text:
Peripheral artery disease

Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a vascular disorder that causes abnormal narrowing of arteries other than those that supply the heart or brain. PAD can happen in any blood vessel, but it is more common in the legs than the arms.

When narrowing occurs in the heart, it is called coronary artery disease (CAD), and in the brain, it is called cerebrovascular disease. Peripheral artery disease most commonly affects the legs, but other arteries may also be involved, such as those of the arms, neck, or kidneys.

Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a form of peripheral vascular disease. Vascular refers to both the arteries and veins within the body. PAD differs from peripheral veinous disease. PAD means the arteries are narrowed or blocked—the vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood as it moves away from the heart to other parts of the body. Peripheral veinous disease, on the other hand, refers to problems with veins—the vessels that bring the blood back to the heart.

The classic symptom is leg pain when walking, which resolves with rest and is known as intermittent claudication. Other symptoms include skin ulcers, bluish skin, cold skin, or abnormal nail and hair growth in the affected leg. Complications may include an infection or tissue death, which may require amputation; coronary artery disease; or stroke. Up to 50% of people with PAD do not have symptoms.

The greatest risk factor for PAD is cigarette smoking. Other risk factors include diabetes, high blood pressure, kidney problems, and high blood cholesterol. PAD is primarily caused by the buildup of fatty plaque in the arteries, which is called atherosclerosis, especially in individuals over 40 years old. Other mechanisms include artery spasm, blood clots, trauma, fibromuscular dysplasia, and vasculitis. PAD is typically diagnosed by finding an ankle-brachial index (ABI) less than 0.90, which is the systolic blood pressure at the ankle divided by the systolic blood pressure of the arm. Duplex ultrasonography and angiography may also be used. Angiography is more accurate and allows for treatment at the same time; however, it is associated with greater risks.

It is unclear if screening for peripheral artery disease in people without symptoms is useful, as it has not been properly studied. For those with intermittent claudication from PAD, stopping smoking and supervised exercise therapy may improve outcomes. Medications, including statins, ACE inhibitors, and cilostazol, may also help. Aspirin, which helps with thinning the blood and thus improving blood flow, does not appear to help those with mild disease but is usually recommended for those with more significant disease due to the increased risk of heart attacks. Anticoagulants (blood thinners) such as warfarin show no definitive scientific evidence of benefit in PAD. Surgical procedures used to treat PAD include bypass grafting, angioplasty, and atherectomy.

In 2015, about 155 million people had PAD worldwide. It becomes more common with age. In the developed world, it affects about 5.3% of 45- to 50-year-olds and 18.6% of 85- to 90-year-olds. In the developing world, it affects 4.6% of people between the ages of 45 and 50 and 15% of people between the ages of 85 and 90. PAD in the developed world is equally common among men and women, though in the developing world, women are more commonly affected. In 2015, PAD resulted in about 52,500 deaths, which is an increase from the 16,000 deaths in 1990.

Signs and symptoms
The signs and symptoms of peripheral artery disease are based on the part of the body that is affected. About 66% of patients affected by PAD either do not have symptoms or have atypical symptoms. The most common presenting symptom is intermittent claudication (IC), which typically refers to lower extremity skeletal muscle pain that occurs during exercise. IC presents when there is insufficient oxygen delivery to meet the metabolic requirements of the skeletal muscles. IC is a common manifestation of peripheral arterial disease (PAD). The pain is usually located in the calf muscles of the affected leg and is relieved by rest. This occurs because during exercise, the muscles require more oxygen. Normally, the arteries would be able to increase the amount of blood flow and therefore increase the amount of oxygen going to the exercised muscle. However, in PAD, the artery is unable to respond appropriately to the increased demand for oxygen from the muscles, and as a result, the muscles are deprived of oxygen, leading to muscle pain that subsides with rest.

Other symptoms may include:
 * Pain, aches, and/or cramps in the buttocks, hip, or thigh
 * Muscle atrophy (muscle loss) of the affected limb
 * Hair loss of the affected limb
 * Skin that is smooth, shiny, or cool to the touch in the affected area
 * Decreased or absent pulse in the feet
 * Cold and/or numbness in the toes
 * Sores/ulcers on the affected limb that do not heal

In individuals with severe PAD, complications may arise, including critical limb ischemia and gangrene. Critical limb ischemia occurs when the obstruction of blood flow in the artery is compromised to the point where the blood is unable to maintain oxygenation of the tissue at rest. This can lead to pain at rest, a feeling of coldness, or numbness in the affected foot and toes. Other complications of severe PAD include lower limb tissue loss (amputation), arterial insufficiency ulcers, erectile dysfunction, and gangrene. People with diabetes are affected by gangrene of the feet at a rate that is 30 times higher than the unaffected population. Many of these severe complications, such as those leading to amputation, are irreversible.

Risk factors
Factors contributing to an increased risk of PAD are the same as those for atherosclerosis. These include age, sex, and ethnicity. PAD is twice as common in males as in females. In terms of ethnicity, PAD is more common in people of color compared to the white population in a 2:1 ratio. The factors with the greatest risk associations are hyperlipidemia, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, and smoking. Presenting three of these factors or more increases the risk of developing PAD tenfold.
 * Smoking – Tobacco use in any form is the single greatest risk factor for peripheral artery disease internationally. Smokers have up to a 10-fold increase in the risk of PAD in a dose-response relationship. Exposure to second-hand smoke has also been shown to promote changes in the lining of blood vessels (endothelium), which can lead to atherosclerosis. Smokers are 2-3 times more likely to have lower extremity PAD than coronary artery disease. Greater than 80%–90% of patients with lower extremity peripheral arterial disease are current or former smokers. The risk of PAD increases with the number of cigarettes smoked per day and the number of years smoked.
 * High blood sugar – Diabetes mellitus is shown to increase the risk of PAD by 2-4 fold. It does this by causing endothelial and smooth-muscle cell dysfunction in peripheral arteries.  The risk of developing lower extremity peripheral arterial disease is proportional to the severity and duration of diabetes.
 * High blood cholesterol – Dyslipidemia, which is an abnormally high level of cholesterol or fat in the blood. Dyslipidemia is caused by a high level of a protein called low-density lipoprotein (LDL cholesterol), low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL cholesterol), elevation of total cholesterol, and/or high triglyceride levels. This abnormality in blood cholesterol levels has been correlated with accelerated peripheral artery disease. Management of dyslipidemia by diet, exercise, and/or medication is associated with a major reduction in rates of heart attack and stroke.
 * High blood pressure – Hypertension or elevated blood pressure can increase a person's risk of developing PAD. Similarly to PAD, there is a known association between high blood pressure and heart attacks, strokes, and abdominal aortic aneurysms. High blood pressure increases the risk of intermittent claudication, the most common symptom of PAD, by 2.5- to 4-fold in men and women, respectively.
 * Other risk factors that are being studied include levels of various inflammatory mediators such as C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, homocysteine, and lipoprotein A. Individuals with increased levels of homocysteine in their blood have a 2-fold risk of developing peripheral artery disease. While there are genetic factors leading to risk factors for peripheral artery disease, including diabetes and high blood pressure, there have been no specific genes or gene mutations directly associated with the development of peripheral artery disease.

High risk populations
Peripheral arterial disease is more common in these populations:
 * All people who have leg symptoms with exertion (suggestive of claudication) or ischemic rest pain
 * All people aged 65 years and over, regardless of risk factor status
 * All people between 50 and 69 who have a cardiovascular risk factor (particularly diabetes or smoking)
 * Age less than 50 years, with diabetes and one other atherosclerosis risk factor (smoking, dyslipidemia, hypertension, or hyperhomocysteinemia)
 * Individuals with an abnormal lower extremity pulse examination
 * Those with known atherosclerotic coronary, carotid, or renal artery disease
 * All people with a Framingham risk score of 10%–20%
 * All people who have previously experienced chest pain

Etiology and pathophysiology
Peripheral arterial disease is considered to be a set of chronic or acute syndromes, generally derived from the presence of occlusive arterial disease, which causes inadequate blood flow to the limbs.

As previously mentioned, the most common etiology of peripheral artery disease, especially in patients over 40 years old, is atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is a narrowing of the arteries caused by lipid or fat buildup and calcium deposition in the wall of the affected arteries.

The pathophysiology of atherosclerosis involves complex interactions between cholesterol and vascular cells. In the early stages of PAD, the arteries compensate for the plaque buildup by dilating to preserve flow through the vessel. Eventually, the artery cannot dilate any further, and the atherosclerotic plaque starts to narrow the arterial flow lumen.

When there is an imbalance between the needs of the peripheral tissues and the blood supply, we are faced with a situation of ischemia.

From the pathophysiologic point of view, a restriction of blood supply (ischemia) to the lower limbs can be classified as either functional or critical. Functional ischemia occurs when the blood flow is normal at rest but insufficient during exercise, presenting clinically as intermittent claudication. Critical ischemia is produced when the reduction in blood flow results in a perfusion deficit at rest and is defined by the presence of pain at rest or trophic lesions in the legs. In this situation, precise diagnosis is fundamental, as there is a clear risk of loss of the limb if adequate blood flow is not re-established, either by surgery or by endovascular therapy. Differentiating between the two concepts is important in order to establish the therapeutic indication and the prognosis in patients with PAD.

Other causes include vasculitis and in situ thrombosis related to hypercoagulable states. Additional mechanisms of peripheral artery disease include arterial spasm and fibromuscular dysplasia. The cause and pathophysiology of arterial spasm are not fully understood, but it is hypothesised that they can occur secondary to trauma. The symptoms of claudication ensue when the artery spasms, or clamps down on itself, creating an obstruction. Similar to atherosclerosis, this leads to decreased blood flow to the tissue downstream of the obstruction. Thrombosis, or the formation of a blood clot, usually occurs due to stasis or trauma.

Diagnosis
Diagnosing or identifying peripheral artery disease requires a history of symptoms and a physical exam, followed by confirmatory testing. These tests could include CT scans (Computed Tomographic Angiography), MRA scans (Magnetic Resonance Angiography), or ultrasounds for imaging. In the setting of symptoms consistent with peripheral artery disease, a physician will then examine an individual for specific exam findings. Abnormal physical exam findings can lead a health care provider to consider a specific diagnosis. However, in order to confirm a diagnosis, confirmatory testing is required.

These findings are associated with peripheral artery disease:
 * Decreased or absent pulses
 * Muscle atrophy or wasting
 * Noticeable blueness of the affected limb
 * Decreased temperature (coolness) in the affected limb when compared to the other
 * Thickened nails
 * Smooth or shiny skin and hair loss
 * Buerger's test can check for pallor when the affected limb is in an elevated position. The limb is then moved from an elevated to a sitting position and checked for redness, which is called reactive hyperemia. Buerger's test is an assessment of arterial sufficiency, which is the ability of the artery to supply oxygenated blood to the tissue that it goes to.
 * Nonhealing lower extremity wound

If peripheral artery disease is suspected, the initial study is the ankle–brachial index (ABI). The ABI is a simple, non-invasive test that measures the ratio of systolic blood pressure in the ankle to the systolic blood pressure in the upper arm. This is based on the idea that if blood pressure readings in the ankle are lower than those in the arm, a blockage in the arteries that provide blood from the heart to the ankle is suspected. An ABI range of 0.90 to 1.40 is considered normal. A person is considered to have PAD when the ABI is ≤ 0.90. However, PAD can be further graded as mild to moderate if the ABI is between 0.41 and 0.90, and severe if the ABI is less than 0.40. These categories can provide insight into the disease course. Furthermore, ABI values of 0.91 to 0.99 are considered borderline, and values >1.40 indicate noncompressible arteries. If an ABI >1.40 is calculated, this could indicate vessel wall stiffness caused by calcification, which can occur in people with uncontrolled diabetes. Abnormally high ABIs (>1.40) are usually considered false negatives, and thus, such results merit further investigation and higher-level studies. Individuals with noncompressible arteries have an increased risk of cardiovascular mortality within a two-year period.

Individuals with suspected PAD with normal ABIs can undergo exercise testing for ABI. A baseline ABI is obtained prior to exercise. The patient is then asked to exercise (usually patients are made to walk on a treadmill at a constant speed) until claudication pain occurs (for a maximum of 5 minutes), after which the ankle pressure is again measured. A decrease in ABI of 15%–20% would be diagnostic of PAD.

If ABIs are abnormal, the next step is generally a lower limb Doppler ultrasound to look at the site of obstruction and extent of atherosclerosis. Other imaging can be performed by angiography, where a catheter is inserted into the common femoral artery and selectively guided to the artery in question. While injecting a radio-dense contrast agent, an X-ray is taken. Any blood flow-limiting blockage found in the X-ray can be identified and treated by procedures including atherectomy, angioplasty, or stenting. Contrast angiography is the most readily available and widely used imaging technique. Modern computerized tomography (CT) scanners provide direct imaging of the arterial system. Studies have shown the sensitivity and specificity of CT in identifying lesions with >50% stenosis to be 95% and 96%, respectively. As such, CT may be considered as an alternative to invasive angiography. An important distinction between the two is that, unlike invasive angiography, assessment of the arterial system with CT does not allow for vascular intervention.

Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) is a noninvasive diagnostic procedure that uses a combination of a large magnet, radio frequencies, and a computer to produce detailed images of blood vessels inside the body. The advantages of MRA include its safety and ability to provide high-resolution, three-dimensional imaging of the entire abdomen, pelvis, and lower extremities in one sitting.

Classification
The two most commonly used methods to classify peripheral artery disease are the Fontaine and Rutherford systems of classification. The Fontaine stages were introduced by René Fontaine in 1954 to define the severity of chronic limb ischemia:
 * Stage I: asymptomatic
 * Stage IIa: intermittent claudication after walking a distance of more than 200 meters
 * Stage IIb: intermittent claudication after walking a distance of less than 200 meters
 * Stage III: rest pain
 * Stage IV: ulcers or gangrene of the limb

The Rutherford classification was created by the Society for Vascular Surgery and the International Society of Cardiovascular Surgery, introduced in 1986 and revised in 1997 (and known as the Rutherford classification after the lead author, Robert B. Rutherford). This classification system consists of four grades and seven categories (categories 0–6):
 * Grade 0, Category 0: asymptomatic
 * Grade I, Category 1: mild claudication
 * Grade I, Category 2: moderate claudication
 * Grade I, Category 3: severe claudication
 * Grade II, Category 4: rest pain
 * Grade III, Category 5: minor tissue loss; ischemic ulceration not exceeding ulcer of the digits of the foot
 * Grade IV, Category 6: major tissue loss; severe ischemic ulcers or frank gangrene

Moderate to severe PAD, classified by Fontaine's stages III to IV or Rutherford's categories 4 to 5, presents a limb threat (risk of limb loss) in the form of critical limb ischemia.

Recently, the Society for Vascular Surgery came out with a classification system based on "wound, ischemia and foot infection" (WIfI). This classification system, published in 2013, was created to account for the demographic changes that have occurred over the past forty years, including the increased incidence of high blood sugar and evolving techniques and abilities for revascularization. This system was created on the basis that ischemia and angiographic disease patterns are not the sole determinants of amputation risk. The WIfI classification system is broken up into two parts: wounds and ischemia. Wounds are graded 0 through 3 based on the presence of ulceration, gangrene, and ischemia.
 * Grade 0: no ulcer, no gangrene
 * Grade 1: small, shallow ulcer; no gangrene
 * Grade 2: deep ulcer with exposed tendon or bone, gangrene limited to toes
 * Grade 3: extensive, full-thickness ulcer; gangrene extending to the forefoot or midfoot

Ischemia is graded 0 through 3 based on ABI, ankle systolic pressure, and toe pressure.
 * Grade 0: ABI ≥0.80, ankle systolic pressure ≥100 mm Hg, toe pressure ≥60 mm Hg
 * Grade 1: arterial brachial index 0.6 to 0.79, ankle systolic pressure 70 to 100 mm Hg, toe pressure 40 to 59 mm Hg
 * Grade 2: ABI 0.4–0.59, ankle systolic pressure 50 to 70 mm Hg, toe pressure 30 to 39 mm Hg
 * Grade 3: ABI ≤0.39, ankle systolic pressure <50 mm Hg, toe pressure <30 mm Hg

The TASC (and TASC II) classification suggests PAD treatment is based on the severity of disease seen on an angiogram.

Screening
It is not clear if screening for disease in the general population is useful, as it has not been extensively studied. This includes screening with the ankle-brachial index (ABI), although a systematic review of the literature did not support the use of routine ABI screening in asymptomatic patients.

Testing for coronary artery disease or carotid artery disease is of unclear benefit. While PAD is a risk factor for abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA), there is no data on screening individuals with asymptomatic PAD for abdominal aortic aneurysms. For people with symptomatic PAD, screening by ultrasound for AAA is not unreasonable.

Wearable devices and remote patient monitoring
A 2022 review found that a variety of wearable medical devices measuring different parameters (such as body temperature) were being combined with remote patient monitoring of PAD patients, in a goal to improve health outcomes.

Some studies propose the development of devices measuring oxygen continuously during exercise. This is because resting perfusion and metabolic activity are extremely low and differences between non-patients and PAD patients are barely measurable. As such, testing of vascular function and energetics requires a physiological challenge. Pulse oximeters can be inconvenient to wear during exercise and only give oxygen values at discrete time points, nor is there sufficient evidence to support any use in identifying PAD. Some publications and studies therefore discuss the use of wearable sensors measuring oxygen levels continuously in PAD patients, such as through transcutaneous means. However, because transcutaneous measurements are affected by movement (such as during exercise) and body temperature, use of oxygen sensors that are inserted subcutaneously as opposed to transcutaneously may most effectively help monitor a PAD patient’s progress and direct therapy decisions. To date, one oxygen sensing system has been approved for use in Europe to measure tissue perfusion in all PAD patients.

Treatment
Depending on the severity of the disease, these steps can be taken, according to these guidelines:

Lifestyle

 * Stopping smoking (cigarettes promote PAD and are a risk factor for cardiovascular disease)
 * Regular exercise for those with claudication helps open up alternative small vessels (collateral flow), and the limitation in walking often improves. Treadmill exercise (35 to 50 minutes, three or four times per week ) has been reviewed as another treatment with a number of positive outcomes, including a reduction in cardiovascular events and improved quality of life. Supervised exercise programs increase pain-free walking time and the maximum walking distance in people with PAD.

Medication

 * Management of diabetes
 * Management of hypertension
 * Management of high cholesterol, and antiplatelet drugs such as aspirin and clopidogrel. Statins reduce clot formation and cholesterol levels, respectively, and can help with disease progression and address the other cardiovascular risks that the affected person is likely to have.

According to guidelines, taking aspirin or clopidogrel is recommended to reduce AMI ("heart attack"), stroke, and other causes of vascular death in people with symptomatic peripheral artery disease. It is recommended that aspirin and clopidogrel be taken alone and not in conjunction with one another (i.e., not as dual antiplatelet therapy). The recommended daily dosage of aspirin for treating PAD is between 75 and 325 mg, while the recommended daily dosage for clopidogrel is 75 mg. The effectiveness of both aspirin and clopidogrel to reduce the risk of cardiovascular ischemic events in people with symptomatic PAD is not well established. Research also suggests that low-dose rivaroxaban plus aspirin is effective as a new anti-thrombotic regimen for PAD.

Cilostazol can improve symptoms in some people. Pentoxifylline is of unclear benefit. Cilostazol may improve walking distance for people who experience claudication due to peripheral artery disease, but no strong evidence suggests that it improves the quality of life, decreases mortality, or decreases the risk of cardiovascular events.

Treatment with other drugs or vitamins is unsupported by clinical evidence, "but trials evaluating the effect of folate and vitamin B12 on hyperhomocysteinemia, a putative vascular risk factor, are near completion".

Revascularization
After a trial of the best medical treatment outlined above, if symptoms persist, patients may be referred to a vascular or endovascular surgeon. The benefit of revascularization is thought to correspond to the severity of ischemia and the presence of other risk factors for limb loss, such as wound and infection severity.
 * 3D Medical Animation Vascular Bypass Grafting.jpg Angioplasty (or percutaneous transluminal angioplasty) can be done on solitary lesions in large arteries, such as the femoral artery, but may not have sustained benefits. Patency rates following angioplasty are highest for iliac arteries and decrease with arteries towards the toes. Other criteria that affect the outcome following revascularization are the length of the lesion and the number of lesions. There do not appear to be any long-term advantages or sustained benefits to placing a stent following angioplasty in order to hold the narrowing of the subsartorial artery open.
 * Atherectomy, in which the plaque is scraped off the inside of the vessel wall (albeit with no better results than angioplasty).
 * Vascular bypass grafting can be performed to circumvent a diseased area of the arterial vasculature. The great saphenous vein is used as a conduit if available, although artificial (Gore-Tex or PTFE) material is often used for long grafts when adequate venous conduit is unavailable.
 * When gangrene has set in, amputation may be required to prevent infected tissues from causing sepsis, a life-threatening illness.
 * Thrombolysis and thrombectomy are used in cases of arterial thrombosis or embolism.
 * shockwave intravascular lithotripsy, a minimally-invasive method which uses ultrasound waves to break up plaque within the artery without need for penetration. The method was first approved by the US Food and Drug Administration in February 2021, and has been used as a complement to more widely-used methods of atherectomy.

Guidelines
A guideline from the American College of Cardiology and American Heart Association for the diagnosis and treatment of lower extremity, renal, mesenteric, and abdominal aortic PAD was compiled in 2013, combining the 2005 and 2011 guidelines. For chronic limb-threatening ischemia, the ACCF/AHA guidelines recommend balloon angioplasty only for people with a life expectancy of 2 years or less or those who do not have an autogenous vein available. For those with a life expectancy greater than 2 years or who have an autogenous vein, bypass surgery is recommended.

Prognosis
Individuals with PAD have an "exceptionally elevated risk for cardiovascular events and the majority will eventually die of a cardiac or cerebrovascular etiology". Prognosis is correlated with the severity of the PAD as measured by an ABI. Large-vessel PAD increases mortality from cardiovascular disease significantly. PAD carries a greater than "20% risk of a coronary event in 10 years".

The risk is low that an individual with claudication will develop severe ischemia and require amputation, but the risk of death from coronary events is three to four times higher than matched controls without claudication. Of patients with intermittent claudication, only "7% will undergo lower-extremity bypass surgery, 4% major amputations, and 16% worsening claudication", but stroke and heart attack events are elevated, and the "5-year mortality rate is estimated to be 30% (versus 10% in controls)".

Epidemiology
The prevalence of PAD in the general population is 3–7%, affecting up to 20% of those over 70; 70%–80% of affected individuals are asymptomatic; only a minority ever require revascularization or amputation. Peripheral artery disease affects one in three diabetics over the age of 50. In the US, it affects 12–20 percent of Americans age 65 and older. Around 10 million Americans have PAD. Despite its prevalence and implications for cardiovascular risk, there are still low levels of awareness of risk factors and symptoms, with 26% of the population in the US reported to have knowledge of PAD.

In 2000, among people aged 40 years and older in the United States, rates of PAD were 4.3%. Rates were 14.5% for people aged 70 years or over. Within age groups, rates were generally higher for women than men. Non-Hispanic blacks had a rate of 7.9% compared to 4.4% in Non-Hispanic whites and 3.0% (1.4%–4.6%) in Mexican Americans.

The incidence of symptomatic PAD increases with age, from about 0.3% per year for men aged 40–55 years to about 1% per year for men aged over 75 years. The prevalence of PAD varies considerably depending on how PAD is defined and the age of the population being studied. People diagnosed with PAD have a greater risk of a MACE (Major Adverse Cardiac Event) and stroke. Their risk of developing a reinfarction, stroke, or transient ischemic attack within one year following a heart attack increases to 22.9%, compared to 11.4% for those without PAD.

The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial and the UK Prospective Diabetes Study trials in people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes, respectively, demonstrated that glycemic control is more strongly associated with microvascular disease than macrovascular disease. Pathologic changes occurring in small vessels may be more sensitive to chronically elevated glucose levels than atherosclerosis occurring in larger arteries.

Research
Research is being done on therapies to prevent the progression of PAD. In those who have developed critically poor blood flow to the legs, the benefit of autotransplantation of autologous mononuclear cells is unclear.

Only one randomized controlled trial has been conducted comparing vascular bypass to angioplasty for the treatment of severe PAD. The trial found no difference in amputation-free survival between vascular bypass and angioplasty at the planned clinical endpoint, but the trial has been criticized as being underpowered, limiting endovascular options, and comparing inappropriate endpoints. As of 2017, two randomized clinical trials are being conducted to better understand the optimal revascularization technique for severe PAD and critical limb ischemia (CLI), the BEST-CLI (Best Endovascular Versus Best Surgical Therapy for Patients With Critical Limb Ischemia) Trial and the BASIL-2 (Bypass Versus Angioplasty in Severe Ischaemia of the Leg – 2 )Trial.

In 2011, pCMV-vegf165 was registered in Russia as the first-in-class gene therapy drug for the treatment of PAD, including the advanced stage of critical limb ischemia.

title: Peripheral artery disease


text:
Baron Annaly

Baron Annaly is a title that has been created three times, twice in the Peerage of Ireland and once in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. Annaly is named after the ancient term for the general locale, which in turn was named after the original ancient king. The third creation is currently extant.

History
The first creation came in the Peerage of Ireland in 1766 when the lawyer and politician John Gore was made Baron Annaly, of Tenelick in the County of Longford. He had previously represented Jamestown and County Longford in the Irish House of Commons and served as Solicitor-General for Ireland from 1760 to 1764. Gore was the son of George Gore, younger son of Sir Arthur Gore, 1st Baronet, whose elder son Paul Gore was the grandfather of Arthur Gore, 1st Earl of Arran. George, like his son, was Attorney General and a High Court judge. Other members of the Gore family include the Gore baronets of Magharabeg, the Barons Harlech and the Earls Temple of Stowe (a title which has come into the family through marriage). On Lord Annaly's death in 1784 the title became extinct.

The second creation came in the Peerage of Ireland in 1789 when Henry Gore was created Baron Annaly, of Tenelick, in the County of Longford. He was the younger brother of John Gore, 1st Baron Annaly of the 1766 creation. Gore had previously represented County Longford and Lanesborough in the Irish House of Commons. On his death in 1793 this title became extinct as well.

The third creation came in the Peerage of the United Kingdom in 1863 when the Liberal politician Henry White was made Baron Annaly, of Annaly and Rathcline in the County of Longford. He had earlier represented County Dublin and County Longford in the House of Commons and also served as Lord Lieutenant of County Longford. White's father Luke White had previously represented County Leitrim in Parliament as a Whig. The first Baron's son, the second Baron, sat as a Liberal Member of Parliament for County Clare, County Longford and Kidderminster and served as a Junior Lord of the Treasury from 1862 to 1866 in the Liberal administrations of Lord Palmerston and Lord Russell. He was also Lord Lieutenant of County Longford.

, the title is held by his great-great-grandson, the sixth Baron, who succeeded his father in 1990. He served briefly as a government whip in 1994 in the Conservative government of John Major. However, Lord Annaly lost his seat in the House of Lords after the House of Lords Act of 1999 removed the automatic right of hereditary peers to sit in the upper chamber of Parliament.

The family seat was Luttrellstown Castle, near Clonsilla, Dublin in Republic of Ireland.

Barons Annaly, first creation (1766)

 * John Gore, 1st Baron Annaly (1718–1784)

Barons Annaly, second creation (1789)

 * Henry Gore, 1st Baron Annaly (1728–1793)

Barons Annaly, third creation (1863)

 * Henry White, 1st Baron Annaly (1791–1873)
 * Luke White, 2nd Baron Annaly (1829–1888)
 * Luke White, 3rd Baron Annaly (1857–1922)
 * Luke Henry White, 4th Baron Annaly (1885–1970)
 * Luke Robert White, 5th Baron Annaly (1927–1990)
 * Luke Richard White, 6th Baron Annaly (born 1954)

The heir apparent is the present holder's only son Luke Henry White (born 1990).

Feudal lords and feudal barons of Annaly, Westmeath and later County Longford
In 1552, Edward VI granted lands of Annalye to Baron Delvin including the Holy Island and lands of the O'Ferralls.

In 1556–57, Philip and Mary made grants to Lord Baron Delvin of the northern Annaly region before the county became County Longford.

King James I also granted to Lord Baron Delvin the Island and monastery of Inchemore, otherwise Inismore, in the Annalie.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Baron Annaly


text:
Drop zone

A drop zone (DZ) is a place where parachutists or parachuted supplies land. It can be an area targeted for landing by paratroopers and airborne forces, or a base from which recreational parachutists and skydivers take off in aircraft and land under parachutes. In the latter case, it is often beside a small airport, frequently sharing the facility with other general aviation.

At recreational drop zones, an area is generally set side for parachute landings. Personnel at the site may include a drop zone operator or owner (DZO), manifestors (who maintain the flight manifest documents defining who flies and when), pilots, instructors or coaches, camera operators, parachute packers and riggers, and other general staff.

History

The concept of a drop zone became relevant alongside the emerging relevance of parachuting, which had only begun taking place in the late eighteenth century. The first parachuting jump from an aircraft occurred in 1797 when Andre Jacques Garnerin descended above Paris landing in Parc Monceau, which then makes it the very first appointed drop zone. More specifically, the area where Garnerin landed is said to have been surrounded by a crowd, which means that the boundaries of the drop zone at Parc Monceau are marked by the surrounding crowd. After Garnerin’s jump, the idea of parachute jumping was abandoned due to the impractical nature of parachute design, until the idea became more popular with the increasing demands from entertainment-seeking public and the military. The beginning of World War I had made significant contribution to the development of parachuting due to the high demands from the military which influenced the increasing production and technological development of parachute design

Furthermore, the developments in aircraft design made the application of parachuting more feasible by improving the ease of personnel transportation allowing for the implementation of paratroopers – military parachutists. Paratroopers would conduct surprise attacks and seize military objectives, which meant that paratroopers were assigned or would choose drop zones that were less predictable and more extreme than what would usually be accepted by recreational parachutists. For example, during the Battle of Crete in 1941 the Germans deployed many paratroopers to seize Allied territory by establishing an airhead (a kind of drop zone which is used to receive allied reinforcements while defended in a threatened territory), which proved to the Allies the effectiveness of military parachuting. Post-World War II, parachuting continued to see development in military and recreational directions which led to the broadening of the definition of a drop zone now allowing for any place for skydiving to be called a drop zone (DZ)

Military drop zone
In the military context a drop zone is any designated area where personnel and or equipment may be delivered by parachute or, in the case of certain items, by free drop. The specific parameters for DZ’s may vary between militaries. For example, NATO’s STANAG normative regulation for drop zone operation and engagement differs from the parameters set out by the United States Marine Corps.

STANAG, 1993 Drop Zone chapter considers a range of factors involved in appropriate drop engagement. Firstly, the airspeed of engagement over the drop zone is used to estimate the time to the landing at the drop zone. Drop altitude is another measurable variable which is calculated between the aircraft and the ground, taking into consideration the personnel, container delivery as well as the weight of the equipment delivered. The time between jumps is also considered which depends on the number of jumpers. Then, the methods of delivery are provided; there are usually three methods: low velocity to decrease airspeed most for sensitive equipment and personnel, high velocity for supplies and free drop. DZ obstacles include trees, water, powerlines or other conditions that may injure parachutists or damage equipment. Access to and size of DZ are calculated with regards to the obstacles and the number of jumpers; for example, one jumper the size of DZ should be at least 550m by 550m. Another important variable which determines the effectiveness of a DZ is the support team (DZST) servicing it. STANAG regulation suggests that there should be at least two trained members of personnel servicing a DZ. Primary missions of the DZST include wartime CDS drops to battalion or smaller size units, and peacetime visual meteorological conditions drops involving one to three aircraft for personnel, CDS, and heavy equipment. Another important function of DZST is to be familiar and mark the DZ appropriately for the incoming aircraft as well as being able to communicate the dangers or other conditions that surround the DZ (Jumpmaster Study Guide Supplemental Materials, 2020).

The technical element of DZ planning is well justified by the prevailing factors that cause injury during “combat jumping” up to this day. In 1945 airborne assault casualty rates from parachuting itself were around 6%, now persisting at around 3%. The factors causing the injuries are often related to communication with DZST and inappropriate injury assessments. Often the failure to communicate the cancelation of the mission, or no-go weather conditions are the reasons for chaotic and damaging combat jumps. On the other hand, the vast range of factors that constitute a safe drop zone is often unmet due to the extreme and unpredictable nature of military drop zones, which inevitably causes injuries. It was found that injury assessment during combat jumps is often overexaggerated and mission ineffective, making the importance of appropriate drop zone arrangement and support even more valid.

Recreational drop zone

The earliest recreational parachuting jumps were made from balloons, and the first successful parachute descent was performed in 1797 over Paris. Free-falling jumps were not possible until 1908 Contests began in the US in 1926, and the first world championship was held in Yugoslavia in 1951. Competitors normally used aircraft to carry them to about 3600 m, and parachutes are usually opened at about 760 m. In skydiving parachutists compete in 4 world championship areas: free-fall individual style manoeuvres, combined with precision accuracy landing; 4 and 8-person group free-fall, with recreational jumping in groups of 2 to 100; open parachute formations and para-ski.

Skydiving in sport is practiced at a drop zone, a facility with authorization for parachute jumps. In some instances, first aid may be available at the DZ, but one study noted that injuries sustained only amounted to around 0.2% of all the skydives. Furthermore, the modern framework for skydiving drop zones is established in the official policy documents such as Parachute Descents Authorisation and Specification 2020, which defines DZs clearly in the civilian context.

In addition to regular jumps, many skydivers attend events called “boogies.” Boogies are special events hosted by one DZ to draw jumpers from surrounding DZs for jumping and partying. So, the purpose of a DZ is not only to facilitate recreational parachuting but also to bring people together in a community.

title: Drop zone


text:
Sean O'Keefe

Sean Charles O'Keefe (born January 27, 1956) is a university professor at Syracuse University Maxwell School, former chairman of Airbus Group, Inc.,   former Secretary of the Navy, former Administrator of NASA, and former chancellor of Louisiana State University (LSU). He is a former member of the board of directors of DuPont.

Early life and education
O'Keefe was born in Monterey, California, to Patricia (née Carlin; died 2010) and Patrick Gordon O'Keefe (born c. 1927), both natives of New Orleans. Patrick O'Keefe became a United States Navy engineer and over the years worked on nuclear submarines. The family lived on several naval bases during O'Keefe's childhood.

In 1973, he graduated from Wheeler High School in North Stonington, Connecticut. He attended Loyola University in New Orleans, graduating in 1977 with a Bachelor of Arts in History. He subsequently acquired his Master of Public Administration degree in 1978 from the Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs at Syracuse University.

Career
After receiving his master's degree, he began his career as Presidential Management Intern and later was a budget analyst for the Department of Defense. He served on the United States Senate Committee on Appropriations staff for eight years, and was Staff Director of the Defense Appropriations Subcommittee.

Comptroller, U.S. Department of Defense (1989–1992)
In 1989, O'Keefe became Comptroller for the Department of Defense. Dubbed by some "the Grim Reaper," he led efforts to cut defense programs the Pentagon's senior leadership saw as unnecessary or wasteful. He was lauded for his handling of the financial aspects of the Gulf War, managing to collect large payments from U.S. allies which significantly offset the cost of the war.

Secretary of the Navy (1992–1993)
On July 7, 1992, President George H. W. Bush named him Acting Secretary of the Navy. He subsequently became permanent Secretary of the Navy and held that position until Bush left office on January 20, 1993. Although his time in office was less than seven months, it was eventful. Originally appointed to help clean up the "Tailhook" sexual harassment scandal, he also dealt with the draw down of Navy- and Marine Corps forces in the wake of the end of the Cold War, and he issued a new strategy policy statement for the sea services called "...From the Sea".

After Bush left office, O'Keefe was Professor of Business Administration, Assistant to the Senior Vice President for Research and Dean of the Graduate School at Pennsylvania State University. He next became the Louis A. Bantle Professor of Business and Government Policy, an endowed chair at Syracuse University's Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs.

Deputy Director Office of Management and Budget (2001)
From January to December 2001, O'Keefe served as deputy director of the Office of Management and Budget in the George W. Bush administration, a job that strengthened his reputation as a "bean counter".

Administrator of NASA (2001–2004)
O'Keefe became NASA administrator on December 21, 2001, after the United States Senate confirmed his nomination. He came to NASA without formal training in science or engineering (as was the case with James E. Webb who was NASA administrator from 1961 to 1968). O'Keefe's tenure at NASA can be divided into roughly three equal periods, each marked by a single problem or event of overriding importance. In the period December 2001 through January 2003, O'Keefe eliminated a $5 billion cost overrun in the construction of the International Space Station. In 2003, he dealt with the Space Shuttle Columbia accident and its aftermath. From January 2004 through February 2005, O'Keefe re-organized NASA to start working on President George W. Bush's newly announced Vision for Space Exploration to send humans to the Moon and Mars.

One of O'Keefe's most controversial decisions occurred in January 2004, when he cancelled an upcoming Space Shuttle mission to service the aging Hubble Space Telescope. O'Keefe claimed that, in light of the Space Shuttle Columbia accident, the mission would be too risky, since any potential shuttle damage while visiting the Hubble, would mean insufficient fuel to dock with the space station as a "safe haven". While members of the Columbia Accident Investigation Board (CAIB) supported this decision numerous astronomers felt that the Hubble telescope was valuable enough to merit the risk. This resulted in strained relations between astronomers and the astronaut community.

In the buildup to the 2004 presidential election, a dispute in the press occurred between O'Keefe and NASA climatologist James Hansen. In 2003, it was claimed, O'Keefe warned Hansen not to discuss humanity's role in global warming. "The administrator [Mr. O'Keefe] interrupted me," Dr. Hansen said in the New York Times, "he told me that I should not talk about dangerous anthropogenic interference, because we do not know enough or have enough evidence for what would constitute dangerous anthropogenic interference." O'Keefe's spokesperson said O'Keefe had not meant to admonish Hansen or suggest that research efforts should be cut. The New York Times reported that "Dr. Franco Einaudi, director of the NASA Earth Sciences Directorate at the Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, and Dr. Hansen's supervisor, said he was at the meeting between Dr. Hansen and Mr. O'Keefe. Dr. Einaudi confirmed that Mr. O'Keefe had interrupted the presentation to say that these were "delicate issues" and there was a lot of uncertainty about them. But, he added: "Whether it is obvious to take that as an order or not is a question of judgment. Personally, I did not take it as an order."

O'Keefe responded to President Bush's 'Vision for Exploration' by hiring retired Navy Admiral Craig E. Steidle who had previously led development of the Joint Strike Fighter (JSF) as an associate administrator in charge of NASA's new Exploration Systems Mission Directorate (ESMD). He developed a mission architecture for lunar exploration based on four launches of medium-lift vehicles and four space rendezvous per mission, which was immediately scrapped by Michael Griffin upon his arrival at NASA. NASA started over with the Exploration Systems Architecture Study (ESAS), sixteen months after Bush's Vision for Space Exploration announcement. This led to the Ares I and Ares V launch vehicles (later cancelled) and the Orion Crew Exploration Vehicle.

O'Keefe announced his resignation from NASA on December 13, 2004.

Asteroid 78905 Seanokeefe was named in honor of O'Keefe's role as NASA administrator.

Chancellor of Louisiana State University (2005–2008)
O'Keefe succeeded Mark Emmert on February 21, 2005. O'Keefe has been credited for establishing the Louisiana State University endowment through the $798 million "Forever LSU Campaign", his second campaign as LSU's chancellor. He became popular among students for interacting with them, especially during periodic 'Chats with the Chancellor' across the campus throughout the semesters, and because of his encouraging emails. O'Keefe led LSU during its response to Hurricane Katrina in August and September 2005 when the campus was transformed into what has been called "the largest acute-care field hospital established in a contingency in the nation's history." On January 16, 2008, he announced that February 1, 2008 was his last day as chancellor.

O'Keefe lightly discussed his membership in the exclusive San Francisco Bohemian Club that has a 15- to 20-year waiting list, with the Louisiana State University student newspaper The Daily Reveille. During July 2005, O'Keefe had traveled to visit the famous Bohemian Grove near San Francisco as a member of the 'Wayside Log camp'. The prior time in 1993 he was the guest of a member, one whom he later appointed to a NASA panel.

EADS North America / Airbus Group North American Unit (2009–2014)
In October 2009, EADS North America hired O'Keefe as CEO. His Washington connections were noted at a time when EADS was trying to secure a $35 billion U.S. Air Force contract for tanker aircraft in a competition with Boeing. O'Keefe brought aboard Paul Pastorek, the Louisiana state school superintendent from 2007 to 2011, as the EADS chief counsel and corporate secretary. O'Keefe and his teenaged son were among four survivors of an August 2010 seaplane crash near Aleknagik, Alaska; O'Keefe sustained serious injuries, while former US Senator Ted Stevens and four others were killed. In January 2011, O'Keefe assumed the additional responsibilities of chairman of the board of EADS, which was renamed Airbus Group's North American Unit. In March 2014, O'Keefe stepped down as Chief Executive to address lingering medical issues from his 2010 airplane crash injuries.

Syracuse University (2014–present)
In November 2014 the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) announced that O'Keefe had joined CSIS as a Distinguished Senior Adviser. Simultaneously Syracuse University announced that O'Keefe had been appointed as a University Professor. O'Keefe has long been affiliated with Syracuse University since his graduation. From 1996 to 2001, O'Keefe was the Maxwell School's Louis A. Bantle Professor of Business and Government Policy. He received Syracuse University Chancellor's Award for Public Service for faculties in 1999 and the distinguished alumni Arents Award for Excellence in Public Service in 2011.

In 2020, O'Keefe, along with over 130 other former Republican national security officials, signed a statement that asserted that President Trump was unfit to serve another term, and "To that end, we are firmly convinced that it is in the best interest of our nation that Vice President Joe Biden be elected as the next President of the United States, and we will vote for him."

Personal life
O'Keefe and his wife, Laura, have three children. O'Keefe's great-grandfather was Arthur J. O'Keefe Sr., who from 1926 to 1929 was the mayor of New Orleans, Louisiana. His grandfather, Arthur O'Keefe Jr., was a member of the Louisiana State Senate from New Orleans from 1948 to 1950. His uncle is the former State Senate President, Michael H. O'Keefe. On August 9, 2010, O'Keefe survived the 2010 Alaska DHC-3 Otter crash which killed former Alaska senator Ted Stevens.

title: Sean O'Keefe


text:
Talk:Fantasy Beastiary

Why does Fantasy Bestiary redirect here, and not the other way around? Have I been spelling "bestiary" wrong my whole life? Jwrosenzweig 00:22, 26 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Yeah, I agree that "bestiary" seems to be more common. "Beastiary" doesn't exist at dictionary.com, and Google shows that "bestiary" is far more common (searching for "beastiary" gives nearly as many results that spell it without the 'a'). But there's another problem with this article... --Mrwojo 21:31, 15 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Re-creation / duplicate article
This article has been re-created from what used to be at fantasy bestiary (note the lowercase 'b'). There was role-playing bestiary, which then after discussion was moved to fantasy bestiary, which was moved to list of species in fantasy fiction. The discussion got a little scattershot since there were/are many articles covering a similar topic to this one, such as List of species in fantasy fiction, Race (fantasy), Monster, Legendary creature, Cryptozoology, List of species in folklore and mythology, List of aliens in fiction, and List of fictional species.

I'd recommend either merging the contents of this article into its near-duplicate list of species in fantasy fiction or, since it's RPG-centric again, remove what little non-RPG-specific stuff there is and put the interesting bits at role-playing bestiary. Regardless, this article shouldn't stay as it as at "Fantasy Beastiary". --Mrwojo 21:31, 15 Mar 2004 (UTC)

I don't personally see any reason for this article to exist as a seperate article from list of species in fantasy fiction and list of species in folklore and mythology. As it is, there's no way that this list could ever be complete without including the entire contents of both lists (or reproducing the table of contents of the Monster Manual, which would be both silly and copyvio). Also, even if role-playing bestiary is made into a separate article (again), it ought to be properly titled fantasy role-playing bestiary unless someone wants to include all the species from Traveller, Paranoia, Shadowrun, Gamma World, Metamorphosis Alpha, World of Darkness and so forth. -Sean 00:55, 27 Mar 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Fantasy Beastiary


text:
Baron Ampthill

Baron Ampthill, of Ampthill in the County of Bedfordshire, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created on 11 March 1881 for the diplomat Lord Odo Russell. He was the third son of Major-General Lord George Russell, second son of John Russell, 6th Duke of Bedford.

His son, the second Baron, served as Governor of Madras from 1899 to 1906 and was interim Viceroy of India in 1904. His grandson, the fourth Baron, was one of the ninety elected hereditary peers that remained in the House of Lords after the passing of the House of Lords Act 1999, and sat as a cross-bencher. the title is held by the latter's son, the fifth Baron, who succeeded his father in 2011.

Coat of arms
The heraldic blazon for the coat of arms of the barony is: Argent, a lion rampant gules, on a chief sable three escallops argent, a mullet or for difference.

Barons Ampthill (1881)

 * Odo William Leopold Russell, 1st Baron Ampthill (1829–1884)
 * Arthur Oliver Villiers Russell, 2nd Baron Ampthill (1869–1935)
 * John Hugo Russell, 3rd Baron Ampthill (1896–1973)
 * Geoffrey Denis Erskine Russell, 4th Baron Ampthill (1921–2011)
 * David Whitney Erskine Russell, 5th Baron Ampthill (b. 1947)

The heir presumptive is the present holder's brother, Anthony John Mark Russell (b. 1952).

Family tree
The 5th Baron is 4th cousin once removed of the 15th Duke of Bedford and is currently 16th in the line of succession to the dukedom.

title: Baron Ampthill


text:
Talk:List of philanthropists

Criticism
Certainly these people gives millions of dollars to charity, but I think we should compare it to their net-worths. For example Michael Bloomberg is listed to have donated $300 million. His net-worth is $20 billion according to his wikipedia page. Therefore he only gives 1.5% of his net-worth. I think many middle-class people give much more than 1.5% of their net-worth. Any thoughts on this matter? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Ru-G Corp. (talk • contribs) 18:15, 7 April 2009 (UTC)

Is George Soros really a philantropist?
There is no doubt that George Soros invested a huge amount of his money into all kinds of things, that some people might call "philantropic", but that is not a NPOV. [rant and possible WP:BLP violations removed] [more removed] If there are objections, please claarify, why "philantropist" is a NPOV and how these articles could possibly be considered neutral sources and confirming the claim. --2003:E7:B70E:E702:10F1:E75D:63BA:6232 (talk) 09:44, 27 January 2019 (UTC)
 * The 2 sources for his "philantrpist" nature are extremely questionable
 * You only mention sources in the lead. They do call him philanthropist and there are also many sources in George Soros. Scanning the reference section shows many sources with philanthropy/philanthropist in the title. A Google News search of philanthropist George Soros finds many others. If you donate a huge amount of your own money as Soros has done according to numerous reliable sources then you are considered a philanthropist. It's not about how you got the money or what else you do. PrimeHunter (talk) 10:50, 27 January 2019 (UTC)

Would you call Nelson Mandela a philanthropist
I had always associated that word with rich people who are trying to do some public relation and avoid taxes until reading this article. What changed my view is listing RMS on that list. And from the description, it is true one is left with a feeling he is a philanthropist. This triggered a thought, Nelson Mandela can easily and nicely fit in that list. Others i can think of from the top of my head is the standard oil crook, Soros, Walton (The Walmart guy) though i think this had more to do with fear of communist affecting his business, the U2 guy, what the heck is his name, Bono or something (Kind of looks like he really want to help Africa out of poverty) and a ...i have run out of it

I've deleted Gandhi, Mother Teresa, and RMS, because "philanthropy" is a side-effect of their primary work. More on this below. --72.92.131.6 02:41, 7 November 2006 (UTC) A one of thoose thingys is a bald man with alot of money that hates it when you spen his money

Bob Geldof
Bob Geldof and Midge Ure are worthy of this list.

Surely they inspired the greatest "cultural" movement against poverty in Africa, of all time?

Apart from Live Aid, 20 years ago which in itself was a massive event, the recent G8 concerts helped raise awareness at a time when world politics is more concerned with terrorism, and was a possible catalyst in the resulting G8 decisions.

In my opinion, Bob Geldof is a true philanthropist. Midge Ure is perhaps lesser known to the public eye (and I admit I am not familiar with the exact work both of them do), but perhaps he also deserves credit for the political and cultural changes they have made.

Philanthropist?
IMHO, the criteria should be activities of philanthropy, not motive(s). And to be considered a philanthropist, one need not do that exclusively. There is ample opportunity to elaborate on specifics in each individual article. Very few people (if any) are all good or all bad. Vaoverland 01:59, 21 November 2005 (UTC)

Why are most of the people on this list extreamly rich?
 * Quoting from the article: "A philanthropist is someone who devotes his time, money, or effort towards helping others." Out of time, money or effort, money is the easiest part for the filthy rich. There are not many Mother Teresa in the world, but there are more than enough rich people who are willing to trade a tiny portion of their great fortune for fame and recognition (e.g. being listed here in this article.)  Some of these rich people figured that if they don't donate the money to charity, Uncle Sam will get a bigger share of tax anyway.  It is a win-win situation for them to become a philanthropist regardless whether they really care about helping others. I am not saying all rich philanthropists do this for the tax break, but that partly answers your question. Kowloonese 23:29, 12 January 2006 (UTC)

I suggest we limit the list (as per whatever criteria selected above) to folks who have rated articles in Wikipedia - or to people with an on-line biography we can link to directly. I think we should also list the general area(s) of their giving. Rklawton 17:23, 22 February 2006 (UTC)

Alternatively, perhaps we can limit the list to the "top ten all time givers" in terms of dollars and then just use/create a "philanthropist" category we can add to each person's Wikipedia artilce. Frankly, I think there are way too many people who deserve to list than we can list in a practical manner in this one article. Rklawton 17:23, 22 February 2006 (UTC)
 * According to this criterion, mother Teresa would be out of the list. Please don't do that!  Kowloonese 02:13, 23 February 2006 (UTC)

I'm more concerned with notability. Who are *notable* philanthropists, not people who just the fit the broad definition. One rule to follow (but not the decisive one) is to make sure "philanthropist" appears on the biographical page for a nominee. If philanthropy doesn't exist or stand the test on the target's article, then it doesn't belong here. Bill Clinton is a notable President (and most of them do charity work), but he's not a philanthropist. His activities are more like his occupation, not a sacrifice. --72.92.131.6 02:45, 7 November 2006 (UTC)

The first part where a philanthropist is explained is great. The rest of the list looks like plagiarism from Who's Who of philanthropists. The Greatest philanthropists by amount of USD looks like a contest. Worse, Bill Gates is on the list by excluding Jim Clark and Marc Andreessen with his trust violations in his business practices. Maybe Jim or Marc would have given more money away or to different causes had Bill Gates not trampled their company. So this Who's Who list makes a philanthropist look like the greediest people on the planet! Yes, I reference the debate over the removal and re-addition of Mother Teresa to the Who's Who list here. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Holidaypepsi (talk • contribs) 02:51, 28 March 2008 (UTC)

list order
The list started out in alphabetical order by the surname. When people added to the list, they didn't sort in the proper order. Now the list is only mostly sorted. Perhaps a line should be added to the top to specify the sort order explicitly. Kowloonese 02:18, 23 February 2006 (UTC)

NPOV?
Dear 71.71.6.113: in the abscence of any in depth discussion of the reason for adding the POV-because template to the article, I'm removing it from the main article, and placing it here on the talk page. If anyone feels the need to restore it, feel free to do so, but please give more detail on why you think the article is not NPOV. (Better yet, just Be Bold and fix the article.) - That said, the article is just a stub/definition. Should it be merged with philanthropy instead? -- 19:10, 8 June 2006 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.104.112.151 (talk • contribs)

 * Yeah, I was thinking the same thing. --Ixfd64 03:33, 8 December 2006 (UTC)

 * I subscribe to the opinion to merge this article with Philanthropy. SAE1962 (talk) 14:53, 1 April 2008 (UTC)

 * This section is from 2006. If you want to make an official proposal to merge now then see Help:Merging and moving pages. PrimeHunter (talk) 00:24, 2 April 2008 (UTC)

Either include information with listings or delete this article
As it is, this is a prime example for a bad list. Simply adding people's names does not provide any advantage over Category:Philanthropists, but all the usual disadvantages. Unless people consistently add information to explain why someone is listed it would be wiser to delete this article and concentrate on the category instead. — Sebastian (talk) 01:56, 1 December 2006 (UTC)
 * I agree, an article specifically on the notable acts of philanthropy themselves would be a valuable contribution to wikipedia but this is just a random list of people. --Superslash 17:36, 6 December 2006 (UTC)
 * I disagree. I think that you both have the wrong attitude.  I would be impressed if you rolled up your shirtsleeves, followed some links in the list, and then personally added some annotations to the list (in this case a brief note describing what acts of philanthropy the person is known for).  In most cases, the article about each person presents their philanthropic acts. Rather than talk about what others should do to prevent you from deleting the article, you should be philanthropic and prevent yourselves from deleting it by fixing the article.  Deleting articles does not impress me, because that just wastes whatever work went into them.  It applies all-or-nothing reasoning to articles, along the line of "since this article isn't complete, it doesn't belong on Wikipedia."  Fortunately, there are far more articles on Wikipedia than the deleters can keep up with.  Don't be a deleter, be a fixer.  I did some work on the article, but I don't have much time these days.  You should either fix the article yourselves or just leave it alone so that it will be here when another interested editor comes along and fixes it.  [[image:SFriendly.gif|19px]]     Th e Tr ans hu man ist   12:24, 8 December 2006 (UTC)

 * In the meantime, I had another idea: How about if we delete all entries that do not mention why they're listed and turn the rest into a table? Instead of long prose, we could just have columns like "Arts", "Sport", "Libraries", "Foundations", and so on. This is more work, but it could turn into something useful. If you like the idea, let's discuss which columns make sense. If not, let's bring this article to WP:AfD. — Sebastian (talk) 21:45, 6 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Why do you have a bias towards deleting? It isn't that much harder to fill in the missing descriptions.  Are you too lazy to contribute to articles?  In the amount of time spent on these discussions, many annotations could have been written instead.  By the way, moving material to the talk page is usually a better option than simply deleting it, because there it can further developed until ready to be moved back to the page.    Th e Tr ans hu man ist   12:24, 8 December 2006 (UTC)

 * I suggest that we merge this article with philanthropy. --Ixfd64 03:30, 8 December 2006 (UTC)
 * What exactly do you have in mind? Adding the whole list as it is to the article? That would become a long article - there are thousands of philanthropist out there, and our category and subcategories already covers hundreds. And it wouldn't be any better quality. — Sebastian (talk) 04:08, 8 December 2006 (UTC)
 * There are thousands of philosophers too, and Wikipedia has a huge multi-page list devoted to them. From an encyclopedic perspective, philanthropists deserve no less coverage.  Lists are superior to categories in many ways.  Most significantly, they can be improved at any time, which makes them superior to categories from the outset.  Categories can't have anotations, for example.  So a list with the exact same entries in it is better, because it has the potential to have annotations.  Lists can be structured.  Lists have edit histories, while categories do not; you can track disappearing entries on lists.  If an entry disappears from a category, you probably wouldn't notice it missing unless you were looking specifically for it.  Lists can be built or expanded faster because they can be edited directly - this makes them centralized.  Categories are decentralized and cannot be edited directly - you have to edit each individual article by adding category tags to them - moving between pages can be very time-consuming.  Server delays don't apply when you are editing a single page.     Th e Tr ans hu man ist   12:24, 8 December 2006 (UTC)

Jerzy's proposal to retrieve the good parts from the edit history
_ _ User:SebastianHelm proceeded to a ProD. I'm removing the tag, without prejudice, bcz i think more groundwork needs to be laid for it to be properly evaluated. The question User:Ixfd64 has quite properly raised amounts to "what about Philanthropist requires it to be treated as distinct from Philanthropy?", and i don't think we can presume to dismiss that without examining what has been in the article that does not belong in List of philanthropists, and might be better covered under this title than under Philanthropy. I'm prepared to accept the answer "Nothing!", based on evidence, but not "Are you kidding? Obviously nothing!". My own contribution to the article was simply restatement and a rdr bypass, i think, but i see that it did concern what purported to be just such material. _ _ There have been about 300 edits to the article, and reviewing them to see such content would be horrible. I intend to review the first 50, and construct a talk sub-page that includes only the non-list material, and whose history page will essentially model the history that Philanthropist would have, if someone had promptly said "Philanthropist and List of philanthropists are two different topics, and all the editors had accepted that approach. As such, not all of those 50 will have corresponding edits on the sub page: many edits will surely have affected only the list. The result of that 50-edit review may suggest to others whether carrying the exercise further is or isn't worthwhile. --Jerzy•t 05:08 & ''05:52, 8 December 2006 (UTC) modifying lk as suggested

 * Those are definitely good points. Come to think of it, I think that renaming the article to list of philanthropists would be more appropriate. --Ixfd64 05:12, 8 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes, these are good points. My answer would not have been "Nothing - exclamation point", but:
 * "Nothing that justifies a separate article. It's like distinguishing between France and French people. Oh, wait, we do have an article for each. But the latter barely escaped deletion."
 * But since you're volunteering to look at the first 50 versions I'm happy. Let's wait what you'll find out. There were indeed some versions such as Ævar's version that contained nice text. — Sebastian (talk) 06:04, 8 December 2006 (UTC)
 * _ _ Well, so much for doing the first 50. It wasn't quite a matter of trying to eat one potato chip, but a little more like picking at your sunburn when it starts to peel. In short, i went thru the 300, which wasn't quite horrible. There have been up to three paragraphs, and while they don't focus clearly on the role of philanthropist, i think there was some degree of talking about philanthropists and how they are seen, as distinct from what IMO belongs in Philanthropy, i.e., the work that gets done philanthropically: e.g., the mechanisms for coordination of independently initiated work, its effect in avoiding the limitations of political and business decision making, frauds under the guise of philanthropy, the pattern of borderline institutions that come under attack for bureaucratic or selfish factors that lead to unusually high overhead expenses.
 * _ _ My principle observations:
 * The article has repeatedly gotten whipsawed via the inclusion of two pretty distinct topics, the listing of philanthropists and prose on the role. I think there is no need for them to be together, logical reason to be separated, no real benefit to putting them in one article, and confusion from combining them. Both aspects seem to have suffered from editors whose apparent thrust was "what's this [list or prose] doing cluttering up [the other]?
 * Neither the list nor the prose has been adequately maintained. In fact, from its peak, the prose got vandalized, and in short order whittled down to a dictdef, probably largely due to the vandalized text being neglected until responded to in the only two edits of a presumably well-intentioned editor who probably had no thot of looking for what it could be reverted back to. I'm restoring the pre-vandalism version.
 * There has been considerable discussion about when lists are good or bad ideas, and i'm not certain that there's a clear consensus about whether/when. For all its faults (starting with the relatively small number of bios that have gotten included), i think LoPbN has found strong support on the grounds that large Cats get subdivided, and for some users the subdivision makes searching for someone (esp. someone whose name is for any of various reasons poorly recalled) impractical. LoPbN does not pretend to be an article, but finds support bcz it is valuable among the navigation devices that also include Rdrs, Dabs, and Cats.
 * IMO the portmanteau function of the article serving as both list and prose impedes the addressing of the questions of whether the prose is needed and whether the list is needed. If this got to AfD, i think i'd argue for (something i don't recall seeing called for) Keep & Unmerge, creating a list and a prose stub, hopefully better able to develop independently. And before it does, i'd rather see that tried.
 * I'm not sure how to get more maintenance for the list and more research for the article. I'm fearful the article just takes more expertise than we are likely to mobilize soon. I have some sense from LoPbN that steady, prompt RC-patrol-like work discourages a lot of vandalism, vanity, and quirky conceptions of what a list could be converted to, and frees some effort that can be used to clean up the the backlog. Is the commitment there? A clear conception of why a list has value guides and motivates cleanup of that list. Is the commitment there for threshing out that conception?
 * We have enough maintainers right here. It doesn't need to be finished in a day.  Add a few annotations a day, and the list will be completely annotated before you know it.   While we're working on it, we'll notice any additions and can remove them if they are crap.    Th e Tr ans hu man ist   12:38, 8 December 2006 (UTC)
 * No doubt i've left out several points more valuable than these; i think i should sleep. --Jerzy•t 09:33, 8 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Yes, you did. Here's one:  all the expertise you need is already included in Wikipedia.  All you have to do is look it up.  And that's super easy, because the links are already provided in the list!   Three or four people (as many as are in these conversations) would be enough to complete the annotations on the list in a few days if each one of us filled in 3 or 4 entries per day.  I have enough time for that.  Don't you?    Th e Tr ans hu man ist   12:38, 8 December 2006 (UTC)

This article should be kept, not merged. The list focuses on philanthropists, not philanthropy. If the list was of acts of philanthropy with the annotations naming who did them, then yes, it would fit the context of the philanthropy article.  Th e Tr ans hu man ist  12:38, 8 December 2006 (UTC)

These need annotations
There was so much mention above of deleting these because they lack explanation, that I thought it would be a good idea just to move them here until someone adds annotations to them.

 * Paul Allen -
 * Walter Annenberg -
 * Grace Arents -
 * Thomas John Barnardo -
 * Samuel Augustus Barnett -
 * Avie Bennett -
 * Bono -
 * Ciara -
 * Rt Hon Charles Booth -
 * Sir Richard Branson -
 * Ansar Burney -
 * George Cadbury -
 * Jackie Chan -
 * Mary Louise Milliken Childs -
 * Samuel Canning Childs -
 * Richard Churcher -
 * Mickey Beyer Clausen -
 * Arthur Coles -
 * Anthony Ashley Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury
 * Bill Cosby -
 * Charles Dickens -
 * Walt Disney -
 * James H. Dooley -
 * Henry Duncan -
 * Abdul Sattar Edhi -
 * Harry Fischel -
 * Benjamin Franklin -
 * Elizabeth Fry -
 * John 'Mad Jack' Fuller -
 * Isabella Stewart Gardner -
 * David Geffen -
 * Hallie Geier -
 * Barry Gibb -
 * Robin Gibb -
 * Maurice Gibb -
 * Noel Zbigniew Gondek -
 * Guinness Family -
 * Calouste Gulbenkian -
 * Rafic Hariri -

 * Edward Harkness -
 * Clifford Joseph Harris Jr. (T.I.) -
 * Milton Hershey -
 * Johns Hopkins -
 * Jon Huntsman, Sr. -
 * J. C. Jacobsen -
 * Angelina Jolie -
 * Aditya Kachru -
 * Sir Ellis Kadoori -
 * Fred Kavli -
 * John P. Kee -
 * Alicia Keys -
 * Steve Kirsch -
 * Ian Koshnick -
 * Sebastian S. Kresge -
 * Joan Kroc -
 * Laing Family -
 * Eugene Lang -
 * Jerry Lewis -
 * Alfred Lee Loomis -
 * Joseph Mammana -
 * George Marchant -
 * Sir Josiah Mason -
 * Sir Ernest de Silva -
 * Sir Robert Mayer -
 * John A. McNeice Jr -
 * Gordon Moore -
 * Sir John Morden -
 * John Pierpont Morgan -
 * Genesio Morlacci -
 * Charles Stewart Mott -
 * Sheldon Mydat -
 * Fridtjof Nansen -
 * Michael Nesmith -
 * Paul Newman -
 * George Peabody -
 * Eva Peron -
 * Lois Pope -
 * Robert Raikes -

 * William Marsh Rice -
 * Nelson Rockefeller -
 * Winthrop Rockefeller -
 * Henry H. Rogers -
 * Julius Rosenwald -
 * Joseph Rowntree -
 * Saladin -
 * Sir Run Run Shaw -
 * Li Ka Shing -
 * Henry Fok -
 * Mark Shuttleworth -
 * Peter Singer -
 * George Soros -
 * Sir Ivan Stedeford -
 * Sir Alan Sugar - -
 * Ted Turner -
 * Sir Pradeep Varma -
 * Al-Waleed bin Talal -
 * Joseph Whitworth -
 * William Wilberforce -
 * Oprah Winfrey -
 * Clara Winthrop -
 * Sir Alfred Yarrow -

Clean up complete
Now you can expand the article at your leisure.  Th e Tr ans hu man ist  13:00, 8 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks a lot to both you and Jerzy - the article is better than ever now! I am quite confident that the fact that all bullets contain annotations will discourage much of the unexplained additions we have seen of late. — Sebastian (talk) 19:31, 8 December 2006 (UTC)

Expansion
If the list grows large, then we can keep the most notable examples here, and present the whole list on its own page, calling it the "List of philanthropists".  Th e Tr ans hu man ist  22:45, 8 December 2006 (UTC)

 * As it is now, the article is little more than a list; why don't we just move this to List of philanthropists now, since anything we say about philanthropists is just going to be redundant with the main philanthropy article. Night Gyr (talk/Oy) 21:42, 6 January 2007 (UTC)

 * I support the move if the list grows significantly. Currently it looks more like examples than a Wikipedia list to me. PrimeHunter 00:56, 8 January 2007 (UTC)

Bias?
in the beginning paragraph, aswell as many other paragraphs throughout this article, ive noticed several cases of minor or extreme bias or opinion, such as "(such as funding art instead of fighting world hunger)". should this article be more closely policed for instances like this? Krispykorn 00:47, 9 October 2007 (UTC)

Imran Khan
Imran Khan should be on the list too. He worked countless hours on Skukat Memorial Hospital -SKMH. Imran Khan, former cricketer. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 148.87.1.170 (talk) 19:49, 6 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Thank you for your suggestion. When you feel an article needs improvement, please feel free to make those changes. Wikipedia is a wiki, so anyone can edit almost any article by simply following the  link at the top. The Wikipedia community encourages you to be bold in updating pages. Don't worry too much about making honest mistakes — they're likely to be found and corrected quickly. If you're not sure how editing works, check out how to edit a page, or use the sandbox to try out your editing skills.  New contributors are always welcome. You don't even need to log in (although there are many reasons why you might want to). PrimeHunter (talk) 00:51, 7 March 2008 (UTC)

Why is the entire article written with capslock on?
—Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.156.229.149 (talk) 16:25, 2 April 2008 (UTC)
 * It was vandalized yesterday. I fixed it 18 hours before your post. If you still see the vandalized version then try to bypass your cache. PrimeHunter (talk) 20:52, 2 April 2008 (UTC)

Moved
Most agreed on the move to the new name, so I did it. I realize there wasn't complete consensus at the time, but nothing has been happening lately. When articles like today's featured J. K. Rowling link to philanthropist they probably want the philanthropy article, not this one. I glanced at some of the backlinks to philanthropist and it seemed like the best choice.

I removed the merge proposition on both pages due to the name change, if anyone disagrees please feel free to put them back. --B Fizz (talk) 13:55, 11 April 2008 (UTC)

Prince Al-Waleed bin Talal; money pledged but not given
Prince Al-Waleed bin Talal has pledged he will donate $32 billion but has not actually donated it as of now. I don't think this qualifies him to be on the top of the list until it is actually donated. Is a pledge significant enough to allow for already being placed on the list?

Flessner89 (talk) 23:53, 24 September 2015 (UTC)

Add More Philanthropists
Hello,

I've found a great resource to add some American Philanthropists from the past: http://www.philanthropyroundtable.org/almanac/hall_of_fame/

I'd like to add the following philanthropists to the wikipedia "List of Philanthropists" page with short bios and a citation to their bio on the Philanthropy Roundtable's site:

Bernice Pauahi Bishop

Peter Cooper

Bill Daniels

St. Katharine Drexel

James Duke

Harry Earhart

George Eastman

Thomas Eddy

Don Fisher

Zachary Fisher

Benjamin Franklin

Mary Elizabeth Garrett

Stephen Girard

Conrad Hilton

Ima Hogg

Herbert Hoover

Ewing Kauffman

W. K. Kellogg

Sebastian Kresge

Eli Lilly

Nicholas Longworth

Alfred Loomis

Oseola McCarty

Nettie Fowler McCormick

Andrew Mellon

J. P. Morgan

John Olin

Raymond Orteig

David Packard

George Peabody

Thomas Perkins

J. Howard Pew

Henry Phipps Jr.

Enoch Pratt

Julius Rosenwald

Margaret Olivia Sage

Ellen Browning Scripps

William Simon

Robert Smith

James Smithson

Leland Stanford

Nathan Straus

John Templeton

Judah Touro

William Volker

Madam C. J. Walker

John Walton

George Washington

Isaiah Williamson

Please let me know you thoughts on this.

Livy17 (talk) 21:08, 14 December 2015 (UTC)

Mr. T
The list states that he "donated all his gold to charity." No source is listed for this claim. At Mr. T's article, it states "''He stopped wearing virtually all his gold, one of his identifying marks, after helping with the cleanup after Hurricane Katrina in 2005. He said, "As a Christian, when I saw other people lose their lives and lose their land and property ... I felt that it would be a sin before God for me to continue wearing my gold. I felt it would be insensitive and disrespectful to the people who lost everything, so I stopped wearing my gold."'' That's considerably different from saying that he "donated all his gold to charity".  If a proper source cannot be found to support the claim, it should be removed. Bricology (talk) 22:47, 17 August 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on List of philanthropists. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120102194410/http://www.griffin-foundation.org/ to http://griffin-foundation.org/
 * Added tag to http://www.destinationjeddah.com/portal/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2067:whos-who-dr-abdul-rahman-al-sumait-the-story-of-a-true-humanitarian&catid=143:business&Itemid=531

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 09:03, 7 December 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on List of philanthropists. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080407222854/http://www.akdn.org/agency/network.html to http://www.akdn.org/agency/network.html
 * Added tag to http://kfip.busyduck.org/dr-abd-al-rahman-humood-al-sumait/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 10:31, 1 January 2018 (UTC)

New addition
Greetings. I'm Andrew with MicroStrategy. For the list of Notable philanthropists, can editors consider Michael J. Saylor? Mr. Saylor is the founder and CEO of MicroStrategy, but he also established a charitable foundation and launched the non-profit Saylor Academy, which offers free and open online education. The Saylor Academy has been mentioned in The Washington Post, Inside Philanthropy, and Inside Higher Ed, among other places.

As a member of MicroStrategy's digital marketing team, I will not make edits relating to Michael J. Saylor myself. Would an editor be willing to add him to this list for me? I kindly thank you in advance.

Regards,

Andrewggordon84 (talk) 20:45, 5 December 2018 (UTC)

 * Since you recently added some notable philanthropists to this list, can you also consider my request to add Michael J. Saylor, the founder of MicroStrategy who also established a charitable foundation and launched the non-profit Saylor Academy, which offers free and open online education? As a member of MicroStrategy's digital marketing team, I will not make edits relating to Michael J. Saylor myself.

 * Regards,

 * Andrewggordon84 (talk) 16:30, 4 January 2019 (UTC)

Sorry, I don't know enough about it. -- Mati Roy (talk) 21:56, 4 January 2019 (UTC)

 * Yeesh. This is a highly questionable list without criteria. After all, the number of wealthy people who don't found, or at least fund, either a charity or educational institution is rather small, as a tax writeoff if nothing else. So what is stopping this list from being "list of wealthy people"? Presumably we want this to be a list of people specifically noted for their philanthropy. Bill Gates, Andrew Carnegie, sure. But Larry Ellison? From his article "has donated 1% of his wealth to charity" ... err ... that's not really that a big %. What keeps this list from becoming a copy of Category:Philanthropists? Honestly, if it were up to me to maintain this list, I'd either delete it, or at least pare it down to the table sorted by amount given. --GRuban (talk) 03:12, 12 February 2019 (UTC)

 * Thanks both for giving this a look! Since there is not consensus, I will leave this for now - I really appreciate the feedback.

 * Regards,

 * Andrewggordon84 (talk) 19:37, 27 February 2019 (UTC)

Why not Azim Premji is added in Notable philanthropists List at starting
Azim Prem Ji, Founder of Wipro and donator of 21 Billion Dollars. Why the third most giver is not in notable List ???? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 210.16.83.59 (talk) 13:29, 4 February 2021 (UTC)

Aziz Premji of wipro India with 21million USD donations ..not in the liat
Why Mr aziz Premji does not appear in the list. He donated usd 21billion to the charity Niteen kumbhojkar (talk) 09:15, 27 June 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of philanthropists


text:
Baron Ashbourne

Baron Ashbourne, of Ashbourne in the County of Meath, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created in 1886 for Edward Gibson, the Lord Chancellor of Ireland. His grandson, the third Baron (who succeeded his uncle), was a vice admiral in the Royal Navy. , the title is held by the third Baron's grandson, the fifth Baron, who succeeded in 2020.

John George Gibson, younger brother of the first Baron, was also a distinguished lawyer. Violet Gibson, who attempted to assassinate Benito Mussolini in 1926, was the first Baron's daughter.

Baron Ashbourne (1886)

 * Edward Gibson, 1st Baron Ashbourne (1837–1913)
 * William Gibson, 2nd Baron Ashbourne (1868–1942)
 * Edward Russell Gibson, 3rd Baron Ashbourne (1901–1983)
 * (Edward) Barry Greynville Gibson, 4th Baron Ashbourne (1933–2020)
 * (Edward) Charles d'Olier Gibson, 5th Baron Ashbourne (born 1967)

The heir apparent is the present holder's son, the Hon. Edward Alexander Gibson (born 2002).

title: Baron Ashbourne


text:
Baron Addington

Baron Addington, of Addington in the County of Buckingham, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created on 22 July 1887 for the businessman and Conservative Member of Parliament, John Hubbard. He was head of the firm of John Hubbard & Co and also sat as a Member of Parliament for Buckingham and the City of London. His eldest son, the second Baron, was a partner in the family firm and represented Buckingham in the House of Commons as a Conservative. He was succeeded by his eldest son, the third Baron. He was three times Mayor of Buckingham. On the death of his younger brother, the fourth Baron, the line of the eldest son of the first Baron failed. The title passed to their first cousin once removed, the fifth Baron. He was the grandson of Cecil John Hubbard, third son of the first Baron. , the title is held by his eldest son, the sixth Baron. He is one of the ninety elected hereditary peers that remain in the House of Lords after the passing of the House of Lords Act of 1999. Lord Addington sits on the Liberal Democrat benches.

Baron Addington (1887)

 * John Gellibrand Hubbard, 1st Baron Addington (1805–1889)
 * Egerton Hubbard, 2nd Baron Addington (1842–1915)
 * John Gellibrand Hubbard, 3rd Baron Addington (1883–1966)
 * Raymond Egerton Hubbard, 4th Baron Addington (1884–1971)
 * James Hubbard, 5th Baron Addington (1930–1982)
 * Dominic Bryce Hubbard, 6th Baron Addington (born 1963)

The heir presumptive is the present holder's younger brother, the Hon. Michael Walter Leslie Hubbard (born 1965). The heir presumptive's heir apparent is his son, Oliver James Ononye Hubbard (born 2003).

title: Baron Addington