text:
Geostrophic wind

In atmospheric science, geostrophic flow is the theoretical wind that would result from an exact balance between the Coriolis force and the pressure gradient force. This condition is called geostrophic equilibrium or geostrophic balance (also known as geostrophy). The geostrophic wind is directed parallel to isobars (lines of constant pressure at a given height). This balance seldom holds exactly in nature. The true wind almost always differs from the geostrophic wind due to other forces such as friction from the ground. Thus, the actual wind would equal the geostrophic wind only if there were no friction (e.g. above the atmospheric boundary layer) and the isobars were perfectly straight. Despite this, much of the atmosphere outside the tropics is close to geostrophic flow much of the time and it is a valuable first approximation. Geostrophic flow in air or water is a zero-frequency inertial wave.

Origin
A useful heuristic is to imagine air starting from rest, experiencing a force directed from areas of high pressure toward areas of low pressure, called the pressure gradient force. If the air began to move in response to that force, however, the Coriolis force would deflect it, to the right of the motion in the northern hemisphere or to the left in the southern hemisphere. As the air accelerated, the deflection would increase until the Coriolis force's strength and direction balanced the pressure gradient force, a state called geostrophic balance. At this point, the flow is no longer moving from high to low pressure, but instead moves along isobars. Geostrophic balance helps to explain why, in the northern hemisphere, low-pressure systems (or cyclones) spin counterclockwise and high-pressure systems (or anticyclones) spin clockwise, and the opposite in the southern hemisphere.

Geostrophic currents
Flow of ocean water is also largely geostrophic. Just as multiple weather balloons that measure pressure as a function of height in the atmosphere are used to map the atmospheric pressure field and infer the geostrophic wind, measurements of density as a function of depth in the ocean are used to infer geostrophic currents. Satellite altimeters are also used to measure sea surface height anomaly, which permits a calculation of the geostrophic current at the surface.

Limitations of the geostrophic approximation
The effect of friction, between the air and the land, breaks the geostrophic balance. Friction slows the flow, lessening the effect of the Coriolis force. As a result, the pressure gradient force has a greater effect and the air still moves from high pressure to low pressure, though with great deflection. This explains why high-pressure system winds radiate out from the center of the system, while low-pressure systems have winds that spiral inwards.

The geostrophic wind neglects frictional effects, which is usually a good approximation for the synoptic scale instantaneous flow in the midlatitude mid-troposphere. Although ageostrophic terms are relatively small, they are essential for the time evolution of the flow and in particular are necessary for the growth and decay of storms. Quasigeostrophic and semi geostrophic theory are used to model flows in the atmosphere more widely. These theories allow for a divergence to take place and for weather systems to then develop.

Formulation
Newton's Second Law can be written as follows if only the pressure gradient, gravity, and friction act on an air parcel, where bold symbols are vectors:

 * $$\frac{\mathrm{D}\boldsymbol{U}}{\mathrm{D}t} = -2\boldsymbol{\Omega} \times \boldsymbol{U} - \frac{1}{\rho} \nabla P + \mathbf{g} + \mathbf{F}_\mathrm{r}$$

Here U is the velocity field of the air, Ω is the angular velocity vector of the planet, ρ is the density of the air, P is the air pressure, Fr is the friction, g is the acceleration vector due to gravity and $D⁄Dt$ is the material derivative.

Locally this can be expanded in Cartesian coordinates, with a positive u representing an eastward direction and a positive v representing a northward direction. Neglecting friction and vertical motion, as justified by the Taylor–Proudman theorem, we have:

 * $$\begin{align}

\frac{\mathrm{d}u}{\mathrm{d}t} &= -\frac{1}{\rho}\frac{\partial P}{\partial x} + f \cdot v \\[5px] \frac{\mathrm{d}v}{\mathrm{d}t} &= -\frac{1}{\rho}\frac{\partial P}{\partial y} - f \cdot u \\[5px] 0 &= -g -\frac{1}{\rho}\frac{\partial P}{\partial z} \end{align}$$

With f = 2Ω sin φ the Coriolis parameter (approximately $s^{−1}$, varying with latitude).

Assuming geostrophic balance, the system is stationary and the first two equations become:

 * $$\begin{align}

f \cdot v &= \;\;\,\frac{1}{\rho}\frac{\partial P}{\partial x} \\[5px] f \cdot u &= -\frac{1}{\rho}\frac{\partial P}{\partial y} \end{align}$$

By substituting using the third equation above, we have:

 * $$\begin{align}

f \cdot v &= -g\frac{\; \frac{\partial P}{\partial x} \;}{\; \frac{\partial P}{\partial z} \;} = g\frac{\partial Z}{\partial x} \\[5px] f \cdot u &= g\frac{\; \frac{\partial P}{\partial y} \;}{\; \frac{\partial P}{\partial z} \;} = -g\frac{\partial Z}{\partial y} \end{align}$$

with Z the height of the constant pressure surface (geopotential height), satisfying

 * $$\frac{\partial P}{\partial x}\mathrm{d}x + \frac{\partial P}{\partial y}\mathrm{d}y + \frac{\partial P}{\partial z}\mathrm{d}Z = 0 $$

This leads us to the following result for the geostrophic wind components (ug, vg):

 * $$\begin{align}

u_\mathrm{g} &= -\frac{g}{f} \frac{\partial Z}{\partial y} \\[5px] v_\mathrm{g} &= \;\;\,\frac{g}{f} \frac{\partial Z}{\partial x} \end{align}$$

The validity of this approximation depends on the local Rossby number. It is invalid at the equator, because f is equal to zero there, and therefore generally not used in the tropics.

Other variants of the equation are possible; for example, the geostrophic wind vector can be expressed in terms of the gradient of the geopotential Φ on a surface of constant pressure:

 * $$\mathbf{V}_\mathrm{g} = \frac\hat\mathbf{k}{f} \times \nabla_p \Phi $$

title: Geostrophic wind


text:
Francis Chichester

Sir Francis Charles Chichester KBE (17 September 1901 – 26 August 1972) was a British businessman, pioneering aviator and solo sailor.

He was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II for becoming the first person to sail single-handed around the world by the clipper route and the fastest circumnavigator, in nine months and one day overall in 1966–67.

Early life
Chichester was born in the rectory at Shirwell near Barnstaple in Devon, England, the son of a Church of England clergyman, Charles Chichester, himself the seventh son of Sir Arthur Chichester, 8th Baronet. His mother was Emily Annie, daughter of Samuel Page. At the age of six he was sent as a boarder to The Old Ride Preparatory School for boys, then attended Marlborough College during World War I. At the age of eighteen Chichester emigrated to New Zealand where in ten years he built up a prosperous business in forestry, mining and property development, only to suffer severe losses in the Great Depression.

Aviator
After returning to England in 1929 to visit his family, Chichester took flying lessons at Brooklands, Surrey, and qualified as a pilot. He then took delivery of a de Havilland Gipsy Moth aircraft, which he intended to fly to New Zealand, hoping to break Bert Hinkler's record solo flight back to Australia on the way. While mechanical problems meant that the record eluded him, he completed the trip in 41 days. The aircraft was then shipped to New Zealand. Finding that he was unable to carry enough fuel to cross the Tasman Sea directly, Chichester had his Gipsy Moth fitted with floats borrowed from the New Zealand Permanent Air Force, and went on to make the first solo flight across the Tasman Sea from East to West (New Zealand to Australia). He was the first to land an aircraft at Norfolk Island and Lord Howe Island. Again, the trip was delayed: after his aircraft was severely damaged at Lord Howe, he had to rebuild it himself with the help of islanders.

Though the concept of "off-course navigation" (steering to one side so you know which way the error is) is probably as old as navigation, Chichester was the first to use it in a methodical manner in an aircraft. His only method of fixing his position was to take sun sights with a sextant. As a solo pilot, this was a difficult thing to do in a moving aircraft, as he needed to fly the aircraft at the same time. After the sun sight was taken, he had to make calculations by long-hand. As all this could be unreliable, Chichester needed an alternative. When he reached a point at which the sun was at a calculated altitude above the horizon, the pilot then made a 90-degree turn to the left (or right as calculated) and then flew along this line until the destination was reached. Since he did not know in advance when he would arrive at a line of position passing through his destination, he calculated a table or graph of the Sun's altitude and azimuth at his destination for a range of times bracketing his ETA. The advantage of this method was that the effects of drift were reduced to errors in distance travelled, usually much smaller. Since Chichester arrived at Lord Howe Island in the afternoon, the Sun was to his north-west when he made his turn. Some hours before making his turn, close to local noon when the Sun was to his north, Chichester made two observations with his sextant to check his dead-reckoning course.

The general principle was, when the Sun is to the right or left of one's course one can check the course but not distance to the destination. When the Sun is ahead or behind one's course, the distance to one's destination can be checked but not one's course. Chichester planned his final approach to follow a line of position directly to his destination. This technique allowed him to find tiny islands in the Pacific. He was awarded the inaugural Guild of Air Pilots and Air Navigators Johnston Memorial Trophy for this trip. Chichester then decided to circumnavigate the world solo; he made it to Japan but at Katsuura, Chiba he collided with an overhead cable, sustaining serious injuries.

Second World War cartography
Unable to join the Royal Air Force at the outbreak of the Second World War due to age and eyesight, he was not granted a commission until 14 March 1941 when he joined the Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve for the duration of hostilities. His civil occupation was listed as Air Navigation Specialist. His first posting was to the Air Ministry in the Navigation section of the Directorate of Air Member Training, where he served until August 1942. In July 1943 he was sent to the Empire Central Flying School where he instructed in navigation until released in September 1945. He wrote the navigation manual that allowed the pilots of single-handed fighter aircraft to navigate across Europe and back using kneeboard navigation similar to that which he had used in the Pacific.

At the end of the war, he stayed in the United Kingdom. He purchased 15,000 surplus Air Ministry maps, initially pasting them onto boards and making jigsaw puzzles out of them, and later founded his own successful map-making company.

Yachtsman
In 1958, Chichester was diagnosed with terminal lung cancer. (This might have been a misdiagnosis; David Lewis, a London doctor, who competed against Chichester in the first solo trans-Atlantic race, reviewed his case and called Chichester's abnormality a "lung abscess". ) His wife Sheila put him on a strict vegetarian diet (now considered to be a macrobiotic diet) and his cancer went into remission. Chichester then turned to long-distance yachting.

In 1960, he entered and won the first Single-Handed Trans-Atlantic Race, which had been founded by 'Blondie' Hasler, in the 40 foot ocean racing yawl Gipsy Moth III. He came second in the second race four years later.

On 27 August 1966 Chichester sailed his ketch Gipsy Moth IV from Plymouth in the United Kingdom and returned there after 226 days of sailing on 28 May 1967, having circumnavigated the globe, with one stop (in Sydney). By doing so, he became the first person to achieve a true circumnavigation of the world solo from West to East via the great Capes. The voyage was also a race against the clock, as Chichester wanted to beat the typical times achieved by the fastest fully crewed clipper ships during the heyday of commercial sail in the 19th century. His global voyage was the first to be commercially sponsored, with the International Wool Secretariat's Woolmark featured on the bows of Gipsy Moth IV and Chichester's baseball cap.

Honours and later life
In 1961, he was awarded the Harold Spencer-Jones Gold Medal by the Royal Institute of Navigation in recognition of his contributions to navigation.

In July 1967, a few weeks after his solo circumnavigation, Chichester was knighted, being appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire for "individual achievement and sustained endeavour in the navigation and seamanship of small craft". For the ceremony, the Queen used the sword used by her predecessor Queen Elizabeth I to knight the adventurer Sir Francis Drake, the first Englishman with his crew to complete a circumnavigation. Gipsy Moth IV was preserved alongside the Cutty Sark at Greenwich.

Also in 1967, Sir Francis Chichester was made an Honorary Bencher of the Middle Temple after his solo circumnavigation of the globe in 1966-7. An occasional table, located in the Prince's Room, commemorates Chichester's association with the Inn which is held in the Princes Room. It is made from the teak forehatch of Gypsy Moth IV, his own craft, and contains an aeronautical chart of the South Atlantic. The hatch cover from his yacht is also displayed in the Prince’s Room.

Chichester was also honoured in 1967 by a newly issued 1/9d (one shilling and nine pence) postage stamp, which showed him aboard Gipsy Moth IV. This went against an unwritten tradition of the General Post Office, because Chichester was neither a member of the royal family nor dead when the stamp was issued.

In 1968, when Donald Crowhurst was trying to win the Sunday Times Golden Globe Race, a single-handed round-the-world event, it was Chichester who dismissed Crowhurst's wildly exaggerated reports of his own progress, which had fooled many enthusiastic supporters.

In 1970, Chichester attempted to sail 4,000 miles in twenty days, in Gipsy Moth V, but failed by one day.

Francis Chichester died of cancer in Plymouth, Devon, on 26 August 1972, and was buried in the church of his ancestors, St Peter's Church in Shirwell, near Barnstaple. His widow died in 1989 and is buried with him.

Family
Sir Francis Chichester had two sons, George and Giles. His older son George died in 1968 of an asthma attack. His younger son, Giles Chichester, was for many years a British politician, and Conservative Member of the European Parliament for South West England and Gibraltar.

Other posthumous honours

Norfolk Island issued a stamp, (2c) in 1981, commemorating the first landing of an aircraft on the Island, Chichester's Gipsy Moth Madame Elijah, at Cascade Bay on 28 March 1931. Another stamp (14 cents) was issued by Norfolk Island in 1974 showing Chichester's seaplane. Australia Post issued a Pre Stamped Envelope in 1981 commemorating the Tasman Flight. Great Britain issued a further stamp (47p) in 2003 featuring Chichester. Additionally both Palau and Qatar have issued stamps featuring Chichester.

A memorial plaque to Chichester was unveiled at the family home at 9 St James's Place, SW1 in September 1993.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Francis Chichester


text:
User talk:Texture/Archive-2004 March

vfd vote
simplified my vote to not accuse anyone of racism. Numerao 01:18, 3 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Thank you - Texture 02:13, 3 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Don't feel too bad
Hey, I did the same thing the first time I wanted to shift a page. It's always fixable, no worries. :) When you're an admin (soon now!), it will be easy for you to delete a redirect and move the page yourself.  As it stands, you need a friendly neighborhood admin to do the deletion task for you, but we are very bad at telling people how this goes, so you shouldn't get down on yourself for not knowing it. :)  But if feeling bad means you get the distinctly un-fun task of changing links.....feel a little bad for the next 30 minutes or so. ;-) Thanks for being a good sport, and thanks also for your good work here: keep it up! Jwrosenzweig 20:14, 3 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the help Texture - I learned something! Mark Richards 04:00, 4 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Signature
''I love your signature. Do you keep the same links or do you rotate them according to your current interests? - Texture 17:27, 5 Mar 2004 (UTC)''

 * Thanks. I change the links every day or two. The links do not necessary have something to do with my interests. Note that the sig is posted on User:Optim, at the end of the page, so you can easily copy-paste it and crete your own. Optim·.· |undefined 17:31, 5 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * I may do that. You've given me something new to play with... :) - Texture 17:35, 5 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Vandalism in Progress
The problem with non-static IPs is because being non-static they can take any combination of numbers. That's why this particular persistent vandal is so f**king annoying, and why one has to label a section on them "Various IP's". Now I have to go and verify whether some info added by them is correct or not, because they may just have been acting seriously in a recent edit, just to catch me out... Have a cream donut on me, I'm urging one to be sent to you telekinetically as we speak... Yes I am mad. Graham :) 18:31, 5 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * I am not advanced in IP knowledge (beyond the average technie) but I thought that ISPs had a set pool of IP addresses to assign to a given user. That doesn't take into account moving from a non-static home ISP to a non-static work IP, though.  If there is a relatively consistent pattern to the addresses I try to look for it from new anon content.  What you are fighting is guerrilla warfare. (Which I can't spell.)  My telekinetics is down for repair.. can you fax it to me? - Texture 18:45, 5 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * I've tried that before but it got all squishy and it didn't work. Graham :) 18:47, 5 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * Is that what that was? I thought it was a rorschach test...  "I see a ducky!" - Texture 18:53, 5 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Koopsta Knicca
It's ok with me that it's gone, though that was not my 'intent' whatever that means. I actually felt, once I saw all the "keep" votes, badly that I had even nominated it. The style, and the fact that the same anon user was posting a bunch of new pages of people all of the same group, made me think it was a nonfamous person. But I know nothing about hiphop, and apparently I was wrong. But I would have left it there, just because I feel that once something has been nominated on vfd, that nomination becomes community property. Anyway, not gonna fight it. Thanks for checking with me. moink 19:55, 5 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * I second. I better write an article about myself. (I am the very last recipient of the Lenin Komsomol Prize in Belarus in mathematics :-) Mikkalai 20:44, 5 Mar 2004 (UTC)

You, Anthony, Harri Porten & vfd
I understand that you're frustrated. Please see what you can do to leave the Harri Porten discussion on the vfd page. If that entails leaving Anthony's argument there too, so be it. You, Anthony and I all know that moving a discussion off vfd to a talk page reduces the chance of getting a consensus that reflects the community's viewpoint. Leaving the tally helps, but leaving the discussion would be better. I think you & Anthony can compromise by leaving the whole thread there. moink 21:57, 5 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * I'd rather keep the one-on-one banter he starts on another page. Go ahead and restore the discussion to VfD and I will support you.  I need to walk away so this does not become an edit war.  That's why I backed off on his move to the talk. - Texture 22:00, 5 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * I am done on the issue. I'll stay away from that section. - Texture 22:13, 5 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * That's probably a good idea. I think things should be okay now for a while.  I'm glad you backed off, it could have started to get pretty nasty.  moink 22:19, 5 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * It irritates me to do so but it does not solve anything if I let him bait me. - Texture 22:23, 5 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Customer Experience Management
Hello Harrison, We are currently trying to get the wording right and thus replaced wrong ones with hopefully more appropriate titles. In addition, we streamlined the text and added a more editorial style to the concept explanation to Customer Experience Management (CEM). Hope, that is okay with you? Bye, Karsten

Sysop
Congratulations! You are now an administrator. You should read the relevant policies and other pages linked to from the administrators' reading list before carrying out tasks like deletion, protection, banning users, and editing protected pages such as the Main Page. Most of what you do is easily reversible by other sysops, apart from page history merges and image deletion, so please be especially careful with those. Good luck. Angela. 11:03, Mar 6, 2004 (UTC)

Re:Your vandal
Why is he my vandal all of a sudden? What have I done to deserve my very own vandal???

Have you included his latest details to the portfolio of evidence on Vandalism in progress? -- Graham :) 16:05, 6 Mar 2004 (UTC)

The link-loaded Signature

 * Hi. You learnt about the "link-loaded" signatures from me. Some hours ago I was asked by two persons to stop using my signature. I just thought I should let you know. Optim 18:28, 6 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * I haven't done it yet and I am considering only doing it on the portion of my signature that isn't my name. You had it on each letter.  I would add a symbol and only do it on that.  That way, if they click on my name it still goes to my page. - Texture 22:13, 6 Mar 2004 (UTC)

AIDS kills fags dead
Why are you opposed to allowing this to be a redirect? Is it because the phrase is offensive (using the term fag, for example)? I mean, there is an article titled fag, and I don't see you wanting to delete that... This isn't a huge deal to me or anything, but I followed the story at the time, I like Skid Row, and I went to school in a time and place when "fag" was the insult used, something I always found curious. Why is/was this insult so acceptable and common, wheras others (racial, political, disability based insults) were less so? Anyways, I'd like to know what you think, and why. I'm not a nut, or a bigot (IMO anyhow), I just want some random expletive like me to be able to type this into the search, tap go (like I did...), and find the content I wrote. Sam Spade 03:49, 7 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * IMHO this is not ecyclopedic content - Texture 03:54, 7 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * I understand, but why not? It was a slogan, and while some feel it does not merit its own article, it is the subject of a section of anti-gay slogan . I simply can't see the utility in reducing avenues of access to info. Sam Spade 04:16, 7 Mar 2004 (UTC)

California Plan
I am the author of the "California Plan" and "Hell-Bent for Election."

 * Thanks. I have reverted back to your original article. Sorry for the inconvenience. -Texture 04:57, 7 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Original works
I am not sure I understand correctly what you asked me about. Wikipedia is not supposed to contain original works, because everything in Wikipedia has to be verifiable. Original works, should go in Wikisource. Here are some links: What Wikipedia is not, No original research, Verifiability. Let me know if this is not what you meant. Dori | Talk 04:51, Mar 7, 2004 (UTC)

If the article was put here by the person who wrote the original source, and the thing being discussed is an actual thing (I have no idea if California Plan is real or not), then there's no problem with keeping it. If it was put here by someone who did not write it originally, or it it's just somebody's pet project with no supporting proof of its existence, then it should be deleted. RickK 04:54, 7 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks, both - Texture 04:55, 7 Mar 2004 (UTC)

VfD
Hi, I replied at User talk:Angela. Angela. 11:57, Mar 7, 2004 (UTC)

vader/anakin thanks
Dear Texture -- thanks a bundle for taking up the vader/anakin splitting. I put that on cleanup hoping against hope that someone would actually do it... and was thrilled to see such a fast response. +sj+ 13:54, 2004 Mar 7 (UTC)

Davide Mana
I understand your concern but I disagree. Any partial extraction of wikipedia contents is bound to have broken links anyway, so i don't see how breaking a link here and there will make a difference. I'll bring it up on the mailing list however to see what other people think. theresa knott 09:21, 8 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Jean Nicolet
Oops, sorry I accidentally recreated Jean Nicolet... I didn't understand that the edit conflict meant that the page had been deleted. Isomorphic 17:10, 8 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Np. Happens alot. Thanks for watching. - Texture 17:13, 8 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Talk pages
I also always thought it would be kind of cool if, when a page goes through VfD, the VfD discussion be put on the article's talk page before it's deleted (if it is deleted); that way we wouldn't have to re-hash if it's re-created later. - Hephaestos|§ 17:49, 8 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * I like that idea. Might want to recommend it on the VfD talk page. Really only an impact on Admins so I can't expect anyone else would object. - Texture 17:57, 8 Mar 2004 (UTC)

user account
I was trying to change my user name from Nhamblen to Nathan Hamblen but couldn't figure out how. If you could do that for me (and delete the new acct) that would be great. Other

 * Am replying to your talk page - Texture 22:32, 8 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Supremacism
I just wanted to point out that you handled discussing a controvercial topic particularly well, something I've found shockingly rare on the wiki ;). Also, I want to apologise for suggesting you hadn't read the article, but considering the time span, I hope you can understand why I considered that a possibility. Anyhow that would have been yet another reason for flaming or being unhelpful, which you not only avoided, but prevented completely by being as helpful as possible :) Great work! Cheers, Sam Spade 03:35, 9 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Thank you. I'm still having heartache over the recent sentence but you created a fair representation of the religions problems. (With, hopefully, a reduction in the intensity of the narrative.) - Texture 03:39, 9 Mar 2004 (UTC)

457 B.C.
already added in 457 B.C.

 * And I have redirected it to 457 BC which already has an article. -- Graham :) 18:20, 9 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Communication is not vandalism
Vandalism has a specific legal meaning. You have accused other editors of vandalizing user pages, but the actions which you cite do not cross the legal threshold of vandalism. Your attempt to describe communicative effort as vandalism is innappropriate and your threats to interfere with the access of other users ring hollow. I suggest you spend your time improving the accuracy of Wikipedia content, and allow others to communicate freely.
 * Perhaps you could sign your claim and provide proof. I can't respond when I don't know what it is I am being accused of. Where I have accused users of vandalism I have defined it. - Texture 20:21, 9 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * He's talking about this . To the anon user - You are of course permitted to communicate freely. However you must be polite and respectful of other users, and you must not delete stuff from peoples user or talk pages. theresa knott 20:30, 9 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * I apologized to Jwrosenzweig. I wasn't sure if I had done any damage and was trying to revert what was clearly vandalism IMHO (the Jwrosenzweig's own page was blanked by that IP). I can't recall being impolite, however.  - Texture 20:34, 9 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * You were not impolite, and it's not Jwrosensweig who is not logged in, it's User:Bird. I know nothing about this user except that he appears to be in conflict with several users over the past day, See User:David Newton/Bird Dispute My advice is just ignore him. If he posts anymore abusive messages on your talk page I'll block him. theresa knott 20:41, 9 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * No need to apologize! I appreciate the help.  It's a situation where I stepped in to prevent vandalism and am now a target.  So I've protected my user page now, and am reverting and blocking (along with several others) until the vandal gets tired.  No impoliteness has occurred on your part at all -- I first got involved when I thought the anon was blanking someone else's talk page.  It turned out he was blanking his own, and he called me an "asshole" for having reverted it.  Things have degenerated from there.  Just another lovely afternoon at the Wikipedia. :-)  Have a good one, Jwrosenzweig 20:47, 9 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Hi - what did User:67.74.103.79 do? I can only see two contributions - and neither are threats. Secretlondon 21:17, 9 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * Secret, so you know, that user's second edit was "Yeah maybe I'll go try to strangle myself with a belt...wait thats you!" aimed at Francs2000. I don't know if it's a threat per se, but it seems very threatening to me.  I think Texture has done the right thing, as this appears to be one of today's magical returning vandals with a dynamic IP. Jwrosenzweig 21:19, 9 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * This user has blanked pages, vandalised pages, threatened people, called them names and has been involved in revert wars with more than one sysop. Once they get blocked they log off the internet, re-log on and then start again. -- Graham  :) 21:21, 9 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * Okay fine. I didn't realise there was history under other IP addresses. Secretlondon 21:23, 9 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * It all started (as far as I can tell) with Daniel Wright. Read the talk page, have a look at the vandalism page for edits by users starting 67.74, and you'll be in the know. -- Graham :) 21:24, 9 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Image deletion
That's an interesting bug I've not seen before. You can't delete Image:Image:PyreneanShepSmooth wb.jpg because it doesn't exist, but for some reason, when you go to that page, it shows an image and pretends that nothing links to it. You're really seeing Image:PyreneanShepSmooth wb.jpg, but with a double "image:" in the filename. This happens on all images by the looks of it. Image:Image:Aster.jpg, for example, does the same thing, as did a few others I tried. Angela. 22:01, Mar 9, 2004 (UTC)

Shortcut box
Acutally, I stole the idea from User:Angela/useful_stuff. But thanks! -- Seth Ilys

Possible Copyright Infringements
Are you saying that possible copyright infringements which don't cover the entire page aren't supposed to be listed on possible copyright infringments? Anthony DiPierro 01:50, 10 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * No. I may have taken your statement wrong.  What is the process for partial copyright issues? (This is something I can't locate.)  Is it resolved?  Have you removed it from the article? - Texture 01:52, 10 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * I've removed it, but Chris keeps adding it back. Anthony DiPierro 02:14, 10 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Gore page
What are you going to do about the Gore page and the 2000 website? That is confusing whether or not one can use it after a company is gone. Also, how can the issues section be copyvio?

Chris

 * I only know what I've read from the exchange. If it came from the Gore campaign website it remains their copyright unless they release it, just as a bankrupt company retains copyright even after Chapter 13.  (Although copyright is often sold at that point, not released to public domain.)  If Gore runs for any office ever again, his new campaign retains the copyright established by the old web site.  (Lots of legal holding companies/non-profits are used to create these placeholders in a candidate's multiple campaigns.)

 * The Gore page need (regardless of copyright) some compromise on the paragraphs disputed. Can we rewrite the information to make it useful but original? I made an attempt that include quoting the Gore campaign's text.  (Or it could be paraphrased but attributed to the campaign.)  Please take a try at altering my attempt to fit your needs. Thanks - Texture 03:36, 10 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * I think you writing looks good. I just didn't know about the copyrighting of non existing orgs.  Also, we do need to leave the views section on the Gore page.  Chris

 * What is the views section? I am not familiar with the other issues. - Texture 03:42, 10 Mar 2004 (UTC)

image deletion
Without giving me any chance to respond, you deleted one of the images I uploaded for Lukla. I don't think this deletion was a candidate for speedy deletion and possibly required it to be put on vfd. At least it would have given me a chance to correct the terms I posted. Or can you provide a prior discussion/policy that allows this sort of unilateral deletion on your part? RedWolf 03:52, Mar 10, 2004 (UTC)

 * Reply on User Talk:RedWolf - Texture 03:56, 10 Mar 2004 (UTC)

friendly reminder
Hi Texture, I see that you protected Al Gore. Al Gore rhymes with edit war, after all. Since you've edited the article twice the same day you protected it, some users might interpret that as a conflict of interest. I realize your intentions were not to be coy, but such action can lead others to misinterpret your actions. In the future, consider asking another admin (who is not involved) to protect the article. Keep up the good work, Kingturtle 04:15, 10 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the review. I felt my edit was administrative (cleaning out the copyright page images) and was not related to the edits.  I hope it isn't misinterpreted since I am having some success at resolving the conflict.  Chris has ok'd a change to the disputed text and if Anthony will respond I can at least get them past that one item. - Texture 04:19, 10 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Whooa boy
Slooooooooooow down with your newfound powers. Deleting stuff is serious business! I've undeleted Liver transplantation. The article may only have headings at the moment, but it was only created today. IMO it is highly likely that the anon user set up the structure of the page first and is planning to add content over the next few days. Now what will he think if he comes back tomorrow to find his page deleted:-( Let's watch the article for a week first.There is no hurry. theresa knott 17:36, 10 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * It was put on Speedy deletions. I reviewed his only other edits (they were reverted) and agreed with the nominator that it appeared to be a test by a new user.  I have no objection to waiting and watching as you propose.  I will restore the nomination to speedy deletion. - Texture 17:40, 10 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Just becouse someone puts something on speedy dels doesn't mean we have to delete. Admins need to be very careful. His other edits were not reverted. He is a newbie, so we need to be espcially nice. theresa knott 17:51, 10 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * I will try to be more attentive and nice. I do not delete merely what is listed but after seeing that the user added Image:Example.jpg to Liver I had the impression that this was a new user who was creating a test frame of a article and not a real article.  The article has since been filled out and I will remove it from Speedy Deletions. - Texture 17:59, 10 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Copyvios
Dear Texture, we do not delete pages to erase the copyvio from their history. I dont know where Anthony got that idea, maybe you can tell me if i am wrong. I removed the copyvio because it was substituted by a stub. Please exercise caution in listening to Anthony's advices. He is a bit confused. Cheers, Muriel 18:21, 10 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * I assume you're talking about Al Gore? I never agreed to do that for him since I am still awaiting an answer on Possible copyright infringement regarding two entries where the copyvio notice was removed and, instead of creating a new stub on /temp, it was created with the original article.  The reason the copyvio message asks users to create a new article on the Talk:Article/temp is so that when the copyvio is deleted the new article, with all history, can be moved to replace the copyvio.  There is a discussion on Wikipedia talk:Possible copyright infringements regarding what to do with copyvios in history (since they still violate copyright and need to be removed).  I think until the developers come up with a way to delete a single entry from page history we will retain this problem. - Texture 18:29, 10 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * I meant the Al sistani soap opera. When the discussion reaches an agreement i will be happy to oblige the decision. Meanwhile i do not delete an article, just to play around with page moves just to erase copyvios from history. Thats not such a big deal. Cheers, Muriel 18:33, 10 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * Ah, in Ali al-Sistani there was a /temp already created and being updated after the copyvio notice was added. If you look at the history, you'll see that Dissident created the /temp version without any of the copyvio and I moved it to the main article after deleting the copyvio version.  (Almost doubted that it worked until I realized that the article had a redirect that made things seem weird.) - Texture 18:35, 10 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Lemon Party needs to be deleted?
dude, why are you deleting the lemon party wiki? it's an internet icon just like goatse.
 * It already exists on Shock Site with goatse. It does not need a separate article. - Texture 19:31, 10 Mar 2004 (UTC)

The "Columbia" deletes
I just felt the urge to thank you on behalf of the community for deleting those 20-odd (or more) pages. Boring job well done=great job! :) (I guess you did it one by one? otherwise, if it was in a batch, forget this compliment and go on working :( Pfortuny 20:42, 10 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Brought up the pre-copyvio notice index page and opened them one by one from the list. That lingering fester is no more.  Thanks for the support. When I saw that I had a message I thought.. "uh, oh... here it starts... " ;) - Texture 20:45, 10 Mar 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Texture/Archive-2004 March


text:
USS Omaha

Four ships of the United States Navy have been named USS Omaha after the city of Omaha, Nebraska:

 * USS Omaha (1869), an Algoma-class screw sloop commissioned in 1872; served in Atlantic and Asiatic Squadrons, scrapped in 1914
 * USS Omaha (CL-4), lead ship of the Omaha-class cruiser light cruisers, commissioned in 1923; served during World War II, scrapped in 1946
 * USS Omaha (SSN-692), a Los Angeles-class submarine commissioned in 1978; decommissioned in 1995, scrapped in 2012
 * USS Omaha (LCS-12), an Independence-class littoral combat ship commissioned in 2012

title: USS Omaha


text:
Research, Victoria

Research is a suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 24 km north-east from Melbourne's Central Business District, located within the Shire of Nillumbik local government area. Research recorded a population of 2,695 at the 2021 census.

History
Settled in the 1850s, Research was the location of extensive orchards by the 1860s. The unusual name arose from the gold rush era in Victoria, during the mid 19th century. Research was then known as Swiper's Gully, but gold was found after the area was re-searched. Swiper's Gully then became Research Gully, and finally, late in the 19th century, abbreviated to Research.

Research Post Office opened on 20 October 1902.

Community
Much of Research today consists of 1- to 35-acre blocks. This area has one of the highest bushfire risks in Australia, due to prolific Eucalyptus and Melaleuca Paperbark trees. Consequently, a diverse variety of fauna and flora exist in this ecologically protected zone.

Research has a variety of facilities, including the Research Football Club, Scout Hall, Tennis Club, Research CFA, Eltham Little Theatre, Balance Gymnastics Club, Eltham Martial Arts Gym and Micky's Fitness Gym.

The nearest public library is Eltham Library, operated by Yarra Plenty Regional Library.

Education
The schools in Research include Eltham College and Research Primary School. Eltham College comprises both a junior and senior school.

Eltham College and Research Primary are both situated on Main Road.

Sport
Research is the home of the Research Junior Football Club, which competes in the Northern Football League. They play their home games at Research Park, located on Main Road, Research. Research Cricket Club and Eltham Collegians Cricket Club were both Diamond Valley Cricket Association teams based in Research, until they merged in 2010 to form one club. Their home games are played at Research Park and Eltham College Oval. Research Baseball Club, which plays in the Melbourne Winter Baseball League, are based in Research, but play their home games in Lower Plenty. Research Tennis Club play their home games at the Research Park Tennis Courts.

title: Research, Victoria


text:
Talk:Hacker's Manifesto

Written on the very day of his arrest? Seems like an implausibly busy day for "The Mentor". Maybe he was arrested a few days prior and wrote this in jail? Everyking 23:33, 11 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * No idea. I have no interest in the topic. I put the stub together for the sole reason to prevent page deletion. Try your own resarch, if you are interested. Mikkalai 00:51, 12 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Well, I don't think you should add information unless you're reasonably sure it's correct. Especially in a case like this, when the odds seem to be against it being correct. And I figured you'd have a better idea than me about this, considering on VFD you seemed to have such extensive knowledge of this world-famous document. Everyking 01:06, 12 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * Sorry, I wasn't exact in my statement. I meant that I don't have immediate knowledge of that fact. I know it as a "written hearsay", so to say.
 * OK, you got me. I wasn't diligent enough. Woe to me and ashes on my grey hair !-(. REDIRECT Hacker Manifesto. Mikkalai 03:31, 12 Mar 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hacker's Manifesto


text:
User:Ryjaz

I am an software engineer for a satellite manufacturer in Palo Alto, California. Most of my contributions have to do with software engineering, the aerospace industry, and space-related topics.

Projects currently supporting

 * WikiProject_Astronomical_objects
 * WikiProject_Space_Missions
 * WikiProject_Telescopes
 * WikiProject_Unmanned_space_missions

Links

 * Recent changes in astronomical articles
 * Recent changes in unmanned spacecraft articles

title: User:Ryjaz


text: Talk:Cinema of the United Kingdom

title: Talk:Cinema of the United Kingdom


text:
Austin Maestro

The Austin Maestro is a five-door hatchback small family car (and two-door van derivative) that was produced from November 1982 to 1986 by British Leyland, and from 1986 until December 1994 by Rover Group, as a replacement for the Austin Maxi and Austin Allegro, with the van version replacing the corresponding van derivative of the Morris Ital. The car was produced at Morris' former Oxford plant, also known as Cowley, with 605,000 units sold. Today, the redeveloped factory builds the BMW Mini. An MG-branded performance version was sold as the MG Maestro from 1983 until 1991.

Although later models were sometimes referred to as the Rover Maestro, the model never wore the Rover badge. The Austin Montego saloon was a variant of the Maestro.

Background
British Leyland was created in 1975 when the bankrupt British Leyland Motor Corporation was nationalised. In 1977 the South African-born corporate troubleshooter, Michael Edwardes, was recruited as chairman to sort out the troubled firm. Part of Edwardes' plan was to introduce a completely new range of mass-market models to replace the current offerings, designed and built using state-of-the-art technology. The new range eventually decided upon consisted of a new vehicle for each of the small, lower-medium and upper-medium market segments. The first of these cars to be launched was the Austin Metro in 1980.

Design and development
The new cars for the lower and upper medium segments were to share a platform, with various trim and styling differences to distinguish the two different models. The two models would in effect replace four existing vehicles in the British Leyland range – the Maestro would simultaneously replace both the Austin Allegro and Maxi, whilst the Montego replaced the Austin Ambassador and Morris Ital, these latter two having been recent facelifts of the Princess and Morris Marina. Since all but the Allegro were made at the Cowley plant, this rationalization would give the cost benefits of production automation and flexibility. This common platform was given the project name LC10, using the Leyland Cars project sequence (LC8 became the Austin Mini Metro on its launch in 1980, LC9 became the Triumph Acclaim when it was launched in 1981). Preliminary design work for LC10 began in 1977, with production scheduled to begin around 1980 – which would have seen it go on sale around the same time as the Ford Escort MK3 and the original Vauxhall Astra.

LC10 was styled by Ian Beech under the direction of BL designer David Bache. Two main body variations were provided: a five-door hatchback and a four-door notchback. It was a departure from previous front-wheel drive cars from the company in dispensing with the famous Issigonis transmission-in-sump powertrain that had been pioneered in the Mini. Coupled to the A- and R-series powerplants was an end-on transmission (as pioneered by Fiat with the Autobianchi Primula), bought from Volkswagen. The sophisticated Hydragas suspension system used on previous BL models was sacrificed on cost grounds, with a conventional MacPherson strut system at the front and a Volkswagen Golf-style torsion beam at the rear being used instead – but with long travel rising rate springs. While easier to build, this suspension did compromise load space. Prototypes were even tested with actual Golf suspension components. This may have led to the early cars being prone to front wheel bearing issues. The Maestro was larger and heavier than the first VW Golf.

It was decided that the five-door hatchback version would be engineered first. It was given its own project designation, LM10, with this version to be launched as the Austin Maestro. The name "Maestro" had been a finalist when the Austin Metro was being named, with the third choice ("Match") never picked up. The booted notchback version was to follow and it was designated as LM11, although its development was to diverge from the original path, it was later launched as the Austin Montego on its launch in April 1984, following British Leyland's decision to discontinue the Morris marque.

Production began in November 1982, and the car was officially launched on 1 March 1983. The wheelbase was 2510 mm, and the length was 4050 mm.

Novel features
The Maestro incorporated many novel and pioneering features for its class. It had a bonded laminated windscreen, homofocal headlamps, body-coloured plastic bumpers, an electronic engine management system, adjustable front seat belt upper anchorage positions, an asymmetrically split rear seat, and a 12,000 mi service interval. The MG and Vanden Plas versions had solid-state instrumentation with digital speedometer and vacuum fluorescent analogue displays for tachometer, fuel and temperature gauges, trip computer and a voice synthesis warning and information system. The analogue instrument pod fitted to lower models was later used in the Range Rover from 1985 onwards.

Reception
The Maestro was launched in March 1983. In its summing up of the new car the Consumers' Association, in the June edition of its Which? journal, described it as roomy, comfortable, and nice to drive, and said "If you are considering buying one now, our advice, based on our first impressions, is to go ahead". In January 1984, after testing the car, they concluded: "In comparison with opposition of a similar price and body size, the Maestro has a clear advantage on room for passengers, with few cars equalling it for comfort either in the front or back". They also considered it to be a serious rival to the higher-segment Vauxhall Cavalier and Ford Sierra, apart from its smaller boot space.

The original lineup consisted of the 1.3-litre base, L, and HLE models, the 1.6-litre L, HLS, and Vanden Plas, and the sporty MG Maestro. The HLE model had a somewhat downtuned engine and received Volkswagen's "monstrously long-geared" 3+E transmission to maximize fuel economy, at the cost of severe performance loss. To further improve the HLE's economy, it was fitted with an econometer and the same black rubber fins along the sides of the rear windshield as was the MG Maestro. The base model forwent the other versions' plastic bumpers, instead being fitted with black-painted steel units. The plastic bumpers were the first of their kind, being made from polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), allowing them to be painted and then oven cured at the same high temperature as the car's steel body. The 1.6 HLS and Vanden Plas received a 4+E gearbox (a five-speed with a particularly long top gear), while the MG's closer ratio five-speed box derived from that of the Golf GTi. A trip computer with a voice synthesizer was standard on the MG and Vanden Plas models, with the Vanden Plas also benefitting from bronze-tinted windows, power locks, and power windows for the front doors.

Later developments
The car was a reasonable success, but not as much as beleaguered BL had hoped. It was Britain's sixth best selling car in 1983 and 1984, with more than 80,000 sales in its second year. After the "boom" years of 1986 and 1987, Maestro sales went into decline. An early reputation for poor build quality and unreliability did not help. The biggest problems centred around the 1.6-litre R-series engine, which was a hurriedly modified BMC E-series engine from the Austin Maxi because the under-developed S-series unit was not yet ready for production. R-series units suffered from hot starting problems and premature crankshaft failure. This was particularly evident in the MG Maestro 1600, which was included in the original 1983 model range but discontinued the following year.

The new S-series engine eventually appeared in July 1984, and was fitted to all existing 1.6-litre Maestros. The new S-series engine also came fitted with electronic ignition. At the same time, some minor equipment upgrades were made across the range. The 1.3-litre base model gained head restraints, a passenger door mirror and a radio. The 1.3-litre HLE, 1.6-litre automatic and 1.6 HLS all gained a radio-cassette player.

In October 1984, there were more equipment upgrades made across the range. The 1.3 base models gained reclining front seats, door bins, locking fuel filler caps and clocks. The L models gained cloth door trim, upgraded upholstery, and remote-adjustable driver's side door mirrors; the 1.6 Ls gained five-speed gearboxes. The 1.3 HLEs gained five-speed "4+E" gearboxes with overdrive fifth gear ratios, side mouldings, tweed cloth upholstery and remotely adjustable passenger's side door mirrors. The HLS and 1.6 automatics gained tinted glass, central locking, electric front windows, velour upholstery and upgraded radio-cassette players. The MG Maestros gained electronic fuel-injected 115 bhp versions of the 2-litre O-series engine, uprated suspension and ventilated front disc brakes, colour-keyed exterior trim, tinted glass, central locking and leather-trimmed steering wheels. The new MG Maestro offered much better performance and refinement than its predecessor.

Also in October 1984, the existing Maestro line-up was joined by the 1.3 HL and 1.6 HL. These models fitted between the L and HLE models.

August 1985 saw the arrival of the 1.3 City and 1.3 City X. The 1.3 City was similar to the previous 1.3 base model. The 1.3 City X added full carpeting, cloth upholstery, head restraints, a rear parcel shelf, a radio and a manually operated choke. These models also did without the plastic bumpers, having more conventional steel bumpers with plastic end caps similar to the Maestro van.

The original dashboard was of a multi-piece construction, and gained a reputation for being flimsy and prone to squeaks and rattles, so in February 1986, this was replaced with the more conventional dashboard from the Montego and in the change the voice synthesis unit (prone to reliability issues) was dropped. At the same time more minor equipment upgrades were made across the range. The City X gained door bins and rear wash-wipe. The L and LE gained tweed trim. The HL and automatic gained velour trim and additional brightwork. The Vanden Plas gained leather trim and uprated electronic stereo system.

BL was sold to British Aerospace in 1988, when the Austin badges were discontinued. The range was sustained by the noisy but economical direct injection naturally aspirated Perkins diesel unit launched the previous year. However, without a turbo this model was rather slow. The diesel had already been available in the Maestro van since 1986.

The MG Maestro Turbo, fitted with a turbocharged version of the 2.0 fuel-injected engine from the MG Maestro EFi, was unveiled at the Motor Show in October 1988 and went on sale on 17 March 1989. It was one of the fastest production hatchbacks in the world with a top speed of 129 mph, making it faster than the Ford Escort XR3i and RS Turbo, as well as the Volkswagen Golf GTI.

After the launch of the new Rover 200 in October 1989, the Maestro was repositioned as a budget entry-level model, with only the base specification models remaining in production while the MG variants were discontinued in 1991. Production had peaked at more than 101,000 units in 1983, and as late as 1989 nearly 60,000 were made. Most sales were in the United Kingdom, where it peaked as the sixth best selling car with more than 80,000 sales in 1984, but by 1989 sales had halved and it was the 19th best seller.

However, production figures fell to 38,762 for 1990, more than halving the following year to 18,450. 1991 was also the year that the MG-badged versions finished production, their place effectively being filled in the Rover range by faster versions of the 200-series hatchback.

In 1992, the 81 bhp high revving Rover MDi / Perkins Prima turbo diesel unit from the Montego was launched, in the now reduced Maestro range (after the launch of the Rover 200/400), as a Clubman with steel bumpers or DLX with plastic bumpers. The turbo improved refinement, as well as performance, at no cost to fuel economy. It was very competitively priced, it was about the same price as the Rover Metro and Peugeot 205 non-turbo diesel superminis that were a size smaller. The only other engine option was the elderly 1.3-litre A series.

In 1987, after an endurance test of 50,000 kilometers with an Austin Maestro 1.6 Mayfair, the Dutch car magazine Autovisie wrote that they 'can state without reservation that today's Austins have the same level of quality as other, more selling manufacturers. The Maestro appears to be a good alternative for someone who wants to distinguish himself from the average Escort/Golf/Kadett brigade.'

In June 1987, the Automobile Association (AA) came to the following conclusion in the car magazine Your Car Magazine: 'The Maestro is a reliable vehicle which has improved over the years.'

In 1993, What Car? buyers' guide section said: "Yes, its old, but nowadays it's also very cheap. Popularity of noisy but economical and surprisingly rapid turbodiesel is what keeps this roomy car going."

Also in 1993, the Automobile Association road tested the turbo diesel. Their verdict: "You're hardly likely to buy a Maestro diesel to improve your street cred! For turning heads, the 218/418 diesel is a much better proposition. However, disinterested passengers love the back seat, while the driver can relish the model's marked reluctance to visit filling stations. Here's a hatchback for buyers who are really serious about the substance rather than the image – and with a price tag that's thousands of pounds lower than most of its rivals (shown in our comparison chart), you start saving even before your first forecourt stop. Unless you're averse to gearchanging, this unpretentious Maestro turbo-diesel, at its competitive price, can't seriously be faulted."

In 1993, however, production fell to just over 7,000 units and in its final year, 1994, just over 4,000 were produced, the last one rolling off the production line in December. The chassis development for the Maestro and Montego's rear suspension was used as a basis for later Rover cars, and was well regarded.

In 1994, the Maestro finished in 26th place in the JD Power Survey broadcast by Top Gear. This clearly left the model above more recently appeared competitors such as the Volkswagen Golf (52nd), Vauxhall Astra (59th) and the Ford Escort (61st).

In September 1995 production was transferred to Varna, Bulgaria, in complete knock down (CKD) kit form. Around 2,000 vehicles were produced before the company (Rodacar AD) ceased production in April 1996 due to high import costs of the components and little demand for the cars. The majority of the Maestros produced were exported to other countries, including the UK. A small number of these were sold by Apple 2000 Ltd of Bury St Edmunds, and registered on an "N" prefix.

In 1997, Parkway Services of Ledbury, Herefordshire, purchased a batch of 621 Maestro cars and vans in CKD kit form. These had been stored at Cowley, Oxfordshire, since their production in mid-1996, when they became surplus to requirements. The company built up the cars and converted the majority of them to RHD form using up Rover's supply of parts. The National Database for Motoring Insurance has records of models registered between "R" and "51" number plates, meaning the overall period of Maestro availability, new in the United Kingdom, was from 1983 to 2001.

In 1998 the Maestro was relaunched in the UK, by Wheeler International Ltd. Sold by Apple 2000 in Bury St Edmunds, Maestros were imported from Bulgaria and sold in the UK, France & Spain, these were the last factory examples available for sale. On 10 February 2001 in The Independent's Edition of Your Money, Apple 2000 and the Maestro were Featured on the front page. In the Motoring section James Ruppert reports "FANCY a brand new Maestro?" you can have one for just £4299 and all remaining cars are appropriately finished in black.

The tooling was then sold to First Automobile Works (FAW) in China, where the Maestro was available to the Chinese motoring market in both hatchback and van models. A new addition to the range was the FAW Lubao CA6410 – a Maestro hatch with a Montego front end. A handful of Chinese-made parts were imported into Britain whilst these cars were in production, which itself ended in 2005.

MG Maestro 1600 (1983–1984)
Rushed into production against engineers' advice at the launch in March 1983, the original MG Maestro was under-developed. Its 1.6-litre R-series engine ran roughly, was difficult to start when warm, and its Weber twin carburettors could not always be properly tuned by dealership workshops, who were used to SU carburettors. The R-series model was replaced in July 1984 with the short-lived S-series model, which was built until October 1984 when the EFi was launched. Despite the reliability issues, more than 15,000 MG Maestro 1600s were built.

MG Maestro 2.0 EFi (1984–1991)
After a brief interval, the MG Maestro was relaunched in October 1984 with a fuel-injected 2.0-litre O-series engine that gave considerably better performance than its predecessor. Handling and performance were both improved and gave Austin Rover its first serious rival for the Golf GTI and Escort XR3i. It had a claimed output of 115 bhp, a top speed of 115 mph and a 0-60 mph time of 8.5 seconds. It was also mated with a Honda PG1 gearbox for improved gearchange, in preference to the Volkswagen box as supplied to the rest of the range.

MG Maestro Turbo (1989–1991)
With the Rover Group only a few months away, the limited edition (500 + 5 press cars) MG Maestro Turbo (displayed at Birmingham in October 1988 and launched in early 1989) was the final car from ARG. It made use of the 2.0's already impressive engine, but the combination of carburetor and turbocharger gave it a top speed of 206 km/h and a 0–60 mph time of 6.7 seconds. It was faster than the majority of its competitors, but the high performance, Tickford designed bodykit and alloys did little to disguise the fact that it was very much still a Maestro. Sales were slow, as it appeared six years after the Maestro's launch.

Production of the MG Maestro finished in 1991, as Rover had launched GTi versions of the new 200 and 400 models, though the standard Maestro remained in production until 1994.

Decline and "rebirth"
Production of the Maestro, which was already suffering from a decline in sales, was pruned back by autumn 1989 on the launch of the second generation Rover 200, which was aimed at the higher end of the small family car market, with the Maestro being kept on sale as a cheaper alternative with more basic versions available.

The arrival of the Rover 600 in 1993 saw the closure of the Maestro/Montego assembly line, but small-scale production in complete knock down (CKD) kit form continued until 1994, when BMW's takeover of Rover saw production cease almost immediately.

In 1994, Rover established Rodacar, a joint venture with a Bulgarian company to produce Maestros at a new factory in Varna, using CKD kits sent from the UK. Production began in July 1995 and 2,200 cars were assembled before the factory closed in April 1996. The venture failed because of competition from other cars and the Bulgarian government's failure to honour agreements to reduce tariffs on imported parts and buy thousands of Maestros for government departments. Around 1,700 of the Rodacar-made Maestros were exported, including 550 to Uruguay, 400 to Argentina and 200 to North Macedonia.

Two British dealers, Parkway Services in Ledbury and a company called Apple 2000 in Bury St Edmunds, acquired unsold Maestros from Bulgaria and sold them in the UK, converting most of them to right-hand drive. (Please see the 'Later Developments' above for more information.)

Many interior parts from the Maestro/Montego series continued to be used in various Land Rover models well into the late 1990s, for instance the Maestro instrument pack and switchgear were fitted to the Range Rover Classic from the mid-1980s onward, as well as on the Series I Discovery from launch until the 1995 facelift. The Series I Discovery also used the tail lamp cluster from the Maestro van until 1998.

Like most pre-1989 Austin Rover cars, 1.3-litre and 1.6-litre Maestros cannot run on unleaded petrol without the cylinder head being converted (remachining of the cylinder head), or the use of fuel additives. FBHVC (Federation of British Historic Vehicle Clubs) tested and approved lead replacement fuel additives, work out at only a couple of pence a litre. The 1994 cc O-series engine in the MG EFi, 2.0i and Turbo has sufficiently hard exhaust valves and seats.

Muddying the water slightly, contemporary sales literature for the MG Turbo (and the owners' handbook) advised drivers to use only 4* leaded petrol. This was because unleaded petrol was only available with an octane rating of 95 RON. The turbo engine was tuned for the higher 97 RON octane rating of leaded petrol, which improves combustion and reduces the chances of 'pinking' and running lean on boost: both very harmful to turbo engines. Modern high-octane unleaded petrol is a perfectly suitable substitute, but it had yet to become available on forecourts when the cars were current.

Chinese production
In 1997, three years after production of the Maestro ended in the UK, the Chinese tobacco company Etsong acquired the tooling and intellectual property rights to the car. In 2001, the company placed it back into production in two variants; the Etsong Lubao QE6400 Ruby and Etsong Lubao QE6440 Laird, built in a new, specially constructed factory in Qingdao, China. The QE6400 used the hatchback bodyshell of the Maestro, but the frontal styling of the Montego, while the QE6440 was a panel van variant. Both cars used Toyota engines and transmissions.

In 2003, Etsong exited the car-making business and sold the Lubao factory to First Automobile Works, one of China's biggest car-makers. FAW continued to market the hatchback as the Jiefang CA6400UA and the van as the Jiefang CA6440UA. Production for the FAW based cars ended in 2006 then in 2008 the Maestro Van was relaunched as the Yema SQJ6450 by Sichuan Auto Industry Group Company Ltd, who had purchased the tooling from FAW. Yema Auto have since reskinned the car and is currently selling SUV-styled wagon versions as the Yema F99, F10, and most recently the F12 (2012).

Sales
The Maestro sold over 605,000 units, although it failed to match the success of the Ford Escort and Vauxhall Astra. A survey by Auto Express magazine, conducted in August 2006, revealed that the Maestro was Britain's ninth most scrapped car of the previous 30 years, with just 11,574 examples still in circulation and in working order in the United Kingdom. By 2009, that number declined to 777 units, and only 116 were still operating in 2023.

Despite only going on sale in early March 1983, the Maestro was Britain's sixth best selling car in 1983 with more than 65,000 sales. Its first full year on sale, 1984, brought more than 83,000 sales – which would be the Maestro's best year for sales in any country. As had happened the previous year, it was Britain's sixth best selling car in 1984. However, it had fallen to 10th in 1985; although Austin Rover managed to keep up a strong presence in this sector due to the arrival of the similar sized Rover 200 saloon in June 1984. By 1988, it was merely the 14th best selling car in Britain, dipping further to 19th place in 1989, the year that the second generation Rover 200 was launched. The Maestro was now not only behind the all conquering Ford Escort and Vauxhall Astra (which first outsold it in 1985) in the sales charts, but also behind some foreign competitors including the Volkswagen Golf and Peugeot 309. Sales fell lower still afterwards, as the latest Rover 200 was firmly established as the Rover Group's best seller in this sector, and the Maestro remained on sale as a cheaper alternative until the last ones left the showrooms in the mid-1990s.

Engines
Some prototype versions have a 1.8-litre petrol or Volkswagen's 1.9 diesel engine; these were never used in production.
 * 1983–1993–1275 cc A-series I4, 68 hp (51 kW) at 5800 rpm and 75 lb·ft (102 Nm) at 3500 rpm
 * 1983–1985–1275 cc A-series I4, 64 hp (48 kW) at 5500 rpm and 73 lb·ft (99 Nm) at 3500 rpm HLE
 * 1983 – July 1984 – 1598 cc R-series I4, 81 hp at 5500 rpm and 91 lbft at 3500 rpm
 * 1983 – July 1984 – 1598 cc R-series I4, 103 hp at 6000 rpm and 100 lbft at 4000 rpm MG
 * 1984–1993–1598 cc S-series I4, 85 hp at 5600 rpm and 97 lbft at 3500 rpm
 * July 1984 – October 1984 – 1598 cc S-series I4, 103 hp at 6000 rpm MG
 * 1984–1992–1994 cc O-series I4, 115 hp MG EFi and 2.0i
 * 1988–1990–1994 cc O-series I4, 152 hp MG Turbo
 * 1990–1992–1994 cc Austin/Rover MDi – Perkins Prima NA I4, 62 hp
 * 1992–1995–1994 cc Austin/Rover MDi – Perkins Prima TD I4, 81 hp at 4500 rpm and 116 lbft at 2500 rpm

Trim levels
The Maestro was available in the following trim levels:
 * Base (1983–1985)
 * L (1983–1990)
 * LE (1986–1988)
 * HL (1984–1987)
 * HLE (1983–1985)
 * HLS (1983–1986)
 * LX (1990–1993)
 * City (1985–1988)
 * City X (1985–1988)
 * Special (1988–1990)
 * Clubman (1990–1994)
 * SL (1988–1990)
 * Mayfair (1986–1988)
 * Vanden Plas (1983–1988)

In Popular Culture
The Austin and MG Maestro were an early example of product placement on UK television and after the car was launched in March 1983, it featured prominently in several TV programmes, including BBCs Tomorrow's World which dedicated a part of a programme to explain how the car was developed and demonstrate the synthesized voice feature. Channel 4's soap opera, Brookside (1982–2003), wrote an entire storyline where the characters, Paul and Annabelle Collins, 'downsized' from their upmarket Rover SD1 for a more basic Austin Maestro. When they were seen looking at a brand new Maestro in a car showroom, prominent advertising surrounding the car declared it "The Magic Maestro!" in episodes aired in March 1983. The (then) state of the art voice command told them the car needed "more fuel". They settled on buying the gold coloured basic trim and not the "computerised version" in the end. Their Maestro had the registration SAB 453Y. It was first registered in March 1983 and written off in June 1994.

Also in 1983, the BBC TV series, Juliet Bravo (1980–1985), the main character, Inspector Kate Longton (Anna Carteret), drove a gold Austin Maestro (registration SOJ 626Y) This was seen in every episode, as well as in the opening titles, from September 1983 - curiously, according to the National Motoring Database records, the Y-registered Austin Maestro Inspector Longton drove was first registered in February 1983 - one month before the car was officially launched.

In 1985, the ITV soap opera Crossroads (1964–1988 series) launched new opening titles which followed a red MG Maestro (with the registration B54 YDE; its first official DVLA registration was June 1985 - these titles first aired in March) from the A38(M) in Birmingham to Crossroads Motel in the fictional village of "Kings Oak". These titles lasted until 1987.

In the BBC TV drama serial, Howards' Way (1985-1990), the character, Tom Howard, drove an MG Maestro during the first series in 1985. Fittingly, his then wife, Jan Howard, drove an Austin Metro.

title: Austin Maestro


text:
1620 Geographos

1620 Geographos (provisional designation ) is a highly elongated, stony asteroid, near-Earth object and potentially hazardous asteroid of the Apollo group, with a mean diameter of approximately 2.5 km. It was discovered on 14 September 1951, by astronomers Albert George Wilson and Rudolph Minkowski at the Palomar Observatory in California, United States. The asteroid was named in honor of the National Geographic Society.

Orbit and classification
Geographos orbits the Sun at a distance of 0.8–1.7 AU once every 1 years and 5 months (508 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.34 and an inclination of 13° with respect to the ecliptic. Its orbit is well-determined for the next several hundred years. Due to its high eccentricity, Geographos is also a Mars-crosser asteroid. The body's observation arc begins at Palomar, two weeks prior to its official discovery observation.

Close approaches
As a potentially hazardous asteroid, Geographos has a minimum orbital intersection distance (MOID) with Earth of less than 0.05 AU and a diameter of greater than 150 meters. The Earth-MOID is currently 0.0301 AU, which translates into 11.7 lunar distances. In 1994, Geographos made its closest approach to Earth in two centuries at 5.0 Gm – which will not be bettered until 2586.

Failed Clementine mission
Geographos was to be explored by the U.S.'s Clementine mission which was launched in January 1994. However, a malfunction in the spacecraft ended the mission before it could approach the asteroid.

Spectral type
In the Tholen and SMASS classification, Geographos is an S-type asteroid. This means that it is highly reflective and composed of nickel-iron mixed with iron- and magnesium-silicates.

Rotation period
Since the 1970s, several rotational lightcurve of Geographos have been obtained from photometric observations. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period (retrograde sense of rotation) between 5.222 and 5.224 hours with a very high brightness variation between 1.02 and 2.03 magnitude (U=3/3/3/2/3/3/3).

The Yarkovsky effect is causing a decrease in the orbital semimajor axis of $1.77$, while the YORP effect is increasing the asteroid's rotation at the rate of $1.87$.

Spin axis
Several lightcurve were also modeled from the abundant photometric observations. In 1994 and 1995, Polish astronomers obtained a concurring period 5.223328 hours and found a spin axis of (54.0°, −52.0°) in ecliptic coordinates (λ, β) (Q=3/3). Radiometric observations gave a period of 5.223327 hours and a pole of (55.0°, −46.0°). Two other international studies obtained a period of 5.223326 hours and a pole at (56.0°, −47.0°) and (55.0°, −45.0°), respectively (Q=3/3).

Shape and structure
The light curve shows a high amplitude, indicative of its elongated shape, measuring 5.0×2.0×2.1 kilometers, which corresponds to a mean-diameter of 2.5 km.

The interior of the asteroid probably has a rubble-pile structure. The asteroid's high thermal inertia indicates the surface is most likely a mix of fine grains and large rocks and boulders. During the asteroid's close approach to Earth in 1994, a radar study of it was conducted by the Deep Space Network at the Goldstone Observatory, California. The resultant images show Geographos to be the most elongated object in the Solar System.

Diameter and albedo
According to the observations with the Goldstone Observatory and the space-based surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS and the NEOWISE mission of the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Geographos measures between 1.77 and 2.56 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.26 and 0.3258. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts an albedo of 0.26 and a diameter of 2.5 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 15.09.

Naming
This minor planet was named after the National Geographic Society, in recognition of its contribution to astronomy by supporting the National Geographic Society – Palomar Observatory Sky Survey (NGS-POSS), which produced a photographic atlas of the entire northern sky in the 1950s. NGS-POSS was headed by the second discoverer, Rudolph Minkowski. The Greek word geographos means geographer (from geo– 'Earth' + graphos 'drawer/writer'). The official was published by the Minor Planet Center in August 1956 (M.P.C. 1468).

title: 1620 Geographos


text:
Lyn Harding

David Llewellyn Harding (12 October 1867 – 26 December 1952), known professionally as Lyn Harding, was a Welsh actor who spent 40 years on the stage before entering British made silent films, talkies and radio. He had an imposing and menacing stage presence and came to be cast as the villain in many films, notably Professor Moriarty in dramatisations of the Sherlock Holmes stories.

Early years
He was born in 1867 at St. Brides Wentloog, in Monmouthshire, into a strict Congregationalist Welsh-speaking family.

Acting career
He started his career as an apprentice draper in Newport, Wales and but he was drawn to an acting career. He began giving readings from Shakespeare at a chapel in Cardiff. In 1890 a chance meeting with a touring group on a train led to him standing in for a sick actor and his first professional engagement. He opened on 28 August 1890 in The Grip Of Iron at the Theatre Royal, Bristol.

He toured "the provinces" and eventually made his London debut at the Shakespeare Theatre, Clapham on 19 July 1897.

He later changed his name to "Lyn" to make it more acceptable to English audiences who found "Llewellyn" difficult to pronounce.

In 1910, he portrayed Dr Grimesby Rylott in Arthur Conan Doyle's play The Speckled Band.

His career spanned stage, silent screen, talkies and radio productions and he toured in the United States, Japan, India and Burma. He worked at different times with John Gielgud, Ralph Richardson and Anthony Quayle.

His last stage appearance was as Abu Hassan in Chu Chin Chow in the West End in 1941 when he was 74 years old. At the age of nearly 80 he played Owain Glyndŵr in Shakespeare's Henry IV for BBC radio.

He lived for about ten years in Leverstock Green, near Hemel Hempstead where he played an active role in the local community, even staging plays and revues with fellow actors to help raise funds for a much needed parish hall. He died in London in 1952, aged 85.

Selected stage credits

 * The Speckled Band (1910, Conan Doyle)
 * Henry VIII (1916, Shakespeare)
 * Wild Heather (1917, Brandon)
 * Grand Hotel (1931, Knoblock)

title: Lyn Harding


text:
Hugh John Macdonald

Sir Hugh John Macdonald, (March 13, 1850 – March 29, 1929) was the only surviving son of the first prime minister of Canada, John A. Macdonald. He too was a politician, serving as a member of the House of Commons of Canada and a federal cabinet minister, and briefly as the eighth premier of Manitoba.

Early life
Macdonald was born in Kingston, Canada West (now Ontario) to Canada's first Prime Minister, John A. Macdonald and his first wife Isabella Clark Macdonald (1809–1857). After Isabella died leaving Macdonald a widower with a seven-year-old son, Hugh John Macdonald would be principally raised by his paternal aunt and her husband. In 1869, he received a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Toronto and then studied law in Toronto and Ottawa. He was called to the Bar in 1872, and became a member of his father's firm. Grieved by the death of his first wife, Macdonald moved to Winnipeg in 1882 and set up his own law practice.

Military service
Macdonald served with the 14th Battalion Volunteer Militia Rifles during the summer of 1866 near Cornwall, in anticipation of a Fenian invasion. While at the University of Toronto, he enrolled in The Queen's Own Rifles of Canada on 13 October 1868 as a Rifleman and rose to the rank of Sergeant before being commissioned as an Ensign on 22 April 1870.

Macdonald then joined the expedition of Colonel Garnet Joseph Wolseley as an Ensign in the 16th Company of the 1st (Ontario) Battalion of Rifles and made the trek to the Red River settlement in Manitoba. The Wolseley Expedition was formed to put down Louis Riel's Red River Rebellion. After taking part in the bloodless capture of Upper Fort Garry (after Riel's departure) he returned to Toronto, but would take part in putting down Riel's second rebellion.

He retired from the QOR on 26 April 1882 and moved to Winnipeg. During the North-West rebellion in 1885, Macdonald served as a lieutenant in the 90th (Winnipeg) Battalion of Rifles, a unit which he helped to organize. He later fought at Fish Creek in Saskatchewan.

Marriage
In 1876, Hugh John Macdonald married Jean Murray King, a Roman Catholic. Their daughter, Isabella Mary "Daisy" Macdonald, was born in 1877. Jean King Macdonald later died in 1881 as a result of fragile health due to Daisy's birth.

In 1883, he married Gertrude Agnes VanKoughnet. She was the daughter of a close friend and political ally of his father, Salter Jehosaphat VanKoughnet (1833–1888) QC, of Toronto, a brother of Philip Michael Matthew Scott VanKoughnet. Gertrude's mother, Agnes, was a daughter of Senator Benjamin Seymour, of Port Hope, Ontario, and the sister of Emily Seymour who was married to Lt. Colonel Arthur Trefusis Heneage Williams. They had a son, John Alexander "Jack" Macdonald (1884–1905) and Daisy Macdonald (1877–1959). The Macdonalds are buried at St John's Cathedral Cemetery.

Politics
Macdonald was elected to the House of Commons in the 1891 federal election, representing Winnipeg City for the Conservative Party. He was sworn into parliament at the side of his father, to the applause of members from both sides. After the older Macdonald died later in the year, however, Hugh John showed little enthusiasm for life in Ottawa. Despite efforts by John Abbott and John S.D. Thompson to keep him in federal politics, he resigned his seat in 1893 and returned to Winnipeg.

In 1896, Prime Minister Charles Tupper convinced him to return to Ottawa and serve as Minister of the Interior and Superintendent-General of Indian Affairs. This occurred at a time when the Conservative Party was suffering from internal divisions, and was due to face the public in a general election. Tupper probably hoped that the Macdonald name would win back some wayward voters.

The 1896 election was won by Wilfrid Laurier's Liberals, and while Macdonald was again elected for Winnipeg City (narrowly defeating former provincial minister Joseph Martin), his election was declared void in early 1897. He once again returned to Winnipeg, and did not contest the subsequent by-election.

In March 1897, Macdonald was approached to take the leadership of Manitoba's Conservative Party. The party had suffered severe losses to Thomas Greenway's Liberals in the elections of 1888, 1892 and 1896, and had lacked direction since the death of former Premier John Norquay in 1889. By 1897, however, there was a recognition that the provincial situation was susceptible to change. Greenway's second and third majorities were based almost entirely on popular support for his education reforms; with the education issue resolved in 1896, the Conservatives had a viable chance to form government. Macdonald accepted the leadership position, and (though without seat in the legislature) spent the next two years touring the province in anticipation of the next election.

Premiership
The Conservative Party of Manitoba became a legally recognized entity in 1899, and drew up its first election platform shortly thereafter. This was a progressive document by the standards of its age, calling for an independent board of education, new agricultural and technical colleges, a Workmen's Compensation Act, prohibition, and the nationalization of railways. On a less progressive note, the party also tapped into popular resentment toward new Eastern European immigrants. Both of these factors contributed to an upset victory in the 1899 provincial election, with Conservatives taking 22 seats out of 40. Macdonald narrowly defeated incumbent Liberal John D. Cameron in Winnipeg South, and was sworn in as Premier on January 10, 1900. He also took the position of Municipal Commissioner.

His term in office was brief. Macdonald succeeded in passing a prohibition bill (known as the "Macdonald Act"), but was again prevailed upon to run for the federal Conservatives in the 1900 federal election. It is possible that he intended to replace Charles Tupper as national party leader.

Macdonald resigned as Premier on October 29, 1900, and challenged Minister of the Interior Clifford Sifton in the riding of Brandon. Sifton was the most powerful cabinet minister in western Canada, but the Conservatives believed that Hugh John's personal popularity would be enough to defeat him. They were mistaken. Despite a spirited challenge, Sifton won the election with 5,011 votes to Macdonald's 4,342.

Macdonald abandoned electoral politics after this loss, and returned to his law practice. He continued to be involved in the Conservative Party organization within Manitoba, serving as President of the Manitoba Conservative Association from 1905 to 1908. He was appointed Police Magistrate for Winnipeg in 1911, and was made a Knight Bachelor in June 1913. There were rumours that he would return to lead the Conservative Party in 1915, but this did not come to pass.

Macdonald was Winnipeg's Magistrate during the Winnipeg General Strike in 1919. Immigrants arrested during the strike appeared before him and he ordered them sent to an internment camp at Kapuskasing from where they were eventually deported without the right to formal hearings.

Macdonald's last home in downtown Winnipeg, called Dalnavert, is now a museum. It was designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 1990.

title: Hugh John Macdonald


text:
Talk:A. H. Tammsaare

Tõde ja õigus
I think the most popular is the first volume of Tõde ja õigus though the second one is popular too. I believe that more people have read the first volume than other volumes, as the first one has been required at school for long time. Besides, Andres and Pearu from the first volume are of archetypical significance for Estonians. Probably the first volume is the best one from the literary viewpoint. Andres 23:46, 11 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Well, vol. 2 is the most "popular" in the sense of most "enjoyed" today, probably because it is the most funny and because many Estonians can relate to the school scenes somehow. But I agree that the phrasing as now is somewhat ambiguous; vol. 1 is of course wider read, and that is true internationally as well - partially also because it is the most self-contained novel. As regards the last two sentences, this is precisely what I said in the entry, no? Clossius 05:35, 12 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Yes, you said more or less the same as my two last sentences. As to the "enjoyment", this is hard to say. I am inclined to think that the first volume is the most enjoyed one as well, and this is due to its intrinsic value, in spite of the old rural milieu unfamiliar to most people. In fact, the old school in volume 2 is more or less as unfamiliar, very unlike to the contemporary school. The rest you wrote is fine to me. Thank you!

 * There is actually a poll about that, as I recall, but I can't place it - I should check with the Eesti Instituut, because it was I think in ELM or some such place. I agree on the school, but I still think vol. 2 is more funny (or at least seen so), and the heaviness of vol. 1 (and the fact that it is read, i.m.o., by far too early in school!) prevents genuine affection, rather than respect. Clossius

 * I'm not sure about what you meant in the sentence mentioning censorship: what was combined with what? I made an edit but it may be wrong due to my misreading. Andres 07:19, 12 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Again, I think this was rather clear; sorry if not so. The matter of fact is, the 1905 segments are on individual suffering, and therefore against - as in: not for! - the 1905 riots (and thus by implication the "Russian revolution"), manor burning, torture of manor owners, etc. It is clear that this is the reason why vols. 2 and 3 were combined, and this was justified with "artistic inferiority" of vol. 3. The problem is that this attitude still goes on, as too many literary scholars copycat earlier work (from Soviet times) - I won't speculate at this point about other literati who also mind this differentiated picture of 1905... Clossius 07:43, 12 Mar 2004 (UTC)

"Journey abroad"
Before 1918, Sochi and Tartu were part of the same country. He crossed no borders, ergo, there was no "journey abroad". --Ghirla-трёп- 13:44, 6 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Wrong. Digwuren 21:30, 6 July 2007 (UTC)

Name?
So many as I know, Anton Hansen maintained this name until his death. 'A. H. Tammsaare' (just so spelled! - all other variants as Anton Tammsaare, or Anton Hansen-Tammsaare are incorrect) is his pen-name. Tammsaare is name of his fathers farm. Peter Frisk

 * His writer's name is/was A. H. Tammsaare, not Anton Hansen Tammsaare - latter is a combination of his birth name and name of the father's farm. However, I cannot find a good source for this. Sander Säde  13:59, 6 July 2007 (UTC)

 * I believe I have seen an Estonian literature textbook that mentioned it. Unfortunately, I've seen hundreds of textbooks on this topic, so this memory doesn't narrow it down enough. Digwuren 02:35, 13 July 2007 (UTC)

 * I asked a friend who works at the A.H. Tammsaare museum in Estonia, and she confirmed that Anton Hansen is his name, and A.H. Tammsaare is his pen name. I'll be renaming the Italian article for this very reason.
 * --Lou Crazy (talk) 02:45, 22 June 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:A. H. Tammsaare


text:
List of current monarchs of sovereign states

A monarch is the head of a monarchy, a form of government in which a state is ruled by an individual who normally rules for life or until abdication, and typically inherits the throne by birth. Monarchs may be autocrats (as in all absolute monarchies) or may be ceremonial figureheads, exercising only limited or no reserve powers at all, with actual authority vested in a legislature and/or executive cabinet (as in many constitutional monarchies). In many cases, a monarch will also be linked with a state religion. Most states only have a single monarch at any given time, although a regent may rule when the monarch is a minor, not present, or otherwise incapable of ruling. Cases in which two monarchs rule simultaneously over a single state, as is the current situation in Andorra, are known as coregencies.

A variety of titles are applied in English; for example, "king" and "queen", "prince" and "princess", "grand duke" and "grand duchess", "emperor" and "empress". Although they will be addressed differently in their local languages, the names and titles in the list below have been styled using the common English equivalent. Roman numerals, used to distinguish related rulers with the same name, have been applied where typical.

In political and sociocultural studies, monarchies are normally associated with hereditary rule; most monarchs, in both historical and contemporary contexts, have been born and raised within a royal family. Succession has been defined using a variety of distinct formulae, such as proximity of blood, primogeniture, and agnatic seniority. Some monarchies, however, are not hereditary, and the ruler is instead determined through an elective process; a modern example is the throne of Malaysia. These systems defy the model concept of a monarchy, but are commonly considered as such because they retain certain associative characteristics. Many systems use a combination of hereditary and elective elements, where the election or nomination of a successor is restricted to members of a royal bloodline.

Entries below are listed beside their respective dominions, which are organised alphabetically. These monarchs reign as head of state in their respective sovereign states. Monarchs reigning over a constituent division, cultural or traditional polity are listed under constituent monarchs. For a list of former ruling families or abolished thrones, see: former ruling families.


text:
Queenscliff, Victoria

Queenscliff is a small town at the south-eastern end of the Bellarine Peninsula in southern Victoria, Australia. It lies south of Swan Bay at the entrance to Port Phillip. It is the administrative centre for the Borough of Queenscliffe. At the, Queenscliff had a population of 1,315.

Queenscliff is a seaside resort known for its Victorian era heritage and tourist industry and as one of the endpoints of the Searoad ferry to Sorrento on the Mornington Peninsula.

History
Prior to European settlement, it was inhabited by the Bengalat Bulag clan of the Wautharong tribe, members of the Kulin nation.

European explorers first arrived in 1802, Lieutenant John Murray in January and Captain Matthew Flinders in April. The first European settler in the area was convict escapee William Buckley between 1803 and 1835, who briefly lived in a cave with local Aborigines at Point Lonsdale, above which the lighthouse was later built.

Permanent European settlement began in 1836 when squatters arrived. Shortland's Bluff was named in honour of Lieutenant John Shortland, who assisted in the surveying of Port Phillip. Land sales began in 1853, the same year the name was changed to Queenscliff by Lieutenant Charles La Trobe, in honour of Queen Victoria.

The Post Office opened on 1 May 1853 as Shortland's Bluff and was renamed Queenscliff in 1854.

Originally a fishing village, Queenscliff soon became an important cargo port, servicing steamships trading in Port Philip. A shipping pilot service was established in 1841 to lead boats through the treacherous Rip, and its two lighthouses, the High and Low Lights, were constructed in 1862–63. Queenscliff also played an important military role. Fort Queenscliff was built between 1879 and 1889, and operated as the command centre for a network of forts around the port.

1880s seaside resort boom
Queenscliff became a tourist destination in the late 19th century, visitors arriving from Melbourne after a two-hour journey on the paddle steamer, Ozone. The opening of a railway line to Geelong in 1879 brought more tourists to the area, and numerous luxury hotels (or coffee palaces) were built to accommodate them. The Palace Hotel (later renamed Esplanade Hotel, now known as the Queenscliff Brewhouse) was built in 1879, the Baillieu Hotel was built in 1881 (and later renamed Ozone Hotel), the Vue Grande Hotel in 1883, and the Queenscliff Hotel in 1887.

Decline
The advent of the car saw Queenscliff drop in popularity as a tourist destination, as tourists were no longer dependent on its role as a transport hub. The railway ceased weekly passenger services in 1950, and was closed in 1976. In 1979 the Queenscliff Railway reopened as a Heritage Train Service, running between Queenscliff and Drysdale stations with mid-point stops at Laker's Siding and Suma Park.

Revival
The 1980s saw a return in the town's tourist popularity.

In 2005, the area previously holding the Fort Barracks was subdivided into residential blocks and renamed Shortlands Beach in honour of the town's prior name. The proposed redevelopment drew fierce criticism from some sectors of the community, who feared loss of an important heritage site. The original fort remains on site.

Heritage listed sites
Queenscliff contains several Victorian Heritage Register listed sites, including:

 * 1 Weeroona Parade and 2 Wharf Street, Fisherman's Shed
 * 44 Gellibrand Street, Lathamstowe
 * 42 Gellibrand Street, Ozone Hotel
 * 60-62 Gellibrand Street, Pilots Cottages
 * 16 Gellibrand Street, Queenscliff Hotel
 * Symonds Street, Queenscliff Pier and Lifeboat Complex
 * 20 Symonds Street, Queenscliff railway station
 * 26 King Street, Rosenfeld
 * 42 Mercer Street, Roseville Cottage
 * 16-26 Hobson Street, St George the Martyr Church and Parish Hall
 * 80 Mercer Street, Warringah
 * Corner Wharf Street and Gellibrand Street, Wreck Bell
 * 133-135 Hesse St, Shortlands Bluff

Festivals
The Queenscliff Seafood Feast, a culinary festival using fresh seafood donated by local fishermen, is held annually on Good Friday to raise funds for the Royal Children's Hospital.

Queenscliff is also home to the Queenscliff Music Festival, a popular annual music festival, held on the last weekend of November, which attracts both local and international acts and is an important part of the town's tourist industry.

Museums
Queenscliff has three museums; the Queenscliff Historical Museum, Queenscliff Maritime Museum, and the Fort Queenscliff Museum.

Sport
The Queenscliff Football Club is the town's Australian rules football club which participates in the Bellarine Football League.

Golfers play at the course of the Queenscliff Golf Club at Swan Island.

Media
The Queenscliff Herald was founded in 1999 by Greg Wane who edited and managed the newspaper until 2004 when the Murphy family bought the masthead and continue to publish the newspaper. The final elimination on the second season of The Mole took place here in late 2000.

Tourist Attractions
As a popular tourist destination, Queenscliff has numerous tourist attractions including The Bellarine Railway, the Marine and Freshwater Discovery Centre and Queenscliff Harbour. The town is also famous for ghosts including Big Rem.

Transport
As it is located on a peninsula, the Bellarine Highway is the only road connecting it to Point Lonsdale and Geelong running west.

Searoad Ferries provides transport from Queenscliff to Sorrento on the Mornington Peninsula.

It was once connected by railway to Geelong; however, the Bellarine Railway now runs as a tourist railway only to Drysdale. The Bellarine Rail Trail is a 32 km walking and cycling track that follows the route of the former rail line.

title: Queenscliff, Victoria


text:
Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute

The Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute (also (Zhukovsky) Central Institute of Aerodynamics, Центра́льный аэрогидродинами́ческий институ́т, ЦАГИ, TsAGI) was founded in Moscow by Russian aviation pioneer Nikolai Yegorovich Zhukovsky on December 1, 1918.

History
From 1925 and up to the 1930s, TsAGI developed and hosted Tupolev's AGOS (Aviatziya, Gidroaviatziya i Opytnoye Stroitelstvo, the "Aviation, Hydroaviation, and Experimental Construction"), the first aircraft design bureau in Soviet Union, and at the time the main one. In 1930, two other major aircraft design bureaus in the country were the Ilyushin's TsKB (Tsentralnoye Konstruksionnoye Byuro means "Central Design Bureau") and an independent, short-lived Kalinin's team in Kharkiv.

In 1935 TsAGI was partly relocated to the former dacha settlement Otdykh (literally, "Relaxation") converted to the new urban-type settlement Stakhanovo. It was named after Alexey Stakhanov, a famous Soviet miner. On April 23, 1947, the settlement was granted town status and renamed to Zhukovsky. The Moscow branch of the institute is known Moscow complex of TsAGI. In 1965 in Zhukovsky a Department of Aeromechanics and Flight Engineering of MIPT was established with support of TsAGI's research and knowledge base to educate specialists for aerospace industry.

Among TsAGI's developments are the participation in the rocket Energia and the Space Shuttle Buran projects.

Heads of the institute

 * 1918–1921: N. Y. Zhukovsky
 * 1921–1931: S. A. Chaplygin
 * 1932–1937: N. M. Kharlamov
 * 1938–1939: M. N. Shulzhenko
 * 1940–1941: I. F. Petrov
 * 1941–1950: S. N. Shishkin
 * 1950–1960: A. I. Makarevsky
 * 1960–1967: V. M. Myasishchev
 * 1967–1989: G. P. Swischjov
 * 1989–1995: G I. Zagaynov
 * 1995–1998: V. Ja. Neuland
 * 1998–2006: V. G. Dmitriyev
 * 2006–2007: V. A. Kargopoltsev
 * 2007–2009: S. L. Chernyshev
 * 2009–2015: B. S. Aljoshin
 * 2015–2018: S. L. Chernyshev
 * August 2018–present: K. I. Sypalo

Famous scientist (partial list)
See also Category:Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute employees
 * Sergey Chaplygin
 * Anatoly Dorodnitsyn
 * Mstislav Keldysh
 * Sergei Korolev
 * Sergey Khristianovich
 * Yuri Ryzhov
 * Leonid Shkadov
 * Max Taitz
 * Vladimir Vetchinkin

title: Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute