text:
User:PBS/Notes

 * General Treaty Merge into Bonn–Paris conventions

Frequent access

 * Template talk:Source-attribution
 * Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating citation to the NSRW

 * BCWs copyright issues
 * paragraph symbol ¶ and section sign § ¶  §
 * HTML Codes for punctuation and other characters & = &#38; (or &amp;), Non-breaking apace = &nbsp; and ( [ = &#91;  and ] = &#93; ) and = = &#61;
 * HTML special characters "light smiley face": ☺ = &#9786; "dark smiley face": ☻ &#9787; "sunburst": ☼ = &#9788;

 * Manual of Style/Lead section to do
 * User talk:Plastikspork/Archive 9 to do

 * Press coverage In the news Press coverage 2021

 * sigma/editorinteract.py Check out edit patters by two or more users (between interaction)
 * WikiBlame is an online browser-based tool for searching the revision history of a MediaWiki based wiki for a text string to identify the author of a particular change to the page. See http://wikipedia.ramselehof.de/wikiblame.php

Revision link

Format citation tools

 * See also Wikimedia Labs/Toolserver replacements
 * Wikipedia Reflinks dispenser Reflinks or fengtools/reflinks change bare URLs into cite web
 * Linkrot
 * Google book tool Converts bare url into cite book format
 * yadkard similar to the book tool
 * User:Citation bot available as a gadget
 * The citoid node.js service generates citation data given a URL, DOI, PMID, or PMCID.
 * ProveIt GT is a gadget that makes it easy to find, edit, add and cite references when editing Wikipedia articles.
 * Help:Citation Style 1 -- another list
 * ProveIt is a gadget that makes it easy to find, edit, add, and cite references when editing Wikipedia articles.
 * ProveIt is a gadget that makes it easy to find, edit, add, and cite references when editing Wikipedia articles.

Fix a citation so it does not go dead
List of web archives on Wikipedia
 * https://archive.org/web/ -- Wayback machine will archive a link if it has not got a copy of it already
 * http://www.webcitation.org -- is an on-demand archiving system for webreferences (cited webpages and websites, or other kinds of Internet-accessible digital objects),

Edit tools & scripts

 * See also Wikimedia Labs/Toolserver replacements
 * WP:AWB
 * User:Joeytje50/JWB
 * Twinkle available as a gadget
 * Huggle anti-vanal optomised editor
 * Tools
 * Tools/Browser integration
 * Tools/Navigation popups
 * Tools/Greasemonkey user scripts
 * Gadget Special:Preferences
 * Scripts Category:Wikipedia scripts WikiProject User scripts
 * AutoEd
 * User:Cacycle/wikEd available as a gadget
 * User:GregU/dashes.js
 * CatScan2 (catscan2.php) manual Catscan2 searches recursively categories with subcategories to overlap with other categories, templates, etc.
 * catscan_rewrite.php example for two templates on one page CathEncy Catholic
 * demonstration of how useful these tool are.

 * User:Ucucha/HarvErrors
 * User:TheJJJunk/Automatic Referencing Assistant
 * User:Equazcion/OneClickArchiver
 * User:Frietjes/findargdups Duplicate arguments

Need to check the following edits
PBS-AWB need checking:
 * 07:47, 18 March 2017 Zula
 * 237 pages
 * 20:30, 18 April 2017 History of encyclopedias
 * In total there were just under 240 articles changed.

 * 08:32, 26 December 2016 George Darwin
 * 236 pages
 * 16:35 16:35, 5 March 2017 Isle of Bute

Database tools
Google Ngram Viewer - Google Books
 * Pageview statistics
 * example database tool by magnus.

To do soon

 * check the family section of Sir Oliver Cromwell 22:32, 8 January 2019 (UTC)
 * Fix Template:Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae ✅ April 2017
 * Periods in English history ✅ February 2019  -- did something similar with some other boxes see Template:History of England
 * Missing DNB articles

Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica check periodically

Problems with EB1911 turned into Cite EB1911 without checking. 1 month in 2010 but was much longer.
 * Problem with NWS in external links. see Mulhouse

 * EB1911 --> cite EB911 in 2014 9 July 2014
 * Category:Articles incorporating Cite DNB template an ndash in the wstitle parameter

 * List_of_sources_for_the_Crusades numbered ref tags
 * Waterloo campaign
 * "Abigail Adams, Mrs. Smith, Mrs. Shaw, Mrs. Cranch, Elizabeth Clay" in The Women of the American Revolution by Elizabeth F. Ellet (1849)

https://refill.toolforge.org/
 * Robert Craigie (Royal Navy officer)
 * James Paterson Bower

Accounts
See initial request Global steward request, Global user contributions, Global account information

Seaches for wikisource

 * — Any Dictionary
 * — Any Encyclopedia
 * — Any Encyclopeadia
 * — Any Dictionary
 * — Any Encyclopedia
 * — Any Encyclopeadia

Projects

 * Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Encyclopaedia Britannica
 * Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Dictionary of National Biography
 * Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Military history, WP:MILHIST
 * WikiProject Genealogy

Some useful links to the Wikipedia:WikiProject areas I am interested in
 * 100,000 feature-quality articles. WP:BURDEN was added to WP:V in on 30 August 2005 by SV.
 * Village pump (policy)

 * WikiProject International law

 * WikiProject History
 * WikiProject Military history
 * New articles (Battles)

 * WikiProject Genealogy

 * WikiProject Missing encyclopedic articles
 * WikiProject Dictionary of National Biography
 * 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica
 * WikiProject Missing encyclopedic articles/1911 verification
 * WikiProject Wikisource

 * WikiProject Timelines
 * List of themed timelines
 * WikiProject Wikipedia Awards

 * User:Cyde/Ref converter

Pages statistics

 * Statistics About page view statistics
 * Pageview statistics Wikipedia article traffic statistics took

Categories

 * Categorization

Mass messages
contact/notify lots of users using Mass message senders Mass message sender is a user group that allows users to send messages to multiple users at once. Further user documentation can be found at MassMessage and mw:Help:Extension:MassMessage.

Users with  user right can send a message using Special:MassMessage.

See also User:PBS/MessageList

Maintenance templates

 * Manual of Style (self-references to avoid)
 * 01:05, 6 April 2006 User:Shanes/Why tags are evil
 * 10 February 2007 Wikipedia talk:Maintenance/Archive 1
 * 11 April 2007 Category talk:Wikipedia maintenance templates redirects to the one above.

 * 30 May 2009 Wikipedia talk:Orphan/Archive 1
 * 30 May 2009 Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Orphanage/Archive 2 (redirects to the one above)
 * 14 April 2010 Wikipedia talk:Orphan

 * 24 October 2010 Wikipedia talk:Perennial proposals

 * Template:New page An example of a maintenance template that displays all the worst characteristics of maintenance templates.

Two bad ones (from History of North Rhine-Westphalia): lead too short Duplication

WP:Orphan Perennial proposals Village pump (proposals)/Archive 108

Attribution removed

 * https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andronikos_I_Komnenos&type=revision&diff=665008143&oldid=664076929 -- a real problem. 81%
 * https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andronikos_II_Palaiologos&type=revision&diff=665015343&oldid=662100256 2%
 * https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=And%C3%BAjar&type=revision&diff=665009384&oldid=665009300 20%
 * https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Angle&type=revision&diff=665277028&oldid=665153627 60%
 * https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aniline&type=revision&diff=666112889&oldid=665647448 55%
 * Annan, Dumfries and Galloway 25%
 * https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Annuity_%28European%29&type=revision&diff=667230106&oldid=660351737 98%

 * https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michelson%E2%80%93Morley_experiment&type=revision&diff=502942073&oldid=502820288 18 July 2012
 * https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Badrinath_Temple&type=revision&diff=692226398&oldid=689493180 2%
 * https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ancient_borough&type=revision&diff=697442755&oldid=693799753 99%

Article with author but different ref tag pairs used: "Pazhou"

PD Templates

 * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Module:String#replace

See Module talk:Citation/CS1

See Module:Template_wrapper

List of EB1911 to Cite EB1911

Help:Magic_words m:Help:Magic words Lua

 * Help talk:Template/Archive 3 *mw:Help:Parser functions in templates and mw:Help:Extension:ParserFunctions
 * Help desk/Archives/2013 May 8

See User talk:Diego Grez, User talk:Mr Stephen, User talk:Bob Burkhardt User talk:Slowking4

 * WikiProject Wikisource see also Category:Wikisource link templates
 * WikiProject Wikisource/Citation Uniformity
 * Bot requests Bots/Requests for approval
 * mw:Help:Extension:ParserFunctions mw:Help:Parser functions in templates
 * Template messages/Sources of articles
 * Abbotsford House an example of how to link in PD sources not used in the text
 * Abraxas an example of how to link in PD sources not used in the text
 * Abraxas an example of how to link in PD sources not used in the text

List of PD Templates

 * WikiProject Wikisource/Citation Uniformity

 * A catalogue of notable Middle Templars, with brief biographical notices

 * — this needs work to bring it in line with other similar templates

 * Encyclopedia Americana (1920). —   —  Americana converted to take parameters but Cite American takes long= not short=
 * ''The Biographical Dictionary of America (1906) —
 * ''The Cyclopædia of American Biography (1918) —  Needs a corresponding  also uses long= instead of short=
 * New American Cyclopedia (1879) — — and the more recent
 * The American Cyclopædia (1879) —
 * Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography (1891) —   Some work needs more see John Endecott
 * Encyclopaedia Biblica (1899–1903).  —
 * Encyclopædia Britannica
 * Ninth Edition ((1875–1889) – ,
 * Eleventh Edition (1911) —   Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Encyclopaedia Britannica {{Wikisource1911Enc Citation| → {{Cite EB1911|W1EC=1|wstitle=
 * Twelfth Edition (1922) — {{tlx|Cite EB1922}} {{tlx|EB1922}} {{tlx|EB1922 poster}} Britannica 1922
 * Bryan's Dictionary of Painters and Engravers (1886) — {{tlx|Bryan (3rd edition)}} {{tlx|Cite Bryan}} {{tlx|Bryan poster}}
 * {{tlx|Bryan (1903 edition)}}
 * ''Catholic Encyclopedia (1913) — {{tlx|CE1913}} {{tl|Cite CE1913}} {{tl|CE1913 poster}} Category:Catholic Encyclopedia templates
 * Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century (3rd ed.).'' {{tlx|DCBL}} {{tl|Cite DCBL}} {{tl|DCBL poster}}
 * Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921) — {{tlx|Cite Collier's|Abbotsford|noicon=x}} {{tlx|Collier's}} {{tlx|Collier's poster}}
 * ''Dictionary of National Biography (1885–1900) — {{tlx|DNB}} {{tlx|Cite DNB}} {{tlx|DNB poster}} also {{tlx|DNBfirst}}
 * Index and Epitome {{tlx|DNBIE}}
 * {{tlx|DNB12}} {{tlx|Cite DNB12}} {{tlx|DNB12 poster}}
 * {{tlx|DNBFooter}}
 * {{tlx|Cite ODNB}} {{tlx|ODNBref}}
 * Easton's Bible Dictionary, New and revised ed.. (1897) — {{tlx|Eastons}} {{tlx|Cite Eastons}} {{tlx|Eastons poster}}
 * ''The Grocer's Encyclopedia (1911) — {{tlx|Grocers}} {{tlx|cite Grocers}} {{tlx|Grocers poster}} — Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating text from Grocer's Encyclopedia
 * Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period (ECCP) is a biographical dictionary published in 1943 - {{tlx|ECCP}} {{tlx|Cite ECCP}}
 * Jewish Encyclopedia {{tlx|Jewish Encyclopedia}}, {{tlx|Cite Jewish Encyclopedia}}, {{tlx|Jewish Encyclopedia poster}}
 * Popular Science Monthly (1884) — {{tlx|Cite PSM}} {{tlx|PSM poster}} These two {{tlx|WsPSM}} and {{tlx|WsPSM2}} needs merging into {{tlx|Cite PSM}}
 * Complete Encyclopaedia of Music (1880) — {{tlx|CEM}} {{tlx|Cite CEM}} {{tlx|CEM poster}}
 * A Dictionary of Music and Musicians (1900) — {{tlx|cite Grove1900}} {{tlx|Grove1900}} {{tlx|Grove1900 poster}} see also Category:Grove templates
 * ''A Naval Biographical Dictionary (1849) — {{tlx|Cite NBD1849}} {{tlx|NBD1849}} {{tlx|NBD1849 poster}}
 * ''The Nuttall Encyclopædia (1907) — {{tlx|Nuttall}} {{tlx|Cite Nuttall|Abbotsford|noicon=x|first_letter=A}} {{tlx|Nuttall poster}} — Still needs work to intergrate Nuttall and Cite Nuttall
 * The New Students Reference Work (1914) — {{tlx|NSRW}} {{tlx|Cite NSRW}} {{tlx|NSRW poster}}
 * Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities — {{tlx|HDCA}}''   {{tlx|Cite HDCA}} {{tlx|HDCA poster}}
 * Dictionary of Indian Biography (1906) by Charles Edward Buckland, {{tlx|DIB}}
 * The Indian Biographical Dictionary (1915) — {{tlx|IBD1915}} {{tlx|Cite IBD1915}} {{tlx|IBD1915 poster}}
 * The New International Encyclopedia (1905) — {{tlx|NIE}} {{tlx|Cite NIE}} {{tlx|NIE poster}}
 * Royal Naval Biography (1823–1835) — {{tlx|Cite RNB1823}} {{tlx|RNB1823}} {{tlx|RNB1823 poster}}
 * {{tlx|A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature}} (1910) — {{tlx|Cite SBDEL}} Needs more work {{tlx|SBDEL poster}}
 * New Schaff–Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge — {{tlx|Schaff-Herzog}} {{tlx|Cite Schaff-Herzog}} {{tlx|Schaff-Herzog poster}}
 * Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography'' (1854–1857) — {{tlx|Cite DGRG}} {{tlx|DGRG poster}} (was {{tlx|SmithDGRG}})  --still needs work to expand the parameters in DGRA and documentation)
 * Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology (1870) — {{tlx|DGRBM}} {{tlx|Cite DGRBM}} {{tlx|DGRBM poster}} (was {{tl|SmithDGRBM}})
 * Webster's Dictionary (1913) — {{tlx|WD1913}} {{tlx|Cite WD1913}} {{tlx|WD1913 poster}} — Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1913 Webster's Dictionary
 * Cyclopædia, or an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences (1728) — {{tlx|Cyclopaedia 1728}} {{tl|Cite Cyclopaedia 1728}} {{tlx|Cyclopaedia 1728 poster}}

 * Foreign Language
 * French Dictionnaire Bouillet ((1878)) — {{tlx|Bouillet}} — parameter {{para|wstitle}} links to French Wikisource article
 * French ''Grand dictionnaire universel du XIXe siècle (1866–1877) — {{tlx|Cite LarousseXIXe}}
 * German Neue Deutsche Biographie — {{tlx|NDB}} {{tlx|Cite NDB}} {{tlx|NDB poster}}
 * Spanish Geographic Dictionary of the Republic of Chile 1899 — {{tlx|Diccionario Geográfico de la República de Chile entry}}, {{tlx|DGRC}} {{tlx|cite DGRC}} {{tlx|DGRC poster}}
 * Russian Russian Biographical Dictionary (1896–1918) — {{tlx|RBD}} — does not take any parameters (is just a banner)

 * Use page and other parameters to set url.
 * {{tlx|Cite Notitia Parliamentaria}} (1750) — This source will eventually be replaced with the History Of Parliament website
 * {{tlx|Bryan (3rd edition)}} (1886) – Bryan's Dictionary of Painters and Engravers — works out the url using volume and page
 * {{tlx|Bryan (1903 edition)}}
 * {{tlx|Newgenbio}} — A New General Biographical Dictionary — works out the url using volume and page
 * {{tlx|Cite LotEP}} — Lives of the Eminent Philosophers — if a name is given it links to the correct Book

 * Modern PD
 * Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships — {{tlx|DANFS}} {{tlx|cite DANFS}} {{tlx|DANFS poster}} — Modern PD licence

 * Other Modern
 * American National Biography (1999) — {{tlx|Cite ANB}} —  not wstitle option or attribution options. {{tlx|ANB}} {{tlx|ANB poster}}
 * Dictionary of American Biography — {{tlx|Cite DAB}} not wstitle option or attribution options. lots of work but only 250 entries  {{tlx|DAB}} {{tlx|DAB poster}}
 * Dictionary of Canadian Biography — {{tlx|Cite DCB}} — Links such as this: Dictionary of Canadian Biography need to be moved into the {{tlx|Cite DCB}}
 * English Heritage, National Heritage List for England — {{tlx|NHLE}}
 * Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy — {{tlx|Cite SEP}} — — takes an unusual parameter {{para|url-id}}
 * Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. — {{tlx|Cite IEP}}— takes an unusual parameter {{para|url-id}}
 * {{tlx|Cite Grove}} – Grove Music Online or New Grove, 2nd ed., 2001 depending on whether an internet link is provided
 * {{tlx|Cite NewGrove1980}} – New Grove, 1st ed., 1980
 * {{tlx|Cite NewGrove2001}} – New Grove, 2nd ed., 2001
 * {{tlx|Cite NewGroveJazz2002}} – New Grove Dictionary of Jazz, 2nd ed., 2002
 * {{tlx|Cite Colledge2006}} and {{tlx|Cite Colledge2010}}

 * Also
 * {{tlx|Venn}} now called {{tlx|Acad}}

 * {{tlx|Rayment}}
 * {{tlx|Medieval Lands by Charles Cawley}}

Templates

 * stub bio-stub hist-stub sectstub npov NPOV-section controversial unsigned2
 * unreferencedsect unreferenced verify Unref-talk refimprove
 * Fact Failed verification, Verify credibility,Verify source, weasel-inline, who, POV-statement
 * redirects to to confirm it use
 * -- both inline
 * Navigational templates
 * Template messages
 * Maintenance
 * sprotected only show padlock:sprotected2
 * Template_messages/Cleanup
 * Template_messages/Cleanup
 * block
 * expand list
 * {{subst:Welcome-anon}} {{subst:welcome2}} {{subst:Welcome with spinning icon}}
 * main details
 * Template messages/Maintenance inuse
 * R from other capitalisation

Columns-list or Multicol or Div col if the list is lengthy.
 * Column lists

 * redirect to  — expanded in March
 * on I wrote by copying from de Wikipedia (April 2017}}
 * expanded in April 2017 -- users startpage
 * expanded in April 2017

Better source needed

 * Wayback Machine (http://alternativeto.net/software/wayback-machine/) see also User:H3llBot

 * Special:LinkSearch/thepeerage.com — External link search
 * OK if Lundy is used as source for WP:SAYWHEREYOUREADIT as Lndy normally cites a reliable source. Where he does (often citing a email exchange), then his site is unacceptable. The problem is following up the links and adding the reliable source takes time.

 * See Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Peerage and Baronetage/Archive 10 and Template_talk:Rayment and Rayment
 * See RS Medieval Lands by Charles Cawley website: Medieval Lands introduction v2.0. Updated 30 November 2010 Medieval Lands by Charles Cawley The project "involves extracting and analysing detailed information from primary sources, including contemporary chronicles, cartularies, necrologies and testaments." — The problem is Cawley uses a lot of primary sources and then draws inferences that if they were directly done by a Wikipedia editor would fail WP:PSTS and as an unrliable sources, it introduces this type of error into Wikipedia so WP:SAYWHEREYOUREADIT is often not appropriate on this site.
 * Reliable sources/Noticeboard/Archive 211
 * Genealogy.EU by Miroslav Marek Last updated: 17th March 2008 Genealogy.EU
 * David Beamish's Peerage Page
 * eg http://www.angelfire.com/realm/gotha/gotha/luynes.html
 * eg http://www.angelfire.com/realm/gotha/gotha/luynes.html

If the template calls better source etc it must have a date parameter passed into it and to set the place it in AutoWikiBrowser/Dated templates

Darryl Lundy's The Peerage
Thank you for creating the article John Clinton, 6th Lord Clinton on 14 November 2016. However it is clear that the contents came from Darryl Lund's website thepeerage.com.Lundy's website is not reliable (it is self published by a none expert), but you can use Lund's website as a source providing the information he provides is backed up by a Wikipedia reliable source (some of it isn't it comes from email correspondence and the like).

Unless you have access to his reliable sources, you can not cite his sources directly, instead you must cite his source and then the reliable source. This is explained in more detail in the section in the citations guideline linked to by WP:SAYWHEREYOUREADIT.

I have copied edited the article and added in the appropriate style of citations see this edit. If you have added information based on any of Lundy's pages to any other article and have not stated that the information came from his website, please add the appropriate additional citations as specified in WP:SAYWHEREYOUGOTIT.

Juliet Barker: medieval dates

 * Juliet Barker in her Agincourt: The King, the Campaign, the Battle has a few paragraphs on how difficult it is to date things of this period accurately. First the year is given from the start of a kings reign rather than (in the year of our Lord). Secondly the day is given in two ways one is by saints days (or as an offset from a saints day for example "two days after the feast of St. Andrew"), and the other by the Ides, so working out the dates in primary sources during middle ages is complicated. For example one English document may be dated from the start year of Henry V reign and the day as an offset from an ide, while a French document for the same day will use their King coronation year and then use a local saint's day to date an event that happened on the same day.

Don't collapse references
MOS:COLLAPSE, MOS:DONTHIDE

Ranges
Anchors: The section used to give not advise on year format for ranges. The alteration to being 4 digit intolerance started without an RfC by user:PL290. I have not objected because at the time I was not aware of the change and because the current wording it includes "usually" which allows wriggle room.
 * Date ranges
 * Other date ranges
 * Dates of birth and death
 * "and the range's end year is usually abbreviated to two digits:"

For a long time Wikipeida used full year in all dates because the year used to be linked to the year article, so people used 2015- 2016 probably because it was easier to type than 2015– 16 , but as it was widely used no one bothered with explicit rules. The policy of linking years was eventually abolished after a long and acrimonious abate which culminated in an RfC on the issue.

The reason for such abbreviations came about in old physical publications because each character in a physical book costs money (and also explains the use of standard Latin abbreviations like eg). The EB1911 saved pages in every volume by using such abbreviations and other tricks such as concatenating paragraphs unless it is absolutely necessary for reasons other than style.

 * I am drafting this section on 24 July 2016 and coincidently during the last week the British Government website has announced that it is banning the use of Latin abbreviations on its website (with several argument including they are confusing for some people):

Wikipedia is not a book we do not need to make such space savings (the argument advanced and widely accepted for not truncating the moth to the first three letters). Particularly when there are arguments the other way:
 * Confusion both for readers who are not familiar with such rules, and it is complicated for editors because the rules cover inconsistency on what to use: use four digits if it is a DOD, or the end of a sporting event, but not other events.
 * abbreviating dates makes electronic searches more difficult both for internal and external searches. Let me give you a simple example suppose that you want to know all the events that happened for a particular year. If the full year is added then that is a relatively simple to find the dates, eg: the DOD of a notable person or the end of a siege. Now if the search can be made using a regular expression then this information can also be found, but it presupposes that the person who wishes to do the search knows how to create a regular expression and that the search engine can accept such expressions, how often is that true?

The weight of advised on the guideline page was for full years on ranges up until this edit on However if one looks at the start of 2011 the advise is contradictory and supports both formats: It is only gradually that we have ended up in the current position where there is such a strong statement and as far as I can tell we have stumbled into this without any real justification for it.
 * diff
 * First edit of 2011

Linking to another language article
ill an acceptable way to link to another another language article in text eg:

(disambiguation)
disambig otheruses

 * ~dispenser/view/Dablinks, ~dispenser/view/Dab solver http://dispenser.homenet.org/~dispenser/view/Dab_solver
 * Redirect lower and uppercase etc R from other capitalisation
 * Disambiguation
 * Hatnotes
 * Links to disambiguating pages
 * Links to (disambiguation) pages
 * Summary style

Three-revert rule and other

 * Three-revert rule, WP:UP (Removal of comments, warnings), WP:DR (Dispute resolution:Talk to the other parties involved)
 * Tendentious editing
 * Third opinion
 * Requests for comment
 * Wikiquette alerts
 * Administrators' noticeboard
 * Requests for checkuser
 * Template_messages/User_talk_namespace warnings to users

deletes

 * Articles for deletion Redirects for deletion Speedy deletions
 * WP:NOTBROKEN Do not "fix" links to redirects that are not broken
 * Recreation Copying within Wikipedia: WP:ATTREQ and WP:RUD and thw section following RUD called "Userfication"

Guidelines

 * MERCILESS one of the five pillars: no editor owns an article and any contributions can and will be mercilessly edited and redistributed.
 * Signatures and Talk page guidelines: four tildes ( ~ )
 * Manual of Style
 * Words to avoid and Guidelines for controversial articles Also "RS must be sourced. ..."
 * Guide to writing better articles, The perfect article, Writing for the enemy, Neutral point of view/FAQ, Avoid weasel words, Avoid peacock terms.
 * Other Stuff Exists
 * Writing better articles
 * Capitals in military terms MOS entry
 * MOSQUOTE
 * Hatnotes
 * Do not include the full text of lengthy primary sources

Admin pages

 * rfa:PBS, List of administrators, List of Wikipedians by number of edits, List of Wikipedians by article count
 * The template Admin also list on its talk page other user templates which show user states, contributions block logs etc.
 * WikiProject edit counters
 * Administrator intervention against vandalism and Template messages/User talk namespace
 * Welcoming committee/Standard user greeting Welcoming committee/Welcome templates
 * Template:Protection templates
 * Requests for page protection
 * Requests for sysop attention
 * Administrators' noticeboard search
 * Changing username
 * Requested moves Cut and paste move repair holding pen
 * Duplicate articles
 * Polling is not a substitute for discussion How to hold a consensus vote
 * How to archive a talk page

 * Special:Log

 * Don't revert other admins enforcing ARbCom decisions.

-

-

-

-

 * Category:User block templates

Some sock-masters and others

 * User:Beeblebrox/The unblockables
 * Sockpuppet investigations Sockpuppet Uw-socksuspect SockBlock (admin) user6
 * Category:Sockpuppet templates
 * Wikimedia Labs/Toolserver replacements
 * sigma/editorinteract.py Check out edit patters by two or more users (between interaction)

 * user:G.-M. Cupertino
 * Here is an example of why this person is so dangerous. see this diff the date that user:G.-M. Cupertino used differed from the cited ODNB with no source given for the change.
 * user:Marquis de la Eirron
 * user:LouisPhilippeCharles
 * user:Klemen Kocjancic drive by tagging.
 * user talk:Ludvikus
 * user:Technophant as of March 2019 indef block lifted
 * User:202.142.140.117 Three troublesome children

While this talk page is unavailable to you, if wish to appeal the block you can use the Unblock Ticket Request System or email the Arbitration Committee as detailed at WP:BASC.

User:Cirt: User talk:PBS/Archive 12, Administrators' noticeboard/IncidentArchive644, External discussion, Off-wiki policy discussion, Correspondence off-wiki

Arbitration

 * Arbitration Committee discretionary sanctions 2013 review why "alerts" are a bad idea.
 * Arbitration/Active sanctions
 * Working group on ethnic and cultural edit wars/2008 report
 * Requests for arbitration/Macedonia Balkans warring.
 * Arbitration Committee/Discretionary sanctions
 * Requests for arbitration/Digwuren Eastern Europe. Requests for arbitration/Eastern Europe
 * Requests for arbitration/Palestine-Israel articles
 * Requests for arbitration/Great Irish Famine
 * Requests for arbitration/Armenia-Azerbaijan, Requests for arbitration/Armenia-Azerbaijan 2
 * General sanctions
 * Requests for arbitration/Date delinking
 * ARBMAC2 Administrator behaviour in content disputes and page names.
 * Requests for arbitration/Ireland article names WikiProject Ireland Collaboration

Polls

 * Naming policy poll -- There are cases when the official name of a location (generally cities) is different than what most English speakers call it.
 * Polltop

Mailing lists

 * http://mail.wikipedia.org/
 *

Example farms and OR lists
examplefarm Section OR
 * Last stand
 * Ethnic cleansing

Copyright and plagiarism issues

 * See Thomas Strickland (cavalier) for an example of why attribution should be at the bottom of references.
 * A comment by me at Wikipedia talk:Close paraphrasing
 * Wikipedia Signpost/2009-04-13/Dispatches "Let's get serious about plagiarism"
 * WP:PLAGARISM
 * Copyright problems, Contributor copyright investigations and Spotting possible copyright violations

 * earwig tool. The tool will then search for its content elsewhere on the web and display a report if a similar webpage is found.
 * WikiBlame is an online browser-based tool for searching the revision history of a MediaWiki based wiki for a text string to identify the author of a particular change to the page. See http://wikipedia.ramselehof.de/wikiblame.php
 * the Duplicate Detector
 * User:D's Contributor copyright investigations/Instructions, tool

 * Copyright issues with Wikipedia Wikipedia talk:Reusing Wikipedia content and specifically Wikipedia talk:Reusing Wikipedia content/Archive 1 -- PBS (talk) 06:29, 27 March 2010 (UTC) See now Copyright problems and Mirrors and forks

In the conversations over WP:V you mentioned an example using EB1911. Over the last 48 hours I have been working on converting a simple template for a PD source into a more comprehensive one and then converting the instances of WaceBio into DCBL.

As a side issue I am going through the 2 dozen affected articles adding citations, as the original text carries non (it was added some years ago when the demand for citations was not as comprehensive as it is now). In doing this I have come across three basic types of copies: The first two would be stylistically stunted, but I think that the last two would be impossible to keep in their current format unless they were completely rewritten as if using standard copyright material -- a restriction I see harming the project.
 * Patriarch Macedonius II of Constantinople copy with a few minor changes;
 * Patriarch Fravitta of Constantinople close paraphrase;
 * Patriarch Euphemius of Constantinople copy and close paraphrase of two merged PD sources;
 * Patriarch Acacius of Constantinople copy and close paraphrase of three merged PD sources.

For the problems of plagiarism and intext attribution see Wikipedia_talk:Plagiarism/Archive 8 which includes links to other sections. -- PBS (talk) 12:52, 15 December 2012 (UTC)

Civility

 * Unblocks and enabling my comment on unblock and enabling removed
 * this comment by CM on my talk page about behaviour and women editors. -- PBS (talk) 02:36, 30 January 2012 (UTC)
 * Village pump (policy)/Archive 91
 * Arbitration/Requests/Case/Civility enforcement
 * Arbitration/Requests/Case/Article titles and capitalisation/Evidence has a comment by Eric Navel about a a new female editor left her several insulting and condescending messages.
 * Notification:  Is it OK to call other editors...
 * ANI process ... no longer think it fit for purpose
 * Competence is required
 * Wikipedia_Signpost/2014-12-10/In_the_media User:Beeblebrox/The unblockables

 * EC Californian snowflakes 1 July 2019
 * ClemRutter squaddies 5 July 2019

Reliable source notice board

 * Reliable sources/Noticeboard/Archive 115
 * Reliable sources/Noticeboard/Archive 115
 * Playing the Sovereignty Game: Understanding Japan's Territorial Disputes

Pinnacle islands

 * Discussed move started 20 June 2008, majority in favour, but no format request made
 * Requested move July 2007

 * Territorial Disputes among Japan, China and Taiwan Concerning the Senkaku Islands "the Pinnacle Islands/Senkaku Islands/Diao-yu-tai"
 * Google Search "Pinnacle islands" site:ac.uk

Citation improvements and Burden

 * 1066 and All That: A Memorable History of England, comprising all the parts you can remember, including 103 Good Things, 5 Bad Kings and 2 Genuine Dates -- From WP:AT Recognizability – The title is a name or description of the subject that someone familiar with, although not necessarily an expert in, the subject area will recognize.
 * Battle of Waterloo 2007 start and end
 * Synchronous motor; Unsourced Materia and RFC on unsourced material in previously-tagged article

Thoughts on some claims of disruption
What concerns me most is the attitude that is developing between some editors that to paraphrase the a quote in the terrorism article "On one point, at least, everyone agrees: terrorism [disruption] is a pejorative term. It is a word with intrinsically negative connotations that is generally applied to one's enemies and opponents, or [to those with whom one disagrees] and would otherwise prefer to ignore. `What is called terrorism [disruption]', Brian Jenkins has written, `thus seems to depend on one's point of view. Use of the term implies a moral judgement; and if one party can successfully attach the label terrorist [disruption] to its opponent, then it has indirectly persuaded others to adopt its moral viewpoint.' Hence the decision to call someone or label some organization `terrorist' [a string of edits disruptive] becomes almost unavoidably subjective, depending largely on whether one sympathizes with or opposes the person /group/cause concerned. If one identifies with the victim of the violence [disagrees with the edit], for example, then the act is terrorism [disruptive]. If, however, one identifies with the perpetrator, the violent act is regarded in a more sympathetic, if not positive (or, at the worst, an ambivalent) light; and it is not terrorism disruption."

 * WP:ASSERT
 * WP:MORALIZE let the facts speak for themselves.

Ancestry ahnentafel and notes

 * see Family trees
 * See Sir Thomas Green for how to place notes inside
 * See Henry Percy, 3rd Earl of Northumberland for a comprehensive example.

Notes on Ancestry trees and unreliable sources

 * See User talk:Spanish lullaby

There is a fundamental difference between a navigational list such as often appears in the footnotes of an article and an ancestry tree. A navigational list such as the "Regnal titles" at the end of this article contains a series of facts, each of which can be checked in the link provided. However in an ancestry tree there is information conveyed in the tree that is probably not available in of the individual articles. As an example: where is the source in any article that "Elisabetha Röhrig" is the great-great grandmother of Albert II, Prince of Monaco?

It is very easy to construct an ancestry tree from unreliable sources published on the internet. However it only takes one mistake for large parts of the tree to be incorrect. For example if a grandmother is recorded as the first wife rather the second wife (the correct mother), then a quarter of the tree will be inaccurate, even if all the other entries for every single person are correct. For this reason trees need accurate sourcing from reliable sources.

It is easy to find the parents of a child in the child's biography, but it is often difficult to find all the children of couple. However if some of the children are notable enough to have their own biography in a reliable source, this can lead to editors unwittingly adding WP:OR into an ancestry tree.

Let us suppose we are looking for the parents of a daughter X (the grandmother of the subject of an article). However X does not have a biography in a reliable source, but the father of X does (call him Y). In the biography of Y it names his wife (Z). The biography of Y states that Y and Z had a son (A) and four daughters, only 2 of which are named (B,C), but not the other two. Now it maybe that X is one of those two unnamed daughters, or it may be that X is the daughter of another marriage not included in the biography of Y. If one jumps to the conclusion that X is the daughter of Y and Z then this breaks the WP:NOR policy specifically a "synthesis of published material, because to conclude that the mother of Z is the grandmother of X is a synthesis.

Please list the sources you used to support the restoration of the ancestry tree of Albert II, Prince of Monaco, so we can discuss if they are adequate reliable sources.

Unsourced family templates
Category:Family tree templates Metawiki:Help:Tables § XHTML attributes
 * Template talk:Houston family tree, Template talk:Anushtiginid Dynasty family tree, Template talk:Nerva–Antonine family tree, Template:Brisker family tree, Template talk:Inglis family tree (example of wrong citation on parent), Template talk:Ancestors of Charles II of Spain conversations on adequate inline citations.Template:War of the Spanish Succession family tree was reverted by an IP address.

The number of sources needed is often much smaller that appears to be the case initially as a reliable genealogical source will often span many generations. See for example Charles I of England where one source covers the whole tree. Even where that is not the case in the example Henry Percy, 3rd Earl of Northumberland all thirty entries are covered by just 8 citations.

A tree like Template talk:Ancestors of Charles II of Spain not need a citation on every node depicting the relationship with everyone to whom they are connected. As a parent can have many children, it is often simpler just to include a verification of parents in the child node as biographies usually include parents even if they do not include all the children. So in the case of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (1500–58) a citation confirming his parents is sufficient (and if that citation includes mention of his spouse -- Isabella of Portugal) then one citation has covered all the information necessary. If no mention of his spouse is to be found (in that citation) then that relationship will be covered in the citation in the node Philip II of Spain. These citations can be added to the articles if they also do not carry citations for these facts.

 * Template:Periodic table (32 columns, compact)
 * AVATAR (MUD)
 * Kohler family of Wisconsin

{{navbox |titlestyle = background:none |name = Charles Kanaina family tree |title = Charles Kanaina family tree |state={{{state |collapsed }}} |list1 = {{unreferenced section|date=April 2015}}

|titlestyle = background: white |belowstyle = background: white {{unreferenced section|date=April 2015}}

|list2style=text-align: left |list2=Notes: {{notelist-lr}}

See Template:Ancestors of Charles II of Spain {{red|for a template that has a header with  options}}: {{chart top|{{navbar|Ancestors of Charles II of Spain|mini=1}} Ancestors of Charles II of Spain}}

Three templates that were sidebars and causing problems

 * Template:Latin kings of Alba Longa family tree — Now defaults to navbar but can also present as a sidebar
 * Template:House of Brutus — Now defaults to navbar but can also present as a sidebar
 * Template:Six Islamic Prophets — Now defaults to sidbar but can also present as a navbar

 * Template:Latter Day Saint movement
 * Template:LDS sects/left
 * Template:Ender's Game chronology

Reflist more than one in an article
see HELP:MULTIREF

Unacknowledged internal copying and problems with citations

 * See Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Catholicism/Archive 2013

copyright questions

 * https://tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pages/index.php?name=Aetheling1125&lang=en&wiki=wikipedia&namespace=0&redirects=noredirects&getall=1

 * https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_Fulford&oldid=35669265
 * http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/archaeology/city_dead_01.shtml

 * http://wbo.llgc.org.uk/en/s-WYNN-GWY-1300.html
 * Sir John Wynn, 5th Baronet
 * Wynn, John (DNB00)

Search using insource:

 * see also
 * insource:/1911enc/

{{search link|insource:/\{\{ahnentafel-/i|ahnentafel}} I tried a whitespace  but it does not seem to work for   so I have used    as an alternative xx
 * {{search link|insource:/\{\{ahnentafel-/i|ahnentafel}} -- 7,570 now in 2021 0
 * {{search link|insource:/\[^\{]*\{\{ahnentafel-/i|center followed by ahnentafel}} -- 4,180 now in 2021  0
 * {{search link|insource:/\[^\{]*\{\{ahnentafel-compact5/i|center followed by ahnentafel-compact5}} -- 4,085 (so that means about 100 compact 2,3,4) now in 2021 0
 * {{search link|insource:/\{\{chart\/start/i|chart/start}} -- 238
 * {{search link|insource:/\[^\{]*\{\{chart\/start/i|center followed by chart/start}} --200
 * {{search link|}}

insource:/DNB\{{!}}[^\}]*\wstitle=[^\(]*\([^\–]*–[^–]*\) *[^\{{!}}\}]/ xx
 * {{search link|insource:/\{\{(citation{{!}}cite (book{{!}}wikisource{{!}}dictionary{{!}}encyclopedia))[^\}]*{{=}}Dictionary of National Biography/}}

 * {{search link|insource:/\{\{(citation{{!}}cite (book{{!}}wikisource{{!}}dictionary{{!}}encyclopedia))[^\}]*en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclopædia_Britannica/}}

 * {{search link|insource:/1911encyclopedia/}}

 * {{search link|insource:/\/en.wikisource.org\/wiki\/Royal_Naval_Biography/}}
 * {{search link|insource:/Page:Royal_Naval_Biography/}}
 * {{search link|insource:/\/en.wikisource.org\/wiki\/A_Naval_Biographical_Dictionary/}}
 * {{search link|insource:/Page:A_Naval_Biographical_Dictionary/}}
 * {{search link|insource:/ref>[^<]*\[\[s:A Naval Biographical Dictionary/}}
 * {{search link|insource:/ref>[^<]*\[\[s:Royal Naval Biography/}}

 * {{search link|insource:/wikisource[^\}]*Royal Naval Biography/}}
 * {{search link|query=insource:/(RNB1823{{!}}NBD1849) *\{{!}} *wstitle=Index/}}

Nathan Bedford Forrest

 * Cromwell's raid into Oxford, Blucher steamroller Battle of Haynau (26 May 1813), cavalry raid Battle of Altenburg (28 September 1813)

"Both armies were very indifferently supplied with information, as both were without any reliable regular cavalry capable of piercing the screen of outposts with which each endeavoured to conceal his disposition, and Napoleon, operating in a most unfriendly country, suffered more in this respect than his adversaries."

"This led the latter to push on without due regard to tactical precautions, and Blücher took advantage of their carelessness when at Haynau (May 26), with some twenty squadrons of Landwehr cavalry, he surprised, rode over and almost destroyed Maison's division. The material loss inflicted on the French was not very great, but its effect in raising the moral of the raw Prussian cavalry and increasing their confidence in their old commander was enormous."

Should or ought to — 2012 Men's rights controversy
As was shown in the great move debate of 2012 over the article now titled "Men's rights movement"

 * Talk:Men's rights movement/Archive 12
 * ANI
 * Wikipedia talk:Requested moves/Archive 25

Citation style

 * Footnote3 and Requests for arbitration/Climate change dispute 2 disputes over citations.
 * WP:CITE 17:01, 25 April 2006
 * 4 May 2006 Just prior to SV
 * Revision as of 23:42, 4 May 2006 SV "Editors should not switch from one citation system to another without checking on the talk page that there are no objections."
 * Revision as of 00:59, 5 August 2006 SV:
 * "Citation templates are neither required nor recommended, though they may be used at the discretion of individual editors."

 * end of 2006 what it looked like at the end of the year

11:05, 5 August 2006

Semicolon at the start of a line must end in a colon
MOS:DLIST and also MOS:PSEUDOHEAD

MOS:COMPASS and WP:SEASON

 * MOS:COMPASS South East England
 * MOS:SEASON in the southern and northern hemispheres.

This and that
These templates should not be used by involved parties to end a discussion over the objections of other editors

 * Let the facts speak for themselves WP:MORALISE
 * Wikimedia Commons
 * Annexation and the Abyssinia Crisis
 * Encyclopédie first named contributors and enlightenment bias
 * elliptical sentences. Adverb Clause : The Elliptical Clause
 * /wikipedia_s_battle_over_very_short_articles
 * Arthur Capell, 1st Baron Capell of Hadham was mangled and the attribution was removed.
 * Babrius

 * Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher needs fixing
 * Georg Ludwig von Wahlen-Jürgass s:de:ADB:Wahlen-Jürgaß, Georg Ludwig von

 * Wikimedia feedback
 * Mass message senders send a message, inform many users
 * Federalist No. 69 -- military administrative and operational command.
 * novel narrative or historical interpretation Removed December 2007. Original research that creates primary sources is not allowed
 * comment on Article titles sentence in the MOS and Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style/Archive 132

Sorites paradox (beard paradox), Ship of Theseus

 * Frederick Cavendish Ponsonby wounded seven times at the Battle of Waterloo and survived
 * Category:Massacres during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms
 * Civil War massacres Holt Castle, Hopton Castle, St Bertoline's Church, Barthomley, (
 * List of 18 massacres:

 * {T} Wikipedia citation tool for Google Books
 * August 2006 talk templates cite additions
 * Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style/Archive 117
 * KING EDWARD'S SCHOOL CHRONICLE MARCH 1961 pages 8,27,28,30,31
 * Abbreviations in Medieval Genealogy
 * WDYDINWD
 * Plagiarism
 * Frederick Gustavus Burnaby a Victorian celebrity
 * to date
 * Logical Fallacies
 * Wikipedia should not be inventing a neologism in English.
 * WikiProject Countering systemic bias
 * Welcoming new users ...
 * NicDumZ:uses a useful bot that fixes numeric references
 * Talk:Hugo Sperrle in April interbellum
 * Village pump
 * Wikipedia talk:Reusing Wikipedia content, m:talk:Communications committee and Press coverage, Wikipedia talk:Citing_sources/Archive 23(17 July 2008)

 * Polish–Teutonic War (1431–1435)
 * Neutral point of view Describing points of view Neutral point of view/FAQ
 * Wikipedia_talk:Reliable_sources/archive11 (food for thought)
 * Verifiability WP:RM Cite your sources
 * wiki is not paper
 * Policy Library
 * Manual of Style WP:UE WP:NC
 * Google test WP:AFD
 * Avoid instruction creep

 * Lists
 * Lists in Wikipedia
 * Listcruft
 * Searching

 * Ownership of articles
 * Conflict resolution
 * Requests for comment
 * User:GTBacchus/A recurring problem

 * Wikiquette
 * Civility
 * Brilliant prose

 * Researching with Wikipedia

 * Current polls
 * Utilities Category:Wikipedia and Community Portal
 * Pages needing attention
 * Peer review
 * Boilerplate text
 * IRC channel
 * Mailing lists
 * Criteria for inclusion of biographies

 * Silly Things
 * Lamest edit wars

 * a watchlist click "related changes" in the toolbox

 * Template_messages templates for articles needing things
 * policies: WP:3RR WP:AGF WP:V WP:NPA WP:RPA WP:BALLS WP:IAR WP:CITE also WP:WQA.

 * Manual of Style (headings)
 * Wikipedia talk:Template standardisation/article

 * Cohesion (linguistics)
 * The Charms of Wikipedia, Creating, Destroying, and Restoring Value in Wikipedia.
 * Treaty and League of Nations statment
 * 1938 draft treaty
 * Air War College
 * Christopher Vincenzi *Crown Powers, Subjects and Citizens (Küchenmeister habeas corpus 1946) ex parte Küchenmeister [1947] I K.B. 41 Some Legal Aspects of the Berlin Crisis
 * United Nations War Crimes Commission, Law reports of trials of war criminals: United Nations War Crimes Commission, Wm. S. Hein (1997)

 * A social history of English Rugby Union by Tony Collins 85
 * The erotic muse: American bawdy songs by Ed Cray 368

<!-- Guy Fawkes Footnotes p 27 of "International law and armed conflict: United Kingdom Association for Social.

.." by Anthony Bradney. (killed to wounded ratio)

Categories for deletion/Log/2005 May 14 Cavaliers and Roundheads CHAPTER ONE - NEGATIONISM IN GENERAL

Angolo American pre-war statements on bombing
Chamberlin can be linked in with some of the pre-war statements of the US government which are at R.J. Rummel's web site [Was World War II American Urban Bombing Democide?] NB Rummel says that domocide uses today's international law not contemporary international law. I think his analysis of whether it was a crime at the time is faulty because the treaty he sites was never adopted in legally binding form. The League of nations resolution was just that, it was not a treaty so not legally binding, but a request to draw up a treaty "means of undertaking the necessary work under conditions most likely to lead to as general an agreement as possible"

On Page 365 of "Dresden Tuesday 13 Feb 1945" by F Taylor, he states that the USAAF planned to use used 678.3 tones of HE and 400 tones of incendiaries, not all were dropped on Dresden but those that were, were in the same ratio. This he says was an unusual bomb mix because it was more like an RAF city busting mix instead of the usual USAAF precision mix. He also says that there is some confusion over the exact target of the USAAF

BTW I've been looking at the OED, trouble is it does not report on the pejorative use of the term. The closest is this one:
 * 1977 Time 30 May 4/3 The recent cluster of ‘revisionist’ books on Nazism, which would soften the frightening teachings of this maniacal movement.

And I know you will want to point out the quotes around the word revisionist.

Here is a reconstruction of the information I wish to add to this article using a different approach:
 * The term historical revisionism is used by people other than those such as David Irving who describe themselves as revisionist, to describe the process of Holocaust denial. In 2005 Raffi Berg for the BBC reported that Kate Taylor, of the anti-fascist publication Searchlight said "Holocaust revisionism is spreading, and not only among neo-Nazis," and also that Kay Andrews, of the UK Holocaust Educational Trust said "With the internet, you've got to be fairly well-educated to see through what revisionist websites are trying to do" and that she went on to say "So as a result kids put the Holocaust into a search engine, which comes up with all of this stuff, and at 14-years-old they are not mature enough to make that distinction between a denialist site and a more legitimate site." (Sources Richard Evans, Lying About Hitler: History, Holocaust, and the David Irving Trial,ISBN 0-465-02153-0. Page 145.  for Irving's self claim, The rest from one BBC, article)

Here is scientific style guide from the 12th International Conference on Electroanalysis, ESEAC 2008 which says "Paragraph text starts with indent tab (7 mm), whole text Times, italics 9 pt flush left, block. Compound numbering in Latin numerals bold italics VII. Arabic numbers in bold italics are possible too 6. Literature cited before punctuation in superscript1.(doc fmt)]

http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=RlsNti5_vnMC&pg=PA59&lpg=PA59&dq=revisionist+English+Civil+War&source=web&ots=pOz-GvfI65&sig=PnjWxGw-8W53g4S8rnl-NgwqJR4&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=3&ct=result http://www.amazon.com/English-Civil-Arnold-Readers-History/dp/0340631732 "Revisionism" complicates early modern British history, as old certainties are abandoned, and as scholars and students are forced to confront the messiness of events. These two books offer an important revision of a key event in the civil wars, and attempt to assist students struggling through the dense forest of literature and recent historiography. http://www.casahistoria.net/historiography%20of%20the%20Civil%20War.pdf http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=RlsNti5_vnMC&pg=PA41&lpg=PA41&dq=revisionist+English+Civil+War+histography&source=web&ots=pOz-GvfNc3&sig=rFp3QfePNclPoCt7qmRsRFEdbrE&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=9&ct=result http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/bookxml.asp?isbn=0631208097

-->

title: User:PBS/Notes


text:
User talk:Chenwei Zhu~enwiki

Hi there. Welcome to Wikipedia! The RC patrol is important work - a lot of us pitch in here and there, but some do more than others, and I'm glad you've decided to be one of them. Drop us a note at New user log to introduce yourself.

If you need editing help, visit How to edit a page. For format questions, visit our manual of style. You can use the Show preview button before you save, to make sure your edits do what you intended.

You can sign your name on talk pages by using " " for your username and " ~ " for your username and a timestamp.

Some time when you're bored, you can read through our policies and guidelines. If you made any edits before you got an account, you might be interested in assigning those to your username.

If you have any other questions about the project then check out Help or add a question to the Village pump. You can also drop me a question on my talk page.

Jwrosenzweig 00:08, 3 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Chenwei Zhu. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Chenwei Zhu~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:01, 19 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 11:33, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Chenwei Zhu~enwiki


text:
Heron Road (Ottawa)

Heron Road (Ottawa Road #16) is a major road in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. It runs from Walkley Road at an angle to the Rideau River, where it turns into Baseline Road. Heron is home to the Sir Leonard Tilley Building, the Canada Post headquarters, and the Edward Drake Building (at its junction with Riverside Drive). It is also home to St. Patrick's Intermediate High School and Herongate Mall.

Heron Road starts on the Heron Road Bridge which crosses the Rideau River, Rideau Canal, and part of Vincent Massey Park. From there, most of Heron Road is a four- to six-lane divided principal arterial, and often becomes a speed trap; the speed limit is 60 km/h west of Bank Street and 50 km/h east of Bank Street despite the overall lack of pedestrians and relatively free flow (especially west of Bronson Avenue).

title: Heron Road (Ottawa)


text:
User:Diberri

I'm David Iberri, a hematologist/oncologist in California. I became a Wikipedian in 2004 and have been hooked ever since, although my activity here has recently been in spits and spurts. I typically contribute to medicine-related articles. I'm also excited to have developed a couple of tools that some have found useful:
 * HTML to wiki converter (documentation)
 * Template builder (documentation)

I also cofounded Wiki Journal Club which reviews seminal trials in medicine, and developed Journal Club for iPhone.

Bio

 * Articles I've written
 * Images I've uploaded
 * Credentials
 * Barnstars

Sandbox

 * Aspirin-induced asthma

Other

 * Ongoing work
 * Welcome (anon)
 * Vandalism is futile
 * Peptide hormone nomenclature
 * Category members (eg, to find unreferenced claims in cardiology articles)

Copyrights
I agree to multi-license all my Wikipedia text contributions, with the exception of my user page and subpages, as described below:

title: User:Diberri


text:
Bonavista, Newfoundland and Labrador

Bonavista (2021 population: 3,190 ) is a town on the Bonavista Peninsula, Newfoundland in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. Unlike many Newfoundland coastal settlements, Bonavista was built on an open plain, not in a steep cove, and thus had room to expand to its current area of 31.5 km2. Bonavista is located approximately 300 km by road from the provincial capital of St. John's.

History
John Cabot (Giovanni Caboto), a freelance Italian explorer, was contracted by England's Henry VII to find new lands, and a sea route to the Orient. Cabot set sail from Bristol, England in his ship the Matthew in 1497. When Cabot first saw land he reputedly said "O Buon Vista" ("Oh, Happy Sight!") giving rise to the name of the town and nearby Cape Bonavista. Cabot landed with "a crucifix and raised banners with the arms of the Holy Father and those of the King of England". The land was inhabited, as the expedition found a trail leading inland, a site where a fire had been, and "a stick half a yard long pierced at both ends, carved and painted with brazil". The harbour was not ideal, eventually requiring the construction of several breakwaters. Despite this Bonavista became one of the most important towns in Newfoundland due to its proximity to the rich fishing and sealing grounds to the north of the peninsula. The Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, French and English fished off Cape Bonavista during the 16th century, but the Spanish and Portuguese presence soon declined, leaving the French and English as the dominant powers. Tension between the French and English sometimes resulted in military action, including an unsuccessful attempt in 1704 by the French to burn the town. The French Shore, which had Bonavista as its eastern terminus, was established by the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713. Fishing rights in the area continued to be a source of tension between the French and English.

Bonavista was a major commercial centre and the evidence for this is preserved at the Ryan Premises, a National Historic Site maintained by Parks Canada. It is a restored example of a large fish merchant's operation.

Bonavista's status was further enhanced by the development of the Fishermen's Protective Union in the early 20th century, and the creation of nearby Port Union. During the peak years of 1891–1901, the Bonavista Peninsula's population of about 20,000 was centred in Bonavista. The Bonavista Cold Storage Co. fish plant, now a Fishery Products International operation, became the centre of fishery production after the decline of salt fish markets.

In 1722 the first school in Newfoundland was built in Bonavista by Rev. Henry Jones.

In the twentieth century the town's economy switched to being tourism-focused. In 2023, it was reported that up to 80,000 visited each summer, leading to many houses to be converted into vacation rentals (more than 120 in 2023). These conversions flipped the housing market of the house, which twenty years earlier had seen many vacant houses, into one of shortage. As of 2023 a freeze on new vacation rental conversions was declared.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Bonavista had a population of $3,190$ living in $1,470$ of its $1,732$ total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of $3,448$. With a land area of 31.56 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

Climate
Bonavista has a subarctic climate (Dfc) due to its cold water temperatures surrounding the location, keeping June temperatures below 10 C in terms of mean temperatures. Although winters are relatively mild by Canadian standards, there is heavy snowfall and frequent cold days. Winter lasts from December through April.

Bonavista is one of the windiest places in Canada with an average wind speed of 32.6 km/h.

Attractions

 * The Ryan Premises
 * The Matthew Replica
 * The Mockbeggar Plantation
 * The Dungeon
 * White Rock Murals
 * Cape Bonavista Light
 * Bonavista Archives
 * Cabot Stadium
 * Puffins, whales, and icebergs

Notable people

 * Adam Pardy, National Hockey League player
 * Michael Ryder, National Hockey League player

title: Bonavista, Newfoundland and Labrador


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Talk:Shenzhen

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title: Talk:Shenzhen


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Frederick Hauck

Frederick Hamilton "Rick" Hauck (pronounced "Howk"; born April 11, 1941) is a retired captain in the United States Navy, a former fighter pilot and NASA astronaut. He piloted Space Shuttle mission STS-7 and commanded STS-51-A and STS-26.

Personal data
He was born April 11, 1941, in Long Beach, California, but considers Winchester, Massachusetts and Washington, D.C. to be his hometowns. His parents were the late Captain and Mrs. Phillip F. Hauck. His maternal grandfather, Olaf M. Hustvedt, was a United States Navy vice admiral who commanded battleships during World War II. As a child, Hauck was suggested to skip first and second grade. However, his mother felt concerned about the age difference between him and his fellow classmates and instead only had him skip first grade. Hauck married his first wife, Dolly Bowman, in 1962. The couple had two children. The couple split on amicable terms in the late 1980s. Hauck is married to Susan Cameron Bruce.

Education

 * 1958: Graduated from St. Albans School in Washington, D.C.
 * 1962: Received a Bachelor of Science degree in physics from Tufts University. While attending Tufts he joined the Delta Upsilon fraternity.
 * 1966: Received a Master of Science degree in nuclear engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
 * 1971: Graduated U.S. Naval Test Pilot School

Military experience
Hauck, a Naval ROTC student at Tufts University, was commissioned upon graduation in 1962 and reported to the destroyer USS Warrington (DD-843), where he served 20 months as communications officer and Combat Information Center officer. Hauck was involved in the search for the submarine USS Thresher when it sank off the coast of Cape Cod in 1963. In 1964, he attended the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California, for studies in mathematics and physics and for a brief time in 1965 studied the Russian language at the Defense Language Institute in Monterey. Selected for the Navy's Advanced Science Program, he received a master's degree in nuclear engineering from Massachusetts Institute of Technology the next year.

He commenced flight training at the Naval Air Station Pensacola, Florida, in 1966, and was designated a Naval Aviator, receiving his aviator wings in 1968. As a pilot with Attack Squadron 35 he deployed to the Western Pacific with Carrier Air Wing Fifteen aboard the aircraft carrier USS Coral Sea (CVA-43), flying 114 combat and combat support missions in the A-6 Intruder. In August 1970, Hauck joined Attack Squadron 42 as a visual weapons delivery instructor in the A-6 Intruder. Selected for test pilot training, he reported to the U.S. Naval Test Pilot School at NAS Patuxent River, Maryland in 1971. A 3-year tour in the Naval Air Test Center's Carrier Suitability Branch of the Flight Test Division followed. During this period, Hauck served as a project test pilot for automatic carrier landing systems in the RA-5 Vigilante, A-6 Intruder, A-7 Corsair II, F-4 Phantom and F-14 Tomcat aircraft and was team leader for the Navy Board of Inspection and Survey aircraft carrier trials of the F-14. In 1974, he reported as operations officer to commander, Carrier Air Wing Fourteen aboard USS Enterprise (CVN-65). On two cruises he flew the A-6, A-7, and F-14 during both day and night carrier operations. He reported to Attack Squadron 145 as Executive Officer in February 1977.

In May 1989 he became director, Navy Space Systems Division, in the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations. In this capacity he held budgeting responsibility for the Navy's space programs. Captain Hauck left military active duty on June 1, 1990.

NASA experience
NASA selected Hauck as an astronaut candidate in January 1978. He made an early impression on his fellow astronauts in his first days. Being one of the new TFNGs to sit at the table during his first morning astronaut meeting. Some thought he was either a fool or the most confident among the new candidates. He was assistant Crimson team CAPCOM for the first Space Shuttle mission re-entry. His first spaceflight was as pilot for STS-7, the seventh flight of the Space Shuttle, which launched from Kennedy Space Center, Florida, on June 18, 1983. The crew included Robert Crippen (spacecraft commander), and three mission specialists, John Fabian, Sally Ride, and Norm Thagard. This was the second flight for the orbiter Challenger and the first mission with a 5-person crew. During the mission, the STS-7 crew deployed satellites for Canada (ANIK-C2) and Indonesia (Palapa B-1); operated the Canadian-built Remote Manipulator System (RMS) to perform the first deployment and retrieval exercise (with the Shuttle Pallet Satellite (SPAS-01)); and with Crippen conducted the first piloting of the orbiter in close proximity to a free-flying satellite (SPAS-01). Mission duration was 147 hours before landing on a lakebed runway at Edwards Air Force Base, California, on June 24, 1983.

Hauck was spacecraft commander for the second mission of Discovery on mission STS-51-A, which launched on November 8, 1984. His crew included David M. Walker (astronaut) (pilot), and three mission specialists, Joseph Allen, Anna Fisher, and Dale Gardner. During the mission, the crew deployed two satellites, Telesat Canada's Anik D-2, and Hughes' LEASAT-1 (Syncom IV-1). In the first space salvage mission in history, the crew also retrieved for return to Earth the Palapa B-2 and Westar VI satellites. STS-51-A completed 127 orbits of the Earth before landing at Kennedy Space Center, Florida, on November 16, 1984.

In March 1985 Captain Hauck became the Astronaut Office project officer for the integration of the liquid-fueled Shuttle-Centaur upper-stage rocket. In May 1985 he was named commander of the Centaur-boosted Ulysses solar probe mission, STS-61-F (sponsored by the European Space Agency). It was set to launch in a tight launch window in May 1986. After the Challenger accident this mission was postponed, and the Shuttle-Centaur project was terminated.

In August 1986, Captain Hauck was appointed NASA associate administrator for external relations, the policy advisor to the NASA Administrator for congressional, public, international, inter-governmental, and educational affairs. He resumed his astronaut duties at the Johnson Space Center in early February 1987.

Hauck was spacecraft commander of Discovery on STS-26, the first flight to be flown after the Challenger accident. The mission launched on September 29, 1988. The flight crew included the pilot, Richard Covey, and three mission specialists, David Hilmers, Mike Lounge, and George Nelson. During the four-day mission, the crew deployed the Tracking and Data Relay Satellite (TDRS-C) and operated eleven mid-deck experiments. While in command of the flight, Hauck and the rest of the crew took time to honor those lost on Challenger. Hauck offered words of honor to his fallen friends, "Dear friends, we have resumed the journey that we promised to continue for you. Dear friends, your loss has meant that we could confidently begin anew. Dear friends, your spirit and your dreams are still alive in our heart." Discovery completed 64 orbits of the Earth before landing at Edwards Air Force Base, California, on October 3, 1988.

Hauck has logged over 5,500 flight hours, 436 in space.

Post-NASA experience
In October 1990, he joined AXA Space (formerly INTEC) as president and chief operating officer, and on January 1, 1993, assumed responsibilities as chief executive officer. AXA Space provides property and casualty insurance for the risk of launching and operating satellites. He retired from AXA Space in April 2005. Hauck was added to the board of directors for Cianbro, a Maine-based construction company, in 2010.

After his divorce from Dolly Bowman, Hauck began dating Susan Bruce, a former Tufts student he knew during his senior year. They married in 1993. Hauck inherited three stepdaughters from Susan's previous marriage.

In December 2023, Hauck published his memoir To Mach 25 and Home.

Memberships, boards, and panels

 * Fellow, Society of Experimental Test Pilots
 * Fellow, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA)
 * Board of Trustees, Tufts University (1987-)
 * Board of Governors, St. Albans School (1989–95)
 * Association of Space Explorers (Vice President, 1991–93; Board of Directors, 2000-)
 * Technical Advisor to The Synthesis Group on America's Space Exploration Initiative (1990–91)
 * Commercial Space Transportation Advisory Committee (COMSTAC), United States Department of Transportation (1992–99)
 * Chair, COMSTAC Task Group on Russian Entry into Commercial Space Markets (1992)
 * NASA Commercial Programs Advisory Committee (1991)
 * Department of Commerce U.S. Space Commerce Mission to Russia (1992)
 * NASA Mission Review Task Group (Space Salvage) (1992)
 * General Dynamics Atlas Failure Review Oversight Boards (1992, 1993)
 * U.S. Congress Office of Technology Assessment Advisory Panel on National Space Transportation Policy (1994–95)
 * Chair, NASA External Independent Readiness Review Team for Second Hubble Space Telescope Servicing Mission (1995–97)
 * National Research Council (NRC) Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board (1996- )
 * NRC Committee on International Space Station Meteoroid/Debris Risk Management (1995–1996)
 * Chair, NRC Committee on Space Shuttle Meteoroid/Debris Risk Management (1997)
 * Boeing Space Launch Mission Assurance Review Team (1999)
 * External Requirements Assessment Team for NASA 2nd Generation Reusable Launch Vehicle Program (2000- )
 * Chair, NRC Committee on Precursor Measurements Necessary to Support Human Operations on the Surface of Mars (2001-)
 * Executive Committee, Astronaut Scholarship Foundation
 * Board of Directors, American Astronautical Society (AAS) (1997–2000)
 * Chair, Arts and Sciences Board of Overseers, Tufts University (1997- )
 * External Visiting Committee, Dept. of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Stanford Univ. (2001)
 * Member, Space Foundation Board of Directors (2005- )

Special honors

 * Two Defense Distinguished Service Medals
 * the Defense Superior Service Medal
 * the Legion of Merit
 * the Distinguished Flying Cross
 * the Air Medal (9)
 * the Navy Commendation Medal with Gold Star and Combat V
 * the NASA Distinguished Service Medal
 * the NASA Medal for Outstanding Leadership
 * the NASA Space Flight Medal (3)
 * Astronaut Hall of Fame
 * the Navy's Outstanding Test Pilot Award
 * the Presidential Cost Saving Commendation
 * the AIAA Haley Space Flight Award
 * Lloyd's of London Silver Medal for Meritorious Service
 * two AAS Flight Achievement Awards
 * the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI) Yuri Gagarin Gold Medal
 * the FAI Komarov Diploma (2)
 * the Tufts University Presidential Medal
 * the Tufts University Light on the Hill Award
 * the Delta Upsilon Distinguished Alumnus Award
 * Who's Who in America

title: Frederick Hauck


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Anna Fisher

Anna Fisher may refer to:

 * Anna Lee Fisher (born 1949), American chemist and NASA astronaut
 * Anna S. Fisher (1873–1942), American artist and teacher, from Cold Brook, New York
 * Anna L. Fisher (active 1910s–1930s), American advisor to Faisal I of Iraq

title: Anna Fisher


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Agonist

An agonist is a chemical that activates a receptor to produce a biological response. Receptors are cellular proteins whose activation causes the cell to modify what it is currently doing. In contrast, an antagonist blocks the action of the agonist, while an inverse agonist causes an action opposite to that of the agonist.

Etymology
From the Greek αγωνιστής (agōnistēs), contestant; champion; rival < αγων (agōn), contest, combat; exertion, struggle < αγω (agō), I lead, lead towards, conduct; drive

Types of agonists
Receptors can be activated by either endogenous agonists (such as hormones and neurotransmitters) or exogenous agonists (such as drugs), resulting in a biological response. A physiological agonist is a substance that creates the same bodily responses but does not bind to the same receptor.

 * An endogenous agonist for a particular receptor is a compound naturally produced by the body that binds to and activates that receptor. For example, the endogenous agonist for serotonin receptors is serotonin, and the endogenous agonist for dopamine receptors is dopamine.
 * Full agonists bind to and activate a receptor with the maximum response that an agonist can elicit at the receptor. One example of a drug that can act as a full agonist is isoproterenol, which mimics the action of adrenaline at β adrenoreceptors. Another example is morphine, which mimics the actions of endorphins at μ-opioid receptors throughout the central nervous system. However, a drug can act as a full agonist in some tissues and as a partial agonist in other tissues, depending upon the relative numbers of receptors and differences in receptor coupling.
 * A co-agonist works with other co-agonists to produce the desired effect together. NMDA receptor activation requires the binding of both glutamate, glycine and D-serine co-agonists. Calcium can also act as a co-agonist at the IP3 receptor.
 * A selective agonist is selective for a specific type of receptor. E.g. buspirone is a selective agonist for serotonin 5-HT1A.
 * Partial agonists (such as buspirone, aripiprazole, buprenorphine, or norclozapine) also bind and activate a given receptor, but have only partial efficacy at the receptor relative to a full agonist, even at maximal receptor occupancy. Agents like buprenorphine are used to treat opiate dependence for this reason, as they produce milder effects on the opioid receptor with lower dependence and abuse potential.
 * An inverse agonist is an agent that binds to the same receptor binding-site as an agonist for that receptor and inhibits the constitutive activity of the receptor. Inverse agonists exert the opposite pharmacological effect of a receptor agonist, not merely an absence of the agonist effect as seen with an antagonist. An example is the cannabinoid inverse agonist rimonabant.
 * A superagonist is a term used by some to identify a compound that is capable of producing a greater response than the endogenous agonist for the target receptor. It might be argued that the endogenous agonist is simply a partial agonist in that tissue.
 * An irreversible agonist is a type of agonist that binds permanently to a receptor through the formation of covalent bonds.
 * A biased agonist is an agent that binds to a receptor without affecting the same signal transduction pathway. Oliceridine is a μ-opioid receptor agonist that has been described to be functionally selective towards G protein and away from β-arrestin2 pathways.

New findings that broaden the conventional definition of pharmacology demonstrate that ligands can concurrently behave as agonist and antagonists at the same receptor, depending on effector pathways or tissue type. Terms that describe this phenomenon are "functional selectivity", "protean agonism", or selective receptor modulators.

Mechanism of action
As mentioned above, agonists have the potential to bind in different locations and in different ways depending on the type of agonist and the type of receptor. The process of binding is unique to the receptor-agonist relationship, but binding induces a conformational change and activates the receptor. This conformational change is often the result of small changes in charge or changes in protein folding when the agonist is bound. Two examples that demonstrate this process are the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor and NMDA receptor and their respective agonists. For the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor, which is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), the endogenous agonist is acetylcholine. The binding of this neurotransmitter causes the conformational changes that propagate a signal into the cell. The conformational changes are the primary effect of the agonist, and are related to the agonist's binding affinity and agonist efficacy. Other agonists that bind to this receptor will fall under one of the different categories of agonist mentioned above based on their specific binding affinity and efficacy. The NMDA receptor is an example of an alternate mechanism of action, as the NMDA receptor requires co-agonists for activation. Rather than simply requiring a single specific agonist, the NMDA receptor requires both the endogenous agonists, N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and glycine. These co-agonists are both required to induce the conformational change needed for the NMDA receptor to allow flow through the ion channel, in this case calcium. An aspect demonstrated by the NMDA receptor is that the mechanism or response of agonists can be blocked by a variety of chemical and biological factors. NMDA receptors specifically are blocked by a magnesium ion unless the cell is also experiencing depolarization.

These differences show that agonists have unique mechanisms of action depending on the receptor activated and the response needed. The goal and process remains generally consistent however, with the primary mechanism of action requiring the binding of the agonist and the subsequent changes in conformation to cause the desired response at the receptor. This response as discussed above can vary from allowing flow of ions to activating a GPCR and transmitting a signal into the cell.

Potency
Potency is the amount of agonist needed to elicit a desired response. The potency of an agonist is inversely related to its half maximal effective concentration (EC50) value. The EC50 can be measured for a given agonist by determining the concentration of agonist needed to elicit half of the maximum biological response of the agonist. The EC50 value is useful for comparing the potency of drugs with similar efficacies producing physiologically similar effects. The smaller the EC50 value, the greater the potency of the agonist, the lower the concentration of drug that is required to elicit the maximum biological response.

Therapeutic index
When a drug is used therapeutically, it is important to understand the margin of safety that exists between the dose needed for the desired effect and the dose that produces unwanted and possibly dangerous side-effects (measured by the TD50, the dose that produces toxicity in 50% of individuals). This relationship, termed the therapeutic index, is defined as the ratio TD50:ED50. In general, the narrower this margin, the more likely it is that the drug will produce unwanted effects. The therapeutic index emphasizes the importance of the margin of safety, as distinct from the potency, in determining the usefulness of a drug.

title: Agonist


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Talk:Sturbridge, Massachusetts

Is there any particular reason why this page has such a long title, and isn't simply at Sturbridge? — Timwi 00:23, 3 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * To distinguish it from the census-designated place Sturbridge, which is part of the town of Sturbridge and has its own article at Sturbridge (CDP), Massachusetts. That said, it doesn't really make much difference; if you want to move this article to "Sturbridge, Massachusetts", I won't stop you. AJD 05:54, 3 Mar 2004 (UTC)

I have a bit of info if someone wants to see if it's right or wrong. The town of stubridge was founded in 1735. It was based on land grants from the Colonial Governor for favors performed for the colony. The town did not include Worcester County Gore. In the year 1750 the original English Settlers, Nathaniel Walker, George Atkins, and Joseph Pierce petitioned the Town and the Colony of Massachusetts to be included in the Town of Sturbridge. hope this info is useful. Rckhound1 —Preceding unsigned comment added by Rckhound1 (talk • contribs) 22:17, 26 November 2008 (UTC)

== Aaron Burr- Historical Fact: Aaron Burr’s parents died of Cholera while living in Amherst. His granfparents adopted him and subsequently died of Cholera and he was sent to live in Sturbridge with his Uncle until his Uncle became a Minister at zprinceton College in NJ. I believe his Maternal Grandfather was Jonathan Edwards of the great awakening fame. ==

Aaron Burr, former American Vice President lived in Sturbridge as a child after his Parents and Granpsrents died of Cholera. He lived with his Uncle who was the Minister in Sturbridge. His Grandfather, Jonathan Edwards was a minister in Amherst famous for the “ Great Awakening Movement”. Wherever Edwards preached, thousands showed up. He was the “Rock Star” of his era. Burr went on to be a notorious scoundrel in political circles. The Biden’s are descended from the Burrs. Sturbridge should be proud of Burr. Today Sturbridge politics follow the Aaron Burr tradition of extortion & double dealing. Watch the antics of Sturbridge ConCom on zoom or Facebook. Different rules for different people. If you are a relative of commission members you don’t need a permit. All others get dragged through the mud. Burr was famous for his conflict of interest of trying to make the Louisana Purchase by undermining Jefferson. He also tried to steal Florida. Must be something in the Sturbridge water! 2601:741:C280:370:F49A:1A12:7F6C:AFC8 (talk) 11:45, 4 June 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sturbridge, Massachusetts


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Hypovolemia

Hypovolemia, also known as volume depletion or volume contraction, is a state of abnormally low extracellular fluid in the body. This may be due to either a loss of both salt and water or a decrease in blood volume. Hypovolemia refers to the loss of extracellular fluid and should not be confused with dehydration.

Hypovolemia is caused by a variety of events, but these can be simplified into two categories: those that are associated with kidney function and those that are not. The signs and symptoms of hypovolemia worsen as the amount of fluid lost increases. Immediately or shortly after mild fluid loss (from blood donation, diarrhea, vomiting, bleeding from trauma, etc.), one may experience headache, fatigue, weakness, dizziness, or thirst. Untreated hypovolemia or excessive and rapid losses of volume may lead to hypovolemic shock. Signs and symptoms of hypovolemic shock include increased heart rate, low blood pressure, pale or cold skin, and altered mental status. When these signs are seen, immediate action should be taken to restore the lost volume.

Signs and symptoms
Signs and symptoms of hypovolemia progress with increased loss of fluid volume.

Early symptoms of hypovolemia include headache, fatigue, weakness, thirst, and dizziness. The more severe signs and symptoms are often associated with hypovolemic shock. These include oliguria, cyanosis, abdominal and chest pain, hypotension, tachycardia, cold hands and feet, and progressively altering mental status.

Causes
The causes of hypovolemia can be characterized into two categories:

Kidney

 * Loss of body sodium and consequent intravascular water (due to impaired reabsorption of salt and water in the tubules of the kidneys)
 * Osmotic diuresis: the increase in urine production due to an excess of osmotic (namely glucose and urea) load in the tubules of the kidneys
 * Overuse of pharmacologic diuretics
 * Impaired response to hormones controlling salt and water balance (see mineralocorticoids)
 * Impaired kidney function due to tubular injury or other diseases

Other

 * Loss of bodily fluids due to:
 * Gastrointestinal losses; e.g. vomiting and diarrhea
 * Skin losses; e.g. excessive sweating and burns
 * Respiratory losses; e.g. hyperventilation (breathing fast)
 * Build up of fluid in empty spaces (third spaces) of the body due to:
 * Acute pancreatitis
 * Intestinal obstruction
 * Increase in vascular permeability
 * Dysautonomia such as Vasovagal Syncope or POTS Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome
 * Hypoalbuminemia
 * Loss of blood (external or internal bleeding or blood donation )

Pathophysiology

The signs and symptoms of hypovolemia are primarily due to the consequences of decreased circulating volume and a subsequent reduction in the amount of blood reaching the tissues of the body. In order to properly perform their functions, tissues require the oxygen transported in the blood. A decrease in circulating volume can lead to a decrease in bloodflow to the brain, resulting in headache and dizziness.

Baroreceptors in the body (primarily those located in the carotid sinuses and aortic arch) sense the reduction of circulating fluid and send signals to the brain to increase sympathetic response (see also: baroreflex). This sympathetic response is to release epinephrine and norepinephrine, which results in peripheral vasoconstriction (reducing size of blood vessels) in order to conserve the circulating fluids for organs vital to survival (i.e. brain and heart). Peripheral vasoconstriction accounts for the cold extremities (hands and feet), increased heart rate, increased cardiac output (and associated chest pain). Eventually, there will be less perfusion to the kidneys, resulting in decreased urine output.

Diagnosis
Hypovolemia can be recognized by a fast heart rate, low blood pressure, and the absence of perfusion as assessed by skin signs (skin turning pale) and/or capillary refill on forehead, lips and nail beds. The patient may feel dizzy, faint, nauseated, or very thirsty. These signs are also characteristic of most types of shock.

In children, compensation can result in an artificially high blood pressure despite hypovolemia (a decrease in blood volume). Children typically are able to compensate (maintain blood pressure despite hypovolemia) for a longer period than adults, but deteriorate rapidly and severely once they are unable to compensate (decompensate). Consequently, any possibility of internal bleeding in children should be treated aggressively.

Signs of external bleeding should be assessed, noting that individuals can bleed internally without external blood loss or otherwise apparent signs.

There should be considered possible mechanisms of injury that may have caused internal bleeding, such as ruptured or bruised internal organs. If trained to do so and if the situation permits, there should be conducted a secondary survey and checked the chest and abdomen for pain, deformity, guarding, discoloration or swelling. Bleeding into the abdominal cavity can cause the classical bruising patterns of Grey Turner's sign (bruising along the sides) or Cullen's sign (around the navel).

Investigation
In a hospital, physicians respond to a case of hypovolemic shock by conducting these investigations:
 * Blood tests: U+Es/Chem7, full blood count, glucose, blood type and screen
 * Central venous catheter
 * Arterial line
 * Urine output measurements (via urinary catheter)
 * Blood pressure
 * SpO2 oxygen saturation monitoring

Stages
Untreated hypovolemia can lead to shock (see also: hypovolemic shock). Most sources state that there are 4 stages of hypovolemia and subsequent shock; however, a number of other systems exist with as many as 6 stages.

The 4 stages are sometimes known as the "Tennis" staging of hypovolemic shock, as the stages of blood loss (under 15% of volume, 15–30% of volume, 30–40% of volume and above 40% of volume) mimic the scores in a game of tennis: 15, 15–30, 30–40 and 40. It is basically the same as used in classifying bleeding by blood loss.

The signs and symptoms of the major stages of hypovolemic shock include:

Field care
The most important step in treatment of hypovolemic shock is to identify and control the source of bleeding.

Medical personnel should immediately supply emergency oxygen to increase efficiency of the patient's remaining blood supply. This intervention can be life-saving.

Also, the respiratory pump is especially important during hypovolemia as spontaneous breathing may help reduce the effect of this loss of blood pressure on stroke volume by increasing venous return.

The use of intravenous fluids (IVs) may help compensate for lost fluid volume, but IV fluids cannot carry oxygen the way blood does—however, researchers are developing blood substitutes that can. Infusing colloid or crystalloid IV fluids also dilutes clotting factors in the blood, increasing the risk of bleeding. Current best practice allow permissive hypotension in patients with hypovolemic shock, both avoid overly diluting clotting factors and avoid artificially raising blood pressure to a point where it "blows off" clots that have formed.

Hospital treatment
Fluid replacement is beneficial in hypovolemia of stage 2, and is necessary in stage 3 and 4. See also the discussion of shock and the importance of treating reversible shock while it can still be countered.

The following interventions are carried out:
 * IV access
 * Oxygen as required
 * Fresh frozen plasma or blood transfusion
 * Surgical repair at sites of bleeding

Vasopressors (such as dopamine and noradrenaline) should generally be avoided, as they may result in further tissue ischemia and don't correct the primary problem. Fluids are the preferred choice of therapy.

History
In cases where loss of blood volume is clearly attributable to bleeding (as opposed to, e.g., dehydration), most medical practitioners prefer the term exsanguination for its greater specificity and descriptiveness, with the effect that the latter term is now more common in the relevant context.

title: Hypovolemia


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List of hospitals in Pennsylvania

This is a list of hospitals in Pennsylvania, a U.S. state. The list includes only hospitals that are currently licensed by the Pennsylvania Department of Health or operated by the Veterans Health Administration, according to data collected by the Hospital and Healthsystem Association of Pennsylvania (HAP) and the Pennsylvania Department of Health.

As of July 2018, there were 249 state licensed hospitals and VA hospital facilities in Pennsylvania. 148 of these facilities were non-profit, 86 were for-profit or "investor-owned", and 15 were public hospitals owned by the Federal government, state government, or in one case, the city of Philadelphia. There were 42,817 total licensed beds and 1,880 total operating rooms. 156 were general acute hospitals (with 10 more classified as general acute specialty hospitals), 29 were psychiatric hospitals, 22 were long-term acute care hospitals, 21 were rehabilitation hospitals, and 7 were VA hospitals. The largest hospital by both beds and operating rooms was UPMC Presbyterian-Shadyside in Pittsburgh. The University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) was also the largest health system network in the state by number of hospitals (28), beds (7,022), and operating rooms (379).

Hospitals in Pennsylvania
The following list is initially sorted alphabetically and can be sorted by additional categories. Hospital names are the latest as provided to HAP in their July 2018 dataset and may not reflect the current name or the name used by the hospital for marketing purposes. See the Notes column for additional information.

Hospitals planned or under construction
The following list of new hospitals are those that have been announced as planned or are currently under construction as of August 28, 2019. This list represents new hospital locations or campuses and does not include the expansion or replacement of existing hospital facilities.

title: List of hospitals in Pennsylvania