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List of London venues

This is a partial list of entertainment venues in London, England.

Theatres
The majority of London's commercial "theatre land" is situated around Shaftesbury Avenue, the Strand and nearby streets in the West End. The theatres are receiving houses, and often feature transfers of major productions from the Royal National Theatre and Royal Shakespeare Company. (See the article "West End theatre", and see also Theatre companies in London).

The following list also includes the major non-commercial theatres in London, many of which are to be found beyond the West End.

West End theatres
Also see List of West End theatres for further specifications.

 * Adelphi Theatre
 * Aldwych Theatre
 * Ambassadors Theatre
 * Apollo Theatre
 * Apollo Victoria Theatre
 * Arts Theatre
 * Cambridge Theatre
 * Criterion Theatre
 * Dominion Theatre
 * Duchess Theatre
 * Duke of York's Theatre
 * Fortune Theatre
 * Garrick Theatre
 * Gielgud Theatre
 * Gillian Lynne Theatre (formerly New London Theatre)
 * Harold Pinter Theatre
 * Haymarket Theatre
 * Her Majesty's Theatre
 * London Palladium
 * Lyceum Theatre
 * Lyric Theatre
 * Noël Coward Theatre
 * Novello Theatre
 * Palace Theatre
 * Phoenix Theatre
 * Piccadilly Theatre
 * Playhouse Theatre
 * Prince Edward Theatre
 * Prince of Wales Theatre
 * Savoy Theatre
 * Shaftesbury Theatre
 * @sohoplace
 * Sondheim Theatre (formerly The Queen's Theatre)
 * St Martin's Theatre
 * Theatre Royal, Drury Lane
 * Trafalgar Studios
 * Vaudeville Theatre
 * Victoria Palace Theatre
 * Wyndham's Theatre

Outside the West End
Many major important theatres and National venues are sited beyond the traditional West End theatre land. They include the Royal National Theatre on the South Bank; the nearby Young Vic, Old Vic and Globe Theatres; Sadler's Wells in Rosebery Avenue and Barbican Arts Centre to the east; and the Royal Court Theatre in Chelsea.

 * Above the Stag Theatre - 100 (Vauxhall)
 * Albany Theatre - 300 (Deptford)
 * Almeida Theatre - 325 (Islington)
 * Arcola Theatre - 240 (Shacklewell)
 * Artsdepot, Pentland - 395, Studio - 160 (North Finchley)
 * Ashcroft_Theatre at Fairfield Halls - 755 (Croydon)
 * The Barbican Theatre, at the Barbican Arts Centre - 1155 (City of London)
 * Barons Court Theatre - 60 (Barons Court)
 * Battersea Arts Centre, Grand Hall - 500; Lower Hall - 140 (Battersea)
 * Beck Theatre - 600 (Hayes, Hillingdon)
 * Bloomsbury Theatre - 560 (Bloomsbury)
 * Blue Elephant Theatre - 50 (Camberwell)
 * The Bob Hope Theatre - 30 (Eltham)
 * Bonnie_Bird_Theatre at Trinity Laban - 300 (Deptford)
 * Brick Lane Music Hall - 200 (Silvertown)
 * The Broadway - 340 (Barking)
 * The Broadway Theatre, Main Auditorium - 800; Studio - 80 (Catford)
 * Bridewell Theatre - 135 (Blackfriars)
 * Bridge Theatre - 900 (South Bank)
 * Brockley Jack Studio Theatre - 65 (Brockley)
 * Brookside Theatre - 140 (Romford)
 * Bush Theatre - 145 (Shepherd's Bush)
 * Camden People's Theatre - 60 (Bloomsbury)
 * Canal Cafe Theatre - 60 (Maida Vale)
 * Charing Cross Theatre - 265 (Charing Cross)
 * Charles Cryer Theatre - 125 (Carshalton)
 * Chelsea Theatre - 110 (Chelsea)
 * Churchill Theatre - 785 (Bromley)
 * Cockpit Theatre - 240/180 (Marylebone)
 * Compass Theatre - 160 (Ickenham)
 * Courtyard Theatre, Main House Theatre - 150; Studio - 80 (Shoreditch)
 * Drayton Arms Theatre - 50 (Kensington)
 * Donmar Warehouse - 250 (Covent Garden)
 * The Drill Hall at RADA Studios, Studio - 200; Club - 50 (Fitzrovia)
 * Erith Playhouse - 195 (Erith)
 * Etcetera Theatre - 40 (Camden Town)
 * Finborough Theatre - 50 (Earls Court)
 * Found 111 - 140 (Soho)
 * Gate Theatre - 60 (Notting Hill)
 * Greenwich Theatre - 420 (Greenwich)
 * Hackney Empire - 1275 (Hackney)
 * Hammersmith Apollo - 3630 (Hammersmith)
 * Hampstead Theatre, Main Auditorium - 325max; Michael Frayn Studio - 80 (Hampstead)
 * Hen and Chickens Theatre - 55 (Highbury)
 * The Hope Theatre - 50 (Islington)
 * Hoxton Hall - 320 (Hoxton)
 * Jacksons Lane - 165 (Highgate)
 * Jermyn Street Theatre - 70 (St James's)
 * Kenneth More Theatre, Main Auditorium - 365; Studio - 50 (Ilford)
 * King's Cross Theatre, Traverse - 995; End on - 495 (King's Cross)
 * King's Head Theatre - 120 (Islington)
 * Landor Theatre - 60 (Clapham)
 * Leicester Square Theatre - 400 (Leicester Square)
 * The Lion & Unicorn Theatre - 60 (Kentish Town)
 * Little Angel Theatre - 100 (Islington)
 * Lyric Theatre, Hammersmith, Main Auditorium - 550; Studio - 110 (Hammersmith)
 * Menier Chocolate Factory - 180 (Southwark)
 * Millfield Theatre - 360 (Edmonton)
 * Network Theatre - 70/90 (Lambeth)
 * New Diorama Theatre - 80 (Regent's Park Village)
 * New Wimbledon Theatre, Main Auditorium - 1670; Studio - 80 (Wimbledon)
 * Old Red Lion Theatre - 60 (Islington)
 * Old Vic Theatre - 1070 (Lambeth)
 * Open Air Theatre - 1200+ (Regent's Park)
 * Open Air Theatre, Barra Hall Park - 180 (Hayes, Hillingdon)
 * Orange Tree Theatre - 170 (Richmond)
 * OSO Arts Centre - 74 (Barnes)
 * The Other Palace (formerly St. James Theatre), Main Auditorium - 312; Studio - 120 (Victoria)
 * Ovalhouse, Downstairs - 200; Upstairs - 70 (Kennington)
 * The Park Theatre, Main Auditorium - 200; Studio - 90 (Finsbury Park)
 * Peacock Theatre - 1000 (Holborn)
 * Pentameters Theatre - 60 (Hampstead)
 * The Pit at the Barbican Centre - 200 (City of London)
 * Platform Theatre - 150 (King's Cross)
 * The Pleasance Theatre, Main Auditorium - 260; Studio - 55 (Caledonian Road)
 * Polka Theatre, Main Auditorium - 300; Studio - 70 (Wimbledon)
 * Print Room, Main Auditorium - 180; Studio - 100 (Notting Hill)
 * Puppet Theatre Barge - 50 (Maida Vale)
 * Queen's Theatre, Hornchurch - 500 (Hornchurch)
 * Queen Elizabeth Hall - 900 (South Bank)
 * Questors Theatre, Judi Dench Playhouse - 355; Studio - 100 (Ealing)
 * Red Hedgehog Theatre, Salon Theatre - 40 (Highgate)
 * Richmond Theatre - 840 (Richmond)
 * Riverside Studios, Studio 1 - 368; Studio 2 - 400; Studio 3 - 180 (Hammersmith)
 * Rose Theatre, Kingston - 900 (Kingston)
 * Rosemary Branch Theatre - 55 (Shoreditch)
 * Royal Court Theatre, Upstairs - 380; Downstairs - 85 (Sloane Square)
 * Royal National Theatre, Olivier - 1100; Lyttelton - 890; Dorfman - 400; Temporary - 225 (South Bank)
 * The Roundhouse - 1700 (Chalk Farm)
 * Rudolf Steiner Theatre - 220 (Westminster)
 * Sadler's Wells Theatre, Main Auditorium - 1560; Lilian Baylis Studio - 200 (Islington)
 * Shakespeare's Globe, Globe - 1400; Sam Wanamaker Playhouse - 340 (South Bank)
 * Shaw Theatre - 445 (Somers Town)
 * Shoreditch Town Hall - 500 (Shoreditch)
 * Soho Theatre - 160 (Soho)
 * South London Theatre, Bell Theatre - 95; Prompt Corner - 60 (South Norwood)
 * Southwark Playhouse, Borough, The Large - 198; The Little - 134. Elephant - 251 (Newington)
 * The Space - 145 (Millwall)
 * Stratford Circus, Circus 1 - 300; Circus 2 - 95 (Stratford)
 * Tabard Theatre - 95 (Chiswick)
 * The Place - 290 (Bloomsbury)
 * The Scoop - 800 (Southwark)
 * The Spread Eagle Theatre - 50 (Croydon)
 * The Vaults - 1000 (Lambeth)
 * Theatre503 - 65 (Battersea)
 * Theatre N16 at The Bedford - 75 (Balham)
 * Theatre Delicatessen, Black Box - 50; Cabaret Bar - 100 (Farringdon)
 * Theatre Royal Stratford East - 460 (Stratford)
 * Theatro Technis - 120 (Camden Town)
 * Tricycle Theatre - 235 (Kilburn)
 * Troubadour Wembley Park Theatre - 1,000/ 2,000 (Wembley)
 * Turbine Theatre - 94 (Battersea)
 * Unicorn Theatre, Main Auditorium - 290; Studio - 100 (Southwark)
 * Union Chapel - 800 (Islington)
 * Union Theatre - 40 (Southwark)
 * Upstairs at The Gatehouse - 120 (Highgate)
 * Watermans Arts Centre - 240 (Brentford)
 * White Bear Theatre - 50 (Kennington)
 * Wilton's Music Hall - 300 (Shadwell)
 * Yard Theatre - 110 (Hackney)
 * Young Vic, Main Auditorium - 420; Maria Studio - 150; Clara Studio - 70 (Lambeth)

Former theatres
The List of English Renaissance theatres covers the period from the establishment of the first Tudor theatres, through to their suppression by parliament at the beginning of the English Civil War.

The List of Former theatres in London covers the period from the reopening of the playhouses after the English Restoration through to the 21st century. It includes music halls.

Opera, ballet and dance
The two main opera houses are: Both of the above also stage ballet. Holland Park Opera stages opera at an outdoor venue in the summer. Several of the theatres listed have staged opera in the past, including the following: Experimental, contemporary and fringe opera is occasionally programmed at Riverside Studios, which also hosts the annual Tete-a-Tete The Opera Festival. The Arcola Theatre also hosts a contemporary fringe opera festival called 'Grimeborn'.
 * Royal Opera House, Covent Garden (the home of The Royal Opera and The Royal Ballet)
 * London Coliseum, Charing Cross (the home of English National Opera and English National Ballet)
 * Sadler's Wells - London's main dance theatre
 * Barbican Theatre - regularly hosts leading touring dance companies
 * Savoy Theatre, the former home of the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company (Gilbert and Sullivan - inactive)

Live music

 * 93 Feet East (Shoreditch): Range
 * 100 Club (Soho): Indie Rock/Pop
 * 229 Club (Marylebone): Range
 * 606 Club (Chelsea): Jazz
 * Alexandra Palace (Alexandra Park): Indie Rock/Pop
 * Barbican Hall, Barbican Centre (City of London): Classical/Jazz/World
 * Barfly (Camden Town): Indie Rock/Pop/Alternative
 * The Bedford (Balham): Range
 * Betty's Coffee (Dalston): Range
 * The Black Heart, Camden
 * Blackheath Halls (Blackheath): Classical
 * Blues Jam (Camden Town/Shoreditch): Jazz
 * Brixton Academy (Brixton): Indie Rock/Pop
 * The Borderline (Soho): Indie Rock/Pop
 * Bush Hall (Shepherd's Bush): Rock/Pop
 * Cadogan Hall (Belgravia): Classical
 * Camden Underworld (Camden Town): Rock/Metal
 * Cargo (Shoreditch): Dance
 * Conway Hall (Holborn): Classical
 * Cecil Sharp House (Primrose Hill): Folk
 * Dublin Castle (Camden Town): Rock/Pop
 * Electric Ballroom (Camden Town): Indie Rock/Pop
 * ExCeL Exhibition Centre (Royal Docks): Events
 * Fairfield Halls (Croydon): Pop/Classical
 * The Garage (Islington): Indie Rock/Pop
 * The Grand (Battersea): Dance
 * The Grey Horse (Kingston upon Thames): Rock/Blues
 * The Half Moon (Putney): Rock/Pop
 * Hammersmith Apollo (Hammersmith): Pop
 * Hanover Grand Theatre (Covent Garden): Disco
 * The Hobgoblin (Camden Town): Pop
 * Indig02 (North Greenwich): Pop
 * Jazz Cafe (Camden Town): Jazz
 * Kings Place (King's Cross): Classical/Jazz/Country
 * KOKO (Camden Town): Indie Rock/Pop
 * London Coliseum (Charing Cross): Opera
 * Leicester Square Theatre / The Venue (Leicester Square): Indie Rock/Pop
 * The Lexington (Pentonville): Indie Rock/Pop
 * London Forum (Kentish Town): Indie Rock/Pop
 * Milton Court (City of London): Classical/Jazz
 * O2 Academy Islington (Islington): Indie Rock/Pop
 * The O2 arena (North Greenwich): Pop
 * The Ocean Music Venue (Hackney Central): Indie Rock/Pop
 * Olympia, London (Kensington): Events
 * Passing Clouds (Dalston): Range
 * PizzaExpress Jazz Club (Soho): Jazz
 * The PowerHaus Camden (formerly Dingwalls): Indie Rock/Pop
 * Proud Camden (Camden Town): Range
 * The Purple Turtle (Camden Town): Range
 * Purcell Room (Southbank Centre): Chamber
 * Queen Elizabeth Hall (Southbank Centre): Orchestral/Chamber
 * Ronnie Scott's Jazz Club (Soho): Jazz
 * The Roundhouse (Chalk Farm): Indie Rock/Pop
 * Royal Academy of Music (Marylebone): Classical/Jazz
 * Royal Albert Hall (South Kensington): Classical/Pop/Miscellaneous
 * Royal College of Music (South Kensington): Classical
 * Royal Festival Hall (Southbank Centre): Classical/Jazz
 * Royal Opera House (Covent Garden): Opera
 * Scala (King's Cross): Indie Rock/Pop
 * The Shacklewell Arms (Dalston): Indie Rock/Pop
 * Shepherd's Bush Empire (Shepherd's Bush): Pop
 * St John's, Smith Square (Westminster): Classical
 * St Luke Old Street (Old Street): Range
 * T. Chances (Tottenham War Services Institute): Punk
 * The Troubadour, Earl's Court
 * Troxy, (Commercial Road Stepney): Range
 * TwickFolk, at The Cabbage Patch, Twickenham (acoustic, folk and Americana)
 * The UCL Bloomsbury (Bloomsbury): Range
 * The Unicorn, Camden
 * Union Chapel (Highbury): Range
 * Vortex Jazz Club (Dalston): Jazz
 * Wembley Arena (Wembley): Rock/Pop
 * Wembley Stadium (Wembley): Rock/Pop
 * The Windmill (Brixton): Range
 * Wigmore Hall (Marylebone): Chamber
 * WM Jazz Club (North Greenwich): Jazz
 * XOYO (Old Street): Dance

Cinema
There are cinemas throughout Greater London, particularly multi-screen venues, however the majority of first run and independent films are shown in cinemas around Leicester Square.
 * Odeon Leicester Square
 * Odeon West End
 * Empire, Leicester Square
 * Prince Charles Cinema
 * Vue West End
 * National Film Theatre
 * London IMAX
 * Apollo cinemas

Clubs
There are clubs throughout Greater London, with many performing on a temporary basis. The more permanent ones are listed, but there is also a group of clubs in the Shoreditch and Hoxton areas.
 * Chuckle Club, a comedy club that began in 1986 and has changed venues over time
 * Electric Ballroom, a performance venue located in Camden Town constructed in the 1930s
 * Hippodrome, built in 1900, this building was used for most of its lifetime as a venue for revues and musical comedy; it now functions as a private (for-hire) event venue
 * HeyJo Club, Mayfair based Private Members Club owned by Dave West

Conference venues

 * Olympia London's Conference Centre
 * Altitude 360
 * London Transport Museum
 * Hilton London Metropole
 * Queen Elizabeth II Conference Centre
 * Cavendish Conference Centre
 * Mayfair Conference Centre
 * ICO Conference Centre
 * America Square Conference Centre
 * Museum of the Order of St John
 * Cavendish Venues
 * London Art House
 * W12 Conferences

Former venues

 * The 2i's Coffee Bar (1956–1970)
 * Camden Palace (1982–2004) – nicknamed Cammy Pally – reverted to KOKO in 2004
 * Infinity Club (2003–2005) – best known for its association with Carl Barât and The Libertines
 * London Astoria (indie rock and pop, closed and demolished 2009)
 * Mean Fiddler (indie rock and pop)
 * Turnmills
 * Windsor Castle, Maida Vale

title: List of London venues


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President of Cuba

The president of Cuba (Presidente de Cuba), officially the president of the Republic of Cuba (Presidente de la República de Cuba), is the head of state of Cuba. The office in its current form was established under the Constitution of 2019. The President is the second-highest office in Cuba and the highest state office. Miguel Díaz-Canel became President of the Council of State on 19 April 2018, taking over from Raúl Castro, and has been President of Cuba since 10 October 2019.

The First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba continues to be the highest-ranking political position in Cuba. Fidel Castro held the position from 1976 to 2011, and Raúl Castro from 2011 until the 8th Congress of the Communist Party of Cuba, held 16–19 April 2021, when he retired from office.

History
Under the 1901 constitution, Cuba had a presidential system based on that of the United States.

In 1940, a new constitution reformed the government into a semi-presidential system.

On 2 December 1976, the executive was reformed again by a new national constitution, this time in emulation of the Soviet Union. The presidential office was abolished and replaced by a collective head of state, the Council of State, elected by the National Assembly of People's Power. However, unlike the USSR's arrangements, where the chairmen of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet and the Council of Ministers were distinct posts, the chairman of the Council of State also chaired the Council of Ministers. Furthermore, unlike English and Russian, Spanish does not distinguish between the terms "chairman/председатель" and "president/президент", translating both as "Presidente". Thus, when back-translated into English, the term used was not "Chairman" (on the precedent of similar institutions in countries whose languages have a chairman/president distinction, such as the USSR and East Germany), but rather "President", from the shared etymology with the Spanish "Presidente".

On 24 February 2019, another constitution – Cuba's current – was adopted in a referendum. Under it, the government was again re-organized, and the posts of President and Prime Minister were restored. This reorganization took effect on 11 October 2019. Díaz-Canel was President of the Council of State until 10 October 2019 and President of the Republic after that date. Under the new constitution, the position of President of the Council of State continues as a separate role, subordinate to President of the Republic. The new document also limited the President to two consecutive five-year terms.

In cases of the absence, illness or death of the President of Cuba, the Vice President assumes the presidential duties.

Powers
The President of Cuba is mandated to have the following powers as per the Constitution:
 * 1) Propose to the National Assembly of People's Power, once elected by that body, the Prime Minister of Cuba and the members of the Council of Ministers;
 * 2) Accept (based on personal preference) the resignation of the Prime Minister and members of the Council of Ministers or propose either to the National Assembly of People's Power or the Council of State the replacement of any of those members and, in both cases, to propose the corresponding substitutes;
 * 3) Receive the credentials of the heads of delegation of foreign diplomatic missions. This responsibility may be delegated to any of the Vice Presidents of the Council of State;
 * 4) Assume the supreme command of all armed forces and determine their general organization;
 * 5) Preside over the National Defense Council;
 * 6) Declare a state emergency in those cases provided for in this Constitution, stating his decision, as soon as the circumstances permit it, to the National Assembly of People's Power or to the Council of State if the Assembly is unable to meet, according to legal effects;
 * 7) Sign decree-laws and other resolutions of the Council of State and the legal provisions adopted by the Council of Ministers or its executive committee, and arrange for their publication in the Official Gazette of the Republic;
 * 8) Assume all other duties assigned by the Constitution or by the laws of the Republic to him or her.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: President of Cuba


text:
Blue River

Blue River may refer to:

Canada

 * Blue River (North Thompson River tributary), British Columbia
 * Blue River (Dease River tributary), British Columbia

China

 * Yangtze River, sometimes referred to as the Blue River in older English sources

New Zealand

 * Blue River (New Zealand), South Island

United States

 * Blue River (Arizona), a tributary of the San Francisco River
 * Blue River (Colorado), a tributary of the Colorado River
 * Blue River (Indiana), a tributary of the Ohio River
 * Blue River (Missouri River tributary), in Missouri
 * Blue River (Oklahoma), a tributary of the Red River
 * Blue River (Oregon), a tributary of the McKenzie River
 * Blue River (Wisconsin), a river of Wisconsin, a tributary of the Wisconsin River

Canada

 * Blue River, British Columbia, an unincorporated settlement
 * Blue River station, a Canadian National Railway station
 * Blue River Indian Reserve No. 1, in British Columbia

United States

 * Blue River, Colorado
 * Blue River, Indiana
 * Blue River, Kentucky
 * Blue River, Oregon
 * Blue River, Wisconsin

Other uses

 * Blue River (film), a 1995 television film
 * Blue River (album), by Eric Andersen, 1972
 * "Blue River" (song), by Elvis Presley, 1965
 * Blue River, a 1992 novel by Ethan Canin, basis for the film
 * "Blue River", a 1920s piano roll cut by Dagmar Nordstrom

title: Blue River


text:
President of Haiti

The president of Haiti (Prezidan peyi Ayiti, Président d'Haïti), officially called the president of the Republic of Haiti (Président de la République d'Haïti, Prezidan Repiblik Ayiti, ), is the head of state of Haiti. Executive power in Haiti is divided between the president and the government, which is headed by the prime minister of Haiti. The Transitional Presidential Council has been exercising the powers of the presidency since 25 April 2024. It has a mandate to act that concludes on 7 February 2026.

Term and election
A number of qualifications for the presidency are specified by Chapter III, Section A (Articles 134 and 135) of the 1987 Constitution of Haiti.

The president is elected to a five-year term by popular vote. The president may not be elected to consecutive terms; he may serve a second term only after an interval of five years, and may not run for a third term.

To be elected president, a candidate must:
 * 1) be a native-born Haitian and never have renounced nationality;
 * 2) be 35 years old by election day;
 * 3) enjoy civil and political rights, and not have been sentenced to death, penal servitude, or the loss of civil rights for a crime;
 * 4) be the owner of real property and have one's habitual residence in the country;
 * 5) reside in the country at least 5 years before election day;
 * 6) have been discharged of responsibilities if he previously handled public funds.

Elections are held on the last Sunday in November in the fifth year of a president's term. However, in actuality Election Day is not fixed, per the election held in 2015. If no candidate receives a majority of the vote, a runoff is held between the top two candidates. The runoff candidate with the highest number of votes becomes president.

Each presidential term is supposed to begin and end on the February 7 immediately following the last presidential election. However, this has not always been observed, as when Michel Martelly became president on May 11, 2011.

Duties and powers
Other qualifications for the presidency are specified by Articles 136 to 147, part of Chapter III, Section B of the 1987 Constitution. The president has no powers except those accorded to him in the Constitution.

The Constitution mandates that the president see to:

 * 1) respect for and enforcement of the Constitution and the stability of government institutions;
 * 2) regular operations of public entities;
 * 3) the continuity of the State;; and
 * 4) the nation's independence and the integrity of its territory.

When there exists a majority in Parliament in favor of a new government, the President must choose a prime minister from the majority party; otherwise, he chooses one after consultation with the two houses of Parliament. In either case, the choice must then be ratified by Parliament. The president terminates the duties of the prime minister when the Government resigns.

The president declares war and negotiates and signs peace treaties with the approval of the National Assembly, and signs all international treaties, conventions, and agreements, submitting them to the National Assembly for ratification. The president also accredits ambassadors and special envoys to foreign nations, receives letters of accreditation from ambassadors of foreign powers, and issues exequaturs to recognize consuls.

With the approval of the Senate, the president appoints the generalissimo of the Haitian armed forces and of the Haitian police forces, as well as Haiti's ambassadors and consuls to foreign states. The president is himself the commander-in-chief of the armed services.

With the approval of the Council of Ministers, the president appoints the directors-general of the civil service, as well as delegates and vice-delegates of various departments and arrondissements.

The president ratifies laws, and has the right to choose between ratifying a law or not.

The president may reduce or commute sentences in all res judicata cases, except ones imposed by Supreme Court judges. The president, however, may not grant amnesty to non-political prisoners.

Residence
The National Palace in the capital Port-au-Prince served as the official residence of the president of Haiti, but was severely damaged in the 2010 Haiti earthquake, and was demolished in 2012. In place of the National Palace, President Moise used his home at Pelerin 5 in Pétion-Ville as a temporary Presidential Palace before relocating to another home in the Juventas area.

Line of succession
Under the 1987 Constitution, the presidential line of succession went first to the president of the Supreme Court of Haiti, then to the vice-president of the court, and then to puisne judges in order of seniority. An election for president was required within three months of a vacancy occurring, and the acting president could not run for the office. This provision was amended in 2011–2012 to remove all judges from the presidential line of succession, instead designating the Council of Ministers, under the Presidency of the prime minister (Article 149 of the Haitian Constitution).

title: President of Haiti


text:
Die schöne Müllerin

Die schöne Müllerin (,"The Fair Maid of the Mill", Op. 25, D. 795), is a song cycle by Franz Schubert from 1823 based on 20 poems by Wilhelm Müller. It is the first of Schubert's two seminal cycles (preceding Winterreise), and a pinnacle of Lied repertoire.

Die schöne Müllerin is performed by a pianist and a solo singer. The vocal part falls in the range of a tenor or soprano voice, but is often sung by other voices, transposed to a lower range, a precedent established by Schubert himself. Since the protagonist is a young man, performances by women's voices are less common. The piano part bears much of the expressive burden of the work, and is only seldom a mere 'accompaniment' to the singer. A typical performance lasts around sixty to seventy minutes.

Composition
Müller published twenty-five poems in the first fascicule (1821) of Sieben und siebzig Gedichten aus den nachgelassenen Papieren eines reisenden Waldhornisten (Seventy-seven Poems from the Posthumous Papers of an Itinerant Hornist"). They arose from his unrequited passion for Luise Hensel, herself a poet as well as sister in law to Fanny Hensel and Felix Mendelssohn.

Schubert set twenty of them to music between May and September 1823, while he was also writing his opera Fierrabras. He was 26 years old at the time. Schubert omitted five of the poems, such as a prologue and an epilogue delivered by the poet. The work was published in 1824 by the firm of Sauer and Leidesdorf as Op. 25 under the title Die schöne Müllerin, ein Zyklus von Liedern, gedichtet von Wilhelm Müller (The Lovely Maid of the Mill, a song cycle to poems by Wilhelm Müller) and was dedicated to the singer Carl von Schönstein. The omitted poems were a "Prolog", "Das Mühlenleben" (following Nr. 6), "Erster Schmerz, letzter Scherz" (following Nr. 15), "Blümlein Vergißmein" (following Nr. 17) and "Epilog".

Narrative
There are twenty songs in the cycle, around half in simple strophic form, and they move from cheerful optimism to despair and tragedy. At the beginning of the cycle, a young journeyman miller wanders happily through the countryside. He comes upon a brook, which he follows to a mill. He falls in love with the miller's beautiful daughter (the "Müllerin" of the title). She is out of his reach as he is only a journeyman. He tries to impress her, but her response seems tentative. The young man is soon supplanted in her affections by a hunter clad in green, the color of a ribbon he gave the girl. In his anguish, he experiences an obsession with the color green, then an extravagant death fantasy in which flowers sprout from his grave to express his undying love. (See Beethoven's "Adelaide" for a similar fantasy.) In the end, the young man despairs and presumably drowns himself in the brook. The last number is a lullaby sung by the brook.

Editions
The Diabelli edition of 1830 in a facsimile score, with notes by Walther Dürr, was published (1996) by Bärenreiter. The version in most common use is the Peters Edition, edited by Max Friedlaender, and in this and several other editions (e.g. Schirmer) the cycle is presented as the first 20 songs of Volume 1. There are versions in the original (high) keys, and transposed alternatives for lower voices. The Peters edition was revised by Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau and Elmar Budde, and is available as Volume 1 of the Peters Urtext Edition, available in high, medium and low key versions. The most recent scholarly edition is in the New Schubert Edition, again edited by Walther Dürr and published by Bärenreiter, and contains transposed versions for lower voices.

Six of the songs were transcribed for solo piano by Franz Liszt and published as Müllerlieder.

Synopsis

 * 1) "Das Wandern" ("Wandering"; B♭ major): "Wandering is the miller's joy" – a journeyman Miller happily travels through the countryside, singing of the restless water, millstones, and millwheels of his trade. This is a classic example of strophic song, in which the accompaniment is traditionally made to imitate the various objects about which the Miller sings. Schubert facilitates this with characteristically elegant and inventive piano writing; despite its simplicity, the music contains elements readily receptive to this imitative treatment, with the flowing cyclical broken triads evocative of both wheels and water, and the bass octaves pounding away. The composer continues this illustrative style throughout the cycle, with various recurring motifs. By far the most important of these, the Brook, is a character of its own represented by the piano, and appears next.
 * 2) "Wohin?" ("Where to?"; G major): "Is this my path then? Oh tell me, brook, where to?" – the Miller fatefully comes across a Brook, and is captivated into following it. Through-composed, the piano imitates the babbling brook with a rippling pattern. This figuration, a first-inversion broken triad circling back on itself, goes on to represent the Brook almost exclusively throughout the cycle.
 * 3) "Halt!" ("Stop!"; C major): "Dear little Brook, is this what you meant?" – the Brook leads the Miller to an idyllic mill in a forest grove. Through-composed, the piano imitates the vigorous turning of the mill wheel. Subtle diminished and minor harmonies in the accompaniment hint at foreboding.
 * 4) "Danksagung an den Bach" ("Thanksgiving to the Brook"; G major): "Did she send you? Or have you enchanted me?" – The grateful Miller thanks the Brook for providing work for his hands and his heart – the latter in the form of the beautiful maid of the mill, the Müllerin of the title. Through-composed, with a contemplative broken chord pattern in the accompaniment, and a section in parallel minor as the Miller questions the nature of the Brook's guidance.
 * 5) "Am Feierabend" ("Evening's Rest"; A minor): "If only I could move the millstones alone! Then the beautiful maiden would know my true purpose!" – the Miller is troubled when the Maiden wishes a good night to all the men, paying him no particular attention; he aches to distinguish himself from his peers. The piano channels the millworks in this through-composed song, with the up-and-down arpeggio from Halt! again representing the wheel and pounding bass evoking the stones. Highly contrasting static music in the central section captures the restful after-work setting of the otherwise incongruous title. This is an energetic high point of the first section, and the one entry in the cycle in which the protagonist actually sings the phrase "die schöne Mullerin".
 * 6) "Der Neugierige" ("The Inquirer"; B major): "Tell me, little Brook – does she love me?" – he asks the enigmatic brook whether the Maiden loves him – Yes or No – between these two words lies his entire world. An expressive through-composed song opening with a cleverly executed musical question in the accompaniment – a rising pattern ending on a diminished chord. A slow, contemplative second section follows as the Miller interrogates the Brook, represented as always by its flowing broken triads.
 * 7) "Ungeduld" ("Impatience"; A major): "My heart is yours, and it will be forever!" – he wishes he could carve his love into every tree, have every bird sing of it, have the wind tell of it. A strophic song in which a busy, restless repeated chord pattern in the accompaniment, crowded with ornaments, reflects the Miller's agitated state.
 * 8) "Morgengruß" ("Morning Greeting"; C major): "Does my greeting displease you so?" – the Miller is troubled by the Maiden's cool reaction to his morning greeting. Nonetheless, his optimism is intact – he will just wait outside her window. A ballad in strophic form that progressively gathers expressive energy as the metric subdivision increases over each stanza, the Miller's infatuation swelling.
 * 9) "Des Müllers Blumen" ("The Miller's Flowers"; A major): "The flowers will whisper to her as in a dream: forget me not!" – the Miller indulges in a poetic metaphor between the blue flowers beside the brook and the Maiden's blue eyes. The Miller's outpouring is matched with a lyrical arpeggio pattern and gently rocking 6/8 rhythm in this strophic song. An accepted performance convention places the third strophe, concerning dreams, an octave higher in the accompaniment. There is no explicitly indicated outro music, which is unusual in Schubert, but accompanists often choose to simply repeat the introduction. Regardless of this choice, the ending segues into the next song, in the same key.
 * 10) "Tränenregen" ("Rain of Tears"; A major): "She said: 'A rain is coming – farewell, I'm going home'" – the Miller and Maiden share a tender moment by the Brook – the three principal characters in one place. The Miller cannot bring himself to look at her, and stares into the Brook at the moon and her reflection. As his tears ripple in the water, she abruptly leaves. Augmented harmonies and lyrical, flowing counterpoint in the accompaniment again imitate the brook and add to the nocturne atmosphere. The form is primarily strophic, with a shadowy coda in the parallel minor as the Maiden takes her leave.
 * 11) "Mein!" ("Mine!"; D major): "Are these all the flowers you have, spring? Can you not shine brighter, sun? The beloved Millermaid is mine! Mine!" – the ecstatic Miller is convinced he possesses the Maiden, despite heretofore dubious encouragement. A brash, heavy-handed, low register accompaniment in broken chords captures the Miller's manic and effusive machismo, and the vocal line features athletic melisma in nearly every bar. In a near-comical fortissimo flourish, a deliberately muddy fully voiced D major chord closes the first half of the work.
 * 12) "Pause" ("Interlude"; B♭ major): "Is it the echo of my love's pain? Or the prelude to new songs?" – the Miller, his heart too full to sing, hangs his lute on the wall with a green ribbon and reflects on the heavy burden of happiness. He muses anxiously whether the stirrings of his lute are ominous. Through-composed, a repetitive lute-like motif and static harmony in the accompaniment create the interlude atmosphere. Dissonant minor harmonies reflect the Miller's misgivings before they are shrugged off in the outro.
 * 13) "Mit dem grünen Lautenbande" ("With the Green Lute-Ribbon"; B♭ major): "Wind the green ribbon into your locks, since you like green so much!" – the Maiden mentions she likes green, and the Miller is happy to oblige, giving her the ribbon as a symbol of their evergreen love. He tries to convince himself that he too likes green, though he is white with flour. Strophic, in short verses with flourishes idiomatic of the lute, the saccharine melody and accompaniment reflect the Miller's deluded optimism.
 * 14) "Der Jäger" ("The Hunter"; C minor): "There is no game here for you to hunt! Only a doe, a tame one, for me!" – a rough and dashing Hunter clad in green arrives at the mill; the Miller is immediately disturbed by this romantic rival and spirals into a jealous diatribe. The vocal line is extremely dense and the delivery deliberately rushed in the manner of a patter song. In strophic form, the piano imitates hunting horns with a standard idiomatic chord pattern (see Der Lindenbaum from Winterreise, etc.) in a brash staccato 6/8 rhythm. The key changes rapidly between C minor and its relative major E♭ major. This song is a turning point, marking the beginning of the Miller's descent into tragedy.
 * 15) "Eifersucht und Stolz" ("Jealousy and Pride"; G minor): "Where to so fast and wild, dear brook? Turn back, and scold your maiden!" – the Miller desperately compels the Brook to admonish the fickle Maiden, who has been flirting with the Hunter. Through-composed, the agitated broken-chord accompaniment imitates the now-raging Brook, with a central section again imitating hunting horns.
 * 16) "Die liebe Farbe" ("The Beloved Colour"; B minor): "Dig me a grave in the green meadow, cover me with green turf, my sweetheart likes green so much" – the catatonic Miller obsesses miserably over green, the color of his love and his pain. An ostinato F♯ in sixteenth notes, repeated over 500 times in the accompaniment across the strophic verses, reflects the Miller's tortured fixation and the monotony of the constant refrain. The sparse accompaniment follows the voice melody in lower harmony as it maintains the ostinato. Ironically, and most likely deliberately, the strophic verse structure and vocal line rhythm is identical to the cheerful Mit dem grünen Lautenbande; the lyrics for either song could be readily substituted over one another's accompaniment, despite their vast contrast in character and content.
 * 17) "Die böse Farbe" ("The Hateful Colour"; B major): "Oh green, you hateful color you! So proud, so mocking, so pleased with my pain!" – the Miller bitterly and defiantly renounces the color green. He wishes only to take the Maiden's hand one last time to say farewell. In a through-composed rondo form, with an operatic scale of sound, the bold accompaniment again includes a hunting horn imitation in the second episode. In the parallel major of the preceding song, the two are an opposed pair.
 * 18) "Trockne Blumen" ("Withered Flowers"; E minor): "And when she passes my grave, she will think 'He was true to me!'" – in an elaborate death fantasy, the Miller wishes to be buried with now-withered flowers the Maiden had given him. When she sees this, she will know his heart was faithful; the flowers will bloom again and thus his winter will have passed. Through-composed, the accompaniment at first represents the withered flowers with a minimalist series of simple chords – as the flowers bloom, the music becomes more lyrical, and the harmony and rhythm more intricate.
 * 19) "Der Müller und der Bach" ("The Miller and the Brook"; G minor): "Oh dear little brook, you mean so well – but do you know what love does to you?" The hopeless Miller turns to the Brook in his heartbreak. The Brook answers with comforting and poetic words of love conquering pain. Resigned and exhausted, the Miller submits himself to the Brook's 'cool rest'. Through-composed, the gently rocking barcarolle-like accompaniment gives way to a broken chord pattern similar to that of Wohin, imitating the Brook and confirming a leitmotif of sorts as this character speaks for the first time. The notable use of Neapolitan chords in this song is one of many examples of chromatic substitution used liberally throughout the cycle, aptly illustrating in this case the languid resignation of the protagonist as the minor second sinks to the tonic. The outro sees the piano descend peacefully to a final major chord as the Miller meets his fate.
 * 20) "Des Baches Wiegenlied" ("The Brook's Lullaby"; E major): – "Rest well, rest well, close your eyes. Wanderer, you weary one, you are at home." the Brook, who has always shown the Miller the constancy he so desired, sings him to sleep, scolding the Maiden not to disturb him. A placid and relaxed strophic song, this idiomatic lullaby is by a considerable margin the longest entry in the cycle. The choice of E major, a tritone removed from the opening song, signifies the vast narrative distance covered by the cycle. "And heaven above, how vast it is!"

title: Die schöne Müllerin


text:
Bandgap voltage reference

A bandgap voltage reference is a voltage reference circuit widely used in integrated circuits. It produces an almost constant voltage corresponding to the particular semiconductor's theoretical band gap, with very little fluctuations from variations of power supply, electrical load, time, temperature (, they typically have an initial error of 0.5–1.0% and a temperature coefficient of 25–50 ppm/°C).

David Hilbiber of Fairchild Semiconductor filed a patent in 1963 and published this circuit concept in 1964. Bob Widlar, Paul Brokaw and others followed up with other commercially-successful versions.

Operation
The voltage difference between two p–n junctions (e.g. diodes), operated at different current densities, is used to generate a current that is proportional to absolute temperature (PTAT) in a resistor. This current is used to generate a voltage in a second resistor. This voltage in turn is added to the voltage of one of the junctions (or a third one, in some implementations). The voltage across a diode operated at constant current is complementary to absolute temperature (CTAT), with a temperature coefficient of approximately −2mV/K. If the ratio between the first and second resistor is chosen properly, the first order effects of the temperature dependency of the diode and the PTAT current will cancel out.

Although silicon's (Si) band gap at 0K is technically 1.165eV, the circuit essentially linearly extrapolates the bandgap–temperature curve to determine a slightly higher but precise reference around 1.2–1.3V (the specific value depends on the particular technology and circuit design); the remaining voltage change over the operating temperature of typical integrated circuits is on the order of a few millivolts. This temperature dependency has a typical parabolic residual behavior since the linear (first order) effects are chosen to cancel.

Because the output voltage is by definition fixed around 1.25V for typical Si bandgap reference circuits, the minimum operating voltage is about 1.4V, as in a CMOS circuit at least one drain-source voltage of a field-effect transistor (FET) has to be added. Therefore, recent work concentrates on finding alternative solutions, in which for example currents are summed instead of voltages, resulting in a lower theoretical limit for the operating voltage.

The first letter of the acronym, CTAT, is sometimes misconstrued to represent constant rather than complementary. The term, constant with temperature (CWT), exists to address this confusion, but is not in widespread use.

When summing a PTAT and a CTAT current, only the linear terms of current are compensated, while the higher-order terms are limiting the temperature drift (TD) of the bandgap reference at around 20ppm/°C, over a temperature range of 100°C. For this reason, in 2001, Malcovati designed a circuit topology that can compensate high-order non-linearities, thus achieving an improved TD. This design used an improved version of Banba's topology and an analysis of base-emitter temperature effects that was performed by Tsividis in 1980. In 2012, Andreou has further improved the high-order non-linear compensation by using a second operational amplifier along with an additional resistor leg at the point where the two currents are summed up. This method enhanced further the curvature correction and achieved superior TD performance over a wider temperature range. In addition it achieved improved line regulation and lower noise.

The other critical issue in design of bandgap references is power efficiency and size of circuit. As a bandgap reference is generally based on BJT devices and resistors, the total size of circuit could be large and therefore expensive for IC design. Moreover, this type of circuit might consume a lot of power to reach to the desired noise and precision specification.

Despite these limitations, the band gap voltage reference is widely used in voltage regulators, covering the majority of 78xx, 79xx devices along with the TL431 and the complementary LM317 and LM337. Temperature coefficients as low as 1.5–2.0ppm/°C can be obtained with bandgap references. However, the parabolic characteristic of voltage versus temperature means that a single figure in ppm/°C does not adequately describe the behavior of the circuit. Manufacturers' data sheets show that the temperature at which the peak (or trough) of the voltage curve occurs is subject to normal sample variations in production. Bandgap references are also suited for low-power applications.

Mixed-signal microcontrollers may provide an internal bandgap reference signal to be used as reference for any internal comparator(s) and analog-to-digital converter(s).

Patents

 * 1966, US Patent 3271660, Reference voltage source, David Hilbiber.
 * 1971, US Patent 3617859, Electrical regulator apparatus including a zero temperature coefficient voltage reference circuit, Robert Dobkin and Robert Widlar.
 * 1981, US Patent 4249122, Temperature compensated bandgap IC voltage references, Robert Widlar.
 * 1984, US Patent 4447784, Temperature compensated bandgap voltage reference circuit, Robert Dobkin.

title: Bandgap voltage reference


text:
Discretization error

In numerical analysis, computational physics, and simulation, discretization error is the error resulting from the fact that a function of a continuous variable is represented in the computer by a finite number of evaluations, for example, on a lattice. Discretization error can usually be reduced by using a more finely spaced lattice, with an increased computational cost.

Examples
Discretization error is the principal source of error in methods of finite differences and the pseudo-spectral method of computational physics.

When we define the derivative of $$\,\!f(x)$$ as $$f'(x) = \lim_{h\rightarrow0}{\frac{f(x+h)-f(x)}{h}}$$ or $$f'(x)\approx\frac{f(x+h)-f(x)}{h}$$, where $$\,\!h$$ is a finitely small number, the difference between the first formula and this approximation is known as discretization error.

Related phenomena
In signal processing, the analog of discretization is sampling, and results in no loss if the conditions of the sampling theorem are satisfied, otherwise the resulting error is called aliasing.

Discretization error, which arises from finite resolution in the domain, should not be confused with quantization error, which is finite resolution in the range (values), nor in round-off error arising from floating-point arithmetic. Discretization error would occur even if it were possible to represent the values exactly and use exact arithmetic – it is the error from representing a function by its values at a discrete set of points, not an error in these values.

title: Discretization error


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Blue River (Colorado)

The Blue River is a tributary of the Colorado River, approximately 65 mi long, in the U.S. state of Colorado.

It rises in southern Summit County, on the western side of the continental divide in the Ten Mile Range, near Quandary Peak. It flows northwards past Blue River and Breckenridge, then through the Dillon Reservoir near Dillon. The west portal for the "Roberts Tunnel" is at the base of Dillon Reservoir. The Roberts Tunnel is a trans-basin diversion, built by Denver Water in 1962, that diverts water under the Continental Divide from the Colorado River basin into the South Platte River Basin. The east portal is approximately one mile upstream of Grant, Colorado.

North of Dillon, the river flows north-northwest along the eastern slope of the Gore Range and joins the Colorado River at Kremmling.

The Green Mountain Dam, 13 mi upstream from Kremmling, forms the Green Mountain Reservoir, providing hydroelectric power and diversionary water for irrigation, as part of the Colorado-Big Thompson Project. The dam is a project of the United States Bureau of Reclamation.

title: Blue River (Colorado)


text:
Talk:Safer sex

Comments
This article discusses the use of condoms as a harm reduction approach to sexual transmission of AIDS

Safer sex guidelines are controversial because some groups oppose the use of condoms and other groups oppose the concept of harm reduction. Sci guy 15:53, 25 May 2005 (UTC)
 * This is something you can easily do at the Safe sex article. Ø 22:01, 25 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Agree with Ø. See Talk:Safe sex. -SocratesJedi | Talk 23:38, 25 May 2005 (UTC)

 * I tried this approach but was edited into obscurity. There is a need for a safer sex artivcle that can be linked from articles about HIV/AIDS Sci guy 16:04, 27 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Forking articles to resolve conflicts is a bad idea; NPOV should be the guiding principle. I've merged your contributions into safe sex. Please perservere with your edits there, and use the talk page if you have problems. Note that linking to safer sex will redirect to the safe sex article, in any case. -- 80.168.226.10 14:07, 28 May 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Safer sex


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CBS Television Quiz

CBS Television Quiz is an American game show, running from July 2, 1941, to January 7, 1943, on the CBS television station in New York, WCBW Channel 2 (the forerunner of WCBS-TV). It was the first game show to be broadcast regularly on television. It was an in-house production and broadcast in black-and-white. The host was Gil Fates, with Frances Buss as scorekeeper.

Game play
The CBS Television Quiz followed an answer-and-question format: contestants were given a clue and were asked to provide a question that the clue would answer. Beyond this, little is known about the show's mechanics.

The game show Jeopardy! would later use a similar answer-and-question conceit. Jeopardy! is known to differ from the CBS Television Quiz in its use of lockout buzzers, which had not yet been invented in 1941 (the first game show to use them was 1946's Winner Take All). Whether Julann Wright Griffin, whom Merv Griffin credited with creating the concept, knew of the CBS Television Quiz remains an open question.

Broadcast history
Televised game shows prior to the debut of CBS Television Quiz were "test episodes" for experimental purposes; one of these was Truth or Consequences (NBC Radio, July 1, 1941), while a show called Spelling Bee was broadcast (BBC, 1938). Quiz was the first regularly scheduled quiz program, but not the first to be sponsored, and aired on Wednesdays at 8:30 PM EST.

On October 2, the series moved to Thursdays, and on January 8 the show was reduced to 55 minutes for the network to present a five-minute news summary at 9:25 PM. Quiz moved to Mondays on February 2 and was now preceded by a civilian-defense program (later an American Red Cross program), which along with the news summary required the show itself to decrease to 50 minutes. The Red Cross program ended on March 30, allowing Quiz to re-expand to 55 minutes. After WCBW scaled back their programing at the end of May 1942 following a mandate several weeks earlier by the War Production Board to cease building television stations, Quiz moved to Thursdays and Fridays and was again reduced to 50 minutes.

The series ended on January 7, 1943, the day before WCBW temporarily shut down its studios and reverted to broadcasting only filmed material on an irregular basis until May 1944.

Fates would later produce and/or direct many Goodson-Todman game shows on the network (most notably What's My Line?), while Buss (later Frances Buss Buch) became CBS' first female director.

Episode status
CBS Television Quiz was aired live, prior to the adoption of kinescopes for recording programs and long before videotape. The show does not have any extant audio recordings or photographs, making it one of the few game shows to be completely lost.

title: CBS Television Quiz


text:
President of Malawi

The president of the Republic of Malawi (Mtsogoleri wa Dziko la Malawi) is the head of state and head of government of Malawi. The president leads the executive branch of the Government of Malawi and is the commander-in-chief of the Malawian Defence Force. The current president is Lazarus Chakwera, who has served since being elected in June 2020.

Executive branch
Under the 1995 constitution, the president, who is both head of state and head of government, is chosen through universal direct suffrage every five years. Malawi has a vice-president who is elected with the president. The president has the option of appointing a second vice-president, who must be from a different party. It also includes a presidentially appointed cabinet. The members of the cabinet of Malawi can be drawn from either within or outside of the legislature. The President is also concurrently the Minister of Defence.

The current president is Lazarus Chakwera sworn in as president of Malawi on 28 June 2020.

Origins of the presidency
On 6 July 1964, Nyasaland became independent from British rule and renamed itself Malawi, with Elizabeth II as Queen of Malawi. Under a new constitution in 1966, Malawi became a republic with prime minister Hastings Banda becoming its first president. Under the country's 1966, 1994 and 1995 constitutions, the president is executive head of state and government, and serves a five-year term. The first president, Banda, was elected by the National Assembly, and was named president for life in 1971. Subsequent presidents have been popularly elected.

After the restoration of multiparty democracy in 1993, the presidency was hedged about with a number of checks and balances to prevent its total dominance over the political system.

Election to the presidency
The president is elected by a majority vote (50% + 1) of the electorate through direct, universal and equal suffrage. All Malawian citizens that have attained the age of 18 are eligible to vote in all elections. Every presidential candidate shall declare who shall be the vice-president if elected at the time of the candidate's nomination. The vice-president shall be elected concurrently with the president, with both names on the ballot.

Term limits
As of 2021, the Constitution of Malawi limits a president to two consecutive five-year terms. There was an attempt to modify the term limits in 2003 for Bakili Muluzi, but it did not materialize.

title: President of Malawi


text:
Drury Lane Theatre

Drury Lane Theatre may refer to:

 * Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, a theatre in the Covent Garden area of London, England
 * Drury Lane Theatre (Illinois), a theater near Chicago, United States

title: Drury Lane Theatre


text:
President of Namibia

The president of the Republic of Namibia is the head of state and the head of government of Namibia. The president directs the executive branch of the Government of Namibia, as chair of the Cabinet and is the commander-in-chief of the armed forces, according to the Constitution of Namibia.

Term limits
As of 2021, there is a two-term limit for the president in the Constitution of Namibia. The first president for whom the term limits applied was Hifikepunye Pohamba in 2015.

Succession
If the presidency falls vacant and the president is unable to perform the duties, then the following officials are inline for succession for the remaining presidential term:
 * 1) Vice President of Namibia
 * 2) Prime Minister of Namibia
 * 3) Deputy-Prime Minister of Namibia
 * 4) a person appointed by the Cabinet.

Before the constitution was amended in 2014 to add the office of vice president, the prime minister was first in the line of succession.

List of officeholders
{{legend||South West Africa People's Organization (SWAPO)|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
 * Political parties
 * Status

Status

Died in office

title: President of Namibia


text:
President of Nigeria

The president of Nigeria, officially the president of the Federal Republic of Nigeria is the head of state and head of government of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. The president directs the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the Nigerian Armed Forces.

The offices, powers, and titles of the head of state and the head of government were officially merged into the office of the presidency under the 1979 Constitution of Nigeria.

Executive power is vested in the president. The power includes the execution and enforcement of federal law and the responsibility to appoint federal executive, diplomatic, regulatory, and judicial officers. Based on constitutional provisions empowering the president to appoint and receive ambassadors and conclude treaties with foreign powers, and on subsequent laws enacted by the House, the presidency has primary responsibility for conducting foreign policy.

The president also plays a leading role in federal legislation and domestic policymaking. As part of the system of separation of powers, the Constitution gives the president the power to sign or veto federal legislation. Presidents are typically viewed as leaders of their political parties, major policy making is significantly shaped by the outcome of presidential elections.

The president is directly elected in national elections to a four-year term, along with the vice president.

Bola Tinubu is the 16th and current president of Nigeria, having assumed office on 29 May 2023.

Ceremonial presidency and the First Republic (1963–1966)
On 1 October 1960, Nigeria gained independence from Britain. An all-Nigerian Executive Council was headed by prime minister, Alhaji Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa. On 16 November 1960, Nnamdi Azikiwe became the first governor-general of a federation of three regions of the north, east and west, with Lagos as the Federal Capital. Each of the regions was headed by a premier with a governor as ceremonial head. The governors and governor-general represented the Queen of Nigeria, Elizabeth II. On 1 October 1963, Nigeria became a Federal republic thereby abolishing its monarchy, but remained a member of the Commonwealth of Nations. An amendment to the 1960 Independence Constitution replaced the office of the governor-general with that of the president. Nnamdi Azikwe was sworn into that office on 1 October 1963. The office at that time was primarily ceremonial, and the main duties of the president were on such things as receiving foreign dignitaries and opening Parliament.

Military rule (1966–1979)
In a January 1966 failed coup d'état, a group of army officers, led by Major Chukwuma Nzeogwu, overthrew the federal and regional governments, killed the prime minister Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, and tried to take control of the government. Nzeogwu was countered, captured, and imprisoned by the Army general officer commanding Major General Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi. Aguiyi-Ironsi was named Military Head of State.

In July 1966, a group of northern army officers revolted against the government, killed General Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi, and appointed the army chief of staff, Lieutenant Colonel Yakubu Gowon as the head of the new military government.

In 1975, General Yakubu Gowon was deposed and Brigadier Murtala Mohammed was made head of the Federal Military Government of Nigeria until his assassination in 1976. Upon his death, the chief-of-staff, Supreme Headquarters (equivalent to a vice president) General Olusegun Obasanjo assumed office as head of state in a meeting of the Supreme Military Council, keeping the chain of command established by General Murtala Muhammed in place. General Obasanjo was responsible for completing the democratic transition begun by his predecessor, which culminated in an election in August 1979.

In 1979, Nigeria adopted a federal presidential constitution. The presidency became an executive post, with powers similar to those of its American counterpart. The legislature was a bicameral National Assembly, comprising a Senate and House of Representatives.

Second Republic (1979–1983)
On 1 October 1979, after more than 13 years of military rule, Nigeria returned to democratic rule. The National Party of Nigeria emerged victorious in the presidential election and Shehu Shagari became the first democratically elected president.

Military rule (1983–1999)
On 31 December 1983, the military overthrew the Second Republic. Major General Muhammadu Buhari emerged as the chairman of the Supreme Military Council (SMC), the new head of state.

In August 1985, General Buhari's government was peacefully overthrown by the Army chief of staff, Major General Ibrahim Babangida. Babangida became the president and chairman of the Armed Forces Ruling Council.

On 26 August 1993, General Babangida stepped down and chose an interim government to replace him. Ernest Shonekan was named as interim head of state. General Sani Abacha seized power from Shonekan on 17 November 1993, and became head of state and chairman of the Provisional Ruling Council.

On 8 June 1998, General Abacha died at the presidential villa in the Nigerian capital, Abuja. Major General Abdulsalami Abubakar became the new head of state and chairman of the Provisional Ruling Council.

Fourth Republic (1999–present)
On 29 May 1999, General Abdulsalami Abubakar stepped down, and handed over power to a former military head of state, Olusegun Obasanjo, after being elected some months prior. Obasanjo served two terms in office.

On 29 May 2007, Umaru Musa Yar'Adua was sworn in as president of the Federal Republic of Nigeria and the 13th head of state completing the first successful transition of power, from one democratically elected president to another in Nigeria. Yar'Adua died on 5 May 2010 at the presidential villa, in Abuja, Nigeria, becoming the second head of state to die there after General Sani Abacha.

On 6 May 2010, Vice President Goodluck Jonathan was sworn in as president of the Federal Republic of Nigeria and the 14th head of state.

On 29 May 2015, Muhammadu Buhari, a former military head of state was sworn in as president of the Federal Republic of Nigeria and the 15th head of state after winning the general election. He also served two terms in office.

On 29 May 2023, Bola Tinubu was sworn in as president of the Federal Republic of Nigeria and the 16th head of state after winning the 2023 Nigerian general election.

Electoral system
The president of Nigeria is elected using a modified two-round system with up to three rounds. To be elected in the first round, a candidate must receive a plurality of the votes, as well as over 25% of the vote in at least 24 of the 36 states and the Federal Capital Territory. If no candidate passes this threshold, a second round will be held between the top candidate and the next candidate to have received a majority of votes in the highest number of states. In the second round, a candidate still must receive the most votes, as well as over 25% of the vote in at least 24 of the 36 states and the Federal Capital Territory in order to be elected. If neither candidate passes this threshold, a third round will be held, where a simple majority of the votes is required to be elected.

Presidential candidates run for office with a running mate, their party's candidate for vice president.

Eligibility
Chapter VI, Part I, Section 131 of the constitution states that a person may be qualified for election of the office of the president if:

 * They are a citizen of Nigeria by birth;
 * They have attained the age of 35 years (40 before 2018 );
 * They are a member of a political party and are sponsored by that political party;
 * They have been educated up to at least School Certificate level or its equivalent.

A person who meets the above qualifications is still disqualified from holding the office of the president if:
 * They have voluntarily acquired the citizenship of a country other than Nigeria (except in such cases as may be prescribed by the National Assembly) or they have made a declaration of allegiance to such other country;
 * They have been elected to such office at any two previous elections;
 * Under the law in any part of Nigeria, they are adjudged to be a lunatic or otherwise declared to be of unsound mind;
 * They are under a sentence of death imposed by any competent court of law or tribunal in Nigeria or a sentence of imprisonment or fine for any offence involving dishonesty or fraud or for any other offence, imposed on them by any court or tribunal or substituted by a competent authority for any other sentence imposed on them by such a court or tribunal;
 * Within a period of less than ten years before the date of the election to the office of President they have been convicted and sentenced for an offence involving dishonesty or they have been found guilty of the contravention of the Code of Conduct;
 * They are an undischarged bankrupt, having been adjudged or otherwise declared bankrupt under any law in force in Nigeria or any other country;
 * Being a person employed in the civil or public service of the Federation or of any State, they have not resigned, withdrawn or retired from the employment at least thirty days before the date of the election; or
 * They are a member of any secret society;
 * They have been indicted for embezzlement or fraud by a Judicial Commission of Inquiry or an Administrative Panel of Inquiry or a Tribunal set up under the Tribunals of Inquiry Act, a Tribunals of Inquiry law or any other law by the federal or state government which indictment has been accepted by the federal or state government, respectively;
 * They have presented a forged certificate to the Independent National Electoral Commission.

Oath of office
The Constitution of Nigeria specifies an oath of office for the president of the federation. The oath is administered by the chief justice of the Supreme Court of Nigeria or the person for the time being appointed to exercise the functions of that office: "I do solemnly swear/affirm that I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to the Federal Republic of Nigeria; that as President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, I will discharge my duties to the best of my ability, faithfully and in accordance with the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria and the law, and always in the interest of the sovereignty, integrity, solidarity, well-being and prosperity of the Federal Republic of Nigeria; that I will strive to preserve the Fundamental Objectives and Directive Principles of State Policy contained in the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria; that I will not allow my personal interest to influence my official conduct or my official decisions; that I will to the best of my ability preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria; that I will abide by the Code of Conduct contained in the Fifth Schedule to the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria; that in all circumstances, I will do right to all manner of people, according to law, without fear or favour, affection or ill-will; that I will not directly or indirectly communicate or reveal to any person any matter which shall be brought under my consideration or shall become known to me as President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, except as may be required for the due discharge of my duties as President; and that I will devote myself to the service and well-being of the people of Nigeria. So help me God."

List of presidential appointments

 * Secretary to the Government of the Federation
 * Members of Federal Executive Council
 * The High Command of the Armed Forces
 * Chief of Staff to the President
 * Presidential aides
 * Presidential press secretary
 * Heads of Federal Departments and Agencies
 * Heads of diplomatic missions of Nigeria
 * Heads of Federal Departments and Agencies
 * Heads of diplomatic missions of Nigeria

Commander-in-chief
The president of Nigeria bears ultimate authority over the Nigerian Armed Forces as its commander-in-chief, in which the president issues military directives, makes defence policy and appoints the high command like the Chief of Defence Staff.

Foreign policy
The president determines the foreign relations of Nigeria, and represents the state in international relations, conducts negotiations and signs ratification documents.

Ceremonial duties
The president is an ex officio grand commander in the Order of the Federal Republic.

Term limits
There is a four year tenure with a two-term limit for the president in the Constitution of Nigeria. There was an attempt to modify the term limits in 2006 for Obasanjo, but it did not materialize.

Residence
The president of Nigeria lives and works in the Aso Rock Presidential Villa.

Protection
The State Security Service and the Presidential Guard Brigade of the Nigerian Army.

Transport
The land transportation of the president of Nigeria is provided by the Nigerian Government. The president is driven on ground by the Mobile Police Force while closely protected by Department of State Security agents. The presidents of Nigeria have statutorily used the Mercedes-Benz Special Class. The current president uses the Mercedes-Maybach S680. The Nigerian Air Force provides for the aerial transport of the president. The current presidential air fleet consists of:

a. A Boeing Business Jet (BBJ 737)

b. A Dassault Falcon 7X Jet

c. Two Gulfstream Jets (500 and 550)

d. Two AW-189 helicopters

e. Two AW-139 helicopters

title: President of Nigeria


text:
Ceanothus

Ceanothus is a genus of about 50–60 species of nitrogen-fixing shrubs and small trees in the buckthorn family (Rhamnaceae). Common names for members of this genus are buckbrush, California lilac, soap bush, or just ceanothus. "Ceanothus" comes from κεάνωθος (keanōthos), which was applied by Theophrastus (371–287 BC) to an Old World plant believed to be Cirsium arvense.

The genus is native to North America with the highest diversity on the western coast. Some species (e.g., C. americanus) are restricted to the eastern United States and southeast Canada, and others (e.g., C. caeruleus) extend as far south as Guatemala. Most are shrubs 0.5 - 3 m tall, but C. arboreus and C. thyrsiflorus, both native to California, can be small multi-trunked trees up to 6 - 7 m tall.

Taxonomy and etymology
There are two subgenera within this genus: Ceanothus and Cerastes. The former clade is less drought-resistant, having bigger leaves. The evolution of these two clades likely started with a divergence in the niches filled in local communities, rather than a divergence on the basis of geography.

The Californian species of Ceanothus are commonly known collectively as California lilacs, with individual species having more descriptive common names. Species native elsewhere have other common names such as New Jersey tea for C. americanus, as its leaves were used as a black tea substitute during the American Revolution. In garden use, most are simply called by their scientific names or an adaptation of the scientific name, such as 'Maritime ceanothus' for C. maritimus.

Species
, accepted species are:

 * Ceanothus americanus L. – New Jersey tea; red root
 * Ceanothus arboreus Greene – feltleaf ceanothus
 * Ceanothus arcuatus McMinn
 * Ceanothus × bakeri Greene ex McMinn
 * Ceanothus bolensis S.Boyd & J.E.Keeley
 * Ceanothus buxifolius Willd. ex Schult. & Schult.f.
 * Ceanothus caeruleus Lag
 * Ceanothus confusus J.T. Howell – Rincon Ridge ceanothus
 * Ceanothus × connivens Greene – trailing buckbrush
 * Ceanothus cordulatus Kellogg – whitethorn ceanothus
 * Ceanothus crassifolius Torr. – hoaryleaf ceanothus
 * Ceanothus cuneatus (Hook.) Nutt. – buckbrush
 * subsp. cuneatus (Hook.) Nutt.
 * subsp. fascicularis (McMinn) C.L.Schmidt
 * subsp. rigidus (Nutt.) C.L.Schmidt
 * subsp. sonomensis (Howell) C.L.Schmidt
 * Ceanothus cyaneus Eastw. – San Diego buckbrush
 * Ceanothus decornutus V.T.Parker
 * Ceanothus dentatus Torr. & A.Gray – sandscrub ceanothus
 * Ceanothus depressus Benth. – junco
 * Ceanothus divergens Parry – Calistoga ceanothus
 * Ceanothus diversifolius Kellogg – pinemat
 * Ceanothus fendleri A.Gray – Fendler's ceanothus
 * Ceanothus fernandezii Villarreal, A.E.Estrada & Encina
 * Ceanothus ferrisiae McMinn – coyote ceanothus
 * Ceanothus foliosus Parry – wavyleaf ceanothus
 * subsp. foliosus Parry
 * subsp. medius (McMinn) C.L.Schmidt
 * subsp. vineatus (McMinn) C.L.Schmidt
 * Ceanothus fresnensis Dudley ex Abrams – Fresno ceanothus
 * Ceanothus gloriosus J.T. Howell – Point Reyes ceanothus
 * subsp. exaltatus (Howell) C.L.Schmidt
 * subsp. gloriosus J.T. Howell
 * subsp. masonii (McMinn) C.L.Schmidt
 * subsp. porrectus (Howell) C.L.Schmidt
 * Ceanothus griseus (Trel. ex B.L.Rob.) McMinn – Carmel ceanothus
 * Ceanothus hearstiorum Hoover & J.B.Roof – Hearst Ranch buckbrush
 * Ceanothus herbaceus Raf. – Jersey tea
 * Ceanothus × humboldtensis Roof
 * Ceanothus impressus Trel. – Santa Barbara ceanothus
 * Ceanothus incanus Torr. & A.Gray – coast whitethorn
 * Ceanothus integerrimus Hook. & Arn. – deerbrush ceanothus
 * Ceanothus jepsonii Greene – Jepson ceanothus
 * subsp. albiflorus (Howell) C.L.Schmidt
 * subsp. jepsonii Greene
 * Ceanothus lemmonii Parry – Lemmon's ceanothus
 * Ceanothus leucodermis Greene – chaparral whitethorn
 * Ceanothus × lobbianus Hook.
 * Ceanothus × lorenzenii (Jeps.) McMinn
 * Ceanothus maritimus Hoover – maritime ceanothus
 * Ceanothus martini M.E.Jones – Martin's ceanothus
 * Ceanothus masonii McMinn – Mason's ceanothus
 * Ceanothus megacarpus Nutt. – bigpod ceanothus
 * subsp. insularis (Eastw.) P.H.Raven
 * subsp. megacarpus Nutt.
 * Ceanothus × mendocinensis McMinn
 * Ceanothus microphyllus Michx. – littleleaf buckbrush
 * Ceanothus ochraceus Suess.
 * Ceanothus oliganthus Nutt. – hairy ceanothus
 * subsp. oliganthus Nutt.
 * subsp. sorediatus (Hook. & Arn.) C.L.Schmidt
 * Ceanothus ophiochilus Boyd, Ross & Arnseth – Vail Lake ceanothus
 * Ceanothus otayensis H. E. McMinn – Otay Mountain buckbrush
 * Ceanothus palmeri Trel. – Palmer ceanothus
 * Ceanothus papillosus Torr. & A.Gray – wartleaf ceanothus
 * Ceanothus parryi Trel. – Parry Ceanothus
 * Ceanothus parvifolius (S.Watson) Trel. – littleleaf ceanothus
 * Ceanothus pauciflorus DC.
 * Ceanothus pendletonensis D.O.Burge, Rebman, & M.R.Mulligan
 * Ceanothus perplexans Trel.
 * Ceanothus pinetorum Coville – Coville ceanothus
 * Ceanothus prostratus Benth. – prostrate ceanothus
 * subsp. confusus (Howell) C.L.Schmidt
 * subsp. prostratus Benth.
 * subsp. pumilus (Greene) C.L.Schmidt
 * Ceanothus pumilus Greene – dwarf ceanothus
 * Ceanothus purpureus Jepson – hollyleaf ceanothus
 * subsp. divergens (Parry) C.L.Schmidt
 * subsp. purpureus Jepson
 * Ceanothus × regius (Jeps.) McMinn
 * Ceanothus roderickii Knight – Pine Hill buckbrush
 * Ceanothus × rugosus Greene
 * Ceanothus sanguineus Pursh – redstem ceanothus
 * Ceanothus serpyllifolius Nutt. – Coastal Plain buckbrush
 * Ceanothus × serrulatus McMinn
 * Ceanothus sonomensis J.T. Howell – Sonoma ceanothus
 * Ceanothus spinosus Nutt. – green bark ceanothus
 * Ceanothus thyrsiflorus Eschsch. – blueblossom
 * Ceanothus tomentosus Parry – woolyleaf ceanothus
 * Ceanothus × veitchianus Hook.
 * Ceanothus velutinus Dougl. ex Hook. – snowbrush ceanothus
 * subsp. laevigatus (Torr. & A.Gray) Piper & Beattie
 * subsp. velutinus Dougl. ex Hook.
 * Ceanothus verrucosus Nutt. – Barranca brush

Species names with uncertain taxonomic status
The status of the following species is unresolved:

 * Ceanothus atropurpureus Raf.
 * Ceanothus chloroxylon Nees
 * Ceanothus collinus Douglas ex Knowles & Westc.
 * Ceanothus cuneatus A.Gray
 * Ceanothus cuneatus K.Brandegee
 * Ceanothus divergens Poepp. ex Endl.
 * Ceanothus elongatus Salisb.
 * Ceanothus glaber Spach
 * Ceanothus laevigatus Howell
 * Ceanothus lancifolius Moench
 * Ceanothus leschenaultii DC.
 * Ceanothus mocinianus DC.
 * Ceanothus mystacinus DC.
 * Ceanothus neumannii Tausch
 * Ceanothus oblanceolatus Davidson
 * Ceanothus pauciflorus Moc. & Sessé ex DC.
 * Ceanothus pubiflorus DC.
 * Ceanothus pulchellus Delile ex Spach
 * Ceanothus scandens D.Dietr.
 * Ceanothus spathulatus Labill.
 * Ceanothus spinosus Torr. & A. Gray
 * Ceanothus triqueter Wall.

Hybrids
The following hybrids have been described:

 * Ceanothus × arcuatus McMinn
 * Ceanothus × bakeri Greene ex McMinn
 * Ceanothus × flexilis McMinn
 * Ceanothus × lobbianus Hook.
 * Ceanothus × lorenzenii (Jeps.) McMinn
 * Ceanothus × mendocinensis McMinn
 * Ceanothus × otayensis McMinn
 * Ceanothus × rugosus Greene
 * Ceanothus × serrulatus McMinn
 * Ceanothus × vanrensselaeri Roof
 * Ceanothus × veitchianus Hook.

Hybrid names with uncertain taxonomic status
The status of the following hybrids is unresolved:

 * Ceanothus × arnoldii Dippel
 * Ceanothus × burkwoodii auct.
 * Ceanothus × burtonensis Renss.
 * Ceanothus × cyam L.W.Lenz
 * Ceanothus × delilianus Spach
 * Ceanothus × humboldtensis Roof
 * Ceanothus × intermedius Koehne
 * Ceanothus × pallidus Koehne
 * Ceanothus × pallidus Lindl.
 * Ceanothus × roseus Koehne

Growth pattern
The majority of the species are evergreen, but the handful of species adapted to cold winters are deciduous. The leaves are opposite or alternate (depending on species), small (typically 1–5 cm long), simple, and mostly with serrated margins.

Leaves and stems
Ceanothus leaves may be arranged opposite to each other on the stem, or alternate. Alternate leaves may have either one or three main veins rising from the base of the leaf.

The leaves have a shiny upper surface that feels "gummy" when pinched between the thumb and forefinger, and the roots of most species have red inner root bark.

Flowers and fruit
The flowers are white, greenish–white, blue, dark purple-blue, pale purple or pink, maturing into a dry, three-lobed seed capsule.

The flowers are tiny and fragrant and produced in large, dense clusters. A few species are reported to be so intensely fragrant they are almost nauseating, and are said to resemble the odor of "boiling honey in an enclosed area". The seeds of this plant can lie dormant for hundreds of years, and Ceanothus species are typically dependent on forest fires to trigger germination of their seeds.

Fruits are hard, nutlike capsules.

Distribution
Plants in this genus are widely distributed and can be found on dry, sunny hillsides from coastal scrub lands to open forest clearings, from near sea level to 9000 ft in elevation. These plants are profusely distributed throughout the Rocky Mountains from British Columbia south through Colorado, the Cascades of Oregon and California, and the Coastal Ranges of California.

Ceanothus velutinus is perhaps the most widespread member of this genus, occurring through much of western North America. The plants in this genus often co-occur with one another, especially when they are more distantly related.

Wildlife
Ceanothus is a good source of nutrition for deer, specifically mule deer along the West Coast of the United States. However, the leaves are not as nutritious from late spring to early fall as they are in early spring. Porcupines and quail have also been seen eating stems and seeds of these shrubs. The leaves are a good source of protein and the stems and leaves have been found to contain a high amount of calcium.

Cultivation
Many Ceanothus species are popular ornamental plants for gardens. Dozens of hybrids and cultivars have been selected, such as flexible ceanothus, Ceanothus × flexilis (C. cuneatus × C. prostratus).

Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit cultivars
The following cultivars and hybrids have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit :

 * ’Autumnal Blue’
 * 'Blue Mound'
 * 'Burkwoodii'
 * 'Cascade'
 * 'Concha'
 * 'Dark Star'
 * 'Gloire de Versailles'
 * 'Mystery Blue'
 * 'Perle Rose'
 * 'Puget Blue'
 * 'Skylark'
 * 'Topaze'
 * 'Trewithen Blue'
 * C. thyrsifolius var. repens

Other cultivars available include:-

There are also more cultivars and hybrids of Ceanothus arboreus, Ceanothus griseus horizontalis (groundcovers), and Ceanothus thyrsiflorus in the nursery trade.

Propagation
Propagation of ceanothus is by seed, following scarification and stratification. Seeds are soaked in water for 12 hours followed by chilling at 1 °C for one to three months. It can also sprout from roots and/or stems. Seeds are stored in plant litter in large quantities. It is estimated that there are about two million seeds per acre in forest habitats. Seeds are dispersed propulsively from capsules and, it has been estimated, can remain viable for hundreds of years. In habitat, the seeds of plants in this genus germinate only in response to range fires and forest fires.

Other uses
Native Americans used the dried leaves of this plant as an herbal tea, and early pioneers used the plant as a substitute for black tea. Miwok Indians of California make baskets from Ceanothus branches. Ceanothus integerrimus has been used by North American tribes to ease childbirth.

Nitrogen fixation
Ceanothus is actinorhizal, meaning it fixes nitrogen through a symbiotic relationship with Frankia. Six genera within Rhamnaceae are actinorhizal, but Ceanothus is the only genus not in the monophyletic tribe Colletieae. This suggests that actinorhizal symbiosis may have evolved twice in Rhamnaceae. Frankia forms nodules on the roots of Ceanothus, converting atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia  using nitrogenase.

title: Ceanothus


text:
President of North Korea (disambiguation)

President of North Korea was the title of North Korea's head of state from 1972 to 1994, officially translated as "President of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea". It can also refer to:

 * Eternal President of the Republic, an honor bestowed on deceased President Kim Il-sung in 1998
 * President of the Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly (1998–2019), the presiding officer of the legislative standing committee and nominal head of state until 2009
 * President of the State Affairs Commission, an office held by Kim Jong-un


text:
President of Portugal

The president of Portugal, officially the president of the Portuguese Republic (Presidente da República Portuguesa, ), is the head of state and highest office of Portugal.

The powers, functions and duties of prior presidential offices, and their relation with the prime minister and cabinets have over time differed with the various Portuguese constitutions. Currently, in the Third Republic, a semi-presidential system, the president holds no direct executive power, unlike his counterparts in the United States and France. However, even though it is in general a ceremonial figure, it holds some powers not that usual in parliamentary systems: one of his most significant responsibilities is the promulgation of all laws enacted by the Assembly of the Republic (parliament) or the Government (an act without which such laws have no legal validity), with an alternative option to veto them (although this veto can be overcome in the case of laws approved by Parliament) or send them to the Constitutional Court for appreciation of whether they violate the Constitution. This and other abilities imply that the president of Portugal does not fit clearly into either of the three traditional powers – legislative, executive and judicial –, acting instead as a sort of "moderating power" among the traditional three.

The current president of Portugal is Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa, who took office on 9 March 2016.

Role
The Portuguese Third Republic is a semi-presidential system. Despite being a rather ceremonial figure, unlike most European presidents, who are at large ceremonial figures, the Portuguese President is invested with more extensive powers. Although the prime minister and parliament oversee and direct much of Portugal's actual governmental affairs, the president wields significant influence and authority, especially in the fields of national security and foreign policy, however, always on the advice of the Government and the approval of Parliament. The president is the supreme commander of the Armed Forces, holds the nation's most senior office, and outranks all other politicians.

Prior to the Carnation Revolution, the powers of the presidency varied widely; some presidents were virtual dictators (such as Pais, and Carmona in his early years), while others were little more than figureheads (such as Carmona in his later years, Craveiro Lopes, and Américo Tomás. During the Estado Novo, the president was nominally vested with near-dictatorial powers, but in practice supreme power was held by the President of the Council of Ministers (António de Oliveira Salazar and Marcelo Caetano).

Government nomination
The president's greatest power is his ability to appoint the prime minister. However, since the Assembly of the Republic has the sole power to dismiss the prime minister's government, the prime minister named by the president must have the confidence of a majority of representatives in the assembly, otherwise the prime minister may face a motion of no confidence. The president has the discretionary power to dissolve parliament when he/she sees fit (colloquially known as the "atomic bomb" in Portugal), and President Jorge Sampaio made use of this prerogative in late 2004 to remove the controversial government of Pedro Santana Lopes, despite the absolute majority of deputies supporting the government.

Armed Forces
In 2003, President Sampaio also intervened to limit the Portuguese participation in the Iraq War – as Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces he forbade the deployment of the Portuguese Army in a war that he personally disagreed with, clashing with the then–prime minister José Manuel Barroso. Because of this, the Government eventually deployed 128 members of the National Republican Guard (GNR) to Iraq from 2003 to 2005, this being possible because the GNR, despite being a military force, was not part of the Armed Forces.

Powers
The constitution grants the following powers to the president:

 * The President of the Republic exercises the functions of Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces and Grand Master of the Three Orders, and appoints and dismisses, on a proposal from the Government, the Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces and the heads of General Staff of the three branches of the Armed Forces.
 * The President of the Republic can dissolve the Assembly of the Republic, which implies the need to call new legislative elections and, after these have been held, the resignation of the Government.
 * The President of the Republic appoints the Prime Minister taking into account the electoral results and appoints the remaining members of the Government on the proposal of the Prime Minister. The President can, on the other hand, dismiss the Government when this becomes necessary to ensure the regular functioning of democratic institutions.
 * The governing bodies of the autonomous regions may be dissolved by the President of the Republic, for carrying out serious acts contrary to the Constitution.
 * The President of the Republic declares the state of siege and emergency, after hearing the Government and under authorization from the Assembly of the Republic.
 * Upon a proposal from the Government and with authorization from the Assembly of the Republic, the President of the Republic may declare war in the event of effective or imminent aggression and make peace.
 * The President of the Republic promulgates or signs and, consequently, can veto the promulgation or signature of laws, decree-laws, regulatory decrees and other Government decrees.
 * In the domain of his competences in international relations, the President of the Republic ratifies international treaties.
 * The President of the Republic decides on the convening of the referendum whose holding is proposed by the Assembly of the Republic.
 * The President of the Republic may request the Constitutional Court to pre-empt the constitutionality of norms contained in international conventions or decrees that have been sent to him for promulgation as an organic law, law or decree-law.
 * The President of the Republic appoints and exonerates, in some cases on a proposal from the Government, holders of important State bodies such as the Representatives of the Republic for the autonomous regions, the President of the Court of Auditors and the Attorney General of the Republic, five members of the Council of State and two members of the Superior Council of the Judiciary.
 * The President of the Republic appoints the ambassadors and extraordinary envoys, on a proposal from the Government, and accredits the foreign diplomatic representatives.
 * The President of the Republic, after hearing the Government, pardons and commutes sentences.

Election
Under the Portuguese Constitution adopted in 1976, in the wake of the 1974 Carnation Revolution, the president is elected to a five-year term. He may be reelected any number of times, but not more than twice in a row. The official residence of the Portuguese president is the Belém Palace in Lisbon.

The president is elected in a two-round system: if no candidate reaches 50% of the votes during the first round, the two candidates with the most votes face each other in a second round held two weeks later. However, the second round has only been needed once, during the 1986 presidential election. To date, all of the elected presidents since the Carnation Revolution have served for two consecutive terms, and presidents consistently rank as the most popular political figure in the country. During his time in office, however, the popularity of former president Aníbal Cavaco Silva plummeted, making him the second-least popular political figure in the country, just above the then-prime minister, and the first Portuguese president after 1974 to have a negative popularity. By 2024, Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa also displayed negative popularity ratings.

Under article 132 of the Constitution, if the president dies or becomes incapacitated while in office, the president of the Assembly assumes the office with restricted powers until a new president can be inaugurated following fresh elections.

President's residence
Belém Palace is the official residence of the President of the Portuguese Republic since 1910. Built in the 16th century by a high ranking diplomat named Manuel de Portugal, was bought by King John V in the 18th century and served as one of the residence of the Royal Family until the early 20th century.

Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa, current President, lives in the palace.

2021 presidential election
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:left;" colspan="2" rowspan="2"|Candidates !style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:left;" rowspan="2"|Supporting parties !style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" colspan="2"|First round !style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;"|Votes !style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;"|%
 * style="width: 10px" bgcolor=#FF9900 align="center" |
 * align=left|Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa
 * align=left|Social Democratic Party, People's Party
 * align="right" |2,531,692
 * align="right" |60.66
 * style="width: 5px" bgcolor=#D02090 align="center" |
 * align=left|Ana Gomes
 * align=left|Independent supported by People–Animals–Nature, LIVRE
 * align="right" |540,823
 * align="right" |12.96
 * style="width: 5px" bgcolor=#202056 align="center" |
 * align=left|André Ventura
 * align=left|CHEGA
 * align="right" |497,746
 * align="right" |11.93
 * style="width: 5px" bgcolor=red align="center" |
 * align=left|João Ferreira
 * align=left|Portuguese Communist Party, Ecologist Party "The Greens"
 * align="right" |179,764
 * align="right" |4.31
 * style="width: 5px" bgcolor= align="center" |
 * align=left|Marisa Matias
 * align=left|Left Bloc, Socialist Alternative Movement
 * align="right" |165,127
 * align="right" |3.96
 * style="width: 5px" bgcolor=#00ADEF align="center" |
 * align=left|Tiago Mayan Gonçalves
 * align=left|Liberal Initiative
 * align="right" |134,991
 * align="right" |3.23
 * style="width: 5px" bgcolor=LightSeaGreen align="center" |
 * align=left|Vitorino Silva
 * align=left|React, Include, Recycle
 * align="right" |123,031
 * align="right" |2.95
 * colspan="3" align=left style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|Total valid
 * width="65" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|4,173,174
 * width="40" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|100.00
 * align=right colspan="3"|Blank ballots
 * width="65" align="right" |47,164
 * width="40" align="right" |1.11
 * align=right colspan="3" |Invalid ballots
 * width="65" align="right"|38,018
 * width="40" align="right"|0.89
 * colspan="3" align=left style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|Total
 * width="65" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|4,258,356
 * width="40" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|
 * colspan=3|Registered voters/turnout
 * 10,847,434||39.26
 * colspan=5 align=left|Source: Comissão Nacional de Eleições
 * }
 * align=right colspan="3" |Invalid ballots
 * width="65" align="right"|38,018
 * width="40" align="right"|0.89
 * colspan="3" align=left style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|Total
 * width="65" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|4,258,356
 * width="40" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|
 * colspan=3|Registered voters/turnout
 * 10,847,434||39.26
 * colspan=5 align=left|Source: Comissão Nacional de Eleições
 * }
 * colspan=5 align=left|Source: Comissão Nacional de Eleições
 * }
 * }

title: President of Portugal


text:
President of Somalia

The president of Somalia (Madaxaweynaha Soomaaliya) is the head of state of Somalia. The president is also commander-in-chief of the Somali Armed Forces. The president represents the Federal Republic of Somalia, and the unity of the Somali nation, as well as ensuring the implementation of the Constitution of Somalia and the organised and harmonious functioning of the organs of state. Currently, the president of Somalia is indirectly elected, chosen by the Federal Parliament of Somalia.

The office of the President of Somalia was established with the proclamation of the Republic of Somalia on 1 July 1960. The first president of Somalia was Aden Abdullah Osman Daar, and the 10th office of presidency is currently held by Hassan Sheikh Mohamud.

History
The first president of Somalia was Aden Abdullah Osman Daar, one of the leaders of the Somali Youth League (SYL), who took office on 1 July 1960, the day on which Somalia was declared a republic. Since then the office has been held by eight further people: Abdirashid Ali Shermarke, Mohamed Siad Barre, Ali Mahdi, Abdiqasim Salad, Abdullahi Yusuf, Sharif Sheikh Ahmed, Mohamed Abdullahi Farmaajo, and Hassan Sheikh Mohamud. In addition, Sheikh Mukhtar acted as president between Shemarke's assassination and the coup d'état, and Aden Madoobe acted as president after Yusuf's resignation in 2008.

Sharif Sheikh Ahmed took office on 31 January 2009, after being elected by the presidential election held in January 2009. Ahmed's term as President of Somalia officially ended In August 2012, concurrent with the conclusion of the transitional federal government's mandate and the start of the federal government of Somalia. He was succeeded in office by General Muse Hassan, who had been serving in an interim capacity.

President Hassan Sheikh Mohamud took office on 16 September 2012, after being elected by the presidential election held on 10 September 2012.

Qualifications and election
In order to become the president of Somalia, the candidate must:

(a) Be a Somali citizen and a Muslim;

(b) Be not less than forty years of age;

(c) Have relevant knowledge or experience for the role;

(d) Be sound of mind; and

(e) Not have been convicted by a court of a major crime.

The election of the president must begin at least 30 days before the term of office of the incumbent president expires or 10 days after the presidency falls vacant and must be completed within 30 days of the beginning of the election. Candidates must be declared to the bureau of the parliament within the first 10 days of this period, and elections must be completed within the remaining 20 days.

Formerly, the president was elected by the members of the Somali Parliament, requirements, and who are eligible to become members of Parliament.

Term of office
The president is selected for a term of office of four years. As of 2021, there are no term limits for the president in the Constitution of Somalia. The term of office of the incumbent president continues until the president-elect takes office. On assuming office, the president takes the following oath before the parliament;

I swear in the name of Allah that I will perform my duties honestly and in the best interest of the Nation, People, and Religion, and that I will abide by the Constitution and the other Laws of the Country.

Duties and responsibilities
An outline of the duties are as follows:
 * Appoint the prime minister,
 * Serve as Commander-in-Chief of the Somali Armed Forces;
 * Declare a state of emergency and war in accordance with the law,
 * Appoint and dismiss the commanders of the forces at the federal government level on the recommendation by the Council of Ministers;
 * Dismiss ministers, state ministers and deputy ministers on the recommendation of the prime minister;
 * Sign draft laws passed by the federal Parliament in order to bring them into law;
 * Open the House of the People of the Federal Parliament;
 * Hold an annual session with the House of the People of the Federal Parliament;
 * Appoint the chairman of the Constitutional Court, the High Court, and other judges at the federal government level in accordance with the recommendation of the Judicial Service Commission;
 * Appoint senior federal government officials and the heads of the federal government institutions on the recommendation of the Council of Ministers;
 * Appoint ambassadors and high commissions on the recommendation of the Council of Ministers;
 * Receive foreign diplomats and consuls;
 * Confer state honours on the recommendation of the Council of Ministers;
 * Dissolve the House of the People of the Federal Parliament when its term expires, thereby prompting new elections;
 * Pardon offenders and commute sentences on the recommendation of the Judicial Service Commission; and
 * Sign international treaties proposed by the Council of Ministers and approved by the House of the People of the Federal Parliament.

title: President of Somalia