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Talk:List of slaves

PCness?
Well, there has been some debate about someone being a slave & someone who is enslaved. Such as there being slight irritation that Lincoln freed the slaves but didn't free the black man. In other words, he freed them, but still considered them slaves.

That's why I chose the word "Famous People In Slavery" from the "Slaves" page. This isn't a major sticking point as the distinction is slight & from what I understand it isn't that big of a deal at this point. However, if we could start thinking in that direction, perhaps we'd find a better way to title this article? --Duemellon 15:27, 24 Sep 2004 (UTC)

It's not about political correctness. It's about clarity in the English language. The appropriate way to define this list is closer to 'List of Famous Enslaved People". This is a list of people that other people have heard of. Regarding your point about Abraham Lincoln, I'm baffled. Whether Abraham Lincoln understood that the enslaved people in the United States were now free or not is beside the point. In practice, those people were freed. That's what matters. Notwithstanding the fact that Lincoln was shot dead not long after the conclusion of the Civil War, you seem to be giving too much weight to the confusions of a single human being. If you're looking for actual intelligent thought about slavery in the United States, you should look to Lincoln's contemporaries like Frederick Douglas, who was far more logical and sensible about the matter.

However, I agree that this page should be modified to reflect more on the experiences of people who were enslaved in the United States. It seems to have a euro-centric approach. It doesn't even talk about the earlier ethnic-based slavery, that of the Jewish people in Egypt. God commanded Moses to lead his people out of slavery and even drowned all the enslavers who pursued God's people, according to the Bible. The Bible may not be relied on as a literal reference, but it's generally correct about this issue at a high-level. That story is actually found in the evidence of the historical record. Private Person (talk) 02:44, 18 April 2023 (UTC)
 * You have got to be kidding me. Where did you get that there is evidence for the Exodus? Which part of "The consensus of modern scholars is that the Pentateuch does not give an accurate account of the origins of the Israelites, who appear instead to have formed as an entity in the central highlands of Canaan in the late second millennium BCE from the indigenous Canaanite culture." was unclear to you? Dimadick (talk) 18:27, 18 April 2023 (UTC)

Disagree with list
Yes, slavery has been a fact in many countries through history, but it seems arbitrary to list people here from so many different cultures and different centuries where the circumstances are very different. Slavery as a "category" would appear to cover that aspect. Yes, I read the limited discussion on keeping this list.Parkwells (talk)

 * That is a narrow-minded and not very neutral point of view. Slavery is wrong no matter what colour of skin, and no matter which country you are from. People should be aware, that people of all nationalitys have been slaves. There is nothing wrong with the truth. --85.226.44.74 (talk) 15:46, 25 January 2009 (UTC)

 * If we let all countrys mind their own matters, then we will have no information here on wiki about any other countrys than the English speaking ones. Your oppinion does not give the impression of NPOV.--85.226.44.74 (talk) 15:50, 25 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Honestly has a point. Though I haven't fully reviewed the list, it seems that the list is comprised of people who were in slavery at a point when it existed as a legal institution in someway. The above IP is highly narrowminded with his comments. While certainly it is 2014 and Slavery is wrong by our Values, that is relatively modern. The IPs position also highlights a POV.Serialjoepsycho (talk) 02:41, 2 June 2014 (UTC)

If you look at the edit history of this discussion, User: Parkwells actually edited the first text in this discussion on 16 May 2014, years after the IP-number commented it, so the comment of the IP-number now appears to answer a totally different text than he/she did originally. The original first comment of this discussion was:
 * Quote: Most of the people listed seem to have some kind of fame or public knowledge. Is this just a list anyone can add to for names of :people who were enslaved? For instance, thirty-three people who were held by the Major James Bulloch family in Roswell, GA have been :identified by name (first name only) and memorialized on a plaque at the grounds of Bulloch Hall.  So if I wanted to make the effort, they :could also be listed here, right? From reading a lot in this area, I think it's better to use the term "enslaved person/Africa/African-:American".  Then you are reminded there was a person there, and that's why many historians have adopted that term.  "Slave" is more abstract. :Yes, slavery has been a fact in many countries through history, but we shouldn't forgot what it has meant to the American experience, or :anywhere else. The development of slavery in the United States and changes through the years before the Civil War were too important to gloss :over as "everyone did it". Labor derived from slavery was a fundamental part of the economy, the slave trade contributed to wealth North and :South, unresolved issues of social justice are being worked on today. Did you know that in 1840 New Orleans was the third largest city in the :country and THE wealthiest? - partly because it had the biggest slave market in the country and also because of the huge shipping up and down :the Mississippi River, and import-export.Don't worry so much about not being US-centric that we lose a huge part of US history. I think other :countries can take care of their own discussions.  Preceding unsigned comment added by :Parkwells (talk contribs) 14:41, 28 September 2007'' End Quote.

This text above is what IP 85.226.44.74 originally commented on, not the text Parkwell has pasted in 2014. This must be pointed out: It must be clear what the IP originally commented on. When I saw Parkwells edit, I was close to reverting it, and wondered if it was truly according to rules to make such an edit, which discredited the whole discussion and made it appear different from what it was. My opinion is that a list consisted of only people enslaved in the united states is certainly narrow-minded, breaks NPOV and damage the use of Wikipedia as an international Encyclopedia. Thank you--Aciram (talk) 13:37, 7 July 2014 (UTC)

 * I wasn't trying to discredit the discussion but to emphasize my main point, which had changed in 7 years. Here, I'm repeating my comment that a list of individuals from different places and different times, whose only reason to be on the list is that they have been documented as slaves, is not very useful. It takes individuals out of context and meaning to add them all to such a list. What is the point of this list? It doesn't tell you how slavery compared over time, or by time and place/society, etc. I don't think a list of persons enslaved in the US through three centuries is very useful either. As someone noted, an issue of classification can be satisfied by a category, rather than a list.Parkwells (talk) 04:13, 11 July 2014 (UTC)
 * You should not have removed your edit and replaced it with a new one, when your old comment had been answered by some one else. That action gives the impression that the answer to your first comment was in fact the answer to your second, and unjustly gives a completely different meaning to the whole discussion, and further more, it discredits your fellow editors - IP or not - which now appears to have answered a completely different question than was originally the case. This is not acceptable, could be regarded as deceitful, and it actually deserves an apology from your part. I suspect I could even report this edit of yours to Wikipedia. I trust you will never repeat such a thing. The correct thing would have been to start a new discussion which reflects your new opinion, or simply to make a new comment on this one. Your behavior in this discussion did not give you credit. As for the list, I can see no harm in it, and as long as it does exist it should include slaves from different nations and circumstances, which in my opinion rather makes the differences within the concept of slavery more clear. Thank you--Aciram (talk) 11:23, 11 July 2014 (UTC)

Cristiano Ronaldo
Gave me a good laugh. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.21.51.4 (talk) 03:50, 14 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Fixed. ( Hypnosadist )  23:04, 15 August 2008 (UTC)
 * hey 102.90.44.238 (talk) 11:58, 16 November 2023 (UTC)

This is kind of worded badly.
"To be included in this list the person must have a Wikipedia article showing that they were slaves, or must have references showing that they were slaves and are notable."

This seems like something you might post at the top of the talk page but it really seems out of place on the article page.Serialjoepsycho (talk) 02:16, 2 June 2014 (UTC)

Wrong Placement
Jermain Wesley Loguen is under "L". — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2602:306:CEBA:2F80:BC4C:E8DD:62E8:52EF (talk) 23:24, 15 February 2016 (UTC)

Why Genghis Khan is not in the list?
Why Genghis Khan is not in the list? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Sorberino (talk • contribs) 17:45, 8 January 2019 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 02:21, 15 March 2020 (UTC)
 * Qutb al-Din Aibak.jpg

Requested move 16 November 2021

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: There is consensus to move these back — Martin (MSGJ · talk) 15:14, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

– This is a request to revert various undiscussed moves from titles using the term "slaves" to those using "enslaved people". I recently performed those reversions, but Drmies reverted my reversions. (There is also related discussion on Drmies's talk.) From the article titles policy, titles should be recognisable, natural, precise, concise, and consistent. I believe that the term "slave" is more concise, more natural, and more common than "enslaved person". For example, on Google, there are 1,030,000,000 results for "slave", but only 39,100,000 results for "enslaved person", much of which are about the term itself. It appears that some arguments for "enslaved person" are that it emphasises that slaves are people, but I think this is pointless: a slave is defined as "someone forbidden to quit their service for another person (an enslaver) who treats that slave as their property" (bolding applied; from Slavery). I also believe that people in other conditions are generally referred to with a noun for people in that condition, if there is one. Sincerely, Tol  (talk | contribs) @ 03:27, 16 November 2021 (UTC) The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * List of enslaved people → List of slaves
 * Treatment of enslaved people in the United States → Treatment of slaves in the United States
 * List of last surviving American enslaved people → List of the last surviving American slaves
 * Breeding of enslaved people in the United States → Slave breeding in the United States
 * Comment – Courtesy pings to and  since they performed the initial moves. Aoi (青い) (talk) 04:25, 16 November 2021 (UTC)
 * Comment I don't see why "List of last surviving American enslaved people" should belong here - the suggested new name includes the term "enslaved people". Also, the last article seems to be a different case, since "slave" is used as a modifier like in "slave trade". --Rsk6400 (talk) 07:47, 16 November 2021 (UTC)
 * @Rsk6400: That was a mistake; I've fixed it. As for the last article, that was where it used to be, but I'm also fine with "breeding of slaves...". Thanks. Tol  (talk | contribs) @ 16:44, 16 November 2021 (UTC)
 * Close as malformed. User:Tol I suggest you have these all reversed at Requested moves, then Drmies can open requested moves as per usual process rather than move-warring. Ivar the Boneful (talk) 10:24, 16 November 2021 (UTC)
 * @Ivar the Boneful: As I said, I reverted the moves, but Drmies reverted by reversion. I don't want to continue move warring, so I won't revert again without consensus for it (or at least no consensus for the new/current titles). Tol  (talk | contribs) @ 16:46, 16 November 2021 (UTC)
 * , your reverts of Drmies' WP:BOLD moves were well within process, and Drmies' reverts of your reverts was contrary to Wiki policy. Just FYI...since anyone that has only been editing for a year is likely to be aware of every single one of our convoluted nuanced rules. We shall assume good faith, that Drmies simply forgot what the policy was - admins are human, too. I echo what suggested to you above, though. Consensus needs to be gained in favour of moving all these "slave" articles to "enslaved people" articles, not the other way around. I will also note generally (to anyone that happens to be participating here) that WP:RGW is also a policy; Wikipedia is not to be used as a tool to engineer the English language. The English language as it is actually used is to be employed. If editors are disgruntled with the state of the language, they need to get the Anglosphere at large to implement those changes, then they will be implemented here. 2600:1702:4960:1DE0:515:ADE:B2DC:BDFA (talk) 06:48, 21 November 2021 (UTC)
 * Oppose. When you say a person was a slave, they are in a category, it was something they were, they were born that way, they die that way, maybe they can escape the category and become an ex-slave or a former slave, but that's what they are. It's genetic, they were 2nd-class beings who were naturally inferior. In contrast, enslaved persons are still persons, that's a more fundamental category than slave. "Enslaved" is a situation, like "afflicted" or "sickened". It's not the person's essential character. Now that I've got started, I want to speak against deciding policy questions, and whether you like it or not this is a policy question, by Google search counts. Note that  has added the words "and more common" to WP's policy on titles. "Russia" has 3,000,000,000 hits, "U.S.S.R." only 90,000,000, but you can't, or shouldn't, conclude from that that we should replace U.S.S.R. with Russia. deisenbe (talk) 12:26, 16 November 2021 (UTC)
 * @Deisenbe: For your first paragraph, I fully agree that "slave" is a category and not some inherent quality, but this is also the same for other categories (such as "victim of slavery", not "person who was victimised by slavery"). As for Google search counts, they aren't the arbiter of what's more common, and perhaps I should have clarified that in my point. "Russia" and "U.S.S.R." refer to different countries (though Russia was a core component of the USSR), while "slave" and "enslaved person" refer to the same concept. A more fitting comparison would perhaps be "Russia" and "Russian Federation". The policy that I was referring to is at WP:UCRN. Tol  (talk | contribs) @ 16:54, 16 November 2021 (UTC)
 * When you say a person was a slave, they are in a category, it was something they were, they were born that way, they die that way, maybe they can escape the category and become an ex-slave or a former slave, but that's what they are. - that is an excellent description of the system of American racial chattel slavery present before 1865. I'm not sure why that is an argument to not use the word "slave" in articles describing that system. User:力 (powera,  π,  ν ) 20:47, 19 November 2021 (UTC)
 * Comment since I am not an English speaker, I don't feel I can vote in the issue. But I would like to point out that the page was originally moved from "List of slaves" to "List of enslaved people" without a prior discussion (at least as far as I'm aware), so its seems odd it that the move back to the original title "List of slaves" must have such a discussion, when it is really just a revert (albeit several months later) of an non-discussed move. This may indeed be a language issue, but it seems odd to me that the word slave is so sensitive, and it seems to be an ideological issue that it is. I don't see why the word slave must be intepreted as being something "genetic", as Deisenbe seem to say. A slave is the same thing as an enslaved person: they are synonyms. To view them as different from each other seem to assume a lot of things that does not have to be true. Perhaps this is an American issue, but as the list shows, slavery was far from just an American phenomena. Everyone I know would agree that being a slave is nothing genetic or natural; whether they were born in slavery, captured in to slavery, freed or escaped from slavery, it is taken for granted that this person is regardless a person foremost; a slave or an ex-slave is simply what they are subjected to or have been subjected to, and a word used in the context of their enslavement or former enslavement. Perhaps the word slave is so closely associated with genetics, as Deisenbe say, in an American context, were slavery was so closely associated with race. But Wikipedia is not an American Encylopedia, and slavery and race were not globally so closely associated as they are in US. Wikipedia should have a global and not an American perspective. From a non-American standpoint, the word slave appears to be a neutral synonym to an enslaved person. --Aciram (talk) 13:41, 16 November 2021 (UTC)
 * There is nothing "natural" about the word "slave". No, "slave" is not "closely associated with genetics"--it's closely associated with oppression, and in the US and other former enslaving countries, it's closely associated with systemic racism. "Enslaved person" is really common parlance now, and not just in the US; in the Netherlands, the term "slaafgemaakt" ("made into a slave") is now used widely across the media and the publishing industry. As for the "undiscussed move"--we don't have to discuss every single thing on Wikipedia, and one of those articles was moved a year and a half ago already. Pinging, who made one or more of these moves. Anyway, "enslaved person" as common parlance: "Column: Language matters: The shift from ‘slave’ to ‘enslaved person’ may be difficult, but it’s important", "Slave or Enslaved Person? It’s not just an academic debate for historians of American slavery (and that's from 2015 already), "The Vocabulary of Freedom", "Language of Slavery", "Four hundred years after enslaved Africans were first brought to Virginia, most Americans still don’t know the full story of slavery", "Who Were America’s Enslaved? A New Database Humanizes the Names Behind the Numbers", and I could go on. Drmies (talk) 15:34, 16 November 2021 (UTC)
 * I would just like to point out that the meaning of "natural" which you used ("closely associated with genetics") is not the same that is used in policy or my nomination argument. I meant the definition used at Article titles, which says: "The title is one that readers are likely to look or search for and that editors would naturally use to link to the article from other articles. Such a title usually conveys what the subject is actually called in English." This is the meaning I was referring to. Tol  (talk | contribs) @ 16:57, 16 November 2021 (UTC)
 * I would just like to point out: I don't know that much about this English language issue. I come from a country which did not have much slavery in its history, so to me, this was something that made me puzzled and I did not fully understand it, other then that I found it strange if Wikipedia should focus so strongly an an American language issue around this subject. I am not an American and I am more familiar with slavery in other parts oft he world which did not have this racial dimension. So I was curious around this issue, but I am not some sort of fanatic who absolutely want to have this or that title. I am not an English language speaker and did not grow up in the US. This appear to be a very heated and aggressive discussion. I appologize if I have offended anyone in some way, and I will leave it entirely since I an uncomfortable with the aggressive tone in it.--Aciram (talk) 21:28, 16 November 2021 (UTC)
 * Strong support. These pages should never have been moved. The word "slave" does not dehumanize those it describes; it and "enslaved person" mean the exact same thing in this context, and "slave" is more concise and more common.  O.N.R.  (talk) 01:33, 17 November 2021 (UTC)
 * Oppose. RS are increasingly using 'enslaved people' rather than 'slaves'. —valereee (talk) 18:16, 19 November 2021 (UTC)
 * Support all of these. The three articles other than List of enslaved people are fairly clearly better off using the term "slaves" in the title.  Less convinced here, the academic arguments regarding the preference for usage of the term "enslaved people" are more relevant here.  But this is a disaster of a list anyhow, there is no reason that "Billy, a 7-year-old black boy captured by Creek raiders in 1788; he passed through several hands before being sold at auction in Havana, Spanish Cuba." should be listed even if there is a source for it. User:力 (powera,  π,  ν ) 20:47, 19 November 2021 (UTC)
 * Actually, for List of last surviving American enslaved people, the section heading List of last survivors of American slavery is possibly better than either title proposed. User:力 (powera, π,  ν ) 20:49, 19 November 2021 (UTC)
 * Agreed; I also like List of last survivors of American slavery. Tol  (talk | contribs) @ 21:13, 19 November 2021 (UTC)
 * Comment - While I do assume, and also do sincerely hope that these types of efforts are being done out of only good intentions (e.g., the stated goals of ending systemic racism),  everyone needs to be aware that many, many of us simply do not see the problems you are seeing with the common English form. We all know there is systemic racism; trying to fix it by replacing the word "slave" with "enslaved person" honestly looks like an example of throwing spaghetti at the wall and hoping some of it will stick. I also will point out, that it was the SLAVERS that generally tried to avoid the use of "slave": they called them "servants", or just "negroes". It was the activists fighting against slavery who used "slave" as much as possible. Slavery is an ugly thing: do we REALLY want to replace the words for it with softened, euphemistic language? More importantly... despite the noble intentions, the amount of hostility and devisiveness that this type of thing brings about - especially when editors who disagree face railing accusations of racism and are told to "fuck off" as a consequence - that is disruptive and tendentious, and we can all do better than that. 2600:1702:4960:1DE0:8587:7569:D2D3:9186 (talk) 00:54, 22 November 2021 (UTC)
 * Support. This should have never moved from the long-standing names, and WP:ONUS lies on those arguing for the change. Drmies' handling of this was extremely poor, and he should come off the moral high ground and be less fucking patronizing (profanity intended). As the plethora of academic material could witness, there is nothing wrong with using the word "slave" for the condition, and "enslaved person" looks like a typical product of the euphemism treadmill. "Enslaved person" is not common, it is not concise, and there is nothing morally wrong or with the plain English word "slave". No such user (talk) 13:42, 23 November 2021 (UTC)
 * Support per nom and No such user's rationale directly above, and additionally to revert an undiscussed but obviously controversial move. This also means that if this discussion were to close as "no consensus", the long term status-quo i.e. the old titles should be restored. Lennart97 (talk) 14:25, 23 November 2021 (UTC)
 * Comment This article has been called "List of enslaved people" since July 2020, the second one was called "Treatment of the enslaved in the United States" since September 2020, that's well over a year in both cases. So I can't see any problem in Drmies's actions and I see no reason why "no consensus" should lead to restoring the name they had 16 / 14 months ago. I can't see that "enslaved person / people" is an euphemism, because it underlines the barbarity of enslaving persons. --Rsk6400 (talk) 17:45, 23 November 2021 (UTC)
 * Support for List of last survivors of American slavery, Neutral on the rest because I'm not a native speaker. --Rsk6400 (talk) 17:45, 23 November 2021 (UTC)
 * Support all and also support List of last survivors of American slavery - Concise, accurate. Whilst I can see that the previous move was performed out of noble sentiments, Wikipedia is not here to right great wrongs, nor is it clear how the previous move was supposed to address historical racism unless there was a serious belief that people are generally unaware that slaves were also people - but this is not so. Generally people understand that slavery, enslavement are horrific crimes. The use of the term "slave labour", "enslavement" etc. to describe, for example, the Nazi enslavement of those they saw as sub-human, is entirely condemnatory of the Nazis and not at all a diminishment of their crimes. FOARP (talk) 10:44, 24 November 2021 (UTC)
 * Support per Aciram: Wikipedia should have a global and not an American perspective. From a non-American standpoint, the word slave appears to be a neutral synonym to an enslaved person. Move #3 to List of last survivors of American slavery per 力. feminist (t) 11:37, 24 November 2021 (UTC)
 * abstain this issue seems to be related about American politics, political correctness, being "woke", being left, being right, among others. I am neither familiar nor fond of that stuff. —usernamekiran • sign the guestbook • (talk) 13:05, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

Once again: List of the last surviving American slaves
I don't think that you determined consensus correctly regarding List of the last surviving American slaves. Four editors (including myself) supported List of last survivors of American slavery, and nobody opposed it. I just fixed it, of course everybody is free to undo and / or discuss my action. --Rsk6400 (talk) 07:32, 25 November 2021 (UTC)
 * For the record, even though I was strongly for revert of the previous title of this article, I'm not against that one, so I endorse your move. No such user (talk) 13:01, 25 November 2021 (UTC)

The Cherokee
I recently made an edit to remove many definite articles from this page in the interest of clarity and brevity. Another editor reverted it. I propose that we change phrases like "a white girl who was enslaved by the Cherokee" to "a white girl who was enslaved by Cherokees". First, it's simpler and shorter, and we should try to keep entries concise in a list as large as this one. Secondly, it's more accurate. She was enslaved by some Cherokees, not by the Old Cherokee Nation. It's like writing that Sally Hemings was enslaved by the United States (or the Americans), rather than by Thomas Jefferson. pburka (talk) 23:41, 28 February 2022 (UTC)
 * You gave two different reasons in your edit summaries, the other one being that we should not treat groups as "monoliths". Slavery was not based on the actions of individuals, but on laws and customs. Meaning, the whole group (e.g. the Cherokees) saw and treated them as a slave. This is also normal usage in English language. There is no need to use uncommon wordings just for the sake of brevity. BTW: The barbaric laws of the U.S. made Hemings a slave. So, we might say that she was enslaved by the United States. --Rsk6400 (talk) 06:49, 1 March 2022 (UTC)
 * I simply mean that we shouldn't write as if "the Cherokee" is some monolithic, centralized organization rather than a complex society. While the customs of the Cherokee permitted and encouraged slavery at the time, enslaved people didn't become the property of the state; they were treated as property of individuals or families. It's simply incorrect to say someone was enslaved by "the Cherokee", and we don't write that way about European nations. We might say "the British emancipated Cato Perkins", but that was the state acting. We wouldn't write that "the British enslaved Samuel Sharpe", because it wasn't an act of the state, even though the state's laws and institutions facilitated his enslavement. I don't think it's awkward or surprising to read that someone was enslaved by Cherokees or Creek people; it would be confusing to many readers if we wrote that someone was enslaved by Great Britain or the United States. pburka (talk) 20:27, 1 March 2022 (UTC)
 * According to the list, Annika Svahn was captured by "the Russians", and that's (or should be) a European nation. If a nation or an ethnic group acts as a group (especially in war), we normally use the definite article. Rsk6400 (talk) 18:40, 3 March 2022 (UTC)
 * I agree that the usage is common when talking about wars or battles (which are acts of states), and in these cases I think the context implies that "the Russians" or "the Cherokee" refers to an army or military unit. Would you agree to removing "the" in the cases where there's no indication there was a war or battle or other act of state involved? pburka (talk) 19:35, 3 March 2022 (UTC)
 * No. The term "state" is not normally used for the Cherokee nation, but still the Cherokees fought wars as a group. And to check each individual case whether somebody was abducted by two Cherokees while lost in the forest (no war) or captured during a raid (possibly understood as part of a war, possibly not) seems a total waste of time. Rsk6400 (talk) 11:11, 4 March 2022 (UTC)
 * The great thing about Wikipedia is that we're all volunteers, so I'll choose to waste my time as I see fit. I'm going to continue removing "the" where there's no context to support a state or nation as the actor. Please discuss individual cases you disagree with on this page. pburka (talk) 15:15, 5 March 2022 (UTC)

Simply reverting changes because you dislike them is disruptive. I asked you to discuss individual cases you disagree with. Let's start with Antonia Bonnelli. Our biography of Bonnelli says she was captured by Miccosukee Indians. Please explain why you prefer the version that says she was "enslaved by the Mikasuki tribe", which has a different meaning. pburka (talk) 18:51, 11 March 2022 (UTC)

 * I didn't simply revert because I dislike something. See WP:AGF. If you want to discuss each individual case, you have to give a specific edit summary for each case. Regarding Bonelli: What our article says is pretty irrelevant. WP:RS is what matters. Rsk6400 (talk) 07:12, 12 March 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of slaves


text:
Wikipedia:Goings-on/February 29, 2004

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title: Wikipedia:Goings-on/February 29, 2004


text:
Galvin railway station

Galvin railway station is a closed railway station which was located on the Werribee line of the Melbourne suburban rail system in Australia. It was located adjacent to Maidstone Street, Altona, and was situated between Paisley and Laverton stations.

History
Galvin station opened on 27 August 1927 and was named after Michael Galvin, the Werribee shire president at the time. It was a public platform, but it played a particular role in providing passenger services for workers at industries being established in the area. When the line between Altona Junction and Laverton was duplicated in 1967, Galvin was provided with an island platform. After the system of public transport fare zones was instituted in the early 1980s, Galvin became the border between Zones 1 and 2 on the Werribee Line.

In 1985, a new extension joining Westona and Laverton stations was opened. The Werribee line had been electrified two years earlier, but after the construction of the Westona - Laverton link, trains on the Werribee line were diverted via Altona and Westona to try to make a more viable route, because both Galvin and the nearby Paisley station were little used. As a result, both Galvin and Paisley were bypassed and closed. The last trains stopped at the station on 14 April 1985.

After closure, the station building and platforms were demolished, but the track slew to allow for Galvin's island platform remains.

title: Galvin railway station


text:
User talk:Niv~enwiki

No, this is not funny. If you continue with adding the hello.jpg, or other kinds of vandalism, you will get blocked from editing here for sure. andy 00:27, 7 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Niv. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Niv~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 02:10, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 17:00, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Niv~enwiki


text:
Talk:FIFA 100

Semi-protected edit request on 23 June 2018
Players 42.61.242.170 (talk) 14:20, 23 June 2018 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate.--QueerFilmNerd (talk) 15:58, 23 June 2018 (UTC)

summarize
(4 countries could form a complete team: BRA, FRA, ITA, NED.) --2.247.255.243 (talk) 19:38, 24 June 2018 (UTC)
 * 1) BRA #15
 * 2) FRA #14
 * 3) ITA #14
 * 4) NED #13
 * 5) ARG #10
 * 6) GER #10

Bad edit to remove maradona
The edit to remove Diego Maradona is wrong. Fpmchu (talk) 08:13, 10 July 2021 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 8 January 2024
Franz Beckenbauer has died in 2024 2A02:C7C:940F:4E00:44A8:7CD6:253E:4422 (talk) 16:49, 8 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please provide reliable sources that support the change you want to be made. Shadow311 (talk) 16:58, 8 January 2024 (UTC)

Poorly express part about insufficient bias
I made this change [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FIFA_100&diff=prev&oldid=1198909825] as the wording seems poor "". I haven't checked the source, but either our summarisation of it is very poor or it's such a weird thing to say that it doesn't seem worthy of inclusion unless it got a lot of attention. If I counted right, the list seems to include 5 Africans, 2 Asians (4 if you include Türkiye which is a little weird since they play in UEFA) and 3 North Americans, and 2 of those were women from a country fairly dominant in women's football at the time. There are none from Oceania, Central America etc. All the rest so I assume 115 seem to be from Europe and South America. It's very weird to suggest this is a list that is not biased towards Europe and South America. It might be still true that this list is not sufficiently biased towards Europe and South America, but that's a different point. Likewise it might be also true that even with the Europe and South American bias, it's not sufficiently biased towards certain countries in Europe and South America, but again a different point. I checked out the BBC link and it concentrates more on the spread than the bias issue. I'd note that the BBC link does suggest the list was modified, I assume this means an earlier version was leaked or released but this isn't mentioned in our article. Nil Einne (talk) 10:46, 25 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:FIFA 100


text:
Therian

Therian may refer to:

 * In taxonomy, a member of the mammalian subclass Theria, consisting of marsupial and placental mammals
 * Therianthropy, the mythological ability or affliction of individuals to metamorphose into animals or hybrids by means of shapeshifting
 * A member of the contemporary subculture of therianthropy, a subcommunity of otherkin, which is based on a psychological identification with animals

title: Therian


text:
Talk:List of gene families

Pages
1) I think that the concepts "gene family" and "gene complex" should have their own pages. They can be defined there. I'm not sure what a gene complex is, but if it is what I think it is, it should not be included in Gene Family. adam

 * A gene complex is really a gene family, it's an older terminology. The MHC is such a gene  complex, since it consists of functionally related genes that appear that are also evolutionarily related. --Lexor|Talk 02:47, 7 Mar 2004 (UTC)

2) This page could get very big very fast. I threw in some more content just to get an idea of how we can organize the page. I think we should focus on protein superfamilies, and maybe we can note a few of the major subfamilies in parentheses. adam

 * You have to be careful about the distinction between the genes that encode the proteins and the proteins themselves. If you want to talk about protein families, e.g. along the lines of the SCOP database, which might include genes that are functionally related but not necessarily based on common descent, then it probably deserves a page protein family and/or List of protein families. --Lexor|Talk 02:47, 7 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * As I understand the term, the essence of a gene families is common descent. Biochemical activity and organismal function are generally side effects of common descent, though I suppose that they could be considered as additional requirements for identifying a group of genes as a family. Also, if a gene family encodes proteins, I would think that "protein family" and "gene family" would be synonomous. If someone is using the term "protein family" in a way that is not analgous to "gene family", then we are heading for a clash of terminology (not like that's uncommon). I would suggest using a term like "protein class", but I guess that's not my decision. I did a PubMed search for "gene family" and it seems that many researchers use the term "gene family" as I described it. However, that doesn't mean that there isn't another usage. adam

 * Adam, yes your understanding is more or less my understanding. I perhaps worded my response a little carelessly.  Yes, in general, gene families and protein families are both (or should be) based on common descent.  However, I think that gene families are usually defined almost exclusively with regard to common descent, whereas when people are talking about protein families, sometimes biologists (especially molecular biologists), tend to lump functionally-related proteins with evolutionarily-related proteins by default without doing rigorous phylogenetic testing to establish that that is the case (e.g. convergent evolution can produce similar function and/or proteins that have similar binding sites and therefore functionally may be otherwise structurally, and therefore, evolutionarily, different).  I just want to make sure that the list doesn't conflate the two, because they're already conflated enough in the literature.  Am I making sense?  --Lexor|Talk 04:25, 8 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * In defense of us molecular biologists (feigned insult) we do at least do an allignment before declaring that a set of proteins are related...and we are learning that there is no such thing as "% homology"! Anyway, it seems the main issue is how we decide that some protein family in fact exists. Is it good enough if Albert's says so in Molecular Biology of the Cell? If any peer-reviewed work says so? Or are we going to dig thru ever reference and see which gene families really are justified? The last would be great, but it really seems excessive, especially considering that anyone can just come in and say "oh, my favorite gene family is not listed, I'll list it". I have to admit that I was not being careful when I added those gene families... they were just off of the top of my head and I have little or no idea of what justifies calling them a family. AdamRetchless 04:52, 8 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Sorry, I didn't know you were a molecular biologist. I know that most molecular biologists are aware of the distinction, it's more that occasionally in informal circumstances they are more likely to get a bit more sloppy than evolutionary biologists and systematists because it's not their bread and butter.  Likewise systematists get sloppy when talking about molecules.  No real slight intended... ;-)  With regard to the issue on inclusion, it's probably not our role to get involved in angels on pinheads discussions about whether a given family is a true evolutionary family or not.  So long as we note and carefully explain the possible conflation in the literature in the article, then we're doing our best to reflect the state of knowledge in the field (which includes the confusion over the exact definition of a protein and gene families!) that's fine with me.  That's all we can really do as encyclopedists... --Lexor|Talk 05:08, 8 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Okay, I did pubmed and google searches on "gene complex". While I did not get a straight definition, I think I understand how the term is being used. As I read those articles, a gene complex is a region of a chromosome with several genes (loci?) of related function. This concept was in use long before we had any gene sequences so I can't see how it could involve any idea of gene homology. It has turned out that many gene complexes resulted from duplications of individual genes and therefore the genes in the complex also belong to the same family. However, a gene complex is not synonomous with a gene family. Now I just need to figure out if gene complex is synonomous with a "gene cluster", such as the globulin cluster. AdamRetchless 04:24, 8 Mar 2004 (UTC)

-

This could be a good resource for lists of gene families. As I understand copyright laws, lists cannot be copyrighted. http://www.gene.ucl.ac.uk/nomenclature/genefamily.shtml adam

 * Yes and no, if this database protection bill HR 3261 that has been proposed in the US passes, we could be in for trouble for taking aggregation of mere facts.  Not a problem now, but it is on the horizon and wikipedians should be alert to possibilities down the road. --Lexor|Talk 04:25, 8 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * sigh Yeah. I forgot about that. Anyway, the link that I posted isn't really a list... it's a bunch of links to webpages. It would require a bit of work for us to extract what we really want from it, so I don't think that it would be a problem. AdamRetchless 04:52, 8 Mar 2004 (UTC)

-
 * It would be good to coordinate this page with the protein family page Gribskov 13:59, 20 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Removed list of gene families. There is a better way to categorise gene families by adding the appropriate category. Technically this page is not needed. This page, the gene complex page and the protein family page are a big complicated mess. DesiLady (talk) 16:08, 30 October 2012 (UTC)

References?
Can we find a reference that lists what gene families are recognized? So far we have a list but it was produced adhoc by adding entries people happened to notice. It would be nice to have a referenced list we could take as being complete. RJFJR (talk) 14:10, 9 March 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of gene families


text:
Soldier Field

Soldier Field is a multi-purpose stadium on the Near South Side of Chicago, Illinois, United States. Opened in 1924 and reconstructed in 2003, the stadium has served as the home of the Chicago Bears from the National Football League (NFL) since 1971, as well as Chicago Fire FC of Major League Soccer (MLS) from 1998 to 2006 and since 2020. It also regularly hosts stadium concerts and other large crowd events. The stadium has a football capacity of 62,500, making it the smallest stadium in the NFL. Soldier Field is also the oldest stadium established in the NFL and 2nd oldest in the MLS.

The stadium's interior was rebuilt as part of a major renovation project in 2002, which modernized the facility but lowered its seating capacity, eventually causing it to be delisted as a National Historic Landmark in 2006. Soldier Field has served as the home venue for a number of other sports teams in its history, including the Chicago Cardinals of the NFL and University of Notre Dame football. It hosted the 1994 FIFA World Cup, the 1999 FIFA Women's World Cup, and multiple CONCACAF Gold Cup championships. In 1968, it hosted the inaugural World Games of the Special Olympics, as well as its second World Games in 1970. Other historic events have included large rallies with speeches, including by Amelia Earhart, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Martin Luther King Jr..

History
On December 3, 1919, Chicago-based architectural firm Holabird & Roche was chosen to design the stadium, which broke ground on August 11, 1922. The stadium cost $13 million to construct (equivalent to $ million in ), a large sum for a sporting venue at that time (in comparison, the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum had cost less than US$1 million in 1923 dollars). On October 9, 1924, the 53rd anniversary of the Great Chicago Fire, the stadium was officially dedicated as "Grant Park Stadium", although it had hosted a few events before then, including a field day for Chicago police officers on September 6, and the stadium's first football game, between Louisville Male High School and Austin Community Academy High School, on October 4. On November 22, the stadium hosted its first college football game, in which Notre Dame defeated Northwestern University 13–6.

On November 11, 1925, the stadium's name was changed to Soldier Field, in dedication to U.S. soldiers who had died in combat during World War I. Its formal rededication as Soldier Field was held during the 29th annual playing of the Army–Navy Game on November 27, 1926. Several months earlier, in June 1926, the stadium hosted several events during the 28th International Eucharistic Congress.

The stadium's design is in the Neoclassical style, with Doric columns rising above the East and West entrances. In its earliest configuration, Soldier Field was capable of seating 74,280 spectators, and was in the shape of a U. Additional seating could be added along the interior field, upper promenades, and on the large, open field and terrace beyond the north endzone, bringing the seating capacity to over 100,000.

Chicago Bears move in

Before they moved into the stadium, the Chicago Bears had played select charity games at Soldier Field as early as, when they played their former crosstown rivals, the Chicago Cardinals. The Cardinals also used the stadium as their home field for their final season in the city in 1959.

In, the Bears moved into Soldier Field full-time, originally with a three-year commitment. The team previously played home games at Wrigley Field, the home stadium of the Chicago Cubs of Major League Baseball (MLB), but were forced to move to a larger venue due to post-AFL–NFL merger policies requiring that stadium capacities seat at least 50,000 spectators as well as lighting for potential night games. The Bears had initially intended to build a stadium in Arlington Heights, but the property did not fit the league's specifications.

On September 19, 1971, the Bears played their first home game at Soldier Field, in which they defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers 17–15. In 1978, the Bears and the Chicago Park District agreed to a 20-year lease and renovation of the stadium; both parties pooled their resources for the renovation. The playing surface was AstroTurf from 1971 until 1987, and was replaced with natural grass in 1988. On February 27, 1987, Soldier Field was designated a National Historic Landmark.

Replacement talks
In 1989, Soldier Field's future was in jeopardy after a proposal was created for a "McDome", which was intended to be a domed stadium for the Bears, but was rejected by the Illinois Legislature in 1990. Because of this, Bears president Michael McCaskey considered relocation as a possible factor for a new stadium. The Bears had also purchased options in Hoffman Estates, Elk Grove Village and Aurora. In 1995, McCaskey announced that he and Northwest Indiana developers agreed to construction of an entertainment complex called "Planet Park", which would also include a new stadium. However, the plan was rejected by the Lake County Council, and in 1998, then-Chicago mayor Richard M. Daley proposed that the Bears share Comiskey Park with the Chicago White Sox.

Renovations
Beginning in 1978, the plank seating was replaced by individual seats with backs and armrests. In 1982, a new press box, as well as 60 skyboxes, were added to the stadium, boosting its capacity to 66,030. In 1988, 56 more skyboxes were added, increasing capacity to 66,946. Capacity was slightly increased to 66,950 in 1992. By 1994, however, capacity was slightly reduced to 66,944. During the renovation, seating capacity was reduced to 55,701 by building a grandstand in the open end of the U shape. This moved the field closer to both ends in order to move the fans closer to the field, at the expense of seating capacity. The front row 50-yard line seats were only 55 ft away from the sidelines, the shortest distance of all NFL stadiums until MetLife Stadium opened in 2010 with a distance of 46 ft.

2002–03 renovation and landmark delisting
In 2001, the Chicago Park District, which owns the structure, faced substantial criticism when it announced plans to alter the stadium with a design by Benjamin T. Wood and Carlos Zapata of Wood + Zapata in Boston. The stadium grounds were reconfigured by local architecture firm Lohan Associate, led by architect Dirk Lohan, grandson of Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. The stadium's interior would be demolished and reconstructed while the exterior would be preserved in an example of facadism. A similar endeavor of constructing a new stadium within the confines of a historic stadium's exterior was done with Leipzig's Red Bull Arena, which similarly built a modern stadium while preserving the exterior of the original Zentralstadion. Fans and radio hosts, such as WSCR's Mike North, criticized the small seating capacity of the new venue, and others have criticized the Park District's lack of care to the field surface after the first seasonal freeze and a refusal to consider a new-generation artificial surface, leaving the Bears to play on dead grass. On January 19, 2002, the night of the Bears' playoff loss to the Philadelphia Eagles, demolition began as tailgate fires still burned in trash cans in the parking lots. The removal of 24,000 stadium seats in 36 hours by Archer Seating Clearinghouse, a speed record never exceeded since [cite?], was the first step in building the new Soldier Field. Nostalgic Bears fans recalling the team's glory seasons (especially 1985), as well as some retired players, picked up their seats in the South parking lot. The foremen on the job were Grant Wedding, who installed the seats himself in 1979, and Mark Wretschko, an executive for the factory who made the new seats. As Soldier Field underwent renovation, the Bears spent the 2002 NFL season playing their home games at Memorial Stadium at the University of Illinois. On September 29,, the Bears played their first game at the renovated Soldier Field, in which they were defeated by the Green Bay Packers, 38–23. The total funding for the renovation cost $632 million; taxpayers were responsible for $432 million while the Chicago Bears and the NFL contributed $200 million. Several writers and columnists attacked the Soldier Field renovation project as an aesthetic, political and financial nightmare. The project received mixed reviews within the architecture community, with criticism from civic and preservation groups. Prominent architect and native Chicagoan Stanley Tigerman called it "a fiasco. Chicago Tribune architecture critic Blair Kamin dubbed it the "Eyesore on the Lake Shore,"  while others called it "Monstrosity on the Midway" or "Mistake by the Lake". The renovation was described by some as if "a spaceship landed on the stadium".  Lohan responded:

"I would never say that Soldier Field is an architectural landmark. Nobody has copied it; nobody has learned from it. People like it for nostalgic reasons. They remember the games and parades and tractor pulls and veterans' affairs they've seen there over the years. I wouldn't do this if it were the Parthenon. But this isn't the Parthenon."

Proponents of the renovation argued it was direly needed because of aging and cramped facilities. The New York Times named the renovated Soldier Field one of the five best new buildings of 2003. Soldier Field was given an award in design excellence by the American Institute of Architects in 2004.

On September 23, 2004, as a result of the renovation, a 10-member federal advisory committee unanimously recommended that Soldier Field be delisted as a National Historic Landmark. The recommendation to delist was prepared by Carol Ahlgren, an architectural historian at the National Park Service's Midwest Regional Office in Omaha, Nebraska, who was quoted in Preservation Online stating, "if we had let this stand, I believe it would have lowered the standard of National Historic Landmarks throughout the country. ... If we want to keep the integrity of the program, let alone the landmarks, we really had no other recourse." The stadium lost the landmark designation on February 17, 2006.

Subsequent developments

In May 2012, Soldier Field became the first NFL stadium to achieve LEED status, a program intended to award environmentally sustainable buildings.

On July 9, 2019, the Chicago Fire of Major League Soccer (MLS) announced an agreement with the Village of Bridgeview to release the team from their lease with SeatGeek Stadium, where they had played since 2006. As a result, the Fire returned to Soldier Field for the 2020 MLS season.

On June 17, 2021, the Chicago Bears submitted a bid for the Arlington Park Racetrack property, making a move from Soldier Field to a new venue more possible. On September 29, the Bears and Churchill Downs Incorporated announced that they had reached an agreement for the property.

On September 5, 2022, the Kentucky bluegrass was replaced with Bermuda grass after poor field conditions were noted in an August 13 preseason game.

Public transportation
The closest Chicago 'L' station to Soldier Field is the Roosevelt station on the Orange, Green and Red lines. The Chicago Transit Authority also operates the #128 Soldier Field Express bus route to the stadium from Ogilvie Transportation Center and Union Station. There are also two Metra stations close by: the Museum Campus/11th Street station on the Metra Electric Line, which also is used by South Shore Line trains, and 18th Street, which is only served by the Metra Electric Line. Pace also provides access from the Northwest, West and Southwest suburbs to the stadium with four express routes from Schaumburg, Lombard, Bolingbrook, Burr Ridge, Palos Heights and Oak Lawn.

Facility contracts
The pouring rights of non-alcoholic beverages at Soldier Field were held by The Coca-Cola Company from at least 1992 until 2012, when the Bears signed a contract with Dr Pepper Snapple Group (later Keurig Dr Pepper), making it the only stadium in the NFL then (with Cleveland Browns Stadium striking a similar deal in 2018) to have such rights held by the company. With the 2003 renovation, the Bears gained power in striking sponsorship deals at Soldier Field; the Miller Brewing Company was given the pouring rights of alcoholic beverages, while Delaware North Sportservice was named the food and beverage service provider. Aramark took over service operations at the stadium when the latter contract expired in 2013.

Single events

 * The stadium hosted its first football game on October 4, 1924, between Louisville Male High School and Chicago's Austin Community Academy High School; Louisville's team won 26–0.
 * Over 100,000 spectators attended the 1926 Army–Navy Game. It would decide the national championship, as Navy entered undefeated and Army had lost only to Notre Dame. The game lived up to its hype, and even though it ended in a 21–21 tie, Navy was awarded the national championship.
 * The all-time collegiate attendance record of 123,000+ was established November 26, 1927, as Notre Dame beat the USC Trojans 7–6. Subsequently, in 2016, 150,000+ attended a game between the Virginia Tech Hokies and Tennessee Volunteers at Bristol Speedway.
 * Austin defeated Leo to win the 1937 Chicago Prep Bowl; another contender for the highest attendance ever (estimated at over 120,000 spectators). The Chicago Prep Bowl games are held at Soldier Field yearly on the day after Thanksgiving. The bowl game is older than the IHSA state championship tournament held since the 1960s.
 * The stadium was host to 41 College All-Star Games, an exhibition between the previous year's NFL champion (or, in its final years, Super Bowl champion) and a team of collegiate all-star players prior to their reporting to their new professional teams training camps. This game was discontinued after the 1976 NFL season. The final game in 1976 was halted in the third quarter when a torrential thunderstorm broke out and play was never resumed.
 * The University of Notre Dame has hosted two games at Soldier Field, as part of their Shamrock Series. The first was in 2012, against the University of Miami, with another, against the University of Wisconsin-Madison, following in 2021.

NFL playoffs

 * 1985 NFC Divisional Playoff: New York Giants 0, Chicago Bears 21. The last home playoff game was in 1963, when the team played in Wrigley Field.
 * 1985 NFC Championship Game: Los Angeles Rams 0, Chicago Bears 24. This was the first NFC Championship held here.
 * 1986 NFC Divisional Playoff: Washington 27, Chicago Bears 13.
 * 1987 NFC Divisional Playoff: Washington 21, Chicago 17.
 * 1988 NFC Divisional Playoff: Philadelphia Eagles 12, Chicago Bears 20. This game is best remembered as the Fog Bowl, where a dense fog covered the stadium, reducing visibility to 15–20 yards.
 * 1988 NFC Championship Game San Francisco 49ers 28, Bears 3. The 49ers would then go on to win Super Bowl XXIII.
 * 1990 NFC Wild Card: New Orleans Saints 6, Chicago Bears 16.
 * 1991 NFC Wild Card: Dallas Cowboys 17, Chicago Bears 13.
 * 2001 NFC Divisional Playoff: Philadelphia Eagles 33, Chicago Bears 19. This was also the last home game before the renovations took place in 2002.
 * 2005 NFC Divisional Playoff: Carolina Panthers 29, Chicago Bears 21. First playoff game post-renovations.
 * 2006 NFC Divisional Playoff: Seattle Seahawks 24, Chicago Bears 27 (OT).
 * 2006 NFC Championship Game: New Orleans Saints 14, Bears 39. Granted the team their second trip to the Super Bowl (their first in 21 years), where they lost to the Colts 29-17 in a rainy Miami.
 * 2010 NFC Divisional Playoff: Seattle Seahawks 24, Chicago Bears 35.
 * 2010 NFC Championship Game: Green Bay Packers 21, Bears 14. The Bears were defeated by the eventual Super Bowl XLV champions.
 * 2018 NFC Wild Card: Philadelphia Eagles 16, Chicago Bears 15. This game is known for its "Double Doink" field goal.

College football
Northern Illinois Huskies play select games at Soldier Field, all of which have featured them hosting a team from the Big Ten Conference. Northern Illinois University (NIU) is located in DeKalb, 65 mi to the west on Interstate 88.
 * On September 1, 2007, NIU faced the University of Iowa in the first Division I College Football game at Soldier Field since the 2002 renovations. The Hawkeyes defeated the Huskies 16–3.
 * On September 17, 2011, the Huskies returned to play the Wisconsin Badgers in a game that was called "Soldier Field Showdown II". The eventual Big Ten champion Badgers topped NIU 49–7.
 * On September 1, 2012, NIU hosted the Iowa Hawkeyes in a season opener that was called "Soldier Field Showdown III". The Hawkeyes narrowly defeated the Huskies 18–17.

Notre Dame Fighting Irish football used the stadium as home field for the 1929 season while Notre Dame Stadium was being constructed. The school has used Soldier Field for single games on occasion both prior to and since the 1929 season, and boasts an undefeated 10–0–2 record there. At Soldier Field, Notre Dame has played Northwestern four times, USC and Wisconsin twice, and Army, Drake, Great Lakes Naval Base, Navy, and Miami once each.

Motorsport

Beginning in the 1940s and through the late-1960s (except for during World War II), motorsport races regularly were held on a short track at the stadium. In 1956 and 1957, NASCAR held races at the stadium, including a NASCAR Cup race.

In the early-to-mid 1980s saw the US Hot Rod Association host Truck and Tractor Sled Pull Competitions and Monster Truck exhibitions here. The engines on some of the vehicles would echo through the skyscrapers in downtown Chicago as they made their pull. Damage to the stadium turf on a few of the event occasion's led USHRA to move events to the Rosemont Horizon (known today as Allstate Arena).

Ice hockey
On February 7, 2013, the stadium hosted a high school hockey game between St. Rita High School from the city's Southwest side and Fenwick High School from suburban Oak Park.

The Notre Dame Fighting Irish and Miami RedHawks played a doubleheader on February 17, 2013, with the Wisconsin Badgers and Minnesota Golden Gophers in the Hockey City Classic, the first outdoor hockey game in the history of the stadium. A Chicago Gay Hockey Association intra-squad game was held in affiliation with the Hockey City Classic.

On March 1, 2014, the Chicago Blackhawks played against the Pittsburgh Penguins as part of the NHL Stadium Series. The Blackhawks defeated the Penguins 5–1 before a sold-out crowd of 62,921. The team also held its 2015 Stanley Cup Championship celebration at the stadium instead of Grant Park, where other city championships have typically been held, due to recent rains.

On February 7, 2015, Soldier Field hosted another edition of the Hockey City Classic. The event had been delayed due to unusually warm weather (42 F) and complications with the quality of the ice. The 2015 edition of the Hockey City Classic featured a match between Miami University and Western Michigan, followed by a match between the Big Ten's Michigan and Michigan State       On February 5, the organizers of the Hockey City Classic organized the Unite on the Ice event benefiting St. Jude Children's Research Hospital. The event was centered upon a celebrity hockey game with former NHL and AHL players, as well as a public free skate at Soldier Field. Participants in the celebrity game included Éric Dazé, Jamal Mayers and Gino Cavallini. Denis Savard was in attendance, serving as an honorary coach during the game. On February 15, 2015, Soldier Field hosted another Chicago Gay Hockey Association intra-league match in association with the Hockey City Classic.

CONCACAF Gold Cups

2007 CONCACAF Gold Cup

2009 CONCACAF Gold Cup

2011 CONCACAF Gold Cup

2013 CONCACAF Gold Cup

2015 CONCACAF Gold Cup

2019 CONCACAF Gold Cup

2023 CONCACAF Gold Cup

Single events

 * Over 15,000 spectators attended the first leg of the 1928 National Challenge Cup (now known as the Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup) between soccer teams Bricklayers and Masons F.C. of Chicago and New York Nationals of New York City. The match ended in a 1–1 tie, and New York won the second leg 3–0 in New York City.
 * Numerous Men's and Women's National Team friendly matches.
 * Liverpool vs Olympiacos in the 2014 International Champions Cup with Liverpool winning 1–0.
 * Manchester United vs. Paris Saint-Germain in the 2015 International Champions Cup with PSG winning 2–0.
 * Bayern Munich vs. Milan in the 2016 International Champions Cup with the game resulting in a 3–3 draw and Milan winning the penalty shootout 5–3.
 * Site of the 2017 MLS All-Star Game, played on August 2, 2017, between Real Madrid and a group of all-stars representing Major League Soccer.
 * Manchester City vs. Borussia Dortmund in the 2018 International Champions Cup with Borussia Dortmund winning 1–0.
 * Venue for the 2019 CONCACAF Gold Cup Final, with Mexico defeating the United States 1–0.

Special Olympics
The first Special Olympics games were held at Soldier Field on July 20, 1968. The games involved over 1,000 people with intellectual disabilities from 26 U.S. states and Canada competing in track and field and swimming. In 1970, the second international games occurred, when Special Olympics returned to Soldier Field.

Rugby union
On November 1, 2014, the stadium hosted its first international rugby union test match between the United States Eagles and New Zealand All Blacks as part of the 2014 end-of-year rugby union tests. Over half of the 61,500 tickets were sold within two days. The All Blacks beat the Eagles 74–6. The stadium hosted its second international rugby union match on September 5, 2015, with the United States hosting Australia as part of the 2015 Rugby World Cup warm-up matches shortly before both teams were due to travel to England for the 2015 Rugby World Cup. The Eagles were defeated 47–10. On November 5, 2016, Ireland beat New Zealand 40–29 at Soldier Field as part of the 2016 end-of-year rugby union internationals – the very first time Ireland had beaten the All Blacks in a test match in 111 years of play.

Other events

 * June 21–23, 1926: the 28th International Eucharistic Congress held three days of outdoor day and evening events.
 * September 22, 1927: The Long Count Fight, the second heavyweight championship bout between Jack Dempsey and Gene Tunney, was held at Soldier Field.
 * June 24, 1932: a war show celebrating the bicentennial of George Washington's birth featured Amelia Earhart.
 * May 27, 1933: Soldier Field held the opening ceremonies of the Century of Progress World's Fair. Postmaster General and DNC-Chairman James Farley facilitated the opening ceremony.
 * October 28, 1944: U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt made an appearance at Soldier Field, which was the only Midwestern speaking appearance he made in his last re-election campaign. This appearance was attended by over 150,000 (with at least as many people attempting to attend who were unable to gain admission).
 * April 25, 1951: Douglas MacArthur, US General during World War II, addressed a crowd of 50,000 at Soldier Field in his first visit to the United States in 14 years.
 * June 21, 1964: the Chicago Freedom Movement, led by Martin Luther King Jr., held a rally here. As many as 75,000 came to hear Reverend King, Reverend Theodore Hesburgh (president of the University of Notre Dame, Archbishop Arthur M. Brazier, and Minister Edgar Chandler, among others.
 * July 10, 1966: the Chicago Freedom Movement held a second rally here. As many as 60,000 people came to hear Dr. King, as well as Mahalia Jackson, Stevie Wonder and Peter, Paul and Mary.
 * 1974: The Chicago Fire of the World Football League (WFL) played here before folding in 1975.
 * October 13, 1983: David D. Meilahn made the first-ever commercial cell phone call on a Motorola DynaTAC from his Mercedes-Benz 380SL at Soldier Field. This is considered a major turning point in communications. The call was to Bob Barnett, the former president of Ameritech Mobile Communications, who then placed a call on a DynaTAC from a Chrysler convertible to the grandson of Alexander Graham Bell, who was in Germany.
 * The stadium was listed on the National Register of Historic Places beginning in 1984. Its National Historic Landmark status was removed in 2006.
 * In the summer of 2006, the stadium hosted the opening ceremony of the Gay Games.
 * In 2012, United States President Barack Obama held the 2012 Chicago summit, a summit of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), at McCormick Place and Soldier Field.
 * When the field and nearby Shedd Aquarium had to close to visitors due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Soldier Field became the exercise grounds for the aquarium's penguins.

In popular culture

 * In the Marvel Comics event Siege, Soldier Field is inadvertently destroyed mid-game by Thor's friend Volstagg when he is tricked into fighting the U-Foes through Loki and Norman Osborn's manipulations of events. The stadium is later seen being rebuilt by the heroes after Steve Rogers is appointed head of U.S. Security, following the aforementioned event.
 * The 1977 documentary film Powers of Ten focuses on two people having a picnic on the east side of Soldier Field.
 * The stadium appears in the 2006 Clint Eastwood–directed movie Flags of Our Fathers, when the survivors of the Iwo Jima flag-raising reenact it for a patriotic rally.
 * The opening match of the 1994 World Cup at Soldier Field was one of the five events covered in the ESPN 30 for 30 documentary June 17, 1994.
 * Soldier Field features (much changed) in August 4017a.d. in From The Highlands short story in David Weber's anthology collection Changer Of Worlds. It appears to have gone through multiple renovations, rebuilds and even having been built over, until nothing but the open space of the original remained.
 * In the 13th episode of Chicago Fire's fourth season, Soldier Field is featured on one of their calls for a terrorist hoax. The stadium appears again in the 21st episode of the fifth season as one of their calls for a high angle rescue. This stadium is featured again in the eighth season as members of firehouse 51 respond to help victims of a deadly infection. It is also featured and referenced in the fifteenth episode of season 9 as the preferred location for a medal ceremony for firefighter Randy McHolland (Mouch).
 * In both the book and TV series, Daisy Jones & the Six, the eponymous group plays their final concert at Soldier Field on July 11, 1977.

title: Soldier Field


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User:Nakosomo

Japan

title: User:Nakosomo


text:
Bentley University

Bentley University is a private university in Waltham, Massachusetts. It was founded in 1917 as a school of accounting and finance in Boston's Back Bay neighborhood.

Bentley has one undergraduate school which offers 17 business majors and 14 arts and sciences majors, as well as 39 minors. Its graduate school offers five master's degrees, an MBA with eight disciplines, and three PhD programs.

While Bentley's main campus hosts almost all of its services, the university also has another campus one mile north. The North Campus hosts four residential buildings.

History
Bentley University was founded in 1917 as the Bentley School of Accounting and Finance by Harry C. Bentley, who served as the school's president until 1953. In 1961, the college was accredited to confer four-year Bachelor of Science degrees under President Thomas Lincoln Morison, who moved the college from its Boylston Street address in Boston to its current-day location in Waltham, Massachusetts. Land for this move was purchased from the Lyman Estate in 1962, and the construction to develop the campus then lasted from 1963 to 1968.

Gregory H. Adamian, a major driving force in the college's development, became the fourth president in 1970. Under his guidance, the college became accredited to confer four-year Bachelor of Arts degrees in 1971 and graduate degrees in 1973. During this time, the school also changed its name to Bentley College. In 2002, Bentley College opened up a campus in the Middle Eastern country of Bahrain in partnership with the Bahrain Institute of Banking and Finance. The college was accredited to confer its first doctoral degrees in the fields of business and accountancy in 2005. A main fixture of the campus, The Bentley Library, underwent a sweeping renovation in 2006 during which time the school's logo was changed to showcase the clock tower that sits atop the building. One year later, Gloria Cordes Larson, a former state and federal government official and Boston-based lawyer, became the first female president of Bentley College. In 2008, under the leadership of provost Bob Galliers, the school changed its name to Bentley University after being authorized by the state board of higher education to do so. Alison Davis-Blake, the former dean of the Carlson School of Management at the University of Minnesota and of the Ross School of Business at the University of Michigan, became Bentley's eighth president in July 2018. She stepped down in June 2020 and was replaced by Interim President Paul Condrin, the chair of the board of trustees. In March 2021, the board unanimously appointed E. LaBrent Chrite to serve as Bentley's ninth president.

Rankings
U.S. News & World Report
 * Top 10 Master's Universities in the North 2018 - Ranked 2nd
 * Top 50 Undergraduate Business Programs 2017

Bloomberg Businessweek

 * Best Undergraduate Business Schools 2016 - Ranked 10th

Princeton Review

 * Best Colleges for Career Services 2019 - Ranked 1st
 * Best Colleges for Career Services 2018 - Ranked 1st
 * Best Colleges for Career Services 2017 - Ranked 2nd
 * Best Colleges for Career Services 2016 - Ranked 1st

Bentley User Experience Degree (San Francisco)
The Masters of Human Factors in Information Design program is offered on the West Coast.

Students take four of the required courses in California, five courses online, and the 10th course at Bentley's "User Experience Center".

The program was designed to accommodate the busy schedules of tech professionals and to draw students from a wide geographic area. Each course is delivered in an executive format: three class meetings on Friday, Saturday and Sunday, followed by four weeks of faculty-monitored virtual teamwork, and closing with a Friday/Saturday meeting in the classroom.

Academic organizations
Bentley is home to a number of academic organizations. Its Fed Challenge team won the National Fed Challenge in 2010, and won second place in 2012. The university is also home to the Bentley Investment Group, a student-run organization charged with managing a portion of the university's endowment fund. Bentley Investment Group started with $250,000 in 1997 with 24 original members, the assets managed by the club has grown substantially over the past few decades. The technology sector of Bentley Investment Group is currently the largest sector. Other notable academic organizations include Bentley Open Market Committee, Bentley Marketing Association, TAMID, and the Bentley Real Estate Group.

Club sports
In addition to the intercollegiate and intramural programs, the university offers a number of club sports for students to take part in. These clubs are operated within the Student Activities department, and are financially supported by the student's activity fees. One of the most notable club sports is the Bentley Equestrian Team which was created by Bentley University because of the founder of Bentley University, Harry C. Bentley, enjoyed horseback riding in his free time.

Campus media

 * The Vanguard: student-produced weekly on-campus newspaper
 * The Vale: student-produced yearbook
 * Bentley TV: student-produced TV station broadcasting on channel 45 on campus
 * Piecework: student-produced annual literary magazine
 * Bentley Observer: staff-produced quarterly magazine for alumni
 * WBTY - Radio Bentley: on-campus radio station, operating at 105.3 FM
 * Falcon Records (Massachusetts): an independent record label focused on promoted local artists in Boston and providing free and entertaining music to consumers
 * Fusio: an academic research journal published by the university's honors program

Athletics
Bentley's mascot is Flex the Falcon. The university has 23 men's and women's varsity teams. All of the teams compete in the Northeast-10 Conference at the NCAA Division II level, with the exception of the men's hockey program, which was one of the original six founding teams of Atlantic Hockey America at the Division I level.

Bentley is also home to one of the best rugby programs in the Northeast winning two national Division III titles in 2007 and 2008 as well as winning the 2008 Beast of the East tournament. They were also Division II National Qualifiers in 2011 and 2012 as well as Rugby Northeast Conference champions in 2011.

The Bentley Men's Ultimate Frisbee team won USA Ultimate's Division III College Championship in 2014.

Bentley is the #2 ranked school among all NCAA Division II colleges and universities in U.S., according to Next College Student Athlete's 2018 NCSA Power Rankings. The NCSA Power Rankings recognize the best colleges and universities in the U.S. for student-athletes. NCSA ranked Bentley Football #1 for DII schools and #63 overall. Among all DII schools, Bentley also ranked #1 in Men's and Women's Lacrosse; #2 in Men's and Women's Basketball, Men's and Women's Soccer, Men's and Women's Swimming, Men's and Women's Tennis, Men's Golf, Women's Field Hockey, Women's Volleyball, Softball, and Baseball; and #3 in Men's and Women's Track and Field. Bentley University Men's Ice Hockey ranked #20 among NCAA DI schools.

Bentley Arena
The Bentley Arena is a multi-purpose ice hockey arena on the campus of Bentley University in Waltham, Massachusetts. It is home to the Bentley Falcons men's ice hockey program, replacing the previous facility, the John A. Ryan Arena. The first hockey game was on February 16, 2018, with Bentley taking on Army West Point. The seating capacity for hockey games is 2,207.

Alumni

 * George J. Bates, former member of the United States House of Representatives from the state of Massachusetts
 * Mackenzy Bernadeau, '08, professional football player who was last with the Jacksonville Jaguars organization; drafted 250th overall in 2008 NFL Draft by the Carolina Panthers
 * Gailanne Cariddi, former member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives
 * C.C. Chapman, '96, American author and marketing consultant
 * Marcelo Claure, '93, president and CEO of Sprint Corporation and founder of Brightstar Corp
 * Patricia Courtney, infielder in All-American Girls Professional Baseball League
 * Arthur T. Demoulas, CEO of Demoulas Supermarkets (Market Basket)
 * James F. Donovan, businessman, industrialist and Bentley University trustee
 * William C. Freda '74, vice chairman and senior partner (Retired), Deloitte LLP, New York, NY
 * Brian Hammel, '75, former Bentley basketball player and coach who was drafted by the Milwaukee Bucks in the third round of the 1975 NBA draft
 * Gail Huff, '84, broadcast journalist for WJLA-TV and the wife of Scott Brown, former U.S. Senator from Massachusetts
 * Robert B. Kennedy, American politician
 * Edward J. King, '53, professional football player with Buffalo Bills and Baltimore Colts 1948–1950; Governor of Massachusetts 1979–1983
 * David Krikorian, former candidate for Ohio's 2nd congressional district
 * William Landergan, member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives from 1935 to 1937
 * Todd J. Leach, MBA '85, Chancellor of the University System of New Hampshire
 * Jay Leno, former host of The Tonight Show; attended for one semester
 * Lisa Lutoff-Perlo, president & CEO of Celebrity Cruises
 * Christopher P. Lynch, MBA '91, American venture capitalist and entrepreneur
 * Mike Mangini, '85, drummer of Dream Theater; former drum teacher at Berklee College of Music
 * David Pakman, MBA, host of The David Pakman Show
 * Frederick G. Payne, '25, former U.S. Senator from Maine and the 60th Governor of Maine
 * Jack Perri, head coach of men's basketball at Southern New Hampshire University, previously LIU Brooklyn
 * Edward J. Powers, former president and general manager of the Boston Garden
 * Fahim Saleh, '09, founder of Gokada, Pathao, and JoBike
 * Ryan Soderquist, '00, current head coach of Bentley Falcons men's ice hockey team and all-time points and goals leader
 * Charles Taylor, '77, warlord and 22nd President of Liberia; convicted war criminal
 * Jason Westrol, '10, former Bentley basketball player who last played for the Limburg United of the Belgian Basketball League

Faculty and staff

 * Mohammad Javad Abdolmohammadi, John E. Rhodes Professor of Accounting at Bentley since 1988
 * Amir Aczel, lecturer in mathematics and the history of mathematics and science, as well as an author of popular books on mathematics and science
 * Gregory H. Adamian, Bentley's fourth president
 * Harry C. Bentley, founder and first president of Bentley
 * Thom Boerman, Bentley football coach from 2009 to 2013
 * Selin Sayek Böke, Turkish politician who worked in Bentley's Economics department as an assistant professor
 * Alison Davis-Blake, Bentley's eighth president from 2018 to 2020
 * Daniel Everett, linguist famed for his work with the Pirahã language and contradicting Noam Chomsky's theories related to language universals
 * Brian Hammel, former Bentley men's basketball coach and Milwaukee Bucks draft pick in 1975
 * Hal Kopp, Bentley football coach from 1972 to 1975
 * Gloria Cordes Larson, Bentley's seventh president
 * Jack Perri, head coach of men's basketball at Southern New Hampshire University, previously LIU Brooklyn
 * Jack Regan, Bentley football coach from 1976 to 1978
 * Alvin Reynolds, former Bentley football coach
 * Bobby Shuttleworth, former Bentley men's soccer assistant coach and New England Revolution player
 * Peter Simonini, former Bentley men's soccer coach
 * Ryan Soderquist, current head coach of the Bentley Falcons men's ice hockey team (2001–present)
 * Barbara Stevens, longtime women's basketball coach and Naismith Basketball Hall of Fame member
 * Scott Sumner, noted economist and professor
 * Peter Yetten, Bentley football coach from 1979 to 2008

title: Bentley University


text:
MDFMK

MDFMK was an industrial rock band formed by two members of KMFDM, Sascha Konietzko and Tim Sköld. Lucia Cifarelli, formerly of the band Drill, later joined to make a trio.

History
Due to "differences in vision and drive", KMFDM disbanded in 1999. Sascha Konietzko and Skold continued working together under the name MDFMK. Konietzko was living in New York at the time, and auditioned female singers to provide vocals for the album. Through this process, he selected Lucia Cifarelli (formerly of the band Drill). The trio released only one album: MDFMK (2000, Universal Records). All three shared vocal duties on the album. Their song "Missing Time," originally made for an earlier version of the video game Prey, was used in the animated movie Heavy Metal 2000.

The band toured the United States and Canada in 2000, during which it had a fourth member, a giant robot guitarist named Zyclor.

Konietzko stated in 2003 that there was material for what he called "MDFMK #2", but that Universal Records was "sitting on it". He also said that if Universal never released the material, he would eventually buy the rights to it and release it himself.

Albums

 * MDFMK (2000)

Other

 * Gravity Games 2000: Summer Sounds, Vol. 1 (2000)
 * Track 3: Rabblerouser (4:11)
 * Heavy Metal 2000 (2000)
 * Track 3: Missing Time (4:35) (non-album track)

title: MDFMK