text:
List of converts to Judaism

This article lists nations, groups or tribes, as well as notable individuals, who have converted to Judaism. This article does not differentiate between the different branches of Judaism. See also Who is a Jew? on issues related to the acceptance of conversions throughout the Jewish community.

A number of prominent celebrities, such as Madonna, Demi Moore, and Ariana Grande, have become followers of a "new age" version of Kabbalah (see Kabbalah Centre), derived from the body of Jewish mystical teaching also called Kabbalah, but do not consider themselves – and are not considered – Jewish.

Converted nations, groups or tribes from non-Abrahamic religions

 * Conversions throughout the Babylonian, Persian, Hellenistic and Roman Empire periods   (actual numbers and extent of proselytization disputed  ) See the article on Proselyte; a term which originally referred specifically to Hellenistic converts to Judaism.
 * Idumeans (disputed ), Edom, 2nd century BCE, conquered and converted by John Hyrcanus
 * Ituraeans (disputed ), Lebanon and Syria, 2nd century BCE, who according to Josephus, were conquered and converted by Aristobulus I
 * Adiabene, northern Iraq, 1st century
 * Helena, queen of Adiabene, from traditional Greek religion
 * Izates bar Monobaz, king of Adiabene, from a Persian or Mideastern religion
 * Symacho, wife of Izates bar Monobaz, from a Persian or Mideastern religion
 * Monobaz II, king of Adiabene, from a Persian or Mideastern religion
 * Khazars (disputed  ), a semi-nomadic Turkic people from Central Asia (historical Khazaria), many of whom converted to Judaism en masse in the 8th and 9th centuries CE from a Khazar religion
 * Bulan, king of the Khazars, from a traditional Khazar religion
 * Crimean Karaites and Krymchaks are also Turkic peoples which underwent conversion.
 * Samaw'al ibn 'Adiya and his clan
 * Himyarite Kingdom, Yemen, 6th century
 * Tub'a Abu Kariba As'ad, from Arabian religion, Himyarite king of Yemen; ruled Yemen 390–420 CE
 * Dhu Nuwas, king of Yemen, from a Mideastern religion
 * Kingdom of Semien, Ethiopia, 4th century
 * Multiple Berber tribes noted by Ibn Khaldun, including the Jarawa, and possibly the warrior queen Kahina and her tribe. northwest Africa, 7th century, disputed
 * Banu Qurayza and Banu Nadir, Arab Tribes who converted to Judaism when Jews arrived in Hijaz after Second Jewish-Roman Wars, Arab tribes were interested in Judaism which was brought by Jews. Later, they adopted and claimed to be Israelites. They were Arabian origins still believed sons of god concept from indigenous polytheistic beliefs.

Converted nations, groups or tribes from Christianity

 * Abayudaya
 * Bnei Menashe
 * Bene Ephraim, claim to be Jews who converted to Christianity, then converted back to Judaism
 * B'nai Moshe (Inca Jews)
 * Falash Mura
 * San Nicandro Jews
 * Subbotniks
 * Veracruz Jews

Former Christian clergy or theologians

 * Robert de Reddinge (converted c. 1275)
 * Abba Sabra, fifteenth-century Ethiopian Orthodox monk who joined the Beta Israel (Ethiopian Jewish) community. He converted his pupil, prince Abba Saga, to Judaism and introduced monasticism to Ethiopian Jewry.
 * Nicolas Antoine, former Protestant theologian.
 * William G. Dever, Biblical archaeologist and former Evangelical minister who became a world-renowned Old Testament scholar and converted to Reform Judaism, although he says he no longer believes in God.
 * Géza Vermes, world-renowned historical Jesus research scholar, Hebraist and historian of religion, best known for being an eminent translator of the Dead Sea Scrolls; a former Roman Catholic priest of Jewish descent, he rediscovered his Jewish roots, abandoned Christianity and converted to Liberal Judaism.
 * Ahuva Gray, former Protestant minister.
 * Asher Wade, former Methodist minister.
 * Ole Brunell, converted with his family to Orthodox Judaism, moved to Israel and changed his name to Shlomo Brunell, former Lutheran minister.

Other Christians who converted to Judaism

 * Abba Saga, Ethiopian prince and son of emperor Zara Yaqob, who persecuted Jews. He converted with his teacher Abba Sabra, a former Ethiopian Orthodox monk.
 * Abraham ben Abraham, convert from the Potocki family, the famed "Ger Tzedek"
 * Abraham of Augsburg
 * John Adler, American politician
 * Aluizio Abranches, Brazilian filmmaker
 * Anouk Aimée, French actress
 * Amar'e Stoudemire, American and Israeli basketball player
 * Aquila of Sinope, Bible translator
 * Art Aragon, Mexican-American boxer
 * Curtis Armstrong, American actor
 * Tom Arnold, American actor
 * Rafael Cansinos Assens, Spanish poet, essayist, literary critic and translator
 * Moses ben Avraham Avinu
 * Carroll Baker, American actress
 * Anne Beatts, American comedy writer
 * Antonia Bennett, American singer
 * Polly Bergen, American actress and singer
 * Nissim Black, rapper
 * Darrell Blocker, "The Spy Whisperer," CIA agent, converted to conservative Judaism in 2017.
 * Dany Boon, French comedian
 * Elizabeth Brewster, Canadian poet
 * May Britt, actress
 * Geraldine Brooks, Pulitzer Prize-winning Australian-American journalist and author
 * Campbell Brown, American television news reporter (Baptist Roman Catholic)
 * Ken Burgess, British musician
 * Anne Buydens, German-American producer, wife of Kirk Douglas
 * Yisrael Campbell, comedian (lapsed Roman Catholic)
 * Kate Capshaw, actress (ex-Methodist)
 * Nell Carter, singer and actress
 * Marvin Casey, Israeli-American hip hop dancer, choreographer, dance instructor and actor
 * Mr. Catra, Brazilian funk singer and actor
 * Elizabeth Jane Caulfield, linguist and musician
 * Catherine Coulson, actress
 * Warder Cresson, politician
 * Jim Croce, singer/songwriter
 * William Holmes Crosby Jr., physician, considered one of the founders of modern hematology
 * Sammy Davis Jr., entertainer
 * Zooey Deschanel, actress, singer, entrepreneur
 * Natalie Dessay, French soprano
 * Jacqueline du Pré, cellist
 * Stephen J. Dubner, American journalist, author, and podcast host
 * Dubrovin Stanislav
 * Patricia Duff, political activist and United States Democratic Party fundraiser
 * Miss Elizabeth, also known as Elizabeth Ann Hulette, U.S. professional wrestling manager
 * Hank Eng, Chinese-American politician
 * Carlos Escudé, Argentine political scientist and author
 * Rachel Factor, American Orthodox Jewish singer, actress, and dancer
 * Nachman Fahrner, contemporary Jewish singer
 * Louis Ferrante, American mobster
 * Kate Fischer, Australian-American former model and actress
 * Ada Fisher, American physician and political candidate
 * Isla Fisher, model and actress (ex-Methodist)
 * Mike Flanagan, Irish-Israeli soldier
 * Luke Ford, journalist
 * Maureen Forrester, Canadian opera singer
 * Erin Foster, American writer, performer and entrepreneur
 * Paula Fredriksen, former Catholic, historian of religion
 * Aaron Freeman, journalist and comedian (lapsed Roman Catholic)
 * Maja Ruth Frenkel, Croatian entrepreneur
 * Capers Funnye (ex-Methodist), rabbi
 * Steve Furness, American football player
 * Natan Gamedze, former Protestant, linguist and a Swazi royal, now a black Haredi rabbi
 * Scott Glenn, American actor
 * Albert Goldsmid, British officer, Founder of the Jewish Lads' Brigade and the Maccabaeans
 * Lord George Gordon, nobleman and politician
 * Reuben Greenberg, police chief of Charleston, South Carolina
 * Lars Gustafsson, Swedish professor of philosophy at the University of Texas
 * Daryl Hall, American musician
 * Mary Hart (born 1950), American television personality, long-time host of the entertainment program Entertainment Tonight
 * Morris Hatalsky, American professional golfer
 * Anthony Heald, American actor
 * Henry Hill, American mobster
 * Carolivia Herron, writer of children's and adult literature
 * Monica Horan, actress
 * Joel Horlen, American baseball player
 * James Newton Howard, composer, conductor, and record producer
 * Martha Hyer, actress
 * Jenna Jameson, adult entertainer and entrepreneur
 * Carolyn Jones, actress
 * Thomas Jones (lapsed Roman Catholic)
 * Y-Love a/k/a Yitz Jordan, musician
 * Jon Juaristi, Spanish writer
 * Skip Jutze, American major league baseball player
 * Semei Kakungulu
 * Walter Kaufmann, German-American philosopher, translator and poet
 * Carol Kaye, American musician
 * Felicity Kendal, British actress
 * Cameron Kerry, politician, brother of John Kerry (lapsed Roman Catholic)
 * Jamaica Kincaid, author
 * John King, American television journalist (lapsed Roman Catholic)
 * Karlie Kloss, model
 * Fumiko Kometani, Japanese author and painter
 * Mathilde Krim, Ph.D., founding Chairman of amfAR, association for AIDS research
 * Anthony Lake, American diplomat, political figure, and academic
 * Frida Laski, British suffragist, birth control advocate, and eugenicist
 * Nahida Lazarus, German author, essayist, scholar, and literary critic
 * Natasha Leggero, American actress and comedian
 * John Lehr, American film and television actor and comedian
 * Julius Lester, son of a Methodist minister and a children's author (ex-Methodist)
 * Joan Lunden, American journalist, author and television host
 * Ernst von Manstein, army officer and teacher
 * Elliott Maddox, American former Major League Baseball player
 * Richard Marceau, Canadian politician
 * Sam McCullum (born 1952), NFL football wide receiver
 * Charles McDew (1938–2018), African-American activist of the Civil Rights Movement.
 * Anne Meara (1929–2015), American comedian and actress, partner and wife of Jerry Stiller (lapsed Roman Catholic)
 * Adah Isaacs Menken, stage actress
 * LaVon Mercer (born 1959), American-Israeli basketball player
 * Anastassia Michaeli, Russian-born former member of the Israeli Knesset
 * Javier Milei, President of Argentina
 * Benjamin Millepied, French dancer and choreographer
 * Marilyn Monroe, actress (ex-Christian)
 * Santa Montefiore, novelist
 * Tommy Mottola, American record producer
 * Françoise Mouly, French artist, designer, and art editor of The New Yorker
 * Jeff Newman, American Major League Baseball catcher
 * Bob Nystrom, Canadian former NHL player
 * Arieh O'Sullivan, American-born Israeli journalist
 * Eleanor Parker, American actress
 * Lorna Patterson, American film, stage and television actress
 * Andrew Percy, British politician
 * Alison Pick, Canadian novelist and poet
 * Rebecca Pidgeon, Scottish-American actress, singer and songwriter
 * Bob Plager, Canadian retired professional NHL ice hockey defenceman
 * Moses Prado, professor of the classic languages at the University of Marburg
 * Roger Rees, actor
 * Reuel Abraham, German pilot in Hitler's army, then became a Jew and citizen of Israel
 * Mandy Rice-Davies, British model and showgirl
 * Michael Ross, Canadian intelligence expert, former Mossad officer
 * Mary Doria Russell, American author (lapsed Roman Catholic)
 * Jackie Sandler, American actress
 * Bärbel Schäfer, German television presenter and talk show host
 * Mary Schaps, Israeli-American mathematical scholar
 * Laura Schlessinger, American radio personality
 * Norma Shearer, American actress
 * Joseph J. Sherman, businessman
 * Cate Shortland, Australian director
 * Shyne, Belizean–American rapper
 * Karol Sidon, Czech Orthodox rabbi, writer and playwright
 * Daniel Silva, American author of thriller and espionage novels
 * Chris Smith, American-Israeli basketball player
 * Willie "the Lion" Smith, American pianist and composer
 * Robin Spark, Scottish artist.
 * June Squibb, American actress
 * Kim Stanley, American actress
 * Venetia Stanley, socialite
 * Joseph Abraham Steblicki (lapsed Roman Catholic)
 * Margo Stilley, American film actress
 * Annette Taddeo, businesswoman and politician
 * Elizabeth Taylor, actress (ex-Christian Scientist)
 * Karen Tintori, American author of fiction and nonfiction (lapsed Roman Catholic)
 * Andre Bernard Tippett, American Hall of Fame former football linebacker for the New England Patriots (ex-Baptist)
 * Jacob Tirado (c. 1540–1620), co-founder of the Sephardic community of Amsterdam
 * Ivanka Trump, businesswoman, former first-daughter, raised Presbyterian
 * Bob Tufts (1955–2019), American former Major League Baseball pitcher
 * Ike Turner, American musician, bandleader, talent scout, and record producer; son of a Baptist minister
 * Jeff Tweedy, American musician
 * Michael W. Twitty, American writer, culinary historian and educator
 * Alex Tyus, American-Israeli professional basketball player
 * Chris Van Allsburg, children's writer
 * Conrad Veidt, German actor
 * Jackie Wilson, American soul singer
 * Mare Winningham, actress, singer (lapsed Roman Catholic)
 * Katarzyna Weiglowa, Polish martyr
 * Steve Yeager, American baseball player
 * Nikki Ziering, model

From atheism and/or agnosticism

 * Christian B. Anfinsen – Nobel prize-winning chemist (Orthodox Judaism)
 * David P. Goldman, "Spengler" – columnist and former member of the LaRouche movement who embraced Judaism in the 1990s
 * Will Herberg – social philosopher and sociologist of religion; Jewish theologian; former atheist and Marxist of Jewish ancestry who was raised atheist
 * Benny Lévy – philosopher; last personal secretary of Jean-Paul Sartre
 * Suzy Menkes – fashion journalist
 * Hilary Putnam – philosopher raised in a Jewish-atheist home
 * Mary Doria Russell
 * Anna Silk – Canadian actress
 * David Wolpe – a leading rabbi in Conservative Judaism; former atheist

From Black Hebrew Israelitism

 * Eddie Butler – Israeli singer, converted to Orthodox Judaism
 * Capers Funnye

From Islam

 * Avi Aburomi – Arab Israeli singer.
 * Avraham Sinai – Lebanese member of Hezbollah who had an Orthodox conversion and lives as a Haredi Jew in Tsfat.
 * Ayman Subah (now known as Dor Shachar) – Palestinian Arab from Khan Yunis, Gaza who fled to Israel and converted to Judaism.
 * Baruch Mizrahi – Palestinian Arab and member of the Irgun.
 * Dario Hunter – American lawyer, rabbi and politician.
 * Ibrahim Shaheen and Inshirah Moussa – Palestinian man and his Egyptian wife.
 * Ibtisam Hamid (popularly known as Basma al-Kuwaiti) – Kuwaiti singer and actress.
 * Ismael Ramsay Khalid – Somali-American social media influencer and live streamer who converted to Judaism after visiting Israel.
 * Michaela DePrince – Sierra Leonean-American ballet dancer.
 * Nasreen Qadri – Arab Israeli singer.
 * Nissim Baruch Black (born Damian Jamohl Black) – American rapper and music producer, raised Muslim but converted to Christianity before converting to Judaism.
 * Khadija Patman – British pornographic actress of South Asian origin. She converted to Judaism while dating her Jewish boyfriend.

From other Middle Eastern religions

 * Avtalyon, Sage and vice-president of the Sanhedrin, apparently from a Mideastern religion
 * Sh'maya, Sage and President of the Sanhedrin, apparently from a Mideastern religion

From Greco-Roman religion

 * Aquila of Sinope (Acylas), from traditional Greek religion
 * Paulina Beturia, from traditional Roman religion
 * Flavia Domitilla, from traditional ancient Roman religion (possibly to Jewish Christianity, as she is also a Christian saint)
 * Titus Flavius Clemens, consul, great-nephew of the Roman Emperor Vespasian, from traditional Roman religion (possibly to Jewish Christianity, as he is also a Christian saint)
 * Fulvia, wife of Emperor Tiberius' close friend, Saturninus, from traditional Roman religion
 * Onkelos, Hebrew scholar and translator, from ancient Roman religion

From Samaritanism

 * Sofi Tsedaka, Israeli actress, singer, television presenter and politician

From Shinto

 * Setzuso Kotsuji, son of a Shinto priest, and a professor in Japan (converted from Shinto to Christianity and then from Christianity to Judaism)

From Hinduism

 * Sarah Avraham, women's world Thai-boxing champion

From Buddhism

 * Angela Warnick Buchdahl, American Reform Jewish Rabbi, converted to Orthodox Judaism at age 21. She was not raised within the Buddhist faith; however, her mother is Buddhist so by Orthodox Jewish law she was not considered Jewish, but she was raised Jewish and so by Reform Jewish law she has always been Jewish.

List of conversions named in the Bible

 * Bithiah, from traditional Egyptian religion
 * Darius the Mede, from a mideastern religion who admitted that God of Israel is eternal Forever
 * Jethro, priest of Midian and father-in-law of Moses, from a Mideastern religion
 * Makeda, queen of Sheba, from a Mideastern or Ethiopian religion
 * Osenath, from the ancient Egyptian religion (her name relates to Anat)
 * Ruth, great-grandmother of King David, from a Near Eastern religion
 * Yael, from Canaanite or another Near Eastern religion
 * Zipporah, from a Mideastern or northern African religion

Undetermined former religion

 * According to rabbinic tradition, Obadiah the prophet, from a Mideastern religion
 * Joseph Bánóczi
 * Drew Bundini Brown, assistant trainer of former heavyweight boxing champion Muhammad Ali
 * Sarah Brown, actress
 * Salem Shaloam David
 * József Eisenhoffer
 * Nachman Fahrner
 * Lenny Kuhr, Dutch singer-songwriter
 * Martha Nussbaum, American philosopher and academic
 * Annamie Paul, Canadian activist, lawyer, and former leader of the Green Party of Canada.
 * Helen Reddy, Australian American singer and actress
 * Dara Torres
 * Desmond Wilcox
 * Andre Williams

Converts who later left the faith

 * Cristian Castro, Grammy Award-nominated Mexican pop singer (reverted to Roman Catholicism after divorcing his Jewish wife)
 * Bob Denard, French soldier and mercenary. Converted from Catholicism to Judaism, then from Judaism to Islam, then from Islam to Catholicism
 * Polemon II, king of Cilicia, converted to marry the Jewish princess Berenice; later relapsed

title: List of converts to Judaism


text:
Talk:Grave of the Fireflies

— Assignment last updated by Dslaym (talk) 13:57, 10 January 2023 (UTC)

Plot summary format
Hello. While I agree with most of the earlier changes to the plot summary by, I thought a discussion would be useful for other editors to give their thoughts on the matter. Since the plot summary is an overview of the film's main events, we should avoid minute like technical details (like breaking the fourth wall, using "the film" in a plot summary, etc.) or scene-by-scene breakdowns per the relevant guidelines at Manual of Style/Film. Also, according to Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style/Film, the use of an in medias res scene (in this case, it's Seita's death from starvation) can be placed elsewhere in the article without breaking for it. Thoughts? Lord Sjones23 (talk - contributions) 20:05, 30 October 2022 (UTC)
 * I'm not entirely opposed to using "the film" in a plot summary if it seems beneficial (as in the example at WP:PLOTSUM) but I agree it's not necessary here. I also agree with your changes to the in media res scene; it's not entirely necessary for the understanding of the plot, so it can just be placed chronologically. – Rhain  ☔ (he/him) 00:46, 31 October 2022 (UTC)
 * I would say that phrases like "in the film" are, in fact, very important to keep in line with MOS:INUNIVERSE. I would argue that the plot-section feels too in-universe currently, though it's a tight plot synopsis otherwise. Note that the example given in PLOTSUM begins "Little Red Riding Hood is the story of ...", for comparison. ~ Maplestrip/Mable ( chat ) 10:12, 31 October 2022 (UTC)
 * I'm kind of seeing 's point on this; for example, when there are 'flashbacks' in a film, sometimes its best to simply use the word 'flashback' to describe the Plot, rather than some less direct reconstruction of the plot narrative of the film. ErnestKrause (talk) 14:25, 1 November 2022 (UTC)
 * The recent edit by SJones removed the introductory material of the film from the start of the plot section. The introductory material of the film, which I previously added, should be restored to appear at the beginning of the plot section. The edit of SJones on the film for Fireflies does not appear to be the same as what other editors at Wikipedia are doing for films which present their scenes out of chronological sequence. For example the peer reviewed article for Citizen Kane starts with his deathbed scene at the start of the film and in the Plot section of the article, before it then goes back in time to tell Kane's biography. It looks like the same thing in the Fireflies film. Could you change or adjust your last edits there to reflect Wikipedia guidelines for presenting Plots which are shown with their scenes out of chronological sequence? The introduction of Fireflies should appear at the start of the plot section. ErnestKrause (talk) 22:55, 31 October 2022 (UTC)
 * I would say that phrases like "in the film" are, in fact, very important to keep in line with MOS:INUNIVERSE.
 * I can't think of a single case where phrases like that are necessary, and I've written hundreds of plot summaries on Wikipedia. It's a plot summary, so people know it's in the film. Saying stuff like "In the film", "The film ends with," "In the next scene" etc never adds clarity or information. Popcornfud (talk) 23:22, 31 October 2022 (UTC)
 * Also, according to the relevant how-to guide at WP:PLOTSUMNOT: Not only should a plot summary avoid a scene-by-scene recap, but there's also no reason that a plot summary has to cover the events of the story in the order in which they appear (though it is often useful). Given that, the in medias res sequence could be placed in chronological order. Lord Sjones23 (talk - contributions) 05:02, 1 November 2022 (UTC)
 * Another one, per MOS:PLOT (a guideline): Summaries written in a real-world perspective do not need to stay true to the fiction's chronological order if going out of order improves and condenses the summary. – Rhain  ☔ (he/him) 05:09, 1 November 2022 (UTC)
 * That still leaves open the question of whether Fireflies or Citizen Kane are taking the correct approach in presenting a plot which basically starts with the death of the main characters at the start and then goes back to describe their lives. Both Fireflies and Citizen Kane use this plot device, though Citizen Kane keeps the description of the death at the top of the Wikipedia plot section, whereas User:Sjones is deleting the death scene from the start of the plot section. Which one is correct, the peer reviewed Wikipedia article for Citizen Kane or Sjones's version of Fireflies? ErnestKrause (talk) 14:25, 1 November 2022 (UTC)
 * Neither is more "correct"—they're both allowed to present information differently, as is made very clear in the two quotes immediately above (specifically, "there's ... no reason that a plot summary has to cover the events of the story in the order in which they appear (Fireflies) (though it is often useful)" (Kane)) . Citizen Kane's non-linear narrative seems to be an important storytelling technique that is discussed in the article; the same cannot be said about the opening of Grave of the Fireflies, in my opinion. – Rhain  ☔ (he/him) 14:38, 1 November 2022 (UTC)
 * Your point seems reasonable from one viewpoint, but the viewpoint of the directors and animators of Fireflies was to think that the death scene was significant and to put it at the very start of the film. It seems like respecting the wishes and preferences of the directors and animators of Fireflies should normally be followed. ErnestKrause (talk) 14:44, 1 November 2022 (UTC)
 * The goal isn't to "[respect] the wishes and preferences" of the creators, it's to present the information in the most logical way. Whether or not that involves describing the scenes chronologically is a matter of opinion, but it should never be done to simply please the creators; that basically defeats the purpose of that quote. – Rhain  ☔ (he/him) 14:51, 1 November 2022 (UTC)
 * I'm with Rhain here. We should just summarise the plot in whichever format suits our goals best — that is, to provide a concise, plain summary — not which best matches our assumptions about what the filmmakers might prefer. Popcornfud (talk) 16:30, 1 November 2022 (UTC)
 * I think MOS:INUNIVERSE is pretty clear on this: "Articles about fiction ... should use the real world as their primary frame of reference"; "Important aspects ... Description of fictional characters, places and devices as objects of the narrative"; Starting the plot section with the phrase "In 1945, the Yokokawa's house is destroyed ..." can be confusing, as it is unclear whether "the Yokokawa's house" refers to a real household (like Kobe being a real location in the same sentence). I don't mind it too much, though, as it isn't too unclear. The "Plot summaries of individual works" section does allow this usage within a "Plot" or "Synopsis" section (btw, the MOS there explicitly talks about Citizen Kane's in media res, which might be of use in the discussion above). ~ Maplestrip/Mable ( chat ) 18:05, 1 November 2022 (UTC)
 * I don't think we have to specify which elements or locations in a plot summary are fictitious. Popcornfud (talk) 18:36, 1 November 2022 (UTC)
 * I’m also not sure it’s necessary. The plot section for the featured article Casablanca (film) doesn’t explicitly describe Rick Blaine’s nightclub as fictional due to the city Casablanca being real. Also the plot section for the good article Dracula doesn’t say fictional castle even thought the mountain range it was situated in was real. Granted this is a limited sample but it appears that plot sections don’t explicitly describe fictions locations in real life locations as fictitious.--65.92.162.81 (talk) 23:38, 1 November 2022 (UTC)
 * Its to the point that Maplestrip is also finding Citizen Kane used as an example in MOS. I'll also add another example at this time of Al Pacino in The Irishman where the film starts with Robert DeNiro on his deathbed before the film starts to tell his story. Both of these serve as examples that the introduction to a film, as it was filmed, should start the plot section; this suggests the same for Fireflies which is currently not done. ErnestKrause (talk) 00:22, 2 November 2022 (UTC)
 * I have another angle to view this issue from: do we have a reliable source that describes or analyzes the in media res/flashback aspect of the first scene of the movie in detail? If so, it might be appropriate to make it clear in the synopsis that it's the start of the film. Right now, it really doesn't matter either way, as the text of our article doesn't talk about this scene anyway. ~ Maplestrip/Mable ( chat ) 07:48, 4 November 2022 (UTC)
 * I'm supporting on this edit. If the article for Fireflies is to move forward from its "C"-level status, then the plot section and the other sections need to be improved in order for the article to move forward. Both Citizen Kane and The Irishman are peer reviewed articles and both of them include the preface to the film at the start of the plot section. The current version of the Fireflies plot section ignores the preface and does not list it at the start of the plot section. Support for anyone who can add the preface of this film into the start of the plot section of Fireflies. ErnestKrause (talk) 13:04, 4 November 2022 (UTC)
 * Ernest, I'm sorry, but I'm not actually saying this here. In Citizen Kane, we have a reliable source talking about how "no film was as immersed in [the technique of flashback] as Citizen Kane." We have a similar phrase in the "Interpretation" section of The Irishman. We don't have a citation like that for Grave of the Fireflies, so we have no reason to mention it in the plot section either. If the "Themes and analysis" section of this article is expanded to talk about the structure of the film, then we would have more of a reason to mention it in the plot section. ~ Maplestrip/Mable ( chat ) 13:41, 4 November 2022 (UTC)
 * Its fair for you to point that out and I'll spend some time getting the reliable sources together to expand the Analysis section a little. Most of the reliable sources I've found so far are stressing that the film's theme is determined by the start of the film described as two ghosts appearing at the beginning of the film to begin a spiritual journey across Japan which then has a flashback to where the last years of their material lives are presented in this film. The current analysis section in the article starts with material which the director did not agree with, which seems like the wrong place to start an analysis section for this article. Any thoughts? ErnestKrause (talk) 14:35, 5 November 2022 (UTC)
 * Yes, this sounds very good! Such an expansion of the Analysis section would be great, I think. The anti-war and isolation aspect currently in the article is very good too, of course, but maybe not the best start of the section if you have a good citation for the two ghosts. ~ Maplestrip/Mable ( chat ) 11:30, 7 November 2022 (UTC)
 * Its now added it based on the new De Wit book about the film from BFI. Is more needed in the Analysis section in order to add the preface to the plot summary section? The material is not found in the book version and is found only in the film version as a 4 minute long preface which starts the film. ErnestKrause (talk) 23:34, 7 November 2022 (UTC)
 * Nice addition. I wonder if De Wit's book can be used for other aspects as well; might serve well as a major source. I think there's more reason to bring the in media res sequence to the front of the plot section now, but I'd be interested in what the other people in this conversation think. ~ Maplestrip/Mable ( chat ) 07:15, 8 November 2022 (UTC)
 * That new book from BFI is worth looking at if you might have a copy of it at your local public library; its fairly well-written and could likely be read by most readers over a single week-end. Regarding the edit to the plot section to include the "two ghosts" version as part of the prologue at the start, then I'm wondering it you could look at enhancing my previous version of it and placing it into the Plot section and I'll try to support you. My original version if you could look at enhancing it is here: . ErnestKrause (talk) 22:18, 8 November 2022 (UTC)
 * While I'm thinking of a rewrite to the two ghosts paragraph to remove any potential redundancy and not break the fourth wall, I've also asked an uninvolved editor with experience in editing film articles,, for his take on the matter. Lord Sjones23 (talk - contributions) 20:46, 11 November 2022 (UTC)
 * First, I guess I am not sure where the idea of not breaking the fourth wall comes from. WP:WAF says, "Works that incorporate non-linear storytelling elements, such as flashbacks (Citizen Kane) or In medias res (The Usual Suspects) presentation, or other narrative framing devices such as breaking the fourth wall (Ferris Bueller's Day Off) or inclusion of self-referential humor (Monty Python and the Holy Grail), may require inclusion of out-of-universe language to describe how the work is presented to the reader or viewer." So it is a valid option to use out-of-universe language. As for whether or not to open the plot summary that way, that seems to be an editorial decision. Since Wikipedia follows reliable sources in terms of content, it can also follow them in terms of organization. It's not clear to me, but does the BFI book have a plot summary that opens about the ghosts? Are there other reliable sources that summarize the plot that we can follow? Erik (talk | contrib) (ping me) 12:15, 12 November 2022 (UTC)
 * I find that breaking the fourth wall almost always makes the summaries more complicated and less clear, rather than the other way round. It's usually not the simplest solution.
 * The first sentence of the plot summary as it stands is a perfect example of this: "The ghosts of two children [...] are portrayed as wandering through Japan following the end of World War Two." It's simpler to just write: "The ghosts of two children [...] wander through Japan following the end of World War Two."
 * Really, I don't think this opening thing needs to be part of the summary at all. Just keep it simple and stick to the main plot elements. Popcornfud (talk) 14:07, 12 November 2022 (UTC)
 * I think the plot summary should be in universe. It's describing what happens in the film. There's no need to use "in the film" or similar phrasing as it's in the plot summary section and is therefore obviously in the film. WP:INUNIVERSE mainly applies to everything outside of the plot summary. ··· 日本穣 ·  投稿  · Talk to Nihonjoe ·  Join WP Japan ! 17:44, 28 November 2022 (UTC)

Section break
So, how about we open with the following? Lord Sjones23 (talk - contributions) 20:44, 22 November 2022 (UTC)
 * Edit has 3-4 editors in agreement for adding. You appear to have left editing the page for over 1-2 weeks and you are reverting an edit made by 3-4 editors in agreement. You can ping the 3-4 editors if needed prior to further edits. ErnestKrause (talk) 15:43, 23 November 2022 (UTC)
 * I was busy with other things, actually. Also, just because another film article's plot summary does something differently doesn't give us cause to do so here, since that would fall under WP:OSE. While I've invited, , , and some other uninvolved editors such as ,  and  for their thoughts on the matter, I agree with Popcornfud and Rhain's earlier positions regarding the opening sentence in the summary. Lord Sjones23 (talk - contributions) 18:14, 23 November 2022 (UTC)
 * Just a heads-up, pings won't work unless you sign within the same edit per WP:MENTION. – Rhain  ☔ (he/him) 22:50, 23 November 2022 (UTC)
 * Understood. Thanks. Lord Sjones23 (talk - contributions) 22:54, 23 November 2022 (UTC)
 * There's a lot to read here for what this seems to be, but regarding the opening, I prefer the in-universe version to the "are portrayed wandering" version. Darkwarriorblake / Vote for something that matters 23:48, 23 November 2022 (UTC)
 * I see. While I'm still waiting for additional thoughts on the plot summary, I also agree with Popcornfud that we should keep it simple and that breaking the fourth wall can make summaries unclear. Lord Sjones23 (talk - contributions) 01:54, 28 November 2022 (UTC)
 * Taking WP:FILMPLOT, along with WP:INUNIVERSE and the above comments into consideration, we can open the plot summary with one of the following:
 * "In 1945, teenager Seita Yokokawa lives in Kobe with his younger sister Setsuko and his mother. On June 5, a group of American Boeing B-29 Superfortress bombers launch an air raid on Kobe, destroying most of the city."
 * "Seita Yokokawa is a teenager living with his younger sister Setsuko and his mother in Kobe, Japan. On June 5, 1945, a group of American Boeing B-29 Superfortress bombers launch an air raid, destroying much of the city. Though Seita and Setsuko escape the raid, their mother is severely injured and later dies."
 * "In June 1945, teenager Seita Yokokawa, who is living in Kobe with his younger sister Setsuko and his mother, prepares to escape his home when a group of American Boeing B-29 Superfortress bombers launch an air raid."
 * "On September 21, 1945, teenager Seita Yokokawa dies from starvation at the Kobe-Sannomiya Station in Kobe. Later, a janitor picks up a candy tin containing his sister Setsuko's ashes and disposes of them. Reunited as spirits, Seita and Setsuko board a ghostly train and recount how they survived the Bombing of Kobe in World War II."
 * "At the Kobe-Sannomiya Station on September 21, 1945, teenager Seita Yokokawa dies of starvation. A janitor picks up a candy tin containing his sister Setsuko's ashes and disposes of them. Reunited as spirits, Seita and Setsuko board a ghostly train and recount how they survived the Bombing of Kobe in World War II."
 * "In September 1945, teenager Seita Yokokawa dies of starvation at the Kobe-Sannomiya Station. After a janitor picks up a candy tin containing his sister Setsuko's ashes and disposes of them, Setsuko's spirit reunites with Seita's. Boarding a ghostly train, the two recount how they survived the Bombing of Kobe in World War II."
 * Of course, I'm always open to other suggestions. Thoughts? Lord Sjones23 (talk - contributions) 04:56, 29 November 2022 (UTC)

 * Comment – Led to this discussion from a notice dropped on my talk page. I haven't seen the film, but here are some general thoughts. Plot summaries should maintain a real-world perspective as a frame of reference per our guidelines, which may combine both in-universe and out-of-universe descriptions. Granted, a majority of a summary's text will appear to be in-universe when properly written in present tense (per WP:PLOTTENSE), but that is purely coincidental. Out-of-universe descriptions can be used as needed and can even be captured in an explanatory footnote when space is limited. The plot summary at BvS is a good example of how to incorporate out-of-universe text in both running text and footnotes, IMO. Remember, the goal isn't to reproduce the experience of watching the film. The objective is to provide a high-level overview that even readers who are not familiar with the source material would understand.With that said, if the summary here is going to start out with, "The ghosts of two children...", then it would probably make sense to specify which characters (i.e. the children's names) these ghosts represent in that opening paragraph as well, assuming they represent characters introduced later in the summary. Why wait? Otherwise, it's a confusing introduction that seems out of place, at least to someone like me that hasn't seen the film. Also "depict the remains and remnants of the memory of their orphaned lives after losing their parents" has too many prepositions that grate harshly against the ears! I suggest simplifying that! --GoneIn60 (talk) 05:36, 1 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Works for me. Lord Sjones23 (talk - contributions) 23:22, 7 December 2022 (UTC)

GA/FA?
While I've already asked around for additional thoughts on the plot summary's formatting, I have been thinking about bringing the article to GA or FA status at some point, using Back to the Future, Conan the Barbarian (1982 film) or Jaws (film) (both FAs) as a model. While it's in decent shape, the article might need some work if we want to bring it to either GA or FA status (including the lead section, which we can expand to at least three or four paragraphs). Thoughts? Lord Sjones23 (talk - contributions) 00:40, 28 November 2022 (UTC)
 * A three paragraph lede would be nice. I feel like the release and reception sections might use a copyedit? GA is not too high a bar for this article as it stands, if some of the missing citations can be fixed up. To make it a really beautiful article, I think it would be great if new information from new sources could be added. The music section is short, for example, and the "Derivative works" section might be transformed into a "Legacy" section if the sources are there. Best of luck for sure! ~ Maplestrip/Mable ( chat ) 10:37, 28 November 2022 (UTC)
 * Thanks. I had hoped to bring the article up to GA/FA status 10 years ago, but I was busy with other things at that time. Still, there's no rush. Lord Sjones23 (talk - contributions) 10:41, 28 November 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Rhetorical Practices from the Ancient World to Enlightenment
— Assignment last updated by Jenfurg (talk) 17:55, 3 March 2023 (UTC)

Plot section, revisited
Hello. I would like to discuss the recent edits made to the plot section by as opposed to  edit warring. WP:FILMPLOT states "Events do not have to be written in the order in which they appear on screen. If necessary, reorder the events to improve understanding of the plot."

For now, I've restored the WP:STATUSQUO on the article and added a hidden note about the film's timeline alternating between the present and through flashbacks. Thoughts? Lord Sjones23 (talk - contributions) 11:46, 9 June 2024 (UTC)
 * If the plot is presented in a non-linear manner in the film, should that be mentioned in the opening of the plot section? 216.30.147.90 (talk) 14:27, 9 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Or perhaps in the lead section? Lord Sjones23 (talk - contributions) 23:20, 9 June 2024 (UTC)
 * I'm inclined to keep the version of the plot which presents the events in rough chronological order, as the film intentionally breaks the order for dramatic effect. This makes for good filmmaking, but not good encyclopedic writing. — TechnoSquirrel69 ( sigh ) 16:57, 11 June 2024 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Grave of the Fireflies


text:
Jakob Rosanes

Jakob Rosanes (also Jacob; 16 August 1842 – 6 January 1922) was a German mathematician who worked on algebraic geometry and invariant theory. He was also a chess master.

Rosanes was a grandson of Rabbi Akiva Eiger, one of the most revered Jewish religious scholars of the Talmud and halachic decisors of the 18th century. Eiger's daughter Baila was Rosanes' mother. Rosanes grew up during a period when the Enlightenment and increasing opportunities for social, academic and economic advancement for culturally assimilated Jews influenced large numbers of Jews to reconsider their faith. He was not religiously observant, and his children converted to Christianity.

Rosanes studied at University of Berlin and the University of Breslau. He obtained his doctorate from Breslau (Wrocław) in 1865 and taught there for the rest of his working life. He became professor in 1876 and rector of the university during the years 1903–1904.

Rosanes made significant contributions in Cremona transformations.

Notable chess games

 * Jakob Rosanes vs Adolf Anderssen, Breslau 1862, Spanish Game: Berlin Defense. Rio Gambit Accepted (C67), 1-0 Sometimes, Rosanes was able to beat even one of the best masters of his time, Adolf Anderssen...
 * Jakob Rosanes vs Adolf Anderssen, Breslau, 1863, King's Gambit: Accepted. Kieseritzky Gambit Anderssen Defense (C39), 0-1 ...but as shows this beautiful game, the opposite result was probably quite usual in their games.

title: Jakob Rosanes


text:
Talk:Victory in Europe Day

Untitled
I Wonder if VE and VJ Day are the same — Preceding unsigned comment added by 168.9.85.227 (talk • contribs) 18:22, 10 March 2004
 * No, they are not the same, see the articles. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Tothebarricades.tk (talk • contribs) 19:19, 3 May 2005

Thank you USA and others for our freedom against the Germans. Thank you very much wiki (talk) 14:07, 8 May 2016 (UTC)

To be moved to wikisource
Do we need the Declaration of Military Surrender? Relevant, but would be better linked to as an external source of in wikisource.--Tothebarricades.tk 19:19, May 3, 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree it is exactly what wikisource is for and should be moved. Though maybe an important point or two could be incorporated into the article. say1988 — Preceding undated comment added 01:26, 8 May 2005

Agreed, move it to wikisource - but don't just delete it! --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 14:06, 8 May 2005 (UTC)

(Yet another copy of the same text redacted. For the full text, see this page's history.)

I've restored the ACT OF MILITARY SURRENDER. It will be removed again when I find the link to the Wikisource. Feel free to beat me to it. -- PFHLai 14:48, 2005 May 8 (UTC)
 * Don't include copies of primary sources. You don't need to "find a link" to Wikisource.  Just go directly to Wikisource.  You don't need to go any further than the Wikipedia Main Page to know where it is.  And you don't need to go very far in Wikisource to find that this document has been there since 2003.  I've undone the mess that was made of this article by the people who didn't check Wikisource first.   Uncle G 15:15, 2005 May 8 (UTC)
 * Nicely done, Uncle G. I have never made links to any items in Wikisource, and now I know how to do it.  Thank you. -- PFHLai 18:48, 2005 May 9 (UTC)

Sentence removed from article
I've just removed this:
 * "May 8 is somewhat of a holiday for antifascists in Europe, especially Germany."

Aside from its odd coding, it's not clear what it means (what's "somewhat of a holiday"?), nor whether it's true (or, indeed, what being true would consist in). Could anyone help? --Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 09:42, 16 August 2005 (UTC)

How many people are in the picture?
In the crowd below Churchill? Sagittarian Milky Way 06:49, 5 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Several. Definately more than 3.
 * Petecollier 18:41, 8 May 2007 (UTC)
 * The article says that more than a million people took to the streets in celebration in London. The number visible through Churchill's window is immaterial. Lorangriel 19:19, 8 May 2007 (UTC)

The text says that "in the United Kingdom more than 100 million people celebrated in the streets." Given that the population of the U.K. is somewhat below 100 million, where did all these people come from ??? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.112.143.12 (talk) 10:14, 8 May 2011 (UTC)

Removed dead links
BsL (talk) 14:36, 22 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Victory address by Sir Winston Churchill, 1945-05-08, 3 PM (Danish site, English audio, Real Player)
 * Victory address by King George VI, 1945-05-08, 9 PM (Danish site, English audio, Real Player)

Cleanup
I think that this article requires cleanup because I noticed several grammatical errors. I fixed one but I'm leaving right now, I'll try and fix more when I'm back but in the meantime it would be nice if someone else could do it. Also I don't know how to mark it as cleanup needed or else I would. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.111.240.160 (talk) 23:31, 22 April 2009 (UTC)

Disagree with resent text removal
I see no reason for removal of "Celebration" and "Soviet Victory day" sections: the article's name is "Victory in Europe day", not "Victory in Europe (May 8) day". Reverted.--Paul Siebert (talk) 17:07, 4 June 2009 (UTC)

Odd linkage
Why does this article have a link to western betrayal? W. B. Wilson (talk) 16:25, 14 March 2010 (UTC)

I will remove in a week or so unless another editor can demonstrate the relationship of the two articles. W. B. Wilson (talk) 04:30, 15 March 2010 (UTC)

 * Link removed as the western betrayal article itself was deleted on 18 March. W. B. Wilson (talk) 08:35, 19 March 2010 (UTC)

May 8th as a public holiday
May 8th is not a public holiday in Norway. Maybe it has been on some specific occasions, but the information here is not generally correct. Should I remove it? I think that a similar comment can be made about some of the other countries listed too. In fact, this section is quite ambiguous and muddled. Quantum.wells (talk) 13:21, 21 April 2010 (UTC)

Europe
This article is about Victory in Europe, for Europe, why is there a paragraph about the celebrations in The United States? Shouldn't this have it's own header such as 'Celebrations outside of Europe'? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.34.88.154 (talk) 04:59, 6 May 2010 (UTC)
 * It was victory in the war that was waged in Europe, but that war was being waged by the Allies, including the US. Ie the US were at war in Europe, so they celebrated when the war ended and their troops could come home. (Eg, similar to the US's war(s) in Iraq.) Mitch Ames (talk) 03:52, 8 May 2010 (UTC)

The requested cite for Princess Elizabeth's movements on VE day can be found in the epic "World at War" series http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_at_War; it may be the Remember episode. She talked about wandering the streets anonymously, with her sister & as I recall, one "houseman"...96.231.221.136 (talk) 21:19, 6 June 2010 (UTC)

Combine 8 and 9 May as celebrations of V-E Day
Any treatment of the Allied victory in Europe must include the Soviet Union, an ally in the war against Nazi Germany. Any attempt at separate treatment of western and Soviet aspects and celebrations does injustice to the at least 12 million uniformed war dead on the Soviet side. For those interested in history it must be remembered that the total U.S. uniformed war dead in WW-II (all theaters) was about 400,000. Put into comparison with at least 12 million Soviet uniformed war dead and at least a comparable figure for civilians (numbers for both Soviet military and civilian war dead also have been calculated as much higher) this was a tragic but comparatively small price.Федоров (talk) 16:18, 15 November 2010 (UTC)
 * VE Day - thats what was celebrated in Britain I think - 'Victory Day' doesn't mean anything I don't think to the British, there was VE Day and then VJ Day. Its not a slight on anyones sacrifices, its a matter of historical record, how the event was referred to in certain countries.  VE Day should be kept separate from other articles not about VE Day. Thats how I see it anyhow, Sayerslle (talk) 02:41, 5 December 2010 (UTC)

 * The role of the USSR in the war against Nazi Germany is not that simple. One must remember that for the two first years of WW2, the USSR and Nazi-Germany were allies and co-aggressors. Hence, in the USSR one only learns about the 'great Patriotic war' from 1941-1945, while the coordinated Nazi/Soviet aggression in the first two years of WW2 is conveniently forgotten. Except of course in Poland, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Romania, all of them uncompensated victims of Soviet aggression. Only in 1991, after fifty years of Soviet repression did the Baltic countries regain their independence, while even today Poland finds it borders forcibly shifted towards the West. So from a central-European point of view, it makes perfect sense to distinguish between the VE-day on May 8th, and the terrible, terrible consequences for half of Europe due to the Soviet version of the victory on May 9th (per the Moscow timezone). Lklundin (talk) 11:05, 4 May 2015 (UTC)

 * So if it makes perfect sense to distinguish between the two what is your rationale for proposing a merge? Do we really need to have that banner spoiling the look of the article just when lots of people will be finding it with a google search who know nothing about, and have little interest in, wikipedia's more arcane processes? Richerman    (talk) 10:21, 8 May 2015 (UTC)

Day of the Week
Which day of the week was 7 May 1945? --78.146.57.85 (talk) 21:31, 10 January 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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Hatnote for Israel article
Since Victory in Europe Day (Israel) has its own article, please replace the hatnote for "the former Soviet Union and Israel" with: Please remove the Israel entry from the "See also" section as it is already linked in the article proper. 62.165.200.11 (talk) 06:43, 5 May 2020 (UTC)
 * Yes, you're right. That's done now. Well spotted and thanks very much. No Great Shaker (talk) 10:11, 5 May 2020 (UTC)

United Kingdom, not Great Britain
In three places, the words "Great Britain" should be replaced with "the United Kingdom" (or "the UK"). VE Day was, and is, celebrated in Northern Ireland as well as Great Britain. 188.143.76.193 (talk) 17:16, 5 May 2020 (UTC)
 * You're right. Changed as requested. Thanks. No Great Shaker (talk) 20:55, 5 May 2020 (UTC)

Time zone discrepancy between Churchill's speech and German Instrument of Surrender
Why did Winston Churchill announce that "hostilities will end officially at one minute after midnight tonight Tuesday 8th May", when the German Instrument of Surrender, which had already been signed in Reims the previous day, stated "2301 hours Central European time on 8 May"? 23:01 CET was 23:01 BDST (British Double Summer Time from 1941 to 1945), 22:01 BST or 21:01 GMT. In any case, one minute past midnight would have been the next day, 9th May. There must be a good explanation, but given how often Churchill's speech is played as a piece of history, it ought to be explained on this page to avoid confusion. NFH (talk) 21:01, 8 May 2020 (UTC)

Good point. It can't be related to the later ratification in Berlin, as that wasn't signed until 00:16 CET on 9th May:  Maybe Churchill or his advisors simply made a mistake. Schgreen (talk) 09:29, 10 May 2020 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 9 May 2020
For Dutch Liberation Day it is stated that it is an Quinquennial national public but since 1990 it celebrated every year as a national public.

Source unfortunately in Dutch https://www.4en5mei.nl/herdenken-en-vieren/veelgestelde-vragen/achtergrondinformatie-vieren/geschiedenis

Law Book Article 3 https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0002448/2010-10-10 5th of May recognized as a public holiday

So

Chance Quinquennial national public to National Public

And

Remove, a public holiday every 5 years. AHofstad (talk) 14:41, 9 May 2020 (UTC)
 * ✅ Yes, it looks like Liberation Day (Netherlands) has it set as an annual celebration. The only source that states it as the former quinquennial holiday doesn't look too reliable. I have updated the article. Don Spencer talk-to-me ⛅ 14:42, 11 May 2020 (UTC)

"Surrender of Nazi Germany" listed at Redirects for discussion
A discussion is taking place to address the redirect Surrender of Nazi Germany. The discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2020 June 11 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion.  — Mr. Guye (talk) (contribs)  20:23, 11 June 2020 (UTC)

"Location: Earth"?
When I searched about VE Day, it shows me that "Location: Earth" in a small box on the google page (not Wikipedia). But inside the wikipedia page, there's no reference of "Location: Earth". Is this line added by Google itself on the search page, or was it picked up from somewhere within the Wikipedia page, like how the Lead paragraph was put in the box?--LostCitrationHunter (talk) 12:56, 4 December 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Victory in Europe Day


text: User talk:63.168.134.2

title: User talk:63.168.134.2


text:
Lists of religious converts

Below are lists of religious converts. The term proselyte is often used as a synonym for religious converts, although historically it first referred solely to converts to Judaism.

title: Lists of religious converts


text:
Sydney Bristow

Sydney Anne Bristow (played by Jennifer Garner) is a fictional character and the protagonist of the television series Alias. She is an American woman with a Russian-Canadian family background who thought she was working as a spy for the CIA when, in fact, she was one of the operatives working for a criminal organization known as SD-6 — one of the arms of the terrorist group The Alliance of Twelve. Eventually, Sydney learns the truth about her employers and becomes herself a spy for the CIA.

Sydney is depicted in the series as being strong both physically and emotionally. She deals with some significant trauma over the years: the death of her fiancé, the death of her best friend, the realization that her mother was a former KGB spy, the estrangement of many of her friends and the constant activity and changes that she must endure from being a spy on a regular basis. Sydney is highly skilled in Krav Maga and is a hyper polyglot, speaking English, Russian, German, Greek, Dutch, French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Norwegian, Swedish, Romanian, Hungarian, Hebrew, Uzbek, Arabic, Persian, Urdu, Indonesian, Cantonese, Mandarin, Japanese, Korean, Hindi, Vietnamese, Polish, Serbian, Czech, Ukrainian, and Bulgarian in various episodes. Throughout the series her code names are Bluebird, Freelancer, Mountaineer, and Phoenix.

Character biography
Sydney Bristow was born April 17, 1975. For the first six years of her life she lived with both of her parents, Jonathan (a.k.a. Jack) and Laura Bristow (real name Irina Derevko). However, her father's work with the CIA kept him away from home much of the time. Sydney and her family were living in rural Maryland until Jack was transferred to Los Angeles when Sydney was two. In 1981 her mother, who was also an undercover agent for the KGB, faked her own death to prevent being apprehended by the FBI. Afterwards Jack was taken into custody for some time, because it was believed that he also was part of a larger conspiracy.

Jack named Arvin Sloane as Sydney's temporary guardian and Sydney went to live with Sloane and his wife Emily, for a time (Note that this is a retcon as it was previously established that Sydney did not meet Arvin or Emily until Sydney had already started working for SD-6. Sydney herself had stated that she had large memory gaps from around the time of her mother's death and can only remember that her father began drinking heavily and became more of an absentee father, leaving Sydney to be raised by nannies. Later it is revealed that the memory gaps are due to Jack, who after finally having been cleared, tested Project Christmas on Sydney, so that she would never be recruited by the KGB, and like all the candidates tested, the training ended with Sydney's memory erased).

When Sydney was 19 years old and a freshman in college, a man approached her and told her that he worked with US intelligence and that they wanted to interview her because she fit a profile. She declined at first but then decided to join them. After meeting with an organization she believed was the Central Intelligence Agency, she signed "dozens of non-disclosure agreements" and was offered a job.

They had Sydney take a job as an office assistant on the twentieth floor of Credit Dauphine, a corporate bank in downtown Los Angeles. She assumed that the bank was somehow affiliated with the CIA. When she told her father about her job after about a month, he ordered her to quit because as a double agent within SD-6, he knew the bank was a front. Sydney angrily refused to quit and this led to the beginning of a several-year estrangement in their relationship.

Eventually she was told that she was ready for the transition, which involved eight months of training. It was during the training that Sydney first heard the term SD-6. At this time, she believed that SD-6 was affiliated with the CIA, that it was a black ops division of the CIA, funded by the CIA's black budget. They led her to believe that SD-6 was one of these divisions and that that was why they did not operate through Langley, Virginia.

The transition ended when they made reference to SD-6 headquarters. They told her they would take her there. What she did not realize was that the headquarters were in the same building. Her role within SD-6 was desk work, at first, but she advanced quickly. Within the first year, she was assigned to reconnaissance missions.

Sydney was told that the objective of SD-6 was "the retrieval and study of intelligence, both military and industrial, throughout the world that is critical to the superiority and survival of the United States of America."

Seven years after joining SD-6, Sydney discovered that SD-6 was actually a branch of the Alliance of Twelve, an international organized crime group involved in the trade of intelligence and weapons, and was an enemy of the United States.

Season 1
Sydney was engaged to be married to her boyfriend Danny Hecht, but he was killed by SD-6 after Sydney told him that she worked for the CIA. Shortly thereafter, she was informed of what SD-6 was by her mostly estranged father, who worked in the highest levels of SD-6.

Sydney went to the real CIA with her knowledge of SD-6, and was recruited by the CIA into working as a double agent to bring down SD-6. Her handler, Agent Michael Vaughn, and who is her ongoing love interest on the show, gives her missions from the CIA. She soon learns that her own father is a double agent as well. During her time at SD-6, Sydney performed missions with Marcus Dixon, who sometimes became suspicious that Sydney was a double agent. Dixon was still under the impression that SD-6 was part of the U.S. Government. Sydney had to balance all these new revelations with keeping all these secrets from her friends, notably Will Tippin and Francie Calfo.

During this season, the head of SD-6, Arvin Sloane, was obsessed with Milo Rambaldi, a man from the 15th century who was able to create brilliant devices that were far ahead of their time. Sydney worked on a number of missions to retrieve or modify these Rambaldi devices to prevent them from falling into the hands of SD-6. During the season finale, on one such mission to destroy such a device, Sydney is captured and discovers that the organization that SD-6 has been pursuing is being run by Irina Derevko, Sydney's mother and a former KGB spy.

Season 2
During season 2, Sydney continues to act as a double agent inside SD-6 and also performs direct missions for the CIA. Irina Derevko turns herself in to the CIA and provides valuable information to help bring down SD-6. Midway through the season, the CIA finally has enough information to bring down the entire Alliance organization and the assault on SD-6 headquarters, led by Sydney and Vaughn. The organization comes tumbling down, but Sloane gets away and is now working covertly with Julian Sark.

Following the fall of SD-6, Sydney decides she wants to leave the CIA but finds herself unable to do so knowing that Sloane is still free. Sydney also has to work to make amends with Dixon, who is bitter that Sydney knew SD-6 was not part of the U.S. Government and didn't tell him, although they are eventually able to patch things up and Dixon begins to work with the CIA.

During this time, Sydney's friend and roommate Francie has secretly been assassinated and replaced by an agent of Sloane and Sark's, Allison Doren. Sydney eventually figures out that "Francie" is not who she says she is and the two engage in a battle which destroys the entire apartment. Sydney shoots Allison three times, apparently killing her, but Sydney is also severely wounded and passes out.

When Sydney wakes up, she is in Hong Kong and comes to find out that two years have passed without her knowledge.

Season 2 saw a fundamental change in Sydney's character, allegedly introduced in order to give the show more action. In the first season, Sydney almost never kills, preferring fisticuffs and tranquilizer guns to deadly blows and real bullets. Starting this season, she behaves more like a stereotypical spy, usually killing enemies and rarely using tranq guns. Although there were some minor incidents prior, the episode "Phase One" is generally considered to mark the arrival of this new version of Sydney. While some fans have criticized this change in Sydney's character, others have suggested that it might have been influenced by the arrival of her mother. During season 2 Sydney also begins to dress and act more sexually to achieve her goals.

Season 3
Sydney now has to deal with the pain of not knowing what has happened for the previous two years of her life, but also the fact that Vaughn is now married to another woman, National Security Council liaison Lauren Reed. Sydney tries to manipulate the CIA to stay in the loop of the organization (they don't trust her because of her absence).

Sydney learns that an organization known as The Covenant seems to be involved with her disappearance. In the meantime, Sydney continues to perform missions for the CIA, while working with her father to find out more about her past.

Eventually Sydney learns through FBI Assistant Director Kendall (who is actually the director of the Department of Special Research) that she worked in the employ of the Covenant as a supposedly brainwashed assassin, although she was able to resist their attempts to manipulate her due to her experiences with Project Christmas and report to the CIA during this time. Eventually, she wiped her own memories to conceal information and perhaps also because of the horrifying realization that the Covenant had extracted her eggs in order to fulfill one of Rambaldi's prophecies. She was also greatly disturbed that she chose to kill an unarmed man in cold blood rather than risk losing her cover as a brainwashed assassin.

Sydney and Vaughn continue to suppress their feelings for each other in light of Vaughn's relationship with Lauren. However, it is discovered that Lauren is actually an agent working for the Covenant, although both Sydney and Vaughn are, at first, unaware of this fact.

The CIA learns that there is a mole in the Los Angeles office. Jack is assigned to find the mole and soon starts to suspect Lauren. Jack confronts Lauren's father, Senator Reed, but he dismisses it.

Meanwhile Vaughn decides to separate from Lauren. Lauren tells Sark and Sark explains that the last time Vaughn strayed from a relationship because of Sydney he quickly reconnected when his then-girlfriend Alice Williams' father died. Sark orders Lauren to kill her father. Lauren cannot go through with it but her mother bursts in and finishes the job. They frame Senator Reed for being the mole. Vaughn quickly recommits to Lauren, breaking Sydney's heart.

On a mission to meet a Covenant asset, Sydney sees Lauren. When she tells Vaughn he dismisses it. Sydney talks to Jack and then Jack talks to Vaughn telling him the signs that his wife is betraying him. When Vaughn becomes suspicious he looks in Lauren's suitcase and discovers evidence that she does work for the Covenant.

Vaughn tells Jack and Sydney and he is ordered by Dixon to pretend that he is unaware of Lauren's betrayal. Lauren soon finds out that she has been played by Vaughn and she and Sark kidnap him. After torturing him and failing to get any information they leave him for dead. Weiss finds Vaughn and he is taken to the hospital.

Sydney soon discovers that the Passenger is Nadia Santos, her half-sister by the way of an affair between Irina and Sloane. After a rescue mission, Sydney's sister is taken by Sloane so he can get the formula that was stored in her brain by Rambaldi (actually her unique nervous system can replay the graphical hand movements encoded in the Rambaldi Fluid-protein strands that cause unconscious, movements like handwriting). Sydney rescues her again, but Nadia later elects to accompany Sloane in search of the Rambaldi artifact known as The Sphere of Life.

Lauren enters the CIA office disguised as Sydney and steals information. Sark is captured and interviewed by Vaughn. Sark gives up Lauren and Vaughn resolves to kill her. Vaughn tracks her down and brings her to an empty warehouse. As Lauren dangles from the ceiling, Vaughn states that he loves Sydney more than he hates Lauren thus he will not kill Lauren. He does, however, plan to douse her in hydrochloric acid, rendering her unrecognizable. Sydney's aunt, the ambiguous Katya Derevko, stabs him in the back. When Sydney learns about Vaughn, she goes after Lauren herself. Vaughn goes after her and arrives just in time to save Sydney from Lauren. As Vaughn and Sydney kiss, Lauren tries to make one last shot. Vaughn sees this and shoots her dead. Before Lauren dies she tells Sydney that there is a safe deposit box in Wittenburg that has information about her.

Sydney goes to the box and finds secret CIA documents about her. Jack gets there and tells her that she was never supposed to find them.

Season 4
Several months after her discovery, Sydney is once again estranged from her father, having discovered (through the secret documents) that he had killed Irina Derevko. Following a botched mission in Shanghai, she receives a dressing down at a performance review, is demoted, and is subsequently dismissed from the CIA.

In truth, Sydney has been recruited into APO (Authorized Personnel Only), a new black ops division of the CIA patterned after SD-6. Much to her dismay, this new agency is headed by Sloane, who oversees a handpicked team which includes Sydney, Jack Bristow, Vaughn, and Dixon. During APO's first mission, Marshall is also recruited, as is her half-sister, Nadia. Her former colleague, Eric Weiss, thinks that Sydney is working for a bank - the same cover she had used when working for SD-6.

During the course of APO's first mission, to bring down a terrorist and assassin-for-hire, she learns the man was actually hired to kill her - by Irina. Jack subsequently killed Irina to protect his daughter. Meanwhile, Sydney rekindles her romance with Vaughn. Later, it is revealed that Irina is not actually dead - Jack killed a genetic double in an elaborate deception orchestrated by Irina's evil sister, Elena, who recruits Sloane in activating a huge Mueller device invented by Rambaldi, which has the potential to destroy the world. Irina is rescued from Elena's clutches and reunited with her family - including Nadia, who she hasn't seen for years - and together they fly to Russia to stop Elena's plans.

Around this time, after some twists and turns and ups and downs in their relationship, Vaughn finally proposes marriage prior to the mission to go after Elena. Sydney doesn't answer just yet. Finally, when she is about to destroy the Mueller device, Sydney goes back to Vaughn and gives him an affirmative reply.

During the mission in Russia, it is revealed that Sloane was able to infiltrate the drinking water of the city through his charity, and all who had drunk this water and were exposed to the Mueller device were genetically altered and became excessively violent. When Nadia is captured by Elena, she is injected with the infected water and consequently attempts to kill Sydney.

The season ends on a cliffhanger when Vaughn reveals to Sydney that his real name is not Michael Vaughn, and depending on who is asked, he might be a "bad guy". At that moment, their car is T-boned by an unknown assailant.

Season 5
Sydney and Vaughn survive the car crash, but Vaughn is taken by their assailants. He manages to escape and tells Sydney that his real name is André Michaux. He also tells her that he's been working for several years to uncover the activities of a mysterious organization known as Prophet Five. His father before him had also worked to gather intel on Prophet Five. Shortly thereafter, Sydney learns she is pregnant and Vaughn is shot and apparently killed by a rogue agent posing as a CIA officer. Four months later, Sydney makes contact with Renée Rienne, an assassin on the CIA's most wanted list, who had been working with Vaughn, and whose father had worked with Vaughn's father, to bring down Prophet Five.

Sydney finds a kindred spirit in Rachel Gibson, a young, wide-eyed, inexperienced agent rescued from "The Shed", a covert criminal organization that, much like SD-6, operates under the alias of a CIA black-ops division. Gibson, like Sydney years earlier, had been duped into believing she was working for the CIA. Now a member of APO, Gibson is learning the ways of being a field agent, with Sydney her designated handler, just as Michael had worked with her. With Nadia still comatose in the hospital, Gibson has moved into Sydney's home.

Sydney has also put at least some demons of the past behind her. Now fully reconciled with her father, she has also expressed some forgiveness of Sloane, to the point of writing a letter of recommendation for Sloane's release hearing.

Sydney continues to go on missions when her condition allows, often using the pregnancy as part of her disguises. However, in the episode "Solo", she came to realize that these days might be fast coming to a (temporary) end when she is not allowed to go on a mission due to her condition.

Three weeks before her due date, Sydney is captured by Prophet Five in order to force her (via a form of drug-induced hypnosis) to remember details of a giant SD-6 flowchart that she had been shown by Michael Vaughn during one of their first meetings. Encouraged by her mental recreation of Michael Vaughn, she is able to resist the hypnosis and provide false information to her kidnappers (who, unbeknownst to Sydney, include Irina). Sydney discovers that she has been stranded aboard a freighter at sea where she attempts to elude Prophet Five and one of their associates, Kelly Peyton. During this incident, she discovers that her family doctor is actually a Prophet Five agent, and suffers a complication with her pregnancy that (to her later surprise) is corrected by Prophet Five and the baby is saved.

After being extracted by APO, Sydney is reunited with her mother and together with her and Jack they travel to Vancouver in order to obtain a mysterious object called "The Horizon" which Prophet Five believed Sydney possessed. During this mission, which is complicated by the discovery that Irina works for Prophet Five and a subsequent attack by Peyton, Sydney goes into labor and — with the aid of Irina and Jack — gives birth to a baby girl, named Isabelle. Irina subsequently disappears with The Horizon.

After the birth of Isabelle, it is revealed that Vaughn didn't die. After his shooting, Jack helped him fake his death and hide in Bhutan.

About a month after giving birth, Sydney returns to duty when Anna Espinosa is recruited by Peyton to kidnap Will Tippin. Espinosa implants an explosive in Tippin's head and demands that page 47 of Rambaldi's manuscript be turned over to her in return for the disarming code. Sydney and Will battle Anna but lose page 47, and in the process Anna uses an unknown chemical agent to collect genetic material from Sydney. Anna goes through the genetic doubling process and becomes Sydney's duplicate.

After Anna kills Renée Rienne while she is on a mission with APO, a chip bearing Michael Vaughn's real name (André Michaux) is discovered implanted in her body. The chip bears what appears to be a corrupted code. Sydney heads to Nepal to meet with Vaughn but is intercepted by an agent of Prophet Five while Anna keeps Sydney's rendezvous with Vaughn. Anna and Vaughn discover that Vaughn has the other half of the code on a chip implanted in his body and after deciphering the code he and Anna head to Germany. They discover a bunker containing all of Vaughn's father's research on Prophet Five. Vaughn reveals that he knows Anna is not Sydney and they fight. Anna gains the upper hand until Sydney shoots her in the head, killing her. Sydney goes undercover as Anna to infiltrate Prophet Five and meets up with Peyton.

Sydney, still undercover as Anna, meets Sloane and learns that she is to seek a rose from an ancient Italian monastery. She meets up with Julian Sark in Italy and he gets them arrested to infiltrate the prison that stands where the monastery once did. Sydney discovers an elderly man who identifies himself as The Rose. The Rose gives Sydney an amulet and tells her she can't stop Prophet Five from carrying out its plans. While Peyton extracts Sark from the prison, Sloane attempts to kill Sydney, still believing she is Anna. Sydney survives the attempt but Sloane escapes with the amulet. Sydney and Vaughn return to Los Angeles, where Vaughn meets his daughter for the first time. Their happiness is short-lived, however, as Sydney gets a call from Sloane, who has figured out that she is still alive.

Sydney finally travels to Sydney, Australia as part of an APO mission to get intel on the twelve leaders of Prophet Five. She successfully captures intel on three of the twelve and returns to Los Angeles.

Shortly thereafter, Marshall and Rachel are abducted by Peyton and Sark respectively and Sydney encounters Sloane, who convinces her to get Marshall to help him locate a certain cavern. Marshall is able to pass a message to Sydney, who, working with Marshall's wife Carrie, is able to locate Marshall and Rachel and mount a rescue. Marshall and Rachel advise the team that Sloane is seeking a cave in Italy and Sydney deduces that Sloane is headed for Mount Subasio. She and Vaughn travel there and Sydney descends into the cave. There she encounters Sloane again, with the amulet she recovered earlier. Sloane fires several rounds into the floor of the cave at Sydney's feet, causing the floor to give way. Vaughn rescues Sydney and performs CPR on her.

The team next tracks Sloane to Mongolia and the tomb of Milo Rambaldi. There Sydney encounters Sloane yet again as he implements his endgame by placing the Horizon on an altar, thus creating a red, hovering ball-shaped fluid similar to that created by the Mueller device. Sydney disrupts Sloane's plans by grabbing the Horizon from the altar, causing the ball to collapse in a torrent of red liquid. Sark leads Jack and Vaughn into the tomb after capturing them, and Sloane shoots Jack in the chest to force Sydney and Vaughn to leave. Seeing her father severely wounded, Sydney grabs a gun and eventually shoots Sloane several times, who crashes into the puddle of Rambaldi-fluid. With Sloane seemingly dead, Sydney tries to stay with her bleeding father, but he begs her to leave him and to stop Irina. Sydney reluctantly obeys and departs for Hong Kong for a final confrontation with Irina. Jack drags himself back into the tomb and confronts Sloane, who has become immortal because of the fluid. Sloane offers to heal Jack, but Jack tells Sloane that he has caused so much pain for Sydney over the years that he will not allow him to do it again and reveals a bomb that he strapped to his body and detonates it, killing himself. The explosion causes a cave in and Sloane is trapped in there forever.

In Hong Kong, Sydney and Irina clash a final time, with Sydney seeking to stop Irina from using the Horizon to gain immortality. In the course of the fight, Irina ends up atop a glass skylight, the Horizon just inches away from her. With the glass cracking under Irina's weight, Sydney pleads with her to take her hand. Irina refuses and attempts to grab the Horizon. The glass breaks completely, causing Irina to fall to her death.

The series ends a few years into the future. Sydney and Vaughn are married and semi-retired and are now living in a beachside house on an obviously very far off island. Dixon comes to visit and is greeted by Vaughn and Sydney, who is holding their second child who is named Jack after Sydney's father. Isabelle has found the blocks for Project Christmas and assembles them in no time, but dismantles it after Sydney calls for her and she joins her family outside. As everyone walks down the beach, the screen cuts to black with the message: THANK YOU FOR FIVE INCREDIBLE YEARS.

Casting
Before landing the lead role in Alias, Garner auditioned five times for a guest appearance in J. J. Abrams's Felicity. When Abrams created Alias, he wanted Garner to portray Sydney. "There was something about her that I just thought was really special. I always thought she had something in her personality that was funnier and sexier and smarter and more mischievous than anything I'd seen her do. And when I wrote Sydney, I wanted to show that," he said. Melissa George, who went on to play Lauren Reed on the show, was also considered for the role of Sydney. Garner took private martial arts lessons for one month during the audition process. She did many of the physical stunts herself throughout the series. Her first stunt double was Dana Hee, who was later replaced by Shauna Duggins.

Reception
As of 2004, Sydney was named one of the 10 best current characters by Zap2it. In June 2010, she was ranked No. 42 on Entertainment Weekly's "100 Greatest Characters of the Last 20 Years". UGO.com ranked her the 20th Top TV Character out of 50. Sydney was listed AOL TV's "100 Most Memorable Female TV Characters", ranking at No. 27. and AfterEllen.com's Top 50 Favorite Female TV Characters. Bristow also appeared in Maxim list of the Hottest Nerd Crushes. She was also included in Total Sci-Fi Online's list of The 25 Women Who Shook Sci-Fi. TV Guide named her one of TV's Toughest Ladies. Her relationship with Michael Vaughn was featured in TV Guide's list of the best TV couples of all time.

Garner also received critical acclaim for her performance. She won a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Television Series Drama out of four consecutive nominations, as well as four Emmy nominations for her lead performance. She was nominated for the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series in 2004 and she won the award in 2005.

In August 2003, the actual CIA enlisted Jennifer Garner to appear in a recruitment video, which would be shown at fairs and college campuses. A CIA officer said: "Jennifer and the character of Sydney Bristow both reflect a lot of the qualities we look for in new career field officers."

title: Sydney Bristow


text:
Time-resolved spectroscopy

In physics and physical chemistry, time-resolved spectroscopy is the study of dynamic processes in materials or chemical compounds by means of spectroscopic techniques. Most often, processes are studied after the illumination of a material occurs, but in principle, the technique can be applied to any process that leads to a change in properties of a material. With the help of pulsed lasers, it is possible to study processes that occur on time scales as short as 10−16 seconds. All time-resolved spectra are suitable to be analyzed using the two-dimensional correlation method for a correlation map between the peaks.

Transient-absorption spectroscopy
Transient-absorption spectroscopy (TAS), also known as flash photolysis, is an extension of absorption spectroscopy. Ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy, an example of non-linear spectroscopy, measures changes in the absorbance/transmittance in the sample. Here, the absorbance at a particular wavelength or range of wavelengths of a sample is measured as a function of time after excitation by a flash of light. In a typical experiment, both the light for excitation ('pump') and the light for measuring the absorbance ('probe') are generated by a pulsed laser. If the process under study is slow, then the time resolution can be obtained with a continuous (i.e., not pulsed) probe beam and repeated conventional spectrophotometric techniques.

Time-resolved absorption spectroscopy relies on the ability to resolve two physical actions in real time. The shorter the detection time, the better the resolution. As a result, femtosecond laser spectroscopy offers better resolution than nanosecond laser spectroscopy. In a typical experimental set up, a pump pulse excites the sample and later, a delayed probe pulse strikes the sample. In order to maintain the maximum spectral distribution, two pulses are derived from the same source. The impact of the probe pulse on the sample is recorded and analyzed with wavelength/ time to study the dynamics of the excited state.

Absorbance (after pump) –  Absorbance (before pump) = ΔAbsorbance

ΔAbsorbance records any change in the absorption spectrum as a function of time and wavelength. As a matter of fact, it reflects ground state bleaching (-ΔA), further excitation of the excited electrons to higher excited states (+ΔA), stimulated emission (-ΔA) or product absorption (+ΔA). Bleaching of ground state refers to depletion of the ground state carriers to excited states. Stimulated emission follows the fluorescence spectrum of the molecule and is Stokes shifted relative to and often still overlaps with the bleach signal. This is a lasing effect (coherent emission) of the excited dye molecules under the strong probe light. This emission signal cannot be distinguished from the absorption signal and often gives false negative Δ absorbance peaks in the final spectra that can be decoupled via approximations. Product absorption refers to any absorption changes caused due to formation of intermediate reaction products. TA measurements can also be used to predict non emissive states and dark states unlike time resolved photoluminescence.

Transient absorption can be measured as a function of wavelength or time. The TA curve along wavelength provides information regarding evolution/decay of various intermediate species involved in chemical reaction at different wavelengths. The transient absorption decay curve against time contains information regarding the number of decay processes involved at a given wavelength, how fast or slow the decay processes are. It can provide evidences with respect to inter-system crossing, intermediate unstable electronic states, trap states, surface states etc.

Spectral Resolution of Transient Absorption
Transient absorption is a highly sensitive technique that can provide insightful information regarding chemical and material processes when achieving sufficient spectral resolution. Beyond the obvious consideration of a sufficiently short pulse width, the dependence of the frequency bandwidth must be accounted for. The equation ΔνΔt ≥ K

demonstrates that, for any beam shape (K), the beam bandwidth (Δν) is inversely proportional to its pulse width. Therefore, a compromise must be made to achieve maximum resolution in both the time and frequency domains.

The use of high-power lasers with ultrashort pulse widths can create phenomena that obscure weak spectral data, commonly referred to as artifacts. Examples of artifacts include the signal resulting from two-photon absorption and stimulated Raman amplification. Two-photon absorption occurs in samples that are generally transparent to UV-Vis wavelengths of light. These media are able to absorb light efficiently when simultaneously interacting with multiple photons. This causes a change in intensity of the probe pulse.

ΔIprobe = γIpumpIprobeL

The above equation describes the change in intensity relative to the number of photons absorbed (γ) and the thickness of the sample (L). The change in absorption signal resulting from this event has been approximated to the below equation.

Sapprox = 0.43∙IprobeIref

A common baseline correction technique used in spectroscopy is the penalized root mean square error. A variant of this technique, the asymmetric penalized root mean square, has been used to correct signals affected by artifacts in transient absorption.

Conditions
TA measurements are highly sensitive to laser repetition rate, pulse duration, emission wavelength, polarization, intensity, sample chemistry, solvents, concentration and temperature. The excitation density (no. of photons per unit area per second) must be kept low; otherwise, sample annihilation, saturation and orientational saturation may come into play.

Application
Transient absorption spectroscopy helps study the mechanistic and kinetic details of chemical processes occurring on the time scales of few picoseconds to femto-seconds. These chemical events are initiated by an ultrafast laser pulse and are further probed by a probe pulse. With the help of TA measurements, one can look into non-radiative relaxation of higher electronic states (~femtoseconds), vibrational relaxations (~picoseconds) and radiative relaxation of excited singlet state (occurs typically on nanoseconds time scale).

Transient absorption spectroscopy can be used to trace the intermediate states in a photo-chemical reaction; energy, charge or electron transfer process; conformational changes, thermal relaxation, fluorescence or phosphorescence processes, optical gain spectroscopy of semiconductor laser materials. etc. With the availability of UV-Vis-NIR ultrafast lasers, one can selectively excite a portion of any large molecule to desired excited states to study the specific molecular dynamics.

Transient absorption spectroscopy has become an important tool for characterizing various electronic states and energy transfer processes in nanoparticles, to locate trap states and further helps in characterizing the efficient passivation strategies.

Other multiple-pulse techniques
Transient spectroscopy as discussed above is a technique that involves two pulses. There are many more techniques that employ two or more pulses, such as:
 * Photon echoes.
 * Four-wave mixing (involves three laser pulses)
 * fifth-order experiments (involves four excitation pulses and a probe pulse)

The interpretation of experimental data from these techniques is usually much more complicated than in transient-absorption spectroscopy.

Nuclear magnetic resonance and electron spin resonance are often implemented with multiple-pulse techniques, though with radio waves and micro waves instead of visible light.

Time-resolved infrared spectroscopy
Time-resolved infrared (TRIR) spectroscopy also employs a two-pulse, "pump-probe" methodology. The pump pulse is typically in the UV region and is often generated by a high-powered YAG laser, whereas the probe beam is in the infrared region. This technique currently operates down to the picosecond time regime and surpasses transient absorption and emission spectroscopy by providing structural information on the excited-state kinetics of both dark and emissive states.

Time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy
Time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy is an extension of fluorescence spectroscopy. Here, the fluorescence of a sample is monitored as a function of time after excitation by a flash of light. The time resolution can be obtained in a number of ways, depending on the required sensitivity and time resolution: This technique uses convolution integral to calculate a lifetime from a fluorescence decay.
 * With fast-detection electronics (nanoseconds and slower)
 * With Time Correlated Single Photon Counting, TCSPC (picoseconds and slower)
 * With a streak camera (picoseconds and slower)
 * With intensified CCD (ICCD) cameras (down to 200 picoseconds and slower)
 * With optical gating (femtoseconds-nanoseconds) - a short laser pulse acts as a gate for the detection of fluorescence light; only fluorescence light that arrives at the detector at the same time as the gate pulse is detected. This technique has the best time resolution, but the efficiency is rather low. An extension of this optical gating technique is to use a "Kerr gate", which allows the scattered Raman signal to be collected before the (slower) fluorescence signal overwhelms it. This technique can greatly improve the signal:noise ratio of Raman spectra.

Time-resolved photoemission spectroscopy and 2PPE
Time-resolved photoemission spectroscopy and two-photon photoelectron spectroscopy (2PPE) are important extensions to photoemission spectroscopy. These methods employ a pump-probe setup. In most cases the pump and probe are both generated by a pulsed laser and in the UV region. The pump excites the atom or molecule of interest, and the probe ionizes it. The electrons or positive ions resulting from this event are then detected. As the time delay between the pump and the probe are changed, the change in the energy (and sometimes emission direction) of the photo-products is observed. In some cases multiple photons of a lower energy are used as the ionizing probe.

title: Time-resolved spectroscopy


text:
Carl Liscombe

Harry Carlyle Liscombe (May 17, 1914 – February 24, 2004 ) was a Canadian ice hockey player. He played in the National Hockey League with the Detroit Red Wings between 1937 and 1946. With Detroit he won the Stanley Cup in 1943. He also won the Calder Cup with the Providence Reds of the American Hockey League in 1949. Liscombe was the last surviving member of Red Wings 1943 Stanley Cup team.

Playing career
Liscombe was a key member of the 1943 Stanley Cup champions. After scoring 42 points during the regular season, he tied a league record with 14 points in the playoffs. He scored the last goal of the 1943 Stanley Cup Finals.

After co-leading the NHL across two playoff seasons with 26 points (12 points in 1942 and 14 points in 1943 ), Liscombe scored a career-high 73 points in 50 games during the 1943-44 regular season (fourth-best in the league scoring race).

Liscombe shares the team record for most goals in a playoff game and most points in a game.

Liscombe was also a star in the American Hockey League, notably becoming the first back-to-back winner of the Les Cunningham Award as the league's Most Valuable Player. In 1949, Liscombe helped the Providence Reds win the Calder Cup.

Liscombe died of complications from leukemia.

Awards and achievements
Was winner of two AHL most valuable player awards;
 * 1948 Les Cunningham Award winner (Providence)
 * 1949 Les Cunningham Award winner (Providence)

title: Carl Liscombe


text:
Shooting gallery

Shooting gallery may refer to:

Firearms and amusements

 * Shooting gallery (carnival game), a facility for shooting live firearms or for shooting recreational guns within amusement parks, arcades, carnivals, or fairgrounds
 * Shooting range, is a specialized facility designed for firearms qualifications, training or practice.

Gaming

 * Shooting Gallery (game accessory), light gun accessory and game of the same name for the Magnavox Odyssey home video game console
 * Shooting Gallery, a light gun game developed and published in 1987 by Sega for Master System
 * Shooting gallery game, a video game subgenre of shooter games

Music

 * Shooting Gallery (band), a 1990s rock group featuring Andy McCoy
 * "Shooting Gallery", a song by 1980s Welsh singer Shakin' Stevens, released as a single from his album This Ole House

Other arts, entertainment, and media

 * Shooting Gallery (TV series), a television series on the Outdoor Channel
 * TSG Pictures (also known as The Shooting Gallery), a film production company established in 1990 by Bob Gosse

Narcotics
Shooting gallery, a slang term for a:
 * Crack house or heroin den
 * Supervised injection site

title: Shooting gallery


text:
Decalcomania

Decalcomania (from décalcomanie) is a decorative technique by which engravings and prints may be transferred to pottery or other materials.

A shortened version of the term is used for a mass-produced commodity art transfer or product label, known as a "decal".

Decalcomania is adapted from French décalcomanie, equivalent to décalquer, "to transfer a tracing of", plus English -mania. The verb "décalquer" is based on Italian calcare, "to stomp, trample", ultimately from Latin calx, "heel". Decalcomania was first recorded in English in the early 1860s.

History
Decalcomania was first used commercially in England about 1750 and imported into the United States at least as early as 1865. Its invention has been attributed to Simon François Ravenet (1706–1774), an engraver from France who later moved to England and perfected the process, which he called "décalquer" (derived from French papier calque, "tracing paper"). The first known use of the French term décalcomanie, in Mary Elizabeth Braddon's Eleanor's Victory (1863), was followed by the English decalcomania in an 1865 trade show catalog (The Tenth Exhibition of the Massachusetts Charitable Mechanic Association); it was popularized during the ceramic transfer craze of the mid-1870s. By around 1875 decalcomania designs printed in colored glazes were being applied to porcelain, an extension of transfer printing, which had been developed in England since the late 18th century. The decalcomania was applied over an already glazed surface and re-fired. The process began to be mechanized from the turn of the 20th century.

Artists
The surrealist Óscar Domínguez referred to his work as "decalcomania with no preconceived object". He took up the technique in 1936, using gouache spread thinly on a sheet of paper or other surface (glass has been used), which is then pressed onto another surface such as a canvas. Domínguez used black gouache, though colours later made their appearance.

German artist Max Ernst also practiced decalcomania, as did Hans Bellmer and Remedios Varo.

French surrealist Yves Tanguy used the technique in his 1936 works Paysage I and Paysage II, which were included in the Guggenheim Museum's exhibition "Surrealism: Two Private Eyes" (4 June – 12 September 1999, New York).

American visual artist Perry Hall has created hundreds of paintings solely through the use of decalcomania and has developed variations on the technique. Hall sees decalcomania as the way in which the material of paint "self organizes" when pressurized, with paint forming into intricate inner-locking networks of ridges and line that bifurcate, splitting and reassembling into complex structures—a kind of physical "fractal" network. The bifurcating systems created with decalcomania in his paintings resemble structures seen in nature: the branching of trees, crystalline structures, networks of capillaries and veins, as well as the forms seen in river deltas and sand dunes.

Fractals
The production of decalcomanias has not been confined to art. At Yale University, fingerpaint decalcomanias have been analysed for their tendency to generate fractals when the process is repeated several times on the same paper.

title: Decalcomania