text:
Leo Amery

Leopold Charles Maurice Stennett Amery (22 November 1873 – 16 September 1955), also known as L. S. Amery, was a British Conservative politician and journalist. During his career, he was known for his interest in military preparedness, British India and the British Empire and for his opposition to appeasement. After his retirement and death, he was perhaps best known for the remarks he made in the House of Commons on 7 May 1940 during the Norway Debate.

In these remarks, Amery attacked the Prime Minister, Neville Chamberlain, for incompetence in the fight against Hitler's Germany. Many of Amery's Parliamentary contemporaries pointed to this speech as one of the key drivers in the division of the House on the following day, 8 May, which led to Chamberlain being forced out of office and his replacement by Winston Churchill.

Early life and education
Amery was born in Gorakhpur, British India, to an English father and a mother of Hungarian Jewish descent. His father was Charles Frederick Amery (1833–1901), of Lustleigh, Devon, an officer in the Indian Forestry Commission. His mother Elisabeth Johanna Saphir (c. 1841–1908), who was the sister of the orientalist Gottlieb Wilhelm Leitner, had come to India from England, where her parents had settled and converted to Protestantism. In 1877 his mother moved back to England from India, and in 1885 she divorced Charles.

In 1887, Amery went to Harrow School, where he was a contemporary of Winston Churchill. Amery represented Harrow at gymnastics and held the top position in examinations for a number of years; he also won prizes and scholarships.

After Harrow he went to Balliol College, Oxford, where he performed well. He gained a First in Classical Moderations in 1894; in literae humaniores ("Greats", i.e. classics) in 1896 and was proxime accessit (runner-up) to the Craven scholar in 1894 and Ouseley scholar in Turkish in 1896. He also won a half-blue in cross-country running.

He was elected a fellow of All Souls College. He could speak Hindi at the age of three years; Amery was born in India and would naturally have acquired the language of his ayah (nanny). He could converse in French, German, Italian, Bulgarian, Turkish, Serbian and Hungarian. Amery was an active freemason.

Journalism
During the Second Boer War Amery was a correspondent for The Times. In 1901, in his articles on the conduct of the war, he attacked the British commander, Sir Redvers Buller, which contributed to Buller's sacking. Amery was the only correspondent to visit Boer forces and was nearly captured with Churchill. Amery later edited and largely wrote The Times History of the South African War (7 vol., 1899–1909).

The Boer War had exposed deficiencies in the British Army and in 1903, Amery wrote The Problem of the Army and advocated its reorganisation. In The Times he penned articles attacking free trade using the pseudonym "Tariff Reformer" and in 1906, he wrote The Fundamental Fallacies of Free Trade. Amery described it as "a theoretical blast of economic heresy" because he argued that the total volume of British trade was less important than the question of whether British trade was making up for the nation's lack of raw materials and food by exporting its surplus manufactured goods, shipping, and financial acumen.

He was a member of the Coefficients dining club of social reformers, set up in 1902 by the Fabian campaigners Sidney and Beatrice Webb.

Early political career
Amery turned down the chance to be editor of The Observer in 1908 and The Times in 1912 to concentrate on politics.

Standing as a Liberal Unionist (a party in an electoral alliance with the Conservatives) Amery narrowly failed to win the 1908 Wolverhampton East by-election, by eight votes. In 1911 Amery stood in the 1911 Birmingham South by-election again as a Liberal Unionist, this time unopposed and became a Member of Parliament (MP). One reason that Amery agreed to stand there under the Liberal Unionist label (that party would fully merge with the Conservative Party the following year) was that he had been a longtime political admirer of Joseph Chamberlain and was an ardent supporter of tariff reform and imperial federation. According to A. J. P. Taylor, Amery was a rare Conservative to promote protectionism "as merely the beginning of a planned economy".

First World War
During the First World War, Amery's knowledge of Hungarian led to his employment as an Intelligence Officer in the Balkans campaign. Later, as war cabinet secretary in Lloyd George's coalition government, Amery was vested with parliamentary under-secretary like powers, and at the request of Lord Milner, he redrafted the Balfour Declaration. He also encouraged Ze'ev Jabotinsky in the formation of the Jewish Legion for the British Army in Palestine.

Amery was opposed to the Constitution of the League of Nations because he believed that the world was not equal and so the League, which granted all states equal voting rights, was absurd. He instead believed that the world was tending towards larger and larger states that made up a balanced world of inherently stable units. He contrasted that idea with what he called US President Woodrow Wilson's "facile slogan of self-determination".

First Lord of the Admiralty
After the war, Amery was elected to the newly created seat of Birmingham Sparkbrook in the 1918 general election. From 1919 to 1921 he was Lord Milner's personal secretary at the Colonial Office. He was First Lord of the Admiralty (1922–1924) under Bonar Law and Stanley Baldwin. The Washington Naval Conference of 1921 to 1922 resulted in the 1922 Washington Naval Treaty, which reduced the strength of the Royal Navy and the naval estimates from over £83,000,000 to £58,000,000. Amery defended the financing of the Singapore Naval Base against both Liberal and Labour attacks.

Colonial Secretary
Amery was Colonial Secretary in Baldwin's government from 1924 to 1929. Amery expanded the role of the Commercial Adviser into the Economic and Financial Advisership under Sir George Schuster. He also created the post of Chief Medical Adviser, under Sir Thomas Stanton, and a range of advisers on education (Sir Hanns Visscher for Tropical Africa), agriculture (Sir Frank Stockdale), a Veterinary Adviser, and a Fisheries Adviser. He also set up the Empire Marketing Board.

A favourite scheme was to develop one or more colonies into white-ruled dominions, with special attention to Southern Rhodesia, Kenya, and Palestine. In Africa, he sought to create an East African Dominion composed of Kenya, Uganda and Tanganyika. The Permanent Mandates Commission, which oversaw Tanganyika (a mandated territory), opposed Amery's plan. The strong opposition by the overwhelming nonwhite populations in Africa, and by the Arabs in Palestine, destroyed his plans. In India, the strong resistance of the Congress movement defeated his hopes for greater integration into the Commonwealth.

In Malta his name became associated with the royal commission which recommended self-government for the Maltese following the 1919 riots in which four locals and one servicemen were killed. One of the most prominent streets in the resort town of Sliema was named after him.

Out of office
Amery was not invited to join the National Government formed in 1931. He remained in Parliament but joined the boards of several prominent corporations. That was necessary as he had no independent means and had depleted his savings during the First World War and when he was a cabinet minister during the 1920s. Among his directorships were the boards of several German metal fabrication companies (representing British capital invested in the companies), the British Southern Railway, the Gloucester Wagon Company, Marks and Spencer, the famous shipbuilding firm Cammell Laird and the Trust and Loan of Canada. He was also chairman of the Iraq Currency Board.

In the course of his duties as a director of German metal fabrication companies, Amery gained a good understanding of German military potential. Adolf Hitler became alarmed at the situation and ordered a halt to non-German directors. Amery had spent a lot of time in Germany during the 1930s in connection with his work. He was not allowed to send his director's fees out of the country so he took his family on holiday in the Bavarian Alps. He had a lengthy meeting with Hitler on at least one occasion, and he met at length with Czech leader Edvard Beneš, Austrian leaders Engelbert Dollfuss and Kurt von Schuschnigg and Italian leader Benito Mussolini.

Opposition to appeasement of Germany
In the debates on the need for an increased effort to rearm British forces, Amery tended to focus on army affairs, with Churchill speaking more about air defence and Roger Keyes talking about naval affairs. Austen Chamberlain was, until his death, a member of the group as well. While there was no question that Churchill was the most prominent and effective, Amery's work was still significant. He was a driving force behind the creation of the Army League, a pressure group designed to keep the needs of the British Army before the public.

In the 1930s Amery, along with Churchill, was a bitter critic of the appeasement of Germany; they often openly attacked their own party. Being a former Colonial and Dominions Secretary, he was very aware of the views of the dominions and strongly opposed returning Germany's colonies, a proposal seriously considered by Neville Chamberlain.

On the rearmament question, Amery was consistent. He advocated a higher level of expenditure, but also a reappraisal of priorities through the creation of a top-level cabinet position to develop overall defence strategy so that the increased expenditures could be spent wisely. He thought that either he or Churchill should be given the post. When the post of Minister for Co-ordination of Defence was finally created and given to a political lightweight, Sir Thomas Inskip, he regarded it as a joke.

When war came Amery opposed cooperation with the Soviet Union against Germany. He was a lifelong anticommunist.

When Chamberlain announced his flight to Munich to the cheers of the House, Amery was one of only four members who remained seated (the others were Churchill, Anthony Eden, and Harold Nicolson).

Amery differed from Churchill in hoping throughout the 1930s to foster an alliance with fascist Italy to counter the rising strength of Nazi Germany. A united front of Britain, France, and Italy would, he felt, have prevented a German occupation of Austria, especially with Czechoslovakia's support. He thus was for appeasing Italy by tacitly conceding its claims to Ethiopia. A start was made in the so-called Stresa Front of 1935, but he felt that Britain's decision to impose economic sanctions on Italy, for invading Ethiopia in 1936, drove Italy into the arms of Germany.

Second World War
Amery is famous for two moments of high drama in the House of Commons, early in the Second World War. On 2 September 1939, Neville Chamberlain spoke in a Commons debate and strongly implied that he was not declaring war on Germany immediately even if it had invaded Poland. Amery was greatly angered, and Chamberlain was felt by many present to be out of touch with the temper of the British people. As Labour Party leader Clement Attlee was absent, Arthur Greenwood stood up in his place and announced that he was speaking for Labour. Amery shouted, "Speak for England, Arthur!" That strongly implied that Chamberlain was not doing so.

The second incident occurred during the Norway Debate in 1940. After a string of military and naval disasters had been announced, Amery famously attacked Chamberlain's government in a devastating speech, finishing by quoting Oliver Cromwell: "You have sat too long here for any good you have been doing. Depart, I say, and let us have done with you. In the name of God, go!" Lloyd George afterwards told Amery that in 50 years, he had heard few speeches that matched his in sustained power and none with so dramatic a climax. The debate led to 42 Conservative Members of Parliament voting against Chamberlain and 36 abstaining, leading to the downfall of the Conservative government and the formation of a national government under Churchill's premiership. Amery himself noted in his diary that he believed that his speech was one of his best received in the House and that he had made a difference to the outcome of the debate.

Secretary of State for India and Burma
During the Churchill war ministry Amery was Secretary of State for India despite the fact that Churchill and Amery had long disagreed on the fate of India. Amery was disappointed not to be made a member of the small War Cabinet, but he was determined to do all he could in the position he was offered. He was continually frustrated by Churchill's intransigence, and in his memoirs, he recorded that Churchill knew "as much of the Indian problem as George III did of the American colonies".

Amery opposed holding an inquiry for the 1943 Bengal famine, fearing that the political consequences could be "disastrous". In 1944, the Famine Inquiry Commission was held against his advice.

Last years
At the 1945 general election, Amery lost his seat to Labour's Percy Shurmer. He was offered but refused a peerage because it might, when he died, have cut short the political career of his son, Julian, in the House of Commons. However, he was made a Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour. In retirement, Amery published a three-volume autobiography My Political Life (1953–1955).

Legacy
Throughout his political career, Amery was an exponent of Imperial unity, as he saw the British Empire as a force for justice and progress in the world. He strongly supported the evolution of the dominions into independent nations bound to Britain by ties of kinship, trade, defence and a common pride in the Empire. He also supported the gradual evolution of the colonies, particularly India, to the same status, unlike Churchill, a free trader, who was less interested in the Empire as such and more in Britain itself as a great power. Amery felt that Britain itself was too weak to maintain its great power position.

Amery was very active in imperial affairs during the 1920s and 1930s. He was in charge of colonial affairs and relations with the dominions from 1924 to 1929. In the 1930s, he was a member of the Empire Industries Association and a chief organiser of the huge rally celebrating the empire at the Royal Albert Hall in 1936 marking the centenary of Joseph Chamberlain's birth. Amery maintained a very busy speaking schedule, with almost 200 engagements between 1936 and 1938, many of them devoted to imperial topics, especially Imperial Preference. Amery distrusted the administration of US President Franklin Roosevelt. He resented American pressure on Canada to oppose imperial free trade. While that pressure was unsuccessful as long as Canadian Conservative Prime Minister Richard Bedford Bennett was in power, after Bennett lost the 1935 election his Liberal successor William Lyon Mackenzie King adopted a more pro-American stance.

Amery wanted to keep the UK and the newly independent British Dominions united by trade behind a common tariff barrier and away from the United States. He viewed American intentions regarding the British Empire with increasingly grave suspicion. He hoped the Labour government elected in 1945 would resist promises of trade liberalisation made by Churchill to the United States during the Second World War. Amery's hopes were partially vindicated when the Attlee government, under intense American pressure, insisted upon the continuation of Imperial/Commonwealth Preference but conceded its more limited scope and promised against further expansion.

Personal life
Amery was a noted sportsman, especially famous as a mountaineer. He continued to climb well into his sixties, especially in the Swiss Alps but also in Bavaria, Austria, Yugoslavia, Italy and the Canadian Rockies, where Mount Amery is named after him. He enjoyed skiing as well. He was a member of the Alpine Club (serving as its president, 1943–1945) and of the Athenaeum and Carlton Clubs.

He was a Senior Knight Vice President of the Knights of the Round Table.

On 16 November 1910, Amery married Florence Greenwood (1885–1975), daughter of the Canadian barrister John Hamar Greenwood and younger sister of Hamar Greenwood, 1st Viscount Greenwood. She was normally known by the forename Bryddie. They had two sons.

Their elder son, John Amery (1912–1945), became a Nazi sympathizer. During the Second World War he made propaganda broadcasts from Germany, and induced a few British prisoners of war to join the German-controlled British Free Corps. After the war, he was tried for treason, pleaded guilty, and was hanged. His father amended his entry in Who's Who to read "one s[on]", with the editors' permission. The playwright Ronald Harwood, who explored the relationship between Leo and John Amery in his play An English Tragedy (2008), considered it significant to the son's story that the father had apparently concealed his partly-Jewish ancestry.

Amery's younger son, Julian Amery (1919–1996), served first in the Royal Air Force and then the British Army during World War Two, and later became a Conservative politician. He served in the cabinets of Harold Macmillan and Sir Alec Douglas-Home as Minister for Aviation (1962–1964) and also held junior ministerial office under Edward Heath. He married Macmillan's daughter Catherine.

Amery is buried in the churchyard of St John the Baptist in his father's home village of Lustleigh, and an ornate plaque in commemoration of him is inside the church.

Publications

 * Leo Amery, The Problem of the Army (1903) Link.
 * Leo Amery, Fundamental Fallacies of Free Trade (1906) Link.
 * Leo Amery, 'The Times' History of the war in South Africa, 1899–1900 (Vol I) (1900) Link.
 * Leo Amery, 'The Times' History of the war in South Africa, 1899–1900 (Vol II) (1902) Link.
 * Leo Amery, 'The Times' History of the war in South Africa, 1899–1900 (Vol III) (1905) Link.
 * Leo Amery, 'The Times' History of the war in South Africa, 1899–1902 (Vol IV) (1906) Link.
 * Leo Amery, 'The Times' History of the war in South Africa, 1899–1902 (Vol V) (1907) Link.
 * Leo Amery, 'The Times' History of the war in South Africa, 1899–1902 (Vol VI) (1909) Link.
 * Leo Amery, 'The Times' History of the war in South Africa, 1899–1902 (Vol VII) (1909) Link.
 * Leo Amery, The Great Question: Tariff Reform or Free Trade? (1909) Link to library source.
 * Leo Amery, Union and Strength (1912) Link.
 * Leo Amery, The Empire in the New Era (1928) Link to library source.
 * Leo Amery, Empire and Prosperity (1930) short work Link to library source.
 * Leo Amery, A Plan of Action (1932) Link.
 * Leo Amery, The Stranger of the Ulysses (1934) Link to library source.
 * Leo Amery, The Forward View (1935) Link.
 * Leo Amery, The Odyssey: Presidential address delivered to the Classical association (1936) short work Link to library source.
 * Leo Amery, The German Colonial Claim (1939) Link to library source.
 * Leo Amery, Days of Fresh Air (1939) Link.
 * Leo Amery, India and Freedom (1942) Link to library source.
 * Leo Amery, The Framework for the Future (1944) Link to library source.
 * Leo Amery, The Washington Loan Agreements (1945) Link to library source.
 * Leo Amery, In the Rain and the Sun (1946) Link to library source.
 * Leo Amery, Thoughts on the Constitution (1947) Link.
 * Leo Amery, The Elizabethan Spirit (1948) short work Link to library source
 * Leo Amery, The Awakening: Our Present Crisis and the Way Out (1948) Link to library source.
 * Leo Amery, Thought and Language (1949) short work Link to library source.
 * Leo Amery, My Political Life, Volume I, England Before the Storm, 1896–1914 (1953) Link.
 * Leo Amery, My Political Life, Volume II, War and Peace, 1914–1929 (1953) Link.
 * Leo Amery, My Political Life, Volume III, The Unforgiving Years, 1929–1940 (1955) Link.
 * Leo Amery, A Balanced Economy (1954) Link to library source.
 * Leo Amery, The Leo Amery diaries 1896–1929 (Vol I) (1980) Link to library source.
 * Leo Amery, The Empire at bay: the Leo Amery diaries 1929–1945 (Vol II) (1988) Link to library source.

title: Leo Amery


text:
Lord Abercrombie

Lord of Abercrombie was a title in the Peerage of Scotland that was created on 12 December 1647. It became extinct on the death of the 2nd Lord in 1681.

Lords of Abercrombie (1647)

 * James Sandilands, 1st Lord Abercrombie (d. after 1658)
 * James Sandilands, 2nd Lord Abercrombie (d. 1681)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Lord Abercrombie


text:
Thali

Thali (meaning "plate" or "tray") or Bhojanam (meaning "full meal") is a round platter used to serve food in South Asia, Southeast Asia and the Caribbean. Thali is also used to refer to an Indian-style meal made up of a selection of various dishes which are served on a platter. Thali is also used in south Asia for ceremonial purposes.

Early history
According to archeologist Bindeshwari Prasad Sinha, dish-on-stand and simple dishes belonging to the Indus Valley Civilization may be regarded as the prototype of Indian dishes as thalis but these do not have accompanying bowls commonly seen with thalis. According to Sinha the distinctive thali accompanying bowls instead appears in the Painted Grey Ware culture. Archeologist B.B. Lal similarly suggests food was eaten from the Painted Grey Ware dishes and bowls. B.B Lal notes that "typical dinner set in the Painted Grey Ware consists of the thali (dish), katora (bowl) and lota (drinking vessel)," he suggests it highlights the tradition followed today. Earliest textual sources on thali comes from Ayurveda Samhitas, Sangam and medieval period Indian cookbooks.

A chapter in ancient Sushruta Samhita text is dedicated to dining etiquette, method of serving food and proper placement of each dish before the diner, it is the earliest known textual evidence on thali presentation. "The cook should place the bowls containing preparations of pulse, boiled rice and lambatives on clean, spacious trays, and spread them out in front. All kinds of desserts, confectionary and dry viands should be served on his right, while all soups etc., meat-essences, drinks, cordials, milk, Khada-Yusha, and Peya should be placed on his left. Bowls containing preparations of treacle, Raga-Shadava, and Sattaka should occupy a place midway between the two sets of bowls described above."

This dining and serving etiquette from Sushruta Samhita is also adopted in medieval Indian cookbooks with some variations.

The Manasollasa texts chapter Annabhoga describes dining etiquette, method of serving food and the way in which district officers and other nobles should be treated at dinner in the court.

"'He should sit on a cushioned seat facing east and spread a white cloth on the lap covering from navel to knees. His food should be served in a big plate made of gold. Many small bowls which are first cleaned with water and wiped dry with a white cloth should be placed with the plate.'"

The Ksemakutuhalam culinary text advises the cook to serve boiled rice in the middle of the plate. Pulse, meat, vegetables and fish are placed (in that order) on the right, and broths, drinks, water and pickles on the left.

In Ayurvedic tradition, six tastes known as Shadrasa is used to classify foods according to their qualities for ideal meal. These six tastes include; sweet, salty, sour, pungent, bitter, astringent. Thali presentation often includes all six of these flavors.

Foreign accounts
Greek ambassador Megasthenes in his work Indica notes the dining manners of Mauryan Empire court: "'When the Indians are at supper, a table is placed before each person, this being like a tripod. There is placed upon it golden bowls, into which they first put rice, boiled as one would boil barley, and then they add many dainties prepared according to Indian receipts.'"

Portuguese ambassador Domingo Paes who visited the court of Vijayanagar Empire notes: "'They prepare the table for him; they place for him a three-footed stool, round, made of gold, and on it put the dishes. These are brought in large vessels of gold, and the smaller dishes in basins of gold, some of which are adorned with precious stones. There is no cloth on the table, but one is brought when the King has finished eating, and he washes his hands and mouth.'"

Portuguese ambassador Duarte Barbosa in coastal trading town of Kozhikode in Kerala notes the way local chieftains dined:

""He sits on the ground on a very low, round stand. There they bring him a large silver tray, and upon it are many small silver saucers, all empty. And they are set before him on the ground upon another low stand; and the cook brings a copper pot with cooked rice, and with a spoon they take it out, and make a pile of it in the middle of the said large tray; afterwards they bring many other pans of diverse viands, and put portions of them into the small saucers.""

Meera Mukherjee suggests tripod or three-footed stool may have been similar to "Mukkali" stool, a type of vernacular furniture more commonly found in southern parts of India. While Chowki, Palagai or Bajot, a four-legged stool are more commonly used with thali today.

Kansa metal
Thalis are traditionally made with Kansa metal, a mixture of copper and tin. Although it is similar to bronze, Kansa has higher tin content than bronze. The fifth chapter of the text Rasaratna Samuchaya is dedicated to Kansa with significant information about Kansa kitchenware, diningware and its benefits.

Thali/Bhojanam meal
Thali refers to the metal plate that a thali meal may be served on, while Bhojanam refers to full meals. Thali is popular method of serving meals in South Asia. The idea behind a thali is to offer different flavours of sweet, salt, bitter, sour, astringent and spicy on one single plate (technically the last two are actually forms of chemesthesis rather than true flavours). According to Indian food custom, a proper meal should be a perfect balance of all these six flavours. Restaurants typically offer a choice of vegetarian or meat-based thalis. Vegetarian bhojanams are very typical and commonplace in Tamil Nadu canteens Dishes served in a thali vary from region to region in the Indian subcontinent and are usually served in small bowls, called katori in India. These katoris are placed along the edge of the round tray, the actual thali; sometimes a steel tray with multiple compartments is used. Typical dishes include rice, dal, vegetables, roti, papad, dahi (yogurt), small amounts of chutney or pickle, and a sweet dish. Rice or roti is the usual main dish that occupies the central portion of the thali, while side dishes like vegetable curries and other aforementioned delicacies are lined circularly along the round thali. Depending on the restaurant or the region, the thali consists of delicacies native to that region. In general, a thali begins with different types of breads such as puris or chapatis (rotis) and different vegetarian specialities (curries). However, in South India and Southeast Asia, rice is the only staple served with bhojanams. Thalis or Bhojanams are sometimes referred to by the regional characteristic of the dishes they contain. For example, one may encounter Andhra bhojanam, Nepalese thali, Rajasthani thali, Gujarati thali, Maharashtrian thali, Manipuri chakluk, Tamil unavu and Thai unavu. In many parts of South Asia, Southeast Asia and the Caribbean, the bread and the rice portions are not served together in the thali. Typically, the bread is offered first with rice being served afterwards, often in a separate bowl or dish.

Affordability
The Economic Survey of India 2020 has a section called Thalinomics, the survey found that the vegetarian thalis became 29% more affordable compared to 2006-07, while non-veg thalis became 18% more affordable.

title: Thali


text:
Hoosier National Forest

The Hoosier National Forest is a property managed by the United States Forest Service in the hills of southern Indiana. Composed of four separate sections, it has a total area of 202814 acre. Hoosier National Forest's headquarters are located in Bedford, with a regional office in Tell City. Prominent places within the Forest include the Lick Creek Settlement, Potts Creek Rockshelter Archeological Site, and Jacob Rickenbaugh House.

History
Hoosier National Forest was first touched by humanity 12,000 years ago, when Native Americans in the United States hunted in the forest. Europeans reached the forest in the late 17th century, and began building villages in the forest. Actual lumbering began in the 19th century, with the cutting of more difficult terrain occurring after 1865. By 1910 most of the area had been cut. In the early 1930s the governor of Indiana pushed for the federal government to do something with the eroding lands that saw its residents leaving, with the act being accomplished on February 6, 1935.

Within Hoosier National Forest, two miles (3 km) south of Chambersburg, lies the former Lick Creek Settlement Site, a settlement of free blacks led by the Quaker Jonathan Lindley from around 1819 to around 1865. Pioneer Mothers Memorial Forest near Paoli contains an excellent example of virgin forest. Hemlock Cliffs Recreation Area in Crawford County contains one of the most scenic hiking trails in Indiana.

Most of Thomas Hines' Hines' Raid was within the present-day Hoosier National Forest.

Hickory Ridge Lookout Tower is the sole remaining fire tower out of eight that once stood within Hoosier National Forest. When built, there was a two-room house for the ranger and his dependents to live within, but it has since been destroyed. Visitors may still climb the tower but are advised to be cautious when climbing.

Maumee Scout Reservation and Lake Tarzian are also located within the Hoosier National Forest. Lake Tarzian is named after Sarkes Tarzian who led the capital campaign to build the camp.

Science
Much of Hoosier National Forest is over karst, responsible for the many caves in southern Indiana.

Included in Hoosier National Forest is the Charles C. Deam Wilderness Area, the only recognized wilderness area left in Indiana. This means that no motorized vehicles are allowed in the area, and instead mules and horses must be used to maintain hiking trails.

In the Clover Lick Barrens, the southern portion of Hoosier National Forest near the Ohio River, the vegetation is more typical of that found on prairies in the Great Plains. This was discovered by a botanist and biologist from the Indiana Department of Natural Resources, who later found that in the first recorded survey of the area in 2005, the land was described not as forest, but as "a mile of poor barrens and grassy hills". It is believed that the inability of tall oaks to grow in the area allows for this prairie vegetation to persist in such an unlikely location. In 2006 a conscious effort was made to keep the barren look to the area; previous federal efforts on renovating Hoosier National Forest meant adding nonnative species to low-growth areas. It was around Clover Lick in 1972 that Indiana decided to reintroduce wild turkeys back to Indiana, dedicating 6000 acre for the purpose.

Also found in Hoosier National Forest is Sundance Lake, a 5.3 acre lake.

Hoosier National Forest lies in parts of nine counties in southern Indiana.

Recreation
The trail system has almost 266 mi, and allows horseback riding and mountain bikes, along with hiking. Hikers are to yield to horses, and mountain bikers are to yield to both of them. Within the Hemlock Cliffs Valley, located within the central portion of the National Forest, there is the 1.2 mile Hemlock Cliffs trail. The trail is noted as access to sandstone cliffs and seasonal waterfalls as well as Hemlock trees and rare wintergreen plants.

Hoosier National Forest Trail System
All trail locations are within the state of Indiana.

title: Hoosier National Forest


text:
Coat of arms of Botswana

The coat of arms of Botswana was adopted on 25 January 1966. The centre shield is supported by two zebras. The shape of the shield is that of traditional shields found in Southern Africa. On the top portion of the shield are three cogwheels that represent industry.

The coat of arms is based on designs by Isabel Fawcus, whose husband Peter Fawcus was the Commissioner of Bechuanaland in 1960–65, and Shiela England.

The three waves symbolize water, and reminds the viewer of the motto of the nation: pula, which translates to "rain", but also good luck, and is also the name of the nation's currency. This motto also highlights the importance of water to Botswana. The motto is inscribed on a blue ribbon placed at the bottom of the coat of arms.

At the bottom of the shield is the head of a bull, which symbolises the importance of cattle herding in Botswana. The two zebras also symbolise the importance of wildlife, through tourism, in the national economy. Also, zebra have black and white stripes which represent equality of people of all colours in Botswana. The zebra on the right holds an ear of sorghum, an important crop in the nation. The zebra on the left holds a tusk of ivory, symbolic of the former ivory trade in Botswana. There is also a view that the ivory tusk represents wildlife preservation. Botswana has one of the highest elephant populations in Africa.

Official description (blazon)
The Botswana Emblems Act describes the coat of arms of Botswana as follows:

''Argent three barrulets wavy in fesse Azure between in chief three cogwheels proper, one above engaged with two below and in base a bull's head caboshed proper, and for the supporters on either side a zebra the dexter supporting a white elephant's tusk the sinister a green stalk of sorghum and brown sorghum head with white grains proper. Motto "Pula" in black on a Botswana blue half tone scroll. The reverse side of the scroll is red.''

title: Coat of arms of Botswana


text:
Ivy the Terrible

Ivy the Terrible is a fictional character featured in The Beano. She is a four-year-old girl who annoys her parents with her misbehaviour. She first appeared in The Beano in 1985 in the comic strip of the same name, but has starred in other comic strips throughout Beano history.

Concept
In 1985, The Beano's editor-in-chief Euan Kerr wrote to Robert Nixon about plans of creating a new character that was "tough and menacing like Dennis and Minnie, but doesn't have the strength or maturity to carry it off." The decided character design was a four-year-old girl named Ivy "dressed in dungarees and T-shirt, and with bunches in her hair"

Introduction
Ivy first appeared in issue #2233, dated 4 May 1985, drawn by Robert Nixon. Throughout the strip, it showed her attempts to become the toughest character in The Beano. Finally, when about to confront Dennis the Menace himself Dennis simply waited until evening at which point Ivy, being a toddler, had simply fallen asleep. He then took her back to her house and remarked, very out of character, that she "almost looked cute". The popularity of the character led to the strip being expanded to two pages as of issue #2931 (19 September 1998). Later strips dropped the idea of her longing for toughness and instead concentrated on her hyperactivity and tantrums. Her popularity even grew to the point she was briefly featured in her own spin-off in which she would choose her favourite nightmares entitled Ivy's Favourite Nightmares.

Death of Nixon and later history
Robert Nixon continued to draw Ivy until his death in 2002. His successor as artist was Tony O'Donnell, who drew the strip in a very similar style to Nixon, making no major changes to the strip or characters. However, Trevor Metcalfe drew several strips during 2003 and 2004, in which Ivy was given a noticeably more childlike and less malicious personality, although again the strip's style was based on Nixon's. In early 2007, O'Donnell retired from the strip, and reprints of 1989–1998 Robert Nixon stories began running.

In August 2008, the strip was merged with the strip Bea and renamed Bea and Ivy. However, when Dennis the Menace was revamped to match the new TV series a year later, Bea and Ivy were split up and she reverted to being a solo strip, again being reprinted Nixon strips, but this time the two-page stories from 1998 onwards were used.

In October 2010, new single page strips of Ivy started appearing in the Beano drawn by Diego Jourdan Pereira. Most of the title banners consisted of parodies of famous films such as Rocky and Fight Club and a tagline was introduced; Be thankful she's not your little sister. However, this only lasted until February 2011, as a change of editor at the Beano saw Ivy get dropped. Although a few of Diego Jourdan's strips appeared after this point, they were simply stockpiled strips which had yet to be used.

In the 2008 and 2009 Beano Annuals, her strip was drawn by Steve Horrocks, in the 2011 edition she was drawn by Dave Eastbury, the Ball Boy artist, and in the 2012 edition she was drawn by Laura Howell.

In August 2014, Ivy returned, drawn by Lew Stringer.

Personality traits
Ivy can be compared to that of an average toddler in that she is extremely quick to anger and is prone to pulling temper tantrums when things are not quite going her way. She can at times be purposefully malicious, for example stamping on her father's toes but most of the time it appears much of her deeds are all done by some fun which has gone out of hand. She has been seen to have a thirst to prove herself, for example, her introductory strip in which she challenges Dennis the Menace to a fight. She seems to have a fairly strong friendship with Dennis' younger sister Bea and is on talking terms with Minnie the Minx and Toots. A Diego Jourdan strip revealed Ivy has a love for horror films as she is watching Scream on her living room television.

Physical appearance
Ivy sports two pigtails on her jet-black messy hair and a single tooth in her mouth. Her usual apparel mainly consists of a yellow fleece jumper under red dungarees with blue play shoes. However, she has occasionally worn blue dungarees with a red fleece jumper. She appears short and stocky but in fact holds rather a lot of strength for someone so young.

Television

 * Ivy appeared alongside other Beano stars in the straight-to-DVD release of The Beano Videostars. She enters the red carpet via space hopper. She was voiced by Alex Patterson.

Theme park

 * Pictures of Ivy were posted all around Beanoland in Chessington World of Adventures before it was changed into Wild Asia in 2009.

Other comics

 * A girl similar to Ivy appeared in a Dave the Squirrel strip in a 2011 edition of The Dandy. However, due to her mother looking different and the location change (The Dandy takes place in Dandytown rather than Beanotown) it is assumed by most to simply be a small reference by illustrator Andy Fanton.

title: Ivy the Terrible


text:
Laman and Lemuel

In the Book of Mormon, Laman and Lemuel are the two eldest sons of Lehi and the older brothers of Sam, Nephi, Jacob, and Joseph. According to the text, they lived around 600 BC. They were notable for their rebellion against Lehi and Nephi, becoming the primary antagonists of the First and Second Books of Nephi. Their descendants became known as the Lamanites and Lemuelites, while the descendants of Nephi and their other brothers became the Nephites. Disputes over the proper order of succession fueled disputes between the two peoples over the course of the Book of Mormon's narrative.

Narrative
Laman and Lemuel are introduced as the two eldest sons of the prophet Lehi and his wife Sariah, and older brothers of Sam and Nephi. When Lehi announces that the family will flee Jerusalem, Lemuel and Laman "murmur" as they follow their father into the wilderness. Notably, their father names a river and a valley after Laman and Lemuel, respectively. Lehi then sends the pair with their younger brothers to retrieve the brass plates from Laban. Laman attempts to retrieve them first, failing to reason with Laban and escaping to brief his brothers on the issue. The sons of Lehi make a second attempt, using luxury goods to try to bribe Laban into giving them the plates. This attempt also fails, with Laban confiscating their property and the four brothers hiding in a cave. Laman and Lemuel then attack Nephi and Sam with a "rod." An angel appears, interrupting the assault. The angel indicates Nephi's eventual stewardship of the family and affirms that there will be divine aid to retrieve the plates. Laman and Lemuel are dubious about the practicality of this as Nephi goes into Jerusalem for a third try, this time alone. Nephi returns, bearing the plates, Laban's gear, and with Zoram in tow. Laman, Lemuel, and Sam initially do not recognize Nephi (as he is wearing Laban's armor) and attempt to escape. In Nephi's attempt to calm them, Zoram realizes that Nephi is not his master and has in fact killed him. Nephi extracts an oath from Zoram that he will leave Jerusalem with them. Zoram and the brothers then return to the tent of their parents. Lehi then sends Zoram and his sons to the "land of Jerusalem" to retrieve Ishmael and his family. While Zoram and the sons of Lehi are escorting Ishmael's family to Lehi's encampment, there is a dispute that splits the party, with Laman and Lemuel taking one side and Sam and Nephi taking the other. Nephi then rebukes his brethren. Laman and Lemuel then tie up Nephi in an attempt to kill him. After praying for strength, Nephi escapes his restraints and Ishmael's family intercedes to halt the hostilities. Eventually they return to the camp of Sariah and Lehi.

After the two families begin traveling together, Lehi has a vision of his family and what he identifies as the Tree of Life. In the dream, Laman and Lemuel refuse to join their parents, Nephi, and Sam at the tree and do not eat the fruit. Later, Laman and Lemuel ask Nephi for his interpretation of the vision. Laman, Lemuel, Zoram, Sam, and Nephi then marry the daughters of Ishmael.

Many year pass in the wilderness. The party is guided by the Liahona which gives directions in the wilderness, particularly to such things as sources of food. When Nephi's bow breaks, Laman and Lemuel complain with the rest of the family. After Nephi makes a new bow and returns with sufficient food, they rejoice with the company. During the wilderness travails, Ishmael dies. This leads to an attempted mutiny, headed by Laman, that subsides quickly.

On the coast, Nephi is commanded to build a boat. Laman and Lemuel refuse to aid him until they are rebuked and smitten. While the brothers are building the vessel, Lehi and Sariah have had two more children, Jacob and Joseph. During the voyage, Laman and Lemuel assault Nephi after he rebukes them again. They refuse to untie him until a storm threatens to sink the party. After Nephi is released, the party lands in the New World.

Upon arrival, Lehi gathers his family for a farewell speech, in which he prophesies about and conditionally blesses his children and their descendants. Laman and Lemuel's children are blessed that their descendants will remain upon the land and eventually accept the gospel. Their children are also blessed that their sins will be held to the account of their parents. Once Lehi dies, discord arises again in the new colony, leading to the departure of Nephi's party. Laman and Lemuel and their descendants remain in the original site.

The Book of Laman
In 2017, BCC Press published a novel entitled The Book of Laman by Mette Ivie Harrison. The novel reframes the events of First Nephi and Second Nephi from the imagined point of view of Laman. Dialogue reviewed the book as "a courageous addition to the many retellings of Book of Mormon stories that dot the landscape of Mormon literature." Rebecca Bateman, in a review on the Association of Mormon Letters blog, critiqued it for issues with characterization and for anachronisms in the text.

The Nephiad
Michael R. Collings wrote an epic poetry adaptation of the mission to retrieve the brass plates. In an interview with William Morris, Collings acknowledged the cowardly characterization of Laman and Lemuel in the epic, attributing it both to the source text and the Miltonian style of the piece.

River of Laman and Valley of Lemuel
In 1 Nephi 2:2–11, Lehi's party makes its way from Jerusalem towards the promised land. The passage also recounts the naming of a river and a valley after Laman and Lemuel. Hugh Nibley, an LDS scholar and apologist, thought this area referred to as "the borders" was by Jabal al-Lawz (جَبَل ٱللَّوْز), also known as Gebel (el-Lawz), a mountain sometimes identified with Mount Sinai although most people reject this classification.

Proposed etymology
"Lemuel" (Hebrew:לְמוּאֵל) is the name of a Biblical king mentioned in Proverbs 31, but otherwise unknown. Hugh Nibley remarked that Lemuel has a "good pure Arabic name, incidentally."

title: Laman and Lemuel


text:
Galactic Pot-Healer

Galactic Pot-Healer is a science fiction novel by American writer Philip K. Dick, first published in 1969. The novel deals with a number of philosophical and political issues such as repressive societies, fatalism, and the search for meaning in life.

Dick also wrote a children's book set in the same universe, Nick and the Glimmung, in 1966. It was published posthumously in 1988.

Plot introduction
The story concerns a man who thanklessly heals pots in a totalitarian future Earth, only to be summoned by a godlike alien known as Glimmung, who has recruited him as part of a multispecies specialist team sent to "Plowman's Planet" (or Sirius Five) for a mystical quest, which is to raise the sunken cathedral of Heldscalla from a surreal alien ocean.

Plot summary
The novel opens in a dismal future America, the “Communal North American Citizen's Republic.” The United States government has become extremely intrusive and repressive, monitoring the actions, speech and even thoughts of its citizens.

The protagonist, Joe Fernwright, is a pot-healer, one who can perfectly restore pottery to brand new condition. Joe finds himself constantly depressed and idle at the opening of the novel. He is unemployed and on a war veteran's social security benefit, given that ceramic pottery has been replaced by plastics, and his profession is not in great demand. He longs for purpose and meaning in life. His one entertainment is to call various friends on the worldwide telephone network and swap puzzles. These puzzles are created by translating a common English proverb or phrase into another language by using a language translation computer, and then translating it back to English the same way. The object of the game is to guess the original from the double translation.

Joe finds meaning when he is summoned to "Plowman's Planet"/Sirius Five by a mysterious highly evolved alien, Glimmung, with seemingly godlike powers. Along with other similarly talented but depressed and alienated people and creatures from all over the galaxy they are employed by Glimmung, in a grand endeavor to raise an ancient sunken cathedral from the ocean floor.

Glimmung is also in a struggle with the Kalends, a species gifted with precognition who are constantly writing a book that supposedly foretells the future, one which inevitably is proven right. Glimmung is determined to continue with his struggle, even when the book predicts certain failure.

At the conclusion of the book, Fernwright and his companions are offered the opportunity to join a gestalt or hive mind that also encompasses Glimmung. Fernwright and an unnamed octopoid companion alone refuse the offer. Fernwright is then given various options, such as going back to earth, going with the octopoid to its planet, going to Mali's planet (a young humanoid female he had become romantically involved with and who chose to become a part of the collective conscious) or stay back on Sirius Five. The octopoid also suggests to him that he should start creating pots with the tools Glimmung has given him instead of just healing them. The story ends by saying the first pot he created was 'awful.'

Bibliographic information
Galactic Pot-Healer was originally published in 1969 by Berkley Medallion Books. A hardback edition was issued in 1969 by the Science Fiction Book Club (Nelson Doubleday, Inc.). It is currently published in the United States by Vintage Books, ISBN 0-679-75297-8, and in the United Kingdom by Gollancz.

An audiobook version of Galactic Pot-Healer was released in 1998 by Blackstone Audio. The audiobook is read by Tom Parker. Another version released in 2013 by Brilliance Audio, read by Phil Gigante, is unabridged and runs 6 hrs 10 minutes.

title: Galactic Pot-Healer


text:
Buckfast (disambiguation)

Buckfast is a village near Buckfastleigh, Teignbridge, Devon, England

Buckfast may also refer to:
 * Buckfast Abbey a Benedictine monastery at Buckfast
 * Buckfast Tonic Wine, a fortified wine
 * Buckfast bee, a bee breed originally developed at Buckfast Abbey, then bred by members of the Federation of European Buckfast Beekeepers
 * Buckfastleigh, a town in Devon, England

title: Buckfast (disambiguation)


text:
Biffo the Bear

Biffo the Bear is a fictional character from the British comic magazine The Beano who stars in the comic strip of the same name, created in 1948 by Dudley D. Watkins. He was the mascot of The Beano for several decades.

Background
Biffo's creator, Dudley D. Watkins, originally worked for Beano's friendly rival The Dandy, as well as other DC Thomson children's comics, such as Adventure in the 1920s and The Sunday Post's Oor Wullie comic, noted by Beano creator R. D. Low for his talent of social realist humour. Watkins also participated in comic strips for The Beano as well, drawing for Lord Snooty, The White Mouse Will Get You (If You Don't Watch Out), and the title panels for The King's Got a Tail!.

At the time of the development of Biffo the Bear, rumours circulated that Beano readers were losing interest in the comic strip Big Eggo (the star of the front cover and had been there since the first issue in 1938) because he was not relatable to them anymore in the same way a mammal would. Biffo the Bear debuted as cover star on the 327th issue and remained so until issue 1977. R. D. Low preferred cover star characters to be monochrome because they would stand out in a colourful world, since the front covers of his comics were in colour. This was the same technique he used for Korky the Cat, the first cover star of The Dandy, and Big Eggo; Biffo the Bear followed suit.

Common strips
A lot of Biffo's stories would be based on his anthropomorphism, such as owning a cafe, working as a ticket seller for camel and elephant rides at the zoo, or busking. Despite his human characteristics, Biffo barely spoke and most of the comic strip panels would have no speech bubbles; human characters were either entirely mute or were the only characters with dialogue in the story. In 1969, Lord Snooty found Biffo's family tree at the Beanotown museum and Biffo uses it to tell stories of his family history to the readers and flashbacks would show how his ancestors interacted with famous historical events. This was written by Watkins with the help of Ian Gray.

Buster
In issue 575, his (then-unseen) human friend Buster appeared in his stories and had a one-off tale with Biffo in Biffo and Buster.

Declining appearances
When Watkins died in August 1969, David Sutherland continued the series until the 1970s, and then Jimmy Glen took over. Biffo remained as cover star until issue 1677, dethroned by Dennis the Menace, but appeared inside The Beano until issue 2310, however, he would have three one-off strips in the "Readers' Request" feature.

Appearances outside of The Beano
Originally one of R. D. Low's "new big five" comics, but ultimately failed due to paper rationing, The Magic Comic from 1939 was revived in late-January 1976 and ended in 1979. Spin-off stories of Biffo the Bear were printed, aimed at a younger audience than The Beano, and were about Biffo visiting his nephews Cuddly and Dudley. These were written and designed by Turnbull.

Biffo was also the star of pocket-sized Twinkle books in the 1980s, drawn by Bill Ritchie.

Revival
The series (retitled "Biffo") returned in issue 2445, drawn by Sid Burgon, and finished in issue 2954. The format had been revamped to three or four frames over a page with no speech, often depicting Biffo in fantastical, surreal situations. Some stories were reprinted in 2007 in the Fun Size Comics section.

Trevor Metcalfe contributed a few stories as well, including in The Beano Book 1994. In The Beano Book 1999, Milly O'Naire from Jackpot made a guest appearance with her father, most likely a nod to Burgon's previous work on her comic strip.

Cameos
Biffo was seen in a four-part special leading a group of retired characters, Pansy Potter, Keyhole Kate and Desert Island Dick, to return The Beano to an earlier form (specifically, the 1960s, the logo from that era was used in the story).

Biffo returned in The Beano 2007 Christmas special; he featured in 'The Riot Squad'. His next guest appearance was in the 70 Years Anniversary Beano, drawn by David Sutherland. As the issue was edited by Nick Park (creator of Wallace and Gromit), animals in the zoo could be seen that bore a close resemblance to that of his 1989 short film, Creature Comforts. Biffo also made an appearance in the 2010 Beano Annual, also drawn by Sutherland.

In 2013 Biffo appeared in the Funsize Funnies pages of the Beano. Initially drawn by Wayne Thompson, he returned the following year, this time drawn by Paul Palmer. It continued through to the 80th anniversary in 2018 along with Big Eggo. Biffo also appeared in the 2019 Beano Annual in the inner cover artwork with 254 other characters from The Beano's history and was in the time-travelling comic feature "Doctor Whoops!"

title: Biffo the Bear


text:
Mixed pickle

Mixed pickles are pickles made from a variety of vegetables mixed in the same pickling process. Mixed pickles are eaten much like other pickles: in small amounts to add flavor and to accent a meal. Mixed pickles appear in many different world cuisines.

In U.S. cuisine, a mixed pickle consists of vegetables and botanical fruits typically including cucumbers, cauliflower, cut large onions, and bell peppers, as well as spices like garlic, dill, allspice, and chili peppers, suspended in vinegar. Mixed pickles may also be categorized as sweet or sour depending on the addition of a sweetening agent like sugar.

In British cuisine, mixed pickles typically include small whole onions, gherkins, and cauliflower. Some specific kinds of British mixed pickle are Branston pickle (more properly termed a relish), and piccalilli (the latter also found in U.S. cuisine).

In Indian cuisine, a mixed Indian pickle is more likely to contain fruits (for example, mangos and limes) as well as vegetables. Indian pickle is prepared using oil unlike western pickles, and is more likely to use lemon juice or some other acid as a souring agent instead of vinegar. Spices and ingredients vary from region to region.

Recipes for mixed pickles can also be found in Chinese cuisine, Middle Eastern cuisine, and many other world cuisines.

title: Mixed pickle


text:
Lemuel

Lemuel is a Hebrew name, meaning "devoted to God", which may refer to:

In religion

 * Lemuel (biblical king), mentioned in the Book of Proverbs, Chapter 31
 * Lemuel (Book of Mormon), the second eldest of Lehi's sons and the brother of Laman, Sam, Nephi, Jacob and Joseph

People
Commandant of the Marine Corps
 * Lemuel Francis Abbott (c. 1760 – 1802), English portrait painter
 * Lemuel Amerman (1846–1897), member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania
 * Lemuel H. Arnold (1792–1852), 12th Governor of Rhode Island and United States congressman
 * Lemuel Benton (1754–1818), American planter and politician, member of the U.S. House of Representatives from South Carolina
 * Lemuel J. Bowden (1815–1864), American lawyer, politician and U.S. senator from Virginia
 * Lemuel de Bra (1884–1954), American writer
 * Lemuel G. Brandebury (1810–1875), first chief justice of the Supreme Court of the Utah Territory
 * Lemuel Carpenter (c. 1808 – 1859), one of the first Anglo-American settlers in what is now the Los Angeles area, entrepreneur and rancher
 * Lemuel Chenoweth (1811–1887), American carpenter, legislator and self-taught architect
 * Lemuel Cushing Jr. (1842–1881), Canadian lawyer and politician
 * Lemuel D. Evans (1810–1877), American politician and Chief Justice of the Texas Supreme Court
 * Lemuel Grant (1817–1893), American engineer, businessman, land speculator and civic leader
 * Lemuel Haynes (1753–1833), African American religious leader and slavery opponent
 * Lemuel Jenkins (1789–1862), American lawyer and member of the U.S. House of Representatives from New York
 * Lemuel McPherson Christian (1913–2000), Dominican composer
 * Lemuel Mathewson (1899–1970), U.S. Army lieutenant general
 * Lemuel Owen (1822–1912), shipbuilder, banker, merchant, politician and the second Premier of Prince Edward Island, Canada
 * Lemuel P. Padgett (1855–1922), member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Tennessee
 * Lemuel Paynter (1788–1863), member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania
 * Lemuel Penn (1915–1964), African-American lieutenant colonel murdered by members of the Ku Klux Klan
 * Lemuel E. Prowse (1858–1925), merchant and politician in Prince Edward Island, Canada
 * Lemuel E. Quigg (1863–1919), U.S. Representative from New York
 * Lemuel Sawyer (1777–1852), Congressional Representative from North Carolina
 * Lemuel Shaw (1781–1861), Chief Justice of the Massachusetts Supreme Court, member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives and state senator
 * Lemuel C. Shepherd Jr. (1896–1990), United States Marine Corps four-star general and 20th
 * Lemuel N. N
 * Lemuel Smith (born 1941), serial killer
 * Lemuel Smith (cricketer) (1880–1927), English cricketer
 * Lemuel F. Smith (1890–1956), Virginia lawyer and judge
 * Lemuel Stetson (1804–1868), U.S. Representative from New York
 * Lemuel Stinson (born 1966), former National Football League cornerback
 * Lemuel Todd (1817–1891), member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania
 * Lemuel John Tweedie (1849–1917), Canadian politician and 10th Premier of New Brunswick
 * Lemuel Whitman (1780–1841), U.S. Representative from Connecticut
 * Lemuel M. Wiles (1826-1905), American landscape painter.
 * Lemuel Williams (1747–1828), U.S. Representative from Massachusetts
 * Lemuel Wilmarth (1835–1918), French painter and founded of Art Students League of New York
 * Lemuel Allan Wilmot (1809–1878), Canadian lawyer, politician, and judge

Fictional characters

 * Lemuel Gulliver, protagonist of Gulliver's Travels
 * Lemuel "Lemmy" Barnet, in the BBC Radio science fiction programme Journey into Space
 * Lemuel "Chipper" Barnet, in the BBC Radio science fiction programme Space Force
 * Lemuel "Lemmy" Caution, special agent / private detective created by Peter Cheyney
 * Lemuel Dorcas, a Marvel Comics character
 * Lemuel Idzik, on the American television show Oz
 * Lemuel (Camp Lazlo), in the American animated television series Camp Lazlo
 * Lemuel, an antagonist in the American animated television series Fanboy & Chum Chum
 * Lemuel Siddons, the Scout Master in the movie Follow Me, Boys!

title: Lemuel


text:
Asplenium

Asplenium is a genus of about 700 species of ferns, often treated as the only genus in the family Aspleniaceae, though other authors consider Hymenasplenium separate, based on molecular phylogenetic analysis of DNA sequences, a different chromosome count, and structural differences in the rhizomes. The type species for the genus is Asplenium marinum.

The most common vernacular name is spleenworts, applied to the more "typical" species. A. nidus and several similar species are called bird's-nest ferns, the Camptosorus group is known as walking ferns, and distinct names are applied to some other particularly well-known species.

Taxonomy and genetics
Many groups of species have been separated from Asplenium as segregate genera. These include Camptosorus, Ceterach, Phyllitis, and Tarachia, but these species can form hybrids with other Asplenium species and because of this are usually included in a more broadly defined Asplenium.

Some of the older classifications elevate the Aspleniaceae to the taxonomic rank of order as Aspleniales. The newer classifications place it in the subordinal group called eupolypods within the order Polypodiales. Within the eupolypods, Aspleniaceae belongs to a clade informally and provisionally known as eupolypods II.

It has been found that in some species, the chloroplast genome has evolved in complex and highly unusual ways. This makes standard cladistic analyses unsuited to resolve the phylogeny of that particular group of ferns, and even very sophisticated computational phylogenetics methods yield little information. In addition to hybridization running rampant in parts of this genus, there are also some species like the mother spleenwort (A. bulbiferum) or A. viviparum which mainly reproduce asexually, essentially cloning themselves over and over again. While most are diploid or tetraploid, some species (e.g. A. shuttleworthianum) are octoploid.

Uses
Both the scientific name and the common name "spleenwort" are derived from an old belief, based on the doctrine of signatures, that the fern was useful for ailments of the spleen, due to the spleen-shaped sori on the backs of the fronds. "-wort" is an ancient English term that simply means "plant" (compare German -wurz). The plants were thought to cause infertility in women.

Vitruvius relates the story of the name thus:

... certain pastures in Crete, on each side of the river Pothereus, which separates the two Cretan states of Gnosus and Gortyna. There are cattle at pasture on the right and left banks of that river, but while the cattle that feed near Gnosus have the usual spleen, those on the other side near Gortyna have no perceptible spleen. On investigating the subject, physicians discovered on this side a kind of herb which the cattle chew and thus make their spleen small. The herb is therefore gathered and used as a medicine for the cure of splenetic people. The Cretans call it ἄσπληνον.

A few of these ferns have some economic importance in the horticulture trade. The bird's-nest ferns (A. nidus and several very similar, closely related species) are commonly found for sale as a house plant. The Australian mother spleenwort (A. bulbiferum) is sometimes available at greenhouses, and is of interest, along with the related A. viviparum, for the many small bulblets borne on the fronds that may grow into new plants. This characteristic is also shared with the eastern North American walking fern (A. rhizophyllum) and several Mexican species including A. palmeri. The ebony spleenwort A. platyneuron is also sometimes sold in nurseries as a hardy plant. However, many spleenworts are epipetric or epiphytic and difficult to cultivate.

Asplenium species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including Batrachedra bedelliella which feeds exclusively on A. nidus. For diseases of Asplenium, see List of foliage plant diseases (Polypodiaceae).

Selected species

 * Asplenium adiantum-nigrum L. – black spleenwort (= A. lucidum Burm.f. )
 * Asplenium adiantum-nigrum ssp. adiantum-nigrum
 * Asplenium adiantum-nigrum ssp. serpentini (Tausch) Koch
 * Asplenium adulterinum Milde – ladder spleenwort
 * Asplenium aequibasis
 * Asplenium aethiopicum
 * Asplenium africanum
 * Asplenium × alternifolium Wulf.
 * Asplenium anceps
 * Asplenium angustum Sw.
 * Asplenium antiquum Makino
 * Asplenium ascensionis S.Watson
 * Asplenium attenuatum R.Br.
 * Asplenium aureum (sometimes in Ceterach)
 * Asplenium auritum
 * Asplenium australasicum (J.Sm.) Hook. – crow's-nest fern
 * Asplenium australasicum f. australasicum
 * Asplenium australasicum f. robinsonii
 * Asplenium azoricum Lovis, Rasbach & Reichst.
 * Asplenium bifrons
 * Asplenium billottii – lanceolate spleenwort
 * Asplenium bipinnatifidum
 * Asplenium brachycarpum
 * Asplenium bradleyi
 * Asplenium bulbiferum – mother spleenwort, hen and chickens fern, mouku (Māori)
 * Asplenium carnarvonense - Brownsey
 * Asplenium caudatum
 * Asplenium ceterach – rustyback fern (sometimes in Ceterach)
 * Asplenium chathamense Brownsey
 * Asplenium chihuahuense Baker
 * Asplenium compressum Sw.
 * Asplenium congestum
 * Asplenium corderoanum
 * Asplenium crinicaule
 * Asplenium cristatum
 * Asplenium cuneifolium Viv. (= A. forsteri auct. non Sadl. ) – serpentine spleenwort
 * Asplenium cymbifolium
 * Asplenium daghestanicum H.Christ – Dagestanian spleenwort
 * Asplenium dalhousiae (sometimes in Ceterach)
 * Asplenium dareoides
 * Asplenium daucifolium – Mauritius spleenwort
 * Asplenium difforme R.Br.
 * Asplenium fissum
 * Asplenium dimorphum – Norfolk Island Spleenwort
 * Asplenium divaricatum
 * Asplenium dregeanum
 * Asplenium × ebenoides R.R.Scott
 * Asplenium ecuadorense Stolze
 * Asplenium feei Kunze ex Fée
 * Asplenium fissum
 * Asplenium flabellifolium – necklace fern
 * Asplenium flaccidum G.Forst. – weeping spleenwort, hanging spleenwort
 * Asplenium fontanum (L.) Bernh. – smooth rock spleenwort
 * Asplenium forisiense – rock spleenwort
 * Asplenium formosum
 * Asplenium gemmiferum Schrad.
 * Asplenium × germanicum
 * Asplenium gueinzii Mett.
 * Asplenium goudeyi Lord Howe Island
 * Asplenium haughtonii – Barn Fern
 * Asplenium hemionitis
 * Asplenium hermannii-christii Fomin – Hermann Christ's asplenium
 * Asplenium hookerianum Colenso
 * Asplenium hybridum
 * Asplenium incisum
 * Asplenium × jacksonii Alston – Jackson's spleenwort (sterile, triploid hybrid between Asplenium adiantum-nigrum and Asplenium scolopendrium)
 * Asplenium × kenzoi - oni-hinokishida, cultivated in Japan
 * Asplenium komarovii - Akasawa
 * Asplenium laciniatum
 * Asplenium lamprophyllum Carse
 * Asplenium laserpitiifolium – Johnston River fern
 * Asplenium lepidum C.Presl
 * Asplenium listeri – Christmas Island spleenwort
 * Asplenium longissimum
 * Asplenium lucidum
 * Asplenium lunulatum – Hen-and-chicks
 * Asplenium lyallii
 * Asplenium macedonicum
 * Asplenium majoricum
 * Asplenium marinum – sea spleenwort
 * Asplenium × microdon T Moore – Moore's spleenwort (hybrid between Asplenium scolopendrium and Asplenium obovatum subsp lanceolatum)
 * Asplenium milnei Carruth
 * Asplenium montanum – mountain spleenwort
 * Asplenium musifolium
 * Asplenium nidus – bird's-nest fern
 * Asplenium normale
 * Asplenium obliquum
 * Asplenium oblongifolium Colenso – shining spleenwort (= A. lucidum auct. non Burm.f., sensu G.Forst. )
 * Asplenium obovatum
 * Asplenium obtusatum G.Forst.
 * Asplenium obtusatum ssp. northlandicum (Brownsey) Ogle (possibly distinct species)
 * Asplenium obtusatum 'Chile' (possibly distinct species, sometimes included in A. obliquum)
 * Asplenium oligolepidum C.Chr. (= A. lucidum auct. non Burm.f., sensu G.Forst. )
 * Asplenium oligophlebium
 * Asplenium onopteris L. – western black spleenwort, Irish spleenwort (sometimes included in A. adiantum-nigrum)
 * Asplenium pacificum
 * Asplenium paleaceum R.Br. – chaffy spleenwort
 * Asplenium palmeri
 * Asplenium parvum
 * Asplenium petrarchae
 * Asplenium pinnatifidum – lobed spleenwort
 * Asplenium planicaule
 * Asplenium platybasis Kunze ex Mett.
 * Asplenium platyneuron – ebony spleenwort
 * Asplenium polyodon G.Forst. – sickle spleenwort
 * Asplenium praemorsum
 * Asplenium prolongatum Hook.
 * Asplenium pteridoides Baker
 * Asplenium resiliens – black-stemmed spleenwort
 * Asplenium rhizophyllum – American walking fern (sometimes in Camptosorus)
 * Asplenium richardii
 * Asplenium ruprechtii – Asian walking fern (sometimes in Camptosorus)
 * Asplenium ruta-muraria L. – wall-rue
 * Asplenium rutifolium
 * Asplenium sagittatum – Mule's spleenwort (sometimes in Phyllitis)
 * Asplenium sandersonii Hook.
 * Asplenium × sarniense Sleep Guernsey Spleenwort
 * Asplenium schizotrichum Copel.
 * Asplenium schweinfurthii
 * Asplenium scleroprium
 * Asplenium scolopendrium – hart's-tongue fern (sometimes in Phyllitis)
 * Asplenium scolopendrium var. americanum – American Hart's-tongue
 * Asplenium seelosii
 * Asplenium septentrionale – forked spleenwort, northern spleenwort
 * Asplenium septentrionale × trichomanes Wulf.
 * Asplenium serra
 * Asplenium serratum – wild bird's-nest fern
 * Asplenium sessilifolium
 * Asplenium shuttleworthianum Kunze
 * Asplenium simplicifrons F.Muell.
 * Asplenium splendens
 * Asplenium surrogatum P.S.Green
 * Asplenium tenerum G.Forst.
 * Asplenium terrestre
 * Asplenium theciferum (Kunth) Mett.
 * Asplenium thunbergii
 * Asplenium trichomanes – maidenhair spleenwort
 * Asplenium trichomanes ssp. quadrivalens D.E. Meyer
 * Asplenium trichomanes ssp. trichomanes
 * Asplenium trichomanes subsp. coriaceifolium
 * Asplenium trilobum  Cav.
 * Asplenium tutwilerae B.R.Keener & L.J.Davenport
 * Asplenium vespertinum
 * Asplenium vieillardii Mett.
 * Asplenium virens
 * Asplenium viride – green spleenwort
 * Asplenium vittiforme
 * Asplenium viviparum

title: Asplenium


text:
User talk:DarkFantasy

Mark Rosenfelder
Hello DarkFantasy and welcome to Wikipedia! There is a discussion taking place on VfD regarding the Mark Rosenfelder article which you initiated last year. Your feedback would be appreciated on how this content may be encyclopedic and why it should be included! --GRider\talk 23:55, 31 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Nomination of Zarahemla for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Zarahemla is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Zarahemla until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. Iskandar323 (talk) 10:28, 10 December 2021 (UTC)

Nomination of Zoram for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Zoram is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Zoram until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article until the discussion has finished. Big Money Threepwood (talk) 16:49, 22 March 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:DarkFantasy


text:
Big Eggo

Big Eggo was a British comic strip series about an eponymous ostrich, published in the British comic magazine The Beano. He first appeared in issue 1, dated 30 July 1938, and was the first cover star. His first words in the strip were "Somebody's taken my egg again!" It was drawn throughout by Reg Carter.

Background
When creating a new comic in his "big five" series, R. D. Low wrote a newspaper advert in The Daily Telegraph for new artists. He was certain that his new character would be a black-and-white animal which would stand out in a colourful world; an idea he similarly used for Korky the Cat in The Dandy. Reg Carter (who had originally published Mickey Mouse comics throughout the 1930s) responded in January 1938 with a few ideas and sketches. Carter and Low's eventual idea would be an ostrich that misplaced his eggs. In an exchange of letters, they planned to name him Oswald the Ostrich, but eventual editor George Moonie suggested the name should be changed to Big Eggo. The ostrich became the first front cover star of the comic until he was replaced in 1948 by Biffo the Bear.

Common plots
The majority of Eggo's tales were about him looking for an egg he had misplaced, which would lead to a situation in which he would either discover that the egg was not an ostrich egg; in one story, he stole an egg from a zoo and a penguin hatched out and another was about a monkey stealing his egg and replacing it with a crocodile egg.

Other stories would have him in a wacky situation, such as eating an alarm clock which alerts a fire station he walks past, or another where Eggo is caught in a hot air balloon after trying to stop a goat from eating the anchor rope. In some stories, he was also a zookeeper, and there were the stories in which he would be acting anthropromorphic, such as dog sledding, shopping, or walking pigs on a lead as if they were his pets.

Declining appearances
When Biffo the Bear took over as the cover star, Big Eggo would appear on the front cover's masthead, but would appear inside The Beano with the other comics, such as Lord Snooty and Pansy Potter. In World War II, rationing forced comics to stop being published too frequently; The Beano would publish fortnightly until the end of the 1940s. Big Eggo, like many Beano strips, dedicated stories to encouraging young readers to help with the war effort, such as recycling paper; one story was about Big Eggo, bothered by flies, creating fly paper out of sheets covered in glue after he accidentally knocks the recycling into some glue baths. He would continue to have stories until 1949, and his front-cover masthead appearances would drop in 1954, being replaced by Dennis the Menace. The sudden disappearance of the stories was due to the death of Carter in April 1949, which was not revealed until 2008, although rumours surfaced weeks before that readers had fallen out of love with the character because he was a bird, not a mammal, and therefore did not relate to the audience, unlike Biffo, a bear. George Drysdale took over as artist for the strips after Carter's death until the series' conclusion.

On the 7th March 2018 Big Eggo returned, illustrated by Lew Stringer, to celebrate the 80th anniversary of the Beano. These comics where shorter, being 3 or 4 panels long. The strip ran throughout the year and finished when the anniversary was over.

Cameos
Big Eggo would begin to reappear sporadically after the character left the masthead. The next time Eggo made a cameo in the comic was for the 2000th issue celebration at the top of the cover of the first Beano reprinted on the back page, saying "Ah! The good old days!".

A one-off strip called Lord Snooty's Day Out drawn by Ken H. Harrison reveals that he is living in the Beano Retirement Home, along with Jonah, Lord Snooty and Jack Flash. Two years later, Eggo would meet Gnasher and Gnipper for the 65th anniversary.

In 2006, Big Eggo was used as a villain for a feature-length Bash Street Kids story illustrated and written by Kev F. Sutherland. The story featured him and other discontinued Beano characters wanting to revert the magazine back to when they were popular, but the Class 2B accidentally thwart the plan with the help of The Dandy Keyhole Kate accidentally building a robot with the brain of Jonah.

He also made a surprise return to the Beano in issue 3925 in a three-panel strip for the start of a new miniseries, written and drawn by Lew Stringer, to tie in with the comic's 80th anniversary, which continued for 24 more issues until September. In one, he was joined by Blotty and 'Enry. He was also the only character from the first generation to appear on the front cover of the 2019 Beano Annual; his first story's gag was re-enacted on the back cover with Gnasher handing Walter a crocodile egg that hatches with the baby biting Walter's bottom. He appeared in the inner cover artwork with 254 other characters from The Beano's history and was in the time-travelling comic feature "Doctor Whoops!"

title: Big Eggo


text:
Jaredites

The Jaredites are one of four peoples (along with the Nephites, Lamanites, and Mulekites) that the Latter-day Saints believe settled in ancient America.

The Book of Mormon (mainly its Book of Ether) describes the Jaredites as the descendants of Jared and his brother, who lived at the time of the Tower of Babel. According to the Book of Mormon, they fled across the ocean on unique barges and established an ancient civilization in America.

Mainstream archaeology has found no evidence of the existence of Jaredites or any of the other three groups.

Book of Ether
According to the Book of Mormon, the Jaredites are the descendants of Jared, his brother, their immediate family, and their friends. (Joseph Smith later identified the brother of Jared as Mahonri Moriancumer.) At the time of the Tower of Babel, when the tongues of all nations were confounded, the Lord acceded to the desires of Jared, and his people's language was not confounded. The people were also granted a land of promise.

The Lord guided the people through the wilderness and were eventually directed to cross the sea in "barges". The vessels were sealed and watertight and able to be swamped by waves without sinking. Air was obtained from outside the vessels, as needed. They also brought with them animals and food. The recorded length of the miraculous trip was 344 days. Among other things they carried in their voyage were honeybees, which, in the language of the Jaredites were called "deseret". Additionally, they brought seeds.

Ether is the last in the royal line that began with one of the sons of Jared. From the time of the first king to the destruction of the Jaredites, there were only occasional periods of peace and prosperity. The times of peace were interrupted by intrigue over the throne, civil war, and the accession of wicked kings. The history of the Jaredites confirmed the fears of Jared and his brother that a monarchy would lead to evil.

The Book of Mormon claims that the Jaredites grew to become a civilization that exceeded two million people just before its destruction. They finally destroyed themselves about the time Lehi and the other refugees from Jerusalem arrived in America. A prophecy of Ether was fulfilled: the last Jaredite king, Coriantumr, lived to see both the total destruction of his entire house, the scattering of the remaining Jaredites, and the arrival of another people to inherit the land.

Other references in Book of Mormon
Outside the Book of Ether, the Book of Mormon relates that Coriantumr was found by the Mulekites. The Nephites later encountered the Mulekites and taught them the Nephite language. The Mulekites told them that Coriantumr had died some nine months after he had come to live with them. The Nephite prophet King Mosiah I was able to translate a large stone with engravings that gave an account of Coriantumr. Another record on twenty-four plates, discovered by the people of King Limhi, was translated by the Nephite King Mosiah II. An abridged account of the Jaredite records was later included by Moroni, as the Book of Ether, in the Book of Mormon.

Geography
The ocean crossed is not specified in the Book of Mormon. Hugh Nibley's There were Jaredites and The World of the Jaredites argue for the Pacific Ocean, but Milton R. Hunter argues for the Atlantic Ocean.

The location of the Jaredite civilization is also not specified in the Book of Mormon except that it was north of a narrow neck of land in what was called the "Land Northward" by the Nephites. The New World location of the Jaredites and Nephites is a subject of disagreement among Mormons. Joseph Smith indicated that the Jaredites arrived in "the lake country of America" and that "the Nephites... lived about the narrow neck of land, which now embraces Central America, with all the cities that can be found."

Descendants of Ham
Some early Latter Day Saints, including Apostle Parley P. Pratt believed the Jaredites were descendants of Ham, based on the group's origins near the Tower of Babel, and initial migration into the Valley of Nimrod, an area associated with the descendants of Ham.

Olmecs
Some Mormon apologists  have argued for substantial parallels between the Jaredites and the Olmecs. For example, one scholar asserted that writings an ancient Native American historian, Fernando de Alva Cortés Ixtlilxochitl, wrote about a group of people who came from the great tower to Mesoamerica. Ixtlilxochitl wrote that the people lived in an area in the northern parts of the land, along the Gulf Coast of Mexico. Other LDS researchers, such as W. Vincent Coon, point to native legends and suggest that the earliest immigrants to Central America migrated by land and boat from "northern America". Phyllis Carol Olive compares Jaredite civilization to ancient cultures of the Great Lakes region.

Adena
Other belief based theories propose that the Jaredites were contemporary with the North American Adena culture.

title: Jaredites


text:
Grandpa (comics)

Grandpa was a British comic strip which originally appeared in the magazine The Beano from 1955 to 1957, drawn by Ken Reid. It was later revived from 1971 until 1984, but this time by Robert Nixon and afterwards Jimmy Glen.

Background
Grandpa was first published in issue 680, illustrated by Ken Reid. It was a gag-a-day comic about a mischievous old bearded man.

Some of the stories involved his dad, an even older man with an even longer beard than him. Despite their advanced ages, they enjoyed a father-son relationship similar to that of Dennis the Menace and his dad; a typical story would be about Grandpa getting involved in some kind of mischief, being caught by his father and ending up getting a spanking. In a June 1956 strip, Grandpa was revealed to have been born in 1874, making his age 82. In 1957 the series was terminated.

From 1971 until 1984 Grandpa was relaunched. Robert Nixon drew it for the first years, after which Jimmy Glen took over until 1984. This series ran from issue 1522 to issue 2200.

Recently in The Beano, Grandpa briefly in "Funsize Funnies", illustrated by Steve Beckett.

title: Grandpa (comics)


text:
Baby Face Finlayson

Baby Face Finlayson is a fictional character in a comic strip in the UK comic The Beano, first appearing in issue 1553, dated 22 April 1972. Baby Face Finlayson "The Cutest Bandit in the West" is an outlaw from the American Old West, and is, in fact, a baby.

His name is derived from the real-life American gangster of the 1930s Baby Face Nelson (real name Lester Joseph Gillis).

Publication history
He was originally a minor character in Little Plum, but was later given a spin-off strip of his own. He rode around in a motorised pram, stealing everything that wasn't tied down, whilst shouting "Yuk Yuk!". He had a number of accomplices, including Jessie James, Sid the Kid and Goo Goo McGoo who were also, apparently, babies. Their chief nemesis was Sheriff "Marsh" Mallow of Cactus Gulch.

When the strip returned in 1980, the Wild West theme was dropped, and the setting was moved to England. The tagline was also changed to "The Cutest Bandit Around". However, in the final strip of the second series, he was posted back to America by the angry Beano editor, whom Baby-Face had tried to kidnap. On both occasions, the strip was drawn by Ron Spencer.

Subsequent appearances
In issue 3181, dated 5 July 2003, he cameoed in a Little Plum strip, when he stole Little Plum's wigwam. He sped off in his pram, crashed into a buffalo so Little Plum thought he had learned his lesson, until he steals Little Plum's clothes without him noticing and rides off. In September 2004 he reappeared again for five weeks in his own strip, this time drawn by Emilios Hatjoullis. He has appeared in the Beano Annual every year since then. In 2006 Baby Face returned as a villainous gangster in the Bash Street Kids adventures "School's Out" and "Hot Rod Cow", written and drawn by Kev F Sutherland. He appears in the 2008 Beano annual in the story "Pluggy Love", where Danny believes that Plug's girlfriend is evil as he thinks Baby-Face is her father. It turns out she's his babysitter and her father was pushing his pram. He appeared once again in the 2009 annual in "Reservoir Dodge", where after discovering a Weather-Predicting device Roger and Walter sold him is fake, he tries to kill them and invites a group of other fictional villains over, like the Joker, a Dalek, a devil, and Bully Beef. Other Beano characters try to help Roger, but are also placed above the piranha fish tank. However Alexander the Lemming and Winston the Cat push the tank over, forcing the villains away.

Baby-Face Finlayson returned to The Beano in the Funsize Funnies in #3660 drawn by Alexander Matthews.

title: Baby Face Finlayson


text:
Talk:Perspective (visual)

KRS's Comment of 2004
Visual Perspective is broadly organized into two categories, Artistic and Scientific with numerous combinations of both. Both categories aim at achieving an illusion of three-dimensional space on a two dimensional area, i.e., a planar surface.

 * This introduction does not explain what visual perspective is. It would be more helpful to know what visual perspective is, before knowing who uses it, or what categories it falls into. That kind of information should be included in the perspective (graphical) page. — Preceding unsigned comment added by YBorg13 (talk • contribs) 23:56, 11 May 2013 (UTC)

Within Artistic Perspective, artists use their intuition and artistic talent with artists’ materials to produce an illusion of three-dimensional space. Within Scientific Perspective, technically trained specialists use the principles of graphic projection and drafting materials (including computers) to produce an illusion of three-dimensional space. Further, it should be noted that computers may produce, in addition to images on a two-dimension area (computer screen), virtual space within the computer, “behind, into the screen” as it were. In the latter instance the computer operator may maneuver within this virtual, three-dimensional space at will. However, this application is separate from the subject of Scientific Perspective.

In my opinion, this should come in perspective (graphical), if there is a perspective(visual) separate from a perspective(graphical). Usually in technical drawing terminology we use the term "perspective view" or "perspective projection" to mean a representation of what the eye sees and not plain "perspective". If this is the case, then there is no need to call the perspective (graphical) page as that at all, it can be renamed as "perspective projection". KRS 19:57, 21 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * I concur. Author seems to confuse distinction between foreshortening and perspective projection........... Suggest discontinuing the page... Pat Kelso 09:10, Mar 22, 2004 (UTC)

Disambiguation Cleanup
Just checking on a bit of disambiguation cleanup - is the link to "Perspective" under "see also" of any real use, or can I either delete the link or make it a "for other uses of the term perspective..." type link. If I get no comments in the next few days I'll delete the link LeeG 23:05, 31 May 2006 (UTC)

Horizon
The horizon is not at eye level all the time. If I climb a nearby mountain and look out over the sea it's significantly lower if I hold my head level. Where is the explanation for any of this?

Merge?
Shouldn't this article to merged into Perspective (graphical)?. Orionus 13:01, 16 August 2007 (UTC)

 * There is indeed much overlap. seems to be related to this, and may have been intended to motivate this distinction, but it appears that his distinction has not been carried through in the current articles. Interestingly, just when KBS and Pat Kelso were discussing this, Pat moved a large chunk to Graphical projection, which now provides another overlap. — Sebastian 22:13, 8 March 2013 (UTC)

 * I think the subjects are sufficiently distinct to merit separate articles. Visual perspective describes a phenomenon that exists in the eye of an observer when looking at objects in space; it includes the apparently diminished size of distant objects (linear perspective) as well as aerial perspective. Graphical perspective is a set of conventions by which artists and designers represent this, typically on a two-dimensional surface. The trickery involved is comparable to that required when rendering the curved surface of the earth on a flat map. Despite overlap, the subjects probably should be developed separately, as cartography and map projection are. Ewulp (talk) 08:58, 9 March 2013 (UTC)

 * While I think that perspective (visual) deserves a separate page, this page currently explains too many of the graphical representation aspects. — Preceding unsigned comment added by YBorg13 (talk • contribs) 23:47, 11 May 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Perspective (visual)