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Devshirme

Devshirme (دوشیرمه, usually translated as "child levy" or "blood tax") was the Ottoman practice of forcibly recruiting soldiers and bureaucrats from among the children of their Balkan Christian subjects and raising them in the religion of Islam. Those coming from the Balkans came primarily from noble Balkan families and rayah (poor) classes. It is first mentioned in written records in 1438, but probably started earlier. It created a faction of soldiers and officials loyal to the Sultan. It counterbalanced the Turkish nobility, who sometimes opposed the Sultan.

The system produced a considerable number of grand viziers from the 1400s to the 1600s. This was the second most powerful position in the Ottoman Empire, after the sultan. Initially, the grand viziers were exclusively of Turk origin, but after there were troubles between Sultan Mehmed II and the Turkish grand vizier Çandarlı Halil Pasha the Younger, who was the first grand vizier to be executed, there was a rise of slave administrators (devshirme). They were much easier for the sultans to control, compared to free administrators of Turkish aristocratic extraction. The devshirme also produced many of the Ottoman Empire's provincial governors, military commanders, and divans during the 1400s–1600s period. Sometimes, the devshirme recruits were castrated and became eunuchs. Although often destined for the harem, many eunuchs of devshirme origin went on to hold important positions in the military and the government, such as grand viziers Hadım Ali Pasha, Sinan Borovinić, and Hadım Hasan Pasha.

Ottoman officials would take male Christian children, aged 7 to 20, from Eastern, Southern and Southeastern Europe, and relocate them to Istanbul, where they were converted, circumcised, assimilated and trained to serve into the Janissary infantry corps or palace duties. Devshirme were rarely sold, though some could end up as slaves in private households. The fact that they were taken forcibly from their parents made the devshirme system resented by locals. However, revolts were rare, with the exception of a revolt against the devshirme in Albania in 1565. Ordered to cut all ties with their families some managed to use their positions to help their family. There is some evidence that urban Christian and Muslim parents resorted to bribery or sending their children to the country to assure the advancement in life that devshirme recruitment could bring. The boys were forced to convert to Islam. Muslims were not allowed into the system (with some exceptions), but some Muslim families smuggled their sons in anyway. According to Speros Vyronis, "The Ottomans took advantage of the general Christian fear of losing their children and used offers of devshirme exemption in negotiations for surrender of Christian lands. Such exemptions were included in the surrender terms granted to Jannina, Galata, Morea, Chios, etc. Christians who engaged in specialized activities important to the Ottoman state were exempted from the blood tax on their children by way of recognition of the importance of their labors for the empire. Exemption from this tribute was considered a privilege and not a penalty."

Many scholars consider the practice of devishirme as violating Islamic law. David Nicolle writes that enslavement of Christian boys violates the dhimmi protections guaranteed in Islam, but Halil İnalcık argues that the devshirme were not slaves once converted to Islam. The boys were given a formal education, and trained in science, warfare and bureaucratic administration, and became advisers to the sultan, elite infantry, generals in the army, admirals in the navy, and bureaucrats working on finance in the Ottoman Empire. They were separated according to ability and could rise in rank based on merit. The most talented, the ichoghlani (Turkish iç oğlanı) were trained for the highest positions in the empire. Others joined the military, including the famed janissaries.

The practice began to die out as Ottoman soldiers preferred recruiting their own sons into the army, rather than sons from Christian families. In 1594, Muslims were officially allowed to take the positions held by the devishirme and the system of recruiting Christians effectively stopped by 1648. An attempt to re-institute it in 1703 was resisted by its Ottoman members, who coveted the military and civilian posts. Finally, in the early days of Ahmet III's reign, the practice of devshirme was abolished.

History
The devshirme (from the Turkish word meaning to collect ) came up out of the kul system of slavery that developed in the early centuries of the Ottoman Empire, and which reached this final development during the reign of Sultan Bayazit I. The kul were mostly prisoners from war, hostages or slaves that were purchased by the state. The Ottoman Empire, beginning with Murad I, felt a need to "counteract the power of (Turkic) nobles by developing Christian vassal soldiers and converted kapıkulu as his personal troops, independent of the regular army." This elite force, which served the Ottoman Sultan directly, was called Kapıkulu Ocağı (The Hearth of the Porte Servants). They were divided into two main groups: cavalry and infantry. The cavalry was commonly known as the Kapikulu Sipahi (The Cavalry of the Servants of the Porte) and the infantry as the Yeni Çeri (transliterated in English as janissary), meaning "the New Corps". The devshirme were set apart from the janissary in that they were not a calvalry group, rather exclusively infantry.

At first, the soldiers serving in these corps were selected from the slaves captured during war. However, a new system commonly known as devshirme was soon adopted. In this system, children of the rural Christian populations of the Balkans were conscripted before adolescence and were brought up as Muslims. Upon reaching adolescence, these children were enrolled in one of the four imperial institutions: the palace, the scribes, the Muslim clergy, and the military. Those enrolled in the military would become either part of the Janissary corps (1363), or part of another corps. The most promising were sent to the palace school (Enderûn Mektebi), where they were destined for a career within the palace itself and could attain the highest office of state, Grand Vizier, the Sultan's powerful chief minister and military deputy. In the beginning of the Ottoman Empire, this office was held only by Turks. However, after there were problems between sultan Mehmed II and the Turkish Çandarlı Halil Pasha the Younger, who became the first grand vizier to be executed, there was a rise of slave administrators devshirme. They were much easier to control for the sultans, as compared to free administrators of Turkish noble origin. They were also less subject to influence from court factions. From the very beginning, the Turcoman were a danger that undermined the Sultan's creation of a strong state. Thus, the establishment of this class counterbalanced the Turkish nobility, who sometimes opposed the Sultan.

An early Greek source mentioning devshirme (paidomazoma) is a speech by Archbishop Isidore of Thessalonica, made on 28 February 1395, titled: "On the abduction of children according to sultan's order and on the Future Judgment". The speech includes references to the violent Islamization of children and their hard training in the use of dogs and falcons.

A reference to devshirme is made in a poem composed c. 1550 in Greek by Ioannes Axayiolis, who appeals to Emperor Charles V of Germany to liberate the Christians from the Turks. The text is found in the Codex Vaticanus Graecus of 1624. In another account, the Roman Catholic bishop of Chios in 1646 writes to the director of the Catholic Greek Gymnasion of Rome asking the latter to accept Paulos Omeros, a 12-year-old boy from Chios, to save him from the devshirme.

The recruitment of children took place every three to four years and at times even annually, according to the needs of the Sultan. The largest loss of children coincided with the peak of Ottoman expansion in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries under the rule of Selim I and Suleiman the Magnificent.

The life of the devshirme
According to historian William Gervase Clarence-Smith, Christian children were taken by Ottoman officials, every four to seven years, their age ranging from 7 to 20. Those younger than 8 were called şirhor (nursling) and beççe (child). One for every forty households was chosen, they had to be unmarried and once taken were ordered to cut all ties with their family.

Christian parents undeniably resented the forced recruitment of their children, as a result they would beg and often seek to buy their children out of the levy. The Balkan peasantry tried to evade the tribute collectors, with many attempting to substitute their children in Bosnia. Many sources (including Paolo Giovio) mention different ways to avoid the devshirme such as: marrying the boys at the age of 12, mutilating them or have both father and son convert to Islam. Conversion to Islam was used in Bosnia and Herzegovina to escape the system. In Albania and Epirus the practice led to a Christian revolt where the inhabitants killed the recruiting officials in the year 1565. In Naousa, after killing the recruiting officials the parents fled to the mountains but were later caught and executed in 1705.

Any parent who refused to have their child taken as a slave was put to death, and children who attempted to resist being taken from their families as janissaries by fleeing would lead to the Turks arresting and then torturing their parents to death (Many children who attempted to flee on their own returned after hearing of their parents torture). Such was the case of an Athenian boy who returned from hiding to save his father's life but chose to die himself rather than abandon his faith and convert to Islam. A firman in 1601 gave strict orders to Ottoman officials to kill any parent that resisted: "To enforce the command of the known and holy fetva [fatwa] of Seyhul [Shaikh]-Islam. In accordance with this whenever some one of the infidel parents or some other should oppose the giving up of his son for the Janissaries, he is immediately hanged from his door-sill, his blood being deemed unworthy."

Sources show that it was not rare for the older youth to attempt to preserve their faith and some recollection of their homeland and their families. For instance, Stephan Gerlach writes: "They gather together and one tells another of his native land and of what he heard in church or learned in school there, and they agree among themselves that Muhammad is no prophet and that the Turkish religion is false. If there is one among them who has some little book or can teach them in some other manner something of God's world, they hear him as diligently as if he were their preacher."

Greek scholar Janus Lascaris visited Constantinople in 1491 and met many janissaries who not only remembered their former religion and their native land but also favored their former coreligionists. The renegade Hersek, the sultan's relative by marriage, told him that he regretted having left the religion of his fathers and that he prayed at night before the cross which he kept carefully concealed.

In his memoir, Konstantin Mihailović (1430–1501), a Serbian who was abducted in his youth and marched away by the Turks, saw nothing “prestigious” or “lucrative” about becoming a janissary. “We always thought about killing the Turks and running away by ourselves among the mountains,” he writes, “but our youth did not permit us to do that.” Once when he and a group of other boys broke free and escaped, “the whole region pursued us, and having caught and bound us, they beat us and tortured us and dragged us behind horses.”

It is said that: "Even those personally chosen by the Sultan found nothing admirable about their lot." After Ottoman Sultan Murad II took eight Christian youths into his service, they made a pact to assassinate him by night, saying “If we kill this Turkish dog, then all of Christendom will be freed [from Ottoman tyranny]; but if we are caught, then we will become martyrs before God with the others.” When their plot was exposed, and Murad inquired what caused them to “dare attempt this,” they responded, “None other than our great sorrow for our fathers and dear friends.” He had the children slowly tortured over the course of a year before beheading them.

On the other hand, since the devshirme could reach powerful positions, some Muslim families tried to have the recruiters take their sons so that they could achieve professional advancement. There were cases of Albanian families and Bosnian families offering their children voluntarily, as it offered them prospects not available to them in any other manner. Sometimes people of both religion, or family in great needs, attempted to bribe scouts to take their children.

In Epirus, a traditional folk song expressed this resentment by cursing the Sultan and admonishing against the kidnapping of boys: "Be damned, O Emperor, be thrice damned For the evil you have done and the evil you do. You catch and shackle the old and the archpriests In order to take the children as Janissaries. Their parents weep and their sisters and brothers too And I cry until it pains me; As long as I live I shall cry, For last year it was my son and this year my brother."

The Tübingen manuscript written by Andre Argyros and John Tholoites and given to Martin Crusius in 1585 shows what the Christian parents thought of the Janissaries: "You understand, then, my lords and Christian gentlemen, what sorrow the Greeks bear, the fathers and the mothers who are separated from their children at the prime of life. Think ye of the heartrending sorrow! How many mothers scratch out their cheeks! How many fathers beat their breast with stones! What grief these Christians experience on account of their children who are separated from them while alive, and how many mothers say, “It would have been better to see them dead and buried in our church, rather than to have them taken alive in order to become Turks and abjure our faith. Better that you had died!”"

Stephen Gerlach gives the case of a Greek Mother from Panormus in Anatolia who had two boys and begged God every day to take them away because she would soon be forced to give up one of them. The distress expressed here was motivated not only by religious considerations, but also by the low opinion the Byzantines held for Turks (whom they called barbarians).

In desperation the parents would appeal to the Pope and western powers for help. A petition of the Albanians of Himarë in the year 1581, addressed to the Pope reads: "Holiest father, if you could convince him and save us and the children of Greece, that are taken every day and are turned into Turks, if you could only do this, God may bless you. Amen”.

In 1456 Greeks living on the western coast of Anatolia appealed to the Knights Hospitalers of Rhodes for help. "We, who do dwell in Turkey ... inform your lordship that we are heavily vexed by the Turk, and that they take away our children and make Muslims of them ... For this reason we beseech your lordship to take council that the most holy pope might send his ships to take us and our wives and children away from here, for we are suffering greatly from the Turk."

The children were taken from their families and transported to Istanbul. Upon their arrival, they were forcibly converted to Islam, examined and made to serve the empire. The system produced infantry corps soldiers as well as civilian administrators and high-ranked military officials." Their village, district and province, parentage, date of birth, and physical appearance was recorded. Albertus Bobovius wrote in 1686 that diseases were common among the devshirme and that strict discipline was enforced. Although the influence of Turkic nobility continued in the Ottoman court until Mehmet II (see Çandarlı Halil), the Ottoman ruling class slowly came to be ruled exclusively by the devshirme, creating a separate social class. This class of rulers was chosen from the brightest of devshirme and handpicked to serve in the palace institution, known as the Enderûn. They had to accompany the Sultan on campaigns, but exceptional service would be rewarded by assignments outside the palace. Those chosen for the scribe institution, known as kalemiye, were also granted prestigious positions. At the religious institution, İlmiye, all orthodox Muslim clergy of the Ottoman Empire were educated and sent to provinces or served in the capital.

The children were subjected to a draconian training system: “They make them drudge day and night, and they give them no bed to sleep on and very little food.” They were allowed to “speak to each other only when it is urgently necessary” and were made to “pray together without fail at four prescribed times every day.” As “for any little offense, they beat them cruelly with sticks, rarely hitting them less than a hundred times, and often as much as a thousand. After punishments the boys have to come to them and kiss their clothing and thank them for the cudgelings they have received. You can see, then, that moral degradation and humiliation are part of the training system,” writes 16th century Italian diplomat Giovan Francesco Morosini (cardinal). They were “degraded to the level of animals” and showed a “dog-like devotion to the sultan”, writes Vasiliki Papouli. Many possibly suffered from Stockholm Syndrome.

Tavernier noted in 1678 that the janissaries looked more like a religious order than a military corps. The members of the organization were not banned from marriage, as Tavernier further noted, but it was very uncommon for them. He went on to write that their numbers had increased to a hundred thousand but only due to a degeneration of regulations, with many of them in fact being "fake" janissaries, posing as such for tax exemptions and other social privileges. He noted that the actual number of janissaries was in fact much lower. Shaw writes that their number was 30,000 under Suleiman the Magnificent. By the 1650s, the number of janissaries had increased to 50,000, but by this time, the devshirme had largely been abandoned as a method of recruitment. Recruits were sometimes gained through voluntary accessions, as some parents were eager to have their children enroll in the janissary service that ensured them a successful career and comfort.

The BBC notes the following regarding the devshirme system: "Although members of the devshirme class were technically slaves, they were of great importance to the Sultan because they owed him their absolute loyalty and became vital to his power. This status enabled some of the 'slaves' to become both powerful and wealthy."

According to Cleveland, the devshirme system offered "limitless opportunities to the young men who became a part of it." Basilike Papoulia wrote that "the devishirme was the 'forcible removal', in the form of a tribute, of children of the Christian subjects from their ethnic, religious and cultural environment and their transportation into the Turkish-Islamic environment with the aim of employing them in the service of the Palace, the army, and the state, whereby they were on the one hand to serve the Sultan as slaves and freedmen and on the other to form the ruling class of the State." Accordingly, Papoulia agrees with Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen Gibb and Harold Bowen, authors of Islamic Society and the West, that the devshirme was a penalization imposed on the Balkan peoples since their ancestors had resisted the Ottoman invasion. Vladimir Minorsky states, "The most striking manifestation of this fact is the unprecedented system of devshirme, i.e. the periodic conscription of 'tribute boys', by which the children of Christians were wrung from their families, churches, and communities to be molded into Ottoman praetorians owing their allegiance to the Sultan and the official faith of Islam." This system as explained by Çandarlı Kara Halil Hayreddin Pasha, founder of the Janissaries: "The conquered are slaves of the conquerors, to whom their goods, their women, and their children belong as lawful possession".

Status under Islamic law
According to scholars, the practice of devishirme was a clear violation of sharia or Islamic law. David Nicolle writes that since the boys were "effectively enslaved" under the devshirme system, this was a violation of the dhimmi protections guaranteed under Islamic law to People of the Book. The practice of devshirme also involved forced conversions to Islam. This is disputed by Turkish historian Halil İnalcık, who argues that the devshirme were not slaves once converted to Islam.

Some scholars point out that the early Ottoman Empire did not care about the details of sharia and thus did not see any problems with devshirme. During this time, the Ottomans believed that the Qanun, the law enacted by the Sultan, superseded sharia even though the latter was treated with respect. The devshirme was just one example in which the Sultan's wishes superseded the sharia (another example is that Ottoman sultans set maximum interest rates even though sharia totally prohibits interest). James L. Gelvin explains that Ottoman jurists were able to get around that injunction with an extraordinarily-creative legal manoeuvre by arguing that although Islamic tradition forbade the enslavement of Christians, Balkan Christians were different because they had converted to Christianity after the advent of Islam. William Gervase Clarence-Smith points out that the reasoning is not accepted in the Hanafi school of law, which the Ottoman Empire claimed to have practiced.

Contemporary Ottoman chroniclers had mixed opinions on the practice. An Ottoman historian of the 1500s, Mustafa Âlî, admitted that devshirme violated sharia but was allowed only out of necessity. Others argued the Muslim conqueror had the right to one fifth of war booty and could thus take the Christian boys; however, Islamic law allows no such booty from communities that had submitted peacefully to conquest and certainly not from their descendants.

Ethnicity of the devshirme and exemptions
The devshirme were collected once every four or five years from rural provinces in Eastern Europe, Southeastern Europe and Anatolia. They were mainly collected from Christian subjects, with a few exceptions. However, some Muslim families managed to smuggle their sons in anyway. The devshirme levy was not applied to the major cities of the empire, and children of local craftsmen in rural towns were also exempt, as it was considered that conscripting them would harm the economy.

According to Bernard Lewis, the janissaries were mainly recruited from the Slavic and Albanian populations of the Balkans. According to the Encyclopædia Britannica and the Encyclopaedia of Islam, in the early days of the empire, all Christians were enrolled indiscriminately. Later, those from Albania, Bosnia and Bulgaria were preferred. What is certain is that devshirme were primarily recruited from Christians living in the Balkans, particularly Serbs and Bosnians,   as well as others from the Balkans region, such as Albanians and Greeks. Since Muslim Bosnians were the only Muslim ethnic group allowed to be recruited, an armed guard was required to lead the Bosnians on their way to Istanbul to avoid any Turkish boys from being smuggled into their ranks. The early Ottoman emphasis on recruiting Greeks, Albanians, and South Slavs was a direct consequence of being centred on territories, in northwestern Anatolia and the southern Balkans, where those ethnic groups were prevalent.

Jews were exempt from this service. Armenians are also believed to have been exempt from the levy by many scholars, although a 1997 publication that examined Armenian colophons from the 15th to the 17th centuries and foreign travelers of the time concluded that Armenians were not exempt. Boys who were orphans or were their family's only son were exempt.

Well-known examples of Ottomans who had been recruited as devshirme include Skanderbeg, Sinan Pasha and Sokollu Mehmed Pasha.

Unifying factor
The diversity of the devshirme also served as a unifying factor for the Ottoman Empire. Greeks, Armenians, Albanians, and other ethnicities would see that the Sultan was Turkish, but his viziers were Albanian, Bulgarian, Greek and other ethnicities. The ethnic diversity in high-level and powerful positions of the Ottoman Empire helped to unite the diverse groups under its jurisdiction. They also prevented a hereditary aristocracy from forming but held sway over the Sultan themselves and practically formed their own aristocracy.

Devshirme in the Ottoman Palace School
The primary objective of the Palace School was to train the ablest children for leadership positions, either as military leaders or as high administrators to serve the Devlet. Although there are many resemblances between Enderûn and other palace schools of the previous civilizations, such as those of the Abbasids, the Seljuks or the contemporary European palace schools, Enderûn was unique with respect to the background of the student body and its meritocratic system. In the strict draft phase, students were taken forcefully from the Christian population of the Empire and were converted to Islam. Jews and Gypsies were exempted from devshirme and so were all Muslims.

Those entrusted to find those children were scouts, who were specially-trained agents, throughout the Balkans. Scouts were recruiting youngsters according to their talent and ability with school subjects, in addition to their personality, character and physical perfection. The Enderûn candidates were not supposed to be orphans or the only child in their family to ensure that the candidates had strong family values. They also had to not have already learned to speak Turkish or a craft or trade. The ideal age of a recruit was between 10 and 20 years of age. Mehmed Refik Beg mentioned that a youth with a bodily defect, no matter how slight, was never admitted into palace service, since Turks believed that a strong soul and a good mind could be found only in a perfect body.

The selected children were dressed in red so that they could not easily escape on their way to Constantinople. The cost of the devshirme service and their clothes were paid by their villages or communities. The boys were gathered into cohorts of a hundred or more to walk to Constantinople, where they were circumcised and divided between the palace schools and the military training. Anyone not chosen for the palace spent years being toughened by hard labor on farms in Anatolia until they were old enough for the military.

The brightest youths who fit into the general guidelines and had a strong primary education were then given to selected Muslim families across Anatolia to complete the enculturation process. They would later attend schools across Anatolia to complete their training for six to seven years to qualify as ordinary military officers. They would get the highest salaries amongst the administrators of the empire and very well respected in public.

Eunuchs
White eunuchs were sometimes recruited from among the devshirme. Unlike the black eunuchs, who were usually castrated in their place of origin, the devshirme were castrated at the palace. The palace eunuchs who supervised them often came from the same background as the devshirme (the Balkans). A considerable number of eunuchs of devshirme origin went on to hold important positions in the government and the military, and many of them became grand vizier, like Hadım Ali Pasha, Sinan Borovinić, Hadım Hasan Pasha, Hadim Mesih Pasha and Hadım Mehmed Pasha. Others, like Sofu Hadım Ali Pasha, Hadım Şehabeddin, Hadım Yakup Pasha of Bosnia, Hadım Ali Pasha of Buda, Hadım Suleiman Pasha and his namesake Hadım Suleiman Pasha, became prominent admirals and generals.

Decline
According to the historian Cemal Kafadar, one of the main reasons for the decline of the devshirme system was that the size of the janissary corps had to be expanded to compensate for the decline in the importance of the sipahi cavalry forces, which itself was a result of changes in early modern warfare such as the introduction of firearms and increased importance of infantry. Indeed, the janissary corps would soon become the empire's largest single military corps. As a result, by the late 16th century, the devshirme system had become increasingly abandoned for less rigid recruitment methods, which allowed Muslims to enter directly into the janissary corps.

In 1632, the janissaries attempted an unsuccessful coup against Murad IV, who then imposed a loyalty oath on them. In 1638 or 1648, the devshirme-based recruiting system of the janissary corps formally came to an end. In an order sent in multiple copies to authorities throughout the European provinces in 1666, a devshirme recruitment target of between 300 and 320 was set for an area covering the whole of the central and western Balkans. On the accession of sultan Suleiman II in 1687, only 130 janissary inductees were graduated to the janissary ranks. The system was finally abolished in the early part of Ahmet III's reign (1703–1730).

After Napoleon invaded Egypt in 1798, there was a reform movement in Sultan Selim III's regime to reduce the numbers of the askeri class, who were the first class citizens or military class (also called janissaries). Selim was taken prisoner and murdered by the janissaries. The successor to the sultan, Mahmud II, was patient but remembered the results of the uprising in 1807. In 1826, he created the basis of a new modern army, the Asakir-i Mansure-i Muhammediye, which caused a revolt among the janissaries. The authorities kept the janissaries in their barracks and slaughtered thousands of them. That development entered the Ottoman history annals as the Auspicious Incident.

title: Devshirme


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NYK

NYK may stand for:

 * New York Knicks, a National Basketball Association team based in New York City.
 * Nippon Yusen Kaisha, a shipping company
 * NYKU8210506, an NYK-owned shipping container being tracked by the BBC
 * Nanyuki Airport, Kenya (IATA code: NYK)
 * North Yorkshire, county in England, Chapman code

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Claude Nougaro

Claude Nougaro (, Claudi Nogaròu; 9 September 1929 – 4 March 2004) was a French jazz singer and poet.

Life and career
Claude Nougaro was born on 9 September 1929 in Toulouse to a respected French opera singer, Pierre Nougaro, and a piano teacher, Liette Tellini. His maternal grandparents were Italian; his grandfather was born in Livorno, Tuscany and his grandmother in San Damiano d'Asti, Piedmont. He was raised by his grandparents in Toulouse where he heard Glenn Miller, Édith Piaf and Louis Armstrong (among others) on the radio. In 1947 he failed his baccalaureat and began a career in journalism, writing for various journals including Le Journal des Curistes at Vichy and L'Echo d'Alger. At the same time he wrote songs for Marcel Amont ("Le barbier de Belleville", "Le balayeur du roi") and Philippe Clay ("Joseph", "La sentinelle"). He met Georges Brassens, who became his friend and mentor.

In 1949, he performed his military service in the Foreign Legion at Rabat, Morocco.

He sent his lyrics to Marguerite Monnot, Édith Piaf's songwriter, who put them to music. ("Méphisto", "Le Sentier de la guerre"). He started to sing for a livelihood in 1959 in a Parisian cabaret in Montmartre, the Lapin Agile.

In 1962, he decided to sing his works himself: "Une petite fille" and "Cécile ma fille" (dedicated to his daughter, born in 1962, and to his wife Sylvie, whom he met at the Lapin Agile). These songs made him immediately known to a larger public, which he had already started to penetrate by participating in the concerts of Dalida. A car accident immobilised him for several months in 1963. The following year he travelled to Brazil, and sang in prestigious halls: the Olympia and the Théâtre de la Ville in Paris, and the Palais d'Hiver in Lyon. Following the death of his friend Jacques Audiberti in 1965 Nougaro wrote, in homage, the song "Chanson pour le maçon". The events of May 1968 inspired him to the torrential "Paris Mai", a plea for life, which would be banned from the airwaves. The same year he recorded his first live album at the Olympia: Une soirée avec Claude Nougaro. His career continued normally, punctuated by success: Le jazz et la java, Tu verras, Île de Ré, Armstrong, Toulouse, Petit taureau. But in 1984, his recording company did not renew his contract. Nougaro left for New York, seeking inspiration, and while there wrote and recorded a self-financed disc, Nougayork, whose resounding success was a surprise. In 1988 Victoires de la musique rewarded him with "best album" and "best artist", and between 1993 and 1997 he released three new albums.

His health deteriorated after 1995, when he underwent a heart operation. In 2003, his condition left him unable to appear at the Festival du Verbe at Toulouse. From 1998 to 2004 he devoted himself more to concerts and festivals, apart from an album in aid of children suffering from AIDS. Having undergone further surgery in early 2004, he died of cancer in March, at the age of 74.

Studio albums

 * 1958 : Claude Nougaro (President album)
 * 1962 : Claude Nougaro
 * 1964 : Claude Nougaro n°2
 * 1966 : Bidonville
 * 1967 : Petit taureau
 * 1971 : Sœur âme
 * 1973 : Locomotive d'or
 * 1974 : Récréation
 * 1975 : Femmes et famines
 * 1976 : Plume d'ange
 * 1978 : Tu verras
 * 1980 : Assez !
 * 1981 : Chansons nettes
 * 1983 : Ami-chemin
 * 1985 : Bleu blanc blues
 * 1987 : Nougayork
 * 1989 : Pacifique
 * 1993 : Chansongs
 * 1997 : L'Enfant phare
 * 2000 : Embarquement immédiat

Live albums

 * 1969 : Une soirée avec Claude Nougaro (L'Olympia, 2LP)
 * 1977 : Nougaro 77 (L'Olympia, 2LP)
 * 1979 : Nougaro 79
 * 1982 : Au New Morning
 * 1989 : Zénith made in Nougaro
 * 1991 : Une voix dix doigts (2CD)
 * 1995 : The best de scène (2CD)
 * 1999 : Hombre et lumière (recorded in Toulouse, 2CD)
 * 2002 : Au Théâtre des Champs-Elysées (2CD)

Posthumous releases

 * 2004 : La Note bleue
 * 2008 : Claude Nougaro (album Président)

Writings

 * L'ivre de mots (2002)
 * Fables de ma fontaine (2003)

title: Claude Nougaro


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User talk:MrSnow

If you want to leave a message for me this is the place. --Mr. Snow (talk) 20:58, 7 December 2011 (UTC)

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HMS Minden (1810)

HMS Minden was a Royal Navy 74-gun Ganges-class third-rate ship of the line, launched on 19 June 1810 from Bombay, India. She was named after the German town Minden and the Battle of Minden of 1759, a decisive victory of British and Prussian forces over France in the Seven Years' War. The town is about 75 km away from Hanover, from where the House of Hanover comes—the dynasty which ruled the United Kingdom from 1714 until 1901.

Construction
Jamsetjee Bomanjee Wadia of the Wadia Group built Minden. She was launched from the Duncan Docks in Bombay, India, and was built of teak.

The Bombay Courier, 23 June 1810 wrote:"“On Tuesday last His Majesty’s Ship, the Minden built in the new docks (Bombay) by Jamsetji Bomanji Wadia was floated into the stream at high water, after the usual ceremony of breaking the bottle had been performed by the Honorable Governor Jonathan Duncan. Also In having produced the Minden, Bombay is entitled to the distinguished praise of providing the first and only British ship of the line built out of the limits of the Mother Country; and in the opinion of very competent judges, the Minden, for beauty of construction and strength of frame, may stand in competition with any man-o-war that has come out of the most celebrated Dockyards of Great Britain. For the skill of its architects, for the superiority of its timber, and for the excellence of its docks, Bombay may now claim a distinguished place among naval arsenals”."

Service history
Minden sailed from Bombay on 8 February 1811 on her first cruise, under the command of Edward Wallis Hoare, and manned by the crew of the HMS Russell (1764). In March she sailed from Madras to take part in the invasion of Java. On 29 July two of her boats, under the command of Lieutenant Edmund Lyons, with only 35 officers and men aboard, attacked and captured the fort covering the harbour of Marrack, to the westward of Batavia. The Naval General Service Medal with the clasp "30 July Boat Service 1811" was issued to survivors of this action in 1848. The Dutch and French forces in Java surrendered in September. Minden then sailed for the UK and escorted convoys to the East Indies, the Cape of Good Hope, South America, and the coast of Africa.

Minden sailed from Portsmouth under Captain Alexander Skene on 6 August 1812 arriving at Madras, India on 29 January 1813 where she then served as the flagship of Vice Admiral Sir Samuel Hood, Commander in Chief of the East Indies Station. While there, she was first commanded by Captain William Webley, then by Captain Joseph Prior, and thereafter (20 April 1814) by Captain George Henderson (until 14 January 1815). "In the summer of 1814 [Admiral Hood] made a voyage, in his majesty’s ship Minden, to the eastern parts of his station.” He eventually arrived at Semarang, Java on 29 June 1814. Hood then "sailed on the Minden from Batavia on 1 August 1814 for Madras, where he [later] died on 24 December of that year.”. The Minden remained in the East Indies until September 1815 when she returned to England, arriving at Portsmouth on 4 February 1816.

(A few blogs and articles on the internet claim that Minden saw service during the War of 1812 in the Chesapeake Bay and that Francis Scott Key was aboard her when he wrote the poem "Defense of Fort M'Henry", which became the lyrics for "The Star-Spangled Banner".    A counter to those claims is given in the preceding paragraph, and in these sources):

In late July 1816 Minden sailed from Plymouth Sound, as part of an Anglo-Dutch fleet that made an attack on Algiers on 27 August. The Naval General Service Medal with the clasp "Algiers" was issued to survivors of this battle in 1848.

Minden then sailed for the East Indies, and was reported to be at Trincomalee in 1819. In July 1830 Minden was at Plymouth. She was commissioned there on 19 March 1836 and sailed for the Tagus joining the British squadron. In 1839 she was at Malta, returning to Plymouth in early 1840.

She was at Devonport dockyard when it suffered severe damage in a large scale fire on 25 September 1840, it started in the North Dock on HMS Talavera (1818) which was completely gutted, spread to the Minden whose fire was successfully put out, and spread to nearby buildings and equipment.

A typhoon destroyed the shore-based Royal Naval Hospital at Hong Kong on 22 July 1841, and Minden was commissioned at Plymouth in December 1841 to serve as a hospital ship there. She was stationed at Hong Kong as a hospital ship from 1842 until she was replaced by HMS Alligator (1821) in 1846. Minden then served there as stores ship until sold for scrapping in August 1861.

In memory of the ship, several streets were named after her, Minden Row, Minden Drive in Yorba Linda and Minden Avenue, located behind Signal Hill of Tsim Sha Tsui in Kowloon, Hong Kong.

title: HMS Minden (1810)


text:
Talk:Billboard (magazine)

Draft
I would like to request consideration/review of my work at Talk:Billboard (magazine)/draft, which I am proposing as a replacement for the current article. It represents quite a body of research and I appreciate your time taking a look in advance. I realize it is difficult to compare two entire versions of the article and am happy to go over it section-by-section or do something else that may be easier. The images are most placeholders for now, since copyright-protected images like magazine covers are not allowed in draft-space. Thank you in advance for taking the time to give it a lookover. David King, Ethical Wiki (Talk) 05:17, 23 December 2015 (UTC)
 * Thank you for posting this request. I will consider it and compare. Geraldshields11 (talk) 13:05, 23 December 2015 (UTC)
 * I made some changes and did some edits. I am moving to main space. Geraldshields11 (talk) 13:26, 23 December 2015 (UTC)
 * More changes and there is no image for November 2015 cover in wiki commons. Geraldshields11 (talk) 13:39, 23 December 2015 (UTC)
 * David King, Ethical Wiki Thank you for the request. Geraldshields11 (talk) 13:44, 23 December 2015 (UTC)

 * Thanks so much for reviewing ! That was probably one of the most prompt reviews I've ever gotten. I uploaded and added the images. David King, Ethical Wiki (Talk) 14:37, 23 December 2015 (UTC)
 * I've taken it the GAN route, but I'll probably delist it as unstable if any regular page watchers raise concerns, given how quickly the draft was just merged. David King, Ethical Wiki (Talk) 14:40, 23 December 2015 (UTC)
 * And I promised myself to take a wiki break. Geraldshields11 (talk) 17:22, 23 December 2015 (UTC)

Billboard Archives link
Good to see this article has become a GA. But it seems that in the process, we've lost the external link to the magazine archives on Google. I always found it very useful, coming here and then following the link when looking for details and sources for music articles, so I was surprised to see it removed. The same archive appears on the magazine's own website … Maybe I'm missing something, but is there a reason we no longer carry the link? JG66 (talk) 12:07, 12 March 2016 (UTC)

 * ✅ Thanks for spotting it. I dug up an old version of the article, identified the link in reference and restored it. David King, Ethical Wiki (CorporateM) (Talk) 21:34, 12 March 2016 (UTC)
 * Cheers, thanks! JG66 (talk) 03:15, 14 March 2016 (UTC)

Fair use
I have removed: "The scanning project by Google Books, in partnership with major libraries, includes back-issues of Billboard. Aspects of the project were challenged in the 2nd Circuit Court of Appeals (Authors Guild vs. Google, et al.; 2005).  The upshot is that Google prevailed under the Fair Use doctrine. " Authors Guild vs. Google has nothing to do with the display of Billboard magazine. Fair use under Authors Guild vs. Google was for scanning magazines and books to create an index of names and words, and for display of snippets of copyrighted material. If full issues are on display post 1923, then they were done in conjunction with Billboard magazine. Google does not even display material that has not been renewed and is in the public domain and does not even display government publications that are post 1923. --Richard Arthur Norton (1958- ) (talk) 13:51, 13 August 2016 (UTC)

Name
The article says the magazine changed its name to The Billboard in 1897, but not when it was changed again to Billboard. If anyone could add that important information it would be great. Spicemix (talk) 19:29, 28 December 2017 (UTC)
 * It's already there -- in the fourth paragraph of the sub-section "Focus on music". If you're looking for on-line sourcing for the two name changes, see  and .  NewYorkActuary (talk) 19:44, 28 December 2017 (UTC)
 * That's great thanks, I hadn't spotted it. But between 1897 and 1961 shouldn't the article be referring to The Billboard, especially in the sentence "In January 1961, Billboard was renamed to Billboard Music Week"? Otherwise the reader is given the impression that The was dropped at some earlier unspecified time. Other journal articles I've read don't use the journal's name anachronistically as we seem to be doing here. Cheers. Spicemix (talk) 20:56, 28 December 2017 (UTC)
 * I think you're right -- historical discussion probably should reflect the then-current names. And I doubt that anyone will object to you making those changes (I certainly won't).  NewYorkActuary (talk) 21:18, 28 December 2017 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 15:08, 3 October 2020 (UTC)
 * Jxdw8h-blackpink-mjxisj3-cover-bb5-2019-billboard-1500-compressed.jpg

Global 200
I included the Billboard Global 200 to the lead section as it's prominently featured on the magazine's weekly chart updates (website, Instagram). Cornerstonepicker (talk) 20:09, 5 October 2020 (UTC)

Award nomination
--- Another Believer ( Talk ) 00:49, 29 January 2021 (UTC)
 * 32nd GLAAD Media Awards

Lead image
I recently. (Pinging User:Bryantriplex who uploaded the cover I replaced just now.) BTW, I wonder why every "current" cover has been a stopgap lately. --George Ho (talk) 07:18, 17 February 2022 (UTC)

Use in countdown shows
I think we should list some radio countdown shows that have used Billboard as their source; for example American Top 40 used the Billboard Hot 100 chart for its first run. Jamgorham (talk) 22:54, 5 July 2022 (UTC)

Billboard's International editions
I've added a bit of information about the magazine's international editions, but there are likely some flaws with the editors, circulation, etc. (as each edition probably has a different specific team). Would be helpful if someone more experienced in research / editing can replicate the style of the Elle (magazine) article for Billboard. TLA (talk) 04:02, 4 February 2024 (UTC)
 * I think I would want to know if this is an international publication or an American publication with international editions? An example would be Forbes. It looks like based on the pages for the international editions that they are different. --CNMall41 (talk) 05:10, 4 February 2024 (UTC)

"ビルボード" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E3%83%93%E3%83%AB%E3%83%9C%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89&redirect=no ビルボード] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. Certes (talk) 18:54, 9 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Billboard (magazine)


text:
Kay Kendall

Justine Kay Kendall McCarthy (21 May 1927 – 6 September 1959) was an English actress and comedienne. She began her film career in the musical film London Town (1946), a financial failure. Kendall worked regularly until her appearance in the comedy film Genevieve (1953) brought her widespread recognition. Prolific in British films, Kendall also achieved some popularity with American audiences, and won a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy for her role in the musical-comedy film Les Girls (1957).

She began a romantic relationship with actor Rex Harrison after they appeared together in the comedy film The Constant Husband (1955) and they were married in 1957. Harrison learned from Kendall's doctor that she had been diagnosed with myeloid leukaemia, a fact that was kept from Kendall, who believed she was suffering from an iron deficiency. The actor cared for Kendall until her death in 1959 at the age of 32.

Early life
Kendall was born at Stanley House, Hull Road, in Withernsea, a coastal resort in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England. Kendall's father was Terrence "Terry" McCarthy (a.k.a. Terry Kendall) (1901-1994), the vaudevillian son of music hall star Marie Kendall (1873–1964). Kay's mother was the former Gladys Drewery (1900–1990).

She had two elder siblings, Terrence Justin "Terry" Kendall McCarthy (born 1923) and Patricia Kim "Pat" Kendall McCarthy (a.k.a. Kim Kendall, born 1925). By her father's second marriage to his professional dancing partner, Dora Spencer, she had a younger half-brother, Cavan Spencer Kendall McCarthy (a.k.a. Cavan Kendall) (1942–1999). Young Justine attended various schools, including St Leonard's (Brighton), St Margaret's (near Oban, Scotland), and the Lydia Kyasht Dancing Academy (London).

Career
Her first major screen role was in the 1946 musical London Town, one of the more expensive flops in British film history. She co-starred with Petula Clark again in the drama film Dance Hall (1950), and was featured in a quick succession of minor films before achieving fame in Genevieve (1953).

She followed this film with the even more popular first film in the Doctor series, the comedy Doctor in the House (1954) with her friend Dirk Bogarde. She was under contract to the Rank Organisation but unhappy with the parts offered, turning down Value for Money (1955), As Long as They're Happy (1955) and Doctor at Sea (1955).

She appeared in the drama Simon and Laura (1955) with Peter Finch; the comedy Abdulla the Great (1955) with Sydney Chaplin and Gregory Ratoff; and the epic historical film The Adventures of Quentin Durward (1955), with Robert Taylor and Robert Morley. In October 1956, John Davis, managing director of Rank, announced her as one of the actors under contract that Davis thought would become an international star.

In October and November 1957, she appeared in two episodes of the short-lived American television series The Polly Bergen Show. and also starred as herself in Series 3 episode 17 of The Phil Silvers Show on 17 January 1958. The production title was Phil Silvers Presents Kay Kendall.

In 1958, Kendall won a Golden Globe Award for her performance as Lady Sybil Wren in Les Girls the story of three showgirls in postwar Paris (with Mitzi Gaynor and Taina Elg). The following year she starred opposite Harrison in the comedy The Reluctant Debutante.

Kendall died in 1959, aged 32, soon after completing her last film, the comedy Once More, with Feeling! (1960), starring opposite Yul Brynner.

Critical assessment
Stanley Donen, who produced and directed Once More, with Feeling!, said: "She was completely unpredictable. She was an instinctive comedienne with a real clown sense. No one has had it since Carole Lombard – and Kay was a better actress".

"As they say about crime victims, Kay Kendall was in the wrong place at the wrong time", wrote Rhoda Koenig, a critic writing for The Independent in 2006. "In her case, the crime was a waste of talent. One of the most delightful of British actresses...few of her films gave her a chance to shine. A natural screwball heroine, Kendall was born too late for the 1930s comedies in which she would have been the equal of the scatty but scintillating Carole Lombard or Claudette Colbert, and too soon for the naughtiness and absurdity of the 1960s...Kendall was beautiful and funny. She was a true comedienne, unafraid to compromise her ladylike appearance with pratfalls, pop eyes and comic drunk scenes. Kendall could get away with such antics without looking vulgar”.

Personal life
Early in her career, Kendall had a lengthy romance with actor Sydney Chaplin, the second son of actor Charlie Chaplin by his second wife, actress Lita Grey. She also had affairs with a Swedish prince and grocery heir James Sainsbury and reportedly had a romance with the future Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh.

In 1955, she starred opposite Rex Harrison in The Constant Husband, and they had an affair. Harrison was married to actress Lilli Palmer at the time. However, when he learned from Kendall's doctor that she had been diagnosed with myeloid leukaemia, he and Palmer agreed to divorce so that he could marry Kendall and provide for her care. Kendall married Harrison in 1957.

Kendall never was told of her illness and believed she merely had an iron deficiency. Regarding the divorce, Palmer said she was not upset because she had a lover too. Palmer and Harrison planned to remarry after Kendall's death, but Palmer fell in love with her companion, actor Carlos Thompson, and married him.

Death
Kendall's gravesite is in the churchyard of St John-at-Hampstead Church. Part of the inscription on her gravestone reads "KATE / Deeply loved wife of / REX". In September 2013 her final resting place was restored by the Music Hall Guild of Great Britain and America.

Legacy
Kendall's life is recounted in the 2002 biography The Brief, Madcap Life of Kay Kendall by Eve Golden and Kim Elizabeth Kendall.

Situated near where Kendall once lived, the late 19th-century lighthouse in Withernsea houses a museum that contains exhibits dedicated to local history, including a memorial to Kendall and displays of many artifacts and photographs associated with her life and times.

The Kay Kendall Leukaemia Fund supports scientific research into leukaemia.

On 6 September 2014, a blue plaque commemorating Kay Kendall was erected by the Music Hall Guild of Great Britain and America and unveiled at her former home in Withernsea to mark the 55th anniversary of her death.

Complete filmography

 * Champagne Charlie (1944) – Minor Role (uncredited)
 * Fiddlers Three (1944) – Girl (uncredited)
 * Dreaming (1945) – Party Girl (uncredited)
 * Waltz Time (1945) – Lady in Waiting
 * Caesar and Cleopatra (1945) – Slave Girl (uncredited)
 * London Town (1946) – Patsy
 * Night and the City (1950) – One of Helen's Girls (uncredited)
 * Dance Hall (1950) – Doreen
 * Happy Go Lovely (1951) – Secretary (uncredited)
 * Lady Godiva Rides Again (1951) – Sylvia
 * Wings of Danger (1952) – Alexia LaRoche
 * Curtain Up (1952) – Sandra Beverley
 * It Started in Paradise (1952) – Lady Caroline Frencham
 * Mantrap (1953) – Vera
 * Genevieve (1953) – Rosalind Peters
 * Street of Shadows (1953) – Barbara Gale
 * The Square Ring (1953) – Eve
 * Meet Mr. Lucifer (1953) – Lonely Hearts Singer
 * Fast and Loose (1954) – Carol Hankin
 * Doctor in the House (1954) – Isobel Minster
 * The Constant Husband (1955) – The 'Wives' – Monica
 * Abdulla the Great (1955) – Ronnie
 * Simon and Laura (1955) – Laura Foster
 * The Adventures of Quentin Durward (1955) – Isabelle, Countess of Marcroy
 * Les Girls (1957) – Lady Sybil Wren
 * The Reluctant Debutante (1958) – Sheila Broadbent
 * Once More, with Feeling! (1960) – Dolly Fabian (released posthumously)

title: Kay Kendall


text:
User:Gracefool

Hello! Wikipedia is my favourite MMORPG. I'm nice, bold and peaceful, and follow the one-revert rule (i.e. the standard be bold, revert, discuss cycle). Almost all my edits are small, incremental improvements—small things can make a big difference, such as adding captions or improving neutral point of view. Occasionally I make bigger edits (see some examples).

Contributions
I have made ! undefined, of many kinds:
 * Initially I did a fair bit of maintenance and greeting.
 * Early on I helped with the new citation templates, creating cite book to replace book reference, and the other templates incorporated the same code. See User:gracefool/cite book for the earliest development—this was in the days before complex templates were supported in the software via ParserFunctions (which have themselves thankfully been replaced with lua scripting), so the code was very hard to read, but it worked. I like to see citation templates being used—not only do they make following standards easy, using them usually means adding information to the citation. Note that you can use the tool to get you started. Also for web links you should use a tool like WebCite or archive.is to create a lasting copy of the page. However I'm hoping all this will be replaced by the Wikicite project.

 * I tweaked a bunch of userboxes, and created a few variations that are used by hundreds of people.
 * I've uploaded images and created  articles.
 * I like to create redirects to make it easier for people to find articles, and so new article creators are aware of the article space they share.
 * I'm in the tyop team, and I use my alternate account for the TypoScan Wikiproject.
 * I'm available to mentor users.

Policy
Earlier in my time as a Wikipedia editor I had a role in developing policy, because I saw how well-defined policies help prevent a lot of arguments and wasted time. Over my years of experience I've seen how policy has gradually changed—not officially, but effectively.

Categories
My essay What is a category? pointed out why categories should be sets rather than hierarchies, and this is now policy. A simple change for the better.

Criteria for article inclusion
Probably the most fundamental political conflict on Wikipedia is between two viewpoints: deletionism and inclusionism. Deletionists believe the quality of Wikipedia is significantly improved by deleting obscure articles, keeping the average article quality higher. Inclusionists such as myself believe deletion on the basis of notability is counterproductive for many reasons: essentially, deletion removes work that could contribute to worthwhile articles, even if it isn't initially up to standard. Further, we don't see why average article quality has any relevance at all: we believe the founding principle that Wiki is not paper; that is, there is no reason why the existence of stub articles on relatively obscure topics lowers the quality of the encyclopedia - quite the opposite, the strength of Wikipedia is in the way it can have a page on anything without any problem of overhead.

Thus I also worked on the creation of the policy on notability / importance: I was tired of many deletionists acting as if such a policy existed, giving them reason to delete articles, regardless of good references. So I decided to see if they really did have a consensus view. Fortunately they didn't; the community still backs the status quo so the current page mostly just points to the other older policies—ie. article notability is still determined by verifiability and "What Wikipedia is not". There is notability so far as article assessment is concerned; but not for article inclusion.

Unfortunately the idea that article inclusion depends on notability is still very common, and arguments about it are more numerous than ever. Whether with files or articles, some people just prefer to delete things instead of fixing them — that is after all easier, and it is the fundamental problem with deletionism: it's essentially destructive. Often articles are successfully reintroduced (and never again voted for deletion) by someone who does a better job of it (there's also now a crazy workaround called the Article Incubator). The success of deletionism means the standard for new articles has gradually increased over time, so where once a new article would be tagged as a wp:stub for later expansion, it is now more likely to be removed for not meeting a relatively high standard from the start.

Over time, the subjects of new articles will naturally be more esoteric, and in combination with the raised entry barrier, it is now unlikely that any article created by a newcomer will survive. This is one of the reasons that numbers of both new Wikipedians and active Wikipedians have declined every year since 2007.

Policy and the five pillars are one thing, but what actually happens is determined by an active minority of self-appointed content police.

It's a huge, time wasting problem that is probably the biggest discouragement to Wikipedia contributions, and is often the reason people leave Wikipedia. It has crazy effects such as making pornstars more notable than world-famous scientists, and increasing Wikipedia's systemic bias. See deletionism and inclusionism in Wikipedia for more.

Voting
Over-reliance on polls is against the spirit of Wikipedia—Wikipedia is about creating consensus, not taking sides. Official policy is still that consensus is based on discussion, not voting, however in practice that didn't last long and now voting is the norm. People commonly add their votes even when they don't have anything to add to the discussion, and admins consider consensus based on a count of people for versus people against. See also Polls are evil and Voting is not evil.

More than that, what is called "consensus" is usually only a slim majority, and effectively not even that. Deletion discussions heavily bias deletion since the vast majority of people who participate are either people who worked on the page (almost always only a few), and people whose goal it is to improve the quality of Wikipedia by deleting articles, and who thus contribute to large numbers of discussions on pages they've had nothing to do with. If anything, the opinion of those with skin in the game should be more weighty than that of others, not less.

Deletion discussions used to be explicitly called "Votes for deletion". Now we now pretend we're not voting, in accordance with policy. Voting further increases the deletionist bias since participants can quickly vote on a large number of "discussions", perhaps adding a token point that has already been covered by someone else, instead of contributing anything of substance.

Although a lack of consensus is supposed to result in non-deletion, discussions are instead often extended instead until deletion results. Of course this undermines the integrity of voting, since there's no clear limit on how long a discussion can be extended if someone doesn't like the outcome (most of the time that someone is a deletionist, for reasons stated above). Worse, discussions for the same page are often created over and again for years until a greater number of people are calling for deletion, or more often, merely a greater number of people have recently called for deletion, since arguments in older iterations of the discussion aren't counted.

Example
The fifth article I created, in 2004, was Phantom mobile device vibration. It was deleted, but shouldn't have been, as there was nothing close to a consensus with people for and against split 5/5. The article was later recreated by another editor, successfully voted for deletion again, recreated by yet another editor, voted for deletion a third time, and then speedily deleted (again, against policy).

As a result of being wrongly deleted, good writing was lost (you can't see the history of a deleted page), making the eventual article weaker and more likely to be deleted each subsequent time, instead of gradually improving. In 2006 it was recreated for the fourth time, under the title ringxiety, and this time it got lucky and survived, and looks to be here to stay under the title phantom ringing.

While it's not a terribly important article, in hindsight it's clearly important enough to deserve an article, with several research papers written on it, and chosen as "word of the year" by Australia's most authoritative dictionary in 2012. Similar deletions have happened to many better articles. It's an example of how deletionism involves predicting the future, how it tends to make the encyclopedia worse for highly questionable benefit, how the voting process is biased in favour of deletionism, and why voting has always been against policy.

For more reasons behind my thinking on inclusion and voting, see Who Writes Wikipedia? (Aaron Swartz, 2006).

Conclusion: Wikipedia is a zombie
As Wikipedia gains acceptance in academia, these issues are only becoming more important. We are discouraging not only new editors from contributing, but also world experts and academic organisations. We need to make Wikipedia easier to use, and this is more of a cultural problem than a technical one.

These problems are ultimately a result of large-scale "consensus" decision-making, with a lack of central leadership (for an example, see this essay). The problem originates in the techno-utopian anarchist philosophies common among first-generation Internet geeks. In reality, crowd collaboration is excellent for highly parallel tasks that benefit from diverse viewpoints, like bug-fixing and feedback—and the core task of improving encyclopaedia articles—but it cannot replace centralized vision and leadership, or highly skilled teams (such as those that maintain Wikipedia's technical infrastructure). See also The ignorance of crowds by Nicholas Carr.

Without stronger direction, bureaucratic complexity will grow and Wikipedia will continue to become less friendly to newcomers, and less open and transparent in its actual operation. Further evidence of this is the massively increasing budget of the Foundation, making it increasingly dependent on Big Tech and thus threatening to undermine the fundamentally democratic ethos, in addition to misrepresentation and misuse of donations.

By social media standards, Wikipedia has been slowly dying for most of its existence (since its peak in early 2007, measured by |line|all|~total|monthly active users, |bar|all|page_type~content|monthly edits, and new articles). If stronger direction (as opposed to bureaucracy) continues to be seen as contrary to its founding principles, it is doomed to continue to stagnate.

Postscript: Sockpuppetry
A related issue is that paid edits and conflicts of interest on Wikipedia are rarely disclosed. Everyone wants articles covering themselves to be more favourable, but organisations have extra motivation to do something about it directly—not realising that such covert marketing is likely against the rules. While unsophisticated marketing / comms people perform edits themselves, and often fail due to their complete lack of subtlety, the clever ones pay for experts. I've been offered money for editing a company's page (I refused, instead just giving advice about how to go about editing the right way to increase their chances of success)—so I wonder how much Wikipedia editing is paid promotion. What leadership Wikipedia does have often prefers to minimize the problem, as it's bad for Wikipedia's reputation—most common challenges to Wikipedia's reputation are ignorant or unreasonable, so leadership has a habit of defensiveness. Of course conflicts of interest can never be eliminated, but blatant sockpuppets can. For instance there are many accounts that are almost certainly fronts for organisations, but that leadership flatly denies.

Random interesting articles
This is an occasionally-updated list of random articles I find interesting (most recent at the top). For other interesting articles, see Unusual articles. And of course, there's always featured content and today in history.

 * 1) The Third Wave experimental social movement conducted at a California high school demonstrating the ease of creating a fascist-like movement. Reminiscent of the (much worse) Stanford prison demonstration.

 * 1) Poseidon autonomous nuclear torpedo (Russian stealth weapon designed to bypass defences against nuclear weapons attacks on the United States)
 * 2) NUKEMAP (tool estimating the effects and casualties of nuclear bombs)
 * 3) On the diameter of the sewer cover in front of Greg L’s house − important article

 * 1) List of largest artificial non-nuclear explosions - terrifying accidents
 * 2) Internal contradictions of capital accumulation − the inevitable cycle of modern consumerist economies
 * 3) List of chemical compounds with unusual names − for instance Draculin, Adamantane and its cousin Bastardane, Arsole, Crapinon, Fartox, Dickite, Fucitol, Fukalite, Fornacite, Cummingtonite, Orotic acid, Nonanal, Moronic acid, and Noggin

 * 1) One-syllable article - in Chinese you can write and say an entire story with a single syllable. See also James while John had had had had had had had had had had had a better effect on the teacher.
 * 2) Unintended consequences, especially perverse incentives
 * 3) Bat bomb - potentially very effective incendiary device, abandoned in favour of the atomic bomb
 * 4) Door to Hell - the most famous persistent natural fire; there are many such massive fires around the world that are almost impossible to put out and expected to burn for hundreds of years
 * 5) Cadaver Synod - impressive Catholic bureaucracy (see also List of sexually active popes)
 * 6) Spite house - impressive passive-aggression
 * 7) Tanganyika laughter epidemic - psychogenic virus
 * 8) Sir Nils Olav, Colonel-in-Chief of the Norwegian Royal Guard, a penguin
 * 9) Euthanasia Coaster - the ultimate roller coaster
 * 10) 52-hertz whale - the most mysterious whale
 * 11) List of unexplained sounds
 * 12) Cryptophasia - secret languages of twins
 * 13) Toynbee tiles - mysterious street art
 * 14) Kármán vortex street - aerodynamic effect
 * 15) Human - amusing attempt at neutral point of view
 * 16) Lamest edit wars - funny
 * 17) Getting to Philosophy - demonstrating that philosophy is the grandfather of knowledge
 * 18) Phoenix Jones - a real-life superhero
 * 19) Geneva drive - a clever mechanism used in watches and film projectors
 * 20) Antikythera mechanism - an ancient Greek astronomical computer
 * 21) Bag of holding (fantasy) - a magical item
 * 22) Polypropylene stacking chair - the most popular chair in the world
 * 23) List of common misconceptions (common knowledge)
 * 24) Sybil attack (reputation systems)
 * 25) Countersteering (physics) - did you know to steer left on a bike you have to momentarily steer or lean right?
 * 26) Doomsday rule (maths) - look like a mathematical genius using this to calculate the day of the week for any date
 * 27) Raining animals (meteorology)
 * 28) Proof by intimidation (logic)
 * 29) LOLCODE (programming / Internet humour)
 * 30) Rule 110 (maths)
 * 31) (Sport) — (now removed) - see also List of bridges in Cambridge
 * 32) 9814072356 (maths)

title: User:Gracefool


text:
Concord Records

Concord Records is an American record label owned by Concord and based in Los Angeles, California. Concord Records was launched in 1995 as an imprint designed to reach beyond the company's foundational Concord Jazz label. The label's artists have won 14 GRAMMY Awards and 88 GRAMMY nominations.

The original logo, a stylized eighth note incorporating the C and J of "Concord Jazz", was created by Bay Area graphic designer Dan Buck, who also worked on several album covers for the company.

History
In 1999, Concord Records was purchased by a consortium led by Hal Gaba and television producer Norman Lear. Its offices were moved from Concord, California to Beverly Hills in 2002. That same year, Concord partnered with Starbucks to release Ray Charles's Genius Loves Company, which won eight GRAMMY Awards, including Album of the Year.

Concord Records purchased the Fantasy Label Group in 2004, and in December 2006 announced the reactivation of the Stax Records label as a forum for newly recorded music.

In 2005, it was announced that Concord Records had purchased Telarc Records and its subsidiary Heads Up, in a deal whose terms were not divulged.

In 2007, Concord Records started the Hear Music label in association with Starbucks, signing such artists as Paul McCartney, Joni Mitchell, and John Mellencamp. Although Starbucks ceased to be an active partner a year later, Concord kept Hear active, having a Top 5 album in 2010 with Carole King and James Taylor's Live at the Troubadour.

In 2008, Village Roadshow Pictures Group and Concord Music Group completed their merger, resulting in the creation of the Village Roadshow Entertainment Group.

Kenny G signed to Concord in early 2008, Herb Alpert in early 2009. On June 5, 2009, Dave Koz signed to Concord.

In 2010, it was announced that Paul McCartney's solo and Wings catalogs would be globally distributed by Concord Music Group.

Current artists

 * Ben Williams
 * Benny Reid
 * Bethany Cosentino
 * Bill Evans
 * Billy Gibbons
 * Boney James
 * Bud Shank
 * Cal Tjader
 * Carl Fontana
 * Castlecomer
 * Charlie Byrd
 * Chick Corea
 * Christian Scott
 * Clare Fischer
 * Danielle Nicole
 * Dave Brubeck

 * Dave Koz
 * Dave McKenna
 * David Pack
 * Dee Bell
 * Dennis Rowland
 * Dirty Dozen Brass Band
 * Elbow
 * Elvis Costello
 * Ernestine Anderson
 * Esperanza Spalding
 * Fantasia Barrino
 * Fourplay
 * Frank Vignola
 * Fraser MacPherson
 * Gene Harris
 * George Benson
 * George Shearing

 * Herb Ellis
 * I Dont Know How But They Found Me
 * Jake Hanna
 * James Taylor
 * Jamison Ross
 * Javier Colon
 * Jonny Lang
 * Karrin Allyson
 * Kate Higgins
 * Ken Peplowski
 * Kenny G
 * Kenny Wayne Shepherd
 * Kristin Chenoweth
 * Kurt Elling
 * L.S. Dunes
 * Lindsey Stirling
 * Lizz Wright

 * Michael Feinstein
 * Molly Ringwald
 * Nnenna Freelon
 * The Offspring
 * Paul Simon
 * Poncho Sanchez
 * Postmodern Jukebox
 * Quiana Lynell
 * Rachael MacFarlane
 * Ramsey Lewis
 * Rob McConnell
 * Rosemary Clooney
 * Santana
 * Stefon Harris
 * Steve Perry
 * Stokley Williams
 * Sérgio Mendes
 * The New Pornographers
 * The Record Company
 * Thirty Seconds to Mars
 * Valerie June
 * Tears For Fears
 * Zella Day

Former artists

 * AFI
 * Barry Manilow
 * Casey Abrams
 * Haley Reinhart
 * Michael Bolton
 * Terence Blanchard
 * Tony Bennett
 * Dionne Warwick
 * Dawes

title: Concord Records


text:
Joe Morgan

Joe Leonard Morgan (September 19, 1943 – October 11, 2020) was an American professional baseball second baseman who played 22 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Houston Colt .45s / Astros, Cincinnati Reds, San Francisco Giants, Philadelphia Phillies, and Oakland Athletics from 1963 to 1984. He won two World Series championships with the Reds in 1975 and 1976 and was also named the National League Most Valuable Player in each of those years. Considered one of the greatest second basemen of all time, Morgan was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1990.

After retiring as an active player, Morgan became a baseball broadcaster for the Reds, Giants, ABC, and ESPN, as well as a stint in the mid-to-late 1990s on NBC's postseason telecasts, teamed with Bob Costas and Bob Uecker. He hosted a weekly nationally syndicated radio show on Sports USA, while serving as a special advisor to the Reds.

Playing career
Morgan was African American and the oldest of six children. Born in Bonham, Texas, he lived there until he was five years old. His family then moved to Oakland, California. Morgan was nicknamed "Little Joe" for his diminutive 5 ft stature. As a youth, he played American Legion baseball on a team sponsored by Post 471 in Oakland. Morgan was a standout baseball player at Castlemont High School, but did not receive any offers from major league teams due to his size. He played college baseball at Oakland City College before being signed by the Houston Colt .45s as an amateur free agent in 1962, receiving a $3,000 signing bonus and a $500 per month salary.

Houston Colt .45s/Astros
Morgan made his major league baseball debut on September 21, 1963. Despite going on to win multiple World Series and MVPs for the Reds, he said his debut for the Colt 45s was the highlight of his career.

Early in his career, Morgan had trouble with his swing because he kept his back elbow down too low. Teammate Nellie Fox (also a stocky second baseman) suggested to Morgan that while at the plate he should flap his back arm like a chicken to keep his elbow up. Morgan followed the advice, and his flapping arm became Morgan's signature.

Morgan played his first nine major league seasons for the Houston Astros, compiling 72 home runs and 219 stolen bases. He was named an All-Star twice during this period, in 1966 and 1970. On June 25, 1966, Morgan was struck on the kneecap by a line drive (hit by Lee Maye) during batting practice. The broken kneecap forced Morgan out of the lineup for 40 games, during which the Astros went 11–29 (for a .275 winning percentage).

Although Morgan played with distinction for Houston, the Astros wanted more power in their lineup. Additionally, manager Harry Walker considered Morgan a troublemaker. As a result, they traded Morgan to the Cincinnati Reds as part of a blockbuster multi-player deal on November 29, 1971, announced at baseball's winter meetings.

Cincinnati Reds
To this day the aforementioned trade is considered an epoch-making deal for Cincinnati, although at the time many experts felt that the Astros got the better end of the deal. Power-hitting Lee May, All-Star second baseman Tommy Helms, and outfielder/pinch hitter Jimmy Stewart went to the Astros. In addition to Morgan, included in the deal to the Reds were César Gerónimo (who became their regular right fielder and then center fielder), starting pitcher Jack Billingham, veteran infielder Denis Menke, and minor league outfielder Ed Armbrister. Morgan joined leadoff hitter Pete Rose as prolific catalysts at the top of the Reds' lineup. Morgan added home run power, not always displayed with the Astros in the cavernous Astrodome, outstanding speed and excellent defense.

As part of the Big Red Machine, Morgan made eight consecutive All-Star Game appearances (1972–79) to go along with his 1966 and 1970 appearances with Houston. Morgan, along with teammates Pete Rose, Johnny Bench, Tony Pérez, and Dave Concepción, led the Reds to consecutive championships in the World Series. He drove in Ken Griffey for the winning run in Game 7 of the 1975 World Series. Morgan was also the National League MVP in 1975 and 1976. He was the first second baseman in the history of the National League to win the MVP back to back. In Morgan's NL MVP years he combined for a .324 batting average, 44 home runs, 205 runs batted in, 246 bases on balls, and 127 stolen bases.

Morgan was an extremely capable hitter—especially in clutch situations. While his lifetime average was only .271, he hit between .288 and .327 during his peak years with the Reds. Additionally, he drew many walks, resulting in an excellent .392 on-base percentage. He also hit 268 home runs to go with his 449 doubles and 96 triples, excellent power for a middle infielder of his era, and was considered by some the finest base stealer of his generation (689 steals at greater than 80% success rate). Besides his prowess at the plate and on the bases, Morgan was an exceptional infielder, winning the Gold Glove Award in consecutive years from 1973 to 1977. His short height proved an asset to him, as he had one of baseball's smallest strike zones. "The umpires gave him everything. If he didn't swing at the pitch, it was a ball," recalled Tommy John.

Later career
Morgan returned to Houston in 1980 as a free agent. He helped the young Astros win the NL West. The Astros then lost the National League Championship Series to the Philadelphia Phillies. Morgan went to the San Francisco Giants for the next two seasons. His home run in the last game of the 1982 season eliminated the Dodgers from the division race. He won the 1982 Willie Mac Award for his spirit and leadership.

Morgan was acquired along with Al Holland by the Phillies from the Giants for Mike Krukow, Mark Davis and minor-league outfielder C.L. Penigar on December 14, 1982. He was reunited with former Reds teammates Pete Rose and Tony Pérez. On his 40th birthday in 1983, he had four hits, including two home runs and a double, at Veterans Stadium.

He played in the World Series for the final time when the Phillies reached it in 1983, facing off against the Baltimore Orioles. In Game 1, he hit a home run in the sixth inning to tie the game; he became the second oldest player to hit a home run in the World Series (Enos Slaughter was a few months older at the age of 40). He went 5-for-19 in the Series, which included a second home run in Game 5, but the Phillies lost in five games. Morgan finished his career with the Oakland Athletics.

Hall of Fame
In 1990, Morgan was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame with more than 81% of the vote. He entered together with Jim Palmer, both in their first year of eligibility. Morgan and Palmer were the 25th/26th players in MLB history to be elected in their first year of eligibility.

In 2017, Morgan wrote a letter to the Hall of Fame in which he asked that players who had cheated by using performance enhancing steroids not be elected into the Hall.

Legacy
After his career ended, Morgan was inducted into the Cincinnati Reds Hall of Fame in 1987, and his jersey number 8 was retired. The Reds dedicated a statue for Morgan at Great American Ball Park in 2013.

In the New Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract, Bill James named Morgan the best second baseman in baseball history, ahead of #2 Eddie Collins and #3 Rogers Hornsby. He also named Morgan as the "greatest percentages player in baseball history", due to his strong fielding percentage, stolen base percentage, walk-to-strikeout ratio, and walks per plate appearance. The statement was included with the caveat that many players in baseball history could not be included in the formula due to lack of data. In the four decades since Morgan's retirement, only one player (Rickey Henderson) has had as many home runs and stolen bases as Morgan did for a career.

In 1999, Morgan ranked Number 60 on The Sporting News' list of the 100 Greatest Baseball Players, and was nominated as a finalist for the Major League Baseball All-Century Team.

Morgan served as a member of the board of the Baseball Assistance Team, a 501(c)(3) organization dedicated to helping former Major League, Minor League, and Negro league players through financial and medical hardships. In addition, since 1994, he served on the Board of Directors for the Baseball Hall of Fame, and was Vice-Chairman from 2000 until his death in 2020.

Local gigs and college baseball
Morgan started his broadcasting career in 1985 for the Cincinnati Reds. On September 11, 1985, Morgan, along with his television broadcasting partner Ken Wilson, was on hand to call Pete Rose's record-breaking 4,192nd career hit. A year later, Morgan started a nine-year stint as an announcer for the San Francisco Giants. Morgan added one more local gig when he joined the Oakland Athletics' broadcasting team for the 1995 season.

In 1986, ESPN hired Morgan to call Monday Night Baseball and College World Series games.

ABC Sports
From 1988 to 1989, Morgan served as an announcer for ABC, where he helped announce Monday Night and Thursday Night Baseball games (providing backup for the lead announcing crew composed of Al Michaels, Tim McCarver, and Jim Palmer), the 1988 American League Championship Series with Gary Bender and Reggie Jackson, and served as a field reporter for the 1989 World Series along with Gary Thorne (Morgan's regular season partner in 1989). Morgan was on the field at San Francisco's Candlestick Park alongside Hall of Famer Willie Mays (whom Morgan was getting set to interview) the moment the Loma Prieta earthquake hit.

NBC Sports
From 1994 to 2000, Morgan teamed with Bob Costas and Bob Uecker (until 1997) to call baseball games on NBC (and in association with The Baseball Network from 1994 to 1995). During this period, Morgan helped call three World Series (1995, 1997, and 1999) and four All-Star Games (1994, 1996, 1998, and 2000). Morgan also called three American League Championship Series (1996, 1998, and 2000) and three National League Championship Series (1995 alongside Greg Gumbel, 1997, and 1999).

Morgan spent a previous stint (1986–1987) with NBC calling regional Game of the Week telecasts alongside Bob Carpenter. During NBC's coverage of the 1985 and 1987 National League Championship Series, Morgan served as a pregame analyst alongside hosts Dick Enberg (in 1985) and Marv Albert (in 1987).

ESPN
Morgan was a member of ESPN's lead baseball broadcast team alongside Jon Miller and Orel Hershiser. Besides teaming with Miller for Sunday Night Baseball (since its inception in 1990) telecasts, Morgan also teamed with Miller for League Championship Series and World Series broadcasts on ESPN Radio.

In 1999, Morgan teamed with his then-NBC colleague Bob Costas to call two weekday night telecasts for ESPN. The first was on Wednesday, August 25 with Detroit Tigers playing against the Seattle Mariners. The second was on Tuesday, September 21 with the Atlanta Braves playing against the New York Mets. He won two Sports Emmy Awards for Outstanding Sports Event Analyst in 1998 and 2005.

In 2006, he called the Little League World Series Championship with Brent Musburger and Orel Hershiser on ABC, replacing the recently fired Harold Reynolds. During the 2006 MLB playoffs, the network had Morgan pull double duty by calling the first half of the Mets–Dodgers playoff game at Shea Stadium before traveling across town to call the Yankees–Tigers night game at Yankee Stadium.

In 2009, Sports Illustrated's Joe Posnanski spoke about the perceived disparity between Morgan's celebrated playing style and his on-air persona:
 * "The disconnect between Morgan the player and Morgan the announcer is one that I'm just not sure anyone has figured. Bill James tells a great story about how one time Jon Miller showed Morgan Bill's New Historical Baseball Abstract, which has Morgan ranked as the best second baseman of all time, ahead of Rogers Hornsby. Well, Morgan starts griping that this was ridiculous, that Hornsby hit .358 in his career, and Morgan never hit .358, and so on. And there it was, perfectly aligned—Joe Morgan the announcer arguing against Joe Morgan the player."

In the wake of Morgan taking an official role with the Cincinnati Reds as a "special adviser to baseball operations", it was announced on November 8, 2010, that Morgan would not be returning for the 2011 season as an announcer on ESPN Sunday Night Baseball. His former broadcast partner Jon Miller's contract expired in 2010 and ESPN chose not to renew his contract. Morgan and Miller were replaced by Bobby Valentine and Dan Shulman, respectively (while ESPN retained Orel Hershiser, who joined the Sunday Night Baseball telecasts in 2010).

Other appearances
Morgan was also a broadcaster in the MLB 2K video game series from 2K Sports.

It was announced on June 17, 2011, that Morgan would begin a daily, one-hour general-sports-talk radio program on Sports USA Radio Network, beginning on August 22 of that year.

Return to the Reds
In April 2010, Morgan returned to the Reds as an advisor to baseball operations, including community outreach for the Reds.

Personal life
Morgan married Gloria Stewart, his high school girlfriend, on April 3, 1967. They had two children, and divorced in the 1980s. He then married Theresa Behymer in 1990. They had twins in 1991.

In March 1988, while transiting through Los Angeles International Airport, Morgan was violently thrown to the floor, handcuffed, and arrested by Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) detectives who profiled him as a drug courier. He filed and won a civil rights case against the LAPD in 1991, and was awarded $540,000. In 1993, a federal court upheld his claim that his civil rights had been violated.

In 2015, Morgan was diagnosed with Myelodysplastic syndrome, which developed into leukemia. He received a bone marrow transplant from one of his daughters. Morgan died on October 11, 2020, at the age of 77, at his home in Danville, California. He suffered from a non-specified polyneuropathy in the time leading up to his death. Behymer-Morgan survives him.

title: Joe Morgan