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List of rivers of Michigan

This list of Michigan rivers includes all streams designated rivers although some may be smaller than those streams designated creeks, runs, brooks, swales, cuts, bayous, outlets, inlets, drains and ditches. These terms are all in use in Michigan. Other waterways are listed when they have articles.

The state has over 300 named rivers. Several names are shared by different rivers; for example, there are eight Pine Rivers and seven Black Rivers. In four cases there are two rivers of the same name in one county. In these cases extra information such as alternate name or body of water they flow into has been added.

A–C

 * Anna River
 * Au Gres River
 * Au Sable River
 * Au Train River
 * Bad River
 * Baldwin River
 * Baltimore River
 * Bark River
 * Bass River
 * Battle Creek River
 * Bean Creek (called Tiffin River in lower reaches)
 * Bear River
 * Bell River
 * Belle River
 * Betsie River
 * Big Betsy River
 * Big Garlic River
 * Big Iron River
 * Big River
 * Big Sable River
 * Big Siskiwit River
 * Birch Creek
 * Black Mallard River
 * Black River (Alcona County)
 * Black River (Allegan/Van Buren counties)
 * Black River (Cheboygan/Montmorency/Presque Isle/Otsego counties)
 * Black River (Gogebic County)
 * Black River (Mackinac County)
 * Black River (Marquette County)
 * Black River (Sanilac/St. Clair counties)
 * Blind Sucker River
 * Boardman River
 * Boyne River
 * Brevoort River
 * Brule River
 * Buck Creek
 * Canada Creek
 * Carp Lake River
 * Carp River (Chippewa/Mackinac County)
 * Carp River (Gogebic/Ontonagon counties), sections also called Big Carp River and Upper Carp River or Carp River Inlet or Inlet Creek
 * Carp River (Luce County), not on USGS maps
 * Carp River (Marquette County)
 * Cass River
 * Cataract River
 * Cedar Creek
 * Cedar River (Antrim County)
 * Cedar River (Clare/Gladwin counties)
 * Cedar River (Menominee County)
 * Charlotte River
 * Cheboygan River
 * Chippewa River
 * Choate Creek
 * Chocolay River
 * Clam River
 * Cliff River
 * Clinton River
 * Coldbrook Creek
 * Coldwater River (Barry/Kent/Ionia counties)
 * Coldwater River (Branch County)
 * Coldwater River (Isabella counties)
 * Cranberry River
 * Creighton River
 * Crooked River
 * Crow River
 * Crystal River
 * Cut River (Mackinac County)
 * Cut River (Roscommon County)

D–K

 * Days River
 * Dead River
 * Dead Sucker River
 * Deer River
 * Detroit River
 * Devils River
 * Dingman River
 * Dowagiac River
 * Driggs River
 * Duck River, also called Duck Creek
 * Eagle River
 * East Branch St. Joseph River
 * East Sleeping River
 * Ecorse River
 * Elk River
 * Elm River
 * Escanaba River
 * Falls River
 * Fawn River
 * Fence River
 * Firesteel River
 * Fishdam River
 * Flat River
 * Flint River
 * Flintsteel River
 * Floodwood River
 * Ford River
 * Fox River
 * Galena River
 * Galien River
 * Gogomain River
 * Gook Creek
 * Goose Creek
 * Grand River
 * Grass River
 * Gratiot River
 * Graveraet River
 * Green River, flows into Jordan River
 * Green River, part of Intermediate River system
 * Gun River
 * Hemlock River
 * Hendrie River
 * Hersey River
 * Huron River (Baraga/Marquette counties)
 * Huron River (Monroe/Wayne/Washtenaw/Livingston/Oakland counties)
 * Hurricane River
 * Indian River (Alger/Schoolcraft counties)
 * Indian River (Cheboygan County)
 * Intermediate River
 * Iron River (Iron County)
 * Iron River (Marquette County)
 * Joe Maddy River
 * Jordan River
 * Jordan River of Beaver Island
 * Jumbo River
 * Kalamazoo River
 * Kawkawlin River
 * Kelso River

L–M

 * Laughing Whitefish River
 * Leland River, also called the Carp River
 * Lincoln River
 * Little Betsie River (Lower Peninsula of Michigan)
 * Little Betsy River (Upper Peninsula of Michigan)
 * Little Black River (Cheboygan County)
 * Little Black River (Gogebic County)
 * Little Brevoort River
 * Little Carp River (Baraga County)
 * Little Carp River (Cheboygan County), also called Carp River and Carp Creek
 * Little Carp River (Gogebic/Ontonagon counties)
 * Little Cedar River (Gladwin County)
 * Little Cedar River (Menominee County)
 * Little Cranberry River
 * Little Dead River
 * Little Elm River
 * Little Fawn River
 * Little Fishdam River
 * Little Fox River
 * Little Garlic River
 * Little Gratiot River
 * Little Hemlock River
 * Little Huron River
 * Little Indian River
 * Little Iron River
 * Little Manistee River
 * Little Maple River
 * Little Misery River
 * Little Molasses River
 * Little Munuscong River
 * Little Muskegon River
 * Little Ocqueoc River
 * Little Otter River
 * Little Pigeon River (Cheboygan/Otsego Counties), empties into Pigeon River
 * Little Pigeon River (Huron County)
 * Little Presque Isle River
 * Little Rabbit River
 * Little Rainy River
 * Little Rapid River
 * Little River (Big Bay de Noc)
 * Little River (Menominee River tributary)
 * Little River Raisin
 * Little Silver River
 * Little Siskiwit River
 * Little Sturgeon River
 * Little Thornapple River, tributary of the Coldwater River in Barry County
 * Little Thornapple River, tributary of the Thornapple River in Eaton County
 * Little Tobacco River
 * Little Trout River
 * Little Two Hearted River
 * Little Union River
 * Looking Glass River
 * Lower Millecoquins River
 * Macatawa River
 * Malletts Creek
 * Manistee River
 * Manistique River
 * Maple Leaf Creek
 * Maple River (Cheboygan/Emmett counties)
 * Maple River (Ionia/Clinton/Gratiot/Shiawassee counties)
 * Maple River (Newaygo/Muskegon counties)
 * McCoy Creek
 * Medora River
 * Menominee River
 * Michigamme River
 * Middle Branch River
 * Milakokia River
 * Milk River
 * Mineral River
 * Miners River
 * Misery River
 * Misteguay Creek
 * Mitchigan River
 * Molasses River
 * Montreal River (Keweenaw County)
 * Montreal River (Wisconsin–Michigan border)
 * Moran River
 * Mosquito River
 * Munuscong River
 * Murphy River
 * Muskegon River

N–R

 * Net River
 * New River
 * North River
 * Nottawa Creek (also known as Nottawa River)
 * Ocqueoc River
 * Ogontz River
 * Ontonagon River
 * Ore Creek (Livingston County)
 * Ottawa River, usually called North Tenmile Creek
 * Otter River
 * Paint Creek (Oakland County)
 * Paint Creek (Washtenaw/Monroe counties)
 * Paint River
 * Partridge Creek
 * Paw Paw River
 * Pelton River, also called Pelton Creek
 * Pentwater River
 * Perch River
 * Pere Marquette River
 * Peshekee River
 * Pigeon River (Cheboygan/Otsego counties), empties into Mullett Lake
 * Pigeon River (Huron County), empties into Saginaw Bay of Lake Huron
 * Pigeon River (Ottawa County), empties into Lake Michigan
 * Pigeon River (St. Joseph County), empties into the St. Joseph River
 * Pike River
 * Pilgrim River
 * Pinconning River
 * Pine Creek (Gratiot County)
 * Pine River (Alcona/Iosco counties)
 * Pine River (Arenac County)
 * Pine River (Charlevoix County)
 * Pine River (Chippewa/Mackinac counties)
 * Pine River (Lake/Manistee/Osceola/Wexford counties), also called South Branch of Manistee River
 * Pine River (Marquette County)
 * Pine River (Mecosta/Isabella/Montcalm/Gratiot/Midland counties)
 * Pine River (St. Clair County)
 * Pinnebog River
 * Plaster Creek
 * Platte River
 * Pointe aux Chenes River
 * Portage River (Houghton County), the southern end of the Keweenaw Waterway
 * Portage River (Jackson/Washtenaw counties), a tributary of the Grand River
 * Portage River (Kalamazoo/St. Joseph counties), a tributary of the St. Joseph River
 * Portage River (Livingston/Washtenaw counties), a tributary of the Huron River
 * Potagannissing River
 * Potato River
 * Prairie River
 * Presque Isle River
 * Quanicassee River
 * Rabbit River
 * Rainy River
 * Rapid River (Delta/Marquette counties)
 * Rapid River (Kalkaska County)
 * Rapid River (Ontonagon County)
 * Ravine River
 * Red Cedar River
 * Rifle River
 * River Raisin
 * River Rouge or Rouge River
 * River Styx (Gratiot County)
 * River Styx (Marquette County)
 * Rock River (Alger County)
 * Rock River (Baraga County)
 * Rock River (Mackinaw County)
 * Rocky River
 * Rogue River
 * Ruby Creek

S–Z

 * Saganing River
 * Sage River
 * Saginaw River
 * Saint Clair River
 * St. Joseph River (Lake Michigan)
 * St. Marys River
 * Saline River
 * Salmon Trout River (Houghton County)
 * Salmon Trout River (Marquette County)
 * Salt River (Macomb County)
 * Salt River (Midland/Isabella counties)
 * Sand River
 * Sandy Creek
 * Sante River
 * Sauk River
 * Sebewaing River
 * Second River
 * Shakey River
 * Shelldrake River
 * Shiawassee River
 * Shoepac River
 * Silver River (Baraga County), drains to Lake Superior
 * Silver River (Baraga–Houghton counties), drains to Sturgeon River
 * Silver River (Keweenaw County), drains to Lake Superior
 * Siskiwit River
 * Slate River (Baraga County)
 * Slate River (Gogebic County)
 * Snake River
 * South Branch Little Sugar River
 * Spruce River
 * Spurr River
 * Stout Creek
 * Sturgeon River (Alger/Delta counties)
 * Sturgeon River (Baraga/Houghton counties)
 * Sturgeon River (Cheboygan/Otsego counties)
 * Sturgeon River (Dickinson County)
 * Sucker River
 * Sugar River
 * Swan River
 * Swartz Creek
 * Sycamore Creek
 * Tacoosh River
 * Tahquamenon River
 * Talmadge Creek
 * Tamarack River
 * Tawas River
 * Thornapple River
 * Thunder Bay River
 * Tioga River
 * Tittabawassee River
 * Tobacco River (Keweenaw County, Michigan)
 * Tobacco River (Tittabawassee River)
 * Torch River
 * Trap Rock River
 * Traverse River
 * Trout Creek
 * Trout River
 * Two Hearted River
 * Union River
 * Upper Millecoquins River
 * Vermilac River
 * Waiska River
 * Walker Creek
 * Walton River
 * West Branch St. Joseph River
 * West Sleeping River
 * White River (Huron County)
 * White River (Muskegon/Oceana counties)
 * Whitefish River
 * Yellow Dog River

Lake Erie basin

 * Maumee River (OH)
 * Tiffin River (OH)
 * Bean Creek
 * St. Joseph River (OH)
 * East Branch Saint Joseph River
 * West Branch Saint Joseph River
 * Ottawa River
 * Little Lake Creek
 * Flat Creek
 * North River
 * River Raisin
 * Saline River
 * Little River Raisin
 * Goose Creek
 * Sandy Creek
 * Huron River (Monroe/Wayne/Washtenaw/Livingston/Oakland counties)
 * Portage River (Livingston/Washtenaw counties)
 * Detroit River
 * Ecorse River
 * River Rouge or Rouge River

Lake St. Clair basin

 * Milk River
 * Clinton River
 * Paint Creek
 * Trout Creek
 * Salt River (Macomb County)
 * Saint Clair River
 * Belle River
 * Pine River (St. Clair County)
 * Black River (Sanilac/St. Clair counties)

The Thumb

 * White River (Huron County, Michigan)
 * New River
 * Pinnebog River
 * Pigeon River (Huron County)
 * Little Pigeon River (Huron County)

Saginaw Bay

 * Sebewaing River
 * Quanicassee River
 * Saginaw River
 * Shiawassee River
 * Cass River
 * Flint River
 * Misteguay Creek
 * Swartz Creek
 * Bad River
 * Tittabawassee River
 * Chippewa River
 * Pine River (Mecosta/Isabella/Montcalm/Gratiot/Midland counties)
 * Coldwater River (Isabella County)
 * Walker Creek
 * Salt River (Midland/Isabella counties)
 * Tobacco River
 * Little Cedar River (Gladwin County)
 * Cedar River (Clare/Gladwin counties)
 * Molasses River
 * Little Molasses River
 * Little Tobacco River
 * Sugar River
 * South Branch Little Sugar River
 * Kawkawlin River
 * Pinconning River
 * Saganing River
 * Pine River
 * Rifle River
 * Au Gres River
 * Tawas River

Northeast Lower Peninsula of Michigan

 * Au Sable River
 * Pine River (Alcona County)
 * Black River (Alcona County)
 * Devils River
 * Thunder Bay River
 * Bell River
 * Little Trout River
 * Swan River
 * Trout River
 * Ocqueoc River
 * Little Ocqueoc River
 * Black Mallard River
 * Cheboygan River, mouth at Cheboygan in Cheboygan County
 * Black River (Cheboygan/Montmorency/Presque Isle/Otsego counties)
 * Rainy River
 * Little Rainy River
 * Canada Creek
 * Mullett Lake
 * Little Pigeon River (Cheboygan County), empties directly into Mullett Lake
 * Pigeon River (Cheboygan/Otsego counties)
 * Little Pigeon River (Cheboygan County)
 * Indian River (Cheboygan County)
 * Little Sturgeon River
 * Burt Lake
 * Sturgeon River (Cheboygan/Otsego counties)
 * Crooked River
 * Maple River (Cheboygan/Emmett counties)
 * Little Carp River (Cheboygan County)
 * Little Black River (Cheboygan County)

Upper Peninsula of Michigan

 * Carp River (Chippewa/Mackinac counties)
 * Pine River (Chippewa/Mackinac counties)
 * Potagannissing River (Drummond Island)
 * Saint Mary's River
 * Gogomain River
 * Munuscong River
 * Little Munuscong River
 * Charlotte River
 * Waiska River

Northern Michigan

 * Carp Lake River
 * Bear River
 * Pine River (Charlevoix County)
 * Lake Charlevoix
 * Jordan River
 * Green River
 * Boyne River
 * Grand Traverse Bay
 * Elk River
 * Elk Lake
 * Torch River
 * Rapid River (Kalkaska County, Michigan)
 * Little Rapid River
 * Torch Lake (Antrim County, Michigan)
 * Clam Lake
 * Grass River
 * Lake Bellaire
 * Intermediate River
 * Cedar River (Antrim County, Michigan)
 * Intermediate Lake
 * Green River
 * Sixmile Lake and other lakes
 * Dingman River
 * Intermediate River
 * Boardman River
 * Boardman Lake
 * Leland River, also called the Carp River
 * Crystal River
 * Platte River
 * Betsie River
 * Little Betsie River
 * Manistee River
 * Manistee Lake
 * Little Manistee River
 * Pine River (Lake/Manistee/Osceola/Wexford counties), also called South Branch of Manistee River
 * Big Sable River
 * Lincoln River
 * Pere Marquette River
 * Big South Branch Pere Marquette River
 * Ruby Creek
 * Baldwin River
 * Pentwater River (Oceana County)

West Michigan

 * White River (Muskegon/Oceana counties)
 * Muskegon River
 * Maple River (Newaygo/Muskegon counties)
 * Little Muskegon River
 * Hersey River
 * Middle Branch River
 * Clam River
 * Grand River
 * Bass River
 * Buck Creek
 * Plaster Creek
 * Coldbrook Creek
 * Rogue River
 * Thornapple River
 * Coldwater River (Barry/Kent/Ionia counties)
 * Little Thornapple River, in Barry County
 * Little Thornapple River (Eaton County)
 * Flat River
 * Maple River (Ionia/Clinton/Gratiot/Shiawassee counties)
 * Pine Creek, some portions called Newark and Arcadia Drain
 * River Styx (Gratiot County)
 * Little Maple River
 * Looking Glass River
 * Red Cedar River
 * Sycamore Creek
 * Portage River (Jackson/Washtenaw counties)
 * Pigeon River (Ottawa County)
 * Lake Macatawa
 * Macatawa River
 * Kalamazoo River
 * Rabbit River
 * Little Rabbit River
 * Gun River
 * Battle Creek River
 * Black River (Allegan/Van Buren counties)
 * St. Joseph River (Lake Michigan)
 * Paw Paw River
 * Dowagiac River
 * Pigeon River (St. Joseph County)
 * Fawn River
 * Little Fawn River
 * Prairie River
 * Rocky River
 * Portage River (Kalamazoo/St. Joseph counties)
 * Nottawa Creek (also known as Nottawa River)
 * Coldwater River (Branch County)
 * Sauk River
 * Galien River
 * South Branch Galien River
 * Galena River

Green Bay

 * Menominee River
 * Little River
 * Little Cedar River
 * Shakey River
 * Sturgeon River (Dickinson County, Michigan)
 * Brule River
 * Paint River
 * Hemlock River
 * Little Hemlock River
 * Net River
 * Iron River (Iron County, Michigan)
 * Michigamme River
 * Kelso River
 * Deer River
 * Fence River
 * Mitchigan River
 * Spruce River
 * Peshekee River
 * Spurr River
 * Cedar River (Menominee County, Michigan)
 * Walton River
 * Bark River
 * Ford River

 * Little Bay de Noc
 * Escanaba River
 * Middle Branch Escanaba River
 * Black River (Marquette County)
 * Second River
 * East Branch Escanaba River
 * Days River
 * Tacoosh River
 * Rapid River (Delta/Marquette counties)
 * Whitefish River

 * Big Bay de Noc
 * Big River
 * Little River
 * Ogontz River
 * Sturgeon River (Alger/Delta counties)
 * Fishdam River
 * Little Fishdam River

Remainder of Lake Michigan/Upper Peninsula

 * Manistique River
 * Indian River (Alger/Schoolcraft counties)
 * Little Indian River
 * West Branch Manistique River
 * Creighton River
 * Driggs River
 * Fox River
 * East Branch Fox River
 * Little Fox River
 * Manistique Lake
 * Shoepac River
 * Milakokia River
 * Cataract River
 * Crow River
 * Rock River (Lake Michigan)
 * Lower Millecoquins River
 * Upper Millecoquins River
 * Black River (Mackinac County)
 * Cut River
 * Brevoort River
 * Brevoort Lake
 * Little Brevoort River
 * Pointe aux Chenes River
 * Moran River

Beaver Island

 * Jordan River

Lake Superior basin

 * Tahquamenon River
 * Hendrie River
 * Sage River
 * Shelldrake River
 * Carp River (Luce County)
 * Little Two Hearted River
 * Two Hearted River
 * Blind Sucker River
 * Dead Sucker River
 * Sucker River
 * Hurricane River
 * Mosquito River
 * Miners River
 * Anna River
 * Au Train River
 * Rock River (Lake Superior)
 * Laughing Whitefish River
 * Sand River
 * Chocolay River
 * Carp River (Marquette County)
 * Dead River
 * Little Dead River
 * Little Garlic River
 * Big Garlic River
 * Iron River (Marquette County, Michigan)
 * Lake Independence
 * Yellow Dog River
 * Salmon Trout River (Marquette County)
 * Pine River (Marquette County)
 * Pine Lake
 * River Styx (Marquette County)
 * Mountain Stream
 * Mountain Lake
 * Cliff River
 * Little Huron River
 * Huron River (Baraga/Marquette counties)
 * Huron Bay
 * Ravine River
 * Slate River (Baraga County)
 * Silver River (Baraga County)
 * Falls River
 * Little Carp River (Baraga County)
 * Portage River (Houghton County, Michigan), the southern end of the Keweenaw Waterway
 * Snake River
 * Portage Lake
 * Sturgeon River (Baraga/Houghton counties)
 * Otter Lake
 * Otter River
 * West Branch Otter River
 * North Branch Otter River
 * Sante River
 * Little Otter River
 * Silver River (Baraga County/Houghton County)
 * Little Silver River
 * Perch River
 * Rock River (Sturgeon River tributary)
 * Worm Lake
 * Vermilac River
 * Murphy River
 * Tioga River
 * Pike River
 * Torch Lake
 * Trap Rock River
 * Pilgrim River
 * Traverse River
 * Tobacco River
 * Big Betsy River
 * Little Betsy River
 * Lac La Belle
 * Little Gratiot River
 * Montreal River (Keweenaw County)
 * Medora River
 * Silver River (Keweenaw County)
 * Eagle River
 * Gratiot River
 * Salmon Trout River (Houghton County)
 * Graveraet River
 * Elm River
 * Little Elm River
 * Misery River
 * Little Misery River
 * East Sleeping River
 * West Sleeping River
 * Firesteel River
 * Flintsteel River
 * Ontonagon River
 * West Branch Ontonagon River
 * South Branch Ontonagon River
 * Lake Gogebic
 * Slate River (Gogebic County)
 * Pelton River or Pelton Creek
 * Middle Branch Ontonagon River
 * Baltimore River
 * Tamarack River
 * East Branch Ontonagon River
 * Jumbo River
 * Potato River
 * Floodwood River
 * Cranberry River
 * Little Cranberry River
 * Duck River, also called Duck Creek (Ontonogan County)
 * Mineral River
 * Big Iron River
 * Rapid River (Ontonagon County, Michigan)
 * Little Iron River
 * Union River
 * Little Union River
 * Carp River (Gogebic/Ontonagon counties), sections also called Big Carp River and Upper Carp River
 * Little Carp River (Gogebic-Ontonagon counties)
 * Presque Isle River
 * Little Presque Isle River
 * Black River (Gogebic County)
 * Little Black River (Gogebic County)
 * Montreal River (Wisconsin-Michigan) (Gogebic County)

Isle Royale

 * Big Siskiwit River
 * Little Siskiwit River
 * Siskiwit River

title: List of rivers of Michigan


text:
Mesquite Championship Rodeo

The Mesquite Championship Rodeo is a rodeo located in Mesquite, Texas, United States, that operates from June through August. It is only a 15 minute drive from Dallas, Texas. It is sanctioned by the Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association (PRCA). In 2020, it was awarded the PRCA Small Rodeo of the Year award. It was also awarded the Texas Small Rodeo of the Year Award.

History
Charlie Columbus McNally founded The original Mesquite Rodeo, which was a permanent location and did not move town to town. It was held at the Charlie McNally's Arena which was located on Hickory Tree Road, a little to the north of present Rodeo Drive. The original Mesquite Rodeo dates from about 1946 but was preceded by the Pleasant Mound Rodeo which began in 1941, also started by Charlie McNally and is where Neal Gay got his start in 1945.

It was located on the northeast corner of Buckner Boulevard and Scyene Road. Ironically, it was closed when the City of Dallas annexed Pleasant Mound in 1950 and refused to issue a special zoning permit to the rodeo. Shortly after Neal Gay, Jim Shoulders, Ira Akers and their associates purchased C.C. McNally's property in 1957. They built a new arena on the south side of the property on the north side of present Rodeo Drive for the 1958 opening of the professional, soon to be renamed, Mesquite Championship Rodeo. The entrance was still on Hickory Tree Road and passed north of the open arena (the roof was added in 1964) to a parking area on the west side. The brick kilns were just a few hundred feet southeast of the arena. The present arena was built in 1986 further south of the 1958 arena on the site of one of the clay pits. Rodeo Drive and Neal Gay Drive were constructed about the same time. The 1958 arena was torn down and the site remains undeveloped.

All that area had been in the Mesquite City limits since the mid 1950s expansion during the post war housing boom. The 1970 opening of 635 did not have any physical effect on the Mesquite Rodeo property but it did provide the visibility that led to increased attendance.

The Mesquite Championship Rodeo was televised on ESPN from 1981 to 1986, and from 1986 to 1999 on TNN. Finally, in the 2000s, it was televised on Fox Sports Networks. It reached over 8.3 million households, to date, the most televised rodeo in the world next to the NHSRA 20X Rodeo High telecast on RFD-TV. The Fox Sports Networks era would be the last in which the Mesquite Championship Rodeo was televised.

In 1985, ground was broken for the Mesquite Arena, a new facility for the Mesquite Rodeo, located near Interstate 635 and Scyene Road. By 1998, the facility was expanded to include a Convention Center, Exhibition Hall and a Hampton Inn & Suites. In 1999, Tom Hicks, owner of the Texas Rangers and the Dallas Stars, purchased Mesquite Championship Rodeo.

By 2001, attendance had grown to 200,000 during the season. In 2009, a group of investors formed a company called Camelot Sports & Entertainment and purchased the Mesquite Championship Rodeo from Hicks for an undisclosed sum. Camelot has reportedly invested nearly $1.5 million by adding high definition video boards over the bucking chutes, remodeling and refurbishing many of the suites in Mesquite Arena and adding a private restaurant called the 8 Second Club, which its members can use throughout the year. It was shortly renamed Resistol Arena after the Resistol hat company purchased the naming rights. However, this only lasted a few years, and the facility's name was changed back to Mesquite Arena.

In 2015, the Mesquite Championship Rodeo was sold to Stace Smith Pro Rodeo.

The facility has hosted U.S. Presidents Ronald Reagan and George W. Bush, as well as Prince Rainier III of Monaco.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Mesquite Championship Rodeo


text: User talk:205.233.99.52

title: User talk:205.233.99.52


text:
Gordon Blake

Gordon Aylesworth Blake (July 22, 1910 – September 1, 1997) was a lieutenant general in the United States Air Force who served as director of the National Security Agency from 1962 to 1965.

Early life and training
Gordon Aylesworth Blake was born in Charles City, Iowa, on July 22, 1910, the son of George and Cecelia Blake. He graduated from high school in Charles City and was appointed to the United States Military Academy by the late Gilbert N. Haugen in 1927, graduating on June 11, 1931. He was commissioned a second lieutenant in the Coast Artillery Corps and detailed as a student officer to pilot training.

In October 1932, Blake completed Primary and Advanced Flying Schools. He was transferred to the Air Corps on January 25, 1933, and was assigned to a pursuit squadron at Barksdale Field, Louisiana. Entering the Signal School at Fort Monmouth, New Jersey, in July 1934, he completed the Communications Officers' Course the following June and was assigned as communications instructor at the Air Corps Technical School, at Chanute Field, Illinois.

World War II
Going to Hawaii in February 1939, Blake was communications officer of the 18th Composite Wing. During September 1941, he acted as communications officer on the first land-based aircraft flight from Hawaii to the Philippines. This flight was made in B-17 bombers sent to the Philippines as reinforcements and flew a pioneer route – Midway Island; Wake Island; Port Moresby, New Guinea; Darwin, Australia; Clark Field, Philippine Islands. All members of the flight were awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross.

On December 7, 1941, Blake was base operations officer (in the rank of major) at Hickam Field during the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and was awarded the Silver Star for gallantry in action that day. He became operations officer, Seventh Air Force Base Command, was promoted to lieutenant colonel, and spent the first months of World War II supervising operation of the airplane ferry route to Australia via Christmas Island – Canton Island – Fiji – New Caledonia.

In October 1942, Blake shifted back to communications work and commanded Army Airways Communications System in the Pacific for the rest of World War II, with the exception of the period October 1943 to January 1944, when on temporary duty in Alaska, he established the Air Communications Office for Alaska. He was promoted to colonel in November 1942. On August 28, 1945, he accompanied a special 150-man task force into Japan to prepare for airborne occupation troop landings on August 30.

Post-war
For his work in World War II, Blake was awarded the Legion of Merit by Admiral Chester W. Nimitz, plus an oak leaf cluster to the Legion of Merit by the War Department, the Air Medal with oak leaf cluster, and battle stars for participation in the following campaigns: Central Pacific, Eastern Mandates, New Guinea, North Solomons, Guadalcanal, Papua and South Philippines, Luzon and Western Pacific. He returned from overseas in November 1945, and in January 1946, was appointed deputy commander of the Airways and Air Communications Service at Langley Field, Virginia.

Entering the Air War College at Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama, in August 1947, Blake graduated the following June and went to research and development work at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio. Between 1948 and 1951, he was with the Electronics Subdivision of the Engineering Division and served as chief of the Armament Laboratory. In the summer of 1951, he was placed in charge of 12 development laboratories and promoted to brigadier general. His final assignment at Wright Field was as vice-commander from June 1952 to January 1953.

Transferred to Air Force Headquarters in January 1953, Blake was appointed deputy director of communications in the Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Operations, becoming director of communications the following month. Many changes to the United States Air Force system for global communications and navigation, including pioneer operational circuits using tropospheric scatter communications for the first time, were carried out during his tour as director of communications.

Washington and other moves
Blake was named assistant deputy chief of staff for operations on June 2, 1956. In this capacity he served on the Permanent Joint Board for Defense, Canada — US, under which many defense projects such as the Dewline radar network were planned between the two countries. During the latter part of his Washington assignment, he was given the aeronautical rating of command pilot and was promoted to major general, the highest permanent rank in the regular service.

Blake left Washington on January 4, 1957, to become commander of the United States Air Force Security Service, a major component of the United States Air Force with its headquarters in San Antonio, Texas. He was awarded the Air Force Distinguished Service Medal for exceptionally meritorious conduct in the performance of outstanding service in this command.

On September 1, 1959, Blake was assigned as vice-commander-in-chief and chief of staff, Pacific Air Forces, the air arm of the joint Pacific Command with its headquarters in Hawaii.

Blake came to Headquarters Continental Air Command in July 1961 as commander-designate. He assumed command of Continental Air Command on September 30, 1961, and became a lieutenant general on October 1, 1961. Blake assumed the position of director, National Security Agency, at Fort George G. Meade, Maryland, July 1, 1962, which he held until his retirement in 1965.

The US Air Force Aircraft Save Award is named after him. It is awarded for any action taken by an air traffic controller or airfield manager that results in the safe recovery of an imperiled airborne aircraft or help given to an endangered aircraft on the ground.

authors: ಮಲ್ನಾಡಾಚ್ ಕೊಂಕ್ಣೊ

title: Gordon Blake


text:
Antibubble

An antibubble is a droplet of liquid surrounded by a thin film of gas, as opposed to a gas bubble, which is a sphere of gas surrounded by a liquid. Antibubbles are formed when liquid drops or flows turbulently into the same or another liquid. They can either skim across the surface of a liquid such as water, in which case they are also called water globules, or they can be completely submerged into the liquid to which they are directed.

Background
Antibubbles are a common but widely unrecognized phenomenon, in part because of their resemblance to air bubbles, and in part because of their typically transient, or short-lived, nature. With certain (soapy) solutions, they can be made to last much longer.

Antibubbles can be created by allowing a tap to drip into a container of water to which a drop or two of soap has been added. They have all been produced aided by an ultrasound contrast agent. Being inherently unstable, they are difficult to form. The soap reduces the water's surface tension and allows the skin of air surrounding the droplet to remain in place for more than just a fraction of a second. As antibubbles can be easily created at home, they have attracted attention from popular science magazines.

Just as soap bubbles, with air inside and air outside, have negative buoyancy and tend to sink towards the ground, so antibubbles, with water inside and air outside have positive buoyancy and tend to rise towards the water surface. But again, just as soap bubbles can be filled with a lighter gas to give them positive buoyancy, so antibubbles can be filled with a heavier liquid to give them negative buoyancy. Using a drinking straw to drop droplets of sugar solution onto soapy water will produce antibubbles that sink.

Antibubbles usually pop when they touch the bottom or the side of the vessel containing the liquid. This can be prevented by tipping a few teaspoons of sugar into the soapy water and giving it some time to dissolve (but without stirring it). This will produce a denser layer of sugary water at the bottom of the container. Antibubbles made from sugar solution will then sink through the water and rest on top of the denser layer at the bottom. Antibubbles made this way can last for several minutes.

The layers of an antibubble are water, which it is submerged in, air, and the water trapped in the air.

Differences between air bubbles and antibubbles
The behavior of antibubbles differs from that of air bubbles in three primary ways, and provides a ready means of identification:

 * Antibubbles are held in place by surface tension, and move rapidly across the surface of the water. They can also be seen to ricochet off other objects in the water (such as air bubbles) and off the sides of a container in a manner similar to that of billiard balls.
 * Under ordinary circumstances, antibubbles are short-lived. An air bubble with a soap skin may last several minutes. Antibubbles often have lifetimes of a few seconds or less; however, if the electrical potential between the inner and outer fluid is equalized, antibubbles can last as long as, or longer than, air bubbles. Antibubbles with a lifetime of at least tens of hours can be produced by adsorbing colloidal particles at the air-water interfaces of the antibubble.
 * Antibubbles refract light in a different manner than air bubbles. Because they are water droplets, light entering them is refracted back toward its source in the same manner as rainbows are produced. Because of this refraction, antibubbles have a bright appearance.

Potential uses for antibubbles
If antibubbles can be stabilized they can be used to form a long lasting froth — antifoam. Possible uses for antifoam are as a lubricant or using the thin passageways permeating antifoam as a filter for air or other gasses.

Antibubbles themselves could be used for chemical processes such as removing pollutants from a smokestack. Replacing the air in antibubble shells with another liquid could be used for a drug delivery system by creating a shell of liquid-polymer around a drug. Hardening the polymer with ultraviolet light would create a drug filled capsule.

Microscopic antibubbles have demonstrated their feasibility in harmonic imaging. It has been proposed to incorporate therapeutics into antibubble cores. Such drug-loaded antibubbles might be used in ultrasound-guided drug delivery, where acoustic waves create sufficient pulsations of the antibubble surface to release its drug-containing core.

Lifetime
The lifetime of an antibubble on top of a water surface might be prolonged by making the water underneath it vibrate. Such antibubbles have been referred to as "walking bubbles" and have been proposed to be used as a model of quantum mechanical behavior. Another way to increase the lifetime of antibubbles is by applying so-called Pickering stabilization.

title: Antibubble


text:
Talk:Graphite

External links modified
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A form of coal
Is the gross calorific value of graphite known? Presumably the fixed carbon is 100 per cent. From the "Coal" article:

"Graphite is one of the more difficult coals to ignite and not commonly used as fuel; it is most used in pencils, or powdered for lubrication. "

The graph to the right shows a general decline above 89 per cent fixed carbon (semi-anthracite) and activated charcoal is 19 852 J/g. The maximum calorific value on the chart in the coal article of 16 000 BTU/lb is 37 216. Which is probably why, along with having better uses for it and the difficulty of ignition, it for the most part it not used for heating, of course. https://www.researchgate.net/post/Calorific_value_of_activated_carbon Opasw (talk) 02:54, 16 November 2018 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Opasw (talk • contribs) 02:51, 16 November 2018 (UTC)

Source for Properties
Hello,

I found myself missing some references to justify the Structure section, in particular the nature of the bonds, cohesion and optical properties:

Atoms in the plane are bonded covalently, with only three of the four potential bonding sites satisfied. The fourth electron is free to migrate in the plane, making graphite electrically conductive. However, it does not conduct in a direction at right angles to the plane. Bonding between layers is via weak van der Waals bonds, which allows layers of graphite to be easily separated, or to slide past each other

This review provides straightforward references for these, as well as being good enough a reference itself.

I'm unsure how to (correctly) add references, I'd appreciate it if someone could (if deemed appropriate).

Miguelmurca (talk) 00:39, 25 January 2019 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the source. I added the citation for you. If you'd like to do this yourself, you could read Citing sources. RockMagnetist (DCO visiting scholar) (talk) 04:46, 30 January 2019 (UTC)

Is Pyrolitic Carbon Diamagnetic Or Not?
Under "Other Properties" is this:

If it is made in a fluidized bed at 1000–1300 °C then it is isotropic turbostratic, and is used in blood contacting devices like mechanical heart valves and is called pyrolytic carbon, and is not diamagnetic.

But the linked pyrolitic carbon article says:

It is also more diamagnetic (χ = −4×10−4) against the cleavage plane, exhibiting the greatest diamagnetism (by weight) of any room-temperature diamagnet.

John G Hasler (talk) 23:57, 7 March 2019 (UTC)

Doubts about terminology
In section "Structure", there is this sentence, evidenced in italics: In diamond the bonds are sp3 and the atoms form tetrahedra with each bound to four nearest neighbors. Now, to my knowledge, sp3 is a term to designate a type of hybridization for the orbitals of an atom, and should not be employed to designate a kind of bond. The bonds in diamond are homonuclear covalent σ bonds, deriving from the overlap of sp3 hybrid orbitals. In addition, just subsequently, there is this other sentence (in italics): "In graphite they (the bonds, I presume) are sp2 orbital hybrids and the atoms form in planes with each bound to three nearest neighbors 120 degrees apart". The sentence is not clear. A reshuffling could be beneficial, in my opinion. Ekisbares (talk) 09:07, 30 September 2019 (UTC)

Unclear about low-quality graphite
From Pencils:

 * "Low-quality amorphous graphite is used and sourced mainly from China."

This is unclear. Is higher-quality amorphous graphite produced elsewhere (for use in pencils), or do pencils not need higher-quality amorphous graphite? If the latter, "Low-quality" could be left out.

--Mortense (talk) 15:31, 4 December 2019 (UTC)

Burning
Graphite will oxidise at a high enough temperature, but can be used as a heat-resistant material at lower temperatures. It will even burn. See https://www.hindawi.com/journals/stni/2011/589747/

Some information on this in the article and figures would be good. I'm looking for sources. Andrewa (talk) 09:02, 5 November 2020 (UTC)

Structure graphics
The section "Rhombohedral graphite" contains four images showing structure of graphite. Are these all showing the rhombohedral graphite structure? If so, we probably also should have pictures of hexagonal graphite. AxelBoldt (talk) 00:40, 22 August 2021 (UTC)

 * , they are all showing the more common hex structure. There was no need for the "Rhombohedral graphite" section. Fixed. Ponor (talk) 15:57, 22 August 2021 (UTC)

Graphite as mineral species
The proposal is to split this article into mineral forms of graphite and synthetic graphite (chemical). Probably the synthetic material would be the forum for the fancy intercalation chem. --Smokefoot (talk) 02:04, 10 June 2022 (UTC)

invention of artificial graphite?
I heard in a France24 tv interview a Moroccan scientist claim that he invented graphite when I came to read the article here... there is no mention of his name? the interview is about why he wasn't among the 2022 laureates for chemistry. 41.249.230.206 (talk) 23:15, 14 February 2023 (UTC)

 * If you can identify a reliable source for this, we could add something about it. Girth Summit  (blether)  23:32, 14 February 2023 (UTC)

Big edits
In addition to significant changes in wording to make the article flow better, I also made these edits:

I removed the following because it looks like it was just copied and pasted from promotional websites:
 * ABOUT MITSUI & CO., LTD. Mitsui & Co., Ltd. (8031: JP) is a global trading and investment company with a diversified business portfolio that spans approximately 63 countries in Asia, Europe, North, Central & South America, The Middle East, Africa and Oceania. Mitsui has built a strong and diverse core business portfolio covering the Mineral and Metal Resources, Energy, Machinery and Infrastructure, and Chemicals industries. For more information on Mitsui & Co's businesses visit, www.mitsui.com. ABOUT HAZER GROUP LIMITED Hazer Group Limited ("Hazer" or "the Company") is an ASX-listed technology development company undertaking the commercialisation of the Hazer Process, a low-emission hydrogen and graphite production process. The Hazer Process enables the effective conversion of natural gas and similar methane feedstocks, into hydrogen and high-quality graphite, using iron ore as a process catalyst.

I removed these because they seem more promotional than relevant to the article:
 * Novonix is an Australian Listed company which has developed proprietary technology that includes unique continuous graphitization systems. It operates at two sites; Bluewater 177 Bluewater Road Bedford, Nova Scotia, Simmonds 110 Simmonds Drive Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Riverside 1029 West 19th Street Chattanooga, Tennessee and Lookout Valley 353 Corporate Place Chattanooga, Tennessee
 * It has planned " phased growth  strategy with roadmap to achieve North American production capacity of 150,000 metric tons of synthetic graphite per annum (tpa) by 2030" Plan to start deliveries of it Battery Anode materials from its 3rd Generation Graphitization furnaces in Tennessee with commercial volumes of EV Grade syntetic graphite from the 4th quarter of 2024.

Also, the word HAZER® was used inconsistently (with and without the registered trademark symbol), so I changed that. Coldspur (talk) 05:58, 18 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Graphite


text:
Talk:The History of Sexuality

Guidelines for terminology
''In this article, the inclusive terms "different-sex" and "same-sex" are used throughout. Where necessary for clarity, the terms "straight", "gay", "lesbian", "bisexual", "transgender", "queer" or other more specific terms, such as "romantic", are used.'' "Different-sex" and "same-sex" do not carry negative nor positive connotations, are not in most cases the prefered term of any group or groups, do not imply self-identification, are not historically specific. However, care should be taken to avoid simply replacing the terms used in discussions of modern conceptions and identities with "different-sex" and "same-sex" in cases where this places aspects of these modern conceptions onto the ideally neutral terms. Examples of prefered usage include: These are, of course, often overspecific and may often be shortened.
 * Same-sex sexuality prefered over general use of homosexuality
 * Different-sex sexuality prefered over general use of heterosexuality
 * Person predominately sexually and romantically attracted to people of the same-sex prefered over the noun homosexual
 * Person predominately sexually and romantically attracted to people of a different-sex preferred over the noun heterosexual

Hyacinth
 * Shortened, oh yes. How about PPSARATPOTSS and PPSARATPOADS ? Mikkalai 22:38, 24 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * And by the way, since you write "the same sex" but "a different sex", I presume that you distinguish more than two sexes (genders). Do you have in mind hermaphrodites or do you plan to extend the article by sexuality of aliens? Mikkalai 22:38, 24 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * I think it would be great if the article discussed the sexuality of intersex people (hermaphrodites) and how that sexuality challenges or confirms other concepts about sexuality. I would prefer the use of gay, but this has not proved acceptable to other wikipedians. I realize some of these terms are unweildy, see User:Hyacinth/Style guide for alternatives. The shortest term isn't always the best.Hyacinth 00:53, 25 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * I'm glad that my silly joke gave you a good idea. Mikkalai 01:29, 25 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Just a note, the APA recommends using "gender" instead of "sex" when you mean "gender". Just to avoid confusion. I think that's a good idea. That implies that the "preferred" terms above should be modified a bit. Thoughts? -- Beland 03:27, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)

-

Woah
Um, what happened to the history of homosexuality page :) ? This seems a little over-broad to me, but I need to re-read it. Exploding Boy 22:24, Feb 24, 2004 (UTC)

 * Please reincorporate information from the original articles now located on their respective talk pages.Hyacinth 22:36, 24 Feb 2004 (UTC)

What? I mean what happened to the article? Why has it become History of Sexuality, a topic far broader and rather different than History of Homosexuality? Exploding Boy

 * There was a move some time back to incorporate "causes of homosexuality" into a larger and more exclusive "causes of sexuality" article (I can't remember the exact names, which is why there's no link). I'm guessing that has become a trend.  There's talk below about how spin-off articles will be managed.  I'm guessing History of homosexuality will eventually return as a spin-off linked to this article.  -Seth Mahoney 21:49, Sep 17, 2004 (UTC)

See

 * Talk:History of homosexuality, to be merged into this article

AIDS
So the previous version of the AIDS section sounded a little bit like "and let's not forget the role of gay people in that whole AIDS thing". Also, the AIDS article had apparently changed a lot and the specific section this article was linking to has disappeared. I re-wrote the section based on the introduction of the AIDS article, and I think it comes across as more neutral now. I moved the reference to "Gay plague" (now "Gay disease") to the AIDS article itself, because "Gay plague" actually has good info about the days before it was called AIDS. I hope you like the changes. --Beland 03:32, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Todo list
The todo list I've just created is huge, and I'm not sure all of the content envisioned there will fit in a single article. Given the recent decision to merge homosexual aspects of sexuality with heterosexuality (which is, of course, a huge topic), I guess splitting the latter off now is out of the question. And there are other vast topics perhaps too large to fit here in their entirety, too. I guess this article can just grow organically, and spawn subarticles on whatever topics it needs to? -- Beland 04:22, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Hmm. Maybe the intention in creating this article was to do "Sexual orientation in history" piece, not a bold, sweeping "History of sexuality"?  I guess both are necessary.  What to do? -- Beland 04:27, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Yeah, maybe we should just get to work on the to-do list and spin off articles as sections get really big? We can then, if necessary, create a subcategory of Category:Sexuality like Category:History of sexuality or something to put all the articles in.  -Seth Mahoney 21:45, Sep 17, 2004 (UTC)

Collaboration of the week
This page has been nominated to be the Collaboration of the Week. Add your vote to the History of Sex nomination! -- Beland 03:02, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Given that the collaboration is happening on History of sex, I'm merging this content there. We can move it back to this title later, if necessary. -- Beland 13:59, 17 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Fourth volume
The German WP entry on Foucault explicitly provides the title of the fourth volume of the The history of sex as being Les aveux de la chair, that it was largely edited by the time of his death in 1984 and almost ready to get published, however Foucault's family allegedly is still holding back the book by referring to a supposed last will of Michel Foucault that no works of his ought to be published post mortem. --TlatoSMD 10:05, 23 June 2006 (CEST)

Recent addition
Michtrich, thank you for your recent addition about the publication of the fourth volume of The History of Sexuality. Unfortunately, I have to note that your addition means that the article now contradicts itself. The publication history section states that, "The fourth volume was to be entitled Confessions of the Flesh (Les aveux de la chair). The volume was almost complete before Foucault's death and a copy of it is privately held in the Foucault archive. It cannot be published under the restrictions of Foucault's estate", which is flatly contradicted by the information you added, which states, "The fourth volume (Les aveux de la chair) was published posthumously in 2018." What do you suggest should be done about this? Since the article cannot be allowed to contradict itself, perhaps the new information should be left out until a way can be found to make the existing information in the article consistent with it? FreeKnowledgeCreator (talk) 23:08, 6 February 2018 (UTC)
 * I understand your concerns, but I don't know how this change came about. However, I would rather opt to get rid of the part you have quoted from the publication history, because this is the part that is no longer reflecting reality as the book does now exist. I guess it is also possible to find the reason for this change. Apparently his editor Frederic Gros said in the light of the #metoo movement "the moment has come for the publication of this major and original work." Michtrich (talk) 23:28, 6 February 2018 (UTC)
 * I think the appropriate thing to do would be to carefully reword the older information to make it consistent with the new information. Unfortunately, I do not happen to have the source used - the book Religion and culture by Foucault - available. I can perhaps find a library copy. Failing that, I can buy the book and use it to update the information, but it will be some time before I can do this. FreeKnowledgeCreator (talk) 23:35, 6 February 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:The History of Sexuality


text:
Sphere eversion

In differential topology, sphere eversion is the process of turning a sphere inside out in a three-dimensional space (the word eversion means "turning inside out"). It is possible to smoothly and continuously turn a sphere inside out in this way (allowing self-intersections of the sphere's surface) without cutting or tearing it or creating any crease. This is surprising, both to non-mathematicians and to those who understand regular homotopy, and can be regarded as a veridical paradox; that is something that, while being true, on first glance seems false.

More precisely, let

 * $$f\colon S^2\to \R^3$$

be the standard embedding; then there is a regular homotopy of immersions

 * $$f_t\colon S^2\to \R^3$$

such that ƒ0 = ƒ and ƒ1 = −ƒ.

History
An existence proof for crease-free sphere eversion was first created by. It is difficult to visualize a particular example of such a turning, although some digital animations have been produced that make it somewhat easier. The first example was exhibited through the efforts of several mathematicians, including Arnold S. Shapiro and Bernard Morin, who was blind. On the other hand, it is much easier to prove that such a "turning" exists, and that is what Smale did.

Smale's graduate adviser Raoul Bott at first told Smale that the result was obviously wrong. His reasoning was that the degree of the Gauss map must be preserved in such "turning"—in particular it follows that there is no such turning of S1 in R2. But the degrees of the Gauss map for the embeddings f and −f in R3 are both equal to 1, and do not have opposite sign as one might incorrectly guess. The degree of the Gauss map of all immersions of S2 in R3 is 1, so there is no obstacle. The term "veridical paradox" applies perhaps more appropriately at this level: until Smale's work, there was no documented attempt to argue for or against the eversion of S2, and later efforts are in hindsight, so there never was a historical paradox associated with sphere eversion, only an appreciation of the subtleties in visualizing it by those confronting the idea for the first time.

See h-principle for further generalizations.

Proof
Smale's original proof was indirect: he identified (regular homotopy) classes of immersions of spheres with a homotopy group of the Stiefel manifold. Since the homotopy group that corresponds to immersions of $$S^2 $$ in $$\R^3$$ vanishes, the standard embedding and the inside-out one must be regular homotopic. In principle the proof can be unwound to produce an explicit regular homotopy, but this is not easy to do.

There are several ways of producing explicit examples and mathematical visualization:
 * Half-way models: these consist of very special homotopies. This is the original method, first done by Shapiro and Phillips via Boy's surface, later refined by many others. The original half-way model homotopies were constructed by hand, and worked topologically but weren't minimal. The movie created by Nelson Max, over a seven-year period, and based on Charles Pugh's chicken-wire models (subsequently stolen from the Mathematics Department at Berkeley), was a computer-graphics 'tour de force' for its time, and set the bench-mark for computer animation for many years. A more recent and definitive graphics refinement (1980s) is minimax eversions, which is a variational method, and consist of special homotopies (they are shortest paths with respect to Willmore energy). In turn, understanding behavior of Willmore energy requires understanding solutions of fourth-order partial differential equations, and so the visually beautiful and evocative images belie some very deep mathematics beyond Smale's original abstract proof.
 * Thurston's corrugations: this is a topological method and generic; it takes a homotopy and perturbs it so that it becomes a regular homotopy. This is illustrated in the computer-graphics animation Outside In developed at the Geometry Center under the direction of Silvio Levy, Delle Maxwell and Tamara Munzner.
 * Combining the above methods, the complete sphere eversion can be described by a set of closed equations giving minimal topological complexity

Variations

 * A six-dimensional sphere $$S^6$$ in seven-dimensional euclidean space $$\mathbb{R}^7$$ admits eversion. With an evident case of an 0-dimensional sphere $$S^0$$ (two distinct points) in a real line $$\mathbb{R}$$ and described above case of a two-dimensional sphere in $$\mathbb{R}^3 $$ there are only three cases when sphere $$S^n$$ embedded in euclidean space $$\mathbb{R}^{n+1}$$ admits eversion.

title: Sphere eversion


text:
Greatest hits album

A greatest hits album or best-of album is a type of compilation album that collects popular and commercially successful songs by a particular artist or band. While greatest hits albums are typically supported by the artist, they can also be created by record companies without express approval from the original artist as a means to generate sales. They are typically regarded as a good starting point for new fans of an artist, but are sometimes criticized by longtime fans as not inclusive enough or necessary at all.

It is also common for greatest hits albums to include new recordings, remixes or unreleased alternate takes of the hit songs, plus other new material as bonus tracks to increase appeal for longtime fans (who might otherwise already own the recordings included). At times, a greatest hits compilation marks the first album appearance of a successful single that was never attached to a previous studio album. Greatest hits albums usually are released after an artist or band's contract with a major label is completed, they've been dropped or died, with next releases following on new labels.

History
The first greatest hits album was Johnny Mathis's Johnny's Greatest Hits, released in 1958. The album collected eight of Mathis's charting singles, as well as three non-charting B-sides and an altogether new track. The album spent three weeks at the number one spot on Billboard's Best Selling Pop LP's chart. The greatest hits album format then gained popularity in the 1960s and 1970s among American and British rock and pop artists. One notable example was the Beach Boys 1974 album Endless Summer, which upon release was certified 3× platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America. It propelled them from an opening act for Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young to headlining their own tour in just a matter of weeks. Some artists were even popular enough to release multiple greatest hits albums during and after their career.

Greatest hits compilations were sometimes also released as 4-track 7" vinyl EPs. In the late 1960s, EMI Sweden released a series of greatest hits-EPs featuring artists such as The Supremes, Ray Charles and Louis Armstrong.

By the 1990s, greatest hits albums were common for popular artists, with some artists even releasing the greatest hits album as a music video collection concurrently with the album. It also became a commercially viable option to boost popularity for artists with dwindling careers. Some bands refuse to release a greatest hits album, such as rock groups AC/DC, Tool, and Metallica. Garth Brooks had initially refused releasing one, but he eventually agreed to it in 1994 for a limited release (the resulting record, The Hits, sold over ten million copies).

In 2000, Sony Music Entertainment launched their The Essential series, which collects singles and other career-defining tracks of artists licensed to Sony. The Essential Bob Dylan was the first in the series, and the company has since released dozens of albums in the series with other artists under their label. In addition to artist-specific collections, the series has also released genre-specific and themed albums, such as The Essential Christmas (collecting pop and rock covers of Christmas songs) or The Essential Australian Rock (collecting a specific regional output). In 2005, Universal Music Group launched a similar line, Gold, which collects artists' greatest hits onto two discs.

In the late 2000s and 2010s, digital downloads and music streaming services increased in popularity, which allow users to listen to their favorite tracks without the need of a greatest hits package. In 2016, Pitchfork said that "in the digital era, once a catalog enters a streaming service or an MP3 store, there's no need for a reissue and, therefore, there's no reason for a label to mine the vaults, searching for old music to make new again. Users can assemble their own personalized greatest hits playlists or just scan through an act's most accessed songs", which has led to greatest hits collections becoming redundant.

Despite the popularity of streaming in the 2010s and early 2020s, some artists continued to issue physical greatest hits albums, including the White Stripes, Spoon, and the Weeknd. Spoon lead singer Britt Daniel said he chose to compile 2019's Everything Hits at Once: The Best of Spoon out of an affinity for compilations such as Standing on a Beach by the Cure and Substance 1987 by New Order, which had introduced him to those artists in his youth, and to provide an official introduction to Spoon's catalog for new listeners. Alex Kapranos of Franz Ferdinand echoed those sentiments when describing the decision to release the band's 2022 Hits to the Head compilation, stating that "I have friends who believe you're somehow not a 'real' fan if you own a best of rather than a discography. I disagree. I think of my parents' record collection as a kid. I loved their compilation LPs. I am so grateful that they had Changes or Rolled Gold. Those LPs were my entrance point. My introduction."

Notable examples

Various compilation albums became amongst the best-selling albums worldwide with sales of over 20 million copies. For example, Eagles' Their Greatest Hits (1971–1975) is the best-selling album in the United States, according to Billboard, selling over 38 million copies. Worldwide, The Immaculate Collection by Madonna is the best-selling compilation by a solo artist, with 30 million copies, and is the best-selling compilation by a female artist in major music markets such as Australia, United Kingdom and United States. In the UK, Queen's Greatest Hits is the biggest selling album of all time. In second place is ABBA Gold, another greatest hits compilation which has gone on to become the longest-charting album in the UK. Queen's Greatest Hits II is also one of the UK's top ten biggest sellers.

One example of a greatest hits compilation released against the artists' intentions is British rock group the Rolling Stones' 1971 compilation Hot Rocks 1964–1971. The music magazine Rolling Stone remarked that the album served as a "beautifully packaged... purely mercenary item put together by the Stones' former record company to cash in on the Christmas season and wring some more bucks out in the name of the Mod Princes they once owned." After their manager tricked the band into signing over the copyrights to their 1963–1970 song catalog, the band did succeed in changing management and record labels. However, they could neither prevent the release of Hot Rocks nor its successor, More Hot Rocks (Big Hits & Fazed Cookies). Hot Rocks remains the best-selling album of the Rolling Stones' career. Mick Jagger and Keith Richards continue to collect significant songwriting royalties from the Hot Rocks sales, but not the ownership royalties.

In other media
The concept of greatest hits compilations has been adapted to other media as well. In television, some shows have released compilations of their critically successful and highest-rated episodes to drive new viewers to watch a program, such as Family Guy's Freakin' Sweet Collection and South Park: The Hits. Several video game companies have re-released popular games for continued sales, sometimes with discounted prices: Sony's PlayStation has released games under their Greatest Hits series; Nintendo has re-released games under the Nintendo Selects label (formerly called "Player's Choice"); and Microsoft has re-released games under the Platinum Hits label. Some video game franchises have released greatest hits collections of their own content, such as Super Mario All-Stars, Sonic Mega Collection, and Guitar Hero Smash Hits.

title: Greatest hits album


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Eadburh of Bicester

Eadburh of Bicester (also Eadburth, or Edburg, death c. 650) was an English nun, abbess, and saint from the 7th century. She has been called a "bit of a mystery"; there have been several Saxon saints with the same name, so it is difficult to pinpoint which one was Eadburh. It is most likely that Eadburh of Bicester was the daughter of King Penda of Mercia, who was pagan but had several children who were Christians. Eadburgh was born in the now-deserted village of Quarrendon in Buckinghamshire. Her sister was Edith (or Eadith), with whom she co-founded an abbey near Aylesburg; Eadburh probably became abbess at Aylesburg. She was also aunt of Osgyth, whom she trained "in the religious life". There are legends that claim that Edburgh and Edith found Osyth after she had drowned three days earlier and "witnessed her return to life".

Eadburgh might have lived at Adderbury, which may have been named for her, 30 miles from Aylesbury. She died in c. 650; her burial place is unknown. In 850, a simple Saxon church was built in Bicester. In 1182, her relics were moved to Bicester, when an Augustinian priory was founded by a group of Canons regular and dedicated to Saint Eadburgh and to the Virgin Mary. Many pilgrims visited Eadburh's shrine and holy well there. During the Reformation in 1536, Sir Simon Harcourt, the sheriff of Oxford, destroyed the Bicester Priory church, but he saved Eadburth's shrine and moved it to Saint Michael's Church in Stanton Harcourt so that it could be used as an Easter sepulture. Other parts of the shrine were combined into a tomb in the Harcourt chapel. In the late 1940s, there was an attempt to return the shrine to Bicester, but it was unsuccessful. Saint Eadburh's feast day is 18 July.

title: Eadburh of Bicester


text: User talk:81.208.36.80

title: User talk:81.208.36.80


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Ziaelas of Bithynia

Ziaelas (Ζιαήλας; lived c. 265 BC – 228 BC, reigned c. 254 BC – 228 BC), third king of Bithynia, was a son of Nicomedes I and Ditizele.

Life
Following the death of Nicomedes I, his second wife Etazeta of Bithynia acted as regent on behalf of her infant sons. Nicomedes' adult son from his first marriage Ziaelas, was denied the chance to ascend the throne, leading him to flee to Armenia and take refuge at the court of King Arsames I in Sophene. Upon his father's death he immediately endeavored to regain his rights by force, and returned, aided by some Galatians. Although Etazeta was supported by neighboring cities and Antigonus II Gonatas, Ziaelas rapidly conquered Bithynia, forcing Etazeta and her sons to escape to the court of Antigonus in about 254 BC.

During the Fraternal War between Seleucus II Callinicus and Antiochus Hierax, he seized the opportunity to attack the latter, trying to conquer Asia Minor They later became allies and his daughter, born c. 245 BC, married Hierax.

He was succeeded by his son Prusias I about 228 BC after being killed by the Galatians. Like his father and his grandfather he also founded a new city named after him, Ziaela, but the location of the city is unknown..

title: Ziaelas of Bithynia


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1979 in LGBT rights

This is a list of notable events in the history of LGBT rights that took place in the year 1979.

March

 * 1 — The new Penal Code of Cuba enters into force, decriminalizing homosexual acts.

May

 * 21 — The White Night riots occur in San Francisco after Dan White is convicted of two counts of voluntary manslaughter instead of murder in the assassinations of Harvey Milk and George Moscone. White had employed the so-called "Twinkie defense".
 * 29 — Los Angeles outlaws discrimination against homosexuals in private sector employment and in patronization of business establishments in its city. Mayor Thomas Bradley signs bills into effect July 2.

September

 * 1
 * Harry Hay, his partner John Burnside, Don Kilhefner and Mitchell L. Walker hold the Spiritual Conference for Radical Fairies gathering in Benson, Arizona, with over 75 men in attendance. The success of the event leads the men to form Radical Faeries.
 * U.S. state of New Jersey decriminalizes private consensual homosexual acts.
 * 14 — An education arbitration board in Smeaton, Saskatchewan, Canada, orders Don Jones to be reinstated in his teaching job after he was fired for being gay.

October

 * 14 — The National March on Washington for Lesbian and Gay Rights, the largest gay rights march to date, takes place in Washington, D.C., with about 100,000 people in attendance.

December

 * 17 — United States District Court for the Central District of California Judge Irving Hill rules that the marriage of Australian Anthony Sullivan and Richard Adams, under a license issued by Boulder County, Colorado, in 1975, is not valid for purposes of Sullivan's immigration.

title: 1979 in LGBT rights