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RAF Digby

Royal Air Force Digby otherwise known as RAF Digby is a Royal Air Force station located near Scopwick and 11.6 mi south east of Lincoln, in Lincolnshire, England. The station is home to the tri-service Joint Service Signals Organisation, part of the Joint Forces Intelligence Group of Joint Forces Command. Other units include the RAF Aerial Erector School, No. 54 Signals Unit and No. 591 Signals Unit.

Formerly an RAF training and fighter airfield, it is one of the country's older Royal Air Force stations, predated only by RAF Northolt, which is the oldest and predates the Royal Air Force by three years, having opened in 1915. Flying at Digby ceased in 1953.

First World War
There are dated photographs that show that the airfield was already in use for flying training by Royal Naval pilots in the summer of 1917, although no documents supporting this have ever been found. The photographs show contemporary hangars, sheds and aircraft already in place around grassed runways and uniformed Royal Naval trainee pilots from the HMS Daedalus facility at Cranwell receiving instruction. What is on record is the minutes of a conference held at the Scopwick airfield in November 1917 that confirmed its suitability for conversion to a training depot station in its own right. On 12 January 1918 the War Office issued the authority notice for the site to be formally taken over under the Defence of the Realm Regulations. Early accommodation for personnel was under canvas and the first pilots arrived on 28 March 1918, commanded by Major John H D’Albiac a former Royal Marines aviator. The party left Royal Flying Corps Portholme Meadow aerodrome in Huntingdonshire and moved to Scopwick, bringing Handley Page bombers with them. RAF Scopwick aerodrome was deemed officially open with their arrival, although the newly established Royal Air Force did not formally come into existence until four days later on 1 April 1918. D’Albiac was appointed as RAF Scopwick's first commanding officer. A works report dated November 1918 shows that all building works had been completed. Designated as No. 59 Training Depot Station RAF, its initial establishment of 10 x Handley Page 0/100s, 18 x FE2EB/DS and 30 x Avro 504Ks indicates that it was a night bomber training unit. The only action seen by RAF Scopwick during World War I was when a German Zeppelin attempted a bombing raid, with its bombs missing the station and falling in a nearby field.

Between the wars
In April 1920 No. 59 TDS handed over to No. 3 Flying Training School RAF whose first commander was Squadron Leader A T Harris, later to become known as Air Marshal 'Bomber' Harris. Five months later the name of the station changed from Scopwick to RAF Digby, after several instances of aircraft spares being delivered in error to RAF Shotwick in North Wales. The role of the station also switched from training bomber pilots to training fighter pilots. In April 1922 the school was disbanded and the station placed on care and maintenance, when the RAF contracted further after the end of the war.

The closure was short-lived and in June 1924 No. 2 Flying Training School RAF arrived from RAF Duxford. The school flew Avro 504s, Bristol Fighters, and Sopwith Snipes and specialised in training novice pilots to fly in fighter-type aircraft, rather than the usual practice of learning on basic trainers and later converting to fighters. The school was commanded by Wing Commander Sidney 'Crasher' Smith DSO AFC, so named because of his habit of landing his aircraft rather more robustly than they were designed for; including three aircraft in a single day. Smith returned to Digby five years later as a Group Captain, for a second stint as station commander. Smith's replacement as station commander was an officer due for greater things, Wing Commander Arthur Tedder later became Lord Tedder and Marshal of the Royal Air Force. In 1934 the station was commanded by Group Captain T Leigh-Mallory, who was later to become Air Chief Marshal Sir Trafford Leigh-Mallory and one of the most notable commanders in Fighter Command during the Battle of Britain.

Between 1929 and 1936 the appearance of the station changed dramatically and most of the original wooden 1917/1918 hangars, barrack blocks and offices were demolished and replaced with substantial brick structures. The seven original hangars were replaced by two new ones, although a planned third hangar was first delayed and eventually never built. Most of the domestic barrack blocks, officers' mess, station headquarters, squadron offices and married quarters built at this time still stand and remain in use. The No. 12 Group RAF Lima Sector Operations bunker, now the station museum, was constructed at a cost in 1936 of £5,000.

The following year saw a major change to the station's function. On 7 September 1937 No. 2 Flying Training School relocated to RAF Brize Norton, and Digby was handed to No. 12 Group Fighter Command as an operational fighter station intended to provide fighter cover for the cities of Lincoln, Nottingham and Leicester. Two months later there were already two squadrons of fighters at Digby, No. 73 Squadron RAF flying Gloster Gladiators and No. 46 Squadron RAF equipped with Gloster Gauntlets. In 1938 both squadrons were re-equipped with Hawker Hurricanes and joined by another Hurricane squadron No. 504 Squadron RAF, an auxiliary squadron from Nottingham.

Second World War
RAF Digby entered the war with some of its squadrons operating from nearby satellite fields under its control at RAF Coleby Grange and RAF Wellingore. The first squadron scrambled from Digby was No. 46 Squadron on 3 September; told there was an incoming German raid they found nothing and returned.

October 1939 saw a number of arrivals at the station. On 10 October No. 611 Squadron RAF flying Supermarine Spitfires and No. 229 Squadron RAF operating Bristol Blenheims arrived at Digby. Initially, No. 611 Squadron flew affiliation exercises with the other two squadrons and with other new arrivals No. 44 Squadron RAF and No. 144 Squadron RAF, who were both equipped with Hampden light bombers. At the end of October a Bristol Blenheim fighter and escort Squadron arrived, No. 29 Squadron RAF. With the squadron came the soon-to-be-famous officer Guy Gibson, who would be awarded a Victoria Cross as the commander of the Dambusters. It was Gibson's second tour at Digby as he had learned to fly at the station while attending No. 2 FTS in 1936. Gibson was still based at Digby in 1940 when he was married in Penarth, South Wales.

As 1939 came to a close King George VI made the first of three formal visits to RAF Digby. In addition to inspecting No. 46 Squadron, he presented decorations to fighter pilots from Digby and several neighbouring stations. The recipients included Guy Gibson who received his first DFC.

For six weeks in May and June 1940 the station was home to No. 222 Squadron RAF on a rotational rest and recuperation break from fighting the Battle of Britain from RAF Duxford. The squadron's most famous flight commander was the legless fighter ace Flight Lieutenant Douglas Bader. With the station's complement of pilots expanding nearby Wellingore Hall was requisitioned as a second officers' mess.

In late August 1940 a single German Junkers Ju 88 bomber appeared suddenly out of the mist and dropped its load of bombs on the station, all of them missing the runways and buildings to explode harmlessly on open ground. In February 1941 the first of the Canadian fighter squadrons arrived at Digby. No. 1 (Canadian) Squadron and No. 2 (Canadian) Squadron immediately renumbered as No. 401 Squadron RCAF and No. 402 Squadron RCAF respectively; both squadrons were equipped with Hurricanes. The Canadian Digby wing was formed on 24 April 1941 when the station received three further squadrons, No. 409 Squadron RCAF flying Boulton Paul Defiants, No. 411 Squadron RCAF and No. 412 Squadron RCAF both flying Supermarine Spitfires.

RAF Digby received several German bomber raids during 1941 and extensive damage was suffered. It was decided to relocate the 12 Group Sector Operations Centre away from further danger and it moved to a luxurious setting in the west wing of Blankney Hall where it stayed for the remainder of the war. Several RAF squadrons arrived to serve alongside the Canadians during 1941; No. 92 Squadron RAF and No. 609 Squadron RAF both arrived from RAF Biggin Hill on rotational rest and recuperation leave. There were now so many airmen at RAF Digby that even the two officers' messes could not accommodate them all. Several squadrons commandeered the nearby Ashby Hall as their officers' mess and the hall remained in this role until the end of the war when it fell into disrepair and its estate was broken up.

American-born pilot and poet John Gillespie Magee flying for the Canadian air force was killed at the age of 19 on 11 December 1941 while stationed at RAF Digby with No. 412 (Fighter) Squadron RCAF. Magee took off in a Spitfire from the satellite field at RAF Wellingore and, while descending through cloud over Roxholm village just south of Digby, was involved in a mid-air collision with an Airspeed Oxford climbing out of RAF Cranwell. Magee is buried at the war graves section of Scopwick churchyard along with 49 other aviators from local airfields and five German aircrew. On his grave are inscribed the first and last lines from his poem High Flight:

 * "Oh! I have slipped the surly bonds of Earth –
 * Put out my hand and touched the Face of God."

UK bomb-disposal teams were having continuing problems rendering safe with German 2 kg Butterfly bombs because no examples had been safely dismantled to learn the best process. This was because butterfly bombs were specifically designed to detonate if they were disturbed in any way. Whilst dealing with eight butterfly bombs which had fallen on RAF Harlaxton and failed to explode, Flight Sergeant Hanford of RAF Bomb Disposal (based at RAF Digby) noticed that the arming rods on the bombs had not fully unscrewed themselves i.e. the fuzes were not fully armed. Hanford carefully screwed the arming rods back into the fuze pockets by hand, thereby enabling the bomb disposal scientists to safely dismantle the fuze mechanisms, learn how they worked and develop counter-measures. Highly useful information in the form of diagrams and detailed explanations were then distributed to bomb disposal technicians for instructional purposes. Hanford was later awarded the British Empire Medal for this feat of extreme bravery.

Airfield guarding duties during the war were covered initially by a variety of Army units and later by several squadrons the RAF Regiment. In February 1941, Digby was guarded by B Company of the Royal Welch Fusiliers. From the middle of 1941 until 1942 Digby was guarded by D Company of the 70th Battalion Royal Welch Fusiliers.

RCAF Digby
On 16 September 1942 control of Digby formally passed to Canada and the station was renamed Royal Canadian Air Force Station Digby under the command of Group Captain McNab RCAF. In February 1943 the first de Havilland Mosquitos arrived at Digby and were allocated to No. 410 Squadron.

During early 1944 Digby was a hive of activity with all of the resident squadrons and several visiting squadrons, including several Czech and Belgian squadrons, taken up with training for D-day invasion support. When the invasion took place all of the squadrons relocated to captured airfields in France and Digby became an almost deserted 'ghost town'. All that remained were No. 116 Squadron RAF flying a small number of Airspeed Oxfords in an anti-aircraft training role and two squadrons flying elderly Blenheims for radar calibration off the east coast.

In May 1945 control of the station was handed back by the Canadians and it again became RAF Digby, although the new station badge showed the autumn gold maple leaf to permanently acknowledge its history as a Canadian facility for three years. By the time the war in Europe ended on 8 May 1945, RAF Digby had been the wartime home to 30 RAF squadrons, 13 Canadian squadrons, 4 Polish squadrons, 2 Belgian squadrons and 1 Czech squadron. Those airmen had flown Hurricane, Spitfire, Defiant, Blenheim, Beaufighter, Mosquito, Mustang, Wellington, Oxford and Anson aircraft. The station had also hosted the full range of visiting RAF heavy bombers and their crews, as well as no fewer than 30 USAAF B-17Gs on a foggy night in November 1944.

Post-war
Following the end of World War II Digby increasingly took on a non-flying role for RAF Technical Training Command. In 1948 the Secretarial Branch Training School relocated from RAF Hereford and the Equipment Officers' School was established at Digby. Between 1948 and 1950 Digby also became home to the No.1 Initial Officer Training unit, the Aircrew Education Unit, the Aircrew Transit Unit and the Instructional Leadership Course. In 1951 No. 2 Aircrew Grading School for both potential pilots and ancillary aircrew was established at Digby using a wide range of elderly aircraft.

The station badge was awarded in July 1952 and depicts a white crane superimposed over a maple leaf. The station's motto Icarus Renatus means Icarus Reborn and relates to the short period when the station was under 'care and maintenance' and then re-activated. Flying ceased at Digby when all units and training schools were disbanded or relocated during January 1953 and the station was placed on care and maintenance until October 1954 when building works commenced in preparation for the establishment of the proposed signals units. No. 399 Signals Unit arrived in January 1955 and declared itself fully operational on 15 February, located in No. 2 hangar (now the station gymnasium). The second, No. 591 Signals Unit arrived in July 1955 and set up operations in hangar No. 1 (North).

In September 1959 the Wireless Operators' School and the Aerial Erectors' School were established at Digby to begin training their respective students. The station continued to expand its scope of operations steadily from the 1970s and into the new millennium. British Army elements arrived in 1994 and were later joined by the Royal Navy. The addition of US detachments signalled the start of yet another era in the history of Digby. On 1 September 1998 399 Signals Unit merged with the newly arrived Special Signals Support Unit from Loughborough to form the Joint Service Signal Unit (Digby).

No. 54 Signals Unit was established in 2014 and provides processing, exploitation, and dissemination of all UK air-derived electronic surveillance data. The unit forms part of No. 1 Intelligence Surveillance Reconnaissance Wing which has its headquarters at RAF Waddington.

Based units
Notable units based at RAF Digby.

Royal Air Force
No. 1 Group (Air Combat) No. 2 Group (Air Combat Support)
 * No. 1 Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR) Wing
 * No. 54 Signals Unit

 * Support Force
 * No. 90 Signals Unit
 * Operational Information Services Wing
 * No. 6 (Cyber Reserve) Squadron
 * No. 591 Signals Unit

No. 22 Group (Training) Other
 * The Defence College of Technical Training (DCTT)
 * The Defence School of Communications and Information Systems (DSCIS)
 * No. 1 Radio School
 * The Aerial Erector School
 * Air Training Corps
 * Central & East Region
 * Headquarters Trent Wing
 * Sector Operations Room Museum

Strategic Command
Defence Intelligence
 * Director of Cyber Intelligence and Information Integration
 * Joint Cyber and Electromagnetic Activities (CEMA) Group
 * Headquarters Joint Cyber and Electromagnetic Activities (CEMA) Group
 * Joint Forces Intelligence Group (JFIG)
 * Joint Service Signals Organisation
 * Headquarters Joint Service Signals Organisation (HQ JSSO)
 * Joint Service Signal Unit (Digby)
 * Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ)
 * National Security Agency (NSA), United States Government

Joint Service Signals Organisation
The Joint Service Signals Organisation is part of Joint Forces Intelligence Group branch of Defence Intelligence. It provides direct support to strategic decision making and operations and is made up of personnel from all three services. The JSSO also conducts research into new communications systems and techniques in order to provide operational support to static and deployed units of the armed forces.

Joint Service Signal Unit (Digby) is one of several Joint Service Signal Units (JSSU) within the JSSO and provides specialist communications information systems to the British Armed Forces.

No. 591 Signals Unit
No. 591 Signals Unit (591 SU) is a communications and electronic security monitoring organisation providing services to the RAF. The unit was established on 1 June 1952 at RAF Wythall. It moved to Digby in 1955 and was transferred to Strike Command in July 2000 when it became an Air Combat Support Unit (ACSU) of the RAF Air Warfare Centre. No. 591 SU predominately carry out their activities on deployed operations.

Aerial Erector School
The RAF Aerial Erector School AES is an element of No. 1 Radio School at RAF Cosford and provides training to personnel of the Armed Forces and civilians.

Air Training Corps
Trent Wing Air Training Corps manages staff and cadets stretching across 31 ATC squadrons in Lincolnshire, Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire.

Museum
RAF Digby is also home to the Sector Operations Room Museum which was opened by Air Chief Marshal Sir John Allison on 30 May 1997. The museum is funded by donations and is normally open to the public from 11.00am on Sundays from 1st Sunday in May to 1st Sunday in October, or by special arrangement.

title: RAF Digby


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RFA Olmeda

RFA Olmeda (A124) was an Ol-class "fast fleet tanker" of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary (RFA). Initially named Oleander, she was renamed after two years in operation.

In the last action of the Falklands War, Olmeda helped recapture the South Sandwich Islands.

Background
The second of her class, Olmeda came into service in late 1965 as Oleander. As with its sister ships, Olmeda's early service was routine. However, in 1967, the ship had to be renamed from Oleander to Olmeda to avoid confusion with HMS Leander (F109).

1973
In the Second Cod War, Olmeda supported Royal Navy ships twice.

Falklands War
Olmeda saw extensive service during the Falklands War, being one of the first ships to head south. Olmeda refuelled numerous ships of the Task Force including HMS Hermes, HMS Invincible, and the SS Uganda.

After the Argentine surrender of the Falkland Islands, Olmeda, HMS Yarmouth (F101), HMS Endurance (1967) and the tug Salvageman sailed to the South Sandwich Islands where Argentina had established a base in South Thule since 1976. Following a demonstration of Yarmouth's guns, the ten Argentine military personnel surrendered. Before leaving South Thule, Yarmouth was refueled by Olmeda on 21 June, which may have been the most southerly underway replenishment in the history of the Royal Navy.

Decommissioning
In 1993, the ship was decommissioned and sold for scrap. Breaking up commenced at Alang on 23 December 1994.

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title: RFA Olmeda


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RFA Tidereach

RFA Tidereach (A96) was a Tide-class replenishment oiler of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary (RFA), the naval auxiliary fleet of the United Kingdom.

Laid down on 2 June 1953 by Swan Hunter & Wigham Richardson, and launched on 2 June 1954, Tidereach was commissioned on 30 August 1955 and served until March 1978.

She was then laid up in Portsmouth for disposal. On 22 February 1979 she was sold for scrap, and left Portsmouth under tow on 16 March 1979. On 20 March 1979 she arrived at Bilbao, Spain to be broken up.

title: RFA Tidereach


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RFA Tideflow

RFA Tideflow (A97) was a Tide-class replenishment oiler of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary.

Commissioned in 1956, the ship was originally named Tiderace, but was renamed Tideflow in 1958 to avoid confusion with other members of the class.

Tideflow was decommissioned in November 1975, and arrived at Bilbao on 10 May 1976 to be broken up.

title: RFA Tideflow


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RFA Tidesurge (A98)

RFA Tidesurge (A98) was a Tide-class replenishment oiler of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary.

Launched in 1954, the ship was originally named Tiderange but was renamed in 1958 to avoid confusion with other members of the class. She was decommissioned in 1976 and left Portsmouth under tow on 19 April 1977 for Valencia where she was scrapped in June 1977.

title: RFA Tidesurge (A98)


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Wilson effect (astronomy)

In astronomy, the Wilson effect is the perceived depression of a sunspot's umbra, or center, in the Sun's photosphere. The magnitude of the depression for the umbra is between 500 and 1000 km, with an average of 600 km.

Sunspots result from the blockage of convective heat transport by intense magnetic fields. Sunspots are cooler than the rest of the photosphere, with effective temperatures of about 4,000°C (about 7,000°F). Sunspot occurrence follows an approximately 11-year period known as the solar cycle, discovered by Heinrich Schwabe in the 19th century.

History
In 1769, during solar cycle 2, Scottish astronomer Alexander Wilson, working at the Macfarlane Observatory, noticed that the shape of sunspots noticeably flattened as they approached the Sun's limb due to solar rotation. These observations were published in 1774 and showed that sunspots were features on the solar surface, as opposed to minor planets or objects above it. Moreover, he observed what is now termed the Wilson effect: the penumbra and umbra vary in the manner expected by perspective effects if the umbrae of the spots are in fact slight depressions in the surface of the photosphere.

Alternate interpretations
While the surface-depression interpretation of the Wilson effect is widespread, Bray and Loughhead contended that "the true explanation of the Wilson effect lies in the higher transparency of the spot material compared to the photosphere". A similar interpretation was expressed by C.H. Tong.

title: Wilson effect (astronomy)


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User:Jurema Oliveira

Jurema Oliveira - São Paulo - Brasil

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Georgia State Route 400

Georgia State Route 400 (SR 400; commonly known as Georgia 400) is a freeway and state highway in the U.S. state of Georgia serving parts of Metro Atlanta. It is concurrent with U.S. Route 19 (US 19) from exit 4 (Interstate 285) until its northern terminus south-southeast of Dahlonega, linking the city of Atlanta to its north-central suburbs and exurbs. SR 400 travels from the Lindbergh neighborhood in the Buckhead district of Atlanta, at Interstate 85 (I-85), to just south-southeast of Dahlonega. Like the Interstate highways, it is a limited-access road (with interchanges instead of intersections), but unlike the interstates (which were renumbered by GDOT in 2000), the exit numbers are not mileage-based, they are sequential. Once SR 400 passes exit 18 (SR 369), it changes from a limited-access freeway into an at-grade divided highway with traffic lights, but still with a high speed limit of 65 mph, and ends at the J.B. Jones Intersection at SR 60/SR 115 in Lumpkin County.

Between I-85 and I-285, SR 400 is designated "T. Harvey Mathis Parkway", after a local land developer and road proponent who died the day after being appointed as head of the Atlanta Committee for the Olympic Games in June 1991, when the tollway was under construction. Upon reaching the Perimeter (I-285) and beyond, the highway is designated "Turner McDonald Parkway".

SR 400 is one of only two state routes in the 400–499 series to not be designated as an unsigned route following an interstate, with the other being the SR 410 near Stone Mountain. Although, both SR 400 and SR 410 were originally planned as interstate routes, SR 400 was supposed to be I-485 and SR 410 was supposed to be I-675.

Route description
SR 400 begins at I-85 just north of Downtown Atlanta. SR 400 travels concurrently with MARTA's Red Line between its Buckhead and Medical Center stops; the Red Line's final stop is at the North Springs station. SR 400 southbound can access the station via Exit 5C, and traffic from the station can enter SR 400 northbound.

SR 400 goes through a tunnel under the Atlanta Financial Center in Buckhead, south of SR 400's exit 2 (SR 141 Connector/Lenox Road). Farther north, SR 400 meets I-285, also known as "The Perimeter" or "Atlanta Bypass".

At I-285, SR 400 meets with US 19. The two travel concurrently until an intersection with SR 60 and SR 115 in Dahlonega.

North of I-285, SR 400 travels through Sandy Springs, Roswell, and Alpharetta in Fulton County. Major junctions include SR 140 (exit 7A/7B on SR 400 northbound and exit 7 on SR 400 southbound) and SR 120 (exit 10).

From US 19 and I-285 in Sandy Springs, SR 9 travels parallel to SR 400 to the west until SR 9 reaches Coal Mountain. In Coal Mountain, SR 9 veers northwest away from SR 400, but then later turns northeast toward its northern terminus at its intersection at US 19 in downtown Dahlonega.

SR 400's exit 6 at Northridge Road is known as the Mayor Eva Cohn Galambos Memorial Interchange.

From SR 400's exit 8, Mansell Road, to exit 11, Windward Parkway, North Point Parkway travels parallel to the east of SR 400. North Point Parkway provides access to North Point Mall.

SR 400 enters Forsyth County at the overpass of McGinnis Ferry Road. In the county, SR 400 travels through Cumming and Coal Mountain. Major interchanges include SR 141 (exit 13), SR 20 (exit 14A/14B on SR 400 northbound; exit 14 on SR 400 southbound), SR 306 (exit 17), and SR 369. SR 400's limited-access portion ends at SR 369, and SR 400 continues on.

Travelers can access Bald Ridge Marina and boat ramps for Lake Lanier via exits 15 (Bald Ridge Marina Road) and 16 (Pilgrim Mill Road).

North of SR 400's intersection with Jot Em Down Road, SR 400 continues into Dawson County, where it travels through Dawsonville. Major intersections include SR 53 and SR 136.

At the intersection of SR 400 and SR 53, a continuous-flow intersection was completed in May 2017. Near this intersection is the entrance to North Georgia Premium Outlets.

SR 400 continues into Lumpkin County just south of its intersection with Whelchel Road and Wilson Drive. After traveling 3.7 mi in the county, SR 400 and US 19 meet SR 115 from the north and SR 60 from the east. SR 400 ends at this point, and US 19 turns left and continues north through downtown Dahlonega into the Appalachian Mountains and the Chattahoochee–Oconee National Forest.

All of SR 400 south of the Dawson–Lumpkin county line is included as part of the National Highway System, a system of roadways important to the nation's economy, defense, and mobility.

Exits on the controlled-access part of SR 400 are numbered according to the consecutive numbering system instead of reference post (i.e. mile-based) numbering. This is unlike the Interstate highways in Georgia, which have used reference post numbering since 2000, with the exception of I-24, which continues the exit numbering from Tennessee as the interstate highway crosses through Georgia back into Tennessee. This means that exit numbers on SR 400 start at 1 and use consecutive numbers (2, 3, 4, etc.) regardless of the nearest mile marker.

At the southern terminus, new ramps connecting SR 400 south to I-85 north and I-85 south to SR 400 north opened on April 2, 2014. The project was two years in the making and was paid for with funds from the SR 400 toll plaza. Prior, drivers had to exit off SR 400 onto Sidney Marcus Boulevard to get to I-85 north. On I-85 south, drivers had to take the Cheshire Bride Road/Lenox Road exit to get to Sidney Marcus Boulevard for access onto SR 400 north. The ramp from I-85 south is shared with the SR 13 ramp (exit 86). From SR 400, Sidney Marcus Boulevard is now exit 1B and the ramp to I-85 north is 1A.

In Forsyth County in 2017–2018, SR 400 was expanded from two lanes to three from McFarland Parkway to SR 369 (which is planned to be exit 18).

Original portion (I-285 to SR 306)
Planning for the freeway, later known as the North Fulton Expressway, began in 1954. The initial section north of I-285 was officially dedicated on May 24, 1971 and subsequent additions to the north opened in stages through 1981. The road was subsequently widened in the late 1980s from its original four-lane configuration to eight lanes between I-285 and Holcomb Bridge Road, and to six lanes between Holcomb Bridge Road and Haynes Bridge Road. The widening projects were brought on by the massive growth that the freeway brought to northern Fulton and southern Forsyth counties. In 2005 the GDOT began widening the section from Holcomb Bridge Road to Windward Parkway from six to eight lanes from Holcomb Bridge Road to McFarland Parkway. In addition, metal noise barrier walls and a concrete divider in the median were also added. In 2010, a half-diamond interchange (exit 4C) was added on the north side of Hammond Drive, allowing southbound exits and northbound entrances.

Freeway revolt
At one time, SR 400 was to connect to I-675 in southeast DeKalb county. However, residents in intown Atlanta neighborhoods did not want the highway to cut through and partially destroy their neighborhoods (as had occurred in Sweet Auburn and other neighborhoods), and a freeway revolt ensued, ending when then-Governor Jimmy Carter signed a new city charter and the USDOT rejected the highway studies in 1973, and George Busbee had the plan officially terminated when he became governor in 1975. The point where this road would have had its interchange with the also-doomed I-485 (now Freedom Parkway and SR 10 to Stone Mountain Freeway) is now the site of the Jimmy Carter Library and Museum. A later routing of I-485 would have had that number running from the Downtown Connector east to the current library, then north on what is now SR 400.

A revival of the connection to I-675 was proposed in 2009. A tunnel would go under East Atlanta and other neighborhoods in Atlanta on the DeKalb-county side, south to I-20. A surface road through less-developed land would then go south to I-675. The project would be a public/private initiative.

Planning
The northern portion of the inside-the-Perimeter route remained alive following the freeway revolts, and after lawsuits by residents that spent several years in court, GDOT was able to force the extension through Buckhead. Dozens of homes were taken through eminent domain or the threat of it, and the highway was built through the middle of formerly-secluded and forested neighborhoods. Some remaining residents live on dead end streets with metal barrier walls.

During planning stages of the highway in 1984, the Robinson-Humphrey Bank Company proposed a massive expansion of its office building in Buckhead, now known as the Atlanta Financial Center, which was to be built directly in the proposed routing of the highway. A compromise was worked out for Fulton County to pay $3 million to Robinson-Humphrey to offset extra construction costs. This allowed the new tower to be constructed with special concrete supports allowing for the highway and eventual MARTA Red Line to run underneath; the deal also covered Robinson-Humphrey's $1 million donation of the right-of-way to the Georgia DOT. Construction of the massive tunnel underneath the office complex and its parking garage was underway in 1990; the tunnel was sealed off with concrete to protect the building from noise and vibration.

The original plans for the North Tollway put interchanges at Marion Road (now Sidney Marcus Boulevard), Peachtree Road at North Stratford Road, Wieuca Road, Windsor Parkway, and Johnston Ferry Road. By 1972, plans had been adjusted to exclude the Wieuca Road exit and add an expressway connecting Andrews Road at Roswell Road to Peachtree Road at Lenox Road as an alternative to a direct interchange with Peachtree Road. The mainline toll booth would have been south of Peachtree Road. By 1986, the present alignment with only 3 exits (Marion Road, Buckhead Loop/Lenox Road, and Glenridge Connector) and a single tollbooth north of Peachtree Road were finalized, eliminating direct access to both Peachtree Road and the residential Buckhead neighborhoods.

Atlanta City Council member Buddy Fowlkes was opposed to the extension of GA 400; "I'm encouraged," he said in 1989. "People are starting to understand that there are alternatives to the Georgia 400 extension."

Construction and Completion
In 1991, the State Road and Tollway Authority authorized $96 million in bonds to pay for the GA 400 Buckhead extension which would be paid back by 2011 with toll revenue. The road opened to traffic on August 1, 1993, after three years of construction. Existing exits were renumbered up by four to accommodate the extension, which had a single toll plaza in the middle of its length when opened.

In addition, the North Line (now Red Line) for Atlanta's MARTA train system was constructed in the median from the Glenridge Connector to south of Lenox Road, and was opened on June 8, 1996, extending the line from Lenox Square mall north to Perimeter Mall, and connecting the Perimeter Center area to the rail system. That edge city largely developed due to its proximity to the 400/285 interchange. Direct access from SR 400 southbound to I-85 northbound (and the reverse direction) opened in April 2014, ending the need to take the indirect route via Sidney Marcus Boulevard. In June 2015, a ceremony was held to name the flyover bridges for Captain Herb Emory, a beloved local traffic reporter for WSB AM and WSB-TV (as well as other co-owned stations) who had also died in April 2014.

SR 369 Interchange (Exit 18)
Funding for a project to create a new interchange on SR 400 at SR 369/Browns Bridge Rd came from the Forsyth County Transportation Bond, approved by voters in 2014, along with GDOT funding. Previously, SR 400 met SR 369 at a signalized intersection, where the freeway part of SR 400 ended. Plans showed that a partial cloverleaf interchange would be built, with ramps from both directions of SR 400 meeting SR 369 at traffic lights; the northbound SR 400 ramp would also meet at the entrance of Browns Bridge Church. Also as a part of this project, SR 369 will be widened from its intersection with SR 9, through the interchange at SR 400, to its intersection at SR 306. The widening project is currently still underway as of 2023. The workers cleared the area and removed underground storage tanks, per county officials. Forsyth County acquired four properties as part of right-of-way acquisition and is expected to go out for bid in the fall of 2019; a bid is expected to be awarded in early 2020. Construction began in late 2020 and the interchange opened in early 2023.

Tolls
When SR 400 was a toll road, the toll plaza, operated by the State Road and Tollway Authority (SR TA), collected 50¢ tolls in both the northbound and southbound directions. The toll plaza was located north of Lenox Road (exit 2). Each direction had two open-road toll lanes, which collected tolls at highway speeds using the Georgia Peach Pass electronic tag (formerly "Cruise Card"), and seven gated toll lanes that accepted cash. The toll facility handled a total of approximately 120,000 vehicles per day. About 37% of transactions were paid via Peach Pass, the same technology also used by SunPass in Florida, Quick Pass in North Carolina, TxTag in Texas, and PikePass in Oklahoma. Peach Pass can be used interchangeably with the Florida and North Carolina systems and passes, but not with TxTag and PikePass, due to a lack of reciprocal billing arrangements with those non-adjacent states.

SR 400 was the only active toll road in Georgia, after the Torras Causeway toll between Brunswick and St. Simons Island on the southeastern Georgia coast was removed in 2003, until the high occupancy toll express lanes opened on I-85 in 2011. The SR 400 toll was to expire in 2011 after 20 years. In March 2009, local TV news reports brought up an issue regarding tolls on the road, since SRTA reported that enough money has been collected to pay the bonds used to construct the road (though prepayment prior to 2011 was prohibited). Despite promises that the toll would be removed once the road was paid for, the tolls continued to be collected. The road costs $2 million per year just to maintain (plus occasional repaving), and it cost several million more for the demolition of the toll plaza. (One option would have been to simply close the toll plaza, allowing drivers to pass through without paying.) On September 24, 2010, then Governor Sonny Perdue and members of the State Road and Tollway Authority (SRTA) voted to keep the tolls on until 2020 in order to fund 11 new projects on the highway.

In July 2012, two weeks before voters of Georgia voted on the Transportation Referendum act, Governor Deal said that the toll on SR 400 would be abandoned in November 2013, meaning that, at the beginning of 2014, SR 400 would be a toll-free road. Tolling was discontinued on November 22, 2013, at 11:08 am; the last toll was collected by Governor Nathan Deal and was paid by the same couple that paid the first toll in 1993. The toll plaza was removed in a four-phase demolition project.

In 2012, a feasibility study was initiated by the Georgia Department of Transportation to explore the possibility of adding tolled express lanes. The proposed express lanes would be 24 mi long, and mirror the existing lanes on I-85. The lanes' southern terminus will be I-285 in Sandy Springs, and their northern terminus would be SR 20 in Cumming. Fees would be similar to the existing I-85 lanes, and will be paid using Peach Pass, making the express lanes compatible with the existing express lanes on I-85 (as well as the former toll plaza in Buckhead if it had remained in operation).

McGinnis Ferry Road Interchange
A traffic study in 2007 explored the possibility of a new interchange on SR 400 at McGinnis Ferry Road; this Interchange Feasibility Report was approved by GDOT in 2010 and Forsyth County in 2012. The exit is to be located between Exit 11 (Windward Parkway) and Exit 12 (McFarland Parkway). Construction started in October 2021, and is expected to be completed in 2023. Construction will be completed by Forsyth County and GDOT. As a part of the project, one lane each way will be added on SR 400 between the Windward Pkwy exit and the McFarland Pkwy exit, and SR 400 S will have an additional lane added between McFarland Pkwy and McGinnis Ferry Rd. Also, as part of the construction:

 * The McGinnis Ferry Rd bridge over SR 400 will be replaced.
 * McGinnis Ferry Rd will be widened to four lanes from Bethany Bend to the SR 400 intersection, and to six lanes from the SR 400 interchange to the intersection of McGinnis Ferry Rd, Union Hill Rd, and Ronald Reagan Blvd. Ronald Reagan Blvd will also be widened to six lanes from McGinnis Ferry Rd to Counselors Way.
 * Sidewalks will be added on the southbound side of McGinnis Ferry Rd, and a multi-use path will be added on the northbound side of McGinnis Ferry Rd.
 * Additional right and left turn lanes will be added on McGinnis Ferry Rd at major intersections.

This project complements construction to extend Ronald Reagan Blvd from McFarland Pkwy to Majors Rd.

I-285 Interchange
GDOT, working with North Perimeter Contractors, began construction in February 2017 at the SR 400/I-285 interchange to add collector-distributor lanes and flyover ramps to ease congestion at the interchange. The interchange currently sees 420,000 drivers each day, despite that the current interchange was designed to accommodate 100,000 drivers daily. The project is expected to cost $800 million and is estimated to save drivers on SR 400 and I-285 a combined 20,000 hours of driving time each day. The project will also include:
 * The conversion of the SR 400 and Abernathy Rd (exit 5) to a diverging diamond interchange.
 * The reconstruction of the Mount Vernon Hwy bridge over SR 400, the Peachtree Dunwoody Rd bridge over I-285, and the Glenridge Dr bridge over I-285.
 * The construction of multi-use paths along the southeastern portion of SR 400 and I-285, and path improvements along Mount Vernon Hwy and Abernathy Rd. These improvements will also connect to Path 400.

Construction was originally expected to be completed by 2020, but due to discovering unmarked utility lines, and labor shortages & supply-chain problems as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, will now continue into 2024.

SR 400 Express Lanes
GDOT is currently conducting environmental studies to study the impact of new express toll lanes each way on SR 400, starting at the North Springs MARTA station and traveling 16 miles along SR 400 to the McFarland Pkwy exit (exit 12). The express lanes, for which drivers will need a Peach Pass to travel on, will be two buffer-separated lanes each way from the North Springs MARTA station to McGinnis Ferry Rd and one buffer-separated lane each way from McGinnis Ferry Rd to McFarland Pkwy. The express lanes will use 'dynamic pricing,' so drivers will pay higher prices during rush hour; but, transit buses and registered vanpools will not have to pay additional fees to use these lanes. In addition, a bus rapid transit system, Georgia's first, will run along the express lanes; the system will possibly include bus access to stops at or near the North Spring MARTA station, Holcomb Bridge Rd, North Point Mall, Old Milton Pkwy, and an existing MARTA park and ride at Windward Pkwy. The local SR 400 lanes and the express lanes are expected to have direct merges around Northridge Rd (exit 6), Haynes Bridge Rd (exit 9) and at its terminus at McFarland Pkwy; expected direct access ramps will be located at the North Springs MARTA station, Holcomb Bridge Rd (exit 7), Webb Bridge Road, and Union Hill Rd.

Construction was to begin in 2021, but due to increased costs (which exceeded GDOT's $1.7 billion budget) had to be delayed. A new developer is expected to be announced in early 2024, construction to begin in 2025, and substantial completion to take place in 2031. As a part of the project, GDOT has said that they might be acquiring around 50 homes near the North Springs MARTA station, as well as small pieces of land along SR 400 north of Sandy Springs.

Expansion of SR 400 Express Lanes to I-285
GDOT is also working on environmental studies for express lanes along the top end of I-285, from Paces Ferry Rd to Henderson Rd, with construction slated to start in 2023 and finish in 2029. Once this project is complete, GDOT will add express lanes along SR 400 from the North Springs MARTA station south to meet with the I-285 express lanes once they are completed.

Filming on GA 400
Several scenes from the movie Smokey and the Bandit were filmed on SR 400, which was used due to the low traffic volumes at the time of filming during its construction. The "Alabama" police chase, where a Georgia State Patrol car chases Bandit, who is driving a Trans-Am, takes place on SR 400 at the interchange with SR 141/Peachtree Pkwy, Exit 13. In addition, other film scenes were shot along SR 400 between McFarland Pkwy in Alpharetta (Exit 12) and SR 20/Buford Hwy in Cumming (Exit 14). Filming also took place in other parts of metro Atlanta, including McDonough and Jonesboro.

title: Georgia State Route 400


text:
Talk:Home run

Walk-off home runs
The article says: "If the home team has two outs in the inning, and the game is tied, the game will officially end either the moment the batter successfully reaches 1st base or the moment the runner touches home plate—whichever happens last." This is incomplete, as unless the bases are loaded, a batter reaching first does not end the game.

I suspect it should either say: "If the home team has two outs in the inning, and the game is tied WITH THE BASES LOADED, the game will officially end either the moment the batter successfully reaches 1st base or the moment the runner touches home plate—whichever happens last." or "If the home team has two outs in the inning, and the game is tied, the game will officially end IF A RUN IS SCORED either the moment the batter successfully reaches 1st base or the moment the runner touches home plate—whichever happens last." but I don't know enough about baseball to be sure of either. Statalyzer (talk) 18:13, 24 June 2017 (UTC)

leadoff home run
there is no article about this, even though, there are multiple pages that include the term such as ichiro Suzuki, Craig Biggio and record holder Rickey Henderson. I think is very relevant, and should include an explanation and the record list in MLB.--201.199.71.26 (talk) 22:41, 23 August 2010 (UTC)

Pushing Maris that year was ...
The phrase, Pushing Maris that year was ... (as in: ... teammate Mickey Mantle; ...) - occurs again a few lines further below - seems unclear. Maybe it isn't to somebody proficient about baseball but I feel it is to the unbiased reader (it is to me, anyway). It seems to be that either it might be poor grammar or something explanatory should be added to make clear what Pushing  was ... means. (In "common" language, wouldn't one expect to read: " was pushed by ... that year"?, with the (I presume special) meaning of being "pushed" in baseball remaining to be explained (well, possibly by a link into the main article on baseball)

 * Well, there's no special meaning of pushed intended here (it means motivated, as into, "My mother always pushed me to succeed..."), but I agree it could be worded better. If you're pointed this out, chances are someone else is confused as well. I'll see what I can come up with. -- Matty j 23:44, Mar 14, 2004 (UTC)

Addition to first sentence

 * In baseball, a home run is a base hit in which the batter is able to circle all the bases, ending at home plate and scoring a run, with no errors on the play that result in the batter achieving extra bases.

Beleive it or not, in a leage I once played in, a teammate scored an inside the park home run on a play with an error. (It was ruled a home run, but might not have by MLB rules). There was someone on first, and he was almost thrown out at home, except the catcher dropped the ball. The batter had rounded third, and decided to try for home when he saw the ball dropped. The catcher picked it up in plenty of time, and came down the line, but the batter made an excellent dive/roll/slide thing to home, and amazingly avoided the tag. As my leage didn't have official statisticians, the umps and coaches conferred, and decided that it should be ruled a home run, as the catchers error was not the cause of the second run scoring, due to the excellent dive. They couldn't give the catcher an error on the non-tag, because there was nothing to rule as an error. So, thats why I changed it. — siro χ  o  12:25, Jul 18, 2004 (UTC)

 * I don't think this is proper. In this example, as I read it, he should have been awarded a triple since the catcher's error -- dropping the ball -- was the reason the batter went for home in the first place. An error, by definition, can only be charged if a runner achieves an extra base as a result of the misplay -- in the case of a home run, a true home run, no further bases could possibly be achieved by any runners, and as such there is no possible way an error could be charged on the play. -- Matty j 20:38, Jul 18, 2004 (UTC)

 * Actually, I think User:Siroxo is right on with this...you can't give an error on a missed tag, nor can you assume an extra base on a fielder's decision. - Scooter 05:14, 23 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * I don't think anyone has got it quite right. You can't give an error on a missed tag; also, there can be no error charged when the offense doesn't gain from the error.  The play described is no error, as was mentioned by Scooter et al.  The play in question was ruled a home run correctly, except no error should have been charged.  The original language, that result in the batter achieving extra bases., is redundant according to the rules (no error could ever be charged if the misplay didn't help the batter).  However, it is helpful to those who don't know the strict definition of an error. --Locarno 17:15, 17 May 2005 (UTC)

I think what you have is an extra base(s) via a fielder's choice. While people are right that you can't charge an error on the missed tag, there was an error on the play when the catcher dropped the ball on the attempted put out of the lead runner. Had the catcher held on to the ball, the hitter would have been unlikely to attempt home. At best, the hitter is credited with a triple and it is possible that he might only be credited with a double, depending on how quickly the outfielder was able to retrieve the ball and get in back into the infield. If there was a play on the runner at home, there I. All likelihood was a play on the runner at third, if the defense had chosen to take it. Wschart (talk) 13:01, 4 July 2013 (UTC)

Babe Ruth, Democrat?
What's up with the Democrat vs Republican contrast between Ruth and Hoover? Was Ruth really a Democrat? Does that even matter? --feitclub 14:02, May 17, 2005 (UTC)

 * For that matter, I've always heard the Ruth rejoinder as "I had a better year than Hoover." Can anyone corroborate this? Andrew Levine 03:51, 20 May 2005 (UTC)

inside-the-park grand slams
I'm pretty sure there have been more than three inside-the-park grand slams in the last 50 years. http://www.answers.com/topic/inside-the-park-home-run http://www.baseball-fever.com/showthread.php?threadid=3641  These two sites suggest that the number is more like 40. I'm going to change that; anyone who has sources stating otherwise please post them. Foxmulder 16:29, August 4 2005 (UTC)

drug use prevalent in major leagues, has affected new records
there ought to be a mention of this, without convicting anyone, but recognizing that the new highs are held in question by everyone who knows anything about baseball.

I have added an article with related statistics in terms of the latest home run records and how it can be seen as a proof of steroid use. I would love to hear comments and edits Steroid Expert 23:44, 31 March 2006 (UTC).

 * It's definitely a subject that should be explored, but the facts need clarification and claims need verification. I've put an originalresearch tag on the section because the one source that's there now isn't enough. A few points that stood out to me:
 * "50+ home run seasons started to become commonplace" - there should either be numbers backing this up or a credible source stating it.
 * "The anabolic steroid use controversy has played a major part in tainting" - the opinion has to go, or either has to be attributed to an credible source. You need to verify that there is a controversy, and "tainting" is a matter of opinion - has to be attributed to a notable or credible source.
 * "the latest records of Sosa, McGwire and Bonds as well as being theorized"- "being theorized" is a weasel phrase. You need to say what credible source is doing the theorizing.
 * "stricter drug testing policies that went into effect in the 2005 season." - what are these policies and how are they stricter?
 * "While this difference can be considered as a statistical fluke, it is a big coincidence that can taint the latest records' validity." - I deleted this last sentence because it's commentary with no factual support. Again, it either has to be a fact or an opinion of a credible or notable person. No personal commentary.

 * So it's quite a lot that needs to be improved, but I think the section can improve and is relevant - oherwise, I would have just deleted the section all together. I wish I were more knowledgeable about the subject, but I'd appreciate it if other editors could pull up relevant qotes. Ytny 09:35, 30 June 2006 (UTC)

Home run slang
Seems like half of the nicknames there don't refer to home runs, and if they do, it's not that clear. Many of them are just plays on their name or refer to their size. I'm going to delete the following names from the list: I'm not sure about "Thomenator" either, since it's not in the cultural lexicon the way "Hammerin' Hank" or even "Juan Gone" is, but I'm going to leave it in. Ytny 19:55, 7 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Kong (Dave Kingman) - a play on the name "Kingman"
 * Two Man Swat Team Manny Ramírez and David Ortiz - a Google search doesn't bring up any result that doesn't refer to or is copied from this article.
 * The BB Gunners Barry Bonds and Bobby Bonilla (when both were with the Pittsburgh Pirates in the late '80s and into the early '90s - Bonds wasn't exactly a home run hitter, nickname is more a reference to their initials.
 * The Killer B's Craig Biggio, Jeff Bagwell, and Lance Berkman - again, this has more to do with the initial.
 * Big Papi (David Ortiz) - reference to his size, not home runs

 * Agreed. Don't know why "Big Papi" is still on the main page; it has to do with leadership and size, not with home runs.  Nor does "Big Mac" which is a reference to size and a play on McGwire's name.  A few that clearly belong but are not there are "Joltin'" Joe DiMaggio, "Hammerin'" Hank Greenberg (who preceded Hammerin' Hank Aaron by many years), Steve "Bye Bye" Balboni and "The Thumper" (Ted Williams).  Plus, if you are willing to include pitchers with HR-related nicknames, John "Way Back" Wasdin.  Mds001 00:48, 18 August 2006 (UTC)

 * The player nicknames section has been receiving edits over the last few days, So I read the section today. After reading over the section, I read this, then read the section again, and considered what to do. Initially I was going to excise the entire section, since it is unreferenced. After some consideration though, I've decided to leave the paragraph of prose, but completely excise the list of player nicknames. In addition to being unreferenced, Wikipedia is not a collection of indiscriminate facts. I think that the main paragraph is informative, and can easily be referenced with some work. The list is not particularly interesting or informative though, and I think that the article is better off without it. — Ω (talk) 03:05, 8 July 2009 (UTC)

 * Nicknames themselves are typically easy to verify, so that's not an issue. Narrowing it to nicknames that are specifically connected with homers might work. "The Sultan of Swat" is an obvious one. The "Hammerin' Hanks" also qualify. In short, I'm inclined to agree with MDS001 and the others. Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? carrots 03:09, 8 July 2009 (UTC)

 * If their easy to verify, then they should be cited (heck, a B-R.com link to the player's page is better then nothing). The question is, if the information is so easy to come by, what is the basis for including it? Keep in mind that I ended up not completely removing the section. One other issue is that player nicknames are generally extremely transitory and narrow (contained within the baseball community) neologisms. The very few exceptions (such as "The Sultan of Swat") belong to extremely notable players (Babe Ruth's notability sometimes eclipses Baseball itself, after all). I can see at least that being worked into the prose. I simply don't see the utility of a list, in this case. — Ω (talk) 03:32, 8 July 2009 (UTC)

 * Lists of things are more readable in bullet points than in prose. However, if the list is trimmed back to nicknames that are truly home run oriented, it might be short enough to make it prose. However, trimming it back to just home-run names would be the first step. Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? carrots 03:35, 8 July 2009 (UTC)

 * I just re-added "The Sultan of Swat" to the paragraph. I think that it would be best to concentrate on citations for sentences within the paragraph, for now. The notability of what is currently in the prose is self evident to me, I'm sure it is to you, and to most other Americans, but that's beside the point. Statements of fact need to be cited... Once we have citations, it should be easy enough to add a few other nicknames, one way or another. — Ω (talk) 03:40, 8 July 2009 (UTC)

 * I'm not married to that list, so we'll just see what other editors have to say. Despite having had his records broken, and despite other sluggers with colorful nicknames coming along through the years, the Babe is probably more closely associated with the home run than anyone, not just because of their quantity, but because he had a flair for the dramatic. It occurs to me that the most obvious actual home run name would be Home Run Baker, although he didn't hit all that many homers, he just picked his spots. Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? carrots 04:12, 8 July 2009 (UTC)

 * I'm no expert,but as someone who grew up playing baseball and listening to it on the radio, I would say that "homer" is in a different class from all other slang expressions for a home run. Hence, I think it should be singled out rather than just occurring in a huge list. Kdammers (talk) 03:48, 27 April 2012 (UTC)

Proposal to change Homerrun to either be an article about a Singaporean film or a redirect to Homerun (film)
There is a proposal on Talk:Homerun (film) to either have Homerun be an article about the Singaporean film by that title or a redirect to Homerun (film) where the article currently resides. The current situation is that Homerun redirects to this article.

Arguments in favor of the proposal can be found at Talk:Homerun (film).

Your opinions are solicited. Please vote at Talk:Homerun (film).

--Richard 16:59, 3 August 2006 (UTC)

Appropriateness of MLB content
This article purports to be about the baseball concept 'Home Run' but then skews off to talk very specifically and explicitly about a host of records and achievements that only relate to MLB baseball. All of that content should be shunted off to MLB articles and not allowed to pollute the more general Baseball articles. The MLB is but one small part of the baseball world, and in terms of wikipedia, all those records have got zero to do with the definition of what a Home Run is, so they are entirely inappropriate in this context. Comments?
 * I disagree with "The MLB is but one small part of the baseball world"--MLB is a very large part of the baseball world. I agree that articles should be non-MLB-centric, but to follow the general article with MLB-related info is appropriate as long as such content is encyclopedic (See WP:5, etc). --Locarno 16:41, 11 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Well, we'll have to agree to disagree on how much of the baseball world the MLB represents because I do disagree with you on that point. As to your reference to Wikipedia's principles, I don't see anything refered to that matches with what you say, so I'm not sure what your point is. In the case of this article, its not simply that there is a small amount of related information added on the end, the majority of the article is talking about (in small part) the history and (in large part) very specific league records that apply to only one very specific set of leagues. If it is valid to include MLB Home Run records then every other league in the world can equally be included and this article becomes 100 times as large. MLB records should be in MLB articles VanJoe 13:44, 12 January 2007 (UTC)
 * My point is that ANY content is acceptable as long as it is encyclopedic and NPOV. If I were writing the article on swallows, I may choose to include information on European swallows; I don't have to also include information on African swallows--I'll leave that for another editor.  I agree that it is valid to include non-MLB home run records in this article; I encourage such.  Once this article gets bloated with such listings, we can split it off into one or more Home run records articles.  --PSzalapski 14:06, 24 April 2007 (UTC)
 * This article is very US-centric. There's only a single mention that I can see of non-US baseball - the world record holder. I think a lot of the MLB bias stems from the usage of lots of specific examples of different types of home run - is this even necessary? Dancarney (talk) 16:31, 22 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Well, it is a U.S. game originally, and this is an English language Wikipedia and most other English language countries prefer cricket - that would explain the bias. But you are correct. This article could use a lot more non-U.S. information. I wouldn't remove any content, the information is useful and of interest, but adding non-U.S. content would be great. Kingturtle (talk) 16:37, 22 January 2009 (UTC)
 * If they stop and think about, there's a reason MLB's records for home runs and other stats may often be smaller than other leagues' records: It's because it's tougher to achieve in MLB. And why is that? Well, it's because MLB is the pinnacle of the baseball world. That's not necessarily got to do with the USA being somehow "better", it's simply got to do with money. The example I like to give is that star Japanese players come here, and washed-up American players go there. All of the other leagues around the world - America's minor leagues, America's collegiate leagues, and international leagues of all levels - all serve as "farms" to MLB. That's just the way it is. And the higher up you go on the scale, the less "extreme" the extreme values of records are likely to be. Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? 16:55, 22 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Regardless of that, it could be interesting to see other records listed, provided they can be sourced. At point, Sadaharu Oh was the world record holder for home runs - a record that, I assure you, he would not have achieved in MLB. But it's still an impressive feat, and worth mentioning if it's not covered already. Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? 16:57, 22 January 2009 (UTC)
 * It doesn't matter which leagues are "best", this article is about the concept of the home run in general, worldwide terms. I think the article should be much closer to the one for Leg before wicket (a type of dismissal in cricket) which merely explains the rule and the history of how it came about. Things such as 3 examples of Inside-the-park home runs are just trivia. Perhaps there ought to be a separate article detailing the history of home runs in MLB, for instance? Dancarney (talk) 16:59, 22 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Have a look at Boundary (cricket) for an equivalent article written much more suitably. Dancarney (talk) 17:04, 22 January 2009 (UTC)

Back to back to back to back home runs...
This evening, the Red Sox hit four consecutive Home Runs (in ten pitches off the same pitcher) in the bottom of the third inning against the Yankees. The record for consecutive home runs by a team is (apparently) four, last set in the NL last year by the Dodgers, and in the AL in 1964 by the Twins, and overall has only happened five times including tonight. (1963 was the last time it has happened off the same pitcher.) I think mention is warranted, but we'd need better sources than my scribblings here, which are coming from the ESPN broadcast. Any hardcore statisticians about? --Jeffrey O. Gustafson - Shazaam! - <*> 01:33, 23 April 2007 (UTC)
 * I'd say this article from MLB.com is a pretty good source. --PhoenixV 20:09, 23 April 2007 (UTC)
 * I was in the middle of putting in a Back-to-Back (Article should be added with all the statically data and such...) section when it happened, so I added the description into that area. Then went back and added the suggested link for the source on MLB.com. A more official editor may need to clean it up.  First actual data added to Wiki (mostly just cleaned up links and such before :) )(68.14.143.194 03:20, 24 April 2007 (UTC))
 * I have the actual list of these (with the players and dates and so forth) out of the MLB record book. But I think adding it would sort of clutter this paragraph, which is pretty adequate the way it is now.  The Red Sox story (note 2) on MLB has another link inside it with the same info.  I might add a couple touches (I find it interesting that the first three occurrences were in '61, '63, and '64, and then nada until the Dodgers last September and the Red Sox last week), but all the little details are probably unnecessary here.  Unless someone really really wants it.  BTW, if you want help with the back-to-back list, the book has every occurrence of three in a row or more.  Let me know.  -- dakern74 (talk) 00:55, 25 April 2007 (UTC)

Does Spring Training count? Cause the Red Sox did it again just a couple of weeks ago, in a Spring Training game against Detriot. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.249.95.247 (talk) 21:03, 5 April 2009 (UTC)

"Biggest" stars
I realize this is probably going overboard, but with the current steroid controversy, I propose that we should consider changing "and the biggest (and best-paid) stars" to something like "and the best-paid (and most popular) stars", just to avoid any play-on-words of HR hitters being the "biggest" stars. This came to mind when looking at the picture of McGwire right next to the opening paragraph, since the size of his muscles was often commented on. 71.79.111.247 00:11, 13 May 2007 (UTC)

Question on rules
Since Fence height varies by ballpark (the ballpark for the Boston Red Sox, for example, has a very tall section of the wall on the left outfield) and on some occasions the ball that hit the higher sections of the wall is called a home run. So can anyone tell me at what height does the ball has to reach on the wall (the lower section of the wall usually becomes a double) to be a home run (or is it depend on the outfielder?) K61824 01:07, 15 June 2007 (UTC)

 * K61824: There is no such specification except in special instances, and that varies from ballpark to ballpark. It is standard throughout all levels of baseball and its derivatives for the entire outfield fence to be considered "in play".

 * Boston's Green Monster plays as does any other regular outfield wall - a batted ball striking off of the fence at any height and bouncing back onto the field is a live ball and in play (it is not a home run and the batter is not out). In most, if not all major league parks, there is a line, usually yellow, that runs along the top of the outfield fence; as far as I know, its only purpose is to be a decoration. The exception is in some parks, such as Minute Maid Park in Houston and Citizens Bank Ballpark in Philadephia, where the outfield fences are very tall or are oddly shaped. In these ballparks (there may be others, I'm not sure) a ball striking below the yellow line is in play, and a ball striking on or above it is an automatic home run. In Game 3 of the 2005 World Series, for example, the umpires missed a call on a Jason Lane home run which struck the "double" half of the wall.

 * There are other quirks that ballparks have, such as the "basket" which runs the length of the fair outfield wall at Wrigley Field in Chicago, which catches a good number of fly balls each year.

 * The only way it depends on the outfielder is whether or not he can jump high enough. :D 75.4.98.60 16:46, 25 June 2007 (UTC)

I want to comment on the comparison between football "touchdown" and baseball home run, where it says that the ball only has to 'break the plane" of the outfield fence to be a home run. This is patently untrue.  Outfielders who can run and jump always try to catch the ball AFTER it's gone over the fence and if they do, it's an out.  I remember in particular a spectacular catch of this kind made by Otis Nixon where he had his entire arm up to the shoulder over the wall, caught the ball and landed back on the field.
 * Yes, that point needs clarification. I'll see what I can do. Baseball Bugs 18:01, 10 August 2007 (UTC)

Are home run distances measured by where the ball first lands, or where it ends up? Cubs Fan 03:38, 6 October 2007 (UTC)
 * I think it's actually where they think a ball would have first landed. When a ball hits an obstruction like the scoreboard at Shea Stadium or the roof of Tiger Stadium, folks get out their protractors and trigonometry charts and try to determine where it would have landed had it not hit that obstruction.  That's why the numbers are so unofficial.  —Wknight94 (talk) 03:55, 6 October 2007 (UTC)
 * That's generally true, and leads to significant exaggerations. However, the Twins have a system (dating back to the Old Met) where they actually measured the distance to each row and section. So when a ball lands in the seats, they post the distance in an exact number of feet. The Cubs did something similar for use with their "How Far Did It Fly" perennial Southwest Airlines contest. Distances otherwise tend to be exaggerated, especially by those who don't understand the aerodynamics of fly balls, which are typically headed almost straight down at the end of their flight, unless they're hit on a low line drive like Ernie Banks used to. Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? 04:11, 6 October 2007 (UTC)

Why an asterisk for Bonds and not Big Mac or Sammy?
In my opinion, the asterisk by Bonds stating "possible steroid use" is absurd, especially if there's nothing by Sosa or McGuire. You say that about anyone on the all-time list. Hell, Babe Ruth wasn't drug tested, why not put an asterisk by his name, "possible drug use"

Darren32 02:12, 26 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Performance-enhancing drugs didn't exist in Ruth's day, unless you want to count bootleg booze, although alcohol is a depressant, not a stimulant. However, I don't see that in the article. What, specifically, are you referring to? Baseball Bugs 06:22, 26 July 2007 (UTC)

Infield Home Run?
No, I'm not on crack. I read it somewhere that Babe Ruth used to hit infield chops so high, that in two separate ocassions he respectively hit an infield home run and triple. Can any one confirm this?
 * Crack of the bat? It would not be possible for even the world's fastest human to circle the bases on a Baltimore chop. Maybe on an extremely high popup that everyone lost in the sun. Baseball Bugs 18:01, 10 August 2007 (UTC)

Another home run category.
Shouldn't there be an article for players that have hit more than one home run in a single inning? That's a pretty rare feat in and of itself. Magglio Ordóñez just did it yesterday. --Kitch (Talk : Contrib) 15:06, 13 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Find a source. Baseball Bugs 23:23, 13 August 2007 (UTC)
 * I added some info from the 2007 Sporting News Baseball Record Book. I don't feel like listing them all, but the Garciaparra achievement is especially noteworthy. Baseball Bugs 00:05, 14 August 2007 (UTC)

"Steriods"?
One has to wonder what kind of drug that editor was on. I'm thinking a "steriod" would be a drug that allows you to hear everything in hi-fi. Baseball Bugs 03:06, 14 August 2007 (UTC)

Back-to-back player v. Back-to-back teammates
The article talks about consecutive Back-to-back (s) by teammates, but doesn't talk about "Back-to-back player", like Reggies's back-to-back-to-back, or consecutive home runs by plate appearances (3), in the '77 World Series. Who has to most of these? Best O Fortuna (talk) 20:44, 20 July 2008 (UTC)
 * 3 is the most in any Series game. Some have hit 4 consecutive in a single (regular season) game. Back-to-back across 2 games might be found in the record books also. Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? 22:24, 20 July 2008 (UTC)

Homers in straight games among professional players
I don't see any-thing on the record for number of straight games with homers hit (not exactly the same thing as Williams's record, if I read correctly). CNN talks about this: http://news.blogs.cnn.com/2010/08/14/south-korean-sets-world-record-for-home-runs/?iref=allsearch: "On Friday [, 13 august 2010], Lee [, Dae-ho, of a Korean team] tied the world record for homers in eight straight games shared by Major League Baseball's Ken Griffey Jr., Don Mattingly and Dale Long." The next day, Lee broke the record (Ibid). Kdammers (talk) 23:47, 24 August 2010 (UTC)
 * Korean baseball is not really considered major league level, I don't think. And many major league records have been surpassed in the minors, due in part to less consistent talent levels. Joe DiMaggio is famous for his MLB record 56-game hitting streak. In the Pacific Coast League, he had a 61-game hitting streak. Minor leaguer Joe Bauman hit 72 home runs in one season, 12 above the then-record MLB total of 60. That 72 stood for nearly 50 years until Bonds hit 73 in 2001. That's not to say the Korean record is not worth mentioning, but just something that needs to be kept in perspective. ←Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? carrots→ 00:19, 25 August 2010 (UTC)
 * but unless I'm blind, the Wik article doesn't include the major-league record or record holders for the category (Ken Griffey Jr., Don Mattingly and Dale Long according to the link). Kdammers (talk) 06:53, 26 August 2010 (UTC)

leadoff home run
there is no article about this, even though, there are multiple pages that include the term such as ichiro Suzuki, Craig Biggio and record holder Rickey Henderson. I think is very relevant, and should include an explanation and the record list in MLB.--201.199.71.26 (talk) 22:41, 23 August 2010 (UTC)

Chart with unexplained term
The chart showing home runs per game over the years also includes a line designated as SB/G. I suppose this is stolen bases, but if it is, it should be explained. In addition, is it relevant?Kdammers (talk) 05:08, 12 August 2011 (UTC)
 * The relevance is that it is one indication of how the increase in home runs affected strategy. Wschart (talk) 19:42, 28 April 2012 (UTC)

home run cycle
I think the home run cycle and other sections are way too long. I'm with some of the above comments that the article is filled with just way too much trivia about MLB achievements. It's almost as if every time someone sees something on Sportscenter or ESPN classic they come running to the various sports pages to add it to an article when not every bit of trivia is encyclopedic. Dancindazed (talk) 03:47, 30 September 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
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Home run calls
I think there should be mention of the home run call, as many announcers have a signature call specifically for home runs, and there are of course specific instances such as Shot Heard 'Round the World (baseball). I'm just not sure how to do it without it turning into a crufty list to which everyone adds their favourite home run call. --Jameboy (talk) 11:15, 29 August 2018 (UTC)

Added to home run cycle
Chandler Redmond hit for the home run cycle for an affiliate for the St. Louis Cardinals. 166.182.249.93 (talk) 13:00, 11 August 2022 (UTC)

Dinger DOES redirect here.
Dinger actually redirects here. Try using Dinger (disambiguation). 64.67.252.29 (talk) 01:28, 25 May 2024 (UTC)

 * No it does not, it is a disambiguation page. ... disco spinster   talk  01:32, 25 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Home run


text:
Oregon Supreme Court

The Oregon Supreme Court (OSC) is the highest state court in the U.S. state of Oregon. The only court that may reverse or modify a decision of the Oregon Supreme Court is the Supreme Court of the United States. The OSC holds court at the Oregon Supreme Court Building in Salem, Oregon, near the capitol building on State Street. The building was finished in 1914 and also houses the state's law library, while the courtroom is also used by the Oregon Court of Appeals.

Tracing its heritage to 1841 when Oregon pioneers selected a Supreme Judge with probate powers, the court has grown from a single judge to its current make up of seven justices. Justices of the court serve six-year terms upon election, however vacancies are filled by appointments of the Governor of Oregon until the next general election when any qualified candidate may run for the position, including the appointee. These seven justices then select one member to serve a six-year term as Chief Justice. The court's Chief Justice is not only responsible for assigning cases to the other justices to write the court's opinions, but is also the chief executive of the Oregon Judicial Department.

Primarily an appeals court, the Oregon Supreme Court is also the court of last resort in Oregon. Although most oral arguments before the court are held in the Oregon Supreme Court Building, the court does travel around the state holding sessions in various schools. All cases are heard en banc by the court. It receives appeals from the Oregon Tax Court, the Oregon Court of Appeals, and some select cases such as death penalty appeals. Decisions of the court are published in the Oregon Reporter published by the Oregon Judicial Department. The Territorial Supreme Court was created in 1848 when the Oregon Territory was formed out of the old Oregon Country region, followed by the creation of the State Supreme Court in 1859 when Oregon was admitted to the Union on February 14.

Selection
The court is composed of seven elected justices, each of whom serves a six-year term after winning a nonpartisan election. Justices, like other Oregon state court judges, must be United States citizens, Oregon residents for at least three years, and lawyers admitted to practice in the state of Oregon. The newest justice receives the smallest office (nicknamed "the broom closet") and is responsible for opening the door when a conference is interrupted. When a state court judge retires, resigns, or dies before completing a term, the Governor may appoint another qualified person to the position. To retain that position, the appointed person must run for election for a full six-year term at the next general election.

On occasion, a judge will leave office at the end of a term, in which case a general election determines their replacement. If the Supreme Court needs an additional judge on a temporary basis due to illness, an unfilled position, or a justice is disqualified from sitting on a case due to a conflict of interest, the court can appoint a senior judge to serve as a judge pro tempore. Senior judges are all former, qualified judges (a minimum of 12 years on the bench) that have retired from a state court. Only former Supreme Court justices, elected Oregon circuit court judges, or elected Oregon Court of Appeals judges can be assigned to temporary service on the Supreme Court.

Administrative
The court can appoint retired judges, lawyers, and other judges to serve temporarily as judges at any level in Oregon. They can also appoint senior judges to serve on any state court at or below the highest level of court that judge had served on before retirement or resignation. The state supreme court is responsible for admitting new lawyers to practice in Oregon, disciplining attorneys, and appointing members to the Board of Bar Examiners. This board of a minimum of fourteen members is responsible for administering the bar exam and screening prospective lawyers before admitting applicants to practice law in Oregon. Oversight of state judges is also in the hands of the Supreme Court. The Commission on Judicial Fitness and Disability investigates all reports of abuses and makes recommendations to the Supreme Court on any actions that may need to occur. The Supreme Court can then suspend judges, censure them, remove them from office, or take no action.

Chief justice
One justice of the court is elected by the court to serve a six-year term as chief justice. The chief justice is then responsible for all administration of the Supreme Court. Under a law enacted in 1981, the chief justice is not only the titular head of the Supreme Court but also the chief executive officer of the Oregon Judicial Department. In that role, the chief justice supervises all of the Oregon courts, appoints the chief judge of the Oregon Court of Appeals, assigns presiding judges for the trial level state courts, makes court rules, and is in charge of the department's budget. As administrator the chief justice is also the recipient of many reports from the court system including non-legal employees of the department. The first chief justice of the Oregon Supreme Court was William P. Bryant, while the longest serving chief was Wallace P. Carson, Jr. who held the position for 15 years.

Oregon Reports
Beginning in 1853, the official court reporter for the publication of all Supreme Court decisions was the Oregon Reports, abbreviated Or. or Ore. in case citations. These bound editions are published under the authority of the Oregon Supreme Court as authorized by state law.

Joseph G. Wilson started in 1853 as the clerk for the court and was responsible for the Oregon Reports until 1870, though he also served as a justice of the court from 1862 to 1870. Later federal judge Charles B. Bellinger then took over editing the reports, and served as clerk until 1880. He was followed by T. B. Odeneal, J. A. Stratton, and W. H. Holmes, until 1889 when a law was passed that included a provision that the chief justice take over this responsibility. This arrangement only lasted a few years, as in 1891 a new law allowed the court to hire an official reporter, with later chief justice George H. Burnett serving as the first official reporter.

The first reported opinion in the Oregon Reports was Thompson v. Backenstos, involving a case about trespassing. In the case, Justice George Henry Williams wrote the opinion, Justice Thomas Nelson had served as the judge at the trial level due to circuit riding, while future justice Reuben P. Boise served as counsel for the defense, and fellow future justice Aaron E. Waite provided counsel for the plaintiff.

Powers and jurisdiction
The powers of the OSC derive from the Oregon Constitution's Article VII. Like other supreme courts in the United States, the Oregon Supreme Court acts primarily as a court of appeals. They choose cases that are of legal significance or to unify lower court decisions. In this aspect the court has discretionary review over many of the cases appealed to the high court. Discretionary review allows the court to choose which cases it will hear on appeal. With those cases that are denied an appeal to the Supreme Court, the decision of the lower court becomes final and binding. As of 1995, the court only accepted one in eight appeals that were discretionary. The justices meet once per week in a formal conference in which only the justices are involved to determine rulings. Once a case is accepted, the court hears the case en banc. That is the court is not divided into panels, and instead all justices participate in all the cases, unless a justice recuses themselves due to a conflict of interest or other concern.

The court also reviews death penalty cases, state tax court appeals, and items regarding legal discipline on direct review. Direct review means that the Supreme Court hears cases directly upon appeal without the case first going to the Court of Appeals. Other direct review items include state agency decisions such as the placement of prisons, placement of energy production facilities, locations of sites for solid waste disposal, and some labor law injunctions. Additionally, the court has original jurisdiction in, writs of mandamus, writs quo warranto, writs of habeas corpus, reapportionment of state legislative districts, and challenges to ballot measures such as their titles, the fiscal impact statement, and the explanatory statement as listed in the Voter's Pamphlet. Oregon's state courts are courts of general jurisdiction, unlike federal courts. That is, the state courts can hear all cases regardless of whether the dispute is based on state law, federal law, or a combination of both, with a few exceptions. Thus the Oregon Supreme Court can hear appeals for cases based on both federal and state law. Although the U.S. Supreme Court is the only court that can overturn decisions of the Oregon court, Oregon Supreme Court decisions as to federal law are only binding on other Oregon state level courts. Federal courts are not required to follow the decisions of the Oregon Supreme Court for decisions based on federal law, regardless as to if the federal court is located within the state. However, federal courts are bound to follow Oregon law and decisions of the Oregon Supreme Court for cases that involve disputes based on Oregon law, even when those federal courts are not based in Oregon, per the Erie Doctrine developed by the U.S. Supreme Court. For this reason federal courts, and courts from other states, can certify questions about Oregon law to the Oregon Supreme Court in order to clarify what the law in Oregon is in regards to the specific fact pattern that the federal court has before it in their case (see ORS 28.200 to 28.255 and ORAP 12.20).

Although only the United States Supreme Court can overturn the decisions of the Oregon Supreme Court, they cannot overturn decisions exclusively based on the Oregon law, though other mechanisms exist that effectively overturn decisions of the Oregon Supreme Court. The U.S. Supreme Court can only accept cases from the Oregon Supreme Court if the decision involves issues of federal law and interpretation of federal law might change the outcome of the case. The Oregon Supreme Court is the final authority on Oregon law, and absent extraordinary circumstances the U.S. Supreme Court cannot overrule its interpretation of Oregon law (see adequate and independent state ground). Although only the U.S. Supreme Court can reverse or overturn decisions of the Oregon Supreme Court, decisions of the court can be effectively overturned by changing the law. Thus later outcomes of the court can be affected by legislation passed by the Oregon Legislative Assembly or through the initiative and referendum process. Also, in most criminal decisions Oregon's Governor or the President of the United States may issue a pardon (some crimes require the Oregon Legislature to concur).

History
Following the journey of the Lewis and Clark Expedition in 1805, the region known as Oregon Country experienced increased activity and exploration by Europeans and Americans. Beginning with the fur trade, settlement by Euro-Americans began as early as 1811 with the founding of Fort Astoria and slowly increased until the 1830s. In the 1830s additional settlement occurred, agricultural production increased, and missionaries started religious missions in the region. In 1835, the first trial in the region was held with John Kirk Townsend presiding as magistrate over a murder charge. Pioneer settlers continued to immigrate to the region, with larger wagon trains crossing the Oregon Trail in the 1840s bringing more immigrants and a need for courts.

Pre-statehood
The Oregon Supreme Court traces its roots back to the early settlement period of Oregon Country. In 1841, pioneer Ewing Young died without an heir or will in the unorganized lands of what are now the states of Idaho, Washington, and Oregon. In February of that year, settlers met at Champoeg to discuss the creation of a government, including a judiciary to deal with the execution of Young's estate. Although the overall government plans fell through, the group of pioneers and mountain men did elect a Supreme Judge to exercise probate powers. The first judge was Dr. Ira L. Babcock, serving from February 18, 1841, to May 1, 1843.

In 1843, a later set of meetings at Champoeg created the Provisional Government of Oregon with a judiciary consisting of a Supreme Judge and two justices of the peace for trial level courts. Albert E. Wilson was the first judge chosen as the Supreme Judge under this new government, but never served. Other judges were appointed or elected during this pre-territory period over the next six years. Until 1846 with the settlement of the Oregon boundary dispute, the region was not under the jurisdiction of any foreign power. With the resolution of the boundary issue, Britain retained the territory north of the 49th degree of latitude, with the United States taking the land south to the border of Mexican control California.

In 1848, when the Oregon Territory was created by the United States Congress, William P. Bryant was appointed as the first judge of the Oregon Supreme Court. Justices in the territorial period were appointed by the President of the United States. In those early days of the court, the justices would "ride circuit" in addition to their appellate court functions. Riding circuit involved acting as appeals court judges around the state in addition to the supreme court functions of ultimate appeal, a common practice in early American courts.

Oregon State Supreme Court
Beginning with statehood in 1859, the court had just four justices, one for each judicial district in the state. The constitution created by the Oregon Constitutional Convention in 1857 called for these justices to serve as both circuit court judges and supreme court justices. This was set to remain until the population of the state reached 100,000 people. Each justice was assigned one district, and then all justices would gather at set intervals to confer on appeals, which would occur at least once per year and were authorized to meet more frequently if needed. On appeals, the justice who presided over the lower court case would not participate in the proceedings.

Then in 1862 the court was expanded to five justices with the addition of a fifth judicial district. Also that year the Court hired its first clerk after the legislature authorized that position. In 1878, the legislature passed an act to separate the circuit and supreme courts after the population reached 100,000. With the creation of a separate Circuit Court and Supreme Court, riding circuit was abandoned and the Supreme Court was reduced to three members, with members of each court elected separately. Governor Thayer then appointed James K. Kelly, Reuben P. Boise, and Paine Page Prim to the court as temporary justices until elections could be held. During these early years of the court the selection of the Chief Justice was governed by the Oregon Constitution, with the senior justice or the justice with their term was next to expire was designated as the Chief Justice. This meant that a new chief would be selected at least every two years, and in general meant someone elected would serve their first four years on the bench as an associate justice and the last two years as the Chief Justice.

Mary Leonard became the first woman admitted to the state bar on April 13, 1886, when the court admitted her after a year-long battle that included the state legislature passing a new law to allow women to be admitted. In 1906, the Oregon court upheld a maximum hour law for women in State v. Muller, 48 Or. 252, 85 P. 855 (1906). Due partly to a brief by future U.S. Supreme Court justice Louis Brandeis, the U.S. Supreme Court upheld the Oregon law in Muller v. Oregon, 208 U.S. 412 (1908) despite ruling in 1905 in Lochner v. New York that a maximum hour law for bakers was unconstitutional. Then in 1910, the state legislature expanded the court back to five justices, and lastly, in 1913 the court expanded to the current seven justices. The next important case came in 1935 when the state's top court ruled in State v. De Jonge, 152 Or. 315, 51 P.2d 674 (1935) that the 14th Amendment did not protect Communist Party organizers from prosecution under Oregon's criminal syndicate law. However, the U.S. Supreme Court would overturn this decision in De Jonge v. Oregon, 299 U.S. 353 (1937). Another important case came in 1960 as the Oregon court ruled against the United States government in State Land Board v. United States, 222 Or. 40, 352 P.2d 539 (1960). In that case the court ruled that state estate laws trumped a federal statute concerning the property of U.S. Veterans who died at Veterans Administration hospitals without a valid will. The U.S. Supreme Court then overturned the Oregon Supreme Court's decision in United States v. Oregon, 366 U. S. 643 (1961).

On the administrative end of the court, the Oregon Court of Appeals was created in 1969 as an intermediate appellate court in Oregon. With this change, the Supreme Court now generally does not hear appeals directly from the trial level courts of the state, with some exceptions such as death penalty cases. Other changes came in 1981 when the Oregon Legislature and justice Arno Denecke reformed the chief justice position from a simple head of the court in title only, to the administrative head of the entire Oregon judicial system. The following year, 1982, the court received its first female member when Governor Vic Atiyeh appointed Betty Roberts as an associate justice. Then from 1991 to 2005 Wallace P. Carson, Jr. served as chief justice of the court for a record 14 years.

The next landmark decision of the U.S. Supreme Court involving the Oregon Supreme Court was Dolan v. City of Tigard, 512 U.S. 374 (1994). In that land use case the Oregon court found the requirements placed on the business owner as conditions to approve an expansion were not a taking under the United States Constitution's takings clause. However, the U.S. Supreme Court disagreed and overturned the Oregon court. Then the Oregon court ruled in February 2006 that Oregon's land use law, Measure 37, was constitutional. Macpherson v. Department of Administrative Services, 340 Or. 117, 130 P.3d 308 (2006) allowed people to make claims against the government forcing the government to either pay compensation when land use regulations reduced the value of a property owners land or waive the regulation.

Location

In the early years of the Supreme Court, business was conducted at a variety of locations in downtown Salem. The first public building to house the court was the Territorial Capitol Building in Salem that was built between 1854 and 1855. In that building the courtroom was in a chamber measuring 20 feet by 27 feet on the first floor. On December 29, 1855, after the building was partially occupied, it burned to the ground. In 1876, the state finished construction on a second capitol building where the court was located on the third floor. This courtroom measured 54 feet by 46 feet, while the state law library was 75 feet by 70 feet. A separate building was built by the state in 1914 to house the Supreme Court, and this is now the oldest building on the Capitol Mall after the second capitol building burned down on April 25, 1935.

In addition to holding court in the Supreme Court Building's third floor courtroom, the court also travels around the state to hold sessions. This includes sessions at colleges, high schools, and the state's three law schools. These three law schools, Willamette University College of Law, University of Oregon Law School, and Lewis & Clark Law School, use the visits as educational tools.

Current justices
The court has had a total of 106 individuals serve on the court since its creation during the territorial period. This has ranged from a membership of three justices to seven justices. Since 1913, the number of positions on the bench has been seven. Of the current membership, three are women and four are men. Overall, the court has had ten women compared to ninety-seven men serve on the court.

The newest members of the court are Stephen Bushong, Bronson James and Aruna Masih, who joined in 2023. All of the seven current justices first joined the court as appointees of the governor of Oregon to fill mid-term vacancies.

Notable Supreme Court cases
Over the course of its history the Oregon Supreme Court has made a number of decisions as the highest court in Oregon. These cases cover a wide range of topics from the constitutionality of various ballot measures to contract law to torts and even to the location of the capital when Oregon was still a territory. Although small in comparison to the total number of cases the court has decided, some cases have been appealed to the United States Supreme Court. Below are some of the cases that have had scholarly discussion, some of which were later decided by the U.S. Supreme Court.

title: Oregon Supreme Court


text:
Thumbing

Thumbing may refer to:

 * The act of typing on a small keyboard (known as a thumb keyboard) solely (or primarily) using the thumbs. It is primarily used with mobile phones for SMS text messaging, and also with devices such as PDAs with built-in keyboards.
 * A finishing technique used in pottery production. The thumb is used as a smoothing tool, repeatedly stroking corners and edges on pots at the leather hard stage, to round areas on the foot and rim.
 * A synonym for hitchhiking.

title: Thumbing


text:
RFA Tidespring (A75)

RFA Tidespring (A75) was a Tide-class replenishment oiler of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary. As a replenishment oiler, her main purpose was to refuel other ships. The ship had a long career in the RFA, entering service in the early 1960s, and finally being decommissioned in 1991.

Tidespring took part in the Falklands War, particularly in the recapture of South Georgia. At the time, she was carrying M Company of 42 Commando Royal Marines. The ship accommodated prisoners of war taken during operations. The Falklands provided a reprieve of ten years for Tidespring which had been due to decommission in 1982.

She eventually sailed from Portsmouth in tow on 20 March 1992 for the breakers, arriving in Alang, India, for demolition on 2 July 1992.

title: RFA Tidespring (A75)


text:
Talk:Rome (disambiguation)

At Rome there could be a dab notice, but "Rome" is "Rome" not Rome, New York. Perspective! Wetman 23:25, 14 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Rome, an American (U.S.) R&B artist
 * It doesn't link to the right page

I dont see the point of having the Romani(Gypsy) link on this page. It is mere coinsidence that there name resembles the entity that is Rome. I am going to erase it. Any serious beefs with that, please drop me a line. --Lucius Sempronius Turpio 13:25, 23 July 2007 (UTC)

I've added the Roman Catholic Church, as in "going over to Rome". Richard Pinch (talk) 21:18, 29 May 2008 (UTC)

'Rome' as symbol in Islamic/jihadist speeches?
'Rome' seems to be used as symbol of something, in speeches of jihadists and/or other Muslims. See for example this article (July 2014), with a speech of Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi. What exacly does it symbolize? The world? The Christian world? Do we have a source for its Islamic-symbolic meaning? --Corriebertus (talk) 12:19, 24 November 2014 (UTC)

Europe, the West, Christianity is my guess. Legacypac (talk) 07:24, 4 January 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rome (disambiguation)