text:
A Mighty Wind

A Mighty Wind is a 2003 American mockumentary comedy film about a folk music reunion concert in which three folk bands reunite for a television performance for the first time in decades. Co-written (with Eugene Levy), directed, and composed by Christopher Guest, the film is widely acknowledged to reference folk music producer Harold Leventhal as the inspiration for the character of Irving Steinbloom and more broadly parodies the American folk music revival of the early 1960s and its personalities.

Guest co-stars and reunites many of his company of actors from This Is Spinal Tap, Waiting for Guffman, and Best in Show for this film, including Eugene Levy, Catherine O'Hara, Michael McKean, Harry Shearer, Fred Willard, Bob Balaban, Ed Begley Jr., Jennifer Coolidge, John Michael Higgins, Jane Lynch and Parker Posey.

Plot
After fictional folk music producer Irving Steinbloom dies, his children Jonathan, Naomi, and Elliott organize a memorial concert, which they hope to feature his three most famous acts: The Folksmen, The New Main Street Singers, and Mitch & Mickey.

The Folksmen trio — Mark Shubb, Alan Barrows, and Jerry Palter — were once the most popular of the acts but have not appeared together in decades. They had several minor hits, and their most famous song was "Old Joe's Place." Despite not playing or seeing each other for many years, their reunion is very positive and full of good memories, so they diligently begin rehearsing for the concert. Although some tension arises over whether to include "Skeletons of Quinto", a convoluted, somber song about the Spanish Civil War, in their otherwise upbeat set list, they clearly enjoy working together again.

The New Main Street Singers are the second generation of the original Main Street Singers, formed by George Menschell, the only living member of the original group, who sings and holds a guitar he cannot play. Performers include Terry Bohner and his wife Laurie, a former adult film star, now founders of Witches in Nature's Colors (WINC), a coven of modern-day witches that worships the power of color, and former juvenile delinquent Sissy Knox, the daughter of Fred Knox, one of the original Main Street Singers. Their manager, Mike LaFontaine, most famously appeared in a short-lived and mostly forgotten 1970 sitcom, Wha' Happened?, but is constantly puzzling others by quoting his character Li'l Eddie Dees' catchphrases, including the show's title, which was its tagline. The group is known for their complex harmonies, forming what Menschell terms a "neuftet".

Mitch Cohen and Mickey Crabbe appeared as Mitch & Mickey, a former couple that released seven albums and ended performances of their most famous song, "A Kiss at the End of the Rainbow," by kissing each other. After a dramatic break-up years before the events of the film, Mickey seemingly moved on and has married a medical supply salesman, but Mitch broke down emotionally and has never fully recovered. As the pair reunite and rehearse, romantic tension and personal regrets repeatedly imperil their participation in the concert.

The three groups, all of whom have sunk to various levels of musical irrelevance since their respective heyday, agree to the reunion performance, to be held at The Town Hall in New York and televised live on the PBS-like station PBN. The acts rehearse for the show and participate in interviews discussing their activities over the previous years and their feelings about performing again.

The show itself proceeds with only two hitches: the intended opening song for The Folksmen's set is played first by the New Main Street Singers (a song called "Never Did No Wanderin'", which the Folksmen sing in a rugged, emotional manner consistent with the spirit of the song, while the New Main Street Singers perform it in their usual peppy, carefree way), and Mitch temporarily disappears minutes before he and Mickey are to perform, forcing the Folksmen to extend their set. It turns out that Mitch had gone to buy a rose for Mickey, which she gratefully accepts as they go on stage. They perform "A Kiss at the End of the Rainbow", and after a suspenseful pause, they do the much-anticipated kiss at the end. In the finale, all three acts sing "A Mighty Wind" together.

Six months after the concert, many of the performers detail subsequent events via interviews. Mickey is performing "The Sure-Flo Song" (about a medical device used for bladder control) at her husband Leonard's trade show booth, while Mitch is writing poetry again, claiming to be in a "prolific phase". Mickey claims that Mitch overreacted to their onstage kiss, while Mitch insists that he no longer has feelings for Mickey, but had worried that Mickey's feelings for him might have returned. LaFontaine is trying to drum up interest for a sitcom called "Supreme Folk", in which the New Main Street Singers star as characters who are Supreme Court judges by day and folk singers sharing a house by night. The Folksmen have reunited, but Mark Shubb, now a transgender woman named Marta, has revamped her wardrobe and continues to sing in her deep bass voice, followed now by a girlish giggle.

Origins
Guest, McKean and Shearer first appeared as The Folksmen in a season 10 episode of Saturday Night Live that aired on November 3, 1984, when Guest and Shearer were both repertory cast members of the show and McKean was that week's host. Earlier that year, Guest, McKean and Shearer had appeared as the titular group in the mockumentary This Is Spinal Tap, a parody of aging heavy metal bands. McKean later stated, "I came and hosted a show, and in lieu of another 'Tap' piece, we did these guys."

The Folksmen later appeared in Spinal Tap's 1992 TV special, The Return of Spinal Tap, and the original concept for A Mighty Wind was to give The Folksmen their own narrative vehicle.

Development
"A Kiss at the End of the Rainbow", which was composed for the film by Michael McKean and wife Annette O'Toole, was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Song.

In the commentary for the DVD release, Christopher Guest and Eugene Levy noted that, in a scene cut from the finished movie, it is explained that Menschell cannot play the guitar. However, just before a performance of the original Main Street Singers, he stained his shirt front and covered it up by holding a guitar for the performance, something he continued to do for all subsequent performances.

Soundtrack
The official soundtrack, titled A Mighty Wind: The Album, was released on April 8, 2003, shortly before the film's premiere. It peaked at number 20 on the Billboard Top Soundtracks chart.

Credits adapted from the album's liner notes and AllMusic.

Promotional tour
Following the release of the film, the cast performed a show in character at the Getty Center in Los Angeles. This was followed by a seven-city U.S. tour in the fall of 2003 to promote the release of the film on DVD. The tour dates were: Philadelphia (Tower Theater, September 19), New York City (The Town Hall, September 20), Washington, D.C. (9:30 Club, September 21), Boston (Orpheum Theatre, September 22), Los Angeles (Wilshire Theatre, November 8), San Francisco (Warfield Theatre, November 9) and Seattle (McCaw Hall, November 14), with an additional performance in Vancouver, BC.

Critical response
The film received mostly positive reviews. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 87% based on reviews from 175 critics, and an average rating of 7.35/10, with the sites consensus, "Though not as uproariously funny as Guest's previous movies, A Mighty Wind is also more heartfelt." On Metacritic the film has a score of 81% based on reviews from 40 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".

San Francisco Chronicle's Mick LaSalle stated that it "gently caricatures the folk music scene with dozens of delicate brush strokes, creating a picture that's increasingly, gloriously funny – as in entire lines of dialogue are lost because the audience's laughing so hard." The review also displayed a drawing of the newspaper's character of The Little Man giving a standing ovation (the Chronicle's equivalent of a five-star rating). Roger Ebert stated that "though there were many times when I laughed", "the edge is missing from Guest's usual style" perhaps because he "is too fond of the characters". Ebert gave the film two-and-a-half stars out of four.

Awards
Michael McKean and Annette O'Toole were nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song, for the song "A Kiss at the End of the Rainbow," which was performed at the 76th Academy Awards by Levy and O'Hara (in character). "A Mighty Wind" won the Best Song Written for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media award for Christopher Guest, Eugene Levy, and Michael McKean at the 46th Grammy Awards.

Box office
The film had a moderate intake for its opening day in April 2003, grossing $307,931 in total. It went on to gross $2,112,140 in 133 theatres for an average of $15,880 per theatre. With a domestic total of $17,583,468 and an international total of $969,240, the film brought in a total of $18,750,246 during its theatrical run.

title: A Mighty Wind


text:
Kananaskis Country

Kananaskis Country (abbreviated: K-Country) is a multi-use area west of Calgary, Alberta, Canada in the foothills and front ranges of the Canadian Rockies. The area is named for the Kananaskis River, which was named by John Palliser in 1858 after a Cree acquaintance. Covering an area of approximately 4000 sqkm, Kananaskis Country was formed by the Alberta Government in 1978 to provide an assortment of land uses and designations. Land uses include resource extraction activities (such as forestry, cattle grazing, water, oil and gas), recreation, power generation, and residential communities. Land designations include public land and protected areas.

Administration and purpose
The area, which now includes Kananaskis Country, has been administered since 1945 as Improvement District No. 5 (Kananaskis). It was established by the Municipal Affairs branch of the Alberta Government for multiple uses including logging, gas and oil extraction, cattle grazing, recreation and tourism. All activities are planned and facilities are developed with watershed protection as a priority.

Not all areas of Kananaskis Country are covered by the same measure of protection. Areas within Kananaskis Country include provincial parks, provincial recreation areas, wildland provincial parks, ecological reserves and Crown land. All of the aforementioned categories are governed by differing laws.

A management plan approved in March 2003 by the Kananaskis Country restricts further development in the Spray Valley Provincial Park area to preserve the ecological integrity. Restrictions were imposed on off-road vehicles, snowmobiles, horseback riding and biking, however a site in the Spray Valley is considered for the construction of a small lodge.

Kananaskis Country includes four areas of Crown land (also known as provincial land or public land) called Public Land Use Zones (PLUZ). The largest is the Kananaskis Country Public Land Use Zone which takes up over a quarter of Kananaskis Country's land area. The other public land uses zones are Sibbald, Cataract, and McLean. Land use zones do not include provincial parks or provincial recreation areas. Each Public Land Use Zone is managed differently, but permitted activities may include cattle grazing, trapping, mining, oil and gas exploration and production, logging, pipelines, cultivation, or commercial recreation operations. Recreational uses such as camping, mountain biking, hunting, hiking, horseback riding, and skiing are permitted with certain limitations. Motorized recreation is permitted in all zones except Kananaskis Country Public Land Use Zone.

In June 2021, the Alberta Government implemented user fees for all personal and commercial vehicles stopping in Kananaskis Country. The fees, known as a conservation pass, are meant to provide more conservation and safety measures, and improve services and facilities. The fee does not apply to the McLean Land Use Zone, which caters to motorized recreation.

Recreation and tourism
Although Kananaskis Country is a multi-use area, it is noted for recreation and tourism. One of the reasons the area was established was to "alleviate congestion in national parks, and to provide greater recreation opportunities for Albertans".

Recreation facilities in Kananaskis include several campgrounds, a golf course, a hotel, a holiday ranch, two alpine ski areas (Nakiska, which hosted alpine skiing and freestyle moguls skiing during the 1988 Winter Olympics and Fortress Mountain Resort and a competitive cross-country ski area, the Canmore Nordic Centre) that the public can use. The Canmore Nordic Centre was the venue for cross-country skiing events during the 1988 Winter Olympics. Most of the development is within Peter Lougheed Provincial Park and along the highway 40 corridor that parallels the Kananaskis River. Kananaskis has many kilometres of hiking, cross-country ski, and horse trails. Other activities popular in Kananaskis include mountain biking, scrambling, climbing, backpacking, hunting, and fishing.

Parks
Several parks and campgrounds and one ecological reserve are located within Kananaskis. These include:

 * Bluerock Wildland Provincial Park
 * Bow Valley Provincial Park
 * Bow Valley Wildland Provincial Park
 * Bragg Creek Provincial Park
 * Canmore Nordic Centre Provincial Park
 * Don Getty Wildland Provincial Park
 * Elbow-Sheep Wildland Provincial Park
 * Peter Lougheed Provincial Park
 * Plateau Mountain Ecological Reserve
 * Sheep River Provincial Park
 * Spray Valley Provincial Park

Special areas within Kananaskis Country that are not formally designated as parks or ecological reserves include the Bow Corridor Area, the Elbow River Valley Area, Evan-Thomas Provincial Recreation Area, the Highwood/Cataract Areas, Sentinel Provincial Recreation Area, Stoney Creek Provincial Recreation Area, Strawberry Provincial Recreation Area and the Sibbald Area (Sibbald Lake Provincial Recreation Area, Sibbald Meadows Pond Provincial Recreation Area).

Special facilities
A University of Calgary ecological and environmental research station is located nearby, at Barrier Lake. A "Tim Horton Children's Foundation" summer camp is also located in the area. Easter Seals Camp Horizon is located within Kananaskis along Highway 66. A YMCA summer camp, Camp Chief Hector, is located alongside the Trans-Canada Highway near exit 114. William Watson Lodge, a facility for people with disabilities, seniors, and their families is located in Peter Lougheed Provincial Park.

Access
Kananaskis Country can be accessed by five main highways that run into or through the area: Highway 40, a 66 km segment of the Bighorn Highway and also known as Kananaskis Trail; Highway 66, a 28 km highway originating near Bragg Creek known as Elbow Falls Trail; Highway 68, a 42 km gravel highway originating from the Trans-Canada Highway (Highway 1) known as Sibbald Creek Trail; Highway 546, west of Turner Valley; and Highway 549 west of Millarville.

28th G8 Summit in Canada
On June 26 and June 27, 2002, the area hosted the 28th G8 Summit. This annual "Group of 8" Summit was held in Kananaskis Village at the Kananaskis Resort (also called the "Delta Lodge at Kananaskis"). This was the second time Canada used a lodge venue for the G8 Summit, after its inaugural 7th G7 Summit at Montebello, Quebec in 1981. So far, it is the only G8 Summit to be held in western Canada. The 2002 conference pumped some $300-million into the Kananaskis and Alberta economy; however, security cost taxpayers in excess of $200-million.

Climate
Kananaskis experiences a subarctic climate (Köppen climate classification Dfc).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Kananaskis Country


text:
User:Wikibob/todo

Loof for PD images for these artists:
 * Yves Tanguy
 * Category:Surrealists

Understand when an image becomes Public domain for various countries, for works made by a single person (not a group, not a corporation and not anonymously) - to be resaerched later, database errors permitting:

Country       Date published  Author's death  Date enters Public Domain? -               United States  up to 1923       any year       PD already United States 1923 to 1963     any year       2019 if renewals filed United States 1923 to 1963     any year       2019 if in copyright in 1998 United States 1923 to 1963     any year       PD if in PD in 1998

Berne-C-States 1924            1924           1975 to              to             to                1933             1933           1981 ? 1934            1934           1982 ? or 2019 ?

Soviet Union  up to 1973       any year       PD because unenforceable? after 1973      any year       ? Bern-C-States = States agreeing to the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works

Copyright Expiration Day - old text
In the United States, the copyright law causes all copyrighted works which have reached the end of their term of copyright protection to fall into the public domain on January 1 of the appropriate year.

Due to the accession by the United States to the Berne Convention (Berne Union treaty), the U.S. originally changed its laws to have all works created by an author fall out of copyright (into the public domain) at the same time, January 1, 50 years after they died, or either 75 years after publication or 100 years after creation, whichever is shorter, if the author was not a natural person or was a collective work or work for hire.

This was later changed as a result of the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act which increased protections for copyright holders by 20 years to harmonize with the WIPO Copyright Treaty and the equivalent extension made to the 1993 revisions to the Berne Convention.

As a result of these changes, in the case of a work created by an individual, the work goes into the public domain on January 1, 70 years after the author dies. Where the work is a joint effort of two or more authors, it goes into the public domain on January 1, 70 years after the death of the last surviving joint author.

In the case of a work made for hire, a pseudonymous work, or a collective work, the work goes into the public domain on January 1, 95 years after the date of first publication, or 120 years after creation, whichever is shorter.

background Piper Alpha
de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piper Alpha en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piper Alpha

http://www.seacomcanada.com/paeng.htm Occidental Petroleum made approximately £3.5m ($6.25 Million US) a day from Piper Alpha which, at its peak, accounted for 10% of the UK's North Sea oil production.

Estimates have since placed the cost to Occidental Petroleum at more than £8.5 Billion (15.2 Billion US).

APPENDIX TO THE OPINIONS OF THE JUDGES in RECLAIMING MOTIONS in the causes CALEDONIA NORTH SEA LIMITED Pursuers and Reclaimers; Against

Verification: The Piper Alpha was a North Sea oil production platform operated by Occidental Petroleum (Caledonia) Ltd and Texaco,
 * Appendix 1.2 Parties
 * This company were formerly known inter alios as Occidental Petroleum (Caledonia) Ltd (hereinafter referred to as OPCAL). ... In 1988 at the time of the accident OPCAL were the Operators of the Piper Alpha and Claymore oil production platform

 * By the date of the accident in 1988 the Participants were OPCAL (successors to the original interest of OPUK), Texaco Britain Ltd (successors to the original interest of Getty Oil International (England) Ltd.), Union Texas Petroleum Ltd (successors to the original interest of Allied Chemical (Great Britain) Ltd.), and Thomson North Sea Ltd. (successors to the original interest of Thomson Scottish Associates Ltd.)
 * Their respective shares in the Piper Alpha operations were as follows: OPCAL’s share was 36.5%, Texaco’s share was 23.5%, Union Texas Petroleum’s share was 20%, and Thomson’s share was 20%.

Questions rate of oil and gas production in 1988, and other years - see dti links oil and gas pipeline connections, also see dti

MCP-01 ^                           :                            | Flotta <---T--- Piper |                   \                       Claymore \                          Tartan

impact calculations
When a 1 cm particle hits Stardust (spacecraft) at x metres per second, how much energy is released and how much momentum is exchanged? Assume particle hits spacecraft at relative velocity v, and is fully absorbed by the Whipple shields. Kinetic Energy = 0.5 m v^2

Total momentum before impact = M0 + mv (relative to spacecraft it was travelling 0 metres per second) must equal momentum after impact = (M+m)V where V is small but nonzero, V=mv/(M+m)

volume = 4/3 (PI r^3) = 0.52 cubic cm

 * case A a 1 cm sphere of ice mass 0.5 gramme, 0.5 x 10^-3 kg
 * case B a 1 cm sphere of rock density 3 most likely for a meterorite mass 1.5 gramme, 1.5 x 10^-3 kg
 * case C a 1 cm sphere of iron ore density 5 mass 2.5 gramme, 2.5 x 10^-3 kg
 * Stardust flew by the comet at 6,1 km/s or 6100 metres per second
 * M=380kg although some of the included 80 kg of propellant will have been used

case m        v          V=mv/(M+m) -- A    0.5e-3   6100

to be continued

temporary copy from description of Image:Redcly182.jpg
A photograph of the 1914 September 26 letters page of the newspaper Forward showing a letter by John Maclean MA, entitled The Attitude of the B.S.P. (B.S.P. was the British Socialist Party). J. Maclean had earlier sent the same letter body text to Justice, on 17th September 1914.

 * Image source: http://gdl.cdlr.strath.ac.uk/redclyde/images/redcly182.jpg
 * Source: http://gdl.cdlr.strath.ac.uk/redclyde/redcly182.htm
 * Transcript: The_attitude_of_the_B.S.P._by_John_Maclean

Research Collections @ Glasgow Caledonian University (including the Gallacher Memorial Library) like GDL have no objection to the non-commercial use, on wikipedia, of its images so long as you acknowledge that the originals of these images are located in the Gallacher Memorial Library.

Thanks for contacting us and I hope this reply is of some help to you.

Philip Wallace Senior Assistant Research Collections @ Glasgow Caledonian University (T: 0141 273 1186, E: T.Wallace@gcal.ac.uk)

Move Dore gallery to Commons
Slowly move the Dore images from wikipedia's English Bible gallery to commons and upload to commons better images from: http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/8/7/7/8779/8779-h/images/01-002.jpg full illustrated text from http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/8/7/7/8779/8779-h/8779-h.htm

Templates in progress

 * User:Wikibob/District (Swiss)
 * Template:Image description only used by me, so one day change uses to a standard template
 * Template:GFDL image description ditto
 * Template:Infobox ground-based telescope only used in two articles...

Orphans adopted

 * Kenneth Richey now linked by List of reversed death sentences
 * User:Wikibob/Saint Petersburg | User:Wikibob/Saint Petersburg 1 | User:Wikibob/Saint Petersburg 2 | User:Wikibob/Saint Petersburg 3 being used to merge de: data into en:

Wiki farms

 * User:Wikibob/Wiki Farms tests accessibility of a few Wiki farms.

calendars
horizontal calendar, better calendar
 * vertical calendar,

msg syntax (see here) that isn't here, yet:

Edward Frederick Brewtnall paintings

 * A Visit to the Witch
 * A Visit to the Witch (detail)
 * Little Red Riding Hood
 * Sinbad
 * Sleeping Beauty painting
 * The Bailiff's Daughter of Islington
 * The Princess and the Frog Prince
 * Under the Mistletoe
 * Where Next?
 * Wimbledon Tennis Party
 * The Honeymooners

Precising Rapunzel from the German 1857 version into English
User:Wikibob/Rapunel_precis, now redundant as someone has done it better.

Italy
Como Chiavare, Italy Lavagna, Italy http://www.comune.lavagna.ge.it/link.htm Liguria/RivieraTigullio/Chiavari/

Titan notes
Huygens finds atmospheric pressure at 18 km (11 to 12 miles) altitude measured about 50 kilo Pascals (7.3 pounds per square inch). Earth has about 100 kilo Pascals at sea level, and pressure drops by about 50% for each 5 km altitude.

Altitude  Earth    Titan - ground    100      150 5 km      50 10 km      25 15 km      12 18 km       9       50 20 km       6

very approximate Titan atmospheric density with altitude, from Yelle model.

Altitude  Earth            Titan - ground    283K 1.2 kg/m3   93K 0.006 g/cm3  =6 kg/m3 5 km    250K 0.72 kg/m3 10 km    218K 0.4 kg/m3 Press=265 mb 20 km                       ?K 0.002 g/cm3  =2 kg/m3 40 km                      ?K 0.0008 g/cm3 =0.8 kg/m3 50 km                      ?K 0.0005 g/cm3 =0.5 kg/m3 100 km                      ?K 0.00002 g/cm3 = 0.02 kg/m3 200 km                      ?K 0.0000015 g/cm3 = 0.0015 kg/m3

At 10 km, p=p0.(1- 65/218) ** (290/(8.3 * 6.5)) p=101325 Pa (0.7)** 5.375 p=14897 Pa density = p/(R*T) = 14897/(8.314 * 218) = what units? Density of air article has wrong formula! density = p*M/(R*T*1000) = (14897*29)/(8.314 * 218 * 1000) density = 0.238 kg/m3 (at 10 km altitude)

Huygens probe early results
Quick and dirty transcription of Claudio Sollazzo transcript.

Claudio Sollazzo is head of Huygens operations unit, who has been babysitting the probe for many years, from ESA, from GPL. As Jean Pierre (sp?) has announced we have seen data from at least the first half hour of descent. During entry phase. Parachute deployed 15 seconds earlier than prediction, very close to expected profile. We are waiting to see the History data, the telemetry that was recorded on the probe before even the back cover came off so we can reconstruct the atmospheric entry phase.

From Chain B batteries are Ok, computer, software and instrument states are all good. Internal probe temperature was 25 degrees C, while outside was -180 degrees C, so our instruments were operating in a mild temperature. This explains the long life of the probe on the the ground.

The spin rate started at 9.5 revolutions per minute. and by the time we left it was 4.3 revolutions per minute. The variations told us that the third parachute was deployed correctly. When we left the probe was at 50 km altitude, and the radar altimeter was to be locked (?).

We have little information from Chain A, which we are investigating. The chains are totally independent, meaning there are effectively two independent probe, within the same housing - there is full redundancy.

The counter of lost packets was zero, meaning no packets were lost during the probe's transmission. Applause.

Audio ends at this point.

Decoding Mars images
Mars Exploration Rover image's filename can be decoded using JPL Nasa's notes as follows. The filename 1N156861737EFF4000P0605L0M1 means:

1 = Opportunity 1   Spacecraft ID        1 = Opportunity 2 = Spirit

N = NAVCAM 2   Camera F = Forward HAZCAM R = Rear HAZCAM N = NAVCAM P = PANCAM M = Microscopic Imager E - EDLcam (Descent Imager)

156861737 seconds = 1 815.52936 days = 4.97075466 years. January 1, 2000 at 11:58:55.816 UTC is 946724335 seconds. 946724335 + 156861737 seconds is 2004-12-21 0:41:12 3 to 11  Spacecraft clock This is the number of seconds since January 1, 2000 at 11:58:55.816 UTC.

EFF = full frame EDR 12 to 14 Product type a) Beginning E - Type of EDR, which are raw with no camera           model  linearization or radiometric correction. If no            beginning E, then it is a Reduced Data Record (RDR).

40 15 to 16 Site number Site location count (indicates rover's location). Valid values: 00, 01, 02,...99, A0, A1,..., A9, AA, AB...etc.

00 17 to 18 Drive number Position-within-Site count (indicates rover's position within site) Valid values: 00, 01, 02,...99, A0, A1,..., A9, AA, AB...etc.

'''P = PMA & Remote Sensing instr. (Pancam, Navcam, Hazcam, MI, Mini-TES)''' 19 to 23 Command sequence number (one letter, 4 numbers) Denotes a group of images that were all obtained within a   single command sequence.

0605 = 0500 through 0999 - Unallocated, for possible future use

L = Left Camera eye

0 = Camera Filter (PANCAM only, 0 otherwise)

M = Product producer MIPL (OPGS) at JPL

1 = Product version number

webcomics
John Allison Pete Abrams Sluggy Freelance Brunostrip (1996 to 2004 continuing) Bruno by Christopher Baldwin 1996 January 01-2004 March 02 Bruno comic timeline

Expand Near Earth Asteroid Tracking.

Maps

 * Blank maps
 * Image:Blank_map_of_world_no_country_borders.PNG
 * Image:Falkland island detail.png used to make:
 * Image:Falkland island san carlos landing.png
 * Image:Falkland island after goose green.png
 * Image:Map Falkland longdon small.png

Maps I've uploaded from CIA World Factbook (public domain)
 * Image:Fp-map.gif

Maps others have uploaded from CIA World Factbook
 * Image:Oceania.jpg
 * Image:Pacificocean.PNGlooks identical to

Example Google Map Image search

Great circle mapper with ETOPS flight rule selection and airport locator.

Images
See User:Wikibob/Images

Todo
Notes on Jules Verne 1828 born in Nantes 11 year old stole aboard boat to India, caught by his father Paris in the 20th century manuscript found in safe published 1994 about faxes, copying machines hero is Michel ... impoverished writer.

manuscript was rejected by publishers

joined group named the 11 without women worked in theatre, studied geology, geography, ... after marriage worked in stock exchange and hated it balloonist felix touracean? NADAR 1863 wrote 5 weeks in a balloon, published by Hetzel new novel titled Voyages Extradinaire

1886 shot by his own nephew death of his publisher piere hetzel and his mother the next year

elected as town councillor the year of 2829

verne turns to death castle of carpathians 1892 lord of castle infatuated with opera singer but it's just a hologram and recording

new article on the Britain - Australian Toulmin packet mail service 1844-1848.

Chase French copyright on some nice old photos of Annecy, France following wiki's PD list, find out whether the French Caisse nationale des Monuments historiques copyright allows use of images. Is there a Wiki group that looks at this?

Copyright notice says:

Type : image fixe, recueil de pièces

Auteur(s) :  Seeberger frères. Photographe Titre(s) :  [Chamonix, Haute-Savoie, et région Rhône-Alpes, 1900-1925] [Image fixe numérisée] / Frères Séeberger, photogr. Publication : [St Cyr] : [Direction du Patrimoine. Archives du patrimoine photographique], [1900-1925] Description matérielle : 28 photogr. pos. sur film (internégatifs) et 4 photogr. neg. sur verre : n. et b. ; 13 x 18 cm Note(s) :  Acq. : Archives photographiques (Médiathèque du Patrimoine) (c) Caisse nationale des Monuments historiques Tournage : 19000000-19250000 Sujet(s) :  Grande Chartreuse Logement rural Randonnée pédestre Tramways Marchés Vie religieuse et monastique Ponts Gares Annecy (Haute-Savoie) -- Scènes Annecy, Lac de (France) Chamonix-Mont-Blanc (Haute-Savoie) Mer de Glace (France) Grenoble (Isère) Chambéry (Savoie) Domaine(s) :  Société ; Tourisme ;

Notice n° : FRBNF38497067

Phishing
User:Wikibob/Phishing

Sandbox
User:Wikibob/Sandbox

Audio Video clips
BBC World service Discovery programme with Jeffrey Hoffman on the Shuttle: pnm://rmv8.bbc.net.uk/worldservice/discovery.ra?title="Discovery"

Many BBC Dr Who clips links appear to be broken, or the webserver is. Here are a few that worked 2004 July 11.

http://www.bbc.co.uk/cult/ilove/tv/titles/realmedia/drwho2.ram

rtsp://rmv8.bbc.net.uk/cult/clips/drwho3.rm

Here is a compilation playlist file that worked with Real Audio.

rtsp://rmv8.bbc.net.uk/cult/titles/drwho1.rm rtsp://rmv8.bbc.net.uk/cult/titles/drwho2.rm rtsp://rmv8.bbc.net.uk/cult/titles/drwho3.rm rtsp://rmv8.bbc.net.uk/cult/titles/drwho4.rm

Reference:

pnm://server.address.here:1234/realmedia.rm ?title=My Song &author=My Artist &copyright=2004 My Company &abstract=Under the (i) button!

rtsp://rmv8.bbc.net.uk/cult/titles/drwho1.rm?title=DrWho1&author="My Artist"&copyright="2004 My Company"&abstract="Under the (i) button!"

These clips appear not to work http://www.bbc.co.uk/cult/doctorwho/clips/first.shtml

http://www.bbc.co.uk/cult/ilove/tv/titles/realmedia/drwho1.ram

http://www.bbc.co.uk/cult/ilove/tv/titles/realmedia/drwho2.ram

http://www.bbc.co.uk/cult/ilove/tv/titles/realmedia/drwho3.ram

http://www.bbc.co.uk/cult/ilove/tv/titles/realmedia/drwho4.ram

http://www.bbc.co.uk/cult/doctorwho/clips/realmedia/unearthly.ram

http://www.bbc.co.uk/cult/ilove/tv/titles/drwho4.shtml

Sergo Zaqariadze
Notes.

DVD includes Parade on Red Square, 7 November 1941 and Victory Celebration

http://actors.khv.ru/z/zakariadze.htm has Серго Закариадзе 1 июля 1909 - 13 апреля 1971

В 1926 г. начал свою сценическую деятельность в Театре им. Руставели (Тбилиси). С 1928 г - актер 2-го Государственного театра в Кутаиси (впоследствии Театр имени К. Марджанишвили). В 1956 г. возвращается в Театр имени Руставели. Народный артист СССР (1958). Лауреат Ленинской (1960) и Государственной премий (1946, 1952). Лауреат Всесоюзного кинофестиваля в номинации "Первый приз за мужскую роль" за 1960 год. Серебряная премия Московского МКФ в 1965 г. По морям ходит корабль "Серго Закариадзе", приписанный к Новороссийскому морскому пароходству.

Снимался в фильмах:

* Последние крестоносцы (1933) * Дарико (1937) * Родина (1940) * Дружба (1941) * Георгий Саакадзе (1943) * Кутузов (1943) * Великий воин Албании Скандербег (1953) * День последний, день первый (1959) * Морская тропа (1962) * Палиастоми (1964) * Отец солдата (1964) * Встреча с прошлым (1966) * Не горюй! (1969)   * Ватерлоо (1970) СССР/Италия * Скоро придет весна (?)

Ссылки:

* Gazeta.ru. Ну и денек!

Babelised:

Sergo To zakariadze on 1 July 1909 - on 13 April 1971 In 1926 began its stage activity in the theater im. Rustavelli (Tbilisi). With 1928 g - actor 2- GO of state theater in Kutaisi (subsequently theater im. K. Mardjanishvili). In 1956 Rustavelli returns to the theater to name. People artist OF THE USSR (1958). Laureate Leninskoy (1960) and State Prize (1946, 1952). Laureate of All-Union film festival in the nomination the "first prize for the man role" in 1960. The silver reward of Moscow MKF in 1965 on the seas walks ship "sergo Zakariadze", assigned to Novorossisk sea steam navigation. It were removed in the films: * last crusaders (1933) * Dariko (1937) * native land (1940) * friendship (1941) * of Georgiy saakadze (1943) * Kutuzov (1943) * the great soldier of Albania Skanderbeg (1953) * day the latter, day the first (1959) * sea path (1962) * By paliastomi (1964) * the father of soldier (1964) * encounter with the past (1966) * do not grieve! (1969) * Waterloo (1970) SSSR/Italiya * soon will arrive spring (?) References: * Gazeta.ru. Well and day!

Old stuff deleted

 * Alexa traffic links 19:01, 2004 Jun 12 (UTC)

title: User:Wikibob/todo


text:
Telesphorus

Telesphorus can refer to:

 * Telesphorus (general), 4th century BC general in ancient Greece
 * Pope Telesphorus (died c. 137), Catholic pope and Catholic and Orthodox saint
 * Telesphorus of Cosenza, a name assumed by a 14th-century pseudo-prophet during the time of the Western Schism
 * Telesphorus (mythology), an ancient Greek minor god

title: Telesphorus


text:
Sky island

Sky islands are isolated mountains surrounded by radically different lowland environments. The term originally referred to those found on the Mexican Plateau and has extended to similarly isolated high-elevation forests. The isolation has significant implications for these natural habitats. The American Southwest region began warming up between c. 20,000 and 10,000 years BP and atmospheric temperatures increased substantially, resulting in the formation of vast deserts that isolated the sky islands. Endemism, altitudinal migration, and relict populations are some of the natural phenomena to be found on sky islands.

The complex dynamics of species richness on sky islands draws attention from the discipline of biogeography, and likewise the biodiversity is of concern to conservation biology. One of the key elements of a sky island is separation by physical distance from the other mountain ranges, resulting in a habitat island, such as a forest surrounded by desert.

Some sky islands serve as refugia for boreal species stranded by warming climates since the last glacial period. In other cases, localized populations of plants and animals tend towards speciation, similar to oceanic islands such as the Galápagos Islands of Ecuador.

Etymology
Herpetologist Edward H. Taylor presented the concept of "Islands" on the Mexican Plateau in 1940 at the 8th American Scientific Congress in Washington, D. C. His abstract on the topic was published in 1942.

The sky island concept was later applied in 1943 when Natt N. Dodge, in an article in Arizona Highways magazine, referred to the Chiricahua Mountains in southeastern Arizona as a "mountain island in a desert sea".

In about the same era, the term was used to refer to high alpine, unglaciated, ancient topographic landform surfaces on the crest of the Sierra Nevada, California.

The term was popularized by nature writer Weldon Heald, a resident of southeastern Arizona. In his 1967 book, Sky Island, he demonstrated the concept by describing a drive from the town of Rodeo, New Mexico, in the western Chihuahuan desert, to a peak in the Chiricahua Mountains, 35 miles away and 5600 ft higher in elevation, ascending from the hot, arid desert, to grasslands, then to oak-pine woodland, pine forest, and finally to spruce-fir-aspen forest. His book mentions the concept of biome, but prefers the terminology of life zones, and makes reference to the work of Clinton Hart Merriam. The book also describes the wildlife and living conditions of the Chiricahuas.

Around the same time, the idea of mountains as islands of habitat took hold with scientists and has been used by such popular writers as David Quammen and John McPhee. This concept falls within the study of island biogeography. It is not limited to mountains in southwestern North America but can be applied to mountains, highlands, and massifs around the world.

Characteristics
The Madrean sky islands are probably the most studied sky islands in the world. Found in the U.S. states of New Mexico and Arizona and the Mexican states of Chihuahua and Sonora, these numerous mountains form links in a chain connecting the northern end of the Sierra Madre Occidental and the southern Colorado Plateau. Sky islands of the central and northern mountains in the United States are often called island ranges, especially by populations within view of such islands of mountains surrounded by plains such as those found within the Wichita Mountains of southwestern Oklahoma.

Some more northerly examples are the Crazy Mountains, Castle Mountains, Bears Paw Mountains, Highwood Mountains, and Little Rocky Mountains, all in the US state of Montana. Each of these ranges is forested and has tundra and snowpack above treeline, but is not connected to any other range by forested ridges; the ranges are completely surrounded by treeless prairie and/or semi-arid scrubland below. Other well-known sky islands of North America are the Great Basin montane forests, such as the White Mountains in California, and the Spring Mountains near Las Vegas, Nevada. One of the unique aspects of the sky islands of the U.S.-Mexico border region is the mix of floristic affinities, that is, the trees and plants of higher elevations are more characteristic of northern latitudes, while the flora of the lower elevations has ties to the desert and the mountains further south. Some unique plants and animals are found in these sky islands, such as the mountain yucca, Mount Graham red squirrel, Huachuca springsnail, and Jemez Mountains salamander.

Some montane species apparently evolved within their current range, adapting to their local environment, such as the Mount Lyell shrew. However, it has also been noted that some isolated mountain ecosystems have a tendency to lose species over time, perhaps because small, insularized populations are vulnerable to the forces of extinction, and the isolation of the habitat reduces the possibility of colonization by new species. Furthermore, some species, such as the grizzly bear, require a range of habitats. These bears historically made use of the forests and meadows found in the Madrean sky islands, as well as lower-elevation habitats such as riparian zones. (Grizzlies were extirpated from the region in the 20th century.) Seasonal movements between highland and lowland habitats can be a kind of migration, such as that undertaken by the mountain quail of the Great Basin mountains. These birds live in high elevations when free of snow, and instead of migrating south for the winter, they migrate down.

Confusing the matter somewhat is the potential for an archipelago of sky islands or even the valleys between them to act not only as a barrier to biological dispersal, but also as a path for migration. Examples of birds and mammals making use of the Madrean archipelago to extend their ranges northward are the elegant trogon and white-nosed coati.

Afrotropical realm

 * Cal Madow
 * Cameroonian Highlands forests
 * Ethiopian Highlands
 * Highlands of southern Africa
 * Green Mountain of Ascension Island
 * Guinea Highlands
 * Nimba Range
 * Mount Cameroon and Bioko montane forests
 * Mount Kilimanjaro
 * Mount Gorongosa
 * Rwenzori Mountains

Australasian realm

 * Mount Wilhelm
 * Mount Taranaki
 * Waitakere Ranges

Indomalayan realm

 * Mount Jerai
 * Fansipan
 * Jade Mountain
 * Mount Kinabalu
 * Nat Ma Taung
 * Central Highlands (Vietnam)
 * Titiwangsa Mountains
 * Western Ghats

Nearctic realm

 * Animas Mountains
 * Black Range
 * Capitan Mountains
 * Chisos Mountains
 * Colorado Plateau's San Francisco Peaks
 * Chuska Mountains
 * Great Basin montane forests
 * Davis Mountains
 * Guadalupe Mountains
 * San Jacinto Mountains
 * Madrean sky islands
 * Manzano Mountains
 * Mogollon Mountains
 * Oscura Mountains
 * Olympic Mountains
 * Peloncillo Mountains
 * Quartz Mountains
 * Sacramento Mountains
 * San Augustin Mountains
 * Sandia Mountains
 * Spring Mountains
 * Mount Taylor Volcano
 * Wichita Mountains

Neotropical realm

 * Baja California
 * Sierra de la Laguna
 * Sierra de Juarez
 * Sierra San Pedro Mártir
 * Cordillera of Central America
 * Tepuis
 * Serra do Mar
 * Hispaniolan mountain ranges
 * Baoruco Mountain Range, Dominican Republic
 * Cordillera Central, Dominican Republic
 * Massif de la Hotte, Haiti
 * Chaîne de la Selle, Haiti
 * Sierra de Tamaulipas
 * Venezuelan Coastal Range

Palearctic realm

 * Aïr Mountains
 * Altai Mountains
 * Baikal Mountains
 * Caucasus
 * Tibesti Mountains
 * Tien Shan

title: Sky island


text:
Anicetus

Anicetus is a Latin given name, from Greek (Aníkētos, lit. 'invincible'), and may refer to:

 * Anicetus (freedman), 1st-century Roman commander
 * Anicetus (pirate) ( 69), anti-Roman pirate
 * Anicetus (wasp), genus
 * Pope Anicetus ( 157–168), bishop of Rome
 * Alexiares and Anicetus, minor Greek gods

title: Anicetus


text:
Victor I

Victor I may refer to:
 * Pope Victor I (in office c. 189 – 199)
 * Victor I (bishop of Chur)
 * Victor I, Prince of Anhalt-Bernburg-Schaumburg-Hoym (1693–1772)
 * Victor I, Duke of Ratibor (1818–1893)
 * Victor Amadeus I, Duke of Savoy
 * Victor Amadeus I, Prince of Carignano
 * Victor Emmanuel I
 * Victor class submarine, a nuclear-powered submarine built by the Soviet Union, the first version is referred to as Victor I

title: Victor I


text:
Zephyrinus

Zephyrinus is a Latin masculine name (derived from the Greek Ζεφυρος, the name of the west wind). The name has related forms in modern languages:
 * Zéphyrin or Zéphirin (French); feminine: Zéphyrine
 * Zephyrin or Zephirin (German); feminine Zephryine
 * Zeferino (Italian); feminine: Zeferina
 * Ceferino, Zeferino or Seferino (Spanish); feminine: Ceferina, Zeferina or Seferina

The name can refer to the following:

Men

 * Pope Zephyrinus (died 217), pope and saint
 * Zepherinus Joseph (born 1975), Saint Lucia athlete
 * Zéphyrin or Zepherin Ferrez (1797–1851), French-Brazilian sculptor and engraver
 * Zéphirin Diabré (born 1959), Burkina Faso politician
 * Zéphirin Gerbe (1810–1890), French naturalist
 * Zephyrin Engelhardt (1851–1934), German Franciscan and historian
 * Zéphyrin Camélinat(1840–1932), French communist and political activist
 * Zéphyrin Toé (1928–2013), Burkina Faso bishop
 * Louis-Zéphirin Joncas (1846–1903), Canadian journalist and politician
 * Louis-Zéphirin Moreau (1824–1901), German bishop

Women

 * Marie Zéphyrine of France (1750–1755), French princess
 * Princess Amalie Zephyrine of Salm-Kyrburg (1760–1841), German princess

title: Zephyrinus


text:
Caius

Caius is a masculine given name and a surname. It is also an alternate spelling of the Latin prenom Gaius (and verso). G and C are not exclusive in Latin and the correct pronunciation is debatable. It is most commonly pronounced by native English speakers.

Caius may refer to:

Ancient world

 * Pope Caius (died 296), Bishop of Rome and martyr
 * Caius (bishop of Milan), bishop of Milan in the early 3rd-century, saint
 * Caius (presbyter), early 3rd century Christian writer
 * Caius Largennius (died c. 50), Roman legionary

Modern era

 * Caius of Korea (1571–1624), Catholic missionary, one of the Martyrs of Japan
 * Caius Brediceanu (1879–1953), Romanian politician and diplomat
 * Caius Gabriel Cibber (1630–1700), Danish sculptor
 * Caius Iacob (1912–1992), Romanian mathematician and politician
 * Caius Lungu (born 1989), Romanian footballer
 * Caius Novac (1821–?), Romanian footballer
 * Caius Welcker (1885–1939), Dutch footballer

Surname

 * Jean Ferdinand Caius (1877–1944), French botanist and naturalist who worked in India
 * John Caius the Elder (fl. 1480), English poet
 * John Caius (1510–1573), English physician and second founder of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge
 * Thomas Caius (died 1572), English academic and administrator, Fellow and Master of University College, Oxford

In Shakespeare's plays

 * Caius, in the play King Lear, the name that the Earl of Kent takes when in disguise
 * Caius, the protagonist in Coriolanus
 * Caius Lucius, Roman ambassador and later general in Cymbeline
 * Doctor Caius, a French doctor in The Merry Wives of Windsor
 * Caius, a casual nomer used in Camus’ play “Caligula” to refer to the tyrannical emperor of the same name.

Other

 * Caius, in Sir John in Love, a 1929 English opera by Ralph Vaughan Williams, based on Shakespeare's The Merry Wives of Windsor
 * Caius, in the book The Skystone by Jack Whyte
 * Caius, in the Twilight series by Stephenie Meyer
 * Caius Ballad, the main antagonist in the video game Final Fantasy XIII-2
 * Caius Cosades, Grand Spymaster of the Blades in the video game The Elder Scrolls III: Morrowind
 * Caius, in the 1960 film Spartacus, played by John Hoyt
 * Caius Lao Vistaille, one of the protagonists in the manga (and later anime based on it) The Titan's Bride
 * Caius Qualls, the main protagonist of the video game Tales of the Tempest

title: Caius


text:
Marcellinus

Marcellinus may refer to:

Ancient

 * Marcellinus (consul 275), Roman imperial official
 * Marcellinus (magister officiorum) (died 351), officer of Emperor Constans and of usurper Magnentius
 * Marcellinus (magister militum) (died 468), a Roman general in the invasion of Africa against Geiseric
 * Marcellinus (writer), author of a Life of Thucydides, 6th century
 * Marcus Egnatius Marcellinus, a senator of Imperial Rome, Consul Suffectus in 116
 * Marcellinus and Peter (died 304), two Christian martyrs
 * Pope Marcellinus (died 304), third century pope
 * Ammianus Marcellinus (c. 330–c. 400), Roman historian
 * Narcissus, Argeus, and Marcellinus (died 320), martyrs at Tomi
 * Marcellinus of Gaul (died 374), saint and evangelist
 * Marcellinus of Carthage (died 413), saint and martyr
 * Marcellinus Comes (Count Marcellinus, died 534), 6th-century chronicler

Modern

 * Marcellinus Champagnat (1789–1840), priest and saint, founder of the Marist Brothers
 * Marcellinus of Civezza (1822–1906), Italian Franciscan author

title: Marcellinus


text:
Liberius

Liberius may refer to:

 * Liberius of Ravenna (d. 200), Bishop of Ravenna and saint
 * Pope Liberius (died 366), Bishop of Rome
 * Liberius (praetorian prefect) (c. 465 – c. 554), Roman government administrator
 * Oliver of Ancona or Liberius (died c. 1050), immigrant religious leader in Italy
 * Liberius, a character in Doctor Zhivago

title: Liberius


text:
Hilarius (poet)

Hilarius, also known as Hilary the Englishman (fl. 1125), was a Latin poet who is supposed to have been an Englishman.

Life
He was one of the pupils of Pierre Abélard at his oratory of the Paraclete, and addressed to him a copy of verses with its refrain in the vulgar tongue, "Tort avers vos li mestre", Abelard having threatened to discontinue his teaching because of certain reports made by his servant about the conduct of the scholars.

Later Hilarius may have made his way to Angers. His poems are contained in manuscript supp. lat. 1008 of the Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, purchased in 1837 at the sale of M. de Rosny. Quotations from this manuscript had appeared before, but in 1838 it was edited by Champollion Figeac as Hilarii versus et ludi.

After 1125 there is no certain trace of him; he may be the same person as the Hilary who taught classical literature at Orléans, mentioned by William of Tyre and Arnulf of Orléans c. 1150, but it is unknown whether Hilarius of Orléans and Hilarius the playwright are separate people, nor if either of them are the same person as the Hilarius who taught at Angers.

Works
His works consist chiefly of light verses of the goliardic type. There are verses addressed to an English nun named Eva, lines to Rosa, "Ave splendor puellarum, generosa domina", and another poem describes the beauties of the priory of Chaloutre la Petite, in the diocese of Sens, of which the writer was then an inmate. One copy of satirical verses seems to aim at the pope himself. Two other poems, originally translated by John Boswell and published in Christianity, Social Tolerance, and Homosexuality (1980), express his love for a 'Boy of Anjou' and 'An English boy'.

He also wrote three miracle plays in rhymed Latin with an ad-mixture of French. Two of them, Suscitatio Lazari and Historia de Daniel repraesentanda, are of purely liturgical type. At the end of Lazarus is a stage direction to the effect that if the performance has been given at matins, Lazarus should proceed with the Te Deum, if at vespers, with the Magnificat.

The third, Ludus super iconic Sancti Nicholai, is founded on a sufficiently foolish legend. Petit de Julleville sees in the play a satiric intention and a veiled incredulity that put the piece outside the category of liturgical drama.

A rhymed Latin account of a dispute in which the nuns of Ronceray at Angers were concerned, contained in a cartulary of Ronceray, is also ascribed to the poet, who there calls himself Hilarius Canonicus. The poem is printed in the Bibliothèque de l'Ecole des Chartes (vol. xxxvu. 1876), and was dated by Paul Marchegay from 1121.

title: Hilarius (poet)


text:
Park ranger

A ranger, park ranger, park warden, field ranger, or forest ranger is a person entrusted with protecting and preserving parklands and protected areas – private, national, state, provincial, or local parks.

Description
"Parks" may be broadly defined by some systems in this context, and include protected culturally or historically important built environments, and is not limited to the natural environment. Different countries use different names for the position. Warden is the favored term in Canada, Ireland, and the United Kingdom. Within the United States, the National Park Service refers to the position as a Park Ranger for all law enforcement, interpretive, and fee collection booth rangers. "District Rangers" in the U.S. Forest Service do not perform the same duties, instead focusing on administration/management of Ranger Districts, large subunits of National Forests. Few other positions in the U.S. Forest Service are officially titled "Ranger", but there are several positions that perform similar or identical outdoor work including Foresters, Forestry Technicians, and Law Enforcement Officers. Many are referred to colloquially as "rangers" such as Wilderness Rangers, Climbing Rangers, Snow Rangers, Recreation Rangers, and Forest Protection Officers even though they are all officially categorized as "Forestry Technicians". Other countries use the term park warden or game warden to describe this occupation. The profession includes a number of disciplines and specializations, and park rangers are often required to be proficient in more than one. They take care of national parks.

History
In medieval England, rangers, originally called under-foresters, were the most junior officials employed to "range" through the countryside enforcing the forest law imposed by William the Conqueror to protect the "vert and venison". Their duties were originally confined to seeing that the Forest Law was enforced in the borders, or purlieus, of the royal forests. Above them were the Foresters-in-Fee (later called Woodwards), then the Verderers, then the Justices in Eyre. Their duties corresponded in some respects with that of a mounted forester.

The term ranger seems to correspond to the Medieval Latin word regardatores which appeared in 1217 in the Charter of the Forest. Regardatores was later rendered as rangers in the English translations of the Charter. Others translate it as regarders. For example, the fifth clause of the Charter of the Forest is commonly translated: "Our regarders shall go through the forests making the regard as it used to be made at the time of the first coronation of the aforesaid King Henry [II] our grandfather, and not otherwise." A "regard" is considered to be an inspection of the forest.

The earliest letters patent found mentioning the term refer to a commission of a ranger in 1341. Documents from 1455 state that England had "all manner and singular Offices of Foresters and Rangers of our said Forests".

One of the first appearances of ranger in literature is in Edmund Spenser's poem The Shepheardes Calendar from 1579: "[Wolves] walk not widely, as they were wont, for fear of rangers and the great hunt."

The office of Ranger of Windsor Great Park appears to have been created in 1601.

North America, 17th–19th centuries
In North America, rangers served in the 17th through 18th-century wars between colonists and Native American Indian tribes. Rangers were full-time soldiers employed by colonial governments to patrol between fixed frontier fortifications in reconnaissance providing early warning of raids. During offensive operations, they acted as scouts and guides, locating villages and other targets for task forces drawn from the militia or other colonial troops. During the Revolutionary War, General George Washington ordered Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Knowlton to select an elite group of men for reconnaissance missions. This unit was known as Knowlton's Rangers, and was the first official Ranger unit for the United States, considered the historical parent of the modern day Army Rangers.

Early conservation in the United States, 1866–1916
The word was resurrected by Americans in the 19th and 20th centuries from the old idioms used for the wardens – royally appointed – who patrolled the deer parks and hunting forests in England.

There is much debate among scholars about which area was the world's first national park (Yosemite or Yellowstone), so there is little agreement about who was the first national park ranger. Some argue that Galen Clark was first when, on May 21, 1866, he became the first person formally appointed and paid to protect and administer Yosemite, thus become California's and the nation's first park ranger. Clark served as the Guardian of Yosemite for 24 years. Others point to Harry Yount who worked as a gamekeeper in Yellowstone National Park in 1880–1881. Prophetically, Yount recommended "the appointment of a small, active, reliable police force...[to] assist the superintendent of the park in enforcing laws, rules, and regulations." The first permanent appointment of rangers in a national park occurred on September 23, 1898, when Charles A. Leidig and Archie O. Leonard became forest rangers at Yosemite National Park.

One of the earliest uses of the term ranger was on badges with the title "Forest Reserve Ranger" which were used from 1898 to 1906 by the U.S. Department of the Interior. These badges were presumably issued to rangers working in the national parks as well as those in the national forests, since both were known as Forest Rangers at that time.

The term ranger was also applied to a reorganization of the Fire Warden force in the Adirondack Park after 1899 when fires burned 80000 acre in the park. The name was taken from Rogers' Rangers, a small force famous for their woodcraft that fought in the area during the French and Indian War in 1755.

Duties, disciplines, and specializations
The duties of the modern park ranger are as varied and diverse as the parks where they serve and in recent years have become more highly specialized. Regardless of the regular duties of any one discipline, the goal of all rangers remains to protect the park resources for future generations and to protect park visitors. This goal is accomplished by the professionalism and sometimes overlapping of the different divisions. For example, an interpretive ranger may perform a law enforcement role by explaining special park regulations to visitors and encouraging them to be proper stewards of natural and cultural history. Law enforcement rangers and other park employees may contribute to the mission of the interpretive ranger by providing information to park visitors about park resources and facilities. The spirit of teamwork in accomplishing the mission of protecting the parks and people is underscored by the fact that in many cases, for the U.S. National Park Rangers in particular, all park rangers share a common uniform regardless of work assignment. Similarly, in the U.S. Forest Service, due to the broad landscapes and relatively fewer employees, any field going employee (that meets the background and training requirements) can be certified as an unarmed Forest Protection Officer with the authority to write federal citations even though they are not armed/sworn Forest Service Law Enforcement Officers.

 * Law enforcement: Law enforcement rangers have police powers and enforce national, state, provincial, and/or local laws as well as park regulations. In some developing countries, the park rangers patrolling natural preserves may be heavily armed and function as paramilitary organizations against organized poachers or even guerrillas. In many other developing countries, park rangers have law enforcement authority and do carry firearms as they seek to achieve respect for nature by building good relationships with local communities and the visiting public. In units of the U.S. National Park System, Law Enforcement Rangers are the primary police agency; their services may be augmented by the US Park Police, particularly in the Washington, DC and San Francisco metropolitan areas. The U.S. National Park Service also has a section of "Special Agents" who conduct more complex criminal investigations. According to U.S. Department of Justice statistics, National Park Service Law Enforcement Rangers suffer the highest number of felonious assaults, and the highest number of homicides of all federal law enforcement officers. The City of New York has a uniformed division of Park Rangers called the New York City Parks Enforcement Patrol who are responsible for patrolling the city parks, pools and beaches.
 * Interpretation and education: Park Rangers provide a wide range of informational services to visitors. Some Rangers provide practical information—such as driving directions, train timetables, weather forecasts, trip-planning resources, and beyond. Rangers may provide interpretive programs to visitors intended to foster stewardship of the resources by the visitor as a method of resource protection. Interpretation in this sense includes (but is not limited to): guided tours about the park's history, ecology, or both; slideshows, talks, demonstrations; informal contacts, and historical re-enactments. Rangers may also engage in leading more formalized curriculum-based educational programs, meant to support and complement instruction received by visiting students in traditional academic settings and often designed to help educators meet specific national and/or local standards of instruction. All uniformed rangers, regardless of their primary duties, are often expected to be experts on the resources in their care, whether they are natural or cultural.
 * Emergency response: Rangers are often trained in wilderness first aid and participate in search and rescue to locate lost persons in the wilderness. Many national parks require law enforcement rangers to maintain certification as Emergency Medical Responders, Emergency Medical Technicians, or Paramedics. Depending on the needs of the park where assigned, rangers may participate in high-angle rescue, swift-water rescue, may be certified scuba divers, and can become specially trained as helicopter pilots or crew members.
 * Firefighting: Rangers are often the first to spot forest fires and are often trained to engage in wildland firefighting and in some cases structural fire fighting. Rangers also enforce laws and regulations regarding campfires and other fires on parklands. In the face of a fire outside their control, rangers will call for help and evacuate persons from the area pending the arrival of additional firefighters.
 * Dispatcher: Some rangers work as park protection dispatchers, answering emergency calls and dispatching law enforcement rangers, park fire fighters or Park EMS crews by radio to emergency calls for service. Park Dispatchers provide pre-arrival instructions to callers to help them stay alive until responding units arrive. Dispatchers coordinate multi-agency responses to emergencies within the park boundaries and utilize computer systems to check for criminal histories of subjects stopped by park law enforcement rangers. Park Dispatchers typically perform other duties such as taking lost-and-found reports, monitoring CCTV surveillance cameras and fire alarms. Dispatchers are assigned to the Park Protection Division.
 * Scientists and scholars: Rangers are responsible for protecting the natural resources or cultural sites for which they work. This includes obtaining and preserving knowledge about the area. As such, many different types of historians and scientists are employed as rangers. Some scientific positions often filled by rangers include archaeologist, many different types of biologist, ecologist, geologist, hydrologist, paleontologist, soil scientist, volcanologist, etc. Rangers in these positions are expected to study, monitor, and inform others (in the form of published, peer-reviewed scientific papers as well as internally) about their findings. These people add to the knowledge dispersed in interpretive and educational programs, and provide information needed by managers and others to more effectively protect the resource.
 * Maintenance: Some rangers perform regular maintenance on infrastructure or equipment such as fire rings as part of their duties — especially in preparing for winter closures and spring reopenings. Rangers are often the first to discover vandalism or weather-related damage to park roads, trails and campgrounds.
 * Administration: In many cases administrative staff members are categorized officially as park rangers and may wear the distinct park ranger uniform while working "behind the scenes" to ensure the continued operation of the parks. These rangers may set policy for the parks, or handle park budgets, computers and technology, human resources, or other fields related to the administration of parks. In the case of management these positions are usually filled by individuals who have moved up from other field-based positions. These individuals are often heavily cross trained in order to allow for a knowledge of all other areas and duties under their authority.
 * Combat wildlife poaching: The Sabah state government in Malaysia has recruited and trained local rangers to respond to real-time alerts, perform ad hoc operations, support investigations and wildlife conservation efforts to combat wildlife poaching, trafficking and illegal wildlife trade in Sabah.

Worldwide deficit in developing countries
The Adopt A Ranger Foundation has calculated that worldwide about 150,000 rangers are needed for the protected areas in developing and transitions countries. There is no data on how many rangers are employed at the moment, but probably less than half the protected areas in developing and transition countries have any rangers at all and those that have them are at least 50% short. This means that there would be a worldwide ranger deficit of 105,000 rangers in the developing and transition countries.

One of the world's foremost conservationists, Dr. Kenton Miller, stated about the importance of rangers: "The future of our ecosystem services and our heritage depends upon park rangers. With the rapidity at which the challenges to protected areas are both changing and increasing, there has never been more of a need for well prepared human capacity to manage. Park rangers are the backbone of park management. They are on the ground. They work on the front line with scientists, visitors, and members of local communities."

Adopt A Ranger claims that the ranger deficit is the single greatest limiting factor in effectively protecting nature in 75% of the world. Currently, no conservation organization or Western country or international organization addresses this problem. Adopt A Ranger has been incorporated to draw worldwide public attention to the most urgent problem that conservation is facing in developing and transition countries: protected areas without field staff. Specifically, it will contribute to solving the problem by fund raising to finance rangers in the field. It will also help governments in developing and transition countries to assess realistic staffing needs and staffing strategies.

In popular culture
In popular culture, a stereotype of American park rangers has been created by children's media such as the Yogi Bear cartoon series (Ranger Smith), as well as Disney's Ranger Woodlore and the anthropomorphic character Ranger Rick from the magazine of the same name.

Movies Featuring Rangers

 * Akashinga: The Brave Ones
 * Rhino Man
 * The Elephant Whisperers
 * We Are Guardians
 * Virunga

title: Park ranger


text:
Beckley

Beckley may refer to:

Places

 * United Kingdom
 * Beckley, East Sussex, England
 * Beckley, Hampshire, England
 * Beckley, Oxfordshire, England
 * Beckley Park, a stately home

 * United States
 * Beckley, Louisville, Kentucky
 * Beckley, West Virginia

Other uses

 * Beckley (surname)
 * Beckley Foundation, a UK-based thinktank

title: Beckley


text:
Beatrix

Beatrix is a Latin feminine given name, most likely derived from Viatrix, a feminine form of the Late Latin name Viator which meant "voyager, traveller" and later influenced in spelling by association with the Latin word beatus or "blessed". It is pronounced  in British English  and the same or   in North American English. Another North American English pronunciation however approximates that of most other languages:, as shown by US dictionary entries for the former queen of the Netherlands.

Common forms of this name include Beatrice in English and Italian, Béatrice in French, Beatriz in Spanish and Portuguese, Beate in German, and Beata in Polish and Swedish. Common short forms are Bea and Trixie. See Beatrice (given name) for other derivatives.

Saints

 * Saint Beatrix (died c. 303), Christian martyr, in older sources named Viatrix ("the traveler").
 * Saint Beatrix d'Este (1226?–1262), Italian Benedictine nun
 * Blessed Beatrix or Beatrix of Nazareth (1200–1268), Flemish Cistercian nun, mystic and author
 * Beatrix d'Ornacieux (c. 1240 – c. 1306/9), French Carthusian nun
 * Beatrix da Silva (1424–1492), Portuguese Franciscan nun

Royalty and nobility

 * Beatrix de Courtenay (died 1245), Countess of Edessa
 * Beatrix de Vesci, (died c. 1125), Anglo-Norman noble
 * Beatrix of Andechs-Merania (1210–1271), German noble
 * Beatrix of Aragon (1457–1508), Queen consort of Hungary and Bohemia
 * Beatrix of Baden (1492–1535), Margravine of Baden
 * Beatrix of Bar (c. 1017 – 1076), marchioness of Tuscany
 * Beatrix of Bavaria (1344–1359), Queen consort of Sweden
 * Beatrix of Brandenburg (died 1314), wife of Henry II, Lord of Mecklenburg
 * Beatrix of Falkenburg (1254–1277), queen consort of the Romans
 * Beatrix of Franconia (1037–1061), German Abbess and daughter of Holy Roman Emperor Henry III
 * Beatrix of Luxembourg (1305–1319), Queen consort of Hungary
 * Beatrix of Nuremberg (c. 1362 – 1414), Duchess of Austria
 * Beatrix of Silesia (1290–1322), queen consort of the Romans
 * Beatrix of Swabia (1198–1212), Holy Roman Empress
 * Beatrix of the Netherlands (born 1938), queen regnant from 1980 to 2013
 * Beatrix, Countess of Schönburg-Glauchau (1930–2021), Countess consort of Schönburg-Glauchau
 * Queen Beatrix (disambiguation)

Given name

 * Beatrix Balogh (born 1974), Hungarian handball player
 * Beatrix Beauclerk, Duchess of St Albans (1877–1953), English peer
 * Béatrix Beck (1914–2008), French writer
 * Beatrix Borchard (born 1950), German musicologist and author
 * Beatrix Boulsevicz (born 1987), Hungarian swimmer
 * Beatrix Campbell (born 1947), British journalist and author
 * Béatrix de Choiseul-Stainville (1729–1794), French salonnière and bibliophile
 * Beatrix Christian, Australian playwright and screenwriter
 * Béatrix de Cusance (1614–1663), Duchess of Lorraine
 * Beatrix Dobie (1887–1945), New Zealand landscape artist
 * Beatrix D'Souza (born 1935), Indian politician and social worker
 * Béatrix Dussane (1888–1969), French stage actress
 * Beatrix Farrand (1872–1959), American landscape gardener and landscape architect
 * Beatrix Galindo (c. 1465 – 1534), Spanish physician and educator
 * Beatrix Hamburg (1923–2018), American psychiatrist
 * Beatrix Havergal (1901–1980), English horticulturist
 * Beatrix von Holte (1250–1327), German abbess
 * Beatrix Hoyt (1880–1963), American golfing champion
 * Beatrix Jones Farrand (1872–1959), American landscape architect
 * Beatrix Kisházi (born 1946), Hungarian table tennis player
 * Beatrix Kökény (born 1969), Hungarian handball player
 * Béatrix La Palme (1878–1921), Canadian soprano and violinist
 * Beatrix Lambton, Countess of Durham (1859–1937), British peer
 * Beatrix Lehmann (1903–1979), British actress, theatre director and author
 * Beatrix Leslie (c. 1577 – 1661), Scottish midwife executed for witchcraft
 * Beatrix Loughran (1900–1975), American figure skater
 * Beatrix Lyall (1873–1948), British social reformer and politician
 * Beatrix Mahlknecht, Italian luger
 * Beatrix Waring McCay (1901–1972), Australian barrister
 * Béatrix Midant-Reynes, French Egyptologist
 * Beatrix Miller (1923–2014), British editor of Queen and Vogue magazines
 * Beatrix Müllner (born 1970), Austrian synchronized swimmer
 * Beatrix Ong (born 1976), British luxury goods designer
 * Beatrix Maud Palmer (1858–1950), British political and women's rights activist
 * Beatrix Pesek, Hungarian ten-pin bowler
 * Beatrix Potter (1866–1943), English illustrator, author and conservationist
 * Beatrix Rechner (born 1951), Swiss high jumper
 * Beatrix de Rijk (1883–1958), Dutch aviator
 * Beatrix de Rijke (1421–1468), Dutch foundling
 * Beatrix Ruf (born 1960), German art curator
 * Beatrix Schröer (born 1963), German rower
 * Beatrix Schuba (born 1951), Austrian figure skater
 * Beatrix Sherman (1894–1975), American silhouette artist
 * Beatrix von Storch (born 1971), German politician
 * Beatrix Tóth (born 1967), Hungarian handball player

Surname

 * Jean-Guillaume Béatrix (born 1988), French biathlete

Fictional characters

 * Beatrix, mother of the legendary Knight of the Swan
 * Beatrix Cenci, protagonist of an opera based on the Italian noblewoman Beatrice Cenci (1577–1599)
 * Beatrix Kiddo, the protagonist of the Kill Bill films.
 * Beatrix MacMillan, Doctor Who companion
 * Béatrix de Rochefide, the protagonist of Balzac's novel Béatrix.
 * Beatrix "Trixie" Belden, title character in a series of 'girl detective' mysteries
 * General Beatrix, a character in the video game Final Fantasy IX.
 * Beatrix "Trixie" Franklin, nurse and midwife from Call the Midwife
 * Beatrix, one of the main characters in the Netflix series Fate: The Winx Saga
 * Beatrix Yozuki Noctiflora (ビアトリックス・夜月・ノクティフローラ), a character in Moe! Ninja Girls RPG and Moe! Ninja Girls: Visual Novel
 * Beatrix, a playable character in the video game Mobile Legends: Bang Bang
 * Beatrix Amerhauser, a side character in Zom 100: Bucket List of the Dead

Other

 * 83 Beatrix, a large asteroid in the inner part of the main asteroid belt
 * Beata Beatrix, 1870 painting of Dante's Beatrice by Dante Gabriel Rossetti
 * BeatrIX, a Linux operating system in 2004/5
 * Béatrix, 1839 novel by French author Honoré de Balzac.
 * Beatrix Gold Mine, South African gold mine owned by Gold Fields
 * Sainte-Béatrix, Quebec, a municipality in Canada
 * Beatrix, a song by Cocteau Twins on their 1984 album Treasure

title: Beatrix


text:
Beatrice (given name)

Beatrice is a female given name. The English variant is derived from the French Béatrice, which came from the Latin Beatrix, which means "blessed one".

Beatrice is also the Italian language version of Beatrix. The Spanish and Portuguese form is Beatriz. The popularity of Beatrice spread because of Dante Alighieri's poetry about the Florentine woman Beatrice Portinari. Dante presents Beatrice as being worthy of speaking for God, making her a holy individual.

The name is rising in popularity in the United Kingdom. It is also gaining popularity in the United States, where it ranked as the 691st most popular name for baby girls born in 2012. In 2009, it was the 45th most common baby name for girls born in Romania.

Name variants
Alternate versions of the name include

 * Beata (Polish, Swedish)
 * Beate (German, Norwegian)
 * Béatraís (Irish)
 * Beatrica (Croatian, Slovakian)
 * Beatriçe (Albanian)
 * Béatrice (French)
 * Beatrice (Italian)
 * Beatričė (Lithuanian)
 * Beatrijs (Dutch)
 * Beatrika (Slovene)
 * Βεατρίκη (Veatriki) (Greek)
 * Beatris (English)
 * Beatrisa (Latvian)
 * Beatrise (Latvian)
 * Beatričė (Lithuanian)
 * Beatriss (English)
 * Beatriu (Catalan)
 * Beatrix (Latin)
 * Béatrix (French)
 * Beatriz (Galician, Portuguese, Spanish)
 * Beatrycze (Polish)
 * Beitris (Scottish Gaelic)
 * Betrys (Welsh)

Short forms include

 * Bea (Italian, Dutch, English, German, Galician, Spanish, Catalan)
 * Béa (French)
 * Beah (English)
 * Beasie (English)
 * Beat (English, Polish)
 * Beatie (English)
 * Beato (English)
 * Bee (English)
 * Betty (Spanish)
 * Bia (Portuguese)
 * Bice (Italian)
 * Trix (Dutch, English)
 * Trixi (English, German)
 * Trixie (English)
 * Trixy (English)
 * Tris (English)

Actresses

 * Beatrice Alda (born 1961), American actress and filmmaker
 * Bea Arthur (1922–2009), American actress and comedian
 * Mademoiselle Beatrice, stage name of Marie Beatrice Binda (1839–1878), Italian-born actress in England
 * Beatrice Colen (1948–1999), American actress
 * Beatrice Irwin (1877-1953) actress, poet, designer
 * Bebe Neuwirth (born 1958), American actress
 * Beatrice Roberts (1905–1970), American actress
 * Beatrice Rosen (born 1984), French-American actress
 * Mrs Patrick Campbell (1865–1940), born Beatrice Rose Stella Tanner, English actress
 * Beatrice Winde (1924–2004), American actress

Other

 * Beatrice Gjertsen Bessesen (1886–1935), American operatic soprano
 * Beatrice Bligh (1916–1973), Australian gardener
 * Beatritz de Dia (fl. late 12th century), Provençal poet and musician
 * Beatrice Hastings, pen-name of English writer, poet and literary critic Emily Alice Haigh (1879–1943), lover of Modigliani
 * Beatrice Partridge (1866–1963), English-born New Zealand painter
 * Béatrice Poulot (born 1968), French singer from Réunion
 * Beatrice Redpath (1886–1937), Canadian poet, short story writer
 * Beatrice (singer), singer in the Eurovision Song Contest 1999
 * Beatrice Laus (born 2000), Filipino-British singer-songwriter and guitarist
 * Beatrice Wood (1893–1998), American artist and studio potter

Athletes

 * Beatrice Câșlaru (born 1975), Romanian former swimmer
 * Beatrice Faumuina (born 1974), New Zealand world champion discus thrower
 * Beatrice Goad (born 1997), Australian footballer
 * Beatrice Jepchumba (born 1983), Kenyan long-distance runner
 * Beatrice Lanza (born 1982), Italian triathlete
 * Béatrice Mouthon (born 1966), French triathlete
 * Beatrice Utondu (born 1969), Nigerian former sprinter

Politicians and public servants

 * Beatrice Aitchison (1908–1997), Director of Transportation Research in the Bureau of Transportation of the United States Postal Service
 * Beatrice Anna Lewis (suffragette) (1889–1976), British suffragette, member of the militant Women's Social and Political Union.
 * Béatrice Bellamy (born 1966), French politician
 * Beatrice Hall (1921–2018), American politician
 * Beatrice Lorenzin (born 1971) Italian politician
 * Beatrice Serota, Baroness Serota (1919–2002), British Government minister and a Deputy Speaker of the House of Lords
 * Beatrice Trew (1897–1976), Canadian socialist politician
 * Beatrice Wishart (born 1955), British politician
 * Beatrice Wright (1910–2003), American-born British politician

Religious figures

 * Beatrix or Beatrice (fl. 4th century), Christian martyr; see Simplicius, Faustinus and Beatrix
 * Saint Beatrice d'Este (1191–1226), Italian Roman Catholic saint
 * Beatrice of Silva (1424–1492), Portuguese nun and saint
 * Blessed Beatrice of Nazareth (1200–1268), Flemish nun
 * Blessed Beatrice of Ornacieux (ca. 1240–1306/1309), French nun and religious leader

Scientists, engineers and academics

 * Beatrice Gelber, American psychologist
 * Beatrix Havergal (1901-1980), English horticulturist
 * Beatrice Hicks (1919-1979), American engineer
 * Beatrice M. Hinkle (1874–1953), American pioneering feminist, psychoanalyst and writer
 * Beatriz Ghirelli (1915-1992), Argentinian engineer, pioneer of standardisation practices.
 * Beatrice Krauss (1903–1998), American botanist
 * Beatrice Rivière, French applied mathematician
 * Beatrice Shilling (1909–1990), British aeronautical engineer and motorcyclist
 * Beatrice Tinsley (1941–1981), New Zealand astronomer and cosmologist
 * Beatrice Webb (1858–1943), English sociologist, economist, socialist, labour historian and social reformer

Aristocrats

 * Beatrice of Albon (1161–1228), French Countess of Albon and Dauphine of Viennois
 * Beatrice of England (1242–1275), daughter of Henry III of England and Eleanor of Provence
 * Beatrice of Naples, queen of Hungary, also known as Beatrix of Aragon
 * Beatrice of Portugal (disambiguation)
 * Beatrice of Savoy (disambiguation)
 * Princess Beatrice (disambiguation)
 * Beatrice Plummer, Baroness Plummer (1903–1972), British life peer
 * Beatrice Cenci (1577–1599), Italian noblewoman who, with other members of her family, murdered her rapist father
 * Beatrice Borromeo (1985), Italian noblewoman and journalist who is currently married to Pierre Casiraghi.

Miscellaneous

 * Beatrice Beeby (1904–1991), New Zealand educator
 * Beatrice Dickson (1852–1941), Swedish philanthropist and temperance activist
 * Beatrice Green (1894–1927), Welsh labour activist
 * Beatrice Laura Goff (1903–1998), American archaeologist and biblical scholar
 * Beatrice McCartney, Paul McCartney's daughter with Heather Mills
 * Beatrice Monti della Corte, Italian art and literature philanthropist, wife of Gregor von Rezzori
 * Beatrice Portinari (1265–1290), great love and muse of poet Dante Alighieri
 * Beatrix de Rijk (1883–1958), first Dutch woman pilot
 * Beatrix de Rijke (1421–1468), Dutch foundling in Dordrecht in 1421.
 * Beatrice Warde (1900–1969), American expert on typography

Fictional characters

 * Beatrice (inspired by Beatrice Portinari), the guide through Paradise in Dante's Divine Comedy.
 * Beatrice, in William Shakespeare's Much Ado About Nothing.
 * Beatrice Baudelaire, in A Series of Unfortunate Events.
 * Beatrice Carbone, one of the cast of characters in A View from the Bridge, a play by Arthur Miller.
 * Bia Gunderson, a young female Spix's Macaw character in the 2014 animatied movie Rio 2.
 * Beatrice Hotchkiss, in the Nancy Drew: Treasure in the Royal Tower and Nancy Drew: Legend of the Crystal Skull.
 * Beatrice "Tris" Prior, the main character in the Divergent series of books and movies.
 * Beatrice Rappaccini, title character of Nathaniel Hawthorne's short story Rappaccini's Daughter.
 * Beatrice Rumfoord, in Kurt Vonnegut's novel The Sirens of Titan.
 * Beatrice Severn, in Graham Greene's novel Our Man in Havana.
 * Beatrice, a main character in Kazuo Ishiguro's novel The Buried Giant.
 * Beatrice, the Dream Demon in the Sony PlayStation roleplaying game Wild Arms 3.
 * Beatrice, the Endless and Golden Witch in Umineko no Naku Koro ni.
 * Beatrice, in the manga Gunslinger Girl.
 * Beatrice (Re:Zero), a character in the light novel series Re:Zero − Starting Life in Another World.
 * Beatrice Grimaldi, a princess in the television series Gossip Girl.
 * Beatrice, a bluebird in the 2014 animated television miniseries Over the Garden Wall.
 * Beatrice "The Bear" Leep, from Carl Hiaasen's 2002 novel Hoot and played by Brie Larson in its 2006 film adaptation.
 * Beatrice Scarlet, heroine of "Scarlet Widow" and "The Coven" novels by Graham Masterton.
 * Beezus "Beezus" Quimby, character in the Ramona Series by Beverly Cleary.
 * Beatrice "Bea" Santello, a major character in the 2017 adventure game Night in the Woods.
 * Beatrice "Aunt Bee" Taylor - a major character from the 1960s American sitcom The Andy Griffith Show.
 * Beatrice "Trixie" Espinoza - secondary character in the TV/streaming series Lucifer.
 * Trixie Lulamoon - a character in the animated series My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic.
 * Trixie Tang - a character in the animated series The Fairly OddParents.
 * Sister Beatrice - love interest and nun in the series Warrior Nun
 * Beatice, Beatrice de rune - Mother of Amicia, Lucas. A female character in the game series A Plague Tale

title: Beatrice (given name)


text:
Habacuc

Habacuc may refer to:

 * Habakkuk, prophet in the Hebrew Bible
 * Guillermo Vargas, artist

title: Habacuc