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Elijah (oratorio)

Elijah (Elias), Op. 70, MWV A 25, is an oratorio by Felix Mendelssohn depicting events in the life of the Prophet Elijah as told in the books 1 Kings and 2 Kings of the Old Testament. It premiered on 26 August 1846.

Music and its style
This piece was composed in the spirit of Mendelssohn's Baroque predecessors Bach and Handel, whose music he greatly admired. In 1829 Mendelssohn had organized the first performance of Bach's St Matthew Passion since the composer's death and was instrumental in bringing this and other Bach works to widespread popularity. By contrast, Handel's oratorios never went out of fashion in England. Mendelssohn prepared a scholarly edition of some of Handel's oratorios for publication in London. Elijah is modelled on the oratorios of these two Baroque masters; however, in its lyricism and use of orchestral and choral colour the style clearly reflects Mendelssohn's own skill as an early Romantic composer.

The work is scored for eight vocal soloists (two each of bass, tenor, alto, soprano), full symphony orchestra including 2 flutes, 2 oboes, 2 clarinets, 2 bassoons, 4 horns, 2 trumpets, 3 trombones, ophicleide, timpani, organ and strings and a large chorus usually singing in four, but occasionally eight parts. The title role was sung at the premiere by the Austrian bass Josef Staudigl.

Mendelssohn had discussed an oratorio based on Elijah in the late 1830s with his friend Karl Klingemann, who had provided him with the libretto for his comic operetta Die Heimkehr aus der Fremde, which resulted in a partial text that Klingemann was unable to finish. Mendelssohn then turned to Julius Schubring (theologian), the librettist for his earlier oratorio St. Paul, who quickly abandoned Klingemann's work and produced his own text that combined the story of Elijah as told in the Book of Kings with psalms. In 1845, the Birmingham Festival commissioned an oratorio from Mendelssohn, who worked with Schubring to put the text in final form and in 1845 and 1846 composed his oratorio to the German and English texts in parallel, taking care to change musical phrases to suit the rhythms and stresses of the translation by William Bartholomew, a chemist who was also an experienced amateur poet and composer.

The oratorio was first performed on 26 August 1846 at Birmingham Town Hall in its English version, conducted by the composer, and it was immediately acclaimed a classic of the genre. As The Times critic wrote: 'Never was there a more complete triumph – never a more thorough and speedy recognition of a great work of art'. Notwithstanding the work's triumph, Mendelssohn revised his oratorio wholesale before another group of performances in London in April 1847 – one (23 April) in the presence of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert. The German version was first performed on the composer's birthday, 3 February 1848, in Leipzig, a few months after Mendelssohn's death, under the baton of the composer Niels Gade.

Biblical narrative
Mendelssohn uses biblical episodes relating to Elijah, which in the original, and, are narrated in rather laconic form, to produce intensely dramatic scenes, while adding several related biblical texts, mostly taken from the Old Testament. These were doubtless well fitted to the taste of Mendelssohn's time, and a Victorian sentimentality also seems detectable in places.

Among the episodes is the resurrection of a dead youth. A dramatic episode is the contest of the gods, in which Jehovah consumes an offered sacrifice in a column of fire, while a sequence of increasingly frantic prayers by the prophets of the god Baal failed. Part I is concluded by the bringing of rain to parched Israel through Elijah's prayers. Part II depicts the persecution of Elijah by Queen Jezebel, his retirement to the desert, his vision of God appearing, his return to his work, and his ascension on a fiery chariot into heaven. The work ends with prophecies and praise.

Structure
The work in two parts opens with a declamation by Elijah, after which the overture is played. The sections are listed in the following table, with the text in both German and English, a biblical source for the passage (the dramatic action highlighted by a background colour), and the voices. The choir is mostly four-part SATB, but up to eight parts. The soloists are Elijah (baritone); soprano (S), singing the Widow, the Youth (sometimes taken by a boy treble) and Angel II; alto (A), singing Angel I and the Queen; and tenor (T), singing the parts of Obadiah and Ahab. The work is often performed with four soloists.

Some movements are simple oratorio forms such as recitative and aria, others explore hybrid combinations, such as recitative with choir, for dramatic effect. The fugal overture leads attacca to the first choral movement. The choir acts as the people ("Das Volk"), but also comments, like the choir in Greek drama. The narrative passages from the books of Kings are highlighted by green background.

Reception
Elijah was popular at its premiere and has been frequently performed, particularly in English-speaking countries, ever since. It is a particular favourite of amateur choral societies. Its melodrama, easy appeal and stirring choruses have provided the basis for countless successful performances. Prince Albert inscribed a libretto for the oratorio Elijah in 1847: "To the noble artist who, surrounded by the Baal-worship of false art, has been able, like a second Elijah, through genius and study, to remain true to the service of true art." A number of critics later treated the work harshly, however, emphasizing its conventional outlook and undaring musical style. Bernard Shaw wrote in 1892:
 * I sat out the performance on Wednesday to the last note, an act of professional devotion which was no part of my plan for the evening ... You have only to think of Parsifal, of the Ninth Symphony, of Die Zauberflöte, of the inspired moments of Bach and Handel, to see the great gulf that lies between the true religious sentiment and our delight in Mendelssohn's exquisite prettiness.

Similarly, after Boston's Handel and Haydn Society presented the work for the first time in February 1848, its success resulted in eight more performances that spring. In the mid-1920s, however, H.T. Parker, the city's principal music critic, described how members of the audience gazed upward at a recent performance: "How many of those eyes were there in rapture, or were counting the four dead lights in the central sunburst of the ceiling?.... Elijah is hopelessly, awfully, irremediably mid-Victorian.

However, with the widespread re-evaluation of Mendelssohn’s work in the late 20th and early 21st centuries, these critical opinions have largely changed. In his definitive biography of the composer, the musicologist R. Larry Todd wrote that “the oratorio was the crowning achievement of Felix’s career”. And in 2005 critic and musicologist Michael Steinberg described Elijah as “thrilling to sing” and noted that it “includes some of Mendelssohn’s finest music”.

Mendelssohn wrote the soprano part in Elijah for the 'Swedish Nightingale', Jenny Lind, although she was unavailable to sing the Birmingham premiere. In her place, the part was created by Maria Caterina Rosalbina Caradori-Allan. Lind was devastated by the composer's premature death in 1847. She did not feel able to sing the part for a year afterwards. She resumed singing the piece at Exeter Hall in London in late 1848, raising £1,000 to fund a scholarship in his name. After Arthur Sullivan became the first recipient of the Mendelssohn Scholarship, she encouraged him in his career.

Charles Salaman adapted "He that Shall Endure to the End" from Elijah as a setting for Psalm 93 (Adonai Malakh), sung on most Friday nights at the sabbath-eve service of the London Spanish & Portuguese Jewish community.

title: Elijah (oratorio)


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Stephen Robinson

Stephen Kern "Steve" Robinson (born October 26, 1955) is an American former NASA astronaut.

Education
He was active in the Boy Scouts of America, where he achieved its second-highest rank, Life Scout. Robinson graduated from Campolindo High School, Moraga, California, in 1973, and obtained a Bachelor of Science degree in mechanical and aeronautical engineering from the University of California, Davis, in 1978, a Master of Science degree in Mechanical Engineering from Stanford University in 1985; and a doctorate in mechanical engineering, with a minor in aeronautics and astronautics from Stanford University in 1990.

Organizations
Robinson is a member of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, the Aerospace Medical Association, and the Experimental Aircraft Association.

Awards and honors
He was awarded the NASA Ames Honor Award for Scientists in 1989, the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Outstanding Technical paper Award for Applied Aerodynamics in 1992, and the NASA/Space Club G. M. Low Memorial Engineering Fellowship in 1993.

Career

Robinson started work for NASA in 1975 as a student intern at NASA's Ames Research Center in Mountain View, California. After graduation from the University of California at Davis, he joined NASA Ames in 1979 as a research scientist in the fields of fluid dynamics, aerodynamics, experimental instrumentation, and computational scientific visualization. While at Ames, Robinson earned masters and doctorate degrees in mechanical engineering at Stanford University, with research emphasis in turbulence physics, and additional research in human eye dynamics. In 1990, Robinson was selected as Chief of the Experimental Flow Physics Branch at NASA's Langley Research Center in Hampton, Virginia, where he led a group of 35 engineers and scientists engaged in aerodynamics and fluid physics research.

In 1993, Robinson was awarded the NASA/Space Club Low Memorial Engineering Fellowship, and was assigned for 15 months to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) as Visiting Engineer in the Man Vehicle Laboratory (MVL). As an MVL team-member, he conducted neurovestibular research on astronauts on the Spacelab Life Sciences 2 Shuttle mission (STS-58). Other MIT research included EVA dynamics for satellite capture and space construction. While in Cambridge, Massachusetts, Robinson was also a visiting scientist at the U.S. Department of Transportation's Volpe National Transportation Systems Center, doing research on environmental modeling for flight simulation, cockpit human factors for GPS-guided instrument approach procedures, and moving-map displays.

Robinson returned to NASA Langley in September 1994, where he accepted a dual assignment as research scientist in the Multidisciplinary design optimization Branch, and as leader of the Aerodynamics and Acoustics element of NASA's General Aviation Technology program.

Robinson has logged over 1,400 hours in aircraft ranging from antique taildraggers to NASA jets.

Robinson began applying to become an astronaut in 1983, and was selected to join NASA Astronaut Corps in 1995. He has flown on four Space Shuttle missions: STS-85, STS-95, STS-114 and STS-130. Robinson served as backup flight engineer for the International Space Station Expedition 4.

On August 3, 2005, as a Mission Specialist (and Flight Engineer) on STS-114, the first Return to Flight mission following the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster, Robinson became the first human to perform an in-flight repair to the Shuttle's exterior. Robinson was sent to remove two protruding gap fillers on Discovery's heat shield, after engineers determined they might pose a danger upon re-entry. Robinson successfully removed the loose material while the Discovery was docked to the International Space Station. Robinson performed another "first" on STS-114 when he made the first podcast from space (transcript & audio) on August 7, 2005. His self-portrait took during the repair was considered one of the early space selfies.

Robinson served as a mission specialist and flight engineer on STS-130, which launched on February 8, 2010, and rendezvoused with the International Space Station on February 10. As Intravehicular Officer, he choreographed the three EVAs involved with the installation and activation of the Node 3 module and Cupola.

Robinson also served as CAPCOM for various Space Shuttle missions.

He retired from the Astronaut Corps in July 2012 to take a teaching position as a full-time professor in the Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering department at University of California at Davis. "Steve will be sorely missed by the Astronaut Office," said Janet Kavandi, Director of Flight Crew Operations. "He was a fellow classmate, and I will personally miss his ever-positive attitude and smiling face. We wish him the best in his future endeavors, and we are confident that he will be a positive influence and wonderful mentor to inquisitive minds at the University of California at Davis."

Robinson currently directs the UC Davis Center for Human/Robotics/Vehicle Integration and Performance (HRVIP).

Personal life
He enjoys flying, antique aircraft, swimming, canoeing, hiking, music, art, and stereo photography. He plays lead guitar in Max Q, a rock and roll band. His Canadian parents, William, a land surveyor, and Joyce Robinson, resided in Moraga, California.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Stephen Robinson


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List of monarchs of Pontus

This is a list of monarchs of Pontus, an ancient Hellenistic kingdom of Persian origin in Asia Minor.

Monarchs of Pontus

 * Mithridates I Ktistes 281–266 BC
 * Ariobarzanes 266 – c. 250 BC
 * Mithridates II c. 250 – c. 220 BC
 * Mithridates III c. 220 – c. 185 BC
 * Pharnaces I c. 185 – c. 170 BC
 * Mithridates IV Philopator Philadephos c. 170 – c. 150 BC
 * Laodice (Queen), co-regent of Mithridates IV
 * Mithridates V Euergetes c. 150 – 120 BC
 * Mithridates VI Eupator 120–63 BC
 * Pharnaces II 63–47 BC
 * Darius of Pontus 39–37 BC
 * Arsaces of Pontus 37 BC
 * Polemon I 37–8 BC
 * Pythodorida (Queen) 8 BC – 38 AD
 * Polemon II 38–62 AD

title: List of monarchs of Pontus


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List of monitors of the Royal Navy

This is a list of monitors of the Royal Navy of the United Kingdom.

Humber-class

The Humber-class monitors were three river monitors under construction for the Brazilian Navy in Britain in 1913, all three were taken over by the Royal Navy shortly before the outbreak of the First World War and were commissioned as small monitors, seeing extensive service during the war.

Abercrombie-class

The Abercrombie-class monitors came about when Bethlehem Steel in the United States, the contracted supplier of the main armament for the Greek battleship GREEK BATTLESHIP Salamis being built in Germany, instead offered to sell the four 14"/45 caliber gun twin gun turrets to the Royal Navy on 3 November 1914, the ships were laid down and launched within six months, seeing service throughout the war.

Lord Clive-class

The Lord Clive-class monitors, sometimes referred to as the General Wolfe-class, were built to meet the need for more shore bombardment ships, using twin 12 in gun turrets taken from decommissioned Majestic-class pre-dreadnought battleships. Three of the ships, HMS General Wolfe, Lord Clive and Prince Eugene, were converted to take the BL 18 inch Mk I naval gun that had originally been allocated to HMS Furious (47).

Marshal Ney-class

The Marshal Ney-class monitors were built to use the two modern 15-inch turrets made available by the redesign of HMS Renown (1916) and HMS Repulse (1916) as battlecruisers.

Gorgon-class

The Gorgon-class monitors were originally built as coastal defence ships for the Royal Norwegian Navy, but requisitioned for British use.

M15-class

The M15-class monitors were fourteen ships ordered in March 1915, as part of the War Emergency Programme of ship construction, mounting 9.2 inch Mk VI gun turrets removed from the Edgar-class cruiser and the Mk X turrets held in stock for the Drake-class cruiser and Cressy-class cruisers.

M29-class

The M29-class monitors were five ships ordered in March 1915, as part of the War Emergency Programme of ship construction.

Erebus-class

The Erebus-class monitors were two ships mounting a single twin BL 15 inch Mk I naval gun turret. They saw active service in World War I off the Belgian coast, were placed in reserve between the wars then served in World War II, with Terror being lost in 1941 and Erebus surviving to be scrapped in 1946.

Roberts-class

The Roberts-class monitors were two ships mounting a single twin BL 15 inch Mk I naval gun turret built during the Second World War, featuring shallow draught for operating inshore, broad beam to give stability and a high observation platform to observe fall of shot.

title: List of monitors of the Royal Navy


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She-Ra: Princess of Power

She-Ra: Princess of Power is an American animated series produced in 1985 by Filmation. A spin-off of Filmation's He-Man and the Masters of the Universe series, She-Ra was aimed primarily at a young female audience to complement He-Man ' s popularity with young males. Unlike He-Man, which was based on the Masters of the Universe toy line by Mattel, the creation of She-Ra was a collaboration between Filmation and Mattel. The initial group of characters and premise were created by uncredited writers Larry DiTillio and J. Michael Straczynski for Filmation, while the characters introduced later were designed by Mattel. Mattel provided financial backing for the series, as well as an accompanying toy line. The series premiered in 1985 and was ended in 1987, after 2 seasons and 93 episodes.

On March 22, 1985, several months before the release of the television series, Filmation released an animated film based on the series titled He-Man and She-Ra: The Secret of the Sword. The film is composed of what would be the first five episodes from the She-Ra television series: "Into Etheria", "Beast Island", "She-Ra Unchained", "Reunions" and "Battle for Bright Moon".

In between the first and second season of the She-Ra series, in which He-Man regularly featured, Filmation also produced an hour long (44 minutes without commercials) Christmas episode, He-Man and She-Ra: A Christmas Special.

A rebooted series, She-Ra and the Princesses of Power, premiered on Netflix on November 13, 2018, and concluded on May 15, 2020.

Plot
The series follows the adventures of Princess Adora, Prince Adam's (He-Man's) twin sister, who leads a group of freedom fighters known as the Great Rebellion in the fight to free Etheria from the tyrannical rule of Hordak and the Evil Horde. With her Sword of Protection, Adora can transform into She-Ra, just as Prince Adam can transform into He-Man.

Born on the planet Eternia to Queen Marlena and King Randor, Princess Adora is kidnapped at birth by Hordak and taken to Etheria. There she serves as a mind-controlled Horde Force Captain before He-Man rescues her. After reuniting with her parents on Eternia, She-Ra decides to return to Etheria and lead the Great Rebellion.

Episodes
The first season of the series ran five days a week, like He-Man. The second season aired Saturday mornings. She-Ra ended in 1986, and the character was not mentioned in the two subsequent He-Man animated series.

Comparison list
Many of the characters/locations/vehicles in the Princess of Power toyline share similarities to the pre-existing Masters of the Universe characters. Comparing She-Ra (left) with He-Man (right):

Characters
 * Adora/She-Ra = Prince Adam/He-Man
 * Spirit/Swift Wind = Cringer/Battle Cat
 * Clawdeen = Panthor
 * Grizzlor = Beast Man
 * Hordak = Skeletor
 * Bow = Man-At-Arms
 * Sweet Bee = Buzz-Off
 * Double Trouble = Man-E-Faces
 * Glimmer = Teela
 * Sorrowful = Granamyr
 * Leech = Whiplash
 * Spinerella = Sy-Klone
 * Shadow Weaver = Evil-Lyn
 * Scorpia = Clawful
 * Madame Razz = Orko
 * Light Hope = The Sorceress

Elements
 * "By the power of Grayskull!","I have the power!" = "For the honour of Grayskull!","I am She-ra!"
 * Etheria = Eternia
 * The Crystal Castle = Castle Grayskull
 * The Fright Zone = Snake Mountain
 * The Sword of Protection = The Sword of Power

Syndication
Reruns aired on USA Network from September 1988 to September 1989, and on Qubo Night Owl from September 27, 2010, to August 25, 2013. In 2010, Retro TV began airing reruns. Reruns have also aired on Me-TV, as well as Teletoon Retro in Canada.

Toys
The female She-Ra characters were released in the 1980s as part of the Princess of Power toy line, while The Evil Horde were incorporated into Masters of the Universe. In the 2000s, an exclusive She-Ra toy was released for the MOTU 200X line. The later Masters of the Universe Classics toy line features characters from the entire franchise, including new action figures from the She-Ra cartoon series.

Other media
In the DC Comics series Masters of the Universe, the title "Masters of the Universe #8" is a one-shot about She-Ra. Adora/Despara/She-ra continues to be a main character through many of the remaining chapters/installments of the series, including in its conclusion. The entire series is collected in a hardcover omnibus.

Home releases
The most sought after set by collectors due to its 4X6 collectible art cards and extensive bonus features is the BCI Eclipse LLC (under its Ink & Paint classic animation entertainment brand) (under license from Entertainment Rights) released all 93 episodes of She-Ra: Princess of Power in 3 volumes on DVD (Region 1) in 2006–2007. Each episode on BCI Ink & Paint's DVD releases of She-Ra, Princess of Power was uncut, un-edited, digitally remastered and fully restored for optimum audio and video quality and presented in story continuity order. Each volume contains special features including different 4X6 collectible art cards, documentaries, character profiles, commentaries, retrospective interviews, storyboards, DVD-ROM pdf scripts, trivia, and photo galleries. In 2009, the releases were discontinued when BCI Eclipse ceased operations.

On May 31, 2010, Classic Media announced plans to re-release the series on DVD (Region 1). On September 28, 2010, they released Season 1, Volume 1 as a 2-disc set featuring 20 episodes. On January 24, 2011, Classic Media released She-Ra: The Princess of Power - The Complete Series.

On October 19, 2009, Universal Pictures UK (under license from Classic Media) released Season 1, Volume 1 in the UK, exclusively through retailer HMV. In early 2010, other retailers, such as Amazon.co.uk, also began selling the series as a box set.

Madman Entertainment released the entire series on DVD (Region 4) in Australia, both in 3 volumes (similar to BCI Eclipse releases) and as a complete series set.

Universal Pictures Home Entertainment released all 93 episodes of the original 1985 series of She-Ra: Princess of Power on DVD in Region 1 on October 1, 2019. This release includes "He-Man & She-Ra: The Secret of the Sword" and "He-Man & She-Ra: A Christmas Special".

Reboot
On December 12, 2017, DreamWorks Animation SKG and Netflix announced a new reboot series based on She-Ra was announced within DreamWorks Animation Television. The series is executive produced by award-winning author, ND Stevenson (creator of Nimona and Lumberjanes). On May 18, 2018, new voice actors and the official title were revealed. It was released on November 13, 2018. The reboot series is separate from the continuity of the original Masters of the Universe series, and is noted for its explicit LGBT representation.

Live-action series
On September 13, 2021, Amazon announced that a live action She-Ra series is in development with DreamWorks Animation serving as an executive producer as the series will be a new, standalone story and will not be connected to the animated show. It was announced that Nicole Kassell will direct the series.

title: She-Ra: Princess of Power


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Talk:Stephen Robinson

Untitled
What is a student co-op? (First line under "Experience" heading) Moriori 01:19, Mar 4, 2004 (UTC)

 * Ahhh, Tks Moink. Never heard the term before (but should've guessed)! Cheers Moriori 01:34, Mar 4, 2004 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Stephen Robinson


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Snorks

Snorks is an animated television series produced by Hanna-Barbera & SEPP International in collaboration with 3M France and ran for a total of 4 seasons, consisting of a pilot episode and 65 episodes (108 segments), on NBC from September 15, 1984, to March 15, 1989. The program continued to be available in syndication from 1987 to 1989 as part of The Funtastic World of Hanna-Barbera's third season.

Early years (1977–1981)
In 1977, Freddy Monnickendam, a Belgian businessman and artist, first made contact with the comics industry when he negotiated the rights for the Smurfs comics to Father Abraham. He later became the head of SEPP, a branch of Dupuis, as an editor responsible for the merchandising of the Smurfs' comic series. Then he negotiated the contract between Peyo, NBC and Hanna-Barbera for the creation of a new Smurfs cartoon series; Peyo wanted the show to be as faithful as possible to his original comics, but Monnickendam wanted it to be more mainstream and accessible. These negotiations would later result in a legal dispute between the two men due to the division of the rights and the money involved. As a final result, Monnickendam decided to compete with the Smurfs' success, starting a new series of cartoons.

Development, concept and first comic book (1981–1984)
In June 1981, Nic Broca created the earlier character designs that were made for "Diskies", a very early iteration, made for the comic series Spirou et Fantasio. Soon, the debut Snorks comic book was published in January 1982 by Broca himself. Freddy Monnickendam, after battling with fellow Belgian cartoonist Peyo in court, searched for a series that could rival the success of The Smurfs, as he tried and failed to buy its rights since 1977. He acquired the Snorks' rights from Nic Broca, and both started a partnership with Hanna-Barbera for the production of this new cartoon series. After that, a three-minute Snorks pilot episode was then made for NBC, although it has not been seen by the public.

Premiere as cartoon series (1984–1989)
Snorks premiered on September 15, 1984, and ended on May 13, 1989. It aired for five years. Unlike Freddy Monnickendam had hoped, he was not able to take the Snorks' success to the same heights as The Smurfs, which resulted on the end of his partnership with Broca, and finally, the disbanding of SEPP. Although the Snorks' success was limited, the cartoon show gained fans worldwide, making appearances in popular culture and gaining various product lines.

Synopsis
The Snorks are a race of small, colorful anthropomorphic sea creatures that live in the undersea world of Snorkland. They have snorkels on their heads, which are used to propel them swiftly through the water.

Main

 * Michael Bell - Allstar Seaworthy, Bigweed, Council of Elders
 * Nancy Cartwright - Daffney Gillfin
 * Brian Cummings - Dimitris "Dimmy" Finster
 * Barry Gordon - Wellington Wetworth, Jr. "Junior"
 * Rob Paulsen - Corky
 * B.J. Ward - Casey Kelp, Lil' Seaweed
 * Frank Welker - Tooter Shelby, Occy, Grandpa Wetworth, Finneus, The Great Snork Nork

Recurring

 * René Auberjonois - Dr. Strangesnork
 * Peter Cullen - Council of Elders
 * Roger DeWitt - JoJo
 * Joan Gardner - Mrs. Wetworth
 * Joan Gerber - Mrs. Kelp
 * Bob Holt - Mr. Seaworthy (Seasons 1-2)
 * Gail Matthius - Smallstar Seaworthy
 * Mitzi McCall - Auntie Marina, Matilda
 * Edie McClurg - Mrs. Seaworthy, Ms. Seabottom
 * Frank Nelson - Governor Wellington Wetworth (Seasons 1-2)
 * Alan Oppenheimer - Governor Wellington Wetworth (Seasons 3-4), Mr. Seaworthy (Seasons 3-4)
 * Clive Revill - Dr. Galeo Seaworthy
 * Robert Ridgely - Mr. Kelp
 * Fredricka Weber - Willie Wetworth

Additional voices

 * Patricia Alice Albrecht (Seasons 3-4)
 * Jack Angel (Season 2)
 * Chub Bailly (Seasons 3-4)
 * Roger C. Carmel (Season 2)
 * Maryann Chinn (Season 2)
 * Cam Clarke (Seasons 2-4)
 * Selette Cole (Season 2)
 * Townsend Coleman (Season 2)
 * Jim Cummings - Mr. Seaworthy (Seasons 3-4)
 * Jennifer Darling (Season 2)
 * Jerry Dexter (Seasons 3-4)
 * Jeff Doucette (Seasons 3-4)
 * Marshall Efron (Seasons 3-4)
 * Richard Erdman (Seasons 2-4)
 * Laurie Faso (Seasons 3-4)
 * Miriam Flynn (Season 2)
 * Kathleen Freeman (Season 2)
 * Pam Hayden (Season 2)
 * Arte Johnson (Seasons 3-4)
 * Stan Jones (Season 2)
 * Zale Kessler (Seasons 2-4)
 * Paul Kirby (Season 1)
 * Marilyn Lightstone (Season 2)
 * Shane McCabe (Season 2)
 * Chuck McCann (Season 2)
 * Diane Michelle (Season 2)
 * Howard Morris (Season 2)
 * Laurel Page (Seasons 3-4)
 * Hal Rayle (Season 2)
 * Peter Renaday (Season 2)
 * Roger Rose (Season 2)
 * Joe Ruskin (Seasons 3-4)
 * Michael Rye (Season 2)
 * Ken Sansom (Season 2)
 * Ronnie Schell (Season 2)
 * Howard Stevens (Season 2)
 * Rip Taylor (Seasons 3-4)
 * Jean Vander Pyl (Season 2)

Home media
On September 25, 2012, Warner Archive released Snorks: The Complete First Season on DVD in region 1 as part of their Hanna-Barbera Classic Collection label. The release is available exclusively through Warner's online store and Amazon.com. In addition, 39 episodes have been released on Hulu per a distribution agreement with Content Media Corporation. On July 7, 2015, Warner Archive released Snorks: The Complete Second Season on DVD in region 1. On December 6, 2016, Warner Archive released Snorks: The Complete Third and Fourth Seasons.

title: Snorks


text:
List of kings of Urartu

This article lists the kings of Urartu (Ararat or Kingdom of Van), an Iron Age kingdom centered on Lake Van in eastern Asia Minor.

Early kings

 * Arame (also Aramu, Arama) 858 BC–844 BC
 * Lutipri 844 BC–834 BC (?)

Rise to power

 * Sarduri I (also Sarduris I, Sedur I, Asiduri I) 834 BC–828 BC; known in Assyrian sources as Ishtarduri, moved the capital to Tushpa, expanded the fortress of Van, possibly established new dynasty.
 * Ishpuini (also Ishpuinis, Ispuini) the Establisher 828 BC–810 BC; expanded the empire and conquered Musasir.
 * Menua (also Menuas, Minua) the Conqueror 810 BC–785 BC; initially ruled jointly with his father Ishpuini and later jointly ruled with his son, Inushpua, greatly expanded the kingdom, organized the centralized administrative structure, fortified a number of cities and founded fortresses, developed a national canal and irrigation system.
 * Inushpua 788–786 BC (?); co-ruled with his father, Menua. Possibly killed in battle.
 * Argishti I (also Argishtis I, Argishtish I, Argisti I) 785–763 BC; fortified the empire's frontier, founded Erebuni (modern-day Yerevan).
 * Sarduri II 763 BC–735 BC; maximum expansion; zenith of Urartian power.
 * Rusa I (also Rusas, Ursa) 735 BC–714 BC; Assyrian and Cimmerian attacks.
 * Melartua (714) briefly served as king after his father's defeat, subsequently killed by Urartian nobles
 * Argishti II 714–680 BC
 * Rusa II (known to Assyrian king as Yaya or Iaya) 680 BC–639 BC
 * Sarduri III 639 BC–635 BC

Decline

 * Erimena 635–629 BC (?)
 * Rusa III 629 BC–590 BC or 629 BC–615 BC

Defeat and destruction

 * Sarduri IV 615 BC–595 BC
 * Rusa IV 595 BC–585 BC; raids of Medes and Scythians. Assyrians King Tiglath-Pileser III destroyed castle of Rusa, which has been recently discovered under Lake Van, Turkey. Archaeologists also discovered jars that once contained wheat, oil and wine, in the ruins of a castle the Turks call "Chavez Tepe", built by Uzira Sardouri II (ruled: 764–735 BC). Each buried jar with orifice covered with wedge engraved ceramic lids can hold 300 kg.

title: List of kings of Urartu


text:
Jenny Morris (musician)

Jennifer Patricia Morris  (born 29 September 1956)  is a New Zealand-Australian singer-songwriter. Her first success came with New Zealand band the Crocodiles, who had a top 20 hit single with "Tears". Re-locating to Sydney in February 1981, she was a backing vocalist for various groups and formed a trio, QED, in 1983.

Morris provided backing vocals for INXS on their 1984 album, The Swing. She then recorded a duet with lead singer, Michael Hutchence, on a cover of Nancy Sinatra and Lee Hazlewood's hit "Jackson"; it was included as a bonus track on the March 1985 (cassette only) INXS EP, Dekadance, which reached number two on the Australian Kent Music Report Albums Chart. Morris worked on their 1985–1986 Listen Like Thieves World Tour.

Her solo career includes top five Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) albums with Shiver in 1989 and Honeychild in 1991, and her top five ARIA singles are "She Has to Be Loved" and "Break in the Weather". These albums and singles also peaked in the top ten on the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand (RIANZ) charts.

Morris has won two ARIA Music Awards for 'Best Female Artist' in 1987 and 1988 and was nominated for the same award in 1992. In 2003, on Australia Day (26 January), Morris became an Australian citizen and in 2010 she received the Medal of the Order of Australia.

Early years and the Crocodiles
Jenny Morris was born in Tokoroa, New Zealand and grew up in Hamilton with three brothers (Alistair, Rhys and Tam) and four sisters (Maxine, Bronte, Joanne and Shanley). Morris wrote a poem on the Vietnam War when she was 12 and used her sister's guitar to put it to music. Morris has stated that her influences include Aretha Franklin and Dusty Springfield. Her first professional performance was at age fifteen, at Andersons Theatre Restaurant, in Hamilton. In 1976 she became a singer with How's Your Father, who were finalists in the 'National Battle of the Bands'. She began working as a Home Economics teacher for two years at a high school near Wellington. Late in 1978, Morris joined an all-girl group, Wide Mouthed Frogs in Wellington, performing lead vocals. Fellow members were Kate Brockie on lead vocals, Andrea Gilkison on guitar, Tina Matthews on bass guitar, Bronwyn Murray on keyboards and Sally Zwartz on drums. In 1979 they released the track, "Some Day" for the compilation album, Home Grown Volume One; "Some Day" was cowritten with Tony Backhouse, guitarist of fellow Wellington band the Spats, which also had a track, "Young Ladies in Hot Cars", on the compilation.

Wide Mouthed Frogs worked with the Spats' members: drummer Bruno Lawrence sometimes played saxophone for them and keyboardist Peter Dasent became their musical director. By 1980, the Spats had evolved into the Crocodiles, under the mentorship of US producer Kim Fowley, and featured Backhouse, Dasent, Fane Flaws (guitar, vocals), Mark Hornibrook (bass guitar), Lawrence, and songwriter Arthur Baysting. Morris was asked to join and soon after, Hornibrook departed and was replaced by Matthews. The Crocodiles were managed by Mike Chunn (ex-Split Enz bassist) and regularly performed in Auckland. In January 1980, they played the high-profile Sweetwaters Music Festival and in April that year, they released their debut album, Tears, produced by Glyn Tucker, and its lead single, "Tears", both reached number 17 on the respective New Zealand albums and singles charts.

Lawrence left and was replaced on drums by Ian Gilroy (ex-Whizz Kids), then Flaws left, although he continued to write material for the second album. Released in November 1980, Looking at Ourselves, was produced by Ian Morris. That year, they won 'Best Group' and 'Most Promising Group' at the New Zealand Music Awards. The line-up went through further changes, Gilroy left to join the Swingers, then Matthews and Dasent left. In February 1981, following a repeat performance at the Sweetwaters Festival, The Crocodiles moved to Sydney, at the behest of their manager, Chunn, with new band members, Barton Price (drums), Rick 'Rikki' Morris (guitar) and Jonathan Zwartz (bass) only to disband in July. Price went on to join Models. Morris explained why The Crocodiles left:

"New Zealand is not particularly supportive of its local music industry. [Going to Australia] was something people had done before and been successful, so we decided to do it too and maybe get some extra information from the trip."

QED and "Jackson"
Morris began her solo career with the single, "Puberty Blues" in December 1981 on Mushroom Records; it was the title track from the 1981 film Puberty Blues, which was a local box-office success. The song was written by Tim Finn and performed by Sharon O'Neill in the film. The B-side was "Adolescent Angst", which Morris recorded with The Morris Majors. "Puberty Blues" reached the Australian Kent Music Report Singles Chart top 100. The follow-up single, "Little By Little"—a cover of The Springfields 1960's song—was released in 1982 but failed to chart.

During 1982–1984, Morris continued as a session backing vocalist, contributing to releases by ex-manager Chunn's brother Geoff (also ex-Split Enz); ex-bandmate Flaws' project and album, I Am Joe's Music; the 1983 Models' album The Pleasure of Your Company; and New Zealand outfit D.D. Smash's 1984 album The Optimist, she went on to tour with D.D. Smash front man Dave Dobbyn, and the New Zealand version of The Party Boys. Morris was credited for Dropbears' 1984 mini-LP, Untitled, before contributing backing vocals to INXS' first number 1 album The Swing.

In late 1983, Morris formed QED in Sydney with guitarist Rex Goh (ex-Air Supply) and bassist Ian Belton (ex-Dave Dobbyn, Renée Geyer). The trio signed with EMI Australia and their recordings were produced by Mark Moffatt (The Saints, Mondo Rock, Tim Finn) and Ricky Fataar (Geyer, Finn, Kids in the Kitchen). Morris was now managed by Chris Murphy, who also handled INXS. QED recorded their versions of The Crocodiles' material including, "Everywhere I Go", "Animal Magic" and "You're So Hip"; Morris also co-wrote new songs with Goh. QED's debut single, "Everywhere I Go", was released in December, and performed on national television pop music show, Countdown, on 1 April 1984; it peaked at number 19 on the national chart. The follow-up single "Solo and More" was issued in March, but failed to chart. The third single, "This One", appeared in August and reached top 50. Additional musicians for QED's first album, Animal Magic, included keyboardist Amanda Vincent (Eurogliders, later joined the Jenny Morris band), drummer Steve Fearnly, saxophonist Tony Buchanan, and Fataar on drums. EMI released it in November, but sales remained low and the album did not chart. QED only released one album and disbanded by 1985, Morris continued session and touring work with other artists, Belton went on to Mondo Rock, and Goh to Eurogliders.

Morris recorded a duet with INXS lead singer, Michael Hutchence, on a cover of Nancy Sinatra and Lee Hazlewood's hit "Jackson", it was included as a bonus track on the April 1984 (cassette only) INXS EP, Dekadance, which reached number two on the charts. Morris and INXS performed "Jackson" live at the 1984 Countdown Music and Video Awards held on 19 May 1985. At Murphy's suggestion she teamed with INXS as a backing singer on their 1985 Australian tour—originally just for a few weeks—and stayed on for eighteen months on their 1985–1986 Listen Like Thieves World Tour. Morris recorded and, in November 1985, released her first single for Warner Entertainment Australia (WEA), "Get Some Humour", with a contribution from Dave Dobbyn, which reached the top 100.

Solo success: 1986–1994
During the US leg of the Listen Like Thieves World Tour, in January 1986, Morris recorded "You're Gonna Get Hurt", which was written and produced by INXS songwriter and keyboardist, Andrew Farriss. Recorded with backing from INXS' Andrew and Jon Farriss and Garry Gary Beers, together with guitarist Ian Moss (ex-Cold Chisel), it was released in September and peaked at number 24. The next single "Body and Soul"—composed by Morris —reached number 55 in mid-1987.

In 1986 she performed on The Rock Party's Everything to Live For, a charity project initiated by The National Campaign Against Drug Abuse (NCADA), which included many Australasian musicians such as Big Pig's Sherine Abeyratne; Crowded House's Neil Finn, Tim Finn, Paul Hester, Eddie Rayner and Nick Seymour; Dynamic Hepnotics' Robert Susz; GANGgajang's Mark Callaghan, Robbie James and Geoff Stapleton; Paul Kelly & the Coloured Girls' Michael Barclay and Paul Kelly; Mental As Anything's Reg Mombassa and Martin Plaza; Models' Sean Kelly; The Promise's Greg Herbert; Rockmelons' Mary Azzopardi, Peter Blakeley and Danny De Costa; The Venetians' Rick Swinn; Vitabeats' Andrew Barnum and Lissa Barnum; and Deborah Conway, Spencer P. Jones, and John Kennedy.

In July 1987, Morris released her first solo album, Body and Soul, produced by Moffatt and Fataar and mixed by Tim Kramer. It sold over 70,000 copies in Australia (platinum status) reaching number 13 on the album charts in Australia and number 21 in New Zealand. The album spawned two further hits in "You I Know"—written by Neil Finn —which reached number 13 in Australia and number 30 in New Zealand, and "Lighthearted" peaked in the top 100 in both countries. Morris also hit the road with her backing band, including Vincent, Jehan Lindsay (ex-Richard Clapton Band), Paul Burton (ex-Mark Williams Band), and Roger Mason (ex-Models). Morris won back-to-back ARIA Awards for 'Best Female Artist' in 1987 and 1988. In 1988, Morris and photographer, Paul Clarke, were married.

Her next single "Saved Me" was released in July 1989 and reached the top 40 in Australia and New Zealand. It featured a distinctly Latin-Spanish feel permeated by funk undertones, with the promo video shot in Nicaragua by Richard Lowenstein. Morris' second solo album Shiver, followed in August and was produced by Farriss, with Morris writing ten of the eleven tracks. In between recording the album, she gave birth to her son, Hugh. The second single was "She Has to Be Loved", a song which melded funk rhythms with a pop hook. In addition, it featured a strong feminist theme, and quickly became a favourite among Morris's female fans. "She Has to Be Loved" became Morris' first Australasian top ten hit reaching number five in Australia and number three in New Zealand during October 1989. Shiver continued to chart over the Southern Hemisphere summer of 1989–1990, peaking at number five on the Australian album charts and number six in New Zealand, it established Morris as one of the best selling female artists in Australia. The track "Aotearoa"—Māori term for 'Land of the Long White Cloud' or New Zealand—received a special single release in New Zealand and reached top 40. The album eventually sold over 250,000 copies, achieving double platinum status in Australia. It spawned two more singles; "Street of Love" written by Australian songsmith Paul Kelly, which reached the top 100 in Australia; and the reggae inspired "Self Deceiver", penned by Morris and Kelly, which reached top 100 in Australia.

As one of Australia's leading female singer-songwriters, Morris toured extensively locally and internationally, first by backing Tears for Fears on the European leg of their 1989 Sowing the Seeds of Love Tour, then on Prince's 1990 Nude Tour in Denmark, Germany and France, —with Dweezil Zappa as her lead guitarist —and again with INXS on their X-Factor tour.

In 1990 she released a cover of "Piece of my Heart"—popularised by Janis Joplin—which peaked in the Australian top 40 in early 1991. She recorded her third album, Honeychild, with producers Nick Launay (Midnight Oil, Killing Joke) and Mark Forrester. The first single from the album, "Break in the Weather", was co-written by Morris and her youngest brother Tam, appeared in September 1991, it reached number two in Australia and number five in New Zealand. Honeychild was released in October and became her second consecutive top ten album, peaking at number five in Australia and New Zealand. Her session musicians, included Wendy Matthews and Midnight Oil's Jim Moginie. Honeychild spawned three more singles; "I've Had You", another Morris and Kelly collaboration, which reached top 50 in Australia and New Zealand; the funk laden "Zero", featuring the rhythm section of drummer Sly Dunbar and bassist Robbie Shakespeare, which peaked top 100 in Australia and top 40 in New Zealand; and "Crackerjack Man", which failed to reach the top 100 ARIA chart in Australia.

On 28 March 1992 Morris performed at the Concert for Life at Centennial Park in Sydney —a fund raiser for the Victor Chang Cardiac Research Centre—with Crowded House, Def FX, Diesel, INXS, Ratcat and Yothu Yindi. Due to inclement weather an expected attendance of 100,000 never eventuated and, with the event only raising $500,000, scandal was expressed in the media over funding distribution.

In November, The Best of Jenny Morris: The Story So Far, a best-of compilation was released, it included "Jackson" which was performed as a duet with Michael Hutchence and INXS on a 1985 Countdown episode, and a re-recorded version of an old The Crocodiles' hit "Tears". The album sold steadily and peaked at number four in New Zealand and number 12 on the Australian charts during May 1993, after Morris had supported Paul McCartney on the Australian leg of his The New World Tour. 1994 saw the birth of her daughter, Bella. Morris' next single, "The Price I Pay", a Billy Bragg cover, was her last appearance on the Australian ARIA top 100 singles chart.

Later years: 1995–current
Morris' next four singles "Only We Can Hear", "Rhythm and Flow", "In Too Deep", and "What Do I Do Now", were released over eighteen months, from mid-1994 to early 1996. Salvation Jane was released in July 1995, nearly four years after her last album, and featured some of her strongest vocal work, including the languid "Rhythm and Flow," with its Aboriginal influences. Issued on the rooArt label, it was produced by Andrew Farriss and Moffatt, together with Electric Hippies' duo Steve Balbi and Justin Stanley. The album featured songs from a song writing retreat held at Miles Copeland's castle in Bordeaux, France. Here, Morris co-wrote a number of songs with other international songwriters. Also in 1995, Morris became a non-executive writer director on the Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA) Board and as of 2009 is still on the Board. Morris made an appearance in the television drama, Water Rats, in 1997 she continued her gigs, worked for environmental causes and maintained her family life.

In October 2000 she performed with Vika and Linda Bull and Jodi Phillis, at a sold-out Carole King tribute show, Tapestry: the songs of Carole King, held at the Sydney Opera House; it then toured the other Australian capital cities in August–September 2001. In August 2002, Morris' released her next album, Hit & Myth, co-produced by Nick Wales (Coda), was released on 8 May 2002 by Yep! Records. The album features classical musicians (Renaissance Players, Winsome Evans), pop musicians (Davey Lane, Jodi Phillis (ex Clouds)) and jazz (PROP) musicians.

"I had people playing on the album from different backgrounds– classical musicians, programmers, jazz musicians, pop. The songs have been crafted so long and so hard, they're not throw away but they're not inaccessible. It's lush, lots of strings beautifully arranged and then groove and beats and really modern sounds and classical guitars as well. It's a collage of all my influences really."

Morris wrote or co-wrote nine of the eleven songs on the album, the others, "Guiding Star", was written by Neil Finn and "The Blacksmith" is a traditional folk song—the first one she learnt on guitar. Neither the album nor the singles "Home", released 29 October 2001, and "Downtime", released 15 July 2002, managed to chart. The music video for "Downtime" featured a number of well-known Australian actors, including Hugo Weaving, Bryan Brown, Matt Newton and Peter Fenton, miming the words to the song. Also in 2002, a portrait of Morris by artist Jan Williamson was entered in the Archibald Prize. The portrait did not win the main prize, but won both the popular awards, the "Packing Room Prize" and "The People's Choice Award". In February, Morris appeared on the SBS TV documentary, Mum's the Word, where high-profile women talked about being a working mother. She sang, "Little Little" an ode to her (then) unborn child written for her 1989 album, Shiver. In October Morris appeared in Finding Joy, a low budget independent Australian feature film, in a cameo role (Tracey). She sings part of a song called "Educated Kind of Thing". In November 2002 she performed at the Candlelight AIDS Memorial, in Darlinghurst, marking the beginning of AIDS awareness week.

In March 2003, Port Fairy's 27th Annual Folk Festival was staged with Archie Roach, John Williamson, Renée Geyer, Morris and emerging Australian band The Waifs were among the popular performers. In October she joined the board of Nordoff-Robbins Music Therapy Australia, and is an active member of their Fundraising Committee.

In April 2004, Listen: The Very Best of Jenny Morris a repackaging of her 1992 compilation, The Story So Far, was issued with new artwork and a bonus track, "Little Little", an ode to her then unborn baby. In May 2005, the Alive DVD was released, it was recorded in Sydney at The Basement and features Morris playing her hits with her band: Steve Balbi (Noiseworks); Paul Searles (Skunkhour); James Hasselwood (The Dissociatives); Jared Underwood (Coda) and actor Josh Quong Tart, with special guest appearances from Ian Moss, Andrew Farriss and Midnight Oil drummer Rob Hirst. The DVD was released with a bonus CD.

Clear Blue in Stormy Skies, her next album, was released by Liberation Music in June 2006 and includes a dozen remodelled versions of her radio hits of the 1980s and 1990s, together with some new material, a cover of the INXS song, "This Time", in tribute to Michael Hutchence, and a new song, "The Time".

In September 2009, Morris toured Afghanistan to Tarin Kowt and Kandahar and played for occupying troops. In October, she appeared on the SBS TV quiz show, RocKwiz, which included a performance of the Crowded House classic, "It's Only Natural", with Don McGlashan. She performed at the closing ceremony of the 2009 World Masters Games in Sydney, together with Dragon and The Choirboys.

In January 2010, Morris received the Order of Australia with a citation, "for service to the arts, particularly music, and to the community through charitable organisations". Morris was glad that her charity, Nordoff-Robbins was recognised. Morris appeared at the 2010 New Zealand International Arts Festival in Wellington on 13 March.

On 22 February 2016, The Australian Taxation Office initiated insolvency proceedings for her company Aymsolo Pty Ltd (aka Jenny Morris Band.)

In May 2017, Morris was the recipient of the Excellence in the Community award in recognition of her achievements behind the microphone and as a fundraiser for charities such as Nordoff-Robbins Music Therapy Australia and Support Act. The ceremony took place in Sydney with a number of guests'; including Neil Finn, Mark Lizotte and Jimmy Barnes performing Morris' songs.

In the 2019 New Year Honours, Morris was appointed a Member of the New Zealand Order of Merit, for services to music and charity fundraising.

In May 2021, Morris was cast in the upcoming superhero film Thor: Love and Thunder, set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, in an undisclosed role.

Personal life
Morris married photographer, Paul Clarke, in 1986 and they have had two children, Hugh and Bella.

She has two brothers: Tam (a storyboard artist and musician) and Rhys (a graphic designer and web developer), and four sisters: Maxine, Bronte, Joanne and Shanley. Younger sister, Shanley Del has also won an ARIA Award – as a country music artist in 1998. Her youngest brother, Tam Morris, co-wrote, "Break in the Weather" with Jenny; he is also in the group Tracky Dax as a singer-songwriter.

In 2003, on Australia Day (26 January), Morris became an Australian citizen. In 2005 Morris noticed the effects of a health disorder, spasmodic dysphonia, which affects both her speaking and singing voice. Subsequently, she has stopped publicly singing and in October 2015 appeared on Australian Story episode "Raise Your Voice" to publicise the disorder.

Discography

 * Body and Soul (1987)
 * Shiver (1989)
 * Honeychild (1991)
 * Salvation Jane (1995)
 * Hit & Myth (2002)
 * Clear Blue in Stormy Skies (2006)

Aotearoa Music Awards
The Aotearoa Music Awards (previously known as New Zealand Music Awards (NZMA)) are an annual awards night celebrating excellence in New Zealand music and have been presented annually since 1965.

! Ref.
 * rowspan="2" | 1982|| Jenny Morris || Most Promising Female || Nominated || rowspan="4" |
 * Jenny Morris || Female Vocalist of the Year|| Nominated
 * 1992 || Jenny Morris || International Achievement || Nominated
 * 1993 || Jenny Morris || International Achievement || Won
 * 2018 || Jenny Morris || New Zealand Music Hall of Fame || inductee ||
 * 1992 || Jenny Morris || International Achievement || Nominated
 * 1993 || Jenny Morris || International Achievement || Won
 * 2018 || Jenny Morris || New Zealand Music Hall of Fame || inductee ||
 * 2018 || Jenny Morris || New Zealand Music Hall of Fame || inductee ||
 * 2018 || Jenny Morris || New Zealand Music Hall of Fame || inductee ||

ARIA Music Awards
The ARIA Music Awards is an annual awards ceremony that recognises excellence, innovation, and achievement across all genres of Australian music. They commenced in 1987.

 * 1987
 * "You're Gonna Get Hurt"
 * Best Female Artist
 * Won
 * 1988
 * Body and Soul
 * Best Female Artist
 * Won
 * 1992
 * Honeychild
 * Best Female Artist
 * Nominated
 * Honeychild
 * Best Female Artist
 * Nominated

Countdown Australian Music Awards
Countdown was an Australian pop music TV series on national broadcaster ABC-TV from 1974 to 1987, it presented music awards from 1979 to 1987, initially in conjunction with magazine TV Week. The TV Week / Countdown Awards were a combination of popular-voted and peer-voted awards.

 * 1984
 * herself
 * Most Popular Female Performer
 * Nominated
 * rowspan="2" |1986
 * "You're Gonna Get Hurt"
 * Best Female Performance in a Video
 * Won
 * herself
 * Most Popular Female Performer
 * Nominated
 * herself
 * Most Popular Female Performer
 * Nominated

Order of Australia

 * 2010
 * herself
 * Medal of the Order of Australia
 * awarded
 * awarded

title: Jenny Morris (musician)


text:
Red Line (Dallas Area Rapid Transit)

The Red Line is a light rail line in Dallas, Texas operated by the Dallas Area Rapid Transit system. It began operations in June 1996, and is one of two inaugural light rail lines in the DART Light Rail system alongside the.

Westmoreland to Downtown
The southwestern terminus of the Red Line is at Westmoreland Station in southwest Dallas at the intersection of Illinois Avenue and Westmoreland Road. The southwestern part of the Red Line runs on a private right-of-way with grade crossings. Just before 8th & Corinth, the line merges with the. The joint Red and Blue Line tracks then rise on to a viaduct that crosses Cedar Creek, the Trinity River, and a freight railroad line. At Lamar Street, the line turns north at a wye where a pair of tracks leading to one of two train yards on the system diverges. The Red and Blue Lines continue north, crossing the Landry Freeway, travelling under the Dallas Convention Center and stop at Dallas Union Station. After crossing over Main Street, the lines turn east as they merge with the and  and enter downtown Dallas. At this point, the lines leave their right of ways and operate on a dedicated street-running right of way.

Downtown to Parker Road
The four DART lines share a common section of track through downtown, with four stops: West End, Akard Street, St. Paul Street and Pearl Street.

After Pearl Street, street running ends and the lines return to private right-of-ways. The four lines diverge at a wye, with the Green Line diverging to the southeast while the Red, Blue and Orange Lines turn north, cross the Good-Latimer Expressway at grade, and descend into a long tunnel under the Central Expressway (US 75), with a stop at Cityplace. The lines exit the tunnel at Mockingbird. The Blue Line diverges from the Red Line and heads east, while the Red and Orange Lines turn north.

The Red Line then travels through north Dallas, Richardson and Plano. Most of the line runs at grade level with grade crossings, although portions of the route run on elevated viaducts. The line terminates at the Parker Road Station at Park Boulevard near Central Expressway in Collin County.

History
Much of the line was constructed on the former Texas Electric Railway route. That service ceased operations in 1948.

The Red Line was part of the initial launch of DART's light rail testing and service in 1996. At the time, the line only ran from Westmoreland Station to Pearl Station in the northeast corner of downtown. In 1997, the Red Line was extended to Park Lane Station, and was the first DART line to use the 3.5-mile twin tunnels. On December 18, 2000, Cityplace Station, the southwest's first commercial subway station was opened along the Red Line underneath Cityplace Tower in the tunnel under the Central Expressway.

In 2002, the Red Line extended into Richardson, ending at Galatyn Park Station, extending the light rail service 9 mi over its original length. Later that year, the line was opened to the Parker Road Station, an additional 3 mi of track, its current terminus.

Plans for expansion
The current northern terminus of the Red Line is Parker Road station in Plano. The further north suburb, Allen, is eligible to join DART. However, active Red line service is unable to expand further north because Allen is currently unable to levy the 1% sales tax required for DART membership.

The North Central Texas Council of Governments (NCTCOG) in a 2022 meeting discussed the possibility of expansion of the Red Line corridor from Plano through Allen to McKinney. Either the Red Line or the Silver Line could be extended north. The study proposed seven stations between the current Parker Road Station and the hypothetical northern terminus Downtown McKinney Station. The extension would be 18 miles long, cost between $700 million and $900 million to construct, and is estimated to have 7,000 to 8,000 riders a day by 2045.

Daily Service

 * Listed from north to south

Special Event Service

 * Deep Ellum Station (Served regularly by )
 * Baylor University Medical Center Station (Served regularly by )
 * Fair Park Station (Served regularly by )
 * Victory Station (Also served by, )

title: Red Line (Dallas Area Rapid Transit)


text:
Talk:Khwarezmian language

Untitled
Should this be spelled with an "e" as in the title, or "Khwarazmian" as in the body of the article? -Uyanga 01:22, 4 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * There are many different Romanizations of this name -- check all the redirects to Khwarezmia -- so I don't think the spelling matters, as long as it's internally consistent. --67.71.78.115 01:29, 4 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Khwarezmian is the most common spelling in linguistic usage. It also reflects the phonology of the xw'rzm language, which shows /e/ in syllables with /a/ in Persian, and the loan to Arabic خوارِزم Xwarizm.TheLateDentarthurdent (talk) 14:17, 24 October 2019 (UTC)

About ideograms in Khwarezmian ( from http://www.iranianlanguages.com ): "Heterograms (ideograms) - The written Aramaic language of the Achamaenid period evolved into local Iranian, and the scribes began to insert Iranian words into their texts. The text language therefore turned into a "mixed" or "bastardized" Aramaic, but eventually the entire language was Iranian. However, Aramaic words were still written, but they became mere symbols for the corresponding Iranian words. These so-called "Semitic masks" are called "ideograms" or more recently called heterograms."

I am going to delete this confusing reference to ideograms and replace with heterograms. 152.135.235.188 21:48, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Iranian?!?!
Okay I'm from Khawarazm and I speak Khawarazmi which is no where near Iranian. In Uzbekistan, although the native language is Uzbek (which is Turkic) there are a lot of Tajiks (which are Persian/Iranian), now both Khawarazmi and Tajik are completely different. They are not even close. That is because Khawarazmi is Turkic, I know you might think that because now it is part of Uzbekistan, it has become similar to Uzbek, but it is not. People from other parts of country who speak pure Uzbek understand Khawarazmi with a difficulty. But a person who speaks only Tajik won't understand Khawarazmi. I've been to Turkey and the language is very close. I know you might say, that maybe it has changed with Uzbek influence, but even then it is not even close to Tajik. Now I know some random person who's telling that won't make a good source, but I'm from Khawarazm I should know. I will try to find sources that are in English to prove this.

I think that it is commonly misunderstood that Khawarazmi is Persian, because it has once belonged to me. If there's any Khawarazmians here or Tajiks please tell that and maybe help find a source that is in English.

Yes, it is an Iranian language, but not in the meaning of belonging to the political entity of modern Iran. Iranian languages are a family of languages which are part of the Indo-European languages. Don't make a mistake here. I know that the language you are speaking now is a Turkic language and that you are from Khwarazm. I also know it is not Uzbek, as the Turkic Khwarazmian that you speak is Kipchak while Uzbek is Ughuz, and I also know that they are related to the language of Turkey. The language of concern in this article is an extinct language and no one has spoken it in 1000 years. It is not Persian, again don't make a mistake. Not all Iranian languages are Persian. Persian (and Tajiki Persian) is just one of the Iranian languages. Sogdian (spoken in ancient Sogdiana, modern day Samarqand and Panjikent) was also an Iranian language that is now extinct. This also is not a political thing and does not have anything to do with modern day Iran. The article is not making any political claims. Ancient Khwarazmian which is spoken of in this article was spoken by most of the population of Khwarazm up to the 10th century, including the Afrighuni Khwarazmshahs. It later gave way to various Turkic languages one of they you speak today. It's fine, no one is trying to strip-off the modern Khwarazmian that you are speaking. This is just another language from another family, once spoken in the area of Khwarazm. Languages change and there is no need to imagine that a language spoken today in a place is the same as the one spoken 1000 years ago. Think of it like this: in Egypt, they spoke ancient Egyptian and then coptic for thousands of years. Then these became extinct (although Coptic is still used by Egyptian Christians) and no Egyptians speak Arabic. --Khodadad 10:11, 24 December 2006 (UTC) >>> Dear Khwarzmi friend, we were not talking about the living languages. This Khwarazmi language about which this article is written is already extinct, dead! --Babakexorramdin (talk) 09:22, 9 February 2008 (UTC) >>>hello my friends, the speak of my second friend is true but I am disagree with this word which tell us iranian language is not persian and persian is a part of iranian languages .It is false because iranian languages in fact is persian language or perhaps I can say pahlavi but his purpose is farsi or dari which is current in Iran afghanistan ajikistan uzbakistan ,also in the world persia = iran and mad is a lying from west for making opossite beween iranian people like kurd and fars(dari),kurd is persian and not fars and lor is persian and is fars,and avestan is name of book and isnt name of any language , khwarazmi is persian in every circumstance but i dont know is farsi(tajik,dari) or not, thank Qom92  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 178.251.213.100 (talk) 13:04, 10 December 2013 (UTC)

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Page Name
This page was moved without much discussion to match the discussion on the Talk:Khwarazm page. However, it now does not use the standard linguistic spelling, which is "Khwarezmian" cf. Routledge's Iranian Languages and the works of Henning, MacKenzie, and Durkin-Meisterernst. It is also appropriate as the Khwarezmian language itself seems to have reflected Persian final-syllable /a/ with /e/, as seen in the Arabic loan خوارِزم Xwarizm. I recommend that the page be moved back. TheLateDentarthurdent (talk) 14:13, 24 October 2019 (UTC)
 * I've moved it back per your comments. It's definitely worth a discussion as to which form is the most common name.--Cúchullain t/ c 20:37, 24 October 2019 (UTC)

 * hi. I strongly believe it should be called Khorezmian language (Iranian), to match and better distinguish from the later Khorezmian language (Turkic). Arminden (talk) 11:45, 25 July 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Khwarezmian language


text:
Truman

Truman may refer to:

People

 * Truman (surname)
 * Harry S. Truman (1884–1972), 33rd U.S. president
 * Truman (given name)
 * Truman Capote (1924–1984), American writer and actor

Media

 * Truman (book), a biography of Harry S. Truman by David McCullough
 * Truman (1995 film), 1995 film based on the book by McCullough
 * Truman (2015 film), 2015 Spanish-Argentine film

Places in the United States

 * Truman, Minnesota, a city
 * Truman, Pennsylvania, an unincorporated community
 * Truman, Wisconsin, an unincorporated community

Other uses

 * Truman's Brewery, a former London's famous brewery closed in 1989
 * Truman High School (disambiguation)
 * Truman Sports Complex, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
 * Truman State University, Missouri, USA
 * Truman Bulldogs, this university's athletic program
 * USS Harry S. Truman (CVN-75)
 * The Truth about Truman School, a 2008 children's book by Dori Hillestad Butler

title: Truman


text:
Peter Graves (disambiguation)

Peter Graves (1926–2010) was an American actor.

Peter Graves may also refer to:
 * Peter Graves, 8th Baron Graves (1911–1994), English actor and peer
 * Peter Graves (announcer) (born 1952), American TV sportscaster and skiing coach
 * Peter Graves (cricketer) (born 1946), English cricketer
 * Peter Graves (motorcyclist) (born 1966), British motorcycle road racer
 * Peter Graves (rower) (born 1984), American Olympic rower
 * Peter D. Graves, American film producer, marketing executive and consultant
 * Pete Graves (born 1982), British sports reporter
 * Peter Graves (musician), American horn player and bandleader of the Peter Graves Orchestra, see The Birthday Concert album
 * Peter Graves (novel), a fictional work by William Pène du Bois

title: Peter Graves (disambiguation)


text:
Groupset

A groupset or gruppo (from the Italian for "group", sometimes misspelled grouppo) is a bicycle component manufacturer's organized collection of mechanical parts. It generally refers to all of the components that make up a bicycle excluding the bicycle frame, fork, stem, wheels, tires, and rider contact points, such as the saddle and handlebars.

These parts typically include the following: With the following forming part of some groupsets:
 * 2 gear levers or shifters and
 * 2 brake levers or
 * 2 integrated brake levers/shifters
 * 2 brakes, front and rear
 * 2 derailleurs, front and rear
 * 1 bottom bracket
 * 1 crankset
 * 1 chain
 * 1 cogset, freewheel or cassette
 * 1 headset (more commonly included with vintage groupsets)
 * 1 seatpost
 * 2 hubs, front and rear (although, most manufacturers now offer groupset-branded pre-built wheels)
 * Pair of pedals
 * assorted cables and cable housing

Except for special commemorative versions, manufacturers do not actually package the various components together to be sold by retailers as a complete groupset. Therefore when a modern road groupset is bought after-market (as an upgrade for an older bike, or for someone building their own bike), the customer can choose which parts they require, the price of the groupset is just the individual prices of the chosen parts added together.

The major groupset manufacturers are Campagnolo for road bicycles and Shimano and SRAM for both road and mountain bikes.

Manufacturers typically offer a range of several groupsets, each targeted at a different budget or use. For instance, Dura-Ace, Super Record and Red are the top-of-the-line road racing groupsets for Shimano, Campagnolo and SRAM respectively while Claris, Veloce and Apex are their entry level road racing group sets, respectively.

title: Groupset


text:
Talk:Marcy Playground

Band name
Hmm. Now that I think of it, the band could be named for the playground across the street here. There are two parks in the Marcy-Holmes neighborhood in Minneapolis. One is Marcy Park, located in the eastern part of the neighborhood near the University. The other is Holmes Park, located in the western part of the neighborhood, in the old St. Anthony area of Minneapolis. The confusion comes from the fact that Holmes Park is adjacent to the Marcy Open School, which has a playground. I don't know firsthand which playground/park it actually is—a friend pointed out Marcy Park to me. But, it's narrowed down to two places within walking distance of each other. —Mulad 01:24, 4 Mar 2004 (UTC)

It's the one at Marcy Open School. Wozniak makes it clear in several bios and interviews that are sprinkled around the web. Cheers, Iroll 6 Mar 2004

Actually, I believe that it's not the one at marcy open school. I live in the neighborhood, and am pretty sure that the current marcy open school was built after john attended it, and when he went to marcy open it was somewhere else in the marcy-holmes neighborhood. I think I havethat right.

Should it be noted that in Brooklyn, NY, there's a playground on Marcy Avenue called Marcy Playground? Dabizi (talk) 23:49, 6 February 2008 (UTC)

 * I don't mean to nit-pick, but the expression "named for" seems to be peculiar to (regions of) the US. It sounds completely alien to me, and rather odd when "named after" is the more common form. I'm not criticising, it's just something I've noticed that seems to be becoming increasingly pervasive, and I'm curious as to its origins and why it might be gaining traction. Mike (talk) 18:01, 20 May 2008 (UTC)

Put NPOV tag on account of the history section. Someone needs to make it not sound like the band wrote it.--Nog64 21:18, 1 April 2007 (UTC)
 * I edited most of the unattributed review-type language from the article and removed the NPOV tag. Feel free to replace if you feel the issues still exist.  I think there is a place for such language in the article, but it must be clearly attributed to somebody, which is wasn't. janejellyroll 21:23, 1 April 2007 (UTC)

betterDribblingscribe (talk) 21:21, 21 April 2009 (UTC)

I put in a reference for the band name (interview with lead singer where he explains it) and wikified it a bit. Also phrased it "named after" as suggested above. Ndugu (talk) 20:19, 30 June 2010 (UTC)

Confusion regarding misuse of term BBS
I changed the reference to Marcy Playground's BBS to "website forum". It looks like a Yahoo! Music article was the first to refer to a "bulletin board", but it was referring to the internet forum (which refers to itself as a "bulletin board") - this is *not* a BBS (old school, connect with a terminal client, etc). PurpleTux (talk) 12:46, 6 July 2008 (UTC)

OriginsOfBand
I have corrected the section of the article that covers the origins of the band as they were not factual, and did not include backstory. Jared Kotler was a founding member of the band. I witnessed him recording, playing concerts, read original contracts with capitol records and personally attended rehearsals and performances featuring Jared in numerous venues around NYC. I am unsure how to source these facts except to say that I was there and witnessed it. I am going to try to change the status of this article to NPOV. The dispute between the original band members has resulted in much confusion in the press and in things like this wiki. I suspect that the author of this article was in the John Wozniak camp vis-a-vis the dispute. I am a new contributor to wikipedia but I could not let the truth slide into history. My source is me. Is there anyway to reflect that in the article? Please feel free to email me if you have any questions or concerns regarding how I have edited and expanded the article. George Alain Vitray —Preceding unsigned comment added by Geovitray (talk • contribs) 18:23, 21 May 2010 (UTC)

Section about Touring Partners
Does anyone else think the the "Touring Partners" section should be deleted? It's not something I've been on any other band's articles, and it seems to me to be slipping into "misc. facts" territory. With a lot of bands this sort of section would quickly get overly long. Opinions?Elguaponz (talk) 11:59, 23 May 2010 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Marcy Playground


text:
User:Marnanel/CivicHeraldry pages

If you want to see the results, look here.

This was a project to add the arms of the towns, boroughs, cities, districts and counties of England and Wales to both the English Wikipedia and the Welsh Wicipedia (see the "other languages" link) where appropriate.

All the images came from the excellent civicheraldry.co.uk. I've contacted the webmaster of the site and he's happy for the pictures to be used as long as we give credit. He mentions that towns may occasionally object to the use of their civic arms on a website. (However, I consider this fair use in the same way that reproducing a corporate logo is fair use.)

The bot I used was Robbot, under the name of HeraldicBot.

cy:Defnyddiwr:Marnanel/Tudalen Arfbais Drefol
 * At least some of the images (I haven't checked all) uploaded from this source are marked with coatofarms. This is insufficient license. If the creator of these images wishes to release them, I recommend he be contacted again to request he release the images under a free license, such as Cc-by-sa-2.5 (see ). We need specific release of his rights, not just an affirmation that we can use them so long as he is credited. Until such time as he does, the copyright status of this images remains unclear. I've removed two of these coats of arms from geo-stubs. I'm re-removing them until this copyright status is clarified. Indeed, even the very image on this page is currently a violation of our policies :(. Thanks, --Durin 05:08, 20 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Many are now copyright expired, and can be used without restriction. For the rest, use with a fair use rationale should be adequate. It remains preferred that 'free images' are used. Cheers Kbthompson (talk) 12:37, 29 October 2009 (UTC)

title: User:Marnanel/CivicHeraldry pages


text:
Malay Archipelago

The Malay Archipelago is the archipelago between Mainland Southeast Asia and Australia, and is also called Insulindia or the Indo-Australian Archipelago. The name was taken from the 19th-century European concept of a Malay race, later based on the distribution of Austronesian languages. It has also been called the "Malay world," "Nusantara", "East Indies" over time. The name is controversial in Indonesia due to its ethnic connotations and colonial undertones, which can overshadow the country's diverse cultures.

Situated between the Indian and Pacific oceans, the archipelago of over 25,000 islands and islets is the largest archipelago by area and fifth by number of islands in the world. It includes Brunei, East Timor, Indonesia, Malaysia (specifically East Malaysia), Papua New Guinea, and the Philippines. The term is largely synonymous with Maritime Southeast Asia.

Etymology and terminology
The term "Malay Archipelago" was derived from the archaic European concept of a "Malay race" (a culturally-similar non-Oceanian subset of the Austronesian peoples), a racial concept proposed by European explorers based on their observations of the influence of the Srivijaya empire, which was based on the island of Sumatra. However, the Malay Archipelago does not include all islands inhabited by the Malay race such as Madagascar and Taiwan, and includes islands inhabited by Melanesians such as the Maluku Islands and New Guinea. The 19th-century naturalist Alfred Wallace used the term "Malay Archipelago" as the title of his influential book documenting his studies in the region. Wallace also referred to the area as the "Indian Archipelago" and the "Indo-Australian Archipelago". He included the Solomon Islands and Malay Peninsula in the region due to physiographic similarities. As Wallace noted, there are arguments for excluding Papua New Guinea for cultural and geographical reasons: Papua New Guinea is culturally quite different from the other countries in the region, and it is geologically not part of the continent of Asia, as the islands of the Sunda Shelf are (see Australia).

The archipelago was called the "East Indies" from the late 16th century and throughout the European colonial era. It is still sometimes referred to as such, but broader usages of the "East Indies" term had included Indochina and the Indian subcontinent. The area is called "Nusantara" in the Indonesian language. The area is also referred to as the "Indonesian Archipelago". The term "Maritime Southeast Asia" is largely synonymous, covering both the islands in Southeast Asia and nearby island-like communities, such as those found on the Malay Peninsula.

Insulindia
Insulindia is a somewhat archaic geographical term  for Maritime Southeast Asia, sometimes extending as far as Australasia. More common in Portuguese and Spanish,  it is also sometimes used in art history or anthropology to describe the interface zone between the cultures of Oceania and Southeast Asia.

Insulindia is used as a geopolitical term in academic discussions of the former European colonial possessions within Maritime Southeast Asia, especially Dutch East Indies and Portuguese East Indies ("Portuguese Insulindia") much as former French colonial possessions in Southeast Asia are still termed French Indochina. It is also used to describe and locate the Chinese cultural diaspora (the "insulindian Chinese") across the islands of Southeast Asia.

Geography

The land and sea area of the archipelago exceeds 2 million km2. The more than 25,000 islands of the archipelago consist of many smaller archipelagoes.

The major island groupings in the Indonesian Archipelago include the Maluku Islands, New Guinea, and the Sunda Islands. The Sunda Islands comprise two island groups: the Greater Sunda Islands and the Lesser Sunda Islands.

The major island groupings in the Philippine Archipelago include Luzon, Mindanao, and the Visayan Islands.

The seven largest islands are New Guinea, Borneo, Sumatra, Sulawesi and Java in Indonesia; and Luzon and Mindanao in the Philippines.

Geologically, the archipelago is one of the most active volcanic regions in the world. Producing many volcanoes especially in Java, Sumatra and Lesser Sunda Islands region where most volcanoes over 3000 m high are situated. Tectonic uplifts also produce large mountains, including the highest, Mount Kinabalu in Sabah, Malaysia, with a height of 4,095.2 m and Puncak Jaya on Papua, Indonesia at 4884 m. Other high mountains in the archipelago include Puncak Mandala, Indonesia at 4760 m and Puncak Trikora, Indonesia, at 4750 m.

The climate throughout the archipelago is tropical, owing to its position on the Equator.

Biogeography

Wallace used the term Malay Archipelago as the title of his influential book documenting his studies in the region. He proposed what would come to be known as the "Wallace Line", a boundary that separated the flora and fauna of Asia and Australia. The ice age boundary was formed by the deep water straits between Borneo and Sulawesi; and through the Lombok Strait between Bali and Lombok. This is now considered the western border of the Wallacea transition zone between the zoogeographical regions of Asia and Australia. The zone has a mixture of species of Asian and Australian origin, and its own endemic species.

Population
Over 380 million people live in the region, with the nine most populated islands being:

 * 1) Java (141,000,000)
 * 2) Sumatra (50,180,000)
 * 3) Luzon (48,520,774)
 * 4) Mindanao (21,902,000)
 * 5) Borneo (21,258,000)
 * 6) Sulawesi (21,258,000)
 * 7) New Guinea (11,306,940)
 * 8) Negros (4,414,131)
 * 9) Panay (4,302,634)

Language and religion
The people living there are predominantly from Austronesian sub-groupings and correspondingly speak western Malayo-Polynesian languages. The main religions in this region are Islam (62%), Christianity (33%), as well as Buddhism, Hinduism, Taoism and traditional folk religions.

Culture
Culturally, the region is often seen as part of "Farther India" or Greater India—the Coedes' Indianized states of Southeast Asia refers to it as "Island Southeast Asia".

title: Malay Archipelago


text:
Nusantara (term)

Nusantara is the Indonesian name of Maritime Southeast Asia (or parts of it). It is an Old Javanese term that literally means "outer islands". In Indonesia, it is generally taken to mean the Indonesian Archipelago. Outside of Indonesia, the term has been adopted to refer the Malay Archipelago.

The word Nusantara is taken from an oath by Gajah Mada in 1336, as written in the Old Javanese Pararaton. Gajah Mada was a powerful military leader and prime minister of Majapahit credited with bringing the empire to its peak of glory. Gajah Mada delivered an oath called Sumpah Palapa, in which he vowed not to eat any food containing spices until he had conquered all of Nusantara under the glory of Majapahit.

The concept of Nusantara as a unified region was not invented by Gajah Mada in 1336. The term Nusantara was first used by Kertanegara of Singhasari in Mula Malurung inscription dated 1255. Furthermore, in 1275, the term Cakravala Mandala Dvipantara was used by him to describe the aspiration of united Southeast Asian archipelago under Singhasari and marked the beginning of his efforts to achieve it. Dvipantara is a Sanskrit word for the "islands in between", making it a synonym to Nusantara as both dvipa and nusa mean "island". Kertanegara envisioned the union of Southeast Asian maritime kingdoms and polities under Singhasari as a bulwark against the rise of the expansionist Mongol-led Yuan dynasty of China.

In a wider sense, Nusantara in modern language usage includes Austronesian-related cultural and linguistic lands, namely, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Southern Thailand, the Philippines, Brunei, East Timor and Taiwan, while excluding Papua New Guinea.

Etymology
The term Nusantara derives from a combined two words of Austronesian and Sanskrit origin, the word nūsa (see also nusa) meaning "island" in Old Javanese, is ultimately derived from the Proto-Malayo-Polynesian word *nusa with the same meaning, and the word antara is a Javanese loanword borrowed from Sanskrit अन्तरा (antarā) meaning "between" or "in the middle", thus creating a compound word of nūsa (“island”) + antara (“interval, interspace; other, another, different”) and together it means " the outer islands" as mentioned in the 14th century Old Javanese manuscript Pararaton and Nagarakretagama.

Etymology
Nusantara is an Old Javanese word which appears in the Pararaton manuscript. In Javanese, Nusantara is derived and antara, 'between'. It means "outer islands" or "other islands" (in the sense of "islands beyond Java in between the Indian and Pacific Oceans"), referring to the islands outside of Java under hegemony of the Majapahit Empire. The term is commonly erroneously translated as "archipelago" in modern times. Based on the Majapahit concept of state, the monarch had power over three areas:

 * 1) Negara Agung, or the Grand State — the core realm of the kingdom where Majapahit formed before becoming an empire. This included the capital city and the surrounding areas where the king effectively exercised his government: the area in and around royal capital of Trowulan, port of Canggu and sections of Brantas River valley near the capital, as well as the mountainous areas south and southwest of the capital, all the way to the Pananggungan and Arjuno-Welirang peaks. The Brantas river valley corridor, connecting the Majapahit Trowulan area to Canggu and the estuarine areas in Kahuripan (Sidoarjo) and Hujung Galuh (Surabaya), is also considered to be part of Negara Agung.
 * 2) Mancanegara, the areas surrounding Negara Agung — this traditionally referred to the Majapahit provinces of East and Central Java ruled by the Bhres (dukes), the king's close relatives. This included the rest of Java as well as Madura and Bali. These areas were directly influenced by Majapahit court culture and obliged to pay annual tributes; their rulers might have been directly related to, allied with, and/or intermarried with the Majapahit royal family. Majapahit officials and officers were stationed in these places to regulate their foreign trade activities and collect taxes, but beyond this mancanegara provinces enjoyed substantial autonomy in internal affairs. In later periods, overseas provinces which had adopted Javanese culture or possessed significant trading importance were also considered mancanegara. The ruler of these provinces was either a willing vassal of the Majapahit king or a regent appointed by the king to rule the region. These realms included Dharmasraya, Pagaruyung, Lampung and Palembang in Sumatra.
 * 3) Nusantara, areas which did not reflect Javanese culture, but were included as colonies which had to pay annual tribute. This included the vassal kingdoms and colonies in the Malay Peninsula, Borneo, the Lesser Sunda Islands, Sulawesi, Maluku, New Guinea, and the Sulu Archipelago. These regions enjoyed substantial autonomy and internal freedom, and Majapahit officials and military officers were not necessarily stationed there; however, any challenges to Majapahit oversight might have drawn a severe response.

The word Nusantara was not only used by the Javanese and did not disappear after the fall of Majapahit. This word can be found in Malay Annals, a classic Malay literature written as early as 1612, but it remained known even in the 1808 manuscript:

"Terlalu sekali besar kerajaan Baginda (Majapahit) pada zaman itu, segala seluruh Jawa semuanya dalam hukum Baginda, dan segala raja-raja Nusantarapun setengah sudah ta-luk kepada baginda. Very big was the kingdom of Baginda (the king of Majapahit) at that time, all of Java was under Baginda 's law, and half of the kings of the Nusantara archipelago were submissive to Baginda."

Nusantara concept in the 20th century
In 1920, Ernest Francois Eugene Douwes Dekker (1879–1950), also known as Setiabudi, proposed Nusantara as a name for the independent country of Indonesia which did not contain any words etymologically related to the name of India or the Indies. This is the first instance of the term Nusantara appearing after it had been written into Pararaton manuscript.

The definition of Nusantara introduced by Setiabudi is different from the 14th-century definition of the term. During the Majapahit era, Nusantara described vassal areas that had been conquered. Setiabudi defined Nusantara as all the Indonesian regions from Sabang to Merauke.

Indonesia
Nowadays, in Indonesian, Nusantara is synonymous with either the Indonesian Archipelago or the national territory of Indonesia. In this sense, the term Nusantara excludes Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei, East Timor, and the Philippines. In 1967, it transformed into the concept of Wawasan Nusantara, or "archipelagic outlook," which regards the archipelagic realm of Indonesia (the islands and seas within/surrounding the country) as a single unity of several aspects, mainly socio-cultural, linguistic, political, economic, security-driven and defensive unity.

Nusantara is also the name of the future capital of Indonesia.

Outside Indonesia
In Brunei, Malaysia and Singapore, the term is generally used to refer to the Malay Archipelago or the Malay realm (Alam Melayu) which includes those countries.

In a more scholarly manner without national borders, Nusantara in a modern language usage "refers to the sphere of influence of the Austronesian-related cultural and linguistic islands that comprise Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, the southernmost part of Thailand, the Philippines, Brunei, East Timor and perhaps even Taiwan, but it does not involve the areas of Papua New Guinea."

Nusantara studies
The Nusantara Society in Moscow conducts studies on the Nusantara region's history, culture, languages and politics.

title: Nusantara (term)