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Toto (band)

Toto is an American pop rock band formed in 1977 in Los Angeles, California. Toto combines elements of pop, rock, soul, funk, hard rock, R&B, blues, and jazz. Having released 14 studio albums and sold over 40 million records worldwide, the group has received several Grammy Awards and was inducted into the Musicians Hall of Fame and Museum in 2009.

David Paich (keyboards, vocals) and Jeff Porcaro (drums) had played together as session musicians on several albums and formed the band; David Hungate (bass), Steve Lukather (guitar, vocals), Steve Porcaro (keyboards, vocals), and Bobby Kimball (vocals) were recruited before the release of the band's eponymous debut album in 1978. Led by the Top 5 single "Hold the Line", the album brought the band to mainstream attention, though it was their fourth album Toto IV (1982) which brought them global attention. "Africa" topped the Billboard Hot 100, while "Rosanna" reached number 2, helping Toto become one of the best-selling music groups of their era.

Following Toto IV, two of the original members, Hungate and Kimball, departed the band. Hungate was replaced on bass by Mike Porcaro, while Kimball was replaced by a number of different short-term vocalists, the longest serving of which was Joseph Williams. After Jeff Porcaro's death in 1992, he was replaced by Simon Phillips. While the band has not repeated the U.S. radio successes of their heyday in the late 1970s and early 1980s, they have continued to produce albums and tour more-or-less continuously to the current day, minus a few hiatuses, and have had many more top-ten albums and singles in places like Japan and Scandinavia. Steve Lukather remains the only original member who still records and tours with the band. Paich remains an official member of the band, though he has mostly retired from touring. Since the 2010s, the band has increasingly relied on contracted touring musicians to continue to perform. As of 2023, they have released fourteen studio albums, eight live albums, one movie soundtrack, 1984's Dune, and a number of compilation albums. Their final release was 2018's Old Is New before the band decided against recording any further studio albums. In 2024, Toto launched its "Dogz of Oz" Tour with its first date in Red Bank, New Jersey.

1977–1979: Formation and debut album
The members of Toto were regulars on albums by Steely Dan, Seals and Crofts, Boz Scaggs, Sonny and Cher, and many others, contributing to many of the most popular records of the 1970s. Keyboardist David Paich, son of musician and session player/arranger Marty Paich, rose to fame after having co-written much of Scaggs's Silk Degrees album. David met drummer Jeff Porcaro, the son of session percussionist Joe Porcaro, while attending Grant High School, where they formed the band Rural Still Life. Years later, having played on many sessions with Paich, the two began to seriously discuss the possibility of their forming their own band.

They brought in bassist and fellow session veteran David Hungate, with whom they had played in the backing band for Scaggs. The duo asked fellow Grant High School students, guitarist Steve Lukather (who also played in Scaggs's band as a replacement for Les Dudek) and Jeff Porcaro's brother Steve Porcaro (keyboards) to join the team. Lukather and Steve Porcaro were in the same year at Grant and continued the band Rural Still Life (the name shortened to Still Life) after Paich and Jeff graduated. With the addition of former S.S. Fools singer Bobby Kimball, the group began to work on their first album in 1977 after signing with Columbia Records.

Once the band came together, David Paich began composing what would become the eponymous debut album, Toto. According to popular myth, at the first recording sessions, in order to distinguish their own demo tapes from other bands' in the studio, Jeff Porcaro wrote the word "Toto" on them. In the early 1980s, band members told the press that the band was named after Toto the dog from The Wizard of Oz. After the completion of the first album, the band and record were still unnamed. David Hungate, after viewing the name on the demo tapes, explained to the group that the Latin words "in toto" translated to "all-encompassing". Because the band members played on so many records and so many musical genres, they adopted the name "Toto" as their own.

Toto climbed the charts quickly, earning popularity with the hit single "Hold the Line", as well as the charting "I'll Supply the Love" and "Georgy Porgy", featuring Cheryl Lynn. Though the band was largely dismissed by music critics, it was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best New Artist. Shortly thereafter, in early 1979, Toto embarked on their first American tour in support of the debut album. For the tour, Toto brought along two additional musicians, Tom Kelly (guitar, backup vocals) and Lenny Castro (percussion), to increase the depth of the sound. Castro had appeared with the group on their first album as a session musician and continued to play on every one of their albums for the next 40 years in varying capacities, with the exception of Turn Back. The band continued to hire additional touring musicians for all subsequent tours. (See the "Tour Musicians" section below.)

1979–1981: Hydra and Turn Back
At the close of the first tour, the band began work on their next album, Hydra, which was released later that year and featured the single "99", inspired by George Lucas' cult film THX 1138. Nearly 30 years later, Steve Lukather confessed that, despite the song's popularity, he hated "99" and that it's one of his least favorite Toto songs, which is why it was rarely performed after Hydra's tour. The band also released four promotional music videos for the album, including the title track, "99", "St George and The Dragon" and "All Us Boys". They were directed by Bruce Gowers and produced by Paul Flattery for Jon Roseman Productions International. Although the album Hydra failed to achieve the commercial success of Toto's first release, it still went gold. Following the album's release, the band set out on the "Hydra Tour", which featured both American and international dates. The tour lasted from February until June 1980.

In early 1981, Toto released their third album, Turn Back. The album was a venture into arena rock and featured heavier guitar and fewer keyboards than the previous two albums. Its disappointing chart performance and sales in almost every country except Japan and Norway put the band's career into further jeopardy, as they had not had a hit single in North America in almost two years at that point. The abnormal success of the album's lead single "Goodbye Elenore" in Japan proved to be the band's breakthrough there, and Japan has become a permanent staple of their touring schedule since.

1982–1985: Toto IV and Isolation

1982 marked the beginning of Toto's most successful era. After the poor sales of Turn Back, the band was under a great deal of pressure from the record company to produce a new hit record, akin to their first. With the Triple Platinum-certified Toto IV, the band delivered one of the most commercially successful records of the year. The album featured three singles that reached the Top 10 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart: "Rosanna", "Africa" and "I Won't Hold You Back". The album appeared on several worldwide charts, introducing the band to new audiences around the globe. "Africa" topped the charts in February 1983 and was a constant presence on radios around the world, but it was "Rosanna" that earned the band multiple Grammy nominations. Toto IV earned six Grammy Awards, including "Record of the Year" for "Rosanna", "Album of the Year" for Toto IV and "Producer of the Year". At the time Steve Porcaro was dating actress Rosanna Arquette, but the song is not about her, according to writer David Paich.

In the music video for the song, Cynthia Rhodes plays the title character. In addition to "Africa" and "Rosanna", Toto IV continued its successful run with the release of another single, "Make Believe". Toto toured throughout 1982 in support of Toto IV. During this time, Steve Porcaro co-wrote and co-composed "Human Nature", which Michael Jackson recorded for his best-selling album Thriller (1982), turning the song into a smash hit. Jeff Porcaro and Steve Lukather also appeared on Thriller on multiple tracks, most notably the Jackson/Paul McCartney duet "The Girl Is Mine".

Directly after the release of Toto IV, bassist David Hungate left the band. Hungate, who had relocated to Nashville in 1980 to pursue a session/production career, felt that the fame surrounding Toto IV would prevent him from spending time with his family. A third Porcaro brother, Mike Porcaro, who had performed cello on a track from Toto IV, replaced Hungate on bass, while lead singer Bobby Kimball spent the early part of 1983 facing prosecution for drug-related charges. Kimball was ordered to stand trial, but pled not guilty. The charges were dismissed on May 28 of that year. However, Kimball was fired from the band in 1984 due to difficulty recording vocals and numerous missed sessions. Later that year, Toto composed most of the music for the soundtrack to the film Dune.

At one point, Richard Page of the band Mr. Mister was offered the lead singer spot, but turned it down to continue with his band. Fergie Frederiksen (formerly of bands Angel, Trillion and LeRoux) was brought in as the new vocalist and the band recorded Isolation, released in November 1984. While Isolation did not achieve the acclaim or sales of Toto IV, it did achieve Gold status, largely on the strength of the single "Stranger in Town". Isolation's tour began in February 1985 and concluded three months later.

1985–1988: Fahrenheit and The Seventh One with Joseph Williams

At the close of the Isolation tour in 1985, Fergie Frederiksen was let go. Lukather claimed that the band was not meshing well with Frederiksen because he had a difficult time recording with them in the studio. The band held an audition and Joseph Williams, son of film composer John Williams and 1950s singer/actress Barbara Ruick, was chosen to take over lead vocals in early 1986.

With Joseph Williams now onboard officially, Toto wrote and recorded Fahrenheit, released in August 1986. While Williams performs lead vocals, Frederiksen had begun recording a few tracks and is featured as a background vocalist on the track "Could This Be Love".

Fahrenheit brought the band back from the heavier sound of Isolation to their pop/rock roots. "I'll Be Over You" and "Without Your Love", which were both ballads sung by Lukather, were the two hit singles. The band recruited several guest musicians for the album. They recorded an instrumental piece entitled "Don't Stop Me Now" with legendary jazz trumpeter Miles Davis. In addition, a then-unknown Paula Abdul appeared as a dancer in their "Till the End" music video. Michael McDonald provided backup vocals on the song "I'll Be Over You" (and appeared in the accompanying music video), while Eagles founder and songwriting giant Don Henley appeared on the Steve Porcaro penned track "Lea".

After its release, the band embarked on another world tour. Upon its conclusion in 1987, Steve Porcaro left the band to pursue a career in film and television scoring. Fahrenheit eventually went Gold on October 3, 1994. Steve Porcaro was never replaced and Toto decided to continue with only five members. Although Porcaro occasionally assisted the band on synthesizers for their subsequent studio albums and appeared on their 1988 tour, David Paich handled most of the live keyboard work, with keyboard technician John Jessel assisting on certain dates, post 1988.

In 1988 Toto released their next album The Seventh One, featuring Jon Anderson of Yes on backup vocals on the single "Stop Loving You". The album's other single, "Pamela", became very popular and would be the band's last to hit the US Top 40. The Seventh One became the band's most successful release since Toto IV. The band toured from February through July 1988.

1988–1990: Past to Present and Jean-Michel Byron
Although "The Seventh One Tour" was very successful, after it was finished the band decided to replace lead singer Joseph Williams. Originally, the band wanted to reunite with original vocalist Bobby Kimball to record new songs for a greatest hits record, but the record company instead insisted they hire South African singer Jean-Michel Byron. Before Byron was brought in, the band recorded "Goin' Home" with Kimball. This song was later featured on the Toto XX album as an "unreleased song". When Byron was brought in (in 1989) he and Toto recorded four new songs which were included on their greatest hits album Past to Present 1977–1990, released in 1990.

Toto then embarked upon the "Planet Earth" tour that lasted from September until December 1990. The band didn't get along with Byron, whose diva-like behavior and flamboyant stage presence caused friction during the tour. He was demoted to background vocals before ultimately being fired at the conclusion of the tour. During this time, the band also found that former singer Bobby Kimball was booking shows and billing himself and his backing band as "Toto". In April, mirroring the situation that had happened with Kimball seven years previously, former singer Joseph Williams was arrested on drug-related charges.

Lukather's first solo album was released in 1989, named Lukather, and featured musicians such as Eddie Van Halen and Richard Marx.

1991–1992: Kingdom of Desire and Jeff Porcaro's death
With Toto once again minus a lead vocalist, guitarist Steve Lukather stepped in to sing lead vocals and became the band's new front man. Toto played at the Montreux Jazz Festival in 1991 and the band recorded Kingdom of Desire, which was released on Columbia Records in most parts of the world and on Clive Davis' label Relativity Records in the United States.

Jeff Porcaro died in an accident on August 5, 1992, at the age of 38 while working in his garden. According to the Los Angeles Times Report, the Los Angeles County Coroner's office lists the cause of death to be a heart attack from the hardening of the arteries caused by cocaine use. Facing the prospect of a tour without Jeff, Toto almost broke up. However, Jeff Porcaro's family insisted the band continue. The band contacted Los Angeles-based Englishman Simon Phillips to replace Jeff Porcaro as they knew that Porcaro liked Phillips alongside Vinnie Colaiuta and Gregg Bissonette and because Lukather worked with Phillips on a previous tour with Santana and Jeff Beck in Japan in 1986.

Phillips joined the band and they went on the tour, which they dedicated to Jeff's memory. In 1993 they released a live album called Absolutely Live. From 1991 on, Steve Lukather would handle a majority of the vocals (until Bobby Kimball's return in 1998), but some older songs originally sung by Kimball, Fergie Frederiksen, and Joseph Williams were put in the set list and sung by new backup singers Fred White (who was replaced by John James in 1992), Jackie McGee, who had joined for the 1990 tour and was replaced by Donna McDaniel in 1992, and Jenny Douglas-McRae, who came aboard in 1990. Douglas-McRae formerly served as an actress as the librarian in the band's 1982 "Africa" music video. James sang "Stop Loving You" and Kimball's part on "Rosanna", McDaniel sang "Home of the Brave" and "Angel Don't Cry", and Douglas-McRae sang "Hold the Line".

On December 14, 1992, the Tribute to Jeff Porcaro Concert was held at Universal City's Universal Amphitheatre. Performers including Don Henley, Eddie Van Halen, Donald Fagen, Walter Becker, Boz Scaggs, James Newton Howard, Michael McDonald, David Crosby and special guest George Harrison performed various Toto songs along with the four remaining Toto members. At the close of the tour, the band then took a break to pursue individual projects as well as to keep up their session schedules.

From March to November 1993, Lukather and Phillips teamed up with friends David Garfield and John Pena on the side project Los Lobotomys and recorded the album Candyman.

1995–1997: Addition of Simon Phillips and Tambu
In 1995 Toto recorded Tambu, their first album with Simon Phillips, which saw the band back with CBS (now Sony). A departure from Toto's sound of the late 1970s and 1980s, Tambu was a very organic release and featured the single "I Will Remember", which received moderate radio play. Other singles released were "Drag Him To The Roof" and "The Turning Point". Tambu also featured John James and Jenny Douglas-McRae as backup singers on some of the tracks. Douglas-McRae even sang lead on the album's bonus track, "Blackeye", and also in a duet with Steve Lukather on "Baby He's Your Man". Tambu sold 600,000 copies worldwide.

The "Tambu Tour" proved to be another success, although there were no North American dates. Simon Phillips suffered from a back problem, so Gregg Bissonette had to fill in for him during the first leg of the tour in late 1995. The tour concluded in 1996. The rest of the tour personnel remained the same, with the exception of Donna McDaniel who had left in 1994 shortly after the "Night of the Proms" performances (which Douglas-McRae had missed since she was out touring with Joe Cocker). The song "Hold the Line" was now sung as a duet between James and Douglas-McRae. Both James and Douglas-McRae were dropped from the band at the conclusion of the 1997 tour.

Lukather released his second solo album, Luke, which was a more "introspective" album than his previous solo album.

1997–2001: Toto XX, Bobby Kimball's return and Mindfields
1997 marked the band's 20th anniversary, and in order to commemorate it, David Paich and Steve Lukather started to go through several old tapes and demos for a special record of unreleased songs. In 1998 they released Toto XX with the single "Goin' Home". Toto went on a small promotional tour with former members Bobby Kimball, Steve Porcaro and Joseph Williams.

After the "Toto XX" tour, Bobby Kimball rejoined the band as lead singer after 14 years. The band released Mindfields in early 1999 and embarked on the "Reunion" tour, touring worldwide and returning to the United States for the first time in six years. The new album featured three singles, "Melanie", "Cruel" and "Mad About You", a song co-written by David Paich and former Toto vocalist Joseph Williams. Later that year, a live album titled Livefields was released. The tour officially concluded in 2000, but the band played a few shows throughout 2001. David Paich briefly took a break from touring in 2000, so Jeff Babko filled in on keyboards. Paich then resumed touring with Toto in 2001.

2002–2003: Through the Looking Glass and Toto's 25th anniversary
In 2002, in celebration of Toto's 25th anniversary, the band released Through the Looking Glass, a covers album that paid tribute to the band's musical influences, such as Bob Marley, Steely Dan, The Beatles, and Elton John. Two singles were released: "Could You Be Loved", a Bob Marley cover, and "While My Guitar Gently Weeps", a Beatles cover. The album was not a commercial success and many fans were upset about the release, thinking that the band should have written new material instead. However, the record gave the band material to promote their "25th Anniversary Tour", which started in 2002 and concluded in 2003. After the tour, Toto released a live album and DVD of the show titled Live in Amsterdam. Both the live album and the DVD were released in late 2003.

2003–2005: Greg Phillinganes joins and David Paich's semi-retirement
Beginning in June 2003, near the end of their "25th Anniversary Tour", keyboardist David Paich took a leave of absence from touring to spend time with a sick family member. Veteran keyboardist Greg Phillinganes filled in for Paich for the rest of the tour.

In late 2003, Toto headlined Night of the Proms for two months straight. Paich returned but was only able to play for a few weeks before he had to leave again, so Phillinganes once again filled in for the remainder of the shows. After Simon Phillips announced of illness, Jon Fariss and Ricky Lawson joined the band for the Night of the Proms. In early 2004, the band embarked on a world tour that went throughout 2004 and 2005. Paich only occasionally appeared, with Phillinganes playing at most of the shows. In 2005, Phillinganes was asked to become a regular member of the band and Paich retired from touring. Paich was still a member of Toto, as he continued to record and produce on all of Toto's releases.

In October 2003, Steve Lukather released a Christmas album named Santamental, featuring musicians such as Eddie Van Halen, Slash, Steve Vai, and Gregg Bissonette.

2006–2008: Falling in Between and the subsequent tour and live album

In early 2006, Toto released Falling in Between on the Italian label Frontiers, their first album of new material since 1999. The release featured extensive keyboard work from Steve Porcaro and a duet with Joseph Williams on the first single, "Bottom of Your Soul". Following the record's release, Toto embarked on a worldwide tour in 2006, which continued into 2007 for a second leg. The 2007 leg featured Leland Sklar filling in on bass for Mike Porcaro due to an, at the time, undisclosed illness. Mike Porcaro's last show with the band was on November 16, 2006, in Medina, Minnesota.

The 2007 leg featured extensive dates in both Europe and the United States, including an appearance at Moondance Jam in Walker, Minnesota. Former lead singer Fergie Frederiksen made a guest appearance at the Minneapolis date on May 5, 2007 and Joseph Williams also made a few guest appearances with the band in June 2007. The tour continued into 2008 and began in Mexico City, Mexico on January 31, 2008. They toured Japan with Boz Scaggs, which tour featured Joseph Williams singing lead and background vocals with Kimball, and featured the return of David Paich.

Toto released a two-CD set Falling in Between Live on Eagle Records to commemorate the tour. This live set marked the fourth for the band, following 1993's Absolutely Live, 1999's Livefields, and 2003's Live In Amsterdam.

In 2008, a companion DVD of the show which was recorded on March 26, 2007, at Le Zenith in Paris was released.

2008-2010: First hiatus and subsequent reformation
On June 5, 2008, after a period of rumors and some allusions, Lukather posted a message on his official website, stating, "The fact is yes I have left Toto. There is no more Toto. I just can't do it anymore and at 50 years old I wanted to start over and give it one last try on my own."

As the main motivation for his decision, Lukather said: "When Dave [Paich] retired that was REAL hard for me 'cause we started the band together. Hell, it's 35 years if you count High School where the core all met. When Mike [Porcaro] fell ill and had to leave that was it for me. If there isn't Paich or at least one Porcaro how can we even call it Toto? ... Honestly, I have just had enough. This is NOT a break. It is over. I really can't go out and play Hold The Line with a straight face anymore."Steve Lukather released his next solo album on February 22, 2008, titled Ever Changing Times.

On February 26, 2010, the band reformed and reunited for a brief tour of Europe in the summer to benefit Mike Porcaro, who had been diagnosed with ALS. The lineup featured David Paich, Steve Lukather, Steve Porcaro, Simon Phillips, Joseph Williams, and special guest Nathan East.

Steve Lukather stated that the band still existed: Edit to 2010.. well with Mike not being well and some of us missing each other the REAL high school friends (yes that includes Joe!!) got back together for the RIGHT reason. People want to hear the hits played the way they were recorded, Joe has his voice back 100% and I loved having that power in front again and all REAL, BIG vocals again strong and seeing Paich AND Steve Porcaro with THOSE real keyboard sounds, Simon back and as Lee was busy having old pal Nate East step in.. it was so much fun and so successful we thought "Hmm, maybe a few gigs once in awhile would be fun" and we can make some money etc.. please some of the hard core fans. We ALL have outside careers that keep us all busy, not to mention families etc.. no one really wants to make new music, not a full record anyway. MAYBE a track someday but not in the near future. I am on tour for a year anyway and enjoying a very successful sold out solo tour and my record sales are better than they have ever been so I dont wanna mess THAT up and everyone has their own very busy successful lives and once in awhile.. why not right? There is no covert BS goin on here.

On October 11, 2010, Steve Lukather released his next solo album, All's Well That Ends Well.

Another tour in the summer of 2011 took place with former backup singer Jenny Douglas once again joining. Their show on July 17, 2011, in Verona, Italy was recorded for a live DVD but has yet to be released because of a contractual issue with their former label. They once again toured Europe in 2012.

2013–2014: 35th anniversary, Simon Phillips's departure, and David Hungate's return
In 2013, celebrating their 35th anniversary, the band embarked on tour across Europe and North America, along with Japanese dates to follow in 2014. Their show on June 25, 2013, in Łódź, Poland was recorded for a live release and was released on April 29, 2014. On November 5, it was confirmed both on Toto's and David Paich's official Facebook pages that a new studio album was in the works and that the band planned to go into the studio early 2014.

On January 21, 2013, Steve Lukather released a solo album, Transition, featuring former Toto touring bassist Leland Sklar, as well as Gregg Bissonette and Chad Smith.

On January 18, 2014, former vocalist Fergie Frederiksen died after a long battle with liver cancer. After the 2013 leg of the 35th anniversary tour, it was revealed via the band's official website on January 23, 2014, that Simon Phillips had departed the band to pursue a solo career. Phillips was then replaced by Steely Dan drummer Keith Carlock.

While Carlock was on the Japanese tour from April to May of 2014, he did not join them for the North American tour and his role was filled by Shannon Forrest. Bass player Nathan East, who had been touring with them since 2010, left after the Japanese tour to pursue his own projects. In his stead, original bass player David Hungate rejoined the band. They once again toured the United States in spring 2014 as co-headliners with Michael McDonald. It was their most comprehensive tour on the continent in years.

2015–2017: Toto XIV and Mike Porcaro's death
Toto released their fourteenth studio album and their first in nine years titled Toto XIV on March 20 (Europe), March 23 (UK and Oceania), and March 24, 2015 (North America). To promote the newly finished project, the band started a world tour running with an extensive European headline arena tour including appearances at key festivals, along with a North American tour to follow in the summer of 2015 and Asia later that year.

On March 15, 2015, former bassist Mike Porcaro died in his sleep at his home in Los Angeles, due to complications from his battle with ALS.

On April 6, 2015, Toto announced that they would embark on August 7, 2015, in Mashantucket, Connecticut, with the band Yes, on a joint summer tour of North America, due to end on September 12 in Coquitlam, British Columbia. Dave Santos took over bass from Dave Hungate for the final three dates of the tour and Shannon Forrest continued to perform as the band's drummer.

On September 29, 2015, Toto announced the first leg of their 2016 Tour in support of Toto XIV consisting of European and Japanese dates. Leland Sklar, who joined them on their 2007 and 2008 tours, replaced founding member Hungate. Sklar stopped touring with Toto in early 2017 and was replaced by Shem von Schroeck.

In June 2016, keyboardist Steve Porcaro released his first solo album, titled Someday/Somehow featuring Michael McDonald and Toto touring backing singer Mabvuto Carpenter.

2018–2019: 40th anniversary albums, Old Is New, and second hiatus
On February 9, 2018, Toto released their anniversary album 40 Trips Around the Sun. They then embarked on a world tour promoting the album and celebrating 40 years of music. The band's lineup consisted of Joseph Williams, Steve Lukather, David Paich, and Steve Porcaro, and their touring musicians: Lenny Castro, Shannon Forrest, Warren Ham, and Shem von Schroeck.

On July 20, 2018, Toto announced: "David Paich will not be performing on the band's planned North American tour. He plans on focusing on his health and looks forward to returning to the road when ready to do so. In the absence of the founding keyboardist's presence on the tour, Dominique 'Xavier' Taplin (formerly with Prince) will be sitting in for David performing with Toto."

After the European leg of the tour, Toto covered Weezer's song "Hash Pipe" in response to their cover of Toto's 1981 number 1 single, "Africa". The band added the cover to their setlist as the encore for the 2018 North American leg of the tour.

On September 18, 2018, guitarist Steve Lukather released his autobiography The Gospel According to Luke, a humorous review on his life in music. An Audiobook was released shortly after on Audible.

On November 6, 2018, the band released the box set All In which contained their fourteenth studio album Old Is New. This contained the three new tracks already released on 40 Trips Around the Sun plus completed recordings of four other older tracks featuring Jeff Porcaro on drums and either Mike Porcaro or David Hungate on bass plus other new recordings.

On January 2, 2019, Toto kicked off their 2019 leg of the 40 Trips Around The Sun tour in Byron Bay at the Falls Festival. Xavier Taplin remained in place of Paich through that tour. Toto embarked upon a brief tour of North America on September 20, 2019. Steve Lukather stated that the tour would be the band's last for "a while", and that tensions within the band and its management had increased due to legal troubles, such as an ongoing lawsuit with the widow of founding member and drummer Jeff Porcaro, Susan Porcaro-Goings (current wife of Rick Goings). David Paich made a special appearance with the group at the tour opener in Los Angeles, singing and playing on “Africa” and “Home of the Brave”.

On October 16, 2019, Steve Lukather stated that after the final show in Philadelphia on October 20, 2019, it would mark the "end of this configuration of Toto". Steve Lukather had also announced that there is a film about Toto in the works, and hinted that he would be writing a new book, titled The New Testament According to Luke. David Paich made another special appearance at the final show in Philadelphia to again perform "Africa" and "Home of the Brave".

2020–present: Second reformation and Dogz of Oz Tour
On October 19, 2020, it was announced that Steve Lukather and Joseph Williams would return to touring under the band name, in a proposed worldwide tour in 2021, known as the Dogz of Oz Tour. The new band lineup would feature bassist John Pierce (Huey Lewis and the News, Pablo Cruise, and a long-time session player), drummer Robert "Sput" Searight (Ghost-Note, Snarky Puppy), and keyboardists Dominique "Xavier" Taplin (Prince, Ghost-Note) and Steve Maggiora (Robert Jon & the Wreck), as well as multi-instrumentalist Warren Ham. The tour began with a soft-opening: a worldwide live-streamed performance on November 21, 2020, during which David Paich appeared with the band for the final two songs. On April 12, 2021, the band announced that the Dogz of Oz World Tour would be pushed to 2022.

On April 14, 2021, the band announced that they would release a new live album, With a Little Help from My Friends, through Mascot Label Group/The Players Club. Released on June 25, the album contains the streamed performance of November 2020, and was preceded by the release of two singles, live renditions of "Til The End" and "You Are The Flower". On June 28, 2021, Lukather stated that the group has no plans to record any future studio albums, though he was open to working with Williams on solo projects.

Toto began 2022 with a 40-city tour through major U.S. basketball and hockey arenas, serving as the opening act for Journey. David Paich joined Toto for the final four songs (Home of the Brave, With a Little Help From My Friends, Rosanna and Africa) in several shows. He also joined the band for the European leg of the tour at the Amsterdam show on July 15, 2022. On August 16, 2022, Greg Phillinganes returned to the Toto lineup for the first time since the Falling In Between tour in 2008, filling in for regular touring keyboardist, Dominique Xavier Taplin, who was forced to return home shortly before the end of the European leg of the tour, citing family reasons. Phillinganes' brief stay with the band was only temporary though, as Taplin returned to the band on August 23, 2022, for their show in Luxembourg.

Toto toured with Journey again in early 2023, before performing several concerts on its own in Japan during the summer. The band performed in November and December in Belgium and Germany for the Night of the Proms 2023, beginning in Antwerp.

It was announced on September 25, 2023, that Toto and Journey would tour North America together for the third straight year, with concerts scheduled from February–April 2024.

In January 2024, Toto announced on Facebook the return of keyboardist Greg Phillinganes and drummer Shannon Forrest ahead of their fiftieth anniversary "Dogz of Oz" tour in 2024, replacing Taplin and Searight. On June 15, 2024 it was annouced that Dennis Atlas was the new 2nd keyboardist for their upcoming tours, replacing keyboardist and vocalist Steve Maggiora.

Session work (1970s to early 1990s)
Before and during Toto, members of the band did session work for a slew of notable musicians. The first such session, which also led to the birth of the band, was with Boz Scaggs, in which Jeff Porcaro, David Paich, David Hungate, and Joe Porcaro (regular Toto guest contributor and father of Jeff, Steve, and Mike) played on Scaggs's album Silk Degrees. The members had done smaller scale work together before this, including with Steely Dan, Seals and Crofts, and Sonny & Cher. Steve Lukather provided the main guitar work on Michael Jackson's hit "Beat It", although Eddie Van Halen played the guitar solo in the bridge. Jeff Porcaro played drums on that track, while Steve Porcaro programmed synthesizer for the Thriller album and also wrote and composed "Human Nature".

In 1982, the rock band Chicago brought in David Foster to produce their album Chicago 16. Under his direction, the band adopted more of a soft rock sound, shed most of its jazz fusion/horn section sound, and brought in many session musicians, including Steve Lukather, David Paich, and Steve Porcaro, the three core members of Toto.

In 1978, David Foster brought David Hungate, Steve Lukather, Steve Porcaro, and Toto vocalist Bobby Kimball to play on Alice Cooper's 1978 album From the Inside. They have also played with legendary jazz player Miles Davis. Members of Toto have also collaborated with Larry Carlton, Pink Floyd, Quincy Jones, Eric Clapton, Paul McCartney, James Newton-Howard, Michael McDonald, the Eagles, Earth, Wind & Fire, Yes, Eddie Van Halen, Los Lobotomys, Yoso, Richard Page (of Mr. Mister, who was proposed to replace Bobby Kimball), and Ringo Starr & His All-Starr Band (also featuring Richard Page).

Band members

 * Current members
 * Steve Lukather – guitar, lead and backing vocals, bass guitar (1977–2008, 2010–2019, 2020–present)
 * David Paich – keyboards, lead and backing vocals (1977–2008, 2010–2019, 2020–present; inactive from touring with occasional special appearances 2005–2008, 2018–2019, 2020–present)
 * Joseph Williams – lead and backing vocals, additional keyboards (1986–1988, 2010–2019, 2020–present)

Current touring members

 * Warren Ham – saxophone, harmonica, flute, backing and occasional lead vocals, percussion (1986–1988, 2017–2019, 2020–present)
 * Greg Phillinganes – keyboards, backing and occasional lead vocals (2003-2005, 2024–present; official member 2005-2008; sub 2022)
 * Shannon Forrest – drums, percussion (2014-2019, 2024–present)
 * John Pierce – bass (2020–present)
 * Dennis Atlas – keyboards, backing vocals (2024–present)

Discography
Studio albums

 * Toto (1978)
 * Hydra (1979)
 * Turn Back (1981)
 * Toto IV (1982)
 * Isolation (1984)
 * Fahrenheit (1986)
 * The Seventh One (1988)
 * Kingdom of Desire (1992)
 * Tambu (1995)
 * Toto XX (1998)
 * Mindfields (1999)
 * Falling In Between (2006)
 * Toto XIV (2015)
 * Old Is New (2018)

Soundtrack albums
 * Dune (1984)

Awards and nominations

 * Grammy Awards

 * || rowspan="2"| Toto || Best New Artist || Nominated
 * rowspan="8"| || Producer of the Year || Won
 * rowspan="5"| Rosanna || Record of the Year || Won
 * Song of the Year || Nominated
 * Best Pop Vocal Performance by a Duo or Group || Nominated
 * Best Vocal Arrangement for Two or More Voices || Won
 * Best Instrumental Arrangement Accompanying Vocal(s) || Won
 * rowspan="2"| Toto IV || Album of the Year || Won
 * rowspan="3"| Best Engineered Recording, Non-Classical || Won
 * || Tambu || Nominated
 * || Mindfields || Nominated
 * Best Vocal Arrangement for Two or More Voices || Won
 * Best Instrumental Arrangement Accompanying Vocal(s) || Won
 * rowspan="2"| Toto IV || Album of the Year || Won
 * rowspan="3"| Best Engineered Recording, Non-Classical || Won
 * || Tambu || Nominated
 * || Mindfields || Nominated
 * rowspan="3"| Best Engineered Recording, Non-Classical || Won
 * || Tambu || Nominated
 * || Mindfields || Nominated
 * || Mindfields || Nominated
 * || Mindfields || Nominated

In 1986 Toto won a Crystal Globe award, signifying sales of more than 5 million records outside of their home country.
 * Other awards

Tours

 * Toto Tour (1979)
 * Hydra Tour (1980)
 * Toto IV Tour (1982)
 * Isolation Tour (1985)
 * Fahrenheit Tour (1986–87)
 * The Seventh One Tour (1988)
 * Planet Earth Tour/Past to Present Tour (1990–91)
 * Kingdom of Desire Tour (1992–93)
 * Tambu Tour (1995–96)
 * Toto XX Reunion Tour (1998)
 * Mindfields Tour (1999–2000)
 * Through the Looking Glass: 25th Anniversary Tour (2002–04)
 * Falling in Between Tour (2006–08)
 * Mike Porcaro Honor Tour (2010)
 * In the Blink of an Eye Tour (2011–12)
 * 35th Anniversary Tour (2013–14)
 * Toto XIV Tour (2015–16)
 * An Evening with Toto (2017)
 * 40 Trips Around the Sun: 40th Anniversary Tour (2018–19)
 * Dogz of Oz Tour (2022–24)

title: Toto (band)


text:
Édouard Nanny

Édouard Nanny (March 24, 1872 in Saint-Germain-en-Laye – October 12, 1942 in Paris) was an important French double bass player, teacher, and composer. He was a longtime professor of double bass at the Paris Conservatory.

Career
Nanny was part of la Société de concerts des Instruments anciens. He gained some international exposure as a composer during his lifetime, although he never enjoyed the respect he received in France worldwide. Among his most famous works are his Concerto in E minor and his Enseignement Complet (a collection of pedagogical works including the 2-part Méthode complète pour la contrebasse à quatre et cinq cordes, the Vingt études de virtuosité (Paris, 1920), and his Dix étude-caprices).

Although his two concertos (his own and the musical hoax under Dragonetti's name) are important repertory items, Nanny's most lasting contribution was in the field of pedagogy (instructional method). Edouard Nanny taught at the Paris Conservatory until 1940. In his principle work, Enseignement Complet considered his most lasting accomplishment, Nanny passed to others the method he used to become a virtuoso during his lifetime. This is his from-basic-to-virtuoso, ‘A-to-Z’ repertoire of studies for the double bassist, originally for bowing but also for pizzicato (plucked). Quite naturally it can be applied to the bass guitar and cello - same clef and similar range as the double bass. For the cello, although the notes are read identically they will however, sound an octave higher. This does not detract from this method advancing the artistry  of cellists as well as bassists.

The initial exercises are simple, using scale phrases introduced slowly in simple keys: C Maj., G Maj., then D Maj. and so on. The studies progress to simple jumps together with partial scale phrases then to complex jumps and intricate rhythms in progressively more difficult keys and at faster tempos. From the easy beginning to the difficult finale of this book; a beginner or intermediate bassist can finish in two to five years of study. A more advanced player - one to two or perhaps three years to complete. The scope of this method is vast, graduated, intricate and all-encompassing. Once finished, this book alone can bring a student to an expertise, a mastery of any of the stringed basses; elementary to virtuosity in fifty-two pages perhaps in as little as three to five years.

Nanny's Concerto in A major that was attributed to classical Italian virtuoso Domenico Dragonetti was, in fact, penned by Nanny.

Nanny's study method, "Enseignement Complet'' his études and caprices have been studied and played for close to a century by double bassists, performers, teachers and students alike.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Édouard Nanny


text:
Tillsonburg

Tillsonburg is a town in Oxford County, Ontario, Canada with a population of 18,615 located about 50 kilometres southeast of London, on Highway 3 at the junction of Highway 19.

History
Prior to European settlement, the present site of Tillsonburg was home to Indigenous tribes. The Tillsonburg Village Site, a 14th century Iroquoian village, was excavated in 2001 and 2008, in the northwest corner of the town, and contained 15 longhouses. The area was settled in 1825 by George Tillson and other immigrants from Enfield, Massachusetts. A forge and sawmill were erected and roads built which led to the establishment of this small community, originally called Dereham Forge. The settlement was on the Big Otter Creek.

In 1836 the village was renamed Tillsonburg in honour of its founder. It was also in this year that the main street, Broadway, was laid out to its full 100 ft width. Because the village was predominantly a logging and wood product centre, the street was built to accommodate the turning of three-team logging wagons. This width is now unique to Ontario and has become a benefit toward handling the pressures of modern-day traffic by providing angled parking. The extension of Broadway north was called Plank Line and is now known as Highway 19.

The mid-19th century proved to be the first step in the industrialization of this municipality. A water system was devised to not only supply pure water for domestic use, but also to provide water power to such industries as a sawmill, planing mill, gristmill, spinning mill, pottery and a tannery. Many of these new establishments were either owned, started, or financed by George Tillson.

In 1872 the village was incorporated as the Town of Tillsonburg, with Edwin Delevan Tillson elected as its first mayor. The Town of Tillsonburg reached a population of 2,000 in 1885, experienced its first church dedication, and had its first telephone installation established. Electric power was first used in 1912 and automobiles began to appear on the market.

In 1915, a public library was built with funds provided by the Carnegie Foundation, and the town's Memorial Hospital opened in 1925.

In the 1920s, major enterprises included milk production, manufacture of shoes, tractors, textiles and an increased production of tobacco. The Tillsonburg Livingstons basketball team (representative of Tillsonburg's largest industry) won the Canadian Championships in 1952 and represented Canada in the 1952 Summer Olympics at Helsinki, Finland. CKOT Radio began broadcasting operations in 1955 and the Ontario Flue-Cured Tobacco Marketing Board opened its new auction exchange three years later.

Government
Tillsonburg is one of eight municipalities that make up the County of Oxford. The mayor also represents the town as a County Councillor. The county administers social programs, ambulance and paramedic services, planning, water and wastewater services, garbage and landfill operations and the County road system.

Tillsonburg is governed by an elected mayor, deputy mayor and five councillors. Council meets on the 2nd and 4th Mondays of each month in the Council Chambers in the Corporate Municipal Office. They oversee staff and set policy for the various operations and services provided by the town.

The town also owns and operates:
 * Tillsonburg Municipal Airport
 * Lake Lisgar Water Park

Oxford County now owns and operates:
 * Tillsonburg Public Library

Healthcare
The town has one hospital accredited through the Ontario Ministry of Health. Tillsonburg District Memorial Hospital is in the downtown area on Rolph Street. The TDMH serves the town and region.

Development
In the Town's Centennial Year (1972), the new $1,000,000 Community Recreation Complex was opened by the Governor-General of Canada. The Tillsonburg Museum was also opened in the old community centre on the shores of Lake Lisgar. A new 8000 sqft library was completed in 1975, and a second indoor skating rink was built in 1977, funded completely by donations from industry, commerce, service clubs, citizens and the Wintario lottery. In 1979, the hospital built a $7,000,000 addition for offices, improved x-ray and emergency departments, and an expanded Intensive Care Unit. A fire hall was constructed in 1979, replacing the old building which was demolished to make way for a downtown mall.

The controversial Tillsonburg Town Centre Mall opened in 1980, where the former Town Hall once stood. The mall, a joint effort of the town and Trottier Investments, was built primarily to meet competition from out-of-town malls and keep more of the shopping dollar in town.

In 1983, two important buildings - Annandale House (built by the founding Tillson family) and the Hale Street railway station became public buildings. The former would be restored as a house museum, while the latter became The Station Arts Centre.

A residential development geared for seniors, named Hickory Hills, began selling homes in 1986. The development significantly added to the town's population and increased the pool of volunteers for local non-profit agencies.

In 1991, a food bank was established for the community's needy and continues to be operated on a volunteer basis.

Throughout the early 1990s, volunteers were also busy on the Lake Lisgar Renaissance Project, which sought to revitalize the lake, and make the park around the lake more attractive with the construction of a gazebo, water fountain and walkways into the lake.

In that period two major entertainment outlets closed: the Skylark Drive-In and the Strand movie theatre, victims of the video store arrival. The original angled marquee architecture of the Strand Theatre is still intact but the building is again unoccupied after brief stints as businesses. To the relief of many, big screen movies came back in Tillsonburg in 1996 with the opening of Broadway Cinemas.

In 1994, the downtown area was significantly enhanced with the construction of the Rotary Club Clock Tower, which incorporated a clock from the town's former Post Office, and a bell from the demolished Town Hall. Soon, it became a community tradition (sponsored by the Rotary Club) for local residents to gather at the Clock Tower to ring in the New Year with fireworks, hot apple cider and the dropping of a ball.

Further development of residential senior's focused development began in 2001 with the Baldwin Place subdivision located on the western periphery of the town. This development which is in Phase 8 will have approximately 300 homes when completed.

The Tillsonburg Community Centre was refurbished in 2004 with renovations and enlargement of the main ice surface to NHL size. The project's scope of work included keeping the whale-back roof as a key architectural feature as well as to increase seating and provide for new recreation and health club facilities.

Residential development includes the re-urbanization of the former railway lands on Bridge Street East which is the site of Tillson Landing condominium, the first such highrise construction in more than a decade.

Industry and economy
Tillsonburg serves a regional tri-county area of 65,000 people at the convergence of Oxford, Elgin and Norfolk counties. The industrial base has become quite diverse during the decline of the once prominent tobacco industry. The area is home to several branch plants of major US and internationally based automotive suppliers including Autoneum Canada Ltd, THK-TRW, Marwood Metal Fabrication Ltd and a new site for Armtec. There are many service-related industries including Future Transfer Co. Inc, Inovata Foods, E & E McLaughlin, J/E Bearing Ltd., Fleetwood Metal Products, and MIL-SIM-FX International Inc.

The town has a very active and developing downtown core area which includes the Tillsonburg Town Centre mall, built in 1980 and big box stores including Canadian Tire, Shopper's Drug Mart and Staples. Newly expanded The Source store and Mark's Work Wearhouse are in the Tillsonburg Town Centre Mall.

All of the major Canadian banks have branches in the town and there is also a credit union.

The town is served by three grocery stores: Sobeys, Zehrs and Metro.

Tillsonburg is served by three radio stations; the New Country 107.3 (107.3 CJDL FM), Country 1510 (1510 CKOT AM), Easy 101 (101.3 CKOT FM) and two newspapers: 'Norfolk & Tillsonburg News.

The town has been positively impacted by the CAMI plant in Ingersoll, 22 kilometres north of the town, which opened in 1986. The CAMI plant, owned by General Motors of Detroit, Michigan, has been retooled to produce the BrightDrop series of all-electric delivery vans.

The area also has a strong agricultural community with cash crops, hog farming, milk production, tobacco, ginseng and various tertiary crops (including watermelons).

The town has recently become a hub for regional operations of the Ontario Provincial Police including Oxford County Division Headquarters and also the Southwestern Ontario Forensics laboratory which opened in April 2008.

Tourism
In January 2006 the National Post listed Tillsonburg as number 75 on the top 100 places to visit in Canada. Annandale House was designated a Canadian National Historic Site in 1997.

Tillsonburg is home to three barn quilts. One is on the north end of town on the side of a furniture store, shaped as a barn. Another one is on the grounds of Station Arts in front of the caboose and the third quilt is on the original Pea & Barley Mill, built in 1878 by E.D. Tillson, son of the town's founder and opened in 2009 as the Mill Tales Inn beside the Otter Creek featuring a restaurant and inn. These barn quilts make up part of the Barn Quilt Trail in Southwest Ontario.

Another attraction is the Station Arts Centre, a multi-use facility which was created from two historic train stations that were joined together by a central gallery. It has been home to artistic, cultural and technical groups since its founding in 1983. It is also home to the Saturday morning Tillsonburg Farmers' Market which operates from May to November.

A number of organizations across Tillsonburg collaborate in putting together events such as Turtlefest, the Week of Remembrance and the Tillsonburg Country Christmas Festival.

Camping is available north of town at Casey's Park on Highway #19 north of Mount Elgin, which is the home of weekly Country Music Jamborees between Victoria Day and Labour Day, where audience members are encouraged to participate on stage.

Lake Lisgar, a small lake in the centre of town, has been rehabilitated and is home for the Tillsonburg Rowing Club and the Lake Lisgar Water Park.

Elementary and secondary schools
Tillsonburg elementary and secondary schools are under the control of two school boards, the Thames Valley District School Board (TVDSB) and the London District Catholic School Board (LDCSB).

 * Glendale High School
 * Annandale Public School
 * Monsignor J.H. O'Neill Catholic School
 * South Ridge Public School
 * St. Joseph's Catholic School
 * Westfield Public School
 * Rolph Street Public School (closed)
 * Maple Lane Public School (closed as of 2014)

Special service schools

 * Adult Basic Literacy Program: A Multi-Service Centre program, in the Livingston Centre, established: 1987. Literacy instruction is provided to any adults free of charge. Students are encouraged to purchase their books.
 * Tillson Avenue Education Centre: Established: 1995. Adult Day School offering credit courses, independent learning courses, basic literacy, English as a second language (ESL) and driver education.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Tillsonburg had a population of $18,615$ living in $8,229$ of its $8,494$ total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of $15,872$. With a land area of 22.2 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

Road
Though not directly on the route, Highway 401 passes close to the town, and is connected to it by Highway 19, at exit 218. Greyhound no longer has weekly bus service to and from Tillsonburg. T:GO Transit provides weekday local and out-of-town bus service to Woodstock, Ingersoll, and other neighbouring communities.

Rail
The Town of Tillsonburg rail service had been served by the St. Thomas & Eastern Railway, a division of Trillium Railway, which ran in most cases parallel to Highway 3 in the south end of the town on the former Canadian National Railway Cayuga subdivision, previously the Great Western Railway's Canada Air Line. Service on the STER was daily, Monday to Friday, but ceased operation in 2013. However, GIO Rail resumed service on January 4, 2022.

The Ontario Southland Railway also serves Tillsonburg using the former CPR Port Burwell subdivision running from nearby Ingersoll, parallel to Highway 19 north of town, and then into the north-east end of town. The OSR interchanges with the STER at the south end of town.

Passenger train services are provided by Via Rail stations in nearby Ingersoll or Woodstock.

Air
The town is served by the Tillsonburg Municipal Airport, owned and operated by the Town of Tillsonburg. The airport is 7 km north of the town in Southwest Oxford Township. The airport is home to several aviation-related businesses. The airport has 3 runways, with the primary runway being re-constructed and extended to 5,500 feet, constructed of asphalt. Its terminal building houses a flying school and has a cafe, lounge, patio and viewing area. The airport is used by corporate aircraft including jets. Regular users of the airport also include the Canadian Harvard Aircraft Association, Air Ambulance, Canadian Coast Guard, the Ontario Provincial Police and other government agencies.

Recreation

 * Curling is available at the Tillsonburg Curling Club
 * The Bridges at Tillsonburg is an 18-hole golf course south of town
 * Lake Lisgar is home to the Lake Lisgar Water Park which is open from Father's Day to Labour Day.
 * The Tillsonburg Senior Centre, located at the Tillsonburg Community Centre Complex, offers more than 2 dozen activities including a woodworking shop, aerobics, handcrafts, a library, card playing including a bridge club and seasonal activities.
 * The Tillsonburg Community Centre Complex offers a variety of recreation programs, including hockey and ringette. It has two rinks and a mini practice rink, swimming pool, baseball diamonds, skate park, racquet courts and other facilities.
 * The Tillsonburg Thunder of the Western Ontario Athletic Association Senior Hockey League, play at the Memorial Arena located at the Tillsonburg Community Centre Complex.
 * The Tillsonburg Soccer Park has a land area of 14 acre. Opened in 2000, this facility draws regional tournaments and players from across the region. The park also includes a full clubhouse with meeting and catering facilities.

Newspapers

 * The Tillsonburg News, a bi-weekly newspaper, first published in 1863

Neighbourhoods

 * Annandale Heights
 * Baldwin Place: Modelled largely after the successful Hickory Hills subdivision, this neighbourhood also features one-storey homes.
 * Broadway Acres: A neighbourhood immediately adjacent to Broadway with homes built as far back as the 1960s.
 * Brookside: One of the newer areas located off Quarterline Road near the Tillsonburg Soccer Park. This area of larger single-family homes has recently been connected with Broadway Acres via the long-awaited extension of Glendale Drive. Monsignor O'Neill and Glendale High School are located nearby.
 * Cadman Subdivision
 * Claron Heights
 * Georgian Heights
 * Glenridge
 * Hickory Hills: The first of the retirement subdivisions in the town. Planned in the late 1980s this neighbourhood has quaint small homes, all one-storey with attached garages. The residents have their own residents association and community centre.
 * The Oakes: New area located off Quarterline Road just South of the Tillsonburg Soccer park.
 * Park Place
 * Riva Ridge
 * Riverview
 * Rolling Meadows: also was annexed by the Town of Tillsonburg in the 1970s and features larger homes on sizeable lot frontages. This neighbourhood is in the north end of town with convenient access to Highway #19.
 * South Ridge
 * Trottier Subdivision
 * VanNorman Drive
 * Westmount: Originally part of the former Township of Dereham, this neighbourhood boasts a large park and homes spread out over very large lots dating back to 1970.
 * Woodhaven
 * Woodland Estates

Notable people

 * Lloyd Andrews, played for the Toronto St. Patricks from 1921–1925 and won the Stanley Cup
 * Shirley Barrie, playwright and winner of a Dora Mavor Moore Award
 * Jeff Bes, won gold medal at the 1993 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships, drafted by the Minnesota North Stars. Played in the Central Hockey League
 * Colin Campbell, former National Hockey League (NHL) player, and former vice-president of hockey operations of the NHL. An arena commemorating Campbell is located at the Tillsonburg Community Centre
 * Gregory Campbell, former NHL player, won the Stanley Cup with the Boston Bruins in 2011
 * Bill Coulthard, basketball player, competed for Canada at the 1952 Summer Olympics
 * Michael DeGroote, billionaire, member of the Order of Canada
 * Debra DiGiovanni, comedian, Canadian Comedy Award winner
 * Gary Green, hockey coach and broadcaster, was the youngest head coach in NHL history with the Washington Capitals
 * Anne Harris, renowned Canadian Sculptor
 * Tillson Harrison, physician, army officer and adventurer, also known for his humanitarian work in China.
 * Harley Hotchkiss, executive with the Calgary Flames, member of the Order of Canada, member of the Hockey Hall of Fame
 * Gerry Livingston, philanthropist in the areas of sport and social services and sponsor of Canada's Olympic male basketball teams in 1952 and 1960. He received Papal honours in 1962 and died in 1988. The Livingston Centre was named in his honour. He also founded the Multi-Service Centre.
 * Christopher Mabee, silver medalist at the 2007 Canadian Figure Skating Championships
 * Kevin Matisyn, lead vocalist for the alternative rock band Parabelle, former lead vocalist for the Juno-nominated rock band Evans Blue.
 * Dave Moylan, former ice hockey defenceman, won the silver medal at the 1986 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships, drafted in 1985 by the Buffalo Sabres
 * Austin Pasztor, football player, played for Virginia in the NCAA, and in the NFL for several teams as an offensive lineman
 * David Rokeby, artist, awarded the Governor General's Award
 * Jay Triano, the first Canadian-born coach in the NBA, former head coach of the Toronto Raptors. He captained Canada's basketball team at the 1984 and 1988 Olympics.
 * Shawn Tompkins, long time Mixed Martial Arts trainer

Popular culture
Stompin' Tom Connors and The Cash Brothers have each written and recorded songs entitled "Tillsonburg".

Historical churches

 * Avondale Zion United Church: 62 Harvey St. Designated a Heritage Building on June 19, 1981, this neo-Gothic white brick church is the oldest religious structure in Tillsonburg. The congregation was established in 1849. The current church was the result of a union between a Methodist and Presbyterian Church in 1925.
 * Bethel Temple: 119 Bidwell St. The congregation was established in 1939.
 * Church of Christ, Tillsonburg: 204244 Keswick Rd.
 * Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints: 19 Rid out S W
 * First Baptist Church: 101 Bidwell St. The congregation was established in 1853.
 * Harvest Time Christian Fellowship: 115 Queen St.
 * New Hope Baptist Church: Highway 3 and Greenline Rd. The congregation was established in 1985.
 * North Broadway Baptist Church: 6 North St. E. The congregation was established in 1939.
 * The Salvation Army: 110 Concession St W. The congregation was established in 1884.
 * St. Andrew's Presbyterian Church: 48 Bock St W. The congregation was established in 1849.
 * St. John's Anglican Church: 46 Ridout St. A church was built and dedicated in 1868, but burned down in 1870. A new building was erected in 1872. A time capsule was opened 100 years after its placement near the cornerstone in 1899. A new 100-year time capsule containing some of the original documents has been stored in the same location.
 * St. Luke's Lutheran Church: 14 Glendale Dr. The congregation was established in 1948.
 * St. Mary's Roman Catholic Church: 51 Venison St. W. Built in 1932.
 * St. Paul's United Church: 34 Ridout St W. The congregation was established in 1867. The current building was erected in 1913.
 * Tillsonburg Bible Chapel: 63 Queen St. Built in 1920.
 * Tillsonburg Christian Reformed Church: 150 Concession St W. The congregation was established in 1977.
 * Tillsonburg Free Methodist Church: 44 Tillson Ave. The congregation was established in 1883.

Historical schools

 * Rolph Street P.S.: The first school was built in 1866 and the current building opened in 1912.
 * St. Mary's C.S.: 131 Rolph St. Built in 1949.

Historical/architectural resources

 * Annandale House: 30 Tillson Ave. Annandale National Historic Site is one of the finest examples of the Aesthetic Art Movement, a Victorian style which utilized colour, decorative detail, and nature. Constructed in the 1880s for E.D. Tilson, the first mayor of Tillsonburg, Annandale NHS provides the opportunity to tour a restored period mansion and changing local history exhibits.
 * Leachman Residence: 94 Rolph St. This Italianate-style house, with its rounded windows and eyebrow surrounds was built in 1876.
 * Private Residence: 41 King St. Like many other buildings in Tillsonburg, this house was constructed of locally formed white brick. Decorative gingerbread under the eaves matches the gingerbread trim on the corner oriel windows.
 * Private Residence: 101 Rolph St. This two storey Gothic-style house was built in 1880. Bay window projections on the front and side of the house combine with the striking two storey porch to create an inviting exterior. Of note are the wooden shutters that are shaped to fit each curved window.
 * St. Paul's United Church Manse: 38 Ridout St. W. This two and a half storey house was built in 1870 as the manse for the adjacent United Church. The front facade presents an interesting combination of features with its delicate gingerbread in the gable, small dentil trim under the eaves, and rough stone window surrounds.
 * Vivian House: 300 Broadway St. From the slate roof to the decorative stained glass, stylish gingerbread and detail work under the eaves, trim on the two storey porch, and unique keyhole window on a side elevation, this house is a wonderful example of Victorian elegance.
 *  T.W Gibson Residence:280 Broadway. In 1909 T.W Gibson started construction of a fine new brick residence which still stands as a stately home along Tillsonburg's tree-lined main street.

Plaques and monuments

 * Memorial Wall: 170 Broadway St. Plaque located in the Town Centre Mall. It memorializes various citizens' achievements.
 * Tillsonburg Cenotaph: 170 Broadway St. The Cenotaph is located in the Town Centre Mall. This memorial is dedicated to Tillsonburg men and women who served in World Wars I and II.
 * Rotary Clock Tower: 41 Bridge St W. Located at the corner of Bridge St and Broadway St. The clock came from the old Post Office, and the bell from the old Town Hall. The Tower is surrounded by memorial paving stones, engraved with the names of various prominent members of the community, as well as those designated by donors.

Cultural resources

 * Great Western Railway Station: 41 Bridge St W. at corner of Bidwell St. The typical station roof lines of this building disclose its busy past. Note the spelling of Tilsonburg, with only one "l". The Baggage Room Gift Shop and Gallery, located in the former railway station, is operated by the Station Arts Centre. This train station was joined to the Lake Erie & Pacific Railway Station by adding the Changing Exhibit Gallery. Visitor Information site with brochures and maps for Ontario plus a computer kiosk was added in summer of 2013 for both tourist information and services for the Town of Tillsonburg.
 * Theatre Tillsonburg: 14789 Potters Rd. Built in 1961. This is the former Hungarian Cultural Centre and was converted to a theatre in 1990.
 * Tillson Pea and Barley Mill: 20 John Pound Rd. Originally an agricultural mill built in 1878, this three storey structure underwent a major reconstruction and reopened as The Mill Tales Inn and restaurant.
 * Tillsonburg Lake Erie & Pacific Railway Station: 41 Bridge St W. Originally located on King St, but moved to its present location on Bridge St. in 1992. A gallery was built to join the original train station with this one. The two stations illustrate two distinct styles of railway station architecture. The Station Arts Centre is located in this building. Also home of the Farmers Market open from spring to Thanksgiving.
 * Tillsonburg Public Library: 2 Library Lane. The Tillsonburg Public Library at Broadway and Washington Grand was built in 1974 replacing a Carnegie Library from 1915 built on the same site. The library joined the Oxford County library system on January 1, 2013 and the building has undergone a major renovation and re-opened on July 29, 2013. A mural of the former Carnegie Library is painted inside the library by local artist Ches Sulkowski. Two more murals are planned of the former Town Hall and one picturing a tobacco farm. The front of the building includes a paved area, with a paving stone for each of the Citizens of the Year designated by the Tillsonburg Chamber of Commerce. The stones begin with Harry Ostander, 1978. Each year, another stone is added for the current Citizen of the Year. Library Lane is also a paved area, with some memorial stones added as requested by donors. A plaque commemorates the founding of Tillsonburg and its founder, George Tillson, 1782-1864. This community, known as the Dereham Forge, grew around the sawmill and foundry that Tillson established. Plaque- Tillsonburg Public Library, 1975, plaque inside the building lists the library board, contractors and architects.

Natural areas and parks

 * Coronation Park: Van St. 8 ha (20 acres) of parkland.
 * Lake Lisgar Water Park: 45 Hardy Ave. Plaque - a plaque commemorating Barbara Ann Scott, Canadian gold medalist figure skater in the 1950s. Plaque- In memory of Donald M. Gimbson, a prominent and community minded citizen who served as chairman of the parks and recreation commission and was instrumental in developing Tillsonburg's recreation facilities.
 * Memorial Park: Ross T. Dixie Tribe Park. Plaque - The Dixie Tribe Memorial Park plaque was presented to the Town of Tillsonburg by H.M. Tribe Trumpour in memory of her son Dixie Tribe, 1941.
 * VanNorman Memorial Park: A plaque to commemorate the VanNorman family, co-founders of the Town of Tillsonburg in the year 1825.Tillsonburg Tri-County Agricultural Society - a plaque for the Ontario Department of Agriculture presented this plaque in honour of J.M. Climie and in recognition of one hundred years of service by the Society on August 29, 1961.
 * ParticiPark: 41 Bridge St W. 10ha (25 acres) of parkland along Stoney Creek.
 * Tillsonburg Conservation Area: Simcoe T 27 Hyman. Passive recreation. Part of the Long Point Region Conservation Authority.

title: Tillsonburg


text:
Phytochorion

A phytochorion, in phytogeography, is a geographic area with a relatively uniform composition of plant species. Adjacent phytochoria do not usually have a sharp boundary, but rather a soft one, a transitional area in which many species from both regions overlap. The region of overlap is called a vegetation tension zone.

In traditional schemes, areas in phytogeography are classified hierarchically, according to the presence of endemic families, genera or species, e.g., in floral (or floristic, phytogeographic) zones and regions, or also in kingdoms, regions and provinces, sometimes including the categories empire and domain. However, some authors prefer not to rank areas, referring to them simply as "areas", "regions" (in a non hierarchical sense) or "phytochoria".

Systems used to classify vegetation can be divided in two major groups: those that use physiognomic-environmental parameters and characteristics and those that are based on floristic (i.e. shared genera and species) relationships. Phytochoria are defined by their plant taxonomic composition, while other schemes of regionalization (e.g., vegetation type, physiognomy, plant formations, biomes) may variably take in account, depending on the author, the apparent characteristics of a community (the dominant life-form), environment characteristics, the fauna associated, anthropic factors or political-conservationist issues.

Explanation
Several systems of classifying geographic areas where plants grow have been devised. Most systems are organized hierarchically, with the largest units subdivided into smaller geographic areas, which are made up of smaller floristic communities, and so on. Phytochoria are defined as areas possessing a large number of endemic taxa. Floristic kingdoms are characterized by a high degree of family endemism, floristic regions by a high degree of generic endemism, and floristic provinces by a high degree of species endemism. Systems of phytochoria have both significant similarities and differences with zoogeographic provinces, which follow the composition of mammal families, and with biogeographical provinces or terrestrial ecoregions, which take into account both plant and animal species.

The term "phytochorion" (Werger & van Gils, 1976) is especially associated with the classifications according to the methodology of Josias Braun-Blanquet, which is tied to the presence or absence of particular species, mainly in Africa.

Taxonomic databases tend to be organized in ways which approximate floristic provinces, but which are more closely aligned to political boundaries, for example according to the World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions.

Early schemes
In the late 19th century, Adolf Engler (1844-1930) was the first to make a world map with the limits of distribution of floras, with four major floral regions (realms). His Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien, from the third edition (1903) onwards, also included a sketch of the division of the earth into floral regions.

Other important early works on floristics includes Augustin de Candolle (1820), Schouw (1823), Alphonse de Candolle (1855), Drude (1890), Diels (1908), and Rikli (1913).

Good (1947) regionalization
Botanist Ronald Good (1947) identified six floristic kingdoms (Boreal or Holarctic, Neotropical, Paleotropical, South African, Australian, and Antarctic), the largest natural units he determined for flowering plants. Good's six kingdoms are subdivided into smaller units, called regions and provinces. The Paleotropical kingdom is divided into three subkingdoms, which are each subdivided into floristic regions. Each of the other five kingdoms are subdivided directly into regions. There are a total of 37 floristic regions. Almost all regions are further subdivided into floristic provinces.

Takhtajan (1978, 1986) regionalization
Armen Takhtajan (1978, 1986), in a widely used scheme that builds on Good's work, identified thirty-five floristic regions, each of which is subdivided into floristic provinces, of which there are 152 in all.

I. Circumboreal region

 * 1 Arctic province
 * 2 Atlantic Europe province
 * 3 Central Europe province
 * 4 Illyria or Balkan province
 * 5 Pontus Euxinus province
 * 6 Caucasus province
 * 7 Eastern Europe province
 * 8 Northern Europe province
 * 9 Western Siberia province
 * 10 Altai-Sayan province
 * 11 Central Siberia province
 * 12 Transbaikalia province
 * 13 Northeastern Siberia province
 * 14 Okhotsk-Kamchatka province
 * 15 Canada incl. Great Lakes province

II. Eastern Asiatic region

 * 16 Manchuria province
 * 17 Sakhalin-Hokkaidō province
 * 18 Japan-Korea province
 * 19 Volcano-Bonin province
 * 20 Ryūkyū or Tokara-Okinawa province
 * 21 Taiwan province
 * 22 Northern China province
 * 23 Central China province
 * 24 Southeastern China province
 * 25 Sikang-Yuennan province
 * 26 Northern Burma province
 * 27 Eastern Himalaya province
 * 28 Khasi-Manipur province

III. North American Atlantic region

 * 29 Appalachian province (forested areas extending east to include the piedmont and west to the start of the prairies)
 * 30 Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain province
 * 31 North American Prairies province

IV. Rocky Mountain region

 * 32 Vancouverian province
 * 33 Rocky Mountains province

V. Macaronesian region

 * 34 Azores province
 * 35 Madeira province
 * 36 Canaries province
 * 37 Cape Verde province

VI. Mediterranean region

 * 38 Southern Morocco province
 * 39 Southwestern Mediterranean province
 * 40 South Mediterranean province
 * 41 Iberia province
 * 42 Baleares province
 * 43 Liguria-Tyrrhenia province
 * 44 Adriatic province
 * 45 East Mediterranean province
 * 46 Crimea-Novorossijsk province

VII. Saharo-Arabian region

 * 47 Sahara province
 * 48 Egypt-Arabia province

8A. Western Asiatic subregion

 * 49 Mesopotamia province
 * 50 Central Anatolia province
 * 51 Armenia-Iran province
 * 52 Hyrcania province
 * 53 Turania or Aralo-Caspia province
 * 54 Turkestan province
 * 55 Northern Baluchistan province
 * 56 Western Himalaya province

8B. Central Asiatic subregion

 * 57 Central Tien Shan province
 * 58 Dzungaria-Tien Shan province
 * 59 Mongolia province
 * 60 Tibet province

IX. Madrean Region

 * 61 Great Basin province
 * 62 Californian province
 * 63 Sonoran province
 * 64 Mexican Highlands province

X. Guineo-Congolian region

 * 65 Upper Guinean forests province
 * 66 Nigeria-Cameroon province
 * 67 Congo province

XI. Usambara-Zululand region

 * 68 Zanzibar-Inhambane province
 * 69 Tongoland-Pondoland province

12A. Zambezian subregion

 * 70 Zambezi province

12B. Sahelo–Sudanian subregion

 * 71 Sahel province
 * 72 Sudan province

12C. Eritreo–Arabian subregion

 * 73 Somalia-Ethiopia province
 * 74 South Arabia province
 * 75 Socotra province

12C. Omano-Sindian subregion

 * 76 Oman province
 * 77 South Iran province
 * 78 Sindia province

XIII. Karoo-Namib region

 * 79 Namibia province
 * 80 Namaland province
 * 81 Western Cape province
 * 82 Karoo province

XIV. St. Helena and Ascension region

 * 83 St. Helena and Ascension province

XV. Madagascan region

 * 84 Eastern Madagascar province
 * 85 Western Madagascar province
 * 86 Southern and Southwestern Madagascar province
 * 87 Comoro province
 * 88 Mascarenes province
 * 89 Seychelles province

XVI. Indian region

 * 90 Ceylon (Sri Lanka) province
 * 91 Malabar province
 * 92 Deccan province
 * 93 Upper Gangetic Plain province
 * 94 Bengal province

XVII. Indochinese region

 * 95 South Burma province
 * 96 Andamans province
 * 97 South China province
 * 98 Thailand province
 * 99 North Indochina province
 * 100 Annam province
 * 101 South Indochina province

18A. Malesian subregion

 * 102 Malaya province
 * 103 Borneo province
 * 104 Philippines province
 * 105 Sumatra province
 * 106 Java province

18B. Papuan subregion

 * 107 Celebes province
 * 108 Moluccas and West New Guinea province
 * 109 Papua province
 * 110 Bismarck Archipelago province

XIX. Fijian region

 * 111 New Hebrides province
 * 112 Fiji province

XX. Polynesian region

 * 113 Micronesia province
 * 114 Polynesia province

XXI. Hawaiian region

 * 115 Hawaii province

XXII. Neocaledonian region

 * 116 New Caledonia province

XXIII. Caribbean region

 * 117 Central America province
 * 118 West Indies province
 * 119 Galápagos Islands province

XXIV. region of the Guayana Highlands

 * 120 The Guianas province

XXV. Amazon region

 * 121 Amazonia province
 * 122 Llanos province

XXVI. Brazilian region

 * 123 Caatinga province
 * 124 Central Brazilian Uplands province
 * 125 Chaco province
 * 126 Atlantic province
 * 127 Paraná province

XXVII. Andean region

 * 128 Northern Andes province
 * 129 Central Andes province

XXVIII. Cape region

 * 130 Cape province

XXIX. Northeast Australian region

 * 131 North Australia province
 * 132 Queensland province
 * 133 Southeast Australia province
 * 134 Tasmania province

XXX. Southwest Australian region

 * 135 Southwest Australia province

XXXI. Central Australian or Eremaean region

 * 136 Eremaea province

XXXII. Fernandezian region

 * 137 Juan Fernández province

XXXIII. Chile-Patagonian region

 * 138 Northern Chile province
 * 139 Central Chile province
 * 140 Pampas province
 * 141 Patagonia province
 * 142 Tierra del Fuego province

XXXIV. region of the South Subantarctic Islands

 * 143 Tristan-Gough province
 * 144 Kerguelen province

XXXV. Neozeylandic region

 * 145 Lord Howe province
 * 146 Norfolk province
 * 147 Kermadec province
 * 148 Northern New Zealand province
 * 149 Central New Zealand province
 * 150 Southern New Zealand province
 * 151 Chatham province
 * 152 New Zealand Subantarctic Islands province

Regionalization according to Wolfgang Frey and Rainer Lösch (2004, 2010)

 * Notes:(with focus on Europe, matching the image on the right)
 * The central European region and the central Russian region are sister regions.
 * The border between them is similar to the Fagus sylvatica limit (January, day-time temperature average: above -2 °C).
 * The border between the central Russian region and the boreal region is similar to the Quercus spp. limit (Day-time temperature average: above 10 °C, 4 months per year).
 * The border between the boreal region and the arctic region is similar to the tree line, taiga/arctic tundra limit (July, day-time temperature average: above 10 °C).
 * The border of the Atlantic region is the limit of no frost (average), Gulf Stream influence.
 * The warm islands in the Atlantic Ocean are in the Macaronesia region: isolated populations in a more humid environment.
 * The Mediterranean region is similar to the occurrence of wild Olea europea and wild Cistus salviifolius (Olea europea is grown very North in Italy).
 * The border between the submediterranean region and the central European region is similar to the alpine arc (upper Rhone, upper Rhine, lower Danube), a weather barrier.
 * The Pontic region border is similar to the tree line/ steppe limit (less than 450 mm precipitation per year).
 * The Turanian region has a semi-arid climate.

Liu et al. (2023, 2024) Regionalization
Critiquing previous attempts for their lack of phylogenetic relationships in the construction of their regions, Liu et al. incorporated distribution data alongside phylogenetic relationships to configure their realms. This led to the classification of eight realms organized into two super-realms and each composed of a number of sub-realms.
 * Gondwanan Super-Realm
 * 1 African
 * 2 Indo-Malesian
 * 3 Australian
 * 4 Novozealandic
 * 5 Neotropical
 * 6 Chile-Patagonian

 * Laurasian Super-Realm
 * 7 Holarctic
 * 8 Saharo-Arabian

Differences from Takhtajan's floristic kingdoms mainly focus on emphasizing the uniqueness of certain realms that he had as subdivisions within kingdoms. Two examples are separating some kingdoms into two separate realms, as happened to the Paleotropical and Antarctic kingdoms, reasoning that they have been separated form each other for long enough time to constitute a different phylogenetic trajectory. The merging of the Cape floristic kingdom with the African realm was based by the low endemism of higher taxonomic ranks, which could be found outside the cape region in the rest of Africa. The final major change is the separation of the Saharo-Arabian realm from the Holarctic kingdom, though they admit the northern boundary is not clear, with flora from the Holarctic being found within this area.

After publishing their regions, Dr. Hong Qian criticized Liu et al. for the inclusion of nonnative distributions in their analyses. In response to this, the group cleaned their data to remove nonnative ranges and reassessed their regions. They suggest that the previous inclusion of exotic species did not significantly affect their mapping and found that the cleaned data revealed the same floristic realms.

title: Phytochorion


text:
Franz Simandl

Franz Simandl (August 1, 1840 – December 15, 1912) was a double-bassist and pedagogue from Austria-Hungary most remembered for his book New Method for String Bass, known as the "Simandl book", which is to this day used as a standard study of double bass technique and hand positions.

His approach uses the first, second, and fourth fingers of the left hand (the third and fourth operating together as one digit) to stop the strings in the lower register of the instrument and divide the fingerboard into various positions.

The second volume of the method looks at the use of thumb position using the thumb, first, second and third fingers, to play solo, high register work and again dividing the fingerboard up into a concept of positions. The second volume also delves extensively into the playing of harmonics.

Simandl's "New Method" of playing, originally published in 1881, is still common among classical double bassists, although the book itself is slowly being replaced by newer methods which incorporate modern pedagogical theory. Modern adaptations of, extensions to, and challenges to Simandl doctrines are acknowledged.

Simandl studied at the Prague Conservatory with Josef Hrabě before becoming the principal bassist in the Vienna Court Opera Orchestra. He was a Professor of double-bass at the Vienna Conservatory from 1869 to 1910. His pupils include many of the leading bassists of his time such as Ludwig Manoly, who moved to New York City to become principal bass of the New York Philharmonic and was an influential teacher.

The Simandl "family tree" of bass pedagogues extends for many generations. Prominent bassist/educators who can trace their lineage directly back to Simandl include Adolf Mišek, Richard Davis, Mark Dresser, Joseph Guastafeste, Greg Sarchet, Gary Karr, Hermann Reinshagen, Karl E. H. Seigfried, Ludwig Streicher, Bertram Turetzky, and Frederick Zimmermann.

title: Franz Simandl


text:
List of cities in Sudan

This is a list of cities and towns in Sudan. The population estimates are for 2006, last national census was of 1993.

Alphabetical list

 * Abekr
 * Abushneib
 * Abyei
 * Al Fashir
 * Al Managil
 * Al Qadarif
 * Atbara
 * Babanusa
 * Berber
 * Buwaidhaa
 * Delgo
 * Dongola
 * Ad-Damazin
 * Ed Dueim
 * El Ait
 * El Gebir
 * En Nahud
 * El-Obeid
 * Er Rahad
 * Foro Baranga
 * Geneina
 * Hala'ib
 * Hashabah
 * `Iyāl Bakhīt
 * Jebel Moon or Jebel Mun
 * Kaduqli
 * Kassala
 * Kauda
 * Khartoum - Capital
 * Khartoum North or Bahri
 * Kusti or Kosti
 * Kreinik
 * Merowe
 * Muglad
 * Nebelat el Hagana
 * New Halfa or Halfa Aljadeda
 * Nyala
 * Omdurman
 * Port Sudan or Bur Sudan
 * Rabak
 * Ruaba or Umm Rawaba
 * Sennar or Sannar
 * Shendi or Shandi
 * Sindscha
 * Singa
 * Suakin
 * Tabat or Al Shaikh Abdulmahmood
 * Taiyara
 * Wad An Nora
 * Wad Banda
 * Wad Madani or Wad Medani
 * Wadi Halfa
 * Umm Badr
 * Umm Bel
 * Umm Dam
 * Umm Debbi
 * Umm Gafala
 * Umm Keddada
 * Umm Qantur
 * Um Rawaba
 * Umm Saiyala
 * Umm Shanqa
 * Zalingei

title: List of cities in Sudan


text:
Talk:Island of California

[Untitled]
How was this belief held "from medieval times" up through the 18th century? Had Europeans even reached California in medieval times? Meelar 06:50, 6 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Good question. I think it began in 1510, which is late Medieval times by some definitions. It's a little confusing, however, and I'm in the process of rewriting it based on some better info I've gotten. – Decumanus 06:56, 6 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Is "Vermexo" really "see better (ver mejor)"? "Vermelho" is Portuguese for "red" (cf. Eng. "vermilion") and I believe "vermejo" is an old Spanish word for the same. Is it simply the Red Sea, or was a pun involved? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Danjmi (talk • contribs) 04:04, 28 May 2009 (UTC)

Original Research
The references in this text need to be complemented by in-line citations, currently there are several turns of phrase, which, when not accompanied by proper citations indicate original research. Fenix down (talk) 15:30, 27 October 2009 (UTC)

File:California island Vinckeboons5.jpg to appear as POTD soon
Hello! This is a note to let the editors of this article know that File:California island Vinckeboons5.jpg will be appearing as picture of the day on September 14, 2010. You can view and edit the POTD blurb at Template:POTD/2010-09-14. If this article needs any attention or maintenance, it would be preferable if that could be done before its appearance on the Main Page so Wikipedia doesn't look bad. :) Thanks!  howcheng  {chat} 21:46, 13 September 2010 (UTC)

Drake's voyage
What about the allegedly secret voyage of Sir Francis Drake. If secret, then his discoveries were not shared with other non-British government cartographers. Reference the material in Francis Drake. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 159.121.204.129 (talk) 17:48, 14 September 2010 (UTC)

Historical floods: Food for thought
Should we not include historical floods which actually may have turned california into a temporary island every few hundred years? This much is fact, but is not mentioned in the article:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_flood_of_1605

This historic flood would match the time that Juan de Oñate made an expedition to the west coast in 1605, the very same year as the flood was reported to have occurred.

Something to think about. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Camdoodlebop (talk • contribs) 07:03, 19 October 2020 (UTC)

 * The article, California flood of 1605, does not say anything about part of California being turned into a temporary island. While it is possible the floods may have filled Lake Cahuilla, which may have in turn lead Oñate to believe the Gulf of California extended further north and west than it does today, it is doubtful that the flooding was severe enough to submerge the San Gorgonio Pass and form an island. To include the theory that the floods formed a temporary island, a reliable reference would be needed. OvertAnalyzer (talk) 16:34, 19 October 2020 (UTC)

 * Perhaps the ocean water overflowed the Santa Clara river and flooded the Mojave Desert, leading out towards the Salton Sea and draining into the Gulf of California, bypassing the San Gorgonio Pass while still cutting off part of California into an island. More research is needed — Preceding unsigned comment added by Camdoodlebop (talk • contribs) 00:37, 21 October 2020 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: CALIFORNIA DREAMING, THE GOLDEN STATE'S RHETORICAL APPEALS
— Assignment last updated by Firefly200002 (talk) 21:10, 12 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Island of California


text:
Minority-serving institution

In the higher education system of the United States, minority-serving institution (MSI) is a descriptive term for universities and colleges that enroll a significant percentage of students from minority groups.

Definition
The term MSI is defined in US federal statute under the Higher Education Act (HEA), and several federal agencies maintain a listing of eligible institutions that receive HEA funding designated for MSIs, such as the U.S. Department of Education and the National Science Foundation. Most MSIs qualify for federal funding based on annual undergraduate or graduate enrollment and graduation criteria (enrollment-driven MSIs, such as Hispanic-Serving Institutions (HSIs), Predominantly Black Institutions (PBIs), Native American Serving NonTribal Institutions (NASNTIs), Alaska Native and Native Hawaiian Serving Institutions (ANNHIs), and Asian American and Pacific Islander Serving Institutions (AANAPISIs)), while two types are statutorily defined, such as Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs) and Tribal Colleges and Universities (TCUs). For example, a report from the U.S. Department of Education on the characteristics of MSIs defined MSI based on either of two separate criteria; 1) legislation (e.g. HBCU, TCU, or 2) percentage of minority undergraduate enrollment based on IPEDS data (i.e. "institutions that enroll at least 25 percent of a specific minority group are designated as “minority-serving” for that group").

Disambiguation
The similar term “minority institutions” (MIs) is defined by § 365(3) of the Higher Education Act (HEA) of 1965 (20 U.S.C. § 1067k(3)).

Background
Many MSIs, such as Historically black colleges and universities (HBCUs) and Tribal Colleges and Universities (TCUs), began in response to a history of inequality and a lack of access for people of color to majority institutions. MSIs overall now occupy a unique place in the nation, serving primarily, but not exclusively, low-income students, first generation students, and students of color. These institutions have highly diverse faculties and staffs, enhance student learning and promote leadership skills, and provide programs of study address deficiencies that originated at the primary and secondary level. MSIs play an important role in the nation’s economy by preparing a diverse workforce and prepare underrepresented students for graduate and professional school.

Until 2007, no federal legislation existed concerning institutions serving Asian American and Pacific Islanders. The College Cost Reduction and Access Act of 2007 made history, because it granted federal recognition to these institutions, making them eligible to be designated as minority serving institutions.

MSIs serve a large number of financially-challenged students: 98 percent of African Americans and Native Americans who enroll at HBCUs or TCUs receive or qualify for federal financial aid, and over 50% of all students enrolled at MSIs receive Pell Grant support. As a point of comparison, only 31 percent of all college students receive Pell Grant support. Moreover, nearly half of MSI students are first generation college students. In comparison, only 35 percent of students attending Predominantly White Institutions.

Federal funding
MSIs are eligible for federal and private funding based on specific eligibility requirements, as determined by the funding agency.

Federal funding is provided directly to some MSIs under Title III of the Higher Education Act of 1965:

 * 1) Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCU) – institutions founded prior to the enactment of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 that were created primarily to educate African Americans (e.g., Alabama State University, Morgan State University, and Texas Southern University)
 * 2) Predominantly Black Institutions (PBI) – institutions that do not meet the legal definition of HBCUs, but primarily serve African Americans.  Eligibility is based on serving an undergraduate population that is both low income (at least 50% receiving Title IV needs-based assistance) and in which African American students constitute at least 40% (e.g., Georgia State University, Trinity Washington University, Community College of Philadelphia).
 * 3) Hispanic-Serving Institutions (HSI) – institutions that serve an undergraduate population that is both low income (at least 50% receiving Title IV needs-based assistance) and in which Hispanic students constitute at least 25% (e.g., University of Texas at El Paso, Fresno Pacific University, and University of Texas Rio Grande Valley).
 * 4) Tribal Colleges or Universities (TCU) – institutions of higher education which are formally controlled, or have been formally sanctioned, or chartered, by the governing body of a Native American tribe (e.g., Diné College).
 * 5) Native American Non-Tribal Institutions (NANTI) – institutions other than TCUs that serve an undergraduate population that is both low income (at least 50% receiving Title IV needs-based assistance) and in which American Indian students constitute at least 10% (e.g., Southeastern Oklahoma State University).
 * 6) Alaskan Native or Native Hawaiian-Serving Institutions (ANNH or ANNHSI) – institutions that serve an undergraduate population that is both low income (at least 50% receiving Title IV needs-based assistance) and in which Alaska Native students constitute at least 20% or Hawaiian Native students constitute at least 10% (e.g., University of Alaska Fairbanks and University of Hawaii at Manoa).
 * 7) Asian American and Native American Pacific Islander-Serving Institutions (AANAPISI) – institutions that serve an undergraduate population that is both low income (at least 50% receiving Title IV needs-based assistance) and in which Asian American or Native American Pacific Islander students constitute at least 10% (e.g., California State University, Los Angeles, NJIT and University of Guam).

Strengthening Institutions Program (SIP) institutions serve a low income undergraduate population (at least 50% receiving Title IV needs-based assistance) and are eligible for federal funding under Title III of the Higher Education Act of 1965. However, as there are no requirements for minority enrollment under Title III Part A, in some cases these institutions may or may not be considered MSIs.

Executive Orders
Specific Executive Orders currently referencing MSIs include:
 * E.O. 13779; White House Initiative To Promote Excellence and Innovation at Historically Black Colleges and Universities
 * E.O. 13230; White House Initiative on Educational Excellence for Hispanic Americans
 * E.O. 13270; Tribal colleges and universities
 * E.O. 13336; American Indian and Alaska Native Education
 * E.O. 13515; Increasing Federal Programs for Asian American Pacific Islanders
 * E.O. 13078; Increasing Employment of Adults with Disabilities.

title: Minority-serving institution