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Wikipedia talk:Selected anniversaries/March 26

 * 1707 - The Act of Union with Scotland becomes law, making England and Scotland one country.
 * Already Posted. -- PFHLai 19:23, 2005 Mar 23 (UTC)

 * 1953 - Jonas Salk announces his polio vaccine.
 * Not posted, 'coz both linked pages look stubby, and Polio makes no mention of the date. -- PFHLai 19:23, 2005 Mar 23 (UTC)
 * Date still not mentioned on either pages. -- PFHLai 18:17, 15 March 2006 (UTC)

 * 1484 - William Caxton printed his translation of Aesop's Fables.
 * Based on the date in Caxton's epilogue. See http://www.bartleby.com/39/7.html & http://www.gutenberg.org/files/13182/13182-8.txt. Not in the main text of any wikiarticles yet. --76.64.78.141 22:49, 17 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Thanks, but until it is added to those articles, it cannot be mentioned here yet. Zzyzx11 (Talk) 03:51, 24 March 2007 (UTC)

Act of Union
In light of this year's anniversary being a big deal, I had bumped it up from the commented-out section (I assume it had been up on a previous March 26.) Looking now, there's no cited basis for March 26, 1707, only the date it entered force, so I'll pull it back. The Tom 20:47, 25 March 2007 (UTC)

Removal of Bangladesh Liberation war entry by YellowMonkey
YelloMonkey claims that the 1971 entry on Bangladesh Liberation War must go, since according to his claim, the article is unreferenced. However, the article is appropriately referenced. As a comparison, Biological_Weapons_Convention does not have ANY references at all. I checked out other entries in the article, and most of them are pathetically referenced, or not referenced at all.

I'd request other users to look into this, and would also request YellowMonkey not to keep removing the entry without discussing here. Thanks. --Ragib (talk) 06:25, 26 March 2010 (UTC)

Here are some other examples:

 * Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor - no citations AT ALL.
 * Aesop's Fables - has missing references.
 * 1812 Caracas earthquake - half the article is unreferenced.

If Yellowmonkey has a problem with the Bangladesh war article, he should first start by marking the particular locations there. Instead, he is removing the entry based on his subjective interpretation of references. As shown above, none of the other anniversary articles listed on MP are well referenced, and some are missing references completely. So, please apply the same standard to all articles and don't apply subjective judgement without discussion. --Ragib (talk) 06:30, 26 March 2010 (UTC)

By the way, contrary to YM's claim, the Bangladesh Liberation War article is well wikified. I assume he was referring to some other article? --Ragib (talk) 06:35, 26 March 2010 (UTC)
 * YellowMonkey's disputing the POV issues with the article. —Dark 06:59, 26 March 2010 (UTC)
 * The article is heavily sourced to involved parties, not independent sources, and is unwikified in heaps of places (Operation Searchlight)_and I don't buy WP:OTHERCRAP  YellowMonkey  ( vote in the Southern Stars and White Ferns supermodel photo poll )  07:32, 26 March 2010 (UTC)
 * The article is indeed poorly and sparsely sourced with large sections of it with no references at all. Regardless of any other issues, I would say it's not of a high enough quality to be featured on the MP. HJ Mitchell  |  Penny for your thoughts?   08:01, 26 March 2010 (UTC)

 * Thanks for finally clarifying which article you object to. From YM's ambiguous comments about unwikified content, it was not clear which article he was referring to. Since the entry was primarily on the start of BLW, the only conclusion I could draw was that YM was referring to the BLW article. It would have helped to clarify the issue if it were discussed here or at WP:ERRORS (Which YM did later).--Ragib (talk) 20:30, 26 March 2010 (UTC)

 * There are actually two articles bolded on the 1971 entry. Is there an objection to both the Bangladesh Liberation War and Operation Searchlight articles? Zzyzx11 (talk) 08:09, 26 March 2010 (UTC)
 * BLW is double dated and already went on MP three months ago, so it's double-dipping  YellowMonkey  ( vote in the Southern Stars and White Ferns supermodel photo poll )  08:16, 26 March 2010 (UTC)

A fact from this article was featured on Wikipedia's Main Page in the On this day... section on December 16, 2005, March 26, 2007, December 16, 2007, March 26, 2008, March 26, 2009, and December 16, 2009.  YellowMonkey  ( vote in the Southern Stars and White Ferns supermodel photo poll )  08:18, 26 March 2010 (UTC)
 * My interpretation of "any particular selected article should only be listed (be an emboldened entry) once in this queue" has always been that it refers to the calendar year from January 1 to December 31. Which means it officially hasn't double dipped in 2010, but unfortunately the ball was dropped in 2007 and 2009. But if you're interpretation is different, I will not edit war with you on this one. Just make sure you look at what image is currently being shown. Zzyzx11 (talk) 08:27, 26 March 2010 (UTC)
 * So it doesn't get a go in Dec 2010?  YellowMonkey  ( vote in the Southern Stars and White Ferns supermodel photo poll )  08:34, 26 March 2010 (UTC)

 * The only other time BLW article can get to the OTD section of MP is December 16. If the norm is not to double dip, then perhaps it shouldn't be listed in the OTD section on Dec 16 this year. However, I do want to point out that December 16 is also the end of another related but different war, namely the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 which started officially in early December and lasted for 10-13 days. (and the end is celebrated in India as Vijay Dibash and in Bangladesh as Victory Day (Bangladesh). Just because BLW was listed today, it shouldn't automatically preclude these other entries on the OTD section for Dec 16 (unless other important events fill out the section). --Ragib (talk) 20:30, 26 March 2010 (UTC)

2012 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 07:50, 25 March 2012 (UTC)
 * Rescued from Ineligible (unused): Jack Kevorkian
 * Omitted: Book of Mormon; Polio vaccine; Chipko movement; Egypt–Israel Peace Treaty; ROKS Cheonan sinking
 * Included: Aesop's Fables (4th appearance, last in 2010; rescued from Ineligible); Battle of Adrianople (1913) (first appearance); Final offensive of the Spanish Civil War (first appearance); Narita International Airport (first appearance); Heaven's Gate (religious group) (first appearance)
 * Addendum: Jack Kevorkian added later for balance. — howcheng  {chat} 01:41, 26 March 2012 (UTC)

2013 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 06:02, 25 March 2013 (UTC)
 * Deleted: Acts of Union 1707 (wrong date; appears on May 1)
 * Omitted: Aesop's Fables; Final offensive of the Spanish Civil War; Heaven's Gate (religious group); Jack Kevorkian
 * Included: Theodosius (son of Maurice) (first appearance); North-West Rebellion (first appearance); The Young and the Restless (4th appearance, last in 2008; rescued from Ineligible)
 * Repeats: Battle of Adrianople (1913) (2nd consecutive appearance, 2 total; 100th anniversary); Narita International Airport (2nd consecutive appearance, 2 total)

2014 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 06:55, 25 March 2014 (UTC)
 * New articles (unused): Siege of Algeciras (1342–44); Combat of the Thirty
 * Omitted: Theodosius (son of Maurice); Aesop's Fables; North-West Rebellion; Battle of Adrianople (1913); The Young and the Restless; Narita International Airport
 * Included: Saladin (3rd appearance, last in 2005; previously appeared on May 22); Book of Mormon (2nd appearance, last in 2011); First Battle of Gaza (2nd appearance, last in 2004); Final offensive of the Spanish Civil War (2nd appearance, last in 2012; 75th anniversary); Chipko movement (2nd appearance, last in 2011; 40th anniversary)

2015 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 08:00, 24 March 2015 (UTC)
 * Moved to Ineligible: Heaven's Gate (religious group) (maintenance)
 * Omitted: Saladin; Book of Mormon; First Battle of Gaza; Final offensive of the Spanish Civil War; Chipko movement
 * Included: Combat of the Thirty (first appearance); Elbridge Gerry (first appearance); North-West Rebellion (2nd appearance, last in 2013); Polio vaccine (2nd appearance, last in 2011); Egypt–Israel Peace Treaty (2nd appearance, last in 2011)

2016 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 06:30, 25 March 2016 (UTC)
 * Omitted: Combat of the Thirty; Gerrymander; North-West Rebellion; Polio vaccine; Egypt–Israel Peace Treaty
 * Included: Siege of Algeciras (1342–44) (first appearance); Aesop's Fables (6th appearance, last in 2013); Book of Mormon (3rd appearance, last in 2014); Narita International Airport (3rd appearance, last in 2013); Jack Kevorkian (3rd appearance, last in 2012)

2017 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 07:44, 26 March 2017 (UTC)
 * Moved to Ineligible: Siege of Adrianople (1912–13) (maintenance); Heaven's Gate (religious group) (maintenance)
 * Omitted: Siege of Algeciras (1342–44); Aesop's Fables; Book of Mormon; Narita International Airport; Jack Kevorkian
 * Included: Saladin (4th appearance, last in 2014); Elbridge Gerry (2nd appearance, last in 2015); First Battle of Gaza (3rd appearance, last in 2014; 100th anniversary); Chipko movement (3rd appearance, last in 2014); 'Adud al-Dawla (first appearance); Richard Dawkins (first appearance)

2018 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 03:21, 26 March 2018 (UTC)
 * Moved to Ineligible: Aesop's Fables (maintenance); The Young and the Restless (maintenance); Narita International Airport (maintenance)
 * Omitted: Saladin (ineligible—maintenance); Elbridge Gerry; First Battle of Gaza; Chipko movement (ineligible—maintenance); ROKS Cheonan sinking; 'Adud al-Dawla; Richard Dawkins
 * Included: Independence Day (Bangladesh) (first appearance); Theodosius (son of Maurice) (2nd appearance, last in 2013); Combat of the Thirty (2nd appearance, last in 2015); North-West Rebellion (3rd appearance, last in 2015); Polio vaccine (3rd appearance, last in 2015); Bangladesh Liberation War (8th appearance, last in 2010); Conrad Gessner (first appearance); James Hutton (first appearance); Eazy-E (first appearance)

2019 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 15:49, 26 March 2019 (UTC)
 * Moved to Ineligible: Book of Mormon (maintenance); ROKS Cheonan sinking (maintenance)
 * Rescued from Ineligible (unused): Heaven's Gate (religious group)
 * Omitted: Theodosius (son of Maurice); Combat of the Thirty; North-West Rebellion; Polio vaccine; Bangladesh Liberation War; Conrad Gessner; James Hutton; Eazy-E
 * Included: Siege of Algeciras (1342–44) (2nd appearance, last in 2016); William Caxton/Aesop's Fables (Caxton: first appearance; Fables: 7th appearance, last in 2016; rescued from Ineligible); Final offensive of the Spanish Civil War (3rd appearance, last in 2014; 80th anniversary); Egypt–Israel Peace Treaty (3rd appearance, last in 2015; 40th anniversary); Jack Kevorkian (4th appearance, last in 2016; 20th anniversary); Julie-Victoire Daubié (first appearance); Fred Karno (first appearance); Constantin Fehrenbach (first appearance)

2020 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 18:31, 27 March 2020 (UTC)
 * Moved to Ineligible: Heaven's Gate (religious group) (maintenance)
 * New articles (unused): Diana Wynne Jones
 * Omitted: Siege of Algeciras (1342–44); William Caxton/Aesop's Fables; Final offensive of the Spanish Civil War; Jack Kevorkian; Julie-Victoire Daubié; Fred Karno; Constantin Fehrenbach
 * Included: Safavid occupation of Basra (first appearance); Aceh War (first appearance); Polio vaccine (4th appearance, last in 2018); ROKS Cheonan sinking/ROKS Cheonan (Sinking: 3rd appearance, last in 2017; Ship: first appearance); Julius Schnorr von Carolsfeld (first appearance); Chonghou (first appearance); Eazy-E (2nd appearance, last in 2018; 25th anniversary)
 * Repeats: Egypt–Israel Peace Treaty (2nd consecutive appearance, 4 total)

2021 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 23:40, 27 March 2021 (UTC)
 * Omitted: Independence Day (Bangladesh) (ineligible—maintenance); Safavid occupation of Basra; Aceh War; Polio vaccine; Egypt–Israel Peace Treaty; ROKS Cheonan sinking; Julius Schnorr von Carolsfeld; Chonghou; Eazy-E
 * Included: Combat of the Thirty (3rd appearance, last in 2018); Brunner Mine disaster (first appearance; 125th anniversary); First Battle of Gaza (4th appearance, last in 2017); Bangladesh Liberation War (9th appearance, last in 2018; 50th anniversary); Jack Kevorkian (5th appearance, last in 2019); Julie-Victoire Daubié (2nd appearance, last in 2019); Richard Dawkins (2nd appearance, last in 2017; 80th birthday); Diana Wynne Jones (first appearance; 10th anniversary)

2022 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 16:08, 28 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Omitted: Combat of the Thirty; Brunner Mine disaster; First Battle of Gaza; Jack Kevorkian; Julie-Victoire Daubié; Richard Dawkins; Diana Wynne Jones
 * Included: Safavid occupation of Basra (2nd appearance, last in 2020); North-West Rebellion (4th appearance, last in 2018); Siege of Adrianople (1912–1913) (3rd appearance, last in 2013; rescued from Ineligible); Biological Weapons Convention (3rd appearance, last in 2010; rescued from Ineligible); Heaven's Gate (religious group) (2nd appearance, last in 2012; 25th anniversary; rescued from Ineligible); Jacob van Eyck (first appearance); James Hutton (2nd appearance, last in 2018; 125th anniversary); Guido Stampacchia (first appearance; 100th birthday)


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Somethin' Else (Cannonball Adderley album)

Somethin' Else is an album by American jazz saxophonist Julian "Cannonball" Adderley, recorded on March 9, 1958 and released on Blue Note in August later that year—his only album for the label. Also on the session is trumpeter Miles Davis in one of his handful of recording dates for Blue Note. Adderley was a member of Davis' group at the time, and the album was recorded shortly after Davis' own landmark album Milestones.

Background
The album was recorded during Adderley's membership in the Miles Davis' First Great Quintet, and it also marks one of the few recordings Davis made as a sideman after 1955. Indeed, Davis plays several of the first solos, composed the bluesy title track and, according to the liner notes, chose most of the material. "Autumn Leaves" would remain in the Davis book, and "Love for Sale" would be recorded by the Davis Sextet a little over two months later. Miles, as quoted in the original liner notes, recounted, "All my inspiration today comes from Ahmad Jamal, the Chicago pianist. I got the idea for this treatment of 'Autumn Leaves' from him."

The twelve-bar blues "One for Daddy-O" was written by Adderley's brother Nat for Chicago radio DJ Holmes "Daddy-O" Daylie. At the end of that track, Davis can be heard addressing producer Alfred Lion, saying "is that what you wanted, Alfred?" Adderley and Davis would also play together on the 1958 Columbia Records release Milestones, as well as the 1959 landmark Kind of Blue, one of the most universally acclaimed jazz albums.

"Bangoon"
In the 1980s, the album was re-issued with a bonus track from the recording session that was listed as "Alison's Uncle" and credited to Cannonball Adderley. The track appeared as "Alison's Uncle" on compact disc releases in the U.S. and Japan in 1986, and it continued to appear under this title, or as "Bangoon (aka Alison's Uncle)", on reissues into the 21st century. The composition is actually Hank Jones' "Bangoon", and first appeared on Gigi Gryce's 1957 Jubilee Records album Jazz Lab, with Jones playing piano. (Gryce also recorded a second version of the tune with Jones on his Gigi Gryce album.) The title "Alison's Uncle" was created by Nat Adderley in the 1980s when he was asked by reissue producers to name a track that they could not identify. Nat Adderley's alternate title refers to the session having taken shortly after his daughter Alison had been born.

Reception
The Penguin Guide to Jazz selected Somethin' Else as part of its suggested "Core Collection."

Musicians

 * Cannonball Adderley – alto saxophone
 * Miles Davis – trumpet
 * Hank Jones – piano
 * Sam Jones – bass
 * Art Blakey – drums

Technical personnel

 * Alfred Lion – producer
 * Rudy Van Gelder – recording engineer
 * Reid Miles – design
 * Frank Wolff – photography
 * Leonard Feather – liner notes

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Elan Valley Reservoirs

The Elan Valley Reservoirs (Cronfeydd Cwm Elan) are a chain of man-made lakes created from damming the Elan and Claerwen rivers within the Elan Valley in Mid Wales. The reservoirs, which were built by the Birmingham Corporation Water Department, provide clean drinking water for Birmingham in the West Midlands of England. The five lakes are known as the Claerwen, Craig-goch, Pen-y-garreg, Garreg-ddu, and Caban-coch.

Water from the reservoirs is carried by gravity to Frankley Reservoir in Birmingham via the Elan aqueduct. Pumping is not required because the network drops 52 m along its 73 mi length from its source to Frankley. A gradient of 1:2,300 maintains a flow of less than 2 mph; water takes one and a half to two days to reach Birmingham. The aqueduct, which was started in 1896 and opened in 1906, crosses several valleys and features numerous brick tunnels, pipelines, and valve houses.

Work to build the Elan Valley reservoirs was undertaken because the rapid growth of the industrial city of Birmingham in the late 19th century had led to a lack of available clean water. Numerous outbreaks of disease prompted Birmingham City Council to petition the British government which passed the Birmingham Corporation Water Act in 1892. It allowed the corporation to acquire by compulsory purchase all the land within the water catchment area of the Elan Valleys. Thousands of navvies (workers) and their families lived in the purpose-built Elan Village during the construction of the first four dams at the turn of the 20th century. In 1952, the Claerwen dam was opened by Elizabeth II in one of her first official engagements as monarch.

Drinking water from the Elan Valley is noted for being exceptionally soft, contrasting with water from local supplies in the West Midlands, not served by the Elan aqueduct, which are noted for hardness.

The reservoirs are now owned and managed by Dŵr Cymru Welsh Water. The water filtration works further down the valley is run by Severn Trent Water.

Description

There are four main dams and reservoirs (constructed 1893–1904 in Elan Valley, and 1946–1952 at Claerwen) with a potential total capacity of nearly 100,000 megalitres. The dams and reservoirs are:
 * Caban-coch – 35,530 megalitre capacity
 * Pen-y-garreg – 6,055 megalitre capacity
 * Craig-goch – 9,220 megalitre capacity
 * Claerwen – 48,694 megalitre capacity

In addition to the four main dams, there are three other dams at the site:
 * The Dol-y-mynach dam – it was to be one of a series of three dams that would be built to contain the waters of Afon Claerwen. They were to be constructed in accordance with the growth of Birmingham. However, the project was never completed even though the masonry foundations of the first dam were laid at the same time the Elan Valley dams were being constructed. The work had to be done in advance because the water level of the Caban Coch would have submerged the site once the reservoir was full. The three-dam project became redundant when newer materials and superior engineering allowed the construction of the single larger Claerwen dam higher up the valley in the 1940/50s.
 * The Nant-y-Gro dam – this small dam was constructed in the early stages of the project to supply water to the navvies' village at the site; it was used during the Second World War by Sir Barnes Wallis during trials of the explosive charges he intended to use in the bouncing bombs which later targeted the Ruhr dams in Germany.
 * The Garreg-ddu dam – although looking like a viaduct, it is actually a submerged dam. Its role is to maintain a sufficient level in the Garreg-ddu reservoir so water can enter the Foel Tower and the gravity-driven aqueduct to the Frankley Reservoir in Birmingham. The dam is only required to operate during times of extreme drought.

Construction
The Elan dam scheme was developed in the 19th century following rapid growth of the population of Birmingham due to the Industrial Revolution. The city's expansion resulted in regular outbreaks of water-borne diseases and major epidemics such as typhoid, cholera and dysentery due to the lack of clean water.

Victorian politician Joseph Chamberlain, the leader of Birmingham City Council, began a campaign to get clean water from the Elan and Claerwen valleys in mid Wales. The area, which had been identified by civil engineer James Mansergh, would be ideal for water reservoirs because:
 * 1) it had an average annual rainfall of 1830 mm.
 * 2) dams could be easily built in the narrow valleys.
 * 3) the bedrock was impermeable to water.
 * 4) there was no need for pumping stations because the reservoirs in Wales would be 52 m above the water cisterns in Birmingham.

In 1892, Parliament passed the Birmingham Corporation Water Act allowing the Corporation to effect compulsory purchase of the total water catchment area of the Elan and Claerwen valleys (approximately 180 km2. The Act also gave Birmingham Corporation powers to move more than 100 people living in the Elan Valley. All the buildings were demolished; these included three manor houses (two of which had links with the English Romantic poet Percy Bysshe Shelley in 1812), 18 farms, a school and a church (which was replaced with Nantgwyllt Church). Only landowners were given compensation.

Work began to construct the reservoirs the following year in 1893. Construction was overseen by James Mansergh, on behalf of the City of Birmingham's Water Department. Due to the height above sea level of the Elan Valley, water would be fed to Birmingham along a 116 km pipeline that employed a gravity feed with a gradient of 1 in 2,300. The schedule for the project was to build the four lower Elan Valley dams first. The Claerwen would then be built later (work was expected to begin in 1939 but was delayed by the Second World War; it was completed in 1952).

Mineral railway
The Elan Valley Railway, which was a standard-gauge line, was built by Birmingham Corporation especially for the project. It ran through the Elan Valley from a junction near Rhayader on the Mid-Wales Railway. The first section to be built was a 4 km branch from the main line at Rhayader to the main work site at the Caban-coch dam. This depot included a cement cooling shed, general stores, coal storage, workshops for carpenters, smiths, fitters and wagon builders, and sawmills. Further branches were eventually built to all the other dam sites. Engines and trucks reached the top of the dams on wooden trestle scaffolds supported by concrete parapets. The line went as far as the site where the foundations of the Dol-y-mynach dam were being built (lower down the valley from the later Claerwen dam). At its height, the railway had a total length of 45 km with six locomotives transporting up to 1,000 tons of materials a day. Following the completion of the lower dams, the entire Elan Valley Railway had been entirely lifted by 1916. Road transport was used when the Claerwen dam was built in the late 1940s and 1950s.

The railway was required because the core of the Caban-coch, Pen-y-garreg and Craig-goch dams were built from large irregular stone blocks ("plums") embedded in concrete. The rock was mined locally from Cigfran and Craig-cnwch quarries by the Elan River and the Aberdeuddwr quarry on Cerrig Gwynion, just to the south of Rhayader. The shaped stones were hauled by locomotive to the dam sites on flatbed trucks. They were then lowered into place by steam crane. The central cores of the dams were encased with a 2 m concrete lining. The outside walls were faced with cut stone brought from quarries at Llanelwedd near Builth Wells and Pontypridd. The cement, which was made near Chatham in Kent, was sent by sea to Aberystwyth and brought by railway to the Elan Valley.

The cost of the Elan valley scheme ran over budget because of the failure to find suitable building stone near any of the dams apart from Caban-coch, as well as the necessity of bringing in facing stone from other quarries in mid and south Wales.

Workers' village
During the ten-year project to build the Elan Valley dams, the navvies lived in a village of wooden huts near the site. This settlement, which was strictly controlled to keep order and health, would eventually become Elan Village (see Elan Valley). Guards controlled access in and out; this was done to reduce illness and to stop liquor smuggling. All new workers were deloused and examined for infectious diseases before being admitted. To keep order, a man and his wife shared a terrace house with eight single men. A school was provided for under-11-year-olds, who were expected to work on attaining that age. The camp also had a hospital for injuries, an isolation hospital for infectious cases, and a bath house. Men were allowed to drink beer at a pub, though women were not. Other facilities included a library, public hall, shop and canteen.

Hydro-electricity
Electric street lighting in the construction village was powered by hydroelectric generators. A century later, small-scale hydro-generation was again introduced as a by-product of some of the Elan Valley reservoirs. , a renewable-energy firm, Infinis, is operating five water turbines in the district with a combined capacity of about 4 MW.

Opening and later progress

The project to supply water to Birmingham was officially opened by King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra on 21 July 1904. As the first four dams provided enough drinking water to meet Birmingham's needs in the early 20th century, it was proposed not to proceed with the damming of the River Claerwen at Dol-y-mynach, Ciloerwynt and Pant-y-beddau until the 1930s.

However, that phase of construction was postponed due to the outbreak of the Second World War. It was not until 1946 that work began on damming the Claerwen. Plans to build the Dol-y-mynach, Ciloerwynt and Pant-y-beddau dams were dropped because of improvements in civil engineering and materials. Instead, work began on a single, much larger, concrete dam higher up the valley. As its designers wanted the Claerwen dam to visually match the earlier dams in the Elan Valley, Italian stonemasons were contracted to decorate the facade in a mock Victorian ashlar. Queen Elizabeth II officially opened Claerwen Reservoir in 1952 in one of her first engagements as monarch.

A scale model of the reservoir network, in the form of ornamental ponds, is located in Cannon Hill Park in Birmingham.

Dam Busters
In 1942, the Nant-y-Gro dam, which had been originally built to provide water for the navvies' village, was used by Barnes Wallis to prove his theory that an underwater explosion could create sufficient hydrostatic pressure to collapse a dam wall. The test proved successful as a significant breach in the middle of the 11 m dam wall was caused by a charge placed at its base.

The lessons learned at Nant-y-Gro green lit the development of the "Upkeep" bouncing bombs. They were used in the 1943 Dam Busters raid when RAF Bomber Command breached and damaged several dams in the Ruhr Valley, Germany.

The remains of the breached Nant-y-Gro dam are in much the same state as it was left in 1942, although partly obscured by trees.

After the Dam Busters raid, steel cables were strung across the valley above the Caban-coch reservoir as a precautionary measure against German reprisals.

Aborted expansion scheme

In the early 1970s, it was proposed that the Craig-goch reservoir should be substantially increased in size with a new and higher downstream dam together with another dam to the north-west, impounding water that would otherwise have flowed down the Ystwyth valley. This scheme would have created a huge reservoir dwarfing all others in Mid Wales, and flooding miles of wild upland valleys. The proposals were eventually abandoned in the face of reducing projections for industrial water demand and an increasing awareness of the environmental issues that such an expansion might create.

In popular culture

 * Elizabeth Clarke wrote The Valley (published by Faber & Faber, 1969) an account of Welsh hill farming life in the valley between the two main periods of construction. Many references are made to the dams, as well as an account of the later enquiry from the hill farmers' point of view.
 * Francis Brett Young researched the Elan Valley as the basis for his novel The House under the Water [Heinemann, 1932] imagining how the scene may have appeared in 1887.

title: Elan Valley Reservoirs


text:
Piapiac

The piapiac (Ptilostomus afer) is an African bird in the crow family, and is the only member of the genus Ptilostomus. It is most closely related to the Central Asian ground jays.

Taxonomy
In 1760 the French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson included a description of the piapiac in his Ornithologie based on a specimen collected in Senegal. He used the French name La pie du Sénégal and the Latin Pica Senegalensis. Although Brisson coined Latin names, these do not conform to the binomial system and are not recognised by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. When in 1766 the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus updated his Systema Naturae for the twelfth edition, he added 240 species that had been previously described by Brisson. One of these was the piapiac. Linnaeus included a brief description, coined the binomial name Corvus afer and cited Brisson's work. The specific name afer is Latin for "Africa". The piapiac is the only species placed in the genus Ptilostomus that was introduced by the English naturalist William John Swainson in 1837. The species is monotypic.

A molecular phylogenetic study published in 2005 found that the piapiac from Africa was most closely related to the ground jays in the genus Podoces that inhabit Central Asia.

Description
In size it is a little smaller and slimmer than the European magpie (Pica pica) though the bill is relatively thicker. It is 35 - 42 cm in length and weighs 121 - 130 g. The overall colouring is black with the feathers quite silky in texture and having a purplish gloss in good light. The base of the tail tends to be more brown in colour than the rest of the body. Unusual for a passerine it has 10 rather than 12 tail feathers. The nasal plumes are somewhat upturned on top of the bill but fully cover the nostrils. The bill itself is black in the adult but partly reddish-pink towards the base in juvenile specimens. The bird's legs and feet are black and the iris is variable, but tends towards violet, purple or mauve with a bluish-purple outer ring. The voice is usually described as a shrill squeaking often with the jackdaw-like overtones. There is also a croaking alarm call given in anger where the head bobs.

Distribution and habitat
The range of the species is the tropical equatorial region of central Africa from Senegal on the west coast, eastwards in a broad band to Sudan and southern Ethiopia. Within this range, its favoured habitat is towards more open country of cultivated land with fields and pasture and small associated towns and villages.

Feeding
Food is obtained in flocks of ten or more birds moving together on the ground including insects and other invertebrates but will take a degree of carrion, possibly attracted as much by the associated insects this attracts as much as the meat itself. Some fruit is also taken in trees with the oily fruit of the oil palm Elaeis guineensis a favourite. Able to run fast with some agility, it tends to hop at slower speed and will catch insects disturbed by the feet of cattle, sometimes hitching a ride on their backs and darting out to catch the prey.

Breeding
The piapiac often nests in a palm tree, but other nesting sites are also used. Strips of palm leaf and grass stems are cemented together with mud and lined with palm fibre to form a cup, in which three to seven eggs are laid between March and April. Piapiac eggs are very pale blue, or greenish-blue with a few brown blotches.

External image links

 * Photos and videos on Birds of the world

title: Piapiac


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Information overload

Information overload (also known as infobesity, infoxication, or information anxiety, ) is the difficulty in understanding an issue and effectively making decisions when one has too much information (TMI) about that issue, and is generally associated with the excessive quantity of daily information. The term "information overload" was first used as early as 1962 by scholars in management and information studies, including in Bertram Gross' 1964 book, The Managing of Organizations, and was further popularized by Alvin Toffler in his bestselling 1970 book Future Shock. Speier et al. (1999) said that if input exceeds the processing capacity, information overload occurs, which is likely to reduce the quality of the decisions.

In a newer definition, Roetzel (2019) focuses on time and resources aspects. He states that when a decision-maker is given many sets of information, such as complexity, amount, and contradiction, the quality of its decision is decreased because of the individual's limitation of scarce resources to process all the information and optimally make the best decision.

The advent of modern information technology has been a primary driver of information overload on multiple fronts: in quantity produced, ease of dissemination, and breadth of the audience reached. Longstanding technological factors have been further intensified by the rise of social media including the attention economy, which facilitates attention theft. In the age of connective digital technologies, informatics, the Internet culture (or the digital culture), information overload is associated with over-exposure, excessive viewing of information, and input abundance of information and data.

Origin of the term
Even though information overload is linked to digital cultures and technologies, Ann Blair notes that the term itself predates modern technologies, as indications of information overload were apparent when humans began collecting manuscripts, collecting, recording, and preserving information. One of the first social scientists to notice the negative effects of information overload was the sociologist Georg Simmel (1858–1918), who hypothesized that the overload of sensations in the modern urban world caused city dwellers to become jaded and interfered with their ability to react to new situations. The social psychologist Stanley Milgram (1933–1984) later used the concept of information overload to explain bystander behavior.

Psychologists have recognized for many years that humans have a limited capacity to store current information in memory. Psychologist George Armitage Miller was very influential in this regard, proposing that people can process about seven chunks of information at a time. Miller says that under overload conditions, people become confused and are likely to make poorer decisions based on the information they have received as opposed to making informed ones.

A quite early example of the term "information overload" can be found in an article by Jacob Jacoby, Donald Speller and Carol Kohn Berning, who conducted an experiment on 192 housewives which was said to confirm the hypothesis that more information about brands would lead to poorer decision making.

Long before that, the concept was introduced by Diderot, although it was not by the term "information overload":

"As long as the centuries continue to unfold, the number of books will grow continually, and one can predict that a time will come when it will be almost as difficult to learn anything from books as from the direct study of the whole universe. It will be almost as convenient to search for some bit of truth concealed in nature as it will be to find it hidden away in an immense multitude of bound volumes."In the internet age, the term "information overload" has evolved into phrases such as "information glut", "data smog", and "data glut" (Data Smog, Shenk, 1997). In his abstract, Kazi Mostak Gausul Hoq commented that people often experience an "information glut" whenever they struggle with locating information from print, online, or digital sources. What was once a term grounded in cognitive psychology has evolved into a rich metaphor used outside the world of academia.

Early history
Information overload has been documented throughout periods where advances in technology have increased a production of information. As early as the 3rd or 4th century BC, people regarded information overload with disapproval. Around this time, in Ecclesiastes 12:12, the passage revealed the writer's comment "of making books there is no end" and in the 1st century AD, Seneca the Elder commented, that "the abundance of books is distraction". In 1255, the Dominican Vincent of Beauvais, also commented on the flood of information: "the multitude of books, the shortness of time and the slipperiness of memory." Similar complaints around the growth of books were also mentioned in China. There were also information enthusiasts. The Library of Alexandria was established around the 3rd century BCE or 1st century Rome, which introduced acts of preserving historical artifacts. Museums and libraries established universal grounds of preserving the past for the future, but much like books, libraries were only granted with limited access.

Renaissance
Renaissance humanists always had a desire to preserve their writings and observations, but were only able to record ancient texts by hand because books were expensive and only the privileged and educated could afford them. Humans experience an overload in information by excessively copying ancient manuscripts and replicating artifacts, creating libraries and museums that have remained in the present. Around 1453 AD, Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press and this marked another period of information proliferation. As a result of lowering production costs, generation of printed materials ranging from pamphlets, manuscripts to books were made available to the average person.

Following Gutenberg's invention, the introduction of mass printing began in Western Europe. Information overload was often experienced by the affluent, but the circulation of books were becoming rapidly printed and available at a lower cost, allowing the educated to purchase books. Information became recordable, by hand, and could be easily memorized for future storage and accessibility. This era marked a time where inventive methods were established to practice information accumulation. Aside from printing books and passage recording, encyclopedias and alphabetical indexes were introduced, enabling people to save and bookmark information for retrieval. These practices marked both present and future acts of information processing.

Swiss scientist Conrad Gessner commented on the increasing number of libraries and printed books, and was most likely the first academic who discussed the consequences of information overload as he observed how "unmanageable" information came to be after the creation of the printing press.

Blair notes that while scholars were elated with the number of books available to them, they also later experienced fatigue with the amount of excessive information that was readily available and overpopulated them. Scholars complained about the abundance of information for a variety of reasons, such as the diminishing quality of text as printers rushed to print manuscripts and the supply of new information being distracting and difficult to manage. Erasmus, one of the many recognized humanists of the 16th century asked, "Is there anywhere on earth exempt from these swarms of new books?".

18th century
Many grew concerned with the rise of books in Europe, especially in England, France, and Germany. From 1750 to 1800, there was a 150% increase in the production of books. In 1795, German bookseller and publisher Johann Georg Heinzmann said "no nation printed as much as the Germans" and expressed concern about Germans reading ideas and no longer creating original thoughts and ideas.

To combat information overload, scholars developed their own information records for easier and simply archival access and retrieval. Modern Europe compilers used paper and glue to cut specific notes and passages from a book and pasted them to a new sheet for storage. Carl Linnaeus developed paper slips, often called his botanical paper slips, from 1767 to 1773, to record his observations. Blair argues that these botanical paper slips gave birth to the "taxonomical system" that has endured to the present, influencing both the mass inventions of the index card and the library card catalog.

Information Age
In his book, The Information: A History, A Theory, A Flood, published in 2011, author James Gleick notes that engineers began taking note of the concept of information, quickly associated it in a technical sense: information was both quantifiable and measurable. He discusses how information theory was created to first bridge mathematics, engineering, and computing together, creating an information code between the fields. English speakers from Europe often equated "computer science" to "informatique, informatica, and Informatik". This leads to the idea that all information can be saved and stored on computers, even if information experiences entropy. But at the same time, the term information, and its many definitions have changed.

In the second half of the 20th century, advances in computer and information technology led to the creation of the Internet.

In the modern Information Age, information overload is experienced as distracting and unmanageable information such as email spam, email notifications, instant messages, Tweets and Facebook (Meta) updates in the context of the work environment. Social media has resulted in "social information overload", which can occur on sites like Meta (previously Facebook), and technology is changing to serve our social culture.

In today's society, day-to-day activities increasingly involve the technological world where information technology exacerbates the number of interruptions that occur in the work environment. Management may be even more disrupted in their decision making, and may result in more poor decisions. Thus, the PIECES framework mentions information overload as a potential problem in existing information systems.

As the world moves into a new era of globalization, an increasing number of people connect to the internet to conduct their own research and are given the ability to contribute to publicly accessible data. This has elevated the risk for the spread of misinformation.

In a 2018 literature review, Roetzel indicates that information overload can be seen as a virus—spreading through (social) media and news networks.

The latest research hypothesizes that information overload is a multilevel phenomenon, i.e., there are different mechanisms responsible for its emergence at the individual, group, and the whole society levels, however, these levels are interlinked.

General causes
In a piece published by Slate, Vaughan Bell argues that "Worries about information overload are as old as information itself" because each generation and century will inevitably experience a significant impact with technology. In the 21st century, Frank Furedi describes how an overload in information is metaphorically expressed as a flood, which is an indication that humanity is being "drowned" by the waves of data coming at it. This includes how the human brain continues to process information whether digitally or not. Information overload can lead to "information anxiety", which is the gap between the information that is understood and the information that it is perceived must be understood. The phenomenon of information overload is connected to the field of information technology (IT). IT corporate management implements training to "improve the productivity of knowledge workers". Ali F. Farhoomand and Don H. Drury note that employees often experience an overload in information whenever they have difficulty absorbing and assimilating the information they receive to efficiently complete a task because they feel burdened, stressed, and overwhelmed.

At New York's Web 2.0 Expo in 2008, Clay Shirky's speech indicated that information overload in the modern age is a consequence of a deeper problem, which he calls "filter failure", where humans continue to overshare information with each other. This is due to the rapid rise of apps and unlimited wireless access. In the modern information age, information overload is experienced as distracting and unmanageable information such as email spam, email notifications, instant messages, Tweets, and Facebook updates in the context of the work environment. Social media has resulted in "social information overload", which can occur on sites like Facebook, and technology is changing to serve our social culture. As people view increasing amounts of information in the form of news stories, emails, blog posts, Facebook statuses, Tweets, Tumblr posts and other new sources of information, they become their own editors, gatekeepers, and aggregators of information. Social media platforms create a distraction as users attention spans are challenged once they enter an online platform. One concern in this field is that massive amounts of information can be distracting and negatively impact productivity and decision-making and cognitive control. Another concern is the "contamination" of useful information with information that might not be entirely accurate (information pollution).

The general causes of information overload include:

 * A rapidly increasing rate of new information being produced, also known as journalism of assertion, which is a continuous news culture where there is a premium put on how quickly news can be put out; this leads to a competitive advantage in news reporting, but also affects the quality of the news stories reported.
 * The ease of duplication and transmission of data across the Internet.
 * An increase in the available channels of incoming information (e.g. telephone, email, instant messaging, RSS)
 * Ever-increasing amounts of historical information to view.
 * Contradictions and inaccuracies in available information, which is connected to misinformation.
 * A low signal-to-noise ratio.
 * A lack of a method for comparing and processing different kinds of information.
 * The pieces of information are unrelated or do not have any overall structure to reveal their relationships.

Email
Email remains a major source of information overload, as people struggle to keep up with the rate of incoming messages. As well as filtering out unsolicited commercial messages (spam), users also have to contend with the growing use of email attachments in the form of lengthy reports, presentations, and media files.

A December 2007 New York Times blog post described email as "a $650 billion drag on the economy", and the New York Times reported in April 2008 that "email has become the bane of some people's professional lives" due to information overload, yet "none of [the current wave of high-profile Internet startups focused on email] really eliminates the problem of email overload because none helps us prepare replies".

In January 2011, Eve Tahmincioglu, a writer for NBC News, wrote an article titled "It's Time to Deal With That Overflowing Inbox". Compiling statistics with commentary, she reported that there were 294 billion emails sent each day in 2010, up from 50 billion in 2009. Quoted in the article, workplace productivity expert Marsha Egan stated that people need to differentiate between working on email and sorting through it. This meant that rather than responding to every email right away, users should delete unnecessary emails and sort the others into action or reference folders first. Egan then went on to say "We are more wired than ever before, and as a result need to be more mindful of managing email or it will end up managing us."

The Daily Telegraph quoted Nicholas Carr, former executive editor of the Harvard Business Review and the author of The Shallows: What The Internet Is Doing To Our Brains, as saying that email exploits a basic human instinct to search for new information, causing people to become addicted to "mindlessly pressing levers in the hope of receiving a pellet of social or intellectual nourishment". His concern is shared by Eric Schmidt, chief executive of Google, who stated that "instantaneous devices" and the abundance of information people are exposed to through email and other technology-based sources could be having an impact on the thought process, obstructing deep thinking, understanding, impeding the formation of memories and making learning more difficult. This condition of "cognitive overload" results in diminished information retaining ability and failing to connect remembrances to experiences stored in the long-term memory, leaving thoughts "thin and scattered". This is also manifest in the education process.

Web accuracy
In addition to email, the World Wide Web has provided access to billions of pages of information. In many offices, workers are given unrestricted access to the Web, allowing them to manage their own research. The use of search engines helps users to find information quickly. However, information published online may not always be reliable, due to the lack of authority-approval or a compulsory accuracy check before publication. Internet information lacks credibility as the Web's search engines do not have the abilities to filter and manage information and misinformation. This results in people having to cross-check what they read before using it for decision-making, which takes up more time.

Viktor Mayer-Schönberger, author of Delete: The Virtue of Forgetting in the Digital Age, argues that everyone can be a "participant" on the Internet, where they are all senders and receivers of information. On the Internet, trails of information are left behind, allowing other Internet participants to share and exchange information. Information becomes difficult to control on the Internet.

The BBC reports that "every day, the information we send and receive online – whether that's checking emails or searching the internet – amount to over 2.5 quintillion bytes of data."

Social media
Social media are applications and websites with an online community where users create and share content with each other, and it adds to the problem of information overload because so many people have access to it. It presents many different views and outlooks on subject matters so that one may have difficulty taking it all in and drawing a clear conclusion. Information overload may not be the core reason for people's anxieties about the amount of information they receive in their daily lives. Instead, information overload can be considered situational. Social media users tend to feel less overloaded by information when using their personal profiles, rather than when their work institutions expect individuals to gather a mass of information. Most people see information through social media in their lives as an aid to help manage their day-to-day activities and not an overload. Depending on what social media platform is being used, it may be easier or harder to stay up to date on posts from people. Facebook users who post and read more than others tend to be able to keep up. On the other hand, Twitter users who post and read a lot of tweets still feel like it is too much information (or none of it is interesting enough). Another problem with social media is that many people create a living by creating content for either their own or someone else's platform, which can create for creators to publish an overload of content.

Effects of information overload
In the context of searching for information, researchers have identified two forms of information overload: outcome overload where there are too many sources of information and textual overload where the individual sources are too long. This form of information overload may cause searchers to be less systematic. Disillusionment when a search is more challenging than expected may result in an individual being less able to search effectively. Information overload when searching can result in a satisficing strategy.

Responding to information overload
Savolainen identifies filtering and withdrawal as common responses to information. Filtering involves quickly working out whether a particular piece of information, such as an email, can be ignored based on certain criteria. Withdrawal refers to limiting the number of sources of information with which one interacts. They distinguish between "pull" and "push" sources of information, a "pull" source being one where one seeks out relevant information, a "push" source one where others decide what information might be interesting. They note that "pull" sources can avoid information overload but by only "pulling" information one risks missing important information.

There have been many solutions proposed for how to mitigate information overload. Research examining how people seek to control an overloaded environment has shown that people purposefully using different coping strategies. In general, overload coping strategy consists of two excluding (ignoring and filtering) and two including (customizing and saving) approaches. Excluding approach focuses on managing the quantity of information, while including approach is geared towards complexity management.

 * 1) Excluding approach involve the acts of reducing the amount of incoming information. This strategy aims to reduce cognitive burden by decreasing the quantity of information to process through filtering or ignoring. Ignoring is an implicit method, while filtering is explicit, with the main difference being the presence of exposure. Various strategies of excluding, such as reducing the number or volume of information sources and filtering news based on relevance have been described. Research shows that people are more likely to adopt excluding strategy when they feel overloaded.
 * 2) Including approach, on the other hand, is a proactive approach where individuals select relevant and important news for consumption, so that one does not miss essential information while preventing excessive energy. Customization and prioritizing are several examples of this type of strategy. Customization, a concept originating from marketing, is one way to organize news based on user preferences. This approach enhances the ability to process information – related to information processing where how a person records, molds, and stores information is crucial. Another inclusion approach is saving. People save or bookmark online content that they come across to read later when they have more time.   This strategy does not limit the amount of information acquired but instead focuses on allocating the necessary resources for information processing.

Johnson advises discipline which helps mitigate interruptions and for the elimination of push or notifications. He explains that notifications pull people's attentions away from their work and into social networks and emails. He also advises that people stop using their iPhones as alarm clocks which means that the phone is the first thing that people will see when they wake up leading to people checking their email right away.

Clay Shirky states: What we're dealing with now is not the problem of information overload, because we're always dealing (and always have been dealing) with information overload... Thinking about information overload isn't accurately describing the problem; thinking about filter failure is. Consider the use of Internet applications and add-ons such as the Inbox Pause add-on for Gmail. This add-on does not reduce the number of emails that people get but it pauses the inbox. Burkeman in his article talks about the feeling of being in control is the way to deal with information overload which might involve self-deception. He advises to fight irrationality with irrationality by using add-ons that allow you to pause your inbox or produce other results. Reducing large amounts of information is key.

Dealing with IO from a social network site such as Facebook, a study done by Humboldt University showed some strategies that students take to try and alleviate IO while using Facebook. Some of these strategies included: Prioritizing updates from friends who were physically farther away in other countries, hiding updates from less-prioritized friends, deleting people from their friends list, narrowing the amount of personal information shared, and deactivating the Facebook account.

The problem of organization
Decision makers performing complex tasks have little if any excess cognitive capacity. Narrowing one's attention as a result of the interruption is likely to result in the loss of information cues, some of which may be relevant to completing the task. Under these circumstances, performance is likely to deteriorate. As the number or intensity of the distractions/interruptions increases, the decision maker's cognitive capacity is exceeded, and performance deteriorates more severely. In addition to reducing the number of possible cues attended to, more severe distractions/interruptions may encourage decision-makers to use heuristics, take shortcuts, or opt for a satisficing decision, resulting in lower decision accuracy.

Some cognitive scientists and graphic designers have emphasized the distinction between raw information and information in a form that can be used in thinking. In this view, information overload may be better viewed as organization underload. That is, they suggest that the problem is not so much the volume of information but the fact that it cannot be discerned how to use it well in the raw or biased form it is presented. Authors who have taken this view include graphic artist and architect Richard Saul Wurman and statistician and cognitive scientist Edward Tufte. Wurman uses the term "information anxiety" to describe humanity's attitude toward the volume of information in general and their limitations in processing it. Tufte primarily focuses on quantitative information and explores ways to organize large complex datasets visually to facilitate clear thinking. Tufte's writing is important in such fields as information design and visual literacy, which deal with the visual communication of information. Tufte coined the term "chartjunk" to refer to useless, non-informative, or information-obscuring elements of quantitative information displays, such as the use of graphics to overemphasize the importance of certain pieces of data or information.

Responding to Information Overload in email communication
In a study conducted by Soucek and Moser (2010), they investigated what impact a training intervention on how to cope with information overload would have on employees. They found that the training intervention did have a positive impact on IO, especially on those who struggled with work impairment and media usage, and employees who had a higher amount of incoming emails.

Responses of business and government
Recent research suggests that an "attention economy" of sorts will naturally emerge from information overload, allowing Internet users greater control over their online experience with particular regard to communication mediums such as email and instant messaging. This could involve some sort of cost being attached to email messages. For example, managers charging a small fee for every email received – e.g. $1.00 – which the sender must pay from their budget. The aim of such charging is to force the sender to consider the necessity of the interruption. However, such a suggestion undermines the entire basis of the popularity of email, namely that emails are free of charge to send.

Economics often assumes that people are rational in that they have the knowledge of their preferences and an ability to look for the best possible ways to maximize their preferences. People are seen as selfish and focus on what pleases them. Looking at various parts on their own results in the negligence of the other parts that work alongside it that create the effect of IO. Lincoln suggests possible ways to look at IO in a more holistic approach by recognizing the many possible factors that play a role in IO and how they work together to achieve IO.

In medicine
It would be impossible for an individual to read all the academic papers published in a narrow speciality, even if they spent all their time reading. A response to this is the publishing of systematic reviews such as the Cochrane Reviews. Richard Smith argues that it would be impossible for a general practitioner to read all the literature relevant to every individual patient they consult with and suggests one solution would be an expert system for use of doctors while consulting.

Related terms

 * The similar term information pollution was coined by Jakob Nielsen in 2003
 * The term interruption overload has begun to appear in newspapers such as the Financial Times.
 * "TL;DR" (too long; didn't read), another initialism alluding to information overload, this one normally used derisively.
 * Analysis paralysis
 * Cognitive dissonance
 * Cognitive load
 * Continuous partial attention
 * Internet addiction
 * Learning curve
 * Memory
 * Multi-tasking

title: Information overload


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Wikipedia talk:Selected anniversaries/March 18

 * 1965 - Cosmonaut Aleksei Leonov becomes first to walk in space.

British Parliament links to Parliament of the United Kingdom - which did not exist yet. What should we do? Pakaran. 20:24, 18 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * I still think this needs to be dealt with... but I don't like doing stuff unilaterally.  Pakaran. 20:42, 18 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * The problem is that Parliament of Great Britain, which it was at the time, also redirects to Parliament of the United Kingdom. Warofdreams 20:44, 18 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Ok, screw it then :) Pakaran. 21:11, 18 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Bolding
In anniversary 1921 - The Polish-Bolshevik War, which determined the borders between the Republic of Poland and Soviet Russia, formally concluded with the signing of the Peace of Riga. should not be bolded "Peace of Riga" instead of "Polish-Bolshevik War"? --Panairjdde 10:14, 17 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Link-bolding indicates which wikipage is the featured page carrying the date in the text. Either one is fine, since neither has been bolded in the other 365 Sel Anniv templates. Last year, Peace of Riga was a stub, so it wasn't an option. I've switched to this for 2006. Nice to have sth new each year, eh! :-) Polish-Soviet War will be on MainPage later this year as a Featured Article, anyway. -- PFHLai 16:55, 17 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Furthermore, the correct link is Polish-Soviet War, not Polish-Bolshevik War.--Panairjdde 10:16, 17 March 2006 (UTC)
 * It did link to Polish-Soviet War, but I have just re-wikified the line. Better now ? -- PFHLai 16:55, 17 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes. However, mine was just a remark, not a critique. --Panairjdde 13:43, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Either way, comments and suggestions are always welcome. :-) -- PFHLai 16:23, 24 March 2006 (UTC)

Naval operations in the Dardanelles Campaign
Naval operations in the Dardanelles Campaign must be in here. Because this is too importance war in word history. Thanks.--Absar 13:47, 18 March 2007 (UTC)

Neighbours
Hi everyone

The Australian soap opera Neighbours celebrates it's 25th anniversary on this date. Is it ok for this to be included? --5 albert square (talk) 20:04, 17 January 2010 (UTC)

2012 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 01:01, 18 March 2012 (UTC)
 * New articles (unused): Alexander Severus
 * Omitted: Battle of Chmielnik; George I of Greece; Tri-State Tornado; Cambodian coup of 1970; Ozone Disco Club fire
 * Included: Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor (8th appearance, last in 2010); Jacques de Molay (first appearance); Stanley Cup (4th appearance, last in 2010); Traian Vuia (first appearance); Terri Schiavo case (first appearance)

2013 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 10:42, 17 March 2013 (UTC)
 * Deleted: George I of Greece (featured on October 30)
 * Omitted: Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor (ineligible—maintenance); Jacques de Molay (ineligible—maintenance); Stanley Cup; Traian Vuia; Terri Schiavo case
 * Included: Alexander Severus (first appearance); Battle of Chmielnik (2nd appearance, last in 2011); Peace of Riga (4th appearance, last in 2008); Operation Menu/Sihanouk Trail (both: first appearance); Neighbours (2nd appearance, last in 2010)

2014 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 05:33, 17 March 2014 (UTC)
 * Moved to Ineligible: Cambodian coup of 1970 (maintenance)
 * Omitted: Alexander Severus; Peace of Riga; Operation Menu/Sihanouk Trail; Neighbours
 * Included: Paris Commune (5th appearance, last in 2009; rescued from Ineligible); Traian Vuia (2nd appearance, last in 2012); U.S. postal strike of 1970 (first appearance); Ozone Disco Club fire (2nd appearance, last in 2011)
 * Repeats: Battle of Chmielnik (2nd consecutive appearance, 3 total)

2015 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 09:25, 17 March 2015 (UTC)
 * New articles (unused): New York Conspiracy of 1741
 * Omitted: Battle of Chmielnik; Traian Vuia; U.S. postal strike of 1970; Ozone Disco Club fire
 * Included: Stanley Cup (5th appearance, last in 2012); Tri-State Tornado (2nd appearance, last in 2011; 90th anniversary); Neighbours (3rd appearance, last in 2013; 30th anniversary); Terri Schiavo case (2nd appearance, last in 2012; 10th anniversary)
 * Repeats: Paris Commune (2nd consecutive appearance, 6 total)

Protected edit request on 18 March 2015
As a possible swap: 50th anniversary of the first extravehicular activity by Alexey Leonov (1965). Brandmeistertalk  00:18, 18 March 2015 (UTC)

 * Yes, I wanted to do that one, but both of those articles are refimprove, alas. — howcheng  {chat} 03:16, 18 March 2015 (UTC)

2016 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 07:10, 16 March 2016 (UTC)
 * Omitted: Stanley Cup; Tri-State Tornado; Neighbours; Terri Schiavo case
 * Included: Battle of Chmielnik (4th appearance, last in 2013); New York Conspiracy of 1741 (first appearance; 275th anniversary); Traian Vuia (3rd appearance, last in 2014); Ozone Disco Club fire (3rd appearance, last in 2014)
 * Repeats: Paris Commune (3rd consecutive appearance, 7 total)

Judith Kaplan Eisenstein - March 18
Hi, I nominated Judith Kaplan Eisenstein for inclusion on March 18 as she was the first person to celebrate a Bat Mitzvah publicly on March 18 1922. Can you advise if this can be included OTD? Stinglehammer (talk) 19:39, 17 March 2017 (UTC)

2017 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 07:22, 18 March 2017 (UTC)
 * New articles (ineligible): White Riot (maintenance)
 * Deleted: Severus Alexander (moved to March 19)
 * Omitted: Battle of Chmielnik; New York Conspiracy of 1741 (ineligible—maintenance); Paris Commune (ineligible—maintenance); Traian Vuia; Ozone Disco Club fire
 * Included: Battle of Neerwinden (1793) (first appearance); Tolpuddle Martyrs (first appearance); Naval operations in the Dardanelles Campaign (3rd appearance, last in 2010; rescued from Ineligible); U.S. postal strike of 1970 (2nd appearance, last in 2014); Neighbours (4th appearance, last in 2014); Edward the Martyr (first appearance); Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov (first appearance); Minnie Pwerle (first appearance)

2018 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 03:55, 9 March 2019 (UTC)
 * Omitted: Battle of Neerwinden (1793); Naval operations in the Dardanelles Campaign; U.S. postal strike of 1970; Neighbours; Edward the Martyr; Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov; Minnie Pwerle
 * Included: Battle of Chmielnik (5th appearance, last in 2016); Peace of Riga (5th appearance, last in 2013); Pemex (first appearance; 80th anniversary); Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum theft (first appearance); Matthew III Csák (first appearance); Edgar Cayce (first appearance); Vanessa Williams (2nd appearance, last in 2014; previously appeared on July 23)
 * Repeats: Tolpuddle Martyrs (2nd consecutive appearance, 2 total)

2019 notes
Apparently I forgot to change any of the births/deaths this year. — howcheng  {chat} 15:59, 18 March 2019 (UTC)
 * New articles (unused): John Plankinton; Unita Blackwell
 * Omitted: Battle of Chmielnik; Tolpuddle Martyrs; Peace of Riga; Pemex; Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum theft
 * Included: Battle of Neerwinden (1793) (2nd appearance, last in 2017); Stanley Cup (6th appearance, last in 2015); Traian Vuia (4th appearance, last in 2016); Sihanouk Trail (2nd appearance, last in 2013; 50th anniversary); Ozone Disco fire (4th appearance, last in 2016)
 * Repeats: Matthew III Csák (2nd consecutive appearance, 2 total); Edgar Cayce (2nd consecutive appearance, 2 total); Vanessa Williams (2nd consecutive appearance, 4 total)

2020 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 18:44, 19 March 2020 (UTC)
 * New articles (unused): White Riot
 * New articles (ineligible): Alexei Leonov (POTD for 2020)
 * Omitted: Battle of Neerwinden (1793); Stanley Cup; Traian Vuia; Sihanouk Trail; Matthew III Csák; Edgar Cayce; Vanessa Williams
 * Included: 1068 Near East earthquake (first appearance); Tolpuddle Martyrs (3rd appearance, last in 2018); Naval operations in the Dardanelles campaign (4th appearance, last in 2017); U.S. postal strike of 1970 (3rd appearance, last in 2017; 50th anniversary); Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum theft (2nd appearance, last in 2018; 30th anniversary); Anne Robert Jacques Turgot (2nd appearance, last in 2018; also appeared on May 10, his birthday); John Plankinton (first appearance; 200th birthday); Edith Mayo (first appearance; 80th anniversary)

2021 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 03:20, 20 March 2021 (UTC)
 * Moved to Ineligible: Peace of Riga (maintenance); Tri-State Tornado (maintenance)
 * Rescued from Ineligible (unused): Alexei Leonov
 * Omitted: 1068 Near East earthquake; Tolpuddle Martyrs; Naval operations in the Dardanelles campaign; U.S. postal strike of 1970; Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum theft; Anne Robert Jacques Turgot (deleted; moved back to original date); John Plankinton; Edith Mayo
 * Included: Battle of Chmielnik (6th appearance, last in 2018); Battle of Neerwinden (1793) (3rd appearance, last in 2019); Pemex (2nd appearance, last in 2018); White Riot (first appearance); Ozone Disco fire (5th appearance, last in 2019); Matthew III Csák (3rd appearance, last in 2019; 700th anniversary); Charlotte Elliott (first appearance); Hiroh Kikai (first appearance)

2022 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 06:35, 19 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Omitted: Battle of Chmielnik; Battle of Neerwinden (1793); Pemex; White Riot; Ozone Disco fire; Matthew III Csák; Charlotte Elliott; Hiroh Kikai
 * Included: 1068 Near East earthquake (2nd appearance, last in 2020); Stanley Cup (7th appearance, last in 2019); Traian Vuia (5th appearance, last in 2019); Alexei Leonov (first appearance; rescued from Ineligible); Neighbours (5th appearance, last in 2017); Randal Cremer (first appearance); Marcellin Berthelot (first appearance); Unita Blackwell (first appearance)

Suggestion:Güzel İstanbul
On 18 March 1974 Güzel İstanbul was removed from Karaköy Square.


text:
Wikipedia talk:Selected anniversaries/March 19

 * 1916 - Eight American planes take off in pursuit of Pancho Villa.
 * Pancho was already here on March 9th. -- PFHLai 05:26, 2005 Mar 18 (UTC)
 * Pancho Villa carries the tag. He's not featured either on March 9th or March 19th this year. -- PFHLai 21:50, 8 March 2006 (UTC)

 * PLUTO ain't a planet

St. Joe's Day
This year (2008), St. Joseph's Day was actually March 15 (see the USCCB readings calendar), because if March 19 happens to fall during Holy Week, the Solemnity of St. Joseph is moved to the Saturday before Palm Sunday. Gentgeen (talk) 11:27, 19 March 2008 (UTC)

Ornette Coleman's birthday
This page lists Ornette Coleman's birthday as March 19 and links to the Wiki bio page that lists it as March 9. I can find both dates in various sources, so it seems to be in question. It is also included on the March 9 Wiki birthdays list. HHFi (talk) 01:14, 15 March 2009 (UTC)

St. Joes Day
Someone changed it to western Christianity from Catholicism. However only widely observed in the Catholic tradition. See the page linked for more. Please change it back. Outback the koala (talk) 04:46, 19 March 2010 (UTC)

2012 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 00:52, 18 March 2012 (UTC)
 * New articles (unused): Spanish Constitution of 1812
 * Omitted: Battle of Yamen (ineligible—maintenance); René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle (ineligible—maintenance); USS Franklin (CV-13) (ineligible—maintenance); United Nations Security Council Resolution 425
 * Included: Charles IV of Spain (2nd appearance, last in 2004; moved from March 24—wrong date); SS Georgiana (first appearance); Crossbarry Ambush (first appearance); Tuskegee Airmen (2nd appearance, last in 2008); Ethnic clashes of Târgu Mureș (first appearance)

2013 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 15:45, 18 March 2013 (UTC)
 * Deleted: Spanish Constitution of 1812 (already featured on May 4)
 * Moved to Ineligible: Parenzana; South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
 * Omitted: SS Georgiana (ineligible—maintenance); Crossbarry Ambush; Tuskegee Airmen; Ethnic clashes of Târgu Mureș; GRB 080319B
 * Included: Pluto (7th appearance, last in 2010); Bob Dylan (first appearance); United Nations Security Council Resolution 425 (5th appearance, last in 2011); Opération Harmattan (first appearance)
 * Repeats: Charles IV of Spain (2nd consecutive appearance, 3 total)

2014 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 08:05, 18 March 2014 (UTC)
 * Moved to Ineligible: Ethnic clashes of Târgu Mureș (maintenance)
 * Omitted: Charles IV of Spain (ineligible—maintenance); Pluto; Bob Dylan; United Nations Security Council Resolution 425; Opération Harmattan
 * Included: List of emperors of the Song Dynasty (first appearance); Crossbarry Ambush (2nd appearance, last in 2012); Sydney Harbour Bridge (3rd appearance, last in 2006); Willie Mosconi (first appearance; 60th anniversary); Jim Bakker (first appearance)

2015 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 10:03, 17 March 2015 (UTC)
 * Omitted: Crossbarry Ambush; Sydney Harbour Bridge (ineligible—maintenance); Willie Mosconi; Jim Bakker
 * Included: Charles IV of Spain (4th appearance, last in 2013; rescued from Ineligible); Pluto (8th appearance, last in 2013; 100th anniversary); C-SPAN (first appearance); Opération Harmattan (2nd appearance, last in 2013)
 * Repeats: List of emperors of the Song dynasty (2nd consecutive appearance, 2 total)

2016 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 17:09, 17 March 2016 (UTC)
 * Omitted: Earth Hour (ineligible—maintenance); Charles IV of Spain (ineligible—maintenance); Pluto; C-SPAN; Opération Harmattan
 * Included: Father's Day (rescued from Ineligible); Clara Zetkin (first appearance); Tuskegee Airmen (3rd appearance, last in 2012; 75th anniversary); Bob Dylan (2nd appearance, last in 2013); GRB 080319B (3rd appearance, last in 2012)
 * Repeats: List of emperors of the Song dynasty (3rd consecutive appearance, 3 total)

2017 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 07:29, 19 March 2017 (UTC)
 * Moved to Ineligible: Crossbarry Ambush (maintenance); Willie Mosconi (maintenance); United Nations Security Council Resolution 425 (maintenance); Jim Bakker (maintenance)
 * Omitted: Tuskegee Airmen (ineligible—maintenance)
 * Included: Opération Harmattan (3rd appearance, last in 2015)
 * Repeats: List of emperors of the Song dynasty (4th consecutive appearance, 4 total); Clara Zetkin (2nd consecutive appearance, 2 total); Bob Dylan (2nd consecutive appearance, 3 total); GRB 080319B (2nd consecutive appearance, 4 total)

2018 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 15:46, 19 March 2018 (UTC)
 * Deleted: Pluto (moved to August 20)
 * Moved to Ineligible: Severus Alexander (maintenance)
 * New articles (unused): Flydubai Flight 981
 * Omitted: Bob Dylan; Opération Harmattan; Wyatt Earp; Albert Speer; Bun Cook
 * Included: Battle of Bentonville (first appearance); Jim Bakker (2nd appearance, last in 2014; rescued from Ineligible); Jan Zamoyski (first appearance); Senda Berenson Abbott (first appearance); Lise Østergaard (first appearance)
 * Repeats: List of emperors of the Song dynasty (5th consecutive appearance, 5 total); Clara Zetkin (3rd consecutive appearance, 3 total); GRB 080319B (3rd consecutive appearance, 5 total; 10th anniversary)

2019 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 15:49, 19 March 2019 (UTC)
 * Moved to Ineligible: Flydubai Flight 981 (maintenance)
 * New articles (unused): Amos 'n' Andy (moved from August 19)
 * Omitted: Jim Bakker; GRB 080319B; Jan Zamoyski; Senda Berenson Abbott; Lise Østergaard
 * Included: C-SPAN (first appearance; 40th anniversary); Opération Harmattan (4th appearance, last in 2017); Lord Edmund Howard (first appearance); Ernestine Rose (librarian) (first appearance); Joe Gaetjens (first appearance)
 * Repeats: List of emperors of the Song dynasty (6th consecutive appearance, 6 total); Battle of Bentonville (2nd consecutive appearance, 2 total); Clara Zetkin (4th consecutive appearance, 4 total)

2020 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 23:45, 20 March 2020 (UTC)
 * Omitted: Battle of Bentonville; C-SPAN; Opération Harmattan; Lord Edmund Howard; Ernestine Rose (librarian); Joe Gaetjens
 * Included: Bob Dylan (4th appearance, last in 2017); Jim Bakker (3rd appearance, last in 2018); Flydubai Flight 981 (first appearance; rescued from Ineligible); Elizabeth Seymour, Lady Cromwell (first appearance); Wyatt Earp (2nd appearance, last in 2017); Bruce Willis (first appearance)
 * Repeats: List of emperors of the Song dynasty (7th consecutive appearance, 7 total); Clara Zetkin (5th consecutive appearance, 5 total)

2021 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 18:00, 20 March 2021 (UTC)
 * New articles (unused): Francis B. Spinola (POTD for 2021)
 * Omitted: Bob Dylan; Jim Bakker; Flydubai Flight 981; Elizabeth Seymour, Lady Cromwell; Wyatt Earp (ineligible—maintenance); Bruce Willis
 * Included: Saint Joseph's Day (rescued from Ineligible); Edict of Amboise (first appearance); C-SPAN (2nd appearance, last in 2019); Opération Harmattan (5th appearance, last in 2019; 10th anniversary); Jan Zamoyski (2nd appearance, last in 2018); Anna Held (first appearance); Maria Bergson (first appearance)
 * Repeats: List of emperors of the Song dynasty (8th consecutive appearance, 8 total); Clara Zetkin (6th consecutive appearance, 6 total)

2022 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 04:25, 20 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Deleted: Severus Alexander (date not certain, but not today)
 * Omitted: List of emperors of the Song dynasty; Edict of Amboise; Clara Zetkin; C-SPAN; Opération Harmattan; Jan Zamoyski; Maria Bergson
 * Included: Byzantine–Venetian treaty of 1277 (first appearance); Charles IV of Spain (5th appearance, last in 2015; rescued from Ineligible); Bob Dylan (5th appearance, last in 2020; 60th anniversary); 1998 Ariana Afghan Airlines crash (first appearance); GRB 080319B (6th appearance, last in 2018); Francis B. Spinola (first appearance); Kym Bonython (first appearance)
 * Repeats: Anna Held (2nd consecutive appearance, 2 total; 150th birthday)