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Rod Hull

Rodney Stephen Hull (13 August 1935 – 17 March 1999) was a British comedian and popular entertainer on television in the 1970s and 1980s. He rarely appeared without Emu, a mute and highly aggressive arm-length puppet modelled on the Australian bird.

Early life
Hull was born on the Isle of Sheppey, Kent, England in 1935. He attended Delamark Road School and the County Technical School, Sheerness. After national service with the Royal Air Force, he qualified as an electrician.

Australia
Hull moved to Australia in 1956. His first job in television was as a lighting technician with TCN Channel 9 in Sydney. He then began appearing on air, including as Constable Clot in Channel 9's Kaper Kops with Reg Gorman and Desmond Tester, a regular segment in its children's afternoon programming. Clot proved popular and soon gained his own segment, Clot in the Clouds, which depicted him daydreaming about having other professions, such as a world-famous brain surgeon, 'Blood Clot.'

Later he worked with Marilyn Mayo as co-host of a children's breakfast TV programme, The Super Flying Fun Show, playing a wacky character named 'Caretaker Clot,' an extension of his Kaper Cops role. Hull first used Emu as a puppet in this show. There are conflicting reports as to how this came about. The 2003 Channel 4 documentary Rod Hull: A Bird in the Hand states that "In fact, Emu was a Channel Nine creation". Other sources cite a Channel Nine producer, Jim Badger, who said that he had requested a reluctant Hull to use Emu. Hull claimed full authorship of Emu, saying, "Sure I found him in a cupboard, but I had put him there in the first place. I concocted him, nobody else." The bird subsequently became a regular part of Hull's set on cabarets back in the United Kingdom and Australia.

Britain
Hull returned to the UK in 1971 and signed with International Artists. Soon after, his Australian success translated to his native country with Hull appearing on several children's and adult light entertainment shows.

His first UK television appearance came on the ITV show Saturday Variety, but it was his appearance in the 1972 Royal Variety Performance that provided his springboard to national recognition.

Emu
Hull used Emu to create havoc while not accepting blame for it. The use of a false arm attached to Hull's jacket, which cradled the emu, made it appear that the neck and head moved of its own volition. Hull used the puppet to make violent attacks on people nearby. During these events Hull would make half-hearted attempts to pull the bird away from its victim but would often become embroiled in the fracas, rolling around on the floor, creating theatrical mayhem.

When Hull left The Super Flying Fun Show and Australia, a duplicate of Emu was made so the character could continue on the show, much to Hull's annoyance, and comedian Marty Morton took over Hull's co-hosting position in Australia.

Hull and Emu were regulars on The Hudson Brothers Razzle Dazzle Show, which aired for one season as a Saturday morning children's show on American broadcaster CBS in 1974-75.

At least two people have alleged that Hull sexually assaulted women using Emu as a cover. Darts champion Eric Bristow wrote: "He used the puppet to feel up women and stick his hand between people's legs." In a 2007 interview with Chortle, comedy producer Michael Hurll said to Hull "Look Rod, you've got your hand in that emu, up girls' skirts and squeezing their tits; doing things you would get locked up for." Hurll reported similar assaults on men in a Channel 4 documentary, Rod Hull: A Bird in the Hand (2003).

In 1972, Hull destroyed The Queen Mother's bouquet of flowers during the after-show line-up at the Royal Variety Performance. During 1976, Hull's Emu repeatedly attacked Michael Parkinson during his chat show, eventually causing Parkinson to fall off his chair. Fellow guest Billy Connolly threatened, "If that bird comes anywhere near me, I'll break its neck and your bloody arm!" In later years, Parkinson later referred to Emu as "that bloody bird."

He later starred in the television series Emu's Broadcasting Company (1975–1980), Emu's World, EMU TV and Emu's All Live Pink Windmill Show, taking his television career up to 1991.

In 1983 he appeared in the US on The Tonight Show, attacking host Johnny Carson, even after he was asked not to by the producers, and Richard Pryor in one of his first public appearances after undergoing major emergency reconstructive surgery on his face.

Later life
By the 1990s, Hull was seen less frequently on TV, although he continued to appear in pantomime and television commercials, made personal appearances and occasional TV appearances. Comedians Richard Herring and Stewart Lee included a "not Rod Hull" character in their 1996 television sketch show Fist of Fun, played by the actor Kevin Eldon. This character was performed as a grotesque imitation of Hull and was finally unmasked by the real Rod Hull who appeared in the last episode of the series. It was to be Hull's penultimate television appearance.

A 2003 Channel 4 documentary, Rod Hull: A Bird in the Hand, suggested that Hull nursed an increasing resentment towards his puppet, believing that the success of the bird prevented him from pursuing other avenues in show business. He saw himself, according to the makers of the programme, as a talented performer who could have developed a more varied career in the entertainment industry had he not been repeatedly forced to perform with the Emu. Hull once complained, "I want to write but Emu doesn't leave me the time. I want to be a comedian in my own right, but again Emu won't let me do it."

Personal life
Hull married his first wife Sandra Carter in 1958; they had two daughters, Deborah and Danielle.

He was a fan of the football club Bristol Rovers, and he recorded a song called "Bristol Rovers All the Way" in 1974, with the squad of that time.

In 1986 Hull bought Restoration House in Rochester for £270,000 but the cost of renovations and an unpaid tax bill, caused by his Accountant not paying his tax properly over the previous 20 years and the recession and property slump, resulted in Hull leaving the property in October 1993 and then bankruptcy in September 1994. His production company, Hibou Productions went bust with debts of £38,500. Hull's second wife, Cher Hylton-Hull, who he married in 1978, already had a daughter, Catrina, and the couple had three children together: Toby, Amelia, and Oliver. Catrina appeared in his Pink Windmill show. Cher, who had been instrumental in his success, moved back to her home country of Australia with the children while Hull remained in England and relocated to a shepherd's cottage in East Sussex.

Death
On the night of 17 March 1999, Hull was trying to adjust the television aerial on the roof of his bungalow at half-time during an Inter Milan vs. Manchester United Champions League match, when he slipped and fell. He suffered a severe skull fracture and chest injuries, and was pronounced dead on arrival at hospital in Hastings. Following an inquest, the coroner recorded a verdict of accidental death.

Legacy
Prior to Hull's death, Lee and Herring had planned to revive their "not Rod Hull" character for their contemporary series, This Morning with Richard Not Judy, but although they filmed several sketches – in which the character would die after performing a pointless stunt – the footage was never used. Instead, the final episode of the second and final series of This Morning with Richard Not Judy concluded with a post-credits sketch featuring Kevin Eldon's Rod Hull character, fading out to a simple dedication reading "This series is dedicated to Rod Hull."

Hull and Emu were also the subject of the song "No One Knew the Real Emu" by The Toy Dolls (2004).

Upon Hull's death, Michael Parkinson reminisced that he had found him to be "a very charming, intelligent, and sensitive man – quite unlike the Emu." He observed that the puppet "was the dark side of Rod's personality, and very funny, provided it was not on top of you."

His son Toby brought Emu out of retirement for the first time since his father's death during the 2003 pantomime season, appearing in Cinderella at the Theatre Royal, Windsor. Toby Hull and Emu later appeared in their own series on CITV.

In June 2018, puppeteer Phil Fletcher bought one of the last remaining Emu puppets for £8,860 at Chippenham Auction Rooms in Wiltshire.

title: Rod Hull


text:
Panto

Panto may refer to:

 * Pantomime, a genre of musical comedy stage production, developed in England and mostly performed during Christmas and New Year season
 * American pantomime, theatre entertainments in North America derived from the English entertainment genre of Pantomime
 * Panto (surname)
 * Pantograph (rail), an overhead current collector for a tram or electric train
 * Pantoprazole, a proton pump inhibitor
 * Panto!, a 2012 ITV Christmas special

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Panto


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Weird TV

Weird TV, or Weird Television, was a programme that aired in 1991 on Canadian late-night TV, as well as American stations such as KCOP, Channel 13 in Los Angeles; KTZZ (now KZJO), Channel 22 in Seattle, and Columbus, Ga. NBC affiliate WLTZ, Channel 38.

Premise
The "host" of the show was Chuck Cirino, who was also one of the show's executive producers along with Todd Stevens (who also produced the hit show Friends) and Arthur Maturo.

Cirino was the one constant of every show. He pops up in his landcruiser for a few seconds, setting up new segments of the show in his own eccentric way. He is known as the "comfort zone" of the show, as the subtitles during these segments tell you.

Also included in the program were clips Cirino had filmed from the Burning Man festival.

Segments include:
 * Weird America, a segment of the show in which the crew flies out to unusual events all across the country. For example, "Car Hunt", where a full-sized, remote-controlled car is let loose in the Nevada desert and is hunted down with high-powered weapons, "just like big game", according to Cirino.
 * Shadoevision, a continuing science-fiction thriller hosted by Shadoe Stevens.
 * The Dr. Ruehl show, where noted "phenomenologist" Dr. Franklin Ruehl talks about viewers of the latest cases of strange phenomena.
 * Video Dave's UFO Clip of the Week, where Dave Aaron reports on the latest extraterrestrial sightings from around the world.
 * Newsweird, which features strange news from around the globe.
 * Weird music videos, such as those for Monster Magnet's Negasonic Teenage Warhead and Skunk Anansie's Selling Jesus.

Another segment of the show includes stand-alone video pieces that are produced specifically for the show, as well as other video pieces sent in by viewers themselves.

These include:
 * Zatar the Mutant King, played by David Floyd. Zatar wears a dark cloak and a pair of heavy goggles. He carries "his sugar" with him at all times. Because his mother consumed too much sugar during her pregnancy, he was born with the power to mutate at will, defeating his enemies by becoming his enemies.
 * Trash: Francis & Buzz – Two deformed hand puppets converse.
 * Weird Love – A man discovers that his girlfriend is a were–caterpillar
 * Mobius in the world of the Living Dead
 * Babe in a Bottle(subtitled) – A tiny woman and a doctor.
 * Limbo Lounge - Sammy Davis Jr., Sulu and a transvestite perform a night club act.
 * Hog Man's Pork n' Bean Emporium – A strange man sells pork n' beans from a drive-up window.

Controversy
The show was banned in Philadelphia and Wisconsin for broadcasting a stop-motion animated short about a squirrel defecating massively.

Awards

 * The shows (now defunct) website www.weird.tv was nominated for 3 Webby Awards in 2006, under the categories of Best Humor, Best Use of Animation or Graphics and Best Weird.

title: Weird TV


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Emu (puppet)

Emu is a four-year-old puppet emu which was given to British entertainer Rod Hull in the 1960s while he was presenting a children's breakfast television programme in Australia. Hull adopted the mute puppet for his cabaret act, and took it with him to the United Kingdom when he returned in 1970. The character was given a mischievous and sometimes aggressive onstage persona, attacking celebrity guests (and Hull himself) for comic effect, notably on Michael Parkinson's chat show in 1976. Hull and Emu also appeared on several episodes of The Hudson Brothers' comedy show in the United States.

1970s and 1980s television series
During the 1970s, Hull and Emu achieved national fame in the UK with their BBC series Emu's Broadcasting Company. The duo moved to ITV in the 1980s, where a succession of shows was produced concerning their ongoing rivalry with Grotbags, a witch played by Carol Lee Scott.

2000s revival
A new series, simply titled Emu, with Toby Hull replacing his father (who had died in 1999), was produced in Belfast and broadcast on ITV in 2007. A second series was produced in New Zealand and broadcast in 2009.

title: Emu (puppet)


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Eliezer Ben-Yehuda

Eliezer Ben‑Yehuda (born Eliezer Yitzhak Perlman; 7 January 1858 – 16 December 1922) was a Russian-Jewish linguist, lexicographer, and journalist. He is renowned as the lexicographer of the first Hebrew dictionary and also as the editor of Jerusalem-based HaZvi, one of the first Hebrew newspapers published in the Land of Israel. Ben-Yehuda was the primary driving force behind the revival of the Hebrew language.

Early life and education

Eliezer Yitzhak Perlman (later Eliezer Ben-Yehuda) was born in Luzhki (Лужкі) in the Vilna Governorate of the Russian Empire (now Vitebsk Oblast, Belarus) to Yehuda Leib and Tzipora Perlman, who were Chabad hasidim. His native language was Yiddish. He attended a Jewish elementary school (a "cheder") where he studied Hebrew and the Bible from the age of three, as was customary among the Jews of Eastern Europe. By the age of twelve, he had read large portions of the Torah, Mishna, and Talmud. His mother and uncle hoped he would become a rabbi, and sent him to a yeshiva. There he was exposed to the Hebrew of the Jewish Enlightenment, which included some secular writings. Later, he learned French, German, and Russian, and was sent to Dünaburg for further education. Reading the Hebrew-language newspaper HaShahar, he became acquainted with the early movement of Zionism.

Upon graduation in 1877, Ben-Yehuda went to Paris for four years. While there, he studied various subjects at the Sorbonne University—including the history and politics of the Middle East. It was in Paris that he met a Jew from Jerusalem, who spoke Hebrew with him. It was this conversation that convinced him that the revival of Hebrew as the language of a nation was feasible.

Immigration to The Land of Israel
In 1881 Ben-Yehuda joined the First Aliyah and immigrated to The Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem, then ruled by the Ottoman Empire, and settled in Jerusalem. He found a job teaching at the school of the Alliance Israélite Universelle. Motivated by the surrounding ideals of renovation and rejection of the diaspora lifestyle, Ben-Yehuda set out to develop a new language that could replace Yiddish and other regional dialects as a means of everyday communication between Jews who moved to the Land of Israel from various regions of the world. Ben-Yehuda regarded Hebrew and Zionism as symbiotic, writing, "the Hebrew language can live only if we revive the nation and return it to the fatherland."

Revival of the Hebrew language
To accomplish the task, Ben-Yehuda insisted with the Committee of the Hebrew Language that, to quote the Committee records, "In order to supplement the deficiencies of the Hebrew language, the Committee coins words according to the rules of grammar and linguistic analogy from Semitic roots: Aramaic and especially from Arabic roots."

In 1903 Ben-Yehuda, along with many members of the Second Aliyah, supported Theodor Herzl's Uganda Scheme proposal.

Ben‑Yehuda raised his son, Ben-Zion (meaning "son of Zion"), entirely in Hebrew. He did not allow his son to be exposed to other languages during childhood, and even berated his wife for singing a Russian lullaby. His son thus became the first native speaker of Hebrew in modern times. Ben‑Yehuda later raised his daughter, Dola, entirely in Hebrew as well.

Lexicography
Ben-Yehuda was a major figure in the establishment of the Committee of the Hebrew Language (Va'ad HaLashon), later the Academy of the Hebrew Language, an organization that still exists today. He was the initiator of the first modern Hebrew dictionary known as the Ben-Yehuda Dictionary and he became known as the "reviver" (המחיה) of the Hebrew language, despite opposition to some of the words he coined. Many of these words have become part of the language but others never caught on.

Ancient languages and modern Standard Arabic were major sources for Ben-Yehuda and the Committee. According to Joshua Blau, quoting the criteria insisted on by Ben-Yehuda: "In order to supplement the deficiencies of the Hebrew language, the Committee coins words according to the rules of grammar and linguistic analogy from Semitic roots: Aramaic, Canaanite, Egyptian [sic] ones and especially from Arabic roots." Concerning Arabic, Ben-Yehuda maintained, inaccurately according to Blau, that Arabic roots are "ours": "the roots of Arabic were once a part of the Hebrew language ... lost, and now we have found them again!"

Opposition from Orthodox Jews
Ben-Yehuda was the editor of several Hebrew-language newspapers: HaZvi and Hashkafa. HaZvi was closed down for a year in the wake of opposition from Jerusalem's ultra-Orthodox community, which fiercely objected to the use of Hebrew, their holy tongue, for everyday conversation. In 1908, its name changed to HaOr, and it was shut down by the Ottoman government during World War I due its support for a Jewish homeland in the Land of Israel/Palestine.

Many devoted Jews of the time did not appreciate Ben-Yehuda's efforts to resurrect the Hebrew language. They believed that Hebrew, which they learned as a biblical language, should not be used to discuss mundane and non-holy things. Others thought his son would grow up and become a "disabled idiot", and even Theodor Herzl declared, after meeting Ben-Yehuda, that the thought of Hebrew becoming the modern language of the Jews was ridiculous.

In December 1893, Ben-Yehuda and his father-in-law were imprisoned by the Ottoman authorities in Jerusalem following accusations by members of the Jewish community that they were inciting rebellion against the government.

Personal life
Ben-Yehuda was married twice, to two sisters. His first wife, Devora (née Jonas), died in 1891 of tuberculosis, leaving him with five small children. Her final wish was that Eliezer marry her younger sister, Paula Beila. Soon after his wife Devora's death, three of his children died of diphtheria within a period of 10 days. Six months later, he married Paula, who took the Hebrew name "Hemda". Hemda Ben-Yehuda became an accomplished journalist and author in her own right, ensuring the completion of the Hebrew dictionary in the decades after Eliezer's death, as well as mobilising fundraising and coordinating committees of scholars in both Palestine and abroad.

Death and legacy
In December 1922, Ben-Yehuda, 64, died of tuberculosis, from which he suffered most of his life. He was buried on the Mount of Olives in Jerusalem. His funeral was attended by 30,000 people.

Ben-Yehuda built a house for his family in the Talpiot neighborhood of Jerusalem, but died three months before it was completed. His wife Hemda lived there for close to thirty years. Ten years after her death, her son Ehud transferred the title of the house to the Jerusalem municipality for the purpose of creating a museum and study center. Eventually it was leased to a church group from Germany who established a center there for young German volunteers. The house is now a conference center and guesthouse run by the German organization Action Reconciliation Service for Peace (ARSP), which organizes workshops, seminars and Hebrew language ulpan programs.

Cecil Roth was quoted by historian Jack Fellman as having summed up Ben-Yehuda's contribution to the Hebrew language: "Before Ben‑Yehuda, Jews could speak Hebrew; after him, they did." This comment reflects the fact that there are no other examples of a natural language without any native speakers subsequently acquiring several million native speakers, and no other examples of a sacred language becoming a national language with millions of "first language" speakers.

title: Eliezer Ben-Yehuda


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OSEK

OSEK (Offene Systeme und deren Schnittstellen für die Elektronik in Kraftfahrzeugen; English: "Open Systems and their Interfaces for the Electronics in Motor Vehicles") is a standards body that has produced specifications for an embedded operating system, a communications stack, and a network management protocol for automotive embedded systems. It has produced related specifications, namely AUTOSAR. OSEK was designed to provide a reliable standard software architecture for the various electronic control units (ECUs) throughout a car.

OSEK was founded in 1993 by a German automotive company consortium (BMW, Robert Bosch GmbH, DaimlerChrysler, Opel, Siemens, and Volkswagen Group) and the University of Karlsruhe. In 1994, the French cars manufacturers Renault and PSA Peugeot Citroën, which had a similar project called VDX (Vehicle Distributed eXecutive), joined the consortium. Therefore, the official name was OSEK/VDX and OSEK was registered trademark of Continental Automotive GmbH (until 2007: Siemens AG).

Standards
OSEK is an open standard, published by a consortium founded by the automobile industry. Some parts of OSEK are standardized in ISO 17356.

 * ISO 17356-1:2005 Road vehicles—Open interface for embedded automotive applications—Part 1: General structure and terms, definitions and abbreviated terms
 * ISO 17356-2:2005 Road vehicles—Open interface for embedded automotive applications—Part 2: OSEK/VDX specifications for binding OS, COM and NM
 * ISO 17356-3:2005 Road vehicles—Open interface for embedded automotive applications—Part 3: OSEK/VDX Operating System (OS)
 * ISO 17356-4:2005 Road vehicles—Open interface for embedded automotive applications—Part 4: OSEK/VDX Communication (COM)
 * ISO 17356-5:2006 Road vehicles—Open interface for embedded automotive applications—Part 5: OSEK/VDX Network Management (NM)
 * ISO 17356-6:2006 Road vehicles—Open interface for embedded automotive applications—Part 6: OSEK/VDX Implementation Language (OIL)

before ISO
OSEK VDX Portal
 * OSEK/VDX Operating system(OS) : "event-triggered" Real-time kernel
 * OSEK/VDX Communication(COM) : Application level communication protocol
 * OSEK/VDX Newark Management(NM) : Network management
 * OSEK/VDX OSEK Implementation Language(OIL) : Offline application description and configuration language
 * OSEK/VDX OSEK RTI(ORTI) : Debugging interface
 * OSEK/VDX Binding Specification: Binding document
 * MODISTARC
 * OSEK/VDX Conformance Testing Methodology
 * OSEK/VDX Operating System Test Plan
 * OSEK/VDX Operating System Test Procedure
 * OSEK/VDX Communication Test Plan
 * OSEK/VDX Communication Test Procedure
 * OSEK/VDX Communication Test Suites
 * OSEK/VDX Network Management Test Plan
 * OSEK/VDX Network Management Test Procedure
 * OSEK/VDX direct Network Management Test Suites
 * OSEK/VDX indirect Network Management Test Suites

OSEK Functioning
The OSEK standard specifies interfaces to multitasking functions—generic I/O and peripheral access—and thus remains architecture dependent. OSEK is expected to run on microcontroller without memory management unit (MMU), which is favored for safety-critical systems such as cars, therefore features of an OSEK implementation will be usually configured at compile-time. The number of application tasks, stacks, mutexes, etc. is statically configured; it is not possible to create more at run time. OSEK recognizes two types of tasks/threads/compliance levels: basic tasks and enhanced tasks. Basic tasks never block; they "run to completion" (coroutine). Enhanced tasks can sleep and block on event objects. The events can be triggered by other tasks (basic and enhanced) or interrupt routines. Only static priorities are allowed for tasks. First In First Out (FIFO) scheduling is used for tasks with equal priority. Deadlocks and priority inversion are prevented by priority ceiling (i.e. no priority inheritance).

The specification uses ISO/ANSI-C-like syntax; however, the implementation language of the system services is not specified. An Application Binary Interface (ABI) is also not specified.

OSEK-OS scheduling can be configured as:

 * Preemptive, a task can always be preempted by means of a higher priority task
 * Non-preemptive, a task can only be preempted in prefixed compile-time points (cooperative scheduling)
 * Mixed mode scheduling
 * Groups of tasks (cooperative)

AUTOSAR
Currently the AUTOSAR consortium reuses the OSEK specifications as part of the Classic Platform.

The operating system is a backwards compatible superset of OSEK OS which also covers the functionality of OSEKtime, and the communication module is derived from OSEK COM. OSEKtime specifies a standard for optional time-triggered real-time operating systems. If used, OSEKtime triggered callbacks run with higher priority than OSEK tasks.

Research
There is also a limited amount of active research, e. g. in the area of systems engineering and OSEK / VDX RTOS or in relation to the compatibility between OSEK and AUTOSAR.

Quality
In a 48-page report from 2003 by the Software Engineering Institute (SEI) at Carnegie Mellon University (CMU), the specifications were examined and possible weaknesses in the areas of alarm and event mechanisms were identified with possible solutions. The potential of OSEK was also mentioned.

Implementations
Note: A limited number of implementations and vendors exist. Most products are only commercially sold and licensed, others are freely available with open-source license for a limited number of controllers. See also: Comparison of real-time operating systems.

Open-source derivates
Note: Open-source developments are often very limited in scope (targets, conformance classes, characteristics) and are not verified against the specifications unless told otherwise.
 * ArcCore AUTOSAR OS, by Arctic Core (now part of Vector Informatik)
 * License: Dual GPL/Commercial
 * Firmware de la CIAA (former FreeOSEK), specifically Firmware v1
 * OSEK, by Chalandi Amine.
 * Lego Mindstorms implementations:
 * ev3OSEK
 * nxtOSEK/JSP
 * TOPPERS Project (Toyohashi OPen Platform for Embedded Real-time Systems)
 * Release: ATK1
 * Release: ATK2
 * Targets: m68k, sh1, sh2, sh3, h8, arm 4, m32r, MicroBlaze, tms320c54x, xstormy16, mips3, Nios II, v850, rh850
 * License: MIT or TOPPERS License
 * Trampoline by IRCCyN.
 * Targets: ARM Cortex, RISC-V, PowerPC, POSIX, AVR, ARM 32bits, MSP430/CPUX, Renesas G4MH
 * License: GPLv2

Defunct, not active, unknown status

 * mKernel for Microchip PIC18F4550 (Former https://sourceforge.net/projects/mkernel/ - not accessible or available as of October 2021)
 * openOSEK (no files, hosted on SourceForge, last update: 2013)
 * PicOS18 etc. - formerly available and hosted at picos18.com
 * Trioztech OSEK was a commercial implementation

title: OSEK


text:
The New England Journal of Medicine

The New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM) is a weekly medical journal published by the Massachusetts Medical Society. Founded in 1812, the journal is among the most prestigious peer-reviewed medical journals.

History
In September 1811, Boston physician John Collins Warren, along with James Jackson, submitted a formal prospectus to establish the New England Journal of Medicine and Surgery and Collateral Branches of Science as a medical and philosophical journal. Subsequently, the first issue of the New England Journal of Medicine and Surgery and the Collateral Branches of Medical Science was published in January 1812. The journal was published quarterly.

In 1823, another publication, the Boston Medical Intelligencer, appeared under the editorship of Jerome V. C. Smith.

The editors of the New England Journal of Medicine and Surgery and the Collateral Branches of Medical Science purchased the weekly Intelligencer for $600 in 1828, merging the two publications to form the Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, and shifting from quarterly to weekly publication.

In 1921, the Massachusetts Medical Society purchased the Journal for US$1 and, in 1928, renamed it to The New England Journal of Medicine.

Logo
The journal's logo depicts the snake-wrapped Rod of Asclepius crossed over a quill pen. The dates on the logo represent the founding of the components of The New England Journal of Medicine: 1812 for the New England Journal of Medicine and Surgery and Collateral Branches of Medical Science, 1823 for the Boston Medical Intelligencer, 1828 for the Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, and 1928 for the New England Journal of Medicine.

Notable articles
Notable articles from the course of The New England Journal of Medicine history include:

 * In November 1846, the New England Journal of Medicine published a report by Henry Jacob Bigelow on the first public demonstration of a generalized anesthetic. The agent was inhaled ether, the first modern anesthetic.  This allowed patients to remain sedated during operations ranging from dental extraction to amputation. "A patient has been rendered completely insensible during an amputation of the thigh, regain consciousness after a short interval," Bigelow wrote. "Other severe operations have been performed without the knowledge of the patients."
 * In June 1906, James Homer Wright published an article that described how he stained and studied bone marrow with descriptions of what are now known as megakaryocytes and platelets.
 * In October 1872, a lecture by Charles-Édouard Brown-Séquard was published that proposed the then-revolutionary idea that one cerebral hemisphere can influence both sides of the body. The neurologist would go on to describe what is now known as the Brown-Séquard syndrome.
 * In June 1948, Sidney Farber reported promising results in treatment of early childhood leukemia. Based on anecdotal evidence that children with acute leukemia worsened if they were given folic acid, he worked on blocking folic acid metabolism. His team gave 16 infants and children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia a folic acid inhibitor, aminopterin—10 showed improvement by clinical and hematologic parameters after three months. In his article, Farber advised receiving the results cautiously: "It is again emphasized that these remissions are temporary in character and that the substance is toxic and may be productive of even greater disturbances than have been encountered so far in our studies," he wrote. "No evidence has been mentioned in this report that would justify the suggestion of the term 'cure' of acute leukemia in children."
 * In November 1952, cardiologist Paul Zoll published an early report on resuscitation of the heart. "The purpose of this report is to describe the successful use in 2 patients of a quick, simple, effective and safe method of arousing the heart from ventricular standstill by an artificial, external, electric pacemaker," he wrote. "For the first time it was possible to keep a patient alive during ventricular asystole lasting for hours to days. This procedure may prove valuable in many clinical situations."
 * In February 1973, NEJM published the first report of polyp removal using a colonoscope and introduced a procedure during screening to reduce cancer risk. The authors reported on 218 patients, from whom they removed 303 polyps (at one or more procedures per patient).
 * A letter published in the NEJM in 1980 was later described by the journal as having been "heavily and uncritically cited" to claim that addiction due to use of opioids was rare, and its publication in such an authoritative journal was used by pharmaceutical companies to push widespread use of opioid drugs, leading to an addiction crisis in the U.S. and other countries.
 * In December 1981, two landmark articles described the clinical course of four patients—first reported in the CDC's June 1981 Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report—with the disease that would come to be known as AIDS.
 * In April 2001, Brian Druker et al. reported a targeted therapy for chronic myelogenous leukemia. Based on the knowledge that BCR-ABL, a constitutively activated tyrosine kinase, causes CML, the authors tested with success an inhibitor of this tyrosine kinase in patients who had failed first-line therapy. The finding helped begin the era of designing cancer drugs to target specific molecular abnormalities.
 * In October 2020, the journal published an editorial, signed by all 34 editors, in which they condemned the Trump administration's handling of the COVID-19 pandemic saying that "they are dangerously incompetent" and that "they have taken a crisis and turned it into a tragedy." This is the first time NEJM has ever supported or condemned a political candidate and only three other times in history has an editorial been signed by all the editors.
 * In April 2021, Robin Carhart-Harris et al. demonstrated that in the pharmacological treatment of major depressive disorder, there was no significant difference in antidepressant effects between the psychedelic drug psilocybin and the SSRI escitalopram after six weeks. Significant doses of psilocybin were only administered twice in the six-week period, while escitalopram was taken daily. This was the first time psychedelics and SSRIs were compared in the treatment of depression.

Social media
On April 25, 1996, the NEJM announced a new web site, which published each week the abstracts for research articles and the full text of editorials, cases, and letters to the editor. After print publishing for 184 years this was the NEJM's first use of the Internet for electronic publication.

The site was launched several months earlier in 1996, but the editors wanted proof that weekly electronic publication would work. Only then was an announcement approved for publication on the editorial page. In 1997, the website included prepublication releases of certain articles prior to their print publication. In 1998, online publication extended to include the full text of all its articles from 1993 forward.

Since its launch, NEJM has added to its site:

 * Videos in Clinical Medicine, peer-reviewed educational videos to teach procedures requiring skilled techniques and specialized physical examination.
 * Interactive Medical Cases, which mimic a clinical encounter by presenting the patient's history with results of the physical examination and laboratory and radiographic tests. Multiple-choice questions throughout test the taker's knowledge.
 * NEJM Archive, the entire collection of the journal's published material.

Influence
The George Polk Awards site noted that its 1977 award to The New England Journal of Medicine: "...provided the first significant mainstream visibility for a publication that would achieve enormous attention and prestige in the ensuing decades."

The journal usually has the highest impact factor of the journals of internal medicine. According to the Journal Citation Reports, NEJM had a 2017 impact factor of 79.258, ranking it first of 153 journals in the category "General & Internal Medicine". It was the only journal in the category with an impact factor of more than 70. By comparison, the second and third ranked journals in the category (The Lancet and JAMA) had impact factors of 53.254 and 47.661 respectively.

Theodore Dalrymple feels that this influence is unwarranted. In False Positive: A Year of Error, Omission, and Political Correctness in the New England Journal of Medicine, he examines various articles on medical and social issues that the NEJM published over the course of a year. He found that many arrived at conclusions which were not supported by the evidence presented, or ignored easily available evidence that contradicted their conclusions.

Specialty journals
In 2022, NEJM set up a new sub-journal, NEJM Evidence. NEJM Evidence is a monthly digital journal featuring original research. It focuses on clinical trials and decision making.

Ingelfinger rule
The New England Journal of Medicine requires that articles it publishes have not been published or released elsewhere. Referred to as the Ingelfinger rule, the policy is intended to protect newsworthiness, and to subject research to peer review "before it is touted to the public or the profession". By 1991, four types of exceptions were recognized, including when "prepublication release of research conclusions is warranted because of immediate implications for the public health".

The rule was first described in a 1969 editorial, "Definition of Sole Contribution", by Franz Ingelfinger, the editor-in-chief at that time. A number of medical journals have similar rules in place.

Vioxx correction controversy
In the early 2000s, The New England Journal of Medicine was involved in a controversy around problems with research on the drug Vioxx. A study was published in the journal in November 2000 which noted an increase in myocardial infarction amongst those taking Vioxx. According to Richard Smith, the former editor of the British Medical Journal, concerns about the correctness of that study were raised with the journal's editor, Jeff Drazen, as early as August 2001. That year, both the US Food and Drug Administration and the Journal of the American Medical Association also cast doubt on the validity of the data interpretation that had been published in the NEJM. Merck withdrew the drug from market in September 2004. In December 2005, NEJM published an expression of concern about the original study following discovery that the authors knew more about certain adverse events than they disclosed at the time of publication. From the Expression of Concern: "Until the end of November 2005, we believed that these were late events that were not known to the authors in time to be included in the article published in the Journal on November 23, 2000. It now appears, however, from a memorandum dated July 5, 2000, that was obtained by subpoena in the Vioxx litigation and made available to the Journal, that at least two of the authors knew about the three additional myocardial infarctions at least two weeks before the authors submitted the first of two revisions and 4 1/2 months before publication of the article." During the five-year period between publication and Expression of Concern, it has been estimated that Merck paid NEJM as much as US$836,000 for article reprints that Merck used for promotional purposes. The journal was publicly rebuked for its response to the research issues in editorials appearing in publications including the British Medical Journal and the Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine.

Open access policy
NEJM makes articles that meet the criteria for global and public health importance freely available to all readers upon publication at NEJM.org. NEJM also partners with Research4Life in their Access to Research in Health (Hinari) program to grant to low-income countries immediate free access to NEJM.org.

NEJM does not charge authors any submission or publication fees. NEJM also works with authors whose articles report research supported by funding bodies with open access mandates, including (but not limited to) Plan S funders and the U.S. government, including NIH, to ensure that authors are able to meet their funders’ requirements for public access to research results.

For research articles submitted before February 1, 2024, NEJM makes the full-text Version of Record available at NEJM.org six months after publication. For research articles submitted on or after February 1, 2024, NEJM will provide authors with a PDF file of the Author Accepted Manuscript that may be deposited in a noncommercial repository after publication.

NEJM also has two podcast features, one with interviews of doctors and researchers that are publishing in the journal, and another summarizing the content of each issue. Other offerings include Continuing Medical Education, Videos in Clinical Medicine (showing videos of medical procedures), and the weekly Image Challenge.

Editors

 * Walter Prentice Bowers, 1921–1937
 * Robert Nason Nye, 1937–1947
 * Joseph Garland, 1947–1967
 * Franz J. Ingelfinger, 1967–1977
 * Arnold S. Relman, 1977–1991
 * Jerome P. Kassirer, 1991–1999
 * Marcia Angell, 1999–2000
 * Jeffrey M. Drazen, 2000–2019
 * Eric Rubin, 2019–present

title: The New England Journal of Medicine


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Action semantics

Action semantics is a framework for the formal specification of semantics of programming languages invented by David Watt and Peter D. Mosses in the 1990s. It is a mixture of denotational, operational and algebraic semantics.

Action semantics aim to be pragmatic, and action-semantic descriptions (ASDs) are designed to scale up to handle realistic programming languages. This is aided by the extensibility and modifiability of ASDs. This helps to ensure that extensions and changes do not require too many changes in the description. This is in contrast to the typical case when extending denotational or operational semantics, which may require reformulation of the entire description.

The action semantics framework was originally developed at the University of Aarhus and the University of Glasgow. Groups and individuals around the world have since contributed further to the approach.

Semantic entities
An important part of action semantics that gives it a modularity not seen in previous programming language semantics is the use of first-order semantic entities. First-order refers to how, unlike in denotational semantics, where a semantic function can be applied to another semantic function, in action semantics, a semantic entity cannot be applied to another semantic entity of its kind. Furthermore, the semantic entities utilized by action semantics broaden the framework’s ability to describe a programming language’s constructs by serving to denote both program behavior that is independent of any particular implementation and the way in which parts of a program influence the overall performance of the whole. The appropriately named action notation is employed to express the three types of semantic entities found in action semantics: actions, data, and yielders. The central semantic entity in this framework is actions, with data and yielders occupying supplementary roles. More specifically, actions are the mechanisms through which yielders and data are processed. An action, which can occur within another action, is a step-by-step representation of program behavior, where each step accesses current information, changes current information, or does both. Yielders appear within actions and only access current information. A yielder entity is capable of being evaluated, and when it is, the product is a datum entity.

Action entities
Action entities can directly represent programs’ semantics by describing possible program behaviors or represent, in a more indirect way, the impact that individual pieces of a program, like statements or expressions, have on the semantics of the program as a whole. They model computational behavior by indicating changes in state through their generation of new values from passed values. Specifically, an action accepts data passed to it via the current information — the transient data given to it, the bindings received by it, and the current state of storage — and, from this, gives new transient data, creates new bindings, updates the state of storage, or any combination of these. An action entity can culminate in four possible ways. It can: complete (terminate normally), escape (terminate in an exception), fail (alternative is discarded), or diverge (not terminate).

There are four categories of information that are processed by action performance. Transient information corresponds to intermediate results and is accessible for immediate use by the action. The data that comprises transient information encompasses the values given by expressions. If these values are not immediately used, they are lost. Scoped information corresponds to symbol tables and can be referenced from anywhere within the action and its sub-actions. It is also possible for such information to be hidden within a sub-action, via the creation of an inner scope, in which case it would be only locally accessible within that scope, to that sub-action. Stable information corresponds to values assigned to variables and can be modified in the action performance. Because alterations to storage during the performance of an action are persistent, only explicit actions can cause such modifications. In accordance with this, stable information is available until it is explicitly destroyed. And, unlike scoped information, it cannot be hidden. Permanent information corresponds to data exchanged between actions and can be extended but not modified. Transient information is produced only when an action completes or escapes, and scoped information is produced only when an action completes. The modification of stable information and the extension of permanent information must take place during action performance.

An action entity has five different facets, one for processing that does not rely on information, and four for processing each of the four different types of information. The basic facet, an example of which would be control flows, is not tied to information of any kind. The functional facet deals with the processing of transient information and is characterized by actions giving and accepting data. The declarative facet deals with the processing of scoped information and is characterized by actions creating and receiving bindings. The imperative facet deals with the processing of stable information and is characterized by actions allocating and freeing storage cells, and fetching and modifying the data stored in them. The communicative facet deals with processing permanent information and is characterized by actions sending and receiving messages and “offer[ing] contracts to agents.” There are two different kinds of actions in terms of their effect on the information in each facet. Primitive actions only affect the information in one facet. Action combinators permit actions that involve multiple facets, governing how control and information flows for each facet involved in a combined action. In combining actions, action combinators governor the sequencing of sub-action performances and the incoming and outgoing flows of data for each sub-action.

Data entities
Data entities are the items that comprise the information processed in action entities. The data is arranged into structures known as sorts. Sorts are sets of mathematical objects, include operations that can be performed on those objects, and are defined according to algebraic criteria. These structures allow access to each individual entity. Examples of data entities can include concrete elements like maps, lists, sets, strings, characters, numbers, and truth values, more abstract elements used solely for the purpose of some computational operation, namely data access, like agents, cells corresponding to memory locations, and tokens, or elements like contracts and messages that are a composite of data components. An abstraction is a data entity that encapsulates an action entity, in which case enacting the abstraction results in the action being performed. This is the technique by which action semantics represents the declaring and invoking of subprograms.

Yielder entities
Yielder entities consist of unevaluated quantities of data. The values of these quantities are contingent on the current information and state of computation. Yielders draw on transient data, bindings, and storage to select the information to be processed by actions. It is during action performance that yielders are evaluated, and their evaluation results in data entities. While the current information can influence the data produced by the evaluation of a yielder entity, the evaluation cannot influence the current information. If data operations are employed on yielder entities, compound yielder entities may be formed as a result.

Action notation
Regular English words serve as the symbols of action notation. Action notation is designed to simulate natural language, which is illustrated in the parts of speech used to denote semantic entities. Action entities are represented by verb phrases and data and yielder entities by noun phrases. The result of this choice of symbols is a framework that is highly readable and no less formal than other frameworks since it remains precisely defined.

Other key aspects
Action semantics embodies a level of abstraction that increases its comprehensibility. The specifics of the control and data flows that an action involves are implicitly incorporated in the action, as opposed to being explicitly expressed as the details of semantic functions are in denotational semantics. When an action is performed, most information processing and manipulation occurs automatically.

Program phrases are mapped to actions when constructing a definition of a programming language’s meaning in action semantics. The execution of a programming phrase corresponds to the performance of the action to which it maps.

The programming language specification generated from the application of action semantics can be broken down into a lower level (microsemantics) and an upper level (macrosemantics). The lower level consists of defining the meaning of action notation, while the upper level consists of defining the meaning of a programming language, using action notation to do so.

title: Action semantics


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CD+G

CD+G (also known as CD-G, CD+Graphics and TV-Graphics ) is an extension of the compact disc standard that can present low-resolution graphics alongside the audio data on the disc when played on a compatible device. CD+G discs are often used for karaoke machines, which use this functionality to present on-screen lyrics for the song contained on the disc. The CD+G specifications were published by Philips and Sony as an extension of the Red Book (CD standard) specifications.

The first CD to be released with CD+G graphics was Eat or Be Eaten by Firesign Theatre in 1985. The CD+EG is a similar format that allows for better graphics, but has very rarely been implemented in releases.

Design
The CD+G format takes advantage of the six Compact Disc subcode channels R through W (which are unused in standard Compact Disc Digital Audio), to provide 6 extra bits in CD+G for graphics information per 24 bytes of audio data. When a disc is read at normal speed, these six channels provide only 28.8 kbit/s for graphics, which is enough to provide primitive visuals but which is dwarfed by modern bitrates (for comparison see ).

In the CD+G system, 16-color (4-bit) raster graphics are constructed using tiled rendering with 6×12 pixel tiles (6 pixels wide and 12 lines high). These tiles are typically font definitions for text (such as for karaoke or info about the music). But the tiles can be used in any manner that tile rending permits, such as for fragments which combine together to represent a picture, or simply for patterns to decorate the background. These tiles are displayed in the main central 288×192 pixel area which is surrounded by a 1-tile thick border (for a total raster field of 300×216 pixels). The 16 colors are defined in a color table, which can be manipulated to change the color scheme and simulate primitive animations.

Instruction set
The main instructions for manipulating graphics are:
 * Memory Preset: Set the screen to a particular color.
 * Border Preset: Set the border of the screen to a particular color.
 * Tile Block (Normal): Load a 12×6 tile, 2 color tile and display it normally.
 * Scroll Preset: Scroll the image, filling in the new area with a color.
 * Scroll Copy: Scroll the image, rotating the bits back around.
 * Define Transparent Color: Define a specific color as being transparent.
 * Load Color Table (entries 0–7): Load in the lower 8 entries of the color table.
 * Load Color Table (entries 8–15): Load in the upper 8 entries of the color table.
 * Tile Block (XOR): Load a 12×6 tile, 2 color tile and display it using the XOR method.

Improvements

Compact Disc + Extended Graphics (CD+EG, also known as CD+XG and Extended TV-Graphics ) is an improved variant of the Compact Disc + Graphics (CD+G) format. Like CD+G, CD+EG utilizes basic audio CD features to display text and video information in addition to the music being played. This extra data is stored in the subcode channels R-W. Very few, if any, CD+EG discs have been published.
 * 288 pixels per line
 * 192 lines
 * up to 256 colors

Usage
Along with dedicated karaoke machines, other consumer devices that play CD+G format CDs include the NEC TurboGrafx-CD (a CD-ROM peripheral for the TurboGrafx-16) and Turbo Duo, as well as the Japan-only successor the PC-FX, the Philips CD-i, the Sega CD, Sega Saturn, the JVC X'Eye, the 3DO Interactive Multiplayer, the Amiga CD32 and Commodore CDTV, and the Atari Jaguar CD (an attachment for the Atari Jaguar). Some CD-ROM drives can also read this data. Pioneer's LaserActive player can also play CD+G discs, as long as either the PAC-S1/S-10 or PAC-N1/N10 game modules are installed.

Since 2003, some standalone DVD players have supported the CD+G format. Regular audio CD players will output only the audio tracks as if it was a normal music CD, unless otherwise designed to read the extra data (lyrics and images).

CD+G karaoke albums are still made today by several UK and US manufacturers including Sunfly, Zoom Entertainments, SBI Karaoke and Vocal Star. Although the popularity of CD sales are dwindling the format is still widely used as MP3+G downloads.

Notable releases
Although CD+G found its market in karaoke entertainment, some music labels were keen to experiment with the format and a number of albums were released which featured graphic images, animations and text. These special edition CD+G releases are now very rare and have become collectible items as a result. Some albums released include:

 * Alphaville – The Breathtaking Blue
 * Anita Baker – Rapture
 * Crosby, Stills & Nash – Live It Up
 * Fleetwood Mac – Behind the Mask
 * The Jimi Hendrix Experience – Smash Hits
 * Information Society – Information Society
 * Chris Isaak – Silvertone
 * Little Feat – Representing the Mambo
 * Lou Reed – New York
 * Simply Red – Picture Book
 * Donna Summer – Another Place and Time
 * Talking Heads – Naked

Daiichi Kosho is a former karaoke music manufacturer and their high-quality edit-a-vision range of 99 CD+Gs is still highly sought after by karaoke presenters today.

CD+G karaoke CDs are often ripped onto computer hard drives as MP3+G, with the audio encoded in the standard audio format, MP3, and the graphics encoded in a RAW format. These can then be played on computers using VLC media player, Karafun, or professionally by DJs and karaoke presenters using software such as Karma or Atomix VirtualDJ often in conjunction with a DJ controller manufactured by Pioneer, Denon, Roland or Numark.

title: CD+G


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West Norwood Cemetery

West Norwood Cemetery is a 40 acre rural cemetery in West Norwood in London, England. It was also known as the South Metropolitan Cemetery. One of the first private landscaped cemeteries in London, it is one of the "Magnificent Seven" cemeteries of London, and is a site of major historical, architectural and ecological interest.

Its grounds are a mixture of historic monumental cemetery and modern lawn cemetery, but it also has catacombs, cremation plots and a columbarium for cinerary ashes. The cemetery's crematorium still operates, but all the conventional and cremated remains burial plots have been allocated and hence it is closed to new burials pending further agreement under current burial legislation.

Location
The Main gate is located on Norwood Road near the junction with Robson Road, where Norwood Road forks into Norwood High Street and Knights' Hill. It is in the London Borough of Lambeth (SE27). The local authority is the current owner. The site, with some of its neighbouring streets, forms part of a conservation area.

Site
Believed by some to hold the finest collection of sepulchral monuments in London, the cemetery features 69 Grade II and Grade II* listed buildings and structures, including a dedicated Greek Orthodox necropolis with 19 listed mausoleums and monuments. It is one of the Magnificent Seven metropolitan lawn cemeteries of the Victorian era, and its extensive Gothic Revival architecture qualifies it as one of the significant cemeteries in Europe.

Lambeth Council have recognised it as a site of nature conservation value within the Borough in addition to its outstanding value as a site of national historic and cultural interest. English Heritage have placed it on the National Register of Historic Parks and Gardens, describing it as the first cemetery to be designed in the Gothic Revival style. The entrance gate is set within railings, painted a historically accurate 'spice' brown. Railings and walls were kept high to dispel fears of body snatchers. There is a second entrance nearby, normally kept locked, in Norwood High Street which is close to West Norwood railway station.

It is a mixture of cleared, manicured, and mature landscaping, and includes Anglican and unconsecrated burial grounds, a crematorium, memorial gardens, columbarium, recordia, chapel, vaults and catacombs on top of a gently rolling hill, with views across South London. The larger plots on the central higher ground and by the main drives were originally sold as prime locations and are the site of some of the grander Anglican monuments and mausolea, while the Greek Orthodox necropolis in the North East contains a high density of neoclassical architecture.

Many of these mausolea are listed, such as the Grade II mausoleum for Sir Henry Doulton's family, constructed appropriately of pottery and terracotta. As a contrast, just a few yards to the west of the crematorium is the very simple headstone to Isabella Mary Mayson Beeton, aka Mrs Beeton, the Victorian cookery writer.

History

The cemetery was founded by its own Act of Parliament of 1836 and consecrated for its first burials in 1837. By 2000, there had been 164,000 burials in 42,000 plots, plus 34,000 cremations and several thousand interments in its catacombs (see also Catacombs of London).

As early as 1711, Sir Christopher Wren advocated the creation of burial grounds on the outskirts of town, "inclosed with a strong Brick Wall, and having a walk round, and two cross walks, decently planted with Yew-trees." In 1830, George Frederick Carden, editor of The Penny Magazine, successfully petitioned Parliament about the parlous state of London's over-full church burial yards. Over time they passed a number of laws that effectively halted burials in London's churchyards, moving them 'to places where they would be less prejudicial to the health of the inhabitants'. In 1836, a specific Parliamentary statute enabled the South Metropolitan Cemetery Company to purchase land from the estate of the late Lord Thurlow in what was then called Lower Norwood and create the second of the 'Magnificent Seven' cemeteries.

The new cemetery was consecrated by the Bishop of Winchester on 7 December 1837, receiving its first burial soon after. Until 1877, the consecrated grounds were overseen by the Diocese of Winchester, and then Rochester, before coming under the authority of Southwark from 1905.

Architect William Tite was a director of the cemetery company and designed the landscaping, some monuments, and was eventually interred there himself. This was the first cemetery in the UK to be designed in the new Gothic style. It offered a rural setting in open countryside, as it lay outside London at that time. Its design and location attracted the attention of wealthy – and aspirational – Victorians, who commissioned many fine mausoleums and memorials for their burial plots and vaults.

The site of the cemetery was part of the ancient Great North Wood, from which Norwood took its name. Although many trees had been cleared, a number of mature specimens were included in Tite's original landscaping. A tree survey of the cemetery in 2005 identified one oak which is thought to date from 1540 to 1640. Fourteen more oaks, a maple and an ash tree were identified that predate the foundation of the cemetery in 1836. In the first years of the cemetery's operation, these were joined by coniferous trees and evergreen holm oaks.

Enclosures
In 1842, a section of the cemetery was acquired by London's Greek community for a Greek Orthodox cemetery, and this soon filled with many fine monuments and large mausoleums, memorialising the history of Anglo-Hellenic families. Grade II*-listed St Stephen's Chapel within the Greek section is sometimes attributed to architect John Oldrid Scott. The Greek necropolis is overseen by the trustees of the Cathedral of Saint Sophia.

Another enclosure in the south-east corner was acquired by St Mary-at-Hill in the City of London for its own parish burials.

More recent history
The Dissenters' chapel was damaged by a V-1 flying bomb during World War II and rebuilt in 1956. In 1960 the grand Episcopal chapel was levelled, to be replaced by a memorial rose garden over its catacombs.

The main office at the front of the cemetery was also damaged by another flying bomb; it was rebuilt after the war in a style more sympathetic to its Gothic surroundings.

Between 1978 and 1993, the cemetery achieved several levels of official recognition by being included in the West Norwood Conservation Area, while the entrance arch, the fine railings by Bramah and 64 monuments were listed as Grade II and II*.

However, space for new burials had largely been exhausted by the inter-war years, and, deprived of this regular source of income, the cemetery company was unable to properly afford its upkeep or the repair of buildings damaged by wartime bombing. Lambeth Council compulsorily purchased the cemetery in 1965, and controversially extinguished past rights and claimed ownership over the existing graves. Lambeth changed some of the character of the grounds through "lawn conversion", removing at least 10,000 monuments (including some of the listed monuments) and restarted new burials, reselling existing plots for re-use. Consistory Court cases fought in the Southwark Diocese in 1995 and 1997 found this to be illegal. It brought about the cessation of new burials and forced the restoration of a handful of the damaged or removed monuments. In addition it required Lambeth to publish an index of cleared and resold plots, so that the descendants of historic owners can identify and request restitution of their family's plot.

As a consequence of the courts' findings, Lambeth now operates the cemetery in accordance with a scheme of management under the joint control of all interested parties, that includes Lambeth, the Diocese, the Friends of West Norwood Cemetery and conservation bodies such as Historic England.

Crematorium
While the Anglican catacombs were a popular place for interment, those below the Dissenter's chapel remained largely empty. With the rise of the cremation movement the Cemetery Company identified this as a new source of revenue, and chose to rebuild part of the Dissenters' chapel in 1915 as a crematorium with access from the main hall or/and from the west. A Tousoil Fradet & Cie gas cremator was installed in the basement of the crematorium hall, with its regenerator installed in a vacant portion of the adjacent catacombs. A short length of track led from the basement of the hall into the crematorium for the use of a metal 'introducer' bier. This furnace was augmented over the next few years by two more cremators, designed by the cemetery superintendent Lockwood and the engineering company of Youngs. This equipment is located entirely underground, and used the original Bramah hydraulic lift of the catacombs to lower the coffin from the Crematorium Chapel at ground level, where a 'marshalling yard' of narrow gauge railway track allowed the bier to be moved to the correct furnace. After the war, the Dissenter's chapel was rebuilt in a more modern style as a crematorium, recordia, and columbarium over its catacombs and furnaces. Its equipment has been updated several times, and its cremators are still used on a daily basis. Lambeth Council does not allow publication of images of the crematorium chapel or cremators on any internet website including Wikipedia.

Interments and memorials
A War Memorial in the form of a Cross of Sacrifice is the first memorial a visitor encounters, between the main gate and the inner gate. The Commonwealth War Graves Commission lists 136 Commonwealth war service burials of World War I and 52 of World War II, plus 18 cremations during the latter war. There is also one Belgian war burial and two Greek civilian victims of the RMS Lusitania sinking. There are many British and Indian Army officers buried in various parts of the cemetery. Spencer John Bent, Victoria Cross recipient for action in the First World War, who was cremated here, is commemorated in a garden of remembrance.

More than 200 people buried in the cemetery are recorded in the Dictionary of National Biography. The Friends of West Norwood Cemetery have recorded and compiled biographies for many more of these with:
 * a large number of inventors, engineers, architects, and builders, such as Sir Hiram Maxim, inventor of the automatic machine gun, Sir Henry Bessemer, engineer and inventor of the famous steel process, James Henry Greathead who tunnelled much of the London Underground, William Burges and Sir William Tite, gothic architects
 * many artists and entertainers, including: David Roberts, artist, George Stansbury, actor and acrobat George Conquest, composer and operatic singer, William Collingwood Smith, painter, Joseph Barnby, composer and resident conductor at the Royal Albert Hall, Katti Lanner, ballet dancer, Paul Cinquevalli, juggler and actors O. Smith, E. J. Lonnen, Patsy Smart, Maria Zambaco and Mary Brough
 * many notable medics, such as: Dr William Marsden, founder of the Royal Free Hospital and The Royal Marsden Hospital, Dr Gideon Mantell, the geologist and pioneering palaeontologist, and Sister Eliza Roberts, Florence Nightingale's principal nurse during the Crimean War
 * more than twenty Members of Parliament at Westminster including Lord Alverstone (several times Attorney-General) and Lord Chattisham, some Lord Mayors of London and a few Australian settler politicians including Sir George Shenton the first Mayor of Perth
 * many sportsmen, including C. W. Alcock, founder of Test cricket and the FA Cup, Georg Hackenschmidt, Anglo-Russian professional wrestler, and Harry Broome, English bare-knuckle boxing champion

There are also many notables of the time, such as Sir Henry Tate, sugar magnate and founder of London's Tate Gallery, Arthur Anderson, co-founder of the Peninsular & Oriental Steam Navigation Company, Paul Julius Baron von Reuter, founder of the news agency, and the Revd. Charles Spurgeon, Baptist preacher, Isabella Beeton (the famous cookery writer), who died at 28 in childbirth, Lloyd Jones, Co-operative Society activist, to name but a few.

The Greek diaspora is well represented, including the Ralli family, Panayis Vagliano, Rodocanachi family, Michalinos Family and Princess Eugenie Palaeologue.

Reburials and exhumations
In 1847 some 12,000 remains were taken from the burial vault beneath the Enon Chapel near The Strand, which, after a public health scandal, was bought by George Walker, a prominent surgeon, who had the bodies removed to Norwood Cemetery for reburial in a single mass grave.

In 1969, 11,500 remains were taken from the closed burial ground of St George's, Hanover Square in Bayswater, to West Norwood Cemetery and cremated, for burial here.

A Victoria Cross recipient from the Indian Mutiny, South Africa-born Joseph Petrus Hendrik Crowe, was originally buried here in 1876 but following the discovery of his grave in neglected condition his body was exhumed and reburied in his native town of Uitenhage in 1977.

Gallery
West Norwood Cemetery is one of the Magnificent Seven. It is one of the two cemeteries located south of the river Thames (the other being Nunhead Cemetery).

Cemeteries nearby

 * This cemetery 51.433°N, -0.0982°W
 * Camberwell Old Cemetery 51.4508°N, -0.0585°W
 * Camberwell New Cemetery 51.4542°N, -0.0477°W
 * Nunhead Cemetery 51.4636°N, -0.0528°W
 * Lambeth Cemetery 51.4276°N, -0.182°W
 * Streatham Cemetery 51.4335°N, -0.1745°W

Transport
The cemetery is easily reached by public transport:
 * Bus: 2, 68, 196, 315, 322, 432, 468 all have stops nearby
 * Train: West Norwood railway station is close by
 * Underground: Brixton station.

title: West Norwood Cemetery


text:
Zatar

Zatar may refer to:
 * the Middle Eastern spice mixture Za'atar
 * Zatar, a character on Weird TV, also known as the Mutant King

title: Zatar


text:
Talk:White Separatism

Archive

rebuttal
The National Alliance dismisses all criticism of this type as part of a Jewish plot to suppress the "racial defense mechanisms" of white people by condemning those who believe in "white separatist ideals" as "white supremacists".

 * The above is not only a valid rebuttel, but it contains information which is quite useful to anyone researching the topic. Sam Spade 02:12, 6 Apr 2004 (UTC)

It's anti-semitic. AndyL 03:05, 6 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * so are most white seperatists, and probably everybody at National Alliance. Its an accurate representation of their thoughts on the subject, and it is cited. I would think you'd be happy to have Paul provide such an obvious window into that organizations sentiments.

 * the "racial defense mechanisms" bit, and the emphasis on jews is especially telling. I strongly suggest you leave this as is. It has already been NPOV'ed from Pauls original. Sam Spade 03:10, 6 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * You shoulda seen Paul's original. I see nothing wrong with letting them shoot their own feet off. Wikipedia does try to fairly present opinions, even odious ones, without necessarily endorsing them - David Gerard 07:35, Apr 6, 2004 (UTC)

factual accuracy
who is disputing the accuracy, and why? Can that dispute header be removed, the article seems plenty accurate to me at this juncture. Sam Spade 19:02, 6 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * It is now, as the National Alliance does not call itself "Neo-Nazi" anymore than Cosmotheists call themselves "Piercean", but they do call themselves White separatist. Let those that do go and that do read the material there for themselves determine just what and who they really are.-PV

 * Well, if they call Hitler the greatest man of the 20th century that's pretty neo-Nazi. Don't forget Pierce was a member of the American Nazi Party AndyL 21:53, 6 Apr 2004 (UTC)

That was Dr. Pierce's own "opinion" expressed in a editorial in National Vanguard and Dr. Pierce was an associate of the ANP, but, he soon left the ANP after the assassinaton of Rockwell and a split with Kohl, and thereafter, he no longer was an "Neo-Nazi".-PV

 * I'm pretty sure you don't think paul has forgotten that ;). The article doesn't need to say it, because it isn't what white seperatism is about. Hitler wasn't interested in running away from minorities, he wanted to kill em or dominate em, generally a bit of both. white seperatists want to run away to the great NW. Sam Spade 09:55, 8 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * That's not quite accurate. By many accounts Hitler wanted to deport non-Germanic people but by the time he got them rounded up, he found himself surrounded. Unable to manage the detention program inspired by Henry Ford's publication of "The International Jew", he began killing them.
 * This essay is also diminished by efforts to reach conclusive statements about the views of seperatists who often change their views in the context of changing circumstances. That flaw reflects a general trend among inexperienced analysts who attempt to define a character in absolute terms rather than analyzing human responses in the context of emerging situations. J.B.White 02:46, 10 Apr 2004 (UTC)

No, I haven't forgotten, and Dr. Pierce had a right to his own "opinion". Besides, the subjective term "greatest" can and does have many meanings. It is quite clear that Hitler was a "White Supremacist", but, it is equally clear that Pierce was a White Separatist, A white separatist FAQ and that his political organization, the National Alliance, actually wants to create their own Free State or Homeland, for Whites ONLY.-PV

Is White Sepratism Racist?
That is one of the more stupid comments I've ever heard on wikipedia. Sam Spade does not know what he is talking about (a trend?), comparing white separatists to libertaraians is borderline retarded. As for the National Alliance being a "white seperatist" organization, sorry the facts point in the opposite direction the late (thankfully) Dr. William Pierce who headed the organization was anything but someone who wanted to "run away" from his problems at all he advocated a violent revolution against those he saw as trying to destroy him and his people (see Turner Diaries as well as his transcipted speechs on the National Alliance site). Maybe he felt as though he was striking BACK against some perceived injustice against him but by no means was he going to go anywhere and hide from his "problems". The fact is, white seperatism is a racist belief system in which the advocate believes in White Supremacism-hence he/she does not want to mix or deal with other races. This argument over whether white seperatists believe in white supremacism is ridiculous. Particularily when there is no evidence to support the position that there are indeed white seperatists or white separatist organizations who are not in fact, white supremacists or hold white supremacist beliefs. GrazingshipIV 12:06, Apr 8, 2004 (UTC)

 * "Stupid" and "retarded" comments? Not exactly. You may be correct in that Dr. Pierce was not the kind of person to "run away" from problems and that he did advocate a revolution, and a violent one if necessary, to prevent the planned destruction of the White Race via miscegenation and the massive Third-World and mostly Non-White Immigration/Invasion of America and the rest of the White Western World. But, White separatism, like any other "separatism", DOES NOT imply "supremacy", whatsoever, and neither does it "racism", but, only the continued "SURVIVAL" and advancement of ones' own quite UNIQUE GROUP IDENTITY and ones own UNIQUE GROUP CHARACTERISTICS. The National Alliance is a White separatist group that is not "racist" nor does it officially have nor officially hold "White supremacist" beliefs, as the quoted speech by Kevin Alfred Strom of the National Alliance has made quite clear, here:
 * and in their offical GOALS of the National Alliance found on their two main websites: http://www.natvan.com or http://www.natall.com
 * You, in fact, were wrong and your POV bias of "glee" at another persons' death, ie. Dr. Pierce's, is solid proof of that fact.-PV

First off when you put something in quotations the otherperson has to say (or state) it I never stated I had ""glee"" over his death I am just glad he is dead because he was a rather nasty human being. Your statement as to the goals of the national alliance prove my point, particularly about racism. You admit to the racism (not yours but of the groups) by using a term like "UNIQUE GROUP IDENTITY" that being the white race as a group. That standard of thinking is textbook racism which anyone who determines that other human beings be compartmentalized along racial lines (note this would include Louis Farakhan and Malcom X) racism is a beleif in race as being factually true. By stating that race as a biological feature exists you are a racist. I do understand that the term itself has negative conotations (as I feel it does) but racism has been around since the early social darwinism movement in Europe so its popular among many. I am stating that "White Seperatism", as defined and used, has all the tenants of White supremacy. The most notable of which is an anti-race-mixing beleif, the reasons of which are a perceived pollution of a unique (i.e better) group. I agree that there are allot of people of other races that engage in the same behavior, that does not mean that makes you any more right or wrong than them. This notion in my opinion is rather silly but to claim White seperatism is not AT LEAST racist is Wrong.GrazingshipIV 19:11, Apr 8, 2004 (UTC)

 * Saying a particular opinion is wrong is POV. Review NPOV and see if its something you can accept. Otherwise there are plenty of places where you can yell about racism, try a Klan rally. Sam Spade 19:26, 8 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Yes I admit that I have a point of view in here as do you Sam. On the page I presented factual information. Sam you can pretend all you want to be above such a discussion but the question remains is white seperatism racist or not? Caste a vote or stop pretending to be neutral. GrazingshipIV 19:30, Apr 8, 2004 (UTC)

Civility
Come on, guys. Let's not forget the principle of Civility here. R ADICAL B ENDER ★  19:31, 8 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Fair enough, Radical could you organize a vote on this question? GrazingshipIV 19:34, Apr 8, 2004 (UTC)

 * What's the contention: that the concept of "white separatism" is "racist"? This is what you say, yes?  R ADICAL B ENDER  ★  19:43, 8 Apr 2004 (UTC)

My contention is that to believe in white seperatism someone must adopt the ideals of racism that it is an integral part of white seperatism. So I would say ask "Is White Separatism a racist belief system?"

I would say YES. GrazingshipIV 19:46, Apr 8, 2004 (UTC)

 * OK, but there's also a second question that I see now (Sam Spade brought it up). The question is also raised whether or not the term racist as it stands as a descriptive word used to describe any group (as opposed to the article, Racist) is NPOV.  I would posit that these two questions are what require answers.

 * Could you post an argument for your position to add "racist" into the article and, since I'm assuming you would then agree with the subequent argument, could you please argue the idea that "racist" can be NPOV as well?

 * Conversely, I would ask the anon, or whomever else is watching to post a counter-argument that 1. racist should not be added into the article and 2. that the term "racist" is not NPOV.

 * If this is done, I will put it together in the form of a poll and also make a mention at RfC. R ADICAL B ENDER  ★  19:54, 8 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Arguement for
1.A link to racism (as is in one of my versions) along with categorizing the movement as such, should be added to the article as so many of the sources for and beliefs of the formentioned people and groups are racist in nature. To talk about white seperatism without at least mentioning racism as part of it seems to be a diservice to wikipedia. The National alliance as an example used on the page, is a white supremacist group (view their website to affirm if you so desire) and henceforth warrants the mention of racism on the page. Also the term "white" in white seperatism is a racial term as not being used to talk about the color white in a non-human instance (such as white wash or white lie).

2. When I am saying the belief system is racist, I am making an academic reference. Racism is a belief system that comes from social darwinism in which you must believe that there is a difference between certain groups of people who can be labeled "white, black, brown, yellow etc" and that those differences are drastic enough for them to be seperate in nature. This belief system came from early science which is how people where characterized in early 19th century Europe the terms have stuck.

My contention about the validity of these terms is known to all, but academically (rather than morally) racism is not a POV term it refers to a detailed belief system. The reason it may be considered a POV statement is due to Western societies new social dislike for the term following politcal correctness or that allot of people genuinely disagree with the validity and morality of such characterizations of people. Eitherway, this being an academic entity, an encyclopedia, I think racism and racist as referring to an idea or belief is appropriate-when it is genuinely believed by the person using it. Racism along with racists really exist and henceforth should be labeled as such. GrazingshipIV 20:17, Apr 8, 2004 (UTC)

problem solved?
I made a couple of changes/additions, maybe this has solved the need for a poll, or whatnot? Sam Spade 20:08, 8 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Well, I think its an improvement as in accordance with my response to the previous point 1. But I think the background of the philosophy should be noted somewhere perhaps a "see also: Racism" or something. Note lets see the response to this correction by those arguing against before it's a noted "compromise" or "solved problem" they might not abide that either. GrazingshipIV 20:21, Apr 8, 2004 (UTC)

recent edits
there should be more quotes from white seperatist organizations on this article, not less. By attempting to censor, you soften the image, and trivialize it. We can be NPOV and also present the facts. We are not to take a side, or present more of one argument than another. Please review the conversation at the top of the page on this very subject. Sam Spade 00:24, 9 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * Cite your sources Verifiability NPOV
 * These are all useful on this subject. Sam Spade 00:26, 9 Apr 2004 (UTC)

I have edited out an obviously POV and "non-documented" false assertion. On which "occasion" has a White separatist declare or label themselves as "racist"? Cite the sources. Provide the quoted proof from PRIMARY SOURCES. -PV

---

A white seperatist is often viewed as racist by their socialist or Marxist detractors.-Is anyone claiming this as being not true? Why was it edited out? The available evidence is overwhelming from Political correctness to those behind promoting the so-called Hate crime laws. -PV

 * It's not untrue but it implies that all detractors are socialist or Marxist. - Fennec 17:36, 9 Apr 2004 (UTC)

The qualifier "often" doesn't suggest "all" at all. It is a true statement and it is a NPOV and thus it should stay.-PV

It is false by omission. It would more accurate to state "A white separatist if often viewed as racist by their anarchist, socialist, liberal, conservative or libertarian detractors" ie certainly there are many conservatives out their who view "white separatists". Indeed, there are many people of all political hues who view white separatists as racist so it's simply to just say "their detractors" without enumerating themAndyL 03:39, 11 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Either a statement is true or it is false. It was not false by "omission", as that is actually only your own non-Wiki NPOV, POV opinion.-PV

 * It's not false by omission, but misleading and POV by omission. - Fennec 14:44, 12 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Again, that also is actually only your own non-Wiki NPOV, POV opinion.-PV

Actually it is not a POV to deem white seperatism as racist. By definition it is, as it recognizes race as a true and meaningful classification of humans. Also as it is exclusionary, only whites can live in such communities that the seperatists would create. Also society at large (particularly in North America, Europe and Australia) have designated white seperatist as such-not just marxists and socialists, in fact the only political group who do not think white seperatists are racists are the the white seperatists themselves. The group that is the only listed White seperatists organization (The National Alliance) praises Adolf Hitler who was a racist (note:the anon may even disagree with that). This argument is ridiculous and I again strongly request a vote as discussed above. GrazingshipIV 15:20, Apr 12, 2004 (UTC)

Actually it is not a POV to deem white seperatism as racist.

Actually, it is quite POV and slanderous to do so. Are not such "separatist" groups allowed to define themselves without being so falsely and so POV slandered?-PV

In answer to the anon- No in fact groups are not allowed to "define themselves" if that were the case every group would be flawless and perfect. On the page all viewpoints shall be given, this is not propaganda for white supremacy not matter how much you want it to be. The views of white seperatists are and should be expressed along with what others think of them. White seperatism is not new and the ideology that preceeded it is well defined so trying to revise history, logic or common sense will not be fruitful for you. It is racist, pure and simple. If you find the term racist slanderous thats your POV and your entiteled to it. But racism really exists as a belief system independent of its negative connotations in Western society. By noting these seperatists as White and believing in Whiteness they are by definition racist. Get it through your head this page is never going to give your group a positive spin because it is going to state the facts. If you wish to type up reasons why white seperatists are in favor of their ideology feel free, but stop pushing your POV on to terms that are already well defined and documented. GrazingshipIV 15:47, Apr 12, 2004 (UTC)

'''By noting these seperatists as White and believing in Whiteness they are by definition racist. Get it through your head this page is never going to give your group a positive spin because it is going to state the facts.'''

Only by your own biased and bigoted POV beliefs are "White separatists" actually "racist".

http://www.crusader.net/resources/election.html

You are not really NPOV stating the facts at all, and a NPOV is what Wiki supposedly strives for and not just your own biased POV to cast any "negative spin" on anything or upon any ideas or ideals or religion that you, in your POV bias, just don't happen to like.-PV

- Page protected on 12 April 2004

Just to say that someone changed 'most' to 'some', only moments before I did. Given that the apartheid regime of SA plus the 'separatists' of the US south clearly believe in the superiority of the white races, that pretty much accounts for a majority of the 'separatists'. I would stronly oppose any move back. DJ Clayworth 18:49, 20 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Corrected obvious mis-spellings and edited for a more Wiki NPOV.-PV

title: Talk:White Separatism


text: User talk:209.66.19.233

title: User talk:209.66.19.233


text:
Freescale Semiconductor

Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. was an American semiconductor manufacturer. It was created by the divestiture of the Semiconductor Products Sector of Motorola in 2004. Freescale focused their integrated circuit products on the automotive, embedded and communications markets. It was bought by a private investor group in 2006, and subsequently merged into NXP Semiconductors in 2015.

Divesture from Motorola and first IPO
As of 2003, Motorola Semiconductor Products Sector earned US$5.0 billion in semiconductor sales in 2002 (out of US$27 billion sales for all of Motorola).

Motorola announced that their semiconductor division would be divested on October 6, 2003 and would have a temporary name SPS Spinco.

Freescale completed its Initial public offering (IPO) on July 16, 2004, at a price of US$13. In its announcement, it estimated the stock price to be US$17.50- 19.50 but following a cooling of the market towards tech stocks, it lowered its price to US$13. Existing shareholders of Motorola stock received 0.110415 shares of Freescale stock for every share of Motorola stock as a dividend which was distributed on December 2, 2004.

Buyout
On September 15, 2006, Freescale agreed to accept a buyout for the sum of $17.6 billion ($40 per share) by a consortium led by the Blackstone Group. Share prices of $13 at the July 2004 IPO had risen to $39.35 in afterhours trading that Friday when the news, rumored that week, broke. A special shareholders meeting on November 13, 2006, voted to accept the buyout offer. The purchase, which closed on December 1, 2006, is reportedly the largest private buyout of a technology company and one of the ten largest buyouts of all time.

Second IPO
Freescale filed to go public again on February 11, 2011, and completed its IPO on May 26, 2011. Freescale was traded on the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker symbol FSL. At the time of the IPO, the company had $7.6 billion in outstanding debt on its books, and the company was investigated for misconduct related to this IPO.

MH370
On March 8, 2014, Freescale announced that 20 of its employees were lost aboard Malaysia Airlines Flight 370.

Automotive
A MEMS-based satellite accelerometer, a Airbag System Basis Chip as well as a dual-axis SPI inertial sensor designed for use with the PSI5 open standard airbag systems were announced in 2011. A microcontroller meant to be used in anti-lock braking systems as well as electronic power steering applications was released in 2008. Freescale also produced pressure sensors for engine management systems.

Freescale's SMARTMOS analog portfolio provides power actuation and multiple switch detect interface family ICs and system basis chips for hybrid vehicles.

In November 2008 Freescale announced that the company would collaborate with McLaren Electronic Systems to further develop its KERS system for McLaren's Formula One car from 2010 onwards. Both parties believed this collaboration would improve McLaren's KERS system and help the system filter down to road car technology.

Other business units
Besides the MSG (Micro-controller Solutions Group), Freescale's other major semiconductor businesses are the NMG (Networking and Multimedia Group) as well as RASG (RF, Analog and Sensors Group). Freescale, under the guidance of IBM, had also been a source of PowerPC microprocessors (ICs) for Apple Computer's PowerBooks and Mac mini products until the Mac transition to Intel processors in 2006. They joined Power.org in 2006 as a founding member to develop and promote the use of Power Architecture.

DragonBall is a low power derivation of the earlier Motorola 68000 family microprocessors. Freescale also has a portfolio of Digital Signal Processor (DSP) products based on StarCore Technology. Freescale's DSPs are being used in Broadband Wireless, Voice Over IP and video infrastructure systems.

Litigation
Freescale was sued by Marvell Semiconductor for infringing seven patents. The case was settled in 2015.

Freescale lost a patent infringement lawsuit filed by Tessera Corporation and was forced to pay an undisclosed amount as part of the settlement.

Merger
A merger agreement with NXP Semiconductors was announced in March 2015, to form a US$40 2015 billion company. The acquisition closed on December 7, 2015.

title: Freescale Semiconductor


text:
Lori Lemaris

Lori Lemaris is a mermaid in DC Comics, and a romantic interest for Superman. She is from Tritonis, a city in the undersea lost continent of Atlantis, and first appeared in Superman #129. She was created by Bill Finger and Wayne Boring. Lori is one of several Superman characters with the alliterative initials "LL", including Lois Lane, Lex Luthor, Lana Lang, Lyla Lerrol, Luma Lynai and Lucy Lane.

Silver Age
Lori was first introduced in the story "The Girl in Superman's Past" in Superman #129 (May 1959). The story revealed that while attending Metropolis University, Clark met Lori, who was attending as a student and hiding her mermaid identity by posing as a wheelchair-using student with a blanket covering her lower body. Clark and Lori soon fell in love with each other, but Clark started to wonder why Lori would repeatedly cut their dates short every night to return home at 8 PM. Clark eventually decided to propose marriage to Lori, but Lori told Clark that she couldn't marry him, and that she also had to return to her native country. Heartbroken, and growing suspicious of why Lori had to return home every night at a preset time, Clark investigated, and discovered Lori's mermaid secret when he saw the tank of water in her room. Lori, in turn, revealed that thanks to her people's telepathic powers, she knew that he was really Superman all along, but promised to keep the knowledge of his identity a secret. Lori also stated that since the two came from such different worlds, they could never be wed. After a parting kiss underwater, the two bid farewell to each other.

Lori made various appearances throughout the Silver Age Superman comics. She was killed in the 1985 limited series Crisis on Infinite Earths, along with many other characters.

Modern Age
Lori was soon brought back in a new incarnation after John Byrne's 1986 Man of Steel limited series, which revised Superman's origins. Her post-Crisis incarnation first appeared in Superman (vol. 2) #12 in December 1987. Lori's post-Crisis origin story and her relationship with Clark remained similar to the original, except that post-Crisis, Clark had not yet adopted a superheroic identity at the time he was in college. Additionally, in the modern version, Lori also had a mission to discover other cities of the continent of Atlantis, a quest completed when Superman later met Aquaman, who revealed he was a native of just such a city.

In Lori's appearances in the mid-to-late 1990s, she had been magically altered so that she would be human when dry and a mermaid when wet. Lois Lane agreed to let her stay at her apartment for a while during a trip to Metropolis; however, Lori being an old flame of Clark's put a brief strain on Lois and Clark's relationship, though things were soon straightened out. Lori remained a recurring character through the rest of the 1990s. At one point she was accused of being a black market smuggler of underground artifacts and confronted by Daily Planet reporter Steve Lombard and a camera crew. To escape, she dove off a bridge and swam away. Not understanding her nature, Steve and the crew believed she committed suicide to escape the criminal charges leveled against her.

Lemaris made an appearance in Justice Leagues, a Justice League of America comic event in 2001 involving her native Atlantis. In human form, her feet do not touch the ground, instead floating about an inch above it.

Lori was thought to be killed in the 2005-2006 Infinite Crisis limited series when the out-of-control, magic-hating Spectre destroyed Atlantis. She appeared again after the Crisis' reality-altering events in a flashback story shown in 2007's Superman Confidential #6-7.

Joker's Wild
In the Tangent Comics series Joker's Wild, a human reporter named Lori Lemaris is one of three heroines masquerading as a heroic version of Joker. After one of her comrades dies in action, Lori refuses to wear the Joker outfit anymore, instead wearing the recently deceased Manhunter's costume. She also appears in Tangent: Superman's Reign series (March 2008).

Superman: Year One
Lori appears in the second issue of Frank Miller's Superman: Year One limited series, which presents a new take on Superman's origins.

In other media
Lori Lemaris appears in Young Justice, voiced by Kath Soucie. This version is a student of the Conservatory of Sorcery who later becomes a general and representative of the Atlantean city-state of Tritonis.

title: Lori Lemaris