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Itzik Feffer

Itzik Feffer (10 September 1900 – 12 August 1952), also Fefer (Yiddish איציק פֿעפֿער, Russian Ицик Фефер, Исаàк Соломòнович Фèфер) was a Soviet Yiddish poet executed on the Night of the Murdered Poets during Joseph Stalin's late purges.

Early life
Itzik Feffer was born in Shpola, a town in the Zvenigorodka uezd (district) of Kiev Governorate, in what was then part of the Russian Empire and is now part of today's Cherkasy Oblast in Ukraine. His father was a teacher of Hebrew, as well as a poet, and served as his son's teacher. He was killed by the Nazis during the occupation of Ukraine in the Second World War.

Feffer started working at a young age as a printer. In 1917 he joined the Bund and volunteered for the Red Army and fought in Ukraine. Captured by Anton Denikin's counterintelligence, he ended up in a Kyiv prison, from where he was released by armed workers.

Soviet career
In 1919 he joined the Communist Party and was a member of it until his death. He edited literary and art magazines in Yiddish and took an active part in the life of writers' organizations in Ukraine and Moscow. He was a member of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Ukrainian SSR and a member of the board of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR.

Feffer had also allegedly been one of the "most loyal and conformist Yiddish poets", who had helped to enforce strict ideological control over other Yiddish writers, and had a history of denouncing colleagues for their "nationalistic hysteria".

Literary work
Feffer was a prolific poet who wrote almost exclusively in Yiddish. He made his debut in 1919 in the Kyiv newspaper "Komunistishe fon" ("Communist Banner") and was later published in the newspapers "Yugnt", "Nye Zeit", "Folks-Zeitung", "Shtern", "Ukraine", and "Proletarishe fon". He became one of the leaders of the Kiev literary group "Vidervuks" ("Growth"). His published works in Yiddish take up almost eighty volumes.

He was the most politicized among Jewish poets, devoting most of his poems to the construction of socialism. In his early poems Feffer praised the revolution and the party. His poems were quickly published and he earned himself a senior position among Jewish Soviet writers. He wrote propaganda songs as well as lyrical folk songs, songs of nature, and songs of praise for the Jewish community in Birobidzhan. He was also engaged in the study of literature, criticism and linguistic innovation, and was also a prolific children's poet. His play The Sun Doesn't Set was staged by the Moscow State Jewish Theatre in 1947.

With the outbreak of World War II, the Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union, and the beginning of the mass extermination of the Jews, Feffer completely changed the essence of his poetry. He wrote national Jewish songs and lamented the destruction of Eastern European Jewry. His epic poem Di Shotns fun Varshever Geto ("The Shadows of the Warsaw Ghetto") is a tribute to the 750 Jews who rebelled against the Nazi liquidation of the ghetto and gave their lives fighting tyranny in what came to be known as the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising.

His poems were widely translated into Russian and Ukrainian. He is considered one of the greatest Soviet poets in the Yiddish language and his poems were widely admired inside and outside Russia.

Some of his poems were translated into Hebrew and published in the literary press and in anthologies by translators such as Avraham Shlunsky, Samson Meltzer, Moshe Basuk, Uriel Ofek and others. No volume of his own has been translated into Hebrew in its entirety.

Activities during World War II
After the Second World War broke out, he was evacuated to Ufa. Feffer enlisted in the Red Army for the second time, serving as a military reporter with the rank of colonel. He was also vice chairman of the Soviet Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee and, with Solomon Mikhoels, toured the United States, Mexico, Canada and the United Kingdom in 1943 to win popular support and raise money for the Soviet Union, broadcasting the message that anti-Semitism no longer existed in the Soviet Union. In April 1942, he became deputy editor of the newspaper Eynikayt («Эйникайт» or "Unity") published by the JAC. In February 1944, together with Mikhoels and Shakne Epshtein, he signed a letter to Joseph Stalin with a request to organize an autonomous Jewish region in the Crimea.

Feffer closely collaborated with the NKVD and held secret meetings with Lavrentiy Beria to report on the activities and attitudes of the JAC's members; during the war, he was supervised by the deputy head of the counterintelligence department of the NKVD, Leonid Raikhman. Mikhoels and other members of the JAC guessed (or knew) about Feffer's connections with the NKVD, but did not hide anything from him, believing that they did not face any jeopardy, since all the activities of the committee were for the benefit of the state.

Arrest and death
In 1948, after the assassination of Mikhoels, Feffer, along with other JAC members, was arrested and accused of treason. Since Feffer had been an informer for the NKVD he reportedly hoped he would be treated differently and cooperated with the investigation, not only providing false information that would lead to the arrest and indictment of over a hundred people, but implicating himself.

Efforts were made abroad to save him. The American concert singer and actor Paul Robeson had met Feffer on 8 July 1943, in New York during a Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee event chaired by Albert Einstein, one of the largest pro-Soviet rallies ever held in the United States. After the rally, Paul Robeson and his wife Eslanda Robeson befriended Feffer and Mikhoels.

Six years later, in June 1949, during the 150th-anniversary celebration of the birth of Alexander Pushkin, Robeson visited the Soviet Union to sing in concert. According to David Horowitz

"In America, the question 'What happened to Itzik Feffer?' entered the currency of political debate. There was talk in intellectual circles that Jews were being killed in a new Soviet purge and that Feffer was one of them. It was to quell such rumours that Robeson asked to see his old friend, but he was told by Soviet officials that he would have to wait. Eventually, he was informed that the poet was vacationing in the Crimea and would see him as soon as he returned. The reality was that Feffer had already been in prison for a half year, and his Soviet captors did not want to bring him to Robeson immediately because he had become emaciated from lack of food. While Robeson waited in Moscow, Stalin's police brought Feffer out of prison, put him the care of doctors, and began fattening him up for the interview. When he looked sufficiently healthy, he was brought to Moscow. The two men met in a room that was under secret surveillance. Feffer knew he could not speak freely. When Robeson asked how he was, he drew his finger nervously across his throat and motioned with his eyes and lips to his American comrade. They're going to kill us, he said. When you return to America you must speak out and save us."

During his concert in Tchaikovsky Hall on 14 June - which was broadcast across the entire country - Robeson publicly paid tribute to Feffer and the late Mikhoels, singing the Vilna Partisan song "Zog Nit Keynmol" in both Russian and Yiddish. The song was met with a standing ovation from the hall.

Returning to the US, Robeson organized a letter in defense of Feffer, which was signed by writer Howard Fast and the then-chairman of the World Peace Council, French physicist Frédéric Joliot-Curie, among others. According to observers, Robson's letter delayed Feffer's death by three years.

In 1952, however, Feffer, along with other defendants, was tried at a closed trial of JAC members, ostensibly due to their support of the American-backed proposal to establish an autonomous region for Jews in the Crimea. Feffer realized during this trial, when the defendants pleaded not guilty and spoke about the methods by which the investigation was conducted, that he would not be spared, and retracted his testimony: Investigator Likhachev told me: "If we arrest you, then we will find the crime ... We will knock out everything we need from you." So it turned out. I am not a criminal, but being very intimidated, I gave fictitious testimony against myself and others. Feffer also expressed pride in his Jewish identity.

The tribunal convicted him of giving "slanderous information about the situation of Jews in the USSR" to an American contact, as noted in a letter from Minister of State Security Semyon Ignatyev to the Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU Georgy Malenkov dated February 7, 1953. Feffer was executed on 12 August 1952 at the Lubyanka Building.

Feffer was rehabilitated posthumously in 1955, after Stalin's death; a cenotaph for him was installed at the Moscow Nikolo-Arkhangelsk cemetery. His poems have been reprinted, both in Yiddish and in Russian translation.

Family
His wife Rakhil Gershkovna Kalish (1900–1982) was arrested on the night of January 13–14, 1949. His daughter Dora Isaakovna Fefer-Kalish (1924–2007) was arrested in 1952. Her husband Evel Moiseevich Klimovsky (1923–1992) was also repressed. His sister Daria (Dasha) Feffer was arrested at the same time as his wife.

Books of poetry

 * Shpener (Splinters), 1922;
 * Vegn zikh un azoyne vi ikh (About Me and Others Like Me), 1924;
 * A shteyn tsu a shteyn (A Stone to a Stone), 1925;
 * Proste reyd (Simple Words), 1925;
 * Bliendike mistn (Blossoming Garbage), 1926, a paradoxical title about the revival of a shtetl in Soviet times;
 * Gefunene funken (Found Sparkles), 1928;
 * Gevetn (Competition), 1930;
 * Plakatn af bronze (Posters in Bronze), 1932;
 * Kraft (Force), 1937;
 * Roytarmeyish 1943;
 * Afsnay (Anew), 1948.

title: Itzik Feffer


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Talk:Great Depression in Canada

Untitled
Austrian School Can someone find an Austrian school point of view for Canada's great depression like there is in the US and the generic 'Great Depression' article? It just says "It took the outbreak of World War II to pull Canada out of the depression. From 1939, an increased demand in Europe for materials, and increased spending by the Canadian government created a strong boost for the economy." I know for a fact people of the Austrian school would disagree with this statement 100%.

I dunno... the Depression pretty much lasted until WWII for every nation. There must be something more to distinguish Canada's problems... --Alexwcovington 00:01, 13 Mar 2004 (UTC)

It didn't really, the United States economy had grown past the 1929 level by the mid to late thirties. Germany and the other fascist powers had pulled themselves out as well. In other countries like France the depression didn't really begin until 1931-1932, so lasting to WWII was far less remarkable. - SimonP 00:12, Mar 13, 2004 (UTC)

Odd that there is no mention of the impact of the Western Canadian dustbowl, particularly in the hard-hit Palliser's Triangle region.

Is the assertion that Canada was the hardest hit country by the depression really accurate? I know that things were fairly bad here, but I thought that Germany was the worst hit, with the rampant inflation and instability? Can we either get some more information as to why Canada was harder hit or remove this assertion? -Hordeorc 06:10, 30 April 2006 (UTC)

Yup. In november of '23, 1US dollar was worth roughly 2 520 000 000 000 German Marks (Fielding, Evans, Haskings-Winner, Mewhinney, Robertson, Sly, Terry, 2001)
 * Yup.
 * :DTalflick 03:41, 14 June 2007 (UTC)

The statistics show that Canada was harder hit than the US. Germany actually did a little better than the US during the 30's, bottoming out at 68% of peak real GNP, as compared to about 65% in the US. The 20's a different story. Kevinw555 17:04, 5 September 2007 (UTC)

Labour Project assessment
I wanted to rate this article B-class due to the quality of the writing, relative comprehensiveness, and length, but the lack of references held me back. - Tim1965 (talk) 15:05, 17 February 2008 (UTC)

Repair vandalism
I restored large sections (like the bibliography and World Trade) that were erased by vandals in 2009, and added some fresh material. Rjensen (talk) 07:06, 26 March 2010 (UTC)

Dubious
The sentence: "In the years between 1919 and 1929, Canada had the world's fastest growing economy, with only a sharp but brief recession during the First World War." doesn't seem to be logical, since World War I ended before 1919. I am not sure how to fix this problem from a factual point of view. --212.199.78.54 (talk) 10:07, 13 September 2010 (UTC)

Close paraphrasing tag
This article contains material taken from copyrighted sources, which should be removed or rewritten to comply with WP:Close paraphrasing. For example, see this Duplication Detector report. Nikkimaria (talk) 03:31, 5 March 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
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Image not from the Great Depression
File:YongeStreetMission.jpg is seemingly not from the great depression. This is pretty embarrassing when you realise that when you search "Great Depression in Canada" this is the first result. I can't find a reputable primary or secondary source which confirms this, unfortunately, but I do have suspicions, and I think it's rather vital that this be changed if it's true that this photo isn't from the 1930s.

As for why I believe this, | Toronto Public Library and | The Toronto Star both list it as being from 1912, not the 1930s. If you can find a reputable source which confirms the specific date that would be great. Hello World! (talk) 14:41, 29 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Unfortunately the uploader has not edited in years so is unlikely to chime in on what led the image to be labeled as being from the 1930s. Do you have a proposed alternative? Nikkimaria (talk) 03:02, 30 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Oh I know why the image was labelled as 1930's. The charity depicted in this image listed the image as being from the 1930's on one of their own pages! This page has since been taken down, however this really threw a wrench in the time-stamping of this image, since people cited the charity's page for the date, assuming they were a primary (and reputable) source for their own images, which clearly they are not. No clue what to replace it with. Not really sure where you'd search for something like that. I just thought this was appalling and I thought it was worth pointing out so that maybe someone who knows more about where to find good images could replace it. Hello World! (talk) 12:46, 12 April 2022 (UTC)
 * I've added one, but there are more alternatives at commons:Category:Great Depression in Canada. Nikkimaria (talk) 00:28, 13 April 2022 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Great Depression in Canada


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Oxalic acid

Oxalic acid is an organic acid with the systematic name ethanedioic acid and chemical formula HO\sC(\dO)\sC(\dO)\sOH, also written as (COOH)2 or (CO2H)2 or H2C2O4. It is the simplest dicarboxylic acid. It is a white crystalline solid that forms a colorless solution in water. Its name comes from the fact that early investigators isolated oxalic acid from flowering plants of the genus Oxalis, commonly known as wood-sorrels. It occurs naturally in many foods. Excessive ingestion of oxalic acid or prolonged skin contact can be dangerous.

Oxalic acid has much greater acid strength than acetic acid. It is a reducing agent and its conjugate bases hydrogen oxalate (HC2O4−) and oxalate (C2O4(2-)) are chelating agents for metal cations. It is used as a cleaning agent, especially for the removal of rust, because it forms a water-soluble ferric iron complex, the ferrioxalate ion. Oxalic acid typically occurs as the dihydrate with the formula H2C2O4*2H2O.

History
The preparation of salts of oxalic acid from plants had been known, at least since 1745, when the Dutch botanist and physician Herman Boerhaave isolated a salt from wood sorrel, akin to kraft process. By 1773, François Pierre Savary of Fribourg, Switzerland had isolated oxalic acid from its salt in sorrel.

In 1776, Swedish chemists Carl Wilhelm Scheele and Torbern Olof Bergman produced oxalic acid by reacting sugar with concentrated nitric acid; Scheele called the acid that resulted socker-syra or såcker-syra (sugar acid). By 1784, Scheele had shown that "sugar acid" and oxalic acid from natural sources were identical.

In 1824, the German chemist Friedrich Wöhler obtained oxalic acid by reacting cyanogen with ammonia in aqueous solution. This experiment may represent the first synthesis of a natural product.

Industrial
Oxalic acid is mainly manufactured by the oxidation of carbohydrates or glucose using nitric acid or air in the presence of vanadium pentoxide. A variety of precursors can be used including glycolic acid and ethylene glycol. A newer method entails oxidative carbonylation of alcohols to give the diesters of oxalic acid:

 * 4 ROH + 4 CO + O2 → 2 (CO2R)2 + 2 H2O

These diesters are subsequently hydrolyzed to oxalic acid. Approximately 120,000 tonnes are produced annually.

Historically oxalic acid was obtained exclusively by using caustics, such as sodium or potassium hydroxide, on sawdust, followed by acidification of the oxalate by mineral acids, such as sulfuric acid. Oxalic acid can also be formed by the heating of sodium formate in the presence of an alkaline catalyst.

Laboratory
Although it can be readily purchased, oxalic acid can be prepared in the laboratory by oxidizing sucrose using nitric acid in the presence of a small amount of vanadium pentoxide as a catalyst.

The hydrated solid can be dehydrated with heat or by azeotropic distillation.

Anhydrous
Anhydrous oxalic acid exists as two polymorphs; in one the hydrogen-bonding results in a chain-like structure, whereas the hydrogen bonding pattern in the other form defines a sheet-like structure. Because the anhydrous material is both acidic and hydrophilic (water seeking), it is used in esterifications.

Dihydrate
The dihydrate ·2 has space group C52h–P21/n, with lattice parameters a = 611.9 pm, b = 360.7 pm, c = 1205.7 pm, β = 106°19′, Z = 2. The main inter-atomic distances are: C−C 153 pm, C−O1 129 pm, C−O2 119 pm.

Acid–base properties
Oxalic acid's pKa values vary in the literature from 1.25 to 1.46 and from 3.81 to 4.40. The 100th ed of the CRC, released in 2019, has values of 1.25 and 3.81. Oxalic acid is relatively strong compared to other carboxylic acids:

{

Oxalic acid undergoes many of the reactions characteristic for other carboxylic acids. It forms esters such as dimethyl oxalate (m.p. 52.5 to 53.5 C). It forms an acid chloride called oxalyl chloride.

Metal-binding properties
Transition metal oxalate complexes are numerous, e.g. the drug oxaliplatin. Oxalic acid has been shown to reduce manganese dioxide MnO2 in manganese ores to allow the leaching of the metal by sulfuric acid.

Oxalic acid is an important reagent in lanthanide chemistry. Hydrated lanthanide oxalates form readily in very strongly acidic solutions as a densely crystalline, easily filtered form, largely free of contamination by nonlanthanide elements:
 * 2 Ln(3+) + 3 H2C2O4 → Ln2(C2O4)3 + 6 H+

Thermal decomposition of these oxalates gives the oxides, which is the most commonly marketed form of these elements.

Other
Oxalic acid and oxalates can be oxidized by permanganate in an autocatalytic reaction.

Oxalic acid vapor decomposes at 125–175 °C into carbon dioxide and formic acid HCOOH. Photolysis with 237–313 nm UV light also produces carbon monoxide CO and water.

Evaporation of a solution of urea and oxalic acid in 2:1 molar ratio yields a solid crystalline compound H2C2O4*2CO(NH2)2, consisting of stacked two-dimensional networks of the neutral molecules held together by hydrogen bonds with the oxygen atoms.

Biosynthesis
At least two pathways exist for the enzyme-mediated formation of oxalate. In one pathway, oxaloacetate, a component of the Krebs citric acid cycle, is hydrolyzed to oxalate and acetic acid by the enzyme oxaloacetase:

 * [O2CC(O)CH2CO2](2−) + H2O → C2O4(2−) + CH3CO2− + H+

It also arises from the dehydrogenation of glycolic acid, which is produced by the metabolism of ethylene glycol.

Occurrence in foods and plants
Early investigators isolated oxalic acid from wood-sorrel (Oxalis). Members of the spinach family and the brassicas (cabbage, broccoli, brussels sprouts) are high in oxalates, as are sorrel and umbellifers like parsley. The leaves and stems of all species of the genus Chenopodium and related genera of the family Amaranthaceae, which includes quinoa, contain high levels of oxalic acid. Rhubarb leaves contain about 0.5% oxalic acid, and jack-in-the-pulpit (Arisaema triphyllum) contains calcium oxalate crystals. Similarly, the Virginia creeper, a common decorative vine, produces oxalic acid in its berries as well as oxalate crystals in the sap, in the form of raphides. Bacteria produce oxalates from oxidation of carbohydrates.

Plants of the genus Fenestraria produce optical fibers made from crystalline oxalic acid to transmit light to subterranean photosynthetic sites.

Carambola, also known as starfruit, also contains oxalic acid along with caramboxin. Citrus juice contains small amounts of oxalic acid.

The formation of naturally occurring calcium oxalate patinas on certain limestone and marble statues and monuments has been proposed to be caused by the chemical reaction of the carbonate stone with oxalic acid secreted by lichen or other microorganisms.

Production by fungi
Many soil fungus species secrete oxalic acid, which results in greater solubility of metal cations and increased availability of certain soil nutrients, and can lead to the formation of calcium oxalate crystals. Some fungi such as Aspergillus niger have been extensively studied for the industrial production of oxalic acid; however, those processes are not yet economically competitive with production from oil and gas. Cryphonectria parasitica may excrete oxalic acid containing solutions at the advancing edge of its chestnut cambium infection. The lower pH (<2.5) of more concentrated oxalic acid excretions may degrade cambium cell walls and have a toxic effect on chestnut cambium cells. Cambium cells that burst provide nutrients for a blight infection advance.

Biochemistry
The conjugate base of oxalic acid is the hydrogenoxalate anion, and its conjugate base (oxalate) is a competitive inhibitor of the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) enzyme. LDH catalyses the conversion of pyruvate to lactic acid (end product of the fermentation (anaerobic) process) oxidising the coenzyme NADH to NAD+ and H+ concurrently. Restoring NAD+ levels is essential to the continuation of anaerobic energy metabolism through glycolysis. As cancer cells preferentially use anaerobic metabolism (see Warburg effect) inhibition of LDH has been shown to inhibit tumor formation and growth, thus is an interesting potential course of cancer treatment.

Oxalic acid plays a key role in the interaction between pathogenic fungi and plants. Small amounts of oxalic acid enhances plant resistance to fungi, but higher amounts cause widespread programmed cell death of the plant and help with fungi infection. Plants normally produce it in small amounts, but some pathogenic fungi such as Sclerotinia sclerotiorum cause a toxic accumulation.

Oxalate, besides being biosynthesised, may also be biodegraded. Oxalobacter formigenes is an important gut bacterium that helps animals (including humans) degrade oxalate.

Applications
Oxalic acid's main applications include cleaning or bleaching, especially for the removal of rust (iron complexing agent). Its utility in rust removal agents is due to its forming a stable, water-soluble salt with ferric iron, ferrioxalate ion. Oxalic acid is an ingredient in some tooth whitening products. About 25% of produced oxalic acid is used as a mordant in dyeing processes. It is also used in bleaches, especially for pulpwood, cork, straw, cane, feathers, and for rust removal and other cleaning, in baking powder, and as a third reagent in silica analysis instruments.

Niche uses
Oxalic acid is used by some beekeepers as a miticide against the parasitic varroa mite.

Dilute solutions (0.05–0.15 M) of oxalic acid can be used to remove iron from clays such as kaolinite to produce light-colored ceramics.

Oxalic acid can be used to clean minerals like many other acids. Two such examples are quartz crystals and pyrite.

Oxalic acid is sometimes used in the aluminum anodizing process, with or without sulfuric acid. Compared to sulfuric-acid anodizing, the coatings obtained are thinner and exhibit lower surface roughness.

Oxalic acid is also widely used as a wood bleach, most often in its crystalline form to be mixed with water to its proper dilution for use.

Semiconductor industry
Oxalic acid is also used in electronic and semiconductor industries. In 2006 it was reported being used in electrochemical–mechanical planarization of copper layers in the semiconductor devices fabrication process.

Proposed uses
Reduction of carbon dioxide to oxalic acid by various methods, such as electrocatalysis using a copper complex, is under study as a proposed chemical intermediate for carbon capture and utilization.

Toxicity
Oxalic acid has an oral LDLo (lowest published lethal dose) of 600 mg/kg. It has been reported that the lethal oral dose is 15 to 30 grams. The toxicity of oxalic acid is due to kidney failure caused by precipitation of solid calcium oxalate.

Oxalate is known to cause mitochondrial dysfunction.

Ingestion of ethylene glycol results in oxalic acid as a metabolite which can also cause acute kidney failure.

Kidney stones
Most kidney stones, 76%, are composed of calcium oxalate.

title: Oxalic acid


text:
Jamelia

Jamelia Niela Davis (born 11 January 1981) is a British singer, actress and television personality. She has released three studio albums, each of which has reached the Top 40 in the UK, which collectively have spawned eight UK top-ten singles. In addition, Jamelia has won four MOBO Awards, a Q Award and has received nine BRIT Award nominations.

Jamelia's professional music career began in 1999, when she released her debut single, "So High", followed by a more successful single, "I Do". She then released her debut full-length studio album, Drama, in June 2000. Jamelia went on to release further successful singles, including "Superstar" which charted at number three on the UK Singles Chart and number one in Australia, where it became platinum certified. She went on to further release another two studio albums, Thank You (2003) and Walk with Me (2006), before leaving Parlophone following a dispute with executives over the release of "No More", the third offering from Walk with Me.

Jamelia's ten-year-successful career span has led her to becoming a judge on shows such as Move Like Michael Jackson in 2009. Her filmography also includes her own TV documentaries, including Jamelia: Whose Hair Is It Anyway (2008), her own edition of the popular Channel 4 show, The House That Made Me and in 2011, her own BBC Three documentary, Jamelia: Shame About Single Mums. In 2010 she signed a new record deal with All Around the World Productions. She was a panellist on the ITV magazine show Loose Women from 2013 until 2016.

Early life
Jamelia was born in Handsworth, Birmingham, to single mother Paulette Davis. Both her parents are Jamaican; her father is from Spanish Town and her mother is from Westmoreland. She grew up in nearby Hockley and attended a local primary school, Brookfields Primary School and then later attended the CTC Kingshurst Academy, formerly known as the City Technology College.

1999–2001: Early career and Drama
Jamelia was signed to Capitol Records at 15 after record producers heard recordings of her self-written a cappella songs that she had made on a karaoke machine. In late 1999, Jamelia recorded the single "So High", a collaboration with fellow R&B vocalist Rosita Lynch. The single failed to chart in both the UK and mainland Europe, and did not appear on any of Jamelia's subsequent albums. Following the poor sales of the single, Jamelia left Capitol Records, but was quickly signed up with record company Parlophone, a branch of EMI.

Taking some time to record her debut studio album, Drama (2000), Jamelia returned to the music scene in 1999 with the single "I Do", which became her first commercially successful single in the UK and mainland Europe, making the UK Top 40 and holding Top 20 positions in France and Sweden. The single's mediocre chart success, however, led to the delay of the release of Money. Jamelia's third single, "Money" (featuring dancehall artist Beenie Man and co-written by UK The X Factor finalist Daniel De Bourg), was released in February 2000. The single was the singer's breakthrough in the UK, peaking at number five and spending nine weeks in the UK Top 75; it later won a MOBO Award for Best Video in 2000. Despite the success of Money, Drama did not make a major chart impression in the UK, where it peaked at number 39. The third single from the album, "Call Me", reached number 11, and the fourth single, "Boy Next Door", peaked at number 42. Recognition for the singer's early success came in late 2000 and 2001 at the BRIT Awards. Jamelia was nominated for Best British Newcomer, Best British Video and Best British Female.

2003–2005: Thank You and mainstream breakthrough
Jamelia recorded her second studio album, Thank You, in 2002 and early 2003 following the birth of her daughter Teja in 2001. The first single lifted from Thank You was the R&B-influenced "Bout", on which she collaborated with American rap star Rah Digga; it debuted at number 37 in the UK. The second single, the much poppier "Superstar", became Jamelia's highest peaking at the time when it peaked at number three, and earned the spot of the 26th best-selling of 2003 in the UK. It remains Jamelia's only single to receive a BPI certification. Parent album Thank You, released shortly after "Superstar", was widely expected to replicate the single's success, but entered the UK chart at number 65. Subsequently, a number of record producers worked with Jamelia on a re-release of the album that featured new artwork and track listing, including two new songs: her collaboration with Coldplay's Chris Martin and DJ K Staveley, "See It in a Boy's Eyes", and "DJ".

Promoting the re-release, title track "Thank You" was issued shortly before. Known to be Jamelia's favourite of her releases, the song became her highest-charting single to date in the UK, where it peaked at number two and received the 2004 MOBO Award for Best Single and a BRIT Award nomination in the same category. The fourth single "See it in a Boy's Eyes" was released in mid-2004 and became Jamelia's third consecutive top five hit, winning a MOBO Award for Best Video and a Q Award for Best Single. The success of Thank You resulted in five BRIT Award nominations for Jamelia in 2004 and 2005 for Best British Female, Best British Single, Best Female Solo Act, and Best British Urban Act. The album became the 36th best-selling of 2004 and was certified double platinum by the BPI in recognition of 600,000 copies shipped to retailers. Jamelia also contributed a cover version of Kool and the Gang's "Straight Ahead" for their remix/covers album The Hits: Reloaded.

In mid-2004, Jamelia collaborated with Italian singer Tiziano Ferro on "Universal Prayer" for the 2004 Olympic Games soundtrack. It became her first Number 1 single in Italy and Spain and was added to non-UK editions of Thank You. In late 2004, Jamelia was asked to contribute to the Band Aid 20 charity single "Do They Know It's Christmas?", on which she sang with Will Young. The single topped the UK Singles Chart and was certified platinum. Around the same time, Jamelia released the lead single from the soundtrack of the film Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason, a cover of Sam Brown's 1988 single "Stop!"; it was released as double A-side in the UK with the aforementioned "DJ", and peaked at number nine.

On 9 November 2006, Jamelia joined Feeder on stage for the encore of Feeder's WAR Child gig at 'The Coronet' in London. They performed a cover of REM's "Everybody Hurts" as well as "Beware of the Dog".

2005–2010: Walk with Me and departure from Parlophone
Following the birth of her second daughter, Tiani, in 2005, Jamelia began recording her third album, Walk with Me. Its lead single, "Something About You", was released in late 2006 and described as "less R&B, more experimental", with Popjustice hailing it as "an incredible pop single". The single became Jamelia's first to enter the charts solely on download sales alone, debuting at number 28, rising to number nine almost a month later following the physical release. Walk with Me was released shortly after and drew critical praise, with many critics claiming that it marked a significant turn in the singer's career as she moved from R&B to pop/rock.

The album did not emulate the chart success of Thank You, managing to début only at number 20 on the UK Albums Chart. The second single, "Beware of the Dog", features a sample from Depeche Mode's 1989 song "Personal Jesus" and was heavily praised as being Jamelia's best single to date, with BBC Radio 1's "Chart Blog" stating that it "might just be one of the best pop songs ever made" and "the best pop song of the year", receiving a five-star rating. The single became the second consecutive Top 10 effort from the singer's third album, reaching number 10 in the UK. The final single to be released from the album was "No More", which samples The Stranglers' 1981 single "Golden Brown". It made the A-list on BBC Radio 2, but failed to garner much sales success, debuting at number 43.

Walk with Me became Jamelia's second album to receive a BPI certification. After four months of release, it sold more than 100,000 copies and was awarded a Gold disk. However, despite producing two Top 10 singles and garnering mostly positive reviews, Walk With Me had disappointing sales compared to her second album, Thank You, which went on to become certified double platinum.

In an interview with Digital Spy in December 2009, Jamelia said that she wasn't surprised that the album did not sell well. "I probably wasn't in the right frame of mind with Walk With Me... I love all the songs individually, but I don't feel it flows very well as an album, which makes it harder to relate to. It sold well over 100,000 copies – but I want double-platinum every time!"

In late 2007, the singer released a singles collection titled Superstar - The Hits. The compilation album features 11 of her 14 releases, omitting the 1999 single "So High", Drama singles "I Do" and "Boy Next Door" and the non-UK 2004 release "Universal Prayer". The collection, which only managed to début at number 55 on the UK Album Charts, was criticised for its hastiness, brevity and lack of new tracks or artwork. This proved to be her final album for Parlophone, which she left weeks after the collection's release amid rumours that the sales performance of Walk With Me had been a factor in the decision of the artist and label to part ways, and to release the singles collection.

In an interview with entertainment website Digital Spy in December 2009, Jamelia commented on being a rumoured replacement for Keisha Buchanan, in the girl-group Sugababes and spoke about work with her ongoing album, which was going "absolutely amazing". She stated that she was working with producers who have previously worked with Lady Gaga and Beyoncé, and that the album returned her sound to 2004's Thank You. She also vowed to come back with a "really exciting" album. On 26 July 2010, Jamelia signed a record deal with an unknown label live on video streaming website Ustream.tv. Ultimately, nothing was released

2013–present: Presenting and Hollyoaks
In 2013 and 2014, Jamelia appeared on two series of The Voice of Ireland as a coach.

In February 2013, Jamelia appeared in an episode of the BBC drama series Death in Paradise, portraying a singer. In 2014, Jamelia modelled a new swimwear range for Boux Avenue. In August 2013, Jamelia was part of a house band on every episode of the BBC One panel show I Love My Country. On 27 November 2013, Jamelia joined the panel of the ITV chat show Loose Women. As of 16 August 2016, she had made 162 appearances. However, she was axed from the show following new contracts being drawn up on 17 August 2016, and did not return for series 21.

In May 2014, she appeared in a TV advertisement for Boux Avenue and sang a cover version of "I Only Want to Be with You", with the chorus changed to "I only want to be with Boux". In 2015, Jamelia took part in Bear Grylls: Mission Survive on ITV. In 2015, Jamelia participated on thirteenth series of Strictly Come Dancing. She was partnered with professional dancer Tristan MacManus. The pair survived four dance-offs, but lost their fifth dance off in week 9, being voted out by 3 out of 4 judges against Peter Andre and Janette Manrara. In 2016, she returned to acting to appear in an episode of the BBC soap opera Doctors as Helena Wales. Following her appearance, she stated that she wants to return to Doctors.

In 2023, Jamelia joined the cast of Hollyoaks, as Sharon Bailey. She had previously appeared as herself in 2003, and as Bailey for one episode in 2021.

Other projects
In spring 2004, Jamelia was signed by the agency ICM. A week later she was signed as the face and legs of Pretty Polly in a high-profile advertising campaign and shortly afterwards was featured in a poster campaign for Reebok. Since pursuing work in modelling, Jamelia has also endorsed Listerine Softmint Sensation, Jaguar Cars and BMW, was the brand ambassador for the maternity wear line Seraphine, has appeared in print advertising for Oxfam and on the front cover of magazines such as Cosmopolitan, Company, Elle and Harpers & Queen.

In January 2007, Jamelia launched a new fragrance as part of a campaign to increase awareness of HIV and AIDS. Proceeds from the sale of every bottle of The Body Shop's Rougeberry were donated to MTV's Staying Alive Foundation. On 4 March 2007, Jamelia appeared on an episode of Top Gear, where Richard Hammond drove her to Earl's Court Exhibition Centre for a Brit Awards show in his homemade stretch limousine. On 27 May 2007, Jamelia had signed a £100,000 contract to launch a new range of products for Boots. On 31 July 2007, Jamelia, Erin O'Connor and Helena Christensen, had teamed up with hairdressing/hair product company Toni & Guy to promote Model.Me – a hair product created for women with ethnic hair. Jamelia said, "I think it's about time that there was a haircare range specifically designed for ethnic hair available on every high street."

On 18 September 2007, Jamelia co-hosted the MOBO Awards with Shaggy and on 20 September, she was on the catwalk in Naomi Campbell's Fashion for Relief event at the Natural History Museum in London. Jamelia appeared on ITV's Saturday Night Divas to mark the end of Breast Cancer Awareness Month. She shared the stage with Jennifer Lopez, Girls Aloud, Celine Dion and Alicia Keys, amongst others and performed a cover version of Outkast's hit single Hey Ya!. On 1 December 2007, Jamelia was invited to perform on stage for Nelson Mandela's World Aids Day concert. She performed the hit singles "Something About You", "See It in a Boy's Eyes" and "Superstar". On 19 December 2007, she played Cinderella in Channel 4's The Paul O'Grady Show's Christmas Pantomime.

In January 2008, Jamelia signed a book publishing deal with Orion. Her autobiography, Stronger has yet to be published. In February 2008, Jamelia announced in a podcast on her personal website that she had "completed her first official acting role". It was also mentioned that she had landed a TV presenting job. In July 2008 she appeared in a documentary about the international Hair extensions trade Jamelia: Whose Hair is it Anyway? for BBC Three travelling to India and Russia with Tatiana Karelina and guest presented a week of episodes of Big Brother's Big Mouth for E4.

On 7 September 2008, Jamelia guest presented an episode of Something for the Weekend with Tim Lovejoy. A more recent project is The Really Good School Dinner. Jamelia is supporting the initiative which will see children and young people in England pledging to have a school meal and make a donation to provide some of the world's poorest children with a nutritious meal.

Jamelia starred in an episode of Gordon Ramsay's The F Word, where she and Gordon took part in a cook off competition. She was a guest judge for BBC's Let's Dance for Comic Relief, and she has appeared on the Disney channel show Under Cover Coach, in which she coached a girl called Amy in singing. Jamelia presents The National Lottery some Wednesday evenings, which she has been doing since April 2008. Jamelia featured in a Channel 4 documentary series, produced by Nutopia, in 2010, called The House That Made Me, which took her back to her childhood home, and reintroduced her to the people she had known in her youth.

Jamelia has walked the catwalk every year since 2007 for her UK model counterpart, Naomi Campbell, and her Fashion for Relief show. Jamelia is also active in working with ActionAid, Princes Trust and the Food Aid branch of the UN, the World Food programme which has seen her visit Kenya, Uganda and India. In 2008, Jamelia earned the role of appearing alongside Helena Christensen and Erin O'Conor, fronting her own ethnic haircare range 'Model Me', in conjunction with 'Toni and Guy', and was stocked nationwide in Boots stores. 2009 saw Jamelia take on various TV roles including authoring her own documentary for BBC Three on ethical hair extensions, which saw her travel to Russia and India. Plus she was one of the judges on BBC Three's Move Like Michael Jackson. Jamelia has met Nelson Mandela and performed for him for both his 46664 concert in Johannesburg and his 90th birthday celebrations in Hyde Park. In 2012, she took part in the Preston Passion to mark Preston's 2012 Guild. The Preston Passion was a retelling of the Easter story and involved singing, dancing and three dramas, where she sang a cover version of "You Got the Love". She has been a frequent guest on the satirical music panel show Never Mind the Buzzcocks and was a celebrity contestant on Vernon Kay's Gameshow Marathon.

Personal life

Jamelia revealed that she grew up without her father, due to the fact he was often in and out of prison, and he later rejected her invitation to her wedding.

Jamelia has four daughters. Her first was born in 2001, from a relationship with music manager Terry Wallen, who Jamelia claims was abusive and inspired her song "Thank You". In August 2007, Jamelia split from boyfriend Darren Byfield; the couple have a daughter (born 21 October 2005). They were reconciled a couple of months later, and in October 2007 announced their engagement. On 15 June 2008, it was reported the couple had married on the previous day in West Sussex. On 3 November 2009, it was announced that they were filing for divorce. In August 2022, Jamelia announced she was expecting her fourth child.

In 2018, Jamelia blamed TV projects being "taken away" from her on the coverage of her stepbrother, Tafarwa Beckford, who was convicted of a gang-related murder.

In November 2019, Jamelia endorsed the Labour Party in the 2019 UK general election.

Discography

 * Studio albums
 * Drama (2000)
 * Thank You (2003)
 * Walk with Me (2006)

Filmography

 * Guest appearances
 * Top Gear (2007)
 * Loose Women (2007–2011)
 * Gok's Fashion Fix (2008)
 * The House That Made Me (2010)
 * Room 101 (2012)
 * The Great Sport Relief Bake Off (2014)
 * Celebrity Squares (2014)
 * Celebrity Benchmark (2015)
 * The Chase Celebrity Special (2016)
 * Celebrity Haunted Hotel Live (2016)
 * Don't Ask Me Ask Britain (2017)
 * Richard Osman's House of Games Night (2020)
 * Sorry, I Didn't Know (2022)
 * Countdown - Dictionary Corner (February, 2023)

Tours
Jamelia has also been the opening act for artists such as Destiny's Child, Justin Timberlake and Usher as well as her own sold-out tour.
 * 2004 Thank You Tour

title: Jamelia


text:
Talk:Itzik Feffer

Allegations in article
The initial stub is cut from Paul Robeson. Mikkalai 00:02, 13 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Are the allegations in the article substantiated? - Xed 18:16, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Which ones? And BTW, since you are an editor, why don't you check them yourself, e.g., by looking for the memoirs of the son? (Are there any?) 20:09, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)

I am surprised that this article does not mention that in 1944 Feffer became an informer of the Soviet secret police and later, during the persecution of the Jewish Antifascist Committee, his testimonies played the role of the linchpin of the prosecution's case. This information, apparently first unearthed by Kostyrchenko is now considered well established, see e.g., Should we write something about this? BorisG 18:14, 12 November 2005 (UTC)

The facts and point of view in the Robeson article are disputed, particularly as they describe Robeson's relationship to Feffer. The Wikipedia article on Robeson on this topic (and other points) is at variance with several accounts by Robeson's biographers, including two-time Pulitzer Prize and Bancroft Prize winner David Levering Lewis. [[p. 224-225, Paul Robeson: Artist and Citizen in chapter 'Paul Robeson and the U.S.S.R.' by David Levering Lewis].

The entirely negative non-nuanced condemnation of Robeson in the Wikipedia article on him is also at odds with the fuller description of the Feffer incident by Robeson biographer Martin B. Duberman. Editors and writers, including myself, have tried to change the Wikipedia account of Robeson, but we have been repeatedly reversed by proponents of viewpoints put forward by the Hudson Institute, which is funded by the Bradley Foundation, which "made hefty grants in the early 1990s for studies intended to prove the genetic inferiority of blacks and other ethnic minorities." skywriter 21:37, 16 February 2006 (UTC)

I am deleting that section on the Feffer page that refers to Paul Robeson as it is a fringe view not represented in the many biographies written of his life. Further, those who have added this material to the Robeson page, make selective use of information from the Rappaport book, which opines about Robeson but offers no new information about Robeson. Rappaport offers a viewpoint very different from this Wikipedia page concerning Feffer.

Rappaport, Louis. Stalin's War Against the Jews: The Doctors Plot & The Soviet Solution, Free Press (October 1, 1990) ISBN 0029258219

xii Feffer was "a colonel in the Red Army and a secret agent of the security organs. Feffer, who helped arrange the murder of his friend (Mikhoels), was himself liquidated..."

p. 62 "Feffer, a Stalinist, JAC deputy chairman, and secret police functionary;"

p. 66 "The JAC's deputy chairman, poet Itzik Solomonovich Feffer, was a very different kind of Soviet Jew, much more in the tradition of those who had helped shapre totalitarian terrorism. Feffer, born in Kiev in 1900 and a Party member from age nineteen, was a devoted Communist, a Red Army colonel, and an operative of "the organs." In his poem, "I am a Jew," he declared that he drank "happiness from Stalin's cup" and praised Kaganovich, "Stalin's friend." Though Feffer boasted of his rabbinic ancestry, his poems jeered at Judaism, while celebrating the slave-labor society. He immortalized the show trials of "traitors, spies and assasins...we shoot you down like mad dogs." He cursed the names of the executed Jewish general Yakir and Chief of Staff Tukhachevsky, "Trotskyist scum...Death to assassins, even today!" "There is no doubt now why Beria chose him as second in command at the JAC--to watch everyone else, and denounce them at the appropriate moment."

There more than a dozen more Feffer references indexed in Rappaport's book, including chapter 6, pp. 80-97 that accuse Feffer of having an active and significant role in what the chapter title calls "An Actor's Tragedy: The Murder of Mikhoels."

I do not know of the significance of Rapoport's statements or of his proofs. Some of his material is based on interviews with Mikhoels' daughters. skywriter 20:55, 20 February 2006 (UTC)

The last three edits introduce personal viewpoint and are a spillover from the editing war at the Paul Robeson article and its talk page. Feffer is a minor character in the span of Robeson's life and Robeson is a minor character in the life of Feffer. Why this article now has a Robeson headline is a mystery and a NPOV. The internal contradictions in the way this article now reads are startling. If Feffer was a KGB agent who helped murder Mikhoels, as Rapoport says he did, why is it important that Robeson did not speak out for Feffer, as he is now accused in this article? This article is now factually and NPOV disputed because of the introduction of misleading and slanted information, and because it offers the viewpoint of vendetta against Robeson. skywriter 23:22, 20 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Skywriter was the one who added the initial reference to Robeson. I merely made the reference more complete.  That being said, I am amenable to removing all reference to Robeson.--Jbull 02:04, 21 February 2006 (UTC)

The history of this article easily shows the above statement by -Jbull to be false.

Anyone checking the Duberman biography of Robeson will know that the information introduced by Jbull on that subject is also distorted to the point of being false. That false sentence in this article follows: ''However, Robeson made no reference to Feffer's fate once back in the West, claiming that he "had heard no word about it", only telling the truth to a few sympathetic people. Feffer was killed in 1952. [7]''

The introduction of the word "allegedly" into the following sentence Robeson also allegedly worked in vain to obtain Feffer's release.6 is the editor's point of view, an attempt to introduce personal opinion and weaken the source. I would delete these fake add-ons to this and the Robeson article but am being wikistalked: my contributions on this topic are being deleted, distorted, and reversed. A fuller discussion of this is at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Paul_Robeson skywriter 02:26, 21 February 2006 (UTC)

http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/coldwar/interviews/episode-6/robeson3.html Although Feffer's name is misspelled in the interviewer's transcription, Paul Robeson Jr. replies: '' What happened to Pfeffer is that he and his colleagues, who had been arrested, survived for three more years. They were finally executed just before the Doctors' Plot in 1952 and one of the reasons that they did survive is that dad followed up by writing a letter direct to Stalin, through diplomatic channels, along with Howard Fast, the famous left-wing writer here and Fredericolio Curie, who was the famous French physicist and a Communist. So it was one of the factors at least which deterred their execution for some time. It's also noteworthy that dad certainly took a risk in that it's inconceivable to me that the release of Pfeffer to come see him was ordered by anybody other than Stalin himself, even the head of the Secret Police, Ben Berria would never have dared to do that without checking with quote the boss.''

I do not think all references to Robeson should be deleted from this page. I think the article should tell the truth from a neutral point of view.

skywriter 02:26, 21 February 2006 (UTC)

The Feffer material is GARBAGE. I just changed one portion with a much more accurate & literarily grounded appraisal of his work. But before I added this bit there was absolutely no literary appraisal at all except a quote fr. a poem lauding Stalin. How is it fair that an article about a prominent poet says next to nothing about his poetry and spends no time analyzing it. I'm not a literary expert on Feffer, but it seems to me that this article could be vastly improved if one could find a Yiddish literature expert to shed more light on Feffer's literary legacy.

It's fine to criticize Feffer's political views if that's warranted (& I'm making no judgment on that). But Wikipedia needs to do better when it comes to evaluating the lives of writers and when it allows trash like this which doesn't do that (except in the most tendentious & propagandistic way). richards1052

Removal of NPOV tag and viewpoint that gave rise to tagging the page
I have removed the tag from this page and the personal viewpoint of the folk who contend that Robeson should have spoken in defense of Feffer when he returned to the United States and was himself unconstitutionally banned from travel and blacklisted from appearing in public theaters. As this article makes clear, Feffer was himself a controversial character, or at least controversial claims have been made about him. Whether those claims are true or not remains to be seen when examined by other historians. At the moment, we can not know. However, we do know this much. One's opinion of what another person should or should not have done more than half a century ago is quite beside the point, and our opinion of such is inappropriate in a biographical article. I have removed the viewpoint that Robeson should have done this or that because it is viewpoint, pure and simple. In a biographical article about Feffer, it is out of place because the two men knew each other not all that well. If this viewpoint is returned to this page, the NPOV tag will also be returned. Skywriter 12:10, 17 May 2006 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Itzik Feffer


text:
Tsushima Strait

Tsushima Strait (対馬海峡) or Eastern Channel (동수로 Dongsuro) is a channel of the Korea Strait, which lies between Korea and Japan, connecting the Sea of Japan, the Yellow Sea, and the East China Sea.

The strait is the channel to the east and southeast of Tsushima Island, with the Japanese islands of Honshu to the east and northeast, and Kyushu and the Gotō Islands to the south and southeast. It is narrowest south-east of Shimono-shima, the south end of Tsushima Island proper, constricted there by nearby Iki Island, which lies wholly in the strait near the tip of Honshu. South of that point Japan's Inland Sea mingles its waters through the narrow Kanmon Strait between Honshu and Kyushu, with those of the Eastern Channel, making for some of the busiest sea lanes in the world.

The Strait was the site of the decisive naval battle in the Russo-Japanese War, the Battle of Tsushima, between the Japanese and Russian navies in 1905, in which the Russian fleet was virtually destroyed.

Geography
The Tsushima Strait measures approximately 100 kilometres along Tsushima Island and is about 65 kilometres wide at its narrowest. The strait has a depth of about 140 metres and is bounded by the Tsushima Islands to the west through north (of Gotō Islands). Nearby Iki Island lies in the strait about 50 kilometres towards Kyūshū from the southern tip of Kamino-shima (South Island).

A warm branch of the Kuroshio Current passes through the strait. Originating along the Japanese islands, this current passes through the Sea of Japan then a branch eventually flowing into the Northern Pacific Ocean via the Tsugaru Strait south of Hokkaido. Another branch continues far northward and divides along either shore of Sakhalin Island; eventually flowing into the Sea of Okhotsk via the La Perouse Strait north of Hokkaido and via the Strait of Tartary into the Sea of Okhotsk north of Sakhalin Island near Vladivostok.

The Kuroshio Current brings rich fisheries resources from the East China Sea into the Sea of Japan, like Japanese amberjack, Japanese horse mackerel, but these days also brings disaster like mass aggregation of gigantic Nomura's jellyfish and waste from countries along the course of the current.

A commercial ferry service operates between Shimonoseki at the western tip of Honshu and Busan (aka Pusan), South Korea. Another operates between Shimonoseki and Tsushima Island. The cities of Kitakyushu (Kyushu) and Shimonoseki (Honshu) are joined by an ocean-spanning bridge across the Kanmon Strait joining those cities with Nagasaki, which latter city serves as prefecture-level capital and administers both Tsushima and Iki Island. The Kanmon Strait lies approximately 85 miles (135 km) due east of the center of Tsushima Island, while Nagasaki city proper lies about 100 miles (165 km) to the south-south-east of the southern tip of the island.

Historical impact
The earliest settlement of Japan by people most resembling modern Japanese in littoral northern Kyushu next to the Eastern Channel is supported by legendary, historical, and archeological evidence, and is undisputed. A range of dates when immigration began from what is the mainland via the Korean Peninsula to north Kyushu from the fall of Four Commanderies of Han (108 BC) to the 4th century AD. Historically these narrows (i.e., the whole Korea/Tsushima Strait) served as a highway for high-risk voyages (southern end of the Korean Peninsula to the Tsushima Islands to Iki Island to the western tip of Honshu) for trade between the countries of the Korean peninsula and Japan.

The straits also served as a migration or an invasion path, in both directions. For example, archeologists believe the first Mesolithic migrations (Jōmon) traveled across to Honshu around the 10th century BC, supplanting Paleolithic people that walked from Asia to Japan overland over 100,000 years ago when the sea level was lower during the Pleistocene ice age. Immigrants from Korea and China also contributed to waves of immigrants arriving in Kyushu, although who, when, and how many exactly is a matter of intense debate. Buddhism, along with Chinese writing, was initially transmitted from Korean Peninsula via Eastern Channel to Japan in the 5th century by way of the straits as well. Iki to Kamino-shima, the southern end of the large island of Tsushima, is about 50 kilometres. Busan (Korea), to the northern tip of Tsushima, about the same across the Korea Strait. These were tremendous distances to attempt in small boats over open seas.

The Mongol invasions of Japan crossed this sea and ravaged the Tsushima Islands before the kamikaze – translated as "divine wind" – a typhoon that is said to have saved Japan from a Mongol invasion fleet led by Kublai Khan in 1281. The 16th century, Toyotomi Hideyoshi was aimed at the conquest of China via the Korean Peninsula from this strait.

The decisive naval battle in the Russo-Japanese War, the Battle of Tsushima, took place in the strait between the Japanese and Russian navies in 1905; the Russian fleet was virtually destroyed by a Japanese naval force for the loss of only three Japanese torpedo boats.

Japan's territorial waters extend to three nautical miles (5.6 km) into the strait instead of the usual twelve, reportedly to allow nuclear-armed United States Navy warships and submarines to transit the strait without violating Japan's prohibition against nuclear weapons in its territory.

title: Tsushima Strait


text:
Alawi dynasty

The 'Alawi dynasty (سلالة العلويين الفيلاليين) – also rendered in English as Alaouite, 'Alawid, or Alawite – is the current Moroccan royal family and reigning dynasty. They are an Arab sharifian dynasty and claim descent from the Islamic prophet Muhammad through his grandson, Hasan ibn Ali. Their ancestors originally migrated to the Tafilalt region, in present-day Morocco, from Yanbu on the coast of the Hejaz in the 12th or 13th century.

The dynasty rose to power in the 17th century, beginning with Mawlay al-Sharif who was declared sultan of the Tafilalt in 1631. His son Al-Rashid, ruling from 1664 to 1672, was able to unite and pacify the country after a long period of regional divisions caused by the weakening of the Saadi Sultanate, establishing the Alawi Sultanate that succeeded it. His brother Isma'il presided over a period of strong central rule between 1672 and 1727, one of the longest reigns of any Moroccan sultan. After Isma'il's death, the country was plunged into disarray as his sons fought over his succession, but order was re-established under the long reign of Muhammad ibn Abdallah in the second half of the 18th century. The 19th century was marked by the growing influence of European powers.

The 'Alawis ruled as sovereign sultans up until 1912, when the French protectorate and Spanish protectorate were imposed on Morocco. They were retained as symbolic sultans under colonial rule. When the country regained its independence in 1956, Mohammed V, who had supported the nationalist cause, resumed the 'Alawi role as independent head of state. Shortly afterwards, in 1957, he adopted the title of "King" instead of "Sultan". His successors, Hassan II and Mohammed VI (the current reigning monarch), have continued the dynasty's rule under the same title. Today, the Moroccan government is officially a constitutional monarchy,  but the king retains strong authoritarian power over the state and public affairs, despite some political reforms in recent decades.

Name and etymology
The dynasty claims descent from Muhammad via Hasan, the son of Ali. The name 'Alawi (علوي) stems either from the name of Ali (the father of Hasan), from which the dynasty ultimately traces its descent, or from the name of the dynasty's early founder Ali al-Sharif of the Tafilalt. Historians sometimes also refer to the dynasty as the "Filali Sharifs", in reference to their origin from the Tafilalt.

The honorific title mawlay (also transliterated as mulay or moulay), meaning "my lord", was also commonly used in conjunction with the names of sultans.

Origins
The 'Alawis were a family of sharifian religious notables (or shurafa) who claimed descent from Muhammad via his grandson Hasan, the son of Ali and of Muhammad's daughter Fatimah. Like the Sa'di dynasty before them, the 'Alawis originally came from the village of Yanbu al-Nakhil in the Hejaz region of Arabia. According to the dynasty's official historians, the family migrated from the Hijaz to the Tafilalt during the 12th or 13th century at the request of the locals who hoped that the presence of a sharifian family would benefit the region. It is possible that the 'Alawis were merely one of many Arab families who moved westwards to Morocco during this period. The Tafilalt was an oasis region in the Ziz Valley in eastern Morocco and the site of Sijilmasa, historically an important terminus of the trans-Saharan trade routes.

Little is known of 'Alawi history prior to the 17th century. In the early 15th century they appear to have had a reputation as holy warriors, but did not yet have a political status. This was the example of one family member, Ali al-Sharif (not to be confused with the later 'Alawi by the same name below), who participated in battles against the Portuguese and Spanish in Ceuta and Tangier and who was also invited by the Nasrids of Granada to fight against Castile on the Iberian Peninsula. By the 17th century, however, they had evidently become the main leaders of the Tafilalt.

Their status as shurafa (descendants of Muhammad) was part of the reason for their success, as in this era many communities in Morocco increasingly saw sharifian status as the best claim to political legitimacy. The Saadian dynasty, which ruled Morocco in the 16th century and early 17th century prior to the rise of the 'Alawis, was also a sharifian dynasty and played an important role in establishing this model of political-religious legitimacy.

Rise to power
The family's rise to power took place in the context of early-to-mid-17th century Morocco, when the power of the Saadian sultans of Marrakesh was in serious decline and multiple regional factions fought for control of the country. Among the most powerful of these factions were the Dala'iyya (also spelled Dila'iyya or Dilaites), a federation of Amazigh (Berbers) in the Middle Atlas who increasingly dominated central Morocco at this time, reaching the peak of their power in the 1640s. Another, was 'Ali Abu Hassun al-Semlali (or Abu Hassun), who had become leader of the Sous valley since 1614. When Abu Hassun extended his control to the Tafilalt region in 1631, the Dala'iyya in turn sent forces to enforce their own influence in the area. The local inhabitants chose as their leader the 'Alawi family head, Muhammad al-Sharif – known as Mawlay Ali al-Sharif, Mawlay al-Sharif, or Muhammad I – recognizing him as Sultan. Mawlay al-Sharif led an attack against Abu Hassun's garrison at Tabu'samt in 1635 or 1636 (1045 AH) but failed to expel them. Abu Hassun forced him to go into exile to the Sous valley, but also treated him well; among other things, Abu Hassun gifted him a slave concubine who later gave birth to one of his sons, Mawlay Isma'il.

While their father remained in exile, al-Sharif's sons took up the struggle. His son Sidi Mohammed (or Muhammad II ), became the leader after 1635 and successfully led another rebellion which expelled Abu Hassun's forces in 1640 or 1641 (1050 AH). With this success, he was proclaimed sultan in place of his father who relinquished the throne to him. The Dala'iyya invaded the region again in 1646 and following their victory at Al Qa'a forced him to acknowledge their control over all the territory west and south of Sijilmasa. Unable to oppose them, Sidi Mohammed instead decided to attempt expansion in other directions.

Mawlay Sharif died in 1659, and Sidi Mohammed was once again proclaimed sovereign. This provoked a succession clash between Sidi Mohammed and one of his younger half-brothers, Al-Rashid. Details of this conflict are lengthy, but ultimately Al-Rashid appears to have fled Sijilmasa in fear of his brother. He eventually managed to secure an alliance with the Banu Ma'qil Arab tribes who had previously supported his brother and also with the Ait Yaznasin (Beni Snassen), a Zenata Amazigh tribe. These groups recognized him as sultan in 1664, while around the same time Sidi Mohammed made a new base for himself as far west as Azrou. The power of the Dala'iyya was in decline, and both brothers sought to take advantage of this, but both stood in each other's way. When Sidi Mohammed attacked Angad to force his rebellious brother's submission on August 2, 1664, he was instead unexpectedly killed and his armies defeated.

Al-Rashid was left in control of the 'Alawi forces and in less than a decade he managed to extend 'Alawi control over almost all of Morocco, reuniting the country under a new sharifian dynasty. After much campaigning in northern Morocco, Al-Rashid secured the surrender of Fez in June 1666. He made it his capital. He defeated the remnants of the Dala'iyya and destroyed their capital in the Middle Atlas in June 1668. In July, he captured Marrakesh. His forces took the Sous valley and the Anti-Atlas in the south, forced Salé and its pirate republic to acknowledge his authority, while in the north he controlled most territory except for the European coastal enclaves. Al-Rashid had thus succeeded in reuniting the country under one rule. He subsequently died young in 1672.

The reign of Mawlay Isma'il
Upon Al-Rashid's death, his younger half-brother Mawlay Isma'il became sultan. As sultan, Isma'il's 55-year reign was one of longest in Moroccan history. He distinguished himself as a ruler who wished to establish a unified Moroccan state as the absolute authority in the land, independent of any particular group within Morocco – in contrast to previous dynasties which relied on certain tribes or regions as the base of their power. He succeeded in part by creating a new army composed of Black slaves (the 'Abid al-Bukhari) from Sub-Saharan Africa (or descendants of previously imported slaves), many of them Muslims, whose loyalty was to him alone. Mawlay Isma'il himself was half Black, his mother having been a Black slave concubine of Mawlay Sharif. This standing army also made effective use of modern artillery. He continuously led military campaigns against rebels, rivals, and European positions along the Moroccan coast. In practice, he still had to rely on various groups to control outlying areas, but he nonetheless succeeded in retaking many coastal cities occupied by England and Spain and managed to enforce direct order and heavy taxation throughout his territories. He put a definitive end to Ottoman attempts to gain influence in Morocco and established Morocco on more equal diplomatic footing with European powers in part by forcing them to ransom Christian captives at his court. These Christians were mostly captured by Moroccan pirate fleets which he heavily sponsored as a means of both revenue and warfare. While in captivity, prisoners were often forced into labour on his construction projects. All of these activities and policies gave him a reputation for ruthlessness and cruelty among European writers and a mixed reputation among Moroccan historians as well, though he is credited with unifying Morocco under strong (but brutal) leadership. He also moved the capital from Fez to Meknes, where he built a vast imperial kasbah, a fortified palace-city whose construction continued throughout his reign.

After Mawlay Isma'il
After Mawlay Isma'il's death, Morocco was plunged into one of its greatest periods of turmoil between 1727 and 1757, with Isma'il's sons fighting for control of the sultanate and never holding onto power for long. Isma'il had left hundreds of sons who were theoretically eligible for the throne. Conflict between his sons was compounded by rebellions against the heavily taxing and autocratic government which Isma'il had previously imposed. Furthermore, the 'Abid of Isma'il's reign came to wield enormous power and were able to install or depose sultans according to their interests throughout this period, though they also had to compete with the guich tribes and some of the Amazigh (Berber) tribes. Order and control was firmly re-established only under Abdallah's son, Sidi Mohammed ibn Abdallah (Mohammed III), who became Sultan in 1757 after a decade as viceroy in Marrakesh. Sidi Mohammed ibn Abdallah maintained the peace in part through a relatively more decentralized regime and lighter taxes, relying instead on greater trade with Europe to make up the revenues. In line with this policy, in 1764 he founded Essaouira, a new port city through which he funnelled European trade with Marrakesh. The last Portuguese outpost on the Moroccan coast, Mazagan (al-Jadida today), was taken by Morocco in 1729, leaving only the Spanish enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla as the remaining European outposts in North West Africa. Muhammad also signed a Treaty of Friendship with the United States in 1787 after becoming the first head of state to recognize the new country. He was interested in scholarly pursuits and also cultivated a productive relationship with the ulama, or Muslim religious scholars, who supported some of his initiatives and reforms.

Sidi Mohammed's opening of Morocco to international trade was not welcomed by some, however. After his death in 1790, his son and successor Mawlay Yazid ruled with more xenophobia and violence, punished Jewish communities, and launched an ill-fated attack against the Spanish city of Ceuta in 1792, in which he was mortally wounded. After his death, he was succeeded by his brother Suleyman (or Mawlay Slimane), though the latter had to defeat two more brothers who contested the throne: Maslama in the north and Hisham in Marrakesh to the south. Suleyman brought trade with Europe nearly to a halt. Although less violent and bigoted than Yazid, was still portrayed by European sources as xenophobic. After 1811, Suleyman also pushed a fundamentalist Wahhabist ideology at home and attempted to suppress local Sufi orders and brotherhoods, in spite of their popularity and despite his own membership in the Tijaniyya order.

European encroachment
Suleyman's successor, Abd al-Rahman (or Abderrahmane; ruled 1822–1859), tried to reinforce national unity by recruiting local elites of the country and orchestrating military campaigns designed to bolster his image as a defender of Islam against encroaching European powers. The French conquest of Algeria in 1830, however, destabilized the region and put the sultan in a very difficult position. Wide popular support for the Algerians against the French led Morocco to allow the flow of aid and arms to the resistance movement led by Emir Abd al-Qadir, while the Moroccan ulama delivered a fatwa for a supporting jihad in 1837. On the other hand, Abd al-Rahman was reluctant to provide the French with a clear reason to attack Morocco if he ever intervened. He managed to maintain the appearance of neutrality until 1844, when he was compelled to provide refuge to Abd al-Qadir in Morocco. The French, led by the marshall Bugeaud, pursued him and thoroughly routed the Moroccan army at the Battle of Isly, near Oujda, on August 14. At the same time, the French navy bombarded Tangiers on August 6 and bombarded Essaouira on August 16. In the aftermath, Morocco signed the Convention of Lalla Maghnia on March 18, 1845. The treaty made the superior power of France clear and forced the sultan to recognize French authority over Algeria. Abd al-Qadir turned rebel against the sultan and took refuge in the Rif region until his surrender to the French in 1848. The next confrontation, the Hispano-Moroccan War, took place from 1859 to 1860, and the subsequent Treaty of Wad Ras led the Moroccan government to take a massive British loan larger than its national reserves to pay off its war debt to Spain.

In the latter part of the 19th century Morocco's instability resulted in European countries intervening to protect investments and to demand economic concessions. Sultan Hassan I called for the Madrid Conference of 1880 in response to France and Spain's abuse of the protégé system, but the result was an increased European presence in Morocco—in the form of advisors, doctors, businessmen, adventurers, and even missionaries.

After Sultan Abdelaziz appointed his brother Abdelhafid as viceroy of Marrakesh, the latter sought to have him overthrown by fomenting distrust over Abdelaziz's European ties. Abdelhafid was aided by Madani el-Glaoui, older brother of T'hami, one of the Caids of the Atlas. He was assisted in the training of his troops by Andrew Belton, a British officer and veteran of the Second Boer War. For a brief period, Abdelaziz reigned from Rabat while Abdelhafid reigned in Marrakesh and Fez and a conflict known as the Hafidiya (1907–1908) ensued. In 1908 Abdelaziz was defeated in battle. In 1909, Abdelhafid became the recognized leader of Morocco.

In 1911, rebellion broke out against the sultan. This led to the Agadir Crisis, also known as the Second Moroccan Crisis. These events led Abdelhafid to abdicate after signing the Treaty of Fes on 30 March 1912, which made Morocco a French protectorate. He signed his abdication only when on the quay in Rabat, with the ship that would take him to France already waiting. When news of the treaty finally leaked to the Moroccan populace, it was met with immediate and violent backlash in the Intifada of Fez. His brother Youssef was proclaimed Sultan by the French administration several months later (13 August 1912). At the same time a large part of northern Morocco was placed under Spanish control.

Colonial rule, Mohammed V, and independence
Under colonial rule the institution of the sultan was formally preserved as part of a French policy of indirect rule, or at least the appearance of indirect rule. Under the French Protectorate, the 'Alawi sultans still had some prerogatives such as the power to sign or veto dahirs (decrees). In the Spanish zone, a Khalifa ("deputy") was appointed who acted as a representative of the sultan. In practice, however, the sultan was a puppet of the new regime and many parts of the population saw the dynasty as collaborators with the French. The French colonial administration was headed by the French resident-general, the first of whom was Hubert Lyautey, who enacted many of the policies that set the tone for France's colonial regime in Morocco.

Mawlay Youssef died unexpectedly in 1927 and his youngest son, Muhammad (Mohammed ben Youssef or Mohammed V), was acclaimed as the new sultan, at the age of 18. By the guidance of the French regime, he had spent most of his life growing up in relative isolation inside the royal palace in Meknes and Rabat. These restrictions on his interactions with the outside world continued in large part even after he ascended to the throne. However, over the course of his reign he became increasingly associated with the Moroccan nationalist movement, eventually becoming a strong symbol in the cause for independence. The nationalists, for their part, and in contrast with other anti-colonial movements like the Salafis, saw the sultan as a potentially useful tool in the struggle against French rule.

Some of Mohammed V's initial interactions with nationalists came during the crisis caused by the so-called "Berber Dahir". Among other things at this time, the sultan received a delegation from Fez which presented a list of grievances about the new French policy, and had discussions with Allal al-Fassi where he apparently expressed that he had been misled by the French residency when signing it and vowed to cede no further rights of his country. The sultan refrained from openly associating with the nationalist movement in the 1930s, but nonetheless resisted French attempts to shift the terms of the Protectorate during the interwar years. He reaffirmed Morocco's loyalty to France in 1939, at the beginning of the World War II. After the fall of France to the Germans and the advent of the Vichy regime, however, the sultan increasingly charted his own course, successfully pushing some reform initiatives related to education, even as the Vichy regime encouraged him to make several well-publicized trips abroad to bolster his legitimacy and that of the colonial system. In 1942 the Allies landed on the Moroccan Atlantic coast as part of their invasion of North Africa against Axis occupation. This momentous change also allowed the sultan more political manoeuvring room, and during the Anfa Conference in 1943, which Allied leaders attended, Mohammed V was left alone at one time with President Roosevelt, who expressed support for Moroccan independence after the war. The encounter was the sultan's first face-to-face interaction with another head of state without the mediating presence of the French officials. In the fall of the same year, the sultan encouraged the formation of the official Istiqlal ("Independence") Party and the drafting of the Manifesto of Independence that called for a constitutional monarchy with democratic institutions.

These moves were strongly opposed by the French, but the sultan continued to steadily defy them. Another watershed event was the Tangier Speech of 1947, delivered in the Mendoubia Gardens of Tangier during the first visit of a Moroccan sultan to the city since Mawlay Hassan I in 1889. The speech made a number of significant points including support for Arab nationalism, a generally anti-colonial ideology, and an expression of gratitude for American support of Moroccan aspirations while omitting the usual statements of support for the French Protectorate. In the following years the tensions increased, with French officials slowly acknowledging the need for Moroccan independence but stressing for slower reforms rather than rapid sovereignty. The French enlisted many powerful collaborators such Thami el-Glaoui to organize a campaign of public opposition to the sultan and demands for his abdication – also known as the "Qa'id Affair" – in the spring of 1953. The political confrontation came to a head in August of that year. On August 13 the royal palace in Rabat was surrounded and closed off by Protectorate military forces and police, and on August 16 Thami and allied Moroccan leaders formally declared Mohammed Ben 'Arafa, a little-known member of the 'Alawi family, as sultan. On August 20 the French resident-general, Auguste Guillaume, presented demands to the sultan for his abdication and his agreement to go into exile. The sultan refused to abdicate, and that afternoon he and his sons were escorted at gunpoint from the palace and onto a plane. He and his family were eventually exiled to Madagascar.

The exile of the sultan did not alleviate French difficulties in Morocco, and an insurgency broke out which targeted both the regime and its collaborators with boycott campaigns as well as acts of violence. Several assassination attempts were made against the new puppet sultan, Mohammed Ben 'Arafa, and one of the boycott campaigns was aimed at the country's mosques due to prayers being said in the new sultan's name. Eventually, with the decolonialization process under way in Tunisia and the independence war in Algeria, the French agreed to negotiate Morocco's independence at a conference on August 23, 1955. By October 1 Mohammed Ben 'Arafa had abdicated and later that month even Thami el-Glaoui supported Mohammed V's return. The sultan landed at Rabat-Salé Airport at 11:42 am on November 16, greeted by cheering crowds. The French-Moroccan Declaration of Independence was formally signed on March 2, 1956, and Tangier was reintegrated to Morocco later that year. In 1957 Mohammed V adopted the official title of "King", which has since been used by his successors, Hassan II and Mohammed VI.

From 1957 to present day
At independence, the Moroccan makhzen (royal government) remained underdeveloped and urgent reforms were needed to resolve problems arising from decades of colonial rule. Political friction existed between the nationalist Istiqlal Party, which pushed for more democratic institutions, and the king, Mohammed V, who now hesitated on endorsing radical political changes. By the end of the decade in 1960, the Istiqlal Party was weakened by splinter factions and the growing number of political parties were unable to act together as an effective counterbalance to the king. A formal constitution also remained lacking. As a result, the monarch emerged as the main pillar of political stability in the state and there was a revival of absolutism under royal rule. Mohammed V died in 1961 and was succeeded by his son, Hassan II.

Hassan was soon compelled to promulgate a constitution, which was approved by popular referendum in 1962. The constitution had been written by officials appointed by the king and in practice it cemented the monarchy's rule by granting it far-reaching executive powers. Hassan II worked to improve relations with France and position Morocco as an ally of the West, but relations with neighboring Algeria deteriorated over border issues and resulted in the Sand War in 1963. Tensions also rose internally during the 1960s and 1970s, with leftist opposition mounting against the conservative monarchy. This in turn was met with increased political repression and Hassan II largely relied on the army and police as instruments of power. The period from roughly 1975 to 1990 is known as the "Years of Lead", as state violence was regularly deployed against dissenters and political opponents were jailed or disappeared. Two attempted coups d'état against the king failed in 1971 and 1972.

Upon the withdrawal of the Spanish from Spanish Sahara in 1975 and the declaration of independence of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, Hassan II used the opportunity to publicly galvanize nationalist sentiment by pressing Morocco's irredentist claims to the territory, over the objections of the local Sahrawi people and of the Algerian and Mauritanian governments. He organized the Green March, which saw around 350,000 Moroccans crossing the southern border to settle inside the territory, triggering a war with the Polisario, the armed front of the Sahrawi people. A ceasefire was negotiated in 1989, but the conflict remains unresolved today,  with most of the territory under de facto Moroccan control while the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic controls the easternmost zones. During the 1990s Hassan II changed course in domestic politics and publicly promoted an agenda of reform. A new constitutional reform, approved by referendum, was enacted in 1993. Another amendment to the constitution was passed in 1996 to create a bi-cameral legislature, with the lower house elected directly by voters and an upper house chosen indirectly by regional assemblies and professional organizations.

Hassan II died in 1999 and was succeeded by his son, Mohammed VI, the current reigning king. The new monarch's reign began with promises of further liberalization and reform; however, the extent of political reforms has been limited and popular engagement with electoral politics has been inconsistent. Another constitutional reform was passed by a referendum in 2011 in response to protests inside the country, in the wider context of the Arab Spring. Today, the 'Alawis remain the only monarchy in North Africa. They officially rule in a parliamentary constitutional monarchy,  but authoritarian and absolutist characteristics are still noted by scholars and observers, with effective power largely remaining in the hands of the king,   a situation that has been compared to the pattern of Hashemite monarchy in Jordan.

List of 'Alawi rulers

Sultans of the Tafilalt and early expansion:
 * Sharif ibn Ali (1631–1635)
 * Muhammad ibn Sharif (1635–1664)
 * Al-Rashid (1664–1668)

After capture of Marrakesh in 1668, Sultans of Morocco:

 * Al-Rashid (1668–1672)
 * Mawlay Ismail Ibn Sharif (1672–1727)
 * Abu'l Abbas Ahmad II (1727–1728) (first time)
 * Abdalmalik (1728)
 * Abu'l Abbas Ahmad II (1728–1729) (second time)
 * Abdallah (1729–1734) (first time)
 * Ali (1734–1736)
 * Abdallah (1736) (second time)
 * Mohammed II (1736–1738)
 * Al-Mustadi (1738–1740) (first time)
 * Abdallah (1740–1741) (third time)
 * Zin al-Abidin (1741)
 * Abdallah (1741–1742) (fourth time)
 * Al-Mustadi (1742–1743) (second time)
 * Abdallah (1743–1747) (fifth time)
 * Al-Mustadi (1747–1748) (third time)
 * Abdallah (1748–1757) (sixth time)
 * Mohammed III (1757–1790)
 * Yazid (1790–1792)
 * Mulay Suleiman (1792–1822)
 * Abderrahmane (1822–1859)
 * Mohammed IV (1859–1873)
 * Hassan I (1873–1894)
 * Abdelaziz (1894–1908)
 * Abdelhafid (1908–1912)

Under the French protectorate (1912–1956):
 * Yusef (1912–1927)
 * King Mohammed V (1927–1961), changed title of ruler from Sultan to King in 1957. Deposed and exiled to Corsica and Madagascar (1953–1955).
 * Mohammed Ben Aarafa, installed by France (1953–1955)

From Independence (1955 onwards):
 * King Mohammed V (1955–1961)
 * King Hassan II (1961–1999)
 * King Mohammed VI (1999–present)

title: Alawi dynasty


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User:Arvind Singh

Arvind Singh (born 18th July, 1988) is a Police Officer in Delhi Police. He represented Delhi University Student Union (ABVP) in Dyal Singh (Eve) College in the year 2008. He was.

title: User:Arvind Singh


text:
James Island

James Island may refer to:

 * James Island (Gambia), a World Heritage island in the Gambia
 * James Island (British Columbia), an island in Haro Strait off Sidney, BC near Vancouver Island
 * James Island (Galápagos), another name for Santiago Island (Galápagos)
 * James Island (Maryland), an island in Chesapeake Bay
 * James Island (South Carolina), an island near Charleston, South Carolina
 * James Island (San Juan Islands), one of the San Juan Islands in Washington
 * James Island (Washington), near La Push, Washington
 * James Island (Chile)
 * James Island (sanctuary), island of India
 * James Island, a name for Baffin Island used by 18th-century French cartographers

title: James Island