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Frank Welker

Franklin Wendell Welker (born March 12, 1946) is an American voice actor. He began his career in the 1960s, and holds over 860 film, television, and video game credits as of 2023, making him one of the most prolific voice actors in history. With his films earning a total worldwide box-office gross of $17.4 billion, he is also the third-highest-grossing actor as of 2011.

Welker is best known for voicing Fred Jones in the Scooby-Doo franchise since its inception in 1969, and the title protagonist himself since 2002. In 2020, Welker reprised the latter role in the animated film Scoob!, the only original voice actor from the series in the movie's cast. He has also voiced Baby Kermit in the original Muppet Babies, Oswald the Lucky Rabbit in Epic Mickey and its sequel; Megatron, Galvatron, Soundwave, and various characters in the Transformers franchise; Santa's Little Helper and Snowball II on The Simpsons; Shao Kahn and Reptile in the 1995 Mortal Kombat film; Curious George in the Curious George franchise; Garfield on The Garfield Show; Nibbler on Futurama; the titular character in Jabberjaw; Speed Buggy in the Scooby-Doo franchise; Astro and Orbitty on the 1980s revival of The Jetsons; and various characters in The Smurfs. Much of his work includes animal and monster vocalizations.

In 2016, he received a Lifetime Achievement Emmy Award. He was nominated for the Children's and Family Emmy Award for Outstanding Voice Performance in an Animated Program in 2022.

Early life
Welker was born on March 12, 1946, in Denver, Colorado. His parents were Merrill Welker, a mining engineer, and Lillian.

Voice-acting career
Welker began his career as a stand-up comedian and impressionist in 1967, before transitioning to on-screen acting and later voice acting. His first major voice role came in 1969 as Fred Jones in the Scooby-Doo franchise. Welker has voiced Fred in almost every series and incarnation of the Scooby-Doo animated franchise (with the exceptions of A Pup Named Scooby-Doo, Scoob!, and Velma, the latter in which he portrayed Fred’s father) and has also provided the voice of Scooby-Doo since 2002. With the death of Casey Kasem in 2014, Welker is the only original voice actor still in the Scooby-Doo franchise.

His next major character voice was for Wonder Dog (which was inspired by Scooby-Doo) and Marvin White on the 1973 series Super Friends (also produced by Hanna-Barbera). That same year, he played Pudge and Gabby on DePatie-Freleng Enterprises' animated series Bailey's Comets. Welker continued to provide voices for many characters for Hanna-Barbera for several years, which include Jabberjaw, Dynomutt, Dog Wonder, and the Shmoo in The New Fred and Barney Show and its spin-off, The Flintstones Comedy Show. Frank Welker described the voice he used for the Shmoo as "a bubble voice" (one he later used for Gogo Dodo in Tiny Toon Adventures).

In 1978, he played the title character on Fangface and later in its spin-off, Fangface and Fangpuss, and also voiced Heckle and Jeckle and Quacula on The New Adventures of Mighty Mouse and Heckle & Jeckle, and Spike, Tyke, Droopy, Slick Wolf and Barney Bear on The Tom and Jerry Comedy Show.

During the 1980s and 1990s, Welker became a very busy voice actor, providing the voice for many popular cartoon characters in multiple TV series, including Uni on Dungeons & Dragons; Brain, Doctor Claw, and M.A.D. Cat on Inspector Gadget; Mister Mxyzptlk, Darkseid, and Kalibak on Super Friends: The Legendary Super Powers Show; Iceman & various characters on Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends; Baby Kermit, Baby Beaker and various other characters on Muppet Babies; Wild Bill, Dreadnok Torch, and various G.I. Joe heroes and villains; Scooter on Challenge of the GoBots; Ray Stantz and Slimer in The Real Ghostbusters; the villainous Dr. Jeremiah Surd on The Real Adventures of Jonny Quest; Bubba the Caveduck and two of the Beagle Boys (Bigtime & Baggie) on DuckTales; multiple voices on The Smurfs, including Hefty Smurf, Poet Smurf, and Peewit; and various characters on Captain Planet and the Planeteers.

He also voiced various characters on The Simpsons, such as Santa's Little Helper, Snowball II, and various other animals from 1991 to his departure from the show in 2002. Welker provided both the speaking voice and animal sounds for Nibbler on Matt Groening's Futurama. He provided the voices for Mr. Plotz, Runt, Ralph the Guard, Buttons, and other characters on Animaniacs, Gogo Dodo, Furball, Beeper, and others on Tiny Toon Adventures, Hector the Bulldog on The Sylvester & Tweety Mysteries, and Tom Cat, Jerry Mouse, and McWolf, the main antagonist to Droopy and his nephew Dripple on Tom & Jerry Kids Show and Droopy, Master Detective.

He also voiced Gus Goose, Salty the Seal, Figaro, Pegasus from Hercules, Abu the Monkey from Aladdin, "Aracuan Bird" & Cri-Kee from Mulan in the House of Mouse from 2001 to 2003.

Welker has also created the vocal effects for many animals and creatures in films, including Abu the monkey, Rajah the tiger, and the Cave of Wonders in Aladdin (1992), its two sequels, the television series, and the remake (2019), Arnold the Pig in the television film Return to Green Acres (1990), the whales in Free Willy 2: The Adventure Home, Shao Kahn and Reptile in the Mortal Kombat movie (1995), the Martians in Tim Burton's Mars Attacks! (1996), and the penguins in Mr. Popper's Penguins (2011). He performed Spock's screams in Star Trek III: The Search for Spock (1984) and voiced The Thing in The Golden Child (1986), Jinx the robot in SpaceCamp (1986), Totoro in the 2005 English version of Studio Ghibli's film My Neighbor Totoro (1988), Alien Sil in Species (1995), Malebolgia in Spawn (1997), and Gargamel's cat Azrael in Sony Pictures Animation's live action/animated film versions of The Smurfs.

In 2006, he began voicing George in the popular children's series Curious George. He also voiced George in the animated film of the same name that same year. In 2007, Welker became the new voice of Garfield, following Bill Murray's departure from the role, and succeeding the original actor Lorenzo Music, who died in 2001 (Welker and Music had previously worked together on The Real Ghostbusters and the original Garfield and Friends). Welker voiced Garfield in Garfield Gets Real (2007), Garfield's Fun Fest (2008), Garfield's Pet Force (2009), and on the series The Garfield Show, which ran from 2008 to 2016. In 2011, he provided the voice of Batman in a Scooby-Doo crossover segment of the Batman: The Brave and the Bold episode, "Bat-Mite Presents: Batman's Strangest Cases!". In the same episode, he also voiced Batboy, the classic Mad Magazine Batman spoof, originally created by Wally Wood.

Welker has also provided voices for many video game characters, most notably Disney's Oswald the Lucky Rabbit and The Shadow Blot in Epic Mickey and its sequel Epic Mickey 2: The Power of Two, as well as Zurvan, also called the Ancient One, on StarCraft II: Heart of the Swarm. He also provided the voice of the mad mage Xzar for the Baldur's Gate video game series, and reprised his role from Avengers Assemble as Odin for Lego Marvel's Avengers.

In 2016, Welker received a Lifetime Achievement Emmy Award at the 43rd Daytime Creative Arts Emmy Awards.

Live-action acting career
Welker's first on-camera film role was as a college kid from Rutgers University who befriends Elvis Presley in The Trouble with Girls (1969). His next film role was in the Disney film The Computer Wore Tennis Shoes (1969), which starred Kurt Russell (he also appeared in the film's sequel, Now You See Him, Now You Don't, in 1972). He later co-starred with Don Knotts in Universal's How to Frame a Figg (1971), appeared in Dirty Little Billy (1972), and on The Paul Lynde Show (1972).

On-camera television appearances included roles on Laugh-In, Love, American Style, The Partridge Family, and The Don Knotts Show. He played a prosecutor in the highly acclaimed ABC special The Trial of General Yamashita and as Captain Pace beside Richard Dreyfuss' Yossarian in Paramount Television's pilot Catch-22. He also appeared on Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In, The Mike Douglas Show, The Tonight Show, The Merv Griffin Show, The Smothers Brothers Show, The Burns and Schreiber Comedy Hour, Laugh Trax, and as one of the cast members in the special of That Was the Year That Was (1985) with David Frost.

Welker also played an on-camera role as a voice actor in a 1984 episode of Simon & Simon. In The Duck Factory, he played a rival actor trying to steal the role of Dippy Duck from fellow voice actor Wally Wooster (Don Messick). In later years, he appeared in Steven Soderbergh's film The Informant! (2009) as Matt Damon's father.

In 1978, Welker appeared on The Dean Martin Celebrity Roast to George Burns. While saluting Burns, he showed his abilities as an impressionist by honoring George Burns with the voices of Walter Cronkite, Henry Kissinger, Muhammad Ali, David Frost, and Jimmy Carter. In 1987, he performed stand-up comedy on an episode of the short lived TV show Keep On Cruisin'.

Transformers
In the 1980s, Welker voiced many recurring characters in the original Transformers animated series. He voiced several Decepticons, including the leader Megatron, Soundwave, Skywarp, Mixmaster, Rumble, Frenzy, Ravage, and Ratbat, as well as Autobots Mirage, Trailbreaker, and Sludge. He took on the role of Wheelie in The Transformers: The Movie (1986), and in the post-movie episodes took over the role of Galvatron (from his Star Trek III castmate Leonard Nimoy) and also voiced Chromedome and Pinpointer.

In 2010, Welker reprised the roles of Megatron and Soundwave in the series Transformers: Prime (retitled Transformers: Prime – Beast Hunters for its third season) and the Transformers: Generation 1 video game Transformers: Devastation. In Prime, Welker significantly altered Megatron's voice from his Generation 1 portrayal to sound more sinister. In the 2015 follow-up series Transformers: Robots in Disguise, Welker once again reprised his role as Soundwave, who has broken his vow of silence since the events of Prime.

Welker returned to two of his Transformers roles when he portrayed Megatron and Soundwave as part of a spoof in a third-season episode of Robot Chicken, which aired shortly after the release of the first installment of the live-action film series. In the second installment film, Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen (2009), he joined the voice cast and reprised the roles of Soundwave and Ravage, and also provided the voices for Grindor, Devastator, and Reedman. He again reprised his role as Soundwave, and took on the roles of Shockwave and Barricade, in the third film, Transformers: Dark of the Moon (2011). In Transformers: Age of Extinction (2014), he reprised his role as Galvatron, albeit with a voice similar to his portrayal of Megatron in Transformers: Prime.

Welker does not voice Megatron in the first three live-action films (Hugo Weaving was chosen for the role instead). However, he did voice Megatron in the two video games based on the first two films, as well as the theme park attractions at Universal Studios Singapore, Universal Studios Hollywood, and Universal Studios Florida, Transformers: The Ride. In the fifth installment of the film series, Transformers: The Last Knight (2017), he finally reprised the voice of Megatron, once again utilizing his Transformers: Prime version of the character's voice.

As of 2019, Welker continues to occasionally voice Megatron for various Transformers media, alternating between his Generation 1 and his Prime portrayals.

Personal life
Welker claims to have dated actress Pamela Sue Martin and his Tom and Jerry Kids and Droopy, Master Detective co-star Teresa Ganzel. He is a good friend of his longtime Transformers co-star and fellow voice actor Peter Cullen, in contrast to the rivalry of their respective characters.

A licensed pilot since 2010, Welker flies a Beechcraft Bonanza B36T from a local general aviation airport in Los Angeles County, California.

title: Frank Welker


text:
1760 in Canada

Events from the year 1760 in Canada.

Incumbents

 * French Monarch: Louis XV
 * British and Irish Monarch: George II (died October 25), George III (starting October 25)

Governors

 * Governor General of New France: Pierre François de Rigaud, Marquis de Vaudreuil-Cavagnal
 * Colonial Governor of Louisiana: Louis Billouart
 * Governor of Nova Scotia: Charles Lawrence
 * Commodore-Governor of Newfoundland: James Webb
 * Governor of the Province of Quebec: Jeffery Amherst

Events

 * Sunday April 20 – Seven thousand French troops start to recapture Quebec.
 * Monday April 28 – Murray's 7,714 troops retire to the Citadel, after fighting the Canadiens outside the walls of Quebec. The French prepare to besiege.
 * Friday May 9 – The belligerents, of each nationality, expect a fleet bringing troops and supplies. An approaching frigate proves to be British.
 * Thursday May 15 – Two more British war-ships arrive. The British win a naval battle near Quebec.
 * Saturday May 17 – The French raise the siege of Quebec.
 * Sunday 6 July – Commencement of the Montreal Campaign by General Jeffery Amherst
 * Saturday September 6 – Amherst arrives at Montreal.
 * September 6 to September 7 – A council of war, at Montreal, favors capitulation.
 * Monday September 8 – Amherst's, Murray's, and Haviland's commands, around Montreal, are about 17,000.
 * The articles of capitulation are agreeable to the French, except that they do not concede "all the honors of war" or "perpetual neutrality of Canadiens."
 * De Levis threatens to retire to St. Helen's Island and fight to the last; but the Governor orders him to disarm.
 * Fortress Louisbourg demolished by the British.
 * Fall of Montreal and surrender of Great Lakes and Ohio Valley French forts to English. Lord Jeffery Amherst starts a "get tough with Indians" policy, including the first biological warfare --smallpox-infested blankets. Amherst granted some Seneca (originally his allies) lands to his officers. Odawa chief Pontiac (and the Delaware Prophet) organize a resistance preaching return to traditional Indian customs. The 1761 draft Proclamation (to English governors), and the Royal Proclamation of 1763 (with a large Indian country in what's now the U.S. Great Lakes/Midwest) were part of the English Crown's attempt to mollify the Indians. Neither proclamation of undisturbed Indian lands was followed by settlers or the Crown.
 * The British Conquest. General James Murray is appointed first British military governor of Quebec.

Births

 * November 10 – William Black, Methodist minister (d.1834)

Deaths

 * January 22 : Paul Mascarene, governor of Nova Scotia

Historical documents
To avoid frostbite, orders are issued that Quebec City garrison be supplied with moccasins "for any duty whatsoever"

French train for planned escalade of Quebec City by climbing ladders against snow walls, "to the great amusement of the women and children"

British destroy gristmill and granary supporting Hôtel-Dieu nuns, who are threatened with banishment if they continue to correspond with French

French force of 10,000 repels attack of James Murray's 3,000 troops near Quebec City (its garrison having lost thousands to scurvy and winter)

"In the greatest confusion" - French abandon trenches outside Quebec (along with artillery, baggage etc.) when British ships arrive and attack

Governor General Vaudreuil stretches truth about Canada's prospects for victory in letter to militia commanders

Merchant at Quebec City expects no sale of goods shipped in "untill some decisive blow is struck[...]to open[...]a free Commerce with the Inhabitants"

Ursulines' agent in France regrets he's not able to send them assistance they need, but glad British "are making a very humane use of their victory"

Warships from Louisbourg destroy French supply ships waiting at Restigouche because British squadron has preceded them up St. Lawrence River

North American commander-in-chief Jeffery Amherst relates 7-week campaign down St. Lawrence (with scores drowned in rapids) to take Montreal

Murray relates month-long campaign up St. Lawrence to Montreal, gaining submission of parishes along way (except Sorel) as French retreat

"The Canadians are surrendering every-where" - British column from Quebec learns they are "terrified" of Johnson's approaching Indigenous fighters

Amherst announces Vaudreuil's and Canada's capitulation, noting French-aligned Indigenous people "shewed the utmost Complaisance to our Army"

Text of capitulation specifies continued enslavement of "Negroes and Panis" by their French and Canadian owners, except those made prisoner

Lt. John Knox tours Montreal and is more impressed with its gardens and "gay and sprightly" inhabitants than its defences

At conference with William Johnson, people of Kahnawake request liquor be banned, trade regulated, priests subsidized and home ground preserved

Military governors are authorized to commission current militia officers and have them collect civilian arms and settle minor disputes

"We now have none to make us afraid" - Boston sermon celebrates conquest of Canada, where "our Religion & Liberty" can now be propagated

Robert Rogers sends message to Detroit commandant to remove French garrison, and assures Wendat sachems that he comes in peace

Rogers accepts surrender of Detroit, directs capture of French forces south to Ohio River and makes treaty with Indigenous nations

For France, climate and expense of Canada make it "not worth their asking" in peace negotiations, unless to further contend for colonies

Indigenous people mention canoe routes between Fort Toronto and Lake Huron and to Thames River and Lake St. Clair

Nova Scotia Council to deport hundreds of Acadians from Chignecto region and Saint John River to make room for settlers from Europe

"Peace and Friendship" treaties signed or renewed by Nova Scotia government and Mi'kmaw, Wolastoqiyik (Maliseet), and Passamaquoddy peoples

"Great Incouragement to Industry" - Nova Scotia's bounties on hay, hemp, flax and oats, plus "good and sufficient Stone Wall" on Halifax Peninsula

Because of dung and garbage that butchers leave in streets, Halifax will have public slaughterhouse to provide meat to public market

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: 1760 in Canada


text:
1761 in Canada

Events from the year 1761 in Canada.

Incumbents

 * French Monarch: Louis XV
 * British and Irish Monarch: George III

Governors

 * Governor of the Province of Quebec: Jeffery Amherst
 * Colonial Governor of Louisiana: Louis Billouart
 * Governor of Nova Scotia: Jonathan Belcher
 * Commodore-Governor of Newfoundland: Richard Edwards

Events

 * Wednesday July 29 – The British terms of peace are so hard that Choiseul declares: "I am as indifferent to peace as Pitt can be. I freely admit the King's desire for peace, and his Majesty may sign such a treaty, but my hand shall never be set to it."
 * Tuesday October 6 – King George III offers Pitt the governorship of Canada, with £5,000 per annum, but, instead, makes Pitt's wife, Hester Pitt, Countess of Chatham, a peeress; and £13,000 per annum is granted to the survivor of three of his family.
 * Canada under Martial law.

Births

 * August 1 : Pierre-Louis Panet, notary and politician

Deaths

 * November 15
 * Louis-Joseph Gaultier de La Vérendrye, French Canadian fur trader and explorer (born 1717)
 * Louis de la Corne, Chevalier de la Corne, explorer (born 1703)

Historical documents
French court accuses British of starting war over borders of Acadia and Canada (with conflict extending to fighting on four continents)

Britain refuses to cede Cape Breton to France (even with pledge of no fortifications), but agrees conditionally to allow French fishing

French policy on ceding American possessions to Britain should consider not colony size, but economic and strategic advantages

Populating Canada will only drain other British colonies, which should be consolidated by "becoming more populous, and [thus] compact"

Advice of Waybukcumigut, "chief and captain" of Mississaugas, in essay on improving relations with Indigenous people (Note: "savages" used)

British ordered not to provoke Canadians on their loss, nor their "language, dress, Manners, Customs, or Country," nor their "mistaken Religion"

British map entire St. Lawrence River above L'Isle-aux-Coudres in detail (Indigenous and settler towns and fields, woods and swamps etc.)

Prints depict damaged and destroyed buildings in Quebec City

Canada is cold because winds passing over snow are full of "nitrous particles," and there are too few "sulphurous exhalations" as little land is tilled

Nova Scotia Council rejects Gen. Amherst's "recommending the Continuation of the French Accadians" that royal order and provincial assembly forbid

"Extremely necessary that the inhabitants should be assisted by the Acadians" to repair dykes and recover marsh lands in Nova Scotia

Commodore Lord Colville reports that Acadians of "Bays of Vert, Miramichi, Chaleurs and Gaspey" have surrendered and their vessels are destroyed

Trader's work in Chaleur Bay ends when Acadians expelled, who (like Mi'kmaq) take him to Chignecto after his ship deserts him (Note: "savages" used)

Vessels arriving at Halifax with "any Plague, Small-Pox, Malignant Fever, or other contagious Distemper" must quarantine two miles below town

With clearing of land in Nova Scotia comes risk of forest fire, and grand juries at county quarter sessions are to develop prevention regulations

Economy of French fishery on Newfoundland includes trade with Labrador "Esquameau," whaling, and timber for shipbuilding

Alexander Henry's canoe brigade journey begins at Sainte-Anne, where his men go to confession and later receive 8 gallons of rum each

Warned repeatedly that, being English, he would be killed at Michilimackinac, Henry dons voyageurs clothing and wields paddle when anyone passes

Voyageurs eat mashed maize on canoe trips, but for over-wintering, Henry finds high grain and meat prices make him "very industrious in fishing"

title: 1761 in Canada


text:
1762 in Canada

Events from the year 1762 in Canada.

Incumbents

 * French Monarch: Louis XV
 * British and Irish Monarch: George III

Governors

 * Governor of the Province of Quebec: Jeffery Amherst
 * Colonial Governor of Louisiana: Louis Billouart
 * Governor of Nova Scotia: Jonathan Belcher
 * Commodore-Governor of Newfoundland: Richard Edwards

Events

 * November 3 – According to the preliminaries of peace, signed at Fontainebleau, England is to have, with certain West Indies, Florida, Louisiana, to the Mississippi River (without New Orleans), Canada, Acadia, Cape Breton Island and its dependencies, and the fisheries, subject to certain French interests. Spain is to have New Orleans and Louisiana, west of the Mississippi, with an undetermined Western boundary.

Births
July 17 : Alexander Macdonell, Roman Catholic bishop (died 1840 in Scotland)

Deaths
August 28 : Augustin de Boschenry de Drucour, governor of Isle Royale.

Historical documents
Seeking to improve its fisheries position at peace talks, France captures Newfoundland, and loses it again three months later

France "renounces all Pretensions" to Nova Scotia and cedes Canada and Cape Breton to Britain, which grants religious liberty to Catholics

Seigneuries ("fiefs") of Canada are "deemed noble," with eldest son inheriting one half, and his male siblings sharing other half

"The Canadians [are], in general, of a litigious disposition" with "multiplicity of Instruments" (to be replaced by "short and well digested Code")

"Canadians in general are not much given to drunkenness, yet Men, Women and Children are used to drink a certain quantity of strong Liquors"

Jesuits have missions to Indigenous people near Quebec at Jeune-Lorette (Wendat) and at Tadoussac and Chicoutimi (Innu; Note: "savages" used)

Quebec general hospital is run by "ladies[...]of the best Families," but war and French king's unpaid debt must leave them in "utmost beggary"

Canadians being "extremely tenacious of their Religion," British by not altering it and rebuilding "their great Church" would earn their loyalty

Brief profiles of Innu, Huron-Wendat, Wolastoqiyik and Abenaki, with pledge of justice and instant redress of their complaints (Note: racial stereotypes)

Soil is good, but Canadians are lazy and "not much skilled in Husbandry," and corrupted by "avaricious Men" (which British rule will end)

With end of Canada's monopolies and more opportunity, trade in cod, whale products, naval stores, furs, hemp and flax, and potash will flourish

British will end Canadian gentry's privilege, should keep clergy "in proper subjection," and have won over peasantry with generosity and lenity

Excellent but misused iron industry near Trois-Rivières can be revived and expanded to supply Navy "with proper Iron for Ship Building"

After detailing fur trade abuses, Gen. Thomas Gage suggests limiting western posts to five: Kaministiquia, Michilimackinac, Detroit and two others

Catching whitefish at Sault Ste. Marie requires great skill in canoeing as well as netting

Nova Scotia Council worried about security with so many Acadian prisoners in Halifax, and even more so in small unprotected settlements

With Anglo-French hostilities ended, Commissioners for Trade and Plantations find it "neither necessary nor politic" to expel Acadians

Nova Scotia executive authorized to borrow up to £4,500 to cover unpaid bounties and public works expenses, and to suspend bounties

"Frauds and other Injuries [in] Trade and Dealing" committed against Indigenous people in Nova Scotia are to be prosecuted upon complaint

For dissent or desertion "in Times of imminent Danger," Nova Scotia militia officers will be cashiered and lower ranks fined or imprisoned

Seaman in St. John's harbor court-martial, sentenced for desertion to 600 lashes over 2 days, reprieved after first day for "imminent danger of his Life"

title: 1762 in Canada


text:
1763 in Canada

Events from the year 1763 in Canada.

Incumbents

 * French Monarch: Louis XV (abdicated February 10)
 * British and Irish Monarch: George III

Governors

 * Governor of the Province of Quebec: Jeffery Amherst
 * Colonial Governor of Louisiana: Louis Billouart
 * Governor of Nova Scotia: Jonathan Belcher
 * Commodore-Governor of Newfoundland: Richard Edwards

Events
With the Royal Proclamation of 1763 Lower Canada was renamed the "Province of Quebec".

 * 1763–1820 The Conquest: French defeated. British take over and successfully expand fur trade from Montreal (North West Company). Much money is invested in Montreal.
 * 1763–64 – Pontiac's Rebellion threatens British control of the Great Lakes region before being suppressed.
 * 1763–1766: Pontiac's Rebellion, an American Indian revolt, is suppressed by the English in Canada. Ottawa Chief Pontiac (c. 1720–1769) leads an Indian uprising but the British defeat the Indians.
 * Thursday February 10 – By the treaty of Paris, France cedes to Britain, Canada and all the Laurentian Islands, except St. Pierre and Miquelon.
 * April 11 – Britain allows Canadians the free exercise of their religion.
 * April 18 – The folk hero Marie-Josephte Corriveau was sentenced to death by a British court martial for murdering her second husband, and was hanged in Quebec City.
 * December 7 – Canadians are required to swear fealty.
 * Proclamation by King George III bans settlements west of the Appalachians and establishes a protected Indian Country there. White settlers ignore the boundary line – Indian raids in Pennsylvania lead to the Paxton Riots – Peaceful Conestoga Mission Indians are massacred by settlers.
 * Pontiac fails to take Detroit, because of informers alerting the English to his plans; as winter approaches, his army of Indians lost faith in victory, and returned to their homes. Aware that England and France had ended both their European and American wars, Pontiac tried to start a second uprising, later counseled peace, and was killed in 1769 in Illinois by a Peoria Indian who was probably an assassin hired by the English.
 * The prophetic say that the acquisition of Canada will cost England her colonies. "No longer requiring protection, they will be asked to support burdens, which their necessities have brought upon the mother country, and will answer by striking off all dependence."

Births

 * December 23 – John Kinzie, Fur trader from Quebec City who was responsible for the "first murder in Chicago" (d. June 6, 1828)

Deaths

 * April 18 – Marie-Josephte Corriveau, criminal (born 1733)

Historical documents
Treaty of Paris 1763 confirms Canada, Cape Breton and Nova Scotia for Britain, and limited Newfoundland and Gulf fishing rights for France

British ambassador ordered to discover how French intend to disrupt British rule in North American cessions and encroach on Newfoundland fishery

Province of Quebec established with limits to settlement on Indigenous lands beyond its borders, and on settlers buying such land within province

"Various Conjectures" - Benjamin Franklin summarizes reasons people are giving for attacks made on British by Indigenous people west of Lake Huron

Despite Ojibwe chief Wawatam's warning, Alexander Henry witnesses massacre of British at Michilimackinac but is saved by enslaved Pawnee woman

Teenager recounts being taken, enslaved, adopted, sold and rescued among Ojibwe, Odawa and French (Note: gruesome details; "savage" used)

Character traits needed by North American commander-in-chief to deal well with Indigenous people (Note: racial stereotypes)

Prospectus for weekly bilingual newspaper in Montreal, to aid anglophones and francophones learning each other's language, as well as deliver news

"Correspondence increases Commerce" - Quebec merchants want postal service, but will have postmaster and military express handle their mail

Maple sugaring near Sault Ste. Marie involves sugar shack with 20-foot-long fireplace, birchbark sap ducts and 100 gallon moosehide vats

Nova Scotia Lt. Gov. Wilmot warns against letting dangerous Acadian group "bigotted to France and the Church of Rome" settle on Miramichi

Acadians are not to be persuaded to move to France; instead "settle them in some distant District of Canada"

Each Nova Scotia county quarter session is to make rules about river obstructions (weirs, fish garths, seines etc.) that may affect fish spawning

At annual Nova Scotia township meetings, freeholders will appoint board of 12 residents to decide who should receive funds voted for poor relief

"In order to prevent the increase of Billiard Tables and Shuffle Boards" in Nova Scotia, owners must get annual £10 licence, or risk £20 fine

"Over populous[...]in the Island they at present inhabit," Nantucket mariners want to relocate to St. John's Island to take cod and whales

To evade violently anti-British Indigenous people, Alexander Henry dons variety of Ojibwe clothing and ornaments

Though injured by snowshoeing from Michilimackinac to Sault Ste. Marie, Alexander Henry refuses local remedy for "snow-shoe evil"

title: 1763 in Canada


text:
1764 in Canada

Events from the year 1764 in Canada.

Incumbents

 * Monarch: George III

Governors

 * Governor of the Province of Quebec: Jeffery Amherst
 * Colonial Governor of Louisiana: Louis Billouart
 * Governor of Nova Scotia: Jonathan Belcher
 * Commodore-Governor of Newfoundland: Richard Edwards

Full date unknown

 * 1764–1765: The Sugar Act and Stamp Act, by which Britain aims to recover revenue from the American colonies, arouses local opposition.
 * James Murray becomes civil governor of Quebec, but his attempts to appease French Canadians are disliked by British merchants.
 * Canada is divided into two chief judicial districts (Quebec and Montreal). Martial law, in Canada, terminates.
 * Fort Erie is constructed. It is the first British fort to be constructed in the Canadian territories which were newly annexed from the French.

Historical documents
James Murray promoted from military governor of Quebec City district to governor of province, but other military governors refuse to yield control

"Licentious Fanaticks Trading here" - Murray praises brave and faithful Canadians and denounces British merchants who want them expelled

System of judicial courts and appeals established in Quebec, plus office of bailiff with various duties (judicial and otherwise)

Justices of the peace and grand jury members in Quebec City district disagree on roles, competence, and judicial system of "Infant Colony"

Québécois petition for equality in legal system, including in customs, language, professions and religion, and against anglophone self-interest

£200 reward (upon conviction) for identification of party who seriously wounded Montreal district justice of the peace Thomas Walker at his home

Anyone providing liquor to Indigenous people will be fined £20 (except liquor retailers, who may sell 1/2 pint per person per day)

Circulating library in upper town Quebec City makes hundreds of volumes in English and French available to subscribers for 6p per week

With his family arriving, Quebec City merchant John McCord looks to hire "sober honest middle aged married Couple" or "discreet Woman" as servant

Map: Province of Quebec with adjacent Hudson's Bay Territories, Labrador, Nova Scotia, New England and New York

At Detroit, "most of the French begin to dread that the next Blow from the Indians will be upon them," and so they consume or sell their cattle

Letter from Niagara says troops and "a Party of General Johnson's Indians" are securing site of peace treaty talks with "all the Indian Nations"

At Niagara about 2,000 people representing 22 nations settle peace at meeting ("greatest ever known"), with prisoners released and land ceded

William Johnson tells nations war against English "most unjustifiable," but "his Majesty [has] a Just sense of your ignorance" and offers peace

With kisses, tobacco and feasting, Alexander Henry's adoptive family mollifies bear he shot (Note: "manes" is Latin word for souls of dead)

Lt. Gov. Wilmot of Nova Scotia suggests sending to Caribbean colonies those Acadians who have petitioned French king "to be moved from hence"

Record shows 1,762 Acadians in 405 families still in Nova Scotia (most in Halifax area), plus 300 on St. John's Island

Gov. Wilmot ready to obey instructions to swear and settle Acadians, but finds some so resistant that they would pay their way even to Illinois Country

Nova Scotia laws authorize borrowing sums to pay off bounties and other provincial debts, plus interest on debts in excess of those sums

All previously enacted bounties (except one for building Halifax stone walls) are ended

"As I have some Money to spare, I know not how better to dispose of it" - Benjamin Franklin considers land grants in Nova Scotia and Quebec

"This Island is deem'd very valueable [sic]" - Land speculator describes St. John's Island as "most pleasant fertile and best Cultivated in French America"

Around fifth anniversary of Battle of Quebec, review of troops held near Quebec City, followed by "a very genteel Breakfast" and country dancing

title: 1764 in Canada


text:
1765 in Canada

Events from the year 1765 in Canada.

Incumbents

 * Monarch: George III

Governors

 * Governor of the Province of Quebec: James Murray
 * Governor of Nova Scotia: Montague Wilmot
 * Commodore-Governor of Newfoundland: Hugh Palliser

Events

 * 18 May – Fire destroys a large part of the town of Montreal, Quebec.
 * The Stamp Act increases discontent. A Stamp Act Congress meets in New York City to protest the Act.
 * Reserve system in Canada begins with the provision of a tract of land for the Maliseet tribe.

Births

 * April 6 – Paschal Chagnon (d. 1825)
 * May 15 – Dominique Ducharme (d. 1853)
 * July 9 – Étienne Duchesnois (d. 1826)
 * August 3 – Étienne-Claude Lagueux (d. 1842)
 * September 15 – Jacques Archambault (d. 1851)
 * October 10 – Nicolas-Gaspard Boisseau (d. 1842)
 * Unknown – Alexander Henry the younger (d. 1814)
 * Unknown – John Brownell (d. 1809)

Deaths

 * July 4 – Claude-Godefroy Coquart, missionary (born 1706)

Historical documents
Huge territories won in Seven Years War will ruin Britain with depopulation and trade rivalry (Note: "savages" used)

Thomas Pownall says good policy means faithful and just alliance with Indigenous people, and dropping "that idle, useless claim of dominion" over them

Long list of First Nations (from Atlantic to Mississippi) by name and "the Numbers of their fighting men"

Indigenous parents seldom chastise children because they are either too young to understand or too old to be dominated

"Revered among them in many transactions" - Nature and use of wampum, calumet and tomahawk by Indigenous people

Despite its northern location, Quebec is "a healthy, fruitful, and pleasant country," with St. Lawrence River providing "an extended sea-coast"

Gov. James Murray describes difficulty ruling Quebec given hostility among military, magistrates and merchants in Montreal

London merchants trading to Quebec petition Board of Trade on harmful effects of soldier violence and Gov. Murray's ordinances (Note: poor copy)

Notice of available land grants includes description of Quebec's fertility and productivity, and even its beneficial frost and snow

With end of hostilities with those "who lately appeared in Arms," any subject may take out Indigenous trade licence under Royal Proclamation

VIPs from England touring British colonies benefit from meeting Indigenous people, who demonstrate sagacity and intelligence (Note: "savage" used)

"Maricitte Indians [are] reduced to the lowest Ebb of Misery" by Canadians taking beaver on their Temiscouata-Madawaska-Rivière du Loup lands

Quebec governor's gardener solicits all with knowledge of botanicals, including those used in Indigenous medicines, paints and dyes

Chaplain of Quebec recommends inoculation as "happiest Preservative" against smallpox, it being safe, effective, and "approv'd at Rome"

School is opening to give instruction in "Arithmetic vulgar and decimal, the Extraction and Use of the Square and cube Roots, Mensuration" etc.

Montreal fire of May 18 destroys one-fourth (one-third by value) of city of 7,000, leaving 215 families homeless

"Fair to the eye [and] grateful to the taste" - Profile of Nova Scotia includes description of cod processing

With "water sufficient for any ship that swims," Halifax Harbour has Royal Navy's chief American facility for careening and other maintenance

Protestant missionaries in Nova Scotia speak English, French, Mi'kmaw and German (Note: "savages" used)

Servants who desert their employers are liable to work twice length of their absence, unless they can prove they were abused

Nova Scotian describes Stamp Act unrest in Boston and calm in Halifax

French presence on St. Pierre and Miquelon draws Acadians and Mi'kmaq and warships to undermine British fishery and take Newfoundland

Ship-based fishery, source of seamen for wartime, "is now wholly dropt and excluded by Encroachers and Monopolizers" in Newfoundland

"If the English would be more honest, we should be more generous" - Haudenosaunee tell William Johnson they are cheated of their lands

Traveller says Pontiac and other Indigenous leaders love French for their kind and generous ways, and British will need long time to gain such respect

"[Almost] no part of North America[...]better worth settling, improving, and defending" - Great future foreseen for Great Lakes lands

Recommendation that half-dozen Great Lakes forts, especially ones at Detroit and on Niagara River, be for protecting and wintering British traders

Alexander Henry buys £1,250 in goods at Michilimackinac on 12 months credit and loads them into 4 canoes for exclusive trade on Lake Superior

Frederick Haldimand to move to Canada all St. John's Island Acadians, who will be allowed to take cattle and one firelock, powder and shot per family

"Advantages[...]would be derived from laying open this trade" - Reasons to end Hudson's Bay Company's monopoly

Scottish Jacobite writer has ghosts of Wolfe and Montcalm discuss their final, fatal and flawed campaigns in Seven Years War

Benjamin Franklin has some anonymous newspaper fun, relating Canadians' preparations for whaling and cod fishing in upper Great Lakes

title: 1765 in Canada


text:
1766 in Canada

Events from the year 1766 in Canada.

Incumbents

 * Monarch: George III

Governors

 * Governor of the Province of Quebec: James Murray
 * Governor of Nova Scotia: Montague Wilmot
 * Commodore-Governor of Newfoundland: Hugh Palliser

Events

 * March 18 – The Stamp Act is repealed.

Historical documents
Secretary of State Conway suggests Gov. Murray be recalled from Quebec immediately, and George III concurs, referring to "many heavy charges" against him

Two ministers support judicial reforms for Quebec, including superior court with French-speaking justices, and tolerance of local customs

"Two nations are to be kept in peace and harmony" - New Quebec attorney general argues for Catholics and law-making power of governor-in-council

There being no Quebec assembly and no more French wine imports, Parliament should set province's taxes on British liquor to restore its revenue

Given huge French-English population imbalance, establishing popular assembly in Quebec should be delayed until "expedient and proper"

"Freed from the Impositions of the grievous Stamp" - Repeal of Stamp Act ends "desolation," "misery" and "heavy loss" to Quebec commerce

Any Quebec subject may sit on jury, cases between Canadian subjects must have juries of Canadians only, and Canadians may act as barristers

After saying products of Quebec's economy do not pay for half of necessities imported, writer insists Britain "pay the internal Charges of the Colony"

£50 reward offered for names of anyone committing violence against Indigenous people in lands reserved for them under Royal Proclamation of 1763

Notice that Protestant teacher of languages (Latin, Greek, Italian, French, Spanish, Low Dutch) seeks scholars and adult learners in Quebec City

Missing Black woman, age 24 ("pitted with the Small-pox, speaks good English"), is sought through Quebec newspaper ad

"To Be Sold, An indented Servant woman, who has Three Years and Eight Months to serve."

King awards "Royal" title to regiment bound for Quebec, but officer says 1 penny more per day in pay would be "much more essential Compliment"

Garden seeds for sale, including "Pease and Beans,[...]Spinnage,[...]early Dutch Turnips, [and] Some Excellent Roots of Ranunculus"

Any prospective Nova Scotia grammar school teacher to be vetted by local minister (or JPs) and five townsmen; no Catholics to be allowed

Nova Scotia law prohibits sale within 10 miles of any public market of anything on sale there, or reselling any market's grain, hay or animal goods

Employing and supplying thousands who work in Newfoundland, Cape Breton and St. John's Island fisheries both enrich and empower Britain

Michilimackinac welcomes Robert Rogers as "Indian Nations, almost worn out with repeated Solicitations for Traders, are on the Eve of Discontent"

title: 1766 in Canada


text:
Penal Code of Japan

The Penal Code (刑法 Keihō) of Japan was passed in 1907 as Law No. 45. It is one of six Codes that form the foundation of modern Japanese law. The penal code is also called “ordinary criminal law” or “general criminal law” as it relates to general crimes. Criminal law in the practical sense refers not only to the content of the criminal code, but also to all legal norms that specify the requirements for the consequences of a crime and the content of the penalty as a legal effect imposed on a person. It may also include a law regarding security measures, which is a supplementary system.

Structure
The Penal Code of 1907 is subdivided into 2 parts, 50 chapters and comprises 264 articles.

The legal nature of criminal law
The criminal law is classified as substantive law as it defines the contents of crimes and penalties and clarifies the conditions under which a country can carry out a punishment. On the other hand, it is mainly the Criminal Procedure Code that stipulates how an investigation/trial should actually be carried out when a crime in the Criminal Code is committed. Furthermore, it is the Criminal Treatment Law that defines the method of actually executing a punishment. These fields of law are collectively referred to as "criminal law," but criminal law is positioned as the central law of criminal law.

Also, when the legal system is divided into public law and private law, it is understood that it belongs to public law in Japan.

Criminal function

 * Regulatory function

The function that clarifies the evaluation of actions is called the regulatory function. By describing certain acts as crimes, criminalizing those who do such actions by punishing for criminal acts, it helps to keep the general public from committing those acts.

 * Protective function (legal protection function)

The function of protecting legal interests and maintaining order in social life by adding sanctions to infringement of certain legal interests (profit that should be protected by law) is called a protective function. Also known as order maintenance function.

 * Guarantee function (human rights guarantee function)

The criminal law stipulates certain acts as crimes, and the punishment for them is specified in advance. General citizens are not punished unless they commit a crime, and criminals are punished only within that range. In this way, the function that guarantees the freedom of the general public and those who commit crimes by limiting the use of the state's punishment right is called a guarantee function. Also called Magna Carta function.

Criminal criminal law
The criminal penal code refers to the criminal code relating to the punishment of acts that are thought of as morally wrong and are considered punishable. In Japanese law, in addition to the criminal code, explosives control and punishment for violent acts, etc. belong to the criminal penal code.

Administrative criminal law
In order to achieve the administrative purpose, the criminal law regarding the punishment of acts that violate administrative laws is called the administrative criminal law. Administrative criminal law has weaker moral elements and stronger administrative elements than criminal criminal law. As it covers all areas of administrative regulations such as tax and economic criminal law, its content is also extensive.

Table of amendments and revisions
(In progress)

title: Penal Code of Japan


text:
User:Jlo45

Hello All! And before you ask, no, its not J-Lo as in Ben [formerly] and.... It's my dogs, Jay and Lo. I'm Larry, born in '45, a Kansas native, retired high school teacher, and now full-time gardener, net explorer, NASCAR and IRL fan, and fisherman - not necessarily in that order.

Experience: Anyone remember Go.com? Joe Ant? Hotrate? ;-)

title: User:Jlo45


text:
1767 in Canada

Events from the year 1767 in Canada.

Incumbents

 * Monarch: George III

Governors

 * Governor of the Province of Quebec: James Murray
 * Governor of Nova Scotia: Montague Wilmot
 * Commodore-Governor of Newfoundland: Hugh Palliser

Events

 * A second Fort Dauphin was built on the north shore of Lake Dauphin.
 * In the fall of 1767, the Gueguen, Arseneau, Hébert and Bourg families receive the first land grant conveyed to Acadians after the Expulsion. In November, Cocagne becomes the first Acadian community established with official permission from the British Crown.

Births

 * May 19 – Sir George Prevost (died 1816)

Historical documents
Lt. Gov. Guy Carleton's assessment of loyalty and potential opposition that Quebec government should anticipate, and need for defence build-up

Hopefully "representations" of Quebec justices visiting London will spur Parliament to "put a stop to that spirit of controversy so hurtful to the publick weal"

Carleton says replace September 17, 1764 ordinance with old Canadian laws, then "advisable Alterations" such as salaries instead of fees for officials

In case troubles in America develop into war, Carleton argues for strengthened lines of communication between Quebec City and New York City

More than three dozen "Principal People of Montreal" petition for right of all Quebec subjects, no matter their religion, to seek any public office

Under death sentence for robbery, Simon La Pointe is pardoned because he is first of "His Majesty's new Subjects" to be convicted of capital crime

"To Be Sold, A Healthy Negro Boy, about 15 Years of Age, well qualified to wait on a Gentleman as a Body Servant"

Montreal vintner seeks missing "Mulatto Negro Slave" who "is supposed to have with him forged Certificates of his Freedom, and Passes;" $8 reward

"Her Master" seeks missing indentured servant woman "inticed away by two dischar'd Soldiers;" $5 reward for capture of each

Quebec's cash scarcity can be remedied by increasing and improving production of food, textiles and ships, and relying less on fisheries and fur trade

Notice supports midwife Susanna Furth against her detractors, as her professionalism saved subscriber's wife when her child was stillborn

Despite recurrent chimney fires and purchase in 1765 of two large fire engines, no fire regulations have been established in Quebec City

Collector of "the Seeds of all the Trees, Shrubs and Flowers, which grow in Canada" (400 species over 3 years) will supply same to "the Curious"

Unmarried men scolded in prose and poetry for their "dull stupid sauntring Life" and "sad self" (followed by counter-argument in "Marriage A-La-Mode")

Husband wishes to receive fewer invitations to social events as spending $2–3 a week "does not tally with my Income;" his wife calls him dull

Nova Scotia Assembly reports to governor that province, under its "present embarrassed Circumstances," cannot cover government expenses

"Officers of Government having voluntarily proposed a Reduction of the Salaries," Gov. Campbell to issue interest-bearing warrants for expenses

Nova Scotia townships census records 13,214 whites, 104 free Blacks and 28 Indigenous people

"Numbers of People had their Chance" - Lots drawn in London for property on St. John's Island, which comprises 1.5 million acres

With Canadian and British fur traders against French from Mississippi, France will gain, Britain lose and Quebec be ruined by tight British regulations

Trader Alexander Henry the elder relates aspects of Cree culture, including Nanaboujou's legend and grave on Michipicoten Bay, Lake Superior

Two young Inuit at Prince of Wales Fort on Hudson Bay to learn English and "Southern Indian" languages, nurturing peace between native peoples

title: 1767 in Canada


text:
1768 in Canada

Events from the year 1768 in Canada.

Incumbents

 * Monarch: George III

Governors

 * Governor of the Province of Quebec: James Murray
 * Governor of Nova Scotia: Montague Wilmot
 * Commodore-Governor of Newfoundland: Hugh Palliser

Events

 * Guy Carleton succeeds James Murray as governor of Quebec.
 * October 17- The Treaty of Fort Stanwix is concluded.

Births

 * March – Tecumseh (died 1813)

Historical documents
Gov. Carleton is to call popular assembly in Quebec when possible, encourage Protestant schools, grant land only to those capable of farming, etc.

To keep their loyalty, Carleton wants to allow Canadians judicial redress without fees and delays, plus few honorary positions and civil service jobs

Former governor James Murray defends duties he levied as lower than those of French regime, which he proved in court in lawsuit against him

Writer not surprised Quebec is poor, and likely to be poorer, when tradesmen set up as merchants and buy foreign goods they could make themselves

Numerous house fires in Montreal and Quebec, from people not cleaning their chimneys, necessitate ordinance for chimney cleaning every four weeks

April 11 fire in Montreal drives scores of families from their homes, but reportedly none are injured

Valentine, "a Panis Indian," guilty of murdering army officer and servant, to be hanged "and his Body to be delivered to the Surgeons to be dissected"

Surgeon offers inoculation (gratis to poor) "by which Means he has procured sufficient Infection for those who chuse to be inoculated"

Discharged soldiers and others who have lots on Gaspé and Chaleur bays must clear, work or drain 3 acres for every 50 of each lot within 3 years

Teacher will teach reading (by sounds rather than alphabet names of letters), writing, English, Latin, "true" double-entry Italian bookkeeping etc.

Man falsely sworn to be father of woman's child informs readers that real father has demanded child and "challenged her" for claiming it's him

"To Be Sold, a very healthy handy Negro Girl, about Eleven Years of Age, speaks both French and English."

Husband of missing woman describes her, offers $1.50 reward, and wants her to "acknowledge her Fault, and tell me truly, who it was encouraged her"

Notice seeking "Will, the Property of Eleazar Levy, [who] is much known in Canada, [and] speaks French, English and Spanish;" $4 reward offered

William Johnson's conference with Indigenous people in which Six Nations "and all their Tributaries" agree to land cession and boundary

Trade as far as Mississippi "very dull" while French and Spanish from New Orleans undersell British, who hold Sauk hostages after violence along river

Robert Rogers brought to Montreal under strong guard, committed to "the Chateau, and double Centinels set over him"

On Lake Huron, Alexander Henry and others avoid starving by eating rock tripe, thus not needing plan to cannibalize young woman among them

British government pleased "that the Acadians have at length seen that their true interests lie in a due Submission to His [Majesty's] Government"

Certificate of "Pierre Beliveau an accadian" showing he has taken oath of allegiance to King in Kings County, Nova Scotia court

Nova Scotia Lt. Gov. Francklin pleased so many Acadians take oath of allegiance, and has no intention to use them in military or oppose their religion

Francklin praises priest for "quieting the minds of the Indians" and "reconciling the consciencies [sic] of the Accadians who have lately taken the Oaths"

Surveyor Charles Morris: Saint John River is "fine Country of Land in general [and] every necessary Convenience of Life can be had at an easy Rate"

At settlement of disbanded New England soldiers on Saint John River, hemp grown more than 9 ft. tall marks success "beyond their Expectation"

"Grimross is the most considerable Settlement that the French had" on Saint Johns River, but it is "now all demolished, and[...]laid waste"

Widow may sue late husband's heir for her "reasonable dower" of one-third of "houses, lands, tenement or hereditaments," or of rents or profits

Trader Benjamin Lester on Trinity, Newfoundland damage when tide pushed by easterly gale tosses ships around "at near an hours time every where"

Travelling to St. Pierre on scientific expedition in July 1768, Cassini describes constant frustration (and danger) of being fogbound on Grand Banks

Orders to settle St. John's Island with civil government, grants of townships to noblemen, and 3 towns: Charlotte-Town, George-Town and Prince-Town

Description of Hudson Strait Inuit clothing (men's and women's, including tall boots in which babies can be carried), plus praise for Inuit "disposition"

title: 1768 in Canada


text:
1769 in Canada

Events from the year 1769 in Canada.

Incumbents

 * Monarch: George III

Governors

 * Governor of the Province of Quebec: Guy Carleton
 * Governor of Nova Scotia: Michael Francklin
 * Commodore-Governor of Newfoundland: John Byron
 * Governor of St. John's Island: Walter Patterson

Events

 * The American colonies begin their westward expansion, settling Tennessee.
 * Prince Edward Island becomes a separate colony from Nova Scotia.
 * April 20 – Chief Pontiac of the Ottawa is killed by a Kaskaskia Indian in Illinois.

Births

 * March 12: Sir Archibald Campbell, 1st Baronet, army officer and colonial administrator (d.1843)
 * August 16: Peter Fidler, fur trader, mapmaker, explorer (d.1822)
 * October 6: Isaac Brock, military commander, administrator of Upper Canada (d.1812)

Full date unknown

 * Francis Gore, colonial administrator (d.1852)

Historical documents
"Small-Pox rages here with great Violence" - 6-7 die in Montreal most days, but Canadians' approval of inoculation gives hope "Fatality will soon cease"

Attorney general suggests ways (rejected by Gov. Carleton) to mix British law with French laws that are "most necessary to [Canadians'] satisfaction"

Maseres dissents from governor's advice to revive French laws because British goal is "to assimilate [Quebec] in religion, laws, and government"

Board of Trade's recommendations to Privy Council committee for Quebec provincial assembly, justice system, ecclesiastical affairs, and revenue

Bread bakers must commit to baking year-round by laying in flour supply for when poor roads prevent grain delivery, and not halting when profits are low

Letter to John Wilkes from John Adams, James Otis, Samuel Adams and others ("Sons of Liberty") on Canada's place in assault on American rights

To be sold: "Likely Negro Fellow [who] understands Cooking, waiting at Table, and Houshold-work, &c. &c." and speaks English and French

Gabrielle Joncaire says not to buy land swindled from her by her husband, who also imprisoned her and caused her "to make off for New-England"

Call for proposals to supply and/or make repairs to Quebec City buildings, listing items of various types and materials, and standards of workmanship

Surgeon of 8th Regiment at Quebec City, having inoculated 630 people "with the usual Success," assures public recent smallpox death was "Natural"

Whooping cough "extremely fatal" to children in Montreal, who should be bled and given gentle purgative "sweetened with the Sugar of the Country"

To end priests' influence over "ignorant Natives," French clergy must be replaced with vigorous Protestants (Note: stereotypes of Indigenous people)

Troubling news "of an Intended Indian War" at Detroit and elsewhere, and "unwearied malicious Attempts" of French from Mississippi River

Chief Massigihash asks Detroit commander for compassion, requesting especially return to them of Ojibwes' "father," Lt. Sinclair; Capt. Turnbull replies

Major Robert Rogers acquitted of all charges, but his "improper and dangerous correspondence" and later notion to escape raised suspicions

Over 100 families gone "to settle themselves on Beaver Island, situated in the middle of Lake Ontario, abounding with the finest furrs of all Canada"

Navy commanders to watch for "great cargoes" of European goods smuggled in French fishing boats to Newfoundland, Nova Scotia and Cape Breton

Local Indigenous people, though few, cause Nova Scotia to fail, but can be defeated by nearby First Nations (Note: stereotypes of Indigenous people)

"- Quine, and Flora a Negro Women [sic], were lately tried, convicted, and sentenced to receive 25 Lashes at the Public Whipping-Post, for stealing"

House of Assembly journal shows progress of bill "for preventing the Exportation of Wheat, Rye, Barley, Flour, Meal, or Pease" during grain shortage

Assembly tells Council that shortfall preventing payment of government debts can't be cleared by taxes that people can't pay, and so frugality must do

Notice that Earl of Egmont is about to settle his 100,000-acre township on Shubenacadie and Wilmot rivers, which is 15 miles from Halifax

Midwife Eleanor Fallon asks Assembly pay for services to poor women of Halifax, who without her "wou'd be distress'd in a very great degree" (denied)

Halifax man has house of "entertainment" with "Chop-House," baking facility for ladies' orders, stables and slaughterhouse, and large assembly room

Halifax notary public will draw up assignments, acquitances, certificates of bankrupts, bargains and sales, bonds, jointures, affidavits, warrants etc.

Front-page essay on frugality, "so necessary to the happiness of the world"

Incoming St. John's Island lieutenant governor receives paternal advice comprising impartiality, disinterest, moderation, generosity and good manners

Four ships of the line and other Royal Navy craft will "protect the Newfoundland fishery in its full extent" from French disregarding Treaty of Paris terms

New Newfoundland governor will be better than previous, who was of "disservice to the fishery" because of his attachment to initial "false opinion" of it

Newfoundland trader glad he forbid heating turpentine in his fireplace, as it took fire elsewhere, which would be "of Shocking Consequence" for him

Hudson's Bay Company criticized for failing to expand on its initial success by opening opportunity to others for investment and increase of its trade

Having failed in first expedition from Hudson Bay, Samuel Hearne blames "desertion," "embezzlement," and "villany" of Indigenous people with him

Churchill River people at Hudson Bay seem melancholy but good-natured, very honest, "remarkably clever in repartees" and "converse extremely well"

Intense January cold in cabin on Churchill River freezes bedding to bed frame and disturbs sleep hourly with loud cracking of house timbers

Notice of death of Edmond Hoyle, "well known in the polite world for writing[...]on the games of Whist, Quadrille, Piquet, Chess and Blackgammon"

"How long we may[...]carry on a friendly communication, will become a question, as the sword of civil war seems ready to start from the scabbard"

America not ripe for rebellion, as even Bostonians don't insult occupying troops, though all British forces "would be nothing" in Americans' hands

"Wise Men suffer, good men grieve; Knaves invent, and Fools believe; Help, O Lord! send Aid unto us, Or fools and Knaves will quite undo us."

title: 1769 in Canada


text:
User talk:Pelletierm

Hi there. Welcome to Wikipedia! If you want, drop us a note at New user log to introduce yourself.

If you need editing help, visit How does one edit a page. For format questions, visit our manual of style

Some time when you're bored, you can read through our policies and guidelines. If you made any edits before you got an account, you might be interested in assigning those to your username.

If you have any other questions about the project then check out Help or add a question to the Village pump. You can also drop me a question on my talk page.

Happy editing, Isomorphic 05:17, 25 Feb 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Pelletierm


text:
Communication source

A source or sender is one of the basic concepts of communication and information processing. Sources are objects which encode message data and transmit the information, via a channel, to one or more observers (or receivers).

In the strictest sense of the word, particularly in information theory, a source is a process that generates message data that one would like to communicate, or reproduce as exactly as possible elsewhere in space or time. A source may be modelled as memoryless, ergodic, stationary, or stochastic, in order of increasing generality.

Communication Source combines Communication and Mass Media Complete and Communication Abstracts to provide full-text access to more than 700 journals, and indexing and abstracting for more than 1,000 core journals. Coverage dating goes back to 1900.

Content is derived from academic journals, conference papers, conference proceedings, trade publications, magazines and periodicals.

A transmitter can be either a device, for example, an antenna, or a human transmitter, for example, a speaker. The word "transmitter" derives from an emitter, that is to say, that emits using the Hertzian waves.

In sending mail it also refers to the person or organization that sends a letter and whose address is written on the envelope of the letter.

In finance, an issuer can be, for example, the bank system of elements.

In education, an issuer is any person or thing that gives knowledge to the student, for example, the professor.

For communication to be effective, the sender and receiver must share the same code. In ordinary communication, the sender and receiver roles are usually interchangeable.

Depending on the language's functions, the issuer fulfills the expressive or emotional function, in which feelings, emotions, and opinions are manifested, such as The way is dangerous.

In economy
In the economy, the issuer is a legal entity, foundation, company, individual firm, national or foreign governments, investment companies or others that develop, register and then trade commercial securities to finance their operations. The issuers are legally responsible for the issues in question and for reporting the financial conditions, materials developed and whatever their operational activities required by the regulations within their jurisdictions.

title: Communication source


text:
Linux Kongress

The Linux Kongress was an annual conference of Linux developers from around the world, that took place every year from 1994 to 2010. It started as a two-day conference in 1994, when Linux was in the early stages of development, and by 2003 had become a four-day event. It occurred every year in Germany except 2001 and 2007. During its lifespan, Linux-Kongress was one of the three major international grass-roots Linux and Open Source conferences in the world, along with linux.conf.au and Ottawa Linux Symposium.

The focus of Linux-Kongress was development topics, either in kernel or user space. The conference language was English. By the end, the event consisted of two days of conference preceded by two days of tutorials.

Notable speakers
The conference was a meeting place for many different types of developers. Speakers at the conference included kernel developers like Linus Torvalds, Alan Cox, Theodore Ts'o, Rusty Russell, James Bottomley, user space developers like Kalle Dalheimer and Miguel de Icaza, and open source advocates like Eric S. Raymond and Jon Hall.

History
In 1999 the conference cooperated with the Storage Management Workshop. In 2000 and 2001 there were several multi-day workshops sponsored by the German Ministry of Science and Education that preceded the conference. Also there was collaboration with NLUUG. In 2009 it was co-located with the OpenSolaris Developer Conference OSDevCon.

The conference was organized by the German Unix User Group (GUUG). In 2011, GUUG decided not to hold a Linux Kongress, and instead focus its resources on LinuxCon Europe. There has not been a Linux Kongress since.

title: Linux Kongress


text:
1770 in Canada

Events from the year 1770 in Canada.

Incumbents

 * Monarch: George III

Governors

 * Governor of the Province of Quebec: Guy Carleton
 * Governor of Nova Scotia: Lord William Campbell
 * Commodore-Governor of Newfoundland: John Byron
 * Governor of St. John's Island: Walter Patterson

Events

 * December – Samuel Hearne departs on his third voyage of discovery.
 * The city of Saint-Eustache, Quebec is established.

Births

 * April 7 – William Wordsworth, in Cockermouth, England (d.1850)
 * April 30 – David Thompson, fur trader, surveyor and map-maker (d.1857)
 * June 4 (baptised) – William Carson, in Kirkcudbright, Scotland (d.1843)
 * October 23 – George Ramsay, 9th Earl of Dalhousie (d.1838)

Full date unknown

 * William Allan, near Huntly, Scotland (d.1853)

Deaths

 * February 12 – Christopher Middleton, Hudson's Bay Company captain

Historical documents
Hard winters and scarcity of farm staples and manufactures useful in Britain make northern colonies dependent on West Indies, not mother country

Warships will form line from Cape Race, Newfoundland to latitude of Cape Cod to prevent smuggling to St. Lawrence, Nova Scotia coast and Massachusetts

British in Quebec request general assembly to encourage agriculture and trade and attach increasingly poor Canadians to economy and British law

Canadians request return of their laws, which are basis of their property and family rule, and public office from which they are humiliatingly excluded

Reward of $200 offered for information on "the Malefactors and abominable people that have, and attempt yet every Day, to set Fire to this Town"

Since surveyor appointed, small number of chimney fires shows benefit of chimney law, and minding fireplaces may save "us from that dreadful Calamity"

Lightning coming down chimney to fireplace she was kneeling at kills woman in Charlebourg, her last words being "My God, I am dying: Help"

After saying he would kill his wife to priest (and requesting he "assist him at the Gallows"), Quebec man attempts murder and then kills himself

Coroner's Inquest conclusions (previously called verdicts) finds Catharine Alexander's stillborn baby was given for burial to "ignorant Woman [who] indecently" put coffin in snow behind prison

Advertisement for shipping on Lakes Ontario, Erie and Huron - "infinitely less liable to hazard" than going "defenceless[...]to be seized by the Savages"

Illinois Country whites (pop. ca. 2,000) have connections with Canada and local Indigenous people, and tend to trade and hunt more than farm

Dinner given at Northwest Arm near Halifax in celebration of Festival of St. Aspinquid, with toasts to Hendrick, Uncas, Massasoit and other sachems

Nova Scotia townships must support only resident poor people and orphans, excepting poor and disabled people who can be supported by family

Needy "dissenting Ministers" of Nova Scotia will benefit from interest earned on charitable fund "warmly recommended" by 28 such clergymen in London

Interest on loans in Nova Scotia to be no higher than 6% (with grandfather clause) and lenders charging higher rate are to pay triple value of loan made

St. John's Island looking for fishers to settle, where they will pay no duty on rum, molasses "or any other Commodity necessary for Fishermen"

George Cartwright's sighting of Beothuk evokes long description of them and Newfoundlanders' murderous attitude toward them (Note: "wild" used)

St. John's merchants tell Gov. Byron Newfoundland trade suffers from previous governor, worker neglect, loss of settlers, drinking, and customs delays

Church of the Brethren missionaries establish selves among "Esquimaux" in Labrador with view to settlement (Note: stereotypes of Indigenous people)

Moravian missionary purchases land from head Inuk in each tent because "you are all Lords + Masters[...], each of you says He is Master of the Land"

After Inuit men of "Esquimaux Bay" acknowledge violence of past, missionary consults with them on where Moravians should build their house

Inuit acknowledge that they are Brethren's children and must attend their meetings and do what they are told to do

George Cartwright describes construction of Inuit sled made of spruce planks, whale jaw bone runners and walrus hide thongs

Samuel Hearne on expedition is irked but not dismayed by ways of his Indigenous guide ("Con-ne-e-quese"; Note: "niggard" means ungenerous person)

Hearne quotes Indigenous leader Matonabbee as saying women are made for labour, such as carrying, hauling, making and mending clothing etc.

Hearne describes moose hide tent and its use as woodland tipi early on his expedition northwest from Prince of Wales Fort, Churchill

title: 1770 in Canada


text:
User talk:Jlo45

Hi there. Welcome to Wikipedia! You can drop us a note at New user log to introduce yourself.

If you need editing help, visit How does one edit a page. For format questions, visit our manual of style

Some time when you're bored, you can read through our policies and guidelines. If you made any edits before you got an account, you might be interested in assigning those to your username.

If you have any other questions about the project then check out Help or add a question to the Village pump. You can also drop me a question on my talk page.

Happy editing, Isomorphic 05:19, 25 Feb 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jlo45


text:
1771 in Canada

Events from the year 1771 in Canada.

Incumbents

 * Monarch: George III

Governors

 * Governor of the Province of Quebec: Guy Carleton
 * Governor of Nova Scotia: Lord William Campbell
 * Commodore-Governor of Newfoundland: John Byron
 * Governor of St. John's Island: Walter Patterson

Events

 * July 17 – Massacre at Bloody Falls: Chipewyan chief Matonabbee traveling as the guide to Samuel Hearne on his Arctic overland journey, massacre a group of unsuspecting Inuit.
 * Captain James Cook completes his first voyage around the world.
 * Lieutenant Governor Michael Francklin of Nova Scotia travels to northern England to seek immigrants to replace those displaced by the Acadian expulsion.

Births

 * January 19: Thomas Talbot, army and militia officer, settlement promoter, office holder, and politician (d.1853)
 * June 20: Thomas Douglas, 5th Earl of Selkirk, colonizer and author (d.1820)

Full date unknown

 * James Bardin Palmer, land agent, lawyer, office holder, and politician (d.1833)

Deaths

 * December 23 : Marie-Marguerite d'Youville, grey nun (b.1701)

Historical documents
Quebec landslide caused by underground water flow buries carriage, horses and driver, and house and barn, and forms 3-acre bank blocking river

Reward of 200 Spanish dollars for information leading to conviction of "murderers" of district deputy provost marshal Jacob Rowe

Reward of $8 offered for return of "a Sailor Negro Slave named Pompey[...]lately bought of Mr. Perras, Merchant" in Quebec City

Just paid, Pointe-aux-Trembles woman stops robber by throwing money into snow, at which he lays down pistols to pick up cash and she shoots him

Mr. Prenties's Long Room will be venue for public concert and ball with tea, coffee and cards; tickets ($1) available from Band of the 10th Regiment

Cryptic news from Montreal mentions "greatest Harmony and the best Understanding[...]between both Sexes [and] Black and White mingling together"

Reward for lost "Pinchbeck chased" watch with "a Steel Chain and two Cornelian Seals, one a Bust set in Gold, the other a Ship set in Pinchbeck"

Newfoundland governor has "fresh instructions" to deny French cod fishers' claims to harbours, fishing works etc. (and salmon and whaling rights)

George Cartwright describes Inuit snow house (complete with skylight and interior icicles that in lamp light form "radiant diamonds")

"I was greatly pleased with their method" - Cartwright on Inuit way to cure codfish without salt (called "pipshy" or "jerking;" note: C. calls Inuit "Indians")

"The most perfect good humour prevailed" - Cartwright watches Inuit women dressing skins, jerking fish, making clothing etc. as they sing and dance

Samuel Hearne's Indigenous companions massacre Inuit along Coppermine River ("Bloody Falls")

Hearne explains what makes their women attractive to "Northern Indians," and notes extremes of hardship (including punishment) women endure

Hearne finds few people live in region just west of Hudson Bay because they know some areas will not even support travellers just passing through

Hearne witnesses attempts to cure illness of Indigenous people by what he calls "conjurers," and regrets making fun of them

Hearne describes source and uses of copper by "Copper Indians" (plus story of woman who introduced copper to them)

Hearne gives "the real state and œconomy" of beavers, contradicting many falsehoods published by other writers (plus note on beavers as pets)

Hearne describes deer pound, which can be 1 mile around with entrance funnel 2–3 miles long, and states opinion on users' affluence and indolence

"Every thing they make is executed with a neatness not to be excelled by the most expert mechanic" - Northern Indians' small canoe and its uses

title: 1771 in Canada


text:
Talk:Glycerine

how to purification the glycerine obtained during the preparation of Biodiesel?

D-glycerol and L-glycerol: as glycerol is not optically active there is only one form. these names are therefore meaningless. Are they really used in practice? user:Evanherk

I don't know if the D-and L form are in use, but I added the not-optically active note. Ties 22:39, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Glycerine


text:
1772 in Canada

Events from the year 1772 in Canada.

Incumbents

 * Monarch: George III

Governors

 * Governor of the Province of Quebec: Guy Carleton
 * Governor of Nova Scotia: Lord William Campbell
 * Commodore-Governor of Newfoundland: Molyneux Shuldham, 1st Baron Shuldham
 * Governor of St. John's Island: Walter Patterson

Events

 * Samuel Hearne explores Coppermine River to Arctic Ocean.
 * HBC Mathey Cocking, to Blackfeet country west of Eagle Hills.
 * The Hudson's Bay Company opens Cumberland House on the Saskatchewan River.
 * James Cook and George Vancouver explore the northwest coast of America.
 * The Yorkshire emigration begins with the arrival of 62 passengers aboard The Duke of York.

Deaths

 * September 30: Jean-Louis Le Loutre, priest, Spiritan, and missionary (born 1709)

Historical documents
Solicitor General suggests rules affecting government, religion (including Jesuits), property and justice, as well as agreements under French regime

With no Quebec "plan of laws" submitted, former attorney general Francis Maseres says "every thing relating to that province seems to be in suspense"

Nearly 60 Quebec City "subscribers" agree to weigh Portugal gold coins received and deduct uniform amount from value of any that have been debased

Dangerous fire spreading from Quebec City seminary is stopped by effectiveness of garrison soldiers, well-supplied "engines" and alert citizens

Soldier of 52nd Regiment warns public not to accommodate his wife, "Eloped[...]and, as I am inform'd, is living with[...]a Soldier in the 60th Regiment"

Musician Guillaume de Vaut-Court of Paris, performing in Upper-Town, retails his compositions of "Simple Counter-point" and music for concerts to hire

Liverpool couple Deborah Cuffy, "negro free woman," and Irishman John Carroll told by magistrates to "take each other in our presence, which they did"

Notice that Black woman named "Thursday" is missing in Halifax, where "her Master" John Rock offers $2 reward plus costs for her return

Quebecker will teach "Small Sword, Cut & Thrust, after the best completest manner," as well as French and "Dancing after the newest and best Mode"

Because of limited transportation in region of Campobello and Passamaquoddy, justices of the peace to hold semi-annual general sessions court there

Molyneux Shuldham governor of Newfoundland and Labrador from Hudson Strait to St.-Jean River near Anticosti Island, plus it and Magdalen Islands

Inuit in London stunned at first, but "admiration increased in proportion" to their understanding of "the use, beauty, and mechanism of what they saw"

"Tumbling over each other in glorious confusion" - George Cartwright plays games with Inuit in Labrador, including threading-the-needle and leapfrog

William Johnson satisfies Mississaugas after they complain about "David Ramsey, an Indian trader," who killed several of their people near Niagara

Detroit commandant Philip Dejean praised for "unwearied endeavours" to bring confessed killer of merchant at Detroit to face justice in Quebec City

"Indian Leaders" retain respect of both Hudson's Bay Company and Indigenous people with displays of influence and bouts of intensive begging

"She built the hut in which we found her" - Resourceful Dogrib woman survives alone for months after escaping Athabascans (Note: "savages" used)

"Had the vanity to think that I could have kept pace" - Snowshoe speedster Samuel Hearne is no match for swiftness of bison running in deep snow

Royal Society member notes Hudson Bay sturgeon, burbot, "gwiniad" (called "tickomeg" locally) "and a new fish called the Sucker at Hudson's Bay"

"New voyage which is intended to be made to the South Seas" is expected to throw new light on discovery of Northwest Passage

title: 1772 in Canada


text:
1773 in Canada

Events from the year 1773 in Canada.

Incumbents

 * Monarch: George III

Governors

 * Governor of the Province of Quebec: Guy Carleton
 * Governor of Nova Scotia: Lord William Campbell
 * Commodore-Governor of Newfoundland: John Byron
 * Governor of St. John's Island: Walter Patterson

Events

 * December – Prominent French Canadians petition the King to restore their ancient laws and accord them the rights of British subjects, reminding him that five-sixths of the seigniories belong to Frenchmen. They represent that the Labrador Coast and fisheries, now alienated to Newfoundland, should revert to Canada. They prefer a Legislative Council, nominated by the King, because less expensive than an Elective Assembly.
 * Lord Dartmouth promises Canadians just and considerate treatment respecting their religion.
 * Montreal Ft. La Traite, on Churchill River, by Frobisher to cut into HBC's trade.

Births

 * January 14 – William Amherst, 1st Earl Amherst, diplomat and governor general (d.1857)
 * March 29 – Samuel Street Wilmot, surveyor, tanner, farmer, justice of the peace, and assemblyman in Upper Canada (d. 1856)

Full date unknown

 * Joseph Willcocks, diarist, office holder, printer, publisher, journalist, politician, and army officer (d.1814)

Deaths

 * January 31 – Sebastian Zouberbuhler, merchant and politician in Nova Scotia

Canada
Attorney General says minimize change to laws of Canada, which should conform to its form of government, religion and revenue (Note: "savage" used)

Two Exchequer-linked MPs say ministry has been asleep for 7 years while Canada needed proper government; Lord North says reforms will come in time

Earl of Dartmouth on Quebec policies (religion, western territory) to be addressed shortly, plus cases involving Indigenous people (Note: "savages" used)

Ninety freeholders sign petition to lieutenant-governor for popular assembly in Quebec, citing its good effect on "peace, welfare, and good government"

Indigenous man from St.-Francois in Boston to seek "satisfaction for the deaths of several Indians[...]killed at different times in the woods by the English"

21st Regiment leaving Quebec after 1 year, during which only 4 soldiers died - matchless record, even against "young and healthy Corps" from Britain

"Marie Louise Blanchard was inhumanly beat and abus'd by some Soldiers in such a Manner that she expir'd" next morning

Gazette co-owner's widow asks debtors pay money owed partnership so she can clear his debts and assume partnership management now denied her

Pierre Ignace Dubois, baker, and his wife, Therese Charlotte Campion, buy stone house on Notre-Dame St., Montreal, for 6,500 shillings

Surveyor-general, 4 Abenaki and 2 Hurons complete 3-month trek from Quebec to Boston to find best route for road between Canada and Massachusetts

Nova Scotia
Temporary stop to shipping Nova Scotia grain, flour, meal or pease from Bay of Fundy ports before threshing season, and "to prevent a Scarcity thereof"

Ed. Donahoo, having pled guilty to "assault with an intent to ravish" 8-year-old, is sentenced to 1 hour in pillory, £10 fine and 1 month in prison

500 acre lot of cleared land for lease is on former site of Indigenous settlement at edge of 9-mile-long Eel Lake, between Barrington and Yarmouth

Late Haligonian's estate at auction includes wharf, farm and other lots, fish barrels, seine, salmon nets, and "also a Negro named Prince" in private sale

Missionary's Gospel guide is for poor people of Lunenburg to understand "Christian doctrine and Christian duty, as far as it is necessary in your Station"

Books for sale in Halifax: "Macaulay's history of England," "Spectators, Tatlers, and Guardian," "Pope's Works, 4 vol." and "Smollet's Don Quixotte, 4 vol"

With death of long-time Halifax schoolmaster, another plans to teach "Reading and Writing English, Bookkeeping, practical Geometry, Mensuration" etc.

"Anna Fisher [will open a school in Halifax to] Teach Children the Rudiments of Reading and Writing, Sewing, and all sorts of Needle-Work"

"John Rea, Master of Musick in the 59th Regt. takes this opportunity of informing the Public, that he teaches the German Flute"

"The nights are now of a great length, therefore take care that you do not sleep too much, that being as hurtful to the body as too little."

Prince Edward Island
St. John's Island "settlers turn themselves to the farming business," and their rich soil "produces excellent crops of the finest wheat in America"

Because Island lacks enough qualified jurors in each county, criminal and civil cases will be tried in Queen's County with any Island jurors

Newfoundland
Royal Navy cruisers are to seize "all mercantile goods, spirituous liquors, &c." that cannot be considered Newfoundland fishers' ship stores

Labrador
George Cartwright's Inuit guests in England enjoy visit, but all but one die on return to Labrador and their people's "violent, frantic expressions of grief"

Cartwright on his "slave girl's" father, to whom he traded bait-skiff for her and who died, leaving Cartwright "a legacy of two wives and three children"

Elsewhere
"Sleeping at the edge of the sea" - Hudson's Bay Company loses trade of inland Indigenous people to "numerous and indefatigable" Canadian traders

Alexander Henry the elder sets miners to work on vein of copper on Lake Superior north shore, but difficulty of work and diminishing vein end operation

"We have certain advices from Boston" that people "dressed like Indians" went on East India Company ship and threw overboard about 340 chests of tea

John Harrison, inventor of marine chronometer for determining longitude, receives £9,585 as final installment of £20,000 prize "for his useful discovery"

title: 1773 in Canada


text:
1774 in Canada

Events from the year 1774 in Canada.

Incumbents

 * Monarch: George III

Governors

 * Governor of the Province of Quebec: Guy Carleton
 * Governor of Nova Scotia: Francis Legge
 * Commodore-Governor of Newfoundland: Molyneux Shuldham, 1st Baron Shuldham
 * Governor of St. John's Island: Walter Patterson

Events

 * September 4 – Delegates from twelve colonies discuss measures for common safety, at Philadelphia. Canada and Georgia are not represented, though invited. Vermont, not being organized, is not invited.
 * Lord Dunmore's War fought in Virginia between settlers and Shawnees.
 * The first Continental Congress meets.
 * Guy Carleton's recommendations are instituted in the Quebec Act, which introduces British criminal law but retains French civil law and guarantees religious freedom for Roman Catholics. The Act's geographical claims, and toleration of Roman Catholics, were so offensive to the 13 Colonies that it helped precipitate the American War of Independence.
 * Juan Perez ordered by Spain to explore west coast; discovers Prince of Wales Island, Dixon Sound.

Births

 * February 4: Frederick Traugott Pursh, botanist (d.1820)
 * March 13: Rose Fortune, entrepreneur (d.1864)
 * August 19: Denis-Benjamin Viger, politician, businessman and politician (d.1861)
 * September 5: Enos Collins, seaman, merchant, financier, and legislator (d.1871)
 * September 17: William Fitzwilliam Owen, naval officer, hydrographic surveyor (d.1857)
 * December 27: Brenton Halliburton, army officer, lawyer, judge, and politician (d.1860)

Deaths

 * July 11: Sir William Johnson, 1st Baronet, superintendent of northern Indians (b. 1715)

Historical documents
Cover letter on British Quebeckers' petition for provincial assembly to make laws that do not risk their success or their children's Protestant education

Cramahé warns Dartmouth of British Quebeckers with "American Ideas in regard to Taxation," saying their "Irregularity" is bad example to Canadians

Quebec Act allows Catholicism and Canadian civil law and rights, establishes legislative council and expands province to include land north of Ohio River

"Can a better legislature be given than that of a governor and council?" - Lord North says Quebec assembly can't be set up as it would have to be Catholic

Former Quebec attorney general thinks temporary, Crown-appointed council with minority of Catholics better than Quebec bill's governor-appointed council

"House of riot" - Quebec chief justice thinks Canadians see no advantage in provincial assembly that would be source of disturbance and obstruction

Against Quebec Act, Chatham says it would lose "hearts of all the Americans" and British Quebeckers would deplore loss of jury trials and habeas corpus

Charles Fox for assembly, which can safely include Canadians, as Catholics have nothing "repugnant in their views to the principles of political freedom"

"The great maxim to be learned from the history of our colonization is—let men manage their own affairs" - MP opposes Quebec spread, other parts of bill

Supporter says Quebec bill adopts "a government suitable to the genius of the people" who were "tractable[,] easily governed [and] happy" under French

"I never yet knew it was found a grievance to any nation, to give them the English laws," which Canadians value, and should be worked into their civil law

"A work of time and difficulty" - Quebec chief justice describes way to mix Canadian and English laws to satisfaction of both, rather than apply former only

Londoners trading to Quebec petition to relieve Quebec merchants by retaining English law (including jury trials) and "grants and commissions" of past

Regarding juries, Gov. Carleton says Canadians think it strange that British prefer trial verdicts of "tailors and shoemakers [and] gentlemen" over judges

Edmund Burke: Quebec border (upper St. Lawrence, lower Great Lakes to Pennsylvania line, south to Ohio River) will divide liberty from French slavery

Anonymous letter circulated among "French or Canadian Inhabitants" supports Quebec Act with answers to objections made by British seeking its repeal

Advocate General says Britain can safely and rightly allow Catholic worship in Quebec, but must ban Catholic doctrine and papal or other foreign control

In Commons, Carleton says Quebec trade (two thirds in Canadian hands) has greatly increased because of "very fast" growth of population and farming

"The body of the people are not at all dissatisfied with the conquest" - Quebec chief justice thinks Canadians enjoy improved cultivation and land value

Carleton says Canadians were told British law would make them happy, but felt mocked when denied civil rights and "places of profit, or trust, or honour"

Gathered in congress, 12 American colonies see Quebec Act erecting "arbitrary government" on their frontiers and inclining its inhabitants to hostility

"These are the rights you are entitled to" - Congress urges Canadians to join it and demand rights of Englishmen to check Quebec Act's arbitrariness

Letter received from Philadelphia congress inviting Quebec merchants to support measures of "southern Colonies" is burned, and aid for Boston blocked

Carleton on Canadians' "Uneasiness" at some British Quebeckers' efforts "to throw this Province into the same Disorders that reign" in other colonies

Petitions for repeal of Quebec Act, with 187 signatures from Montreal and Quebec City, are sent to King, House of Lords and House of Commons

In case situation worsens in Massachusetts, Gen. Gage asks Carleton if and how "Canadians and Indians" could be organized for military service there

"Tuesday Morning last arrived from Boston the Sloop London Expedition, Capt. Chevalier, with 27 Acadiens, come to settle here" in Quebec

Nova Scotia governor on meetings that "greatly tend to disturb the Peace; and to promote[...]public Disorders and the highest Contempt of Government"

As exporting grain and pease "has been the Occasion of great Scarcity," bond and certificate of shipping within Nova Scotia are required through 1775

Military and "wandering" persons without passes, all who even threaten to desert family, and anyone "seriously mad and dangerous" are to be arrested

Scarborough, Yorkshire correspondent says town is full of emigrants, most of whom lack "good fortune[...]and expect to find it in the wilds of Nova Scotia"

Yorkshiremen see Nova Scotia's good crop land, pasture and timber, but settlers too few and "ignorant, indolent, bad managers, and[...]poor" to prosper

Touring farmers find Annapolis Valley's poor, rum-drinking New England settlers are very bad farmers ("strangers to cultivation") missing trade prospects

Nova Scotia women "very industrious house-wives" who on Sundays dress in silk and calico with long ruffles, their hair dressed high, and carrying fans

Halifax workhouse wants adults and children "to pick Oakum or Spin" for "good Victuals & Drink, and a good warm Stove Room to Work and Lodge in"

Elizabeth Fleming, "having perfectly learn'd the art of a Midwife,[...]will readily at any moment wait on Rich or Poor"

Grammar school opened in Halifax to teach Greek, Latin and French, and writing, cyphering and bookkeeping, with hours from 6 to 8, 10 to 12 and 3 to 5

Evening school classes in writing, arithmatic and bookkeeping available to "young Gentlemen Apprentices and others" in Halifax

Halifax woman teaches reading and writing, sewing and knitting, and flowering, marking and mitts knitting in her school, plus she makes hats and dresses

Three-act comedy to run in Halifax that playwright says is entirely fictional, with characters "too outre to be personal on any Persons here or elsewhere"

British frigate orders French frigate off "the fishing banks at Newfoundland," but it refuses and in battle loses its masts and has to strike its colours

George Cartwright gives "a severe beating" to employee lost in woods near his Labrador home, and teaches him "unerring rules" about finding his way

"Collector of North-American Plants" is in Labrador "to make Discoveries in that uncultivated and barren Part of the World, where no Botanist ever was"

"An Act to discontinue[...]landing[...]or shipping of Goods, Wares, and Merchandise at[...]Boston; Whereas dangerous Commotions and Insurrections[....]"

Brief note that 1,000 bushels of grain has arrived at Salem, Massachusetts from Quebec "for the poor at Boston"

Brief obituary for Sir William Johnson, Superintendant [sic] of Indian Affairs

Inscription on Wolfe's sarcophagus (removed?) in Westminster Abbey lauds his "surmounting by Ability, and Valour, all obstacles of Art and Nature"

title: 1774 in Canada