text:
List of rivers of Florida

This is a list of streams and rivers in the U.S. state of Florida. With one exception, the streams and rivers of Florida all originate on the Coastal plain. That exception is the Apalachicola River, which is formed by the merger of the Chattahoochee River, which originates in the Appalachian Mountains, and the Flint River, which originates in the Piedmont. Most streams and rivers in Florida start from swamps, while some originate from springs or lakes. Many of the streams and rivers are underground for part of their courses. The Everglades, sometimes called the "river of grass", is a very wide and shallow river that originates from Lake Okeechobee. Most of Florida's streams and rivers drain into the Gulf of Mexico. Drainage on the east coast of Florida is dominated by the St. Johns River, which, with the swamps that form its headwaters, extends parallel to the coast from inland of Fort Pierce to Jacksonville.

Atlantic coast
Rivers are listed as they enter the ocean from north to south. Tributaries are listed as they enter their main stem from downstream to upstream.
 * St. Marys River
 * Amelia River
 * Bells River
 * Nassau River
 * South Amelia River
 * Thomas Creek
 * Fort George River
 * St. Johns River – Juniper Springs, Salt Springs, Silver Glen Springs, Alexander Springs, Blue Spring, Beecher Spring
 * Pablo Creek
 * Sisters Creek
 * Broward River
 * Trout River
 * Ribault River
 * Little Trout River
 * Arlington River
 * Pottsburg Creek
 * Ortega River
 * Cedar River
 * Doctors Lake
 * Julington Creek
 * Black Creek
 * North Fork Black Creek
 * Lake Kingsley
 * Yellow Water Creek
 * South Fork Black Creek
 * Rice Creek
 * Etonia Creek
 * Dunns Creek
 * Ocklawaha River
 * Orange Creek
 * Little Orange Creek
 * Orange Lake
 * Cross Creek
 * Lochloosa Lake
 * Lochloosa Creek
 * Prairie Creek-Camp Canal-River Styx
 * Newnans Lake
 * Silver River
 * Lake Griffin
 * Yale Canal
 * Lake Yale
 * Haines Creek
 * Lake Eustis
 * Dora Canal
 * Lake Dora
 * Lake Beauclair
 * Apopka-Beauclair Canal
 * Lake Apopka
 * Dead River
 * Lake Harris
 * Palatlakaha River
 * Salt Springs River
 * Alexander Springs Creek
 * Hontoon Dead River
 * Wekiva River – Wekiwa Springs
 * Blackwater Creek
 * Little Wekiva River
 * Lake Jesup
 * Econlockhatchee River
 * Little Econlockhatchee River
 * Matanzas River
 * Tolomato River
 * San Sebastian River
 * Halifax River
 * Spruce Creek
 * Tomoka River
 * Bulow Creek
 * Indian River North
 * Indian River
 * Banana River
 * Eau Gallie River
 * Elbow Creek
 * Crane Creek
 * Turkey Creek
 * Saint Sebastian River
 * St. Lucie River
 * Loxahatchee River
 * Hillsboro River
 * Stranahan River
 * New River (Broward County)
 * Middle River
 * Oleta River
 * Little River
 * Miami River
 * Wagner Creek
 * Snapper Creek

Alachua Sink
Water enters Paynes Prairie Basin from a number of sources. Historically it drained only into Alachua Sink. Water entering the Alachua Sink flows into the Floridan aquifer. (Various sources stating that water entering the Alachua Sink flows to the Santa Fe River may be based on a story told by a Seminole guide to a white explorer in 1823, that a Seminole who had drowned in the sink was later found in the river. ) In 1927, Camps Canal was built, which linked the basin to the Orange Lake through the River Styx and ultimately to the Atlantic Ocean.

 * Bivens Arm
 * Tumbling Creek
 * Little Tumbling Creek
 * Sweetwater Branch
 * Prairie Creek
 * Newnans Lake
 * Hatchet Creek
 * Lake Forest Creek
 * Little Hatchet Creek
 * Chacala Run
 * Chacala Pond
 * Sawgrass Run
 * Sawgrass Pond
 * Lake Wauburg
 * Georges Pond
 * Burnt Pond
 * Dog Branch

Lake Okeechobee
Lake Okeechobee drains into the Atlantic Ocean via the St. Lucie River, the West Palm Beach Canal, the Hillsboro Canal, the North New River Canal, and the Miami Canal, and into the Gulf of Mexico via the Caloosahatchee Canal which connects to the head of the Caloosahatchee River. The major input of water into Lake Okeechobee comes from the north, via the Kissimmee River. Rivers are listed as they enter Lake Okeechobee from west to east. Tributaries are listed as they enter their main stem from downstream to upstream.

 * Fisheating Creek
 * Indian Prairie Canal
 * Lake Istokpoga
 * Kissimmee River
 * Istokpoga Creek
 * Lake Istokpoga
 * Arbuckle Creek
 * Josephine Creek
 * Jackson Canal
 * Zipprer Canal
 * Lake Rosalie
 * Weohykapha Creek
 * Jackson Canal
 * Lake Kissimmee
 * C-37 canal
 * Lake Hatchineha
 * Catfish Creek
 * Lake Marion Creek
 * Snell Creek
 * Reedy Creek
 * C-36 canal
 * Cypress Lake (Florida)
 * Dead River
 * C-34 canal
 * C-35 canal
 * Lake Tohopekaliga
 * Shingle Creek
 * C-31 canal
 * East Lake Tohopekaliga
 * Boggy Creek
 * Taylor Creek
 * Mosquito Creek
 * Henry Creek
 * Lettuce Creek

Gulf coast
Rivers are listed as they enter the gulf from south to north, then west. Tributaries are listed as they enter their main stem from downstream to upstream.
 * Joe River
 * Shark River
 * Harney River
 * Broad River
 * Rodgers River
 * Lostmans River
 * Chatham River
 * Huston River
 * Lopez River
 * New River in Collier County
 * Turner River
 * Barron River
 * Fakahatchee River
 * Whitney River
 * Big Marco River
 * Henderson Creek
 * Cocohatchee River
 * Imperial River
 * Estero River
 * Caloosahatchee River
 * Billy Creek
 * Orange River
 * Peace River
 * Horse Creek
 * Shell Creek
 * Myakka River
 * Myakkahatchee Creek
 * Manatee River
 * Wares Creek
 * Braden River
 * Cooper Creek
 * Little Manatee River
 * Alafia River – Buckhorn Spring, Lithia Springs
 * Palm River
 * Hillsborough River – Crystal Springs
 * New River in Pasco County
 * Anclote River
 * Pithlachascotee River
 * Weeki Wachee River – Weeki Wachee Springs
 * Chassahowitzka River
 * Homosassa River – Homosassa Springs
 * Crystal River
 * Withlacoochee River (central Florida)
 * Rainbow River – Rainbow Springs
 * Little Withlacoochee River
 * Waccasassa River
 * Wekiva River (Gulf Hammock, Levy County)
 * Suwannee River – Suwannee Springs, Hart Springs, Ginnie Springs, Fanning Springs, Manatee Springs, Otter Springs, Troy Spring
 * Santa Fe River
 * Ichetucknee River – Ichetucknee Springs
 * New River
 * Withlacoochee River (north Florida) – Madison Blue Springs
 * Alapaha River – Alapaha Rise Spring
 * Alapahoochee River
 * Steinhatchee River
 * Fenholloway River
 * Econfina River
 * Aucilla River – Nutall Rise
 * Wacissa River – Wacissa Springs, Aucilla Spring,
 * Pinhook River
 * St. Marks River – St. Marks Spring
 * East River
 * Wakulla River – Wakulla Springs
 * Ochlockonee River
 * Sopchoppy River
 * Telogia Creek
 * Little River
 * Crooked River
 * Carrabelle River
 * New River
 * Apalachicola River
 * Jackson River
 * Chipola River – Baltzell Spring, Blue Hole Spring
 * Chattahoochee River
 * Econfina Creek
 * Choctawhatchee River – Vortex Spring
 * Pea River
 * East Bay River
 * Yellow River
 * Shoal River
 * Blackwater River
 * Escambia River
 * Perdido River

Alphabetically

 * Alafia River
 * Alapaha River
 * Alapahoochee River
 * Alexander Springs Creek
 * Amelia River
 * Anclote River
 * Apalachicola River
 * Arlington River
 * Aucilla River
 * Banana River
 * Barron River
 * Bells River
 * Big Marco River
 * Billy Creek
 * Black Creek
 * Blackwater River
 * Bonnet Creek
 * Braden River
 * Broad River
 * Broward River
 * Caloosahatchee River
 * Carrabelle River
 * Cedar River
 * Chassahowitzka River
 * Chatham River
 * Chattahoochee River
 * Chipola River
 * Choctawhatchee River
 * Cocohatchee River
 * Crane Creek
 * Crooked River
 * Cross Creek
 * Crystal River
 * Cypress Creek
 * Dead River (Kissimmee River tributary)
 * Dead River (Lake County, Florida)
 * Doctors Lake
 * Dunns Creek
 * East Bay River
 * East River
 * Eau Gallie River
 * Econfina Creek
 * Econfina River
 * Econlockhatchee River
 * Elbow Creek
 * Escambia River
 * Estero River
 * Fakahatchee River
 * Fenholloway River
 * Fisheating Creek
 * Fort George River
 * Haines Creek
 * Halifax River
 * Harney River
 * Henderson Creek
 * Hillsboro River
 * Hillsborough River
 * Homosassa River
 * Hontoon Dead River
 * Huston River
 * Ichetucknee River
 * Imperial River
 * Indian River
 * Indian River North
 * Istokpoga Creek
 * Jackson River
 * Joe River
 * Julington Creek
 * Kissimmee River
 * Lake Jesup
 * Lake Marion Creek
 * Little Econlockhatchee River
 * Little Manatee River
 * Little River (Biscayne Bay)
 * Little River (Ochlockonee River tributary)
 * Little Trout River
 * Little Wekiva River
 * Little Withlacoochee River
 * Lopez River
 * Lostmans River
 * Loxahatchee River
 * Manatee River
 * Matanzas River
 * Miami River
 * Middle River
 * Myakka River
 * Myakkahatchee Creek
 * Nassau River
 * New River (Broward County)
 * New River (Collier County)
 * New River (Franklin County)
 * New River (Pasco County)
 * New River (Union/Bradford County)
 * Ochlockonee River
 * Ocklawaha River
 * Oleta River
 * Orange Creek
 * Orange River
 * Ortega River
 * Pablo Creek
 * Palatlakaha River
 * Palm River
 * Pea River
 * Peace River
 * Perdido River
 * Pinhook River
 * Pithlachascotee River
 * Pottsburg Creek
 * Rainbow River
 * Reedy Creek
 * Ribault River
 * Rice Creek
 * Rodgers River
 * Saint Sebastian River
 * Salt Springs River
 * San Sebastian River
 * Santa Fe River
 * Shark River
 * Shell Creek
 * Shingle Creek
 * Shoal River
 * Sisters Creek
 * Snell Creek
 * Sopchoppy River
 * South Amelia River
 * Spruce Creek
 * St. Johns River
 * St. Lucie River
 * St. Marks River
 * St. Marys River
 * Steinhatchee River
 * Stranahan River
 * Suwannee River
 * Taylor Creek
 * Telogia Creek
 * Thomas Creek
 * Tolomato River
 * Tomoka River
 * Trout River
 * Turkey Creek
 * Turner River
 * Waccasassa River
 * Wacissa River
 * Wakulla River
 * Weeki Wachee River
 * Wekiva River (Gulf Hammock)
 * Wekiva River
 * Whitney River
 * Whittenhorse Creek
 * Withlacoochee River (central Florida)
 * Withlacoochee River (north Florida)
 * Yellow River

title: List of rivers of Florida


text:
Beriz Belkić

Beriz Belkić (8 September 1946 – 16 August 2023) was a Bosnian politician who served as the 3rd Bosniak member of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina from 2001 to 2002. He also served as Premier of Sarajevo Canton from 1998 to 2001.

Belkić was a founding member of the Party for Bosnia and Herzegovina. He was elected three times to the national House of Representatives as well.

Early life and career
Born in Sarajevo on 8 September 1946, Belkić graduated from the University of Sarajevo Faculty of Economics. He served on various administrative positions, on municipal, cantonal and state level. His first serious political position was that of Premier of Sarajevo Canton, serving from 12 November 1998 until 15 February 2001.

Following the 2000 parliamentary election, Belkić was elected as a parliament member in the national House of Representatives. On 30 March 2001, he was elected by parliament to replace Halid Genjac as a substitute member of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina, following the withdrawal of Alija Izetbegović. He was elected back to the House of Representatives in the 2006 general election, serving in parliament until 9 December 2014.

Belkić was a founding member of the Party for Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1996.

Personal life and death
Beriz was married to Azra Belkić. They lived in Sarajevo.

Belkić died in Sarajevo on 16 August 2023, at the age of 76. He reportedly suffered a stroke some days prior to his death.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Beriz Belkić


text:
Wikipedia talk:List of Wikipedians in order of arrival

Unsorted discussion
Would anybody object to dumping in the contents from - in particular, it gives the first edit date for the top wikipedia contributors. That would probably make a good addition. Would anyone object to this? →Raul654 21:58, Mar 15, 2004 (UTC)
 * What do you mean by dumping? If you are going to paste the contents in, simply providing a link would make more sense. Can you clarify what you intend on adding? Maximus Rex, 22:18, 15 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * To manually insert the names in the proper place in the article. Basically, what I want to know is - is it proper to add other people to this list besides myself. Furthermore, the stats page only lists the date of their first logged in edit, so I could (theoretically) put someone in the wrong month. (If you want to consider anon edits) →Raul654 22:27, Mar 15, 2004 (UTC)

please update the page --GranTurismo2 19:31, 5 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Add the data, merely providing a link splits data across two locations. If anyone has a problem with being added (and bear in mind it is public knowledge anyway), they can remove themselves. Similarly if the data is slightly inaccurate due to anon edits, they can fix it. Pete/Pcb21 (talk) 22:42, 15 Mar 2004 (UTC)

The automatic list has one bug I saw- it doesn't handle name-changes. For example, it lists me in October 2003- which is when my name changed to Jake Nelson from Jakenelson, at the same time I got my adminship. My first edit was actually in July '03.

 * This is being discussed on the "user name change" page, where I brought it up with Kate. She has asked for more information, and I am still researching.  uc 14:49, 10 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Why add the year and month after the user name when it is already specified in the header? I believe it should simply be the username, followed by the day (in *th format), followed by any comments. Anybody agree? Avochelm 12:11, 7 Mar 2005 (UTC)

I apologize for the "editspam" (if that's a term) I had a few minutes ago. I was seeing a few database problems, and it didn't look like my edit was taking. --Oddtoddnm 03:54, July 24, 2005 (UTC)

Reorganization?
Would it be okay if we reorganized this list in reverse chronological order? For example:

Somebody: Joined July 24, 2005 Anybody: Joined July 3, 2005 Nobody: Joined July 2, 2005

Leave me a message on my talk page if anyone wishes to do this and wants my help. I'd start now, but I don't want to tamper with such a huge project without consent from others. Ryan 08:30, July 28, 2005 (UTC)

 * Doesn't sound like something anybody would have any serious objections to. :) It also doesn't sound like something that lots of people are going to volunter to help with. ;-) Func( t, c ) 13:11, 28 July 2005 (UTC)

The TOC looks like dates!
I don't think that's going to change, though...just thought I'd bring it up. Stillnotelf 23:23, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

Archives
I am going to arhive this page by year so this page doesn't grow extremly large because of all the users added to it. M o e  ε  22:58, 25 March 2006 (UTC)

Anonymous edits
Do anonymous edits count? I have no idea when my first anonymous contribution was --WikiSlasher 11:35, 29 November 2006 (UTC)

Add me
I wanna add me because I joined last month, or is it just for admins? --GranTurismo2 19:35, 5 October 2007 (UTC)

And me: Deathgleaner; Joined Apr. 15, 2007

And these users:
 * User:Xizes; Joined Oct. 25, 2006
 * User:CRBLEEP; Joined Oct. 25, 2006
 * User:Thegeo; Joined Oct. 8, 2006

♫Deathgleaner 04:06, 29 July 2008 (UTC)

Category change from Wikipedians by Wikipedia status to Lists of Wikipedians by Wikipedia status
I would like to request that be re-categorized from Category:Wikipedians by Wikipedia status to Category:Lists of Wikipedians by Wikipedia status (which is a subcat of the former), mainly due to the fact that the former is a container cat and should only have subcats by definition. My understanding is that an attempt should be made to gain consensus before making an edit request, so I'm posting here. --Slivicon (talk) 19:49, 5 August 2015 (UTC)

Protected edit request on 1 September 2015
I would like to request that be re-categorized from Category:Wikipedians by Wikipedia status to Category:Lists of Wikipedians by Wikipedia status (which is a subcat of the former), mainly due to the fact that the former is a container cat and should only have subcats by definition.

Slivicon (talk) 02:42, 1 September 2015 (UTC)
 * ✅ — Martin (MSGJ · talk) 08:36, 2 September 2015 (UTC)


text:
Man of Steel

Man of Steel may refer to:

Comics

 * Superman, a DC Comics superhero nicknamed "Man of Steel"
 * The Man of Steel (comics), a 1986 comic book limited series
 * Superman: The Man of Steel, a monthly comic book series about Superman from 1991 to 2003

Film and television

 * The Man of Steel (1922 film), a 1922 German silent drama film
 * "Man of Steel," an episode of the 1948 Superman (serial)
 * Man of Steel (film), a 2013 Superman film directed by Zack Snyder and starring Henry Cavill
 * "Man of Steel" (Supergirl), a 2018 episode of Supergirl
 * "Man of Steel" (Superman & Lois), a 2021 episode of Superman & Lois

Music

 * Man of Steel (album), a 1983 album by Hank Williams, Jr.
 * "Man of Steel" (Hank Williams Jr. song), 1984
 * "Man of Steel" (Meat Loaf song), a 2003 song on Meat Loaf's album Couldn't Have Said It Better
 * Man of Steel (soundtrack), the soundtrack to the film of the same name

People

 * Joseph Stalin (1878–1953), Soviet revolutionary and leader whose nom de guerre (Stalin) is often translated as "Man of Steel"
 * Narendra Chaudhary (soldier) (1968–2016), Indian bomb defusing expert nicknamed "Steel Man"

Other uses

 * Man of Steel (musical), a 1978 Australian musical by Simon Denver and Ian Dorricott
 * Man of Steel (sculpture), a proposed sculpture in South Yorkshire, England
 * Man of Steel Awards, an annual award for Super League's player of the season in rugby league

title: Man of Steel


text:
Talk:Constitution of the People's Republic of China

Untitled
Read the article before editing. I mentioned private property at the end already. Discussion of amendments go at the end. The title of the article goes first, not a mention of how the subject is ignored. --Jiang

Put in some (hopefully NPOV) information about the relation between the Constitution and the Party. Roadrunner 20:44, 2 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Current revision
This line confuses me: "The current revision was adopted by the National People's Congress on December 4, 1982 with further revisions in 1988, 1993, 1999, and 2004."

Does the current revision date to 1982 or 2004? --Polynova 06:07, Dec 14, 2004 (UTC)

 * "Revision" should be changed to "version". They promulgated an entirely new constitution in 1982. They amended this specific constitution in 1988, 1993, 1999, and 2004. --Jiang 07:13, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Articles Biased
This article, or at least the paragraph regarding the 2004 revisions, is extreamly biased and needs to be rewritten
 * Agreed, in order to draw attention to it I have stuck up a NPOV sticker, hopefully someone more knowledgeable about the subject will correct it. Sjerickson07 02:23, 1 July 2006 (UTC)

Constitutional Enforcement
Tweaked the paragraphs. The NPCSC isn't a rubber stamp as was illustrated by Sun Zhigang. Also, PRC courts do not have the general power to invalidate a legislative statute (neither do most French courts) but they can reverse individual decisions under that Administrative Procedures Act. Also, I'm not sure about the statement that PRC courts cannot reference the constitution in their decisions. It is true that violation of constitutional rights is not an independent basis of action in the PRC, but I don't know of any decision or order of the Supreme People's Court that forbids referencing the Constitution.

Roadrunner 19:42, 19 March 2007 (UTC)

Removed

 * But with all candidates for these important positions shall be first submitted and granted by CPC, and financing for all these organs coming from CPC, it is impossible to keep the independence of these organs.

There isn't a formal requirement that candidates be approved by the CCP. Also financing doesn't come from the CCP.

Roadrunner 19:46, 19 March 2007 (UTC)

Move here

 * Also, because the Communist Party has much control over the judicial system, they can ensure that Constitution rights cannot be used to protect people who are challenged by the State.

This needs to be expanded. There are cases in which the judicial system *has* been used to challenge the state (i.e. land seizures and migrant rights).

Roadrunner 16:48, 23 March 2007 (UTC)

Fact problem

 * However, China has still not yet ratified the United Nations Agreements on Human Rights, leading to questions over how honest an attempt China is making towards protecting human rights.

This is factually incorrect. The PRC ratified the ICESCR in 1997 and the ICCPR in 1998.

 * Especially with recent years' booming economy, local governments are zealous in requisition of lands and houses by using force and without fair compensation, which raise great tension.

This needs to be connected with the main article better.

 * Also, according to the New York Times, "The constitutional changes of March, 2004 were unlikely to have any direct influence on the outcomes of court cases, said Chinese legal experts, because the courts here usually do not test laws and government decisions for fidelity to the Constitution."

There needs to be a larger discussion of the mechanism of constitutional enforcement in the PRC.

Roadrunner 16:55, 23 March 2007 (UTC)

Need rewrite

 * The only exception was in 2001, in the Supreme People's Court's official reply given to Shandong Higher People's Court on the case of Qi Yuling, it first quoted the articles of constitution on education rights as base for judgement.

This was not an exception to the lack of judicial review, since the case did not attempt to strike down a statute.

Roadrunner 16:57, 23 March 2007 (UTC)

Re-write
I've started a re-write of this page at User:PalaceGuard008/Constitution of the People's Republic of China. As part of that project. I've created Constitutional history of the People's Republic of China. As yet unsourced, but I don't believe any of the statements should be too controversial. I will, of course, reference all contestable statement before the end. Any comments or suggestions are welcome.

Basically, I will follow roughly the scheme I used on Constitution of Australia, which itself is adapted from the scheme used on Constitution of the United States of America. I will endeavour to incorporate all relevant information currently in the article, but strive for a more comprehensive coverage of the subject, especially with a systematic overview of the actual Constitution itself. --PalaceGuard008 (Talk) 22:58, 18 November 2008 (UTC)

Corrections on the OCI
The OCI resumed operations in 2010 after (all?) charges were dropped. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.150.243.117 (talk) 06:42, 24 January 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Constitution of China. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20150717131404/http://www.cqwb.com.cn/cqwb/html/2010-03/15/content_201910.htm to http://www.cqwb.com.cn/cqwb/html/2010-03/15/content_201910.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130726154413/http://english.gov.cn/2005-08/05/content_20813.htm to http://english.gov.cn/2005-08/05/content_20813.htm

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Paper Constitution
Can people here please add a link to store selling the paper version of this Constitution? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 190.219.181.199 (talk) 16:06, 25 December 2020 (UTC)

I removed contents about CPC Constitution
It is obviously different from the Constitution of China, and it has a separate page on Wikipedia--妖怪兽 (talk) 09:51, 15 April 2021 (UTC)

Requested move 4 July 2024

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: Not moved. (closed by non-admin page mover) PadFoot  (talk) 10:25, 20 July 2024 (UTC)

– Per WP:COMMONNAME and WP:PRIMARYTOPIC, "Taiwan" and "China" is the short form name of ROC and PRC respectively. Barring concerns that many contents of constitution consisted of either claim of "China" and "Taiwan", the name "Constitution of Taiwan" and "Constitution of China" already redirected to these two articles. So, it may be necessary to move those articles according to common name guidelines. 103.111.100.82 (talk) 13:51, 4 July 2024 (UTC) — Relisting. ASUKITE  14:54, 12 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Constitution of the People's Republic of China → Constitution of China
 * Constitution of the Republic of China → Constitution of Taiwan

 * Strong oppose: The ROC and PRC lay claim to each others territory so there's no need to move the article as that constitution was originally written in Nanking in 1947 while Taiwan was part of Japan under ROC-Allied occupation. The "Constitution of Taiwan" article redirects to the Additional Articles of the Constitution of the Republic of China. They have not officially renounced claims to the territories controlled by the PRC, Mongolia, India, Russia and other nearby areas. They might as well move the Constitutional history of the People's Republic of China to the Constitutional history of China instead that covers the constitutional scope of the two regimes.
 * Silence of Lambs (talk) 18:38, 4 July 2024 (UTC)

 * Oppose there is no "constitution of Taiwan". cookie monster   755  21:55, 6 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Oppose per WP:PRECISION. - Amigao (talk) 21:36, 9 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Note: WikiProject Politics, WikiProject China, and WikiProject Law have been notified of this discussion. ASUKITE  14:53, 12 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Relisting comment: Though this appears to lean heavily to "Oppose", there is another related RM that has had more participation, so I wanted to put project notifications in here (as they are there) just to be safe. ASUKITE  14:54, 12 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Note: WikiProject Taiwan has been notified of this discussion. ASUKITE  14:54, 12 July 2024 (UTC)

 * I would support the first one, but the bundled nomination doesn't help anything here. CMD (talk) 15:21, 12 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Support (to both moves only). I understand the complex situation of the two rival states, but there is consensus here to use the very common short names China and Taiwan rather than the formal, official names; it logically follows that the derived and related article (Economy of etc.) should do the same. It belongs to the lead section and to a short explanatory note to clarify what the official designation of the document is. If not, the other articles should be moved to PRC and RoC as well. And the bundle nomination is in order: it would be illogical to move one article and not the other. Keriluamox (talk) 17:10, 13 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Not sure why it's illogical, it would put the constitutions in line with the governments they underly, the Government of China and the Government of the Republic of China. CMD (talk) 17:31, 13 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Well, we have Politics of Taiwan however… Keriluamox (talk) 19:54, 13 July 2024 (UTC)

 * Strong oppose the "Constitution of the Republic of China" was ratified in 1947, before the Nationalists lost, before they moved to Taiwan. The proposed title is therefore wrong. -- 65.92.247.96 (talk) 08:06, 17 July 2024 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.


text:
User talk:Edcolins

Please click here to leave me a new message.

Subjective text - WIPO page
Hi Ed, I have removed the adjectives "fascinating", "crucial" and "inspiring" from the WIPO Magazine text. Is the article OK now? Best, Manuela Louloudi92 (talk) 09:21, 17 March 2023 (UTC)

 * @Louloudi92: Yes, I think it is better now, thanks. I have slightly adjusted the style. It would be even better if we could identify and insert some reliable sources (independent from WIPO) discussing that publication, if available. Edcolins (talk) 21:30, 17 March 2023 (UTC)

Because there is no evidence that intellectual monopoly achieves the desired purpose...
Hi, Ed, and thank you for your contributions. I noticed, that we have been editing many of the same articles. Regarding that quote... I feel, that the current draft of "Intellectual property" wiki-article is short on criticism of the patent system and on describing alternatives to it. That quotation is one of many, and it may be appropriate to add more pro and con studies/viewpoints. Walter Tau (talk) 13:37, 11 April 2023 (UTC)

 * @Walter Tau: Thanks very much for your message and for your contributions. I think the article "Intellectual property" has a rather long section titled "Criticisms" already. The article's lead should contain "a summary of its most important contents" (per WP:LEAD). "Apart from basic facts, significant information should not appear in the lead if it is not covered in the remainder of the article" (again, see WP:LEAD). Cheers, Edcolins (talk) 20:31, 11 April 2023 (UTC)

A barnstar for you!

 * Thank you! Edcolins (talk) 18:35, 6 September 2023 (UTC)

Using GPT-4 32k to draft Wikipedia articles based on RS
Hey Ed, Thanks for the thanks.

I've having fun using GPT-4 32k to draft Wikipedia articles. I find 3+ RS, feed them whole into GPT4 and ask it to draft a Wikipedia article on the subject. Works pretty good. I'd say B+. You still have to go over things, but it's fun to see what it can do.

Let me know if you want to give it a shot and I can set you up. Nowa (talk) 08:44, 10 September 2023 (UTC)

 * Thanks, @Nowa. I appreciate your offer. Please see WP:LLM, however. There is a lot of information on that page, including important guidance in that regard. Cheers -- Edcolins (talk) 06:29, 17 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Good point and thanks for the link to WP:LLM. I'm not sure that what I'm doing is covered in that article.  I'm not "generating content" in the sense of saying to an LLM, "write a Wikipedia article on XYZ".  Instead, I'm asking the LLM to summarize the content of one or more RS that I feed into the LLM. I have found that LLMs do a reasonably good job of summarizing content you feed into them.  They also do a good job of extracting information related to a particular subject.  You do, of course, have to proofread and fact check.  I also instruct the LLM to present only information found in the RS.  So far, this has addressed the hallucination problem.  Would you agree that the technique I've described is an acceptable use of LLM in drafting/editing articles? Should this technique be more explicitly addressed in WP:LLM?Nowa (talk) 07:01, 17 September 2023 (UTC)
 * @Nowa: I have to admit that I am not an expert in this new way of improving and expanding articles. But you seem to be right. Summarizing the content of one or more RS seems acceptable under the policy laid out in WP:LLM (still a proposed policy, a work-in-progress apparently). See
 * "This page in a nutshell: Do not use large language models (LLMs) to write original content or generate references. LLMs can be used for certain tasks (like copyediting, summarization, and paraphrasing) if the editor has substantial prior experience in the intended task and rigorously scrutinizes the results before publishing them.''"
 * WP:AIFAIL does contain an additional caveat, though, regarding verbatim material "produced" by the engine. I assume the human editor must always check whether the produced content contains any verbatim copy of part of the reference (or is it something you can ask the engine to do, i.e. inserting quotes if necessary?). That is, quotes may have to be added manually.
 * By the way, regarding copyediting and paraphrasing, you may know DeepL Write (link: ), an interesting tool for doing so. Edcolins (talk) 09:36, 17 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Ed, Thank for the tip on DeepL Write and the caution on verbatim copying.  I haven't seen any verbatim copying yet, but I'll keep an eye out for it. Nowa (talk) 22:07, 17 September 2023 (UTC)

The Wikipedia entry on standard patents is very thin..

 * Discussion moved to Talk:Essential_patent. --Edcolins (talk) 13:27, 7 October 2023 (UTC)

Happy First Edit Day!
The Herald, thanks! --Edcolins (talk) 08:41, 16 March 2024 (UTC)

First Edit Day
 Happy First Edit Day! Have a very happy first edit anniversary!

From the Birthday Committee, Ezra Cricket (talk) 05:16, 13 March 2024 (UTC)

 * Thanks, @Ezra Cricket! :-) -- Edcolins (talk) 08:41, 16 March 2024 (UTC)

Invitation to join the Twenty Year Society
Dear ,

I'd like to extend a cordial invitation to you to join the Twenty Year Society, an informal group for editors who've been participating in the Wikipedia project for twenty years or more.

Best regards,  Chris Troutman  ( talk )  13:55, 13 March 2024 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the invitation! --Edcolins (talk) 08:44, 16 March 2024 (UTC)

"Notorious Software Patents" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Notorious_Software_Patents&redirect=no Notorious Software Patents] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Anyone, including you, is welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. Nat Gertler (talk) 04:16, 9 July 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:Edcolins


text:
List of rivers of North Carolina

This is a list of rivers in the U.S. state of North Carolina.

By drainage basin
This list is arranged by drainage basin, with respective tributaries alphabetically indented under each larger stream's name.

Atlantic Ocean

 * North Landing River
 * Northwest River
 * North River
 * Pasquotank River
 * Little River
 * Perquimans River
 * Yeopim River
 * Chowan River
 * Wiccacon River
 * Meherrin River
 * Potecasi Creek
 * Worrell Mill Swamp
 * Hares Branch
 * Blackwater River
 * Nottoway River
 * Cashie River

Roanoke River

 * Roanoke River
 * Dan River
 * Aarons Creek
 * Crooked Fork
 * Hyco River
 * Castle Creek
 * Storys Creek
 * Powells Creek
 * Ghent Creek
 * Cane Creek
 * Sargents Creek
 * Hyco Creek
 * Cobbs Creek
 * Kilgore Creek
 * Coneys Creek
 * Panther Branch
 * Lynch Creek
 * Negro Creek
 * South Hyco Creek
 * Little Duck Creek
 * Richland Creek
 * Cub Creek
 * Double Creek
 * Sugartree Creek
 * Smith River
 * Mayo River
 * Little Dan River

Albemarle Sound

 * Scuppernong River
 * Alligator River
 * Long Shoal River

Pamlico River

 * Pamlico River
 * Pungo River

Tar River

 * Tar River
 * Kennedy Creek
 * Tranters Creek
 * Cherry Run
 * Mitchell Branch
 * Maple Branch
 * Aggie Run
 * Pocoson Branch
 * Pea Branch
 * Poley Branch
 * Horsepen Swamp
 * Haw Branch
 * Briery Swamp
 * Great Branch Meadow Branch
 * Pinelog Branch
 * Turkey Swamp
 * Bear Grass Swamp
 * Collie Swamp
 * Flat Swamp
 * Bear Creek
 * Chapel Branch
 * Chicod Creek
 * Juniper Branch
 * Bates Branch
 * Cow Swamp
 * Cabin Branch
 * Cross Swamp
 * Grindle Creek
 * Whichard Branch
 * Mill Branch
 * Moyes Run
 * Cannon Swamp
 * Baldwin Swamp
 * Phillippi Branch
 * Barber Creek
 * Hardee Creek
 * Meeting House Branch
 * Bell Branch
 * Greens Mill Run
 * Reedy Branch
 * Fomes Branch
 * Parker Creek
 * Schoolhouse Branch
 * Harris Mill Run
 * Johnsons Mill Run
 * Bryan Creek
 * Sains Branch
 * Tyson Creek
 * Lawrence Run
 * Conetoe Creek
 * Mitchell Swamp
 * Knight Canal
 * Lewis Canal
 * Crisp Creek
 * Fountain Fork Creek
 * Otter Creek
 * Cheeks Mill Creek
 * Town Creek
 * Bynum Mill Creek
 * Cokey Swamp
 * Sasnett Mill Branch
 * Beaverdam Branch
 * Millpond Branch
 * Cabin Branch
 * Deloach Branch
 * Dickson Branch
 * Parker Branch
 * Little Cokey Swamp
 * Corn Creek
 * Williamson Branch
 * Cattail Swamp
 * White Swamp
 * Cattail Branch
 * Jerrys Creek
 * Cromwell Canal
 * Hendricks Creek
 * Holly Creek
 * East Tarboro Canal

Fishing Creek

 * Fishing Creek
 * Deep Creek
 * Longs Branch
 * Savage Mill Run
 * Indian Branch
 * Marsh Swamp
 * Cow Haul Swamp
 * Burnt Coat Swamp
 * Breeches Swamp
 * Jacket Swamp
 * Beaverdam Swamp
 * Dog Pond Branch
 * Martin Swamp
 * Rocky Swamp
 * Jack Horse Swamp
 * Beaverdam Swamp
 * Black Swamp
 * Pinelog Branch
 * Little Fishing Creek
 * Bear Swamp
 * Porter Creek
 * Reedy Creek
 * Bobbitts Branch
 * Bens Creek
 * Big Branch
 * Walkers Creek
 * Dowlins Creek
 * Crooked Swamp
 * White Oak Swamp
 * Shocco Creek
 * Little Shocco Creek
 * Cabin Branch
 * Lees Branch
 * Buzzard Branch
 * Maple Swamp
 * Hogpen Branch
 * Bobs Branch
 * Gunters Creek
 * Reedy Branch
 * Long Branch
 * Buffalo Branch
 * Gum Pond Branch
 * Mill Branch
 * Wolfpit Branch
 * Black Branch
 * Possumquarter Creek
 * Richneck Creek
 * Bridle Creek
 * Horse Creek
 * Phoebes Creek
 * Owens Creek
 * Rocky Creek
 * Matthews Creek

Swift Creek

 * Swift Creek
 * Leggett Canal
 * White Oak Swamp
 * Moccasin Creek
 * Lane Swamp
 * Flat Rock Branch
 * Gideon Swamp
 * Sandy Creek
 * Tumbling Run
 * Jumping Run
 * Terry Branch
 * Red Bud Creek
 * Shelley Branch
 * Deer Branch
 * Richland Creek
 * Crabtree Creek
 * Devils Cradle Creek
 * Flatrock Creek
 * Buffalo Creek
 * Weaver Creek
 * Dickies Creek
 * Cattail Creek
 * Martin Creek
 * Pounder Branch
 * Penders Mill Run
 * Raccoon Branch
 * Key Branch
 * Walnut Creek
 * Beech Branch
 * Falling Run
 * Buck Swamp
 * Gay Branch
 * Hornbeam Branch
 * Compass Creek
 * Cowlick Branch
 * Goose Branch
 * Stony Creek
 * Pig Basket Creek
 * Little Peachtree Creek
 * Big Peachtree Creek
 * Back Swamp
 * Beaverdam Branch
 * Bear Creek
 * Wildcat Branch
 * Maple Creek
 * Polecat Branch
 * Hicks Branch
 * Grape Branch
 * Sapony Creek
 * Big Branch
 * Little Sapony Creek
 * Henry Branch
 * Gabe Branch
 * Bear Branch
 * Jacob Branch
 * Long Branch
 * Turkey Creek
 * Coker Creek
 * White Creek
 * Biddie Toe Creek
 * Cypress Creek
 * Long Branch
 * Crooked Creek
 * Cedar Creek
 * Big Branch Creek
 * Camping Creek
 * Brandy Creek
 * Jumping Run
 * Wolfpen Branch
 * Sycamore Creek
 * Fox Creek
 * Coole Creek
 * Bear Swamp Creek
 * Buffalo Creek
 * Lynch Creek
 * Billys Creek
 * Kings Creek
 * Buffalo Creek
 * Tabbs Creek
 * Taylors Creek
 * McGee Creek
 * Middle Creek
 * Ford Creek
 * Gibbs Creek
 * Sand Creek
 * Fishing Creek
 * Coon Creek
 * Hachers Run
 * Aycock Creek
 * Johnson Creek
 * Bollens Creek
 * Boulding Creek
 * Cattail Creek
 * Jackson Creek
 * Rocky Creek
 * Owen Creek
 * North Fork Tar River
 * Shelton Creek
 * Fox Creek
 * Cub Creek
 * Moore Swamp

Neuse River

 * Neuse River
 * Swan Creek
 * Broad Creek
 * Brown Creek
 * Brown Creek
 * Orchard Creek
 * South River
 * Hardy Creek
 * Big Creek
 * Mulberry Creek
 * Old House Creek
 * Dixon Creek
 * Coffee Creek
 * Royal Creek
 * Little Creek
 * Eastman Creek
 * Southwest Creek
 * Doe Creek
 * Buck Creek
 * Duck Creek
 * Neal Creek
 * Elishu Creek
 * Miry Gut
 * West Fork
 * East Fork
 * Rich Island Gut
 * Pierce Creek
 * Berrys Creek
 * Garbacon Creek
 * Whittaker Creek
 * Greens Creek
 * Camp Creek
 * Smith Creek
 * Morris Creek
 * Kershaw Creek
 * Adams Creek
 * Godfrey Creek
 * Delamar Creek
 * Sandy Huss Creek
 * Dumpling Creek
 * Cedar Creek
 * Jonaquin Creek
 * Cullie Creek
 * Kellum Creek
 * Kearney Creek
 * Issac Creek
 * Back Creek
 * Courts Creek
 * Great Neck Creek
 * Long Creek
 * Dawson Creek
 * Tarkiln Creek
 * Granny Gut
 * Deep Run
 * Wheeler Gut
 * Fork Run
 * Clubfoot Creek
 * Mitchell Creek
 * Big Branch
 * Snake Branch
 * Gulden Creek
 * Mortens Mill Pond
 * East Prong
 * West Prong
 * Gatlin Creek
 * Sassafras Branch
 * King Creek
 * Cherry Branch
 * Alligator Gut
 * Gum Branch
 * Handcock Creek
 * Still Gut
 * Reeds Gut
 * Cohooque Creek
 * Still Gut
 * Barney Branch
 * Spe Branch
 * Little John Creek
 * Jacks Branch
 * Dolls Gut
 * Shop Branch
 * Deep Branch
 * Moebucks Branch
 * Mill Creek
 * Beard Creek
 * Caraway Creek
 * Purifoy Gut
 * Cedar Gut
 * East Prong
 * Slocum Creek
 * Anderson Creek
 * Tucker Creek
 * Sandy Run
 * Miry Branch
 * Goodwin Creek
 * Daniels Branch
 * Mill Creek
 * Hunters Branch
 * Alligator Gut
 * Cedar Creek
 * East Prong
 * Sandy Branch
 * Caps Branch
 * Southwest Prong
 * Wolf Pit Branch
 * Black Swamp Creek
 * East Branch
 * West Branch
 * Lower Duck Creek
 * Otter Creek
 * Crooked Run
 * Goose Creek
 * Cypress Creek
 * Alexander Swamp
 * Black Creek
 * Simmons Branch
 * Deep Run Branch
 * East Fork
 * West Fork
 * Upper Broad Creek
 * Deep Run
 * Sasses Branch
 * Mill Swamp
 * Morgan Swamp
 * Possum Swamp
 * Savannah Bridge Swamp
 * Northwest Creek
 * Duck Creek
 * Scotts Creek
 * Trent River
 * Lawson Creek
 * Brice Creek
 * East Prong
 * West Prong
 * Great Branch
 * Lees Branch
 * Black Branch
 * Georges Branch
 * Hoods Creek
 * Wilson Creek
 * Reedy Branch
 * Rocky Run
 * Miry Hole Branch
 * Island Creek
 * Scott Creek
 * West Prong Raccoon Creek
 * Mill Creek
 * Goshen Branch
 * Little Hell Creek
 * Mill Run
 * Long Branch
 * Beaverdam Creek
 * Jumping Creek
 * French Branch
 * Crooked Run
 * Musselshell Branch
 * Resolution Branch
 * Beaver Creek
 * Chinquapin Branch
 * Poplar Branch
 * Pocoson Branch
 * Little Chinquapin Branch
 * Jack Cabin Branch
 * Mill Branch
 * Cypress Creek
 * Reedy Branch
 * Black Swamp
 * Tuckahoe Creek
 * Joshua Creek
 * Beaverdam Swamp
 * Horse Branch
 * Running Branch
 * Smith Creek
 * Mills Branch
 * Rennys Creek
 * Bachelor Creek
 * Caswell Branch
 * Round Tree Branch
 * Beech Tree Branch
 * Jumping Run
 * Beaverdam Branch
 * Deep Branch
 * Rollover Creek
 * Hollis Branch
 * Swift Creek
 * Little Swift Creek
 * Fisher Swamp
 * Beaverdam Swamp
 * Pine Tree Swamp
 * Bushy Fork
 * Bear Branch
 * Mauls Swamp
 * Palmetto Swamp
 * Clayroot Swamp
 * Creeping Swamp
 * Polland Swamp
 * Indian Well Swamp
 * Thorofare Swamp
 * Fork Swamp
 * Simmon Branch
 * Horsepen Swamp
 * Gum Swamp
 * Pinetree Creek
 * Taylor Creek
 * Turkey Quarter Creek
 * Core Creek
 * Flat Swamp
 * Mill Branch
 * Grape Creek
 * Village Creek
 * Halfmoon Creek
 * Grinnel Creek
 * Alum Springs Branch
 * Contentnea Creek
 * Eagle Swamp
 * Little Contentnea Creek
 * Middle Swamp
 * Sandy Run
 * Pinelog Branch
 * Oldwoman Branch
 * Jacob Branch
 * Black Swamp
 * Langs Mill Run
 * Thompson Swamp
 * Lighter Knot Swamp
 * Ward Run
 * Polecat Branch
 * Wheat Swamp
 * Hallam Branch
 * Mussel Run
 * Beaverdam Run
 * Rainbow Creek
 * Sowell Run
 * Horsepen Branch
 * Shepherd Run
 * Poorhouse Run
 * Panther Swamp Creek
 * Tyson Marsh
 * Spring Branch
 * Reedy Branch
 * Mink Point Branch
 * Jacks Fork
 * Mill Run
 * Washington Branch
 * Fort Run
 * Lewis Branch
 * Lang Branch
 * Nahunta Swamp
 * Appletree Swamp
 * Cow Branch
 * Beaver Branch
 * Mill Branch
 * Button Branch
 * Buzzard Branch
 * Hams Prong
 * Beaver Dam
 * The Slough
 * Exum Mill Branch
 * Jimmy Prong
 * Mocassin Run
 * Long Branch
 * Poplar Branch
 * Buck Meadow Branch
 * Perkins Old Mill Branch
 * Beaman Run
 * Howell Swamp
 * Water Branch
 * Watery Branch
 * Toisnot Swamp
 * Goss Swamp
 * Whiteoak Swamp
 * Buck Branch
 * Mill Branch
 * Little Swamp
 * Beaverdam Creek
 * Whiteoak Swamp
 * Black Creek
 * Aycock Swamp
 * Mill Run
 * Great Swamp
 * Juniper Swamp
 * White Oak Swamp
 * Brandy Branch Swamp
 * Cedar Creek
 * Lee Swamp
 * Robin Swamp
 * Hominy Swamp
 * Bloomery Swamp
 * Shepard Branch
 * Mill Branch
 * Little Swamp
 * Marsh Swamp
 * Buckhorn Branch
 * Little Creek
 * Mill Branch
 * Turkey Creek
 * Haw Branch
 * Camp Branch
 * Big Branch
 * Driving Branch
 * Press Prong
 * Wolfharbor Branch
 * Moccasin Creek
 * Bull Branch
 * Little Creek
 * Beaverdam Creek
 * Mosley Creek
 * Alligator Branch
 * Snake Hole Branch
 * Little Snake Hole Branch
 * Harrys Branch
 * Folley Branch
 * Beaverdam Branch
 * Bone Gray Branch
 * Stonyton Creek
 * Jericho Run
 * Briery Run
 * Taylors Branch
 * Southwest Creek
 * Heath Branch
 * Mill Branch
 * Strawberry Branch
 * Mott Swamp
 * Spring Branch
 * Clarks Branch
 * Hornpipe Branch
 * Horse Branch
 * Turkey Branch
 * Deep Run
 * Toms Branch
 * Gray Branch
 * Adkin Branch
 * Peter Creek
 * Falling Creek
 * Gum Swamp Creek
 * White Marsh Run
 * Moseley Creek
 * Groundnut Creek
 * Jumping Run
 * Whitleys Creek
 * Squirrel Creek
 * Manley Branch
 * Vernon Branch
 * Belch Branch
 * Bear Creek
 * Mill Branch
 * Meeting House Branch
 * West Bear Creek
 * Peters Branch
 * Old Mill Branch
 * Little Marsh Run
 * Mill Run
 * Hullett Branch
 * Drew Branch
 * Hinson Branch
 * Seneca Branch
 * Hardy Mill Run
 * Trotters Creek
 * Frank Nunn Branch
 * Bens Branch
 * Tar River
 * Jacks Branch
 * Dalys Creek
 * Panther Creek
 * John Benton Branch
 * Cox Creek
 * South Prong
 * West Prong
 * Mill Creek
 * Still Creek
 * Walnut Creek
 * Walker Mill Run
 * Powell Run
 * Sleepy Creek
 * Cabin Branch
 * Tommy Reed Creek
 * Burnt Mill Branch
 * Pine Level Branch
 * Green Branch
 * Fellows Branch
 * Stoney Creek
 * Billy Branch
 * Reedy Branch
 * Howell Branch
 * Stoney Run
 * Carroway Creek
 * Poplar Branch
 * Little River
 * Walnut Creek
 * Crabtree Creek
 * Marsh Creek
 * Bridges Branch
 * Pigeon House Branch
 * Big Branch
 * Beaverdam Creek
 * Mine Creek
 * House Creek
 * Hare Snipe Creek
 * Richland Creek
 * Sycamore Creek
 * Reedy Creek
 * Haleys Branch
 * Stirrup Iron Creek
 * Coles Branch
 * Turkey Creek
 * Ellerbe Creek
 * Eno River
 * Little River
 * Flat River
 * North River
 * Newport River
 * White Oak River
 * New River

Cape Fear River

 * Cape Fear River
 * Elizabeth River
 * Brunswick River
 * Northeast Cape Fear River
 * Black River
 * South River
 * Black River
 * Great Coharie Creek
 * Little Coharie Creek
 * Six Runs Creek
 * Donoho Creek
 * Bandeau Creek
 * Hammonds Creek
 * Pemberton Creek
 * Mulford Creek
 * Turnbull Creek
 * Browns Creek
 * Ellis Creek
 * Bakers Creek
 * Harrison Creek
 * Phillips Creek
 * Georgia Branch
 * Willis Creek
 * Grays Creek
 * Cedar Creek
 * Rockfish Creek (Cape Fear River tributary)
 * Cross Creek (Cape Fear River tributary)
 * Little River
 * Juniper Creek
 * Upper Little River
 * Thorntons Creek
 * Buies Creek
 * Poorhouse Creek
 * Dry Creek
 * Neills Creek
 * Hector Creek
 * Fish Creek
 * Little Creek
 * Avents Creek
 * Camels Creek
 * Cedar Creek
 * Parkers Creek
 * Daniels Creek
 * Fall Creek
 * Buckhorn Creek
 * Bush Creek
 * Gulf Creek
 * Lick Creek
 * Little Shaddox Creek
 * Wombles Creek
 * Deep River
 * Rocky Branch
 * Rocky River
 * Bear Creek
 * Harlands Creek
 * Landrum Creek
 * Tick Creek
 * Meadow Creek
 * Varnall Creek
 * Loves Creek
 * Nick Creek
 * Lacys Creek
 * Mud Lick Creek
 * Greenbrier Creek
 * North Rocky River Prong
 * Little Buffalo Creek
 * Georges Creek
 * Big Buffalo Creek
 * Cedar Creek
 * Patterson Creek
 * Pocket Creek
 * Indian Creek
 * Smiths Creek
 * Line Creek
 * Big Governors Creek
 * McLendons Creek
 * Lick Creek
 * Tysons Creek
 * Scotchman Creek
 * Buffalo Creek
 * Falls Creek
 * Cedar Creek
 * Bear Creek
 * Grassy Creek
 * Fork Creek
 * Flat Creek
 * Brush Creek
 * Richland Creek
 * Back Branch
 * Broad Mouth Branch
 * Millstone Creek
 * Mill Creek
 * Reed Creek
 * Sandy Creek
 * Bush Creek
 * Gabriels Creek
 * Hasketts Creek
 * Polecat Creek
 * Muddy Creek
 * Hickory Creek
 * Richland Creek
 * Copper Branch
 * Bull Run
 * West Fork Deep River
 * East Fork Deep River
 * Haw River
 * Shaddox Creek
 * New Hope River (submerged)
 * New Hope Creek
 * Stinking Creek
 * Roberson Creek
 * Pokeberry Creek
 * Brooks Creek
 * Wilkinson Creek
 * Dry Creek
 * Terrells Creek (Left Bank)
 * Terrells Creek (Right Bank)
 * Collins Creek
 * Big Branch
 * Cane Creek (Right Bank)
 * Cane Creek (Left Bank)
 * Marys Creek
 * Motes Creek
 * Meadow Creek
 * Varnals Creek
 * Haw Creek
 * Big Alamance Creek
 * Little Alamance Creek
 * Back Creek
 * Boyds Creek
 * Service Creek
 * Stony Creek
 * Travis Creek
 * Reedy Fork
 * Buffalo Creek
 * Katie Branch
 * Rocky Branch
 * Smith Branch
 * Squirrel Creek
 * Richland Creek
 * Long Branch
 * Horsepen Creek
 * Brush Creek
 * Moores Creek
 * Beaver Creek
 * Giles Creek
 * Rose Creek
 * Little Troublesome Creek
 * Troublesome Creek
 * Candy Creek
 * Benaja Creek
 * Mears Fork
 * Rock Branch
 * Lockwood Folly River
 * Shallotte River
 * Calabash River
 * Little River

Pee Dee River

 * Pee Dee River
 * Waccamaw River
 * Little Pee Dee River (SC)
 * Lumber River
 * Drowning Creek
 * Hills Creek
 * Little Creek
 * Mountain Creek
 * Quewhiffle Creek
 * Aberdeen Creek
 * Horse Creek
 * Deep Creek
 * Big Branch
 * Naked Creek
 * Jackson Creek
 * Lynches River
 * Little River
 * Brown Creek
 * Rocky River
 * Lanes Creek
 * Little Meadow Creek
 * Dutch Buffalo Creek
 * Adams Creek
 * Little Buffalo Creek
 * Black Run Creek
 * Jennie Wolf Creek
 * Lick Branch
 * Irish Buffalo Creek
 * Cold Water Creek
 * Back Creek
 * Mallard Creek
 * Stony Creek
 * Toby Creek
 * Doby Creek
 * Clarks Creek
 * Doby Creek
 * Coddle Creek
 * Wolf Meadow Branch
 * Afton Run
 * Uwharrie River
 * Caraway Creek
 * Taylors Creek
 * Back Creek
 * Little Caraway Creek
 * Little Uwharrie River
 * Yadkin River
 * Dutch John Creek
 * Abbotts Creek
 * South Yadkin River
 * Little Yadkin River
 * Ararat River
 * Skin Cabin Creek
 * Pilot Creek
 * Bull Creek
 * Whittier Creek
 * Toms Creek
 * Flat Shoal Creek
 * Oldfield Creek
 * Caddle Creek
 * Rutledge Creek
 * Stewarts Creek
 * Burkes Creek
 * Beech Creek
 * Turners Creek
 * Pauls Creek
 * Brushy Fork
 * Benson Creek
 * Moores Fork
 * Stony Creek
 * Huntington Branch
 * Naked Run
 * Lovills Creek
 * Rocky Creek
 * School House Creek
 * Seed Cane Creek
 * Faulkner Creek
 * Champ Creek
 * Johnson Creek
 * Fisher River
 * Davenport Creek
 * Pheasant Creek
 * Dunagan Creek
 * Bear Creek
 * Cody Creek
 * Little Beaver Creek
 * Beaver Creek
 * Horns Creek
 * Cooks Creek
 * Little Fisher River
 * Burris Creek
 * Flat Branch
 * Red Hill Creek
 * Endicott Creek
 * Sage Creek
 * Camp Branch
 * Roaring Fork
 * Gully Creek
 * Mitchell River
 * Elkin Creek
 * Long Branch
 * Grassy Creek
 * Grassy Fork
 * Little Elkin Creek
 * Grays Creek
 * Roaring River
 * Stewart Creek
 * Mulberry Creek
 * Reddies River
 * Hoopers Branch
 * Lousy Creek
 * Kilby Branch
 * Tumbling Shoals Creek
 * Quarry Branch

Santee River

 * Santee River (SC)
 * Wateree River (SC)

Catawba River

 * Catawba River
 * South Fork Catawba River
 * Henry Fork
 * Jacob Fork River
 * Lower Little River
 * Middle Little River
 * Upper Little River
 * Johns River
 * Linville River
 * Congaree River (SC)
 * Broad River
 * Pacolet River (SC)
 * North Pacolet River
 * Bowens River
 * First Broad River
 * Second Broad River
 * Green River
 * Hungry River
 * Little Hungry River

 * Savannah River (SC and GA)
 * Seneca River (SC)
 * Keowee River (SC)
 * Toxaway River
 * Horsepasture River
 * Whitewater River
 * Thompson River
 * Tugaloo River (SC and GA)
 * Chattooga River
 * Tallulah River
 * Coleman River

 * Adams Branch (Richardson Creek tributary)
 * Fishing Creek (Catawba River) (NC and SC)

Gulf of Mexico

 * Mississippi River
 * Ohio River (KY, WV)
 * Tennessee River (KY, TN)
 * Hiwassee River
 * Nottely River
 * Valley River
 * Little Tennessee River
 * Tellico River
 * Cheoah River
 * Tuckasegee River
 * Oconaluftee River
 * Nantahala River
 * Cullasaja River
 * French Broad River
 * Nolichucky River
 * Cane River
 * North Toe River
 * South Toe River
 * Pigeon River
 * Swannanoa River
 * Mills River
 * Little River
 * Davidson River
 * Ivy River (Creek)
 * Holston River (TN)[[Image:NewRiver watershed.png|thumb|250px|right|New River drainage basin]]
 * South Fork Holston River (TN)
 * Watauga River
 * Elk River
 * Kanawha River (WV)
 * New River
 * Little River
 * North Fork New River
 * South Fork New River

Alphabetically

 * Adams Creek
 * Afton Run
 * Alligator River
 * Ararat River
 * Back Creek (Rocky River tributary)
 * Barkers Branch
 * Beaverdam Creek (Lanes Creek tributary)
 * Big Branch (Lanes Creek tributary)
 * Black River
 * Black Run Creek
 * Black Jack Branch (Brown Creek tributary)
 * Blackwell Branch
 * Bluewing Creek
 * Bowes Branch
 * Brice Creek
 * Broad River
 * Brown Creek (Pee Dee River tributary)
 * Caddle Creek (Ararat River tributary)
 * Cane Creek (Hyco River tributary)
 * Cane River
 * Canebreak Branch
 * Cape Fear River
 * Carolina Creek
 * Cashie River
 * Castle Creek
 * Catawba River
 * Cedar Branch (Lanes Creek tributary)
 * Cheoah River
 * Chowan River
 * Clarks Creek
 * Cobbs Creek
 * Cold Water Creek
 * Coleman River
 * Coneys Creek
 * Cool Spring Branch
 * Cub Creek
 * Cullasaja River
 * Dan River
 * Davidson River
 * Deep River
 * Doby Creek
 * Double Creek
 * Elk River
 * Eno River
 * First Broad River
 * Fishing Creek (Catawba River)
 * Fisher River
 * French Broad River
 * Great Pee Dee River
 * Ghent Creek
 * Gold Branch
 * Gourdvine Creek
 * Great Coharie Creek
 * Green River
 * Haw River
 * Henry Fork
 * Hoods Creek
 * Hungry River
 * Hyco Creek
 * Hyco River
 * Irish Buffalo Creek
 * Jacob Fork
 * Jennie Wolf Creek
 * Johns River
 * Jones Creek
 * Kilgore Creek
 * Lacey Branch
 * Lick Branch
 * Lick Branch (Lanes Creek tributary)
 * Linville River
 * Little Buffalo Creek
 * Little Coharie Creek
 * Little Duck Creek
 * Little Fisher River
 * Little Hungry River
 * Little Meadow Creek
 * Little River (Albemarle Sound)
 * Little River (Cape Fear River tributary)
 * Little River (Eno River tributary)
 * Little River (French Broad River tributary)
 * Little River (Horry County, South Carolina)
 * Little River (Jacob Fork)
 * Little River (Neuse River tributary)
 * Little River (North Carolina-Virginia)
 * Little River (Pee Dee River tributary)
 * Little River (Roanoke River tributary)
 * Little Tennessee River
 * Little Uwharrie River
 * Lockwood Folly River
 * Lower Little River
 * Lumber River
 * Lynch Creek
 * Lynches River
 * Mallard Creek
 * Mayo River
 * Meherrin River
 * Middle Little River
 * Mill Creek (Lanes Creek tributary)
 * Mill Creek (Trent River tributary)
 * Mills River
 * Mill Run (Trent River tributary)
 * Mitchell River
 * Nantahala River
 * Negro Creek
 * Neuse River
 * New Hope River
 * New River – western North Carolina
 * New River – southeastern North Carolina
 * Nolichucky River
 * Norkett Branch
 * North Toe River
 * Nottely River
 * North Pacolet River
 * Panther Branch
 * Pine Log Creek
 * North River
 * Northeast Cape Fear River
 * Pamlico River
 * Panther Branch
 * Pasquotank River
 * Pee Dee River
 * Perquimans River
 * Pigeon River
 * Powells Creek
 * Reddies River
 * Reedy Fork (Haw River tributary)
 * Reedy Fork (Hyco Creek tributary)
 * Richland Creek
 * Roanoke River including Staunton River
 * Roaring River
 * Rocky River
 * Rough Butt Creek
 * Salem Creek
 * Sargents Creek
 * Scuppernong River
 * Second Broad River
 * Shallotte River
 * Six Run Creek
 * South Fork Catawba River
 * South Hyco Creek
 * South River
 * South River (Neuse River estuary)
 * South Toe River
 * South Yadkin River
 * Stegall Branch
 * Stony Creek
 * Storys Creek
 * Sugartree Creek
 * Swannanoa River
 * Tar River
 * Toby Creek
 * Trent River
 * Tuckasegee River
 * Upper Little River
 * Uwharrie River
 * Waccamaw River
 * Watauga River
 * Water Branch
 * Waxhaw Branch
 * White Oak River
 * Whitewater River
 * Wicker Branch
 * Wide Mouth Branch
 * Wilson Creek
 * Wiccacon River
 * Wolf Meadow Branch
 * Yadkin River

title: List of rivers of North Carolina


text:
User talk:Galinda Verdi

Hello, welcome to Wikipedia.

You might find these links helpful: How to edit a page, How to write a great article, Naming conventions, Manual of Style. You should read our policies at some point too.

If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump, or ask me on my talk page. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian!
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Again, welcome! Chris Roy 22:05, 15 Mar 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Galinda Verdi


text:
Obrad Piljak

Obrad Piljak ; 4 December 1933 – 7 April 2013) was a Bosnian politician and former Chairman of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina, from April 1989 to December 1990. He was the last nominated (non-elected) member of the Communist party of Bosnia and Herzegovina to serve as presidency chairman, before the first multi-party elections were held in 1990 and Alija Izetbegović replaced him in his post.

Obrad Piljak was born in 1933 in Petrovo Vrelo, Glamoč. He holds a Ph.D. degree in economics. When not in politics, he was involved with banking and worked at the Central Bank of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Piljak was on the advisory board of the Federal Banking Agency of Bosnia and Herzegovina. He was also an associate professor at the Faculty of economics in the University of Sarajevo. Piljak died in 2013, aged 79.

title: Obrad Piljak


text:
William Bendix

William Bendix (January 14, 1906 – December 14, 1964) was an American film, radio, and television actor, known for his portrayals of rough, blue-collar characters. He gained significant recognition for his role in Wake Island, which earned him an Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor. Bendix is also remembered for playing Chester A. Riley, the earnest and clumsy aircraft plant worker, in both the radio and television versions of The Life of Riley. Additionally, he portrayed baseball legend Babe Ruth in The Babe Ruth Story. Bendix frequent co-stared with Alan Ladd, appearing in ten films together; both actors coincidentally passed away in 1964.

Early life
Bendix was born in Manhattan, the only child of Oscar and Hilda (Carnell) Bendix, and was named William after his German paternal grandfather. His uncle was composer, conductor, and violinist Max Bendix. In the early 1920s, Bendix was a batboy for the New York Yankees and said he saw Babe Ruth hit more than 100 home runs at Yankee Stadium. However, he was fired after fulfilling Ruth's request for a large order of hot dogs and soda before a game, which resulted in Ruth being unable to play that day. He worked as a grocer until the Great Depression.

Film
Bendix began his acting career at age 30 in the New Jersey Federal Theatre Project. He made his film debut in 1942. He played in supporting roles in dozens of Hollywood films, usually as a warm-hearted gangster, detective or serviceman. He began with appearances in films noir, including a supporting role in The Glass Key (1942), which featured Brian Donlevy, Alan Ladd and Veronica Lake in the leads. He soon gained attention after appearing in Alfred Hitchcock's Lifeboat (1944) as Gus, a wounded and dying American sailor. He was the top-billed lead in The Hairy Ape (1944) based upon the Eugene O'Neill play, also starring Susan Hayward and Dorothy Comingore.

Bendix's other film roles include his portrayal of Babe Ruth in The Babe Ruth Story (1948) – a film roundly considered one of the worst sports biopics in film history  – and Sir Sagramore opposite Bing Crosby in A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court (1949), in which he took part in the trio, "Busy Doing Nothing". He played Nick the bartender in the film version of William Saroyan's The Time of Your Life (1948) starring James Cagney. Bendix had appeared in the stage version, but in the role of Officer Krupp (a role played on film by Broderick Crawford). He was cast in The Blue Dahlia (1946), appearing for the second time alongside Ladd and Lake. He also starred in a film adaptation of his radio program The Life of Riley (1949).

Radio and television
Bendix's appearance in the Hal Roach-produced film The McGuerins from Brooklyn (1942), playing a rugged blue-collar man, led to his best-remembered role. Producer and creator Irving Brecher saw Bendix as the perfect personification of Chester A. Riley, giving a second chance to a show whose audition failed when the sponsor spurned Groucho Marx for the lead. With Bendix stumbling, bumbling, and skating almost perpetually on thin ice, stretching the patience of his otherwise loving wife and children, The Life of Riley was a radio hit from 1944 through 1951, and Bendix brought an adaptation of the film version to Lux Radio Theatre.

The show began as a proposed Groucho Marx radio series, The Flotsam Family, but the sponsor balked at what would have been essentially a straight head-of-household role for the comedian. Then creator and producer Irving Brecher saw Bendix as taxicab company owner Tim McGuerin in The McGuerins from Brooklyn. Brecher stated, "He was a Brooklyn guy and there was something about him. I thought, This guy could play it. He'd made a few films, like Lifeboat, but he was not a name. So I took The Flotsam Family script, revised it, made it a Brooklyn Family, took out the flippancies and made it more meat-and-potatoes, and thought of a new title, The Life of Riley. Bendix's delivery and the spin he put on his lines made it work." The reworked script cast Bendix as blundering Chester A. Riley, a wing riveter at the fictional Cunningham Aircraft plant in California. His frequent exclamation of indignation – "What a revoltin' development this is!" – became one of the catchphrases of the 1940s. It was later reused by Benjamin J. Grimm of the Fantastic Four.

Bendix was not able to play the role on television because of a contracted film commitment. The part instead went to Jackie Gleason and aired a single season beginning in October 1949. Despite winning an Emmy award, the show was cancelled, in part because Gleason was less acceptable as Riley, since Bendix had been so identified with the part on radio. In 1953, Bendix became available for a new television version, and this time the show was a hit. The second television version of The Life of Riley ran from 1953 to 1958, long enough for Riley to become a grandfather.

On the 1952 television program This Is Your Life, hosted by Ralph Edwards, Bendix was claimed to be a descendant of the 19th-century composer Felix Mendelssohn.

Bendix played the lead in Rod Serling's "The Time Element" (1958), a time-travel adventure episode about a man who travels back to 1941 and unsuccessfully tries to warn everyone in Honolulu about the impending attack on Pearl Harbor; the program's success opened the doors for Serling's later series The Twilight Zone. Bendix also appeared on The Ford Show, Starring Tennessee Ernie Ford (also 1958). He returned for a second appearance on October 1, 1959, the fourth-season premiere of the series, in which he and Tennessee Ernie performed a comedy skit about a safari.

In NBC's Wagon Train ("Around the Horn", 1958), Bendix played the captain of a sailing cargo ship who shanghaied Major Adams (Ward Bond), Bill Hawks (Terry Wilson) and Charlie Wooster (Frank McGrath), forcing them to work on his ship. On November 16, 1959, Bendix appeared on NBC's color broadcast of The Steve Allen Plymouth Show with Jack Kerouac. A color videotape of the broadcast survives. Bendix starred in all 17 episodes of the NBC Western series Overland Trail (1960) in the role of Frederick Thomas "Fred" Kelly. He guest-starred in an episode of Mister Ed ("Pine Lake Lodge", 1961) which served as a backdoor pilot for a proposed sitcom that was not picked up.

In the fall of 1964, an American situation comedy starring Bendix and Martha Raye was scheduled to air on CBS, but due to Bendix's shaky health, the network decided not to air the program. This action resulted in a lawsuit from Bendix for $2.658 million in May, with the actor stating that the decision hurt his career and that he was in excellent health and could perform all of the requirements of the agreement. The case was settled out of court. Bendix died on December 14, 1964, of complications from pneumonia.

Reflections
Bendix saw advantages to both film and stage work. "“Films take tremendous pressure off – you can always reshoot a scene. But on the stage you can work with a part, build it from performance to performance.”

As a professional, he was pragmatic and unsentimental about his career. His credo, he remarked, was, “Save a buck or two and keep on acting – that's me.” In an interview in 1960 he summed up his life: “I've had a long, – varied, pleasant, eventful career. I don't hate anybody and I don't have any bitter thoughts. I started out without any advantages, but I've been lucky and successful and I've had fun.”

Personal life
Bendix married a childhood friend, Theresa Stefanotti, on October 22, 1927. They remained married until his death 37 years later in 1964. The couple had a daughter, Lorraine, and adopted another, Stephanie.

Bendix died in Los Angeles at age 58 in 1964 as the result of a chronic stomach ailment that brought on malnutrition and ultimately lobar pneumonia. He was interred at the San Fernando Mission Cemetery in Mission Hills, Los Angeles.

Bendix was a Republican. During the 1944 presidential election campaign, he attended a large rally organized by David O. Selznick in the Los Angeles Coliseum in support of the Dewey-Bricker ticket as well as Governor Earl Warren of California.

Partial television credits

 * The Life of Riley (1953–1958)
 * Westinghouse Desilu Playhouse: "The Time Element" (TV series, 1958) as Peter Jenson
 * The Untouchables: "The Tri-State Gang" (TV series, 1959) as Wally Legenza
 * Overland Trail, a 1960 Western series starring Bendix and Doug McClure

Dramatic radio appearances

 * Cavalcade of America (1952) -- Portraying Lou Diamond in "The Marine Who Was 200 Years Old''

title: William Bendix


text: Talk:Ergodic (disambiguation)

title: Talk:Ergodic (disambiguation)


text:
Byron Johnson

Byron Johnson may refer to:

 * Ban Johnson (Byron Bancroft Johnson, 1864–1931), American baseball executive, founder of the American League
 * Boss Johnson (Byron Ingemar Johnson, 1890–1964), Premier of British Columbia, Canada
 * Byron Johnson (baseball) (1911–2005), American baseball player in the Negro leagues
 * Byron L. Johnson (1917–2000), U.S. Representative from Colorado
 * Byron F. Johnson (1894–1980), United States Marine Corps general

title: Byron Johnson


text:
Helmut Koester

Helmut Heinrich Koester (December 18, 1926 – January 1, 2016) was an American scholar who specialized in the New Testament and early Christianity at Harvard Divinity School. His research was primarily in the areas of New Testament interpretation, history of early Christianity, and archaeology of the early Christian period.

Life
Koester was born in Hamburg. He served in the Wehrmacht Navy from 1943-1945 and was released from a POW camp in 1945 and studied under Rudolf Bultmann at the University of Marburg. He submitted his dissertation in 1954 and then became an assistant to Günther Bornkamm at the University of Heidelberg from 1954-1956. Koester began teaching at Harvard Divinity School in 1958 and became John H. Morison Research Professor of Divinity and Winn Research Professor of Ecclesiastical History in 2000. Koester was co-editor and chair of the New Testament editorial board of the commentary series "Hermeneia: A Critical and Historical Commentary on the Bible" published by Fortress Press (Minneapolis). He served as the president of the Society of Biblical Literature (1991), was member of the Studiorum Novi Testamenti Societas (SNTS) and was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.

Koester was an ordained minister of the Lutheran Church. In 1953, he married Gisela Harrassowitz, with whom he had four children, named Reinhild, Almut, Ulrich, and Heiko. He had three grandchildren including Christopher, Lukas, and Alexander. He died on January 1, 2016, at the age of 89.

Work
In his dissertation (published as Synoptische Überlieferung bei den Apostolischen Vätern, i.e. "Synoptic Tradition in the Apostolic Fathers"), Koester was able to demonstrate that much material in the so-called Apostolic Fathers that parallels elements in the Synoptic Gospels need not necessarily reflect dependence upon the written form of the Synoptics known to us. This was an extremely significant observation, and one with which all subsequent scholarship on early Christian gospel traditions would have to reckon. Among his numerous subsequent publications, his two-volume Introduction to the New Testament has become a standard reference work. Koester views the narratives of Jesus' virgin birth as having roots in Hellenistic mythology.

title: Helmut Koester


text:
Puffing Billy (locomotive)

Puffing Billy is the world's oldest surviving steam locomotive, constructed in 1813–1814 by colliery viewer William Hedley, enginewright Jonathan Forster and blacksmith Timothy Hackworth for Christopher Blackett, the owner of Wylam Colliery near Newcastle upon Tyne, in the United Kingdom. It was employed to haul coal chaldron wagons from the mine at Wylam to the docks at Lemington in Northumberland.

Precursors
The first reported steam powered locomotive was first tested 21 February 1804, near the Pen-y-Darren Ironworks in Merthyr Tydfil, Mid Glamorgan, in south Wales. Designed by Richard Trevithick, the locomotive hauled five cars of iron for nine miles on that day, but the excessive weight cracked the iron rails, rendering it impractical. After three runs, the locomotive was retired and later used as a stationary engine to power a forge hammer. A full-size replica, "The Penydarren loco", based on documents left by Trevithick, can be viewed at the National Waterfront Museum. In 1810, the Durham Coalfield was disrupted by a major strike over the Bond system. During this time Christopher Blackett, owner of the Wylam Colliery, took advantage of the pit's idleness to experiment with the idea of a locomotive-hauled tramway worked purely by adhesion, rather than the Blenkinsop rack system used on the Middleton. These began with a simple hand-cranked wagon, converted from a coal wagon chassis with the addition of a central drive shaft and geared drives to the axles.

As this experiment was successful, by 1812 it was followed by Wylam's first prototype 'travelling engine', worked by steam. This was based on a combination of the test wagon, with a single cylinder engine and boiler atop it. Little is known of the design, although it has been said to have been inspired by Trevithick's Pen-y-darren locomotive. It is unclear whether the single cylinder was vertical or horizontal, and whether the boiler had a single straight flue or a return flue. It may have been nicknamed Grasshopper. The 'travelling engine' was successful as a prototype, but underpowered and prone to stalling when overloaded or faced by a gradient. It was however convincing enough as a demonstration to encourage Blackett to fund further locomotives.

Prototypes
Puffing Billy was one of three similar engines built by Hedley, the resident engineer at Wylam Colliery, to replace the horses used as motive power on the tramway. In 1813, Hedley built for Blackett's colliery business on the Wylam Colliery line the prototypes, Puffing Billy and Wylam Dilly. They were both rebuilt in 1815 with ten wheels, but were returned to their original condition in 1830 when the railway was relaid with stronger rails.

In the September 1814 edition of Annals of Philosophy two locomotives with rack wheels are mentioned (probably Salamanca and Blücher), then there is mention of "another steam locomotive at Newcastle, employed for a similar purpose [hauling coals], and moving along without any rack wheel, simply by its friction against the rail road". From the context, this is at a different location to Blücher, so is probably Puffing Billy.

Puffing Billy remained in service until 1862, when Edward Blackett, the owner of Wylam Colliery, lent it to the Patent Office Museum in South Kensington, London (later the Science Museum). He later sold it to the museum for £200. It is still on display there. Its sister locomotive, Wylam Dilly, is preserved in the National Museum of Scotland in Edinburgh.

Two replicas exist: one, built in a Royal Bavarian State Railways workshop in 1906, is at the German Museum, Munich; the other, at Beamish Museum, was first run in 2006.

Design
Puffing Billy incorporated a number of novel features, patented by Hedley, which were to prove important to the development of locomotives. It had two vertical cylinders, one on either side of the boiler, and partly enclosed by it, and drove a single crankshaft beneath the frames, from which gears drove and also coupled the wheels allowing better traction.

The engine had a number of serious technical limitations. Running on cast-iron wagonway plates, its eight-ton weight was too heavy and broke them, encouraging opponents of locomotive traction to criticise the innovation. This problem was alleviated by redesigning the engine with four axles so that the weight was spread more evenly. The engine was eventually rebuilt as a four-wheeler when improved edge rails track was introduced around 1830. It was not particularly fast, being capable of no more than 5 mph (8 km/h).

Legacy
Puffing Billy was an important influence on George Stephenson, who lived locally, and its success was a key factor in promoting the use of steam locomotives by other collieries in north-eastern England.

It has been suggested that Puffing Billy's name survives in the English language in the intensifier like billy-o, but there are several alternative explanations for that phrase's origin.

title: Puffing Billy (locomotive)


text:
Puffing Billy Railway

The Puffing Billy Railway is a narrow gauge heritage railway in the southern foothills of the Dandenong Ranges in Melbourne, Australia. The railway was one of the five narrow gauge lines of the Victorian Railways which opened around the beginning of the 20th century. It is close to the city of Melbourne and is one of the most popular steam heritage railways in the world, attracting tourists from Australia and overseas. The railway aims to preserve and restore the line as near as possible to how it was in the first three decades of its existence, but with particular emphasis on the early 1920s.

The primary starting point is Belgrave station which houses the railway's operations and administration centre. The line runs through Lakeside Station where a visitor information centre provides catering and an indoor interpretive space. The south-eastern terminus is Gembrook railway station. In 2022 the railway also returned the traditional Puffing Billy Railway dangling of legs from the train carriages, which is a core part of the charm of the railway.

History
The original line was opened in 1900 to serve the local farming and timber community. It ran from Upper Ferntree Gully station, the terminus of the broad gauge line from Melbourne. The section of the line from Upper Ferntree Gully to Belgave was rebuilt to gauge between 1958 and 1962 and is now operated by Metro Trains Melbourne suburban electric trains.

The railway had attracted a number of colloquial names locally before Puffing Billy became the dominant one. Services stopped in 1953 after a landslide blocked the line between Selby and Menzies Creek, and it was formally closed in 1954. At the end of 1954, the Victorian Railways sought to minimise their financial risks if the railway was to reopen. Harold L. Hewett, a teacher at Melbourne Grammar School, organised a rally attended by 400 people at Upper Ferntree Gully station on 4 January 1955 to try to save the railway.

Preservation
Following closure, a few farewell specials operated on the remaining usable section to Belgrave, and these proved very popular. On 1 October 1955, the Puffing Billy Preservation Society was formed to keep the railway running indefinitely. They operated trains to Belgrave until 1958 when services again ceased for conversion to a broad-gauge, electrified suburban line. The society started work on restoring the Belgrave to Lakeside section. Rover Scouts attending the 7th World Rover Moot held at Wonga Park assisted in the clearing of the line between Belgrave and Menzies Creek as part of the event's community service component. On 28 July 1962 trains resumed running between Belgrave and Menzies Creek.

Operations were extended over the remainder of the original line, opening to Emerald on 31 July 1965 and Lakeside on 18 October 1975 before reaching Gembrook, which was opened on 18 October 1998. The first trains to Gembrook carried children from the primary schools along the Belgrave–Gembrook corridor, two of which directly adjoin the railway and the remainder not more than a street away.

The railway operates daily (except for Christmas day) between Belgrave and Lakeside, with services to Gembrook on Sundays. Its infrastructure is restored and recreated to reflect the heyday of the line between 1900 and 1930, and is operated with some of the railway practices from the Victorian Railways of that era, such as using the "Staff and Ticket" safeworking system. In the 2016/17 financial year, Puffing Billy carried 487,237 passengers, up more than 60,000 from the previous financial year.

Structure
When the Puffing Billy Preservation Society was formed in 1955, the line was still under the control and ownership of the Victorian Railways (V.R.). The society arranged for the V.R. to run the train on weekends and holidays, with the Society guaranteeing the V.R. against losses from insufficient ticket sales. Society volunteers took the role of conductors, checking tickets on the train, and fund-raising. This arrangement continued until the Upper Ferntree Gully to Belgrave section was closed in 1958.

When the line reopened in 1962 (between Belgrave and Menzies Creek), society volunteers took a larger role, manning stations, selling and checking tickets, and doing non-safety-critical maintenance on the train, and track maintenance under the supervision of a V.R. ganger. Ticket revenue went into an account on which the V.R. drew to pay for their staff involved in running the line.

The Victorian Railways were not in the preservation or tourism business, and the arrangement was less than ideal, so the Victorian Government passed the Emerald Tourist Railway Act 1977 (No. 9020) to set up the Emerald Tourist Railway Board as a statutory authority to take over ownership and operation of the railway from the V.R. from 1 October 1977. The act required that the Board have between five and ten members, four of which were to be nominated by the Puffing Billy Preservation Society.

With the ETRB defined as the operators of the Railway, the Puffing Billy Preservation Society providing the volunteer support.

In recent years, all volunteers that work on the railway have been directly engaged by the ETRB and are required to register and complete a range of induction processes. The railway still relies heavily on the volunteers that welcome guests from all parts of the world and are highly trained to supply the safe and successful operations of Puffing Billy Railway.

There are many roles required to operate a heritage steam railway in a modern compliance world. These include signalmen, guards, firemen, engine cleaners, drivers, track patrollers, fire patrollers, safeworkers, Station-masters, conductors, booking clerks, refreshment staff, gardeners, maintenance workers, researchers, and administration. Staff also operate across management, finance, HR, OH&S, Child Safety, workshops, way and works, and operational staff to support the volunteer roles.

In 2022, the Emerald Tourist Railway Act 1977 was replaced by a new Act called the Puffing Billy Railway Act 2022. This act was partly influenced by the recommendations of the 2018 Ombudsman Report into the activities of Robert Whitehead at Puffing Billy Railway and other heritage railway groups around Victoria. The new Act modernised the governance of the railway and in particular the selection of Board members and reporting to the relevant minister.

Volunteers remain at the core of the operation of the railway and the new Act continues the need for volunteers to be registered with the Board. The Preservation Society does not have direct management or involvement in the operation of the railway.

Operation
Belgrave houses the main offices of the railway, the locomotive running shed and locomotive workshops; it is the base for track maintenance operations. Other offices are located at Emerald). Trains from Belgrave generally travel to Lakeside. The railway operates every day of the year except Christmas Day.

The train has a maximum operating speed of 24 km/h (15 mph), with its average speed being 16 km/h (10 mph).

A popular feature of a ride on Puffing Billy was sitting on the ledge of the open-sided carriages. After a crash between a train and a minibus at the Menzies Creek level crossing on 5 March 2018, this practice was suspended. The suspension was permanently lifted on 4 February 2022.

There is a narrow-gauge railway museum at Menzies Creek station, which reopened in March 2022 after re-development. It is open on Friday, Saturday and Sunday.

Scandal
In 2014, Robert Whitehead, a long-serving volunteer on the railway, was convicted of multiple sexual offences against young boys. He died in prison in 2015 while serving a sentence of more than 8 years. Whitehead had been convicted and jailed in 1959 for molesting a boy scout, but he returned to his job on the railways at the request of Murray Porter, a state government minister. He joined the Puffing Billy Railway as a volunteer in 1961 and rose to become Secretary of the Puffing Billy Preservation Society. He used his position to meet and molest boys into the 1990s. In 2018, the ombudsman's report on the case found that the board of the railway had known about Whitehead's activities and had actively protected him. Significant changes have occurred at the railway since the Ombudsman Report that includes implementing the recommendations and supporting an open and transparent complaints and feedback process. In 2022, a new Victorian Parliament Act was passed that replaced the Emerald Tourist Railway Board with the Puffing Billy Railway Board. The Act modernised the governance of the railway which was noted by the Ombudsman to have failed.

Locomotives
The railway owns all the surviving Victorian Railways narrow-gauge locomotives and has restored all but one to operating condition, although not all are running at any one time. This includes NA class locomotives 3A (unrestored), 6A, 7A, 8A, 12A and 14A, and G class Garratt locomotive G42.

In December 2019 NG G16 Garratt locomotive 129 imported from South Africa entered service. It had been purchased in 1996, and was rebuilt and re-gauged for the Puffing Billy. It complements the operational capabilities of G42. The NA class locomotives are limited to pulling a maximum of 12 carriages, while the Garratts can haul up to 18.

The railway has a number of smaller steam locomotives at museum at Menzies Creek, either on static display or in operating condition. These include a Peckett, 2 Decauvilles (one is a , and the other a ) both from the West Melbourne Gasworks, and a Climax geared locomotive from the Tyers Valley Tramway. They occasionally operate special trains and at events such as Thomas the Tank Engine days.

Puffing Billy Railway also offers driver experience days on the smaller steam engines. The Climax engine has been restored for this purpose as it has a large driving cab and is unique in Australia.

The railway operates three diesel locomotives which are used on days of total fire ban, plant or works trains, or when too few steam locomotives are available, including in emergencies. D21 is former Tasmanian Government Railways V class V12, while DH5 and DH59 are ex Queensland Railways DH class. All were regauged and rebuilt for the railway. Diesel Rail Tractor ( N RT 1) is mainly used for shunting rolling stock at the carriage workshops.

Carriages
The mainstay of the carriage fleet are the 15 NBH open-sided carriages built specially for tourist traffic on the Gembrook line by the V.R. between 1918 and 1919, and a further 10 vehicles built to the same or similar design in the preservation era. However, there are also a number of enclosed carriages, both saloon and compartment cars. In addition, four carriages were obtained from the Mount Lyell Railway in Tasmania after its closure in 1963, and regauged and reclassified for Puffing Billy use, numbered 1 to 4 NBL. They are named Mt Lyell, Rinadeena, Teepookana, and Dubbil Barril respectively, reflecting their Tasmanian heritage. During the 1980s and 1990s they were all upgraded to first class carriages, recoded 1 to 4 NAL, and are now primarily used on the Luncheon train and Dinner trains.

Several carriages have been temporarily converted to include a guard's compartment. A number of NQR low-sided goods trucks have also been modified for passenger use, making them similar to the NBH carriages. Another three NQR trucks have been fitted with seats but no roof and are only used during the summer peak season.

Goods vehicles and brake vans
Representatives of all classes of goods vehicles and brake vans (including combined brake van and passenger carriage) used on the narrow gauge lines of the Victorian Railways are to be found on the Puffing Billy line, and are used for works trains, storage, and occasional heritage trains recreating the look of trains in the 1920s.

In popular culture
Solo One was a TV police drama series produced by Crawford Productions that screened in 1976, filmed and set in Emerald, Victoria, about a local (fictional) policeman dealing with crime in the town, however it was aimed at a younger audience than most Australian TV police dramas. It featured Puffing Billy in the opening credits scene as well as being part of most story-lines.

The ABC children's drama Come Midnight Monday was filmed in and around Belgrave, Emerald & Cockatoo and featuring Puffing Billy locomotive 12A—renamed "Wombat"—as the main character.

Filming of A Country Practice in the fictional town of Wandin Valley (the towns of Wandin, Wandin North and Wandin East are however 30 km north of Emerald) was moved to Emerald when the show moved to Network 10, and occasionally featured Puffing Billy.

The 1966 television special The Seekers at Home filmed a segment at Puffing Billy, where The Seekers sing "Morningtown Ride" to a group of children.

Filming of Round the Twist was in and around Belgrave to Lakeside.

In 1997, the soap opera Neighbours filmed scenes set on and around the train. The characters of Darren Stark and Libby Kennedy lost young Louise Carpenter and chased after the train en route to Belgrave on a motorbike to catch up with her after discovering she had boarded it.

Line guide
Regular Puffing Billy services usually only stop at stations shown in bold print at the right. Stops at other stations can be made by request. Distances are from Southern Cross station.

title: Puffing Billy Railway


text:
Marka, Oslo

Marka is the name of the forested and hilly areas surrounding Oslo, Norway. It includes areas within the municipality of Oslo, but also large areas in Hole, Ringerike in Buskerud county and Jevnaker, Lunner, Nittedal, Bærum, Asker, and other municipalities in Akershus county. The name is actually just the finite form of mark (Norse mǫrk f) 'woodland, forest'. (See also Finnmark, Hedmark, Telemark, Marker and Aremark.)

Though not designated a borough of Oslo, it is a major recreational area for the population of Oslo, and development in the area is for the most part prohibited. Despite being used frequently by many inhabitants of Oslo, especially at weekends, the fauna of marka includes species such as lynx, wolf, beaver, moose and roe deer.

The term Oslomarka is usually used for all the recreational areas around Oslo. Marka is the administrative name for the part of it that lies inside the city limits. Neighboring municipalities (most of which lie in Viken) do not have the same kind of administrative division as Oslo, and thus do not have any separate administrative arrangement for their parts of the area. The area within Oslo municipality is divided into two parts. The population and agricultural areas of Marka are located mainly in two valleys, Sørkedalen and Maridalen. Oslomarka is further divided into: Of these, Vestmarka, Kjekstadmarka, Romeriksåsene, Follomarka and Sørmarka lie almost entirely outside the city limits.
 * Kjekstadmarka
 * Vestmarka
 * Krokskogen
 * Bærumsmarka
 * Nordmarka
 * Romeriksåsen
 * Lillomarka
 * Gjelleråsen
 * Østmarka
 * Sørmarka

title: Marka, Oslo