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Florenz Ziegfeld Jr.

Florenz Edward Ziegfeld Jr. (March 21, 1867 – July 22, 1932) was an American Broadway impresario, notable for his series of theatrical revues, the Ziegfeld Follies (1907–1931), inspired by the Folies Bergère of Paris. He also produced the musical Show Boat. He was known as the "glorifier of the American girl". Ziegfeld is a member of the American Theater Hall of Fame.

Early life
Florenz Edward Ziegfeld Jr. was born on March 21, 1867, in Chicago, Illinois. His mother, Rosalie (née de Hez), who was born in Belgium, was the grandniece of General Count Étienne Maurice Gérard. His father, Florenz Edward Ziegfeld, was a German immigrant whose father was the mayor of Jever in Friesland. Ziegfeld was baptized in his mother's Roman Catholic church. His father was Lutheran. As a child Ziegfeld witnessed the Chicago fire of 1871.

Career
His father ran the Chicago Musical College and later opened a nightclub, the Trocadero, to profit from the 1893 World's Fair. To help his father's nightclub succeed, Ziegfeld hired and managed the strongman Eugen Sandow.

In London, during a trip to Europe, Ziegfeld met Anna Held, a Polish-French singer. His promotion of Held in America brought about her meteoric rise to national fame. It was Held who first suggested an American imitation of the Parisian Folies Bergère to Ziegfeld. Her success in a series of his Broadway shows, especially A Parisian Model (1906), was a major reason for his starting a series of lavish revues in 1907. Much of Held's popularity was due to Ziegfeld's creation of publicity stunts and rumors fed to the American press.

Ziegfeld's stage spectaculars, known as the Ziegfeld Follies, began with Follies of 1907, which opened on July 7, 1907, and were produced annually until 1931. These extravaganzas, with elaborate costumes and sets, featured beauties chosen personally by Ziegfeld in production numbers choreographed to the works of prominent composers such as Irving Berlin, George Gershwin and Jerome Kern. The Follies featured the famous Ziegfeld girls, female chorus dancers who wore elaborate costumes and performed in synchronization.

The Follies featured many performers who, though well known from previous work in other theatrical genres, achieved unique financial success and publicity with Ziegfeld. Included among these are Nora Bayes, Fanny Brice, Ruth Etting, W. C. Fields, Eddie Cantor, Marilyn Miller, Will Rogers, Bert Williams and Ann Pennington.

At a cost of $2.5 million, Ziegfeld built the 1600-seat Ziegfeld Theatre on the west side of Sixth Avenue between 54th and 55th Streets. Designed by Joseph Urban and Thomas W. Lamb, the auditorium was egg-shaped, with the stage at the narrow end. A huge medieval-style mural, The Joy of Life, covered the walls and ceiling. To finance the construction, Ziegfeld borrowed from William Randolph Hearst, who took control of the theater after Ziegfeld's death.

The Ziegfeld Theatre opened in February 1927 with Ziegfeld's production of Rio Rita, which ran for nearly 500 performances. This was followed by Show Boat, a great hit with a run of 572 performances. This musical, which concerned racial discrimination in the South during the late nineteenth century, was a collaboration between Ziegfeld, Urban, and composer Jerome Kern. The musical has been revived four times on Broadway, winning multiple Tony Awards. The score features several classics such as "Ol' Man River" and "Can't Help Lovin' Dat Man".

Ziegfeld lost much of his money in the stock market crash. In May 1932 he staged a revival of Show Boat that ran for six months—a hit, by Depression standards. That same year, he brought his Follies stars to CBS Radio with The Ziegfeld Follies of the Air.

Personal life
In 1896, Ziegfeld met Anna Held, an actress, in London. Ziegfeld and Held began a common-law marriage in 1897, and she divorced him in 1913, according to her obituary in The New York Times dated August 13, 1918. Held served Ziegfeld with divorce papers on April 14, 1912, and their divorce became final on January 9, 1913. Held had submitted testimony about Ziegfeld's relationship with another woman. The unnamed party in this romantic triangle was showgirl Lillian Lorraine, an entertainer of limited talent but charismatic stage presence and beauty whom Ziegfeld discovered in 1907 when she was a 15-year-old performer in a Shubert production. Ziegfeld spent years promoting her career, transforming her into one of the most popular attractions in his Follies and establishing her in an apartment two floors above the residence he shared with Held. He remained in love with Lorraine for the rest of his life.

Not long after his divorce from Held, Ziegfeld married actress Billie Burke on April 11, 1914. They had met at a New Year's Eve party. They had one child, Patricia Ziegfeld Stephenson (1916–2008). The family lived on his estate in Hastings-on-Hudson, New York, and in Palm Beach, Florida. Ziegfeld died in Hollywood, California on July 22, 1932, from pleurisy, related to a previous lung infection. He had been in Los Angeles only a few days after moving from a New Mexico sanitarium. His death left Burke with substantial debts, driving her toward film acting to settle them. She died on May 14, 1970. He and Burke are interred in Kensico Cemetery in Valhalla, New York.

Accolades
Ziegfeld was elected to the American Theatre Hall of Fame.

Films
Ziegfeld appears in a sound prologue to the 1929 film, Show Boat—a part-talkie based on Edna Ferber's 1926 novel, not the popular stage adaptation that was still playing on Broadway when the film was released. Universal Pictures originally made Show Boat as a silent, and obtained the rights to the popular Broadway score after the film was shot. The 18-minute prologue is introduced by Ziegfeld and producer Carl Laemmle, and features excerpts from the stage production performed by cast members Jules Bledsoe, Tess Gardella, Helen Morgan and the Broadway chorus. Two subsequent adaptations of Show Boat, in 1936 and 1951, were based on the stage musical.

Technicolor screen versions of three of Ziegfeld's stage musicals were produced in the early sound film era. RKO Pictures had its first hit with its lavish presentation of Rio Rita (1929), starring Bebe Daniels and John Boles.

Marilyn Miller reprised one of her greatest stage successes in Sally (1929). Eddie Cantor reprised his popular Broadway role in Whoopee! (1930), which Ziegfeld himself produced with Samuel Goldwyn.

Cultural references
In 1936 Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer released a semi-biographical film extravaganza, The Great Ziegfeld, starring William Powell. He was personally chosen for the role by Billie Burke, who felt that while Powell did not physically resemble her late husband, he possessed the right manner. "What I tried to do primarily was to get across the essential spirit of the man", Powell later said, "his love for show business, his exquisite taste, his admiration for the beauty of women. He was financially impractical but aesthetically impeccable—a genius in his chosen field." Nominated for seven Academy Awards, The Great Ziegfeld received Oscars for Best Picture, Best Actress (Luise Rainer as Anna Held), and Best Dance Direction (Seymour Felix), for the astonishingly opulent production number, "A Pretty Girl Is Like a Melody"—one of the most famous musical sequences ever filmed. It was MGM's most expensive production since Ben-Hur (1925), and it made back twice its cost.

Released by MGM ten years later, Ziegfeld Follies (1946) was an all-star revue that includes Powell in a cameo role as Ziegfeld. A 1978 NBC-television film, Ziegfeld: The Man and His Women, stars Paul Shenar as Ziegfeld. Directed by Buzz Kulik, the three-hour biopic was nominated for seven Emmy Awards and received the award for Outstanding Cinematography (Gerald Finnerman).

Ziegfeld appears as a character in a number of films:
 * The Jolson Story (1946), played by Eddie Kane
 * I'll See You in My Dreams (1951), played by William Forrest
 * The Story of Will Rogers (1952), played by William Forrest
 * The I Don't Care Girl (1953), played by Wilton Graff
 * The Eddie Cantor Story (1953), played by William Forrest
 * Deep in my Heart (1954) played by Paul Henried
 * The Helen Morgan Story (1957), played by Walter Woolf King
 * Funny Girl (1968), played by Walter Pidgeon; played by Roger DeKoven in the original Broadway stage production
 * W. C. Fields and Me (1976), played by Paul Stewart
 * Ellis Island (1984) played by Julian Holloway

Archive
The Academy Film Archive houses the Florenz Ziegfeld-Billie Burke Collection. The collection consists primarily of home movies.

title: Florenz Ziegfeld Jr.


text:
1742 in Canada

Events from the year 1742 in Canada.

Incumbents

 * French Monarch: Louis XV
 * British and Irish Monarch: George II

Governors

 * Governor General of New France: Charles de la Boische, Marquis de Beauharnois
 * Colonial Governor of Louisiana: Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville
 * Governor of Nova Scotia: Paul Mascarene
 * Commodore-Governor of Newfoundland: Henry Medley

Events

 * First scientific report on the North Pacific fur seal.
 * First Fort Paskoya built by La Vérendrye at Cedar Lake.

Births

 * Esteban José Martínez Fernández y Martínez de la Sierra, naval officer (died 1798)
 * Benjamin Frobisher, fur-trader (died 1787)

Historical documents
Without Île-Royale "and other Indulgencies at the Treaty of Utrecht," France's fisheries would have "by this time been totally destroyed"

"What humanity!" - French missionary surprised by Indigenous travel companions' generosity with game they hunt (Note: "savages" used)

"Indefatigable, artful, insinuating" priests among Six Nations assert France's "Power and Grandeur" and "render the English[...]contemptible"

Poor crop at Lorette means people must forage for food, "which is prejudicial[...]to their spiritual interests" (Note: "savages" used)

Montreal renews law requiring ladders on roofs and by chimneys and attic battering rams, all in case of fire

When Northwest Passage not found, Arthur Dobbs suggests locating trading posts up rivers that flow to Hudson Bay and James Bay

Joseph La France canoes down Nelson River in warm, leafy spring and arrives at York Factory on June 29 to find ice and snow

Nova Scotia Council president reminds Board of Trade that without their directives, he can maintain authority only through deputies

Mascarene tells Bishop of Quebec that priests "who presume to exercise any ecclesiastical power" in Nova Scotia violate British law

Rumours of war with France have not lessened Acadians' fidelity and obedience, except when growing families take "unappropriated lands"

Unmistakable warning to Acadians: "By continuing in your disobedience, you will oblige us to make use of force to reduce you to your duty"

Council hears first that ship's cables cut and ship robbed, then that cables and robbers found by Acadian deputies and "Indian Captains"

"Offensive and unwholsome" - Heating Hudson's Bay Co. buildings includes capping chimneys when fires burn down to coals, causing headache

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: 1742 in Canada


text:
1743 in Canada

Events from the year 1743 in Canada.

Incumbents

 * French Monarch: Louis XV
 * British and Irish Monarch: George II

Governors

 * Governor General of New France: Charles de la Boische, Marquis de Beauharnois
 * Colonial Governor of Louisiana: Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville then Pierre de Rigaud, Marquis de Vaudreuil-Cavagnial
 * Governor of Nova Scotia: Paul Mascarene
 * Commodore-Governor of Newfoundland: Thomas Smith

Events

 * Concentrated hunting of sea otter by Russia begins.
 * Father Claude-Godefroy Coquart joins La Vérendrye at Fort La Reine becoming the first recorded missionary in present-day Manitoba and the first to travel beyond Lake of the Woods.

Deaths

 * April 11 - Jean-Baptiste Chardon, jesuit missionary (born 1672).

Historical documents
Montreal merchant sells five enslaved Black people (2 men, 3 "women and girls") in Quebec City for 3,000 livres

Ordinance refers to 445,000-livre construction expense for Montreal wall, with part of 115,500 livres paid by city returned by king

Any war declared against France need not involve Acadians and Indigenous people, "if they are wise" (Note: "savages" used)

Nova Scotia president Mascarene points out dangers of having potentially insurgent population, far too few soldiers and poor defences in case of war

Council hears "Indians [have] no Intention to take or Pillage the Traders," but orders all to "even by force[...]Prevent all Such Robberys"

Council orders priests (and their parishioners) to get its prior consent to enter Nova Scotia, and not "behave themselves Irregularly"

Mascarene satisfied with all but one priest and says "if everyone aims at the same End We may prevent trouble from approaching Us"

Visitor to Onondaga describes town and its situation, longhouse, and "comical fellow" with mask, staff and rattle

Sixteen-year-old James Wolfe marches "in the greatest Spirits [and] shall be very well able to hold it out with a Little help of a Horse"

title: 1743 in Canada


text:
1744 in Canada

Events from the year 1744 in Canada.

Incumbents

 * French Monarch: Louis XV
 * British and Irish Monarch: George II

Governors

 * Governor General of New France: Charles de la Boische, Marquis de Beauharnois
 * Colonial Governor of Louisiana: Pierre de Rigaud, Marquis de Vaudreuil-Cavagnial
 * Governor of Nova Scotia: Paul Mascarene
 * Commodore-Governor of Newfoundland: Thomas Smith

Events

 * May 3 – News of the declaration of war by France on Great Britain arrives in New France, starting King George's War.
 * The Treaty of Lancaster between Great Britain and the Iroquois occurs.
 * Nicolas-Joseph de Noyelles de Fleurimont succeeded Pierre Gaultier de Varennes et de La Vérendrye as the Commandant of the western French forts.

Births

 * May 22 - Juan Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra, naval officer, explorer, administrator (d.1794)
 * October 6 - James McGill, merchant, philanthropist (d.1813)
 * December 10 - William Berczy, painter, architect, author, and colonizer (d.1813)

Full date unknown

 * Elias Hardy, lawyer and office-holder (d.1798)

Historical documents
Alerting Fort Albany to war with France, Hudson's Bay Company orders readying of men and arms and getting "Trading Indians" to patrol daily

Louisbourg francophone man obtains Council warrant to capture chief and other "Chickinakady Indians" he says murdered crew of British ship

Council meets with Saint John River Indigenous leaders who have heard rumours of British-French war and seek (and get) assurances of peace

Duvivier's force of 900 regular troops and militia from Île-Royale takes Canso from its 80-man garrison on May 13 and burns settlement

"Breaking the French measures;[...]timely Succours receiv'd [and] our French refusing to take up arms against us" halts Annapolis attack

Nova Scotia Council reports that in June and August attacks, local Acadians helped enemy "while we were entirely Deserted by them"

Word from Île-Royale is that 23 British fishing and commercial ships have been taken by large schooner and five other French privateers

New York governor George Clinton tells Assembly he has increased defences (including Six Nations scouts) at Oswego, Saratoga and Albany

In July and August, Boston privateer takes French ships on "great banks," plus other French fishers on northeast coast of Newfoundland

Privateer brings in to Boston three French ships, including one carrying to Canada wine, brandy, iron and dry goods worth £8-9,000

Under flag of truce, three vessels arrive at Boston from Île-Royale with 350 British prisoners taken from Canso and "sundry Vessels, &c."

French abhor inhumanity of privateers who took New York ship by firing after it surrendered, including one "chew'd" musket ball

New Hampshire privateer with Île-Royale prizes is attacked by "Indians on Cape Sables," and later by canoes (driven off by swivel guns)

Report of arrival of 70-gun and three other French warships plus 18 armed merchant ships at Île-Royale with arms for Quebec-built warship

Duvivier orders Minas Acadians to supply horses, handlers and gunpowder, and to pledge loyalty to French king (Note: "savages" used)

Nova Scotia commander Mascarene reports skirmish and tactical issues (including Indigenous fighters' "sculking way of fighting")

Acadians ask French not to take their meagre harvest and to withdraw, citing "mild" government they live under (Note: "savages" used)

In October, captured French privateer's crew is found to include "Irish Roman-catholick soldiers formerly of" Canso regiment

Nova Scotia Council allows commandeering of vessel and equipment to counter "great body of Indians" threatening from Minas and Chignecto

Massachusetts declares war on French-allied Indigenous peoples in November, and sets bounties for scalps of men, women and children

Mascarene says loyal as well as disloyal Acadians "must unavoidably share in the trouble that military people generally bring with them"

Mascarene praises daughter of former seigneur for her loyalty, but will not defend property of her disloyal family (Note: "savages" used)

Council hears of Cobequid Acadians' loyalty and non-participation "in the last troubles " (except when forced to assist)

Annapolis River Acadians told loyalty includes supplying non-combatant personnel, no matter their fear of Indigenous people's "resentment"

Map: lands surrounding Gulf of St. Lawrence and lower St. Lawrence River

Dominique Nafréchoux of Montreal signs deed of emancipation for his slave Dominique-François Mentor to take effect on his death

Joseph Robson wonders what keeps Hudson's Bay Company from competing with French upriver, and then finds it hard going up Nelson River

Minister to Kanien’kéhà:ka reports having to calm them after "our restless Enemies the French" spread rumour of British attack

New Hampshire proclamation summons volunteers for expedition against Cape Breton Island (Île-Royale)

Soldier's widow and step-mother of his children has to ask Council's permission to sell his property, as "none Other would Accept of that Office"

"There is a satisfaction even, in giving way to Grief" - On duty in Belgium, young James Wolfe writes home about his soldier brother's death

title: 1744 in Canada


text:
1745 in Canada

Events from the year 1745 in Canada.

Incumbents

 * French Monarch: Louis XV
 * British and Irish Monarch: George II

Governors

 * Governor General of New France: Charles de la Boische, Marquis de Beauharnois
 * Colonial Governor of Louisiana: Pierre de Rigaud, Marquis de Vaudreuil-Cavagnial
 * Governor of Nova Scotia: Paul Mascarene
 * Commodore-Governor of Newfoundland: Richard Edwards

Events

 * 16 June 1745 - After a six-week siege, the French fort of Louisbourg on Cape Breton Island falls to the British colonial forces from New England organized by Governor William Shirley. This intensifies hostilities in what is known as King George's War, an extension of the European War of the Austrian Succession. The English go on to make new conquests from the French in the West Indies.

Births

 * Samuel Hearne, explorer, fur-trader, author, and naturalist (died 1792)

Historical documents
Pamphlet (written in January 1745) argues that Île-Royale must be captured to protect valuable fishery in Newfoundland

Rising British Army officer says few provisions, little gunpowder, poor discipline and leadership, and exposed defences make Louisbourg vulnerable

Massachusetts government moves (relatively) quickly to mount military expedition to take Louisbourg and Île-Royale

Siege of Louisbourg ends with French defenders and British invaders agreeing to capitulation and transfer of French to France at British expense

Governor William Shirley sends report and journal of Louisbourg siege, including details of soldiers' extremely heavy labour

"God fought for us" - Sermon crediting Providence for so many advantages of preparation, execution and luck leading to fall of Louisbourg

Photo: Monument erected by Society of Colonial Wars to the memory of New England soldiers killed at Louisbourg during siege of 1745

During siege, whaleboats were loaded with ladders and 500 soldiers and marines to take Louisbourg's Island Battery, but fog prevented attempt

"After a Dance this Day, they fell upon him" - Report of torture killing of British soldier captured near Louisbourg

"The Inhabitants were strangely surpris'd" - fire ship loaded with gunpowder used to damage King's Gate and other structures in Louisbourg

"A great deal of ill usage" - Reports of local Indigenous people being abused by British authorities after siege (Note: "savages" used)

Loss of Louisbourg eliminates France's benefit from rich North American fishery trade to Catholic Europe (Note: "savages" used)

Nova Scotia Council president Mascarene assures Acadians that none who are of mixed European and Indigenous origin will be scalped

Acadians supplying provisions to occupied Louisbourg threatened by its local Indigenous people, but those in Nova Scotia want peace

Council advised from Chignecto that Jean-Louis Le Loutre has arrived there from Quebec "with presents for the Indians"

Mascarene sternly cautions Acadians for seeking Le Loutre's permission to supply Annapolis, and then letting "11 or 12 Indians" stop them

Uncooperative and hostile actions of Acadians (listed from 1710) make them, if not "utter Enemies," then "unprofitable Inhabitants"

Quebec leaders report almost all Acadians desire "French Dominion" while amassing money as "a resource for an evil day"

Joseph Robson investigates lower Nelson River for its usefulness to Hudson's Bay Company

Joseph Robson's argument for building Hudson's Bay Company forts of stone, not wood

Map of New France covers from Grand Banks to Pays d'en Haut to Baffin Bay

English translation of Alain-René Lesage's fictionalized version of Canadian soldier/adventurer Beauchêne's exploits is published in London

title: 1745 in Canada


text:
1746 in Canada

Events from the year 1746 in Canada.

Incumbents

 * French Monarch: Louis XV
 * British and Irish Monarch: George II

Governors

 * Governor General of New France: Charles de la Boische, Marquis de Beauharnois
 * Colonial Governor of Louisiana: Pierre de Rigaud, Marquis de Vaudreuil-Cavagnial
 * Governor of Nova Scotia: Paul Mascarene
 * Commodore-Governor of Newfoundland: James Douglas

Events

 * Typhoid fever epidemic breaks out among the Micmac of Nova Scotia.
 * August 30: Duc d'Anville Expedition, led by a French aristocrat, arrives at Chebucto (now Halifax Harbour) with 13,000 men in 70 ships. His orders from the King of France: Expel the British from Nova Scotia, then burn Boston and sack New England. Disease and dissension within the command structure defeats d'Anville's force, which despite its formidable strength has no discernible effect on the course of events in North America.
 * October: Fortress Louisbourg and l'Ile-Royale are returned to France by the Treaty of Aix-La-Chapelle.
 * Jacques-Pierre de Taffanel de la Jonquière, Marquis de la Jonquière was appointed governor general of New France on March 1, 1746, (b April 18, 1685 – d March 17, 1752)

Historical documents
Kayakers in Hudson Strait paddle out (calling "Chima") to barter with ships searching for Northwest Passage (detailed description)

On Northwest Passage expedition, Indigenous harpoon (but not its sealskin bladder) found in floating whale carcass

"The Effect of Passion" - Ships seeking winter quarters on Northwest Passage expedition are mistaken for French warships at York Factory

"French by kind offices and a liberality in dealing" have drawn Indigenous people away from Hudson's Bay Company's influence on Nelson River

Summary of King George's War events in Nova Scotia and New York, including disastrous run of bad luck for French naval forces

Nova Scotia Council suspects French force is near after communications with Minas are cut and French warships appear at Chebucto

Fierce storm at Annapolis Royal that blows down barns, roofs etc. also drives privateer Shirley onto rocks, but masts are cut down and crew saved

Council president Paul Mascarene orders Acadian deputies to get locals to supply extra firewood for 300 Massachusetts troops expected

After French retreat from Annapolis, deputies are asked how they were treated and told that failed French naval strike could not be repeated

With plans for New England militia to rout Canadians from Minas, Council lists punishments for Acadians there who in any way helped enemy

As New York governor seeks war treaty with Six Nations, he ponders loyalty of Kanien’kéhà:ka, Oneida and Cayuga (Note: killing described)

Kanien’kéhà:ka split over joining British in war with French (urged by William Johnson) or staying neutral (as advised by French)

Proposed treaty reference to folly of defeated Scots who were swayed by French is rejected by Six Nations sachems as distracting

At treaty talks, New Yorkers call on Six Nations to honour their promise to attack murderous French, and with British to invade Canada

His Kahnawake allies refuse New France governor's order to threaten Six Nations, and ask SN not to join British to attack them

Conquest had probably not been a goal of aborted 1746 expedition to Canada, but "misunderstanding" led to failure to destroy Crown Point fort

"Krick Indians" near York Factory and their appearance, character, habits, materials (and wonderment at how much Europeans walk around)

Detailed description of log house residence, "log tents" and brick stoves built for over-wintering ships' crews at York Factory

title: 1746 in Canada


text:
1747 in Canada

Events from the year 1747 in Canada.

Incumbents

 * French Monarch: Louis XV
 * British and Irish Monarch: George II

Governors

 * Governor General of New France: Charles de la Boische, Marquis de Beauharnois then Roland-Michel Barrin de La Galissonière
 * Colonial Governor of Louisiana: Pierre de Rigaud, Marquis de Vaudreuil-Cavagnial
 * Governor of Nova Scotia: Paul Mascarene
 * Commodore-Governor of Newfoundland: James Douglas Bt

Events

 * 11 February – At the Battle of Grand Pré, Col. Arthur Noble's detachment of British troops from Massachusetts, face off against a French and Mi'kmaq force under Nicholas Antoine Coulon de Villiers. Noble and around 70 of his soldiers were killed.
 * Marguerite d'Youville (Born Varennes, Quebec October 1701 Died December 28, 1771) founds the Sisters of Charity or the Grey Nuns of Montreal.
 * Roland-Michel Barrin de La Galissonière was appointed to be Governor of New France.

Births

 * Sir John Thomas Duckworth, a naval officer who became the governor of Newfoundland: February 9, 1747 (England) - Aug 31, 1817.
 * Samuel Gale, a surveyor and land agent in Lower Canada (Quebec): born in England Oct 14, 1747.

Deaths

 * January 18: Michel Bégon, commissary of the Marine, councillor in the parlement of Metz, France, inspector general of the Marine, intendant of New France, intendant of Le Havre, of the admiralty of Normandy, and of naval forces (b.1667)
 * August 8: Madeleine de Verchères, daughter of François Jarret, a seigneur in New France, and Marie Perrot (b.1678); Madeline (alt spelling) achieved recognition when, as a young girl, she successfully fought off Iroquois attackers and helped to save Fort Vercheres (Quebec).

Historical documents
Louisbourg fell because of French failings that should not be expected to happen again, and peace will likely see it returned to France

"Seems to be a degree of treason" - Trade carried on with impunity from Rhode Island, New York and Philadelphia with New France

From as far away as Philadelphia, Benjamin Franklin fears seeming weakness of British will turn Six Nations and other Indigenous against them

New England troops at Minas defeated but parolled in Winter 1747 by French, whose supporting fleet from France is destroyed in May

Referring to Sable Island cranberries, author calls that fruit "a most exquisitely agreeable acid sauce for all roast meats"

Thousands of caribou cross Hayes River, though they have been scarce because Indigenous people kill females before their calves are born

"Both Factory Servants and Indians" hunt geese in "Goose Moon" (new moon nearest March 25) in swamps along Hudson Bay

"The Indians do not express so much Art in any thing, as they do in the Make of these Canoes[, and] are very dexterous in the Use"

Beliefs held by Hudson Bay region Indigenous people, including those that lead them to attack Inuit and other peoples

"The Flesh of the Buffalo tasted of Musk" - Northwest Passage seekers shoot muskox bull, and ill crewmen feel better after eating it

Intendant Hocquart donates building materials for new Tadoussac church, and priest agrees to celebrate mass every St. Anne's Day for him

title: 1747 in Canada


text:
1748 in Canada

Events from the year 1748 in Canada.

Incumbents

 * French Monarch: Louis XV
 * British and Irish Monarch: George II

Governors

 * Governor General of New France: Roland-Michel Barrin de La Galissonière
 * Colonial Governor of Louisiana: Pierre de Rigaud, Marquis de Vaudreuil-Cavagnial
 * Governor of Nova Scotia: Paul Mascarene
 * Commodore-Governor of Newfoundland: Charles Watson

Events

 * Louisbourg is returned to France by the Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle.
 * Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle returns Ile Royale (Cape Breton Island) and Ile Saint-Jean (Prince Edward Island) to French.
 * Treaty of Logstown (English with Shawnee, Delaware, Wyandot). English later base their claim to the whole Great Lakes and midwest (or Old Northwest as it was later called) on these two treaties.

Births

 * June 14: Henry Allen, evangelist, hymnist, theologian (d.1784)

Full date unknown

 * James Henry Craig, officer, colonial administrator (d.1812)

Deaths

 * August 12: Jean Jeantot, Canadian Catholic brother and schoolmaster (born c. 1666)

Historical documents
Paul Mascarene's lengthy summary of Nova Scotia leaders' interactions with Acadians since 1710, especially around loyalty oaths

Mascarene sends Acadian deputies long letter warning them of dire consequences for support some Acadians give to rebels ("Banditti")

Mascarene tells British secretary of state about Minas rebels influencing people, and "time and good care [needed] to wean them of that inclination"

"Almost impossible to effect their Removal without Bloodshed" - Better to keep Acadians on lands they have title to and have improved

Description of Acadian settlement Minas includes salt marsh farming, dikes and room for fortress (Note: "savages" used)

Secretary of state says settling active-duty Highland soldiers in Nova Scotia better than sending them back to Scotland

As French and British negotiators draft peace treaty, writer tells why "useless" Cape Breton Island should be returned to France

British politics and ministers' self-interest will influence whether Cape Breton is be kept or lost

Treaty clause restoring Cape Breton to France means giving up its port and fort, rich timber stands and coal mining, and strategic location

"I wish it may not prove too true" - Benjamin Franklin reports learning that 3,000 Canadians might march on Albany, New York

Huron mission at Detroit engages joiner to work in church, including altar rail, confessional and sacristy closet for altar-fronts

Comment on upper class social life in Canada ranges from Madame Lanodière's brightness to clergy's dismay at dances on feast days

Summary of conclusions made by examiners of Hudson's Bay Company policy includes its checks on settlement and increasing trade

Petitioning adventurers who sent 1746-7 expedition want permission to extend settlement and trade into continent near Hudson Bay

Employee says finally HBC will be supporting religious welfare and Christian treatment of "servants and natives"

title: 1748 in Canada


text:
1749 in Canada

Events from the year 1749 in Canada.

Incumbents

 * French Monarch: Louis XV
 * British and Irish Monarch: George II

Governors

 * Governor General of New France: Roland-Michel Barrin de La Galissonière then Jacques-Pierre de Taffanel de la Jonquière, Marquis de la Jonquière
 * Colonial Governor of Louisiana: Pierre de Rigaud, Marquis de Vaudreuil-Cavagnial
 * Governor of Nova Scotia: Edward Cornwallis
 * Commodore-Governor of Newfoundland: George Brydges Rodney

Events

 * Halifax, capital of Nova Scotia, is founded by British General Edward Cornwallis to counter French presence at Louisbourg.
 * La Vérendrye was awarded the cross of Saint Louis, in honour of his career.
 * French agricultural settlement established in what would become Windsor, Ontario.

Full date unknown

 * Joel Stone, founder of Gananoque, Ontario (died 1833)

Deaths

 * December 5 - Pierre Gaultier de Varennes, sieur de La Vérendrye, French Canadian military officer, fur trader and explorer (born 1685).

Historical documents
Brief rundown of religious orders in Canada and "the duties of their ministries" in healthcare and education

European visitor describes the character of French Canadian women

From Quebec City, Pehr Kalm writes to Benjamin Franklin about impressive welcome given Marquis de la Jonquière, new Governor General

Upper class lady says priests have ordered Ladies of the Holy Family who caused scandal over dancing to do penance

Madame Bégon quotes someone as saying it's "foolish to remain in a country where all of the money goes towards keeping oneself warm"

Ambassador to France to "make remonstrances" about Canadians trying to move into Saint John River lands and debauch Six Nations prisoners

Decision to "settle and fortify" Nova Scotia based on need to counter Louisbourg, and for trade and fishery

Notice to recently discharged war veterans, plus tradesmen and surgeons, to take up land, arms, tools and one year's subsistence in Nova Scotia

Settler describes voyage, arrival and establishment of hundreds of settlers under Gov. Cornwallis at Chebucto

Cornwallis promises Acadians can still exercise their religion and keep their lands if they take oath of allegiance and obey orders

Nova Scotia Council unanimously rejects Acadian request for exemption from wartime service and sets mid-October deadline for oath-taking

Acadians forbidden to sell or take property if they chose to leave and will lose possessions and rights if they miss oath deadline

"We are resolved, everyone of us, to leave the country" - Strong emotion revealed in Acadian plea to live under old oath's terms

Leaders of First Nations in Chignecto and on Saint John River renew Peace and Friendship Treaty of 1725

Canadians and Indigenous people "have made some small appearances to intimidate our new settlers" in Minas, Chignecto and Chebucto

More troops needed, what with "a number of Indians a declared Enemy" and "Accadians certainly more Friends to the French than us"

"I [lack] any sanguine Expectation as to the Success of this New Colony" - In a word, hostilities (Note: scalping described)

"Far exceeds any idea I could possibly have of it" - Newcomer very pleased with climate, soil, game and leadership of Halifax

Illustration of Halifax, drawn from high up on ship's mast (Note: gallows depicted)

French evidence of British policy of new settlement in Nova Scotia breaking agreement with France to fix its borders (Note: "savages" used)

Annapolis Royal houses burned to better protect fort, but "Soldiers [who] cannot be kept within due Bounds" burn too many of them

Description of Indigenous people in Nova Scotia includes story involving Chief Membertou (Note: racial stereotypes)

Indigenous hunting season in what is now Nova Scotia ranges from elk to sea wolf to eggs of turtles and birds

Hudson's Bay Company undercuts its trade by making Indigenous people come to Bay posts and offering worse deals than French do

Ending Hudson's Bay Company's monopoly on trade in territory it claims could increase British exports from £3,600 to £200,000 annually

Explorer describes clues on Hudson Bay that indicate nearness of "western sea" and existence of Northwest Passage

title: 1749 in Canada


text:
1750 in Canada

Events from the year 1750 in Canada.

Incumbents

 * French Monarch: Louis XV
 * British and Irish Monarch: George II

Governors

 * Governor General of New France: Jacques-Pierre de Taffanel de la Jonquière, Marquis de la Jonquière
 * Colonial Governor of Louisiana: Pierre de Rigaud, Marquis de Vaudreuil-Cavagnial
 * Governor of Nova Scotia: Edward Cornwallis
 * Commodore-Governor of Newfoundland: Francis William Drake

Events

 * 1750s: Hudson's Bay Company Saskatchewan River region, reached by trade drummers sent out with goods to tempt the Indians to York.
 * c. 1750: The Ojibwa begin to emerge as a distinct tribal amalgamation of smaller independent bands.
 * German immigrants begin to arrive in numbers at Halifax.
 * Hidatsa villages, site of ancient trading fair, now with both French and Hudson's Bay representatives present each summer.

Births

 * James Glenie, army officer, military engineer, businessman, office holder, and politician (d.1817)
 * Simon McTavish, fur trader and dealer in furs, militia officer, office holder, landowner, seigneur, and businessman (d.1804)

Deaths

 * October 14: Richard Philipps, military officer, governor of Nova Scotia (b.1661)

Historical documents

 * British ambassador complains to French about forts built on Isthmus of Chignecto by de la Jonquière (hostilities ensue)
 * Map: Fort Beauséjour on Isthmus of Chignecto
 * Edward Cornwallis reports that French intend to secure Chignecto with fortification and oath of allegiance (Note: "savages" used)
 * Cornwallis reports that Canadians threaten Acadians "with a general massacre[...]if they remain in the province" (Note: "savages" used)
 * Cornwallis advises Minas Basin Acadians they are deceived by Canadians "to lead you to your ruin" (Note: "savages" used)
 * British captain reports on naval engagement with French ships carrying arms and provisions to Indigenous people along Bay of Fundy
 * British ambassador says French unjustifiably occupy land from Chignecto to Saint John River before bilateral commission settles boundary
 * Letter from Father Le Loutre about movement of families to western Acadia and impatient wait for boundary decision (Note: "savages" used)
 * French answer British allegations by saying they seek good relations but intend to defend their land against British aggression
 * Though at same latitude, Nova Scotia not "so agreeable" as southern France because of cold and fog, which forest-clearing would remedy
 * Many in Halifax died of cold in winter of 1750 for lack of houses, and snow lying about tents "was enough to move the Heart of Stone"
 * Pehr Kalm's visit to Niagara Falls facilitated by French at Fort Niagara after he shows with passports that he is not a British officer
 * Reports say Detroit has hundreds living on 30-40 farms "in a fine champaign country," and villages of Wendat, Potawatomi and Odawa
 * To find Northwest Passage, sail east from Asia to "where it is probable the Weather is milder, and the Seas clearer of Ice"

title: 1750 in Canada


text:
1751 in Canada

This article lists information about events from the year 1751 in Canada.

Incumbents

 * French Monarch: Louis XV
 * British and Irish Monarch: George II

Governors

 * Governor General of New France: Jacques-Pierre de Taffanel de la Jonquière, Marquis de la Jonquière
 * Colonial Governor of Louisiana: Pierre de Rigaud, Marquis de Vaudreuil-Cavagnial
 * Governor of Nova Scotia: Edward Cornwallis
 * Commodore-Governor of Newfoundland: Francis William Drake

Events

 * Fort La Jonquière was established in 1751 by Jacques Legardeur de Saint-Pierre on the Saskatchewan River (probably in the Nipawin, Sask. area).

Births

 * Philip Turnor, HBC inland surveyor (died 1799)

Historical documents
"Good harmony [seems to be] thoroughly re-established between them" - Quiet times between French and British on Chignecto Isthmus in 1751-5

Sieur de Saint-Ours twice rescues British ship crews threatened by Indigenous people, and is thanked (Note: "savages" used)

"Several acts of violence committed by the English" is France's complaint about British naval attacks off Nova Scotia

"We are extreamly glad to hear that so few of the better sort [have left]" - Edward Cornwallis right to stop Acadians from leaving Nova Scotia

Description of Acadian salt marsh farming includes its extent (for miles) and fertilization (Note: anti-Catholic comment)

Agreement between superior of Huron mission at Detroit and its new farmer sets out latter's duties and share of farm produce

French pursue westward expansion, strengthening Fort Niagara and sending settlers to Detroit and western Lake Erie

Map: North America, showing Canada and Louisiana

Massachusetts lieutenant governor informs legislature of New York governor's call to meet with Six Nations in Albany in June

Benjamin Franklin says "securing the Friendship of the Indians is of the greatest Consequence to these Colonies" (Note: "savages" used)

Connecticut will attend Albany conference to shore up Six Nations' loyalty and block French attempts to "render [it] precarious"

British must act on opportunity to counter French policy to draw Six Nations and other Indigenous peoples to them

Though expensive for France to maintain, Canada should be kept to thwart "the ambition of the English" in America

"Deserve our approbation" - Mi'kmaq gratify French to same degree they earn writer's condemnation for "perfidy and cruelty" (Note: "savage" used)

Quebec governor insists Haudenosaunee are in control of their lands, but New York governor lists reasons why British own them

title: 1751 in Canada


text:
User talk:168.209.97.34

Proposed deletion of Dog Brothers

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While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. red dogsix (talk) 22:25, 29 October 2017 (UTC)

Nomination of Crazy Monkey for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Crazy Monkey is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Crazy Monkey until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. RF23 (talk) 08:09, 8 October 2018 (UTC)

Nomination of Dog Brothers for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Dog Brothers is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Dog Brothers until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article until the discussion has finished. Lenticel ( talk ) 02:50, 22 August 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:168.209.97.34


text:
1752 in Canada

Events from the year 1752 in Canada.

Incumbents

 * French Monarch: Louis XV
 * British and Irish Monarch: George II

Governors

 * Governor General of New France: Jacques-Pierre de Taffanel de la Jonquière, Marquis de la Jonquière then Michel-Ange Duquesne de Menneville
 * Colonial Governor of Louisiana: Pierre de Rigaud, Marquis de Vaudreuil-Cavagnial
 * Governor of Nova Scotia: Edward Cornwallis
 * Commodore-Governor of Newfoundland: Francis William Drake

Events

 * 23 March – Canada's first newspaper, the weekly Halifax Gazette, is published.
 * French kill Miami chief, fortify the Ohio Valley region with forts from Lake Erie to the forks of the Ohio River.
 * La Corne began a three-year appointment as the western commander of the poste de l'Ouest.
 * The British Empire adopts the Gregorian calendar.

Births

 * 25 February – John Graves Simcoe, first lieutenant governor of Upper Canada (d.1806)

Deaths

 * Jacques-Pierre de Taffanel de la Jonquière, Marquis de la Jonquière, governor general of New France, on 17 March (born 1685)

Historical documents
British law mandates switch from Julian to Gregorian calendar, so that 2 September 1752 is followed next day by 14 September

French fort at Crown Point, being "very obnoxious to His Majesty's plantations," must be demolished for security of British colonies

British ambassador insists French government demolish Niagara River fort and that Governor General De la Jonquière be ordered to desist

Agent of Massachusetts government learns in Montreal that its western trade involves hundreds of canoes and more than 1,000 men

Survey of coast near Louisbourg shows where British forces might land and take unprotected road to fortress (Note: "savages" use)

Earlier peace treaty renewed with Miꞌkmaq at Halifax, with hunting and fishing rights, semi-annual food provision and annual presents

Essay on regaining loyalty of Six Nations includes suggestion that superintendent oversee both relations and currently exploitative trade

New Nova Scotia governor echoes Cornwallis opinion that Chignecto Acadians are useful, necessary and impossible to replace

Advertisement for sale of six enslaved people (four teens and two adults) in Halifax

Appointed Halifax fire wardens to direct fire suppression, and anyone robbing houses in or near fire to be punished with death

Estates of Nova Scotia debtors in jail who are "wholly depending upon the Charity of Compassionate Persons" may be tapped for creditors and jailer

Map: Fictitious Northwest Passage that mapmaker Joseph-Nicolas Delisle based on fictitious 1640 voyage of Spanish admiral

title: 1752 in Canada


text:
1753 in Canada

Events from the year 1753 in Canada.

Incumbents

 * French Monarch: Louis XV
 * British and Irish Monarch: George II

Governors

 * Governor General of New France: Michel-Ange Duquesne de Menneville
 * Colonial Governor of Louisiana: Pierre de Rigaud, Marquis de Vaudreuil-Cavagnial then Louis Billouart
 * Governor of Nova Scotia: Peregrine Hopson
 * Commodore-Governor of Newfoundland: Hugh Bonfoy

Events

 * The 2nd Fort Paskoya built at a new location which became the Pas.
 * A trading post, to be later known as Fort de la Corne was built just below the junction of the two branches of the Saskatchewan.
 * Fort Rouge rebuilt by Jacques Legardeur de Saint-Pierre at its original location.

Deaths

 * October 17 - François-Josué de la Corne Dubreuil, a soldier and trader. (born 1710)

Historical documents
"It was not for a port or two in Nova Scotia, but for all North America" - British end boundary talks when French claim entire Ohio River

Optimistic letter describes French forces and objectives in New York, Nova Scotia and all British colonies (Note: anti-Protestant comment)

Secretary of State orders governors to "use their best Endeavours to repel Force by Force" if British colonies are encroached on

Board of Trade warns of "fatal consequences" to British security and trade from French control of Saint John River

Gov. Hopson hopes removing French flag from Nova Scotia will reconcile Indigenous people and Acadians to British rule

Nova Scotia Council accedes to petition of Minas Basin Acadians that their priests not be required to take oath of allegiance

Gov. Lawrence notes difficulty resolving litigation (or producing "a spirit of improvement") among Acadians lacking oath of allegiance

Assuming Nova Scotia settlements retarded mostly "by the Indian enemy," judge offers extended description of resistance routes and resources

1753 law allows naturalization of Jews in colonies after 3 years, replacing 1740 law requiring 7 years; but "clamors" soon cause its repeal

New Yorker concerned that "very considerable Trade" with Canada carried only by Kahnawake residents will induce "our Indians to desert"

Susana's prisoner in Kahnawake, given to replace her dead relative, to be redeemed by means of wampum belt (Note: "squaw" used)

Nissendanie from Kahnawake delivers prisoner to Albany for 10 Spanish dollars, strouds, stockings, rum and food for return trip

Kahnewake sachem Sconondo and Avieghta, holder of British prisoner, demand enslaved boy for ransom payment (Note: "savage" used)

Kahnewake sachems Onorogigta and Sanagowana with several warriors bring two prisoners and reconcile with commissioners

Population of Quebec City - "In 1753, the number was computed to be 15,000 inhabitants, and 500 soldiers

Quebec City as well as Halifax, Louisbourg and Lake Superior are mentioned in directions for observing transit of Mercury

title: 1753 in Canada


text: Template:Thirteen Colonies

title: Template:Thirteen Colonies


text:
1754 in Canada

Events from the year 1754 in Canada.

Incumbents

 * French Monarch: Louis XV
 * British and Irish Monarch: George II

Governors

 * Governor General of New France: Michel-Ange Duquesne de Menneville
 * Colonial Governor of Louisiana: Louis Billouart
 * Governor of Nova Scotia: Peregrine Hopson
 * Commodore-Governor of Newfoundland: Hugh Bonfoy

Events

 * 1754–63 - French and Indian War (the colonial phase of Europe's Seven Years' War)
 * Anthony Henday travels west from Hudson Bay onto Plains, meets natives on horseback and sees Rocky Mountains.
 * French and Indian War begins in North America; it becomes the Seven Years' War when fighting spreads to Europe (1756).
 * Hudson's Bay Company Anthony Hendry travels to upper South Saskatchewan River, to Ft. La Jonquiere region with presents and trade goods.
 * France sends 3,000 regulars to Canada. Fort Duquesne is built. Benjamin Franklin says the British Colonies will have no peace while France holds Canada. Ango-French competition in the Ohio Valley sparks conflict.
 * George Washington's troops at Fort Duquesne open the French and Indian War, a counterpart of the Seven Years' War in Europe.
 * Tuesday May 28: Washington, with a few men, attacks Jumonville, with thirty followers, near the confluence of the Monongahela and Ohio Rivers. Jumonville and nine of his command are killed. The rest are taken, prisoners. The French allege that, before the firing began, Jumonville signaled that he had a proposal to make; but Washington says that he observed no signal.

Births

 * March - William Osgoode, judge (died 1824)
 * June 1 - John Saunders, soldier, lawyer, politician and Chief Justice of New Brunswick (died 1834)
 * July 30 - Ward Chipman, lawyer, public servant, politician (died 1824)
 * November 5 - Alessandro Malaspina, explorer (died 1810)

Deaths

 * May 28 - Joseph Coulon de Jumonville, military officer. (born 1718)

Historical documents
British not disposed to negotiating with French until they (among other things) give up parts of Nova Scotia they have taken

New York asks Six Nations to treaty talks, but they delay over concerns about land, Ohio fighting and (false) smallpox news from Albany

Convention at Albany of colonial officials hears from Indigenous leaders before drawing up plan for union of British colonies

Albany Plan of Union would end weakness of disunity, create protective colonies on Great Lakes and regulate "Indian" trade and purchases

Apparently, British government planned combined operations against French on Ohio River, and at Niagara, Crown Point and Fort Beauséjour

Strategic analysis suggests attacks on French at Niagara and Crown Point, rather than Ohio, as easiest and cheapest

France wants New York most because of its proximity to Canada and its Lake Ontario trade route, and (from French intelligence) its weaknesses

"Under no kind of discipline" - British colonial troops practice "licentiousness, under the notion of liberty," toward authority

Timeline of preparations for war against French in New England and Nova Scotia

Acadians will not have to bear arms because British constitution "makes it both unsafe & unprecedented" for Catholics to do so

Officer at Annapolis warned not to trust treacherous Le Loutre, but stay open to peaceful intentions under treaty with Kopit

"Would be much better[...]that they were away" - Charles Lawrence details Acadians' non-compliance, but also their "ill humour" toward French

Lawrence recommends demolishing Fort Beauséjour and moving nearby Acadians either within Nova Scotia or "totally away by Fire and Sword"

"Too insolent and absurd" - Le Loutre's take on current affairs and list of Mi'kmaw demands are rejected by N.S. Council (Note: "savages" used)

Control of "corn" (grain) sales will divert it from Beauséjour and estranged Saint John River area and toward underserved Halifax market

Council agrees to aid Acadian families' return home after their unsuccessful exodus to Cape Breton at Le Loutre's urging

On staff of Fort Beauséjour, spy for British reports on Le Loutre's intimidation of parishioners

To thwart French seduction, New York Indian affairs commissioners want each of Six Nations to draw its dispersed members into one "castle"

Cayuga sachems say that if rum is made available to them, "they Cannot Remain A Nation" and will relocate to Canada, where rum is prohibited

"Trembling alive with fear" - New Hampshire woman begins account of captivity among Indigenous people in Canada (Note: "savages" used)

title: 1754 in Canada


text:
Talk:List of United States Congresses

Untitled
by the way, if you want to do bios on congress people from history, check out http://bioguide.congress.gov/biosearch/biosearch.asp Kingturtle 04:58, 25 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Just looking over a few of these pages, I found numerous errors -- Tom Luken confused with Charlie Luken, Clarence Miller called Charles Miller, Delbert Latta called Daniel Latta, Edward Feighan misspelled as Fieghan, Dennis DeConcini called Douglas DeConcini. And I found these errors in a matter of five minutes. I can't begin to imagine the number of errors that exist throughout the project. What are the contributors using as their sources here? Is there any way of ensuring better quality here? Acsenray 20:35, 12 Jul 2004 (UTC)

The years of Congressional sessions are usually listed as the year the session begins to the year of the election. That means, the 109th Congress should be listed as 2005-2006, not 2007. - sebmol 22:16, 31 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * The Library of Congress, the Senate, and the House of Representatives web sites all refer to Congresses with numerals (the 103rd Congress, the 83rd Congress) rather than words (one-hundred-first). Is the word format a Wiki standard? OtherDave 23:45, 9 August 2005 (UTC)

What do you guys think of adding a infobox ala what the individual presidents have on their articles. You could put on the right hand side the main leadership for that congressional session in a qucik and easy to find method. Cmdrbond 05:22, 27 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Looking for a table showing parties in power
I could probably create a basic HTML table showing which parties were in power in Congress, and this seems to be the most appropriate article to add it to. Is there demand for this kind of information?

Chadlupkes 00:59, 3 March 2006 (UTC)

Session dates
This would be a good article in which to include session dates.—Markles 13:07, 27 March 2007 (UTC)

Columnar header style

 * - Idiomatic American English expression pairs temporal expressions as 'Start and Finish', 'Begin and End', 'Convene and Adjourn'.
 * - They may be styled as Started - Finished, Begin date - End date.
 * - The style of the columnar data, "March 4, 1789" is widely recognized as a date, no explanatory 'date' is required for the general reader.
 * - I propose Convened and Adjourned be substituted for 'Begin date' and 'Adjourn date'. TheVirginiaHistorian (talk) 11:35, 16 September 2012 (UTC)

Requested move 18 November 2021

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: No Consensus - The main arguments cited for moving is consistency, WP:NCCAPS, MOS:CAPS. The main argument against moving is the potential scope-change, reduced conciseness, and potential vagueness of the proposed title, especially given the official name. Both in numerical terms and in terms of weight of the argument, this appears to be a deadlock with no clear consensus in favour of moving. A further re-list, given that this has already be re-listed three times and !voting is moving against the proposed move, and has slowed with only one !vote (an oppose) cast since the last re-list, appears unnecessary. (non-admin closure) FOARP (talk) 21:36, 23 December 2021 (UTC)

– The United States Congress and its various meetings (e.g. 116th United States Congress) are proper nouns and should remain capitalized. However, I'm not sure that's the case when referring to multiple meetings of Congress in plural form. "Congress" can be used as a common noun just like "parliament" can be.
 * List of United States Congresses → List of congresses of the United States
 * Party divisions of United States Congresses → Party divisions of congresses of the United States (updated proposed changes based on consensus that has formed in the discussion)

If these articles are moved, it would bring them in line with other articles like:
 * List of parliaments of the United Kingdom
 * List of parliaments of Scotland
 * List of parliaments of England
 * List of parliaments of Ireland
 * List of Canadian federal parliaments, which capitalizes when referring to a specific meeting (e.g. 44th Canadian Parliament) Woko Sapien (talk) 21:35, 18 November 2021 (UTC) — Relisting. Spekkios (talk) 23:33, 25 November 2021 (UTC) — Relisting. —usernamekiran • sign the guestbook • (talk) 17:24, 3 December 2021 (UTC)  — Relisting. FOARP (talk) 08:42, 17 December 2021 (UTC)

If this move is agreed to, then Category:United States Congresses and Template:United States Congresses should follow suit as well. --Woko Sapien (talk) 21:40, 18 November 2021 (UTC)
 * Oppose - as it's the United States Congress. -- GoodDay (talk) 00:03, 19 November 2021 (UTC)
 * Which would remain unchanged, as it refers solely to the institution. What I'm talking about is when the word is being used synonymously with "meetings" (plural). For instance, Senator Smith served in three United States congresses. Senator Smith has only served in one institution (the United States Congress), but has served in three meetings thereof. --Woko Sapien (talk) 17:21, 19 November 2021 (UTC)

 * Support: proper names are not usually pluralised but if they are pluralised, they are not then singularised. Cinderella157 (talk) 01:05, 19 November 2021 (UTC)
 * To a matter of scope (as raised below), it is a mater that can and should be addressed by hat notes regardless of the ultimate result here. Anybody not familiar will not recognise the limitations of the present "scope".  This probably applies to most of the non-US En WP and a good part that is. But, the scope of an article is largely defined by the lead - even if it is not quite what you expect (with hat-notes we would find there is more than we might expect from any of the proposed titles).  There is no issue with WP:PRECISION.  There are no actual conflicts in WP article titles that require further disambiguation.  Please don't view this decision as "WP knows best" and "We know better".  How bests do we serve readers that know nothing of the subject?  Subtle distinctions in capitalisation (and what editors think these man to readers) really don't serve anybody. Cinderella157 (talk) 12:48, 27 November 2021 (UTC)

 * Suggest List of congresses of the United States or List of congresses of the United States Congress would be clearer/less objectionable. Category and template can use short names as proposed. Cheers, Facts707 (talk) 05:45, 19 November 2021 (UTC)
 * Agree - List of congresses of the United States: more consistent with the examples given. While not as brief, it is IMO more natural - so reasonable within WP:AT. Also unambiguously not a "proper noun" usage. Cinderella157 (talk) 06:20, 19 November 2021 (UTC)
 * ,, I've added your suggestion to my proposal.--Woko Sapien (talk) 15:45, 19 November 2021 (UTC)
 * Agree - List of congresses of the United States: Much more natural while avoiding the strange combination of a capital letter with a plural. — BarrelProof (talk) 16:11, 19 November 2021 (UTC)

 * Support consistent with the other article mentioned.--67.70.100.169 (talk) 06:03, 19 November 2021 (UTC)
 * Oppose as proposed - this would be a scope change and topics like Second Continental Congress would have to be added. List of congresses of the United States Congress is wordier but unobjectionable. User:力 (powera,  π,  ν ) 20:03, 19 November 2021 (UTC)
 * If your objection is over the fact that post-1776 United States congresses would also include the Second Continental Congress and the Congress of the Confederation, they can easily be added to the article in some form or another.--Woko Sapien (talk) 20:44, 19 November 2021 (UTC)
 * See the hatnote I added here --Woko Sapien (talk) 21:04, 19 November 2021 (UTC)
 * That works. List of congresses of the United States is now fine; the Confederate States Congress was not "of the United States" and neither is a high school's Model Congress.  Still opposed to "United States congresses" constructions. User:力 (powera,  π,  ν ) 21:10, 19 November 2021 (UTC)
 * Added another alternative name proposal that uses the "congresses of the United States" construction. The category and template could be reconstructed that way too.--Woko Sapien (talk) 22:11, 19 November 2021 (UTC)

 * Support per WP:NCCAPS, MOS:CAPS, WP:CONSISTENT.  — SMcCandlish ☏ ¢ 😼  20:12, 21 November 2021 (UTC)
 * Comment I've updated the proposed change to reflect the consensus that has since formed here. --Woko Sapien (talk) 22:52, 24 November 2021 (UTC)
 * Oppose. This is not a list of generic congresses, but rather specific instances of the United States Congress which is capitalized.  More generally, generalizing the scope doesn't make sense here anyway - readers want a list of the capitalized Congress specifically.  SnowFire (talk) 04:55, 26 November 2021 (UTC)
 * Support - as a generic plural of a singular (sometimes) proper name. Primergrey (talk) 05:28, 26 November 2021 (UTC)
 * Oppose. It is less concise.  The extra "of the" adds nothing and makes the article title disappear from the eye. "List of United States Congresses" is direct, concise and precise, and jumps at the eye. Switching it around and adding an extra "of the" in middle means I have to pause and carefully read the entire sentence to make sure that's the article I'm looking for. There's no gain and a bit of a loss to readers. Don't really see the point. Walrasiad (talk) 11:11, 27 November 2021 (UTC)
 * Support – plural makes it not a proper name. Dicklyon (talk) 06:54, 28 November 2021 (UTC)
 * Oppose, and the rational for the move rests on a fallacious premise. As a parallel example, let's say we have a list of people with the names Tom, Dick, and Harry; do you all contend that the list would correctly be called "List of toms, dicks, and harrys" instead of "List of Toms, Dicks, and Harrys"? Please note, every "Congress" on this list is formally named: e.g., the First Congress of the Unites States, the 102nd Congress... Etc. Those are the official names of each congress, therefore the "Congress" in "List of United States Congresses" IS in reference to a proper name. 2600:1702:4960:1DE0:C809:C011:7B50:20BB (talk) 22:59, 5 December 2021 (UTC)
 * The problem with this argument is that given names must be capitalized because they are always proper nouns. The word "congress" however can be both a proper and common noun. My point is that when it is plural, it is arguably being used as a common noun.--Woko Sapien (talk) 18:38, 6 December 2021 (UTC)

 * Oppose per SnowFire.  ~Junedude433 (talk)  03:57, 8 December 2021 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Because the U.S. is not a unitary government but a federal one, lowercase "congresses" can refer to state legislatures, so the proposed titles would not reflect accurate scope. Multiple sessions of Congress are called just that: sessions of Congress. Rotideypoc41352 (talk · contribs) 02:24, 14 December 2021 (UTC)

 * How is the US substantially different from other national legislatures which are not unitary (eg Canada and the UK) where we use lowercase for lists of their national legislatures? This is WP:EN, not WP:US.  How is the US national legislature (yes, it is a bicarmeral system but so are many others) so special or distinct that it should be treated differently from other similar national legislatures?  For a reader unfamiliar with the subject, how does capitalising "Congress" sufficiently and unambiguously define the scope?  It doesn't.  It relies on the lead to define the scope of the article.  How then, does changing the capitalisation of the title actually change the scope of the article?  Where is there a conflict in naming with other "actual" articles that would require such a distinction in the article title?  I don't see it, but if so, are we serving our readers well by relying on such a subtle distinction?  Given that accessibility is a matter of policy, how are those relying on text readers well served by such a minor distinction? Regards, Cinderella157 (talk) 11:52, 14 December 2021 (UTC)
 * Ping Cinderella157 (talk) 09:39, 17 December 2021 (UTC)
 * Thank you, Cinderella157, for weighing in.
 * Closer, I leave the weighing of my oppose rationale, the above reply, and the other !votes in your hands. Thank you for your patience, time, and diligence, and I wish everyone a safe and restful year-end. Rotideypoc41352 (talk · contribs) 22:52, 17 December 2021 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * Oppose per reasons brought forth in this interesting discussion. Randy Kryn (talk) 13:48, 17 December 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of United States Congresses


text:
1755 in Canada

Events from the year 1755 in Canada.

Incumbents

 * French Monarch: Louis XV
 * British and Irish Monarch: George II

Governors

 * Governor General of New France: Michel-Ange Duquesne de Menneville
 * Colonial Governor of Louisiana: Louis Billouart
 * Governor of Nova Scotia: Peregrine Hopson
 * Commodore-Governor of Newfoundland: Hugh Bonfoy

Events

 * 1755-75 - William Johnson, British superintendent of Indian affairs in the northern colonies, persuades the Iroquois League to break its neutrality and side with England against France.
 * June 16 - Fort Beausejour, garrisoned by 400 Frenchmen, is surrendered to Col. Winslow, of Massachusetts, commanding 2,300, of whom 300 are regulars.
 * July: Seven British Colonial Governors form a Treaty with the Iroquois, and project a federal union for carrying on war, under a president to be named by the King.
 * July 15 - Announcement, in England, of the capture of French troops on their way to Canada.
 * September 8 - Baron Dieskay, with 1,500 French and Indian troops, overcomes Col. Williams, with 1,400 English and Indians, near Fort George. Immediately afterwards, the French attack Col. Johnson's force, barricaded at Fort George, but are repelled, with heavy loss. The two commanders are wounded, and the two opposing Indian chiefs are killed. Baron Dieskay is captured by the English, who dress his wounds and earn his lifelong gratitude by their kindness.
 * For his success at Fort George, Col. Johnson is made a baronet, with a grant of 5,000 pounds.
 * The Great Expulsion begins. English Expulsion of the French Acadians—who lived and intermarried with Nova Scotia and Cape Breton Mi'kmaqs (many of whom were also taken). Forcibly loaded into ships and deposited randomly along the southern (now American) coasts, many (probably 1/3 to 1/2) died. Some are ancestors of the Cajuns of Louisiana, and a few made their ways back home. Acadians were idealists, hostile to King and Church authority, who lived in peace with the Mi'kmaqs. Neither the French rulers nor the English wanted them.

Deaths

 * September 13 - Pierre Gaultier de La Vérendrye, explorer (born 1714)

Historical documents
Losing Nova Scotia, with its population and harbours, to French would allow them "to reduce all the English Colonies"

"The limits of Acadia and Canada[...]have served England as a pretence for commencing hostilities," while France has sought peace

Map: lands and waters from Rainy Lake (?) to Grand Banks

In last pre-war negotiations, British insist lower Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River are Anglo-French boundaries, and Six Nations lands are British

Eliminating £1 million fishery (1755) off Cape Breton Island as one source of France's naval power will diminish it as threat to Britain and Europe

Map: French and British colonies and (in pink) territory occupied by British allies "& disputés parles François"

Superintendent of Indian Affairs William Johnson and Kanien’kéhà:ka agree to mutual support despite doubts about each other

With settlement of their land claims, William Johnson expects Six Nations support as war with France begins in North America

Lt. Gov. James De Lancey outlines how troops assembled in New York could attack French in region from Montreal to Fort Duquesne

Priest relates Mi'kmaw practices in feasting, praise, war, and courtship and marriage (Note: "savages" used and cruelty described)

Robert Monckton orders all on Chignecto and Saint John River "not yet submitted" to do so with their arms or "be treated as Rebels"

Charles Lawrence offers £20 rewards for French "deserters" recruiting in Minas and for couriers carrying letters to Father La Loutre

Monckton takes Fort Beauséjour and other Chignecto forts in June, and is ordered to drive surrendering Acadians "out of the country"

Map: Fort Beauséjour and Fort Gaspareaux

Minas Acadians want former rights and neutrality, which Nova Scotia Council finds "arrogant" and condemns point by point (Note: "savages" used)

When Deputies refuse oath before consulting their people, Council arrests them and decides "all such Recusants" should be removed

After further refusal by Acadians to take oath, Council decides to consider "what measures should be taken to send them away"

Instructions sent to local commanders list destinations ranging from Boston and Connecticut to Virginia and North Carolina for expelled Acadians

"Very Disagreable to my natural make & Temper" - At Grand-Pré church, John Winslow orders dispossession and expulsion of Acadians

"[Scene] of Sorrow" - Soldiers march many "Praying, Singing & Crying" Acadian men past women and children to transport ships at Grand-Pré

"[Scene] of woe & Distres" - After weeks of delay, first eighty Acadian families are put aboard transports at Grand-Pré

"Putting a Finishing Stroke to the Removal of our Friends the French" - From Halifax, Winslow orders last Minas Acadians expelled

Lawrence considers proposed legislature impracticable and, given "foolish Squabbles" and "impertin't Opinions," dangerously obstructive

John Rous relates attacking French in their Newfoundland "Encroachments" and sending them to Louisbourg and their ships and cargo to Halifax

"Prudence, spirit, and resolution" - William Johnson made baronet for his leadership in September battle near Lake George

While strengthening Oswego defences, William Shirley looks for support from Six Nations, Mississauga, Ojibwe and Odawa

Sachem Canaghquayeson tells William Johnson ("Brother Warraghiyagey") that Oneida have opened their eyes to French threat

Author describes origin stories (hare, carp, bear) and manitous of Odawa (Note: racial stereotypes used)

Strong French military character ("manners") and "enterprizing manners" of Canada do not measure up to politically advanced British soldier

Geographical difference between Great Lakes and Mississippi River lands and Atlantic seaboard lands gives French advantage over British

title: 1755 in Canada


text:
1756 in Canada

Events from the year 1756 in Canada.

Incumbents

 * French Monarch: Louis XV
 * British and Irish Monarch: George II

Governors

 * Governor General of New France: Michel-Ange Duquesne de Menneville
 * Colonial Governor of Louisiana: Louis Billouart
 * Governor of Nova Scotia: Peregrine Hopson
 * Commodore-Governor of Newfoundland: Richard Dorrill

Events

 * France sends two battalions to Canada, with provisions, and 1,300,000 livres, in specie, which has the effect of depreciating the paper currency by 25 per cent.
 * March - A Canadien force of 300 captures Fort Bull, between Schenectady and Oswego, and puts the garrison to the sword.
 * May - Montcalm reaches Quebec with 1,400 soldiers.
 * The Canadiens, suffering from smallpox and famine, are burthened with the support of their Indian allies.
 * Saturday August 14 - Though opposed to attacking any British fort, Montcalm, at the head of 3,100 regulars, Canadiens and Indians, captures Fort Oswego, - a success attributable, mainly, to his intercepting a message to General Webb, commanding 2,000 men in the vicinity. Colonel Mercer is killed. The garrison (1,780) and about 100 women and children are taken prisoners.
 * The Marquis de Montcalm assumes a troubled command of French troops in North America. (The Seven Years' War between Britain and France begins in Europe).

Births

 * Jean François Hamtramck, French Canadian officer that joined American revolution.

Historical documents
British declaration of war against France mentions encroachment "particularly in our province of Nova Scotia" and French troop buildup

William Johnson delivers some French prisoners to Six Nations to compensate for death of Hendrick and others at Battle of Lake George

Johnson's advice to Six Nations includes gathering nations in and being "unanimous in your councils, and also in the field"

French align with Indigenous interests by localizing trade, alliance and influence, and expanding to forts and "real command over the country"

Rogers' Rangers reconnoitre French-held Ticonderoga and Crown Point, and prisoner discloses Marquis de Montcalm's arrival from France

British sloop and companions chased by four large French schooners on Lake Ontario before escaping into Oswego

Lengthy narration of Montcalm's capture of Oswego forts in August and analysis of British mismanagement leading to it

"Best constructed of any in our possession" - Pallisaded Fort Eagle is built with moat near Oswego, but torn down after Oswego's fall

"The main Point" - Lord Loudoun advises Duke of Cumberland to mount campaign against Quebec City by way of St. Lawrence River

Evangelical society wishes to teach "a few Indian Boys" at its New York school, but difficulties (including war) prevent it

Halifax oppressed by military establishment that makes all laws (including by-laws), takes government jobs and even seizes firewood

Indigenous people in Nova Scotia favour French "caressing and courting them," in contrast to violent British (Note: "savages" used)

Rangers sent to Saint John River find transport taken by Acadians who had overwhelmed its crew, but ship burned before rangers can retake it

Acadians gathered under French command outside peninsular Nova Scotia, along with Mi'kmaq and "St. John Indians," number 1,500 men

Gov. Shirley says Massachusetts will not suffer "unreasonable Burthen" of Acadians sent there, but "enable and induce" their self-support

Notice in Bristol, England newspaper of arrival of hundreds of Acadian deportees sent from Virginia, and of local welfare payments made to them

Board of Trade "extremely anxious" that lands vacated by expelled Acadians be soon settled for "future strength and Prosperity of the Colony"

Secretary of State Henry Fox tells Charles Lawrence to improve Chignecto forts and reinforce garrisons with troops coming from Ireland

title: 1756 in Canada


text:
1757 in Canada

Events from the year 1757 in Canada.

Incumbents

 * French Monarch: Louis XV
 * British and Irish Monarch: George II

Governors

 * Governor General of New France: Pierre François de Rigaud, Marquis de Vaudreuil-Cavagnal
 * Colonial Governor of Louisiana: Louis Billouart
 * Governor of Nova Scotia: Charles Lawrence
 * Commodore-Governor of Newfoundland: Richard Edwards

Events

 * Thursday March 17 to Tuesday March 22 - In four nights 1,500 Canadiens and Indians destroy the out-works of Fort William-Henry.
 * Saturday July 30 - Seven thousand men are collected to attack Fort William Henry.
 * Tuesday August 9 - The Fort, garrisoned by 2,200, capitulates. Violating the terms of capitulation, Indians kill, or recapture, many of the garrison, whereupon Montcalm exclaims: "Kill me, but spare the English who are under my protection."
 * Of the 5,000 French soldiers expected, only 1,500 reach Canada.
 * December - The troops, in Canada, complain of being fed on horse-flesh and too little bread.

Births

 * June 22: George Vancouver, naval officer, explorer (d.1798)

Deaths

 * November 2 : Louis Coulon de Villiers, military officer.

Historical documents
After three "melancholy" years of fighting in North America, outlook for British arms in 1757 is not encouraging (Note: "savage" used)

Returning to Lake George from action on Lake Champlain in January, Rogers' Rangers are ambushed but hold off and escape larger French force

Lord Loudoun, with intelligence that French will sit tight at Quebec, advises his Lake George commander to attack nearby French garrisons

Because of French fleet's strength and British fleet's delayed arrival, Loudoun's council of war cancels Louisbourg expedition

In August, Montcalm takes Fort William Henry on Lake George, then his Indigenous allies plunder and kill most of garrison, women and children

Loudoun's detailed plan (equipment, provisions, transport) for winter offensive against French on Lake Champlain

Detailed description of Quebec City's physical and defensive arrangement, plus advice on navigation, landing and French fire rafts

Nova Scotia needs civil government of fewer officers, and also fewer lawyers, they being "not esteemed the best Friends to an infant Settlement"

Pennsylvania Assembly complains about £2,385 it expended "in supporting the Inhabitants of Nova-Scotia, which[...]ought to be a national Expence."

Board of Trade sympathizes with Nova Scotia over attacks by remaining Acadians, and deportees that other colonies are letting return north

John Knox learns 48 Acadian families of Annapolis River had escaped to mountains and were supporting themselves with "robbing and plundering"

Mi'qmaw siblings Clare and Anselm Thomas from "Pan-nook" near Lunenburg arrange reconciliation with British (Note: "squaw" and "savages" used)

Newcomer Knox at Fort Cumberland finds early October weather not too hot or cold, but oldtimers know "rigorous winter" will come

title: 1757 in Canada


text:
1758 in Canada

Events from the year 1758 in Canada.

Incumbents

 * French Monarch: Louis XV
 * British and Irish Monarch: George II

Governors

 * Governor General of New France: Pierre François de Rigaud, Marquis de Vaudreuil-Cavagnal
 * Colonial Governor of Louisiana: Louis Billouart
 * Governor of Nova Scotia: Charles Lawrence
 * Commodore-Governor of Newfoundland: Richard Edwards

Events

 * Saturday July 8 - Battle of Carillon: General James Abercrombie, with 15,390 men, attacks 3,600 French and Canadian troops entrenched and barricaded at Fort Ticonderoga. The British and American colonial forces are repulsed and lose 2,000 killed and wounded.
 * Wednesday July 27 - Capitulation of Louisbourg: After a 48 days siege, the British, under James Wolfe and Jeffery Amherst, capture Louisbourg, defended by about 5,637 French soldiers and sailors.
 * August 26–28 - Battle of Fort Frontenac: Colonel John Bradstreet, with nearly 3,000 men, mostly colonial militia, takes and burns Fort Frontenac, (present-day Kingston).
 * Thursday September 14 - Battle of Fort Duquesne: Major James Grant, with 800 Highlanders and some Virginians, is defeated by 500 French and Indians, from Fort Duquesne (present-day Pittsburgh), under Charles Philippe Aubry.
 * Monday October 2 - The Nova Scotia Provincial Parliament, Canada's oldest Legislative Assembly, first met on 2 October 1758 with 22 members. For the first hundred years, this Assembly was known as the Provincial Parliament, and an elected member was called "MPP" Member of the Provincial Parliament. Since 1867, the name "Parliament" has been reserved for the federal assembly at Ottawa, and the Nova Scotia Assembly has been known as the "Legislature", with an elected member called "MLA" Member of the Legislative Assembly.
 * Thursday:) October 12 - Charles Lawrence, Military Governor of Nova Scotia, issued a Proclamation that is published in the Boston Gazette, informing the people of New England that since the enemy which had formerly disturbed and harassed the province was no longer able to do so, the time had come to people and cultivate, not only the lands made vacant by the removal of the Acadians, but other parts of "this valuable province" as well. The Proclamation concluded with the words "I shall be ready to receive any proposals that may be hereafter made to me for effectually settling the vacated, or any other lands within the said province."
 * Saturday November 25 - The French garrison of Fort Duquesne (500) set it on fire and abandoned it to General John Forbes. He renames it "Pittsburg," in honor of the Prime Minister of Great Britain, William Pitt the Elder.
 * English begin capturing French fortifications, New France and Ohio Valley, the war started going their way decisively this year.

Historical documents
Outnumbered 7 to 1, Rogers' Rangers fight seesaw battle in 4 feet of snow near Lake George before retreating (Note: "savages" used)

Even with 3,000 troops behind shore breastworks, French fail to stop British (led by Wolfe, Lawrence and Whitmore) from landing near Louisbourg

During siege of Louisbourg, British build protective earthen wall (9' tall, 16' wide and 1/4 mile long) "to be Proof against all Cannon Ball"

Acadian resistance leader Charles Boishébert arrives at Louisbourg with "a Party of Canadians and Indians" to harass British

"A dismal Scene of total Destruction!" - Louisbourg harbour littered with ship hulks and sunken vessels ravaged by flames and cannon fire

Post-capitulation tour of Louisbourg through its "stinking Lanes they call Streets" and its good and bad fortifications

Taking Île Saint-Jean removes grain and cattle supplier for Canada and "great annoyance to our settlement in Nova Scotia" (Note: "savages" used)

"Wherever he went with his troops, desolation followed" - Wolfe's forces destroy Gulf towns, including one that offers 150,000 livre ransom

Sachems convince 200 Indigenous fighters not to ambush British forces landing at Saint John River, but priest upriver upbraids them

Officer in Maj. Gen. Abercrombie's headquarters describes failed assault on Fort Carillon at Ticonderoga

Mostly provincial force takes Fort Frontenac along with all French vessels on Lake Ontario and "immense quantity of provisions and goods"

Acadians of Cape Sable beg Massachusetts government to accept and protect them as faithful subjects and taxpayers (Note: "savages" used)

Living "more comfortably" than would be expected, Acadian women and children taken prisoner in Nova Scotia and their houses burned

"A vast empire, the Seat of Power & Learning" - James Wolfe writes to his mother his vision of British colonies' future

News that 35 Casco Bay families and 30 families of Irish weavers and linen workers wish to join Annapolis residents in settling along Annapolis River

Enslaved Black African, "supposing himself ill used," escapes to woods, is fired on by panicky blockhouse guard, and returns to Annapolis

Memories of "impertinent" Acadian residents who, when near British, would call their oxen Luther, Calvin and Cranmer and then thrash them

Nova Scotia law makes divorce possible only in cases of impotence, consanguinity, adultery, or desertion, as judged by Council

Penalties in Nova Scotia for blasphemy (pillory or jail), drunkenness (fine), counterfeiting (pillory with ears nailed, plus whipping) and other crimes

title: 1758 in Canada


text:
Talk:List of intelligence gathering disciplines

To be included?
 * TECHINT - Technical Intelligence

TECHINT sounds like it specifies the targeted information rather than specifying the collection method like the rest that are currently listed. Isomorphic 05:04, 25 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Absolutely keep - It's been on the list of functional disciplines since at least WWII. Perhaps the easiest way to determine whether something really is a functional discipline of intelligence is to attempt to start definition with "Acquisition of intelligence through the exploitation of ..." Bridesmill 15:54, 17 March 2006 (UTC)

Intelligence analysis
What is missing from this list is intelligence analysis, such as is performed by the Australian Office of National Assessments, the British Joint Intelligence Committee, and in the United States by the National Intelligence Council, the Central Intelligence Agency's Directorate of Intelligence and the Bureau of Intelligence and Research. m.e. 10:13, 17 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Personnel, vehicle, etc. detection
While VPBINT Variable Programmable Beacon Intelligence -  gathered via telematics from static and dynamic (mobile) variable programmable intelligent beacons. was a separate item in the list,, it is no more and no less than a collection of MASINT sensors for detecting personnel, vehicles, etc.

The Vietnam-era Igloo White was a similar collection of MASINT sensor, and the current state of the art is I-REMBASS, both discussed in MASINT disciplines. The main discussion is in geophysical MASINT, to cover acoustic, seismic, and magnetic detection. I don't have a great term for these multidisciplinary things that are still collection rather than analysis, although I discussed some of the requirements (e.g., for shallow water operations) in the main MASINT article.

Suggestions are welcome for describing multidisciplinary approaches that are still mostly MASINT, and are clearly collection and immediate processing more than analysis Howard C. Berkowitz 16:43, 1 December 2007 (UTC)

FININT
I'm troubled with listing this as a separate collection discipline, although I can list the various bank and other reports (at least in the US) that are the raw data collected. In some cases, these include OSINT, and even HUMINT from informers, but the main data source is sensitive but unclassified information provided by financial institutions. I can build out an article on it, at least for the US, but it feels more like an analysis discipline.

OTOH, clandestine collection of telegrams, telephone information, etc., especially on domestic targets, is usually part of SIGINT. It's a difficult call where FININT belongs, and it is an increasingly important technique, especially in finding terrorist operational cells. Howard C. Berkowitz 16:43, 1 December 2007 (UTC)

Intelligence / Information
Of course, "intelligence gathering" is a misnomer. "information gathering" is perhaps more appropriate as "intelligence" is what you should be using to process the information. ...but obviously whatever the US military decide to call their activities is the term which we all must use (although their activities frequently seem far removed from "intelligence")212.137.27.116 (talk) 14:48, 23 June 2008 (UTC)

Computer Hacking
Is there a discipline for intelligence gathering over the internet or through other conventional means of computer hackers? This seems like more of a modern thing but certainly it must happen. Andrew Keenan Richardson 18:38, 17 June 2010 (UTC)

 * Would correspond roughly to: SIGINT; specifically: COMINT.. Zero Thrust (talk) 06:24, 27 October 2010 (UTC)

Hey guys should'nt this be included? http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_intelligence — Preceding unsigned comment added by 124.176.162.28 (talk) 10:19, 28 November 2012 (UTC)

Criminal Intelligence
If we are to truly consider all forms of intelligence and drill down to include financial intelligence, I would think that the collection of raw data from OSINT would naturally include the goal of intelligence collection, collation, and analysis...to intercept, interrupt, foil, reduce, or prevent criminal success. Consider that news that a series of vehicle break-ins have occured in a particular part of town, during a particular time-frame. The basic information could be analyzed to identify patterns, trends, and other identifyable behavior, that security or law enforcement could exploit to neutralize the criminal threat. Eugene Matthews 10:38, 19 April 2015 (CST)Matthewsem 15:49, 19 April 2015 (UTC)


text:
1759 in Canada

Events from the year 1759 in Canada.

Incumbents

 * French Monarch: Louis XV
 * British and Irish Monarch: George II

Governors

 * Governor General of New France: Pierre François de Rigaud, Marquis de Vaudreuil-Cavagnal
 * Colonial Governor of Louisiana: Louis Billouart
 * Governor of Nova Scotia: Charles Lawrence
 * Commodore-Governor of Newfoundland: Richard Edwards

Events

 * Tuesday May 22 - A British fleet approaches Quebec.
 * Thursday June 28 - French fire ships, intended to burn the British fleet, at Quebec, are taken ashore by British sailors.
 * Thursday July 26 - Carillon (Fort Ticonderoga) is abandoned by the French.
 * Saturday July 28 - Another French fireship attack fails against the British.
 * Tuesday July 31 - British forces attempt to take French fortifications at Montmorency and fail bitterly.
 * August 8 to August 9 - British guns, on Pointe Lévis, fire the lower town of Quebec.
 * Thursday September 13 - James Wolfe lands a force at Fuller's Cove, between 1 and 2 in the morning. They climb to the Plains of Abraham. At 6 a.m., Marquis de Montcalm is informed that the British have accomplished what he deemed impossible; but discredits the report. With 4,500, he fights about an equal number; but his men cannot resist bayonets. Each leader receives a mortal wound. Wolfe asks an officer to support him so that his followers may not be discouraged by his fall.
 * Friday September 14 - Montcalm dies in the Château St-Louis.
 * Monday September 17 - Capitulation of Quebec.
 * Tuesday September 18 - The British take possession of Quebec.
 * Proclamation issued by Governor of Nova Scotia invites New Englanders to settle there.

Deaths

 * September 13 - James Wolfe, British Army officer (born 1727)
 * September 14 - Marquis de Montcalm, French Military Commander (Born 1712)

Historical documents
Canada must be preserved to check New England, which has forces to otherwise take all French colonies in America

From London, James Wolfe writes his mother "I shall carry this business thro' with my best abilities," but its outcome is in Providence's hands

"Let the wisdom of the people[...]show itself" - To avoid harm, Wolfe advises Quebec-area residents not to resist his forces

British landing on Île d'Orléans are pleased by polite note left by parish curate and "the beauties and situation of this island"

"The General strictly forbids the inhuman practice of scalping, except when the enemy are Indians, or Canadians dressed like Indians."

Wolfe's long account of his mixed success attacking French positions downriver from Quebec, and his qualms (Note: "savages" used)

"General Wolfe is endeavouring to draw the flower of the French Army[...]to an engagement on his own ground, before he abandons it."

After briefly describing "metropolis of the French dominions in America" before bombardment, eyewitness depicts its destruction

"General discontent prevail'd [among the French, and] now was the time to strike" - Troops are ordered into boats for landing upriver from Quebec

Landed at 4 a.m. on September 13, British troops are impatiently eager to attack and determined not to be captured and scalped

Advancing, holding their fire and then firing "close and heavy discharge" is described by Lt. John Knox at centre of British front line

"He died and conquered" - Wolfe dies contented at French rout after they fire from too far away (sometimes only bruising British)

Capitulation, surrender and occupation of Quebec City, despite brief attack by French artillery outside its walls

Continuing resistance downriver from Quebec City leads to burning of 1,100 houses and hundreds of acres of grain, plus plundering

"Humane and tender" - Hospital run by "reserved and very respectful" nuns treat wounded and ill British soldiers as properly as other patients

Quebec City priest consoles himself about its fall by "rendering spiritual services to the German and Scotch Catholics" among British occupiers

For victory at Quebec, sermon credits Providence for "a Combination of minute Circumstances" and for pointing to "the critical Moment" in battle

Murray warns Canadians to shift favour from Vaudreuil "to a free people, wise, generous, ready to embrace you, to free you from a severe despotism"

"A most grotesque appearance" - Guarding against frostbite makes Quebec garrison "rather resemble a masquerade than a body of regular troops"

Benjamin Franklin's ironic list of reasons Canada should be returned to French, in reply to serious opinion that way

Wendat seem so "satisfied with the change of Masters" that they don't join French resistance to British (Note: "savages" used)

John Knox obtains list of words in local Indigenous language, including "quitchimanitoo" (Note: racial stereotypes)

Sir William Johnson describes defeat of French force attempting to lift his siege of Fort Niagara, and its fall

Robert Rogers writes to "King Uncus, head Sachem of the Mohegan Indians," about recruiting company of 50 men (Note: "savages" used)

Capt. Jacob Nawnawampeteoonk, of "a company of Stockbridge Indians," is among Indigenous fighters and officers on British side

Summary of Gen. Amherst's taking of Ticonderoga (Fort Carillon) and Crown Point, plus comment on significance of these events

Rogers' Rangers destroy Missisquoi village Odanak after British men under flag of truce are captured by "St. Francis Indians"

Guerilla warfare in Nova Scotia includes ambushes followed by torture killings and bodies left on road (Note: gruesome details)

No suit will be allowed in any Nova Scotia court for recovery of land based on title claimed by "former French inhabitants"

No trade to be allowed (temporarily) with various Indigenous peoples, with exception of traders authorized by Nova Scotia government

Halifax may send to workhouse "idle persons," beggars, fortune tellers, runaways etc., while unsupported children are to be apprenticed out

British officer says muskrat's fine fur "is equal in perfume to the genuine musk," but too strong and thus unhealthful to use lining waistcoats

Knox describes seeing crossbills (and capturing one) and belugas (that musket balls bounce off of) in St. Lawrence River

title: 1759 in Canada