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Shinjō, Okayama

Shinjō (新庄村) is a village located in Maniwa District, Okayama Prefecture, Japan. , the village had an estimated population of 847 in 378 households and a population density of 13 persons per km2. The total area of the village is 67.11 sqkm. It is a member of The Most Beautiful Villages in Japan Association.

Geography
Shinjō is located in the north central part of Okayama Prefecture, separated from Tottori Prefecture to the north by the Chugoku Mountains. Mountains and forests occupy most of the village area].

Neighboring municipalities
Okayama Prefecture Tottori Prefecture
 * Niimi
 * Maniwa
 * Hino
 * Kōfu

Climate
Shinjō has a Humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) characterized by warm summers and cold winters with heavy snowfall. The average annual temperature in Shinjō is 11.4 °C. The average annual rainfall is 1883 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in January, at around 23.3 °C, and lowest in January, at around -0.5 °C.

Demography
Per Japanese census data, the population of Shinjō has been as follows. The population has been steadily declining since the 1950s

History
Shinjō is part of ancient Mimasaka Province. After the Meiji restoration, the area was organized into Shinjō village with the creation of the modern municipalities system on June 1,1889.

Government
Shinjō has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral village council eight members. Shinjō, collectively with the city of Maniwa, contributes one member to the Okayama Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the village is part of the Okayama 3rd district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.

Economy
The main economic activity in the area is forestry and agriculture. Shinjō grows a variety of rice called hime no mochi. This rice is used to make the mochi rice cakes for which this town is also known. The hime no mochi factory is a major employer in Shinjō.

Education
Shinjō has one public elementary school and one public junior high school operated by the village government. The village does not have a high school.

Railway
The village does not have any passenger railway service. The nearest train station is Neu Station on then JR West Hakubi Line in Hino, Tottori or Chūgoku-Katsuyama Station on the Kishin Line in Maniwa, Okayama.

Local attractions
This village is known for the cherry trees along its main street, which is called Triumphal return Cherry Blossom Street (がいせん桜通り). These trees were planted to celebrate the Japanese victory over Russia in the Russo-Japanese War in 1905. There are many old buildings along Victory Cherry Blossom Street. Many of these buildings used to be in that were built to accommodate the sankin kōtai mandatory processions of daimyō from their domains to the capital and back.

title: Shinjō, Okayama


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Kamo, Okayama

Kamo (加茂町) was a town located in Tomata District, Okayama Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 5,311 and a density of 33.35 persons per km2. The total area was 159.27 km2.

On February 28, 2005, Kamo, along with the village of Aba (also from Tomata District), the town of Shōboku (from Katsuta District), and the town of Kume (from Kume District), was merged into the expanded city of Tsuyama and no longer exists as an independent municipality.

Massacre
On 21 May 1938, the town became the scene of the deadliest shooting by a lone gunman in Japanese history. A 21-year-old man murdered 30 people (including his own grandmother) and wounded three others before killing himself.

Adjoining municipalities

 * Okayama Prefecture
 * Tsuyama
 * Kagamino
 * Kamisaibara
 * Aba
 * Shōboku
 * Tottori Prefecture
 * Tottori
 * Chizu

Education

 * Kamo Elementary School
 * Kamo Junior High School

Railways

 * West Japan Railway Company
 * Inbi Line
 * Mimasaka-Kamo Station - Chiwa Station - Mimasaka-Kawai Station

Road

 * Prefectural roads:
 * Okayama Prefectural Route 6 (Tsuyama-Chizu-Hattō)
 * Okayama Prefectural Route 68 (Tsuyama-Kamo)
 * Okayama Prefectural Route 75 (Kamo-Okutsu)
 * Okayama Prefectural Route 118 (Kamo-Mochigase)
 * Okayama Prefectural Route 336 (Kurami-Sainotani)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Kamo, Okayama


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List of animals of Yellowstone

Yellowstone National Park in the northwest United States is home to a large variety of mammals, birds, fish, reptiles and amphibians, many of which migrate within the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. These animals are a major park attraction.

American bison
Bison are the largest grazing mammals in Yellowstone National Park. They are obligate herbivores, a grazer of grasslands and sedges in the meadows, the foothills, and even the high-elevation, forested plateaus of Yellowstone. Bison males, called bulls, can weigh upwards of 1,800 pounds. Females (cows) average about 1,300 pounds. Both stand approximately six feet tall at the shoulder, and can move with surprising speed to defend their young or when approached too closely by people. Bison breed from mid-July to mid-August, and bear one calf in April and May. Some wolf predation of bison is documented in Canada and has recently been observed in Yellowstone. Bison live an average lifespan of 20–25 years in the wild.

Yellowstone is the only place in the lower 48 states where a population of wild American bison has persisted since prehistoric times, although fewer than 50 native bison remained there in 1902. Fearing extinction, the park imported 21 bison from two privately owned herds, as foundation stock for a bison ranching project that spanned 50 years at the Lamar Buffalo Ranch in Yellowstone's Lamar Valley. Activities there included irrigation, hay-feeding, roundups, culling, and predator control, to artificially ensure herd survival. By the 1920s, some intermingling of the introduced and wild bison had begun. With protection from poaching, the native and transplanted populations increased. In 1936, bison were transplanted to historic habitats in the Firehole River and Hayden Valley. In 2003, the entire population numbered 1,477. Bison were trapped and herds periodically reduced until 1967, when only 397 bison were counted parkwide. All bison herd reduction activities were phased out after 1966, again allowing natural ecological processes to determine bison numbers and distribution. Presently, the park's bison population is estimated at 4,000.

Bison are nomadic grazers, wandering high on Yellowstone's grassy plateaus in summer. Despite their slow gait, bison are surprisingly fast for animals that weigh more than half a ton. In winter, they use their large heads like a plow to push aside snow and find winter food. In the park interior where snows are deep, they winter in thermally influenced areas and around the geyser basins. Bison also move to winter range in the northern part of Yellowstone.

Bears
, the grizzly bear (Ursus arctos horribilis) population within the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (Yellowstone and surrounding areas) was estimated at 718, with a minimum of 640 and a maximum of 796. The black bear (Ursus americanus) population within the same ecosystem was estimated at 575, with a minimum of 500 and a maximum of 650.

While in spawning streams, Yellowstone cutthroat trout are preyed upon by numerous predators including black bears and grizzly bears. Due to their high digestibility, and protein and lipid content, spawning cutthroat trout are one of the highest sources of net digestible energy for grizzly bears in the Yellowstone ecosystem. Cutthroat trout are an important late-spring and early-summer food source for bears, providing them the opportunity to regain body mass after den emergence, and assisting females with cubs meet the energetic demands of lactation. The average lifespan of a grizzly bear is about 22 years, and the average lifespan of a black bear is about 17 years.

With the reintroduction of gray wolves (Canis lupus) to Yellowstone National Park, much interest has been shown regarding the effects of a restored wolf population on both grizzly bears and black bears. Grizzly bears, black bears, and gray wolves have historically coexisted in much of the same range throughout a large portion of North America.

Bears were once commonly observed along roadsides and within developed areas of Yellowstone National Park. Bears were attracted to these areas by the availability of human foods in the form of handouts and unsecured camp groceries and garbage. Although having bears readily visible along roadsides and within developed areas was very popular with park visitors, an average of 48 bear-caused human injuries occurred each year from 1930 through 1969. Rocky Mountain grizzly bears have killed several people in the park since the 1970s.

Park authorities initiated an intensive bear management program in 1970. The objectives were restoring the grizzly bear and black bear populations to subsistence on natural forage, and reducing bear-caused injuries to humans. As part of the bear management program, regulations prohibiting the feeding of bears were strictly enforced. As the bears became more desperate for food and more aggressive, more of them were encountered in camping areas. Over a hundred grizzly bears had to be euthanized in the next several years, putting the park's bear population on the brink of extinction. On July 28, 1975, under the authority of the Endangered Species Act, the United States Fish and Wildlife Service listed the grizzly bear as a threatened species in the lower 48 states.

Over the next several decades, the bears learned to hunt and forage for themselves from non-human food sources, and their population slowly grew. On March 22, 2007, the grizzly bear was taken off the endangered species list. In the years since it was listed as a threatened species, the Yellowstone grizzly bear population has increased to at least 640 by 2017.

From 1980 to 2002, over 62 million people visited Yellowstone National Park. During the same period, 32 people were injured by bears. Grizzly bear-inflicted injuries to humans in developed areas averaged approximately one per year during the 1930s through the 1950s, and four per year during the 1960s. Human injuries from black bears have decreased from averages of 46 per year from 1931 to 1969, to four per year during the 1970s, and less than one per year from 1980 to 2002. The chance of being injured by a bear while in the park is approximately one in 1.9 million. Eight known bear-caused human fatalities have occurred within the park since 1872, including two in 2011 and one in 2015. Seven of the eight bears were grizzlies, while the other was undetermined.

Bobcats
In the early years of the 20th century, bobcats (Lynx rufus) were reported as "somewhat common" in the park. There have been 9 to 14 reported sightings each decade since 1960. These sightings have occurred throughout the park; about 80 percent have occurred in the northern half. Bobcats have been reported in about equal numbers during all seasons. In 1960, a bobcat was killed by a car near Squaw Lake (now Indian Pond) on the north shore of Yellowstone Lake; its skull was deposited in the Yellowstone Museum collection. Other roadkilled bobcats were reported in 1993 and 1996. In 1960, a young bobcat was reported on the porch of the administration building at Mammoth; other young bobcats have been reported at Pebble Creek bridge (February 1977) and at Canyon campground (July 1986), where one accompanied an adult bobcat.

No research has been conducted in Yellowstone to determine the numbers or distribution of this elusive animal that usually is solitary, nocturnal, and widely scattered over its range.

Unlike Canadian lynx, which they resemble, bobcats elsewhere have been highly adaptable to human-caused changes in environmental conditions; some biologists believe that there are more bobcats in the United States today than in colonial times. Yellowstone has many rock outcrops, canyons bordered by rock ledges, conifer forests, and semi-open areas that seem to offer conditions favorable for bobcats—adequate shelter, a variety of rodents, rabbits, hares, birds, and other small animals as well as seasonal carrion, for food. Carrion is seldom used if live prey is available. Studies elsewhere have shown that bobcats also may kill both young and adult antelope and deer; they stalk bedded adults and may be carried long distances while biting their prey in the neck. Bobcats live an average lifespan of about 7 years.

Visitors are advised to report any sightings of bobcats or bobcat tracks to a ranger or visitor center. For animals so seldom recorded, every observation is considered useful and important.

Canada lynx
The Canada lynx is listed as a threatened species under the Endangered Species Act. Biologists studying the lynx in Yellowstone believe it has persisted in the park in some number since the park's creation in 1872. A four-year study completed in 2005 concluded there is a small resident population of lynx in the park, but it is rarely seen directly or indirectly (tracks) by either biologists or visitors.

Coyotes
Yellowstone's coyotes (Canis latrans) are among the largest coyotes in the United States; adults average about 30 pounds (13–14 kg). and some weigh around 40 pounds (18 kg).

Coyotes live an average of about 6 years, although one Yellowstone coyote lived to be more than 24 before she was killed and eaten by a cougar. The coyote is a common predator in the park, often seen alone or in packs, traveling through the park's wide open valleys hunting small mammals. But they are widely distributed and their sign can also be found in the forests and thermal areas throughout Yellowstone. They are capable of killing large prey, especially when they cooperatively hunt.

The reintroduction of wolves in 1995 has significantly decreased the coyote population, although those who remain often scavenge from wolf kills. Throughout the restoration project, coyote research has continued, with an eye toward identifying the interactions between coyotes and wolves and on assessing the effects of wolves on coyote populations. During planning and environmental assessment of the effects of wolf restoration, biologists anticipated that coyotes would compete with the larger canid, perhaps resulting in disruption of packs and numerical declines.

Coyotes occasionally lose their wariness of humans and frequent roadsides or developed areas, becoming conditioned to human food by receiving handouts or picking up food scraps. They can quickly learn bad habits like roadside begging behavior. This leads to potential danger for humans and coyotes. Several instances of coyote aggression toward humans have occurred in the park, including one that involved an actual attack. Habituation most likely played a role in this unusual coyote behavior.

Elk
Elk or wapiti (Cervus canadensis) are the most abundant large mammal found in Yellowstone; paleontological evidence confirms their continuous presence for at least 1,000 years. Yellowstone National Park was established in 1872, when market hunting of all large grazing animals was rampant. Not until after 1886, when the United States Army was called in to protect the park and wildlife slaughter was brought under control, did the large animals increase in number. In recent years, however, Yellowstone's elk population has plummeted. The Northern Herd, the only herd that winters in the park, has declined from nearly 20,000 animals in 1994 to less than 4,000 in 2013. Ecologists have linked this decline to a declining population of cutthroat trout in Yellowstone Lake, caused by invasive lake trout. With less fish to eat, grizzly bears began to eat more elk calves, causing a steep decline in elk numbers.

More than 30,000 elk from 7-8 different herds summer in Yellowstone and approximately 15,000 to 22,000 winter in the park. The subspecies of elk that lives here are found from Arizona to northern Canada along the Rocky Mountain chain; other species of elk were historically distributed from coast to coast, but disappeared from the eastern United States in the early 19th century. Some other subspecies of elk still occupy coastal regions of California, Washington, and Oregon. Elk are the second largest member of the deer family (moose are the largest). Adult males, or bulls, range upwards of 700 pounds (~320 kg) while females, or cows, average 500-525 pounds (~225–240 kg). Their coats are reddish brown with heavy, darker-colored manes and a distinct yellowish rump patch. Elk usually live about 15 years in the wild.

Bulls grow antlers annually from the time they are nearly one year old. When mature, a bull's "rack" may have 6 to 8 points or tines on each side and weigh more than 30 pounds. The antlers are usually shed in March or April, and begin regrowing in May, when the bony growth is nourished by blood vessels and covered by furry-looking "velvet." Antler growth ceases each year by August, when the velvet dries up and bulls begin to scrape it off by rubbing against trees, in preparation for the autumn mating season or rut. A bull may gather 20-30 cows into his harem during the mating season, often clashing or locking antlers with another mature male for the privilege of dominating the herd group. By November, mating season ends and elk generally move to their winter ranges. Calves weighing 25-40 pounds are born in late May or early June.

Moose
Moose (Alces alces shirasi Nelson), the largest member of the deer family, were reportedly very rare in northwest Wyoming when Yellowstone National Park was established in 1872. Subsequent protection from hunting and wolf control programs may have contributed to increased numbers but suppression of forest fires probably was the most important factor, since moose here depend on mature fir forests for winter survival.

Surveys in the late 1980s suggested a total park population of fewer than 1000 moose. The moose calf crop has been declining since the fires of 1988. During that summer there was also high predation of moose by grizzly bears in small patches of surviving timber. The winter following the fires many old moose died, probably as a combined result of the loss of good moose forage and a harsh winter. The fires forced some moose into poorer habitats, with the result that some almost doubled their home range, using deeper snow areas than previously, and sometimes browsing burned lodgepole pines.

Moose are commonly observed in the park's southwestern corner along the Bechler and Fall rivers, in the riparian zones around Yellowstone Lake, in the Soda Butte Creek, Pelican Creek, Lewis River, and Gallatin River drainages, and in the Willow Park area between Mammoth and Norris. Summer moose migrations from south and west of the park into Yellowstone have been confirmed by radio telemetry. Moose usually live to 20 years in the wild.

Mountain goats
Mountain goats (Oreamnos americanus) are not native in the park but were introduced into the Absaroka Range in Montana in the 1940s. They migrated into the park and breeding populations established themselves in the northwestern and northeastern regions of the park in the 1990s. As of 2008, the number of goats in and adjacent to the park is estimated to be 175–225. This colonization of a non-native species has raised concerns about adverse effects on alpine habitats. Surveys in 2002 and 2003 suggest that ridgetop vegetation cover is lower, and barren areas along alpine ridges are more prevalent in areas with relatively high goat use. Competition with high densities of mountain goats could also negatively affect bighorn sheep, whose range overlaps with mountain goats. Mountain goats generally live 15 years in the wild.

Bighorn sheep
Bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) were once very numerous in western United States and were an important food source for humans. The "Sheep eaters", a band of Shoshone people, lived year-round in Yellowstone until 1880. Their principal food was bighorn sheep and they made their bows from sheep horns. By 1900, during an "epoch of relentless destruction by the skin hunters", bighorn numbers were reduced to a few hundred in the United States. In 1897 about 100-150 were estimated to be present in the park. By 1912, despite a disease (scab) contracted from domestic sheep, bighorns in the park had increased to more than 200 and travelers could find them with fair certainty by devoting a few days to searching around Mount Everts, Mount Washburn or other well-known ranges. In winter, small bands of sheep could then be seen every day between Mammoth and Gardiner. Bighorn sheep usually live 10–15 years in the wild.

Mountain lions
The mountain lion (Puma concolor), also called the cougar, is the largest member of the cat family living in Yellowstone. Mountain lions can weigh up to 200 pounds (~90 kg), although lions in Yellowstone are thought to range between 140 and 160 pounds (~65 and ~70 kg) for males and around 100 pounds (45 kg) for females. Two to three kittens may be born at any time of year, although most arrive in summer and fall. For reasons that are not clear, only about 50 percent of kittens survive their first year. The current population of lions in Yellowstone is estimated to be 18-24 animals and is thought to be increasing. Mountain lions live an average lifespan of about 12 years in the wild.

Mountain lions were significantly reduced by predator control measures during the early 20th century. It is reported that 121 lions were removed from the park between the years 1904 and 1925. At that time, the remaining population was estimated to be 12 individuals. Mountain lions apparently existed at very low numbers between 1925 and 1940. Reports of lions in Yellowstone have increased steadily from 1 each year between 1930 and 1939 to about 16 each year between 1980 and 1988. However, increases in visitor travel in Yellowstone and improvements in record keeping during this period probably contributed to this trend.

In 1987, the first study of mountain lion ecology was initiated in Yellowstone National Park. The research documented population dynamics of mountain lions in the northern Yellowstone ecosystem inside and outside the park boundary, determined home ranges and habitat requirements, and assessed the role of lions as a predator in the ecosystem. In recent years in other areas of the West, mountain lions have occasionally attacked humans. No documented lion/human confrontations have occurred in Yellowstone.

Mule deer and white-tailed deer
The mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) is a deer whose habitat is in the western half of North America. It gets its name from its large mule-like ears. In Yellowstone mule deer are commonly found in forests, grasslands, and shrublands.

The white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) occurs in aspen parklands and deciduous river bottomlands within the central and northern Great Plains, and in mixed deciduous riparian corridors, river valley bottomlands, and lower foothills of the northern Rocky Mountain regions from Wyoming to southeastern British Columbia. It is an occasional visitor to these habitats in the Yellowstone region. Both mule and white-tailed deer live an average lifespan of 10 to 15 years in the wild.

Gray wolf
Northern Rocky Mountain wolves, a subspecies of the gray wolf (Canis lupus), were native to Yellowstone when the park was established in 1872. Predator control was practiced in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Between 1914 and 1926, at least 136 wolves were killed in the park; by the 1940s, wolf packs were rarely reported. By the 1970s, scientists found no evidence of a wolf population in Yellowstone; wolves persisted in the lower 48 states only in northern Minnesota and on Isle Royale in Michigan. Canadian grey wolves were introduced into Yellowstone in 1995. This move has returned wolves to land that was once ruled by the canine. They currently exist in several packs, the largest of which are the Slough Creek, Yellowstone Delta, and Leopold packs. The wolves had to "re-learn" an instinct that their ancestors once had: hunting bison. Being used to the elk in Canada, the wolves were dumbfounded by the large, burly bison found all over Yellowstone. However, their main prey remains elk. They have made many appearances on National Geographic Channel documentaries. Wolves in Yellowstone can live as long as 10 years in the wild, though 6 to 8 is normal.

The United States Fish and Wildlife Service provides weekly updates on the wolves of the Rocky Mountain region including wolves of Yellowstone. This site has stated that at the end of 2011 there was at least 98 wolves in ten packs and two loner wolves in the park.

Red fox
A montane subspecies of Red fox (Vulpes vulpes macroura) occurs in the park and Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. These foxes are not overly common due to predation and displacement by the more common coyote. They are most commonly found in forested areas of the park.

Small mammals
There are at least 50 small mammal species known to occur in Yellowstone National Park, including four common species of bats: big brown bat, little brown bat, long-legged bat, and silver-haired bat. Squirrels, rabbits, skunks, raccoons, badgers, otters, beavers, porcupines, vole, mice, and shrew species are common, but many are nocturnal and rarely seen by visitors. The Uinta ground squirrel, least chipmunk, golden-mantled ground squirrel and American red squirrel are commonly encountered.

Weasel species, including the North American river otter are prevalent in the park. North American beaver (Castor canadensis) were almost trapped out of the park region prior to its creation. In 1998, beaver populations were making a comeback and an estimated 500 beavers were living in the park with the densest colonial in the Bechler River and Fall River region, the Yellowstone River delta above Yellowstone Lake and the lower Madison River and its tributaries.

Birds
Since the creation of the park in 1872, 318 species of birds have been documented within its boundaries. Although Yellowstone is not a birding mecca because of its high altitude and cold winters, it is home to a variety of interesting bird species that attract visitor attention every year. The park has a good resident population of bald eagles, trumpeter swans, common loons, ospreys, American white pelicans, and sandhill cranes. The extensive rivers, lakes and wetlands are summer homes to large numbers of waterfowl, while the forests and meadows host many different species of warblers, sparrows and other passerine birds.

Amphibians and reptiles
Yellowstone is home for four species of amphibians. Glacial activity and current cool and dry conditions are likely responsible for their relatively low numbers in Yellowstone.

Although no Yellowstone reptile or amphibian species are currently listed as threatened or endangered, several — including the boreal toad — are thought to be declining in the West. Surveys and monitoring are underway to try to determine if amphibian populations are declining in Yellowstone National Park. In 2014, a population of plains spadefoot toad was found in the park. More common species include the boreal chorus frog, columbian spotted frog, and the blotched tiger salamander.

Cool, dry conditions limit Yellowstone's reptiles to six species and population numbers for these species are not known. Known reptile species in the park: prairie rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis viridis), bullsnake (Pituophis catenifer sayi), valley garter snake (Thamnophis sirtalis fitchi), wandering garter snake (Thamnophis elegans vagrans), rubber boa (Charina bottae), sagebrush lizard (Sceloporus graciosus graciosus).

In 1991 park staff began cooperating with researchers from Idaho State University to sample additional park habitats for reptiles and amphibians. This led to establishment of long-term monitoring sites in the park. The relatively undisturbed nature of the park and the baseline data may prove useful in testing hypotheses concerning the apparent declines of several species of toads and frogs in the western United States. Reptile and amphibian population declines may be caused by such factors as drought, pollution, disease, predation, habitat loss and fragmentation, introduced fish and other non-native species.

Fish
Yellowstone Lake supports the largest inland population of cutthroat trout in the world, and is the core of the remaining undisturbed habitat for native Yellowstone cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki bouvieri) in the Yellowstone ecosystem. Each spring, cutthroat trout migrate from the lake to its tributaries to spawn.

Yellowstone cutthroat trout generally declined in the second half of the 20th century due to angler overharvest, competition with exotic fishes, and overzealous egg collection. Populations rebounded in the park after the advent of catch-and-release-only fishing rules in the 1970s, but new and aggressive invaders are causing an increasing threat to these native fish and alarming park fisheries biologists. Nonnative lake trout, an effective fish predator, were discovered in Yellowstone Lake in 1994. Throughout the west cutthroat trout populations preyed upon by introduced lake trout have typically declined, exhibited lower growth, or have disappeared. Aggressive lake trout control efforts by the National Park Service and no harvest limits have resulted in removing thousands of lake trout from Yellowstone Lake since 1994, including more than 12,000 in 2000. Still, the number of Yellowstone cutthroat trout monitored during the annual fall count in Yellowstone Lake was lower in recent years than at any other time in the 25-year history of the monitoring effort. Whirling disease, which has been implicated in recent years in the decline of trout populations in many western states, was discovered in Yellowstone Lake in 1998. So far, it is unclear which of these two nonnative invaders has been the greater factor in the decline of Yellowstone cutthroat trout, but there is no question they are causing it.

Yellowstone cutthroat trout have declined throughout the west and are currently designated as a "Species of Special Concern-Class A" by the American Fisheries Society. A formal petition to list this subspecies as "threatened" throughout its range was submitted to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in 1998. Yellowstone National Park represents approximately 91% of the current range of Yellowstone cutthroat trout and contains 85% of the historical lake habitat for this subspecies, so the park is considered crucial to the survival of the species.

Other native sport fish, including westslope cutthroat trout and Montana grayling, have been under catch-and-release-only fishing rules since 1973. This is the first time mountain whitefish have been placed under such rules in Yellowstone National Park. The new rule gives mountain whitefish equal status to the other native sport fish in the park.

title: List of animals of Yellowstone


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Tomi, Okayama

Tomi (富村) was a village located in Tomata District, Okayama Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003 (before the merger), the village had an estimated population of 817 and a density of 10.73 persons per km2. The total area was 76.13 km2.

On March 1, 2005, Tomi, along with the town of Okutsu, and the village of Kamisaibara (all from Tomata District), was merged into the expanded town of Kagamino.

title: Tomi, Okayama


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Okutsu, Okayama

Okutsu (奥津町) was a town located in Tomata District, Okayama Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003 (before the merger), the village had an estimated population of 1,732 and a density of 13.24 persons per km2. The total area was 130.83 km2.

On March 1, 2005, Okutsu, along with the villages of Kamisaibara and Tomi (all from Tomata District), was merged into the expanded town of Kagamino.

title: Okutsu, Okayama


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Dulce Base

Dulce Base is the subject of a conspiracy theory claiming that a jointly-operated human and alien underground facility exists under Archuleta Mesa on the Colorado–New Mexico border near the town of Dulce, New Mexico, in the United States. Claims of alien activity there first arose from Albuquerque businessman Paul Bennewitz.

History
Starting in 1979, Bennewitz became convinced he was intercepting electronic communications from alien spacecraft and installations outside of Albuquerque. By the 1980s he believed he had discovered a secret underground base near Dulce populated by grey aliens and humans. By 1983, Bennewitz's claims appeared in the popular press.

The story spread rapidly within the UFO community and by 1987, UFOlogist John Lear claimed he had independent confirmations of the base's existence. Lear's statement influenced Thomas Allen LeVesque, pen name "Jason Bishop III", who later admitted to fabricating stories about Dulce Base.

In 1986, George Clinton Andrews discussed Dulce Base legends in his book Extra-Terrestrials Among Us. In 1988, the tabloid Weekly World News published a story entitled "UFO base found in New Mexico" which claimed that "diabolical invaders from another solar system have set up a secret underground base in the rugged mountains of northern New Mexico – so they can shanghai human guinea pigs for bizarre genetic experiments". The Weekly World News story used supposed quotes from UFOlogist Leonard H. Stringfield as a source for its claims. Upon learning of the story, Stringfield protested, "I never read such a distortion of facts in my life".

Influences
Political scientist Michael Barkun wrote that Cold War underground missile installations in the area gave superficial plausibility to the rumors, making the Dulce base story an "attractive legend" within UFOlogy. According to Barkun, claims about experiments on abductees and firefights between aliens and the Delta Force place the Dulce legend "well outside even the most far-fetched reports of secret underground bases."

Residents of Dulce claim to have seen UFOs, strange moving lights, and other unexplained sightings in the area. Jicarilla Apache Legislative Council president Ty Vicenti "has embraced the notion of a Dulce Base, partly in a push to stimulate tourism", and in 2016, the town hosted the Dulce Base UFO Conference at the local casino hotel.

Dulce Base legends have been noted for their similarity to the Shaver Mystery. In the mid-1940s, welder Richard Shaver began writing letters to science-fiction editor Raymond A. Palmer, who published them in various pulp outlets. Shaver told of malevolent subterranean beings ("deros") who pilot disc-shaped spaceships. Palmer biographer Fred Nadis "specifically highlights the tales of the supposed underground base near Dulce, New Mexico, as a prominent inheritor of the Shaver/Palmer tradition, characterizing Paul Bennewitz’s stories of alien experimentation as 'a dero scene right out of a Shaver story.'"

title: Dulce Base


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Kamisaibara, Okayama

Kamisaibara (上齋原村) was a village located in Tomata District, Okayama Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003 (before the merger), the village had an estimated population of 914 and a density of 10.10 persons per km2. The total area was 90.49 km2.

On March 1, 2005, Kamisaibara, along with the town of Okutsu, and the village of Tomi (all from Tomata District), was merged into the expanded town of Kagamino.

Kamisaibara is the site of the first discovery of an outcropping of uranium ore within Japan. After discovery, the Ningyō-tōge Office of Atomic Fuel Corporation (now called the Ningyō-tōge Environmental Engineering Center of the Japan Atomic Energy Agency) was built in 1957. The site has been involved in the "development of front-end technologies for the nuclear fuel cycle, namely, uranium exploration, uranium mining, refining, and enrichment."

title: Kamisaibara, Okayama


text:
Aba, Okayama

Aba (阿波村) was a village located in the north of Tomata District, Okayama Prefecture, Japan, sharing a border with Tottori Prefecture.

As of 2003, the village had an estimated population of 669 and a population density of 15.90 persons per km2. The total area was 42.07 km2.

On February 28, 2005, Aba, along with the town of Kamo (also from Tomata District), the town of Shōboku (from Katsuta District), and the town of Kume (from Kume District), was merged into the expanded city of Tsuyama and no longer exists as an independent municipality.

Most of Aba's area is forest and/or mountains, and its major industries are agriculture and forestry. It has been affected by rural depopulation, leaving it with the smallest population in the prefecture.

Adjoining municipalities

 * Okayama Prefecture
 * Kamo
 * Tottori Prefecture
 * Tottori
 * Chizu

Education
There are two schools in Aba:
 * Aba Primary School
 * Kamo Middle School (an integrated primary-middle school)

Road

 * Prefectural roads:
 * Okayama Prefectural Route 117 (Gomasugaeri-Yodo)
 * Okayama Prefectural Route 118 (Kamo-Mochigase)

Notable places and events

 * Nondaki Fall

title: Aba, Okayama


text:
Kagamino

Kagamino (鏡野町) is a town located in Tomata District, Okayama Prefecture, Japan. , the town had an estimated population of 12,425 in 5633 households and a population density of 30 persons per km2. The total area of the town is 419.68 sqkm.

Geography
Kagamino is located in north-central Okayama Prefecture. The Chugoku Mountains form its northern border with Tottori prefecture, with peaks of 1000 meters or more. The southern part of the town is located at the western edge of the Tsuyama Basin, and the Yoshii River flows through the center of the town from north to south.

Neighboring municipalities
Okayama Prefecture Tottori Prefecture
 * Tsuyama
 * Maniwa
 * Tottori (city)
 * Misasa

Climate
Kagamino has a Humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) characterized by warm summers and cool winters with heavy snowfall. The average annual temperature in Kagamino is 13.4 °C. The average annual rainfall is 1501 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in January, at around 25.3 °C, and lowest in January, at around 1.7 °C.

Demography
Per Japanese census data, the population of Kagamino has been declining steadily since the 1950s.

History
The area of Kagamino was part of ancient Mimasaka Province.The town of Kagamino was established by the merger of the villages of Yoshino, Ono, Oda, Nakatani, Kagami-Minami and Kagami-kita on November 10, 1952.

On March 1, 2005, Kagamino absorbed the town of Okutsu, and the villages of Kamisaibara and Tomi, from the Tomata District.

Government
Kagamino has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral town council of 14 members. Kagamino, collectively with the city of Tsuyama and the towns of Nagi and Shōō, contributes four members to the Okayama Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the town is part of the Okayama 3rd district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.

Economy
The main industry in the area is agriculture and forestry. The Yamada Bee Farm Corporation, a noted honey producer, is headquartered in Kagamino.

Education
Kagamino has eight public elementary schools and one public junior high school operated by the town government. The town does not have a high school.

Railway
Kagamino does not have any passenger rail service. The nearest train station is Innoshō Station on the JR West Kishin Line in the neighboring Tsuyama.

Twin towns – Sister cities
Kagamino is twinned with:
 * Yverdon-les-Bains, Switzerland

Local attractions

 * Okutsu Onsen, hot spring resort

title: Kagamino


text:
Tomata District, Okayama

Tomata (苫田郡) is a district located in Okayama Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the district has an estimated population of 20,631 and a population density of 33.22 persons per km2. The total area is 621.03 km2.

Towns and villages

 * Kagamino

Merger

 * On February 28, 2005 the town of Kamo, and the village of Aba merged into the city of Tsuyama.
 * On March 1, 2005 the town of Okutsu, and the villages of Kamisaibara and Tomi were merged into the expanded town of Kagamino.

title: Tomata District, Okayama


text:
User:Harisingh

Please note: I am non-active on this site at present If you wish to contact me please leave a message here. Many thanks Hari Singh (talk) 07:18, 20 August 2010 (UTC)

I started contribution to Wikipedia on 11th March 2004. My interest at present primarily is my religion, which is Sikhism. I was born as a Sikh and have been ‘practising’ my faith for at least the last 30 years. Geographically, I am based in Ilford, Essex, UK, which is a suburb just outside the Greater London border.

I was brought up in East Africa but my parents are both originally from Jalandhar in India. I relocated to the UK in the late 1960's soon after Kenya became independent in 1963. As an infant, my family lived in a small town 14 miles from Nairobi called Ruiru. Nairobi is the capital of Kenya. From the age of about 9 years to about 12 years, we moved to a small provincial town which was then called Fort Hall - the name of the town has now changed to Muranga.

Most reader should stop here!! I will not be liable for any injury and mental defects that may take place in any reader who continues past this point. HSS WARNING: "Reading can render one Brain Dead"

My Sikhi Background
Apart from SGGS guidance, I have had the good fortune to share Gurmat blessings from Pujay Baba Puran Singh, Kericho wala. Baba ji was the most gifted "puran" Gursikh that I have met so far in my life. He was an inspiration to thousand of Sikhs in East Africa, UK and many other parts of the world. He was the spiritual founder of the GNNSJ in Birmingham, UK

Sikhism is the fifth largest religion in the world but the youngest of all the present faith systems. I believe that my religion is unique in that it encompasses and embraces all recognised world religion. You might say I am biased!! And you may be right. But I think that the Sikh religion is highly underrated. It is one of only faiths for which most of the history is still well documented and "alive" through buildings that exist and un-adulterated literature that can be verified. The SGGS for example is known to be in the same form as left by Guru Gobind Singh, the tenth master in 1708.

A Sikh does not have monopoly on God – Good people of all faith can achieve salvation and unity with God. This I believe is a wonderful ideal and a basic for achieving a continuous state of peace in the world.

Guru Nanak was the founder of this faith and was in instigator of the primary principles of the religion. A Sikh believes in One God for all beings; this leads to the belief in the equality of all people; to live a life in humility and service to the needy; to live is a continuous state of optimism Chardikala and trust in the Almighty. To stay detached from the world but yet perform with dedication all the duties expected of a householder; to accept the will of God; to work honestly and consistently while at all times accepting that this gift of life is due to the blessings of the one Lord.

Family Background
My early childhood was spent in East Africa with my parents, 2 other brothers and a sister. My father was employed by East African Power & Lighting Co Ltd. Due to his employment, the family moved to various different locations in Kenya. Ruiru, Wanji (near Fort Hall) and Nairobi South were location where the company had power generation plants. The Ruiru Plant used to be a wood burning power generation plant which was upgraded to a diesel plant probably during the 1950's. Wanji had a large hydro electric generator and diesel and turbine generation was used at Nairobi South.

See also:

User:Harisingh/Pages for AFD

 * Following Images Uploaded to Wikipedia Commons:

Image:1onkar Orange.jpg Image:1onkar Deep Red.jpg Image:Bhai_MohinderSingh_GNSSJ.jpg Image:1onkar Blue.jpg Image:1onkar Simple.jpg Image:Khanda Blue wEffects.jpg Image:Khanda Dark Red Chiselled.jpg Image:Khanda MultiColoured.jpg Image:Khanda Orange.jpg Image:Khanda deep red.jpg Image:Khanda simple.jpg Image:Steel_Kara.jpg Image:Darbar_Hall.JPG Image:Gurdwara_Visitors.JPG Image:Kaccha.JPG Image:Kakaars_x3.JPG Image:Wooden_kanga_comb_(Sikhism_article_of_faith).JPG Image:Kanga_and_Kara.JPG Image:Kara.JPG Image:Kara_worn_on_right_arm.JPG Image:Kirpan medium.JPG Image:Kirpan small.JPG Image:Langar Hall.JPG Image:Sri Guru Granth Sahib.jpg

 * User 81.134.170.43

PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE TEXT ABOVE. MANY THANKS

sorry i didnt know where else to contact you,needed your attention on this:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad#cite_ref-184

title: User:Harisingh


text:
Katsuta, Okayama

Katsuta (勝田町) was a town located in Katsuta District, Okayama Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 3,660 and a density of 41.93 persons per km2. The total area was 87.29 km2.

On March 31, 2005, Katsuta, along with the towns of Mimasaka (former), Aida, Ōhara and Sakutō, and the village of Higashiawakura (all from Aida District), was merged to create the city of Mimasaka.

Adjoining municipalities

 * Okayama Prefecture
 * Mimasaka (town)
 * Sakutō
 * Ōhara
 * Nishiawakura
 * Shōō
 * Nagi
 * Tottori Prefecture
 * Wakasa

Education

 * Katsuta Elementary School
 * Katsuta-Higashi Elementary School
 * Kajinami Elementary School
 * Katsuta Junior High School

Road

 * National highways:
 * Route 429
 * Prefectural roads:
 * Okayama Prefectural Route 7 (Chizu-Katsuta)
 * Okayama Prefectural Route 51 (Mimasaka-Nagi)
 * Okayama Prefectural Route 356 (Gyōhō-Katsuta)
 * Okayama Prefectural Route 357 (Kajinami-Tateishi)
 * Okayama Prefectural Route 388 (Magata-Mimasaka)
 * Okayama Prefectural Route 479 (Seto-Munakake)

title: Katsuta, Okayama


text:
Shōō

Shōō (勝央町) is a town located in Katsuta District, Okayama Prefecture, Japan. , the town had an estimated population of 10,900 in 4713 households and a population density of 83 persons per km2. The total area of the town is 54.05 sqkm. Shōō is said to be the place where Kintarō died.

Geography
Shōō is located in the northeastern part of Okayama Prefecture. Located on the southern side of the Chugoku Mountains, it is mostly hills and forests.

Neighboring municipalities
Okayama Prefecture
 * Tsuyama
 * Mimasaka
 * Nagi
 * Misaki

Climate
Shōō has a Humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) characterized by warm summers and cool winters with moderate snowfall. The average annual temperature in Shōō is 14.0 °C. The average annual rainfall is 1501 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in January, at around 25.9 °C, and lowest in January, at around 2.4 °C.

Demography
Per Japanese census data, the population of Shōō has been as follows.

History
Shōō is part of ancient Mimasaka Province. Katsurada flourished in the Edo Period as a shukuba on the main pilgrimage route to Izumo Shrine. After the Meiji restoration, it was established as a village with the creation of the modern municipalities system on June 1, 1889, and raised to town status on March 28, 1906. On March 31, 1952, Katsuamada merged with the villages of Koyoshino and Takatori to form the town of Shōō.

Government
Shōō has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral town council of twelve members. Shōō, collectively with the city of Tsuyama and the towns of Kagami and Nagi, contributes four members to the Okayama Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the village is part of the Okayama 3rd district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.

Economy
The main industry in the area is agriculture.The main crops include black soybeans, pears, peaches, chestnuts, and grapes. The Katsutoshi Core Industrial Park is located in the Katsumada area of Shōō and has a number of pharmaceutical and chemical plants.

Education
Shōō has two public elementary schools and one public junior high school operated by the town government, and one public high school operated by the Okayama Prefectural Board of Education.

Railway
JR West (JR West) - Kishin Line
 * Katsumada - Nishi-Katsumada

Highways

 * JP Expressway E2A.svg Chūgoku Expressway

title: Shōō


text:
Nagi, Okayama

Nagi (奈義町) is a town located in Katsuta District, Okayama Prefecture, Japan. , the town had an estimated population of 5,738 in 1512 households and a population density of 83 persons per km². The total area of the town is 69.52 sqkm.

Geography
Nagi is located in the northeastern part of Okayama Prefecture, bordered by Tottori Prefecture to the north. Located on the southern side of the Chugoku Mountains, mountains and forests occupy the northern town area; and the town is designated as a heavy snowfall area. Mount Nagi (1255 meters) from which the town derives its name, is located on the border between Nagi and Chizu, Tottori. The southern part of the city is a plateau called the Nihonbara Plateau, where the Ground Self-Defense Force Camp Nihonbara and the Nihonbara Maneuver Area are located.

Neighboring municipalities
Okayama Prefecture Tottori Prefecture
 * Tsuyama
 * Mimasaka
 * Shōō
 * Chizu

Climate
Nagi has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa). The average annual temperature in Nagi is 13.4 C. The average annual rainfall is 1511.0 mm with July as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 25.7 C, and lowest in January, at around 1.8 C. The highest temperature ever recorded in Nagi was 37.2 C on 6 August 1994; the coldest temperature ever recorded was -15.5 C on 3 February 2012.

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Nagi in 2020 is 5,578 people. Nagi has been conducting censuses since 1920.

Child subsidies
As of August 2005, the fertility rate was 1.4 children per woman. Measures were implemented to encourage having more children, including providing free medical care to children aged 18 or under, helping students going to high schools outside the town with their commuting expenses, and providing day care for sick children, as well as providing cheap rental properties and paying birth gifts of up to ¥400,000.

The birthrate briefly increased to 2.8 in 2014, but according to an article in The Economist, one estimate gave the birthrate as 1.9 by 2018, which was still higher than the national average. As such, the town’s higher birth rate, coupled with the financial incentives on offer has led to Nagi being referred to as a ‘miracle town’.

History
Nagi is part of ancient Mimasaka Province. After the Meiji restoration, the villages of Kitayoshino, Toyota and Toyonami were established with the creation of the modern municipalities system on June 1,1889. These three villages merged on February 1, 1955 to form the town of Nagi.

Government
Nagi has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral town council of ten members. Nagi, collectively with the city of Tsuyama and the towns of Kagami and Shōō, contributes four members to the Okayama Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the town is part of the Okayama 3rd district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.

Economy
The main industry in the area is forestry and agriculture. Wasabi is a noted local product. The Higashiyama Industrial Park is located in the southeastern part of the city.

Education
Nagi has one public elementary school and one public junior high school operated by the town government. The town does not have a high school.

Railway
The JR West Kishin Line runs on the south side of the town, and the Inbi Line runs on the west and north sides of the town; however, Nagi does not have any passenger railway service. The nearest train station is Tsuyama Station, which can be reached by bus.

Highways
Nagi is not located on any national expressway or highway. The nearest interchange is the Chugoku Expressway Tsuyama IC/Mimasaka IC.

Local attractions

 * Nagi Museum Of Contemporary Art

Notable people from Nagi

 * Masashi Kishimoto, creator of the anime/manga series Naruto. The town of Nagi was the inspiration for the village of Konoha, where most of the protagonists of Naruto live.

title: Nagi, Okayama


text:
Shōboku, Okayama

Shōboku (勝北町) was a town located in Katsuta District, Okayama Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 7,494 and a density of 166.90 persons per km2. The total area was 44.90 km2.

On February 28, 2005, Shōboku, along with the town of Kamo, the village of Aba (both from Tomata District), and the town of Kume (from Kume District), was merged into the expanded city of Tsuyama and no longer exists as an independent municipality.

Adjoining municipalities

 * Okayama Prefecture
 * Tsuyama
 * Kamo
 * Shōō
 * Nagi
 * Tottori Prefecture
 * Chizu

Education

 * Niino Elementary School
 * Hirodo Elementary School
 * Shōkamo Elementary School
 * Shōboku Junior High School

Road

 * National highways:
 * Route 53
 * Route 429
 * Prefectural roads:
 * Okayama Prefectural Route 67 (Shōō-Shōboku)
 * Okayama Prefectural Route 348 (Horisaka-Shōboku)
 * Okayama Prefectural Route 415 (Kumon-Shōō)
 * Okayama Prefectural Route 450 (Miura-Shōboku)

title: Shōboku, Okayama


text:
Katsuta District, Okayama

Katsuta (勝田郡) is a district located in Okayama Prefecture, Japan.

As of May 1, 2004, the population was 17,888. The area is 123.63 km2.

Towns and villages

 * Nagi
 * Shōō

History
Prior to February 28, Katsuta District consisted of:

 * Katsuta
 * Nagi
 * Shōboku
 * Shōō

As of 2003, the district had an estimated population of 29,056 and a density of 113.58 persons per km2. The total area was 255.82 km2.

 * On February 28, 2005, Shōboku left Katsuta District and became part of the city of Tsuyama.
 * On March 31, 2005, Katsuta left Katsuta District and became part of the city of Mimasaka.

title: Katsuta District, Okayama


text:
Ōhara, Okayama

Ōhara (大原町) was a town located in Aida District, Okayama Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 4,630 and a density of 84.99 persons per km2. The total area was 54.48 km2.

On March 31, 2005, Ōhara, along with the towns of Mimasaka, Aida and Sakutō, the village of Higashiawakura (all from Aida District), and the town of Katsuta (from Katsuta District), was merged to create the city of Mimasaka.

Adjoining municipalities

 * Okayama Prefecture
 * Sakutō
 * Nishiawakura
 * Higashiawakura
 * Katsuta
 * Hyōgo Prefecture
 * Sayō

Education

 * Ōhara Elementary School
 * Ōhara Junior High School
 * Okayama Prefectural Ōhara High School (Closure in 2006)

Railways

 * Chizu Express
 * Chizu Line
 * Miyamoto Musashi Station - Ōhara Station

Road

 * National highways:
 * Route 373
 * Route 429
 * Prefectural roads:
 * Okayama Prefectural Route 5 (Sakutō-Ōhara)
 * Okayama Prefectural Route 240 (Shimoshō-Sayō)
 * Okayama Prefectural Route 357 (Kajinami-Tateishi)

Notable places and events

 * Village of Miyamoto Musashi
 * Main stone of Miyamoto Musashi Temple
 * Miyamoto Musashi's grave next to that of his parents
 * Ōhara-shuku (Shukuba)

title: Ōhara, Okayama


text:
Higashiawakura, Okayama

Higashiawakura (東粟倉村) was a village located in Aida District, Okayama Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the village had an estimated population of 1,399 and a density of 49.95 persons per km2. The total area was 28.01 km2.

On March 31, 2005, Higashiawakura, along with the towns of Mimasaka (former), Aida, Ōhara and Sakutō (all from Aida District), and the town of Katsuta (from Katsuta District), was merged to create the city of Mimasaka.

Geography

 * Mountains: Mount Ushiro (The highest mountain in Okayama Prefecture)

Adjoining municipalities

 * Okayama Prefecture
 * Ōhara
 * Nishiawakura
 * Hyōgo Prefecture
 * Sayō
 * Chikusa

Education

 * Higashiawakura Elementary School
 * Ōhara Junior High School (Ōhara)

Road

 * National highways:
 * Route 429
 * Prefectural roads:
 * Okayama Prefectural Route 556 (Ushiroyama-Kamiishii)

title: Higashiawakura, Okayama


text:
Nishiawakura

Nishiawakura (西粟倉村) is a village located in Aida District, Okayama Prefecture, Japan. , the village had an estimated population of 1,361 in 593 households and a population density of 29 persons per km². The total area of the village is 57.97 sqkm.

Geography
Nishiawakura is located in the northeastern part of Okayama Prefecture, bordering Hyōgo Prefecture and Tottori Prefecture. Located on the southern side of the Chugoku Mountains, mountains and forests occupy 95% of the village area; and the village is designated as a heavy snowfall area.

Neighboring municipalities
Okayama Prefecture Hyōgo Prefecture Tottori Prefecture
 * Mimasaka
 * Shisō
 * Chizu
 * Wakasa

Climate
Nishiawakura has a Humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) characterized by warm summers and cool winters with moderate snowfall. The average annual temperature in Nishiawakura is 11.9 °C. The average annual rainfall is 1981 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in January, at around 23.8 °C, and lowest in January, at around 0.1 °C.

Demography
Per Japanese census data, the population of Nishiawakura has been as follows. The population has been steadily declining since the 1950s

History
Nishiawakura is part of ancient Mimasaka Province. After the Meiji restoration, the area was organized into Nishiawakura village, Yoshino District, Okayama Prefecture with  the creation of the modern municipalities system on June 1,1889. Yoshino District was merged into Aida District, Okayama on April 1,1900.

Government
Nishiawakura has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral village council ten members. Nishiawakura, collectively with the city of Mimasaka, contributes one member to the Okayama Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the village is part of the Okayama 3rd district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.

Economy
The main industry in the area is forestry and woodworking.

Education
Nishiawakura has one public elementary school and one public junior high school operated by the town government. The village does not have a high school.

Railway
Chizu Express - Chizu Line
 * Nishi-Awakura - Awakura-Onsen

Highways

 * JP Expressway E29.svg Tottori Expressway

Notable people from Nishiawakura

 * Seiji Hagiwara, politician of the Liberal Democratic Party

title: Nishiawakura


text:
Mimasaka, Okayama

Mimasaka (美作市) is a city located in Okayama Prefecture, Japan. , the city had an estimated population of 25,946 in 12287 households and a population density of 60 persons per km2. The total area of the city is 429.29 sqkm.

Geography
Mimasaka is located in northeast Okayama. Most of the city limits are hills and forests. The prefectural border is at the Chugoku Mountains, and there is Mount Ushiro (1344 meters), the highest peak in the prefecture is within the city limits. Parts of the city are considered to be heavy snowfall areas.

Adjoining municipalities
Okayama Prefecture Hyōgo Prefecture Tottori Prefecture
 * Bizen
 * Wake
 * Misaki
 * Shōō
 * Nagi
 * Nishiawakura
 * Shisō
 * Sayō
 * Chizu

Climate
Mimasaka has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa). The average annual temperature in Mimasaka is 13.3 C. The average annual rainfall is 1620.4 mm with July as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 25.6 C, and lowest in January, at around 1.6 C. The highest temperature ever recorded in Mimasaka was 38.5 C on 7 August 1994; the coldest temperature ever recorded was -13.6 C on 28 February 1981.

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Mimasaka in 2020 is 25,939 people. Mimasaka has been conducting censuses since 1920.

History
The area of Mimasaka is part of ancient Mimasaka Province, from which it takes its name. The Hayashino district, which is the center of the city, has long been an important transportation hub, and since the Sengoku period, goods have been transported by boats crossing the Yoshii River. In the Edo period, the Mori clan, who were the first daimyō of Tsuyama Domain, gave local merchants the same level of authority as merchants in the castle town of Tsuyama, making it the center of eastern Mimasaka. Afterwards, it came under the direct control of the Tokugawa shogunate and a magistrate's office was established. The famed samurai Miyamoto Musashi was born in what is now part of the city.

The modern city of Mimasaka was founded on March 31, 2005, by the merger of the former town of Mimasaka, absorbing the towns of Aida, Ōhara and Sakutō, the village Higashiawakura (all from Aida District), and the town of Katsuta (from Katsuta District).

Government
Mimasaka has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral city council of 18 members. Mimasaka, collectively with the village of Nishiawakura, contributes one member to the Okayama Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the city is part of the Okayama 3rd district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.

Economy
Mimasaka has a mixed economy based on manufacturing, wholesale and retail commerce, agriculture, forestry, and tourism (hot springs).

Education
Mimasaka has nine public elementary schools and five public junior high school operated by the city government, and one public high school operated by the Okayama prefectural Board of Education.

Railway
JR West (JR West) - Kishin Line Chizu Express - Chizu Line
 * Mimasaka-Doi - Mimasaka-Emi - Narahara - Hayashino
 * Miyamoto Musashi - Ōhara

Highways

 * JP Expressway E2A.svg Chūgoku Expressway
 * JP Expressway E29.svg Tottori Expressway

Sister and Friendship cities

 * Former Ōhara town
 * 🇯🇵 Echizen (Former Imadate town), Fukui, Japan — Sister city agreement concluded in 1990
 * 🇯🇵 Neyagawa, Osaka, Japan — Friendship city agreement concluded in 1991
 * 🇫🇷 Gleizé, France - Sister city agreement concluded on March 4, 1999
 * Former Sakutō town
 * 🇫🇷 Saint-Valentin, France — Sister city agreement concluded on April 6, 1988
 * 🇦🇹 Sankt Valentin, Austria — Sister city agreement concluded on October 25, 1994
 * 🇨🇦 Saint-Valentin, Canada — Sister city agreement concluded on October 24, 1997

Local attractions

 * Miyamoto Musashi Budokan
 * Yunogo Onsen
 * Okayama International Circuit
 * Village of Miyamoto Musashi
 * Ōhara-shuku (Shukuba)
 * Valentine Park Sakutō
 * Chōfuku-ji
 * Japan museum of contemporary toy & Hall of music box

Notable people from Mimasaka

 * Miyamoto Musashi, noted samurai in the Edo Period
 * Tomoji Abe, author
 * Doshin So, founder of Shorinji Kempo
 * Atsuko Asano, author

title: Mimasaka, Okayama


text:
Sakutō, Okayama

Sakutō (作東町) was a town located in Aida District, Okayama Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 7,577 and a density of 69.49 persons per km2. The total area was 109.03 km2.

On March 31, 2005, Sakutō, along with the towns of Mimasaka (former), Aida and Ōhara, the village of Higashiawakura (all from Aida District), and the town of Katsuta (from Katsuta District), was merged to create the city of Mimasaka.

Adjoining municipalities

 * Okayama Prefecture
 * Mimasaka (town)
 * Ōhara
 * Aida
 * Katsuta
 * Bizen
 * Hyōgo Prefecture
 * Sayō
 * Kōzuki

Education

 * Emi Elementary School
 * Doi Elementary School
 * Awai Elementary School
 * Yoshino Elementary School (Closure in 2008)
 * Sakutō Junior High School
 * Okayama Prefectural Emi Commercial High School (Closure in 2009)

Sister cities

 * 🇫🇷 Saint-Valentin (France)
 * 🇦🇹 Sankt Valentin (Austria)
 * 🇨🇦 Saint-Valentin (Canada)

Railways

 * West Japan Railway Company
 * Kishin Line
 * Mimasaka-Doi Station - Mimasaka-Emi Station

Road

 * Expressways:
 * Chūgoku Expressway
 * Sakutō Interchange
 * National highways:
 * Route 179
 * Route 429
 * Prefectural roads:
 * Okayama Prefectural Route 5 (Sakutō-Ōhara)
 * Okayama Prefectural Route 46 (Wake-Sasame-Sakutō)
 * Okayama Prefectural Route 161 (Ichiba-Sayō)
 * Okayama Prefectural Route 358 (Sagisu-Mizoguchi)
 * Okayama Prefectural Route 360 (Manzen-Mimasaka)
 * Okayama Prefectural Route 365 (Kamifukuhara-Sayō)
 * Okayama Prefectural Route 479 (Seto-Munakake)

Notable places and events

 * Valentine Park Sakutō

title: Sakutō, Okayama


text:
Aida, Okayama

Aida (英田町) was a town located in Aida District, Okayama Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 3,625 and a density of 57.17 persons per km2. The total area was 63.41 km2.

On March 31, 2005, Aida, along with the towns of Mimasaka (former), Ōhara and Sakutō, the village of Higashiawakura (all from Aida District), and the town of Katsuta (from Katsuta District), was merged to create the city of Mimasaka.

In the 1990s, Aida's TI Circuit hosted two Formula One races called the Pacific Grand Prix.

Adjoining municipalities

 * Okayama Prefecture
 * Mimasaka (town)
 * Sakutō
 * Wake
 * Saeki
 * Bizen
 * Misaki

Education

 * Aida Elementary School
 * Aida Junior High School

Road

 * National highways:
 * Route 374
 * Prefectural roads:
 * Okayama Prefectural Route 46 (Wake-Sasame-Sakutō)
 * Okayama Prefectural Route 90 (Akō-Saeki)
 * Okayama Prefectural Route 362 (Iden-Yūka)
 * Okayama Prefectural Route 379 (Dōdō-Kashimura)
 * Okayama Prefectural Route 414 (Fukumoto-Wake)
 * Okayama Prefectural Route 426 (Tama-Takimiya)

Notable places and events

 * Okayama International Circuit
 * Chōfukuji Temple

title: Aida, Okayama


text:
Aida District, Okayama

Aida (英田郡) is a district located in Okayama Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the district has an estimated population of 31,845 and a density of 79.65 persons per km2. The total area is 399.83 km2.

Towns and villages
Aida District consists of the following village:
 * Nishiawakura

History
Prior to March 31, 2005, Aida District included

 * Aida
 * Higashiawakura
 * Mimasaka
 * Nishiawakura
 * Ōhara
 * Sakutō

On that date, all but Nishiawakura merged to form the new city of Mimasaka.

title: Aida District, Okayama


text:
Chūō, Okayama

Chūō (中央町) was a town located in Kume District, Okayama Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 7,188 and a density of 99.72 persons per km2. The total area was 72.08 km2.

On March 22, 2005, Chūō, along with the towns of Asahi and Yanahara (all from Kume District), was merged to create the town of Misaki.

title: Chūō, Okayama


text:
Poste Maurice Cortier

Poste Maurice Cortier was a desert halt in the Sahara Desert in southern Algeria, along the way from Algiers to French Sudan.

It became popularly known as Bidon 5 because its sign board was an empty gas-can with the numeral 5 painted upon it; and "bidon" is French for "gas-can".

title: Poste Maurice Cortier


text:
Asahi, Okayama

Asahi (旭町) was a town located in Kume District, Okayama Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 3,382 and a density of 40.75 persons per km2. The total area was 82.99 km2.

On March 22, 2005, Asahi, along with the towns of Chūō and Yanahara (all from Kume District), was merged to create the town of Misaki.

title: Asahi, Okayama


text:
Kumenan

Kumenan (久米南町) is a town located in Kume District, Okayama Prefecture, Japan. , the town had an estimated population of 4,483 in 2192 households and a population density of 57 persons per km2. The total area of the town is 78.65 sqkm. Kumenan is known as the birthplace of Honen, the founder of the Jodo sect of Buddhism.

Geography
Kumenan is located on the Kibi Plateau, in the east-central part of Okayama Prefecture. There are few flatlands, and most of the town is mountain, forests and plateaus.

Neighboring municipalities
Okayama Prefecture
 * Okayama
 * Akaiwa
 * Misaki

Climate
Kumenan has a Humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) characterized by warm summers and cool winters with moderate snowfall. The average annual temperature in Kumenan is 13.5 °C. The average annual rainfall is 1501 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in January, at around 25.5 °C, and lowest in January, at around 1.9 °C.

Demography
Per Japanese census data, the population of Kumenan has been as follows. The population has been decreasing since the 1950s.

History
The area of Kumenan was part of ancient Mimasaka Province. The village of Yuge was established with the creation of the modern municipalities system on June 1, 1889. It was raised to town status on April 1, 1917. Yuge annexed ten neighboring village of Takigawa on April 1, 1940. On April 1, 1954, Yuge merged with the villages of Kōme, Tatsuyama, and Tanjōji to form the town of Kumenan.

Government
Yuge has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral town council of eight members. Kumenan, collectively with the town of Misaki, contributes one member to the Okayama Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the town is part of the Okayama 3rd district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.

Economy
The main industry in the area is agriculture. The main crops are rice, fruit trees such as pears and grapes, leaf tobacco, and poultry farming.

Education
Kumenan has three public elementary school and one public junior high school operated by the town government. The town does not have a high school. Okayama Prefecture operates one special education school for the handicapped.

Railway
JR West (JR West) - Tsuyama Line
 * Kōme - Yuge - Tanjōji

Local attractions

 * Tanjō-ji, Buddhist temple

Noted people from Kumenan

 * Sen Katayama, early Japanese Marxist political activist and journalist, co-founder of the Japanese Communist Party.

title: Kumenan


text:
Kume, Okayama

Kume (久米町) was a town located in Kume District, Okayama Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 7,396 and a density of 99.42 persons per km2. The total area was 74.39 km2.

On February 28, 2005, Kume, along with the town of Kamo, the village of Aba (both from Tomata District), and the town of Shōboku (from Katsuta District), was merged into the expanded city of Tsuyama and no longer exists as an independent municipality.

Geography

 * Rivers: Yoshii River

Adjoining municipalities

 * Okayama Prefecture
 * Tsuyama
 * Chūō
 * Asahi
 * Ochiai
 * Kuse
 * Kagamino

Education

 * Kyōsyō Elementary School
 * Chūsei Elementary School
 * Seidō Elementary School
 * Shūjitsu Elementary School
 * Kume Junior High School

Railways

 * West Japan Railway Company
 * Kishin Line
 * Tsuboi Station - Mimasaka-Sendai Station

Road

 * Expressways:
 * Chūgoku Expressway
 * Kume Bus Stop
 * Innoshō Interchange (Tsuyama)
 * National highways:
 * Route 181
 * Route 429
 * Prefectural roads:
 * Okayama Prefectural Route 70 (Kume-Takebe)
 * Okayama Prefectural Route 159 (Kume-Chūō)
 * Okayama Prefectural Route 205 (Mimasaka-Sendai Station)
 * Okayama Prefectural Route 335 (Yonokami-Kume)
 * Okayama Prefectural Route 337 (Yamashiro-Miyao)
 * Okayama Prefectural Route 339 (Nishiichinomiya-Nakagitakami)
 * Okayama Prefectural Route 340 (Kōmoto-Kume)
 * Okayama Prefectural Route 341 (Tsuboi-Shimotochibara)
 * Okayama Prefectural Route 455 (Koyama-Kuwakami)
 * Roadside Station
 * Kume no Sato

title: Kume, Okayama


text:
Yanahara, Okayama

Yanahara (柵原町) was a town located in Kume District, Okayama Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 6,793 and a density of 88.13 persons per km2. The total area was 77.08 km2.

On March 22, 2005, Yanahara, along with the towns of Asahi and Chūō (all from Kume District), was merged to create the town of Misaki.

title: Yanahara, Okayama


text:
Kume District, Okayama

Kume (久米郡) is a district in Okayama Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the district has an estimated population of 30,640 and a density of 79.56 PD/sqkm. The total area is 385.14 sqkm.

Towns and villages

 * Kumenan
 * Misaki

Mergers

 * On February 28, 2005, the town of Kume merged into the city of Tsuyama.
 * On March 22, 2005, the towns of Chūō, Asahi, and Yanahara merged to form the new town of Misaki.

title: Kume District, Okayama


text:
Bizen

Bizen may refer to:
 * Bizen, Okayama, a city located in the Chūgoku region of western Honshu, the largest island of Japan.
 * Bizen Province, an old province of Japan on the Inland Sea side of Honshu
 * Bizen ware, a type of Japanese pottery
 * Debre Bizen, a monastery of the Eritrean Orthodox Tewahdo Church

title: Bizen


text:
Wikipedia talk:Selected anniversaries/April

Selected anniversaries/April Cache purge -

If I click on an "edit" link, edit a page and save it, then come back here, my edits don't show up. What makes those changes appear here? I've Refreshed. RickK | Talk 06:00, 14 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * See Reload. --mav

"Nationality" of the pictures
Today, 18 May 2005, I did a little statistical research on this page, on the nationality of the pictures chosen to illustrate each day. They are:

 * 1) United States 12 (1 picture not related to a bolded article)
 * 2) Germany  3 (1 picture not related to a bolded article, 2 pictures related to Nazi Germany), United Kingdom  3 (2 pictures not related to a bolded article), France  3
 * 3) Japan 2
 * 4) Cambodia  1 (1 picture not related to a bolded article), Ireland  1, Greece  1, Jordan  1 (1 picture not related to a bolded article), Portugal 1, Soviet Union 1

 * 1 article science-related
 * all-America picture

This means that 40% of the images are U.S.-related.

Then, re-calculating the same statistics for the 25 February gives:

 * 1) United States 13
 * 2) United Kingdom, Japan 2
 * 3) Ethiopia, France, Germany, Greece, Indonesia, Italy, Pakistan, Poland, Soviet Union, Uganda, Vietnam 1
 * science-related 2

 * Hey, User: Panairjdde, wanna do the stats for March ?
 * Done.--Panairjdde 13:25, 18 May 2005 (UTC)

Excuse me, Panairjdde, is this a complaint ? Are you less unhappy about the images in March ? Or in May so far ? Hmmm... I can only say that I do put in some efforts to diversify, and I would avoid using images of middle-aged white males (we have too many ! ... regardless of nationality) if an alternative can be found. Often, there aren't much to choose from. (The use of a logo of some space mission sometimes means that I've given up searching that day.) Copyrights and resolution/appearance at 100px are additional problems that need to be considered .... To suggest images, please make use of the SA talk page for each day. Thanks. -- PFHLai 01:12, 2005 May 20 (UTC)

P.S. You may want to check out WikiProject Countering systemic bias.
 * No, it was just that I had nothing to do, so I decided to count the Nationality rather than genre, and choose April because May is still a work in progress. Actually I did the count for March too, after request. This is English wikipedia, so I espect to find a high percentage of US and UK-related images, as well as many more baseball-related images that any other sports. This is not a problem for me, is it for you all? Frankly, I don't understand why Miracle onIce gets an image (22 February), and Dolly the sheep doesn't, but it is a matter of taste.--Panairjdde 11:08, 20 May 2005 (UTC)

 * It was the 25th anniversary of Miracle on Ice this year. Let them have it for 2005. :-) Dolly's pic is back now. -- PFHLai 13:05, 2005 May 20 (UTC)

1 April
I think someone has been screwing with these. If not, many are unintentionally hilarious. --Helenalex (talk) 04:07, 11 November 2008 (UTC)

 * I do believe that Wikipedia should cancel the April Fools traditions this year out of respect to the Coronavirus victims. SpinnerLaserz (talk) 21:30, 31 March 2020 (UTC)

Easter
Why was Easter removed from the front page in OTD? - Therealscorp1an (talk) 22:56, 9 April 2023 (UTC)


text:
Takahashi

Takahashi (高橋) is the third most common Japanese surname. Less common variants include 髙橋, 高梁, 孝橋, 鷹橋, 高槁, 高端, 鷹啄, 喬橋 and 鷹羽司.

Notable people with the surname Takahashi

 * Aaron Takahashi, Japanese-American actor
 * Ai Takahashi (高橋 愛), Japanese singer and actress
 * Ai Takahashi (kickboxer) (高橋 藍), Japanese kickboxer
 * Aki Takahashi (高橋 アキ), Japanese classical pianist
 * Akiya Takahashi (高橋 明也), Japanese art historian
 * Akifumi Takahashi (高橋 聡文), Japanese baseball player
 * Ao Takahashi (高梁 碧), Japanese voice actress
 * Asuka Takahashi (髙橋 明日香), Japanese badminton player
 * Atsushi Takahashi (高橋 篤史), Japanese astronomer
 * Ayaka Takahashi (高橋 礼華), Japanese badminton player
 * Ayuo Takahashi (born 1960), Japanese-American musician
 * Banmei Takahashi (高橋 伴明), Japanese film director
 * Belinda Takahashi (高橋 ベリンダ), professor and creator of the Juno Baby product line
 * Bo Takahashi (born 1997), Japanese-Brazilian baseball player
 * Bruna Takahashi (born 2000), Brazilian table tennis player
 * Chiaki Takahashi (actress) (高橋 智秋), Japanese voice actress
 * Chiaki Takahashi (politician) (高橋 智秋), Japanese politician
 * Chiemi Takahashi (高橋 千恵美), Japanese long-distance runner
 * Chiyoko Takahashi (1912–1994), American lawyer
 * Chizuko Takahashi (高橋 千鶴子), Japanese politician
 * Daigo Takahashi (髙橋 大悟), Japanese footballer
 * Daiji Takahashi (born 1977), Japanese mixed martial artist
 * Daisuke Takahashi (髙橋 大輔), Japanese figure skater
 * Daisuke Takahashi (footballer) (高橋 大輔), Japanese footballer
 * Daisuke Takahashi (mathematician), Japanese mathematician
 * Daito Takahashi (高橋 大斗), Japanese Nordic combined skier
 * Eiki Takahashi (高橋 英輝), Japanese racewalker
 * Erina Takahashi Japanese - English ballerina
 * Fumiya Takahashi (高橋文哉), Japanese actor
 * Ganari Takahashi (高橋 がなり), Japanese businessman
 * Genichi Takahashi (高橋 厳一), Japanese footballer
 * Genichiro Takahashi (高橋 源一郎), Japanese writer
 * Gentaro Takahashi (高橋 元太郎), Japanese professional wrestler
 * Hana Takahashi (高橋 はな), Japanese women's footballer
 * Harumi Takahashi (高橋 はるみ), Japanese politician
 * Harunori Takahashi (高橋 治則), Japanese billionaire real estate developer
 * Haruto Takahashi (髙橋 遥人), Japanese baseball player
 * Hideki Takahashi (高橋 英樹), Japanese actor
 * Hideko Takahashi, Japanese illustrator
 * Hideto Takahashi (高橋 秀人), Japanese footballer
 * Hidetoki Takahashi (高橋 英辰), Japanese footballer and manager
 * Hidezo Takahashi (高橋 秀蔵), Japanese cross-country skier
 * Hikaru Takahashi (髙橋 ひかる), Japanese actress and model
 * Hiro Takahashi (高橋 ひろ), Japanese singer-songwriter and composer
 * Hiroaki Takahashi (高橋 宏明), Japanese judoka
 * Hiroatsu Takahashi (高橋 弘篤), Japanese skeleton racer
 * Hiroki Takahashi (高橋 広樹), Japanese actor, voice actor and singer
 * Hiroko Takahashi (cross-country skier) (高橋 弘子), Japanese cross-country skier
 * Hiroko Takahashi (高橋 裕子), better known as Ao Takahashi, Japanese voice actress
 * Hiroko Takahashi (高橋 浩子), better known as Kaoru Shimamura, Japanese voice actress
 * Hiromitsu Takahashi (高橋 宏光), Japanese artist
 * Hiromu Takahashi (高橋 広夢), Japanese professional wrestler
 * Hiroshi Takahashi (architect) (高橋 ヒロシ), Japanese architect
 * Hiroshi Takahashi (artist) (高橋 ヒロシ), Japanese manga artist
 * Hiroshi Takahashi (table tennis) (高橋 浩), Japanese table tennis player
 * Hiroyuki Takahashi (footballer) (高橋 宏幸), Japanese footballer
 * Hiroyuki Takahashi (game producer) (高橋 宏之), Japanese video game producer and designer
 * Hisako Takahashi (高橋 久子), Japanese judge
 * Hisanori Takahashi (高橋 尚成), Japanese baseball player
 * Hitomi Takahashi (actress) (高橋 ひとみ), Japanese actress
 * Hitomi Takahashi (singer) (高橋 瞳), Japanese singer
 * Ibō Takahashi (高橋 伊望), Imperial Japanese Navy admiral
 * Ikuro Takahashi (高橋 幾郎), Japanese drummer
 * Ikuro Takahashi (botanist) (高橋 郁郎), Japanese botanist
 * Issei Takahashi (footballer) (髙橋 壱晟), Japanese footballer
 * Issey Takahashi (高橋 一生), Japanese actor
 * Joseph Takahashi (born 1951), Japanese-American neurobiologist and geneticist
 * Jun Takahashi (高橋 盾), Japanese fashion designer
 * Junya Takahashi (高橋 潤哉), Japanese footballer
 * Juri Takahashi (高橋 朱里), Japanese Singer and K-Pop idol from Rocket Punch
 * Kakuichi Takahashi (高橋 赫一), Imperial Japanese Navy officer
 * Kaneko Takahashi (高橋 カネ子), Japanese speed skater
 * Kaori Takahashi (actress) (高橋 かおり), Japanese actress
 * Kaori Takahashi (synchronised swimmer) (高橋 馨), Japanese synchronized swimmer
 * Karin Takahashi (髙橋 果鈴), Japanese actress and singer
 * Karin Takahashi (voice actress) (高橋 花林), Japanese voice actress
 * Kasumi Takahashi (born 1980), Japanese-Australian rhythmic gymnast
 * Katsuhiko Takahashi (高橋 克彦), Japanese writer
 * Katsunari Takahashi (高橋 勝成), Japanese golfer
 * Katsunori Takahashi (高橋 克典), Japanese singer and actor
 * Katsuya Takahashi, conspirator in the Sarin gas attack on the Tokyo subway
 * Kazuaki Takahashi (高橋 一彰), Japanese rugby union player
 * Kazue Takahashi (高橋 和枝), Japanese voice actress
 * Kazuhiro Takahashi (高橋 和廣), Japanese sledge hockey player
 * Kazuki Takahashi (高橋 和希), Japanese manga artist and game creator
 * Kazumi Takahashi (高橋 和巳), Japanese writer
 * Kazumi Takahashi (baseball) (高橋 一三), Japanese baseball player
 * Kazuo Takahashi (高橋 和生), Japanese mixed martial artist
 * Kazuya Takahashi (高橋 和也), Japanese actor
 * Kei Takahashi (高橋 敬), Japanese luger
 * Keiji Takahashi (高橋 奎二), Japanese baseball player
 * Keiko Takahashi (高橋 惠子), Japanese actress
 * Keita Takahashi (高橋 慶太), Japanese game designer and artist
 * Keitarou Takahashi (高橋 慶太郎), Japanese manga artist
 * Ken Takahashi (高橋 建), Japanese baseball player
 * Kenichi Takahashi (高橋 健一), Japanese long-distance runner
 * Kenichi Takahashi (basketball) (高橋 憲一), Japanese basketball player
 * Kenji Takahashi (footballer, born 1970) (高橋 健二), Japanese footballer
 * Kenji Takahashi (footballer, born 1985) (髙橋 健史), Japanese footballer
 * Kenji Takahashi (sailor) (高橋 賢次), Japanese sailor
 * Kensuke Takahashi (futsal player) (高橋 健介), Japanese futsal player
 * Kensuke Takahashi (actor) (高橋 健介), Japanese actor
 * Keihan Takahashi (高橋 慶帆), Japanese male volleyball player
 * Kentaro Takahashi (高橋 健太郎), Japanese volleyball player
 * Kenya Takahashi (髙橋 建也), Japanese footballer
 * Kiyomi Takahashi (高橋 清美), Japanese swimmer
 * Kōji Takahashi (高橋 幸治), Japanese actor
 * Kona Takahashi (高橋 光成), Japanese baseball player
 * Kosaku Takahashi (高橋 耕作), Japanese cyclist
 * Kosuke Takahashi (高橋 浩祐), Japanese journalist
 * Takahashi Korekiyo (高橋 是清), Japanese politician and Prime Minister of Japan
 * Kouki Takahashi (高橋 江紀), Japanese motorcycle racer
 * Kōzō Takahashi (高橋 幸造), Japanese volleyball player
 * Kumiko Takahashi (animator) (高橋 久美子), Japanese animator and character designer
 * Kumiko Takahashi (singer) (高橋 久美子), Japanese singer
 * Kumiko Takahashi (writer) (高橋 久美子), Japanese writer
 * Kuni Takahashi (高橋 邦典), Japanese photojournalist
 * Kuniaki Takahashi (高橋 邦明), Japanese drifting driver
 * Kunihiko Takahashi (高橋 邦彦), Japanese pool player
 * Kunimitsu Takahashi (高橋 国光), Japanese motorcycle racer and racing driver
 * Kuniyuki Takahashi, Japanese DJ and music producer
 * Mai Takahashi (高橋 真唯), Japanese actress and model
 * Makoto Takahashi (高橋 信), Japanese voice actor
 * Mamoru Takahashi (born 1956), Japanese golfer
 * Manato Takahashi (高橋 真登), Japanese footballer
 * Mariko Takahashi (gymnast) (高橋 麻理子), Japanese gymnast
 * Mariko Takahashi (model and actress) (高橋 マリ子), Japanese model and actress
 * Mariko Takahashi (singer) (高橋 真梨子), Japanese singer
 * Maryjun Takahashi (高橋 メアリージュン), Japanese actress and model
 * Masahiro Takahashi (高橋 昌大), Japanese footballer
 * Masanao Takahashi (高橋 正直), Japanese equestrian
 * Masanori Takahashi (高橋正則), commonly known as Kitaro
 * Masao Takahashi (born 1929), Canadian judoka
 * Masayo Takahashi (高橋 政代), Japanese physician, ophthalmologist and stem cell researcher
 * Matsuyoshi Takahashi (高橋 松吉), Japanese cyclist
 * Masayuki Takahashi (高橋 雅之), Japanese sailor
 * Michael Takahashi (高橋 マイケル) (born 1974), Japanese-American basketball player
 * Michiaki Takahashi (高橋 理明), Japanese virologist
 * Michio Takahashi (高橋 道雄), Japanese shogi player
 * Midori Takahashi (高橋 翠), Japanese volleyball player
 * Migaku Takahashi, Japanese engineer
 * Miho Takahashi (高橋 美帆), Japanese swimmer
 * Mikako Takahashi (高橋 美佳子), Japanese voice actor and singer
 * Miki Takahashi (高橋 美紀), Japanese voice actress and singer
 * Minami Takahashi (高橋 みなみ), Japanese singer, idol and actress
 * Minami Takahashi (voice actress) (高橋 未奈美), Japanese voice actress
 * Mitsuomi Takahashi (高橋 光臣), Japanese actor
 * Miyuki Takahashi (高橋 みゆき), Japanese volleyball player
 * Miyuki Takahashi (athlete) (高橋 美由紀), Japanese pentathlete
 * Takahashi Mizuko (高橋 瑞子), Japanese physician
 * Momoko Takahashi (高橋 萌木子), Japanese sprinter
 * Morio Takahashi (高橋 守雄), Japanese politician
 * Takahashi Motokichi (高橋 元吉), Japanese poet
 * Motosuke Takahashi (高橋 資祐), Japanese animator and anime director
 * Takahashi no Mushimaro (高橋 虫麻呂), 8th-century Japanese poet
 * Mutsumi Takahashi (高橋 睦心), Japanese-Canadian journalist
 * Mutsuo Takahashi (高橋 睦郎), Japanese poet and writer
 * Nanae Takahashi (高橋 奈苗), Japanese professional wrestler
 * Naoki Takahashi (高橋 直樹), Japanese footballer
 * NaoKo TakaHashi (高橋 尚子), Japanese artist
 * Naoko Takahashi (高橋 尚子), Japanese long-distance runner
 * Naoya Takahashi (髙橋 直也), Japanese footballer
 * Naozumi Takahashi (高橋 直純), Japanese singer and voice actor
 * Natsuki Takahashi (高橋 夏樹), Japanese former actress
 * Naruki Takahashi (高橋 成樹), Japanese footballer
 * Narumi Takahashi (高橋 成美), Japanese figure skater
 * Natsuko Takahashi (高橋ナツコ), Japanese screenwriter
 * Nobuko Takahashi (ambassador) Ambassador to Denmark
 * Norio Takahashi (高橋 範夫), Japanese footballer
 * Takahashi Oden (高橋 お伝), Japanese murderer
 * Phil Takahashi (born 1957), Canadian judoka
 * Ran Takahashi (髙橋 藍), Japanese male volleyball player
 * Ray Takahashi (born 1958), Canadian sport wrestler and judoka
 * Rei Takahashi (高橋 礼), Japanese baseball player
 * Rie Takahashi (高橋 李依), Japanese voice actress and singer
 * Rieko Takahashi (高橋 理恵子), Japanese actress and voice actress
 * Rokuro Takahashi (高橋 六郎), Japanese rower
 * Rumiko Takahashi (高橋 留美子), Japanese manga artist
 * Ryo Takahashi (footballer, born 1993) (高橋 諒), Japanese footballer
 * Ryo Takahashi (footballer, born 2000) (高橋 亮), Japanese footballer
 * Ryō Takahashi (musician) (高橋諒), Japanese musician and composer
 * Ryoichi Takahashi (高橋 良一), Japanese entomologist
 * Ryoko Takahashi (高橋 涼子), Japanese biathlete
 * Ryōsuke Takahashi (高橋 良輔), Japanese anime director, screenwriter, and producer
 * Ryota Takahashi (高橋 良太), Japanese footballer
 * Ryuki Takahashi (高橋 龍輝), Japanese actor
 * Sadamu Takahashi (高橋 定), Japanese naval aviator
 * Saiko Takahashi (高橋 彩子), Japanese women's footballer
 * Sakae Takahashi, (1919–2001), Japanese American politician
 * Sakae Takahashi (高橋 栄), Japanese footballer
 * Sakuye Takahashi (高橋 作衛), Japanese international law scholar
 * Sankichi Takahashi (高橋 三吉), Imperial Japanese Navy admiral
 * Saori Takahashi (高橋 沙織), Japanese volleyball player
 * Sayaka Takahashi (高橋 沙也加), Japanese badminton player
 * Satoshi Takahashi (born 1968), Japanese karateka
 * Seiji Takahashi (高橋 聖二), Japanese ice hockey player
 * Shigehiro Takahashi (高橋 繁浩), Japanese swimmer
 * Shigeo Takahashi (高橋 成夫), Japanese swimmer
 * Shigeru Takahashi (高橋 茂), Japanese footballer
 * Takahashi Shigetane (高橋 紹運), Japanese samurai
 * Shin Takahashi (高橋 しん), Japanese manga artist
 * Shinichiro Takahashi (高橋 真一郎), Japanese footballer and manager
 * Shinji Takahashi (baseball) (高橋 信二), Japanese baseball player
 * Shinji Takahashi (religious leader) (高橋 信次), Japanese religious leader
 * Shinji Takahashi (sport shooter) (高橋 信司), Japanese sport shooter
 * Shinji Takahashi (volleyball) (髙橋 慎治), Japanese volleyball player
 * Shinkichi Takahashi (高橋 新吉), Japanese poet
 * Shohei Takahashi (高橋 祥平), Japanese footballer
 * Shoko Takahashi (高橋 省子), Japanese table tennis player
 * Shunki Takahashi (高橋 峻希), Japanese footballer
 * Takahashi Shōtei (高橋 松亭), Japanese artist
 * Shuhei Takahashi (高橋 周平), Japanese baseball player
 * Shunta Takahashi (高橋 駿太), Japanese footballer
 * Shuta Takahashi (高橋 周大), Japanese footballer
 * Soya Takahashi (高橋 壮也), Japanese footballer
 * Subaru Takahashi (高橋 昴), Japanese cross-country skier
 * Susumu Takahashi (高橋 進), Japanese middle-distance runner
 * Tadayuki Takahashi (高橋 忠之), Japanese ice dancer and coach
 * Takako Takahashi (高橋 たか子), Japanese writer
 * Takanobu Takahashi (高橋 孝信), Japanese academic and translator
 * Takeo Takahashi (高橋 丈夫), Japanese anime director
 * Takeo Takahashi (footballer) (高橋 武夫), Japanese footballer and manager
 * Taku Takahashi (高橋 拓), Japanese musician and record producer
 * Takumi Takahashi (高橋 巧), Japanese motorcycle racer
 * Takuya Takahashi (高橋 拓也), Japanese footballer
 * Tatsuhiko Takahashi (髙橋 竜彦), Japanese golfer
 * Tatsuo Takahashi (高橋 辰夫), Japanese politician
 * Tatsuya Takahashi (髙橋 龍也), Japanese writer for anime
 * Teiji Takahashi (高橋 貞二), Japanese actor
 * Teruo Takahashi (高橋 輝男), Japanese wrestling referee and writer
 * Tetsuya Takahashi (高橋 哲哉), Japanese video game conceptor
 * Tetsuya Takahashi (composer) (高橋 哲也), Japanese composer
 * Tina Takahashi, Canadian judoka
 * Tomoko Takahashi (born 1966), Japanese artist
 * Tomomi Takahashi (baseball) (高橋 朋己), Japanese baseball player
 * Tomomi Takahashi (pole vaulter) (高橋 卓巳), Japanese pole vaulter
 * Tomotaka Takahashi (高橋 智隆), Japanese roboticist
 * Toru Takahashi (baseball) (高橋 徹), Japanese baseball player
 * Toru Takahashi (Internet) (高橋 徹), Japanese computer network researcher and businessman
 * Toru Takahashi (racing driver) (高橋 徹), Japanese racing driver
 * Toshiki Takahashi (footballer) (高橋 利樹), Japanese footballer
 * Toshio Takahashi (高橋 敏夫), Japanese water polo player
 * Tsutomu Takahashi (高橋 ツトム), Japanese manga artist
 * Wes Takahashi, American animator and visual effects supervisor
 * Yashichiro Takahashi (高橋 弥七郎), Japanese writer
 * Yasuhiko Takahashi (髙橋 靖彦), Japanese wheel gymnastics acrobat
 * Yasuko Takahashi, commonly known as Izumi Aki
 * Yasushi Takahashi (高橋 康), Japanese theoretical physicist
 * Yōichi Takahashi (高橋 陽一), Japanese manga artist
 * Yōichirō Takahashi (高橋 陽一郎), Japanese film and television director
 * Yoko Takahashi (高橋 洋子), Japanese singer
 * Yoko Takahashi (fighter) (高橋 洋子), Japanese mixed martial artist and kickboxer
 * Yoshiaki Takahashi (高橋 良秋), Japanese boxer
 * Yoshie Takahashi (高橋 ヨシ江), Japanese long jumper
 * Yoshihiko Takahashi (高橋 慶彦), Japanese baseball player
 * Yoshihiro Takahashi (高橋 義廣), Japanese manga artist
 * Yoshiki Takahashi (footballer) (高橋 義希), Japanese footballer
 * Yoshiki Takahashi (高橋 義生), ring name of Kazuo Takahashi (born 1969), Japanese mixed martial artist
 * Yoshinobu Takahashi (高橋 由伸), Japanese baseball player
 * Yōsuke Takahashi (高橋 葉介), Japanese manga artist
 * Yōsuke Takahashi (rugby union) (高橋 洋丞), Japanese rugby union player
 * Yu Takahashi (高橋 優), Japanese singer-songwriter
 * Yu Takahashi (actress) (高橋 ユウ), Japanese actress and model
 * Yugo Takahashi (高橋 裕吾), Japanese voice actor
 * Takahashi Yuichi (高橋 由一), Japanese painter
 * Yuichi Takahashi (athlete) (高橋 勇市), Japanese Paralympic athlete
 * Yūji Takahashi (高橋 悠治), Japanese classical pianist, composer, critic and writer
 * Yuji Takahashi (footballer) (高橋 祐治), Japanese footballer
 * Yujiro Takahashi (高橋 裕二郎), Japanese professional wrestler
 * Yuki Takahashi (高橋 裕紀), Japanese motorcycle racer
 * Yūki Takahashi (baseball) (髙橋 優貴), Japanese baseball player
 * Yuki Takahashi (wrestler) (高橋 侑希), Japanese sport wrestler
 * Yukihiro Takahashi (高橋 幸宏), Japanese musician
 * Yukiko Takahashi (高橋 有紀子), Japanese volleyball and beach volleyball player
 * Yuko Takahashi (高橋 侑子), Japanese triathlete
 * Yuma Takahashi (高橋 悠馬), Japanese footballer
 * Yumiko Takahashi (高橋 由美子), Japanese actress and singer
 * Yuriko Takahashi (高橋 百合子), Japanese weightlifter
 * Yusuke Takahashi (高橋 悠介), Japanese tennis player
 * Yutaka Takahashi (高橋 泰), Japanese footballer
 * Yutaka Takahasi (高橋 裕), Japanese engineer
 * Yutaro Takahashi (高橋 祐太郎), Japanese footballer
 * Yuuta Takahashi (高橋 優太), Japanese actor
 * Yuuta Takahashi (Magic: The Gathering player) (高橋 優太), Japanese Magic: The Gathering player

Fictional characters

 * Daichi Takahashi and Eriko Takahashi, from High School Girls
 * Kenshi Takahashi, from the Mortal Kombat series
 * Misaki Takahashi, from Junjo Romantica
 * Mitsuko Takahashi, from Someday's Dreamers
 * Tetsuya Takahashi, from Forbidden Dance
 * Nanami Takahashi, from the manga We Were There
 * Mr. Takahashi, from Curb Your Enthusiasm
 * Takeda Takahashi, from Mortal Kombat X
 * Takahashi from Fallout 4
 * Keisuke Takahashi from Initial D
 * Ryosuke Takahashi from Initial D
 * Hoshino Takahashi from Blue Archive

title: Takahashi


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Iona Campagnolo

Iona Victoria Campagnolo (née Hardy; October 18, 1932 – April 4, 2024) was a Canadian politician who served as the 27th Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia from 2001 to 2007; Campagnolo was the first woman to hold that office. Prior to becoming lieutenant governor, she was a Cabinet member in the Liberal government of Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau.

Life and career
Born Iona Victoria Hardy on Galiano Island, she got her start in politics in 1966 when she was elected an alderwoman in the city council of Prince Rupert, British Columbia. In 1974, she turned to federal politics, running successfully as a Liberal Party candidate for the House of Commons of Canada in the riding of Skeena. In 1976, Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau appointed her to the Cabinet as Minister of Amateur Sport. Frank King, the Chairman of the Calgary Olympic Development Organization credited Campagnolo as the first person to share the vision of Calgary hosting the 1988 Winter Olympic Games, assisting the group in securing $200 million in federal funding for the organization's bid. She lost her seat to NDP challenger Jim Fulton in the 1979 election.

In 1982, she became president of the Liberal Party, a largely administrative position. During the 1984 convention which elected John Turner as party leader, Campagnolo created a minor furor within the party when she said that second-place leadership candidate Jean Chrétien was "second in the balloting, but first in our hearts".

When John Turner became Liberal leader in 1984, a television camera caught Turner patting Campagnolo's bottom. Although Campagnolo herself dismissed it (and patted Turner right back), the incident was used to paint Turner as being out of touch with contemporary women's issues.

Campagnolo ran in North Vancouver—Burnaby in the September 1984 election but was defeated in the Mulroney landslide that reduced Turner's Liberals to 40 seats. She did not run for re-election as party president at the next Liberal convention in 1986.

In 1973, Campagnolo was made a Member of the Order of Canada and promoted to Officer in 2008. In 1998, she received the Order of British Columbia.

In 1992, Campagnolo was elected as the founding chancellor of the University of Northern British Columbia and served in the position until 1998. She received an honorary degree from UNBC in 1999.

Campagnolo was the founding Chair of the non-profit Fraser Basin Council, serving from 1997 to 2001.

In 2001, on the advice of Prime Minister Jean Chrétien, she was appointed by Governor General Adrienne Clarkson as British Columbia's first female Lieutenant Governor. At her swearing-in, Campagnolo concluded her remarks in Chinook, saying, "konoway tillicums klatawa kunamokst klaska mamook okoke huloima chee illahie" - meaning: "everyone was thrown together to make this strange new country (British Columbia)." As the Queen's viceroy in British Columbia, she was styled The Honourable for life. However, as she was already a Member of The Queen's Privy Council for Canada before she became lieutenant-governor, she was already styled The Honourable. She served in that position until September 30, 2007.

In 2003 the Chief Herald of Canada granted armorial bearings to Campagnolo.

Campagnolo died on April 4, 2024, at the age of 91.

Personal life
Campagnolo married Louis in 1952 with whom she had two children. The couple were later divorced.

Honours and awards

Honorary degrees
Iona Campagnolo received many honorary degrees in recognition of her distinguished career in politics and her service as Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia; these included:

title: Iona Campagnolo


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User:Grassferry49

User History
Grassferry49, more commonly known as Jeramey Jannene, is the co-founder of Urban Milwaukee and Urban Milwaukee: The Store. The roots of the Grassferry49 name are deeply entrenched in the game of soccer, in which he was subject to years of ridicule from friend Chris Burrow who called him the "grass fairy". Contrary to what the name would imply, grassferry49 proudly led the league in penalties and hard hits for all of his stunning, middle school career. Seeking to save face, he went for ferry the boat as opposed to fairy the flying angel. The 49 is obviously from the number he wore.

Original Pages

 * Brady Clark
 * Reece Gaines
 * Dan Gadzuric
 * Antonio Freeman
 * Del Harris
 * Larry Harris
 * Wes Helms
 * Damian Miller
 * Bobby Simmons
 * Joe Smith
 * Southern Wisconsin Regional Airport
 * Terry Stotts
 * Rickie Weeks
 * Ron Wolf
 * Ned Yost
 * Gottlieb Heileman
 * Bolthouse Farms
 * Wes Edens

Original Milwaukee Pages

 * Milwaukee School of Engineering
 * Oscar Werwath
 * Midwest Airlines Center
 * Valentin Blatz Brewing Company Office Building

Other Images
These are images uploaded from the web that I've taken, but haven't uploaded myself. For those of you that have, thank you for finding the time to do so.

title: User:Grassferry49


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Landseer (disambiguation)

Sir Edwin Landseer (1802–1873) was a British painter.

Landseer may also refer to:

 * Landseer (dog), a black-and-white variant of the Newfoundland, named after the painter
 * Landseer (horse) (1999–2002), thoroughbred racehorse trained in Ireland

People with the surname

 * Albert Henry Landseer (1829–1906), South Australian politician and businessman
 * Charles Landseer (1799–1879), English painter
 * Jessica Landseer (1810–1880), English landscape and miniature painter
 * John Landseer (1769–1852), English landscape engraver
 * Thomas Landseer (c.1793–1880), English artist

title: Landseer (disambiguation)


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User talk:Weavingwebb

Please do not cut and paste copyright material. Your article on Charley Pride was lifted directly from here. Tiles 06:03, 14 Mar 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Weavingwebb


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Talk:Flint and steel fire

Please explain why this needs to be an article distinct from Campfire. In this self-admittedly skeletal form, it already duplicates some of the content there. Flint and steel is just another way to light fires. You can write an article on the method itself if you want (but do try to avoid How-to-ness), but IMHO a "flint and steel fire" is just another campfire. --Smack 06:06, 14 Mar 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Flint and steel fire


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Talk:Pripet

 * 1) -This article redirects to Pripyat River, which seems an odd spelling (Pripet River would seem to be the more normal English spelling)
 * 2) -I would have thought that the more common usage would be Pripet Marshes instead of Pripet or Pripyat River. RickK | Talk 06:07, 14 Mar 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pripet