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Adjustable-rate mortgage

A variable-rate mortgage, adjustable-rate mortgage (ARM), or tracker mortgage is a mortgage loan with the interest rate on the note periodically adjusted based on an index which reflects the cost to the lender of borrowing on the credit markets. The loan may be offered at the lender's standard variable rate/base rate. There may be a direct and legally defined link to the underlying index, but where the lender offers no specific link to the underlying market or index, the rate can be changed at the lender's discretion. The term "variable-rate mortgage" is most common outside the United States, whilst in the United States, "adjustable-rate mortgage" is most common, and implies a mortgage regulated by the Federal government, with caps on charges. In many countries, adjustable rate mortgages are the norm, and in such places, may simply be referred to as mortgages.

Among the most common indices are the rates on 1-year constant-maturity Treasury (CMT) securities, the cost of funds index (COFI), and the London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR). A few lenders use their own cost of funds as an index, rather than using other indices. This is done to ensure a steady margin for the lender, whose own cost of funding will usually be related to the index. Consequently, payments made by the borrower may change over time with the changing interest rate (alternatively, the term of the loan may change). This is distinct from the graduated payment mortgage, which offers changing payment amounts but a fixed interest rate. Other forms of mortgage loan include the interest-only mortgage, the fixed-rate mortgage, the negative amortization mortgage, and the balloon payment mortgage.

Adjustable rates transfer part of the interest rate risk from the lender to the borrower. They can be used where unpredictable interest rates make fixed rate loans difficult to obtain. The borrower benefits if the interest rate falls but loses if the interest rate increases. The borrower also benefits from reduced margins to the underlying cost of borrowing compared to fixed or capped rate mortgages.

In contrast to fixed-rate mortgages, adjustable-rate mortgages are unaffected by inflation risk, but they are exposed to the risk that real interest rates will change. Adjustable-rate mortgages usually charge lower interest rates than those with fixed rates. According to scholars, "borrowers should generally prefer adjustable-rate over fixed-rate mortgages, unless interest rates are low."

Index

 * 11th District Cost of Funds Index (COFI)
 * London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR)
 * 12-month Treasury Average Index (MTA)
 * Constant Maturity Treasury (CMT)
 * National Average Contract Mortgage Rate
 * Bank Bill Swap Rate (BBSW)
 * Consumer Price Index (CPI)

In some countries, banks may publish a prime lending rate which is used as the index. The index may be applied in one of three ways: directly, on a rate plus margin basis, or based on index movement.

A directly applied index means that the interest rate changes exactly with the index. In other words, the interest rate on the note exactly equals the index. Of the above indices, only the contract rate index is applied directly.

To apply an index on a rate plus margin basis means that the interest rate will equal the underlying index plus a margin. The margin is specified in the note and remains fixed over the life of the loan. For example, a mortgage interest rate may be specified in the note as being LIBOR plus 2%, with 2% being the margin and LIBOR being the index.

The final way to apply an index is on a movement basis. In this scheme, the mortgage is originated at an agreed upon rate, then adjusted based on the movement of the index. Unlike direct or index plus margin, the initial rate is not explicitly tied to any index; the adjustments are tied to an index.

Basic features
The most important basic features of ARMs are:
 * 1) Initial interest rate. This is the beginning interest rate on an ARM.
 * 2) The adjustment period. This is the length of time that the interest rate or loan period on an ARM is scheduled to remain unchanged. The rate is reset at the end of this period, and the monthly loan payment is recalculated.
 * 3) The index rate. Most lenders tie ARM interest rates changes to changes in an index rate. Lenders base ARM rates on a variety of indices, the most common being rates on one-, three-, or five-year Treasury securities. Another common index is the national or regional average cost of funds to savings and loan associations.
 * 4) The margin. This is the percentage points that lenders add to the index rate to determine the ARM's interest rate.
 * 5) Interest rate caps. These are the limits on how much the interest rate or the monthly payment can be changed at the end of each adjustment period or over the life of the loan.
 * 6) Initial discounts. These are interest rate concessions, often used as promotional aids, offered the first year or more of a loan. They reduce the interest rate below the prevailing rate (the index plus the margin).
 * 7) Negative amortization. This means the mortgage balance is increasing. This occurs whenever the monthly mortgage payments are not large enough to pay all the interest due on the mortgage. This may be caused when the payment cap contained in the ARM is low enough such that the principal plus interest payment is greater than the payment cap.
 * 8) Conversion. The agreement with the lender may have a clause that allows the buyer to convert the ARM to a fixed-rate mortgage at designated times.
 * 9) Prepayment. Some agreements may require the buyer to pay special fees or penalties if the ARM is paid off early. Prepayment terms are sometimes negotiable.

The choice of a home mortgage loan is complicated and time consuming. As a help to the buyer, the Federal Reserve Board and the Federal Home Loan Bank Board have prepared a mortgage checklist.

Caps
Any mortgage where payments made by the borrower may increase over time brings with it the risk of financial hardship to the borrower. To limit this risk, limitations on charges—known as caps in the industry—are a common feature of adjustable rate mortgages. Caps typically apply to three characteristics of the mortgage:

 * frequency of the interest rate change
 * periodic change in interest rate
 * total change in interest rate over the life of the loan, sometimes called life cap

For example, a given ARM might have the following types of interest rate adjustment caps:

 * interest adjustments made every six months, typically 1% per adjustment, 2% total per year
 * interest adjustments made only once a year, typically 2% maximum
 * interest rate may adjust no more than 1% in a year

Mortgage payment adjustment caps:

 * maximum mortgage payment adjustments, usually 7.5% annually on pay-option/negative amortization loans

Life of loan interest rate adjustment caps:

 * total interest rate adjustment limited to 5% or 6% for the life of the loan.

Caps on the periodic change in interest rate may be broken up into one limit on the first periodic change and a separate limit on subsequent periodic change, for example 5% on the initial adjustment and 2% on subsequent adjustments.

Although uncommon, a cap may limit the maximum monthly payment in absolute terms (for example, $1000 a month), rather than in relative terms.

ARMs that allow negative amortization will typically have payment adjustments that occur less frequently than the interest rate adjustment. For example, the interest rate may be adjusted every month, but the payment amount only once every 12 months.

Cap structure is sometimes expressed as initial adjustment cap / subsequent adjustment cap / life cap, for example 2/2/5 for a loan with a 2% cap on the initial adjustment, a 2% cap on subsequent adjustments, and a 5% cap on total interest rate adjustments. When only two values are given, this indicates that the initial change cap and periodic cap are the same. For example, a 2/2/5 cap structure may sometimes be written simply 2/5.

Motives
ARMs generally permit borrowers to lower their initial payments if they are willing to assume the risk of interest rate changes. There is evidence that consumers tend to prefer contracts with the lowest initial rates such as in the UK, where consumers tend to focus on immediate monthly mortgage costs. Decisions of consumers may also be affected by the advice that they get, and much of the advice is provided by lenders who may prefer ARMs because of financial market structures.

In many countries, banks or similar financial institutions are the primary originators of mortgages. For banks that are funded from customer deposits, the customer deposits typically have much shorter terms than residential mortgages. If a bank offered large volumes of mortgages at fixed rates but derived most of its funding from deposits (or other short-term sources of funds), it would have an asset–liability mismatch because of interest rate risk. It would then be running the risk that the interest income from its mortgage portfolio would be less than it needed to pay its depositors. In the United States, some argue that the savings and loan crisis was in part caused by the problem: the savings and loans companies had short-term deposits and long-term, fixed-rate mortgages and so were caught when Paul Volcker raised interest rates in the early 1980s. Therefore, banks and other financial institutions offer adjustable rate mortgages because it reduces risk and matches their sources of funding.

Banking regulators pay close attention to asset-liability mismatches to avoid such problems, and they place tight restrictions on the amount of long-term fixed-rate mortgages that banks may hold in relation to their other assets. To reduce the risk, many mortgage originators sell many of their mortgages, particularly the mortgages with fixed rates.

For the borrower, adjustable rate mortgages may be less expensive but at the price of bearing higher risk. Many ARMs have "teaser periods", which are relatively short initial fixed-rate periods (typically, one month to one year) when the ARM bears an interest rate that is substantially below the "fully indexed" rate. The teaser period may induce some borrowers to view an ARM as more of a bargain than it really represents. A low teaser rate predisposes an ARM to sustain above-average payment increases.

Hybrid ARMs
A hybrid ARM features an interest rate that is fixed for an initial period of time, then floats thereafter. The "hybrid" refers to the ARM's blend of fixed-rate and adjustable-rate characteristics. Hybrid ARMs are referred to by their initial fixed-rate and adjustable-rate periods, for example, 3/1, is for an ARM with a 3-year fixed interest-rate period and subsequent 1-year interest-rate adjustment periods. The date that a hybrid ARM shifts from a fixed-rate payment schedule to an adjusting payment schedule is known as the reset date. After the reset date, a hybrid ARM floats at a margin over a specified index just like any ordinary ARM.

The popularity of hybrid ARMs has significantly increased in recent years. In 1998, the percentage of hybrids relative to 30-year fixed-rate mortgages was less than 2%; within six years, this increased to 27.5%.

Like other ARMs, hybrid ARMs transfer some interest-rate risk from the lender to the borrower, thus allowing the lender to offer a lower note rate in many interest-rate environments.

Option ARMs
An "option ARM" is typically a 30-year ARM that initially offers the borrower four monthly payment options: a specified minimum payment, an interest-only payment, a 15-year fully amortizing payment, and a 30-year fully amortizing payment.

These types of loans are also called "pick-a-payment" or "pay-option" ARMs.

When a borrower makes a Pay-Option ARM payment that is less than the accruing interest, there is "negative amortization", which means that the unpaid portion of the accruing interest is added to the outstanding principal balance. For example, if the borrower makes a minimum payment of $1,000 and the ARM has accrued monthly interest of $1,500, $500 will be added to the borrower's loan balance. Moreover, the next month's interest-only payment will be calculated using the new, higher principal balance.

Option ARMs are often offered with a very low teaser rate (often as low as 1%) which translates into very low minimum payments for the first year of the ARM. During boom times, lenders often underwrite borrowers based on mortgage payments that are below the fully amortizing payment level. This enables borrowers to qualify for a much larger loan (i.e., take on more debt) than would otherwise be possible. When evaluating an Option ARM, prudent borrowers will not focus on the teaser rate or initial payment level, but will consider the characteristics of the index, the size of the "mortgage margin" that is added to the index value, and the other terms of the ARM. Specifically, they need to consider the possibilities that (1) long-term interest rates go up; (2) their home may not appreciate or may even lose value or even (3) that both risks may materialize.

Option ARMs are best suited to sophisticated borrowers with growing incomes, particularly if their incomes fluctuate seasonally and they need the payment flexibility that such an ARM may provide. Sophisticated borrowers will carefully manage the level of negative amortization that they allow to accrue.

In this way, a borrower can control the main risk of an Option ARM, which is "payment shock", when the negative amortization and other features of this product can trigger substantial payment increases in short periods of time.

The minimum payment on an Option ARM can jump dramatically if its unpaid principal balance hits the maximum limit on negative amortization (typically 110% to 125% of the original loan amount). If that happens, the next minimum monthly payment will be at a level that would fully amortize the ARM over its remaining term. In addition, Option ARMs typically have automatic "recast" dates (often every fifth year) when the payment is adjusted to get the ARM back on pace to amortize the ARM in full over its remaining term.

For example, a $200,000 ARM with a 110% "neg am" cap will typically adjust to a fully amortizing payment, based on the current fully indexed interest rate and the remaining term of the loan, if negative amortization causes the loan balance to exceed $220,000. For a 125% recast, this will happen if the loan balance reaches $250,000.

Any loan that is allowed to generate negative amortization means that the borrower is reducing his equity in his home, which increases the chance that he won't be able to sell it for enough to repay the loan. Declining property values would exacerbate this risk.

Option ARMs may also be available as "hybrids", with longer fixed-rate periods. These products would not be likely to have low teaser rates. As a result, such ARMs mitigate the possibility of negative amortization, and would likely not appeal to borrowers seeking an "affordability" product.

Cash flow ARMs
A cash flow ARM is a minimum payment option mortgage loan. This type of loan allows a borrower to choose their monthly payment from several options. These payment options usually include the option to pay at the 30-year level, 15-year level, interest only level, and a minimum payment level. The minimum payment level is usually lower than the interest only payment. This type of loan can result in negative amortization. The option to make a minimum payment is usually available only for the first several years of the loan.

Cash flow ARM mortgages are synonymous with option ARM or payment option ARM mortgages, however not all loans with cash flow options are adjustable. In fact, fixed rate cash flow option loans retain the same cash flow options as cash flow ARMs and option ARMs, but remain fixed for up to 30 years.

Loan caps
Loan caps provide payment protection against payment shock, and allow a measure of interest rate certainty to those who gamble with initial fixed rates on ARM loans. There are three types of Caps on a typical First Lien Adjustable Rate Mortgage or First Lien Hybrid Adjustable Rate Mortgage.

Initial Adjustment Rate Cap: The majority of loans have a higher cap for initial adjustments that's indexed to the initial fixed period. In other words, the longer the initial fixed term, the more the bank would like to potentially adjust your loan. Typically, this cap is 2–3% above the Start Rate on a loan with an initial fixed rate term of three years or lower and 5–6% above the Start Rate on a loan with an initial fixed rate term of five years or greater.

Rate Adjustment Cap: This is the maximum amount by which an Adjustable Rate Mortgage may increase on each successive adjustment. Similar to the initial cap, this cap is usually 1% above the Start Rate for loans with an initial fixed term of three years or greater and usually 2% above the Start Rate for loans that have an initial fixed term of five years or greater.

Lifetime Cap: Most First Mortgage loans have a 5% or 6% Life Cap above the Start Rate (this ultimately varies by the lender and credit grade).

 * Industry Shorthand for ARM Caps

Inside the business caps are expressed most often by simply the three numbers involved that signify each cap. For example, a 5/1 Hybrid ARM may have a cap structure of 5/2/5 (5% initial cap, 2% adjustment cap and 5% lifetime cap) and insiders would call this a 5-2-5 cap. Alternatively, a 1-year ARM might have a 1/1/6 cap (1% initial cap, 1% adjustment cap and 6% lifetime cap) known as a 1-1-6, or alternatively expressed as a 1/6 cap (leaving out one digit signifies that the initial and adjustment caps are identical).

 * Negative amortization ARM caps

See the complete article for the type of ARM that Negative amortization loans are by nature. Higher risk products, such as First Lien Monthly Adjustable loans with Negative amortization and Home equity lines of credit (HELOCs) have different ways of structuring the Cap than a typical First Lien Mortgage. The typical First Lien Monthly Adjustable loans with Negative amortization loan has a life cap for the underlying rate (aka "Fully Indexed Rate") between 9.95% and 12% (maximum assessed interest rate). Some of these loans can have much higher rate ceilings. The fully indexed rate is always listed on the statement, but borrowers are shielded from the full effect of rate increases by the minimum payment, until the loan is recast, which is when principal and interest payments are due that will fully amortize the loan at the fully indexed rate.

 * Home equity lines of credit (HELOCs)

Since HELOCs are intended by banks to primarily sit in second lien position, they normally are only capped by the maximum interest rate allowed by law in the state wherein they are issued. For example, Florida currently has an 18% cap on interest rate charges. They are risky to the borrower in the sense that they are mostly indexed to the Wall Street Journal prime rate, which is considered a Spot Index, or a financial indicator that is subject to immediate change (as are the loans based upon the Prime Rate). The risk to borrower being that a financial situation causing the Federal Reserve to raise rates dramatically (see 1980, 2006) would effect an immediate rise in obligation to the borrower, up to the capped rate.

Popularity
Variable rate mortgages are the most common form of loan for house purchase in the United Kingdom, Ireland and Canada but are unpopular in some other countries such as Germany. Variable rate mortgages are very common in Australia and New Zealand. In some countries, true fixed-rate mortgages are not available except for shorter-term loans; in Canada, the longest term for which a mortgage rate can be fixed is typically no more than ten years, while mortgage maturities are commonly 25 years.

In many countries, it is not feasible for banks to lend at fixed rates for very long terms; in these cases, the only feasible type of mortgage for banks to offer may be adjustable rate mortgages (barring some form of government intervention). For example, the mortgage industry of the United Kingdom has traditionally been dominated by building societies. Since funds raised by UK building societies must be at least 50% deposits, lenders prefer variable-rate mortgages to fixed-rate mortgages to reduce potential interest rate risks between what they charging in mortgage interest and what they are paying in interest for deposits and other funding sources.

Countries where fixed rate loans are the common form of loan for a house purchase usually need to have a specific legal framework in place to make this possible. For example, in Germany and Austria the popular Bausparkassen, a type of mutual building societies, offer long-term fixed rate loans. They are legally separate from banks and require borrowers to save up a considerable amount, at a rather low fixed interest rate, before they get their loan; this is done by requiring the future borrower to begin paying in his fixed monthly payments well before actually getting the loan. It is generally not possible to pay this in as a lump sum and get the loan right away; it has to be done in monthly installments of the same size as what will be paid during the payback phase of the mortgage. Depending on whether there are enough savers in the system at any given time, payout of a loan may be delayed for some time even when the savings quota has already been met by the would-be borrower. The advantage for the borrower is that the monthly payment is guaranteed never to be increased, and the lifetime of the loan is also fixed in advance. The disadvantage is that this model, in which you have to start making payments several years before actually getting the loan, is mostly aimed at once-in-a-lifetime home buyers who are able to plan ahead for a long time. That has become a problem with the generally higher mobility that is demanded of workers nowadays.

For those who plan to move within a relatively short period of time (three to seven years), variable rate mortgages may still be attractive because they often include a lower, fixed rate of interest for the first three, five, or seven years of the loan, after which the interest rate fluctuates.

In Singapore
In Singapore, ARM is commonly known as floating rate or variable rate mortgage. Unlike fixed-rate mortgage in the country, a floating rate mortgage has its interest rate varying during the entire duration of the loan. The loans can be pegged to the bank board rate, SIBOR, or SOR

Typically, the structure of the interest rate of the mortgage is as follows:

The loan can be pegged to SIBOR or SOR of any duration, and a spread (margin) is tacked to the X-month SIBOR/SOR. The spread is usually adjusted upwards after the first few years.

SIBOR-pegged ARMs are more popular than SOR-or board&rate-pegged mortgages.

However, recently, ANZ introduced an ARM that is pegged to the average of SIBOR and SOR. So far, it is the only bank in Singapore to offer such a mortgage.

Pricing
Adjustable rate mortgages are typically, but not always, less expensive than fixed-rate mortgages. Due to the inherent interest rate risk, long-term fixed rates will tend to be higher than short-term rates (which are the basis for variable-rate loans and mortgages). The difference in interest rates between short and long-term loans is known as the yield curve, which generally slopes upward (longer terms are more expensive). The opposite circumstance is known as an inverted yield curve and is relatively infrequent.

The fact that an adjustable rate mortgage has a lower starting interest rate does not indicate what the future cost of borrowing will be (when rates change). If rates rise, the cost will be higher; if rates go down, cost will be lower. In effect, the borrower has agreed to take the interest rate risk.

The actual pricing and rate analysis of adjustable rate mortgage in the finance industry is done through various computer simulation methodologies like Monte Carlo method or Sobol sequences. In these techniques, by using an assumed probability distribution of future interest rates, numerous (10,000–100,000 or even 1,000,000) possible interest rate scenarios are explored, mortgage cash flows calculated under each, and aggregate parameters like fair value and effective interest rate over the life of the mortgage are estimated. Having these at hand, lending analysts determine whether offering a particular mortgage would be profitable, and if it would represent tolerable risk to the bank.

Prepayment
Adjustable rate mortgages, like other types of mortgage, usually allow the borrower to prepay principal (or capital) early without penalty. Early payments of part of the principal will reduce the total cost of the loan (total interest paid), but will not shorten the amount of time needed to pay off the loan like other loan types. Upon each recasting, the new fully indexed interest rate is applied to the remaining principal to end within the remaining term schedule.

If a mortgage is refinanced, the borrower simultaneously takes out a new mortgage and pays off the old mortgage; the latter counts as a prepayment.

Some ARMs charge prepayment penalties of several thousand dollars if the borrower refinances the loan or pays it off early, especially within the first three or five years of the loan.

Predatory lending
Adjustable rate mortgages are sometimes sold to consumers who are unlikely to repay the loan should interest rates rise. In the United States, extreme cases are characterized by the Consumer Federation of America as predatory loans. Protections against interest rate rises include (a) a possible initial period with a fixed rate (which gives the borrower a chance to increase his/her annual earnings before payments rise); (b) a maximum (cap) that interest rates can rise in any year (if there is a cap, it must be specified in the loan document); and (c) a maximum (cap) that interest rates can rise over the life of the mortgage (this also must be specified in the loan document).

Interest rate errors and overcharges
In September 1991, the Government Accountability Office (GAO) released a study of Adjustable Rate Mortgages in the United States which found between 20% and 25% of the ARM loans out of the estimated 12 million at the time contained Interest Rate Errors. A former federal mortgage banking auditor estimated these mistakes created at least US$10 billion in net overcharges to American home-owners. Such errors occurred when the related mortgage servicer selected the incorrect index date, used an incorrect margin, or ignored interest rate change caps.

In July 1994, Consumer Loan Advocates, a non-profit mortgage auditing firm announced that as many as 18% of Adjustable Rate Mortgages have errors costing the borrower more than $5,000 in interest overcharges.

In December 1995, a government study concluded that 50–60% of all Adjustable Rate Mortgages in the United States contain an error regarding the variable interest rate charged to the homeowner. The study estimated the total amount of interest overcharged to borrowers was in excess of $8 billion. Inadequate computer programs, incorrect completion of documents and calculation errors were cited as the major causes of interest rate overcharges. No other government studies have been conducted into ARM interest overcharges.

Ireland’s Tracker Mortgage Scandal
In 2015, Ireland’s Central Bank recognised that the country had a problem with banks moving customers away from low interest, and unprofitable, tracker mortgages in an adverse manner, and setup an investigation into what had happened.

History
On April 3, 1980, the Federal Home Loan Bank Board voted to authorize savings and loan associations to offer the renegotiable-rate mortgage (RRM) to mortgagors for home purchases, the first variable rate mortgage in the United States. Under the regulations, the interest rate could be changed every three years, and could rise no more than 5 percentage points over the original APR life of a 30-year mortgage, or be lowered without limit. The new rule was made in response to a decrease in new housing starts and purchases by buyers hesitant about a long-term commitment to the high interest rates at the time, and was a concept similar to the "rollover mortgage" that were already in use in Canada.

TITLE VIII, ALTERNATIVE MORTGAGE TRANSACTIONS, Garn–St. Germain Depository Institutions Act of 1982 allowed Adjustable rate mortgages.

In 2006, before the subprime mortgage crisis, over 90% of the subprime mortgages (which accounted for 20% of all mortgages ) were adjustable-rate mortgages.

title: Adjustable-rate mortgage


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Southron

Southron is a term meaning "a person from the south". It was originally used by Scots to refer to the English, or by the people of Northern England to refer to the people of Southern England. Other notable uses are:

 * A person from the Southern United States in general
 * Historically, a person from the Confederate States of America
 * A member of the Haradrim, a human people in the fiction of J. R. R. Tolkien
 * "At Lord's", a poem about cricket by Francis Thompson

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Southron


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Dziwna

The Dziwna (Dievenow) is a channel of the Oder River in northwestern Poland, one of three straits connecting the Oder Lagoon with the Bay of Pomerania of the Baltic Sea. It separates the island of Wolin from the Polish mainland. The other two channels are the Świna and the Peene.

About 32 km in length, the Dziwna forms on the eastern end of the Szczecin Lagoon, near the town of Zagórze, Kamień County. Flowing north, it passes the town of Wolin and then widens and forms a number of connected features. Towards the west the main channel of the Dziwna forms the large Kamieński Lagoon (Polish: Zalew Kamieński). To the east a side channel develops into the Zatoka Cicha (Quiet Bay, known as Die Maad before 1949), flows north through the strait of Promna as it approaches the city of Kamień Pomorski, then rejoins the Kamieński Lagoon. Between these two channels stands the small, largely agricultural island of Chrząszczewo connected to Kamień Pomorski by a single bridge.

The Kamieński Lagoon reforms into the well-defined Zatoka Wrzosowska (Wrzosowska Bay), narrows, then flows past the coastal city of Dziwnów for just a few kilometers as the Dziwna again before finally reaching the Bay of Pomerania.

title: Dziwna


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Fixed-rate mortgage

A fixed-rate mortgage (FRM) is a mortgage loan where the interest rate on the note remains the same through the term of the loan, as opposed to loans where the interest rate may adjust or "float". As a result, payment amounts and the duration of the loan are fixed and the person who is responsible for paying back the loan benefits from a consistent, single payment and the ability to plan a budget based on this fixed cost.

Other forms of mortgage loans include interest only mortgage, graduated payment mortgage, variable rate mortgage (including adjustable-rate mortgages and tracker mortgages), negative amortization mortgage, and balloon payment mortgage. Unlike many other loan types, FRM interest payments and loan duration is fixed from beginning to end.

Fixed-rate mortgages are characterized by amount of loan, interest rate, compounding frequency, and duration. With these values, the monthly repayments can be calculated.

Fixed-rate mortgages are vulnerable to inflation risk, which means that borrowers with such mortgages are better off under unexpectedly high inflation (as the inflation lowers the real present value of their loan repayments), while they are worse off if there is a drop in inflation that lowers interest rates. Fixed-rate mortgages usually charge higher interest rates than those with adjustable rates. According to scholars, "borrowers should generally prefer adjustable-rate over fixed-rate mortgages, unless interest rates are low."

Mortgage Loan Principal Expenses Interest Rates Loan Term Total Payment 02.png (Taxes & fees) + Total interest to be paid.

The final cost will be exactly the same:
 * when the interest rate is 2.5% and the term is 30 years than when the interest rate is 5% and the term is 15 years
 * when the interest rate is 5% and the term is 30 years than when the interest rate is 10% and the term is 15 years]]

Usage throughout the world
The availability of fixed-rate mortgages varies between countries.

In the United States, United States Federal Housing Administration (FHA) helped develop and standardize the fixed rate mortgage as an alternative to the balloon payment mortgage by insuring them and by doing so helped the mortgage design garner usage. Because of the large payment at the end of the older, balloon-payment loan, refinancing risk resulted in widespread foreclosures. The fixed-rate mortgage was the first mortgage loan that was fully amortized (fully paid at the end of the loan) precluding successive loans, and had fixed interest rates and payments. Fixed-rate mortgages are the most classic form of loan for home and product purchasing in the United States. The most common terms are 15-year and 30-year mortgages, but shorter terms are available, and 40-year and 50-year mortgages are now available (common in areas with high housing costs, where even a 30-year term leaves the monthly payments out of reach of the average family).

In Canada, the longest term for which a mortgage rate can be fixed is typically no more than ten years, while mortgage maturities are commonly 25 years. In Denmark, fixed-rate 30-year mortgages are the standard form of home loan. A fixed rate mortgage in Singapore has the interest rate fixed for only the first three to five years of the loan, and it then becomes variable. In Australia, "honeymoon" mortgages with introductory rates are common, but can last as short as a year, and may instead offer a fixed reduction in interest rate rather than a fixed rate itself. Furthermore, they are often combined with properties of flexible mortgages to create what is known as an Australian mortgage, which often allow borrowers to overpay to reduce interest charges and then draw on these overpayments in the future.

In the UK, fixed-rate mortgage is the name given to an adjustable-rate mortgage with the interest rate locked in for the first two to five years. At the end of that time, many borrowers refinance their mortgages to lock in another stable rate for the next few years. The mortgage industry of the United Kingdom has traditionally been dominated by building societies, whose raised funds must be at least 50% deposits, so lenders prefer variable-rate mortgages to fixed-rate mortgages, to reduce asset–liability mismatch due to interest rate risk. Lenders, in turn, influence consumer decisions which already prefer lower initial monthly payments. Nationwide Commercial recently issued a 30-year fixed rate mortgage as bridging finance.

Comparisons
Fixed-rate mortgages are usually more expensive than adjustable rate mortgages. The inherent interest rate risk makes long-term fixed rate loans tend to have a higher interest rate than short-term loans. The relationship between interest rates for short and long-term loans is represented by the yield curve, which generally slopes upward (longer terms are more expensive). The opposite circumstance is known as an inverted yield curve and occurs less often.

The fact that a fixed-rate mortgage has a higher starting interest rate does not indicate that it is a worse type of borrowing than an adjustable-rate mortgage. If interest rates rise, the ARM will cost more, but the FRM will cost the same. In effect, the lender has agreed to take the interest rate risk on a fixed-rate loan.

Some studies have shown that the majority of borrowers with adjustable rate mortgages save money in the long term but also that some borrowers pay more. The price of potentially saving money, in other words, is balanced by the risk of potentially higher costs. In each case, a choice would need to be made based upon the loan term, the current interest rate, and the likelihood that the rate will increase or decrease during the life of the loan.

Pricing

 * Note: Fixed-rate mortgage interest may be compounded differently in other countries, such as in Canada, where it is compounded every 6 months.

The fixed monthly payment for a fixed rate mortgage is the amount paid by the borrower every month that ensures that the loan is paid off in full with interest at the end of its term. This monthly payment $$c$$ depends upon the monthly interest rate $$r$$ (expressed as a fraction, not a percentage, i.e., divide the quoted yearly nominal percentage rate by 100 and by 12 to obtain the monthly interest rate), the number of monthly payments $$N$$ called the loan's term, and the amount borrowed $$P_0$$ known as the loan's principal; rearranging the formula for the present value of an ordinary annuity we get the formula for $$c$$:
 * $$c = {r\over{1-(1+r)^{-N}}}P_0$$

For example, for a home loan for $200,000 with a fixed yearly nominal interest rate of 6.5% for 30 years, the principal is $$P_0=200000$$, the monthly interest rate is $$r=6.5/100/12$$, the number of monthly payments is $$N=30\cdot 12=360$$, the fixed monthly payment $$c=\$1264.14$$. This formula is provided using the financial function PMT in a spreadsheet such as Excel. In the example, the monthly payment is obtained by entering either of these formulas:
 * =PMT(6.5/100/12,30*12,200000)
 * =((6.5/100/12)/(1-(1+6.5/100/12)^(-30*12)))*200000
 * $${}=1264.14$$

This monthly payment formula is easy to derive, and the derivation illustrates how fixed-rate mortgage loans work. The amount owed on the loan at the end of every month equals the amount owed from the previous month, plus the interest on this amount, minus the fixed amount paid every month.
 * Amount owed at month 0:
 * $$P_0$$
 * Amount owed at month 1:
 * $$P_1 = P_0+P_0*r-c $$ ( principal + interest – payment)
 * $$P_1 = P_0(1+r)-c$$ (equation 1)
 * Amount owed at month 2:
 * $$P_2 = P_1(1+r)-c$$
 * Using equation 1 for $$P_1$$
 * $$P_2 = (P_0(1+r)-c)(1+r)-c$$
 * $$P_2 = P_0(1+r)^2- c(1+r)- c$$ (equation 2)
 * Amount owed at month 3:
 * $$P_3 = P_2(1+r) - c$$
 * Using equation 2 for $$P_2$$
 * $$P_3 = (P_0(1+r)^2- c(1+r)- c)(1+r) - c$$
 * $$P_3 = P_0(1+r)^3- c(1+r)^2- c(1+r) - c$$
 * Amount owed at month N:
 * $$P_N = P_{N-1}(1+r) - c$$
 * $$P_N = P_0(1+r)^N - c(1+r)^{N-1} - c(1+r)^{N-2} .... - c$$
 * $$P_N = P_0(1+r)^N - c ((1+r)^{N-1} + (1+r)^{N-2} .... + 1)$$
 * $$P_N = P_0(1+r)^N - c (S)$$ (equation 3)
 * Where $$S = (1+r)^{N-1} + (1+r)^{N-2} .... + 1$$ (equation 4) (see geometric progression)
 * $$S(1+r) = (1+r)^N + (1+r)^{N-1} .... + (1+r)$$ (equation 5)
 * With the exception of two terms the $$S$$ and $$S(1+r)$$ series are the same so when you subtract all but two terms cancel:
 * Using equation 4 and 5
 * $$S(1+r)-S = (1+r)^N - 1$$
 * $$S((1+r)-1) = (1+r)^N - 1$$
 * $$S(r) = (1+r)^N - 1$$
 * $$S = {{(1+r)^N - 1}\over r}$$ (equation 6)
 * Putting equation 6 back into 3:
 * $$P_N = P_0(1+r)^N - c {{(1+r)^N - 1}\over r}$$
 * $$P_N$$ will be zero because we have paid the loan off.
 * $$0 = P_0(1+r)^N - c {{(1+r)^N - 1}\over r}$$
 * We want to know $$c$$
 * $$c = {{r(1+r)^N} \over {(1+r)^N-1}} P_0$$
 * Divide top and bottom with $$(1+r)^N$$
 * $$c = {r \over {1-(1+r)^{-N}}} P_0$$

This derivation illustrates three key components of fixed-rate loans: (1) the fixed monthly payment depends upon the amount borrowed, the interest rate, and the length of time over which the loan is repaid; (2) the amount owed every month equals the amount owed from the previous month plus interest on that amount, minus the fixed monthly payment; (3) the fixed monthly payment is chosen so that the loan is paid off in full with interest at the end of its term and no more money is owed.

The vendor may sell off the fix element as a "fixed to floating" derivative, see Black-Scholes model.

title: Fixed-rate mortgage


text:
Talk:Access-control list

Untitled
Different objects will also need different ACLs, rwx is enough for a file but there will need to be additional administrative privileges, while generalised security ACLs can have fifteen or more privileges set.

This comment appears to be arguing against the use of ACLs, but fails to be very clear nor provide much support for its point. If it is referring to the fact that some objects might have many possible access rights that could be for it, then that problem would not only be shared by capability-based systems, but the goal of making such systems more fine-grained than their ACL-based counterparts would actually make them worse in that regard. If this comment belongs here, could someone rewrite it to be clearer and put it back? Eric22 23:48, 2004 Mar 19 (UTC)

Linux and acl?
SELinux is Mandatory access control, not acl, as far as I know. acl is just implemented - try a modern Linux distribution, mount a ext3 partition with the acl option and open the file properties dialog in KDE 3.5 (ok, that's still beta) - there you will find a standard acl management. --130.243.179.193 03:03, 5 November 2005 (UTC)

Used in legal argument
Finkelstein's "Report on Microsoft Work Group Server Protocol Programme: An Assessment of Interoperability Information" links to this article in Annex B8. Metarhyme 00:47, 24 February 2006 (UTC)

'Protection' does not use ACLs to model resource protection
''ACLs are an abstract way to model and thus discuss the protection of resources in general. This was first done by Butler W. Lampson in his 1971 paper Protection.''

That paper doesn't use ACLs for this, it uses the Access Control Matrix model. It only mentions ACLs as one of several possible implementations of models based on access control matrices (and it is not the case that all such models are equivalent in security). I would fix it, but the correct statement doesn't belong in this article at all; it belongs at Access Control Matrix. DavidHopwood 19:29, 22 July 2006 (UTC)

Unless anyone objects, I will remove the whole paragraph. "Authentication in distributed systems: theory and practice" describes a complicated system with role-based and cryptographic extensions, so it does not justify the claim that plain ACLs are maximally general, anyway. DavidHopwood 19:35, 22 July 2006 (UTC)

Text is hard to understand
ACLs, Capablities and Role based security systems are explained in a quite... complicated way from my point of view. They are telling too much for person who knows nothing about them, thought having much information in them. I'd like if one could explain those more clearly for normal person who knows very little about security, maybe illustrate.

 * ACLs are not for lay persons. Get over it.

(The preceding comment was not signed by anybody.) I agree with the above comment, and have rewritten the introduction to try to provide a more concrete definition of what an ACL is. Ka-Ping Yee 10:37, 3 January 2007 (UTC)

OpenVMS
I agree with earlier comments that this article is too technical, some examples might help. http://deathrow.vistech.net is a public-access OpenVMS system where you can log in and do EDIT/ACL as much as you want. I suspect the OpenVMS implementation of ACLs is as close to the withdrawn POSIX standard as you'll get. I am user DC on the above-mentioned system and would happily show places such as the web server where ACLs control the security. --Brianmc 21:37, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

Inappropriate and Unrelated External link
A user with at least two anonymous IP has been adding the following external link, no matter my removal in one occasion.

 * Access Control Solutions

This appears to be a case of advertising that goes against the External Links policy and I have therefore Undone the latest change. Should the user in question feel that the link is appropriate and relevant to this page, I'd invite him to post his point of view here, so that it can be properly discussed. Thank you! -- manu3d (talk) 11:14, 15 April 2008 (UTC)

 * No worries. That's totally spam.

lack of disadvantage
Why there's no words about the disadvantage of Access control list?Callmejosh (talk) 12:12, 23 April 2008 (UTC)

"File system ACLs" needs to be populated with information. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 130.85.136.210 (talk) 19:53, 15 April 2009 (UTC)

pile of links in the middle of the article
is that ok ? shouldn't the links be listed at the end or something ? Stefan.petrea (talk) 14:56, 7 May 2009 (UTC)

 * What's an artile? Is it on the keyboard near caps lock?

Pronunciation
I feel it's important to note how the word is pronounced in the technical register; "ackle". Is it appropriate to add and if so, where? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.2.37.134 (talk) 06:49, 7 March 2011 (UTC)

Unintelligible, sloppy language
The section "Filesystem ACLS" contains this statement:

 * "Each accessible object contains an identifier to its ACL."

I have no idea what that actually means. What is an "identifier to (an) ACL"? "Identifier" usually denotes a short string, usually of alphabetic characters, that acts as a key in a dictionary look-up, and represents the associated dictionary value in the context where the identifier occurs.

Does the object contain an identifier, that acts as a pointer through a table or dictionary lookup, to the object's ACL? I believe an "accessible object" could be a file. Most file systems allow perfectly random contents to be saved in files, e.g., a string of 20 binary zero bytes. Does this file contain zero bytes, or does it contain identifiers? Or does the author mean that the file system associates each accessible object with such an identifier?

But if so, is not this an arbitrary implementation detail? Which implementation of ACLs use such identifiers? Do all implementations use such identifiers?

I anyone knows what the author actually is writing about, could you please translate this statement to plain English? Cacadril (talk) 19:13, 26 January 2012 (UTC)

It dawns on me that perhaps the author is referring to a technique to save storage space in file systems, where often very many objects have identical ACLs. So instead of storing the actual acl with each object, a shorter data item, a pointer or an identifier, is stored with the object, and the actual acl data is stored separately.

If this is the author's point, the statement should be removed. It has no logical function in that context.

Actually, the whole section should be rewritten. Decide what exactly you assume that your reader already knows (and why: is it a logical assumption?), and then build on that to introduce new ideas gradually.

In view of the space-saving technique of storing identical ACLs just once, you may think of this actual stored acl as something that applies to many files. But file systems that use acls have tools that are built to uphold the illusion that each file or directory or whatever, has a separate acl. For instance, tools to modify the acl of a particular file will not modify the acls of other objects that initially had the same acl. The file in question will be associated with a different acl after the operation. If the new value of the acl happens to be the same as some other existing object is having, then the file in question may be associated with the acl of that existing object. Otherwise a new acl is created and the file is associated with it. But all this space-saving machinery is really not part of the concept of "acl". Explain first what an acl is: An access control list. It identifies one or more users (actors, user accounts) or groups of users, and indicates permissions or privileges (or prohibitions) to grant to the identified users. To make it more meaningful, give examples. Much later you may perhaps discuss the space efficiency issues.Cacadril (talk) 19:40, 26 January 2012 (UTC)

Removing alert for originally based
Removing "This article was originally based on material from the Free On-line Dictionary of Computing and is used with permission under the GFDL": it is Deprecated. See the moment where it was with some significance:

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Access_control_list&direction=next&oldid=3331366

--Krauss (talk) 13:20, 20 July 2013 (UTC)

Example in introduction
The introduction to the article contains the following text:

''Each entry in a typical ACL specifies a subject and an operation. For instance, if a file has an ACL that contains (Allow, deny), this would give permission to access the file.''

From what I think I know of ACLs it seems that an entry contains a user and an operation. If the writer meant that, it could be clearer. More importantly, the pair (Allow, deny) does not seem to be an instance of that rule. Unless the writer meant that it gives user 'Allow' rights to use the operation 'deny', which is a strange, unrepresentative example.

I am not sure enough about ACLs to change this myself. Could someone please chime in? --Wikiedit738 (talk) 07:46, 28 July 2014 (UTC)

ACLs are similar to firewalls?
''Access control lists can generally be configured to control both inbound and outbound traffic, and in this context they are similar to firewalls. '' I'd say that firewalls are configured using access control list. So they are not similar but belong together. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.187.102.16 (talk) 07:23, 27 May 2015 (UTC)

Networking ACLs
On some types of proprietary computer hardware (in particular routers and switches),....

I would remove word proprietary. ACLs can be configured on open-source systems - for example Open vSwitch. --Seberm (talk) 21:52, 7 January 2017 (UTC)

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Disambiguation of "access list""
The term "access list" currently redirects to Access control list. However, the term has a different meaning in MVS/ESA, OS/390 and z/OS. I'm not sure whether to create an access list (disambiguation) page and add a hatnote to Access control list or to simply change the redirect to disambiguation. Shmuel (Seymour J.) Metz Username:Chatul (talk) 15:12, 7 July 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Access-control list


text:
Talk:Smog

Athens crisis years smog
The Athes metropolitan area and some major Greek cities appear to have smog after 200 years again. The use of the cheaper wood instead of the heavy taxed heating oil is the major reason. Article needs extension. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Vagr7 (talk • contribs) 12:11, 9 January 2014 (UTC)

More intense sunsets
The article fails to mention the sole silver lining of smog: it enhances the intensity of colors during sunsets. Smoggier days in California lead to a greater variety and richness of colors as the sun goes down. We know that things that taste especially good are often unhealthy; so it appears that things that look good can be, too. 201.105.84.113 (talk) 22:02, 9 December 2014 (UTC)

Health effects
There appears to be an inconsistency with the Wikipedia article on Peroxyacyl Nitrates.

That article states that the health effects of Peroxyacyl Nitrate are more serious than Ozone. However, the Health effects section here does not mention the health effects of Peroxyacyl Nitrates even though they are correctly listed as one of the constituents of photochemical smog.

Tyrerj (talk) 09:18, 2 September 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 12:13, 8 February 2021 (UTC)
 * 07 01 2020 - VERONA SMOG - prefiltro (filtro cappa antigrasso, grease filter hood) su VMC (ventilazione meccanizzata controllata) dopo 4 giorni (parte bianca coperta da nastro adesivo) - 2020 01 07 - photo Paolo Villa.png

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title: Talk:Smog


text:
Ned Beatty

Ned Thomas Beatty (July 6, 1937 – June 13, 2021) was an American actor. In a career that spanned five decades, he appeared in more than 160 films. Throughout his career, Beatty gained a reputation for being "the busiest actor in Hollywood". His film appearances included Deliverance (1972), White Lightning (1973), All the President's Men (1976), Network (1976), Superman (1978), Superman II (1980), Back to School (1986), Rudy (1993), Shooter (2007), Toy Story 3 (2010), and Rango (2011). He also had the series regular role of Stanley Bolander in the first three seasons of the hit NBC TV drama Homicide: Life on the Street.

Beatty was nominated for an Academy Award, two Emmy Awards, an MTV Movie Award for Best Villain, and a Golden Globe Award; he also won a Drama Desk Award.

Early life
Beatty was born on July 6, 1937, in Louisville, Kentucky, to Margaret (née Fortney) and Charles William Beatty. He had an older sister, Mary. In 1947, Beatty began singing in gospel and barbershop quartets in St. Matthews, Kentucky, and at his local church. He graduated from Eastern High School and subsequently received a scholarship to sing in the a cappella choir at Transylvania University in Lexington, Kentucky; he attended but did not graduate.

In 1956, Beatty made his stage debut at age 19, appearing in Wilderness Road, an outdoor-historical pageant located in Berea, Kentucky. During his first ten years of theater, he worked at Barter Theatre in Abingdon, Virginia, the State Theatre of Virginia. Returning to Kentucky, Beatty worked in the Louisville area through the mid-1960s, at the Clarksville Little Theater (Indiana) and the newly founded Actors Theater of Louisville. His time at the latter included a run as Willy Loman in Death of a Salesman in 1966.

Career
Throughout his career, Beatty had no regrets about mostly only playing supporting roles: "[Leading roles] are more trouble than they're worth. I feel sorry for people in a star position. It's unnatural".

1970s
In 1972, Beatty made his film debut as Bobby Trippe in Deliverance, starring Jon Voight and Burt Reynolds, and set in northern Georgia. Beatty's character is forced to strip at gunpoint by two mountain men who humiliate and rape him, a scene so shocking that it is still referred to as a screen milestone. Beatty admitted that most of the people who worked on the film did not want to do that scene, but it was an important one. The film was the fifth highest grossing that year, and also featured Duelling Banjos as its theme tune, which went on to be a number one hit record. In 1972, he also appeared in The Life and Times of Judge Roy Bean, a western with Paul Newman.

In 1973, Beatty had roles in The Thief Who Came to Dinner, The Last American Hero, and White Lightning. The latter film reunited Beatty with his Deliverance co-star Burt Reynolds. He also appeared in an episode of the TV series The Waltons that year, as well as the TV movie The Marcus-Nelson Murders, which was the pilot for the series Kojak. The next year, he appeared in the television miniseries The Execution of Private Slovik and in the two-part episode of The Rockford Files, "Profit and Loss". In 1975, he appeared in W.W. and the Dixie Dancekings, in Robert Altman's Nashville, and as Colonel Hollister in the M*A*S*H episode, "Dear Peggy". He appeared in the NBC-TV movie Attack on Terror: The FBI vs. the Ku Klux Klan as Deputy Sheriff Ollie Thompson (1975). Beatty also made an appearance on Gunsmoke in "The Hiders" episode in 1975.

Beatty received his only Academy Award nomination, for Best Supporting Actor category for the acclaimed film Network (1976), portraying a television network's bombastic but shrewd chairman of the board who convinces the mad Howard Beale character (portrayed by Peter Finch) that corporation-led global dehumanization is not only inevitable, but is also a good thing. Neither Beatty nor William Holden, who shared the lead role with Finch, won an Oscar. The other three acting awards besides the best supporting actor category were swept by Network performers: Best Actor for Peter Finch, Best Actress for Faye Dunaway, and Best Supporting Actress for Beatrice Straight. The Best Supporting Actor award went to Jason Robards for his role in All the President's Men, which also starred Beatty.

In 1976, he also appeared in The Big Bus, Silver Streak, and Mikey and Nicky. In 1977, he returned to work with John Boorman in Exorcist II: The Heretic (1977), and appeared in "The Final Chapter", the first episode of the television series Quinn Martin's Tales of the Unexpected. During 1977-78, he starred in the short-lived sitcom Szysznyk on CBS.

In 1978, Beatty appeared in Gray Lady Down (1978), a drama aboard a submarine starring Charlton Heston. The film is significant chiefly for being the screen debut of Christopher Reeve, Beatty's future costar. Later that year, Beatty was cast by Richard Donner to portray Lex Luthor's inept henchman Otis in Superman: The Movie (1978), as he would in the 1980 sequel, where we see his character being left behind in prison. He received his first nomination for Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Miniseries or a Special for the television series Friendly Fire (1979). In 1979, he was also seen in Wise Blood, directed by John Huston, and 1941, directed by Steven Spielberg.

1980s
In 1980, Beatty appeared in Ronald Neame's film Hopscotch with Walter Matthau. In 1981, Beatty appeared in the comedy/science fiction film The Incredible Shrinking Woman, directed by Joel Schumacher and starring Lily Tomlin. In 1982, Beatty returned to work with Richard Donner and Richard Pryor in the comedy The Toy. Beatty worked with Burt Reynolds again in the auto-racing farce Stroker Ace (1983).

In the middle of the 1980s, Beatty appeared in the comedy film Restless Natives (1985), directed by Michael Hoffman. By the end of the 1980s, Beatty appeared in another comedy film, as the academic "Dean Martin" in Back to School (1986), starring Rodney Dangerfield. He played a corrupt cop in the 1987 American neo-noir crime film The Big Easy, directed by Jim McBride and starring Dennis Quaid, and continued with a spy drama, The Fourth Protocol (1987), opposite Michael Caine and Pierce Brosnan.

In 1988, Beatty appeared with the main character Thelonious Pitt in Shadows in the Storm, and reunited with Burt Reynolds and Christopher Reeve for the comedy film Switching Channels, his fifth time in a movie with Reynolds. He appeared in Purple People Eater (1988), portraying a simple grandfather. In 1989, Beatty made Chattahoochee, portraying Dr. Harwood. He had a recurring role as the father of John Goodman's character Dan Conner on the TV comedy series Roseanne (1989–1994).

1990s
Entering the 1990s, Beatty gained his third nomination for an Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or a Special category for Last Train Home (1990). A year later, he appeared in the British film Hear My Song (1991), in which he portrayed tenor Josef Locke, for which he was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture.

In 1990, Beatty worked again with Linda Blair in Repossessed (1990), a spoof of The Exorcist. He appeared in the Marvel Comics superhero adventure Captain America (1990). He portrayed the father of the bride in Prelude to a Kiss (1992), opposite Meg Ryan and Alec Baldwin. In 1993, he appeared in the true story based film Rudy, playing a Notre Dame Fighting Irish football fan whose son, against all odds, makes the school's football team. In 1992, he played Blanche Devereaux's developmentally disabled older brother in the TV show The Golden Palace. Beatty starred in the television series Homicide: Life on the Street as Detective Stanley Bolander for its first three seasons (1993–1995).

Beatty made the 1994 science-fiction film Replikator (1994) and mystery-comedy Radioland Murders. In 1995, he worked with Sean Connery and Laurence Fishburne in the thriller Just Cause. He appeared as Judge Roy Bean in the TV miniseries adaptation of Larry McMurtry's western novel, Streets of Laredo (1995). David Fincher and Andrew Kevin Walker wanted Beatty to play John Doe in Seven (1995), because of his resemblance to the 1969 composite sketch of the Zodiac Killer; Beatty declined, describing the script as the "most evil thing I've ever read." He appeared in a 1998 sports-drama film written and directed by Spike Lee and starring Denzel Washington, He Got Game. In 1999, Beatty returned to work with Cookie's Fortune, Life, and Spring Forward.

2000s
In the beginning of the 2000s, he was a member of the original cast of the television police drama reunion film Homicide: The Movie (2000), reprising his role of Detective Stanley Bolander. In 2002, he appeared in Peter Hewitt's film Thunderpants. In 2003, he portrayed a simple sheriff in Where the Red Fern Grows.

Beatty also enjoyed a career as a stage actor, including a run in the Broadway and London productions of Cat on a Hot Tin Roof with Brendan Fraser and Frances O'Connor. He won a Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Featured Actor in a Play for playing Big Daddy in a production of Cat on a Hot Tin Roof.

In the middle of the 2000s, Beatty appeared in the television film The Wool Cap (2004) with William H. Macy, and in 2005, in an American independent film directed and written by Ali Selim, Sweet Land. In March 2006, Beatty received the RiverRun International Film Festival's "Master of Cinema" Award (the highest honor of the festival), in Winston-Salem, North Carolina.

At the end of the 2000s, Beatty portrayed a corrupt U.S. Senator in the film version of Stephen Hunter's novel Point of Impact retitled Shooter (2007), directed by Antoine Fuqua and starring Mark Wahlberg, Michael Peña, and Danny Glover; in a drama film written and directed by Paul Schrader, The Walker (2007), and as the honorable U.S. Congressman Doc Long in the true story Charlie Wilson's War (2007), with Tom Hanks and Julia Roberts, directed by Mike Nichols. He also worked with Tommy Lee Jones in the thriller In the Electric Mist (2009).

2010s
In 2010, Beatty starred in the thriller The Killer Inside Me (2010), which was part of the Sundance Film Festival. He also voiced Lots-O'-Huggin' Bear in the 2010 Disney/Pixar film Toy Story 3 (2010) opposite Charlie Wilson's War costar Tom Hanks, who was reprising his role of Woody from the first two films. In 2011, Beatty worked with actor Johnny Depp and director Gore Verbinski in the animated film Rango (2011), playing the role of Tortoise John. He appeared briefly in the film Funny Guy and in the film Rampart (2011), opposite Woody Harrelson, which is set in 1999 Los Angeles. Beatty's final television appearance was in sitcom television series Go On (2013), starring Matthew Perry.

Beatty's next film was The Big Ask (2013), a dark comedy about three couples who head to the desert to help their friend heal after the death of his mother. The film featured Gillian Jacobs, Zachary Knighton, David Krumholtz, Melanie Lynskey, Ahna O'Reilly, and Jason Ritter, and was directed by his son Thomas Beatty and Rebecca Fishman. His other next movie was Baggage Claim (2013), an American comedy film directed by David E. Talbert and written by Talbert based on his book of the same name, opposite Paula Patton, Adam Brody, Djimon Hounsou, Taye Diggs, Christina Milian and Derek Luke, which was also Beatty's final film role before his retirement.

Personal life and death
Beatty was married four times. His first wife was Walta Chandler; they were married from 1959 until 1968 and had four children. His second wife was actress Belinda Rowley; they were married from 1971 to 1979 and had two children. His third wife was Dorothy Adams "Tinker" Lindsay; they were married from June 28, 1979, to March 1998 and had two children. His fourth wife was Sandra Johnson; they were married on November 20, 1999, and lived in Los Angeles, California. They also maintained a residence in Karlstad, Minnesota.

Beatty was not related to fellow Hollywood star Warren Beatty, also born in 1937. When asked if they were related, Beatty had been known to joke that Warren was his "illegitimate uncle".

On June 29, 2012, Beatty attended a 40th anniversary screening of Deliverance at Warner Bros., with Burt Reynolds, Ronny Cox and Jon Voight.

He supported Jesse Jackson's 1988 presidential campaign.

Beatty died of natural causes at his home in Los Angeles, on June 13, 2021, at the age of 83, three weeks before his 84th birthday.

title: Ned Beatty


text:
Moho

Moho may refer to:

Birds

 * Moho (genus), an extinct genus of birds in the family Mohoidae
 * The Hawaiian name of the Hawaiian rail, an extinct species
 * The Māori name of the North Island takahe, an extinct species
 * A local name for the oriole warbler, Hypergerus atriceps

Computers

 * Moho (software), 2D animation software also sold as Anime Studio
 * Moho Engine, used in games such as Supreme Commander
 * Moho (video game), a 2000 Dreamcast game by Take-Two Interactive

Geology and geography

 * Moho discontinuity, the boundary between the Earth's crust and the mantle
 * Moho, Puno, a city in Peru
 * Moho District, Peru
 * Moho Province, Peru
 * Moho River, in Guatemala and Belize

Other uses

 * Model of Human Occupation, a model of practice in occupational therapy
 * Mount Holyoke College, a small, historically-women's liberal arts college in South Hadley, MA, USA
 * Motorhome, a type of vehicle used for recreational travel.
 * The fictional planet Moho, from the video game Kerbal Space Program

title: Moho


text:
User talk:Poker Player

Hello Poker Player, welcome to Wikipedia.

You might find these links helpful: How to edit a page, How to write a great article, Naming conventions, Manual of Style. You should read our policies at some point too.

If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump, or ask me on my talk page. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian!
 * You can introduce yourself on the new user log.
 * You can find lots more information, including open tasks and daily tips, at the community portal.
 * You can sign your name using three tildes, like this: . If you use four, you can add a datestamp as well.
 * Before saving a page, it's a good idea to use the Show preview button to review your edits. Also, consider writing a summary for each edit.

Again, welcome! Chris Roy 23:57, 19 Mar 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Poker Player


text:
Java 2D

Java 2D is an API for drawing two-dimensional graphics using the Java programming language. Every Java 2D drawing operation can ultimately be treated as filling a shape using a paint and compositing the result onto the screen.

Organization
The Java 2D API and its documentation are available for download as a part of JDK 6. Java 2D API classes are organised into the following packages in JDK 6:
 *  The main package for the Java Abstract Window Toolkit.
 *  The Java standard library of two dimensional geometric shapes such as lines, ellipses, and quadrilaterals.
 *  The library for manipulating glyphs in Java.
 *  The library dealing with the many different ways that color can be represented.
 *  The library for manipulating graphical images.
 *  The library of tools for writing to paper.

Basic concepts
These objects are a necessary part of every Java 2D drawing operation.

Shapes
A shape in Java 2D is a boundary which defines an inside and an outside. Pixels inside the shape are affected by the drawing operation, those outside are not.

Trying to fill a straight line segment will result in no pixels being affected, as such a shape does not contain any pixels itself. Instead, a thin rectangle must be used so that the shape contains some pixels.

Paints
A paint generates the colors to be used for each pixel of the fill operation. The simplest paint is , which generates the same color for all pixels. More complicated paints may produce gradients, images, or indeed any combination of colors. Filling a circular shape using the color yellow results in a solid yellow circle, while filling the same circular shape using a paint that generates an image produces a circular cutout of the image.

Composites
During any drawing operation, there is a source (the pixels being produced by the paint) and a destination (the pixels already onscreen). Normally, the source pixels simply overwrite the destination pixels, but the composite allows this behavior to be changed.

The composite, given the source and destination pixels, produces the final result that ultimately ends up onscreen. The most common composite is , which can treat the pixels being drawn as partially transparent, so that the destination pixels show through to some degree.

Filling
To fill a shape, the first step is to identify which pixels fall inside the shape. These pixels will be affected by the fill operation. Pixels that are partially inside and partially outside the shape may be affected to a lesser degree if anti-aliasing is enabled.

The paint is then asked to generate a color for each of the pixels to be painted. In the common case of a solid-color fill, each pixel will be set to the same color.

The composite takes the pixels generated by the paint and combines them with the pixels already onscreen to produce the final result.

Advanced objects
These objects can be viewed as performing their duties in terms of the simpler objects described above.

Transform
Every Java 2D operation is subject to a transform, so that shapes may be translated, rotated, sheared, and scaled as they are drawn. The active transform is most often the identity transform, which does nothing.

Filling using a transform can be viewed as simply creating a new, transformed shape and then filling that shape.

Stroke
In addition to the fill operation, Java 2D provides a draw operation. While fill draws the interior of a shape, draw draws its outline. The outline can be as simple as a thin line, or as complicated as a dashed line with each dash having rounded edges.

The object responsible for generating the outline is the stroke. Given an input shape, the stroke produces a new shape representing its outline. For instance, an infinitely thin line segment (with no interior) might be stroked into a one-pixel-wide rectangle.

A draw operation can therefore be described as creating a new, stroked object and then filling that object.

Technically speaking, the stroke is only required to accept an input shape and produce a new shape. The stroke implementation provided with Java 2D implements the outline rules described above, but a custom-written stroke could produce any shape it wished.

Optimizations
Conceptually, drawing a straight black line in Java 2D can be thought of as creating a line segment, transforming it according to the current transform, stroking it to create a thin rectangle, querying this shape to compute the pixels being affected, generating the pixels using , and then compositing the results onto the screen.

However, performing this entire sequence of steps for each drawing operation would be very inefficient. Java 2D therefore optimizes common drawing operations so that many of these steps can be skipped. If the paint is a simple solid color, for instance, there is no need to actually command it to generate a list of colors to be painted. Likewise, if the default fully opaque composite is in use, actually asking it to perform the compositing operation is unnecessary and would waste effort.

Java 2D performs the minimum amount of work necessary to make it seem as if it is performing all of these steps for each operation, therefore retaining both great flexibility and high performance.

Destination
For simplicity, the textual examples provided in this article have assumed that the screen is the destination device. However, the destination can be anything, such as a printer, memory image, or even an object which accepts Java 2D graphics commands and translates them into vector graphic image files.

Java2D / OpenGL interoperability
Since Java SE 6, Java2D and OpenGL have become interoperable, allowing, for example, the drawing of animated 3D graphics instead of icons on a Button (see JOGL).

title: Java 2D


text:
Madrid bombings

Madrid bombings may refer to:

 * Cafetería Rolando bombing, 1974
 * May 1979 Madrid bombing
 * July 1979 Madrid bombings
 * El Descanso bombing, April 1985
 * Madrid airline office attacks, July 1985
 * Plaza República Dominicana bombing, 1986
 * 1992 Madrid bombing
 * 1993 Madrid bombings
 * 1995 Vallecas bombing
 * 2000 Madrid bombing
 * 2001 Madrid bombing
 * 2004 Madrid train bombings
 * 2006 Madrid-Barajas Airport bombing

title: Madrid bombings


text:
User:Dirtbiscuit

Articles I've contributed to:
 * Albert Bigelow
 * A Quaker Action Group
 * Committee for Non-Violent Action
 * Dave Foreman
 * Ecoterrorism
 * Greenpeace
 * Ken Saro-Wiwa
 * List of nonviolent leaders and thinkers
 * Mau movement
 * Movement for a New Society
 * Nonviolence
 * SANE, Inc.
 * THERMCON
 * William Moyer

Articles needing attention:
 * Albert Einstein Institution
 * Barbara Deming
 * Earle Reynolds
 * Gene Sharp
 * George Lakey
 * George Willoughby
 * Lanza del Vasto
 * Lawrence Scott
 * Mubarak Awad
 * Movement Action Plan
 * Te Whiti O Rongomai
 * Vinoba Bhave

title: User:Dirtbiscuit


text:
User:Geeoharee

This is a user-page.

In fact, it's my user-page.

However, I don't actually write anything here.

Or, most of the time, anywhere else.

I do, on the other hand, WikiGnome for both Wikipedia and Wikiality, the Colbert truthipedia.

I am actively working towards the destruction of typos, misplaced apostrophes, bears and Chuck Norris.

title: User:Geeoharee


text: User:WesternActor

title: User:WesternActor


text: File:WilliamHungInspirationAlbumCover.jpg


text:
User talk:Misinclined

Hello Misinclined, welcome to Wikipedia.

You might find these links helpful: How to edit a page, How to write a great article, Naming conventions, Manual of Style. You should read our policies at some point too.

If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump, or ask me on my talk page. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian!
 * You can introduce yourself on the new user log.
 * You can find lots more information, including open tasks and daily tips, at the community portal.
 * You can sign your name using three tildes, like this: . If you use four, you can add a datestamp as well.
 * Before saving a page, it's a good idea to use the Show preview button to review your edits. Also, consider writing a summary for each edit.

Again, welcome! Chris Roy 00:03, 20 Mar 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Misinclined


text:
Limited company

In a limited company, the liability of members or subscribers of the company is limited to what they have invested or guaranteed to the company. Limited companies may be limited by shares or by guarantee. In a company limited by shares, the liability of members is limited to the unpaid value of shares. In a company limited by guarantee, the liability of owners is limited to such amount as the owners may undertake to contribute to the assets of the company, in the event of being wound up. The former may be further divided in public companies (public limited companies) and private companies (private limited companies). Who may become a member of a private limited company is restricted by law and by the company's rules. In contrast, anyone may buy shares in a public limited company.

Limited companies can be found in most countries, although the detailed rules governing them vary widely. It is also common for a distinction to be made between the publicly tradable companies of the plc type (for example, the German Aktiengesellschaft (AG), Dutch and Belgian nv, British PLC, Czech a.s., Italian S.p.A., Hungarian Nyrt. and the Spanish, French, Polish, Greek and Romanian S.A.), and the "private" types of companies (such as the German GmbH, Dutch and Belgian bv, Portuguese Lda., British Ltd, Japanese G.K., Polish sp. z o.o., Russian ООО, Ukrainian ТОВ (TOV), the Czech s.r.o., the French s.à r.l., the Italian s.r.l., Romanian s.r.l., Hungarian kft., Bulgarian ДОО (DOO), Slovenian d.o.o., and Slovak s.r.o., in India Pvt Ltd for private company and Ltd for public company, in Singapore Pte Ltd for private company.

Private company limited by guarantee
This is a company that does not have share capital, but is guaranteed by its members, who agree to pay a fixed amount in the event of the company's liquidation. Charitable organisations are often incorporated using this form of limited liability. Another example is the Financial Conduct Authority. In Australia, only an unlisted public company can be limited by guarantee.

Private company limited by shares
Has shareholders with limited liability and its shares may not be offered to the general public. Shareholders of private companies limited by shares are always bound to offer the shares to their fellow shareholders prior to selling them to a third party.

Public limited company
A public limited company can be publicly traded on a stock exchange; this is similar to the U.S. Corporation (Corp.) and the German Aktiengesellschaft (AG).

Australia
The private company equivalent in Australia is the Proprietary Limited company (Pty Ltd). An Australian company with only Limited or Ltd after its name is a public company, such as a company listed on the ASX. Australia does not have a direct equivalent to the plc.

A shareholder in a limited company, in the event of its becoming insolvent (equivalent to insolvency in the United Kingdom) would be liable to contribute the amount remaining unpaid on the shares (usually zero, as most shares are issued fully paid). "Paid" here relates to the amount paid to the company for the shares on first issue, and should not be confused with amounts paid by one shareholder to another to transfer ownership of shares between them. A shareholder is thus afforded limited liability.

Brazil
In Brazil, a limited company is registered as any other type of company. To register it, you must pay an accountant to research the name of your future business to check if it was not already registered, then the accountant contacts the offices responsible for giving you the CNPJ (the national code for company identification), which are the commercial joint of the state and the IRS. After that the Ltda. or Lda. (rarely used) suffixes can be placed after the companies name or with Cia. (abbreviation for companhia, company in Portuguese): [company name] & Cia. Ltda.

Canada
In Canada, a person wishing to register a limited company must file Articles of Incorporation with either their provincial government or the federal government. At the time of incorporation, a company must elect to use "Limited" (Ltd.), "Incorporated" (Inc.) or "Corporation" (Corp.) as part of their name.

Chile
In Chile, to establish a limited company, there are 2 paths: The first path is to do it through a document in a notarial act, and a publication in the Diario Oficial de la Republica de Chile. The second path is to do it through the Registro de Empresas y Sociedades or also known as "company in a day"; a faster and easier way to create a company. After either of the 2 options, a final registration must be made with the Servicio de Impuestos Internos in order to begin business operations.

For this type of companies, you can choose between a Private limited company (Sociedad de Responsabilidad Limitada, abbreviated SRL, Ltda, or Limitada), Individual Limited Liability Enterprise (Empresa Individual de Responsabilidad Limitada, abbreviated EIRL), Joint-stock company (Sociedad por Acciones, abbreviated SpA), or a S.A. (Sociedad Anónima, abbreviated SA).

India
In India, there are three types of limited company: a public limited company, a private limited company, and a one-person company. A company's liability may be limited by shares, in which case the liability of the company's members is limited to the amount of the shares held by them, or it may be limited by guarantee, in which case the liability is limited to a predetermined amount the company's members have agreed to contribute if the company is dissolved with outstanding liabilities. A private limited company is a limited company incorporated under the Companies Act 2013 (or one of its predecessor acts), with a minimum paid-up share capital (if any) of inr 100000, with an article that restricts the transfer of its shares; it may have between two and two hundred members, and its name ends with "Private Limited" (abbreviated Pvt Ltd). A public limited company must have a paid-up share capital of at least inr 500000, and at least seven members; its name ends "Limited" (abbreviated Ltd). A one-person company (OPC) is a private company with similar proprietorship and privileges to a private limited company, but with fewer requirements; this type of company may have only one director and member.

Before 2015, the business organisations that wanted to take up a company as the preferred form of business organisation had to fulfill the requirement of minimum paid-up share capital of not less than 5 lakhs in case of public company and 1 lakh in case of private companies by way of Section 2(71) and 2(68) respectively. However, after in the recent Companies Amendment Act 2015, this requirement is scrapped, and a company can go ahead with its incorporation without fulfilling this criterion.

Nigeria
In Nigeria, there are two types of limited companies namely: a company limited by guarantee and a company limited by shares. The company limited by shares is further divided into two namely a Private limited company (Ltd.) and a Public limited company (Plc.) In Nigeria shareholders of limited companies are only liable for the amount of money they contributed to the company. All Nigerian companies are governed by the Companies and Allied Matters Act (CAMA) 1990 and regulated by the Corporate Affairs Commission (CAC).

South Africa
In South Africa, the term "Proprietary Limited", abbreviated "(Pty) Ltd", is used to refer to a private limited company. All South African companies are regulated by the CIPC (Companies and Intellectual Property Commission).

Sri Lanka
In Sri Lanka, businesses can be registered as Private Limited Company "(Pvt) Ltd", Public Limited Company "PLC" or under a sole proprietorship. Registering as Private Limited Company will be more secure, and have added benefits. Therefore, you and your company will act as two independent parties; ensuring that your business assets and liabilities will be separate. All companies are registered under the Companies Act, No. 7 of 2007., through the Registrar of Companies, which operates its office in Colombo.

United Kingdom
The registration of companies in the United Kingdom is done through Companies House, which operates offices in London, Cardiff, Edinburgh and Belfast. Publicly-traded limited company have names ending in 'Plc.'

Prior to 1 October 2009, the registration of companies in Northern Ireland was the responsibility of the Department of Enterprise, Trade and Investment (a department of the devolved government). With the enactment of the Companies Act 2006, Northern Ireland's previously distinct company law was repealed and the new companies code instituted by that Act was extended to Northern Ireland.

United States
In the United States, corporations have limited liability, and the expression corporation is preferred to limited company. A "limited liability company" (LLC) is a different entity. However, some states permit corporations to have the designation Ltd. (instead of the usual Inc.) to signify their corporate status. A corporation must file annual corporate tax returns with the Internal Revenue Service.

Zimbabwe
In Zimbabwe the term "(Pvt) Ltd" refers to a private company limited by share capital. All private entities are regulated by the Registrar of Companies in Harare.

title: Limited company


text:
User talk:Geeoharee

Old conversations: User_talk:Geeoharee/archived

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title: User talk:Geeoharee


text:
Inspiration (William Hung album)

Inspiration, originally planned to be True Idol, is the debut full-length studio album by William Hung, a former hopeful American Idol contestant. The album was recorded at Fantasy Studios and released by Koch Entertainment, now Entertainment One in 2004, after his audition. Although the album was commercially successful, it received a highly negative critical reception due to Hung's poor vocals and the sound of the karaoke tracks used in this album.

Development
The album was recorded following the early 2004 broadcast of his failed Idol audition where Hung received notoriety and a cult following, and released on April 6, 2004, by Koch Entertainment, now Entertainment One. The album was recorded the weekend of March 6, 2004, with Hung singing vocals over digital MIDI music, with real musicians occasionally playing as well. The album was put together in 5 weeks. The album includes a 40-minute DVD documentary entitled A Day in the Life of a Small William Hung.

Release and commercial performance
Two weeks before the release of Inspiration, iTunes did a "Pre-Release Teaser" where they sold four tracks from the album. The tracks received a total of 25,000 downloads. To promote the album, Hung performed before nearly 20,000 fans during half-time at a Golden State Warriors game on April 6. Later that week, he performed his signature song, "She Bangs", on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno and appeared on The Today Show.

The album peaked on the Billboard 200 albums chart at No. 34, selling 37,676 units during its first week and peaked at No. 1 on the Billboard Independent Album chart. The album was the fifth best seller at Trans World stores, and at Tower Records was No. 14, behind Modest Mouse. The album has sold a total of 200,000 copies.

Critical reception
Allmusic's Stephen Thomas Erlewine gave Inspiration one star out of five, but adding it was still worth a chuckle or two for those wanting a laugh, "since it has some of the worst singing ever captured on record". He also said that the album should have been a four-track single or Extended play, because "there are really only four tracks of note and that's about all that anybody could take of this anyway." The album was scored by IGN's Chris Cale a 0.5 out of ten, remarking that Hung smattered other musicians' hits, took the time to "carefully destroy each and every one" and that Hung's "music is a cacophony of wrong-notes, stoic delivery and shoddy rhythm", warning readers not to buy the album. David Browne of Entertainment Weekly, who graded the album an F, said that it "adds a particularly ugly race card" to the tradition of "William Shatner to schizophrenic indie-rock icon Wesley Willis."

Track listing

 * 1) "Words of Gratitude" (original monologue by Hung)
 * 2) "She Bangs" (originally by Ricky Martin)
 * 3) "Bailamos" (originally by Enrique Iglesias)
 * 4) "Inspirational Thoughts: Passion" (original monologue by Hung)
 * 5) "I Believe I Can Fly" (originally by R. Kelly)
 * 6) "Hotel California" (originally by Eagles)
 * 7) "Can You Feel the Love Tonight" (originally by Elton John)
 * 8) "Two Worlds" (originally by Phil Collins)
 * 9) "Inspirational Thoughts: Perseverance" (original monologue by Hung)
 * 10) "Rocket Man" (originally by Elton John)
 * 11) "Free" (original song written by Hung and Saul Alvarez)
 * 12) "Circle of Life" (originally by Elton John)
 * 13) "Inspirational Thoughts: Be Yourself"
 * 14) "Y.M.C.A." (featuring The Gonnabees) (originally by The Village People)
 * 15) "Shake Your Bon-Bon" (originally by Ricky Martin)

Personnel

 * William Hung – lead vocals (all tracks), songwriting (tracks 1, 4, 9, 11)
 * Joshua Gilfand – guitars, bass
 * Oba Frank Lords - percussion, backing vocals
 * Saul Alvarez – drums, songwriting (track 11)
 * Giuseppe D. – synthesizers, production
 * Pepe, Mauro DeSantis, Christopher Young – additional production
 * The Gonnabees, Jesika Pate, N'Gai – backing vocals

title: Inspiration (William Hung album)


text:
Crystal Palace

Crystal Palace may refer to:

Canada

 * Crystal Palace Complex (Dieppe), a former amusement park now a shopping complex in Dieppe, New Brunswick
 * Crystal Palace Barracks, London, Ontario
 * Crystal Palace (Montreal), an exhibition building
 * Crystal Palace, Toronto, a former exhibit building at Exhibition Place

Germany

 * Glaspalast (Munich), a German building resembling the British building
 * Glaspalast Sindelfingen, an indoor sporting arena in Germany

Italy

 * Crystal Palace (Brescia)

United Kingdom

 * The Crystal Palace, built in 1851 originally in Hyde Park, then relocated to south London in 1854 and destroyed by fire in 1936
 * The Great Exhibition, the event the building was built for, sometimes also known as the Crystal Palace Exhibition
 * Crystal Palace School, set up by the Crystal Palace Company in 1853
 * Crystal Palace, London, a residential area within several boroughs in south London around the location of the former Crystal Palace building

 * Crystal Palace Park, the grounds to which the Crystal Palace Exhibition building was relocated
 * Crystal Palace circuit, former motor racing track within the park
 * Crystal Palace transmitting station, in the London Borough of Bromley
 * Crystal Palace railway station, in the London Borough of Bromley
 * Crystal Palace (High Level) railway station, a defunct station in the London Borough of Southwark

 * Crystal Palace (ward), in the London Borough of Bromley

United States

 * New York Crystal Palace, an 1853 exhibition building
 * Buck Owens Crystal Palace night club, museum, and restaurant in Bakersfield, California
 * Pythian Castle Lodge, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, also known as "Crystal Palace"
 * Crystal Palace, former code name for Cheyenne Mountain Operations Center, a United States military base.

Other places

 * Crystal Palace, a building in Petrópolis, Brazil
 * Palacio de Cristal del Retiro, Madrid, Spain
 * Crystal Palace (Ljubljana), a skyscraper in Slovenia
 * Rokumeikan, a former pavilion in Tokyo, Japan, often called "Crystal Palace" in English

Sport

 * Crystal Palace F.C., a professional football club based in Selhurst, South London
 * Crystal Palace F.C. (Women), a women's football club based in South London
 * Crystal Palace F.C. (1861), a defunct amateur football club formed in 1861
 * Crystal Palace Baltimore, previously Crystal Palace F.C. USA, a professional soccer team in Maryland, US
 * Crystal Palace circuit, a former motor racing circuit in Crystal Palace Park
 * Crystal Palace (basketball), a former British Basketball League team
 * Crystal Palace National Sports Centre, the national sports centre and athletics stadium situated inside the Crystal Palace park

Fiction

 * Crystal Palace, a space station in the online game Entropia Universe
 * Crystal Palace, a place in the game Paper Mario
 * The Crystal Palace (novel), by Phyllis Eisenstein
 * Crystal Palace, a character in Dead Boy Detectives.

Other uses

 * Crystal Palace (horse), a racehorse
 * Crystal Palace Concerts, held from 1855 until 1901
 * Crystal Palace (board game), concerning the 1851 Great Exhibition

title: Crystal Palace


text:
List of lehendakaris

The president of the autonomous government of the Basque Country, Spain is referred to as Eusko Jaurlaritzako lehendakaria in Basque ("president of the Basque Government"). The correspondent title in Spanish is Presidente del Gobierno Vasco and, since recently, lehendakari or the Spanish form lendakari.

Second Republic and exile (1936–1979)

 * Governments:

Restored autonomy (1978–present)

 * Governments:

title: List of lehendakaris