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List of Gulag camps

The list below, enumerates the selected sites of the Soviet forced labor camps of the Gulag, known in Russian as the "corrective labor camps", abbreviation: ITL. Most of them served mining, construction, and timber works. It is estimated that for most of its existence, the Gulag system consisted of over 30,000 camps, divided into three categories according to the number of prisoners held. The largest camps consisted of more than 25,000 prisoners each, medium size camps held from 5,000 to 25,000 inmates, and the smallest, but most numerous labor camps operated with less than 5,000 people each. Even this incomplete list can give a fair idea of the scale of forced labor in the USSR.

A list of Gulag penal labor camps in the USSR was created in Poland from the personal accounts of labor camp detainees of Polish citizenship. It was compiled by the government of Poland for the purpose of regulation and future financial compensation for World War II victims, and published in a decree of the Council of Ministers of Poland.

Camp system operation
There were a number of particular categories of convicts that were imprisoned there including:
 * 1) Any person convicted to a term of imprisonment of more than three years (all those convicted to less than three years were to be sent to "corrective labor colonies").
 * 2) Opponents of the Soviet rule. Initially these were dubbed "class enemies" (White Army combatants, members of opposition parties, nobility, etc.). Later, when the full victory of the Revolution was declared and there were supposedly no more "class enemies" left, a more flexible term of the enemy of the people was introduced, as well as an infamous Article 58 (RSFSR Penal Code) that covered "counter-revolutionary activities".
 * 3) Soviet combatants returned from captivity. As a rule they were held liable under Article 58.

The prisoners of war were generally imprisoned in special POW camps, which existed independently from the network of corrective labor camps, and were subordinated to a separate administrative apparatus within the NKVD (since 1946: MVD) called GUPVI. However, a fair number of POWs ended up in the regular camp system eventually. Unlike Gulag camps, located primarily in remote areas (mostly in Siberia), most of the POW camps after the war were located in the European part of the Soviet Union (with notable exceptions of the Japanese POW in the Soviet Union), where the prisoners worked on restoration of the country's infrastructure destroyed during the war: roads, railways, plants, etc., see POW labor in the Soviet Union. Polish citizens and members of other nationalities who were imprisoned at the Soviet forced labour camps during World War II worked also for the Soviet Army, digging trenches, employed in lumber and cement works, airport runway construction, and unloading of transport goods.

Main camp directorates with acronyms

 * BAM: Baikalo-Amurskaya Magistral, Baikal–Amur Mainline (railway)
 * BBK: Belomorsko-Baltiyskiy Kanal, White Sea–Baltic Canal
 * ITL: "Ispravitelno-trudovoi lager'", corrective labor camp
 * LO: "Lesoobyedinenie", Logging works complex
 * CW: Construction Works
 * CS: Construction Site
 * GES: "Gidroelektrostantsiya", hydro-electric powerplant
 * Dalstroy: Far East regional CW directorate
 * SMU: "stroitelno-montazhnoe upravlenie", Administration of construction and installation works
 * NKVD: literally, the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs
 * MVD: literally, the Ministry of Internal Affairs
 * UVD: literally, the Administration of Internal Affairs, subordinated to GUVD
 * GUVD: literally, the Main Administration of Internal Affairs, renamed MVD
 * NKV: literally, the People's Commissariat of Arms
 * OITK: "Otdel ispravitelno-trudovykh koloniy", corrective labor colonies department
 * OLP: "Otdel'ny lagerny punkt", separate camp point
 * OGPU: "Ob'yedinennoe glavnoe politicheskoe upravlenie", United Main Political Administration
 * PL: to mark sites that also detained Polish nationals
 * SGU: "Spetsialʹnoye glavnoye upravleniye Glavspetstsvetmeta", Special Chief Directorate of Glavspetstsvetmet
 * TMFM: Traitor of Motherland Family Member (Russian: ЧСИР: член семьи изменника Родины), a category of repressed designated for the family members of the person who was recognized as the Traitor of Motherland; some camps were specifically designated to this category.
 * Yeniseystroy: Yenisei River basin regional CW directorate

GULAG

 * GULAG: "Glavnoe Upravlenie Ispravitelno-trudovykh Lagerey", or The Chief Directorate of Corrective Labor Camps
 * BAMLag: Directorate of BAM camps
 * BBLag: Directorate of White Sea–Baltic Canal camps, refer to previously mentioned BBK
 * GUAS: "Glavnoe Upravleniye Aerodromnogo stroitelstva", Chief Directorate of airport construction
 * GULGMP: "Glavnoe Upravleniye Lagerey (GUL) Gorno-Metallurgicheskoy Predpriyatiy", Chief Directorate of Camps in Mining and Metallurgical Enterprises
 * GULLP: "GUL Lesnoy Promyshlennosti", Chief Directorate of Camps in Forest Industry
 * GULTP: "GUL Tyazholoy Promyshlennosti", Chief Directorate of Camps in Heavy Industry
 * GULGTS: "GUL Gidrotekhnicheskogo stroitelstva", Chief Directorate of Hydroelectric CW
 * GULPS: "GUL Upraveleniye Promyshlennogo stroitel'stva", Chief Directorate of Industrial CW
 * GULZhDS: "GUL Zheleznodorozhnogo stroitelstva", Chief Directorate of Railway CW
 * GUSHOSDOR, GULShosDor, GULShDOR: "GUL Shosseynykh dorog", Chief Directorate of Camps in Highway CW
 * Sevvostlag or SVITL (severo-vostochnye lagerya): Directorate of North-Eastern Camps, until 1939 was an independent system of labor camps outside of the main administration of camps, GULAG.
 * USLON: "Upravlenie Severnykh Lagerey Osobogo Naznacheniya", Directorate of Northern Special Purpose Camps
 * USKMITL: "Upravlenie Solovetskogo and Karelo-Murmanskikh ITL", Directorate of Solovki and Karelia–Murmansk Camps
 * SLON: "Solovetski Lager Osobogo Naznachenia", Solovki Special Purpose Camp
 * KhOZU: "Khozyaystvennoe upravlenie MVD", Economic Directorate of the MVD
 * UITLK: "Upravleniye Ispravitelno-trudovykh Lagerey i Koloniy", Directorate of Corrective Labor Camps and Colonies
 * USVITL: "Upravleniye Severo-Vostochnykh Ispravitelʹno-trudovykh Lagerey", Directorate of Northeast Corrective Labor Camps

Construction works

 * Administration of corrective labor camps of "Apatit" industrial complex
 * General Administration of Petroleum Refinery and Synthetic Fuels Construction of MVD
 * (PL) ITLs servicing CSs ## 6, 16, 18, 90, 100, 105, 106, 108, 141, 159, 211, 213, 247, 258, 263, 304, 313, 442, 447, 462, 496, 505, 506, 507, 508, 509, 510, 511, 513, 514, 514, 560, 565, 585, 600, 601, 620, 665, 770, 790, 791, 833, 855, 859, 865, 880, 882, 883, 885, 896, 907, 915, 940, 994 (PL)
 * (PL) ITLs servicing GUShosDor CSs ## 1–8, 19 (PL)
 * (PL) ITLs servicing SMU ## 41—53 (PL)
 * Krasnoyarsk CS and ITL of Yeniseystroy (PL)
 * ITL of Special CSs for Cellulose-Paper enterprises of Karelo-Finnish SSR (PL)
 * ITL of CS for Arkhangelsk Cellulose-Paper Complex (PL)
 * ITL of CSs for hydroelectric power plants on the Biya River (PL)
 * ITL of CSs for Vladimir hydroelectric power plant (PL)
 * ITL for CSs ##1, 2, 3 of Bashkirian Petroleum Plants Special CW (Bashspecneftestroy) (PL)
 * ITL for CSs ##1, 2, 3 of Tatarstan Petroleum Plants Special CW (Tatspecneftestroy) (PL)
 * ITL for CS of the Kazan petroleum refinery
 * ITL for CSs of hydroelectric power plants on the upper Oka River (PL)
 * ITL for CSs of Transcaucasian metallurgical enterprises (PL)
 * ITL for CSs of Znamienitaya (плотина «Знаменитая») dam and sluice (PL) on the Northern Dvina Canal
 * ITL for CSs of Volga–Don Canal (PL)
 * ITL for CSs of Krasnoyarsk–Yeniseysk railway (PL)
 * ITL for CSs of Karaganda basin open-cast coal mines (PL)
 * Taishet Construction Works

Continued from the Polish Dziennik Ustaw complete listing of NKVD camps with Poles.
 * Alluvaysky CS and ITL (PL)
 * Yensky CS and ITL (PL)
 * Matkozensky CS and ITL (PL)
 * Yanstroy ITL of Dalstroy (PL)
 * ITL of the Administration of Paved Roads of Dalstroy

A

 * Akhtuba ITL (Akhtublag)
 * Akhunsky ITL (Akhunlag)
 * ALZhIR, camp for wives of "traitors of the Motherland" (АЛЖИР, Акмолинский лагерь жён изменников Родины), an example of a morose Gulag wordplay: Алжир is Algeria (in Siberia...)
 * Aktyubinsky ITL (Aktyubinlag)
 * Aldan ITL of Dalstroy
 * Aldansky ITL (Aldanlag)
 * Alluayvskoe CS and ITL (PL)
 * Altaysky ITL (Altaylag)
 * Amgunsky ITL (Amgunlag)
 * Amursky ITL (Amurlag)
 * Amur Railway ITL (Amurlag)
 * Lower Amur ITL
 * Angarsky ITL (Angarlag)
 * Angrensky ITL (Angrenlag)
 * Aralichevsky ITL (Aralichevlag)
 * Arkhangelsky ITL (Arkhbumlag; renamed ITL and construction of Arkhangelsk TsBK in 1940)
 * Arkhangelsky transit point OGPU (Arkhperpunkt)
 * Astrakhansky ITL (Astrakhanlag)
 * Avrotransportny ITL of Dalstroy (Translag)
 * Azovsky ITL (Azovlag)
 * Azovskoe LO (Azovlag)

Continued from the Polish Dziennik Ustaw complete listing of NKVD camps with Poles.
 * Archpierpunkt
 * Atbasarski ITL

B

 * Bakalsky ITL (Bakallag)
 * Bakovsky ITL (Bakovlag)
 * Balaganskoe LO
 * Balakhninsky ITL (Balaklag)
 * Baleysky ITL (Baleylag)
 * Bamlag (Baikal–Amur Mainline) ITLs
 * Barashevsky ITL and GULAG industrial complex (Barashevlag)
 * BBK (White Sea–Baltic Canal) ITLs
 * Belogorsky ITL (Belogorlag)
 * Belomorstroy and ITL (Belbaltlag)
 * Belorechensky ITL (Belrechlag)
 * Belozersk LO
 * Bereznikovsky ITL (Bereznyaklag, Berezlag)
 * Berlag (MVD Special Camp No. 5)
 * Beskudnikovskoe Special LO
 * Bezymyansky ITL (Bezymyanlag)
 * Birsky ITL (Birlag)
 * Bodaybinsky ITL (Bodaybinlag)
 * Bogoslovsky ITL and construction of aluminum plant (Bogoslovag)
 * Borsky ITL (Borlag) (55.91222°N, 117.71083°W)
 * Bratsky ITL and Tayshet construction
 * Buchenwald called Special camp No 2 of the NKVD. Part of the GULAG from 1948 to 1950; transferred to GDR control by Kruglov.
 * Bukachachinsky ITL (Bukachachlag)
 * , concentrating on BAM construction
 * Butugychag, Uranium mine and Special ITL (Magadan Oblast), headed by Dalstroy, later, at closing, Sevvostlag.   Coordinates: 61 18'05.65" N  149 02'53.34" E

Continued from the Polish Dziennik Ustaw complete listing of NKVD camps, and the Russian Карта ГУЛАГа – Мемориал
 * Bakalsky ITL
 * Bakovsky ITL
 * Baleysky ITL
 * Balachlag
 * Barashevsky ITL and Industrial Complex of GULAG (Barashevlag; transferred to Dubravnogo Camp in 1954)
 * Baydarsky ITL (Baydarlag)
 * Bazhenovsky ITL (Bazhenovlag)
 * Belokorovichsky camp of the OITK NKVD of BSSR
 * Beregovoy Camp (MVD Special Camp No. 5, Berlag)
 * Berezovsky ITL (1947–1948, Berezovlag)
 * Berezovsky ITL (1954–1956, Berezovlag)
 * Berezovsky ITL of Northern directorate of GULZhDS (Berezovlag)
 * Bezymyansky ITL (Bezymyanlag)
 * Bobrovskoe LO (Bobrovlag)
 * Borsky ITL (Borlag) (55.91222°N, 117.71083°W)
 * Burepolomsky ITL (Burepolomlag)

C

 * Central Asian ITL (Sazlag, Sazulon, Central Asian camps, Directorate of Central Asian labor camp and colonies of the NKVD of the Uzbek SSR, UITLK of the NKVD of the Uzbek SSR)
 * Chapayevsky ITL (Chapayevskoe construction, Chapayevstroy, ITL Directorate of Restoration Works; subordinated to Chelyabmetallurgstroy)
 * Chaunsky ITL of Dalstroy
 * Chaun-Chukotsky ITL of Dalstroy
 * Cheboksarsky ITL (Cheboksarlag; became an independent LO as part of Tagilsky ITL in 1943)
 * Chelyabinsky ITL (Chelyablag; former ITL Chelyametallurgstroy)
 * Cherepovetsky ITL (Cherepovetslag)
 * Chernogorsky ITL (Chernogorlag)
 * Chernogorsky Special ITL
 * Chernoistochinsky ITL (Chernoistochlag)
 * Chukotsky ITL of Dalstroy (ITL Chukotstroy, Chukotstroylag, Chukotsky ITL USVITL, LO Chukotstroy)
 * Construction 6 and ITL (transferred to Nizhne-Amur ITL in 1953)
 * Construction 16 and ITL (renamed Kitoysky ITL in 1953)
 * Construction 18 and ITL (renamed Khakassky ITL in 1953)
 * Construction 90 and ITL (formerly ITL Spetsstroy; renamed Construction 560 and ITL in 1949)
 * Construction 105 and ITL (reorganized into Construction 106 and ITL in 1940)
 * Construction 106 and ITL
 * Construction 108 and ITL
 * Construction 159 and ITL (ITL Construction 159)
 * Construction 200 and Luzhsky ITL (Luzhlag)
 * Construction 201 and ITL (Nikolaevsky ITL)
 * Construction 210 and ITL
 * Construction 211 and ITL
 * Construction 213 and ITL (Nakhodka Bay)
 * Construction 247 and ITL (renamed Kuznetsky ITL in 1953)
 * Construction 258 and ITL (ITL and Construction 258)
 * Construction 263 and ITL (Sovgavan, ITL Construction 263)
 * Construction 304 and ITL
 * Construction 313 and ITL (renamed Bobrovskoe LO in 1953)
 * Construction 352 and ITL (Noginsky ITL, ITL and Construction 352)
 * Construction 384 and ITL (Glazovlag, Glazovsky ITL)
 * Construction 442 and ITL (renamed Gorodskoe LO in 1953)
 * Construction 447 and ITL
 * Construction 462 and ITL (renamed Azovsky ITL in 1953)
 * Construction 496 and ITL (renamed Construction 258 and ITL in 1949)
 * Construction 500
 * Construction 505 and ITL GULZhDS (renamed Selenginsky ITL in 1953)
 * Construction 505 and ITL GULPS (renamed Construction 585 and ITL in 1949)
 * Construction 506 and ITL
 * Construction 507 and ITL (became part of Nizhamurlag in 1953)
 * Construction 508 and ITL (renamed Ulminsky ITL in 1953)
 * Construction 509 and ITL (transferred to Belorechensky ITL in 1953)
 * Construction 510 and ITL
 * Construction 511 and ITL
 * Construction 513 and ITL
 * Construction 514 and ITL (renamed Krasnogorsky ITL in 1953)
 * Construction 514 and ITL GULZhDS
 * Construction 560 and ITL (transferred to Construction 565 and ITL in 1952)
 * Construction 565 and ITL (renamed Bakovsky ITL in 1953)
 * Construction 585 and ITL (renamed Belogorsk ITL in 1953)
 * Construction 600 and ITL (renamed Kamensky ITL in 1953)
 * Construction 601 and ITL (renamed Voroninosky ITL in 1953)
 * Construction 612 and ITL (renamed Podgorny ITL in 1953)
 * Construction 620 and ITL (renamed Podlesnoe LO in 1953)
 * Construction 621 and ITL (ITL at construction department for construction of mining department No. 10)
 * Construction 665 and ITL
 * Construction 713 and ITL (Noginsky ITL; renamed Construction 352 and ITL in 1949)
 * Construction 730 and ITL (Belozerskoye LO)
 * Construction 770 and ITL
 * Construction 790 and ITL (renamed Yermakovskoye LO in 1953)
 * Construction 791 and ITL
 * Construction 833 and ITL (renamed Construction 620 and ITL in 1949
 * Construction 855 and ITL
 * Construction 859 and ITL (renamed Construction 247 and ITL in 1949)
 * Construction 865 and ITL (renamed Construction 313 and ITL in 1949)
 * Construction 880 and ITL (renamed Construction 505 and ITL GULPS in 1949)
 * Construction 881 and ITL (renamed Construction 915 and ITL in 1949)
 * Construction 882 and ITL (renamed Construction 940 and ITL in 1949)
 * Construction 896 and ITL (renamed Construction 665 and ITL in 1949)
 * Construction 904 and ITL (renamed Construction 384 and ITL in 1949)
 * Construction 907 and ITL (renamed Construction 447 and ITL in 1949)
 * Construction 915 and ITL
 * Construction 940 and ITL
 * Construction 994 and ITL (renamed ITL and construction of mining and metallurgical enterprises in 1950)
 * Construction 1001 and ITL
 * Construction 1418 and ITL (renamed Construction 514 and ITL in 1949)
 * Construction-operating control No. 11 and ITL
 * Construction GUShOSDORA MVD No. 1 – No. 8 and ITL
 * Construction GUShOSDORA MVD No. 17 and ITL
 * Construction GUShOSDORA MVD No. 19 and ITL
 * Construction GUShOSDORA NKVD No. 1 – No. 4 and ITL

Continued from the Polish Dziennik Ustaw complete listing of NKVD camps with Poles.
 * Chistyungsky health camp (Chistyunlag, Chistyungsky invalid ITL); reorganized in LO UITLK UMVD for the Altai Region in 1951)

D

 * Dalniy Camp Дальний лагерь (Dallag, Ekibastuz, Dallag)
 * Darasunskoe LO (Vershino-Darasunskoe LO)
 * Dmitrovsky ITL (Dmitlag; reorganized into its own Gulag district in 1938)
 * Donlag (Don)
 * Dorlag (Dorozhny ITL) of Dalstroy
 * Dubogorskoe LO
 * Dubravlag (MVD Special Camp No. 3; became a Soviet penitentiary in 1960 and a Russian prison in 2005)
 * Dzhezkagansky ITL (Dzhezkazganlag; reorganized into LO Karagandinskogo ITL in 1943)
 * Dzhidinsky ITL (Dzhidinlag, Dzhidlag)
 * Dzhugdzhursky ITL (Dzhugdzhurlag)

E

 * Eastern Administration of Lead Mining and ITL of Yeniseistroy
 * Eastern ITL in construction 500
 * Eastern railway ITL (Vostoklag, Vostlag)
 * Eastern Urals ITL (Vosturallag)

F

 * Far East ITL (Dallag)

G

 * Gagarinskoe LO (Gagarinsky ITL, Gagarlag)
 * Gdovsky ITL (Gdovlag)
 * Glazovsky LO (Glazovlag, LO at Construction 384)
 * Gorny Camp (MVD Special Camp No. 2, Gorlag; merged back into Norillag in 1954)
 * Gornaya Shoriya ITL
 * Gornoshersky ITL (Gornoshorlag)
 * Gorodskoe LO (Gorlag)
 * Guryevsky ITL (Gurlag)
 * Gusino-Ozersky ITL (Gusinoozerlag)

I

 * Ilimsky Special ITL
 * Indigirsky ITL of Dalstroy
 * Intinsky ITL (Intalag; reorganized into Minlag in 1948)
 * Inza- Syzran ITL
 * ITL Aldan road construction authority of Dalstroy
 * ITL and 10th field construction NKVD
 * ITL and Bashkirian Petroleum Plant (Bashspetneftestroy) construction No. 1 – No. 4 (PL)
 * ITL and Tatarstan Petroleum Plant (Tatspetsneftestroy) construction No. 1 & No. 2 (PL)
 * ITL and "V-1" construction
 * ITL and aerodrome construction
 * ITL and Arkhangelsk TsBK construction
 * ITL and Borovichevskoy GES construction
 * ITL and Buyskikh GES construction
 * ITL and construction of Aktovrakskogo industrial complex
 * ITL and construction of coal mine No. 4 of the Karaganda region
 * ITL and construction of Gulag in Dmitrov District
 * ITL and construction of Gulag in Khimki District (Khimkinsky ITL, Khimlag)
 * ITL and construction of industrial complex No. 7 (renamed Construction 907 and ITL in 1947)
 * ITL and construction of iron ore mine
 * ITL and construction of Kazan oil refining plant (Kazanneftestroy)
 * ITL and construction of Krasnoyarsk–Yeniseisk railway
 * ITL and construction of Mstinskikh GES
 * ITL and construction of NKV plant No. 8
 * ITL and construction of special district (Stroylag)
 * ITL and construction of Stalinist pumping stations
 * ITL and construction of state farms and silos (Atbasarsky ITL)
 * ITL and construction of southeast harbor (ITL construction of South harbor)
 * ITL and construction of special region
 * ITL and construction of Transcaucasian metallurgical plant (Zakmetallurgstroy, ZMS)
 * ITL and construction of upper Ob hydroelectric plant
 * ITL and construction of upper Samgorsky irrigation system, Tbilisi
 * ITL and construction of Vladimirskoy GES (PL)
 * ITL and construction of Volga-Don waterway (Volgodonstroy)
 * ITL "Apatit" industrial complex (merged into Belorechensky LO in 1953)
 * ITL "ASh"
 * ITL Berelekhskaya District Directorate geological exploration of Dalstroy
 * ITL Board of Dalstroy
 * ITL "BZh"
 * ITL Chelyametallurgstroy (Chelyabinsky ITL, Chelyablag)
 * ITL for construction of iron mines (Zhelezlag; renamed Polyansky ITL in 1953)
 * ITL for construction of mining and metallurgical enterprises (renamed ITL for construction of iron mines in 1951)
 * ITL for construction of Solikamsk TsBK
 * ITL for construction of Usolsky mining equipment plant (renamed Usolsky ITL SGU in 1949)
 * ITL Dalstroy Roads Board
 * ITL Dmitrov mechanical plant
 * ITL "DS" of Yeniseistroy (renamed Taezhny ITL in 1953)
 * ITL "DT"
 * ITL "DYu" (absorbed into ITL "GA" in 1953)
 * ITL "EL" (ITL for geological exploration expedition; renamed Ostrovskoe LO in 1953)
 * ITL "EM" (ITL and construction of coal mine; renamed Dubogorskoe LO in 1953)
 * ITL "EN" (ITL and oil exploration expedition; renamed Mostovskoe LO in 1953)
 * ITL "EO" (ITL and Mine Construction; renamed Gagarinskoe LO in 1953)
 * ITL "EShch"
 * ITL "GA"
 * ITL "GB" (absorbed into ITL "Eshch" in 1953)
 * ITL "IN"
 * ITL industrial complex No. 6
 * ITL industrial complex No. 9
 * ITL industrial complex No. 11
 * ITL "KA"
 * ITL Kolyma-Indigirka river shipping of Dalstroy
 * ITL Motor Transport Dalstroy
 * ITL "NL"
 * ITL No. 17 GUShOSDOR
 * ITL Oboronstroe
 * ITL Omskstroy (Omsky ITL, Omlag)
 * ITL "Promzhilstroy" of Dalstroy
 * ITL refining plant No. 169 (Affinazhstroy)
 * ITL special construction site No. 881
 * ITL Spetsstroy (renamed Construction 90 and ITL in 1947)
 * ITL of special construction
 * ITL Uglich plant, bridge construction No. 4 GUShOSDOR
 * ITL Usolgidroles
 * ITL "VCh"
 * ITL Volgostroya (Volzhsky ITL, Volgolag)
 * ITL Yanstroy of Dalstroy (PL) (Khandygsky ITL USVITLa, ITL "Yanstroy", Yanstroylag, LO Yanstroya)
 * ITL "Yeshch"
 * ITL "Yeya"
 * ITL "ZhK"
 * ITL "ZhR"
 * Ivdelsky ITL (Ivdellag)

Continued from the Polish Dziennik Ustaw complete listing of NKVD camps with Poles.

 * ITL and construction of Ore Mine (ITŁ i Budowa Kopalni Rudy)
 * ITL and coal mine construction (ITŁ i Budowa Kopalni Węgla)
 * ITL and the petroleum expedition (ITŁ i Ekspedycja Poszukująca Ropy Naftowej)
 * ITL at construction of Karagandastroy (ITŁ przy Budowie Karagandażyłstroju)
 * ITL at construction board of ore mine directorate No. 10 (ITŁ przy Zarządzie Budowy Dyrekcji Kopalń Rudy nr 10)
 * ITL Belomorstroy (ITŁ Biełomorstroju)
 * ITL Construction of Mining and Metallurgical Enterprises (ITŁ Budowy Przedsiębiorstw Górniczo-Metalurgicznych)
 * ITL Construction of Southern Harbor (ITŁ Budowy Przystani Południowej)
 * ITL Geological-Exploration Expedition (ITŁ Ekspedycji Geologiczno-Poszukiwawczej)
 * ITL Industrial and Housing Construction (ITŁ Budownictwa Przemysłowego i Mieszkaniowego)
 * ITL Iron Ore Mine Construction (ITŁ Budowy Kopalń Rudy Żelaza)
 * ITL Krasnoyarsk Affiliation Institute (ITŁ Krasnojarskiego Zakładu Afinacji)
 * ITL of Yansky Mining and Industry Directorate (ITŁ Jańskiego Zarządu Górniczo-Przemysłowego)
 * ITL of Directorate of Dalstroy Auxiliary Farms (ITŁ Zarządu Gospodarstw Pomocniczych Dalstroju)

K

 * Kalachevsky ITL (ITL and Construction of Volga-Don Shipping Canal, ITL and Construction of Volga-Don connecting canal)
 * Kaluzhsky ITL (ITL and construction of Moscow-Kiev highway, Kaluglag)
 * Kamensky ITL (1942–1944; Kamenlag, Novo-Kamensky ITL)
 * Kamensky ITL (1953–1954; Kamenlag)
 * Kamyshovy Camp (MVD Special Camp No. 10; Kamyshovlag, Kamyshlag)
 * Kandalakshinsky ITL (ITL and Construction of Kandalakshinsky aluminum plant, Kandalakshstroy; transferred to Karagandinsky ITL in 1948)
 * Karagandazhilstroy and ITL
 * Karagandinsky ITL (Karlag)
 * Karakumsky ITL (Karakumlag; ITL Sredazgidrostroy; ITL and construction of the Main Turkmen Canal)
 * Kargopolsky ITL, Yertsevo (КАРГОПОЛЬЛАГ)
 * Kaspiysky ITL (ITL at directorate of Construction No. 2 GUAS, NKVD Building No. 2, Kaspiylag)
 * Kazakhstansky ITL OGPU (Kazlag)
 * Keksgolmsky ITL (ITL Special construction of pulp and paper objects of the Karelian-Finnish SSR, ITL special construction on the Karelian isthmus, Keksgolmlag)
 * Kemerovozhilstroy and ITL
 * Kengir
 * Khabarovsky ITL
 * Khakassky ITL
 * Khakasskoe LO
 * Khimkinsky OLP
 * Kimpersaysky ITL (Kimpersaylag)
 * Kirovlag ITL
 * Kitoisky ITL (Kitoylag)
 * Kizelovsky ITL (Kizellag)
 * Klyuchevsky ITL (ITL and construction of the Klyuchev complex; Klyuchevlag)
 * Kochkarskoe LO (Kochkarlag)
 * Kokshinsky ITL
 * Kolsky ITL and special construction 33 (Kollag; Kolskogo ITL and UNKVD colonies for the Murmansk region; transferred to Construction 106 and ITL in 1941)
 * Koslansky ITL (Koslanlag)
 * Kosvinsky ITL (Kosvinlag, Kosvinstroy)
 * Kotlassky GULZhDS department
 * Kotlassky transit and trans shipment point GULAG
 * Kotlassky agricultural ITL (Kotlaslag)
 * Kotlassky agricultural LO
 * Kovrovsky ITL (ITL and Construction of the Nizhne-Klyazminskaya GES, ITL and Construction of Kovrovskaya GES; Kovrovges)
 * Krasnogorsky ITL (Krasnogorlag)
 * Krasnoyarskoe construction and ITL of Yeniseistroy
 * Krasnoyarsky ITL (Kraslag)
 * Krasnoyarsk Office of Special Construction and ITL, mailbox 138
 * Kuloisky ITL (КУЛОЙЛАГ)
 * Kuneevsky ITL (ITL and construction of Kuibyshev GES)
 * Kungursky ITL
 * Kuryanovsky ITL
 * Kusinsky ITL (Kusinlag)
 * Kuzbassky ITL (Kuzbasszhilstroy, Kuzbasslag)
 * Kuznetsky ITL (Kuznetslag)

L

 * Likovsky ITL and construction 204 (Likovlag)
 * LO at Voroshilov plant
 * LO at "Sacca and Vanzetti" sovkhoz (Cherdaklag)
 * LO Central Hospital, Dalstroy
 * LO Lower Indigirka district exploration Dalstroy Directorate (LO Ozhogino)
 * Lobvinsky ITL (Lobvinlag, Lobvinstroy, ITL and construction of Lobvin hydrolysis plant)
 * Lokchimsky ITL (Lokchimlag)
 * Lower Amur ITL (Nizhamurlag, Nizhne-Amurlag, Nizhneamurlag)
 * Lower Don ITL (Nizhnedonlag, ITL and construction of irrigation and hydraulic structures)
 * Lower Volga ITL (merged with Saratovsky ITL and Volgozheldorstroy Administration in 1942 to form Privolzhsky ITL)
 * Lugovoy Camp (MVD Special Camp No. 9, Luglag)
 * Luzhsky ITL and construction 200 (Luzhlag, Construction 200 and ITL)
 * Lysogorskoe LO (Lysogorlag, LO at Construction 621)

M
Continued from the Polish Dziennik Ustaw complete listing of NKVD camps with Poles.
 * Magadansky ITL, Dalstroy (Maglag)
 * Mariysky ITL
 * Makarovskoe LO (Makarlag; transferred to Kuznetskogo ITL)
 * Markovsky ITL (ITL and construction of the Northern Water Pipeline station, Sevvodstroy)
 * Martynovsky ITL (ITL and construction of Volgodostroy irrigation facilities; merged with Tslimlyansky ITL to form Nizhne-Donskoy ITL in 1952)
 * Matkozhnenskoe construction and ITL (Matkozhlag)
 * Maykainskoe LO
 * Medvezhiegorsk health camp (Medvezhegorlag, Medvezhyegorsk ITL, Medvezhyegorsk invalid ITL)
 * Mekhrennsky ITL (Mekhrenlag)
 * Mineevskoe LO KhOZU MVD
 * Mineralny Camp (Minlag, Special Camp No. 1, became Mineralny ITL in 1954)
 * Minusinskoe LO SGU
 * Molotovsky ITL (ITL Molotovstroy, Molotovlag)
 * Monchegorsky ITL and construction of "Severonikel" plant (Monchegolag)
 * Moskovsko-Ugolny ITL (Mosugol)
 * Moskovsky Logging ITL (Mosleslag)
 * Mostovskoe LO (Mostovlag, Mostovsky ITL)

N

 * Niebitdaski ITŁ
 * Neftestroylag
 * Nemnyrsky ITL (ITL at the "Aldanlyuda" trust, Nemnyrlag)
 * Nerchinsky ITL (Nerchinlag)
 * Nerchinskoe LO (Nerchinskoe agricultural LO)
 * Nikolayevsky ITL
 * Nizhegorodsky ITL
 * Norilsky ITL (Norillag, Norilstroy; June 25, 1935 to August 22, 1956)
 * Northern OGPU special purpose camps (USEVLON, Sevlag, SEVLON)
 * North ITL Dalstroy (Sevlag, Northern ITL USVITLa)
 * North Directorate ITL and construction 503 (Северная Совет)
 * North Railway ITL (Sevzheldorlag; merged with Severo-Pechorsky ITL to form Pechorsky ITL in 1950)
 * Novokimensky ITL
 * Novo-Tambovsky ITL (Novotambovlag)
 * Nyrobsky ITL (Nyroblag)

O

 * Obsky ITL
 * Obsky ITL and construction 501 (Obskoe upr. GULZhDS, ITL at construction 501, Construction 501; part of camp liquidated and remainder became a portion of Pechorsk ITL in 1954)
 * Olkhovsky health camp (Olkhovlag, Olkhovsky ITL, Olkhovsky invalid ITL)
 * OLP construction building No. 1 GULAG NKVD
 * Omsky ITL and construction 166 (Omlag)
 * Omsukchansky ITL Dalstroy (Omsukchanskoe LO, Omsukchansky ITL USVITL, Omsukchanlag)
 * Onezhsky ITL (Oneglag)
 * Opoksky ITL (ITL construction of the Opoksky hydroelectric complex, ITL and construction of the Opoksky hydroelectric complex, Opokstroy, Opoklag)
 * Orlovsky ITL, Orlovlag (ОРЛОВСКИЙ ИТЛ, Орловлаг)
 * Ostrovskoye LO (Ostrovsky ITL, Ostrovlag)
 * Ozerny/Ozyorny Camp (Ozerny ITL, Ozerlag, MVD special camp No. 7)

P

 * Paninskoe LO (Paninlag)
 * Pavlovdarsky ITL (Pavlodarlag)
 * Pavlovskoe LO
 * Pechorsky ITL (Pechorlag)
 * Perevalny ITL (Perevallag; transferred to Nizhne-Amursky ITL in 1945)
 * Peschany Camp (MVD Special Camp No. 8, Peschanlag, Peschany ITL)
 * Podgorny ITL (Podgorlag)
 * Podlesnoe LO (Podleslag)
 * Podolsky ITL (Podollag)
 * Polyansky ITL (Polyanlag)
 * Ponyshsky ITL (Ponyslag)
 * Prikaspisky ITL and construction 107 (Construction 107)
 * Primorsky ITL (Primorskoe LO, Primorlag; 1947–1953)
 * Primorsky ITL Dalstroy (Primorlag, Primlag, Primorskoe LO)
 * Primorsky railway ITL and construction 206 (Primorlag)
 * Primorsky district Dalstroy (Primorsky district of Sevvostlag)
 * Privolzhsky ITL (Privolzhlag)
 * Prorvinsky ITL (Prorvlag)
 * Przełęczowy ITŁ
 * Pudozhgorsky ITL (Pudozhstroy, ITL and construction of the Pudozhgorsk metallurgical complex)
 * Pudozhskoe LO

R

 * Raychikhinsky ITL (Raychikhlag)
 * Rechnoy Camp (MVD Special Camp No. 6, Rechlag)
 * Rudbaykalstroy and ITL (ITL Rudbakalstroy)
 * Rybinsky ITL (Rybinlag)

S
Continued from the Russian Карта ГУЛАГа – Мемориал listing of NKVD camps, and the Polish Dziennik Ustaw listing of camps.

 * Sakhalinsky ITL (САХАЛИНСКИЕ ИТЛ; Sakhalinlag, Sakhalinstroy)
 * Samarsky ITL and Kuibyshev hydrosystem construction (Samarsky ITL, Samarlag)
 * Saransky ITL and construction GULZhDS (Saransky ITL, Saranstroy, Sarantstroy)
 * Saratovsky ITL (Saratovlag, Saratovstroy, 1942; merged with Nizhne-Volzhsky ITL and Volgozheldorstroy Administration in 1942 to form Privolzhsky ITL)
 * Saratovsky ITL (ITL at Saratovstroy, Saratovlag; 1946–1956)
 * Sarovsky ITL
 * Sarovsky special quarantine camp OGPU
 * Segezhsky ITL (Segezhlag)
 * Selenginsky ITL (Selenginlag)
 * Severo-Dvinsky ITL (Sevdvinlag)
 * Severo-Kuzbassky ITL (Sevkuzbasslag)
 * Severo-Pechorsky (Sevpechlag, Pechora railway ITL, Pechora ITL, Pechorstroy, Pechorlag)
 * Severo-Vostochny ITL (Northeast ITL, Sevvostlag, Dalstroy ITL)
 * Severo-Uralsky ITL (Sevurallag)
 * Shakhtinsky ITL (Shakhtlag)
 * Shchugorsky ITL (Shchugorugol, Shchugorlag)
 * Sheksninsky ITL GULGTS
 * Sheksninsky ITL MVD (Sheksninlag; merged with Vytegorsky ITL into Volgo-Baltisky ITL in 1952)
 * Shirokovsky ITL (Shirokstroy, Shirok-Vilukhstroy, Shiroklag; became Kosvinsky ITL in 1949)
 * Shosdorlag (Ushosdorlag, Ushosstroylag)
 * Shozhemsky ITL
 * Sibirsky ITL (SIBULON, Siblag)
 * Solikamsky health camp (Solikamozdorlag, Solikamsky invalid ITL)
 * Solikamsky ITL
 * Solovetsky ITL OGPU (Solovetsky special purpose camps, Solovetsky special forced labor camp OGPU, SLON, SLAG, Solovetsky and Karelo-Murmansk camps, SKMITL)
 * Soroksky ITL (СОРОКЛАГ)
 * Sosnovsky ITL (Sosnovlag; formed out of LO 5 and 7 of Kuznetsky ITL in 1954 and rolled back into Kuznetsky ITL in 1956)
 * Southern ITL (Yuzhlag)
 * Southern ITL at construction 505 GULZhDS (Yuzhlag)
 * Southeast ITL
 * Southwest ITL Dalstroy (Yugo-Zapadnoe LO, Yuzlag, Yugo-Zapadnoe LO USVITLa)
 * Southwest Mining Authority and ITL Yeniseystroy Directorate
 * Sredne-Belsky ITL (Srednebellag)
 * Stalingradsky ITL (Stalingradlag; renamed Lower Volga ITL in 1942)
 * Staroselskoe LO (Starosellag)
 * Stepnoy Camp (Steplag, MVD Special Camp No. 4, Stepnoy ITL)
 * Stepnovskoe LO
 * Sukhodolskoye LO (Sukhodolsky ITL)
 * Sukhanovo
 * Svirsky ITL (Svirlag)
 * Sviyazhskoe LO (LO at the Sviyazh plant number 1 GULZhDS)
 * Svobodnensky ITL (Svobodlag)
 * Syzransky ITL (Inza-Syzransky ITL, Inzasyzranlag, Syzranlag)

T

 * Tagilsky ITL (Nizhnetagilsky ITL, Tagillag, Tagilstroy)
 * Taiga ITL (Taezhlag)
 * Taiga Mining Authority and ITL Yeniseystroy Directorate (ITL PO Box 55)
 * Takhtamygdinskoe LO
 * Tavdinsky ITL (Tavdinlag)
 * Tavseevsky ITL (ITL and construction of the Taseevsky mine)
 * Tayshetsky ITL GULAG
 * Tayshetsky ITL GULZhDS (Tayshetstroy)
 * Tayshetsky ITL UITLK UNKVD in Irkutsk region (Tayshetlag, Tayshetsky NKVD camp)
 * Temnikovsky ITL (Temlag; merged into Dubravlag in 1948)
 * Tenkinsky ITL Dalstroy (Tenlag, Tenkinsky ITL USVITLa)
 * Tikhvin ITL (Tikhvinlag)
 * Togulym
 * Tomsky ITL (ITL "A" OITK UMVD in the Tomsk region)
 * Tomsko-Asinsky ITL (Tomasinlag, Томско-Асинский ИТЛ), subcamp of Siblag in Asino
 * Tom-Usinsky ITL
 * Transit LO Dalstroy (Transit-transfer OLP)
 * Tsimlyansky ITL (Construction and ITL of the Tsimlyansk hydroelectric complex, ITL at the SU of the Tsimlyansk hydroelectric complex; merged with Martynovsky ITL into ITL and construction of irrigation and hydraulic structures in 1952)
 * Tugachinsky ITL (Tugachlag; absorbed into Krasnoyarsky ITL in 1953)
 * Tuimsky Mining Authority and ITL Yeniseystroy Directorate
 * Tuymazinsky ITL (Tuymazinlag)
 * Tyrnov-Auzsky plant and ITL

U

 * Ukhtinsko–Pechorsky ITL
 * Ukhta expedition OGPU
 * Ukhto–Izhemsky ITL
 * Ulenskoe Mining Authority and ITL
 * Ulminsky ITL (Ulminlag)
 * Umaltinsky ITL (Umaltlag, Umaltynskoe Mining Administration of the NKVD)
 * Unzhensky ITL (Unzhlag)
 * Upper Izhma ITL
 * Uralsky ITL
 * Urgalsky ITL and construction GULZhDS
 * Usolsky ITL
 * Usolsky ITL SGU
 * Ust-Borovsky ITL
 * Ust-Kutsky ITL and transshipment base Dalstoy
 * Ust-Kutskoe LO
 * Ust-Vymsky ITL
 * Ust-Vymsky ITL OGPU

V

 * Vaninsky ITL of Dalstroy (Vaninlag, ITL and transshipment base in Vanino Bay, Vanino transit-forwarding camp of Dalstroy)
 * Vaninsky transit camp (Vaninsky ITL)
 * Varnavinsky ITL
 * Vaygach expedition OGPU (Vaygachsky OLP)
 * Verkne-Izhemsky ITL (Verkhizhemlag, Verkhneizhemlag)
 * Verkne-Saldinsky ITL
 * Vershina–Darasun ITL
 * Vetluzhsky ITL (Vetlag)
 * Vishersky ITL (Vislag, Viserlag)
 * Vladivostoksky ITL (Directorate of Vladivostok ITL and colonies of Primorsky Krai, Vladlag)
 * Vladivostok Transit Site of Dalstroy (ru:Владперпункт ( Vladperpunkt, Владивосто́кский пересы́льный пу́нкт Дальстро́я), Vladivostok)
 * Vodorazdelny Camp ("Watershed Camp", MVD Special Camp No. 12)
 * Volga ITL of hydrosystem construction (Volgolag, Volgostroy)
 * Volga ITL MVD (Volgolag, Volgostroy)
 * Volga railway ITL (Volgolag)
 * Volga-Baltic ITL (see Volga–Baltic Waterway)
 * Vorkutlag (Vorkuto-Pechora ITL, Vorkutpechlag, Vorkutinsky ITL, Vorkutstroy)
 * Voroninsky ITL (Voroninlag, Voroninskoe LO), Tomsk Oblast
 * Vyazemsky ITL (Vyazemlag, Directorate of construction and Vyazemlaga GUShOSDOR)
 * Vytegorsky ITL (Vytegorstroy, Vytegorlag; merged with Shekshinsky ITL into Volgo-Baltysky ITL in 1952)
 * Vytegorsky ITL NKVD (Vytegorstroy, Vytegorlag)
 * Vyartsilsky ITL (Vyartsillag, Vyartsilsky ITL and metallurgical plant)
 * Vyatsky ITL (Vyatlag)

Y

 * Yagrinsky ITL and construction 203 (Yagrinlag)
 * Yansky Construction ITL, Yanstroylag, Исправи́тельно-трудово́й ла́герь Янстро́я Дальстро́я (Янсстройла́г)
 * Yansky ITL of Dalstroy (Yanlag, ITL of the Yansky mining department, Yansky ITL USVITLa, Yanskoe LO, Исправительно-трудовой лагерь Янского горнопромышленного управления, Янское лагерное отделение)
 * Yansky Mining Directorate and ITL of Dalstroy
 * Yeniseysky ITL SGU (Yeniseylag)
 * Yeniseysky ITL (Directorate of Yenisei labor camp and colonies, Yeniseylag)
 * Yeniseysky ITL and construction 503 (Yeniseyzheldorlag)
 * Yenskoe construction and ITL (Yenlag, ЕНСКОЕ СТРОИТЕЛЬСТВО И ИТЛ; Енлаг)
 * Yermakovskoye LO (Ермаковское, Krasnoyarsk Krai; Yermakovlag)
 * Yugorsky ITL and construction 300 (Khanty–Mansia; Yugorlag, Construction 300)
 * South Kuzbass ITL (Yuzhkuzbasslag)

Z
Continued from the Polish complete listing of NKVD camps with Poles.
 * Zaimandrovsky ITL (Zaimandrovskoe construction and ITL, Zaimandrovlag)
 * Zapadny ITL (Zaplag, Zapadnoe GPU and ITL, Zapadny ITL USVITLa)
 * Zapadny railway ITL (Western Railway ITL)
 * Zapolyarny ITL and construction 301 (Zapolyarlag, Polyarny ITL)
 * Zapolyarny ITL and construction 503 (Zapolyarlag, Construction 503)
 * Zhigalovskoe LO

title: List of Gulag camps


text:
Wikipedia talk:Selected anniversaries/May 19

 * 1919 - Mustafa Kemal Ataturk moved to Samsun from Istanbul by an old ship called Bandirma with his few friends to work separately from Ottoman Government in order to prepare the nation to the Independence War.
 * Date still not found on Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, Samsun or Bandirma. -- PFHLai 17:20, 11 May 2006 (UTC)

 * 1674 - Jan III Sobieski was elected by the szlachta to become King of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
 * 1780 - Never-explained complete darkness fell on Eastern Canada and the New England states at 2 pm.
 * New England's Dark Day is too stubby. -- PFHLai 17:24, 11 May 2006 (UTC)

For 2025:
 * 1925 - Malcolm X (El-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz) is born, as Malcolm Little. He would go on to become a prominent leader of disaffected blacks in the United States in the 1950s and 60s —Preceding unsigned comment added by John Abbe (talk • contribs) 13:19, 13 October 2008 (UTC)

2012 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 07:32, 19 May 2012 (UTC)
 * Omitted: Tariff of 1828; Franklin's lost expedition; Parks Canada; Sierra Gorda; 2010 Thai military crackdown
 * Included: Catherine of Aragon (9th appearance, last in 2010); New England's Dark Day (3rd appearance, last in 2010); Bank of Montreal (4th appearance, last in 2006); Happy Birthday, Mr. President (first appearance; 50th anniversary); Croatian independence referendum, 1991 (first appearance)

2013 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 18:41, 18 May 2013 (UTC)
 * Moved to Ineligible: Tariff of 1828 (maintenance)
 * Omitted: Catherine of Aragon; New England's Dark Day; Bank of Montreal; Happy Birthday, Mr. President; Croatian independence referendum, 1991
 * Included: Prome Kingdom (first appearance); Celsius (first appearance); Battle of The Cedars (first appearance); Parks Canada (2nd appearance, last in 2011); Sierra Gorda (2nd appearance, last in 2011); 2010 Thai military crackdown (2nd appearance, last in 2011)

2014 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 07:41, 18 May 2014 (UTC)
 * Omitted: Prome Kingdom; Battle of The Cedars; Parks Canada; 2010 Thai military crackdown (ineligible—maintenance)
 * Included: Pope Gregory II (first appearance); Franklin's lost expedition (2nd appearance, last in 2011); Happy Birthday, Mr. President (2nd appearance, last in 2012); Sierra Gorda (2nd appearance, last in 2011)
 * Repeats: Celsius (2nd consecutive appearance, 2 total)

2015 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 10:29, 17 May 2015 (UTC)
 * Omitted: Celsius; Franklin's lost expedition; Happy Birthday, Mr. President; Sierra Gorda
 * Included: Catherine of Aragon (10th appearance, last in 2012); New England's Dark Day (4th appearance, last in 2012); Parks Canada (3rd appearance, last in 2013); Croatian independence referendum, 1991 (3rd appearance, last in 2012)
 * Repeats: Pope Gregory II (2nd consecutive appearance, 2 total; 1300th anniversary)

2016 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 07:45, 17 May 2016 (UTC)
 * Moved to Ineligible: Prome Kingdom (maintenance)
 * Omitted: Pope Gregory II; New England's Dark Day
 * Included: Battle of The Cedars (2nd appearance, last in 2013); Franklin's lost expedition (3rd appearance, last in 2014)
 * Repeats: Catherine of Aragon (2nd consecutive appearance, 11 total); Parks Canada (2nd consecutive appearance, 4 total); Croatian independence referendum, 1991 (2nd consecutive appearance, 3 total)

2017 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 07:39, 19 May 2017 (UTC)
 * Deleted: Bank of Montreal (moved to June 23; wrong date)
 * New articles (unused): Refugio oil spill
 * Omitted: Greek genocide (ineligible—maintenance); Catherine of Aragon (ineligible—maintenance); Battle of The Cedars; Franklin's lost expedition; Parks Canada; Croatian independence referendum, 1991
 * Included: Ashina Jiesheshuai (first appearance); Celsius (3rd appearance, last in 2014); New England's Dark Day (5th appearance, last in 2015); Happy Birthday, Mr. President (3rd appearance, last in 2014; rescued from Ineligible); Sierra Gorda (3rd appearance, last in 2014; 20th anniversary); Helena of Moscow (first appearance); Nellie Melba (first appearance); Nathaniel Hawthorne (first appearance)

2018 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 04:18, 19 May 2018 (UTC)
 * Omitted: Ashina Jiesheshuai; New England's Dark Day; Happy Birthday, Mr. President; Helena of Moscow; Nellie Melba; Nathaniel Hawthorne
 * Included: Pope Gregory II (3rd appearance, last in 2016); Franklin's lost expedition (4th appearance, last in 2016); Refugio oil spill (first appearance); Claude Vignon (first appearance); Mariam-uz-Zamani (first appearance); Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis (first appearance)
 * Repeats: Celsius (2nd consecutive appearance, 4 total; 275th anniversary); Sierra Gorda (2nd consecutive appearance, 4 total)

2019 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 17:08, 20 May 2019 (UTC)
 * Deleted: Catherine of Aragon (moved to June 11: more appropriate date)
 * Omitted: Pope Gregory II; Celsius; Sierra Gorda; Refugio oil spill; Claude Vignon; Mariam-uz-Zamani; Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis
 * Included: Anne of Kiev (first appearance); Invasion of Jamaica (first appearance); Parks Canada (5th appearance, last in 2016); 1991 Croatian independence referendum (4th appearance, last in 2016); Dunstan (first appearance); George Washington Whistler (first appearance); John Gorton (first appearance)
 * Repeats: Franklin's lost expedition (2nd consecutive appearance, 5 total)

2020 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 16:08, 20 May 2020 (UTC)
 * New articles (unused): Nora Ephron
 * Omitted: Ho Chi Minh (ineligible—maintenance); Anne of Kiev; Invasion of Jamaica; Parks Canada; 1991 Croatian independence referendum; Dunstan; George Washington Whistler; John Gorton
 * Included: Ashina Jiesheshuai (2nd appearance, last in 2017); Battle of the Cedars (2nd appearance, last in 2016); Refugio oil spill (2nd appearance, last in 2018); Alcuin (first appearance); Nicholas Winton (first appearance); Jeffrey Catherine Jones (first appearance)
 * Repeats: Franklin's lost expedition (3rd consecutive appearance, 6 total; 175th anniversary)

2021 notes

 * New articles (unused): Ruth Ella Moore; Erin Phillips
 * Omitted: Ashina Jiesheshuai; Battle of the Cedars; Franklin's lost expedition; Refugio oil spill; Alcuin; Nicholas Winton
 * Included: Pope Gregory II (4th appearance, last in 2018); Celsius (5th appearance, last in 2018); Parks Canada (6th appearance, last in 2018); 1991 Croatian independence referendum (5th appearance, last in 2019; 30th anniversary); Wedding of Prince Harry and Meghan Markle (first appearance); Mariam-uz-Zamani (2nd appearance, last in 2018); Nora Ephron (first appearance; 80th birthday)
 * Repeats: Jeffrey Catherine Jones (2nd consecutive appearance, 2 total; 10th anniversary) — howcheng  {chat} 07:39, 21 May 2021 (UTC)

2022 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 06:58, 20 May 2022 (UTC)
 * Moved to Ineligible: Anne of Kiev (maintenance); Happy Birthday, Mr. President (maintenance)
 * Omitted: Pope Gregory II; Parks Canada; 1991 Croatian independence referendum; Wedding of Prince Harry and Meghan Markle; Mariam-uz-Zamani; Nora Ephron; Jeffrey Catherine Jones
 * Included: Invasion of Jamaica (2nd appearance, last in 2019); Tariff of Abominations (2nd appearance, last in 2011; rescued from Ineligible); Sierra Gorda (5th appearance, last in 2018; 25th anniversary); 2010 Thai military crackdown (3rd appearance, last in 2013; rescued from Ineligible); Helena of Moscow (2nd appearance, last in 2017); Ruth Ella Moore (first appearance); John Gorton (2nd appearance, last in 2019; 20th anniversary)
 * Repeats: Celsius (2nd consecutive appearance, 6 total)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Home Fleet

The Home Fleet was a fleet of the Royal Navy that operated from the United Kingdom's territorial waters from 1902 with intervals until 1967. In 1967, it was merged with the Mediterranean Fleet creating the new Western Fleet.

Before the First World War between 1902 and 1904 the Admiralty reorganised its ships in home waters into a permenant force called the Home Squadron. At the beginning of 1905, it was renamed the Channel Fleet. In 1907 a new Home Fleet was formed from ships in reserve and new ships, and in 1909 the Channel Fleet was merged into it, forming the principal fleet in British waters. In 1912 it was renamed the Home Fleets, formed of the First, Second and Third. On the outbreak of the First World War the First Fleet became the Grand Fleet. When the Grand Fleet was redistributed after the war, the reserve fleet was briefly named Home Fleet in 1919 before being renamed, and after the Invergordon Mutiny in 1931 the Atlantic Fleet was renamed Home Fleet in 1932. During the Second World War, it was the Royal Navy's main battle force in European waters.

Pre-First World War
In the first years of the 20th century, the Royal Navy had four 'Port Guard' ships, stationed in the major naval bases, partially to act as flagships for the admirals commanding at those ports. These vessels appear to have been stationed at the Nore, Portsmouth, and Plymouth, as well as one other major base.

On 1 October 1902, the Admiral Superintendent Naval Reserves, then Vice-Admiral Gerard Noel, was given the additional appointment of Commander-in-Chief, Home Fleet, and allotted a rear-admiral to serve under him as commander of the Home Squadron. "... the nucleus of the Home Fleet would consist of the four Port Guard ships, which would be withdrawn from their various scattered dockyards and turned into a unified and permanent sea-going command – the Home Squadron – based on Portland. Also under the direction of the commander-in-chief of the Home Fleet would be the Coast Guard ships, which would continue to be berthed for the most part in their respective district harbours in order to carry out their local duties, but would join the Home Squadron for sea work at least three times per year, at which point the assembled force – the Home Squadron and the Coast Guard vessels – would be known collectively as the Home Fleet." Rear-Admiral George Atkinson-Willes was Second-in-Command of the Home Fleet, with his flag in the battleship HMS Empress of India, at this time. In May 1903 Noel was succeeded as Commander-in-Chief by Vice-Admiral Sir Arthur Wilson.

On 14 December 1904, the Channel Fleet was re-styled the Atlantic Fleet and the Home Fleet became the Channel Fleet. In 1907, the Home Fleet was reformed with Vice-Admiral Francis Bridgeman in command, succeeded by Admiral Sir William May in 1909. Bridgeman took command again in 1911, and in the same year was succeeded by Admiral Sir George Callaghan. On 29 March 1912, a new structure of the fleet was announced, which came into force on 1 May 1912. The former Home Fleet, which was organised into four divisions, was divided into the First, Second and Third Fleets as Home Fleets. The Home Fleets were the Navy's unified home commands in British waters from 1912 to 1914. On 4 August 1914, as the First World War was breaking out, John Jellicoe was ordered to take command of the Fleet, which by his appointment order was renamed the Grand Fleet.

Commander-in-Chief, Home Fleet
Post holders during the pre-war period were:'

Second in command
Post holders included:

Chief of staff
Post holders included:

Three Home Fleets, 1912–1914
The Home Fleets were a new organisation of the Royal Navy's unified home commands (First, Second and Third Fleets) instituted on 31 July 1912 to December 1914.

Commander-in-Chief, Home Fleets
On 8 August 1914 units of the Home Fleets were distributed in accordance with Admiralty Fleet Order the majority of elements formed the new Grand Fleet others were assigned to the following units: Channel Fleet, Northern Patrol-Cruiser Force B, 7th Cruiser Squadron-Cruiser Force, 11th Cruiser Squadron-Cruiser Force E, Dover Patrol, Harwich Flotillas, 7th Destroyer Flotilla, 8th Destroyer Flotilla, 9th Destroyer Flotilla, 5th Submarine Flotilla, 6th Submarine Flotilla, 7th Submarine Flotilla and the 8th Submarine Flotilla.

Inter-war period
When the Grand Fleet was disbanded in April 1919, the more powerful ships were grouped into the Atlantic Fleet and the older ships became the "Home Fleet"; this arrangement lasted until late 1919, when the ships of the Home Fleet became the Reserve Fleet.

The name "Home Fleet" was resurrected in March 1932, as the new name for the Atlantic Fleet, following the Invergordon Mutiny. The Commander-in-Chief, Home Fleet in 1933 was Admiral Sir John Kelly. The Home Fleet comprised the flagship HMS Nelson (28) leading a force that included the 2nd Battle Squadron (five more battleships), the Battlecruiser Squadron (HMS Hood (51) and HMS Renown (1916)), the 2nd Cruiser Squadron (Vice-Admiral Edward Astley-Rushton) aboard HMS Dorsetshire (40) (three cruisers), three destroyer flotillas (27), a submarine flotilla (six), two aircraft carriers and associated vessels.

Commander-in-Chief, Home Fleet
Post holders during the inter-war period were:

History
The Home Fleet was the Royal Navy's main battle force in European waters during the Second World War. On 3 September 1939, under Admiral Forbes flying his flag in HMS Nelson (28) at Scapa Flow, it consisted of the 2nd Battle Squadron, the Battle Cruiser Squadron, 18th Cruiser Squadron, Rear-Admiral, Destroyers, Rear-Admiral, Submarines (2nd Submarine Flotilla, Dundee, 6th Submarine Flotilla, Blyth, Northumberland), Vice-Admiral, Aircraft Carriers (Vice-Admiral L. V. Wells, with HMS Ark Royal (91), HMS Furious (47), and Pegasus), and the Orkney and Shetlands force. Its chief responsibility was to keep Germany's Kriegsmarine from breaking out of the North Sea. For this purpose, the First World War base at Scapa Flow was reactivated as it was well placed for interceptions of ships trying to run the blockade.

The two most surprising losses of the Home Fleet during the early part of the war were the sinking of the old battleship HMS Royal Oak (08) by the German submarine GS U-47 (1938) while supposedly safe in Scapa Flow, and the loss of the pride of the Navy, the battlecruiser HMS Hood (51), to the German battleship GERMAN BATTLESHIP Bismarck. 2nd Battle Squadron under Admiral Blagrove was effectively disestablished when he died in the sinking of Royal Oak.

The operational areas of the Home Fleet were not circumscribed, and units were detached to other zones quite freely. However, the southern parts of the North Sea and the English Channel were made separate commands for light forces, and the growing intensity of the Battle of the Atlantic led to the creation of Western Approaches Command. Only with the destruction of the German battleship GERMAN BATTLESHIP Tirpitz in 1944 did the Home Fleet assume a lower priority, and most of its heavy units were withdrawn to be sent to the Far East.

Post holder sources for the Second World War:

Second in command
Post holders included:

Post-Second World War
As the Cold War began, greater emphasis was placed on protecting the North Atlantic sea lanes from the Soviet Union in concert with other Western countries. Admiral Sir Rhoderick McGrigor supervised combined Western Union exercises involving ships from the British, French, and Dutch navies in June–July 1949. Admiral McGrigor flew his flag from the aircraft carrier HMS Implacable (R86). Also taking part in the exercises were HMS Victorious (R38) and HMS Anson (79), along with cruisers and destroyers. During the exercise, the combined force paid a visit to Mount's Bay in Cornwall from 30 June – 4 July 1949.

Admiral Sir Philip Vian, Commander-in-Chief from 1950 to 1952, flew his flag in HMS Vanguard (23). In late 1951, HMS Theseus (R64) joined the fleet as flagship of the 3rd Aircraft Carrier Squadron.

From 1947 to 1957 superfluous battleships and aircraft carriers were assigned to the Training Squadron, Home Fleet headquartered at Portland to provide basic training. The carriers stationed here were mobilised as helicopter carriers for the Suez operation in 1956. In December 1951 the Admiralty authorised the creation of a new Heavy Squadron to be assigned to the Home Fleet, consisting of the battleship Vanguard, aircraft carriers, and cruisers. Its commanding officer was known as Flag Officer, Aircraft Carriers who had administrative responsibility for all the operational carriers; the squadron was disbanded in October 1954.

After the Second World War, the Royal Navy's geographic commands were gradually merged into fewer but larger formations (1954 to 1971). After 1951 the term flotilla applied to the higher command organisation of squadrons in the Home and Mediterranean Fleets. The squadrons of the Home Fleet were grouped under a Flag Officer, Flotillas, Home Fleet, who became the main seagoing flag officer. A similar arrangement applied to the Flag Officer, Flotillas, Mediterranean Fleet. In the Far East the Flag Officer 5th Cruiser Squadron became Flag Officer Second in Command Far East Fleet with similar seagoing duties. Increasingly the term 'Submarine Flotilla' was used to describe the squadrons under command of the Flag Officer Submarines.

The Commander-in-Chief, Home Fleet, gained an additional NATO responsibility as Commander-in-Chief, Eastern Atlantic (CINCEASTLANT), as part of Allied Command Atlantic, when the NATO military command structure was established in 1953. CINCEASTLANT was set up at the Northwood Headquarters in northwest London. The Commander-in-Chief Home Fleet still flew his flag however in HMS Tyne (F24) at Portsmouth. During Exercise Mainbrace in 1952, NATO naval forces came together for the first time to practice the defence of northern Europe, Denmark and Norway. The resulting McMahon Act difficulties caused by potential British control of the United States Navy's attack carriers armed with nuclear weapons led to the creation of a separate Striking Fleet Atlantic, directly responsible to the commander of the U.S. Navy's Atlantic Fleet, in his NATO position as SACLANT, by the end of 1952. The submarine tender HMS Maidstone (1937) was the fleet's flagship in 1956.

In the spring of 1960, C-in-C Home Fleet moved permanently ashore to Northwood, while Flag Officer, Flotillas, Home, retained effective control at sea as the C-in-C's deputy. Cecil Hampshire writes that the ships with the fleet in 1960 included the flagship Tyne, a destroyer depot ship which by then was more than 20 years old; carriers Victorious and HMS Albion (R07); fast minelayer Apollo; seventeen destroyers and frigates; and sixteen submarines. Another aircraft carrier, cruisers Lion and Blake; the first four guided missile destroyers, and other ships were under construction.

In February 1963 all remaining frigate and destroyer squadrons in the Home, Mediterranean and Far East Fleets were merged into new Escort Squadrons. In April 1963, the naval unit at the Northwood Headquarters, in northwest London, was commissioned as HMS Warrior under the command of the then Captain of the Fleet.

From 1966 to 1967, then-Rear Admiral Sir Michael Pollack was listed as Flag Officer Second in Command, Home Fleet. In December 1966, all remaining squadrons in the Home Fleet were disbanded. In 1967 the Home Fleet was amalgamated with the Mediterranean Fleet and redesignated the Western Fleet.

Commanders-in-Chief
Source for post holders after the Second World War:

title: Home Fleet


text:
Nazi concentration camps

From 1933 to 1945, Nazi Germany operated more than a thousand concentration camps (Konzentrationslager), including subcamps on its own territory and in parts of German-occupied Europe.

The first camps were established in March 1933 immediately after Adolf Hitler became Chancellor of Germany. Following the 1934 purge of the SA, the concentration camps were run exclusively by the SS via the Concentration Camps Inspectorate and later the SS Main Economic and Administrative Office. Initially, most prisoners were members of the Communist Party of Germany, but as time went on different groups were arrested, including "habitual criminals", "asocials", and Jews. After the beginning of World War II, people from German-occupied Europe were imprisoned in the concentration camps. About 1.65 million people were registered prisoners in the camps, of whom about a million died during their imprisonment. Most of the fatalities occurred during the second half of World War II, including at least a third of the 700,000 prisoners who were registered as of January 1945. Following Allied military victories, the camps were gradually liberated in 1944 and 1945, although hundreds of thousands of prisoners died in the death marches.

Museums commemorating the victims of the Nazi regime have been established at many of the former camps and the Nazi concentration camp system has become a universal symbol of violence and terror.

Background
Concentration camps are conventionally held to have been invented by the British during the Second Boer War, but historian Dan Stone argues that there were precedents in other countries and that camps were "the logical extension of phenomena that had long characterized colonial rule". Although the word "concentration camp" has acquired the connotation of murder because of the Nazi concentration camps, the British camps in South Africa did not involve systematic murder. The German Empire also established concentration camps during the Herero and Namaqua genocide (1904–1907); the death rate of these camps was 45 per cent, twice that of the British camps.

During the First World War, eight to nine million prisoners of war were held in prisoner-of-war camps, some of them at locations which were later the sites of Nazi camps, such as Theresienstadt and Mauthausen. Many prisoners held by Germany died as a result of intentional withholding of food and dangerous working conditions in violation of the 1907 Hague Convention. In countries such as France, Belgium, Italy, Austria-Hungary, and Germany, civilians deemed to be of "enemy origin" were denaturalized. Hundreds of thousands were interned and subject to forced labor in harsh conditions. During the Armenian genocide perpetrated by the Ottoman Empire, Ottoman Armenians were held in camps during their deportation into the Syrian Desert. In postwar Germany, "unwanted foreigners" – mainly Eastern European Jews – were confined at Cottbus-Sielow and Stargard.

Early camps (1933–1934)
On 30 January 1933, Adolf Hitler became chancellor of Germany after striking a backroom deal with the previous chancellor, Franz von Papen. The Nazis had no plan for concentration camps prior to their seizure of power. The concentration camp system arose in the following months due to the desire to suppress tens of thousands of Nazi opponents in Germany. The Reichstag fire in February 1933 was the pretext for mass arrests. The Reichstag Fire Decree eliminated the right to personal freedom enshrined in the Weimar Constitution and provided a legal basis for detention without trial. The first camp was Nohra, established on 3 March 1933 in a school.

The number of prisoners in 1933–1934 is difficult to determine; historian Jane Caplan estimated it at 50,000, with arrests perhaps exceeding 100,000. Eighty per cent of prisoners were members of the Communist Party of Germany and ten per cent members of the Social Democratic Party of Germany. Many prisoners were released in late 1933, and after a Christmas amnesty, there were only a few dozen camps left. About 70 camps were established in 1933, in any convenient structure that could hold prisoners, including vacant factories, prisons, country estates, schools, workhouses, and castles. There was no national system; camps were operated by local police, SS, and SA, state interior ministries, or a combination of the above. The early camps in 1933–1934 were heterogeneous and fundamentally differed from the post-1935 camps in organization, conditions, and the groups imprisoned.

Institutionalization (1934–1937)

On 26 June 1933, Himmler appointed Theodor Eicke the second commandant of Dachau, which became the model followed by other camps. Eicke drafted the Disciplinary and Penal Code, a manual which specified draconian punishments for disobedient prisoners. He also created a system of prisoner functionaries, which later developed into the camp elders, block elders, and kapo of later camps. In May 1934, Lichtenburg was taken over by the SS from the Prussian bureaucracy, marking the beginning of a transition set in motion by Heinrich Himmler, then chief of the Gestapo (secret police). Following the purge of the SA on 30 June 1934, in which Eicke took a leading role, the remaining SA-run camps were taken over by the SS. In December 1934, Eicke was appointed the first inspector of the Concentration Camps Inspectorate (IKL); only camps managed by the IKL were designated "concentration camps".

In early 1934, the number of prisoners was still falling and it was uncertain if the system would continue to exist. By mid-1935, there were only five camps, holding 4,000 prisoners, and 13 employees at the central IKL office. At the same time, 100,000 people were imprisoned in German jails, a quarter of those for political offenses. Believing Nazi Germany to be imperiled by internal enemies, Himmler called for a war against the "organized elements of sub-humanity", including communists, socialists, Jews, Freemasons, and criminals. Himmler won Hitler's backing and was appointed Chief of German Police on 17 June 1936. Of the six SS camps operational as of mid-1936, only two (Dachau and Lichtenburg) still existed by 1938. In the place of the camps that closed down, Eicke opened new camps at Sachsenhausen (September 1936) and Buchenwald (July 1937). Unlike earlier camps, the newly opened camps were purpose-built, isolated from the population and the rule of law, enabling the SS to exert absolute power. Prisoners, who previously wore civilian clothes, were forced to wear uniforms with Nazi concentration camp badges. The number of prisoners began to rise again, from 4,761 on 1 November 1936 to 7,750 by the end of 1937.

Rapid expansion (1937–1939)
By the end of June 1938, the prisoner population had expanded threefold in the previous six months, to 24,000 prisoners. The increase was fueled by arrests of those considered habitual criminals or asocials. According to SS chief Heinrich Himmler, the "criminal" prisoners at concentration camps needed to be isolated from society because they had committed offenses of a sexual or violent nature. In fact, most of the criminal prisoners were working-class men who had resorted to petty theft to support their families. Nazi raids of perceived asocials, including the arrest of 10,000 people in June 1938, targeted homeless people and the mentally ill, as well as the unemployed. Although the Nazis had previously targeted social outsiders, the influx of new prisoners meant that political prisoners became a minority.

To house the new prisoners, three new camps were established: Flossenbürg (May 1938) near the Czechoslovak border, Mauthausen (August 1938) in territory annexed from Austria, and Ravensbrück (May 1939) the first purpose-built camp for female prisoners. The mass arrests were partly motivated by economic factors. Recovery from the Great Depression lowered the unemployment rate, so "work-shy" elements would be arrested to keep others working harder. At the same time, Himmler was also focusing on exploiting prisoners' labor within the camp system. Hitler's architect, Albert Speer, had grand plans for creating monumental Nazi architecture. The SS company German Earth and Stone Works (DEST) was set up with funds from Speer's agency for exploiting prisoner labour to extract building materials. Flossenbürg and Mauthausen had been built adjacent to quarries, and DEST also set up brickworks at Buchenwald and Sachsenhausen.

Political prisoners were also arrested in larger numbers, including Jehovah's Witnesses and German émigrés who returned home. Czech and Austrian anti-Nazis were arrested after the annexation of their countries in 1938 and 1939. Jews were also increasingly targeted, with 2,000 Viennese Jews arrested after the Nazi annexation. After the Kristallnacht pogrom in November 1938, 26,000 Jewish men were deported to concentration camps following mass arrests, overwhelming the capacity of the system. These prisoners were subject to unprecedented abuse leading to hundreds of deaths – more people died at Dachau in the four months after Kristallnacht than in the previous five years. Most of the Jewish prisoners were soon released, often after promising to emigrate.

World War II
At the end of August 1939, prisoners of Flossenbürg, Sachsenhausen, and other concentration camps were murdered as part of false flag attacks staged by Germany to justify the invasion of Poland. During the war, the camps became increasingly brutal and lethal due to the plans of the Nazi leadership: most victims died in the second half of the war. Five new camps were opened between the start of the war and the end of 1941: Neuengamme (early 1940), outside of Hamburg; Auschwitz (June 1940), which initially operated as a concentration camp for Polish resistance activists; Gross-Rosen (May 1941) in Silesia; and Natzweiler (May 1941) in territory annexed from France. The first satellite camps were also established, administratively subordinated to one of the main camps. The number of prisoners tripled from 21,000 in August 1939 to about 70,000 to 80,000 in early 1942. This expansion was driven by the demand for forced labor and later the invasion of the Soviet Union; new camps were sent up near quarries (Natzweiler and Gross-Rosen) or brickworks (Neuengamme).

In April 1941, the high command of the SS ordered the murder of ill and exhausted prisoners who could no longer work (especially those deemed racially inferior). Victims were selected by camp personnel or traveling doctors, and were removed from the camps to be murdered in euthanasia centers. By April 1942, when the operation finished, at least 6,000 and as many as 20,000 people had been killed – the first act of systematic killing in the camp system. Beginning in August 1941, selected Soviet prisoners of war were killed within the concentration camps, usually within a few days of their arrival. By mid-1942, when the operation finished, at least 34,000 Soviet prisoners had been murdered. At Auschwitz, the SS used Zyklon B to kill Soviet prisoners in improvised gas chambers.

In 1942, the emphasis of the camps shifted to the war effort; by 1943, two-thirds of prisoners were employed by war industries. The death rate skyrocketed with an estimated half of the 180,000 prisoners admitted between July and November 1942 dying by the end of that interval. Orders to reduce deaths in order to spare inmate productivity had little effect in practice. During the second half of the war, Auschwitz swelled in size – fueled by the deportation of hundreds of thousands of Jews – and became the center of the camp system. It was the deadliest concentration camp and Jews sent there faced a virtual death sentence even if they were not immediately killed, as most were. In August 1943, 74,000 of the 224,000 registered prisoners in all SS concentration camps were in Auschwitz. In 1943 and early 1944, additional concentration camps – Riga in Latvia, Kovno in Lithuania, Vaivara in Estonia, and Kraków-Plaszów in Poland – were converted from ghettos or labor camps; these camps were populated almost entirely by Jewish prisoners. Along with the new main camps, many satellite camps were set up to more effectively leverage prisoner labor for the war effort.

Organization
Beginning in the mid-1930s, the camps were organized according to the following structure: commandant/adjutant, political department, protective custody camp, administration department of Nazi concentration camps, camp doctor, and guard command. In November 1940, the IKL came under the control of the SS Main Command Office and the Reich Security Main Office (RSHA) took on the responsibility of detaining and releasing concentration camp prisoners. In 1942, the IKL was subordinated to the SS Main Economic and Administrative Office (SS-WVHA) to improve the camps' integration into the war economy. Despite changes in the structure, the IKL remained directly responsible to Himmler.

The camps under the IKL were guarded by members of the SS-Totenkopfverbande ("death's head"). The guards were housed in barracks adjacent to the camp and their duties were to guard the perimeter of the camp as well as work details. They were officially forbidden from entering the camps, although this rule was not followed. Towards the end of the 1930s, the SS-Totenkopfverbande expanded its operations and set up military units, which followed the Einsatzgruppen death squads and massacred Polish Jews as well as Soviet prisoners of war. Older general SS personnel, and those wounded or disabled, replaced those assigned to combat duties. As the war progressed, a more diverse group was recruited to guard the expanding camp system, including female guards (who were not part of the SS). During the second half of the war, army and air force personnel were recruited, making up as many as 52 per cent of guards by January 1945. The manpower shortage was reduced by relying on guard dogs and delegating some duties to prisoners. Corruption was widespread.

Most of the camp SS leadership was middle-class and came from the war youth generation, who were hard-hit by the economic crisis and feared decline in status. Most had joined the Nazi movement by September 1931 and were offered full-time employment in 1933. SS leaders typically lived with their wives and children near the camps where they worked, often engaging prisoners for domestic labor. Perpetration by this leadership was based on their tight social bonds, a perceived common sense that the aims of the system were good, as well as the opportunity for material gain.

Prisoners
Before World War II, most prisoners in the concentration camps were Germans. After the expansion of Nazi Germany, people from countries occupied by the Wehrmacht were targeted and detained in concentration camps. In Western Europe, arrests focused on resistance fighters and saboteurs, but in Eastern Europe arrests included mass roundups aimed at the implementation of Nazi population policy and the forced recruitment of workers. This led to a predominance of Eastern Europeans, especially Poles, who made up the majority of the population of some camps. By the end of the war, only 5 to 10 per cent of the camp population was "Reich Germans" from Germany or Austria. More than 100,000 Soviet prisoners of war and smaller groups from other nationalities were transferred to the concentration camps in direct violation of the Geneva Convention.

Most Jews who were persecuted and killed during the Holocaust were never prisoners in concentration camps. Significant numbers of Jews were imprisoned beginning in November 1938 because of Kristallnacht, after which they were always overrepresented as prisoners. During the height of the Holocaust from 1941 to 1943, the Jewish population of the concentration camps was low. Extermination camps for the mass murder of Jews—Kulmhof, Belzec, Sobibor, and Treblinka—were set up outside the concentration camp system. The existing IKL camps Auschwitz and Majdanek gained additional function as extermination camps. After mid-1943, some forced-labor camps for Jews and some Nazi ghettos were converted into concentration camps. Other Jews entered the concentration camp system after being deported to Auschwitz. Despite many deaths, as many as 200,000 Jews survived the war inside the camp system.

Conditions
Conditions worsened after the outbreak of war due to reduction in food, worsening housing, and increase in work. Deaths from disease and malnutrition increased, outpacing other causes of death. However, the food provided was usually sufficient to sustain life. Life in the camps has often been depicted as a Darwinian struggle for survival, although some mutual aid existed. Individual efforts to survive, sometimes at others' expense, could hamper the aggregate survival rate.

The influx of non-German prisoners from 1939 changed the previous hierarchy based on triangle to one based on nationality. Jews, Slavic prisoners, and Spanish Republicans were targeted for especially harsh treatment which led to a high mortality rate during the first half of the war. In contrast, Reich Germans enjoyed favorable treatment compared to other nationalities.

A minority of prisoners obtained substantially better treatment than the rest because they were prisoner functionaries (mostly Germans) or skilled laborers. Prisoner functionaries served at the whim of the SS and could be dismissed for insufficient strictness. As a result, sociologist Wolfgang Sofsky emphasizes that "They took over the role of the SS in order to prevent SS encroachment" and other prisoners remembered them for their brutality.

Forced labor
Hard labor was a fundamental component of the concentration camp system and an aspect in the daily life of prisoners. However, the forced labor deployment was largely determined by external political and economic factors that drove demand for labor. During the first years of the camps, unemployment was high and prisoners were forced to perform economically valueless but strenuous tasks, such as farming on moorland (such as at Esterwegen). Other prisoners had to work on constructing and expanding the camps. In the years before World War II, quarrying and bricklaying for the SS company DEST played a central role in prisoner labor. Despite prisoners' increasing economic importance, conditions declined; prisoners were seen as expendable so each influx of prisoners was followed by increasing death rate.

Private sector cooperation remained marginal to the overall concentration camp system for the first half of the war. After the failure to take Moscow in late 1941, the demand for armaments increased. The WVHA sought out partnerships with private industry and Speer's Armaments Ministry. In September 1942, Himmler and Speer agreed to use prisoners in armaments production and to repair damage from Allied bombing. Local authorities and private companies could hire prisoners at a fixed daily cost. This decision paved the way for the establishment of many subcamps located near workplaces. More workers were obtained through transfers from prisons and forced labor programs, causing the prisoner population to double twice by mid-1944. Subcamps where prisoners did construction work had significantly higher death rates than those that worked in munitions manufacture. By the end of the war, main camps were functioning more and more as transfer stations from which prisoners were redirected to subcamps.

At their peak in 1945, concentration camp prisoners made up 3 per cent of workers in Germany. Historian Marc Buggeln estimates that no more than 1 per cent of the labor for Germany's arms production came from concentration camp prisoners.

Public perception
Arrests of Germans in 1933 were often accompanied by public humiliation or beatings. If released, prisoners might return home with visible marks of abuse or psychological breakdown. Using a "dual strategy of publicity and secrecy", the regime directed terror both at the direct victim as well as the entire society in order to eliminate its opponents and deter resistance. Beginning in March 1933, detailed reports on camp conditions were published in the press. Nazi propaganda demonized the prisoners as race traitors, sexual degenerates, and criminals and presented the camps as sites of re-education. After 1933, reports in the press were scarce but larger numbers of people were arrested and people who interacted with the camps, such as those who registered deaths, could make conclusions about the camp conditions and discuss with acquaintances.

The visibility of the camps heightened during the war due to increasing prisoner numbers, the establishment of many subcamps in proximity to German civilians, and the use of labor deployments outside the camps. These subcamps, often established in town centers in such locations as schools, restaurants, barracks, factory buildings, or military camps, were joint ventures between industry and the SS. An increasing number of German civilians interacted with the camps: entrepreneurs and landowners provided land or services, doctors decided which prisoners were healthy enough to continue working, foremen oversaw labor deployments, and administrators helped with logistics. SS construction brigades were in demand by municipalities to clear bomb debris and rebuild. For the prisoners, chances of survival rarely improved despite the contact with the outside world, although those few Germans who tried to help did not encounter punishment. Germans were often shocked to see the reality of the concentration camps up close, but reluctant to aid the prisoners because of fear that they would be imprisoned as well. Others found the poor state of the prisoners to confirm Nazi propaganda about them.

Historian Robert Gellately argues that "the Germans generally turned out to be proud and pleased that Hitler and his henchmen were putting away certain kinds of people who did not fit in, or who were regarded as 'outsiders', 'asocials', 'useless eaters', or 'criminals. According to historian Karola Fings, fear of arrest did not undermine public support for the camps because Germans saw the prisoners rather than the guards as criminals. She writes that demand for SS construction brigades "points to general acceptance of the concentration camps". In Cologne some construction brigade prisoners were shot in broad daylight.

Statistics
There were 27 main camps and, according to historian Nikolaus Wachsmann's estimate, more than 1,100 satellite camps. This is a cumulative figure that counts all the subcamps that existed at one point; historian Karin Orth estimates the number of subcamps to have been 186 at the end of 1943, 341 or more in June 1944, and at least 662 in January 1945.

The camps were concentrated in prewar Germany and to a lesser extent territory annexed to Germany. No camps were built on the territory of Germany's allies that enjoyed even nominal independence. Each camp housed either men, women, or a mixed population. Women's camps were mostly for armaments production and located primarily in northern Germany, Thuringia, or the Sudetenland, while men's camps had a wider geographical distribution. Sex segregation decreased over the course of the war and mixed camps predominated outside of Germany's prewar borders.

About 1.65 million people were registered prisoners in the camps, of whom, according to Wagner, nearly a million died during their imprisonment. Historian Adam Tooze counts the number of survivors at no more than 475,000, calculating that at least 1.1 million of the registered prisoners must have died. According to his estimate, at least 800,000 of the murdered prisoners were not Jewish. In addition to the registered prisoners who died, a million Jews were gassed upon arriving in Auschwitz; including these victims, the total death toll is estimated at 1.8 to more than two million. Most of the fatalities occurred during the second half of World War II, including at least a third of the 700,000 prisoners who were registered as of January 1945.

Death marches and liberation
Major evacuations of the camps occurred in mid-1944 from the Baltics and eastern Poland, January 1945 from western Poland and Silesia, and in March 1945 from concentration camps in Germany. Both Jewish and non-Jewish prisoners died in large numbers as a consequence of these death marches.

Many prisoners died after liberation due to their poor physical condition.

The liberation of the camps – documented by the Western Allies in 1945 – has played a prominent part in perception of the camp system as a whole.

Legacy

Since their liberation, the Nazi concentration camp system has come to symbolize violence and terror in the modern world. After the war, most Germans rejected the crimes associated with the concentration camps, while denying any knowledge or responsibility. Under the West German policy of Wiedergutmachung (lit. 'making good again'), some survivors of concentration camps received compensation for their imprisonment. A few perpetrators were put on trial after the war.

Accounts of the concentration camps – both condemnatory and sympathetic – were publicized outside of Germany before World War II. Many survivors testified about their experiences or wrote memoirs after the war. Some of these accounts have become internationally famous, such as Primo Levi's 1947 book, If This is a Man. The concentration camps have been the subject of historical writings since Eugen Kogon's 1946 study, Der SS-Staat ("The SS State"). Substantial research did not begin until the 1980s. Scholarship has focused on the fate of groups of prisoners, the organization of the camp system, and aspects such as forced labor. As late as the 1990s, German local and economic history omitted mention of the camps or presented them as exclusively the responsibility of the SS. Two scholarly encyclopedias of the concentration camps have been published: Der Ort des Terrors and Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos. According to Caplan and Wachsmann, "more books have been published on the Nazi camps than any other site of detention and terror in history".

Stone argues that the Nazi concentration camp system inspired similar atrocities by other regimes, including the Argentine military junta during the Dirty War, the Pinochet regime in Chile, and Pitești Prison in the Romanian People's Republic.

title: Nazi concentration camps


text:
Talk:List of Gulag camps

Old talk
Hi there! Is this part of a series? Is there some reason for a list specific to Poles? Did these camps only detain Poles, or were their populations mixed? Thanks! Mark Richards 06:06, 9 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * The work with articles barely started. Mikkalai 08:42, 9 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * The list comes from the Polish law. I think it is the most complete list of GULAGS we can have here. I have no intention of keeping the list Polish-exclusive. Non-Polish people also had "pleasure" to be hosted there. Cautious 13:37, 9 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Then shouldn't it be titled List of Gulag camps? Why mention Poles in the title at all? Thanks! Mark Richards 19:06, 9 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * When done, we'll see for the proper name. Not to say, it needs significant clean-up. Be patient. Mikkalai 20:42, 9 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * When you say 'done', what do you mean exactly? What do you think needs to be done to this page before that determination can be made? How long do you think that might take? Thanks! Mark Richards 20:44, 9 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * First of all, it is necessary to figure out what exactly this list is, besides what is defined by the title. At the moment, the title is exact, but the utility of the list may go beyond that. Why do you keep asking all these questions everywhere? Are you a kapo behind my back? Take ten, man. Mikkalai 21:29, 9 Mar 2004 (UTC)

'Kapo'? Not sure what you mean, I was asking questions because I am interested. I'm kind of confused by what you mean bu figuring out exactly what the list is, since you seem to have written most of it - don't be offended, just trying to learn! Mark Richards 21:55, 9 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Kapo is a prisoner, that violently leads a team of prisoners. The worst traitor, deserves death more then guards. The whole list was copied over from the Polish law. I think the list was created by some historians working for Polish government, to verify retirenment rights of former prisoners. Somebody can claim, i.e. that he was imprisoned in concentration camp Washington DC, but then he can be verified by the list of actually existing camps. Logically derived conclusion says, the list should include all existing camps. Cautious 08:42, 10 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * Kapo: not necessarily as you write. Many kapos were actually convicted criminals. Is kapo was, say, a thief or a crook, he was pretty easy on the Arbeitskommando. Mikkalai 09:12, 10 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * I fail to see how this detour of abuse gets at the key question of why this list is titled as it is. Mark Richards 16:09, 10 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * Maybe because of bad luck? Maybe because Poles were in each of those camps? I would prefer to discuss the page of concentration camps for i.e. Belgians, but unfortunately history happenned otherwise. Anyway, the list of camp for Poles maybe usefull in some history articles. I think, if we group them in list of less then 20 items, then at the end we can have a list for Poles and the complete list. It is obvious that some could be missing. I am not sure i.e. Solovki. Are they present? Cautious 16:22, 10 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * I'm not sure what you mean by bad luck - you're not claiming that any of these camps detained only Poles, so let's change the name, and describe which groups were detained in the article Mark Richards 16:51, 10 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Hey that's great - I feel a whole lot better about the list - can we do the same for the other similar ones? Thanks~ Mark Richards 17:13, 10 Mar 2004 (UTC)

I am traslating these names from derived adjectives in Polish, and most of these obscure Siberian and Kazakstan non-Russian names just pop up in my memory in proper Russian spelling. And mind you, it is not that I am a geography freak or something. It is simply over years all these place names flooded Soviet newspapers as sites of "Great Communist (or Komsomol) Construction Works (no mentions of labor camps, of course... ).

To do
Linked: Karlag, Norillag, Steplag, not yet: Ozyorlag, Gorlag, Siblag, Khakasslag, Minerallag, Yuzhkuzbasslag, Sevurallag (Sverdlovsk obl), Ussollag (Perm obl),
 * Magadan obl: Sevvostlag, Beregovoilag,
 * Karaganda obl: Karlag, Peschanlag, Lugovoylag
 * Gorki obl: Unzhalag
 * Irkutsk obl: Taishetlag
 * Mordovia: Dubravlag
 * Komi: Vorkutlag, Rechlag
 * Norilsk Revolt,

list
from http://memorial.kiev.ua/expo/eng/perelik.html 1 Abakanlag C-11 2 Abezlag B-8 3 Aldanlag В-14 4 Aktiubinsklag C-7 5 Aimlag C-15 6 Alma-Atalag D-9 7 Akmolalag C-9 8 Allaikhalag A-16 9 Andizhanlag D-9 10 Angarlag B-12 11 Astrakhanlag D-6 12 Azbestlag C-8 13 Ashalag C-8 14 Arkhangelsklag C-8 15 Aiaklag C-15 16 Bakulag D-6 17 Bakinska per. D-17 18 Baligichailag C-7 19 Bashkirialag C-7 20 Berezevolag C-8 21 Belushelag B-6 22 Bilomorsklag F-5 23 Birobidzhanlag D-15 24 Bodoaibolag C-13 25 Borovichilag C-5 26 Bureialag D-15 27 Biugiukelag C-14 28 Vaigachlag A-7 29 Vanzevatlag B-8 30 Vereshchagino C-11 31 Vereshchaginolag C-16 32 Virkhne-Imbats. B-10 33 Volgo-Don D-6 34 Vladivostok D-15 35 Velsklag B-6 36 Verkhoiansklag B-15 37 Verkhne-Urals. C-7 38 Verknii-Ufal. C-7 39 Viliuisklag B-14 40 Vitimlag C-13 41 Vologdalag C-5 42 Volkhovlag C-5 43 Vorkutalag B-8 44 Vitegralag B-5 45 Veslianalag B-7 46 Gorkiilag C-6 47 Dzhezkazganlag D-8 48 Donbaslag D-5 49 Yelabuglag D-7 50 Zhigansklag C-14 51 Zaiarsklag C-12 52 Zemlia Fr-Yosyf S-8 53 Ivanovlag C-6 54 Irkutska Gr. L. C-12 55 Ivdellag B-8 56 Irgizlag D-8 57 Izhevsklag C-7 58 Imanlag D-15 59 Irkutsklag C-12 60 Ishimbailag C-7 61 Kazalinsklag D-8 62 Kizellag C-7 63 Kozhbalag B-8 64 Kolpashevolag C-10 65 Kyngirlag D-9 66 Kokchetavlag C-6 67 Krasnouralsk C-8 68 Kurialag C-13 69 Kustanailag C-8 70 Kaganlag C-13 71 Kazanlag C-6 72 Krasnyi Luch D-5 73 Karagandalag D-9 74 Katalag C-11 75 Kostromalag C-6 76 Kirovobadlag D-8 77 Kolymalag B-17 78 Kamchatkalag C-17 79 Kandalakshalag B-5 80 Karakaslag D-10 81 Karaullag B-10 82 Kargopollag B-5 83 Kemerovolag C-10 84 Kuznetsklag C-10 85 Kzil-Ordalag D-8 86 Kirovlag C-6 87 Komandorovsk. C-18 88 Komsomolsklag C-15 89 Kopeisklag C-8 90 Kotlaslag B-6 91 Krasnovodsk C-11 92 Kranoturins. C-8 93 Krasnoiarsklag C-11 94 Kuibyshevlag C-7 95 Kuloilag B-6 96 Kungurlag C-7 97 Kurgan-Tiubel. D-9 98 Kurilsk isl. D-17 99 Kizillag C-11 100 Leningradlag B-5 101 Leninogorsklag C-10 102 Maior-Krestil. C-16 103 Mirnoelag  B-10 104 Monchegorskl. B-5 105 Magdagachilag C-14 106 Magadanlag C-17 107 Minichevanlag C-10 108 Minichevolag D-6 109 Mordovian ASSR C-6 110 Magnitogorsk C-7 111 Mariiskaia ASSR C-6 112 Mariinsklag C-10 113 Makhachkalag D-6 114 Medvezhegorsk B-5 115 Mezenlag B-6 116 Miaslag C-7 117 Molotovlag C-7 118 Morshansklag C-5 119 Moskva C-5 120 Narimlag C-10 121 Nizhni Khrestil. C-18 122 Nizhnii Tagill. C-7 123 *Norilsklag C-10 124 Nizhnie Tambovs. C-15 125 Nova Zemlia isl. A-8 126 Novosibirsklag C-10 127 Nordviklag A-13 128 Nalchiklag D-6 129 Narian-Marlag B-7 130 Nikolaievsklag C-16 131 Olemkinsklag B-14 132 Ozhoginolag B-14 133 Omsklag C-9 134 Orsklag C-7 135 Ostashkovlag C-5 136 Penzalag C-6 137 Pidkam. Tunguz. C-11 138 Pomorilag C-10 139 Prokop'evsklag C-10 140 Pokchalag B-7 141 Pervouralsklag C-7 142 Petrozavodsk B-5 143 Petropavlovs. C-8 144 *Pechoralag B-7 145 Plesetsklag B-6 146 Ramenskoelag C-5 147 Revdalag B-5 148 Rezhlag C-8 149 Rugozerolag B-5 150 *Salekhardlag B-8 151 Sverdlovsklag C-8 152 Volgogradlag D-6 153 Sakhalinlag C-16 154 Solikamsklag C-7 155 Spasklag D-15 156 Donetskelag D-5 157 Novokuznetsklag C-10 158 Sukhobezvodnoe C-6 159 Saraklag D-9 160 Salianlag D-6 161 Saransklag C-6 162 Segezhalag B-5 163 Semipalatins. C-10 164 Solovetsky isl. B-5 165 Sortavalalag B-5 166 Sretensklag C-13 167 Savinborlag B-7 168 Seimchanlag B-17 169 Sered. Kolyms. B-17 170 Stanchiklag A-17 171 Stolbovoelag D-15 172 Siktivkarlag B-7 173 Starodublag C-5 174 Suoiarvilag B-5 175 Sukhumilag D-6 176 Suchaklag D-15 177 Sizranlag C-6 178 *Tavdalag C-8 179 Taigalag C-10 180 Taldilag D-9 181 Tebuliakhlag A-17 182 Totmalag C-6 183 Turinsklag C-8 184 *Taishetlag C-11 185 *Tashkentlag D-8 186 Tiflislag D-6 187 Tetiushilag C-6 188 Tiksilag A-14 189 Tikhvinlag B-5 190 Tobolsklag C-8 191 Tomsklag C-10 192 Tulalag C-5 193 Turvlag B-11 194 Turkestanlag D-8 195 Turukhansklag B-10 196 Tiumenlag C-8 197 Usollag C-12 198 Ust-Vorkutalag B-8 199 Ust-Kamchats. C-18 200 Ust-Kulomlag B-7 201 Ust-Portlag A-10 202 Ust-Srednika. B-17 203 Ust-Usalag B-7 204 Ust-Shchugorlag B-7 205 Uglichlag C-5 206 Ulianovsklag C-6 207 Ulan-Ude t.p. C-12 208 Uralsklag C-7 209 Ust-Kam'ianog. C-10 210 Ust-Vimlag B-7 211 Ust-Millag C-15 212 *Ust-Ukhtalag B-7 213 Ufalag B-7 214 Ferganalag D-9 215 Frunzelag D-9 216 Khomulag B-16 217 Khabarovsklag D-15 218 Kholmogorlag B-6 219 Chunalag C-11 220 Chukotkalag B-20 221 Chardzhoblag D-8 222 Cheliabinsklag C-8 223 Chitalag C-13 224 Chkalovlag C-7 225 Shchadrinsklag B-8 226 Shcherbakovlag C-5 227 Yakutsklag B-14 228 Yaroslavllag C-5 229 Ямалаг D-5 230 Khalmer'iulag B-8

 * Citation from above source:"Concentration camps organized by Moscow"? And no links in support? And who is the author of this statement? Website? Webmaster? Any date of this statement? Is it notorious author cited in other works? Any editorial policy of this website? Who are exactly at the editorial board of this website? 87.252.225.13 (talk) 17:45, 26 February 2015 (UTC)

Clarity
I'm not quite sure what you mean by "not figured out yet." This list doesn't read easily.

The following bullet-item doesn't make much sense. The particular groups that were imprisoned there: * Any person convicted to a term of imprisonment of more than 3 years (all those convicted to less than three years were to be sent to "corrective labor colonies").
 * There was difference between "camp" and "colony". `'mikka 22:33, 22 May 2007 (UTC)

Comment moved from article to here
I've removed the warning below about the external link to http://www.memo.ru/history/NKVD/GULAG/maps/ussri.htm from the article - the warning seems to be incorrect (memo.ru at SiteAdvisor - TB (talk) 21:36, 4 July 2009 (UTC) - Ongnoi1314 (talk) 08:01, 1 July 2009 (UTC)] -

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title: Talk:List of Gulag camps