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Toys (film)

Toys is a 1992 American fantasy dark comedy film directed by Barry Levinson, cowritten by Levinson and Valerie Curtin, and starring Robin Williams, Michael Gambon, Joan Cusack, Robin Wright, LL Cool J, Arthur Malet, Donald O'Connor, Jack Warden and Jamie Foxx in his feature film debut. Released in December 1992, the film was produced by Levinson's production company, Baltimore Pictures, and distributed by 20th Century Fox.

The film was a box-office failure at the time of its release, despite its cast and filmmaking. Critical reception was generally negative, with director Barry Levinson nominated for a Razzie Award for Worst Director (losing to David Seltzer for Shining Through). The film did, however, receive Oscar nominations for Art Direction (losing to Howards End) and Costume Design (losing to Bram Stoker's Dracula). It was also entered into the 43rd Berlin International Film Festival.

Plot
Kenneth Zevo, owner of Zevo Toys in Moscow, Idaho, is dying. He surprises his assistant, Owen Owens, by announcing that instead of his son Leslie succeeding him, his younger brother, U.S. Army Lieutenant General Leland Zevo, will do so. Even Leland, whose relationship with Kenneth is strained, is surprised, noting that Leslie has been apprenticed at the toy factory most of his life. Kenneth agrees that Leslie loves toys and his work, but that his childlike demeanor would jeopardize the company. Kenneth had even hired Gwen Tyler to work in the factory, hoping that she and Leslie would start a relationship to help Leslie mature.

Leland reluctantly takes control after Kenneth's death, and because Leslie and his sister, Alsatia, know about toymaking, he decides to effectively give them control of the factory. However, Leland's interest is piqued on hearing about corporate secrets potentially being leaked, and he hires his son, Patrick, a soldier with covert military expertise, to manage security. From Patrick, Leland is inspired to build war toys, although Leslie explains that Zevo Toys has never made war toys due to Kenneth's overall dislike of war, which caused the strained relationship with his brother. Meanwhile, Leslie finally notices Gwen, and they start dating.

One night, Leland and Patrick go into town, where they peruse a video arcade, watching children play intently at the flickering game consoles. At a local toy store, Leland is amazed at what other companies have produced regarding war toys. As they drive back to the countryside, Leland and Patrick stop at a small pond, and Leland soon realizes that if military aircraft and hardware could be shrunken and operated by remote control, military spending could become less cumbersome.

Leland offers to drop the idea of Zevo Toys making war toys, but asks Leslie if he can partition a small amount of the factory to develop toys of his own. He asks Leslie to avoid the area, fearing that his toys may not be good enough. Unknown to Leslie, however, Leland is using the space to develop miniature remotely controlled war machines, aspiring to sell these to the military. However, military leaders refuse to buy into his plan, and Leland, becoming unhinged by their refusal, moves ahead with his plan independently. He increasingly takes over the factory's space and increases security, shrinking other departments and shutting down Alsatia's, effectively laying off numerous workers. When Leslie sees children being led into a restricted area, he, with Alsatia's help, sneaks in and discovers Leland training children to operate the miniature war machines with arcade-like interfaces. Leslie barely escapes the "Sea Swine" amphibious drone guarding an exit, and flees to Gwen's house to reveal his findings. Unbeknownst to him, Leland, aware of Leslie's discovery, prepares to defend his parts of the factory, promoting himself to general of his own army. Patrick learns that Leland lied about his mother's death, and quits to warn Leslie.

Leslie, Alsatia, Patrick, Gwen and Owen infiltrate the factory and disperse to locate the main control center. Leland takes the opportunity to unleash some cute-yet-deadly toys, before setting his military-style "Tommy Tanks" and "Hurly-Burly Helicopters" on them. Leslie, Alsatia, Gwen and Owen find their way into a storage warehouse in which he had the older Zevo Toys stored. Devising a plan, Leslie winds up the old toys and puts them to battle against Leland's war machines. He manages to get to Leland, and during a fight, Leland's helicopter attempts to hit Leslie with a missile, but misses and hits Leland's control panel, which shuts down all the military toys. As Leslie and Patrick confront Leland, the Sea Swine attacks Alsatia, who is revealed to be a robot built by Kenneth as a companion for Leslie after the death of his mother. As Leslie and Patrick attend to Alsatia, Leland tries to escape, but the Sea Swine attacks him. As Leland is hospitalized, Leslie takes over the factory and continues his relationship with Gwen, and Alsatia is fully repaired. Owen continues to work at Zevo, and Patrick prepares to depart for other missions, but remains with the others long enough to attend a brief memorial for Kenneth.

Production
Barry Levinson wrote Toys with his then-wife, Valerie Curtin, in 1979, intending it to be his directorial debut. He came up with the story after reading a newspaper article about the Soviet Navy Intelligence Department finding information about United States Navy nuclear submarines from toy models. 20th Century Fox got the rights and originally planned to start principal photography in April 1980. However, the executives who had approved Levinson's script were replaced by a new management team led by Shirley Lansing which, unsure about the project's potential, put it in turnaround.

Levinson tried to revive the project at other studios in the 1980s. In 1982, CBS Theatrical Films agreed to make Toys as one of its first thirty-nine films, but the studio was closed. Columbia Pictures tried to make the film in 1987 during David Puttnam's year as president, but Fox President Leonard Goldberg denied them the rights. In 1988, interest in the project increased after Robin Williams agreed to star in the film and Levinson's film Rain Man became highly successful. In 1990, Fox president Joe Roth finally greenlit the film, assigning a $38 million budget. However, issues during pre-production and scheduling conflicts with Levinson's next film Bugsy (1991) delayed the film for another several years. Producer Mark Johnson noted that the development hell was partly because their intentions were never understood, because "we kept using the word 'whimsy'", while the studios "kept reading it as a black comedy".

Principal photography began on February 25, 1992, at the Fox lot in Los Angeles and concluded in June 1992. Location filming also took place at the Palouse River Valley in Washington. The film nearly went over budget, but Levinson, Williams, and producer Mark Johnson reduced costs to just $30 million after they agreed to defer their salaries.

Levinson, who said that the movie had an ironic title regarding how "big toys, little toys–it's all a game, watching that missile go down the chimney blowing up that factory in Iraq could have been in a video arcade", considered that Toys was produced at a favorable time, as post-Cold War military expenditures were cut, and "investing in a force of tiny, remote-controlled $5,000 planes instead of a $450-million one is one way of beating the cutbacks".

Italian designer, Ferdinando Scarfiotti, spent more than a year designing the sets, which took over every sound stage at Fox Studios in Los Angeles. The influence of René Magritte's art is obvious in the set design and in some of the costume design. The poster distributed to movie theaters featuring Williams in a red bowler hat against a blue, cloud-lined background evokes The Son of Man. Golconda is featured during a sequence in which Williams and Cusack perform in a music video sequence rife with surreal imagery, much of it Magritte-inspired. The film's design was also influenced by Dadaism, Modernism and Italian Futurism — notably the work of Fortunato Depero.

The film has often been noted for many of its outdoor scenes, which feature the Palouse region. All of the outdoor scenes, including the trailer, were filmed on location in southeastern Washington near Rosalia and north-central Idaho.

Soundtrack
The "Into Battle" mix of "Welcome to the Pleasuredome" by Frankie Goes to Hollywood was created for the film by the song's original producer, Trevor Horn, and is exclusive to the soundtrack album.

Promotion
The film was publicized with a trailer that features Williams walking through a large undulating field of green grass, breaking the fourth wall and talking to the audience. This trailer was parodied on the TV show, The Simpsons, in the episode, "Burns' Heir", substituting Mr. Burns for Williams.

Box office
Toys was released in 1,272 venues, earning $4,810,027 and ranking sixth in its opening weekend, second among new releases, behind Forever Young. The film would ultimately gross $23,278,931 in North America, making it a commercial failure based on a $50 million budget.

Critical response
The film has an approval rating of 29% on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 28 reviews, and an average score of 4.5/10. The website's consensus reads: "Like a colorfully overengineered gewgaw on the shelf, Toys might look like fun, but its seemingly limitless possibilities lead mainly to confusion and disappointment." Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "C+" on a scale of A+ to F.

Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times stated that what made the film "that much sadder a failure is that everyone involved must have sincerely felt they were doing the Lord's work, care and concern going hand in hand with an almost total miscalculation of mood. Even Robin Williams, so lively a voice in Aladdin, is on beatific automatic pilot here, preferring to be warm and cuddly when a little of his energy (paradoxically on splendid display in the film's teaser trailer) is desperately called for. The Grinch Who Stole Christmas seems to have stripped the life from this film as well, leaving a pretty shell, expensive but hollow, in its place."

Peter Travers wrote in Rolling Stone, "To cut Toys a minor break, it is ambitious. It is also a gimmicky, obvious and pious bore, not to mention overproduced and overlong."

Home media
The film was released on VHS in 1993 and DVD on October 16, 2001.

Video game
A video game based on the film, Toys: Let the Toy Wars Begin!, was released in 1993 for the Super NES and Genesis platforms by Absolute Entertainment. The game is played from an isometric perspective, and involves the player, as Leslie, attempting to destroy the elephant-head security cameras in the factory, cafeteria and warehouse levels to shut down those defenses. When the player gets to the Manhattan model, the game switches to a side-scrolling stage in which the player must fly all the way to the General's control center, shut down the production of the war toys, and save the good name of Zevo Toys.

title: Toys (film)


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Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/January 14

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 * 1301 – King Andrew III died without any male heirs, ending the Árpád dynasty, which had ruled Hungary since the late 9th century.
 * 1900 – Giacomo Puccini's opera Tosca, based on the play La Tosca by French dramatist Victorien Sardou, premiered at the Teatro Costanzi in Rome.
 * 1907 – An earthquake registering 6.2 Mw struck Kingston, Jamaica, resulting in approximately 1,000 deaths.
 * 1933 – The England cricket team employed bodyline tactics against Australia during a Test match at the Adelaide Oval, the peak of a major controversy in the sport.
 * 1939 – Norway claimed Queen Maud Land, a 2.7-million km2 (1.0-million sq mi) region of Antarctica, as a dependent territory.
 * 1943 – Winston Churchill, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Charles de Gaulle, and Henri Giraud met in Casablanca to plan the Allies' European strategy for the next phase of World War II.
 * 1953 – Josip Broz Tito was inaugurated as the first president of Yugoslavia.
 * 1957 – Hindu spiritual leader Kripalu Maharaj was named the fifth original jagadguru, meaning 'world teacher'.
 * 1960 – The Reserve Bank of Australia, the country's central bank and banknote-issuing authority, was established.
 * 1967 – The Human Be-In, a countercultural event forming a prelude to the Summer of Love, was held in San Francisco's Golden Gate Park.
 * 1973 – Elvis Presley's (pictured) concert Aloha from Hawaii via Satellite was broadcast live to audiences in Asia and Oceania.
 * 1978 – Austrian logician Kurt Gödel, who suffered from an obsessive fear of being poisoned, died of starvation after his wife was hospitalized and unable to cook for him.
 * 2011 - Tunisian president Zine el Abidine Ben Ali fled the country after several violent protests.
 * Born/died this day: | Berthe Morisot |b|1841| Carrie Derick |b|1862| George Pearce |b|1870| James P. Hagerstrom |b|1921|  Murray Bookchin |b|1921| Rambhadracharya |b|1950| Steven Soderbergh |b|1963| Anthony Eden |d|1977| Jess Fishlock |b|1987|  Arfa Karim |d|2012

January 14: Ratification Day in the United States (1784)

 * 1724 – Philip V (pictured), the first Bourbon king of Spain, abdicated in favour of his seventeen-year-old eldest son, who became Louis I.
 * 1814 – Sweden and Denmark–Norway signed the Treaty of Kiel, whereby Frederick VI of Denmark ceded Norway to Sweden in return for the Swedish holdings in Pomerania.
 * 1969 – A major fire and series of explosions aboard the U.S. Navy aircraft carrier USS Enterprise (CVN-65) killed 28 sailors, injured 314 others, and destroyed 15 aircraft.
 * 1970 – The self-proclaimed Republic of Biafra in southeastern Nigeria surrendered to the federal government less than three years after declaring independence, ending the Nigerian Civil War.
 * 2018 – In the "Minneapolis Miracle", American football player Stefon Diggs caught a 61-yard touchdown pass that secured the Minnesota Vikings' victory in the National Football Conference divisional playoff game.

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Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/January 15

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 * 1815 – War of 1812: The American frigate USS President, commanded by Commodore Stephen Decatur, was captured by a squadron of four British frigates.
 * 1865 – American Civil War: The Union Army captured Fort Fisher, the last seaport of the Confederacy.
 * 1867 – In Regent's Park, London, the ice on the lake broke, plunging skaters into the water and causing 40 deaths from drowning or hypothermia.
 * 1885 – Wilson Bentley took the first known photograph of a snowflake by attaching a bellows camera to a microscope.
 * 1910 – Construction on the Buffalo Bill Dam on the Shoshone River in the U.S. state of Wyoming, then the tallest dam in the world, was completed.
 * 1919 – A large molasses tank in Boston, Massachusetts, burst and a wave of molasses rushed through the streets, killing 21 people and injuring 150 others.
 * 1933 – A teenage girl in Banneux, Belgium, reported the first of several Marian apparitions, now known as Our Lady of Banneux.
 * 1937 – Spanish Civil War: Nationalist and Republican forces both withdrew after suffering heavy losses at the Second Battle of the Corunna Road.
 * 1947 – The mutilated corpse of the Black Dahlia, a 22-year-old woman whose murder is one of the most famous unsolved crimes in the United States, was found in Leimert Park, Los Angeles.
 * 1943 – The highest-capacity office building in the world, the headquarters of the United States Department of Defense known as the Pentagon, was dedicated.
 * 1951 – Ilse Koch, the wife of the commandant of the Buchenwald and Majdanek concentration camps, was sentenced to life imprisonment by a West German court.
 * 1962 – The Derveni papyrus (fragment pictured), the oldest surviving manuscript in Europe, was discovered in Macedonia in northern Greece.
 * 1967 – The Green Bay Packers defeated the Kansas City Chiefs in the American football championship game now known as Super Bowl I.
 * 1970 – The Republic of Biafra surrendered following a failed attempt at secession from Nigeria, ending the Nigerian Civil War.
 * 1975 – Portugal and the nationalist factions UNITA, the MPLA and the FNLA signed the Alvor Agreement, ending the Angolan War of Independence.
 * 1981 – The American serial police-procedural television show Hill Street Blues aired its pilot episode, "Hill Street Station".
 * Born/died this day: | Wang Jingchong |d|950| Philip Livingston |b|1716| Marjorie Fleming |b|1803| Peter Christen Asbjørnsen |b|1812| Friedrich Parrot |d|1841| Wilhelm Marx |b|1863| C. D. Howe |b|1886| Sylvia Lawler |b|1922|  Ben Shapiro |b|1984| Bo Yibo |d|2007


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Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/January 16

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 * 27 BC – Gaius Octavianus was given the titles Augustus and Princeps by the Roman Senate when he became the first Roman emperor.
 * 1537 – Sir Francis Bigod began an armed rebellion against King Henry VIII and the English Parliament.
 * 1780 – American Revolutionary War: The Royal Navy gained their first major naval victory over their European enemies in the war when they defeated a Spanish squadron in the Battle of Cape St. Vincent.
 * 1883 – The Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act, establishing the United States Civil Service, is enacted by the U.S. Congress.
 * 1905 – Despite being blind in one eye, ice hockey player Frank McGee (pictured) set the record for most goals in a Stanley Cup game when he scored 14 against the Dawson City Nuggets.
 * 1920 – The League of Nations, the first worldwide intergovernmental organization with a focus on peace and security, held its first council meeting in Paris.
 * 1942 – TWA Flight 3 crashed into Potosi Mountain in Nevada, killing actress Carole Lombard and all of the other 21 people on board.
 * 1945 – World War II: Adolf Hitler and his staff moved into the Führerbunker in Berlin, where he would eventually commit suicide.
 * 2016 – After gunmen took hostages the previous night at a restaurant in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, government commandos stormed the premises to bring the situation to an end.
 * Born/died: | Nikephoros Choumnos |d|1327| Guru Har Rai |b|1630|  Osip Brik |b|1888| John C. Breckinridge |b|1821|    Miguel Ángel Mancera |b|1966| Susie Bootja Bootja Napaltjarri |d|2003| Marjorie Williams |d|2005| Lorna Kesterson |d|2012| Pauline Phillips |d|2013


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Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/January 17

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 * 1562 – Representatives of Catherine de' Medici, the regent of France, drew up the Edict of Saint-Germain, providing limited tolerance to the Protestant Huguenots.
 * 1773 – On James Cook's second voyage, his vessel HMS Resolution (1771) became the first vessel to cross the Antarctic Circle.
 * 1912 – Robert Falcon Scott's ill-fated Terra Nova Expedition reached the South Pole, only to find that Roald Amundsen's team had beaten them by 33 days.
 * 1920 – The Volstead Act went into effect, beginning the prohibition of alcohol in the United States.
 * 1945 – Swedish diplomat Raoul Wallenberg, who had saved thousands of Jews from the Holocaust, was taken into Soviet custody during the Siege of Budapest and was never seen in public again.
 * 1961 – Patrice Lumumba (pictured), a former prime minister of Congo-Léopoldville, was murdered in circumstances suggesting the support and complicity of the Belgian and US governments.
 * 1961 – Three days before leaving office, U.S. president Dwight D. Eisenhower delivered a farewell speech to the nation, in which he warned about the dangers of the military–industrial complex.
 * 1966 – A U.S. Air Force B-52 Stratofortress collided with a KC-135 Stratotanker during aerial refueling over the Mediterranean Sea, dropping three hydrogen bombs on land near Palomares, Spain, and a fourth one into the sea.
 * 1989 – Patrick Purdy opened fire in an elementary school in Stockton, California, killing 5 and wounding 32 others.
 * 1998 – The Drudge Report became the first news source to break the Clinton–Lewinsky scandal to the public.
 * 2002 – Mount Nyiragongo, a volcano in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, began an eruption that killed hundreds and left about 120,000 people homeless in the nearby town of Goma.
 * 2010 – The first spate of violence between Muslims and Christians began in Jos, Nigeria, and would end in more than 200 deaths.
 * Born/died: | Henry of Asti |d|1345| Martino Zaccaria |d|1345| William Backhouse |b|1593| Thomas Fairfax |b|1612| Thomas Linley the elder |b|1733|  Anne Brontë |b|1820| Alva Belmont |b|1853| David Beatty, 1st Earl Beatty |b|1871| Big Bear |d|1888| Abram Lincoln Harris |b|1899| Gauhar Jaan |d|1930| Mateiu Caragiale |d|1936| Thomas Jaggar |d|1953| Barbara Jordan |d|1996| Zhao Ziyang |d|2005|


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Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/January 18

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 * 474 – The young child Leo II became the sole Byzantine emperor upon the death of his grandfather Leo I.
 * 1535 – Francisco Pizarro founded Ciudad de los Reyes (present-day Lima, Peru) as the capital of the lands he conquered for the Spanish crown.
 * 1788 – The armed tender HMS Supply (1759), the first ship of the First Fleet, arrived at Botany Bay, Australia.
 * 1915 – Japanese prime minister Ōkuma Shigenobu issued the Twenty-One Demands to China in a bid to increase Japan's power in East Asia.
 * 1943 – World War II: In Operation Iskra, the Red Army established a narrow land corridor to Leningrad, partially easing the protracted German siege.
 * 1958 – Members of the Lumbee tribe arrived to protest at a Ku Klux Klan rally near Maxton, North Carolina, which turned into an armed confrontation between the two.
 * 1958 – Willie O'Ree of the Boston Bruins played his first game in the National Hockey League, becoming the first black Canadian to compete in the NHL.
 * 1983 – Singaporean communist activist Tan Chay Wa was executed, leading to a much-publicised trial of his brother for engraving 'subversive' material on the gravestone.
 * 1990 – In a sting operation conducted by the FBI, Marion Barry (pictured), the mayor of Washington, D.C., was arrested for possession of crack cocaine.
 * Born/died: | Tamar of Georgia |d|1213| Jobst of Moravia |d|1411| Jean-François de Surville |b|1717| Jeanne Quinault |d|1783| César Cui |b|1835| Edward Bulwer-Lytton |d|1873| Aleksandra Ekster |b|1882| Goose Tatum |d|1967| Vinod Kambli |b|1972| N. T. Rama Rao |d|1996


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Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/January 19

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 * 1511 – War of the League of Cambrai: Troops led by Pope Julius II captured Mirandola after a brief siege.
 * 1795 – The Batavian Republic was established the day after William V fled the Dutch Republic as a result of the Batavian Revolution in Amsterdam.
 * 1915 – World War I: The first major attack of the German bombing campaign against Britain took place when Zeppelins bombed several towns in Norfolk.
 * 1920 – The American Civil Liberties Union was founded by the directors of the National Civil Liberties Bureau.
 * 1972 – The French newspaper L'Aurore revealed that the former Nazi SS officer Klaus Barbie (pictured), the "Butcher of Lyon", had been found to be living in Peru.
 * 1975 – An earthquake registering 6.8 Ms struck northern Himachal Pradesh in India, causing extensive damage to the region.
 * 2001 – The key of Majulah Singapura, the national anthem of Singapore, was changed to F major.
 * 2007 – Turkish-Armenian journalist and human-rights activist Hrant Dink was assassinated by a Turkish nationalist in Istanbul.
 * 2007 – A four-man team, using only skis and kites, completed a 1093 mi trek to reach the Southern Pole of Inaccessibility, the first people to get there since 1967, and the first to do so on foot.
 * 2012 – The Hong Kong–based file-sharing website Megaupload was shut down by the FBI.
 * Born/died: | Marcus Gheeraerts the Younger |d|1636| Edgar Allan Poe |b|1809| Thomas Willing |d|1821| Herbert Chapman |b|1878|  Natacha Rambova |b|1897| Arthur Morris |b|1922| Francesca Woodman |d|1981| K. Sello Duiker |d|2005| Abdul Ghani Azhari  |d|2023


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Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/January 20

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 * 1265 – Simon de Montfort summoned local representatives to the Palace of Westminster to attend a parliament, considered the forerunner of the House of Commons of England.
 * 1356 – Edward Balliol, whose father John was briefly King of Scotland, gave up his claim to the throne in exchange for an English pension.
 * 1942 – The Holocaust: Reinhard Heydrich and other senior Nazi officials met at the Wannsee Conference near Berlin to discuss the implementation of the "Final Solution to the Jewish Question".
 * 1945 – World War II: Germany began the evacuation of at least 1.8 million people from East Prussia in anticipation of the advancing Soviet Red Army, an operation that took nearly two months to complete.
 * 1990 – The Soviet Red Army violently cracked down on Azeri pro-independence demonstrations in Baku, Azerbaijan SSR.
 * 1992 – Air Inter Flight 148 crashed into the Vosges while circling to land at Strasbourg Airport, France, resulting in 87 deaths.
 * 2009 – In Washington, D.C., Barack Obama was inaugurated (pictured) as the first African American president of the United States.
 * 2018 – A group of Taliban gunmen attacked the Inter-Continental Hotel in Kabul, Afghanistan, sparking a 12-hour battle that left at least 21 people dead.
 * Born/died this day: | Wulfstan |d|1095| Sebastian Münster |b|1488| Sebastian de Aparicio |b|1502| Jean-Jacques Barthélemy |b|1716| Carl Linnaeus the Younger |b|1741| Nathaniel Parker Willis |b|1806|d|1867 |John Soane |d|1837| Agnes Mary Clerke |d|1907| Sarah Conlon |b|1926| Kirsty Gallacher |b|1976| Naomi Parker Fraley |d|2018


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Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/January 21

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 * 763 – The Abbasid Caliphate crushed the Alid revolt when a rebel leader was mortally wounded in battle near Basra in present-day Iraq.
 * 1968 – Vietnam War: The Vietnamese People's Army attacked Khe Sanh Combat Base, a U.S. Marines outpost in Quảng Trị Province, South Vietnam, starting the Battle of Khe Sanh.
 * 1972 – Tripura, formerly part of the independent Twipra Kingdom, became a state of India.
 * 1976 – The Concorde supersonic transports began scheduled commercial flights to London, Paris, Bahrain, and Rio de Janeiro.
 * 1981 – The DeLorean Motor Company completed the first production car of the DMC DeLorean at its factory in Northern Ireland.
 * 2017 – Millions of people participated in the worldwide Women's March, to advocate for legislation and policies on human rights and other issues.
 * Born/died this day: |  Augustin Robespierre |b|1763| Yemelyan Pugachev |d|1775| Theodor Fliedner |b|1800| John C. Frémont |b|1813| Joseph Wolf |b|1820|  Phan Đình Phùng |b|1896|  Edith Tolkien |b|1889|   Cecil B. DeMille |d|1959|  Yasunori Mitsuda |b|1972| Freda Utley |d|1978 | Vincent Lingiari |d|1988

January 21: World Religion Day (2024)

 * 1757 – French and Indian War: French regulars, Canadien militia and Indigenous forces ambushed Rogers' Rangers forces in the Battle on Snowshoes.
 * 1919 – The First Dáil convened at the Mansion House in Dublin and adopted a declaration of independence calling for the establishment of the Irish Republic.
 * 1968 – A B-52 bomber carrying four nuclear weapons crashed onto sea ice near Thule Air Base, Greenland, causing localized radioactive contamination.
 * 1997 – The U.S. House of Representatives voted 395–28 to reprimand Newt Gingrich (pictured) for ethics violations, making him the first Speaker of the House to be so disciplined.
 * 2011 – Demonstrations in Tirana against alleged corruption in the Albanian government led to the killings of four protesters by the Republican Guard.


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Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/January 22

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 * 565 – Eutychius, Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople, was arrested after he refused Byzantine emperor Justinian I's order to adopt the tenets of the Aphthartodocetae, a sect of non-Chalcedonian Christians.
 * 1689 – The Convention Parliament met to decide the fate of the throne after James II, the last Catholic monarch of England, fled to France following the Glorious Revolution.
 * 1906 – SS Valencia was wrecked off the coast of Vancouver Island, Canada, in a location so treacherous it was known as the Graveyard of the Pacific.
 * 1943 – World War II: The Battle of Buna–Gona on New Guinea ended with an Allied victory after two months of fighting in which the Japanese fought with a resolve and tenacity not previously encountered.
 * 1957 – New York City police arrested George Metesky, better known as the "Mad Bomber", for planting over 30 bombs over 16 years throughout the city.
 * 1963 – France and West Germany signed the Élysée Treaty, establishing a new foundation for relations that ended centuries of rivalry.
 * 1969 – Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev survived what was seen as an assassination attempt, an incident that was not revealed to the public until after the fall of the Soviet Union.
 * 1970 – The Boeing 747, the world's first wide-body commercial airliner, entered service for Pan Am on the New York–London route.
 * 1973 – The U.S. Supreme Court delivered a landmark decision in Roe v. Wade, striking down laws restricting abortion during the first two trimesters of pregnancy.
 * 1984 – During Super Bowl XVIII, Apple Computer introduced the Macintosh, the first successful personal computer to use a graphical user interface, with the television commercial "1984".
 * 1987 – After being convicted of receiving bribes, Pennsylvania state treasurer R. Budd Dwyer shot and killed himself in front of television cameras during a press conference.
 * 2012 – Croatia held a referendum, in which it voted to become a member of the European Union.
 * Born/died: | Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset |d|1552| Wang Zhi |d|1560|Karl Ernst Claus |b|1796| William E. Holmes |b|1856 Noah Phelps |b|1740| Gisela Januszewska |b|1867| Frigyes Riesz |b|1880| Willa Brown |b|1906 | Michael Hutchence |b|1960| Ali Hassan Salameh |d|1979| S. Vithiananthan |d|1989| Ngô Quang Trưởng |d|2007

January 22: Day of Unity of Ukraine (1919)

 * 1273 – Muhammad II became Sultan of Granada after his father's death in a riding accident.
 * 1924 – Ramsay MacDonald took office as the first prime minister of the United Kingdom from the Labour Party.
 * 1943 – World War II: The Battle of Buna–Gona on New Guinea ended with an Allied victory after two months of difficult fighting against well-prepared Japanese defence.
 * 1968 – Apollo 5 (pictured), the first flight of NASA's Lunar Module, lifted off from Cape Kennedy Air Force Station.
 * 1979 – Uganda–Tanzania War: After surrounding Mutukula the previous day, Tanzanian forces attacked the town in the Battle of Mutukula and caused Ugandan forces to flee.


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Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/January 23

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 * 1556 – One of the deadliest earthquakes in history struck Shaanxi, China, resulting in at least 100,000 direct deaths.
 * 1570 – James Hamilton killed James Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray, in the first recorded assassination of a head of government using a firearm.
 * 1793 – The Russian Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia partitioned the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth for the second time.
 * 1849 – Elizabeth Blackwell (pictured) graduated from Geneva Medical College in New York, making her the first woman to receive a medical degree in the United States.
 * 1870 – American Indian Wars: The United States Army massacred a friendly band of Piegan Blackfeet in the Montana Territory, resulting in about 200 deaths.
 * 1909 – Two men committed an armed robbery in Tottenham, London, and led police on a two-hour chase, partially by tram, that ended in the perpetrators' suicides.
 * 1915 – Rebels led by John Chilembwe attacked local plantation owners, beginning an uprising regarded as a key moment in the history of Malawi.
 * 1942 – World War II: Japan began an invasion of the island of New Britain in the Australian Territory of New Guinea.
 * 1967 – The English new town of Milton Keynes was founded in Buckinghamshire, incorporating four towns and fifteen villages as well as planned new developments on intervening farmland.
 * 1968 – USS Pueblo was seized by North Korean forces, who claimed that it had violated their territorial waters while spying.
 * 1993 – The first version of Mosaic, created by Marc Andreessen and Eric Bina, was released, becoming the first popular web browser.
 * 1997 – Madeleine Albright was sworn in as the first female United States Secretary of State, becoming the highest-ranking woman in the history of the U.S. government at that time.
 * 2002 – American journalist Daniel Pearl was kidnapped and later murdered by al-Qaeda agents in Karachi, Pakistan.
 * Born/died this day: | Mary Ward |b|1585| John Croke |d|1620| Arthur Guinness |d|1803| Ernst Abbe |b|1840 | Antonio Díaz Soto y Gama |b|1880| Guida Maria |b|1950| Hsu Tain-tsair|b|1953| Steve Graham|b|1962| Louisa Cadamuro |b|1987|

January 23

 * 1264 – King Louis IX of France issued the Mise of Amiens, a settlement between King Henry III of England and barons led by Simon de Montfort heavily favouring the former, which later led to the Second Barons' War.
 * 1789 – Bishop John Carroll purchased a plot of land that would become the home of the future Georgetown University, the oldest Catholic university in the United States.
 * 1902 – In the most fatal recorded mountaineering accident, 199 of the 210 members of an Imperial Japanese Army unit perished in a blizzard on the Hakkōda Mountains.
 * 1957 – American inventor Fred Morrison sold the rights to his "flying disc" to the Wham-O toy company, who later renamed it the "Frisbee" (example pictured).
 * 2001 – Five people attempted to set themselves on fire in Tiananmen Square, Beijing, an act that many later claimed to have been staged by the Chinese Communist Party to frame Falun Gong and thus escalate their persecution.


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Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/January 24

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 * AD 41 – Cassius Chaerea and disgruntled members of the Praetorian Guard murdered the Roman emperor Caligula, who was succeeded by his uncle Claudius.
 * 771 – Kʼakʼ Tiliw Chan Yopaat dedicated a 65-ton stele, the largest stone known to be quarried by the Maya civilization, at his city of Quiriguá.
 * 1458 – The Estates unanimously proclaimed 14-year-old Matthias Corvinus King of Hungary after being persuaded to do so by his uncle Michael Szilágyi.
 * 1857 – The University of Calcutta was established as the first modern university in the Indian subcontinent.
 * 1913 – Greek military aviators Michael Moutoussis and Aristeidis Moraitinis performed the first naval air mission in history, with a Farman MF.7 hydroplane.
 * 1915 – First World War: British ships of the Grand Fleet intercepted and surprised a German High Seas Fleet squadron in the North Sea, sinking a cruiser and damaging several other vessels.
 * 1966 – Air India Flight 101, en route from Bombay to London, crashed into Mont Blanc in France, killing all 117 people on board.
 * 1968 – Vietnam War: The 1st Australian Task Force launched Operation Coburg against the North Vietnamese army and the Viet Cong.
 * 1978 – The Soviet nuclear-powered satellite Kosmos 954 burned up during atmospheric reentry, scattering radioactive debris across Canada's Northwest Territories.
 * Born/died: | Richard de Bury |b|1287| George Rooke |d|1709| Charles James Fox |b|17496| Signe Rink |b|1836| Vasily Surikov |b|1848| Edith Wharton |b|1862| Charles Boardman Hawes |b|1889| Maximilian Bircher-Benner |d|1939| August Meyszner |d|1947| Mark Eaton |b|1957 Mary Lou Retton |b|1968 | |Peter Settman |b|1969| Elie Hobeika |d|2002|


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Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/January 25

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 * 1533 – Anne Boleyn, already pregnant with the future Elizabeth I, secretly married Henry VIII of England in the second of his six marriages.
 * 1704 – English colonists from the Province of Carolina and their native allies began a series of raids against the largely peaceful population of Apalachee in Spanish Florida.
 * 1890 – American journalist Nellie Bly completed a circumnavigation of the globe by land and sea in a then-record 72 days.
 * 1917 – Serving as a British armed merchant cruiser, Laurentic (pictured) was sunk by German naval mines off the northern coast of Ireland, resulting in 354 deaths.
 * 1967 – South Vietnamese junta leader Nguyễn Cao Kỳ fired his rival Nguyễn Hữu Có while the latter was overseas on a diplomatic visit.
 * 1990 – Avianca Flight 52 ran out of fuel on approach to John F. Kennedy International Airport and crashed into the village of Cove Neck, New York, resulting in the deaths of 73 people.
 * 1995 – A team of Norwegian and American scientists launched a Black Brant XII sounding rocket, which was mistaken by Russian forces for a Trident missile.
 * 1998 – The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam detonated a truck bomb at the sacred Buddhist Temple of the Tooth in Kandy, killing 17.
 * 2004 – Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity landed on Mars and rolled into Eagle crater, a small crater on the Meridiani Planum.
 * 2006 – Three independent observing campaigns announced the discovery of OGLE-2005-BLG-390Lb., a super-Earth extrasolar planet 21,500 ±3,300 light years away from Earth near the center of the Milky Way.
 * 2006 – Mexican professional wrestler Juana Barraza was arrested in conjunction with the serial killing of at least ten elderly women.
 * 2010 – Ethiopian Airlines Flight 409, en route to Addis Ababa, crashed into the Mediterranean Sea shortly after takeoff from Beirut, Lebanon, killing all 90 people on board.

 * Born/died this day: | Leo IV the Khazar |b|750| Mihrimah Sultan |d|1578| Robert Burton |d|1640| Anna Gardner |b|1816| John Fisher, 1st Baron Fisher |b|1841| John Doubleday |d|1856|   Jane Bathori |d|1970|  Xavi |b|1980| Mikhail Suslov |d|1982| Ali Hassan al-Majid |d|2010


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Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/January 26

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 * 1545 - The Council of Trent officially separates Roman Catholicism and Protestantism

 * 1700 – An earthquake with a moment magnitude of around 9.0 occurred off the Pacific Northwest coast of North America, as evidenced by Japanese records of tsunamis.
 * 1788 – Captain Arthur Phillip and the British First Fleet landed at Sydney Cove on the shore of Port Jackson in present-day Sydney, establishing the first permanent European settlement in Australia.
 * 1841 – Commodore Gordon Bremer took formal possession of Hong Kong Island for the United Kingdom at Possession Point.
 * 1905 – The 3,106-carat (621 g) Cullinan Diamond (pictured), the largest gem-quality rough diamond ever found, was discovered at the Premier Mine in Gauteng, South Africa.
 * 1918 – A group of Red Guards hung a red lantern atop the tower of the Helsinki Workers' House, symbolically marking the start of the Finnish Civil War.
 * 1945 – Audie Murphy engaged in action at the Colmar Pocket that won him a Medal of Honor and made him one of the most famous and decorated U.S. soldiers of World War II.
 * 1950 – Indian independence movement: India became a republic under a new constitution, with Rajendra Prasad as president and Jawaharlal Nehru as prime minister.
 * 1952 – Spontaneous anti-British riots erupted in Cairo following the killings of 50 Egyptian auxiliary police officers the previous day.
 * 1966 – The three Beaumont children disappeared from a beach in Glenelg, South Australia, resulting in one of the country's largest-ever police investigations.
 * 1972 – JAT Flight 367 exploded in mid-air over Czechoslovakia; the only survivor of the 28 on board, flight attendant Vesna Vulović, fell 10,160 m (33,330 ft), setting the record for surviving the highest fall without a parachute.
 * 1991 – Somali Rebellion: Factions led by the warlord Mohamed Farrah Aidid and his rebel group, the United Somali Congress, ousted President Siad Barre.
 * 1998 – In a nationally televised press conference, U.S. president Bill Clinton denied having "sexual relations" with intern Monica Lewinsky.
 * 2001 – An earthquake in the Indian state of Gujarat killed at least 13,000 people, injured 167,000 others and destroyed nearly 400,000 homes.
 * 2020 – A Sikorsky S-76B helicopter crashed in Calabasas, California, killing all nine people on board, including former basketball player Kobe Bryant.
 * Born/died: | Lady Katherine Grey |d|1568| Georg Mohr |d|1697| Charles George Gordon |d|1885| Harry Ricardo |b|1885| Bessie Coleman |b|1892|  Giuseppe Genco Russo |b|1893|  Olga Tufnell |b|1905| Angela Davis |b|1944 |  David Kato |d|2011 |Kobe Bryant |d|2020| Peter Thorburn |d|2021| Bob McCallister |d|2021


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Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/January 27

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 * AD 98 – Trajan succeeded his adoptive father Nerva as Roman emperor; the Roman Empire reached its maximum extent under his rule.
 * 945 – The brothers Stephen and Constantine Lekapenos, having deposed their father as Byzantine emperor a few weeks earlier, were themselves overthrown by Constantine VII, their co-emperor.
 * 1343 – Clement VI issued the papal bull Unigenitus, justifying the power of the pope and the use of indulgences.
 * 1785 – The University of Georgia, one of the oldest public universities in the United States, was founded.
 * 1820 – A Russian expedition led by the naval officers Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen and Mikhail Lazarev made the first sighting of the coast of Antarctica.
 * 1927 – A contaminated diphtheria vaccine was used in an Australian immunisation program, leading to the deaths of twelve children and the suspension of immunisation programs in several countries.
 * 1945 – The Soviet Red Army liberated about 7,000 prisoners left behind by the Nazis in Auschwitz concentration camp (entrance pictured).
 * 1965 – South Vietnamese prime minister Trần Văn Hương was removed by the military junta of Nguyễn Khánh.
 * 1967 – A fire during a launch simulation for the Apollo 1 mission at Cape Kennedy killed astronauts Gus Grissom, Ed White and Roger Chaffee.
 * 1974 – Brisbane, Australia, was flooded when the Brisbane River broke its banks.
 * 1980 – Six American diplomats who had evaded capture in the Iran hostage crisis escaped with the help of Canadian government officials to Zürich, Switzerland.
 * 2010 – Porfirio Lobo Sosa became the new president of Honduras, ending a constitutional crisis that had begun in 2009 when Manuel Zelaya was forcibly removed from office.
 * 2011 – Arab Spring: The Yemeni Revolution began as more than 16,000 protesters demonstrated in Sanaa to demand governmental changes.

 * Born/died this day: | Marcian |d|457| Edward of Angoulême |b|1365| Angela Merici |d|1540| Johann Nikolaus von Hontheim |b|1701| Eli Whitney Blake |b|1795| Eunice Hale Cobb |b|1803| John Perkins |d|1812| Sasaki Tōichi|b|1886| Giuseppe Verdi |d|1901|  Perfecto Yasay Jr. |b|1947| Yang Chuan-kwang |d|2007|

January 27

 * 1799 – French Revolutionary Wars: In the Macau Incident, French and Spanish warships encountered a British Royal Navy escort squadron in the Wanshan Archipelago; subsequent events, including which side retreated, were disputed by the commanders present.

 * 1996 – Mahamane Ousmane (pictured), the first democratically elected president of Niger, was deposed by Colonel Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara in a military coup d'état.
 * 2003 – The first selections for the United States National Recording Registry were announced by the Library of Congress.
 * 2011 – Astronomers documented H1504+65, a white dwarf in Ursa Minor with the hottest surface temperature known at the time, at 200,000 kelvins (360,000 °F).


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Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/January 28

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 * 1142 – Despite having saved the southern Song dynasty from attempts by the northern Jin dynasty to conquer it, Chinese general Yue Fei was executed by the Song government.
 * 1547 – Nine-year-old Edward VI, the first English monarch to be raised as a Protestant, became king.
 * 1568 – Delegates of the Three Nations of Transylvania adopted the Edict of Torda, allowing local communities to freely elect their preachers in an unprecedented act of religious tolerance.
 * 1813 – English author Jane Austen's novel Pride and Prejudice was published, using material from an unpublished manuscript originally written between 1796 and 1797.
 * 1922 – The largest recorded snowstorm in the history of Washington, D.C., collapsed the Knickerbocker Theatre, killing 98 people.
 * 1941 – The Uline Arena in Washington, D.C., opened to host the Ice Capades.
 * 1958 – The Lego Group, a Danish toy company, filed a patent in Denmark for the design of Lego bricks (pictured).
 * 1984 – Tropical Storm Domoina made landfall in southern Mozambique, causing some of the most severe flooding recorded in the region.
 * 1986 – The Space Shuttle Challenger disintegrated 73 seconds into its tenth mission, killing all seven crew members.
 * Born/died: | Joan II of Navarre |b|1312| Paul Luther |b|1533| Johannes Hevelius |bd|1611; 1687| Gregor Werner |b|1693| George S. Boutwell |b|1818|  Colette |b|1873| Monty Noble |b|1873| Jasraj |b|1930|  Paul Henderson |b|1943 Reynaldo Hahn |d|1947| Bobbi Campbell |b|1952|  Helen Sawyer Hogg |d|1993

January 28

 * 1069 – Robert de Comines, Earl of Northumbria, was killed in Durham, causing William the Conqueror to embark on a campaign to subjugate northern England.

 * 1754 – The word serendipity, derived from the Persian fairy tale The Three Princes of Serendip, was coined by Horace Walpole (pictured) in a letter to a friend.
 * 1933 – Choudhry Rahmat Ali published a pamphlet in which he called for the creation of a Muslim state in north-western India that he termed "Pakstan".
 * 1964 – Three U.S. Air Force pilots aboard an unarmed T-39 Sabreliner were killed when the aircraft was shot down over Erfurt, East Germany, by a Soviet MiG-19.


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Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/January 29

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 * 1856 – Queen Victoria introduced the Victoria Cross, originally to recognise acts of valour by British military personnel during the Crimean War.
 * 1891 – Liliʻuokalani, the last monarch and only queen regnant of the Hawaiian Kingdom, ascended the throne.
 * 1907 – Charles Curtis of Kansas became the first Native American U.S. Senator.
 * 1943 – World War II: The Battle of Rennell Island, the last major naval engagement between the United States Navy and the Imperial Japanese Navy during the Guadalcanal campaign, began.
 * 1944 – World War II: At least 38 civilians were killed and about a dozen others injured when the Polish village of Koniuchy was attacked by a Soviet partisan unit with a contingent of Jewish partisans.
 * 2006 – India's Irfan Pathan became the only bowler to take a Test cricket hat-trick in the opening over of a match.
 * 2009 – The Supreme Constitutional Court of Egypt ruled that people who did not adhere to one of the three government-recognised religions are also eligible to receive government identity documents.
 * 2017 – A lone gunman carried out a mass shooting at a mosque in Quebec City, Canada, killing six people and injuring up to nineteen others.
 * Born/died: | Pope Gelasius II |d|1119| Giuliano Bugiardini |b|1475| Emanuel Swedenborg |b|1688| Albert Gallatin |b|1761 Mary Whitwell Hale |b|1810| Frederick Delius |b|1862| Józefa Joteyko |b|1866| Philippe-Joseph Aubert de Gaspé |d|1871| Alice Catherine Evans |b|1881| Geraldine Pittman Woods |b|1921| Hy Cohen |b|1931| Aminah Cendrakasih |b|1938 |Elin Rombo |b|1976| Colleen McCullough |d|2015| Jean-Marie Doré |d|2016


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Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/January 30

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 * 1018 – The German–Polish War ended with the signing of the Peace of Bautzen between Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor, and Bolesław I, the Piast ruler of Poland.
 * 1607 – Low-lying places around the coasts of the Bristol Channel of Britain were flooded, resulting in an estimated 2,000 deaths.
 * 1649 – King Charles I, who was defeated in both the First and the Second English Civil Wars, was beheaded for high treason in front of the Banqueting House in London.
 * 1835 – Richard Lawrence became the first person to attempt to assassinate a sitting US president when he failed to kill Andrew Jackson at the US Capitol (assassination attempt pictured) and was subdued by the crowd.
 * 1939 – In a speech to the Reichstag, Adolf Hitler threatened the "annihilation of the Jewish race in Europe".
 * 1948 – Nathuram Godse fatally shot Mahatma Gandhi, the political and spiritual leader of India and the Indian independence movement, at Birla House in Delhi.
 * 1964 – In a bloodless coup, Nguyễn Khánh overthrew Dương Văn Minh's military junta in South Vietnam, less than three months after Minh executed a bloody coup himself.
 * 1968 – Vietnam War: Forces of the Viet Cong and the Vietnamese People's Army launched the Tet Offensive to strike military and civilian command and control centers throughout South Vietnam.
 * 1972 – The Troubles: On Bloody Sunday, members of the British Parachute Regiment shot 26 civil-rights protesters in Derry, Northern Ireland, killing at least 13 people.
 * 1979 – Varig Flight 967 disappeared shortly after takeoff from Tokyo's Narita International Airport en route to Rio de Janeiro.
 * 2000 – Kenya Airways Flight 431 crashed into the Atlantic Ocean near Ivory Coast shortly after takeoff, killing 169 on board.
 * 2008 – The Trump International Hotel and Tower in downtown Chicago opened for business, eleven months before construction would finish.
 * 2013 – The Korea Aerospace Research Institute launched Naro-1, South Korea's first carrier rocket and their first launch vehicle to achieve Earth orbit.
 * Born/died: | William More |b|1520| Everard Digby |d|1606|Angela of the Cross |b|1846| Rudolf Caracciola |b|1901| Patrick Heron |b|1920| Barbara La Marr |d|1926| Johannes Fibiger |d|1928| Abdullah II of Jordan |b|1962| Professor Longhair |d|1980| John Bardeen |d|1991

January 30: Martyrs' Day in India (1948)

 * 1287 – Wareru created the Hanthawaddy Kingdom in today's Lower Burma and declared himself king following the collapse of the Pagan Empire.
 * 1661 – Two years after his death, Oliver Cromwell's remains were exhumed for a posthumous execution and his head was placed on a spike above Westminster Hall in London, where it remained until 1685.
 * 1945 – World War II: Allied forces liberated more than 500 prisoners of war (pictured) from a Japanese POW camp near Cabanatuan in the Philippines.
 * 2020 – The World Health Organization declared the COVID-19 pandemic to be a public health emergency of international concern.


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Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/January 31

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 * 1208 – King Sverker II of Sweden was defeated at the Battle of Lena by Eric Knutsson, who succeeded to the throne.
 * 1578 – Eighty Years' War: Spain won a crushing victory at the Battle of Gembloux, threatening the States General of the Netherlands and contributing to its move from Brussels to Antwerp.
 * 1747 – The London Lock Hospital, the first voluntary hospital specialising in the treatment of venereal diseases, opened.
 * 1900 – Datu Muhammad Salleh, leader of a series of major disturbances in North Borneo, was shot dead in Tambunan, but his followers did not give up for five more years.
 * 1957 – A DC-7B operated by Douglas Aircraft collided in mid-air with a U.S. Air Force F-89 and crashed into a schoolyard in Pacoima, California.
 * 1961 – Aboard NASA's Mercury-Redstone 2, Ham the Chimp became the first hominid launched into outer space.
 * 1988 – Doug Williams (pictured) became the first African-American quarterback to play in a Super Bowl, leading the Washington Redskins to victory in Super Bowl XXII.
 * 2000 – Alaska Airlines Flight 261, experiencing problems with its horizontal stabilizer system, crashed in the Pacific Ocean off Anacapa Island, California, killing all 88 people on board.
 * 2010 – James Cameron's Avatar became the first film to earn over US$2 billion worldwide.
 * 2013 – A gas leak underneath the Pemex Executive Tower in Mexico City caused an explosion that killed at least 37 people and injured another 121.
 * Born/died this day: | James Stanley, 7th Earl of Derby |b|1607| Jost Bürgi |d|1632| Manuel Alberti |d|1811| Zina D. H. Young |b|1821| James G. Blaine |b|1830| Charles W. Lyons |b|1868| Cilibi Moise |d|1870| Eric Burhop |b|1911|  Justin Timberlake |b|1981| Eleanor Holm |d|2004|


text:
Talk:Kensington Market

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Shayeferras.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 01:42, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Untitled
What about Kensington Market, London, UK?

Re Layton: They don't live in the Market, they live east of Spadina.

Re: Pedestrian Sundays
As the current president of KMAC and a PS volunteer, I have been able to witness that there is no widespread fear of trying to make the market entirely car-free (the Sundays are in their 6th year and have become well integrated) and have removed the text about that that was requiring citations.Paradise coyote (talk) 20:49, 22 August 2009 (UTC)

Reorganization
I have put topics together into related categories. I have removed some commercial material. I have added balanced comments on a couple of subtopics. I have put references into Wikipedia format. My hope is that future contributors will be able to expand and improve material here, both adding content, adding sources, and keeping closer to WP:NPOV and less personal opinion.Avt tor 14:53, 6 December 2006 (UTC)

Error
There's a problem with internal linkage; The Boat links to a SanFran page. This link either needs to be removed, or a a page for Kensington night life needs to be made.

-Emily —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 70.52.181.26 (talk) 05:37, 27 February 2007 (UTC).

Edit
I made changes to the first paragraph only. Information stays the same, edited for clarity and syntax only. If anyone has changes/suggestions, please go ahead.

Does anyone know if the market was once closed to cars, somewhere back in the 60's and 70's?

Removed unreferenced links
Ones promoting clubs that linked to Wikipedia entries that were not the same (ie: the nightclub "The Supermarket" linked to the Wikipedia page for a common supermarket). No citations and self-promotion. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.34.54.90 (talk) 21:55, 6 July 2011 (UTC)

Marijuana Culture
Regarding the Marijuana Culture section I believe that this section is not completely accurate due to the fact that there is no sourcing and without this the information is not considered valid and legitimate. I believe that this showcases the neighbourhood in the negative and will deter people from visiting the neighbourhood. I also feel that because smoking Marijuana is illegal in Canada this automatically voids the accuracy of this section and I strongly encourage this section to be removed. I am an Urban Planning student at Ryerson University in downtown Toronto and I have studied this neighbourhood for the past 12 weeks including visiting numerous times. The observations about the "marijuana culture" are at odds with my experience in the Market and I strongly feel that this post over exaggerates what is being said when it is most likely just be a case of a "behind closed doors" scenario. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ryan.labranche (talk • contribs) 16:37, 2 December 2011 (UTC)
 * I was just at Roach-o-rama today, saw people smoking up in the back room. siafu (talk) 00:51, 29 December 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 3 one external links on Kensington Market. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20140821124812/http://www.torontolife.com/daily-dish/restaurants-dish/2013/12/18/blackbird-baking-co-replacing-cobs-bread-kensington/ to http://www.torontolife.com/daily-dish/restaurants-dish/2013/12/18/blackbird-baking-co-replacing-cobs-bread-kensington/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20131203092929/http://redpepperspectacle.wordpress.com/kensington-winter-solstice/?preview=true&preview_id=30&preview_nonce=ef0fb1697a to http://redpepperspectacle.wordpress.com/kensington-winter-solstice/?preview=true&preview_id=30&preview_nonce=ef0fb1697a
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20111202082538/http://www.cbc.ca:80/parents/feature/2009/08/profile-mamma-yamma.php to http://www.cbc.ca/parents/feature/2009/08/profile-mamma-yamma.php

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 04:32, 9 February 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kensington Market


text:
Talk:British comics

Archives
(red link removed) Digifiend (talk) 13:10, 25 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Archive 1 (19 May 2004 to 14 October, 2005)

Assessment
DOesn't use inline citations but references, and the list of comics needs moving. It hits the bases, but needs a little more. Hiding Talk 08:20, 27 October 2006 (UTC)

Few odd things
I'd say one main difference between British and US comics (though not all of them) is that US comics usually only feature one story (eg Spider-man, Batman), whereas British ones tend to feature several different stories per issue (2000AD currently has about 5-6, Viz generally has one or two per page, and the odd 3 pager). Also "Air Ace" (actually called "Air Ace Picture Library") is hardly the best example of the picture-library format (i don't think it even ran for 100 issues). A far better example is, of course, Commando, which is still published today. Also calling it a "black and white" comic is a bit wierd (the Beano certianly had mostly black and white pages up to about 1992 if i remember rightly). A better term might be "Adventure comic" or "War comic" (though other things like Super Detective Library and Hotspur weren't entirely set in war, Commando usually is...) 82.153.230.138 15:20, 2 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Beano and Dandy became full colour in 1993, but both had about 50% colour pages since the 1980s. Digifiend (talk) 13:15, 25 July 2008 (UTC)

Collaboration
(Relevant comments copied from Wikipedia Talk:WikiProject Comics Hiding talk 14:21, 23 November 2005 (UTC))

I just read the beginning and I think it still needs some copyediting. For example, titles should be in italics, and the article needs some more links in the lead (and strangely The Beano and The Dandy aren't linked the first time they appear in the article, but the third...?! Same goes for British). Also, the Overview section has a lot of very short paragraphs, I think those should be combined to make a better reading. Plus, there should be consistancy in linking years. Currently some years are linked, others not. I personally think years are generally overlinked in many Wikipedia articles and should be cut down (see Manual of Style (links) and What should not be linked in Wikipedia) --Fritz S. 10:56, 15 September 2005 (UTC)

The whole article is somewhat of a mess; it is unclear what the focus is. How do we define a "British comic" anyway? Should we focus on format, on nationality, or should this be an overview of the British comics scene? --Martin Wisse 07:42, 24 November 2005 (UTC) I'm french and I search general informations about comics and am surprised you don't mention "Jeff Hawke" or "Dan Dare" on this page. Aren't they considered as comics by you ? An other remark there is a french magazine "Spirou" that runs (and still does) since 1938. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Madscan (talk • contribs) 09:05, 12 March 2011 (UTC)

 * As I see it, it's not an overview of the British comics scene, no, that's to come, probably at Comics in the United Kingdom. This is a history of the British comic, as defined in the opening sentence. Hiding  talk 07:54, 24 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Would it not make sense to rename this article to History of British comics or something simular then? The current title does not really cover the content. --Martin Wisse 11:46, 24 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Aye, History of the British comic to avoid the plural? Hiding talk 13:40, 24 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Fine with me. Shall we Be Bold and move this article, or would it be better to mention it at the comics collaboration project page first? --Martin Wisse 08:12, 25 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes, the article deals mainly with the history, but there is an Overview section, and in addition the American comic book page deals just as exclusively with history. IMO the move was a mistake and it should be moved back. rst20xx 18:44, 17 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I think it's confusing that this article follows a different nomenclature than other comics-related articles, the article British comics should primarily deal with the medium, not the publishing form. 惑乱 Wakuran (talk) 10:07, 11 August 2012 (UTC)

New article: TV comic?
I've noticed that a number of the British comic magazines I've read about here on Wikipedia seemed to specialize in printing adventures based on popular TV shows of the time, famous examples being TV Action (comic), Countdown (comic), TV Comic itself, Look-In, etc. Since this format isn't well-known over this side of the Atlantic, perhaps someone would start a stub describing it? -- Antaeus Feldspar 14:22, 18 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Add in TV Century 21, and its sisters Tv Tornado, Solo, Lady Penelope, Joe 90. But surely it is pretty common to have comics based on TV series - Star Trek, of course, and Gold Key Comics had many others, didn't they? Hanna Barbera stuff, Buck Rogers, etc. The main difference is that the UK has always gone for weekly anthology titles with often only one or two pages to each strip each week. -- Beardo 01:53, 21 November 2006 (UTC)

 * There are entries like List of films based on comic books (although it was moved and needs moving back) and List of films based on comic strips (and see the see also on the latter for many more examples) so I'd suggest you could have List of comics based on TV series (using comics and TV series for their more neutral meanings - comic books and TV shows is a little too American ;) ). Looks like you already have the basics of the entry listed above - use those others as your basis for the list and you are away. Keep an eye on comics anthology and to add to the list: Stargate Comics, Justice League Adventures, The Batman Adventures, Gotham Girls and Superman Adventures (the last four worth highlighting as they are comic book adaptations of a successful TV series which was based on the comic books - all of them taking place in the DC animated universe which has seen minor crossovers with the core reality of the main DC Universe - for the full list of comics based on the DCAU see DC animated universe). (Emperor 03:58, 21 November 2006 (UTC))

Newspaper comics?
http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/jong003were01_01/jong003were01_01_0002.htm

Could anybody help me with an issue involving British newspaper comics? The link goes to the start of the first (important) Dutch daily newspaper comic (1922), scroll down until the heroes meet a sort of an elf and a pig coming out of the London Evening News office in Fleetstreet. That elf-pig combination had its own comic in the London Evening News in that time, but I cannot find any indication what their names and the name of their series was. It is of some importance for the development of the history of Dutch (newspaper) comics, as it was the first comic series published in a Dutch newspaper.ThW5 09:30, 15 May 2006 (UTC)

British comics workgroup
A workgroup has been proposed to focus on the specific needs of British comics - sign up if you are interested in seeing it happen: WikiProject Council/Proposals (Emperor 23:31, 30 July 2007 (UTC))

 * This has been started here: WikiProject Comics/British comics work group. (Emperor 01:09, 23 October 2007 (UTC))

Proposed British comics group
There is now a proposed project or project subgroup relating explicitly to British comics at WikiProject Council/Proposals. Any editors interesting in working with this group should indicate their interest there. Thank you. John Carter 17:43, 2 August 2007 (UTC)

21st century
I was wondering about expanding this. I was reading this article and it says the British are only recently getting into graphic novels proper (as opposed to British creators going over to the US and revolutionising their market in this field) and other than Raymond Briggs they might have a point - I started Category:British graphic novels and the interesting thing is the number of literature adaptations. We recently had Kidnapped (graphic novel) and I started two articles on British publishers that have been appearing in the news Classical Comics and Self Made Hero. The interesting thing is the latter is specifically doing a line of manga adaptations of Shakespeare. Which leads into the issue of British manga - the manga Shakespeare line has art being provided by Sweatdrop Studios and/or winners of the UK/Irish version of Tokyopop's Rising Stars of Manga.

So would it be worth updating that section with a paragraph looking at the home-grown graphic novels and manga? (Emperor 17:57, 18 September 2007 (UTC))

 * Oh and there is also ILYA's Mammoth Book of Best New Manga (which is due a second volume soon) and MangaQuake. (Emperor 18:03, 18 September 2007 (UTC))

The DFC
Seems a new weekly comic is looming, The DFC, from David Fickling Books  details are skimpy and the launch/preview seems to have been cancelled  but keep an eye out as it could get quite a bit of press especially if it contains a story by Phillip Pullman (as suggested in LITG - second link). (Emperor 03:31, 25 September 2007 (UTC))

 * More news: Pullman's piece will be "The Adventures Of John Blake", with art by John Aggs (see below) with other strips including "Good Dog, Bad Dog" by Dave Shelton (which is currently running in The Guardian comic) and "Mobot High" by Neill Cameron   (time to get the Neill Cameron entry up and running - he has also done work for Classical Comics). They also have their own site |www.thedfc.co.uk/ with a clock counting down - 9 days to go and I suspect there will be big press coverage. I'd suggest starting the entry here: The DFC. (Emperor (talk) 13:34, 29 February 2008 (UTC))

 * The build up to the comic launch (end of May) should bring in more press. You can get names of the stories and other info here and The Bookseller have a report. I suspect about a fortnight from now the news will hit a point (BBC and Guardian?) where we can start a well referenced piece and then see how it goes from there. (Emperor (talk) 22:26, 29 April 2008 (UTC))

 * The latest one to preview in the Guardian is Cora' Breakfast by Nick Abadzis. (Emperor (talk) 23:56, 12 May 2008 (UTC))

 * Rainbow Orchid also mentions it - Garen Ewing is in it too. Interest is hotting up on GMTV too. Did we link to this piece in the Times Online yet? Don't think so. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Jenniscott (talk • contribs) 15:58, 15 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Good finds - I think it'd be worth starting the article now with all those sources. Note the preview of Pullman's story The Adventures of John Blake is running in the Guardian colour supplement today and it looks impressive on that high gloss paper. Art by John Aggs too. With his RSOM win too it means we can start an entry on him too (I am a member of the Sweatdrop forms where he posts so can drop him a note asking for any details). (Emperor (talk) 13:42, 24 May 2008 (UTC))

 * A piece by Pullman in the Guardian and preview of his series . Looks like we have easily enough material to start the article. I'm going to be a bit busy over the next few days (looming deadlines and all) but if there has been no movement on this front by then I'll get things started. I suspect the press will pick up from here on in and it is easier to add it in as it appears - here is the Google news search.
 * We can probably get some of the redlinks up and running too as they'll help flesh out the background to the various creators. (Emperor (talk) 04:00, 25 May 2008 (UTC))

 * OK I started Neill Cameron. I'll work something up for The DFC later. (Emperor (talk) 18:54, 28 May 2008 (UTC))

 * And started The DFC - we can continue discussing this over there: Talk:The DFC. (Emperor (talk) 20:23, 28 May 2008 (UTC))

The DFC launched at the end of May 2008, the first British children's comic in twenty-five years, That's wrong, what about BeanoMAX? Digifiend (talk) 13:07, 3 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Good catch - I've clarified it. (Emperor (talk) 13:26, 3 June 2008 (UTC))

Having double checked it turned out 1985's Hoot also launched within the 25 year period. Digifiend (talk) 12:20, 4 June 2008 (UTC)

Guardian Comics
The Guardian has launched a comic section for kids but it is different from others (like I think the Times) which have a collection of comic strips and the like. It is printed in broadsheet format but the fold makes it into a nearly A4 4-page comic which has a 3 page manga-style story, Robot Girl (you can read it online at the link I give), across the first three and a competition on the back. It then folds out and the insides have activities for the children. Not only does it seem like an interesting development in itself it also touches on a few things above. The main one being that it is done (by John Aggs which has done Daedalus Blue and won the Rising Stars of Manga competition) in a manga-style which seems to be a trend these days. There is also a narrow strip along the bottom of the back page where Robot Girl says if you like her story you'll like DFC and then says DFC is a secret so it appears that DFC is still in the pipeline and that the Guardian might be doing a build up to its launch. (Emperor 13:18, 27 October 2007 (UTC))

Fair use rationale for Image:Ally1884.png
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Fair use rationale for Image:BeanoJan6-1940.jpg
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Comics in wartime
This sentence is unclear: During the wars the Beano and Dandy thrived due to a ban on publishing new comics, this was because of a paper shortage. How come Beano and Dandy are excluded from the ban? Aren't they considered "new comics"? What's the reasoning? 惑乱 分からん * \)/ (\ (< \) (2 /) /)/ * (talk) 12:07, 21 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Good point - I've asked for a source. I'd assume it means that the paper shortage during the war meant no new comics were allowed to be started. On comics Britannia the other night they did look at this period and they certainly did reduce the quality of the materials used and devoted a lot of time to promoting the war effort so they may also have been allowed to continue for that too. I suspect something like Paul Gravett's book should have the information and a quote might help clarify the statement. (Emperor (talk) 14:58, 21 July 2008 (UTC))

 * Okay. Yeah, Paul Gravett seems to do some good stuff. I enjoyed his book about manga. I mean, considering how much space was needed for the images, the written information is well-chosen. ;) (Seriously, it's a good book.) 惑乱 分からん * \)/ (\ (< \) (2 /) /)/ * (talk) 17:57, 21 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Beano and Dandy were both reduced from 24 pages to 10, and from weekly to fortnightly. Their newly launched sister comic Magic closed after 80 issues in 1941. This was mentioned in The Beano Special Collectors Edition: 70 Years of Fun. Digifiend (talk) 13:12, 25 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Ah. Anyway, the reduction from 96 pgs/month to 20 (approx) and the cancellation of the sister magazine hardly seems like "thriving" to me, although I assume they could still have gained some kind of monopoly when most others did much worse. 惑乱 分からん * \)/ (\ (< \) (2 /) /)/ * (talk) 10:01, 7 August 2008 (UTC)

Comic Cuts
I've had to sever the Comic Cuts links, as it refers to actor Jack Shepherd, not the comic. Somebody should create an article at Comic Cuts (Comic) then relink it. Digifiend (talk) 13:18, 25 July 2008 (UTC)

 * You can just change it so the redlink points to Comic Cuts (comics) (which is the name that follows WP:NCC). (Emperor (talk) 13:36, 25 July 2008 (UTC))

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Boy's Own Paper
Is this a comic? - i.e. did it feature comic strips to any extent? If not, then I think its prominence in this page should be downgraded.

--John Price (talk) 10:00, 2 February 2009 (UTC)

Longest-running comics
This bit from the introduction is seems incorrect: "The top three longest-running comics in the world, The Dandy, The Beano and Comic Cuts are all British" - The Italian "il Giornalino" appears to have been published continuosly since 1924, and several titles (like the Belgian "Spirou" or the US "Detective Comics") have at least run significantly longer than Comic Cuts. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 132.150.226.76 (talk) 14:28, 18 April 2011 (UTC)

Toxic?
I am surprised at the lack of any mention of Toxic (magazine) in the 21st century section. Even though it isnt a 'pure' comic I believe it still deserves a mention due to its high sales and influence on other comics such as The Dandy. Eopsid (talk) 14:39, 29 November 2011 (UTC)

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Online comics
Night Warrior appears to be an entirely online comic. Are we counting these? The list of comics isn't a list of websites. Richard75 (talk) 10:21, 28 May 2018 (UTC)

Andy Capp
I've removed Andy Capp from the list of comics, because Andy Capp is not a comic and the list is not a list of characters or stories. Richard75 (talk) 10:26, 28 May 2018 (UTC)
 * This seems to be another case of differing terminology between US and UK. In the US, the word "comic(s)" refers to a medium, while in the UK, the word "comic(s)" often refers to a publishing format. What an American calls "comic(s)" might be called "comic strip(s)" in UK (which in US is a word limited to newspaper strips), while what a Brit would call "comic(s)" might be called "comic book(s)" or "comic magazine(s)". I think this differing terminology actually often is confusing when attempting to cover an international scope. 惑乱 Wakuran (talk) 12:27, 23 June 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:British comics


text:
Runner (disambiguation)

A runner is a person who runs.

Runner may also refer to:

Film and television

 * Runner, the most junior member(s) of a film crew or member(s) of a television crew
 * Runner, a film by the British artist Ravi Deepres
 * Runner (2021 film), a 2021 Lithuanian film by Andrius Blaževičius
 * Runner (Stargate), a character in the fictional Stargate universe
 * "Runner" (Stargate Atlantis), an episode of the television series Stargate Atlantis
 * "Runner" (The Professionals), an episode of the crime-action television drama series
 * Runner (Logans Run), a type of character in the film Logan's Run

Music

 * Runner (album), a 2012 studio album by The Sea and Cake
 * Runner (band), a short-lived British rock band, formed in 1978
 * "Runner" (song), a 1981 song by Canadian musician Ian Thomas, also by Manfred Mann's Earth Band in 1984
 * The Runners (production duo), an American electronic and hip hop production duo
 * "The Runner" (song), a 2019 song by Foals
 * "Runner", a 2017 song by Why Don't We
 * "Runner", a 2022 song by Alex G from the album God Save the Animals

Other media

 * Runner (comics), a Marvel Comics character
 * Sonic Runners, a video game

Biology

 * Any of several fishes of the family Carangidae called runners
 * Stolon, an aerial shoot from a plant with the ability to produce adventitious roots and new clones, often called a runner

Communication

 * Courier, a person who delivers messages, packages, and mail
 * Runner (soldier), a military courier carrying messages by foot

People

 * George Runner, California Board of Equalization member and former State Senator (and husband of Sharon Runner)
 * Sharon Runner, California State Senator (and wife of George Runner)

Sport

 * Athletic shoe, footwear primarily designed for sports or other forms of physical exercise
 * Baserunner, an offensive player in baseball who has successfully reached at least first base
 * Runner (cricket), a player who runs for an injured batsman
 * Sling (climbing equipment), climbing equipment consisting of a tied or sewn loop of webbing that can be wrapped around a rock
 * An employee of a sports agent, usually responsible for scouting and befriending potential future clients

Transportation

 * The long, flat, smooth ski-like glide on a sled
 * Gilera Runner, a moped/scooter manufactured by Gilera
 * USS Runner (SS-275), Gato-class submarine, 1942–1943
 * USS Runner (SS-476), Tench-class submarine, 1944–1971

Other uses

 * "Runners", members of the Beguny subset of the Russian Bezpopovtsy religious movement
 * Runner (casting), a channel in the gating system of a casting die
 * Runner rug, a long, narrow rectangular carpet
 * Running gag, a literary device in the form of a repeated joke or reference
 * The rotating driven element of a water turbine (hydroelectric) generator
 * Terrestrial locomotion

title: Runner (disambiguation)


text:
Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/April 1

Eligible

 * 1234 – Richard Marshal, Earl of Pembroke, was defeated by knights loyal to King Henry III of England at the Battle of the Curragh in County Kildare, Ireland.
 * 1293 – Robert Winchelsey left England for Rome to be consecrated Archbishop of Canterbury, but a papal vacancy delayed the ceremony.
 * 1340 – A band of warriors led by Niels Ebbesen killed Count Gerhard III, ending Holstein rule in Denmark.
 * 1833 – Mexican Texans met at San Felipe de Austin to begin the Convention of 1833.
 * 1865 – American Civil War: The Union Army under Major General Philip Sheridan (pictured) inflicted more than 2,900 casualties on the Confederates at the Battle of Five Forks.
 * 1879 – The Inland Customs Line, established by the British for the collection of the salt tax in India, was abandoned.
 * 1918 – The United Kingdom established the Royal Air Force, near the end of the First World War.
 * 1922 – Under the South Seas Mandate, Japan set up a government in Koror, precipitating large-scale Japanese settlement in Palau.
 * 1933 – English cricketer Wally Hammond set a record for the highest individual score in Test cricket of 336 not out during a match against New Zealand.
 * 1941 – Soviet border guards opened fire on civilians attempting to cross the border from the Soviet Union to Romania near Fântâna Albă, killing between 44 and 3,000 people.
 * 1963 – On Her Majesty's Secret Service, the tenth novel of Ian Fleming's James Bond series, was released in the United Kingdom.
 * 1970 – U.S. president Richard Nixon signed the Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act into law, requiring that a prominent warning by the surgeon general be placed on cigarette packages.
 * 1970 – The American Motors Corporation introduced its Gremlin, promoted as America's first subcompact car.
 * 1990 – The longest prison riot in British penal history began at Strangeways Prison in Manchester, lasting 25 days.
 * 2001 – An American Lockheed EP-3 and a Chinese Shenyang J-8 collided in mid-air off Hainan, resulting in an international dispute between the two countries.
 * Born/died this day: | Franz Egon von Fürstenberg-Heiligenberg |d|1682| Joseph de Maistre |b|1753| Giuditta Pasta |d|1865| Ferruccio Busoni |b|1866| F. D. Maurice |d|1872| Marvin Gaye |d|1984| Henri Cochet |d|1987|Jofra Archer |b|1995| Cynthia Lennon |d|2015


text:
Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/April 2

Eligible

 * 1513 – Spanish conquistador Juan Ponce de León sighted land in North America, naming the area La Florida.
 * 1865 – American Civil War: On the third attempt, Union forces captured Petersburg, Virginia, although Confederate officials and most of their remaining troops were able to escape.
 * 1911 – The Australian Bureau of Statistics conducted the first national census of the country.
 * 1968 – 2001: A Space Odyssey, an epic science fiction film produced and directed by Stanley Kubrick (pictured), premiered at the Uptown Theater in Washington, D.C.
 * 1992 – John Gotti (pictured), the head of the Gambino crime family of New York City, was convicted of racketeering, murder, conspiracy to commit murder, loansharking, obstruction of justice, illegal gambling, and tax evasion.
 * 2002 – Second Intifada: Palestinian militants sought refuge from advancing Israeli forces in the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem, beginning a month-long siege.

 * 2015 – Six elderly men burgled a safe-deposit facility in Hatton Garden, London, and stole items worth up to an estimated £14 million.
 * 2015 – Gunmen attacked Garissa University College in Kenya, killing 148 people and wounding 79 others.
 * Born/died: | Charlemagne |b|747|Maria Sibylla Merian |b|1647| Jean Anthelme Brillat-Savarin |b|1755|  Clément Ader |b|1841| Albert Pike |d|1891|  Sue Townsend |b|1946| Juanito |d|1992|  Arthur Kopit |d|2021


text:
Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/April 3

Images
Only use ONE image at a time

Eligible

 * 1559 – Henry II of France and Philip II of Spain signed the second treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis, ending the Italian War of 1551–1559.
 * 1721 – Robert Walpole (pictured) took office as First Lord of the Treasury, Chancellor of the Exchequer and Leader of the House of Commons, becoming the first de facto prime minister of Great Britain.
 * 1860 – The Pony Express, a mail service that became the most direct means of long-distance communication across the United States before the first transcontinental telegraph, began operation.
 * 1888 – Emma Elizabeth Smith was killed in the first of eleven unsolved murders of women that took place in or near the impoverished Whitechapel district in the East End of London.
 * 1895 – The libel trial instigated by Irish author Oscar Wilde (pictured) began, eventually resulting in his arrest, trial and imprisonment on charges of gross indecency.
 * 1933 – Lord Clydesdale and David McIntyre undertook the first successful flight over Mount Everest.
 * 2000 – In United States v. Microsoft Corp., Microsoft was found to have violated antitrust law by bundling the web browser Internet Explorer with its Windows operating system.
 * 2010 – Apple Inc. released the first generation iPad, a tablet computer.
 * 2016 – The first news stories on the Panama Papers were published, revealing that shell corporations represented by the Panamanian law firm Mossack Fonseca had been used for illegal purposes.
 * Born/died: | Al-Adil ibn al-Sallar |d|1154|Richard of Chichester |d|1253| George Herbert |b|1593| Cyrus K. Holliday |b|1826|Ernst Chladni |d|1827|   Talbot Baines Reed |b|1852|Thomas C. Kinkaid |b|1888|  Roza Shanina |b|1924| Tony Benn |b|1925| Pál Teleki |d|1941|SethBling |b|1987| Graham Greene |d|1991| Mary Cartwright |d|1998


text:
Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/April 4

Images
Only use ONE IMAGE at a time!

Eligible

 * 1268 – The Byzantine Empire and the Republic of Venice signed a five-year peace treaty.
 * 1841 – William Henry Harrison (pictured) became the first U.S. president to die in office, sparking a brief constitutional crisis regarding questions of presidential succession that were unanswered by the U.S. Constitution.
 * 1873 – The Kennel Club, the world's oldest kennel club, was founded in the United Kingdom after Sewallis Shirley became frustrated by trying to organise dog shows without a consistent set of rules.
 * 1905 – An earthquake hit the Kangra Valley in India, killing at least 20,000 people and destroying 100,000 buildings.
 * 1968 – American civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. (pictured) was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee.
 * 1973 – A year after the completion of the second of the complex's twin towers, the World Trade Center in New York City was officially dedicated.
 * 1975 – Bill Gates and Paul Allen founded Microsoft in Albuquerque, New Mexico, to develop and sell BASIC interpreters for the Altair 8800.
 * 1975 – Vietnam War: On a mission to evacuate children from South Vietnam, a U.S. Air Force plane crash-landed at Tan Son Nhut Air Base, killing 78 children and 60 others.
 * 1988 – Evan Mecham, Governor of Arizona, was removed from office after being convicted in his impeachment trial.
 * 2013 – A building collapsed on tribal land in Thane in Maharashtra, India, causing 74 deaths.
 * Born/died this day: | Liu Yin |d|911| Robert III of Scotland |d|1406| Elena Glinskaya |d|1538| William Strachey |b|1572| Jean-Pierre Saint-Ours |b|1752| Philippa Fawcett |b|1868|Pierre Monteux |b|1875| Maurice de Vlaminck |b|1876| Isaac K. Funk |d|1912|  Maya Angelou |b|1928 |Jonathan Agnew |b|1960| Karen Spärck Jones |d|2007| Roger Ebert |d|2013


text:
Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/April 5

Images
Use only ONE image at a time

Eligible

 * 1710 – The Statute of Anne, the first legislation in Great Britain providing for copyright regulated by the government and courts, received royal assent and entered into force five days later.
 * 1847 – Birkenhead Park, generally acknowledged as the world's first publicly funded civic park, opened in Birkenhead, England.
 * 1863 - New Zealand Wars: The invasion of the Waikato ended after the Kīngitanga forces of King Tāwhiao abandoned their pā at Te Tiki o te Ihingarangi and migrated east to what became known as the King Country.
 * 1902 – A spectator stand collapsed (pictured) during a football match at Ibrox Park in Govan, Scotland, killing 25 supporters and injuring more than 500 others.
 * 1933 – Nazi sympathisers attempted to kidnap two German-Jewish filmmakers in Liechtenstein.
 * 1936 – An F5 tornado struck Tupelo, Mississippi, killing at least 216 people during one of the deadliest tornado outbreaks in U.S. history.
 * 1955 – Aware that he was slowing down both physically and mentally in his old age, Winston Churchill retired as prime minister of the United Kingdom.
 * 1966 – During the Buddhist Uprising, South Vietnamese military prime minister Nguyễn Cao Kỳ personally attempted to lead the capture of the restive city of Đà Nẵng before backing down.
 * 1998 – The Akashi Kaikyo Bridge (pictured), then the world's longest suspension bridge, linking Awaji Island and Kobe in Japan, opened to traffic.
 * 2000 – Fan violence broke out before a UEFA Cup semifinal in Istanbul, Turkey, resulting in two Leeds United supporters being stabbed to death and Galatasaray supporters being banned from attending the second leg in England.
 * 2002 - In the first reported data breach, 250,000 social security numbers collected by the State of California were stolen from a data center.
 * 2010 – An explosion at a coal mine in West Virginia killed 29 miners in the United States' worst mining disaster in 40 years.
 * 2018 – Agents with the U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement raided a slaughterhouse in Tennessee, detaining nearly 100 Hispanic workers in one of the largest immigration raids in the history of the U.S.
 * Born/died this day: | Al-Mu'tadid |d|902| Ivan Kőszegi |d|1308| José María Coppinger |b|1773| Henry Havelock |b|1795| Jules Cambon |b|1845| Princess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhine |b|1863|  Soetran |b|1921|María Blanchard |d|1932| Stephan Gip |b|1936| Julio Ángel Fernández |b|1946|  Judith Resnik |b|1949| Stella Creasy |b|1977| Olek |b|1978| Jim Marshall |d|2012


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Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/April 6

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 * 1652 – Dutch sailor Jan van Riebeeck landed at Table Bay in Southern Africa, establishing a settlement that later became known as Cape Town.
 * 1712 – A group of 23 slaves in New York City revolted, setting fire to a building, but were soon recaptured.
 * 1809 – Napoleonic Wars: British forces captured the French frigate Niémen in the Bay of Biscay.
 * 1812 – Peninsular War: After a three-week siege, the Anglo-Portuguese Army, under the Earl of Wellington, captured Badajoz, Spain, and forced the surrender of the French garrison.
 * 1830 – Joseph Smith, Oliver Cowdery, David Whitmer and others formally organized the Church of Christ, starting the Latter Day Saint movement.
 * 1941 – World War II: German forces invaded Greece.
 * 1941 – World War II: The Luftwaffe began Operation Retribution, bombing the Yugoslav capital of Belgrade in retaliation for a coup d'état that overthrew the government that had signed the Tripartite Pact.
 * 1945 – Second World War: The Battle of Slater's Knoll on Bougainville Island concluded with a decisive victory for the Australian Army's 7th Brigade against the Imperial Japanese Army's 6th Division.
 * 1970 – Four California Highway Patrol officers were killed in a shootout following a traffic stop in Newhall, north of Los Angeles.
 * 2004 – Lithuanian president Rolandas Paksas became the first European head of state to be removed from office by impeachment.
 * 2005 – Kurdish leader Jalal Talabani (pictured) was elected by the National Assembly as the first non-Arab president of Iraq.
 * 2009 – An earthquake measuring 6.3 Mw struck near L'Aquila in the central Italian region of Abruzzo, killing 308 people and leaving more than 66,000 homeless.
 * 2010 – Naxalite–Maoist insurgency: Insurgents from the Communist Party of India (Maoist) ambushed a Central Reserve Police Force convoy in Dantewada district, India, killing 76 officers.
 * 2012 – The National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad unilaterally declared the region of Azawad independent from Mali.

 * Born/died: | Basil of Trebizond |d|1340| Raphael |d|1520| Henry Barrowe |d|1593| Leonora Baroni |d|1670|  Philip Henry Gosse |b|1810| Nadar |b|1820| René Lalique |b|1860| Jeanne Hébuterne |b|1898| Anita Pallenberg |b|1942| Han Sorya |d|1976|  Teigan Van Roosmalen  |b|1991| Julie Ertz |b|1992|Tammy Wynette  |d|1998| Anita Borg |d|2003


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Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/April 7

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 * 1655 – After a conclave lasting eighty days, the College of Cardinals elected Fabio Chigi as Pope Alexander VII (pictured).
 * 1896 – An Arctic expedition led by Norwegian explorer Fridtjof Nansen (pictured) reached 86°13.6′N, almost three degrees beyond the previous Farthest North latitude.
 * 1926 – Italian dictator Benito Mussolini survived an assassination attempt by Irishwoman Violet Gibson.
 * 1945 – World War II: U.S. forces sank the Japanese battleship Yamato during Operation Ten-Go in the East China Sea.
 * 1948 – The United Nations established the World Health Organization to act as a coordinating authority on international public health.
 * 1972 – Communist forces overran the South Vietnamese town of Lộc Ninh.
 * 1979 – Uganda–Tanzania War: Tanzanian forces defeated Ugandan troops and their Libyan allies at the Battle of Entebbe, opening the way for an advance on the Ugandan capital, Kampala.
 * 1994 – A FedEx employee tried to hijack Federal Express Flight 705 in a failed suicide attempt.
 * 1995 – First Chechen War: Russian paramilitary troops began a massacre of hundreds of civilians in Samashki, Chechnya.
 * 2017 – A hijacker deliberately drove a truck into crowds along Drottninggatan in Stockholm, Sweden, killing five people.
 * Born/died: | George the Standard-Bearer |d|821| El Greco |d|1614| John Sheffield |b|1648|  Toussaint Louverture |d|1803| Randall Davidson |b|1848|  Marjory Stoneman Douglas |b|1890| John Bernard Flannagan |b|1895| Bert Ironmonger |b|1882| Santa Barraza |b|1951|Nuno Mendes  |b|1978|Humza Yousaf |b|1985|