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Montlake, Seattle

Montlake is a wealthy residential neighborhood in central Seattle, Washington. It is located along the Montlake Cut of the Lake Washington Ship Canal, bounded to the north by Portage Bay, to the east by the Washington Park Arboretum, and to the south and west by Interlaken Park. Capitol Hill is on its south and west sides, and the University of Washington campus lies across the Montlake Cut to the north. State Route 520 runs through the northern tip of Montlake, isolating four blocks from the rest of the neighborhood. The (unofficial) City Clerk's map of Montlake considers it to extend further west, past Interlaken Park, extending to Broadway Avenue E. and, between Lynn Street and State Route 520, all the way to Interstate 5.

Though sports at the University of Washington are referred to metonymically as "Montlake,"  UW sports facilities are not located within the traditional bounds of the neighborhood; instead, they are located on Montlake Boulevard, across the Montlake Cut from the neighborhood.

History
Montlake was primarily developed by John E. Boyer and Herbert Turner (also known as H.S. Turner) from 1903 through the early 1930s. In 1916, the northern boundary of Montlake was fixed by the opening of the New Portage Canal, later known as the Montlake Cut, between Lake Washington and Lake Union. The Montlake Bridge, a distinctive bascule bridge crossing the Montlake Cut, opened in 1925.

In 1925, a Montlake neighbor made a low offer for a tiny slice of adjoining land. Out of spite for the low offer, the builder built an 860 ft2 house at 2022 24th Avenue E. that blocked the neighbors' open space. The house is 55 in wide at the south end and 15 ft wide at the north end. The Montlake Spite House still is standing and occupied.

The Montlake Community Club, an organization of neighborhood residents, has a distinguished history of grassroots activism. (Critics have called it NIMBY-ism.) Montlake first became politically active in a failed battle to move or avoid building State Route 520 through the northern section of the neighborhood and the arboretum. The neighborhood's efforts were unsuccessful and SR 520 was opened in 1963.

The Montlake Community Club lobbied to halt planning of the R.H. Thomson Expressway project of the 1960s. The expressway was to be a second north–south freeway through the city, parallel to Interstate 5 but cutting through Ravenna, Montlake, Madison Valley, and the Central District, taking out the western section of the Arboretum in the process. It was designed as a bypass around Downtown for through traffic. Interchanges with State Route 520 and I-90 were planned, the former being partially built, but the project was halted before construction went further. Never-used on- and off-ramps stood at the north end of the Arboretum until the SR 520 bridge expansion of the 2010s.

Members of the Montlake community continue to negotiate with state and local officials over planned improvements to SR 520 and other local roads. Recently, a neighborhood group called Better Bridge endorsed a proposal to expand SR 520 to six lanes, move it north, and build a lid over the existing 520 freeway to reconnect the Shelby and Hamlin blocks to the rest of the neighborhood. The proposal has been endorsed by some members of Seattle City Council but has not yet been formally approved.

Montlake saw a spike in housing prices and the demolition or renovation of several smaller homes starting in the late 1980s, as new residents bought up properties in the neighborhood because of its charm, good schools, and central location.

Characteristics
The neighborhood's main thoroughfares are Boyer Avenue E. (northwest- and southeast-bound), 24th Avenue E. and Lake Washington and Montlake Boulevards E. (north- and southbound), and E. Lake Washington Boulevard (east- and westbound).

Montlake has a very small commercial corridor along 24th Avenue East. It includes the Italian restaurant Cafe Lago, neighborhood pub Montlake Alehouse, Mr. Johnson's Antiques, a Seattle Public Library branch, and formerly a small market and dry cleaner.

The houses in Montlake are primarily single-family homes, mainly early 20th century American Craftsman bungalow and Tudor style. Also distinctive are the Old Seattle-style brick and wood frame homes of the early 20th century, particularly those bordering the Montlake Community Center.

Montlake has one church, the Greek Orthodox St. Demetrios, built in 1963 on the grounds of a former garden business called Dahlialand.

Montlake was the home of the Museum of History & Industry from 1952 to 2012 and is currently the home of the Seattle Yacht Club (1920) and the Northwest Fisheries Science Center (1931), part of the National Marine Fisheries Service.

Montlake's median household income is $208,636 according to the 2019 U.S. Census 5-Year estimate, compared to $92,263 citywide.

title: Montlake, Seattle


text:
Talk:Loader (computing)

What a "loader" is
A "loader" can also be a piece of code that handles loading the rest of a long program into memory, e.g. on 1980s home computers like Commodore 64 and ZX Spectrum where there might be music or graphical effects during a (several minutes long) loading from cassette tape. This deserves a mention. 86.131.103.69 01:16, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

does not loader comes after linking for programs for loading to program memory area for execution?

—Preceding unsigned comment added by unknown (talk • contribs)

A loader is simply a part of operating system that is responsible for loading programs from executables to memory, prepare them for execution and then execute them. It is usually a part of the operating system's kernel and usually is loaded at system boot time and stays in memory until reboot/shutdown/poweroff (some operating systems with a pageable kernel may have the loader in the pageable part of the kernel and thus the loader may be swapped out of memory sometimes). Each operating system that supports program loading must have one (there are some embedded operating systems in highly specialized computers that have no program loading capabilities and thus no loaders, for example the operating system that runs on the computer that controls your HIFI). The thing described in the article is called "linking loader" and I also have seen name "program interpreter" (from the 'readelf' program) or "helper program for shared library executables" that refers to a component of the loader that performs the shared library linking performed at runtime.

I didn't updated the article since a lot of investigation needs to be done, especially to identify the sources and the proper names for the various loader types.

--Jozue 19:44, 24 January 2007 (UTC)

In unix and in general modern OSes' context the loader is part of the OS, or bootloeader (and mostly not part of the OS, since it runs pre kernel), but the c=64 bit illustrates that in embedded and older OS contexts things are different.

Classic Mac OS is also a nice example that things are not always that black and white as the strict bios-bootloader-OS from the PC, since there ROM and loaded OS parts work in unison, and loaded parts can override parts of the ROM, but the ROM will still be used to boot etc etc. Overriding can even take place on a per model basis (if the ROM is known to be buggy for that model). The OS is the combined ROM and loaded OS parts. 88.159.79.148 (talk) 11:34, 20 January 2016 (UTC)

 * As I think I added to the article, on OS/360 and successors the "loader" is not part of the operating system, but a separate program. An OS service called "program fetch" can be used alternatively to load already-linked programs.  I think this is still true with zOS, although PDS/Es have undoubtedly caused changes. There are also stand-alone loaders, such as used on the PDP11 to load a program from paper tape, or to load a hex program assembled on another system, but these might be considered boot loaders. Peter Flass (talk) 15:43, 20 January 2016 (UTC)

Not always "part of an operating system"
Indeed, one the various loader types is boot loader, which (usually) loads the operating system itself. –Wbm1058 (talk) 13:36, 18 April 2012 (UTC)

Needs much more work
Terminology: I could do with some help in clarifying usage of English terms. The process of either starting executables or loading libraries and binding them into processes often involves umpteen other stages, and I would like to discover what the consensus is about how many stages of the process are considered part of a loader itself. Examples might be; in Windows NT, checking the exe or library is permitted to run against the rules of software restriction policies (SRP), checking the exe's acl for both read and execute permissions, checking certificates in the case of a device driver or where SRP requires certificate checks.

Amplifying the article: Loading device drivers is not mentioned and it certainly should be. There should be clear mentions of library loading, executable loading in process startup, device drivers and also loaders in a non-o/s context such as virtual machine interpreters or programming language interpreters which load and pre-parse or JIT-compile code. We should also mention the case of systems where decompression of the exe is carried out, and talk about systems where a loader has to check that dependencies can be satisfied before execution even starts, such as where required libraries are declared in the exe data structures.

What about talking about for example Java and .Net component loading too?CecilWard (talk) 19:09, 15 July 2009 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Loader (computing)


text:
Dag

Dag may refer to:

Arts and entertainment

 * DAG (American TV series), 2000–2001
 * Dag (Norwegian TV series), 2010–2015
 * DAG (newspaper), a former free Dutch newspaper
 * DAG (band), an American funk band
 * DAG (Yugoslav band), a rock band
 * Demented Are Go, a Welsh band
 * Dags (film), a 1998 Australian comedy film
 * The Mountain (2012 film) (Turkish: 'Dağ'), a 2012 Turkish drama film
 * DAG (Delhi Art Gallery), an art house based in India

People

 * Dag (name), including a list of people and fictional characters with the name
 * Dag the Wise, a 4th-century Swedish king

Places

 * Dág, Hungary
 * Dąg, Poland
 * Dag (lunar crater), on the Moon
 * Dag, a crater on Callisto, a moon of Jupiter
 * Dar al Gani, or DaG, a meteorite field in the Libyan Sahara

Science and technology

 * Diacylglycerol or diglyceride, commonly used as food additives
 * Directed acyclic graph, in computer science and mathematics
 * Decagram, or 10 grams, an SI multiple of gram
 * Database Availability Group, a feature of Microsoft Exchange Server

Transportation

 * Dalgety Bay railway station, Scotland, station code DAG
 * Barstow-Daggett Airport, California, U.S., IATA code DAG

Other uses

 * Dag (slang), an Australian affectionate insult
 * DAG Ventures, an American venture capital firm
 * DAG Rīga, later FK VEF Rīga, a Latvian football club
 * Dagbani language, ISO 639-3 language code dag
 * Democratic Army of Greece, during the Greek Civil War 1946–1949
 * Deputy Attorney General, a post in a national department of justice
 * Defense Acquisition Guide, a guidebook for military acquisition in the U.S.
 * Dyck Advisory Group, a South African private military company
 * German Salaried Employees' Union (Deutsche Angestellten-Gewerkschaft)

title: Dag


text:
Talk:Jangle

Proposed deletion
I'm pretty sure this page needs to go as after a number of discussions in the talk there really is no clarification beyond a few isolated references to the term across the past 3 decades, no authoritative analysis of etymology for the term and reliance on extremely low quality sources.

Compare this, for example, to something as niche and ephemeral as Raga Rock which has specific citation of where the term came from, and quotes commenting on the validity of the term from literal university professors in published histories.Verlaine76 (talk) 14:41, 26 April 2019 (UTC)

 * OK so with no discussion or debate ILTP has decided to go ahead an convert this to a completely new page, but I'll concur, and have finished the job, tidying up, removing redundancies and digressions and the awkward points where it segued back into being about "jangle pop". I also tried to make this less of an article specifically about 12 string guitars as I previously pointed out, simply identifying any track that uses a 12 string guitar as "jangle" and then defining jangle as the sound of a 12 string guitar is circular logic, even if Rickenbacker 12 strings are strongly associated with the sound.

 * Can the title be changed to "Jangle (Guitar sound)" to help with clarification? Verlaine76 (talk) 12:32, 27 April 2019 (UTC)
 * No because there is no other article named "Jangle" and so there is no need to clarify (WP:NCDAB). ILTP (talk) 17:27, 27 April 2019 (UTC)
 * I have to ask who appointed you God of this page.Verlaine76 (talk) 23:10, 27 April 2019 (UTC)
 * It's what he does. Genres and the Beach Boys seem to be his thing. And painting.  danny music editor  oops 03:43, 1 May 2019 (UTC)
 * Can't comment on the latter but I strongly disagree with the former. But there's only so long you can argue with stubborn ignorance.Verlaine76 (talk) 16:29, 1 May 2019 (UTC)

Jangle pop to Jangle
(discussion moved from User:ILIL's talkpage)

Hi IL

Looking up "Jangle pop" and I am redirected to Jangle. Curious I looked at the history and note that you moved the name and changed the nature of the article. Can you explain your thinking? We now don't have an article on jangle pop, a well known music genre - instead we have an article on the guitar noise "jangle" which is the basis for jangle pop. I'm not entirely convinced that we need a separate article for the jangle guitar noise as I think that could well be described within the jangle pop article, but it is certainly an editorial discussion. However, what we do need is an article on jangle pop. The article we did have: is fine, and is not the article we currently have:. My thinking is that the jangle pop article should be restored, and either a sub article, jangle, created or the jangle guitar sound information placed in a section of jangle pop. However, you may well have an explanation that convinces me that the current situation is the correct one. We can (and probably should) continue this discussion on Talk:Jangle. I'll keep both your user page and the Jangle talkpage watch-listed for your reply. Regards SilkTork (talk) 19:25, 15 February 2020 (UTC)
 * There were concerns raised on the talk page regarding WP:CIRC and it was concluded that "jangle pop" had (surprisingly) little notability as a genre. Sources instead predominately refer to "jangle" as a guitar sound. So, after much back and forth, it was concluded that the best solution was to reformat the article to be about the jangle sound. ili (talk) 11:20, 16 February 2020 (UTC)
 * I'll copy this to the talkpage and continue the discussion there. SilkTork (talk) 14:12, 16 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Jangle pop is an established term used in reliable sources. Would you have any objection if I restored the article to its established title, and roll back to when it was about jangle pop? If there is a continuing desire to either a) create a sub-article on the jangle guitar noise or b) change the focus and name so the article is about the guitar noise that underpins the musical genre jangle pop, then those matters can be discussed, and perhaps a formal page move set up. SilkTork (talk) 14:18, 16 February 2020 (UTC)

 * You have it backwards. Jangle-pop should be considered a sub-topic of jangle, not the vice versa. The vast majority of sources in this article do not refer to a jangle-pop "genre", they're talking about the Byrds' guitar technique as applied to various popular musicians throughout the decades. Yes, occasionally music journalists will use the term "jangle-pop" (particularly since the creation of this Wikipedia article), but none have defined the term any farther than "it's music with jangly guitars". This has been discussed to death on this talk page. ili (talk) 14:31, 16 February 2020 (UTC)

From just a very quick and dirty Google search: "jangle-pop at its finest", "the natives are given to the creation of cordial jangle-pop", "You're a twee jangle-pop band", "Those stalwart guardians of jangle-pop", "Jangle pop was the popular sound of alternative music before grunge", "Jangle pop was an American post-punk movement", and several thousand mentions in assorted journals and newspapers:.

From the sources used in this article: "early indie's biggest bands were 'jangle pop' groups like R.E.M. and The Smiths", " The Beatles and The Byrds often get the most credit for starting the enduring subgenre that’s come to be known as jangle pop", "British band Life in Film sounds off on 'Jangle Pop', "the music scene was experiencing a groundswell of what were called “college rock”, or sometimes “jangle pop”, bands.".

I'm not disputing that the jangle noise created on guitar is what gives its name to jangle pop, nor am I saying that it shouldn't be discussed, but with the wide use of the term jangle pop, and a broad understanding in the media of what that sound is and which bands it refers to, it is appropriate that we have an article on jangle pop. Indeed, Wikipedia's music articles are entwined with the term jangle pop, and many links point to this article on the understanding that it is going to discuss the music genre jangle pop, not the sound jangle.

I don't think we should be having a discussion about should there be an article on jangle pop, as the weight of sources, and the already existing incoming links, indicate very strongly that there should be such an article. The discussion should be on what to do about the information gathered on the jangle sound that informs jangle pop. Do you see? Now, I don't wish to be drawn out on a simple point that should be fairly clear. But I am not a follower of Bold, Revert, Discuss, so I'm not going to revert. My preference has always been: Bold, Discuss, Revert. So if you are unable to accept that we should have an article on jangle pop, and the weight of evidence is not going to convince you, then we need to open the discussion out to get a wider consensus. I'm not going to revert the article back to what it was, I'd rather there was a consensus. Are you still against restoring the article to jangle pop, and then us discussing what to doing about the information on jangle? SilkTork (talk) 17:58, 16 February 2020 (UTC)

 * I would only support rolling back the article if there was more literature that details the prescriptions of a so-called jangle-pop genre. As you just demonstrated, there is marginal discussion of "jangle-pop" beyond its passing reference in web articles and books, none of which paint a coherent picture if you consolidated their claims into a Wikipedia article. For example, "Jangle pop is an American post-punk movement originating in the mid-1960s that was invented by R.E.M., and created by the Searchers and the Everly Brothers in the 1950s." Gibberish. And yet, there's no confusion over "jangle". Authors are consistent in defining the term as a trebly guitar arpeggio sound popularized in the '60s. "Jangle-pop" is also often shortened as "jangle" which opens a whole 'nother can of worms.
 * One compromise could be to keep Jangle as it is and instead create a Jangle pop article that collects all these contradictory viewpoints. I don't think we should do that, but at least it'd show how ridiculous and ill-defined the term really is, and it's better than pretending that the genre has any real recognition. Pinging ... ili (talk) 13:40, 17 February 2020 (UTC)
 * I understand some of your hesitations, but it's not for us to decide if jangle pop is a musical genre or not, we just summarise what reliable sources say. If we start to insert our own opinions, thoughts, feelings, then we wander into WP:OR, which works two ways (insisting a topic is notable when its not, denying a topic is notable when it is). As there are plenty of reliable sources which talk about jangle pop, we can't deny its existence, no matter how much we personally feel it's a ridiculous and ill-defined term. As for the compromise, we should be rolling back rather than creating new, because there's a lot of contributor history to this article that under Wikipedia rules we need to keep. If we create new, we'd have to do a history merge (treating the new article as a cut and paste rename), or at the very least a link back, which then makes it hard for future editors and researchers to track down who contributed what, as they have to search back through the histories of two articles. This article's history as Jangle pop goes back to 2003, with nearly 300 contributors. We need to restore all that. As you're still not in agreement with that, I will open this up to wider discussion. But I won't be able to do that for a few days. SilkTork (talk) 03:59, 18 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Hello SilkTork. -- ILIL and I had thorough, verging on fractious, discussion over the original page (I'll admit I was the more aggressive one then, you can read what I wrote, but while I stand by the stance I took, I regret the rather unpleasant tone I employed at the time - may bad, I've grown up since). So I'm somewhat touched that ILIL has called me in here. I personally don't co-sign everything on the current "jangle" page as ILIL left it (I still feel it's tendentious, leans on some circular reasoning, and I'd quibble with the quality of some of the sources) but it's not a hill I'm interested in dying on as in general there's nothing particularly egregious on it in the end.
 * However reverting to a jangle pop page is a worse idea and I do agree with everything ILIL has posted here (and not only because it largely echoes what I wrote in the first place).
 * There seem to be no authoritative sources on the term and genre Jangle-pop. To reiterate my previous postings on the Jangle-pop talk page, which ILIL has already mentioned, Jangle-pop as a genre didn't exist prior to about 2003. Around then two articles were posted: an Allmusic.com summary of "jangle-pop" as a small subgenre that existed in the early 80s, centred around Mitch Easter and his band the dBs and REM, whom Easter produced, and a totally unsourced Wikipedia that said exactly the same thing. I suspect one was plagiarised from the other. I've found no source for these assertions outside of these two articles - none of the REM biographies I've read referenced Jangle-pop, and Mitch Easter is a pretty marginal figure outside of his connection to them. Of sources back then that I did find prior to 2003 jangle pop or jangle-pop was basically a phrase where guitar pop bands would used a strummy or arpeggiated sound would get called "jangle pop" but only largely by accident, as they were pop but not rock bands that supposedly relied on a jangle sound. This covers almost all electric guitar based pop music prior to 1965 as (distortion pedals and overdrive sounds were only just starting to gain use) and a significant chunk of it afterwards, so you can guess what happens next.
 * Over the last two decades, that wikipedia page grew, but remained unsourced (or improperly sourced) for its first few years, when the "Jangle-Pop" wikipedia article started being replicated by bots and content farms. After a while, Wikipedians started expanding the genre, by cramming in examples, usually with little more than personal preference of bands that sounded "jangly", way beyond that small early 80s Athens, Georgia clique, so everyone from The Smiths, to even My Bloody Valentine were included at points as JP bands. Then of course the term was applied retrospectively to artists and bands who existed decades before the term was ever used who might have influenced those 80s indie bands, from obvious examples like the Byrds, but also back to their influences like the Beatles, the Searchers, the Everly Brothers, etc. You can see this happening by going back though the page histories.
 * After a while, sources did appear on the WP page, but often hilariously they were links to content farm sites that had actually plagiarised earlier versions of the wikipedia page. Many of these content farm sites disappeared so there were a number of dead links in the references section by the time I got to it. Now of course there are apparently plenty of authoritative sources written by actual people but again a lot of them were low quality listicles and offhand space fillers, or reviews that used jangle-pop as a description but never properly defined it. Again most of them are obviously cribbing from the wikipedia generated definition of the term (i.e. any band that has a pop guitar sound without too much distortion either using strumming or arpeggios). So there was a feedback loop, as the WP article built up, lazy journos and younger bands raised on WP as "the source for all info" started using the term, and Wikipedians started attaching the tag to all sorts of bands, again often with no citation or source, of if there was a source, it was some spurious, non authoritative list of "my favourite jangle pop bands". This feedback loop has a name, citogenisis and is so common that it itself has its own wikipedia page. I think the post 2000s rise of Jangle-pop as a ubiquitous term is one of the best examples of this but isn't featured as it was a slow moving process over decades, rather than one single "gotcha" incident by a journalist on a deadline falling for a hoax. However I'm thinking of putting together an article that I'll pitch to a fairly authoritative/academic resource on this whole process, so I might get that changed. I was thinking of doing a Youtube vid on it back when ILIL had out first head to head but thought better as while I disagree with ILIL on a number of points I do think he's arguing in good faith. So in the end the sprawling ubiquity of Jangle-pop as a genre across Wikipedia, the web and beyond in this century is largely an invention of Wikipedia!
 * Searching back through pre 2000s material, I can find very few uses of the term "jangle pop", and none of them defining the term in any proper form. It's an anachronistic and ahistorical term. And I've looked through Google archives, databases of rock journalism dating back to the 1960s including rock/indie journals such as Rolling Stone, NME and other papers in the UK music press that EXTENSIVELY covered artists now being declared as "jangle pop". I can't find anything anywhere that amounts to anything more that using the term basically a quick adjectival-phrase, certainly not a specific, coherent genre, in the way Brit Pop, Grunge, Nu-Metal, Folk Rock, Bebop, Western Swing. That all changed after 2003, after which Wikipedians went hog-wild and stuck it as a tag on nearly everything.
 * Anyway, if you want to re-ignite the jangle-pop page I would expect it to be clearly placed in the context of a post 2000s term that has been retrospectively/anachronistically applied to bands, all of whom were already found in clearly defined existing genres (Indie Rock, College Rock, Folk Rock, British Invasion, New Wave, Psychedelic pop, etc). If you want to prove me wrong, go ahead but I don't think you will because I'VE LOOKED and I couldn't find anything clear, authoritative or definitive that doesn't circle back to the Wikipedia/Allmusic articles from the 2003, or is not very obviously influenced by them and the world they inadvertently created for the term; that includes all the links you posted initially here.
 * -- Some critiques on your sources.
 * Shake Some Action - The Ultimate Guide To Power Pop - published 2007, uses jangle-pop twice as a passing description in short capsule reviews, applying the term retrospectively.
 * The Trouser Press Guide to '90s Rock - and older book, likely the best source you have. Used the term four times, again as a quick adjectival for reviews by some obscure bands, which is all I can find as usage prior to 2003. (I had a link to similar a Bare Naked Ladies review in the late 90s, and the Smiths in the 80s, but this supports the assertion that it's just a description, not a genre, but can't find those sources today). Nothing is done to define the genre. Again hard pressed to see this as authoritative. Had you heard of this book prior to your Google books search?
 * I found my friends - published 2015, seems to be self published, term is used in an apocryphal story and more as an insult than a genre definition.
 * Shadows of the Music Industry - self published book from 2014. Applies the term retrospectively. The author is a self publishing crank who's written on paranormal phenomena and "alternative" religious history, UFOs. spirits, the occult, etc. The blurb from the book itself reads "The book explores the hidden stories of Satanism, the occult, mind-control, cover ups, and the death of various artists from the 1930’s to the 2000s." So he's not a music historian, he's a professional conspiracy theorist.
 * Allmusic.com - Yup, that's the Allmusic post I mentioned, been trying to figure out if they stole that from Wikipedia or vice versa. But even if we accept THAT as original and authoritative (there's no prior source for the claims made), that's a pretty narrow definition that will require removing the Jangle-pop tag from 99% of the bands it's attached to right now in WP. All those 60s bands? All those UK 80s indie bands, all those American Alt-Rock college bands, New Wave acts? Gone. Just Early REM, the dBs, and whoever the hell Uncle Green, Miracle Legion and Lets Active were.Verlaine76 (talk) 16:39, 19 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Just for your information. Allmusic established in the 1991 and in the first 10 years produced catalogs describing the history of music genres and listed significant albums with reviews. 2001 edition of the popular music genre guide already had a definition of Jangle pop, identical to the one on the website: page 4 (as printed on the pages). And this was the 4th edition, while the previous ones were published in 1992, 1994, 1997. In 1994 edition jangle pop wasn't mentioned yet, and I couldn't find the 1997 edition. Solidest (talk) 15:11, 15 November 2021 (UTC)

Jangle pop conflated with college rock?
In this April 2019 edit by, the article text was changed to say that jangle pop is sometimes conflated with college rock. I disagree with this addition for two reasons: the cited source does not explicitly say that jangle pop and college rock genres are sometimes conflated, and we already explain how jangle pop found an early home at college radio stations who helped popularize it, thereby making it a part of the college rock radio format and the college rock sound. College rock is bigger than jangle pop, incorporating more influences than just jangle. For that reason, I am removing the conflation statement. Binksternet (talk) 20:11, 24 December 2020 (UTC)
 * The source says as clear as day Jangle pop and college rock are the same.--2601:3C5:8200:97E0:793A:1031:8357:5838 (talk) 20:18, 24 December 2020 (UTC)
 * No, it says "At the time the song was released, the music scene was experiencing a groundswell of what were called 'college rock', or sometimes 'jangle pop', bands." This could mean several things, and it certainly is not a statement about two genres being conflated with one another. The bands in the groundswell could be called college rock because they are on college radio or because they are in the college rock genre, and they could be called jangle pop for their sound. Both labels could be applied at the same time but for different reasons. The writer, Rob Caldwell, is a fine music journalist, but he's only talking about one song, not the definitions and confusions of two genres. You're reading too much into his one ambiguous sentence, to create a new definition here. Binksternet (talk) 21:16, 24 December 2020 (UTC)
 * Like I said it the source says college rock or jangle pop. You are trying to change the wording to get your way. Anybody that can read knows it was talking about college rock and jangle pop being the same. WP:STICKTOSOURCE.Even allmusic calls college rock jangle guitar-pop. --2601:3C5:8200:97E0:793A:1031:8357:5838 (talk) 21:32, 24 December 2020 (UTC)
 * If reading is your thing you will have seen that the AllMusic page in your link does not say college rock and jangle pop are the same thing. It says that R.E.M. and the Smiths are college rock bands, and that they paved the way for "countless practitioners of jangly guitar-pop" such as the dB's and Let's Active from the US, and the Housemartins and the La's from the UK. Binksternet (talk) 22:56, 24 December 2020 (UTC)
 * So are you implying The Smiths and R.E.M. never played Jangle pop? My issue is jangle pop redirects to a sound effect not a specific genre of music. Would like to hear User:ILIL views on it since he is the one that added it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:3C5:8200:97E0:2501:1058:B5D8:D4A6 (talk) 23:57, 24 December 2020 (UTC)
 * That's because there is no specific genre of jangle pop, it's a vague description of the guitar around in some songs that has been conflated with a genre. Any band in the last 60 years that's used clean guitars with strumming or arpeggios is being defined as this specific genre. The whole article rests for "authoritative sources" on off-hand comments and single lines from reviews and summaries. Most of the bands referenced sit within clear existing genres (British Invasion, Folk Rock, new wave, alt-rock, Americana, indie-pop, etc) and have been shoehorned into this new genre. It's as if any band that used a synthesiser in the 60s and 70s got included in the genre of "Synth-Pop". 14:36, 26 May 2021 (UTC)

Weirdest split I've ever seen...
Two articles, almost completely identical word-for-word, treating virtually the same subject. And for what? For the sake of not having Jangle pop be a redirect? The fact that it's such a shoddy copy-and-paste job should be taken as an admission to the fact that proposing separate articles for "jangle" and "jangle pop" makes no sense. I've never seen such a brazen case of WP:OVERLAP. ili (talk) 19:59, 17 November 2021 (UTC)

 * Given that there are no other article on 'jangle' technique on the interwiki (the English article will be a single one), and there are plenty of jangle pop articles. And given that original jangle-pop article was reworked weirdly with some bias towards existing sources (I never cease to be bewildered by the sweeping changes to articles where @ILIL is involved in, in a bad way). It seems to me that the best option would be to keep them separate. So it's . While both articles should be reworked to avoid overlaps, leaving only what is relevant to guitar playing style in Jangle including the words about 60s folk-rock scene, while moving everything about 80s post-punk derived style to Jangle pop. Solidest (talk) 17:19, 18 November 2021 (UTC)

 * There are two viable options - move Jangle back into Jangle pop, or rework the articles to see if it is worth keeping Jangle as a separate article. I'm supportive of Solidest's suggestion. Once that has been done we can have a clearer idea of what the articles look like. As a point of note, this was not a cut and paste, but a restoration (including page history) of the article to the point at which it was moved from Jangle pop to Jangle. I have then edited it to fix some errors and improve sourcing. SilkTork (talk) 18:38, 18 November 2021 (UTC)

 * I stand corrected, sorry. I also support your suggestions to rework the articles based on whether the sources are explicitly referring to "jangle" or "jangle-pop". ili (talk) 00:29, 19 November 2021 (UTC)
 * Hey, I don't recall ever engaging with you on any talk page, and I think you need a history lesson. challenged the sources on this article, specifically about whether they were actually referring to a "jangle pop" genre or simply a "jangle" sound commonly used in popular music (there's a difference!). To address the editor's concerns, I proposed moving the article to Jangle — a solution that worked for the both of us. Since you're going the route of personal attacks — instead of actually explaining whatever you mean by "weird bias towards existing sources" — why not be helpful and name the other articles that you think I've ruined and let's see if we can undo the damages? ili (talk) 00:24, 19 November 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jangle


text:
Group 5 element

! colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" | ↓ Period ! 5 ! 6 ! 7
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Group 5 is a group of elements in the periodic table. Group 5 contains vanadium (V), niobium (Nb), tantalum (Ta) and dubnium (Db). This group lies in the d-block of the periodic table. This group is sometimes called the vanadium group or vanadium family after its lightest member; however, the group itself has not acquired a trivial name because it belongs to the broader grouping of the transition metals.

As is typical for early transition metals, niobium and tantalum have only the group oxidation state of +5 as a major one, and are quite electropositive (it is easy to donate electrons) and have a less rich coordination chemistry (the chemistry of metallic ions bound with molecules). Due to the effects of the lanthanide contraction, the decrease in ionic radii in the lanthanides, they are very similar in properties. Vanadium is somewhat distinct due to its smaller size: it has well-defined +2, +3 and +4 states as well (although +5 is more stable).

The lighter three Group 5 elements occur naturally and share similar properties; all three are hard refractory metals under standard conditions. The fourth element, dubnium, has been synthesized in laboratories, but it has not been found occurring in nature, with half-life of the most stable isotope, dubnium-268, being only 16 hours, and other isotopes even more radioactive.

History

Group 5 is the new IUPAC name for this group; the old style name was group VB in the old US system (CAS) or group VA in the European system (old IUPAC). Group 5 must not be confused with the group with the old-style group crossed names of either VA (US system, CAS) or VB (European system, old IUPAC); that group is now called the pnictogens or group 15.

Vanadium
Vanadium was discovered in 1801 by the Spanish mineralogist Andrés Manuel del Río. Del Río extracted the element from a sample of Mexican "brown lead" ore, later named vanadinite. He found that its salts exhibit a wide variety of colors, and as a result he named the element panchromium (Greek: παγχρώμιο "all colors"). Later, Del Río renamed the element erythronium (Greek: ερυθρός "red") because most of the salts turned red upon heating. In 1805, French chemist Hippolyte Victor Collet-Descotils, backed by del Río's friend Baron Alexander von Humboldt, incorrectly declared that del Río's new element was an impure sample of chromium. Del Río accepted Collet-Descotils' statement and retracted his claim.

In 1831 Swedish chemist Nils Gabriel Sefström rediscovered the element in a new oxide he found while working with iron ores. Later that year, Friedrich Wöhler confirmed del Río's earlier work. Sefström chose a name beginning with V, which had not yet been assigned to any element. He called the element vanadium after Old Norse Vanadís (another name for the Norse Vanir goddess Freyja, whose attributes include beauty and fertility), because of the many beautifully colored chemical compounds it produces. In 1831, the geologist George William Featherstonhaugh suggested that vanadium should be renamed rionium after del Río, but this suggestion was not followed.

Niobium and tantalum

Niobium was identified by English chemist Charles Hatchett in 1801. He found a new element in a mineral sample that had been sent to England from Connecticut, United States in 1734 by John Winthrop F.R.S. (grandson of John Winthrop the Younger) and named the mineral columbite and the new element columbium after Columbia, the poetic name for the United States. However, after the 15th Conference of the Union of Chemistry in Amsterdam in 1949, the name niobium was chosen for element 41. The columbium discovered by Hatchett was probably a mixture of the new element with tantalum, which was first discovered in 1802 by Anders Gustav Ekeberg.

Subsequently, there was considerable confusion over the difference between columbium (niobium) and the closely related tantalum. In 1809, English chemist William Hyde Wollaston compared the oxides derived from both columbium—columbite, with a density 5.918 g/cm$3$, and tantalum—tantalite, with a density over 8 g/cm$3$, and concluded that the two oxides, despite the significant difference in density, were identical; thus he kept the name tantalum. This conclusion was disputed in 1846 by German chemist Heinrich Rose, who argued that there were two different elements in the tantalite sample, and named them after children of Tantalus: niobium (from Niobe) and pelopium (from Pelops). This confusion arose from the minimal observed differences between tantalum and niobium. The claimed new elements pelopium, ilmenium, and dianium were in fact identical to niobium or mixtures of niobium and tantalum. Pure tantalum was not produced until 1903.

Dubnium
The last element of the group, dubnium, does not occur naturally and so must be synthesized in a laboratory. The first reported detection was by a team at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR), which in 1968 had produced the new element by bombarding an americium-243 target with a beam of neon-22 ions, and reported 9.4 MeV (with a half-life of 0.1–3 seconds) and 9.7 MeV (t1/2 > 0.05 s) alpha activities followed by alpha activities similar to those of either 256103 or 257103. Based on prior theoretical predictions, the two activity lines were assigned to 261105 and 260105, respectively.

After observing the alpha decays of element 105, the researchers aimed to observe the spontaneous fission (SF) of the element and study the resulting fission fragments. They published a paper in February 1970, reporting multiple examples of two such activities, with half-lives of 14 ms and $2.2 s$. They assigned the former activity to 242mfAm and ascribed the latter activity to an isotope of element 105. They suggested that it was unlikely that this activity could come from a transfer reaction instead of element 105, because the yield ratio for this reaction was significantly lower than that of the 242mfAm-producing transfer reaction, in accordance with theoretical predictions. To establish that this activity was not from a (22Ne,xn) reaction, the researchers bombarded a 243Am target with 18O ions; reactions producing 256103 and 257103 showed very little SF activity (matching the established data), and the reaction producing heavier 258103 and 259103 produced no SF activity at all, in line with theoretical data. The researchers concluded that the activities observed came from SF of element 105.

JINR then attempted an experiment to create element 105, published in a report in May 1970. They claimed that they had synthesized more nuclei of element 105 and that the experiment confirmed their previous work. According to the paper, the isotope produced by JINR was probably 261105, or possibly 260105. This report included an initial chemical examination: the thermal gradient version of the gas-chromatography method was applied to demonstrate that the chloride of what had formed from the SF activity nearly matched that of niobium pentachloride, rather than hafnium tetrachloride. The team identified a 2.2-second SF activity in a volatile chloride portraying eka-tantalum properties, and inferred that the source of the SF activity must have been element 105.

In June 1970, JINR made improvements on their first experiment, using a purer target and reducing the intensity of transfer reactions by installing a collimator before the catcher. This time, they were able to find 9.1 MeV alpha activities with daughter isotopes identifiable as either 256103 or 257103, implying that the original isotope was either 260105 or 261105.

A controversy erupted on who had discovered the element, which each group suggesting its own name: the Dubna group named the element nielsbohrium after Niels Bohr, while the Berkeley group named it hahnium after Otto Hahn. Eventually a joint working party of IUPAC and IUPAP, the Transfermium Working Group, decided that credit for the discovery should be shared. After various compromises were attempted, where element 105 was called kurchatovium, joliotium and hahnium, in 1997 IUPAC officially named the element dubnium after Dubna, and nielsbohrium was eventually simplified and used for element 107.

Chemical properties
Like other groups, the members of this family show patterns in its electron configuration, especially the outermost shells. (The expected 4d3 5s2 configuration for niobium is a very low-lying excited state at about 0.14 eV.)

Most of the chemistry has been observed only for the first three members of the group (the chemistry of dubnium is not very established, but what is known appears to match expectations for a heavier congener of tantalum). All the elements of the group are reactive metals with a high melting points (1910 °C, 2477 °C, 3017 °C). The reactivity is not always obvious due to the rapid formation of a stable oxide layer, which prevents further reactions, similarly to trends in Group 3 or Group 4. The metals form different oxides: vanadium forms vanadium(II) oxide, vanadium(III) oxide, vanadium(IV) oxide and vanadium(V) oxide, niobium forms niobium(II) oxide, niobium(IV) oxide and niobium(V) oxide, but out of tantalum oxides only tantalum(V) oxide is characterized. Metal(V) oxides are generally nonreactive and act like acids rather than bases, but the lower oxides are less stable. They, however, have some unusual properties for oxides, such as high electric conductivity.

All three elements form various inorganic compounds, generally in the oxidation state of +5. Lower oxidation states are also known, but they are less stable, decreasing in stability with atomic mass increase.

Oxides
Vanadium forms oxides in the +2, +3, +4 and +5 oxidation states, forming vanadium(II) oxide (VO), vanadium(III) oxide (V2O3), vanadium(IV) oxide (VO2) and vanadium(V) oxide (V2O5). Vanadium(V) oxide or vanadium pentoxide is the most common, being precursor to most alloys and compounds of vanadium, and is also a widely used industrial catalyst.

Niobium forms oxides in the oxidation states +5 (Nb2O5), +4 (NbO2), and the rarer oxidation state, +2 (NbO). Most common is the pentoxide, also being precursor to almost all niobium compounds and alloys.

Tantalum pentoxide (Ta2O5) is the most important compound from the perspective of applications. Oxides of tantalum in lower oxidation states are numerous, including many defect structures, and are lightly studied or poorly characterized.

Oxyanions
In aqueous solution, vanadium(V) forms an extensive family of oxyanions as established by 51V NMR spectroscopy. The interrelationships in this family are described by the predominance diagram, which shows at least 11 species, depending on pH and concentration. The tetrahedral orthovanadate ion,, is the principal species present at pH 12–14. Similar in size and charge to phosphorus(V), vanadium(V) also parallels its chemistry and crystallography. Orthovanadate V is used in protein crystallography to study the biochemistry of phosphate. Beside that, this anion also has been shown to interact with activity of some specific enzymes. The tetrathiovanadate [VS4]3− is analogous to the orthovanadate ion.

At lower pH values, the monomer [HVO4]2− and dimer [V2O7]4− are formed, with the monomer predominant at vanadium concentration of less than c. 10−2M (pV > 2, where pV is equal to the minus value of the logarithm of the total vanadium concentration/M). The formation of the divanadate ion is analogous to the formation of the dichromate ion. As the pH is reduced, further protonation and condensation to polyvanadates occur: at pH 4–6 [H2VO4]− is predominant at pV greater than ca. 4, while at higher concentrations trimers and tetramers are formed. Between pH 2–4 decavanadate predominates, its formation from orthovanadate is represented by this condensation reaction:
 * 10 [VO4]3− + 24 H+ → [V10O28]6− + 12 H2O

In decavanadate, each V(V) center is surrounded by six oxide ligands. Vanadic acid, H3VO4 exists only at very low concentrations because protonation of the tetrahedral species [H2VO4]− results in the preferential formation of the octahedral [VO2(H2O)4]+ species. In strongly acidic solutions, pH < 2, [VO2(H2O)4]+ is the predominant species, while the oxide V2O5 precipitates from solution at high concentrations. The oxide is formally the acid anhydride of vanadic acid. The structures of many vanadate compounds have been determined by X-ray crystallography.

Vanadium(V) forms various peroxo complexes, most notably in the active site of the vanadium-containing bromoperoxidase enzymes. The species VO(O)2(H2O)4+ is stable in acidic solutions. In alkaline solutions, species with 2, 3 and 4 peroxide groups are known; the last forms violet salts with the formula M3V(O2)4 nH2O (M= Li, Na, etc.), in which the vanadium has an 8-coordinate dodecahedral structure.

Niobates are generated by dissolving the pentoxide in basic hydroxide solutions or by melting it in alkali metal oxides. Examples are lithium niobate (LiNbO3) and lanthanum niobate (LaNbO4). In the lithium niobate is a trigonally distorted perovskite-like structure, whereas the lanthanum niobate contains lone ions.

Tantalates, compounds containing [TaO4]3− or [TaO3]− are numerous. Lithium tantalate (LiTaO3) adopts a perovskite structure. Lanthanum tantalate (LaTaO4) contains isolated tetrahedra.

Halides and their derivatives
Twelve binary halides, compounds with the formula VXn (n=2...5), are known. VI4, VCl5, VBr5, and VI5 do not exist or are extremely unstable. In combination with other reagents, VCl4 is used as a catalyst for polymerization of dienes. Like all binary halides, those of vanadium are Lewis acidic, especially those of V(IV) and V(V). Many of the halides form octahedral complexes with the formula VXnL6−n (X= halide; L= other ligand).

Many vanadium oxyhalides (formula VOmXn) are known. The oxytrichloride and oxytrifluoride (VOCl3 and VOF3) are the most widely studied. Akin to POCl3, they are volatile, adopt tetrahedral structures in the gas phase, and are Lewis acidic.

Niobium forms halides in the oxidation states of +5 and +4 as well as diverse substoichiometric compounds. The pentahalides feature octahedral Nb centres. Niobium pentafluoride (NbF5) is a white solid with a melting point of 79.0 °C and niobium pentachloride (NbCl5) is yellow (see image at left) with a melting point of 203.4 °C. Both are hydrolyzed to give oxides and oxyhalides, such as NbOCl3. The pentachloride is a versatile reagent used to generate the organometallic compounds, such as niobocene dichloride. The tetrahalides are dark-coloured polymers with Nb-Nb bonds; for example, the black hygroscopic niobium tetrafluoride (NbF4) and brown niobium tetrachloride (NbCl4).

Anionic halide compounds of niobium are well known, owing in part to the Lewis acidity of the pentahalides. The most important is [NbF7]2−, an intermediate in the separation of Nb and Ta from the ores. This heptafluoride tends to form the oxopentafluoride more readily than does the tantalum compound. Other halide complexes include octahedral [NbCl6]$−$:
 * Nb2Cl10 + 2 Cl$−$ → 2 [NbCl6]$−$

As with other metals with low atomic numbers, a variety of reduced halide cluster ions is known, the prime example being [Nb6Cl18]$4−$.

Tantalum halides span the oxidation states of +5, +4, and +3. Tantalum pentafluoride (TaF5) is a white solid with a melting point of 97.0 °C. The anion [TaF7]2- is used for its separation from niobium. The chloride tantalum(V) chloride, which exists as a dimer, is the main reagent in synthesis of new Ta compounds. It hydrolyzes readily to an oxychloride. The lower halides and, feature Ta-Ta bonds.

Physical properties
The trends in group 5 follow those of the other early d-block groups and reflect the addition of a filled f-shell into the core in passing from the fifth to the sixth period. All the stable members of the group are silvery-blue refractory metals, though impurities of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen make them brittle. They all crystallize in the body-centered cubic structure at room temperature, and dubnium is expected to do the same.

The table below is a summary of the key physical properties of the group 5 elements. The question-marked value is predicted.

Vanadium
Vanadium is an average-hard, ductile, steel-blue metal. It is electrically conductive and thermally insulating. Some sources describe vanadium as "soft", perhaps because it is ductile, malleable, and not brittle. Vanadium is harder than most metals and steels (see Hardnesses of the elements (data page) and iron). It has good resistance to corrosion and it is stable against alkalis and sulfuric and hydrochloric acids. It is oxidized in air at about 933 K (660 °C, 1220 °F), although an oxide passivation layer forms even at room temperature.

Niobium
Niobium is a lustrous, grey, ductile, paramagnetic metal in group 5 of the periodic table (see table), with an electron configuration in the outermost shells atypical for group 5. Similarly atypical configurations occur in the neighborhood of ruthenium (44), rhodium (45), and palladium (46).

Although it is thought to have a body-centered cubic crystal structure from absolute zero to its melting point, high-resolution measurements of the thermal expansion along the three crystallographic axes reveal anisotropies which are inconsistent with a cubic structure. Therefore, further research and discovery in this area is expected.

Niobium becomes a superconductor at cryogenic temperatures. At atmospheric pressure, it has the highest critical temperature of the elemental superconductors at 9.2 K. Niobium has the greatest magnetic penetration depth of any element. In addition, it is one of the three elemental Type II superconductors, along with vanadium and technetium. The superconductive properties are strongly dependent on the purity of the niobium metal.

When very pure, it is comparatively soft and ductile, but impurities make it harder.

The metal has a low capture cross-section for thermal neutrons; thus it is used in the nuclear industries where neutron transparent structures are desired.

Tantalum
Tantalum is dark (blue-gray), dense, ductile, very hard, easily fabricated, and highly conductive of heat and electricity. The metal is renowned for its resistance to corrosion by acids; in fact, at temperatures below 150 °C tantalum is almost completely immune to attack by the normally aggressive aqua regia. It can be dissolved with hydrofluoric acid or acidic solutions containing the fluoride ion and sulfur trioxide, as well as with a solution of potassium hydroxide. Tantalum's high melting point of 3017 °C (boiling point 5458 °C) is exceeded among the elements only by tungsten, rhenium and osmium for metals, and carbon.

Tantalum exists in two crystalline phases, alpha and beta. The alpha phase is relatively ductile and soft; it has body-centered cubic structure (space group Im3m, lattice constant a = 0.33058 nm), Knoop hardness 200–400 HN and electrical resistivity 15–60 μΩ⋅cm. The beta phase is hard and brittle; its crystal symmetry is tetragonal (space group P42/mnm, a = 1.0194 nm, c = 0.5313 nm), Knoop hardness is 1000–1300 HN and electrical resistivity is relatively high at 170–210 μΩ⋅cm. The beta phase is metastable and converts to the alpha phase upon heating to 750–775 °C. Bulk tantalum is almost entirely alpha phase, and the beta phase usually exists as thin films obtained by magnetron sputtering, chemical vapor deposition or electrochemical deposition from a eutectic molten salt solution.

Dubnium
A direct relativistic effect is that as the atomic numbers of elements increase, the innermost electrons begin to revolve faster around the nucleus as a result of an increase of electromagnetic attraction between an electron and a nucleus. Similar effects have been found for the outermost s orbitals (and p1/2 ones, though in dubnium they are not occupied): for example, the 7s orbital contracts by 25% in size and is stabilized by 2.6 eV.

A more indirect effect is that the contracted s and p1/2 orbitals shield the charge of the nucleus more effectively, leaving less for the outer d and f electrons, which therefore move in larger orbitals. Dubnium is greatly affected by this: unlike the previous group 5 members, its 7s electrons are slightly more difficult to extract than its 6d electrons.

Another effect is the spin–orbit interaction, particularly spin–orbit splitting, which splits the 6d subshell—the azimuthal quantum number ℓ of a d shell is 2—into two subshells, with four of the ten orbitals having their ℓ lowered to 3/2 and six raised to 5/2. All ten energy levels are raised; four of them are lower than the other six. (The three 6d electrons normally occupy the lowest energy levels, 6d3/2.)

A single ionized atom of dubnium (Db+) should lose a 6d electron compared to a neutral atom; the doubly (Db2+) or triply (Db3+) ionized atoms of dubnium should eliminate 7s electrons, unlike its lighter homologs. Despite the changes, dubnium is still expected to have five valence electrons; 7p energy levels have not been shown to influence dubnium and its properties. As the 6d orbitals of dubnium are more destabilized than the 5d ones of tantalum, and Db3+ is expected to have two 6d, rather than 7s, electrons remaining, the resulting +3 oxidation state is expected to be unstable and even rarer than that of tantalum. The ionization potential of dubnium in its maximum +5 oxidation state should be slightly lower than that of tantalum and the ionic radius of dubnium should increase compared to tantalum; this has a significant effect on dubnium's chemistry.

Atoms of dubnium in the solid state should arrange themselves in a body-centered cubic configuration, like the previous group 5 elements. The predicted density of dubnium is 21.6 g/cm3.

Occurrence
There are 160 parts per million of vanadium in the Earth's crust, making it the 19th most abundant element there. Soil contains on average 100 parts per million of vanadium, and seawater contains 1.5 parts per billion of vanadium. A typical human contains 285 parts per billion of vanadium. Over 60 vanadium ores are known, including vanadinite, patronite, and carnotite. There are 20 parts per million of niobium in the Earth's crust, making it the 33rd most abundant element there. Soil contains on average 24 parts per million of niobium, and seawater contains 900 parts per quadrillion of niobium. A typical human contains 21 parts per billion of niobium. Niobium is in the minerals columbite and pyrochlore. There are 2 parts per million of tantalum in the Earth's crust, making it the 51st most abundant element there. Soil contains on average 1 to 2 parts per billion of tantalum, and seawater contains 2 parts per trillion of tantalum. A typical human contains 2.9 parts per billion of tantalum. Tantalum is found in the minerals tantalite and pyrochlore. Dubnium does not occur naturally in the Earth's crust.

Vanadium
Vanadium metal is obtained by a multistep process that begins with roasting crushed ore with NaCl or Na2CO3 at about 850 °C to give sodium metavanadate (NaVO3). An aqueous extract of this solid is acidified to produce "red cake", a polyvanadate salt, which is reduced with calcium metal. As an alternative for small-scale production, vanadium pentoxide is reduced with hydrogen or magnesium. Many other methods are also used, in all of which vanadium is produced as a byproduct of other processes. Purification of vanadium is possible by the crystal bar process developed by Anton Eduard van Arkel and Jan Hendrik de Boer in 1925. It involves the formation of the metal iodide, in this example vanadium(III) iodide, and the subsequent decomposition to yield pure metal:
 * 2 V + 3 I2 2 VI3

Most vanadium is used as a component of a steel alloy called ferrovanadium. Ferrovanadium is produced directly by reducing a mixture of vanadium oxide, iron oxides and iron in an electric furnace. The vanadium ends up in pig iron produced from vanadium-bearing magnetite. Depending on the ore used, the slag contains up to 25% of vanadium.

Approximately 70000 tonnes of vanadium ore are produced yearly, with 25000 t of vanadium ore being produced in Russia, 24000 in South Africa, 19000 in China, and 1000 in Kazakhstan. 7000 t of vanadium metal are produced each year. It is impossible to obtain vanadium by heating its ore with carbon. Instead, vanadium is produced by heating vanadium oxide with calcium in a pressure vessel. Very high-purity vanadium is produced from a reaction of vanadium trichloride with magnesium.

Niobium and tantalum
After the separation from the other minerals, the mixed oxides of tantalum Ta2O5 and niobium Nb2O5 are obtained. To produce niobium, the first step in the processing is the reaction of the oxides with hydrofluoric acid:

 * Ta2O5 + 14 HF → 2 H2[TaF7] + 5 H2O
 * Nb2O5 + 10 HF → 2 H2[NbOF5] + 3 H2O

The first industrial scale separation, developed by Swiss chemist de Marignac, exploits the differing solubilities of the complex niobium and tantalum fluorides, dipotassium oxypentafluoroniobate monohydrate (K2[NbOF5]*H2O) and dipotassium heptafluorotantalate (K2[TaF7]) in water. Newer processes use the liquid extraction of the fluorides from aqueous solution by organic solvents like cyclohexanone. The complex niobium and tantalum fluorides are extracted separately from the organic solvent with water and either precipitated by the addition of potassium fluoride to produce a potassium fluoride complex, or precipitated with ammonia as the pentoxide:

 * H2[NbOF5] + 2 KF → K2[NbOF5]↓ + 2 HF

Followed by:
 * 2 H2[NbOF5] + 10 NH4OH → Nb2O5↓ + 10 NH4F + 7 H2O

Several methods are used for the reduction to metallic niobium. The electrolysis of a molten mixture of K2[NbOF5] and sodium chloride is one; the other is the reduction of the fluoride with sodium. With this method, a relatively high purity niobium can be obtained. In large scale production, Nb2O5 is reduced with hydrogen or carbon. In the aluminothermic reaction, a mixture of iron oxide and niobium oxide is reacted with aluminium:
 * 3 Nb2O5 + Fe2O3 + 12 Al → 6 Nb + 2 Fe + 6 Al2O3

Small amounts of oxidizers like sodium nitrate are added to enhance the reaction. The result is aluminium oxide and ferroniobium, an alloy of iron and niobium used in steel production. Ferroniobium contains between 60 and 70% niobium. Without iron oxide, the aluminothermic process is used to produce niobium. Further purification is necessary to reach the grade for superconductive alloys. Electron beam melting under vacuum is the method used by the two major distributors of niobium.

, CBMM from Brazil controlled 85 percent of the world's niobium production. The United States Geological Survey estimates that the production increased from 38,700 tonnes in 2005 to 44,500 tonnes in 2006. Worldwide resources are estimated to be 4.4 million tonnes. During the ten-year period between 1995 and 2005, the production more than doubled, starting from 17,800 tonnes in 1995. Between 2009 and 2011, production was stable at 63,000 tonnes per year, with a slight decrease in 2012 to only 50,000 tonnes per year.

Lesser amounts are found in Malawi's Kanyika Deposit (Kanyika mine).

70000 t of tantalum ore are produced yearly. Brazil produces 90% of tantalum ore, with Canada, Australia, China, and Rwanda also producing the element. The demand for tantalum is around 1200 t per year.

Dubnium and beyond
Dubnium is produced synthetically by bombarding actinides with lighter elements. To date, no experiments in a supercollider have been conducted to synthesize the next member of the group, either unpentseptium (Ups) or unpentennium (Upe). As unpentseptium and unpentennium are both late period 8 elements, it is unlikely that these elements will be synthesized in the near future.

Applications

Vanadium's main application is in alloys, such as vanadium steel. Vanadium alloys are used in springs, tools, jet engines, armor plating, and nuclear reactors. Vanadium oxide gives ceramics a golden color, and other vanadium compounds are used as catalysts to produce polymers.

Small amounts of niobium are added to stainless steel to improve its quality. Niobium alloys are also used in rocket nozzles because of niobium's high corrosion resistance.

Tantalum has four main types of applications. Tantalum is added into objects exposed to high temperatures, in electronic devices, in surgical implants, and for handling corrosive substances.

Dubnium has no applications due to its radioactivity, making it highly dangerous to be around.

Biological occurrences
Out of the group 5 elements, only vanadium has been identified as playing a role in the biological chemistry of living systems, but even it plays a very limited role in biology, and is more important in ocean environments than on land. Vanadium, essential to ascidians and tunicates as vanabins, has been known in the blood cells of Ascidiacea (sea squirts) since 1911, in concentrations of vanadium in their blood more than 100 times higher than the concentration of vanadium in the seawater around them. Several species of macrofungi accumulate vanadium (up to 500 mg/kg in dry weight). Vanadium-dependent bromoperoxidase generates organobromine compounds in a number of species of marine algae.

Rats and chickens are also known to require vanadium in very small amounts and deficiencies result in reduced growth and impaired reproduction. Vanadium is a relatively controversial dietary supplement, primarily for increasing insulin sensitivity and body-building. Vanadyl sulfate may improve glucose control in people with type 2 diabetes. In addition, decavanadate and oxovanadates are species that potentially have many biological activities and that have been successfully used as tools in the comprehension of several biochemical processes.

Toxicity and precautions
Pure vanadium is not known to be toxic. However, vanadium pentoxide causes severe irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat. Tetravalent VOSO4 has been reported to be at least 5 times more toxic than trivalent V2O3. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration has set an exposure limit of 0.05 mg/m3 for vanadium pentoxide dust and 0.1 mg/m3 for vanadium pentoxide fumes in workplace air for an 8-hour workday, 40-hour work week. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health has recommended that 35 mg/m3 of vanadium be considered immediately dangerous to life and health, that is, likely to cause permanent health problems or death. Vanadium compounds are poorly absorbed through the gastrointestinal system. Inhalation of vanadium and vanadium compounds results primarily in adverse effects on the respiratory system. Quantitative data are, however, insufficient to derive a subchronic or chronic inhalation reference dose. Other effects have been reported after oral or inhalation exposures on blood parameters, liver, neurological development, and other organs in rats.

There is little evidence that vanadium or vanadium compounds are reproductive toxins or teratogens. Vanadium pentoxide was reported to be carcinogenic in male rats and in male and female mice by inhalation in an NTP study, although the interpretation of the results has recently been disputed. The carcinogenicity of vanadium has not been determined by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. Vanadium traces in diesel fuels are the main fuel component in high temperature corrosion. During combustion, vanadium oxidizes and reacts with sodium and sulfur, yielding vanadate compounds with melting points as low as 530 °C, which attack the passivation layer on steel and render it susceptible to corrosion. The solid vanadium compounds also abrade engine components.

Niobium has no known biological role. While niobium dust is an eye and skin irritant and a potential fire hazard, elemental niobium on a larger scale is physiologically inert (and thus hypoallergenic) and harmless. It is often used in jewelry and has been tested for use in some medical implants. Niobium and its compounds thought to be slightly toxic. Short- and long-term exposure to niobates and niobium chloride, two water-soluble chemicals, have been tested in rats. Rats treated with a single injection of niobium pentachloride or niobates show a median lethal dose (LD$50$) between 10 and 100 mg/kg. For oral administration the toxicity is lower; a study with rats yielded a LD$50$ after seven days of 940 mg/kg.

Compounds containing tantalum are rarely encountered in the laboratory, and it and its compounds rarely cause injury, and when they do, the injuries are normally rashes. The metal is highly biocompatible and is used for body implants and coatings, therefore attention may be focused on other elements or the physical nature of the chemical compound. People can be exposed to tantalum in the workplace by breathing it in, skin contact, or eye contact. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has set the legal limit (permissible exposure limit) for tantalum exposure in the workplace as 5 mg/m3 over an 8-hour workday. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has set a recommended exposure limit of 5 mg/m3 over an 8-hour workday and a short-term limit of 10 mg/m3. At levels of 2500 mg/m3, tantalum is immediately dangerous to life and health.

title: Group 5 element


text:
Cloud chamber

A cloud chamber, also known as a Wilson cloud chamber, is a particle detector used for visualizing the passage of ionizing radiation.

A cloud chamber consists of a sealed environment containing a supersaturated vapor of water or alcohol. An energetic charged particle (for example, an alpha or beta particle) interacts with the gaseous mixture by knocking electrons off gas molecules via electrostatic forces during collisions, resulting in a trail of ionized gas particles. The resulting ions act as condensation centers around which a mist-like trail of small droplets form if the gas mixture is at the point of condensation. These droplets are visible as a "cloud" track that persists for several seconds while the droplets fall through the vapor. These tracks have characteristic shapes. For example, an alpha particle track is thick and straight, while a beta particle track is wispy and shows more evidence of deflections by collisions.

Cloud chambers were invented in the early 1900s by the Scottish physicist Charles Thomson Rees Wilson. They played a prominent role in experimental particle physics from the 1920s to the 1950s, until the advent of the bubble chamber. In particular, the discoveries of the positron in 1932 (see Fig. 1) and the muon in 1936, both by Carl Anderson (awarded a Nobel Prize in Physics in 1936), used cloud chambers. Discovery of the kaon by George Rochester and Clifford Charles Butler in 1947, also was made using a cloud chamber as the detector. In each of these cases, cosmic rays were the source of ionizing radiation. Yet they were also used with artificial sources of particles, for example in radiography applications as part of the Manhattan Project.

Invention
Charles Thomson Rees Wilson (1869–1959), a Scottish physicist, is credited with inventing the cloud chamber. Inspired by sightings of the Brocken spectre while working on the summit of Ben Nevis in 1894, he began to develop expansion chambers for studying cloud formation and optical phenomena in moist air. Very rapidly he discovered that ions could act as centers for water droplet formation in such chambers. He pursued the application of this discovery and perfected the first cloud chamber in 1911. In Wilson's original chamber (See Fig. 2) the air inside the sealed device was saturated with water vapor, then a diaphragm was used to expand the air inside the chamber (adiabatic expansion), cooling the air and starting to condense water vapor. Hence the name expansion cloud chamber is used. When an ionizing particle passes through the chamber, water vapor condenses on the resulting ions and the trail of the particle is visible in the vapor cloud. Wilson received half the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1927 for his work on the cloud chamber (the same year as Arthur Compton received half the prize for the Compton Effect). This kind of chamber is also called a pulsed chamber because the conditions for operation are not continuously maintained. Further developments were made by Patrick Blackett who utilised a stiff spring to expand and compress the chamber very rapidly, making the chamber sensitive to particles several times a second. A cine film was used to record the images.

The diffusion cloud chamber was developed in 1936 by Alexander Langsdorf. This chamber differs from the expansion cloud chamber in that it is continuously sensitized to radiation, and in that the bottom must be cooled to a rather low temperature, generally colder than -26 °C. Instead of water vapor, alcohol is used because of its lower freezing point. Cloud chambers cooled by dry ice or Peltier effect thermoelectric cooling are common demonstration and hobbyist devices; the alcohol used in them is commonly isopropyl alcohol or methylated spirit.

Structure and operation

Diffusion-type cloud chambers will be discussed here. A simple cloud chamber consists of the sealed environment, a warm top plate and a cold bottom plate (See Fig. 3). It requires a source of liquid alcohol at the warm side of the chamber where the liquid evaporates, forming a vapor that cools as it falls through the gas and condenses on the cold bottom plate. Some sort of ionizing radiation is needed.

Isopropanol, methanol, or other alcohol vapor saturates the chamber. The alcohol falls as it cools down and the cold condenser provides a steep temperature gradient. The result is a supersaturated environment. As energetic charged particles pass through the gas they leave ionization trails. The alcohol vapor condenses around gaseous ion trails left behind by the ionizing particles. This occurs because alcohol and water molecules are polar, resulting in a net attractive force toward a nearby free charge (See Fig. 4). The result is a misty cloud-like formation, seen by the presence of droplets falling down to the condenser. When the tracks are emitted from a source, their point of origin can easily be determined. Fig. 5 shows an example of an alpha particle from a Pb-210 pin-type source undergoing Rutherford scattering.

Just above the cold condenser plate there is a volume of the chamber which is sensitive to ionization tracks. The ion trail left by the radioactive particles provides an optimal trigger for condensation and cloud formation. This sensitive volume is increased in height by employing a steep temperature gradient, and stable conditions. A strong electric field is often used to draw cloud tracks down to the sensitive region of the chamber and increase the sensitivity of the chamber. The electric field can also serve to prevent large amounts of background "rain" from obscuring the sensitive region of the chamber, caused by condensation forming above the sensitive volume of the chamber, thereby obscuring tracks by constant precipitation. A black background makes it easier to observe cloud tracks, and typically a tangential light source is needed to illuminate the white droplets against the black background. Often the tracks are not apparent until a shallow pool of alcohol is formed at the condenser plate.

If a magnetic field is applied across the cloud chamber, positively and negatively charged particles will curve in opposite directions, according to the Lorentz force law; strong-enough fields are difficult to achieve, however, with small hobbyist setups. This method was also used to prove the existence of the Positron in 1932, in accordance with Paul Dirac's theoretical proof, published in 1928.

Benefits and functionality

 * 1) Particle visualization: Cloud chambers allow scientists to observe the paths of charged particles as they pass through the chamber. By creating a supersaturated vapor environment, the particles ionize the vapor molecules, creating a visible trail of tiny droplets or clouds. This visualization helps researchers study the behavior, properties, and interactions of these particles.
 * 2) Particle identification: Cloud chambers can be used to identify different types of particles based on their path and characteristics. By analyzing the curvature, density, and other properties of the particle tracks, scientists can distinguish between various particles, such as electrons, muons, alpha particles, and more.
 * 3) Studying radioactivity: Cloud chambers are particularly useful in studying radioactive decay and radiation. Radioactive particles emitted from a radioactive source can be observed and their properties analyzed within the cloud chamber. This helps scientists understand the nature of radioactivity, decay processes, and the behavior of radioactive particles.
 * 4) Educational tool:
 * 5) Research and discovery: Cloud chambers have been instrumental in numerous scientific discoveries throughout history, including the identification of new particles and the study of particle interactions. By providing a means to observe and analyze particle tracks, cloud chambers have contributed significantly to advancing our knowledge of the subatomic world.

Other particle detectors
The bubble chamber was invented by Donald A. Glaser of the United States in 1952, and for this, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1960. The bubble chamber similarly reveals the tracks of subatomic particles, but as trails of bubbles in a superheated liquid, usually liquid hydrogen. Bubble chambers can be made physically larger than cloud chambers, and since they are filled with much-denser liquid material, they reveal the tracks of much more energetic particles. These factors rapidly made the bubble chamber the predominant particle detector for a number of decades, so that cloud chambers were effectively superseded in fundamental research by the start of the 1960s.

A spark chamber is an electrical device that uses a grid of uninsulated electric wires in a chamber, with high voltages applied between the wires. Energetic charged particles cause ionization of the gas along the path of the particle in the same way as in the Wilson cloud chamber, but in this case the ambient electric fields are high enough to precipitate full-scale gas breakdown in the form of sparks at the position of the initial ionization. The presence and location of these sparks is then registered electrically, and the information is stored for later analysis, such as by a digital computer.

Similar condensation effects can be observed as Wilson clouds, also called condensation clouds, at large explosions in humid air and other Prandtl–Glauert singularity effects.

title: Cloud chamber


text:
Meg Greenfield

Mary Ellen Greenfield (December 27, 1930 – May 13, 1999), known as Meg Greenfield, was an American editorial writer who worked for the Washington Post and Newsweek. She was also a Washington, D.C., insider, known for her wit. Greenfield won a Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Writing.

A book she authored was published posthumously.

Life and career
Greenfield was born in Seattle, the daughter of Lorraine (Nathan) and Lewis James Greenfield. Her family was Jewish. She attended The Bush School and graduated summa cum laude from Smith College in 1952. She also studied at Cambridge University as a Fulbright Scholar and was friends there with Norman Podhoretz, who also went on to a career in journalism.

From 1954 until her death in 1999, she was married to James Greenfield.

She became influential in a male-dominated world and a close confidante of Post publisher Katharine Graham. She spent 20 years as the editorial page editor for The Washington Post and 25 years as a columnist for Newsweek. She influenced generations of Washington Post writers.

When diagnosed with cancer, Greenfield partly retired to Bainbridge Island in her native Washington, where she wrote a posthumously published memoir entitled Washington. She died of the disease, at age 68.

Greenfield was portrayed by Carrie Coon in 2017 film, The Post.

Awards and honors

 * Greenfield won the 1978 Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Writing.

title: Meg Greenfield


text:
Olympic Peninsula

The Olympic Peninsula is a large arm of land in western Washington that lies across Puget Sound from Seattle, and contains Olympic National Park. It is bounded on the west by the Pacific Ocean, the north by the Strait of Juan de Fuca, and the east by Hood Canal. Cape Alava, the westernmost point in the contiguous United States, and Cape Flattery, the northwesternmost point, are on the peninsula. Comprising about 3,600 mi2, the Olympic Peninsula contained many of the last unexplored places in the contiguous United States. It remained largely unmapped until Arthur Dodwell and Theodore Rixon mapped most of its topography and timber resources between 1898 and 1900.

Geography
Clallam and Jefferson Counties, as well as the northern parts of Grays Harbor and Mason Counties, are on the peninsula. The Kitsap Peninsula, bounded by the Hood Canal and Puget Sound, is an entirely separate peninsula and is not connected to the Olympic Peninsula.

From Olympia, the state capital, U.S. Route 101 runs along the Olympic Peninsula's eastern, northern, and western shorelines.

The Olympic mountain range sits in the center of the Olympic Peninsula. This range is the second largest in Washington State. Its highest peak is Mt. Olympus.

A major effort called the Wild Olympics campaign is under way to protect additional wilderness areas on the Olympic Peninsula, protect salmon streams under the Wild and Scenic River Act and provide a means for Olympic National Park to offer to buy land adjacent to the Park from willing sellers.

Climate

Most of the peninsula has an oceanic climate, or Cfb under the Köppen climate classification. Most populated areas, however, have a warm-summer Mediterranean climate, or Csb.

The Olympic Peninsula is home to temperate rain forests, including the Hoh, Queets Rain Forest, and Quinault. Rain forest vegetation is concentrated primarily in the western part of the peninsula, as the interior mountains create a rain shadow effect in areas to the northeast, resulting in a much drier climate in those locales.

Rivers
Major salmon-bearing rivers on the Olympic Peninsula include, clockwise from the southwest, the Humptulips, the Quinault, the Queets, the Quillayute, Bogachiel, the Sol Duc, the Lyre, the Elwha (see Elwha Ecosystem Restoration), the Dungeness, the Dosewallips, the Hamma Hamma, the Skokomish, and the Wynoochee River.

Lakes
Natural lakes on the peninsula include Lake Crescent, Lake Ozette, Lake Sutherland, Lake Quinault, and Lake Pleasant. Two dammed rivers form the reservoirs of Lake Cushman and Wynoochee Lake; two previous reservoirs, destroyed in the Elwha Ecosystem Restoration were Lake Aldwell (behind the former Elwha Dam) and Lake Mills (behind the former Glines Canyon Dam).

Parks
The peninsula contains many state and national parks, including Anderson Lake, Bogachiel, Dosewallips, Fort Flagler, Fort Worden, Lake Cushman, Mystery Bay, Old Fort Townsend, Potlatch, Sequim Bay, Shine Tidelands, and Triton Cove state parks; Olympic National Park; and the Olympic National Forest. Within the Olympic National Forest, there are five designated wilderness areas: The Brothers, Buckhorn, Colonel Bob, Mt. Skokomish, and Wonder Mountain. Just off the west coast is the Washington Islands Wilderness.

Politics
The Olympic Peninsula is represented in the U.S. House of Representatives by Democrat Derek Kilmer. It is represented in the Washington State Legislature by Democratic state senator Kevin Van De Wege and Democratic state representatives Mike Chapman and Steve Tharinger.

Population of at least 10,000

 * Port Angeles
 * Aberdeen
 * Shelton
 * Port Townsend

Population of at least 5,000

 * Hoquiam
 * Ocean Shores
 * Sequim

Population of at least 1,000

 * Forks
 * Port Hadlock
 * Port Ludlow

Population of less than 1,000

 * Amanda Park
 * Brinnon
 * Chimacum
 * Clallam Bay
 * Discovery Bay
 * Eldon
 * Hoodsport
 * Humptulips
 * Kalaloch
 * La Push
 * Lilliwaup
 * Moclips
 * Neah Bay
 * Ocean City
 * Ozette
 * Pacific Beach
 * Potlatch
 * Quilcene
 * Quinault
 * Sekiu
 * Union

title: Olympic Peninsula