text:
Talk:IP address blocking

What about ip blocking as in software

 * Is that legal? ugen64 21:14, Feb 24, 2004 (UTC)

 * Never mind... ugen64 21:14, Feb 24, 2004 (UTC)

Evasion/Effectiveness of IP Blocking
What about methods of evading an IP ban, and it's effectiveness? For example I believe some people's ISP assigns them a different IP address quite often, as mine seems to. I also heard that a proxy can be used to evade an IP ban, though I barely know what this means.

Yeah, banning a single IP isn't all that effective. Most people have dynamic IPs which change frequently, and can be changed in a few minutes with minimal know-how. Banning an IP range will keep out unwanted people for longer, since you're essentially blocking every possible IP in that user's pool of IPs, but you will also block any innocent people sharing that pool. Because of this, I would disagree that an IP ban is "effective" as stated in the article. I actually came to this article to see if any better alternatives were listed in a criticism section. --64.180.201.204 (talk) 04:02, 26 April 2008 (UTC)

A Detailed Response
Preface - please let me know if you think the following should be included in the article page for IP blocking. I can provide numerous written texts, both in book from and from the annals of the IEEE that detail the original structure of the Internet and how it has evolved into what it is today.

Thanks! Dr1819 19:47, 10 June 2006 (UTC)

As a networking security consultant, and member of IEEE, I strongly oppose IP address banning for several key reasons:

1. It's duck-hunting with nuclear weapons, targeting numerous innocent users. Banning even one IP address can hurt tens, hundreds, even thousands of legitimate users, depending upon how many users reside behind that address. "Just one" you say? Think again! In fact, most users of the Internet no longer have static IP addresses. Static IP addresses have been relegated to content providers, and even that is began changing several years ago with the introduction of dynamic DNS. Back on the client side, many corporations, including quite a few Internet Service Providers, have switched from proxies to NATs because of greater security of NATs, and the significantly lower costs of managing users' IP address.

2. Banning ranges of IP address in an attempt to "smother" an elusive user simply multiplies these consequences. For example, I know of one ISP that uses just four Class C IP addresses in it's Internet presentation, yet has more than 15,000 subscribers behind it's NAT implementation. Users can appear to be any one of the four when they start their systems. Banning the entire class C range would ban, at a minimum, slightly more than 65,000 users, and can potentially number in the millions, depending upon who's behind what level of NAT devices.

3. It does nothing to deter networking-savvy users, as IP addresses are far to easily spoofed. I often demonstrate this to my clients by re-registering and posting new content after being "test-banned," and without using a proxy.

4. Proxies can work around the problem, but can also be detected. While detecting and eliminating proxies isn't difficult, it's impossible to detect and elminate a NAT-based firewall, which can be configured to look like any machine, even those from a completely different device or manufacturer, including it's MAC address. Since Internet firewall software is a very good thing (keeps hackers and hijackers at bay), requiring users to turn it off so that the server can ping the user (or user other less well known but highly effective tools to make a more positive ID of the network interface card) is, by comparison, a very bad thing. Going that route promotes a very unsafe Internet, and should be avoided at all costs.

5. DHCP, or Dynamic Host Control Protocol, is used to provide IP addresses to most cable and DSL modem users. Put simply, users are assigned a new IP address each time they connect their computer (or router) to the Internet. Getting a new IP address is a simply matter of turning off your equipment long enough for your previous IP address to be assigned to someone else. One problem with IP address banning is that the new user who inherets the banned IP address won't be able to use Wiki!

Thus, IP address banning is extremely dated and has not been a valid approach since static IP addresses headed out the window when [RFC 1531] was published in 1993. Given the current organization and structure of the Internet, including the fact that most users no longer have static IP addresses, IP address banning is has become highly injurious to the Internet community as a whole, inadvertantly targeting large numbers of innocent users, which causes serious consternation and discontent among the innocent. Websites who continue to employ this very outdated control cause significant harm to the Internet community. In summary, it should never be a policy of any website catering to large numbers of users.

Fortunately, there are several alternatives to IP address banning, including content comparison software. Most users are fairly well-behaved, and troublemakers make up a small percent. It's not a difficult task to install a software that compares content from recently banned members with that posted by new members, particularly those that begin posting on the same pages. While it shouldn't be used alone as a criteria for banning, it can help support a decision based upon how well the two match with respect to the general vocabulary used, the grammer, and even the style of writing. A good rule of thumb to limit what's considered a "positive ID" to the worst few percent, and deal with the rest using the following guidelines:

The most effective way to keep things civil is to enforce standards with grace, primarily by example, particularly by the admins. If admins are grossly violating the rules in their attempts to corral a rogue user, perhaps their approach is flawed. It's always good policy to work with the users, helping those who're wayward to learn more about what's acceptable and what's not, not only with what's considered good content, but also with sound practices for debating content. Using buttoms to automate some of the reminders and "lesson's learned" can greatly ease this task. Online content software can, and should continue to be developed that will force the user to read pertinant guidelines, and even take a short 3 to 5 question test before their posting privaleges are restored. The good news is that everything except the initial assessment of someone's post can be automated by the software.

One final comment is that online content that require users to log in before posting experience a significantly lower rate of problems, on average, than those which allow anonymous posting. Dr1819 19:47, 10 June 2006 (UTC) Updated Dr1819 -- The present entry only discusses the use by web sites to block incoming communications from certain IP addresses. It ignores the wide-spread use by individuals for blocking their IP addresses so web sites cannot determine who is reading or downloading from the site. Some people do this for unlawful purposes, or to post defamatory, obscene or threatening messages without being identifiable. Others may do it for quite reasonable purposes. For example, some companies may collect static IP addresses and add the person to an email list for announcing new products.

It would be good for someone to add this information to the Wikipedia posting on IP blocking. David Simon

I wanted to know that how to know password through ip Azatrum idiaz (talk) 06:51, 13 October 2016 (UTC)

Link Removed
Old paragraph:

It is also used for censorship. One example is the July 2003 decision by techfocus.org to ban the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) and Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA) from its website for various abuses by those two organisations of the content on it.

I removed the reference at the end as it now provides a 404 error. Anyone have a replacement? Trigguh (talk) 14:15, 13 March 2008 (UTC)

Howard5Dirk41
Who the hell is he and why is it important listing him? carocat (talk) 11:18, 31 May 2008 (UTC)

It's not important, so I removed it. Google only returns results local to that site, and it is therefore in no way famous. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.221.236.202 (talk) 20:51, 5 June 2008 (UTC)

Content
Why is my content being removed? All I said was "In further news, IP addresses are assigned differently to each computer. This allows one person to be banned from a forum and another friend to sign on their computer with their account from their house and not get banned."

Which didn't use any foul language or direct insults at other members who are moderators or admins. I was stating true information. (RuckusJorgee (talk) 17:18, 13 February 2012 (UTC))
 * See User_talk:Mmovchin.--mmovchin Talk 17:21, 13 February 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:IP address blocking


text:
Talk:Cycle space

 * The elements of the cycle space can be characterized by the cuts: A set of edges is an element of the cycle space if and only if it meets every cut in a finite number of edges.

This can't be quite right, since in a finite graph any set of edges would qualify. AxelBoldt 21:11, 24 Feb 2004 (UTC)

fundamental cycles?
Article currently states:
 * It is not necessary to use all cycles to generate the cycle space: if G is connected and any spanning tree T of G is given, then the fundamental cycles of T form a basis of the cycle space.

I don't really understand what this is saying. Clearly, adding just one edge to a spanning tree makes a cycle, and also its clear that one gets one unique cycle for every edge that is not in the spanning tree. Is this the definition of a "fundamental cycle"? linas (talk) 23:12, 7 September 2008 (UTC)

 * Never mind, yes, this is the definition. linas (talk) 01:39, 8 September 2008 (UTC)

Homology
Shouldnt the article mention that if the graph is considered as a topological space the cycle space is natually identified with the first homology group?81.101.138.148 (talk) 10:02, 14 October 2011 (UTC) That was me Billlion (talk) 10:03, 14 October 2011 (UTC)
 * Yes, that would be a good idea. —David Eppstein (talk) 14:38, 14 October 2011 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Cycle space


text:
User talk:Kcvv

Welcome to Wikipedia! Please leave a note at New user log so we can get to know you -- it's a great way to connect with experienced editors who are interested in the same things you are. The welcome page linked above is a good resource -- so is How to edit a page. Leave questions at the Village pump or on my talk page, if you like. Happy editing! Jwrosenzweig 21:12, 24 Feb 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kcvv


text: Talk:List of HIV-positive people

title: Talk:List of HIV-positive people


text:
National Arts Centre

The National Arts Centre (NAC) (Centre national des Arts) is a performing arts organization in Ottawa, Ontario, along the Rideau Canal. It is based in the eponymous National Arts Centre building.

History
The NAC was one of several projects launched by the government of Lester B. Pearson to commemorate Canada's 1967 centenary. It opened its doors to the public for the first time on May 31, 1969, at a cost of C$46 million.

In February 2014, the centre unveiled a new logo and slogan, Canada is our stage, in preparation for its fiftieth anniversary in 2019. The former logo had been designed by Montreal graphic designer Ernst Roch and had been in use since the centre's opening.

In October 2015, initial talks about plans to develop an Indigenous theatre were held between NAC leadership, Indigenous performers and community leaders from across Canada with the aim of making Indigenous theatre a core activity of the National Arts Centre. In June 2017, Kevin Loring was hired to be the first artistic director of the NAC Indigenous Theatre department. Lori Marchand was appointed the first managing director of the department soon after. Along with Lindsay Lachance, an artistic associate, the Indigenous Theatre department works to increase the representation of Indigenous peoples through theatre and provide further space and resources for Indigenous actors and playwrights to thrive. To date, over $1 million has been raised to establish the Indigenous Theatre department through a tribute dinner hosted by the NAC in June 2018. The first full season by the Indigenous theatre department commenced in fall 2019.

Orchestra
The National Arts Centre Orchestra is a world-class ensemble of outstanding classical musicians from across Canada and around the world, led by music director, Alexander Shelley. Since its debut in 1969 at the opening of Canada’s National Arts Centre, the Orchestra has been praised for the passion and clarity of its performances, its groundbreaking educational programs, and its leadership in nurturing Canadian creativity.

Indigenous Theatre
Kevin Loring is the current director of the Indigenous Theatre. Loring is Nlaka'pamux from Lytton, British Columbia, a small town in the Fraser Canyon and was born November 24, 1974. His first published play, Where The Blood Mixes, won the Governor General's Award for English-language drama in 2009. He is also the Artistic Director of The Savage Society. When asked what Indigenous theatre is, he says that it is “Our stories told and performed through the lens of Indigenous people".

The Indigenous Theatre's first production, co-presented by the NAC English Theatre, was in September 2019 when Muriel Miguel directed Marie Clements' The Unnatural and Accidental Women. The production starred PJ Prudat as Rebecca and Monique Mojica as Aunt Shadie and also featured Yolanda Bonnell, Columpa C. Bobb, and Cheri Maracle.

Notable figures in the Indigenous theatre department include:

 * Kevin Loring: playwright, actor and teacher, winner of the Governor General's Award for English-language drama for his play, Where the Blood Mixes in 2009
 * Lori Marchand: former director of Western Canada Theatre and daughter of Leonard Marchand, the first Indigenous Member of Parliament in Canada
 * Lindsay Lachance: PhD candidate and sessional lecturer in theatre at the University of British Columbia and Simon Fraser University

Artistic aims and performances
One of Canada's most extensive performing arts facilities, the National Arts Centre displays ballets, orchestras, theatre and musical performances. At 1,158,000 ft2, the NAC works with thousands of artists, both emerging and established, from across Canada and around the world and collaborates with dozens of other arts organizations across the country. The NAC operates in the performing arts fields of classical music, English theatre, French theatre, Indigenous theatre, dance, variety, and community programming. The NAC supports programs for young and emerging artists and programs for young audiences and produces resources and study materials for teachers. The NAC is the only multidisciplinary, multilingual performing arts centre in North America and one of the largest in the world.

The National Arts Centre is home to the National Arts Centre Orchestra, considered one of the world's leading classical-size orchestras. Alexander Shelley, a conductor, pianist, cellist and teacher, has been the orchestra's music director since 2015. Jean Roberts was the artistic director of the English theatre (1975-77), followed by John Wood (1977-84). Andis Celms was a theatre producer (1984-97), and Marti Maraden served as artistic director of English theatre from 1997 to 2005. Peter Hinton succeeded Maraden in November 2005, followed by Jillian Keiley in 2012. The current artistic director of English Theatre is Nina Lee Aquino; the artistic director of French Theatre is Mani Soleymanlou (who succeeded Brigitte Haentjens in 2021); Caroline Ohrt is the executive producer of dance (succeeding Cathy Levy in 2023); Heather Moore is producer and executive director of the Scene Festivals; Heather Gibson is producer of NAC Presents. The National Arts Centre produces nine podcasts in both official languages. They cover French and English theatre and classical and contemporary Canadian music. The NAC has since created an Indigenous Theatre discipline. On June 15, 2017, Kevin Loring was announced as the first Artistic Director of Indigenous Theatre.

Kurt Waldele was executive chef for two decades until his death in 2009. His successor Michael Blackie, was responsible for creating "Celebrity Chefs of Canada," which ran in both 2011 and 2012. In late 2012, Michael left the NAC to develop his own business in Ottawa, located on the city's west end and called NeXT. In 2013, John Morris was promoted to the position of executive chef. John Morris worked under chefs David Garcelon, Michael Blackie and Steven Gugelmeier. Kenton Leier was appointed as Executive Chef, effective July 26, 2017.

The National Arts Centre is a co-producer of the Canada Dance Festival and co-founder of the Magnetic North Theatre Festival, which it operates in partnership with the Canadian Theatre Festival Society. The Magnetic North Theatre Festival is an annual event first held in Ottawa in 2003 and is held every in other Canadian cities in alternating years. The festival offers not only productions and performances for the theatre-going public, but offers workshops and seminars aimed at theatre students and professionals.

In 2021, during the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada, the NAC created the series Undisrupted for CBC Gem, which featured four Canadian performers or composers of classical or opera music creating a short film set to a new original composition.

title: National Arts Centre


text: User:Ruiz~enwiki/Sandbox

title: User:Ruiz~enwiki/Sandbox


text:
Talisman Dungeon

Talisman Dungeon is an expansion set published by Games Workshop in 1987 for the second edition of the Talisman board game.

Description
Talisman Dungeon is a supplement for the Talisman game that can also be used as a small stand-alone game. It is the only Talisman supplement that was designed by Bob Harris, the designer of the original game.

Components
It comes with the following components: These new characters can be used in any game of Talisman.
 * separate board with the Dungeon track
 * 36-card "Dungeon" deck
 * 4 "Doorway" cards
 * 14 new characters
 * Conjurer
 * Dark Elf
 * Gipsy
 * Highlander
 * Inquisitor
 * Martial artist
 * Pirate
 * Saracen
 * Scout
 * Sprite
 * Spy
 * Swashbuckler
 * Swordsman
 * Zulu

Setup
To use it as part of a Talisman game, the Dungeon board and Dungeon deck are set up beside the regular Talisman board, and the four "Doorway" cards are shuffled into the main Talisman "Adventure" deck.

Gameplay
When a player draws a "Doorway" card, they have the option of entering the dungeon or staying on the main Talisman board. If they choose to enter the Dungeon, they must complete the spiral track on the Dungeon board that leads to the central Treasure Chamber. From there, the player is transported back to the main board, possibly closer to the Crown of Command, but also possibly further away.

While in the Dungeon, certain special rules apply — for example, mules and horses are not allowed, and the Blizzard does not affect players in the Dungeon. Some spells and character abilities are nullified or altered within the Dungeon.

Stand-alone game
There is an option to play Dungeon on its own. Characters start at the entrance to the dungeon and race to the Treasure Chamber. The first one to arrive is the winner. Unlike the normal game, character cannot encounter one another.

Reception
In the September 1987 edition of White Dwarf (Issue #93), Graeme Davis found the artwork of both the board and the cards to be "well-done and maintains the feel of the basic game." Davis also thought some of the locations on the Dungeon board to be interesting. He found that although there were new rules for the Dungeon board, they "set all this out clearly and they are soon picked up." He found all of the encounters, from rats to a Bronze dragon, "all work well — as you would expect in an expansion game from Bob Harris, the game's inventor." Davis concluded with a strong recommendation, saying, "The Talisman Dungeon is a significant addition to the game. Hardened Talisman fans will probably agree that it's the best expansion set yet, and if you own the game, it's definitely worth looking at."

Stewart Wieck reviewed Talisman Dungeon in White Wolf #9 (1988), rating it an 8 out of 10 and stated that "Players of Talisman should certainly consider purchasing this expansion set. It is probably the most worthwhile of all the available expansions as it truly does add to the scope of the game. Those who do not even own Talisman should get both the game and Talisman Dungeon."

title: Talisman Dungeon


text:
Talk:RSSOwl

Untitled

 * RSSOwl - self promotional, yet another program Fuzheado 14:19, 17 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Perhaps mention somewhere as an example RSS reader, but doesn't deserve its own article (yet). [Note: you forgot to put the VfD notice on. I've added it now.] - IMSoP 17:04, 17 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Robert Happelberg 19:00, 17 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep as stub. Anthony DiPierro 17:39, 18 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: insignificant. Wile E. Heresiarch 00:52, 19 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: just another RSS reader which is already listed as an external link on Really Simple Syndication. Not significant enough to warrant its own article. RedWolf 03:41, Feb 19, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: I don't agree it's self-promotional, but it shouldn't be in an article - maybe move to the dictionary?
 * Keep! I google for RSSOwl and get 3,700 hits. RSSOwl +java get 2,620 hits. Definitely significant enough to warrant its own article. BL 08:36, Feb 22, 2004 (UTC)
 * Agree with BL. It's verifiable and I see no reason to delete it. Angela. 21:25, Feb 24, 2004 (UTC)
 * Edit and keep. Too much promotion at the moment. If we can find a way to tone it down, keeps only general info that matters, we can get a small stub. -- Bact 13:14, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

Advert tag
This article makes little attempt to present the app in a neutral way. Were it not for the substandard grammar I'd suspect it of having been copied right off the website. Needs tidying. Chris Cunningham 20:28, 12 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Currently the article is simple, brief and neutral. Google responds with 600 000 hits on RSSOwl, so it's definetely highly significant now. For my knowledge, RSSOwl is the only mature cross-platform RSS reader. For theese reasons, I removed the cleanup tag. --gerymate

title: Talk:RSSOwl


text:
Credo

In Christian liturgy, the credo (Latin for "I believe") is the Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed – or its shorter version, the Apostles' Creed – in the Mass, either as a prayer, a spoken text, or sung as Gregorian chant or other musical settings of the Mass.

History
After the formulation of the Nicene Creed, its initial liturgical use was in baptism, which explains why the text uses the singular "I ..." instead of "we ...". The text was gradually incorporated into the liturgies, first in the east and in Spain, and gradually into the north, from the sixth to the ninth centuries. In 1014 it was accepted by the Church of Rome as a legitimate part of the Mass. It is recited in the Western Mass directly after the homily on all Sundays and solemnities; in modern celebrations of the Tridentine Mass as an extraordinary form of the Roman Rite, the Credo is recited on all Sundays, feasts of the I class, II class feasts of the Lord and of the Blessed Virgin, on the days within the octaves of Christmas, Easter, and Pentecost, and on the "birthday" feasts of the apostles and evangelists (including the feasts of St. Peter's Chair and of St. Barnabas). It is recited in the Orthodox Liturgy following the Litany of Supplication on all occasions.

Probably because of its late adoption, and the length of the text (the longest in the Ordinary of the Mass), there are relatively few chant settings of it. What is identified as "Credo I" in the Liber Usualis was apparently widely considered the only authentic Credo, and it is the element of the ordinary that was most strongly associated with a single melody. The Liber Usualis contains only two other settings, designated as "Credo V" and "Credo VI," which is far fewer than for other settings of the Ordinary.

In musical settings of the Credo, as in the Gloria, the first line is intoned by the celebrant alone (Credo in unum Deum), or by a soloist, while the choir or congregation joins in with the second line. This tradition continued through the Middle Ages and Renaissance, and is even followed in more recent settings. In Stravinsky's Mass, for example, a soloist intones the first line, which is from the plainchant Credo I. In Mass settings of the Baroque, Classical and Romantic period the Credo line is usually set for whole choir, such as in the Symbolum Nicenum (Nicene Creed) of Bach's Mass in B minor, where the composer uses plainchant as the theme for a fugue, in the later Masses of Haydn, and the Missa Solemnis of Beethoven.

The melody of Credo I first appears in eleventh-century manuscripts, but it is believed to be much older, and perhaps Greek in origin. It is almost entirely syllabic, probably because of the length of the text, and consists of a great deal of repetition of melodic formulas.

In polyphonic settings of the Mass, the Credo is usually the longest movement, but is usually set more homophonically than other movements, probably because the length of the text demanded a more syllabic approach, as was seen with chant as well. A few composers (notably Heinrich Isaac) have set Credos independently from the rest of the ordinary, presumably to allow their insertion into missae breves or their omission where a said or chanted Credo is the custom.

Text

 * Credo in unum Deum, Patrem omnipotentem,
 * I believe in one God, the Father Almighty,
 * factorem cæli et terræ, visibilium omnium et invisibilium.
 * maker of heaven and earth, of all things visible and invisible:
 * Et in unum Dominum, Jesum Christum,
 * And in one Lord, Jesus Christ,
 * Filium Dei unigenitum, et ex Patre natum ante omnia sæcula.
 * the only-begotten Son of God, born of the Father before all ages;
 * Deum de Deo, Lumen de Lumine, Deum verum de Deo vero,
 * God from God, Light from Light, true God from true God;
 * genitum non factum, consubstantialem Patri;
 * begotten, not made, consubstantial with the Father,
 * per quem omnia facta sunt.
 * by whom all things were made;
 * Qui propter nos homines et propter nostram salutem descendit de cælis.
 * who for us men and for our salvation descended from heaven.
 * Et incarnatus est de Spiritu Sancto ex Maria Virgine, et homo factus est.
 * He was incarnate by the Holy Ghost out of the Virgin Mary, and was made man.
 * Crucifixus etiam pro nobis sub Pontio Pilato passus, et sepultus est,
 * He was crucified also for us under Pontius Pilate; he suffered and was buried:
 * et resurrexit tertia die, secundum Scripturas,
 * And he rose again on the third day according to the Scriptures:
 * et ascendit in cælum, sedet ad dexteram Patris.
 * And ascended into heaven, and sits on the right hand of the Father:
 * Et iterum venturus est cum gloria, iudicare vivos et mortuos,
 * And the same shall come again, with glory, to judge the living and the dead:
 * cuius regni non erit finis;
 * Of whose kingdom there shall be no end;
 * Et in Spiritum Sanctum, Dominum et vivificantem,
 * And (I believe) in the Holy Ghost, the Lord and life-giver,
 * qui ex Patre Filioque procedit.
 * who proceeds from the Father and the Son,
 * Qui cum Patre et Filio simul adoratur et conglorificatur:
 * who, with the Father and the Son, together is worshiped and glorified,
 * qui locutus est per prophetas.
 * who has spoken through the prophets.
 * Et unam, sanctam, catholicam et apostolicam Ecclesiam.
 * And (I believe in) one, holy, catholic, and apostolic Church,
 * Confiteor unum baptisma in remissionem peccatorum.
 * I confess one baptism for the remission of sins.
 * Et expecto resurrectionem mortuorum,
 * And I await the resurrection of the dead:
 * et vitam venturi sæculi. Amen.
 * and the life of the coming age. Amen.

Musical settings
Settings of alternative texts as a Credo outside the Mass, as a motet, are extremely rare. The first published polyphonic settings of the Symbolum Apostolorum were settings by the French composer Le Brung in 1540, and two further settings by the Spanish composer Fernando de las Infantas in 1578.

Shorter version: the Apostles' Creed
The following gives the original Latin text for the shorter Apostles' Creed, with the traditional division into twelve articles, alongside an English translation.

title: Credo


text:
Talk:Abromeitiella

 * Abromeitiella - This page has no purpose, it's a a deleted plant genus, and hasn't been edited since 2002. Flockmeal 04:19, Feb 18, 2004 (UTC)
 * If it existed as a taxonomic classification at one point, then it's probably encyclopedic. People who read references to it in older botany textbooks and aren't aware of the change might want to look it up here.  I suggest moving the info on the taxonomical correction to  deuterocohnia and then making this article a redirect. Psychonaut 12:56, 18 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * Would have voted to keep, but Psychonaut's move & redirect proposal sounds even better. Andre Engels 17:51, 18 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * Vote keep atleast until someone has written the deuterocohnia article. BL 09:33, Feb 22, 2004 (UTC)
 * Redirect when deuterocohnia exists. Angela. 21:29, Feb 24, 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Abromeitiella


text:
User:Mazbln

de:Benutzer:Mazbln

I am Martin Zeise from Berlin/Germany. I'm not a native English speaker if I write something wrong.

I like the Wikipedia concept and I would also like to add some to the English version (as I do it now for a while in the German version).

title: User:Mazbln


text:
Verner Panton

Verner Panton (13 February 1926 – 5 September 1998) is considered one of Denmark's most influential 20th-century furniture and interior designers. During his career, he created innovative and futuristic designs in a variety of materials, especially plastics, and in vibrant and exotic colors. His style was very "1960s" but regained popularity at the end of the 20th century. As of 2004, Panton's best-known furniture models are still in production (at Vitra, among others).

Biography
Panton was already an experienced artist in Odense when he went to study architecture at the Royal Danish Academy of Art (Det Kongelige Danske Kunstakademi) in Copenhagen, graduating in 1951. During the first two years of his career, 1950–1952, he worked at the architectural practice of Arne Jacobsen, another Danish architect and furniture designer. Panton turned out to be an "enfant terrible" and he started his own design and architectural office. He became well known for his innovative architectural proposals, including a collapsible house (1955), the Cardboard House and the Plastic House (1960). Near the end of the 1950s, his chair designs became much more unconventional, with no legs or discernible back. In 1960 Panton was the designer of the very first single-form injection-moulded plastic chair. The Stacking chair or S chair was mass-produced and became the most famous of his designs derived from organic shapes echoing curves of the human body – in this case the tongue.

In the late 1960s and early 1970s, Verner Panton experimented with designing entire environments: radical and psychedelic interiors that were an ensemble of his curved furniture, wall upholstering, textiles and lighting. He is perhaps best known for a series of interior designs for Bayer's yearly product exhibition, held aboard excursion boats.

Career
From 1950 to 1952, Verner Panton worked for the architect Arne Jacobsen, who became another important mentor. While at Jacobsen's office, Panton worked primarily in furniture design- specifically, the development of the ‘Ant’ chair. Following his employment with Jacobsen, Panton took a number of extensive trips throughout Europe over the course of three years. During this time, he establishes a number of international contacts with design colleagues, manufacturers, and dealers. From this, Panton is given a large number of architectural and furniture designs including the Bachelor Chair and Tivoli Chair commissioned by prestigious Danish furniture manufacturer Fritz Hansen in 1955.

In the mid-Fifties Verner Panton for the first time occupied himself with the idea of a chair made from one single element. In 1956 the Neue Gemeinschaft für Wohnkultur (WK-Möbel) organized a competition in which Panton participated. His entry was an entire furniture collection, which also included a stackable chair in which the seat and backrest formed a single unit. This is the project from which the so-called 'S-Chair' is derived. The competition entry itself was not successful, with his designs failing to win a prize. In 1957, a prefabricated weekend house is produced as a small series called the All Round House.

In 1958, Panton redesigned his parents’ inn, Kom-igen in the Langesø Park on the island of Fünen, for which he also designed the Cone Chair. The Kom-igen inn was one of Panton's first major commissions. Panton designed the interior as well as a one-floor extension with a roof terrace. He used five different shades of red for the interior to give it warmth while including dark colors for the table linens. Panton developed a flexible system made of fabrics with geometrical patterns to hang from the ceiling to divide up the room. From this, began the start of the cooperation with the Danish firms of Plus-Linje (Cone Chair series furniture), Unika Væv (textiles) and Louis Poulsen (lighting).

Panton designed the Astoria Hotel restaurant in Trondheim, Norway in 1960 which included the entry area with the cloakroom, the day restaurant with the wintergarten, an evening restaurant with dance floor as well as a self-service restaurant. Panton used textile design for floors, walls and ceilings in order to give the room a uniform image. The chairs were various versions of the cone chairs. During this time, Panton also designs the first inflatable seating elements made of transparent plastic in furniture history.In 1961, Panton presents his furniture, textiles and lamps in the legendary black book of the design magazine Mobilia and in the Pfister furniture showrooms in Zurich. The Shell Lamps are first presented on Lüber's stand in Frankfurt in 1964. During the International Furniture Fair in Cologne, the Flying Chairs are the absolute sensation. In 1965, Thonet produced the S-Chair (Model 275) by Panton which became the first cantilever chair made of molded plywood. This stackable chair was made of plywood which the edge of the seat was slightly tilted upwards. There are two different versions of the S Chair: Model 275 and Model 276. In 1965/66, the design of a modular furniture system made of foam plastic sections, which is manufactured from 1967 by Kill, Metzeler and sold by the Kaufhof chain.The Danish design magazine Mobilia presented the Panton Chair to the public for the first time in 1967. Design of the exhibition on the Dralon ship (later renamed Visiona 0) for Bayer on the occasion of the Cologne Furniture Fair. The Flower Pot lamp is produced. Design for the offices of the Spiegel publishing house. The Living Tower is presented at a joint exhibition with Charles Eames, Joe Colombo and others at the Louvre in Paris. For the Spiegel Publishing House, which moved into the modernized premises in 1969 in Hamburg's Ost-West Street, Panton designed the entrance area with courtyard and lobby, the canteen and the bar areas, the swimming pool for the employees in the basement of the building, the rooms for the editorial conferences and the lounges, as well as the colour schemes for the hallways of the administration or editorial highrise buildings. Design of the Visiona 2 (1970) exhibition for Bayer on the occasion of the Cologne Furniture Fair, where the first Mira X collection is also on show. Redesign of the Varna Restaurant, Arhus DK

Timeline

 * 1974 – Design of the Gruner & Jahr Publishing House offices in Hamburg.
 * 1977 – Fritz Hansen produces the System 1-2-3 seating programme.
 * 1978 – Louis Poulsen launches the VP Europa lighting range.
 * 1978 – Colour and decoration concept of the passage to the underground parking lot at the University Hospital in Basel.
 * 1984 – The Circus Building in Copenhagen is renovated on the basis of a colour design by Panton.
 * 1990 – The Panton Chair is relaunched by Vitra, which is the occasion for famous designer colleagues to present their Hommage à Panton.
 * 1994 – For Ikea he designs the Vilbert Chair.
 * 1995 – Start of the collaboration with VS-Möbel.
 * 1995/96 – On the occasion of the Olympic Summer Games in Atlanta, Panton designed a Swatch Art Clock Tower in 1995. The tower was first set up on the lake in Lausanne in 1996. It consists of 63 individual, colored rings and a large Swatch clock in the middle. Later, in summer 1996, it was exhibited in the Olympic Museum in Lausanne with 2 shortened floors.
 * 1996 – Panton designs a colour space installation "Farbräume" for Gallerie Littmann in Basle.
 * 1997 – Panton receives a commission to design the Erco offices in London.
 * 1998 – Exhibition Light and Colour, the last exhibition to be designed by Panton, opens at the Trapholt Museum in Kolding on 17 September 1998.

Astoria Hotel and restaurant in Trondheim, Norway
The design of the Hotel and Restaurant Astoria in Trondheim included the entry area with the cloakroom, the day restaurant with the wintergarten, an evening restaurant with dance floor as well as a self-service restaurant. Panton used the textile design Geometry I to IV for floors, walls and ceilings in order to give the room a uniform image. The chairs are various versions of the cone chairs. The chairs grouped around the tables and the Topan lights work together to divide the large room into individual seating areas with an intimate note.

Visiona I & Visiona II
From the end of the Sixties to the mid-Seventies Bayer corporation hired a Rhine excursion steamer during every Cologne furniture fair and commissioned a well-known designer to transform it into a temporary showroom. The main purpose was the promotion of various synthetics used in home furnishings. Bayer's Dralon synthetic fibre and its applications in the field of home textiles played a prominent part in the exhibition. As a result, the showroom was initially called the 'Dralon ship', until at Panton's suggestion it came to be known from 1969 as 'Visiona'. Panton, who was commissioned to design the ship in 1968, found ways from the very beginning to get round any excessive restriction to the field of textiles. By integrating furniture and lighting in his presentation he created atmospherically dense spaces in which colour and light played a dominant role. As early as the Visiona 0 exhibition Panton created experimental interior landscapes in which he was able to freely implement and demonstrate his design ideas, which were often interpreted as utopian. As a result, the 'Dralon ship' caused a sensation among visitors well beyond narrow specialist circles.

Verner Panton was commissioned no less than twice to design this exhibition, entitled 'Visiona'. The 1970 'Visona 2' exhibition showed the Fantasy Landscape which was created in this environment. The resulting room installation consisting of vibrant colours and organic forms is one of the principal highlights of Panton's work. In terms of design history this installation is regarded as one of the major spatial designs of the second half of the twentieth century.

The creative fireworks which Panton lit with his studio within a preparation time of only a few months for 'Visiona 2' is expressed not only in the highly diversified room designs in the exhibition ship, but also in the wide range of furniture, lighting, wall coverings and textiles developed specially for this presentation. Some of these were adapted and went into series production later.

Spiegel Publishing House
The furnishing of the Spiegel Publishing house buildings in Hamburg count among the most outstanding examples of Panton's interior designs and are some of the few that still exist, at least in part. For the famous news magazine which moved into the modernized premises in 1969 in Hamburg's Ost-West Street, Panton designed the entrance area with courtyard and lobby, the canteen and the bar areas, the swimming pool for the employees in the basement of the building, the rooms for the editorial conferences and the lounges, as well as the color schemes for the hallways of the administration or editorial high-rise buildings. Here again the color schemes became a major design element, providing Panton's typical fusion of room design. All designs were his own – lamps, textiles and wall claddings, only the furniture had to be ordered from Knoll International according to his contracts. The specially designed mirror lighting used on walls and ceilings was of major importance. While the swimming pool area was destroyed soon afterwards by a fire and the entry and lobby saw major redesign in the 90s, the canteen has so far remained in the original version and today represents a unique and valuable historic document.

Private House at Binningen
The rooms open to guests in this mansion were designed by Panton in such a way that they acted as a kind of showroom for his work. Particularly noticeable were the entrance hall with its ringed lamps, the dining room with a spectacular shell ceiling, and the large dining room. This was dominated by the Living Sculpture which today is part of the design collection of the Centre Pompidou in Paris.

Gruner & Jahr Publishing House, Hamburg
The commission to design the new head office of the publishers Gruner & Jahr in Hamburg was as extensive as that for the Spiegel publishing company a few years earlier. Whereas in the design of the offices Panton restricted himself to a simple system of colours and patterns, in the entrance hall and canteen he once more succeeded in using visual trompe l'oeil effects to create impressive and surprising interior design solutions. In the lobby the eye was caught by a mirrored ceiling from which apparently innumerable VP Globe lamps were suspended, and in the canteen the carpeting with its wave design gave the floor a three-dimensional appearance.

Pantorama
In 1979 Panton was able to create the special 'Pantorama' exhibition as part of the Swiss furniture fair in Basel. Here he created monochrome colour spaces in which simple geometrical fixtures and objects set up an atmosphere which was at the same time archaic and highly artificial.

Colour Spaces
In the "Colour spaces" installation, which Panton showed at Gallery Littmann in Basel in 1996, he demonstrated the power of colour in a physical way. Walking through the sequence of eight circular rooms, each of which was painted in a single colour, visitors were able to perceive the effect of colour, now warming, now cooling. This tunnel of colour was supplemented by foam elements in different shapes and colours, which were spread around a black room like over-sized building blocks.

Exhibition Light and Colour at the Trapholt
The 'Light and colour' exhibition which opened at the Trapholt Museum on 17 September 1998, only a few days after Panton's death, was his last design project. In eight colourful rooms, which once more provided an impressive demonstration of his masterly use of colours, Panton presented a representative cross section of his entire creation as a designer.

Interior design

 * Kom-igen Guest House
 * Astoria Hotel and restaurant in Trondheim, Norway
 * Visiona I & Visiona II
 * Private House at Binningen
 * Gruner & Jahr Publishing House, Hamburg
 * Pantorama
 * Colour Spaces
 * Exhibition Light and Colour at the Trapholt Museum, Kolding, DK
 * Varna Restaurant (Arhus)
 * University Hospital in Basel
 * The Circus Building
 * Erco Offices
 * Exhibition Light and Colour

Furniture design

 * Cone Chair
 * Trivoli Chair
 * Bachelor Chair
 * Panton Chair
 * System 1-2-3
 * Vilbert Chair
 * Pantoflex
 * Sculpture Sofa

Lighting design

 * Shell Lamp
 * Panthella Lamp
 * Flower Pot Lamp
 * VP Europa lighting
 * Moon pendant, 1960
 * Globe pendant, 1969
 * Spiral pendant, 1969
 * Spiegel wall lamp, 1969

Textile design

 * Living tower

Industrial design

 * Swatch Art Clock Tower
 * Candlesticks, multiple vase collections, clocks, a television, WEGA-Radio, mirror sculptures, enamel wall panels and enamel objects, wall art, toys, planters and saucers, glass wear, dining supplies, window coverings.

Architecture

 * All Round House

Awards and honors

 * International Design Award (1963, 1968, 1981, 1986)
 * Rosenthal Studio Prize (Germany, 1966)
 * Poul Henningsen Prize (Denmark, 1967)
 * Eurodomus 2 (Italy, 1968)
 * Medal of the Austrian Building Centre (Austria, 1968)
 * Prize of Honour: 4th Austrian Furniture Exhibition (Austria, 1969)
 * (Germany, 1972, 1986)
 * Møbelprisen, special exhibition Pantorama is presented at the international Swiss Furniture Fair in Basle (Denmark, 1978)
 * Deutsche Auswahl (German Selection) five times, (Germany, 1981–1984)
 * Sadolin Farve Prize (Denmark, 1986)
 * Dansk Designgråd Årspris prize (Denmark, 1991)
 * IF Prize (1971, 1972, 1992)
 * Norway's Design Prize (1992)
 * Bo Bedre Prisen (1998)
 * Order of the Dannebrog (1998)
 * Vitra Design Museum dedicates Retrospektive (2000)
 * Weil am Rhein, D, honors Verner Panton with own street name: Verner-Panton-Weg (2012)

title: Verner Panton


text:
Bouldering mat

A bouldering mat or crashpad (also sketchpad) is a nylon-enclosed multi-layer foam pad used for protection when bouldering. Bouldering mats help prevent climbers from injuring themselves from the continuous and repeated falls onto hard or uneven surfaces that are associated with projecting a bouldering problem.

Some modern pads include a hinge to fold the pad over into a more compact form (a 'hinge mat'), and some also come with shoulder straps. and even waist straps, for easier carrying to and from the bouldering area. The first commercially available bouldering mat, the "Kinnaloa Sketchpad", was designed and produced in 1992.

Design
Modern bouldering mats are made in a wide range of sizes and styles (and colors) and can be up to 8 - 15 cm in thickness, and up to 1 by in surface area (at the larger end).

"Bi-fold" mats (and even "tri-fold" mats), allow the bouldering pad to be more easily transported to the bouldering area, however, the use of any "hinge" for easier folding introduces a point of weakness. The term 'taco mat' is a single-section foam pad that bends in the middle when folded but has no hinge ('burrito mats' fold in three), while 'hinge mats' are pads with separate sections of foam connected by a hinge.

Bouldering mats and crashpads typically have two or three different layers of polyurethane foam that are enclosed in a tough outer skin of typically 600 to 1000 denier nylon, or equivalent material like cordura. Softer 'open-celled' foam below firmer, higher-density 'closed-cell' foam will prevent a climber's foot from sinking through the foam and either impacting the ground or getting stuck in the mat, which would increase the chance of injury. The foam itself comes in various thicknesses, with smaller thinner mats used for sit starts, to cover gaps between larger mats, and/or to keep shoes clean and off the bare earth.

Modern bouldering mats—and particularly the larger ones—usually come with some form of shoulder straps, and even waist straps, so that the mats can be comfortably carried on the climber's back while hiking to and from the bouldering areas. Some mats also include pockets for storage or straps that allow climbers to turn the pad into a day-pack with their bouldering gear stuffed inside the folds.

Use
A unique aspect of bouldering is the general lack of any requirement for climbing protection equipment that is associated with most other forms of rock climbing, such as sport climbing or traditional climbing. While bouldering is essentially a free solo climbing format, the continuous and repeated falls associated with projecting a bouldering problem can damage the heel, ankles, shins (e.g. shin splints), and knees. Bouldering mats are particularly important where the ground is very hard, uneven, and/or the fall area is littered with rocks. They are also very common in indoor climbing walls.

On boulders with potentially serious falls, such as in highball bouldering, the mats can be supported by spotters (see image), who try to ensure that a falling climber lands on the mats. It is common for modern boulderers to use multiple bouldering mats at a time to give complete coverage of the fall area below a bouldering problem.

There is some concern amongst climbers about the excessive use of bouldering mats and in particular the employment of 'stacking' (i.e. layers of mats in a vertical pile), and whether 'stacked' mats are akin aid climbing that could help with a difficult 'first move' on a route, and whether the use of 'stacked' mats reduces the objective danger—and thus the technical grade and challenge—of a given traditional climbing or highball bouldering route. In 2023, Austrian climber Bernd Zangerl wrote in Climbing regarding the use of excess bouldering mats, "Today, we see landing zones resembling construction sites", and adding: "... I wonder if it wouldn't be more honest just to toprope?".

Origin
The earliest bouldering mats are associated with the Hueco Tanks bouldering area, and its bouldering pioneer John Sherman. In a 2022 interview with Climbing, Sherman credited El Paso-based boulder climbers, Donny Hardin and Fred Nakovic, for the original idea "after a heel-bruising session not at Hueco, but City of Rocks, New Mexico". In 1992, Sherman and Bruce Pottenger, from Bishop-based climbing gear manufacturer Kinnaloa, designed the first commercially available bouldering mat/crashpad with the "nylon sleeve, carrying straps, dual-density replaceable foam" that would become the standard design in bouldering, which they sold as the "Kinnaloa Sketchpad" ('sketchpad' was a slang used in the area for prototype/cumtomized mats).

By 2019, Climbing Magazine estimated that there were over 50 manufacturers of bouldering mats/crashpads worldwide.

title: Bouldering mat


text:
Baron Hollenden

Baron Hollenden, of Leigh in the County of Kent, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created in 1912 for Samuel Morley, who had previously served as Governor of the Bank of England. He was the son of Samuel Morley and Rebekha Maria Hope and the elder brother of Arnold Morley. Lord Hollenden was succeeded by his son, the second Baron. He was High Sheriff of the County of London in 1917. In 1923 he assumed by deed poll the additional surname of Hope. On his death the title passed to his nephew, the third Baron. He was the only son of the Hon. Claude Hope Hope-Morley, younger son of the first Baron. Lord Hollenden was an Alderman of the City of London. the title is held by his son, the fourth Baron, who succeeded in 1999.

Barons Hollenden (1912—)

 * [[Image:Coronet of a British Baron.svg|15px|baseline]] Samuel Hope Morley, 1st Baron Hollenden (1845—1929)
 * [[Image:Coronet of a British Baron.svg|15px|baseline]] Geoffrey Hope Hope-Morley, 2nd Baron Hollenden (1885—1977)
 * Hon. Claude Hope-Morley (1887—1968)
 * [[Image:Coronet of a British Baron.svg|15px|baseline]] Gordon Hope Hope-Morley, 3rd Baron Hollenden (1914—1999)
 * [[Image:Coronet of a British Baron.svg|15px|baseline]] Ian Hampden Hope-Morley, 4th Baron Hollenden (1946—)
 * (1) Hon. Edward Hope-Morley (1981—)
 * (2) Fergus Hope-Morley (?—)
 * (3) Oscar Hope-Morley (2020—)
 * (4) Rowan Hope-Morley (2020—)
 * (5) Hon. Alastair Kim Hope-Morley (1990—)
 * (6) Hon. Henry Gordon Hope-Morley (1993—)
 * Hon. Robin Gordon Hope-Morley (1949—?)
 * (7) Hon. Andrew James Sundt Hope-Morley (1952—)

The heir apparent is the present holder's son, the Hon. Edward Hope-Morley (born 1981).

The heir apparent's heir apparent is the present holder's grandson, Fergus Hope-Morley (born ?).

title: Baron Hollenden


text:
Baron Hayter

Baron Hayter, of Chislehurst in the County of Kent, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created in 1927 for the businessman Sir George Chubb, 1st Baronet. He had already been created a baronet of Newlands in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom in 1900. Chubb was chairman and managing director of the firm Chubb and Sons Lock and Safe Co Ltd, established by his grandfather Charles Chubb in the early 19th century. "Hayter" was the maiden name of George Hayter Chubb's mother, and was selected in preference to "Chubb", as it was not considered appropriate for names of corporations to be attributed to members of the House of Lords. He was succeeded by his son, the second baron. He was managing director of Chubb and Sons Lock and Safe Co Ltd. His son, the third baron, was managing director and chairman of Chubb and Sons Lock and Safe Co Ltd and also served as deputy chairman of the House of Lords from 1981 to 1995. the titles are held by the latter's son, the fourth baron, who succeeded in 2003.

Chubb Baronets, of Newlands (1900)

 * Sir George Hayter Chubb, 1st Baronet (1848–1946) (created Baron Hayter in 1927)

Barons Hayter (1927)

 * George Hayter Chubb, 1st Baron Hayter (1848–1946)
 * Charles Archibald Chubb, 2nd Baron Hayter (1871–1967)
 * George Charles Hayter Chubb, 3rd Baron Hayter (1911–2003)
 * (George) William Michael Chubb, 4th Baron Hayter (born 1943)

The heir apparent is the present holder's only son, Hon. Thomas Frederick Flackl Chubb (born 1986).

title: Baron Hayter


text:
Government of Jersey

The Government of Jersey (Gouvèrnément d'Jèrri) is the executive body of the States of Jersey and is the central government of the Bailiwick of Jersey. The government is led by the Chief Minister (currently Lyndon Farnham, since 2024), who nominates all the remaining ministers, all elected by the States Assembly.

All Ministers of the Government are required to be elected States members and are accountable to it. They make statements in and take questions from the assembly. The government is dependent on the assembly to make primary legislation, however ministers can make secondary legislation, such as Orders and Regulations. The government is not formed of one single party, but made of multiple independent members.

The 'Government of Jersey' is the official identity of the executive and administrative arm of the States of Jersey. The government no longer uses the term States of Jersey in reference to executive and administrative departments.

History
Under the uncodified constitution of Jersey, executive power lies in the Council of Ministers, formed of the Chief Minister and his ministers. Before 2005, the States of Jersey held both legislative and executive power through committee-led government

Since the implementation of the States of Jersey (Jersey) Law 2005, the executive and legislative functions have been split between the Council of Ministers and States Assembly respectively. In 2019, the Council of Ministers formally adopted the identity of the 'Government of Jersey' for the executive responsibilities of the States.

Ministers
The decision-making body for the island's government is the Council of Ministers. The Council lead the island's executive and administrative governance. The ministers are nominated by the Chief Minister or by any States member and confirmed by the States Assembly. The States of Jersey (Jersey) Law 2005 establishes the role and function of ministers.

The administration of the Government is made up by a number of departments that may have more than one minister. The Ministers are responsible each for an area of policy. The Ministers provide policy direction to civil service officers, having given fair consideration and due weight to informed and impartial advice from such officer.

A new (or existing) Chief Minister is (re-)appointed after:

 * every ordinary election of Deputies
 * the previous Chief Minister ceases to be a States member
 * the previous Chief Minister resigns, is incapacitated (for a period exceeding 8 weeks) or is deceased
 * the States have no confidence in the Chief Minister or the whole Council

One Government
Under the 'One Government' structure implemented by former Government Chief Executive Charlie Parker, there are nine government departments. In April 2018, the States approved changes to the Government machinery. The Chief Executive was appointed the Principal Accounting Officer for public finances, giving them the control and responsibility for government spending. The Government states this change has improved funding allocations and government transparency. In February 2022, the Democratic Accountability and Governance Sub-Committee.

The same proposition also proposed to make the Government a single legal entity. Currently, each Minister forms a single corporation sole, however when the changes are implemented (as they have been approved), 'Jersey Ministers' as a single entity will become legally responsible for all areas of government. The argument in favour of this is that it will allow more cross-Ministerial working. However, some are worried that this move would lead to more centralisation of power in the Chief Minister and Chief Executive.

The OneGovernment structure has been criticised for blurring the lines of accountability in the Government and that the introduction of the reforms 'have had a negative effect on governance' because departments are no longer necessarily have one political lead. On 28 April 2022, the States voted to scrap the One Government scheme and return to Minister-led government departments by the end of the year.

Office of the Chief Executive
The Office of the Chief Executive '[works] to support the Council of Ministers in delivering [the Government of] Jersey's long-term strategic objectives'. It answers to the Council of Ministers as a whole, however its primary Ministers are the Chief Minister, Minister for External Relations and Assistant Chief Minister for Communications. The department is structured into the –

 * Office of the Chief of Staff - supports Ministers and day-to-day Government business
 * External Relations Directorate - handles Jersey's relationship with other countries, including the UK
 * Directorate of Communications - 'aims to inform, educate and persuade islanders so that their daily lives are enhanced by the Government, and their voices are heard by the elected Council of Ministers'

Customer and Local Services
Customer and Local Services' mission statement is 'CLS's priority is making it easy for customers'. Customer and Local Services is split into three directorates, two of which are split into 'Hubs' –

 * Customer Operations Directorate
 * Work and Family Hub - income support, work-related benefits, Housing Advisory Service
 * Pensions and Care Hub - pensions, long-term care, and income support for pensioners
 * Customer Services Directorate
 * Business Hub - business licensing, employer contributions and manpower
 * Service Hub - registration cards, customs and passports, One Gov support, People Hub
 * Local Services Directorate - Superintendendent Registrar, libraries, disability strategy and Crematorium

Children, Young People, Education and Skills
The department is organised into four directorates –

 * Directorate of Children's Social Care - safeguarding, Children in Need, residential care, fostering and adoption
 * Education Directorate - schools, colleges, curriculum, teaching and learning, child care regulation, special educational needs
 * Directorate of Young People, Further Education, Higher Education and Skills - skills and lifelong learning, Skills Jersey, Youth Service, Highlands College
 * Directorate of Integrated Services and Commissioning - Family and community support, CAMHS, department operations

Economy
The department for the Economy was established on 1 January 2022 after splitting from the Office of the Chief Executive. The department is organised into four directorates –

 * Local and Digital Economy
 * High Value Residency
 * Digital Economy, including telecoms, cyber and Data Protection
 * Local Economy, including well as rural and marine, retail and visitor, aviation, growth, trade and arts and culture
 * Financial Services
 * Financial Crime Strategy
 * Economic Advisory - competition, intellectual property, Economics

Health and Community Services
The Department of Health and Community Services is the department of the Minister for Health and Social Services. The department is organised into -

 * Adult Social Care, Mental Health & Community Services
 * Primary and Preventative Care
 * Women's, Children's and Family Services
 * Surgical and Scheduled Care
 * Therapies
 * Immediate Care
 * Quality and Safety
 * Non-Clinical Support Services
 * Corporate Nursing
 * Service Improvement and Innovation

Infrastructure, Housing and Environment
The Department of Infrastructure, Housing and Environment manages national infrastructure and the regulation of Jersey's natural and built environment. It employs 678 people and has a £77 million budget, managing £1 billion in property assets. It is organised into four directorates:

 * Operations and Transport - maintenance of open spaces, gardens and amenities; management of transport, traffic and waste systems
 * Transport Highways and Infrastructure
 * Engineering and Development
 * Solid Waste Management and Recovery
 * Liquid Waste Management
 * Technical Support Services
 * Sports Operations
 * Natural Environment Directorate - Channel Islands Met Office, government vet services, fisheries protection & territorial water management, countryside access, biodiversity and crops and vegetation.
 * Marine Resources and Management
 * Biodiversity team
 * Office of the Chief Veterinarian
 * Land Resource Management
 * Meteorology Office
 * Property and Capital Delivery - maintenance of States property, delivery of capital projects
 * Property Strategy
 * Project Delivery
 * Estates and Property Maintenance
 * Commissioning
 * Regulation - Driver and Vehicle Standards (DVS), housing and food regulation, consumer protection, pollution control, town and country planning, border controls for plants and animals
 * Development and Land
 * Regulatory Improvement
 * DVS
 * Environmental and Consumer Protection

Justice and Home Affairs
Justice and Home Affairs manages the island's law enforcement, emergency services, immigration and customs and health and safety services and laws.

The department is split into a number of 'services':

 * States of Jersey Ambulance
 * States of Jersey Fire & Rescue
 * States of Jersey Prison Service
 * Jersey Customs and Immigration Service
 * Health and Safety Inspectorate
 * Official Analyst
 * Jersey Field Squadron
 * States of Jersey Police

Strategic Policy, Planning and Performance
Strategic Policy, Planning and Performance 'leads strategic policy, planning and performance to achieve the ambitions of Islanders for the future'.

They are responsible for –

 * Future Jersey
 * Government strategic policies: Common Strategic Policy, Government Plan and Island Plan
 * Policy programme and development
 * Legislative programme
 * Scenario planning and long-term planning
 * Performance analysis, reporting and framework
 * Corporate Portfolio Management
 * Risk Management

The department is divided into –

 * Directorate of Policy - 4 Heads of Policy
 * Justice and Criminal Justice Policies
 * Education, skills, Family law justice, Structure and government organisation and constitution
 * Children, Families, Care Inquiry, Wellbeing and health
 * Population and migration, housing, social assistance, social inclusion, diversity and employment and labour markets
 * Director of Strategy and Innovation -
 * Sustainability and Foresight: Sustainability; Environment, energy and climate change, Foresight, Development of Future Jersey, Strategy reviews and capability
 * Planning Policy and Historic Environment: Planning policy (Island Plan) and supplementary planning guidance, housing land supply, place-making and master-planning, urban design policy, historic environment
 * Directorate of Strategic Planning and Performance -
 * Strategic Planning and Accountability: Strategic planning framework, Common strategic policy, Government plan, Department Business Plans, Strengthening public sector accountability, business planning capability
 * Strategic Performance Management: strategic performance management framework, corporate annual reports, insight and analysis, performance management capability
 * Health and Social Care informatics: information culture across government, Informatics Strategy, health and social care informatics
 * Head of Governance
 * Delivery planning and performance review
 * Best practice governance of resources
 * Governance of Department Arms Length Functions
 * Department improvement
 * Working with partners

Treasury and Exchequer
The States Treasury is divided into four teams -

 * Strategic Finance - long-term financial sustainability of Government
 * Business Planning - financial plans and the Government Plan
 * Cost-benefit analysis and investment appraisal - investment decisions of the Government
 * Business and performance - efficiency, effectiveness and financial control
 * Performance, Accounting and Reporting
 * Finance Business Partnering - ambassadors in each departments who have financial insight
 * Finance Hub - operational centre of management and financial accounting
 * Shared Services Centre - services to Government and to customers like suppliers and pensioners
 * Group Reporting - financial performance information
 * Analytics and Management Information - reporting to stakeholders across government about financial data
 * Treasury Investment and Management
 * Treasury investment and Management - oversees cash and investment management
 * Shareholder relations - acts as the shareholder in States-owned companies
 * Risk and Audit
 * Internal Audit
 * Governance - formal rules and regulations including Public Finances Law
 * Risk management
 * Revenue Jersey
 * Revenue Operations - assessment and collection of taxes
 * Revenue Policy and Technical - modernising tax legislation
 * International Tax Policy and Operations
 * Tax and Information Governance - training for Revenue Jersey, data protection, programme management

Cabinet Office (was Chief Operating Office)
The Office aims ' to deliver effective public services through the provision of the appropriate people, technology, commercial and support arrangements; and to protect the organisation from external and internal threats to the provision of these services' –

 * People & Corporate Services - manages the States of Jersey workforce, skills
 * Modernisation & Digital - centralised IT department for States of Jersey
 * Commercial Services - procurement, supply chain and commercial

Common Strategic Policy
The Common Strategic Policy is the Government's high-level ambitions for the island. As of 2023, the Government's proposed Common Strategic Policy consists of 'seven priorities for change':

 * Housing and Cost of Living
 * Economy and Skills
 * Children and Families
 * Ageing Population
 * Health and Wellbeing
 * Environment
 * Community

The strategic priorities for the 2018 to 2022 Government contained five strategic priorities, 8 common themes and 5 ongoing initiatives:

 * 1) Put children first
 * 2) Improve Islander's wellbeing and mental and physical health
 * 3) Create a sustainable, vibrant economy
 * 4) Reduce income inequality and improve the standard of living
 * 5) Protect and value our environment

Local government
Jersey is divided into 12 parishes, which are further divided into vingtaines (or, in St. Ouen, cueillettes), divisions that are historic. Today they are used chiefly for purposes of local administration and electoral constituency. Each parish has their own Assembly.

title: Government of Jersey


text:
Baron Howard of Penrith

Baron Howard of Penrith, of Gowbarrow in the County of Cumberland, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created in 1930 for the diplomat Sir Esmé Howard, who had previously served as British Ambassador to the United States. A member of the famous Howard family, he was the grandson of Lord Henry Howard-Molyneux-Howard, younger brother of Bernard Howard, 12th Duke of Norfolk. the title is held by his grandson, the third Baron, who succeeded his father in 1999. Lord Howard of Penrith is also in remainder to the dukedom of Norfolk and its subsidiary titles.

Henry Howard and Sir Stafford Howard, brothers of the first Baron, were both Members of Parliament. The first baron's sons included Henry Howard and Hubert Howard.

Barons Howard of Penrith (1930)

 * Esmé William Howard, 1st Baron Howard of Penrith (1863–1939)
 * Francis Philip Raphael Howard, 2nd Baron Howard of Penrith (1905–1999)
 * Philip Esmé Howard, 3rd Baron Howard of Penrith (born 1945)

The heir apparent is the present holder's son, the Hon. Thomas Philip Howard (born 1974).

title: Baron Howard of Penrith


text:
Talk:Barbara Bach

Photograph
Considering she was renowned for her beauty in her films, I think the very unflattering photograph of her should be changed for a better one. --P123cat1 (talk) 16:07, 10 April 2014 (UTC)

I concur. It's horrid. 82.82.219.175 (talk) 23:34, 19 June 2019 (UTC)

1946 Birth Year
Despite what many sources claim, Barbara was not born in 1947, but in 1946. Her birth registration with the state of New York through Ancestry.com; it says she was born August 28, 1946 in Queens. The 1946 birthdate is corroborated by public records on that are also found on ancestry. Her name is given as Barbara Starkey as that is her married name she has had since marying Ringo Starr. Even a photo new report on getty images from July 4, 1980 lists her age as 33 as she was born in August This isn't an error from the makers of the report either as Ringo's age is given as 39 as of that date which is indeed acurate knowing that his birth year is 1940. If all of this isn't good enough proof Barbara was born in 1946, the 1950 census relesed earlier this year lists a 3 year old Barbara Goldbach in April of 1950, who's father is Howard and mother is Mary, with a brother a year older and another brother a year younger. This indecates that Barbara couldn't have plausibly been born in 1947 as she would have been 2 instead of 3 if she was born in 1947 and that is the exact same age as her brother(who also has records on ancestry that indecate he was born in Septmber of 1947 which also makes it implausible for her to be born only a month before him). The census is available aon National Archivesso incase if editors are worried about ancestry bein irreliable the souce is viewable on national archives which is the same source that was used for Tanay Roberts census. Whether she was born on the 27th or the 28th in 1946 is still up in the air (unless one has a link to a public record of her's that indecates she was born on the 27 or 28th), however there is now enough proof she was born in 1946 and I think I should make some change to the main page indecating this. 99.245.174.5 (talk) 22:35, 26 November 2022 (UTC)
 * Please read WP:BLPPRIMARY. The Monush & Willis citation is incomplete and needs to be expanded before it could be used. Morbidthoughts (talk) 03:22, 27 November 2022 (UTC)
 * What's incomplete about Willis & Monush? It links to a source still in the article. Gimmetrow 22:55, 11 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Well those sources are all wrong. Tanya Roberts' birthyear waas thought for many years to be 1955 even from online sources, until the census proved 1949 to be true. Age fabrication as well as simply getting the year wrong have been common with celebs for years now. Plus the census clearly is correct in this case. Why would her parents write age as 3 years old in April of 1950 by mistake? It even matches her website https://www.barbara-bach.com/Byography.html where she is stated to have a brother a year older and another one a year younger. Why is it that IMDB changed 1946 to her birth year and it states 1946 in the book? Not to mention the photo I previously mentioned indecates she was born in 1946 as well. I think there is more than enough evidence to back up 1946 being the true birth year for Barbara. 99.245.174.5 (talk) 03:41, 15 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Even her public records say she was born in 1946 99.245.174.5 (talk) 03:42, 15 March 2023 (UTC)

 * My experience with censuses is often they are not totally accurate as responders sometimes round up, or in some cases underestimate their own age. Self-reported information needs to be understood that there is no 100% accuracy. Meanwhile, here are many sources that state 1947:
 * I think a preponderance of sources point to 1947, but if people think it is necessary, then we could add efn & notelist templates to indicate that there are sources that state 1946. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Peaceray (talk • contribs) 03:50, 14 March 2023 (UTC)
 * New York, New York, U.S., Birth Index, 1910-1965 says for the birth of Barbara Goldbach: "28 Aug 1946 New York City, New York, USA". How could that be wrong? — Vincent Lefèvre (talk) 01:23, 13 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Well I have had greater experience using than even you have and I have very rarley encountered this issue as I have compared the age listed on the censues and it is accurate to their age listed on their public records, or on findagrave, or on google and is accurate. The only times this issue comes up is with the parents/adults as once in a while they write their ages incorreclty. There would be no reason to round Barbara's age in the first place since the census was taken in april and she was born in August. I have looked throught many census copies and I've never encountered this rounding. Also Barbara has a younger brother who is a year younger than her and doing research you will find out that he was born in September 1947. Are you trying to say that she was born only one monthe before her brother? That would not be plausible at all as her mother couldn't have gotten pregnant and had her brother in such a short amount of time. And again her public records and birth index cleary show she was born in 1946, not 1947. If you think the census is incorrect than you should remove the 1949 and 1920 birthyears listed for the Tanya Roberts and Mike Douglas wiki pages and then change it back to 1955 and 1925 respectivley, as they use censuses to find their birthdates. It doesn't matter if thoses articles you found list her birthyear as 1947 as the same happened with Tanya Roberts and Mike Douglas before people knew their real birthyears, so the same applies to Barbara. Their is so much evidence pointing to 1946 as her birthyear that it should be changed to that. I don't know why you corrupt wiki editors don't want to admit she was born in 1946. 99.245.174.5 (talk) 16:38, 12 May 2023 (UTC)
 * I think a preponderance of sources point to 1947, but if people think it is necessary, then we could add efn & notelist templates to indicate that there are sources that state 1946. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Peaceray (talk • contribs) 03:50, 14 March 2023 (UTC)
 * New York, New York, U.S., Birth Index, 1910-1965 says for the birth of Barbara Goldbach: "28 Aug 1946 New York City, New York, USA". How could that be wrong? — Vincent Lefèvre (talk) 01:23, 13 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Well I have had greater experience using than even you have and I have very rarley encountered this issue as I have compared the age listed on the censues and it is accurate to their age listed on their public records, or on findagrave, or on google and is accurate. The only times this issue comes up is with the parents/adults as once in a while they write their ages incorreclty. There would be no reason to round Barbara's age in the first place since the census was taken in april and she was born in August. I have looked throught many census copies and I've never encountered this rounding. Also Barbara has a younger brother who is a year younger than her and doing research you will find out that he was born in September 1947. Are you trying to say that she was born only one monthe before her brother? That would not be plausible at all as her mother couldn't have gotten pregnant and had her brother in such a short amount of time. And again her public records and birth index cleary show she was born in 1946, not 1947. If you think the census is incorrect than you should remove the 1949 and 1920 birthyears listed for the Tanya Roberts and Mike Douglas wiki pages and then change it back to 1955 and 1925 respectivley, as they use censuses to find their birthdates. It doesn't matter if thoses articles you found list her birthyear as 1947 as the same happened with Tanya Roberts and Mike Douglas before people knew their real birthyears, so the same applies to Barbara. Their is so much evidence pointing to 1946 as her birthyear that it should be changed to that. I don't know why you corrupt wiki editors don't want to admit she was born in 1946. 99.245.174.5 (talk) 16:38, 12 May 2023 (UTC)
 * I think a preponderance of sources point to 1947, but if people think it is necessary, then we could add efn & notelist templates to indicate that there are sources that state 1946. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Peaceray (talk • contribs) 03:50, 14 March 2023 (UTC)
 * New York, New York, U.S., Birth Index, 1910-1965 says for the birth of Barbara Goldbach: "28 Aug 1946 New York City, New York, USA". How could that be wrong? — Vincent Lefèvre (talk) 01:23, 13 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Well I have had greater experience using than even you have and I have very rarley encountered this issue as I have compared the age listed on the censues and it is accurate to their age listed on their public records, or on findagrave, or on google and is accurate. The only times this issue comes up is with the parents/adults as once in a while they write their ages incorreclty. There would be no reason to round Barbara's age in the first place since the census was taken in april and she was born in August. I have looked throught many census copies and I've never encountered this rounding. Also Barbara has a younger brother who is a year younger than her and doing research you will find out that he was born in September 1947. Are you trying to say that she was born only one monthe before her brother? That would not be plausible at all as her mother couldn't have gotten pregnant and had her brother in such a short amount of time. And again her public records and birth index cleary show she was born in 1946, not 1947. If you think the census is incorrect than you should remove the 1949 and 1920 birthyears listed for the Tanya Roberts and Mike Douglas wiki pages and then change it back to 1955 and 1925 respectivley, as they use censuses to find their birthdates. It doesn't matter if thoses articles you found list her birthyear as 1947 as the same happened with Tanya Roberts and Mike Douglas before people knew their real birthyears, so the same applies to Barbara. Their is so much evidence pointing to 1946 as her birthyear that it should be changed to that. I don't know why you corrupt wiki editors don't want to admit she was born in 1946. 99.245.174.5 (talk) 16:38, 12 May 2023 (UTC)
 * I think a preponderance of sources point to 1947, but if people think it is necessary, then we could add efn & notelist templates to indicate that there are sources that state 1946. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Peaceray (talk • contribs) 03:50, 14 March 2023 (UTC)
 * New York, New York, U.S., Birth Index, 1910-1965 says for the birth of Barbara Goldbach: "28 Aug 1946 New York City, New York, USA". How could that be wrong? — Vincent Lefèvre (talk) 01:23, 13 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Well I have had greater experience using than even you have and I have very rarley encountered this issue as I have compared the age listed on the censues and it is accurate to their age listed on their public records, or on findagrave, or on google and is accurate. The only times this issue comes up is with the parents/adults as once in a while they write their ages incorreclty. There would be no reason to round Barbara's age in the first place since the census was taken in april and she was born in August. I have looked throught many census copies and I've never encountered this rounding. Also Barbara has a younger brother who is a year younger than her and doing research you will find out that he was born in September 1947. Are you trying to say that she was born only one monthe before her brother? That would not be plausible at all as her mother couldn't have gotten pregnant and had her brother in such a short amount of time. And again her public records and birth index cleary show she was born in 1946, not 1947. If you think the census is incorrect than you should remove the 1949 and 1920 birthyears listed for the Tanya Roberts and Mike Douglas wiki pages and then change it back to 1955 and 1925 respectivley, as they use censuses to find their birthdates. It doesn't matter if thoses articles you found list her birthyear as 1947 as the same happened with Tanya Roberts and Mike Douglas before people knew their real birthyears, so the same applies to Barbara. Their is so much evidence pointing to 1946 as her birthyear that it should be changed to that. I don't know why you corrupt wiki editors don't want to admit she was born in 1946. 99.245.174.5 (talk) 16:38, 12 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Well I have had greater experience using than even you have and I have very rarley encountered this issue as I have compared the age listed on the censues and it is accurate to their age listed on their public records, or on findagrave, or on google and is accurate. The only times this issue comes up is with the parents/adults as once in a while they write their ages incorreclty. There would be no reason to round Barbara's age in the first place since the census was taken in april and she was born in August. I have looked throught many census copies and I've never encountered this rounding. Also Barbara has a younger brother who is a year younger than her and doing research you will find out that he was born in September 1947. Are you trying to say that she was born only one monthe before her brother? That would not be plausible at all as her mother couldn't have gotten pregnant and had her brother in such a short amount of time. And again her public records and birth index cleary show she was born in 1946, not 1947. If you think the census is incorrect than you should remove the 1949 and 1920 birthyears listed for the Tanya Roberts and Mike Douglas wiki pages and then change it back to 1955 and 1925 respectivley, as they use censuses to find their birthdates. It doesn't matter if thoses articles you found list her birthyear as 1947 as the same happened with Tanya Roberts and Mike Douglas before people knew their real birthyears, so the same applies to Barbara. Their is so much evidence pointing to 1946 as her birthyear that it should be changed to that. I don't know why you corrupt wiki editors don't want to admit she was born in 1946. 99.245.174.5 (talk) 16:38, 12 May 2023 (UTC)

 * Sources

title: Talk:Barbara Bach


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Baron Hesketh

Baron Hesketh, of Hesketh in the County Palatine of Lancaster, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created in 1935 for Sir Thomas Fermor-Hesketh, 8th Baronet, who had previously briefly represented Enfield in the House of Commons as a Conservative. the titles are held by his grandson, the third Baron, who succeeded his father in 1955. Lord Hesketh held junior ministerial positions in the Conservative administrations of Margaret Thatcher and John Major. However, he lost his seat in the House of Lords after the House of Lords Act 1999 removed the automatic right of hereditary peers to sit in the upper chamber of Parliament.

The Hesketh baronetcy, of Rufford in the County Palatine of Lancaster, was created in the Baronetage of Great Britain in 1761 for Thomas Hesketh, with special remainder to his brother Robert, who succeeded him as second Baronet. The latter's great-great-grandson, the fifth Baronet, sat as a Conservative Member of Parliament for Preston. His grandson, the eighth Baronet, was elevated to the peerage as Baron Hesketh in 1935.

The former seat of the Barons Hesketh was Easton Neston in Northamptonshire. The house was previously the seat of the Fermor family (Earls of Pomfret since 1721), and came into the Hesketh family through the marriage in 1846 of Sir Thomas George Hesketh, 5th Baronet, to Lady Anna Maria Isabella Fermor sister and heiress of George Richard William Fermor, 5th and last Earl of Pomfret. However, the house and all contents were sold by the current Baron in 2005.

The original seat of the Hesketh family was Rufford Old Hall in the village of Rufford in Lancashire. This house was sold to the National Trust by the first Baron Hesketh in 1936.

Former houses and estates

 * Easton Neston
 * Holmeswood Hall
 * Meols Hall
 * Rufford Old Hall
 * Rufford New Hall

Baronets of Rufford (1761)

 * Sir Thomas Hesketh, 1st Baronet (1727–1778)
 * Sir Robert Hesketh, 2nd Baronet (1728–1798)
 * Sir Thomas Dalrymple Hesketh, 3rd Baronet (1777–1842)
 * Sir Thomas Henry Hesketh, 4th Baronet (1799–1843)
 * Sir Thomas George Hesketh, 5th Baronet (1825–1872)
 * Sir Thomas Henry Fermor-Hesketh, 6th Baronet (1847–1876)
 * Sir Thomas George Fermor-Hesketh, 7th Baronet (9 May 1849 – 19 April 1924)
 * Sir Thomas Fermor-Hesketh, 8th Baronet (1881–1944) (created Baron Hesketh in 1935)

Baron Hesketh (1935)

 * Thomas Fermor-Hesketh, 1st Baron Hesketh (1881–1944)
 * Frederick Fermor-Hesketh, 2nd Baron Hesketh (1916–1955)
 * Thomas Alexander Fermor-Hesketh, 3rd Baron Hesketh (b. 1950)

The heir apparent is the present holder's son the Hon. Frederick Hatton Fermor-Hesketh (b. 1988) The heir apparent’s heir apparent is his son, Alexander Frederick Fermor-Hesketh (b. 2021)

title: Baron Hesketh


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Baron Hankey

Baron Hankey, of The Chart in the County of Surrey, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created in 1939 for the civil servant Sir Maurice Hankey, Cabinet Secretary from 1920 to 1938. His eldest son, the second Baron, was a diplomat and served as British Ambassador to Sweden between 1954 and 1960. the title is held by the latter's eldest son, the third Baron, who succeeded in 1996. He is an architect.

Donald Hankey, brother of the first Baron, was a soldier best known for two volumes of essays about the British volunteer army in the First World War. The Hon. Henry Hankey, third son of the first Baron, was British Ambassador to Panama between 1966 and 1969.

Baron Hankey (1939)

 * Maurice Pascal Alers Hankey, 1st Baron Hankey (1877–1963)
 * Robert Maurice Alers Hankey, 2nd Baron Hankey (1905–1996)
 * Donald Robin Alers Hankey, 3rd Baron Hankey (b. 1938)

The heir presumptive to the title is the present holder's younger brother, the Hon. Alexander Maurice Alers Hankey (b. 1947).

title: Baron Hankey


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Baron Harmsworth

Baron Harmsworth, of Egham in the County of Surrey, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created in 1939 for the Liberal politician Cecil Harmsworth, Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs between 1919 and 1922. the title is held by his grandson, the third Baron, who succeeded his uncle in 1990.

The first Baron Harmsworth was the younger brother of Alfred Harmsworth, 1st Viscount Northcliffe, and Harold Harmsworth, 1st Viscount Rothermere, and the elder brother of Sir Leicester Harmsworth, 1st Baronet, and Sir Hildebrand Harmsworth, 1st Baronet.

The family seat is The Old Rectory, near Stoke Abbott, Dorset.

History
Rothermere had tried repeatedly to secure a title for his younger brother Cecil, finally succeeding in 1939, the year before he died. At the New Year Honours that year, Cecil Harmsworth received a barony 'for political and public services'. Taking the title of Baron Harmsworth of Egham, younger members of the family joked that he was the "Lord Ham of Egg". The first Baron Harmsworth enjoyed his title for nine years and died in 1948.

Barons Harmsworth (1939)

 * Cecil Bisshopp Harmsworth, 1st Baron Harmsworth (1869–1948)
 * Cecil Desmond Bernard Harmsworth, 2nd Baron Harmsworth (1903–1990)
 * Thomas Harold Raymond Harmsworth, 3rd Baron Harmsworth (b. 1939)

The heir apparent is the present holder's son, the Hon. Dominic Michael Eric Harmsworth (b. 1973)

The heir apparent's heir apparent is his eldest son, Thomas John Mark Harmsworth (b. 2003)

title: Baron Harmsworth


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Globus pallidus

The globus pallidus (GP), also known as paleostriatum or dorsal pallidum, is a subcortical structure of the brain. It consists of two adjacent segments, one external, known in rodents simply as the globus pallidus, and one internal, known in rodents as the entopeduncular nucleus. It is part of the telencephalon, but retains close functional ties with the subthalamus in the diencephalon – both of which are part of the extrapyramidal motor system. The globus pallidus is a major component of the basal ganglia, with principal inputs from the striatum, and principal direct outputs to the thalamus and the substantia nigra. The latter is made up of similar neuronal elements, has similar afferents from the striatum, similar projections to the thalamus, and has a similar synaptology. Neither receives direct cortical afferents, and both receive substantial additional inputs from the intralaminar thalamus.

Globus pallidus is Latin for "pale globe".

Structure
Pallidal nuclei are made up of the same neuronal components. In primates, almost all pallidal neurons are very large, parvalbumin-positive, with very large dendritic arborizations. These have the peculiarity of having the three-dimensional shape of flat discs, parallel to one another, parallel to the border of the pallidum and perpendicular to the afferent striatopallidal axons. There are only a few small local circuitry neurons.

The globus pallidus is traversed by the numerous myelinated axons of the striato-pallidonigral bundle that give it the pale appearance from which it is named.

The ultrastructure is very peculiar, as the long dendrites are everywhere, without discontinuity, covered by synapses.

Parts

In the primate basal ganglia, the globus pallidus is divided into two parts by the medial medullary lamina. These are the internal globus pallidus (GPi) and the external globus pallidus (GPe); both are composed of closed nuclei surrounded by myelinic walls.

The ventral pallidum lies within the substantia innominata (Latin for unnamed substance) and receives efferent connections from the ventral striatum (the nucleus accumbens and the olfactory tubercle). It projects to the dorsomedial nucleus of the dorsal thalamus, which, in turn, projects to the prefrontal cortex; it also projects to the pedunculopontine nucleus and tegmental motor areas. Its function is to serve as a limbic-somatic motor interface, and it is involved in the planning and inhibition of movements from the dorsal striatopallidal complex.

Function
The globus pallidus is a structure in the brain involved in the regulation of voluntary movement. It is part of the basal ganglia, which, among many other functions, regulate movements that occur on the subconscious level. If the globus pallidus is damaged, it can cause movement disorders, as its regulatory function will be impaired. There may be cases in which damage is deliberately induced, as in a procedure known as a pallidotomy, in which a lesion is created to reduce involuntary muscle tremors. When it comes to regulation of movement, the globus pallidus has a primarily inhibitory action that balances the excitatory action of the cerebellum. These two systems evolved to work in harmony with each other to allow smooth and controlled movements. Imbalances can result in tremors, jerks, and other movement problems, as seen in some people with progressive neurological disorders characterized by symptoms like tremors. The basal ganglia acts on a subconscious level, requiring no conscious effort to function. When someone makes a decision to engage in an activity such as petting a dog, for example, these structures help to regulate the movement to make it as smooth as possible, and to respond to sensory feedback. Likewise, the globus pallidus is involved in the constant subtle regulation of movement that allows people to walk and engage in a wide variety of other activities with a minimal level of disruption.

Pallidonigral pacemaker
The two pallidal nuclei and the two parts of the substantia nigra (the pars compacta and pars reticulata) constitute a high-frequency autonomous pacemaker. (see primate basal ganglia)

Common afferents
The two parts receive successively a large quantity of GABAergic axonal terminal arborisations from the striatum through the dense striato-pallidonigral bundle. The synaptology is very peculiar (see primate basal ganglia system). The striatal afferents contribute more than 90% of synapses. The two pallidal nuclei receive dopaminergic axons from the pars compacta of the substantia nigra.

Pathway
This area of the basal ganglia receives input from another area, called the striatum, which has two parts, the caudate nucleus and the putamen. This data is routed to the thalamus, either directly or indirectly. In the case of the interna, one area of the globus pallidus, the structure can feed directly to the thalamus. The externa, which lies on the outside of this structure, feeds information to the interna, where it can be passed on to the thalamus.

History
The origin of the name is not established. It was used by Joseph Dejerine (1906) but not by Santiago Ramón y Cajal (1909–1911).

As the elements in no way have the shape of a globe, throughout the 20th century scientists proposed a simpler term (a neuter adjective), pallidum (meaning "pale"). Propositions include those by Foix and Nicolesco (1925), the Vogts (1941), Crosby et al. (1962) and the Terminologia Anatomica.

For a long time the globus pallidus was linked to the putamen and termed the lentiform nucleus (nucleus lenticularis or lentiformis), a heterogeneous anatomical entity that is part of the striatum rather than the pallidum. The link with the substantia nigra pars reticulata was stressed very early on due to the similarities in dendritic arborisation (and they are sometimes known as the pallidonigral set) but, in spite of strong evidence, this association remains controversial.

title: Globus pallidus


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Baron Hemingford

Baron Hemingford, of Watford in the County of Hertford, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created 1 February 1943 for the Conservative politician Sir Dennis Herbert. He was a Deputy Speaker of the House of Commons from 1931 to 1943. His son, the second Baron, notably served as Lord Lieutenant of Huntingdon and Peterborough from 1968 to 1974. The title is currently held by Christopher Herbert, who succeeded in 2022.

Barons Hemingford (1943)

 * Dennis Henry Herbert, 1st Baron Hemingford (1869–1947)
 * Dennis George Ruddock Herbert, 2nd Baron Hemingford (1904–1982)
 * (Dennis) Nicholas Herbert Herbert, 3rd Baron Hemingford (1934–2022)
 * Christopher Dennis Charles Herbert, 4th Baron Hemingford (b. 1973)

The heir apparent is the present holders son, Hon. Frederick Russell Dennis Herbert (b. 2011).

Line of Succession

 * Coronet of a British Baron.svg Dennis Henry Herbert, 1st Baron Hemingford (1869—1947)
 * Coronet of a British Baron.svg Dennis George Ruddock Herbert, 2nd Baron Hemingford (1904—1982)
 * Coronet of a British Baron.svg Dennis Nicholas Herbert Herbert, 3rd Baron Hemingford (1934—2022)
 * Coronet of a British Baron.svg Christopher Dennis Charles Herbert, 4th Baron Hemingford (b. 1973)
 * (1) Hon. Frederick Russell Dennis Herbert (b. 2011)
 * Hon. Valentine Henry Okes Herbert (1905—1983)
 * (2) Timothy William Okes Herbert (b. 1936)

title: Baron Hemingford


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Baron Hazlerigg

Baron Hazlerigg, of Noseley in the County of Leicester, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created in 1945 for Sir Arthur Hazlerigg, 13th Baronet. He had previously served as Lord Lieutenant of Leicestershire. the title is held by his great-grandson, the fourth Baron, who succeeded his father in 2022.

The Hazlerigg baronetcy, of Noseley Hall in the County of Leicester, was created in the Baronetage of England in 1622 for Thomas Hesilrige. He notably represented Leicestershire in the House of Commons. He was succeeded by his son, the second Baronet, the most famous member of the family. He was one of the five members of Parliament whom King Charles I tried to have arrested in 1642, and was one of the most vocal advocates of parliamentary supremacy throughout the English Civil War and the Protectorate. His grandson, the fourth Baronet, also represented Leicestershire in Parliament. He was succeeded by his uncle, the fifth Baronet. The latter's great-great-grandson, the eleventh Baronet, assumed by Royal licence the surname of Hazlerigg in lieu of Hesilrige in 1818. His great-grandson was the thirteenth Baronet, who was elevated to the peerage in 1945.

, the present holder of the barony has not successfully proven his succession to the baronetcy and is therefore not on the Official Roll of the Baronetage.

The family seat is Noseley Hall, near Noseley, Leicestershire.

Hesilrige (later Hazlerigg) baronets, of Noseley Hall (1622)

 * Sir Thomas Hesilrige, 1st Baronet (1564–1629)
 * Sir Arthur Hesilrige, 2nd Baronet (d. 1661)
 * Sir Thomas Heselrige, 3rd Baronet (c. 1625–1680)
 * Sir Thomas Hesilrige, 4th Baronet (1664–1700)
 * Sir Robert Hesilrige, 5th Baronet (c. 1640–1713)
 * Sir Robert Hesilrige, 6th Baronet (d. 1721)
 * Sir Arthur Heselrige, 7th Baronet (d. 1763)
 * Sir Robert Heselrige, 8th Baronet (d. c. 1790)
 * Sir Arthur Hesilrige, 9th Baronet (d. 1805)
 * Sir Thomas Maynard Hesilrige, 10th Baronet (d. 1817)
 * Sir Arthur Grey Hazlerigg, 11th Baronet (d. 1819)
 * Sir Arthur Grey Hazlerigg, 12th Baronet (1812–1890)
 * Sir Arthur Grey Hazlerigg, 13th Baronet (1878–1949) (created Baron Hazlerigg in 1945)

Baron Hazlerigg (1945)

 * Arthur Grey Hazlerigg, 1st Baron Hazlerigg (1878–1949)
 * Arthur Grey Hazlerigg, 2nd Baron Hazlerigg (1910–2002)
 * Arthur Grey Hazlerigg, 3rd Baron Hazlerigg (1951–2022)
 * Arthur William Grey Hazlerigg, 4th Baron Hazlerigg (b. 1987)

The heir apparent is the present holder's son, the Hon. Arthur Ivor Grey Hazlerigg (b. 2020)

title: Baron Hazlerigg