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Speakerboxxx/The Love Below

Speakerboxxx/The Love Below is the fifth studio album by the American duo Outkast. It was released on September 23, 2003, by Arista Records. Issued as a double album, its length of over two hours is spread across solo records by Big Boi and André 3000.

Originally conceived as standalone albums, the members' solo efforts were integrated into a double album under Outkast's name as Arista deemed the decision to release solo albums unsuitable at the time. Big Boi's Speakerboxxx is a Southern hip hop and progressive rap album influenced by Parliament-Funkadelic, while André 3000's The Love Below largely departs from hip hop in favor of pop, funk, jazz, psychedelia, and progressive soul styles, drawing inspiration from Prince. While The Love Below was entirely produced by André 3000, Speakerboxxx featured contributions from André 3000, Mr. DJ, Carl Mo, Cutmaster Swift, and Dojo5, in addition to production by Big Boi. Lyrically, Speakerboxxx discusses socially conscious themes, such as single parenthood, philosophy, religion, and politics, whereas The Love Below is centered on complexities related to love and relationships. Speakerboxxx/The Love Below features a multifaceted array of collaborators, including Sleepy Brown, Killer Mike, Ludacris, Jay-Z, Rosario Dawson, Kelis, and Norah Jones.

Speakerboxxx/The Love Below received widespread acclaim from music critics, who praised the consistency of Big Boi's Speakerboxxx and the eclectic musical style of André 3000's The Love Below. Numerous publications proclaimed the album as one of the best records of 2003, placing it atop their year-end listings. A commercial success, Speakerboxxx/The Love Below became Outkast's first number-one album on the US Billboard 200, with first-week sales of 509,000 units, and went on to be certified diamond by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) in December 2004. At the 46th Annual Grammy Awards (2004), the album won Album of the Year and Best Rap Album, becoming only the second hip hop album ever to win the former. It produced five singles, two of which—"Hey Ya!" and "The Way You Move"—topped the US Billboard Hot 100, and made Outkast the first duo in the chart's history to replace themselves at the summit. Furthermore, "Hey Ya!" won the Grammy Award for Best Urban/Alternative Performance. "Roses" reached the top 10 on the Billboard Hot 100 as well, peaking at number nine, while "GhettoMusick" and "Prototype" failed to achieve substantial success.

Outkast heavily promoted Speakerboxxx/The Love Below via interviews and televised performances, often separately, as the album was marketed as a consolidation of Big Boi and André 3000's solo records. The strategy elicited intense media speculation over the duo's disbandment, which the members consistently denied. The musical film Idlewild was originally slated to accompany the album, but was postponed multiple times before being released in 2006, after which Outkast embarked on an extended hiatus. Consequently, a multitude of critics have recognized Speakerboxxx/The Love Below as a signal of Outkast's cessation, but nonetheless hailed the album as one of the best recordings of its era. The album has been further credited for reviving the double album concept in hip hop, as well as for popularizing conscious hip hop. Following its RIAA certification update to 13-times platinum in 2023, signifying double-disc units of 6.5 million in the US, Speakerboxxx/The Love Below became the highest-certified rap album of all time. As of September 2023, it has sold over 11 million copies worldwide.

Recording and production
Following Outkast's first Grammy Award win at the 44th Annual Grammy Awards (2002), André 3000 felt urged to do something different from his previous projects and moved to Los Angeles to pursue an acting career. He was relatively unsuccessful, landing a minor role in Hollywood Homicide (2003) and a one-episode appearance in the drama series The Shield. He subsequently returned to music, and began developing a solo album different from Outkast's work. The output was a blend of pop, jazz and funk infused with live instruments, and with a larger emphasis on singing than rapping. When writing songs, he used a microcassette recorder in order to "record melodic ideas and lyrics, then build the melody around the lyrics". He began recording The Love Below at his Los Angeles residence, using Pro Tools software, in addition to a drum machine, keyboards and various synthesizers. He enjoyed the atmosphere of recording at home instead of a studio, telling XXL: "It didn't start in the studio because if you have a bunch of people around, they're coming from the party and I'm in there singing falsetto... those vibes didn't match." His initial sessions were hampered by his inexperience with Pro Tools and, unaware of how to edit his recordings, he opted to record songs such as "Pink & Blue" entirely in one take. Other gear used included an Avalon VT737 SP, as well as AD2055 EQ and AD2044 compressors for his vocals.

After creating four to five songs, he informed Big Boi of the project. Big Boi had already recorded some songs before André 3000 contacted him, but after their conversation he decided his next project would be Speakerboxxx. Describing his approach in the studio, Big Boi later commented to XXL: "I had a complete vision of what an album could be that was entirely me, and the idea was just to keep it funky, keep it jamming, it's always bass-heavy. And lyricism, it's all about lyrics, taking pride in your pen and your pad." His favorite song to record was "Unhappy". He spent several days working on its hook before driving to his mother's home and playing the song in her driveway, to which she responded enthusiastically. At some point in the recording, the project moved to Outkast's own Stankonia Studios in downtown Atlanta, which had been used to record its namesake Stankonia (2000). Studio manager and an engineer John Frye would later recognize that much of the media scrutiny surrounding the album's recording was concerned with André 3000 and Big Boi's working relationship and their decision to record separately. He conceded that both enjoyed working solo and were doing so more frequently, but continued to share and critique each other's works.

Speakerboxxx and The Love Below were originally conceived as individual solo efforts. However, Outkast's management deemed the decision unsuitable, as Arista Records sought to capitalize on the momentum caused by the duo's then-recent Grammy Award victory. In a compromise, André 3000 and Big Boi integrated their solo records into a single double album, which they envisioned as their film's accompanying soundtrack album. Production of the film was put on hold, and the album was reconstructed into their fifth studio effort. In order to accurately display the postponed film's plot on audio recordings, background noise such as footsteps and car door slamming were interpolated into the album's tracks. As he finished Speakerboxxx earlier than André 3000 completed The Love Below, Big Boi grew impatient due to André 3000's prolonged recording process, and once again considered releasing Speakerboxxx as a standalone solo album. While the entirety of Speakerboxxx was recorded at the Stankonia Studios, a substantial portion of The Love Below was also recorded at other locations, such as the Larrabee Sound Studios and Ocean Way Recording in Los Angeles, and the Tree Sound Studios in Atlanta. Frye noted the end of the recording sessions for The Love Below as particularly stressful for André 3000, whom he described as drained from working at four studios simultaneously. In total, an estimated 120 songs were recorded for Speakerboxxx/The Love Below. One of the songs which did not make the final track listing was "Millionaire", André 3000's second collaboration with Kelis, which was instead included on her third studio album Tasty (2003) and subsequently released as a single. Meanwhile, the original track listing for Speakerboxxx, published before The Love Below was completed, included "Oh No", featuring Bubba Sparxxx and BackBone; "Do Dirty", featuring Killer Mike; "808", featuring Bun B; and "Rats & Roaches", a collaborative effort between Big Boi and André 3000.

Music and lyrics
Speakerboxxx/The Love Below is a 135-minute double album comprising a total of 40 tracks, including 11 interludes. It is a concept album with the intention of each disc showcasing each member's individual perspective and musical style. Big Boi's Speakerboxxx is an experimental Southern hip hop and progressive rap record with lyrical themes such as single parenthood, philosophy, religion, and politics. Brett Schewitz of Rolling Stone noted musical influences from Parliament-Funkadelic, while independent critic Roni Sarig observed the emotional range in Big Boi's lyricism as wider on Speakerboxxx than on its predecessors. After a "gunshot beat"-paced intro, the disc opens with "GhettoMusick". The track's eclectic musical style, encompassing electroclash, electro-funk, hip hop, and techno, is juxtaposed with recurring excerpts from Patti LaBelle's 1983 song "Love, Need and Want You", which exhibit LaBelle's vocals against a "lascivious" soul background. Lyrically, it displays Big Boi confronting lackluster contemporary rappers and criticizing the hip hop scene's perceived descent. According to Brent DiCrescenzo of Pitchfork, "Unhappy" musically conveys Big Boi effectively asserting himself as simultaneously traditional and perverse. The big band, horn-driven funk track "Bowtie" was described as reminiscent of George Clinton and Cotton Club. It lyrically details stylishly dressing for a night out, and features Sleepy Brown and Jazze Pha. Brown is also featured on "The Way You Move", a Latin-influenced R&B song pairing a "Dirty South synth-drum bounce with a faux Phil Collins hook".

Mariachi-tinged hip hop track "The Rooster" discusses Big Boi's struggles as a single parent, against an instrumentation based on "slippery" horns and loose wah-wah guitars. Killer Mike-assisted collaboration "Bust" blends hip hop with nu metal, and lyrically expresses a desire for superirority. On the psychedelic soul track "War", Big Boi refers to the 2000 United States presidential election, War in Afghanistan, murder of Daniel Pearl, Iraq War, Black Panther Party, and Post-9/11. "Church" is a lyrical critique of organized religion. A techno-gospel song, it has received comparisons to Stevie Wonder's 1970s recordings. The interlude "Bamboo"—titled after Big Boi's son, who makes a guest appearance, covering "The Whole World"—precedes "Tomb of the Boom". Both tracks use an identical "bouncy" beat, while the latter dismisses rumors about Outkast's disbandment, and features Konkrete, Big Gipp, and Ludacris. "Knowing" discusses a prostitute's plight, while "Flip Flop Rock" is an ode to flip-flops. Featuring Killer Mike and Jay-Z, "Flip Flop Rock" is a hip hop track built on a "springy" guitar loop and a "beatific" piano, while incorporating scratches and propulsive kickdrums. "Interlude", a spoken word evaluation of Outkast's history, precedes the percussion-infused "Reset", which features Khujo and CeeLo Green. Comedian Henry Welch performs the brief interlude "D-Boi", while Slimm Calhoun, Lil Jon & The East Side Boyz, and Mello appear on "Last Call", a track accentuated with aggressive horns and an eccentric theremin. Speakerboxxx closes with a 35-second reprise of "Bowtie", on which Big Boi's vocals are altered with helium.

In contrast with Speakerboxxx, André 3000's The Love Below was identified as a funk, jazz, pop, psychedelic, and progressive soul record comparable to the music of Prince in critical commentaries. The disc's abounding theme is love, specifically falling in love and self-love. Sarig suggested that the end of André 3000's relationship with Erykah Badu influenced much of the lyrical content, which he saw as concerned with the search for true love. André 3000's vocal performance on the string-driven intro was compared to Frank Sinatra by Andy Gill of The Independent, while on the noise rock-lounge opener "Love Hater", it was described as "mock crooning" by Stephen Thomas Erlewine. The interlude "God" finds André 3000 embracing his "horndog" reputation in a prayer, accompanied by an acoustic guitar. "Happy Valentine's Day" introduces his alter ego Cupid Valentino, a reimagination of Cupid as a "gun-toting thug". Anal sex-themed "Spread" displays trumpets and piano interspersed with a pliant bassline and scattering rimshots. Prelude "Where Are My Panties?", featuring Toni Hunter, insinuates a one-night stand leading to a romantic relationship. The lyrical theme continues on "Prototype", a funk-neo soul ballad sung similarly to Prince, Clinton, and Sly Stone. Alternative R&B track "She Lives in My Lap", featuring spoken-word vocals from actress Rosario Dawson, received further comparisons to Prince, as Erlewine compared the song to Prince and the Revolution's 1985 B-side "She's Always in My Hair".

Acoustic guitar and synth-bass-driven "Hey Ya!" fuses power pop, traditional soul and electro-funk styles. Lyrically an "ass-shaking jam session", it introduces André 3000's second alter ego Ice Cold, who instructs the listeners to "shake it like a Polaroid picture". André 3000 described the song as being "pretty much about the state of relationships in the 2000s. It's about some people who stay together in relationships because of tradition, because somebody told them, 'You guys are supposed to stay together.' But you pretty much end up being unhappy for the rest of your life." "Roses", the sole song on The Love Below on which Big Boi appears, is a diss track directed towards a conceited ex-girlfriend referred to as "Caroline". "Pink & Blue" contains samples of Aaliyah's 1994 song "Age Ain't Nothing but a Number" and reverses its lyrical theme, being directed towards an older love interest rather than a younger one. A "Goth-soul cha-cha" track, "Pink & Blue" ends with a brief orchestrated outro. While "Love in War" is André 3000's lyrical response to Big Boi's "War", the frivolous, falsetto-sung minimalist electro track "She's Alive" discusses single motherhood. "Dracula's Wedding" follows André 3000 as a vampire infatuated with another vampire, portrayed by Kelis, but fearing commitment. "My Favorite Things" is a drum and bass rendition of the 1959 song of the same title from The Sound of Music. Norah Jones is featured on "Take Off Your Cool", a string-driven acoustic jazz-soul track. On "Vibrate", André 3000 uses pro-environmental metaphors for masturbation. The dub-jazz track is built on muted trumpets and backward drumbeats. The Love Below closes with "A Life in the Day of Benjamin André (Incomplete)", described as an "autobiographical epistolary".

Imagery
For the album cover and accompanying imagery for Speakerboxxx/The Love Below, Big Boi and André 3000 were photographed separately, due to rising creative differences between the two, following prior disagreements over their imagery. Big Boi was photographed by longtime collaborator Jonathan Mannion, while Torkil Gudnason photographed André 3000. After listening to the entirety of Speakerboxxx, Mannion devised ideas for imagery based on the record's lyrical themes. Meanwhile, Gudnason had a more fashion-oriented approach towards his photo shoot.

The selected cover for Speakerboxxx saw Big Boi dressed in a fur coat and baggy jeans, depicting the fictional procurer named Rooster, who frequently appears on the album. He is shown sitting on a feather duster-decorated rattan chair, inspired by a photograph of Huey P. Newton published in The Black Panther dated November 23, 1967. On the cover of The Love Below, André 3000 is shown posing with a gun and portraying Cupid Valentino, one of his alter egos present on the album. Brandon Soderberg of Spin retrospectively credited André 3000's flamboyant appearance on the artwork for inspiring rappers such as Kanye West, Lil B, and Cam'ron to embrace more feminine clothing styles, in contrast with rap's "normative masculinity".

On CD pressings of Speakerboxxx/The Love Below, Big Boi's image was used as the front cover, while André 3000's cover was placed in the back. However, for digital editions and vinyl pressings, the images were juxtaposed into a single cover, with Speakerboxxx on the left and The Love Below on the right. Furthermore, the liner notes were divided into two segments, one for each record, with separate imagery.

Release and promotion
Originally titled Outkast Present... Big Boi and Dre—in reference to Outkast's compilation album Big Boi and Dre Present... Outkast (2001)—Speakerboxxx/The Love Below was scheduled for late May 2003, before being postponed to August 19. It was ultimately released on September 23, 2003, by Arista Records. As it was marketed as a double album comprising Big Boi and André 3000's solo discs, Outkast also promoted the album individually, arriving separately to 2003 MTV Video Music Awards on August 28 and staging separate performances and interviews. The strategy elicited intense media speculation over their disbandment, which the members consistently denied. In subsequent months, Outkast appeared on covers of The Source, The Fader, Entertainment Weekly, Vibe, Complex, Rolling Stone, and Q. On October 31, 2003, they performed together on Total Request Live, before performing on Saturday Night Live the following day, at the 2003 American Music Awards on November 16, and at the VH1 Big in '03 Awards on November 20.

André 3000's solo performance of "Hey Ya!" at the 46th Annual Grammy Awards on February 8, 2004 ignited controversy, as its imagery was described as "racist" and disrespectful towards Native American culture. He subsequently performed the song at the 2004 Kids' Choice Awards on April 3. Outkast performed together at the 2004 MTV Video Music Awards Japan on May 23; Big Boi held solo concerts at the Shinkiba Studio Coast in Tokyo the following day, and at the launch of Calvin Klein's fragrance Eternity Moment in New York City on June 3. The duo performed "Roses" at the BET Awards 2004 on June 29, and a medley of "The Way You Move", "Hey Ya!", "GhettoMusick" and "Prototype" at the 2004 MTV Video Music Awards on August 29. André 3000 then performed at Fashion Rocks on September 8, while Big Boi performed "GhettoMusick" with Patti LaBelle at the 2004 World Music Awards on September 15. In September 2023, Speakerboxxx/The Love Below was reissued on two limited-edition vinyl pressings, in commemoration of its 20th anniversary.

Singles
In March 2003, MTV News reported "Church" and "Prototype" would be simultaneously released as the lead single from Speakerboxxx/The Love Below, and would be accompanied by a Bryan Barber-directed 30-minute short film comprising both songs' music videos; however, those plans never came to fruition. Instead, "GhettoMusick" was released as the lead single on July 15, 2003, as a double A-side single with "She Lives in My Lap". However, the promotion of the single was soon halted as Outkast focused on subsequent singles "Hey Ya!" and "The Way You Move", hence "GhettoMusick" peaked only at number 93 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs. In select countries, the song was released as the album's double A-side fourth and final single alongside "Prototype" in November 2004. Upon its re-release, an accompanying music video for "GhettoMusick" was filmed; directed by Barber, it satirically depicts Big Boi as a "Delivery Boi" for FedUp, and features appearances from Patti LaBelle and Lil Jon.

"Hey Ya!" and "The Way You Move" were released as the second and third singles on August 25, 2003. "Hey Ya!" was the first to reach the summit on the US Billboard Hot 100, where it spent nine consecutive weeks, eight of which "The Way You Move" spent at number two, before reaching the top for one week. Thus, Outkast became the first duo in the chart's history to replace itself at the summit. Internationally, "Hey Ya!" reached the top 10 in numerous countries, as well as number one in Australia, Canada, the Czech Republic, Norway, and Sweden, while "The Way You Move" peaked within the top 10 in Australia, Croatia, Denmark, Hungary, New Zealand, and the UK. At the 46th Annual Grammy Awards, "Hey Ya!" won Best Urban/Alternative Performance, and was nominated for Record of the Year. Barber directed both songs' accompanying music videos, which were produced to appear in sequence as a long-form video. "Hey Ya!" shows André 3000 portraying all eight members of the fictional band The Love Below performing to a rapturous crowd in London, to recreate The Beatles' first appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show, while "The Way You Move" depicts Big Boi and Sleepy Brown in a garage specializing in Speakerboxxx audio systems, before the setting is transformed into a lavish party. At the 2004 MTV Video Music Awards, "Hey Ya!" won four awards, including Video of the Year; it had also been nominated for Best Short Form Music Video at the 46th Annual Grammy Awards.

"Roses" was released as the fourth single from Speakerboxxx/The Love Below on March 1, 2004. It became their third consecutive top-10 single on the US Billboard Hot 100, peaking at number nine. The song fared similarly internationally, reaching the top 10 in Australia, Canada, Ireland, New Zealand, Norway, and the UK. Its accompanying music video, Outkast's sixth consecutive to be directed by Barber, is a contemporary adaptation of the musical West Side Story, and depicts the rivalry between two high school crews—The Love Below, led by André 3000, and Speakerboxxx, led by Big Boi—as they battle for fictional Caroline's attention. The video was nominated for The Michael Jackson Award for Best R&B/Soul or Rap Music Video at the 2005 Soul Train Music Awards. "Prototype" was released as the fifth and final single from Speakerboxxx/The Love Below on September 27, 2004, and was released as a double A-side single with "GhettoMusick" internationally. Like "GhettoMusick", "Prototype" failed to enter the US Billboard Hot 100, peaking at number 63 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs. The music video for "Prototype" marked André 3000's directorial debut, and depicts him as an extraterrestrial family member, who falls in love with a woman after descending to Earth.

Critical reception
Speakerboxxx/The Love Below was met with widespread critical acclaim. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 based on reviews from mainstream publications, the album received an average score of 91, based on 26 reviews. Reviewing for AllMusic, Stephen Thomas Erlewine called both discs "visionary, imaginative listens, providing some of the best music of 2003, regardless of genre". He credited Speakerboxxx with "reclaiming the adventurous spirit of the golden age and pushing it into a new era", while referring to The Love Below "the great lost Prince album." Will Hermes wrote in Entertainment Weekly that the album's "ambition flies so far beyond that of anyone doing rap right now (or pop, or rock, or R&B)". Kris Ex wrote for Blender that the double album "holds an explosion of creativity that couldn't have been contained in just one LP", while writing for Los Angeles Times: "It's not just that the collection stands so far above much of today's contemporary hip-hop and R&B; but that it surpasses the high level of genre-defying craftsmanship that the duo has cultivated for nearly a decade." The Guardian's Dorian Lynskey described both discs as "sublime ... hip-hop's Sign o' the Times or The White Album: a career-defining masterpiece of breathtaking ambition". According to Andy Gill of The Independent, Speakerboxxx/The Love Below set "a new benchmark not just for hip hop, but for pop in general", featuring "so many musical tributaries coursing into both Big Boi's progressive-rap pyrotechnics and Dre's freaky jazz-funk love odyssey that even their old tag of 'psychedelic hip-hop soul' starts to look restrictive". Stylus Magazine's Nick Southall called the album "a series of spectacular moments and memorable events". John Mulvey of NME described its two discs as "two Technicolor explosions of creativity that people will be exploring, analysing and partying to for years". Sal Cinquemani from Slant Magazine wrote that it is "greater than the sum of its parts, and this kind of expertly crafted pop and deftly executed funk rarely happen at the same time—not since Stankonia, at least."

In his review of Speakerboxxx/The Love Below for Rolling Stone, Jon Caramanica was less enthusiastic, particularly about André 3000 expressing his "right to be peculiar in a hip-hop context". Matt Dentler from The Austin Chronicle stated that Outkast performed stronger as a duo than individually, explaining: "It's like Lennon and McCartney solo albums: plenty of solid tunes, but the pen held together is mightier than a solo sword." Pitchfork's Brent DiCrescenzo wrote that The Love Below does not sustain "consistent brilliance and emotional complexity throughout" like Speakerboxxx. Ethan Brown from New York shared those sentiments, elaborating: "Big Boi's Speakerboxxx is bolder—he wants to go where most hip-hoppers fear to tread and take the MTV audience along with him. It strikes at the essence of what has made OutKast so important to pop: the accessible, democratic nature of its strangeness." In The Village Voice, Robert Christgau said the record could have been "the classic P-Funk rip it ain't quite" had Speakerboxxx alone been issued with "Roses", "Spread", "Hey Ya!", and "an oddity of [André 3000's] choosing". He nonetheless commended what he described as "commercial ebullience, creative confidence, and wretched excess, blessed excess, impressive excess". On the contrary, Matt Harvey of BBC praised both counterparts, describing Speakerboxxx/The Love Below as "hilarious and thought provoking, goes on for hours (without ever getting boring) and is the most ambitious piece of pop [of 2003]". In The Rolling Stone Album Guide (2004), Roni Sarig wrote that "for sheer breadth, ambition, and musical vision, there's little doubt Speakerboxxx/The Love Below is a classic."

Awards and nominations
Critically acclaimed, Speakerboxxx/The Love Below was nominated for a myriad of industry awards. At the 46th Annual Grammy Awards on February 8, 2004, it won Album of the Year, the most prestigious Grammy Award, and Best Rap Album. Outkast thus became only the second rap artists to win Album of the Year, after Lauryn Hill in 1999. Geoff Boucher from Los Angeles Times declared the album "the first pure hip-hop project" to win the award. While accepting the Best Rap Album award, André 3000 said: "Thank you", showed a peace sign, and left the stage. Carena Liptak of The Recording Academy retrospectively called the acceptance speech "perhaps the shortest" in the history of Grammy Awards. Speakerboxxx/The Love Below also won Best Album of the Year at the 2004 Soul Train Music Awards, and Favorite Rap/Hip-Hop Album at the American Music Awards of 2004. Internationally, Speakerboxx/The Love Below won Album of the Year at the 2004 MTV Video Music Awards Japan, while being nominated for the Brit Award for International Album in both 2004 and 2005, and for Best Album at the 2004 MTV Europe Music Awards.

Commercial performance
In the US, Speakerboxxx/The Love Below debuted atop the Billboard 200 chart dated October 11, 2003, with first-week sales of 509,600 units, despite intense competition from numerous artists who released new albums the same week. Following three consecutive number-two debuts, the album became Outkast's first number-one on the Billboard 200, and registered their second-highest first-week sales, after Stankonia. Furthermore, it became their second number-one album on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums. In its second week, Speakerboxxx/The Love Below sold 235,000 additional copies, remaining atop the Billboard 200, before descending to number two the following week. During its first month, the album sold over one million units. It returned to the summit in its sixth week, having spent the prior three weeks within the top four. During the Christmas week of 2003, Speakerboxxx/The Love Below sold 374,000 copies, rising back to the summit, where it stayed for three additional weeks throughout January–February 2004. In total, the album spent seven non-consecutive weeks at number one, and 56 weeks charting. On December 3, 2004, the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) certified Speakerboxxx/The Love Below diamond, denoting shipments of five million double-disc units in the US. By March 2012, the album had sold 5,702,000 copies in the country. Shortly after the album's 20th anniversary, the RIAA certification was updated to 13-times platinum on September 29, 2023, signifying 13 million album-equivalent units; Speakerboxxx/The Love Below thus became the highest-certified rap album of all time.

In Canada, Speakerboxxx/The Love Below debuted at number six on the Canadian Albums Chart dated October 11, 2003, and was certified gold by the Canadian Recording Industry Association (CRIA) in its first week. It subsequently peaked at number four on the Canadian Albums Chart on February 14, 2004. In the UK, the album was a sleeper hit, debuting at number 44 on the UK Albums Chart before peaking at number eight in its 16th week, as well as peaking atop the UK R&B Albums Chart in its 15th week. It was certified triple platinum by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) in July 2023, denoting album-equivalent units of 900,000. Across Europe, Speakerboxxx/The Love Below reached the top five in Ireland and Norway, and number six on the European Top 100 Albums, while reaching the top 20 in Denmark, Finland, France, the Netherlands, Sweden, and Switzerland. In June 2004, the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI) certified the album platinum, for sales of one million units in Europe. The album was also a commercial success across Oceania, peaking at numbers nine and three in Australia and New Zealand, respectively, and being certified double platinum in both countries. According to IFPI, Speakerboxxx/The Love Below was the 11th best-selling album worldwide of 2003. As of September 2023, it has sold over 11 million copies worldwide.

Impact and legacy
Despite initial scepticism from both the industry analysts and Arista Records over the performance of Speakerboxxx/The Love Below due to its double album conceptualization, the album achieved immense commercial and critical success. Jon O'Brien from The Recording Academy declared it one of the most influential double albums in hip hop, crediting the album for reviving the concept pioneered by 2Pac's All Eyez on Me (1996), The Notorious B.I.G.'s Life After Death (1997), and Wu-Tang Clan's Wu-Tang Forever (1997). O'Brien further emphasized the influence of Speakerboxxx/The Love Below on subsequent hip hop double albums, such as Street's Disciple (2004) by Nas, UGK's Underground Kingz (2007), Drake's Scorpion (2018), and Kendrick Lamar's Mr. Morale & the Big Steppers (2022). Thematically, Speakerboxxx/The Love Below has been credited with propelling conscious hip hop into the mainstream throughout the mid-2000s, alongside recordings by Kanye West and Jadakiss. Chris DeVille wrote for Stereogum that The Love Below was sonically "an attempt at the kind of funkadelic genre mash Janelle Monáe successfully pulled off with The Electric Lady 10 years later." Gabriel Szatan of Dazed praised Speakerboxxx/The Love Below for expanding the horizons of artistic expression within hip hop, elaborating: "For a relatively young and exceedingly creative genre, big league hip hop was also pretty conservative in its accepted conventions in the 90s and early 00s. OutKast permanently stretched those boundaries, showing eccentricity should be cherished. Nowhere was that done more gleefully than on their flawed, frantic yet furiously fun final masterpiece." Erika Marie from HotNewHipHop commended Outkast's choice of collaborators, which ensured the album to be "a cohesive masterpiece rather than a disjointed collection", adding that the collaborators were vital in creating an "epitome of excellence" in hip hop's history.

Upon its release, Speakerboxxx/The Love Below was frequently compared to The Beatles' 1968 eponymous double album in critical commentaries, with Outkast labeled the contemporary Lennon–McCartney. In an analysis of the comparisons for Consequence, Zach Schonfeld wrote that Speakerboxxx/The Love Below captured the duo's "creative divorcing", drawing a parallel with the conflicts surrounding The Beatles, which arose from the members' pre-disbandment creative differences. Although both he and Big Boi were insistent on denying the intensified rumors of Outkast's disbandment, André 3000 began increasingly expressing his desire to pursue a solo career throughout the promotional cycle for Speakerboxxx/The Love Below. In an interview for Blender, he stated: "In a perfect world, this would be the last OutKast record." DeVille called Speakerboxxx the first indication of Big Boi's ability to record without André 3000, adding: "It's fair to wonder if Big Boi could have ever crossed over to pop and indie audiences without Andr[é] to kick in the door for him. But in terms of producing classic music, it seems like Andr[é] needed Big Boi a lot more than Big Boi needed Andr[é]." However, Outkast recorded another studio album together—Idlewild (2006), which also served as the soundtrack album for their musical film of the same title—before embarking on an extended hiatus in 2007. Idlewild was originally conceived as a visual counterpart to Speakerboxxx/The Love Below, composed of music videos for the album's tracks; however, it was reconstructed and postponed numerous times before its August 2006 release. Regardless, Speakerboxxx/The Love Below tracks "Bowtie", "Rooster", "Take Off Your Cool", "Church", "She Lives in My Lap", and "Vibrate" were still used in Idlewild as musical numbers. Preezy Brown of Revolt described the Idlewild project as "devoid of the air of excitement and fanfare that surrounded Speakerboxxx/The Love Below", calling the latter "the duo's last true shining moment under the Outkast banner.

Track listing
All tracks on The Love Below are written by André Benjamin, except where noted. All tracks are produced by André 3000; "Roses" is co-produced by Dojo5.

Notes
 * $undefined$ signifies a co-producer
 * The original pressings of The Love Below did not include "The Letter", and "My Favorite Things" was a hidden track. "Vibrate" did not include its six-second spoken outro, while the ending of "A Life in the Day of Benjamin André (Incomplete)" featured a radio interview instead of a fade-out. The revised edition was released in early 2004, and was made standard for all future pressings and digital editions.

Sample credits
 * "Intro" contains an uncredited sample from an Emergency Broadcast System announcement by Don Pardo.
 * "GhettoMusick" contains samples from "Love, Need and Want You" by Patti LaBelle.
 * "She Lives in My Lap" contains samples from "Mind Playing Tricks on Me" by Geto Boys, and "Pistolgrip-Pump" by Volume 10.
 * "Pink & Blue" contains samples from "Age Ain't Nothing but a Number" by Aaliyah, and an uncredited sample from "Why Can't We Live Together" by Timmy Thomas.
 * "My Favorite Things" contains interpolations from John Coltrane's recording of the same title.

Personnel
Credits are adapted from the liner notes of Speakerboxxx/The Love Below.

 * Speakerboxxx

 * Big Boi – executive producer, lead vocals (all tracks), producer (tracks 4–7, 11, 14, 16), programming (tracks 4, 7, 11, 13, 15), keyboards (tracks 4, 7, 11, 13), background vocals (track 8)
 * André 3000 – executive producer, lead vocals (track 2), producer (tracks 2, 9, 18), keyboards (tracks 2, 18), programming (track 18), additional vocals (track 13)
 * L.A. Reid – executive producer
 * Bernie Grundman – audio mastering (all tracks)
 * Killer Mike – lead vocals (tracks 7, 14)
 * Devine Evans – sound design, engineer
 * Sleepy Brown – lead vocals (tracks 9, 11), backgrounds vocals (tracks 2, 3, 6, 7, 14), additional vocals (tracks 4, 5)
 * Konkrete – lead vocals (track 11)
 * Big Gipp – lead vocals (track 11)
 * Ludacris – lead vocals (track 11)
 * Jay Z – lead vocals (track 14)
 * Khujo Goodie – lead vocals (track 16)
 * Cee-Lo – lead vocals (track 16)
 * Mello – lead vocals (track 18)
 * Slimm Calhoun – lead vocals (track 18)
 * Cutmaster Swift – producer (track 1), cuts (tracks 6, 14)
 * Mr. DJ – producer (tracks 3, 8, 13, 14)
 * Carl Mo – producer (tracks 5, 6)
 * Jazze Pha – additional vocals (track 4)
 * Lil Jon & The Eastside Boyz – additional vocals (track 18)
 * Myrna Crenshaw – background vocals (tracks 2, 7–9)
 * Joi – background vocals (track 2)
 * Debra Killings – background vocals (tracks 3, 9, 14, 16), bass (tracks 3–6, 8, 9, 14, 18)
 * Tori Alamaze – background vocals (track 4)
 * John Frye – audio recording, audio mixing (all tracks)
 * Moka Nagatani – audio recording (tracks 2, 4, 13)
 * Vincent Alexander – audio recording (tracks 5, 11), recording assistant (track 2)
 * Matt Still – audio recording (track 9)
 * Chris Carmouche – audio recording (track 11)
 * Warren Bletcher – recording assistant (all tracks)
 * Marvin "Chanz" Parkman – keyboards (tracks 3, 8, 9, 14, 16), organ (track 2), piano (track 6)
 * Kevin Kendrick – keyboards (track 9)
 * Donnie Mathis – guitar (tracks 3, 6)
 * David Whild – guitar (tracks 4, 7, 8, 14)
 * ZaZa – guitar (track 5)
 * Preston Crump – bass (track 3)
 * Aaron Mills – bass (track 9)
 * Victor Alexander – drums (tracks 7, 8)
 * Hornz Unlimited – horns (tracks 4–6, 18)
 * Rajinder Kala – congos (track 3)
 * Regina Davenport – A&R direction and coordination, production coordinator
 * Theresa Wilson – A&R administrator
 * Michael "Big Blue" Williams – management
 * Joe-Mama Nitzberg – creative direction
 * Jeff Schulz – art direction and design
 * Jonathan Mannion – photography

 * The Love Below

 * André 3000 – executive producer, lead vocals (all tracks), producer (all tracks), programming (tracks 1, 9, 12), keyboards (tracks 1, 9, 12), guitar (tracks 4, 7, 8, 18), tenor saxophone (track 8), acoustic guitar (track 9), background vocals (track 19)
 * Big Boi – executive producer, lead vocals (track 10; uncredited), background vocals (track 6)
 * L.A. Reid – executive producer
 * Brian "Big Bass" Gardner – audio mastering (all tracks)
 * Kelis – lead vocals (track 15)
 * Norah Jones – lead vocals (track 19)
 * Killer Mike – background vocals (track 10)
 * Sleepy Brown – background vocals (track 19)
 * Joi – additional vocals (track 4)
 * Myrna Crenshaw – additional vocals (track 4)
 * Marianne Lee Stiff – additional vocals (track 7)
 * John Frisbee – additional vocals (track 7)
 * Rosario Dawson – additional vocals (track 8)
 * Rabeka Tunei – additional vocals (track 9), recording assistant (track 9)
 * John Frye – audio recording (all tracks), audio mixing (tracks 10, 14, 17), pre-mixing (tracks 2–8, 10–13, 15, 18, 19)
 * Robert "HipHop" Hannon – audio recording (tracks 4, 5, 9)
 * Pete Novak – audio recording (tracks 4, 5, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 17, 19), audio mixing (track 15), pre-mixing (tracks 4, 5, 12)
 * Matt Still – audio recording (track 7)
 * Terrence Cash – audio recording (track 8)
 * Reggie Cozier – audio recording (track 13)
 * Darrell Thorp – audio recording (track 13)
 * Brian Paluralski – audio recording (track 15)
 * Padraic Kernin – audio recording (track 18), recording assistant (track 18)
 * Neal Pogue – audio mixing (tracks 2, 7–9, 18, 19)
 * Dexter Simmons – audio mixing (tracks 4, 5, 12, 13)
 * Warren Bletcher – recording assistant (all tracks)
 * Josh Monroy – recording assistant (tracks 4, 5, 9)
 * Russell Buelna – recording assistant (tracks 4, 13, 14, 19), mixing assistant (track 15)
 * Chris Carmouche – recording assistant (tracks 8, 13)
 * Jared Robbins – recording assistant (tracks 9, 15), mixing assistant (track 15)
 * Jeff Moses – recording assistant (tracks 12, 14, 17)
 * Greg Burns – recording assistant (track 13), mixing assistant (track 13)
 * Chris Steffen – recording assistant (track 13), mixing assistant (track 13)
 * Donnie Whittemore – mixing assistant (tracks 4, 12, 13)
 * Alex Reverberi – mixing assistant (tracks 5, 7, 8, 10, 14, 18, 19)
 * Malik Albert – mixing assistant (track 8)
 * Greg Price – mixing assistant (track 9)
 * Sean Tallman – mixing assistant (track 17)
 * Kevin Kendrick – keyboards (tracks 2, 5, 7, 9, 10, 14, 19), guitar (track 4), piano (track 17)
 * Marvin "Chanz" Parkman – keyboards (tracks 8, 19)
 * Darryl Smith – guitar (track 2)
 * Tomi Martin – guitar (track 8)
 * Moffet Morris – upright bass (track 4)
 * Kevin Brandon – double bass (tracks 4, 14)
 * Kevin Smith – electric bass (track 5)
 * Aaron Mills – bass (tracks 7, 8, 17)
 * Hornz Unlimited – horns (tracks 2, 14, 19), trumpets (tracks 5, 8)
 * Cutmaster Swift – cuts (tracks 5, 8)
 * Jef Van Veen – drums (tracks 2, 14)
 * Benjamin Wright – string arrangement, conductor (track 13)
 * Charles Veal – violin, concert master (track 13)
 * James Sitterly – violin (track 13)
 * Mark Casillas – violin (track 13)
 * Gina Kranstadt – violin (track 13)
 * Marisa McClead – violin (track 13)
 * Mark Cargill – violin (track 13)
 * Richard Adkins – violin (track 13)
 * Tibor Zelig – violin (track 13)
 * Yarda Kettner – violin (track 13)
 * Louis Kabok – violin (track 13)
 * Patrick Morgan – viola (track 13)
 * Robin Ross – viola (track 13)
 * Michel Vardone – viola (track 13)
 * March Vaj – viola (track 13)
 * John Krovaza – cello (track 13)
 * Martin Smith – cello (track 13)
 * Lisa Chien – cello (track 13)
 * Catherine Chan – cello (track 13)
 * Kelvin Brandon – contra, bass (track 13)
 * Kevin O'Neal – contra, bass (track 13)
 * Gary Harris – saxophone (track 17)
 * Fulton Yard Unlimited – digital editing (track 14)
 * Regina Davenport – A&R direction and coordination, production coordinator
 * Theresa Wilson – A&R administrator
 * Michael "Big Blue" Williams – management
 * Joe-Mama Nitzberg – creative direction
 * Jeff Schulz – art direction and design
 * Torkil Gudnason – photography

title: Speakerboxxx/The Love Below


text:
Richard Kyanka

Richard Charles Kyanka (c. 1976 – November 9, 2021), known by his username Lowtax (a reference to Byron (Low Tax) Looper), was an American internet personality who created the website Something Awful.

Other endeavors
In 2001, Kyanka was entered into the Entertainment Weekly (EW) Entertainer of the Year online poll, and went on to receive "thousands of votes", but was disqualified because EW judged they were the result of an email campaign.

In 2006, Kyanka accepted Uwe Boll's challenge to a boxing match, which Boll had issued to all his online critics. The match took place on September 23 in Vancouver; Boll knocked Kyanka out in less than two minutes.

On October 9, 2020, following a backlash from the community in response to allegations that Kyanka was a domestic abuser, Kyanka sold Something Awful to a fifteen-year member and moderator known under the pseudonym of Jeffrey of YOSPOS. Kyanka was subsequently banned from the site.

Death
Kyanka died by suicide on November 9, 2021.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Richard Kyanka


text:
List of cities in the Marshall Islands

The following is a list of cities in the Marshall Islands. With the exception of Ebeye, all of the urban areas of the Marshall Islands are on the Majuro Atoll.

The population of the islands as a whole is less than 60,000 ; the population of most of these urban areas is less than 10,000.

 * Ajeltake
 * Delap-Uliga-Djarrit
 * Ebeye
 * Laura
 * Rairok

title: List of cities in the Marshall Islands


text:
User:Bandy

Pages I have authored:

 * Air Florida Flight 90 (added to the civil aviation disasters pages)
 * 14th Street Bridge

title: User:Bandy


text:
List of villages and neighbourhoods in Tuvalu

Below is a list of villages and neighbourhoods in Tuvalu. There are no cities in Tuvalu.


text:
Eleanor Coppola

Eleanor Jessie Coppola ( Neil; May 4, 1936 – April 12, 2024) was an American documentary film director, screenwriter, and artist. She was married to director Francis Ford Coppola from 1963 until her death. She was best-known for her 1991 documentary film Hearts of Darkness: A Filmmaker's Apocalypse as well as other documentaries chronicling the films of her husband and children.

Early life
Eleanor Coppola was born Eleanor Jessie Neil on May 4, 1936, in Los Angeles, California. Her father was a political cartoonist for the Los Angeles Examiner who died when she was 10 years old. She and her two brothers were raised by their mother, Delphine Neil (née Lougheed) in Sunset Beach, California. Her brother Bill became a noted visual effects artist. She graduated from UCLA with a degree in applied design and was a member of the women's fraternity Alpha Chi Omega (Alpha Psi chapter).

While working on the set of the 1963 horror film Dementia 13, she met her future husband Francis Ford Coppola. Her position was assistant art director, and he was making his directorial debut with the film. They had been dating for several months when Eleanor discovered in 1963 that she was pregnant. Initially, Eleanor considered giving the baby up for adoption, but he convinced her otherwise. The couple married in Las Vegas on February 2, 1963, and gave birth to their first son Gian-Carlo Coppola. Years later, Eleanor gave birth to Roman and Sofia Coppola.

Film career
Eleanor was a constant presence on films directed by her famous family members. Her contributions to cinema consists of mainly documentaries in which she acted as director, cinematographer, videographer, and writer.

Many of her documentaries consist of behind-the-scenes looks at such films as The Virgin Suicides and Marie Antoinette, which were directed by her daughter Sofia Coppola. In her documentaries, she captured the struggles that endangered her family's films even before they made it onto the big screen. Through her film work, Eleanor Coppola was able to illustrate not only what goes into a film financially, but also capture the emotional toll filmmaking has on the individuals on and off the camera.

Apocalypse Now
For her early film career, she spent much of her time accompanying her husband on his film shoots. In 1976, she began documenting the making of Apocalypse Now. Her recordings of the hectic film process were later released in her memoir Notes on the Making of Apocalypse Now (1979). The book chronicles such events as the near destruction of the film's production as well as the stress that both cast and crew were suffering from at the time. This would not be the only documentation of the making of Francis Ford Coppola's Apocalypse Now as she decided to film a documentary based on the same movie.

The documentary film Hearts of Darkness: A Filmmaker's Apocalypse was co-directed by Eleanor Coppola, Fax Bahr, and George Hickenlooper. In the film, Eleanor narrated the trials and difficulties surrounding the production of the award-winning film as not only problems arose with the studio but also the cast and crew working at the time. Such events caught on camera include the nervous breakdown of the film's lead Martin Sheen as well as the trouble facing Francis Ford Coppola when an expensive set was destroyed.

The documentary film was released in 1991, which went on to win several awards such as the Emmy for "Outstanding Individual Achievement – Informational Programming – Directing". The film was also nominated for a Directors Guild of America (DGA) Documentary Award in 1991.

Feature filmmaking
Coppola made her feature film directorial debut with the 2016 romantic comedy Paris Can Wait starring Diane Lane as a wealthy film producer's wife and Arnaud Viard as a charming Frenchman who drives her from Cannes to Paris. The film premiered at the 2016 Toronto International Film Festival.

In 2020, Coppola released her second feature film, Love Is Love Is Love, a set of intertwined love stories about three couples.

Writer
Coppola wrote two successful books. Her first book, Notes on the Making of Apocalypse Now, recorded the film's journey from 1976 to 1979. Her detailed note-taking continued in other areas of her life as she collected and wrote about her life's major events. With notes covering a 30 year time span, she went on to write the book Notes on a Life.

Notes on a Life
The memoir Notes on a Life follows thirty years of Eleanor Coppola's life as she juggles raising children and being there for Francis as he directs films that move the family from place to place. The book consists of short passages from each day beginning with the death of her oldest son Gian-Carlo Coppola at the age of 22 and the birth of her granddaughter Gia just months later. The death of Gian-Carlo Coppola serves as a constant refrain throughout the entire book.

The book is told through her own point of view and although she mentions certain events concerning those around her, such as the controversy surrounding Francis' decision to cast Sofia in The Godfather Part III, her memoir chronicles the inner struggles and problems the family faced at the time.

Death
Coppola died in Rutherford, California, on April 12, 2024, at the age of 87.

Other work
The organization Circle of Memory was founded by Eleanor Coppola and other artists to commemorate missing and lost loved ones. Her artwork has been featured in museums and galleries around the world. Eleanor Coppola founded the project in memory of her late son Gian-Carlo Coppola. Eleanor Coppola also designed costumes for the Oberlin Dance Company. She also managed the Rubicon Estate Winery which her family owns.

title: Eleanor Coppola


text:
List of inhabited locations in Vanuatu

Below is a partial list of populated places in Vanuatu.

Populated places

 * Avire
 * Bunlap
 * Butmas
 * Forari
 * Ipikil
 * Ipota
 * Isangel
 * Lakatoro
 * Lamap
 * Loltong
 * Longana
 * Lorevilko
 * Luganville
 * Lenakel
 * Norsup
 * Port Olry
 * Port Vila - Capital
 * Rovo Bay
 * Sola
 * Sulphur Bay
 * Whitesands

title: List of inhabited locations in Vanuatu


text:
List of islands and towns in Tonga

The following list gives all islands and cities (villages and hamlets) in Tonga in alphabetical order with many local areas and nicknames as well. Coordinates are given for the centre of each place. All place names are given in the Tongan language.

Lifuka group

 * Fatumanongi -19.769°N, -174.731°W
 * Foa -19.749°N, -174.298°W
 * Faleloa, Houmaleʻia -19.734°N, -174.288°W
 * Fangaleʻounga -19.753°N, -174.323°W
 * Fotua -19.749°N, -174.318°W
 * Lotofoa -19.742°N, -174.305°W
 * Nukunamo -19.715°N, -174.273°W
 * Fotuhaʻa -19.812°N, -174.719°W
 * Fotuhaʻa township -19.812°N, -174.719°W
 * Hakauata -19.846°N, -174.517°W
 * Haʻano, (Loto haʻa Ngana (central Ngana tribe)) -19.674°N, -174.278°W
 * Fakakakai -19.685°N, -174.274°W
 * Haʻano town -19.662°N, -174.29°W
 * Muitoa -19.652°N, -174.294°W
 * Pukotala -19.679°N, -174.281°W
 * Kao -19.669°N, -175.014°W
 * ʻApikakai -19.648°N, -175.016°W
 * Topuefio -19.69°N, -175.025°W
 * Lifuka, Foʻi ʻoneʻone (sand crumb) -19.807°N, -174.344°W
 * Haʻatoʻu -19.811°N, -174.35°W
 * Holopeka -19.784°N, -174.341°W
 * Koulo -19.777°N, -174.341°W
 * Pangai, district's capital; nickname: Fanga ʻi he sī (harbour at sea) -19.806°N, -174.346°W
 * Tongoleleka, Vai ko Paluki (Paluki's water) -19.816°N, -174.353°W
 * Limu -20.021°N, -174.455°W
 * Lofanga -19.826°N, -174.549°W
 * Lofanga township -19.826°N, -174.549°W
 * Luahoko -19.672°N, -174.391°W
 * Luangahu -19.872°N, -174.474°W
 * Meama -19.756°N, -174.561°W
 * Moʻungaʻone -19.637°N, -174.484°W
 * Moʻungaʻone township -19.64°N, -174.481°W
 * Niniva -19.769°N, -174.621°W
 * Nukupule -19.78°N, -174.534°W
 * Ofolanga -19.6°N, -174.45°W
 * Tofua -19.748°N, -175.065°W
 * Hokula -19.715°N, -175.059°W
 * Hotaʻane -19.755°N, -175.103°W
 * Manaka -19.76°N, -175.028°W
 * Uoleva -19.85°N, -174.403°W
 * Uonukuhahake -19.966°N, -174.48°W
 * Tofanga -19.958°N, -174.462°W
 * Uonukuhihifo -19.969°N, -174.495°W
 * ʻUiha -19.902°N, -174.401°W
 * Felemea; nickname: ʻOtu Kinekina (Weary Islands) -19.91°N, -174.41°W
 * ʻUiha township -19.892°N, -174.405°W
 * Tatafa -19.876°N, -174.418°W

Lulunga (archipelago)

 * Fakahiku -20.044°N, -174.701°W
 * Fetoa -19.966°N, -174.723°W
 * Fonuaika -20.111°N, -174.699°W
 * Foua -20.004°N, -174.74°W
 * Haʻafeva -19.948°N, -174.709°W
 * Haʻafeva township; nickname: Kolo ngatata (noisy town) -19.952°N, -174.706°W
 * Fonuamaka -19.933°N, -174.701°W
 * Kolo (Haʻapai) -19.949°N, -174.69°W
 * Leteoʻo -19.962°N, -174.693°W
 * Onoiki -19.964°N, -174.699°W
 * Kito -20°N, -174.784°W
 * Kotu -19.948°N, -174.797°W
 * Kotu township -19.948°N, -174.797°W
 * Lekeleka -20.069°N, -174.605°W
 * Luanamo -20.022°N, -174.714°W
 * Matuku -19.964°N, -174.743°W
 * Matuku township -19.958°N, -174.745°W
 * Nukulei -20.052°N, -174.731°W
 * Pepea -20.045°N, -174.705°W
 * Putuputua -19.912°N, -174.705°W
 * Teaupa -19.976°N, -174.736°W
 * Tokulu -20.102°N, -174.788°W
 * Tungua -20.016°N, -174.764°W; nickname: Sani Tungua (glorious Tungua)
 * Tungua township; nickname: Tainamu ʻa Paea (orphan's mosquito net) -20.018°N, -174.759°W
 * ʻOʻua -20.038°N, -174.679°W
 * ʻOʻua township -20.04°N, -174.681°W

ʻOtu Muʻomuʻa group

 * Fetokopunga -20.302°N, -174.534°W
 * Fonoifua -20.278°N, -174.629°W
 * Fonoifua township -20.279°N, -174.632°W
 * Meama (Muʻomuʻa) -20.267°N, -174.645°W
 * Tanoa -20.293°N, -174.632°W
 * Hunga Haʻapai -20.543°N, -174.406°W
 * Hunga Tonga -20.534°N, -174.374°W
 * Kelefesia -20.502°N, -174.735°W
 * Lalona -20.346°N, -174.52°W
 * Mango -20.329°N, -174.709°W
 * Mango township -20.323°N, -174.715°W
 * Mangoiki -20.32°N, -174.731°W
 * Nomuka -20.25°N, -174.794°W
 * Nomuka township -20.257°N, -174.797°W
 * Loto -20.254°N, -174.79°W
 * Puhoʻava -20.247°N, -174.788°W
 * Tefisi -20.259°N, -174.789°W
 * Nomuka iki -20.282°N, -174.804°W
 * Muifuiva -20.267°N, -174.817°W
 * Nuku -20.475°N, -174.76°W
 * Nukufaiau -20.294°N, -174.694°W
 * Nukutula -20.251°N, -174.689°W
 * Tau -20.484°N, -174.759°W
 * Tele-ki-Vavaʻu -20.313°N, -174.521°W
 * Tele-ki-Tonga -20.395°N, -174.529°W
 * Tonumea -20.458°N, -174.76°W

Niua group

 * Niuafoʻou; nickname: Kaho mo Vailahi (reed with big lake) -15.59°N, -175.632°W
 * Angahā, island capital -15.561°N, -175.628°W
 * Fataʻulua -15.567°N, -175.616°W
 * Futu (abandoned) -15.582°N, -175.668°W
 * Kolofoʻou -15.562°N, -175.628°W
 * Aleleʻuta -15.562°N, -175.628°W
 * Mataʻaho -15.571°N, -175.611°W
 * Muʻa -15.59°N, -175.603°W
 * Petani -15.612°N, -175.611°W
 * Sapaʻata -15.561°N, -175.625°W
 * Tongamamaʻo -15.608°N, -175.608°W
 * ʻEsia -15.562°N, -175.632°W
 * Motu Lahi -15.587°N, -175.633°W
 * Motu Molemole -15.582°N, -175.644°W
 * Motu Siʻi -15.595°N, -175.649°W
 * Motu ʻAʻali -15.589°N, -175.65°W
 * Niuatoputapu -15.956°N, -173.744°W
 * Falehau -15.945°N, -173.729°W
 * Hihifo, island capital -15.954°N, -173.758°W
 * Vaipoa -15.947°N, -173.746°W
 * Hakautuʻutuʻu -15.934°N, -173.743°W
 * Hungana -15.953°N, -173.767°W
 * Nukuseilala -15.966°N, -173.762°W
 * Sikaihaʻa -15.964°N, -173.762°W
 * Tafuna -15.963°N, -173.764°W
 * Tavili -15.958°N, -173.766°W
 * Tuʻunga -15.964°N, -173.764°W
 * Tafahi -15.852°N, -173.71°W
 * Tafahi (village) -15.84°N, -173.716°W

Tongatapu group

 * Minerva Reefs (also see Republic of Minerva) -23.38°N, -178.97°W
 * Tele-ki-Tokelau
 * Tele-ki-Tonga
 * Tongatapu (island) -21.2°N, -175.2°W
 * Vahe Hahake (eastern district)
 * Āfa -21.132°N, -175.055°W
 * Fātumu -21.214°N, -175.109°W
 * Fuaʻamotu, incorrectly: Fuʻamotu; nickname: Vai ko Latai (Latai's water) -21.264°N, -175.139°W
 * Hamula -21.25°N, -175.111°W
 * Haveluliku -21.205°N, -175.104°W
 * Haʻasini -21.25°N, -175.11°W
 * Hoi -21.166°N, -175.111°W
 * Holonga -21.192°N, -175.143°W
 * Kolonga; nickname: ʻUtu longoaʻa (noisy coast) -21.13°N, -175.067°W
 * Lāvengatonga -21.235°N, -175.107°W
 * Makaunga -21.141°N, -175.119°W
 * Malapo -21.201°N, -175.153°W
 * Manuka -21.123°N, -175.098°W
 * Muʻa, district capital; nickname: Paki mo e toʻi (picked with sap) -21.182°N, -175.119°W
 * Lapaha -21.179°N, -175.115°W
 * Tatakamotonga; nickname: Kolo kakala (fragrant town) -21.188°N, -175.122°W
 * Nakolo -21.267°N, -175.124°W
 * Navutoka -21.127°N, -175.107°W
 * Niutōua -21.144°N, -175.04°W
 * Nukuleka; nickname: Vai-kāsila (bilge water) -21.152°N, -175.126°W
 * Pelehake; nickname: Ī ʻo Lupea (fan of Lupea) -21.216°N, -175.139°W
 * Talafoʻou -21.136°N, -175.118°W
 * Talasiu -21.175°N, -175.115°W
 * ʻAlakifonua, short: ʻAlaki -21.194°N, -175.134°W
 * Vahe Hihifo (western district)
 * Fāhefa -21.145°N, -175.333°W
 * Fatai -21.134°N, -175.278°W
 * Matafonua -21.134°N, -175.275°W
 * Foʻui, (Lolo paongo (pandanus fruit scented oil)) -21.112°N, -175.338°W
 * Haʻakame; nickname: Hala toa mui (road of ironwood trees) -21.184°N, -175.284°W
 * Haʻakili -21.087°N, -175.337°W
 * Haʻalalo -21.185°N, -175.281°W
 * Haʻatafu -21.071°N, -175.327°W
 * Haʻutu -21.143°N, -175.33°W
 * Haʻavakatolo; nicknames: Vai ko hiva (singing water), Pua ko fanongo talanoa (flower listening to the story) -21.107°N, -175.338°W
 * Houma; nickname: Mapu ʻa Vaea (whistle (blowholes) of Vaea) -21.17°N, -175.303°W
 * Kalaʻau -21.139°N, -175.336°W
 * Kanokupolu; nicknames: Folaʻosi (a typical dancedress), Niu tuʻu tolu (3 standing palmtrees) -21.075°N, -175.332°W
 * Kolovai; nicknames: Taunga peka (flying foxes), Fala O Setane (Satan Mat) -21.11°N, -175.339°W
 * Lakepa -21.142°N, -175.279°W
 * Lomaiviti -21.169°N, -175.258°W
 * Masilamea; nickname: Vai ko lele ʻa lulu (running owl's water) -21.125°N, -175.326°W
 * Matahau -21.143°N, -175.313°W
 * Matangiake -21.162°N, -175.269°W
 * Haʻafeva -21.162°N, -175.269°W
 * Neiafu -21.078°N, -175.34°W
 * Nukunuku -21.133°N, -175.3°W
 * Teʻekiu -21.129°N, -175.319°W
 * Vaotuʻu -21.162°N, -175.309°W
 * ʻAhau; nickname: Ahi ʻo Ulakai (Ulakai's sandalwood tree) -21.091°N, -175.338°W
 * ʻUtulau; nickname: Alafolau Heavula -21.19°N, -175.269°W
 * Vahe Loto (central district)
 * Folaha -21.17°N, -175.183°W
 * Haveluloto, short: Havelu; nicknames: Piki pea vela (sticky then burn), Paini tuʻu ua (2 standing ironwood trees) -21.152°N, -175.216°W
 * Haʻateiho -21.179°N, -175.23°W
 * ʻĀtele -21.183°N, -175.225°W
 * Hōfoa; nickname: Fonu mo e moa (turtle and chicken) -21.132°N, -175.227°W
 * Longoteme -21.18°N, -175.168°W
 * Nukuhetulu -21.167°N, -175.19°W
 * Nukuʻalofa, national capital -21.13°N, -175.2°W
 * Fanga ʻo Pilolevu
 * Fasi mo e afi
 * Fongoloa
 * Hala ʻo Vave
 * Halaano
 * Halafoʻou
 * Halaleva
 * Houmakelikao
 * Hunga
 * Kape
 * Kolofoʻou
 * Kolomotuʻa, original Nukuʻalofa proper
 * Sopu ʻo Tāufaʻāhau, short: Sopu
 * Sia ko Veiongo
 * Tongataʻeapa
 * Longolongo
 * Haʻavakaʻotua
 * Kapetā
 * Tavatuʻutolu
 * Tuʻakātakilangi, incorrectly: Tuʻatakilangi
 * Lopaukamea
 * Mailetaha
 * Mataika
 * Matutuana
 * Maui
 * Maʻufanga, obsolete: Maʻofanga
 * Ngeleʻia
 * Pahu
 * Pātangata
 * Pīkula
 * Takaunove
 * Telekava
 * Teufaiva
 * Tufuenga
 * Vaolōloa
 * ʻAmaile
 * ʻĀnana
 * ʻUmusī
 * Pea; nicknames: Vai ko puna (upwelling water), Niuvākai (palmtree watchtower -21.171°N, -175.234°W
 * Popua, short for: Vaʻepopua -21.152°N, -175.161°W
 * Puke; nickname: Vai ko ʻoa (basket water) -21.132°N, -175.238°W
 * Tofoa -21.159°N, -175.226°W
 * Koloua -21.162°N, -175.229°W
 * Tokomololo; nickname: Vai ko Tuʻilokomana (Tuʻilokomana's water) -21.177°N, -175.245°W
 * Vainī -21.196°N, -175.174°W
 * Nualei -21.189°N, -175.179°W
 * Veitongo -21.186°N, -175.194°W
 * Lotohaʻapai -21.186°N, -175.215°W
 * Fafā -21.088°N, -175.158°W
 * Fukave -21.093°N, -175.031°W
 * Kanatea -21.166°N, -175.209°W
 * Makahaʻa -21.116°N, -175.153°W
 * Malinoa -21.036°N, -175.129°W
 * Manima -21.125°N, -175.147°W
 * Mataʻaho -21.162°N, -175.154°W
 * Monūafe -21.104°N, -175.139°W
 * Motutapu -21.093°N, -175.057°W
 * Moʻunu -21.088°N, -175.158°W
 * Moʻungatapu -21.182°N, -175.14°W
 * Ngofonua -21.192°N, -175.164°W
 * Nuku -21.088°N, -175.023°W
 * Nukunukumotu -21.144°N, -175.146°W
 * Siesia -21.138°N, -175.149°W
 * Oneata -21.128°N, -175.145°W
 * Pangaimotu -21.125°N, -175.158°W
 * Poloʻa -21.092°N, -175.243°W
 * Talakite -21.161°N, -175.155°W
 * Tau -21.021°N, -175.005°W
 * Toketoke -21.065°N, -175.293°W
 * ʻAtā -21.056°N, -175.004°W
 * ʻAtatā -21.05°N, -175.251°W
 * ʻAtatā (village) -21.05°N, -175.251°W
 * Tufuka -21.068°N, -175.254°W
 * Velitoa Hahake -21.085°N, -175.133°W
 * Velitoa Hihifo -21.084°N, -175.137°W
 * ʻAlakipeau -21.088°N, -175.243°W
 * ʻEueiki -21.117°N, -174.983°W
 * Fāʻimata -21.119°N, -174.979°W
 * ʻOnevai -21.086°N, -175.111°W
 * ʻOnevao -21.092°N, -175.097°W
 * ʻAta -22.149°N, -176.178°W
 * ʻEua; nicknames: Fungafonua (landtop), Vai ko Kahana (Kahana's water) -21.381°N, -174.933°W
 * Angahā -21.362°N, -174.957°W
 * Haʻatuʻa -21.393°N, -174.962°W
 * Houma -21.316°N, -174.931°W
 * Kolomaile -21.392°N, -174.952°W
 * ʻEuafoʻou -21.375°N, -174.954°W
 * Fataʻulua -21.377°N, -174.955°W
 * Futu -21.366°N, -174.955°W
 * Mataʻaho -21.373°N, -174.952°W
 * Muʻa -21.38°N, -174.954°W
 * Pangai -21.362°N, -174.954°W
 * Petani -21.388°N, -174.953°W
 * Sapaʻata -21.375°N, -174.955°W
 * Tongamamaʻo -21.385°N, -174.953°W
 * ʻEsia -21.371°N, -174.956°W
 * Tufuvai, short: Tufu -21.363°N, -174.966°W
 * ʻOhonua, island capital; nickname: Taha kae afe (one worth a thousand; an ironwood tree) -21.344°N, -174.954°W
 * Taʻanga -21.3407°N, -174.95°W
 * Kalau -21.471°N, -174.953°W

Vavaʻu group

 * Aʻa -18.742°N, -174.047°W
 * Faioa -18.663°N, -173.924°W
 * Fangasito -18.816°N, -174.083°W
 * Fatumanga -18.787°N, -174.173°W
 * Fonuafoʻou -18.786°N, -173.962°W
 * Fonualei -18.024°N, -174.316°W
 * Fonualei -18.725°N, -174.067°W
 * Fonuaʻunga -18.758°N, -173.956°W
 * Fonuaʻoneʻone -18.815°N, -174.065°W
 * Fuaʻamotu -18.791°N, -174.008°W
 * Hakaufasi -19.014°N, -174.011°W
 * Hunga; nicknames: Fā-ko-Avahungalu (screwpine of A.), Vaonukonuka (nukonuka bushes) -18.678°N, -174.122°W
 * Hunga township -18.685°N, -174.122°W
 * Fofoa -18.7°N, -174.14°W
 * Foiata -18.713°N, -174.138°W
 * Foilifuka -18.713°N, -174.145°W
 * Kalau -18.689°N, -174.137°W
 * Luafatu -18.668°N, -174.076°W
 * Luamoko -18.681°N, -174.105°W
 * Kapa -18.705°N, -174.03°W
 * Falevai -18.705°N, -174.037°W
 * Kapa township -18.719°N, -174.024°W
 * Vakataumai -18.703°N, -174.036°W
 * ʻOtea -18.687°N, -174.036°W
 * Luakapa -18.689°N, -174.047°W
 * Nuku -18.712°N, -174.044°W
 * Katofanga -18.735°N, -174.042°W
 * Kenutu -18.694°N, -173.927°W
 * Lolo -18.702°N, -173.927°W
 * Lape -18.717°N, -174.084°W
 * Lape township -18.718°N, -174.086°W
 * Late -18.806°N, -174.646°W
 * Lekeleka -18.755°N, -174°W
 * Luahiapo -18.796°N, -174.042°W
 * Lualoli -18.835°N, -174.013°W
 * Luatafito -18.821°N, -173.976°W
 * Luaʻafuleheu -18.812°N, -174.026°W
 * Luaʻatofuaʻa -18.838°N, -174.048°W
 * Luaʻui -18.776°N, -174.054°W
 * Mafana -18.681°N, -173.955°W
 * Maninita -18.854°N, -173.997°W
 * Moʻunu -18.748°N, -174.07°W
 * Muʻomuʻa -18.79°N, -174.112°W
 * Nuapapu -18.692°N, -174.077°W
 * Nuapapu township -18.699°N, -174.074°W
 * Matamaka -18.708°N, -174.068°W
 * Alinonga -18.706°N, -174.08°W
 * Kitu -18.682°N, -174.068°W
 * Luaʻofa -18.716°N, -174.057°W
 * Ofu -18.698°N, -173.961°W
 * Ofu township -18.692°N, -173.962°W
 * Ovaka -18.742°N, -174.103°W
 * Ovaka township -18.742°N, -174.097°W
 * Ovalau -18.748°N, -174.079°W
 * Pangaimotu -18.679°N, -174.001°W
 * Pangaimotu township -18.683°N, -173.998°W
 * ʻUtulei -18.651°N, -173.997°W
 * Afo -18.704°N, -173.998°W
 * Fafine -18.711°N, -173.98°W
 * Lotuma -18.658°N, -174.011°W
 * Tapana -18.712°N, -173.993°W
 * Fānautapu -18.722°N, -173.985°W
 * Lautala -18.72°N, -173.996°W
 * Nukutahanga -18.721°N, -173.991°W
 * Tuʻanukulau -18.716°N, -173.99°W
 * Sisia -18.728°N, -174.054°W
 * Tahifehifa -18.808°N, -173.999°W
 * Taula -18.843°N, -174.013°W
 * Taunga -18.742°N, -174.013°W
 * Taunga township -18.741°N, -174.014°W
 * Ngau -18.753°N, -174.01°W
 * Taʻuta -18.742°N, -174.002°W
 * Tokū -19.163°N, -174.177°W
 * Totokafonua -18.755°N, -174.126°W
 * Totokamaka -18.762°N, -174.126°W
 * Tuʻungasika -18.657°N, -174.071°W
 * Vakaʻeitu -18.722°N, -174.103°W
 * Kulo -18.715°N, -174.099°W
 * Langitoʻo -18.724°N, -174.088°W
 * Tangatasito -18.712°N, -174.099°W
 * Vavaʻu, or Vavaʻu lahi, the main island; nickname: ʻUtukalongalu (wave shaker cliff), Haʻafuluhao (a name) -18.6°N, -174°W
 * Faleono -18.629°N, -173.942°W
 * Feletoa -18.608°N, -173.972°W
 * Fungamisi -18.654°N, -173.981°W
 * Haʻakio -18.618°N, -173.944°W
 * Haʻalufuli -18.606°N, -173.934°W
 * Holonga -18.587°N, -173.952°W
 * Houma -18.628°N, -173.944°W
 * Leimatuʻa -18.599°N, -173.983°W
 * Longomapu -18.644°N, -174.057°W
 * Makāve -18.65°N, -173.966°W
 * Mangia -18.622°N, -173.957°W
 * Mataika -18.614°N, -173.967°W
 * Neiafu, district's capital; nickname: Vai ko Lēlea (Lēlea's water) -18.647°N, -173.984°W
 * Falaleu
 * Fangatongo
 * Faʻokula
 * Hopokanga
 * Houmelei
 * Kameli
 * Masilamea
 * Matangiake
 * Neiafutahi
 * Sailoame
 * Saineai
 * Vaipua
 * ʻOtumapa
 * ʻUtulangivaka
 * Talau -18.645°N, -173.993°W
 * Taoa -18.627°N, -173.986°W
 * Taʻanea -18.606°N, -173.941°W
 * Tefisi -18.63°N, -174.017°W
 * Toula -18.673°N, -173.983°W
 * Tuʻanekivale -18.626°N, -173.921°W
 * Tuʻanuku; nickname: Tavakefaiʻana (a tropic bird) -18.661°N, -174.033°W
 * Utui -18.635°N, -173.959°W
 * Vaimalo -18.634°N, -174.005°W
 * Kiato -18.651°N, -173.942°W
 * Koloa -18.643°N, -173.931°W
 * Holeva -18.638°N, -173.922°W
 * Koloa township -18.642°N, -173.937°W
 * Kolotahi -18.638°N, -174.011°W
 * Koloʻuta -18.637°N, -174.009°W
 * Matuʻanua -18.568°N, -173.956°W
 * Motulekaleka -18.632°N, -173.927°W
 * Nuku -18.658°N, -173.95°W
 * Okoa -18.651°N, -173.951°W
 * Okoa township -18.649°N, -173.952°W
 * Pousini -18.609°N, -173.936°W
 * Tueʻia -18.656°N, -173.954°W
 * Tulie -18.638°N, -173.944°W
 * ʻEuaiki -18.764°N, -174.021°W
 * ʻEuakafa -18.756°N, -174.037°W
 * ʻOloʻua -18.671°N, -173.959°W
 * ʻOloʻua township -18.669°N, -173.957°W
 * ʻOto -18.699°N, -174.058°W
 * ʻUmuna -18.68°N, -173.924°W
 * ʻUtungake -18.673°N, -174.025°W
 * Ngaʻunoho (or: Talihau) -18.682°N, -174.021°W
 * ʻUtungake township -18.664°N, -174.021°W
 * Mala -18.688°N, -174.023°W

title: List of islands and towns in Tonga


text:
List of cities, towns and villages in Solomon Islands

This is a list of populated places in the nation state of Solomon Islands, it excludes areas within the Solomon Islands archipelago that fall under a different jurisdiction, such as Bougainville.


text:
Talk:Horní Benešov

March 2004
Appears to be copied from, complete with the ¹ for š encoding issue.

Can anyone check the licence status? Jor 20:01, 4 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * What are you talking about Jor? older ≠ wiser 11:58, 19 May 2004 (UTC) (Sorry--checking the dates, your comment must refer to a version that has been deleted.

Both names were used before 1926, the Czech Benešov and the German Bennisch. In that year "Horní" was added to the Czech name. Qertis 07:25, 19 May 2004 (UTC)

The story about Jews not being able to declare Yiddish as their tongue is very unlikely. Yiddish was not spoken in Moravia/Austrian Silesia except for the town of Nikolsburg (Mikulov). Is the story based on a good source? (I doubt it.) TH — Preceding unsigned comment added by 90.177.220.88 (talk) 08:09, 2 February 2013 (UTC)

At the time, few people, including Jews, considered Yiddish as a Germanic language of its own, it was considered a German dialect. It's recognition came really after World War I Karpaten1 (talk) 23:18, 24 March 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Horní Benešov


text:
List of cities, towns and villages in Palau

This is a list of cities in Palau.

Palau only has one true city, Koror.

Palau's towns and villages include:
 * 1. Kloulklubed
 * 2. Meyuns
 * 3. Melekeok
 * 4. Ngermid
 * 5. Tobi
 * 6. Ollei
 * 7. Imetang
 * 8. Choll
 * 9. Elab
 * 10. Ngebuked
 * 11. Ngkeklau
 * 12. Ngetbong
 * 13. Bkulangriil
 * 14. Ibobang
 * 15. Bkurrengel
 * 16. Ngerkeai
 * 17. Southwest Islanders Village
 * 18. Imeong
 * 19. Imelchol Village
 * 20. Koska
 * 21. Urdmang
 * 22. Ngriil
 * 23. Ngerulmud (national capital)


text: User talk:206.172.38.200

title: User talk:206.172.38.200


text:
Coupon

In marketing, a coupon is a ticket or document that can be redeemed for a financial discount or rebate when purchasing a product.

Customarily, coupons are issued by manufacturers of consumer packaged goods or by retailers, to be used in retail stores as a part of sales promotions. They are often widely distributed through mail, coupon envelopes, magazines, newspapers, the Internet (social media, email newsletter), directly from the retailer, and mobile devices such as cell phones.

The New York Times reported "more than 900 manufacturers' coupons were distributed" per household, and that "the United States Department of Agriculture estimates that four families in five use coupons. "Only about 4 percent" of coupons received were redeemed. Coupons can be targeted selectively to regional markets in which price competition is great.

Most coupons have an expiration date, although American military commissaries overseas honor manufacturers' coupons for up to six months past the expiration date.

Pronunciation
The word is of French origin, pronounced. In Britain, the United States, and Canada it is pronounced. A common alternate American pronunciation is.

Origin
During the great famine of 18 AH (638 CE), Umar, the second ruler of the Islamic Caliphate, introduced several reforms such as the introduction of food rationing using coupons, which were given to those in need and could be exchanged for wheat and flour. Coca-Cola's 1888-issued "free glass of" is the earliest documented coupon. Coupons were mailed to potential customers and placed in magazines. It is estimated that between 1894 and 1913 one in nine Americans had received a free Coca-Cola, for a total of 8,500,000 free drinks. By 1895, Coke was served in every state in the United States.

In 1929, Betty Crocker began a loyalty points program and began issuing coupons that could be used to redeem for premiums like free flatware. In 1937 the coupons were printed on the outside of packages. The loyalty program ended in 2006, one of the longest loyalty programs.

In Australia consumers first came in contact with couponing when a company called Shopa Docket promoted offers and discounts on the back of shopping receipts in 1986.

Types and uses
Coupons offer different types of values, such as discounts, free shipping, buy-one get-one, trade-in for redemption, first-time customer coupons, free trial offer, launch offers, festival offers, and free giveaways. Similarly, there are varied uses of coupons which include: to incentivize a purchase, reduce a price, provide a free sample, or to aid marketers in understanding the demographics of their customer.

Function
Coupons can be used to research the price sensitivity of different groups of buyers (by sending out coupons with different dollar values to different groups). Time, location and sizes (e.g. five pound vs. 20 pound bag) affect prices; coupons are part of the marketing mix. So is knowing about the customer.

Grocery coupons
Grocery coupons come in two major types:
 * store coupons: issued by the store itself. Some stores will also accept store coupons issued by competitors.
 * Coupons issued by the manufacturer of a product may be used at any coupon-accepting store that carries that product. Part of their function is to advertise their offerings and attract new customers.

Some grocery stores regularly double or even triple the value of coupons to bring customers into their stores. Periodic special events double or triple coupon values on certain days or weeks.

Conveyance
Coupons exist in more than one form, and are acquired by customers in a variety of ways.

Paper
Historically, verifying the discount offered has been via presenting coupons clipped from newspapers or received in the mail. Some retailers and companies use verification methods such as unique barcodes, coupon ID numbers, holographic seals, and watermarked paper as protection from unauthorized copying or use. Other than newspapers, there are also coupon book publishers and retailers who compile vouchers and coupons into books, either for sale or free.

Electronic
By the mid-1990s, "couponing had also moved to the internet." An early term was . Later on the term "downloadable coupons" came into use. Options include:
 * Internet coupons: Online retailers often refer to these as "coupon codes", "promotional codes", "promotion codes", "discount codes", "keycodes", "promo codes", "surplus codes", "portable codes", "shopping codes", "voucher codes", "reward codes", "discount vouchers", "referral codes" or "source codes". These are typed in before the sale is finalized. Marketers can use different codes for different channels or groups in order to differentiate response rates. Free shipping and cashback are additional inducements.

 * Mobile: Smartphone based, these are often distributed via WAP Push over SMS or MMS, and presented at the store or online. These also have advertising benefits even after their expiration date.
 * Apps: Related to classic coupons are loyalty cards; these have increasingly been superseded by mobile apps.

Iranian government national rations have a mobile app.

Taxation
Depending on the jurisdiction, coupons may or may not reduce any sales tax to be paid by the consumer. The most consumer-friendly tax situation taxes the actual price paid, including when the store does double and triple coupon reductions.

The above applies when the retailer is the source of the coupon, since the product is offered at the post-coupon price. In jurisdictions seeking to tax more, if the coupon is issued by the manufacturer, the original price is still paid but some of the price is covered by the manufacturer instead of the consumer and the full price remains taxable.

Trading
Coupon manufacturers may or may not place restrictions on coupons limiting their transferability to ensure the coupons stay within the targeted market. Since such restrictions are not universal and are difficult and/or costly to enforce, limited coupon trading is tolerated in the industry. Organized coupon exchange clubs are commonly found in regions where coupons are distributed. Often coupons are available for purchase at some online sites, but since most coupons are not allowed to be sold, the fee is considered to be for the time and effort put into cutting out the coupons.

Some types of coupons may be sold. The New York Times not only said "the traffic is legal" regarding selling airline discount coupons, but wrote "check the commercial notices column in The New York Times or the classified advertising section under 'Miscellaneous') in The Wall Street Journal.

During war time or economic hardships, trading or selling ration coupons is an economic crime.

title: Coupon


text:
Electric field gradient

In atomic, molecular, and solid-state physics, the electric field gradient (EFG) measures the rate of change of the electric field at an atomic nucleus generated by the electronic charge distribution and the other nuclei. The EFG couples with the nuclear electric quadrupole moment of quadrupolar nuclei (those with spin quantum number greater than one-half) to generate an effect which can be measured using several spectroscopic methods, such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), microwave spectroscopy, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR, ESR), nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR), Mössbauer spectroscopy or perturbed angular correlation (PAC). The EFG is non-zero only if the charges surrounding the nucleus violate cubic symmetry and therefore generate an inhomogeneous electric field at the position of the nucleus.

EFGs are highly sensitive to the electronic density in the immediate vicinity of a nucleus. This is because the EFG operator scales as r−3, where r is the distance from a nucleus. This sensitivity has been used to study effects on charge distribution resulting from substitution, weak interactions, and charge transfer. Especially in crystals, the local structure can be investigated with above methods using the EFG's sensitivity to local changes, like defects or phase changes. In crystals the EFG is in the order of 1021V/m2. Density functional theory has become an important tool for methods of nuclear spectroscopy to calculate EFGs and provide a deeper understanding of specific EFGs in crystals from measurements.

Definition
A given charge distribution of electrons and nuclei, ρ(r), generates an electrostatic potential V(r). The derivative of this potential is the negative of the electric field generated. The first derivatives of the field, or the second derivatives of the potential, is the electric field gradient. The nine components of the EFG are thus defined as the second partial derivatives of the electrostatic potential, evaluated at the position of a nucleus:

 * $$V_{ij} = \frac{\partial^2 V}{\partial x_i \partial x_j}.$$

For each nucleus, the components Vij are combined as a symmetric 3 × 3 matrix. Under the assumption that the charge distribution generating the electrostatic potential is external to the nucleus, the matrix is traceless, for in that situation Laplace's equation, ∇2V(r) = 0, holds. Relaxing this assumption, a more general form of the EFG tensor which retains the symmetry and traceless character is

 * $$\varphi_{ij}=V_{ij}-\frac{1}{3}\delta_{ij}\nabla^2V,$$

where ∇2V(r) is evaluated at a given nucleus.

As V (and φ) is symmetric it can be diagonalized. The principal tensor components are usually denoted Vzz, Vyy and Vxx in order of decreasing modulus. Given the traceless character, only two of the principal components are independent. Typically these are described by Vzz and the asymmetry parameter, η, defined as

\eta = \frac{V_{xx} - V_{yy}}{V_{zz}}. $$

with $$\vert V_{zz} \vert \geq \vert V_{yy} \vert \geq \vert V_{xx} \vert$$ and $$V_{zz} + V_{yy} + V_{xx}=0$$, thus $$0 \leq \eta \leq 1$$.

Electric field gradient as well as the asymmetry parameter can be evaluated numerically for large electric systems as shown in.

title: Electric field gradient


text: User talk:205.238.225.4

title: User talk:205.238.225.4


text:
Jennie Bond

Jennifer Bond (born 19 August 1950) is an English journalist and television presenter. Bond worked for fourteen years as the BBC's royal correspondent. She has also hosted Cash in the Attic and narrated the programme Great British Menu.

Early career
Born in Hitchin, Bond has two elder sisters, and from the age of five lived in Letchworth Garden City, Hertfordshire, where she was educated at St. Francis' College (a girls' independent school) and at the University of Warwick, from which she graduated with a degree in French and European Literature. Her career began in print, working for various local newspapers in London in journalism and sub-editing roles. Her first job in journalism was as a reporter for the Richmond Herald and then the Uxbridge Evening Mail.

In 1977, aged 27, Bond moved to BBC radio, producing and editing. She was also a producer on Woman's Hour, Tuesday Call, International Assignment and for various television documentaries.

Royal correspondent
In 1985, Bond became a radio news reporter and in 1988 she began to report for television, both for the BBC. She became a royal correspondent, which was to bring her to public attention, in 1989. During the 1990s she combined her reporting with several presentational roles – regularly fronting Breakfast News, the BBC One O'Clock News and the BBC Six O'Clock News, including presenting the Six O'Clock News on the day of the death of her close friend and fellow newsreader Jill Dando.

Bond held the position as royal correspondent until the summer of 2003. During that time she reported on many dramatic and notable events connected with the royal family, including the 1992 Windsor Castle fire; two royal weddings; the break-up of the Duke of York's marriage to Sarah Ferguson; the divorce of the Prince and Princess of Wales; the deaths of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother and Princess Margaret, and has reported on the Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh's celebrations of her Golden Jubilee. She also travelled extensively with the Royal Family. In January 1994, she was in Australia when an attempt was made to shoot the Prince of Wales.

Bond's reporting style suggested that she was close personally to members of the Royal Family. She commented that she had become close to Diana, Princess of Wales, and that her death came as a great shock. Bond actually instigated her first extended meeting with Diana in June 1995. Bond sent the princess a note, suggesting that if she was to report on Diana properly then she should at least know what her character was actually like, not basing her thoughts on stories that had appeared in newspapers. She commented on that meeting at Kensington Palace, stating: "Princess Diana was charming, articulate, fresh, interesting, but manipulative. She knew I was a journalist. This was no girlie-girlie meeting." In November 2020, Bond wrote in The Sunday Times that the princess told her virtually all of the details she later said to Martin Bashir in the interview she gave for Panorama in November 1995.

She travelled with Diana, Princess of Wales on her trip to Angola, with the Queen on her first official visits to Russia in 1994 and when she met Nelson Mandela in South Africa a year later. However, her hardest and most challenging assignments were when she had to report on the death and funeral of Diana, Princess of Wales, in 1997.

Life after the BBC
Following her departure from the BBC in 2003, Bond's career took a different turn. In 2003, she made an appearance in an episode of the comedy series Little Britain. In February 2004, she proved popular with the public when she finished as runner-up in the third series of the reality TV show I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! This episode, broadcast on 9 February, received viewing figures of 14.99 million, making it the most watched programme on ITV and BBC One that week.

Bond appeared on I'm a Celebrity to raise money for the Devon Air Ambulance and raised £260,989.85 which the charity used to buy a state-of-the-art navigation system and to extend its helicopter flying time throughout the summer. During her time on the reality television show, she was required to do various 'bushtucker' trials, which involved her eating various creatures such as a stick insect and a witchety grub, as well as being placed in a dark, water-filled coffin with rats for ten minutes. She also fell out with fellow contestant Lord Brocket during the programme.

She subsequently presented American TV cable and satellite network E!'s coverage of the BAFTA film awards, Live from the Red Carpet. She also presented her own three-part documentary called Jennie Bond's Royals on Channel 5 and in 2005, she presented the BBC's daytime coverage of the Chelsea Flower Show, alongside Charlie Dimmock. In the same year, Bond appeared in Have I Been Here Before? More recently she appeared in Posh Swap on Five, where she was transformed into a Brummie woman. She had to convince two of her best friends she really was the Brummie.

Bond was also the host for the first series of Great British Menu, in which different chefs have to compete by cooking meals; the winner of the first series had the chance to cook for the Queen on her 80th birthday. Bond has presented the BBC's Cash in the Attic. In 2006, she was a celebrity guest on Stars in Their Eyes where she sang as Debbie Harry. She presented the second series of Great British Menu during April and May 2007.

On 28 July 2007, Bond appeared in a special celebrity version of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? with Michael Buerk to raise money for National Children's Home, the children's charity now called Action for Children. In a combined effort, they raised £64,000. On 22 August 2007, she presented an episode of Driving Me Crazy which saw her investigating whether the authorities are giving motorists excessive penalties through speeding fines and parking tickets.

She has featured as the celebrity 'hider' in a 2008 episode of the CBBC show Hider in the House. In the show, she managed to complete all her challenges without being 'discovered'. She (also in 2008), hosted a show called Lost Royals. Bond took part in ITV's entertainment show Born to Shine in aid of Save the Children.

She took part in a celebrity episode of The Chase in 2011, where she won £20,000 for the Devon Air Ambulance.

In September 2012, Bond appeared alongside Susie Dent on the Channel 4 programme Countdown.

Personal life
In 1982 Bond married James W. Keltz. They have one daughter, born in 1990. The couple live in East Prawle, Devon.

title: Jennie Bond


text:
Baron Wakehurst

Baron Wakehurst, of Ardingly in the County of Sussex, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created on 29 June 1934 for the Conservative politician Gerald Loder, fifth son of Sir Robert Loder, 1st Baronet (see Loder Baronets for earlier history of the family). He had previously represented Brighton in the House of Commons and was the creator of Wakehurst Place Gardens in Ardingly, West Sussex. His only son, the second Baron, was also a Conservative politician and served as Governor of New South Wales and later as Governor of Northern Ireland. The third baron, who was known by his middle name Christopher, was a barrister and businessman: he died in July 2022. the title is held by the latter's son Timothy, the fourth Baron, who succeeded his father in that year.

Barons Wakehurst (1934)

 * Gerald Walter Erskine Loder, 1st Baron Wakehurst (1861–1936)
 * John de Vere Loder, 2nd Baron Wakehurst (1895–1970)
 * John Christopher Loder, 3rd Baron Wakehurst (1925–2022)
 * Timothy Walter Loder, 4th Baron Wakehurst (b. 1958)

The heir presumptive is the current holder's cousin, John James Loder (b. 1977).

title: Baron Wakehurst