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Talk:List of numbers/Deletion/Archive 1

Pages proposed for deletion
The following pages have been proposed for deletion. Material which has been considered relevant has been copied elsewhere. Factorizations of numbers are at factorization, atomic numbers at List of elements by number. Minor mathematical properties (prime number, composite number etc.) and cultural trivia ("101 appears in the movie title 101 Dalmatians") that remain are either considered irrelevant or discussed elsewhere. Please comment if you see some information that you think deserves to be kept.

 * One hundred one
 * One hundred two
 * One hundred three
 * One hundred four
 * One hundred five
 * One hundred six
 * One hundred seven
 * One hundred eight
 * One hundred nine
 * One hundred ten
 * One hundred twelve
 * One hundred thirteen
 * One hundred fourteen
 * One hundred nineteen
 * I find the collection of number information most excellent. This is the kind of tidbit-summary that [over time, if allowed to grow!] gives a collaborative encyclopedia its magnificence.  Redirect to Wiktionary?  Entire books (Adam Spencer's Book of Numbers, The Penguin Dictionary of Curious and Interesting Numbers, What's Special About This Number?, &c.) have been published merely listing, for a few hundred or thousand numbers, their interesting properties and history.  Wait until a properly addicted number theorist comes along and sees these entries awaiting further exposition!   +sj+ 19:00, 2004 Feb 20 (UTC)

Pages proposed to be kept
The following number pages have been edited and are considered valuable. Please comment if you think they should be deleted.

 * Hundred
 * One hundred eleven

Information elements to keep
From this discussion arose a concensus that led to the creation of WikiProject Numbers.

From the pages 100-112, the following elements should be kept in number articles, preferably in a standardized template or list. --User:Docu

 * link to previous natural number and following natural number
 * keep -- User:Docu
 * keep Jamesday 05:13, 22 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * keep Infrogmation 04:43, 25 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, for numbers beyond some threshold. I would not say twelve unless asked. -- Takanoha 14:30, 6 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep if there already is article on previous or following number PrimeFan 21:34, 30 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep Del arte 21:57, 31 Jan 2004 (UTC)

 * factorization or prime number
 * keep -- User:Docu
 * keep Jamesday 05:13, 22 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * keep Infrogmation 04:43, 25 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, except for somehow interesting cases -- Takanoha 14:30, 6 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep PrimeFan 21:34, 30 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep Del arte 21:57, 31 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep Kevin Saff 22:41, 10 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * divisors
 * keep -- User:Docu
 * keep Jamesday 05:13, 22 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * keep Infrogmation 04:43, 25 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, except for somehow interesting cases -- Takanoha 14:30, 6 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * keep for highly composite numbers and abundant numbers PrimeFan 21:34, 30 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep if significantly longer than factor list, or if important to a special mathematical property of the number Del arte 21:57, 31 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep only if points to a special property (highly composite, perfect). Kevin Saff 22:41, 10 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * atomic numbers
 * keep -- User:Docu, Wiwaxia 03:15, 5 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * keep Jamesday 05:13, 22 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * keep Infrogmation
 * keep PrimeFan 21:34, 30 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep Del arte 21:57, 31 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep Kevin Saff 22:41, 10 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * main highways with articles in Wikipedia and the same number
 * there are a few candidates
 * keep -- User:Docu
 * 66, definitely -- Wiwaxia 03:15, 5 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * keep Jamesday 05:13, 22 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * there are many
 * delete -- User:Docu
 * keep U.S. Interstate and U.S. Highway, decide on case by case basis for other countries PrimeFan 21:34, 30 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep Del arte 21:57, 31 Jan 2004 (UTC)

 * 101: course number of basic or entry-level courses
 * Keep -- User:Docu, Wiwaxia 03:15, 5 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * keep Jamesday 05:13, 22 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep Kevin Saff 22:41, 10 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Emergency telephone number (110, 112)
 * Keep -- User:Docu
 * keep Jamesday 05:13, 22 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * keep Infrogmation 04:43, 25 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * keep if emergency number is for a region larger than a town PrimeFan 21:34, 30 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep Del arte 21:57, 31 Jan 2004 (UTC)

 * Link to year
 * keep -- User:Docu, Wiwaxia 03:15, 5 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * keep Jamesday 05:13, 22 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * keep Infrogmation 04:43, 25 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * keep if number lower than present year PrimeFan 21:34, 30 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep Del arte 21:57, 31 Jan 2004 (UTC)

 * Cultural links: any other links to articles, cultural or mathematical material mentioning the number, from 101 Dalmations for 101 to 42 for the Hitchiker's Guide to the Galaxy.
 * keep - it's a useful index, as described in one of the comments below. Jamesday 05:13, 22 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * keep Infrogmation 04:43, 25 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * keep PrimeFan 21:34, 30 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, things of this sort paint a portrait of the "personality" of the number Del arte 21:57, 31 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep Kevin Saff 22:41, 10 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * For what it's worth, I endorse this template proposal. To ellaborate on which highways are worth listing I propose this standard: for each country, the highways that go through at least two states, (or provinces). For product models worth listing, I propose this standard: only model numbers which have been influential on future products (i.e., the 8086 chip) or are important for historical reasons (the T-72 tank). User:PrimeFan

 * Well .. that wasn't exactly a template, but it could be a start for a WikiProject Numbers (some pages are much further though) -- User:Docu

VfD discussion

 * Most of the numbers listed on List of numbers (not the list itself). Before you scream bloody murder, take a look at the actual information content. Most of these are trivia, such as "one hundred one appears in the movie 101 Dalmatians", and the little information that is there is already duplicated elsewhere (atomic numbers) or should be (factorisation table). These "articles" tend to become completely unencyclopedic free-for-alls where everyone can add every occurance of a number that is somehow verifiable and true. The ones we should keep are those that contain actual history or other useful information, such as zero. But "this is a prime number" (make a list of prime numbers instead) or "this number appears in movie XYZ" is not useful information.—Eloquence
 * Keep, but edit to remove the trivia (possibly after a full discssion of what does and does not constitute "trivia"). Besides which, any proposal to remove "most" of a set of pages cannot be decisive, since no definition of "most" is included. Andy Mabbett 20:57, 27 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * I've provided a definition. If I list all individual number pages we'll be arguing about them for months. This is a case where it's orders of magnitude more efficient to pick a trusted sysop and let them wade through the crap and delete everything that's not worth keeping and merge everything that is, then go through a round of Votes for undeletion if that's necessary. I think you agree that much of the information here is useless. So let's do this quick and painlessly. In order to keep the process open, the sysop in question could blank all the pages he wants to delete and do so a couple of days later, so that everyone can check the history first.—Eloquence
 * Much of the trivia isn't bad in itself. And in the case of 101, it provides natural disambiguation for US Highway 101. Several numbers will be important because of religious significance - 3,7,40,666 for Christianity -I couldn't say what numbers for other religions. How would your "chosen sysop" decide? What does it hurt to leave them? Rmhermen 21:13, Dec 27, 2003 (UTC)
 * I doubt anyone looking for Highway 101 would enter "one hundred one" into the search box. In any case, disambiguation is an altogether different topic -- some of these number pages might become disambiguation pages (although in this specific case I think a short disambig notice on 101 would be more helpful). As for "what's the harm", what's the harm of having articles about my old buddies from high school in Wikipedia? What's the harm of adding dictionary entries? Poetry? It does not serve our purpose as an encyclopedia and in fact harms our reputation and usefulness. See Wikipedia is not.—Eloquence
 * Who would type "one hundred one" looking for US 101? How about someone who keeps seeing that sign in movies and tv but doesn't quite know how to look for it? How about someone who wonders if their is some deeper significance to that number? -- Anonymous User
 * You've mentioned The ones we should keep are those that contain actual history or other useful information,; but that's no definition, Unless you'd now like to define actual history and useful information. "Must" is your word; not mine. Andy Mabbett 21:27, 27 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * This is a vague common sense recommendation for a sysop who would actually do the job of determining what is useful or what is not for each individual case. In fact it doesn't even need to be done by a sysop, we could all do it collaboratively and blank all pages that are to be deleted.—Eloquence
 * Or we could do it collaboratively by making a new page and inviting people to discuss it there and hopefully come to a consensus. As I'm sure you know, there would be a lot of disagreement about what to delete and what to keep. Giving more decision-making power to one sysop than to anyone else is completely contrary to the wiki philosophy. Your suggestion of blanking the pages first is hardly a meaningful concession to the wiki way: you're sugesting doing the deletions "a couple of days later", giving people little chance to protest before the deletions are done, and pretty much ensuring an angry backlash on Votes for undeletion. Five days is the bare minimum for discussing even single articles that are listed on Vfd; for a whole bunch of them, the time should be lengthened, if anything, not shortened. Even if the discussion time is lengthened to a something more reasonable, forcing people to go through the edit histories of blanked articles to see what content is being discarded would just make life difficult for them. Of course, any sysop - or any other Wikipedian, for that matter - can go through the number articles and decide what ones they want to go. But instead of blanking the ones they've selected, they could just list them on a single page for all to see. Disputing the list would then require editing only one single page, instead of going through a whole bunch of pages and blanking or unblanking them. If you think that "we'll be arguing about them for months", that should be enough to tell you why your idea is a bad one. Trying to force the deletions through by unconventional means won't make the arguments go away; it will only exacerbate them. -- Oliver P. 06:26, 31 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * I will proceed as described. Most of the pages in question have no meaningful content whatsoever.—Eloquence
 * I would like the chance to judge that for myself, and to allow others to have that chance, too. To save myself and others the bother of having to hunt through the page histories to see the content, I will revert your blankings. -- Oliver P. 06:37, 31 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * You have not suggested a practical alternative, so your reverts are unacceptable. Checking the histories doesn't take more time than reverting my edits.—Eloquence
 * Well, I thought that reverting your edits would only need to be done once. Checking the histories of blank articles would have to be done several times: once for each interested observer. And I have suggested a far more practical method than blanking pages. Namely to list those pages you don't like on a single page. That way, people can see at a glance what pages are being discussed. My reversions were perefectly acceptable, being merely to re-establish the state of the pages before this dispute started. Your reversions back again are nothing less than edit warring, and therefore a serious breach of Wikiquette. I will not repeat my reversions, since I have no wish to get involved in an edit war, but I would ask any uninvolved sysop reading this to revert back and protect the pages as a more civilised alternative. -- Oliver P. 07:07, 31 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * Sigh. There's almost nothing worth salvaging on these pages. All this does is prolong the inevitable. I would appreciate it if you would trust me a little more.—Eloquence
 * You might want to edit the numbers one through ten, or develop a WikiProject to make it clearer if you'd delete everything past polygon at Eight (current version or not. -- User:Docu
 * Keep all which aren't (as good as) empty when time is up on this nomination. Onebyone 03:27, 30 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * I now vote keep all. Any individual bit of trivia clearly isn't worth an article, but once you can say 3 or 4 things about a number, you have the beginnings of a worthwhile resource on the properties of that number. But if 2 people each have 2 faintly interesting things to say, then that article will never get written if we keep deleting number articles with only 2 bits of trivia on them. Normally in this situation my inclination is to merge the articles into a single article "properties of numbers" and redirect the individual titles there, so that would also be fine by me. Onebyone 17:48, 5 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * I agree wit you completely, Onebyone. I've got little to say about 67. But I know their's got to be somewhere a sufficeintly large group of people to whom that number means something. -- Anonymous User
 * Keep. Some are usefull articles already; many others are stubs with potential for further development. -- Infrogmation 18:44, 30 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * To be counted as a "stub" there must be some non-trivial information. "120 is the number after 119 and before 121" is not useful, nor are basic mathematical properties such as "is a prime number" (just wait until someone creates a Primebot, that will boost our article count) or "occurs in the movie title XYZ". I've started with the blanking of non-useful articles, but I won't accept any ultimatums. Any help would be appreciated.—Eloquence
 * Why not just merge the articles on numbers greater than 99 into pages on blocks of ten integers each, like an article called Numbers from 100 to 109? Denelson83 06:52, 31 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * That's the way it had been done previously. Personally I'd kept them together, until they have the size of Number 111 -- User:Docu
 * Keep and edit. Blanking should not be done unless the article contains content that is so sensitive that keeping it could damage wikipedia, eg., libel, copyright breaches, unless there is a clear consensus behind the blanking and here there clearly isn't, let alone a consensus on their deletion. FearÉIREANN 04:30, 1 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep and edit. I agree. A friend of mine works in an advertising consulting firm, and is an aspiring novelist in his time off. For people like him, it is extremely valuable to be able to look up somewhere in one place all the cultural associations of a specific number. You might not want to release a product called 'Tonic 88' to a Jewish community, for example. Nor would you want to draw a graphic novel showing a sign for US Highway 101 on an Interstate shield. -- User:PrimeFan
 * Good point. I had thought of that one. FearÉIREANN 22:03, 3 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * There's a near limitless number of cultural associations with numbers. The most important ones can of course be retained, but stuff like "101 appears in the movie title xy" or "250 is the number of years since .." is completely bogus. Bullet point lists encourage these games of free association. We should go through all numbers and leave cultural meanings of widely reognized significance in place, and remove all the pointless trivia. —Eloquence 22:12, Jan 3, 2004 (UTC)
 * If its so limiltless, why is their next to nothing for 67? -- Anonymous User
 * Keep. Only a couple of weeks ago I did not know that this excellent resource existed. With articles like this, Wikipedia shows itself capable of achieving a much greater degree of completeness and thoroughness than is possible of a paper encyclopedia. As more people become aware of these articles they will grow to be more usefu. Del arte 17:52, 13 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. I understand taht as the original creator of the pages one hunderd one to one hundred two I'm entitled to one vote, regardless of the other eligibility requirements. 141.217.41.217 13:46, 6 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Kevin Saff 22:46, 10 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Number articles are useless. Some could be redirects or disambig. pages, but there is no need for an article about a number. 101 being a disabig. page pointing to the 101 highway and 101 dalmations, would be an example of a number page worth keeping. Prime numbers should be listed in the Prime number article. As Eloquence said numbers with important cutural meaning can be kept, this may include discussing 7 as an lucky number, etc. —Noldoaran (Talk) 03:07, Feb 15, 2004 (UTC)

Further discussion
I still vote to keep all the below above. We have great numbers of shorter, less informative articles. I can see no harm in keeping them. -- Infrogmation 17:21, 31 Dec 2003 (UTC) Edit by Oliver P. after moving text

 * I will say this much, if they are kept then you can be quite sure that User:Primebot is not far in the future, maybe I will even write it myself to make the point. You can have an infinite number of these pages. They are NOT articles.—Eloquence

 * "Oh my God, their gonna make an article for each number!" Gimme a break. Most people have some sort of idea where the threshhold is. I only went to 114, though I can see value to going as high as 1001. But unlike you, Eloquence, I am not gonna blank out pages if someone disagrees with me about where the threshold is. If they got something to say about 1002, more power to them. I'll listen to what they have to say. -- Anonymous User, 141.217. ...

 * Hmmm. Creating pages to prove a point on VfD. Wasn't that part of the reason you banned BuddhaInside? ;) Angela. 06:24, Jan 4, 2004 (UTC)

 * You must be confusing me with someone else. I banned BuddhaInside because he vandalized the Main Page.—Eloquence

 * This is ridiculous - keep them - many of them might seem trivial to you, but looking up the facts about various numbers is potentially interesting and useful. 207.189.98.44 19:32, 2 Jan 2004 (UTC)

 * I agree with you wholeheartedly, 207.189.98.44. User:PrimeFan

 * As do I. Also, they're useful for people who know the number but not quite where to look up what it means. A lot of times people use numbers as shorthand without bothering to check if everyone listening knows what is meant by the number. Below I list a few things I've heard over the years where I couldn't or didn't ask what was meant by the number. Sometimes I had some idea, other times I was completely clueless. User:Robert_Happelberg

 * Singer: "Your love is a one eight seven to heaven".
 * Photographer: "For portraits, I like a 50, without flash, wide aperture."
 * Carpenter: "When you're done with this, just take that 55 and set it over there."
 * Bookie: "You owe me a twenty."
 * U.S. Marine recruit: "I had my seven eighty two squared away, but he wouldn't get off my six."
 * Lawyer: "They have no case. It's a clear fifth."
 * Rabbi: "Thanks for the one hundred twenty talents."

 * Wikipedia is not a dictionary. At best, such explanations could be provided in an overview article elsewhere, and the number articles could link or redirect to them.—Eloquence

There's no such number as One hundred one anyway so delete them all for that reason and because they are not articles, and for slippery slope arguments like the infinite number of these that could exist. Redirecting any that are created to something like number might be an easier solution than listing them on VfD every time they occur. Angela. 06:24, Jan 4, 2004 (UTC)

I am the one responsible for completing the original series of articles from one through twenty last April. At that time there was a discussion as to the sillines of having articles for such dull numbers as twenty one, so we decided enough was enough, and stopped there. Some meant that even numbers over ten should not have articles. Looking at the number articles now, 8 months later, it is pretty obvious that there is no uninteresting number; see one thousand seven hundred and twenty nine for a good example. Wikipedia is not paper, and Wikipedia is surely the best way humankind has yet devised of collecting all sorts of interesting (and encyclopedic) properties of numbers. Really. So my concerns in this matter are two: -- Egil
 * Make sure the spelling of these articles is consistent (i.e. use one hundred and one, presumably)
 * Make sure the layout of the articles is consistent. There really is a need for a standard layout.

 * It is questionable whether anyone would look up "taxicab numbers" or "Hardy-Ramanujan number" by entering the search term "one thousand seven hundred and twenty nine". Interesting properties of numbers, or sets of numbers, should have their own articles, but the number pages should at best redirect to them. —Eloquence

 * No, but if they see a reference to 1729 and don't understand it, they might conceivably enter the search term "1729". They ought then to be sent to the right place by the article for the year 1729AD... Onebyone 17:57, 5 Jan 2004 (UTC)

Next time I make an amazon order, I'll be getting a copy of The Penguin Dictionary of Curious and Interesting Numbers to use as a source to improve various number articles. If anyone has a copy already, or is near an academic library, they could do likewise. IIRC it doesn't have articles on all the numbers in the 110s, and it lists 48 as being the first non-interesting natural number. Onebyone 17:55, 5 Jan 2004 (UTC)

 * Onebyone, take a look at: What's Special About This Number? GUllman 22:08, 5 Jan 2004 (UTC)

 * I've got that book! (Well, technically it belongs to my brother, but I'm in denial about that fact.) It's nice, but not very academic, because it's written for people who don't know much maths. A lot of the entires consist of just a single equation, without comment, leaving me scratching my head and thinking, "But why are we supposed to find that interesting?" However, many of the entries are interesting, so I'll go through it at some point and se what can be used... -- Oliver P. 02:39, 7 Jan 2004 (UTC)

I would like to denounce User:Eloquence's rude and sneaky tactics. His rude edit warring has already been mentioned here, but did you know that he sneakily blanked out the article on 120 - 129, put "blanking per VfD" in the edit summary but FAILED TO LIST IT ON THIS DELETION PAGE!!??? Luckily someone had sense to undo the blanking. Apparently User:Eloquence thought he could get away with deleting that page if he got the votes to delete the others. User:PrimeFan

 * Denounce all you want. I announced the blanking on the VfD page, and the pages would only have been deleted if consensus had been reached there. This was a way to have a reasonably open process while avoiding the kind of endless discussion with people of questionable intelligence that this page is devolving into.—Eloquence

 * It's definately worth keeping pages that describe the properties and interesting facts about numbers, as well as redirects / disambigs from things like 'fifth', 'the fifth' etc to relevant pages - I can't comprehend the passion for deleting perfectly good articles that seems to be prevailing here. 207.189.98.44 22:50, 6 Jan 2004 (UTC)

I have no objection to the deletion of pages about numbers for which the only available information is trivial, using the definition of "trivial" proposed by Anthony DiPierro below (the fact that it is a palindrome, its prime factorisation, and the preceding and following numbers). I'll extend that to cover all numbers for which the only available information is a set of numerical properties with no reference to any discussion of those properties in the existing literature. That would take care of the "bot" objection, I think. -- Oliver P. 02:39, 7 Jan 2004 (UTC)

Suggestion for naming
Since many interesting numbers are comparatively large, may I suggest a new naming convention for numbers. The current one is pretty cumbersome for larger numbers, and also quite error prone due to spelling issues. Instead of forty-two, let us just use 42 (number). With redirects for the old versions installed where appropriate, and markup as  42 (number) , which will appear as 42. -- Egil 12:09, 6 Jan 2004 (UTC)

Vote on naming

 *  One hundred forty-two  (no change): Jia ng (haha)
 * — One vote

 *  One hundred and forty-two  (add 'and' for 101-199, etc.): FearÉIREANN, User:PrimeFan, Angela, Del_arte, Dysprosia, AndrewKepert
 * Strongly against: Ryan_Cable, Anthony DiPierro, Jia ng, TMC1221
 * — Six votes

 *  142 (number)  (numerals + disambiguation): GUllman, User:Egil, Oliver P., Onebyone, —Eloquence, Tuf-Kat, FearÉIREANN, Ryan_Cable, Seth Ilys, Angela, Jia ng, Del_arte, Jussi-Ville Heiskanen, JDR, UtherSRG, Jamesday, Dysprosia Takanoha, Kevin Saff, +sj+, Hajor, Optim
 * I guess this form is least offensive to those who do not like number articles. -- Takanoha 12:30, 10 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * I just see it as a compromise that solves the british/american spelling options. Anthony DiPierro 17:12, 12 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * — 22 (number) votes

 *  142  (info. about numbers added to the bottom of articles about years): Jia ng, Jussi-Ville Heiskanen, UtherSRG
 * Strongly against: Ryan_Cable
 * — Three votes

 *  Number 142 : User:Docu, FearÉIREANN, Jia ng, Jussi-Ville Heiskanen, UtherSRG
 * — Five votes

Vote on inclusion
Do we want all number articles, some number articles, or none at all? The discussion centers on whether the cultural associations of a number and various mathematical properties are notable enough to deserve listing, or whether this makes the potential scope of content for each number article near limitless and thereby goes beyond the purpose of an encyclopedia. -- 10:58, 22 Feb 2004. User:Eloquence.

 * Keep Give stubs a chance to develop: Optim 19:11, 4 Mar 2004 (UTC), User:PrimeFan, User:Egil, Del_arte, Jussi-Ville Heiskanen, BL, JDR (notable too POV; association context important), GUllman, UtherSRG, Jamesday, Jeoth, Ryan_Cable, Kevin Saff, mav (I think they are kinda neat), Tuf-Kat 18:15, Feb 22, 2004 (UTC), Arthur George Carrick 02:24, 24 Feb 2004 (UTC); Toby Bartels: small articles may be combined together -- for example, a number notable only for being a Mersenne prime can redirect to Mersenne prime -- but this is (potentially) only temporary, until more info about that number is written, and the redirect should never be deleted;
 * Strongly against: —Eloquence 10:59, Feb 22, 2004 (UTC) (this is not about "stubs", it's about articles which only contain meaningless information)
 * No Wikipedia articles about numbers (move/redirect all info to other pages):
 * Strongly against: Ryan_Cable, User:PrimeFan, Del_arte, Jussi-Ville Heiskanen, Jamesday, mav, Arthur George Carrick 02:24, 24 Feb 2004 (UTC), Toby Bartels, Optim
 * No Wikipedia articles about numbers except those with notable mathematical or cultural properties (meanings as opposed to associations), no bullet point format for meanings, no dictionary definitions, no auto-generated articles: —Eloquence, Anthony DiPierro, llywrch, Angela, Kokiri, Tompagenet, silsor, Texture, Faradn
 * Strongly against: FearÉIREANN, Jussi-Ville Heiskanen, Jamesday (indexes are good), mav, Toby Bartels (although I agree with a couple of those points, so you might want to break it up)
 * No Wikipedia articles about numbers except English language numerals (move/redirect all info to other pages): Anthony DiPierro
 * Strongly against: Jussi-Ville Heiskanen, Jamesday, mav, Toby Bartels
 * Make a separate project: Numberpedia
 * It's an idea I think I'll bring to the meta. --Ryan and/or Mero
 * An interesting idea, but you have to keep in mind that the number articles foster the creation and growth of Wikipedia articles on abstract mathematical concepts. The article on the number 496 came before the article on harmonic divisor number, the stub on 703 at 700 came before the article on Kaprekar numbers, etc. Wikipedia provides the perfect place to study how different mathematical properties interact on specific numbers (and I believe that the numbers 1 - 1024 contain the greatest level of mathematical property interaction) and how the mathematical properties interact with the cultural properties of the numbers. If a Numberpedia is made, not only would the number articles have to be copied over, but also the mathematical concept articles. PrimeFan 22:15, 27 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * We already have too many separate projects. Optim 19:11, 4 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * User:OnebyOne is absolutely right that we need to give these articles a chance to develop before rushing to delete them. Every number up to about 1000 has notable mathematical or cultural properties, but each article needs to start somehow. A dictionary definition is one way to start (and every article needs to have a dictionary definition at its core anyway). User:PrimeFan

 * What about two billion, one hundred forty seven million, four hundred eighty three thousand, six hundred forty seven? I vote for No Wikipedia articles about numbers, but I add that all non-trivial information must be moved before deletion.  Trivial information is hereby defined as the fact that it is a palindrome, the preceeding and proceeding numbers, factorization (for numbers less than 10^3), and the fact that it is a composite number (but any primes already listed should be moved somewhere).  As that information is moved, it should be marked as such or deleted.  When only moved or trivial information exists, then the number can be deleted, except for base numbers (1-19, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, hundred, thousand, etc) which should be kept or moved to wictionary.  Any disambiguation information should be moved to the year, except in cases where the disambiguation would likely be spelled out.  So, that's my long-winded vote. Anthony DiPierro

 * Who are you to define what is and what isn't trivia? I'm not one to define what trivia is either. Factorization and palindromicity are extremely important to me. On the other hand, Cullen and Pell numbers aren't quite so important to me. Numbers occurring in the Bible or in Star Trek don't seem so important to me either, but try arguing that to someone who believes in either one of those two sources (and they can be extremely fanatical about it). If I imposed my view of triviality on others, I would delete the entire article on George W. Bush and replace it with simply "Puppet of Dick Cheney". The article on Dick Cheney is far more important, in my view. The point is, no one should be imposing their view of what trivia is on others. User:PrimeFan

 * I wasn't defining what is and what isn't trivia. I was merely stating my definition of "trivial" for the purpose of my suggestion.  No more.  Factorization of numbers less than 10^3 and palindromicity may be extremely important to you, but they are also extremely easy to calculate on your own.  There's no need for that information in an encyclopedia, any more than there is a need for the solution to "52+78".  I don't know what Cullen and Pell numbers are, but couldn't they be listed on a page called "cullen numbers" and "pell numbers," for those that are already contained on these pages?  As for numbers in the bible or in Star Trek, those can be listed on the appropriate bible or star trek pages.  Or maybe they could be eliminated.  I'd leave that up to the people who care about the star trek and bible pages.  As for your George W. Bush comment, my version of trivial is much more natural than that.  My point is that factorization and palindromicity are easily calculated.  Therefore an encylopedia entry, beyond explaining how to calculate factorization and palindromicity, adds no information whatsoever.  Perhaps my use of the term "trivial" was inappropriate, but that's precisely why I defined the term.  Anthony DiPierro 23:42, 9 Jan 2004 (UTC)

 * Alright, I think I understand where you're coming from a little better. I agree with you that 52 + 78 = 130 is not so important, unless there was something special shared by 52 and 78. I think sums of consecutive primes are important. Consecutive composites, I don't know, but that doesn't even apply to your 52 + 78 example. I think factorization is important because it's like a fingerprint of the number. When you take mathematical facts like that about a number and put them together on a number page, you're creating a page about an entity with a personality all its own. And yes, that might duplicate information elsewhere, but we're probably already duplicating a lot of information in the pages about important historical figures. For example, the pages on Eisenhower, Churchill and Stalin all ought to mention their historic meeting at Yalta. Would it be better to make a page on Yalta meeting, excise the Yalta information in those three articles and replacing it with a link to the Yalta meeting article? I think probably not. I advocate treating numbers as persons. Integers up to a thousand are celebrities, and deserve their own articles. PrimeFan 19:01, 10 Jan 2004 (UTC)

 * If you're going to have pages on numbers, then including factorization makes sense. But I don't think numbers belong in an encyclopedia.  The rest of my argument basically follows from that base assumption, which I don't think we can do much more than vote on and if enough people want numbers, then we keep them, and it looks like that's what we're gonna have.  Again, once we have a numbers page, might as well put just about anything in them.  Anthony DiPierro 11:26, 11 Jan 2004 (UTC)

I agree with Egil's renaming proposal. The main reason is that I see this case as being no different from any other case of disambiguation. The year 42 and the number 42 are identical in both speech and writing, so to disambiguate by writing the former in Arabic numerals and the latter in words is arbitrary and counterintuitive. The standard Wikipedia practice is to disambiguate with a parenthetical word or phrase, so I see no reason not to do that here. A second reason is that for numbers over a hundred, it would save a lot of time writing out the links! A third reason is that it would remove the silly debate over whether American English or British English should be preferred. If Egil's proposal is accepted, I hereby volunteer to move all the articles, but you'll need to remind me on my talk page that I've promised this, because otherwise I'll forget... -- Oliver P. 02:39, 7 Jan 2004 (UTC)

 * I'll help move them, if it helps to keep useful content that would otherwise be deleted.The Fellowship of the Troll 19:54, 9 Jan 2004 (UTC)

I think this style of articles is interesting and usefull, deserving to be in Wikipedia. --Jeoth 21:43, 4 Feb 2004 (UTC)

See also Talk:One thousand one.

5 Februrary Vote for Deletion
Rather than add every number known to us, let me put the remaining mess in Wikipedia here at one shot. This is to show those of you who are discussing any single number what level of junk content we are discussing. (feel free to add what I've missed. There are way too many for me to find them all): (A table listing a lot of number articles) And all associated redirects to these numbers like Number 222

 * If we all vote to keep these because for some reason all numbers are sacred then the List of numbers will continue to add pages for no reason to this compendium. I don’t think I even managed to list every one that exists. (Look at this mess and tell me an encyclopedia would include them all.  When Wikipedia has to close down to buy more space do you want this to be the reason why?)- Texture 18:57, 5 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Let's say the guys working on the numbers project do every number up to one thousand, and they make each article 10KB long. That's 10MB. Ten years ago, that was a lot. Today, I can put 128MB in my pocket. I believe the number Wikipedians will do next to no articles on numbers beyond one thousand. You have to give people credit. People have common sense. Del arte 19:58, 5 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * I freely toss the issue of storage aside. Is this appropriate for Wikipedia? - Texture 20:38, 5 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * So why aren't you trying to delete the articles on days of the month? As far as I can tell, the article on February 6 merely lists things that happened that day. So how come you're not screaming Wikipedia_is_not about those articles? Why aren't you trying to delete Lists of People by name? Those are merely collections of internal links, and yet you're not screaming Wikipedia_is_not about those. The reason must be that you are a bully and you think that just because I'm humble that I must also be a doormat. Well, I'm not a doormat. You'll have to get your deletion power trip jollies somewhere else, but looking at your user page, you already are in plenty of other places. NNumber articles are useful in the same way that day and year articles are, and ieven more so, because they offer correlations and analysis on each individual numbers (the stubs haven't got there yet, but without big bad wolves like User:Eloquence, they stand of chance of getting there). 141.217.41.217 13:46, 6 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Agree. Storage isn't really an issue.  But numbers aren't encyclopedic.  Of course, I see how this could be arguable.  I mean, I guess you could have an encyclopedia of numbers.  I doubt we're going to reach a consensus here.  Anthony DiPierro 21:22, 5 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * You might want to look at "Deletion of number pages like one hundred one -> Talk:List of numbers/Deletion" listed on top of this page and move the discussion there. -- User:Docu

 * Move 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, and hundred to Wiktionary. Delete the rest. Anthony DiPierro 21:03, 5 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Good suggestion - I agree - Texture 21:06, 5 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * I disagree. "Follows 100, precedes 102", that's a dictionary, yes. But every good encyclopedia article begins with a dictionary definition. They then follow it with the mathematical properties of the number, its history, its culture, things that add up to what it's even been called its "personality". This kind of an article doesn't belong in a paper encyclopedia for purely practical reasons. But Wikipedia can have this articles, which are thoroughly fascinating and extremely useful, as has already been discussed here. ShutterBugTrekker 21:52, 5 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * These articles on numbers are a wonderful resource and they belong in an encyclopedia because they draw correlations between each number's mathematical properties. That's something a dictionary shouldn't do, because it's the job of an encyclopedia. Robert Happelberg 22:47, 5 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * This is being dealt with elsewhere, and is a pretty involved issue - request removal of this list from VfD at this time and refer disucssion to Talk:List of numbers/Deletion. The Fellowship of the Troll 21:04, 5 Feb 2004 (UTC)

More from VfD
Four hundred and ninety-six - The floodgates to infinty have been opened. Content: "...is the natural number following four hundred and ninety-five and preceeding four hundred and ninety-seven..." - Texture 18:10, 5 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * "The floodgates to infinty have been opened." Gimme a break! This guy clearly has a very low opinion of his fellow Wikipedians. Don't insult our intelligence. The people who've worked on the number articles have a lot more common sense than that. ShutterBugTrekker 21:47, 5 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep. As a harmonic divisor number and a perfect number, 496 is somewhat unique among numbers. PrimeFan 23:47, 9 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep. Del arte 21:40, 16 Feb 2004 (UTC)

---

 * One hundred twenty - see above - Texture 22:19, 3 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. But there's no way this is going to get a consensus.  See Talk:List_of_numbers/Deletion.  I suggest this poll be removed. Anthony DiPierro 22:26, 3 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, give chance to grow. PrimeFan 19:03, 4 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Del arte 20:48, 4 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Also, User:Texture and User:Eloquence ought to be investigated for violations of Wiki etiquette. Their aggressive bullying is frightening. ShutterBugTrekker 21:55, 5 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: nothing special. Wile E. Heresiarch 07:23, 6 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Your noise is my signal, Wile: I've often marvelled at the usefulness of having wikipedia pages dedicated to dates and numbers -- especially when memorizing long number sequences! I see no reason why these pages should not exist; storage is not an issue, and they are clearly useful to some people. -- AnonymousFriend

Clearly we'll never get consensus to delete these. Most of them are useless, but then so is the comprehensive gazetteer of the US. At least some of these are fun. I've always considered 1089 a personal friend, myself. Just think, in base 33, it's a round number. -- Jmabel 09:12, 13 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Taking action on naming
When will action take place re the naming issue? To many Britons and Australians, the "and" omission is a rather glaring one. When should we enact the results of the above vote? Dysprosia 09:14, 20 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Well, now that we have a volunteer, let's begin :). Anthony DiPierro 18:23, 20 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * I'd like to get a community consensus here first before I begin to avoid a mass of "rv"s ;) Dysprosia 22:54, 20 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * If anyone gives you trouble about moving the number articles, you can direct them to WikiProject Numbers. PrimeFan 23:36, 20 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Right. I'll start then, when I get some spare moments... Dysprosia 11:28, 21 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * I added it to Naming_conventions. -- User:Docu

Hmm, are we using commas, or no commas? 1,423 (number), or 1423 (number)? Anthony DiPierro 21:32, 21 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * I would say no commas. The comma vz. full stop as a division between thousands may create confusion for many non-native English speaking people. -- Egil

 * Definitely no commas. There are at least four standard representations: 1234; 1,234; 1.234; and 1 234 of which the last one is natural to me, but please note that the dividing the numbers is only a typographical convention for readability and memorisation, not a property of the number itself. -- Cimon Avaro on a pogostick 09:13, Feb 24, 2004 (UTC)

I assume that One hundred forty-two, One hundred and forty-two, Number 142 are to redirect to 142 (number), instead of becoming disambiguation pages between the year and everything else that is on 142 (number). Thus WikiProject Years links the number page as "Alternate uses: see Number 142." -- User:Docu
 * Yeah, I'd assume so too. Although eventually we need to remove links to one hundred fourty-two.  I was only adding disambiguation for the case of titles or other situations using the word, as opposed to the number. It's to be treated like any other case of disambiguation.  Anthony DiPierro 23:30, 21 Feb 2004 (UTC)

A page for the word "one"?
If there is to be a separate page for one as a word (I'm pretty agnostic about that), then all the one stuff in the 1 (number) page must be moved over to this page, otherwise there will be confusion. Can such a division be maintained? -- Egil 10:06, 22 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * I assumed that the information would remain on the page 1 (number) despite the rename, but as Anthony pointed out quite rightly, we didn't explicitly vote on this point, thus I suppose we could try to split the information between the two or duplicate on one, what could be written that way.

 * I quite strongly resent duplication, duplication of info is a recipie for disaster. If there is to be a one page, then everything being one (including one-ness, all of that) needs to be moved there, and the 1 (number) page would be about more mathemathical issues. One thing is whether such a split is natural, in which case it may be feasible to retain it. Another issue is that for one there is enough material that such a split can be sensible- I would believe that for higher numbers, there usually isn't. So I guess I am landing on the don't split side, with a possible exception for one? -- Egil 11:40, 22 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Personally, I favo(u)r keeping the information on Number_1 (sorry, 1 (number)), the year pages (e.g. 51) already link to the number page for everything, but the year, e.g. "Alternate uses, see Number 51".

 * Within the number pages, we could bold the links to articles about One (movie), the year AD 1, One (album), the city One, etc, as it's suggested for explicit cross-references within text in the Manual of Style.
 * Only if there are many, we'd make a separate page for them, e.g. Ten (album) (note the various titles on this page).

 * Either way, I will be glad to include the solution for this on WikiProject Numbers. -- User:Docu

I thought the whole point of moving the math crap to 1 (number) was to be able to get the useful information out of there. Anthony DiPierro 14:22, 22 Feb 2004 (UTC)

FWIW - strictly speaking, 1 is not a number, or at least it took a heck of a long time before pedants decided that it was more useful to accept 1 as a number and to move on to other battles. (such as reversion wars) 8-) -- AndrewKepert 22:08, 23 Feb 2004 (UTC)

The new page One is pretty good, but I claim that it really ought to be at One (disambiguation). One itself should redirect to 1 (number), since that is by far the most common spontaneous link. I have done this move, but I haven't yet redirected One to 1 (number); this is because I don't want to make my change irreversible without admin intervention. And I don't mind if you do reverse my change -- just make sure to properly disambiguate all of the links to One when you do this please! ^_^ OTOH, if nobody reverses my change in a couple of days, then I'll create the redirect. (BTW, if somebody needs admin help to perform a move, then I will help even to do things that I don't like -- as long as they're also reversible.) -- Toby Bartels 02:21, 24 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Ah! Sweet Irony! I kind of like the idea that we would have "One" be the only article of these that would be a multiple article. -- Cimon Avaro on a pogostick 09:05, Feb 24, 2004 (UTC)

 * All the links to One seem to be all numerical related. Did I miss/understand something? If it's the disambiguation, can't it be done in the conventional manner? Dysprosia 09:18, 24 Feb 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of numbers/Deletion/Archive 1


text:
Big Maybelle

Mabel Louise Smith (May 1, 1924 – January 23, 1972), known professionally as Big Maybelle, was an American R&B singer. Her 1956 hit single "Candy" received the Grammy Hall of Fame Award in 1999.

Childhood and musical background
Born in Jackson, Tennessee, on May 1, 1924, Big Maybelle sang gospel as a child; by her teens, she had switched to rhythm and blues. She began her professional career with Dave Clark's Memphis Band in 1936, and also toured with the all-female International Sweethearts of Rhythm. She then joined Christine Chatman's Orchestra, and made her first recordings with Chatman in 1944, before recording with the Tiny Bradshaw's Orchestra from 1947 to 1950.

Her debut solo recordings, recorded as Mabel Smith, were for King Records in 1947.

Okeh Records
In 1952, she was signed by Okeh Records, whose record producer Fred Mendelsohn gave her the stage name 'Big Maybelle' because of her loud yet well-toned voice. Her first recording for Okeh, "Gabbin' Blues", was a number 3 hit on the Billboard R&B chart, and was followed up by both "Way Back Home" and "My Country Man" in 1953.

In 1955, she recorded the song "Whole Lotta Shakin' Goin' On", produced by up-and-coming producer Quincy Jones, a full two years before rockabilly then rock and roll singer Jerry Lee Lewis's version. Lewis credited Smith's version as being the inspiration to make his version much more louder, raunchy and raucous, with a driving beat and a spoken section with a come-on that was considered very risque for the time.

Savoy Records
More hits followed throughout the 1950s, particularly after signing with Savoy Records later in 1955, including "Candy" (1956), one of her biggest sellers.

During this time, she also appeared on stage at the Apollo Theater in New York City in 1957, and at the 1958 Newport Jazz Festival she sang "All Night Long/I Ain't Mad at You", as seen in Bert Stern's film of the festival, Jazz on a Summer's Day, in which Mahalia Jackson and Dinah Washington also performed.

Career decline
After 1959, she recorded for a variety of labels, but the hits largely dried up. She continued to perform into the early 1960s. Her last hit single was in 1967, a cover of "96 Tears" by Question Mark & the Mysterians. By the 1960s, Maybelle's drug use began detrimentally impacting her career.

Death
Smith died of a diabetic coma on January 23, 1972, in Cleveland, Ohio. She had been frequently ill for the previous 18 months. She was survived by her only child, Barbara Smith, and five grandchildren.

Her final album, Last of Big Maybelle, was released posthumously in 1973.

Legacy
The album The Okeh Sessions, released on the Epic label, won the 1983 W.C. Handy Award for "Vintage or Reissue Album of the Year (U.S.)." In 2011, she was inducted to the Blues Hall of Fame.

Her version of "Whole Lotta Shakin' Goin' On" was included in the soundtrack for Fallout 4 as part of the Diamond City Radio playlist.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Big Maybelle


text:
Jim Wallace, Baron Wallace of Tankerness

James Robert Wallace, Baron Wallace of Tankerness, (born 25 August 1954) is a Scottish politician serving as a Liberal Democrat life peer in the British House of Lords since 2007 and Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland from 2021 to 2022. He served as the Deputy First Minister of Scotland from 1999 to 2005, and during that time he served twice as acting First Minister, in 2000, in the aftermath of Donald Dewar's death and in 2001, following Henry McLeish's resignation. He was formerly Leader of the Scottish Liberal Democrats from 1992 to 2005 and Leader of the Liberal Democrats in the House of Lords from 2013 to 2016.

Wallace served as a Liberal Democrat Member of Parliament (MP) for Orkney and Shetland from 1983 to 2001 and a Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) for Orkney from 1999 to 2007. He also served as Advocate General for Scotland from 2010 to 2015. He was the Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland from 1 May 2021 to 23 May 2022.

Early life and education
Wallace was born in Annan in Dumfriesshire, Scotland, and grew up there. He has a brother, Neil. As a boy, his first interest in politics was stoked when he collected autographs from politicians visiting the local area: he still possesses one from Tam Dalyell, with whom he later served in the House of Commons.

Wallace was educated at Annan Academy, a state secondary school in his hometown of Annan. Following school, he was accepted by Downing College, Cambridge, where he obtained a joint BA degree in economics and law. From there he returned to Scotland to study law at the University of Edinburgh, graduating with an LLB degree in 1977. Based in Edinburgh, he practised as an advocate at the Scottish Bar, mostly in civil law cases.

Member of Parliament (UK)
Wallace joined the then-Liberal Party in the early 1970s, but did not become very active in it until after completing his second degree. His first foray as a parliamentary candidate was in the constituency of Dumfriesshire in 1979, where he failed to win. He also stood, unsuccessfully, as the Liberal candidate in the South of Scotland constituency at the European Parliament elections of that year.

Four years later, he would earn the Liberal nomination for the seat of Orkney and Shetland, the seat being vacated by former party leader Jo Grimond, and won election to the Parliament. At the time, it was extremely rare for Liberal candidates to successfully win elections to succeed former Liberal MPs, although many have since done so. He was to serve as the MP there for 18 years, occupying a number of front bench posts for the Liberal Party (and, from 1988 onwards, the Liberal Democrats), including Employment spokesman and Chief Whip.

In 1992, he was unopposed in becoming the new leader of the Scottish Liberal Democrats, succeeding Malcolm Bruce. Scottish politics at this time was dominated by the question of constitutional reform. There were few opportunities for legislation affecting Scots Law to be debated or effectively scrutinised at Westminster and, especially after the 1987 Election, with only ten Conservative MPs in Scotland but with a large majority in the House of Commons, it was argued that there was a democratic deficit in Scotland.

He led the Scottish Liberal Democrats in the first election to the new Scottish Parliament in 1999, himself winning the constituency of Orkney with 67% of the votes cast. This meant he served as a Member of both the Scottish and Westminster Parliaments for a time with a dual mandate, although like other MPs elected to Holyrood (such as John Swinney, John Home Robertson and Donald Gorrie) he stood down from Westminster at the 2001 General Election.

Member of the Scottish Parliament
As expected, the proportional election system for the new Scottish Parliament meant that Labour failed to gain an outright majority in the first elections. Their leader, Donald Dewar, chose to seek a formal coalition government with a working majority rather than try to operate as a minority government.

Deputy First Minister
He contacted Wallace and a week of formal negotiations were held between the two parties' representatives, following which a partnership agreement was signed, committing both parties to support a negotiated joint agenda. Wallace became Deputy First Minister and Minister for Justice, and maintained these briefs throughout the first term of the Parliament.

The decision to enter a coalition government with Labour was controversial at the time. British politicians were unaccustomed to coalition politics, and the Liberal Democrats came under fire from Conservative and SNP opponents who claimed they had 'sold out' their principles. Key to this criticism was the Labour policy of making students pay tuition fees, which the Liberal Democrats had promised to abolish as their price of entering a coalition, but which became merely the subject of an inquiry as the coalition was formed.

In the event, the Liberal Democrats did insist on the abolition of tuition fees after the inquiry reported in 2001, but in 1999, the delay was perceived to have been a compromise, and Wallace in particular became the focal point for extremely bitter criticism. Despite this, and other difficult moments, he and his party stayed firm and remained in power. Wallace established himself as a minister.

Acting First Minister
On three occasions over the first term of the Parliament, he became Acting First Minister: twice in 2000 due to at first the illness, and later the death, of the first First Minister Donald Dewar, and then again in 2001, after the resignation of Dewar's successor as First Minister, Henry McLeish. Each occasion lasted for only a few weeks.

Under his continued leadership, the Scottish Liberal Democrats' popularity grew steadily. After leading the party through the second Holyrood elections in 2003 Elections, again winning 17 MSPs but with a higher share of the vote, he led the party into a second coalition with Labour. The 2003 coalition negotiation process was widely seen as a more successful enterprise by the Liberal Democrats than the preceding one, with key aspects of Labour's proposals on anti-social behaviour dropped or limited, and with the promise of proportional representation for Scotland's 32 local councils.

Wallace remained as Deputy First Minister, but left the Justice brief, becoming instead the Minister for Enterprise and Lifelong Learning.

Resignation and peerage
On 9 May 2005, following the 2005 General Election, Wallace announced his intention to stand down as party leader and Deputy First Minister. He would remain as MSP for Orkney until the 2007 election, but would serve his time out as a backbencher. He ceased to be an MSP with the dissolution of the Scottish Parliament on 2 April 2007.

On 13 September 2007, it was announced that he was to be appointed to the House of Lords. He was subsequently created a life peer on 17 October 2007 taking the title Baron Wallace of Tankerness, of Tankerness in Orkney. Wallace also received an Honorary Doctorate from Heriot-Watt University in 2007

On 28 April 2008, it was announced that the new Lord Wallace would be a member of the Commission on Scottish Devolution, chaired by Sir Kenneth Calman, established by the Scottish Parliament to consider the future powers of the Parliament, including powers over finance. This is a distinct exercise from the SNP Government's national conversation.

In November 2008, Wallace received a lifetime achievement award in the Scottish Politician of the Year Awards.

In May 2010, he was appointed Advocate General for Scotland, one of the Law Officers of the Crown, who advise the government on Scots law.

He was elected unopposed, as the leader of the Liberal Democrats in the House of Lords on 15 October 2013, replacing Lord McNally, who had stepped down earlier in the month.

In September 2016, he stepped down as the Leader of the Liberal Democrat in the House of Lords, citing a desire to step back from "frontline" politics stating "I was first elected to the House of Commons 33 years ago. For 28 of these years, I have been on the frontline, including sixteen years in a leadership role, here in the Lords and in Scotland."

Honours and awards
In 2018 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh.

Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland
A longstanding Elder of the Church of Scotland at St. Magnus Cathedral, Kirkwall, he was nominated and appointed to be Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland for 2021–2022. It is highly unusual for a lay person to be nominated as Moderator, predecessors being Alison Elliot in 2004 and George Buchanan in 1567.

Personal life
Wallace married Rosemary (née Fraser) a speech therapist in 1983, who he calls "Rosie". The couple have two daughters: Helen and Clare. He has two sons-in-law, Andrew and James, and two granddaughters, Catriona and Ella. Wallace is an elder of the Church of Scotland, attending St Magnus Cathedral in Kirkwall, Orkney.

He is a Vice President of the National Churches Trust.


text:
Bombardier

Bombardier may refer to:

Armed forces

 * Bombardier (rank), rank equivalent to corporal used in some artillery corps
 * Bombardier (aircrew), crew member on a bomber aircraft
 * Artillery crewman, archaically

Businesses

 * Bombardier Inc., a company mainly specializing in air and railway vehicles
 * Bombardier Aviation, the aircraft division
 * Bombardier Transportation, the defunct railway equipment division
 * Bombardier Recreational Products, a manufacturer of snowcats and snowmobiles, part of Bombardier Inc. until 2003

People

 * Bombardier Billy Wells, English heavyweight boxer
 * Charles Bombardier (born 1974), Canadian industrial designer and entrepreneur
 * Joseph-Armand Bombardier (1907–1964), Canadian inventor and businessman, founder of Bombardier Inc.
 * Denise Bombardier (1941–2023), Canadian journalist
 * Jean-Michel Bombardier (born 1970), Canadian skater

Others

 * Bombardier (film), a 1943 film about aircrew training, starring Pat O'Brien, Randolph Scott, Robert Ryan and Eddie Albert
 * Bombardier beetle, insect of family Carabidae
 * Bombardier Bitter, a beer brewed by Marston's in England

title: Bombardier


text:
Hector Monro, Baron Monro of Langholm

Hector Seymour Peter Monro, Baron Monro of Langholm, AE, PC (4 October 1922 – 30 August 2006), was a Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party politician. He was Member of Parliament for Dumfriesshire for over 32 years, from 1964 to 1997, and then a life peer in the House of Lords.

After piloting flying boats in the Second World War, Monro became a farmer in his native Dumfriesshire. He became active in local test politics in the 1950s, and was elected as MP for Dumfries in 1964. He served as a Conservative whip and held three junior ministerial positions, twice in the Scottish Office and once as Minister for Sport in the Department for the Environment. He became a member of the House of Lords in 1997, after he stood down from the House of Commons. He was particularly concerned with Scottish and rural issues, the RAF, and sport, and was noted for his strong links with his constituency. He was in office at the time of the Lockerbie Disaster in 1988, which occurred in his constituency.

Early and private life
Monro was born in Edinburgh and raised at Craigcleuch near Langholm in Dumfriesshire. His father, Alistair Monro, was a captain in the Cameron Highlanders; his maternal grandfather was Lieutenant General Sir Spencer Ewart. Monro was educated at Upland House School in Sussex, Canford School in Dorset, and King's College, Cambridge.

He was a member of the Cambridge University Air Squadron at Cambridge. After only one year at Cambridge, he joined the RAF in 1941, becoming a flight lieutenant in Coastal Command, flying Atlantic patrols in Short Sunderland flying boats and then in the Far East in Catalinas. After he was demobbed in 1946, he became a farmer at Kirtlebridge near Lockerbie, although he also had other business interests. He remained a member of the Royal Auxiliary Air Force from 1947 to 1954. He was later an honorary Air Commodore from 1982 to 2000, and its honorary Inspector General from 1990 to 2000.

Monro married twice. He married Anne Welch in 1949. Their two sons joined the British Army. Seymour retired as a major-general; Hughie is a retired brigadier. Monro's first wife died in 1994; later that year, he married a second time, to Doris Kaestner, a friend of his first wife. Monro's grandson, Ander Monro, has played for the Canada national rugby union team.

Political career
Monro was elected as a Dumfries County Councillor from 1952, where he served until 1967. He was chairman and vice-president of the Dumfries Unionist Party and was elected MP for Dumfries in the 1964 general election, retaining his seat until he retired at the 1997 general election.

He became a Conservative whip in 1968, and was a Parliamentary Under Secretary of State at the Scottish Office between 28 July 1971 and 28 February 1974. He voted against his party on Scottish devolution, announcing his support for a Scottish Assembly in 1974.

After the Conservatives lost the February 1974 general election, he was an opposition spokesman, initially on Scottish affairs and then on sport, until 1979. After the 1979 general election, he was appointed as Margaret Thatcher's first Minister for Sport, as Parliamentary Under Secretary of State at the Department of the Environment under Michael Heseltine. He also had responsibility for some environmental issues, and was involved in strengthening the provisions of the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981.

Monro came under some criticism for opposing the visit of a South African Barbarians rugby team to the UK and a return visit by the British Lions rugby team the next year. He was dropped from the Government in 1981 in the wake of Mrs Thatcher's proposal that the British team pull out of the Moscow Olympics, receiving a consolatory knighthood that year. In 1986, he suggested that the government bill the Kremlin in the amount of £1 million and provide the amount to Scottish farmers in compensation for losses to sheep herds caused by the Chernobyl nuclear disaster.

In 1988, a bomb exploded on Pan Am Flight 103, which crashed at Lockerbie, near his home. He was closely involved in the aftermath as the local constituency MP, and went out to Lockerbie with two other MPs. He was hailed by politicians of all political stripes for his compassion and caring; Scottish Labour MP Brian Wilson praised him as "a man who is truly a part of the community that he represents".

He returned to the Scottish Office on 9 April 1992, but he was sacked from this position on 5 July 1995. He became a member of the Privy Council in 1995, and following his retirement as an MP, was made a life peer as Baron Monro of Langholm, of Westerkirk in Dumfries and Galloway on 6 November 1997.

The number of Conservative MPs from Scotland declined from 24 when he was first elected an MP in 1964 to nil after the 1997 general election. A One Nation Conservative, he occasionally rebelled against the official party line, opposing the closing of British Steel Corporation's Ravenscraig steelworks, for example. One of his Labour Party opponents, Norman Hogg, dubbed him "the last of the decent Tories".

Outside politics
Monro was a president of the Scottish Rugby Union, and he was honorary president of Langholm RFC for over 20 years. He managed the 1970 rugby union tour to Australia but had to return home to fight the 1970 General Election.

He was a long-serving member of the Nature Conservancy Council, and active in the National Farmers Union of Scotland. He was a member of the Royal Company of Archers, a deputy lieutenant of Dumfriesshire, and enjoyed vintage cars and country sports.

title: Hector Monro, Baron Monro of Langholm


text:
Komsomolets

Komsomolets were male members of Komsomol, the former Soviet youth organization. The term may also refer to:

Military

 * Soviet submarine K-278 Komsomolets, a nuclear submarine which caught fire and sank off Norway
 * Komsomolets-class torpedo boat, motor torpedo boat of World War II era; See List of ships of Russia by project number
 * Komsomolets armored tractor, Soviet prime mover vehicle

Places

 * Komsomolets Island, an island in the Russian Arctic
 * Komsomolets (rural locality), several rural localities in Russia
 * Mount Komsomolets, a mountain in Ala Archa National Park, Kyrgyzstan

Other uses

 * Komsomolets (camera), Soviet camera, a predecessor of Lubitel

title: Komsomolets


text:
Komsomolets Island

Komsomolets Island (остров Комсомолец) is the northernmost island of the Severnaya Zemlya group in the Russian Arctic, and the third largest island in the group. It is the 82nd largest island on earth. About 65% of the island is covered with glaciers, including Russia's largest, the Academy of Sciences Glacier.

Geography
Komsomolets Island is separated from October Revolution Island in the south by the Red Army Strait and from Pioneer Island in the southwest by the Yuny Strait. The northernmost point of the island is the Arctic Cape, the launching point for many Arctic expeditions.

Practically the whole of the central and southern part of the island is covered by the massive Academy of Sciences Glacier, between Krenkel Bay in the east and Zhuravlev Bay in the west. The northern part is largely unglaciated. The area of this island has been estimated at 9,006 km2. It rises to a height of 780 m. Komsomolets Island is home to the largest ice cap in Russia, the Academy of Sciences Ice Cap.

Geology
The soil of the island is mostly composed of loose loam and sands, a tundra desert scattered with mosses and lichens.

History
The island was discovered by Boris Vilkitsky in 1913, but it was not proven to be an island until 1931, when Georgy Ushakov and Nikolay Urvantsev charted the archipelago during their 1930–32 expedition. They also named it. In keeping with their tradition of naming the islands after events and movements of the Russian Revolution, this island was named in honour of the members of the Komsomol, the "Communist Union of Youth."

title: Komsomolets Island


text:
Dougall Media

Dougall Media is a Canadian media company which has several television, radio and publishing holdings in Northwestern Ontario.

Television
Dougall Media owns CKPR, a CTV affiliate (formerly a CBC affiliate until August 31, 2014), and CHFD, a Global affiliate, both in Thunder Bay, Ontario. The two stations are what is known as a twinstick operation, and are in fact the sole remaining locally owned twinstick anywhere in English Canada (Stingray Group's twinstick in Lloydminster is not locally owned since Stingray is a national company based in Montreal). The two stations air programs from their respective networks, as well as local news and current affairs programs and specials.

Prior to February 2010, CHFD was a CTV affiliate which also carried some Global programming. The station was unable to come to agreement with CTV to continue operating as an affiliate and filed an application to the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) to remove the CTV affiliation requirement from their license and to operate as a Global affiliate.

In March 2010, CKPR announced it was unable to come to an agreement with CBC to continue to operate as an affiliate, and filed an application with the CRTC to remove the CBC affiliation requirement from their license. CKPR stated in their application that it "would operate as an independent local station and intends to source its non-local programming". However, after continued negotiations, the station announced in March 2011 that they had come to an agreement that would see them air CBC programming for another five years; in June 2014, Dougall Media announced that CKPR's affiliation would switch from CBC to CTV in September.

The stations' status as a locally owned twinstick accounts for some of the unique circumstances of the Thunder Bay television market. For example, Thunder Bay was the only major market in the province in which CIII-DT and CHCH-DT did not add rebroadcasters during those stations' provincewide expansions in the 1990s; although both stations did apply for transmitters in Thunder Bay, both were declined by the CRTC due to the potential impact of out-of-market competition on Dougall's advertising revenue. It is also, for the same reason, the only major market in the province where CITY-DT is still unavailable either terrestrially or on basic cable.

Dougall has also previously cited CTV's cost-cutting measures of the early 2000s, such as the merger of all local news on the four CTV Northern Ontario stations in Northeastern Ontario into a single newscast produced in Sudbury, as a key factor in its refusal to consider selling the stations, lest such a sale result in the loss of local programming in Thunder Bay.

On January 27, 2016, Dougall Media officials revealed that CKPR and CHFD are both being sustained by the payouts from life insurance policies on former owner Fraser Dougall and a former general manager who both died in 2015, and at the time said the stations could sign off for good by September 1, 2016, barring a favourable change in CRTC policies. As of October 2023 the stations remained in operation.

Branding
The two stations were formerly united under the brand Thunder Bay Television. However, upon becoming a Global affiliate in February 2010, CHFD rebranded as Global Thunder Bay, following a branding scheme used at Global owned and operated stations. CKPR continued to use the Thunder Bay Television brand until May 2012, when it rebranded as CKPR Thunder Bay. Prior to this, the stations usually used the on-air branding scheme of Thunder Bay Television and then the name of the network to which the channel was affiliated, except in cases when the channel was airing programming that wasn't from the network to which it was affiliated. For example, CKPR-TV was normally branded as Thunder Bay Television - CBC, however, while airing non-CBC programming, such as TB News, it was branded as Thunder Bay Television - CKPR. Both stations still, however, air local newscasts under the single brand TBT News.

Radio
Dougall Media owns CKPR and CJSD in Thunder Bay, as well as CFNO in Marathon.

Print
Dougall Media publishes a free weekly community newspaper, Thunder Bay Source, which is delivered to 35,000 households in Thunder Bay each Friday. The paper covers local news, including city council, education, health care, Indigenous issues and the local federal and provincial political scene, as well as weekly entertainment and sports features. It also hosts a selection of local columnists, including J.R. Shermack and former CBC Radio personality Fred Jones, a weekly movie column by North of Superior Film Association president Marty Mascarin, a food-related column by Derek Lankinen and an outdoor column by Keith Ailey.

It was formerly known as Thunder Bay Post, a name that was discontinued in October 2003. Prior to that it was known as Lakehead Living.

The paper's editorial staff also contributes to the news websites TbNewsWatch.com, NWONewswatch.com and SNNewswatch.com, which also have material contributed from the company's radio and television newsrooms.

title: Dougall Media


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Mark Catesby

Mark Catesby (24 March 1683 – 23 December 1749) was an English naturalist who studied the flora and fauna of the New World. Between 1729 and 1747, Catesby published his Natural History of Carolina, Florida and the Bahama Islands, the first published account of the flora and fauna of North America. It included 220 plates of birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish, insects, mammals and plants.

Life and works
Catesby was born on 24 March 1683 and baptised at Castle Hedingham, Essex on 30 March 1683. His father, John Catesby (buried 12 November 1703), was a local politician and gentleman farmer. His mother was Elizabeth Jekyll (buried 5 September 1708). The family owned a farm and house, Holgate, in Sudbury, Suffolk as well as property in London. An acquaintance with the naturalist John Ray led to Catesby becoming interested in natural history. The death of his father left Catesby enough to live on, so in 1712, he accompanied his sister Elizabeth to Williamsburg, Virginia. She was the wife of Dr. William Cocke, who had been a member of the Council and Secretary of State for the Colony of Virginia. According to their father's will, Elizabeth had married Dr. Cocke against her father's wishes. Catesby visited the West Indies in 1714, and returned to Virginia, then home to England in 1719. Catesby had collected seeds and botanical specimens in Virginia and Jamaica. He sent the pressed specimens to Dr Samuel Dale of Braintree in Essex, and gave seeds to a Hoxton nurseryman Thomas Fairchild as well as to Dale and to the Bishop of London, Dr Henry Compton. Plants from Virginia, raised from Catesby's seeds, made his name known to gardeners and scientists in England, and in 1722 he was recommended by William Sherard to undertake a plant-collecting expedition to Carolina on behalf of certain members of the Royal Society. From May 1722, Catesby was based in Charleston, South Carolina, and travelled to other parts of that colony, collecting plants and animals. He sent preserved specimens to Hans Sloane and to William Sherard, and seeds to various contacts including Sherard and Peter Collinson. Consequently, Catesby was responsible for introducing such plants as Catalpa bignonioides and the eponymous Catesbaea spinosa (lilythorn) to cultivation in Europe. Catesby returned to England in 1726. Catesby spent the next twenty years preparing and publishing his Natural History. Publication was financed by subscriptions from his "Encouragers" as well as an interest-free loan from one of the fellows of the Royal Society, the Quaker Peter Collinson. Catesby learnt how to etch the copper plates himself. The first eight plates had no backgrounds, but from then on Catesby included plants with his animals. He completed the first part in May 1729 and presented it to Queen Caroline; first volume, comprising five parts, was finished in November 1732. Mark Catesby was elected a fellow of the Royal Society in February 1733 and was made a member of the Society of Gentlemen of Spalding in December 1743. The second volume containing another five parts was completed in December 1743, and in 1747 he produced a supplement from material sent to him by friends in America, particularly John Bartram, and also his younger brother, John, who was based with a British regiment in Gibraltar. Not all the plates in Natural history are by Catesby: several, including the splendid and famous image of Magnolia grandiflora were by Georg Ehret. Catesby's original preparatory drawings for Natural History of Carolina, Florida and the Bahama Islands are in the Royal Library, Windsor Castle, and selections have been exhibited in USA, Japan and various places in England including at the Queen's Gallery, London, in 1997–1998, and Gainsborough House in Sudbury in 2015. On 5 March 1747, Catesby read a paper entitled "Of birds of passage" to the Royal Society in London, and he is now recognised as one of the first people to describe bird migration.

Mark Catesby married Elizabeth Rowland on 8 October 1747 in St George's Chapel, Hyde Park Corner, but they had been a couple for about 17 years, having at least six children between April 1731 and June 1740. They were parishioners of St Giles Cripplegate in London and later, when that parish was subdivided, of St Luke Old Street. He died just before Christmas 1749 on Saturday 23 December in his house behind St Luke Old Street, London, and was buried in its churchyard. His grave is now lost. Catesby's Hortus britanno-americanus ... was published posthumously in 1763, and a second edition, entitled Hortus Europae americanus ... was issued in 1767.

The Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus included information from Catesby's Natural History in the 10th edition of his Systema Naturae (1758).

Legacy
Catesbaea, lilythorn, a genus of thorny shrubs belonging to Rubiaceae (madder family) from the West Indies and southeastern USA was named after Catesby, originally by J. K. Gronovius. However, under present rules of nomenclature, this name was formally published by Linnaeus in 1753 in his Species plantarum (volume 1, pp 108–109), based on plate 100 in volume two of Catesby's Natural history of Carolina, Florida and the Bahama Islands.

The American bullfrog, Lithobates catesbeianus, is named in honor of Catesby.

Catesby is commemorated in the scientific names of two species of New World snakes: Dipsas catesbyi and Uromacer catesbyi.

title: Mark Catesby


text:
Laure Sainclair

Laure Sainclair (born 24 April 1972) is a French former adult film actress.

Sainclair first worked as a model for nude photography. She eventually met pornographic actresses at an adult entertainment convention in Rennes, and decided to try her hand at the sex industry. She worked for a time as a stripper, then made her first adult film in 1995, a semi-amateur production titled Maud s'offre à toi. Her first experience was a negative one but she eventually met producer Marc Dorcel who made her his first contract performer. and "brand ambassador". Sainclair went on to be the most popular adult film actress in France during the second half of the 1990s.

She won several awards in Europe and also made a small number of films in the U.S. She received Hot d'Or Awards for Best European Starlet in 1996 and for Best European Actress in 1997 and 1998 (for Les Nuits de la Présidente – Video Marc Dorcel).

In 1999, after her contract with Dorcel ended, she left the sex industry, and later entirely disavowed her adult film career. She tried to reinvent herself as a singer, but without success. In 2012, she sued her former music producer, who had also been her life partner, for rape and domestic abuse.

Discography

 * Vous (2001)
 * Pourquoi tu pars? / Por qué te vas (2001)
 * Besoin de toi (2004)

title: Laure Sainclair


text:
People's Front

People's Front may refer to:

Political organisations

 * All-Russia People's Front (Общероссийский народный фронт)
 * People's Front (Argentina)
 * People's Front (Bosnia and Herzegovina) (Народни Фронт)
 * People's Front (Canada)
 * People's Front (Georgia) (სახალხო ფრონტი)
 * People's Front (Iceland) (Alþýðufylkingin)
 * People's Front (Mauritania) (Front Populaire)
 * People's Front (Nepal) (जनमोर्चा नेपाल)
 * People's Front (Peru) (Frente popular)
 * People's Front (Singapore) (simplified Chinese: 人民阵线; traditional Chinese: 人民陣線; Malay: Barisan Rakyat)
 * People's Front (Sweden) (Folkfronten)
 * Popular Front (Tunisia) (Front populaire pour la réalisation des objectifs de la révolution)
 * People's Front (Turkey) (Halk Cephesi)
 * People's Front (Ukraine) (Народний фронт)
 * People's Front (Yugoslavia) (Serbo-Croatian: Narodni Front; Slovenian: Ljudska fronta)
 * Jan Morcha (India)
 * Odisha Jan Morcha (India)

Other uses

 * People's Front of Judea and Judean People's Front, fictional organisations in Monty Python's Life of Brian

title: People's Front


text:
Ken Boshcoff

Ken Boshcoff (born June 20, 1949) is a Canadian politician who has currently served as the mayor of Thunder Bay since October 2022. He previously served as mayor from 1997 to 2003. Boshcoff also served as a member of Parliament for Thunder Bay—Rainy River from 2004 to 2008.

Early life
Boshcoff was born in Fort William and was raised in Westfort by parents of Ukrainian/Polish and Bulgarian descent. He attended Crawford, St. Ann, St Patrick, and Westgate schools. Boshcoff then studied at Lakehead University as an undergraduate, then proceeded to graduate studies at York University.

Career
As a teenager, he began an office-cleaning company and then worked a series of part-time jobs until completing his degrees. Mr. Boshcoff obtained work in the Provincial and National Parks systems to pay for his tuition and developed his environmental skills in Quetico, Pukaskwa, Gros Morne, Terra Nova, and the St Lawrence Islands.

He later worked for the Federal Government as the District Planner for Indian and Northern Affairs. After that he joined the family insurance business, moving to the Thunder Bay Port Authority as their Director of Marketing. Later, with his brother, he formed a new company "Boshcoff & Associates" until becoming Mayor.

After six years as mayor, Boshcoff became the member of Parliament for Thunder Bay—Rainy River and served from 2004 to 2008.

He returned to the business world as a consultant in Business Development and Government Navigation.

He has worked as a mediator and provided advice on governance as well as finding solutions for both not-for-profit organizations and businesses. He returned to Council in 2010, and became known for his advocacy for the community.

Boshcoff ran for mayor in Thunder Bay's 2014 municipal election. He was the runner up, losing to the incumbent Keith Hobbs.

Federal

 * }

 * }

title: Ken Boshcoff


text:
Terence Thomas, Baron Thomas of Macclesfield

Terence James Thomas, Baron Thomas of Macclesfield, (19 October 1937 – 1 July 2018) was a British politician and banker, member of the Labour and Co-operative parties.

Career
Thomas was a pupil at Queen Elizabeth Grammar School in Carmarthen, where his father (William Emrys Thomas 1911–1993) was a transport manager and his mother (Mildred Evelyn née James) ran a greengrocery. He did his national service in the army, serving at Shrapnel Barracks in Woolwich, south east London. He then joined the National Provincial Bank.

Thomas joined the Co-operative Bank in 1973 as marketing manager. He served as chief executive of the bank for nine years, before retiring in the late 1990s. He suffered a stroke in 1999; in his 2010 autobiography, he says this was caused by a hole in the heart of which he had been unaware.

He was Chairman of the East Manchester Partnership (1990–1996) and founding Chairman of the North West Partnership. Thomas later served as Chair of Capita Group (1997–98). He was a member of the House of Lords Monetary Policy & European Affairs Select Committees. He is a member of the Regional Policy Forum, President of the Society for Co-operative Studies, Honorary President of the North West Co-operative and Mutual Council and Life President of the North West Business Leadership Team.

He died on 1 July 2018 at the age of 80.

Honours
Having been appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 1997 Birthday Honours, he was created a life peer as Baron Thomas of Macclesfield, of Prestbury in the County of Cheshire on 5 November 1997. He sat in the House of Lords until 18 May 2016, at which point he ceased to be a member pursuant to section 2 of the House of Lords Reform Act 2014, having failed to attend during the whole of the 2015-16 session without being on leave of absence.


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Ardnamurchan

Ardnamurchan (, Àird nam Murchan : headland of the great seas) is a 50 mi2 peninsula in the ward management area of Lochaber, Highland, Scotland, noted for being very unspoiled and undisturbed. Its remoteness is accentuated by the main access route being a single track road for much of its length. The most westerly point of mainland Great Britain, Corrachadh Mòr, is in Ardnamurchan.

From 1930 to 1975 Ardnamurchan also gave its name to a landward district of Argyll, which covered a much wider area, including the districts of Morvern, Sunart and Ardgour.

Geography
Strictly speaking, Ardnamurchan covers only the peninsula beyond the villages of Salen (in the south) and Acharacle (in the north), but nowadays the term is also used more generally to include the neighbouring districts of Sunart, Ardgour, Morvern, and even Moidart (which was part of the former county of Inverness-shire, not Argyll).

Ardnamurchan Point, which has the 36 m Ardnamurchan Lighthouse built on it, is commonly described as the most westerly point of the British mainland although Corrachadh Mòr, a kilometre to the south, is a few metres farther west.

Geology
The north western corner of Ardnamurchan consists of a lopolith (previously interpreted as a ring dyke) that has been exposed at the surface. Evidence for such a structure can be identified from the phenocrysts in the rock exposures around the area of interest which show plagioclase crystals aligned towards the centre of the complex, an alignment caused by magmatic flow within a lopolith. Relatively small areas of lava that were ejected onto the surface are found in some parts of the peninsula, close to the inner edges of the area of interest. The sub-concentric rings of the geologic structure can easily be seen in satellite photographs and on topographic maps, though they are less obvious on the ground. At least seven other similar complexes of the same tectonic episode exist along the west coast of Britain, and these are popular sites for many university geological training courses.

History
Adomnan of Iona records St Columba visiting the peninsula in the 6th century, and gives the impression that it was settled by Irish Gaels at that time. He records three instances of signs performed by Columba on the peninsula.

Adomnan records in one instance that Columba prophesied to his companions the death of Kings Báetán mac Muirchertaig and Eochaid mac Domnaill before news arrived the same day at a place called 'paradise bay' to tell them the news. In the second instance, which is said to have occurred in an unnamed rocky spot in the interior, the parents of a boy brought their child to Columba to be baptized but no water could be found, and Columba prayed to God and water miraculously came out of a nearby rock and he prophesied that the child would live a sinful life and later be a saint.

In the third instance, which took place at a spot Adomnan called 'Sharp bay', there was a wicked man named Ioan mac Conaill maic Domnaill who was related to the Cenél nGabraín, and this man attacked Columba's friend and plundered his goods. Columba met this wicked man and called on him to repent, but he didn't listen and instead boarded his boat with the stolen goods. Columba then followed the boat, wading into the water up to his knees and prayed to God. He then prophesied to his companions that this man and his boat were going to meet with disaster on the sea, and according to Adomnan, the boat was sunk before reaching land with Ioan drowning at sea along with his stolen goods. Donaldson identifies "Buarblaig" (now referred to as Bourblaige, about 5 mi east of Kilchoan on the other side of Ben Hiant, ) with Muribulg, where the Annals of Tigernach record a battle between the Picts and the Dalriads in 731. It may also be the 'Muirbole Paradisi' mentioned by Adomnán. Although its stone foundations still remain, the village of Bourblaige no longer exists, as it was destroyed in the Highland Clearances in the early 19th century.

According to early twentieth-century tradition in Ardnamurchan, two battles were fought in the bays between Gortenfern and Sgeir a' Chaolais. Archaeological finds in the vicinity of Cul na Croise —a bay between Sgeir a Chaolais and Sgeir nam Meann—consist of spears, daggers, arrow-heads, and a coin dating to the reign of Edward I, King of England. These artefacts could indicate that Cul na Croise was the site of conflict fought in the context of the strife between Edward I's representative, Alasdair Óg Mac Domhnaill, and the Clann Ruaidhrí brothers, Lachlann Mac Ruaidhrí and Ruaidhrí Mac Ruaidhrí. According to tradition, one of the battles fought in the area concerned a certain "Red Rover", and another fought nearby concerned an Irishman named "Duing" or "Dewing". Relics of a Viking ship burial in Cul na Croise have been given to the West Highland Museum at Fort William.

In 2011, a Viking ship burial, probably from the 10th century, was unearthed at Port an Eilean Mhòir on Ardnamurchan. Grave goods buried alongside a Viking warrior found in the boat suggest he was a high-ranking warrior. The Ardnamurchan Viking was found buried with an axe, a sword with a decorated hilt, a spear, a shield boss and a bronze ring pin. Other finds in the 5 m grave in Ardnamurchan included a knife, what could be the tip of a bronze drinking horn, a whetstone from Norway, a ring pin from Ireland and Viking Age pottery.

Settlements
The population of the whole peninsula is around 2,000. Historically part of the former county of Argyll, it is now part of the Lochaber ward management area of the Highland local authority.

Villages in Ardnamurchan:
 * Acharacle (Àth Tharracail)
 * Achnaha (Achadh na h-Àtha)
 * Glenborrodale (Gleann Bhorghdail)
 * Kilchoan (Cille Chòmhghain)
 * Kilmory (Cill Mhóire)
 * Laga (Làga)
 * Ockle (Ocal)
 * Portuairk (Port Uairce)
 * Salen (An t-Sàilean)
 * Sanna (Sanna)

Scottish Gaelic
Ardnamurchan has one of the highest concentrations of Scottish Gaelic speakers on the mainland, with 19.3% of the local population able to speak the language. The peninsula is also home to an annual Mòd, an eisteddfod-like festival and series of contests celebrating the Gaelic language, its culture, music, and literature.

Ardnamurchan has also been the home to a number of important figures in Scottish Gaelic literature.

Prior to his involvement in the Jacobite rising of 1745, the legendary Gaelic poet Alasdair mac Mhaighstir Alasdair worked as schoolmaster for the Society in Scotland for Propagating Christian Knowledge in Kilchoan, where his father had previously served as Rector for the Jacobite and High Church Non-Juring Anglican Communion.

Dr John MacLachlan, the author of Dìreadh a-mach ri Beinn Shianta, a poem on the Ardnamurchan Clearances, is unusual for his outspoken criticism of the Anglo-Scottish landlords responsible for the evictions. The poem influenced Somhairle MacGill-Eain, who wrote a poem to its author.

Economy
Ardnamurchan distillery is a Scotch whisky distillery located on the peninsula.

Culture
The peninsula has its own shinty team, Ardnamurchan Camanachd.

Fauna and scenery
Rare species such as the wildcat, pine marten, golden eagle and white-tailed eagle can be seen in Ardnamurchan.

Ardnamurchan is wild and unspoiled. Ardnamurchan Point, adjacent to the most westerly point on the British mainland, has a lighthouse and a view from a sheer rock face of the open Atlantic Ocean. The northern part of Ardnamurchan forms part of the Morar, Moidart and Ardnamurchan National Scenic Area, one of 40 such areas in Scotland, which are defined so as to identify areas of exceptional scenery and to ensure their protection by restricting certain forms of development.

Famous people

 * The geologist Donald Duff FRSE (1927–98) bought a house there after surveying the area in the 1950s.
 * The button box accordion player, Fergie MacDonald, is from the area.
 * The preacher J. Douglas MacMillan came from Ardnamurchan.
 * The cameraman, CBeebies presenter and Strictly contestant Hamza Yassin has lived in the area for 12 years

title: Ardnamurchan


text:
Talk:Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee

This book was banned in 1974
Am I missing something or fact below is not reflected in the page: "Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee, Dee Brown, 1970 Subtitled “An Indian History of the American West,” this book tells the history of United States growth and expansion into the West from the point of view of Native Americans. This book was banned by a school district official in Wisconsin in 1974 because the book might be polemical and they wanted to avoid controversy at all costs. “If there’s a possibility that something might be controversial, then why not eliminate it,” the official stated." (from http://www.bannedbooksweek.org/censorship/bannedbooksthatshapedamerica) Dron007 (talk) 00:04, 6 October 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee


text:
West Lynn

West Lynn may refer to:

 * West Lynn, Norfolk, part of King's Lynn, Norfolk, England
 * West Lynn, Devon, England
 * West Lynn, Massachusetts
 * West Lynn Township, McLeod County, Minnesota

title: West Lynn


text:
Randall

Randall may refer to the following:

United States

 * Randall, California, former name of White Hall, California, an unincorporated community
 * Randall, Indiana, a former town
 * Randall, Iowa, a city
 * Randall, Kansas, a city
 * Randall, Minnesota, a city
 * Randall, West Virginia, an unincorporated community
 * Randall, Wisconsin, a town
 * Randall, Burnett County, Wisconsin, an unincorporated community
 * Randall County, Texas
 * Randall Creek, in Nebraska and South Dakota
 * Randall's Island, part of New York City
 * Camp Randall, Madison, Wisconsin, a former army camp, on the National Register of Historic Places
 * Fort Randall, South Dakota, a former military base, on the National Register of Historic Places

Elsewhere

 * Mount Randall, Victoria Land, Antarctica
 * Randall Rocks, Graham Land, Antarctica
 * Randall, a community in the town of New Tecumseth, Ontario, Canada

Businesses

 * Randall Amplifiers, a manufacturer of guitar amplifiers
 * Randall House Publications, American publisher
 * Randall Made Knives, a manufacturer of knives
 * Randalls, a retail grocery store chain based in Houston, Texas

Schools and institutes

 * Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics (the Randall), a research institute of King's College London
 * Randall University, a Christian liberal arts college in Moore, Oklahoma
 * Randall High School (Amarillo, Texas), a public school
 * Randall Junior High School, Washington, DC, on the National Register of Historic Places

Ships

 * USS Randall, a US Navy attack transport ship in World War II
 * USS General George M. Randall, a US Navy troop ship in World War II
 * SS Richard Randall, a US World War II Liberty shop

People

 * Randall (given name)
 * Randall (surname)

Given name

 * Randall Boggs, a character and the main antagonist in the Monsters, Inc. franchise
 * Randall "Randy" Disher, on the American TV series Monk
 * Randall Flagg, in works by Stephen King
 * Randall Hiebert, a character from the 2020 Andrew Unger novel Once Removed
 * Randall Pearson, from the American TV series This Is Us
 * Randall Shire, in the Marvel Comics Universe
 * Randall Weems, from the American animated TV series Recess
 * Randall or Randy, a character in Trailer Park Boys

Surname

 * Hester Randall, on the Channel 5 soap opera Family Affairs
 * Jeff Randall, a character in two British TV series, both titled Randall and Hopkirk (Deceased) (1969, 2000)
 * Josh Randall, on the American TV series Wanted: Dead or Alive, played by Steve McQueen
 * Lucas Randall, on the Canadian TV series Strange Days at Blake Holsey High
 * Rex Randall, on the Channel 5 soap opera Family Affairs
 * Tex Randall, a 47-foot tall cowboy figure constructed in 1959 in Canyon, Texas
 * Lieutenant Randall, a non-playable character in the video game Call of Duty 2

Other uses

 * Randall Airport, a public use airport in Orange County, New York
 * Randall Building (disambiguation)
 * Randall Children's Hospital at Legacy Emanuel, Portland, Oregon
 * Randall House (disambiguation)
 * Randall Museum, San Francisco, California
 * Randall Road, a major roadway in Illinois

title: Randall