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James Newton Howard

James Newton Howard (born June 9, 1951) is an American film composer, music producer and keyboardist. He has scored over 100 films and is the recipient of a Grammy Award, an Emmy Award, and nine nominations for Academy Awards. His film scores include Pretty Woman (1990), The Prince of Tides (1991), The Fugitive (1993), Waterworld (1995), Space Jam (1996), Dinosaur (2000), Unbreakable (2000), Atlantis: The Lost Empire (2001), Treasure Planet (2002), Peter Pan (2003), King Kong (2005), Batman Begins (2005) and its sequel The Dark Knight (2008) which he composed with Hans Zimmer, The Hunger Games franchise (2012–2023), Fantastic Beasts trilogy (2016–2022), Raya and the Last Dragon (2021) and Jungle Cruise (2021). He has collaborated extensively with directors M. Night Shyamalan and Francis Lawrence, having scored eight of Shyamalan's films since The Sixth Sense (1999) and all of Lawrence's films since I Am Legend (2007). He has also worked with such other directors as Edward Zwick, Michael Hoffman, P.J. Hogan, Andrew Davis, Lawrence Kasdan, Joe Johnston, Taylor Hackford, Ivan Reitman, Joel Schumacher, David Yates, and Barbra Streisand.

Early life and career
Howard was born in Los Angeles. He is from a musical family; his grandmother was a violinist. His father was Jewish but he did not want his children to know he was, so he changed his last name from Horowitz to Howard.

Howard began studying music as a child, taking classical piano lessons at the age of four. He went on to attend the Thacher School in Ojai, California and the Music Academy of the West in Montecito, California with Reginald Stewart and Leon Fleischer. He then attended the University of Southern California, studying at the School of Music as a piano performance major, but dropped out after 6 weeks because "He wanted to do other things than practicing the piano."

After Howard left college, he joined a short-lived rock band called Mama Lion. The band was led by Neil Merryweather (bass, backing vocals) and featured lead singer Lynn Carey, Coffi Hall on drums, and Rick Gaxiola on guitar. Mama Lion recorded two full-length albums. Members of Mama Lion also formed the band Heavy Cruiser with Merryweather now on lead vocals, recording two albums whose genre was closer to hard rock but also displayed psychedelic and progressive influences. He then worked for a couple of years as a session musician with artists including Diana Ross, Ringo Starr, and Harry Nilsson. In the early 70s, he described himself as being "dirt poor", until his big break in 1975 when his manager got him an audition with Elton John. He joined John's band and toured with them as keyboardist during the late 70s and early 80s. He was part of the band that played Central Park, New York, on September 13, 1980. Howard also arranged strings for several of John's songs during this period including the hits "Don't Go Breaking My Heart" and "Sorry Seems to Be the Hardest Word", along with "Tonight" (featuring the London Symphony Orchestra). He played additional keyboards and synthesizers on studio albums including Rock of the Westies (1975), Blue Moves (1976), 21 at 33 (1980), and The Fox (1981).

In 1982, Howard was featured on Toto IV as the strings conductor and orchestrator for "I Won't Hold You Back", "Afraid of Love", and "Lovers in the Night". In 1984 the Sheffield Lab direct-to-disc album James Newton Howard and Friends, was released, which featured Toto's David Paich (keyboards), Steve Porcaro (keyboards), Jeff Porcaro (drums), and Joe Porcaro (percussion).

In 1983, Howard was co-producer, musician (keyboards), and orchestrator of Riccardo Cocciante's album Sincerità. He also created five arrangements for the album "Aznavour '83" by Charles Aznavour, which was recorded in California.

In 1984, Howard composed his first piece of score for a film, receiving a co-writing credit with David Paich for the cue "Trip to Arrakis" in Toto's music for the David Lynch film Dune.

After briefly touring with Crosby, Stills, and Nash, he took an opportunity brought to him by his manager to write a score for a film. This career move would lead to his becoming a successful film music composer. During this early foray into film music, Howard returned for a brief collaboration with Elton John on his Tour De Force of Australia in the fall of 1986. He conducted both his own and Paul Buckmaster's arrangements during the second half of the set, which focused on orchestrated performances of selected songs from the Elton John catalog.

1990s–2000s
Howard scored the romantic comedy Pretty Woman (1990) and received his first Academy Award nomination for his score for Barbra Streisand's drama The Prince of Tides (1991). Setting the musical mood for numerous films throughout the decade, Howard's skills encompassed a plethora of genres, including four more best original score Oscar nominations, for the Harrison Ford action feature The Fugitive (1993), the Julia Roberts romantic comedy My Best Friend's Wedding (1997), M. Night Shyamalan's The Village (2004), and Michael Clayton (2007). In addition, Howard scored the Western epic Wyatt Earp (1994), Kevin Costner's Waterworld (1995), and Primal Fear (1996). His collaborations on songs for One Fine Day (1996) and Junior (1994) garnered Oscar nominations for Best Song. Along with scoring small-scaled, independent films such as Five Corners (1988), Glengarry Glen Ross (1992), and American Heart (1993), Howard proved equally skilled at composing for big-budget Hollywood spectacles, including Space Jam (1996), Dante's Peak (1997) (theme only – score was composed by John Frizzell), and Collateral (2004). He has also scored four Disney animated feature films: Dinosaur (2000), Atlantis: The Lost Empire (2001), Treasure Planet (2002), and Raya and the Last Dragon (2021). Although he concentrates primarily on films, Howard has also contributed music for TV, earning an Emmy nomination in 1995 for his theme to NBC's ratings smash ER (Howard also scored the two-hour pilot); he also provided the themes for The Sentinel and Gideon's Crossing, winning an Emmy for the latter.

He has scored many of Shyamalan's suspense thrillers, The Sixth Sense (1999), Unbreakable (2000), Signs (2002), The Village (2004), Lady in the Water (2006), The Happening (2008), and The Last Airbender (2010), notably dropping the intense, yet subtle, opening credit music for The Sixth Sense from the corresponding soundtrack album.

On October 14, 2005, Howard replaced Howard Shore as composer for King Kong, due to "differing creative aspirations for the score" between Shore and director Peter Jackson. The resultant score earned Howard his first Golden Globe nomination for Best Original Score. His work on Michael Clayton earned him an Oscar nomination. He followed in 2008 with his eighth Oscar nomination for Edward Zwick's Defiance. He also collaborated with Hans Zimmer on the scores for Batman Begins and its record-breaking sequel The Dark Knight.

Further works were The Happening, his sixth film with M. Night Shyamalan, Blood Diamond, Michael Clayton, The Water Horse: Legend of the Deep, I Am Legend, Charlie Wilson's War, and Shyamalan's film adaptation of the Nickelodeon series Avatar: the Last Airbender.

Howard debuted his work for symphony orchestra, I Would Plant A Tree, in February 2009 as part of the Pacific Symphony's annual American Composers Festival. The debut took place at the Renee and Henry Segerstrom Concert Hall in Costa Mesa, California, with the Symphony under the direction of Carl St.Clair.

After being replaced in later seasons, his original theme song for the hit TV show ER returned for the final episode of the series.

2010s
In September 2010, he was appointed visiting professor of media composition at the Royal Academy of Music in London.

From 2012 to 2015, James Newton Howard scored the music for the critically acclaimed Hunger Games franchise.

From 2014 to 2015, Howard saw major success with The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 1 when he composed the score for the movie, which included "The Hanging Tree", featuring vocals from actress Jennifer Lawrence. The song peaked at number 12 on the Billboard Hot 100, becoming the highest-charting single from The Hunger Games movies and both Howard's and Lawrence's first chart single.

In 2014, Howard scored two Academy Award-nominated films, Nightcrawler and Maleficent.

Howard composed the score for the fantasy drama Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them, a spin-off/prequel of the Harry Potter film series, and for its sequels, Fantastic Beasts: The Crimes of Grindelwald and Fantastic Beasts: The Secrets of Dumbledore.

In 2015, James Newton Howard was named the new artistic director of the Henry Mancini Institute (HMI) at the Frost School of Music at the University of Miami in Coral Gables, Florida.

On March 23–24, 2019, Los Angeles Chamber Orchestra gave the world premiere of Howard's Concerto for Cello & Orchestra with LACO principal cello Andrew Shulman as the soloist. The Los Angeles Times described the work as having "an elegiac tone, along with thematic material from the beginning and closing titles of Red Sparrow" the score of which Howard was working on while first composing the concerto.

Personal life
When delving into his family history, twenty-five years after the death of his father, Howard learned that his father was Jewish (the family's original surname was Horowitz). Although raised Protestant, Howard later became a practicing Reconstructionist Jew after learning that his father was Jewish.

James Newton Howard was married to Rosanna Arquette in 1986, they divorced one year later. From 1989 to 1991, he was in a relationship with Barbra Streisand. In 1992, he married Sophie Howard and they have two children: Jackson and Hayden.

Awards
In May 2008, he was made an Honorary Member of the Royal Academy of Music.

In 2009, he was awarded a Grammy alongside Hans Zimmer for the score soundtrack album to The Dark Knight.

In October 2015, he was honored with the Max Steiner Film Music Achievement Award during the annual Hollywood in Vienna concert.

title: James Newton Howard


text:
User talk:Owen&rob

Hello "Owen&rob" and welcome to Wikipedia. A few tips for you:

I know. I just want to forget about it and move on. Thanks.
 * Peruse Welcome, newcomers and associated pages, such as
 * How to edit a page
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * You can experiment in the Sandbox.
 * Sign talk page entries with ~, which is automatically converted to a name and date.
 * If you have any questions, see Help, or you can a question to the village pump.
 * I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian -- Infrogmation 04:41, 7 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Do you want the offending page moved to User:Owen&rob? Secretlondon 19:53, 7 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Let's try now. --Tappyea 21:36, 7 Mar 2004 (UTC) I'm a bit of a rebel, what can I say.

I'm sorry. :( I feel so bad. I promise I'll never misuse Wikipedia like that again. Please forgive me. -14:31, 7 Mar 2004 . . Tappyea

I know. I just want to forget about it and move on. Thanks. -14:36, 7 Mar 2004. . Tappyea

Hi Owen and Rob, I have taken the liberty of restoring your TALK page. Talk pages are considered historical records, of sorts. It is a sort of faux pas to delete or hide what is written here. Sincerely, Kingturtle 23:44, 7 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Have a look at my additions! Scroll down to 'Third World: American_Imperialism Jonesy 21:07, 8 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Where are you? Jonesy 23:51, 8 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Injury
Injury was listed on Speedy Deletions and qualifies as a speedy deletion candidate because it was listed and voted to delete. Please comment on the Speedy Deletions page. - Texture 16:41, 9 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Re: Phosphorus
Hello there. The element Phosphorus is one of the most typical things someone might look up in a dictionary, whereas the Greek name for a star is one of the most obscure (I have never heard of it and I would guess that you haven't either). It is general practice to place non-significant disambiguation notices at the bottom of pages, rather than at the top where it is the first thing someone would see, due to that fact that it is unlikely in the extreme that someone looking for the obscure entry would not expect that the item they are looking for would be a mere footnote -- both figuratively and literally -- in the article in question. And by the way, the only articles that link to Phosphorus (morning star) are, in fact, Phosphorus and morning star.

Thanks, BCorr | Брайен 18:09, 22 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Unverified image
Thanks for uploading the image I notice it currently doesn't have an image copyright tag. Could you add one to let us know its copyright status? (You can use if you release it under the GFDL, or  if you claim fair use, etc.) If you don't know what any of this means, just let me know where you got the image and I'll tag it for you. Thanks, Kbh3rd 01:34, 7 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Image:Univmaintower.jpg

Image Tagging Image:Univmaintower.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Univmaintower.jpg. I notice the image page currently doesn't specify who created the image, so the copyright status is therefore unclear. If you have not created the image yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the image on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the image yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the image also doesn't have a copyright tag then you must also add one. If you created/took the picture then you can use GFDL to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the image qualifies as fair use, please read fair use, and then use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other images, please check that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. You can find a list of image pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. CLW 13:26, 17 January 2006 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Thomas J. McKay
A proposed deletion template has been added to the article Thomas J. McKay, suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. All contributions are appreciated, but this article may not satisfy Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and the deletion notice should explain why (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and Wikipedia's deletion policy). You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the  notice, but please explain why you disagree with the proposed deletion in your edit summary or on its talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised because, even though removing the deletion notice will prevent deletion through the proposed deletion process, the article may still be deleted if it matches any of the speedy deletion criteria or it can be sent to Articles for Deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached. Bongo matic  16:46, 8 November 2008 (UTC)

 * I fixed it, but to fully prove the notability, it should have book reviews added for his books, which are the necessary & appropriate 3rd party sources for WP:PROF. . If you need help finding them, try google Scholar or ask a librarian. DGG (talk) 22:41, 8 November 2008 (UTC)

What's happening to my body listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect What&. Since you had some involvement with the What's happening to my body redirect, you might want to participate in the redirect discussion if you have not already done so. JZCL 16:36, 24 April 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
Hi, You appear to be eligible to vote in the current Arbitration Committee election. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to enact binding solutions for disputes between editors, primarily related to serious behavioural issues that the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the ability to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate, you are welcome to review the candidates' statements and submit your choices on the voting page. For the Election committee, MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 22:15, 30 November 2015 (UTC)

"How chocolate is made" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect How chocolate is made. Since you had some involvement with the How chocolate is made redirect, you might want to participate in the redirect discussion if you wish to do so. UnitedStatesian (talk) 18:19, 1 August 2019 (UTC)

"How chocolate is made" listed at Redirects for discussion
A discussion is taking place to address the redirect How chocolate is made. The discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2020 May 2 until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. –LaundryPizza03 ( d c̄ ) 15:14, 2 May 2020 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Owen&rob


text:
Parking lot

A parking lot (American English) or car park (British English), also known as a car lot, is a cleared area intended for parking vehicles. The term usually refers to an area dedicated only for parking, with a durable or semi-durable surface. In most jurisdictions where cars are the dominant mode of transportation, parking lots are a major feature of cities and suburban areas. Shopping malls, sports stadiums, and other similar venues often have immense parking lots. (See also: multistorey car park)

Parking lots tend to be sources of water pollution because of their extensive impervious surfaces, and because most have limited or no facilities to control runoff. Many areas today also require minimum landscaping in parking lots to provide shade and help mitigate the extent to which their paved surfaces contribute to heat islands. Many municipalities require minimum numbers of parking spaces for buildings such as stores (by floor area) and apartment complexes (by number of bedrooms). In the United States, each state's Department of Transportation sets the proper ratio for disabled spaces for private business and public parking lots. Modern parking lots use various technologies to enable motorists to pay parking fees, help them find unoccupied spaces and retrieve their vehicles, and improve their parking experiences.

Urban planning
The effect of large-scale in-city parking has long been contentious. The replacement of historic structures by garages and lots has led to historical preservation movements in many cities. The massive acreage devoted to parking is widely seen as disruptive to walkable urban fabric, maximizing convenience to each individual building but hampering foot traffic between them. Large paved areas have been called "parking craters", "parking deserts", and similar terms, emphasizing their "depopulated" nature and the barriers they can create to walking movement.

Parking minimums and maximums
Urban planning policies such as parking minimums and maximums can influence the size of private parking lots.

Criticism
Due to a recent trend towards more livable and walkable communities, parking minimums (policies requiring each building to have a minimum number of parking spaces) have been criticized by both livable streets advocates and developers alike. For a time, the British government recommended that local councils should establish maximum parking standards to discourage car use. American cities such as Washington, DC, are now considering removing parking minimums as a way to add more housing for residents while encouraging the use of public transit. Parking lots designed specifically for bicycle parking are also becoming more prevalent in response to increased environmental and health consciousness. These may include bicycle parking racks and locks, as well as more modern technologies for security and convenience. For instance, a growing number of bicycle parking lots in Tokyo include automated parking systems.

Efforts to reduce the amount of space dedicated to parking lots for diminishing the dependence on cars, has been taken in Beijing, Mexico City, Delhi and different cities in California. Portland, Minneapolis, Austin abolished the requirement for parking minimum. As of 2 November 2023, Austin (Texas) is the biggest city in the US that has done so - for encouraging, walking, biking, public transit, lowering the cost of housing and increase the amount of housing units that can be built in the city territory.

Sweden and Denmark
In Sweden and Denmark, there are legally two types of car parking, either on streets and roads, or on private land. A parking violation on streets is a traffic crime, resulting in fines. A parking violation on private land (also if owned by the city) is a contract violation and gives additional parking fee (kontrollavgift = check fee). The difference is small for the car owner and the owner is always responsible.

United Kingdom
The United Kingdom has two types of car parking: either on public or on private land. The police will investigate any reported accident on public land but have no legal obligation and will not do so on private land. Public road is defined by the Road Traffic Act 1972 and (Amendment) Regulations 1988 S.I. 1988/1036 as: "Road", in relation to England and Wales, means any highway and any other road to which the public has access, and includes bridges over which a road passes. There is also a House of Lords judgment on this matter.

Civil enforcement officers enforce parking restrictions on public, council-run car parks. These include failure to purchase a ticket as payment (if available)/not parking in a marked bay/other offences.

United States
In the United States, each state's Department of Transportation sets the proper ratio for disabled spaces for private business and public parking lots. Certain circumstances may demand more designated spaces. These reserved spaces are mandated by the Americans with Disabilities Act Accessibility Guidelines.

Payment
Various forms of technology are used to charge motorists for the use of a parking lot.

Boom gates are used in many parking lots. A customer arrives to the entry ticket machine by vehicle, presses the ticket request push button, takes a ticket - which raises the barrier - and enters the parking lot. To exit the lot, the customer presents the ticket to a cashier in a booth at the exit and tenders payment, after which the cashier opens the boom gate.

In 1954, the first automated parking lots were built where, for a monthly fee, a driver with a magnetic key card could enter and exit the parking lot by raising and lowering the boom.

A more modern system uses automatic pay stations, where the driver presents the ticket and pays the fee required before returning to their car, then drives to the exit terminal and presents the ticket. If the ticket has not been paid for, the boom barrier will not raise, which will force the customer to either press the intercom and speak to a staff member, or reverse out to pay at the pay station or cashier booth.

At some major airports' parking lots in the United States, a driver can choose to swipe a credit card at the entry ticket dispenser instead of taking a ticket. When the driver swipes the same credit card at the exit terminal upon leaving the lot, the applicable parking fee is automatically calculated and charged to the credit card used.

In some parking lots, drivers present their tickets to and pay the cashiers at a separate cashier's office or counter (which are often located elsewhere from the entrances and exits of carparks). Such cashier's offices are called shroff offices or simply shroff in some parking lots in Hong Kong and other parts of East Asia influenced by the Hong Kong usage. If a ticket has not been paid, the barrier will not raise. In recent years, cashiers and shroff officers have often been replaced with automated machines. Another variant of payment has motorists paying an attendant on entry to the lot, with the way out guarded by a one-way spike strip that will only allow cars to exit.

Parking meters can also be used, with motorists paying in advance for the time required for the bay they are parked in. Pango (a play on "pay and go" ), a company founded in Israel in 2007, created a mobile app that allows users to both find and pay for available metered parking; the app can also be used to pay for garage parking. Users' accounts are linked to a payment method, and the system remembers where a vehicle is parked and allows users to share a parking session with Facebook friends. Users may also, for a nominal monthly fee per registered car, subscribe to reminders that text alerts shortly before metered time expires, and in some municipalities, users may buy additional metered time via cellphone. Philadelphia, encourages parking space turnover by charging escalating parking fees when metered time is added. Another app, Streetline, whose primary purpose is to help motorists find open parking spots using their smartphones, includes a timer, so users can get back to a parking meter before it expires, and a filter that lets users choose between on-street and off-street parking spaces; it also connects to the phone's camera so a user can take a photograph of their car.

Other lots operate on a pay and display system, where a ticket is purchased from a ticket machine and then placed on the dashboard of the car. Parking enforcement officers patrol the lot to ensure compliance with the requirement.

Similar to this is the system where the parking is paid by the mobile phone by sending an SMS message which contains the license plate number. In this case, the virtual cashier books the car and the time when the message is sent, and later a new SMS message must be sent whenever the time is due. The actual payment is then made via the mobile phone bill.

Since 1978 in the United Kingdom, it has been possible to pre-book parking with specialist companies, such as BCP. This is prevalent at all airports, major ports and cities.

Technology

Modern parking lots use a variety of technologies to help motorists find unoccupied parking spaces using parking guidance and information system, retrieve their vehicles, and improve their experience. This includes adaptive lighting, sensors, indoor positioning system (IPS) and mobile payment options. The Santa Monica Place shopping mall in California has cameras on each stall that can help count the lot occupancy and find lost cars.

In outdoor parking lots, GPS can be used to remember the location of a vehicle (some apps saves location automatically when turning off the car when a smartphone breaks communication with a vehicle's Bluetooth connection). In indoor parking lots, one option is to record one's Wi-Fi signature (signal strengths observed for several detectable access points) to remember the location of a vehicle. Another alternative is to use smartphone applications that does inertial dead reckoning, detection of turns made by the car while driving indoor, correlations of travel time between turns, and machine learning algorithms, to infer the rough location of the parked car based on a map or floorplan.

Online booking technology service providers have been created to help drivers find long-term parking in an automated manner, while also providing significant savings for those who book parking spaces ahead of time. They use real-time inventory management checking technology to display parking lots with availability, sorted by price and distance from the airport.

There are mobile apps providing services for the reservation of long-term parking lot spaces similar to online or aggregate parking facility booking services. Some long-term parking mobile apps also have turn-by-turn maps to locate the parking lot, notably US and UK based ParkJockey.

Solar canopy parking lots
Solar canopy parking lots are solar arrays installed on canopies in parking lots. They are up to twice as expensive to install as normal open field solar arrays because the added material in the structure to elevate them for cars to park underneath. They can also be useful at protecting cars from extreme weather and the Sun's heat.

Water pollution
Parking lots tend to be sources of water pollution because of their extensive impervious surfaces. Virtually all of the rain (minus evaporation) that falls becomes urban runoff. To avoid flooding and unsafe driving conditions, the lots are built to channel and collect runoff. Parking lots, along with roads, are often the principal source of water pollution in urban areas.

Motor vehicles are a constant source of pollutants, the most significant being gasoline, motor oil, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and heavy metals. are found in combustion byproducts of gasoline, as well as in asphalt and coal tar-based sealants used to maintain parking lots.) Many parking lots are also significant sources of trash which ends up in waterways.

Treatment of pollution: Traditionally, the runoff has been shunted directly into storm sewers, streams, dry wells or even sanitary sewers. However, most larger municipalities now require construction of stormwater management facilities for new lots. Typical facilities include retention basins, infiltration basins and percolation trenches. Some newer designs include bioretention systems, which use plants more extensively to absorb and filter pollutants. However, most existing lots have limited or no facilities to control runoff.

Alternative paving materials: An alternative solution today is to use permeable paving surfaces, such as brick, pervious concrete, stone, special paving blocks, or tire-tread woven mats. These materials allow rain to soak into the ground through the spaces inherent in the parking lot surface. The ground then may become contaminated in the surface of the parking lot park, but this tends to stay in a small area of ground, which effectively filters water before it seeps away. This can however create problems if contaminants seep into groundwater, especially where there is groundwater abstraction 'downstream' for potable water supply.

Landscaping
Many areas today also require minimum landscaping in parking lots. This usually principally means the planting of trees to provide shade. Customers have long preferred shaded parking spaces in the summer, but parking lot providers have long been antagonistic to planting trees because of the extra cost of cleaning the parking lots.

Paved surfaces contribute to heat islands in two ways. The first is through excessive accumulation of heat. Dark materials and the enclosed canyons created by city buildings trap more of the sun's energy. The reflection rate of paving compared to natural surfaces is important as higher reflectance means cooler temperatures. Black pavements, the hottest, have solar reflectances of 5 to 10 percent. Lighter pavements have solar reflectance rates of 25 percent or higher. Reflectance values for soils and various types of vegetation range from 5 to 45 percent. The second cause of heat islands is the low moisture content of paving and building materials. Such materials are watertight, so no moisture is available to dissipate the sun's heat through evaporation.

Tree planting has been shown to significantly reduce temperatures in open, paved areas. In one study in Alabama, daytime summer temperatures of 120 F were recorded in the centre of a bare parking lot, whereas where a small island of trees was present, temperatures only reached 89 F. It also found that a further 1 °F temperature reduction could be obtained for every additional canopy tree planted.

More recently, parking lots have been seen as prime real estate for installing large solar panel installations, with the additional benefit of shade for vehicles parked underneath.

Land usage
A parking lot needs fairly large space, around 25 m2 per parking spot. This means that lots usually need more land area than for corresponding buildings for offices or shops if most employees and visitors arrive by car. This means covering large areas with asphalt.

Services
Some lots have charging stations for battery vehicles. Some regions with especially cold winters provide electricity at most parking spots for engine block heaters, as antifreeze may be inadequate to prevent freezing.

Impact on climate
Parking lots are responsible for many greenhouse gas emissions because they increase driving and contributing to the urban heat island due to the materials they are built from.

title: Parking lot


text:
User:DaveBrondsema

personal webpage

programming webpage

title: User:DaveBrondsema


text:
Talk:Ruth Aylett

You might not want to link to Robots for the book since it isn't about the book written by Ruth Aylett. If you want to create a link for the book and write an article about it, try Robots (book) - Texture 04:47, 7 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Owen's mum
I get the feeling this article was only created because she's Owen's mum — Preceding unsigned comment added by 119.237.91.245 (talk • contribs) 09:52, 23 September 2020 (UTC)

Agreed! In no way is Ruth Aylett a notable figure worthy of a Wiki page. Delete!!!HunterDawn (talk) 15:53, 15 November 2020 (UTC)
 * Given that this article was created in 2004, roughly 7 years earlier than the 2011 publication of Jones' first book and the 2011 creation of the article on Jones, and roughly 14 years earlier than the 2018 date at which the connection to Jones was added to this article, your theories lack credibility. In fact the connection to Jones seems to me the least notable part of this article; I can barely find sources on it at all. —David Eppstein (talk) 04:19, 16 November 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ruth Aylett


text:
Talk:Repressed memory

Wiki Education assignment: Human Cognition SP23
— Assignment last updated by Smithzorah (talk) 21:32, 1 April 2023 (UTC)

Article highly biased and non-neutral in opposition to the "repressed memory" phenomenon
This article is totally biased and probably violates Wikipedia non-bias policy. Suggest for deletion or integral rewriting. 151.28.184.194 (talk) 11:22, 23 May 2024 (UTC)

 * Wikipedia does not have a 'non-bias policy', see WP:YESBIAS. MrOllie (talk) 11:56, 23 May 2024 (UTC)
 * It does have a "neutral point of view" policy, which is what I am referring to.
 * And this article is very apparently non-compliant with the neutral point of view policy, as is evident from simply reading it. Instead of simply relating about the sides of the scientific debate, it is evident in favoring one of them. 151.28.184.194 (talk) 14:16, 23 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Do click in the link above. NPOV means that Wikipedia follows the cited sources. When they are critical, so too will be the Wikipedia article. We don't do WP:FALSEBALANCE. MrOllie (talk) 03:04, 24 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Repressed memory


text:
Pteris

Pteris (brake) is a genus of about 300 species of ferns in the subfamily Pteridoideae of the family Pteridaceae. They are native to tropical and subtropical regions, southward to New Zealand, Australia, and South Africa, north to Japan and North America. 78 species (35 endemic) are found in China. Some species of Pteris have considerable economic and ecological value, such as Pteris multifida, Pteris ensiformis, Pteris vittata can be used for ornamental purposes; as a hyperaccumulator, Pteris multifida and Pteris vittata can be used to control soil pollution.

Many of them have linear frond segments, and some have sub-palmate division. Like other members of the Pteridaceae, the frond margin is reflexed over the marginal sori. The outermost layer is the single layered epidermis without stomata. The cortex is differentiated into outer and inner cortical region. The vascular cylinder is an amphiphloic siphonostele.

The term "brake", used for members of this genus, is a Middle English word for "fern" from southern England. Its derivation is unclear, and is generally thought to be related to "bracken", whereby the latter word has been assumed to be a plural, as with "children", and the former word a back-formation. However it may have a separate derivation.

The Latin genus name Pteris refers to the Greek name for fern (also meaning feathery).

Phylogeny

 * Selected species

 * Pteris aberrans Alderw.
 * Pteris abyssinica Hieron.
 * Pteris actiniopteroides Christ
 * Pteris adscensionis Sw.
 * Pteris albersii Hieron.
 * Pteris albertiae Arbelaez
 * Pteris altissima Poir.
 * Pteris amoena Bl.
 * Pteris angustata (Fée) C. Morton
 * Pteris angustipinna Tagawa
 * Pteris angustipinnula Ching & S.H.Wu
 * Pteris appendiculifera Alderw.
 * Pteris arborea L.
 * Pteris argyraea Moore
 * Pteris aspericaulis Wall. ex Hieron.
 * Pteris asperula J. Sm. ex Hieron.
 * Pteris atrovirens Willd.
 * Pteris auquieri Pichi-Serm.
 * Pteris austrosinica (Ching) Ching
 * Pteris bahamensis (Agardh) Fée
 * Pteris bakeri C. Chr.
 * Pteris baksaensis Ching
 * Pteris balansae Fourn.
 * Pteris bambusoides Gepp
 * Pteris barbigera Ching
 * Pteris barklyae (Baker) Mett
 * Pteris barombiensis Hieron.
 * Pteris bavazzanoi Pichi-Serm.
 * Pteris beecheyana Ag.
 * Pteris bella Tagawa
 * Pteris berteroana Ag.
 * Pteris biaurita L.
 * Pteris biformis Splitg.
 * Pteris blanchetiana Presl ex Ettingsh.
 * Pteris blumeana Agardh
 * Pteris boninensis H. Ohba
 * Pteris brassii C. Chr.
 * Pteris brevis Copel.
 * Pteris brooksiana Alderw.
 * Pteris buchananii Bak. ap. Sim.
 * Pteris buchtienii Rosenst.
 * Pteris burtonii Bak.
 * Pteris cadieri Christ
 * Pteris caesia Copel.
 * Pteris caiyangheensis L.L. Deng
 * Pteris calcarea Kurata
 * Pteris calocarpa (Copel.) M. Price
 * Pteris carsei Braggins & Brownsey
 * Pteris catoptera Kze.
 * Pteris chiapensis A. R. Sm.
 * Pteris chilensis Desv.
 * Pteris christensenii Kjellberg
 * Pteris chrysodioides (Fée) Hook.
 * Pteris ciliaris Eat.
 * Pteris clemensiae Copel.
 * Pteris comans Forst.
 * Pteris commutata Kuhn
 * Pteris concinna Hew.
 * Pteris confertinervia Ching
 * Pteris confusa T. G. Walker
 * Pteris congesta Prado
 * Pteris consanguinea Mett. ex Kuhn
 * Pteris coriacea Desv.
 * Pteris crassiuscula Ching & Wang
 * Pteris cretica L.
 * Pteris croesus Bory
 * Pteris cryptogrammoides Ching
 * Pteris cumingii Hieron.
 * Pteris dactylina Hook.
 * Pteris daguensis (Hieron.) Lellinger
 * Pteris dalhousiae Hook.
 * Pteris dataensis Copel.
 * Pteris dayakorum Bonap.
 * Pteris decrescens Christ
 * Pteris decurrens Presl
 * Pteris deflexa Link
 * Pteris deltea Ag.
 * Pteris deltodon Bak.
 * Pteris deltoidea Copel.
 * Pteris dentata Forsskal
 * Pteris denticulata Sw.
 * Pteris dispar Kze.
 * Pteris dissimilis (Fee) Chr.
 * Pteris dissitifolia Bak.
 * Pteris distans J. Sm.
 * Pteris droogmaniana L. Linden
 * Pteris edanyoi Copel.
 * Pteris ekmanii C. Chr.
 * Pteris elmeri Christ ex Copel.
 * Pteris elongatiloba Bonap.
 * Pteris endoneura M. Price
 * Pteris ensiformis Burm.
 * Pteris esquirolii Christ
 * Pteris excelsa Gaud.
 * Pteris famatinensis Sota
 * Pteris fauriei Hieron.
 * Pteris finotii Christ
 * Pteris flava Goldm.
 * Pteris formosana Bak.
 * Pteris fraseri Mett. ex Kuhn
 * Pteris friesii Hieron.
 * Pteris gallinopes Ching
 * Pteris geminata Wall.
 * Pteris gigantea Willd.
 * Pteris glaucovirens Goldm.
 * Pteris goeldii Christ
 * Pteris gongalensis T. G. Walker
 * Pteris grandifolia L.
 * Pteris grevilleana Wall. ex Agardh
 * Pteris griffithii Hook.
 * Pteris griseoviridis C. Chr.
 * Pteris guangdongensis Ching
 * Pteris guizhouensis Ching
 * Pteris haenkeana Presl
 * Pteris hamulosa Christ
 * Pteris hartiana Jenm.
 * Pteris heteroclita Desv.
 * Pteris heteromorpha Fée
 * Pteris heterophlebia Kze.
 * Pteris hillebrandii Copel.
 * Pteris hirsutissima Ching
 * Pteris hirtula (C. Chr.) C. Morton
 * Pteris hispaniolica Maxon
 * Pteris holttumii C. Chr.
 * Pteris hondurensis Jenm.
 * Pteris hookeriana Ag.
 * Pteris hossei Hieron.
 * Pteris hostmanniana Ettingsh.
 * Pteris hui Ching
 * Pteris humbertii C. Chr.
 * Pteris hunanensis C.M.Zhang
 * Pteris inaequalis (Fée) Jenm.
 * Pteris incompleta Cav.
 * Pteris inermis (Rosenstock) Sota
 * Pteris insignis Mett. ex Kuhn
 * Pteris intricata Wright
 * Pteris intromissa Christ
 * Pteris irregularis Kaulf.
 * Pteris iuzonensis Hieron.
 * Pteris izuensis Ching
 * Pteris johannis-winkleri C. Chr.
 * Pteris junghuhnii (Reinw.) Bak.
 * Pteris kawabatae Kurata
 * Pteris keysseri Rosenst.
 * Pteris khasiana (Clarke) Hieron.
 * Pteris kidoi Kurata
 * Pteris kinabaluensis C. Chr.
 * Pteris kingiana Endl.
 * Pteris kiuschiuensis Hieron.
 * Pteris laevis Mett.
 * Pteris lanceifolia Ag.
 * Pteris lastii C. Chr.
 * Pteris laurea Desv.
 * Pteris laurisilvicola Kurata
 * Pteris lechleri Mett.
 * Pteris lepidopoda M.Kato & K.U.Kramer
 * Pteris leptophylla Sw.
 * Pteris liboensis P.S.Wang
 * Pteris ligulata Gaud.
 * Pteris limae Brade
 * Pteris linearis Poir.
 * Pteris litoralis Rechinger
 * Pteris livida Mett.
 * Pteris loheri Copel.
 * Pteris longifolia L.
 * Pteris longipes D. Don
 * Pteris longipetiolulata Lellinger
 * Pteris longipinna Hayata
 * Pteris longipinnula Wall.
 * Pteris luederwaldtii Rosenst.
 * Pteris luschnathiana (Kl.) Bak.
 * Pteris luzonensis Hieron.
 * Pteris lydgatei (Bak.) Christ
 * Pteris macgregorii Copel.
 * Pteris macilenta A. Rich.
 * Pteris maclurei Ching
 * Pteris maclurioides Ching
 * Pteris macracantha Copel.
 * Pteris macrodon Bak.
 * Pteris macrophylla Copel.
 * Pteris macroptera Link
 * Pteris madagascarica Ag.
 * Pteris majestica Ching
 * Pteris malipoensis Ching
 * Pteris manniana Mett. ex Kuhn
 * Pteris melanocaulon Fée
 * Pteris melanorhachis Copel.
 * Pteris menglaensis Ching
 * Pteris mertensioides Willd.
 * Pteris mettenii Kuhn
 * Pteris micracantha Copel.
 * Pteris microdictyon (Fée) Hook.
 * Pteris microlepis Pichi-Serm.
 * Pteris microptera Mett. ex Kuhn
 * Pteris mildbraedii Hieron.
 * Pteris moluccana Bl.
 * Pteris monghaiensis Ching
 * Pteris montis-wilhelminae Alston
 * Pteris morii Masam.
 * Pteris mucronulata Copel.
 * Pteris multiaurita Ag.
 * Pteris multifida Poir.
 * Pteris muricata Hook.
 * Pteris muricatopedata Arbelaez
 * Pteris muricella Fée
 * Pteris mutilata L.
 * Pteris natiensis Tagawa
 * Pteris navarrensis H. Christ
 * Pteris nipponica Shieh
 * Pteris novae-caledoniae Hook.
 * Pteris obtusiloba Ching & S.H.Wu
 * Pteris occidentalisinica Ching
 * Pteris olivacea Ching in Ching & S. H. Wu
 * Pteris opaca J. Sm.
 * Pteris oppositipinnata Fée
 * Pteris orientalis Alderw.
 * Pteris orizabae M. Martens & Galeotti
 * Pteris oshimensis Hieron.
 * Pteris otaria Bedd.
 * Pteris pachysora (Copel.) M. Price
 * Pteris pacifica Hieron.
 * Pteris paleacea Roxb.
 * Pteris papuana Ces.
 * Pteris parhamii Brownlie
 * Pteris paucinervata Fée
 * Pteris paucipinnata Alston
 * Pteris paulistana Rosenst.
 * Pteris pearcei Bak.
 * Pteris pedicellata Copel.
 * Pteris pediformis M.Kato & K.U.Kramer
 * Pteris pellucida Presl
 * Pteris perrieriana C. Chr.
 * Pteris perrottetii Hieron.
 * Pteris philippinensis Fée
 * Pteris phuluangensis Tag. & Iwatsuki
 * Pteris pilosiuscula Desv.
 * Pteris plumbea Christ
 * Pteris pluricaudata Copel.
 * Pteris podophylla Sw.
 * Pteris polita Link
 * Pteris polyphylla (Presl) Ettingsh.
 * Pteris porphyrophlebia C. Chr. & Ching
 * Pteris praetermissa T. G. Walker
 * Pteris preussii Hieron.
 * Pteris prolifera Hieron.
 * Pteris propinqua J. Agardh
 * Pteris pseudolonchitis Bory ex Willd.
 * Pteris pseudopellucida Ching
 * Pteris pteridioides (Hook.) Ballard
 * Pteris puberula Ching
 * Pteris pulchra Schlecht. & Cham.
 * Pteris pungens Willd.
 * Pteris purdoniana Maxon
 * Pteris purpureorachis Copel.
 * Pteris quadriaurita Retz.
 * Pteris quinquefoliata (Copel.) Ching
 * Pteris quinquepartita Copel.
 * Pteris radicans Christ
 * Pteris ramosii Copel.
 * Pteris rangiferina Presl ex Miq.
 * Pteris reducta Bak.
 * Pteris remotifolia Bak.
 * Pteris reptans T.G. Walker
 * Pteris rigidula Copel.
 * Pteris rosenstockii C. Chr.
 * Pteris roseo-lilacina Hieron.
 * Pteris ryukyuensis Tagawa
 * Pteris satsumana Kurata
 * Pteris saxatilis Carse
 * Pteris scabra Bory ex Willd.
 * Pteris scabripes Wall.
 * Pteris schlechteri Brause
 * Pteris schwackeana Christ
 * Pteris semiadnata Phil.
 * Pteris semipinnata L.
 * Pteris sericea (Fée) Christ
 * Pteris setigera (Hook. ex Beddome) Nair
 * Pteris setuloso-costulata Hayata
 * Pteris shimenensis C.M.Zhang
 * Pteris shimianensis H.S.Kung
 * Pteris silvatica Alderw.
 * Pteris similis Kuhn
 * Pteris simplex Holtt.
 * Pteris sintenensis (Masam.) C.M.Kuo
 * Pteris speciosa Mett. ex Kuhn
 * Pteris splendens Kaulf.
 * Pteris splendida Ching
 * Pteris squamaestipes C. Chr. & Tardieu
 * Pteris squamipes Copel.
 * Pteris stenophylla Wall. ex Hook. & Grev.
 * Pteris stridens Ag.
 * Pteris striphnophylla Mickel
 * Pteris subindivisa Clarke
 * Pteris subquinata (Wall. ex Bedd.) Agardh
 * Pteris subsimplex Ching
 * Pteris sumatrana Bak.
 * Pteris swartziana Ag.
 * Pteris taiwanensis Ching
 * Pteris talamauana Alderw.
 * Pteris tapeinidiifolia H.Itô
 * Pteris tarandus M.Kato & K.U.Kramer
 * Pteris tenuissima Ching
 * Pteris togoensis Hieron.
 * Pteris torricelliana Christ
 * Pteris trachyrachis C. Chr.
 * Pteris transparens Mett.
 * Pteris tremula R. Br.
 * Pteris treubii Alderw.
 * Pteris tricolor Linden
 * Pteris tripartita Sw.
 * Pteris tussaci (Fée) Hook.
 * Pteris umbrosa R. Br.
 * Pteris undulatipinna Ching
 * Pteris usambarensis Hier.
 * Pteris vaupelii Hieron.
 * Pteris venusta Kunze
 * Pteris verticillata (L.) Lellinger & Proctor
 * Pteris vieillardii Mett.
 * Pteris viridissima Ching
 * Pteris vitiensis Bak.
 * Pteris vittata L.
 * Pteris wallichiana Agardh
 * Pteris wangiana Ching
 * Pteris warburgii Christ
 * Pteris werneri (Rosenstock) Holtt.
 * Pteris whitfordii Copel.
 * Pteris woodwardioides Bory ex Willd.
 * Pteris wulaiensis C.M.Kuo
 * Pteris yakuinsularis Kurata
 * Pteris yamatensis (Tagawa) Tagawa
 * Pteris zahlbruckneriana Endl.
 * Pteris zippelii (Miq.) M.Kato & K.U.Kramer

Cultivation and uses
Some of these ferns are popular in cultivation as houseplants. These smaller species are often called "table ferns".

Pteris vittata (commonly known as brake fern) was discovered to have the ability to "hyperaccumulate" (absorb large amounts of) arsenic from soil. The fern was growing at a central Florida site contaminated with large amounts of copper arsenate in the soil. Dr. Lena Q. Ma of the University of Florida later discovered that it had hyperaccumulated considerable amounts of arsenic from the soil. The discovery may lead to the use of Pteris vittata as a potential bioremediation plant.

title: Pteris


text:
Talk:Caesaropapism

Overstated
I think this article overstates its case. The opening definition of Caesaropapism is that the head of state is the head of the church. The article also says that Constantine did not even accept baptism until close to his death (which is accurate). How could Constantine function as head of the church if he was not even a member of it? Much less made any kind of bishop or pope.

What happened as I understand it is that in Christianity's first millennium, the pope in the West assumed more political power because the empire there was collapsing, and the pagan Vandals were coming. In the East, the empire remained intact much longer, so the patriarchs there did not have a power vacuum to fill, as the Roman pope did. In one of the most striking attempts by Byzantine emperors to reverse Christian faith and practice, iconoclasm, they were ultimately overcome and the icons remained. Wesley 04:52, 7 Mar 2004 (UTC)

I would like to second this. The whole controversy with Caesaropapism was that it made the state the head of the church not that the two worked together in a theocratic manner. All the churches which have rejected this as heresy have done so out of that concern, and most which have rejected it as heresy have been theocratic governments or ones in which religion and the state worked in tandem. kharaku 09:58, 7 Dec 2007

clear distinctions and East/West
I think this article shouldn't overstate its case and shouldn't understate its case.

My understanding of Caesaropapism is uni-directional: Where the state (Caesar) takes over the power of the hierarch (papa). I would not consider the opposite trajectory to be the same: that is, it would not seem to be Caesaropapism when the papa-hierarch assumes the power of political governance, but "papal caesarism" (or something like that). And isn't it fair to describe the second process as a "counterweight" to the first?

As for your difficulties with Constantine being an "episkopos" in some sense, they speak more to propriety than historicity. Please remember that the term precedes Christian usage, and that the secular meaning of the word did not cease with the Battle of the Milvian bridge. The term means, literally, "overseer" or, if you like, supervisor! One might understand why a non-baptized emporer, being, as you correctly noted, "external" to the church, might claim for himself an oversight of "external" relations! But Ambrose upbraided the Eastern emporers for claiming a seat in the holy of holies, the altar area!

Your comment about Western views of the problem is understandable. I think the term did originate in Western views of the East. I think, though, it is a valid distinction to speak of secular "interference" in church governance as being a separate, but related phenomenon, only an element of Caesaropapism.

Did the scholar Gibbons (who is thought to have turned the term "byzantine" into a synonym for "plotting and scheming") have something to do with the early study of this matter?

All the best,

Genyo 17:23, 13 Mar 2004 (UTC)

PS. what about the term, "Symphonia" as an orthodox alternative to Caesaropapism and its opposite?

 * Not workable. Caesaropapism = Political power holders imposes power over the Church.  Symphonia = Political power holders and Church work in voluntary concert, neither dominating the other and neither meddling in the other's exclusive domains.

question: Is the only assertion that Constantine gave land to the Church based on the forged "Donation of Constantine?" Isn't it true that he didgive some land to the Church? Genyo 15:47, 31 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Russia did not experience Caesaropapism
If you read here: http://www.orthodoxinfo.com/inquirers/tca_carltonrome.aspx and here: http://www.holytrinitymission.org/books/english/third_rome_m_johnson.htm#_Toc49080106

It is clear that Peter the Greats attempts to control the church do not at all meet the definition laid out of Caesaropapism. A recent edit suggested Ivan IV exhibited Caesaropapism. This is odd in as much as he was forbidden to enter a church following his 4th marriage.

This is true, he was technically excommunicated from the Orthodox Church because it is impossible to be married more than three times in Orthodoxy, this means not only divorce but also after being widowed or even annuled. An Orthodox Christian can only ever have the marriage blessing pronounced for themselves three times in their life time. This is something westerners, especially Roman Catholics, don't seem to get. The three marriage limit isn't just a limit on the number of divorces, it is a limit on the number of marriages any single person is allowed to contract with the blessing of the Orthodox Church. Lots of Catholics, like Zsa-Zsa Gabor for instance, would be considered living in sin if they were Orthodox since they have been married more than three times. So surprisingly, while Catholicism doesn't allow for divorce and Orthodoxy does, the Orthodox Church is far more strict by placing a limit on the number of marriages allowed in one person's life time (including after the death of a spouse or even after an unconsumated marriage is dissolved) and also by banning marriages between blood relatives (first cousins for instance) than does Roman Catholicism, which, unlike Orthodoxy, permits first cousin marriages with dispansation, something which is condemned in Orthodoxy (marriages are not even permitted between second cousins in Orthodoxy). One can't even marry one's Godparent of the opposite gender nor any of their children in Orthodoxy. Many Catholics (especially in years past but even today) would be in incesteous "marriages" if they were Orthodox Christians. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.72.161.7 (talk) 20:41, 17 August 2011 (UTC)

I wish the folks who keep adding Russia to the list of Caesaropapists would discuss their rationale... Kharaku (talk) 17:46, 6 September 2008 (UTC)

 * A three-marriage limit? That's a bit arbitrary, don't you think? Or is it one marriage for each of the Persons in the Trinity?

 * Nuttyskin (talk) 01:52, 4 October 2019 (UTC)
 * Enc. Britannica most certainly does. Good RS, so no problem. Arminden (talk) 13:04, 11 December 2023 (UTC)

C of E
Wasn't the Church of England essentially caesaropapist? Deusveritasest (talk) 08:21, 25 November 2008 (UTC)

Turkey and Cyprus
The article said
 * Caesaropapism existed in the Orthodox Church in Turkey until 1923 and in Cyprus until 1977, when Archbishop Makrios III reposed.

I assume this refers to Archbishop Makarios and I've corrected it accordingly. I've also replaced "reposed" with "died", as I assume it doesn't refer to him just going to sleep.

It would also be nice if someone clarified what happened in Turkey in 1923. Did the Muslim Sultan really run the Christian church until that date? Rojomoke (talk) 11:46, 10 October 2009 (UTC)

 * I feel this is a reference to the position of the ecumenical patriarch as the effective head of the christian millet. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.252.76.122 (talk) 16:59, 29 September 2012 (UTC)

Intollerance
The pictures in article from Cranach do not correspond to the thema: in this connection they show intollerance (of who?) against Catholicism and offend all Catholics. That pictures are propaganda and what so has not place in Wikipedia. Caesaropapism is very strong in Anglican Church, where Queen or King (laic!) is chief of Church! --Stebunik (talk) 23:43, 21 January 2013 (UTC)
 * Agree. It is non-WP:TOPIC. Topic is state over religion, most Reformation churches were caesaropapism. The popes have long tried to tell states what to do. Some success in Earlier period and Middle Ages. But the word describing it would be different. Student7 (talk) 00:51, 17 February 2013 (UTC)

Church of England and Tudor monarchs
What is the evidence of asserting that Queen Elizabeth I expanded the control of the monarch over the Church of England? She walked back Henry VIII's claim to be its "head" to the much weaker "supreme governor". In either case, the monarch appointed the bishops. Elizabeth played a very active role in the first years of her reign in defining the contours of the "Elizabethan settlement", but was she exceptionally active after that? 83.60.244.249 (talk) 19:23, 7 June 2013 (UTC)

An article horribly gone wrong
This article is, to put it mildly, a load of ******. Apart from the fact that it reads like an anti-byzantine or anti-orthodox pamphlet, with lots of sweeping generalisations and incoherent phrases jumbled together, it goes against any modern consensus of Byzantine historians (and legal historians, for that matter) around the subject (not to mention 1000 years of documented struggles and insubordination between the Church and politicians). I would rather say that the article portrays the (negative and outdated) perception of older western historians on what constitutes caesaropapism and not the historical and legal reality of Church-State relations in the Byzantine Empire and beyond. For a far more balanced, accurate and concise, though very short article, I suggest this.

Ironically, the German Wikipedia entry has a far more balanced view, mentioning all Churches and explaining that the term cannot be applied to the Byzantine period. ["(...) Aus diesem Grund hat die neuere Forschung ganz überwiegend davon Abstand genommen, für Byzanz von Cäsaropapismus zu sprechen (...). Der oströmisch-byzantinische Kaiser stand nicht an der Spitze der Kirche und hatte diese auch nie vollständig unter Kontrolle.]

Fourthermore, the article contradicts itself: it states that caesaropapism is when:"...the head of state, notably the Emperor ('Caesar', by extension an 'equal' King), is also the supreme head of the church (...)", that "...inverts theocracy (...) in which institutions of the Church control the state". It excludes examples where the Head of the Church automatically becomes the Head of State (e.g. the Pope in the Vatican and the Papal States, or German Prince-Bishops), a member of the clergy decides to run for office and wins (rare, but can happen), or the Church or clergy takes over administrative functions usually assigned to the State (true for every religion in the Ottoman Empire, including Catholics and Jews). Then it makes the claim that "Caesaropapism existed in the Eastern Orthodox Church in Turkey until 1923 and in Cyprus until 1977, when Archbishop Makarios III died". Since Caesaropapism isn't a theocracy, I have to presume that a) the Ottoman Sultan (deposed in 1922) was the Head of the Orthodox and Armenian Churches until 1922 (somebody please tell that to the Patriarchs before they have a stroke) and b) up to 1977, every President of Cyprus (even if he happened to be a Moslem Turk) automatically became the Head of the Orthodox Church of Cyprus. Of course I am deleting these phrases. athenianepirote 15:17, 7 December 2013

 * Use English, please! Quote, if you wish, from a foreign tongue; but always provide a translation for the benefit of the rest of us.

 * Nuttyskin (talk) 01:56, 4 October 2019 (UTC)

 * I would agree 100% if it were in the article. Here, at this limited level and in a language of wide academic circulation like German or French, it's not such a big issue. More user-friendly, yes, most certainly; but it doesn't justify your imperative tone, definitely not in times of Google. Cheers, Arminden (talk) 13:10, 11 December 2023 (UTC)

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To the point, please?
See the Enc. Britannica article: a succint presentation, with an elaboration further down. The Wiki entry, on the other hand, seems to be written for Trappist monks & their endless hours of study in perfect immovable silence. Let's get real - and to the point, please. Arminden (talk) 13:13, 11 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Caesaropapism


text:
Mark Green (New York politician)

Mark Joseph Green (born March 15, 1945) is an American author, former public official, public interest lawyer, and Democratic politician from New York City. Green was New York City Consumer Affairs Commissioner from 1990 to 1993 and New York City Public Advocate from 1994 to 2002.

Green won Democratic primaries for the U.S. House of Representatives, U.S. Senate, and mayor of New York City, in each case losing the general election.

Early life and education
Green was born to a Jewish family in Brooklyn, New York. He lived in Bensonhurst, Brooklyn, until he was three and then moved to Long Island, first to Elmont, New York, and later Great Neck, New York. Both his parents were Republicans; his father was a lawyer and residential apartment landlord and his mother a public-school teacher.

Green graduated from Great Neck South High School in 1963, from Cornell University in 1967 and in 1970 from Harvard Law School, where he was editor-in-chief of the Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review. He has a brother, realtor Stephen L. Green, founder of SLGreen Realty Corp.

1960s – 1970s
In 1967, Green interned for Jacob Javits, and while in law school in the early 1970s, was a "Nader's Raider" at Ralph Nader's Public Citizen, where he worked on a lawsuit against the Richard Nixon administration after the firing of Watergate special prosecutor Archibald Cox. After law school, Green returned to Washington, D.C., and ran the Congress Watch division of the consumer rights advocacy group Public Citizen from 1977 to 1980. In 1976, he managed former U. S. Attorney General Ramsey Clark's campaign for the Senate seat of James Buckley. Clark came in third, behind Ambassador Daniel Patrick Moynihan and Representative Bella Abzug. Moynihan went on to win the office and serve four terms in the Senate.

1980s
In 1980, Green returned to New York City and won the Democratic primary election to represent the East Side of Manhattan in the House of Representatives; he lost the race to Republican incumbent Bill Green (no relation). In 1981, Green and songwriter Harry Chapin founded the New Democracy Project, a public policy institute in New York City. Green ran it for a decade. During the 1984 presidential election, he served as chief speechwriter for Democratic candidate Senator Gary Hart, who ran second in the primaries.

In 1986, Green won the Democratic nomination for the Senate against multimillionaire John Dyson, spending just $800,000 to Dyson's $6,000,000. Dyson remained on the ballot as the candidate of the Liberal Party. Green lost the general election to Republican incumbent Alfonse D'Amato, who was supported by then mayor Ed Koch; Green filed a formal ethics complaint in the Senate Ethics Committee against D'Amato that resulted in D'Amato's being reprimanded by the Senate after media reports that suggested that his nomination as a chair of the Senate Committee of Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs had been tainted by illegal financing of his Senate campaign.

During his Senate campaign, Green refused to accept money from special interest groups' political action committees (PACs) – which had accounted for 25% of all campaign spending in Congressional campaigns in 1984 – denouncing PACs as "legalized bribery." His opinion mirrored the stance of Common Cause, the citizens' lobby that organized to abolish PACs over fears of "special interests" buying votes.

1990s
In 1990, Mayor David Dinkins appointed Green Consumer Affairs Commissioner of New York City. Green was elected as the first New York City Public Advocate in 1993 and reelected in 1997. In that office, he led investigations of HMOs, hospitals, and nursing homes that led to fines by the New York State Attorney General.

A 1994 investigation on the Bell Regulations ("Libby Zion Law") to limit resident working hours and requiring physician supervision and a follow-up study prompted the New York State Department of Health to crack down on hospitals. Green led an effort against tobacco advertising aimed at children, enacting a law banning cigarette vending machines, and released a series of exposés and legal actions against tobacco advertising targeting children—concluding that R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company was engaged in "commercial child abuse"—that culminated in a 1997 Federal Trade Commission decision that ended the Joe Camel ads.

As public advocate, Green first proposed the 311 complaint help line that Mayor Mike Bloomberg later implemented. He wrote laws that matched small donations with multiple city funds, created the Voter Commission, upheld the legality of the Independent Budget Office, barred stores from charging women more than men for the same services, and prohibited companies from firing female employees merely because they were victims of domestic violence. He started the city's first web site, NYC.gov, which he later gifted to City Hall, where it is still in use.

One of Green's highest-profile accomplishments was a lawsuit to obtain information about racial profiling in Rudy Giuliani's police force. As Green told the Gotham Gazette, "We sued Mayor Giuliani because he was in deep denial about racial profiling. [After winning the case, we] released an investigation showing a pattern of unpunished misconduct ... [and] the rate that police with substantiated complaints are punished went from 25 percent to 75 percent." Green was reportedly one of the first public officials to draw attention to racial profiling by the NYPD.

Green ran for the U.S. Senate again in 1998, when D'Amato was seeking a fourth term. Green finished third in the Democratic primary behind the winner, U.S. Representative Charles Schumer, and 1984 Democratic vice presidential nominee Geraldine Ferraro. Despite Green's personal ties to Nader, he did not support Nader's presidential campaigns.

In the 2000 campaign, Green praised Nader's work as a consumer advocate but endorsed Democratic nominee Al Gore, who narrowly lost the election to George W. Bush. In 2000, he assisted the successful Senate campaign of First Lady Hillary Clinton, coining the phrase "Listening Tour" to help guide Clinton through a state she hadn't previously lived in. In 2004, Green co-chaired Senator John Kerry's presidential campaign in New York; he also advised Bill Clinton in his successful 1992 New York presidential primary.

2001 campaign for mayor
In 2001 Green ran for mayor of New York City and won the Democratic nomination but lost to Republican nominee Michael Bloomberg 50%–48% in the closest NYC mayoral election in a century. Green narrowly defeated Fernando Ferrer in the primary, surviving a negative contest that divided the party. The two other candidates were Council Speaker Peter Vallone and City Comptroller Alan Hevesi.

The September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks occurred on the morning of the Democratic primary and contributed to Green's loss. Bloomberg spent an unprecedented $74 million on his campaign, especially on TV ads and direct mail. Mayor Rudy Giuliani, who was suddenly extremely popular, endorsed Bloomberg.

The Economist wrote, "The billionaire businessman [Bloomberg] is usually seen as one of the post–September 11th winners (if such a word can be so used): he would probably have lost the mayoralty to Mark Green, a leftish Democrat, had the terrorist strike not happened. Yet it is also worth noting that his election probably spared New York City a turbulent period of score-settling over Rudy Giuliani's legacy." Chris Smith wrote in New York Magazine in 2011, "Many old-school Democrats believe that Bloomberg's 2001 victory over Mark Green was a terrorist-provoked, money-soaked aberration."

The Ferrer campaign criticized Green for the actions of supporters in the runoff that were construed as racist, involving literature with New York Post caricatures of Ferrer and Al Sharpton distributed in white enclaves of Brooklyn and Staten Island. Green said he had nothing to do with the dissemination of the literature. An investigation by the district attorney of Kings County, New York, Charles J. Hynes, came to the conclusion that "Mark Green had no knowledge of these events, and that when he learned of them, he repeatedly denounced the distribution of this literature and sought to find out who had engaged in it."

The incident kept Ferrer from endorsing Green and is thought to have diminished minority turnout in the general election, which helped Bloomberg win in an overwhelmingly Democratic city. Green wrote an article about the campaign a decade later in the 9/11 anniversary issue of New York Magazine. He reported that Bloomberg told him in 2002 that "I wouldn't have won" without Ferrer's late campaign opposition to Green.

2006 campaign for New York Attorney General
Green ran in the Democratic primary for New York State Attorney General in 2006. He faced former HUD Secretary Andrew Cuomo, former White House Staff Secretary Sean Patrick Maloney, and former lieutenant governor candidate Charles King in the primary. Green did not receive the required 25% at the state Democratic convention to earn a spot on the primary ballot and therefore had to circulate nominating petitions statewide to be on the September ballot.

He was required to submit at least 15,000 valid signatures; on July 13, he submitted more than 40,000 signatures. He held several endorsements of note, including former NYC Mayor David Dinkins, Brooklyn Borough President Marty Markowitz, the Sierra Club, the National Organization for Women (NOW), the New York Times, and the New York Daily News.

On September 12, 2006, Green lost to Andrew Cuomo in his bid to secure the Democratic nomination to succeed then-Attorney General Eliot Spitzer. On the evening the results came in, he vowed to reporters that "I won't be running for office again. But I'll continue to advocate, write and teach." Cuomo beat the Republican candidate, former Westchester County District Attorney Jeanine Pirro.

2009 campaign for public advocate
On February 10, 2009, Green announced that he would again run for the office of Public Advocate. His policy director was Benjamin Kallos (who later was elected to the New York City Council), with whom he worked on "100 Ideas for a Better City".

As one of the top two finishers in the Democratic primary, Green qualified for the September 29 runoff, but lost to City Councilmember Bill de Blasio who went on to win the mayoralty in 2013.

State and city campaign tickets
Mark J. Green has appeared on these slates:
 * 1986 New York state Democratic ticket
 * Governor: Mario Cuomo
 * Lieutenant Governor: Stan Lundine
 * Comptroller: Herman Badillo
 * Attorney General: Robert Abrams
 * U.S. Senate: Mark J. Green
 * 1993 New York City Democratic ticket
 * Mayor: David Dinkins
 * Public Advocate: Mark J. Green
 * Comptroller: Alan Hevesi
 * 1997 New York City Democratic ticket
 * Mayor: Ruth Messinger
 * Public Advocate: Mark J. Green
 * Comptroller: Alan Hevesi
 * 2001 New York City Democratic ticket
 * Mayor: Mark J. Green
 * Public Advocate: Betsy Gotbaum
 * Comptroller: William Thompson

Television and radio
He was a regular guest on Crossfire on CNN, and also on William F. Buckley's Firing Line, Inside City Hall on NY1, and Hardball with Chris Matthews on MSNBC.

On March 6, 2007, Green's brother, New York real estate magnate Stephen L. Green, purchased majority shares in Air America Radio. Stephen served as chairman, and Mark as president. Stephen sold Air America Radio in 2009 to Charles Kireker. Mark continued as president.

Green was co-host, with Arianna Huffington, of the syndicated talk show 7 Days in America, which aired on the network. from 2007–2009. He was the host of Both Sides Now, nationally syndicated on 200 stations and recorded at WOR710 AM in New York City; the program ended in December 2016.

On February 27, 2017, Green founded and ran the Twitter handle @ShadowingTrump [see ShadowingTrump.org] "to daily debunk Trump and propose progressive alternatives." His "Shadow Cabinet" of 21 included such national progressive leaders as Laurence Tribe as attorney general, Robert Reich as secretary of labor, Diane Ravitch as Education Secretary, Rashad Robinson as "Secretary of Justice Issues", Marielena Hincapie of the National Immigration Law Center as Immigration Secretary. Renamed @ShadowingDC in 2021, it had 68,000 followers by April 2021.

Personal life
Green has been married twice. His first marriage, to Lynn Hinerman, whom he married while in law school, lasted 18 months. In 1977, Green married Deni Frand, who later became the director of the New York City office of the liberal interest group People for the American Way and a senior associate at AOL-Time Warner and the Citi Foundation. They have two adult children.

Selected publications

 * Who Runs Congress? (co-authored with Michael Waldman; 1972)
 * There he goes again: Ronald Reagan's reign of error, co-authored with Gail MacColl, with Robert Nelson & Christopher Power; ISBN 0-3947-2171-3 (1983)
 * The Consumer Bible (co-authored with Nancy Youman; 1995)
 * Selling Out: How Big Corporate Money Buys Elections, Rams through Legislation, and Betrays Our Democracy (2002); ISBN 0-06-052392-1
 * The Book on Bush: How George W. Bush (Mis)leads America (co-authored with Eric Alterman; 2004); ISBN 0-670-03273-5
 * Bright, Infinite Future: A Generational Memoir on the Progressive Rise (2016); ISBN 1-250-07157-7
 * Fake President – Decoding Trump's Gaslighting, Corruption, and General Bullsh*t (with Ralph Nader; 2019) ISBN 9781510751125

title: Mark Green (New York politician)


text:
Jim Douglas

James Holley Douglas (born June 21, 1951) is an American politician from the state of Vermont. A Republican, he served as the 80th governor of Vermont from 2003 to 2011. On August 27, 2009, Douglas announced that he would not seek re-election for a fifth term in 2010. He left the office in January 2011.

On January 6, 2011, Douglas became an executive in residence at Middlebury College where he taught a 24 student course titled Vermont Government and Politics. Douglas is the interim director of the Vermont Historical Society.

Douglas currently serves on the Governors’ Council of the Bipartisan Policy Center in Washington, DC.

Early career
Douglas was born in the city of Springfield, Massachusetts. In 1968, he graduated from East Longmeadow High School in the town of East Longmeadow, Massachusetts. He graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree from Middlebury College in Middlebury, Vermont, where he had been active in the College Republicans, eventually becoming chairman. At Middlebury College, Douglas was a Russian studies major. Vermont maintained a sister-state relationship with the Republic of Karelia, Russia until it was broken by Governor Phil Scott in March 2022 as protest against the ongoing Russian invasion of Ukraine. While influenced by Douglas, this relationship was started in 1991 under the governorship of Madeline Kunin.

In November 1972, Douglas was elected to the Vermont House of Representatives, where he became the House Majority Leader during his third two-year term at the age of 25. He left the Vermont General Assembly in 1979, afterwards serving as a top aide to Governor Richard A. Snelling. Douglas was elected Secretary of State in November 1980, a post which he held until 1992. That year he sought election to the U.S. Senate, but was defeated by Democratic incumbent Patrick Leahy.

Vermont State Treasurer
During his tenure as Vermont State Treasurer, Democrat Paul W. Ruse Jr. was criticized for being too friendly with financial services firms that had an interest in matters handled by the state treasurer, including accepting campaign contributions from them, and appearing in an advertisement for one. Because of the controversy, in 1994 Ruse decided not to run for reelection. This decision was not widely known; Ruse stated that he withheld his decision not to run so that Ed Flanagan, the incumbent Vermont State Auditor, would not run for treasurer. Flanagan and Ruse had been involved in a behind the scenes dispute over details of an auditor's report about the treasurer's office; Flanagan disclaimed any interest in the treasurer's post.

As a result of Ruse's decision not to run again, only Douglas had filed as a major party candidate for treasurer; in the absence of a Democratic candidate, Douglas won the Democratic nomination by write in vote. In the general election, Douglas faced only token opposition, and received over 91% of the votes.

Ruse's deputy had retired in October 1994. After Douglas won the treasurer's election, Ruse offered him the deputy's position so that Douglas would have an opportunity to learn the workings of the treasurer's office. Douglas accepted, and served as deputy state treasurer from November 1994 until beginning his term as treasurer in January 1995. Douglas was reelected in 1996, 1998 and 2000.

Governor of Vermont
In the 2002 gubernatorial election to succeed five-term Governor Howard Dean, Douglas achieved a plurality over Democratic Lieutenant Governor Doug Racine, 45 to 42 percent. The Vermont constitution requires that the legislature select the governor if no candidate receives over 50 percent. The Vermont General Assembly almost always chooses the candidate who won a plurality, and Racine did not contest the results. In January 2003, the legislature selected Douglas by a vote of 159 to 16. Douglas won reelection to a second two-year term in 2004, defeating Democrat Peter Clavelle, 59 to 38 percent.

In early 2005, Douglas announced that he would not run against Democratic-leaning independent Jim Jeffords in the 2006 Senate race. In April 2005, Jeffords announced that he would not seek re-election, which led to speculation that Douglas would throw his hat into the ring against Vermont independent Congressman Bernie Sanders, who had announced his candidacy for the seat. On April 30, Douglas announced again that he would not seek Jeffords' seat, and simultaneously announced that he would run for re-election for governor in 2006. Many pundits believed that Douglas was the only Republican who could possibly defeat Sanders, and his decision to run for governor effectively handed the open Senate seat to Sanders. Douglas was re-elected governor with 57% of the vote over Democrat Scudder Parker.

On May 22, 2007, Governor Douglas signed a landmark civil rights bill banning discrimination on the basis of gender identity by employers, financial institutions, housing, public accommodations, and other contexts. After the Vermont Human Rights Commission recommended that Governor Douglas veto a similar bill in 2006, Douglas worked with legislators to craft a new bill in 2007. This bill passed both chambers of the legislature with overwhelming bipartisan support.

Douglas decided to stand for re-election in 2008 and ran unopposed in the Republican primary on September 9, 2008. His principal challengers in the general election were Independent/Progressive Anthony Pollina, and Democrat Gaye Symington. Douglas won a fourth term with nearly 54% of the vote. Although that was his lowest percentage since his initial narrow victory over Doug Racine, he bested his closest challenge, Pollina, by 32%.

Douglas became the first governor to meet with President Barack Obama in the White House on February 2, 2009. He also served as Chairman of the National Governors Association from 2009 to 2010.

On April 6, 2009, Douglas vetoed a bill allowing marriage for same-sex couples in Vermont. Democrats in the Vermont House and Senate overrode the veto with a supermajority the next day, marking the first time Douglas had been overridden during his tenure.

On June 2, 2009, Democrats in the Vermont House and Senate voted to override Douglas's veto of the Vermont state budget.

On August 27, 2009, Douglas announced that he would not seek re-election in 2010.

In early 2010, Douglas became the first American political leader to be appointed to the National Order of Quebec ("L'Ordre National du Quebec" in French), receiving the insignia of an Officer of the order from Premier Jean Charest at a ceremony at the National Assembly of Quebec. He was recognized for strengthening Vermont's historical bonds with Quebec and making improved relations with the province a priority of his governorship.

On June 17, 2010, his approval rating stood at 65 percent.

Post-gubernatorial career
Douglas was succeeded as Governor by Democrat Peter Shumlin.

After leaving office Douglas became an Executive in Residence at Middlebury College and authored a memoir, which was published in late 2012. On July 29, 2015, Douglas was named the interim director of the Vermont Historical Society.

title: Jim Douglas


text:
Insular area

In the law of the United States, an insular area is a U.S.-associated jurisdiction that is not part of a U.S. state or the District of Columbia. This includes fourteen U.S. territories administered under U.S. sovereignty, as well as three sovereign states each with a Compact of Free Association with the United States. The term also may be used to refer to the previous status of the Swan Islands, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines, as well as the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands when it existed.

Three of the U.S. territories are in the Caribbean Sea, eleven are in the Pacific Ocean, and all three freely associated states are also in the Pacific. Two additional Caribbean territories are disputed and administered by Colombia.

Article IV, Section 3, Clause 2 of the U.S. Constitution grants to the United States Congress the responsibility of overseeing the territories. A series of U.S. Supreme Court decisions known as the Insular Cases created a distinction between "incorporated territories", where the full Constitution of the United States applies, and "unincorporated territories", where only basic protections apply. The only current incorporated territory, Palmyra Atoll, is uninhabited.

A U.S. territory is considered "organized" when the U.S. Congress passes an organic act for it. Three of the U.S. territories with a permanent non-military population have constitutions, and all five have locally elected territorial legislatures and executives, and some degree of political autonomy. Four of the five are "organized", but American Samoa is technically "unorganized" and subject to the direct jurisdiction of the Office of Insular Affairs.

History
The first insular areas that the United States occupied were Baker Island, Howland Island and Navassa Island (1857) then Johnston Atoll and Jarvis Island (both in 1858) would be claimed. After the Spanish–American War in 1898, several territories were taken that are still under U.S. sovereignty (Puerto Rico and Guam, both in 1898). Palmyra Atoll was annexed along with the Republic of Hawaii (formerly a Kingdom) that same year. American Samoa was reclaimed the following year (1899). In 1917, at the height of World War I, Denmark sold the Danish Virgin Islands to the United States.

The U.S. Navy annexed Kingman Reef in 1922. Spain had sold the Northern Mariana Islands to Germany in 1899. The islands passed to Japan, which in turn lost them to the United States in 1945 after the end of World War II.

The Marshall Islands became self-governing in 1979 and fully independent along with the Federated States of Micronesia in 1986. Palau achieved independence in 1994. The three countries maintain sovereignty with free association status with the United States, which provides them with defense assistance and economic resources.

Timeline

 * August 28, 1867
 * Captain William Reynolds of the USS Lackawanna formally took possession of the Midway Atoll for the United States.

 * August 13, 1898
 * United States Navy under Admiral George Dewey, United States Army's Eighth Army Corps under Major General Wesley Merritt, and Lieutenant General Arthur MacArthur Jr. captured the City of Manila from Spain after Governor-General of the Philippines Fermin Jáudenes surrendered the city, which then remained Spanish-occupied even after the declaration of Philippine Independence from Spain and the establishment of the First Philippine Republic on June 12, 1898.

 * February 4, 1899
 * Philippine–American War began between the First Philippine Republic and the newly arrived US Military Government.

 * April 11, 1899
 * The Treaty of Paris of 1898 came into effect, transferring Guam, the Philippines, and Puerto Rico from Spain to the United States, all three becoming unorganized, unincorporated territories. Puerto Rico's official name was changed to Porto Rico, a phonetic reinterpretation of the Spanish name for the territory.

 * April 12, 1900
 * The Foraker Act becomes effective, making Puerto Rico an unincorporated and organized territory of the United States.

 * June 7, 1900
 * The United States took control of the portion of the Samoan Islands given to it by the Treaty of Berlin of 1899, creating the unorganized, unincorporated territory of American Samoa.

 * April 1, 1901
 * General Emilio Aguinaldo, President of the First Philippine Republic and Filipino leader in the Philippine–American War, surrendered to the United States, allowing the U.S. to form a civilian government for the Philippines.

 * August 29, 1916
 * The Philippine Autonomy Act or Jones Law was signed, promising the Philippines independence.

 * March 2, 1917
 * Jones–Shafroth Act reorganized Puerto Rico. This act conferred United States citizenship on all citizens of Puerto Rico.

 * March 31, 1917
 * The United States purchased the Danish West Indies and renamed it as U.S. Virgin Islands under the terms of a treaty with Denmark.
 * May 17, 1932
 * The name of Porto Rico was changed to Puerto Rico.
 * March 24, 1934
 * The Tydings–McDuffie Act was signed allowing the creation of the Commonwealth of the Philippines.

 * November 15, 1935
 * The Commonwealth of the Philippines officially inaugurated Manuel L. Quezon as the President of the Philippine Commonwealth, held at the steps of the Old Legislative Building. The event was attended by 300,000 Filipinos.

 * December 8, 1941
 * Commonwealth of the Philippines was invaded and occupied by Japan during World War Two, initiating "the most destructive event ever to take place on U.S. soil". Over 1,100,000 Filipino American civilians died during the war.

 * February 3 - March 3, 1945
 * The month long Liberation of Manila led by General Douglas MacArthur took place, and consequently resulted in Manila Massacre committed by the Japanese forces throughout the Battle of Manila. An estimated 100,000 Manila civilians were killed during the massacre.

 * August 1945
 * The United States regains full control of its colony of the Philippines following the Philippines campaign.

 * July 4, 1946
 * The United States formally recognized the Philippine independence, establishing the Third Philippine Republic, which inaugurated Manuel Roxas as the President of the independent Philippines. The independence ceremonies and inauguration rites were held at the Quirino Grandstand.

 * July 14, 1947
 * The United Nations granted the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands to the United States, consisting primarily of many islands fought over during World War II, and including what is now the Marshall Islands, the Carolina Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Northern Mariana Islands, and Palau. It was a trusteeship, and not a territory of the United States.

 * August 5, 1947
 * The Privileges and Immunities Clause regarding the rights, privileges, and immunities of citizens of the United States was expressly extended to Puerto Rico by the U.S. Congress through federal law codified in Title 48 the United States Code as and signed by President Harry S. Truman. This law indicates that the rights, privileges, and immunities of citizens of the United States shall be respected in Puerto Rico to the same extent as though Puerto Rico were a State of the Union and subject to the provisions of paragraph 1 of section 2 of article IV of the Constitution of the United States.

 * July 1, 1950
 * The Guam Organic Act came into effect, organizing Guam as an unincorporated territory.
 * July 25, 1952
 * Puerto Rico becomes a Commonwealth of the United States with the ratification of its constitution.

 * July 22, 1954
 * The organic act for the United States Virgin Islands went into effect, making them an unincorporated, organized territory.

 * July 1, 1967
 * American Samoa's constitution became effective. Even though no organic act was passed, this move to self-government made American Samoa similar to an organized territory.

 * September 12, 1967
 * Article Three of the United States Constitution, was expressly extended to the United States District Court for the District of Puerto Rico by the U.S. Congress through the federal law 89-571, 80 Stat. 764, this law was signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson.

 * January 1, 1978
 * The Northern Mariana Islands left the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands to become a commonwealth of the United States, making them an unincorporated and organized territory.
 * January 9, 1978
 * The Northern Mariana Islands Commonwealth Constitution, which had been ratified by voters on March 6, 1977, goes into effect.

 * October 21, 1986
 * The Marshall Islands attained independence from the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, though the trusteeship granted by the United Nations technically did not end until December 22, 1990. The Marshall Islands remained in free association with the United States.

 * November 3, 1986
 * The Federated States of Micronesia attained independence from the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, and remained in free association with the United States.

 * December 22, 1990
 * The United Nations terminated the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands for all but the Palau district.

 * May 25, 1994
 * The United Nations terminated the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands for the Palau district, ending the territory and making Palau de facto independent, as it was not a territory of the United States.

 * October 1, 1994
 * Palau attained de jure independence, but it remained in free association with the United States.
 * December 11, 2012
 * The Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico enacted a concurrent resolution to request the president and the Congress of the United States to respond diligently and effectively, and to act on the demand of the people of Puerto Rico, as freely and democratically expressed in the plebiscite held on November 6, 2012, to end, once and for all, its current form of territorial status and to begin the process to admit Puerto Rico to the Union as a State.

 * December 22, 2022 : The U.S. House of Representatives voted in favor of the Puerto Rico Status Act. The act sought to resolve Puerto Rico's status and its relationship to the United States through a binding plebiscite to be held in November 2023; however, the Senate never acted on the bill.
 * April 20, 2023 : Puerto Rico Status Act re-introduced in U.S. House with the plebiscite to be held in November 2025.

Citizenship
Congress has extended citizenship rights by birth to all inhabited territories except American Samoa, and these citizens may vote and run for office in any U.S. jurisdiction in which they are residents. The people of American Samoa are U.S. nationals by place of birth, or they are U.S. citizens by parentage, or naturalization after residing in a State for three months. Nationals are free to move around and seek employment within the United States without immigration restrictions, but cannot vote or hold office outside American Samoa.

Taxation
Residents of the five major populated insular areas do not pay U.S. federal income taxes but are required to pay other U.S. federal taxes such as import and export taxes, federal commodity taxes, Social Security taxes, etc. Individuals working for the federal government pay federal income taxes while all residents are required to pay federal payroll taxes (Social Security and Medicare). According to IRS Publication 570, income from other U.S. Pacific Ocean insular areas (Howland, Baker, Jarvis, Johnston, Midway, Palmyra, and Wake Islands, and Kingman Reef) is fully taxable as income of United States residents.

Puerto Rico is inside the main domestic customs territory of the United States, but the other insular areas are outside it; tariff treatment varies (see ).

Associated states
The U.S. State Department and the U.S. Code also use the term "insular area" to refer not only to territories under the sovereignty of the United States, but also those independent nations that have signed a Compact of Free Association with the United States. While these nations participate in many otherwise domestic programs, and full responsibility for their military defense rests with the United States, they are legally distinct from the United States and their inhabitants are neither U.S. citizens nor nationals.

Current insular areas by status
The following islands, or island groups, are considered insular areas:

Incorporated organized territories
None

Incorporated unorganized territory
One (uninhabited)

 * Palmyra Atoll – U.S. Territory of Palmyra Island (mostly owned by the Federal Government and The Nature Conservancy; administered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service)

Unincorporated organized territories

Four (inhabited)

 * 🇬🇺 Guam (organized under the Guam Organic Act of 1950)
 * 🇲🇵 Northern Mariana Islands (Commonwealth, organized under the 1975 Covenant)
 * 🇵🇷 Puerto Rico (Commonwealth, organized under the 1900 Foraker Act)
 * U.S. Virgin Islands (organized under the 1954 Revised Organic Act of the Virgin Islands)

Unincorporated unorganized territories

One (inhabited)

 * 🇦🇸 American Samoa (self-governing even though officially unorganized and under the authority of the U.S. Department of the Interior)

Six (uninhabited)

 * Baker Island (administered as a National Wildlife Refuge)
 * Howland Island (administered as a National Wildlife Refuge)
 * Jarvis Island (administered as a National Wildlife Refuge)
 * Johnston Atoll (administered as a National Wildlife Refuge)
 * Kingman Reef (administered as a National Wildlife Refuge)
 * Midway Atoll (administered as a National Wildlife Refuge)

Two (uninhabited, disputed)

 * Navassa Island (administered as a National Wildlife Refuge; claimed by Haiti)
 * Wake Island (administered by the U.S. Air Force; claimed by the Marshall Islands)

Claimed territories
Two (uninhabited, disputed)

 * Bajo Nuevo Bank (disputed with Colombia; administered by Colombia)
 * Serranilla Bank (disputed with Colombia and Honduras; administered by Colombia)

Freely associated states
Three sovereign UN member states which were all formerly in the U.S. administered United Nations Trust Territory and are currently in free association with the United States. The U.S. provides national defense, funding, and access to social services.

 * 🇲🇭 Marshall Islands
 * 🇫🇲 Micronesia
 * 🇵🇼 Palau

After achieving independence from the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, these states are no longer under U.S. sovereignty and thus not considered part of the United States. Some programs in these states are administered by the U.S. Office of Insular Affairs, along with other federal entities such as the Department of Defense.

Former insular areas

 * Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands: U.N. trust territory administered by the U.S.; included the Marshall Islands, the Federated States of Micronesia, Palau, and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands.
 * 🇵🇭 Philippines: military government, 1899–1902; insular government, 1902–1935; commonwealth government, 1935–1942 and 1945–1946 (islands under Japanese occupation, 1942–1945 and puppet state, 1943–1945); granted independence on July 4, 1946, by the Treaty of Manila.
 * 🇵🇷 Puerto Rico: military government, 1899–1900; insular government, 1900–1952; became a commonwealth on July 25, 1952.
 * 🇬🇺 Guam: naval government, 1899–1941 and 1944–50 (island under Japanese occupation, 1941–1944); territory organized by the Guam Organic Act of 1950.
 * Hawaii: republic government, 1898–1900; territorial government, 1900–1959; became the State of Hawaii and the incorporated, unorganized territory of Palmyra Atoll on August 21, 1959.
 * Swan Islands (1863–1972): claimed by the U.S. under the Guano Islands Act; sovereignty ceded to Honduras in a 1972 treaty.
 * Serrana Bank, Quita Sueño Bank and Roncador Bank: claimed by the U.S. under the Guano Islands Act; claims ceded to Colombia.
 * Caroline Island, Kirimati, Flint Island, Malden Island, Starbuck Island, Vostok Island, Birnie Island, Gardner Island, Orona, McKean Island, Manra, Rawaki, Canton Island and Enderbury Island: claimed by the U.S. under the Guano Islands Act; claims ceded to Kiribati.
 * Funafuti, Nukufetau, Nukulaelae and Niulakita: claimed by the U.S. under the Guano Islands Act; claims ceded to Tuvalu.
 * Pukapuka, Manihiki, Penrhyn and Rakahanga: claimed by the U.S. under the Guano Islands Act; claims ceded to the Cook Islands.
 * Atafu, Fakaofo and Nukunonu: claimed by the U.S. under the Guano Islands Act; claims ceded to Tokelau.

title: Insular area