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Polaris (American band)

Polaris is an American independent rock band that was formed as a one-off musical project in the early 1990s, involving members of the New Haven indie rock band Miracle Legion. They were commissioned specifically to produce music for the Nickelodeon television show The Adventures of Pete & Pete, which was later compiled into the group's first and only album. Nearly twenty years after the show was cancelled, Polaris reemerged with its first tour and a cassingle of two new songs.

History
Will McRobb and Chris Viscardi, the show-runners of The Adventures of Pete & Pete, were fans of Miracle Legion and approached the band to write original music for the series. Miracle Legion was at the time suffering from long-running legal issues with their label, Morgan Creek Records, and lead guitarist Ray Neal, disillusioned by the experience and recently married, opted out of the television project.

The remainder of the band - frontman Mark Mulcahy, bassist Dave McCaffrey and drummer Scott Boutier - moved forward with the project under the name Polaris. As the show's "house band", Polaris produced twelve songs over Pete & Pete's three seasons including the theme song, "Hey Sandy." These tracks included occasional guest contributors such as Joyce Raskin, Dennis Kelly, and Buell Thomas.

Describing itself as "that band that lives in your TV," the members of Polaris took on "TV names": Mulcahy was "Muggy", Boutier was "Jersey", and McCaffrey was "Harris Polaris." In addition to appearing in the opening credits of each show, the band featured prominently in the episode "A Hard Day's Pete", in which Little Pete (Danny Tamberelli) is mesmerized by a garage band's song (Polaris' "Summerbaby") and forms his own band to keep the tune in his memory.

The group's first release was a 1995 cassette mini-album titled "Happily Deranged" that contained three songs from the television show, including the television show's title song, "Hey Sandy". The other two songs were "Staggering" and "Coronado II". The versions of these songs differed in both running time and mix from the versions later released on their full album. The cassette also contained two additional rare tracks, an introduction and closing comments by the older of the two Petes from the television show. This cassette was released by Nickelodeon/ Sony Wonder and only available by mail as a promotional tie-in with Frosted Mini Wheats cereal. The offer was heavily promoted during Nickelodeon's SNICK (Saturday Night Nickelodeon) anthology series.

After the show was cancelled in 1996, Miracle Legion produced a final album released by Mulcahy's own label, Mezzotint Records. In 1999, the label released Music from The Adventures of Pete & Pete, containing all twelve of the Polaris tracks and serving as the group's only album.

Following the disbandment of both bands, Mulcahy focused on a solo career. From 1997 to 2003, Scott Boutier and Dave McCaffrey played drums & bass for Frank Black.

On August 28, 2012, Polaris reunited for a concert at Cinefamily's Everything Is Festival II as part of a Pete & Pete reunion event, adding Henning Ohlenbusch (dubbed "Penny Polaris") to their roster on guitar, keyboard, and backing vocals. The band claimed it was their first live performance ever. For one song at this concert, the group was joined by Rain Phoenix on vocals.

On August 26, 2014, Polaris announced their first tour, Waiting for October, with nine shows in cities such as New York City, Chicago, and Philadelphia.

In October 2014, the band released their first new material since the Nickelodeon show in the form of a digital and cassette single, thus ending their status as a "one-off project". The cassingle, consisting of "Great Big Happy Green Moonface" (also its title) and "Baby Tae Kwon Do" was made available through the Mezzotint website. It was produced by new member Ohlenbusch. In addition, an animated music video was produced for "Great Big Happy Green Moonface".

Polaris continued touring into 2015, their sets including all fourteen Polaris songs and selections from the Miracle Legion discography. On April 18, 2015, Polaris released both a vinyl edition of Music from The Adventures of Pete & Pete and the double-CD album, Live at Lincoln Hall, a recording of their concert of October 26, 2014 at the Chicago venue. In 2016, the Miracle Legion discography received a digital re-release and the band planned a brief reunion tour of their own.

In 2020, Mezzotint released a Music from the Adventures of Pete & Pete 21st Century Edition on vinyl with a bonus CD of demos for many of the songs.

Discography

 * Happily Deranged (cassette, Nickelodeon/Sony Wonder, LAT-6688, 1995)
 * Music from The Adventures of Pete & Pete (CD, 1999; vinyl, 2015)
 * "Great Big Happy Green Moonface"/"Baby Tae Kwon Do" (cassette; digital, 2014)
 * Live at Lincoln Hall (CD; digital, 2015)

title: Polaris (American band)


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Talk:Perl Object Environment

= Documentation of History Merge from Talk:POE into Talk:Perl Object Environment =

Untitled
History merge of Talk:POE into Talk:Perl Object Environment done by Jerzy•t, 10 September 2005:

The remainder of this super-section documents the original histories.
 * 22:39, 10 September 2005 Jerzy restored "Talk:Perl Object Environment"
 * 22:37, 10 September 2005 Jerzy m (Talk:POE has been moved to Talk:Perl Object Environment.)
 * 22:36, 10 September 2005 Jerzy deleted "Talk:Perl Object Environment" (Momentary to merge talk history after C&P merge from Talk:POE)

Pre-Merge History under Title Talk:Perl Object Environment

 * 00:18, 16 July 2005 Quinobi ({ {to do}})
 * 15:33, 12 July 2005 Quinobi (discussion from POE stub ... fixing to become a redirect to here.)
 * 15:26, 12 July 2005 Quinobi (WikiProjectNotice|Computer_science)

Pre-Merge History under Title Talk:POE

 * 22:37, 10 September 2005 Jerzy m (Talk:POE has been moved to Talk:Perl Object Environment.)
 * 15:34, 12 July 2005 Quinobi (Discussion moved to Talk:Perl Object Environment)
 * 08:13, 10 July 2005 Quinobi (... or something like that.thing to remember is perl is called a 'glue' language. I read that somewhere and it stuck)
 * 05:19, 17 May 2005 69.3.238.199 (removed my outdated opinion)
 * 07:57, 13 July 2004 67.101.149.198 (Mach microkernel???!)
 * 08:34, 19 March 2004 Will m (Edgar Allen Poe --> Edgar Allan Poe)
 * 23:11, 3 March 2004 XTaran (POE == adhocracy? I don't believe...)

= Post-Move Discussion = The move mentioned immediately below --Jerzy•t 05:29, 11 September 2005 (UTC) moved from Talk:POE 15:33, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * was a cut&paste move
 * included only material below here (but not all of it, since more has been added since).

Wonder, what

 * adhocracy ad-hoc'-ra-cy: Any form of organization that cuts across normal bureaucratic lines to capture opportunities, solve problems, and get results.

has to do with POE. The text does describe adhocracy and seems nothing to do with POE respective explaining what connects adhocracy with POE. Google has very few hits for "POE adhocracy" and usually they were book lists, containing at least one book of Edgar Allan Poe. I'll insert a description for POE and remove the current one for now. --XTaran 23:11, 3 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * POE has a large following and like perl's motto says - "There's more than one way to do it." The Panel Of Experts, Primary Objective for Exploitation is to PrOvidE a safe lexically scoped Pristine Object Enclosure where blessed objects are free to romp and play like Primates On Elephants. I may be have Plenty Of Errors in my thinking but from what I've read in the documents, the evironmnet containes very dedicated handlers for specific processes, working in a very lean and tight server/client relationship where unexpected states are simply irrelevant because they are kept outside of the scope of each running poe through class exclusion... or something like that.
 * As for adhocracy, POE is like a network of processes that are somewhat self-hosted, abstract and informal, thus lend easily to ad hoc structures versus bottom up or top down like you'ld see in more formal networks. The thing to remember is perl is called a 'glue' language. I read that somewhere and it stuck. Quinobi 08:13, 10 July 2005 (UTC)

What licence?
POE is probably free software, but I can't find the licence on the website. If someone knows for sure, can they note in the article that it is free software and what free software licence it uses? Ta. Gronky 23:52, 9 February 2007 (UTC)

 * FOSS fanboyism, anyone? I've never seen a Perl module on CPAN that wasn't licensed the same as Perl itself. From http://search.cpan.org/~rcaputo/POE-0.9999/lib/POE.pm#AUTHORS_&_COPYRIGHT :
 * Except where otherwise noted, POE is Copyright 1998-2005 Rocco Caputo. All rights reserved. POE is free software; you may redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as Perl itself.
 * Larry Wall made an "artistic license" for Perl, but it's also released under the GPL, which is more robust. Tafinucane 18:00, 30 July 2007 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Programming-republic-of-perl.png
The image Image:Programming-republic-of-perl.png is used in this article under a claim of fair use, but it does not have an adequate explanation for why it meets the requirements for such images when used here. In particular, for each page the image is used on, it must have an explanation linking to that page which explains why it needs to be used on that page. Please check

 * That there is a non-free use rationale on the image's description page for the use in this article.
 * That this article is linked to from the image description page.

This is an automated notice by FairuseBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Media copyright questions. --23:54, 1 October 2008 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Perl Object Environment


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PubMed

PubMed is a free database including primarily the MEDLINE database of references and abstracts on life sciences and biomedical topics. The United States National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health maintains the database as part of the Entrez system of information retrieval.

From 1971 to 1997, online access to the MEDLINE database had been primarily through institutional facilities, such as university libraries. PubMed, first released in January 1996, ushered in the era of private, free, home- and office-based MEDLINE searching. The PubMed system was offered free to the public starting in June 1997.

Content
In addition to MEDLINE, PubMed provides access to:
 * older references from the print version of Index Medicus, back to 1951 and earlier
 * references to some journals before they were indexed in Index Medicus and MEDLINE, for instance Science, BMJ, and Annals of Surgery
 * very recent entries to records for an article before it is indexed with Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) and added to MEDLINE
 * a collection of books available full-text and other subsets of NLM records
 * PMC citations
 * NCBI Bookshelf

Many PubMed records contain links to full text articles, some of which are freely available, often in PubMed Central and local mirrors, such as Europe PubMed Central.

Information about the journals indexed in MEDLINE, and available through PubMed, is found in the NLM Catalog.

, PubMed has more than 35 million citations and abstracts dating back to 1966, selectively to the year 1865, and very selectively to 1809. , 24.6 million of PubMed's records are listed with their abstracts, and 26.8 million records have links to full-text versions (of which 10.9 million articles are available, full-text for free). Over the last 10 years (ending 31 December 2019), an average of nearly one million new records were added each year.

In 2016, NLM changed the indexing system so that publishers are able to directly correct typos and errors in PubMed indexed articles.

PubMed has been reported to include some articles published in predatory journals. MEDLINE and PubMed policies for the selection of journals for database inclusion are slightly different. Weaknesses in the criteria and procedures for indexing journals in PubMed Central may allow publications from predatory journals to leak into PubMed.

Website design
A new PubMed interface was launched in October 2009 and encouraged the use of such quick, Google-like search formulations; they have also been described as 'telegram' searches. By default the results are sorted by Most Recent, but this can be changed to Best Match, Publication Date, First Author, Last Author, Journal, or Title.

The PubMed website design and domain was updated in January 2020 and became default on 15 May 2020, with the updated and new features. There was a critical reaction from many researchers who frequently use the site.

PubMed for handhelds/mobiles
PubMed/MEDLINE can be accessed via handheld devices, using for instance the "PICO" option (for focused clinical questions) created by the NLM. A "PubMed Mobile" option, providing access to a mobile friendly, simplified PubMed version, is also available.

Standard search
Simple searches on PubMed can be carried out by entering key aspects of a subject into PubMed's search window.

PubMed translates this initial search formulation and automatically adds field names, relevant MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms, synonyms, Boolean operators, and 'nests' the resulting terms appropriately, enhancing the search formulation significantly, in particular by routinely combining (using the OR operator) textwords and MeSH terms.

The examples given in a PubMed tutorial demonstrate how this automatic process works:

"Causes Sleep Walking is translated as ("etiology"[Subheading] OR "etiology"[All Fields] OR "causes"[All Fields] OR "causality"[MeSH Terms] OR "causality"[All Fields]) AND ("somnambulism"[MeSH Terms] OR "somnambulism"[All Fields] OR ("sleep"[All Fields] AND "walking"[All Fields]) OR "sleep walking"[All Fields])"

Likewise, "soft Attack Aspirin Prevention is translated as ("myocardial infarction"[MeSH Terms] OR ("myocardial"[All Fields] AND "infarction"[All Fields]) OR "myocardial infarction"[All Fields] OR ("heart"[All Fields] AND "attack"[All Fields]) OR "heart attack"[All Fields]) AND ("aspirin"[MeSH Terms] OR "aspirin"[All Fields]) AND ("prevention and control"[Subheading] OR ("prevention"[All Fields] AND "control"[All Fields]) OR "prevention and control"[All Fields] OR "prevention"[All Fields])"

Comprehensive search
For optimal searches in PubMed, it is necessary to understand its core component, MEDLINE, and especially of the MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) controlled vocabulary used to index MEDLINE articles. They may also require complex search strategies, use of field names (tags), proper use of limits and other features; reference librarians and search specialists offer search services.

The search into PubMed's search window is only recommended for the search of unequivocal topics or new interventions that do not yet have a MeSH heading created, as well as for the search for commercial brands of medicines and proper nouns. It is also useful when there is no suitable heading or the descriptor represents a partial aspect. The search using the thesaurus MeSH is more accurate and will give fewer irrelevant results. In addition, it saves the disadvantage of the free text search in which the spelling, singular/plural or abbreviated differences have to be taken into consideration. On the other side, articles more recently incorporated into the database to which descriptors have not yet been assigned will not be found. Therefore, to guarantee an exhaustive search, a combination of controlled language headings and free text terms must be used.

Journal article parameters
When a journal article is indexed, numerous article parameters are extracted and stored as structured information. Such parameters are: Article Type (MeSH terms, e.g., "Clinical Trial"), Secondary identifiers, (MeSH terms), Language, Country of the Journal or publication history (e-publication date, print journal publication date).

Publication Type: Clinical queries/systematic reviews
Publication type parameter allows searching by the type of publication, including reports of various kinds of clinical research.

Secondary ID
Since July 2005, the MEDLINE article indexing process extracts identifiers from the article abstract and puts those in a field called Secondary Identifier (SI). The secondary identifier field is to store accession numbers to various databases of molecular sequence data, gene expression or chemical compounds and clinical trial IDs. For clinical trials, PubMed extracts trial IDs for the two largest trial registries: ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT identifier) and the International Standard Randomized Controlled Trial Number Register (IRCTN identifier).

Mapping to MeSH
PubMed automatically links to MeSH terms and subheadings. Examples would be: "bad breath" links to (and includes in the search) "halitosis", "heart attack" to "myocardial infarction", "breast cancer" to "breast neoplasms". Where appropriate, these MeSH terms are automatically "expanded", that is, include more specific terms. Terms like "nursing" are automatically linked to "Nursing [MeSH]" or "Nursing [Subheading]". This feature is called Auto Term Mapping and is enacted, by default, in free text searching but not exact phrase searching (i.e. enclosing the search query with double quotes). This feature makes PubMed searches more sensitive and avoids false-negative (missed) hits by compensating for the diversity of medical terminology.

PubMed does not apply automatic mapping of the term in the following circumstances: by writing the quoted phrase (e.g., "kidney allograft"), when truncated on the asterisk (e.g., kidney allograft*), and when looking with field labels (e.g., Cancer [ti]).

My NCBI
The PubMed optional facility "My NCBI" (with free registration) provides tools for and a wide range of other options. The "My NCBI" area can be accessed from any computer with web-access. An earlier version of "My NCBI" was called "PubMed Cubby".
 * saving searches
 * filtering search results
 * setting up automatic updates sent by e-mail
 * saving sets of references retrieved as part of a PubMed search
 * configuring display formats or highlighting search terms

LinkOut
LinkOut is an NLM facility to link and make available full-text local journal holdings. Some 3,200 sites (mainly academic institutions) participate in this NLM facility, from Aalborg University in Denmark to ZymoGenetics in Seattle. Users at these institutions see their institution's logo within the PubMed search result (if the journal is held at that institution) and can access the full-text. Link out is being consolidated with Outside Tool as of the major platform update coming in the Summer of 2019.

PubMed Commons
In 2016, PubMed allows authors of articles to comment on articles indexed by PubMed. This feature was initially tested in a pilot mode (since 2013) and was made permanent in 2016. In February 2018, PubMed Commons was discontinued due to the fact that "usage has remained minimal".

askMEDLINE
askMEDLINE, a free-text, natural language query tool for MEDLINE/PubMed, developed by the NLM, also suitable for handhelds.

PubMed identifier
A PMID (PubMed identifier or PubMed unique identifier) is a unique integer value, starting at, assigned to each PubMed record. A PMID is not the same as a PMCID (PubMed Central identifier) which is the identifier for all works published in the free-to-access PubMed Central.

The assignment of a PMID or PMCID to a publication tells the reader nothing about the type or quality of the content. PMIDs are assigned to letters to the editor, editorial opinions, op-ed columns, and any other piece that the editor chooses to include in the journal, as well as peer-reviewed papers. The existence of the identification number is also not proof that the papers have not been retracted for fraud, incompetence, or misconduct. The announcement about any corrections to original papers may be assigned a PMID.

Each number that is entered in the PubMed search window is treated by default as if it were a PMID. Therefore, any reference in PubMed can be located using the PMID.

Alternative interfaces
The National Library of Medicine leases the MEDLINE information to a number of private vendors such as Embase, Ovid, Dialog, EBSCO, Knowledge Finder and many other commercial, non-commercial, and academic providers. , more than 500 licenses had been issued, more than 200 of them to providers outside the United States. As licenses to use MEDLINE data are available for free, the NLM in effect provides a free testing ground for a wide range of alternative interfaces and 3rd party additions to PubMed, one of a very few large, professionally curated databases which offers this option.

Lu identifies a sample of 28 current and free Web-based PubMed versions, requiring no installation or registration, which are grouped into four categories:
 * 1) Ranking search results, for instance: eTBLAST; MedlineRanker; MiSearch;
 * 2) Clustering results by topics, authors, journals etc., for instance: Anne O'Tate; ClusterMed;
 * 3) Enhancing semantics and visualization, for instance: EBIMed; MedEvi.
 * 4) Improved search interface and retrieval experience, for instance, askMEDLINE  BabelMeSH; and PubCrawler.

As most of these and other alternatives rely essentially on PubMed/MEDLINE data leased under license from the NLM/PubMed, the term "PubMed derivatives" has been suggested. Without the need to store about 90 GB of original PubMed Datasets, anybody can write PubMed applications using the eutils-application program interface as described in "The E-utilities In-Depth: Parameters, Syntax and More", by Eric Sayers, PhD. Various citation format generators, taking PMID numbers as input, are examples of web applications making use of the eutils-application program interface. Sample web pages include Citation Generator – Mick Schroeder, Pubmed Citation Generator – Ultrasound of the Week, PMID2cite, and Cite this for me.

Data mining of PubMed
Alternative methods to mine the data in PubMed use programming environments such as Matlab, Python or R. In these cases, queries of PubMed are written as lines of code and passed to PubMed and the response is then processed directly in the programming environment. Code can be automated to systematically query with different keywords such as disease, year, organs, etc.

In addition to its traditional role as a biomedical database, PubMed has become common resource for training biomedical language models. Recent advancements in this field include the development of models like PubMedGPT, a 2.7B parameter model trained on PubMed data by Stanford CRFM, and Microsoft's BiomedCLIP-PubMedBERT, which utilizes figure-caption pairs from PubMed Central for vision-language processing. These models demonstrate the significant potential of PubMed data in enhancing the capabilities of AI in medical research and healthcare applications. Such advancements underline the growing intersection between large-scale data mining and AI development in the biomedical field.

The data accessible by PubMed can be mirrored locally using an unofficial tool such as MEDOC.

Millions of PubMed records augment various open data datasets about open access, like Unpaywall. Data analysis tools like Unpaywall Journals are used by libraries to assist with big deal cancellations: libraries can avoid subscriptions for materials already served by instant open access via open archives like PubMed Central.

title: PubMed


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Bubba the Love Sponge

Bubba the Love Sponge Clem  (born Todd Alan Clem, April 23, 1966) is an American radio personality who hosts The Bubba the Love Sponge Show on the radio station WWBA in Tampa, Florida, and the subscription service Bubba Army Radio. He can also be heard on Florida Man Radio.

Early life
Todd Alan Clem was born on April 23, 1966, in Warsaw, Indiana. His father, Doug Clem, was a factory worker and his mother, Jane Edmond, a schoolbus driver and Warsaw city department head; he has a sister, Tara. Clem's parents divorced when he was young. In 1984, Clem graduated from Warsaw Community High School. He attended Indiana State University in Terre Haute, Indiana, with a plan to go into dentistry, but his best friend Larry Plummer told him he was better suited to a radio career, and he dropped out in his second year. Clem had a position at the campus radio station WISU, but before he became a full-time disc jockey, he worked at a van conversion shop, where he laid down carpets. He coached football at his former high school.

1986–1992: Early career
In 1986, Clem worked as a bouncer and driver at Jubilation nightclub, where he picked up radio DJ "Scary" Kerry Gray, of whom he was a fan, and took him to the club. Once there, Clem noticed people gravitating toward Gray. Gray gave Clem an on-air shift as an April Fool's Day joke on April 1, 1986, at WPFR-FM in Terre Haute as Rockin' Bubba Clem, a name someone else had suggested. Clem became Gray's intern, making studio visits, answering phone calls, and sitting in on the show. He accepted a position hosting weekends soon after, and began a part-time midday shift starting on Christmas Day in 1986. He became the station's managing director. At a fraternity party, Gray called Clem a "love sponge" after witnessing the female attention Clem received.

After WPFR, Clem had a stint at WGRD-FM in Grand Rapids, Michigan. He was fired on December 21, 1988, after a 13-year-old girl called into his show and Clem made sexual remarks about her. In 1989, Clem landed a spot at KTFM in San Antonio, Texas, where he was encouraged to trademark his air name and borrowed $5,000 from his parents to file a federal trademark for "Bubba the Love Sponge". He worked evenings at WBBM-FM in Chicago, followed by a stint at WIOQ in Philadelphia from March to June 1990. The station let him go as management thought his style was not what they were looking for. Clem took legal action, and received $75,000 from WIOQ.

Clem worked nights at WXXL in Orlando, Florida, where he averaged 53,000 regular listeners. He left the station in May 1991. In August 1991, he returned to Chicago on WYZT as the morning host, but the position lasted under three months before management rebranded the station. Clem then moved to WLUM-FM in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

1992–1996: WFLZ-FM Tampa
In September 1992, Clem started work from 7 to 11 p.m. at WFLZ-FM in Tampa, Florida, where his show gained popularity, particularly among teenagers. His first major contract signed during this time was worth $100,000 a year. Clem and WFLZ host Tom Steele were temporarily suspended to settle legal issues from their ongoing on-air feud.

Clem became involved in various business ventures. In December 1994, he invested $50,000 to open Sponges, an alcohol-free nightclub for teenagers in Largo, Florida. He opened a second Sponges in Spring Hill in 1995. He performed with his rap band Boyz Wit Da Bass there. Clem was involved in an endorsement deal with an Isuzu car dealership, the Bubba the Love Sponge Limousines service, a personalized paging service called the Air Bubba Beeping Network, and a premium-rate telephone line. In June 1995, Clem released an adult-oriented home video, Let Your Chia Run Wild, described as a "private collection of events documenting a lifestyle that some can only dream of" and featuring some nudity. Clem regretted his decision to release it, and WFLZ requested Clem cease its distribution. In April 1996, he opened Bubba's Beach Club, a dance club and nightspot in Ybor City. In September 1996, Clem quit WFLZ.

1996–2004: WXTB Tampa
Clem decided to remain in Tampa, partly because he had other business ventures there. He started a morning show at WXTB in December 1996, and continued to host a pre-recorded show that was syndicated in six other cities, including Cincinnati, Toledo, Columbus, Louisville, Atlanta, and Jacksonville.

In June 1997, Jacor Communications was fined $4,000 for airing Clem's discussions of having sex with a lesbian couple on February 25. In October 1998, Citicasters, WXTB's owner, was fined $23,000 for various broadcasts, including one from May 1997 that included one of the crew describing their enema experience. This was followed by a $4,000 fine for a June 12, 1997, show that had a woman masturbating over the phone, and a $7,000 fine in 1999 for a May 28, 1998, segment that involved a caller ordering a sex doll.

By mid-1999, Clem had received four Billboard Personality of the Year awards. He was earning six figures and owned two nightclubs, one of them Planet Bubba in Spring Hill. His radio show crew included Mike "Cowhead" Calta, Mike "Manson" Waters, Whitey Pippen, Scotty the Body, Matt "Spiceboy" Loyd, Anita Wadd and Ned. In November 2000, Clem was a candidate to succeed the Pinellas County sheriff.

In January 2001, Clem's show entered national syndication on stations in Jacksonville, Orlando, Hartford, West Palm Beach, Ft. Myers, Wichita, Kansas, Shreveport, and Macon, Georgia.

In February 2002, Clem was faced with animal cruelty charges following the February 27, 2001, broadcast, which featured the Bubba's Road Kill Barbecue. The show involved the on-air castration and killing of a feral hog a hunter had captured in the station's parking lot, and sound effects of hogs feeding were broadcast to have listeners believe it was being harassed and aggravated. The hog was cooked and eaten by the crowd present. Clem, his executive producer Brent Hatley, and two others present were charged with felony animal cruelty. A jury acquitted them in March.

In January 2004, the FCC issued a $755,000 fine to Clear Channel Communications for objectionable comments from July 19, 2001. The fine consisted of the maximum $27,500 fine for each of the 26 stations that aired the segments, plus $40,000 for record-keeping violations. The segment involved sexual discussions among the cartoon characters Alvin and the Chipmunks, George Jetson, and Scooby-Doo, among others. Clem was fired on February 23. At the time he had the number one show in the Tampa area in the 18–54-year-old male demographic.

2004–2010: Hiatus and Sirius Satellite Radio
In July 2004, Clem announced he would run for Pinellas County sheriff again.

In September 2005, Howard Stern announced the hiring of Clem to host weekday afternoons on Howard 101, his second channel on Sirius Satellite Radio, a subscription-based satellite radio service exempt from FCC regulations. The show launched on January 9, 2006.

In 2008, Clem began to host two shows a day, which lasted one year. He and his crew aired an FCC-compliant show on WHPT in the morning, followed by the uncensored program on Sirius in the afternoon. In 2009, Sirius opted for just FM replays during the week and one live uncensored show on Friday afternoons. In December 2010, Clem did not renew his contract with Sirius, moving to RadioIO, an Internet radio service of which his agent Thomas Bean was CEO.

2008–2019: Return to terrestrial radio
Clem began broadcasting a live morning show from Tampa radio station WHPT 102.5 "The Bone" on January 8, 2008, which was simulcast on the Jacksonville radio station WFYV-FM 104.5 "Rock 105". During the second quarter of 2008, Bubba's show received a number one rating in the Tampa market; in 2015, the show's ratings came under investigation for possible Nielsen Ratings tampering. In December 2016 his show was canceled on his local Tampa station, WBRN.

In July 2019, it was announced that JVC Broadcasting would acquire WORL 660 AM in Greater Orlando (and its FM translator) for $900,000. As previous owner Salem is retaining rights to the WORL call letters; the WDYZ (AM) calls from a sister station were swapped to WORL. JVC announced that it planned to launch a new hot talk format on the station, Florida Man Radio, featuring Bubba the Love Sponge in the morning. Programming is also heard on a 250-watt FM translator, W288CJ at 105.5 FM.

2011–present: Bubba Army Radio
Clem announced on January 3, 2011, he would have an internet show on RadioIO and feature several programming features throughout the day starting on January 10, 2011. In August 2013 an audiotape was released on YouTube of Clem voicing a commercial for Vermont Teddy Bear. In the commercial Clem makes racist remarks; he denied being racist, saying, "I never said the word in that manner, ever." He believed the audio was leaked from "someone who had access to [his] world" and that audio bits were taken from recordings when he worked at Clear Channel. Clem's company, Bubba Radio Network, ordered the removal of the video from YouTube. It is now hosted on TMZ.

On February 13, 2017, WWBA became the new flagship station of Bubba the Love Sponge Show after WBRN dropped the show. The show also airs live on Twitch and on sister station WHBO.

In July 2019, co-host Mike "Manson" Waters, who also did the voice of Ned, left the show.

On August 23, 2019, Janessa Brazil joined the show as the new co-host. She left for family reasons on December 13, 2019.

At the start of 2020, Seth Kushner joined The Bubba The Love Sponge Show as a daily co-host, while 'Babyface' Brian Motroni, aka "Coronavirus Virus survivor", Dan Diaco, Jay Diaco and Steve Diaco make regular appearances throughout the week. Longtime contributor Lummox also makes daily appearances.

In February 2021, co-host Seth Kushner left the show.

Total Nonstop Action Wrestling
On January 3, 2010, Bubba announced on his Twitter account that he had signed with Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) as a backstage interviewer. He made his debut the following day on the special live, three-hour Monday night edition of TNA Impact!, participating in four short backstage segments.

On January 16, 2010, Clem tweeted about the 2010 Haiti earthquake, saying he had tired of hearing about relief efforts for the people of Haiti, writing, "Fuck Haiti", and calling the ensuing deaths of Haitians a "cleanse." He later apologized, but TNA management nonetheless temporarily removed him from the air.

On January 19, 2010, Clem claimed that he had been blindsided and physically assaulted by Awesome Kong while backstage for the taping of TNA Impact! the previous day. According to all three, the altercation was because of Clem's tweets about Haiti. On February 25, news broke that Awesome Kong had filed a lawsuit against Clem for an alleged threatening phone call. On The Cowhead Show, Clem confronted Kong.

Clem returned to TNA television as the personal interviewer of wrestling stable The Band, in late March, only to be fired from the company on April 30, 2010, as a result of the Cowhead Show incident.

Motorsports
In 2011, Clem and an investor group bought the 3/8 dirt oval Ocala Speedway, which they renamed Bubba Raceway Park.

Lawsuits
In October 2006, Clem was sued by pornographic film actress Hope Miller, known professionally as Brooke Skye. She alleged that while performing on a radio program together with porn actress Melissa Harrington, Harrington penetrated her with an oversized sex toy against her will at Clem's urging. In 2007, a judge turned down a request by Clem's attorneys to dismiss the lawsuit, indicating that there was enough evidence that Miller had a legitimate claim. The case was eventually voluntarily dismissed with prejudice.

In 2007, Clem was sued for defamation by competitor disc jockey Todd Schnitt over on-air remarks Clem made about Schnitt's family. A court ruled in Clem's favor, and Schnitt vowed to appeal. In March 2013, after 13 hours of negotiations, Clem settled with Schnitt.

In October 2015, Nielsen sued Clem for $1 million over allegations of tampering with the ratings system by offering to pay several Nielsen panelists to manipulate the ratings by saying they listened to his show more than they did. Clem admitted to paying one person to manipulate the ratings, but Nielsen claimed he influenced several. Clem's lawyer filed a motion asking that Nielsen's lawsuit be dismissed, but it was denied by a judge. After years of trial delays, Clem and Nielsen settled out of court on July 6, 2018.

Hulk Hogan sex tape
In early 2012, it was reported that Clem had secretly filmed his wife Heather Clem and Hulk Hogan having sex in his bedroom. On October 4, 2012, Gawker released a short clip of the video. In the clip, Clem can be heard saying that the couple can "do their thing" and he will be in his office. At the end of the video, Clem can be heard telling Heather, "If we ever need to retire, here is our ticket". Hogan filed a lawsuit against the Clems for invading his privacy on October 15, 2012. Clem settled the suit on October 29, 2012. Following the settlement, Clem publicly apologized to Hogan. Hogan sued Gawker Media for publishing the tape, and a jury of six awarded Hogan more than $140 million in March 2016. Gawker announced it would appeal as it was "disappointed" that the jury was unable to hear Clem's testimony, but ultimately settled with Hogan for $31 million in November 2016.

Personal life
In October 1998, Clem legally changed his name to Bubba the Love Sponge Clem. That year, he lost 148 pounds, going from 488 to 340. Clem does not smoke, drink alcohol, or use drugs.

Clem has been married twice; his first marriage lasted 91 days. He said "things got sticky" after he wanted to make it in radio and had to develop in different cities and his wife preferred to stay in Terre Haute. In January 2007, Clem married model Heather Cole at the First Baptist Church of St. Petersburg, Florida. Hulk Hogan was Clem's best man. The couple agreed to separate in March 2011, and Clem filed for divorce that September. Clem has a son from a previous relationship; Hogan is his godfather.

In 2012, Clem started a four-year relationship with Nicole L'Ange. In February 2017, she requested an order of protection against Clem, claiming he had abused her "emotionally and physically". Clem denied the allegations, and the case was settled out of court that March.

In June 2017, Clem put his St. Petersburg home up for sale.

title: Bubba the Love Sponge


text:
Beaumont-en-Auge

Beaumont-en-Auge (, literally Beaumont in Auge) is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France. The town hosts one of the last kaleidoscope manufacturers in France.

Notable people

 * Pierre-Simon Laplace (1749–1827), mathematician, physicist, astronomer and philosopher.
 * Jean-Charles Langlois (1789–1870), soldier and military commander during the Napoleonic Wars, painter of battles.

title: Beaumont-en-Auge


text:
Yellow Line (CTA)

The Yellow Line, alternatively known as the Skokie Swift, is a branch of the Chicago "L" train system in Chicago, Illinois. The 4.7 mi route runs from the Howard Terminal on the north side of Chicago, through the southern part of Evanston and to the Dempster Terminal in Skokie, Illinois, making one intermediate stop at Oakton Street in Skokie.

At Howard, Yellow Line passengers can transfer to the Purple or Red Lines of the "L". The Yellow Line is the only "L" line that does not go to The Loop and is the only "L" train route that is fully ADA accessible. It is also unique in that it runs in a below-grade trench for part of its length, even though it has no underground portions and does not run in an expressway median. It also includes grade segments and crossings at the northern portion of the line. It was built using the tracks of the former Chicago North Shore and Milwaukee Railroad's high-speed Skokie Valley Route.

Extending the line to Old Orchard Mall in Skokie has been discussed. At one time, the line had several intermediate stops in Evanston and Skokie, but these stations have long been out of use and dismantled. In June 2010, however, construction began on a new station at Oakton, which opened on April 30, 2012.

Trains operate using the Bombardier-built 5000-series railcars; each train consists of two cars. Average weekday boardings of 1,144 were reported in 2022, making it by far the least-used route in the CTA rail system. Until late 2009, the Yellow Line was operated with the 3200-series cars that were specially equipped with roof boards that, until late 2004, held pantographs (the roof boards remain on cars 3441-3456 to this day even after they were officially reassigned to the Brown Line). Occasionally, the Yellow Line borrows cars from the Red Line when short on cars.

Route
The Yellow Line begins at the Dempster-Skokie terminal located at 5005 Dempster Street in Skokie. A stub track extends north of the station to allow trains to reverse. The line runs south from Dempster-Skokie at street level. After crossing Oakton Street, the Yellow Line turns east and crosses over Skokie Boulevard (U.S. Route 41). After the East Prairie Road grade crossing, the tracks rise to become an elevated route.

At this point, the route passes the Skokie Shops CTA maintenance facility and crosses over the North Shore Channel. After passing over Dodge Avenue, the tracks descend into a trench. The line remains in the trench for about 1 mi, then passes under the Metra Union Pacific/North Line and Purple Line tracks to enter Howard Yard. The line then rises to serve the elevated Howard station. A small segment extends south of the station to allow Yellow and Purple Line trains to reverse.

Operating hours and headways
The Yellow Line operates between Dempster-Skokie and Howard daily between 4:45 a.m. and 11:15 p.m. on weekdays, and between 6:15 a.m. and 11:15 p.m. on weekends and holidays. Service frequencies range from six trains per hour during rush hour to four trains per hour during other times.

Niles Center Branch
The Yellow Line originally began as the Niles Center Branch of the old Chicago Rapid Transit Company (CRT). The rapid transit service began as part of the Chicago North Shore and Milwaukee Railroad's high-speed Skokie Valley interurban line on a five-mile (8 km) section between Howard Terminal and Dempster Street, Niles Center. It was placed in operation on March 28, 1925.

The route included several intermediate stops through Evanston and Skokie (then called Niles Center) at Ridge, Asbury, Dodge, Crawford/East Prairie, Kostner, Oakton and Main. On March 27, 1948, the Chicago Transit Authority (who had just bought out the Chicago Rapid Transit Company in 1947) discontinued service over the Niles Center Branch and replaced it with the 97 Skokie bus route. The stations were closed and remained abandoned for the next 15 years.

On January 21, 1963, the Chicago North Shore and Milwaukee Railroad ceased all of its operations and later that year, 5 mi of trackage between Howard and Dempster was purchased by the Chicago Transit Authority (CTA). The intermediate stations were not reopened. Some of the vacant station houses were used by other businesses, including a convenience store and an electrical supplier, before finally being demolished in the 1980s.

The Skokie Swift
The Skokie Swift high-speed (5 mi in $6 1/2$ minutes) shuttle service, between Howard Street in Chicago and Dempster Street in Skokie, was inaugurated on April 20, 1964, as a federally-aided mass transportation demonstration project. Participation in the net project costs was divided between the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development, CTA and the Village of Skokie.

The success of this project had attracted nationwide attention. On its first day of service, Skokie Swift carried nearly 4,000 passengers in a 16-hour period compared to approximately 1,600 passengers carried by the North Shore Line from the Dempster Terminal in a 12-hour period before the railroad terminated. Ridership continued to increase and by the end of the first year, nearly 6,000 passengers were riding the new line each weekday.

Because of the weekday success, Saturday service was inaugurated, with more than 2,000 riders. At the end of the two-year experimental period, 3.5 million people had used the new service and CTA authorized operation of the Skokie Swift as a permanent part of its rapid transit system.

The success of the Skokie Swift route demonstrated that many motorists will forsake their cars when high-speed mass transit is provided and to a minor extent, gave birth to the first use of light rail before the term was ever coined.

One of the distinctive features of the five-mile (8 km) line was that approximately half was equipped with third rail while the other half was equipped with catenary left over from the Chicago North Shore & Milwaukee Railroad. Trains switched non-stop from third rail to overhead and vice versa using distinctive pan trolleys designed by Skokie Swift Project Manager George Krambles.

On February 9, 1992, Saturday service was discontinued during a service reduction by CTA. The "Skokie Swift" name was changed to the "Yellow Line" in 1993, when all Chicago 'L' lines were renamed for colors. The original name and logo of the Skokie Swift continues to be used today on station signage and route displays for Skokie-bound trains, making the Yellow Line the only "L" line to officially retain its original name. The Dempster Street Terminal was completely rebuilt from 1993 to 1994, with a new station house and train platforms. In 2003, the old brick station building (designed by architect Arthur U. Gerber) was moved 150 ft to the east, then was restored and converted into commercial property.

The Skokie Swift was the only CTA rapid transit line to use overhead catenary for electrification. It was also the last CTA rapid transit line to use overhead, as portions of the Evanston and Lake Street lines used conventional trolley overhead until 1973 and 1962, respectively. Third-rail electrification was installed in 2004 to increase reliability, allow compatibility with other rapid-transit lines and reduce maintenance costs.

In 2008, Saturday service was restored and brand new Sunday service was added.

Addition of downtown Skokie station
A groundbreaking ceremony marking the start of construction of a new intermediate stop on the Yellow Line, Oakton–Skokie, took place on June 21, 2010. The station is located in downtown Skokie and was the first new CTA station built since 2001. The new station opened on April 30, 2012.

2015 embankment collapse
On May 17, 2015, a section of the embankment west of McCormick Boulevard collapsed, causing the entire track to be damaged. The collapse was due to a failure in construction at the adjacent O'Brien Water Reclamation Plant. No trains could operate either way due to the track condition. At 10:00 PM on that day, an emergency closure of the Yellow Line was called. Yellow Line service returned on October 30, 2015, with the CTA offering free rides for one week and free parking at the Dempster-Skokie Terminal through the end of 2015.

2023 collision
On November 16, 2023, a southbound Yellow Line train collided with a CTA snowplow, resulting in 38 injuries. The Yellow Line was promptly suspended and replaced with bus shuttles. Train service was eventually restored on January 5, 2024; however, the top speed of the train is reduced from 55 mph to 35 mph.

Additional infill station
Upon the successful reopening of the Oakton station, it was determined that stations at Dodge, Asbury or Ridge in southern Evanston could be built or rebuilt and added to the Yellow Line as well. In 2012, a local study found Asbury to be the most feasible of the three potential southern Evanston Yellow Line stations. , the CTA website does not indicate that the Asbury project is being considered.

Extension to Old Orchard
In 2006, the Chicago Transit Authority was reviewing plans to extend the Yellow Line north from the current end-of-line terminal at Dempster–Skokie to a new end-of-line terminal at Old Orchard Mall, a distance of about 1.5 mi. After August 2008, two corridors remained for further study, the alignment along the Union Pacific Railroad (bus and heavy rail) as well as a combined track along Gross Point Road and Skokie Blvd (bus only). , the two corridors have been narrowed down to one option – an elevated single track rail corridor that will follow the Union Pacific Railroad right of way. Under the most recent version of the plan, the Old Orchard terminal would be elevated.

, the CTA is no longer studying the extension.

title: Yellow Line (CTA)


text:
Bellengreville, Calvados

Bellengreville is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

title: Bellengreville, Calvados


text:
Bellou

Bellou is a former commune in the Calvados département in the Normandy region in northwestern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Livarot-Pays-d'Auge.

Geography
The commune of Bellou is situated 18 kilometres from Lisieux, in the Pays d'Auge.

Monuments
The Manoir de Bellou, built in 1720, and its 16th-century dovecote, have been registered as a monument historique by the French Ministry of Culture since 1923. Its cider press building with its machinery and cellar were added to the register in 2004.

People linked to the commune

 * Rose Harel, poet and goguettère, was born here on 8 April 1826. She died in Lisieux on 4 July 1885.

title: Bellou


text:
Talk:1825

[Untitled]
This has really helped me a lot with a report i am doing on the year 1825, thanks so much for you wonderful info, i didnt copy it but i used the info in my own way, thanks again -marissa

 * I have made some year layout proposals which would affect a significant proportion of the year pages: an example of proposed style is 1850. It is detailed on my talk page.

 * If no-one flags where I have put the discussion on my talk page that they object in a month I will start making everything consistent. It may take some time... --BozMo 10:05, 7 May 2004 (UTC)(talk)

-- Under births, changed "March 22 - Jane Sym, First Lady of Canada (d. 1893)" since "First Lady" is a US term that has no relevence to the wives of Canadian prime ministers, and which is not used in Canada.

Format

 * [See: Talk:1850. -Wikid77 06:55, 25 January 2007 (UTC)]

title: Talk:1825


text:
Benerville-sur-Mer

Benerville-sur-Mer is a commune in the Calvados department and Normandy region of north-western France.

title: Benerville-sur-Mer


text:
Bénouville

Bénouville may refer to several communes in France:

 * Bénouville, Calvados, in the Calvados département
 * Bénouville, Seine-Maritime, in the Seine-Maritime département

title: Bénouville


text:
Bénouville, Calvados

Bénouville is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

It is located on the Canal de Caen à la Mer close to Caen and Ouistreham.

Sights

 * Château de Bénouville completed in 1777 by Claude Nicolas Ledoux
 * Pegasus Bridge
 * Memorial Pegasus

D-Day and Pegasus Bridge
Bénouville was the scene of the first – and possibly most vital – battle of the Allied invasion of Europe on D-Day, 6 June 1944 and the night before. From 12.15 am (British Double Summertime = 5 June at 23:15 hrs. German/Middle-European time), a reinforced company of glider-borne troops from the 2nd Batt. Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry, led by Major Reginald John Howard, landed around the bridge over the Caen Canal at Bénouville in three Horsa gliders and captured it from the Germans in a swift and dramatic attack. Control of this bridge was vital to the success of the whole Operation Overlord invasion, because it would be the route of any German counter-attack eventually with their "Panzers" against the seaborne forces which were due to start landing a few hours later on Sword.

At the same time, another Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire glider-borne force of sixty men (one glider was wrongly released near Varaville at the Dives River) captured the neighbouring bridge over the River Orne – about a quarter of a mile away near Ranville – which was also of vital strategic importance. The Caen Canal bridge was later renamed Pegasus Bridge by Royal Engineers, in honour of the winged horse symbol of the Airborne Forces, while the River Orne bridge was many years later renamed Horsa Bridge, after the type of glider which carried the men to war.

Today, Pegasus Bridge and the nearby Café Gondrée are the scene of many pilgrimages and commemoration ceremonies, particularly around 6 June. Its wartime inhabitants were members of a local resistance group and passed the information on the canal bridge unto a cell in Caen and from there to England. A few hundred yards across Pegasus Bridge lies the modern Musée Mémorial Pegasus. As for the Café Gondrée, on D-Day itself, Monsieur and Mme Gondrée who lived in the café were woken up by the landing of the gliders. Monsieur Gondrée looked out of a window and saw black "masked" troops running over the bridge, which he later learned were British paratroopers. In celebration, he also dug up some 99 bottles of champagne which he had hidden in the garden and in the morning of 6 June toasted his liberation with some of the men from the gliders.

The Gondrées had three daughters and one of them, Arlette, took over the café from her parents and maintained it as a memorial to the men who landed on 6 June 1944. (Her picture is in the Holt's Normandy Battlefield Guide Book published by Pen and Sword). To this day, it also remains a working café. For many years after the war Major John Howard could be found in the café for the 6 June anniversary and even today many veterans and current members of the Airborne Forces still visit Gondrée Café or one of the other bars in the immediate vicinity.

International relations
Bénouville is twinned with:
 * Lynton and Lynmouth, United Kingdom

title: Bénouville, Calvados


text:
Bény-sur-Mer

Bény-sur-Mer (, literally Bény on Sea) is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region, in northwestern France. It lies 5 km south of Bernières-sur-Mer and 13 km north of Caen.

World War II
During World War II, Bény-sur-Mer was liberated on D-Day by Le Régiment de la Chaudière, a French Canadian unit. There was a gun battery located near the town at the time.

D-Day: morning
Although garrisoned during the Occupation, Beny-sur-Mer did not play a central role in a major tactical confrontation on D-Day. Instead, the village witnessed three noteworthy incidents on that day. To the northeast, a prolonged struggle unfolded at Château-de-Tailleville (WN 23) before Beny-sur-Mer's security was assured. Directly to its west, a brief encounter occurred at WN 28a later in the day. Additionally, early in the morning, two battalions from the 716 Infantry Division encountered a transformative shift in their day due to Naval Gunfire.

 * Kompanie 8 (schwere). / Battalion II./ Grenadier-Regiment 736., commanded by Hauptmann Johann Grzeski, the Ballation reserve, was sited at Les Ruines Saint-Ursin: La Haye de Saule (at North 49.3078 Deg / West 00.4386 Deg), in a ‘Open Field Earth (Hinzu kommen Positionen in offener Feldstellung) Fa Position’. It is reported that at 0510 hrs HQ Stab Btl II. / 736 reported, to HQ 716 Inf.Div., of airborne landings south of Bernières-sur-Mer (WN 28) and north of the Chateau-de-Tailleville (WN 23) inferring enemy troopers had penetrated up into Bernières-sur-Mer. Consistent with tactical doctrine, the Kdr. Btl II./ 736., ordered Ko 8./II 736. to mount a counterattack, and destroy  the  threat (... ‘no one is to wait, for higher…’). Though the details of the action are not confirmed, it is suggested that Ko 8. was lost. Committed, from a well dug-in position, in its action, moving across open ground, it would have taken naval gun fire, from HMS Kempenfelt, it shelling Kompanie 3. (Flak)/Pz.Jg.-Abt.716., at la-Tomblette.  ‘Nobody returned … so the details are not known.’  Kdr 716 Inf.Div.
 * 3. (FlaK) Kompanie. / Panzerjäger-Abteilung 716., on Le Pommeret (la Tomblette) was sited on the low ridge overlooking the beaches from St. Aubin to Courseulles, north of Beny-sur-Mer, under the leadership of the Oberleutnant Kurt Kaergel, his Panzerjäger-Abteilung 716, Gefechtsstand: Sallenelles. The primary target of HMS Kempenfelt, its two platoons were shelled at 06h19 BST, in positions at N 49.3026Deg / W 0.4238Deg and at N 49.3015Deg / W 0.4202Deg.
 * Züg - 3. (Flak) Kp. /Pz.Jg.-Abt.716. x6 7.5 cm D.C.A. Mle 1938(f) Static AA guns, in a field emplacement.
 * Züg - 3. (Flak) Kp. /Pz.Jg.-Abt.716. x20 3.2 cm Wurfgerät 40/41, set up in Packkiste, in an open field emplacement.

Late in the Occupation, Beny-sur-Mer garrisoned a German a [Hauptkolonnen (Main) or Saunderkolonnen (Special) 160] supply transportation unit assigned from LXXXIV Armeekorps (Stab: St. Lô), to KVA H1 Caen. Located centrally to the work and units of Infantry-Division 716, a sub-unit of Kw.Trsp.Kp. 4./ Kw.Trsp.Abt. 564., it was noted to be in Beny-sur-Mer on D-Day. The supply and transport services of Occupation Static Divisions (Coastal Defense) were organized on the design that artillery batteries were not moved; as such artillery ammunition and the troop supply trains were not well resourced. From 1941, the priority for motorized and horse-drawn transport was for Divisions fighting in Russia; with almost no additional vehicles available for Divisions on occupation duty, in France. While a ‘standard’ Division Supply Column (Trains) should see up to eight motor transport columns, when mobilized in 1941, Inf.Div. 716., was allocated no supply commander, and only one motor transport column.

 * Kraftwagen-Transport-Abteilung 564 (Motor Vehicle Transport Battalion: Kw.Trsp.Abt.564.) was established (Aufstellung) in June 1941 in Wehrkreis IV: Dresden, and assigned to Heerestruppe bei der Heeresgruppe B im Westen (H.Gr.B - La Roche Guyon). In December 1941, it added Kompanien 3. (FN 44363 aus WK IX: Kassel) and Kompanien 4. (FN 45651 aus WK VI: Münster) and in May 1943, designated ‘z. b. V.’ (zur besonderer Verwendung: for special purposes / for special use). With an OB West February 1944 reorganization: Kraftwagen-Transport-Regiment z.b.V. West., (Standarten) was established (in France) regrouping its three Kw.Trsp.Abt, fielding 13 Companies. The new Kw.Trsp.Rgt. West was designated Heeresgruppen-Truppen beim OB West (Paris: St Germain-en-Laye), commanded by General des Transportwesens West. Consequently, Kw.Trsp.Abt. 564 z.b.V. (Versorgungstruppen Nu. 21108010) was assigned (directly) as (Unterstellung): Kw.Trsp.Abt 564 (Stab Paris: Rueil-Malmaison) to 7. Armee (Stab: Le Mans) in der Kompanie NSKK (Nationalsozialistisches Kraftfahrkorps) Transportabteilung zur Wehrmacht.
 * AOK 7 allocated Kraftwagen Transport Kompanie 4., to LXXXIV Armeekorps (Stab: St. Lô) for employment with NSKK Transportkorps Speer, supporting allocated Divisions in defence and construction of Coastal fortifications. Feldpostnummern FN 45651 was first used in July 1941, assigned to 4.Kompanie Kraftwagen-Transport-Abteilung z.b.V. 564 (zur besonderer Verwendung). It changed designation in March 1942 to 4. Kompanie  Kraftwagen-Transport-Abteilung 564.  With a further reorganization, in October 1943, it was deleted, as a standalone unit in the Field Postal Directory (with the eventual forming of Kraftwagen-Transport-Regiment West).

D-Day: around noon
 Widerstandnesten WN 23 was located at North 49.308275 Degrees / West 00.409888 Degrees and in June 1944, for targeting purposes, at: LZ1 vT MR Grid 003823 (Ref. GSGS 4250 1:50K: Creully Sheet 7E/5). The (WN) - Resistance Nest at the Château-de-Tailleville (de la colonie) was a unique ‘platoon-sized’ position, incorporating standard concrete (Verstärkt Feltmessig: Vf Type 2) gun casemates, with well-sited observation and crewed fighting positions. Located to dominate the roads entering the town, the position did dispose of an integrated network of trenches and tunnels, partially surrounded by a stone wall, permitting unobserved movement under cover.

Hauptmann Deptolla, Kommandeur Bataillon II./ 736., defending with only his Stabs-züg (Lt Heinz Rix, Karl Rub), and the Stabs-kompanie, perhaps undermanned, would cause problems all day for the Canadians. Planning to fight with his west flank secured by Kompanie 8.(schwere)/ II 736., at Les Ruines Saint-Ursin, off to the west, his right flank by Kompanie 12.(schwere)/ Bataillon III./736., to the east, in front of Douvres (WN 23a), and drawing ‘artillery’ support from Kompanie 3.(Flak)/Pz.Jg.-Abt.716., to his immediate west, he found himself alone. Having been located and well targeted, in 3rd Canadian Infantry Division planning, the fight for WN 23 was first impacted by Naval Counter Battery Gun Fire from the destroyer HMS Kempenfelt (R03) (at 06h19m), she shelling Kompanie 3 (Flak)./Pz.Jg.-Abt.716., sited in an open field emplacement, at Tailleville-la-Tomblette. This followed later in the morning by RAF Medium (Day) Bombers at 07h55 (BST).

WN 23 was overcome by the efforts of 'C' Company, The North Shore (New Brunswick) Regiment (O.C. Major Daughney), landing at Saint Aubin-sur-Mer at 09h45. When able to bypass the fight for WN 27, intending to make a quick run to Tailleville, ‘C’ Company, The North Shore Regiment, was attached a tank troop from 'C' Squadron, The Fort Garry Horse. First reporting contact around noon, moving South, at MR Grid 004823, enemy mortars slowed the advance, the ‘C’ Sqn tanks moved-up, giving the necessary fire and moral support to get the North Shores up to the Chateau. Getting into the position at 13h52, a Sherman tank penetrated the walls, fronting the Chateau grounds, and shot up the trenches and their defenders with high explosive shells, at point blank range. After six hours of fighting, the remnants of the garrison surrendering, ‘C’ Company ‘secured’ Tailleville, at 17h30. 'D' Company was moved up to Tailleville on the east flank, as 'A' Company had previously sealed off the southern side of the position.

Having consolidated on the position, ‘C’ Company captured 4 Officers and 57 other prisoners, this reported at 20h10. It continued to root in the underground workings of the Château; around 23h00 producing more prisoners, including two wounded monocled officers. At 23h30 all of 'C' Squadron, The Fort Garry Horse, moved into position with the North Shores, the squadron laagered and passed an uncomfortable night constantly on the alert in expectation of a German counterattack. The North Shore (New Brunswick) Regiment lost 34 killed and 90 wounded in the fight for WN 23.

German Crew Served Weapons at Châteaux de Tailleville.

D-Day: at dusk
Le Regiment de la Chaudiere (8 CIB Reserve), at Bernières-sur-Mer, by 10h30, forming up with 'A' Squadron, The Fort Garry Horse moved South towards Beny-sur-Mer, encountering significant resistance, in exiting the town. While its Company ‘A’ (OC Major H. Lapointe), dealt with two very capable 8.8 cm Pak 43/41, in an open field emplacement, of Kompanie 2.(StuG) /Pz.Jg-Abt 716., sited just southwest of Berniers (on Les Perrucques), its ‘B' Company remained focused on its run to Beny-sur-Mer and WN28a. Having moved up with little difficulty, Company ‘B' Le Regiment de la Chaudiere (OC J.F. L’Esperance), ‘captured’ WN 28a by mid-afternoon, taking 54 prisoners. At the end of the day, The Fort Garry Horse were ordered back for rest and vehicle replenishment in Beny-sur-Mer, it was not until 01h00 07.06 that 'B' squadron made it back, while ‘C’ Squadron remained in Tailleville. The Fort Garry Horse suffered 13 killed and 12 wounded casualties on D-Day.

Widerstandnesten WN 28a was located West of Beny-sur-Mer (Moulineaux), at North 49.293 Degrees / West 00.451 Degrees and in June 1944, for targeting purposes, at: French Lambert MR Grid LZ1 vT 972808 (Ref. GSGS 4250 1:50K: Creully Sheet 7E/5). The (WN) - Resistance Nest, its south approach protected by La Mue, was a doctrinally laid-out four gun German ‘batterie-sized’ tactical position, with perimeter crewed weapon fighting positions, and ammunition storage points. The four 100mm le.F.H14/19(t) Czech guns, with an effective range of 9,970m range, were disposed in Type 1 ‘Open’ Field Gun Earth Fa Emplacements (Geschutzestellungen), incorporating only one Type Heer 669 ‘Gun’ (Verstärkt Feltmessig: Vf Type 2) concrete casement. Located to support the landing defences at Courseulles-sur-Mer, Berniers-sur-Mer, and St Aubin-sur-Mer, the position did dispose of light crew-served weapons, in supporting trenches on its South flank.

While effectively manned by Batterie 7. (Resi). / Bataillon II. / 1716 AR, commanded by Hauptmann Wilhelm Franke, his contribution to the fights on the JUNO beaches did not go as planned. Its intended effect, on the five Mike and Nan beaches was effectively neutralized by Naval Counter Battery Gun Fire, specifically from the cruiser HMS Diadem (84) at 05h52, and then furthered bombed by RAF Medium / Fighter Bombers at 08h15. There was not much fight left when, approaching from the northeast, it was overcome Le Regiment de la Chaudiere.

In Beny-sur-Mer there remains two reminders of D-Day and June 1944.

 * Bény-sur-Mer Canadian War Cemetery commemorates Canadian losses suffered on D-Day 1944 and subsequent battles in France. The cost in lives had been high, though not as high as had been estimated, on D-Day Canada suffered almost a thousand casualties, of whom 340 were killed or died of wounds.
 * Beny-sur-Mer Airfield at 49°17'54"N / 00°25'34"W was a former Allied temporary invasion airfield, located 1 km north-northeast of Beny-sur-Mer in the Lower Normandy. The Airfield (ALG B4) was completed on 15 June 1944, it consisted of a 4,000' runway aligned 08Deg/35Deg, with dispersal areas, communications facilities, and landing lights, and was in continuous use until early August 1944.

title: Bény-sur-Mer


text:
Bernesq

Bernesq is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

title: Bernesq


text:
Fitzpatrick (surname)

Fitzpatrick is an Irish surname that most commonly arose as an anglicised version of the Irish patronymic surname Mac Giolla Phádraig  "Son of the Devotee of (St.) Patrick".

In some cases, it may also have independently arisen by a similar anglicization of a likely-distinct Irish patronymic, Ó Maol Phádraig, "Descendent of the Follower of (St.) Patrick", or in rare cases as a genuine Anglo-Irish patronymic incorporating the Norman French fiz ('son of') and the male name Patrick.

Giolla Phádraig (meaning "the devotee of [Saint] Patrick", also one of origins of the surname Kilpatrick) was the personal name of Gilla Patráic mac Donnchada, a tenth-century king of Ossory. His sons were subsequently styled Mac Giolla Phádraig (meaning, son of Giolla Phádraig), and gave rise to a dynasty of Kings of Ossory that bore this patronymic as a dynastic name. In the 16th century, as part of the process of king Henry VIII's surrender and regrant scheme to anglicize the Irish nobility, some members of the clan were legally obligated to render their surname as Fitz-Patrick or Fitzpatrick as part of the agreed terms with the Crown. The Fitzpatrick surname may have also been adopted later amongst other unrelated Irish families, such as the Maguires of Fermanagh. Like the related Kilpatrick and Mulpatrick, the surname was sometimes shortened to Patrick.

The 1901 census of Ireland indicated the top five counties for the surname Fitzpatrick, by birth, were County Cavan, followed by counties Laois, Dublin, Down and Cork. Since 2019, the Fitzpatrick Clan Society has facilitated the registration of five Fitzpatrick clans with Clans of Ireland: the Mac Gilpatrick of Ulster – Mac Giolla Phádraig Ulaidh; the Fitzpatrick / O'Mulpatrick of Breifne – Ó Maol Phádraig Breifne; the Fitzpatrick / Mac Gilpatrick of the tribe of Cas – Mac Giolla Phádraig Dál gCais; the Fitzpatrick / Mac Gilpatrick of Leinster – Mac Giolla Phádraig Laighean; and, the Fitzpatrick of Upper Ossory.

Notable Fitzpatricks

 * Albert Fitzpatrick (born 1928), American journalist, editor, and media executive
 * Alfred Fitzpatrick (1862–1936), Canadian founder of Frontier College
 * Amy Fitzpatrick (born 1992), Irish girl who disappeared in 2008 in Málaga, Spain
 * Anna Fitzpatrick (born 1989), British tennis player
 * Art Fitzpatrick (1919–2015), American art director
 * Austin Choi-Fitzpatrick, American political sociologist
 * Becca Fitzpatrick (born 1979), American author
 * Ben Fitzpatrick (born 1994), American soccer player
 * Benjamin Fitzpatrick (1802–1869), American politician
 * Billy Fitzpatrick (born 1954), Irish hurler
 * Blake Fitzpatrick (born 1955), Canadian photographer
 * Brad Fitzpatrick (born 1980), American programmer
 * Brian Fitzpatrick (disambiguation), several people
 * Catherine A. Fitzpatrick, American author and translator
 * Cathryn Fitzpatrick (born 1964), Australian cricketer
 * Charles Fitzpatrick (1853–1942), Canadian lawyer and politician
 * Colette Fitzpatrick (born 1974), Irish news anchor
 * Colleen Fitzpatrick (disambiguation), several people
 * Columbus Fitzpatrick (1810–1877), Irish-Australian builder, political activist and amateur historian
 * Damien Fitzpatrick (born 1989), Australian rugby player
 * Daniel R. Fitzpatrick (1891–1969), American editorial cartoonist
 * Daphne Fitzpatrick (born 1964), American artist
 * David Fitzpatrick (disambiguation), several people
 * Dawn Fitzpatrick, American investment and financial officer
 * De Burgh Fitzpatrick Persse (1840–1921), Australian politician
 * Declan Fitzpatrick (born 1983), Irish rugby union player
 * Dennis Fitzpatrick (1764–1806), Irish jockey
 * Dennis Fitzpatrick (civil servant) (1837–1920), Dublin-born Lieutenant-Governor of Punjab
 * Denny Fitzpatrick, American basketball player
 * Dermot Fitzpatrick (1940–2022), Irish politician
 * Desmond Fitzpatrick (1912–2002), British Army officer
 * Dez Fitzpatrick (born 1997), American football player
 * D. J. Fitzpatrick (born 1982), American football player
 * Dara Fitzpatrick (1972/3–2017), Irish helicopter pilot
 * Duross Fitzpatrick (1934–2008), American judge
 * Earl A. Fitzpatrick (1904–1984), American lawyer and politician
 * Ed Fitzpatrick (1889–1965), American baseball player
 * Edward Fitzpatrick (1884–1960), American college administrator and author
 * Edward Fitzpatrick (died 1696), English army officer
 * Enda Fitzpatrick (athlete), Irish athlete married to Róisín Smyth
 * F. Emmett Fitzpatrick (1930–2014), American politician, attorney and professor
 * Fiona Fitzpatrick, one half of the Swedish music duo Rebecca & Fiona
 * Francis Fitzpatrick (disambiguation), several people
 * Frank Fitzpatrick (born 1961), American entrepreneur and composer
 * Frank Fitzpatrick (footballer) (1932–2003), Australian rules footballer
 * Frank Fitzpatrick (mayor), 15th mayor of Ansonia, Connecticut, US
 * Gabrielle Fitzpatrick (born 1967), Australian film and television actress
 * Gary Fitzpatrick (born 1971), English footballer
 * Gary Fitzpatrick (Australian footballer) (born 1955), Australian rules footballer
 * George F. Fitzpatrick (1875–1920), Trinidadian barrister
 * Glen Fitzpatrick (born 1981), Irish footballer and manager
 * Graham Fitzpatrick, Scottish film director and screenwriter
 * Grant Fitzpatrick (born 1976), Australian Paralympic swimmer
 * Grant Fitzpatrick (musician), Australian musician
 * Harold Fitzpatrick (1880–1942), English footballer
 * Harry Morton Fitzpatrick (1886–1949), American mycologist
 * Hugh Fitzpatrick (1872–1925), Australian rules footballer
 * Huntley Fitzpatrick, American author
 * Ian Fitzpatrick (born 1980), English footballer
 * Ian Fitzpatrick (rugby union) (born 1995), Irish rugby union player
 * Jack Fitzpatrick (footballer) (born 1991), Australian rules footballer
 * Jack Fitzpatrick (businessman) (1923–2011), American businessman and politician
 * Jack Fitzpatrick (cricketer) (1911–1999), Australian cricketer
 * James Fitzpatrick (disambiguation), several people
 * Jim Fitzpatrick (disambiguation), several people
 * John Fitzpatrick (disambiguation), several people
 * Jordan Fitzpatrick (born 1988), English footballer
 * Joseph Fitzpatrick (disambiguation), several people
 * Joyce Ann Fitzpatrick (born 1942), American politician
 * J. R. Fitzpatrick (born 1988), Canadian NASCAR Driver
 * J. R. Fitzpatrick (American football), American football coach in 1907
 * Justin Fitzpatrick (born 1973), Irish rugby union player and coach
 * Karl Fitzpatrick (born 1980), English rugby player
 * Kate Fitzpatrick (born 1947), Australian actress
 * Kathleen Fitzpatrick (disambiguation), several people
 * Katie Fitzpatrick, New Zealand professor
 * Keene Fitzpatrick (1864–1944), American athletic coach and trainer
 * Kellyanne Fitzpatrick (born 1967), birth name of Kellyanne Conway, American pollster, political consultant, and pundit
 * Ken Fitzpatrick (born 1963), Canadian swimmer
 * Kevin Fitzpatrick (disambiguation), several people
 * Larry Fitzpatrick (born 1976), American football player
 * Lee Fitzpatrick (born 1978), English footballer
 * Leo Fitzpatrick (born 1977), American actor
 * Leslie Fitzpatrick (born 1978), Trinidadian soccer player
 * Lynton Fitzpatrick (born 1967), Australian rules footballer
 * Madison Fitzpatrick (born 1996), Australian field hockey player
 * Marc Fitzpatrick (born 1986), Scottish footballer
 * Margaret Fitzpatrick (1911–1980), American actress and television producer known as Gail Patrick
 * Maria Fitzpatrick (born 1949), Canadian politician
 * Marie-Louise Fitzpatrick (born 1962), Irish children's author and illustrator
 * Mark Fitzpatrick (born 1968), Canadian ice hockey goalie
 * Mary Fitzpatrick (born 1969), Irish politician
 * Mary Fitzpatrick (photographer) (born 1968), English photographer
 * Matt Fitzpatrick (born 1994), English golfer
 * Menna Fitzpatrick (born 1998), British alpine skier
 * Michael Fitzpatrick (disambiguation), several people
 * Minkah Fitzpatrick (born 1996), American football player
 * Morgan Cassius Fitzpatrick (1868–1908), American politician
 * Noel Fitzpatrick (born 1967), Irish veterinary surgeon
 * Paul Fitzpatrick (born 1965), English footballer
 * Paula Fitzpatrick (born 1985), Irish rugby union player
 * Pete Fitzpatrick (died 1946), Canadian soccer player
 * Peter Fitzpatrick (born 1962), Irish politician and sportsperson
 * Peter Fitzpatrick (footballer) (born 1959), Australian rules footballer
 * Richard Fitzpatrick (disambiguation), several people
 * Richie Fitzpatrick (1880–1904), American gangster
 * Ron Fitzpatrick (born 1940), Australian rules footballer
 * Rory Fitzpatrick (born 1975), American ice hockey player
 * Ross Fitzpatrick (born 1933), Canadian politician
 * Ross Fitzpatrick (ice hockey) (born 1960), Canadian ice hockey player
 * Ryan Fitzpatrick (born 1982), American football player
 * Sandy Fitzpatrick (born 1944), American ice hockey player
 * Savannah Fitzpatrick (born 1995), Australian field hockey player
 * Seamus Davey-Fitzpatrick (born 1998), American actor
 * Seán FitzPatrick (1948–2021), Irish banker
 * Sean Fitzpatrick (born 1963), New Zealand rugby union player
 * Sheila Fitzpatrick (born 1941), Australian historian
 * Shirley Fitzpatrick-Wong (born 1971), Canadian international lawn bowler
 * Sonya Fitzpatrick, British broadcast personality and pet psychic
 * Stephen Fitzpatrick, British businessman, founder of OVO Energy
 * Steve Fitzpatrick (born 1978), American politician
 * Sulu Tone-Fitzpatrick (born 1992), New Zealand netball and rugby sevens player
 * Theresa Fitzpatrick (born 1995), New Zealand rugby union player
 * Thomas Fitzpatrick (disambiguation), several people
 * Timmy Fitzpatrick, Irish hurler
 * Tony Fitzpatrick (disambiguation), several people
 * Toarlyn Fitzpatrick (born 1989), American basketball player
 * Trevor Fitzpatrick (born 1980), Anglo-Irish footballer
 * William Fitzpatrick (disambiguation), several people

Middle name

 * Christopher Fitzpatrick Calloway (born 1968), American football player
 * Paul Fitzpatrick Russell (born 1959), American Roman Catholic archbishop and diplomat
 * Redmond Morris, 4th Baron Killanin (born 1947), Irish film producer

title: Fitzpatrick (surname)


text:
Le Bény-Bocage

Le Bény-Bocage is a former commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Souleuvre-en-Bocage.

Personalities

 * Baron Gaston Jean Baptiste de Renty, French mystic.

title: Le Bény-Bocage


text:
Bernières-d'Ailly

Bernières-d'Ailly is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

title: Bernières-d'Ailly


text:
Bernières

Bernières may refer to:

France

 * Bernières, Seine-Maritime, in the Seine-Maritime département
 * Bernières-d'Ailly in the Calvados département
 * Bernières-le-Patry in the Calvados département
 * Bernières-sur-Mer in the Calvados département
 * Bernières-sur-Seine in the Eure département

Canada

 * Bernières municipality in the district of Saint-Nicolas, Quebec

People

 * Henri de Bernières (c.1635–1700), French Catholic priest, first resident pastor of Quebec
 * Louis de Bernières (born 1954), British novelist

title: Bernières


text:
Bernières-le-Patry

Bernières-le-Patry is a former commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Valdallière.

title: Bernières-le-Patry


text:
Talk:Golden Triangle

Isosceles pictures
can anyone make good pictures of the geometric golden triangle, (the isosceles one with two 72 degree angles), because I don't want to add to this without nice pictures. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 69.22.195.18 (talk • contribs). — Preceding undated comment added 23:29, 3 March 2004 (UTC)

Map
Could someone put a map of the Golden Triangle on here?????? i need it 4 a school project — Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.10.121.83 (talk • contribs) 02:56, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

Brooklyn based band also
Someone please add them? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.61.21.58 (talk) 19:42, 15 March 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Golden Triangle


text:
Bernières-sur-Mer

Bernières-sur-Mer (, literally Bernières on Sea), in the arrondissement of Caen, is a commune in the Calvados department of Normandy, in northwestern France. It is part of the canton of Courseulles-sur-Mer. It lies on the English Channel coast, 3 km east of Courseulles-sur-Mer, and 17 km north of Caen.

Bernières-sur-Mer is one of the oldest towns of the Côte de Nacre. Gallo-Roman traces are scattered on the territory of the municipality, and are visible in the cliffs of the "Cape Romain" east of the town. The Middle Ages saw the prosperity of Bernières - enjoying the magnificence of William the Conqueror. The Church of Bernières illustrates perfectly evolution of the region during the first half of the second millennium. In the early 20th century, served by the railway, its hotels and sandy beach, surrounded by dunes and the embankment welcomed visitors from across France.

The town was liberated by The Queen's Own Rifles of Canada on 6 June 1944 as part of the leading assault wave of D-Day Operation Overlord. Later, Le Régiment de la Chaudière, landed in reserve as part of the 8th Canadian Brigade, 3rd Canadian Division. The remains of the Atlantic Wall are still visible and are a place of remembrance where Berniérais honor each year the memory of the Canadians.

The Occupation
Across Calvados, the Occupation began a month before The June 1940 Armistice, it establishing first a German Occupied Zone and a Vichy Unoccupied Zone, retaining nominally the civil jurisdiction of Vichy over all of France, except for Alsace-Lorraine. The (German) Military Command in France: Militärbefehlshaber in Frankreich (MBF), succeeding the Military Administration in France (Militärverwaltung in Frankreich), from the outset was the principal executive and decision-making protagonist in the (Northern) Occupied Zone. The presence of Vichy authorities allowed it to focus on the security of its occupying troops, and the efficient industrial economic exploitation of France. The ‘Occupied Zone’ was divided into Military Administration Districts (Militärverwaltungsbezirk), with Regional Oberfeldkommandanturen, they into Departmental Military Administration (FK. Feldkommandanturen) and they into the Military Administration Prefecture (KK. Kreiskommandanturen. All initially employed the Feldgendarmerie (FG. German Military Police) having local police powers, and the Geheime Feldpolizei (GFP. Secret Field Police), conducting important investigations, and later the Sicherheitspolizei (Sipo. Security Police of the Sicherheitsdienst SD. Security Service), persons arrested appeared before military tribunals, which had been set up in each Département (FK).

Bernières-sur-Mer sat inside the ‘Coastal Military Zone’ - set-out in the October 1941, along The Atlantic and The Channel Coasts, from the Basses-Pyrénées to the Pas-de-Calais / Nord; with a geographic depth extending up to 30 km. First designated as ‘Entry Prohibited’ – restricted to those who had lived there for at least three months (principal residents), civil service Vichy personnel, those working for the German army, and the personnel of the SNCF. In 1943 the MBK ordered a partial ‘evacuation’ of the Coastal Military Zone, in the interests of the French population "…en cas d'événements graves dans les communes." All residents designated non-essential to public services, industrial enterprises, agriculture, forestry and supply services, had to depart by 30 April, targeting the most vulnerable, children and the elderly; though enforcement was uneven. The CMZ was classified as ‘Entry Forbidden’- except to ‘essential civilians’ in April 1944, some cities and towns designated for evacuation.

Basse Normandie fell within the rubric of Militärverwaltungsbezirk ‘Bezirk A’ - Nordwestfrankreich (North / West France) with its Headquarters (Stab) at Paris: St. Germain-en-Laye. Calvados-Baie de Seine came under an immediate Bezirk ‘A’ subordinate Oberfeldkommandanturen: Oberfeldkommandantur ‘Seine-Maritime’ (Stab. Rouen 1941). With an Feldkommandantur FK established in each Canton Prefecture, working with the Department Préfet, FK 723 Caen (Feldpostnummer 12067) was created on 20 May 1940, it tasked with the upholding of order and security, taking measures to prevent sabotage and anti‐German activity. Feldkommandantur FK 723 Caen its City KK, Kreis-Kommandantur 884 Caen responsible for coastal towns of the JUNO Sector, also oversaw the ‘sous-préfectures’ du Calvados: Kreis-Kommandantur 789 Bayeux, Kreis-Kommandantur 774 Lisieux, Kreis-Kommandantur 763 Vire. This all changing in June 1942 with the arrival of The Sicherheitspolizei Sipo-SD Security Police and the centralization of repression, with their prime task of hunting of foreign agents. KdS (Kommandos der SIPO und des SD) were established across France, at the Regional (Provincial) Directorate Level. The Sipo-SD first established itself in Calvados through KdS Rouen (Seine-Maritime / Normandie) and its ‘Section Exterieures / Détachement’ Außendienststelle Caen (Département Calvados).

D-Day
At the beginning of the Battle of Normandy, the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division, commanded by Major General Rodney Keller, landed 15,000 Canadians and 9,000 British troops on the Calvados coast. Bernières-sur-Mer, one of five Canadian landing sites, was located to the eastern end of Canada's assigned landing sector of Juno Beach. On D-Day, the 8th Canadian Infantry (Assault) Brigade Group, stormed the beach, landing The Queen's Own Rifles of Canada, the 10th Armoured Regiment (The Fort Garry Horse), and the guns of the 14th Canadian Field Regiment, RCA, to engage troops of the Bataillon II./Grenadier-Regiment 736, who garrisoned the town's fortified 'Resistance Nest'.

Widerstandnesten WN 28 (NAN White) was located at North 49.335696 Degrees / West 00.419942 Degrees and in June 1944 for targeting purposes was at: LCC MR Grid 997855 (Ref. GSGS 4250 1:50K: Creully Sheet 7E/5). The (WN) Resistance Nest at Bernières-sur-Mer was a reinforced platoon sized position, incorporating multiple concrete (Verstärkt Feltmessig: Vf Type 2) gun casemates, with additional observation and crewed fighting positions, located to dominate the beach exits, into town. A well prepared position, extending across much of the beach front, Hauptmann Rudolf Gruter, Kdr Kompanie 5./ Grenadier-Regiment 736./ Bataillon II., and his Ko Stab Gruppen located in Bernières, was well engaged, under naval bombardment, from before the Canadian H-Hr (07h55 BST). Having a wider frontage, the crew served weapon sites were not joined by an integrated network of trenches, but its rear was ‘protected’  by three fences of barbed wire. Approaches into the position were protected by three K.V. Gruppe Courseulles minefields. The left front (NW) sea approach, and beachfront, above the left seawall were protected by a large Beach Minefield: Mf 58. The right front (NE) land approach was protected Beach Minefield: Mf 57 and its rear and right flank by tactical minefield: Mf 55. A battalion heavy mortar detachment (Nest fur schweren Granatenwerfer) located 150 yards behind the beach, additionally supported the position, it protected by an anti-vehicle ditch, south of the railway line.

The coastline on which NAN White was set out is low lying, from Courseulles to Bernieres sur Mer there was a sandy beach with short groynes to prevent lateral movement of sand by the current. Offshore all the way along the coast eastwards of Bernieres sur Mer there were rocky outcrops parts of which were exposed at low tide: les Iles de Bernieres. WN 28 began to take indirect fire, from the LCT(Mk4) embarked SP (105mm) artillery of 14th Canadian Field Regiment, RCA from 07h44 BST, it having little effect on the defenders at MR 998852, as the position included five Unterstands Type R501/R502 Personnel Shelters. For 35 minutes they fired a steady barrage onto the beaches (H-30 to H+5), it not as tight as had been attained in some training exercises.

As programmed two volleys of 5" Rocket Fire then arrived, to disrupt any movement about the position, and a volley of 60 lb Hedgerows fell about the flanks, cutting the wire entanglements and detonating the mines, securing the approaches onto the position and its casemates. Because the tide was much higher than expected and the beach narrow and congested, the assaulting companies did not initially benefit from direct fire support from ‘B’ Squadron, 10th Canadian Armoured Regiment, The Fort Garry Horse, as they did not arrive as planned.

The Resistance Nest was overcome by two companies of The Queen's Own Rifles of Canada, its ‘A’ Company (O.C. Major H. E. Dalton) landing at 08h12, west of WN 28a, (at MR Grid 989855) on an ‘open’ left flank, an unguarded German flank seldom to be found. Intending to land east of the town, between Bernières and St Aubin, ‘B’ Company (O.C. Major C.O. Dalton) landed directly on the edge of WN 28, at 08h15, taking 65 serious casualties, 200 yards east of their intended landing site (at MR Grid 998995). ‘A’ Company got off the beach quickly, taking heavy machine gun fire, over the grass fields, just east of WN 28, it reaching the railway line. Having been being pinned down by heavy mortar fire, by 08h45 BST, it 'cleared' the road through the village at its southwest point. A weakened ‘B’ Company scaled the sea wall, got off the beach, and outflanking the most serious threats, got into town by 09h00 BST, having seen some support from 'B' Squadron engaging casements and weapon-pits from their beach positions.

79 Armoured Division (UK) Assault Engineers, having landed two AVRE Teams it was almost 09h30 before the exits were open and 'B' Squadron could move into town to support of 'B' and 'A' Companies. Between 09h10 and 09h30, the self-propelled guns of 14th Field Regiment, RCA landed onto a narrow, crowded, and chaotic beach. Three batteries getting off the beach, they had 18 guns in action, to the right of Bernières by 11h30. The regiment spent most of the day in action in improvised gun areas close to Bernières, crest clearances hampering the action of the guns. Receiving the worst battering of any Canadian unit on D-Day, the Queen's Own Rifles suffered 60 killed and 78 wounded, in the fight for Bernières-sur-Mer.

German Crew Served Weapons at WN 28 Bernières-sur-Mer. The casements took innumerable direct hits, doing little more than denting the concrete.

WN 28b at Bernières-sur-Mer (West) was located at North 49Deg 20Min 04Sec and West 00Deg 25Min 40Sec and in June 1944 for targeting purposes was at: LCC MR Grid 993855  (Ref. GSGS 4250 1:50K: Creully Sheet 7E/5). Sited west of the town, supporting his left flank, Hauptmann Rudolf Gruter, of Ko 5./ Bataillon II./ 736., had sited a Log Type Feltmessige Anlage: Fa)Crib Timber and Earth Field Emplacement, to shelter two 50mm PaK 38 Anti-Tank Guns. It did not contribute to fight at Bernières-sur-Mer (WN28), having been neutralized by the Task Force ‘J’ Naval Beach Bombardment Drenching Fire Programme, this before H-Hr at 07h55 BST.  The landing of ‘A’ Company, The Queen's Own Rifles of Canada, at MR Grid 989855, occurred west of this now abandoned position.

Twin towns

 * Eisingen, Bavaria, Germany since 1994.

title: Bernières-sur-Mer


text:
Talk:Supreme court

Adding Indonesia
Indonesia is the fourth most populous country in the world. Is there a specific process by which countries' supreme courts are selected for addition to the list, or would it be fine to just add Supreme Court of Indonesia? MezzoMezzo (talk) 03:25, 2 February 2017 (UTC)

 * Be Bold! Mr Serjeant Buzfuz (talk) 03:33, 2 February 2017 (UTC)
 * Sir yes sir! MezzoMezzo (talk) 03:21, 7 February 2017 (UTC)
 * But add some sources to the new section, please. TJRC (talk) 19:25, 7 February 2017 (UTC)
 * I've added a few sources, but sourcing for the second paragraph (the one on the Supreme Court itself) is proving problematic. The sources in the main article are all print sources which I don't have access to. Do we have an exact site guideline on how to deal with sources accepted by default/silent consensus but which an editor hasn't verified? MezzoMezzo (talk) 03:46, 8 February 2017 (UTC)
 * My sense is that if it can't be supported, it shouldn't be added to the article. I would be hesitant to copy the references without being able to check them; mostly because I've seen many times where a statement is quite properly added with a reference; and then, over time, the statement becomes modified, or text is added after it, so that the reference no longer actually supports the statement that it abuts. I wouldn't want to carry that over to a second article.
 * Perhaps the best approach is to request a better cite in the other article; and not let it creep into here without verification. Not that there's anything wrong with having a print source as a cite; but if it can't be verified, it's difficult to re-use in another article.
 * Kudos for your work on this, BTW. TJRC (talk) 00:52, 14 February 2017 (UTC)
 * I'm trying my best, though I must admit that I'm still new to articles on law and legal figures. Following your advice, I'll leave those sources out for now and see what I can find either online or (crossing my fingers here) at my local library's Asian section. MezzoMezzo (talk) 03:26, 14 February 2017 (UTC)

Uncited Sources
I have noticed a lot of information is uncited in this article. Please contribute to this article by citing sources to existing information or when adding new information. Uncited information cannot be proven may be deleted over time if not properly cited. Examples of uncited information include the paragraphs from the countries of South Africa, Thailand, and Turkey. 12.227.66.34 (talk) 23:49, 12 October 2020 (UTC)

Should the UK Supreme Court be moved to the "Mixed" jurisdiction category?
The UK Supreme Court is the final court of appeal for Scottish civil appeals, which are under the Scottish civil law system, not the English & Welsh common law system. At least, that's my understanding. But doesn't that mean it should be in the "Mixed jurisdiction" category, just like the Supreme Court of Canada, which also has jurisdiction over common law and civil law? Mr Serjeant Buzfuz (talk) 01:58, 27 February 2022 (UTC)

Upper case "Supreme Court"?
It’s supposed to be Supreme Court not Supreme court — Preceding unsigned comment added by MikeC1960 (talk • contribs) 09:41, 9 March 2022 (UTC)
 * No; it's not a proper noun referring to any particular court, so it's lower-cased. TJRC (talk) 17:13, 9 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Does it really matter if it is the Supreme Court or Supreme court? 2A01:4B00:B602:2600:9793:C64C:A294:DF28 (talk) 19:42, 4 June 2024 (UTC)

Supreme Court of Los Angeles
Court date 216.70.154.55 (talk) 01:07, 25 June 2023 (UTC)

Law suryiakaanth
saravanan kasinatan send jalied kajang court odre law rukun negara suryia act 2023 2001:E68:5431:8A26:85AB:7F55:8818:DAB5 (talk) 09:42, 9 July 2023 (UTC)

The New Voices
Epic generational changes and agents like civic police and extreme voices have gained access to moderate mind control techniques and deep seeded racism and anti semetic forces they make you say words you dont want. Also noted in police brutality and 911 call shut off. Their moderating powers to my destruction of property control devices they have empowered me. My apt destroyed broken bones and have controlled me in other self deprecating ways. Many times I have told on them, with no help they laugh to others naivity and ignorance. Dsapples5 (talk) 02:38, 27 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Supreme court


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Beuvillers

Beuvillers is the name of several communes in France:

 * Beuvillers, Calvados
 * Beuvillers, Meurthe-et-Moselle

title: Beuvillers


text:
Beuvillers, Calvados

Beuvillers is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

International relations
Beuvillers is twinned with Gipperath (Germany).

title: Beuvillers, Calvados


text:
Beuvron-en-Auge

Beuvron-en-Auge (, literally Beuvron in Auge) is a commune in the Calvados department and Normandy region of north-western France. Beuvron is affiliated to Les Plus Beaux Villages de France ("the most beautiful villages of France"), an independent association of communes and communities of communes which seeks to promote as tourist destinations those small, picturesque French villages which meet its membership criteria.

In 2012, the commune began partnering with the Japanese city of Hirosaki in Aomori Prefecture, which accounts for 20% of Japan's apple production. The partnership aims to promote economic and touristic development by creating opportunities related to apples.

title: Beuvron-en-Auge


text:
Piscataqua River

The Piscataqua River (Abenaki: Pskehtekwis) is a 12 mi tidal river forming the boundary of the U.S. states of New Hampshire and Maine from its origin at the confluence of the Salmon Falls River and Cochecho River to the Atlantic Ocean. The drainage basin of the river is approximately 1495 sqmi, including the subwatersheds of the Great Works River and the five rivers flowing into Great Bay: the Bellamy, Oyster, Lamprey, Squamscott, and Winnicut.

The river runs southeastward, with New Hampshire to the south and west and Maine to the north and east, and empties into the Gulf of Maine east of Portsmouth, New Hampshire. The last 6 mi before the sea are known as Portsmouth Harbor and have a tidal current of around 4 kn. The cities/towns of Portsmouth, New Castle, Newington, Kittery and Eliot have developed around the harbor.

History
Named by the area's original Abenaki inhabitants, the word Piscataqua is believed to be a combination of peske (branch) with tegwe (a river with a strong current, possibly tidal). The first known European to explore the river was Martin Pring in 1603. Captain John Smith placed a spelling similar to "Piscataqua" for the region on his map of 1614. The river was the site of the first sawmill in the colonies in 1623, the same year the contemporary spelling "Piscataqua" was first recorded.

Once salmon, sturgeon, oysters, clams, scallops, lobsters, mussels, eels, seals, and many others species of marine life were common in the river, evidenced by such tributaries as the Salmon Falls River, Sturgeon Creek and Seal Rock in Eliot, Maine, the Oyster River in Durham, New Hampshire, and the Lamprey River in Newmarket, New Hampshire. All but the salmon and sturgeon remain, with fishing for striped bass and bluefish common recreational sports.

In the mid 1630s some of the region's earliest European settlers built a sawmill in what is today's Berwick, Maine, on a tributary above the head of tide of the Piscataqua. Thought to be the first over-shot water-powered site in America, it became known as the "Great Works", giving name to today's Great Works River.

After the Allies' European victory in the Second World War, four surrendered German U-boats traveled upriver to the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard, with their captains and crews interned as POWs at Portsmouth Naval Prison. U-805 was the first to arrive, towed up the river to a rendezvous with U.S. officials on a tugboat off the Navy Yard on May 15, 1945. U-873 and U-1228 arrived the next day.

U-234, by far the greatest prize, arrived on May 19, seized off Nova Scotia by the U.S. destroyer escort USS Sutton (DE-771). It had left Germany with a cargo bound for Japan of a disassembled Messerschmitt Me 262 jet plane, the most sophisticated fighter of World War II; two top Japanese scientists; and two high-ranking Nazi officers. While this was enough to create a media sensation, it was decades later before the U.S. government revealed that the sub also carried a top secret load of uranium oxide produced by the German atomic weapons program bound for a last-ditch Japanese effort. Instead, the extremely valuable nuclear material was diverted to the U.S.' top secret Manhattan Project, and ended up part of the bomb the U.S. Army Air Corps dropped over Hiroshima to hasten the end of the Pacific war.

The shipyard is located on Seavey's Island in Kittery, Maine near the Piscataqua's mouth. Long regarded by some as being in New Hampshire, the yard was claimed by that state into the 2000s. However, the Piscataqua River border dispute over Seavey's Island was settled by a 2001 U.S. Supreme Court decision which cited a 1977 decision affirming New Hampshire's claim that the state borders met at the center of the river's navigable channel as described in a 1740 decree, thus placing the island in Maine.

Estuary
The Piscataqua River and its tributaries, including Great Bay, form a substantial estuarine environment. Two rivers, the Salmon Falls and Cochecho, join to form the Piscataqua on the eastern edge of Dover, New Hampshire, at the northwest corner of Eliot, Maine. Five rivers with tidal stretches flow into Great Bay: the Bellamy, Oyster, Lamprey, Squamscott, and Winnicut, and the Great Works River drains into the tidal portion of the Salmon Falls.

title: Piscataqua River