text:
Monica Dacon

Dame Monica Jessie Dacon ( Sheen, born 4 June 1934) is a Saint Vincent and the Grenadines former schoolteacher, educator and politician. She is the widow of parliamentarian St. Clair Dacon.

She attended The Girls' High School and passed both the Cambridge School Certificate and the Cambridge Higher School Certificate. In 1952 she began teaching at her alma mater and the Boys’ Grammar School. She would return to the Girls' High School eleven years later having taught in two Trinidad and Tobago schools, before returning to St. Vincent to teach at the Bishop's College, Kingstown in 1966.

She was acting Principal of Bishop's College for a few months before going back to the Girls' High School where she remained for nearly fifteen years. She continued her studies and gained the St. Vincent Teachers' College Certificate in 1980 and two years later her Bachelor of Education degree from the University of the West Indies. On her return to St. Vincent she moved from secondary education to the tertiary level and became a lecturer at the St. Vincent Teachers' Training College.

She was appointed Deputy Governor General in 2001 when Sir Charles Antrobus was Governor General. She became acting Governor-General of St. Vincent and the Grenadines, after the death of Charles Antrobus and until the appointment of Dr. Frederick Ballantyne as Governor General, on June 2, 2002. She was appointed Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) in the 2010 Birthday Honours/Overseas and Diplomatic List.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Monica Dacon


text:
Charles Antrobus

Sir Charles James Antrobus (14 May 1933 – 3 June 2002) was the Governor-General of St. Vincent and the Grenadines from 1 June 1996 until his death. Antrobus was a master of the St. George’s Masonic Lodge, and spent most of his working life in Cable & Wireless plc.

He died in Toronto and was temporarily replaced by Monica Dacon.

title: Charles Antrobus


text:
Popbitch

Popbitch is a weekly UK-based celebrity and pop music newsletter and associated dating website from the early 2000s. Much of the material for the newsletter comes from the Popbitch message boards, frequented by music industry insiders, gossips and the casually interested. The board has at various times been credited for celebrity rumours (both false and true) appearing in the press, and the coining of many expressions that have gone on to enjoy wider usage.

History
The website was the first of many satirical and irreverent UK gossip sites that skirted the limits of defamation law. The uncompromising ethos of cruel humour gave it a feel somewhat similar to usenet gossip newsgroups.

Popbitch was founded, is owned and run by Neil Stevenson and Camilla Wright, both journalists. Wright is employed full-time to run Popbitch. Stevenson is still a director, but his active participation in the project has diminished. Originally published privately from a www.popbitch.demon.co.uk address, Popbitch has been published from popbitch.com since March 2000, and by Popdog Limited since 2001. Stevenson was employed by the British publishing house EMAP on various entertainment titles, including the celebrity magazine Heat and as editor of The Face.

Editorial style of the newsletter
The newsletter is aimed principally at a British audience and is published weekly, usually on a Thursday. It usually contains celebrity-based stories relating to music, film, television and sport, with quirky stories from other fields.

The newsletter usually contains, in order:
 * a short quote from a celebrity
 * some advertising
 * several multiple-paragraph stories separated by single-sentence stories or facts
 * some advertising
 * a section entitled Big questions with one or more allegations about unidentified celebrities presented in the form of questions
 * a series of webpage links entitled Things To Make You Go Hmm
 * predictions of the position of some artists in the UK singles chart for the week ahead
 * some advertising
 * some more advertising
 * a Help Popbitch appeal for gossip or money or presents
 * an End Bit section where contributors are thanked, usually by initials or messageboard identity
 * the Old Jokes Home usually a topical joke
 * and one or more web links headed Still Bored?
 * some advertising

Famous nicknames on Popbitch

 * Fat Dancer (sometimes shortened to FD) = Robbie Williams (from a comment by Noel Gallagher, describing Williams as "the fat dancer from Take That" )
 * ChazBaps = Billie Piper
 * Derek and Victoria, Thick and Thin = The Beckhams
 * Skeletor = Victoria Beckham
 * Rhombus Face = Sophie Ellis-Bextor
 * Jeremy ***** = Jeremy Clarkson
 * Sir JingleJangle = Jimmy Savile

Cultural impact
By 2003, Popbitch had moved from a niche-market publication to mainstream cultural knowledge, thanks in part to its role in assisting British tabloid newspapers with their entertainment coverage. It achieved frequent name-checks in newspaper "diary" columns, and from celebrities as diverse as Madonna and French and Saunders.

It played some part in popularising terms such as Croydon (or council) facelift, "gak" (meaning cocaine), and "pramface" (a term of abuse contracted from "a face more suited to pushing a pram around a council estate").

It gained a reputation as being first with a number of celebrity-based stories. One poster reported David Beckham's move from Manchester United to Real Madrid at least four months before sports pages picked up on the story — then stood by the story in the face of repeated denials. It was also the first to report on the name of Madonna's son, Rocco.

Some of the contributors to the Popbitch messageboards have also become minor celebrities in their own right. When one, who posted as Reverend_Goatboy, died in July 2007, his death was noted in The Times.

Controversy and criticism
The website was one of the first websites to detail accusations of necrophilia and child sexual abuse by Jimmy Savile during his lifetime.

False allegations against Jeremy Clarkson, a British TV celebrity, and David Beckham were published on the Popbitch messageboards by its users. This led to legal action against the site's owners. The messageboard was closed and reopened with board members as editors. The editors have the ability to modify or delete anything libellous or "not pop or bitch", and the board also employs automatic censors that prevent the names of certain celebrities from appearing. Despite these precautions Popbitch was once again in the news after being successfully sued by Max Beesley in March 2008 over an allegation about his personal life.

Diversification
From mid-2007, Popbitch's owners sought to broaden the appeal of the brand by launching Popbitch-themed and endorsed products. Camilla Wright said this diversification was necessary as, with simply a gossip website and email, it was "harder to maintain a niche because everybody is doing it".

Among the first new sites launched was Popbets, a reality TV gambling site, in 2007, and this was followed in February 2008 by Radio Popbitch. Wright has also stated her aim to move into Popbitch-branded offline publishing, and web TV.

title: Popbitch


text:
Talk:List of individual cats

Rename
I plan to remove the word "historical" from the article name. See Talk:List_of_historical_animals for further discussion. Jay 08:39, 12 Mar 2004 (UTC)

I moved from List of cats to List of notable cats instead of List of famous cats just because the last was not allowed for the title move. I still feel the moved title is not good since it still can misgive that the notable cats contains fictional cats, and cat animation characters. So I'm opening this discussion for any possible change of the title.--Caspian blue 12:57, 7 November 2009 (UTC)
 * The relevant naming guideline is at WP:LISTNAME, and the text reads: ". . . "notable" is assumed, and that word (or similar subjective words such as "famous," "noted," "prominent," etc.) should not be included in the title of a list article." Any distinction between actual and fictional should be spelled out in the introduction to the list, as it is in this article, and as it is in List of dogs, along with many, many others, all done the same way.
 * I would be fine with List of historical cats as an alternative; this is similar treatment to List of historical horses. UnitedStatesian (talk) 15:15, 8 November 2009 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the reply. If you had left with WP:STAND instead of WP:NC, I would have not wondered for a while. I do not think List of cats is the accurate the title for the article even though there are similar list articles. I think List of historical cats is way better than this article, though the new proposed name also sounds awkward.--Caspian blue 17:30, 8 November 2009 (UTC)
 * Just passing by. I too agree with a name change similar to the above, or List of popular cats, with WP:NOTABILITY very strictly followed. Regards to all. Rehman (talk) 10:41, 11 December 2009 (UTC)
 * How exactly was the consensus to rename it List of cats? It seems like the overwhelming opinion was that was way too vague (and it is way too vague). I'm going to move it to List of popular cats unless anyone has any objections  User:Dunkleosteus77 |push to talk 16:20, 7 November 2019 (UTC)

Editing problem
I've tried everything I can think of, but the Bill Clinton link in the article just won't turn into a link! The same string pasted in here or the sandbox works fine, but not in the article. Ortolan88 06:14, 21 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * It was a missing "]" in the URL on the preceding line that was the culprit. - Nunh-huh 06:20, 21 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Dog and cat article structuring
To whom it may concern: Please feel free to visit WikiProject Dog breeds/Categories because I think that structuring Cat articles and Dog articles could take a similar tack--would be nice to use same subcategories for consistency. Elf | Talk 04:11, 10 Sep 2004 (UTC)

WP:LISTCRUFT
I have a complaint. This list strikes me as way too long. Most of these cats are not famous in their own right, but a few are. It's difficult to find the actual historical cats among the "hey this person owned a cat named (blank)" entries.--T. Anthony 02:04, 25 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I see your point and I also agree with Elf. I will work to structure this article like List of historical dogs. Grika  Ⓣ 13:39, 25 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Done. I also changed the sub sections to double linefeeds to shorten the TOC while maintaining differentiation. Grika  Ⓣ 16:23, 25 October 2005 (UTC)

Maybe I'm being a little harsh, but I personally would say this page deserves nomination for deletion.

How is a cat defined as notable? There are hundreds if not thousands of 'notable cats'. Some of the sections, especially the one at the bottom for cats with no name just list celebrities with pet cats.. ! Barely any of it has citation, and most of it could quite easily be made up,

It is not particularly encyclopedic, nor remotely useful. If nobody replies here, I may nominate for deletion Dvmedis (talk) 06:58, 25 October 2009 (UTC)

 * Further to this, I have tagged the article so people can come to the talk page to discuss Dvmedis (talk) 07:19, 25 October 2009 (UTC)

 * I'd object to deletion, based on most of the contents of Category:Lists of historical animals, and a few of the items in Category:Lists of trees, which are highly comparable (in scope and intent and sourcing)
 * Regarding whether it is "encyclopedic"; one of the main sources is - Cat World: A Feline Encyclopedia by Desmond Morris; Penguin Books, New York 1997. However, some of the other sources should be improved/clarified.
 * Regarding whether it is "useful", that is a subjective value, that you can only decide for yourself. It's getting 300-400 hits/day, so hopefully some of those people are finding it "useful". I just found this list today, and have found it a useful navigational tool leading to many interesting articles. -- Quiddity (talk) 04:08, 26 October 2009 (UTC)

 * In that case, I would at least recommend we delete the whole list of unnamed cats - There isn't a single citation and they are neither notable nor particularly interesting. Examples: Stanley Kubrick was extremely fond of the numerous cats he kept in his home., Henri Matisse's black cat., Robert de Niro has had several cats. etc.. I also propose we seriously trim famous pets of other famous people. IMHO they should only be in the list if the cat is notable for any particular reason. Inappropriate examples IMHO: Teeny, belonging to Martha Stewart., Cheeses, belonging to Jay Leno., Domino, belonging to Emma Watson. If we really want to start listing all cats owned by celebrities, then where does it stop? Reality TV stars? Actors with bit-parts in major movies? The list could rack up to becoming endless. Lastly thought experiment cats; one example and it doesn't 'fit in' with the rest of the article - not least because the cat never existed. Dvmedis (talk) 03:18, 27 October 2009 (UTC)
 * Much better suggestions :) I agree with all of that.
 * Do note that a few of the "famous people's cats" are mentioned/highlighted within the person's biography, eg "Norton, Scottish fold tabby belonging to Peter Gethers". It might be worth checking some of the items more carefully than others. -- Quiddity (talk) 05:44, 27 October 2009 (UTC)

This article seems to me to be a laundry list. Please feel free to tell me if my opinion is wrong. Usb10 Let's talk 'bout it! 22:01, 3 August 2010 (UTC)

 * I don't disagree with you, but I have no doubts the article would easily survive AFD. Kansan (talk) 16:22, 19 October 2010 (UTC)

Restructuring
I personally think that the current arrangement can create some confusion. Catarina could be counted as famous in her own right as being the inspiration for The Black Cat, Anne Frank's cats might qualify based on their appearance in her book, and others could be seen as crossing-over the two lists as well. Would you all be willing to have this changed to one single list of named cats, and one other list of unnamed cats? I welcome any response. Badbilltucker 01:23, 31 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Are the unnamed cats really unnamed? Or are that cat's with UNKNOWN names? 198.28.92.5 14:54, 22 August 2007 (UTC)

Unreliable source?
Unsinkable Sam, reference: website. Website says: Source: "History". No comment. --Polarlys 13:04, 31 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Got a point there. I'm adding the names from that list, and then going on to other lists. Also note that the creator of the website did apparently go through some effort to try to verify those marked with either a c or an r, so I think it probably qualifies as at least nominally reliable. But, as stated, I will search for additional, more specific, references, as soon as I see that they are all included. Badbilltucker 15:46, 31 October 2006 (UTC)

Too many fictional cats mixed in here
This is a list of historical cats which i take to mean cats that actually lived. Therefore fictional cats should be deleted or moved to another list.LiPollis 07:04, 23 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Just delete them. I removed Morris the Cat only just now. This list should be policed and pruned.  It does not require discussion, per WP:BOLD and WP:V - matters of policy - to clean this list up, it only requires action to simply do it. The fictional ones belong in List of fictional cats.  People are going to keep adding them, because of the ambiguous List of cats title, so watchlist it and clean it up regularly. — SMcCandlish   Talk⇒ ʕ(Õلō)ˀ  Contribs. 14:53, 14 December 2011 (UTC)

Chopin's cat
I removed Frédéric Chopin's cat who partially inspired Valse Brilliante by jumping on his keyboard while he was composing it. I cannot find a reliable reference for this. References I have found state vaguely that "it has been reported" and "one book states" that a "Cat Waltz" (I think they are possibly referring to Op. 34 No. 3, but it isn't clear) was inspired by feline antics on the keyboard. I would like to be convinced that such an unlikely story might be true. Is there a confusion here with Domenico Scarlatti's sonata K. 30 which has become known as the "Cat fugue" for apocryphal reasons? Please find a reliable reference before re-inserting Chopin's cat. --RobertG ♬ talk 09:57, 16 January 2006 (UTC)

Anne Frank's cats
This article has been AfDed and I wondered whether some input from those swho have worked on the historical cats list would be useful. Some on the AfD are claiming that Anne Frank is only "semi-famous"!! Robertsteadman 08:24, 30 June 2006 (UTC)
 * The AfD was on-target; it's absurd to have an article about someone's cats just because the person is famous. Since they are known to an extent, due to her writings, they should be in the "cats of famous people" section here, but they're clearly not notable or famous in their own right. — SMcCandlish   Talk⇒ ʕ(Õلō)ˀ  Contribs. 14:49, 14 December 2011 (UTC)

Cat with an executive MBA
I don't know if this is worth adding, but Colby Nolanis "a housecat who was awarded an MBA degree in 2004 by Trinity Southern University, a Texas-based diploma mill, sparking a fraud lawsuit by the Pennsylvania attorney general's office." Also, could we make "List of famous cats" redirect here? It took me a while to find the page. (I would do these things myself, but I don't know Wikipedia's policies) Korin43 04:59, 13 February 2007 (UTC)
 * I created the redirect. Colby Nolan is appropriate, go ahead and add it. Grika  Ⓣ 17:03, 13 February 2007 (UTC)

Schrödinger's Cat
Not only is this cat both alive and dead, it appears to be both real and fictional, as it appears on both the fiction and non-fiction lists. It is a bit of a cute easter egg, but we should probably open the box and decide its status. I have set up a discussion here Please offer your opinion on where it belongs. --Djohns21 (talk) 02:34, 5 August 2011 (UTC)
 * The problem here is that "Schrödinger's Cat" has two meanings: The actual cat of Schroedinger, which is not notable or famous, versus the concept discussed at Schrödinger's Cat. An argument can be made that this latter Gedankenexperiment cat is "fictional" (it's certainly theoretical and metaphorical), and should be in List of fictional cats. Neither belong in this article. — SMcCandlish   Talk⇒ ʕ(Õلō)ˀ  Contribs. 15:18, 14 December 2011 (UTC)

Blackie the Talking Cat
Needs to be added at some point. Can be very reliably sourced, because he appears in court records, and the judge himself says, on record, that he heard the trained cat say "I love you". I've lost the original stuff I found on him, but it should probably not be too hard to find again. I'm mentioning him here on the talk page in case someone else wants to help. — SMcCandlish  Talk⇒ ʕ(Õلō)ˀ  Contribs. 15:22, 14 December 2011 (UTC)

The burning house kitten-rescuer
I remember this story when it was first popularized. A very badly burned cat scheduled for euthanasia was rescued as a heroine and kept as a special-needs house cat. She had originally been observed repeatedly running into a burning building to save her kittens, one at a time, and basically burned her face off in the process, but all of those that she rescued survived. There may be more than one story and cat like this, but the one I'm thinking of had a lot of TV and news coverage nationally in the US at least. Such a cat mentioned by name, Scarlet or Scarlett, with pictures, in Cats 101, season 3, episode 5 (at 8:38 in the copy I have, with commercial breaks edited out). I don't know if this is same cat that received so much coverage. Maybe not, and maybe both have enough coverage to be notable additions here, or maybe it's all one cat, or maybe this sort of thing is so common it's only notable locally and not good enough to add here. Bears further investigation and discussion. — SMcCandlish  Talk⇒ ʕ(Õلō)ˀ  Contribs. 15:30, 14 December 2011 (UTC)

Oscar the hospice cat
The last sentence is very misleading. It says roughly: "To date, he has predicted correctly 25 times". Its wrong, it was after the personnal noticed the behavior, and he had predicted and helped 25 times running, when they changed the routines, and called the relatives as soon they noticed he was placing himself at the feet of a patient. so the relatives could be there in the last moments. So he had many more predictions / helpings after that! Easiest to take away the last sentence,  Anyway, he was usually right, so the totale is essentially as many as died there during his years in this part of the hospice... And if two were two dying simultaneously in different corridors, he went to her whom died alone, and held her company./StefanZ90.231.255.39 (talk) 19:32, 7 September 2020 (UTC)/StefanZ

Needs citations
Some of the cats are easily verifiable, i.e Cream Puff, but others aren't so because they don't link to an article and/or don't have enough citations to prove it. I am marking it with Refimprove. Usb10 Let's talk 'bout it! 21:40, 3 August 2010 (UTC)

 * That's not really necessary. Any entry that does not have a proper citation to a verifiable, reliable source should simply be deleted. This article, like all other lists of this sort, it a global magnet for vanity edits and other nonsense. — SMcCandlish   Talk⇒ ʕ(Õلō)ˀ  Contribs. 14:57, 14 December 2011 (UTC)

Guinness Book of World Records
Snowbie is currently the longest cat in the world, and the heaviest. Snowbie deserves to be on this page. --66.218.17.142 17:53, 3 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Assuming that by "longest" you mean eldest, there are already 3 cats on this list (Baby, Creme Puff, & Grampa) that make that claim. T-bonham (talk) 09:12, 16 November 2010 (UTC)
 * No, the commenter clearly actually meant "longest". The upshot of the comment is whether or not we should include all the current world-record-holding cats. — SMcCandlish  Talk⇒ ʕ(Õلō)ˀ  Contribs. 15:18, 14 December 2011 (UTC)

 * Support: I'd have to say yes, since inclusion in Guinness is one of the only reliable rubrics of cat "fame" there is. I.e., it's the subjective of the many criteria that could be brought to bear on the question of inclusion in this list. — SMcCandlish   Talk⇒ ʕ(Õلō)ˀ  Contribs. 15:18, 14 December 2011 (UTC)

Nikola Tesla's cat
Could someone add Nikola Tesla's cat Macak to the list of cats owned by famous people or the one of notable cats? It could be argued either way really, since Tesla's interest in electricity was sparked by his cat. I suck at editing or I'd do it myself. As for a citation here's one http://www.pbs.org/tesla/ll/story_youth.html 68.84.184.173 (talk) 04:13, 7 October 2012 (UTC)

I redlinked it because that cat has a very notable incident. I will try and create the article when I find sources.--Canoe1967 (talk) 05:07, 6 January 2013 (UTC)

The Internet and cats
Please swing by and help improve this new article! :D--Coin945 (talk) 03:30, 2 October 2015 (UTC)

Major Restructuring
Hey there folks. I have CATegorised the list (see what I did there?) into ships cats, mascots, record holders etc. If the list gets much longer I would advocate splitting the cats famous in their own right from the cats of famous people into a second article. --ERAGON (talk) 12:40, 3 October 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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Ships cats
The Ship's cat article has a big list of famous cats, is it worth merging the list in? --82.29.128.169 (talk) 19:40, 22 May 2018 (UTC)

Trim's entry
hi, i have just amended Trim's entry on this list to include the ship, HMS Reliance, as he was born onboard and was one of the ship's cats/kittens, and also amended his relationship with Flinders from "owned by" to "companion of" as Flinders thought of him as a friend and companion, see Flinders' biographical tribute to Trim. thanks, Coolabahapple (talk) 15:42, 24 August 2018 (UTC)

Mascots / Tama
That's "single-pawedly", not "single-handledly". Please remain correct.

On the behalf of Bastet - --2A02:560:4299:9200:2119:93C2:29DB:7444 (talk) 11:12, 5 May 2020 (UTC)

Hamish McHamish
Why is Hamish McHamish considered political? I know nothing about him, but his article says he was owned by BBC producer, and became famous for hanging out at local businesses, having a facebook page, and publishing a book. If he had a connection to politics it really should be added to his article. Hoof Hearted (talk) 19:36, 24 May 2021 (UTC)

Bingus
Where bingus Jefferyjaff (talk) 05:46, 21 July 2022 (UTC)

Indeed, if Floppa is notable enough for an entry, then so is Bingus, even if only as an entry without its own page, similarly to N2 or Phoenix. While Bingus seems to have had less "direct" presence than Floppa, his popularity and impact could be argued to be comparable. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.22.1.25 (talk) 20:01, 27 November 2022 (UTC)

Requested move 25 July 2022

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: moved. Doing as proposed, as it's attracted far less opposition than the other suggestion of "famous cats". (closed by non-admin page mover) — Ceso femmuin mbolgaig mbung, mellohi! (投稿) 03:53, 2 August 2022 (UTC)

List of cats → List of individual cats – The article name was changed without consensus or a prior move request. Also, the other articles of famous animals are titled "List of individual x". Also, the current name is very ambiguous. Blubabluba9990 (talk) (contribs) 20:47, 25 July 2022 (UTC) The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * Support, considering the ambiguity with List of felids (and List of cat breeds) and consistency with List of individual dogs. — BarrelProof (talk) 00:49, 26 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Move to List of famous cats as more WP:NATURAL. -- Netoholic @ 01:36, 26 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia articles usually don't include terms like "famous" and "notable". The notability of a subject is implied by the fact that we consider it worthy of inclusion on Wikipedia. I recall a mention of that in some guideline or essay, but I don't remember where. — BarrelProof (talk) 04:31, 26 July 2022 (UTC)
 * If you look across a wide swath of similar real world lists or books of individual/named cats/dogs/horses/etc... the vast majority use the term "famous" in their titles. Go ahead and try to find such a list without using the search term "famous cats" and see how few you'll find that don't use that term. Wikipedia failing to use "famous" is counter to WP:NATURAL. I don't care what any guideline or essay says on that topic - WP:IAR to get this to conform to what our readers expect based on the prevalence of what they can find elsewhere. -- Netoholic @ 10:25, 26 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Support nom. I oppose the word famous. Wikipedia use to seem to use the word notable but it has fallen out of favor, i.e. it is now List of deaths due to COVID-19 not List of notable deaths due to COVID-19. cookie monster   755  05:29, 28 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Support per discussion. Randy Kryn (talk) 05:51, 28 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Support and "famous" is just as bad as the current title, since famous does not restrict to individual cats -- 64.229.88.43 (talk) 03:44, 29 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Support per WP:PRECISE and WP:CONSISTENT.  — SMcCandlish ☏ ¢ 😼  09:27, 1 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Support, can't be confusing species and individuals.PrisonerB (talk) 13:32, 1 August 2022 (UTC)

Big Floppa
Since Wikipedia has an article on Big Floppa now, should we add him to this list, even though he is technically a caracal? 2600:1001:B119:412F:F4D6:C045:3368:9E0F (talk) 13:45, 11 July 2023 (UTC)

Pinky and Hennessy
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinky_the_Cat?wprov=sfti1

Google: Hennessy the flying cat. 2607:FB91:1998:533E:F0A3:2250:EB33:C99A (talk) 05:58, 12 July 2023 (UTC)

Felix, Bolt & Hodge
I put down the cats from Huddersfield station Felix and Bolt, put the cathedral cat Hodge, because they are all notable due to their websites and social media accounts for these cats. Plus I was also making the list less Amerocentric. 159753 (talk) 19:28, 22 July 2023 (UTC)

 * Websites mentions & social media do not make cats notable enough for mention here. Nor puff pieces in the newspaper. Please stop adding them. Happy editing, SilverTiger12 (talk) 21:27, 22 July 2023 (UTC)

Mittens
Mittens is listed under "New Zealand" and "Other". Mittens is now in Auckland, so the "Other" entry should be removed. https://www.facebook.com/groups/1976829619311990/ Pamelahoward (talk) 01:34, 12 January 2024 (UTC)

Not cats
Not cats, except in a very general sense. While it is not stated (should it be?), I believe it is implicit that this list is about the small domesticated carnivorous mammals, cats felis catus, commonly referred to as a house cat. Therefore, I have deleted Messi (cougar) and Big Floppa (even though the latter is only "technically" a caracal). If they are allowed then then there is room for Elsa the lioness who is far more famous. (Yes, I know that was, like, a century ago before the Internet, so it doesn't count.) Also, Al Oeming's famous cheetah Tawana. Huh? And how about the MGM lion (Max?). I'm sure there are others. Humpster (talk) 01:44, 26 February 2024 (UTC)

Cleanup in progress
I've never met a cat I didn't like. I think there is room for a little whimsy in an article like this. Nevertheless, I question many entries. The section about other pets [sic] of famous people has been flagged as needing citations for more than six years. so more flags are going to accomplish anything. Consequently, I will be deleting several cats in that section, and throughout the article. In case I don't give explicit reasons, you are welcome to revert a deletion if you provide justification for its inclusion. Be bold!

Here are a few examples:

"Jellylorum was T. S. Eliot's own cat..." saying it was immortalized is just a bit excessive, especially when it is not mentioned in the article about Elliot.

"Nigger Man, the cat belonging to relatives of H. P. Lovecraft". It isn't mentioned in his article and it wasn't even his cat!"

"Shorty Blackwell, a cat that belonged to Micky Dolenz of The Monkees". I don't know whether Shorty is in the list because of association with Micky, The Monkees, or the song. I trust Shorty is acknowledged in one of those three articles. No more is justified.

"Snowball, the most famous of Ernest Hemingway's cats...". Apparently Snowball isn't famous enough to be mentioned in the article about Hemingway. Humpster (talk) 02:12, 26 February 2024 (UTC)

 * Nigger Man is definitely notable enough for inclusion in the list regardless of the cat's association to Lovecraft. Traumnovelle (talk) 08:34, 2 March 2024 (UTC)

Presidential cats
American Presidential Cats

I have deleted Puffins, Tammy and Dixie, Tiger and Blacky, and Shan, the cats of several American presidents. They are not considered worthy of an article so they can't be "famous in their own right". They had a single news reference, mostly not mainstream, and those sources are more about the presidents than their cats. All the cats are presumably in United States presidential pets, and if they aren't they certainly don't belong in this article.

I have heard of Socks Clinton and accept sufficient notability/significant coverage for an article and inclusion in the list. It has historical merit, like Richard Nixon's dog Checkers.

But Willow Biden? With a photograph too? I can understand inclusion of Joe Biden's dog, which is newsworthy for attacking employees, in some list. But Willow hasn't done anything, as far as I know. Deleted to avoid charges of influencing election results. Humpster (talk) 05:59, 2 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Have returned the referenced items, please take refs into consideration even if full articles haven't been written as yet (all of the items likely would have enough sources to merit an article). Have left out the photograph as undue, thanks for removing it. The mention of Willow probably won't swing the election to Biden, and Willow may have used up several of its nine lives escaping the clutches and bites of those now infamous Biden doge. Randy Kryn (talk) 09:08, 2 March 2024 (UTC)

Criteria
I propose a section "Criteria for Inclusion" in this article,. Something like: This article can provide "an avenue for the retention of encyclopedic information that does not warrant separate articles". "Edits of uncertain quality can be first discussed on the talk page for feedback from other editors." To be included in this list, entries must be either:

A) based on reliable sources (with inline citations for each item), or

B) the subject of an independent article which meets notability guidelines

There must be "significant coverage in reliable sources which address the topic directly and in detail". That means, the cat has "attracted attention over a sufficiently significant period of time". The quotations are from the manual of style or similar guides. If you agree in principle, I will add it. Then it's subject to editing by anyone. Humpster (talk) 23:02, 2 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Hello, good ideas but too restrictive as to "significant period of time". Inline cites wouldn't be needed as long as a Wikipedia article exists. Randy Kryn (talk) 13:52, 3 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Either A or B. Doesn't require both.
 * "significant period of time" is a wikipedia guideline. It is vague by intent. I'll take out the word sufficient. Humpster (talk) 20:04, 16 April 2024 (UTC)

Other cats
This section shouldn't exist. I've moved several until I reached boredom. Feel free to move the "others". Humpster (talk) 03:16, 17 April 2024 (UTC)

CATegories
I propose that if there isn't a compelling reason for an entry in a section such as Ship's Cats or Literature, they should all by listed by country. Humpster (talk) 03:35, 17 April 2024 (UTC)

World record holders
I have a few concerns about this section:

1. Some of the entries are former record holders, So they no longer hold the record.

2. many rely on the Guinness book of records. I note the following conclusion of Wikipedia editors: There is consensus that world records verified by Guinness World Records should not be used to establish notability. Editors have expressed concern that post-2008 records include paid coverage.

3. Some of the entries are based on articles consisting of only a few sentences referring to the record.

I propose to delete from this list any entries based on the Guinness book of records prior to 2009, notwithstanding the existence of articles about them or citations in the press. I will leave this topic for comment until such time as I cruise by again. Humpster (talk) 02:15, 13 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of individual cats


text:
Talk:List of individual pigs

Jason Kett/Pig War
The first item on the page says that the pig that set off the Pig War was unnamed. But the section is titled "Jason Kett." This name does not appear in the Pig War article -- does anybody know why it's used here? -Pete (talk) 17:27, 4 July 2008 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:MonsterPig.jpg
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 * That there is a non-free use rationale on the image's description page for the use in this article.
 * That this article is linked to from the image description page.

This is an automated notice by FairuseBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Media copyright questions. --22:06, 21 September 2008 (UTC)

what about
what about that pig who was launched into space by the russians? 24.4.236.247 (talk) 06:09, 25 April 2009 (UTC)

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text:
Claude Nicollier

Claude Nicollier (born 2 September 1944 in Vevey, Switzerland ) is the first astronaut from Switzerland. He has flown on four Space Shuttle missions. His first spaceflight (STS-46) was in 1992, and his final spaceflight (STS-103) was in 1999. He took part in two servicing missions to the Hubble Space Telescope (called STS-61 and STS-103). During his final spaceflight he participated in a spacewalk, becoming the first European Space Agency astronaut to do so during a Space Shuttle mission (previous ESA astronauts conducted spacewalks aboard Mir, see List of spacewalks and moonwalks 1965–1999). In 2000 he was assigned to the Astronaut Office Extravehicular Activity Branch, while maintaining a position as Lead ESA Astronaut in Houston. Nicollier retired from ESA in April 2007.

He was appointed full professor of Spatial Technology at the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne on 28 March 2007.

He was an expert board member of Swiss Space Systems, until the company's dissolution.

Early life and education
Nicollier was born September 2, 1944. After graduating from the Gymnase de la Cité (high school) in Lausanne in 1962, he studied physics at the University of Lausanne and received a Licentiate degree in 1970. He then worked as a graduate scientist from 1970 to 1973 at the Institute of Astronomy at the University and at the Geneva Observatory, before obtaining a post Diploma degree in astrophysics from the University of Geneva in 1975. In parallel, he became a Swiss Air Force pilot in 1966, in the Fliegerstaffel 5 on Hawker Hunter where he holds a commission as captain, and has logged 5,600 hours flying time, including 4,000 hours in jet aircraft. Later, in 1988, he graduated as a test pilot from the Empire Test Pilot's School in Boscombe Down, United Kingdom.

In 2004, he started teaching at the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, and became a full professor in March 2007.

Astronaut career
Concurrently with his part-time research activities, he joined the Swiss Air Transport School in Zürich and became an airline pilot in 1974, assigned as a DC-9 pilot for Swissair. At the end of 1976, he accepted a Fellowship at the European Space Agency’s (ESA) Space Science Department at Noordwijk, Netherlands, where he worked as a research scientist in various airborne infrared astronomy programs. In July 1978, he was selected by ESA as a member of the first group of European astronauts. Under agreement between ESA and NASA, he joined NASA Astronaut Group 9 selected in May 1980 for astronaut training as a mission specialist. Unlike colleague Wubbo Ockels—who withdrew from training to focus on Spacelab and remained an ESA payload specialist—Nicollier became a mission specialist, the first non-American to become a full-time NASA astronaut.

Nicollier's technical assignments in the Astronaut Office have included flight software verification in the Shuttle Avionics Integration Laboratory (SAIL), participation in the development of retrieval techniques for the Tethered Satellite System (TSS), Remote Manipulator System (RMS), and International Space Station (ISS) robotics support. From the Spring of 1996 to the end of 1998, he was Head of the Astronaut Office Robotics Branch. From the year 2000 on, he was assigned to the Astronaut Office EVA (Extravehicular Activity) Branch, while maintaining a position as Lead ESA astronaut in Houston. Nicollier retired from ESA in April 2007.

He is a member of the Swiss Astronomical Society, the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, the Swiss Air Force Officers Society (AVIA), and the Swiss Academy of Engineering Sciences and fellow of the British Interplanetary Society. He is also an honorary member of the Swiss Aero Club, the Swiss Society of Engineers and Architects, and the Swiss Astronomy Day Society.

Nicollier has spent over 1000 hours in space (42 days, 12 hours and 5 minutes), including one space walk lasting 8 hours and 10 minutes. He served as mission specialist on four missions with four different space shuttles.

STS-61-K
His first spaceflight was planned to be STS-61-K, which had been scheduled for October 1986, but was cancelled following the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster.

STS-46
Nicollier's first spaceflight was as a mission specialist on the 8-day Space Shuttle mission aboard Atlantis, called STS-46, in 1992. The crew deployed the European Retrievable Carrier EURECA, as well as the Tethered Satellite System-1, which was a joint NASA and Italian Space Agency project.

STS-61
His second spaceflight was as a mission specialist on the 10-day mission aboard Endeavour, called STS-61, in 1993. It was the first mission to perform maintenance on the Hubble Space Telescope, which had been launched three years previously. The nature of this repair was to correct a 2 nm error in the lens, which caused significant distortion of the images taken by the telescope.

STS-75
In 1996 he took part in STS-75, aboard Space Shuttle Columbia, which deployed TSS-1R, which was a follow-up mission to TSS-1 which had been deployed during STS-46.

STS-103
His final spaceflight was an eight-day mission aboard Space Shuttle Discovery, called STS-103, in 1999. It was the third servicing mission to the Hubble Space Telescope. During this mission Nicollier participated in an 8-hour spacewalk; it was his first, and the first of any ESA astronaut during a Space Shuttle mission.

Following his astronaut career, he delivered a lecture on his experiences, “Revisiting Hubble,” at the first Starmus Festival in 2011 in the Canary Islands. The talk was published in the book Starmus: 50 Years of Man in Space.

Awards and honors
Nicollier has received several awards and honors:

 * Doctor Honoris Causa from Business School Lausanne (2011)
 * Swiss Astronomy Award (2007)
 * NASA Distinguished Service Medal (2001)
 * Albert Einstein Medal (1998)
 * NASA Space Flight Medals (1992, 1993, 1996, 1999)
 * Prix d'honneur de la Fondation Pro Aero, Switzerland (1992)Astronaut panel (28012960590).jpg and Alexei Leonov at the 2016 Starmus Festival]]
 * Yuri Gagarin Gold Medal from the International Aeronautical Federation (1994)
 * Silver Medal from the Académie Nationale de l'Air et de l'Espace, France (1994)
 * Collier Trophy (awarded to the crew of STS-61) from the National Aeronautics Association (1994)
 * Prix de l'Université de Lausanne (1994)
 * Honorary doctorates from the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne, and the University of Geneva (both in 1994)
 * International Space Hall of Fame (1997)

Personal life
He is widowed (Susana Perez of Monterrey, Mexico, died December 2007). Together they had two daughters.

Other work
Nicollier made a cameo appearances on the TV show Home Improvement by Touchstone Television (Series 3, Episode 24, "Reality Bytes").

title: Claude Nicollier


text:
Hank Hanegraaff

Hendrik "Hank" Hanegraaff (born 1950), also known as the "Bible Answer Man", is an American Christian author and radio talk-show host. Formerly an evangelical Protestant, he joined the Eastern Orthodox Church in 2017. He is an outspoken figure within the Christian countercult movement, where he has established a reputation for his critiques of non-Christian religions, new religious movements, and cults, as well as heresy in Christianity. He is also an apologist on doctrinal and cultural issues.

Career
Prior to becoming a leading figure in the Christian countercult movement, Hanegraaff was closely affiliated with the ministry of D. James Kennedy of Coral Ridge Presbyterian Church in Florida. During his association with Kennedy in the 1980s, he applied memory-based techniques (such as acrostic mnemonics) to help develop and spread strategies and methods for personal Christian evangelism. His work resembles memory dynamics techniques developed in speed-reading courses and in memory training programs used in some executive business courses.

During the late 1980s, Hanegraaff became associated with Walter Ralston Martin at the Christian Research Institute (CRI), the conservative Protestant countercult and apologetic ministry which Martin founded in 1960.

After Martin's death from heart failure in June 1989, Hanegraaff became president of CRI. As part of his duties, Hanegraaff took over from Martin the role of anchorman on the radio program The Bible Answer Man and became a conference speaker and itinerant preacher in churches, where he pursued the general ministry charter of CRI.

The content of The Bible Answer Man show typically includes call-in questions from listeners about general Christian doctrine, biblical interpretation, and denominational particularities, as well as a regular special focus on a particular issue when a notable figure is a guest. A frequently treated special topic is Mormonism, with former Mormons appearing in studio as guests to speak from their experiences.

Shortly after the release of Dan Brown's novel The Da Vinci Code, he co-authored The Da Vinci Code: Fact or Fiction? with Lutheran historian and apologist Paul L. Maier. In 2013 he wrote Afterlife: What You Need To Know About Heaven, The Hereafter & Near-Death Experiences, from Worthy Publishing.

Throughout the 1990s, Hanegraaff engaged in dialogue with Joseph Tkach Jr. and other leaders of the Worldwide Church of God (WCG), now known as Grace Communion International (GCI). The WCG was founded in the 1930s by Herbert W. Armstrong, and had long been regarded as a cult by evangelicals, primarily for its denial of the Trinity and other traditional Christian doctrines. Following Armstrong's death in 1986, the group re-evaluated many of its teachings, including the British Israel doctrine and various eschatological predictions. Hanegraaff was one of a handful of evangelical apologists, including Ruth A. Tucker, who assisted in the reforms. The biggest changes to ensure their acceptance among evangelicals were in embracing the doctrines of the Trinity and of salvation by grace through faith.

2007 defamation suit
Hanegraaff sued longtime critic William Alnor for alleging that Hanegraaff's fundraising was under investigation for mail fraud. The allegation was based on an incident of misdirected mail, which was followed by a January 2005 CRI fundraising letter saying the error might have caused "perhaps hundreds of thousands of dollars" in donations to be lost. The defamation lawsuit was thrown out based on California's anti-SLAPP statute. The court found that although Alnor's statements regarding a mail fraud investigation were false, Hanegraaff was unlikely to prove "actual malice."

Christianity in Crisis
In his 1993 book Christianity in Crisis, Hanegraaff charged the Word of Faith movement with heretical teachings, saying that many of the Word of Faith groups were cults, and that those who knowingly accepted the movement's theology were "clearly embracing a different gospel, which is in reality no gospel at all."

Counterfeit Revival
Hanegraaff revisited some of the same issues in his 1997 book Counterfeit Revival, in which he rejected the claims of many Charismatic teachers such as Rodney Howard Browne concerning what became known as the Toronto Blessing. The Toronto Blessing was associated with the Vineyard church located near the Toronto Airport, and was marked by spontaneous and sustained outbursts of bodily phenomena such as laughter, shaking, bouncing, and "resting in the Spirit". A different but related set of phenomena and claims subsequently emanated from churches in Pensacola, Florida, and became known as the Brownsville Revival.

One of the book's primary arguments is that many ostensible "manifestations of the Spirit" in Pentecostal, Charismatic, and Neo-Charismatic or "third-wave" affiliated churches are caused by psychological manipulation of parishioners, and that many of the "signs and wonders" claimed by these churches are fraudulent or result from manipulation, peer pressure, subtle suggestions, altered states of consciousness from repetitive chanting or singing, or expectations of supernatural events. Hanegraaff argues that many of the practices within these movements are not biblically sanctioned or appropriate and are based on misinterpretations of scripture. He contends that these movements rely too much on subjective experiences or feelings.

James A. Beverley, professor of theology and ethics at Tyndale Seminary (formerly Ontario Theological Seminary) in Toronto, Canada, reviewed Counterfeit Revival in Christianity Today, and wrote that while the book "exposes some real excesses and imbalances in the current charismatic renewal movements", it is a "misleading, simplistic, and harmful book, marred by faulty logic [and] outdated and limited research".

Hanegraaff responded on equip.org, the CRI website, by arguing that Beverley had received funding from the Vineyard in the past and that he was aligned with them generally. Hanegraaff implied that Beverley had been compensated to write a "hit piece" for Christianity Today.

Afterlife
In 2013, Hanegraaff published the book Afterlife: What You Need To Know About Heaven, The Hereafter & Near-Death Experiences, where he addresses questions that have been raised during his radio show regarding heaven and eternal life.

Personal life
Hanegraaff was born in the Netherlands and raised in the United States from childhood. He and his wife Kathy have twelve children. In the mid-2000s, seeking to save money on ministry operations, Hanegraaff and his wife moved from Southern California to Charlotte, North Carolina. In subsequent years Hanegraaff became increasingly discontented with evangelicalism; a period of research and seeking led him to the Eastern Orthodox Church. On Palm Sunday, 9 April 2017, together with his wife Kathy and two of their sons, he was received by chrismation into St. Nektarios Greek Orthodox Church in Charlotte, a parish within the Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America. Apparently the largest negative reaction to his conversion was that his syndicated radio program was dropped by the Bott Radio Network, which operates at least 119 Christian radio stations in at least 13 states. Some other radio stations did the same.

In 2017 Hanegraaff revealed that he has mantle cell lymphoma.

title: Hank Hanegraaff


text:
Aden Ridgeway

Aden Derek Ridgeway (born 18 September 1962) is an Australian former politician. He was a member of the Australian Senate for New South Wales from 1999 to 2005, representing the Australian Democrats. During his term he was the only Aboriginal member of the Australian Parliament. He is currently a spokesperson for Recognise, the movement to recognise Aboriginal and Torres Strait peoples in the Australian Constitution.

Personal life
Ridgeway was born on the Bellwood Aboriginal Reserve in Nambucca Heads (close to Macksville, New South Wales), as one of the Gumbaynggirr people.

He was educated at Bellwood and St John's College, Woodlawn in Lismore.

Early career
After leaving school in Year 11, he worked as a boilermaker. He then became involved in the public service, engaging in a number of careers, including being a park ranger, and working in several New South Wales government departments.

In 1990, Ridgeway was elected onto the first ATSIC Sydney Regional Council, a position in which he served two terms of office.

In 1994, he became the Executive Director of the New South Wales Aboriginal Land Council. He continued in this position until 1998. Also in 1994, he became a Member of the Australian Museum Trust.

He became a Member of the Geographical Names Board of New South Wales from 1995.

He was the Director of the Public Service Board Staff Credit Union from 1996 to 1998.

Political career
Ridgeway joined the Australian Democrats in 1990.

During 1997–98 Ridgeway served as the state policy convener for the New South Wales Branch of the Democrats. He was subsequently selected in the first position on the Democrats' Senate ticket at the 1998 election.

Ridgeway has served on a number of parliamentary and senate committees. In March 2001, he addressed the United Nations Special Session on Racism. He also attended the World Conference Against Racism in South Africa in the same year.

In April 2001, Ridgeway was elected deputy leader of the Democrats, after Natasha Stott Despoja toppled Meg Lees in a leadership spill.

Ridgeway continued as deputy leader until August 2002, when along with fellow senators John Cherry, Lyn Allison and Andrew Murray, he succeeded in forcing Stott Despoja to resign. It was widely tipped that he would succeed her as leader. However, the media did not portray the spill kindly, labelling them the 'Gang of Four'.

Ridgeway was expected to be appointed interim leader however, in a surprise decision, the party's National Executive installed Brian Greig as interim leader due to the role Ridgeway played in forcing the resignation of Stott Despoja. Ridgeway did not contest the subsequent leadership ballot, at which Andrew Bartlett defeated Brian Greig. Ridgeway was technically leader between Natasha Stott Despoja's resignation and the appointment of Brian Greig as interim leader.

Ridgeway also stood down as deputy leader and was replaced by Lyn Allison. Ridgeway did not contest the leadership and stood down as deputy leader as he felt the National Executive's decision not to appoint him as interim leader was a reflection on him in a leadership position.

He remained in the Senate, being particularly active on issues of indigenous affairs and reconciliation. He lost his seat in the 2004 election, along with Cherry, Lees (who had since left the party), and Greig. His term expired on 30 June 2005.

Post-political career
Ridgeway received the NAIDOC Person of the Year award in 2005 and was made chair of the National NAIDOC Committee, a role that he occupied until 2008.

In May 2006, Ridgeway was selected as the new host of ABC Television's Message Stick program. He was the inaugural chairman of Indigenous Tourism Australia.

In 2007, Ridgeway partnered with Tim Powell of Cox Inall Communications to establish Cox Inall Ridgeway, a social change agency that seeks to disrupt disadvantage in Indigenous communities. The agency is based on the lands of the Eora Nation (Walsh Bay, New South Wales), and Ridgeway is currently a partner in the business.

Ridgeway was Chairman of Bangarra Dance Theatre from 1998 to 2010.

In February 2013, Ridgeway was announced as a spokesperson for the Recognise campaign, a movement to recognise Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples in the Australian Constitution. In May 2013, he was one of a number of Aboriginal leaders to start the "Journey to Recognition", a relay across Australia to raise awareness of the issue.

On 4 March 2020, it was announced that Ridgeway would be a member of the Local and Regional Co-Design Group for the Indigenous voice to government, set up in late 2019.

, Ridgeway is on the board of the Muurrbay Aboriginal Language and Culture Co-operative, a research and teaching centre for a group of Aboriginal languages in New South Wales, in Nambucca.

title: Aden Ridgeway


text:
Viktor Suvorov

Vladimir Bogdanovich Rezun (Владимир Богданович Резун; ; born 20 April 1947), known by his pseudonym of Viktor Suvorov (Виктор Суворов) is a former Soviet GRU officer who is the author of non-fiction books about World War II, the GRU and the Soviet Army, as well as fictional books about the same and related subjects.

After defecting to the United Kingdom in 1978, Suvorov began his writing career, publishing his first books in the 1980s about his own experiences and the structure of the Soviet military, intelligence, and secret police. He writes in Russian with a number of his books translated into English, including his semi-autobiographical The Liberators (1981). In the USSR, according to Suvorov and according to an interview with the former head of the GRU, he was sentenced to death in absentia.

In his military history books, he offers an alternative view of the role of the USSR in World War II; the first and most well-known book on this topic being Icebreaker: Who started the Second World War?. The proposed concept and the methods of its substantiation have caused numerous discussions and criticism in historical and social circles. In Icebreaker, M Day and several follow-up books Suvorov argued that Joseph Stalin planned to use Nazi Germany as a proxy (the "Icebreaker") against the West. The books are based on his personal analysis of Soviet military investments, diplomatic maneuvers, Politburo speeches and other circumstantial evidence.

Suvorov also wrote a number of fiction books about the Soviet Army, military intelligence and the pre-war history of the USSR. The trilogy Control, Choice and Snake-eater was a bestseller and was approached for movie adaptations. According to Novye Izvestia, an online newspaper, the circulation of some of Suvorov's books exceeds a million copies.

Early years
Suvorov, born Vladimir Bogdanovich Rezun, comes from a military family of mixed Ukrainian-Russian descent; his father, Bogdan Vasilyevich Rezun, was a veteran of WWII and a Ukrainian, while his mother Vera Spiridonovna Rezun (Gorevalova) is Russian. According to his own statements, Suvorov considers himself, his wife and children to be Ukrainians. He was born in the village of Barabash, Primorsky Krai; raised in Ukraine's Cherkasy, where his father served. The family subsequently settled in Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic after his father's retirement.

According to Suvorov, he went to first grade in the village of Slavyanka (Primorsky Territory), then studied in the village of Barabash. In 1957, after graduating on four classes, at the age of 11 he entered the Suvorov Military School in Voronezh (from 1958 to 1963). In 1963, the school was disbanded, and the students, including Rezun, were transferred to the Kalinin (now Tver) Suvorov Military School (from 1963 to 1965). In 1965, Rezun graduated from said school and was admitted without examinations to the second year of the Kyiv Higher Combined Arms Command School then named after General Mikhail Frunze (now Odesa Military Academy).

Prague Spring invasion
In 1968, Suvorov graduated with honours from the Frunze Red Banner Higher Military Command School in Kyiv. At the same year, he served in Chernivtsi as a tank platoon commander with the 145th Guards Motor Rifle Regiment, 66th Guards Training Motor Rifle Division, of the Carpathian Military District in Ukraine, participating in the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia, Operation Danube. This experience is narrated in his 1981 book The Liberators: My Life in the Soviet Army.

The book was Suvorov's first after his defection and in it he narrates his eyewitness account of the invasion, recounting the daily life within the Soviet Army. He points to deficiencies in readiness and in mindset. Suvorov mentions that middle-ranking officers struggled to impress their superiors, something that does not contribute to military effectiveness or discipline - instead fostering on officers a behavior of cunning and deceit in order to climb the ranks.

At the age of 19 he was admitted to the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU). From 1970-1971 he was an officer in the intelligence department of the headquarters of the Volga Military District (in the city of Kuibyshev), and later with the 808th Independent Army Reconnaissance Company (Spetsnaz). In 1970 he became a member of the nomenclature (nomenklatura) of the Central Committee of the CPSU. In this position he came under the patronage of the commander of the Carpathian Military District, Lieutenant General of Tank Forces (later - General of the Army) Gennady Obaturov. This general was known for suppressing anti-communist uprisings in Hungary in 1956 and later Czechoslovakia in 1968 with ruthless efficiency, for which Obaturov received the Order of the Red Banner.

Geneva station
From 1971-1974, Suvorov studied at the Military Diplomatic Academy, known as "the Conservatory" and located in Moscow. The Academy trained officers for work abroad as intelligence operatives or "scouts" (razvedchiki in the Russian language). These worked often "under diplomatic cover" ("jackets", in the jargon of Soviet intelligence operatives), and also as "illegals", meaning intelligence operatives not under diplomatic cover or (quasi-declared) commercial cover.

For four years, Suvorov worked in the Geneva GRU as an employee of the legal residency of military intelligence under the cover of the Permanent Mission of the USSR at the European United Nations Office at Geneva. According to the autobiographical book "Aquarium", he received the rank of major while working in residency. The same title was named in an interview of 1992 with the newspaper Krasnaya Zvezda by then head of the GRU, Colonel general Yevgeny Timokhin.

Defection
On 10 June 1978 he disappeared from his Geneva apartment with his wife and two children. According to Suvorov himself, he made contact with British intelligence because the Geneva station wanted to make him a "scapegoat" of a major failure. According to other versions, he was recruited by British intelligence (with the direct participation of the chief editor of the Military Review, MI6 officer Ronald Furlonga) or even kidnapped. On 28 June 1978 British newspapers reported that Rezun was in England with his family. At the time, he was married to Tatiana Korzh. The couple had a son, Aleksandr, and a daughter, Oksana. They were smuggled out of Switzerland to Britain by British intelligence. There Suvorov worked as an intelligence analyst for the government and as a lecturer.

Since 1981, he has been writing under the pseudonym Viktor Suvorov, having written his first three books in English: The Liberators, Inside the Soviet Army and Inside Soviet Military Intelligence. The author explains the choice of pseudonym by the fact that his publisher recommended that he choose a Russian surname of three syllables, evoking a slight "military" association among Western readers. According to Viktor himself, he teaches tactics and military history at a British military academy and lives in Bristol.

Family

 * Grandfather – Vasily Andreevich Rezunov (later changed his surname to Rezun) (1892 - 5 February 1978) worked all his life as a blacksmith on the Shevchenko collective farm in the Dnipropetrovsk region, Solonyansky district, lived on the Sadovoe farm. Participated in the First World War. According to Suvorov, his grandfather “... was a Makhnovist, hid it all his life, he hated the Soviet power very, very fiercely". He died on 5 February 1978.
 * Father – Bogdan Vasilyevich Rezun, (1921 - December 1998), military man, artilleryman. He served in the 72nd Guards Mortar Regiment of the Order of Alexander Nevsky in the 5th Army of the Far Eastern Military District. Dismissed from the army in 1959 with the rank of major. He worked as a director of a cinema. He died in December 1998.
 * Mother – Vera Spiridonovna Rezun (Gorevalova), born in 1918, during WWII she was an army nurse of the 3329th field evacuation hospital of the 1st Baltic Front.
 * Brother – Alexander Bogdanovich Rezun, born in 1945, soldier. For 27 years he served in the Soviet Strategic Missile Forces in the Transcaucasian Military District. He retired to the reserve in 1991 with the rank of lieutenant colonel.
 * Wife – Tatiana Stepanovna (Korzh), born in 1952. They have been married since 1971.
 * Two children – daughter Oksana, born in 1972, son Alexander, born in 1976.
 * Two grandchildren.

While studying at the Military Diplomatic Academy, he lived with his family at the address Moscow, Azovskaya st., 15.

Non-fiction
Suvorov drew on his experience and research to write non-fiction books in Russian about the Soviet Army, military intelligence, and special forces. He publishes these works under the pseudonym "Viktor Suvorov."

 * The Liberators, includes his eyewitness account about the 1968 invasion of Czechoslovakia by Soviet forces
 * Inside the Soviet Army,
 * Inside Soviet Military Intelligence
 * Aquarium, his memoir, and
 * Spetsnaz, about Special Forces units

Novels
Suvorov also wrote several fiction books set in the pre-World War II era in the Soviet Union.
 * Control
 * Choice
 * Snake-eater (2010)

Works about World War II
Suvorov has written ten books about the outbreak of the Nazi-Soviet War in 1941 and the circumstances related to it. The first such work was Icebreaker (1980s), followed by M Day, The Last Republic, Cleansing, Suicide, The Shadow of Victory, I Take it Back, The Last Republic II, The Chief Culprit, and Defeat.

In his Icebreaker, M Day and several follow-up books Suvorov argued that Stalin planned to use Nazi Germany as a proxy (the “Icebreaker”) against the West. For this reason, Stalin provided significant material and political support to Adolf Hitler, while at the same time preparing the Red Army to "liberate" the whole of Europe from Nazi occupation. Suvorov argued that Hitler had lost World War II from the time when he attacked Poland: not only was he going to war with the powerful Allies, but it was only a matter of time before the Soviet Union would seize the opportune moment to attack him from the rear. According to Suvorov, Hitler decided to direct a preemptive strike at the Soviet Union, while Stalin's forces were redeploying from a defensive to an offensive posture in June 1941. Although Hitler had an important initial tactical advantage, that was strategically hopeless because he subjected the Nazis to having to fight on two fronts. At the end of the war, Stalin achieved only some of his initial objectives by establishing Communist regimes in Eastern Europe, China and North Korea. According to Suvorov, this made Stalin the primary winner of World War II, even though he was not satisfied by the outcome, having intended to establish Soviet domination over the whole continent of Europe.

Most historians agreed that the geopolitical differences between the Soviet Union and the Axis made war inevitable, and that Stalin had made extensive preparations for war and exploited the military conflict in Europe to his advantage. However, there was a debate among historians as to whether Joseph Stalin planned to attack Axis forces in Eastern Europe in the summer of 1941. A number of historians, such as Gabriel Gorodetsky and David Glantz disputed or rejected this claim. But it received some support from others, such as Valeri Danilov, Joachim Hoffmann, Mikhail Meltyukhov, and Vladimir Nevezhin.

About the Cold War-era Soviet Union

 * The Liberators: My Life in the Soviet Army, 1981, Hamish Hamilton, ISBN 0-241-10675-3
 * Inside the Soviet Army, 1982, Macmillan Publishing.
 * Inside Soviet Military Intelligence, 1984, ISBN 0-02-615510-9
 * Aquarium (Аквариум), 1985, Hamish Hamilton, ISBN 0-241-11545-0, memoir
 * Spetsnaz. The Story Behind the Soviet SAS, 1987, Hamish Hamilton, ISBN 0-241-11961-8
 * Devil's Mother (Майката на дявола), 2011, Sofia, Fakel Express, ISBN 978-954-9772-76-0

About the outbreak of the Nazi-Soviet War

 * Icebreaker (Ледокол) (1980s), Hamish Hamilton Ltd, ISBN 0-241-12622-3
 * Day "M" (День "М")
 * Suicide. For what reason did Hitler attack the Soviet Union? (Самоубийство), Moscow, ACT, 2000, ISBN 5-17-003119-X
 * The Last Republic, ACT, 1997,
 * Cleansing (Очищение). Purification. Why did Stalin behead his army?, Moscow, 2002, ISBN 5-17-009254-7
 * Last Republic II. Why did the Soviet Union lose the Second World War? (Последната република II), Sofia, Fakel Express, 2007, ISBN 978-954-9772-51-7
 * . Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2008 (hardcover, ISBN 978-1-59114-838-8).
 * Defeat. Why was the "great victory" worse than any defeat? (Разгромът), Sofia, Fakel Express, 2009, ISBN 978-954-9772-68-5

About Soviet historical figures

 * Shadow of Victory (Тень победы), 2003. This questions the status and image of General Georgy Zhukov, known for his defense of the Soviet Union and later victory in the Battle of Berlin. The first book of a trilogy under the same name.
 * I Take It Back (Беру свои слова обратно), is also about Georgy Zhukov. this is the second book of the "Shadow of Victory" trilogy.

Fiction

 * Control (Контроль), novel
 * Choice (Выбор), novel
 * Snake-eater (Змееед), novel (Sofia, Fakel Express, 2010), ISBN 978-954977269-2

title: Viktor Suvorov


text:
Attraction

Attraction may refer to:

 * Interpersonal attraction, the attraction between people which leads to friendships, platonic and romantic relationships.

 * Physical attractiveness, attraction on the basis of beauty
 * Sexual attraction
 * Object or event that is attractive
 * Tourist attraction, a place of interest where tourists visit
 * Amusement park attraction
 * Attraction in physics
 * Electromagnetic attraction
 * Magnetism
 * Gravity
 * Strong nuclear force
 * Weak nuclear force

Other uses

 * Attraction basin (a.k.a. attractor), in dynamical systems
 * Attraction (grammar), the process by which a relative pronoun takes on the case of its antecedent
 * Attraction (horse) (foaled 2001)
 * Attraction (2017 film), a Russian science fiction action film focusing upon an extraterrestrial spaceship crash-landing
 * Attraction (2018 film), a Bulgarian romantic comedy film

title: Attraction


text:
Paul Ekman

Paul Ekman (born February 15, 1934) is an American psychologist and professor emeritus at the University of California, San Francisco who is a pioneer in the study of emotions and their relation to facial expressions. He was ranked 59th out of the 100 most cited psychologists of the twentieth century. Ekman conducted seminal research on the specific biological correlations of specific emotions, attempting to demonstrate the universality and discreteness of emotions in a Darwinian approach.

Childhood
Paul Ekman was born in 1934 in Washington, D.C., and grew up in a Jewish family in New Jersey, Washington, Oregon, and California. His father was a pediatrician and his mother was an attorney. His sister, Joyce Steinhart, is a psychoanalytic psychologist who, before her retirement, practiced in New York City.

Ekman originally wanted to be a psychotherapist, but when he was drafted into the army in 1958 he found that research could change army routines, making them more humane. This experience converted him from wanting to be a psychotherapist to wanting to be a researcher, in order to help as many people as possible.

Education
At the age of 15, without graduating from high school, Paul Ekman enrolled at the University of Chicago, where he completed three years of undergraduate study. During his time in Chicago, he was fascinated by group therapy sessions and understanding group dynamics. Notably, his classmates at Chicago included writer Susan Sontag, film director Mike Nichols, and actress Elaine May.

He then studied for two years at New York University (NYU), earning his BA in 1954. The subject of his first research project, under the direction of his NYU professor, Margaret Tresselt, was an attempt to develop a test of how people would respond to group therapy.

Next, Ekman was accepted into the Adelphi University graduate program for clinical psychology. While working for his master's degree, Ekman was awarded a predoctoral research fellowship from the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) in 1955. His Master's thesis was focused on facial expression and body movement he had begun to study in 1954. Ekman eventually went on to receive his Ph.D. in clinical psychology at Adelphi University in 1958, after a one-year internship at the Langley Porter Neuropsychiatric Institute.

Military service
Ekman was drafted into the U.S. Army in 1958 to serve two years as soon as his internship at Langley Porter was finished. He served as first lieutenant-chief psychologist, at Fort Dix, New Jersey, where he did research on army stockades and psychological changes during infantry basic training.

Career
Upon completion of military service in 1960, he accepted a position as a research associate with Leonard Krasner at the Palo Alto Veterans Administration Hospital, working on a grant focused on the operant conditioning of verbal behavior in psychiatric patients. Ekman also met anthropologist Gregory Bateson in 1960 who was on the staff of the Palo Alto Veterans Administration Hospital. Five years later, Gregory Bateson gave Paul Ekman motion picture films taken in Bali in the mid-1930s to help Ekman with cross-cultural studies of expression and gesture.

From 1960 to 1963, Ekman was supported by a post doctoral fellowship from NIMH. He submitted his first research grant through San Francisco State College with himself as the principal investigator (PI) at the young age of 29. He received this grant from the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) in 1963 to study nonverbal behaviour. This award would be continuously renewed for the next 40 years and would pay his salary until he was offered a professorship at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) in 1972.

Encouraged by his college friend and teacher Silvan S. Tomkins, Ekman shifted his focus from body movement to facial expressions. He wrote his most famous book, Telling Lies, and published it in 1985. The 4th edition is still in print. He retired in 2004 as professor of psychology in the Department of Psychiatry at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF). From 1960 to 2004 he also worked at the Langley Porter Psychiatric Institute on a limited basis consulting on various clinical cases.

After retiring from the University of California, San Francisco, Paul Ekman founded the Paul Ekman Group (PEG) and Paul Ekman International.

Media
In 2001, Ekman collaborated with John Cleese for the BBC documentary series The Human Face.

His work is frequently referred to in the TV series Lie to Me. Dr. Lightman is based on Paul Ekman, and Ekman served as a scientific adviser for the series; he read and edited the scripts and sent video clip-notes of facial expressions for the actors to imitate. While Ekman has written 15 books, the series Lie to Me has more effectively brought Ekman's research into people's homes.

He has also collaborated with Pixar's film director and animator Pete Docter in preparation of his 2015 film Inside Out. Ekman also wrote a parent's guide to using Inside Out to help parents talk with their children about emotion, which can be found on his personal website.

Influence
He was named one of the top Time 100 most influential people in the May 11, 2009 edition of Time magazine. He was also ranked fifteenth among the most influential psychologists of the 21st century in 2014 by the journal Archives of Scientific Psychology. He is currently on the Editorial Board of Greater Good magazine, published by the Greater Good Science Center of the University of California, Berkeley. His contributions include the interpretation of scientific research into the roots of compassion, altruism, and peaceful human relationships.

Measuring nonverbal communication
Ekman's interest in nonverbal communication led to his first publication in 1957, describing how difficult it was to develop ways of empirically measuring nonverbal behaviour. He chose the Langley Porter Neuropsychiatric Institute, the psychiatry department of the University of California Medical School, for his clinical internship partly because Jurgen Ruesch and Weldon Kees had recently published a book called Nonverbal Communication (1956).

Ekman then focused on developing techniques for measuring nonverbal communication. He found that facial muscular movements that created facial expressions could be reliably identified through empirical research. He also found that human beings are capable of making over 10,000 facial expressions; only 3,000 relevant to emotion. Psychologist Silvan Tomkins convinced Ekman to extend his studies of nonverbal communication from body movement to the face, helping him design his classic cross-cultural emotion recognition studies.

Emotions as universal categories
In The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals published in 1872, Charles Darwin theorized that emotions were evolved traits universal to the human species. However, the prevalent belief during the 1950s, particularly among anthropologists, was that facial expressions and their meanings were determined through behavioral learning processes. A prominent advocate of the latter perspective was the anthropologist Margaret Mead, who had traveled to different countries examining how cultures communicated using nonverbal behavior.

Through a series of studies, Ekman found a high agreement across members of diverse Western and Eastern literate cultures on selecting emotional labels that fit facial expressions. Expressions he found to be universal included those indicating wrath, grossness, fear, joy, loneliness, and shock. Findings on contempt were less clear, though there is at least some preliminary evidence that this emotion and its expression are universally recognized. Working with Wallace V. Friesen, Ekman demonstrated that the findings extended to preliterate Fore tribesmen in Papua New Guinea, whose members could not have learned the meaning of expressions from exposure to media depictions of emotion. Ekman and Friesen then demonstrated that certain emotions were exhibited with very specific display rules, culture-specific prescriptions about who can show which emotions to whom and when. These display rules could explain how cultural differences may conceal the universal effect of expression.

In the 1990s, Ekman proposed an expanded list of basic emotions, including a range of positive and negative emotions that are not all encoded in facial muscles. The newly included emotions are: Amusement, Contempt, Contentment, Embarrassment, Excitement, Guilt, Pride in achievement, Relief, Satisfaction, Sensory pleasure, and Shame.

Visual depictions of facial actions for studying emotion
Ekman's famous test of emotion recognition was the Pictures of Facial Affect (POFA) stimulus set published in 1976. Consisting of 110 black and white images of Caucasian actors portraying the six universal emotions plus neutral expressions, the POFA has been used to study emotion recognition rates in normal and psychiatric populations around the world. Ekman used these stimuli in his original cross-cultural research. Many researchers favor the POFA because these photographs have been rated by large normative groups in different cultures. In response to critics, however, Ekman eventually released a more culturally diverse set of stimuli called the Japanese and Caucasian Facial Expressions of Emotion (JACFEE).

By 1978, Ekman and Friesen had finalized and developed the Facial Action Coding System. FACS is an anatomically based system for describing all observable facial movement for every emotion. Each observable component of facial movement is called an action unit or AU and all facial expressions can be decomposed into their constituent core AUs. An update of this tool came in the early 2000s.

Other tools have been developed, including the MicroExpressions Training Tool (METT), which can help individuals identify more subtle emotional expressions that occur when people try to suppress their emotions. Application of this tool includes helping people with Asperger's or autism to recognize emotional expressions in their everyday interactions. The Subtle Expression Training Tool (SETT) teaches recognition of very small, micro signs of emotion. These are very tiny expressions, sometimes registering in only part of the face, or when the expression is shown across the entire face, but is very small. Subtle expressions occur for many reasons, for example, the emotion experienced may be very slight or the emotion may be just beginning. METT and SETT have been shown to increase accuracy in evaluating truthfulness.

Paul Ekman International was established in 2010 by the EIA Group based on a partnership between Cliff Lansley and Paul Ekman to deliver emotional skills and deception detection workshops around the world.

Detecting deception
Ekman has contributed to the study of social aspects of lying, why people lie, and why people are often unconcerned with detecting lies. He first became interested in detecting lies while completing his clinical work. As detailed in Ekman's Telling Lies, a patient he was involved in treating denied that she was suicidal in order to leave the hospital. Ekman began to review videotaped interviews to study people's facial expressions while lying. In a research project along with Maureen O'Sullivan, called the Wizards Project (previously named the Diogenes Project), Ekman reported on facial "microexpressions" which could be used to assist in lie detection. After testing a total of 20,000 people from all walks of life, he found only 50 people who had the ability to spot deception without any formal training. These naturals are also known as "Truth Wizards", or wizards of deception detection from demeanor.

In his profession, he also uses oral signs of lying. When interviewed about the Monica Lewinsky scandal, he mentioned that he could detect that former President Bill Clinton was lying because he used distancing language.

Contributions
In his 1993 paper in the psychology journal American Psychologist, Ekman describes nine direct contributions that his research on facial expression has made to the understanding of emotion. Highlights include:
 * Consideration of both nature and nurture: Emotion is now viewed as a physiological phenomenon influenced by our cultural and learning experiences.
 * Emotion-specific physiology: Ekman led the way by trying to find discrete psychophysiological differences across emotions. A number of researchers continue to search for emotion-specific autonomic and central nervous system activations. With the advent of neuroimaging techniques, a topic of intense interest revolves around how specific emotions relate to physiological activations in certain brain areas. Ekman laid the groundwork for the future field of affective neuroscience.
 * An examination of events that precede emotions: Ekman's finding that voluntarily making one of the universal facial expressions can generate the physiology and some of the subjective experience of emotion provided some difficulty for some of the earlier theoretical conceptualizations of experiencing emotions.
 * Considering emotions as families: Ekman & Friesen (1978) found not one expression for each emotion, but a variety of related but visually different expressions. For example, the authors reported 60 variations of the anger expression which share core configurational properties and distinguish themselves clearly from the families of fearful expressions, disgust expressions, and so on. Variations within a family likely reflect the intensity of the emotion, how the emotion is controlled, whether it is simulated or spontaneous, and the specifics of the event that provoked the emotion.

Criticism
Most credibility-assessment researchers agree that untrained people are unable to visually detect lies. The application of part of Ekman's work to airport security via the Transportation Security Administration's "Screening Passengers by Observation Techniques" (SPOT) program has been criticized for not having been put through controlled scientific tests. A 2007 report on SPOT referring to untrained people stated that "simply put, people (including professional lie-catchers with extensive experience of assessing veracity) would achieve similar hit rates if they flipped a coin". Since controlled scientific tests typically involve people playing the part of terrorists, Ekman says those people are unlikely to have the same emotions as actual terrorists.

Field research by the EIA Group documented empirical testing of the impact of behavioral analysis in an airport environment by having a small group of trained and untrained subjects identify people from yet another group who had to bring unauthorized items through security. But the white paper is not peer-reviewed or published in a scientific paper, and had only two exercises of an airport security shift-length with the control group and two with the trained group, with about 20 participants total.

The methodology used by Ekman and O'Sullivan in their recent work on "Truth Wizards" has also received criticism on the basis of validation.

Other criticisms of Ekman's work are based on experimental and naturalistic studies by several other emotion psychologists that did not find evidence in support of Ekman's proposed taxonomy of discrete emotions and discrete facial expression.

Methodological criticisms of Ekman's work focus on the essentially circular and tautological nature of his experiments, in which test subjects were shown selected photographs of "basic emotions," and then asked to match them with the same set of concepts used in their production. Ekman showed photographs selected from over 3000 pictures of individuals asked to simulate emotions, from which he edited to contain "those which showed only the pure display of a single affect," using no control and subject only to Ekman's intuition. If Ekman felt a photograph did not show the correct "pure" emotion, he excluded it.

Ekman received hostility from some anthropologists at meetings of the American Psychological Association and the American Anthropological Association from 1967 to 1969. He recounted that, as he was reporting his findings on universality of expression, one anthropologist tried to stop him from finishing by shouting that his ideas were fascist. He compares this to another incident when he was accused of being racist by an activist for claiming that Black expressions are not different from White expressions. In 1975, Margaret Mead, an anthropologist, wrote against Ekman for doing "improper anthropology", and for disagreeing with Ray Birdwhistell's claim opposing universality. Ekman wrote that, while many people agreed with Birdwhistell then, most came to accept his own findings over the next decade. However, some anthropologists continued to suggest that emotions are not universal. Ekman argued that there has been no quantitative data to support the claim that emotions are culture specific. In his 1993 discussion of the topic, Ekman states that there is no instance in which 70% or more of one cultural group select one of the six universal emotions while another culture group labels the same expression as another universal emotion.

Ekman criticized the tendency of psychologists to base their conclusions on surveys of college students. Hank Campbell quotes Ekman saying at the Being Human conference, "We basically have a science of undergraduates." Ekman's own studies have used freshman college students as the subject group, comparing their results with those of illiterate subjects from New Guinea.

Ekman has refused to submit his more recent work to peer-review, claiming that revealing the details of his work might reveal state secrets and endanger security. Critics assert that this is instead an attempt to shield his work from methodological criticisms within experimental psychology, even as his public and popular visibility has grown.

Publications

 * 1972: Emotion in the Human Face ISBN 0-08-016643-1
 * 1973 Darwin and Facial Expression: A Century of Research in Review ISBN: 978-0122367500
 * 1975: Unmasking the Face: A Guide to Recognizing Emotions from Facial Clues (with Wallace V. Friesen) ISBN: 978-1883536367
 * 1982: Handbook of Methods in Nonverbal Behavior Research (1982, edited with Klaus R. Scherer) ISBN: 978-0521282169
 * 1985: Telling Lies: Clues to Deceit in the Marketplace, Politics, and Marriage ISBN: 978-0393308723
 * 1989: Why Kids Lie: How Parents Can Encourage Truthfulness (with Mary Ann Mason) ISBN: 978-0140143225
 * 1994: The Nature of Emotion: Fundamental Questions (with R. Davidson, Oxford University Press, 1994) ISBN 0-19-508944-8
 * 1998: What the Face Reveals (with Rosenberg, E. L., Oxford University Press) ISBN 0-19-510446-3
 * 1999: Handbook of Cognition and Emotion (Sussex, UK John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.)
 * 2003: Emotions Revealed: Recognizing Faces and Feelings to Improve Communication and Emotional Life ISBN: 978-0805083392
 * 2008: Emotional Awareness: Overcoming the Obstacles to Psychological Balance and Compassion (with the Dalai Lama) ISBN: 978-0805090239
 * 1997: What the Face Reveals: Basic and Applied Studies of Spontaneous Expression Using the Facial Action Coding System (FACS) (edited with Erika L. Rosenberg) ISBN: 978-0195104462
 * 2002: Facial Action Coding System (FACS) (with Wallace V. Friesen and Joseph C. Hager) ISBN: 978-9994337624
 * 2002: A Practical Guide to FACS (with Wallace V. Friesen and Joseph C. Hager) ISBN: 978-9994337631
 * 2016: Nonverbal Messages: Cracking the Code (with Wallace V. Friesen and Joseph C. Hager) ISBN: 978-1593858413

Other emotion researchers

 * Lisa Feldman Barrett
 * Marc Brackett
 * Daniel Cordaro

title: Paul Ekman


text:
Romance (music)

The term romance (romance/romanza, romanza, Romanze, romance, романс, romance, romanţă) has a centuries-long history. Applied to narrative ballads in Spain, it came to be used by the 18th century for simple lyrical pieces not only for voice, but also for instruments alone. The Oxford Dictionary of Music states that "generally it implies a specially personal or tender quality".

Instrumental music bearing the title "Romance"
Typically, a Classical piece or movement called a "Romance" is in three, meaning three beats in the bar
 * Beethoven: two violin romances (Romanzen) for violin and orchestra, No. 1 G major, Op. 40; No. 2 in F major, Op. 50 take the form of a loose theme and variations
 * Johannes Brahms: Romanze in F major for piano, Op. 118, No. 5 (1893)
 * Max Bruch: "Romance for Viola and Orchestra in F"
 * Arthur Butterworth: Romanza for horn and string quartet with double bass ad libitum (or piano), Op. 12 (1951)
 * Antonín Dvořák: Romance in F minor for violin and orchestra, Op. 11 (1873/1877)
 * Edward Elgar:
 * Romance for bassoon and orchestra, Op. 62 (1910)
 * Enigma Variation XIII (Romanza: Moderato)
 * Edvard Grieg: String Quartet No. 1 in G minor, Op. 27 (1878), second movement
 * Erich Wolfgang Korngold: Romance from Concerto for violin and orchestra, second movement
 * Miguel Llobet: Romanza
 * Nikolai Medtner: Piano Sonata "Romantica" in B-flat minor, Op. 53, No. 1 (1929/1930), first movement
 * Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart: Romanze from Eine Kleine Nachtmusik, the second movement; Piano Concerto No. 20, second movement
 * Joseph Haydn: "Romance: Allegretto" from Symphony No. 85 in B♭, "La Reine," the second movement
 * Romanza (Paganini-Ponce)
 * Camille Saint-Saëns:
 * Romance in D-flat major for flute and piano (or orchestra), Op. 37 (1871)
 * Romance in D major for cello and orchestra, Op. 51 (1877)
 * Clara Schumann: Drei Romanzen for violin and piano, Op. 22 (1853)
 * Robert Schumann: Drei Romanzen (for piano), Op. 28 (1839)
 * Robert Schumann: Drei Romanzen (for oboe or violin and piano), Op. 94 (1849)
 * Dmitri Shostakovich: Romance from The Gadfly Suite
 * Jean Sibelius: Romances for piano Op 24, Nos. 2, 5, and 9; Op. 78, No. 2
 * Johan Svendsen: Romance for violin and orchestra, Op. 26 (1881)
 * Ralph Vaughan Williams: Romanza, in his Tuba Concerto (1954), and Romance for viola and piano (unknown)
 * Anonymous: "Romance/Romanza" for the classical guitar, known variously as Spanish Romance, Romance D'Amour, etc.

Mozart subtitled the second movement of his piano concerto no. 20 in D minor (K.466) "Romanze" and the second movement of his third horn concerto "Romance".

Liszt wrote a Romance in E minor in 1842 in Moscow.

Robert Schumann was particularly fond of the title for lyrical piano pieces.

Georges Bizet's "Je crois entendre encore" from The Pearl Fishers (1863) is labelled a romance in the score.

Giuseppe Verdi's "Celeste Aida" from Aida (1871) is labelled romanza.

Franz Lehar's "Wie einen Rosenknospe" from "The Merry Widow" is labelled "Romance".

Works with voice parts

 * Lieder by Franz Schubert:
 * D 114, "Romanze" ['Ein Fräulein klagt’ im finstern Turm'] for voice and piano (1814; 2 versions)
 * D 144, "Romanze" ['In der Väter Hallen ruhte'] for voice and piano (1816, sketch)
 * D 222, "Lieb Minna" ['Schwüler Hauch weht mir herüber'] for voice and piano (1815, also appears as "Lieb Minna. Romanze")
 * D 907, "Romanze des Richard Löwenherz" ['Großer Taten tat der Ritter fern im heiligen Lande viel'] for voice and piano (1826?, two versions, 2nd version is Op. 86)
 * "Romanze", No. 3b of Schubert's Rosamunde
 * Wilhelm Killmayer: Romanzen (1954)

Romances sans paroles
So many composers in the French tradition wrote Romances sans paroles, "Romances without words", from the 1840s onwards that the radical poet Paul Verlaine in turn published a collection of his impressionistic poems as Romances sans paroles (1874).

Russian romance
During the 19th century Alexander Alyabyev (1787–1851), Alexander Varlamov (1801–48) and Alexander Gurilyov (1803–58) developed the French variety of the romance as a sentimental category of Russian art song. Black Eyes is perhaps the best known example. Among other notable examples of the Russian Romance are Shine, Shine, My Star and Along the Long Road.

British singer Marc Almond is the only Western artist to receive acclaim in Western Europe as well as in Russia for singing English versions of Russian romances and Russian chanson on his albums Heart on Snow and Orpheus in Exile.

title: Romance (music)