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Gary Sinise

Gary Alan Sinise (born March 17, 1955) is an American actor, director, producer, and musician. Among other awards, he has won a Primetime Emmy Award, a Golden Globe Award, a Tony Award, and four Screen Actors Guild Awards. He has also received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, and he has been nominated for an Academy Award. Sinise has also received numerous awards and honors for his extensive humanitarian work and involvement with charitable organizations. He is a supporter of various veterans' organizations and founded the Lt. Dan Band (named after his character in Forrest Gump), which plays at military bases around the world.

Sinise's acting career started on stage with the Steppenwolf Theatre Company in 1983, when he directed and starred in a production of Sam Shepard's True West for which he earned an Obie Award. In 1985, he earned the Regional Theatre Tony Award alongside the Steppenwolf Theatre Company. He also received Tony Award nominations for his performances in The Grapes of Wrath (1988) and One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (2001).

Sinise starred as George Milton in the 1992 film adaptation of John Steinbeck's novel Of Mice and Men. He also directed and produced the film. Sinise received an Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor for his portrayal of Lieutenant Dan Taylor in Forrest Gump (1994). He also appeared in Ron Howard's Apollo 13 (1995), Ransom (1996), Frank Darabont's The Green Mile (1999), and Impostor (2002).

On television, Sinise is known for portraying Harry S. Truman in Truman (1995), a portrayal that won him a Golden Globe Award; and for playing the title role in George Wallace, for which he received a Primetime Emmy Award. Sinise is widely known for his leading role as Detective Mac Taylor in the long-running CBS series CSI: NY (2004–13). He also played Special Agent Jack Garrett in Criminal Minds: Beyond Borders (2016–17).

Early life
Sinise was born in Blue Island, Illinois, the son of Robert L. Sinise (born 1931), a film editor, and Mylles (Alsip) Sinise. His paternal grandfather was of Italian descent. Sinise's great-grandfather, Vito Sinisi, emigrated to the United States from Ripacandida, in the Italian region of Basilicata. Sinise briefly attended Glenbard West High School in Glen Ellyn, Illinois, and later graduated from Highland Park High School in Highland Park, Illinois.

Career
In 1974, Sinise and two friends, Terry Kinney and Jeff Perry, founded the Steppenwolf Theatre Company in Chicago, Illinois. Since then, Steppenwolf has showcased the talents of notable actors such as Joan Allen, Kevin Anderson, Gary Cole, Ethan Hawke, Glenne Headly, John Malkovich, John Mahoney, Laurie Metcalf, Martha Plimpton, Jim True-Frost, and William Petersen. Sinise honed his acting and directing skills at Steppenwolf.

In 1982, Sinise's career began to take off when he directed and starred in Steppenwolf's production of True West. In 1983, he earned an Obie Award for his direction, and a year later appeared with John Malkovich in the PBS' American Playhouse production of the play. Sinise received a Joseph Jefferson Award for his direction of Lyle Kessler's play Orphans in 1985. In 1988, Sinise directed Miles from Home, a film starring Richard Gere, about two brothers' fight against the foreclosure of the family farm.

Sinise earned the Regional Theatre Tony Award alongside the Steppenwolf Theatre Company in 1985. He has received a total of four Tony Award nominations, including nominations for his performances in The Grapes of Wrath and One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest.

In 1992, Sinise starred in the film adaptation of John Steinbeck's classic novel Of Mice and Men, which he also directed and produced. Sinise played George Milton alongside John Malkovich, who played Lennie. Subsequent roles include Lieutenant Dan Taylor in Forrest Gump (1994), for which Sinise was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. He has also appeared in Ron Howard's Apollo 13 (1995), Ransom (1996), Snake Eyes (1998), Frank Darabont's The Green Mile (1999), Reindeer Games (2000), Mission to Mars (2000), and Impostor (2002).

Sinise has collaborated with fellow actor Tom Hanks three times, in Forrest Gump, Apollo 13, and The Green Mile. He narrated the audiobooks for John Steinbeck's Travels with Charley.

In late 2002, Sinise began appearing in Cadillac commercials, starting with the 2002–2003 Season's Best commercial. He was with the Break Through campaign from 2002 to 2006.

In 2004, Sinise began his first regular television series, in the crime drama CSI: New York, in which he plays Detective Mac Taylor. He was credited as a producer from season two onwards and wrote the storyline of an episode. Several episodes have allowed Sinise to demonstrate his musical prowess, including a season-two episode where Mac Taylor plays the bass guitar in a jazz club with musicians Kimo and Carol Williams and Danny Gottlieb, members of the Lt. Dan Band, which Sinise and Kimo Williams co-founded in 2003. The band is named for Sinise's character in Forrest Gump.

Apart from his television and film work, Sinise has served as the host in the video for the Epcot ride Mission: SPACE at Walt Disney World, Orlando, Florida, and as a model for Baume & Mercier watches.

Sinise was the narrator for the Discovery Channel's miniseries When We Left Earth in 2008. Sinise is the executive producer—along with David Scantling—of the Iraq War documentary Brothers at War. The film features an American military family and the experiences of three brothers: Jake Rademacher, Isaac Rademacher, and Joseph Rademacher.

In November 2009, Sinise narrated the highly acclaimed World War II in HD on the History Channel. Also in 2009, Sinise lent his voice talents in the Thomas Nelson audio Bible production known as The Word of Promise, playing the character of David. In 2010, he narrated the World War II documentary Missions That Changed The War on the Military Channel.

From 2016 to 2017, Sinise played Special Agent Jack Garrett in Criminal Minds: Beyond Borders.

On April 17, 2017, Sinise received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for his work in the television industry. The star is located at 6664 Hollywood Boulevard.

On October 30, 2017, Sinise was selected as Grand Marshal of the Pasadena Tournament of Roses Parade, which took place on January 1, 2018.

Sinise has been a regular celebrity narrator at Disney's Candlelight Processional, appearing at Disneyland in 2011 and at Disney World in 2013, 2015, 2018, and 2019.

Humanitarian work
Sinise co-founded Operation Iraqi Children. Sinise said, "Iraq is in the news every day, and most of it is bad. But there are some positive stories. And how our soldiers are rebuilding schools and helping kids is one of them."

Sinise was awarded the Presidential Citizens Medal by President George W. Bush for work he did supporting the U.S. military and humanitarian work supporting Iraqi children. He narrated Army and Army Reserve Army Strong recruitment ads in late 2008.

Sinise is a supporter of various veterans' organizations, both personally and through the Lt. Dan Band. He frequently performs on USO tours at military bases around the world, and volunteered for the National Vietnam Veterans Arts Museum now called the National Veterans Art Museum.

Sinise is also on the Advisory Council of Hope For The Warriors, a national nonprofit dedicated to provide a full cycle of nonmedical care to combat-wounded service members, their families, and families of the fallen from each military branch. Sinise narrates the audiobook of John Steinbeck's Of Mice and Men which was released on April 13, 2011. In December 2011, Sinise was the narrator at the Candelight Processional at Disneyland.

In August 2012, Sinise was honored at the United States Navy Memorial, by Master Chief Petty Officer of the Navy (MCPON) Rick West, and was made an honorary U.S. Navy Chief Petty Officer for his efforts in helping veterans. On August 29, 2013, he was named an honorary Marine by the Commandant of the Marine Corps. In 2006, Sinise began co-hosting the National Memorial Day Concert on the Mall in Washington, D.C., with actor and Illinois native Joe Mantegna.

He serves as the national spokesperson for the American Veterans Disabled for Life Memorial and spends much of his time raising awareness for the memorial and other veterans' service organizations. In 2012, he was honored by the Joe Foss Institute for his dedication to veterans.

In 2013, he was awarded the third highest honor within the Department of the Army Civilian Awards, the Outstanding Civilian Service Award, for substantial contributions to the U.S. Army community through his work with the Gary Sinise Foundation. Each year the foundation raises over $30 million which it uses to benefit military veterans, including building smart homes for those who are disabled. He participated in Troopathon VI for 2013, as he has in the past, to help raise money for care packages for American troops.

He received the 2015 Sylvanus Thayer Award, awarded by the West Point Association of Graduates to a non-West Point graduate whose character, service, and achievements reflect the ideals prized by the U.S. Military Academy.

In 2019 a video went viral of Gary Sinise reacting to a video of active duty service men and women, veterans, first responders, their families, and Colin Powell, Tom Hanks, Robert De Niro, Ron Howard, Steve Buscemi, Jay Leno, Tim Allen, Rob Lowe, Judd Apatow and Robin Roberts giving thanks to Sinise for all his humanitarian work.

In 2020, the Location Managers Guild honored Sinise with its Humanitarian award at their annual awards ceremony in recognition of the work he does with the Gary Sinise Foundation. In accepting the award. Sinise read a quote from President Calvin Coolidge saying, "The nation which forgets its defenders will itself be forgotten".

On April 16, 2021, Sinise hosted the inauguration ceremony of the World War I memorial in Washington D.C.

Personal life
Sinise married actress Moira Harris in 1981. She was diagnosed with breast cancer in 2018 and as of 2024 she is cancer-free. They had three children, Mac, Sophie and Ella.

His son, McCanna "Mac" Anthony Sinise (born on November 10, 1990), died on January 5, 2024 and was laid to rest on January 23, 2024 in a Catholic service. He had been diagnosed in 2018 with chordoma, a rare cancer of the spine. Mac was a musician who had worked for his father's charitable foundation, and before his death, he had completed work on an album Resurrection & Revival.

Sinise is a practicing Catholic. He converted to the faith on December 24, 2010. His wife, Moira, converted in 2000.

In 2003, Sinise was awarded an honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters by Amherst College. He was awarded an honorary Doctor of Fine Arts degree by California State University, Stanislaus in 2008.

Sinise is a devoted fan of the Chicago Cubs and the Chicago Bears. He is also a fan of the band Kansas.

Politics
In 2005, Sinise founded Friends of Abe, a support and networking group for conservative members of Hollywood.

Sinise's name was in an advertisement in the Los Angeles Times (August 17, 2006) that condemned Hamas and Hezbollah and supported Israel in the 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict. In May 2009, Nicolle Wallace, a former adviser to George W. Bush and John McCain, mentioned Sinise as a potential Republican presidential candidate in 2012. Sinise narrates the online virtual tour for the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library and spoke at the centennial celebration of Ronald Reagan's birth at the library in February 2011.

In September 2012, Sinise donated to Republican presidential nominee Mitt Romney.

Sinise's Republican-leaning views have been written into the character of Mac Taylor on CSI: NY. Taylor has a picture of Reagan displayed in his office and was once the subject of a joke by one of his colleagues about an eight-hour Reagan documentary he watched over and over again.

In spite of being a lifelong supporter of the Republican Party, Sinise refused to endorse or vote for Donald Trump in the 2016 presidential election, and also criticized Trump after the then candidate questioned McCain's status as a war hero because he was captured as a prisoner of war.

Awards and honors
Over the years, Sinise has received numerous honors for his humanitarian work and his work on behalf of military veterans and families. • 2007 – the Bob Hope Award for Excellence in Entertainment

• 2008 – the Presidential Citizens Medal by President George W. Bush.

• 2008 – Ellis Island Medal of Honor from the National Ethnic Coalition

• 2008 – Honorary Doctorate of Fine Arts	from Cal State Stanislaus

• 2009 – Spirit of the USO Award	from the USO

• 2012 – Boy Scouts of America Leader of the Year

• 2012 – United States Navy, Honorary Chief Petty Officer

• 2012 – Spirit of Hope Award from Department of Defense

• 2013 – Civic Statesmanship Award

• 2013 – Honorary Marine

• 2015 – United States Military Academy, Thayer Award

• 2016 – FDNY, Honorary Battalion Chief

• 2017 – James Cardinal Gibbons Medal from The Catholic University of America

• 2017 - George Catlett Marshall Medal Award from Association of the United States Army (AUSA)

• 2018 – The Kennedy Center Award for the Human Spirit (Citizen Artist)

• 2018 – American Spirit Award from The National WWII Museum

• 2018 – Grand Marshal, Rose Bowl Game, Honorary

• 2019 – The Eisenhower Award from Business Executives for National Security

• 2019 – Marine Corps League Honorary Membership

• 2020 – United States Naval Academy, Honorary Graduate

• 2020 – The Congressional Medal of Honor Society Patriot Award

title: Gary Sinise


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Talk:Alnwick District

Untitled

 * Content for this page was drawn from the Alnwick District Council website, for which the submitter is hostmaster. Permission was sought from the copyright holder. - Tagishsimon

Morwen - sorry, didn't agree with the changes to the section levels; hope we can agree on the current set? - Tagishsimon

This is in serious need of NPOVing G-Man 2 July 2005 23:10 (UTC)

I have copy-edited the article and believe that it reads pretty well now so I am removing the copy-edit tag. I have also gone through and removed the unnecessary links in accordance with Only make links that are relevant to the context. Personally I think this article belongs in a travel guide rather than an encyclopedia. JenLouise 06:14, 17 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I tend to think this article shows up the lack of information in other articles. I think informationon services, infrastructure, &c., are exactly what one would wish in a defition of an areas. Many of the geo pages we have are hopelessly wishy-washy and vague, amounting to little more than a declaration that the place exists. What do articles on Berwick or Lossiemouth tell us about the availability of schools, hospitals, transport, or the demographics of the towns? Nothing. --Tagishsimon (talk)

Alnwick District's racial make-up
I removed the following paragraph on Alnwick District's racial make-up. I doubt anyone cares, given Alnwick District's obviously eye-blinding whiteness, but the use of the word "community" gives me pause. I doubt "community" was a unit of measurement for the census. Possible confusion between the town and the district, and just a general feeling of unreliability. Need a citation.

It is the second least racially diverse community in the country, in the terms measured in the 2001 census with 99.6% of the population recording their ethnicity as White.

Stopthief (talk) 23:52, 20 March 2008 (UTC)

It should not be the second paragraph, but it is accurate and this encyclopaedia enjoys facts. "given Alnwick District's obviously eye-blinding whiteness" only works if you visit the place. It not, then let the encyclopaedia inform you. Paragraph re-added and referenced. Change the word if it makes you unhappy. --Tagishsimon (talk) 14:46, 24 March 2008 (UTC)

Sorry for the massive delay in response.

I, too, would rather this encyclopaedia was based on fact, even if it is about some obscure district that will shortly be abolished.

If you feel that the paragraph is accurate, could you cite somewhere that actually makes the claim? The present one doesn't. Stopthief (talk) 22:18, 16 April 2008 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Alnwick District


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1925 Canadian federal election

The 1925 Canadian federal election was held on October 29, 1925 to elect members of the House of Commons of Canada of the 15th Parliament of Canada. The Conservative party took the most seats in the House of Commons, although not a majority. Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King's Liberal Party was invited to form a minority government. Unlike the Conservative party, King's Liberals had the conditional support of the many Farmer/Progressive MPs.

The government fell the following year. Governor General Baron Byng of Vimy offered the Conservatives under Meighen a chance to form government. This too fell in short order. Byng's action precipitated the "King–Byng Affair", which became the main issue of the 1926 election.

Background
The previous federal election in 1921 had seen Mackenzie King's Liberals fall narrowly short of winning a parliamentary majority, with Arthur Meighen's Conservatives falling to being the third-largest party, and the new Progressive Party, which had nominated candidates for the first time that year, held the balance of power. King was able to rule with the tacit support of the Progressives, and was not facing a statutory federal election until December 1926; however, a budget proposed in September 1925 by finance minister William Stevens Fielding was unexpectedly voted down in parliament, obligating Mackenzie King to resign as Prime Minister and recommend to the Governor General, Baron Byng of Vimy to hold a new election (theoretically King could have recommended that Byng allow either Meighen or Progressive leader Robert Forke to form a government, but the Conservatives were far short of the number of MPs required to form a stable government, and Forke had no interest in being Prime Minister).

Aftermath and the King-Byng Affair
The Liberals won fewer seats than the Conservatives, who were left eight seats short of a majority. The Progressives lost almost two thirds of their seats from the previous election, but they still held enough seats to control the balance of power. King decided to hold on to power with the help of the Progressives. The Progressives were closely aligned with the Liberals and enabled King to form a minority government.

That plan was complicated by the fact that his party won fewer seats than the Conservatives and that King himself had lost his seat in the House of Commons. Meighen was outraged by King's move and demanded for King to resign from the Prime Minister's office. Byng privately agreed that the Conservatives should be allowed to form the next government and felt that the Liberal-Progressive pact was a corrupt bargain, but he found that there were no valid legal grounds for refusing to allow King to continue in office. King asked a Liberal Member of Parliament from Prince Albert, Saskatchewan, to resign so that he could run in the resulting by-election. Prince Albert was one of the safest seats in Canada for the Liberals, and King won easily.

With King back in Parliament, a huge scandal rocked the King cabinet when one of his appointees was discovered to be accepting bribes from a male lover. Anticipating a vote of censure by the Commons, King asked Byng to call an election. The Governor General refused, and King resigned on June 28, 1926. Meighen was then invited to form a government.

King claimed that was interference in Canadian politics by an official appointed by a foreign power. King showed rare fire and rallied the Progressives back into his camp. He defeated Meighen on a vote of confidence after only three days, which made the Meighen government of 1926 the shortest-lasting government in Canadian history. This time, Byng called an election.

National results

Notes:

* not applicable - the party was not recognized in the previous election

title: 1925 Canadian federal election


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Ernest Esclangon

Ernest Benjamin Esclangon (17 March 1876 – 28 January 1954) was a French astronomer and mathematician.

Born in Mison, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, in 1895 he started to study mathematics at the École Normale Supérieure, graduating in 1898. Looking for some means of financial support while he completed his doctorate on quasi-periodic functions, he took a post at the Bordeaux Observatory, teaching some mathematics at the university.

During World War I, he worked on ballistics and developed a novel method for precisely locating enemy artillery. When a gun is fired, it initiates a spherical shock wave but the projectile also generates a conical wave. By using the sound of distant guns to compare the two waves, Escaglon was able to make accurate predictions of gun locations.

After the armistice in 1919, Esclangon became director of the Strasbourg Observatory and professor of astronomy at the university the following year. In 1929, he was appointed director of the Paris Observatory and of the International Time Bureau, and elected to the Bureau des Longitudes in 1932. He is perhaps best remembered for initiating in 1933 the first speaking clock service, reportedly to relieve the observatory staff from the numerous telephone calls requesting the exact time. He was elected to the Académie des Sciences in 1939.

Esclangon was the President of the Société astronomique de France (SAF), the French astronomical society, from 1933–1935. In 1935, he received the Prix Jules Janssen, the society's highest award.

Serving as director of the Paris Observatory throughout World War II and the German occupation of Paris, he retired in 1944. He died in Eyrenville, France.

The binary asteroid 1509 Esclangona is named after him.

The lunar crater Esclangon is named after him.

His doctoral students include Daniel Barbier, Édmée Chandon, Louis Couffignal, André-Louis Danjon, and Nicolas Stoyko.

title: Ernest Esclangon


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Max Carey

Maximillian George Carnarius (January 11, 1890 – May 30, 1976), known as Max George Carey, was an American professional baseball center fielder and manager. Carey played in Major League Baseball for the Pittsburgh Pirates from 1910 through 1926 and for the Brooklyn Robins from 1926 through 1929. He managed the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1932 and 1933.

Carey starred for the Pirates, helping them win the 1925 World Series. During his 20-year career, he led the league in stolen bases ten times and finished with 738 steals, a National League record until 1974 and still the 9th-highest total in major league history. Carey was elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 1961.

Early life
Maximillian George Carnarius was born in Terre Haute, Indiana, on January 11, 1890. His father was a Prussian soldier and swimming teacher. He had emigrated to the United States after the Franco-Prussian War and worked as a contractor.

Carey's parents wanted their son to become a Lutheran minister. He attended Concordia College in Fort Wayne, Indiana, studying in the pre-ministerial program. He also played baseball, and was a member of the swimming and track-and-field teams. After graduating in 1909, he went to Concordia Seminary in St. Louis, Missouri.

Minor league baseball
In the summer of 1909, Carey attended a game of minor league baseball's Central League between the Terre Haute Hottentots and the South Bend Greens. South Bend was without a starting shortstop, as they had sold theirs to another team. Carey found Aggie Grant, South Bend's manager, and convinced Grant to give him the opportunity to fill in for the remainder of the season, based on his track-and-field skills. He used the name "Max Carey" in order to retain his amateur status at Concordia College. He had a .158 batting average and committed 24 errors in 48 games.

Carey returned to play for South Bend in the 1910 season. The team had a new shortstop, Alex McCarthy, so Carey agreed to play as their left fielder. He had a .298 batting average with 86 stolen bases in 96 games. He also recorded 25 assists. Able to make a career in baseball, Carey decided to drop out of Concordia.

Major League Baseball
The president of the Central League recommended Carey to the Pittsburgh Pirates of Major League Baseball's (MLB) National League towards the end of the 1910 season. The Pirates bought Carey and McCarthy from South Bend on August 15. Carey made his MLB debut with the Pirates, appearing in two games as a replacement for Fred Clarke during the 1910 season.

In 1911, Carey played in 122 games as the Pirates' center fielder, replacing Tommy Leach. He had a .258 batting average on the season. The next year, he succeeded Clarke as the Pirates' left fielder on a permanent basis. In 1913, Carey led the National League in plate appearances (692), at bats (620), runs scored (99), and stolen bases (61). In 1914, he led the National League in games played (156), at bats (596), and triples (17). He led the National League in steals in 1915 (36), 1916 (63), 1917 (46), and 1918 (58), while also leading the league with 62 walks in 1918. After the 1915 season, Carey went on a barnstorming tour with Dave Bancroft.

Carey missed much of the 1919 season with an injury, but returned to form in the 1920 season. He again led the National League in steals in 1920, with 52, in the 1922 season with 51, in the 1923 season with 51, in the 1924 season with 49, and in the 1925 season with 46. In the 1922 season, he was only caught stealing twice.

In 1924, Carey altered his batting stance based on Ty Cobb's. He had a .343 batting average in the 1925 season, and the Pirates won the National League pennant that year. In the deciding game of the 1925 World Series, Carey had four hits, including three doubles, off of Walter Johnson. Carey's .458 batting average led all players in the series, and the Pirates defeated the American League's Washington Senators. He hit for a batting average over .300 three seasons in a row from 1921 to 1923. He led the league in stolen bases eight times, including each season between 1922 and 1924. He regularly stole 40 or more bases and maintained a favorable steal percentage; in 1922 he stole 51 bases and was caught only twice. He also stole home 33 times in his career, second best only to Ty Cobb's 50 on the all-time list.

In 1926, Clarke, now the team vice president, was also serving as an assistant to manager Bill McKechnie. Clarke would sit on the bench in full uniform and give advice to McKechnie. Carey ended up in a slump that summer and one day Clarke commented to McKechnie that they should replace Carey, even if they had to replace him with a pitcher. When Carey found out about the remark, he called a team meeting, along with Babe Adams and Carson Bigbee, who were also discontented with Clarke. The players voted on whether Clarke should remain on the bench during games. The players voted 18–6 in favor of Clarke remaining on the bench. Clarke found out about the meeting and ordered that the responsible players were to be disciplined. Adams and Bigbee were released, while Carey was suspended. The Pirates placed Carey on waivers and he was claimed by the Brooklyn Robins. Carey played his final three and a half years with the Robins, but he was aging and no longer the same player. Carey retired in 1929.

Later career
Carey returned to the Pirates as a coach for the 1930 season. After sitting out the 1931 season, he became the manager of the Dodgers before the 1932 season, succeeding Wilbert Robinson. He traded for outfielder Hack Wilson, and traded Babe Herman, also an outfielder, for third baseman Joe Stripp. Behind Wilson, Brooklyn finished in third place in the National League in 1932. However, the team struggled in the 1933 season, leading to outrage when the club renewed his contract for 1934 in August. Receiving criticism by Brooklyn newspapers, he was replaced before the 1934 season by Casey Stengel, and remarked that he became "the first manager fired by the newspapers". The organization stated that they fired Carey due to his inability to get along with his players.

Carey worked as a scout for the Baltimore Orioles and served as a minor league manager. He was the manager and general manager of the Miami Wahoos of the Florida East Coast League in 1940 and 1941. In 1944, Carey became the manager of the Milwaukee Chicks in the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League (AAGPBL). That year, Milwaukee won the AAGPBL pennant. Beginning in 1945, he spent several years as the league's president. He then spent three seasons managing the league's Fort Wayne Daisies.

Later life
Carey moved to Florida, and became involved in real estate. Carey lost more than $100,000 ($0 in current dollar terms) in the 1929 stock market crash. He became a writer in the 1950s. He self-published a book on baseball strategy and authored magazine articles for publications such as Esquire. He also served on the Florida State Racing Commission.

In 1961, the Veterans Committee elected Carey and Billy Hamilton to the National Baseball Hall of Fame.

In 1968, Carey joined other athletes in supporting Richard Nixon's presidential campaign. The athletes created a committee called Athletes for Nixon.

Carey died on May 30, 1976, at age 86 in Miami, Florida. He was buried in Woodlawn Park Cemetery and Mausoleum (now Caballero Rivero Woodlawn North Park Cemetery and Mausoleum). He was survived by his wife, Aurelia, and a son, Max Jr.

Legacy
Carey was nicknamed "Scoop" for his ability to catch fly balls in front of him. His mark of 738 stolen bases remained a National League record, until Lou Brock surpassed it in 1974.

When Carey was young, his mother sewed special pads into his uniform to protect his legs and hips while sliding. Carey went on to patent these sliding pads. He also shared a patent on a liniment called Minute-Rub.

title: Max Carey


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Merino

The Merino is a breed or group of breeds of domestic sheep, characterised by very fine soft wool. It was established in Spain near the end of the Middle Ages, and was for several centuries kept as a strict Spanish monopoly; exports of the breed were not allowed, and those who tried risked capital punishment. During the eighteenth century, flocks were sent to the courts of a number of European countries, including France (where they developed into the Rambouillet), Hungary, the Netherlands, Prussia, Saxony and Sweden.

The Merino subsequently spread to many parts of the world, including South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand. Numerous recognised breeds, strains and variants have developed from the original type; these include, among others, the American Merino and Delaine Merino in the Americas, the Australian Merino, Booroola Merino and Peppin Merino in Oceania, and the Gentile di Puglia, Merinolandschaf and Rambouillet in Europe.

The Australian Poll Merino is a polled (hornless) variant. Rams of other Merino breeds have long, spiral horns which grow close to the head, while ewes are usually hornless.

Etymology
The name merino was not documented in Spain until the early 15th century, and its origin is disputed.

Two suggested origins for the Spanish word merino are given in:

 * It may be an adaptation to the sheep of the name of a Castilian official inspector (merino) over a merindad, who may have also inspected sheep pastures. This word is from the medieval Latin maiorinus, a steward or head official of a village, from maior, meaning "greater". However, there is no indication in any of the Leonese or Castilian law codes that this official, either named as maiorinus or merino had any duties connected with sheep, and the late date at which merino was first documented makes any connection with the name of an early medieval magistrate implausible.
 * It also may be from the name of an Imazighen tribe, the Marini (or in Spanish, Benimerines), who occupied parts of the southwest of the Iberian peninsula during the 12th and 13th centuries. This view gains some support from the derivation of many medieval Spanish pastoral terms from Arabic or Berber languages. However, an etymology based on a 12th-century origin for Merino sheep when the Marinids were in Spain is unacceptable; the origin of the breed occurred much later.

Origin
The three theories of the origins of the Merino breed in Spain are: the importation of North African flocks in the 12th century; its origin and improvement in Extremadura in the 12th and 13th centuries; the selective crossbreeding of Spanish ewes with imported rams at several different periods, so that its characteristic fine wool was not fully developed until the 15th century or even later. The first theory accepts that the breed was improved by later importation of North African rams and the second accepts an initial stock of North African sheep related to types from Asia Minor, and both claim an early date and largely North African origin for the Merino breed.

Sheep were relatively unimportant in the Islamic Caliphate of Córdoba, and there is no record of extensive transhumance before the caliphate's fall in the 1030s. The Marinids, when a nomadic Zenata Berber tribe, held extensive sheep flocks in what is now Morocco, and its leaders who formed the Marinid Sultanate militarily intervened in southern Spain, supporting the Emirate of Granada several times in the late 13th and early 14th centuries. Although they may possibly have brought new breeds of sheep into Spain, there is no definite evidence that the Marinids did bring extensive flocks to Spain. As the Marinids arrived as an intervening military force, they were hardly in a position to protect extensive flocks and practice selective breeding.

The third theory, that the Merino breed was created in Spain over several centuries with a strong Spanish heritage, rather than simply being an existing North African strain that was imported in the 12th century, is supported both by recent genetic studies and the absence of definitive Merino wool before the 15th century. The predominant native sheep breed in Spain from pre-Roman times was the churro, a homogeneous group closely related to European sheep types north of the Pyrenees and bred mainly for meat and milk, with coarse, coloured wool. Churro wool had little value, except where its ewes had been crossed with a fine wool breed from southern Italy in Roman times. Genetic studies have shown that the Merino breed most probably developed by the crossing of churro ewes with a variety of rams of other breeds at different periods, including Italian rams in Roman times, North African rams in the medieval period, and English rams from fine-wool breeds in the 15th century.

Although Spain exported wool to England, the Low Countries and Italy in the 13th and 14th centuries, it was only used to make cheap cloth. The earliest evidence of fine Spanish wool exports was to Italy in the 1390s and Flanders in the 1420s, although in both cases fine English wool was preferred. Spain became noted for its fine wool (spinning count between 60s and 64s) in the late 15th century, and by the mid-16th century its Merino wool was acknowledged to equal that of the finest English wools.

The earliest documentary evidence for Merino wools in Italy dates to the 1400s, and in the 1420s and 1430s, Merino wools were being mixed with fine English wool in some towns in the Low Countries to produce high quality cloth. However, it was only in the mid-16th century that the most expensive grades of cloth could be made entirely from Merino wool, after its quality had improved to equal that of the finest English wools, which were in increasingly short supply at that time.

Preserved medieval woollen fabrics from the Low Countries show that, before the 16th century, only the best quality English wools had a fineness of staple comparable to modern Merino wool. The wide range of Spanish wools produced in the 13th and early 14th centuries were mostly used domestically for cheap, coarse and light fabrics, and were not Merino wools. Later in the 14th century, similar non-Merino wools were exported from the northern Castilian ports of San Sebastián, Santander, and Bilbao to England and the Low Countries to make coarse, cheap cloth. The quality of Spanish wools exported increased markedly in the late 15th century, as did their price, promoted by the efforts of the monarchs Ferdinand and Isabella to improve quality.

Spain built up a virtual monopoly in fine wool exports in the final decades of the 15th century and in the 16th century, creating a substantial source of income for Castile. In part, this was because most English wool was woven and made into textile goods within England by the 16th century, rather than being exported.

Many of the Castillian Merino flocks were owned by nobility or the church, although Alfonso X realised that granting the urban elites of the towns of Old Castile and León transhumant rights would create an additional source of royal income and counteract the power of the privileged orders. During the late 15th, 16th and early 17th century, two-thirds of the sheep migrating annually were held in flocks of less than 100 sheep and very few flocks exceeded 1,000 sheep. By the 18th century, there were fewer small owners, and several owners held flocks of more than 20,000 sheep, but owners of small to moderately-sized flocks remained, and the Mesta was never simply a combination of large owners.

The transhumant sheep grazed the southern Spanish plains in winter and the northern highlands in summer. The annual migrations to and from Castile and León, where the sheep were owned and where they had summer pasturage, was organised and controlled by the Mesta along designated sheep-walks, or cañadas reales and arranged for suitable grazing, water and rest stops in these routes, and for shearing when the flocks started their return north.

The three Merino strains that founded the world's Merino flocks are the Royal Escurial flocks, the Negretti and the Paula. Among Merino bloodlines stemming from Vermont in the US, three historical studs were highly important: Infantado, Montarcos and Aguires. In recent times, Merino and breeds deriving from Merino stocks have spread worldwide. However, there has been a substantial decline in the numbers of several European Merino breeds, which are now considered to be endangered breeds and are no longer the subject of genetic improvement. In Spain, there are now two populations, the commercial Merino flocks, most common in the province of Extremadura and an "historical" Spanish Merino strain, developed and conserved in a breeding centre near Cordoba. The commercial Merino flocks show considerable genetic diversity, probably because of their cross-breeding with non-Spanish Merino-derived breeds since the 1960s, to create a strain more suitable for meat production. The historical Spanish strain, bred from animals selected from the main traditional Spanish genetic lines to ensure the conservation of a purebred lineage, exhibits signs of inbreeding.

Before the 18th century, the export of Merinos from Spain was a crime punishable by death. In the 18th century, small exportation of Merinos from Spain and local sheep were used as the foundation of Merino flocks in other countries. In 1723, some were exported to Sweden, but the first major consignment of Escurials was sent by Charles III of Spain to his cousin, Prince Xavier the Elector of Saxony, in 1765. Further exportation of Escurials to Saxony occurred in 1774, to Hungary in 1775 and to Prussia in 1786. Later in 1786, Louis XVI of France received 366 sheep selected from 10 different cañadas; these founded the stud at the Royal Farm at Rambouillet. In addition to the fine wool breeds mentioned, other breeds derived from Merino stocks were developed to produce mutton, including the French Ile de France and Berrichon du Cher breeds. Merino sheep were also sent to Eastern Europe where their breeding began in Hungary in 1774

The Rambouillet stud enjoyed some undisclosed genetic development with some English long-wool genes contributing to the size and wool-type of the French sheep. Through one ram in particular named Emperor – imported to Australia in 1860 by the Peppin brothers of Wanganella, New South Wales – the Rambouillet stud had an enormous influence on the development of the Australian Merino.

Sir Joseph Banks procured two rams and four ewes in 1787 by way of Portugal, and in 1792 purchased 40 Negrettis for King George III to found the royal flock at Kew. In 1808, 2000 Paulas were imported. The King of Spain also gave some Escurials to the Dutch government in 1790; these thrived in the Dutch Cape Colony (South Africa). In 1788, John MacArthur, from the Clan Arthur (or MacArthur Clan) introduced Merinos to Australia from South Africa.

From 1765, the Germans in Saxony crossed the Spanish Merino with the Saxon sheep to develop a dense, fine type of Merino (spinning count between 70s and 80s) adapted to its new environment. From 1778, the Saxon breeding center was operated in the Vorwerk Rennersdorf. It was administered from 1796 by Johann Gottfried Nake, who developed scientific crossing methods to further improve the Saxon Merino. By 1802, the region had four million Saxon Merino sheep, and was becoming the centre for stud Merino breeding, and German wool was considered to be the finest in the world.

In 1802, Colonel David Humphreys, United States Ambassador to Spain, introduced the Vermont strain into North America with an importation of 21 rams and 70 ewes from Portugal and a further importation of 100 Infantado Merinos in 1808. The British embargo on wool and wool clothing exports to the U.S. before the 1812 British/U.S. war led to a "Merino Craze", with William Jarvis of the Diplomatic Corps importing at least 3,500 sheep between 1809 and 1811 through Portugal.

The Napoleonic Wars (1793–1813) almost destroyed the Spanish Merino industry. The old cabañas or flocks were dispersed or slaughtered. From 1810 onwards, the Merino scene shifted to Germany, the United States and Australia. Saxony lifted the export ban on living Merinos after the Napoleonic wars. Highly decorated Saxon sheep breeder Nake from Rennersdorf had established a private sheep farm in Kleindrebnitz in 1811, but ironically after the success of his sheep export to Australia and Russia, failed with his own undertaking.

United States Merinos
Merino sheep were introduced to Vermont in 1812. This ultimately resulted in a boom-bust cycle for wool, which reached a price of 57 cents/pound in 1835. By 1837, 1,000,000 sheep were in the state. The price of wool dropped to 25 cents/pound in the late 1840s. The state could not withstand more efficient competition from the other states, and sheep-raising in Vermont collapsed. Many sheep farmers from Vermont migrated with their flocks to other parts of the United States.

Early history
About 70 native sheep, suitable only for mutton, survived the journey to Australia with the First Fleet, which arrived in late January 1788. A few months later, the flock had dwindled to just 28 ewes and one lamb.

In 1797, Governor King, Colonel Patterson, Captain Waterhouse and Kent purchased sheep in Cape Town from the widow of Colonel Gordon, commander of the Dutch garrison. When Waterhouse landed in Sydney, he sold his sheep to Captain John MacArthur, Samuel Marsden and Captain William Cox. Although the early origin of the Australian Merino breed involved different stocks from Cape Colony, England, Saxony, France and America and although different Merino strains are bred in Australia, the Australian Merino populations are genetically similar and distinct from all other Merino populations, indicating a common history after they arrived in Australia.

John and Elizabeth Macarthur
By 1810, Australia had 33,818 sheep. John MacArthur (who had been sent back from Australia to England following a duel with Colonel Patterson) brought seven rams and one ewe from the first dispersal sale of King George III stud in 1804. The next year, MacArthur and the sheep returned to Australia, Macarthur to reunite with his wife Elizabeth, who had been developing their flock in his absence. Macarthur is considered the father of the Australian Merino industry; in the long term, however, his sheep had very little influence on the development of the Australian Merino.

Macarthur pioneered the introduction of Saxon Merinos with importation from the Electoral flock in 1812. The first Australian wool boom occurred in 1813, when the Great Dividing Range was crossed. During the 1820s, interest in Merino sheep increased. MacArthur showed and sold 39 rams in October 1820, grossing £510/16/5. In 1823, at the first sheep show held in Australia, a gold medal was awarded to W. Riley ('Raby') for importing the most Saxons; W. Riley also imported cashmere goats into Australia.

Eliza and John Furlong
Two of Eliza Furlong's (sometimes spelt Forlong or Forlonge) children had died from consumption, and she was determined to protect her surviving two sons by living in a warm climate and finding them outdoor occupations. Her husband John, a Scottish businessman, had noticed wool from the Electorate of Saxony sold for much higher prices than wools from New South Wales. The family decided on sheep farming in Australia for their new business. In 1826, Eliza walked over 1500 mi through villages in Saxony and Prussia, selecting fine Saxon Merino sheep. Her sons, Andrew and William, studied sheep breeding and wool classing. The selected 100 sheep were driven (herded) to Hamburg and shipped to Hull. Thence, Eliza and her two sons walked them to Scotland for shipment to Australia. In Scotland, the new Australia Company, which was established in Britain, bought the first shipment, so Eliza repeated the journey twice more. Each time, she gathered a flock for her sons. The sons were sent to New South Wales, but were persuaded to stop in Tasmania with the sheep, where Eliza and her husband joined them.

The Age in 1908 described Eliza Furlong as someone who had 'notably stimulated and largely helped to mould the prosperity of an entire state and her name deserved to live for all time in our history' (reprinted Wagga Wagga Daily Advertiser 27 January 1989).

John Murray
There were nearly 2 million sheep in Australia by 1830, and by 1836, Australia had won the wool trade war with Germany, mainly because of Germany's preoccupation with fineness. German manufacturers commenced importing Australian wool in 1845. In 1841, at Mount Crawford in South Australia, Murray established a flock of Camden-blood ewes mated to Tasmanian rams. To broaden the wool and give the animals some size, it is thought some English Leicester blood was introduced. The resultant sheep were the foundation of many South Australian strong wool studs. His brother Alexander Borthwick Murray was also a highly successful breeder of Merino sheep.

The Peppin brothers
The Peppin brothers took a different approach to producing a hardier, longer-stapled, broader wool sheep. After purchasing Wanganella Station in the Riverina, they selected 200 station-bred ewes that thrived under local conditions and purchased 100 South Australian ewes bred at Cannally that were sired by an imported Rambouillet ram. The Peppin brothers mainly used Saxon and Rambouillet rams, importing four Rambouillet rams in 1860. One of these, Emperor, cut an 11.4 lb (5.1 kg clean) wool clip. They ran some Lincoln ewes, but their introduction into the flock is undocumented. In 1865, George Merriman founded the fine wool Merino Ravensworth Stud, part of which is the Merryville Stud at Yass, New South Wales.

Vermont Merinos in Australia
In the 1880s, Vermont rams were imported into Australia from the U.S.; since many Australian stud men believed these sheep would improve wool cuts, their use spread rapidly. Unfortunately, the fleece weight was high, but the clean yield low, the greater grease content increased the risk of fly strike, they had lower uneven wool quality, and lower lambing percentages. Their introduction had a devastating effect on many famous fine-wool studs. In 1889, while Australian studs were being devastated by the imported Vermont rams, several U.S. Merino breeders formed the Rambouillet Association to prevent the destruction of the Rambouillet line in the U.S., an estimated 50% of the sheep on the U.S. western ranges are of Rambouillet blood.

The federation drought (1901–1903) reduced the number of Australian sheep from 72 to 53 million and ended the Vermont era. The Peppin and Murray blood strain became dominant in the pastoral and wheat zones of Australia.

High price records
The world record price for a ram was A$450,000 for JC&S Lustre 53, which sold at the 1988 Merino ram sale at Adelaide, South Australia. In 2008, an Australian Merino ewe was sold for A$14,000 at the Sheep Show and auction held at Dubbo, New South Wales.

Events
The New England Merino Field Days, which display local studs, wool, and sheep, are held during January in even numbered years in and around the Walcha, New South Wales district. The Annual Wool Fashion Awards, which showcase the use of Merino wool by fashion designers, are hosted by the city of Armidale, New South Wales in March each year.

Animal welfare developments
In Australia, mulesing of Merino sheep is a common practice to reduce the incidence of flystrike. It has been attacked by animal rights and animal welfare activists, with PETA running a campaign against the practice in 2004. The PETA campaign targeted U.S. consumers by using graphic billboards in New York City. PETA threatened U.S. manufacturers with television advertisements showing their companies' support of mulesing. Fashion retailers including Abercrombie & Fitch Co., Gap Inc and Nordstrom and George (UK) stopped stocking Australian Merino wool products.

New Zealand banned mulesing on 1 October 2018.

Characteristics

Merino is an excellent forager and very adaptable. It is bred predominantly for its wool, and its carcass size is generally smaller than that of sheep bred for meat. South African Meat Merino (SAMM), American Rambouillet and German Merinofleischschaf have been bred to balance wool production and carcass quality.

Merino has been domesticated and bred in ways that would not allow them to survive well without regular shearing by their owners. They must be shorn at least once a year because their wool does not stop growing. If this is neglected, the overabundance of wool can cause heat stress, mobility issues, and even blindness.

Wool qualities
Merino wool is fine and soft. Staples are commonly 65 - 100 mm long. A Saxon Merino produces 3 – of greasy wool a year, while a good quality Peppin Merino ram produces up to 18 kg. Merino wool is generally less than 24 micron (μm) in diameter. Basic Merino types include: strong (broad) wool (23 - 24.5 μm), medium wool (21 - 22.9 μm), fine (18.6 - 20.9 μm), superfine (15 – 18.5 μm) and ultra-fine (11.5 - 15 μm).

title: Merino


text:
User talk:Quinwound/20040303

Hi there. Welcome to Wikipedia! The RC patrol is important work - a lot of us pitch in here and there, but some do more than others, and I'm glad you've decided to be one of them. Drop us a note at New user log to introduce yourself.

If you need editing help, visit How does one edit a page. For format questions, visit our manual of style. You can use the Show preview button before you save, to make sure your edits do what you intended.

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If you have any other questions about the project then check out Help or add a question to the Village pump. You can also drop me a question on my talk page.

Happy editing, Isomorphic 23:18, 1 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Quin, welcome! Good job patrolling today -- we need plenty of keen eyes to catch petty vandalism, and you've done a fine job. Just curious, you didn't mention any interests at the new user log: are there subjects/topics you enjoy especially or know a lot about? I'm always curious to know. Whether you feel like answering or not, I hope you stick around, and have fun editing! Jwrosenzweig 23:43, 1 Mar 2004 (UTC)

dont be stupid!!!

Did I do something wrong? Quinwound 03:24, Mar 2, 2004 (UTC)
 * That was an anonymous user. I think you annoyed him by deleting a broken link he'd put in.  If he's not willing to say anything more intelligent than "don't be stupid" though, you can ignore him. Isomorphic 03:29, 2 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * That was what I thought. Quinwound 03:39, Mar 2, 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Quinwound/20040303


text:
Synergism

In Christian theology, synergism is the belief that salvation involves some form of cooperation between divine grace and human freedom. Synergism is upheld by the Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox Churches, Oriental Orthodox Churches, Anabaptist Churches, Anglican Churches, and Methodist Churches. It is an integral part of Arminian theology common in the General Baptist and Methodist traditions.

Synergism stands opposed to monergism (which rejects the idea that humans cooperate with the grace of God), a doctrine most commonly associated with the Reformed Protestant as well as Lutheran traditions, whose soteriologies have been strongly influenced by some theological elements of the North African bishop and Latin Church Father Augustine of Hippo (354–430). Lutheranism confesses a monergist salvation that rejects the notion that anyone is predestined to hell (see ).

Synergism and semipelagianism each teach some collaboration in salvation between God and humans, but semipelagian thought teaches that the beginning half of faith is an act of human will. The Council of Orange (529), Lutheran Formula of Concord (1577), and other local councils each condemned semipelagianism as heresy.

Catholic theology
Synergism, the teaching that there is "a kind of interplay between human freedom and divine grace", is an important part of the salvation theology of the Catholic Church.

The Catholic Church rejects the notion of total depravity: they hold that, even after the Fall, human nature, though wounded in the natural powers proper to it, has not been totally corrupted. In addition, they reject double predestination, the idea that would "make everything the work of an all-powerful divine grace which arbitrarily selected some to be saved and some to be damned, so that we human beings had no freedom of choice about our eternal fate".

The Catechism of the Catholic Church teaches that the ability of the human will to respond to divine grace is itself conferred by grace. "By the working of grace the Holy Spirit educates us in spiritual freedom in order to make us free collaborators in his work in the Church and in the world". "The preparation of man for the reception of grace is already a work of grace." "When Catholics say that persons 'cooperate' in preparing for and accepting justification by consenting to God's justifying action, they see such personal consent as itself an effect of grace, not as an action arising from innate human abilities."

Eastern Orthodox theology
The Eastern Orthodox view of synergism holds that "human beings always have the freedom to choose, in their personal (gnomic) wills, whether to walk with God or turn from Him", but "what God does is incomparably more important than what we humans do".

"To describe the relation between the grace of God and human freedom, Orthodoxy uses the term cooperation or synergy (synergeia); in Paul's words, 'We are fellow-workers (synergoi) with God' (1 Corinthians iii, 9). If we are to achieve full fellowship with God, we cannot do so without God's help, yet we must also play our own part: we humans as well as God must make our contribution to the common work, although what God does is of immeasurably greater importance than what we do." "For the regenerated to do spiritual good — for the works of the believer being contributory to salvation and wrought by supernatural grace are properly called spiritual — it is necessary that he be guided and prevented [preceded] by grace."

Arminian Protestants share this understanding of synergism, i.e., regeneration as the fruit of free will's cooperation with grace.

Anabaptist theology
Anabaptists hold to synergism, teaching that "both God and man play real and necessary parts in the reconciling relationship which binds them." Anabaptists have a high view of the moral capacities of humans when "enlivened by the active agency of the Holy Spirit."

Classical Arminian and Wesleyan Arminian theology
Christians who hold to Arminian theology, such as Methodists, believe that salvation is synergistic, being achieved through "divine/human cooperation", each contributing their part to accomplish regeneration (the new birth) in and for the individual, as well as in the believer's sanctification. However, although the individual plays a part in salvation, one cannot either turn to God nor believe on their own as God first draws all persons and implants the desire in their heart to know him (cf. ). After the New Birth, "Christians must do both works of piety and works of mercy in order to move on toward Christian perfection" in cooperation with God's grace. In summation, Methodist (Wesleyan-Arminian) theology teaches that "Christians must grow in God's grace, which first prepares us for belief, then accepts us when we respond to God in faith, and sustains us as we do good works and participate in God's mission."

Arminians believe that all humans are totally corrupted by sin but God grants all sinners prevenient grace (prevenient meaning "coming before"). With this prevenient grace (or with its effects on the fallen human), a person is able to freely choose to place faith in Christ or reject his salvation. If the person accepts it, then God justifies them and continues to give further grace to spiritually heal and sanctify them. This view differs from semipelagianism, which maintains that a human being can begin to have faith without the need for grace. John Wesley explained the Arminian conception of free will, saying, "The will of man is by nature free only to evil. Yet... every man has a measure of free-will restored to him by grace." He continues, "Natural free-will in the present state of mankind, I do not understand: I only assert, that there is a measure of free-will supernaturally restored to every man, together with that supernatural light which 'enlightens every man that comes into the world.'" Arminians hold that the individual's decision is not the cause of their salvation or loss, but rather that the free response to prevenient grace forms the grounds for God's free decision; the person's decision does not constrain God, but God takes it into consideration when he decides whether to complete the person's salvation or not.

Jacobus Arminius rarely gave scriptural support for synergism, but in Disputation XI "On the Free Will of Man and Its Powers" he provides textual support for prevenient grace, citing, , and.

An analogy sometimes cited is based upon, in which Christ states that he stands at the door and knocks, and if anyone opens he will enter in. Arminians assert that Christ comes to each person with prevenient grace, and if they are willing for him to enter, he enters them. Therefore, no one does any of the actual work of saving themselves, because Christ does the work of coming to them in the first place, and if they are willing to follow him, he does the work of entering in, but whether he does so is dependent upon the will of the person (no one, however, could will for Christ to enter if he did not first knock).

Lutheran and Calvinist views
Lutheran theology distinguishes between monergistic salvation and a synergistic damnation. By monergistic salvation, Lutherans mean that saving faith is the work of the Holy Spirit alone, while man is still the uncooperative enemy of God (Rom. 5:8,10). To support their understanding of synergistic damnation, they argue that Scripture states repeatedly that man participates in and bears the responsibility for resisting God's grace of the free gift – not enforced gift – of salvation (ex: Matt. 23:37, Heb. 12:25, Acts 7:51, John 16:9, Heb. 12:15, etc.). Lutherans understand their view to be in contrast to Calvin's monergistic damnation and to Arminius' synergistic salvation. However, Calvinists would take issue with their view being called "monergistic damnation," since they claim to agree with Lutherans and Arminians that mankind alone bears responsibility for their sin and for their rejection of God's worldwide call to repent and be saved.

The difference Lutheranism has with Calvinism and Arminianism, then, lies in how they describe the workings of God's will, fore-ordination, and gracious providence. Lutheranism teaches that God predestines some to salvation but does not predestine others to damnation as God wills that all might be saved (1 Tim 2:3-6, Rom. 11:32, etc.). Lutheran view differs from the Calvinist view that God from eternity actively decrees some to salvation and some to damnation. In this theological determinism, God's predestination logically precedes his foreknowledge of it. Lutheran view differs also with Arminian view that God's predestination is based on divine foreknowledge of men's synergistic acceptance or rejection of salvation.

For Lutherans, people freely reject God's call to salvation because they refuse his grace since God did not predestine them to salvation. For Arminians, God has only the foreknowledge that they will freely reject his grace. For Calvinists, people freely reject God's call to salvation because God eternally chooses not to place his saving grace upon them so as to magnify the value of his undeserved grace to those whom he does choose.

title: Synergism


text:
Talk:Charles Dickens

Semi-protected edit request on 2 October 2020
Change birth year of Catherine Hogarth to "1815" instead of "1816" as here is said, according to her own article where she is born 1815, or explain the difference. Rana Düsel (talk) 09:00, 2 October 2020 (UTC)
 * ✅. ◢  Ganbaruby!   (Say hi!) 02:33, 15 October 2020 (UTC)

"Personal Life" section?
It would improve the article if a section on the subject of Dickens' "Personal Life" was created as exists in many biographic articles. There are bits and pieces of his personal life in various other sections. His marriage, his wife, his children, his mistress, etc., should be in one section. I realize that his life and works are a massive body of material to work with, but it should be done to have the first class article that Dickens deserves.--TGC55 (talk) 20:34, 22 December 2020 (UTC)

Too short a time duration on archiving.
I think it would improve the functionality of the talk page if the elapsed time duration of talk page comments staying available for direct viewing were increased from the current two months to four or even six months. My reasoning for the suggestion is that not everybody is proceeding in their study of any subject article such as the Dickens article in a lock-step progression of logic arriving at an idea or question about an article such as this article at the same time. Two months is too short a "window" for those thoughts to coalesce in a similar time period.--TGC55 (talk) 22:48, 22 December 2020 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 19 February 2021
In the intro, suggest changing "such as poor social conditions" to "such as poor social or working conditions", as the sorts of places or situations described as "Dickensian" can often include workplaces. 2A00:23C8:7B08:6A00:40D:D7BC:930:C51E (talk) 00:44, 19 February 2021 (UTC)

 * Yes check.svg Done. Volteer1 (talk) 01:55, 19 February 2021 (UTC)

Religious Views sections
First off, the idea that the bible is the infallible word of God is in no contradictory to progressive revelation. Secondly, progressive revelation is not exclusive to liberal theology, plenty of evangelicals openly advocate it and teach it. I suggest that the line "Dickens also rejected the Evangelical conviction that the Bible was the infallible word of God" be deleted entirely.

Semi-protected edit request on 27 May 2021
In the section "Influence and legacy", in the penultimate sentence of the first paragraph, correct "bass relief" to "bas-relief"... possibly also link it to the Wikipedia article "Relief", to enlighten readers who don't already know what it is. Thankyou — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2600:1700:EA01:1090:A0BF:813A:FF02:B8DD (talk) 06:06, 27 May 2021 (UTC)

Racism
there's a whole page dedicated to racism in Dickens' work. Why does it not find even a single mention on the page? Is it to whitewash and isolate him from any criticism? 49.207.194.226 (talk) 08:27, 18 June 2021 (UTC)

 * Thanks for bringing that up. I'll create a See also section and put a link to Racism in the work of Charles Dickens. I think there is possibly some scope for including some mentions of the discussions around known issues, such as the implied antisemitism of the Fagin character, though we need to be careful of putting undue weight on some other aspects of the potential racism discussion; we need to keep within accepted parameters, otherwise Wikipedia itself would be responsible for forming opinion see WP:WEIGHT: "Keep in mind that, in determining proper weight, we consider a viewpoint's prevalence in reliable sources, not its prevalence among Wikipedia editors or the general public". It is worth looking at other mainstream encyclopedias on Dickens, such as the EB:, which also doesn't cover discussion on possible racism in Dickens and his writings. The most notable racism accusation has always been focused on the character of Fagin. It's a subtle and complex discussion, because Dickens himself spoke about it - saying that it wasn't his intention to be anti-Semitic, and he edited each subsequent publication of Oliver Twist to reduce the amount of times he refers to Fagin as "the Jew", etc. That is covered in the Fagin article, which seems to me to be the appropriate place. It has to be borne in mind that Dickens was a product of his times, and what is generally regarded as notable about him is how liberal and modern his thinking was compared to those around him. That he may have shared some aspects of the conventional Imperialist thinking of the times is perhaps not surprising and perhaps not so noteworthy as when he distinguished himself with his socialist anti-poverty, anti-class, and anti-slavery views. Nationalism and racism have existed in all peoples throughout history, but we don't go to each article on an historical person and seek to point out the everyday racism/nationalism, such as that of Jesus (example: Exorcism of the Syrophoenician woman's daughter, in which Jesus calls her people "dogs"), instead we focus on the mainstream, conventional views. SilkTork (talk) 10:38, 18 June 2021 (UTC)
 * The article does reference his reaction to the Indian Mutiny, which certainly doesn't pass the "product of his times" test. Shtove (talk) 11:35, 18 June 2021 (UTC)
 * Sadly, his reaction was in keeping. It's always important to read things in context, and not just an isolated "sound bite". The British public were appalled by the reports (often exaggerated) they read in the papers of the violence and rape done to British children by the mutineers. The British troops in India then responded in an even more savage manner against the mutineers - such that it doesn't bear reading about, and though initially applauded, it was eventually seen as inappropriate, and the British calmed down. Dickens merely reacted in line with the British public at the time, and certainly less savagely than the British commanders and soldiers out in India. Calling for the deaths of all those responsible was the standard thing at the time. See . SilkTork (talk) 14:04, 18 June 2021 (UTC)
 * A columnist in a British newspaper, with no special knowledge of the pertinent circumstances, expresses a vulgar opinion with vicious intent: from that angle, Dickens wouldn't look out of place in many of Wikipedia's contemporary reliable sources. Plus ca change. Shtove (talk) 09:11, 21 June 2021 (UTC)
 * I recently had the dubious pleasure of transcribing Rudyard Kipling and C. R. L. Fletcher's A School History of England (1911, reissued as late as 1983) over at English Wikisource. The sheer amount of casual racism, and ingrained colonialism and patriarchalism, on display there is just staggering. And this was in a textbook for use in elementary school written a generation after Dickens (and there's far far worse to be found from, e.g., H. P. Lovecraft, later still). In terms of biography, for anyone growing up in that environment, the only remarkable feature would be if they somehow managed to avoid being a product of their times and environment. From a literary criticism perspective it's somewhat different of course, since several movements there routinely apply colonial, race theory, gender theory, feminist, etc. lenses to a work or an author's oeuvre, so I would expect that literature to cover such issues both broadly and in-depth. Xover (talk) 14:44, 21 June 2021 (UTC)

Add resting place coordinates for Geolocation completeness

 * resting_place_coordinates =

to

 * resting_place_coordinates = 51.49914°N, -0.12744°W

Blue.lewish (talk) 14:44, 31 August 2021 (UTC)
 * ✅ ScottishFinnishRadish (talk) 14:57, 31 August 2021 (UTC)

"Charles Dickens's code cracked by amateur sleuths"
https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-leicestershire-60261545 This seems new, relevant and significant. I do not know where it would best go in the article. FrankSier (talk) 17:41, 6 February 2022 (UTC)

Ravens
As recently noted at Reference desk/Humanities, Dickens had pet ravens:. There's more detail here. Does anyone else think this should be mentioned somewhere? I'm unsure of the best location. Martinevans123 (talk) 19:02, 24 March 2022 (UTC)
 * If it's mentioned anywhere in this article, I'd think the "Autobiographical elements" section would probably be appropriate. But perhaps it would be more appropriate in the Barnaby Rudge article, in connection with the character of Grip in that novel. Deor (talk) 13:45, 26 March 2022 (UTC)
 * There's certainly a connection and maybe it should go in there first. But seems a more general detail about his personal life. Then there's also the pet cat's paw that he kept as a letter opener!? Martinevans123 (talk) 13:51, 26 March 2022 (UTC)

FRSA postnominal should be removed
The FRSA postnominal should be removed from the lede and infobox. Dickens could not have had this postnominal in his lifetime as the organisation only got the Royal title in 1908. (Royal_Society_of_Arts). Moreover, FRSA is not an honour but represents a membership that is open to a wide range of people by paying a subscription. Related discussion here. Historylikeyou (talk) 16:28, 17 September 2022 (UTC)
 * The RSA website states the royal charter was granted in 1847 while adding that Dickens was not only a member but also a vice-president. So I'm not certain of your facts here. If you have citations to back up your statements please share them. As it is now, the FRSA info should remain. --SouthernNights (talk) 17:15, 17 September 2022 (UTC)
 * User:Historylikeyou is correct, the Royal Society of Arts adopted the Royal title only in 1908. The Society's own website, to which you yourself have linked above, says exactly that. The relevant question seems to be rather, did Dickens himself (or indeed any Fellow, before 1908) ever use "FRSA"? I also note that Karl Marx was also a member, from 1862, (see e.g. this record). But this fact does not seem to be noted anywhere in his article. Thanks. 205.239.40.3 (talk) 17:47, 17 September 2022 (UTC)
 * It's possible the exact specifics of what they called the fellowship when he and others received it prior to 1908 may have been different, but you have presented no proof of what this might have been. As such, we can only go with what the sources say and at that link the RSA lists Dickens under the header "Famous Fellows." Until reliable citations are presented to support what you're saying, all you have presented is conjecture and the FRSA postnominal should not be removed.--SouthernNights (talk) 20:38, 17 September 2022 (UTC)
 * SouthernNights, do you have any source(s) that show(s) that any Fellow of the RSA, before 1908, ever used the post-nominal "FRSA"? Or perhaps the RSA itself makes this clear somewhere? More importantly, do you have any clear examples of where Dickens himself used it? In the absence of any such evidence, I would suggest that your own thesis here is pure conjecture. 205.239.40.3 (talk) 20:53, 17 September 2022 (UTC)
 * As well as the society's website, The Online Books Page states of the Journal of the Royal Society of Arts:
 * This journal began in 1852 as the Journal of the Society of Arts, adding "Royal" to its name when the society gained royal recognition in 1908. Historylikeyou (talk) 04:26, 18 September 2022 (UTC)

First off, I don't have to prove anything. You are the one contesting information with a reliable citation in this article. You claim that Dickens could not be a fellow of the Royal Society of Arts because the society had a name change in 1908. Either provide citations to back up what you are saying or the cited information stands. Second, there are references to the "Royal Society of Arts" prior to 1908. For example, on June 20, 1857 in "Best Authority," Charles Dickens himself wrote these words: "I found a fellow-member, Mr. Prowler, of the Royal Society of Arts, lying in wait ..." Finally, the names of organizations can and do change over the years but those name changes do not negate an organization's previous honors and work. If the Royal Society of Arts of today states that Dickens was a fellow and a reliable source for this info is provided, then that's what we go with. --SouthernNights (talk) 13:37, 18 September 2022 (UTC)

 * What, it is information in the article which is uncited, and the burden of proof is to keep it there. There is not information with a reliable citation in the article because there is not a citation to say that he had the FRSA postnominal. Two citations that it is wrong have already been given in this discussion. Moreover even if he did have a FRSA postnominal (which he most likely didn't) it's not clear that it's relevant to include or any kind of honour at all. The RSA of today are not an impartial authority on their own importance or of their fellowship.
 * The reference to "Royal Society of Arts" prior to 1908 is a mystery, but not conclusive that this was correct. I found a further reference (JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF ARTS, 11th March 1949, K.W. Luckhurst, "WILLIAM SHIPLEY AND THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF ARTS: The History of an Idea"), which says: The Princess is the sixth member of the Royal House to be President. Except for a few short intervals the Society has enjoyed this honour for the last 130 years, although it is only since 1908 that it has itself been entitled to the affix "Royal". Historylikeyou (talk) 15:49, 18 September 2022 (UTC)
 * The term "Fellow" is also anachronistic, according to JSTOR: RSA Journal (emphasis added):
 * "Established in 1852 The Journal was also designed to record the work of the Society; it contained the formal proceedings of the Society, the notices, the appointment of various committees and their areas of interest. The ‘Royal’ prefix was added in 1908, so Journal’s prior to this are attributed to ‘The Society of Arts’. The Journal was distributed to ‘Members’, prior to 1914 and ‘Fellows’ post 1914, as the term 'Fellow' wasn't introduced until 1914." Historylikeyou (talk) 20:59, 18 September 2022 (UTC)
 * Journal of the Royal Society of Arts, Vol. 63, No. 3235, NOVEMBER 20, 1914, page 3:
 * "Fellowship. - At the Annual General Meeting held on June 24th, 1914, a By-Law was passed authorising all Members of the Society to use the designation of Fellow." Historylikeyou (talk) 21:11, 18 September 2022 (UTC)
 * Journal of the Royal Society of Arts, Vol. 62, No. 3214, JUNE 26, 1914, p.693
 * XXII. - Proposed Fellowship or the Society.
 * There has always been a wish among a certain number of members that the term Fellow should be applicable to members of the Royal Society of Arts. From time to time a good many letters have been received, many from members residing abroad, asking whether a change could not be made in the Society's regulations, so as either to form a separate class of Fellows, or to constitute all the members Fellows, the idea in the minds of the writers being that the term Fellow implied a higher standing than that of Member.
 * The Council have always been a little reluctant to make any change in the old constitution of the Society ; but as the alteration seems to be desired by a large number of members they have decided to submit to the meeting a new By-law, under "which all subscribers to the Society will be enabled to use the designation of Fellow or Member. The two terms are obviously identical in meaning ; but inasmuch as the term Fellow is used by a very much larger number of societies than that of Member, it is generally preferred ; and there seems no reason why members of so old a body as the Royal Society of Arts should not, if they wish, use the same title as that adopted by the majority of the younger and similar institutions. Historylikeyou (talk) 21:20, 18 September 2022 (UTC)

My apology -- I thought the info in the article was already cited. I've now added reliable citations to support the FRSA postnominal. If you have a reliable citation showing Dickens wasn't a FRSA, please share it.--SouthernNights (talk) 20:25, 18 September 2022 (UTC)
 * BTW, the paragraph you provided about using the term "fellow" instead of "member" after 1914 ties in with what I said earlier about how terminology may change over time but the intent behind the words doesn't change. Again, the RSA is currently stating that Dickens counts as a fellow. Maybe during his time the term was member, but today the RSA counts him as a fellow.--SouthernNights (talk) 22:00, 18 September 2022 (UTC)
 * The RSA is not a neutral authority on themselves and their own importance. They obviously benefit from their association with Charles Dickens and exaggerating the age and prestige of their fellowship, and possibly with confusion between FRSA and FRS (Fellow of the Royal Society), a bona fide honour. FRSA is not an honour at all but something practically anybody can get by paying membership fees. It makes no sense to display it after someone's name as if it was an honour they had earned. Historylikeyou (talk) 16:51, 20 September 2022 (UTC)
 * Did Dickens pay to become an FRSA? Even if he did, did he ever use those letters after his name? That's still the most pertinent question here. 205.239.40.3 (talk) 09:28, 25 September 2022 (UTC)

This is my final comment on all this. There are a number of interesting theories and ideas being shared about why Dickens shouldn't be considered a FRSA. However, all of this is essentially original research and, despite repeated requests, no reliable citations to support this view have been shared. As such, we go with what can be cited to a reliable source, which is that the RSA states in multiple places Dickens counts as a FRSA. I also suggest all further discussion on this should take place on the Manual of Style's Biography talk page, where the original discussion started.--SouthernNights (talk) 12:06, 25 September 2022 (UTC)

 * It is not "original research" or "interesting theories or ideas". All of your points have already been addressed in this discussion. It's pointless repeating them again. I will post regarding the anachronistic nature of this postnominal on that talk page. Historylikeyou (talk) 17:35, 25 September 2022 (UTC)
 * The citations provided do not support the content. Neither states explicitly that Dickens used the postnominal. Addition of the postnominal is therefore not supportable and it should be removed. DrKay (talk) 18:18, 25 September 2022 (UTC)
 * The sources state that the RSA considers Dickens as having received the FRSA. The use of the FRSA postnominal is not stating that Dickens used the postnominal himself, only that he is considered to have received it by the organization that awards the FRSA. Again, if someone can provide a direct reliable source stating Dickens didn't receive it, I'd support removing it. But this has not been provided.--SouthernNights (talk) 18:21, 25 September 2022 (UTC)
 * No-one's contesting that he was a member. You're putting up a straw man. Show us a source with the post-nominal in use. DrKay (talk) 18:25, 25 September 2022 (UTC)
 * Based on info shared by Historylikeyou, it appears the term "member" was what the RSA today calls a "fellow." But that's merely a guess since I haven't seen a definitive source proving that. However, the provided sources state that Dickens is considered a fellow of the RSA, as are many other authors from his time period. That is sufficient as a source b/c the postnominal letters are merely "placed after a person's name to indicate that the individual holds a position." In this case, the FRSA postnominal indicates he was a Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts and links to that article. The provided sources support all of that.--SouthernNights (talk) 18:34, 25 September 2022 (UTC)

I should add that I'm totally willing to be convinced that FRSA should be removed. But this is also tied in with a larger discussion on allowing FRSA on any author bio article on Wikipedia. Perhaps this discussion should take place at Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style/Biography?--SouthernNights (talk) 18:53, 25 September 2022 (UTC)

 * As DrKay says, no-one's contesting that he was a member. Show us a source with the post-nominal in use. Yes, that might be a better venue for discussion, as there are plenty of others. 205.239.40.3 (talk) 10:28, 26 September 2022 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 8 January 2023
I saw something wrong and want to correct it sir/miss. Archie Sales (talk) 09:30, 8 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. DrKay (talk) 09:58, 8 January 2023 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 30 August 2023
Please add a caption saying that a surviving letter by Charles Dickens is also under private ownership by Abbott Antiques and Collectables. A link to the letter and its contents can be seen here.  Redacted link  Gregory128 (talk) 14:16, 30 August 2023 (UTC)

 * We're not going to help you spam your website. See this page for guidance. — Trey Maturin™ 14:22, 30 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Charles Dickens


text:
User talk:Quinwound/20040313

Hi. If you think I did something wrong while RC patrolling tell me here. Quinwound 00:51, Mar 3, 2004 (UTC)

I am a contributor to the catalan wiki, and, only accidental to the english wiki, because my englis is not sow good. I am trasllating to the catalan the "disclaimers page", and there was a link to the page that I edited, to do a test. Many thanks

80.58.40.170 22:38, 3 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Nice job on Steven Hawley I've been dumping Astronaut profiles into the wiki in the hopes of cleaning them up later. If youre interested in giving me a hand, check out my contributions Theon 23:11, Mar 3, 2004 (UTC)

Hey I think you people should tolerate vandals, i beleave strongly in Moral relativism User:Jesus Chirst

P.S. it's a free speech issue too!

I beg to differ. This has nothing to do with free speech. Free Speech does not give you the right to put FUCK U on google's front page or anyone else's property. Free Speech does give you the right to make a page on your own that is hosted by you that says fuck u. Free Speech does not give you the right to destroy other peoples property. -- Quinwound 04:43, Mar 4, 2004 (UTC)

Quinwound- perfect job onCharles F. Bolden, Jr.. And im with you on the free speech thing.Theon 05:24, Mar 4, 2004 (UTC)

Thanks Quinwound, nice job
 * -Theon 20:25, Mar 4, 2004 (UTC)

Sorry to you had to meet a vandal (User:Jesus Chirst) so early here. Bravo to you for your response! Glad you didn't get scared off :-) Jwrosenzweig 00:09, 5 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Don't worry. I think I am here to stay for a while. -- Quinwound 05:53, Mar 5, 2004 (UTC)

I never said that, you are putting words into my mouth. I never even swore once on wiki. What I am trying to say is learn Moral relativism and learn to tolerate other people's opinions that's what my man Jesus preached User:Jesus Chirst

I am not a vandel yet again you are putting words in my mouth---User:Jesus Chirst

I looked through his User contributions. It just looks like he wildly supports vandals. He is not a vandal. And taken he posts things only supporting vandals, but always on talk pages, Freedom of speech and all that stuff apples. Talk pages is where you post your thoughts. That is what he is doing. He is obeying all the rules. -- Quinwound 06:33, Mar 5, 2004 (UTC)

You keep popping up on RC doing good work cleaning up after vandalism and adding little edits of your own. Glad to see you're sticking around long-term! Keep it up :-) Jwrosenzweig 21:51, 8 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * Thank you -- Quinwound 21:59, Mar 8, 2004 (UTC)

Bird/Brain Affair
I did not ask you or anybody else to manage my user page, with the exception of the users who have reverted it to my preferred status. Kindly go about your business elsewhere. If you have comments to consider adding to the USERBIRD talk page, I will consider them when I next archive that page. othewise, you are playing a childish game and it is time to put away your toys. leave my page alone. Bird 04:28, 9 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * Hey Quinwound. Don't worry too much about his accusations that you're playing a "childish game"; rather, see User talk:Bird/Brain and stuff for details on this whole affair. - Fennec 14:27, 9 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Don't worry, I dont take things like that offencive. -- Quinwound 17:42, Mar 9, 2004 (UTC)

Ohlone Indians
Hi. I deleted the NPOV header from Ohlone Indians because you didn't explain in the Talk page what you found NPOV. RickK 15:59, 9 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * I posted something in the talk page. Sorry about that, I was sleep deprived. --Quinwound 17:56, Mar 9, 2004 (UTC)

Amaroli
To answer your question: Portions of the text that were contributed here are direct quotes from here. - Seth Ilys 03:38, 12 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Hey there, I saw you from the Invertebrate paleontology page that you just edited. Good to see that someone is out there patroling the RC's. I, on the other hand, think that I'm better at contibuting new information instead of policing. It's nice to see that there is a sort of structure to Wikipedians, loosely mirroring society's different groups. Keep up the good work! TimothyPilgrim 15:57, Mar 12, 2004 (UTC)
 * Thank You. I also feel like you, I feel that I am better at RCing than I am at writing my own articles. This mainly is because of my english skills.  It is nice to see that anarchy can produce order. -- Quinwound 20:51, Mar 13, 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Quinwound/20040313


text:
Stripping (printing)

Within the commercial printing industry, the job of stripping involves arranging and joining film negatives as part of the process of preparing printing plates. In the UK, the same operation is termed "planning" and film positives are used, rather than the negatives in the USA. Because the industry has largely moved to digital processes, the job of stripping, or planning has become rare or even obsolete.

Negatives may be set up in a pattern to allow a printing press to print 4, 8, 16 or 32 pages at a time, front and back, which are then folded to produce a brochure or book with the correct pagination (see figure). Conversely, a variety of smaller printed products of various sizes may be arranged on a single larger press sheet to be cut down after printing into individual job components, such as business or post cards, folding boxes or hang tags.

Color and density
For color processes, an individual black and white, "screened" negative is used to represent each color in a four-colour process (Cyan, Magenta, Yellow and Black) to be printed on a printing press. A screened negative has varying sizes of dots arranged in a particular pattern to represent greater or lesser density of image. Typically, a 150 dots-per-inch screen is used to create each printing negative, though this will varying depending on the application, where a magazine may use 200 line screens and a newspaper may use 120 to 133 line screen. The screen is rotated at successively varied angles to ensure that the dots do not print exactly on top of one another.

"Cleaning" a negative of unwanted artifacts (noise) from the line camera process, (lines, etc., from the edges of traditional hot-wax analog "font" paste-up, and dirt), would be done by scraping the exposed emulsion from the negative with an X-Acto Knife (for areas intended to be exposed on the printing plate). Similarly, negatives were "opaqued" with an opaquing solution applied with a brush, or felt-tipped pen, or (opaque) red adhesive tape (for larger areas), to prevent exposure of white specs, noise, etc., especially on large fonts.

Alignment
Each negative must be precisely aligned and secured by tape to a light-blocking paper or plastic mask. The painstaking alignment of the negatives requires a stripper to use high-magnification eye piece while viewing the work on top of a light table to achieve exact positioning. Once secured, the area of the mask through which light must pass is removed with an Exacto knife or razor blade.

Exposure and developing
The completed mask with opened exposure windows is then placed atop a photo-sensitive printing plate, which both plate and mask with stripped negatives fixed by register pins, and then vacuum-sealed in a framed enclosure under glass and exposed to very bright light, allowing the rays to pass through the negatives and expose the printing plate's surface. The plate is then developed and the unexposed areas are washed away, leaving behind cured emulsion that will hold the ink on press. A single etched plate is necessary for each color to be printed.

Digital prepress
The process of stripping for general commercial offset printing has largely been eliminated through the use of digital prepress technology, in which imposition software is used to "digitally strip" the pages together. Some printing technologies continue to use stripped film, especially in silk-screen printing, although this is likely to change in the near-term. The digital product of this imposition software can be outputted to an imagesetter that creates a single, composed piece of film, or directly to a platesetter which generates a plate that can go directly to press.

title: Stripping (printing)


text:
User talk:Quinwound/old

Backups of my talk page:
 * 2015 — Preceding undated comment added 16:57, 11 December 2020 (UTC)
 * 2004-03-13
 * 2004-03-03
 * more old 2004 activity

title: User talk:Quinwound/old


text:
Norwegian Defence Research Establishment

The Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (Forsvarets forskningsinstitutt – FFI) is a research institute that conducts research and development on behalf of the Norwegian Armed Forces and provides expert advice to political and military defence leaders. In particular, its task is to keep track of advances in the fields of science and military technology which might affect the assumptions on which Norwegian security policy and/or defence planning is based.

History
The institute was established in 1946. Its roots lie in Norwegian participation in British scientific research during the Second World War (see Allied technological cooperation during World War II). Many Norwegian scientists and technologists took part during the period when Germany occupied Norway between 1940 and 1945.

FFI has 714 employees, of which approximately 360 are scientists and engineers. The main location of the institute is at Kjeller near Lillestrøm, 20 km east of the country's capital Oslo. The Kjeller area is a hub of research activity in south eastern Norway, with a total of some 2,400 people working at a variety of research establishments, colleges and university departments.

Part of the institute's Maritime Systems Division is situated in the coastal city of Horten, southwest of Oslo on the western side of the Oslofjord. Horten is known as the country's MEMS capital, and is also a centre of electronics and naval research and industry.

In way of concrete technology products, FFI is known for, among other things:
 * The development of a range of computers in the early 1960s which eventually led to the creation of Norsk Data as well as Kongsberg Våpenfabrikk (KV)'s Computer Division: LYDIA (1962); SAM; SAM2.
 * Beginning in 1973, NDRE was an early researcher of TCP/IP in Europe, based on a connection to SATNET through NORSAR, along with Peter Kirstein's group at University College London and RSRE in Britain.
 * The development, with KV's Division of Guided Weapons, of the Penguin anti-ship missile
 * The development of the Radar Imager for Mars' Subsurface Experiment (RIMFAX), an instrument aboard the Mars 2020 Perseverance rover that is a ground-penetrating radar designed to provide centimeter-scale resolution of the geologic structure of the planet subsurface.

Researchers

 * Brynjar Lia
 * Torleiv Maseng
 * Thomas Hegghammer
 * Svein-Erik Hamran

Former researchers

 * Fredrik Møller
 * John Kristen Skogan
 * Pål Spilling
 * Ernst Sejersted Selmer


text:
Talk:Ransom

The word ransom was linked in several articles about kidnapping and extortion. I will remove these as links, since I can't think of any article we'd have except the definition, and this isn't a dictionary. Lou I 20:58, 13 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Should ransom be split off. Is there enough to make it a encyclopedic article? Gflor e sTalk 07:13, 4 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I think I am going to go out on a limb and make a seperate Ransom (disambiguation) page. I am going to leave the basic info at the top of the page and move all the links at the bottom to the disambiguation page and try and clean them up. As far as this page goes, it is pretty sad at the moment, but it could be turned into a historical perspective on ransom, it's societal impact, common occurances, so on and so forth. I think that it could be turned into a really nice article, but it needs a LOT of work first.Warhorus 23:47, 28 May 2006 (UTC)

2007-02-9 Automated pywikipediabot message
--CopyToWiktionaryBot 02:27, 9 February 2007 (UTC)

Libya / Bulgarian Nurses etc.
Is this comment really relevant? Wikipedia is not a political soapbox. Have removed this section. Please comment if you think it should be reinstated, giving reasons. --I 18:54, 3 August 2007 (UTC)

legal history
Isn't there some interesting history to add to this topic? E.g., at one point ransom was the alternative to accepting a lawful death/exile sentence against a member of your household? Cesiumfrog (talk) 23:11, 1 November 2010 (UTC)

Obama Quote
This image of a quote seems to need explanation. Other than containing the word, how does this quote and the related situation relate to the concept of a ransom? As it is now, the image does not illustrate the concepts of the article and should be removed. Piboy51 (talk) 14:50, 14 January 2015 (UTC)

Basic meaning of the word
Hi, I thought it would be nice to swap the two meanings [the following is quoted from Merriam Webster online with a slight modification by me]: 1) money paid or demanded for the release of someone or something from captivity; 2) the act of ransoming; because (1) is the more basic meaning of the word. (See English dictionaries.) Currently, the article starts with (2) and meaning (1) is treated as if it were secondary ("or it may refer to the sum of money involved"). Ryofurue (talk) 03:30, 26 January 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ransom


text:
Talk:Enchanted River

Should we link the Lonely Mountain to a page?

I moved this to "Enchanted River" as it is actually a different river from the main forest river. — Jor (Talk) 01:49, 21 Mar 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Enchanted River