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William Fox (producer)

Wilhelm Fried Fuchs (Fried Vilmos; January 1, 1879 – May 8, 1952), commonly and better known as William Fox, was a Hungarian-American film industry executive who founded the Fox Film Corporation in 1915 and the Fox West Coast Theatres chain in the 1920s. Although he lost control of his film businesses in 1930, his name was used by 20th Century Fox (now part of The Walt Disney Company) and continues to be used in the trademarks of the present-day Fox Corporation, including the Fox Broadcasting Company, Fox News, Fox Sports and Foxtel.

Early life
Fox was born Wilhelm Fried Fuchs in Tolcsva, Hungary. His parents, Michael Fuchs and Anna Fried, were both Hungarian Jews. The family immigrated to the United States when William was nine months old and settled in New York City, where they had twelve more children, of whom only six survived. With his family largely destitute, William found himself as a youth forced to sell candy in Central Park, work as a newsboy, and in the fur and garment industry. At the age of eight, he fell off the back of an ice truck, breaking his left arm; subsequent treatment left it permanently impaired.

Film career
In 1900, Fox started his own company, which he sold in 1904 to purchase his first nickelodeon. Always more of an entrepreneur than a showman, he concentrated on acquiring and building theaters. Following the purchase of his first nickelodeon, Fox would then use it to create a chain of movie theaters and purchase film prints from major film companies at the time such as Biograph, Essanay, Kalem, Lubin, Pathé, Selig, and Vitagraph. In 1910, Fox managed to successfully lease the New York Academy of Music and convert it into a movie theater. He also continued to focus his concentration in New York and New Jersey. Beginning in 1914, New Jersey-based Fox bought films outright from the Balboa Amusement Producing Company in Long Beach, California, for distribution to his own theaters and then for rental to other theaters across the country. He formed the Fox Film Corporation on February 1, 1915, with insurance and banking money provided by the McCarter, Kuser and Usar families of Newark, New Jersey, and the small New Jersey investment house of Eisele and King. The company's first film studio was leased in Fort Lee, New Jersey, where many other early film studios were based at the beginning of the 20th century. He now had the capital to acquire facilities and expand his production capacity. Between 1915 and 1919, Fox would rake in millions of dollars through films which featured Fox Film's first breakout star Theda Bara, known as "The Vamp", for her performance in A Fool There Was (1915), based on the 1909 Broadway production A Fool There Was by Porter Emerson Browne, in turn based on Rudyard Kipling's poem The Vampire, in turn inspired by Philip Burne-Jones's painting, The Vampire (1897), modelled by Mrs Patrick Campbell, Burne-Jones' lover and George Bernard Shaw's "second famed platonic love affair".

In 1925–1926, Fox purchased the rights to the work of Freeman Harrison Owens, the U.S. rights to the Tri-Ergon system invented by three German inventors (Josef Engl (1893–1942), Hans Vogt (1890–1979), and Joseph Massolle (1889–1957)), and the work of Theodore Case to create the Fox Movietone sound-on-film system, introduced in 1927 with the release of F. W. Murnau's Sunrise: A Song of Two Humans. Sound-on-film systems such as Movietone and RCA Photophone soon became the standard, and competing sound-on-disc technologies, such as Warner Bros.' Vitaphone, became obsolete. From 1928 to 1964, Fox Movietone News was one of the major newsreel series in the U.S., along with The March of Time (1935–1951) and Universal Newsreel (1929–1967). Despite the fact that his film studio was based in Hollywood, Fox opted to instead remain in New York and was more familiar with his financiers than with either his movie makers or movie stars. Prominent Fox Film Corporation actress Janet Gaynor even acknowledged that she barely knew William Fox, stating "I only met him to say how do you do." Gaynor also stated that Fox would rarely visit the Fox studio in Hollywood she frequently worked in when she worked with Fox's company and that his movies were mainly managed by his movie makers.

Following the 1927 death of Marcus Loew, head of Loews Incorporated, the parent company of rival studio Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, control of MGM passed to his longtime associate, Nicholas Schenck. Fox saw an opportunity to expand his empire, and in 1929, with Schenck's assent, bought the Loew family's MGM holdings, unbeknownst to MGM studio bosses Louis B. Mayer and Irving Thalberg. Mayer and Thalberg were outraged; despite their high posts at MGM, they were not shareholders. Mayer used his strong political connections to persuade the Justice Department to sue Fox for violating federal antitrust laws. In July 1929, Fox was severely injured in an automobile accident. By the time he recovered, the stock market crash in October 1929 had wiped out virtually his entire fortune, ending any chance of the Loews-Fox merger going through even if the Justice Department had approved it.

Fox lost control of his organization in 1930 during a hostile takeover. In 1935, Fox Film Corporation would merge with 20th Century Pictures, becoming 20th Century-Fox. William Fox was never connected with the ownership, production or management of the movie studio that famously bore his name. A combination of the stock market crash, Fox's car accident injuries, and government antitrust action, forced him into a protracted seven-year legal battle to stave off bankruptcy. At his bankruptcy hearing in 1936, he attempted to bribe judge John Warren Davis and committed perjury. In 1943, Fox served a five-month and seventeen day prison sentence on charges of conspiring to obstruct justice and defraud the United States, in connection with his bankruptcy. Years after his prison release, U.S. President Harry Truman would grant Fox a Presidential pardon.

For many years, Fox resented the way that Wall Street had forced him from control of his company. In 1933, he collaborated with the writer Upton Sinclair on a book Upton Sinclair Presents William Fox in which Fox recounted his life, and stating his views on what he considered to be a large Wall Street conspiracy against him.

Fox died in 1952 at the age of 73. His death went largely unnoticed by the film industry; no one from Hollywood attended his funeral. He is interred at Salem Fields Cemetery, Brooklyn.

Fox personally oversaw the construction of many Fox Theatres in American cities including Atlanta, St Louis, Detroit, Portland, Oakland, San Francisco and San Diego.

His companies had an estimated value of $300,000,000 and he personally owned 53 percent of Fox Film and 93 percent of the Fox Theaters.

Personal life
Fox was married to Eva Leo (1881–1962) and had two daughters.

title: William Fox (producer)


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Repton School

Repton School is a 13–18 co-educational, private, boarding and day school in the public school tradition, in Repton, Derbyshire, England.

Sir John Port of Etwall, on his death in 1557, left funds to create a grammar school which was then established at the Repton Priory. For its first 400 years, the school accepted only boys; girls were admitted from the 1970s, and the school was fully co-educational by the 1990s.

Notable alumni, also known as "Old Reptonians", include C. B. Fry, Christopher Isherwood, Jeremy Clarkson, Andy Wilman, Roald Dahl, Adrian Newey and Archbishop Lord Ramsey of Canterbury.

History
The school was founded by a 1557 legacy in the will of Sir John Port of Etwall, leaving funds for a grammar school at Etwall or Repton, conditional on the students praying daily for the souls of his family: "''And I will that the Scollers of the said Scoole everye mornynge at their comynge to the said Scoole, and also at the after nowne at and upon their departinge from the Schole to pray for my parentes soules, my soule...' - The Will of Sir John Port, 6th June 1557'"

Through Sir John Port's private endowment, Repton School was set up as a charity school, with early boarding pupils coming from Repton and the neighbouring villages.

The social mix of the early school was very broad. Among the first twenty-two names on the register of Repton there are five gentlemen, four husbandmen, nine yeomen, two websters, or weavers, a carpenter and a tanner. During the 17th century, the school educated the sons of Earl of Chesterfield and Earl of Ardglass, Samuel Shaw, and John Woodward, who was apprenticed as a linen draper before he took up medicine, eventually being appointed Gresham Professor of Physic.

Buildings at the site of Repton Priory were granted for the school in 1559 by Gilbert Thacker. Not long after this, relations between the school and the Thacker family began to deteriorate due to a conflict of interest in accessibility. In 1642, the school commenced an action against the Thacker family, and, in 1670, a wall was built to keep the two parties apart. Within the first hundred years, student body numbers rose to 200, but they had fallen by 1681 to twenty-eight boys.

18th and 19th centuries

In a letter from George Denman in the 1830s, there was a pupil-conferred role called "Cock of the School" within the pupil body. A boy would be identified as the holder of this office after competing against likely candidates; once a boy was incumbent in this role, the younger boys deferred to him to do his work; writing in 1907, G. S. Messiter described the practice as an "ancient custom."

In 1865, a commission, presided over by the Earl of Taunton investigated all endowed secondary schools in England, including Repton. The Schools Inquiry Commission published its findings in 1868, and the research compiled helped aid the Education Act of 1870.

When public schools were attempting to reform, Repton's headmaster at the time lamented the shared tensions from all schools between local boys and boarders, stating that despite a sincere attempt to break down the barriers between them, he had had little success, and a substantial number of applications from "persons of good standing... and good fortune" had been withdrawn when told the boys were "of all classes down to the sons of blacksmiths and washerwomen". Due to this conflict, local village boys stopped attending Repton, which the headmaster at the time said was "mainly for the sake of the village boys... [to mitigate a] constant fear of their being ill-treated."

The first Committee of the Headmasters' Conference, appointed in December 1870, included the headmaster of Repton.

In 1858, a chapel was constructed on campus and later opened in 1859.

20th century
Geoffrey Fisher (later to become Archbishop of Canterbury) became headmaster in 1914. Harold Abrahams, the Olympic champion in the 100m sprint in the 1924 Paris Olympics, joined the school in 1914. Recalling his time at the school, Abrahams said he encountered antisemitism from other boys, often feeling bullied and alone.

In 1907, a gymnasium was added. This building is now grade II listed. In this decade, the chapel was enlarged, the Science Block, the Gymnasium, Armoury, Shooting Range and Swimming Bath were built, and the Priory 'Tithe' Barn turned into the Art School.

In the early 1900s, a reforming master, Victor Gollancz, established classes in political education for the boys. The classes were open to Upper School members and enlistment was voluntary. Gollancz and Somervell conducted the lessons on “topics of parliamentary reform, the position of women, the future of the Empire, trade unions, individualism and co-operation in industry, the organisation of peace and a League of Nations, conservatism, liberalism, modern Ireland, Alsace-Lorraine, and the Russian Revolution.” Repton was considered one of the first schools to offer civics classes in its curriculum. However, certain staff members opposed these classes, considering them as being radical. When H.J. Snape was invited to address the Civics Class on conservatism, the tension between Gollancz and Snape's opposing beliefs led to a “flaming row between them.” As a result of the affair, the War Office considered withdrawing its recognition of Repton's school Corps. This led to Fisher dismissing Gollancz and retaining Snape; yet, Fisher blamed Snape's misconduct as “a very discreditable campaign of personal abuse and violent language…against Mr. Gollancz.”

In 1917, the writers Christopher Isherwood and Edward Upward began their time at Repton. They formed a friendship which continued when they both attended Corpus Christi College, Cambridge. Around the same time, Arnold Cooke, Bunny Austin, and David Cochrane also attended Repton.

In September 1920, the poet Vernon Watkins was sent to Repton. His gentle character initially provoked bullying in his early years; yet, in a 1923 letter sent from Watkins to Eric Falk, he expressed his fondness for Repton as well as a school crush on poet Rupert Brooke: “I can’t think of anyone except Rupert Brooke.” Upward reflected that “everyone was homosexual, up to a point, at Repton.” While at the school, Watkins was granted the Howe Verse Prize, the Lancelot Sayes Prizes for French & German, and the Schreiber Prize for his writing. Upon his departure, Watkins stated: “Leaving Repton was what I had expected it to be; - a ghastly affair which left me in tears.” The school has claimed him as "perhaps the best poet Repton has had".

1,912 former pupils of the school served in the First World War, of whom 355 died in service. A war memorial was unveiled on major general Sir John Burnett-Stuart, director of military operations and intelligence, and dedicated by Edwyn Hoskyns, Bishop of Southwell on 1 November 1922.

In 1924, George Gilbert Stocks, a director of music at the school, set the hymn Dear Lord and Father of Mankind to the tune Repton for use in the school's chapel. He took the melody from Hubert Parry's 1888 contralto aria "Long since in Egypt's plenteous land" in his oratorio Judith.

The writer Roald Dahl attended in the 1930s. His experiences are related in his semi-autobiographical book Boy, in which he describes his negative experience with physical altercations between students. He later stated that he "couldn't get over it" and has "never got over it." An account of a beating of a boy called Michael, in Roald Dahl's 1984 autobiographical book Boy, was attributed by Dahl to Fisher. But Dahl's biographer, Jeremy Treglown, has pointed out he was mistaken: the beating was in May 1933, a year after Fisher had left Repton, and the headmaster concerned was John Christie, Fisher's successor. In his 1984 autobiography, Dahl states that when he was a young fag, he was instructed to warm toilet seats for older boys at the school. He was also, along with other boys at the school, used as a product tester for Cadbury chocolate bars. Dahl claims that this was the inspiration for his book, Charlie and the Chocolate Factory.

Second World War and after
The headmaster from 1937 to 1943 was H.G. Michael Clarke, who left the school to pursue an ecclesiastical career and became Provost of Birmingham Cathedral. He led the school during one of the most difficult periods of its history, when mounting debts and falling numbers, together with the effects of the war, led to questions as to the continuing viability of the institution; Clarke was obliged to close departments and two houses (The Cross and Latham). The school owed £50,000 (around £3.5 million at today's prices) and, in 1941, the Board of Education said its "future is doubtful".

In 1948, a tablet extension was commissioned for the Derbyshire WWI Memorial in order to include WWII casualties. The extension was inaugurated in a ceremony led on 10 July 1949, unveiled by lieutenant general Sir Charles Gairdner and dedicated by Geoffrey Fisher, Archbishop of Canterbury.

Numbers attending the school recovered in the late 1940s, such that The Cross was able to reopen in 1945 and Latham House in 1947. By 1957, the school was in better health: full with 470 pupils.

In the Second World War, 188 former members of the school died serving in the armed forces. Airmen were billeted in Mitre House during the war.

1957 saw the 400 year centenary of the school, celebrated with a royal visit from Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. A new chemistry block and workshops were added within the precinct, as well as extensive alterations to the science block. John Gammell took office as headmaster in 1968 and during his tenure girls began to be educated at Repton. It started with the arrival of two girls in 1970. By 1979, the first purpose-built girls' boarding house was opened. Hazing is recorded as having taken place at Repton into the late 20th century. Jeremy Clarkson attended the school, later noting that he had suffered extreme hazing by other students, including being plunged into an ice pool and having his trousers cut in half. He was later expelled for "drinking, smoking and generally making a nuisance" of himself. He has stated that this conduct included doing car stunts on the sports pitches, smoking in the chapel, filling all the locks on the premises with Polyfilla, and attending lessons naked from the waist down.

In the 1980s, Chris Adams was at the school and subsequently observed, "The ingrained hierarchy whereby the older boys would subject the younger pupils to a lot of misery through the system of fagging. It was basically a system of slavery and I hated seeing the young lads literally trembling with fear".

In the early 1980s, the old Sanatorium was converted into a Music School. Due to increasing numbers of female pupils in the 1990s, headmaster Graham Jones spearheaded the construction of girls' houses. Two boys boarding houses (Brook House and The Hall) were closed and their occupants were reconfigured into a single new house, School House.

21st century
The school marked its 450th anniversary in 2007 with a royal visit from Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex. Celebrations also included concerts featuring Michael Ball and Bryan Ferry.

In 2011, the 400 Hall theatre (originally built in 1957) was remodelled by Avery Associates Architects, following a £3.3 million upgrade. In 2013, a £9 million science block was built. During the preparations for the building work, archaeological digs were undertaken which indicated the site had been occupied in the Roman period. Around this time, the old Squash Courts were made into a new gallery and textiles studio for the Art department.

A new teaching block, the Lynam Thomas Building, in the precinct and a major refurbishment programme was being undertaken. In November 2019, Adam Peaty opened a newly redeveloped £6 million sports centre at the school. Alastair Land was headmaster from 2016 to 2019 and was succeeded as headmaster by Mark Semmence. The sport centre building has since been nominated for Excellence in Design by the East Midlands Bricks Awards.

In September 2019, the school began using an AI service called AS Tracking in order to monitor students' mental health. The software was also used in 150 schools, assessing over 50,000 students' wellbeing. In November 2019, Libby Lane, Lord Bishop of Derby was appointed visitor of Repton School.

Co-curricular

The school has a Combined Cadet Force and a music school, as well as various after-school clubs. All pupils are enrolled in CCF for one year; involvement thereafter is voluntary. Pupils can also choose to participate in the Duke of Edinburgh Award.

Sports
The school competes in various sports. Main sports are: men's football, hockey and cricket; women's hockey, netball and tennis. Repton School has produced more than 150 first-class cricketers, 11 internationals, and three Test captains. Notable sporting former pupils include the 1932 Wimbledon tennis finalist, Bunny Austin, and several first-class cricketers. The Olympic gold medalist and world record holder Adam Peaty used Repton's swimming pool as a training facility. His coach, Melanie Marshall, taught swimming at the school.

In 2013, six former pupils played together in an international hockey match.

In October 2018, Repton announced a complete £6 million renovation of the school's sporting facilities, including a new sports hall and a new strength and conditioning gymnasium. Repton's football team also won The 2018 ISFA Barry Burns Northern Eights Competition.

In January 2019, Repton announced Chris Read, former England cricketer, as the school's director of cricket. In 2019, the first all-girls Lord's Taverners "Wicketz Festival", three days of celebration, education and cricket was held at the school. The U18 girls (outdoor), U16 girls (outdoor and indoor), U16 boys (outdoor), and U14 girls (outdoor) won national titles that same year.

In February 2020, Repton announced Scott Talbot, former Olympian and coach for the New Zealand and Australian national swim squads, as the school's director of swimming.

Fine arts
Repton's art programme currently features two artists-in-residence: visual artist Louisa Chambers, and fine art media specialist Maria Georgoula.

Repton opened their 400 Hall theatre in 1957. In 2011, the theatre reopened after a £3.3 million renovation. A studio theatre was added in 2003 and the complex extended and fully refurbished in 2011 by architect Bryan Avery.

The school has been hosting a literary festival in October for some years. There is an annual Plowright lecture, with the 2020 lecture being on serial killers. One of the students won Ayn Rand Essay Competition prizes in consecutive years. In 2022, this event was branded "a flop", with organisers stating "audience for many of the speakers were woefully small...Everywhere was completely thin. It was such a shame".

The school's theatre was used for various performances during a time of closure of a theatre space in the Derby Guildhall, operated by the local authority in Derby.

Houses and pastoral arrangements
Repton School offers traditional boarding only, with no flexi or weekly options available. Approximately 70 per cent of pupils are boarders.

The school also has an on-site tuck shop called 'The Grubber'.

Fees and inspection
In 2019/2020, fees were £36,783 for boarders and £27,207 for day pupils per year.

There are scholarships available for drama, sport, art, music, academic capacity and "all-rounder talent"; these do not exceed 20% of the school's fees. There is also some bursary assistance.

The school is inspected by the Independent Schools Inspectorate. An integrated inspection took place in March 2014, finding the school to be "exceptionally successful in achieving its aims... the quality of the pupils' achievements is excellent".

An emergency inspection in January 2015 was ordered by the Department for Education reviewing welfare and safeguarding compliance under the Independent School Standard Regulations (ISSRs) and the National Minimum Standards for Boarding (NMSB). The school failed to meet a number of the regulations, namely those dealing with pupil safeguarding; the promotion of good behaviour; suitability of staff and governance, leadership and management of the school.

A regulatory compliance inspection took place in 2018 which found that the school met all of the minimums and associated requirements. The subsequent integrated regulatory compliance and educational quality inspection in 2020 found that Repton met all regulatory compliance standards and was awarded the highest rating in each area.

The old priory
Repton Priory was a 12th-century Augustinian foundation. It was dissolved in 1538. After dissolution, the Thacker family lived at the priory until 1553. One of this family, Gilbert Thacker, destroyed the church, almost entirely in a day; he did this during the time of Queen Mary, fearing the priory would be recommissioned as part of the Counter-Reformation. Only parts of the original buildings remained when the school was established. These comprised: the footings of areas of the priory remain in some areas, uncovered during construction work in 1922; the bases of a cluster of columns of the former chancel and chapels; fragments of an arch belonging to the former pulpitum, moved to their current position in 1906; fragments of the door surrounds of both the chapter house and warming room. and largest surviving portion of the priory known as "Prior Overton's Tower", which is post-1437; largely altered, it has been incorporated into a 19th-century building.

Affiliate schools
The school set up Repton International Schools Ltd (RISL) in 2013 to establish, develop and maintain British international schools. The overseas schools are owned and funded by local investors, which can be education businesses, real estate corporates, private equity firms or wealthy philanthropists. They are licensed to use the Repton School "brand" and enter into a services agreement with RISL, which provides a full range of educational services and academic oversight. RISL remits its profits to Repton School Trust in the UK, which helps fund capital projects and bursaries. Repton has partnerships with John Port Spencer Academy, Etwall, and Repton Primary School.

The portfolio of overseas schools comprises:
 * Repton School Dubai (opened in September 2007), situated on a site in Nad al Sheba
 * Repton School Abu Dhabi, which has two campuses on Al Reem Island, Abu Dhabi (2013 and 2017)
 * Foremarke Dubai (2013), located in Al Barsha South and recently re-branded as Repton Al Barsha
 * Repton International School (Malaysia) (2020)
 * Chiway-Repton School, located in Xiamen, Fujian Province, PRC (2020)
 * Repton Cairo opened in September 2020 as part of the Mivida development in New Cairo
 * Repton Doha will open in 2021, with Repton New Giza and Repton Sofia to follow in 2023

Preparatory school
Repton has a junior school, named Repton Prep, which was founded in 1940.

In early 2020, it was announced that Repton School would be merging with Foremarke Hall School from September 2020 into a single school called Repton Prep. Shortly after, St Wystan's School joined the Repton group of schools.

Culture and cultural references
Alexander Wilson, novelist, a spy and serial bigamist with four wives, lied about being an alumnus of Repton School, which he was not; Fred Perry also lied about having attended Repton School, which he did not do either.

The "Stig" character in Top Gear is said to have been named after the school's pejorative slang term for new boys, a private reference with the producer Andy Wilman, who attended Repton with Clarkson. There is also a steam locomotive called "Repton" named after the school in 1934: Southern Rail, class V, Schools No 926, today based at the North Yorkshire Moors Railway.

The school's motto, Porta Vacat Culpa ("the gate is free from blame"), is a quotation from Ovid's Fasti. "The gate" (Porta) refers to the school's arch and, by a synecdoche of pars pro toto, the school itself, whilst also being a pun on the name of the school's founder, Sir John Port.

The school has twice, in the 1930s and 1980s respectively, represented the fictional Brookfield School in a 1939 film and a 1984 BBC version of Goodbye, Mr. Chips. One of the screenwriters of the 1939 film, Eric Maschwitz, attended Repton. Around 200 pupils were extras in the 1939 film. Similarly, pupils appeared as extras in the 1984 BBC version.

Royal visits
The school has had the following royal visits:

 * The Queen and Prince Philip made an official visit to the school on 28 March 1957, to mark the 400 year anniversary of the school's establishment. The welcome was led by former headmaster Geoffrey Fisher and the Queen planted a mulberry tree.
 * The Duchess of Kent visited the school in June 1985.
 * The school received a visit from The Duke of Kent in September 2013.
 * The school marked its 450th anniversary in 2007 with a visit from Prince Edward.

Headmasters

 * Thomas Whitehead (1621–1639)
 * Philip Ward (1639–1642)
 * William Ullock (1642–1667)
 * Joseph Sedgwicke (1667–1672)
 * Edward Letherland (1672–1681)
 * John Doughty (1681–1705)
 * Edward Abbot (1705–1714)
 * Thomas Gawton (1714–1723)
 * William Dudson (1723–1724)
 * George Fletcher (1724–1741)
 * William Asteley (1741–1767)
 * William Prior (1767–1779)
 * William Bagshaw Stevens (1779–1800)
 * William Boultbee Sleath (1800–1830)
 * John Heyrick Macaulay (1830–1840)
 * Thomas Williamson Peile (1841–1854)
 * Steuart Adolphus Pears (1854–1874)
 * Henry Robert Huckin (1874–1882)
 * William Furneaux (1883–1900)
 * Hubert Burge (1900–1901)
 * Lionel Ford (1901–1910)|
 * William Temple (1910–1914)
 * Geoffrey Fisher (1914–1932)
 * John Christie (1932–1937)
 * H.G. Michael Clarke (1937–1943)
 * Theodore Lynam Thomas (1944–1961)
 * John Thorn (1961–1968)
 * John Gammell (1968–1978)
 * David Jewell (1979–1987)
 * Graham E. Jones (1987–2003)
 * Robert Holroyd (2003–2014)
 * Sarah Tennant, (acting head, 2014–2016)
 * Alastair Land (2016–2019)
 * Mark Semmence (from March 2019)

Fee fixing and gender pay gap
In September 2005, the school was one of fifty independent schools operating independent school fee-fixing, in breach of the Competition Act, 1998. All of the schools involved were ordered to abandon this practice, pay a nominal penalty of £10,000 each and to make ex-gratia payments totalling three million pounds into a trust designed to benefit pupils who attended the schools during the period in respect of which fee information had been shared. The Bursar at the time was Carl Bilson.

Female staff members were paid 56–57% less than their male coworkers at the school in 2018, and 50% less in 2019.

Incidents
In 2014, Southern Derbyshire Magistrates' Court fined the school £10,000 following a guilty plea to a health and safety charge after an incident of negligence. In April 2019, a teacher tested positive for drink-driving after police saw his vehicle mount a kerb and then enter the school grounds. He was subsequently convicted and banned from driving for 20 months. Two months later a chemical spillage at the school's sports centre resulted in nine individuals needing precautionary treatment, as a result of a chlorine leak.

In the summer of 2023, a 14-year-old girl died on the school campus at an event organised by Christians in Sport, a third-party religious group.

Sexual abuse
The Charity Commission expressed "serious concerns" about safeguarding in 2018 after it received a sequence of serious incident reports from Repton School early in that year, specifically:

 * In December 2014, a former head of physics, John Mitchell, was found to have abused a position of trust contrary to s.16(1)(a) of the Sexual Offences Act 2003 when he engaged in sexual activity with a female between the age of 13 and 17, not believing that she was 18 or over. He also communicated in a sexual way and with sexual motivations to this same pupil. He was disqualified from teaching indefinitely by the National College for Teaching and Leadership, following a finding that this was unacceptable professional conduct.
 * In October 2017, a former pupil began proceedings against the school, claiming negligence on the school's part, in connection with an alleged rape of that pupil by another pupil in 2014. A 17-year-old pupil was arrested on suspicion of carrying out two rapes at the school; it was claimed that the school failed to supervise or discipline its pupil. The claimant made a request of the Derbyshire Constabulary for the papers from its investigation, which the police refused to provide without a court order.
 * In 2018, four members of the school's staff were subject to police investigation for inappropriate sexual conduct towards children. In August 2018, one of these individuals, Jeremy Woodside, a 28-year-old former organist at the school, was placed on the Sex Offender's Register. The chronology of those issues emerging in early 2018 was as follows:
 * On 29 January 2018, police arrested a member of staff on suspicion of attempting sexual contact with a child
 * On 14 March 2018, a second police investigation into a staff member, relating to safeguarding concerns, was launched
 * On 26 March 2018, allegations against a further two members of staff were reported
 * In February 2022, a former teacher at the school, Simon Clague, pleaded guilty to multiple indictments for indecent assault and gross indecency with three pupils. All of the victims were under 16 at the time of the offending, which took place at the school in the 1990s;  his trial was repeatedly delayed because of COVID-19. He was later, in July 2023, banned from teaching. In September 2023, three former pupils of the school sued following the criminal conviction of Clague.  Victim Impact statements in this civil action highlighted 'irreversable damage' caused by his crimes, referring to 'stolen innocence'; one victim said they were manipulated into having a sexual relationship with Clague - and that the school 'knew and brushed it under the carpet'.

Resignation of three governors over safeguarding
In September 2022, 3 governors resigned en bloc over safeguarding issues at the school; these were additional safeguarding issues to those set out above that came to light after the jailing of Simon Clague.

Criminal barrister of the Queen's Counsel Tim Hannam, Parliamentary Commissioner for Standards Kathryn Stone, and former Chief Constable of Nottinghamshire Susannah Fish (Order of the British Empire, Queen's Police Medal) were identified in press reports as the three governors who quit their roles. Ms Fish's resignation letter to the chairman of the governors, Mark Shires, said the decision to allow the teacher to remain in post means the school had not taken seriously:"'an appalling catalogue [of alleged past misconduct and it was therefore the case that].... safeguarding of pupils past, present and future is now in jeopardy and lacks credibility’."

Notable alumni
Alumni of Repton School are known as Old Reptonians.

They include:
 * Harold Abrahams, Olympic gold medallist (100m, Paris 1924)
 * Bunny Austin, tennis player and Wimbledon finalist in 1932
 * Jeremy Clarkson, journalist and presenter
 * Sir Harcourt Clare, solicitor and former Clerk to Liverpool Corporation and Lancashire County Council
 * Andy Wilman, television producer
 * Brian Cook, later Sir Brian Batsford, graphic artist
 * Roald Dahl, writer and children's author
 * Blair Dunlop, musician
 * James Fenton, poet and journalist
 * Henry Justice Ford, illustrator
 * Sir Christopher Frayling, former Rector of the Royal College of Art
 * C. B. Fry, sportsman and writer
 * Graeme Garden, writer and performer
 * Sir Francis Habgood, Chief Constable of Thames Valley Police 2015-2019
 * David Hodgkiss, cricket administrator
 * Will Hughes, and Laurence Wyke, footballers
 * Richard Hutton, Donald Carr and Chris Adams, cricketers
 * Christopher Isherwood, writer and activist
 * Andrew Li, former Chief Justice of Hong Kong
 * Ewen MacIntosh, comedic actor best known for playing Keith Bishop ('Big Keith') in The Office
 * Shona McCallin, hockey player and Olympic gold medallist
 * Adrian Newey, Formula One technical director
 * The Baron Ramsey of Canterbury, Archbishop of Canterbury 1961–1974
 * Basil Rathbone, Nicholas Burns, George Rainsford and Tom Chambers, actors
 * Henry Southan, Big Brother 2023 finalist
 * Georgie Twigg, hockey player and Olympic gold medallist
 * Edward Upward, surrealist novelist

Notable former masters
A number of headmasters of Repton went on to senior Church of England positions in the 20th century.

 * William Furneaux was headmaster from 1882 to 1900, and, after retiring from Repton, he became Dean of Winchester.
 * Lionel Ford was headmaster from 1901 to 1910, and he went on to be Dean of York.
 * Hubert Burge was headmaster between 1900 and 1901, after leaving the school he would become Bishop of Oxford.
 * William Temple was headmaster for four years from 1910 to 1914, and he went on to become Archbishop of Canterbury in 1942.
 * Harry Vassall played international rugby for England, and was master of Repton School in 1925.

Coat of arms and flag
The school's arms are three eaglets holding a "cross formy fitcy or".

Partnerships
In May 2016, the school made defibrillators on its site available to the local community. Some of the staff at the school have been vocal about the issue of speeding traffic in the village of Repton and have participated in public speed gun enforcement.

During the 2020 Coronavirus pandemic the school's DT department made PPE for key NHS workers.

Repton School and Repton village combine every year for a charity event known as Sale of Work. Funds raised are distributed to a range of local and national charities chosen by representatives of both communities.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Repton School


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Bob Gainey

Robert Michael Gainey (born December 13, 1953) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player who played for the Montreal Canadiens from 1973 until 1989. After retiring from active play, he became a hockey coach and later an executive with the Minnesota North Stars/Dallas Stars organization before returning to Montreal as general manager from 2003 to 2010. Currently, Gainey serves as a team consultant for the St. Louis Blues as well as a volunteer senior advisor for the Peterborough Petes of the Ontario Hockey League. He was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1992. In 2017 Gainey was named one of the '100 Greatest NHL Players' in history.

Early years
Bob Gainey began his hockey career in 1972 with his hometown team, the Peterborough Petes of the Ontario Hockey League. His lack of scoring was made up by his impressive ability to shut down opposing players. This impressed many scouts in the NHL and in 1973, he was drafted eighth overall by the Montreal Canadiens. He was also drafted seventh overall by the Minnesota Fighting Saints of the WHA although he never joined the WHA.

Professional years
As a rookie, Gainey was committed to a defensive style of play. In his second year, he was paired up with stars Yvan Cournoyer and Jacques Lemaire on the second line. In 1976, Gainey was chosen to represent Team Canada at the Canada Cup tournament where he helped Team Canada win the Cup against the Czechoslovakians. A defensive specialist, Gainey played with the Montreal Canadiens from 1973–74 to 1988–89, winning four consecutive Frank J. Selke Trophies, awarded to the league's best defensive forward, and four consecutive Stanley Cups from 1976 to 1979.

In 1982, Canadiens captain Serge Savard retired from hockey and Gainey was named as his successor. The Canadiens remained successful in the regular season but in the playoffs, they were defeated in the first round three consecutive times from 1981 to 1983. Next season, the Canadiens earned a disappointing record finishing with 75 points only. Despite that, they embarked on a surprising playoff run before being eliminated in the semifinals by the New York Islanders.

Gainey lifted his last Stanley Cup as a player in 1986 against the Calgary Flames, and scored a playoff total of 5 goals and 10 points. Under Gainey's leadership, the Canadiens posted back to back 100 point seasons in 1988 and 1989. In 1989, the Canadiens reached the finals again against the Calgary Flames, a rematch from 1986. This time, the Flames won the Stanley Cup in 6 games. Following the loss, Gainey announced his retirement.

In total, Bob Gainey played in 1160 regular season games, scored 239 goals, and registered 263 assists. He was elected to the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1992. In 1998, Gainey was ranked number 86 on The Hockey News' list of the 100 Greatest Hockey Players.

Post hockey playing years
After his retirement, Gainey moved to France where he was player-coach for the Epinal Écureuils (Squirrels) of the French Nationale 1B division. His unexpected appearance on the French hockey scene created quite a stir as curious fans attended games to see the famous star in action for Epinal. He finished second in scoring for Epinal during the regular season and 18th overall in the Nationale 1B division.

Gainey returned to North America a year later and became head coach of the Minnesota North Stars in 1990–91, guiding his team to the sixth game of the Stanley Cup finals in his first season. In January 1992, Gainey also was named general manager. In 1996, a few seasons after the franchise relocated to Dallas and became the Dallas Stars, he stepped down as head coach to focus solely on his general manager duties. Gainey turned the franchise into a powerhouse by acquiring players such as Joe Nieuwendyk, Brett Hull, Ed Belfour and Sergei Zubov. The team won the Presidents' Trophy in 1998 and 1999. Dallas won the Stanley Cup in 1999.

In 1997, as Stars general manager, Gainey drafted his son Steve Gainey 77th overall in the annual NHL Entry Draft. Gainey won the Stanley Cup a sixth time in 1999 with Dallas.

Along with Bobby Clarke and Pierre Gauthier, Gainey was given the responsibility of selecting Canada's men's ice hockey squad for the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano, Japan.

Gainey became general manager of the Montreal Canadiens in May 2003. On January 13, 2006, Gainey fired Canadiens' head coach Claude Julien and stepped in as head coach on an interim basis. At the same time, he hired Guy Carbonneau to work as an associate coach, handing the coaching reins over to him for the 2006–07 season. On July 24, 2006, Montreal Canadiens president Pierre Boivin extended Gainey's contract to 2009–10.

On February 23, 2008, the Canadiens retired Gainey's #23 jersey.

On March 9, 2009, Gainey named himself the interim coach of the Montreal Canadiens after firing Guy Carbonneau. On June 1, 2009, he signed Jacques Martin as the new head coach. On February 8, 2010, he resigned as the Canadiens general manager for personal reasons, and was succeeded by Gauthier. The Canadiens were 28-26-6 at the time of his resignation. He remained on as a consultant to the team until the end of the 2011–12 season, following the firing of Pierre Gauthier, when it was mutually agreed, between Gainey and team President Geoff Molson, that he step down.

On May 9, 2012, the Dallas Stars announced Gainey's hiring as a team consultant.

On October 1, 2014, the St. Louis Blues announced Gainey's hiring as a team consultant.

Awards and achievements

 * Frank J. Selke Trophy winner in 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981.
 * Selected to the NHL All-Star Game in 1977, 1978, 1980, 1981.
 * Conn Smythe Trophy winner in 1979.
 * Stanley Cup championships in 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1986 (as Player), 1999 (as GM).
 * Inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1992.
 * In 1998, Gainey was ranked number 86 on The Hockey News' list of the 100 Greatest Hockey Players.
 * His #23 was retired by the Montreal Canadiens on February 23, 2008.

Personal life
Bob Gainey, with his wife Cathy, were parents to one son and three daughters: Steve (whom he drafted in the 1997 NHL Entry Draft), Colleen, Anna (the former president of the Liberal Party of Canada and Canadian member of parliament (MP) for Notre-Dame-de-Grâce—Westmount), and Laura.

Gainey's wife Cathy died in June 1995 at age 39 of brain cancer. Gainey's daughter, Laura, died at age 25 in December 2006, when she was swept overboard while sailing in the North Atlantic on the barque Picton Castle, a sail-training tall ship based out of Lunenburg, Nova Scotia, registered in the Cook Islands and destined for Grenada. Laura's body was never recovered, and the U.S. Coast Guard called off the search on December 11, three days after she was swept overboard. During this time, Gainey temporarily passed his general manager duties on to Montreal Canadiens assistant manager (and eventual successor) Pierre Gauthier for four weeks. On January 3, 2007, officials in the Cook Islands named Captain Andrew Scheer to head an investigation into Laura's death. Captain Scheer interviewed the 30-strong crew and examined the ship's logs, emergency equipment and crew qualifications. Laura's death and the subsequent investigations received considerable press attention in Canada, including a documentary produced by the CBC News program The Fifth Estate, which was highly critical of safety standards on the Picton Castle.

title: Bob Gainey


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Kim Jong-nam

Kim Jong-nam (, ; 10 May 1971 – 13 February 2017) was the eldest son of North Korean leader Kim Jong Il. From roughly 1994 to 2001, he was considered the heir apparent to his father. He was thought to have fallen out of favour after embarrassing the regime in 2001 with a failed attempt to visit Tokyo Disneyland with a false passport, although Kim himself said his loss of favour had been due to advocating reform.

Kim Jong-nam was exiled from North Korea c. 2003, becoming an occasional critic of his family's regime. His younger paternal half-brother, Kim Jong Un, was named heir apparent in September 2010. On 13 February 2017, the North Korean government assassinated Kim Jong-nam with the nerve agent VX in Malaysia after previous failed attempts to kill him.

The Wall Street Journal on 10 June 2019 reported that former US officials stated that Kim Jong-nam had been a CIA source.

Early life (1971–1998)
Kim Jong-nam was born on 10 May 1971 in Pyongyang, North Korea, to Song Hye-rim, one of four women known to have had children with Kim Jong Il. Because Kim Jong Il aimed to keep his affair with Song a secret due to the disapproval of his father Kim Il Sung, he initially kept Jong-nam out of school, instead sending him to live with Song's older sister Song Hye-rang, who tutored him at home. North Korea Leadership Watch says he left North Korea to visit his grandmother in Moscow, Soviet Union, and spent his childhood at international schools in both Russia and Switzerland until returning to his home country in 1988.

Kim Jong-nam was reported to have had a personality similar to that of his father, and was described by his aunt as being "hot-tempered, sensitive, and gifted in the arts". His aunt also said in 2000 that he "[did] not wish to succeed his father". Like Kim Jong Il, he was interested in film: he wrote scripts and short films from a young age. His father also created a small movie set for him to use.

Kim Jong-nam made several clandestine visits to Japan, starting as early as 1995.

1998–2001: Heir apparent
In 1998, Kim Jong-nam was appointed to a senior position in the Ministry of Public Security of North Korea, as a future leader. He was also reported to have been appointed head of the North Korean Computer Committee, in charge of developing an information technology (IT) industry. In January 2001, he accompanied his father to Shanghai, where he had talks with Chinese officials on the IT industry.

2001: Tokyo Disneyland incident
In May 2001, Kim Jong-nam was arrested in Japan on arrival at Narita International Airport, accompanied by two women and a four-year-old boy identified as his son. He was travelling on a forged Dominican Passport using a Chinese alias, Pang Xiong. After being detained, he was deported to China, where he said he was travelling to Japan to visit Tokyo Disneyland. The incident caused his father to cancel a planned visit to China due to the embarrassment it caused him.

2001–2005: Loss of favour
Until the Tokyo incident, Kim Jong-nam was expected to become leader of the country after his father. In February 2003, the Korean People's Army began a propaganda campaign under the slogan "The Respected Mother is the Most Faithful and Loyal Subject to the Dear Leader Comrade Supreme Commander." This was interpreted as praise of Ko Young-hee, and likely part of a campaign designed to promote Kim Jong-chul or Kim Jong Un, her sons.

Since the loyalty of the army is the foundation of the Kim family's continuing hold on power in North Korea, this was a serious detriment for Kim Jong-nam's prospects. In late 2003, it was reported that Kim Jong-nam was living in Macau, lending strength to this belief.

Kim Jong Un was left in charge while his father was on a state visit to China. Outsider observers also believed North Korea's sinking of a South Korean ship in March 2010 was part of Kim Jong Il's attempt to secure succession for the youngest Kim: provoking a security crisis he could use to rally military support behind Kim Jong Un.

Kim Jong-nam's loss of favour was thought to have been caused by the Tokyo incident. However, Kim Jong-nam himself claimed that he had fallen out of favour due to advocating for reform. In an email to the editor of the Tokyo Shimbun, Kim Jong-nam wrote that after being educated in Switzerland, he "insisted on reform and market-opening", leading his father to decide that he had turned "into a capitalist". Kim Jong-nam at this time has also been described as "the closest North Korean ever to have been an international playboy", and gained a reputation for "gambling and drinking and arranging the occasional business deal". He used to be the only member of the Kim family to ever speak directly to media outside of North Korea, until Kim Jong Un took a question from a foreign journalist during the 2019 North Korea–United States Hanoi Summit.

It was believed that Kim Jong-nam had friendly ties to China. Outside analysts considered him as a possible candidate to replace Kim Jong Un if the North Korean leadership imploded and China, traditionally an ally, sought a replacement leader.

2005–2017: Rise of Kim Jong-un
The Asahi Shimbun reported that Kim Jong-nam, while travelling to see his brother Kim Jong-chul in Munich, survived an assassination attempt at the Budapest Ferihegy International Airport in July 2006. According to South Korean reports, the Hungarian government protested against the incident to the North Korean embassy in Vienna, requesting there be no recurrence. It was reported in the South China Morning Post on 1 February 2007, that Kim Jong-nam had been living incognito with his family in Macau, for some three years.

South Korean television and the South China Morning Post reported in 2007 that Kim Jong-nam had a Portuguese passport. However, Portuguese authorities and the Portuguese consul in Macau, Pedro Moitinho de Almeida, stated that if Kim had such a document, it would be a forgery.

In January 2009, Kim Jong-nam said that he had "no interest" in taking power in North Korea after his father, stating that it is only for his father to decide.

In June 2010, Kim Jong-nam gave a brief interview to the Associated Press in Macau while waiting for a hotel elevator. He said that he had "no plans" to defect to Europe, as the press had recently rumoured. He lived in an apartment on the southern tip of Macau's Coloane Island until 2007. An anonymous South Korean official reported in October 2010 that Kim Jong-nam had not lived in Macau for "months", and shuttled between China and "another country".

In late September 2010, his younger half-brother Kim Jong Un was made heir apparent. Kim Jong Un was declared Supreme Leader of North Korea on 24 December 2011 after the death of Kim Jong Il. The two half-brothers had never met because of the ancient practice of raising potential successors separately.

On 1 January 2012, it was reported that Kim Jong-nam secretly flew to Pyongyang from Macau on 17 December 2011, after learning about his father's death that day and was presumed to have accompanied Kim Jong Un when paying his last respects to their father. He left after a few days to return to Macau and was not in attendance at the funeral to avoid speculation about the succession.

On 14 January 2012, Kim Jong-nam was seen in Beijing waiting for an Air China flight to Macau. He confirmed his identity to a group of South Koreans, which included a professor at Incheon University and told them that he usually travels alone.

In a book released in 2012 titled My Father, Kim Jong Il, and Me by Japanese journalist Yōji Gomi who had interviewed him on numerous occasions, Kim Jong-nam said that he expected the leadership of Kim Jong Un to fail, citing that he was too inexperienced and young. He also stated, "Without reforms, North Korea will collapse, and when such changes take place, the regime will collapse".

According to South Korean intelligence sources, Kim Jong Un had issued a standing order to have his half-brother killed. In 2012, there was another assassination attempt on Kim Jong-nam, who later that year sent a letter to his half-brother begging for his life. In late 2012, he appeared in Singapore one year after leaving Macau. He left Macau on suspicions that he was being targeted for assassination by Kim Jong Un; South Korean authorities had formerly indicted a North Korean agent, Kim Yong-su, who confessed to planning an attack on Kim Jong-nam in July 2010.

On 10 June 2019, the Wall Street Journal, citing former US officials, stated that Kim Jong-nam had been a CIA source. A book by Anna Fifield, Washington Post bureau chief in Beijing, had earlier reported this, stating that he had been previously filmed abroad with a US intelligence agent, and had carried a backpack containing $120,000 in cash.

Assassination
On 13 February 2017, Kim Jong-nam died after being exposed to VX nerve agent at Kuala Lumpur International Airport in Malaysia. It is widely believed that he was killed on the orders of his half-brother Kim Jong Un. Four North Korean suspects left the airport shortly after the attack, travelling back to Pyongyang.

An Indonesian woman, Siti Aisyah, and a Vietnamese woman, Đoàn Thị Hương, were charged with murder but said they thought they were taking part in a TV prank. In March 2019, Siti Aisyah was freed after the charge against her was dropped. In April, the murder charge against Hương was also dropped, and she pleaded guilty to the lesser charge of "voluntarily causing hurt by dangerous weapons or means". She was sentenced to three years and four months in prison, but received a one-third reduction in her term, and was released on 3 May 2019.

Personal life
It has been reported that Kim Jong-nam had two wives, and one mistress, and had at least six children. His first wife, Shin Jong-hui (born c. 1980), lives at a home called Dragon Villa on the northern outskirts of Beijing. His second wife, Lee Hye-kyong (born c. 1970), their son Han-sol (born 1995) and their daughter Sol-hui (born c. 1998) lived in a modest 12-story apartment building in Macau; his mistress, former Air Koryo flight attendant So Yong-la (born c. 1980), also lives in Macau. He had several tattoos, including two of dragons.

title: Kim Jong-nam


text:
Federal Duck Stamp

The Federal Duck Stamp, formally known as the Migratory Bird Hunting and Conservation Stamp, is an adhesive stamp issued by the United States federal government that must be purchased prior to hunting for migratory waterfowl such as ducks and geese. It is also used to gain entrance to National Wildlife Refuges that normally charge for admission. It is widely seen as a collectable and a means to raise funds for wetland conservation, with 98% of the proceeds of each sale going to the Migratory Bird Conservation Fund.

President Herbert Hoover signed the Migratory Bird Conservation Act in 1929 to authorize the acquisition and preservation of wetlands as waterfowl habitat. The law, however, did not provide a permanent source of money to buy and preserve the wetlands. On March 16, 1934, Congress passed, and President Roosevelt signed, the Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act, popularly known as the Duck Stamp Act.

Time of issue
Duck stamps are issued once a year. In most states, hunters are required to purchase both a federal and state stamp before hunting waterfowl. Waterfowl hunting seasons vary, but most begin in September or October, so naturally, stamps are needed prior to opening day of the hunting season. Currently, the federal stamp and more than half of the state stamps are issued by July. Many are issued on the first day of the new year, and a few at the last minute in September or early October.

Cost
The annual federal duck stamp had a face value of $1 in 1934, jumped to $2 in 1949, and to $3 in 1959. In 1972 the price increased to $5, then up to $7.50 in 1979, $10 in 1987, $12.50 in 1989 and to $15 in 1991. In 2015 the price of federal duck stamp rose to $25. For every $15 stamp sold, the federal government retained $14.70 for wetlands acquisition and conservation, with just 30 cents to overhead. Most state conservation stamps have a face value of $5. New Hampshire has the lowest price at $4; North Carolina is the highest at $27. Funds generated from state stamps are designated for wetlands restoration and preservation, much like the federal funds, but with a more localized purpose. Most state agencies sell their stamps at face value. However, some also charge a premium to collectors buying single stamps, to help cover overhead costs. Some states also produce limited editions for collectors.

Format
The federal stamp is presently issued in panes of 20 stamps. Originally, the stamps were issued in panes of 28, but because of a change in the printing method (and to make stamps easier to count) a 30 stamp format was adopted in 1959. In 2000, the format was again changed to the present sheet of 20. Beginning in 1998, a single self-adhesive stamp was issued. This stamp and surrounding backing is approximately the size of a dollar bill. Most states and foreign governments follow the federal format. Many states issue a 10-stamp pane for ease of handling and mailing to field offices.

Types
About 10 states issue two types of stamps, one for collectors and another for hunter use. Collector stamps are usually in panes of 10 or 30 without tabs. Hunter type stamps are usually issued in panes of five or 10, many with tabs attached. Hunters use the tabs to list their name, address, age and other data. Some states use only serial numbers to designate their hunter type stamp. State stamps are therefore referred to as either collector stamps or hunter type stamps. Most dealers will distinguish between these types on their price lists. Separate albums exist for both types and are available from most dealers.

Plate blocks or control number blocks are designations given to a block of stamps, usually four, with a plate or control number present on the selvage. Such a block is usually located in one or all four corners of a pane. Federal stamps prior to 1959 plus the 1964 issue are collected in blocks of six and must have the selvage on two sides. The Federal Junior Duck Stamp Program is a non-profit program sponsored by the Federal Government and designed to promote interest in conservation and wetlands preservation among students in grades K to 12. The program includes a conservation and education curriculum that helps students of all ages. It focuses on wildlife conservation and management, wildlife art and philately. All proceeds from sales support conservation education.

Governor's editions have been issued by several state agencies as a means of raising additional income. These stamps are printed in small quantities, most fewer than 1,000. They have a face value of approximately $50, and are imprinted with the name of the state governor. Governors also hand-sign a limited number of stamps. These are usually available at a premium, generally twice the price of normal singles. Hand-signed or autographed stamps are issued in very small quantities and are scarce to rare. Governor's editions are valid for hunting by all issuing states, but none would be used for that purpose, however, as it would destroy the mint condition and lower the value of the stamp.

Artist signed stamps are mint examples of duck stamps autographed by the artist responsible for the artwork on the stamp. Such stamps are rapidly gaining popularity with collectors, and most can be purchased for a small premium over mint examples. Early federal stamps are particularly valuable and difficult to acquire. Signed stamps by artists now deceased also command a substantial premium. Remarqued stamps are quickly gaining in popularity with a worldwide audience. Original art on the actual stamp is seen as adding a spectacular flair to collections, making each stamp unique. These are very special, one-of-kind stamps on which an artist has personally drawn or painted a dog, decoy, lighthouse and/or duck.

The artwork is obtained by commissioning the artist for their work, and generally the stamps take time to complete. All are either signed or initialed by the artist. Through the efforts of Jeanette C. Rudy, the Smithsonian Institution's National Postal Museum has received a complete remarqued set for display to the public. Stamps of deceased artists will bear a remarque by a living federal artist, as a tribute to the artist and their work. The artist doing the remarque will initial the stamp; for example some have been completed by Ken Michaelsen, artist of RW46.

Printed text stamps are another popular collectible. Generally, these preceded the later pictorial issues. The term is applied to stamps required for duck hunting that contain only writing but no waterfowl illustration. Certain American Indian reservations and tribes also issue waterfowl hunting stamps. The stamps of these sovereign Indian nations allow holders to hunt on that reservation when a federal stamp is also purchased. Reservation stamps are becoming increasingly popular with collectors as more people discover their existence.

Errors
With the printing of such a large number of stamps year after year by many different states and printing agencies, errors do occur, but are seldom found. A few federal stamps are known to exist with major errors, but only a few, namely on the 1934, 1986, 1990, 1991, 1993, and 2003 issues.

Stamps without perforations, with missing or incorrect color, missing or inverted writing on the reverse are all major errors. Smaller flaws, such as color shifts, misplaced perforations, so-called doughnuts, and other such anomalies are termed freaks, rather than errors. These, too, are collectible and have value, but they do not command the same attention as major errors. Major errors are extremely rare and exist in small numbers. All errors and freaks on duck stamps are very desirable and add a great deal of interest and value to a collection.

There was a typo in one of the phone numbers on the back of the 2008–09 Migratory Bird Hunting and Conservation Stamp. The correct 1-800 number is supposed to direct people wanting to order another copy of the stamp to the appropriate department in the Duck Stamp Office.

Collecting
While most collectors prefer to collect mint condition duck stamps, many others prefer collecting stamps on license, autographed stamps, plate blocks, stamps signed by hunters, art prints, souvenir cards, first day covers, or a combination.

Preserving the mint condition of a stamp is crucial for determining value. A perfectly centered stamp will usually sell for a substantial premium over one with normal centering. Very fine (VF) is the norm in stamp collecting, and is the condition priced by Scott Catalog.

Federal Duck Stamp contest
The first Federal Duck Stamp, designed by Jay "Ding" Darling in 1934 at President Franklin D. Roosevelt's request, depicts two mallards about to land on a marsh pond. In subsequent years, other noted wildlife artists were asked to submit designs.

In 1949, the first duck stamp contest was opened to the public. The first contest in 1949 was open to any U.S. artist who wished to enter. Sixty-five artists submitted 88 design entries that first year. The number of entries rose to 2,099 in 1981. Maynard Reece from Arnolds Park, Iowa, won the competition a record five times, winning in 1948, 1951, 1959, 1969 and 1971. Brothers, Joe and Jim Hautman have individually surpassed Reece's record with six wins respectively.

The contest remains the only art competition of its kind sponsored by the U.S. Government. A panel of noted art, waterfowl, and philatelic authorities is appointed by the Secretary of the Interior to judge each competition. Winners receive no compensation for their work, other than a pane of stamps carrying their design. Winning artists may sell prints of their designs, which are sought after by hunters, conservationists, and art collectors.

The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service mails contest regulations to interested artists each spring. Artists may choose their own medium and designs may be in black-and-white or full color and must measure 10 inches wide by 7 inches high.

History
In 1989, with a grant from the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation (NFWF), Dr. Joan Allemand developed the Federal Junior Duck Stamp Conservation and Design Program, a dynamic arts curriculum that teaches wetlands and waterfowl conservation to students from kindergarten through high school. The program incorporates scientific and wildlife management principles into a visual arts curriculum. Participants complete a JDS design as their visual projects. Through this program, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service introduces the Federal Duck Stamp program and the National Wildlife Refuge System to participants and educates new generations of citizens about the importance of waterfowl and wetlands conservation.

The JDS curriculum made its debut as part of a pilot program in California. In 1990, three thousand students in public and private schools were the first to participate in the JDS Program curriculum and art contest. Florida and Illinois were added in 1991 with Arkansas, Kansas and Vermont entering the program in 1992. At that time, a state stamp sheet was developed using the Best of Show winners from each participating state from 1991 and 1992. This $10 stamp sheet included nine state JDS designs. Due to printing costs for the Best of Show stamp sheet it was determined that a national competition, using the Best of Show winning designs from each state, would be held to select a design for a Federal Junior Duck Stamp.

Maryland and South Dakota entered the program in 1993. With eight states competing, the first national competition was held to select one stamp to become the first Federal Junior Duck Stamp. That year, during the first day of sale ceremony for the Federal Duck Stamp, judges selected the first, second, and third place national winning designs. The first Federal Junior Duck Stamp design winner was Jason Parsons from Canton, Illinois. His design, titled 'Ruffling Redhead', was used to create the junior stamps which sold for $5.00 each.

Seventeen new states joined the program in 1994. At that time, stamps were purchased by an individual as a contribution to the NFWF's Junior Duck Stamp Challenge Grant. Proceeds from the sale of the stamps were used as matching funds to support the program. With the grant term expiring, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service sponsored legislation to gain Congressional authorization for the Federal Junior Duck Stamp and to direct the proceeds from sales to support conservation education in the form of awards and scholarships for the participants.

The Junior Duck Stamp Conservation and Design Act of 1994 was enacted on October 6, 1994. The Act directed the Secretary of the Interior to create a JDS and to license and market the JDS and the stamp design. The proceeds from these efforts are used to support conservation education awards and scholarships. In 2000, Congress preauthorized the Junior Duck Stamp Conservation and Design Program Act for another five years, and expanded the conservation education program throughout the U.S. and its territories. Since that time, all 50 states, the District of Columbia, American Samoa, and the U.S. Virgin Islands have joined the program.

Today more than 27,000 students throughout the United States, American Samoa, and the U.S. Virgin Islands submit entries to a state or territory JDS Contest. The program's success is due to partnerships with Federal and State government agencies, nongovernmental organizations, private businesses, and volunteers who have helped to recognize and honor thousands of teachers and students throughout the United States for their participation in conservation related activities.

Contest
The Junior Duck Stamp Conservation and Design Program is designed to teach wetlands habitat and waterfowl conservation to students in kindergarten through high school and help reconnect youth with the outdoors. The program guides students, using scientific and wildlife observation principles, to communicate visually what they have learned through an entry into the Junior Duck Stamp art contest.

The JDS has increased in popularity significantly since its inception in 1989 and moreover since the implementation of a national art contest and stamp in 1993. The program was first recognized by Congress in 1994 when the Junior Duck Stamp Conservation and Design Program Act was enacted. In 2000, Congress reauthorized the program and expanded it from seventeen states to include student participants in all fifty states, the District of Columbia and the U.S. territories. Participation in the program nationwide has remained steady since 2000 with nearly 27,000 students entering a state art contest each year. Revenue from the sales of the JDS reached $172,000 in Fiscal Year 2004 and goes to support awards and environmental education for students who participate in the program as well as efforts to market the JDS.

Preparation for the Junior Duck Stamp contest and involvement in the program requires students to think about and understand at least the fundamental principles of anatomy and environmental science and can be a valid barometer of a student's grasp of these topics. The program also provides an opportunity for students to learn science and express their knowledge of the beauty, diversity, and interdependence of wildlife artistically.

The Junior Duck Stamp contest begins each spring when students submit their artwork to a state or territory contest. Students at the state level are judged in four groups according to grade level: Group I: K–3, Group II: 4–6, Group III: 7–9, and Group IV 10–12. Three first, second and third place entries are selected for each group. A Best of Show is selected by the judges from the twelve first-place winners regardless of their grade group. Each state or territory Best of Show is then submitted to the Duck Stamp Office and entered into the national Junior Duck Stamp Contest. To further the interdisciplinary underpinnings of the program, students are now encouraged, but not required, to include a conservation message on their entry form with their art design. The conservation message is judged in some states and at the national level for Best of Show winners. The message should explain something the student has learned about wetlands habitat, conservation or waterfowl. It may also be a statement used to encourage others to participate in conservation.

The first place design from the national contest is used to create a Junior Duck Stamp for the following year. Junior Duck Stamps are sold by the U.S. Postal Service and Amplex Corporation consignees for $5 per stamp. Proceeds from the sale of Junior Duck Stamp support conservation education, and provide awards and scholarships for the students, teachers, and schools that participate in the program.

Issuance
Duck stamps are now issued by the United States government and all state governments. Many foreign countries, including Canada, Australia, Mexico, Russia and the United Kingdom have also issued duck stamps.

The issuing authorities within the various governments that release duck stamps are usually conservation and wildlife departments. These programs must be created by some form of legislation for the resulting stamps to be accepted as a valid governmental issue. Labels featuring ducks also are issued by various special interest groups, such as Ducks Unlimited and the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation. Their issues are referred to as "society stamps." These items technically are not duck stamps because the fee structure and disposition of funds are not legislated. However, society stamps are very collectible and often appreciated. Funds raised by these organizations are also used for waterfowl and conservation efforts. Valid organizations and societies of this type perform a major service to conservation by their donations and efforts, and they merit public support.

In Popular Culture
In the 1996 film Fargo, the fictional character Norm Gunderson places second in the contest but notes "Hautman's blue-winged teal got the 29-cent".

The contest was the focus of Brian Davis's 2016 documentary The Million Dollar Duck which follows a number of participants through the process of submitting entries.

In September 2021 comedian John Oliver revealed on his talk show Last Week Tonight that he had commissioned and submitted five humorous entries into the contest. These were later auctioned off, fetching nearly $100,000 USD which was subsequently donated to the Federal Duck Stamp program. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service released a statement in response, saying “The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service is excited ‘Last Week Tonight’ with John Oliver is supportive of wildlife and wetland conservation. For nearly 90 years, the Duck Stamp Program has been instrumental in conserving waterfowl and wildlife habitat, and we look forward to continuing to build upon this rich wildlife heritage.”

title: Federal Duck Stamp


text:
List of towns in Portugal

A town (Vila) in Portugal, does not necessarily correspond to a municipality. There are 533 towns in Portugal. Some towns are the seat of municipality; others belong to a municipality. Alphabetically, the towns are as follows:

Source: Instituto Nacional de Estatística

A

 * A dos Cunhados
 * A dos Francos
 * Abragão
 * Abraveses
 * Aguada de Cima
 * Águas Santas (in Maia Municipality)
 * Aguiar da Beira
 * Alandroal
 * Albergaria-a-Velha
 * Alcains
 * Alcanena
 * Alcanhões
 * Alcantarilha, in Silves Municipality
 * Alcobertas
 * Alcochete
 * Alcoutim
 * Aldeia do Carvalho
 * Alenquer
 * Alfândega da Fé
 * Alfarelos (Soure Municipality)
 * Alfeizerão
 * Algés, Oeiras Municipality
 * Algoz
 * Algueirão-Mem Martins, Sintra Municipality
 * Alhadas
 * Alhandra
 * Alhos Vedros
 * Alijó
 * Aljezur
 * Aljubarrota
 * Aljustrel
 * Almancil
 * Almeida
 * Almendra
 * Almodôvar
 * Almofala, Castro Daire Municipality
 * Alpendurada
 * Alpiarça
 * Alter do Chão
 * Alvaiázere
 * Alvalade
 * Alvite
 * Alvito
 * Alvor, Portimão
 * Amareleja
 * Amares
 * Amiais de Baixo
 * Ançã
 * Angeja
 * Anha
 * Ansião
 * Anta
 * Apúlia
 * Arazede
 * Arco de Baúlhe
 * Arcos de Valdevez
 * Arcozelo
 * Arganil
 * Argoncilhe
 * Argozelo
 * Armação de Pêra
 * Armamar
 * Arouca
 * Arraiolos
 * Arranhó
 * Arrifana
 * Arronches
 * Arruda dos Vinhos
 * Avanca
 * Aveiras de Cima
 * Avelar
 * Avintes
 * Avis
 * Avô
 * Azambuja
 * Azeitão
 * Azueira

B

 * Baião
 * Baixa da Banheira
 * Barrancos
 * Barrosas
 * Barroselas
 * Batalha
 * Belas, Sintra
 * Belmonte
 * Benavente
 * Benedita
 * Benfica do Ribatejo
 * Beringel
 * Bobadela
 * Boidobra
 * Bombarral
 * Borba
 * Boticas
 * Branca
 * Brejos de Azeitão
 * Britiande
 * Brito
 * Bucelas

C

 * Cabanas de Tavira
 * Cabanas de Viriato
 * Cabeceiras de Basto
 * Cacia, Aveiro
 * Cadaval
 * Caldas das Taipas
 * Caldas de S Jorge
 * Caldelas
 * Calheta, Madeira
 * Camacha, Madeira
 * Camarate
 * Cambres
 * Caminha
 * Campelos
 * Campo
 * Campo de Besteiros
 * Campo Maior
 * Canas de Santa Maria
 * Canas de Senhorim
 * Caneças
 * Canedo
 * Canelas
 * Caniçal
 * Capelas
 * Caramulo
 * Caranguejeira
 * Carapinheira
 * Caria
 * Carnaxide
 * Carrazeda de Ansiães
 * Carregado
 * Carregal do Sal
 * Carregosa
 * Carrezedo de Montenegro
 * Carvalhos
 * Carvoeiro
 * Cascais
 * Castanheira de Pêra
 * Castanheira do Ribatejo
 * Castelo da Maia, Maia
 * Castelo de Paiva
 * Castelo de Vide
 * Castro Daire
 * Castro Marim
 * Castro Verde
 * Cavês
 * Caxarias, Ourem
 * Caxias, Oeiras
 * Cedovim
 * Ceira, Coimbra
 * Cela
 * Celorico da Beira
 * Celorico de Basto
 * Cercal do Alentejo
 * Cernache do Bonjardim
 * Cesar
 * Chamusca
 * Charneca da Caparica
 * Cinfães
 * Colares
 * Condeixa-a-Nova
 * Constância
 * Corroios
 * Cortegaça, Ovar
 * Coruche
 * Corvo, Azores
 * Couço
 * Crato
 * Crestuma
 * Cuba, Alentejo
 * Cumieira

D

 * Darque

E

 * Eixo
 * Ermidas do Sado
 * Ervedosa do Douro
 * Escoural
 * Espinhal
 * Estômbar
 * Estreito de Câmara de Lobos, Madeira

F

 * Fajões
 * Famões
 * Fânzeres
 * Fão
 * Favaios
 * Fazendas de Almeirim
 * Febres
 * Fermentelos
 * Fermil de Basto
 * Ferragudo
 * Ferreira do Alentejo
 * Ferreira do Zêzere
 * Ferro
 * Figueira de Castelo Rodrigo
 * Figueiró dos Vinhos
 * Fontelo
 * Fontes
 * Forjães
 * Fornos de Algodres
 * Forte da Casa
 * Foz do Arelho
 * Frazão
 * Freixianda
 * Freixo de Espada à Cinta
 * Freixo de Numão
 * Fronteira
 * Fuseta

G

 * Gaeiras
 * Gandarela de Basto
 * Gavião
 * Glória do Ribatejo
 * Góis
 * Golegã
 * Gonçalo, Amarante
 * Grândola
 * Grijó

I

 * Idanha-a-Nova
 * Izeda

J

 * Joane
 * Juncal

L

 * Lagares da Beira
 * Lagoa, Azores (São Miguel Island)
 * Lajeosa do Dão
 * Lajes, Praia da Vitoria, Terceira island, Azores
 * Lajes das Flores
 * Lajes do Pico, Pico, Azores
 * Lalim
 * Lamas, Feira
 * Lavradio
 * Lazarim
 * Leça da Palmeira
 * Leça do Balio
 * Leomil
 * Lever, Gaia
 * Linda-a-Velha, (Oeiras)
 * Lobão, (Feira)
 * Lordelo, Guimarães (Guimarães)
 * Lordelo, Vila Real (Vila Real)
 * Loriga, Seia
 * Lorvão, Penacova
 * Loureiro
 * Louriçal
 * Lourinhã
 * Lousã
 * Lousada
 * Luso, Mealhada
 * Luz (or Luz de Lagos), Algarve
 * Luz de Tavira, Tavira, Algarve

M

 * Mação
 * Maceda
 * Maceira
 * Macieira de Cambra
 * Madalena (Madeira)
 * Mafra
 * Maiorca
 * Malveira
 * Manschestertown Green
 * Manteigas
 * Marialva
 * Marinhais
 * Marmeleira
 * Marvão
 * Melgaço
 * Mértola
 * Mesão Frio
 * Mexilhoeira Grande
 * Minde
 * Mira
 * Mira de Aire
 * Miranda do Corvo
 * Mões
 * Mogadouro
 * Moimenta da Beira
 * Moita
 * Moita dos Ferreiros
 * Monção
 * Moncarapacho
 * Monchique
 * Mondim da Beira
 * Mondim de Basto
 * Monforte
 * Monsanto
 * Montalegre
 * Monte da Caparica
 * Monte Gordo
 * Monte Real
 * Montemor-o-Velho
 * Mora
 * Moreira, Maia
 * Moreira de Cónegos
 * Mortágua
 * Moscavide
 * Mourão
 * Mourisca
 * Mozelos
 * Murça
 * Murtosa

N

 * Nazaré
 * Nelas
 * Nespereira
 * Nisa
 * Nogueira da Regedoura
 * Nogueira do Cravo
 * Nordeste, Azores

O

 * Óbidos
 * Odeceixe
 * Odemira
 * Oeiras
 * Oiã
 * Oleiros
 * Olival
 * Olival Basto
 * Oliveira de Frades
 * Oliveirinha
 * Ourique

P

 * Paço de Arcos, Oeiras
 * Paço de Sousa
 * Paços de Brandão
 * Paião
 * Palmela
 * Pampilhosa
 * Pampilhosa da Serra
 * Paranhos da Beira
 * Parchal
 * Parede, Cascais
 * Paredes de Coura
 * Pataias
 * Pedrario
 * Pedras Salgadas
 * Pedrógão Grande
 * Pedroso
 * Penacova
 * Penalva do Castelo
 * Penamacor
 * Penedono
 * Penela
 * Pêra
 * Pereira (formerly Pereira do Campo), Montemor-o-Velho
 * Pêro Pinheiro, Sintra
 * Perosinho
 * Pevidém
 * Pias
 * Pinhal Novo
 * Pinhão
 * Pinheiro da Bemposta
 * Ponta do Sol
 * Ponte
 * Ponte da Barca
 * Ponte de Lima
 * Pontével
 * Pontinha
 * Porches
 * Portel
 * Porto da Cruz
 * Porto de Mós
 * Porto Moniz (Madeira)
 * Porto Salvo
 * Póvoa de Lanhoso
 * Póvoa de Santo Adrião
 * Povoação (Azores)
 * Prados
 * Praia de Mira (Mira)
 * Praia do Carvoeiro (Algarve)
 * Proença-a-Nova

Q

 * Queijas
 * Quinta do Conde
 * Quinta Do Lago

R

 * Ramada
 * Rebordões
 * Redondo
 * Resende
 * Riachos
 * Riba de Ave
 * Ribamar
 * Ribeira Brava
 * Ribeira de Pena
 * Ribeirão
 * Rio de Moinhos
 * Rio de Mouro
 * Rio Meão
 * Ronfe
 * Rossas

S

 * Sabrosa
 * Sagres
 * Salir
 * Salto
 * Salvaterra de Magos
 * Salzedas
 * Sandim
 * Sanfins do Douro
 * Sangalhos, Anadia
 * Santa Catarina
 * Santa Catarina da Serra
 * Santa Cruz da Graciosa [Azores]
 * Santa Cruz da Trapa
 * Santa Cruz das Flores [Azores]
 * Santa Luzia
 * Santa Marinha, (Seia)
 * Santa Marinha do Zêzere
 * Santa Marta de Penaguião
 * Santar
 * Santo André (Barreiro)
 * Santo António dos Cavaleiros
 * São Bartolomeu de Messines, Silves
 * São Brás de Alportel
 * São Cosmado
 * São Félix da Marinha, Gaia
 * São João da Pesqueira
 * São João de Areias
 * São João de Ovar, Ovar
 * São João de Tarouca, Tarouca
 * São João de Ver
 * São João do Campo
 * São João do Monte
 * São Manços
 * São Martinho de Anta, Alijo
 * São Martinho de Mouros
 * São Martinho do Campo (Campo),[Valongo]
 * São Martinho do Porto
 * São Miguel de Machede
 * São Paio de Oleiros
 * São Pedro da Cova
 * São Pedro de Alva
 * São Pedro de Castelões
 * São Pedro de Rates
 * São Pedro do Sul
 * São Romão (Seia municipality)
 * São Roque, Pico island, Azores
 * São Teotónio
 * São Tomé de Negrelos
 * São Torcato
 * São Vicente, Madeira island
 * São Vicente de Alfena or Alfena(Valongo)
 * Sardoal
 * Sátão
 * Seixo da Beira
 * Sendim
 * Sendim
 * Senhora da Hora
 * Sernancelhe
 * Serra d'El-Rei
 * Sertã
 * Serzedelo
 * Serzedo
 * Sesimbra
 * Sever do Vouga
 * Silgueiros
 * Silvares
 * Sintra
 * Soalheira
 * Sobrado
 * Sobral de Monte Agraço
 * Sobralinho
 * Sobreda
 * Soure
 * Sousel
 * Souselas
 * Souselo
 * Souto, Abrantes
 * Souto, Sabugal
 * Souto, Sabugal

T

 * Tábua
 * Tabuaço
 * Teixoso
 * Tentúgal
 * Termas do Gerês
 * Terras do Bouro
 * Tocha
 * Torrão
 * Torre de Dona Chama
 * Torre de Moncorvo
 * Torredeita
 * Torreira
 * Tortosendo
 * Trafaria, Almada
 * Tramagal
 * Treixedo
 * Trevões
 * Turcifal
 * Turquel

U

 * Unhais da Serra

V

 * Vagos
 * Valadares
 * Valado dos Frades
 * Vale de Santarém
 * Válega
 * Vale Do Lobo
 * Valença
 * Velas
 * Verride
 * Vialonga
 * Viana do Alentejo
 * Vidago
 * Vidigueira
 * Vieira de Leiria
 * Vieira do Minho
 * Vila Chã de Ourique
 * Vila Chã de São Roque
 * Vila Cova à Coelheira
 * Vila da Calheta
 * Vila das Aves
 * Vila de Cucujães
 * Vila de Prado
 * Vila de Rei
 * Vila do Bispo
 * Vila do Coronado
 * Vila do Porto, Santa Maria Island, Azores
 * Vila Flor
 * Vila Franca das Naves, Trancoso (Beiras
 * Vila Franca do Campo
 * Vila Meã, Amarante
 * Vila Nova da Barquinha
 * Vila Nova da Rainha
 * Vila Nova de Cacela
 * Vila Nova de Cerveira
 * Vila Nova de Milfontes
 * Vila Nova de Oliveirinha
 * Vila Nova de Paiva
 * Vila Nova de Poiares
 * Vila Nova de São Bento
 * Vila Nova de Tazem (Gouveia)
 * Vila Pouca de Aguiar
 * Vila Praia de Âncora or Ancora, Caminha
 * Vila Velha de Ródão
 * Vila Verde
 * Vila Viçosa
 * Vilar de Maçada
 * Vilar Formoso
 * Vilarandelo
 * Vimioso
 * Vinhais
 * Vouzela

Z

 * Zebreira

title: List of towns in Portugal


text:
New Reasoner

The New Reasoner was a British journal of dissident Communism published from 1957 to 1959 by John Saville and E. P. Thompson. The publication is best remembered as an antecedent of the long-running journal New Left Review.

The Reasoner
The New Reasoner was preceded by a journal entitled The Reasoner, first published in July 1956 by John Saville and E. P. Thompson. The editors proposed the use of the journal as a forum for the discussion of "questions of fundamental principle, aim, and strategy," critiquing Stalinism as well as the dogmatic politics of the Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB).

The Reasoner took its name from an early 19th-century publication which had attempted to renew and reinvigorate a flagging Jacobin Radicalism.

Over its five months of existence, the journal angered many within the leadership of the CPGB. Thompson and Saville were ordered to cease publication of their dissident journal, an order they chose to defy. Because of their refusal, Thompson and Saville were suspended from the CPGB.

The New Reasoner
In 1957, following their resignation from the CPGB over its support of the Soviet Union's invasion of Hungary, Thompson and Saville began the publication of a new journal, named the New Reasoner, with the purpose of contributing to "the re-discovery of our traditions, the affirmation of socialist values, and the undogmatic perception of social reality." The opening editorial was a reaffirmation of their commitment to the British Marxist and Communist tradition, despite their departure from the Party. They allied themselves with European workers who were fighting for "de-stalinisation" and called for the rebirth of principles within the movement.

In 1960 the New Reasoner merged with the Universities and Left Review journal to become New Left Review.

title: New Reasoner


text:
Danilo Medina

Danilo Medina Sánchez ( : born 10 November 1951) is a Dominican politician who was President of the Dominican Republic from 2012 to 2020. Medina previously served as Chief of Staff to the President of the Dominican Republic from 1996 to 1999 and from 2004 to 2006, and is a member of the Dominican Liberation Party (PLD). He won the May 2012 Dominican presidential election, defeating Hipòlito Mejía with 51% of the votes. On 15 May 2016, Danilo Medina leading a coalition of parties won the 2016 Dominican presidential election, defeating the leader of the opposition and PRM candidate Luis Abinader with 61.8% of the votes, the highest percentage received by a president elected in free elections since 1924 when Horacio Vásquez won the presidency with 69.8% of the ballots—surpassing Juan Bosch's record of 59.5% obtained in 1962, and Leonel Fernández's 57.1% of the votes obtained in 2004.

Medina's second term has been characterized as humane, transparent and goal-driven by its supporters. With a penchant for performing weekly visits to impoverished rural sections of the country, President Medina finished his second term with a 65% approval rate. However, during his second term there were attempts to seek a third term which was frustrated after a call from the US Department of State secretary Mike Pompeo.

Medina's family, including two of his brothers, are currently being investigated under allegations of corruption, involving traffic of influence by which they benefited under Medina presidency, obtaining multiple contracts and business with the State. , the investigation process had entered a new phase following the arrests of two of Medina's brothers.

Early years
Medina was born in Arroyo Cano, San Juan Province, in the southwest of the Dominican Republic. He is the oldest of eight brothers born to Juan Pablo Medina de los Santos (1918–2019) and Amelia Sánchez Abreu (1931–2004). Since he was 18 years old he was a student leader, founding the San Juan de la Maguana branch of the Frente Revolucionario Estudiantil Nacionalista at the UASD. When Professor Juan Bosch founded the Partido de la Liberación Dominicana in 1973. Medina joined him. He studied economics at Instituto Tecnológico Santo Domingo (INTEC), and graduated magna cum laude in 1984. He has been a member of the Central Committee of the PLD since 1983. In 1986 election he was elected a deputy in Congress. In 1987, he married psychologist Cándida Montilla and has three daughters, Sibeli, Vanessa and Ana Paula.

Career during the 1990s and 2000s
In 1990, Medina was elected member of the Political Committee of the Dominican Liberation Party (PLD) together with Leonel Fernández and Juan Temístocles Montás. He was selected by his political organization to be the President of the Chamber of Deputies in the Dominican Republic.

He was President of the Chamber of Deputies of the Dominican Republic from 1994 to 1995, and subsequently served as Secretary of State of the Presidency from 1996 to 1999 and again from 2004 to 2006.

As president of the Chamber of Deputies in the National Congress (1990–94), he was a key figure in congressional negotiations that led to the resolving of the 1994 political impasse. In that year, a close finish between Joaquín Balaguer and José Francisco Peña Gómez brought about a major conflict, as one side accused the other of fraud. The conflict was resolved with a pact that instituted separate presidential and congressional elections, the need for a candidate to receive 50%+1 of the vote to win in a first round, and prohibited presidential re-election. The agreement eventually worked in favor of the PLD, which won the presidential in the 1996 election, with Leonel Fernández defeating José Francisco Peña Gómez in a second round.

Medina is considered the PLD's leading political strategist and negotiator. As such, he was one of the leaders of the presidential campaign of President Fernández. He was appointed Secretary of the Presidency in 1996 and was one of the President's closest aides. In 2000, with Fernández barred from reelection (at the time, Dominican presidents could not immediately succeed themselves), Medina was the presidential candidate of the PLD. He finished a distant second behind opposition candidate Hipólito Mejía of the Dominican Revolutionary Party (PRD), taking only 24.9 percent of the vote to Mejía's 49.87 percent. However, Medina concluded he had no chance of overcoming Mejía's nearly 25-point first-round lead, especially after third-place finisher Balaguer hinted some of his supporters would vote for the PRD in the runoff. Medina would have needed nearly all of Balaguer's supporters in order to overcome his massive first-round deficit. Realizing that he would be lucky to get half of them in the runoff, Medina conceded the presidency to Mejía. In his concession speech, Medina said that a runoff would not be in the country's best interest.

As President Fernández acceded to a second term in 2004, Medina was once again appointed Secretary of the Presidency (Equivalent to Chief of Staff) and considered second in command on internal corridors of Government. As a new election approached in 2008, Medina was considered the main competition for President Fernández, as he was considered by some to have complete political control of the ruling party, the PLD. He resigned from the post on 8 November 2006 in order to launch his bid for the PLD presidential nomination against President Fernández.

After running a campaign under the slogans "Ahora Es" and "Lo Mejor Para Todos" ("Now Is the Time" and "The Best for Everybody") Medina was eventually defeated by President Fernández in the 6 May 2007 PLD internal election to choose the party's candidate for the 2008 presidential election. Since its foundation the PLD had maintained an implicit non re-election policy, but President Fernández changed that allowing him to campaign against Medina from the Presidential Palace and opt for a second consecutive term in power (his third).

In the internal PLD vote Medina obtained 28.45% of the votes against President Fernández' 71.55%. Minor irregularities were confirmed during the election process. In the evening of 6 May 2007, Medina made a brief public appearance saying he had been "beaten by the state" (in reference to the fact that government resources had been used to suppress his candidacy and to promote that of Fernández). Subsequently, Medina and his supporters maintained a low profile. During this period he was considered the most likely contender for the PLD candidacy in the 2012 Dominican presidential election.

President of the Dominican Republic
Medina ran for and was elected President of the Dominican Republic in the 2012 Dominican presidential election, that ended on the morning of 21 May, with 51.24% of the votes defeating Hipólito Mejía, his 2000 election rival. While running for office Medina's thesis was criticized for suspected plagiarism by Génove Gneco, the professor coordinating the Office against plagiarism in the thesis, of the Universidad Autónoma de Santo Domingo. Gneco also investigated the thesis of senator Félix Bautista and Minister of Economic Affairs Juan Temístocles Montás. He was later removed from his position for overstepping his limits and not being able to prove his claims. Medina vowed to fight corruption, create jobs and invest in education in the Caribbean nation. In the 2016 Dominican presidential election, Medina was re-elected for a second term, defeating the leader of the opposition and PRM candidate Luis Abinader with 61.8% of the votes. His government aligns itself with that of the United States in international relations. On Venezuela, he refuses to recognise President Nicolas Maduro and supports Juan Guaido, an opposition leader. He and other pro-US Caribbean leaders have been summoned to a meeting with Donald Trump in March 2019 to define a common policy on the situation in Venezuela and China's "predatory economic practices".

Following his term in office, Medina's family is currently being investigated for using political and family ties to accumulate wealth during his term as president. The process is being overseen by PEPCA (Government anti-corruption prosecution) and the Deputy Attorney General of the Dominican Republic. , the investigation moved into a new stage with the arrest of two of Medina's brothers.

Ancestry
According to genealogist Sinecio Ramírez Suazo, Danilo Medina is allegedly descended from Francisco del Rosario Sánchez, founding father of the Dominican Republic. If true, Medina would be the first Dominican President descended from one of the Founding Fathers; however, genealogist Edwin Espinal argues that Medina's great-great-great-grandfather Dionisio Sánchez Herrera could not be the son of Juan Francisco Sánchez de Peña (Francisco del Rosario Sánchez's son) since Sánchez Herrera was born in 1840 and Sánchez de Peña in 1852.

title: Danilo Medina


text:
Talk:Lerman Dragutin

Why did title change?
... to Lerman Dragutin instead of Dragutin Lerman? All other references in articles are to the latter, which is the way the page was titled originally (I saw that the other was blanked out & reinstated the text there before I found this page; now the text is in 2 places). Since all edits are being done by an anonymous user with a different ID every time, I have no way of contacting this person and finding out what the intention is. There is no explanation in either place. We certainly don't need or want both pages. Anyone have a clue what might be behind this? Elf 05:59, 6 Mar 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lerman Dragutin


text:
List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 1997

The Billboard Hot 100 is a chart that ranks the best-performing singles of the United States. Published by Billboard magazine, the data are compiled by Nielsen SoundScan based collectively on each single's weekly physical sales and airplay. There were ten singles that peaked atop the charts, but if "Un-Break My Heart" is excluded from the count (for the song started its peak in the previous year), the total would be nine. The longest running number-one single of 1997 is "Candle in the Wind 1997"/"Something About the Way You Look Tonight", which logged 14 weeks at the top of the Billboard Hot 100. Two of those weeks were logged in 1998 while the remaining 12 were attained in 1997.

With "Honey" becoming her 12th #1 single, Mariah Carey broke the record for most #1 songs by a female artist, surpassing Madonna and Whitney Houston with 11 each.

That year, 7 acts earned their first number one song, such as Spice Girls, Puff Daddy, Mase, The Notorious B.I.G., Hanson, Faith Evans, and 112. The Notorious B.I.G. became the fifth artist to hit number one posthumously, after his death in March 1997. Puff Daddy, Mase, and The Notorious B.I.G. were the only artists to hit number one more than once, with Puff Daddy hitting the most with three, while Mase and The Notorious B.I.G. hit twice.

Additional sources

 * Fred Bronson's Billboard Book of Number 1 Hits, 5th Edition (ISBN 0-8230-7677-6)
 * Joel Whitburn's Top Pop Singles 1955-2008, 12 Edition (ISBN 0-89820-180-2)
 * Joel Whitburn Presents the Billboard Hot 100 Charts: The Nineties (ISBN 0-89820-137-3)
 * Additional information obtained can be verified within Billboard's online archive services and print editions of the magazine.