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User:Proteus/Peerages

Peerage of England

 * Duke of Cornwall [1337] (Duke of Cornwall and Rothesay)
 * Duke of Norfolk [1483]
 * Duke of Somerset [1547]
 * Duke of Richmond [1675] (Duke of Richmond, Lennox and Gordon)
 * Duke of Grafton [1675]
 * Duke of Beaufort [1682]
 * Duke of Saint Albans [1684]
 * Duke of Bedford [1694]
 * Duke of Devonshire [1694]
 * Duke of Marlborough [1702]
 * Duke of Rutland [1703]

 * Marquess of Winchester [1551]
 * Marquess of Worcester [1642] (Duke of Beaufort)
 * Marquess of Tavistock [1694] (Duke of Bedford)
 * Marquess of Hartington [1694] (Duke of Devonshire)
 * Marquess of Blandford [1702] (Duke of Marlborough)
 * Marquess of Granby [1703] (Duke of Rutland)

 * Earl of Arundel [1289] (Duke of Norfolk)
 * Earl of Shrewsbury [1442] (Earl of Shrewsbury and Waterford)
 * Earl of Surrey [1483] (Duke of Norfolk)
 * Earl of Derby [1485]
 * Earl of Worcester [1514] (Duke of Beaufort)
 * Earl of Rutland [1525] (Duke of Rutland)
 * Earl of Huntingdon [1529]
 * Earl of Bedford [1550] (Duke of Bedford)
 * Earl of Wiltshire [1550] (Marquess of Winchester)
 * Earl of Pembroke [1551] (Earl of Pembroke and Montgomery)
 * Earl of Devon [1553]
 * Earl of Lincoln [1572]
 * Earl of Suffolk [1603] (Earl of Suffolk and Berkshire)
 * Earl of Exeter [1605] (Marquess of Exeter)
 * Earl of Salisbury [1605] (Marquess of Salisbury)
 * Earl of Montgomery [1605] (Earl of Pembroke and Montgomery)
 * Earl of Northampton [1618] (Marquess of Northampton)
 * Earl of Devonshire [1618] (Duke of Devonshire)
 * Earl of Denbigh [1622] (Earl of Denbigh and Desmond)
 * Earl of Westmorland [1624]
 * Earl of Manchester [1626] (Duke of Manchester)
 * Earl of Berkshire [1626] (Earl of Suffolk and Berkshire)
 * Earl of Lindsey [1626] (Earl of Lindsey and Abingdon)
 * Earl of Winchilsea [1628] (Earl of Winchilsea and Nottingham)
 * Earl of Sunderland [1643] (Duke of Marlborough)
 * Earl of Norfolk [1644] (Duke of Norfolk)
 * Earl of Glamorgan [1645] (Duke of Beaufort)
 * Earl of Sandwich [1660]
 * Earl of Essex [1661]
 * Earl of Cardigan [1661] (Marquess of Ailesbury)
 * Earl of Carlisle [1661]
 * Earl of Doncaster [1663] (Duke of Buccleuch and Queensberry)
 * Earl of Shaftesbury [1672]
 * Earl of Euston [1672] (Duke of Grafton)
 * Earl of March [1675] (Duke of Richmond, Lennox and Gordon)
 * Earl of Burford [1676] (Duke of Saint Albans)
 * Earl of Nottingham [1681] (Earl of Winchilsea and Nottingham)
 * Earl of Abingdon [1682] (Earl of Lindsey and Abingdon)
 * Earl of Marlborough [1689] (Duke of Marlborough)
 * Earl of Portland [1689]
 * Earl of Scarborough [1690]
 * Earl of Albemarle [1697]
 * Earl of Coventry [1697]
 * Earl of the Island of Jersey [1697]
 * Earl of Cholmondeley [1706] (Marquess of Cholmondeley)

 * Viscount Hereford [1550]
 * Viscount Cranborne [1603] (Marquess of Salisbury)
 * Viscount Mandeville [1620] (Duke of Manchester)
 * Viscount Grandison of Limerick [1620] (Earl of Jersey)
 * Viscount Feilding [1620] (Earl of Denbigh and Desmond)
 * Viscount Andover [1622] (Earl of Suffolk and Berkshire)
 * Viscount Maidstone [1622] (Earl of Winchilsea and Nottingham)
 * Viscount Hinchingbrooke [1660] (Earl of Sandwich)
 * Viscount Malden [1661] (Earl of Essex)
 * Viscount Howard of Morpeth [1661] (Earl of Carlisle)
 * Viscount Ipswich [1672] (Duke of Grafton)
 * Viscount Townshend of Raynham [1682] (Marquess of Townshend)
 * Viscount Weymouth [1682] (Marquess of Bath)
 * Viscount Woodstock [1689] (Earl of Portland)
 * Viscount Lumley [1689] (Earl of Scarbrough)
 * Viscount Villiers of Dartmouth [1691] (Earl of Jersey)
 * Viscount Bury [1697] (Earl of Albemarle)
 * Viscount Deerhurst [1697] (Earl of Coventry)
 * Viscount Malpas [1706] (Marquess of Cholmondeley)

 * Baron de Ros of Helmsley [1264]
 * Baron le Despencer [1264] (Viscount Falmouth)
 * Baron Mowbray [1283] (Baron Mowbray, Segrave and Stourton)
 * Baron Hastings [1295]
 * Baron Segrave [1295] (Baron Mowbray, Segrave and Stourton)
 * Baron FitzWalter [1295]
 * Baron Clinton [1299]
 * Baron Delaware [1299] (Earl de la Warr)
 * Baron de Clifford [1299]
 * Baron Strange [1299] (Viscount Saint Davids)
 * Baron Botetourt [1305] (Duke of Beaufort)
 * Baron Zouche [1308]
 * Baron Beaumont [1309] (Duke of Norfolk)
 * Baroness Willoughby de Eresby [1313]
 * Baron Strabolgi [1318]
 * Baroness Dacre [1321]
 * Baron Maltravers [1330] (Duke of Norfolk)
 * Baroness Darcy de Knayth [1331]
 * Baron Cromwell [1375]
 * Baron Camoys [1383]
 * Baron Abergavenny [1392] (Marquess of Abergavenny)
 * Baron Grey [1397]
 * Baron Berkeley [1421]
 * Baron Hungerford [1426] (Viscount Saint Davids)
 * Baron Latymer [1432]
 * Baron Dudley [1440]
 * Baron Moleyns [1445] (Viscount Saint Davids)
 * Baron Saye and Sele [1447] (Baron Saye and Sele)
 * Baron Stourton [1448] (Baron Mowbray, Segrave and Stourton)
 * Baron Abergavenny [1450] (Marquess of Abergavenny)
 * Baroness Berners [1455]
 * Baron Herbert [1461] (Duke of Beaufort)
 * Baron Willoughby de Brooke [1491]
 * Baron Herbert of Chepstow, Raglan and Gower [1506] (Duke of Beaufort)
 * Baron Herbert of Herbert [1509] (Duke of Beaufort)
 * Baron Vaux of Harrowden [1523]
 * Baroness Braye [1529]
 * Baron Windsor [1529] (Earl of Plymouth)
 * Baron Burgh [1529]
 * Baron Wentworth [1529] (Earl of Lytton)
 * Baron Saint John [1539] (Marquess of Winchester)
 * Baron Russell [1539] (Duke of Bedford)
 * Baron Wharton [1544]
 * Baron Seymour [1547] (Duke of Somerset)
 * Baron Herbert [1551] (Earl of Pembroke and Montgomery)
 * Baron Paget [1552] (Marquess of Anglesey)
 * Baron Howard of Effingham [1554] (Earl of Effingham)
 * Baron Saint John of Bletso [1559]
 * Baron Burghley [1571] (Marquess of Exeter)
 * Baron Delaware [1572] (Earl de la Warr)
 * Baron Norreys of Rycote [1572] (Earl of Lindsey and Abingdon)
 * Baron Cecil of Essendon [1603] (Marquess of Salisbury)
 * Baron Petre [1603]
 * Baron Russell of Thornhaugh [1603] (Duke of Bedford)
 * Baron Spencer of Wormleigton [1603] (Duke of Marlborough)
 * Baron Saye and Sele [1603] (Baron Saye and Sele)
 * Baron Cavendish of Hardwick [1605] (Duke of Devonshire)
 * Baron Herbert of Shurland [1605] (Earl of Pembroke & Montgomery)
 * Baron Clifton [1608] (Earl of Darnley)
 * Baron Dormer of Wyng [1615]
 * Baron Teynham [1616]
 * Baron Montagu of Kimbolton [1620] (Duke of Manchester)
 * Baron Feilding [1620] (Earl of Denbigh and Desmond)
 * Baron Brooke of Beauchamp?s Court [1621] (Earl of Warwick)
 * Baron Howard of Charleton [1622] (Earl of Suffolk and Berkshire)
 * Baron Burgersh [1624] (Earl of Westmoreland)
 * Baron FitzAlan [1627] (Duke of Norfolk)
 * Baron Brudenell of Stonton [1628] (Marquess of Ailesbury)
 * Baroness Strange [1628]
 * Baron Stafford [1640]
 * Baron Capell of Hadham [1641] (Earl of Essex)
 * Baron Byron of Rochdale [1643]
 * Baron Ward of Birmingham [1644] (Earl of Dudley)
 * Baron Montagu of Saint Neots [1660] (Earl of Sandwich)
 * Baron Townshend of Lynn Regis [1661] (Marquess of Townshend)
 * Baron Dacre of Gillesland [1661] (Earl of Carlisle)
 * Baron Ashley of Wimborne Saint Giles [1661] (Earl of Shaftesbury)
 * Baron Scott of Tindale [1663] (Duke of Buccleuch and Queensberry)
 * Baron Lucas of Crudwell [1663] (Baron Lucas of Crudwell and Dingwall)
 * Baron Saint Liz [1664] (Earl of Denbigh and Desmond)
 * Baroness Arlington [1665]
 * Baron Craven of Hampsted Marshall [1666] (Earl of Craven)
 * Baron Clifford of Chudleigh [1672]
 * Baron Cooper of Pawlett [1672] (Earl of Shaftesbury)
 * Baron Sudbury of Sudbury [1672] (Duke of Grafton)
 * Baron Finch of Daventry [1674] (Earl of Winchilsea and Nottingham)
 * Baron Settrington [1675] (Duke of Richmond, Lennox and Gordon)
 * Baron Heddington [1676] (Duke of Saint Albans)
 * Baron Manners of Haddon [1679] (Duke of Rutland)
 * Baron Lumley of Lumley Castle [1681] (Earl of Scarbrough)
 * Baron Thynne of Wermister [1682] (Marquess of Bath)
 * Baron Guilford [1683] (Earl of Guilford)
 * Baron Churchill of Sandridge [1685] (Duke of Marlborough)
 * Baron Waldegrave of Chewton [1686] (Earl Waldegrave)
 * Baron Cirencester [1689] (Earl of Portland)
 * Baron Cholmondeley of Namptwich [1689] (Marquess of Cholmondeley)
 * Baron Howland of Streatham [1695] (Duke of Bedford)
 * Baron Ashford [1697] (Earl of Albemarle)
 * Baron Barnard of Barnard?s Castle [1698]
 * Baron Guernsey [1703] (Earl of Aylesford)
 * Baron Gower of Sittenham [1703] (Duke of Sutherland)
 * Baron Conway of Ragley [1703] (Marquess of Hertford)
 * Baron Hervey of Ickworth [1703] (Marquess of Bristol)

Peerage of Scotland

 * Duke of Rothesay [1398] (Duke of Cornwall and Rothesay)
 * Duke of Hamilton [1643] (Duke of Hamilton and Brandon)
 * Duke of Buccleuch [1663] (Duke of Buccleuch and Queensberry)
 * Duke of Lennox [1675] (Duke of Richmond, Lennox and Gordon)
 * Duke of Queensberry [1684] (Duke of Buccleuch and Queensberry)
 * Duke of Argyll [1701]
 * Duke of Atholl [1703]
 * Duke of Montrose [1707]
 * Duke of Roxburghe [1707]

 * Marquess of Huntly [1599]
 * Marquess of Douglas [1633] (Duke of Hamilton and Brandon)
 * Marquess of Clydesdale [1643] (Duke of Hamilton and Brandon)
 * Marquess of Montrose [1644] (Duke of Montrose)
 * Marquess of Atholl [1676] (Duke of Atholl)
 * Marquess of Queensberry [1682]
 * Marquess of Dumfriesshire [1684] (Duke of Buccleuch and Queensberry)
 * Marquess of Tweedale [1694]
 * Marquess of Lothian [1701]
 * Marquess of Lorne and Kintyre [1701] (Duke of Argyll)
 * Marquess of Tullibardine [1703] (Duke of Atholl)
 * Marquess of Graham and Buchanan [1707] (Duke of Montrose)
 * Marquess of Bowmont and Cessford [1707] (Duke of Roxburghe)

 * Countess of Mar [1114]
 * Countess of Sutherland [1230]
 * Earl of Angus [1389] (Duke of Hamilton and Brandon)
 * Earl of Carrick [1398] (Duke of Cornwall and Rothesay)
 * Earl of Crawford [1398] (Earl of Crawford and Balcarres)
 * Earl of Mar [1405]
 * Earl of Huntly [1450] (Duke of Richmond, Lennox and Gordon)
 * Earl of Erroll [1452]
 * Earl of Caithness [1455]
 * Earl of Rothes [1457]
 * Earl of Argyll [1457] (Duke of Argyll)
 * Earl of Atholl [1457] (Duke of Atholl)
 * Earl of Morton [1458]
 * Earl of Buchan [1469]
 * Earl of Montrose [1505] (Duke of Montrose)
 * Earl of Eglinton [1507] (Earl of Eglinton and Wilton)
 * Earl of Cassilis [1509] (Marquess of Ailsa)
 * Earl of Moray [1562]
 * Earl of Mar [1565] (Earl of Mar and Kellie)
 * Earl of Enzie [1599] (Marquess of Huntly)
 * Earl of Home [1605]
 * Earl of Perth [1605]
 * Earl of Abercorn [1606] (Duke of Abercorn)
 * Earl of Kinghorne [1606] (Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne)
 * Earl of Lothian [1606] (Marquess of Lothian)
 * Earl of Tullibardine [1606] (Duke of Atholl)
 * Earl of Roxburghe [1616] (Duke of Roxburghe)
 * Earl of Kellie [1619] (Earl of Mar and Kellie)
 * Earl of Buccleuch [1619] (Duke of Buccleuch and Queensberry)
 * Earl of Haddington [1619]
 * Earl of Galloway [1623]
 * Earl of Lauderdale [1624]
 * Earl of Atholl [1629] (Duke of Atholl)
 * Earl of Lindsay [1633]
 * Earl of Loudoun [1633]
 * Earl of Kinnoull [1633]
 * Earl of Dumfries [1633] (Marquess of Bute)
 * Earl of Queensberry [1633] (Marquess of Queensberry)
 * Earl of Angus [1633] (Duke of Hamilton and Brandon)
 * Earl of Elgin [1633] (Earl of Elgin and Kincardine)
 * Earl of Southesk [1633] (Duke of Fife)
 * Earl of Ancram [1633] (Marquess of Lothian)
 * Earl of Wemyss [1633]
 * Earl of Dalhousie [1633]
 * Earl of Lanark [1639] (Duke of Hamilton and Brandon)
 * Earl of Airlie [1639]
 * Earl of Leven [1641] (Earl of Leven and Melville)
 * Earl of Arran and Cambridge [1643] (Duke of Hamilton and Brandon)
 * Countess of Dysart [1643]
 * Earl of Selkirk [1646]
 * Earl of Tweeddale [1646] (Marquess of Tweeddale)
 * Earl of Northesk [1647]
 * Earl of Kincardine [1647] (Earl of Elgin and Kincardine)
 * Earl of Balcarres [1651] (Earl of Crawford)
 * Earl of Aboyne [1660] (Marquess of Huntly)
 * Earl of Dundee [1660]
 * Earl of Newburgh [1660]
 * Earl of Annandale and Hartfell [1662]
 * Earl of Dalkeith [1663] (Duke of Buccleuch and Queensberry)
 * Earl of Dundonald [1669]
 * Earl of Darnley [1675] (Duke of Richmond, Lennox and Gordon)
 * Earl of Kintore [1677]
 * Earl of Bredalbane and Holland [1677]
 * Earl of Tullibardine [1676] (Duke of Atholl)
 * Earl of Strathmore [1677] (Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne)
 * Earl of Aberdeen [1682] (Marquess of Aberdeen and Temair)
 * Earl of Drumlanrig and Sanquhar [1684] (Duke of Queensberry and Buccleuch)
 * Earl of Dunmore [1686]
 * Earl of Melville [1690] (Earl of Leven and Melville)
 * Earl of Gifford [1694] (Marquess of Tweeddale)
 * Earl of Orkney [1696]
 * Earl of March [1697] (Earl of Wemyss and March)
 * Earl of Campbell and Cowal [1701] (Duke of Argyll)
 * Earl of Seafield [1701]
 * Earl of Stair [1703]
 * Earl of Rosebery [1703] (Earl of Rosebery and Midlothian)
 * Earl of Glasgow [1703]
 * Earl of Bute [1703] (Marquess of Bute)
 * Earl of Hopetoun [1703] (Marquess of Linlithgow)
 * Earl of Strathtay and Strathardle [1703] (Duke of Atholl)
 * Earl of Kincardine [1707] (Duke of Montrose)
 * Earl of Kelso [1707] (Duke of Roxburghe)

 * Viscount of Fentoun [1606] (Earl of Mar and Kellie)
 * Viscount of Lauderdale [1616] (Earl of Lauderdale)
 * Viscount of Falkland [1620]
 * Viscount of Stormont [1621] (Earl of Mansfield and Mansfield)
 * Viscount of Air [1622] (Marquess of Bute)
 * Viscount of Maitland [1624] (Earl of Lauderdale)
 * Viscount of Dupplin [1627] (Earl of Kinnoull)
 * Viscount of Drumlanrig [1628] (Marquess of Queensberry)
 * Viscount of Arbuthnott [1641]
 * Viscount of Oxfuird [1651]
 * Viscount of Kynnaird [1660] (Earl of Newburgh)
 * Viscount of Balquhidder [1676] (Duke of Atholl)
 * Viscount of Tay and Paintland [1677] (Earl of Bredalbane and Holland)
 * Viscount of Lyon [1677] (Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne)
 * Viscount of Formartine [1682] (Marquess of Aberdeen and Temair)
 * Viscount of Nith, Torthorwold and Ross [1684] (Duke of Buccleuch and Queensberry)
 * Viscount of Fincastle [1686] (Earl of Dunmore)
 * Viscount of Strathallan [1686] (Earl of Perth)
 * Viscount of Kirkaldie [1690] (Earl of Leven and Melville)
 * Viscount of Stair [1690] (Earl of Stair)
 * Viscount of Walden [1694] (Marquess of Tweedale)
 * Viscount of Kirkwall [1696] (Earl of Orkney)
 * Viscount of Peebles [1697] (Earl of Wemyss and March)
 * Viscount of Primrose [1700] (Earl of Rosebery)
 * Viscount of Lochow and Glenyla [1701] (Duke of Argyll)
 * Viscount of Briene [1701] (Marquess of Lothian)
 * Viscount of Reidhaven [1701] (Earl of Seafield)
 * Viscount of Dalrymple [1703] (Earl of Stair)
 * Viscount of Inverkeithing [1703] (Earl of Rosebery)
 * Viscount of Kelburn [1703] (Earl of Glasgow)
 * Viscount of Kingarth [1703] (Marquess of Bute)
 * Viscount of Aithrie [1703] (Marquess of Linlithgow)
 * Viscount of Balquhidder, Glenaldmond and Glenlyon [1703] (Duke of Atholl)
 * Viscount of Garnock [1703] (Earl of Lindsay)
 * Viscount of Dundaff [1707] (Duke of Montrose)
 * Viscount of Broxmouth [1707] (Duke of Roxburghe)

 * Lady Strathnaver [1239] (Countess of Sutherland)
 * Lady Garioch [1295] (Countess of Mar)
 * Lord Lindsay of Crawford [1398] (Earl of Crawford and Balcarres)
 * Lord Erskine [1429] (Earl of Mar and Kellie)
 * Lord Forbes [1442]
 * Lord Gray [1444]
 * Lady Saltoun [1445]
 * Lord Glamis [1445] (Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne)
 * Lord Campbell [1445] (Duke of Argyll)
 * Lord Graham [1445] (Duke of Montrose)
 * Lord Lindsay of Byres [1445] (Earl of Lindsay)
 * Lord Leslie [1445] (Earl of Rothes)
 * Lord Montgomerie [1449] (Earl of Eglinton and Winton)
 * Lord Sinclair [1449]
 * Lord Hay [1449] (Earl of Erroll)
 * Lord Bothwick [1452]
 * Lord Slains [1452] (Earl of Erroll)
 * Lord Cathcart [1452] (Earl Cathcart)
 * Lord Kennedy [1452] (Marquess of Ailsa)
 * Lord Berriedale [1455] (Earl of Caithness)
 * Lord Aberdour [1458] (Earl of Morton)
 * Lord Ballenbreich [1458] (Earl of Rothes)
 * Lord Lovat [1464]
 * Lord Auchterhouse [1469] (Earl of Buchan)
 * Lord Lorne [1470] (Duke of Argyll)
 * Lord Home [1473] (Earl of Home)
 * Lord Crichton of Sanquhar [1487] (Marquess of Bute)
 * Lord Drummond of Cargill and Stobhall [1488] (Earl of Perth)
 * Lord Hay of Yester [1488] (Marquess of Tweedale)
 * Lord Sempill [1488]
 * Lady Herries of Terregles [1490]
 * Lord Ogilvie of Airlie [1491] (Earl of Airlie)
 * Lord Elphinstone [1510]
 * Lord Abernethy and Strathearn [1562] (Earl of Moray)
 * Lord Torpichen [1564]
 * Lord Doune [1581] (Earl of Moray)
 * Lord Paisley [1587] (Duke of Abercorn)
 * Lord Maitland of Thirlestane [1590] (Earl of Lauderdale)
 * Lord Newbottle [1591] (Marquess of Lothian)
 * Lord Gordon of Badenoch [1599] (Marquess of Huntly)
 * Lord Roxburghe [1600] (Duke of Roxburghe)
 * Lady Campbell of Loudoun [1601] (Countess of Loudoun)
 * Lady Kinloss [1602]
 * Lord Abercorn [1603] (Duke of Abercorn)
 * Lord Colville of Culross [1604] (Viscount Colville of Culross)
 * Lord Murray of Tullibardine [1604] (Duke of Argyll)
 * Lord Erskine of Dirleton [1604] (Earl of Mar and Kellie)
 * Lord Dunglass [1605] (Earl of Home)
 * Lord Drummond of Stobhall [1605] (Earl of Perth)
 * Lord Scone [1605] (Earl of Mansfield and Mansfield)
 * Lord Scott of Buccleuch [1606] (Duke of Buccleuch and Queensberry)
 * Lord Paisley, Hamilton, Mountcastell and Kilpatrick [1606] (Duke of Abercorn)
 * Lord Lyon and Glamis [1606] (Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne)
 * Lord Gask and Balquhidder [1606] (Duke of Atholl)
 * Lord Balfour of Burleigh [1607]
 * Lord Garlies [1607] (Earl of Galloway)
 * Lord Maderty [1609] (Earl of Perth)
 * Lord Dingwall [1609] (Baron Lucas of Crudwell and Dingwall)
 * Lord Cardross [1610] (Earl of Buchan)
 * Lord Saint Colme [1611] (Earl of Moray)
 * Lord Binning [1613] (Earl of Haddington)
 * Lord Carnegie of Kinnaird and Leuchar [1616] (Duke of Fife)
 * Lord Melville of Monymail [1616] (Earl of Leven and Melville)
 * Lord Ker of Cessford and Cavertoun [1616] (Duke of Roxburghe)
 * Lord Ramsay of Dalhousie [1618] (Earl of Dalhousie)
 * Lord Scott of Whitchester and Eskdale [1619] (Duke of Buccleuch)
 * Lord Byres of Binning [1619] (Earl of Haddington)
 * Lord Cary [1620] (Viscount of Falkland)
 * Lord Jedburgh [1622] (Marquess of Lothian)
 * Lord Thirlestane and Boltoun [1624] (Earl of Lauderdale)
 * Lord Kintyre [1626] (Duke of Argyll)
 * Lord Hay of Kinfauns [1627] (Earl of Kinnoull)
 * Lord Napier of Merchistoun [1627]
 * Lord Melville [1627] (Earl of Leven and Melville)
 * Lord Fairfax of Cameron [1627]
 * Lord Hay of Kinfauns [1627] (Earl of Kinnoull)
 * Lord Douglas of Hawick and Tibberis [1628] (Marquess of Queensberry)
 * Lord Wemyss of Elcho [1628] (Earl of Wemyss and March)
 * Lord Reay [1628]
 * Lord Parbroath [1633] (Earl of Lindsay)
 * Lord Tarrinzean and Mauchline [1633] (Earl of Loudoun)
 * Lord Crichton of Cumnock [1633] (Marquess of Bute)
 * Lord Abernethy and Jedburgh Forest [1633] (Duke of Hamilton and Brandon)
 * Lord Bruce of Kinloss [1633] (Earl of Elgin and Kincardine)
 * Lord Kinnaird and Leuchar [1633] (Duke of Fife)
 * Lord Kerr of Nisbet, Longnewton and Dolphinstoun [1633] (Marquess of Lothian)
 * Lord Elcho and Methell [1633] (Earl of Wemyss and March)
 * Lord Lindsay of Balcarres [1633] (Earl of Crawford and Balcarres)
 * Lord Ramsay of Kerrington [1633] (Earl of Dalhousie)
 * Lord Forrester of Corstorphine [1633] (Earl of Verulam)
 * Lord Polmont and Machansyre [1639] (Duke of Hamilton and Brandon)
 * Lord Ogilvy of Alyth and Lintrathen [1639] (Earl of Airlie)
 * Lord Rosehill and Inglismaldie [1639] (Earl of Northesk)
 * Lord Balgonie [1641] (Earl of Leven and Melville)
 * Lord Inverbervie [1641] (Viscount of Arbuthnott)
 * Lord Balvaird [1641] (Earl of Mansfield and Mansfield)
 * Lord Elibank [1643]
 * Lord Aven and Innerdale [1643] (Duke of Hamilton and Brandon)
 * Lady Huntingtower [1643] (Countess of Dysart)
 * Lord Daer and Shortcleuch [1646] (Earl of Selkirk)
 * Lord Belhaven and Stenton [1647]
 * Lord Bruce of Torry [1647] (Earl of Elgin and Kincardine)
 * Lord Cochrane of Dundonald [1647] (Earl of Dundonald)
 * Lord Balniel [1651] (Earl of Crawford and Balcarres)
 * Lord Rollo [1651]
 * Lord Makgill of Cousland [1651] (Viscount of Oxfuird)
 * Lord Ruthven of Freeland May [1651] (Earl of Carlisle)
 * Lord Gordon of Strathavon and Glenlivet [1660] (Marquess of Huntly)
 * Lord Levingstone of Flacraig` [1660] (Earl of Newburgh)
 * Lord Johnstone [1662] (Earl of Annandale and Hartfell)
 * Lord Scott of Whitchester and Eskdale [1663] (Duke of Buccleuch and Queensberry)
 * Lord Cochrane of Paisley May [1669] (Earl of Dundonald)
 * Lord Belhaven and Stenton [1675] (Lord Belhaven and Stenton)
 * Lord Methuen of Torboultoun [1675] (Duke of Richmond, Lennox and Gordon)
 * Lord Murray, Balvany and Gask [1676] (Duke of Atholl)
 * Lord Keith of Inverurie [1677] (Earl of Kintore)
 * Lord Glenorchy, Benederaloch, Ormelie and Weik [1677] (Earl of Bredalbane and Holland)
 * Lord Glamis, Tannadyce, Sidlaw and Stradichtie [1677] (Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne)
 * Lord Nairne [1681]
 * Lord Haddo, Methlic, Tarves and Kellie [1682] (Marquess of Aberdeen and Temair)
 * Lord Kinnaird [1682]
 * Lord Douglas of Kinmont, Middlebie and Dornock [1684] (Duke of Buccleuch and Queensberry)
 * Lord Murray of Blair, Moulin and Tullymet [1686] (Earl of Dunmore)
 * Lord Drummond of Comlix [1686] (Earl of Perth)
 * Lord Ralth, Monymail and Balwearie [1690] (Earl of Leven and Melville)
 * Lord Glenluce and Stanraer [1690] (Earl of Stair)
 * Lord Polwarth [1690]
 * Lord Dechmont [1696] (Earl of Wemyss and March)
 * Lord Douglas of Neidpath, Lyne and Mannerhead [1697] (Earl of Wemyss and March)
 * Lord Boyle of Kelburn [1699] (Earl of Glasgow)
 * Lord Primrose and Dalmeny [1700] (Earl of Rosebery and Midlothian)
 * Lord Inveray, Mull, Morvern and Tiry [1701] (Duke of Argyll)
 * Lord Ker of Newbottle [1701] (Marquess of Lothian)
 * Lord Ogilvy of Deskford [1701] (Earl of Seafield)
 * Lord Newliston [1703] (Earl of Stair)
 * Lord Boyle of Stewartoun [1703] (Earl of Glasgow)
 * Lord Mount Stuart, Cumrae and Inchmarnock [1703] (Marquess of Bute)
 * Lord Hope [1703] (Marquess of Linlithgow)
 * Lord Murray, Balvenie and Gask [1703] (Duke of Atholl)
 * Lord Kilbirny, Kingsburne and Drumry [1703] (Earl of Lindsay)
 * Lord Aberuthven, Mugdock and Fintrie [1707] (Duke of Montrose)

Peerage of Great Britain

 * Duke of Brandon [1711] (Duke of Hamilton and Brandon)
 * Duke of Manchester [1719]
 * Duke of Northumberland [1766]
 * (Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale) [1799] (suspended)

 * Marquess of Lansdowne [1784]
 * Marquess Townshend of Raynham [1787]
 * Marquess of Stafford [1786] (Duke of Sutherland)
 * Marquess of Salisbury [1789]
 * Marquess of Bath [1789]
 * Marquess of Abercorn [1790] (Duke of Abercorn)
 * Marquess of Hertford [1793]
 * Marquess of Bute [1796]

 * Earl Ferrers [1711]
 * Earl of Dartmouth [1711]
 * Earl of Bristol [1714] (Marquess of Bristol)
 * Earl of Tankerville [1714]
 * Earl of Aylesford [1714]
 * Earl of Macclesfield [1721]
 * Earl Graham of Belford [1722] (Duke of Montrose)
 * Earl Waldegrave [1729]
 * Earl of Harrington [1742]
 * Earl of Portsmouth [1743]
 * Earl Brooke of Warwick Castle [1746] (Earl Brooke and of Warwick)
 * Earl Gower [1746] (Duke of Sutherland)
 * Earl of Buckinghamshire [1746]
 * Earl of Northumberland [1749] (Duke of Northumberland)
 * Earl of Hertford [1750] (Marquess of Hertford)
 * Earl of Hardwicke [1754]
 * Earl of Ilchester [1756]
 * Earl of Warwick [1759] (Earl Brooke and of Warwick)
 * Earl de la Warr [1761]
 * Earl of Radnor [1765]
 * Earl Spencer [1765]
 * Earl Percy [1766] (Duke of Northumberland)
 * Earl Bathurst of Bathurst [1772]
 * Earl of Hillsborough [1772] (Marquess of Downshire)
 * Earl of Ailesbury [1776] (Marquess of Ailesbury)
 * Earl of Clarendon [1776]
 * Earl of Mansfield [1776] (Earl of Mansfield and Mansfield)
 * Earl of Abergavenny [1784] (Marquess of Abergavenny)
 * Earl of Uxbridge [1784] (Marquess of Anglesey)
 * Earl Talbot of Hensol [1784] (Earl of Shrewsbury and Waterford)
 * Earl Grosvenor [1784] (Duke of Westminster)
 * Earl of Wycombe [1784] (Marquess of Lansdowne)
 * Earl Camden [1786] (Marquess Camden)
 * Earl of Mount Edgcumbe [1789]
 * Earl Fortescue [1789]
 * Earl of Beverley [1790] (Duke of Northumberland)
 * Earl of Mansfield [1792] (Earl of Mansfield and Mansfield)
 * Earl of Carnarvon [1793]
 * Earl of Yarmouth [1793] (Marquess of Hertford)
 * Earl of Windsor [1796] (Marquess of Bute)
 * Earl Cadogan [1800]
 * Earl of Malmesbury [1800]

 * Viscount Tamworth [1711] (Earl Ferrers)
 * Viscount Lewisham [1711] (Earl of Dartmouth)
 * Viscount Bolingbrooke [1712] (Viscount Bolingbrooke and Saint John)
 * Viscount Saint John [1716] (Viscount Bolingbrooke and Saint John)
 * Viscount Stanhope [1717] (Earl of Harrington)
 * Viscount Cobham [1718]
 * Viscount Falmouth [1720]
 * Viscount Lymington [1720] (Earl of Portsmouth)
 * Viscount Torrington [1721]
 * Viscount Parker [1721] (Earl of Macclesfield)
 * Viscount Chewton [1729] (Earl Waldegrave)
 * Viscount Petersham [1742] (Earl of Harrington)
 * Viscount Trentham [1746] (Duke of Sutherland)
 * Viscount Leinster of Taplow [1747] (Duke of Leinster)
 * Viscount Folkestone [1747] (Earl of Radnor)
 * Viscount Beauchamp [1750] (Marquess of Hertford)
 * Viscount Royston [1754] (Earl of Hardwicke)
 * Viscount Spencer [1761] (Earl Spencer)
 * Viscount Althorp [1765] (Earl Spencer)
 * Viscount Fairford [1772] (Marquess of Downshire)
 * Viscount Mount Edgcumbe and Valletort [1781] (Earl of Mount Edgcumbe)
 * Viscount Ingestre [1784] (Earl of Shrewsbury and Waterford)
 * Viscount Belgrave [1784] (Duke of Westminster)
 * Viscount Calne and Calstone [1784] (Marquess of Lansdowne)
 * Viscount Hamilton [1786] (Duke of Abercorn)
 * Viscount Ebrington [1789] (Earl Fortescue)
 * Viscount Bayham [1786] (Marquess of Camden)
 * Viscount Mountjoy [1796] (Marquess of Bute)
 * Viscount Hood [1796]
 * Viscount Lowther [1796] (Earl of Lonsdale)
 * Viscount FitzHarris [1800] (Earl of Malmesbury)
 * Viscount Chelsea [1800] (Earl of Cadogan)

(+ Barons)

Peerage of Ireland

 * Duke of Leinster [1766]
 * Duke of Abercorn [1866]

 * Marquess of Kildare [1761] (Duke of Leinster)
 * Marquess of Waterford [1789]
 * Marquess of Downshire [1789]
 * Marquess of Donegall [1791]
 * Marquess of Headfort [1800]
 * Marquess of Sligo [1800]
 * Marquess of Ely [1801]
 * Marquess Conyngham [1816]
 * Marquess of Londonderry [1816]
 * Marquess of Hamilton [1868] (Duke of Abercorn)

(+ Earls, Viscounts, Barons)

Peerage of the United Kingdom

 * Duke of Wellington [1814]
 * Duke of Sutherland [1833]
 * Duke of Westminster [1874]
 * Duke of Gordon [1876] (Duke of Richmond, Lennox and Gordon)
 * (Duke of Albany) [1881] (suspended)
 * Duke of Argyll [1892] (Duke of Argyll)
 * Duke of Fife [1900]
 * Duke of Gloucester [1928]
 * Duke of Kent [1934]
 * Duke of Edinburgh [1947]
 * Duke of York [1986]

 * Marquess of Exeter [1801]
 * Marquess of the County of Northampton [1812]
 * Marquess Camden [1812]
 * Marquess of Wellington [1812] (Duke of Wellington)
 * Marquess Douro [1814] (Duke of Wellington)
 * Marquess of Anglesey [1815]
 * Marquess of Cholmondeley [1815]
 * Marquess of Ailesbury [1821]
 * Marquess of Bristol [1826]
 * Marquess of Ailsa [1831]
 * Marquess of Westminster [1831] (Duke of Westminster)
 * Marquess of Normanby [1838]
 * Marquess of Abergavenny [1876]
 * Marquess of Zetland [1892]
 * Marquess of Linlithgow [1902]
 * Marquess of Aberdeen [1916]
 * Marquess of Milford Haven [1917]
 * Marquess of Reading [1926]

(+ Earls, Viscounts, Barons)

title: User:Proteus/Peerages


text:
Labanotation

Labanotation (grammatically correct form "Labannotation" or "Laban notation" is uncommon) is a system for analyzing and recording human movement (notation system), invented by Austro-Hungarian choreographer and dancer Rudolf von Laban (1879-1958, a central figure in European modern dance), who developed his notation on movements in the 1920s.

History
Laban's first book on the subject was published in German in 1928 called Schrifttanz (Written Dance); a similar version in French and English appeared in 1930. A few years later Laban's interest turned to other matters and he gave his notation system to the world. The German dancer, choreographer and pedagogue Albrecht Knust, who by 1930 had together with Laban's daughter Azra (Azraela) established the Tanz-Schreib-Stube (the first Dance Notation Bureau), was the first-ever full-time kinetographer-movement notator. Between 1946-1950 Knust wrote his major work Das Handbuch der Kinetographie Laban (The Manual of Kinetography Laban) in eight-volumes in German, typed carbon copies appeared in 1951 in English. Ann Hutchinson Guest and former student of Sigurd Leeder, studied the system differences among and between the various practitioners taught by former Laban student Irma Betz, and had the opportunity to confer with Laban, Knust and Leeder personally on movement details and ideas, developed it further naming it Labanotation. The two systems differ somewhat.

Laban's notation system is used as a type of dance notation in other applications including Laban Movement Analysis, robotics and human movement simulation. With Labanotation, any form of human movement can be recorded: The basis is natural human movement, every change must be noted.

This notation system could be used to describe movement in terms of spatial models and concepts, which contrasts with other movement notation systems based on anatomical analysis, letter codes, stick figures, music notes, track systems, or word notes. The system precisely and accurately portrays temporal patterns, actions, floor plans, body parts and a three-dimensional use of space. Laban's notation system eventually evolved into modern-day Labanotation and Kinetography Laban.

Labanotation and Kinetography Laban evolved separately in the 1930s through 1950s, Labanotation in the United States and England, and Kinetography Laban in Germany and other European countries. As a result of their different evolutionary paths, Kinetography Laban hasn't changed significantly since inception, whereas Labanotation evolved over time to meet new needs. For example, at the behest of members of the Dance Notation Bureau, the Labanotation system was expanded to allow it to convey the motivation or meaning behind movements. Kinetography Laban practitioners, on the other hand, tend to work within the constraints of the existing notation system, using spatial description alone to describe movement.

The International Council of Kinetography Laban was created in 1959 to clarify, standardize and eliminate differences between Labanotation and Kinetography Laban. Thanks to this, one or both are currently used throughout the world almost interchangeably, and are readable to practitioners of either system.

Main concepts
Labanotation uses abstract symbols to define the:
 * Direction and level of the movement
 * Part of the body doing the movement
 * Duration of the movement
 * Dynamic quality of the movement

Direction and level of the movement
The shapes of the direction symbols indicate nine different directions in space and the shading of the symbol specifies the level of the movement.

Each "direction symbol" indicates the orientation of a line between the proximal and distal points of a body part or a limb. That is, "the direction signs indicate the direction towards which the limbs must incline".

The direction symbols are organized as three levels: high, middle, and low (or deep):

Part of the body doing the movement
Labanotation is a record of the facts, the framework of the movement, so that it can be reproduced.

The symbols are placed on a vertical staff, the horizontal dimension of the staff represents the symmetry of the body, and the vertical dimension represents time passing by.

The location of a symbol on the staff defines the body part it represents. The centre line of the staff represents the centre line of the body, symbols on the right represent the right side of the body, symbols on the left, the left side.

Duration of the movement

The staff is read from bottom to top and the length of a symbol defines the duration of the movement. Drawing on western music notation, Labanotation uses bar lines to mark the measures and double bar lines at the start and end of the movement score. The starting position of the dancer can be given before the double bar lines at the start of the score.

Movement is indicated as "the transition from one point to the next", that is as one "directional destination" to the next.

Spatial distance, spatial relationships, transference of weight, centre of weight, turns, body parts, paths, and floor plans can all be notated by specific symbols. Jumps are indicated by an absence of any symbol in the support column, indicating that no part of the body is touching the floor.

Dynamic quality of the movement
The dynamic quality is often indicated through the use of effort signs (see Laban Movement Analysis).

The four effort categories are
 * Space: Direct / Indirect
 * Weight: Strong / Light
 * Time: Sudden / Sustained
 * Flow: Bound / Free

Dynamics in Labanotation are also indicated through a set of symbols indicating a rise or lowering of energy resulting from physical or emotional motive, e.g. physically forceful versus an intense emotional state.

Motif notation
Motif description, or the preferred term 'Motif notation', is closely related to Labanotation in its use of the same family of symbols and terminology. Labanotation is used for a literal, detailed description of movement so it can be reproduced as it was created or performed. In contrast, Motif Notation highlights core elements and leitmotifs depicting the overall structure or essential elements of a movement sequence. It can be used to set a structure for dance improvisation or for an educational exploration of movement concepts. Not limited to dance, Motif Notation can be used to direct one's focus when learning to swing a golf club, the primary features of a character in a play, or the intent of a person's movement in a therapy session.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Labanotation


text:
Public Law 280

Public Law 280 is a federal law of the United States that changes legal jurisdiction on Indian lands and over Indian persons. The law transfers some jurisdiction from the federal government to states in both civil and criminal cases in certain places. It was passed in 1953.

There are 574 federally recognized Indian tribes in the United States, up from 562 when the law was passed. 39% of these are in Alaska; the rest in the continental US. This law covered a little more than 300 tribes when it took effect.

In 1968, the law was amended so that states had to have the consent of the tribes to assume jurisdiction from federal government. Where states had already assumed jurisdiction, jurisdiction would retrocede to the federal government if the tribes requested it. Nearly 30 tribes were involved in retrocession. Also in 1968 the Indian Civil Rights Act was passed, causing funding to begin rising for tribal justice systems. Funding increased from $1.5 million in 1972 to $10 million in 1990. In 2010, the Tribal Law and Order Act was enacted with the goal of decreasing crime against indigenous women and children.

The Act mandated a transfer of federal law enforcement authority within certain tribal nations to state governments in six states: California, Minnesota (except the Red Lake Nation and Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe), Nebraska, Oregon (except the Warm Springs Reservation), Wisconsin (except later the Menominee Indian Reservation) and, upon its statehood, Alaska. There are currently 6 mandatory P.L. 280 states which are the listed above. Mandatory states did not get the option to refuse the jurisdiction granted by P.L. 280 whereas the ten additional states listed below, had the option of adopting this policy. These states include, Arizona, Florida, Idaho, Iowa, Montana, Nevada, North Dakota, South Dakota, Utah and Washington. Not all of these states adopted full jurisdiction within their state. The federal government offered little assistance to either the states or tribes in the transfer of jurisdiction. Arizona, Florida, Iowa, South Dakota and Utah are the only optional states that have not receded any of their P.L. 280 jurisdiction. Optional P.L. 280 states did not need consent from tribes in order to enact full or partial jurisdiction of this law.

The Act added to a complex matrix of jurisdictional conflict that defined tribal governance at the end of the 20th century. In various states, local police, tribal police, BIA police, and the FBI are the arms of a law enforcement system that enforces laws of tribes, states and the federal government. The Act also added that tribe cannot put non-natives on trial, even when crime occurs on reservation land.

Under the Act, states, local sheriffs and state law enforcement agencies take tribal members to state courts for prosecution in cases arising from criminal matters within reservation boundaries. But most tribal governments and pueblos have also adopted their own codes, and administer court systems to adjudicate violations of the code.

In states where the Act has not been applied, Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) police respond to major crimes on reservations or pueblos. The FBI joins in investigations of the most serious criminal matters such as murders or kidnappings. In those states, when allegations against tribal members arise from crimes on a reservation, the United States Attorney cites violations of the United States Code in a United States district court. Tribal and pueblo police also enforce local codes in "non-PL 280" states.

The law protects individuals from dealing with federal prosecution on tribal land but with that comes less tribal sovereignty for the indigenous nations that are affected by P.L. 280. After the change in jurisdiction there were some issues that came forth from state legislation that led to less funding. When tribal communities voiced their concerns and criticisms of the P.L. 280, they were often met with hostility from states. Since tribal communities lost a majority of their funding from the federal government, the states' capabilities were stretched thin. They were now asked to perform duties out of their area of expertise with the same funding they were receiving. This led to criticism from local agencies because they were unaware of their jurisdictional duties surrounding tribal communities. With neither the state or tribal communities receiving funding for this change in legislature we began to see tribal communities suffer economically, which also led to an increase in crime rates.

Impact
Very few research studies have been conducted to make a conclusion on the impact of the law on tribal land across the nation. There are questions about its effectiveness on criminal behavior and socioeconomic impact to the affected tribes. Studies that have been done have shown that the law has led to an increase in crime and has slowed the economic growth of some reservations. Native women and children have suffered disproportionately as victims of crime because of PL 280.

title: Public Law 280


text:
Nicaraguan córdoba

The córdoba (, sign: C$; code: NIO) is the currency of Nicaragua and is divided into 100 centavos.

History
The first córdoba was introduced with the new National Bank of Nicaragua (Banco Nacional de Nicaragua Incorporado) which was created in 1912, after which the government of Adolfo Díaz promulgated the Monetary Conversion Law, in March 1912. This law created the monetary unit Córdoba, but due to the prevailing political instability at that time, the Córdoba did not circulate until mid-1913.

It replaced the peso moneda corriente at a rate of $1/100$ pesos m/c = 1 córdoba and the peso fuerte at par. It was initially nearly equal to the US dollar. It was named after the Conquistador Francisco Hernández de Córdoba.

In 1960 the Central Bank of Nicaragua (BCN) was founded and the banknotes and coins that until that date were issued by the National Bank of Nicaragua, began to be issued by the central bank.

On February 15, 1988, the 2nd córdoba was introduced. It was equal to 1,000 of the 1st córdobas.

On April 30, 1991, the third córdoba, also called the córdoba oro, was introduced, worth 5,000,000 2nd córdobas.

First córdoba
In 1912, coins were introduced in denominations of $12 1/2$, 1, 5, 10, 25, and 50 centavos and 1 córdoba. The $1/2$ and 1 centavo were minted in bronze, the 5 centavos in cupro-nickel and the higher denominations in silver. The 1 córdoba was only minted in 1912, whilst $1/2$ centavo production ceased in 1937.

In 1939, cupro-nickel replaced silver on the 10, 25, and 50 centavos. In 1943, a single year issue of brass 1, 5, 10, and 25 centavos was made. These were the last 1 centavo coins. In 1972, cupro-nickel 1 córdoba coins were issued, followed, in 1974, by aluminium 5 and 10 centavos.

A new series of coins, featuring a portrait of Augusto César Sandino, was introduced in 1981, consisting of aluminum 5 and 10 centavos, nickel-clad steel 25 centavos and cupro-nickel 50 centavos, 1 and 5 córdobas. Nickel clad steel replaced cupro nickel between 1983 and 1984. In 1987, the final coins of the 1st córdoba were issued, featuring Sandino's characteristic hat. Aluminum 500 córdobas were issued.

The 25 and 50 centavo coins, along with 1 córdoba coins, minted in 1985 were mostly recalled and destroyed by the Central Bank. A few of the 1 córdoba were circulated as seen.

Second córdoba
No coins were issued for this currency.

Third córdoba (córdoba oro)
In 1991, coins dated 1987 but actually introduced with that year's re-denomination, in denominations of 5, 10, and 25 centavos and aluminum-bronze 50 centavos. 1 and 5 córdobas were issued.

In 1994, coins were issued in denominations of 5, 10, 25, and 50 centavos. All were minted in chrome-plated steel. In 1997, nickel-clad steel 50 centavos, 1 and 5 córdobas were introduced, followed by copper-plated steel 5 centavos and brass-plated steel 10 and 25 centavos in 2002 and brass-plated steel 10 córdobas in 2007.

In 2012, the Central Bank issued a 5 Córdobas coin to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the introduction of the Córdoba.

First córdoba
In 1912, the National Bank of Nicaragua introduced notes for 10, 25, and 50 centavos, 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 córdobas, together with old half- and 1-peso moneda corriente notes overprinted for 4 and 8 centavos of the new currency. In 1934, all circulating banknotes were exchanged for notes which had been overprinted with "REVALIDO" ("revalidated"). The last notes for less than 1 córdoba were dated 1938. In 1945, 500-córdoba notes were introduced, followed by 1,000-córdoba notes in 1953.

In 1962, the Central Bank of Nicaragua took over paper money issuance by a bank resolution of 8 February 1962 and executive decree No. 71 of 26 April 1962. The 1-córdoba notes were replaced by coins in 1972. After 5-córdoba coins were introduced in 1981, 2 and 5-córdoba notes were withdrawn. In 1987, 5000-córdoba notes were introduced, followed by overprinted 10,000 (on 10), 20,000 (on 20), 50,000 (on 50), 100,000 (on 100), 100,000 (on 500), 200,000 (on 1,000), 500,000 (on 1,000), and 1,000,000 (on 1,000) córdobas notes as inflation drastically reduced the córdoba's value.

Second córdoba
The second córdoba was only issued in banknote form. Notes (dated 1985) were issued in 1988 in denominations of 10, 20, 50, 100, 500, and 1000 córdobas together with undated 5000 córdobas. In 1989, notes for 10,000, 20,000, 50,000, and 100,000 córdobas were introduced, followed the next year by 200,000, 500,000, 1 million, 5 million, and 10 million córdobas notes.

Third córdoba (córdoba oro)
In 1991, notes were introduced for 1, 5, 10, and 25 centavos, $1/2$, 1, 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 córdobas. The notes below 1 córdoba were replaced by coins in 1994, with 5 córdobas notes also being replaced in 1997. 500 córdobas notes were introduced in 2002.

Famous people from Nicaragua's history are depicted on the obverses of the current banknotes. The reverses depict landmarks or natural habitats in the country.

2009 series
On May 15, 2009, polymer ten and twenty córdoba notes were issued to circulate alongside their paper counterparts. A new polymer two hundred and a paper one hundred córdoba banknote was first issued on June 1, 2009. A new polymer 50 córdoba was issued on December 3, 2009. The new designed paper 500 córdoba banknote was introduced on January 12, 2010. A commemorative design of the 50 córdobas was introduced on September 15, 2010, to commemorate the Banco Central de Nicaragua's 50th anniversary of its establishment. In 2012, the Banco Central de Nicaragua (Central Bank of Nicaragua) began issuing a new series of córdoba banknotes with revised security features, beginning with the 10, 20, and 200 córdoba polymer banknotes, which is similar to their first issue, but the notable change is the embossed "10", "20", and "200" on the see-through window now being of an opaque white.

The 100 córdoba banknote was also revised. The notable differences from the first issue is that the note was issued on the 100th anniversary of the córdoba currency. Also notable is the wider security thread, a revised registration device, a repositioned serial number, subtle underprint design changes and the commemorative text "1912-2012 Centenario del Cordoba" in pearlescent ink at the left front of the note. The 500 córdoba banknote was also revised. The most notable change for the note is the bank logo patch, now a holographic patch instead of an optically variable device and a wider security thread.

2015 and 2017 series
On 26 October 2015, the Banco Central de Nicaragua introduced a new family of banknotes in denominations of 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, and 500 Córdobas. The five lower denominations are printed in polymer, while the 500 Córdobas note is printed on cotton paper substrate. On 1 December 2016, the Banco Central de Nicaragua introduced a 1,000 Córdobas banknote to ease high-value transactions. A commemorative design was issued on 1 December 2016 to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the death of poet Rubén Darío and a regular issue was issued on 2 January 2017.

In July 2019, the 500 and 1000 Córdoba banknotes were reissued in polymer, to circulate in parallel with existing issues.

Exchange rate
In 1991, the Central Bank of Nicaragua established a crawling peg scheme in accordance with FMI exchange rate policies with a 12% annual rate of devaluation;, this scheme continued to devalue the córdoba against the United States dollar by 5% per annum and decrease further at 3% per annum, subsecuently.

Historical exchange rates

 * US$1 =
 * 32.949 (XE) (July 2019)
 * 25.005 córdobas (August 2013)(XE)
 * 20.865 (Yahoo) or 20.8623 (XE) or 20.5250 (Oanda) (January 10, 2010)
 * 20.425 (Yahoo) or 20.4263 (XE) or 20.222 (Oanda) or 20.4268 (Central Bank of Nicaragua) córdobas (August 4, 2009)
 * 18.032 (Yahoo) or 19.874 (XE) or 20.113 (Oanda) córdobas (January 3, 2009)
 * 18.032 córdobas (June 19, 2008)
 * 18.032 córdobas (April 24, 2007)
 * 17.066 córdobas (June 5, 2006)
 * 17.1754 córdobas (January 13, 2006)
 * 16.300 córdobas (April 2005)
 * 15.5515 córdobas (December 2003)
 * 1 EUR =
 * 37.084 (XE) (July 2019)
 * 36.9441 (XE) (October 23, 2018)
 * 30.0562 (Yahoo) or 30.0772 (XE) or 29.5661 (Oanda) (January 10, 2010)
 * 29.3674 (Yahoo) or 29.3721 (XE) or 28.93586 (Oanda) córdobas (August 4, 2009)
 * 25.1033 (Yahoo) or 27.532 (XE) or 28.008 (Oanda) córdobas (January 3, 2009)
 * 29.8987 córdobas (June 19, 2008)
 * 24.583 córdobas (April 24, 2007)
 * 22.1168 córdobas (June 5, 2006)
 * 19.910 córdobas (January 2006)
 * 21.361 córdobas (April 2005)
 * 19.6462 córdobas (December 2003)

title: Nicaraguan córdoba


text:
User:Darkonc

Stephen Samuel ( samnospam at bcgreen • com )

My name is Stephen Samuel. I am a computer systems analyst/admin.

My, rather diverse, personal website is bcgreen.com.

title: User:Darkonc


text:
John Purroy Mitchel

John Purroy Mitchel (July 19, 1879 – July 6, 1918) was the 95th mayor of New York, from 1914 to 1917. At 34, he was the second-youngest mayor of the city, and was sometimes referred to as the "Boy Mayor of New York." Mitchel won the 1913 mayoral election in a landslide, but lost the Republican primary in 1917 and came in second place in the general election as an independent. He is remembered for his short career as leader of anti-Tammany Hall reform politics in New York, as well as for his early death as an Army Air Service officer during World War I. Mitchel's staunchly Catholic New York family had been founded by his paternal grandfather and namesake, John Mitchel, an Ulster Presbyterian Young Irelander who became a renowned writer and leader in the Irish nationalist movement and a staunch supporter of the Confederacy.

Mitchel was praised by reformists in New York. Journalist Oswald Garrison Villard, the editor of The Nation, called him "the ablest and best Mayor New York ever had." Former President Theodore Roosevelt, endorsing Mitchel's re-election bid in 1917, stated that he had "given us as nearly an ideal administration of the New York City government as I have seen in my lifetime." However, he is generally held to have been ineffective as a politician.

Early life
John Purroy Mitchel was born on July 19, 1879, in Fordham, the Bronx, to James Mitchel, a New York City fire marshal, and Mary Purroy, who worked as a schoolteacher until her marriage. James had served in the Confederate States Army, as did two of his brothers who died in action during the Civil War. James was a Presbyterian Irish-American, the son of Irish nationalist writer John Mitchel.

John's maternal grandfather, Venezuelan-born Juan Bautista Purroy, was that country's consul in New York, which made Mitchel the first Mayor of New York City of Hispanic descent. Mitchel's great-grandfather, José Joaquin de Purroy, was a lawyer from Spain who settled in Venezuela. The Purroy family also included leading politicians in the Bronx.

John graduated from Fordham Preparatory School in the late 1890s, obtaining a bachelor's degree from Columbia College in 1899 and graduating from New York Law School in 1902 with honors. Mitchel then pursued a career as a private attorney.

Early career
In December 1906, Mitchel was hired by family friend and New York City corporation counsel William B. Ellison to investigate the office of John F. Ahearn, borough president of Manhattan, leading to Ahearn's dismissal. Mitchel began his career as assistant corporation counsel and then became a member of the Commissioners of Accounts, from which he investigated city departments. Mitchel gained results and recognition for his thorough and professional investigations into various city departments and high-ranking officials. Mitchel, with the help of Henry Bruere and other staff members of the Bureau of Municipal Research turned the insignificant Commissioners of Accounts into an administration of importance.

The young Mitchel's reputation as a reformer earned him the support of anti-Tammany Hall forces in local politics. In 1909, Mitchel was elected president of the Board of Aldermen. As president of the board of aldermen, Mitchel was able to enact fiscal reforms, cutting waste and improving accounting practices. He unsuccessfully fought for a municipally-owned transit system, and voted against allowing the Interborough Rapid Transit and Brooklyn Rapid Transit companies permission to extend their existing subway and elevated lines. Mitchel served as acting mayor for a six-week period in 1910, after incumbent William J. Gaynor was shot. His biggest accomplishment during his short tenure was the act of neutrality during a garment industry strike.

Mayoral campaign
As the 1913 mayoral election approached, the Citizens Municipal Committee of 107 set out to find a candidate that would give New York "a non-partisan, efficient and progressive government." They were assisted in this endeavor by the Fusion Executive Committee, led by Joseph M. Price of the City Club of New York. After nine ballots, Mitchel was nominated as a candidate for mayor. During his campaign, Mitchel focused on modernizing and fighting corruption in the city government.

At the age of 34, Mitchel was elected mayor on the Republican Party slate in a landslide. He defeated Democratic candidate Edward E. McCall by 121,000 votes, thus becoming the second youngest mayor of New York City; he was often referred to as the "Boy Mayor of New York."

Tenure as mayor
Mitchel's administration introduced widespread reforms, particularly in the New York City Police Department as overseen by Police Commissioner Arthur Woods. Woods fought corruption in the department and increased its efficiency and scope in attacking crime. His administration was neutral during garment and transportation worker's strikes in 1916.

At 1:30 P.M., on April 17, 1914, Michael P. Mahoney fired a gun at Mitchel as the mayor was getting in his car. The bullet ricocheted off a pedestrian and hit Frank Lyon Polk, New York City's corporation counsel, in the chin.

Mitchel's early popularity was soon diminished due to his fiscal policies and vision of education. Mitchel was heavily criticized for combining vocational and academic courses in the Gary Plan, and began to trim the size of the Board of Education and attempted to control teachers' salaries. While Mitchel was a Catholic, he alienated that voting bloc by his investigation into corruption in Catholic charities.

Mitchel advocated for universal military training to prepare for war. In a speech at Princeton University on March 1, 1917, he described universal military training as "the [only] truly democratic solution to the problem of preparedness on land." These positions alienated New Yorkers, who felt he focused on military patriotism over politics.

Mitchel ran again for mayor in the highly charged wartime election of 1917. His reelection campaign suffered, as many New Yorkers felt he cared more about American involvement in World War I, socializing with the city's elite, and fiscal management than local issues. He narrowly lost the Republican primary to William M. Bennett after a contentious recount, but then ran for re-election as a pro-war Fusion candidate.

Mitchel's campaign focused on wartime patriotism, with a media campaign that denounced Germans, Irish, and Jews as unpatriotic sympathizers with the enemy cause. Mitchel faced Bennett, anti-war Socialist Morris Hillquit, and Tammany Hall Democrat John F. Hylan in the general election; Hylan, whose campaign was sharply critical of Mitchel, won in a landslide without taking a clear position on the war, while Mitchel barely finished in second place ahead of Hillquit.

Death
After losing re-election, Mitchel joined the Army Air Service as a flying cadet, completing training in San Diego and obtaining the rank of major. On the morning of July 6, 1918, while returning from a short military training flight to Gerstner Field near Lake Charles, Louisiana, his plane suddenly went into a nosedive, causing him to fall from his plane due to an unfastened seatbelt. Mitchel plummeted 500 feet to his death, his body landing in a marsh about 0.5 miles south of the field.

Mitchel's body was returned to New York City. His funeral was held at Saint Patrick's Cathedral in Manhattan, and he was buried in Woodlawn Cemetery in the Bronx on July 11, 1918.

Legacy

Historian Mark D. Hirsch has said of Mitchel's tenure as mayor: "He was one of the ablest mayors in the judgments of many and provided an outstanding administration, but was exasperatingly guilty of every blunder that could be attributed to youthful stubbornness, unnecessary asperity, and poor judgment both by himself and his advisers."

A 1993 survey of historians, political scientists and urban experts conducted by Melvin G. Holli of the University of Illinois Chicago ranked Mitchel as the seventeenth-worst American big-city mayor to have served since 1820.

Mitchel Air Force Base on Long Island was named for him in 1918. A bronze memorial plaque with Mitchel's likeness is affixed between the two stone pylons at the western end of Hamilton Hall at Columbia University. A plaque of his likeness is located on an entrance to the base of the Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Reservoir jogging track in Central Park.

The Fire Department of New York operated a fireboat named John Purroy Mitchel from 1921 to 1966.

American singer-songwriter Joanna Newsom's 2015 song "Sapokanikan" references Mitchel and the circumstances of his death.

title: John Purroy Mitchel


text:
Dance notation

Dance notation is the symbolic representation of human dance movement and form, using methods such as graphic symbols and figures, path mapping, numerical systems, and letter and word notations. Several dance notation systems have been invented, many of which are designed to document specific types of dance while others have been developed with capturing the broader spectrum of human movement potential. A dance score is a recorded dance notation that describes a particular dance.

Usage
The primary uses of dance notation are historical dance preservation through documentation and analysis (e.g., in ethnochoreology) or reconstruction of choreography, dance forms, and technical exercises. Dance notation systems also allow for dance works to be documented and therefore potentially copyrighted.

Two popular dance notation systems used in Western culture are Labanotation (also known as Kinetography Laban) and Benesh Movement Notation. Others include Eshkol-Wachman Movement Notation and DanceWriting.

Many dance notation systems are designed for specific types of dance. Some examples include Shorthand Dance Notation for dances from Israel, Morris Dance Notation for Morris dance, and Beauchamp–Feuillet Notation for Baroque dance. As a result, these systems usually cannot effectively describe other types of dance.

History
In the 1680s, Pierre Beauchamp invented a dance notation system for Baroque dance. His system, known as Beauchamp–Feuillet notation, was published in 1700 by Raoul Auger Feuillet and used to record dances throughout the eighteenth century.

A well-known collection of dance scores is the Sergeyev Collection, recorded using Vladimir Ivanovich Stepanov's notation method (1892). This collection documents the Imperial Ballet's (today the Kirov/Mariinsky Ballet) repertoire from the turn of the 20th century, including Marius Petipa's original choreographic designs for The Sleeping Beauty, Giselle, Le Corsaire, and Swan Lake, as well as Coppélia and the original version of The Nutcracker. It was with this collection that many of these works were first staged outside Russia.

In 1934, the composer Joseph Schillinger created a highly accurate notation system based on the 3D bone rotation and translation of a moving dancer. With motion capture technology half a century in the future, there was no way to effectively measure and record this information at the time.

In 1948, Hanya Holm became the first Broadway choreographer to have her dance scores copyrighted, for her work on Kiss Me, Kate.

In 1951, Stanley D. Kahn published Kahnotation, a dance notation system specific to tap dance.

In 1956, Rudolf and Joan Benesh first published Benesh Movement Notation, a written system for recording human movement. It is most widely used in the recording and restaging of dance works.

In 1958, Eshkol and Wachman published an exposition of their movement notation.

In 1969, Romanian choreographer Theodor Vasilescu published a dance notation system for Romanian folk dances.

In the 1970s, North Korean choreographer U Chang-sop developed a system of dance notation for Korean dance called the Chamo System of Dance Notation, which uses pictorially based symbols.

In 1975, Ann Hutchinson Guest reconstructed choreographer Arthur Saint-Léon's Pas de Six from his 1844 ballet La Vivandière, along with its original music by composer Cesare Pugni, for the Joffrey Ballet. The piece was reconstructed from Saint-Léon's work, which was documented using his own method of dance notation, known as La Sténochorégraphie.

In 1982, the first computerized notation system—the DOM (Dance on Microprocessor) dance notation system—was created by Eddie Dombrower for the Apple II personal computer. The system displayed an animated figure on the screen that performed dance moves specified by the choreographer.

In 2017, Felipe Hsieh created Tango Notation, a dance notation system specific to Argentine tango.

authors: Максим Огородник

title: Dance notation


text:
Londres

Londres may refer to:

Locations

 * London, capital of the United Kingdom and England, called Londres in French, Spanish, Portuguese, Catalan, Galician, and Filipino
 * Londres, Catamarca, Argentina, formally "San Juan de la Ribera de Londres" or "Londres de la Nueva Inglaterra"
 * Londres, Lot-et-Garonne, a former commune of France, now part of Puymiclan
 * Nueva Londres, a town in the Caaguazú department of Paraguay

People with the surname

 * Albert Londres (1884–1932), French journalist and writer
 * Richie Londres, also known as Altered Beats, English musician, hip hop record producer, lead guitarist and multi-instrumentalist

Other uses

 * Albert Londres Prize, prize in the name of Albert Londres
 * Radio Londres, a radio broadcast from 1940 to 1944 from the BBC in London to Nazi occupied France
 * Londres Nova, Mars, capital of the Martian Congressional Republic in the Expanse series

title: Londres


text:
Talk:DARPA LifeLog

Web page
https://www.darpa.mil/ipto/Solicitations/PIP_03-30.html seems to be gone, but I found text that appears to be a direct copy of the original; it is now at LifeLog/PIP_03-30. If someone else will agree that it is acceptable to keep a copy here, then please edit the page accordingly. Such proposals are typically disseminated widely, so it is probably legal to have a copy of it. It has been in place for 8 months now at www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/924010/posts, according to the date on the page.

Scott McNay 20:05, 2004 Feb 22 (UTC)

 * The U.S. government cannot hold copyright, so it is certainly legal to copy documents produced by the Department of Defense. -- Beland 08:33, 31 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Does anyone here find this NOT a bit frightening? This sounds like it has the potential to be the most invasive thing ever devised.--Shink X 00:22, 8 July 2007 (UTC)

Lack of Criticism
One would expect massive criticism to something like this, but there is no section of that sort. What's going on here?2602:306:C559:8860:841F:1F31:C02:B274 (talk) 01:30, 4 March 2016 (UTC)

Wikipedia enforces a political bias. There is no point adding any personal gripes. 124.169.139.124 (talk) 03:16, 9 November 2021 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20030603173339/http://www.darpa.mil/ipto/Solicitations/PIP_03-30.html to http://www.darpa.mil/ipto/Solicitations/PIP_03-30.html

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FB
At least a mention of the "dual use" US government sponsored (via legislation, access, shielding etc.) Facebook social network and the ilk should be mentioned here. See the setup dates for starters. Zezen (talk) 17:06, 8 November 2018 (UTC)

Peter Thiel
Is it true that Peter Thiel's early support for Facebook was, in part, an effort to create a website that duplicated the information-gathering functions that DARPA LifeLog had been trying to accomplish? Apparently Facebook was launched on the same day that DARPA LifeLog was shut down. 173.88.246.138 (talk) 23:37, 9 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:DARPA LifeLog


text:
Junkers Ju 390

The Junkers Ju 390 was a German long-range derivative of the Junkers Ju 290 aircraft, intended to be used as a heavy transport aircraft, maritime patrol aircraft and long-range bomber. It was one of the aircraft designs submitted for the abortive Amerikabomber project, along with the Messerschmitt Me 264, the Focke-Wulf Ta 400 and the Heinkel He 277.

Design and development
Two prototypes were created by attaching an extra pair of inner-wing segments to the wings of Ju 290 airframes and adding new sections to lengthen the fuselages. The first prototype, V1 (bearing Stammkennzeichen code of GH+UK), was modified from the Ju 90 V6 airframe (Werknummer J4918, civil registration D-AOKD from July 1940 to April 1941, then to the Luftwaffe as KH+XC from April 1941 to April 1942, then returned to Junkers and used for Ju 390 V1 construction). It made its maiden flight on 20 October 1943 and performed well, resulting in an order in early 1944 for six more prototypes (Ju 390 V2 to V7) and 20 examples of the intended production version. to be named Ju 390 A-1. None of these had been built by the time that the project was cancelled (along with Ju 290 production) in mid-1944.

Operational history
The Ju 390 V1 was constructed and largely assembled at Junkers' plant at Dessau in Germany and the first test flight took place on 20 October 1943. This was done by adding an additional wing section and engines and adding a fuselage section immediately aft of the wings to increase the length to 31 m (102 ft). Its performance was satisfactory enough that the Air Ministry ordered six additional prototypes (Ju 390 V2 to V7) and 20 examples of the intended Ju 390A-1 production version. On 29 June 1944, the Luftwaffe Quartermaster General noted that the RLM paid Junkers to complete the first seven Ju 390 prototypes. The contracts for the Ju 390 V2 to V7 and production aircraft were cancelled on 20 June 1944 and all work ceased in September 1944, and the Ju 390 V2 would never be built. On 26 November 1943, the Ju 390 V1 — with many other new aircraft and prototypes — was shown to Adolf Hitler at Insterburg, East Prussia. According to the logbook of former Junkers test pilot Hans-Joachim Pancherz, the Ju 390 V1 was brought to Prague immediately after it had been displayed at Insterburg and took part in a number of test flights, which continued until March 1944, including tests of aerial refueling. The Ju 390 V1 was returned to Dessau in November 1944, where it was stripped of parts and finally destroyed in late April 1945 as the US Army approached.

The Ju 390A-1 would have had a fuselage 2.5 m longer than that of the Ju 390 V1 for a total of length of 33.5 m (110 ft) and it was to be equipped with FuG 200 Hohentwiel ASV (Air to Surface Vessel) radar and defensive armament consisting of five 20 mm MG 151/20 cannon. Green (1970) wrote that the armament was four 20 mm MG 151/20s and three 13 mm (.51 in) MG 131 machine guns. At a hearing before British authorities on 26 September 1945, Professor Heinrich Hertel, chief designer and technical director of Junkers Aircraft & Motor Works, asserted the Ju 390 V2 had never been completed. German author Friedrich Georg claimed in his book that test pilot Oberleutnant Joachim Eisermann flew the Ju 390 V2 on 9 February 1945 at Rechlin air base. The log is said to have recorded a handling flight lasting 50 minutes and composed of circuits around Rechlin, and that a second 20-minute flight was used to ferry the prototype to Lärz. Kay (2004) stated that the second Ju 390 prototype was discarded without being flown because of a July 1944 RLM decree sanctioning an end to all large combat plane programs in Nazi Germany in favor of the Emergency Fighter Program. Pancherz himself stated in 1980 that only the first Ju 390 flew and cast doubt on all claims of the Ju 390 making a test flight to the vicinity of New York City.

South Africa flight
A speculative article in the British Daily Telegraph newspaper in 1969 titled "Lone Bomber Raid on New York Planned by Hitler", in which Hans Pancherz reportedly claimed to have made a test flight from Germany to Cape Town in early 1944. Author James P. Duffy has carried out extensive research into this claim, which has proved fruitless.

New York flight
A letter published in the 11 November 1955 issue of the British magazine RAF Flying Review (of which aviation writer William Green was an editor) claimed that two Ju 390s had made a flight to America, including a one-hour stay over New York City. The magazine's editors were skeptical of the claim. In March 1956, the Review published a letter from an RAF officer which claimed to clarify the account. According to Green's reporting, in June 1944, Allied Intelligence had learned from prisoner interrogations that a Ju 390 had been delivered in January 1944 to Fernaufklärungsgruppe 5, based at Mont-de-Marsan near Bordeaux and that it had completed a 32-hour reconnaissance flight to within 19 km of the U.S. coast, north of New York City. This was rejected just after the war by British authorities. Aviation historian Dr. Kenneth P. Werrell states that the story of the flight originated in General Report on Aircraft Engines and Aircraft Equipment, two British intelligence reports from August 1944, which were based in part on the interrogation of prisoners. The reports claimed that the Ju 390 had taken photographs of the coast of Long Island but no photos or other evidence for the existence of such photos has been found.

The claimed flight was mentioned in many books following the RAF Flying Review account, including Green's respected Warplanes of the Second World War (1968) and Warplanes of the Third Reich (1970) but without ever citing sources. Further authors then cited Green's books as their source for the claimed flight. Werrell told Duffy that Green had said many years later that he no longer placed "much credence" in the flight. Werrell later examined the data regarding the range of the Ju 390 and concluded that although a great circle round trip from France to St. John's, Newfoundland was possible, adding another 3830 km for a round trip from St. John's to Long Island made the flight "most unlikely".

Karl Kössler and Günter Ott, in their book ''Die großen Dessauer: Junkers Ju 89, 90, 290, 390. Die Geschichte einer Flugzeugfamilie'' (The Big Dessauers... History of an Aircraft Family) also examined the claimed flight and debunked the flight north of New York. Assuming there was only one aircraft in existence, Kössler and Ott note it was nowhere near France at the time when the flight was supposed to have taken place. They also assert that the Ju 390 V1was unlikely to have been capable of taking off with the fuel load necessary for such a long flight due to concerns about the strength of its structure; it would have required a takeoff weight of 65 t, while the maximum takeoff weight during its trials had been 34 t though prototypes are never flown at maximum gross weight until testing can determine the aircraft's handling. According to Kössler and Ott, the Ju 390 V2 could not have made the flight since it was not completed before September/October 1944.

Japan flight
In his book The Bunker, author James P. O'Donnell mentions a flight to Japan. O'Donnell claimed that Albert Speer, in an early 1970s telephone interview, stated that there had been a secret Ju 390 flight to Japan "late in the war". The flight, by a Luftwaffe test pilot, had supposedly been non-stop via the polar route. O'Donnell is the sole source for the story; Speer never mentioned the story in any of his writings or other interviews. Kössler and Ott make no mention of the claim.

Variants
Ju 390 V1
 * First prototype.

Ju 390 V2 to V7
 * Second to seventh prototypes, none completed.

Ju 390 A-1
 * Planned production version for long-range heavy bomber, heavy transport, maritime patrol roles.

Operators
🇩🇪 Germany
 * Luftwaffe

Some sources claim that a Ju 390 was assigned to Fernaufklärungsgruppe 5. Kössler and Ott state that it was not.

title: Junkers Ju 390


text:
Talk:Tierra (computer simulation)

Is there any more detail forthcoming upon the Tierra v.6 release into the open net ? user:Diza

Reviving Tierra
While I'm not suggesting a link is added to the article, anyone interested in running Tierra might find my patch helpful. --MathiasRav (talk) 17:44, 20 August 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tierra (computer simulation)


text:
Template talk:GPL

Eg at Image:Info bulb.png, the image at the top of the page is the lightbulb thingy, and there isn't an image at the bottom of the page. Whatcha mean, Erik? Martin 20:06, 22 Feb 2004 (UTC)

When I type, I don't particularly expect to see anything to do with Creative Commons. Why's it there? Lupin 14:01, 8 Jul 2004 (UTC)

And what does the GPL, which is a software license, have to do with images? Are screenshots of GPLicensed programs automatically ? --Ardonik 09:40, Aug 2, 2004 (UTC)

 * No, they aren't. Pictures are data, but you can still license them any way you like. I've personally licensed several documents and pictures I've authored under the GPL because I've not seen much harm in doing so. The source vs. binary distinction and different rules for each don't apply in most cases so it may seem a bit weird, but I don't think it's illegal. An expert opinion would be appreciated. --Joy [shallot]   19:38, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * IANAL (but I did stay at a holiday inn last night) -- Because of the way the GPL is worded, you can attach it to any copyrighted work; however, the FSF recommends that you use the GFDL (which was designed for multiple formats) for anything other than software (which should use the GPL or LGPL). Oh, and as far as formats - both the GFDL and GPL say that it should be in the format preferred by humans for modifying them - so for wikipedia's text, that's wiki-format; for images, that can be the final image format or intermediate steps. →Raul654 22:07, Oct 6, 2004 (UTC)

Sharp GNU Head
I have uploaded a different version of the GNU Head logo which doesn’t look blurry after downscaling, like the one used currently:

old→ ←new

just have to be changed to  but I don’t have privileges to do it myself. Please see Wikipedia talk:Image copyright tags. Rafał Pocztarski 05:43, 28 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * It has already been changed by Quadell. Thanks. Rafał Pocztarski 05:51, 28 Nov 2004 (UTC)

is the better option as far as commons is concerned. I'm just wandering around replacing the other GNU heads with it right now. Janizary 02:40, 5 February 2006 (UTC)

De-tableize?
Perhaps this template should be de-tableized and converted into a ? Sample:

This work is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.

This work is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details. You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307  USA

Code: This work is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.

This work is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details. You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307  USA

Haha, forgot to sign it! July 4, 2005 03:05 (UTC)

Interwiki link to vi:
Please add an interwiki link to the Vietnamese version of this template:

vi:Tiêu bản:GPL

Thanks.

– Minh Nguyễn (talk, contribs) 10:45, 16 February 2006 (UTC)

Also for de:Vorlage:Bild-GPL please. TZMT (de:T) 16:40, 17 July 2006 (UTC)

 * The vi and de links listed above aren't actually in the template, so I'm putting editprotected up. --ais523 14:37, 24 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Done. NCurse work 19:59, 26 October 2006 (UTC)

FSF Address change
This template should be updated. The new FSF address is: 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301  USA. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Wonderstruck (talk • contribs)
 * Done. --Fang Aili talk 14:08, 13 September 2006 (UTC)

eu interwiki
Please, add the next interwiki if it is possible: eu:Txantiloi:GPL. Thanks. --81.39.61.206 09:53, 30 September 2006 (UTC)
 * [[Image:Yes check.svg|20px]] Done. --  Netsnipe  ►  12:24, 30 September 2006 (UTC)

Version 2 template?
This template refers to version 2 or later of the GPL. As with versus , it would help to have a version of this template which permits version 2 only. Could someone with appropriate access please copy this template to, replace "either version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version." with "version 2 of the license only." in that template, and add permanent protection like this template? (I could do the first two steps if the copy need not require history preservation, but as with other license templates an admin would then need to add the protection.) Thank you. -- Josh Triplett 20:37, 15 October 2006 (UTC)

Nevermind: it looks like the desired template already exists as, though the image licensing pages don't point to that page. I'll fix that, and move the request for protection to that template's talk page. -- Josh Triplett 03:35, 16 October 2006 (UTC)

"(at your option)"
I think the words "(at your option)" are intended as an instruction to the creator of the work, not to the person who receives the work. "version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version" should be rewritten to read "version 2 of the License, or any later version". —Remember the dot (t) 02:23, 12 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Done. If you have any questions, please contact me at my talk page. Ian Manka 04:42, 12 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Thank you! —Remember the dot (t) 16:32, 12 January 2007 (UTC)

Problematic line break
editprotected These lines are causing a spacing issue on Template:MTL:

Please remove the line break between the first and second lines, like this:

I tested this with the sandbox templates X6 and X7 and it appears to correct the spacing issue. —Remember the dot (talk) 23:21, 5 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Done. CMummert · talk 02:04, 6 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Thanks! —Remember the dot (talk) 03:48, 6 April 2007 (UTC)

Ru-wiki
Please add  -- Alex Spade 11:59, 19 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Done. -- JLaTondre 13:37, 19 May 2007 (UTC)

Please keep template left-aligned
Please ALWAYS keep GPL template left-aligned, and unifirm all templates to left-alignment. Wikinger 08:58, 28 June 2007 (UTC)

Link to the text of the GPL
Following the format of Template:GFDL, shouldn't this template link to Text of the GNU General Public License instead of GNU General Public License? -- Adam Katz (talk) 21:38, 20 November 2007 (UTC)
 * I believe so. See below. Superm401 - Talk 07:28, 27 December 2007 (UTC)

Issues
See commons:Template talk:GPL for issues I have identified with Commons' GPL tags, which apply here too. Superm401 - Talk 07:28, 27 December 2007 (UTC)
 * The template now links to both version 2 and version 3. Superm401 - Talk 10:58, 21 April 2008 (UTC)

Iwiks
Plz, add ja:Template:GPL ko:틀:GPL thx. Alex Spade (talk) 09:06, 21 April 2008 (UTC)
 * ✅. Superm401 - Talk 10:53, 21 April 2008 (UTC)

Also bg:Шаблон:GPL. Or better, use. --Петър Петров (talk) 13:38, 13 June 2008 (UTC)

Add interwiki
Please add cs interwiki: cs:Šablona:GPL --Sevela.p (talk) 08:01, 2 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Add it to Template:GPL/doc. Cheers. --MZMcBride (talk) 08:09, 2 September 2008 (UTC)

Indonesian version
I try to translate it, but how to add the interwiki. Reindra (talk) 14:20, 24 April 2009 (UTC)

Use HTTPS for gnu.org links
The links to the GPLv2 and GPLv3 licenses both support HTTPS. Using HTTPS for these links would provide increased privacy and security for users. To use HTTPS, it would be a case of changing  to   instead and changing   to   instead. --Elegie (talk) 10:32, 22 September 2016 (UTC)
 * Yes check.svg Done — Andy W.  ( talk  · ctb) 06:05, 25 September 2016 (UTC)

Machine-readable license information
Please append the following code after the text of the box (just before the  line): <nowiki>https:// www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html GPL GNU General Public License true true It contains machine-readable license information, used by the Media Viewer and external tools such as Google Image Search to identify the license status of the file, display it to the user, or even—such as in case of Google—filter for free files. Thanks in advance, —Tacsipacsi (talk) 15:44, 30 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Yes check.svg Done — JJMC89  (T·C) 04:41, 1 October 2019 (UTC)

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Bent (play)

Bent (sometimes stylised as BENT) is a 1979 British-American play by Martin Sherman. It revolves around the persecution of gays in Nazi Germany, and takes place during and after the Night of the Long Knives.

The title of the play refers to the slang word "bent" used in some European countries to refer to homosexuals. When the play was first performed, there was only a trickle of historical research or even awareness about the Nazi persecution of homosexuals. In some regards, the play helped increase that historical research and education in the 1980s and 1990s.

Plot
Maximilian Berber (Max), a promiscuous gay man in 1930s Berlin, is at odds with his wealthy family because of his homosexuality. One evening, much to the resentment of his boyfriend Rudolph Hennings (Rudy), he brings home a handsome Sturmabteilung man, Wolfgang Granz (Wolf). Unfortunately, it is the night that Hitler orders the assassination of the upper echelon of the Sturmabteilung corps, to consolidate his power. Wolf is discovered the next morning and killed by SS men in Max and Rudy's apartment, and the two have to flee their home.

They seek counsel from Rudy's boss Greta. Greta is a drag queen; she ran her own gay club, which is newly shut down (implicitly due to, at the time, new Paragraph 175 enforcements). Greta explains that the SS approached her for information about Wolf, and that she took them to Max and Rudy's apartment. She officially fires Rudy and hands Max the finder's fee she earned from the SS. They leave the club and Berlin behind.

Max's uncle Freddie, who is also gay, but lives a more discreet life with rent boys to satisfy his desires, has organized new papers for Max to flee to France where homosexuality is legal, but Max refuses to leave Rudy behind. As a result, Max and Rudy are found in a forest tent-colony and arrested by the Gestapo. They are forced to board a train headed for Dachau concentration camp.

On the train, Rudy is spotted wearing glasses by an officer. The officer makes Rudy crush his glasses, and then orders Rudy to be taken, presumably to be killed for his poor eyesight. Rudy is beaten within an inch of his life, all the while Max tries to ignore his screams. Another prisoner on the train, wearing a pink triangle patch, explains the patch system during the Holocaust to Max and tells Max that he must show no sentiment towards Rudy. The officer has Rudy taken back to Max and coerces Max to beat Rudy to death. Max is taken by the guards and lies to them, telling them that he is a Jew rather than a homosexual, because he believes his chances for survival in the camp will be better if he is not assigned the pink triangle. Max later confesses, to the same prisoner from the train, that the guards then forced him to have intercourse with the body of a dead pre-teen girl to "prove" he was not homosexual. That prisoner reveals their name is Horst.

In the camp, Max makes friends with Horst, who shows him the dignity that lies in acknowledging what one is. They fall in love and become lovers through their imagination and through their words. After Horst is shot by camp guards, Max puts on Horst's jacket with the pink triangle and commits suicide by grabbing an electric fence.

Premiere
Bent premiered in London in 1979 at the Royal Court Theatre in Sloane Square, London, the production later transferring to the West End. Ian McKellen played Max and Tom Bell played Horst.

Subsequent production history

 * 1979 Broadway – The play was directed by Robert Allan Ackerman, with scenery by Santo Loquasto, costumes by Robert Wojewodski, lighting by Arden Fingerhut, and music by Stanley Silverman. The production featured Richard Gere as Max, David Marshall Grant as Rudy, James Remar as Wolf, Michael Gross as Greta, George Hall as Uncle Freddie, Bryan E. Clark as Officer, David Dukes as Horst, Ron Randell as Captain, and the Guards were Kai Wulff, Philip Kraus, and John Snyder.
 * 1980 – Bent was premièred in French at Le Théâtre de Poche in Brussels (Belgium) in January 1980, in a French translation by Lena Grinda, directed by Derek Goldby, with Alain Libolt, Jean-Pierre Dauzun, Yves Deguenne, Pierre Dumaine, Fabrice Eberhard, Bernard Graczyk, Thomas Hutereau, Jean Couvrin, Tobias Kempf, and Roland Mahauden. There was a rerun in September 1998.
 * 1981 – The first production in Brazil was in 1981, at Teatro Villa Lobos (Rio de Janeiro) with José Mayer (Max), Tonico Pereira (Horst), Ricardo Blat (Rudy), and Paulo César Grande. In spite of the fact that Brazil was then a military dictatorship, Sherman's text was presented uncensored.
 * 1981 – The first Canadian production of Bent was in 1981 at the Bathurst Street Theatre, Toronto, Ontario, in English; it starred Richard Monette as Max, Brent Carver as Horst and Jeff Wincott as Wolf/Kapo.
 * 1983 – In Israel, the play was first produced in 1983, and has since been revived on five occasions, most recently in 2018, at the Israeli National Habima Theatre. It reportedly caused riots in Israel, due to the controversial subject matter.
 * 1989 – Sean Mathias directed a revival of the play, performed as a one-night benefit for Stonewall, featuring Ian McKellen, Richard E Grant, Ian Charleson, and Ralph Fiennes. After receiving critical acclaim the one-night revival, Mathias directed a full run in 1990, with McKellen, Paul Rhys, and Christopher Eccleston, which won the City Limits Award for Revival of the Year.
 * 2003 – Bent was presented by Singaporean theatre company Toy Factory Theatre Ensemble, directed by Beatrice Chia.
 * 2009 – Bent was presented in Amarillo, Texas by AVENUE 10, causing the theater to be targeted by an anti-homosexual Christian group Repent Amarillo, who shut down the venue by tipping off local law enforcement.
 * 2015 – A Polish production in a translation by Rubi Birden premiered in Warsaw Teatr Dramatyczny on 2 October 2015 starring Mariusz Drężek, Kamil Siegmund, Piotr Bulcewicz, Piotr Siwkiewicz, and Maciej Wyczański.
 * 2022 – BENT, produced by Independent Theatre in Adelaide, South Australia, directed by Rob Croser and starring Matt Hyde as Max

Film adaptation
In 1997, Sherman adapted Bent into a film of the same name, directed by Sean Mathias. The film featured Clive Owen as Max, Lothaire Bluteau as Horst, and Ian McKellen as Freddie.

title: Bent (play)


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2004 Slovak presidential election

Presidential elections were held in Slovakia on 3 April 2004, with a second round on 17 April. Although former Prime Minister Vladimír Mečiar received the most votes in the first round, he was defeated by Ivan Gašparovič in the run-off.

Eduard Kukan, who had led the opinion polling prior to the elections, was surprisingly eliminated in the first round, narrowly beaten into third place by Gašparovič. Gašparovič later admitted that he had not expect to qualify for the second round, and on first round election night he had gone home to sleep and only found out about his success when he was woken up by phone calls from friends.

Incumbent president Rudolf Schuster finished fourth with just 7% of the vote. He subsequently retired from politics.

title: 2004 Slovak presidential election