text:
Talk:Site Finder

Moved the content from VeriSign page --Tobias 20:02, 7 Mar 2004 (UTC)

How did they do it?
Hello. I'd like to know what put VeriSign in the unique position of being able to do this at all. Thanks --AlmostFree 15:51, 27 August 2006 (UTC)

 * They bought Network Solutions. --Zundark 20:12, 27 August 2006 (UTC)

Charter Com.
Anyone know of any way to opt-out from this horrible idea? Derfy 17:16, 13 June 2007 (UTC)

http://ww11.charter.net/search?qo=ahhiajkafhdhnahj.com&rn=Sir3QQ-jQlrHESJ

See: the bottom of the page. of course, it's a half-assed one, and it directs you here(http://ww11.charter.net/not_found) when you opt out, but it's still better than lining their pockets with ad cash. 66.215.12.70 (talk) 08:30, 15 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Also, you can have it redirect you to several other sites, including Google and Yahoo. 66.215.12.70 (talk) 08:32, 15 December 2007 (UTC)

Time Warner
It seems that Time Warner has just implemented a similar feature. =( —Preceding unsigned comment added by 204.210.228.182 (talk) 07:02, 2 February 2008 (UTC)

Cox Communications
"209.86.66.122 or 209.86.66.122. There are Opt Out servers located at 68.105.28.13 and 68.105.29.13" None of these IPs are currently running HTTP servers on port 80. Also, 209.86.66.122 are the same IP. I'll remove the duplicate, but please correct the IPs or re-write this section as a historical note if cox is no longer doing this. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.90.47.19 (talk) 05:18, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

 * 209.86.66.122 is running an HTTP server on port 80. It appears to be a search engine. The opt-out servers should be DNS servers, not HTTP servers. --Zundark (talk) 09:28, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

Non-http traffic awareness
No statement by VeriSign in support of Site Finder even acknowledged the existence of DNS traffic not caused by web clients. This is not true, please see. Would anyone please add that fact to the article. I can't because of the three revert rule... --Xif (talk) 04:05, 16 March 2008 (UTC)

See also list
Removed from article because it doesn't belong here at all: This form of "typosquatting" technology has been criticized in purchasers of common misspellings of popular domain names as well as other technologies that redirect web traffic, causing web viewers to see unsolicited advertising.
 * Whitehouse.com - A former political entertainment and adult pornography site and current political entertainment site that enjoys high traffic from people who mistakenly type "com" instead of "gov" attempting to reach the official Whitehouse.gov site.
 * Internet Explorer - Internet Explorer automatically redirects misspelled URLs to the search engine set in its preferences (by default MSN Search or Live Search). This feature can be disabled.
 * Barefruit- Barefruit has developed a range of solutions to identify and redirect internet error traffic including DNS non-existent domains and HTTP errors and works with a number of Tier 1 ISPs. Their service avoids the problems of typosquatting.
 * Paxfire - A tool used by some ISPs to redirect mistyped "hotwords" to a Paxfire page with links to paid advertisers. If a user clicks on the link, the revenue is shared between Paxfire and the ISP.
 * EarthLink - (October, 2007) Earthlink has a new twist. If someone does a search from the address bar and they are using Live Search as their search engine, EarthLink parses their search string to extract the search words and then redirects the user to earthlink-help.com where it then displays advertisements based on the search words.
 * EarthLink - EarthLink redirects nonexistent hostnames to www.earthlink-help.net, a site similar in functionality and purpose as Site Finder. EarthLink customers can opt out of this service by using alternate unsupported DNS servers provided by the company.
 * Charter Communications - Charter Communications has recently (as of April 2007) instituted a similar practice in which DNS searches for nonexistent hostnames return the address of Charter webservers that display advertising content. No usable opt-out procedure is known at the time of this writing. (9-19-2008) Changing primary DNS server to 4.2.2.1 and secondary DNS server to 4.2.2.2 allows you to get around their DNS redirect.
 * Cox Communications - Cox Communications High Speed Internet (HSI) started testing a DNS redirect similar to Site Finder on Wednesday April 18, 2007 in the Florida panhandle area. The service has now been rolled out to all the full Cox userbase. Any DNS query, such as asdf.123 or a mistype will send you to 209.86.66.122. There are Opt Out servers located at 68.105.28.13 and 68.105.29.13. The service is clearly indicated, with a link to an explanation of the service as well as the instructions to opt-out are clearly presented.
 * Rogers Communications - Rogers Communications broadband Internet service began using a DNS redirect similar to Site Finder on approximately July 18, 2008. Although Rogers claims an opt-out mechanism is available, it affects HTTP only and once a user has opted out their HTTP requests to non-existent addresses are taken to a fake failure page that assumes the browser in use is Internet Explorer.
 * Other Providers - Verizon, qwest, RCN, Time Warner Cable, Embarq and Insight Communications have all deployed DNS Redirection services.
 * dnsmasq is an open sourced dns proxy software which includes an option to specify the IP addresses of bogus nxdomain responses. In this way, users can filter out the effects of such activity.
 * Level3 provides free open DNS at the IP addresses 4.2.2.1 through 4.2.2.5 . They have very good latency as they are each distributed mirrored and at the center of the internet. By changing your DNS to these you can evade all these unwanted unasked for ads and also slightly increase your privacy.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by C. A. Russell (talk • contribs) 02:56, 13 May 2009 (UTC)

Advance notice given?
The article does not mention whether Verisign/NetSOL gave any advance notice of this change (even if poorly publicized). I don't recall there being any, but whether or not they gave advance notice is an important detail w/r/t recklessness. —dgies tc 07:00, 30 November 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Site Finder


text:
Talk:Acantha

Comments
I think this page is two different myths mushed together. The best I can find out is that Acantha was a nymph (who are always female) who Apollo tried to rape, but Acantha fought back, scratching his face. In punishment Apollo turned her into an acanthus tree.

Acanthus and Acanthis (brother and sister) seem to be a different myth, but I can't find a clear description of the myth.

There is some confusion due to this, probably because more than one mythical figure was associated with the class of plants that bear the stem --acanth. From the Encyclopedia Mythica:

Acanthus: The son of Autonous and Hippoamia. The horses of his father tore him to pieces.

Acanthis: The sister of Acanthus. When she cried over the death of her brother the gods turned her into a thistle finch.

Acantha: The spirit of the acanthus tree who was once a nymph loved by the sun god and who, at her death, was transformed into a sun-loving herb.

(http://www.pantheon.org/areas/mythology/europe/greek/articles.html)

Nymphs are nature spirits or minor goddesses which are always regarded as female; one source for this is Princeton's Word Net: http://wordnet.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=nymph Since the only articles I can find that relate to this character refer to her as female (with the exception of the many which are lifted from this article), I'll change her back into a female. Acantha1979 22:31, 11 June 2006 (UTC)Acantha
 * Can you attribute the myths of all three characters to any (printed and established, I hope!) source other than Encyclopedia Mythica or the other (unsourced) websites currently given in the works cited? As it stands, the Acanthus/Acanthis characters are believable, since the thistle finch would live on acanthus plants. However, this Acantha sounds like a product of modern times. I've never heard of one of the gods' lovers physically attacking their pursuers. A feminist myth of fighting back against rapists? Anyway, I change some of the wording to reflect the original sources' information. I hope the article sounds a little more coherent now. 67.162.118.167 (talk) 01:43, 25 March 2008 (UTC) Chris G.
 * I agree it probably is a more modern myth as opposed to one held my the Ancient Greeks. I done quite a lot of digging and I think I've identified the earliest mention. I've detailed all of it in a major rewrite of the page. If anyone does happen to find a classical source for the story though please let me know as I'd be really interested. I tried for the best part of four hours though and found nothing. Nyctimene (talk) 23:44, 23 October 2014 (UTC)

Hello. I did some digging but I couldn't find the myth of Acantha on any reliable websites. It is not stated in any classical sources. If this story of Acantha never existed in the body of Greek mythology, isn't it wrong to let this story stay this way on Wikipedia? If not removing it, we should at least make it clear at the beginning that this story has no classical sources to back it. Srushtijd (talk) 13:21, 3 May 2019 (UTC)

 * FTR, the unrelated myths have been split out into Acanthus (son of Autonous) and Acanthis (mythology). -- Beland (talk) 17:11, 9 August 2021 (UTC)

Good Article Nomination
I nominated the article because, whilst small, I believe it contains all relevant information on the topic thereby fulfilling the purpose of an encyclopedia. I leave the merits down to whoever reviews the page. All I would ask is that the page not be discounted simply because it is small. The fact is there is very little information on this topic and, in this editor's opinion, all of it can be found herein. My thanks in advance for your feedback. Nyctimene (talk) 15:30, 30 October 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Acantha


text:
Talk:Great Mississippi Flood of 1927

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): EKrup12.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 21:57, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): 225em.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 22:40, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

St. Bernard Parish
If I can recall correctly from the New York Times article on the subject, the break only flooded the lower end of the Parish. In 1927 St. Bernard was still mostly farmland. Arabi and the Jackson Barracks area of the parish were still dry. I don't know about Chalmette, but the Islenos and African communities downriver in Delacroix and Plaquemines would have gotten the worst of the flooding. --Kunzite 06:40, 6 March 2006 (UTC)
 * It certainly didn't flood "all" of St. Bernard; I changed it to much. BTW, I read in a recent New Yorker article about the disappearing wetlands that the flooding from the dynamited breach deposited some 6 inches of river silt and clays on a good sized portion of St. Bernard, so it may have actually had some benificial effects on some of the wetlands. -- Infrogmation 02:19, 7 April 2006 (UTC)

Disputed tag
I removed the disputed tag; if something is still disputed, please explain, thanks. -- Infrogmation 02:19, 7 April 2006 (UTC)

Flood Control Act of 1928
Under "See also" is "Flood Control Act of 1928." It probably should be an external link. The Army Corps of Engineers has re-published the Act as Appendix E in the _Mississippi River Commission's Upon Their Shoulders: A history of the Mississippi River Commission from its inception through the advent of the modern Mississippi River and Tributaries Project_ by Charles A. Camillo and Matthew T. Pearcy. The book is online, and the Flood Control Act of 1928 is at . Filé gumbo 18:31, 31 August 2006 (UTC)filé gumbo

 * That's a subject we could probably use an article on. -- Infrogmation
 * Added wiki ref for this; it may soon become an article as it is also referenced under Flood Control ActDon'tKnowItAtAll (talk) 13:12, 17 April 2008 (UTC)

Affected Areas
I think there may be a few missing states in the affected areas section: Oklahoma and Missouri. The listing of affected states, referenced from a full-text copy of the February 1928 issue of "Congressional Digest", includes the present list, plus the two additional states. Heidi Fitzgerald 04:09, 7 December 2006 (UTC)

I've added Missouri to the list, and an external link to an Army Engineers publication that mentions two levee breaches that flooded 1.2 million acres there. At the moment, cannot find a "Congressional Digest"-based web page mentioning Oklahoma flooding. Publius3 (talk) 05:37, 7 May 2008 (UTC)

Deliberate destruction of levee at Caernarvon
John Barry devotes several chapters of _Rising Tide: The Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 and How it Changed America_ to discussing the decision to dynamite the levee, detailing the key players, timeline, and motives. I do not know how to add the citation to the page, unfortunately, as I am a novice at wikipedia updates. Barry claims the motives were largely financial: the flooding of rural St. Bernard Parish would generate lower financial losses than a flood in wealthy New Orleans. Jehaun 14:32, 13 September 2007 (UTC)

http://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/articles/050912/12leadall.b.htm

History repeats itself. 74.131.208.18 (talk) 07:31, 17 April 2008 (UTC)

Most destructive flood?
I'm not certain that this is the most destructive flood in history. Afterall, it is pretty obvious that most of the damage attributed to Hurricane Katrina was flood damage and certainly Hurricane Katrina was more destructive than this. I don't have any sources to confirm any of this, so I will leave the information in the article, but it is something that may need to be changed. Life, Liberty, Property (talk) 13:28, 5 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Italicized the word river under most destructive flood description. Don'tKnowItAtAll (talk) 13:13, 17 April 2008 (UTC)

Slanted history
There is no citations of proof to back up the racial claims being made in the article and there for should be removed until verifiable sources can be obtained. There is no reason racially divisive opinions should be in the article from people that wseren't even there at the time to witness said claims. I have tried to put a disclaimer in it but it was removed on the basis that it didn't belong in the article, puhlease. If a black man was shot by a white cop during this period, it should be discussed as long as there are records to back it up. I find the entire part of the article suspect and think any cultural, political commentary have no place in a page that specifically talks about the flood and the resulting damage. I looked it up out of curiousity to find out if the place I lived in had the risk of being flooded by the Mississippi river. I was not aware that I was going to be barraged by unresearched racial claims that have no relevence. I am not advocating the erasure of history, only that the unsourced claims be removed as they are clearly there to cause racial division, fuel hatred and animosity between races and just general malcontent. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Heavenstobitsy (talk • contribs) 18:47, 10 July 2010 (UTC)
 * I agree that more inline citations, particularly from the externally linked PBS sources are needed, but I see no reason to remove this material. My first test, of the shooting death of a black laborer by a white police officer was easily verified and the PBS sources detail a host of race relations problems and consequences. I'll do what I can with the time I have but anyone else is welcome to help. Abby Kelleyite (talk) 21:50, 15 July 2010 (UTC)
 * I think I have now added citations for all the material you flagged and tried to add a little framing. Feel free to improve the article by adding relevant WP:RS material to balance any "slant" you still perceive.Abby Kelleyite (talk) 16:15, 16 July 2010 (UTC)

It reads more like a history book. Thank you. I was more concerned about the undertone (and lack of info as to why a man was shot and killed) and in times like these, the last thing we need is a rewriting of history or we will be doomed to repeat what actually happened because we don't know the truth, or the truth is being veiled for a hidden agenda. Heavenstobitsy (talk) 02:52, 22 August 2010 (UTC)

Events
The article had said in the second paragraph of this section: "Flooding overtopped the levees, causing Mounds Landing to break with more than double the water volume of Niagara Falls. The Mississippi River broke out of its levee system in 145 places and flooded 27,000 square miles (70,000 km2). This water flooded an area 50 mi (80 km) wide and more than 100 mi (160 km) long. The area was inundated up to a depth of 9 m (30 ft). The flood caused over US$400 million in damages ($5,623,529,411 in 2016 [1]) and killed 246 people in seven states."

I have edited this information as it is repetitive, and some of the facts that are repeated are repeated incorrectly within this one paragraph. Either they are incorrectly repeated, or it is not stated clearly enough, which might cause confusion. There are also no citations for any of the facts listed in the paragraph. I researched to see if the figures listed were correct, and they are not. I have made corrections have peer-reviewed sources to confirm.

I will change the paragraph to:

"Flooding peaked in the Lower Mississippi in Arkansas, near Mounds Landing and Arkansas City, and broke along the river in at least 145 places. The water flooded more than 70,000 square kilometers of land, and left more than 700,000 people homeless.  Approximately 500 people died as a result of flooding.  Monetary damages due to flooding reached approximately $1 billion, which was one-third of the federal budget in 1927.  If the event were to have occurred in 2007, the damages would total around $130 billion or $160 billion (measured in 2007 U.S. dollars)." Careschroeder (talk) 02:29, 27 October 2016 (UTC)

Tupelo
"Tupelo" is mentioned as beeing written by Albert King, Pops Staples, & Steve Cropper in 1969 and beeing covered by Nick Cave in 1985. The link to the song leads only to the Nick Cave song which doesn't mention any other writing credits. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.156.31.170 (talk) 06:38, 7 December 2020 (UTC)
 * Two different songs. The 1985 "Tupelo" song written by Nick Cave, Barry Adamson and Mick Harvey, relates to the birth of Elvis Presley in Tupelo during a violent rainstorm.  Nothing to do with the 'Great Mississippi Flood of 1927'. - Derek R Bullamore (talk) 15:05, 22 November 2023 (UTC)

Sources Lacking
The final paragraph in particular is extremely tendentious, p.o.v., and basically unsubstantiated. The chief work cited is a privately published screed by totally unknown academics. Wiki should do better than this. 71.115.17.210 (talk) 20:06, 11 July 2024 (UTC)
 * What exactly is stopping you from rectifying this situation ? Whingeing solves nothing. - Derek R Bullamore (talk) 20:13, 11 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Great Mississippi Flood of 1927


text:
Talk:South Ossetia

Incorrect and poorly visible map
The map is way too zoomed out, the dark green spot is entirely invisible, even on a laptop, let alone a phone, although the map is called "Location South Ossetia", which is precisely what it does not show.

And because there are no "light grey" zone visible in Georgia under the whole greyish hash that is over all of Georgia, viewers will think that you meant "hashed grey", and so it looks like South Ossetia (for those who found the dark green spot) is in the same hashed grey zone as Abkhazia, which is terribly confusing and wrong. There is just no way that the viewers can know that the whole hashed grey zone represents all of Georgia, especially since there are over 16 unnamed countries in this picture, Georgia being only about 3% of the whole picture! Or even worse, the viewer will think that the only visible light grey zone is Abkhazia while it is actually Crimea.

I suggest to have Georgia fill out the whole picture dimensions. Maybe add a light background color rather than a hash over the whole of Georgia, and the neighboring country names, or at least Russia's. Adding the capital Tbilisi's location and the only 2 main roads in all of Western Georgia would also help locate occupied South Ossetia, which is just east of the Caucasus mountain road.

I suppose Wikipedia has standards for maps, but the dark blue spots that represent the seas and lakes are actually all that you see in the picture. They pop out so visibly that you'd think they are the highlighted zones for the picture if you don't know the geography for this region (and if you do, you don't need the map). A light blue color for the seas, maybe with a wavy pattern rather than a color as solid as the colors used for land, would make the highlighted land mass zones stand out immediately, especially if they are identified by flashy colors like red.

A bit of work, so I hope there is a standard editable wikipedia world map that can be used to easily highlight and locate this area. The large focus also makes the map obsolete if Crimea and the DPR/LPR self-proclaimed republics and also occupied Russian territories are present, as occupation lines move quickly... Chimel31 (talk) 14:35, 29 September 2022 (UTC)

 * There are good available overview location maps (and details) in the more adequate SVG file format. No need to create new ones.

 * For example, this one works fine for me on the phone (checked it in the page in preview mode). The same yet alternative with hatch for Georgia doesn't work as well.

 * As closeup, for infobox property image_map2 I would suggest this one

 * Or this one

 * Labrang (talk) 17:45, 29 September 2022 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure I see much of a difference between the currently used File:Asia_location_South_Ossetia_(with_Georgia_and_Abkhazia).png and File:South Ossetia in its region (non-independent).svg (is it the different format?) so I'm fine with either one of them. Alaexis¿question? 06:14, 30 September 2022 (UTC)
 * Added the current map to the top of this convo for reference. I agree the proposed File:South Ossetia in its region (non-independent).svg seems much the same with more distinct colours. I don't think there's a need to reflect the ongoing war. CMD (talk) 08:04, 30 September 2022 (UTC)

✅ - Done yesterday as I proposed above, as a newly added map earlier last weekend has been nominated for deletion for being erroneous. Labrang (talk) 10:51, 14 November 2022 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 10:23, 13 December 2022 (UTC)
 * National Anthem of South Ossetia.ogg

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 10:24, 13 December 2022 (UTC)
 * National Anthem of South Ossetia.ogg

United Nations
We say in the article that South Ossetia is "recognised by the United Nations as de jure part of Georgia" and that "the United Nations consider the territory part of Georgia". There is no reference for either statement. I suggested we either find a reference for these statements or remove them.

We also say in the infobox "Recognised by 5 out of 193 member states of the United Nations". Again there is no supporting reference for that statement. This article from The Conversation (a green-tick source) says "Besides Russia, only four other United Nations members have recognized its independence: Nicaragua, Venezuela, Syria and Nauru". I have added the reference as verification of the statement. Burrobert (talk) 03:07, 11 May 2023 (UTC)

 * For the 2nd point, there was already a reference for that in the intro section.
 * . "Only Russia, Venezuela, Nicaragua, Nauru, and Syria recognise South Ossetia as a sovereign state.[9]" Labrang (talk) 22:44, 16 May 2023 (UTC)
 * There is no such thing as "recognition by the United Nations". The United Nations is a membership body that essentially provides a forum for its members to work together. Whereas the ability to recognise sovereignty is an attribute of sovereign states only.
 * Yes, it is sometimes argued that by offering one of many flavours of membership, the organisation essentially recognises that member as a sovereign country. But this more of a state practice than a binding document. Also, the only legally binding UN documents are SC resolutions, and they never concern any "recognition of sovereignty" (instead, see e.g. this on South Sudan). — kashmīrī  TALK  23:41, 31 May 2023 (UTC)

First paragrph needs more NPOV
The first paragraph seems to have a bias towards a certain status of the country. It doesn't accurately portrays it because it seems to make the idea that South Ossetia is practically a recognized state, with no mention otherwise in the first paragraph. The info about non-recognition starts in the second paragraph below, which doesn't really provide proper balance, specially when the country is only recognized by very few countries. I tried reflecting this by changing "partially recognised" to "mostly unrecognised" but such change was manually reverted by User:Kashmiri. Regards, -- Thinker78  (talk) 23:14, 1 June 2023 (UTC)

Infobox status
@Nikkimaria, why do you think that the status field is not the right place to say that only 5 countries recognise South Ossetia? This is not covered elsewhere in the infobox. There is nothing in the description at Template:Infobox_country that contradicts it. Alaexis¿question? 15:52, 28 April 2024 (UTC)

 * That parameter is used to describe the country's status in the sense of whether it is a territory or dependency, not to enumerate its recognition by other countries. Nikkimaria (talk) 16:36, 28 April 2024 (UTC)
 * i agreed with your change here, however it would be nice for that to be clarified on the template doc. perhaps a discussion at Template talk:Infobox country to iron it out would be good  ... sawyer  * he/they *  talk  00:24, 29 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Well, I still think it's worth mentioning it and that it's a good place to do it but overall it's not that important. Alaexis¿question? 12:26, 29 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:South Ossetia


text:
Baron Tollemache

Baron Tollemache, of Helmingham Hall near Ipswich in the County of Suffolk, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. The Tollemache family's surname and the title of the barony is pronounced.

History
The title was created in 1876 for John Tollemache, who had earlier represented Cheshire South and Cheshire West in the House of Commons as a Conservative. He was the son of Admiral of the Fleet John Halliday (who in 1821 assumed by Royal licence the surname and arms of Tollemache in lieu of Halliday), eldest son of Lady Jane Halliday, youngest daughter of Lionel Tollemache, 4th Earl of Dysart.

The first Baron was succeeded by his eldest son, the second Baron. He also sat as Conservative Member of Parliament for Cheshire West. On the death of his grandson, the third Baron, this line of the family failed, and the title passed to the late Baron's second cousin, the fourth Baron. He was the son of Major-General Edward Tollemache, son of the Hon. Hamilton James Tollemache, fourth son of the first Baron. , the title is held by the fourth Baron's son, the fifth Baron, who succeeded in 1975. He was Lord Lieutenant of Suffolk from 2003 to 2014.

The actor Danny Dyer is distantly related to the family, through his 11-times great-grandmother, Anne Tollemache, which he discovered during an episode of BBC's Who Do You Think You Are?.

The family seat is Helmingham Hall, near Helmingham in Suffolk.

Barons Tollemache (1876)

 * John Tollemache, 1st Baron Tollemache (1805–1890)
 * Wilbraham Frederic Tollemache, 2nd Baron Tollemache (1832–1904)
 * The Honourable Lyonel Plantagenet Tollemache (1860–1902)
 * Bentley Lyonel John Tollemache, 3rd Baron Tollemache (1883–1955)
 * John Edward Hamilton Tollemache, 4th Baron Tollemache (1910–1975)
 * Timothy John Edward Tollemache, 5th Baron Tollemache (b. 1939)

The heir apparent is the present holder's elder son, the Hon. Edward John Hugh Tollemache (b. 1976). The heir apparent's heir apparent is his elder son, Ralph Timothy Jack Tollemache (b. 2010).

title: Baron Tollemache


text:
Cyprian Bhekuzulu

Cyprian Bhekuzulu Nyangayezizwe kaSolomon (4 August 1924 – 17 September 1968) was the king of the Zulu nation from 1948 until his death at Nongoma in 1968. He succeeded his father, king Solomon kaDinuzulu, after a lengthy succession dispute which was only resolved in 1944. His uncle, Arthur Mshiyeni kaDinuzulu, functioned as regent during the succession dispute and Cyprian's minority. There was conflict between Bhekuzulu and Zacharia M. Zulu on who is going to be king, Bhekuzulu(younger) was chosen, living Zacharia(older) to leave and separately start a new family at Mtubatuba with his wife Phumzile and 7 children.

Cyprian ascended the throne as a chief of uSuthu and never as a Paramount Chief until 1951 when he was recognised as such by the white minority government of South Africa. Even then, he was a social head with no real power. Not since 1879 has anyone been recognised as a head of the Zulu people with an exception of Cyprian's uncle (acting Paramount Chief Mshiyeni) but even he was a regent. This title was granted to him because the government wanted to secure a Bantustan and not out of genuine care for the man or the Zulu people.

Early years
Cyprian had an upbringing similar to those of other children in the Zulu Kingdom, herding cattle with his siblings and cousins, and one of those cousins was Prince Mangosuthu Buthelezi who later became one of the prominent politicians in South Africa and Prime Minister to King Zwelithini (Cyprian's son and successor). Cyprian's father Solomon died in 1933 and there was no heir to immediately succeed him because of the princes’ minority, this led to Solomon's full brother, Arthur Edward Mshiyeni, being appointed the regent.

Succession and disputes
The late king, Solomon, did not appoint an heir and as a result a candidate had to be nominated once the princes reached maturity. The first of these candidates was Solomon's eldest son, Victor Phikokwaziyo but there was a lot of dispute within the royal family on his candidature. Another candidate was Thandayiphi Absalom, the prince regent preferred candidate. His nomination, however, brought discontent amongst the Zulu people as the prince regent and the nominee were perceived as being too accommodating to the Apartheid regime. It is this growing unpopularity of the two princes that resulted in a legend that a true and rightful heir is yet to avail himself and consequently fueled Cyprian's ambition to inherit the throne. A while back, there was a primary school book of which the writer names Cyprian as the heir. Although the copies were abruptly modified and the claim removed, it did leave Cyprian with a confidence that he was “nominated by the books” and he pursued this claim. The momentum built around the prince and within a few months he had enough following to make the government reconsider Thandayiphi's candidacy. An inquiry was made into the succession issue by the government and in the end, Cyprian was accepted as the heir. His mother had managed to provide a signed letter by the late Chief stating that Cyprian is his heir; the letter was verified to be authentic by the technical experts.

Death
Cyprian was succeeded by his son, king Goodwill Zwelethini kaBhekuzulu (d. 2021) and his daughter Princess Nomusa kaBhekuzulu (d. 2020) was Regent Queen to AmaRharhabe (sub-group of Xhosa) as Queen Noloyiso after the death of husband King Maxhob'ayakhawuleza Sandile in 2011.

title: Cyprian Bhekuzulu


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Wite-Out

Wite-Out is a registered trademark for a brand of correction fluid, originally created for use with photocopies, and manufactured by the BIC corporation.

History
Wite-Out dates to 1966, when Edwin Johanknecht, an insurance-company clerk, sought to address a problem he observed in correction fluid available at the time: a tendency to smudge ink on photostatic copies when it was applied. Johanknecht enlisted the help of his associate George Kloosterhouse, a basement waterproofer who experimented with chemicals, and together they developed their own correction fluid, introduced as "Wite-Out WO-1 Erasing Liquid".

In 1971, they incorporated as Wite-Out Products, Inc. The trademark "Wite-Out" was registered by the United States Patent and Trademark Office on February 5, 1974. The application listed the date of "first use in commerce" as January 27, 1966.

Early forms of Wite-Out sold through 1981 were water-based and hence water-soluble. While this allowed simple cleaning, it also had the problem of long drying times. The formula also did not work well on non-photostatic media such as typewritten copy.

The company was bought in 1981 by Archibald Douglas. Douglas, as chairman, led the company toward solvent-based formulas with faster drying times. Three different formulas were created, each optimized for different media. New problems arose: a separate bottle of thinner was required, and the solvent used was known to contribute to ozone depletion. The company addressed these problems in July 1990 with the introduction of a reformulated "For Everything" correction fluid.

The French corporation Société Bic acquired Wite-Out Products in 1992.

In 2017, sales of Wite-Out grew nearly 10 percent globally with AdWeek suggesting that the increase in sales was due to artists using the fluid as paint.

title: Wite-Out


text:
Talk:Image

Abstraction
The definition given relies on an online etymological dictionary and is at odds with the mention of Bergman’s use of colour to represent ‘the human soul’. So to limit it to images “that look like a person or thing” overlooks the representation of abstract concepts. Since almost no references are provided, the article consists of sweeping, unsupported statements and has no authority. Mental image is an article which conveys some of the complexity which should be dealt with here, and points to some of the references that might be used, though even that merely scratches the surface. What does one learn in reading this article? Jamesmcardle(talk) 23:48, 15 June 2023 (UTC)

 * I agree with this -- it seems that this article is trying to describe several different concepts under the same umbrella (e.g. conflating the physical/digital reproduction of images with the concept of a mental image), resulting in a wordy mess. ARoseThorn (talk) 02:25, 23 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Image


text:
Yat

Yat or jat (Ѣ ѣ; italics: Ѣ ѣ ) is the thirty-second letter of the old Cyrillic alphabet. It is usually romanized as E with a haček: Ě ě.

There is also another version of yat, the iotated yat (majuscule: $⟨⟩$, minuscule: $⟨⟩$), which is a Cyrillic character combining a decimal I and a yat. There was no numerical value for this letter and it was not in the Glagolitic alphabet. It was encoded in Unicode 5.1 at positions U+A652 and U+A653.

Usage
Yat represented a Common Slavic long vowel. It is generally believed to have represented the sound or, like the pronunciation of $⟨a⟩$ in "cat" or $⟨e⟩$ in "egg", which was a reflex of earlier Proto-Slavic * and *. That the sound represented by yat developed late in the history of Common Slavic is indicated by its role in the Slavic second palatalization of the Slavic velar consonants.

The Glagolitic alphabet contained only one letter for both yat $⟨110%⟩$ and the Cyrillic iotated a $⟨110%⟩$. According to Kiril Mirchev, this meant that $⟨110%⟩$ after $⟨⟩$ in the Thessaloniki dialect (which served as a basis for Old Church Slavonic) mutated into a wide vowel that resembled or was the same as yat.

To this day, the most archaic Bulgarian dialects, i.e., the Rup and Moesian dialects feature a similar phonetic change where after iota and the formerly palatal consonants $⟨110%⟩$, $⟨110%⟩$  and $⟨110%⟩$  becomes , e.g. стоях  -> стойêх  ("(I) was standing"), пияница  -> пийêница  ("drunkard"), жаби  -> жêби  ("frogs"), etc. Dialects that still feature this phonetic change include the Razlog dialect, the Smolyan dialect, the Hvoyna dialect, the Strandzha dialect, individual subdialects in the Thracian dialect, the Shumen dialect, etc.

This problem did not exist in the Cyrillic alphabet, which had two separate letters for yat and iotated a, $⟨110%⟩$ and $⟨110%⟩$. Any subsequent mix-ups of yat and iotated a and/or other vowels in Middle Bulgarian manuscripts are owing to the ongoing transformation of the Bulgarian vowel and consonant system in the Late Middle Ages.

An extremely rare "iotated yat" form $⟨110%⟩$ also exists, documented only in Svyatoslav's Izbornik from 1073.

Standard reflexes
In various modern Slavic languages, yat has reflected into various vowels. For example, the old Slavic root bělъ | бѣлъ (white) became:

 * бел in Standard Russian (dialectal,  or even  in some regions)
 * біл in Ukrainian and Rusyn
 * бел in Belarusian
 * бял / бели in Bulgarian (бел / бели in Western dialects)
 * бел in Macedonian
 * beo / beli in the standard Serbian Ekavian variant of Serbo-Croatian (genitive bela / belog(a))
 * bil / bili in Ikavian Serbo-Croatian
 * bijel / bijeli in the standard Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin and Serbian Ijekavian variants of Serbo-Croatian (genitive bijela / bijelog(a))
 * bel / beli in Slovenian
 * biel / biały in Polish
 * běl / bílý in Czech
 * biel / biely in Slovak.

Other reflexes
Other reflexes of yat exist; for example:
 * Proto-Slavic telěga / телѣга became taljige (таљиге; ѣ > i reflex) in Serbo-Croatian.
 * Proto-Slavic orěhъ / орѣхъ became orah (орах; ѣ > a reflex) in Serbo-Croatian.

Confusion with other letters
Due to these reflexes, yat no longer represented an independent phoneme but an already existing one, represented by another Cyrillic letter. As a result, children had to memorize by rote whether or not to write yat. Therefore, the letter was dropped in a series of orthographic reforms: in Serbian with the reform of Vuk Karadžić, in Ukrainian-Ruthenian with the reform of Panteleimon Kulish, later in Russian and Belarusian with the Bolshevik reform in 1918, and in Bulgarian and Carpathian dialects of Ruthenian language as late as 1945.

The letter is no longer used in the standard modern orthography of any of the Slavic languages written with the Cyrillic script, but survives in Ukrainian (Ruthenian) liturgical and church texts of Church Slavonic in Ruthenian (Ukrainian) edition and in some written in the Russian recension of Church Slavonic. It has, since 1991, found some favor in advertising to deliberately invoke an archaic or "old-timey" style.

Bulgarian
The open articulation of yat (as or ) and the reflexes of Pra-Slavic *tj/*ktĭ/*gtĭ and *dj as ⟨щ⟩  and ⟨жд⟩  have traditionally been considered the two most distinctive phonetic features of Old Bulgarian. Based on the entire areas of modern Bulgarian and Macedonian are assumed to be have been ѣkavian/yakavian until the Late Middle Ages.
 * the preserved articulation of yat as in the remote eastern Albanian villages of Boboshticë and Drenovë;
 * preserved archaic Slavic toponyms in southern and eastern Albania, Thessaly and Epirus featuring ia, ea or a in yat's etymological place, e.g., Δρυάνιστα [ˈdrianista] or Δρυανίτσα [ˈdrianit͡sa] (renamed Moschopotamos in 1926) from дрѣнъ, "cornel-tree" (see also Dryanovo); Λιασκοβέτσι [liaskovet͡si] (renamed el:Λεπτοκαρυά Ιωαννίνων in 1927) from лѣска, "hazel" (see also Lyaskovets); Labovë e Kryqit and Labovë e Madhe from хлѣбъ, "bread" (see also Hlyabovo), etc.;
 * the consistent etymological use of $⟨110%⟩$ at the Ohrid Literary School until the mid-1200s;
 * the use of ia, ea or a in yat's etymological place in a number of toponyms in a 1019 Greek-language charter by Byzantine emperor Basil II "the Bulgar Slayer" relating to the newly-created Theme of Bulgaria, e.g., Πριζδριάνα [prizdriˈana] for Приздрѣнъ (Prizren); Τριάδιτζα [triˈadit͡sa] for С(т)рѣдьць (Sofia); Πρίλαπον ['prilapon] for Прилѣпъ (Prilep); Δεάβολις [deˈabolis] for the medieval fortress of Дѣволъ (Devol, now in eastern Albania); Πρόσακου [ˈprosakon] for the medieval fortress of Просѣкъ (Prosek), etc.;
 * the use of ea or a in yat's etymological place in a number of local toponyms in the area of modern-day Strumica in a 1152 Greek-language charter by Byzantine emperor Manuel I Komnenos, relating to the Holy Mother of God monastery in Veljusa, e.g., Λεασκοβίτζα [leaskoˈvit͡sa] for Лѣсковица (Лѣсковьць), Λεαπίτζα [leaˈpit͡sa] for Лѣпица, Δράνοβου [ˈdranovon] for Дрѣново, Μπρεασνίκ [breasˈnik] for Брѣзникъ;
 * the 16th-century Greek-Bulgarian lexicon from Bogatsko in southwestern Macedonia written in Greek letters, which featured ia in yat's etymological place, e.g., μλιακο, mliako ("milk"); ζελιαζo, želiazo ("iron"); βιατρο, viadro ("pale"); βριατενo, vriateno ("spindle"); πoβιασμo, poviasmo ("distaff"); βιαζτi, viaždi ("eyebrows"); κoλιανo, koliano ("knee"); νεβιαστα, neviasta ("bride"), ριακα, riaka ("river"), βιατερ, viater ("wind"), etc., indicating that the Kostur dialect was still yakavian at the time; etc. etc.

In addition to the replacement of ⟨ꙗ⟩ with ⟨ѣ⟩ in a number of Old and Middle Bulgarian Cyrillic manuscripts—reflecting the mutation of iotated a into, the opposite process of mutation of yat into palatalised consonant + was also underway. The process affected primarily yat in stressed syllables followed by hard consonant, with multiple examples present in manuscripts from both West and East, e.g. the Grigorovich Prophetologion of the late 1100s (e.g., тꙗло instead of тѣло, "body"), the Tarnovo Gospel of 1273 (e.g, тꙗхъ instead of тѣхъ, "them"), the Strumitsa Apostle of the mid-1200s (e.g., прꙗмѫдро instead of прѣмѫдро, "all-wise"), etc.

However, the most certain proof of yakavian pronunciation of ⟨ѣ⟩—and another confirmation that currently Ekavian dialects used to be Yakavian in the Middle Ages—comes from the use of hardened consonsant + a in yat's etymological place. While individual examples of hardened ⟨с⟩ or ⟨р⟩  + ⟨а⟩ can be found even in Old Bulgarian manuscripts, the mutation is most consistent after hardened ⟨ц⟩  and ⟨Dze⟩  in Middle Bulgarian manuscripts. Thus, the Strumitsa Apostle, for example, features hosts of examples, e.g., цало instead of цѣлo ("whole", neutr. sing.), цаловати instead of цѣлoвати ("to kiss"), цаломѫдрьно instead of цѣломѫдрьно ("chastely"), рѫца instead of рѫцѣ ("hands", dual), etc. etc.

An opposite process of narrowing of yat into started in the west in the 1200s, with a first example of consistent replacement of ⟨ѣ⟩ with ⟨є⟩ in Tsar Constantine Tikh's Virgin Charter of the early 1260s. The Charter, which was written in Skopje, predates the first Ekavian Serbian document (dated to 1289) by 15–20 years, which refutes the nationalistic claims of Serbian linguists, e.g. Aleksandar Belić that Ekavism is a uniquely Serbian phenomenon and confirms, e.g., nl:Nicolaas van Wijk's theory that it is a native Western Bulgarian development.

Mirchev and Totomanova have linked the mutation of yat into to either consonant depalatalization in stressed syllables or to unstressed syllables. Thus, those Bulgarian dialects that retained their palatalized consonants remained Yakavian in stressed syllables, whereas those that lost them moved towards Ekavism; unstressed yat, in turn, became practically everywhere. This eventually led to the current dialectal division of Eastern South Slavic into Eastern Bulgarian Yakavian and Western Bulgarian and Macedonian Ekavian.

The different reflexes of yat define the so-called yat boundary (ятова граница), which currently runs roughly from Nikopol on the Danube to Thessaloniki on the Aegean Sea. West of that isogloss, yat is always realized as. East of it, there are different types of yakavism. Standard Bulgarian's alternation of yat between or  in stressed syllable before a hard syllable/consonant and  in all other cases is only characteristic of the Balkan dialects (cf. Maps no. 1 & 2).

Examples of the alternation in the standard language (and the Balkan dialects)

in the form (stressed, followed by hard consonant/syllable)→(stressed, followed by soft consonant/syllable)→(unstressed) follow below:

 * бял [ˈbʲal] ("white", masc. sing.) [adj.]→ бели [ˈbɛli] ("white", pl.) [adj.]→ белота [bɛloˈta] ("whiteness") [n.]
 * мляко [ˈmlʲako] ("milk") [n.] →млечен [ˈmlɛt͡ʃɛn] ("milky") [adj.]→млекар [mlɛˈkar] ("milkman") [n.]
 * пяна [ˈpʲanɐ] ("foam") [n.]→пеня се [ˈpɛnʲɐ sɛ] ("to foam") [v.] →пенлив [pɛnˈliv] ("foamy") [adj.]
 * смях [ˈsmʲah] ("laughter") [n.]→смея се [ˈsmɛjɐ sɛ] ("to laugh") [v.] →смехотворен [smɛho'tvɔrɛn] ("laughable") [adj.]
 * успях [osˈpʲah] ("(I) succeeded") [v.]→успешен [osˈpɛʃɛn] ("successful") [adj.] →успеваемост [ospɛˈvaɛmost] ("success rate") [n.]
 * бряг [ˈbrʲak] ("coast") [n.] →крайбрежен [krɐj'brɛʒɛn] ("coastal") [adj.]→брегът [brɛˈgɤt] ("the coast") [n.]

The Moesian dialects in the northeast and the Rup dialects in the southeast feature a variety of other alternations, most commonly or  in stressed syllable before hard consonant/syllable,  in stressed syllable before soft consonant/syllable and  in unstressed syllables (cf. Maps no. 1 & 2). The open articulation as before hard consonant/syllable has survived only in isolated dialects, e.g., Banat Bulgarian and in clusters along the yat boundary. The open articulation as ⟨а⟩ after hardened ⟨ц⟩ survives as a remnant of former yakavism in a number of western Bulgarian and eastern Macedonian dialects (cf. Map no. 3).

As the yat boundary is only one of many isoglosses that divides the dialects of Eastern South Slavic into Western and Eastern, the term "Yat Isogloss Belt" has recently superseded the term "yat boundary". The Belt unifies Yakavian and Ekavian dialects with mixed, Western and Eastern traits into a buffer zone that ensures a gradual transition between the two major dialect groups.

From the late 19th century until 1945, standard Bulgarian orthography did not reflect the and  alternation and used the Cyrillic letter ⟨ѣ⟩ for both in yat's etymological place. This was regarded as a way to maintain unity between Eastern and Western Bulgarians, as much of what was then seen as Western Bulgarian dialects was under foreign control. However, this also complicated orthography for a country that was generally Eastern-speaking. There were several attempts to restrict the use of the letter only to those word forms where there was a difference in pronunciation between Eastern and Western Bulgarian (e.g., in the failed orthographic reform of 1892 and in several proposals by professor Stefan Mladenov in the 1920s and 1930s), but the use of the letter remained largely etymological. In response, in the Interwar period, the Bulgarian Communist Party started referring to the letter as a manifestation of "class elitism" and "Greater Bulgarian Chauvinism" and made its elimination a top priority.

Consequently, after Bulgaria's occupation by the Soviet Union in 1944 and the installation of a puppet government headed by the communists, ⟨ѣ⟩ was summarily thrown of the Bulgarian alphabet and the spelling changed to conform to the Eastern pronunciation by an orthographic reform in 1945 despite any objections. After 1989, the elimination of yat from the alphabet has generally been regarded as a violation of the unity of the Bulgarian language, in particular, in right-leaning circles, and nationalistic parties like VMRO-BND have campaigned, unsuccessfully, for its reintroduction.

Notably, the Macedonian Patriotic Organization, an organisation of Macedonian Bulgarian emigrants in North America, continued to use ⟨ѣ⟩ in the Bulgarian edition of newsletter, Macedonian Tribune, until it switched to an English-only version in the early 1990s.

Russian

In Russian, written confusion between the yat and $⟨е⟩$ appears in the earliest records; when exactly the distinction finally disappeared in speech is a topic of debate. Some scholars, for example W. K. Matthews, have placed the merger of the two sounds at the earliest historical phases (the 11th century or earlier), attributing its use until 1918 to Church Slavonic influence. Within Russia itself, however, a consensus has found its way into university textbooks of historical grammar (e.g., V. V. Ivanov), that, taking all the dialects into account, the sounds remained predominantly distinct until the 18th century, at least under stress, and are distinct to this day in some localities. Meanwhile, the yat in Ukrainian usually merged in sound with (see below), and therefore has remained distinct from $⟨е⟩$.

The story of the letter yat and its elimination from the Russian alphabet makes for an interesting footnote in Russian cultural history. See Reforms of Russian orthography for details. A full list of words that were written with the letter yat at the beginning of 20th century can be found in the Russian Wikipedia.

A few inflections and common words were distinguished in spelling by $⟨е⟩$ / $⟨ѣ⟩$ (for example: ѣсть / есть "to eat" / "(there) is"; лѣчу / лечу  "I heal" / "I fly"; синѣ́е / си́нее,  "bluer" / "blue" (n.); вѣ́дѣніе / веде́ніе ,  "knowledge" / "leadership").

Its retention without discussion in the Petrine reform of the Russian alphabet of 1708 indicates that it then still marked a distinct sound in the Moscow koiné of the time. By the second half of the 18th century, however, the polymath Lomonosov (c. 1765) noted that the sound of $⟨ѣ⟩$ was scarcely distinguishable from that of the letter $⟨е⟩$, and a century later (1878) the philologist Grot stated flatly in his standard Russian orthography (Русское правописаніе, Russkoje pravopisanije, ) that in the common language there was no difference whatsoever between their pronunciations. However, dialectal studies have shown that, in certain regional dialects, a degree of oral distinction is retained even today in syllables once denoted with $⟨ѣ⟩$.

Some reflexes of $⟨ѣ⟩$ have further evolved into, especially in inflected forms of words where $⟨ѣ⟩$ have become stressed, while the dictionary form has it unstressed. One such example is звѣзда “star” against звѣзды  “stars”. Some dictionaries used a yat with a diaeresis, $⟨ѣ̈⟩$, to denote this sound, in a similar fashion to the creation of the letter $⟨ё⟩$.

Calls for the elimination of yat from the Russian spelling began with Trediakovsky in the 18th century. A proposal for spelling reform from the Russian Academy of Science in 1911 included, among other matters, the systematic elimination of the yat, but was declined at the highest level. According to Lev Uspensky's popular linguistics book A Word On Words (Слово о словах), yat was "the monster-letter, the scarecrow-letter ... which was washed with the tears of countless generations of Russian schoolchildren". (This book was published in the Soviet period, and accordingly it expressed strong support towards the 1918 reform.) The schoolchildren had to memorize very long nonsense verses made up of words with $⟨ѣ⟩$:

The spelling reform was promulgated by the Provisional Government in the summer of 1917. However, it was not implemented under the prevailing conditions. After the Bolshevik Revolution, the new regime wanted to differentiate itself from the "hated past", and took up the Provisional Drafts, implementing them with some major deviations. Orthography thus became an issue of politics, and the letter yat, a primary symbol. Émigré Russians generally adhered to the old spelling until after World War II; long and impassioned essays were written in its defense, as by Ilyin in c. 1952. Even in the Soviet Union, it is said that some printing shops continued to use the eliminated letters until their blocks of type were forcibly removed; certainly, the Academy of Sciences published its annals in the old orthography until approximately 1924, and the Russian Orthodox Church, when printing its calendar for 1922, for the first time in the new orthography, included a note that it was doing so because otherwise they would not have received the permission from the Soviet government. To the builders of the new regime, conversely, the new spelling visibly denoted the shining world of the future, and marked on paper the break with the old. The large-scale campaign for literacy in the early years of the Soviet government was, of course, conducted in accordance with the new norms.

According to the Bolshevik reform, yat was replaced by $⟨е⟩$ for many words, e.g. дѣти, совѣтъ became дети, совет; while for small number of words it was replaced by $⟨и⟩$ instead, in this case онѣ, однѣ, однѣхъ, однѣмъ, однѣми were replaced with они, одни, одних, одним, одними.

After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, as a tendency occasionally to mimic the past appeared in Russia, the old spelling became fashionable in some brand names and the like, as archaisms, specifically as "sensational spellings". For example, the name of the business newspaper Kommersant appears on its masthead with a word-final hard sign, which is superfluous in modern orthography: "Коммерсантъ". Calls for the reintroduction of the old spelling were heard, though not taken seriously, as supporters of the yat described it as "that most Russian of letters", and the "white swan" (бѣлый лебедь) of Russian spelling.

Ukrainian
In Ukrainian, yat has traditionally represented or. In modern Ukrainian orthography its reflexes are represented by $⟨і⟩$ or $⟨ї⟩$. As Ukrainian philologist Volodymyr Hlushchenko notes that initially in proto-Ukrainian tongues yat used to represent or  which around 13th century transitioned into. Yet, in some phonetic Ukrainian orthographies from the 19th century, it was used to represent both or  as well as. This corresponds more with the Russian pronunciation of yat rather than actual word etymologies. Return to or  pronunciation was initiated by the Pavlovsky "Grammar of the Little Russian dialect" (1818) according to Hryhoriy Pivtorak. While in the same "Grammar" Pavlovsky states that among Little Russians "yat" is pronounced as (Ѣ произносится какъ Россїйское мягкое j. на пр: ні́жный, лі́то, слідъ, тінь, сі́но.). The modern Ukrainian letter $⟨є⟩$ has the same phonetic function. Several Ukrainian orthographies with the different ways of using yat and without yat co-existed in the same time during the 19th century, and most of them were discarded before the 20th century. After the middle of the 19th century, orthographies without yat dominated in the Eastern part of Ukraine, and after the end of the 19th century they dominated in Galicia. However, in 1876–1905 the only Russian officially legalized orthography in the Eastern Ukraine was based on Russian phonetic system (with yat for ) and in the Western Ukraine (mostly in Carpathian Ruthenia) orthography with yat for was used before 1945; in the rest of the western Ukraine (not subjected to the limitations made by the Russian Empire) the so-called "orthographic wars" ended up in receiving a uniformed phonetic system which replaced yat with either  or  (it was used officially for Ukrainian language in the Austrian Empire).

'New yat' is a reflex of (which merged with yat in Ukrainian) in closed syllables. New yat is not related to the Proto-Slavic yat, but it has frequently been represented by the same sign. Using yat instead of $⟨е⟩$ in this position was a common after the 12th century. With the later phonological evolution of Ukrainian, both yat and new yat evolved into or. Some other sounds also evolved to the sound so that some Ukrainian texts from between the 17th and 19th centuries used the same letter ($⟨и⟩$ or yat) uniformly rather than variation between yat, new yat, $⟨и⟩$, and reflex of $⟨о⟩$ in closed syllables, but using yat to unify all i-sounded vowels was less common, and so 'new yat' usually means letter yat in the place of i-sounded $⟨е⟩$ only. In some etymology-based orthography systems of the 19th century, yat was represented by $⟨ѣ⟩$ and new yat was replaced with $⟨ê⟩$ ($⟨e⟩$ with circumflex). At this same time, the Ukrainian writing system replaced yat and new yat by $⟨і⟩$ or $⟨ї⟩$.

Rusyn
In Rusyn, yat was used until 1945. In modern times, some Rusyn writers and poets try to reinstate it, but this initiative is not really popular among Rusyn intelligentsia.

Romanian
In the old Romanian Cyrillic alphabet, the yat, called eati, was used as the diphthong. It disappeared when Romanian adopted the transitional alphabet, first in Wallachia, then in Moldavia.

Serbo-Croatian
The Old Serbo-Croatian yat phoneme is assumed to have a phonetic value articulatory between the vowels and. In the Štokavian and Čakavian vowel systems, this phoneme lost a back vowel parallel; the tendency towards articulatory symmetry led to its merging with other phonemes.

On the other hand, most Kajkavian dialects did have a back vowel parallel (a reflex of *ǫ and *l̥), and both the front and back vowels were retained in most of these dialects' vowel system before merging with a reflex of a vocalized Yer (*ь). Thus the Kajkavian vowel system has a symmetry between front and back closed vocalic phonemes: */ẹ/ (< */ě/, */ь/) and */ọ/ (< */ǫ/, */l̥/).

Čakavian dialects utilized both possibilities of establishing symmetry of vowels by developing Ikavian and Ekavian reflexes, as well as "guarding the old yat" at northern borders (Buzet dialect). According to yat reflex Čakavian dialects are divided to Ikavian (mostly South Čakavian), Ekavian (North Čakavian) and mixed Ikavian-Ekavian (Middle Čakavian), in which mixed Ikavian-Ekavian reflex is conditioned by following phonemes according to Jakubinskij's law (e.g. sled : sliditi < PSl. *slědъ : *slěditi; del : diliti < *dělъ : *děliti). Mixed Ikavian-Ekavian Čakavian dialects have been heavily influenced by analogy (influence of nominative form on oblique cases, infinitive on other verbal forms, word stem onto derivations etc.). The only exception among Čakavian dialects is Lastovo island and the village of Janjina, with Jekavian reflex of yat.

The most complex development of yat has occurred in Štokavian, namely Ijekavian Štokavian dialects which are used as a dialectal basis for modern standard Serbo-Croatian variants, and that makes the reflexes of yat one of the central issues of Serbo-Croatian orthoepy and orthography. In most Croatian Štokavian dialects yat has yielded diphthongal sequence of in long and short syllables. The position of this diphthong is equally unstable as that of closed *, which has led to its dephonologization. Short diphthong has thus turned to diphonemic sequence, and long to disyllabic (triphonemic) , but that outcome is not the only one in Štokavian dialects, so the pronunciation of long yat in Neo-Štokavian dialects can be both monosyllabic (diphthongal or triphthongal) and disyllabic (triphonemic). However, that process has been completed in dialects which serve as a dialectal basis for the orthographical codification of Ijekavian Serbo-Croatian. In writing, the diphthong $⟨/ie̯/⟩$ is represented by the trigraph $⟨ije⟩$ – this particular inconsistency being a remnant of the late 19th century codification efforts, which planned to redesign common standard language for Croats and Serbs. This culminated in the Novi Sad agreement and "common" orthography and dictionary. Digraphic spelling of a diphthong as e.g. was used by some 19th-century Croat writers who promoted so-called "etymological orthography" – in fact morpho-phonemic orthography which was advocated by some Croatian philological schools of the time (Zagreb philological school), and which was even official during the brief period of the fascist Independent State of Croatia (1941–1945). In standard Croatian, although standard orthography is $⟨ije⟩$ for long yat, standard pronunciation is. Serbian has two standards: Ijekavian is for long yat and Ekavian which uses  for short and  for long yat.

Standard Bosnian and Montenegrin use for short and  for long yat.

Dephonologization of diphthongal yat reflex could also be caused by assimilation within diphthong itself: if the first part of a diphthong assimilates secondary part, so-called secondary Ikavian reflex develops; and if the second part of a diphthong assimilates the first part secondary Ekavian reflex develops. Most Štokavian Ikavian dialects of Serbo-Croatian are exactly such – secondary Ikavian dialects, and from Ekavian dialects secondary are the Štokavian Ekavian dialects of Slavonian Podravina and most of Serbia. They have a common origin with Ijekavian Štokavian dialects in a sense of developing yat reflex as diphthongal reflex. Some dialects also "guard" older yat sound, and some reflexes are probably direct from yat.

Direct Ikavian, Ekavian and mixed reflexes of yat in Čakavian dialects are a much older phenomenon, which has some traces in written monuments and is estimated to have been completed in the 13th century. The practice of using old yat phoneme in Glagolitic and Bosnian Cyrillic writings in which Serbo-Croatian was written in the centuries that followed was a consequence of conservative scribe tradition. Croatian linguists also speak of two Štokavians, Western Štokavian (also called Šćakavian) which retained yat longer, and Eastern Štokavian which "lost" yat sooner, probably under (western) Bulgarian influences. Areas which bordered Kajkavian dialects mostly retained yat, areas which bordered Čakavian dialects mostly had secondary Ikavisation, and areas which bordered (western) Bulgarian dialects mostly had secondary Ekavisation. "Core" areas remained Ijekavian, although western part of the "core" became monosyllabic for old long yat.

Reflexes of yat in Ijekavian dialects are from the very start dependent on syllable quantity. As it has already been said, standard Ijekavian Serbo-Croatian writes trigraph $⟨ije⟩$ at the place of old long yat, which is in standard pronunciation manifested disyllabically (within Croatian standard monosyllabic pronunciation), and writes $⟨je⟩$ at the place of short yat. E.g. bijȇl < PSl. *bělъ, mlijéko < *mlěko < by liquid metathesis from *melkò, brijȇg < *brěgъ < by liquid metathesis from *bȇrgъ, but mjȅsto < *mě̀sto, vjȅra < *vě̀ra, mjȅra < *mě̀ra. There are however some limitations; in front of and  (< word-final ) yat has a reflex of short. In scenarios when is not substituted by, i.e. not word-finally (which is a common Štokavian isogloss), yat reflex is also different. E.g. grijati < *grějati, sijati < *sějati, bijaše < *bějaše; but htio : htjela < *htělъ : *htěla, letio : letjela (< *letělъ : *letěla). The standard language also allows some doublets to coexist, e.g. cȉo and cijȇl < *cě̑lъ, bȉo and bijȇl < *bě́lъ.

Short yat has reflexes of and  behind  in consonant clusters, e.g. brȅgovi and brjȅgovi, grehòta and grjehòta, strèlica and strjèlica, etc.

If short syllable with yat in the word stem lengthens due to the phonetic or morphological conditions, reflex of is preserved, e.g. djȅlo – djȇlā, nèdjelja – nȅdjēljā.

In modern standard Ijekavian Serbo-Croatian varieties syllables that carry yat reflexes are recognized by alternations in various inflected forms of the same word or in different words derived from the same stem. These alternating sequences ije/je, ije/e, ije/i, ije/Ø, je/i, je/ije, e/ije, e/je, i/ije are dependent on syllable quantity. Beside modern reflexes they also encompass apophonic alternations inherited from Proto-Slavic and Indo-European times, which were also conditioned by quantitative alternations of root syllable, e.g. ùmrijēti – ȕmrēm, lȉti – lijévati etc. These alternations also show the difference between the diphthongal syllables with Ijekavian reflex of yat and syllables with primary phonemic sequence of ije, which has nothing to do with yat and which never shows alternation in inflected forms, e.g. zmìje, nijèdan, òrijent etc.

title: Yat


text:
Dipstick

A dipstick is one of several measurement devices.

Some dipsticks are dipped into a liquid to perform a chemical test or to provide a measure of quantity of the liquid.

Since the late 20th century, a flatness/levelness measuring device trademarked "Dipstick" has been used to produce concrete and pavement surface profiles and to help establish profile measurement standards in the concrete floor and paving industries.

Testing dipstick
A testing dipstick is usually made of paper or cardboard and is impregnated with reagents that indicate some feature of the liquid by changing color. In medicine, dipsticks can be used to test for a variety of liquids for the presence of a given substance, known as an analyte. For example, urine dipsticks are used to test urine samples for haemoglobin, nitrite (produced by bacteria in a urinary tract infection), protein, nitrocellulose, glucose and occasionally urobilinogen or ketones.

They are usually brightly coloured, and extremely rough to the touch.

Measuring dipstick
Dipsticks can also be used to measure the quantity of liquid in an otherwise inaccessible space, by inserting and removing the stick and then checking the extent of it covered by the liquid. The most familiar example is the oil level dipstick found on most internal combustion engines.

Other kinds of dipsticks are used to measure everything from fuel levels to the amount of beer left in an ale cask (Firkin).

Floor & pavement profiler
"Dipstick" is the trade name of a profiling device manufactured by Face Construction Technologies of Norfolk, Virginia USA. The instrument is used in 66 countries on six continents to measure the flatness and levelness of concrete floor slabs and pavements.

The Dipstick measures concrete floor slab flatness/levelness in terms of Face Floor Profile Numbers ("F-Numbers"), a profile measurement system adopted in 1990 by the American Concrete Institute. The Dipstick is 'walked' across sections of the floor between two successive points and data is collated. This is now regarded by some in the industry as a long slow process with other profiling devices available offering accurate results in less time. The Dipstick can have a variable sampling rate from 75mm up to 300mm.

F-Number measurement procedures were established by ASTM Standard E1155. The instrument also measures TR-34 Free Movement (FM); TR-34 Defined Movement (DM); Gap under Sliding Unleveled Straightedge; Gap under Rolling Straightedge; and DIN 18202.

The U.S. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and the World Bank (with its International Roughness Index... or "IRI") have established measurement procedures using Dipstick profiler data.

The American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) has established its Standard R 41 (most recently published as R 41-05 (2010)) to, "... manually collect precision profile data utilizing the Face Technologies Dipstick. The instrument measures profiles (relative elevation differences) at a rate and accuracy greater than traditional rod and level surveys. Procedures for measuring both longitudinal and transverse profiles are described."

The Dipstick, with a reported accuracy of .01 mm ( 0.0004 inches), measures "true" profiles and is the most widely used and accepted Class 1 profiler for the purposes of calibrating other profilers. Although, most state DOTs now use rolling inclinometer based systems for AASHTO r56 certification procedures which collect at the same 25mm sampling interval as highway profilers.

Dipstick was used to obtain data that were used as ground truth in FHWA evaluations of the repeatability of IRI values as measured by other profilers and in Long-Term Pavement Performance (LTTP) studies conducted by several states.

The instrument was similarly used to produce reference measurements by the World Road Association (PIARC) in its 1998 "International Experiment to Harmonise Longitudinal and Transverse Profile Measurement and Reporting Procedures." The PIARC experiment was conducted in the US, Japan, Holland and Germany and included IRI values from airport runways and super highways to rough unpaved roads.

title: Dipstick


text:
Correspondent

A correspondent or on-the-scene reporter is usually a journalist or commentator for a magazine, or an agent who contributes reports to a newspaper, or radio or television news, or another type of company, from a remote, often distant, location. A foreign correspondent is stationed in a foreign country. The term "correspondent" refers to the original practice of filing news reports via postal letter. The largest networks of correspondents belong to ARD (Germany) and BBC (UK).

Vs. reporter
In Britain, the term 'correspondent' usually refers to someone with a specific specialist area, such as health correspondent. A 'reporter' is usually someone without such expertise who is allocated stories by the newsdesk on any story in the news. A 'correspondent' can sometimes have direct executive powers, for example a 'Local Correspondent' (voluntary) of the Open Spaces Society (founded 1865) has some delegated powers to speak for the Society on path and commons matters in their area including representing the Society at Public Inquiries.

Capitol correspondent
A capitol correspondent is a correspondent who reports from headquarters of government.

Legal/justice correspondent
A legal or justice correspondent reports on issues involving legal or criminal justice topics, and may often report from the vicinity of a courthouse.

Red carpet correspondent
A red carpet correspondent is an entertainment reporter who reports from the red carpet of an entertainment or media event, such as a premiere, award ceremony or festival.

Foreign correspondent
A foreign correspondent is any individual who reports from primarily foreign locations.

War correspondent
A war correspondent is a foreign correspondent who covers stories first-hand from a war zone.

Foreign bureau
A foreign bureau is a news bureau set up to support a news gathering operation in a foreign country.

Cost of living correspondent
Cost of living correspondents have been employed by several news agencies in the light of the "cost of living" crisis in the United Kingdom from 2021 onwards.

On-the-scene TV news
In TV news, a "live on-the-scene" reporter reports from the field during a "live shot". This has become an extremely popular format with the advent of Eyewitness News.

A recent cost-saving measure is for local TV news to dispense with out-of-town reporters and replace them with syndicated correspondents, usually supplied by a centralized news reporting agency. The producers of the show schedule time with the correspondent, who then appears "live" to file a report and chat with the hosts. The reporter will go and do a number of similar reports for other stations. Many viewers may be unaware that the reporter does not work directly for the news show. This is also a popular way to report the weather. For example, AccuWeather does not just supply data, they also supply on-air meteorologists from television studios at their headquarters.

title: Correspondent


text:
Wikipedia talk:TLAs from AAA to DZZ

Necessary?
Is this trip really necessary? —LarryGilbert 20:18, 2004 Mar 7 (UTC)

Are we going to have the 4 and 5 and 6 letter abbreviations? Joyous 04:51, Jun 11, 2004 (UTC)

 * The 4-letter abbr. were deleted. -- User:Docu

I suppose it could appeases someone's academic interest about how many of the possible TLAs are used. Just going by the ones that have articles, it looks like about a third are used. CyborgTosser 08:37, 17 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Results of deletion discussion: see Votes for deletion/TLAs from AAA to DZZ. Voted to keep. DJ Clayworth 16:30, 10 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Removing from these lists the "yet" from "TLAs in red or followed by a question mark do not yet have an article", because this makes it seem like there ought to be one. Tempshill 23:29, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Awkward
I just discovered this page after creating a few redirects and trying what links here. Awkward. :-) --Valmi[[User_talk:Valmi| ✒]] 05:06, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)

CAT
CAT points to a disambiguation page. Should it be corrected to point to CAT? None of the other links on this page have this yet.

Umm
The purpose of this page is...? Jaberwocky6669 06:40, Mar 29, 2005 (UTC)
 * yeah, i totally agree. although i'm normally as inclusionist as possible, I can't figure out what the point could possibly be of a list of all the possible 3 letter combinations of the english alphabet.  A list of TLAs in use is one thing, but that isn't what this is, this is just a long list that could be summed up just as easily by giving on mathematical expression with an exclamation point in it, or however you note that . . .  seems to have already run the gauntlet of vfd though.  --Heah 19:18, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Anyone for Wikiproject:The Nine Billion Names of God ? --Fangz 12:57, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

Proposed page move
'''Since there was consensus to move the articles, I have carried out the moves. Please make sure I don't miss any double-redirects.''' Carbonite | Talk 19:39, 19 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Add *Support or *Oppose followed by an optional one sentence explanation, then sign your vote with ~

 * Support -- Francs2000 | Talk [[Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|25px| ]] 19:12, 15 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Support -- Psy guy (talk) 00:39, 16 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Support DV8 2XL 00:42, 16 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Support --Allstar86 01:00, 16 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. Nabla 01:03, 16 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Support--Rayc 01:36, 16 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. -- Tito xd 02:36, 16 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. Carbonite | Talk 03:25, 16 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. I despise them though. fpo 03:38, 16 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Support if it will keep them for being AfD'd for a fourth time. — J I P | Talk 04:00, 16 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Support on the grounds of saving AfD time, space and everyone's energy. Alf melmac 08:14, 16 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Support -- why not Nonenmac 00:48, 17 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Support - if only because it'll keep them from getting deleted. -Sean Curtin 03:54, 17 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose -- It survived VfD, so let's keep it. -- User:Docu
 * Oppose -- This is a valid list and should therefore be included in the main namespace. Should we move Gay Nigger Association of America to the Wikipedia namespace? Guanaco 03:15, 19 September 2005 (UTC)
 * GNAA is proof that SlashDot overpowers common sense and actual notability, by skewing things using the SlashDot effect. It should be transwikied to Unclopedia (SlashDot) 132.205.45.148 19:20, 19 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Support --Heron 11:56, 19 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Support 132.205.45.148 19:20, 19 September 2005 (UTC)

Discussion

 * Add any additional comments

 * These articles have been nominated for deletion three times and kept three times. In order to protect them from further nominations I believe they would each be better placed in the Wikipedia namespace.  This is not an attempt to get rid of the articles, it is an attempt to avoid another needless afd nomination.  I refuse to just move them myself because it's likely to be a controversial move, and because of the amount of people who voted to keep in the last afd nomination, rather than move. -- Francs2000 | Talk [[Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|25px|  ]] 19:12, 15 September 2005 (UTC)
 * TLAs from AAA to DZZ → TLAs from AAA to DZZ
 * TLAs from EAA to HZZ → TLAs from EAA to HZZ
 * TLAs from IAA to LZZ → TLAs from IAA to LZZ
 * TLAs from MAA to PZZ → TLAs from MAA to PZZ
 * TLAs from QAA to TZZ → TLAs from QAA to TZZ
 * TLAs from UAA to XZZ → TLAs from UAA to XZZ
 * TLAs from YAA to ZZZ → TLAs from YAA to ZZZ

 * This should be considered with List of all single-letter-single-digit combinations (which survived AfD). Note that List of all two-letter combinations did not survive AfD. 132.205.94.175 21:20, 15 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Articles for deletion/List of all two-letter combinations
 * Articles for deletion/List of all single-letter-single-digit combinations

 * At the time I nominated these articles for deletion, I could not see any encyclopedic use for them. I think everyone agrees that they have no encyclopedic use, but they are useful to many users for other reasons.  That was a fact that I did not see.  My opinion was that we already have a search box and there is not reason to compete with the likes of Yahoo and Google.  However, I hold that Wikipedia is not paper.  Therefore, if editors find them useful, I am all for moving them to the namespace.  Psy guy (talk) 00:39, 16 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Before voting, would someone please explain what use exists for these lists? Tito xd 01:17, 16 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Please read any of the above archived deletion discussions: several people explain quite clearly why they feel these lists are useful. Note that this discussion is no longer around whether they should exist or not as consensus was reached to keep them on the previous occasion.  The discussion now is in which namespace they are better suited. -- Francs2000 | Talk [[Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|25px|  ]] 01:19, 16 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Ok, I read them, and I don't object to the move. Tito xd 02:36, 16 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Note the page that was not listed: List of TLA-Dabs 132.205.44.134 00:20, 17 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Should List of all two-letter combinations be resurrected as a Wikipedia space article? 132.205.44.134 00:21, 17 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes, if this does get moved. -Sean Curtin 03:54, 17 September 2005 (UTC)

Missing TLAs
Some TLAs are not listed, including: A&E, A&M, A&W, ÖDP Tokek 08:15, 15 November 2005 (UTC)

upper/lowercase, etc.
If someone is bored, perhaps they could manually/make a bot check and correct the following for every TLA:
 * whether it redirects to a specific page when it should more properly be a disambig,
 * whether the lowercase version exists, and if so, whether it should be a redirect to/combined with the uppercase instead. I just combined Tff which should have been TFF, which should have been a disambig not a redirect.

TLAdisambig
I'm putting the on all the TLA pages that now have , I am on ADI right now, anyone interested in helping? :) Chris M. 22:52, 10 April 2006 (UTC)

Links to disambig pages?
Since most of the TLAs are actually disambiguation pages, shouldn't the links on this page point to (e.g.) AAA (disambiguation), per WP:INTDABLINK? Set theorist (talk) 08:21, 26 October 2010 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia talk:TLAs from AAA to DZZ


text:
Bjarni Tryggvason

Bjarni Valdimar Tryggvason (September 21, 1945 – April 5, 2022) was an Icelandic-born Canadian engineer and a NRC/CSA astronaut. He served as a Payload Specialist on Space Shuttle mission STS-85 in 1997, a 12-day mission to study changes in the Earth's atmosphere.

Early life
Tryggvason was born in Reykjavík, Iceland, on September 21, 1945. He moved to Canada with his parents when he was eight years old, and grew up in Vancouver, British Columbia. After attending high school in Richmond, BC, he obtained a B.A.Sc. degree in engineering physics from the University of British Columbia in 1972, and subsequently completed postgraduate work in engineering with specialization in applied mathematics and fluid dynamics at the University of Western Ontario.

Academic career
Tryggvason worked as a meteorologist with the cloud physics group at the Atmospheric Environment Service in Toronto in 1972 and 1973. In 1974, he joined the University of Western Ontario to work as a research associate at the Boundary Layer Wind Tunnel Laboratory working on projects involving rigid and aero-elastic model studies of wind effects on structures. In 1987, he was a guest research associate at Kyoto University, Japan. This was followed by a similar position at James Cook University in Townsville, Australia. In late 1979, he returned to the University of Western Ontario as a lecturer in applied mathematics.

In 1982, Tryggvason joined the Low Speed Aerodynamics Laboratory at the National Research Council (NRC) in Ottawa. He became part of the NRC team assembled to study the sinking of the Ocean Ranger oil rig in support of the Royal Commission investigation. He designed and led the aerodynamics tests, which established the wind loads acting on the rig. Between 1981 and 1992, he was also a part-time lecturer at the University of Ottawa and Carleton University, teaching graduate courses on structural dynamics and random vibrations.

Tryggvason had about 4,000 hours of flight experience, held an Airline Transport Rating and had experience as a flight instructor. He was active in aerobatic flight and once qualified as captain in the Tutor jet trainer with the Royal Canadian Air Force.

CSA career
Tryggvason was one of the six Canadian astronauts selected in December 1983, and was the first Icelandic astronaut. He was back-up Payload Specialist to Steven MacLean for the CANEX-2 set of experiments which flew on Mission STS-52, October 22 to November 1, 1992. He was the Project Engineer for the design of the SVS target spacecraft which was deployed during that mission.

He was the principal investigator in the development of the Large Motion Isolation Mount, which has flown numerous times on the NASA Boeing KC-135 and DC-9 aircraft, for the Microgravity vibration Isolation Mount (MIM), which operated on the Russian Mir space station from April 1996 until January 1998, and for the MIM-2, which flew on STS-85 in August 1997. The MIM was used on the Mir to support several Canadian and US experiments in material science and fluid physics.

Tryggvason served as a payload specialist on STS-85 (August 7–19, 1997), a 12-day mission to study changes in the Earth's atmosphere. During the flight, his primary role was testing MIM-2 and performing fluid dynamics experiments designed to examine sensitivity to spacecraft vibrations. This work was directed at developing better understanding of the need for systems such as the MIM on the International Space Station (ISS) and on the effect of vibrations on the many experiments to be performed on the ISS. The mission was accomplished in 189 Earth orbits, traveling 4.7 million miles in 284 hours and 28 minutes.

In August 1998, Tryggvason became part of NASA Astronaut Group 17. Training consisted of two years of physical and academic training relating to future missions. The class was the first group of astronauts to be trained as both mission specialist for the Space Shuttle and as potential crewmembers for the ISS. He was initially assigned as a Shuttle Avionics Integration Laboratory (SAIL) crew representative. SAIL is used to test, check out, and verify Shuttle flight software prior to use. He also supported integrated simulations on the ISS Training Facility. This facility is used for ISS crew training as well as in support of training the ISS Mission Control team.

Post-CSA career

Tryggvason retired from the Canadian Space Agency in June 2008. He returned to teaching at the University of Western Ontario. He also taught at the International Test Pilots School in London, Ontario, and continued to serve as a test pilot.

On February 22, 2009, Tryggvason piloted a replica of Alexander Graham Bell's Silver Dart, from the ice on Baddeck Bay, Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia. The flight commemorated the centennial of the first flight in Canada and the British Empire. Due to poor weather conditions expected on the next day, the flight occurred one day before the actual centenary of the original Silver Dart's flight.

Personal life and death
Tryggvason had two children. His son also went into aviation as a commercial pilot, while his daughter was a veterinarian. He died on April 5, 2022, at the age of 76.

Honors and affiliations
Tryggvason was a member of the Canadian Aeronautics and Space Institute. He was awarded an honorary D.Sc. degree from the University of Western Ontario in 1998, an honorary Dr. Techn. degree from the University of Iceland in 2000, and an honorary D.Eng. degree from the University of Victoria in 2005. He was furthermore awarded the NASA Space Flight Medal in 1997, the Innovators Award of the Canadian Space Agency in 2004, and the Knight's Cross of the Icelandic Order of the Falcon in 2000.

title: Bjarni Tryggvason


text:
Fire officer

Fire officer can refer to:
 * A senior firefighter
 * Fire safety officer, an individual employed by an organisation, including a fire service, to advise on fire safety

title: Fire officer


text:
Council on Environmental Quality

The Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) is a division of the Executive Office of the President that coordinates federal environmental efforts in the United States and works closely with agencies and other White House offices on the development of environmental and energy policies and initiatives.

The first Chair of the Council on Environmental Quality was Russell E. Train, under President Richard Nixon. Since April 14, 2021, the chair is Brenda Mallory.

Mission
The CEQ produces an annual report for the president on the state of the environment, oversees federal agency implementation of environmental impact assessments, and acts as a referee when agencies disagree over the adequacy of such assessments. The National Environmental Policy Act tasks CEQ with ensuring that federal agencies meet their obligations under the Act, granting the body a significant role in environmental protection. Through inter-agency working groups and coordination with other EOP bodies, CEQ also works to advance the president's agenda on the environment, natural resources, and energy.

Origins
The United States Congress established the CEQ within the Executive Office of the President as part of the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA), during the Richard Nixon administration. The CEQ was assigned additional responsibilities by the Environmental Quality Improvement Act of 1970. In enacting NEPA, Congress recognized that nearly all federal activities affect the environment in some way, and mandated that federal agencies must consider the environmental effects of their actions during their planning and decision-making processes. Under NEPA, CEQ works to balance environmental, economic, and social objectives in pursuit of NEPA's goal of "productive harmony" between humans and their environment.

Clinton administration
President Bill Clinton appointed Kathleen McGinty and then George T. Frampton Jr. to chair the agency.

George W. Bush administration
President George W. Bush's CEQ chairman was James L. Connaughton, serving from 2001 to 2009. He was formerly a partner at the law firm Sidley Austin LLP, where he lobbied to reduce government regulation on behalf of clients including the Aluminum Company of America and the Chemical Manufacturers Association of America.

During the Bush administration, there were concerns over links between CEQ staffers and the industries it oversaw. BBC Environment Analyst Roger Harrabin described it as "a hard-line group of advisers with close links to the U.S. oil industry." One CEQ chief of staff under President Bush, Philip Cooney, was previously a lobbyist employed by the American Petroleum Institute. In June 2005, The New York Times published an internal CEQ memo provided by federal whistleblower Rick Piltz. The memo showed Cooney had repeatedly edited government climate reports in order to play down links between emissions and global warming. Cooney, who claimed he had been planning to resign for two years, resigned two days after the scandal broke "to spend more time with his family." Immediately after resigning, Cooney went to work for ExxonMobil in their public affairs department. In 2005 Piltz created a watchdog organization Climate Science Watch, a program of the Government Accountability Project.

Obama administration
Under President Barack Obama, Nancy Sutley served as Chair of the Council on Environmental Quality from January 2009 until February 2014. Following Sutley's departure, Michael Boots served as acting head of the Council until March 2015. Christy Goldfuss was appointed to succeed Boots, and served in the same capacity, as "managing director", until the end of Obama's term, in January 2017.

Trump administration
In October 2017, President Donald Trump nominated Kathleen Hartnett White, former chair of the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality, to be chair of CEQ. However, her nomination was withdrawn in February 2018 as she did not garner enough support in the Senate. CEQ chief of staff and acting head Mary Neumayr was nominated and considered in summer 2018 as chair. She was confirmed in January 2019.

Biden administration
In December 2020, President Biden announced the selection of Brenda Mallory as the next Chair of the CEQ. On March 24, 2021, the U.S. Senate Environment and Public Works committee voted 11-9 to approve her appointment. Mallory has prior experience with CEQ under the Obama Administration, having been the general counsel. At the time of her nomination, Mallory was the director of regulatory policy at the Southern Environmental Law Center, an advocacy and litigation group. On April 14, 2021, Mallory was confirmed as the leader of the White House Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) by a 53-45 vote in the United States Senate. She is the first African American chair of the CEQ. Mallory took part in the virtual 2021 Leaders' Climate Summit.

Chair
The Chair of the Council on Environmental Quality serves as the principal environmental policy adviser to the US President. In addition, CEQ reports annually to the President on the state of the environment; oversees federal agency implementation of the environmental impact assessment process; and acts as a referee when agencies disagree over the adequacy of such assessments. The Council coordinates federal environmental efforts and works closely with agencies and other White House offices in the development of environmental policies and initiatives.

title: Council on Environmental Quality