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John R. McKernan Jr.

John Rettie "Jock" McKernan Jr. (born May 20, 1948) is an American politician who served two terms as the 71st Governor of Maine, from 1987 to 1995.

Born in Bangor, Maine, McKernan attended Dartmouth College and then the University of Maine School of Law. A Republican, McKernan was a member of the U.S. House of Representatives before becoming governor. He also served in the state house from 1973 to 1977 and was a delegate to the Republican National Conventions in 1976 and 1984.

Early life
John McKernan was born in Bangor, Maine, on May 20, 1948, the son of Barbara Guild McKernan and John R. McKernan Sr. He was raised in Bangor, where he attended the public schools graduated from Bangor High School in 1966. After graduating, McKernan attended Dartmouth College in Hanover, New Hampshire, where he received his bachelor's degree in 1970.

He then returned to Maine and joined the Maine Army National Guard, in which he served from 1970 until 1973. During this time, he moved to Portland, Maine, to pursue studies at the University of Maine School of Law. He completed his Juris Doctor degree in 1974, while already serving in the Maine House of Representatives.

Maine House of Representatives
McKernan's first entry into politics was being elected to the Maine House of Representatives in 1972. He did so as one of the youngest ever to serve in that capacity, being only 24 years old.

He was later elected to a second term, where his colleagues selected him as assistant Republican floor leader.

He left the state legislature in 1976 to begin practicing law at a Portland law firm.

U.S. Representative
McKernan was twice elected to the United States House of Representatives, in 1982 and 1984.

While he served in the House, he had the unusual distinction of dating the other member of Maine's House delegation – Olympia Snowe. The two had met while they had earlier served in the Maine House of Representatives, and began dating in 1978. During their time together in Congress, McKernan and Snowe had nearly identical voting records. Their similar feelings on issues even translated into reversals of opinion – for example, they both switched from opposing aid to the Nicaraguan rebels to later supporting such aid. While their relationship was widely known, it was not reported much by the Maine press.

McKernan retired from Congress to run for governor in 1986, and was sworn in as governor in January 1987.

1986 election and first term
Before the 1986 election, no Republican had occupied the Blaine House in two decades. Incumbent governor Joseph E. Brennan was term limited and could not run again. McKernan immediately declared his intention to run for governor, and Brennan declared his candidacy for McKernan's old congressional seat in the first district (which he would eventually win).

His opponent was James E. Tierney, former Majority Leader of the Maine House and state Attorney General – though he did also face two independent candidates, Sherry Huber and John Menario. He based his campaign on better schools and better jobs, believing them to be the keys to making Maine (in his words) "the very best place in America to live, to work and to raise a family." He pledged to pursue both goals without a major tax increase. Additionally, McKernan focused on economic development, claiming that Maine can become what he dubbed "the opportunity state". After a spirited campaign, McKernan emerged on top, besting Tierney by a nine-point margin. However, McKernan received only 39% of the vote in a divided four-way race.

McKernan, just 38 years old on inauguration day, was welcomed with a $46-million surplus. That good financial news would be short-lived, however, as the state would face a number of fiscal challenges in the coming years.

In his first tenure in Augusta, McKernan attempted to grow the Maine economy. He helped initiate a $1.35-million fund to create "centers of innovation," designed to position Maine at the cutting edge of the next technological change. He also worked to expand job training programs, structured to enable the state to quickly change the skills being taught to meet the needs of a new employer. An additional $5.9-million state investment in the University of Maine System was also spearheaded by the governor, intended to enhance its educational and research reputation. These efforts were hammered home with the governor's new economic development slogan: "MAINE: We're America's Future Business." The program created "opportunity zones" throughout the state to draw jobs to areas in need of new or additional industry.

In his second year in office, Governor McKernan launched a public relations campaign intended to enhance the state's image as a place to do business.

For all the work to develop Maine's economy, McKernan also faced a number of difficulties which stunted his efforts. Budget shortfalls began to run rampant toward the end of his term, and legislative battles with opposition Democrats became frequent. The relationship between longtime Speaker of the House John L. Martin and McKernan was poisonous, and the two had difficulty resolving differences over the state budget. The Governor crafted a plan to eliminate or reduce welfare and job-training benefits for thousands of low-income Mainers, while Martin and the Democrats fought to keep funding at a higher level.

The difficult budget fights between the governor and the legislature would prove to be a major issue in McKernan's effort to be re-elected.

1990 election and second term
During his announcement for his re-election campaign, McKernan listed as important successes growth management initiative, a trash reduction and recycling program, and a plan to remove the Kennebec River dam in Augusta by the end of the 1990s. McKernan credited his administration with taking decisive action against illegal drugs, citing the creation of the Bureau of Intergovernmental Drug Enforcement. Troubled by difficult financial issues, McKernan reiterated his claim that Maine has responded to budget difficulties with less impact on taxpayers than other states in the New England region. McKernan pointed out that Maine was the only state in the Northeast that has a balanced budget and that did it without raising taxes. – Polling in May 1990 showed former governor Joseph Brennan with a 9-point lead over the incumbent governor. McKernan felt that the erosion of his support occurred during the legislative budget battles, and would be reversed in the months before the election, believing that the situation would improve as the state budget continued to hold further into the fiscal year.

The race was so close that the candidates waited until shortly before noon the following day before summoning reporters to make acceptance and concession remarks. Brennan acknowledged that voter margins in his traditional strongholds in southern Maine weren't enough to offset McKernan's strength in rural and northern Maine.

McKernan has characterized his narrow victory as something of a comeback, considering that pollsters showed him 12 points behind Brennan only two months prior. Momentum began to change only in mid-October, McKernan said, when his campaign was able to effectively communicate "not only what we had accomplished but also what was at stake in this election." Brennan said that he saw no fatal flaws in his campaign, but added he was hurt by the long federal budget debate that kept him in Washington when he needed to be campaigning in Maine. "It hurts the dynamic of the campaign when you can't be here," he explained.

McKernan's second term became defined by partisan battles with the state legislature's Democratic majority over fiscal management, given a large budget deficit and a constitution that prohibited borrowing to offset budget gaps. He threatened to invoke a 1976 law permitting the governor to make "fair and equitable" spending reductions to comply with the state's balanced-budget mandate. His specific controversial actions included drafting plans to cut spending unilaterally and rewriting rules to give state agencies more discretion in how they allocate their reduced funds. Democrats objected and took McKernan to the Maine Supreme Judicial Court, but the court upheld the governor's authority to take such action.

McKernan also battled with Democrats about state workmen's compensation costs, eventually settling with them for a roughly 26% decrease in spending.

Legacy in Maine
When participating in a forum after his governorship was over, McKernan spoke at length about a number of things he felt were successes in his tenure, as well as his own personal disappointments.

According to McKernan, his most prominent milestone was preparing the state for a global economy. He made note that during his stewardship, Maine competed not just with other states, but globally in such countries as Malaysia and Hong Kong. He also mentioned enhancing the state's business climate and workers compensation reforms as significant achievements.

At the same time, he stated that while he was governor, Maine was at the "highest of the highs and the lowest of the lows," economically. He felt that this unpredictability prevented him from being able to forecast a dramatic downturn in state revenues toward the latter part of his time in office, and said that it was his biggest lament.

McKernan's legacy is conflicted. His political party never controlled either branch of the state legislature, so his administration became defined by bitter battles between the Blaine House and the State House. McKernan and the Democratic leadership (particularly John Martin) fostered an extremely hostile and adversarial climate that consumed almost every aspect of Maine government in the late 1980s and early 1990s. The wounds of those conflicts still run deep to this day, as McKernan has made repeated references to the scarred relationship between the two men since leaving office.

Post-government life

 * Honorary state chairman for John McCain's presidential campaign in Maine.
 * Served as outside director of ImmuCell Corporation since 1995.
 * He became chief executive officer of Education Management Corporation, the parent company of several for-profit colleges, on September 1, 2003, where he served until 2006. He subsequently served as executive chairman.

Personal life and family
McKernan has been married twice. His first marriage was to Judith Files. They had one child together, Peter McKernan, but the couple subsequently divorced in 1978. On January 23, 1991, Peter died of a previously undetected heart problem after lying in a coma for nine days. He had collapsed during baseball practice at Dartmouth College. He was 20 years old at the time, played junior varsity baseball at Dartmouth and had recently joined the school's Beta Theta Pi fraternity.

In 1989, McKernan married eventual U.S. Senator Olympia Snowe after the two had been dating for roughly six years. McKernan and Snowe met while serving in the Maine House of Representatives and again served together in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1983 to 1987.

title: John R. McKernan Jr.


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User:27wilsonfung

You have done a good job with the article on the Buddha statue, however, Wikipedia is not a travel brochure, nor an advertisement.

The article needs to have links to OTHER wikipedia articles about the Buddha, rather than links to external sites about the buddha. If the external links are needed, they should go on the page about Buddha.

Similarly, if you need to create a page about Hong Kong weather, fine, or the Hong Kong observatory, fine, but the external links to weather at the site of the statue are inappropriate for an encyclopaedia.

Still, it's a great article, and I thank you for your contribution.

Rick Boatright 03:21, 1 Mar 2004 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:27wilsonfung


text:
M198 (disambiguation)

M198 usually refers to the M198 howitzer, a medium-sized, towed artillery piece. M198 or M-198 may also refer to:

 * M-198 (Michigan highway), a former state highway in Michigan
 * Minardi M198, a 1998 Formula One racecar

title: M198 (disambiguation)


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M110

M110 or M-110 may refer to:
 * HMS Ramsey (M110)
 * M110 155mm Cartridge, a U.S. Army chemical artillery shell
 * Mercedes-Benz M110 engine, a 2.8L engine produced from 1973 to 1986
 * Messier 110 (M110), an elliptical galaxy in the constellation Andromeda
 * M110 howitzer, a United States Army self-propelled howitzer
 * M110 Semi-Automatic Sniper System, a semi-automatic rifle
 * M110A1 Rifle, a semi-automatic rifle
 * M-110 (Michigan highway), a state highway in Michigan

title: M110


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Talk:Duverger's law

Obsoletion of the law
I'm proposing this law be classified as obsolete. I know this is a big step and probably not going to pass, but the data does not suggest this "law" exists anywhere expect for the United States, and I don't believe case studies have ever become laws. Just like the miasmatic theory of disease's Wikipedia page references it as obsolete, I think this theory is pretty much equally debunked and the article should reflect such. -- Adamopoulos 0:17:14, 7 Feb 2021 (EST).

Two-party system
Is it really necessary to link to two-party system twice in this article? This has been added and reverted quite a few times. -- RobLa 03:41, 1 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Other methods
One thing I've always wondered is how Duverger's law applies in the case of other single-winner methods. Did Duverger just make a dichotomy between first-past-the-post and proportional representation? -- Dissident 19:04, 1 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Counterexamples
"There are numerous counterexamples: Malta has a single transferable vote system and what seems to be stable two-party politics;"

This is a logical fallacy. "...first-past-the-post election system naturally leads to a two-party system..." is not the same as "two party system requires first-past-the-post". The fact that Malta has two parties doesn't contradict the 'law', at least as it is explained in the current article.

Unfortunately, I don't know whether the mistake is in the statement of the principal of the description of the Maltese political system, so I'll have to leave this for someone else to fix. --Rory ☺ 14:20, Mar 22, 2004 (UTC)

 * I agree, and further assert that it isn't merely a logical fallacy, but in fact, an inappropriate example. There are many (including myself) that have come to believe that single transferable vote also leads to a two-party system. -- RobLa 08:13, 23 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * I won't press the point in the article - moving Malta down works for me - but I read Duverger's law as saying that first-past-the-post is more likely to produce two-party results than other voting systems are; it doesn't say FPTP inevitably leads to two parties. So there are two types of exceptions (if you can have exceptions to a principle): FPTP with several parties, and two party systems with a more proportional voting system. Incidentally, Australia only uses STV for the Senate, but AV for the more important House of Representatives. --Henrygb 23:06, 23 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Scotland
Scotland is not an example, in any respect, to a refutation of Duverger's Law. The law states that FPTP leads to a two party system. Scotland's Parliament is eight years old. The next example is the United Kingdom, which does not use FPTP, but mixed representation. Canada has a very regulated, non-partisan system.

It looks like every counter example is bogus. India, for example, has regional parties, but is there any constituency with more than two main parties? If not, Duverger's Law would appear to apply.

There also ought to be an explanation why Duverger's Law works. Namely, strategic voting in a unidimensional sytem under FPTP results in a simple, rational aggregate "hedging" strategy. -- JoshNarins 20:17, 1 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Duverger's Law is explained partially by strategic voting but also by the incentive for parties to improve their changes of winning a seat through merging or coalitions (and conversely, by providing a disincentive for an internal faction to split off). See, e.g., "Structure and Behaviour: Extending Duverger's Law to the Japanese Case" by Steven R. Reed [British Journal of Political Science, Vol. 20, No. 3. (Jul., 1990), pp. 335-356.] This article also generalizes Duverger's law to multimember districts: for n seats there will be n+1 candidates at equilibrium. - ChrisKennedy(talk) 03:30, 3 December 2006 (UTC)

 * I don't know about the other examples, but the UK does use FPTP for their lower house (and the upper house is not elected at all). Though this may change in 2011... --Roentgenium111 (talk) 17:12, 20 July 2010 (UTC)

Jenkins Committee
Any anglo-american attempt on analyzing, describing FPTP, single-seat-district, winner-takes-all, two-party-systems seems to have to wait until UK finally does their promised Jenkins_Committee reform of their domestic election system.

just check out citizens assembly, the struggles in Canada.

Note, if an election-system has two elected institutions, for example "house" and "senate", "lower" and "upper" parliament, the result becomes more complex. Adding a system for electing a president makes it more complicated. However, the basic mechanism is "at the local level", single-seat, FPTP, winner-takes-all mechanisms.

Canada
In Canada I think that the regional politics, which are mentioned in passing in this article, have a much larger influence. At the moment each political party has a regional bias, most especially the Bloc Québécois which is only in Quebec, but even the NDP, Liberals, and Conservative parties have regional biases. I suspect this is true in many other countries that have strongly differentiated regional cultures. Sbwoodside 19:50, 12 March 2006 (UTC)

With the election in 2010, and the demisce of the BQ, regional politics no longer plays a role. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.28.101.152 (talk) 02:25, 31 August 2011 (UTC)

Finland
Finland is not a counterexample, they have a proportional representation system. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Finland#Parliamentary_elections

Graph
I had an idea for a visualization of this, showing the proportion of votes that went to each party for each US presidential election, and showing how two parties take the majority of the vote, and those two parties only change occasionally, as described in the article about the Whig party. (Inspired by these graphs, though an implementation of this would be percentage-based, and so constant-width.) But the actual data is a little more complex, with multiple people running for the same party, the original elections with no parties, etc. Any ideas? — Omegatron 01:43, 2 September 2007 (UTC)
 * In my opinion stacked bar graphs make comparisons across years difficult. The linked graphic makes it hard to tell how Republican votes compare to Democratic votes because the independent candidates are always listed on the top. I would prefer a non-stacked bar graph with parties listed next to one another and grouped by election. - ChrisKennedy(talk) 02:40, 2 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Additional chart suggestions (based on Edward Tufte's writings): remove the bar border, remove the two decimal places from the y-axis labels, change the y-axis interval from 10% to 20%, remove the ticks from the x-and y-axis labels, make the axis lines a light gray (50% or so) to reduce their prominence (dashed might be good too), and remove the border from the legend. The color difference between Libertarian and Green party is also negligible - I'd make Libertarian orange so that it stands out more. - ChrisKennedy(talk) 02:47, 2 September 2007 (UTC)

You're reading way too much into that image. That's just a very crude example of some actual data using default bar graph settings, but isn't even complete (only shows the top 3 or 4 parties) and nothing like I was actually imagining. Originally I was imagining something like this, that emphasizes popularity trends over time:

But for the elections, it would be a constant width because it would be shown as percentages, and the amount of votes for each party would be shown shifting with each year, showing how two parties share the majority of the vote for long periods of time, and then upheavals shake things up and then it settles out so that a different two parties share the majority of the vote, but still two parties.

So that's what I'd like to show with the visualization, but the real life election data doesn't exactly fit into a graph like that. it only exists on election years, not continuously; the parties change names and split up and such over time, multiple people run under the same party, etc. So this is just an idea. I am sure there is a way to show a nice clear visualization of actual data, but I'm not sure exactly how to show it. — Omegatron 03:05, 7 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Well, you could do absolute population, which would show (mostly) the trend in population increasing, but also give a sense which elections got a lot of people out to vote, and which party that might have helped. —Preceding unsigned comment added by JoshNarins (talk • contribs) 23:30, 10 February 2008 (UTC)

The term "law"
Why is it called a law? Shouldn't it be called Duverger's Theory? —Preceding unsigned comment added by JoshNarins (talk • contribs) 00:54, 9 April 2008 (UTC)

Dubious counterexamples removed
I removed the following long unreferenced and disputed (see above threads) "counterexamples" from the article:

 * India, the world's largest democracy, has multiple regional parties, especially the Communist Party of India (Marxist) that has been strongly entrenched in three states - West Bengal, Kerala, and Tripura for nearly three decades. It may be argued that the NDA (National Democratic Alliance) and the UPA (United Progressive Alliance) multiparty coalitions serve as cognates of the two parties of Duverger's law.
 * Scotland has had until recently SMDP and similar systems, but has seen the development of several significant competing political parties.
 * In Canada, the New Democratic Party and its predecessor, the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation, have had a constant presence in Parliament since the CCF's first election in 1935. At least four - and sometimes five - political parties have been represented in the Canadian parliament at any given time since the 1993 election. In addition, the now-defunct Social Credit Party of Canada also maintained itself in Parliament nearly consistently from 1935 to 1979, often resulting in Parliaments with four national parties represented. Most successful third and fourth parties have been regionally based, however, such as the Canadian Alliance/Reform Party and the Bloc Québécois.  The Bloc only runs candidates in Quebec, where competition is primarily between the Bloc (and its provinical counterpart, the Parti Québécois) and the Liberal Party, and the Conservative Party holds third-party status.

Please don't re-add them without giving references. (BTW, the article could also do with a list of examples!) --Roentgenium111 (talk) 17:10, 20 July 2010 (UTC)

please don't change the hilariously huge glaring error
hint: the plural nature of wikipedia keeps me in stitches — Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.66.100.92 (talk) 22:59, 25 May 2011 (UTC)

The M + 1 Equilibrium
The current lede refers to something called "The M + 1 Equilibrium", which sounds like an episode of Star Trek. It seems to have been added two years ago with no further explanation anywhere in the article or any obvious links to other articles explaining it.

Can somebody with knowledge of the subject please add an explanation, a link to another article, or just delete it if it's not relevant? - IMSoP (talk) 16:09, 15 April 2019 (UTC)

 * I've deleted this reference. Dan Bloch (talk) 23:33, 15 July 2019 (UTC)

Britain isn't really a counterexample
The article does not mention another anomaly of British national politics that accounts for its multiparty Parliament (although since either Labour or Tory has (2010–15 excepted) had an absolute majority for most of the last century, the UK has been a two-party democracy for all practical purposes): Northern Ireland.

Neither of Britain's two major political parties contests seats there (the Tories' recent use of the DUP as a semi-coalition partner notwithstanding), thus leaving space for that country's local parties, one of which includes Sinn Fein, whose members make a point of not taking their seats.

In fact, it occurs to me that if you factor out Scotland and Wales as well, since I don't foresee anyone from Plaid Cymru or the SNP standing for election outside those countries, England would be your better test case for this, and frankly it seems like it mostly proves the point: the vast majority of seats at the last election were won by either Labour or Conservative, with the Lib Dems and the one Green largely irrelevant politically (at least at the moment). Daniel Case (talk) 18:49, 20 January 2021 (UTC)

UK and India Examples
Not sure I'd agree with the dubious tag there: the last time someone other than the Conservatives or Labour has formed a government in the UK was 1910 (though it lasted until 1918), while literally no one other than the INC and the BJP has formed a government in India (unless you count the BJP's predecessor as a separate party). It should also probably be pointed out that most individual districts have only one or two competitive parties, and the majority of third-party representatives are from regional parties.98.250.177.207 (talk) 13:16, 18 October 2021 (UTC)

Australia has also been dominated by a 2 party system since federation
Add Australia to that line please 124.150.86.247 (talk) 13:52, 5 January 2022 (UTC)

Mathematical Proof
Dear User:HudecEmil, thank you for improving the section, esp. adding a link to a description of Palfrey's paper. As far as i understand, there are even more premises in the paper: At least, "rational strategic voting behavior" is one.

One more notice: using Google Scholar, i have found https://scholar.google.com/scholar?as_sdt=0%2C5&q=A+Mathematical+Proof+of+Duverger%27s+Law&btnG= and https://authors.library.caltech.edu/83112/1/sswp688%20-%20published.pdf which appears to be a photo-scan of the paper. I also found https://authors.library.caltech.edu/81155/1/sswp688.pdf which is another reproduction of the same paper(?) --Himbeerbläuling (talk) 12:03, 18 August 2022 (UTC)

 * Yes, maximizing individual utility/rational choice is another assumption. HudecEmil (talk) 14:42, 18 August 2022 (UTC)

September 2023 cleanup
Noting that I've been (and will continue) removing a number of unsourced (or innappropriately sourced) examples and significantly copyedited for clarity, grouping related topics, reducing redundancy and adding reliable sourcing.

Am posting a user-created (@quinnnnnnby) graph here that was removed from the article in case others think it merits reinclusion. Was not very clear what the graph illustrated based on its description or the sources used to generate it. Superb Owl (talk) 22:36, 25 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Duverger's law


text:
22nd Golden Raspberry Awards

The 22nd Golden Raspberry Awards were held on March 23, 2002 at the Abracadabra Theater at Magicopolis in Santa Monica, California, to recognize the worst the movie industry had to offer in 2001. In a break with Razzie tradition, Tom Green accepted his five awards in person for Freddy Got Fingered, entertaining attendees via supplying his own red carpet and playing a never-ending harmonica piece.

Awards and nominations
{{legend|#B0C4DE|Winner (in bold)}}

Films with multiple nominations
These films received multiple nominations:

title: 22nd Golden Raspberry Awards


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Lituya Bay

Lituya Bay (Tlingit: Ltu.aa, meaning 'lake within the point') is a fjord located on the coast of the south-east part of the U.S. state of Alaska. It is 14.5 km long and 3.2 km wide at its widest point. The bay was noted in 1786 by Jean-François de Lapérouse, who named it Port des Français. Twenty-one of his men perished in the tidal current in the bay.

Description
The smaller Cascade and Crillon glaciers and the larger Lituya Glacier all spill into Lituya Bay, which is a part of Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve. Cenotaph Island is located roughly in the middle of the bay. The entrance of the bay is approximately 500 m wide, with a narrow navigable channel.

The bay is known for its tremendous size tides, which have a range of approximately 3 m. Tidal currents in the entrance reach 9.4 km/h. The entrance is considered dangerous to navigation, especially when the tidal currents are running, but the interior of the bay provides good protection to anchored ships.

Lituya Bay is also famous for four recorded tsunamis, in 1854, 1899, 1936, and 1958.

The bay is mentioned in Jack London's short story, "The Unexpected". (In that story, the name of the bay is spelled "Latuya".)

1958 megatsunami

The same topography that leads to the heavy tidal currents also created the tsunami with the highest runup against a hillside in recorded history. On the night of July 9, 1958, an earthquake caused a landslide in the Gilbert Inlet at the head of the bay, generating a massive megatsunami which had sufficient energy to run up the hill slope just opposite of the landslide to a height measuring 1719 ft, taller than the Empire State Building. There were three fishing boats anchored near the entrance of Lituya Bay on the day the giant wave occurred. One boat (the Sunmore) was sunk by the wave and debris as it attempted to exit the bay, and the two people on board (a married couple, the Wagners) were killed. The second boat (the Badger) was carried across the la Chasseuse, spit into the ocean, hit by a floating log and sunk but not before its occupants (a married couple, the Swansons) in spite of injuries, managed to board a skiff ultimately to be rescued. The third boat, the Edrie, crewed by father and son the Ulriches, was anchored at the opposite side of the bay entrance. The father, Howard, turned the boat to face the wave, which picked her up, snapped her anchor chain, carried her above the trees but then washed her back into the bay with no major damage. William A. Swanson and Howard G. Ulrich provided accounts of what they observed. Based on Swanson's description of the length of time it took the wave to reach his boat after overtopping Cenotaph Island near the bay's entrance, the wave may have been traveling 120 mph. When it reached the open sea, however, it dissipated quickly. This incident was the first direct evidence and eyewitness report of the existence of megatsunamis.

title: Lituya Bay


text:
Talk:Partial differential equation

Rewrite needed
Can somebody who understands this article rewrite the following please? "Partial differential equations also occupy a large sector of pure mathematical research, in which the usual questions are, broadly speaking, on the identification of general qualitative features of solutions of various partial differential equations, such as existence, uniqueness, regularity, and stability." As is, it is incomprehensible. Perhaps break it into two or three sentences? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2600:1702:170:3B90:252F:91F:542:7612 (talk) 17:59, 26 October 2022 (UTC)

 * I agree that area is incomprehensible. I find the entire article to be incomprehensible. Start over. Boil it down to exactly what is a PDE. Precisely. Explain each part precisely. Only then go into why PDE's are useful, and solutions and etc..
 * J Mark Morris (talk) 01:44, 20 May 2024 (UTC)

Heat equation
In the section Heat equation, the constant k is usually referred to as thermal diffusivity. Tianran Chen 03:56, 2004 Mar 1 (UTC) Tianran, are you still alive? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 37.232.69.137 (talk) 04:17, 19 April 2022 (UTC)

Conceptual Definition
Arnold defines an ODE in his book as a system evolving in time having the following properties: (1) determinancy (2) finite dimensionality (3) smoothness

where by determinancy he means that the initial data of the problem completely specifies the future and the past of the system. By a finite dim. system he means one whose phase space can be localy parametrized by finite many real numbers. The smoothness property means that the system has a smooth phase space (ie. the phase space is a differentiable manifold, eg. The plane, the real line) and smooth evolution function.

What i would like to know is if there exists such a nice conceptual definition of a PDE.

Wiki Education assignment: 4A Wikipedia assignment
— Assignment last updated by Lzepeda12 (talk) 21:08, 26 April 2023 (UTC)

Comparison with simple differential equations
It would be nice to have an explanation of the difference between simple differential equations in one variable and partial differential equations in multiple variables, with worked examples. The current article tells us how they are used but not the very basic step of what happens to the other variables, an explanation of which would let people take the step between the two more easily. Robin Murison (talk) 10:58, 20 April 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Partial differential equation


text:
Craig Scott

Craig Scott may refer to:

 * Craig Scott (golfer) (born 1983), Australian golfer
 * Craig Scott (singer), 1970s New Zealand pop singer
 * Craig Scott (politician) (born 1962), Canadian politician

title: Craig Scott


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Inlet

An inlet is a (usually long and narrow) indentation of a shoreline, such as a small arm, cove, bay, sound, fjord, lagoon or marsh, that leads to an enclosed larger body of water such as a lake, estuary, gulf or marginal sea.

Overview
In marine geography, the term "inlet" usually refers to either the actual channel between an enclosed bay and the open ocean and is often called an "entrance", or a significant recession in the shore of a sea, lake or large river. A certain kind of inlet created by past glaciation is a fjord, typically but not always in mountainous coastlines and also in montane lakes.

Multi-arm complexes of large inlets or fjords may be called sounds, e.g., Puget Sound, Howe Sound, Karmsund (sund is Scandinavian for "sound"). Some fjord-type inlets are called canals, e.g., Portland Canal, Lynn Canal, Hood Canal, and some are channels, e.g., Dean Channel and Douglas Channel.

Tidal amplitude, wave intensity, and wave direction are all factors that influence sediment flux in inlets.

On low slope sandy coastlines, inlets often separate barrier islands and can form as the result of storm events. Alongshore sediment transport can cause inlets to close if the action of tidal currents flowing through an inlet do not flush accumulated sediment out of the inlet.

title: Inlet


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Recipe for Hate

Recipe for Hate is the seventh studio album by American punk rock band Bad Religion, released on June 4, 1993. It was their last album on Epitaph Records for nine years (until 2002's The Process of Belief) and the band had switched to Atlantic Records, who re-released the album several months after its release.

While the album was reissued on a major label, Recipe for Hate initially received mixed reviews from music critics. It was also the first Bad Religion album to chart in the U.S., debuting at #14 on Billboard's Heatseekers chart, with "American Jesus" and "Struck a Nerve" in particular becoming major rock radio hits. The album also contains significant songs like, "Recipe for Hate" and "Skyscraper", which are both fan favorites and are staples of their live show today; the former is a song that Bad Religion often opens their set with.

Production
Like Bad Religion's albums up to Generator, Recipe for Hate was recorded at Westbeach Recorders in Hollywood, California, in 1993. This was the last time they would record an album there, until 2002's The Process of Belief.

During the recording of the album, Johnette Napolitano (of Concrete Blonde) and Eddie Vedder (of Pearl Jam) were invited to the studio to provide backing vocals on some of the songs. Napolitano's backing vocals can be heard on "Struck a Nerve", where she provides backing vocals on the bridge and the final chorus. Vedder also provided backing vocals on "American Jesus" and sings the second verse of "Watch It Die".

Final overdubs and mixing were done at Brooklyn Recording Studios in Los Angeles, CA. The car used in "Stealth" was Brett Gurewitz's car, and recorded just outside the studio in the parking lot. One or two songs were remixed at a different studio after the Brooklyn Recording sessions.

Musical style
The album finds Bad Religion continuing the experimentation of its predecessor, Generator, introducing elements of country and folk on songs like "Man with a Mission", and "Struck a Nerve", the latter of which includes a guest vocal by Johnette Napolitano (of Concrete Blonde). "Man with a Mission" featured a slide guitar part over a standard punk guitar "gallop". Drummer Bobby Schayer referred to it as Bad Religion's iteration of Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (1967) by the Beatles. Author Dave Thompson, in his book Alternative Rock (2000), wrote that the album "continu[es] to intellectually question America's blind view of itself and the rest of the world."

Album cover
The album cover features an image of two dog-faced humans. It is an original photo collage – using the bodies of 1930s Southern racists mocking the press after their acquittal by an all-white jury for murder, and 1944 Nazi Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp guard dog heads. The artwork was designed by Fred Hidalgo (known for drawing the cover for the Offspring's highly acclaimed 1994 album Smash, which was also released on Epitaph). Recipe for Hate was the first Bad Religion album since 1988's Suffer to display the Friz Quadrata font on the cover; the band would use this font again on their subsequent albums (except for The Process of Belief and The Empire Strikes First).

Release and reception
Recipe for Hate was released on June 4, 1993, and became the last Bad Religion album distributed via Epitaph Records before their return to the label in 2001. Although Recipe for Hate did not chart on the Billboard 200, it peaked at number 14 on Billboard's Heatseekers chart. The singles "American Jesus" and "Struck a Nerve" also did not chart, but earned airplay on MTV. Viewed as their breakthrough album, it would sell close to 200,000 copies. They subsequently signed to major label Atlantic Records, who reissued the album on 6 September 1993. The band was taking up resources at Epitaph Records, much to the disadvantage of the other acts on the label. Thompson wrote that "it is no coincidence that no sooner was the label free to deal with acts other than Bad Religion that both the Offspring and Rancid commenced their own dizzying ascents."

Recipe for Hate received generally mixed to positive reviews from most music critics. Allmusic reviewer Jack Rabid gave the album a rating of three-and-a-half stars out of five and states: "It's easy to take them for granted, to view Recipe as just another red-hot LP (ho hum) by the last and best band to survive the '80s L.A. punk explosion. And on first listen, it's tarnished by their previous mild malaise: everything sounds alike, and some exit the boat here too quickly. But then the beautiful sonic smack starts to sink in, and the luxurious melodies introduce erudite parables." Thompson thought that the band "wrap themselves in some of their strongest songs ever", adding that it was an "obvious next step on from Generator, a little bit cleaner, a tiny taste brighter, and a major league breakthrough which deserved every plaudit."

Unlike Bad Religion's previous albums (except Into the Unknown), Recipe for Hate has never been remastered, or reissued on CD or cassette since Atlantic re-released the album in 1993. It has, however, been reissued on vinyl twice (in 2009 and 2015), and was included in the 2010 vinyl box set 30 Years of Bad Religion, containing reissues of all the band's albums up to The Dissent of Man.

Track listing

 * "Skyscraper" is misspelled as "Sky Skraper" on the CD, but spelled correctly on the back cover and in the booklet.

Personnel
Adapted from the album liner notes, except where noted.

 * Bad Religion
 * Greg Graffin – vocals
 * Brett Gurewitz – guitar, backing vocals
 * Greg Hetson – guitar
 * Jay Bentley – bass guitar, backing vocals
 * Bobby Schayer – drums
 * Additional musicians
 * Eddie Vedder – guest vocals on "American Jesus" and "Watch It Die"
 * Johnette Napolitano – guest vocals on "Struck a Nerve"
 * John Wahl – guitar on "Kerosene"
 * Chris Bagarozzi – guitar on "Kerosene"
 * Greg Leisz - slide guitar on "Man with a Mission"
 * Joe Peccerillo - lead guitar on "All Good Soldiers"
 * Technical
 * Bad Religion - production
 * Paul du Gré - engineering, mixing
 * Donnell Cameron - additional engineering
 * Joe Peccerillo - assistant engineering
 * Scott Stillman - assistant engineering
 * Doug Sax – mastering
 * Frederico Carlo mel Hidalgo – art direction, design
 * Alison Dyer - photography

title: Recipe for Hate


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User:RobertTheScott

General Info
Howdy! I currently attend classes at Texas A&M University, where most people who know me will attest to the fact that I am the Fightinest Texas Aggie English Major on campus. I've developed a penchant for randomness.

Interesting Wikipedia Revelations
I recently checked my user information, only to discover that it contained a message from a certain friend who's name I won't mention. So evidently anyone's profile can be edited by anyone else.

title: User:RobertTheScott


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Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore

Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore is a U.S. national lakeshore in the northwestern Lower Peninsula of Michigan. Located within Benzie and Leelanau counties, the park extends along a 35 mi stretch of Lake Michigan's eastern coastline, as well as North and South Manitou islands, preserving a total of 71199 acre. The park is known for its outstanding natural features, including dune formations, forests, beaches, and ancient glacial phenomena. The lakeshore also contains many cultural features, including the 1871 South Manitou Island Lighthouse, three former stations of the Coast Guard (formerly the Life-Saving Service), and an extensive rural historic farm district.

The park is administered by the National Park Service, and was established on October 21, 1970. In 2011, the area won the title of "The Most Beautiful Place in America" from Good Morning America. In 2014, a section of the park was named the Sleeping Bear Dunes Wilderness by the United States Congress.

Geography
The Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore protects 71199 acre of the shoreline of Lake Michigan. Much of this area is located on the Leelanau Peninsula, a large peninsula in the northwest of Michigan's Lower Peninsula. The park is located about 20 mi west of Traverse City, the largest city in Northern Michigan.

The southern end of the park is located within northwestern Benzie County, and includes the shoreline of Platte Bay and the mouth of the Platte River. This area of the park is much flatter than the northern sections, within southwestern Leelanau County. The Leelanau County sections of the park include the dune climb, Empire Bluff, Pyramid Point, and Pierce Stocking Scenic Drive. Much of the park within Leelanau County is located adjacent to Glen Lake, Michigan's 18th largest lake.

Administered by the park are North Manitou Island and South Manitou Island. These islands are accessible by ferry access from Leland.

Within the park run scenic highways M-22 and M-109. The M-22 shield has become such a popular cultural symbol to visitors of the area that a company based out of Traverse City began selling merchandise with the symbol in 2004.

Local communities
The nearest communities to the national lakeshore are Empire and Glen Arbor. Empire is home to the Philip A. Hart Visitor Center, which serves as the park's headquarters.

Municipalities within protected area
The following municipalities contained land administered by the National Park Service:

Benzie County

 * Benzonia Township
 * Lake Township
 * Platte Township

Leelanau County

 * Centerville Township
 * Cleveland Township
 * Empire Township
 * Glen Arbor Township
 * Kasson Township
 * Leland Township

Prehistory
The landscape within the park was formed during the Wisconsin glaciation during the Last Glacial Period, approximately 10,000-14,000 years ago. The dunes themselves are not a true dune, but a perched dune, a thin layer of wind-blown sand perched upon a large deposit of glacial debris. Over time, the dunes have slowly migrated eastward.

Recent history
In 1962, Senator Philip Hart first introduced a bill to create Sleeping Bear Dunes National Park. The park finally was authorized on October 21, 1970. The park's creation was controversial because it involved the transfer of private property to public ownership. The federal government's stance at the time was that the Great Lakes were the "third coast" and had to be preserved much like Cape Hatteras National Seashore or Point Reyes National Seashore. The residents living in what is now Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore believed themselves stewards of the land and did not want it to be overrun by tourists. The government eventually won out, in part by supporting the local schools to offset the lost property tax revenue and by including North Manitou Island in the national lakeshore area.

In 2014, 32500 acre of the park were formally designated as the Sleeping Bear Dunes Wilderness by the Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore Conservation and Recreation Act. This was the first wilderness protection bill to be passed by the United States Congress in five years.

In 2022, a man from Frankfort illegally diverted the mouth of the Platte River, allowing the river to meet Lake Michigan at a more direct angle. Charges were filed against the man in 2023.

Etymology
The park is named after an Ojibwe legend of the sleeping bear. According to the legend, an enormous forest fire on the western shore of Lake Michigan drove a mother bear and her two cubs into the lake for shelter, determined to reach the opposite shore. After many miles of swimming, the two cubs lagged. When the mother bear reached the shore, she waited on the top of a high bluff. The exhausted cubs drowned in the lake, but the mother bear stayed and waited, hoping that her cubs would finally appear. Impressed by the mother bear's determination and faith, the Great Spirit created two islands (North and South Manitou islands) to commemorate the cubs, and the winds buried the sleeping bear under the sands of the dunes where she waits to this day. The "bear" was a small tree-covered knoll at the top edge of the bluff that appeared like a sleeping bear from the water. Wind and erosion have caused the "bear" to be greatly reduced in size over the years.

Dune climb
The main dune climb is located across from Glen Lake. Visitors who travel by car will be required to buy a day pass or annual pass from the National Park Service. The dune climb is also accessible by foot or by bike. Water stations are located along the base of the main dune, along with a restroom and gift shop. Hikers can hike all the way to Lake Michigan.

Camping
Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore is one of Michigan's most popular destinations for camping vacations, possibly the most popular. This popularity may be due to the fact it was named the "Most Beautiful Place in America" by Good Morning America in 2011. There are a few campgrounds in the national lakeshore and they are grouped into D.H. Day Campground, Platte River Campground, a few camping areas on the Manitou Islands within, and some other sites for backcountry or group camping. These include:

 * D.H. Day Campground – located between Glen Arbor and Glen Haven, D.H. Day Campground offers a moderate level of privacy and a beach on Lake Michigan. Campsites are rustic, wooded, and more far apart than campsites at most campgrounds. Nearby points of interest include Empire Bluffs, the "dune climb", and North Bar Lake. Campsites 1–31 allow the use of a generator, the remaining sites forbid generator use.
 * Platte River Campground – located in Benzie County and offers a variety of campsites. Some campsites are modern (with electrical hookups), some are "hike-in," and others are more rustic. Nearby points of interest include Platte River Point, the Platte River, and Big Platte Lake. The north section of Sleeping Bear Dunes National Park is a short drive from Platte River Campground. Kayaking is a popular activity at the campground, especially the kayak trail leading from the campground to Platte River Point

Additionally, a number of campgrounds exist on the Manitou Islands. These include three main campgrounds on South Manitou Island, including the Weather Station Campground located on the south side of the island, the Bay Campground on the west shore of the island and the Popple Campground on the north shore. Furthermore, in addition to federal campgrounds within the national lakeshore itself, there are many other camping areas nearby, which cater to the large number of tourists visiting Sleeping Bear Dunes each year. There are at least 20 distinct camping areas in the region immediately surrounding Sleeping Bear Dunes.

Hiking
Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore offers a number of hiking trails. These include but are not limited to the Alligator Hill Trail, Empire Bluff Trail, Kettles Trail, Pyramid Point Trail, and Treat Farm Trail.

Glen Haven Village
Glen Haven existed as a company town from 1865 to 1931. Originally a dock for Glen Arbor (1855-date), the site soon became a fuel supply point for ships traveling up and down the lake. Here, Charles McCarty decided to open his own business and built a dock to supply the ships with wood. In 1863, McCarty built the Sleeping Bear House. It was expanded a few years later to accommodate travelers. In 1928, it was remodeled into the inn for summer vacationers. The General Store was established to supply the workers. Like most company towns, the workers were paid in company coupons, redeemable only at the company store. The Blacksmith Shop is where tools were repaired. In 1878, David Henry Day arrived in the community. By this time, coal from the Appalachian coal fields was replacing wood on the steamships, and Day was looking for another future in this small community.

Port Oneida Historic Farm District
In 1860, Port Oneida had a population of 87 people. Thomas Kelderhouse had built a dock to sell wood to the passing steamships. He was also able to sell fresh produce and maple sugar in season. A local story says that the name comes from the first ship to stop, the SS Oneida of New York state. The area covers 3000 acre and includes 16 historic farms. The farming community was gradually abandoned due to hard farming conditions and declining timber sales.

Pierce Stocking Scenic Drive
Pierce Stocking Scenic Drive is a scenic road within the park, known for its "scenic vistas and gentle curves". Located off of M-109 between Empire and Glen Haven, the road runs 7.4 mi, providing access to scenic views of Lake Michigan, Glen Lake, and surrounding parkland.

Kayaking
Kayaking is a popular activity in the park's rivers and lakes, especially in the Crystal River and Platte River.

Endangered species
The piping plover, a federally registered endangered species, nests at Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore.

title: Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore


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Buck Rogers in the 25th Century

Buck Rogers in the 25th Century may refer to various science fiction works featuring the character Buck Rogers, including:

 * Buck Rogers in the 25th Century (radio series) (1932-1947)
 * Buck Rogers in the 25th Century (film) (1979)
 * Buck Rogers in the 25th Century (TV series) (1979–1981)
 * Buck Rogers in the 25th Century (comic strip) (originally Buck Rogers in the 25th Century A.D.), a 1979–1983 revival of the original Buck Rogers comic strip

title: Buck Rogers in the 25th Century


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Transpacific Route Case

The Transpacific Route Case was a major administrative law case argued before the Civil Aeronautics Board for much of the 1960s. Before the case, the only U.S. airlines permitted to fly transpacific routes were Pan Am and Northwest Orient. Continental Airlines also flew transpacific routes on military contract, but was not allowed to carry civilians.

President Dwight Eisenhower opened the case in 1959 in order to investigate opening the market up to further competition, but he closed the case shortly before leaving office. John F. Kennedy reopened the case in 1961.

The CAB concluded the case in 1969, retaining Northwest and Pan Am's routes to Asia and making the following additional route awards:

 * American Airlines - Australia, Fiji, Hawaii, New Zealand, Samoa
 * Continental Airlines - Guam, Hawaii, Saipan
 * Northwest Airlines - Hawaii to Asia flights
 * Trans World Airlines - Hawaii, Japan, Taiwan
 * Western Airlines - Hawaii

The award was a great victory for TWA, which had already established service from the U.S. to Europe, connecting onward as far east as Hong Kong. The case gave TWA a "round the world route" and allowed it to serve South and Southeast Asia in both westbound and eastbound directions. Initially, Continental Airlines was awarded routes to Australia and New Zealand with stops. However, President Nixon, upon taking office set aside the international route awards. The rights previously given to Continental Airlines were later given to American Airlines.

One loser in the case was American, which had petitioned long and hard for rights to serve Japan: it did not want the South Pacific routes, and it ended up trading those routes to Pan Am. United Airlines was the biggest loser of all: it received no transpacific routes, besides some Hawaiian routes that were added in the early 1960s.

title: Transpacific Route Case


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Llanero

A llanero (, 'plainsman') is a South American herder. The name is taken from the Llanos grasslands occupying eastern Colombia and western-central Venezuela.

During the Spanish American wars of independence, llanero lancers and cavalry served in both armies and provided the bulk of the cavalry during the war. They were known for being skilled riders who were in charge of all the tasks related to livestock and other ranch-related activities. The historical figure emerged in the 17th century until its disappearance at the end of the 19th century, with the Andean hegemony and the birth of the Venezuelan oil industry.

Its ethnic origin dates back to the union of the Arawaks, Andalusians, Canarians and to a lesser extent the slaves brought by The Crown during the Spanish colonization of the Americas. The way of working and being comes from the current Apure and Barinas states of the Venezuelans who adapted and modified Andalusian customs, and then exported them to the New Kingdom of Granada. Thanks to their mannerisms, ethnic origin, dialect, culture, and role in the Spanish American Wars of Independence, Venezuelan civil wars and in Montoneras it has been romanticized and idealized and become the Venezuelan national hero and mythos.

First settlements
In the 16th century, the first herd was introduced about twenty-five leagues from the city of Calabozo by Cristóbal Rodríguez along with eleven families from El Tocuyo. He founded the town that he called San Luis de la Unión. From there the plains began to populate thanks to the mares and foals brought from the New Kingdom of Granada and the different Andalusian families from Seville, Almería, Granada, Cádiz, Jaén and Córdoba.

By the middle of the 17th century there were some 137,800 cattle in the most important hatos. The natives of the region, that is to say, the Achaguas, the Yaguales, the Arichunas and Caquetíos (Arawak family) were already almost destroyed by a war that lasted eighty years before the conquest, so that evangelization and its eventual miscegenation was given without much trouble. The indigenous component in the region was quite predominant, but today, it does not represent a third. For the 16th century the Spanish Crown prohibited amerindians, blacks or creole whites from riding an equine since it was only a privilege for the peninsular, however, the economy expanded to such an extent that they had to promote legal reforms so that the excluded classes may have this privilege in the short term.

Between 1640 and 1790 the black maroons lived in cumbes, a society of maroons. These ended up mixing with the llaneros over the years.

In the 18th century, the Cabildo de Santiago de León de Caracas issued the first law regulating the abuse of large hatcheries on the plain. From this date, the cuatreros who stole the cattle of the plains emerged, characterized by being armed robberies.

At the end of the 18th century, the region exported 30,000 mules a year to the Antilles and sacrificed meat for the 1.5 million slaves there and in Cuba. There were 1.2 million head of cattle in the area before 1815. Between 1916 - 1917 Bolívar Coronado indicates that "Los jinetes andaluces introdujeron en tierras llaneras las costumbres, los sistemas de organizar vacadas, someterlas, domarlas; pero ya por las necesidades de la propia naturaleza tropical, enteramente distinta a las de Europa, ya por viveza de temperamento y malicia de ingenio, el llanero abandonó los sistemas de sus progenitores" y lucha hoy con toda clase de animales bravíos, poniendo en actividad sus no comunes habilidades, haciendo arte propio con su astucia y su prodigiosa destreza. La misma lucha perenne y expiatoria con los elementos ásperos y rebeldes de las llanuras le ha ido inspirando los medios eficaces, y con ellos ha logrado imponerse victoriosamente; hace del potro cerril su esclavo y poderoso auxiliar vadeando ríos, cazando reses bravas, guerreando contra sus propios compañeros: convierte fieras e impetuosas novillas en mansas y perezosas lecheras; burla la ferocidad del caimán ruidosamente en las revueltas ondas de los ríos; y a la hora del sosiego y de la calma, cuando la brisa agita el precioso abanico de las palmeras, el llanero se columpia como un sultán oriental en la suave red de su chinchorro de finas cuerdas de moriche"

- Bolívar Coronado

The llanero

In the beginning, these riders lived in a semi-nomadic way, being hired by different herds to carry out their tasks; in these journeys there was always a cook, a doctor, and a physician apart from the team of cabresteros and baquianos. They practiced fishing, hunting, bartering, and trading with each other. Due to the hostile flora and fauna of the plain, these adapted to combat it, so it was frequent the taming of alligators, bulls and pimps with their different utensils such as rope and knife. Tall in stature, lean bodies and strong muscles, adapted to the tropical climate. According to Ramón Páez, the llanero had several physical characteristics that resembled the Arabic one. Bolívar Coronado said "La amada, o la querida, o la esposa, el caballo y la guitarra: he aquí los dioses del llanero"

- Bolívar Coronado Always on horseback, sober, haughty and extremely manly. Black coffee drinker and chimó chewer, a kind of tobacco. The llanero did both the male and female tasks. The great terrain of the plain forced them to be versatile when working so we have not only the cabresteros, but the cheese makers, saddlers, bongueros and vegueros, each of them doing tasks that would be considered feminine for the time."Sobre la paja, la palma; sobre la palma, los cielos; sobre mi caballo, yo, y sobre mi, mi sombrero"

- A llanero poem His way of riding a horse is different from that of his American companions. Ramón Páez in his book Wild Scenes in South America; or Life in the Venezuelan Llanos makes two observations about the way of riding of these riders "Just like among the Arabs, riders never put their foot fully into the stirrups, and only hold on with their big toes to quickly get rid of them in the event of a fall. This continued habit of riding, arches the legs and feet in a characteristic way, and accredits them fame of good horsemen"

- Ramón Páez "Very few people in the world are better riders than the Llaneros of Venezuela, excepting perhaps the Gauchos of Buenos Aires, equally skilled than these in their dexterity where they show beautiful feats in horsemanship, due to their work in the field of which they are accustomed since childhood. Their horses, moreover, are so well adapted to the different tasks of their profession that beast and man seem to be the same being."

- Ramón Páez

Participation in the wars of independence
At the beginning of the independence process, the plains were an indispensable region due to its rich livestock and agricultural resources, and for having above all many strong, fast, disciplined riders, accustomed to a harsh environment.

The plains (as the Andes), due to its difficulty of transportation, were an abandoned area compared to the others in the Captaincy General of Venezuela, this caused its inhabitants to develop their own way of life apart from the rest of the population, with their own codes, but it was also a canton with many qualities that would be used by the different Caudillos on duty to raise montoneras.

The lion of the Llanos, José Tomás Boves, taking advantage of the precarious situation of the peons of the field of the plain, made a large part of the llaneros join the Royalist Army, under the idea of the exploitation of the Mantuanos towards the llaneros. The main causes of the union of the llaneros with Boves was the repression made by the republicans towards them, the capture of black maroons who had escaped in the skirmish of the First Republic, the recruited peons and slaves, among others. All this had as a reaction a complete rejection in this land towards the republic.

Boves, under a pirate flag as the main banner and a montonera made up mainly of lancers, started his participation in the dissolution of the Second Republic. Participating in different campaigns and battles such as the Campaign of the Valleys of Aragua and El Tuy, the Second Battle de la Puerta, the Siege of Valencia and the emigration to the East until achieving the dissolution of the Second Republic and commanding its own militia made up of thousands of llaneros.

The fall of the Second Republic brought with it several consequences for the population. Several of the promises made to the llaneros were not kept. Various charges were removed from different pardos and llaneros that were decorated by Boves and Monteverde. The prohibition of looting, and the fear of losing autonomy in their regions by the royalists led several troops to desert the Royalist Army. In some regions the war was constant for five, ten or even fifteen years and the only authority that could be used for protection during and after the conflict was the Caudillo whose dominion was thus legitimized; that is why after independence a stage of wars between rival chiefs was ready. As the Portuguese Joaquim Pedro de Oliveira Martins (1845-1894) said about the Iberian devotio

Neither Boves nor Morillo managed to achieve the dominance of the llaneros, they were men like General José Antonio Páez, Manuel Cedeño, José Gregorio Monagas, José Antonio Anzoátegui, Francisco de Paula Santander, Ramón Nonato Pérez,Juan Ángel Bravo, Juan Mellado, Manuel Camacaro, Juan Nepomuceno Moreno and the Liberator Simón Bolívar (the Llaneros called him culo de hierro – or "iron buttocks" – for his endurance on horseback). Those who in the end would get the llanero's sympathy for their cause.

Páez, el centauro de los Llanos, the clarified citizen or the Taita was a man of the people, of humble and Canarian origin but above all llanero; Raised as one to become an excellent spearman, cabrestero, baquiano and leader, he made an image in the plain until he became caporal. The precarious situation of the plain and its inhabitants led to his companions persuading him to enter the Ejercito libertador. Due to his character and being someone for and for the people, it was not difficult for him to raise people in arms, reaching not only to command his own montonera, but to an entire country. Becoming not only the first Llanero president of Venezuela, but also one of the few cowboy presidents that history has seen. Contrary to Boves, Páez did not raise the llaneros based on their hatred, but based on their needs, first freeing them from Spanish rule and then the future Bogotá oligarchy. Bolívar Coronado points out that "Sea que estuviesen oprimidos por el coronel Gonzalo de Orozco, que era el encargado general de Rodríguez, sea porque éste apoyaba en todo las trapacerías y atentados contra los intereses y contra el honor de los colindantes, cometidos a diario por Miguel López, es lo cierto que aquella noche estalló el alzamiento. El futuro general, Páez, que, aun siendo ya caporal en el Hato de la Calzada, estaba muy a disgusto con sus superiores, hizo causa, con los sediciosos, y a la hora que se formó el alboroto fue él el primero en levantarse, tomar la lanza y dirigirse al lugar donde la negrada daba gritos y hacía gestos de rebelión"

- Bolívar Coronado

The Braves of Apure or the Páez lancers, an army of llaneros made up of all classes, including the Negro Primero, a black maroon turned llanero of great caliber, were crucial in several battles, such as that of Las Queseras del Medio, in which 153 Paez llaneros lancers under the tactic "Vuelvan Caras" defeated with only 2 deaths 1,200 Spanish riders, giving a quantity of 400 casualties to the royalist side. The llaneros were also of vital importance in the campaigns of Urica, Swamp of Vargas, Boyacá, the batlle of Junín, the battle of Ayacucho and Carabobo, which were decisive for the republican side.

Journey to the old llano
The llanero gets up at 4 in the morning to avoid the sun. He prepares his pot and drinks his cerrero coffee, loads his porsiacaso with his casabe, papelón and other supplies; He takes his saddle, his macundales, says goodbye to his beloved and leaves for the plain, to the herd to make the entrusted trip. Despite being on the immense plain, the llanero is almost never alone; The dairy tasks requires the participation of several hands to tame, treat, or carry the herd or cattle, which makes him someone very sociable and happy.

We can divide the llanero into four types: the Cabrestero, the Baquiano, the Cuatrero and the Musician.

 * Cabrestero: rider who leads the cattle by means of the halters.
 * Baquiano: rider who knows the ways, shortcuts, language, and customs of a region. It acts as a guide to travel through them.
 * Cuatrero: rider thief of herds or cattle.
 * Musician: rider, composer, and singer of the plain. He usually plays either the cuatro, harp, maraca, bandola, or violin.

The large crossings between herds to transport livestock are extremely rigorous and demanding. These cabresteros and baquianos guide thousands or hundreds of cattle through the immense plains because the railroad had not yet been introduced in that region (they still do not have a railroad). Each beef being marked according to the membership herd. Thanks to Bolívar Coronado we have several brands of cattle belonging to various herds of the 18th century, such as those of Evangelina López and Pedro Fraile. The cattle were not in bars, so the only way to differentiate them was with the brand. To mark the ear, the llaneros used the so-called fork, with various shapes. One of them was to slit the ear of the cattle in several ways.

These caravans, which are very reminiscent of the eastern one, were commanded by the cabrestero, among them and of equal importance, was the cook, the doctor, a physicist, and obviously the different cowboys and baquianos. Unlike cattle in North America or Europe, that of the plains was not accustomed to human contact due to not being wired, which made the herding more complicated. If a large river blocks their way, they have to guide the herd and the cattle to pass this current; the bonguero, with his bongo -type of canoe- transported the merchandise and some llaneros. The cowboys and the cabrestero sank into the water and led the cattle and beasts through the stream. Always taking care of the deadly piranhas and alligators that inhabit these waters, thanks to the stampedes, they usually did not approach these transfers, but from time to time an alligator was seen blocking the path, so the llaneros, armed with a knife and his falseta, had to sank underwater to catch the alligator and get it out of the way. If the piranhas reached these waters, the only option was to escape as quickly as possible, due to how fierce and dangerous they are. This river crossing took several hours. At the end of the day, after eating, they took out their hammocks and put them on the available palm trees or trees, where these cowboys could rest quietly. If there were no logs nearby, they used the blanket and hammock for a kind of makeshift bed. If they had the opportunity and the fortune to find a pulpería -kind of hotel and groceries store-, they rested in those facilities thanks to the kindness of their owners. The quality of the pulperías or hato varied a lot, going from some quite gloomy or others quite adapted to the tasks of the field.

Venezuelan creole horse
Due to the great biodiversity of the plain, we have a large number of animals and flora that make this environment quite exotic and unique for dressage. The ranch and cattle are left free and grow in the field, until they reach the right age to be domesticated.

Each horse or padrote has a particular name that distinguishes it from the rest and shows the owner's affection towards it. Here are some: Lancero, Banderita, Guapetón, Corozo, Esmeralda, Cacique, Pluza de Garza, Bayoneta, Lucero, Torito, Bellaco, Caney, among others.

For the llanero, the horse is par excellence a beast. Other animals are not beasts for the llanero. Like cattle, it is only beef. Pigs are herds.

For their dressage, a team of llaneros armed with lassos, they scurry and strongly immobilize the legs of the stallion with their lassos, another llanero arrives and rides on top of the beast, cuts off part of the mane to show that it has been tamed and grabs what remains, the ranger gives the Order and the others remove their lassos, the beast, being accustomed to the freedom of the plain, will try with all its might to take off the tamer, kicking and with several jumps, until in the end, the beast is defeated, and is tamed by the llanero.

The horse is the llanero's best friend, so much so that they even have poems like these "My wife and my horse They died at once; What woman, what demon, My horse is what I feel"

- A llanero poem

The llanero horse is extremely strong and adapted to the tasks of the field. Having the ability to not only pass the pampas but the bravest rivers.

Animals
Alligators, caribs, babas, eels, wild pigs, bulls and jaguars are several of the enemies that these riders will encounter. The alligator was hunted as a game and also for being an obstacle, usually with the falseta it is immobilized, but its skin, being so hard and resistant, it has to be nailed with the knife at specific points such as under the legs. Eels, capable of killing a stallion, are a real danger, the hunting method is to use a horse as a hook, when passing through the river, the horse would be attacked by the eels until it was immobilized. Upon revealing their position, the llaneros would hunt them down, and the other eels flee the field to make way for the riders and cattle, and the horse recovers instantly, with no repercussions from the incident.

Bahareque
Bahareque is the general name given to the construction system of certain types of houses in Colombia and Venezuela. The bahareques have generally been the type of dwelling for the llanero. The roof is casupo, a long leaf that is placed superimposed like tiles and is tied with a meccatillo. Those leaves are dried and toasted by the sun, it is a totally waterproof and cool roof. Its bahareque walls are made by opening a hole in the ground and there is a lot of wet mud put in it, a lot of straw cut into small pieces is added to it and a few men get into the hole to step on the mud until it is well mixed. Previously a frame is made with sticks and verada. For the walls, the mud is thrown until filling the spaces of the frame. The bahareque is very cool, it is ideal for the climate of the plain. Its patterns always follow rectangular shapes; It is also used for internal furniture, made entirely from the materials available on site. The external branches attached to the bahareque are called caney.

Llanero culture
Cattle form an important part of Llanero culture. There are 12 million cattle on the llano. During the year, the Llaneros have to drive cattle great distances. During the winter wet season, the Llaneros have to drive the cattle to higher ground as the poor drainage of the plains means that the annual floods are extensive. Conversely, they have to drive the cattle towards wet areas during the dry summer.

The Llaneros show their skills in coleo competitions, similar to rodeos, where they compete to drag cattle to the ground.

Llanero music is distinctive for its use of the harp, the maracas and a small guitar called a cuatro. The joropo, a Llanero dance, has become the national dance of Venezuela, and of the Llanos of Colombia. While Llanero music is relatively unknown outside of Colombia and Venezuela, the musical groups Los Llaneros and Cimarrón have toured throughout the world.

Llanero cuisine is based on meat, fish, chicken, chiguire meat (also known as capybara), rice, arepas, and other starches, although wheat is not used. Llanero Ken, a doll dressed in the distinctive Llanero costume liqui liqui, including a customary starched hat, has become a popular doll in Venezuela.

North American usage
The Spanish also used the term to describe the nomadic tribes of the Llano Estacado of Texas and New Mexico and was applied to the Apache in particular.

In Spanish, The Lone Ranger is known as El Llanero Solitario.

Further reference

 * About.com article on the Llaneros.
 * Llanera music.
 * Donald Mabry article on Military Aspects of Venezuelan independence.
 * Last Frontiers article on the Llanos.
 * Handbook of Texas Online.

title: Llanero


text:
Crayon Shin-chan

Crayon Shin-chan (クレヨンしんちゃん) is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Yoshito Usui. Crayon Shin-chan made its first appearance in 1990 in a Japanese weekly magazine called Weekly Manga Action, which was published by Futabasha. Due to the death of author Yoshito Usui, the manga in its original form ended on September 11, 2009. A new manga began in the summer of 2010 by members of Usui's team, titled New Crayon Shin-chan (新クレヨンしんちゃん).

An animated television adaptation began airing on TV Asahi in 1992 and is still ongoing on several television networks worldwide and has over 1000 episodes. The show has been dubbed in 30 languages which aired in 45 countries. As of 2023, both the Crayon Shin-Chan and New Crayon Shin-Chan series has over 148 million copies in circulation, making it among the best-selling manga series in history.

Synopsis

Set in the city of Kasukabe of Saitama Prefecture within the Greater Tokyo Area of Japan, the series follows the adventures of the five-year-old Shinnosuke "Shin" Nohara and his parents, baby sister, dog, neighbours, and best friends. Most of the plot is about Shin-chan's daily life, but it is also often interspersed with a lot of fantastic and incredible elements.

Many of the jokes in the series stem from Shin-chan's occasionally weird, unnatural and inappropriate use of language, as well as from his mischievous behaviour. Consequently, non-Japanese readers and some viewers may find it difficult to understand his jokes. Some gags may require an understanding of Japanese culture and/or language to be fully appreciated; for example, his "Mr. Elephant" impression, while being transparently obvious as a physical gag, also has a deeper resonance with contemporary Japanese culture since it refers to the popular Japanese children's song "Zou-san" (ぞうさん). But after modest translation, it is popular in the rest of Asia due to cultural compatibility. It also contains many sarcastic jokes and stereotype humor.

The series is mainly in comedy style with a lot of sexual innuendo. However, due to its popularity, it's also stylistically as family-friendly as possible, although it may not apply to anywhere. Most of episodes are about the importance of family and friends. On rare occasions, it also has some darker episodes like Miss Matsuzaka's boyfriend passing away in the manga, though it was not adapted into an anime episode. It also includes several horror adaption for example "The Line of no End", "The Horrible Elevator", "The Kindergarten Stairs", etc.

Abnormal for his age, Shin-chan regularly becomes besotted with pretty female characters who are much older than him, and an additional source of humor is derived from his childlike attempts at wooing these characters, such as by asking them (inappropriately, on several levels) "Do you like green peppers?" (ピーマン好き?) (because he hates green peppers so much). He continually displays a lack of tact when talking to adults, asking questions such as "How many times did you go to the police?" to tough-looking men or "How old are you?" to elderly people. He is often shown with bare buttocks to emphasize the nonsensical jokes.

Manga
Crayon Shin-chan, written and illustrated by Yoshito Usui, debuted in Futabasha's seinen manga magazine Weekly Manga Action in 1990. It started as a spin-off of the character Shinnosuke Nikaido (二階堂信之介) of another series by Yoshito Usui, Darakuya Store Monogatari (だらくやストア物語). The chapters were collected into 50 tankōbon volumes, which were published under Futabasha's Action Comics imprint, from April 11, 1992, to July 10, 2010.

Yoshito Usui died on September 11, 2009, after a fall at Mount Arafune. After Usui died, Futabasha originally planned to end Crayon Shin-chan in November 2009. Upon discovering new manuscripts, Futabasha decided to extend the comic's run until the March 2010 issue of the magazine, which shipped on February 5, 2010. Although the series formally ended on February 5, 2010, it was announced on December 1, 2009, that a new manga would begin in the summer of 2010 by members of Usui's team, titled New Crayon Shin-chan (新クレヨンしんちゃん).

A series of four bilingual Japanese-English manga were released in 1996 in Japan as Shin-chan: The Little Horror! (クレヨンしんちゃんの楽しいゾ英会話).

ComicsOne translated ten volumes of Crayon Shin-chan into English and released it in the United States of America. Occasional pop culture references familiar to Americans, such as Pokémon and Britney Spears, were added to increase the appeal to American audiences. The manga is mirrored from its original to read from left to right. Starting with the sixth volume, many of the names were changed to the ones used in the Vitello and Phuuz English version of the anime, even though the dub never aired in North America. This translation is rated Teen.

Since then, American publisher DrMaster took over the licenses of several manga series, including Crayon Shin-chan, from ComicsOne. No new volumes of Crayon Shin-chan were released under the DrMaster imprint.

On July 28, 2007, DC Comics' manga division CMX announced the acquisition of the Crayon Shin-chan manga. The CMX version is rated Mature instead of Teen from ComicsOne, because of nudity, sexual humor, dirty and bad language. The first volume was released on February 27, 2008, with uncensored art, and the style of jokes that frequent the Adult Swim dub with some throw backs to the original version, such as his original greeting. However, volume 10 omitted a gag which was in the ComicsOne version.

On April 11, 2012, One Peace Books announced their release of the manga, which is a reprint of the CMX version, in an omnibus format. Three omnibus volumes were released simultaneously on October 15, 2012. Volume 4 was released on November 13, 2013, and included the Japanese volume 12, marking the first time that particular volume has an English translation.

The Crayon Shin-chan manga spin-off, Action Mask, is currently available as read-only/print-only subscription from Crunchyroll and Futabasha. The main Shin-chan manga is also available from Crunchyroll using the CMX version, concurrently up to volume 10.

Television series
An anime adaptation of Crayon Shin-chan, produced by Shin-Ei Animation, has aired in Japan on TV Asahi since April 13, 1992. The series was originally directed by Mitsuru Hongo from 1992 to 1996, and was replaced by Keiichi Hara from 1996 to 2004. Since 2004, the series is directed by Yuji Muto. The music in the series is composed by Toshiyuki Arakawa. The series was originally going to end in 1994 and have its time-slot replaced by a remake of Umeboshi Denka. However, because the series was a huge hit on TV Asahi, the network decided not to replace it.

An English subtitled version of Crayon Shin-chan ran on KIKU in Hawaii from December 18, 1993, until December 2001 when Vitello Productions acquired the rights. The episodes were translated by Karlton Tomomitsu.

Spin-offs
A spin-off series called Crayon Shin-chan Gaiden consisting of four seasons is exclusively streaming on Amazon Prime Video worldwide with English, German, Spanish, French, Italian and Portuguese subtitles. An anime spin-off series titled Super Shiro was announced on February 3, 2019. The spin-off focuses on Shin-chan's dog Shiro. The series was directed by Masaaki Yuasa and animated at Science SARU. Kimiko Ueno handled series composition, while Tomohisa Shimoyama served as chief director. TV Asahi, Shin-Ei Animation, ADK EM, and Futabasha produced the anime. The series ran for 48 episodes, with each episode being five minutes long. The series premiered on October 14, 2019, on AbemaTV. An English dub premiered on Cartoon Network in Australia and Southeast Asia.

Crossovers
A special crossover series titled  Kamen Rider Fourze x Crayon Shin-chan  was aired in April 2012 featuring Shin-chan and Kamen Rider Fourze to promote Crayon Shin-chan: Fierceness That Invites Storm! Me and the Space Princess. On 2016 an animated crossover episode with Godzilla was broadcast in Japan. The Sanrio character Hello Kitty appeared in the first Reiwa-era episode of Crayon Shin-chan.

On 23 November 2018, Arashi member Masaki Aiba appeared as his character Tatsuya Kōenji, from drama Boku to Shippo to Kagurazaka, in a short at the end of episode 983, called Ora to Shippo to Kagurazaka dazo, where he examines Shinnosuke's dog at the veterinary clinic.

International releases
The series was first dubbed into English by Vitello Productions in Burbank, California through 2001–2002, when TV Asahi and Lacey Entertainment decided to market the series worldwide. During the early 2000s, it ran on Fox Kids (and later Jetix) in the United Kingdom, on Fox Kids in Australia, on Channel i in Singapore and on RTÉ Two in the Republic of Ireland. Subtitled versions also aired on Stöd 2 in Iceland and on Arutz HaYeladim in Israel. RTÉ Two has not shown the series since 2005, and on Jetix UK, the series was eventually relegated to shorts in-between programs, as a slot-filler. The dub is of American origin, with veteran voice actors such as Kath Soucie, Russi Taylor, Grey DeLisle, Pat Fraley, Eric Loomis and Anndi McAfee playing the characters. Soucie voiced Shin and Misae.

In 2003, Phuuz entertainment inc. was commissioned by Lacey Entertainment to continue in similar style as the Vitello dub. But their episodes featured a new cast of voice artists (among others Diane Michelle, Julie Maddalena, Peter Doyle).

52 episodes have been produced of the Vitello dub and 52 episodes of the Phuuz dub. Vitello and Phuuz episodes lasted on an average 21 minutes and contained three segments of 5 to 7 minutes. Some of the dubs of the series used the Vitello dub as the source for the dubbing. Some dubs also dubbed the Phuuz dub afterwards.

Funimation acquired the Shin-chan North America license in 2006. As per all international licenses for the series, TV Asahi remained a licensing partner for North America.

Funimation's version features a Texas-based cast of voice actors. Funimation's dub takes many liberties with the source material and was heavily Americanized. Similar to the Vitello dub, episodes of the series were dubbed out of their original order, and segments were reordered. Additionally, many characters had their names changed to American-sounding ones. Many sexual references, dark humor, and references to current popular American culture were added. For example, in one scene, Ai and Penny argue over which one of them is Jessica Simpson (whose first album was not released until 1999) and which one is Ashlee Simpson (whose first album was not released until 2004), which is very different from the original Japanese script that dealt with many social issues within Japan at the time. At least two episodes reference Rudy Giuliani and his unsuccessful bid for president.

New, previously non-existent backstories were created, as well as significantly different personalities for the characters. For instance, the unseen father of Nene (known in the dub as "Penny") was suggested to be physically abusive toward both his wife and daughter, and this was used as a source of black humor. Principal Enchou was rewritten as a half-Peruvian, half-Romani man with a complicated prior life that includes a stint as a magician, in which he accidentally injured scores of audience members. Ageo-sensei (known in the dub as "Miss Polly"), Shinnosuke's teacher, was rewritten as a kinky nymphomaniac, while Shin's schoolmate, Kazama, (known in the dub as "Georgie") was portrayed as a hawkish young Republican.

The first 52 episodes of the dub aired on Adult Swim. All three seasons, 26 episodes per season, have also been released on DVD. Season 3, released in 2011, culminated in the official finale, effectively ending the Funimation series.

A fourth English dub of Crayon Shin-chan has been produced in Hong Kong by Red Angel Media in 2015 and was commissioned by LUK Internacional, the company that produces the Spanish, Portuguese, the second Italian and the second French dubs of Crayon Shin-chan and commissioned the Doraemon dub that aired on Boomerang UK. The dub was translated from LUK Internacional's Spanish dub, which is close to the Japanese original and has no censorship. The first three volumes of the dub were released in the European and South African Nintendo 3DS eShop on December 22, 2016, and the fourth and fifth volumes were released on December 29, 2016. The dub is separated into five volumes, with the first volume being free while the other four cost €1.99/£1.79. The first volume contains two episodes while the other four contain 6 episodes each which makes 26 episodes in total.

In India, Hindi dubs of the anime started airing on Hungama TV on June 19, 2006. Later, it also began airing in Tamil and Telugu dubs. In 2024, Sony YAY! also started airing the Hindi dub. As of June 2024, 16 films have been dubbed in Hindi, Tamil and Telugu and aired on Hungama TV and Sony YAY!.

In the Philippines, IBC 13 aired a Filipino dub of the anime in the early 2000s with Shinnosuke being voiced by Filipino rapper Andrew E.

Openings
Lyricist: Yoshito Usui / Composer: Tetsurō Oda / Arranger: Masao Akashi / Singers: TUNE'S Episode Range: 1–21 (SPECIAL 1 ending theme) Lyricist: Daiko Nagato / Composer: Tetsurō Oda / Arranger: Takeshi Hayama / Singers: B.B.Queens Episode Range: 22–57 Lyricist: Reo Rinozuka / Composer: Yasuo Kosugi / Arranger: Michiaki Kato / Singer: Shinnosuke Nohara (Akiko Yajima) and Misae Nohara (Miki Narahashi) Episode Range: SPECIAL 3–161 (First used as the opening theme for SPECIAL 2, and was used as the ending theme for episode 776) Lyricist: Poem-dan / Composer/Arranger: Takashi Kimura / Singer: Shinnosuke Nohara (Akiko Yajima) Episode Range: 162–SPECIAL 13 (Also used as the opening theme for Crayon Shin-chan: Great Adventure in Henderland) Lyricist: C's / Composer/Arranger: Satoru Sugawara / Singer: Puppy Episode Range: 203–SPECIAL 20 Lyricist/Arranger/Composer: motsu / Singers: Shinnosuke Nohara (Akiko Yajima) and Action Mask (Tesshō Genda) Episode Range: 270–352 Lyricist/Composer: LADY Q / Arranger: Toshiya Mori / Singers: LADY Q and Shinnosuke Nohara (Akiko Yajima) and Misae Nohara (Miki Narahashi) Episode Range: 353–458 Lyricist: Chihiro Kurosu / Composer: Kaori Hosoi / Arranger: Nobuyuki Shimizu / Singer: Tomomi Kahala Episode Range: 459–SPECIAL 43 Lyricist: Yuji Muto / Composer/Arranger: Yasunari Nakamura / Singer: Shinnosuke Nohara (Akiko Yajima) Episode Range: 509–594, 604–681 Lyricist: Yuji Muto / Composer: Yasunari Nakamura / Arranger: Takafumi Iwasaki / Singer: Shinnosuke Nohara (Akiko Yajima) and Crayon Friends from AKB48 Episode Range: 595–603 Singer: Becky♪♯ Episode Range: 682–708 Singer: Kumi Koda Episode Range: 709–724 Singer: Kanjani Eight Episode Range: 725–747 Singer: Watarirouka Hashiritai 7 Episode Range: 748–SPECIAL 64 Singer: Kyary Pamyu Pamyu Episode Range: 784–937, 943– Singer: Shinnosuke Nohara (Akiko Yajima) and Misae Nohara (Miki Narahashi) Episode Range: 938-942 Singer: Yuzu Episode Range: 970-1050 Singer: Ketsumeishi Episode Range: 1051-now
 * 1) "Dōbutsuen wa Taihen da" (動物園は大変だ)
 * 1) "Yume no END wa Itsumo Mezamashi!" (夢のENDはいつも目覚まし!)
 * 1) "Ora wa Ninki Mono" (オラはにんきもの)
 * 1) "Pakappo de GO!" (パカッポでGO!)
 * 1) "Nenjū Muchū 'I want you'" (年中夢中"I want you")
 * 1) "Tobe Tobe Oneisan" (とべとべ おねいさん)
 * 1) "Dame Dame no Uta" (ダメダメのうた)
 * 1) "PLEASURE"
 * 1) "Yuruyuru de DE-O!" (ユルユルで DE-O!)
 * 1) "Yuruyuru de DE-O! Crayon Friends 2007 Version" (ユルユルで DE-O! 2007クレヨンフレンズVersion)
 * 1) "Hapi Hapi" (ハピハピ)
 * 1) "HEY BABY"
 * 1) "T.W.L."
 * 1) Kibou Sanmyaku (希望山脈)
 * 1) Kimi ni 100 Percent
 * 1) "Ora wa Ninki Mono - 25th MIX -" (オラはにんきもの - 25th MIX -)
 * 1) "Masukatto" (マスカット)
 * 1) "Supasuta" (スーパースター)

Endings
Lyricist/Composer: Toshiyuki Arakawa / Arrangers/Singers: Daiji MAN Brothers Band Episode Range: 1–21 Lyricist/Composer/Singer: Hiromi Yonemura / Arranger: Itaru Watanabe Episode Range: 22–57 Lyricist: Yui Nishiwaki / Composer: Hideo Saito / Arranger: Hiroshi Shinkawa / Singers: Sakurakko Club Sakura Gumi Episode Range: SPECIAL 3–99
 * 1) "Uta wo Utaō" (うたをうたおう)
 * 1) "Sunao ni Naritai" (素直になりたい)
 * 1) "DO-shite" (DO-して)
 * 1) "Shin-chan Ondo" (しんちゃん音頭) Lyricist: Moichi Kato / Composers/Arrangers: Ozutairiku and Yasuhiko Hoshino / Singers: Yuko and Shinnosuke Nohara (Akiko Yajima) Episode Range: 100–112
 * 2) "Parijona Daisakusen" (パリジョナ大作戦) Lyricist: Marron Koshaku / Composer/Arranger: Takashi Kimura / Singers: Marron Koshaku and Shinnosuke Nohara (Akiko Yajima) Episode Range: 113–161
 * 3) "REGGAE" Lyricist/Singer: KOTONE / Composers: KEISUKE and Yoichi Yamazaki / Arranger: Yuzo Hayashi Episode Range: 162–192
 * 4) "Shinchan Ondo ~Ora to Issho ni Odorou yo!~" (しんちゃん音頭～オラといっしょにおどろうよ!～) Lyricist: Moichi Kato / Composers: Ozutairiku and Yasuhiko Hoshino / Arrangers: Daisaku Kume and Kiyohiko Semba / Singers: Haruo Minami and Shinnosuke Nohara (Akiko Yajima) Episode Range: 193–SPECIAL 13
 * 5) "BOYS BE BRAVE ~Shōnen yo Yūki o Mote~" (BOYS BE BRAVE～少年よ勇気を持て～) Lyricists: Aki Okui and Lemon Saito / Composer/Singer: Aki Okui / Arranger: Akitoshi Onodera Episode Range: 203–SPECIAL 17
 * 6) "Tsukiakari Funwari Ochitekuru Yoru" (月灯りふんわり落ちてくる夜) Lyricist/Composer/Arranger: RYUZI / Singer: Nanase Ogawa Episode Range: 249–297
 * 7) "Sukisuki My Girl" (スキスキ♡マイガール) Lyricist/Composer: KAORU / Arrangers: Tsuyoshi Yamanaka and L'luvia / Singers: L'luvia Episode Range: 298–352
 * 8) "Kyō wa Date" (今日はデート) Lyricist/Composer: Ke-chan / Singer: Kamaboko Episode Range: 353–397
 * 9) "Zentaiteki ni Daisuki desu." (全体的に大好きです.) Lyricist/Composer: Tsunku / Arrangers: Yuichi Takahashi and Tsunku / Singers: Sheki-Dol Episode Range: 398–SPECIAL 33
 * 10) "Mama to no Oyakusoku Jōkō no Uta" (ママとのお約束条項の歌) Lyricists: Yoshito Usui and Yuri Asada / Composer: Yasuo Kosugi / Arranger: Hideo Saito / Singers: Shinnosuke Nohara (Akiko Yajima) and Misae Nohara (Miki Narahashi) Episode Range: 452–SPECIAL 38・SPECIAL 43
 * 11) "Ari no Uta" (ありの歌) Lyricist/Composer: Rio / Arranger: Papa Daisuke / Singers: Yanawarabaa Episode Range: 509–SPECIAL 46
 * 12) (ぶりぶりざえもんのえかきうた) Episode Range: 938–942

Opening

 * 1) "Say hey! HEY! Shin-chan"

Ending

 * 1) Say hey! HEY! Shin-chan" Instrumental

Opening

 * 1) "Shin-chan Theme" Shortened version of the third opening theme.

Ending

 * 1) "Party Join Us" Singer: Brina Palencia Originally the fifth ending theme.

Opening

 * 1) Footage from Japanese opening 8 ("PLEASURE") but with completely different lyrics, to the melody of a techno remix of Japanese opening 3 ("Ora wa Ninkimono"). Musical Director, Producer and English Director: World Worm Studios composer Gary Gibbons

Ending

 * 1) Footage from Japanese ending 3 ("DO-shite") and at the end (only in the first 11 episodes) Japanese opening 9 ("Yuruyuru de DE-O!") but with completely different lyrics to the melody of "DO-shite". Musical Director, Producer and English Director: World Worm Studios composer Gary Gibbons

Console and handheld
Many video games were only released in Japan, but there were others released in South Korea, Italy and Spain.

Smartphone and tablet
Note: The last app isn't a game in itself, rather a Crayon Shin-chan hub with news, manga, and games.

Reception
As of 2015, the original run of the Crayon Shin-chan manga has sold over 55 million copies, while the New Crayon Shin-chan manga has sold over 3 million copies, surpassing 58 million copies between both, making it one of the best-selling manga series. Including game books, encyclopedic books and other related material, the figure amounts to 148 million. As of 2023, both the Crayon Shin-Chan and New Crayon Shin-Chan series had over 148 million copies in circulation. , Bandai Namco has sold 227.02 million Crayon Shin-chan Chocobi food packs.

Controversies
A Hindi dub of the anime has aired on Hungama TV in India since June 19, 2006. There were complaints from parents over the main character's behavior and the attitudes exhibited towards elders on the show, both of which were seen as a negative influence on children. The series was banned in October 2008 by the Indian Ministry of Information and Broadcasting on account of heavy nudity. After many requests from fans, a heavily censored version with the adult jokes (like Shin-chan making fun of his mother Misae's small breasts), scenes of nudity (like Shin-chan revealing his buttocks & genitalia and Misae breastfeeding Shin-chan's infant sister Himawari) and references to those particular aspects of Japanese culture which are incompatible with Indian culture (like consumption of beef & pork by the characters, Shin-chan's father Hiroshi regularly drinking beer for recreation & references to dating due to Indians' preference for arranged marriages) edited out in order to be more family-friendly to the Indian audience started airing on Hungama TV from March 27, 2009.

A Portuguese dub of the anime has also aired on Biggs, with the segment of the 165th episode "Dad's Hospitalized Life" causing major controversy in 2016, due to a scene where the nurses examine Shinnozuke's anus, and compliment it, all while he acts and looks uncomfortable. Due to complaints from parents over concerns that the show was promoting softcore child pornography, the Portuguese Media Regulatory Authority ordered that the show should only be aired after 10:30 PM. Eventually, the show was slowly faded out of Biggs' schedule, and from Portuguese television. Later, the show returned to television through Portugal's Fox Comedy, though on a limited run, with the show being removed from Fox Comedy Portugal after a few months.

Regulators from Indonesia, Vietnam & South Korea have also described the show as being based on 'borderline pornography'.

title: Crayon Shin-chan