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Southern Syria

Southern Syria (سوريا الجنوبية Sūriyā l-Janūbiyya) is the southern part of the Syria region, roughly corresponding to the Southern Levant. Typically it refers chronologically and geographically to the southern part of Ottoman Syria provinces.

The term was used in Arabic primarily from 1918–20, during the Arab Kingdom of Syria period. Gerber, Remembering and Imagining Palestine: Identity and Nationalism from the Crusades to the Present, MacMillan, 2008, pp.165–166: “It is interesting that even as late as 1918 Palestine was  regarded as an  independent entity. Syria was not seen as a mother-country. The idea of amalgamation was to emerge about a month later, following a strenuous campaign by its supporters. But the documents relating to the initiation of the proposed fusion show what was newly constructed and what was the original (and traditional) mode of self-perception. Thus, the document that speaks about the election of candidates to the first Palestinian congress starts by saying inter alia:  muqat`at suriyya al-janubiyya al-ma`rufa bi-filastin, that is, the land of Southern Syria, known  as  Palestine. In other words, what everybody always knew as Palestine is henceforth to be named Southern Syria. Put differently, the writers were fully aware that had they called the country simply Southern Syria, nobody in the Middle East would have known what they were talking about. But no one needed a map or a dictionary to know what the term Palestine meant. This document also offers a simple explanation for the then popularity of the Syrian option: It was simply the case that for a brief moment Syria was an independent, not to say Arab, country. In Palestine everything was different, and the future looked very bleak indeed. The way in which the term  Southern  Syria was explained by the term Palestine is not confined to a single document. In fact, a more or less similar variant appears in all the documents from this period  that mention the term “Southern Syria”: Southern  Syria is  given as the name of the country, despite the fact that the known term is Palestine. Obviously, Southern Syria was not a traditional name, or even a formal geographical definition. On the contrary, the way in which the term Palestine is always used to explain Southern Syria supports the conclusion that it was quite well known to everybody in the area in 1914 and could not have been invented because of Zionism or for any other reason.”  Zachary Foster in his Princeton University doctoral dissertation has written that, in the decades prior to World War I, the term “Southern Syria” was the least frequently used out of ten different ways to describe the region of Palestine in Arabic, noting that “it took me nearly a decade to find a handful of references”.

Background
Throughout the Ottoman period, prior to World War I, the Levant was administered, taxed and viewed locally as one entity, divided into provinces. Geographically southern Syria included the southern sub-provinces of Ottoman Syria administrative region, including by the end of 19th and early 20th century the Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem, the Nablus Sanjak and Acre Sanjak (under Beirut Vilayet from 1888 and previously under Syria Vilayet), and a short-lived Mutasarrıfate of Karak (split as a new administrative unit from Syria Vilayet in 1894/5). In 1884, the governor of Damascus proposed the establishment of a new Vilayet in southern Syria, composed of the regions of Jerusalem, Balqa' and Ma'an though nothing came out of this.

At the start of Faisal’s reign in the Arab Kingdom of Syria, the term Southern Syria became synonymous with Palestine. After 1918 it would take on an increased political significance as a way of rejecting the separation of the British Mandate from Syria.

Usage during British and French occupation
In early 20th century, the term "Southern Syria" could imply support for the Greater Syria nationalism associated with the kingdom promised to the Hashemite dynasty of the Hejaz by the British during World War I. After the war, the Hashemite prince Faisal attempted to establish such a Greater Syrian or pan-Mashriq state—a united kingdom that would comprise all of what eventually became Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Jordan, and Palestine, but he was stymied by conflicting promises made by the British to different parties (see Sykes–Picot Agreement), leading to the French creation of the mandate of Syria and Lebanon in 1920.

According to the Minutes of the Ninth Session of the League of Nations' Permanent Mandates Commission, held in 1926, "Southern Syria" was suggested by some as the name of Mandatory Palestine in the Arabic language. The reports say the following: "'Colonel Symes explained that the country was described as 'Palestine' by Europeans and as 'Falestin' by the Arabs. The Hebrew name for the country was the designation 'Land of Israel', and the Government, to meet Jewish wishes, had agreed that the word 'Palestine' in Hebrew characters should be followed in all official documents by the initials which stood for that designation. As a set-off to this, certain of the Arab politicians suggested that the country should be called 'Southern Syria' in order to emphasize its close relation with another Arab State'." In 1932, an Arab party named "the Arab Independence Party in Southern Syria" was established in Mandatory Palestine to emphasize the reaffirmed support for Arab pan-Syrianism. In later times, when Syria emerged as an independent nation state, with recognized international borders which did not include Palestine and with an ambivalent and complicated relationship with The Palestinian National Movement, support for the idea of Palestine being "Southern Syria" faded away.

title: Southern Syria


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Cedynia

Cedynia (Zehden, Cedene) is a small historic town in Poland, and the administrative seat of Gmina Cedynia in Gryfino County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship. It is situated close to the Oder river and the border with Germany. The town is known for the 972 Battle of Cedynia, the first historically recorded battle of Poland.

Geography
Cedynia lies in an area that formed part of historic regions of Pomerania and Greater Poland, before later being part of Neumark. It is situated close to the Oder river, which forms the Germany–Poland border; it thereby is the westernmost town in Poland (neighbouring Osinów Dolny lies 6 km even further to the west, right on the German border, but is classified as a village). A road border crossing leads to the German town of Bad Freienwalde in the southwest.

The town gives its name to an extended protected area known as Cedynia Landscape Park.

History
Largely depopulated during the Migration Period, the first Slavic settlement came into existence in the 8th century, when a gród fortification was erected in the area. Around 967, it became part of the emerging Polish state. According to the Cedynia website, the "Name of city appears in documents under oldest written records already in the year 972 as Cidini, in 1187 as Zedin and Cedene, in 1240 as Ceden. " On 24 June 972, the first historically recorded battle of the Polan dukes, the Battle of Cedynia, took place at this location: the Piast duke Mieszko I of Poland and his brother Czcibor defeated the invading forces of the Saxon count Odo I, who then ruled as a margrave in the Saxon Eastern March (Lusatia). Information about this battle is found both in the chronicles by Thietmar of Merseburg and in the Gesta principum Polonorum by Gallus Anonymus. After Emperor Otto II intervened, a peace was reached at the Imperial Diet in Quedlinburg the next year.

Under Mieszko's son Bolesław the name Poland was used for the first time. The Battle of Cedynia was the first of Mieszko and Bolesław's numerous battles that they took up in their conquest attempts in the Polabian border territories soon after they received positions as dukes, mainly in the German–Polish War that lasted from 1002 until the 1018 Peace of Bautzen. Following the death of Bolesław III Wrymouth and the fragmentation of Poland, Cedynia was part of the Duchy of Greater Poland. Together with Santok and Drezdenko, it remained the seat of a (Greater) Polish castellany on the Pomeranian border in the 12th and 13th centuries. With adjacent Lubusz Land in the south, the town became a part of the Neumark acquisitions of the Ascanian margraves John I and of Otto III of Brandenburg in 1248/52. In 1278 the Cistercians from nearby Chorin Abbey erected a nunnery there, which was secularised in 1555 and finally dissolved in 1611, after the Reformation. In 1373 the town became part of the Lands of the Bohemian (Czech) Crown, ruled by the Luxembourg dynasty. In 1402, the Luxembourgs reached an agreement with Poland, upon which Poland was to buy and re-incorporate the region, but eventually the Luxembourgs sold it to the Teutonic Order. In 1454 the Teutonic Knights sold the town to the Margraviate of Brandenburg in order to raise funds for war with Poland.

During the Thirty Years' War the town was destroyed by Swedes, whose King Gustavus Adolphus took quarter in the former nunnery. Town and nunnery were badly destroyed in subsequent battles. In 1641 the Hohenzollern elector Frederick William of Brandenburg had the western wing of the nunnery's ruin rebuilt as a Baroque hunting lodge.

In 1701 the town, with all of Brandenburg, became a part of the Kingdom of Prussia. In 1815 Zehden became part of the Königsberg district within the Brandenburgian Frankfurt Region. In 1871, with all of Prussia, the town became part of the German Empire. In the last weeks of World War II, in March 1945, the town was conquered by joint Soviet and Polish forces during the Vistula-Oder offensive. After the war, the town was handed over to the Republic of Poland according to the 1945 Potsdam Agreement and the remaining German population was expelled, also in accordance with the Potsdam Agreement. The town was repopulated by Poles, often displaced from former eastern Poland annexed by the Soviet Union. A monument to the 972 Battle of Cedynia was erected in the town on the occasion of the millennial anniversary in 1972.

Culture
A local museum (Muzeum Regionalne w Cedyni) is located in central Cedynia.

Cuisine
The officially protected traditional foods and beverages of Cedynia and its surroundings are the Cedynia acacia honey (akacjowy miód cedyński), and two types of local Polish mead: trójniak cedyński and trójniak Czcibor (as designated by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development of Poland).

Sports
The local football team is Czcibor Cedynia. It competes in the lower leagues.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Cedynia


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1999 Malaysian general election

General elections were held in Malaysia on Monday, 29 November 1999. Voting took place in all 193 parliamentary constituencies of Malaysia, each electing one Member of Parliament to the Dewan Rakyat, the dominant house of Parliament. State elections also took place in 394 state constituencies in 11 out of 13 states of Malaysia (except Sabah and Sarawak) on the same day. They were the last elections for Mahathir Mohamad as Prime Minister and Chairman of Barisan Nasional, until 2018. They were also the first elections held in a single day nationwide.

The opposition won a total of 113 state assembly seats, 98 of which went to the PAS, 11 to the DAP and 4 for Keadilan. In the states of Kelantan and Terengganu, the PAS won by a huge margin–41-2 against Barisan Nasional out of a total of 43 seats and 28-4 out of a total of 32 seats respectively, hence allowing them to form the state governments in these states. In addition, PAS also captured one-third of the state seats in Kedah, with the remaining two-thirds going to Barisan Nasional (UMNO won 16 seats, MCA 2 seats in Kedah).

The election results were seen as a great gain for PAS, who previously had no state seats in Kedah and capturing only one seat in Terengganu in the 1995 General Elections. Observers attributed this to the neglect by the Federal Administration in the states of Terengganu and Kelantan due to administration by different parties.

title: 1999 Malaysian general election


text:
M-Base

The term "M-Base" is used in several ways. In the 1980s, a loose collective of young African American musicians including Steve Coleman, Graham Haynes, Cassandra Wilson, Geri Allen, Robin Eubanks, and Greg Osby emerged in Brooklyn with a brand new sound and specific ideas about creative expression. Using a term coined by Steve Coleman, they called these ideas "M-Base-concept" (short for "macro-basic array of structured extemporization") and critics have used this term to categorize this scene's music as a jazz style. But Coleman stressed "M-Base" doesn't denote a musical style but a way of thinking about creating music. Coleman also refuses the word "jazz" as a label for his music and the music tradition represented by musicians like John Coltrane, Charlie Parker, Louis Armstrong, etc. However, the musicians of the M-Base movement, which also included dancers and poets, strived for common creative musical languages, so their early recordings show many similarities reflecting their common ideas, the experiences of working together, and their similar cultural background. To label this kind of music, jazz critics have established the word "M-Base" as a jazz style for lack of a better term, distorting its original meaning.

Music associated with the term "M-Base"
In the year 1991 a significant number of M-Base participants labelled as "M-Base Collective" recorded the CD Anatomy of a Groove. Most of them previously contributed to CDs by alto-saxophonist Steve Coleman whose creativity has been a pivotal factor in that movement, although he refused to be called its leader or founder. Coleman and his friend Greg Osby, who plays alto saxophone in a related style, together led the group "Strata Institute" which recorded two CDs (the second with tenor saxophonist Von Freeman as a further leader). Under the name of Osby, a number of CDs with a specific character have been released starting in 1987 which also coined the perception of "M-Base" jazz. Tenor saxophonist and flutist Gary Thomas admittedly didn't take part in the M-Base initiative, but joined them, and there were similarities in his way of playing. He can be heard on recordings of Coleman und Osby and his own CDs are also labelled as "M-Base-style". All three saxophonists contributed to the CD Jump World by singer Cassandra Wilson.

Pianist Andrew Hill said about Greg Osby: "He has an incredible sense of rhythm and harmonic accuracy, and picks the right notes with a precision that isn't common to people with his technical versatility. He's developed into a fully rounded artist who can play various styles extremely well – better than most." Greg Osby said about Gary Thomas: "He's extremely intelligent and has a capacity for absorption that exceeds that of most people that I know […] He has his own compositional and improvisational method that is peerless in my opinion. He's my favourite tenor saxophone player on the contemporary scene." Clarinettist and composer Don Byron called Steve Coleman "an exceptional personality of American music history."

Antecedents to M-Base were identified by jazz critic Bill Milkowski as the Miles Davis-led band featured on recordings like 1975's Agharta; he noted the combination of Sonny Fortune's acerbic saxophone lines atop the syncopated grooves performed by the rhythm section of drummer Al Foster, bassist Michael Henderson, and rhythm guitarist Reggie Lucas.

Further history
The ideas of the M-Base concept were largely incompatible with the requirements of music business. Most participants of the M-Base movement turned to more conventional music. Cassandra Wilson's blues and folk-influenced music has been fairly suitable for an adaption to the taste of a larger audience. Wilson has been signed to Blue Note Records since 1993. Though two of Gary Thomas' recordings were highly rated by DownBeat he only had a contract with a small European company and his performance opportunities were virtually limited to Europe. Since 1997, he has put his career as a bandleader on hold to teach at Peabody Music Institute. Greg Osby signed with Blue Note Records in 1990 and developed a specific balancing act between an enhanced reverence to tradition and maintaining his new direction. In 2008, Osby launched his own small label. Steve Coleman has developed his music further in accordance with the M-Base concept. In the 1990s his CDs were released by the major label BMG. Thereafter he became practically an underground artist in the U.S. again in that his music was only available as imports, distributed by a small French label. In 2007 John Zorn's small label Tzadik Records released a solo CD of Coleman. In 2010 the small advanced label Pi Recordings began to release Steve Coleman's recordings.

Although the musical line initially called "M-Base" became more than ever focused on Steve Coleman, a number of younger musicians (e.g. a range of excellent drummers) have made substantial creative contributions to his music and his influence is to be found in several musical fields – both in terms of music technique and of the music's meaning. Pianist Vijay Iyer (who was chosen as "Jazz Musician of the Year 2010" by the Jazz Journalists Association) said, "It's hard to overstate Steve [Coleman's] influence. He's affected more than one generation, as much as anyone since John Coltrane. It's not just that you can connect the dots by playing seven or 11 beats. What sits behind his influence is this global perspective on music and life. He has a point of view of what he does and why he does it."

M-Base concept
Steve Coleman explained the substantial elements of the concept as:
 * improvisation and structure
 * contemporary relevance
 * music as expression of life experience
 * growth through creativity and philosophical broadening
 * use of non-western concepts

The M-Base concept reminds of the creative energy of the bebop originators, their loose collective, and also of their musical goals. The concept does not include "neo-classical jazz", free music without structures, fusion music, music which isn't mainly improvised, or which is shaped with respect to commercial aspects.

title: M-Base


text:
User:Dumont

I am Dumont from Münster (Westfalia) in Germany.

M.A. in political sciences, sociology and philosophy.

Main Themes: International Relations, International Organizations, OSCE, NATO and the Policy Cycle.

de:Benutzer:Dumont

title: User:Dumont


text:
NationStates

NationStates (formerly Jennifer Government: NationStates) is a multiplayer government simulation browser game created and developed by Max Barry. Based loosely on Barry's novel Jennifer Government, the game launched on 13 November 2002 with the site originally founded to publicize and promote the novel one week before its release. NationStates continues to promote books written by Barry, but has developed to be a sizable online community, with an accompanying forum board. , over 9 million user-created nations have been created, with 289,625 being active.

History

NationStates, then named Jennifer Government: NationStates, was launched on 13 November 2002 by Australian novelist Max Barry to help promote the sale of his novel Jennifer Government, which NationStates is loosely based on, prior to its release. Although NationStates launched in November 2002, Barry worked on beta versions of the game as early as 7 August 2002. Barry has stated that he was influenced to create the website after he took a multiple-choice political quiz to determine a person's political affiliations, adding that "it was fun, but I also wanted to see what kind of country my policies created, and have to deal with the consequences".

On 21 January 2008, Barry received a cease and desist letter from the United Nations (UN) for unauthorized usage of its name and emblem for the game's fictional international organization which was based on the UN. As a result, Barry changed the name of the organization to the "World Assembly", introducing the changes as an April Fool's prank. Barry joked about the situation, stating "it's the place where players come together to debate and pass international law; in the five years the game has been running, they've implemented privacy safeguards, promoted religious tolerance, passed a universal bill of rights, and outlawed child labor, amongst 240 other resolutions [...] Clearly this wasn't anything the real UN wanted to be associated with."

Gameplay

Players register by setting up their nation through answering a short questionnaire which determines the type of government the nation will have. Players can determine their nation's name, flag, motto, currency, animal, capital, leader, and faith. Additionally, players can publish articles known as "factbooks" which can convey information about the player's nation.

The gameplay is centered on the player deciding government policies through "issues". Issues are written by either Barry or by the players themselves with moderator editing and are based on real-world politics with an "absurd and humorous direction". The player may choose from a list of options or dismiss the issue, and the player's responses may affect the nation's status across three main statistics: political freedom, civil rights, and economy; based on these main statuses, the nation is assigned to one of twenty-seven government classifications which are determined on a three-axis scale of personal, economic, and political freedom. When NationStates initially launched, players received only one issue per day, however, multiple issues are now received per day on timed intervals.

Players can also choose to join the World Assembly, a United Nations-like body concerned with the drafting and passage of international law. Membership in the World Assembly is voluntary. Players spawn in one of five "Pacific" regions (North, South, East, West, and just the "Pacific") or other regions designated as "frontiers" which allow them to receive new nations. Some regions are designated as "strongholds", meaning they cannot receive new nations. Regardless of a nation's founding region, they can then move to different regions, which are a community function similar to a chat room. If a Nation gets banned or ejected from a region, they will go to The Rejected Realms. Users can create their own regions. NationStates does not have a win condition nor winners and losers. The game also does not have any warring or trading mechanics, although players can roleplay such interactions.

NationStates has an active forum board. The board was hosted from 2004 to 2009 by Jolt Online Gaming, before becoming self-hosted when Jolt was acquired by OMAC Holdings. There are a variety of categories in which many topics can be found. , approximately 33.14 million posts have been made within approximately 443,000 forum threads, with just over 1.8 million users being registered.

Critical reception
In the 2009 book The Video Game Theory Reader 2, Lars Konzack critiqued that NationStates promoted libertarianism, but also stated that it is "open to experimentation and reflection on politics rather than being merely political propaganda. It becomes a philosophical game in which the player is invited to become part of an examination of political ideas. This game takes advantage of the potential in games to truly put the player in control and let them reflect on their own decisions, investigating political theory turned into meaningful game aesthetics." In the 2008 book The Art and Science of Interface and Interaction Design, C. Paul said that NationStates is "an interesting take on the interplay of freedom and control (and governance without government)". In a 2004 article, the BBC described NationStates as a "tongue-in-cheek nation simulation game".

Jay Is Games' Jerrad praised the game, stating "the real beauty in this game is that it's accessible on so many levels". ProgrammableWeb's Kevin Sundstrom listed NationStates among its "30 New APIs", remarking that its application programming interface (API) "provides a developer interface for automate game world data collection". Super Jump Magazine's Andrew Johnston described NationStates as "a product of an era in which people still created websites solely as a means of self-expression".

Popularity
The game attracted a thousand players within two weeks, and had 20,700 by the end of the first year. Barry was surprised by the popularity of the game, and saw its discussion forums developing into an arena for political debate. He was impressed by some of the activity in the forums, relating how "one nation accused another of conducting secret missile tests and posted photos to prove it. That escalated into an international crisis that was only solved by sending in teams of independent weapons inspectors". In 2007, Barry stated that when he launched the game, he initially believed that "nobody would be interested in playing a political simulation game. I imagined NationStates as the kind of game you might stumble across, have fun with for a week or two, then move on. Then this entire community just popped into existence, as vibrant and dedicated as any on the internet".

In December 2016, Alexa Internet ranked NationStates as the 14,380th most visited website.

title: NationStates


text:
User talk:Dumont

Welcome to Wikipedia, Dumont! Feel free to ask questions at Village pump if you have any. =) --Johnleemk 08:45, 2 Mar 2004 (UTC)

WikiProject Munich
I noticed you're a good German speaker. I'm wondering if you could help out at WikiProject Munich. Maybe you could help out with the project's Translation page. If you're interested, you can sign up here. Kingjeff 04:03, 20 November 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Dumont


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Alay

Alay (or 4L4Y, Anak Layangan, Anak Jablay or Anak Lebay, ) is an Indonesian pop culture phenomenon. It is a stereotype describing something "tacky" (norak) and/or "cheesy" (kampungan). The Alay culture phenomena spans a wide array of styles in music, dress, and messaging. It has often been compared to that of the Jejemon phenomenon originating from the Philippines, and Harajuku from Japan. Although, the former emerged much later and the latter was even admired in the West.

Etymology
The word "Alay" or "Alayen" or "Sharon Alay" has no exact meaning or obvious derivation. Various definitions of alay are offered. One theory that is widely accepted is that "Alay" comes from the term "Anak Layangan" (Indonesian: Kiteflyer), a pejorative describing someone having certain attributes from spending most of their time outside and getting sunburnt (e.g. reddened hair and skin). Kites are also considered as cheap entertainment to the middle and lower class in modern Indonesia, stereotyping alay as a part of that class.

Writing style
Alay text (Indonesian: Tulisan alay) is a form of the Indonesian language that has undergone "excessive leet transformation". Contrary to the popular belief that it is "destroying" the national language, grammatical standards are met in contrast to the modern Indonesian slang language. Similar to the jejebets, alay texts offer an alternative in compressing words so that they are under the 160 character-limit in text messages, often to the point that they are impossible to read. Rules in capitalization are mostly ignored.

Alay text may have originated from the method of making strong passwords for internet accounts, which requires combinations of small and capital letters, numbers, as well as special characters. Normally, to keep the password meaningful and easy to remember, the password would consist of normal words, where some letters are capitalized or substituted with numbers (e.g. the letter a with 4, the letter o with 0). Soon this becomes a habit in writing text in general, and improved with mixing English and Indonesian in one sentence.

Confusing text that could not be understood properly and probably has no meaning (except for the writer), is also considered as Alay Text. This type of text usually contains information of the writer's mood and feelings, it is also common for the text to contain the writer's own philosophy on certain topics such as love, heart break, and relationships.

According to The Jakarta Post, a high school student from East Java initiated the trend and shot to fame after her writings were discussed in forums and blogs not because they were great, but they were in "code". Her approach in writing attracted a lot of attention, with some people reproducing her writings in forums and blogs.

title: Alay


text:
Talk:Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam

Transmorgification
The only connection which I could find between Fitzgerald and the noun transmogrification appears in this excerpt from the Biographical Preface of Michael Kearney. Google claims that it is also in letter from Fitzgerald to Cowell. Letter does not appear to be in either the Price edition of letters (on Project Gutenberg) or the more modern edition by Terhune.

"Of ' Omar Khayyám,' even after the little book had won its way to general esteem, he used to say that the suggested addition of his name on the title  would imply an assumption of importance which  he considered that his ' transmogrification ' of the  Persian poet did not possess."

Perhaps the transmogrification sentence should be deleted from the article. In the interim I will add this citation. CommentsRdmoore6 (talk) 20:55, 1 January 2019 (UTC)

Thank you for your research. Based on this, the sentence should at the very least be rephrased, as it does not appropriately reflect the content of the source. The use of "transmogrification" is not central to the point being made, it appears to be little more than an quirky synonym for "adaptation" in this case. --dab (𒁳) 11:05, 9 January 2019 (UTC)

Proclaimed a Hidden Scripture by Paramhansa Yogananda
The great master of yoga and author of the classic Autobiography of a Yogi, Paramhansa Yogananda, after reading Edward FitzGerald's translation of the Rubaiyat, announced that a profound scriptural message was hidden in its text and imagery. For many years Yogananda's interpretations and explanation of the deep spiritual and yogic truths he said were referred to in Khayyam's poem were published in the magazine Yogananda founded (alternatively titled East West Magazine, Inner Culture Magazine, and Self-Realization Magazine). In 1994 Yogananda's writings on this subject were published by Crystal Clarity Publishers under the title The Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam Explained by Paramhansa Yogananda. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.98.154.16 (talk) 19:35, 21 March 2019 (UTC)

Marxist influence on Khayyam? No.
I recommend removing this section:

" Indeed, these feelings are corrupt by capitalism, consisting of the bourgeoisie, who control the means of production, and the proletariat, whose labor produces their wealth. Then, the damage caused by such a system would be commodification. " — Preceding unsigned comment added by MangoPotato (talk • contribs) 02:01, 23 July 2020 (UTC)
 * ✅ ... and then some. Phil wink (talk) 04:12, 23 July 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam


text:
Indigenous rock

Indigenous or Aboriginal rock is a style of music which mixes rock music with the instrumentation and singing styles of Indigenous peoples. Two countries with prominent Aboriginal rock scenes are Australia and Canada.

Australia
In Australia, Aboriginal rock mixes rock styles and instruments (e.g. electric (guitar, bass and drums) with Indigenous Australian instruments such as the didgeridoo and clapsticks. Aboriginal rock is mostly performed by Indigenous bands, although some bands include non-Aboriginal members.

Bands include Yothu Yindi, Us Mob and No Fixed Address. Yothu Yindi, with vocalist Mandawuy Yunupingu has politicised lyrics, such as 1991's "Treaty". Other songs relate more generally to Aboriginal culture. Another major band is the Warumpi Band, which toured with Midnight Oil. The Warumpi Band focuses more on the Aboriginal aspects of the music, rather than the rock sound of Yothu Yindi. In the 2000s, Aboriginal bands such as NoKTuRNL have adopted a rap metal or nu metal sound. Formal training institutions include the Government sponsored Aboriginal Centre for the Performing Arts.

Famous songs include "Treaty", "My Island Home", and "Blackfella/Whitefella".

Canada
Indigenous peoples in Canada include First Nations, Métis and Inuit. Some examples of Canadian Indigenous rock bands or artists include Road Engine Dreams (AKA: R.E.D.), A Tribe Called Red, Edward Gamblin, George Leach, Derek Miller, Breach of Trust, Kashtin, Bruthers of Different Muthers, Digging Roots and Burnt Project 1.

Ecuador
Several mestizo-bands in Ecuador made use of indigenous musical elements in rock music since the 1990s. Rocola Bacalao integrated Andean rhythms and made in their song-texts references to emblematic indigenous towns, such as Pujilí in Cotopaxi. Sal y Mileto and Casería de Lagartos coined the genre of new Ecuadorian Rock. Nevertheless, in the 1980s and the early 1990s the rhythm of the social as expressed in Ecuadorian rock was characterized by hopelessness and resistance or even resignation against repression. With the emergence of a powerful indigenous movement the rhythm changed. The most emblematic references towards the political impact of the indigenous movement are made by the metalband Aztra and the hardcore band CURARE at the beginning of the 2000s, during the heyday of indigenous social protest against neoliberalism and for (ethnic) democratization.

title: Indigenous rock


text:
Talk:Birmingham Airport

List of airlines?
How about a list of airlines to this airport???

Antonio Look at me I can fly! Martin

 * Apperently it's been added but I'm missing British Airways in the list, or do they not fly to BHX anymore?^^ 86.20.165.245 13:30, 16 June 2007 (UTC)
 * The division of British Airways, BA Connect, which operated from Birmingham, was bought out by Flybe and as such BA no longer fly out of Birmingham. Aircraft in their colours are still operating from BHX, but these are either as part of the Flybe franchaise or for maintenance (again by Flybe). Reevery 14:04, 18 July 2007 (UTC)

Name
Why "Birmingham International Airport (England)", not Birmingham International Airport (UK) especailly when one looks at the list of pages which link here .... ????

Images.
We need images of the airport terminals not just the little tram service and logo. A satellite photo would be helpful to show the size of the airport. - Erebus555 12:35, 6 August 2006 (UTC)

"New routes" sub-section
I have removed the "New routes" sub-section within the "Airlines and destinations" section of the article. This sub-section is simply unnecessary repetition of new routes from the airport already included directly above (and correctly presented in accordance with WikiProject Airports guidelines). It complicates this section of the article by requiring those who update the "Airlines and destinations" section when a new route is announced to also update a second, identical section which in turn provides readers of the article with no new information and only serves to unnecessarily lengthen the article as a whole. Please post your views here so we can try to come to a consensus before simply adding this section again. SempreVolando (talk) 18:38, 27 November 2007 (UTC)
 * We dont really need new routes duplicated. This is an encyclopedia not a travel guide and the information in the Airlines and destinations bit is all that is needed. MilborneOne (talk) 11:39, 21 December 2007 (UTC)

Airlines at Birmingham International
British Airways are the main airline at Terminal 2. Ryan flies from terminal 1 and not 2 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 217.171.129.75 (talk) 08:20, 17 July 2008 (UTC)

Do not include shop / restaurant names
Please note that Wikipedia is not a travel guide and as such individual resturants, shops, etc... within an airport (e.g. Austin Reed, Julian Graves, Yates's Wine Bar, etc...) have no encyclopedic notability. I have therefore removed these in favour of a broader generic statement of available facilities in the terminal in line with this policy. SempreVolando (talk) 14:36, 11 September 2008 (UTC)

 * I have removed the section it appears to be a piece of advertising slipped into the history section, it is not relevant to the history, the provision of retail facilities at an airport is not notable or unusual. It is not a travel guide and lots of other WP:NOTs. MilborneOne (talk) 19:58, 11 September 2008 (UTC)

Article was moved
An IP user has recently moved the contents of Birmingham International Airport (United Kingdom) to Birmingham International Airport, it appears that this was done without discussion. It was also moved with a copy and paste move which is not allowed in wikipedia as it destroys the article history. I have asked the IP user to discuss the move, which if agreed should be done in the correct manner. Thank you. MilborneOne (talk) 20:12, 2 November 2008 (UTC)

bmibaby
Bmibaby's website continues to sell tickets from Birmingham to Krakow, Milan-Bergamo and Warsaw. If you believe these routes should not be shown, please discuss this rather than just deleting the information —Preceding unsigned comment added by Pmbma (talk • contribs) 16:51, 10 December 2008 (UTC)

Ryanair to Fuertevenutra
Ryanair continue to sell tickets to Fuerteventura on their website for at least the duration of December. Please do not delete this destination without discussing or providing a source —Preceding unsigned comment added by Pmbma (talk • contribs) 19:14, 12 December 2008 (UTC) See www.ryanair.com and try booking a ticket from Birmingham to Fuerteventura for details... or see http://www.ryanair.com/site/EN/news.php?yr=08&month=dec&story=rte-en-101208 Pmbma (talk) 19:28, 12 December 2008 (UTC)Pmbma

Ryanair to Cuneo and Grenoble
Flights do not begin until 20 December. Please do not delete the [begins 20 December] tag until 20 December Pmbma (talk) 11:49, 15 December 2008 (UTC)Pmbma

Incidents
In the incidents section, could the very first incident possibly refer to the airport in Birmingham, Alabama in the USA? Birmingham-Shuttlesworth International Airport I'm not definite but it seems possible considering the source and destination of the flight. Bonzostar (talk) 20:47, 12 January 2009 (UTC)

this incident did happen at here as i remember it very well —Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.12.42.248 (talk) 19:59, 20 January 2009 (UTC)

 * The accident was definately at the UK airport. That is why the UK Air Accidents Investigation Branch investigated and reported on it. Mjroots (talk) 22:26, 23 February 2009 (UTC)

Ryanair seasonal routes
I have re-instated seasonal tags on the following Ryanair routes, because they are demonstratably and verifiably seasonal from the Ryanair Timetable:

 * Bratislava (summer seasonal, re-starts 31/03/09)
 * Marseille (summer seasonal, re-starts 29/03/09)
 * Olbia (summer seasonal, re-starts 30/03/09)
 * Poitiers (summer seasonal, re-starts 31/03/09)
 * Trapani (summer seasonal, re-starts 29/03/09)
 * Trieste (summer seasonal, re-starts 29/03/09)

The Ryanair Route Map does not concur, and clearly uses a different definition of seasonal than Wikipedia, which states at WP:AIRPORTS that the term should be applied to flights that do not operate year round. These flights clearly and verifiably do not operate year round and therefore the seasonal tag is appropriate and has been re-added.

Please do not remove the seasonal tags without discussing here first. Thanks. SempreVolando (talk) 22:23, 23 February 2009 (UTC)

 * Incorrect Ryanair's timetable only goes so far into the future therefore they are not seasonal, I also note from youre edits you have stated the same about easyjet, only Grenoble for Easyjet is seasonal, Geneva is all year round. Therefore I have reverted your edits. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Magnalord (talk • contribs) 10:30, 24 February 2009 (UTC)

 * I am glad someone else see's what I am saying here, btw I will add the seasonal tag for easyjet on there, your forgot to do it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 217.37.220.150 (talk) 10:34, 24 February 2009 (UTC)

 * Thanks for your responses. The issue I was highlighting was not that the Ryanair routes appear to end (as a result of the timetable not being released so far into the future) but that these routes are not currently operating (i.e. between now and the end of March these flights don't operate). This surely makes the routes seasonal? Marseille and Trapani for example have not operated at BHX since October last year, they are re-starting for the summer but cannot be described as "year-round" routes. If the subsequent timetables released by Ryanair suggest year-round operation then the seasonal tag can then be removed, but as it stands these routes do not operate in the winter.
 * As far as easyJet is concerned their timetable suggests that BHX-GVA operates only until 19 April 2009, indeed no flights can be booked beyond that date, so this is presumably a seasonal route as well? It did operate last summer but seems to be winter only this year. Let me know if I am missing something obvious here! Thanks. SempreVolando (talk) 10:55, 24 February 2009 (UTC)

 * Hi, I would advise you check the destination map on ryanair.com, all routes in grey state they are "all year round". As for Easyjet yes your are right you can only book til the date you say, however that is because the tourist season changes there to summer, you can still and will be able to book after that date, Grenolbe you can't though. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Magnalord (talk • contribs) 11:16, 24 February 2009 (UTC)

 * Hi, yes I have seen the Ryanair Route Map, as stated in my first post above it does not seem to use the same definition of seasonal as Wikipedia does. It has been an issue on other airport articles as it lists hardly any summer-only routes as seasonal, preferring to suggest they are year-round! Clearly the routes listed above are not as they do not operate during the winter months; this is the issue and it is what makes them seasonal (not the end date due to timetable cutoff). For easyJet I still don't understand - if they intend to operate the route beyond 19th April why does their timetable state that for BHX-GVA during the summer the route operates only until 19th April, and why are they not selling tickets for the route during the summer (like they are from East Midlands, for example). The route end date concurs with the Birmingham Airport Timetable which also shows the route ending on 19/4, but shows other routes continuing into the summer. Thanks. SempreVolando (talk) 11:43, 24 February 2009 (UTC)

Anyone willing to re write/update?
I've just had read through and some of the info is out of date, but is corrected in subsequent paragraphs.

ie. "when the 2nd runway is built", followed by "2nd runway will not be built". And "a new international pier will be built" followed by "a new international pier has been completed". Can the old stuff be written out to take into consideration building completion and up to date planning decisions? WillDow (Talk) 14:25, 12 March 2010 (UTC)

Also, the UAE lounge is now open

Also, there are some points in the History section which perhaps don't belong in either "history" or "future". Thinking something like "present" be added? The fact that the airport is in Solihull and BCC isnt responsible for planning permission, for example, is something that could be moved from history. WillDow (Talk) 11:39, 15 March 2010 (UTC)
 * I'm going to have a play around with the article throughout the course of the day to try and make it more coherent. At the moment its a bit all over the place. Bear with me through the day by not reverting. I'm going to try and use the Heathrow format to improve the article. Any probs about it, please post here rather than revert straight away... Thanks, WillDow (Talk) 09:13, 17 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Might add "Access" with public transport, and car etc etc like on other airport pages later when i get a chance WillDow (Talk) 11:26, 17 March 2010 (UTC)

Security
If a breach of security isn't classed as an "incident", then does anyone have any objections to a new section being created to cover this? Something along the lines of Security breach or 2007 Security Lapse etc. The "incident" is already covered briefly in the history section, but for something which was so serious, perhaps expansion in a new section is warranted...?

Heathrow has "Accidents and Incidents" as a heading, then "Terrorism and security incidents" as a sub heading. WillDow (Talk) 16:03, 12 March 2010 (UTC)

All BHX sources are dead
BHX has a new official website, and it appears now that all the current sources linking to the old www.bhx.co.uk website are now deadlinks. I'm trying to go through one by one to repair these. Any help would be appreciated. New site is here WillDow  (Talk) 15:06, 23 August 2010 (UTC)

 * ✅ WillDow (Talk) 15:42, 23 August 2010 (UTC)

Runway Extension plans scaled down
Plans have now been scaled back to halve costs. Runway will be shorter and A45 will not tunnel underneath the runway. If anyone has the time, can they update the article? WillDow (Talk) 08:09, 17 September 2010 (UTC)

Move (October 2010)
I propose this is moved back to Birmingham International Airport. The page only redirects to this one. Birmingham in England gets priority over the smaller city in Alabama when it comes to naming pages and the other airport doesn't include the word 'international' in its name. Mtaylor848 (talk) 13:40, 27 October 2010 (UTC)

Requested move (October 2010)

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

No consensus. I really hate to do that, but a move to simply Birmingham Airport needs a full discussion especially since the other airport that has the same common name has more aircraft activity. That would mean that the discussion would need to establish primary use. So I see this being being moved to Birmingham Airport, West Midlands, Birmingham Airport, England or Birmingham Airport if it can be determined that it is the primary use. I'll leave it to the participants to decide which direction to go and make the updated nomination. Vegaswikian (talk) 22:31, 6 December 2010 (UTC)

Birmingham International Airport, West Midlands → Birmingham International Airport — See talk page entry above. New name redirects to old name. The West Midlands tag is superflous and the other Birmingham Airport doesn't actually have any scheduled international flights making the 'international' tag a little untruthful. The fact the new name redirects here shows that this airport has been given priority in naming.

Mtaylor848 (talk) 10:29, 28 October 2010 (UTC)

 * Comment that's not true, shows that this was a disambiguation page since 2003, until August this year. 76.66.203.138 (talk) 11:08, 28 October 2010 (UTC)
 * Comment – That's not strictly true either; the history of "Birmingham International Airport" shows that from creation on 18 June 2003 to 7 August 2003 the article was about the British airport with a note at the end mentioning the Alabama airport. It became a dab page when an AnonIP created an article about the Alabama airport, edited the older article and copied and pasted a new article. Green Giant (talk) 15:23, 29 October 2010 (UTC)

 * Procedural oppose you'll lose the edit history for this page, since there's been several cut and paste moves performed that need fixing. 76.66.203.138 (talk) 11:08, 28 October 2010 (UTC)
 * Support (assuming the cut-and-paste history can be fixed up). While I reject the argument about the number of international flights out of BHM (because "International" is part of a proper noun, not descriptive), this is a case where a) we have two uses for the proposed title and b) one of those uses would not be at the base name even if it was the primary topic.  In such cases, it's perfectly reasonable to have one article at its natural name (Birmingham-Shuttlesworth International Airport) and the other at the base name (Birmingham International Airport), with appropriate hatnotes to get readers to the correct article.  Powers T 12:56, 28 October 2010 (UTC)
 * Support what LtPowers says above. Green Giant (talk) 15:23, 29 October 2010 (UTC)
 * Support clearly the prime topic, I don't think many people would have heard of the other one Crouch, Swale   talk to me   My contribs  17:36, 1 December 2010 (UTC)
 * Oppose: Whether or not people have heard of it, or if we find it untruthful is immaterial. If that's the name the authorities in Alabama gave it, then that's the title the airport should follow. As it stands, the British one is officially called Birmingham Airport and the American one Birmingham-Shuttlesworth International Airport. In any event, the British airport does not have the word "international in its name, does it? jasepl (talk) 17:52, 1 December 2010 (UTC)
 * Comment, shouldn't it be "Birmingham Airport" and not "Birmingham International Airport"? I'd support a move to Birmingham Airport, with a dablink at the top for the one in Alabama. Mlm42 (talk) 19:54, 1 December 2010 (UTC)
 * Comment as Mlm42 support move to Birmingham Airport (which from the website appears to be the current name), Birmingham Airport already redirects to here. MilborneOne (talk) 20:03, 1 December 2010 (UTC)
 * Oppose: There are two Birminghams with an airport and it is better that the name makes it clear which airport it is. Snowman (talk) 23:57, 1 December 2010 (UTC)
 * Similarly, there's no shortage of cities called Birmingham, and yet the article with that title is the one in England. Mlm42 (talk) 00:22, 2 December 2010 (UTC)
 * I think that airports are more likely to be confused than big cities. Snowman (talk) 12:44, 2 December 2010 (UTC)

 * Support move to Birmingham Airport (the "International" seems already to have been dropped sometime during the discussion). It's the primary topic (particularly as there is only one competing topic, and that has a different name anyway), so doesn't need disambiguation. (Or if it is decided that it is not the primary topic, then it should be disambiguated using the easily understood "England", not the confusing "West Midlands", which implies - if anything - that Birmingham has other airports which are outside West Midlands county.)--Kotniski (talk) 13:44, 6 December 2010 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Requested move (December 2010)

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: no consensus. While it is clear that there is little satisfaction with the current title, the poll shows that the community is still divided on whether or not the English airport should be at the "Birmingham Airport" location; the secondary proposal to move it to Birmingham Airport, England was only very lightly discussed. Because there seems to have been some support for this and because of unhappiness with the current name, I have moved the article to this location. If there is no opposition to this within a week then the location Birmingham Airport, England can be regarded as the article's new home; but if there is opposition within a week then I will move it back and the proposer will need to open a new more specific RM. Deacon of Pndapetzim ( Talk ) 08:02, 18 January 2011 (UTC)

Birmingham Airport, West Midlands → Birmingham Airport — Or to Birmingham Airport, England. See discussion above, which was IMO unnecessarily closed when consensus was plainly developing for Birmingham Airport. This seems to have been unquestioned as the primary topic for that phrase for a long time, it handles many more passengers than the other Birmingham airport and serves a larger and better-known Birmingham, and is known by that name while the other airport is named differently. There seems to me no doubt that this continues to be the primary topic (and nothing to be gained by creating a dab page for just two entries), and therefore should carry just that as its title; but if for some reason it is found not to be, then please change the disambiguator to England (which everyone understands) rather than the confusingly overprecise West Midlands.Kotniski (talk) 08:59, 7 December 2010 (UTC)

 * Support move to Birmingham Airport (both the common and official name) does not require in my opinion a disambiguator at the end as Birmingham Airport redirects here without a problem. MilborneOne (talk) 13:04, 7 December 2010 (UTC)
 * Support, under the same reasoning as under the previous proposal. Powers T 13:24, 7 December 2010 (UTC)
 * Support Alot more people have heared of the UK airport than the other one. Looking here proves that. Crouch, Swale   talk to me   My contribs  20:19, 7 December 2010 (UTC)
 * Crouch, Swale: As you've been repeatedly told, you can't use Google UK search results as a worldwide metric. Those search results are specific to the United Kingdom; are you honestly surprised than an airport in Alabama doesn't figure prominently there?  Powers T 22:04, 7 December 2010 (UTC)
 * Okay, but Crouch has a point. Compare Google searches "Birmingham Airport" Alabama and "Birmingham Airport" England, and England clearly wins. Mlm42 (talk) 03:59, 8 December 2010 (UTC)
 * A point made through faulty logic is no point at all. Powers T 13:52, 8 December 2010 (UTC)
 * From WP:PRIMARYTOPIC, adding '&pws=0' to the end of a Google search string removes various biases, including geographical. See here. GyroMagician (talk) 13:11, 19 December 2010 (UTC)
 * Oppose move to Birmingham Airport; there are two Birminghams with an airport and it is better that the name makes it clear which airport it is. Neutral on whether the disambiguator should be "England" or "West Midlands", but note that "West Midlands" is the disambiguator for and its subcats. -- Brown HairedGirl (talk) • (contribs) 23:20, 7 December 2010 (UTC)
 * Support a move to Birmingham Airport, England, but Oppose move to Birmingham Airport . The one in england seems to be called "Birmingham Airport" most often, but the one in Alabama seems to often be called "Birmingham-Shuttlesworth International Airport", as well as a few variations, including "Birmingham Airport" sometimes. Wikipedia traffic statistics appear to indicate the England airport gets only about 30-50% more hits than the Alabama one, and this may be partially due to the fact Birmingham Airport redirects to the England one. For this reason, I think Birmingham Airport should be a disambiguation page. But "England" is better than "West Midlands", because there's only one Birmingham in England, and not everyone knows the West Midlands are in England! Mlm42 (talk) 23:59, 7 December 2010 (UTC)
 * Per WP:TWODABS there's no point in having a disambiguation page if there are only two possible targets -- especially so if the title is the actual name of one and only one of them. Powers T 02:36, 8 December 2010 (UTC)
 * That's not the way I interpreted the guideline; if there is no "primary topic" then there should be a disambiguation page, even if there's only two choices. The question is really whether or not a primary topic exists for the search term "Birmingham Airport"; and on closer inspection, for example by comparing Google searches "Birmingham Airport" Alabama, and "Birmingham Airport" England, the latter has about 10 times as many hits. This, and similar Google searches have convinced me actually the airport in England is the primary topic for "Birmingham Airport". So I Support a move to Birmingham Airport. Mlm42 (talk) 03:54, 8 December 2010 (UTC)
 * Comment is someone going to fix the cut and paste moves discussed in the previous requested moves section? 65.93.12.43 (talk) 04:57, 8 December 2010 (UTC)
 * Support. The article for the only other contender for the name is at Birmingham-Shuttlesworth International Airport, and there seems no reason to move it, so there's no reason to disambiguate this one. Andrewa (talk) 16:33, 8 December 2010 (UTC)
 * Birmingham-Shuttlesworth International Airport only gained the "Shuttleworth" tag two years ago; its IATA and FAA codes are still "BHM", and common usage still seems to be "Birmingham": for example, try the booking form at http://www.aa.com (or http://www.americanairlines.co.uk), where you'll find that the two Birmingham are listed as "Birmingham, AL" and "Birmingham International, United Kingdom". Given that usage by the airlines, it's perfectly reasonable for someone looking for the Alabama airport to look for "Birmingham airport", just as the same is reasonable for the one in England. That's ambiguity, and that's why we disambiguate. -- Brown HairedGirl (talk) • (contribs) 03:47, 10 December 2010 (UTC)
 * Those are fair points, but similarly it's perfectly reasonable for someone who's looking for Birmingham, Alabama to search for Birmingham; and they'd be politely pointed in the right direction by a dablink at the top of the page. So even taking into consideration those points, I still think that the one in England qualifies as the "primary topic" for the term "Birmingham airport". Mlm42 (talk) 03:56, 10 December 2010 (UTC)
 * That's not exactly a good point to use, since Birmingham's usage has been discussed on several talk pages and project pages as to why the UK city is sitting at the primary position, essentially breaking down into a US vs UK debate... 65.94.44.124 (talk) 05:48, 12 December 2010 (UTC)

 * Support I think that this article should be moved to 'Birmingham Airport'. It's clearly the name favoured by the airport's administrators and the name used on its website almost exclusively. George Richard Leeming (talk) 16:14, 13 December 2010 (UTC)

 * Oppose: two large airports with names than can be confused. I think that the previous name suggestion which failed should be taken into consideration, because it was so recent. Name change to "Birmingham Airport, England" would be ok. Snowman (talk) 19:10, 13 December 2010 (UTC)

What I'm suggesting (and what seems to be the status quo) is an arrangement roughly analogous to "Martin Luther King": There are three notable people with the name "Martin Luther King", and therefore each requires additional clarification in the article titles for clarity. However, most average readers searching for "Martin Luther King" are searching for one individual in particular. Therefore Martin Luther King redirects to Martin Luther King Jr. which in turn has a hatnote to Martin Luther King (disambiguation) -- an arrangement that seems rather sensible to me. However, since there are only two "Birmingham Airports", the disambiguation page is unnecessary. Thus, I support a Birmingham Airport redirect to Birmingham Airport, West Midlands (or "Birmingham Airport, England"), where a hatnote for Birmingham-Shuttlesworth International Airport can be found. This, conveniently, is the current configuration (except for the possible rename to "Birmingham Airport, England"). MikeTheActuary (talk) 02:38, 15 December 2010 (UTC)
 * Oppose: Given the passenger volume and the precedent of "Birmingham" on Wikipedia referring to the British city rather than the Alabama city, its understandable and reasonable that "Birmingham Airport" be redirected to "Birmingham Airport, West Midlands" or "Birmingham Airport, England". However, BHM does have more aircraft operations than BHX's, and is the default "Birmingham Airport" for a nontrivial portion of Wikipedia readers.   Accordingly, the page titles should remain distinctive to avoid reader confusion. MikeTheActuary (talk) 00:17, 14 December 2010 (UTC)
 * To be clear, I suppose people who are opposing the move to "Birmingham Airport" are also in favour of Birmingham Airport becoming a disambiguation page with two items. Mlm42 (talk) 00:54, 14 December 2010 (UTC)
 * While I wouldn't object to a disambiguation page, I think the current redirection is reasonable. I'm expressing a preference to maintain the status quo. MikeTheActuary (talk) 02:09, 14 December 2010 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure I understand.. you want Birmingham Airport to redirect to this page, but you are against moving this page to Birmingham Airport? Isn't that unnecessary WP:PRECISION? Mlm42 (talk) 03:41, 14 December 2010 (UTC)
 * There may be a typo or mistake with file names in that comment, but it seems clear that he thinks that the airport file names should be distinctive. I read the comment as meaning that this file should be "Birmingham Airport, West Midlands" or "Birmingham Airport, England" retaining the place after the airport name to make it distinctive. Snowman (talk) 10:23, 14 December 2010 (UTC)
 * Precisely. MikeTheActuary (talk) 11:43, 14 December 2010 (UTC)
 * I understand that. My point is that it seems odd to have all this discussion, decide the title of the article should be disambiguated, and then not make Birmingham Airport a disambiguation page.. ? Mlm42 (talk) 00:57, 15 December 2010 (UTC)
 * I thought disambiguation pages with only two entries were contrary to WP:TWODABS.
 * I see; thanks for the explanation. If I understand correctly, you believe that the airport in England is the "primary topic" for the term "Birmingham Airport". Mlm42 (talk) 03:08, 15 December 2010 (UTC)
 * No. :)  Personally, I believe that the city in Alabama is significant enough that the English city (and its airport) shouldn't have claim to primacy....but I concede that my view is outside the apparent consensus.  Therefore I am simply opposed to the title of the BHX page being "Birmingham Airport" without additional clarification for the reasons previously given.  The status quo of (redirect / hatnotes / no disambiguation) seems the most logical balance among Wiki-standards, the handling of the city pages, and the need for clarity in regards to two significant airports with similar names. MikeTheActuary (talk) 10:02, 16 December 2010 (UTC)
 * Oh... that stance appears contrary to WP:PRIMARYTOPIC (as well as WP:TWODABS). Hence my confusion. Mlm42 (talk) 18:31, 16 December 2010 (UTC)
 * Oppose No primary topic as both are larger cities. So Birmingham Airport should be a disambiguation page.  Royal broil  12:46, 14 December 2010 (UTC)
 * Oppose move. Birmingham Airport should either by a disambiguation page for the two airports or a redirect to Birmingham International Airport, where a current disambiguation page exists. -- auburn pilot  talk  23:22, 14 December 2010 (UTC)
 * Minor note this airport is not actually called Birmingham International Airport so a redirect would not be correct. This one should be at Birmingham Airport the American one at Birmingham International Airport and a link to the other at the top of each of the pages. MilborneOne (talk) 23:28, 14 December 2010 (UTC)
 * Oppose I don't think a case can be made that the English airport is the clear primary topic.  If that is the case, disambiguation is required.  The naming convention for England is that we disambiguate by Placename, Ceremonial county, not by Placename, Country.  The title should therefore remain at Birmingham Airport, West Midlands.  Skinsmoke (talk) 18:45, 15 December 2010 (UTC)
 * Do we have a naming convention for airports? Anyway, if it's what you say it is, what would be the rationale? Do we have significant numbers of airport names (or any at all) which are ambiguous within England? --Kotniski (talk) 07:01, 16 December 2010 (UTC)
 * No other airports in England have a disambiguator - Only a draft project document but WikiProject Aviation/Style guide/Naming (Airports) has:

MilborneOne (talk) 12:05, 16 December 2010 (UTC)
 * 1) Consider the wikipedia naming conventions including Wikipedia:Naming conventions (precision) and Wikipedia:Naming conventions (common names). In general these guidelines encourage using the word airport in the article name.
 * 2) Try to avoid long and unwieldy names like Dakar-Yoff-Léopold Sédar Senghor International Airport, this statement does not preclude the use of such names.
 * 3) Try to use a name that is sourced from a government agency, or the airport operator. If you have multiple choices, use the name that is most commonly used and is precise so that a dab is not needed.

All right, given that we don't seem to have consensus to drop the disambiguator, are there any further arguments against using ", England" rather than ", West Midlands"?--Kotniski (talk) 16:49, 5 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Oh, and presumably if we're not going to move this one, then Birmingham Airport should no longer redirect here, but should be a two-line dab page, right? (In fact the same dab page as is now at Birmingham International Airport - should the dab page in fact be at the simpler title Birmingham Airport, with "Birmingham International Airport" a redirect from there?) --Kotniski (talk) 16:51, 5 January 2011 (UTC)
 * When there are only two alternatives, headers can redirect. Snowman (talk) 18:15, 5 January 2011 (UTC)

 * Personally speaking, I do not see any consensus, and I think that it is about time this discussion was summarized and closed preferably by an neutral person. Snowman (talk) 18:15, 5 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Support The unqualified name already redirects to this article. There is already an implicit consensus that this is the primary topic. There is no need to be overly precise. --Polaron | Talk 18:34, 5 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Support primary topic, DAB should not be used for 2 items Widefox (talk) 23:05, 10 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Weak oppose This is not clearly the primary topic, i.e. primary Birmingham airport. Keep as is or use "Birmingham Airport, England", "Birmingham Airport, UK", or something along those lines.  It is not that big of a deal though with the For note at the top pointing to Birmingham-Shuttlesworth International Airport and a For note in the Birmingham-Shuttlesworth article pointing here. -fnlayson (talk) 17:15, 11 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Support The official name for your airport is Birmingham Airport and the official name of our airport is Birmingham-Shuttlesworth International Airport. There is no conflict.  Disambiguation tags at the top of each article is sufficient. -Ttownfeen (talk) 19:43, 12 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Looks like the official name is now Birmingham International Airport but the point remains. I'd also point out the BHX outnumbers BHM in commercial enplanements by about 9:1. So, BHX is arguably the bigger airport by far. -Ttownfeen (talk) 19:52, 12 January 2011 (UTC)
 * you were correct the first time - it is Birmingham Airport (previously Birmingham International Airport and previous to that Birmingham Airport). I corrected the article, and will highlight this below. Widefox (talk) 11:59, 13 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Birmingham-Shuttlesworth International Airport is a long name, so I would guess that it is known as Birmingham Airport for short. Snowman (talk) 12:02, 13 January 2011 (UTC)
 * In the US, the convention of airports having International or Regional or whatever in their names is so ingrained I'm pretty sure the layman Wikipedian searching for information for the airport in Alabama would search for "Birmingham International Airport" before "Birmingham Airport." -Ttownfeen (talk) 06:50, 14 January 2011 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Name
Is Birmingham Airport and has been since November 2010. Just to clarify - previous to that it was Birmingham International Airport and previous to that Birmingham Airport). I changed the article with ref. There are 3rd party refs if anyone wants to use one. Widefox (talk) 12:04, 13 January 2011 (UTC)

Additional info for "Accidents and incidents" section
I believe there was a small collision where an air side service vehicle collided with a parked PIA (Pakistan International Airlines)Boeing 777 registered: AP-BGL

Should this incident be included with the "Accidents and incidents"? or should it be placed elsewhere (if at all)?

Brief info on the incident: http://www.flightglobal.com/airspace/forums/interesting-pics-of-the-damage-done-to-pia-b777-15234.aspx

The following link was obtained from the page noted above, and shows the actual damage. http://www.historyofpia.com/forums/viewtopic.php?t=11917 Ben.710 (talk) 19:47, 24 January 2011 (UTC)

 * It is not particularly notable so should not be added to the article, a fairly common occurence at airports. MilborneOne (talk) 20:15, 24 January 2011 (UTC)

Thank you for clearing that one up Ben.710 (talk) 18:33, 2 February 2011 (UTC)

airblue ???
On this article it said that airblue stopped it routes on 2 December 2013, yet after looking on the airlines website and looked at the flight schedules it still say that it fly's to BHX as far as 12 January 2014. I have found no information that airblue has stopped the route?? I think the airblue routes should stay on the article until it can be conformed that the airline has stopped flying to BHX. Here is the flight schedules --->, 12:00, 3 December 2013 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 5.69.7.104 (talk)

Blacklisted Links Found on the Main Page
Cyberbot II has detected that page contains external links that have either been globally or locally blacklisted. Links tend to be blacklisted because they have a history of being spammed, or are highly innappropriate for Wikipedia. This, however, doesn't necessarily mean it's spam, or not a good link. If the link is a good link, you may wish to request whitelisting by going to the request page for whitelisting. If you feel the link being caught by the blacklist is a false positive, or no longer needed on the blacklist, you may request the regex be removed or altered at the blacklist request page. If the link is blacklisted globally and you feel the above applies you may request to whitelist it using the before mentioned request page, or request its removal, or alteration, at the request page on meta. When requesting whitelisting, be sure to supply the link to be whitelisted and wrap the link in nowiki tags. The whitelisting process can take its time so once a request has been filled out, you may set the invisible parameter on the tag to true. Please be aware that the bot will replace removed tags, and will remove misplaced tags regularly.

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Why new International routes removed from page??
Both Biman Bangladesh Airlines and China Southern Airlines plan to operate at Birmingham Airport in summer of 2014, which was confirmed on BHX website with other news and airline websites. The routes was then removed for known reason. Can some tell me why this is so and if it was and accident to be replied onto the main article. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 94.3.145.27 (talk) 18:39, 8 May 2014 (UTC)

Ryanair Birmingham-Bratislava
Ryanair offers flights to Bratislava 4-5 years already, but Bratislava isnt on the Ryanairs destination list anymore - this route wasnt werent cancelled and its not going to be. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.43.69.6 (talk) 21:38, 8 October 2014 (UTC)

References in 'Runway Extension'
What has happened to all the references in this section? Could everyone please try to track who made that change. Flyer500 (talk) 19:29, 18 October 2014 (UTC)
 * I have now fixed these references, but sections '2010-present' and 'runway extension' are quite messy Flyer500 (talk) 19:38, 18 October 2014 (UTC)

Cleanup of Passenger Destinations
I use this airport often, as it's convenient for me and I travel a lot. I have noticed there is a lot of information out of date. The Birmingham Airport official website is quite comprehensive with information about passenger destinations: http://www.want2gothere.com/bhx/destinations/

I am planning to go through that website and updating this article accordingly, to update the small number of outdated pieces of information. Brumalicious (talk) 14:42, 6 March 2015 (UTC)

 * Just note that this is not a travel guide so doesnt really need to be upto date, it just needs to be reliably referenced and dated. Also note that www.want2gothere.com is not an official website just a travel company. MilborneOne (talk) 18:44, 6 March 2015 (UTC)

 * You are right, of course, this isn't wikitravel/wikivoyage. However, www.want2gothere.com is almost certainly the right place to find the correct information, as the Birmingham Airport official website links directly to it. Brumalicious (talk) 00:59, 7 March 2015 (UTC)

Seasonal flights
Seasonal flights by the current project consensus are those which do not operate every calendar month of the year. For Jet2 Krakow and Prague flights these do operate in each calendar month of the year, and are therefore regarded year-round for wikipedia. SempreVolando (talk) 17:59, 26 June 2017 (UTC)

 * This idea of flights "operating every month" in order to be year round is a very loosely termed one. These Jet2 flights only have one flight in January (not notable by any means when usual schedule is 3x weekly) so January can hardly be counted. Flights then don't resume until OVER 5 weeks later half way through February. These flights are seasonal - 5 weeks is a considerable period of time and saying these flights are year round due to 1 flight in January is absolute madness!! Fair enough if the break was only 2 or 3 weeks long but this is over 5 weeks spanning 2 different months with only 1 flight in January. Using this method: a flight with a break of 4 weeks (month of Jan roughly) would be considered seasonal yet these Jet2 routes are said to be year round with over 5 weeks break! No! There needs to be a bit of leeway and common sense applied here. Futurepilot1999 (talk) 18:09, 26 June 2017 (UTC)

 * Yes it is very loosely termed I agree, as you can see from my own contributions at WT:AIRPORTS I believe a better a stricter definition is needed and should be complied with. Your opinion is no more or less valid than anyone else's in this regard, however currently the project consensus is for services not operating in every calendar month of the year to be deemed seasonal. That does not apply to these flights and you should respect the consensus of other editors in this regard until a new and more formal wording at WP:AIRPORTS applies, via consensus (and please do contribute - there is already a discussion underway!). Thanks. SempreVolando (talk) 18:21, 26 June 2017 (UTC)

I'm not an admin but this debate and the consequent edits seems a little unproductive. Could I suggest leaving this to a wiki-admin who you can hopefully both accept as being neutral in the whole matter ? Pmbma (talk) 18:32, 26 June 2017 (UTC) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Administrators'_noticeboard/Edit_warring

I agree with the above. An unbiased, neutral admin needs to take in to account what we have both said above (irrespective of the idiotic guidelines) to ensure the best decision is made. Futurepilot1999 (talk) 18:36, 26 June 2017 (UTC)
 * Agreed back-and-forth edits are not productive, and indeed I instigated admin attention at the same time as you (some overlap led to duplication in this respect). Will accept what an admin determines, in due course. SempreVolando (talk) 18:38, 26 June 2017 (UTC)
 * p.s. users may consider guidelines 'idiotic', but there is a clear opportunity to change them. See my note above "and please do contribute - there is already a discussion underway!". As you will see my opinion is not the status quo. Let's make it better, and clearer, for everyone . Whichever guideline ends up in place, yours, mine or something totally different! Thanks. SempreVolando (talk) 18:42, 26 June 2017 (UTC)

Would you be able to direct me to this "policy" you talk of? As far as I can see this "policy" is merely some opinions on the talk page and not anything written in stone. Futurepilot1999 (talk) 18:48, 26 June 2017 (UTC)
 * I didn't use the word "policy"? Why did you quote that word? The very fact that it is not "policy" (now you've got me quoting!), is the very basis of the discussion. The established consensus among most editors over many years (not just the recent discussion) has been the definition I quoted. I actually don't even agree with it (as seen if you read my examples on the discussion thread linked above). However for now my opinion doesn't matter - until a formal guideline is changed, established consensus is the best thing we have and so we should stick with that, while putting forward the argument for what we think should actually apply. Agreed? SempreVolando (talk) 19:16, 26 June 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20101009013326/http://birminghamairport.co.uk/meta/about-us/planning-and-development/airport-master-plan.aspx to http://www.birminghamairport.co.uk/meta/about-us/planning-and-development/airport-master-plan.aspx
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100922213905/http://birminghamairport.co.uk/meta/news/2010/09/connect-brand-article.aspx to http://www.birminghamairport.co.uk/meta/news/2010/09/connect-brand-article.aspx
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Altitude
At a point 6 nm from the runway the aircraft had descended to an altitude of 660 ft, which was 164 ft above ground level.
 * What does this mean? Valetude (talk) 16:23, 13 May 2022 (UTC)

BH Air
I have removed BH Air from the listning of destinations as I have been unable to find any evidence that they are still flying to Birmingham, or have any plans to do so. Their website doesn't seem to sell tickets (!) but it doesn't really reference Birmingham anywhere, and nor do tickets see to be available for sale anywhere else. I may be wrong, and with some evidence of a resumption date am more than happy for them to be listed again. Mordac (talk) 22:25, 17 August 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Birmingham Airport


text:
Talk:Einsteinium

Cryptocurrency
I get 229,000 ghits https://www.google.com.au/search?q=%22einsteinium%22+%22cryptocurrency%22

It looks to me to be worth a mention. There is also a band of people promoting it, so having an article or at least a redlink would give some protection.

See also https://www.forbes.com/digital-assets/assets/einsteinium-emc2/ Andrewa (talk) 21:07, 4 February 2024 (UTC)

 * That's got absolutely nothing to do with the chemical element. Einsteinium (cryptocurrency) would be the appropriate target for such content, although you would have to ensure that the article satisfies WP:NCORP. Polyamorph (talk) 13:32, 6 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Einsteinium


text:
Growth rate (group theory)

In the mathematical subject of geometric group theory, the growth rate of a group with respect to a symmetric generating set describes how fast a group grows. Every element in the group can be written as a product of generators, and the growth rate counts the number of elements that can be written as a product of length n.

Definition
Suppose G is a finitely generated group; and T is a finite symmetric set of generators (symmetric means that if $$ x \in T $$ then $$ x^{-1} \in T $$). Any element $$ x \in G $$ can be expressed as a word in the T-alphabet

 * $$ x = a_1 \cdot a_2 \cdots a_k \text{ where } a_i\in T. $$

Consider the subset of all elements of G that can be expressed by such a word of length ≤ n

 * $$B_n(G,T) = \{x\in G \mid x = a_1 \cdot a_2 \cdots a_k \text{ where } a_i\in T \text{ and } k\le n\}.$$

This set is just the closed ball of radius n in the word metric d on G with respect to the generating set T:

 * $$B_n(G,T) = \{x\in G \mid d(x, e)\le n\}.$$

More geometrically, $$B_n(G,T)$$ is the set of vertices in the Cayley graph with respect to T that are within distance n of the identity.

Given two nondecreasing positive functions a and b one can say that they are equivalent ($$a\sim b$$) if there is a constant C such that for all positive integers n,

 * $$ a(n/ C) \leq b(n) \leq a(Cn),\, $$

for example $$ p^n\sim q^n $$ if $$ p,q>1 $$.

Then the growth rate of the group G can be defined as the corresponding equivalence class of the function
 * $$\#(n)=|B_n(G,T)|, $$

where $$|B_n(G,T)|$$ denotes the number of elements in the set $$B_n(G,T)$$. Although the function $$\#(n)$$ depends on the set of generators T its rate of growth does not (see below) and therefore the rate of growth gives an invariant of a group.

The word metric d and therefore sets $$B_n(G,T)$$ depend on the generating set T. However, any two such metrics are bilipschitz equivalent in the following sense: for finite symmetric generating sets E, F, there is a positive constant C such that
 * $$ {1\over C} \ d_F(x,y) \leq d_E(x,y) \leq C \ d_F(x,y). $$

As an immediate corollary of this inequality we get that the growth rate does not depend on the choice of generating set.

Polynomial and exponential growth
If

 * $$\#(n)\le C(n^k+1)$$

for some $$C,k<\infty$$ we say that G has a polynomial growth rate. The infimum $$k_0$$ of such ks is called the order of polynomial growth'. According to Gromov's theorem, a group of polynomial growth is a virtually nilpotent group, i.e. it has a nilpotent subgroup of finite index. In particular, the order of polynomial growth $$k_0$$ has to be a natural number and in fact $$\#(n)\sim n^{k_0}$$.

If $$\#(n)\ge a^n$$ for some $$a>1$$ we say that G has an exponential growth rate. Every finitely generated G has at most exponential growth, i.e. for some $$b>1$$ we have $$\#(n)\le b^n$$.

If $$\#(n)$$ grows more slowly than any exponential function, G has a subexponential growth rate. Any such group is amenable.

Examples

 * A free group of finite rank $$k > 1$$ has exponential growth rate.
 * A finite group has constant growth—that is, polynomial growth of order 0—and this includes fundamental groups of manifolds whose universal cover is compact.
 * If M is a closed negatively curved Riemannian manifold then its fundamental group $$\pi_1(M)$$ has exponential growth rate. John Milnor proved this using the fact that the word metric on $$\pi_1(M)$$ is quasi-isometric to the universal cover of M.
 * The free abelian group $$\Z^d$$ has a polynomial growth rate of order d.
 * The discrete Heisenberg group $$H_3$$ has a polynomial growth rate of order 4. This fact is a special case of the general theorem of Hyman Bass and Yves Guivarch that is discussed in the article on Gromov's theorem.
 * The lamplighter group has an exponential growth.
 * The existence of groups with intermediate growth, i.e. subexponential but not polynomial was open for many years. The question was asked by Milnor in 1968 and was finally answered in the positive by Rostislav Grigorchuk in 1984. There are still open questions in this area and a complete picture of which orders of growth are possible and which are not is missing.
 * The triangle groups include infinitely many finite groups (the spherical ones, corresponding to sphere), three groups of quadratic growth (the Euclidean ones, corresponding to Euclidean plane), and infinitely many groups of exponential growth (the hyperbolic ones, corresponding to the hyperbolic plane).

title: Growth rate (group theory)