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Baron Harris

Baron Harris, of Seringapatam and Mysore in the East Indies and of Belmont in the County of Kent, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom.

The title was created in 1815 for the military commander General Sir George Harris. He gained fame as Commander-in-Chief at the siege and capture of Seringapatam and the conquest of Mysore in India in 1799. He was also injured at the Battle of Bunker Hill in the American Revolutionary War. He was succeeded by his eldest son, the second Baron. He was a Lieutenant-General in the Army. His son, the third Baron, served as Governor of Madras and also held minor office in the second Liberal administration of Lord Palmerston. His son, the fourth Baron, was a Conservative politician and served as Under-Secretary of State for India, Under-Secretary of State for War and Governor of Bombay. Lord Harris was also a successful cricketer.

On the death of his grandson, the sixth Baron, in 1995, the line of the eldest son of the first Baron failed. The late Baron was succeeded by his fourth cousin, the seventh Baron. He was the great-great-grandson of the Hon. Michael Thomas Harris, second son of the first Baron. the title is held by Michael George Temple Harris, the ninth Baron, a former Royal Navy officer who was the captain of HMS Cardiff (D108) during the Falklands War.

The family seat is Belmont House near Faversham in Kent.

Barons Harris (1815)

 * George Harris, 1st Baron Harris (1746–1829)
 * William George Harris, 2nd Baron Harris (1782–1845)
 * George Francis Robert Harris, 3rd Baron Harris (1810–1872)
 * George Robert Canning Harris, 4th Baron Harris (1851–1932)
 * George St Vincent Harris, 5th Baron Harris (1889–1984)
 * George Robert John Harris, 6th Baron Harris (1920–1995)
 * Derek Marshall Harris, 7th Baron Harris (1916–1996)
 * Anthony Thomas Scott Harris, 8th Baron Harris (1942–2023)
 * Michael George Temple Harris, 9th Baron Harris (b. 1941)

The heir presumptive is the present holder's brother, John Frank Temple Harris (born 1944).

Line of succession

 * [[Image:Coronet of a British Baron.svg|15px]] George Harris, 1st Baron Harris (1746–1829)
 * [[Image:Coronet of a British Baron.svg|15px]] William George Harris, 2nd Baron Harris (1782–1845)
 * [[Image:Coronet of a British Baron.svg|15px]] George Francis Robert Harris, 3rd Baron Harris (1810–1872)
 * [[Image:Coronet of a British Baron.svg|15px]] George Robert Canning Harris, 4th Baron Harris (1851–1932)
 * [[Image:Coronet of a British Baron.svg|15px]] George St Vincent Harris, 5th Baron Harris (1889–1984)
 * [[Image:Coronet of a British Baron.svg|15px]] George Robert John Harris, 6th Baron Harris (1920–1995)
 * Hon. Michael Thomas Harris (1783–1824)
 * Thomas Inglis Parish Harris (1811–1867)
 * Lt. Col. Thomas Harris (1845–1918)
 * Major Thomas Guy Marriott Harris (1882–1955)
 * [[Image:Coronet of a British Baron.svg|15px]] Derek Marshall Harris Harris, 7th Baron Harris (1916–1996)
 * [[Image:Coronet of a British Baron.svg|15px]] Anthony Thomas Scott Harris, 8th Baron Harris (1942–2023)
 * George Anstruther Harris (1812–1891)
 * George Lucian Taylor Harris (1836–1903)
 * George Temple James Harris (1876–1929)
 * Antony John Temple Harris (1915–2002)
 * [[Image:Coronet of a British Baron.svg|15px]] Michael George Temple Harris, 9th Baron Harris (born 1941)
 * (1) John Frank Temple Harris (born 1944)
 * Hermann Gundert Harris (1859–1950)
 * George Rutherford Harris (1903–1983)
 * Gerald Rutherford Harris (1928–2017)
 * (2) Scott Harris (born 1960)
 * (3) Alfred James Harris (born 1942)
 * (4) Dwayne Stephen Harris (born 1966)
 * Alfred Herschel Harris (1863–1953)
 * Christopher Money Harris (1907–1997)
 * (5) Robert Julian Brownlow Harris (born 1943)

title: Baron Harris


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User:Quinone

Quinone = Inge Janse = 23 years old = from the Netherlands = student in Dutch language & culture = working for a Dutch computerstore at technical department = doing technical support and promotional stuff for MadTracker.org = freelance copywriter = Quinone. Simple as that :)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Quinone


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Toad in the hole

Toad in the hole is a traditional English dish consisting of sausages in Yorkshire pudding batter, usually served with onion gravy and vegetables. Historically, the dish has also been prepared using other meats, such as rump steak and lamb's kidney. In the 21st century, vegetarian and vegan versions have appeared.

18th century origins
Batter puddings became popular in the early 18th century. Cookery writer Jennifer Stead has drawn attention to a description of a recipe identical to toad in the hole from the middle of the century.

Dishes like toad in the hole appeared in print as early as 1762, when it was described as a "vulgar" name for a "small piece of beef baked in a large pudding". Toad in the hole was originally created as a way to stretch out meat in poor households. Chefs therefore suggested using the cheapest meats in this dish. In 1747, for example, Hannah Glasse's The Art of Cookery listed a recipe for "pigeon in a hole", calling for pigeon rather than sausages.

19th century
In 1861, Isabella Beeton listed a similar recipe using rump steak and lamb's kidney, while Charles Elmé Francatelli's 1852 recipe mentions "6d. or 1s." worth of any kind of cheap meat. This recipe was described as "English cooked-again stewed meat" (lesso rifatto all'inglese) or "toad in the Hole", in the first book of modern Italian cuisine, which stressed that meat was to be left over from stews and re-cooked in batter.

20th century
During World War I, school children were often fed toad in the hole for the midday meal.

21st century
In 2017, a marketing survey found that 23% of British people had never tried toad in the hole. In the 21st century, vegetarian and vegan versions of toad in the hole appeared. These included vegan versions made with Linda McCartney Food's vegan sausages and a vegetarian version published by Ravinder Bhogal that combined toad in the hole with cauliflower cheese.

Name
The dish with left over meat was originally not called toad in the hole. In the 1787 book A Provincial Glossary by Francis Grose, for example, "toad in a hole" was referred to as "meat boiled in a crust", though a 28 September 1765 passage in The Newcastle Chronicle reads, "No, you shall lay on the common side of the world; like a toad in a hole that is bak'd for the Devil's dinner". The first appearance of the word "hole" in the dish's name, not counting Pigeons in a Hole found in the cookbook by Hannah Glasse, appeared in the 1900 publication Notes & Queries, which described the dish as a "batter-pudding with a hole in the middle containing meat". Despite popular belief, there is no record of the dish ever being made with toad.

The origin of the name is unclear, but it may refer to the way toads wait for their prey in their burrows, with their heads poking out, just as sausages peep through the batter. It may also derive from the "living entombed animal" phenomenon of live frogs or toads supposedly being found encased in stone, which was a popular hoax / false belief of the late 18th century.

The term is sometimes used for "egg in the basket" (an egg fried in a hole of a slice of bread).

title: Toad in the hole


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Durability

Durability is the ability of a physical product to remain functional, without requiring excessive maintenance or repair, when faced with the challenges of normal operation over its design lifetime. There are several measures of durability in use, including years of life, hours of use, and number of operational cycles. In economics, goods with a long usable life are referred to as durable goods.

Requirements for product durability
Product durability is predicated by good repairability and regenerability in conjunction with maintenance. Every durable product must be capable of adapting to technical, technological and design developments. This must be accompanied by a willingness on the part of consumers to forgo having the "very latest" version of a product.

In the United Kingdom, durability as a characteristic relating to the quality of goods that can be demanded by consumers was not clearly established until an amendment of the Sale of Goods Act 1979 relating to the quality standards for supplied goods in 1994.

Product life spans and sustainable consumption
The lifespan of household goods is a significant factor in sustainable consumption. Longer product life spans can contribute to eco-efficiency and sufficiency, thus slowing consumption in order to progress towards a sustainable level of consumption. Cooper (2005) proposed a model to demonstrate the crucial role of product lifespans to sustainable production and consumption.

Types of durability
Durability can encompass several specific physical properties of designed products, including:

 * Ageing (of polymers)
 * Dust resistance
 * Resistance to fatigue
 * Fire resistance
 * Radiation hardening
 * Thermal resistance
 * Rot-proofing
 * Rustproofing
 * Toughness
 * Waterproofing

title: Durability


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Council of Vienne

The Council of Vienne was the fifteenth ecumenical council of the Catholic Church and met between 1311 and 1312 in Vienne, France. One of its principal acts was to withdraw papal support for the Knights Templar at the instigation of Philip IV of France. The Council, unable to decide on a course of action, tabled the discussion. In March 1312 Philip arrived and pressured the Council and Clement to act. Clement passed papal bulls dissolving the Templar Order, confiscating their lands, and labeling them heretics.

Church reform was represented by the decision concerning the Franciscans, allowing abbots to decide how to interpret their Rule. The Beguines and Beghards of Germany were condemned as heretics, while the council forbade marriage for clerics, concubinage, rape, fornication, adultery, and incest.

The council addressed the possibility of a crusade, hearing from James II of Aragon and Henry II of Cyprus, before deciding to assign Philip of France as its leader. It was through Philip's influence that Clement finally canonized Pietro Angelerio, taking care not to use his papal title Celestine V. The final act of the council was to establish university chairs for Greek, Hebrew, Aramaic and Arabic languages.

Background
The Knights Templar were a military order founded in the twelfth century to ensure the safety of pilgrims traveling to Jerusalem. In the following centuries the order grew in power and wealth. In the early 14th century, Philip IV of France urgently needed money to continue his war with England, and he accused the Grand Master of the Templars, Jacques De Molay, of corruption and heresy. On 13 October 1307 Philip had all French Templars arrested, charged with heresy, and tortured until they allegedly confessed to their charges. These forced admissions released Philip from his obligation to repay loans obtained from the Templars and allowed him to confiscate the Templars' assets in France.

The arrests of the Knights Templar, coupled with the defiance of the Colonna cardinals and Philip IV against Pope Boniface VIII, convinced Clement V to call a general council. Though the site of Vienne was criticised for its lack of neutrality (being under the control of Philip), Clement nevertheless chose it as the site for the council.

Council
Pope Clement V convened the Council by issuing the bulls Faciens misericordiam and Regnans in coelis on 12 August 1308.

The opening of the Council was delayed, giving time to the Templars to arrive so they could answer the charges put against them, and was not convened until 16 October 1311. The Regnans in coelis was sent to nearly 500 clerics, prelates, masters of militant Orders, and priors. The attendees consisted of twenty cardinals, four patriarchs, about one hundred archbishops and bishops, plus several abbots and priors. The great princes, including the rulers of Sicily, Hungary, Bohemia, Cyprus, and Scandinavia, as well as the kings of France, England, and the Iberian peninsula, had been invited. No king appeared, except Philip IV who arrived the following spring to pressure the council against the Templars.

Knights Templar
The main item on the agenda of the Council not only cited the Order of Knights Templar itself, but also "its lands", which suggested that further seizures of property were proposed. Besides this, the agenda also invited archbishops and prelates to bring proposals for improvement in the life of the Church. Special notices were sent to the Templars directing them to send suitable defensores (defenders) to the Council. The Grand Master Jacques de Molay and others were also commanded to appear in person. Molay, however, was already imprisoned in Paris and trials of other Templars were already in progress.

The Council began with a majority of the cardinals and nearly all the members of the Council being of the opinion that the Order of Knights Templar should be granted the right to defend itself. Furthermore, they believed that no proof collected up to then was sufficient to convict the order of the heresy of which Philip accused it. The discussion of Knights Templar was then put on hold.

In February 1312 envoys from the Philip IV negotiated with the Pope, without consulting the Council, and Philip held an assembly in Lyon to put further pressure on the Pope and the Council on the topic of the Templars. Philip IV then went to Vienne on 20 March. Clement was forced to adopt the expedient of suppressing the Order of Knights Templar, not by legal methods (de jure), but on the grounds of the general welfare of the Church and by Apostolic ordinance (per modum provisionis seu ordinationis apostolicae). The Pope then presented to the commission of cardinals (for their approval) the bull to suppress the Templars in Vox in excelso (A voice from on high), dated 22 March 1312.

The Council, to placate Philip IV of France, condemned the Templars, delivering their wealth in France to him. Delegates for King James II of Aragon insisted the Templar property in Aragon be given to the Order of Calatrava. The bulls Ad providam of 2 May and of 16 May confiscated Templar property. The fate of the Templars themselves was decided by the bull Considerantes dudum of 6 May. In the bulls (18 Dec 1312),  (31 Dec 1312) and Licet pridem (13 Jan 1313), Clement V dealt with further aspects of the Templars' property.

Church reform
The Council instituted into canon law the ecclesiastical tradition of forbidding clerical marriages. Included in this were punishments for concubinage, rape, fornication, adultery, and incest. Any cleric who broke canon law was deposed, and their marriages ruled invalid.

Franciscan rule
Prior to the Council, Ubertino da Casale, formerly a friar at Santa Croce, Florence, protested that only a few brethren were following the Rule of Saint Francis. These brethren were called spirituals. Upon arrival at the Council, the spirituals, defended by Ubertino of Casale, faced opposition from those that ran the Franciscan order.

At the final session of the council, Clement issued the papal bull Exivi de paradiso reinforcing the previous bull, Exiit qui seminat, which left decisions regarding behaviour and accumulation of wine and grain to the abbot in charge of that monastery.

Disbanding the Beguines
In 1312, the Council and Clement's papal bull, Ad nostrum qui, condemned the Beguines and Beghards movement, a group of laymen and laywomen that lived in semi-monastic communities, as heretical. According to the Council, members of this movement were deemed heretics because of their antinomian heresy of the "Free Spirit". Following the Council's decision, there were instances where Beghards and Beguines were burned as heretics.

Crusade and Philip IV's vow
A crusade was also discussed as part of the Council. The delegates of the King of Aragon wanted to attack the Muslim city of Granada. In response, the papal vice-chancellor suggested to the Aragonese delegates that the Catalans, now located in Thebes and Athens, should march through the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia to attack the Muslims in the Holy Land. Henry II of Cyprus' envoys suggested a naval blockade to coincide with an invasion of Egypt.

On 3 April 1312, Philip IV vowed to the council to go on crusade within the next six years. Clement, however, insisted the crusade begin within one year and assigned Philip as its leader. Philip died 29 November 1314, but the crusading tithe instituted by the church had been spent by the reign of Charles IV of France.

University chairs
The Council decreed the establishment of chairs (professorships) of Greek, Hebrew, Aramaic and Arabic at the Universities of Avignon, Paris, Oxford, Bologna and Salamanca, although the chairs of Arabic were not actually set up. The delegates from Aragon pushed for the creation of an adequate place to teach different languages so as to preach the Gospel to every man.

Canonization of Peter di Murrone
The issue of Pope Celestine V's (Pietro Angelerio) sainthood was brought to the Council. There was division on his canonisation amongst the cardinals; the Colonna contingent voted for his canonization while the Caetera group voted against. Clement assigned a commission of prelates from outside the papal curia to investigate the issue. Clement was still hesitant to canonize Angelerio after the report was completed, until Philip IV's influence forced the issue. Clement waited two years to canonize Pietro Angelerio. Clement used his given name as saint, rather than his papal name of Celestine V refusing to fully surrender to Capetian influence.

Aftermath
The Council ended on 6 May 1312. A Parisian chronicler, John of Saint-Victor, stated, "It was said by many that the council was created for the purpose of extorting money." The French ascendancy into the highest echelons of the Church hierarchy became very obvious at the Council.

According to the Friedberg edition of the Corpus Iuris Canonici all of Clement's decrees were made at the Council of Vienne. John XXII's prefatory letter, however, states Clement combined decrees drafted before and after the meeting at Vienne. In 1312, in anticipation of a revised version of the Council being drafted at the time, Clement ordered that copies of the Vienne decrees that were then in circulation be recalled or burned. The final draft was approved in March 1314, but Clement's death interrupted the distribution of the new copies.

title: Council of Vienne


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Ouarzazate

Ouarzazate (ورزازات, ), nicknamed the door of the desert, is a city and capital of Ouarzazate Province in the region of Drâa-Tafilalet, south-central Morocco.

Ouarzazate is a primary tourist destination in Morocco during the holidays, as well as a starting point for excursions into and across the Draa Valley and the desert. Aït Benhaddou (a fortified village) west of the city is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

The Ouarzazate area is a noted film-making location, with Morocco's biggest studios inviting many international companies to work here. Films such as Lawrence of Arabia (1962), The Man Who Would Be King (1975), The Living Daylights (1987), The Last Temptation of Christ (1988), The Mummy (1999), Gladiator (2000), Kingdom of Heaven (2005), Kundun (1997), Legionnaire (1998), The Hills Have Eyes (2006), Salmon Fishing in the Yemen (2011) and The Wages of Fear (2024) were shot here, as was part of the TV series Game of Thrones.

Etymology
Its name comes from a Berber phrase meaning "without noise" or "without confusion".

History
For a long time, Ouarzazate was a small crossing point for African traders on their way to northern Morocco and Europe. In the 16th century, Sheikh Abu al-'Abaas Ahmed bin Abdellah al-Wizkiti al-Warzazi, emir of the qasba of Ouarzazate and father of Lalla Masuda, helped establish Saadi control over the Sous-Dra'a region.

Ouarzazate was home to a thriving Jewish community. In 1954, about 170 Jews lived in the Mellah. The "Old Synagogue", a synagogue said to be nearly 300 years old, is located in Ouarzazate. There is also a Jewish cemetery, which is no longer in use.

During the French period, Ouarzazate expanded considerably as a garrison town, administrative centre and customs post and a church (Eglise Saint Therese) was built in 1931. It is home to the Kasbah Taourirt, which was the kasbah of the former caïd and later owned by T'hami El Glaoui. The Krupp field gun which secured Glaoui power is displayed outside the kasbah today.

The city was part of the route of the 2006 and 2007 Dakar Rally.

The nearby Ouarzazate solar power station, co-funded by the Arab League, was connected to the Moroccan power grid in February 2016.

On 1 November 2023, Ouarzazate along with Casablanca joined UNESCO’s Creative Cities Network.

Geography
Ouarzazate is at an elevation of 1160 m in the middle of a bare plateau south of the High Atlas Mountains, with a desert to the city's south.

Climate
Ouarzazate has a hot desert climate (Köppen climate classification BWh). The city is hot and dry in summer, but can be very cold in winter, with icy winds coming from the High Atlas Mountains.

Landmarks
The Kasbah Taourirt is the city's historic kasbah (fortified residence, or tighremt in Berber languages). It was owned and expanded by the Glaoui family in the late 19th century and the 20th century. Built mainly of rammed earth, it is one of the most impressive examples of this type of structure, which characterizes the architecture of the predominantly Berber-inhabited Atlas mountain and oasis regions of Morocco.

A short distance west of the city is Aït Benhaddou, a historic ksar (fortified village) and a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Film industry
Film is a major industry in Ouarazazate and constitute a major part of its economy. Its success is due to the presence of desert landscapes and historical architecture, the availability of trained technicians, low productions costs, and Morocco's streamlined process for obtaining film permits. Most productions are from the USA or Western Europe, but the number of Indian and Chinese productions has also increased in recent years. According to a study published in 2020, about 20 to 50 foreign film and television productions are shot in Ouarzazate every year. In 2017, the heads of Moroccan film studios claimed that about 80 percent of staff used on film productions were Moroccan.

Atlas Studios is the largest movie studios in the world in terms of land area. It was established in 1983. Movies were shot here including The Living Daylights, Asterix & Obelix: Mission Cleopatra, Lawrence of Arabia, The Man Who Would Be King, The Mummy, Kingdom of Heaven, Gladiator, Hanna, and Babel. It was also the location of an episode of the television series The Amazing Race 10 and Game of Thrones (Season 3). Prison Break Season 5 was filmed here.

Another large studio in Ouarzazate is CLA Studios, established in 2004.

The Cinema Museum, located across from the Kasbah Taourirt, opened in 2007 and is housed in a former film studio. The museum displays film sets, props, and technical equipment from previous productions.

Notable people

 * Ayoub El Amloud, professional footballer
 * Romain Saiss, professional footballer
 * Tasuta N-Imal, a desert blues band

title: Ouarzazate


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Pork pie

A pork pie is a traditional English meat pie, usually served either at room temperature or cold (although often served hot in Yorkshire). It consists of a filling of roughly chopped pork and pork fat, surrounded by a layer of jellied pork stock in a hot water crust pastry. It is normally eaten as a snack or with a salad.

History
Modern pork pies are a direct descendant of the raised meat pies of medieval cuisine, which used a dense hot water crust pastry as a simple means of preserving the filling. In France the same recipes gave rise to the modern Pâté en croute. Many medieval meat pie recipes were sweetened, often with fruit, and were meant to be eaten cold: the crust was discarded rather than being eaten. A particularly elaborate and spectacular recipe described in medieval recipe collection The Forme of Cury was a meat pie featuring a crust formed into battlements and filled with sweet custards, the entire pie then being served flambeed: a distant descendant of this dish, with hollow pastry turrets around a central pork pie, was still current in the 18th century under the name "battalia pie". Hannah Glasse's influential 1747 recipe collection included a recipe for a "Cheshire pork pie", having a filling of layers of pork loin and apple, slightly sweetened with sugar, and filled with half a pint (285ml) of white wine. By the 19th century sweetened fruit and meat combinations had become less common, and the raised crust pork pie took its modern form.

Types

Traditional pies use a mix of fat and cured meat, giving the filling a pink colour. They are often produced in moulds or forms, giving the outside of the pie a very regular shape. This method is simpler and cheaper for volume production, and hence the more common choice for commercial manufacturers.

As the meat shrinks when the pie is cooked, traditional recipes specified that clarified butter or a hot pork stock was poured into the pie after baking. This would set when cool, filling the gap between meat and pastry and preventing air from reaching the filling and causing it to spoil. Commercial makers use a 6% solution of gelatin at between 80 and 90 C, added into the pie immediately after baking.

Melton Mowbray pork pie
The Melton Mowbray pork pie is named after Melton Mowbray, a town in Leicestershire. While it is sometimes claimed that Melton pies became popular among fox hunters in the area in the late eighteenth century, it has also been stated that the association of the pork pie trade with Melton originated around 1831 as a sideline in a small baker and confectioners' shop in the town, owned by Edward Adcock. Within the next decade a number of other bakers then started supplying them, notably Enoch Evans, a former grocer, who seems to have been particularly responsible for establishing the industry on a large scale. Whether true or not the association with hunting provided valuable publicity, although one local hunting columnist writing in 1872 stated that it was extremely unlikely that "our aristocratic visitors carry lumps of pie with them on horseback".

The main distinctive feature of a Melton pie is that it is made with a hand-formed crust. The uncured meat of a Melton pie is grey in colour when cooked and the meat is chopped, rather than minced. As the pies are baked free-standing, the sides bow outwards, rather than being vertical as with mould-baked pies. Melton Mowbray pork pies are served at room temperature, unlike pork pies in Yorkshire which may be served hot.

In the light of the premium price of the Melton Mowbray pie, the Melton Mowbray Pork Pie Association applied for protection under European protected designation of origin laws as a result of the increasing production of Melton Mowbray-style pies by large commercial companies in factories far from Melton Mowbray, and recipes that deviated from the original uncured pork form. Protection was granted on 4 April 2008, with the result that only pies made within a designated zone around Melton (made within a 10.8 sqmi zone around the town), and using the traditional recipe including uncured pork, are allowed to carry the Melton Mowbray name on their packaging.

There is a tradition in the East Midlands of eating pork pies for breakfast at Christmas. While its origin is unclear, the association of pork pies with Christmas dates back to at least the mid-19th century and it was by far the busiest time of year for the Melton manufacturers.

Pork pies in Yorkshire
In Yorkshire, pork pies are often served hot, accompanied with gravy or with mushy peas and mint sauce. It is also a common combination served at Bonfire Night celebrations. In Yorkshire slang a pork pie is sometimes called a "growler", a term probably derived from the "NAAFI growler" of earlier naval and army slang.

An annual pork pie competition is held in April at The Old Bridge Inn, Ripponden, Yorkshire.

Variations
The "gala pie" is a variety of pork pie where the filling includes a proportion of chicken and a hard-boiled egg (also known as a Grosvenor pie). Gala pies are often baked in long, loaf-type tins, with multiple eggs arranged along the centre.

Smaller, 8 to 13 cm, varieties, sometimes branded as a "picnic pie", often have additional ingredients added to the filling such as apples, pickles and bacon.

In some cases the solid pastry top is replaced by a pastry lattice, allowing the meat filling to be seen. A recent development is to have a layer of Branston pickle inserted under the lattice crust. Occasionally the top crust is dispensed with altogether in favour of a layer of cranberries sealed into place with aspic.

title: Pork pie


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Hua Hin district

Hua Hin (หัวหิน, ) is one of eight districts (amphoe) of Prachuap Khiri Khan province in the northern part of the Malay Peninsula in Thailand. Its seat of government, also named Hua Hin, is a beach resort town. The district's population was estimated at 65,983 in December 2019 by the Bureau of Registration Administration in an area of 911 sqkm. By road, it is 199 km south-southwest of Bangkok.

Hua Hin district is in the middle of what the Thai government is promoting as the "Thai Riviera", the stretch of coastline between Phetchaburi in the north and Chumphon in the south.

History

In 1834, before the name Hua Hin was coined, some agricultural areas of Phetchaburi province were hit by severe drought. A group of farmers moved south until they found a small village that had bright white sand and a row of rocks along the beach. They settled there and gave it the name Samore Riang (Samo Riang), which means 'rows of rocks'.

In 1921 the director of the state railway, Prince Purachatra, built the Railway Hotel close to the beach. Prince Krom Phra Naresworarit was the first member of the royal family to build a group of palaces at Ban Laem Hin, called Sukaves, and gave the beach next to his palace the name "Hua Hin". King Prajadhipok (Rama VII) liked the place so much that he built a summer palace there which was later named Klai Kang Won ('far from worries'). From 2004 until 2006 it was the full-time residence of King Bhumibol Adulyadej (Rama IX), until health issues forced him to return to Siriraj Hospital in Bangkok, where medical facilities and physicians were closer at hand.

In 1932 Hua Hin was part of Pran Buri district as a minor district (king amphoe). In 1949 Hua Hin became a separate district of Prachuap Khiri Khan. After the building of Thailand's southern railway connected the district with Bangkok along with various destinations en route, Hua Hin became the first and most popular beach resort in the country. Over the five-year period from 2014 to 2019, the number of Thai and foreign visitors to Hua Hin has risen six percent per year.

In August 2016, there were four bomb blasts in Hua Hin over a period of 24 hours. One person died, 20 others were injured. In the aftermath of the bombing 90 security cameras were installed and are monitored by the Tourist Police. Another 60 cameras are monitored by the municipal office. There are plans to install several hundred more.

Climate

Hua Hin has a tropical savanna climate (Köppen climate classification Aw). Historically, temperatures are very warm to hot throughout the year, with only small variations. The year begins with the dry season (December–April), before the monsoon arrives in May. Rains ease somewhat from June to August before the heaviest rains begin in September and continue through November.

Central administration
Hua Hin district is divided into seven sub-districts (tambons), which are further subdivided into 63 administrative villages (mubans).

Local administration
There is one town (thesaban mueang) in the district:
 * Hua Hin (Thai: เทศบาลเมืองหัวหิน) consisting of sub-districts Hua Hin and Nong Kae.

There is one sub-district municipality (thesaban tambon) in the district:
 * Nong Phlap (Thai: เทศบาลตำบลหนองพลับ) consisting of parts of sub-district Nong Phlap.

There are five sub-district administrative organizations (SAO) in the district:
 * Hin Lek Fai (Thai: องค์การบริหารส่วนตำบลหินเหล็กไฟ) consisting of sub-district Hin Lek Fai.
 * Nong Phlap (Thai: องค์การบริหารส่วนตำบลหนองพลับ) consisting of parts of sub-district Nong Phlap.
 * Thap Tai (Thai: องค์การบริหารส่วนตำบลทับใต้) consisting of sub-district Thap Tai.
 * Huai Sat Yai (Thai: องค์การบริหารส่วนตำบลห้วยสัตว์ใหญ่) consisting of sub-district Huai Sat Yai.
 * Bueng Nakhon (Thai: องค์การบริหารส่วนตำบลบึงนคร) consisting of sub-district Bueng Nakhon.

Environment

The quality of the waters of the Gulf of Thailand off central Hua Hin were rated " good to fair" in 2016 by the Pollution Control Department.

Boundaries
Hua Hin district is bordered by:

 * North: Cha-am district, Phetchaburi province.
 * East: Gulf of Thailand
 * West: Myanmar (Burma)
 * South: Pran Buri district, Prachuap Khiri Khan province.

Transport
Hua Hin is served by road, rail, and sea routes.

The main station is Hua Hin railway station and it is the northernmost station in the district. Smaller stations are also located in the area including Nong Kae railway station which is closer to Khao Takiap, Suan Son Pradiphat Railway Halt, close to Suan Son Pradiphat Beach and Rajabhakti Park as well as Khao Tao railway station.

, work is underway on the construction of double tracks from Bangkok's Bang Sue Central Station to Chumphon. Trains will travel the route at up to 160 kilometres per hour. The new tracks—due to be completed in 2022—will enable trains to travel the Bangkok–Hua Hin segment in "two to three hours" according to a State Railway of Thailand (SRT) spokesman. As a comparison,, SRT's Train 44 travels from Hua Hin to Bangkok's Bangkok Railway Station in three hours and thirty-three minutes (02:22–05:55). Plans for high-speed rail from Bangkok to Surat Thani which would serve Hua Hin en route, have been shelved due to lack of investor interest.

Since 2018, there is no longer daily ferry service between Hua Hin and Pattaya. In November 2018, Hua Hin deputy chief Chareewat Phramanee confirmed the ferry service, suspended due to low tourist numbers during low season, would be up and running again for high season between Hua Hin and Pattaya, a 2.5 hour journey on a catamaran with a maximum capacity of 340.

Hua Hin Airport is in Hua Hin District. AirAsia serves the airport with a direct flight only to Chiang Mai. The other destinations have been discontinued.

In August 2018 the Department of Airports announced that it will spend 3.5 billion baht to upgrade Hua Hin Airport over the next five years. The number of travellers using the airport is expected to increase by tenfold, to three million a year, in that time frame. The upgrade is part of the "Riviera Thailand" and Southern Economic Corridor projects. The work at the airport will take four to five years. It includes enlarging the existing passenger terminal, building a second one, expanding hangar space, and widening the runway from 30 to 45 metres.

Health
Hua Hin is served by Hua Hin Hospital, operated by the Ministry of Public Health. It is the largest hospital in Prachuap Khiri Khan province.

Education
Hua Hin and Cha-am host a number of tertiary education institutions such as Kasetsart University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Silpakorn University, Suan Dusit Rajabhat (Hospitality) University, and the Petchaburi Technology and Agricultural University. Webster University Thailand had a campus near Hua Hin, but ceased operations on December 31, 2021. The Rajamangala University of Technology also has a campus in the vicinity, the Rattanakosin (Wangklaikangwon Campus).

title: Hua Hin district


text:
User:Oberiko

My primary contributions to Wikipedia are on World War II related matters.

To do list

 * Operation Battleaxe
 * User:Oberiko/Mediterranean, African and Middle Eastern theatres of World War II
 * User:Oberiko/World War II framework
 * User:Oberiko/WWII_maps
 * Western Desert Campaign
 * User:Oberiko/Western European Campaign (1944-1945)
 * User:Oberiko/George MacDonogh
 * User:Oberiko/Theatres
 * User:Oberiko/Japanese operations translations
 * User:Oberiko/Western Allies-European Axis War
 * User:Oberiko/Article guidelines

Personal reference stuff

 * http://en.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=Special:Blockip&ip=
 * List of equipment used in World War II
 * Kick ass timeline page
 * User:Jackaranga has a list of mapping software

Development

 * User:Oberiko/Battle for Metz
 * User:Oberiko/Battleaxe

title: User:Oberiko


text:
User:Jxg

How to edit a page | How to write a great article | Naming conventions | Manual of Style | Policies | Help pages | Village pump | Statistics

 * Policy Library
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
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 * Civility
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 * Brilliant prose
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 * Pages needing attention
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 * Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense
 * Village pump
 * Boilerplate text

 * List of Wikipedians by number of edits

title: User:Jxg


text:
Western Interior Seaway

The Western Interior Seaway (also called the Cretaceous Seaway, the Niobraran Sea, the North American Inland Sea, and the Western Interior Sea) was a large inland sea that split the continent of North America into two landmasses for 34 million years. The ancient sea, which existed from the early Late Cretaceous (100 Ma) to the earliest Paleocene (66 Ma), connected the Gulf of Mexico to the Arctic Ocean. The two land masses it created were Laramidia to the west and Appalachia to the east. At its largest extent, it was 2500 ft deep, 600 mi wide and over 2000 mi long.

Origin and geology

By the late Cretaceous, Eurasia and the Americas had separated along the south Atlantic, and subduction on the west coast of the Americas had commenced, resulting in the Laramide orogeny, the early phase of growth of the modern Rocky Mountains. The Western Interior Seaway may be seen as a downwarping of the continental crust ahead of the growing Laramide/Rockies mountain chain.

The earliest phase of the seaway began in the mid-Cretaceous when an arm of the Arctic Ocean transgressed south over western North America; this formed the Mowry Sea, so named for the Mowry Shale, an organic-rich rock formation. In the south, the Gulf of Mexico was originally an extension of the Tethys Ocean. In time, the southern embayment merged with the Mowry Sea in the late Cretaceous, forming a completed seaway, creating isolated environments for land animals and plants.

Relative sea levels fell multiple times, as a margin of land temporarily rose above the water along the ancestral Transcontinental Arch, each time rejoining the separated, divergent land populations, allowing a temporary mixing of newer species before again separating the populations.

At its largest, the Western Interior Seaway stretched from the Rockies east to the Appalachian Mountains, some 1000 km wide. At its deepest, it may have been only 800 or deep, shallow in terms of seas. Two great continental watersheds drained into it from east and west, diluting its waters and bringing resources in eroded silt that formed shifting delta systems along its low-lying coasts. There was little sedimentation on the eastern shores of the seaway; the western boundary, however, consisted of a thick clastic wedge eroded eastward from the Sevier orogenic belt. The western shore was thus highly variable, depending on variations in sea level and sediment supply.

Widespread carbonate deposition suggests that the seaway was warm and tropical, with abundant calcareous planktonic algae. Remnants of these deposits are found in northwest Kansas. A prominent example is Monument Rocks, an exposed chalk formation towering 70 ft over the surrounding range land. The Western Interior Seaway is believed to have behaved similarly to a giant estuary in terms of water mass transport. Riverine inputs exited the seaway as coastal jets, while correspondingly drawing in water from the Tethys in the south and Boreal waters from the north. During the late Cretaceous, the Western Interior Seaway went through multiple periods of anoxia, when the bottom water was devoid of oxygen and the water column was stratified.

At the end of the Cretaceous, continued Laramide uplift hoisted the sandbanks (sandstone) and muddy brackish lagoons (shale), thick sequences of silt and sandstone still seen today as the Laramie Formation, while low-lying basins between them gradually subsided. The Western Interior Seaway divided across the Dakotas and retreated south towards the Gulf of Mexico. This shrunken and final regressive phase is sometimes called the Pierre Seaway.

During the early Paleocene, parts of the Western Interior Seaway still occupied areas of the Mississippi Embayment, submerging the site of present-day Memphis. Later transgression, however, was associated with the Cenozoic Tejas sequence, rather than with the previous event responsible for the seaway.

Fauna
The Western Interior Seaway was a shallow sea, filled with abundant marine life. Interior seaway denizens included predatory marine reptiles such as plesiosaurs, and mosasaurs. Other marine life included sharks such as Squalicorax, Cretoxyrhina, and the giant shellfish-eating Ptychodus mortoni (believed to be 10 m long); and advanced bony fish including Pachyrhizodus, Enchodus, and the massive 4 to 5 m long Xiphactinus, larger than any modern bony fish. Other sea life included invertebrates such as mollusks, ammonites, squid-like belemnites, and plankton including coccolithophores that secreted the chalky platelets that give the Cretaceous its name, foraminiferans and radiolarians.

The seaway was home to early birds, including the flightless Hesperornis that had stout legs for swimming through water and tiny wings used for marine steering rather than flight; and the tern-like Ichthyornis, an early avian with a toothy beak. Ichthyornis shared the sky with large pterosaurs such as Nyctosaurus and Pteranodon. Pteranodon fossils are very common; it was probably a major participant in the surface ecosystem, though it was found in only the southern reaches of the seaway.

Inoceramids (oyster-like bivalve molluscs) were well-adapted to life in the oxygen-poor bottom mud of the seaway. These left abundant fossils in the Kiowa, Greenhorn, Niobrara, Mancos, and Pierre formations. There is great variety in the shells and the many distinct species have been dated and can be used to identify specific beds in those rock formations of the seaway. Many species can easily fit in the palm of the hand, while some like Inoceramus (Haploscapha) grandis could be well over a meter in diameter. Entire schools of fish sometimes sought shelter within the shell of the giant Platyceramus. The shells of the genus are known for being composed of prismatic calcitic crystals that grew perpendicular to the surface, and fossils often retain a pearly luster.

title: Western Interior Seaway


text:
Scavenger

Scavengers are animals that consume dead organisms that have died from causes other than predation or have been killed by other predators. While scavenging generally refers to carnivores feeding on carrion, it is also a herbivorous feeding behavior. Scavengers play an important role in the ecosystem by consuming dead animal and plant material. Decomposers and detritivores complete this process, by consuming the remains left by scavengers.

Scavengers aid in overcoming fluctuations of food resources in the environment. The process and rate of scavenging is affected by both biotic and abiotic factors, such as carcass size, habitat, temperature, and seasons.

Etymology
Scavenger is an alteration of scavager, from Middle English skawager meaning "customs collector", from skawage meaning "customs", from Old North French escauwage meaning "inspection", from schauwer meaning "to inspect", of Germanic origin; akin to Old English scēawian and German schauen meaning "to look at", and modern English "show" (with semantic drift).

Types of scavengers (animals)

Obligate scavenging (subsisting entirely or mainly on dead animals) is rare among vertebrates, due to the difficulty of finding enough carrion without expending too much energy.

Well-known invertebrate scavengers of animal material include burying beetles and blowflies, which are obligate scavengers, and yellowjackets. Fly larvae are also common scavengers for organic materials at the bottom of freshwater bodies. For example, Tokunagayusurika akamusi is a species of midge fly whose larvae live as obligate scavengers at the bottom of lakes and whose adults almost never feed and only live up to a few weeks.

Most scavenging animals are facultative scavengers that gain most of their food through other methods, especially predation. Many large carnivores that hunt regularly, such as hyenas and jackals, but also animals rarely thought of as scavengers, such as African lions, leopards, and wolves will scavenge if given the chance. They may also use their size and ferocity to intimidate the original hunters (the cheetah is a notable victim, rather than a perpetrator). Almost all scavengers above insect size are predators and will hunt if not enough carrion is available, as few ecosystems provide enough dead animals year-round to keep its scavengers fed on that alone. Scavenging wild dogs and crows frequently exploit roadkill.

Scavengers of dead plant material include termites that build nests in grasslands and then collect dead plant material for consumption within the nest. The interaction between scavenging animals and humans is seen today most commonly in suburban settings with animals such as opossums, polecats and raccoons. In some African towns and villages, scavenging from hyenas is also common.

In the prehistoric eras, the species Tyrannosaurus rex may have been an apex predator, preying upon hadrosaurs, ceratopsians, and possibly juvenile sauropods, although some experts have suggested the dinosaur was primarily a scavenger. The debate about whether Tyrannosaurus was an apex predator or scavenger was among the longest ongoing feuds in paleontology; however, most scientists now agree that Tyrannosaurus was an opportunistic carnivore, acting mostly as a predator but also scavenging when it could sense it. Recent research also shows that while an adult T. rex would energetically gain little through scavenging, smaller theropods of approximately 500 kg might have gained levels similar to those of hyenas, though not enough for them to rely on scavenging.

Other research suggests that carcasses of giant sauropods may have made scavenging much more profitable to carnivores than it is now. For example, a single 40 tonne Apatosaurus carcass would have been worth roughly 6 years of calories for an average allosaur. As a result of this resource oversupply, it is possible that some theropods evolved to get most of their calories by scavenging giant sauropod carcasses, and may not have needed to consistently hunt in order to survive. The same study suggested that theropods in relatively sauropod-free environments, such as tyrannosaurs, were not exposed to the same type of carrion oversupply, and were therefore forced to hunt in order to survive.

Animals which consume feces, such as dung beetles, are referred to as coprovores. Animals that collect small particles of dead organic material of both animal and plant origin are referred to as detritivores.

Ecological function
Scavengers play a fundamental role in the environment through the removal of decaying organisms, serving as a natural sanitation service. While microscopic and invertebrate decomposers break down dead organisms into simple organic matter which are used by nearby autotrophs, scavengers help conserve energy and nutrients obtained from carrion within the upper trophic levels, and are able to disperse the energy and nutrients farther away from the site of the carrion than decomposers.

Scavenging unites animals which normally would not come into contact, and results in the formation of highly structured and complex communities which engage in nonrandom interactions. Scavenging communities function in the redistribution of energy obtained from carcasses and reducing diseases associated with decomposition. Oftentimes, scavenger communities differ in consistency due to carcass size and carcass types, as well as by seasonal effects as consequence of differing invertebrate and microbial activity.

Competition for carrion results in the inclusion or exclusion of certain scavengers from access to carrion, shaping the scavenger community. When carrion decomposes at a slower rate during cooler seasons, competitions between scavengers decrease, while the number of scavenger species present increases.

Alterations in scavenging communities may result in drastic changes to the scavenging community in general, reduce ecosystem services and have detrimental effects on animal and humans. The reintroduction of gray wolves (Canis lupus) into Yellowstone National Park in the United States caused drastic changes to the prevalent scavenging community, resulting in the provision of carrion to many mammalian and avian species. Likewise, the reduction of vulture species in India lead to the increase of opportunistic species such as feral dogs and rats. The presence of both species at carcasses resulted in the increase of diseases such as rabies and bubonic plague in wildlife and livestock, as feral dogs and rats are transmitters of such diseases. Furthermore, the decline of vulture populations in India has been linked to the increased rates of anthrax in humans due to the handling and ingestion of infected livestock carcasses. An increase of disease transmission has been observed in mammalian scavengers in Kenya due to the decrease in vulture populations in the area, as the decrease in vulture populations resulted in an increase of the number of mammalian scavengers at a given carcass along with the time spent at a carcass.

Disease transmission
Scavenging may provide a direct and indirect method for transmitting disease between animals. Scavengers of infected carcasses may become hosts for certain pathogens and consequently vectors of disease themselves. An example of this phenomenon is the increased transmission of tuberculosis observed when scavengers engage in eating infected carcasses. Likewise, the ingestion of bat carcasses infected with rabies by striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis) resulted in increased infection of these organisms with the virus.

A major vector of transmission of diseases are various bird species, with outbreak being influenced by such carrier birds and their environment. An avian cholera outbreak from 2006 to 2007 off the coast Newfoundland, Canada resulted in the mortality of many marine bird species. The transmission, perpetuation and spread of the outbreak was mainly restricted to gull species who scavenge for food in the area. Similarly, an increase of transmission of avian influenza virus to chickens by domestic ducks from Indonesian farms permitted to scavenge surrounding areas was observed in 2007. The scavenging of ducks in rice paddy fields in particular resulted in increased contact with other bird species feeding on leftover rice, which may have contributed to increased infection and transmission of the avian influenza virus. The domestic ducks may not have demonstrated symptoms of infection themselves, though were observed to excrete high concentrations of the avian influenza virus.

Threats
Many species that scavenge face persecution globally. Vultures, in particular, have faced incredible persecution and threats by humans. Before its ban by regional governments in 2006, the veterinary drug Diclofenac has resulted in at least a 95% decline of Gyps vultures in Asia. Habitat loss and food shortage have contributed to the decline of vulture species in West Africa due to the growing human population and over-hunting of vulture food sources, as well as changes in livestock husbandry. Poisoning certain predators to increase the number of game animals is still a common hunting practice in Europe and contributes to the poisoning of vultures when they consume the carcasses of poisoned predators.

Benefits to humans
Highly efficient scavengers, also known as dominant or apex-scavengers, can have benefits to humans. Increases in dominant scavenger populations, such as vultures, can reduce populations of smaller opportunistic scavengers, such as rats. These smaller scavengers are often pests and disease vectors.

In humans

In the 1980s, Lewis Binford suggested that early humans primarily obtained meat via scavenging, not through hunting. In 2010, Dennis Bramble and Daniel Lieberman proposed that early carnivorous human ancestors subsequently developed long-distance running behaviors which improved the ability to scavenge and hunt: they could reach scavenging sites more quickly and also pursue a single animal until it could be safely killed at close range due to exhaustion and hyperthermia.

In Tibetan Buddhism the practice of excarnation – that is, the exposure of dead human bodies to carrion birds and/or other scavenging animals – is the distinctive characteristic of sky burial, which involves the dismemberment of human cadavers of whom the remains are fed to vultures, and traditionally the main funeral rite (alongside cremation) used to dispose of the human body. A similar funerary practice that features excarnation can be found in Zoroastrianism; in order to prevent the pollution of the sacred elements (fire, earth, and water) from contact with decomposing bodies, human cadavers are exposed on the Towers of Silence to be eaten by vultures and wild dogs.

Studies in behavioral ecology and ecological epidemiology have shown that cannibalistic necrophagy, although rare, has been observed as a survival behavior in several social species, including anatomically modern humans; however, episodes of human cannibalism occur rarely in most human societies. Many instances have occurred in human history, especially in times of war and famine, where necrophagy and human cannibalism emerged as a survival behavior, although anthropologists report the usage of ritual cannibalism among funerary practices and as the preferred means of disposal of the dead in some tribal societies.

title: Scavenger


text:
Talk:King's College, Cambridge

In popular culture?
I found the following line "In 1930, a Cambridgeshire Constabulary Detective Sergeant was shot dead by an estranged pupil who also shot his tutor, on the first door on the left of the dorm houses." in the section about King's in popular culture. Seems somewhat out of place. Victor b04 (talk) 19:59, 6 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Agreed, particularly the phrase "dorm houses", as there are no buildings described this way. And the wikilinking for "detective" and then for "sergeant" is absurd. I suspect a hoax. I shall remove it, if no-one objects. Maproom (talk) 22:43, 4 March 2010 (UTC)

 * It seems to be true: see http://www.policememorial.org.uk/Forces/Cambridgeshire/Cambridgeshire_Roll.htm.

 * "While questioning a student at King's College, Cambridge, about his possession of a firearm, the suspect produced a pistol and shot his tutor, the officer attempted to arrest him but was shot twice and died the next day."

 * I wonder if the tutor was anyone notable? Barnabypage (talk) 11:25, 5 March 2010 (UTC)

 * It's true. The Senior Tutor was Sandy Wollaston; the shooting apparently happened in his rooms in Gibbs Building. Colin S (talk) 11:24, 20 March 2010 (UTC)

Old Schools gatehouse
There's been a dispute over whether the gatehouse of the Old Schools was originally part of King's. The photo has been removed now, but I would like to re-add it. The text still claims that this gatehouse is formerly King's, so it's still a good idea to reach consensus. Fay 1901 writes:

"In 1829, wnen the new buildings had come into use, Old Court was sold to the University, and the buildings thereon demolished, to make way for an extension of the University Library. One piece alone escaped, the old unfinished Gate of Entrance " a venerable and beautiful specimen of architecture " which the University had not the heart to destroy. It was therefore incorporated with the new library building, and stands thus at the present day. The stone of the original gateway, as well as some fragments of the walls to the north and south, is plainly distinguishable from the rest."

This is accompanied with an etching of the Old Schools gate captioned "The Original Gate of Entrance", so its clear to what Fay is referring. Now look at Conybeare 1910:

"But though we have left the College behind us we have not yet quite got clear of its associations. The fine modern Gothic pile to our right embeds, as we see, an ancient gateway. For more than three and a half centuries this was the entrance to the one small Court which alone represented the magnificent design of Henry the Sixth for his Royal Foundation."

This is supported by a picture of the modern gate captioned "The Old Gate of King's College", and the page is headed "OLD GATEWAY OF KING'S".

The two photos to the right clearly show the medieval embedded in the modern gothic.

This photo, linked to by McAnt has in fact always been the Old Schools. Note that this site says that building began in 1430, a decade before King's was founded. Fay 1901 explains: "On the eastern side stood the schools of Theology and Canon Law, against which it was impossible to build at all." The other photo also clearly shows the difference between medieval and modern. The date of 1890 given must refer to the modern stonework surrounding the gate.

Looking forward to hearing/reading any other evidence either way :) Charlie A. (talk) 22:08, 24 July 2012 (UTC)

Well, Fay claims that the whole of the Old Schools had been demolished, but there are

Serious questions of trustworthiness have been raised about the work of Frye, as he claims that “the buildings thereon demolished….one piece alone escaped, the old unfinished Gate of Entrance” but its hard not to notice that the building on the left remained virtually intact http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/King%27s_College%2C_Cambridge_by_Loggan_1690_-_sanders_6177.jpg. I find it hard to trust in someone’s work who failed to notice that a whole building was spared…. It is perhaps true that the University merely extended and redesigned the Old Gatehouse, see http://www.cambridge2000.com/cambridge2000/html/0006/P6261533.html and http://www.cambridge2000.com/cambridge2000/html/0009/P9052374.html or http://www.cambridge2000.com/cambridge2000/html/0009/P9052372.html or http://www.cambridge2000.com/cambridge2000/html/0009/P9052373.html. If such really was the case, one may view it as additional evidence pointing that adding such pics to King’s page is somewhat anachronistic. The very core of the building could be the same which belonged to Kings, but the Gate in it’s current neo gothic form was never been a part of King’s Old Court. Another thing is, they sold the buildings to the University nearly two hundred years ago. Wouldn’t it be weird if I would add pics of Selwyn, the Sidgewick site and King’s bridge to the Corpus Christi page as all those land was in the possession of Corpus till the 19th century, but sold it to Selwyn, the University and Kings, respectively…?

Don’t get me wrong, the Old Schools gate looks very cool, but it’s been sold to the University 180 years ago, and this is not the original gate, used by King’s. User:McAnt (talk) 12:42, 25 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Fay does indeed claim that all of King's Old Court, save the gatehouse, was demolished. However, the Schools to the east weren't a part of the Old Court. Fay writes: "On the eastern side stood the schools of Theology and Canon Law, against which it was impossible to build at all. Hence the old court was three-sided, the north side contracted at the western corner and slightly overlapping the schools on the eastern corner."Austen-Leigh (1899, p. 4) agrees, saying "The eastern side of the Quadrangle being already occupied by the University Schools, the College consisted of three wings, of which the northern was considerably the longest and overlapped the University Schools."  The building to the east of the Old Court (to the left in the drawing) was not a part of King's Old court, it was a University building, so Fay is correct when he says "Old Court was sold to the University, and the buildings thereon demolished".  I think it's a bit of a stretch to say "serious questions of trustworthiness have been raised about him, given how much in agreement he always is with Austen-Leigh and Saltmarsh (1959).

 * I don't think the analogy with Corpus's previously owned land works. If it were just Old Schools land, without the medieval gatehouse, then that's different -- but the above sources are clear that fine stonework on the external gatehouse (not just the core) is the only surviving building of King's original foundation, so I think it is an important feature to note.

 * Not sure where to go from here. If you are not convinced by my sources perhaps we ought to leave the article as it is for now, without the image but with the text as is until another party gives an opinion.  What do you think? Charlie A. (talk) 00:29, 25 July 2012 (UTC)

 * As an after-thought, perhaps we could ask for input from the Architecture and Cambridge University wikiprojects? Charlie A. (talk) 00:31, 25 July 2012 (UTC)

 * The plan to the right illustrates nicely how Old Court did not include the eastern range. Charlie A. (talk) 00:35, 25 July 2012 (UTC)

Have to admit, I wasn't aware of this, I thought that the Old Schools was fully part of King's. Be as it may, my basic problem still stands, namely that the university heavily rebuilt the gate and the building itself, therefore adding that pic to King’s page is somewhat anachronistic. I mean the gate looks awesome because Pearson redesigned it in 1891. Perhaps, if you’re around, you could take a pic from the archway, showing the original stonework...?(talk) 00:05, 26 July 2012

 * I think the crux of our disagreement is (was?) on how much of the external (intricate) stonework is original. Happily, I just found a source which elucidates this.  The gist is that the arch and first floor are original while the top floor is a Pearson elaboration.  You can actually see the difference in the stone colour in the images above.  So... I still think it'd be appropriate to include an image of the original stonework.  However, it's not really worth this much of a debate.  We could maybe leave this discussion here for anyone else to have a say, but I'm satisfied the text "only the gateway arch opposite Clare College survives" is justified and the image is kind of secondary to that. Charlie A. (talk) 21:57, 26 July 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
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Intake and access profile
Who or what is "Gopal"? This person/thing is not introduced but referenced in this section. This final paragraph comes off as a non-sequitur and probably doesn't belong in this section, perhaps a new one on "Controversies" should be introduced. Gorbag42 (talk) 02:31, 27 August 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:King's College, Cambridge


text:
MediaWiki talk:Uploadtext

Link to deletion log
Could the text:
 * View [ deletion log] ?

Be added to near the "view deleted edits" section? As a non-admin, it's very frustrating to try to find the deletion history of an image that has a red link and going to Special:Upload. Grace notes T § 05:12, 6 May 2007 (UTC)
 * there should be a message at the bottom linking to the log already if you follow a link to a deleted image. It'd be a lot clearer if this page wasn't such a mess. Night Gyr (talk/Oy) 06:20, 6 May 2007 (UTC)
 * o_O ... I personally think that it would be better located at the top, unless we want to move the "view deleted edits" item down. It seems to make a bit more sense to do that. Grace notes T § 20:08, 6 May 2007 (UTC)
 * I like the view and restore on top, people who click redlink images usually want to see a log probably, not upload. Anyway, I changed it so both are at the top. - cohesion 20:40, 6 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Thank you; it works. Grace notes T § 20:55, 6 May 2007 (UTC)
 * The "View deleted edits" even as a non-admin on the upload form is a bug. I filed a bug report ages ago about it. Not a high priority to get fixed, as non-admins can't see Special:Undelete anyway. ^ demon [omg plz] 14:50, 3 June 2007 (UTC)

It doesn't seem to work in some cases. Example http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Upload&wpDestFile=Harvest-Let%27s+Fight.ogg goes to http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log/delete&page=Image:Harvest-Let's (no .ogg) (Check the ?) but the link to Special:Undelete is right (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Undelete/Image:Harvest-Let%27s_Fight.ogg).

[ deletion log] works [ deletion log] doesn't. Kotepho 15:09, 5 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Fixed. Night Gyr (talk/Oy) 15:35, 5 June 2007 (UTC)

Fair use "restriction"
sudo

 * "Note that images of a living person or extant building may not be uploaded under fair use."

Right... so... every fair use image we have that contains a person or a building needs to be deleted? Er... I think not. Can this be re-worded to avoid giving that impression, please? – Gurch 12:22, 12 May 2007 (UTC)
 * ❌ Not done The essay Deletion of all fair use images of living people explains what's going on. Basically, if it's theoretically possible that a free image could be obtained, a fair-use image shouldn't be used according to WP:FUC 1. (This is somewhat controversial, but it's what the policy says at the moment.) I won't make this change so as to keep the upload page consistent with policy; but note that CAT:REFU sometimes gets very backlogged, so maybe admins in general agree with you. (Such images do need to be deleted according to current policy; see WP:CSD and Template:Replaceable fair use! Bear in mind it only applies to living people and existing buildings, because these things can in theory have free-licenced photos taken of them.) --ais523 18:02, 12 May 2007 (UTC)

 * That's not what I'm talking about. I'm talking about any fair-use photo that might be of something else completely, but incidentally happens to contain one or more people or buildings. Some of those people/buildings might still exist, but other elements of the photo may mean that it isn't replaceable with a free equivalent – a photo of a historical event, for example. Surely then it is acceptable? But the way this sentence on the image description page is worded, it sounds like no photo that contains any living person or existing building can be uploaded under fair use at all. I cannot believe that that is the case – Gurch 05:55, 13 May 2007 (UTC)

 * If the criterion for valid fair-use is "not replaceable with a free equivalent", then can it please be reworded to this?

 * "Note that images of a living person or extant building may not be uploaded under fair use, if an equivalent under a free license exists or could be created."

 * – Gurch 05:57, 13 May 2007 (UTC)
 * ✅ Done. --MZMcBride 17:30, 13 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Yes, the new wording makes it clearer what the instruction means. --ais523 07:56, 14 May 2007 (UTC)

test sample —Preceding unsigned comment added by 122.183.204.50 (talk) 12:15, 1 April 2010 (UTC)

Punctuation
editprotected Please remove the quotation marks from Images that you just "found somewhere". I see no rational for their inclusion. Thank you. Reywas92 Talk 19:58, 15 May 2007 (UTC)
 * ✅ thanks for finding that :) - cohesion 01:35, 16 May 2007 (UTC)

Misspelling
Just to let you know, the word "licenced" is misspelled. This is on the line that says "An explanation of why you believe the file is so  licenced ." An administrator or anyone with sufficient privileges should correct it to " licensed ". You may use a spell checker to see for yourself. --Alex rosenberg35 18:51, 15 June 2007 (UTC)
 * ✅ Done. Thank you. --BigDT 18:54, 15 June 2007 (UTC)

Protected edit request
sudo

Enclose this message with, so that it can be referred to using CSS. Thanks – 86.133.139.4 10:50, 29 September 2007 (UTC)
 * ✅ Done — M ETS 501 (talk) 17:09, 29 September 2007 (UTC)

My God!
Does anybody actually read this thing? It's the worst case of interface fruit salad I've ever seen on Wikipedia! --Carnildo (talk) 18:34, 29 April 2008 (UTC)
 * I don't suppose you have any concrete suggestions for improvement? Superm401 - Talk 19:48, 29 April 2008 (UTC)
 * If I can figure out what it's trying to say, I will. --Carnildo (talk) 21:35, 29 April 2008 (UTC)

New version
I've got a new version of the upload header at User:Carnildo/Sandbox-upload. Advantages of this version include: --Carnildo (talk) 22:23, 29 April 2008 (UTC)
 * 1) No fruit salad, so there's a chance people will actually read it.
 * 2) Step-by-step directions, so there's a chance people will understand it.
 * 3) Positive statements rather than warnings and threats, so there's a chance people will pay attention to it.
 * I like that it's shorter, with less random colors and possibly distracting logos (this may be what you mean by fruit salad). However, I think it should have at least one warning that images may be deleted.  Also, it should address non-free use rationales more directly, suggest uploading to Commons, and ask for a link to online content. Superm401 - Talk 01:59, 30 April 2008 (UTC)
 * That's the sort of thing that led to the mess we have now. I'm not trying to come up with a comprehensive document covering all possible image-uploading situations (I tried that once; gave up after fifty or so pages when I still hadn't adequately distinguished between free and non-free images), but a set of basic instructions on how to upload an image. --Carnildo (talk) 02:27, 30 April 2008 (UTC)
 * The problem is that 95% of the world isn't going to read a word of it. If you make the one (and only) important thing stand out - don't upload random stuff you found on some random website - then we probably go up from 5% to 50% reading and comprehending that particular concept. The old one was way too much probably didn't help.  The one thing that you need to get from reading that form is that under penalty of fire and brimstone, don't upload random stuff from the internet.  Anything else they get from it is bonus. --B (talk) 23:11, 30 April 2008 (UTC)
 * One fruit-salad box is too much. If we're going to have a screaming red box, we might as well not have any of the rest of it, because nobody's ever going to read it. --Carnildo (talk) 23:42, 30 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Nobody is going to read a word of it right now. The one and only important message to communicate is that Wikipedia, unlike myspace, blogspot, whatever other websites this user hangs out at, is not somewhere that you can upload photos that you find on any random place on the internet.  Make that one message stand out and it gets read.  Give them lots of stuff in normal type and none of it gets read.  Someone using this form is not going to understand that they shouldn't upload copyvio images.  Having four colored boxes doesn't help either - that ensures that none get read.  But having the one most important message that if you don't read anything else you read this emphasized is about the only way to get the point across. --B (talk) 23:52, 30 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Black text on blue background is defintety not going to be read. It's just another online upload form that people don't read.Geni 14:32, 26 May 2008 (UTC)
 * I agree with Geni; users are much more likely to pay attention to contrasting templates than to the plain blue and black. Not "fruit salad" at all - but that would be better than now.   weburiedoursecrets  inthegarden  14:36, 26 May 2008 (UTC)

Deletion log link
Currently there is a link to the deletion log ("Check the deletion log?"). As the missing image might have been on commons, should the commons log be linked as well? I added this as a trial. -- User:Docu

 * If the image was on Commons, will the MediaWiki software provide the information needed for the log link to show up at the right times? --Carnildo (talk) 22:17, 4 May 2008 (UTC)

 * The link to the Wikipedia deletion log shows up even if the deleted file was on commons, e.g.:
 * (file deleted on commons) http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Upload&wpDestFile=Prankers.jpg
 * (file deleted here) http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Upload&wpDestFile=CarCreekLakeMap.jpg
 * Now, both samples now display two links and one of the two is always the right one. -- User:Docu —Preceding unsigned comment added by Docu (talk • contribs) 05:51, 5 May 2008

Moved back to MediaWiki namespace
Sorry guys. $1 doesn't work when transcluded, so it needs to be here. You'll have to use editprotected to make requests to change this, unless someone knows of a workaround to allow this. --- RockMFR 15:16, 13 June 2008 (UTC)
 * What is $1 used in? Can we use something else other than whatever is using $1 now? --Timeshifter (talk) 08:38, 16 June 2008 (UTC)
 * $1 is used to pass in the name of the image so we can link to the deletion logs here and at commons. Very handy feature. --- RockMFR 16:41, 21 June 2008 (UTC)
 * I have an idea. Can just the text be moved to another page, and then transcluded into this page? --Timeshifter (talk) 15:20, 29 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Yeah, it would be possible to move most of the text to another page and transclude it. I've re-arranged the text a bit so this can be done quite easily if need be. --- RockMFR 22:02, 20 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Great! Where is the best place to put the transcluded subpage? From looking at the table of transcluded text at the top of Wikipedia talk:Upload it seems that the subpages are all using the Wikipedia:Upload/Uploadtext/ prefix. See the list pulled up by Special:PrefixIndex/Wikipedia:Upload/Uploadtext. How about
 * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Upload/Uploadtext/en-main

 * I am just guessing though at an appropriate name and location. --Timeshifter (talk) 15:14, 21 July 2008 (UTC)

Detailed fair use rationale
Is there a simple method to get from the Special:Upload to a preset tag with the detailed Non-free use rationale? I know this sounds like a question for the help desk (and it is if the answer is yes), but it seemed to me that the only method to add the detailed rationale was to copy/paste it from the non free rationale guideline. Am I missing something or is this a deliberate choice among upload options presented by the wizard? Protonk (talk) 19:16, 18 August 2008 (UTC)

How do we create our own pages?
I know of a leading female scientist in the University system, she has won several awards. She is also one of the leading women scientists in the field of Climate Change. I would to be able to organize data and hard evidence\ facts, to legally create a Wiki page. Would appreciate some feedback! :D

Does anyone have any Idea how I go about this?

Chili287 (talk) 02:04, 15 January 2009 (UTC)Chili

 * Try Starting an article. In the future, questions like this should go to New contributors' help page.  Dragons flight (talk) 02:10, 15 January 2009 (UTC)

Specify that an URL is useful?
Hi, after a discussion with another user, I have realised that specifying that a link to the webpage the image was taken from may be a good idea. This user was merely saying that the images were from Flickr, rather than linking to the page from which they were taken. Would anyone have an objection to this being included? Does anyone have an idea about how this could be done? J Milburn (talk) 21:19, 8 March 2009 (UTC)

 * Sounds good to me to ask for more specificity in the source parts of upload forms. Did you have a particular upload form/page in mind? Or did you mean all of the upload pages? For a table of all the upload pages and their talk pages see the top of Wikipedia talk:Upload. You might want to ask at the main discussion page, or one of the other talk pages. --Timeshifter (talk) 18:23, 9 March 2009 (UTC)

En wikipedia basic upload form
Hello. Had a few suggestions for the basic en.wiki upload form (Special:Upload). First of all, please remove the new preview feature (or move it to the bottom of the page). Its extraordinarily annoying for it to push the rest of the page down. As an uploader, I should take the time to make sure the image is correct before uploading it, and this preview feature promotes ignorance in my opinion. Second, can we copy what Commons does and make it so the form is partially filled out?

--  ʄɭoʏɗiaɲ  τ ¢  17:54, 10 October 2011 (UTC)
 * Hello? Does anybody watch this page? Who has permissions to edit the coding? -  ʄɭoʏɗiaɲ  τ ¢  15:04, 22 October 2011 (UTC)
 * You might try editprotected as any admin can edit this page. ΔT The only constant 15:05, 22 October 2011 (UTC)
 * I figured it was something that required edits to mediawiki and not just the wikicode.... but may as well give it a shot to bring in some attention. -  ʄɭoʏɗiaɲ  τ ¢  15:14, 22 October 2011 (UTC)
 * ❌ Try starting a discussion at WP:VPT, both to gather ideas on how to do any of this (it seems Commons uses some major Javascript) and to see if consensus actually supports it. Anomie⚔ 22:42, 22 October 2011 (UTC)

Protected edit request on 21 March 2019
Please replace  with. The "Image" namespace is now called the "File" namespace, and we use only https on Wikimedia wikis nowadays. GeoffreyT2000 (talk) 00:46, 21 March 2019 (UTC)

 * ✅ — xaosflux  Talk 03:53, 21 March 2019 (UTC)

Protected edit request on 1 January 2023
Please change to If you upload content in the public domain or under a Creative Commons license, that license is irrevocable because the GFDL has been depreciated as an accepted image license.HouseBlastertalk 02:32, 1 January 2023 (UTC)
 * ✅ — xaosflux  Talk 16:19, 17 January 2023 (UTC)

title: MediaWiki talk:Uploadtext


text:
Eadberht III Præn

Eadberht III Præn was the King of Kent from 796 to 798. His brief reign was the result of a rebellion against the hegemony of Mercia, and it marked the last time that Kent existed as an independent kingdom.

Offa of Mercia seems to have ruled Kent directly from 785 until 796, when the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records that Offa died and Eadberht, "who was by another name Præn", took possession of Kent. Eadberht had apparently previously been in exile on the continent under the protection of Charlemagne, and his rebellion has been seen as serving Frankish interests.

The pro-Mercian Archbishop of Canterbury, Æthelhard, fled during the rebellion. Cœnwulf of Mercia was engaged in correspondence with Pope Leo III at this time concerning the situation of the Church in England, and in the course of this Leo accepted a Mercian reconquest of Kent and excommunicated Eadberht, on the grounds that he was a former priest. Having received papal approval, Cœnwulf reconquered Kent. He placed his brother in charge and captured Eadberht in 798. According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Cœnwulf "ravaged over Kent and captured Eadberht Præn, their king, and led him bound into Mercia." A later addition to the Chronicle says that Eadberht was blinded and had his hands cut off, but Roger of Wendover states that he was set free by Coenwulf at some point as an act of clemency.

title: Eadberht III Præn