text:
List of birds of South Asia: part 3

This list includes those birds of South Asia in the passerine families from pittas to cisticolas.

For an introduction to the birds of the region, see List of birds of the South Asia.

For the rest of the species lists, see:
 * part 1 – Megapodes, Galliformes, Gruiformes and near passerines
 * part 2 – remainder of non-passerines
 * part 4 – passerines from Old World warblers to buntings

Passeriformes

 * Family: Pittidae
 * Eared pitta, Pitta phayrei – V
 * Blue-naped pitta, Pitta nipalensis – r
 * Blue pitta, Pitta cyanea – r
 * Hooded pitta, Pitta sordida – r
 * Indian pitta, Pitta brachyura – R
 * Mangrove pitta, Pitta megarhyncha – N r
 * Family: Eurylaimidae
 * Silver-breasted broadbill, Serilophus lunatus – r
 * Long-tailed broadbill, Psarisomus dalhousiae – r
 * Family: Irenidae
 * Asian fairy bluebird, Irena puella – r
 * Blue-winged leafbird, Chloropsis cochinchinensis – R
 * Golden-fronted leafbird, Chloropsis aurifrons – R
 * Orange-bellied leafbird, Chloropsis hardwickii – r
 * Family: Laniidae
 * Red-backed shrike, Lanius collurio – p
 * Isabelline shrike, Lanius isabellinus – W
 * Brown shrike, Lanius cristatus – W
 * Burmese shrike, Lanius collurioides – p
 * Bay-backed shrike, Lanius vittatus – R
 * Long-tailed shrike, Lanius schach – R
 * Grey-backed shrike, Lanius tephronotus – r W
 * Lesser grey shrike, Lanius minor – V
 * Great grey shrike, Lanius excubitor – V
 * Southern grey shrike, Lanius meridionalis – R
 * Family: Corvidae
 * Mangrove whistler, Pachycephala grisola – r
 * Eurasian jay, Garrulus glandarius – R
 * Black-headed jay, Garrulus lanceolatus – R
 * Sri Lanka blue magpie, Urocissa ornata – V r
 * Yellow-billed blue magpie, Urocissa flavirostris – R
 * Red-billed blue magpie, Urocissa erythrorhyncha – R
 * Green magpie, Cissa chinensis – r
 * Rufous treepie, Dendrocitta vagabunda – R
 * Grey treepie, Dendrocitta formosae – R
 * White-bellied treepie, Dendrocitta leucogastra – r
 * Collared treepie, Dendrocitta frontalis – r
 * Andaman treepie, Dendrocitta bayleyi – N R
 * Black-billed magpie, Pica pica – r
 * Spotted nutcracker, Nucifraga caryocatactes – r
 * Red-billed chough, Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax – R
 * Alpine chough, Pyrrhocorax graculus – R
 * Eurasian jackdaw, Corvus monedula – r w
 * House crow, Corvus splendens – R
 * Rook, Corvus frugilegus – W
 * Carrion crow, Corvus corone – r w
 * Large-billed crow, Corvus macrorhynchos – R
 * Brown-necked raven, Corvus ruficollis
 * Common raven, Corvus corax – r
 * Family: Artamidae
 * Ashy woodswallow, Artamus fuscus – R
 * White-breasted woodswallow, Artamus leucorynchus – r
 * Family: Oriolidae
 * Eurasian golden oriole, Oriolus oriolus – R
 * Black-naped oriole, Oriolus chinensis – r w
 * Slender-billed oriole, Oriolus tenuirostris – r
 * Black-hooded oriole, Oriolus xanthornus – R
 * Maroon oriole, Oriolus traillii – r
 * Large cuckooshrike, Coracina macei – r
 * Bar-bellied cuckooshrike, Coracina striata – r
 * Black-winged cuckooshrike, Coracina melaschistos – r
 * Black-headed cuckooshrike, Coracina melanoptera – r
 * Pied triller, Lalage nigra – r
 * Rosy minivet, Pericrocotus roseus – r w
 * Swinhoe's minivet, Pericrocotus cantonensis – V
 * Ashy minivet, Pericrocotus divaricatus – W
 * Small minivet, Pericrocotus cinnamomeus – R
 * White-bellied minivet, Pericrocotus erythropygius – r
 * Grey-chinned minivet, Pericrocotus solaris – r
 * Long-tailed minivet, Pericrocotus ethologus – R
 * Short-billed minivet, Pericrocotus brevirostris – r
 * Scarlet minivet, Pericrocotus flammeus – R
 * Bar-winged flycatcher-shrike, Hemipus picatus – R
 * Family: Dicruridae
 * Yellow-bellied fantail, Rhipidura hypoxantha – R
 * White-throated fantail, Rhipidura albicollis – R
 * White-browed fantail flycatcher, Rhipidura aureola – R
 * Black drongo, Dicrurus macrocercus – R
 * Ashy drongo, Dicrurus leucophaeus – R
 * White-bellied drongo, Dicrurus caerulescens – r
 * Crow-billed drongo, Dicrurus annectans – r
 * Bronzed drongo, Dicrurus aeneus – r
 * Lesser racket-tailed drongo, Dicrurus remifer – r
 * Hair-crested drongo, Dicrurus hottentottus – R
 * Andaman drongo, Dicrurus andamanensis – N R
 * Greater racket-tailed drongo, Dicrurus paradiseus – r
 * Family: Monarchidae
 * Black-naped monarch, Hypothymis azurea – r
 * Asian paradise-flycatcher, Terpsiphone paradisi – R
 * Family: Aegithinidae
 * Common iora, Aegithina tiphia – R
 * Marshall's iora, Aegithina nigrolutea – r
 * Family: Prionopidae
 * Large woodshrike, Tephrodornis gularis – r
 * Common woodshrike, Tephrodornis pondicerianus – R
 * Family: Bombycillidae
 * Bohemian waxwing, Bombycilla garrulus – V
 * Family: Cinclidae
 * White-throated dipper, Cinclus cinclus – R
 * Brown dipper, Cinclus pallasii – R
 * Family: Turdidae
 * Rufous-tailed rock thrush, Monticola saxatilis – s p
 * Blue-capped rock thrush, Monticola cinclorhynchus – R
 * Chestnut-bellied rock thrush, Monticola rufiventris – r
 * Blue rock thrush, Monticola solitarius – r W
 * Sri Lanka whistling thrush, Myophonus blighi – E R
 * Malabar whistling thrush, Myophonus horsfieldii – R
 * Blue whistling thrush, Myophonus caeruleus – R
 * Pied thrush, Zoothera wardii – s p
 * Orange-headed thrush, Zoothera citrina – R
 * Siberian thrush, Zoothera sibirica – W
 * Spot-winged thrush, Zoothera spiloptera – N r
 * Plain-backed thrush, Zoothera mollissima – r
 * Long-tailed thrush, Zoothera dixoni – r
 * Scaly thrush, Zoothera dauma – r
 * Long-billed thrush, Zoothera monticola – r
 * Dark-sided thrush, Zoothera marginata – r
 * Tickell's thrush, Turdus unicolor – R
 * Black-breasted thrush, Turdus dissimilis – W
 * White-collared blackbird, Turdus albocinctus – r
 * Grey-winged blackbird, Turdus boulboul – r
 * Eurasian blackbird, Turdus merula – r
 * Chestnut thrush, Turdus rubrocanus – r
 * Kessler's thrush, Turdus kessleri – V
 * Grey-sided thrush, Turdus feae – W
 * Eyebrowed thrush, Turdus obscurus – W
 * Dark-throated thrush, Turdus ruficollis – W
 * Dusky thrush, Turdus naumanni – W
 * Fieldfare, Turdus pilaris – V
 * Song thrush, Turdus philomelos – V
 * Mistle thrush, Turdus viscivorus – r
 * Ashy-headed laughingthrush, Garrulax cinereifrons – V r
 * White-throated laughingthrush, Garrulax albogularis – R
 * White-crested laughingthrush, Garrulax leucolophus – R
 * Lesser necklaced laughingthrush, Garrulax monileger – r
 * Greater necklaced laughingthrush, Garrulax pectoralis – r
 * Striated laughingthrush, Garrulax striatus – r
 * Rufous-necked laughingthrush, Garrulax ruficollis – r
 * Chestnut-backed laughingthrush, Garrulax nuchalis – N r
 * Yellow-throated laughingthrush, Garrulax galbanus – r
 * Wynaad laughingthrush, Garrulax delesserti – r
 * Rufous-vented laughingthrush, Garrulax gularis – r
 * Moustached laughingthrush, Garrulax cineraceus – r
 * Rufous-chinned laughingthrush, Garrulax rufogularis – r
 * Spotted laughingthrush, Garrulax ocellatus – r
 * Grey-sided laughingthrush, Garrulax caerulatus – r
 * Spot-breasted laughingthrush, Garrulax merulinus – r
 * White-browed laughingthrush, Garrulax sannio – r
 * Nilgiri laughingthrush, Garrulax cachinnans – E r
 * Grey-breasted laughingthrush, Garrulax jerdoni – N r
 * Streaked laughingthrush, Garrulax lineatus – R
 * Striped laughingthrush, Garrulax virgatus – r
 * Brown-capped laughingthrush, Garrulax austeni – r
 * Blue-winged laughingthrush, Garrulax squamatus – r
 * Scaly laughingthrush, Garrulax subunicolor – r
 * Elliot's laughingthrush, Garrulax elliotii – r
 * Variegated laughingthrush, Garrulax variegatus – r
 * Brown-cheeked laughingthrush, Garrulax henrici – r
 * Black-faced laughingthrush, Garrulax affinis – r
 * Chestnut-crowned laughingthrush, Garrulax erythrocephalus – r
 * Red-faced liocichla, Liocichla phoenicea – r
 * Bugun liocichla, Liocichla bugunorum
 * Gould's shortwing, Brachypteryx stellata – r
 * Rusty-bellied shortwing, Brachypteryx hyperythra – V r
 * White-bellied shortwing, Brachypteryx major – V r
 * Lesser shortwing, Brachypteryx leucophrys – r
 * White-browed shortwing, Brachypteryx montana – r
 * Family: Muscicapidae
 * Brown-chested jungle flycatcher, Rhinomyias brunneata – w r ?
 * Spotted flycatcher, Muscicapa striata – p
 * Dark-sided flycatcher, Muscicapa sibirica – r
 * Asian brown flycatcher, Muscicapa dauurica – r w
 * Rusty-tailed flycatcher, Muscicapa ruficauda – r
 * Brown-breasted flycatcher, Muscicapa muttui – r
 * Ferruginous flycatcher, Muscicapa ferruginea – r
 * Yellow-rumped flycatcher, Ficedula zanthopygia – V
 * Slaty-backed flycatcher, Ficedula hodgsonii – r
 * Rufous-gorgeted flycatcher, Ficedula strophiata – r
 * Red-throated flycatcher, Ficedula albicilla – W
 * Kashmir flycatcher, Ficedula subrubra – V r
 * White-gorgeted flycatcher, Ficedula monileger – r
 * Snowy-browed flycatcher, Ficedula hyperythra – r
 * Little pied flycatcher, Ficedula westermanni – r
 * Ultramarine flycatcher, Ficedula superciliaris – r
 * Slaty-blue flycatcher, Ficedula tricolor – r
 * Sapphire flycatcher, Ficedula sapphira – r
 * Black-and-orange flycatcher, Ficedula nigrorufa – N r
 * Verditer flycatcher, Eumyias thalassina – R
 * Dull-blue flycatcher, Eumyias sordida – N r
 * Nilgiri flycatcher, Eumyias albicaudata – N r
 * Large niltava, Niltava grandis – r
 * Small niltava, Niltava macgrigoriae – r
 * Rufous-bellied niltava, Niltava sundara – r
 * Vivid niltava, Niltava vivida – r
 * White-tailed flycatcher, Cyornis concretus – r
 * White-bellied blue flycatcher, Cyornis pallipes – r
 * Pale-chinned blue-flycatcher, Cyornis poliogenys – r
 * Pale blue flycatcher, Cyornis unicolor – r
 * Blue-throated flycatcher, Cyornis rubeculoides – r
 * Tickell's blue flycatcher, Cyornis tickelliae – R
 * Pygmy blue flycatcher, Muscicapella hodgsoni – r
 * Grey-headed canary flycatcher, Culicicapa ceylonensis – R
 * Nightingale, Luscinia megarhynchos – V
 * Siberian rubythroat, Luscinia calliope – W
 * White-tailed rubythroat, Luscinia pectoralis – r W
 * Bluethroat, Luscinia svecica – s W
 * Firethroat, Luscinia pectardens – N V
 * Indian blue robin, Luscinia brunnea – r
 * Siberian blue robin, Luscinia cyane – V
 * Red-flanked bluetail, Tarsiger cyanurus – r
 * Golden bush robin, Tarsiger chrysaeus – r
 * White-browed bush robin, Tarsiger indicus – r
 * Rufous-breasted bush robin, Tarsiger hyperythrus – r
 * Rufous-tailed scrub robin, Cercotrichas galactotes – p
 * Oriental magpie robin, Copsychus saularis – R
 * White-rumped shama, Copsychus malabaricus – R
 * Indian robin, Saxicoloides fulicata – R
 * Rufous-backed redstart, Phoenicurus erythronota – W
 * Blue-capped redstart, Phoenicurus coeruleocephalus – r
 * Black redstart, Phoenicurus ochruros – r W
 * Common redstart, Phoenicurus phoenicurus – P
 * Hodgson's redstart, Phoenicurus hodgsoni – W
 * White-throated redstart, Phoenicurus schisticeps – r
 * Daurian redstart, Phoenicurus auroreus – r w
 * White-winged redstart, Phoenicurus erythrogaster – r
 * Blue-fronted redstart, Phoenicurus frontalis – r
 * White-capped water redstart, Chaimarrornis leucocephalus – r
 * Plumbeous water redstart, Rhyacornis fuliginosus – r
 * White-bellied redstart, Hodgsonius phaenicuroides – r
 * White-tailed robin, Myiomela leucura – r
 * Blue-fronted robin, Cinclidium frontale – r
 * Grandala, Grandala coelicolor – r
 * Little forktail, Enicurus scouleri – r
 * Black-backed forktail, Enicurus immaculatus – r
 * Slaty-backed forktail, Enicurus schistaceus – r
 * White-crowned forktail, Enicurus leschenaulti – r
 * Spotted forktail, Enicurus maculatus – r
 * Purple cochoa, Cochoa purpurea – r
 * Green cochoa, Cochoa viridis – r
 * Stoliczka's bushchat, Saxicola macrorhyncha – V r
 * Hodgson's bushchat, Saxicola insignis – V w
 * Siberian stonechat, Saxicola maura – R
 * White-tailed stonechat, Saxicola leucura – r
 * Pied bushchat, Saxicola caprata – R
 * Jerdon's bushchat, Saxicola jerdoni – r
 * Grey bushchat, Saxicola ferrea – R
 * Hooded wheatear, Oenanthe monacha
 * Hume's wheatear, Oenanthe alboniger – r
 * Northern wheatear, Oenanthe oenanthe – P
 * Finsch's wheatear, Oenanthe finschii – r w
 * Variable wheatear, Oenanthe picata – r w
 * Pied wheatear, Oenanthe pleschanka – r w
 * Rufous-tailed wheatear, Oenanthe xanthoprymna – r w
 * Desert wheatear, Oenanthe deserti – r w
 * Isabelline wheatear, Oenanthe isabellina – r w
 * Brown rock-chat, Cercomela fusca – R
 * Family: Sturnidae
 * Asian glossy starling, Aplonis panayensis – r
 * Spot-winged starling, Saroglossa spiloptera – r
 * White-faced starling, Sturnus senex – V r
 * Chestnut-tailed starling, Sturnus malabaricus – R
 * White-headed starling, Sturnus erythropygius – r
 * Brahminy starling, Sturnus pagodarum – R
 * Purple-backed starling, Sturnus sturninus – V
 * White-shouldered starling, Sturnus sinensis – V
 * Rose-coloured starling, Sturnus roseus – W P
 * Common starling, Sturnus vulgaris – w p
 * Asian pied starling, Sturnus contra – R
 * Common myna, Acridotheres tristis – R
 * Bank myna, Acridotheres ginginianus – R
 * Jungle myna, Acridotheres fuscus – R
 * White-vented myna, Acridotheres cinereus – r
 * Collared myna, Acridotheres albocinctus – r
 * Golden-crested myna, Ampeliceps coronatus – r
 * Sri Lanka myna, Gracula ptilogenys – r N
 * Hill myna, Gracula religiosa – r
 * Family: Sittidae
 * Chestnut-vented nuthatch, Sitta nagaensis – r
 * Kashmir nuthatch, Sitta cashmirensis – r
 * Chestnut-bellied nuthatch, Sitta castanea – R
 * White-tailed nuthatch, Sitta himalayensis – r
 * White-cheeked nuthatch, Sitta leucopsis – r
 * Eastern rock nuthatch, Sitta tephronota
 * Velvet-fronted nuthatch, Sitta frontalis – R
 * Beautiful nuthatch, Sitta formosa – V r
 * Family: Tichodromidae
 * Wallcreeper, Tichodroma muraria – r w
 * Family: Certhiidae
 * Eurasian treecreeper, Certhia familiaris – R
 * Bar-tailed treecreeper, Certhia himalayana – R
 * Rusty-flanked treecreeper, Certhia nipalensis – r
 * Brown-throated treecreeper, Certhia discolor – r
 * Spotted creeper, Salpornis spilonotus – r
 * Family: Troglodytidae
 * Winter wren, Troglodytes troglodytes – r
 * Family: Paridae
 * White-crowned penduline tit, Remiz coronatus – r
 * Fire-capped tit, Cephalopyrus flammiceps – r
 * Rufous-naped tit, Parus rufonuchalis – r
 * Rufous-vented tit, Parus rubidiventris – r
 * Spot-winged tit, Parus melanolophus – r
 * Coal tit, Parus ater – r
 * Grey-crested tit, Parus dichrous – r
 * Brown crested tit
 * Great tit, Parus major – R
 * Green-backed tit, Parus monticolus – R
 * White-naped tit, Parus nuchalis – r
 * Black-lored tit, Parus xanthogenys – r
 * Yellow-cheeked tit, Parus spilonotus – r
 * Azure tit, Parus cyanus
 * Yellow-breasted tit, Parus flavipectus
 * Yellow-browed tit, Sylviparus modestus – r
 * Sultan tit, Melanochlora sultanea – r
 * Hume's ground tit, Pseudopodoces humilis – r
 * Family: Aegithalidae
 * White-cheeked tit, Aegithalos leucogenys – r
 * Black-throated tit, Aegithalos concinnus – R
 * White-throated tit, Aegithalos niveogularis – r
 * Rufous-fronted tit, Aegithalos iouschistos – r
 * Family: Hirundinidae
 * Pale martin, Riparia diluta – p r ?
 * Sand martin, Riparia riparia – r
 * Plain martin, Riparia paludicola – R
 * Crag martin, Hirundo rupestris – r
 * Rock martin, Hirundo fuligula – V
 * Dusky crag martin, Hirundo concolor – R
 * Barn swallow, Hirundo rustica – R W
 * Pacific swallow, Hirundo tahitica – r
 * Wire-tailed swallow, Hirundo smithii – R
 * Red-rumped swallow, Hirundo daurica – R W
 * Striated swallow, Hirundo striolata – r
 * Streak-throated swallow, Hirundo fluvicola – R
 * Common house martin, Delichon urbica – r w
 * Asian house martin, Delichon dasypus – r
 * Nepal house martin, Delichon nipalensis – r
 * Family: Regulidae
 * Goldcrest, Regulus regulus – r
 * Family: Pycnonotidae
 * Crested finchbill, Spizixos canifrons – r
 * Striated bulbul, Pycnonotus striatus – r
 * Grey-headed bulbul, Pycnonotus priocephalus – r
 * Black-headed bulbul, Pycnonotus atriceps – r
 * Black-crested bulbul, Pycnonotus melanicterus – R
 * Red-whiskered bulbul, Pycnonotus jocosus – R
 * White-eared bulbul, Pycnonotus leucotis – R
 * Himalayan bulbul, Pycnonotus leucogenys – R
 * Red-vented bulbul, Pycnonotus cafer – R
 * Yellow-throated bulbul, Pycnonotus xantholaemus – V r
 * Yellow-eared bulbul, Pynconotus penicillatus – V r
 * Flavescent bulbul, Pycnonotus flavescens – r
 * White-browed bulbul, Pycnonotus luteolus – r
 * White-throated bulbul, Alophoixus flaveolus – r
 * Olive bulbul, Iole virescens – r
 * Yellow-browed bulbul, Iole indica – r
 * Ashy bulbul, Hemixos flavala – r
 * Mountain bulbul, Hypsipetes mcclellandii – r
 * Black bulbul, Hypsipetes leucocephalus – R
 * Nicobar bulbul, Hypsipetes nicobariensis – V r
 * Family: Hypocoliidae
 * Grey hypocolius, Hypocolius ampelinus – W
 * Family: Cisticolidae
 * Zitting cisticola, Cisticola juncidis – R
 * Bright-headed cisticola, Cisticola exilis – r
 * Streaked scrub warbler, Scotocerca inquieta – r
 * Rufous-vented prinia, Prinia burnesii – N r
 * Striated prinia, Prinia criniger – R
 * Hill prinia, Prinia atrogularis – r
 * Grey-crowned prinia, Prinia cinereocapilla – V r
 * Rufous-fronted prinia, Prinia buchanani – R
 * Rufescent prinia, Prinia rufescens – r
 * Grey-breasted prinia, Prinia hodgsonii – R
 * Graceful prinia, Prinia gracilis – R
 * Jungle prinia, Prinia sylvatica – R
 * Yellow-bellied prinia, Prinia flaviventris – R
 * Ashy prinia, Prinia socialis – R
 * Plain prinia, Prinia inornata – R
 * Family: Zosteropidae
 * Sri Lanka white-eye, Zosterops ceylonensis – R
 * Oriental white-eye, Zosterops palpebrosus – R

title: List of birds of South Asia: part 3


text:
Inger and Lasse Sandberg

Inger and Lasse Sandberg were Swedish authors of children's books. The stories were written by Inger and illustrated by her husband Lasse. They have created many characters, including The Little Ghost Godfrey (Sw: Lilla Spöket Laban) and Little Anna and the Tall Uncle. Inger received the Nils Holgersson Plaque. They were joint recipients of Expressens Heffaklump in 1969.

Lasse Sandberg was born in Stockholm on 17 February 1924 and died in Karlstad on 11 November 2008, at the age of 84. Lasse Sandberg was also known as a talented artist and, formerly, a cartoonist and comic creator in his home country.

Inger Sandberg was born in Karlstad on 2 August 1930 and died in the same city on 16 May 2023, at the age of 92.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Inger and Lasse Sandberg


text:
Brodmann area 20

Brodmann area 20, or BA20, is part of the temporal cortex in the human brain. The region encompasses most of the ventral temporal cortex, a region believed to play a part in high-level visual processing and recognition memory.

This area is also known as inferior temporal area 20, and it refers to a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally defined temporal region of cerebral cortex. In the human it corresponds approximately to the inferior temporal gyrus. Cytoarchitecturally it is bounded medially by the ectorhinal area 36 (H), laterally by the middle temporal area 21, rostrally by the temporopolar area 38 (H) and caudally by the occipitotemporal area 37 (H) (Brodmann-1909).

Guenon
Brodmann area 20 is a subdivision of the cerebral cortex of the guenon defined on the basis of cytoarchitecture. It is cytoarchitecturally homologous to the inferior temporal area 20 of the human (Brodmann-1909). Distinctive features (Brodmann-1905): area 20 is similar to area 19 of Brodmann-1909 in the relative abundance of small cell types relative to the number of larger pyramidal cells; a very dense, wide internal granular layer (IV) composed almost exclusively of granule cells, as in area 18 of Brodmann-1909; a broad, clear internal pyramidal layer (V) with few cells; and a distinct multiform layer (VI). The major differences from areas 18 and 19 are somewhat lesser cell density; absence of a division of the external pyramidal layer (III) into sublayers 3a and 3b; layer V is more clearly distinguished from layer VI and, on average, has a greater density of pyramidal ganglion cells than in the other areas; layer VI is wider, more diffuse and has fewer cells that are concentrated in the outer part of the layer to produce a denser sublayer 6a and a less dense sublayer 6b.

title: Brodmann area 20


text:
Utricle (ear)

The utricle and saccule are the two otolith organs in the vertebrate inner ear. The word utricle comes. The utricle and saccule are part of the balancing system (membranous labyrinth) in the vestibule of the bony labyrinth (small oval chamber). They use small stones and a viscous fluid to stimulate hair cells to detect motion and orientation. The utricle detects linear accelerations and head-tilts in the horizontal plane.

Structure
The utricle is larger than the saccule and is of an oblong form, compressed transversely, and occupies the upper and back part of the vestibule, lying in contact with the recessus ellipticus and the part below it.

Macula
The macula of utricle (macula acustica utriculi) is a small (2 by 3 mm) thickening lying horizontally on the floor of the utricle where the epithelium contains vestibular hair cells that allow a person to perceive changes in latitudinal acceleration as well as the effects of gravity; it receives the utricular filaments of the acoustic nerve.

The hair cells are mechanoreceptors which have 40 to 70 stereocilia and only one true cilium called a kinocilium. The kinocilium is the only sensory aspect of the hair cell and is what causes hair cell polarization. The tips of these stereocilia and kinocilium are embedded in a gelatinous layer, which together with the statoconia form the otolithic membrane. This membrane is weighted with calcium carbonate-protein granules called otoliths. The otolithic membrane adds weight to the tops of the hair cells and increases their inertia. The addition in weight and inertia is vital to the utricle's ability to detect linear acceleration, as described below, and to determine the orientation of the head. When the head is tilted such that gravity pulls on the statoconia, the gelatinous layer is pulled in the same direction also, causing the sensory hairs to bend. Labyrinthine activity responsible for the nystagmus induced by off-vertical axis rotation arises in the otolith organs and couples to the oculomotor system through the velocity storage mechanism.

Microanatomy
The cavity of the utricle communicates behind with the semicircular ducts by five orifices.

The ductus utriculosaccularis comes off of the anterior wall of the utricle and opens into the ductus endolymphaticus.

Function
The utricle contains mechanoreceptors called hair cells that distinguish between degrees of tilting of the head, thanks to their apical stereocilia set-up. These are covered by otoliths which, due to gravity, pull on the stereocilia and tilt them. Depending on whether the tilt is in the direction of the kinocilium or not, the resulting hair cell polarisation is excitatory (depolarising) or inhibitory (hyperpolarisation), respectively. Any orientation of the head causes a combination of stimulation to the utricles and saccules of the two ears. The brain interprets head orientation by comparing these inputs to each other and to other input from the eyes and stretch receptors in the neck, thereby detecting whether only the head is tilted or the entire body is tipping. The inertia of the otolithic membranes is especially important in detecting linear acceleration. Suppose you are sitting in a car at a stoplight and then begin to move. The otolithic membrane of the macula utriculi briefly lags behind the rest of the tissues, bends the stereocilia backward, and stimulates the cells. When you stop at the next light, the macula stops but the otolithic membrane keeps going for a moment, bending the stereocilia forward. The hair cells convert this pattern of stimulation to nerve signals, and the brain is thus advised of changes in your linear velocity. This signal to the vestibular nerve (which takes it to the brainstem) does not adapt with time. The effect of this is that, for example, an individual lying down to sleep will continue to detect that they are lying down hours later when they awaken.

Unbent and at rest hairs in the macula have a base rate of depolarization of 90-100 action potentials a second. The brain suppresses this, and we ignore it and know that our body is stabilized. If the head moves or the body accelerates or decelerates, then bending occurs. Depending on the direction of bending, the hair cells will either be excited or inhibited resulting in either an increase or decrease in firing frequency of the hair cells.

The macula is also sensitive to linear acceleration as the inertia possessed by the statoconia can also shift the gelatinous layer during increases and decreases in linear velocity.

title: Utricle (ear)


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Innocent Eyes (2003 Delta Goodrem album)

Innocent Eyes is the debut studio album by Australian singer Delta Goodrem, released in Australia on 24 March 2003. It was later released in the United Kingdom on 30 June 2003. Goodrem co-wrote most of the material, excluding "Throw It Away", "Lost Without You" and "Butterfly". The album features two self-penned songs, "In My Own Time" and "Will You Fall for Me". Goodrem worked with writers and producers such as: Audius Mtawarira, Bridget Benenate, Cathy Dennis, Eliot Kennedy, Gary Barlow, Jarrad Rogers, Kara DioGuardi, Vince Pizzinga and others to create the album with a collection of piano-based pop and ballad tracks.

Five singles were released from the album. Its lead single "Born to Try" was released in November 2002 and became a massive commercial success, peaking atop the ARIA Singles Chart and the New Zealand Singles Chart, becoming Goodrem's most successful single to date. Follow-up singles "Lost Without You", "Innocent Eyes", "Not Me, Not I" and "Predictable" also all reached number one on the ARIA Singles Chart. Goodrem became the first artist to have five number-one singles from a debut album. The first three singles charted within the top 10 in the United Kingdom. To promote the album, Goodrem embarked on The Visualise Tour.

Innocent Eyes debuted at number one on the Australian Albums Chart, making it her first number-one album. Altogether it sold 4.5 million copies worldwide including 1.2 million in Australia alone. Innocent Eyes is the most successful album in Australia in 19 years. It was the highest-selling album in Australia of the decade and is the second-best-selling Australian album of all time.

She celebrated the 10 year anniversary with a special acoustic edition in 2013 called Innocent Eyes: Ten Year Anniversary Acoustic Edition and gave it its own tour in 2023 to celebrate its 20th anniversary.

Background
In September 2000, Goodrem signed to Sony Music and an album which she planned to release with independent label Empire Records was shelved. A year later, Goodrem released her debut single "I Don't Care" which peaked at number 64 on the ARIA Singles Chart.

Soon after, Goodrem began working on Innocent Eyes. She worked with a range of producers and songwriters, including the True North production and songwriting team: Gary Barlow, Eliot Kennedy (Spice Girls), Ric Wake (Celine Dion, Taylor Dayne, Jennifer Lopez, Mariah Carey), Kara DioGuardi (Kelly Clarkson, Christina Aguilera, Avril Lavigne, Hilary Duff), Matthew Gerrard (Mandy Moore, BBMak), Vince Pizzinga (Midnight Oil, Danielle Spencer), David Nicholas (INXS, Elton John, George) and Mark Holden. Innocent Eyes is a Pop, pop rock and adult contemporary album which uses mostly live instruments. Talking about the album, Goodrem said: "I wanted to make an album that reflected me at this time in my life", "Every song takes me to a place where I can remember what happened." She also said: "The album is almost like a diary I have been keeping over the last two years", "Every track has a meaning behind it that's personal to me. I have been looking forward to this day for a long time and I just hope that everyone likes the music as much as I loved making it."

Lawsuit
In 2004, Goodrem had been accused of owing thousands of dollars to songwriter Mark Holden. Holden wanted to clear up the terms of his contract with Goodrem and her record label Sony and requested all consultancy fees owed to him under the agreement.

Critical reception
Innocent Eyes received mostly positive reviews from music critics. Matthew Chisling from AllMusic described Goodrem's presence in the music industry as a "refreshing change". He also said that, "Innocent Eyes reflects a mature yet clean display of true vocal talent". Caroline Sullivan a writer for The Guardian said that "Goodrem sings her aspirational ballads with heartfelt candour, while her co-writer's credit on nearly every song seems to be more than affectation. The lyrics are a bit la-la-floating-on-clouds, but that doesn't dilute their charm".

Singles
"Born to Try" was the first song from the album released in Australia on 11 November 2002, just a few days after Goodrem's eighteenth birthday. At the time of its release, Goodrem was performing the song on the Australian soap opera Neighbours, as singer Nina Tucker. The song debuted on the Australian Singles Chart on 18 November 2002 at number three. On its second week the song jumped to number two and was accredited platinum by ARIA, by its third week the song had knocked "The Ketchup Song" by Las Ketchup off the top spot and became Goodrem's first number-one single. The song eventually went on to certify triple platinum, becoming the fourth highest-selling single in Australia for 2003. It won three ARIA Awards for Breakthrough Artist – Single, Highest Selling Single and Single of the Year. "Born to Try" also went number-one in New Zealand and Slovenia, top ten in the UK, and top twenty in Ireland and the Netherlands.

"Lost Without You" was the second song released from the album. Released to radio on 14 February 2003, it became the most added song to radio for that week. It was released as a CD single on 3 March 2003 in Australia. The song gave Goodrem her second number one single in Australia on 10 March 2003 debuting at number one. The song eventually went on to certify double platinum, becoming the seventh highest selling single in Australia for 2003. It was nominated for one ARIA Award for Highest Selling Single but lost to herself with "Born to Try". "Lost Without You" also went top ten in New Zealand, Spain and the UK, and became the first of her four Number One singles in Sweden.

On 17 April 2003 it was announced that the third song released from the album was "Innocent Eyes" which was released as a CD single on 9 June 2003. The song debuted on Australian Singles Chart the charts at number two on 16 June 2003, behind "Bring Me to Life" by Evanescence, and was accredited gold. After three weeks in the charts it moved one spot up the charts and became Goodrem's third number-one hit single in Australia. The song went to certify platinum by ARIA, becoming the eighteenth highest selling single in Australia for 2003. It was nominated for one ARIA Award for Highest Selling Single but again lost to herself with Born to Try. "Innocent Eyes" also went top ten in the UK, top twenty in New Zealand and topped the chart in Israel.

"Not Me, Not I" was the fourth song released from the album in Australia on 15 September 2003. The song's music video was directed by Michael Spiccia and was filmed in August 2003. Goodrem was determined to film the music video and to have it completed before she started her second round of chemotherapy for Hodgkin's lymphoma because she said the song is her favourite from the album. The song made its debut on the Australian Singles Chart at number two behind Dido's "White Flag". Ond on its second week it went to number-one, making it Goodrem's fourth number-one single, breaking Kylie Minogue's record of having the most songs released from an album to reach number-one. The single also made history when it topped the chart in Malta, making Goodrem the first Australian artist to have a Number One record (either album or single) in that country.

"Predictable" was the fifth song released from the album and was released as a double A-side with her version of the John Lennon Christmas song "Happy Xmas (War Is Over)". It saw the release to radio on 25 November 2003 and topped the airplay charts, and when it saw its physical release, it became her fifth number-one single.

The Visualise Tour
During the initial release and promotion of Innocent Eyes, Goodrem was unable to tour due to her cancer diagnosis in July 2003. Following a period of recovery and the release of her second studio album Mistaken Identity (2004), she began preparing her debut tour which would showcase both albums. During July 2005, Goodrem embarked on The Visualise Tour, performing a total of ten shows to an audience of 80,000 people. The set list incorporated ten songs from Innocent Eyes.

Innocent Eyes 20th Anniversary Tour
In September 2023, to celebrate the 20 year anniversary of Innocent Eyes, Goodrem embarked on a retrospective tour in theatres across Australia. She performed the album in its entirety and original sequence, in addition to a medley of songs which followed Innocent Eyes, and her 2023 single "Back to Your Heart". The tour was a sell out, with additional shows added.

Set list

 * 1) "Born to Try"
 * 2) "Innocent Eyes"
 * 3) "Not Me, Not I"
 * 4) "Not Me, Not I" (demo version)
 * 5) "Throw It Away"
 * 6) "Lost Without You"
 * 7) "Predictable"
 * 8) "Butterfly"
 * 9) "In My Own Time"
 * 10) "My Big Mistake"
 * 11) "This Is Not Me"
 * 12) "Running Away"
 * 13) "A Year Ago Today"
 * 14) "Longer"
 * 15) "Will You Fall for Me"
 * 16) "Together We Are One" (interlude)
 * 17) Medley: "Out of the Blue" / "Almost Here" / "In This Life" / "Believe Again" / "Sitting on Top of the World" / "Wings" / "Enough" / "The Power"
 * 18) "Back to Your Heart"
 * 19) "Here I Am"
 * 20) "Born to Try" (reprise)

Commercial performance
Innocent Eyes debuted at number one on the Australian ARIA Albums Charts on 31 March 2003 with sales of over 70,000 copies, accrediting platinum and knocking Norah Jones's album Come Away with Me from the top spot. The album went on to spend twenty-nine weeks at number one. This broke John Farnham's record of twenty-five weeks at number one with Whispering Jack (1986). Innocent Eyes was then tied with Neil Diamond's album Hot August Night (1972) for spending the most weeks at number one in Australian history. Its accreditation reached to fourteen times platinum. The album became the highest-selling album in Australia for 2003, spent eighty-seven weeks in the top one hundred, and won six ARIA Awards for Highest Selling Album, Best Female Artist, Breakthrough Artist – Album, Best Pop Release and Channel V's Oz Artist of the Year. In 2004 the album again won the award for Highest Selling Album. It went to sell over a million copies in Australia. In the UK, the album debuted on the charts at number two behind Beyoncé Knowles's album Dangerously in Love (2003). It spent thirty-one weeks in the top seventy-five, and became the eighteenth highest-selling album for 2003. Innocent Eyes is the second highest- selling album by an Australian female singer in the 2000s, behind Kylie Minogue's album Fever which sold over six million copies worldwide.

On 23 December 2003 it was announced that the one millionth copy of the album had been released to retail, the disc was specially marked by Sony and the buyer would receive a plaque commemorating the milestone. On 7 January 2010, Innocent Eyes was announced as Australia's top-selling album for the 2000s, for which Goodrem received a special award at the 2010 ARIA No. 1 Awards in Sydney on 22 July 2010.

B-sides
The following tracks were not released on the album, but were released on the singles.

Personnel

 * Delta Goodrem – vocals, writer, producer, piano, keyboards, concept
 * Mark Russell – production coordination
 * Mark Fields – arranger, keyboards, producer, engineer, string arrangements, bass, guitar
 * Matthew Gerrard – arranger, programming, producer, instrumentation
 * Gary Barlow – keyboards, programming, producer
 * Eliot Kennedy – producer, guitar
 * Audius Mtawarira – co-writer, producer
 * David Nicholas – producer, vocal engineer
 * Rick Wake – producer
 * Daniel Denholm – conductor, string arrangements
 * Mike Ruekberg – guitar (baritone)
 * Steve MacKay – guitar
 * Mark Punch – guitar
 * Phil Solem – guitar
 * Craig Myers – guitar
 * Jeremy Meek – bass guitar
 * Chris Cameron – string arrangements
 * Vince Pizzinga – cello arrangement
 * Ameena Maria Khawaja – cello
 * Richard Sanford – piano
 * David Falzone – piano
 * Matt Mahaffey – keyboards, noise
 * Billy Hawn – percussion
 * Dorian Crozier – drums
 * Cathy Dennis – vocals (background)
 * Ami Richardson – vocals (background)
 * Bob Cadway – engineer
 * Chong Lim – vocal engineer
 * Jim Annunziatto – assistant engineer
 * Michael Brauer – mixing
 * Greg Calbi – mastering
 * Robbie Adams – assistant
 * Sam Story – assistant
 * Blair Simmons – assistant


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Saccule

The saccule (Latin: sacculus) is a bed of sensory cells in the inner ear. The saccule is from Latin saccus 'sack'. The saccule translates head movements into neural impulses for the brain to interpret. The saccule detects linear accelerations and head tilts in the vertical plane. When the head moves vertically, the sensory cells of the saccule are disturbed and the neurons connected to them begin transmitting impulses to the brain. These impulses travel along the vestibular portion of the eighth cranial nerve to the vestibular nuclei in the brainstem.

The vestibular system is important in maintaining balance, or equilibrium. The vestibular system includes the saccule, utricle, and the three semicircular canals. The vestibule is the name of the fluid-filled, membranous duct that contains these organs of balance. The vestibule is encased in the temporal bone of the skull.

Structure
The saccule, or sacculus, is the smaller of the two vestibular sacs. It is globular in form and lies in the recessus sphæricus near the opening of the vestibular duct of the cochlea. Its cavity does not directly communicate with that of the utricle. The anterior part of the saccule exhibits an oval thickening, the macula acustica sacculi, or macula, to which are distributed the saccular filaments of the vestibular branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve, also known as the statoacoustic nerve or cranial nerve VIII.

Within the macula are hair cells, each having a hair bundle on the apical aspect. The hair bundle is composed of a single kinocilium and many (at least 70) stereocilia. Stereocilia are connected to mechanically gated ion channels in the hair cell plasma membrane via tip links. Supporting cells interdigitate between hair cells and secrete the otolithic membrane, a thick, gelatinous layer of glycoprotein. Covering the surface of the otolithic membrane are otoliths, which are crystals of calcium carbonate. For this reason, the saccule is sometimes called an "otolithic organ."

From the posterior wall of the saccule is given off a canal, the ductus endolymphaticus (endolymphatic duct). This duct is joined by the ductus utriculosaccularis, and then passes along the aquæductus vestibuli and ends in a blind pouch saccus endolymphaticus (endolymphatic sac) on the posterior surface of the petrous portion of the temporal bone, where it is in contact with the dura mater.

From the lower part of the saccule a short tube, the canalis reuniens of Hensen, passes downward and opens into the ductus cochlearis near its vestibular extremity.

Both the utricle and the saccule provide information about acceleration. The difference between them is that the utricle is more sensitive to horizontal acceleration, whereas the saccule is more sensitive to vertical acceleration.

Function
The saccule gathers sensory information to orient the body in space. It primarily gathers information about linear movement in the vertical plane, including the force due to gravity. The saccule, like the utricle, provides information to the brain about head position when it is not moving. The structures that enable the saccule to gather this vestibular information are the hair cells. The 2 by 3 mm patch of hair cells and supporting cells are called a macula. Each hair cell of a macula has 40 to 70 stereocilia and one true cilium called a kinocilium. The stereocilia are oriented by the striola, a curved ridge that runs through the middle of the macula; in the saccule they are oriented away from the striola The tips of the stereocilia and kinocilium are embedded in a gelatinous otolithic membrane. This membrane is weighted with protein-calcium carbonate granules called otoliths, which add to the weight and inertia of the membrane and enhance the sense of gravity and motion.

Not much is known of how this organ is used in other species. Research has shown, like songbirds, females in some species of fish show seasonal variation in auditory processing and the sensitivity of the saccule of females peaks during the breeding season. This is due to an increase in the density of saccular hair cells, partly resulting from reduced apoptosis. The increase the hair cells make also increase the sensitivity to male mating calls. An example of this is seen in Porichthys notatus, or plainfin midshipman fish.

Assessment
Saccular function can be assessed by the cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potential (cVEMP). This is a middle latency (P1 between 12 and 20 ms) waveform denoting inhibition of the sternocleidomastoid (SCM) muscle ipsilateral to the stimulus. While not truly a unilateral reflex (response waveforms can be detected in the SCM contralateral to the stimulus in approximately 40% of cases), cVEMPs are more unilateral than the closely related ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potential (oVEMP). The most reliable points on the cVEMP waveform are known as P1 and N1. Of all waveform characteristics, P1-N1 amplitude is the most reliable and clinically relevant. cVEMP amplitude is linearly dependent upon stimulus intensity and is most reliably elicited with a loud (generally at or above 95 dB nHL) click or tone burst. The cVEMP can also be said to be low-frequency tuned, with largest amplitudes in response to 500–750 Hz tonebursts. This myogenic potential is felt to assess saccular function, because the response is present in completely deafened ears and because it is routed through the inferior vestibular nerve, which is known to dominantly innervate the saccule. .

Role in evolution of the ear
Research suggests that in vertebrate evolution, sensory cells became specialized as gravistatic sensors after they became assembled to form the ear. After this aggregation, growth, including duplication and segregation of existing neurosensory epithelia, gave rise to new epithelia and can be appreciated by comparing sensory epithelia from the inner ears of different vertebrates and their innervation by different neuronal populations. Novel directions of differentiation were apparently further expanded by incorporating unique molecular modules in newly developed sensory epithelia. For example, the saccule gave rise to the auditory epithelium and corresponding neuronal population of tetrapods, starting possibly in an aquatic environment.

title: Saccule


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Tales from the Darkside

Tales from the Darkside is an American anthology horror television series created by George A. Romero. A pilot episode was first broadcast on October 29, 1983. The series was picked up for syndication, and the first season premiered on September 30, 1984. The show would run for a total of four seasons.

Each episode is a self-contained story, which often ends with a plot twist. The series spans various genres of speculative fiction, including science fiction and fantasy in addition to horror, and many episodes have darkly comic elements.

Production
The movie Creepshow was released in 1982. It was based on the EC horror comic books of the 1950s, such as Tales from the Crypt and The Vault of Horror. In light of the film’s moderate success, its producer, Laurel Entertainment, decided to explore the potential for a television series based on the feature. However, Warner Bros. had the rights to some elements of Creepshow. Laurel chose to move forward with a series that omitted aspects of the movie that were owned by Warner Bros. The result was Tales from the Darkside, which explored the same themes as Creepshow, but discarded the framing device and other elements that were based directly on the comics.

Some episodes were adapted from the works of well-known authors, or written by the authors themselves. Stories or teleplays by Frederik Pohl, Harlan Ellison, Clive Barker, Michael Bishop, Robert Bloch, John Cheever, Michael McDowell, and Fredric Brown were used over the course of the series. Two episodes, "Word Processor of the Gods" and "Sorry, Right Number", were based on short stories by Stephen King. The latter was adapted for television by King himself.

Opening and closing sequences
In the vein of previous anthology series The Twilight Zone and The Outer Limits, each episode opens with a montage and an unseen narrator. Several bucolic scenes are shown, morphing to a black-and-white negative image as the series title appears.

"Man lives in the sunlit world of what he believes to be reality. But... there is, unseen by most, an underworld... a place that is just as real, but not as brightly lit. A darkside."

The closing credits are displayed against the final, negative image of the opening.

"The darkside is always there, waiting for us to enter, waiting to enter us. Until next time, try to enjoy the daylight."

The narration is performed by Paul Sparer, and was written by Romero. The opening and closing themes are performed by Donald Rubinstein, who co-wrote the music with Erica Lindsay.

Broadcast
In its initial run, LBS Communications distributed Tales from the Darkside in barter syndication. Distribution rights later passed to Worldvision Enterprises after Aaron Spelling Productions acquired Worldvision Enterprises and Laurel Productions in 1989 and are currently held by CBS Media Ventures.

Home video
The series was released on VHS with the episodes' original music. Later DVD releases altered or omitted some of this music.

Paramount Home Entertainment, through CBS Home Entertainment (sister company to Spelling Television, the successor to Laurel), released the series on DVD, beginning on February 10, 2009. The company rereleased the complete series on Region 1 DVD in 2018. Revelation Films released the entire series in Region 2.

An audio commentary by Executive Producer George A. Romero on the pilot episode, "Trick or Treat", as well as two unaired eplsodes, "Akhbar's Daughter" and "Attic Suite", are cited on the cover of the DVD.

Subsequent series and movie
Tales from the Darkside executive producer Richard P. Rubinstein and his company Laurel would go on to make the horror anthology series Monsters, which premiered in 1988 and ran for three seasons, as well as Tales from the Darkside: The Movie, which was released theatrically in 1990. A sequel to the film was announced, but never made.

In November 2013, it was reported that Joe Hill, Alex Kurtzman, and Roberto Orci were developing a reboot of the series for The CW, with CBS Television Studios. In 2014, Hill said that he would serve as creative director, and guide the show. Added Hill, "Darkside is a loose reboot ... It tells stories about different characters. It also tells an ongoing story. I love the original Tales From The Darkside, The Outer Limits, and The Twilight Zone, but I think in a post-X-Files world there's really no room for a straight anthology show. There has to be more. I like stories that work like puzzle boxes, every episode is turning another facet. We have something a little like that in Darkside ... every episode is a different story but three or four episodes in, you're going, 'Wait a minute, these parts actually all go together, don't they?'"

In February 2014, The CW gave the reboot a pilot order. Shooting began on March 19 and wrapped on April 4. The CW did not pick up the series, however. It then was offered to other networks unsuccessfully.

In other media
The book Tales from the Darkside: Volume One, published in 1988, consisted of stories and episode novelizations.

Scripts written by Hill for the proposed reboot were adapted into a four-issue comic book series published in June 2016, followed by a collection of scripts in book form in October 2016. Both the comics and the book were released by IDW Publishing.

title: Tales from the Darkside


text:
Angel City

Angel City may refer to:

Music

 * Angel City (electronic music group), dance project of Zentveld & Oomen
 * Angel City, alternative name of Australian band The Angels
 * Angel City (album), a 2012 album by Roscoe Mitchell
 * "Angel City", a song from the 1991 Motörhead album 1916
 * Angel City Outcasts, punk rock group
 * Angel City Chorale, choir in Los Angeles

Places

 * Angel City, Florida, location in the US
 * Angel City, Texas, an unincorporated community
 * Angel City, California, a fictional city in which the computer and video games Juiced and Juiced: Eliminator are set
 * Angels Camp, California, called "Angel City" on some archaic maps
 * Los Angeles, California, referred to as the "City of Angels" or occasionally "Angel City"

Roller Derby

 * Angel City Derby, Los Angeles-based roller derby league

Soccer

 * Angel City FC, Los Angeles-based women's soccer team in the National Women's Soccer League (NWSL)
 * Angel City Brigade, LA Galaxy support group

Theatre, film and television

 * Angel City (play), a 1976 play by Sam Shepard
 * Angel City (miniseries), an American documentary miniseries
 * Angel City (1977 film), a film featuring Robert Glaudini
 * Angel City (1980 film), a television film directed by Philip Leacock and Steve Carver

title: Angel City


text:
D-Flame

Daniel Kretschmer (born 19 September 1971), better known by his stage-name D-Flame, is a German hip hop and reggae musician. He was also previously part of the hip hop formation Asiatic Warriors.

Albums

 * 2000 - Basstard
 * 2002 - Daniel X – eine schwarze deutsche Geschichte ("Daniel X – A Black German Story")
 * 2003 - Unaufhaltsam ("Unstoppable")
 * 2006 - F.F.M. (Flame F.M.)
 * 2008 - ...Stress

Singles

 * 1999 - "Heisser" ("Hotter")
 * 2000 - "Sorry" (feat. Eißfeldt)
 * 2001 - "Sie macht mich glücklich" ("She makes me happy")
 * 2002 - "Mehr als Musik" ("More than just music" feat. Tone)
 * 2002 - "Heimatlos" ("Homeless")
 * 2002 - "Stopp"
 * 2003 - "Kopf hoch" ("Chin up")
 * 2003 - "Du kennst mich nicht" ("You don't know me")
 * 2006 - "Burnin' Nonstop" (feat. Wayne Marshall)
 * 2007 - "Mom Song"

title: D-Flame


text:
Annemarie Schimmel

Annemarie Schimmel (7 April 1922 – 26 January 2003) was an influential German Orientalist and scholar who wrote extensively on Islam, especially Sufism. She was a professor at Harvard University from 1967 to 1992.

Early life and education
Schimmel was born to Protestant and highly cultured middle-class parents in Erfurt, Germany. Her father Paul was a postal worker and her mother Anna belonged to a family with connections to seafaring and international trade. Schimmel remembered her father as "a wonderful playmate, full of fun," and she recalled that her mother made her feel that she was the child of her dreams. She also remembered her childhood home as being full of poetry and literature, though her family was not an academic one.

Having finished high school at age 15, she worked voluntarily for half a year in the Reichsarbeitsdienst (Reich Labor Service). She then began studying at the University of Berlin in 1939, at the age of 17, during the Third Reich (1933–1945), the period of Nazi domination in Europe. At the university, she was deeply influenced by her teacher Hans Heinrich Schaeder, who suggested that she study the Divan of Shams Tabrisi, one of the major works of Jalaluddin Rumi. In November 1941 she received a doctorate with the thesis Die Stellung des Kalifen und der Qadis im spätmittelalterlichen Ägypten (The Position of the Caliph and the Qadi in Late Medieval Egypt). She was then only 19 years old and her thesis was awarded magna cum laude. Not long after, she was drafted by the Auswärtiges Amt (German Foreign Office), where she worked for the next few years while continuing her scholarly studies in her free time. After the end of World War II in Europe, in May 1945, she was detained for several months by U.S. authorities for investigation of her activities as a German foreign service worker, but she was cleared of any suspicion of collaboration with the Nazis. In 1946, at the age of 23, she became a professor of Arabic and Islamic studies at the University of Marburg, Germany. She was married briefly in the 1950s, but domestic life did not suit her, and she soon returned to her scholarly studies. She earned a second doctorate at Marburg in the history of religions (Religionswissenschaft) in 1954.

In Turkey (Ankara University, 1954–1967)
A turning point in Schimmel's life came in 1954 when she was appointed professor of the history of religion at Ankara University. She spent five years in the capital city of Turkey teaching in Turkish and immersing herself in the culture and mystical tradition of the country. She was the first woman and the first non-Muslim to teach theology at the university.

Harvard University (1967–1992)
In 1967 she inaugurated the Indo-Muslim studies program at Harvard University and remained on the faculty there for the next twenty-five years. While living in quarters on the Harvard campus, Schimmel often visited New York City, where, as a consultant at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, she was famed for her ability to date manuscripts and objects from the style of calligraphy in or on them. Her memory of calligraphic styles was almost photographic.

During the 1980s, she served on the editorial board of the Encyclopedia of Religion, published in 16 volumes (Macmillan, 1988) under the aegis of Mircea Eliade.

In 1992, upon her retirement from Harvard, she was named Professor Emerita of Indo-Muslim Culture. During this period, she was also an honorary professor at the University of Bonn.

Back in Germany (1992–2003)
After leaving Harvard, she returned to Germany, where she lived in Bonn until her death in 2003.

Religion
She was often asked by both Muslims and non-Muslims alike whether she was a Muslim or not. In such cases, she preferred to give an evasive answer, saying, for example, that only those who are not sure whether they are good Muslims or not can really be good Muslims.

Languages, interests and expertise
She was multilingual—besides German, English, and Turkish, she spoke Arabic, Persian, Urdu, and Punjabi—and her interests ranged across the Muslim landscape. She published more than fifty books and hundreds of articles on Islamic literature, mysticism, and culture, and she translated Persian, Urdu, Arabic, Sindhi, and Turkish poetry and literature into English and German. Her particular fondness for cats led her to write a book about their role in Islamic literature, and her interest in mysticism resulted in a book about numerical symbolism in various cultures. Her consuming passion, however, was Sufism, the mystical branch of Islam. Even prominent Sufis acknowledged her as one of the foremost experts on their history and tradition.

Schimmel was the cofounder of Fikrun wa Fann, a multilingual cultural magazine.

Awards and honors
For her works on Islam, Sufism, and Muhammad Iqbal, a prominent philosopher and national poet of Pakistan, the government of Pakistan honored Schimmel with its highest civil awards,
 * Sitara-e-Imtiaz, or Star of Excellence, by Government of Pakistan
 * Hilal-e-Imtiaz, or Crescent of Excellence, by Government of Pakistan

She was given other awards from many countries of the world, including the 1995 prestigious Peace Prize of the German Book Trade. This award caused a controversy in Germany, as she had defended the outrage of the Islamic world against Salman Rushdie, author of The Satanic Verses (1988), a novel, in a television interview. Schimmel's award speech is available online in translation, entitled "A Good Word Is Like a Good Tree."

Among other awards and honors are the following.
 * 1965 Friedrich Rückert Prize of the City of Schweinfurt, Germany
 * 1978 Foreign member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
 * 1980 Johann Heinrich Voss Prize for Translation from the German Academy for Language and Literature
 * 1989 Grand Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
 * 1990 Golden Owl award of the German Socratic Society, for outstanding scholarship
 * 1992 Dr. Leopold Lucas Prize of the University of Tübingen
 * 25 October 1996, Order of Merit of the Republic of Turkey
 * 1996 Egyptian Order of Merit for Art and Science, First Class
 * 1997 Honorary membership in the Central Council of Muslims in Germany
 * 2001 Reuchlin Prize of the City of Pforzheim, Germany, for outstanding contributions in the humanities
 * 2002 Do'stlik Order of the Republic of Uzbekistan, for the promotion of friendship and mutual understanding between nations
 * 2002 Muhammad Nafi Tschelebi Peace Prize of the Central Islamic Archive Institute of Germany, Soen, a prestigious award for Jewish-Christian-Muslim dialogue
 * 2005 Name engraved in the "Walk of Fame" street in the City of Bonn

Schimmel also received honorary degrees from three Pakistani universities (Sind, Quaid-i-Azam, and Peshawar), from the Faculty of Theology at Uppsala University, Sweden (1986), and from Selçuk University in Turkey.

Selected works

 * Mohammad Iqbal, Poet and Philosopher: A Collection of Translations, Essays, and Other Articles. Karachi: Pakistan-German Forum, 1960.
 * Islamic Calligraphy. Evanston, Ill.: Adler's Foreign Books, 1970.
 * Islamic Literatures of India. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 1973. ISBN 3-447-01509-8.
 * Mystical Dimensions of Islam (512 pages). Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1975. ISBN 0-8078-1271-4.
 * Classical Urdu Literature: From the Beginning to Iqbal. A History of Indian Literature, v. 8. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 1975. ISBN 3-447-01671-X.
 * Pain and Grace: A Study of Two Mystical Writers of Eighteenth-Century Muslim India. Leiden: Brill, 1976. ISBN 90-04-04771-9.
 * A Dance of Sparks: Imagery of Fire in Ghalib's Poetry. New Delhi: Ghalib Academy, 1979.
 * We Believe in One God: The Experience of God in Christianity and Islam, edited by Annemarie Schimmel and Abdoldjavad Falaturi; translated by Gerald Blaczszak and Annemarie Schimmel. London: Burns & Oates, 1979.
 * The Triumphal Sun: A Study of the Works of Jalaloddinn Rumi. London: East-West Publications, 1980.
 * As Through a Veil: Mystical Poetry in Islam (376 pages). New York: Columbia University Press, 1982. ISBN 978-1-85168-274-4.
 * Das Mysterium der Zahl (310 pages). Munich: Eugen Diederichs Verlag, 1983. English edition, The Mystery of Numbers (314 pages). New York: Oxford University Press, 1993. ISBN 0-19-508919-7.
 * And Muhammad Is His Messenger: The Veneration of the Prophet in Islamic Piety (367 pages). Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1985. ISBN 0-8078-4128-5.
 * Gabriel's Wing: Study into the Religious Ideas of Sir Muhammad Iqbal. Karachi: Iqbal Academy, 1989. ISBN 969-416-012-X.
 * Calligraphy and Islamic Culture. New York University Press, 1990. ISBN 0-8147-7896-8.
 * Islamic Names: An Introduction (134 pages). Edinburgh University Press, 1990. ISBN 0-85224-612-9.
 * Islam: An Introduction (166 pages). Albany: State University of New York Press, 1992. ISBN 0-7914-1327-6.
 * A Two-Colored Brocade: The Imagery of Persian Poetry. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1992. ISBN 0-8078-2050-4.
 * Deciphering the Signs of God: A Phenomenological Approach to Islam (314 pages). The 1991–1992 Gifford Lectures. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1994. ISBN 0-7914-1982-7.
 * Nightingales under the Snow: Poems. London and New York : Khaniqahi Nimatullahi Publications, 1994. ISBN 0-933546-54-8.
 * Anvari's Divan: A Pocket Book for Akbar. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1994.
 * Introduction to Cats of Cairo: Egypt's Enduring Legacy, with photographs by Lorraine Chittock. New York: Abbeville Press, 1995. Reissued as Cairo Cats: Egypt's Enduring Legacy (96 pages). American University in Cairo Press, 2005. ISBN 977-17-2431-2.
 * Meine Seele ist eine Frau. Munich: Kosel Verlag, 1995. English translation: My Soul Is a Woman: The Feminine in Islam (192 pages). New York and London: Continuum, 1997. ISBN 978-0-8264-1444-1.
 * Look! This Is Love. Boston: Shambhala Centaur Editions, 1996. ISBN 1-57062-224-8.
 * I Am Wind, You Are Fire: The Life and Work of Rumi. Boston: Shambhala Publications, 1997. Reissued as Rumi's World : The Life and Works of the Great Sufi Poet. Boston: Shambhala Publications, 2001. ISBN 0-87773-611-1.
 * Im Reich der Grossmoguls: Geschichte, Kunst, Kultur. Munich: Verlag C.H. Beck, 2000. English translation: The Empire of the Great Mughals: History, Art, and Culture (352 pages). London: Reaktion Books, 2004. ISBN 1-86189-251-9.
 * Make a Shield from Wisdom: Selected Verses from Nasir-I Khusraw's Divan (112 pages), translated and introduced by Annemarie Schimmel. London: I.B. Tauris, in association with the International Institute of Ismaili Studies, 2001. ISBN 1-86064-725-1.
 * Islam and the Wonders of Creation: The Animal Kingdom. London: Al-Furqan Islamic Heritage Foundation 2003. ISBN 978-1-873992-81-4.

title: Annemarie Schimmel


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Fairmont Copley Plaza

The Fairmont Copley Plaza is a Forbes four-star, AAA four-diamond hotel in downtown Boston, Massachusetts managed by Fairmont Hotels and Resorts. It stands on Copley Square, part of an architectural ensemble that includes the John Hancock Tower, Henry Hobson Richardson's Trinity Church, and Charles Follen McKim's Boston Public Library.

The Fairmont Copley Plaza is recognized as one of the Historic Hotels of America, a program of the National Trust for Historic Preservation. It is currently under consideration for local landmark status with the Boston Landmarks Commission.

Construction and opening
The Copley Plaza was built on the original site of the Museum of Fine Arts and named in honor of John Singleton Copley, an American painter. The total cost was $5.5 million.

The hotel's architect was Henry Janeway Hardenbergh, who also designed other hotels, including the Willard Hotel in Washington, D.C. and the Plaza Hotel in New York City, the Copley Plaza's sister hotel. The seven-floor hotel is constructed of limestone and buff brick in the Beaux-Arts style. The E-shaped building is supported by pilings driven to a depth of 70 ft below the street level.

When it opened in 1912, Boston Mayor John F. Fitzgerald presided over a reception with over a thousand guests. Rooms had been booked as early as 16 months in advance. Its first manager, who also lived at the hotel, served for 22 years and he and the hotel were so prominent as to merit an obituary in the New York Times. It became for some years the site of the annual Harvard-Yale dance and other post-football dances, denounced by the authorities of local women's colleges who forbade their students from attending: "These dances have nothing to do with the colleges in question, but have merely a financial interest in them. There is not doubt that they are of an extremely questionable nature owing to the fact that they are entirely opened to the public."

The hotel marked its centennial with another ribbon cutting ceremony by Boston Mayor Thomas Menino on August 16, 2012.

Ownership
Sheraton Hotels bought The Copley Plaza in 1941. They renamed it the Sheraton-Plaza Hotel in 1951 and operated it under that name until 1972, when they sold it to John Hancock Insurance for $6.5 million. The new owners renamed the hotel The Copley Plaza, but Sheraton continued to operate the property until 1974, when John Hancock hired Boston hospitality management firm Hotels of Distinction's Alan Tremain to run The Copley Plaza. During this time, the restaurants in the hotel were considered some of the best in the city and featured such chefs as Lydia Shire, Jasper White, and Gordon Hamersley.

John Hancock sold the hotel in 1988 for $56 million to local businessman James A. Daley, in partnership with a subsidiary of Harvard University. In 1993, Harvard brought in Wyndham Hotels & Resorts to manage The Copley Plaza and it became The Copley Plaza - A Wyndham Hotel.

In September 1996, Saudi Prince Al Waleed bin Talal Al Saud and Olympus Real Estate Corporation partnered to buy the hotel from Harvard for $70 million. Fairmont Hotels, which Prince Al Waleed then owned a controlling interest in, assumed management of the hotel, which was renamed The Fairmont Copley Plaza Boston.

On September 21, 1999, Prince Al Waleed bought out Olympus's share of the hotel, assuming 100% ownership. Between 1999 and 2001, Fairmont Hotels was significantly reorganized, with Prince Al Waleed only owning a 16.5% stake in the resulting company. On July 24, 2001, Fairmont Hotels bought a 50% stake in the hotel from Prince Al Waleed for $23 million. On February 11, 2003, Fairmont bought out Prince Al Waleed's remaining 50% stake in the hotel for a further $23 million. By this point, Prince Al Waleed's direct stake in Fairmont had decreased to 4.9%.

Fairmont sold the hotel to FelCor Lodging Trust Inc. in September 2010 for $98.5 million. This was part of Fairmont's movement away from direct real estate ownership, but Fairmont continued to manage the hotel. FelCor was sold to RLJ Lodging Trust in April 2017, and RLJ sold the hotel in December 2017 to Ashkenazy Acquisition Corp. for $170 million. The hotel has more recently been branded simply as Fairmont Copley Plaza.

Features
The entrance hallway has been called "Peacock Alley" since the 1920s. The 5000 sqft lobby has a 21 ft high gilded coffered ceiling with matching Empire style crystal chandeliers and Italian marble columns. Much of the classical architecture and decor has been preserved, including the back-to-back "P" monogram.

The hotel is known for these industry firsts: the first hotel completely air-conditioned in Boston, the first hotel with an international reservations system, and the first to accept credit cards.

Historical events
From its opening, the hotel was a center of the social life of Boston's elite. In 1913, Hamilton Fish, Jr., held a "Lenten dance" where "society leaders ... from New York, Philadelphia, Chicago, Washington and Boston greeted the coming of daylight this morning at the Copley Plaza Hotel".

In the 1920s, John Singer Sargent kept rooms at the hotel and painted portraits there. Sargent used one of the hotel's employees, a black elevator operator named Thomas McKeller, as the model for the Greek god Apollo in his decoration of Boston's Museum of Fine Arts.

Frederick Kerry, paternal grandfather of US Senator John Kerry, committed suicide with a gunshot to the head in the restroom of this hotel on November 23, 1921.

In the 1930s, the Boston Horse Show awarded The Copley-Plaza Challenge Trophy.

In February 1935, civic leaders held a dinner for Babe Ruth at The Copley Plaza to celebrate his return to Boston after 16 years with the New York Yankees.

On August 3, 1940, back-up catcher for the Cincinnati Reds, Willard Hershberger, despondent over a series of losses in which he performed poorly, took his own life in the bathroom of his Hotel room at the Copley Plaza. He was discovered laying beside the tub with his throat slit. He was only 30 years old. His father had also committed suicide and he told Reds Manager, Bill McKechnie that he was going to "do it, too ..."

On March 29, 1979, a disgruntled former employee set multiple fires in both The Copley Plaza and the nearby Sheraton Boston hotels. The fire at the Copley Plaza, which was occupied by 430 people at the time, injured thirty and killed one. Among those injured was media mogul Sumner Redstone, who survived by hanging from a third-story window. His hand was partially paralyzed from the fire. Film director Rob Cohen was also rescued from the fire, which partly inspired his 1996 film Daylight.

Celebrity guests
The Copley Plaza Hotel has been host to many famous people. Every US President since William Howard Taft, and royalty from Greece, Thailand, Abyssinia, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Belgium, Denmark, and the United Kingdom have visited the hotel. Celebrities including John Lennon, Tony Bennett, Lena Horne, Frank Sinatra, and Luciano Pavarotti have also been guests. Elizabeth Taylor and Richard Burton chose the Copley Plaza for their second honeymoon.

In popular culture
The climax of Robert B. Parker's 1973 Spenser novel The Godwulf Manuscript takes place in Room 411 of the hotel.

The hotel provides the setting of a few scenes in the 1999 cult classic film The Boondock Saints.

Other movies and TV shows filmed at the property include The Equalizer 2, The Firm, Bride Wars, and American Hustle.

The fictional Tipton Hotel from the Disney Channel Sitcom, The Suite Life of Zack & Cody shares the same address as the real hotel, 138 St. James Avenue. This, along with the Hotel Vancouver would serve as the inspiration for the Tipton.

title: Fairmont Copley Plaza


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Sten Forshufvud

Sten Gabriel Bernhard Forshufvud (9 February 1903 – 25 June 1985) was a Swedish dentist and physician, and amateur toxicologist (expert on poisons) who formulated and supported the controversial theory that Napoleon was assassinated by a member of his entourage while in exile. He wrote a book, in Swedish, about this in 1961, which was translated the following year as Who Killed Napoleon? He later published his ideas in English in the 1983 book Assassination At St. Helena: The Poisoning Of Napoleon Bonaparte, written in collaboration with Ben Weider, co-author (with David Hapgood) of the 1982 book The Murder Of Napoleon, which also advanced Forshufvud's theories.

Early life
Forshufvud was born in Ramsele, Sweden and was the son of district medical officer Oscar Bengtsson and Eva Melin. He passed his studentexamen in Uddevalla in 1921 and passed his dental exam in 1924 and was active as a dental surgeon at the University of Bordeaux in 1934. Once back to Sweden, he carried on his studies in Biology at Lund University, where he conducted the research for his Ph.D. thesis in Medicine; this he published in 1941. Forshufvud received his doctor of odontology degree in 1949.

Experimentation
Forshufvud tested five of Napoleon's hairs with Ben Weider for traces of arsenic. They found fluctuations of arsenic levels ranging from normal to 38 times greater than average. This would purportedly suggest that Napoleon was given arsenic in different concentrations at different times for almost five years prior to his death.

Controversy
Forshufvud's findings have been disputed since the hairs that were tested have never been decisively dated, or even proven to be Napoleon's. However, all of the hair samples that Forshufvud had tested by an independent laboratory were family heirlooms that were handed down through generations. Plus all the samples were very similar. These hair samples were supposedly given to members of Napoleon's staff and others he favored. Several samples of these hairs did not pass through Forshufvud's hands and were sent directly to the testing laboratory in Scotland. All supported Forshufvud's theory.

Postulations
Forshufvud and Weider suggested that their theory that Napoleon was assassinated by a Frenchman who served on Napoleon's staff during his exile (their most likely suspect being Montholon) was repugnant to the French people, who now honor Napoleon as one of France's great heroes. As a result, they understood that their "proof of poisoning" would always be questioned or ridiculed by those serving France.

Personal life and death
In his first marriage, in 1925, he married Karin Thorsell. In his second marriage, in 1950, he married Ulla-Britta Björkman (born 1925), the daughter of merchant Picco Björkman and Elsa Carlstedt. He was the father of Gull (born 1926), Ragnar (born 1931), Lennart (born 1951), Roland (born 1954) and Rickard (born 1957). Forshufvud died on 25 June 1985 in Gothenburg, Sweden. He is buried at Stampen Cemetery in Gothenburg.

title: Sten Forshufvud


text: User talk:203.116.61.131

title: User talk:203.116.61.131


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Quonset Point

Quonset Point, also known simply as Quonset, is a small peninsula in Narragansett Bay in the town of North Kingstown, Rhode Island. Its name is widely known from the Quonset hut, which was first manufactured there. Quonset is an Algonquian word meaning "small, long place".

Quonset Point was the location of Naval Air Station Quonset Point, a large United States Navy base. The peninsula is now used for industrial purposes and is partially abandoned. A major industry located there is a hull-fabrication and outfitting facility for Electric Boat Corporation. It was also home to Camp Endicott, home to the Atlantic fleet Seabees.

Quonset Point is currently home to Quonset State Airport which is a joint civil-military public airport home to the Quonset Point Air National Guard Station and the 143d Airlift Wing (143 AW) of the Rhode Island Air National Guard, flying the C-130J Hercules.

Rhode Island Route 403 is a freeway branching from Rhode Island Route 4 that serves the area. Quonset is also served by a railroad spur from Amtrak's Northeast Corridor. The Providence and Worcester Railroad provides freight service along this stretch of the Corridor.

Port of Davisville
In 2009, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) decided that the Port would be home to NOAAS Okeanos Explorer, a one-of-a-kind research vessel devoted entirely to exploring unknown parts of the world's oceans. It is a former United States Navy surveillance ship acquired by the NOAA and converted into a deep-sea research vessel.

Transportation
Quonset Point can be reached by air and sea, as well as by road.

Ferry service to and from Oak Bluffs, Martha's Vineyard is provided by Rhode Island Fast Ferry, and the port of Davisville offers berths for commercial shipping. The Quonset Airport is a general aviation facility with a 7500 ft runway and a staffed control tower. Interstate 95 is nearby, and Rhode Island Public Transit Authority (RIPTA) buses also serve Quonset Point.

Ferry dock
The ferry dock at Quonset Point is the main terminal for the Martha's Vineyard Fast Ferry's high-speed ferry Millennium to Oak Bluffs, Massachusetts. A shuttle bus leaves every hour before the ferry departs; and after the ferry arrives, a bus travels to the Providence Airport (T. F. Green State Airport) and the Kingston Amtrak train station.

Seabee Museum
Seabee Museum and Memorial Park in North Kingstown, Rhode Island is a museum dedicated to the men and women who served in the Battalion. It aims to highlight the deeds of the United States Naval Construction Battalions during both times of war and peace.

Air show
The Rhode Island Air Show is held annually by the Rhode Island National Guard and is perhaps the most well-known event to take place on Quonset Point. The event began in 1991 as a relatively minor aviation exhibition but grew in attendance each year, with the USAF Thunderbirds performing every even year and the USN Blue Angels performing every odd year. The Rhode Island National Guard also displayed their locally based C-130J Hercules aircraft and UH-60 Blackhawk helicopters in combined forces demos. Military aircraft demonstrations that have been featured in the past have included the F-22 Raptor (2007, 2009 and 2014), F-16 Fighting Falcon (2003, 2009, 2011), A-10 Thunderbolt II (2006, 2010), F-15E Strike Eagle (2007, 2008), EA-6B Prowler (2012), F/A-18C Hornet (2006, 2008, 2010), F/A-18F Super Hornet (2007) and AV-8B Harrier (2008) while civilian performers have included Sean D. Tucker, John Klatt, and Michael Goulian as well as the GEICO Skytypers. Attendance in 2011 was so high that the show was sold out after parking locations filled up. The 2012 show yielded a similar audience, and each previous year had a normal attendance of over 200,000. However, in 2013 the show was officially canceled due to federal budget cuts, this caused all USAF units to cut aviation support to public events and the grounding of both the USN Blue Angels and USAF Thunderbirds, show organizers considered continuing the event as an all-civilian air show featuring aerobatic acts with the GEICO Skytypers being the headlining act however the National Guard stated that a show that exclusively featured civilian performers could not take place at a military installation, no such event took place in 2013.

In October 2013, internet rumors have surfaced about a possible 2014 show and how the Air National Guard was rounding up sponsors and performers for the event to return in 2014 with at least one major returning jet team to be featured, the USN Blue Angels which were supposed to headline in 2013 had already released their 2014 schedule which did not include Quonset while the USAF Thunderbirds which had headlined at the last show in 2012 had not yet released their schedule and a spokesperson for the team said that plans for the 2014 season were still underway.

In early December 2013, the Thunderbirds released their 2014 schedule which also did not include Quonset however show organizers are still planning to hold a conference regarding the event later in December. Without involvement by the Blue Angels or Thunderbirds it is still unlikely that a show will take place at Quonset.

To the shock of air show fans, on January 4, 2014, the Rhode Island Air National Guard Open House and Air Show was announced to take place on that year after a two-year hiatus in between. The show was scheduled for May 17–18, 2014, the Blue Angels headlining for the first time since 2011, The team made slight modifications to its schedule in late December following the abrupt cancellation of the MCAS Cherry Point Air Show, which was to take place the same weekend. Although the Cherry Point Air Show has since terminated its cancellation and will take place, the Blue Angels had already changed their schedule in order to appear at Quonset.

Other events
Former United States President Richard Nixon served in the United States Navy from 1942 to 1946, rising from Lieutenant Junior Grade to Lieutenant Commander. He underwent basic training at Quonset Point in 1942 where he met William P. Rogers, later his first Secretary of State.

During the 1950s, Quonset Point was home port for the aircraft carriers, USS Antietam (CV-36), USS Tarawa (CVS-40), and USS Leyte (CV-32). During the 1960s and early 1970s, four aircraft carriers used Quonset Point as their home port. The carriers were USS Lake Champlain (CV-39), USS Essex (CVS-9), USS Wasp (CVS-18), and USS Intrepid (CVS-11).

title: Quonset Point


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Century City (disambiguation)

Century City is a neighborhood in Los Angeles, California, United States.

Century City may also refer to:

Places

 * Century City (building), a former design for what is now 100 St Georges Terrace in Perth, Western Australia
 * Century City, Cape Town, South Africa
 * Century City, Makati, Philippines
 * Century City Mall
 * Qianjiang Century City, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
 * Century City station (disambiguation)

Arts and entertainment

 * Century City (TV series), an American science fiction-legal drama
 * "Century City", a song by Tom Petty & the Heartbreakers from the 1979 album Damn the Torpedoes

title: Century City (disambiguation)


text:
Talk:Century City (disambiguation)

Check the site for Century City, Los Angeles, California. There are a couple of pages linking there already. It's within the scheme at Los_Angeles. It's a neighborhood within the City of Los Angeles, California. Mackerm 09:44, 18 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Fair enough. You were right. Fixed.  Thanks for pointing that out. Moncrief 09:52, Mar 18, 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Century City (disambiguation)


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South Wairarapa District

The South Wairarapa District is a district at the south-east tip of the North Island of New Zealand, governed by the South Wairarapa District Council. The district comprises the southernmost part of the Wairarapa, and is part of the Wellington Region.

Features
The district comprises the floodplain of the Ruamahanga River and the associated Lake Wairarapa, as well as the long southern stretch of Palliser Bay. To the west of the plains rise the eastern slopes of the Remutaka Range, the crest of which forms the western boundary of the district, while the Aorangi Range lies to the south-east. The southernmost point of the North Island, Cape Palliser, is in the South Wairarapa.

While it is predominantly rural, the South Wairarapa has three towns. The two largest towns, almost identical in population, are Greytown and Featherston. Greytown is where Arbor Day was first celebrated in New Zealand. The Fell Locomotive Museum in Featherston has a museum displaying the world's only Fell locomotive. The third-largest town and the seat of the district council is Martinborough; it is the centre of a nationally important wine-producing area.

It is expected that the number of people living in the district's urban areas will increase due to rising property prices in Wellington proper, and the proximity to transport links.

Demographics
South Wairarapa District covers 2387.75 km2 and had an estimated population of as of  with a population density of  people per km2.

South Wairarapa District had a population of 11,811 in the 2023 New Zealand census, an increase of 1,236 people (11.7%) since the 2018 census, and an increase of 2,283 people (24.0%) since the 2013 census. There were 6,390 dwellings. The median age was 47.5 years (compared with 38.1 years nationally). There were 2,037 people (17.2%) aged under 15 years, 1,455 (12.3%) aged 15 to 29, 5,574 (47.2%) aged 30 to 64, and 2,733 (23.1%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 90.1% European/Pākehā, 15.4% Māori, 2.7% Pasifika, 3.5% Asian, 0.7% Middle Eastern, Latin American and African New Zealanders, and 1.2% other. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

South Wairarapa District had a population of 10,575 at the 2018 New Zealand census. There were 4,335 households, comprising 5,271 males and 5,307 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.99 males per female.

The percentage of people born overseas was 17.2, compared with 27.1% nationally.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 55.6% had no religion, 33.4% were Christian, 0.7% had Māori religious beliefs, 0.3% were Hindu, 0.1% were Muslim, 0.6% were Buddhist and 1.9% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 2,070 (23.9%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 1,599 (18.5%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $32,900, compared with $31,800 nationally. 1,710 people (19.8%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 4,239 (49.0%) people were employed full-time, 1,446 (16.7%) were part-time, and 237 (2.7%) were unemployed.

Transport
Because of South Wairarapa's proximity to the capital city of New Zealand, Wellington, there are close links between the two areas. For example, some people live in South Wairarapa and commute to Wellington each day to work; others live and work in Wellington while spending weekends in South Wairarapa. The Wairarapa Line, part of the Metlink public transport network for the Wellington region, passes through the district (which is served by the two stations of Featherston and Woodside) and provides a faster method of transport into the city than the Remutaka pass road. Metlink buses also provide services to Greytown and Martinborough from the railway stations and Masterton.

Local and regional government
The South Wairarapa District Council is the territorial authority responsible for the area. The council consists of nine councillors; the current mayor is Martin Connelly. The three towns also have their own community boards.

title: South Wairarapa District


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Arkle

Arkle (19 April 1957 – 31 May 1970) was an Irish Thoroughbred racehorse. A bay gelding by Archive out of Bright Cherry, he was the grandson of the unbeaten (in 14 races) flat racehorse and prepotent sire Nearco. Arkle was bred by Mary Baker of Malahow House, near Naul, County Dublin, Ireland, and was born at Ballymacoll Stud, County Meath. He was owned by Anne Grosvenor, Duchess of Westminster, who named him after the mountain Arkle in Sutherland, Scotland, that bordered her Sutherland estate. Trained by Tom Dreaper at Greenogue, Kilsallaghan, in County Dublin, he was ridden during his steeplechasing career by Pat Taaffe.

Arkle won three Cheltenham Gold Cups and a number of other top races before his career was cut short by injury. At 212, his Timeform rating is the highest ever awarded to a steeplechaser.

Early life
Arkle, a bay colt with no white markings, was bred by Mary Baker, who kept a few mares on the family farm at Malahow, near Naul in County Dublin. His dam was Bright Cherry, who had won seven times over jumps. His sire was Archive, who, although the offspring of leading sire Nearco, had never won a race and stood at the modest fee of 48 guineas. Arkle was foaled at Ballymacoll Stud in County Meath on 19 April 1957. He was gelded as a yearling.

In August 1960, the as yet unnamed gelding was sent to Goff's Bloodstock Sales in Ballsbridge, Dublin, where he was bought for 1,150 guineas by Tom Dreaper on behalf of the Duchess of Westminster. His new owner named him Arkle after a mountain overlooking her Scottish estate. After spending a year at Eaton Hall, the Westminster estate in Cheshire, Arkle returned to Ireland in August 1961 to go into training at Tom Dreaper's yard, Greenogue, at Kilsallaghan, north of Dublin.

1961/1962 National Hunt season
Arkle's first racecourse appearance was on 9 December 1961 at Mullingar, where he came third of seventeen in the Lough Ennel Plate, a bumper. It was a race for amateur riders, and he was ridden by the Hon. Mark Hely-Hutchinson, son of Lord Donoughmore (one of Dreaper's major owners). On St Stephen's Day 1961, Arkle ran in another bumper, at Leopardstown. Again ridden by Hely-Hutchinson, he came fourth of ten.

In January 1962, Arkle had his first race over jumps in the Bective Novice Hurdle over three miles at Navan. Stable jockey Pat Taaffe had elected to ride the favourite Kerforo and the ride on Arkle was taken by stable lad Liam McLoughlin. Arkle defeated 26 runners to win by $1 1/2$ lengths, prompting his trainer to say "I think we've got something there!" In his next race, the Rathconnel Handicap Hurdle over two miles at Naas, he was ridden for the first time by Taaffe. Starting at 2/1 favourite in a field of ten, he won by four lengths.

The season ended with two defeats in April 1962. Arkle, ridden by McLoughlin, finished unplaced in the two-mile Balbriggen Hurdle at Baldoyle, the only time in his career he would finish outside the first four. The pair then finished fourth in the New Handicap Hurdle at Fairyhouse, before Arkle went to spend the summer on his owner's farm at Bryanstown House, Maynooth, County Kildare.

1962/1963 National Hunt season
The five-year-old Arkle started the 1962/1963 season with two wins over hurdles in Ireland, ridden on one occasion by Taaffe and on the other, when Taaffe was unable to make the weight, by his regular work rider, Paddy Woods. On 17 November 1962, Arkle ran for the first time over steeplechase fences in the Honeybourne Chase at Cheltenham. Ridden by Taaffe, who would go on to ride him in all his subsequent races over fences, Arkle started at 11/8 favourite and won by 20 lengths. It was his first race in England, and his victory earned him a mention in The Times, where he was described as a "promising type". As a preparation for the 1963 Cheltenham Festival, Arkle was entered in the Milltown Novice Chase at Leopardstown in February. He went off as 1/2 favourite and won by eight lengths. The race was later renamed the Arkle Novice Chase in his honour.

In March 1963, Arkle made his first appearance at the Cheltenham Festival. Having gone off as 4/9 favourite in the Broadway Novices' Chase, he put on a turn of speed from the second last, and won by twenty lengths. The season ended with two more victories in Ireland before Arkle went on his customary summer break at Bryanstown.

1963/1964 National Hunt season
Arkle started the season with a win in the Donoughmore Plate, a flat race at Navan, in which he was ridden by former champion jockey T. P. Burns. There followed an easy victory in the Carey's Cottage Handicap Chase at Gowran Park, before he set off for England and a much-anticipated first meeting with the 1963 Gold Cup winner Mill House in the Hennessy Gold Cup at Newbury. In a field of ten, Mill House went off as 15/8 favourite and conceded 5 lbs to Arkle, who started at 5/2. Arkle was just a length behind the leader Mill House at the third last, when he slipped after landing and took a while to recover his momentum, finishing in third place.

There were three victories for Arkle in Ireland, in the Christmas Handicap Chase, the Thyestes Handicap Chase and the Leopardstown Handicap Chase, before another meeting with Mill House in the 1964 Cheltenham Gold Cup. Arkle avenged his previous defeat by beating Mill House (who had won the race the previous year) by five lengths to claim his first Gold Cup at odds of 7/4 with another previous winner and top-class chaser, Pas Seul, twenty-five lengths back in third place, and Kings Nephew, the only horse to have previously beaten Mill House, last of the four runners. It was the last time he did not start as the favourite for a race. Only two other horses entered the Gold Cup that year – and that became the norm for the next two years, for there was no point in taking on Arkle at level weights – so the remaining runners were racing for place money only.

Three weeks after his victory at Cheltenham, Arkle ran in the Irish Grand National at Fairyhouse. The racing authorities in Ireland took the unprecedented step in the Irish Grand National of devising two weight systems – one to be used when Arkle was running, and one when he was not. Arkle won the 1964 race by only one length, but he carried 30 lbs more than his rivals.

1964/1965 National Hunt season
After a warm-up race in Ireland, Arkle returned to Newbury to avenge his defeat by Mill House in the previous year's Hennessy Gold Cup. In a field of nine, Arkle started at 5/4 favourite, with Mill House at 15/8. Taaffe let Arkle go to the front and jump alongside Mill House, who had nothing left as they entered the straight. Arkle strode away to win by ten lengths, with Mill House beaten into fourth place. Just a week later, Arkle was running in the Massey Ferguson Gold Cup at Cheltenham. He was beaten a length into third place by the grey mare Flying Wild, to whom he was conceding 32 lbs.

Arkle returned to Ireland to win the Leopardstown Handicap Chase for a second time before retaining his crown in the 1965 Cheltenham Gold Cup, this time beating Mill House by twenty lengths. His final race of the season was the Whitbread Gold Cup at Sandown Park. In spite of giving away at least 35 lbs to his six rivals, Arkle won by five lengths and netted the largest prize of his career to date, £8,230.

1965/1966 National Hunt season
Arkle was unbeaten in his five starts in the 1965/1966 season, winning the Gallaher Gold Cup at Sandown, the Hennessy Gold Cup for a second time, the King George VI Chase by a distance at Kempton, the Leopardstown Handicap Chase for the third time (beating Height O'Fashion by a neck conceding 42lbs in Arkle's first photo finish decider ), and the Cheltenham Gold Cup for the third time.

In the 1966 renewal, he was the shortest-priced favourite in history to win the Cheltenham Gold Cup, starting at odds of 1/10. He won the race by thirty lengths, hard held, from Dormant and just three other rivals, despite a mistake early in the race where he ploughed through the eleventh fence, while looking at his adoring fans in the stands. However, it did not stop his momentum, nor did he ever look like falling. Arkle had a strange quirk in that he crossed his forelegs when jumping a fence.

1966/1967 National Hunt season
In November 1966, Arkle returned to Newbury to attempt a third consecutive victory in the Hennessy Gold Cup. Without a preparatory race, having not run for eight months and having suffered a setback in training two weeks earlier, faced five rivals all of whom carried at least 33lbs less than him. It was outsider Stalbridge Colonist, receiving 35lbs, who challenged Arkle on the run-in and won by half a length. The scale of the task Arkle faced is shown by the race-fit winner coming a close second and third in the two following Cheltenham Gold Cups, while in third place receiving 33lbs was the future 1969 Gold Cup winner, What A Myth. It was Arkle's first defeat in nearly two years; racing commentator Peter O'Sullevan described it as "a magnificent, noble effort".

Arkle returned to his winning ways eighteen days later, when he landed the SGB Handicap Chase at Ascot carrying his usual top weight of 12st 7lbs. He actually conceded 35lbs to Vultrix, himself a top-class chaser who had won the race the previous year carrying top weight of 12st 1lb, and Arkle destroyed him by 15 lengths, at which his trainer, Ryan Price, remarked that "Arkle is a living phenomenon". On 27 December 1966, Arkle ran in the King George VI Chase at Kempton Park but struck the guard rail with a hoof when jumping the open ditch, which resulted in a fractured pedal bone; despite this injury, he completed the race and was only overtaken on the run-in to finish second, a half-length behind the winner, Dormant, to whom he was still conceding 21lbs. Visibly lame, Arkle was loaded into the horse-ambulance and taken back to the racecourse stables, where he remained for two months, his injured leg encased in plaster.

Retirement
Arkle was in plaster for four months and, though he made a good enough recovery to go back into training, he never ran again. He was retired and ridden as a hack at Bryanstown by his owner but in 1969 his condition deteriorated and he began to show signs of stiffness in his hind legs, possibly due to arthritis. As he found it increasingly difficult to walk and appeared to be in pain, he was put down in his box at Bryanstown on 31 May 1970 at the age of thirteen. He was buried in his field at Bryanstown.

Legacy
Arkle, known simply as "Himself", became a national hero and a legend during his lifetime.

Fan mail, sometimes addressed only to "Arkle, Ireland", arrived at the Greenogue yard from all over the world. When it was revealed that two pints of Guinness were added to his regular feed of oats every day, the Company undertook to supply the yard with a free supply in recognition of the "pleasant publicity".

At 212, Arkle's Timeform rating is the highest ever awarded to a steeplechaser. Only Flyingbolt, also trained by Dreaper, had a rating anywhere near his at 210. Next on their ratings are Sprinter Sacre on 192 and then Kauto Star and Mill House on 191. In 2004 he narrowly beat Desert Orchid to be named all-time favourite British or Irish racehorse in a Racing Post poll.

Arkle put in various public appearances including, after his retirement, one at the Horse of the Year Show in 1969. He has been celebrated in songs, appeared on stamps, and is commemorated with statues. In 1972 the Duchess of Westminster unveiled a statue at Cheltenham racecourse; in 2014 a 1.1 scale bronze statue was unveiled in Ashbourne, County Meath, the nearest town to the Greenogue yard.

Two races, both Grade 1, have been named in Arkle's honour: in 1969 the Arkle Challenge Trophy replaced the Cotswold Chase at Cheltenham Racecourse; and the Milltown Novice Chase at Leopardstown was renamed the Arkle Novice Chase.

In 1976, the controversial decision was made to exhume Arkle's remains and to mount his skeleton for display at the Irish National Stud. Amongst those who disapproved was Arkle's jockey Taaffe, who said: "I hated seeing his frame up there. I couldn't look at him for long".

Race record
Arkle won 27 of his 35 starts, including 22 wins from 26 steeplechases, and he was placed in the other four races with mitigating circumstances for each defeat. He carried more than 12th in weight in 14 of his races, and won at distances from 1m 6f on the Flat up to 3m 5f over fences.

Besides winning three consecutive Cheltenham Gold Cups (1964, 1965, 1966) and the 1965 King George VI Chase, Arkle triumphed in a number of other important handicap chases, including the 1964 Irish Grand National (under 12-0), the 1964 and 1965 Hennessy Gold Cups (both times under 12-7), the 1965 Gallaher Gold Cup (conceding 16 lb to Mill House while breaking the course record by 17 seconds), and the 1965 Whitbread Gold Cup (under 12-7). In the 1966 Hennessy, he failed by only half a length to give Stalbridge Colonist 35 lb.

Arkle's full race record is listed below.

title: Arkle