of the Baltimore Orioles
 * Tom Condon – graduated from UB Law in 1981, sports agent, represents over 120 NFL players
 * Bob Parsons – founder of GoDaddy
 * Stan White – retired NFL player with Baltimore Colts; graduated from UB Law; sports agent, sportscaster, assistant football coach at Gilman School

History, journalism, media, and the arts

 * Carole Boston-Weatherford – author and critic
 * Louis S. Diggs – Baltimore County historian
 * Ellen Lupton – Senior Curator of Contemporary Design at Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum
 * Fred Robbins – talk show host, actor and television personality
 * D. Watkins – editor-at-large for Salon, New York Times bestselling author and HBO writer
 * John Waters - Filmmaker, artist, activist

Mathematics, sciences and technology

 * James Howard – mathematician
 * Jeffrey Kluger – Senior Writer for TIME magazine specializing in science coverage; author of books including Lost Moon: The Perilous Voyage of Apollo 13, on which the 1995 movie Apollo 13 was based
 * Celeste Lyn Paul – user interface design expert, KDE Usability Project head, president of HacDC

Politics, law and government

 * Spiro Agnew – Vice President of the United States 1969–1973, Governor of Maryland 1967–1969
 * Curt Anderson – Maryland House of Delegates District 43, 1983–1995, 2002–present
 * Dale Anderson (1963) – former Baltimore County Executive and State Delegate
 * John S. Arnick (1961) – former member of the Maryland House of Delegates
 * Carville Benson (1893) – U.S. Congressman for Maryland 2nd District, 1918–1921
 * Lieutenant General H Steven Blum (1968) – former Chief of the National Guard Bureau and Deputy Commander NORTHCOM
 * William P. Bolton (1909) – Congressman for Maryland 2nd District, 1949–1951
 * James W. Campbell (1969) – former member of the Maryland House of Delegates
 * Jill P. Carter (1992) – Maryland State Senator, 41st District
 * J. Joseph Curran, Jr. (1959) – Maryland Attorney General, 1987–2007: Lt. Governor 1983–1987 under Harry Hughes
 * Arrie Davis – former judge on the Maryland Court of Special Appeals
 * Terry R. Gilleland, Jr. (2001) – former member of Maryland House of Delegates
 * Glen Glass (1994) – member of the Maryland House of Delegates from District 34A in Cecil County and Harford County
 * J. B. Jennings – Maryland Delegate for District 7
 * Sheryl Davis Kohl – former member of Maryland House of Delegates
 * Frank Kratovil – Congressman United States House of Representatives, Maryland District 1, 2009–2011
 * Pat McDonough – Maryland delegate
 * Richard Meehan – Mayor of Ocean City, Maryland, 2006–present
 * C. Edward Middlebrooks (1982) – former Maryland State Senator
 * Donald E. Murphy (1983) – former member of Maryland House of Delegates, 1994–2002
 * Katie O'Malley (1991) – Associate Judge for the First District Court of Maryland, wife of former Governor of Maryland and former Baltimore Mayor, Martin O'Malley
 * Sandra Peuler – judge of the Utah Third District Court in Salt Lake City
 * Bishop Robinson – former Police Commissioner of Baltimore, 1984–1987
 * Dutch Ruppersberger – Congressman 2nd district, 2002-present, Baltimore County Executive, 1994–2002
 * William Donald Schaefer (1942) – Mayor of Baltimore 1971–1987, Governor of Maryland 1987–1995, State Comptroller 1999–2007
 * John F. Slade III (1969) – former member of Maryland House of Delegates
 * Frederic N. Smalkin – Jurist-in-Residence, University of Baltimore School of Law, 2005–present

Sports

 * Dick Edell, lacrosse coach
 * Red Holzman (1920–1998), NBA 1948–53, 2-time NBA All-Star guard, coach, Hall of Fame
 * Howard "Chip" Silverman, author and lacrosse coach
 * Cheryl Van Kuren, 1988 Summer Olympics field hockey player
 * Isaiah Wilson, NBA – 1971–1972

title: University of Baltimore


text:
Talk:Francis Galton

darwin
I have the Darwin family tree done in PowerPoint. Please post on my talk page to request changes or email me to get a copy of the PowerPoint.Cutler 21:21, 3 Mar 2004 (UTC)

In my editing on 3 Jun 2005, 17:34, I'm pretty sure I did not inadvertantly take out anything already on the article. I'm sure it's all there, but some things may be disputed.--AI 03:41, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Histerionics
What does word refer to? Is it a misspelling of "histrionics"? Does it refer to "historiometry"? Would a different word be better? -Willmcw 23:43, August 11, 2005 (UTC)

cardiogram
Galton did not invent the electrocardiogram as someone claimed. I have removed this. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Gavantredoux (talk • contribs).

South West Africa
The link to "South West Africa" in the "Early life" section links to a page about the territory of that name that existed from 1915-1990 (before becoming Namibia). However, Galton went there in c.1850. I don't know much about the history and I don't know how Galton described the area in his writings, but would it make more sense to remove the link and perhaps use lower case for "south west Africa" (while retaining the mention of present-day Namibia, with link), to make clear that we are simply referring to the area, and not to a political entity which did not yet exist at the time Galton was there? The page on Namibia has some information about the history going back to the 19th century and earlier, so that seems the most useful page to link to.

Galton and Racism
Nothing much is said about Galton's incredible racism. Shouldn't that be added to the page? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 140.160.182.114 (talk) 17:17, 4 February 2022 (UTC)

 * It is mention in the opening paragraph
 * ... and a proponent of social Darwinism, eugenics and scientific racism.
 * There is an extensive section on Heredity and eugenics
 * Is there anything we are particularly missing? --Salix alba (talk): 18:52, 4 February 2022 (UTC)
 * Yes. A proper critical introduction on top of the whole article addressing the toxic nature of this "knight" as a kind of trigger warning to people sensitive to the topic. 79.210.222.209 (talk) 20:55, 7 September 2022 (UTC)
 * Older iterations of this page made better reference to his involvement in eugenics explicitly in the first few words/paragraph. Recent revisions (have for some reason?) decided to make this more obscure, changing "eugenics" to a link to behavioral genetics. A look at older versions of the page will show this wasn't always the case. Very interesting as to why someone would wish to to this. Vidalion (talk) 16:28, 22 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Francis Galton


text:
Talk:Erasmus Darwin

Family tree
I have the Darwin family tree done in PowerPoint. Please post on my talk page to request changes or email me to get a copy of the PowerPoint.Cutler 21:22, 3 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Mistake in dating?
I can't help but notice that after speaking of his death in 1802, the article discusses a person he referenced in a work he completed in 1803, was this information checked? Shinzen 04:32, 3 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Further on, in Section 4.3 Poem on evolution, it is mentioned that the work in question (The Temple of Nature) was published posthumously. {The poster formerly known as 87.81.230.195} 2.122.60.183 (talk) 11:43, 8 May 2017 (UTC)

Added Big Bang and Big Crunch Details
Text added that proves Erasmus Darwin theorized and documented the Big Bang and Big Crunch theories over a century before anyone else. --GBoehm 20:08, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Rocket engine?
The foll was posted by an anon: I have removed it until anyone can verify it. The idea seems unlikely, but not impossible, given Priestley's recent work with gases. But I would certainly question whether such an arrangement would be for propulsion, or simply for experiment/water creation. JackyR 19:43, 12 March 2006 (UTC)
 * ===Rocket engine===
 * In notes dating 1779, a sketch of a simple liquid-fuel rocket engine can be found, with hydrogen and oxygen tanks connected by plumbing and pumps to an elongated combustion chamber and expansion nozzle, a concept not to be seen again until one century later.
 * Here you can read: "He suggested the oxygen-hydrogen rocket engine," . If you google "Erasmus Darwin" and "rocket engine" or "Erasmus Darwin" and "ramjet" or "rocketry", you find various references. I reestablish the paragraph if you don't mind. Hektor 22:34, 18 June 2006 (UTC)

 * See also the book Darwin among the machines by George Dyson. Hektor 20:30, 7 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I removed 'ramjet', which refers only to an engine using external air. The way, the truth, and the light 05:24, 21 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Can someone please start adding sources like this into the article? Thank you. Viriditas (talk) 10:56, 8 April 2009 (UTC)

Artesian Well Invention?
Alex Shrugged (talk) 18:12, 14 February 2016 (UTC) I removed "An Artesian well" from his inventions. He drilled the original artesian that supplied water to his property, but that is not an invention. Artesian wells had been around for centuries by that time. Follow the source link to The Genius of Erasmus Darwin. Go to page 10. It reads, "...he had dug the original artesian well to supply his house...." If that is not clear, check Wikipedia under Artesian aquifer which reads "...where many artesian wells were drilled by Carthusian monks from 1126.".

Practice/practise
Chambers dictionary (Edinburgh) gives: So this article, being about a Brit, should use practise for the verb. JackyR 19:55, 12 March 2006 (UTC)
 * "practice n"
 * "practise, (N Am) practice vt".

Erasmus
He was apparently the first member of his family to be named this, which must be after Erasmus. Interesting; is there any source that may explain this? The way, the truth, and the light 05:24, 21 April 2007 (UTC)

Not the case. He was descended from Erasmus Earle, a prominent legal officer (I can't remember his title off hand) under Cromwell. There had actually been at least one other Erasmus Darwin before him. King-Hele has an edited family tree (going back much further than the Darwin-Wedgwood wiki one), but the full genealogy can be found in Darwin of Downe, Burke's Landed Gentry 1968 Francis Hoar (talk)Francis HoarFrancis Hoar (talk) —Preceding comment was added at 18:11, 22 December 2007 (UTC)

in fiction
There were a series of fictional stories about E. Darwin..

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as start, and the rating on other projects was brought up to start class. BetacommandBot 16:16, 10 November 2007 (UTC)

I'm not sure if this can be useful here.
Found this source on a website that another editor pointed me towards... "The world itself might have been generated, rather than created; that is, it might have been gradually produced from very small beginnings, increasing by the activity of its inherent principles, rather than by a sudden evolution of the whole by the Almighty fiat. What a magnificent idea of the infinite power of THE GREAT ARCHITECT! THE CAUSE OF CAUSES! PARENT OF PARENTS! ENS ENTIUM! For if we may compare infinities, it would seem to require a greater infinity of power to cause the causes of effects, than to cause the effects themselves."

E. Darwin, Zoonomia; The Laws of Organic Life (J. Johnson, London 1794), vol. 1, p. 509 Hope this is useful. -- Low Sea (talk) 20:50, 16 April 2008 (UTC)

Mistake in Lineage?
Under Early Life section, Robert Waring Darwin (Charles Darwin's Father) is marked as a sibling to Erasmus. In the next section, the same person is marked as one of Erasmus' sons. Said names both link to the same article. Erasmus is Charles' grandfather, so I think that R. Darwin should be omitted from the siblings list. As I am not certain on whether or not there is a Robert Sr./Jr., I want to bring it up here prior to editing anything. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.8.35.210 (talk) 20:28, 12 January 2009 (UTC)

abolitionist?
Shouldn't the rubric "abolitionist" be added to the first paragraph list of distinctions for this man? He was a very principled, ardent, immovable advocate for the cessation of the slave trade and for total abolition, and he stood by Clarkson through every trial. This might be the most important reason to remember this man. If there is no objection, I would like to add the word "abolitionist" to the first paragraph. NaySay (talk) 14:56, 6 March 2009 (UTC)

 * That would be fine: go ahead! There's no doubt that the Wedgwoods and Darwins were influential in opposing the commercial interests of the slavers with moral suasion. Do we have a Category:Anti-slavery campaigners? If not, we should have. You might do that, too. Macdonald-ross (talk) 17:16, 6 March 2009 (UTC)

 * Well, there is an existing "List of opponents of slavery," and I have added Erasmus to the list, and while I was at it, Charles Darwin. NaySay (talk) 19:25, 9 March 2009 (UTC)

Freemasonry
It appears that several important members of the Lunar Society were members of Freemasonry, including Erasmus Darwin himself, who apart from being the grandfather of Charles Darwin, also contributed to evolutionary philosophy. ADM (talk) 02:41, 9 April 2009 (UTC)

need sources
It's most annoying that someone has added two long paras to Poem on evolution without refs. They have quite obviously been lifted wholesale from some older source, and should be credited. They are liable to be removed if there is no response to this notice, as wholesale appropriation of others' work is scarcely reputable. Macdonald-ross (talk) 11:31, 29 June 2009 (UTC)

 * Since no response, it's now cut. Macdonald-ross (talk) 15:13, 22 March 2010 (UTC)

Matters of Fact: I have a number of factual corrections to the Erasmus Darwin page supplied to me by Dr Desmond King-Hele, FRS, the biographer of Erasmus Darwin. I should like to amend the article on the basis of KIng-Hele's corrections. It also involves the deletion of some erroneous material taken from unreliable sources. I should like to go ahead with this. I should also like to add some references as alternatives to those given. As 'Stuart Harris' I am the editor and publisher of Erasmus Darwin's poetry, as well as the author of a critical study of ED's epic poems: Erasmus Darwin's Enlightenment Epic [2002]' (User talk: Stuart Oram-Harris) —Preceding undated comment added 14:53, 23 September 2010 (UTC).
 * Well, do go ahead and do what you think is right, and try to explain what you're doing, and give us some refs to support the changes. I had no idea, incidentally, that King-Hele was still alive. Good for him! Macdonald-ross (talk) 13:00, 24 September 2010 (UTC)

Wrong signature?
the signature looks like it belongs to Erasmus Darwin Keyes who is a different person to Erasmus Darwin. 146.90.246.249 (talk) 19:21, 8 September 2023 (UTC)

 * Good spot. I removed File:Signature of Erasmus Darwin Keyes.png. -- Wire723 (talk) 13:50, 9 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Erasmus Darwin


text:
Philip Meadows Taylor

Colonel Philip Meadows Taylor, (25 September 1808 – 13 May 1876), an administrator in British India and a novelist, made notable contributions to public knowledge of South India. Though largely self-taught, he was a polymath, working alternately as a judge, engineer, artist, and man of letters.

Life and writings
Taylor was born in Liverpool, England, where his father, Philip Meadows Taylor, was a merchant. His mother was Jane Honoria Alicia, daughter of Bertram Mitford of Mitford Castle, Northumberland.

At the age of 15, Taylor was sent out to India to become a clerk to a Bombay merchant, Mr Baxter. However, Baxter was in financial difficulties, and in 1824 Taylor gladly accepted a commission in the service of the Nizam of Hyderabad, with which he remained dutifully attached throughout his long career. He was speedily transferred from military duty to a civil appointment, and in this capacity acquired a proficient knowledge of the languages and the people of southern India.

Meanwhile, Taylor studied the laws, geology and the antiquities of the country and became an early expert on megaliths. See more at South Asian Stone Age. He was alternately judge, engineer, artist, and a man of letters. While on furlough in England in 1840, he published the first of his Indian novels, Confessions of a Thug, in which he reproduced the scenes which he had heard about the Thuggee cult, described by the chief actors in them. This book was followed by a series of tales, Tippoo Sultaun (1840), Tara (1863), Ralph Darnell (1865), Seeta (1872), and A Noble Queen (1878), all illustrating periods in Indian history and society and giving prominence to the native character, institutions and traditions, for which he had a great regard. Seeta in particular was remarkable for a sympathetic, romantic portrayal of the marriage between a British civil servant and a Hindu widow just before the Indian Mutiny. Taylor himself is thought to have married in about 1830, although his autobiography states 1840, to Mary Palmer, a Eurasian granddaughter of William Palmer, the East India Company's Resident at Hyderabad, who had married "one of the Princesses of the Royal House of Delhi". Returning to India he acted, from 1840 to 1853 as correspondent for The Times and wrote a Student's Manual of the History of India (1870).

About 1850, Meadows Taylor was appointed by the Nizam's government to administer, during a long minority, the principality of the young Raja Venkatappa Nayaka. He succeeded without European assistance in raising this small territory to a high degree of prosperity. Such was his influence with the natives that during the Indian Mutiny in 1857, he held his ground without military support.

Colonel Taylor, whose merits were recognized and acknowledged by then by the British government of India – although he had never been in the service of the Company – was subsequently appointed Deputy Commissioner of the western "Ceded Districts". He succeeded in establishing a new assessment of revenues that was more equitable to cultivators and more productive to the government. By perseverance he had risen from the condition of a half-educated youth without patronage, and without even the support of the Company, to successful government of some of the most important provinces of India, 36000 sqmi in extent with a population of over five million.

He received an Order of the Star of India on his retirement from service in 1860 and given a pension. In 1875 his sight failed, and on medical advice he decided to spend the winter in India, but contracted jungle fever. He died at Menton, France, on his way home, on 13 May 1876.

Contributions to Gulburga
Taylor made several contributions to the Gulburga region in India by initiating a number of reforms. He encouraged improvement of agriculture, opened up job opportunities, started schools and improved infrastructure. He was known to spend his own money on providing drought relief. The local people began calling him "Mahadev Baba". Taylor undertook notable archaeological excavations in Gulburga, publishing his findings in the Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy and the Journal of The Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society.

Tributes
Richard Garnett commented, "His Confessions of a Thug is a classic adventure novel, which inspired the young of several imperial generations and was much imitated by other colonial fiction writers for over a century."

Rich tributes were paid to Taylor, by the Archaeological Survey of India in its History of Indian Archaeology 1784–1947 by Sourindranath Roy. Taylor's archaeological work is acknowledged there as highly significant.

Novels

 * Confessions of a Thug (1839 2nd ed., London, 1873)
 * Tippoo Sultaun: The Tale of the Mysore War (1840)
 * Tara: A Maratha Tale (Edinburgh/London: 1863)
 * Ralph Darnell (1865)
 * Seeta (London: 1872)
 * A Noble Queen: A Romance of Indian History (London: 1878)

Non-fiction

 * The Megalithic Tombs and other Ancient Remains in the Deccan (reprint, Hyderabad, 1941)
 * The Student's Manual of the History of India (London, 1871)

Posthumous publications

 * The Story of My Life (London, 1877)
 * Tobacco – a Farmer's Crop (1886)
 * The Letters to Henry Reeve (1947)

title: Philip Meadows Taylor


text:
User:Adia~enwiki

Hello, I'm Alexandros Diamantidis (Αλέξανδρος Διαμαντίδης in Greek). I consult Wikipedia frequently, but I don't contribute much.

title: User:Adia~enwiki


text:
Phthia

In Greek mythology Phthia (Φθία or Φθίη Phthía, Phthíē) was a city or district in ancient Thessaly. It is frequently mentioned in Homer's Iliad as the home of the Myrmidons, the contingent led by Achilles in the Trojan War. It was founded by Aeacus, grandfather of Achilles, and was the home of Achilles' father Peleus, mother Thetis (a sea nymph), and son Neoptolemus (who reigned as king after the Trojan War).

Phthia is referenced in Plato's Crito, where Socrates, in jail and awaiting his execution, relates a dream he has had (43d–44b): "I thought that a beautiful and comely woman dressed in white approached me. She called me and said: 'Socrates, may you arrive at fertile Phthia on the third day. The reference is to Homer's Iliad (ix.363), when Achilles, upset at having his war-prize, Briseis, taken by Agamemnon, rejects Agamemnon's conciliatory presents and threatens to set sail in the morning; he says that with good weather he might arrive on the third day "in fertile Phthia"—his home.

Phthia is the setting of Euripides' play Andromache, a play set after the Trojan War, when Achilles' son Neoptolemus (in some translations named Pyrrhus) has taken Andromache, the widow of the Trojan hero Hector as a slave.

Mackie (2002) notes the linguistic association of Phthia with the Greek word phthisis "consumption, decline; wasting away" (in English, phthisis has been used as a synonym for tuberculosis) and the connection of the place name with a withering death. This suggests the possibility of a wordplay in Homer, associating Achilles' home with such a withering death.

Location of Phthia
The Homeric Catalogue of Ships speaks of Achilles' kingdom as follows (Hom. Il. 2.680-5):

Now again all those who dwelt in Pelasgic Argos: those who dwelt in Alos and Alope and Trachis and those who held Phthia and Hellas with its fair women, and who were called Myrmidons and Hellenes and Achaians; of those fifty ships the leader was Achilles.

These names are generally believed to have referred to places in the Spercheios valley in what is now Phthiotis in central Greece. The river Spercheios was associated with Achilles, and at Iliad 23.144 Achilles states that his father Peleus had vowed that Achilles would dedicate a lock of his hair to the river when he returned home safely.

However, a number of ancient sources, such as Euripides' Andromache, also located Phthia further north in the area of Pharsalus. Strabo also notes that near the cities of Palaepharsalus and Pharsalus there was a shrine dedicated to Achilles' mother Thetis, the Thetideion. Mycenean remains have been found in Pharsalus, and also in other sites nearby, but according to Denys Page, whether the Homeric Phthia is to be identified with Pharsalus "remains as doubtful as ever".

It has been suggested that "Pelasgic Argos" is a general name for the whole of northern Greece, and that line 2.681 of the Iliad is meant to serve as a general introduction to the remaining nine contingents of the Catalogue.

title: Phthia


text:
Joule (programming language)

Joule is a capability-secure massively-concurrent dataflow programming language, designed for building distributed applications. It is so concurrent that the order of statements within a block is irrelevant to the operation of the block. Statements are executed whenever possible, based on their inputs. Everything in Joule happens by sending messages. There is no control flow. Instead, the programmer describes the flow of data, making it a dataflow programming language.

Joule development started in 1994 at Agorics in Palo Alto, California. It is considered the precursor to the E programming language.

Language syntax
Numerals consist of ASCII digits 0–9; identifiers are Unicode sequences of digits, letters, and operator characters that begin with a letter. It is also possible to form identifiers by using Unicode sequences (including whitespace) enclosed by either straight (' ') or standard (‘ ’) single quotes, where the backslash is the escape character. Keywords have to start with a letter, except the • keyword to send information. Operators consist of Unicode sequences of digits, letters, and operator characters, beginning with an operator character. Labels are identifiers followed by a colon (':').

At the root, Joule is an imperative language and because of that a statement-based language. It has a rich expression syntax, which transforms easily to its relational syntax underneath. Complex expressions become separate statements, where the site of the original expression is replaced by a reference to the acceptor of the results channel. Therefore, nested expressions still compute completely concurrently with their embedding statement.

If amount <= balance • account withdraw: amount else • account report-bounce: end

An identifiers may name a channel to communicate with the server. If this is the case, it is said to be bound to that channel.

title: Joule (programming language)


text:
Baron Killanin

Baron Killanin, of Galway in the County of Galway, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom.

History
It was created in 1900 for the Irish lawyer and politician Michael Morris, Baron Morris, Lord Chief Justice of Ireland from 1887 to 1889 and a Lord of Appeal in Ordinary from 1889 to 1900. He had already been created a Baronet in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom in 1885, and a life peer under the Appellate Jurisdiction Act 1876 as Baron Morris, of Spiddal in the County of Galway, in 1889. On his death in 1901 the life peerage became extinct while he was succeeded in the baronetcy and hereditary barony by his eldest son, the second Baron. He briefly represented Galway Borough in the House of Commons as a Conservative and also served as Lord Lieutenant of County Galway from 1918 to 1922. He was succeeded by his nephew, the third Baron, the son of George Henry Morris. He was a prominent author, journalist and sports official and served as President of the International Olympic Committee from between 1972 and 1980. the titles are held by his eldest son, the fourth Baron, who succeeded in 1999. He is a film producer.

The traditional burial place of the Barons Killanin is the Morris family vault in Bohermore Cemetery, Galway.

Morris baronets, of Spiddal (1885)

 * Sir Michael Morris, 1st Baronet (1826–1901) (created a life peer as Baron Morris in 1889)

Baron Morris (1889)
The title became extinct in 1901
 * Michael Morris, Baron Morris (1826–1901) (created Baron Killanin in 1900)

Barons Killanin (1900)

 * Michael Morris, 1st Baron Killanin (1826–1901)
 * Martin Henry Fitzpatrick Morris, 2nd Baron Killanin (1867–1927)
 * Michael Morris, 3rd Baron Killanin (1914–1999)
 * (George) Redmond (Fitzpatrick) Morris, 4th Baron Killanin (b. 1947)

The heir apparent is the present holder's son the Hon. Luke Michael Geoffrey Morris (b. 1975)

Line of Succession

 * Coronet of a British Baron.svg Coronet of a British Baron.svg Michael Morris, Baron Morris, 1st Baron Killanin (1826—1901)
 * Coronet of a British Baron.svg Martin Henry FitzPatrick Morris, 2nd Baron Killanin (1867–1927)
 * Lt.-Col. Hon. George Henry Morris (1872–1914)
 * Coronet of a British Baron.svg Michael Morris, 3rd Baron Killanin (1914–1999)
 * Coronet of a British Baron.svg George Redmond FitzPatrick Morris, 4th Baron Killanin (born 1947)
 * (1) Hon. Luke Michael Geoffrey Morris (b. 1975)
 * (2) Hon. Michael Francis Leo Morris (b. 1951)
 * (3) James Michael Morris (b. 1983)
 * (4) Christopher Michael Morris (b. 1985)
 * (5) Hon. John Martin Morris (b. 1951)
 * (6) Roderic Michael Morris (b. 1976)
 * (7) Michael-John Morris (b. 1979)

title: Baron Killanin


text:
Talk:Stoichiometry

Old discussion
Why does the Stoichiometric air-fuel ratios of common fuels section need to be in here? It seems random and out of place. 129.118.97.125 (talk) 21:19, 21 January 2009 (UTC)

This article has used different markup styles:
 * 2H2 + O2 --> 2H2O
 * 2H2 + O2 --> 2H2O

Both styles are typographically inadequate. I tried to fix the right arrow with &rarr; with the following result:
 * 2H2 + O2 → H2O

which isn't rendered quite right in my browser (IE 6.0)—the arrow is on the baseline instead of "hyphen height". (The problem seems to be that the arrow is centered vertically on the whole line, which is pulled down by the subscripts. For example, H→O does look right.) Finally, I have decided to switch to TeX markup
 * $$2\,\mbox{H}_2+\mbox{O}_2\to2\,\mbox{H}_2\mbox{O}$$

in the hope that this satisfies everybody. —Herbee 21:31, 2004 Mar 3 (UTC)

I love how the formula for thermite is on this page. Mayhaps an explosive should not be used as an example. miles32

 * It is explosive. :) Other reactions common in textbooks, such as H2 + O2 -> H2O are more likely to be explosive. Itub 02:27, 16 January 2007 (UTC)

Should there be H2 + O2 -> H2O + O2 Giving the other product O2?

 * Nah the balanced equation is 2H2 + O2 -> 2H2O. Bsimmons666 (talk) 19:03, 18 October 2008 (UTC)

Merger proposal
All these articles (Stoichiometry,Stoichiometric coefficient,Gas stoichiometry)are related to the same concept and would be better if they are accessible on a single page. It will help by providing a better understanding of the article and save some trouble for a person new to the concept. Myth (Talk) 21:00, 28 January 2007 (UTC)

I Believe that the links included in the See Also section should be enough... both subjects are prone to grow up enough to keep their own pages... —Preceding unsigned comment added by Paulo.maia (talk • contribs) 06:57, 26 March 2007

they should go together. 'nuff said. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.84.0.201 (talk)

 * They should be merged until it is true that they have grown and developed enough information to merit their own space in separate articles. --Antonio.sierra 01:32, 6 September 2007 (UTC)

Added a short section on the stoichiometry matrix. --hsauro 08 Oct 2007

Counting
I might just suck at counting, but I believe in "Different stoichiometries in competing reactions" there is an extra Hydrogen. Well actually it's an extra n hydrogens, but I think people get it... WAIT!!! that does say 6-n... hm... LIMEY 07:09, 2 December 2007 (UTC)

Addition
This article needs to mention something about Job's method. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 204.8.12.66 (talk) 15:16, 9 January 2008 (UTC)

In the section Stoichiometric Air/Fuel Ratios of Common Fuels, the mass percent numbers have been calculated incorrectly. For example, for ethanol, the mass ratio is given as 9 to 1 and the mass percent as .11111 which is 1/9. The total mass for this case should be 9+1=10, and then the percent fuel is 1/10 = 10%. This error is consistent for all the fuels. Jpittot (talk) 20:21, 30 January 2008 (UTC)

Is this correct?
The article says, "the units of grams form a multiplicative identity, which is equivalent to one (g/g=1), with the resulting amount of moles (the unit that was needed), is shown in the following equation,

 * $$\left(\frac{2.00 \mbox{ g NaCl}}{1}\right)\left(\frac{1 \mbox{ mol NaCl}}{58.44 \mbox{ g NaCl}}\right) = 0.034\ mol$$"

however it leaves out the NaCl at the end. Shouldn't it be still there as there are two "NaCl" in the numerator while there is one "NaCl"in the denominator,
 * $$\left(\frac{2.00 \mbox{ g NaCl}}{1}\right)\left(\frac{1 \mbox{ mol NaCl}}{58.44 \mbox{ g NaCl}}\right) = 0.034\ mol \mbox{ NaCl}$$

(Unless, of course, that italicized "mol" means you don't have to, i dunno...)Electric durian (talk) 07:10, 20 September 2008 (UTC)

Where is composition stoichiometry?
Stoichiometry (sometimes called reaction stoichiometry to distinguish it from composition stoichiometry

Well now then shouldn't "composition stoichiometry" have a page or at least some definition. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 134.131.125.50 (talk) 21:36, 22 October 2008 (UTC)
 * ✅ Logan Talk Contributions 23:13, 3 February 2010 (UTC)

Explain the practical side
The article is too centered on the theoretical calculations, which makes it difficult to understand to someone not previously knowing the subject. It should also explain how the experiments are performed and how the "amount of products that can be produced" is measured in practice (not just as the result of a previously defined formula). That is, explain the basis of the technique instead of only the way it's used. Diego (talk) 15:26, 5 January 2010 (UTC)

OH YES IT IS!!!! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.23.222.214 (talk) 00:44, 15 January 2010 (UTC)

Non-technical intro
I've rewritten the intro to make it less technical and hopefully less daunting for the non-technical reader. Almost all the original text from the previous version has been kept, but I've rearranged it to bring the example forward and improve the flow of ideas. Also, I've explicitly defined both reaction and composition stoichiometry, as the wiki link in the previous version to composition stoichiometry didn't work (a page on composition stoichiometry may never have existed).

Chemists, help me out here! I'm hoping with a bit more work, we can get rid of the "too technical" tag that has been placed on the article. Pls review the examples and definitions for accuracy. Also needed are some definitional references to good chemistry textbooks for the various terms defined (I don't have access to any chem textbooks at the moment, and most of the web-based definitions aren't from clearly authoritative sources). Ross Fraser (talk) 00:29, 19 July 2010 (UTC)

Error of sign
In the section defining the stoichiometric coefficient, there are sign errors. "CH4 + 2 O2 → CO2 + 2 H2O, the stoichiometric coefficient of CH4 would be 1 and the stoichiometric coefficient of O2 would be 2."

According to the definition of the "stoichiometric number" by IUPAC, the sign (consumption or production) is included in the coefficient. So in the example the stoichiometric coefficient of CH4 would be -1 and the stoichiometric coefficient of O2 would be -2. http://www.iupac.org/goldbook/S06025.pdf Nicolas Le Novere (talk) 16:19, 17 September 2010 (UTC)

 * I agree that this needs revision, but see below. KeeYou Flib (talk) 13:33, 19 April 2021 (UTC)

dimensionless
The paragraph starting with "The (dimensionless) "units" may be taken to be molecules or moles. " does not make sense. Stoichiometric numbers are dimensionless because in the current interpretation of reaction kinetics, they represent the substance consumed/produced relative to an hypothetical substance which stoichiometric number would be 1. Another way of saying that is they represent the number of moles/molecules transformed per number of moles/molecules of reaction events. Because it is mole/mole or molecule/molecule, the result is dimensionless. It may not be taken as to be anything. dimensionless is dimensionless. We are talking of the dimensions of the SI units here. mole/mole = second/second = meter/meter = kg/kg. Nicolas Le Novere (talk) 16:19, 17 September 2010 (UTC)

What happened to the 'Definition' section?
In earlier versions there was a section called Definition, that elaborated on the basic concepts. Was it deliberately removed or did it get lost in the wiki cut-n-paste process? I'm restating it into the article, since it seems to have been lost to vandalism. Diego Moya (talk) 13:23, 30 October 2010 (UTC)

Error in Stoichiometric Air Fuel Ratios
There is an error in the mass ratio of air/natural gas for stoichiometric combustion. The ratio is listed as 14.5. Since NG is mostly methane, the ratio should be closer to 17.2 (the correct methane/air mass ratio). Since the table does not give the exact composition of (for example) NG or gasoline, and both of these substances have variable composition, it would be better to cite the NG and gasoline composition for which these ratios are stated. 71.136.237.55 (talk) 20:31, 4 July 2011 (UTC)

The "main reaction" of the combustion of gasoline (petrol) is not C + O2. Gasoline is not pure carbon!! Is it best to simplify and represent it as 100% octane ? So: 2 + 25  → 16  + 18  79.78.60.213 (talk) [5 July 2018]

 * You have a valid point. Gasoline is a complex mixture, but C8H18 is certainly a more representative formula than C so I have now changed it. And for the same reason, I have changed Diesel from C to C12H26. Dirac66 (talk) 23:24, 10 July 2018 (UTC)

Composition Stoichiometry example in intro makes no sense
"1 mol of ammonia consists of 1 mol of nitrogen and 3 mol of hydrogen. As the nitrogen atom is about 14 times heavier than the hydrogen atom, the mass ratio is 14:3, thus 1 kg of ammonia contains 176 g of hydrogen." -- this makes no sense: it would only be true of 1 mol of ammonia consisted of 1 mol of nitrogen and 1 mol of hydrogen. But there are *3* mols of hydrogen! Unless someone can explain otherwise, I'll re-write this example. --Ross Fraser (talk) 00:34, 21 March 2012 (UTC)

Please don't make corrections based on your personal knowledge, unless you've actually studied chemistry, let alone stoichiometry at this elementary level. The example was referring to the Haber process, and funnily enough it was also wrong, as well as your correction. 1 mol of nitrogen and 3 mol of hydrogen result in 2 mol of ammonia. Remember that hydrogen and nitrogen are also diatomic. Rifasj123 (talk) 06:08, 25 September 2013 (UTC)

Stoichiometry matrix extension to nuclear transformations
How is the stoichiometry matrix extended when nuclear transformations (alpha and beta-decay, nuclear reactions, etc) must be considered? It would be useful to add some details.--188.26.22.131 (talk) 11:04, 26 August 2013 (UTC)

Poor quality
To be honest the quality of this article is abysmal. Its scope is at a high school level, and it seems more suited as a tutorial rather than an encyclopedic page.

If I have time I will make major changes, but hopefully someone with a high degree of knowledge in Chemistry can help improve this article. It only explains topics in the context of solving elementary chemistry problems, and doesn't really elaborate on their interrelation, and relevance to the field of stoichiometry itself. Additionally a historical component could also be beneficial.

But in my opinion the most appalling issue with this article is the lack of citations, and thereby credibility on the subject matter. Rifasj123 (talk) 02:52, 24 September 2013 (UTC)

Wrong volumetric AFR for diesel
All other values in the table are given as air-to-fuel (AFR) volume ratios. If this is also the volumetric-AFR for diesel is clearly wrong. Probably that this is the fuel-to-air volumetric ratio instead - but i wouldn't like to assume. Either way, the table is confusing without explicit headings. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.211.37.96 (talk) 11:04, 5 January 2014 (UTC)

 * Yes, 0.094 volumes (or moles) of air for 1 volume (or mole) of diesel is absurd. The revision history of this article shows that the value 0.094:1 was not in the initial table, but was added on 16 Nov 2009 by editor 71.112.167.243 who has not contributed subsequently. Since we cannot contact him/her to check the source, I will just remove the incorrect value.

 * As for the headings, the article section in November 2009 had a more explicit title including the words air-to-fuel. I will restore this title to make it clear that the whole table refers to air-to-fuel ratios (except possibly the 0.094). Dirac66 (talk) 14:33, 5 January 2014 (UTC)

Use the word "amount"
The mole is defined as "the amount of substance of a system which contains as many elementary entities as there are atoms in 0.012 kilogram of carbon-12".

Bearing that in mind, I suggest the ghastly phrase "number of moles" be replaced by the simpler, more accurate word "amount". Thus "the number of moles of methane is 2" becomes "the amount of methane is 2mol". You'd never say "the number of kilograms of potatoes I want is 1", now, would you? Come on - be honest! 90.220.32.65 (talk) 14:16, 14 October 2014 (UTC) Watchkeeper, 14/10/14

 * Yes, I agree with you, so I have now found and changed 3 occurrences of "number of moles". Dirac66 (talk) 22:49, 14 October 2014 (UTC)

Referring to the potato example, one would also never say "amount of kilograms" because a kilogram doesn't represent a number of things. As we all know a mole is just a convenient unit to express a large number of something. I can have a mole of books, but I wouldn't say I have "an amount of books", instead, I would use "a number of books". I can see however that IUPAC uses "amount of moles". Out of curiosity, I noted that Google comes up with 1.5 million references to "amount of moles" and 3.1 million references to "number of moles". Personally I've never used "amount of moles" in my professional work. I'll ask one of my chemistry colleagues who has written a number of well-known chemistry/biochemistry textbooks to see what he thinks. Rhodydog (talk) 01:39, 21 January 2021 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 07:06, 30 April 2016 (UTC)

The example reactions in the "Stoichiometry matrix" section need improvement
Since the example contains 3 reactions that make no transformations, S1 and S2 are the same, and S3, S4, and S5 are the same. A better example that shows more distinct species would be easy to write.

Could you clarify what you mean that S1 and S2 are the same? The transformation S1 -> S2 could be an isomerization so S1 and S2 would be chemically different, there are many such examples. If you have an alternative example I'd be interested to see it. The main thing is that the example should illustrate the cancelation of stoichiometries as in the second reaction, other than that one can be flexible. Rhodydog (talk) 01:21, 21 January 2021 (UTC)

Stoichiometric number definition does not agree with the IUPAC Gold Book source cited or with common usage
The article has a very serious notation problem that also seems to have infected other articles on Wikipedia, so before I start changing things I'd like to ask for consensus.

According to the IUPAC Gold Book: "A chemical reaction of known stoichiometry can be written in general as:

aA+bB+...→...+yY+zZ

For the reaction products Y and Z the numbers y and z are known as the stoichiometric numbers, νY and νZ, for Y and Z respectively. For the reactants the stoichiometric numbers are the negatives of the numbers appearing in the equation; for example the stoichiometric number νA for the reactant A is −a. In other words, the stoichiometric numbers are positive for products and negative for reactants." The Gold Book reflects common usage here, and this notation is used in textbook treatments of chemical thermodynamics in the fields of chemistry and chemical engineering.

However, the article incorrectly refers to the stoichiometric coefficients si (which are a, b...,y,z in the example above) as being equal to the stoichiometric numbers $$\nu_i$$ (which are -a, -b ..., y, z). This is important in the theory of chemical thermodynamics and provides the correct pathway for the statement that the change in the number of moles of any species is proportional to the extent of reaction, with coefficient $$\nu_i$$. Anyone mind if I fix this? KeeYou Flib (talk) 13:29, 19 April 2021 (UTC)

I should have mentioned that the problem is specifically in the section entitled "Stoichiometric coefficient". The first introduction of the stoichiometric coeffiecient concept at the top of the page is correct as is. KeeYou Flib (talk) 13:37, 19 April 2021 (UTC)

 * Since no one raised an objection here, I did my best to boldly fix the problem. KeeYou Flib (talk) 04:28, 5 May 2021 (UTC)

Target of Stoichiometric coefficient redirect
I believe that the concept of stoichiometric coefficient is most easily and visually explained in the context of chemical equation, so I have retargetted it there. Petr Matas 08:37, 27 June 2022 (UTC)

over/under
Is there a definition for over-stoichiometric vs. under-stoichiometric? This came up in another article, which some suspect is the wrong way. It would seem that the definition would depend on which one you are considering first. That is, A reacts with B, is different from B reacts with A, but should be the same. Gah4 (talk) 09:32, 7 December 2022 (UTC)

Continuing the question, when one writes a stoichiometric ratio, is there a convention for which comes first and which second? Gah4 (talk) 09:38, 7 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Any thoughts on this one? Gah4 (talk) 00:50, 15 December 2022 (UTC)
 * OK, the actual question is for Diesel exhaust fluid. In the case of gasoline engines, it is lean vs. rich. Also, I am pretty sure it isn't a single word, so changed the question above. Gah4 (talk) 00:56, 15 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Although this isn't the article in question, I guess it's okay to gather opinions and information here, at least according to WP:APPNOTE. Anyway, I did stumble across these notes - are they perhaps helpful? http://fluid.wme.pwr.wroc.pl/~spalanie/dydaktyka/combustion_MiBM/fund/Stoichiometry.pdf Qflib, aka KeeYou Flib (talk) 22:08, 15 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Not perfect, but it does help. That leaves the question that does go to this page, about how ratios work. Gah4 (talk) 00:36, 17 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Tbh, I'm not following. Sorry to be slow. Are you suggesting that the page be changed in some way? If so, in what way specifically? Qflib, aka KeeYou Flib (talk) 19:24, 18 December 2022 (UTC)
 * The page (only one place) says overstoichiometric. First, I suspect it isn't a word, and should be two words, probably hyphenated. But also, I suspect that the article should explain the meaning in terms of stoichiometric ratios. Or maybe the other way around. That is, if I see an equation, and the term over-stoichiometric, do I immediately know what it means? Gah4 (talk) 00:29, 19 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Tbh, I'm not following. Sorry to be slow. Are you suggesting that the page be changed in some way? If so, in what way specifically? Qflib, aka KeeYou Flib (talk) 19:24, 18 December 2022 (UTC)
 * The page (only one place) says overstoichiometric. First, I suspect it isn't a word, and should be two words, probably hyphenated. But also, I suspect that the article should explain the meaning in terms of stoichiometric ratios. Or maybe the other way around. That is, if I see an equation, and the term over-stoichiometric, do I immediately know what it means? Gah4 (talk) 00:29, 19 December 2022 (UTC)
 * The page (only one place) says overstoichiometric. First, I suspect it isn't a word, and should be two words, probably hyphenated. But also, I suspect that the article should explain the meaning in terms of stoichiometric ratios. Or maybe the other way around. That is, if I see an equation, and the term over-stoichiometric, do I immediately know what it means? Gah4 (talk) 00:29, 19 December 2022 (UTC)
 * The page (only one place) says overstoichiometric. First, I suspect it isn't a word, and should be two words, probably hyphenated. But also, I suspect that the article should explain the meaning in terms of stoichiometric ratios. Or maybe the other way around. That is, if I see an equation, and the term over-stoichiometric, do I immediately know what it means? Gah4 (talk) 00:29, 19 December 2022 (UTC)

Although I agree that clarification is needed for the term, it does seem to be a concept that is in common usage. See here: https://glosbe.com/en/en/overstoichiometric. I think that the concept comes into play when discussing combustion specifically, see here: https://sagemetering.com/combustion-efficiency/stoichiometric-combustion-and-its-impact-on-boiler-efficiency/#:~:text=Stoichiometric%20combustion%20is%20a%20theoretical%20position%20where%20the%20optimal%20amount,reality%2C%20it%20does%20not%20exist. The term understoichiometric seems to come Into play when describing nonstoichiometric compounds with lower-than-stoichiometric ratios of elements such as oxygen. Qflib, aka KeeYou Flib (talk) 03:50, 19 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Ok, specifically, I was trying to figure out over or under. So, it is over or under for the more electronegative side? The oxidizing part that is often oxygen? In the case of many engines, it is lean and rich, and most know which is which. Most often for oxidation reactions, the oxidizing part is to the right.  That is, A + B --> C + D, the B and D are the oxidizing agents, while A and C are the reducing agents. Gah4 (talk) 11:28, 19 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Ok, specifically, I was trying to figure out over or under. So, it is over or under for the more electronegative side? The oxidizing part that is often oxygen? In the case of many engines, it is lean and rich, and most know which is which. Most often for oxidation reactions, the oxidizing part is to the right.  That is, A + B --> C + D, the B and D are the oxidizing agents, while A and C are the reducing agents. Gah4 (talk) 11:28, 19 December 2022 (UTC)

I don’t think that there’s any strict convention for writing redox reactions in any particular order. If there is, I’ve been doing it wrong for thirty years, so I hope not. Anyway, reading between the lines it seems to me that the concept is specifically used by engineers when they are working with real-world combustion engines and combustion cells, and probably refers to the lean/rich situation. It’s not something that I use as a chemist, that’s for certain. We tend to focus on whether or not a given reagent is the limiting reagent for purposes of synthetic conversion. Qflib, aka KeeYou Flib (talk) 17:34, 19 December 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Stoichiometry