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Church of Greece

The Church of Greece (Ἐκκλησία τῆς Ἑλλάδος, ), part of the wider Greek Orthodox Church, is one of the autocephalous churches which make up the communion of Eastern Orthodox Christianity. Its canonical territory is confined to the borders of Greece prior to the Balkan Wars of 1912–1913 ("Old Greece"), with the rest of Greece (the "New Lands", Crete, and the Dodecanese) being subject to the jurisdiction of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople. However, most of the dioceses of the Metropolises of the New Lands are de facto administered as part of the Church of Greece for practical reasons, under an agreement between the churches of Athens and Constantinople. The primate of the Church of Greece is the archbishop of Athens and All Greece.

Prevailing religion of Greece

Adherence to the Eastern Orthodox Church was established as a definitive hallmark of Greek ethnic identity in the first modern Greek constitution, the "Epidaurus Law" of 1822, during the Greek War of Independence. The preamble of all subsequent Greek constitutions simply states "In the name of the Holy, Consubstantial, and Indivisible Trinity" and the Orthodox Church of Christ is established as the "prevailing" religion of Greece.

Mainstream Orthodox clergy salaries and pensions are paid by the State, at rates comparable to those of teachers. The church had previously compensated the State by a tax of 35% on ordinary revenues of the church but, in 2004, this tax was abolished by Law 3220/2004. By virtue of its status as the prevailing religion, the canon law of the Church is recognized by the Greek government in matters pertaining to church administration. This is governed by the "Constitution of the Church of Greece", which was voted by Parliament into law. Religious marriages and baptisms are legally equivalent to their civil counterparts and the relevant certificates are issued by officiating clergy. All Greek Orthodox students in primary and secondary schools in Greece attend religious instruction. Liaisons between church and state are handled by the Ministry of National Education and Religious Affairs.

Church hierarchy
Supreme authority is vested in the synod of all the diocesan bishops who have metropolitan status (the Holy Synod of the Church of Greece, Greek: Ἱερὰ Σύνοδος τῆς Ἐκκλησίας τῆς Ἑλλάδος Hierà Sýnodos tês Ekklēsías tês Helládos ) under the de jure presidency of the Archbishop of Athens and all Greece. This synod deals with general church issues. The Standing Synod is under the same presidency, and consists of the Primate and 12 bishops; each members serves for one term on a rotating basis and deals with administrative details.

The church is organized into 81 dioceses, of which 36, located in northern Greece and in the major islands in the north and northeast Aegean, are nominally and spiritually under the jurisdiction of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople. The Patriarchate retains certain privileges over and in them—for example, their bishops have to acknowledge the Patriarch as their own primate during prayers. They are called the "New Lands" (Νέαι Χώραι, or Néai Chōrai) as they became part of the modern Greek state only after the Balkan Wars, and are represented by 6 of the 12 bishops of the Standing Synod. A bishop elected to one of the Sees of the New Lands has to be confirmed by the Patriarch of Constantinople before assuming his duties. These dioceses are administered by the Church of Greece "in stewardship" and their bishops retain their right of appeal (the "ékklēton") to the Patriarch.

The dioceses of Crete (Church of Crete), the Dodecanese, and the Monastic state of Holy Mount Athos remain under the direct jurisdiction of the Patriarchate of Constantinople; they are not part of the Church of Greece. The Archdiocese of Crete enjoys semiautonomous status: new bishops are elected by the local Synod of incumbents, and the Archbishop is appointed by the Ecumenical Patriarchate from a three-person list (the triprósōpon) drawn by the Greek Ministry of National Education and Religious Affairs from among the incumbent Metropolitans of Crete.

Clergy and monastics
As in other Orthodox Christian churches, male graduates of seminaries run by the church (and financed by the Greek State), may be ordained as deacons and eventually priests. They are allowed to marry before their ordination as deacons, but not afterwards. The vast majority of parish clergy in Greece are married. Alternatively, they may enter monasteries and/or take monastic vows. Monastics who are ordained as priests, and possess a university degree in theology, are eligible as candidates for the episcopate (archimandrites). Women may also take monastic vows and become nuns, but they are not ordained.

Monasteries are either affiliated to their local diocese, or directly to one of the Orthodox Patriarchates; in the latter case they are called "Stauropegiac" monasteries (Stayropēgiaká, "springs of the Cross").

Old Calendarists
A split (schism) occurred within the church in 1924 when the Holy Synod decided to replace the Old Calendar (Julian) with a hybrid calendar—the so-called "Revised Julian Calendar"—which maintained a modified Julian dating method for Pascha while adopting the Gregorian Calendar date for fixed feasts. Those who refused to adopt this change are known as Old Calendarists (palaioimerologites in Greek) and still follow the old Julian Calendar. They themselves have suffered several schisms, and not all Old Calendarists comprise one church. They refer to themselves as "Genuine Orthodox Christians". The largest group associating itself with Old Calendarists is the Synod of deceased Archbishop Chrysostomos II Kioussis (Kallinikos Sarantopoulos as of today). This Synod obtained government recognition as a valid Orthodox church, although it is not in communion with the Church of Greece nor with the other Eastern Orthodox churches.

History

Greece was an early center of Christianity. Upon formation of the Patriarchate, the Church was formerly a part of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople. Under Ottoman rule, the Muslims exercised no control over the church. With the establishment of the Greek kingdom, however, the government decided to take control of the church, breaking away from the patriarch in Constantinople. The government declared the church to be autocephalous in 1833 in a political decision of the Bavarian Regents acting for King Otto, who was a minor. The decision roiled Greek politics for decades as royal authorities took increasing control. The new status was finally recognized as such by the Patriarchate in 1850, under compromise conditions with the issue of a special "Tomos" decree which brought it back to a normal status. As a result, it retains certain special links with the "mother church". There were only four bishops, and they had political roles.

In 1833, Parliament dissolved 400 small monasteries having fewer than five monks or nuns. These monasteries played an important role in preserving the Greek language along with arts and tradition through generations of monks. Priests were not salaried; in rural areas they were peasant farmers themselves, dependent for their livelihood on their farm work and from fees and offerings by parishioners. Their ecclesiastical duties were limited to administering the sacraments, supervising funerals, the blessings of crops, and exorcism. Few attended seminaries. By the 1840s, there was a nationwide revival, run by traveling preachers. The government arrested several and tried to shut down the revival, but it proved too powerful when the revivalists denounced three bishops for purchasing their office. By the 1880s the "Anaplasis" ("Regeneration") Movement led to renewed spiritual energy and enlightenment. It fought against the rationalistic and materialistic ideas that had seeped in from secular Western Europe. It promoted catechism schools and Bible study circles.

Zoë movement
The 20th-century religious revival was led by the Zoë movement, which was founded in 1911. Based in Athens but operating in decentralized fashion, it reached a membership of laymen as well as some priests. The main activities include publications and the nationwide Sunday School movement in 7,800 churches reaching 150,000 students. Zoë sponsored numerous auxiliaries and affiliated groups, including organizations for professional men, youth, parents, and young women nurses. A strong effort was made to circulate Bibles, illustrated novels, pamphlets, and other religious materials. A liturgical movement encouraged the laity to a greater awareness in the Eucharist, and more frequent Communion. Seminaries were built in the 20th century, but most of the graduates entered teaching rather than parish work. In 1920, only 800 of Greece's 4,500 priests had any education beyond the elementary level. By 1959, out of 7,000 priests no more than five percent had completed university and seminary training. Monastic life declined sharply, although it continued at remote Mount Athos. Routine church life was highly disrupted by the Second World War and subsequent civil war, with many churches burned, and hundreds of priests and monks killed by the Germans on the one hand or the Communists on the other.

Administration and Hierarchy of the Throne
Head of the Church of Greece and of the Holy Synod is Archbishop Ieronymos II (Ioannis Liapis), Archbishop of Athens and All Greece (2008–).

Metropolises and metropolitans of the Church of Greece

 * Metropolis of Aetolia and Acarnania: Damaskinos Kiametis (2022–)
 * Metropolis of Argolis: Nektarios Anttonopoulos (2013–)
 * Metropolis of Arta: Kallinikos Korombokis (2016–)
 * Metropolis of Cephalonia: Dimitrios Argiros (2015–)
 * Metropolis of Chalcis, Istiaia and Sporades Islands: Chrysostomos (Konstantinos) Triantafyllou (2001–)
 * Metropolis of Corfu, Paxoi and the Diapontian Islands: Nektarios (Dimitrios) Dovas (2002–)
 * Metropolis of Corinth: Dionysios Mantalos (2006–)
 * Metropolis of Demetrias and Almyros: Ignatios (Panagiotis) Georgakopoulos (1998–)
 * Metropolis of Elis and Olena: Athanasios Bachos (2022–)
 * Metropolis of Glyfada and Aexoni: Antonios Avramiotis (2019–)
 * Metropolis of Gortyna and Megalopolis: Nikiforos Eustathiou (2022–)
 * Metropolis of Gytheion and Oitylo (Metropolis of Mani from 2010): Chrysostomos Papathanasiou (2018–)
 * Metropolis of Hydra, Spetses and Aegina: Ephraem (Evangelos) Stenakis (2001–)
 * Metropolis of Kalavrita and Aigialeia: Ieronymos (Nikolaos) Karmas (2019–)
 * Metropolis of Karpenisi: Georgios Rempelos (2016–)
 * Metropolis of Karystos and Skyros: Seraphim (Sokrates) Roris (1968–)
 * Metropolis of Kessariani, Vyronas and Hymettus: Daniel (Dionysios) Pourtsouklis (2000–)
 * Metropolis of Kifissia, Amaroussion and Oropos: Kyrillos (Konstantinos) Misiakoulis1 (2010–)
 * Metropolis of Kythira: Seraphim (lambros) Stergioulis (2005–)
 * Metropolis of Ilion, Acharnes and Petroupolis: Athenagoras (Georgios) Dikaiakos1 (2010–)
 * Metropolis of Larissa and Tyrnavos: Hieronimos Nikolopoulos (2018–)
 * Metropolis of Leucada and Ithaca: Theofilos (Konstantinos) Manolatos (2008–)
 * Metropolis of Mantineia and Kynouria: Alexandros Papadopoulos (1995–)
 * Metropolis of Megara and Salamis: Konstantinos Giakoumakis (2014–)
 * Metropolis of Mesogeia and Lavreotiki: Nikolaos Hatzinikolaou (2004–)
 * Metropolis of Messinia: Chrysostomos (Georgios) Savvatos (2007–)
 * Metropolis of Monemvasia and Sparta: Eustathios (Konstantinos) Speliotis (1980–)
 * Metropolis of Nafpaktos and Agios Vlasios: Hierotheos Vlachos (1995–)
 * Metropolis of Nea Ionia and Philadelphia: Gabriel Papanicolaou (2014–)
 * Metropolis of New Smyrna: Symeon (Periklis) Koutsas (2002–)
 * Metropolis of Nicaea: Alexios Vryonis (1995–)
 * Metropolis of Paronaxia (Paros, Naxos and Antiparos): Kallinikos (Nikolaos) Demenopoulos (2008–)
 * Metropolis of Patras: Chrysostomos (Christos) Sklifas (2005–)
 * Metropolis of Peristeri: Gregorios Papathomas (2021–)
 * Metropolis of Phocis: Theoktistos (Theodore) Kloukinas (2014–)
 * Metropolis of Phthiotis: Symeon Voliotis (2019–)
 * Metropolis of Piraeus: Seraphim Mentzenopoulos (2006–)
 * Metropolis of Stagi and Meteora: Theoklitos Lamprinakos (2017–)
 * Metropolis of Syros, Tinos, Andros, Kea and Milos: Dorotheos Polykandriotis (2001–)
 * Metropolis of Thessaliotida, Fanari and Pharsalos: Timotheos (Nikolaos) Anthis (2014–)
 * Metropolis of Thebes and Livadeia: Georgios Matzouranis (2008–)
 * Metropolis of Thera, Amorgos and the Islands: Amfilochios Rousakis (2021–)
 * Metropolis of Trifyllia and Olympia: Chrysostomos (Alexandros) Stavropoulos (2007–)
 * Metropolis of Trikke and Stagi2: Chrysostomos Nasis (2015–), the metropolis was renamed "Trikis, Gardikiou and Pylis" in 2021
 * Metropolis of Zakynthos and Strophades: Dionysios (Dimitrios) Sifnaios (2011–)

Notes 1 In 2010 the Metropolis of Attica was split into 2 new Metropolises, the Metropolis of Kifissia, Amaroussion and Oropos (temporary Vicar: the Metropolitan of Mesogeia) and the Metropolis of Ilion, Acharnes and Petroupolis (temporary Vicar: the Metropolitan of Megara) 2 The Metropolis of Trikke was separated from the Metropolis of Stagi (and Meteora) in 1981 but still bears the titular name "Trikke and Stagi"

Titular metropolises and metropolitans

 * Metropolis of Acheloos (Agrinio): Vacant
 * Metropolis of Achaia: Athanasios Hatzopoulos (2007–)

Titular dioceses and bishops

 * Diocese of Euripos: Chrysostomos (Marios) Panagopoulos (2019–)
 * Diocese of Stavropigi: Alexios (Stamatios) Psoinos (2023–)
 * Diocese of Christopolis: Vacant
 * Diocese of Velestino: Damaskinos (Ioannis) Kasanakis (2003–)
 * Diocese of Koronia: Panteleimon Kathreptidis (2003–)
 * Diocese of Neochori: Pavlos Athanatos (1995–)
 * Diocese of Marathon: Vacant
 * Diocese of Thermopylae: Ioannis Sakellariou (2000–)
 * Diocese of Fanari: Agathangelos (Vasileios) Haramantidis (2003–)
 * Diocese of Photice : Nektarios (Ioannis) Milionis (2023–)
 * Diocese of Tanagra: Apostolos Kavaliotis (2023–)
 * Diocese of Christianoupolis: Prokopios Petridis (2010–)
 * Diocese of Eleusis: Dorotheos Mourtsoukos (2009–)
 * Diocese of Rentina: Vacant
 * Diocese of Androusa: Constantios Panagiotakopoulos (2018–)
 * Diocese of Epidaurus: Vacant
 * Diocese of Oleni: Vacant

Metropolises and metropolitans of the New Lands
(under the jurisdiction of Constantinople until 1928, then under Athens; except the Dodecanese)

 * Metropolis of Alexandroupolis: Anthimos (Christos) Koukouridis (2004–)
 * Metropolis of Chios, Psara and Inousses and Exarchate of All Ionia: Markos Vasilakis (1965–)
 * Metropolis of Didymoteichon and Orestias and Exarchate of Haemimontos: Damaskinos (Minas) Karpathakis (2009–)
 * Metropolis of Drama: Dorotheos Paparis (2022–)
 * Metropolis of Dryinoupolis, Pogoniani and Konitsa and Exarchate of Northern Epirus: Andreas Trebelas (1995–)
 * Metropolis of Edessa, Pella and Almopia: Ioel (Panagiotis) Fragkakis (2002–)
 * Metropolis of Elassona and Exarchate of Mount Olympus: Hariton Toumpas (2014–)
 * Metropolis of Eleftheroupolis and Exarchate of Pangaeon: Chrysostomos (Ioannis) Avajianos (2004–)
 * Metropolis of Florina, Prespes and Eordaia: Ireneus (Marios) Laftsis (2023–)
 * Metropolis of Goumenissa, Axioupoli and Polykastro: Dimitrios Bekiaris-Mavrogonatos (1991–)
 * Metropolis of Grevena: David Tzioumakas (2014–)
 * Metropolis of Ierissos, Mount Athos and Ardameri: Theoklitos Athanasopoulos (2012–)
 * Metropolis of Ioannina and Exarchate of Epirus: Maximos Papagiannis (2014–)
 * Metropolis of Kassandria and Exarchate of All the Thermaic Gulf: Nikodemos (Konstantinos) Korakis (2001–)
 * Metropolis of Kastoria and Exarchate of Upper Macedonia: Kallinikos Georgatos (2021–)
 * Metropolis of Kitros, Katerini and Platamonas and Exarchate of Pieria: Georgios Chrysostomou (2014–)
 * Metropolis of Langadas: Platon Krikris (2021–)
 * Metropolis of Lemnos and Agios Efstratios and Exarchate of the North Aegean: Ierotheos Calogeropoulos (2019–)
 * Metropolis of Maronia and Komotini and Exarchate of Rhodope: Panteleimon Moutafis (2013–)
 * Metropolis of Mithymna: Chrysostomos (Kyriakos) Kalamatianos (1984–)
 * Metropolis of Mytilini, Eresos and Plomari: Iakovos Frantzis (1988–)
 * Metropolis of Neapolis and Stavroupolis: Varnavas (Markos) Tyris (2004–)
 * Metropolis of Nea Krini and Kalamaria: Ioustinos Bardakas (2015–)
 * Metropolis of Zichni and Nevrokopion: Ierotheos (Dimitrios) Tsoliakos (2003–)
 * Metropolis of Nicopolis and Preveza and Exarchate of Old Epirus: Chrysostomos Tsirigkas (2012–)
 * Metropolis of Paramythia, Filiates, Giromeri and Parga and Exarchate of Thesprotia: Serapion (Ioannis) Michalakis (2023–)
 * Metropolis of Philippi, Neapolis and Thasos: Stefanos Tolios (2017–)
 * Metropolis of Polyani and Kilkision: Bartholomew Antoniou-Triantafyllides (2021–)
 * Metropolis of Samos and Ikaria: Eusebios (Evangelos) Pistolis (1995–)
 * Metropolis of Serres and Nigrita: Theologos (Ioannis) Apostolidis (2003–)
 * Metropolis of Servia and Kozani: Pavlos Papalexiou (2004–)
 * Metropolis of Siderokastron: Makarios (Sotirios) Philotheou (2001–)
 * Metropolis of Sisanion and Siatista: Athanasios Giannousas (2019–)
 * Metropolis of Thessaloniki: Filotheos (Theocharis) Theocharis (2023–)
 * Metropolis of Veria and Naousa: Panteleimon (Ioannis) Kalpakidis (1994–)
 * Metropolis of Xanthi and Peritheorion and Exarchate of Western Thrace: Panteleimon (Michael) Kalaphatis (1995–)

title: Church of Greece


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South West State of Somalia

The South-West State of Somalia (Dawlad Goboleedka Koonfur Galbeed ee Soomaaliya, Af-May: Koofur Orsy), is a Federal Member State in southwestern Somalia. It was founded by Hasan Muhammad Nur Shatigadud, leader of the Somalia RRA on 1 April 2002. It was the third autonomous region to be established.

After its dissolution in 2005, the territory was re-established in November 2009 as an official federal member state of Somalia. Abdiaziz Laftagareen was selected the president of this state. The official capital of South-West state is Barawa, located on the coast of the Somali Sea, though the state administration is currently based in Baidoa.

Location and name
The South West state is bordered to the north by Ethiopia, to the west by Jubbaland, to the east by Hirshabelle, and to the south by the Somali Sea. To the southeast, it is also bordered by Banaadir, whose administrative status was unclear during the 2010s.

During its development phase, the regional state of was called the Interim South West Administration. Its full name was the South West State of Somalia and, in Somali, Maamul Goboleedka Koonfur Galbeed. In the local Maay Maay language it is referred to as Koofur Orsi. An individual from Koofur Orsi is called a Koofur Orsian.

Background
During the pre-independence period, when the Koofur Orsi or Koonfur-Galbeed region was administered by the United Nations Trusteeship, the majority segment population of Digil and Mirifle were the only major Somali demographic whose political groups and spokesmen voiced apprehension about a centralized unitary republic. Many of these spokesmen voiced a preference for some form of confederalism or federalism. Several decades after independence, opposition to Siad Barre's Hantiwadaag (socialist) government grew. When in 1990 the three major opposition factions of SPM, USC, and SNM met in Ethiopia and put forth an informal accord in favor of federalism, many civil servants from the Konfuur-Galbeed region argued that, in retrospect, the predecessors in their region were correct. In 1992, the blockage of aid supplies from the coast to the Konfuur-Galbeed region meant that many viewed the famine as man-made. This increased support for federalism. One form of criticism that was levelled at the Konfuur-Galbeed administration during its early development is that some of its functional facets hearkened back to the negative aspects of the era of the historically conterminous Geledi. The latter's tributary status was believed to inculcate subordinacy rather than self-sufficiency, an administration that was oligarchical rather than egalitarian, and too much contrast with the historically British Jubaland to its west and south.

Contemporary
The territory known as the Southwestern State of Somalia (Somali: Dowlad Goboleedka Koonfur-Galbeed ee Soomaaliya), or locally Koofur Orsi, was originally intended to consist of six Somali administrative regions: (gobollo): Bay, Bakool, Middle Jubba (Jubbada Dhexe), Lower Shabelle (Shabeellada Hoose), Gedo and Lower Jubba (Jubbada Hoose). The establishment of the autonomous state was intended to express the disaffection of the Somalia State with the nascent Mogadishu-based Transitional National Government. It was also intended to counter the influence of the Somalia Reconciliation and Restoration Council in the same regions. In 2005, the state was dissolved after its leader Shatigadud had joined the Transitional Federal Parliament in November 2004. He became Minister of Finance in January 2005 in the Transitional Federal Government, successor to the Transitional National Government.

The coast of Koofur Orsi is primarily settled by Biimaal clan, but also the Barwani, other coastal Banadiri communities, and the Sheekhaal. The interior and the bulk of Koofur Orsi are populated mainly by the Rahanweyn clan, who are located between the Hawiye to the east in Hirshabelle, and the Marehan and other Darod clans to the west in Jubaland.

Conventions
In December 2013, a convention began in Baidoa between Federal Government officials and local representatives with the aim of establishing an autonomous state in the area under the Provision Federal Constitution. Two simultaneous political processes for the establishment of a new Southwestern State of Somalia were underway: one led by former Parliament Speaker Sharif Hassan Sheikh Adan, which proposed a three-region state consisting of the Bay, Bakool and Lower Shabelle provinces; another led by traditional elders of Digil Mirifle, which proposed instead the re-establishment of a six-region Southwestern Somalia state consisting of the Bay, Bakool and Lower Shabelle, Gedo, Middle Jubba and Lower Jubba provinces.

Presidency
On 3 March 2014, Ali Hassan Abdirahman was elected president by supporters of the six-region state proposal. Internal and Federal Affairs Minister Abdullahi Godah Barre indicated that the Somali federal government would not recognize the six-region convention outcome, as it contravenes an earlier Jubba agreement signed in Addis Ababa between the Somali federal authorities and the autonomous Jubbaland administration in southwestern Somalia. The Jubba agreement stipulates that Jubaland's constituent provinces are instead to be administered by the Jubaland regional authorities. Addressing the 425th meeting of the AU Peace and Security Council on 25 March 2014, UN Special Representative for Somalia Nicholas Kay similarly indicated that he would continue to work closely with the AU, EU and IGAD to support a Somali federal government-led three-region state formation process for the southwestern provinces.

On 27 March 2014, 733 delegates in Baidoa representing the Bay, Bakool and Lower Shabelle regions elected Mohamed Haji Abdinur as president of the Southwestern State of Somalia. Abdinur is a veteran politician and a close ally of former Parliament Speaker Sharif Hassan Sheikh Adan. Of the representatives that took part in the three-region state elections, 723 voted in favor of Abdinur while 10 abstained.

On 30 March 2014, the President of Somalia Hassan Sheikh Mohamud visited Baidoa to defuse political tension between the two competing Southwestern State delegations. The autonomous Puntland regional administration in northeastern Somalia issued a statement the following day congratulating Abdinur on his election as president of the Southwestern State. The Puntland State House also expressed support for the three-region state process in Baidoa and indicated that the Puntland authorities were prepared to provide technical and experience-related assistance to the nascent federal state.

Allotment
On 22 June 2014, the federal government concluded its mediation between the supporters of the parallel three-region and six-region processes for a new Southwestern State of Somalia. Wings from both sides had reportedly reached an agreement on the prospective regional state's formation. On 23 June 2014, the office of Federal Parliament Speaker Mohamed Osman Jawari hosted an event announcing the merger of the two competing administrations into a single three-region state, which is to be composed of the Bay, Bakool and Lower Shabelle provinces.

Establishment
On 23 June 2014, President of Somalia Hassan Sheikh Mohamud, Prime Minister Abdiweli Sheikh Ahmed, and Parliament Speaker Mohamed Osman Jawari oversaw a ceremony in Mogadishu marking the merger of the two competing administrations into a single three-region state, which is to be composed of the Bay, Bakool and Lower Shabelle provinces. The pact stipulates that the new polity will be led by an Interim South West Administration consisting of representatives from both sides. According to an official press communique, the opposing sides are slated to form a thirteen-member technical committee, appointing five members apiece to the body alongside three members selected by the Federal Government. The panel is then within ten days scheduled to prepare a roadmap for the interim administration's formation. Additionally, the Federal Government is to facilitate consultations between the Interim South West Administration and Jubaland over mutual concerns and interests. The UN Special Representative for Somalia Nicholas Kay, the UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon, the Special Representative of the Chairperson of the African Union Mission Commission for Somalia Mahamat Saleh Annadif, and the U.S. Special Representative for Somalia James P. McAnulty all welcomed the Southwestern State of Somalia agreement, commended the principals on their constructive consultations, acknowledged the Federal Government's key role in facilitating the talks, and pledged to continue supporting the local post-conflict reconstruction process. On 25 June 2014, the federal cabinet unanimously approved the signed accord.

On 16 July 2014, the establishment of the Technical Committee on Formation of Interim South West Administration was announced and endorsed at a formal ceremony in Mogadishu. The panel is to be supported by a group of federal ministers under the authority of the Prime Minister.

In September 2014, Parliament Speaker Mohamed Osman Jawari and UN Special Representative for Somalia Nicholas Kay visited Baidoa to finalize talks over the South West state's formation. Jawari subsequently announced that a reconciliation conference would be held in the city on 14 September to unify the competing three-region and six-region local administrations. Prime Minister Abdiweli Sheikh Ahmed opened the summit, which was attended by Lower Shabelle, Bay and Bakool provincial representatives, clan elders and politicians.

In October 2014, President Mohamud opened a state formation conference in Baidoa for the three-region Southwestern State of Somalia. The UN-financed summit was attended by 380 delegates from the state's constituent Bay, Bakool and Lower Shabelle provinces, as well as UN Envoy to Somalia Nicholas Kay, IGAD Envoy to Somalia Mohamed Abdi Affey, and the Ambassador of Denmark to Somalia, among other officials. On 7 November 2014, the Southwestern State of Somalia was established, following the conclusion of the two-week Baidoa conference. The delegates from the new regional state's constituent Bay, Bakool and Lower Shabelle provinces unanimously agreed to make Barawe its capital. They also approved a new regional state constitution. On 17 November 2014, former Parliament Speaker Sharif Hassan Sheikh Adan was elected President of the three-region Southwestern State of Somalia.

On 17 December 2014, the six-region South West Somalia administration joined the finalized three-region South West Somalia administration. The merger came after a power-sharing agreement signed in Baidoa between both sides, which stipulates that the South West Somalia six-region's leadership will be granted the new federal state's vice president and parliament speaker positions.

On 30 December 2014, South West State President Sharif Hassan Sheikh Adan and Jubaland President Ahmed Mohamed Islam (Madobe) signed a four-point Memorandum of Understanding on federalization, security, the 2016 general elections, trade, and the constitution. The bilateral accord was signed in the presence of representatives from the two regional states, including politicians, traditional leaders and civil society activists. Among the clauses of the accord were equitable allocation of international assistance by the federal authorities, agreeing on pre-civil war boundaries and regional demarcations established by the military government, and recommending that the federal authorities both delegate powers to regional bodies and adopt a No Objection Policy. Additionally, the memorandum stipulates that the two regional states will form a security committee consisting of representatives from both administrations, which will facilitate launching joint counterinsurgency operations, extradition, and expertise and intelligence sharing. The two administrations also proposed the creation of an interstate commission to liaise between the federal government and constituent regional states. They likewise indicated that their respective Chambers of Commerce would buttress commercial exchanges and cross-border trade.

Elections
As a part of the continuing federalization processes of Somalia and fostering local democracy, the South West State has planned to have own presidential elections on 17 November 2018. It is first time the people of Southwestern State to have the opportunity to elect their leader. The election is an expression of the political will of the Somali people in the state.

The incumbent president is determined to cling to power but there was growing opposition against him. Where the Federal Government of Somalia wanted their handpicked candidate to win the election at any cost. Over 10 independents candidates have created Council of Change, umbrella uniting all candidates except the incumbent and the Government sponsored candidate. However, the election process was tainted and hindered by politically motivated actions of both the Federal Government of Somalia and the interim SW administration. The following events have thrown the Southwestern State election into disarray:
 * 1) The increasing tension between Federal Government of Somalia and Federal Member States has adversely affected the election process.
 * 2) The Federal Government's ill-advised action targeting Sheikh Mukhtar Robow with the intention to eliminate him from the electoral process.
 * 3) Prolonged delays in forming the election committee.
 * 4) Twin bombing on 13 October in Baidoa targeting venues affiliated with two independent candidates which as many as 30 people was killed.
 * 5) The resignation of 15 members of the election committee including the chairman, his deputy and secretariat citing deep dismay over interference by the Federal Government of Somalia in the process.
 * 6) The absence of election ant-corruption committee despite asking ISWA several occasions.
 * 7) Abrupt resignation of the President of the South West State Sharif Hassan Sheikh Adan and his decision not to run for the presidential seat, succumbing pressure from the Federal Government of Somalia.

The elections, which were initially slated for 17 November was postponed to 28 November. It was then pushed further back to 5 December and once again it has been postponed to 19 December becoming the 4th time.

Mukhtar Robow was officially cleared by the South West State Electoral Commission to contest in the December elections despite early protest by the Federal government seeking to have him barred. The Coalition for Change, which has thrown its weight behind Mukhtar Robow, issued a statement after the polls were postponed. The group said it fears the government is planning to rig because the new date is not favourable for international observers as most of them will then have left Somalia for the end of the year festivities.

Some 150 elite Somali forces, armed to the tooth with some really heavy calibre machine guns, were deployed to Baidoa to physically block Robow from accessing the election venue.

On 7 Nov 2018 The United Nations Mission in Somalia (UNSOM) warned of presidential election in Somalia's South West State have the potential to lead to violence and called on all parties to ensure that the electoral process proceeds in accordance with the established rules and avoids any behaviour which may lead to conflict or undermine the integrity of the electoral process.

Mukhtar Robow was then invited to a security brief by African Union peacekeepers from Ethiopia on Thursday 13 December. He was then forcibly abducted, transferred to the custody of the National Intelligence and Security Agency (Somalia) and flown to Mogadishu under tight security. At least 12 people were killed in Baidoa in violence that erupted following Robow's arrest. Among those killed was a member of the regional parliament. The victims were shot by AMISOM Ethiopian forces and Somali Special Forces flown from Mogadishu. Somali lawmakers have written a protest letter to the AU Commission in Addis Ababa, the Ethiopian government and the UN complaining about the conduct of AMISOM. His arrest also prompted the resignation of Somalia's Public Works Minister Abdifatah Mohamed Gesey, who hails from Baidoa and is from the same Leysan sub-clan as Robow, to resign in protest.

Abdiaziz Laftagareen was on 19 December 2018, elected President of South West State in an arranged sham election that was predetermined and rigged in his favour. The Ethiopian contingent of the African peacekeepers provided security during the voting. It was alleged approximately $15 million to $20 million of Qatar funding was spent on this sham process.

On 1 January 2019 Somalia declared the UN's chief diplomat, the Special Representative of the UN Secretary-General, Nicholas Haysom,‘persona non grata’. The accusation was that interference in a sovereign state's internal affairs after Haysom wrote to the Government questioning the legality of the arrest of Mukhtar Robow and Police killing of 15 protesters. Just hours before the Somali government's letter of expulsion was released to the media, two U.N. staff members and a contractor were injured after seven mortars landed inside the U.N. compound in the Somali capital, Mogadishu. In a statement the UN Security Council is deeply regretted the Government's decision.

Koofur Orsi composition
As of March 2015, the Koofur Orsi State of Somalia's executive branch of government is composed of:

 * President
 * Sharif Hassan Sheikh Adan

 * Cabinet Ministers
 * Minister of Interior – Abdirahman Ibrahim Adan
 * Minister of Finance – Hassan Ibraahim Lugbur
 * Minister of Agriculture – Mohamed Hassan Fiqi
 * Minister of Justice – Ahmed Sheik Hassan
 * Minister for Security – Abdifatah Geesey
 * Minister for Disarmament and Rehabilitation of Militias – Hassan Hussein Mohamed
 * Minister for Petroleum and Energy – Salim Haji Hassan Osman
 * Minister for Ports and Marine Transport – Abdulkadir Sharif Sheekhuuna
 * Minister for Planning and International Cooperation – Abdinaasir Abdi Arush
 * Minister for Health – Isak Ali Subad
 * Minister for Education – Salad Mohamed Noor Aliyow
 * Minister for Culture, Higher Education and Technology – Hassan Ibrahim Hassan
 * Minister for Information – Hassan Abdi Mohamed
 * Minister of Posts and Telecommunications – Mohamed Omar Zaytun
 * Minister for Youth and Sports – Abdullah Abdi Omar Fanax
 * Minister of Commerce and Industry – Abdullahi Sheikh Hassan
 * Minister for Resettlement and Diaspora Affairs – Ahmed Noor Mohammed Lohos
 * Minister of Constitutional Affairs and Reconciliation – Abdulkadir Noor Arale
 * Minister for Tourism and Wildlife – Omar Hassan Aden
 * Minister for the Environment – Mohamud Mohamed (Ma'alim Jiis)
 * Minister for Religious Affairs – Ahmed Mohamed Barre
 * Minister for Labour and Labourers – Jeylaani Sheikh Mohamed Hassan
 * Minister for Mining and Water Resources – Aden Mohamed Hassan
 * Minister for Humanitarian Affairs and Disabled Care – Abdullahi Muse Abukar
 * Minister for Women and Family Affairs – Fatumas Omar Abuu
 * Minister for Air Transport and Airports – Abdullahi Adan Balch
 * Minister for Veterinary – Madoobe Nuunow Mohamed
 * Minister for Fisheries and Marine Resources – Mohamud Hussein Aliyow
 * Minister for Works and Reconstruction – Abdullahi Ahmed Mohamed
 * State Ministers
 * State Minister for Presidential – Mohamed Abdullahi Mursal
 * State Minister for Justice – Ahmed Abdullahi Hussein
 * State Minister for Finance – Ismail Adan Diriye
 * State Minister for Cooperation – Saiida Sheikh
 * State Minister for Interior and Local Government – Mohamed Abdi Adan
 * State Minister for Security – Mohamed Shiekh

 * Deputy Ministers
 * Deputy Minister for Justice – Jibril Shiekh
 * Deputy Minister for Religious Affairs – Adan Mohamed Osman
 * Deputy Minister for Education – Engr Abdifatah Isak Mohamed
 * Deputy Minister for Planning – Mohamed Hajji
 * Deputy Minister for Interior and Local Government – Hussein Ali Haji
 * Deputy Minister for Agriculture – Aweys Hussein Moalim
 * Deputy Minister for Energy and Petroleum –
 * Deputy Minister for Information – Aabea Aawow Suufi Hajji Afaan
 * Deputy Minister for Higher Education – Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed
 * Deputy Minister for Environment – Adan Maamow
 * Deputy Minister Commerce – Abuukar Moalim Ali
 * Deputy Minister for Disabled People – Mohamed Olow Gaani
 * Deputy Minister for Youth and Sports – Abdikadir Noor

 * Committees
 * Security Committee – five ministers

In March 2015, the South West State's Minister of Tourism and Wildlife Omar Adan Hassan announced that his ministry would renovate hotels that had been run by the central government in the Southwestern State's three constituent provinces. Among the state properties scheduled for refurbishment are the Mayow, Sanguuni and Hotel Panorama. Additionally, the minister indicated that his administration was establishing game reserves and ranges to safeguard wildlife, and would launch public awareness drives against hunting.

Office
In April 2015, a new state palace for the interim South West State administration was inaugurated in Baidoa. The launch event was chaired by ISWS President Sharif Hassan, and was attended by ISWS leaders, civil society representatives and politicians.

Flag
In 2002, the reconstituted South West State of Somalia adopted a new regional state flag.

Transportation
In March 2015, construction started on a new airport in Barawe. Engineers began surveying land-plots in the southern part of the city, with the facility to be erected near the shore. The workers also measured roads between the airport and the South West State's administrative capital. In May 2015, South West State president Sharif Hassan Sheikh Adan also announced that his administration would relaunch the K50 Airstrip in the regional state.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: South West State of Somalia


text:
Battle of the Java Sea

The Battle of the Java Sea (Pertempuran Laut Jawa, スラバヤ沖海戦) was a decisive naval battle of the Pacific campaign of World War II.

Allied navies suffered a disastrous defeat at the hand of the Imperial Japanese Navy on 27 February 1942 and in secondary actions over successive days. The American-British-Dutch-Australian Command (ABDACOM) Strike Force commander— Dutch Rear Admiral Karel Doorman—was killed. The aftermath of the battle included several smaller actions around Java, including the smaller but also significant Battle of Sunda Strait. These defeats led to Japanese occupation of the entire Dutch East Indies.

Background
The Japanese invasion of the Dutch East Indies progressed at a rapid pace as they advanced from their Palau Islands colony and captured bases in Sarawak and the southern Philippines. They seized bases in eastern Borneo and in northern Celebes while troop convoys, screened by destroyers and cruisers with air support provided by swarms of fighters operating from captured bases, steamed southward through the Makassar Strait and into the Molucca Sea. To oppose these invading forces was a small force, consisting of Dutch, American, British and Australian warships—many of them of World War I vintage—initially under the command of American Admiral Thomas C. Hart.

On 23 January 1942 a force of four American destroyers attacked a Japanese invasion convoy in Makassar Strait as it approached Balikpapan in Borneo. On 13 February the Japanese captured the major port of Palembang in eastern Sumatra. On the night of 19/20 February, an Allied force attacked the Japanese eastern invasion force off Bali in the Battle of Badung Strait. Also on 19 February, the Japanese made two air raids on Darwin, on the Australian mainland, one from carrier-based planes and the other by land-based planes. The destruction of Darwin rendered it useless as a supply and naval base to support operations in the East Indies.

Battle

The Japanese amphibious forces gathered to strike at Java, and on 27 February 1942 the main Allied naval force, under Rear Admiral Karel Doorman, sailed northeast from Surabaya to intercept a convoy of the Japanese eastern invasion force approaching from the Makassar Strait. The Allies eastern strike force, consisted of two heavy cruisers (HMS Exeter (68) and USS Houston (CA-30)), three light cruisers (Doorman's flagship HNLMS De Ruyter (1935), HNLMS Java (1921), HMAS Perth (D29)), and nine destroyers (HMS Electra (H27), HMS Encounter (H10), HMS Jupiter (F85), HNLMS Kortenaer (1927), HNLMS Witte de With (1928), USS Alden, USS John D. Edwards, USS John D. Ford, and USS Paul Jones (DD-230)).

The Japanese task force protecting the convoy, commanded by Rear Admiral Takeo Takagi, consisted of two heavy (JAPANESE CRUISER Nachi and JAPANESE CRUISER Haguro) and two light cruisers (JAPANESE CRUISER Naka and JAPANESE CRUISER Jintsū) and 14 destroyers (JAPANESE DESTROYER Yūdachi, JAPANESE DESTROYER Samidare, JAPANESE DESTROYER Murasame, JAPANESE DESTROYER Harusame, JAPANESE DESTROYER Minegumo, JAPANESE DESTROYER Asagumo, JAPANESE DESTROYER Yukikaze, JAPANESE DESTROYER Tokitsukaze, JAPANESE DESTROYER Amatsukaze, JAPANESE DESTROYER Hatsukaze, JAPANESE DESTROYER Yamakaze, JAPANESE DESTROYER Kawakaze, JAPANESE DESTROYER Sazanami, and JAPANESE DESTROYER Ushio) including the 4th Destroyer Squadron under the command of Rear Admiral Shoji Nishimura. The Japanese heavy cruisers were much more powerful, armed with ten 8-inch (203 mm) guns each, and superb torpedoes. By comparison, Exeter was armed only with six 8-inch guns and only six of Houston's nine 8-inch guns remained operable after her aft turret had been knocked out in an earlier air attack.

The Allied force engaged the Japanese in the Java Sea, and the battle raged intermittently from mid-afternoon to midnight as the Allies tried to reach and attack the troop transports of the Java invasion fleet, but they were repulsed by superior firepower. The Allies had local air superiority during the daylight hours because Japanese air power could not reach the fleet in the bad weather. The weather also hindered communications, making cooperation between the many Allied parties involved—in reconnaissance, air cover and fleet headquarters—even worse than it already was. The Japanese also jammed the radio frequencies. Exeter was the only ship in the battle equipped with radar, an emerging technology at the time.

The battle consisted of a series of attempts over a seven-hour period by Doorman's Combined Striking Force to reach and attack the invasion convoy; each was rebuffed by the escort force with heavy losses being inflicted on the Allies.

The fleets sighted each other at about 16:00 on 27 February and closed to firing range, opening fire at 16:16. Both sides exhibited poor gunnery and torpedo skills during this phase of the battle. Despite her recent refit (with the addition of modern Type 284 gunnery control radar), Exeter's shells did not come close to the Japanese ships, while Houston only managed to achieve a straddle on one of the opposing cruisers. The only notable result of the initial gunnery exchange was Exeter being critically damaged by a hit in the boiler room from an 8-inch shell. The ship then limped away to Surabaya, escorted by Witte de With.

The Japanese launched two huge torpedo salvoes, consisting of 92 torpedoes in all, but scored only one hit, on Kortenaer. She was struck by a Long Lance, broke in two and sank rapidly after the hit.

Electra—covering Exeter—engaged in a duel with Jintsū and Asagumo, scoring several hits but suffering severe damage to her superstructure. After a serious fire started on Electra and her remaining turret ran out of ammunition, abandon ship was ordered. On the Japanese side, only Asagumo was forced to retire because of damage.

The Allied fleet broke off and turned away around 18:00, covered by a smoke screen laid by the four destroyers of U.S. Destroyer Division 58 (DesDiv 58). They also launched a torpedo attack but at too long a range to be effective. Doorman's force turned south toward the Java coast, then west and north as night fell in an attempt to evade the Japanese escort group and fall on the convoy. It was at this point the ships of DesDiv 58—their torpedoes expended—left on their own initiative to return to Surabaya.

Shortly after, at 21:25, Jupiter ran onto a mine – believed to have been discarded by a Dutch minelayer – in shallow water and was sunk, while about 20 minutes later, the fleet passed where Kortenaer had sunk earlier, and Encounter was detached to pick up survivors.

Doorman's command, reduced to four cruisers, again encountered the Japanese escort group at 23:00; both columns exchanged fire in the darkness at long range, until the Java and De Ruyter were torpedoed in the same devastating salvo; Java exploded and sank within minutes, while De Ruyter was struck and disabled while evading and went under several hours later. Only 111 were saved from both ships, Doorman among the dead, having gone down with the De Ruyter.

Only the cruisers Perth and Houston remained; low on fuel and ammunition, and following Doorman's last order to ignore survivors and proceed to Batavia, the two ships retired, arriving at Tanjung Priok on 28 February.

Although the Allied fleet did not reach the invasion fleet, the battle did give the defenders of Java a one-day respite.

Battle of Sunda Strait
Perth and Houston were at Tanjung Priok on 28 February when they received orders to sail through Sunda Strait to Tjilatjap. Materiel was running short in Java, and neither was able to rearm or fully refuel. Departing at 19:00 on 28 February for the Sunda Strait, by chance they encountered the main Japanese invasion fleet for West Java in Bantam Bay. The Allied ships were engaged by at least three cruisers and several destroyers.

In a ferocious night action that ended after midnight on 1 March, Perth and Houston were sunk. A Japanese minesweeper and a troop transport were sunk by friendly fire, while three other transports were damaged and had to be beached.

The Dutch destroyer HNLMS Evertsen had been scheduled to depart Tanjung Priok with the cruisers, but was delayed, and she followed them about two hours later. Her crew sighted the gunfire of the main action, and her captain managed to evade the Japanese main force. However, Evertsen was then engaged by two Japanese destroyers in the Strait, and on fire and in a sinking condition, grounded herself on a reef near Sebuku Island. The surviving crew abandoned ship just as the aft magazine exploded.

Second Battle of the Java Sea
After emergency repairs the badly-damaged Exeter left Surabaya for Ceylon; she departed at dusk on 28 February and limped toward Sunda Strait, escorted by the destroyers HMS Encounter (H10) and USS Pope (DD-225). However, all three ships were intercepted by the Japanese heavy cruisers Nachi, Haguro, Myōkō and Ashigara—and their attendant destroyers—on the morning of 1 March. Exeter and Encounter were sunk together around noon, while Pope escaped only to be sunk several hours later by aerial attack.

Bali Strait
The four U.S. destroyers of DesDiv 58—John D. Edwards, John D. Ford, Alden, and Paul Jones—were also at Surabaya; they left for Australia via the harbor's shallow eastern entrance at nightfall on 28 February. After a brief encounter with Japanese destroyers in the Bali Strait, which they were able to evade, they reached Fremantle safely on 4 March.

Consequences
Another Dutch destroyer (HNLMS Witte de With) and three American ships (destroyers USS Pillsbury and USS Edsall, along with the gunboat USS Asheville) were either scuttled or sunk as they attempted to escape to Australia. The main ABDA naval force had been almost totally destroyed: 10 ships and approximately 2,173 sailors had been lost. The Battle of the Java Sea ended significant Allied naval operations in Southeast Asia in 1942, and Japanese land forces invaded Java on 28 February. The Dutch surface fleet was practically eradicated from Asian waters and the Netherlands would never reclaim full control of its colony. The Japanese now controlled one of the most important food-producing regions (Java), and by conquering the Dutch East Indies, Japan also controlled the fourth-largest oil producing area in the world in 1940.

The U.S. and Royal Air Force retreated to Australia. Dutch troops, aided by British remnants, fought fiercely for a week. In the campaign the Japanese executed many Allied POWs and sympathizing Indonesians. Eventually, the Japanese won this decisive battle of attrition and ABDA forces surrendered on 9 March.

Wrecks
As of 2002 the location of the wreck of only one of the eight ships sunk during the two so-called Java Sea Battles, HMS Jupiter, was known and plotted on an Admiralty chart. However, given her location in very shallow water so close to shore she had already been heavily salvaged.

In December 2002 the wrecks of HNLMS Java and HNLMS De Ruyter were discovered by a specialist wreck diving group aboard the dive vessel MV Empress. Empress then went on to discover the wrecks of HMS Electra in August 2003; HNLMS Kortenaer in August 2004; and HMS Exeter and HMS Encounter in February 2007. When discovered these wrecks were all in a very well-preserved state, save for battle damage. In late 2008, Empress discovered remnants of the last wreck, USS Pope, which had already been largely removed by illegal salvage diving operations.

Although the MV Empress team kept the locations of their discoveries secret, by 2017 all eight ships had been reduced to remnants or even entirely removed by illegal commercial salvage operations. '

title: Battle of the Java Sea


text:
Martin Freeman

Martin John Christopher Freeman (born 8 September 1971) is an English actor. Among other accolades, he has won two Emmy Awards, a BAFTA Award and a Screen Actors Guild Award, and has been nominated for a Golden Globe Award.

Freeman's most notable roles are that of Tim Canterbury in the mockumentary series The Office (2001–2003), Dr. John Watson in the British crime drama series Sherlock (2010–2017), young Bilbo Baggins in The Hobbit film trilogy (2012–2014), Lester Nygaard in the first season of the dark comedy-crime drama series Fargo (2014), and Chris Carson in The Responder. He has also appeared in films including the romantic comedy Love Actually (2003), the horror comedy Shaun of the Dead (2004), the sci-fi comedy The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy (2005), the action comedy Hot Fuzz (2007), the semi-improvised comedy Nativity! (2009), and the sci-fi comedy The World's End (2013). Since 2016, he has portrayed Everett K. Ross in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, appearing in the films Captain America: Civil War (2016), Black Panther (2018), and Black Panther: Wakanda Forever (2022), and the Disney+ series Secret Invasion (2023).

Early life
Martin John Christopher Freeman was born on 8 September 1971 in Aldershot, Hampshire, the youngest of five children. His parents, Philomena (née Norris) and naval officer Geoffrey Freeman, separated when he was a child. His father died of a heart attack when Freeman was 10 years old.

Freeman's paternal grandfather, Leonard W. Freeman, was a medic in the British Expeditionary Force during World War II and was killed in action at Dunkirk just a few days before the Dunkirk evacuation. Leonard's father, Richard, was born blind and worked as a piano tuner and organist.

Freeman was raised in his mother's Catholic faith, and attended the Salesian School in Chertsey, Surrey, before attending Brooklands College in nearby Weybridge for media studies. His older brother, Tim, became a singer with the group Frazier Chorus.

Career
Freeman attended the Central School of Speech and Drama and has appeared in at least 18 TV shows, 14 theatre productions, and several radio productions. He became notable for his role as Tim Canterbury in The Office (2001–2003), a role which, he said in 2004, "cast a very long shadow" for him as an actor. He appeared in the sitcom Hardware (2003–2004). He also appeared in several films, including Ali G Indahouse (2002) and Love Actually (2003).

He began to move into more serious dramatic roles on television with his appearance as Lord Shaftesbury in the 2003 BBC historical drama Charles II: The Power and The Passion. He made a brief appearance in the first episode of the second series of This Life. He starred in the BBC television series The Robinsons, and had a cameo in Episode 1 of Black Books. In 2007, he appeared in The All Together written and directed by Gavin Claxton, and in the Bill Kenwright theatre production of The Last Laugh. He is featured in the video for Faith No More's cover of "I Started a Joke". In May 2009, he starred in Boy Meets Girl, a four-part drama that charts the progress of characters Veronica and Danny after an accident which causes them to swap bodies.

He played Dr. John Watson in Sherlock, the BBC contemporary adaptation of the Sherlock Holmes detective stories. Its first episode, "A Study in Pink", was broadcast on 25 July 2010 to critical acclaim. For the role, Freeman won the 2011 BAFTA award for Best Supporting Actor and was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie.

Freeman played lead character Bilbo Baggins in Peter Jackson's three-part The Hobbit film series. For his performance in the first part, The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey, Freeman won Best Hero at the 2013 MTV Movie Awards and Best Actor at the 18th Empire Awards.

Freeman appeared in all three films of Simon Pegg and Edgar Wright's comedic Three Flavours Cornetto trilogy, commencing with a brief non-speaking role in Shaun of the Dead as Yvonne's boyfriend, Declan, followed by a brief cameo in Hot Fuzz as a police officer. He was a main cast member in the 2013 finale to the trilogy, The World's End. On 5 October 2013, he was presented with a fellowship bearing his name by the members of University College Dublin's Literary & Historical Society. In April 2014, he played insurance salesman Lester Nygaard in the dark comedy-crime drama series Fargo, for which he was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award, a Golden Globe Award, and a Critics' Choice Television Award. He opened in the title role in Shakespeare's play Richard III in July 2014 at Trafalgar Studios.

In 2015, Freeman starred as producer Milton Fruchtman in the television film The Eichmann Show, based on blacklisted TV director Leo Hurwitz's filming of the 1961 trial of Nazi war criminal Adolf Eichmann. It intercut dramatic scenes with historical footage from the trial. The Daily Telegraph described it as "absolutely enthralling". Freeman also played Everett K. Ross, a Central Intelligence Agency agent in Captain America: Civil War, which was released in May 2016.

In 2017, Freeman starred in Cargo, a feature-length remake of a 2013 short film of the same name, which premiered at the Adelaide Film Festival on 6 August 2017. Later that year he appeared opposite Tamsin Greig in Labour of Love, a political comedy by James Graham, at the Noël Coward Theatre. Freeman portrayed fictional Labour MP David Lyons, whose modernising ideas pit him against the traditional left-wing constituency agent Jean Whittaker (Greig).

In 2018, he reprised his role as Everett K. Ross in Black Panther, which was set around two weeks after the event in Captain America: Civil War, making it his second appearance in Marvel Cinematic Universe. Between May 2017 and July 2019, he starred in numerous adverts for Vodafone.

In June 2018, Freeman was part of To Provide All People, a BBC Wales drama celebrating 70 years of the National Health Service.

Since March 2020, Freeman has starred in the FX/Sky One comedy series Breeders, of which he is also a creator and executive producer. On 18 May 2020 FX and Sky One renewed it for a second season.

Personal life
Freeman lives in the Belsize Park area of London. He previously lived in Potters Bar, Hertfordshire with actress Amanda Abbington; they were together from 2000 to 2016, and have a son and a daughter. They appeared together in productions such as Sherlock, Swinging with the Finkels, The Debt, The Robinsons, and The All Together. On 22 December 2016, it was reported that they had separated.

Freeman is a former pescetarian who returned to eating red meat in 2024. He is a formerly practising Catholic. He is a close friend of actor Simon Pegg, who is the godfather of his son. Freeman's personal style follows that of British mod subculture, and he cites Paul Weller as one of his heroes and influences on his style.

In 2011, Freeman umpired a charity cricket match to raise money for victims of the Christchurch earthquake.

Freeman's brother, singer-songwriter and website designer Jamie Freeman, died of brain cancer in December 2022.

Music
Freeman is a fan of soul, Motown and jazz music, and presented an episode of BBC Two's The Culture Show in 2009 titled "Martin Freeman Goes to Motown". He also selected music for a 2006 Motown compilation, "Made to Measure", and worked on a jazz compilation with his friend Eddie Piller, "Jazz on the Corner"; released on Acid Jazz Records on 23 March 2018, it features tracks by Kamasi Washington and The Brand New Heavies. The pair presented Craig Charles' Funk and Soul Show on 31 March 2018. In 2019, a follow-up album, "Soul on the Corner", was announced, with tracks by Leroy Hutson and Bobby Womack.

Political views
Freeman is a supporter of the Labour Party. As a teenager, he supported the now-defunct political group Militant and volunteered with the Labour Party Young Socialists. In 2015, he appeared in a party political broadcast to endorse the Labour Party ahead of the 2015 UK general election. In August 2015, he supported Jeremy Corbyn's campaign in the Labour Party leadership election.

title: Martin Freeman


text:
User talk:Kadzuwo~enwiki

Hello! Welcome to Wikipedia, Kadzuwo. Thank you for the work you've been doing around the site. Judging from the work you've done, it seems that your forte is in Asian culture; if you'll be continuing to contribute, you can find some articles in need of help in this field or on other topics at Pages needing attention.

You might find these links helpful in starting new articles or helping with existing ones: How to edit a page, How to write a great article, Naming conventions, Manual of Style. You should read our policies at some point too.

If you have any questions, you can see the help pages, or, for individual help, feel free to add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page.

 * If you made any edits before you got an account, you might be interested in assigning those to your username.

 * You can sign your name on talk pages using three tildes, like this: . If you use four, you can add a datestamp too.

 * If you ever think a page or image should be deleted, please list it at the votes for deletion page. There is also a votes for undeletion page if you want to retrieve something that you think should not have been deleted.

Thank you for your contributions; I hope you continue to help us.

-- Djinn112 03:16, Feb 23, 2004 (UTC)

NPOV
Hi, welcome to Wikipedia also. It would be a good idea for you to read up on NPOV before editing controversial pages. Also, the Japanese wikipedia could do with a lot more contributors. :) Markalexander100 02:32, 7 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * I already read it at Japanese version. So, I'm always trying to show my fucktardedness. Thank you.Kadzuwo 10:36, 7 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Kadzuwo, the article will have two sides represented - one defending the book and its claims and the other representing is problems. Do not attempt to censor material from being in the article, rather present a complete case against its claims under a subheading. Thank you. - SV  (talk) 01:23, 10 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Article Licensing
Hi, I've started a drive to get users to multi-license all of their contributions that they've made to either (1) all U.S. state, county, and city articles or (2) all articles, using the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike (CC-by-sa) v1.0 and v2.0 Licenses or into the public domain if they prefer. The CC-by-sa license is a true free documentation license that is similar to Wikipedia's license, the GFDL, but it allows other projects, such as WikiTravel, to use our articles. Since you are among the top 2000 Wikipedians by edits, I was wondering if you would be willing to multi-license all of your contributions or at minimum those on the geographic articles. Over 90% of people asked have agreed. For More Information:
 * Multi-Licensing FAQ - Lots of questions answered
 * Multi-Licensing Guide
 * Free the Rambot Articles Project

To allow us to track those users who muli-license their contributions, many users copy and paste the " " template into their user page, but there are other options at Template messages/User namespace. The following examples could also copied and pasted into your user page:

 * Option 1
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions, with the exception of my user pages, as described below:

OR
 * Option 2
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions to any U.S. state, county, or city article as described below:

Or if you wanted to place your work into the public domain, you could replace " " with "  ". If you only prefer using the GFDL, I would like to know that too. Please let me know what you think at my talk page. It's important to know either way so no one keeps asking. -- Ram-Man (comment| talk)

Nomination of Honolulu University for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Honolulu University is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Honolulu University until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on good quality evidence, and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion template from the top of the article. Brandon (talk) 01:11, 3 June 2011 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Kadzuwo. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Kadzuwo~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 01:02, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 14:45, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
Hi, You appear to be eligible to vote in the current Arbitration Committee election. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to enact binding solutions for disputes between editors, primarily related to serious behavioural issues that the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the ability to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate, you are welcome to review the candidates' statements and submit your choices on the voting page. For the Election committee, MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 22:12, 30 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kadzuwo~enwiki


text: File:BlueManGroupTheComplex.jpg

title: File:BlueManGroupTheComplex.jpg


text:
The Complex (album)

The Complex is the second studio album by Blue Man Group, released in 2003. It is a concept album that takes place in two separate worlds: the world of the rock concert, as in the song "Time to Start," and the alienating world of the modern urban workplace, as in the songs "Sing Along," "The Current", and "The Complex." Both worlds are then tied together in the song "What Is Rock," which contrasts the celebratory "loss of identity" within a rock performance with the dehumanizing "loss of identity" within the workplace. These themes were illustrated during performance by animations that told the story of a faceless worker eventually escaping "up to the roof" and discovering their true self.

The Complex produced three singles, and debuted at #60 on the Billboard charts. As with the previous album, a DVD-Audio version was released, containing a high-definition (96 kHz/24-bit) 5.1 surround sound mix. AllMusic reviewer Robert L. Doerschuk states "Although its inspirations, musical and conceptual, trace as far back as Kraftwerk, The Complex serves as a reminder that modern devices and glistening production values can be applied to the most primal creative instincts, if utilized by the right — blue — hands".

Personnel

 * Matt Goldman, Phil Stanton, Chris Wink (CMP) - founders
 * Chris Dyas - baritone guitar, e-bow, guitar, harpsichord, zither
 * Larry Heinemann - bass, chapman stick, guitar, pressaphonic, tubulum, zither
 * Todd Perlmutter - drums, narrator (2,5,11), percussion programming
 * Blue Man - airpoles, anvil, backpack tubulum, big drum, cimbalom, cuica, dogulum, drumulum, dulcimer, dumpster, mandeldrums, mellotron cello, paddle tubulum, percussion, piano smasher, PVC instrument, tubulum, 1981 casiotone and kazoo.
 * Tracy Bonham - vocals (4,10)
 * Arone Dyer - vocals (11)
 * Esthero - vocals (8)
 * Josh Haden - vocals (6)
 * Dave Matthews - vocals (3)
 * Peter Moore - vocals (11,12), keyboards (15)
 * Gavin Rossdale - vocals (9)
 * Annette Strean and Venus Hum - vocals and effects (13)
 * Rob Swift - turntables (10)
 * Dave Anania - percussion (11)
 * Chris Bowen - tubulum (13), voiceover (11)
 * Nels Cline - guitar (6,8-10,13)
 * Dan the Automator - programming (3,9)
 * Jeffrey Doornbos - tubulum (13)
 * Byron Estep - dobro guitar (5)
 * Brooke Ferris - start voice (2), "words on the left" (5)
 * Avram Gleitsman - guitar (9)
 * Spalding Gray - "words on the right" (5)
 * Kid Koala - samples (11)
 * Elvis Lederer - zither (5,15)
 * Ian Pai - percussion (1,2,5,10,15)
 * Jeff Quay - percussion & double drum kit (5,6,12,15)
 * Brian Scott - tubulum (13)
 * Dave Steele - guitar (4,8,9,12), zither (4,12)
 * Rob Swift - turntable (5,10)
 * Chris Traynor - guitar (9)
 * Jeff Turlik - guitar (1,2,5,8,9,12-15), zither (14,15)
 * Todd Waetzig - percussion (11)
 * Jordan Cohen, Matthew Kriemelman, Jeff Tortora, Vince Verderame, Todd Waetzig, Nick White - Vegas Drum Army (1,2,5,6,7 & 13)
 * Dave Anania, Chris Bowen, Wes Day, Jeffrey Doornbos, Randall Jaynes, Josh Matthews, Ian Pai, Crag Rodriguez, Pete Simpson, Pete Starrett, Clem Waldman - NY Drum Army (2,5,15)

Production

 * Producers: Todd Perlmutter, Matt Goldman, Phil Stanton, Chris Wink
 * Executive producer: Jeff Skillen
 * Engineers: Bill Bookheim, Joe Hogan, Joe O'Connell, Todd Perlmutter, Andrew Schneider
 * Mixing: Rich Costey, Andrew Schneider
 * Mastering: Bob Ludwig
 * Production supervisor: Jeff Levison
 * Production coordination: Jaime Ramírez
 * Product development: Michael Quinn, Jeni Ardizzone West
 * Programming: Dan the Automator, Todd Perlmutter
 * Computer engineering: Larry Heinemann
 * Vocal producers: Kip Kubin, Tony Miracle, Venus Hum
 * Sampling: Kid Koala
 * Arrangers: Peter Moore, Ian Pai, Dave Steele, Jeff Turlik
 * Studio assistant: Mike Napolitano
 * Art consultant: Dan the Automator
 * Technician: Mike Napolitano
 * Drum technician: Carl Plaster
 * Art direction: Marcus Miller, Charles Tyler Ensemble
 * Design: Jen Graffam Wink
 * Artwork: David Bell
 * Cover image: Jen Graffam Wink

title: The Complex (album)


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USS Gudgeon (SS-567)

USS Gudgeon (SS/AGSS/SSAG-567), a Tang-class submarine, was the second ship of the United States Navy to be named for the gudgeon, a species of small fresh-water minnow.

Construction and commissioning
The submarine's keel was laid by the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard in Kittery, Maine. It was launched on 11 June 1952 sponsored by Mrs. Robert A. Bonin, widow of the first Gudgeon's last commanding officer, and commissioned on 21 November 1952 with Commander Robert M. Carroll in command. Gudgeon was the first American submarine to circumnavigate the globe; the navigator aboard this history making voyage was Lt. Leon Leroy Stine Jr., who died on January 30, 2018.

Service record
After builders' trials, Gudgeon sailed for Pearl Harbor, where it joined Submarine Squadron 1 (SubRon 1), Submarine Division 1 (SubDiv 1), 18 July 1953. Local operations and training exercises continued until 11 April 1954, when Gudgeon sailed to the mainland for antisubmarine warfare (ASW) exercises along the Washington coast. A Mare Island Naval Shipyard overhaul occupied the remainder of the year, and Gudgeon returned to Pearl Harbor 9 March 1955. She sailed 21 Jul 1955, for the first of five WestPac tours, visiting Yokosuka, Formosa, Hong Kong, Manila, and Guam before returning to Pearl Harbor on 30 January 1956. Local operations out of the Hawaiian port, overhaul, special secret operations, and a second voyage to the West Coast took Gudgeon through the next 18 months.

Sailing from Pearl Harbor on 8 July 1957, Gudgeon began a history-making cruise around the world, making the Pacific Fleet Submarine Force's flagship the first American submarine to circumnavigate the globe. After exercises at Yokosuka, Gudgeon sailed west 26 August 1957. As it made her way around the world for the next six months, the submarine docked at Asian, African and European ports before a triumphal entry into Pearl Harbor 21 February 1958, eight months and 25,000 miles (40,000 km) since taking departure.

During August 1957, after being detected by the Soviet Navy outside the port of Vladivostok, outside the 3-mile territorial waters limit recognized by the US but well inside the 12-mile limit claimed by the Soviets, the Gudgeon was the first US submarine forced to the surface during the Cold War.

First conversion
After extensive overhaul, Gudgeon again settled into the peacetime local and special operations, training exercises, and ASW activities. Three WestPac cruises, in 1959, 1961, and 1963, took it to Japan for exercises with the Seventh Fleet as well as to the US naval base at Subic Bay in the Philippine Islands and Hong Kong for liberty. During the alternate years, 1960 and 1962, Gudgeon was reassigned to mainland waters, training and exercising along the Washington and California coasts.

Second conversion
Gudgeon returned from the Far East to Pearl Harbor 1 August 1963, and for the next two years operated in Hawaiian waters. It departed Pearl Harbor 29 November and arrived San Francisco, California, on 9 December for overhaul at Mare Island. The ship was cut in half and an 18-foot (5 meter) section was added during a conversion which gave the submarine new and larger engines as well as the Passive Underwater Fire Control Feasibility System (PUFFS) passive sonar installation. Modernization was completed during April 1967 and Gudgeon returned to duty in the Pacific Fleet.

 * [1967-1983]

Gudgeon was reclassified a miscellaneous auxiliary submarine, AGSS-567 and later SSAG-567 during November 1979.

Gudgeon served in the Pacific until it was decommissioned on 30 September 1983 and eliminated from the Naval Vessel Register on 6 August 1987.

Awards

 * China Service Medal ribbon.svg China Service Medal
 * National Defense Service Medal with star (2 awards)
 * Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal ribbon.svg Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal
 * Vietnam Service Medal with two campaign stars for Vietnam War service

TCG Hızırreis (S 342)
During 1983, Gudgeon was transferred by lease to Turkey and renamed TCG Hızırreis (S 342), named for Ottoman Admiral Kurtoğlu Hızır Reis. It was purchased in 1987, served until 2004, and is presently berthed as a museum ship at the Kocaeli Museum Ships Command in Izmit and is open to the public.

title: USS Gudgeon (SS-567)


text:
List of aircraft of the Royal Canadian Navy

This is a list of aircraft of the Royal Canadian Navy covering the period until 1968 when all aircraft operations were transferred to the newly unified Canadian Armed Forces, originally with Maritime Command and since 1975 with Air Command, which has subsequently been renamed as the Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF).

Prior to World War II (WWII) the Royal Canadian Navy (RCN) did not operate aircraft. During World War I, the Royal Navy Canadian Air Service, a component of the Royal Naval Air Service, used seaplanes to carry out anti-submarine patrols off the Canadian East Coast. After the United States entered the war, the United States Navy established two seaplane bases in Nova Scotia for similar patrols, and the Royal Canadian Naval Air Service (RCNAS) was formed to assume responsibility for these flights; however, the war ended before the RCNAS was ready to operate independently, so it was disbanded and the two bases were deactivated and handed over to the Air Board.

During WWII, Canadian personnel manned the carriers HMS Nabob (D77) (from 1943 until torpedoed in 1944) and HMS Puncher (D79) (from 1944 until returned to the US in 1946), with their complement of Royal Navy Fleet Air Arm (FAA) carrier based aircraft. Canadian naval aviators including pilots of the RCN Volunteer Reserve also served in the FAA aboard carriers of the Royal Navy Pacific Fleet.

With the loan of HMCS Warrior (R31) in 1946, the RCN received its first aircraft, operating Fairey Firefly fighter-bombers and Supermarine Seafire fighters loaned from the Royal Navy. When both aircraft and the ship failed to meet Canadian requirements, HMCS Magnificent (CVL 21) was purchased in 1948, along with Hawker Sea Fury fighters and in 1950, Grumman Avenger torpedo bombers.

From then until 1968, the RCN operated a variety of fixed wing and rotary wing aircraft. After the Canadian Forces sold off HMCS Bonaventure (CVL 22) in 1970, Canadian naval vessels operated only Sea King helicopters. The Trackers were transferred to land bases to perform coastal patrols, while the Sikorsky HO4S plane-guard helicopters were retired, and other types still in service were allocated as per their RCAF equivalents.

Aircraft that remained in service after unification are highlighted in blue.


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Talk:Mosaic (disambiguation)

The discussion is moved to Wikipedia talk:Disambiguation. Until the issue is resolved, please stop changing the original page. Mikkalai 07:56, 23 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Same could be said to you, you know - you've done more reverts on this article than any of the other participants. But no matter; this page can wait. Bryan 08:04, 23 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * But I did them for reason, explained. Others for "tradition". Normally I *never* insist on my POV for too long, but this issue is matter of pure logic, not POV: wikipedia must fix this contadiction of usage. I assure you, I am not so lazy as to avoid extra typing of "msg:dismabig" at all costs :-) Mikkalai 08:43, 23 Feb 2004 (UTC

The second link leads to the page for the artistic mosaic. I did a search, and can't find the Mosaic organisation, so either I'm missing it, or it doesn't exist. I'll try searching again later. Edward Wakelin 18:12, 25 October 2006 (UTC)

The link to "Mosaic a novel by Soheir Khashoggi" is not leading to the right place. It's leading to mosaics, artworks, made out of small tesserae 64.131.188.67 (talk) 03:21, 31 July 2009 (UTC) Christopher L. Simpson

title: Talk:Mosaic (disambiguation)


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Parti acadien

The Parti Acadien was a political party in New Brunswick, Canada in the 1970s and 1980s. The party was founded in 1972 by Acadians who were upset over poorer living conditions in predominantly francophone areas of the province versus those areas dominated by anglophones. The economy of New Brunswick was concentrated in the cities of Fredericton, Saint John and Moncton, while the eastern and northern parts of New Brunswick, predominantly Francophone, was relatively poorer as a result of an economy based primarily on entrenched and seasonal commercial fishing and lumber industries.

Despite efforts by Louis Robichaud, an Acadian who served as the province's premier between the 1960 and 1970 elections, to modernize through investment in education and business promotion by instituting what was called an equal opportunity program, some Acadians felt they would be better served by their own administration. As a result, the Parti Acadien advocated the formation of a separate Acadian province within Canada, a proposition that would require an amendment to the Canadian Constitution following a provincial referendum.

The Parti Acadien tried to distance itself from its more radical elements, even hesitating to use the word "nationalist". Their platform had several socialist policies, though officially their goal was to work for reforms using the already-existing framework of New Brunswick law. They also explained that they were not anti-anglophone per se, but felt that the capitalist system in place in the province favoured the predominantly English south. Many of the radicals joined a new cultural organization, the Société Acadienne du Nouveau-Brunswick (SANB). Euclide Chiasson was the party's first president and leader. The party nominated 13 candidates in the province's 58 ridings in the 1974 provincial election, 23 candidates in the 1978 provincial election, and 10 candidates in the 1982 provincial election, which was the party's last.

The party considered an alliance or merger with the New Brunswick New Democratic Party (NDP), encouraging voters in ridings with no Parti Acadien candidate to vote for the NDP instead. No formal agreement was ever reached.

In 1975, Jean-Pierre Lanteigne was elected leader. He sought to abandon demands for a new Acadian province, instead maintaining a social democratic agenda for New Brunswick as a whole. This caused a rift in the party, with some members hoping that the success of the sovereigntist Parti Québécois in the Province of Quebec would spark hopes for Acadian nationalism as well. Lanteigne insisted, however, that his party was not a New Brunswick branch of the Parti Québécois.

1978 provincial election
The Parti Acadien decided once again to support the creation of a separate province, in tandem with most (but not all) SANB members. The party went into the 1978 election with a platform of independence. However, Richard Hatfield and the governing Progressive Conservatives also promoted a platform that promised to increase the role of the Acadian people and culture within the province.

The party's platform was seen as vague during the election, so it subsequently clarified its positions. The party stood for in decentralization of provincial powers and French-language administrative units across the province. A convention of Parti Acadien supporters, SANB members and other Acadians in 1979 produced a split on the issue of whether to vote to secede from New Brunswick or work for reform from within. The SANB (still a cultural association at the core) risked having its funding from the Government of Canada cut off before it explained that the convention produced no consensus and was not binding.

The 1978 election was the Parti Acadien's most successful. Their candidates averaged 12% of the vote, and Restigouche West candidate Armand Plourde finished second, only 170 votes short of first place. This was the party's only second-place finish, and the closest it came to winning a seat. In the election the Liberal Party led by Acadian Joseph Daigle garnered 44.36% of the popular vote, just .03% less than the winning Progressive Conservatives and captured twenty-eight seats to the Conservative Party's thirty. The votes that went to the Parti Acadien traditionally had gone to the Liberals and it was widely believed that the Parti acadien cost the Liberals the election.

In 1980, the majority of the SANB membership votes in favour of promoting secession. As a result, it lost funding from both the federal and provincial governments, who feared that radicals had taken over the group (and by extension, the Parti Acadien). The more centrist factions of the party jumped ship, mostly to the Conservatives.

By the 1982 election, the Conservatives' policies on francophone rights resonated with Acadian voters, and Hatfield's party won an unprecedented number of Acadian seats. Hatfield's overtures to the Acadians did not sit well with many anglophone New Brunswickers, who later founded the New Brunswick Confederation of Regions Party whose platform called for English as the only official language in New Brunswick. The Parti Acadien lost 75% of its support from 1978, and officially disbanded in 1986.

Leaders of the Parti acadien

 * Euclide Chiasson 1972-1975
 * Jean-Pierre Lanteigne 1975-1979
 * Donatien Gaudet 1979-1980
 * Louise Blanchard 1980-1982

title: Parti acadien


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User:Tai i~enwiki

de:Benutzer:Tai i es:Usuario:Tai i fr:Utilisateur:Tai i ko:사용자:Tai i nl:Gebruiker:Tai i 2004 ja:利用者:Tai i zh:User:Tai i

title: User:Tai i~enwiki


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Al Neuharth

Allen Harold "Al" Neuharth (March 22, 1924 – April 19, 2013) was an American businessman, author, and columnist born in Eureka, South Dakota. He was the founder of USA Today, The Freedom Forum, and its Newseum.

Early life
Al Neuharth was born in Eureka, South Dakota, to a German-speaking family. Neuharth's parents were Daniel J. and Christina, who married on January 11, 1922. Daniel died when Al was two. Al needed to help his family survive the Great Depression. He worked on his grandfather's farm. As a youngster; he also delivered the Minneapolis Tribune but he gave that up for a better-paying job in the meat industry, sweeping up in the meat plants and slaughtering animals. Neuharth graduated from Alpena High School in Alpena, South Dakota, where he worked for Allen Brigham, owner of the local newspaper, the Alpena Journal. At the age of 19, Neuharth served in the Army during World War II. As a member of the 86th Infantry Division, Neuharth was deployed to France, Germany, and the Philippines.

Education
After the war, Neuharth attended the University of South Dakota in Vermillion, where he edited the school newspaper, The Volante. He maintained an affiliation with the university and had an office in the Media & Journalism building, the Al Neuharth Media Center, until he died in 2013. Neuharth founded the Al Neuharth Free Spirit Scholarship, awarded to graduating high school students who exemplify the qualities of a "free spirit" and aim to pursue a career in journalism.

News career
Neuharth and fellow USD alum Bill Porter founded SoDak Sports, a weekly newspaper devoted to covering the sports scene in South Dakota. Despite its initial popularity, the weekly SoDak Sports went bankrupt in a year's time, losing Neuharth the $50,000 he had borrowed.

After his failure, Neuharth went to the Miami Herald, where he became assistant managing editor. In 1960, the Knight newspaper chain (later a part of Knight Ridder), which owned the Herald, sent him to its Detroit Free Press, which was fighting an uphill battle with the Detroit News, which Neuharth would later buy while at Gannett.

After Neuharth decided that he could go no further in the Knight organization due to the Knight family's control, in 1963, he accepted Gannett head Paul Miller's offer to move to Gannett's headquarters in Rochester, New York to run its paper there, the Democrat and Chronicle. In 1966, he took charge of Gannett Florida. He started Today in Cocoa, Florida, which eventually became Florida Today. The color schemes used in Florida Today became an inspiration for the initial format for USA Today. He then ran the boardroom under Miller, whom he eventually succeeded in 1973. He helped to build Gannett into the largest newspaper company in the United States. During his tenure, Gannett's revenues expanded by 1,450%. In 1979, Gannett owned 78 daily and 21 weekly newspapers, seven television stations, over a dozen radio stations, outdoor advertising plants, and the Louis Harris & Associates research firm. Gannett purchased Harris because the firm was doing costly research for Neuharth to determine the advisability of starting a new national newspaper.

USA Today
Neuharth founded USA Today in 1982, which as of March 2013 was the third most widely read newspaper in the country. He won the Walter Cronkite Award for Excellence in Journalism in 1988, in recognition of his founding of the newspaper. Neuharth retired from Gannett on March 31, 1989, at the age of 65.

After his retirement, Neuharth authored a weekly column entitled Plain Talk through August 2010.

Freedom Forum
Neuharth served as chairman of the board of the Gannett Foundation upon his retirement. The foundation was founded by Frank Gannett, founder of the newspaper chain. Neuharth took control of the foundation, removed the CEO, and installed his own top executive. He then renamed the foundation the Freedom Forum. Neuharth was chairman of the Freedom Forum from 1991 until he died in 2013.

The Freedom Forum annually gives out the Al Neuharth Award for Excellence in the Media. Past winners include Walter Cronkite (1989), Carl T. Rowan (1990), Helen Thomas (1991), Tom Brokaw (1992), Larry King (1993), Charles Kuralt of CBS (1994), Albert R. Hunt and Judy Woodruff (1995), Robert MacNeil (1996), Cokie Roberts (1997), Tim Russert and Louis Boccardi (1998), John Seigenthaler (1999), Jim Lehrer (2001), Tom Curley (2002), Don Hewitt of CBS (2004), Garrison Keillor (2005), Bob Schieffer of CBS (2006), John Quinn and Ken Paulson (2007), Charles Overby (2008), Katie Couric (2009), Brian Lamb of C-SPAN (2011) and Marilyn Hagerty of the Grand Forks Herald (2012).

Quotes
"We in the media could help [the insurance situation] if we put in proper perspective long range hurricane forecasts that often are exaggerated and play into insurers' hands."

"The First Amendment guarantees a free press. We in the media must make sure it is a fair press."

Personal
Neuharth had two children from his first marriage on June 16, 1946, to Loretta F. Helgeland. He was divorced in 1973. He married his second wife, Florida State Senator Lori Wilson, in 1973. Their marriage lasted seven years. He married Rachel Fornes, a Cocoa Beach, Florida, chiropractor, and they adopted six children.

In 1975, Neuharth built a beachfront mansion in Cocoa Beach. It contained 10000 sqft of living space, 11 bedrooms and 12 bathrooms. It was valued at several million dollars and was the largest in the city. It was sold after his death and was destroyed by fire in 2016.

Neuharth died on Friday, April 19, 2013, at his home in Cocoa Beach, at the age of 89. Jack Marsh, president of the Al Neuharth Media Center and a close friend, confirmed that he died at his home. Marsh said that Neuharth fell earlier in the week and never quite recovered.

Awards and honors

 * Bronze Star Medal
 * Horatio Alger Award (1975)
 * First male from the newspaper industry to win Association for Women in Communications' highest award, the Headliner Award
 * Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement (1982)
 * Walter Cronkite Award for Excellence in Journalism (1988)

Books

 * BusCapade: Plain Talk Across the USA. Washington, D.C.: USA Today Books, 1987, ISBN 0944347002
 * Profiles of Power: How the Governors Run Our 50 States, with Kenneth A. Paulson and Phil Pruitt. Washington, D.C.: USA Today Books, 1988, ISBN 0944347142
 * Truly One Nation, with Ken Paulson and Dan Greaney. New York: USA Today Books: Doubleday, 1988, ISBN 0385261802
 * Window on the World: Faces, Places, and Plain Talk from 32 Countries. Washington, D.C.: USA Today Books, 1988, ISBN 0944347169
 * Nearly One World, with Jack Kelley and Juan J. Walte. New York: USA Today Books/Doubleday, 1989, ISBN 0385263872
 * Confessions of an S.O.B.. New York: Doubleday, 1989, ISBN 038524942X
 * Free Spirit: How You Can Get the Most out of Life at Any Age...and How It Might Make You a Millionaire. Arlington, Va.: Newseum Books, 2000, ISBN 0965509184

title: Al Neuharth


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NIMH

NIMH may refer to:

 * Nickel–metal hydride battery (NiMH), a type of electrical battery
 * National Institute of Mental Health, an agency of the United States government
 * National Institute of Medical Herbalists, a professional organisation in the United Kingdom
 * Rats of NIMH, a series of children's books
 * The Secret of NIMH, a 1982 animated film
 * The Secret of NIMH 2: Timmy to the Rescue, a 1998 direct-to-video animated film

title: NIMH


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User:Zarius

Zarius joined Wikipedia in 2003 and watched it grow. Sporadic interests have brought him back here on occasion over the years. He seems to be more active from the beginning of 2007. Currently resides in Brisbane, Australia and works as IT Support for an insurance company specialising in Strata Title. Has a taken recent interest in medical subjects, possibly from watching too much Regenesis & House MD and is slowly devouring a textbook on Molecular biology.

Link for confirmation of identify for SUL request on PL wiki

 * SUL - PL

Activities

 * Combating vandalism
 * Tweaking pages (spelling, layout improvements, etc)
 * Building on any pages that I happen to have an interest in at the time
 * Creating the odd page as interest and knowledge permit

Pages planned for creation
Planning on putting together some info on Australian Body corporate/Strata Title laws (goes hand in hand with my current work).

Pages created & major edits
Although I usually make smaller maintenance edits (rv, spelling, etc), I've made a few larger edits. Major in this case is relative :)

 * NTFS Junction point - can be used similar to Symbolic links in *nix (created, 23 Feb 2004))
 * CPU socket (created, 13 April 2004)
 * Yours Truly Theatre, Bangalore (cleanup and layout, 02 March 2007)
 * S.C.A.P.A. - now School for the Creative and Performing Arts (cleanup, 19 March 2007)
 * Notifiable disease (major edit from empty redirect page to article, 23 March 2007)

title: User:Zarius


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HMS Quail

Six ships of the Royal Navy have been named HMS Quail after the quail.

 * HMS Quail (1806) was a 4-gun schooner launched in 1806 and sold into mercantile service in 1816. She was last listed in 1816.
 * HMS Quail (1817) was a cutter tender launched in 1817. There were plans to rename her HMS Providence in 1822, but this never happened, and she was broken up by 1829.
 * HMS Quail (1830) was a 4-gun cutter launched 1830 and fitted out for the Liberian government in 1859.
 * HMS Quail (1856) was an Albacore-class gunboat (1855) wood screw gunboat launched in 1856 and broken up in 1861.
 * HMS Quail (1895) was a Quail-class destroyer launched in 1895. She was reclassified as a B-class destroyer in 1913 and was sold for scrap in 1919.
 * HMS Quail (G45) was a Q-class destroyer launched in 1942. She struck a mine on 15 November 1943 and sank while under tow on 18 June 1944.

title: HMS Quail


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User talk:Kenneth Alan

One year ban
Requests for arbitration/Kenneth Alan User:Kenneth Alan has been banned for one year commencing at 00:00 October 2, 2004.

Article Licensing
Hi, I've started a drive to get users to multi-license all of their contributions that they've made to either (1) all U.S. state, county, and city articles or (2) all articles, using the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike (CC-by-sa) v1.0 and v2.0 Licenses or into the public domain if they prefer. The CC-by-sa license is a true free documentation license that is similar to Wikipedia's license, the GFDL, but it allows other projects, such as WikiTravel, to use our articles. Since you are among the top 2000 Wikipedians by edits, I was wondering if you would be willing to multi-license all of your contributions or at minimum those on the geographic articles. Over 90% of people asked have agreed. For More Information:
 * Multi-Licensing FAQ - Lots of questions answered
 * Multi-Licensing Guide
 * Free the Rambot Articles Project

To allow us to track those users who muli-license their contributions, many users copy and paste the " " template into their user page, but there are other options at Template messages/User namespace. The following examples could also copied and pasted into your user page:

 * Option 1
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions, with the exception of my user pages, as described below:

OR
 * Option 2
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions to any U.S. state, county, or city article as described below:

Or if you wanted to place your work into the public domain, you could replace " " with "  ". If you only prefer using the GFDL, I would like to know that too. Please let me know what you think at my talk page. It's important to know either way so no one keeps asking. -- Ram-Man (comment| talk)

title: User talk:Kenneth Alan