text:
The Man-eaters of Tsavo

The Man-eaters of Tsavo is a semi-autobiographical book written by Anglo-Irish military officer and hunter John Henry Patterson. Published in 1907, it recounts his experiences in East Africa while supervising the construction of a railroad bridge over the Tsavo river in Kenya, in 1898. It is titled after a pair of man-eating lions that terrorized the undertaking for nine months until they were shot by Patterson. His recounting of this incident projected him to fame, and it remains the subject of debate to this day. It has also been the basis of numerous films, the best known being The Ghost and the Darkness (1996), starring Val Kilmer and Michael Douglas.

Overview
Following the death of the lions, the book tells of the bridge's completion in spite of additional challenges (such as a fierce flood) as well as many stories concerning local wildlife (including other lions) local tribes, the discovery of the maneaters' cave and various hunting expeditions.

An appendix contains advice to sportsmen visiting British East Africa. The book also includes photographs taken by Patterson at the time which include the railway construction; the workers; local tribes; scenery and wildlife; and the man-eaters.

Several publications about and studies of the man-eating lions of Tsavo have been inspired by Patterson's account. The book has been adapted to film three times: a monochrome, British film of the 1950s, a 1952 3-D film titled Bwana Devil, and a 1996 color version called The Ghost and the Darkness, where Val Kilmer played the daring engineer who hunts down the lions of Tsavo.

Historicity of the account of the man-eaters
The Victorian style of the prose may appear today as overwritten; however, the editor's note to the 1986 reprint claims that the facts suggest that some aspects were actually downplayed, such as the death of Haslem, about which more grisly facts are known. The book describes attacks by two man-eating lions on workers building the Uganda Railway through British East Africa in 1898 and how the pair were eventually killed by Patterson. It was remarkable that 135 people were killed by the man-eaters in less than a year before Patterson managed to kill them (although this number is contested, it is not disproven ).

Patterson's 1907 book itself states that "between them [the lions] no less than 28 Indian coolies, in addition to scores of unfortunate African natives of whom no official record was kept" were killed. Later accounts exaggerated this number: 135 'Indian and African artisans and labourers' (Patterson, 1925), '135 armed men' (Patterson & Neiburger, 2000) and 140 (Caputo, 2000). In 2001, Julian Kerbis Peterhans and Tom Gnoske published their definitive paper on man-eating behavior among lions with special reference to the Tsavo situation. They documented between 28 and 31 victims. This lesser number was confirmed in Dr. Bruce Patterson's definitive book The Lions of Tsavo: Exploring the Legacy of Africa's Notorious Man-Eaters. He showed that the greater toll attributed to the lions resulted from a pamphlet written by Colonel Patterson in 1925, stating "these two ferocious brutes killed and devoured, under the most appalling circumstances, 135 Indian and African artisans and laborers employed in the construction of the Uganda Railway."

The skins of the lions may be found at the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago.

Setting
The book is set in East Africa. The nearest large city to the man-eater attacks is Mombasa, the largest city then and second largest city now in Kenya. The Tsavo man-eater attacks occurred while working on the Uganda Railway. The railway reached Lake Victoria at Port Florence, now Kisumu, which at that time was in Uganda territory. It was separate from railway developments elsewhere in East Africa, for instance in German-run Tanganyika.

The railway project was controversial and the British Press referred to it as "The Lunatic Express", as critics considered it a waste of funds, while supporters argued it was necessary for transportation of goods.

Plot
Colonel John Patterson is to build a bridge in East Africa (later Kenya). While he is working on this, two man-eating lions show up. They will stop at nothing for a bite of human flesh and the first attempts to stalk, capture or keep them out of the camp fail. They attack the camp hospital and kill a patient. Even after the hospital is moved, one lion penetrates the thick, thorn fence called a boma built to protect it and drags the water carrier away to his death. In the course of hunting these lions, Patterson encounters a red spitting cobra, a rhinoceros, a hippopotamus, a pack of wild dogs, a wildebeest that faked dying, and a herd of zebra, of which he captured six. He also shoots a new type of antelope, T. oryx pattersonianus. Eventually, the first lion is defeated by baiting it with a tethered donkey while Patterson keeps watch from an elevated stand – though for a few tense moments Patterson himself becomes the hunted. Patterson and Mahina hunt the second lion on the plains. When they find and shoot it, the lion charges them and it takes repeated shots to bring it down.

The lions are not the only challenge to completing the bridge project. Tensions between native workers and Sikhs brought in from British East India to work on the project (coolies) threaten to stop the project. At one point, Patterson meets a danger far greater than the lions – a fierce flood. It wipes out the supply bridges and wraps iron girders around tree trunks like wire. Uprooted tree trunks act like battering rams trying to annihilate the bridge. But the well-built bridge stays intact. This challenge proves that the year spent working on the bridge has not been wasted.

Some time after Patterson completes the bridge, he learns of the death of his friend, Railway Police Superintendent Charles H. Ryall. Ryall had learned of a man-eating lion preying on railway staff at Kima station, notably an incident where it had tried to break through the station's roof. In response, he went to Kima with two companions, intending to shoot the lion before it attacked again. Ryall set up an ambush from his personal railway carriage, but saw nothing, and, perhaps deciding that the lion would not appear, retired for the night. Later that night, the man-eater broke into Ryall's carriage. The three hunters were in the main compartment, and an uncertain number of coolies in the adjoining one. The lion went for Ryall immediately, standing on one of his companions in order to get to him. The third man, in an effort to get to the other section, leapt onto the lion's back, and tried desperately to open the door. The coolies, who had been holding the door shut with their turbans, opened it just wide enough for him to get through, and then tied it shut again. Immediately afterwards, the lion leapt out the window with Ryall, leaving the remaining hunter to seek refuge in the station. Some time later, a member of the railway staff trapped the lion, which was displayed alive for several days, then shot.

Another close encounter with a lion occurs when a lion is aboard a gharri, a means of transportation in Kenya similar to a small trolley. Another time, on the way back to the train station, Patterson converses with a friend who has never shot a lion. A couple of hundred yards away, Patterson points out a pair of lions and encourages the friend to shoot them. One runs off at the first shot, but he successfully bags the other lion. The end of the book includes a photo of the lion that the friend killed.

When the time comes for Patterson to leave, some of the coolies and the natives want to go with him. However, Patterson knows that they do not have the immune defense system to combat the diseases outside of Africa. So he politely says no and leaves Africa for some years. (He later returns to Africa, but this part of his life is not recorded in this book.)

title: The Man-eaters of Tsavo


text:
Diabetic neuropathy

Diabetic neuropathy is various types of nerve damage associated with diabetes mellitus. The most common form, diabetic peripheral neuropathy, affects 30% of all diabetic patients. Symptoms depend on the site of nerve damage and can include motor changes such as weakness; sensory symptoms such as numbness, tingling, or pain; or autonomic changes such as urinary symptoms. These changes are thought to result from a microvascular injury involving small blood vessels that supply nerves (vasa nervorum). Relatively common conditions which may be associated with diabetic neuropathy include distal symmetric polyneuropathy; third, fourth, or sixth cranial nerve palsy; mononeuropathy; mononeuropathy multiplex; diabetic amyotrophy; and autonomic neuropathy.

Signs and symptoms
Diabetic neuropathy can affect any peripheral nerves including sensory neurons, motor neurons, and the autonomic nervous system. Therefore, diabetic neuropathy has the potential to affect essentially any organ system and can cause a range of symptoms. There are several distinct syndromes based on the organ systems affected.

Sensorimotor polyneuropathy
Longer nerve fibers are affected to a greater degree than shorter ones because nerve conduction velocity is slowed in proportion to a nerve's length. In this syndrome, decreased sensation and loss of reflexes occur first in the toes on each foot, then extend upward. It is usually described as a glove-stocking distribution of numbness, sensory loss, dysesthesia and nighttime pain. The pain can feel like burning, pricking sensation, achy or dull. A pins and needles sensation is common. Loss of proprioception, the sense of where a limb is in space, is affected early. These patients cannot feel when they are stepping on a foreign body, like a splinter, or when they are developing a callus from an ill-fitting shoe. Consequently, they are at risk of developing ulcers and infections on the feet and legs, which can lead to amputation. Similarly, these patients can get multiple fractures of the knee, ankle or foot, and develop a Charcot joint. Loss of motor function results in dorsiflexion, contractures of the toes, and loss of the interosseous muscle function that leads to contraction of the digits, so-called hammer toes. These contractures occur not only in the foot but also in the hand where the loss of the musculature makes the hand appear gaunt and skeletal. The loss of muscular function is progressive.

Autonomic neuropathy
The autonomic nervous system is composed of nerves serving the heart, lungs, blood vessels, bone, adipose tissue, sweat glands, gastrointestinal system and genitourinary system. Autonomic neuropathy can affect any of these organ systems. One commonly recognized autonomic dysfunction in diabetics is orthostatic hypotension, or becoming dizzy and possibly fainting when standing up due to a sudden drop in blood pressure. In the case of diabetic autonomic neuropathy, it is due to the failure of the heart and arteries to appropriately adjust heart rate and vascular tone to keep blood continually and fully flowing to the brain. This symptom is usually accompanied by a loss of respiratory sinus arrhythmia – the usual change in heart rate seen with normal breathing. These two findings suggest autonomic neuropathy.

Gastrointestinal manifestations include gastroparesis, nausea, bloating, and diarrhea. Because many diabetics take oral medication for their diabetes, absorption of these medicines is greatly affected by the delayed gastric emptying. This can lead to hypoglycemia when an oral diabetic agent is taken before a meal and does not get absorbed until hours, or sometimes days later when there is normal or low blood sugar already. Sluggish movement of the small intestine can cause bacterial overgrowth, made worse by the presence of hyperglycemia. This leads to bloating, gas and diarrhea.

Urinary symptoms include urinary frequency, urgency, incontinence and retention. Again, because of the retention of urine, urinary tract infections are frequent. Urinary retention can lead to bladder diverticula, kidney stones, and reflux nephropathy.

Cranial neuropathy
When cranial nerves are affected, neuropathies of the oculomotor nerve (cranial nerve #3 or CNIII) are most common. The oculomotor nerve controls all the muscles that move the eye except for the lateral rectus and superior oblique muscles. It also serves to constrict the pupil and open the eyelid. The onset of a diabetic third nerve palsy is usually abrupt, beginning with frontal or pain around the eye and then double vision. All the oculomotor muscles innervated by the third nerve may be affected, but those that control pupil size are usually well-preserved early on. This is because the parasympathetic nerve fibers within CNIII that influence pupillary size are found on the periphery of the nerve (in terms of a cross-sectional view), which makes them less susceptible to ischemic damage (as they are closer to the vascular supply). The sixth nerve, the abducens nerve, which innervates the lateral rectus muscle of the eye (moves the eye laterally), is also commonly affected but fourth nerve, the trochlear nerve, (innervates the superior oblique muscle, which moves the eye downward) involvement is unusual. Damage to a specific nerve of the thoracic or lumbar spinal nerves can occur and may lead to painful syndromes that mimic a heart attack, gallbladder inflammation, or appendicitis. Diabetics have a higher incidence of entrapment neuropathies, such as carpal tunnel syndrome.

Pathogenesis
The following processes are thought to be involved in the development of diabetic neuropathy:

Microvascular disease
Vascular and neural diseases are closely related. Blood vessels depend on normal nerve function, and nerves depend on adequate blood flow. The first pathological change in the small blood vessels is narrowing of the blood vessels. As the disease progresses, neuronal dysfunction correlates closely with the development of blood vessel abnormalities, such as capillary basement membrane thickening and endothelial hyperplasia, which contribute to diminished oxygen tension and hypoxia. Neuronal ischemia is a well-established characteristic of diabetic neuropathy. Blood vessel opening agents (e.g., ACE inhibitors, α1-antagonists) can lead to substantial improvements in neuronal blood flow, with corresponding improvements in nerve conduction velocities. Thus, small blood vessel dysfunction occurs early in diabetes, parallels the progression of neural dysfunction, and may be sufficient to support the severity of structural, functional, and clinical changes observed in diabetic neuropathy.

Advanced glycated end products
Elevated levels of glucose within cells cause a non-enzymatic covalent bonding with proteins, which alters their structure and inhibits their function. Some of these glycated proteins have been implicated in the pathology of diabetic neuropathy and other long-term complications of diabetes.

Polyol pathway
Also called the sorbitol/aldose reductase pathway, the polyol pathway appears to be implicated in diabetic complications, especially in microvascular damage to the retina, kidney, and nerves.

Diagnosis
Diabetic peripheral neuropathy can be diagnosed with a history and physical examination. The diagnosis is considered in people who develop pain or numbness in a leg or foot with a history of diabetes. Muscle weakness, pain, balance loss, and lower limb dysfunction are the most common clinical manifestations. Physical exam findings may include changes in appearance of the feet, presence of ulceration, and diminished ankle reflexes. The most useful physical examination finding for large fiber neuropathy is an abnormally decreased vibration perception to a 128-Hz tuning fork (likelihood ratio (LR) range, 16–35) or pressure sensation with a 5.07 Semmes-Weinstein monofilament (LR range, 11–16). Normal results on vibration testing (LR range, 0.33–0.51) or monofilament (LR range, 0.09–0.54) make large fiber peripheral neuropathy from diabetes less likely. Nerve conduction tests may show reduced functioning of the peripheral nerves, but seldom correlate with the severity of diabetic peripheral neuropathy and are not appropriate as routine tests for the condition. Small fiber neuropathy measured by QST and Sudomotor function tests, through electrochemical skin conductance, is more and more indicated to assess early signs of diabetic neuropathy  and autonomic neuropathy.

Classification
Diabetic neuropathy encompasses a series of different neuropathic syndromes which can be categorized as follows:
 * Focal and multifocal neuropathies:
 * Mononeuropathy which affects one nerve
 * Amyotrophy or radiculopathy such as proximal diabetic neuropathy, affecting a specific pattern of nerves
 * Multiple lesions, affecting nerves that don't follow a specific pattern, also called "mononeuritis multiplex"
 * Nerve damage from entrapment (e.g. median, ulnar, peroneal)
 * Symmetrical neuropathies:
 * Sensory
 * Autonomic
 * Distal symmetrical polyneuropathy (DSPN), the diabetic type of which is also known as diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) (most common presentation)

Prevention
Diabetic neuropathy can be largely prevented by maintaining blood glucose levels and lifestyle modifications. Enhanced glucose control methods include more frequent subcutaneous insulin administration, continuous insulin infusion, oral antidiabetic agents, while lifestyle modifications may include exercise alone, or in combination with dietary modifications. Enhanced glucose control prevents the development of clinical neuropathy and reduces nerve abnormalities in type 1 diabetes, and delays the onset of neuropathy in both types of diabetes. However, such methods may increase the likelihood of experiencing a hypoglycemic event, and many of these more aggressive methods require more frequent insulin use which has been associated with excessive risk of falls.

Blood glucose management
Treatment of early manifestations of sensorimotor polyneuropathy involves improving glycemic control. Tight control of blood glucose can reverse the changes of diabetic neuropathy if the neuropathy and diabetes are recent in onset. This is the primary treatment of diabetic neuropathy that may change the course of the condition as the other treatments focus on reducing pain and other symptoms.

Topical agents
Capsaicin applied to the skin in a 0.075% concentration has not been found to be more effective than placebo for treating pain associated with diabetic neuropathy. There is insufficient evidence to draw conclusions for more concentrated forms of capsaicin, clonidine, or lidocaine applied to the skin. About 10% of people who use capsaicin cream have a large benefit.

Medications
Medication options for pain control include antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), and tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs).

A systematic review concluded that "tricyclic antidepressants and traditional anticonvulsants are better for short term pain relief than newer generation anticonvulsants." A further analysis of previous studies showed that the agents carbamazepine, venlafaxine, duloxetine, and amitriptyline were more effective than placebo, but that comparative effectiveness between each agent is unclear.

The only three medications approved by the United States' Food and Drug Administration for diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) are the antidepressant duloxetine, the anticonvulsant pregabalin, and the long-acting opioid tapentadol ER (extended release). Before trying a systemic medication, some doctors recommend treating localized diabetic peripheral neuropathy with lidocaine patches.

Antiepileptic drugs
Multiple guidelines from medical organizations such as the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, American Academy of Neurology, European Federation of Neurological Societies, and the National Institute for Clinical Excellence recommend AEDs, such as pregabalin, as first-line treatment for painful diabetic neuropathy. Pregabalin is supported by low-quality evidence as more effective than placebo for reducing diabetic neuropathic pain but its effect is small. Studies have reached differing conclusions about whether gabapentin relieves pain more effectively than placebo. Available evidence is insufficient to determine if zonisamide or carbamazepine are effective for diabetic neuropathy. The first metabolite of carbamazepine, known as oxcarbazepine, appears to have a small beneficial effect on pain. A 2014 systematic review and network meta-analysis concluded topiramate, valproic acid, lacosamide, and lamotrigine are ineffective for pain from diabetic peripheral neuropathy. The most common side effects associated with AED use include sleepiness, dizziness, and nausea.

Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors
As above, the serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) duloxetine and venlafaxine are recommended in multiple medical guidelines as first or second-line therapy for DPN. A 2017 systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials concluded there is moderate quality evidence that duloxetine and venlafaxine each provide a large benefit in reducing diabetic neuropathic pain. Common side effects include dizziness, nausea, and sleepiness.

Tricyclic antidepressants
TCAs include imipramine, amitriptyline, desipramine, and nortriptyline. They are generally regarded as first or second-line treatment for DPN. Of the TCAs, imipramine has been the best studied. These medications are effective at decreasing painful symptoms but lead to multiple side effects that are dose-dependent. One notable side effect is cardiac toxicity, which can lead to fatal abnormal heart rhythms. Additional common side effects include dry mouth, difficulty sleeping, and sedation. At low dosages used for neuropathy, toxicity is rare, but if symptoms warrant higher doses, complications are more common. Among the TCAs, amitriptyline is most widely used for this condition, but desipramine and nortriptyline have fewer side effects.

Opioids
Typical opioid medications, such as oxycodone, appear to be no more effective than placebo. In contrast, low-quality evidence supports a moderate benefit from the use of atypical opioids (e.g., tramadol and tapentadol), which also have SNRI properties. Opioid medications are recommended as second or third-line treatment for DPN.

Medical devices
Monochromatic infrared photo energy treatment (MIRE) has been shown to be an effective therapy in reducing and often eliminating pain associated with diabetic neuropathy. The studied wavelength of 890 nm is able to penetrate into the subcutaneous tissue where it acts upon a specialized part of the cell called the cytochrome C. The infrared light energy prompts the cytochrome C to release nitric oxide into the cells. The nitric oxide in turn promotes vasodilation which results in increased blood flow that helps nourish damaged nerve cells. Once the nutrient rich blood is able to reach the affected areas (typically the feet, lower legs and hands) it promotes the regeneration of nerve tissues and helps reduce inflammation thereby reducing and/or eliminating pain in the area.

Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) and interferential current (IFC) use a painless electric current and the physiological effects from low frequency electrical stimulation to relieve stiffness, improve mobility, relieve neuropathic pain, reduce oedema, and heal resistant foot ulcers.

Physical therapy
Physical therapy may help reduce dependency on pain relieving drug therapies. Certain physiotherapy techniques can help alleviate symptoms brought on from diabetic neuropathy such as deep pain in the feet and legs, tingling or burning sensation in extremities, muscle cramps, muscle weakness, sexual dysfunction, and diabetic foot.

Gait training, posture training, and teaching these patients the basic principles of off-loading can help prevent and/or stabilize foot complications such as foot ulcers. Off-loading techniques can include the use of mobility aids (e.g. crutches) or foot splints. Gait re-training would also be beneficial for individuals who have lost limbs, due to diabetic neuropathy, and now wear a prosthesis.

Exercise programs, along with manual therapy, will help to prevent muscle contractures, spasms and atrophy. These programs may include general muscle stretching to maintain muscle length and a person's range of motion. General muscle strengthening exercises will help to maintain muscle strength and reduce muscle wasting. Aerobic exercise such as swimming and using a stationary bicycle can help peripheral neuropathy, but activities that place excessive pressure on the feet (e.g. walking long distances, running) may be contraindicated. Exercise therapy has been shown to increase the blood flow to the peripheral nerves, can improve gait function.

Heat, therapeutic ultrasound, hot wax are also useful for treating diabetic neuropathy. Pelvic floor muscle exercises can improve sexual dysfunction caused by neuropathy. Electric stimulation of the plantar aspect of the foot showed improved balance and sensation when performed daily.

Surgery
Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) with superimposed nerve compression may be treatable in the limbs with multiple nerve decompressions. The theory behind this procedure is that DPN predisposes patients to nerve compression at anatomic areas of narrowing, and that a majority of symptoms of DPN are actually attributable to nerve entrapment, a treatable condition. Multiple systematic reviews have found that nerve decompression surgery for DPN is associated with lower pain scores, higher two-point discrimination (a measure of sensory improvement), lower rate of ulcerations, fewer falls (in the case of lower extremity decompression), and fewer amputations. Multiple nerve decompression surgery is unusual in that it can reverse some symptoms (e.g. lower pain and increased sensation), while also providing protection against serious foot complications (e.g. ulcers and amputations).

Other
Low-quality evidence supports a moderate-large beneficial effect of botulinum toxin injections. There is insufficient evidence to draw firm conclusions for the utility of the cannabinoids nabilone and nabiximols.

Prognosis
The mechanisms of diabetic neuropathy are poorly understood. At present, treatment alleviates pain and can control some associated symptoms, but the process is generally progressive.

As a complication, there is an increased risk of injury to the feet because of loss of sensation (see diabetic foot). Small infections can progress to ulceration and this may require amputation.

Epidemiology
Globally diabetic neuropathy affects approximately 132 million people as of 2010 (1.9% of the population).

Diabetes is the leading known cause of neuropathy in developed countries, and neuropathy is the most common complication and greatest source of morbidity and mortality in diabetes. A systematic review has found that diabetic peripheral neuropathy affects 30% of diabetes patients. Diabetic neuropathy is implicated in 50–75% of nontraumatic amputations.

The main risk factor for diabetic neuropathy is hyperglycemia. In the DCCT (Diabetes Control and Complications Trial, 1995) study, the annual incidence of neuropathy was 2% per year but dropped to 0.56% with intensive treatment of Type 1 diabetics. The progression of neuropathy is dependent on the degree of glycemic control in both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes. Duration of diabetes, age, cigarette smoking, hypertension, height, and hyperlipidemia are also risk factors for diabetic neuropathy.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Diabetic neuropathy


text: Template:Regions and administrative divisions of Japan


text:
Talk:Yalta

I came looking for information on the Yalta Accords, which are mentioned in part of the Cold War but not on this page. Accordingly (pardon the pun) found some info elsewhere: here's one page.

Perhaps could be rewritten and incorporated by someone knowing more about the period than I do? --Suitov, hoping nobody will notice he almost called them the "Honda Accords" by mistake —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Suitov (talk • contribs).

Demographics
According to the 2001 Ukrainian Census, Russians make up 65% not 48% of the population of Yalta.--SergeiXXX (talk) 22:01, 16 November 2008 (UTC)

Trolleybus
This page says that the line Yalta - Simferopol is 90 km long and the longest in Europe, but the page "Trolleybus" says, that the line is 84 km but the longest in the world. ? 94.103.219.86 (talk) 13:56, 3 July 2012 (UTC)

The colours used on the weather box
You may have noticed that two editors have been changing the colours on the weather boxes for Ukrainian cities for the past two months. There is a discussion of what colours they should be at Talk:Lviv. Please contribute, even if only to say that you don't care, but you just wish they would stop changing it.--Toddy1 (talk) 14:33, 16 September 2012 (UTC)

Highly POV word "occupied"
"Occupied" is a highly POV word. Crimea is a disputed region and that is what it should be regarded as for NPOV reasons. "Controlled" is NPOV and should be kept that way. Ukraine may consider Crimea an occupied region, but that is not what it is most commonly referred to and definitely not what it is referred to on Wikipedia for NPOV reasons. --Leftcry (talk) 22:01, 23 December 2014 (UTC)
 * I did a Google search and came up with this recent article from the Telegraph: US slaps trade ban on Crimea over Russia 'occupation'. The Telegraph always places "occupation" in quotes, which suggest that reliable sources consider this term to be contentious when applied to Crimea. My impression is that Western media used the term "occupation" in March, but gradually stopped doing so after Crimea and Sevastopol were formally joined to Russia. This usage is consistent with WP's own article on military occupation. – Herzen (talk) 22:20, 23 December 2014 (UTC)
 * Exactly, the term "occupation" refers to military presence in territories NOT under the formal sovereignty of that entity, however Russia effectively administrates Crimea and refers to it as a part of its sovereignty. --Leftcry (talk) 22:26, 23 December 2014 (UTC)
 * Perhaps the best thing to do would be to delete the following uncited words from the article:
 * "a territory internationally recognized as part of Ukraine as the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, but de facto controlled by Russia."
 * -- Toddy1 (talk) 08:23, 24 December 2014 (UTC)
 * Yes, it would get rid of the word that some object to AND remove the obnoxious "territory marking".Volunteer Marek (talk) 08:36, 24 December 2014 (UTC)
 * I would find that to be a satisfactory solution. I believe that the Crimean peninsula has two regional administrative units which Russia annexed last spring: Crimea and Sevastopol. Yalta is part of Crimea. Thus discussion of who Crimea is recognized by is out of place in this article, since the article is about the resort town called Yalta, not the current legal status of Crimea. This seems to be especially the case since the whole annexation business is not discussed in the rest of the article, as opposed to in the lead. – Herzen (talk) 08:45, 24 December 2014 (UTC)
 * ✅ – Herzen (talk) 15:27, 24 December 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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Hello Toddy: I disagree with your reversions of my 3 minor stylistic revisions, but it's really not worth an argument. If you feel like it, and if you know someone with good command of English, show them the two versions and ask a simple question: Which one is better? But it's really not worth it, and you are right that the earlier versions are. . . almost acceptable. Best, Brachney (talk) 00:02, 2 November 2017 (UTC)Brachney

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20111120200040/http://www.acapulco.gob.mx/sistercities/index.php?id=247 to http://www.acapulco.gob.mx/sistercities/index.php?id=247
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Volunteering to resolve issues
I saw the ANI report and came to see what happened here, as a neutral user i volunteered to give a third opinion or to meditate between you to resolve the content issue. Can you briefly inform me on the matter? - Kevo327 (talk) 23:17, 3 February 2021 (UTC)

pinging involved users. - Kevo327 (talk) 23:23, 3 February 2021 (UTC)
 * Russian propaganda. --Vlixes (talk) 00:13, 4 February 2021 (UTC)

Can you provide a more objective and factual answer? I can't provide a third opinion if you don't tell me what the exact issue is. - Kevo327 (talk) 07:17, 4 February 2021 (UTC)

A more informative reply would be that " user X is adding/removing/changing Y and I disagree because of Z" - Kevo327 (talk)
 * There is no need to resolve issues between a long-term constructive user and a clearly disruptive user with 16 contributions in total. I will give a warning now.--Ymblanter (talk) 08:41, 4 February 2021 (UTC)
 * Since the user continued edit-warring, and does not seem to have useful contribution in the last couple of years, I have blocked them indef. I am not watching this page, I hope the conflict has been resolved.--Ymblanter (talk) 08:48, 4 February 2021 (UTC)

 * guess I had too much hope for a peaceful resolution, I should have looked into the other user's contributions. thank you for sorting things out. - Kevo327 (talk) 11:40, 4 February 2021 (UTC)
 * Sure, thanks for offering your help and I hope we will be able to use it on other occasions.--Ymblanter (talk) 12:35, 4 February 2021 (UTC)

Country
I just overwrote my previous entry, which existed for a half hour, which complained that this article fails to state what country the subject of the article is in.

Only after it went live did I happen to notice that they are named in the inset.

You must state the fact in the main text, at the very beginning of the article.

Jimlue (talk) 05:42, 7 May 2021 (UTC)

More than a year ago someone already tried to fix this problem, but some users are hell bent on edit warring basic information out of the lede. Purposefully omitting what country this town is part of is just Russian nationalist irredentist POV.  Volunteer Marek  07:46, 6 September 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Yalta


text:
Galactosemia

Galactosemia (British galactosaemia, from Greek γαλακτόζη + αίμα, meaning galactose + blood, accumulation of galactose in blood) is a rare genetic metabolic disorder that affects an individual's ability to metabolize the sugar galactose properly. Galactosemia follows an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance that confers a deficiency in an enzyme responsible for adequate galactose degradation.

Friedrich Goppert (1870–1927), a German physician, first described the disease in 1917, with its cause as a defect in galactose metabolism being identified by a group led by Herman Kalckar in 1956. Galactosemia was the second disorder found to be detectable through newborn screening methods by Robert Guthrie.

Its incidence is about 1 per 60,000 births for people of European ancestry. In other populations the incidence rate differs. Galactosemia is about one hundred times more common (1:480 births) in the Irish Traveller population.

Infants
Infants may appear asymptomatic at birth; however, upon ingestion of galactose a few days later (via breast and/or formula feeding), children start to experience life-threatening symptoms, which include:
 * poor feeding, and weight gain
 * vomiting and diarrhea
 * hepatocellular damage
 * lethargy, and hypotonia

Progression of this acute neonatal toxicity syndrome may include the development of sepsis, cataracts, and even pseudotumor cerebri (which may cause a bulging of fontanelle).

Children
In children, untreated galactosemia can lead to cataracts, developmental delays, intellectual disabilities, speech difficulties, fine and gross motor difficulties, kidney disease, liver failure, sepsis, and premature ovarian insufficiency. While a child is being treated for galactosemia, they may continue to experience speech delays, learning disabilities, behavioral issues, ataxia, tremors, and hormone deficiencies.

Cause
Lactose in food (such as dairy products) is broken down by the enzyme lactase into glucose and galactose. In individuals with galactosemia, the enzymes needed for further metabolism of galactose (Galactokinase and galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase) are severely diminished or missing entirely, leading to toxic levels of galactose or galactose 1-phosphate (depending on which enzyme is missing) in various tissues as in the case of classic galactosemia, resulting in hepatomegaly (an enlarged liver), cirrhosis, kidney failure, cataracts, vomiting, seizure, low blood sugar (hypoglycemia), lethargy, brain damage, and ovarian failure. Without treatment, mortality in infants with galactosemia is about 75%.

Galactosemia is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner, meaning a child must inherit one defective gene from each parent to show the disease. Heterozygotes are carriers, because they inherit one normal gene and one defective gene. Carriers show no symptoms of galactosemia.

Reduction to galactitol
In galactosemic patients, the accumulation of galactose becomes the substrate for enzymes that catalyze the polyol pathway of carbohydrate metabolism. The first reaction of this pathway is the reduction of aldoses, types of sugars including galactose, to sugar alcohols. Recent data suggests that aldose reductase is the enzyme responsible for the primary stage of this pathway. Therefore, aldose reductase reduces galactose to its sugar alcohol form, galactitol. Galactitol, however, is not a suitable substrate for the next enzyme in the polyol pathway, polyol dehydrogenase. Thus, galactitol accumulates in body tissues and is excreted in the urine of galactosemic patients. Many of the negative effects of galactosemia have been attributed to accumulation of galactitol, and high concentrations of galactitol have been found in people with classic galactosemia (GALT deficiency or galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase deficiency), galactokinase deficiency, and epimerase deficiency with glucose.

Oxidation to galactonate
Accumulated galactose can also undergo an alternative reaction: Oxidation to galactonate. The mechanism of galactonate formation is still unclear. However, recent studies suggest that galactose dehydrogenase is responsible for converting galactose to galactonolactone, which then spontaneously or enzymatically converts to galactonate. Once formed, galactonate may enter the pentose phosphate pathway. Thus, oxidation to galactonate serves as an alternate pathway for metabolizing galactose. This oxidative pathway renders accumulated galactonate less harmful than accumulated galactitol.

Diagnosis
In many states throughout the world, infants routinely undergo newborn screening (NBS) for galactosemia. This allows a diagnosis to be made while the person is still an infant. Affected children can have serious, irreversible effects or even die within days from birth. Infants affected by galactosemia typically present with symptoms of lethargy, vomiting, diarrhea, failure to thrive, and jaundice. None of these symptoms are specific to galactosemia, often leading to diagnostic delays. If the family of the baby has a history of galactosemia, doctors can test prior to birth by taking a sample of fluid from around the fetus (amniocentesis) or from the placenta (chorionic villus sampling or CVS). Galactosemia is normally first detected through newborn screening which if available, is able to diagnose the majority of affected infants.

A galactosemia test is a blood test (from the heel of the infant) or urine test that checks for three enzymes that are needed to change galactose sugar that is found in milk and milk products into glucose, a sugar that the human body uses for energy. A person with galactosemia does not have one of these enzymes. This causes high levels of galactose in the blood or urine.

Galactosemia can be detected through NBS before any ingestion of galactose-containing formula or breast milk. Detection of the disorder through NBS does not depend on protein or lactose ingestion, and, therefore, it should be identified on the first specimen unless the infant has been transfused. A specimen should be taken prior to transfusion. The enzyme is prone to damage if analysis of the sample is delayed or exposed to high temperatures. The routine NBS is accurate for detection of galactosemia. Two screening tests are used to screen infants affected with galactosemia—the Beutler's test and the Hill test. The Beutler's test screens for galactosemia by detecting the level of enzyme of the infant. Therefore, the ingestion of formula or breast milk does not affect the outcome of this part of the NBS, and the NBS is accurate for detecting galactosemia prior to any ingestion of galactose.

Duarte galactosemia is a milder form of classical galactosemia and usually has no long term side effects.

Types
Galactose is converted into glucose by the action of three enzymes, known as the Leloir pathway. There are diseases associated with deficiencies of each of these three enzymes:

Treatment
The only treatment for classic galactosemia is eliminating lactose and galactose from the diet (e.g. exclusion of dairy products containing lactose).

Lactose-restricted diet is efficient in resolving acute complications; however, it is not sufficient to prevent long-term complications affecting the brain and female gonads. Some individuals may experience long-term complications such as speech difficulties, learning disabilities, neurological impairment (e.g. tremors, etc.), and ovarian failure.

Symptoms that have not been associated with Duarte galactosemia, and many individuals with Duarte galactosemia, do not need to restrict their diet at all. However, research corroborates a previously overlooked theory that Duarte galactosemia may lead to language developmental issues in children with no clinical symptoms. Infants with classic galactosemia cannot be breast-fed due to lactose in human breast milk which consists of both galactose and glucose and are usually fed a soy-based formula.

Galactosemia is sometimes confused with lactose intolerance, but galactosemia is a more serious condition. Lactose intolerant individuals have an acquired or inherited shortage of the enzyme lactase, and experience abdominal pains after ingesting dairy products, but no long-term effects. In contrast, a galactosemic individual who consumes galactose can have serious complications including:
 * Speech deficits
 * Ataxia
 * Dysmetria
 * Diminished bone density
 * Premature ovarian failure
 * Cataract

title: Galactosemia


text:
Little Birdy

Little Birdy was an Australian alternative rock band formed in Perth, Western Australia, in 2002 by singer and guitarist Katy Steele, drummer Matt Chequer, guitarist and keyboardist Simon Leach, and bass guitarist Scott O'Donoghue. They gained public attention when their single "Relapse" gained popularity on alternative radio stations such as Triple J, leading them to be signed by the record label Eleven: A Music Company. They released three studio albums (all three of which entered the top ten in the ARIA charts), two EPs, and ten singles.

Early history
Katy Steele's father Rick Steele is a local blues musician in various cover bands, and her brothers Jesse and Luke were both members of The Sleepy Jackson. Jesse left the band in 2000. Steele was the singer-songwriter and guitarist in her band, The Plastik Scene. A friend of Luke's, Simon Leach, heard Steele singing at her brother's 21st birthday party. "Katy was always there... She was around 15 when I saw her sing. Three years later, Katy and I were playing together." Steele left her band and, with Leach as drummer, they performed several gigs as a duo. Scott ('Barney') O'Donoghue later offered to play bass guitar. Leach became tired of percussion and began playing guitar when Matt Chequer joined on drums. In 2002 Little Birdy was formed, named after the Ween song of the same name.

A demo, leaked to radio, was played on alternative stations. A friend of the band dropped a copy at band manager Phil Stevens' home (manager of The Waifs, John Butler Trio and The Flairz). Stevens offered his management services. The band supported Placebo, Morcheeba, and The Superjesus in Perth concerts. A home recording of one of their songs won a WAMi Award for "Indie-Alternative Song of the Year". Triple J, a national radio station, started playing an early version of "Relapse", while local Perth radio station Nova 93.7 aired a demo of "Baby Blue". As a result of independent media coverage and radio playing demos, Australian labels sought to sign the band. Little Birdy opted for the independent Eleven label with distribution through Virgin Records-EMI. Steele, along with Leach, who was a graphic designer, quit their jobs and became full-time musicians after the signing.

Recording career
Little Birdy released their self-titled debut EP Little Birdy in October 2003, which peaked at No. 27 on the ARIA Singles Chart. "Relapse" reached No. 16 on the Triple J Hottest 100 and "Baby Blue" attained No. 25. In September, Steele, in an interview on Whammo.com.au, described the band's progress: "I think we've already written a lot of the first album already. A lot of songs we play live would be awesome if they were recorded". The band played gigs in London and New York City later that year, with interest from international record companies.

Their second EP, This Is a Love Song, was issued in March 2004 and debuted at No. 22. Also in that month, Steele won the inaugural Jessica Michalik Contemporary Music Award, presented by The Big Day Out. At the ARIA Music Awards of 2004, "Relapse" was nominated for 'Breakthrough Artist - Single'.

In October, the band released their debut album, BigBigLove, which was produced and engineered by Paul McKercher (The Cruel Sea, Spiderbait, Augie March) and peaked at No. 5 on the ARIA Albums Chart. It contains new versions of "Beautiful" (renamed "Beautiful to Me") and "Relapse", and includes "I Should've Known" with its original title of "Andy Warhol". The album received generally positive critical reviews. Two tracks reached the Triple J Hottest 100 of 2004, "Beautiful to Me" at No. 8 and "Tonight's the Night" at No. 78. Another track, "This Is a Love Song", taken from their This Is a Love Song, attained No. 40.

In 2005, at the WAMi Awards, Steele won 'Best Female Vocalist' and "Beautiful to Me" won 'Most Popular Music Video'. Additional nominations were, Leach for 'Best Guitarist', the band for 'Best Popular Act', 'Most Popular Commercial Pop Act' and 'Best Indie/Pop Act', and BigBigLove as 'Most Popular Album'. At the ARIA Music Awards of 2005, BigBigLove was nominated in four categories: 'Breakthrough Artist - Album', 'Best Rock Album', 'Producer of the Year" (McKercher), and 'Engineer of the Year' (McKercher). Also that year, Little Birdy's version of "Six Months in a Leaky Boat" from the tribute album, She Will Have Her Way, of Neil and Tim Finn songs performed by female Australian and New Zealand musicians, reached No. 96 on Triple J's Hottest 100 of 2005.

During 2006, the band recorded tracks for their second album, Hollywood, which peaked at No. 9 in October. The first single was "Come on Come on", in September, which reached No. 18 – the group's highest-charting single to date. It was placed 11th on the Triple J Hottest 100, 2006.

In 2008, the band relocated to Melbourne and started recording a third album, Confetti, which they released in May 2009 and peaked at No. 6. A website was created for previews of new recordings and videos of studio sessions. The album was self-produced and the band worked with engineer-mixer Steven Schram. It was nominated for 'Best Adult Contemporary Album' and 'Engineer of the Year' (Schram) at the ARIA Music Awards of 2009. In February, they issued a music video for the first song, "Brother". The song features Paul Kelly on backing vocals and harmonica.

Confetti's first official single, "Summarize", was released in April, it was followed by "Hairdo" and "Stay Wild". In February 2010, Chequer announced on the band's website that Steele moved to New York and expected to work on her debut solo album, Leach was working on solo material, O'Donoghue was working with other bands, and Chequer himself was doing production work. Steele trialled some solo material at four Australian concerts in May.

Touring
Little Birdy undertook its own concerts throughout Australia in 2004 and 2005. They supported R.E.M. during the Australian leg of their world tour in 2005. Little Birdy appeared at national festivals in 2007, including Falls Festival, Big Day Out, Sonic Bloom Festival, Southbound (in Busselton, Western Australia), and Great Escape Festival (Sydney).

Little Birdy appeared at Sound Relief at the Sydney Cricket Ground in March 2009, which was a benefit concert for victims of Victorian bush fires and Queensland floods.

Members

 * Matt Chequer – drums, percussion
 * Simon Leach – guitar, synthesiser, steel guitar
 * Scott 'Barney' O'Donoghue – bass guitar, vocals, melodica, harmonica
 * Katy Steele – vocals, guitar
 * Fergus Deasy – keyboards, vocals, synthesiser, guitar

Discography

 * Studio albums

 * BigBigLove (2004)
 * Hollywood (2006)
 * Confetti (2009)

ARIA Music Awards
The ARIA Music Awards is an annual awards ceremony that recognises excellence, innovation, and achievement across all genres of Australian music. They commenced in 1987.

! Ref.
 * 2004
 * "Relapse"
 * Breakthrough Artist - Single
 * Nominated
 * rowspan="4" |2005
 * rowspan="2" | BigBigLove
 * Breakthrough Artist - Album
 * Nominated
 * rowspan="4" |
 * Best Rock Album
 * Nominated
 * rowspan="2" | Paul McKercher for Little Birdy's BigBigLove
 * Engineer of the Year
 * Nominated
 * Producer of the Year
 * Nominated
 * rowspan="2" | Paul McKercher for Little Birdy's BigBigLove
 * Engineer of the Year
 * Nominated
 * Producer of the Year
 * Nominated
 * Nominated

WAM Song of the Year
The WAM Song of the Year was formed by the Western Australian Rock Music Industry Association Inc. (WARMIA) in 1985, with its main aim to develop and run annual awards recognising achievements within the music industry in Western Australia.

 * 2003
 * "Andy Warhol"
 * Indi Pop/Rock
 * Won
 * Won

West Australian Music Industry Awards
The West Australian Music Industry Awards (WAMIs) are annual awards presented to the local contemporary music industry, put on annually by the Western Australian Music Industry Association Inc (WAM). Little Birdy won five awards. (wins only)
 * rowspan="2"| 2003
 * Little Birdy
 * Most Popular Local Original New Act
 * Won
 * Katy Steele (Little Birdy)
 * Most Popular Local Original Female Vocalist
 * Won
 * rowspan="2"| 2005
 * "Beautiful to Me"
 * Most Popular Music Video
 * Won
 * Katy Steele (Little Birdy)
 * Best Female Vocalist
 * Won
 * 2006
 * Katy Steele (Little Birdy)
 * Best Female Vocalist
 * Won
 * }
 * 2006
 * Katy Steele (Little Birdy)
 * Best Female Vocalist
 * Won
 * }
 * }

title: Little Birdy


text:
Destination Games

Destination Games was an American computer game development company created in April 2000 by Richard Garriott, Robert Garriott and Starr Long, following their departure from Origin Systems. ("Destination" is a play on "Origin", the company the Garriotts founded nearly two decades earlier.)

Destination was founded in Austin, Texas to develop massively multiplayer online role-playing games. At E3 2001, Richard Garriott announced a partnership making Destination the United States headquarters of South Korean MMORPG giant NCSOFT. As NCSOFT Austin, Destination has mainly focused on developing and supporting the North American version of NCSOFT's Lineage games.

In 2007 Destination Games released its first game, Tabula Rasa, a sci-fi MMORPG. The game did not sell as well as was hoped, Richard Garriott left NCSOFT in 2008, and the game service closed in February 2009. The Destination Games website was taken down when NCsoft moved its United States headquarters from Austin to Seattle—calling it NCSOFT West—in 2008.

NCSOFT Austin employed five people to run the casual MMOG Dungeon Runners, but announced in 2009 that support for this game will be ending in early 2010 due to low subscription numbers. As of October 2009, NCSOFT employs about 150 people in the former Destination Games office in Austin mainly working in server operations, quality assurance, and customer support for various NCSOFT MMO titles, however development operations have moved completely to other NCSSOFT subsidiaries on the West Coast. The trademark Destination Games remains a property of NCSOFT.

title: Destination Games


text:
John Henry Patterson

John Henry Patterson may refer to:

 * John Henry Patterson (author) (1867–1947), Anglo-Irish soldier who wrote The Man-Eaters of Tsavo which was made into the film The Ghost and the Darkness in 1996
 * John Henry Patterson (NCR owner) (1844–1922), founder and first owner of the National Cash Register Company
 * John Henry Patterson (Medal of Honor) (1843–1920), Union soldier during the American Civil War and recipient of the Medal of Honor

title: John Henry Patterson


text:
User:Galinda Verdi

I'm a recent arrival here. Living in Sydney, Australia but Manhattan is my spiritual home. I have made some additions to the listing of famous people who have passed through Hotel Chelsea and removed Andy Warhol from the residents list. Warhol shot film at the Chelsea but was never resident.

I have something of an obsession with the Chelsea and have gathered as much historical information as I can access. When time allows I will return to make full entries for those people I added who are yet to be listed at Wikpedia.

title: User:Galinda Verdi


text:
Talk:Limbic system

Evolution non sequitur
Evolution non sequitur or obsolete/fallacious opinion about evolution:

In section Evolution, number list, item 3:
 * Similar development of the neocortex in mammalian species unrelated to humans and primates has also occurred, for example in cetaceans and elephants; thus the designation of "superior mammals" is not an evolutionary one, as it has occurred independently in different species.

(The bold added by me) My comment: if it occurs independently in different species, it is definitely an effect of evolution in combination with selective pressure and competition between species. How independent occurrences can disprove evolution is beyond my understanding, unless one perceives evolution as kind of a divine predestination for some elected species to become the "crown" species according to some mystical idea of what is "better" and "worse" by some human standards. Rursus dixit. ( m bork3 !) 07:55, 16 June 2019 (UTC)
 * I think what is meant is that, since it's a convergent feature, "higher mammals" are not a clade. The use of "evolution" here is erroneous, but the point it's trying to make isn't. Hairy Dude (talk) 03:37, 24 February 2022 (UTC)

"The interacting components of the limbic system are often incorrectly considered part of the limbic system"
I've removed this incomprehensible sentence. Perhaps it was meant to say "the components interacting with the limbic system are often ..."? Smyth (talk) 16:46, 16 November 2019 (UTC)

 * Perhaps the writer meant to refer to the paralimbic components and it got garbled? Wcmead3 (talk) Wcmead3 (talk) 15:51, 26 September 2022 (UTC)

Biology
The brain 41.190.245.6 (talk) 21:08, 9 December 2021 (UTC)

Introduction is an inappropriate taxonomy
The intro should be completely rewritten. As it stands, it is a taxonomy of the components of the limbic system, and to the reader seeking general information, it is a jumble of meaningless names. Would an article on the United States be introduced by a list of the states? Wcmead3 (talk) Wcmead3 (talk) 15:55, 26 September 2022 (UTC)

Wikipedia Ambassador Program course assignment
This article is the subject of an educational assignment at Youngstown State University supported by the Wikipedia Ambassador Program during the 2012 Q3 term. Further details are available on the course page.

The above message was substituted from by PrimeBOT (talk) on 15:50, 2 January 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Limbic system


text:
Besom

A besom is a broom, a household implement used for sweeping. The term is mostly reserved for a traditional broom constructed from a bundle of twigs tied to a stout pole. The twigs used could be broom (i.e. Genista, from which comes the modern name "broom" for the tool), heather or similar. The song "Buy Broom Buzzems" from Northern England refers to both types of twig. From the phrase broom besom the more common broom comes. In Scotland, besoms are still occasionally to be found at the edge of forests where they are stacked for use in early response to an outbreak of fire.

Description
As a result of its construction around a central pole, the brush of the besom is rounded instead of flat. The bristles can be made of many materials including, but not limited to straw, herbs, or twigs. Traditionally, the handle is of hazel wood and the head is of birch twigs. Modern construction uses bindings of wire and string (instead of the traditional split withy) and the head is secured by a steel nail instead of a wooden dowel.

Besoms and flying ointments in early modern witchcraft
A number of different recipes for "flying ointments" have survived from the early modern period, some of the constituents of which not only have hallucinogenic properties but are fat-soluble and could have been absorbed transdermally. Certain researchers have speculated that the stereotypical image of the witch "flying" astride the broomstick of a besom may derive from traditions concerning the use of broomsticks or other staves by women to apply psychotropic ointments to their vaginal or anal mucosa. The active ingredients in flying ointments were primarily plants in the nightshade family Solanaceae, most commonly Atropa belladonna (deadly nightshade) and Hyoscyamus niger (henbane), belonging to the tropane alkaloid-rich tribe Hyoscyameae. Other tropane-containing, nightshade ingredients included the famous mandrake (Mandragora officinarum), Scopolia carniolica and Datura stramonium, the thornapple. The alkaloids atropine, hyoscyamine and scopolamine present in these solanaceous plants are not only potent (and highly toxic) hallucinogens of the deliriant class, but are also fat-soluble and capable of being absorbed through unbroken human skin. Another ingredient listed frequently in the various flying ointment recipes is the even more toxic Aconitum napellus, which has (among others) the English common name wolfsbane (i.e. "slayer of wolves").

In Russia and Ukraine
In Russian culture, the besom or venik (веник) has historically had both good and bad connotations. It was seen as a place behind or under which a domovoy would hide, and similarly to the broom it was sometimes associated with the occult. However, it also sometimes served as a protective amulet, as well as a tool for fortune-telling. A venik was also often not thrown away, instead being ceremonially burned during Maslenitsa. The venik's cultural significance extends outside Russia: in Odesa Oblast, Ukraine, a large venik statue (six metres tall) was erected to commemorate the 620th anniversary of the foundation of Savran, a settlement in the area, which was recognized as the largest venik monument in the world.

title: Besom


text:
Circus Oz

Circus Oz is a contemporary circus company based in Australia, collectively owned by its Membership, founded in 1977. Its shows incorporate theatre, satire, rock 'n' roll and a uniquely Australian humour.

Early years
Circus Oz was incorporated in December 1977 in Melbourne and funded by the Australian Performing Group, with its first performance season in March 1978. Circus Oz was the amalgamation of two already well-known groups: the New Ensemble Circus, a continuation of the New Circus, established in Adelaide in 1973; and the Soapbox Circus, a roadshow set up by the Australian Performing Group in 1976.

The founding members were: Sue Broadway, Tony Burkys, Tim Coldwell, John ‘Jack’ Daniel, Laurel Frank, Kelvin Gedye, Jon Hawkes, Ponch Hawkes, Robin Laurie, John Pinder, Michael Price, Alan Robertson, Jim Robertson, Pixie Roberstson, Helen Sky, Jim Conway, Mic Conway, Rick Ludbrook, Peter Mulheisen, Gordon McLean, Steve Cooney and Colin Stevens.

Significant developments in Circus Oz's early years included: a 32-week season in 1979 at the Last Laugh Theatre Restaurant in Melbourne; the company's first international tour in 1980 (including London's Roundhouse, Belgium and New Guinea); the "Nanjing Project" (Chinese acrobatic master classes); and the group's relations with The Flying Fruit Fly Circus. As part of its international touring, Circus Oz has been to 29 countries and 210 cities all over the world, including New York City, London and Jerusalem.

Originally founded as a collective governed company, Circus Oz developed into a triumvirate by the late 1990s by having a Triple Executive who all equally ran and organised the company. The Triple Executive included Co-CEO Linda Mickleborough who became general manager of Circus Oz in 1993. During her time at the helm she was responsible for the development of Circus Oz Classes, High Flying Teams and Indigenous programs, and laid the preparations for a move to new premises at Collingwood. She resigned effective from 31 December 2012. The Executive team also included Co-CEO Mike Finch who was artistic director (1997-2015), and founding member Tim Coldwell. Wendy McCarthy was chair of the Board of Directors from 2010 - 2018.

2013: new premises
In late 2013 Circus Oz relocated to a new custom-built home base in Collingwood, an inner suburb of Melbourne. The Victorian Government owns the facility, but was designed specifically to Circus Oz's requirements. This location includes a permanent Spiegeltent, large rehearsal spaces, outdoor areas, and workshop and props-making facilities. The buildings are approximately half of an abandoned college campus, the remainder of which was converted by Arts Victoria into a multi-arts and community precinct known as Collingwood Yards, which opened in March 2021.

December 2021: closure announcement
In December 2021, it was announced by the Board and CEO at the time that a decision had been taken to close the company, after its main funding body the Australia Council had given the choice of reforming its structure or losing its funding. The proposal involved recreating its board and membership with a reduced proportion of artists and former employees. The results of an anonymous online poll showed that 62 out of 81 votes chose to reject the new model. During 2021, the company had been the subject of an independent review, commissioned jointly by Creative Victoria and the Australia Council, which had concluded that "systemic issues [were] holding back the company", and recommended that membership criteria be broadened that the board should be made up entirely of members based on their skills and qualifications. Company members were shocked by the sudden announcement. , their website announced a change of use for the Circus Oz venue.

Values
The founders wanted to create a "contemporary circus" (words used in their show programme "history" as early as 1980), with elements of rock'n'roll, popular theatre and satire. The company had an ongoing social justice agenda and was open about supporting humanitarian causes. Over the years this has included women's rights, land rights for indigenous Australians and strong feelings about the plight of asylum seekers. The company had an ongoing social justice agenda and have generally been open about supporting humanist causes. Over the years this has included women's rights, land rights for First Nations Australians and strong opposition to the indefinite detention of asylum seekers.

Shows
One of the first "new" or "contemporary" circuses without animals (it predates Cirque du Soleil by several years), Circus Oz made shows with only 12 multi-skilled performers who all performed the entire show, doing "a bit of everything", from acrobatics and clowning to music and aerial work. The shows were usually comic and character-driven. The cast comprised a diverse mix of body shapes and ages, with an equal number of men and women. Their style was generally cheeky, anarchic and subversive, a balance of strong women and graceful men.

Circus Oz performed in at least 27 countries across five continents, including four seasons on 42nd Street in New York City, a number of seasons at Queen Elizabeth and Royal Festival Halls in London, a refugee camp in the West Bank, Indigenous communities in the Australian desert and a glass opera house in the Brazilian rainforest. Shows were translated and performed in many languages, including Hindi, Catalan and Danish. The troupe broke box office records at the Edinburgh Fringe Festival and represented Australia at many international festivals.

With the exception of Waiter, There's a Circus in My Soup (1979), Circus Oz did not name their seasons or tours until 2006, with the Laughing at Gravity tour. Each subsequent tour was then named until 2017 when Artistic Director, Rob Tannion (AD from 2016-2019), developed the company into a multi-show model.

 * Laughing at Gravity (2006)
 * Barely Contained (2009-2010)
 * See It To Believe It (2010)
 * Steampowered (2011-2012)
 * From the Ground Up (2012)
 * Cranked Up (2013)
 * But Wait...There's More (2014-2016)
 * Twentysixteen (2016)
 * Model Citizens (2017)
 * Precarious (2018-2019)
 * Rock Bang (2018-2019)
 * Wunderage (2019)
 * Non-Stop Energy (2023)
 * Smash It! (2024)

Ensemble
Until 2017, the company employed a full-time ensemble of 12 performers (an equal number of men and women), plus a technical crew, production and artistic departments. Apart from touring nationally and internationally with their various shows, other parts of Circus Oz include:

 * BLAKFlip, a programme connecting Australian Aboriginal performers and artists with the circus, including masterclasses, casting, performances, traineeships and guest artists;
 * Circus Classes, public circus classes for the general public, adults, schools, and community groups to learn circus skills;
 * The Melba Spiegeltent, a venue with a programme of cabaret, innovative performance, and local community events;
 * SideSault, a Sector Support Programme, providing access to space for a selected series of small/medium-sized local performance groups (primarily using a circus vocabulary);
 * High Flying Teams, a corporate team-building and training programme using circus as a skill-base for corporate training.

title: Circus Oz


text:
Talk:Philip II Philoromaeus

Naerhu's Commment
"generations of Seleucid kings, by far the mightiest rulers of the Hellenistic world." This makes it sound like all 11 generations were the mightiest rulers, which may be disputed. /User Naerhu 10Feb06

Uhh.. everything I've seen says Philip II died pretty early in his reign. What are the sources for this conquest of the rest of the region?

I frankly don't buy that and want to see some corroboration.

Slashdot user's complaint
User Zibblsnrt (125875) on Slashdot has denounced the accuracy of the current version of this article here. Unfortunately I know nothing about this material myself or I'd attempt to correct it. --Saucepan 21:59, 5 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * I've reverted to the last edit before the apparent alternative history invention added by anonymous User:194.47.63.12 on 15 July 2003. The rest of this Anon. user's "contributions" had better be checked now by someone more competent than I. I have looked at other edis and this Anon. seems competent. Wetman 22:23, 5 Sep 2004 (UTC)

My apologies. This was a misbegotten joke by myself after having discovered Wikipedia and written several edits on the very obscure last Seleucids, without believing anybody would ever read it. I have since mended my ways and can assure you that everything else is - thanks for the compliment - competent to the best of my capability. /User Sponsianus May 2005

title: Talk:Philip II Philoromaeus


text:
Talk:Midnight Cowboy

videos rentals?
Why does it cite video rental money when videos weren’t around in 1969?Tremello (talk) 17:12, 14 November 2020 (UTC)
 * The references to "rentals" are to film rentals, not video rentals. Film rentals are the share of the total box office revenue that gets paid to the film distributor. --Metropolitan90 (talk) 20:57, 30 September 2023 (UTC)

External links modified
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Writer of the lyrics for theme song
In reference to the note that Mathis recorded one of the only two versions of the theme with lyrics, the article does not explicitly say who wrote them. It attributes Barry as the composer but that implies music only. Did some quick web searches and I find no attribution for lyrics. Is it important enough to be included in the article? (most likely not, but thought I'd ask.) THX1136 (talk) 00:49, 18 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Midnight Cowboy


text:
Talk:List of World War II flying aces

Nationality
Given that an Icelandic ace is listed as from Iceland and a Swedish one as from Sweden shouldn't Finucane be listed as from the then Irish Free State? Jjc2002 (talk) 21:55, 8 October 2022 (UTC)

The Break of the is list is very, very bad. Nobody can see anymore, that the best American in the list sit on Number 401. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2003:EF:2F17:DB00:A038:E95E:F1F6:25F5 (talk) 08:07, 21 August 2023 (UTC)

Article is hard to use without list
This page used to be a great resource and is now much harder to use. I'd like to propose bringing back the list which, though long, was still much more usable than the current version - especially for cross country comparisons. HugeUranium (talk) 16:18, 10 November 2023 (UTC)

 * Yes. Please bring it back. 78.80.115.226 (talk) 06:33, 18 November 2023 (UTC)

 * Restored the long-standing, sourced list. Can't conceive a good reason to remove it. This is a list - it's going to be long. And one can easily have the template list the people by country or any other criterion. -- Director  ( talk ) 12:38, 18 November 2023 (UTC)

 * The breakdown of this list into different sections was discussed at Talk:List of World War II flying aces/Archive_1. I will reinstate to the agreed format since the size of the article is not manageable. Obviously, if the consensus has changed again we can always fall back. See also WP:AS and WP:SPLITLIST. Cheers MisterBee1966 (talk) 08:42, 20 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Obviously it would be ideal to have the list in its entirety but being so large, but also incomplete, I found it was very hard to edit and maintain. It was on this basis I supported the breakdown of the list into more manageable sections to facilitate ease of editing. It seems to me that the majority, if not all, of the complaints are actually from IPs/editors who weren't involved in the maintenance of the original list. I note that the new list arrangement mimics the approach taken for the lists for the WWI aces, has there been any complaints about those? Zawed (talk) 09:52, 21 November 2023 (UTC)
 * The WWI lists in parts is already a featured list, the breakdown of the list was discussed during the featured list review, see Featured list candidates/List of World War I aces credited with more than 20 victories/archive1. Cheers MisterBee1966 (talk) 19:18, 23 November 2023 (UTC)
 * I think a better balance needs to be struck between including all aces and page usability. The page is called "List of World War II flying aces" but in its current form the title should be changed to "List of lists of.." as the page does not actually contain a list. This is confusing. I had this page bookmarked as a reference for a research project and it's missing the information I cited.
 * I propose keeping the current list of lists, but including a subset of the original list on the page. Perhaps aces with more than 20 kills and at least from from every country. HugeUranium (talk) 07:03, 4 December 2023 (UTC)
 * I agree that the current format is hard to use, maybe even completely useless. Here's a specific example of a major shortcoming:
 * Let's suppose somebody wants to find out who the highest-scoring RAF ace was. That person is Marmaduke Pattle, but with the current format, there's no realistic chance to learn that: Pattle does not even appear on the UK aces sublist, because he was born in South Africa (even though he very specifically flew with the RAF, and NOT with the South African Air Force). The current arrangement is not only hard to use, it's actively misleading for people who want to learn new things they don't already know.
 * Or, for another example, let's say somebody wants to know who the five top-ranking German aces were. Well, you can't do it. The German aces subpage has TWENTY-FIVE separate sub-sublists, one for pilots whose name starts with "A", one for pilots whose name starts with "B", etc.. You would have to combine the top portions of each of the 25 lists with pen on paper just to get a list of top 5 German aces regardless of name starting letter. And the separate "pilots with over 100 claims" list doesn't help you, either, because it doesn't record actual kill numbers.
 * I'm not a Wikipedia editor, so I can't speak to editing principles. I am, however, a user who used to refer to this page semi-regularly due to my work, and I have to say that however cumbersome the old giant list was, at least it could be used to look up specific data. In contrast, this new format is completely worthless, and I earnestly hope the old format will be restored soon. 89.134.4.25 (talk) 18:53, 6 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of World War II flying aces


text:
DSN

DSN may refer to:

Computing & Internet

 * Data set (IBM mainframe) Name, the name of a computer file having a record organization
 * Data source name, a data structure used to describe a connection to a data source
 * Delivery Status Notification message, an automated electronic mail message about a delivery problem
 * Distributed social network, a social network that is decentralised and distributed across multiple providers
 * International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks
 * .DSN (design file), industry-standard import file format of Specctra-compatible autorouters

Military and Intelligence

 * Defense Switched Network, a communications network operated by the United States Department of Defense
 * DSN DASH, the U.S. Navy's Drone Anti-Submarine Helicopter.
 * DSN Satellite Network, a Japanese military X band satellite communications network operated by DSN Corporation
 * Direktion für Staatsschutz und Nachrichtendienst (Directorate for National Security and Intelligence), an Austrian intelligence agency

Space

 * Deep Space Network, a communication network

Media and Entertainment

 * Direct Sports Network, a sports centered digital media company, based in Irvine, California

Others

 * Dansk Sprognævn, the Danish Language Council
 * Deutsche Schulen Nigeria, a school system which includes the Deutsche Schule Abuja
 * IATA code for Ordos Ejin Horo International Airport, China
 * Star Trek: Deep Space Nine, a science fiction television program
 * Doctor of Science in Nursing

title: DSN