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Georg Baselitz

Georg Baselitz (born 23 January 1938) is a German painter, sculptor and graphic artist. In the 1960s he became well known for his figurative, expressive paintings. In 1969 he began painting his subjects upside down in an effort to overcome the representational, content-driven character of his earlier work and stress the artifice of painting. Drawing from myriad influences, including art of Soviet era illustration art, the Mannerist period and African sculptures, he developed his own, distinct artistic language.

He was born as Hans-Georg Kern in Deutschbaselitz, Upper Lusatia, Germany. He grew up amongst the suffering and demolition of World War II, and the concept of destruction plays a significant role in his life and work. These biographical circumstances are recurring aspects of his entire oeuvre. In this context, the artist stated in an interview: "I was born into a destroyed order, a destroyed landscape, a destroyed people, a destroyed society. And I didn't want to reestablish an order: I had seen enough of so-called order. I was forced to question everything, to be 'naive', to start again." By disrupting any given orders and breaking the common conventions of perception, Baselitz has formed his personal circumstances into his guiding artistic principles. To this day, he still inverts all his paintings, which has become the unique and most defining feature of his work.

Life
Baselitz was born on 23 January 1938, in Deutschbaselitz (now a part of Kamenz, Saxony), in what was later East Germany. His father was an elementary school teacher, and the family lived in the local school building.

Baselitz attended the local school in Kamenz. In its assembly hall hung a reproduction of the painting Wermsdorfer Wald (1859) by Louis-Ferdinand von Rayski, an artist whose grasp of Realism was a formative influence on Baselitz. Baselitz also became interested in the writings of Jakob Böhme. By the age of 15, he had already painted portraits, religious subjects, still lifes, and landscapes, some in a futuristic style.

In 1955, he applied to study at the Kunstakademie in Dresden but was rejected. In 1956, he successfully enrolled at the Hochschule für Bildende und Angewandte Kunst in East Berlin. There he studied under professors Walter Womacka and Herbert Behrens-Hangler and befriended Peter Graf and Ralf Winkler (later known as A. R. Penck). After two semesters, however, he was expelled for "sociopolitical immaturity" because he did not comply with the socialist ideas of the DDR.

In 1957, he resumed his studies at the Hochschule der Künste in West Berlin, where he settled down and met his future wife, Johanna Elke Kretzschmar. In 1961, he attended Hann Trier's master class and completed his studies the following year. Trier's classes were described as a creative environment largely dominated by the gestural abstraction of Tachism and Art Informel. At the Hochschule der Künste, Baselitz immersed himself in the theories of Ernst Wilhelm Nay, Wassily Kandinsky, and Kasimir Malevich. During this time he became friends with Eugen Schönebeck and Benjamin Katz. Art historian Andreas Franzke describes Baselitz's primary artistic influences at this time as Jackson Pollock and Philip Guston.

In 1961, he adopted the name Georg Baselitz as a tribute to his home town.

Since 2013, he and his wife have lived in Salzburg in Austria and both obtained also Austrian citizenship in 2015. He married Kretzschmar in 1962 and is the father of two sons, Daniel Blau and Anton Kern, both gallerists.

1957–1969
At the turn of 1959 to 1960, Baselitz began to produce his first original works in a distinct style of his own, among them the Rayski-Head (Rayski-Kopf) series and the painting G. Head (G. Kopf).

In 1963, Baselitz's first solo exhibition in West Berlin, at Galerie Werner & Katz, caused a public scandal. Two of the pictures, The Big Night Down The Drain (Die große Nacht im Eimer) (1962/63) and The Naked Man (Der Nackte Mann) (1962), were seized two days after the opening of the show by the public prosecutor on the ground of their lewd and obscene content, after likely a friend of the Galerist Michael Werner had already reported their being seized via German News Agency in the local newspaper B.Z. – a self-fulfilling prophecy and intentional scandal. The ensuing court case did not end until October 1965.

Baselitz spent the spring of 1964 at Schloß Wolfsburg and produced his first etchings in the printing shop there, which were exhibited later that year. Printmaking, a medium which he describes as having "symbolic power which has nothing to do with a painting", has since become an intrinsic part of his artistic repertoire. The next year, he won a six-month scholarship to study at the Villa Romana in Florence. While there, he studied Mannerist graphics and produced the Animal Piece (Tierstück) pictures. In general, Baselitz' greatest inspiration stems from writers and artists such as Antonin Artaud, Samuel Beckett, Edvard Munch, Jean Dubuffet, Willem de Kooning, Joseph Beuys, as well as from the expressionist artist association Die Brücke.

Series of Heroes and Fractures
After returning from Florence to West Berlin, Baselitz created the series of Heroes (Helden, also known as Neue Typen), between 1965 and 1966, which, among others, includes the large-format composition The Great Friends (Die großen Freunde, Museum Ludwig, Cologne). These figures represent a metaphorical image of a man who, having neither nationality nor an affiliation to a place, throws the illusory and megalomaniacal ideals of the Third Reich and East Germany overboard with his desolate, broken, ragged appearance (for example, Rebel, held by the Tate Modern). Baselitz' Helden typically appear alone in a barren landscape with naked arms and legs, and hands opened in a summoning gestures. At times they bear attributes associated with the biography of the artist, who refers to his own childhood in the countryside and identifies himself with all of them. Through early 1969, he produced further large-format pictures, such as Woodsmen (Waldarbeiter) as part of a group of pictures known as Fracture Pictures (Frakturbilder).

Inverted paintings
On the basis of his Fractures, Baselitz used a painting by Louis-Ferdinand von Rayski, Wermsdorf Woods (Wermsdorfer Wald), ca 1959, from his childhood at his elementary-school as a model, in order to paint his first picture with an inverted motif: The Wood on Its Head (Der Wald auf dem Kopf) (1969). By inverting his paintings, the artist is able to emphasize the organisation of colours and form and confront the viewer with the picture's surface rather than the personal content of the image. In this sense, the paintings are empty and not subject to interpretation. Instead, one can only look at them.

1970–1975
In the 1970s, Baselitz regularly exhibited at Munich's Galerie Heiner Friedrich. Most of the works he produced during this time were landscapes themed as pictures-within-a-picture. In 1970, at the Kunstmuseum Basel, Dieter Koepplin staged the first retrospective of drawings and graphic works by Baselitz. At the Galeriehaus in Cologne's Lindenstraße, Franz Dahlem put on the first exhibition of pictures with upside-down motifs. In 1971, the Baselitz family once again moved, relocating to Forst an der Weinstraße. He used the old village school as studio and started painting pictures featuring bird motifs. He exhibited several times in the next few years around Germany and also participated in the 1972 documenta 5 in Kassel, where again his work would generate harsh cristism. This same year he began using a fingerpainting technique. He painted landscapes until 1975, often based on motifs he would find in publications such as the ″Mitteilungen des Landesvereins Sächsischer Heimatschutz e. V.″. In 1975, the family moved to Derneburg, near Hildesheim. Baselitz visited New York for the first time and worked there for two weeks. He also visited Brazil, participating in the 13th Biennale in São Paulo.

1976–1980
In 1976, Baselitz rented a studio in Florence, which he used until 1981. In 1977, he began working on large-format linocuts. He began teaching at the Staatliche Akademie der Bildenden Künste in Karlsruhe, where he was appointed professor in 1978. From 1978 until 1980, he worked on diptychs using the tempera painting technique (combinations of motifs), multipart pictures (series of motifs), and large-format individual works such as The Gleaner (Die Ährenleserin), Rubble Woman (Trümmerfrau), Eagle (Adler) and Boy Reading (Der lesende Knabe). The works became more abstract, with scriptural elements predominating. In 1980, he showed his first sculpture at the Venice Biennale.

1981–1989
In 1981, Georg Baselitz set up an additional study in Castiglion Florentino, near Arezzo, which he used until 1987. His work was exhibited in New York for the first time in 1981. By 1982, he began devoting more time to sculpture, in addition to several exhibitions. In 1983, he began using Christian motifs in much of his artwork, and completed the major composition Dinner in Dresden (Nachtessen in Dresden). In the same year, he took up a new professorship at the Hochschule der Künste Berlin. In 1986, in recognition of Baselitz's achievements, he was awarded the Goslarer Kaiserring by the city of Goslar. Through the 1980s, Baselitz's work was exhibited frEquently in Germany. In 1989, the title Chevalier dans l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres was conferred upon Baselitz by French Minister of Arts Jack Lang.

1990–2009
In 1990, at the Nationalgalerie im Alten Museum in Berlin, the first major exhibition of Baselitz's works in East Germany was staged. In 1992, he resigned from the Akademie der Künste in Berlin. In 1993, he designed the set for Harrison Birtwistle's opera Punch and Judy, staged under the direction of Pierre Audi at the Dutch Opera in Amsterdam. He also took part in the International Pavilion at the Venice Biennale with the Male Torso (Männlicher Torso) sculpture, accompanied by oversized drawings. In 1994, Baselitz designed a stamp for the French postal service. He also produced his first ground gold picture that year. In 1995, the first major retrospective of Baselitz's work in the US was staged at the Guggenheim in New York City. This retrospective was also exhibited in Washington, D.C., and Los Angeles. Throughout the 1990s, his work was exhibited frequently throughout Europe. In 2002, a retrospective of Baselitz's work was shown in Art Gallery of Yapı Kredi Bank in Istanbul.

During this time, Baselitz lived and worked near Hildesheim (Schloß Derneburg), from 2006 on near Munich, and in Imperia in Italy.

His work was exhibited in London, at the Royal Academy of Arts in late 2007, and in the White Cube gallery in 2009.

2010–2013
From 21 November 2009, to 14 March 2010, the Museum Frieder Burda and Baden-Baden's Staatliche Kunsthalle exhibited a comprehensive survey of the artist, featuring approximately 140 works. ''Baselitz. A Retrospective was presented at the two neighbouring museums, with the Museum Frieder Burda displaying 50 years of painting, the Staatliche Kunsthalle 30 years of sculpture''.

In a 2013 interview, Baselitz was quoted as saying, "women don't paint very well. It's a fact. There are, of course, exceptions." Citing the comparative lack of commercial success of work by women painters in the most expensive markets as proof, he stated, "Women simply don't pass the test. (...) The market test, the value test".

Baselitz's statements elicited rebuttals from art critics like Sarah Thornton, author of Seven Days in the Art World, who countered, "[t]he market gets it wrong all the time. To see the market as a mark of quality is going down a delusional path. I'm shocked Baselitz does. His work doesn't go for so much." The record then for a painting by Baselitz was £3.2 million, while the record for a painting by Yayoi Kusama, a female artist, was £3.8 million.

Since 2014
To this day, Baselitz is still an active, yet controversial artist and highly critical of German politics. Over the past years, Baselitz has been working on a series of quiet portraits of both him and his wife, Elke, painted with dark washes of blue and black, somber tones that point to a mediation on mortality and aging.

Due to his 80th birthday on 23 January 2018, several retrospectives were held in his honor; for instance at Pinakothek der Moderne in Munich, Fondation Beyeler and Kunstmuseum in Basel, as well as in the U.S. at the Hirshhorn Museum in Washington, D.C. With over 100 works highlighting six decades, the Hirshhorn's exhibition was the first major U.S. retrospective of Baselitz in more than twenty years.

Devotion, an exhibition of paintings and works on paper by Baselitz inspired by self-portraits of artists he admires or is influenced by, was exhibited at Gagosian gallery in New York in early 2019. The same year, Alan Cristea Gallery also published a series of 32 etchings by the artist of the same title.

In 2019 a retrospective curated by Kosme de Barañano was held at the Gallerie dell'Accademia in Venice, Italy, to coincide with the 58th Venice Biennale, the first exhibition by a living artist in the museum gallery. He also curated a special exhibition celebrating the life and work of his friend and fellow artist, Emilio Vedova, at the Fondazione Emilio e Annabianca Vedova, entitled Vedova di/by Baselitz. In October 2021 a major retrospective opened at the Centre Pompidou including paintings, sculptures, drawings and prints, as well display cases with archival and documentary material. The exhibition was the last one curated by Bernard Blistène as director of the museum.

Style
In the 1970s, Baselitz became famous for his upside-down images. He is seen as a revolutionary painter as he draws the viewer's attention to his works by making them think and sparking their interest. The subjects of the paintings do not seem to be as significant as the work's visual insight. Throughout his career, Baselitz has varied his style, ranging from layering substances to his style, since the 1990s, which focuses more on lucidity and smooth changes. His drawings and paintings of the past ten years show the artist revisiting, correcting, and varying his earlier work. Self-reflection goes hand in hand with an insouciant and surprisingly unfettered graphic style.

Controversy
Baselitz's disparaging remarks about women artists have earned him a reputation as a sexist, and he has been accused of reinforcing gender bias in the art world.

Art market
Baselitz highest selling painting was Mit Roter Fahne (With Red Flag) (1965), who sold by £7,471,250 ($9,099,982), at Sotheby's London, on 8 March 2017.

The highest selling sculpture by the artist was Dresdner Frauen – Besuch aus Prag (Women of Dresden – Visit from Prague) (1990), a work of tempera on ash wood, who sold by $11,240,000, at Sotheby's New York, on 19 May 2022.

Honours and awards

 * 1964: Villa Romana Prize
 * 1968: ars viva prize of the Cultural Committee of German Business
 * 1984–92: Member of the Academy of the Arts, Berlin
 * 1986: Goslarer Kaiserring
 * 1987: Chevalier de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres
 * 1992: Officier de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres
 * 1999: Honorary member at the Royal Academy of Arts, London
 * 1999: Art Prize Rhenus Mönchengladbach
 * 2001: Julio González Prize Valencia
 * 2002: Commandeur de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres
 * 2003: Lower Saxony State Prize
 * 2004: Praemium Imperiale
 * 2004: Honorary Professor at the Accademia delle Arti del Disegno in Florence
 * 2005: Austrian Decoration for Science and Art
 * 2006: Honorary Citizen of the city of Imperia
 * 2008: B.Z. Culture Prize
 * 2009: Full member of the Bavarian Academy of Fine Arts
 * 2009: Cologne-Fine-Art Award of the Association of German Galleries and Editions
 * 2012: Chevalier de la Légion d'Honneur
 * 2019: Foreign associate member Académie des Beaux-Arts

Works
See List of works by Georg Baselitz

title: Georg Baselitz


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Rideau Street

Rideau Street (Rue Rideau) is a major street in downtown Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, and one of Ottawa's oldest and most famous streets running from Wellington Street in the west to Montreal Road in the east where it connects to the Vanier district. Rideau Street is home to the Château Laurier, the CF Rideau Centre and the Government Conference Centre (Ottawa's former central train station). Along with Wellington Street and Sussex Drive it was among the first streets in Ottawa to be host to businesses; it was created with the founding of the early town. The Plaza Bridge by the Rideau Canal is at its westmost point and the Cummings Bridge is at its eastmost point.

For many years, Rideau Street was one of Ottawa's primary retail thoroughfares, containing department stores such as Freimans, Ogilvy's, Woolworth, Caplan's and Metropolitan.

In November 1979, then mayor Marion Dewar examined a plan to create what became the 'Rideau Street Bus Mall.' Sidewalks from Sussex to Dalhousie were enclosed in a continuous glass-and-steel structure. The heated mall was expected to allow pedestrians to shop in comfort year-round. However, the structure had an unanticipated downside, in that it attracted large numbers of homeless and late-night drinkers. Many establishments along the affected stretch of Rideau Street failed as a result. The decision was made to tear the shelters down, and in the end the cost for dismantling them was almost as much as the $6.5 million incurred in their construction. Although the local department stores are gone, Rideau Street still features The Bay department store, the Rideau Centre shopping mall, and the street is adjacent to shops of the Byward Market. The street had been designated Highway 17B before the Ontario government discontinued it in 1998.

To the north of Rideau, east of King Edward Avenue is the traditional Lower Town district of Ottawa, a residential area which in the past was predominantly Francophone, but now has one of Ottawa's largest immigrant populations, notably including many Francophone Africans and Somalis. North of Rideau and west of King Edward is the commercial ByWard Market area.

To the south of Rideau Street is the Sandy Hill neighbourhood, with its mix of embassies, older houses, low- and high-rise apartment buildings, and student housing.

The portion of the street between Nicholas Street and King Edward Avenue is designated as part of Canada's National Highway System, as part of an interconnecting route between Highway 417 and Quebec Autoroute 5 in Gatineau.

2016 sinkholes
A section of Rideau Street was closed to all traffic from June 8 to July 2, 2016 after it collapsed in the vicinity of excavations being made for the Rideau station of the Confederation Line. Later that year on October 2, a much smaller sinkhole opened in the same area as the June 8 sinkhole. Due to the sinkholes, Rideau Street was closed to regular traffic from Sussex to Dalhousie until further notice. Only buses, taxis, construction vehicles, and delivery vehicles were permitted.

The street would not fully reopen to regular traffic until the middle of December 2020.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Rideau Street


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1995 in LGBT rights

This is a list of notable events in the history of LGBT rights that took place in the year 1995.

Events

 * A new penal code is introduced in Portugal, which lowers the age of consent for heterosexual acts to 14; however it retains an age of consent of 16 for homosexual acts.
 * Sweden legalizes registered partnerships, with all of the rights of marriage—except for marriage in a church and adoption.
 * US state of Rhode Island bans sexual orientation discrimination in the private sector.

January

 * 1 – Sweden begins registering same-sex domestic partners. Same-sex couples receive most of the rights of mixed-sex marriages but do not receive the right to a church wedding, the right to adopt children or the right to artificial insemination.
 * 19 – The District of Columbia Court of Appeals rules in Dean v. District of Columbia that the district's human rights ordinance barring discrimination based on sexual orientation does not guarantee a right to same-sex marriage.

February

 * 2 – A judge in Tennessee rules that the state's sodomy law violates the state constitution.
 * 17 – The Canadian province of British Columbia announces new regulations allowing gay and lesbian people to adopt children.

March

 * 9 – Scott Amedure, a gay man, is shot to death by Jonathan Schmitz, a heterosexual man, after Amedure revealed a secret crush on Schmitz during an episode of The Jenny Jones Show titled "Revealing Same Sex Secret Crush". Schmitz is later convicted of second-degree murder with a sentence of 30 to 50 years.
 * 30 – In Abel v. United States of America, the first challenge to "don't ask, don't tell", district judge Eugene Nickerson rules that the provision of the 1993 law barring LGBT military personnel from saying they are LGBT infringes on their First Amendment and Fifth Amendment rights.

May

 * 17 – Hillsborough County, Florida commissioners repeal the county's gay rights law.
 * 25 – In Egan v. Canada the Supreme Court of Canada rules that sexual orientation is a prohibited ground of discrimination under section 15 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, a part of the constitution. Section 15 does not explicitly list sexual orientation, but is designed to permit the addition of new grounds by the courts. The ruling will have a wide impact since section 15 applies to all laws, including human rights laws that prohibit discrimination by all employers, landlords, service providers and governments.

June

 * 13 – The Broward County Commission passes a gay rights bill covering employment, housing and public accommodation.
 * 19 – In Hurley v. Irish-American Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Group of Boston the United States Supreme Court rules that private citizens organizing a public demonstration may legally exclude groups who impart a message that the private citizen does not wish to promote. The ruling allows the organizers of the city's annual St. Patrick's Day parade to exclude LGBT contingents.
 * 24 – Inauguration of the Memorial to gay and lesbian victims of National Socialism in Cologne, Germany

August

 * 2 – U.S. President Bill Clinton signs Executive Order 12968, which bans discrimination based on "sexual orientation" as it establishes uniform policies for allowing government employees access to classified information.

October

 * 10 – The United States Supreme Court hears oral arguments in Romer v. Evans, the case that would eventually overturn Colorado's Amendment 2, which banned gay rights laws in the state.

December

 * 30 – San Francisco outlaws discrimination based on gender identity.

Deaths

 * March 9 – Scott Amedure, 32, talk show murder victim
 * November 17 – James Woods III, 32, author of The Corporate Closet: The Professional Lives of Gay Men in America
 * November 20 – Steven Powsner, 40, former president of the New York City Lesbian and Gay Community Services Center

title: 1995 in LGBT rights


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Grimmelshausen

Grimmelshausen is a municipality in the district of Hildburghausen, in Thuringia, Germany.

title: Grimmelshausen


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Nephilim

The Nephilim (נְפִילִים Nəfīlīm) are mysterious beings or people in the Bible traditionally imagined as being of great size and strength. The origins of the Nephilim are disputed. Some, including the author of the Book of Enoch, view them as the offspring of fallen angels and humans. Others view them as descendants of Seth and Cain.

This reference to them is in Genesis 6:1–4, but the passage is ambiguous and the identity of the Nephilim is disputed. According to the Numbers 13:33, ten of the Twelve Spies report the existence of Nephilim in Canaan prior to its conquest by the Israelites.

A similar or identical Biblical Hebrew term, read as "Nephilim" by some scholars, or as the word "fallen" by others, appears in the Ezekiel 32:27 and is also mentioned in the deuterocanonical books Judith 16:6, Sirach 16:7, Baruch 3:26–28, and Wisdom 14:6.

Etymology
The Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon (1908) gives the meaning of Nephilim as "giants", and warns that proposed etymologies of the word are "all very precarious". Many suggested interpretations are based on the assumption that the word is a derivative of Hebrew verbal root n-p-l (נ־פ־ל) "fall". argued the word comes from the hif'il causative stem, possibly indicating that the name ’Nephilim’ is to be understood as 'those that cause others to fall down'. Ronald Hendel states that it is a passive form: 'Ones who have fallen', grammatically analogous to paqid 'one who is appointed' (i.e., a deputy or overseer), asir 'one who is bound' (i.e., a prisoner), etc. It is also argued that the "fallen" refer to those who "fell in battle", similar to the gibborim.

The majority of ancient biblical translations – including the Septuagint, Theodotion, Latin Vulgate, Samaritan Targum, Targum Onkelos, and Targum Neofiti – interpret the word to mean "giants". Symmachus translates it as "the violent ones" and Aquila's translation has been interpreted to mean either "the fallen ones" or "the ones falling [upon their enemies]."

Origins of belief
Archaeologist G.E. Wright states that belief in the Nephilim, especially as giants, originated from the Hebrews’ contemplation of Transjordian megalithic structures and cyclopean masonry walls of Canaanite cities, with some being 18 feet thick. Nonetheless, he notes that ancient Canaanites were relatively short, before and after 3000 BC, with no significant findings of abnormally sized aborigines. Biblical professor Brian R. Doak believes that Nephilim lore is a polemic against the tropes of epic and heroism, commonly found in the worldviews of cultures similar to the Hebrews'. J.C. Greenfield similarly believes that Nephilim lore is based on "the negative aspects of the Apkallu tradition" in Sumerian mythology. The Apkallu were seven antediluvian culture heroes who were praised for their exceptional wisdom. In fact, some were called "the son of Ea".

Brand et al. (2023) argue that the Nephilim refer to elite or royal warriors from legendary antiquity, who do not necessarily have abnormal stature or divine parentage. They view the Nephilim in Numbers 13-14 as autochthonous elite warriors who dwelt in pre-Israelite Canaan. Ellen White believes that their purpose, narratively speaking, is to die so that God's chosen, who are the "underdogs", could prevail.

The Anakites, who are associated with the Nephilim, are mentioned in the Egyptian Execration texts of the Middle Kingdom (2055–1650 BC) as one of Egypt's political enemies in Canaan.

In the Hebrew Bible
In the Hebrew Bible, there are three interconnected passages referencing the nephilim. Two of them come from the Pentateuch. The first occurrence is in Genesis 6:1–4, immediately before the account of Noah's Ark. Genesis 6:4 reads as follows:

"The Nephilim were in the earth in those days, and also after that, when the sons of God came in unto the daughters of men, and they bore children to them; the same were the mighty men that were of old, the men of renown."

Where the Jewish Publication Society's translation simply transliterates the Hebrew nephilim as "Nephilim", the King James Version translates the term as "giants".

The nature of the Nephilim is complicated by the ambiguity of Genesis 6:4, which leaves it unclear whether they are the "sons of God" or their offspring who are the "mighty men of old, men of renown". Richard Hess takes it to mean that the Nephilim are the offspring, as does P.W. Coxon.

The second is Numbers 13:32–33, where ten of the Twelve Spies describe the Anakites (a Rephaite tribe) as descendants of the Nephilim:

"And there we saw the Nephilim, the sons of Anak, who come of the Nephilim; and we were in our own sight as grasshoppers, and so we were in their sight."

Outside the Pentateuch there is one more passage indirectly referencing nephilim and this is Ezekiel 32:17–32. Of special significance is Ezekiel 32:27, which contains a phrase of disputed meaning. With the traditional vowels added to the text in the medieval period, the phrase is read gibborim nophlim ("'fallen warriors" or "fallen Gibborim"), although some scholars read the phrase as gibborim nephilim ("Nephilim warriors" or "warriors, Nephilim"). According to R.S. Hendel, the phrase should be interpreted as "warriors, the Nephilim" in a reference to Genesis 6:4. The verse as understood by Hendel reads: "They lie with the warriors, the Nephilim of old, who descended to Sheol with their weapons of war. They placed their swords beneath their heads and their shields upon their bones, for the terror of the warriors was upon the land of the living."

B.R. Doak, on the other hand, proposes to read the term as the Hebrew verb "fallen" (נופלים nophlim), not a use of the specific term "Nephilim", but still according to Doak a clear reference to the Nephilim tradition as found in Genesis.

Giants
The earliest translations of the Hebrew Bible, the Septuagint, composed in the 3rd or 2nd century BC, renders the said word as gigantes. In Greek Mythology the gigantes were beings of great strength and aggression but not necessarily of great size. The choice made by the Greek translators has been later adopted into the Latin translation, the Vulgate, compiled in the 4th or 5th century AD, which uses the transcription of the Greek term rather than the literal translation of the Hebrew nefilim. From there, the tradition of the giant progeny of the sons of God and the daughters of men spread to later medieval translations of the Bible.

The decision of the Greek translators to render the Hebrew nefilim as Greek gigantes is a separate matter. The Hebrew nefilim means literally "the fallen ones" and the strict translation into Greek would be peptokotes, which in fact appears in the Septuagint of Ezekiel 32:22–27. It seems then that the authors of Septuagint wished not only to simply translate the foreign term into Greek, but also to employ a term which would be intelligible and meaningful for their Hellenistic audiences. Given the complex meaning of the nefilim which emerged from the three interconnected biblical passages (human–divine hybrids in Genesis 6, autochthonous people in Numbers 13 and ancient warriors damned in the underworld in Ezekiel 32), the Greek translators recognized some similarities. First and foremost, both nefilim and gigantes possessed an ambiguous identity, being a mixture of the human and divine. They were also viewed with fascination and moral contempt. Secondly, both were presented as impersonating chaotic qualities and posing some serious danger to gods and humans. Lastly, both gigantes and nefilim were clearly connected with the underworld and were said to have originated from earth, and they both end up closed therein.

In 1 Enoch, they were "great giants, whose height was three hundred cubits". Because 1 cubit is 18 in, this would make them 450 ft tall.

The Quran refers to the people of Ād in Quran 26:130 whom the prophet Hud declares to be like jabbarin (Hebrew: gibborim), probably a reference to the Biblical Nephilim. The people of Ād are said to be giants, the tallest among them 100 ft high. However, according to Islamic legend, the ʿĀd were not wiped out by the Flood, since some of them had been too tall to be drowned. Instead, God destroyed them after they rejected further warnings. After death, they were banished into the lower layers of hell.

Fallen angels
All early sources refer to the "sons of heaven" as angels. From the third century BC onwards, references are found in the Enochic literature, the Dead Sea Scrolls, Jubilees, the Testament of Reuben, 2 Baruch, Josephus, and the Book of Jude (compare with 2 Peter 2). For example:
 * 1 Enoch 7:[2]"And when the angels, [3]the sons of heaven, beheld them, they became enamoured of them, saying to each other, Come, let us select for ourselves wives from the progeny of men, and let us beget children."

Some Christian apologists, such as Tertullian and especially Lactantius, shared this opinion.

The earliest statement in a secondary commentary explicitly interpreting this to mean that angelic beings mated with humans can be traced to the rabbinical Targum Pseudo-Jonathan and it has since become especially commonplace in modern Christian commentaries. This line of interpretation finds additional support in the text of Genesis 6:4, which juxtaposes the sons of God (male gender, divine nature) with the daughters of men (female gender, human nature). From this parallelism it could be inferred that the sons of God are understood as some superhuman beings.

The New American Bible commentary draws a parallel to the Epistle of Jude and the statements set forth in Genesis, suggesting that the Epistle refers implicitly to the paternity of Nephilim as heavenly beings who came to earth and had sexual intercourse with women. The footnotes of the Jerusalem Bible suggest that the biblical author intended the Nephilim to be an "anecdote of a superhuman race". Superhuman, in this context, refers to the extremity of their wickedness.

Some Christian commentators have argued against this view, citing Jesus's statement that angels do not marry. Others disagree since Jesus also compared angels to men, thus implying the former's ability to have sex. Angels are also never explicitly described as being incapable of marriage. The absence of marriage among angels can be thus compared to wilful celibacy.

Evidence cited in favor of the fallen angels interpretation includes the fact that the phrase "the sons of God" (Hebrew: ; or "sons of the gods") is used twice outside of Genesis 6, in the Book of Job (1:6 and 2:1) where the phrase explicitly references angels. The Septuagint manuscript Codex Alexandrinus reading of Genesis 6:2 renders this phrase as "the angels of God" while Codex Vaticanus reads "sons".

Another modern view that aligns with the fallen angel interpretation includes Nephilim being the offspring of demon-possessed men and women.

Second Temple Judaism
The story of the Nephilim is further elaborated in the Book of Enoch. The Greek, Aramaic, and main Ge'ez manuscripts of 1 Enoch and Jubilees obtained in the 19th century and held in the British Museum and Vatican Library, connect the origin of the Nephilim with the fallen angels, and in particular with the egrḗgoroi (watchers). Samyaza, an angel of high rank, is described as leading a rebel sect of angels in a descent to earth to have sexual intercourse with human females: "And it came to pass when the children of men had multiplied that in those days were born unto them beautiful and comely daughters. And the angels, the children of the heaven, saw and lusted after them, and said to one another: "Come, let us choose us wives from among the children of men and beget us children." And Semjaza, who was their leader, said unto them: "I fear ye will not indeed agree to do this deed, and I alone shall have to pay the penalty of a great sin." And they all answered him and said: "Let us all swear an oath, and all bind ourselves by mutual imprecations not to abandon this plan but to do this thing." Then sware they all together and bound themselves by mutual imprecations upon it. And they were in all two hundred; who descended in the days of Jared on the summit of Mount Hermon, and they called it Mount Hermon, because they had sworn and bound themselves by mutual imprecations upon it ..."

In this tradition, the children of the Nephilim are called the Elioud, who are considered a separate race from the Nephilim, but they share the fate of the Nephilim.

Some believe the fallen angels who begat the Nephilim were cast into Tartarus (2 Peter 2:4, Jude 1:6) (Greek Enoch 20:2), a place of "total darkness". An interpretation is that God granted ten percent of the disembodied spirits of the Nephilim to remain after the Flood, as demons, to try to lead the human race astray until the final Judgment. Another similar view was proposed by Dr. Michael Heiser, an Old Testament scholar from the University of Pennsylvania and the University of Wisconsin-Madison. In his book The Unseen Realm he states that the disembodied spirits of the Nephilim became what has been known as demons or unclean spirits.

In addition to Enoch, the Book of Jubilees (7:21–25) also states that ridding the Earth of these Nephilim was one of God's purposes for flooding the Earth in Noah's time. These works describe the Nephilim as being evil giants.

The New Testament Epistle of Jude (14–15) cites from 1 Enoch 1:9, which many scholars believe is based on Deuteronomy 33:2. To most commentators this confirms that the author of Jude regarded the Enochic interpretations of Genesis 6 as correct; however, others have questioned this.

Descendants of Seth and Cain
References to the offspring of Seth rebelling from God and mingling with the daughters of Cain are found from the second century AD onwards in both Christian and Jewish sources (e.g., Rabbi Shimon bar Yochai, Augustine of Hippo, Sextus Julius Africanus, and the Letters attributed to St. Clement). It is also the view expressed in the modern canonical Amharic Ethiopian Orthodox Bible: Henok 2:1–3
 * "and the Offspring of Seth, who were upon the Holy Mount, saw them and loved them. And they told one another, 'Come, let us choose for us daughters from Cain's children; let us bear children for us.

Orthodox Judaism has taken a stance against the idea that Genesis 6 refers to angels or that angels could intermarry with men. Shimon bar Yochai pronounced a curse on anyone teaching this idea. Rashi and Nachmanides followed this. Pseudo-Philo (Biblical Antiquities 3:1–3) may also imply that the "sons of God" were human. Consequently, most Jewish commentaries and translations describe the Nephilim as being from the offspring of "sons of nobles", rather than from "sons of God" or "sons of angels". This is also the rendering suggested in the Targum Onqelos, Symmachus and the Samaritan Targum, which read "sons of the rulers", where Targum Neophyti reads "sons of the judges".

Likewise, a long-held view among some Christians is that the "sons of God" were the formerly righteous descendants of Seth who rebelled, while the "daughters of men" were the unrighteous descendants of Cain, and the Nephilim the offspring of their union. This view, dating to at least the 1st century AD in Jewish literature as described above, is also found in Christian sources from the 3rd century if not earlier, with references throughout the Clementine literature, as well as in Sextus Julius Africanus, Ephrem the Syrian, and others. Holders of this view have looked for support in Jesus' statement that "in those days before the flood they [humans] were ... marrying and giving in marriage" (, emphasis added).

Some individuals and groups, including St. Augustine, John Chrysostom, and John Calvin, take the view of Genesis 6:2 that the "Angels" who fathered the Nephilim referred to certain human males from the lineage of Seth, who were called sons of God probably in reference to their prior covenant with Yahweh (cf. ; ); according to these sources, these men had begun to pursue bodily interests, and so took wives of "the daughters of men", e.g., those who were descended from Cain or from any people who did not worship God.

This also is the view of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church, supported by their own Ge'ez manuscripts and Amharic translation of the Haile Selassie Bible—where the books of 1 Enoch and Jubilees, counted as canonical by this church, differ from western academic editions. The "Sons of Seth view" is also the view presented in a few extra-biblical, yet ancient works, including Clementine literature, the 3rd century Cave of Treasures, and the c. 6th century Ge'ez work The Conflict of Adam and Eve with Satan. In these sources, these offspring of Seth were said to have disobeyed God, by breeding with the Cainites and producing wicked children "who were all unlike", thus angering God into bringing about the Deluge, as in the Conflict: "Certain wise men of old wrote concerning them, and say in their [sacred] books that angels came down from heaven and mingled with the daughters of Cain, who bare unto them these giants. But these [wise men] err in what they say. God forbid such a thing, that angels who are spirits, should be found committing sin with human beings. Never, that cannot be. And if such a thing were of the nature of angels, or Satans, that fell, they would not leave one woman on earth, undefiled ... But many men say, that angels came down from heaven, and joined themselves to women, and had children by them. This cannot be true. But they were children of Seth, who were of the children of Adam, that dwelt on the mountain, high up, while they preserved their virginity, their innocence and their glory like angels; and were then called 'angels of God'. But when they transgressed and mingled with the children of Cain, and begat children, ill-informed men said, that angels had come down from heaven, and mingled with the daughters of men, who bear them giants."

Offspring of Orion
In Aramaic culture, the term nephilim refers to the offspring of Orion in mythology. However the Brown–Driver–Briggs lexicon notes this as a "dubious etymology" and "all very precarious".

Arabian paganism
Fallen angels were believed by Arab pagans to be sent to earth in form of men. Some of them mated with humans and gave rise to hybrid children. As recorded by Al-Jahiz, a common belief held that Abu Jurhum, the ancestor of the Jurhum tribe, was actually the son of a disobedient angel and a human woman.

Fossil remains of giants
Alleged discoveries of Nephilim remains have been a common source of hoaxing and misidentification.

In 1577, a series of large bones discovered near Lucerne were interpreted as the bones of an antediluvian giant about 19 ft tall. In 1786, Johann Friedrich Blumenbach found out that these remains belonged to a mammoth. Cotton Mather believed that fossilized leg bones and teeth discovered near Albany, New York in 1705 were the remains of Nephilim who perished in a great flood. Paleontologists have identified these as mastodon remains. In 1869, the Cardiff Giant, a hoax intended to fool believers in Nephilim, was supposedly discovered in Cardiff, New York.

In popular culture
The name and idea of Nephilim, like many other religious concepts, is sometimes used in popular culture. Examples include the gothic rock band Fields of the Nephilim; The Renquist Quartet novels by Mick Farren; The Mortal Instruments, The Infernal Devices, The Last Hours, The Dark Artifices and other books in The Shadowhunter Chronicles series by Cassandra Clare; the Hush, Hush series by Becca Fitzpatrick; the book Many Waters by Madeleine L'Engle; and TV series The X-Files and Supernatural.

In the video game series Darksiders, the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse are said to be Nephilim, wherein the Nephilim were created by the unholy union of angels and demons. Dante and Vergil, the main characters of the game DmC: Devil May Cry (2013), a reboot of the popular original series Devil May Cry, are also referred to as Nephilim; being the offspring of the demon Sparda and the angel Eva. In the trading card game Magic: The Gathering, the Nephilim are interpreted as 'Old Gods' from before modern society. In Diablo 3, the Nephalem were the first humans upon Sanctuary, created as a result of the union between angels and demons. They figure prominently in the plot of Antarktos Rising by author Jeremy Robinson. In the heist-themed first person shooter Payday 2, several paintings, artifacts, and far off visuals reference the Nephilim, and a secret ending to the game brings in alien technology supposedly left by the Nephilim. A creature referred to as "Nephilim" appears in season 2 of the Japanese animated series Symphogear. Nephilim is a role-playing game about powerful elemental entities reincarnating into human beings.

There are several movies, videos, documentaries, and podcasts on Nephilim.

title: Nephilim


text:
Sussex Drive

Sussex Drive (Promenade Sussex), also known as Ottawa Regional Road93, is an arterial road in Ottawa, Ontario, the capital of Canada. It is one of the city's main ceremonial and institutional routes. Travelling roughly parallel to the Ottawa River, Sussex Drive begins as a continuation of Sir George-Étienne Cartier Parkway at Rideau Gate, at the entrance to Rideau Hall. It travels south to Rideau Street, with the portion south of St. Patrick Street forming the northbound half of a one-way pair with Mackenzie Avenue. Both Mackenzie Avenue and Sussex Drive connect with Colonel By Drive at their southern end, which continues south alongside the Rideau Canal.

Sussex Drive was laid out as three separately named streets during the establishment of Ottawa in the first half of the 19th century: Sussex Street, between Bolton Street and Rideau Street; Metcalfe Street, between Bolton Street and the Rideau River; and Ottawa Street between the river and Rockcliffe Park. The latter two were renamed as an extension of Sussex Street following Ottawa's annexation of New Edinburgh in 1886. Numerous government institutions were established along Sussex in the early 20th century, and embassies were established following World War II. As a result of the Greber Plan, the road was widened and rebuilt and the buildings along it refurbished throughout the 1950s and 1960s. It was renamed Sussex Drive in November 1953 during a visit by the Queen Mother.

Route description
Known as Canada's ceremonial road, Sussex Drive is a boulevard through the ByWard Market, Lower Town and New Edinburgh neighbourhoods of Ottawa. A number of landmarks, embassies and institutions line the road, many of which are designated National Historical Sites. In addition, a number of parks and monuments are located throughout the length of the route, several of which overlook the Ottawa River. The entire route forms a portion of Confederation Boulevard, a ceremonial route around Ottawa and Gatineau used by foreign dignitaries and during royal visits to Canada. The City of Ottawa, which has jurisdiction over the entire route, classifies Sussex Drive as an urban arterial road throughout its length.

Sussex Drive begins at a traffic circle adjacent to Rockcliffe Park, through which the roadway continues as Sir George-Étienne Cartier Parkway. Adjacent to the traffic circle are Rideau Hall at 1Sussex Drive, home to the Governor General, the Prime Minister's residence at 24 Sussex Drive directly opposite Rideau Hall, and the High Commission of South Africa. Sussex Drive proceeds south-southwest, parallel to the southern shoreline of the Ottawa River, as a two-lane road with a central raised median or turn lane. The Embassy of France and the Centre for Geography and Exploration bookend the portion of the route through New Edinburgh.

Widening to four lanes as it crosses the first of the ByTown Bridges over the Rideau River, Sussex Drive passes above Rideau Falls onto Green Island. There the John G. Diefenbaker Building, former Ottawa City Hall, is complemented by the Ottawa Memorial, Mackenzie–Papineau Monument, the National Artillery Monument, and a statue of John McCrae. Crossing the second bridge, the road returns to the mainland in the Lower Town neighbourhood and intersects the northern end of King Edward Avenue, which provides access to Quebec Autoroute 5 in Gatineau via the Macdonald-Cartier Bridge. Surrounding this intersection are the National Research of Canada (NRC) Laboratories as well as the Lester B. Pearson Building, which is home to Global Affairs Canada. The former residence of John A. Macdonald, Earnscliffe, is preserved at 140Sussex Drive, adjacent to the NRC Labs.

Crossing over the southern end of the Macdonald-Cartier Bridge, Sussex Drive passes the Delegation of the Ismaili Imamat and the Embassy of Saudi Arabia. It gradually curves south-southeast around the Embassy of Japan before straightening out and travelling between the Royal Canadian Mint and Élisabeth Bruyère Hospital, the first hospital in Ottawa, situated at 43Bruyère Street. The Global Centre for Pluralism, which opened in the former Canadian War Museum in 2017, and the Embassy of Kuwait immediately follow the previous two buildings on either side of the road. Approaching the ByWard Market, the route passes the Canada School of Public Service at La Salle Academy and the Notre-Dame Cathedral Basilica to the east and the National Gallery of Canada to the west, which features a Maman sculpture in front of the entrance.

At the Alexandra Bridge approach, Sussex Drive becomes a northbound one-way arterial road paired with Mackenzie Avenue, which serves southbound traffic. St. Patrick Street and Murray Street, also a one-way pair, provide access to and from the bridge. The four roads combined encircle the Peacekeeping Monument, while Major's Hill Park lies to the southwest of this junction. Entering the ByTown Market along its western edge, Sussex Drive features wall-to-wall storefronts with apartments above them on the east side and the Embassy of the United States on the west side. The Former Geological Survey of Canada Building and Connaught Building sandwich the road at George Street. Sussex Street ends at Rideau Street, where it and Mackenzie Avenue connect with Colonel By Drive south along the eastern bank of the Rideau Canal. The Rideau Centre stands on the southeast corner of the intersection, while the former Union Station which was repurposed into the Senate of Canada Building is on the southwest corner. The Daly Building once stood between Sussex and Mackenzie on the north side of Rideau Street, but was demolished in the early 1990s and replaced by a residential condominium in 2005.

History
Sussex Drive is named after Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex (1773–1843), son of King George III, and an early abolitionist. It was known as Sussex Street until 1953, when it was renamed during a visit by the Queen Mother. Originally it was the primary road in Ottawa, serving to connect the former Union Station (now the Senate of Canada Building) with the Queen's Wharf at the foot of the Rideau Canal. The street continued as Metcalfe Street to New Edinburgh, becoming Ottawa Street at the Nepean–Gloucester boundary along the Rideau River and ending at Rockcliffe Park. Sussex Street was built on land acquired by Colonel John By (1779–1836), whom laid out Upper and Lower Bytown, and by Thomas McKay (1792–1855), whom built the locks where the Rideau Canal meets the Ottawa River. McKay gradually purchased over 1000 acres of land and established New Edinburgh in 1832. New Edinburgh was incorporated as a village on August15, 1866, and annexed by the City of Ottawa in 1886. As a result of this, Metcalfe Street and Ottawa Street were renamed as part of Sussex Street.

On the eve of Confederation, Rideau Hall, which was built by McKay, was leased to the government of Canada West in 1865 before being bought outright in 1867. This, along with John A. Macdonald's home Earnscliffe, would establish Sussex Street as the heart of the new capital of Canada. By this time, several of the non-governmental institutions were established along the street, including Ottawa General Hospital (now Élisabeth Bruyère Hospital), Bytown College (now La Salle Academy), Notre-Dame Cathedral, the Former Geological Survey of Canada Building, the Revere Hotel, and what is now 24Sussex Drive. These buildings, as well as houses, shops and hotels, were built following the passage of the Vesting Act in 1843, which subdivided the land in Lower Town, as well as the arrival of the railway in 1854. The ByWard Market was subsequently established over the next half century. During the early 1900s, several notable government institutions were built along Sussex Street, including the Dominion Archives in 1906 (later the Canadian War Museum, now the Global Centre for Pluralism), the Royal Canadian Mint in 1908, and the Connaught Building in 1915. The Daly Building, which opened as a department store in 1905, was purchased by the government in 1921; it was demolished in 1991 after standing vacant for several years.

Throughout the mid-20th century, a large portion of Ottawa saw massive gentrification under the Greber Plan, which was produced by Jacques Gréber in 1949 under the direction of Prime Minister Mackenzie King. Although Gréber had been corresponding with King as early as 1936, World War II halted any plans from reaching fruition at that time. Following the war, Gréber was again contacted and his expertise requested. He arrived on October2, 1945, and began working almost immediately. The Greber Plan, as it came to be known, was released in 1950 and presented to the House of Commons on May 22, 1951. The plan called for the complete reorganization of Ottawa's road and rail network, including numerous parkways and an east to west expressway (The Queensway) along what was then a Canadian National Railway line.

The Federal District Commission began implementation of the Greber Plan at the behest of Ottawa mayor Charlotte Whitton in 1953, including several projects along Sussex Street that would remove the street car tracks along it and widen it to four lanes with a central boulevard. The iron bridges over the Rideau River were rebuilt as concrete spans and overhead wires were mostly rerouted underground. These projects were completed in anticipation of a visit by the Queen Mother in late 1954, at which point Sussex Street was renamed Sussex Drive. She toured Ottawa in November of that year, officially dedicating the Bytown Bridges, Sussex Drive, and Colonel By Drive on November16.

National Capital Commission
In 1959, following the passage of the National Capital Act the previous year, the National Capital Commission (NCC) was formed. The act replaced the FDC with the NCC and gave it broad ranging powers, including the ability to expropriate land. One of the first issues that came before the NCC was the increasing commercialisation of Sussex Drive. In particular, the demolition of the 100year old Goulden Hotel at the corner of Bruyere Street drew the ire of locals and set forth a movement to preserve the historic character of the road. Consequently, the NCC set forth in 1961 to purchase the remaining properties along Sussex Drive that were over 100years old and establish a grand Mile of History. Architect Peter Stoakes was tasked with uncovering historical records for each property and conducting studies into their current condition. While a number of a buildings were determined to be unfit and demolished, the remainder saw fire exits moved from the street, and facades sand-blasted, painted, and embellished to recreate an 1867 appearance. However, the plan was never fully realised due to a number of a factors, including a shift in government with the election of Lester B. Pearson in 1963, as well as other more urgent priorities such as the Macdonald-Cartier Bridge approaches, Union Station, and Highway 417. Despite this, the NCC purchased every historic property on the road by 1963.

Following the removal of the railways into Union Station in 1966, planning for the Rideau Centre commenced, which would result in several changes to the street network in the ByWard Market. Colonel By Drive was extended from Hawthorne Avenue to Rideau Street in 1967, connecting with the southern end of Sussex Drive and Mackenzie Avenue. In 1973, plans were announced to rebuild the Sussex Drive, Mackenzie Avenue, St. Patrick Street and Murray Street intersections and make the roads into one-way pairs. Murray Street would be extended west of Sussex Drive and Mackenzie Avenue would be realigned to gradually merge into Sussex Drive at St. Andrew Street. However, these plans, as well as the Rideau Centre, would be stalled for nearly a decade due to public opposition to various proposals. Work eventually began on both in late 1981. Sussex Street and Mackenzie Avenue were reopened as paired one-way streets in July 1982. The intersections with Murray Street and St. Patrick Street were rebuilt again in 1983 in order to remove the wasted triangle of land between Mackenzie Avenue and Sussex Drive north of St. Patrick Street.

A number of nations purchased properties along Sussex Drive throughout the years in order to establish embassies. The Embassy of France and the High Commission of South Africa were both established prior to World War II, while Japan and Saudi Arabia both purchased land for their embassies in 1978, although the latter did not open until 2005. The American Embassy was opened by US president Bill Clinton on October 8, 1999. The Kuwait Embassy was opened in 2003.

Major intersections
! scope="col" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: right;" | 0.10 ! scope="col" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: left;" | 0.06
 * McKay Street

title: Sussex Drive


text:
Talk:Jiangsu

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Bad Link
I'm not an expert on this topic, but the link to wiki "Zhao Yi" appears incorrect - specifically this page (Jiangsu) refers to a born in 1979 swimmer, and the actual article referred, the Zhao Yi article, is about a 19th century poet. --Leedmcdaniel

Untitle
I just reverted to Jpta since there was substantial content before the anon vandalized the article. Yacht's subsequent edits need to be incorporated. --Jiang 08:39, 3 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Ah, i didn't check out the history of this page. :O --Yacht 08:41, Mar 3, 2004 (UTC)

Recent move
This article was moved from Jiangsu to Jiangsu Province, without any reasoning provided. Is there a good reason we cannot keep the article at Jiangsu? Green Giant (talk) 09:28, 4 August 2009 (UTC)

 * No. We need to move it back. Colipon+(T) 13:47, 4 August 2009 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Jiangsu


text:
John Boardman (physicist)

Jack Melton "John" Boardman (born September 8, 1932) is an American physicist. He is a former professor of physics at Brooklyn College; a noted science fiction fan, author and fanzine publisher; and a gaming authority.

Academic career
Boardman earned his BA at the University of Chicago in 1952 and his MS from Iowa State University in 1956. He then attended Florida State University to begin his doctoral studies. However, he was expelled in 1957 due to his involvement with the Inter-Civic Council and more specifically for inviting three black Florida A&M exchange students to a Christmas party.

He ultimately received his PhD in physics at Syracuse University in 1962; his doctoral thesis was titled Quantization of the General Theory of Relativity. His publications include "Spherical Gravitational Waves" (a collaboration with Peter Bergmann, former research assistant to Albert Einstein), "Contributions to the Quantization Problem in General Relativity", and "The Normal Modes Of A Hanging Oscillator Of Order N".

Boardman and gaming
Boardman was involved in early play-by-mail (PBM) for the Diplomacy game, and for a small fee he would send copies of each player's turns to every other player involved in a game. He is one of the most noted figures in the game of Diplomacy, having established the original play-by-mail setup in 1961, and also the system of numbering each game for statistical purposes. These numbers, known as Boardman Numbers, include the year and a letter indicating sequence. For instance, 2004A was the first game started in 2004.

Boardman started the first successful postal Diplomacy zine, Graustark, in 1963 as an offshoot from his science fiction fanzine Knowable. Soon Graustark grew from just a gameturn-report newsletter to a hobby activity similar to science fiction fanzines. Boardman continued to produce Graustark for almost 50 years, publishing issue 793 in June 2013.

Science fiction
Boardman has long been an active member of science fiction fandom, famed for his strong political opinions; and has been the subject of at least two filksongs: "To John Boardman in Brooklyn" and "All Hail to the Fan John B." In addition to Knowable, his science fiction fanzines have included Dagon and Anakreon. He has also written at least two published fantasy stories, "Colon the Conqueror" (a Conan the Barbarian parody), published in the May 1958 issue of Fantastic Universe; and "The Testament of Snefru", published in the 1980 anthology The Spell of Conan (L. Sprague de Camp, ed.).

"The Asteroid Light"
Boardman's 1961 filksong, "The Asteroid Light" (to the tune of the sea chanty "Eddystone Light") has been reprinted repeatedly, in venues ranging from science fiction anthologies (the 1972 anthology Futures Conditional) to Sing Out magazine (V. 9, #1, p. 24) to collections of protest music (Glazer, Tom. Songs of Peace, Freedom and Protest. New York: David McKay, 1970). It has also frequently been discussed in papers on filk music.

He also wrote a regular column, "Science for Science Fiction", for the first twelve issues of Ares magazine.

Personal life
After having been a resident of the Flatbush neighborhood of Brooklyn, New York, for almost half a century (his house was used as a set in Spike Lee's Malcolm X), Boardman now lives in Frederick, Maryland. Boardman's wife, Perdita Lilly Nelson Girsdansky, who was previously married to Ray Nelson, died on November 26, 2017, after a long battle with dementia.

title: John Boardman (physicist)


text:
Talk:Kim Jong Il/Archive 1

Misc
I wrote this great article about the greatest man alive, didn't I?

-172

Don' forget: His birth assumed the appearance of a lodestar over Mt. Paektu

The propagandistic version was better than nothing. It gives the reader a sense of how the cult’s promulgated. -User 172

What is Juche? -- Zoe

-

172, thanks for incorporating my material into the article a little better.

I still think that the article paints an overly favourable view of a despot who starves his own people whilst living in luxury and wastes money on monuments, mass displays and a huge military, and runs a stupid foriegn policy that ensures that the West will always remain implacably hostile - in comparison to Deng Xiaoping who did genuinely improve the lives of most of his people.

A laundry list of points that I'm wondering about in the context of this article:

 * Madeleine Albright might have said that Kim was "decisive and serious". In what context did she say that, and what else did she say about him and the regime he heads?  Have you considered that politicians say nice things about despots to try to cajole them into doing things they might otherwise do?
 * Is your portrayal of Asian opinion of Kim realistic? They might have realized that he's not as insane as he was made out to be, but I can't see too many volunteering to have him run their own countries.
 * Amongst other things, the North Koreans kidnapped dozens of Japanese citizens, and IIRC there was a dispute about the role of Kim Jong-Il. Isn't that worth addressing in the article?
 * As I've said, isn't it arguable that rather than saying it's all the West's fault that North Korea is economically isolated and under military pressure, might it not be arguable to lay much of the blame at Kim's feet?
 * What does, say, Amnesty International, or Human Rights Watch, have to say about the methods by which Kim Jong-Il keeps himself in power?
 * The anecdote about the film director is true and says a considerable amount about the man if you ask me.  Don't you think it's relevant?  It is interesting that it appears that they have some nice things to say about him, too.

Oh, and this is probably offtopic, you seem to spend a lot of time defending people like Mugabe and now Kim. Why? Do you really think the West gives them a bum rap or something? --Robert Merkel 10:44, 30 Sep 2003 (UTC)
 * I'll somewhat busy now; so I'm going to wait about another 12 hours to respond. BTW, I'll try to ignore it, but you know that such a snide rhetorical question toward the end isn't going to illicit a positive response from anyone. But I actually will respond even to the last question in time. For now, I will just say that I've never had much respect for the personalization of history. 172 00:04, 1 Oct 2003 (UTC)
 * Look, if you don't want to respond, don't. It is offtopic for the purposes of getting the article right.  My interest is purely personal.  --Robert Merkel 00:39, 1 Oct 2003 (UTC)

-

If you'd like to respond to my questions I raised some time ago, I would appreciate it. --Robert Merkel 06:50, 20 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * Those questions are rhetorical. I don't give a damn about making personal judgments. In addition, the article does not state that it is "all the West's fault that North Korea is economically isolated and under military pressure." Stop with the straw man bullshit. I'm not interested in debating some Sean Hannity type. 172 08:23, 20 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * As you can see from his snide response here, 172 is quick to be rude to people who don't just agree with everything he says. And the bias! Say something that might possibly reflect poorly on an anti-Western dictator, and he's all over it to revert, but he has no problem mentioning Nancy's astrologer and repeating every unsupported anti-Reagan insinuation as if it were an important part of History of the United States (1980-present). It makes me weep to think of how much authoritative-sounding but biased material 172 has been getting into WP because people get tired of dealing with him. Stan 09:35, 20 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * Stan:

 * I don't take these snide, mindless rhetorical flourishes seriously, that's all. And this last smart-ass remark of yours is just another canard. Keep in mind that we simply don't know enough about Kim Jong Il's activities to cover him in the same way that we treat a US president.

 * As someone who has spent endless hours up to my knees in documents from administration archives, I am fairly well-acquainted with the availability of day-by-day accounts of White House activities. On the other hand, our understanding of what the hell is going on in Pyongyang's imperial palaces is a bit less clear (to make an understatement). We have a better idea of what's going on in Michael Jackson's Neverland Ranch than the intrigues going on in this tin-pot totalitarian theocracy, alright? 172 10:04, 20 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * As an aside, Stan, I'll admit that I view international relations from a neo-realist perspective. Instead of a crude way of analyzing the behavior of "rogue states," it's possible to work under the assumption that Kim's preoccupied with the survival of his regime (because we know so little about the internal decision-making process there). That way, one can avoid mouthing platitudes and working on the basis of personal judgments of Kim Jong Il's character. 172 11:38, 20 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * If we're so short on information, then why do you persist in deleting negative material, characterizing it as "irrelevant", while keeping all manner of adulatory trivia? Then when Merkel asks you honest questions about your deletions, you dismiss them as "rhetorical". What a convenient way to avoid discussing your unilateral deletions! Also, to "work under an assumption" is to substitute your judgment for that of authorities - as an pseudonymous editor you can't be your own authority. You may fool others, but I'm onto you. Stan 16:57, 20 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * Blah, blah, blah. What do you want added to the article? What do you want removed? Be substantive and direct and you will get a thoughtful response from me. 172 00:53, 21 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * Robert Merkel asked substantive and direct questions about six points. Why don't you start by addressing those? In addition, I'd like to see the three quotes praising him balanced by three quotes that are more objective - how about ones by uninvolved leaders in each of Europe, Africa, and South America? Stan 07:02, 21 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * Fine, I'll do that, although they were more rhetorical than "substantive and direct." I'm hoping that this might get you to leave me alone. First, the context of the Madeleine Albright statement is stated in the article. Second, Robert sees some sort of non-existent "portrayal of Asian opinion of Kim" in the article. Anyway, I'll try to make sense out of this nonsense. The article did note ostensibly deferential gestures on the part of Kim during his meeting with the elderly South Korean president. How this suggests that Asians wish Kim Jong Il were their leader is beyond me. Third, if Robert can deal with the issue of the kidnappings of Japanese citizens while refraining from emotive language (and while keeping it short, concise, and relevant), then he should go for it. Forth, the article does not state that "it's all the West's fault that North Korea is economically isolated and under military pressure." How he conjured up this one is beyond me. Fifth, keep in mind that Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch are advocacy groups. Nor is this an article on North Korean politics. Sixth, some Washington Post article may tell Robert a "considerable amount about the man." My suggestion is that he write an op-ed piece and try to get it published. This is for philosophers to pronounce on, and not historians, because it rests on general interpretations of causation and human motivation. Values judgments are pointless in this context (and a violation of NPOV). And finally, to address your request, I'd like to remind you that counting quotations doesn't tell us anything about POV. You can address the matter of the quotations you’d like to add in context when you dig them up. 172 07:39, 21 Dec 2003 (UTC)

You know, instead of talking down to people, you'd get better results if you gave them the benefit of the doubt. Context makes it clear that Robert's questions were not rhetorical, and you're being insulting by characterizing them that way - and a little further on as "nonsense".
 * On the fourth question, Robert is clearly not asking about this article's characterization specifically, and I'll note that North Korea has a whole section on the economic isolation. It's fair to expect that all the WP articles be consistent with each other.
 * If this is not an article on North Korean politics, then why is this here? "Since then, some critics of the Bush administration claim that the administration's North Korea policy has forced the regime to focus more on defense than economic reforms. / With a hostile international evironment, and given the structural imbalances stemming from decades of allocating resources to the defense sector, North Korea under Kim Jong Il has shown no signs of shrinking its huge military. In addition, North Korea continues to work on missile production, and claims to have constructed nuclear weapons, despite its dire economic position. "
 * Come on, stop playing these games. You know what I meant. This is not an article on North Korean politics per se, but of course it's going to be addressed in an article on a "dear leader." At a certain point, the article addresses Kim's ongoing work on missile production and the international and domestic ramifications of these actions. Why doesn't this belong in the article?

 * I don't understand your op-ed piece remark. What on earth are you talking about?
 * Robert said that he figured out "considerable amount about the man" from some Washington Post article. But we have no business trying to figure out "considerable amount" about Kim's personal character. As I said, this is for commentators to pronounce on (perhaps in a ploemical op ed piece).
 * This is an entry on Kim Jong Il. Call me all kinds of names if you will, but I have this funny idea that somebody reading an encyclopedia entry on a person might want some insight into the character and personality of that person.  He had kidnapped two foriegn citizens to make movies, an event that is well-documented and was stated straightforwardly in the entry before you removed it.  How in the heck is that not relevant enough to mention?--Robert Merkel 04:38, 22 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * Why are you two assuming that I'm against including this in the article? I never said that I was. I just said keep it NPOV and avoid regurgitating the emotive drivel spewed by advocacy groups, bellicose Bush administration pronouncements, or Fox News. Write a sentence or two, refrain from emotive language, stay matter of fact and direct, and keep it in context. And refrain from calling it an "insight into his character" in the article. It's a weird story, to say the least, but there are many other far more salient issues requiring greater amounts of emphasis. 172 04:54, 22 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * On quotation POV, I'm sure you're aware that the context of the three quotes was the big diplomatic effort to butter up Jong-il in the hopes of getting some kind of cooperation. Presenting diplomatic doublespeak as if it were authoritative assessment is a new and creative way to sneak in POV, haven't seen it in WP before. But now that the bar has been lowered, it should be perfectly fine to add a bunch of quotes by world leaders who say he's a nutcase. Are you going to leave them alone, or delete them as per your usual practice? Stan 08:41, 21 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * For crying out loud. Albright met with him. A visit to North Korea by a sitting US Secretary of State was quite a noteworthy event. That's why she's being quoted. If you do a yahoo or a google search you can find a lot of interviews with Madeline Albright in which she discusses the visit. If you want to find out if the statement quoted in the article is consistent with most of her public statements or official pronouncements, go do some research.
 * Obviously, having made a public statement, she can't say something different later, even if the first statement was unfactual. That's Diplomacy 101. I remember analysts who were covering the talks snickering about how she was having to say nice things about Jong-il, because that was the policy the US had chosen. But we shouldn't be so brainless as to imagine that she was making an objective assessment, any more than we would take the "tyrannical dictator" statement by current undersecretary John Bolton as an objective assessment, or add the North Koreans' "human scum and bloodsucker" response to Bolton's bio as the authoritative assessment of his personality. (Actually the Bolton quote would be good to add, because it clearly shows that US characterizations of Jong-il have more to do with vagaries of administration policy than the actual character of the person.) Stan 08:52, 22 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Now, let me give you some advice for the next time you try to bother me. You've been rendering it impossible for me to give you a constructive response. You haven't been addressing me at all this whole time, but rather some straw man. It's really annoying and I don't know how to begin addressing charges that are utterly baseless and nonsensical. And you know what I mean. If you quit addressing me as some Stalinist and crude economic determinist using Wiki as a forum for pro-Kim Jong Il agitation and propaganda, perhaps I'd respond in a more helpful manner. 172 09:50, 21 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * If your lengthy response to Adam below is the "more helpful manner", I'll stick with the direct approach. A thousand-word rationalization is just a rationalization that takes up more disk space. BTW, it's interesting, in a Freudian way, that you use the word "Stalinist", because I haven't used it of you, nor do I think that - not least because the term has been much misused, and so it's not really meaningful to me. "Economic determinist" I derive from your own words; it's one of the many factions of historians, which is cool. What's not cool is when you try to present it as NPOV, rather than as one of the many different POVs adopted by historians as a tool to understand the past. Stan 08:52, 22 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Might we have just a small mention of that the fact that this wise and benevolent leader lets his people eat grass while he designs software and builds atom bombs and statues of himself? Or is this too provocative? Adam 10:19, 21 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * Actually, there's already perhaps too much on the personality cult. The weapons program is mentioned as well. Perhaps we can add the tag Stalinist somewhere to specify the nature of his regime if all this is unclear. BTW, I've only seen statues of his father and mother. I'm not sure if he is building statues of himself. 172 10:31, 21 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Well I'm sorry, but this is the first time I have read this article, and if I didn't know anything about Kim I would come away from this article thinking that he was basically a constructive and responsible leader, albeit one with a personality cult, rather like a Korean Tito or Nasser perhaps, rather than a delusional megalomaniacal tyrant, which is what he is. I saw no reference to the fact that the DPRK can't even feed itself, no reference to the drug-running or the Japanese kidnappings or other lunatic things the Kims have done. Adam 11:16, 21 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * Things aren't so black and white. Consider, for a moment, that we're dealing with one of the most diplomatically, economically, and culturally isolated regimes in the world; a regime bogged down by military expenditures, and deprived of Soviet support and the other international subsidies that it once enjoyed; a regime with decaying, highly centralized system of administrative command; a regime with leadership core buttressed by, and at the same time, constrained by, unwieldy layers upon layers of old guard generals and planning ministries; and a regime whose legitimacy rests on utter fantasy and mythology. In addition, the North, with its rough, mountainous terrain, is by no means Korea's traditional breadbasket. The unusual weather patterns of the mid '90s came at an unfortunate time – to say the least.

 * Then, consider the difficulties that Gorbachev - a genuinely well-intentioned and even able leader - encountered when he embarked on a program of internal reforms to save the Soviet system. Reforming the DPRK, given a far more extreme set of initial conditions, will be many times the uphill battle. Nor can one be so glib about wanting to see Kim's regime immediately collapse. Seeing the Stalinist regime collapse on its own weight would not be a pleasant sight, considering the sharp decline in aggregate consumption in other post-Communist regimes (even ones starting off with far more enviable circumstances).

 * On a positive note, before the "Axis of Evil" speech, there were many signs that the DPRK was interested in a gradual path of reform (e.g., the pronouncements and agreements with neighboring South Korea, Russia, and China; the price and currency reforms in mid-2002, official statements vis-à-vis Chinese economic reforms; the rapprochement with the South; the plans for a special economic zone, although loosing steam now; and the establishment of trade and diplomatic ties before 2002 with a good number of Western states). Perhaps, this approach (one on which the DPRK has been finding common ground with its giant neighbors and their investors) would be far less wrenching for the population than sudden regime collapse. In addition, if absorbing the DDP was a burden on western Germany, the gap in developmental levels between the ROK and the DPRK is far, far greater. Certainly, the recognition of this bolstered the appeal of the former president's "Sunshine Policy" in the South.

 * And honestly, the weapons program isn't really irrational. By this point, structural problems are so pronounced that maintaining military expenditures not only drains the economy in the long-run, but also keeps it afloat and alive in the short-run. Moreover, the nuclear program is probably just a bargaining chip to maintain the strategic status quo on the Korean peninsula and deter the US. After all, over the past five decades, this form of brinksmanship has emerged as somewhat of a form of art for the North. The party, state, administrative, and military structures are just so rigidified now. Kim may be an absolute dictator, but his capacity to improve conditions without knocking down the delicate stack of cards on which his regime rests isn't too impressive. 172 12:31, 21 Dec 2003 (UTC)

There are some valid points in that, but it lacks any moral dimension, as does the article itself. Kim is an evil and odious tyrant, and the article needs to say that, if not precisely in those words. You may well be right that having the regime just collapse (or be overthrown from outside) would be pretty calamitous in the short-term, but it is not morally acceptable to argue that Kim should be propped up in power indefinitely because the alternatives are too difficult. He certainly shouldn't be allowed to blackmail the rest of the world the way he is doing at present. He should be told that humanitarian aid will only be available if distributed directly by international agencies, and that any other kind of aid will be contingent on a agreed phase-out of the Stalinist economic model and the one-party state. Kim would no doubt refuse, and the DPRK would starve. At that point outside intervention would become both necessary and a moral imperative. Adam 12:51, 21 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * This would entail the endorsement one approach to, and model of, international relations over others. This might be wise, but it would be a violation of Wiki's NPOV policies. While the conversation has gone beyond the scope of the article, I cannot resist adding a little more in response. I agree that aid (and I'd add trade and diplomatic ties) should be contingent on a phase-out of the Stalinist economic model, but this cannot be stated. An "agreement" along the lines of what you're describing is simply not realistic. It would be tantamount to the regime admitting its illegitimacy, which would result in its all but certain collapse. Moreover, the issue of the one-party state would have to remain off the table for the foreseeable future, considering the complications that arose from simultaneous glasnost and perestroika in the Soviet Union. The developments we saw under Clinton and Kim Dae-Jung were quite positive. Resurrecting the "moral imperative" just stalled the progress of the late '90s, which was good for the both the northern and southern populations, the security and stability of the region, and prospects for a smooth transition in the North in the future. In contrast, letting the DPRK starve if Kim doesn't behave (as you put it) is less effective. As a general rule of thumb, when a regime loses legitimacy and its capacity to pay off enough segments of society (which are essentially forms of power), it compensates for these losses with more primitive tactics and strategies (i.e. coercion, militarism, and state terror). The ramifications of imposing unrealistic terms on the DPRK would not be too pleasant for the population, to say the least.172 13:38, 21 Dec 2003 (UTC)

I don't believe in smooth transitions. I recall a Russian comment during the Gorbachev years. "If you have a horse and you want a tractor, you cannot turn the horse into a tractor by stages, by nailing wheels to it. You have to shoot the horse and buy a tractor, even if it means that your wife has to pull the plough while you save up for it."

Anyway, to come back to the point, I still think the article contains far too many rationalisations and excuses for Kim's tyranny, and not nearly enough about what a nasty man he is and how miserable it is to live under his rule. As a general observation, I think NPOV can be taken too far. Encyclopaedias like any other forms of writing exist within a moral universe. Glossing over despotism with bland explanations is itself a POV. Adam 14:12, 21 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * It's unfortunate that smooth, gradual transitions rarely do work out. But hopefully change will come without Seoul and Tokyo being nuked beforehand. Considering the alternatives, I'm in favor of the approach of Kim Dae-Jung and Roh Moo-hyun, not Bush's "Axis of Evil" posturing. 172 14:37, 21 Dec 2003 (UTC)

And my second point? It's interesting that you seem to be taking my side on this question at Saddam Hussein while opposing it here. Adam 14:42, 21 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * That isn't to say that I won't raise some concerns when or if your Saddam alternative is promoted to the main page. But as things stand right now, your alternative is more matter-of-fact, direct, and concise than the existing one. In effect, it gives the Saddam article a much needed liposuction. 172 14:58, 21 Dec 2003 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kim Jong Il/Archive 1


text:
National Research Council

National Research Council may refer to:

 * National Research Council (Canada), sponsoring research and development
 * National Research Council (Italy), scientific and technological research, Rome
 * National Research Council (United States), part of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences and U.S. National Academy of Engineering
 * National Scientific and Technical Research Council, Argentine government agency which directs scientific research in universities and institutes

title: National Research Council


text:
A380 (disambiguation)

A380 may refer to:

 * Airbus A380 the world's largest passenger airliner.
 * A380 road, a main road in South West England
 * Arc A380, a graphics card from Intel
 * RFA Cedardale (A380), a British fleet auxiliary vessel
 * Jonway A380, a compact crossover SUV produced by Jonway Automobile in China

title: A380 (disambiguation)


text:
Nick Kent

Nick Kent (born 24 December 1951) is a British rock critic and musician, best known for his writing for the NME in the 1970s, and his books The Dark Stuff (1994) and Apathy for the Devil (2010).

Early life
Kent, the son of a former Abbey Road Studios sound engineer, began his career as a writer at age 21 in 1972, inspired by Jack Kerouac and Hunter S. Thompson.

Kent's writing talent was evident at college when, after analysing James Joyce's Ulysses, he was recommended to apply for further English study. But after dropping out of two universities he started to make a name for himself as a music critic in London's underground scene.

Career
Along with his contemporaries, such as Paul Morley, Charles Shaar Murray, Paul Rambali and Danny Baker, Kent is widely considered one of the most important and influential UK music journalists of the 1970s. He wrote for the British music publication New Musical Express, moving to The Face later on in his career. Kent's writing predominantly covers the lives and music of rock-and-roll musicians. His prose is laced with images of self-destruction and compassion, exploring the reality of being an artist in the late twentieth century. Kent is the author of two books: The Dark Stuff, a collection of his journalism and Apathy for the Devil: A 1970s Memoir which is an autobiographical account of his life and experiences in the 1970s, published in March 2010.

In the mid-70s, Kent played guitar with an early incarnation of the Sex Pistols, and performed briefly with members of the early punk band London SS, under the name Subterraneans. Brian James, later of The Damned, said of him: "Nick is a great guitarist, he plays just like Keith Richards. He's always trying to get a band together but he just can't do it. Nerves, I guess. It's a shame, though, because he loves rock 'n' roll and he's a great bloke."

Kent's relationship with the punk scene was strained. Already a well-known music critic and a symbol of the music industry, he was assaulted by Sid Vicious with a motorcycle chain in the 100 Club. Kent relates the incident in Johnny Rogan's book on rock management, Starmakers & Svengalis; in The Filth and the Fury, director Julien Temple's 2000 documentary of the Sex Pistols; in Jon Savage's book England's Dreaming; as well as in his own books, The Dark Stuff and Apathy for the Devil. Despite this infamous incident, Vicious claimed in a 1977 interview that Kent was 'good fun' and that 'he bought me a meal a little while ago, it was really nice of him'. In the film Sid & Nancy, there is a scene where "Dick Bent," described by Pistols follower Brenda Windzor (Kathy Burke) as "a wanky journalist who doesn't appreciate the Pistols," is assaulted by Sid Vicious (Gary Oldman) at one of their gigs.

Kent also had bad relations with the early punk incarnation of Adam and the Ants, starting with his NME review of the soundtrack album to Derek Jarman's film Jubilee in which Kent labelled Adam Ant a Nazi sympathiser on account of the featured song "Deutscher Girls". In retaliation, Ant sarcastically name-checked Kent in the song "Press Darlings" (later a B-Side of the Ants' #2 UK hit single "Kings of the Wild Frontier" and on the US edition of the hit album of the same name), claiming that "If passion ends in fashion, then Nick Kent is the best dressed man in town..." In addition, then-Ants guitarist Matthew Ashman assaulted and humiliated Kent with a potful of strawberry jam in the queue outside Camden's Music Machine venue.

Personal life
In 1974, Kent began dating and moved in with Chrissie Hynde, later lead singer of the band The Pretenders, after she began working at NME. Throughout the 1970s, Kent was a heroin addict.

Kent currently lives in Paris with his wife, and contributes articles occasionally to the British and French press, most notably The Guardian. He is the father of synthwave musician James Kent, best known as Perturbator.

Books

 * The Dark Stuff: Selected Writings on Rock Music – foreword by Iggy Pop (1st edition: 1994, Penguin Books; updated 2nd edition: 2002, Da Capo Press)
 * Apathy for the Devil: A Seventies Memoir (2010, Da Capo Press)

title: Nick Kent


text:
Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages

The Chukotko-Kamchatkan or Chukchi–Kamchatkan languages are a language family of extreme northeastern Siberia. Its speakers traditionally were indigenous hunter-gatherers and reindeer-herders. Chukotko-Kamchatkan is endangered. The Kamchatkan branch is moribund, represented only by Western Itelmen, with only 4 or 5 elderly speakers left. The Chukotkan branch had close to 7,000 speakers left (as of 2010, the majority being speakers of Chukchi), with a reported total ethnic population of 25,000.

While the family is sometimes grouped typologically and geographically as Paleosiberian, no external genetic relationship has been widely accepted as proven. The most popular such proposals have been for links with Eskimo–Aleut, either alone or in the context of a wider grouping.

Alternative names
Less commonly encountered names for the family are Chukchian, Chukotian, Chukotan, Kamchukchee and Kamchukotic. Of these, Chukchian, Chukotian and Chukotan are ambiguous, since the three terms are sometimes used to refer specifically to the family's northern branch; the last two names are portmanteau words referring to both branches.

In addition, Luorawetlan (also spelled Luoravetlan) has been in wide use since 1775 as a name for the family, although it is properly the self-designation of one of its constituent languages, Chukchi.

Languages
The Chukotko-Kamchatkan family consists of two distantly related dialect clusters, Chukotkan and Kamchatkan. Chukotkan is considered anywhere from three to five languages, whereas there is only one surviving Kamchatkan language, Itelmen.

The relationship of the Chukotkan languages to Itelmen is at best distant, and has been met with only partial acceptance by scholars.

All the Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages are under pressure from Russian. Almost all speakers are bilingual in Russian, and few members of the ethnic groups associated with the languages born after 1970 speak any language but Russian.

The accepted classification is this:

 * Chukotko-Kamchatkan
 * Kamchatkan
 * Southern Kamchadal
 * Eastern Kamchadal
 * Itelmen (Western Kamchadal)
 * Chukotkan
 * Chukchi
 * Koryak
 * Alyutor
 * Kerek

Relation to other language families
The Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages have no generally accepted relation to any other language family. There are several theories about possible relationships to existing or hypothetical language families.

Paleosiberian
The Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages are sometimes classified among the Paleosiberian languages, a catch-all term for language groups with no identified relationship to one another that are believed to represent remnants of the language map of Siberia prior to the advances of Turkic and Tungusic.

Eurasiatic
Joseph Greenberg identifies Chukotko-Kamchatkan (which he names Chukotian) as a member of Eurasiatic, a proposed macrofamily that includes Indo-European, Altaic, and Eskimo–Aleut, among others. Greenberg also assigns Nivkh and Yukaghir, sometimes classed as "Paleosiberian" languages, to the Eurasiatic family.

While the Eurasiatic hypothesis has been well received by Nostraticists and some Indo-Europeanists, it remains very controversial. Part of the reason is that the Eurasiatic hypothesis rests on mass comparison of lexemes, grammatical formatives, and vowel systems (see Greenberg 2000–2002), rather than on the prevailing view that regular sound correspondences that are linked to a wide array of lexemes and grammatical formatives are the only valid means to establish genetic relationship (see for instance Baldi 2002:2–19).

Murray Gell-Mann, Ilia Peiros, and Georgiy Starostin group Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages and Nivkh with Almosan instead of Eurasiatic.

Uralo-Siberian
In 1998, Michael Fortescue, a specialist in Eskimo–Aleut as well as in Chukotko-Kamchatkan, argued for a link between Uralic, Yukaghir, Chukotko-Kamchatkan, and Eskimo–Aleut calling this proposed grouping Uralo-Siberian.

Chukotko-Kamchatkan–Amuric
In 2011, Fortescue instead suggested that Nivkh (Gilyak, Amuric), another Paleo-Siberian language, is related to Chukotko-Kamchatkan on the basis of morphological, typological, and lexical evidence as the closest relative of Chukotko-Kamchatkan and came to prefer an interpretation of the similarities to Uralo-Siberian through language contact. Together, Chukotko-Kamchatkan and Nivkh could form a larger Chukotko-Kamchatkan-Amuric language family, and their common ancestor might have been spoken 4000 years ago.

title: Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages


text:
User:Gtrmp

gtrmp, Wikibooks: gtrmp, Wiktionary: gtrmp, French Wikipedia: Gtrmp

fr:Utilisateur:Gtrmp

title: User:Gtrmp