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Offshore company

The term "offshore company" or "offshore corporation" is used in at least two distinct and different ways. An offshore company may be a reference to:
 * a company, group or sometimes a division thereof, which engages in offshoring business processes.
 * International business companies (IBC) or other types of legal entities, which are incorporated under the laws of a jurisdiction, that prohibit local economic activities.

The former use (companies formed in offshore jurisdictions) is probably the more common usage of the term. In isolated instances, the term can also be used in reference to companies with offshore oil and gas operations.

Companies from offshore jurisdictions
In relation to companies and similar entities which are incorporated in offshore jurisdictions, the use of both the words "offshore" and "company" can be varied in application.

The extent to which a jurisdiction is regarded as offshore is often a question of perception and degree. Classic tax haven countries such as Bermuda, British Virgin Islands and the Cayman Islands are quintessentially offshore jurisdictions, and companies incorporated in those jurisdictions are invariably labelled as offshore companies. Thereafter, there are certain small intermediate countries or areas such as Hong Kong, Singapore and Mauritius (sometimes referred to as "mid-shore" jurisdictions) which, whilst having oversized financial centres, are not zero tax regimes. Finally, there are classes of industrialised economies which can be used as part of tax mitigation structures, including countries like Ireland, the Netherlands and particularly the United Kingdom, in commentary relating to corporate inversion and the use of British Overseas Territories for this purpose. Furthermore, in Federal systems, states which operate like a classic offshore centre can result in corporations formed there being labelled as offshore, even if they form part of the largest economy in the world (for example, Delaware in the United States).

Similarly, the term "company" is used loosely, and at its widest can be taken to refer to any type of artificial entity, including not just corporations and companies, but potentially also LLCs, LPs, LLPs, and sometimes partnerships or even offshore trusts.

Classifying offshore companies
Historically, offshore companies were broadly divided into two categories. On the one hand were companies which were statutorily exempt from taxation in their jurisdiction of registration, provided that they did not undertake business with persons resident in that jurisdiction. Such companies were usually called International Business Companies, or IBCs. Such companies were largely popularized by the British Virgin Islands, but the model was copied widely. However, in the early 2000s the OECD launched a global initiative to prevent "ring fencing" of taxation in this manner, and many leading jurisdictions (including the British Virgin Islands and Gibraltar) repealed their International Business Companies legislation. But IBCs are still incorporated in a number of jurisdictions today including Belize, Seychelles, BVI Anguilla and Panama.

Separately from IBCs, there are countries which operate tax regimes which broadly achieve the same effect: so long as the company's activities are carried on overseas, and none of the profits are repatriated, the company is not subject to taxation in its home jurisdiction. Where the home jurisdiction is regarded as an offshore jurisdiction, such companies are commonly regarded as offshore companies. Examples of this include Hong Kong and Uruguay. However, these tax regimes are not limited to conventional offshore jurisdictions: the United Kingdom operates on broadly similar principles in relation to taxation of companies.

Separately, there are offshore jurisdictions which simply do not impose any form of taxation on companies, and so their companies are de facto tax-exempt. Historically the best example of these countries were the Cayman Islands and Bermuda, although other countries such as the British Virgin Islands have now moved to this model. These could arguably fit into either of the previous two categories, depending on the fiscal point of view involved.

To the Offshore Company definition, applies five (non-cumulative) limiting conditions: (1) The government in the country of incorporation does not levy an indirect tax on the OAC (however, the OSC must pay an annual fee to the government). (2) Separate laws and regulations apply. (3) The OSC doesn't have its own physical office (address), personnel, means of communication etc. This means that the OAC must have a representative (registered agent) and office address (registered office) in the county of the incorporation. (4) The OSC must be managed and governed by (an employee of) a local trust or law office. (5) There is an instance of elements that benefit anonymity such as bearer shares and no or limited filing obligations.

Characteristics of offshore companies

Although all offshore companies differ to a degree depending upon the corporate law in the relevant jurisdiction, all offshore companies tend to enjoy certain core characteristics:
 * They are broadly not subject to taxation in their home jurisdiction.(UAE)
 * The corporate regime will be designed to promote business flexibility.
 * Regulation of corporate activities will normally be lighter than in a developed country.

The absence of taxation or regulation in the home jurisdiction does not exempt the relevant company from taxation or regulation abroad. For example, Michael Kors Holdings Limited is incorporated in the British Virgin Islands, but is listed on the New York Stock Exchange, where it is subject both the U.S. taxation and to financial regulation by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.

Another common characteristic of offshore companies is the limited amount of information available to the public. This varies from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. At one end of the scale, in the Cayman Islands and Delaware, there is virtually no publicly available information. But at the other end of the scale, in Hong Kong companies file annual returns with particulars of directors, shareholders and annual accounts. However, even in jurisdictions where there is relatively little information available to the public as of right, most jurisdictions have laws which permit law enforcement authorities (either locally or from overseas) to have access to relevant information, and in some cases, private individuals.

In relation to flexible corporate law, most offshore jurisdictions will normally remove corporate fetters such as thin capitalisation rules, financial assistance rules, and limitations on corporate capacity and corporate benefit. A number have also removed or watered down rules relating to maintenance of capital or restrictions on payment of dividends. Beyond the common themes, a number of jurisdictions have also enacted special corporate provisions to try to attract business through offering corporate mechanisms that allow complex business transactions or reorganisations to occur more smoothly.

Uses of offshore companies
Offshore companies are used for a variety of commercial and private purposes, some legitimate and economically beneficial, whilst others may be harmful or even criminal. Allegations are frequently made in the press about offshore companies being used for money laundering, tax evasion, fraud, and other forms of white collar crime. Offshore companies are also used in a wide variety of commercial transactions, from generic holding companies, to joint ventures and listing vehicles. Offshore companies are also used widely in connection with private wealth for tax mitigation and privacy. The use of offshore companies, particularly in tax planning, has become controversial in recent years, and a number of high-profile companies have ceased using offshore entities in their group structure as a result of public campaigns for such companies to pay their "fair share" of Government taxes.

Detailed information in relation to the use of offshore companies is notoriously difficult to come by because of the opaque nature of much of the business (and because, in many cases, the companies are used specifically to preserve the confidentiality of a transaction or individual). It is a commonly held view that most uses of offshore companies are driven by tax mitigation and/or regulatory arbitrage, although there are some suggestions that the amount of tax structuring may be less than commonly thought. Other commonly cited legitimate uses of offshore companies include uses as joint ventures financing SPVs, stock market listing vehicles, holding companies and asset holding structures, and trading vehicles.

Popularity of offshore company jurisdictions
In the three-year period from 2017 to 2019, the following jurisdictions saw the following numbers of new company registrations:

title: Offshore company


text:
Cardigan Welsh Corgi

The Cardigan Welsh corgi (Welsh for "dwarf dog") is one of two different varieties of livestock-herding dog breeds known as Welsh corgis (originating in Wales), with the other being the Pembroke Welsh corgi. It is one of the oldest breeds of the British Isles. Cardigan Welsh corgis are known to be an extremely loyal and trainable dog breed, naturally attuned to herding many different animals, from poultry and waterfowl to large livestock such as sheep and cattle. They are also versatile and can live in a variety of settings.

History
Pembroke Welsh and Cardigan Welsh corgis were both originally listed as one breed by The Kennel Club (UK) in 1925; the two varieties were officially recognized as distinct from one another by The Kennel Club by 1928, but were still categorized together under the title of “Welsh Corgis”. In 1935, the two breeds were finally described as uniquely different and shown separately. The Corgi Club was founded in December 1925 in Carmarthen, South Wales. It was reported that the local members favoured the Pembroke corgis, so a club for Cardigan enthusiasts was founded a year later in 1926. Both groups have worked hard to ensure the appearance and type of breed are standardised, through careful and selective breeding.

One theory, regarding the breed’s origin, is that both types of corgi descended from a line of northern, spitz-type dogs; a second theory is that they descended from the teckel family of dogs, which also is where the dachshund originated.

The word "corgi" is derived from the cor gi, which means "dwarf dog". The breed was formerly called "yard-long dog" (ci-llathed). The name “Cardigan Welsh corgi” name comes from their area of origin in Wales, Cardigan (Welsh 'Ceredigion'), and ironically not from their coat markings oftentimes resembling a “cardigan” or “vest” worn by the dog.

Description
The Cardigan is a long, low dog with upright ears and a fox brush tail.

Originally used only as a farm guardian, they eventually took on the traits of a cattle drover, herder, and many more. They are still highly valued for their herding, working, and guarding skills, as well as their companionship. The old American Kennel Club standard called it an "Alsatian on short legs". The Cardigan's tail is long (unlike the Pembroke Welsh Corgi, whose tail may be long, naturally bobbed or docked ).

Cardigans, which are double coated, come in a variety of colors including any shade of red, sable, or brindle, as well as black, with or without tan, brindle or blue merle, with or without tan or brindle points. Other unofficial colors can occur, such as red merle, but these colors are not considered acceptable per the Cardigan standard. They usually have white on the neck, chest, legs, muzzle, underneath, tip of the tail and as a blaze on the head, known as the "Irish pattern." Other markings include ticking on the legs and muzzle, smutty muzzles and monk's hoods, especially on sables (a pattern of darker tipped hairs over a basic red coat color.). An average Cardigan is around 10 to 13 in tall at the withers and weighs from 30 to 38 lb for the male and 25 to 34 lb for the female.

Litter size can vary; usually four to six puppies.

Health
A 2024 UK study found a life expectancy of 13.1 years for the breed compared to an average of 12.7 for purebreeds and 12 for crossbreeds.

The most common causes of death in a 2004 Kennel Club survey were cancer (28.3%), old age (24.6%), and neurological disorders (15.2%).

Canine Intervertebral Disc Disease (IVDD) is known to occur in the Cardigan Welsh Corgi. This is likely due to the Cardigan being a dwarf (chondrodysplastic) breed, and these breeds frequently suffer from Type I disk disease. This disease is commonly found in the Dachshund breed.

Temperament
Cardigan Welsh Corgis compete in dog agility trials, obedience, showmanship, flyball, and tracking events. Herding instincts and trainability can be measured at noncompetitive herding tests. Corgis exhibiting basic herding instincts can be trained to compete in herding trials.
 * Cardigans are highly intelligent, active, athletic dogs.
 * Housepet: They have proven themselves as excellent companion animals. Cardigans are affectionate and devoted.
 * Competitive in sheepdog trials, dog agility, competitive obedience and rally obedience.
 * Guard Dogs: Capable as guard dogs in spite of their small size.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Cardigan Welsh Corgi


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User talk:Yekrats

Welcome to Wikipedia! I hope you have fun around here and continue to make useful contributions. You can check the Community Portal for tips and guidelines. As for the post you made in Votes for Deletion: if its the samething as in a site, it is probably a copyright violation and should be posted in Possible copyright infringements. In this cases the articles is replaced by the copyvio boilerplate text you can find at the top of the reffered page. Thanks, Muriel 15:17, 9 Mar 2004 (UTC)

In Language order poll, you wrote: "By order of alphabet, based on two letter code. Otherwise, how would we order languages which do not use a Latin alphabet?" Allow me to explain why I don't agree. I do not believe that what type of letters the language uses, should matter. There is a natural way to sort a list of language names, and that is by order of language name. (If you want to sort a list of two letter codes, you would order them by the two letter code.) IMHO, the best ordering gives itself, since what the users see, is a list of language names, not two letter codes. And to answer your question: Language names written in letters which you can alphabetize, you just alphabetize. But all the languages written with other kinds of letters also have names in your language, and so can quite easily be alphabetized by those names. At least that's how I see it. --VerdLanco 21:06, 25 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Article Licensing
Hi, I've started a drive to get users to multi-license all of their contributions that they've made to either (1) all U.S. state, county, and city articles or (2) all articles, using the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike (CC-by-sa) v1.0 and v2.0 Licenses or into the public domain if they prefer. The CC-by-sa license is a true free documentation license that is similar to Wikipedia's license, the GFDL, but it allows other projects, such as WikiTravel, to use our articles. Since you are among the top 2000 Wikipedians by edits, I was wondering if you would be willing to multi-license all of your contributions or at minimum those on the geographic articles. Over 90% of people asked have agreed. For More Information:
 * Multi-Licensing FAQ - Lots of questions answered
 * Multi-Licensing Guide
 * Free the Rambot Articles Project

To allow us to track those users who muli-license their contributions, many users copy and paste the " " template into their user page, but there are other options at Template messages/User namespace. The following examples could also copied and pasted into your user page:

 * Option 1
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions, with the exception of my user pages, as described below:

OR
 * Option 2
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions to any U.S. state, county, or city article as described below:

Or if you wanted to place your work into the public domain, you could replace " " with "  ". If you only prefer using the GFDL, I would like to know that too. Please let me know what you think at my talk page. It's important to know either way so no one keeps asking. -- Ram-Man (comment| talk)

 * Hi Yekrats. I made a photo for your request on soap on Commons :-) Regards Malene 21:30, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

Jesse Macbeth
just wanted to know what your evidence is that the macbeth video is a rightwing conspiracy? on informationclearinghouse.com this hasd been discussed and dismissed by most ofthe people there, including myself. It is completely probable that macbeth was a liar who had a lot to gain by posing as a combat vet, certainly just being the center of attention at rallies might have been enough of an incentive. it would be fair to say that after the video came out that the right wing blogsphere as had a field day jumping on this video and leaving threatening messages on macbeth myspace page, but it is pure conjecture that its production in the first place was a video designed to discredit the anti-war movement--taucetiman

thanks
Hi Yekrats. I've already e-mailed you, but so there's a record of gold stars on your talk page, thanks for your help with the Jesse Macbeth article. Let's hope it stays neutral and well-sourced. Bugmuncher 17:16, 30 May 2006 (UTC)

Esperanto Wikipedia: Policy re "krokodilado"?
Hi. What's the policy about "krokodilado" on Esperanto Wikipedia? (E.g. http://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquistador ) -- Writtenonsand 17:12, 5 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Mi ĝin ŝanĝis. Kial krokodili? -- Orange Mike 14:55, 19 November 2007 (UTC)

Since you've edited some Esperantist-related articles...
The category Esperantists was deleted recently, and the deletion is up for review. In case you'd like to chime in, go here. -- Orange Mike 18:28, 4 September 2007 (UTC)

Jean Forge
On 2007-09-07 in the article Jan Fethke you changed Jean Forge is the pen name of Jan Fethke. to Jean Forge (1903-02-26 in Oppeln, Silesia – 1980-12-16), often using the pen name Jan Fethke.

I had always understood that "Jean Forge" was/is the pen name of Jan Fethke. I note also that http://wwwDOTsuite101DOTcom/article.cfm/esperanto/22841 states In the world of Esperanto, however, Jan Fethke is much better known by his pseudonym, Jean Forge,

I attempted to clarify this on 2007-03-26. Am I and this source in error? Bonvolu klarigi.

--Bill O'Ryan O'RyanW (☺ ₪) 16:17, 14 September 2007 (UTC)

p.s. Now I also note that the cited sourse has bee "blacklisted! Why?  This is disturbing!  I can't imagine a motive for hiding the identity of Jean Forge.
 * Dankon. O'RyanW (☺ ₪) 16:23, 14 September 2007 (UTC)

Hello!
Can i invite you to take a look at Twinkle? It's a great script for browsing wikipedia and i noticed that when you leave a message, you don't leave a signature, but Twinkle takes care of it... It works great on Firefox :)

It's a tiny script that gets added to your monobook.js (your special preferrences page). This is a direct link: your monobook.js. Remember that monobook.js is a higly visible template but it's locked to all regular users and anons except admins.

Thanks!

--Flaaaaaaaaaaaming! 15:49, 5 November 2007 (UTC)

Esperanto Wikipedia
Would it be possible for you to expand Esperanto Wikipedia article along the lines of your post here? That would be a very interesting information given the topic. Pavel Vozenilek (talk) 11:31, 19 November 2007 (UTC)

Tèstaquêdra proposal
Hello, maybe a bit late, I am coming to answer the request that you expressed in this paragraph about having a translation of what I wrote here in the italian village pump. I am not translating the comments, since it would take too long. As for my proposal of using Esperanto in the coordination group of small wikipedias, I intend it as a way to avoid discrimination between users accustomed to English, and those who are not (especially in dialectal wikipedias this is an issue). And then, because I do not like the idea of multilingual sites in English (as commons), I think you get the point. I do not really write or read Esperanto now, but I am finishing taking an on-line course on the subject, because I think it is important. -- Tèstaquêdra 22:21, 15 December 2007 (UTC)

 As many of you will know, in many wikipedia versions there exist pages that are built out of data tables. For sake of clarity, I am thinking about municipalities, asteroids, substances, airports, and so on. The current way to manage these pages, which, from now on, I will refer to as "automatic", is not, in my opinion the best one. In some wikipedias (usually the "small" ones, but not only) this kind of pages are used in order to increase the figures, with the result that quality is degraded to pitiful levels. In other ones, where these pages are a more upstanding fraction of the whole lot, they sum up with the figures for "hand-made" pages, and make it difficult to evaluate the grow rate of the encyclopedia. I would like to make it clear from the beginning that I do not regard automatic pages as of little worth (all the contrary); but I believe that a "separate" management would improve the situation under all points of view. Here is a proposed solution that would tackle also another problem. (sorry, the statement in Italian here is idiomatic and nearly impossible to translate)

 * 1) Extend mediawiki with a full-fledged relational-data-base management. Since the mediawiki engine is already built on top of a database engine, unless I got it wrong, this should not be difficult. But now one should provide the php interface with the ability to query these tables and use query results to generate automatic pages. Data input, on the other hand, is not necessarily implemented through the mediawiki interface.
 * 2) Automatic pages do not exist in the same sense as the other ones. This pages are, indeed, automatically generated everytime the requested title does not correspond to an existing page, but appears in the data base. Robots physically creating the pages are then no more needed. If the title in the data base collides with the title of an existing page, (automatic) pages are created with an opportune title extension, which can be used in a disambiguation page (e.g., if Karl Marx is already existing, the engine can generate Karl Marx (asteroid).
 * 3) Automatic pages are not added to the figures of the encyclopedia, or, at least, they are counted separately. In this way, there ceases to exist any incentive for those who only want to fatten the article count.
 * 4) The data base is common to all wikipedias. For instance, once the tables with data about all italian municipalities are ready, it shouldn't be difficult to reuse them in a wikipedia in whatever language; it is sufficient that the local community takes up the task to translate the presentation framework. This assumes that the data base is managed a bit like the commons, obviously.
 * 5) Automatic pages can be embedded inside manual pages. For instance, an important municipality, like Rome, that contains a lot of "manual" text, should embed data from the municipality table through a template mechanism. The page is then counted normally as a manual page. In this case, automatic page generation is suppressed.

These are only a few, roughly described points, and surely need a lot of additional work to morph into actually implementable features. But the idea, in my opinion, is fundamentally right. Database engines do the work of database engines, information is exploitable in all wikipedias that care about using it, criticisms about "inflated figures" are avoided, and the overall wikipedia quality is improved. [...] Cheers -- Tèstaquêdra, 23:34, 11 set 2007 (CEST) --- (from it:Wikipedia:Bar/Discussioni/Una_proposta_di_gestione_delle_pagine_generate_da_basi_di_dati).

Thanks
Thanks for the talk page comment, I tend to wander over multiple projects (my matrix). Good to know your on Esperanto Wikipedia. If you need anything here, Let me know!--Hu12 (talk) 20:58, 6 March 2008 (UTC)

Magic 'secrets'
Hi Yekrats. This is one of those things that comes up from time to time, and has led to a great deal of debate. Ultimately, a compromise was hammered out at WikiProject Magic. Method descriptions which can be attributed to a suitable source may be included, in line with our usual content policies.

It was felt that it would do a disservice to our readers to force them to track down the contents of footnotes when the material (a concise description of the mechanics of the trick) could and should be included in our articles.

Incidentally, the use of 'spoiler' warnings is now deprecated (see Spoiler), and the spoiler template message (Template:Spoiler) was deleted. If you run across an article which still has a spoiler warning in it, please remove the warning. To 'warn' the unsuspecting reader that the method is coming, I recommend placing the method description in its own section of the article (with an appropriate header, like == Method ==) somewhere towards the end. Anyone who doesn't find that sufficient protection from the 'secret' probably isn't going to be deterred by a spoiler template, either. TenOfAllTrades(talk) 14:40, 10 December 2008 (UTC)

1000 Articles on Meta
I notice you were big on editing that awhile back. I'm trying to get some articles (Lincoln, Wright Bros, Jefferson, and Franklin) on the list. You think you could help me? Purplebackpack89 (talk) 15:01, 26 July 2009 (UTC)

Re: Esperanto Wikipedia
The C class rating was a few months ago, keep that in mind ;) I have seen some very good additions to the article, and I must say thank you for your contributions. Sadly, I am busy in real life right now, and I will get back on you with more details at a later date. Cheers! Leujohn  ( talk, stalk me? ) 06:56, 26 September 2009 (UTC)

Super Obama World
Just to let you know, this article isn't really eligible for the proposed deletion process as it has previously been discussed at AfD (see Articles for deletion/Super Obama World). From Proposed deletion: "Before nomination... Confirm that the article is eligible for proposed deletion by checking that it has... not been and is not being discussed at AfD.". Regards, Guest9999 (talk) 00:25, 18 February 2010 (UTC)
 * Renominate for deletion in that context means start a new AfD discussion. Proposed deletion "is a process used for nominating pages for uncontroversial deletion" - deleting an article that has been kept by the consensus of the community is almost by definition controversial and makes it very likely that the proposed deletion notice will be removed or challenged. In addition as I stated above, articles that have been kept at AfD are specifically described as ineligible for proposed deletion by English Wikipedia policy - it is unlikely that the article will be deleted even if the tag remains in place for seven days, if it is it would be a mistake on the part of the deleting admin. If you want to contest the outcome of the original deletion discussion you should use deletion review, to renominate for deletion at AfD follow the steps at Articles for deletion. Regards, Guest9999 (talk) 23:57, 18 February 2010 (UTC)

Deletion
Looking over our discussions I am sorry if I have been less than clear at times, whilst I haven't edited much lately I used to edit Wikipedia quite a lot and forget how opaque some of the process and terminology can be to those not familiar with them. I thought I'd try to explain the basic deletion processes to you to make up for any confusion I may have caused:

 * There are three basic methods of deletion on Wikipedia they are:

 * 1) Speedy deletion: This is for things that there is a clearly established consensus to delete and so discussion is not required, reasons include copyright violation, blatant vandalism and test pages. Any admin can delete an article on site, without notice if it meets one of the specific speedy delete criteria. See Criteria for speedy deletion for more information.
 * 2) Proposed deletion, sometimes referred to as "prod", is for uncontroversial deletions. Once an article is tagged under this process any user (including the article's creator) can remove the tag. If the tag remains in place for seven days the article can be deleted but would be automatically restored on request by any user. See Proposed deletion for more information.
 * 3) Articles for deletion, or AfD, is a discussion based process that takes place on a separate page from the article. A debate typically lasts seven days with the aim of establishing a consensus to keep or delete the article in question. If no consensus is established then the article is kept by default. For more information see Articles for deletion.

An article that has been kept following an AfD discussion is not eligible for proposed deletion or speedy deletion (except in very specific circumstances) as they rely on a presumption that if discussed there would be a consensus to delete (speedy deletion) or that no one would object to the deletion (proposed deletion). If members of the community have already expressed a desire to keep the article this assumption has been shown to be invalid. A new AfD discussion can be started at any time for an article but if too soon after a previous nomination the outcome of the discussion is unlikely to change, people may object to deletion on the grounds that the article was kept following a recent discussion - normally a period of a few months is enough to allay these arguments.

Deletion review, or DRV, is a process for challenging a deletion or the outcome of an AfD discussion or speedy deletion, involving discussion among the community. It should be noted that a common maxim is "deletion review is not articles for deletion round two", meaning it is not for considering the merits of the article in question but whether the process was carried out in line with relevant Wikipedia policy and established community consensus. For more information see Deletion review.

I hope this has helped to clarify things for you a bit, for a more detailed general overview of deletion on Wikipedia see Deletion policy. Regards, Guest9999 (talk) 02:59, 20 February 2010 (UTC)

You are now a Reviewer
Hello. Your account has been granted the "reviewer" userright, allowing you to review other users' edits on certain flagged pages. Pending changes, also known as flagged protection, is currently undergoing a two-month trial scheduled to end 15 August 2010.

Reviewers can review edits made by users who are not autoconfirmed to articles placed under pending changes. Pending changes is applied to only a small number of articles, similarly to how semi-protection is applied but in a more controlled way for the trial. The list of articles with pending changes awaiting review is located at Special:OldReviewedPages.

When reviewing, edits should be accepted if they are not obvious vandalism or BLP violations, and not clearly problematic in light of the reason given for protection (see Reviewing process). More detailed documentation and guidelines can be found here.

If you do not want this userright, you may ask any administrator to remove it for you at any time. Courcelles (talk) 18:43, 17 June 2010 (UTC)

== Kind translation request of emprouvement and translation into esperanto for Ludmilla Radchenkothank of true heart --Lodewijk Vadacchino (talk) 19:16, 15 October 2011 (UTC) ==

Good evening Dear Scott,

I am writing to say hello first, beyond this to wish you a good weekend, that is prosperous and generous. I am writing to you because I saw that you're an excellent Esperanto, and I was wondering if you would be so kind as to improve the article about a Russian model and actress active in Italy, and in Anglo-Saxon world is a well known artist and pop art painter, as well as course in Italy.

what you ask is a simple arrangement of the article, Based on the Italian and the link that I'm going to show here, his new biography in English. what you ask is a good smattering of mixing and everything.

of course, your generosity and kindness will be rewarded well, you translate an article of your interest in Sicilian and various Italian dialects.

sure your answer and some help thank you in advance with my whole heart, I'm going to follow you on Twitter, also keep in contact. thanks and good to make it :)--Lodewijk Vadacchino (talk) 19:16, 15 October 2011 (UTC)

LibraryThing-o en Esperanto
Kara amiko! La tradukado de LibraryThing-o al Esperanto bone progresis. Dankegon al "Annix"! Vidu http://epo.librarything.com/zeitgeist/language/epo paĝon pri la ĝis nun plej ofte aldonitaj verkoj kaj aŭtoroj. Tamen necesas pligrandigi la bazon de la esperantlingvaj kunlaborantoj, de la esperantlingvaj libroemuloj. Bv. sekvi (provizorajn) klarigojn haveblajn ĉe http://epo.librarything.com/topic/134789. Antaŭdankon! ·לערי ריינהארט·T·m:[//meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/user_talk:%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%99_%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%98?action=history Th]·T·email me· 20:44, 27 March 2012 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
Hi, You appear to be eligible to vote in the current Arbitration Committee election. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to enact binding solutions for disputes between editors, primarily related to serious behavioural issues that the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the ability to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate, you are welcome to review the candidates' statements and submit your choices on the voting page. For the Election committee, MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 22:14, 30 November 2015 (UTC)

"Games Magazine" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect Games Magazine and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2022 July 4 until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 09:47, 4 July 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:Yekrats


text:
Talk:Zinc oxide

UV absorber or UV blocker?
The article currently has a header "UV absorber" - but the anti-UV action of Zinc oxide would seem to me to be due to its reflective properties, which give it its white color - and thus wouldn't it be better to retitle this section "UV reflector" or "UV blocker"?Wwallacee (talk) 11:50, 26 November 2015 (UTC)
 * It's somewhat surprising that this article doesn't say anything about the optical properties of zinc oxide crystals. However if you look at figure 4 of this paper, you can see that below 375 nm the absorbance rises dramatically.  (The cutoff for UV is normally taken to be 400 nm.)  So it looks like it does actually absorb rather than reflect UV, except for a small part just slightly below the visible range. Looie496 (talk) 12:58, 26 November 2015 (UTC)

Why we should never (or almost never) use primary refs
Search of ZnO by CAS# 1314-13-2. refine for "English":702 references More later. --Smokefoot (talk) 17:03, 16 December 2015 (UTC)
 * 224139 references
 * refine for "nano": 56608 references
 * refine "Reviews": 985 references
 * refine for 2010 or later: 481 references

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Update on nanophase ZnO literature
In a Chemical Abstracts Search today, "zinc oxide" gives 274,442 hits, 69,999 of which mention "nano," 1198 are reviews, 552 reviews since 2012. Here are highly cited reviews that seem promising for this article: --Smokefoot (talk) 17:48, 6 July 2016 (UTC)
 * Djurisic, Aleksandra B.; Chen, Xinyi; Leung, Yu Hang; Ng, Alan Man Ching "ZnO nanostructures: growth, properties and applications" Journal of Materials Chemistry (2012), 22(14), 6526-6535.
 * Arya, Sunil K.; Saha, Shibu; Ramirez-Vick, Jaime E.; Gupta, Vinay; Bhansali, Shekhar; Singh, Surinder P. "Recent advances in ZnO nanostructures and thin films for biosensor applications: Review" Analytica Chimica Acta (2012), 737, 1-21.
 * Anta, Juan A.; Guillen, Elena; Tena-Zaera, Ramon "ZnO-Based Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells" Journal of Physical Chemistry C (2012), 116(21), 11413-11425.

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Add GHS Pictogram
Hi, Just wondering if it would be appropriate to add the GHS pictogram (GHS09) for Zinc Oxide to the Chembox on the side? Zinc Oxide is toxic to aquatic life, and I did not know this until I researched about "disposing of thermal paste"

I have added a note under safety about its toxicity to aquatic life, but it is not mentioned anywhere else, oddly.

Thanks. C0n0r97 (talk) 10:59, 3 July 2018 (UTC)

Misleading safety concern
Under Safety heading .. Zinc Oxide is toxic to aquatic life.[109]

Non Nano zinc oxide above 150 (nm) observes no acute toxicity in marine life.

The statement implies that all zinc oxide is toxic and the reference used is extremely ambiguous and problematic as it provides no indication or scale of the oxides used for classification.

This is at best factually incorrect.

Simon Ilett (talk) 08:15, 15 August 2018 (UTC)
 * It does seem to be inaccurately worded, so I have removed it for now. If someone wants to reword the statement more precisely and then re-add it, that would be fine.  -- Ed (Edgar181) 11:12, 15 August 2018 (UTC)

Split off pigment section
The topic of zinc white's use as a pigment is vast and notable. Kuhn, cited in this article, includes a bibliography of 50+ other sources on the topic. I would suggest treating it as a separate article. A standalone article about the pigment would allow for discussion of many subtopics discussed in published sources (history of the pigment; notable paintings in which it is used; methods of identification in paintings; conservation issues). You can see my draft of a stub for the article here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draft:Zinc_white. Owunsch (talk) 16:41, 30 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Pinging WP:CHEM, WP:CHEMICALS, WP:VISUALARTS, and WP:WPCOL AngusW🐶🐶F  ( bark  •  sniff ) 17:35, 30 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Support. The parent zinc oxide article is already long, in addition to the reasons given above. --Smokefoot (talk) 20:13, 30 December 2022 (UTC)
 * neutral : this needs to follow the pattern in, which unfortunately is a bit undefined. Some of the articles are split into chemical and pigment (Minium (pigment) vs. Lead(II,IV) oxide). Some are singular and based on the chemical (e.g. titanium oxide) with a subsection on the pigment. Some are singular and based on the pigment (e.g. Prussian blue). In the case of Aureolin and Potassium hexanitritocobaltate(III), both of them are stubs and I'd probably merge those together. I could support a split of zinc oxide if zinc white was at least going to start as more than a stub, but then do we need to be consistent with titanium oxide and magnesium dioxide? Ultimately, I would put this decision to WP:COLOR, but they/we don't seem to be interested in arriving at a consensus when it comes to how to define colors and what deserves its own article. Curran919 (talk) 20:25, 30 December 2022 (UTC)
 * I dont see why "this" needs to follow anyone's particular recipe from color people, pigment people, or whatever. Just get a vote from folks that know the technology (vs the procedural enthusiasts, they often suppress any initiative).  The pattern of Wiki articles on chemicals vs the apps of individual is diverse and ever-evolving. Assuming that the content is there, the drivers are the stamina and knowledge of the editor that leads the split and does the dirty work.  IMHO.--Smokefoot (talk) 21:19, 30 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Up to OP to be bold. Up to a wikiproject to set guidelines and clean up the disjointed mess that is color articles. There is value in consistency. OP was kind enough to use this post to start a conversation on one of my related initiatives in WP:COLOR. Curran919 (talk) 21:39, 30 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Thanks @Curran919 and @Smokefoot. I agree with @Curran919 that it would be good to have some consistency in the way pigments are discussed relative to chemicals. In general, I would favor separate articles. The titanium oxide article, for example, is enormous, which means that information about the pigment gets buried; it also discourages further development of the pigment section, since it would get unwieldy. In both that case and in this one, I would be happy to lead the effort to develop the pigment articles. In fact, I am teaching a course this coming semester on the History of Color, which includes a Wikipedia assignment. I would like to assign both of those articles to my students for development. Owunsch (talk) 22:02, 30 December 2022 (UTC)
 * With all due respect (truly): "it would be good to have some consistency in the way pigments are discussed relative to chemicals. In general, I would favor separate articles." Dont wait for consistency.  The chem articles are often quite good, but if one seeks consistency, one must take the initiative.  It would be great if you tackled titanium dioxide, spinning off the pigment portion. --Smokefoot (talk) 22:37, 31 December 2022 (UTC)
 * @Owunsch support then! You hit me right in the didactics ;-) Curran919 (talk) 08:48, 31 December 2022 (UTC)
 * , let's have the discussion play out for this one. The OP should prepare other pigment drafts in the meantime and I can AFC approve those when this settles. AngusW🐶🐶F  ( bark  •  sniff ) 04:04, 31 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Thanks @AngusWOOF and @Curran919. Should I start a parallel discussion on the talk page for titanium dioxide and any other chemical compound whose corresponding pigment I propose splitting off? Or would that be redundant? Owunsch (talk) 13:20, 31 December 2022 (UTC)
 * @Owunsch I think redundant. Just reference this conversation in the edit summary when making the other splits. Curran919 (talk) 13:28, 31 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Thanks for everyone's input. Here are the drafts I created for lead white and titanium white (in addition to my original draft on zinc white). My students can develop the articles much more extensively in the coming months. I would be happy to go ahead and do the splits now, but it sounds like @AngusWOOF wants to give this conversation a little more time to unfold. I will let @AngusWOOF decide when it's settled. I also welcome suggestions for other pigment articles in need of development. I will have 20 eager students, each working on their own pigment. Owunsch (talk) 23:31, 31 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Draft:Zinc_white has been sitting in AfC purgatory for a couple of weeks now. Would @AngusWOOF or another reviewer be willing to take a look at it? Everyone in this conversation seemed to support the split, and the discussion seems to have played out. Since I wrote the draft, I don't think I'm eligible to take it out of AfC (if I understand correctly). Once that split is done, I can go ahead and do the lead white and titanium white splits. Owunsch (talk) 14:39, 20 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Support Makes sense, just remember to keep a short section here. We say 'split' but we mean 'branch'. Regarding the draft, it would be interesting to see some discussion of zinc vs lead vs titanium. I'm aware that you need a lot more titanium to get the same level of whiteness as lead, which hampered its introduction. Lead is preferable from the point of view of CO2 emissions. I have no idea where zinc fits into that (but I am interested to hear about it). --Project Osprey (talk) 01:34, 31 December 2022 (UTC)

Update on publications cited on ZnO
Its difficult to interpret these results, but one fact is that many publications describe the materials:
 * 470,010 publications (patents, reports,..) on "zinc oxide" are in the Chemical Abstracts database
 * 5545 of these publications are reviews or books (ChemAbs seems not great at finding books). These articles meet Wikipedia's ideal of WP:SECONDARY and WP:TERTIARY
 * 4685 of these reviews/books have appeared in the preceding 20 years, i.e. a few appear every week.

The most cited reviews appearing since 2012 are listed below. None are cited in the current Wikipedia article.
 * 1) Sirelkhatim, A.; Mahmud, S.; Seeni, A.; Kaus, N. H. M.; Ann, L. C.; Bakhori, S. K. M.; Hasan, H.; Mohamad, D. Review on zinc oxide nanoparticles: antibacterial activity and toxicity mechanism. Nano-Micro Lett. 2015, 7, 219-242. doi 10.1007/s40820-015-0040-x
 * 2) Yang, J.; Wang, D.; Han, H.; Li, C. Roles of cocatalysts in photocatalysis and photoelectrocatalysis. Acc. Chem. Res. 2013, 46, 1900-1909. doi 10.1021/ar300227e
 * 3) Lee, K. M.; Lai, C. W.; Ngai, K. S.; Juan, J. C. Recent developments of zinc oxide based photocatalyst in water treatment technology: A review. Water Res. 2016, 88, 428-448.doi 10.1016/j.watres.2015.09.045
 * 4) Kolodziejczak-Radzimska, A.; Jesionowski, T. Zinc oxide-from synthesis to application: a review. Materials 2014, 7, 2833-2881, 2849. doi 10.3390/ma7042833
 * 5) Miller, D. R.; Akbar, S. A.; Morris, P. A. Nanoscale metal oxide-based heterojunctions for gas sensing: A review. Sens. Actuators, B 2014, 204, 250-272.doi 10.1016/j.snb.2014.07.074
 * 6) Ong, C. B.; Ng, L. Y.; Mohammad, A. W. A review of ZnO nanoparticles as solar photocatalysts: Synthesis, mechanisms and applications. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev. 2018, 81, 536-551. doi 10.1016/j.rser.2017.08.020
 * 7) Lang, X.; Chen, X.; Zhao, J. Heterogeneous visible light photocatalysis for selective organic transformations. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2014, 43, 473-486. doi 10.1039/C3CS60188A

My own interpretation of these findings is that the article may not be presenting a balanced overview. Possibly parts of the article result from self-promotion or editors lacking expertise or aiming to push a particular perspective. Who knows, but the literature is huge and the top stuff is unrecognized.--Smokefoot (talk) 23:47, 31 December 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Zinc oxide


text:
Piešťany

Piešťany (Pistyan, Pöstyén, Pieszczany, Píšťany ) is a town in Slovakia. It is located in the western part of the country within the Trnava Region and is the seat of its own district. It is the biggest and best known spa town in Slovakia and has around 28,000 inhabitants.

Etymology
The name Piešťany comes from Slovak Piesok (sand), referring to local sandbanks. The etymology is straightforward – Piešťanci – people who live on the sandy site and Piešťany – their settlement.

History
The first human settlement in the area is dated to the prehistoric times, about 80,000 years ago. People were attracted to the site by abundance of game in the vicinity of the thermal springs that did not freeze in winter.

A small female statue representing female fertility called Venus of Moravany was found in the nearby village Moravany nad Váhom. It is made of mammoth ivory and is dated to 22,800 BC. It currently resides in the Bratislava Castle museum. In another nearby village, Krakovany-Stráže, a treasure consisting of luxury items made of glass, bronze, silver, and gold was discovered in three graves from 200 to 300 AD. The surroundings of Piešťany also include the Great Moravian castle of Ducové.

Piešťany was first mentioned in written records in 1113 (under the name Pescan). At that time it consisted of several smaller settlements. The medicinal springs were already popular in the Middle Ages. They were visited by the Hungarian king Matthias Corvinus. The first book mentioning the Piešťany springs was De admirandis Hungariae aquis hypomnemation (About the Miraculous Waters of the Hungarian Monarchy) by Georgius Wernher, published in 1549 in Basel. In the 16th century, the Piešťany spa was also mentioned by two prominent physicians, Johann Crato de Crafheim (who served to several Holy Roman Emperors) and Andrea Baccius Elpidianus (a personal surgeon of the Pope). The first monography (Schediasma de Thermis Postheinsibus by Ján Justus Torkoš was published in 1745. But in the 16th and 17th centuries, Piešťany also suffered from Turkish raids and anti-Habsburg uprisings.

Throughout the centuries Piešťany was owned by several noble families; the last of them, the Erdődys, owned the area from 1720 to 1848, and the spa until 1940. The Erdődy family built the first spa buildings in 1778. They were damaged by a destructive flood in 1813. In 1820 the spa buildings were expanded and remodeled in neo-classical style and named Napoleon spa. The Erdődy family also established the Spa park in this period. In the years 1889 to 1940 the Winter family rented the spa from the Erdődys and brought it to international fame. Ľudovít Winter improved spa treatment as well as accommodation and entertainment for visitors. They built several spa buildings and hotels.

The spa attracted many aristocratic visitors, including Ludwig van Beethoven. In 1917, three monarchs (Wilhelm II of Germany, Karl I of Austria-Hungary, and Ferdinand I of Bulgaria) orchestrated their war strategy during the negotiations in the Thermia Palace hotel.

In 1945 Piešťany received the official status of a town. In 1959, Sĺňava water reservoir was built south of the town. In the late 1960s and 1970s more spa buildings were built. In 1973 the village of Banka, located on the left bank of the Váh river, was amalgamated with Piešťany, but it regained independence after a referendum in 1995. In 1996 the town became the seat of a district.

The 1938 World Fencing Championships were held in Piešťany.

On January 4, 1987, at the final match in the World Junior Championships of ice hockey between Canada and the Soviet Union there was a bench-clearing brawl, now famously known as the Punch-up in Piešťany. Both teams were disqualified from competition as a result.

On July 5, 2001, three members of the Real Irish Republican Army were arrested in Piešťany. They were lured into a trap by agents of the British Security Service MI5 who were posing as arms dealers from Iraq.

Geography
Piešťany is situated in the western part of Slovakia, in the valley of the Váh river, at an elevation of 162 m. The Považský Inovec mountains form the eastern boundary of this part of the Váh valley. The highest hill of these mountains, Inovec 1,042 m, is about 25 km north of the town. The hills immediately east of the town (10 km away) reach a height of about 700 m. On the western side, the valley boundary is formed by the Little Carpathians, which are somewhat lower and further away from the town. The valley is open to the south, and thus has a warm and sunny temperate climate.

Most of the town is located on the right bank of the river. South of the town is the Sĺňava water reservoir created by a dam on the Váh river. The artificial canal Biskupický kanál and the main river branch join in the town. Another short branch of the river (Obtokové rameno) creates the Spa Island.

The hills of Považský Inovec are mostly covered with deciduous forests. These consist of oak and hornbeam in the lower elevations, and beech in the higher elevations. The Váh valley is used for agriculture. The main products are cereals, sugar beet, animal feed, and pork.

Piešťany is located 75 km north-east of Bratislava, the capital of Slovakia, and 30 km north-east of the local regional seat Trnava. Upstream from Piešťany on the Váh river are the towns Nové Mesto nad Váhom (19 km north of Piešťany) and Trenčín (40 km north-east); 17 km downstream is Hlohovec.

Piešťany is located on the route of the D1 motorway from Bratislava to Žilina with connections to Vienna and Brno. The main railway route from Bratislava to Žilina and Košice also goes through the town. The town has an airport, mostly used for international charter flights for spa clients (10,000 passengers in 2007). The municipality operates a local public transport system with 11 bus routes.

Main sights
Because of frequent floods in the past, most buildings are dated to the 19th and 20th century. The most notable exception are the ruins of a medieval monastery from the 13th century. The Napoleon Spa is a complex of Neoclassicist spa buildings built between 1822 and 1862. The town's Catholic church dates from the same era. The Kolonádový most bridge, constructed by Emil Belluš in 1930–33, is a preeminent functionalist construction with many precious art objects. The local airport is home to the Military History Museum Piešťany.

Spa
The Piešťany spa has a capacity of two thousand beds and treats over forty thousand patients a year. More than 60% of the clients are foreigners (mostly from Germany, the Czech Republic, Israel, Austria and Arab Countries). The spa specializes in treatment of chronic rheumatic and arthritic diseases and post-accident lesions of joints and bones.

The spa is located on the Spa Island between two branches of the Váh river, at the site of several hot springs with temperatures of 67 - 69 C. The water originates in a tectonic break at 2,000 m depth. The sulfate–carbonate water from the springs is used in pools and tubs. Sulfurous mud extracted from the bed of a side channel of the river is also used for treatment in the form of thermal mud pools with temperature 39 °C and for partial and full body packs. Spring water and mud therapy is complemented by electrotherapy, exercise, massage, medication, and diet.

The spa is operated by the company Slovenské liečebné kúpele. The company was purchased in 2002 by Danubius Hotels Group. A small share is owned by the town. Danubius Hotels Group also owns hotels in Hungary, Mariánské Lázně spa in Czech Republic and Sovata spa in Romania.

Demographics
According to the 2001 census, the town had 30,306 inhabitants. 96.30% of inhabitants were Slovaks, 1.69% Czechs and 0.27% Hungarians. The religious makeup was 72.65% Roman Catholics, 16.71% people with no religious affiliation and 5.96% Lutherans.

Economy
One of important employers in the city during the communist era was the Czechoslovak electronics maker Tesla Piešťany. It closed down in 1991 and in 1998 its factories were acquired by ON Semiconductor, a former subsidiary of Motorola, keeping a small customer support centre in the town. Delipro, s.r.o., manufacturer of quartz crystals founded in 1993, is another company building on the legacy of electronics manufacturing in the region.

Other important employers in the town include Slovak headquarters of financial services company Home Credit Slovakia. Technický skúšobný ústav Piešťany is an independent certification, testing and inspection body for conformity assessment of machinery and construction products and consumer goods. Historically, Technický skúšobný ústav Piešťany is one of the oldest and the largest testing bodies in Slovak Republic within testing activity.

Culture
The town is known in Slovakia for its rich cultural programme throughout the year. In the summer tourist season, the town hosts several cultural events. Both opening (in June) and closing (in September) of the summer spa season is connected with big street festivals. An annual summer classical music festival, Piešťany Music Festival, established in 1955, takes place in the House of Arts of Piešťany. This venue, with a seating capacity of 622, is currently the largest cinema hall in Slovakia and also offers other concerts and theatre shows. Country Lodenica is a festival of folk and country music established in 1999. It takes place south of the town, on the shores of Sĺňava water reservoir. Since 2000s, various festivals were held at Piešťany Airport, among others second largest music festival in Slovakia - GrapeFestival, rock-centered Topfest, electronic music-focused BeeFree or Hodokvas. Furthermore, from 2006 to 2009 and since 2019 there have been air shows. There were also regular car-, motorcycle- and truck-races.

Between 1967 and 1993 the city was the site of an annual sculpture exhibition in the Spa Park. This tradition was renewed in 2005 and 2008.

Piešťany also has several museums. The Balneologické múzeum Imricha Wintera, the only one of its type in the region, focuses on archeology, history and ethnography of the region, as well as the history of Slovakia's spas in general. It was established in 1933 by the Winter family. Another small museum belonging to Balneological Museum commemorates the life of the Slovak poet Ivan Krasko, who lived in Piešťany from 1945 to 1958. Finally, a new museum at the airport (active since 2004) exhibits a collection related to the Slovak military history from 1945 to 1992.

The House of Arts is the first postwar Slovak theatre building outside Bratislava, being project of architect Ferdinand Milučký. In first half of September, the annual International Film Festival Cinematik is held in various areas of Piešťany. It is currently the second largest film festival in Slovakia.

Notable people

 * An art colony established by several Slovak artists, including Janko Alexy, Martin Benka, Miloš Alexander Bazovský, and Zoltán Palugyay, existed in Piešťany in 1932–1937
 * Patrik Vrbovský, also known as Rytmus, born in 1977, rapper, grew up in Pieštany
 * Ivan Krasko, Slovak poet lived in Piešťany in 1945–1958 (his former apartment houses a small museum)
 * Charles Korvin Hungarian-American actor, born Kárpáthy
 * Ivan Stodola, writer, playwright, and physician lived in Piešťany in 1953–1977
 * Irena Belohorská, politician, former member of European Parliament, born in Piešťany in 1948
 * Emire Khidayer, diplomat, entrepreneur and writer was born in Piešťany in 1971
 * Ľudmila Cervanová, professional tennis player was born in Piešťany in 1979
 * Róbert Erban, world champion in the kayak K4 was born in Piešťany in 1972
 * Slavomír Kňazovický, flatwater canoer was born in Piešťany in 1969
 * Martina Moravcová, swimmer with 2 silver Olympic medals was born in Piešťany in 1976 and grew up in the town
 * Branko Radivojevič, ice hockey player was born in Piešťany in 1980
 * Michel Miklík, ice hockey player was born in Piešťany in 1982
 * Shmuel Dovid Ungar, Rabbi, Rosh yeshiva of the Nitra Yeshiva, born in Piešťany in 1886
 * Victor Vasarely, Hungarian artist, father of op-art, grew up in Piešťany
 * Dominika Cibulková, professional tennis player, born in 1989, grew up in Piešťany
 * Filip Hološko, professional footballer
 * Ján Šlahor, professional footballer, born in Piešťany in 1977
 * Ernö Rubik, Hungarian aircraft designer
 * Magdaléna Rybáriková, tennis player, born in Piešťany in 1988
 * Lukáš Lacko, tennis player
 * Filip Horanský, tennis player, born in Piešťany in 1993
 * Yissachar Shlomo Teichtal, the Chief Rabbi of Slovakia worked in Piešťany in 1920–1942
 * Lukáš Babač, professional rower, participant at Olympics 2004

Twin towns — sister cities
Piešťany is twinned with:

 * 🇭🇺 Újbuda (Budapest), Hungary
 * 🇮🇱 Eilat, Israel
 * 🇭🇺 Hajdúnánás, Hungary
 * 🇫🇮 Heinola, Finland
 * 🇨🇿 Luhačovice, Czech Republic
 * 🇨🇿 Poděbrady, Czech Republic
 * 🇵🇱 Ustroń, Poland
 * Varaždinske Toplice, Croatia

title: Piešťany


text:
Tyndale Monument

The Tyndale Monument is a tower built on a hill at North Nibley, Gloucestershire, England. It was built in honour of William Tyndale, an early translator of the New Testament into English, who was born nearby. It is a Grade II* listed building.

The tower was constructed in 1866 and is 111 ft (34 m) tall. It is possible to enter and climb up a spiral staircase composed of 121 steps to the top of the tower. The hill it is on allows a wide range of views, especially looking down to the River Severn. A nearby topograph points to some other landmarks visible. The hill on which the monument stands is quite steep. The path follows a rough fairly steep bridleway which is part of the Cotswold Way. The tower itself is surrounded by fencing and has floodlights that light up the tower at night. The stairway has automatic lighting. The Cotswold Way long-distance footpath passes the foot of the monument, and then descends the hill into North Nibley.

The door to the tower is open most of the time for free access to a staircase which takes you to the top. Locally, it is commonly called Nibley Monument rather than its official name. The hill is called Nibley Knoll or Nibley Knob.

There is a commemorative plaque on the front of the tower. The text engraved on it reads:
 * ERECTED A.D. 1866
 * IN GRATEFUL REMEMBRANCE OF
 * WILLIAM TYNDALE
 * TRANSLATOR OF THE ENGLISH BIBLE
 * WHO FIRST CAUSED THE NEW TESTAMENT
 * TO BE PRINTED IN THE MOTHER TONGUE
 * OF HIS COUNTRYMEN
 * BORN NEAR THIS SPOT HE SUFFERED
 * MARTYRDOM AT VILVORDEN IN
 * FLANDERS ON OCT 6 1536

The monument is a landmark that can be seen even in places as far as Bristol, which is over 20 miles away. In the town of Thornbury there is a street called Tyndale View where the tower can be seen from approximately 10 miles away.

Further down the Cotswold Edge, at Hawkesbury, is the Somerset Monument, erected in 1846, and the design of the Tyndale tower has features in common with this.

In October 2019 protesters from Extinction Rebellion used the monument to display a protest banner.

title: Tyndale Monument


text:
User:Jonkb~enwiki

I'm a Ph.D. student in Radiophysics. My thesis is about finding a method of measuring ionizing radiation in accidents. Currently I'm studying the Optically Stimulated Luminescence Technique.

I've written on

Optically Stimulated Luminescence

title: User:Jonkb~enwiki


text:
Ingemar Johansson

Jens Ingemar "Ingo" Johansson (22 September 1932 – 30 January 2009) was a Swedish professional boxer who competed from 1952 to 1963. He held the world heavyweight title from 1959 to 1960, and was the fifth heavyweight champion born outside the United States. Johansson won the title by defeating Floyd Patterson via third-round stoppage, after flooring him seven times in that round. For this achievement, Johansson was awarded the Hickok Belt as top professional athlete of the year—the only non-American in its entire 27-year first run—and was named the Associated Press Male Athlete of the Year and Sports Illustrated Sportsman of the Year.

Johansson also held the European heavyweight title twice, from 1956 to 1958 and from 1962 to 1963. As an amateur he won a silver medal in the heavyweight division at the 1952 Summer Olympics. He affectionately named his right fist "toonder and lightning" for its concussive power (it was also called "Ingo's bingo" and the "Hammer of Thor"), and in 2003 he was ranked at No. 99 on The Ring magazine's list of the 100 greatest punchers of all time.

Early years
Johansson's introduction to the top rank of the sport was inauspicious. At age nineteen he was disqualified for passivity at the Helsinki 1952 Summer Olympics in the heavyweight competition in a fight against eventual Olympic gold medalist Ed Sanders. Johansson maintained he was not evading Sanders (who also got a warning for passivity), but rather was trying to tire his opponent. Johansson said he had been limited to a 10-day training camp, had only trained with newcomers, and had been told by his coach to let Sanders be the aggressor. Nevertheless, his silver medal was withheld for poor performance and presented to him only in 1982.

Johansson had earned his spot in the Olympics by winning the Swedish National Championship earlier the same year, 1952, after he knocked out his opponent in the first round of the final. After the Olympics Johansson went into seclusion for six months and considered quitting boxing. However, he returned to the ring and turned professional under the guidance of the Swedish publisher and boxing promoter Edwin Ahlquist, subsequently winning his first 21 professional fights. He won the Scandinavian pro title by knocking down and outscoring the Dane Erik Jensen (breaking his right hand in the process). A broken hand and a one-year military service kept him out of the ring until late 1954. In August 1955, in his twelfth professional fight, Johansson knocked out former European Heavyweight Champion Hein ten Hoff in the first round. He took the Scandinavian heavyweight title in 1953 and, on 30 September 1956, he won the European Heavyweight Championship by scoring a 13th-round KO over Italy's Franco Cavicchi in Milan.

Johansson successfully defended his European crown against ranked heavyweights Henry Cooper (fifth-round KO on 19 May 1957) and Joe Erskine, with a TKO in round 13 on 21 February 1958.

World heavyweight champion
Johansson earned his shot at the world heavyweight crown when he knocked out top ranked contender Eddie Machen in the first round of their elimination match on 14 September 1958. In front of 53,615 fans in Ullevi football stadium, Johansson downed Machen three times, finally finishing him with a barrage of punches at 2:16 of the first round. Johansson then signed to fight champion Floyd Patterson.

Johansson was a colourful figure in New York City as he trained for the fight. Eschewing the monastic training regimen favored by Patterson and other fighters, Johansson trained at the Catskill resort of Grossingers. He did not seem to train particularly hard, and was often seen at night spots with his attractive girlfriend, Elaine Sloane, whom he asked out while she was working for Sports Illustrated.

He entered the ring in Yankee Stadium on 26 June 1959, as a 5–1 underdog. Johansson spent the first two rounds of the encounter retreating and flicking a light left jab at the champion. In the third round, Johansson threw a wide left hook that Patterson blocked with his right hand. When he moved his right hand away from its protective peek-a-boo position before his chin, Johansson drilled him with a short powerful right hand. Patterson went down, arose on unsteady legs and was out on his feet. Johansson followed up his advantage and sent Patterson down six more times in the round before the bout was stopped by referee Ruby Goldstein. Johansson celebrated with his girlfriend and future wife Birgit Lundgren and the next day a headline in a New York newspaper expressed the city's amazement. It read: "Ingo – It's Bingo." When Johansson returned to Sweden, he flew in on a helicopter, landing in the main football stadium in Gothenburg, his home town, and was cheered by 20,000 people. He appeared on the cover of Sports Illustrated, as well as the cover of Life magazine on 20 July 1959, alongside Birgit.

Johansson was a flamboyant champion – a precursor to the "Swinging Sixties". One publication dubbed Johansson "boxing's Cary Grant" and in 1960 he appeared in the movie All the Young Men as a marine, alongside stars Alan Ladd and Sidney Poitier. Wherever he went, in the U.S. or in Sweden, he had a beautiful woman on his arm, with paparazzi snapping pictures.

At that point, retired heavyweight champion Rocky Marciano, who sat ringside and witnessed as Johansson knocked out Patterson, considered a possible comeback for a championship bout versus Johansson. He entered a training camp, keeping it low profile, but dropped the idea because he could not get into the condition he previously had, feeling he was too old for a title fight.

Rematch with Patterson
Johansson proposed to girlfriend Birgit in April 1960 after the champion visited Egypt. Then he turned his attention to defending his title against Floyd Patterson. The two signed for a rematch on 20 June 1960. Patterson knocked Johansson out in the fifth round with a leaping left hook to become the first man to recover the world's undisputed heavyweight title. The punch caught Johansson's chin and he hit the canvas with a thud, out cold before he landed flat on his back. With blood trickling from his mouth, his glazed eyes staring up at the ring lights, and his left foot twitching, the Swede was counted out. After the count, Patterson showed his concern for Johansson by cradling his motionless opponent, and promising him a second rematch. Johansson lay flat on his back on the canvas for five minutes before he was placed on a stool brought into the ring. He was still dazed and unsteady fifteen minutes after the knockout as he was helped out of the ring.

Third match with Patterson
Patterson and Johansson fought their final match on 13 March 1961. Johansson appeared to be in the worst physical condition of his three bouts with Patterson. A. J. Liebling, writing in The New Yorker, said the outcome seemed preordained and that Johansson was not dieting for the fight, eating creamed chicken, strawberry shortcake, and cherry cheesecake. Nonetheless, the fight was competitive. Johansson caught Patterson leaping at him in the very first round and knocked him down. He followed his advantage up by scoring another knockdown, but was himself caught going in wide open by that famous Patterson left hook, resulting in a knockdown. As the fight progressed, it became obvious that Johansson was spent. Patterson won when the referee swiftly stopped the contest in round six after Johansson had been knocked down once again.

Later career and retirement
Johansson, then only 29, returned to Europe. He recaptured the European crown from Dick Richardson by an eight-round KO on 17 June 1962. By this time, Sonny Liston had captured the heavyweight crown from Patterson, and efforts were underway to match Johansson with Liston.

Johansson, however, fought journeyman heavyweight Brian London on 21 April 1963, in a non-title 12-round match. Johansson won most of the rounds but seldom threw a serious right-hand punch with the exception of round seven when a short right from Johansson staggered London (Las Vegas Sun, April 22, 1963, p. 24). In round 12, with four seconds remaining in the fight, London hit Johansson with a powerful right hand that knocked him on his back. Johansson arose at the count of four, just as the bell rang to end the fight. Johansson was groggy, but was the points winner. UPI scored the fight 11–1 in favour of Johansson (Las Vegas Sun, April 22, 1963, p. 24).

The next day, the front page of Stockholm's newspapers showed a photo of him dizzy, climbing the ropes, with the headline "Wake up Ingo – You won!" After seeing this, he wrote a letter to the European Boxing Union resigning his title and retiring from boxing at the age of 30.

Life after boxing
Ingemar Johansson and Floyd Patterson became good friends who flew across the Atlantic to visit each other every year.

Johansson made several films in Sweden and appeared as a marine in the Korean War film All the Young Men (1960). In the 1960s along with other business interests, Johansson co-promoted boxing cards in Sweden, including several with ex-champ Sonny Liston (1966 and 1967). On 22 April 1966, he boxed a five-round exhibition with European Heavyweight Champion Karl Mildenberger for his first co-promotion. He also owned a fishing boat and a bar called "Ingo's".

By the 1970s, he resided in Pompano Beach, Florida, where he owned a hotel. He ran in marathons (including the New York City Marathon and Boston Marathon) all over the world until the mid-1980s. In 1985 he completed the Stockholm Marathon.

During the 1990s, Johansson and Patterson would attend boxing conventions and also sign their autographs on boxing memorabilia. They continued to be friends until the onset of Alzheimer's disease incapacitated them both. It is thought the illness was of the type linked to boxing, although his career was fairly short compared with some champions. In the 1990s Johansson's business interests in Sweden included sports apparel and a light lager beer called "Hammer", named for his punching prowess.

In 2000, the Swedish Sports Academy selected Johansson as Sweden's third-best athlete of the 20th century, behind tennis great Björn Borg and Alpine skiing great Ingemar Stenmark. In 2002, he was inducted to the International Boxing Hall of Fame.

Having suffered from Alzheimer's disease and dementia since the mid-1990s, he lived in a nursing home in Kungsbacka while his health deteriorated. In the later stages of his illness, he was reunited with his second wife, Birgit, who was at his side when he died on 30 January 2009, from complications following pneumonia. At the time of his death, he was at age 76 the oldest living heavyweight champion. Johansson was married three times and is survived by five children.

In January 2011, the 1959 Johnny Lion song "Ingemar Johansson", which chronicles the 1959 Patterson fight, was re-released on the compilation album From The Vault: The Coed Records Lost Master Tapes, Volume 1.

Legacy
While his victory over Floyd Patterson was a huge upset at the time, Johansson's standing within heavyweight history is fairly poor. Considered to be an ordinary fighter with a very good right hand, the Swede was perhaps fortunate to have met Patterson, one of history's more vulnerable heavyweight champions, for the title. Patterson also likely took the challenge of Johansson lightly, given the Swede's apparently lackadaisical approach to training. This was also at a time when it was considered a virtual impossibility that a European heavyweight could inflict a defeat on an American champion on U.S. soil. Furthermore, Patterson had defended the title just 56 days previously, against Britain's Brian London, and likely considered Johansson to be another inept challenger from Europe.

Johansson's world title victory is still historically significant within European boxing, as he became only the fourth-ever European to become heavyweight champion, and the first since Primo Carnera in 1933, who lost the title to Max Baer almost exactly 25 years before Johansson's triumph. Johansson would be the last European to win the heavyweight title until Italy's Francesco Damiani became the inaugural WBO heavyweight champion in May 1989. As the WBO was a fledgling sanctioning body at the time and not considered a legitimate world title, it was not until Great Britain's Lennox Lewis was awarded the WBC title in 1992, 33 years after Johansson's victory over Patterson, that a European again held a recognized version of the heavyweight title. It was also not until 1999, when Lewis unified the titles against Evander Holyfield, that a European again held the undisputed heavyweight championship, as Johansson had 40 years earlier. Johansson was also the last non-American to hold the heavyweight title until South Africa's Gerrie Coetzee won the WBA version in 1983.

Despite never successfully defending the title, Johansson can claim to have been a heavyweight champion in two decades (the 1950s and 1960s). He was the first heavyweight champion to lose the title to the man whom he had beaten to become champion since Ezzard Charles's loss to Jersey Joe Walcott in 1951. This would not happen again until September 1978, when Leon Spinks dropped the title back to Muhammad Ali, having beaten him in February of that year to become champion.

Outside of Europe, Johansson is best remembered as the opponent whom Patterson beat to become the first man to regain the heavyweight championship. As this loss, and the one which he suffered to the American in their third fight, are his only defeats, Johansson is one of four heavyweight champions to have retired with victories over every opponent he faced as a professional. The others are Rocky Marciano, Gene Tunney and Lennox Lewis. Although the win over Patterson to claim the heavyweight title is his most famous, Johansson's first-round victory over the undefeated American, Eddie Machen, in 1958 is also noteworthy and provides evidence of the power the Swede held in his right hand. Machen would go on to take Sonny Liston the twelve-round distance in 1960 and lasted into the tenth round against Joe Frazier in 1966.

Johansson also held the European Boxing Union Heavyweight title on two occasions, scoring stoppage victories over notable foes such as Henry Cooper, Dick Richardson and Joe Erskine.

title: Ingemar Johansson


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User talk:Joel Parker Henderson

Hi, welcome to Wikipedia. I'm a little perplexed by your addition of links to neuroeconomics. I've never heard the term before. Who uses it, and what researchers are in that field? Isomorphic 15:25, 9 Mar 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Joel Parker Henderson


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Mount Cameroon

Mount Cameroon is an active volcano in the South West region of Cameroon next to the city of Buea near the Gulf of Guinea. Mount Cameroon is also known as Cameroon Mountain or Fako (the name of the higher of its two peaks) or by its indigenous name Mongo ma Ndemi ("Mountain of Greatness"). Mount Cameroon is ranked 22nd by topographic isolation.

It is the highest point in sub-Saharan western and central Africa, the fourth-most prominent peak in Africa, and the 31st-most prominent in the world. The mountain is part of the area of volcanic activity known as the Cameroon Volcanic Line, which also includes Lake Nyos, the site of a disaster in 1986. The most recent eruption occurred on February 3, 2012.

Description
Mount Cameroon is one of Africa's largest volcanoes, rising to 4040 m above the coast of west Cameroon.

Flora
The mountain's natural vegetation varies with elevation. The main plant communities on the mountain include:
 * Lowland rain forest predominates on the lower slopes, from sea level to 800 m elevation. The lowland forests are part of the Cross-Sanaga-Bioko coastal forests ecoregion. They are composed of evergreen trees with a dense canopy 25 to 30 m high, with taller emergent trees rising above the canopy. Many trees have buttress roots. The forests are diverse and species-rich, with numerous lianas. Much of the lowland forest has been converted to agriculture and agroforestry, including oil palm plantations.
 * Lower montane forest, also known as submontane forest or cloud forest, grows between 800 and 1,600 m elevation. The lower montane forests are composed of evergreen trees, which form a 20-25 m canopy that is either closed or discontinuous. There are scattered areas of meadow and scrubland, with grasses, herbs, tall herbaceous plants (including Acanthaceae), tree ferns, woody shrubs, and low trees. Frequent clouds and mists sustain profuse epiphytes, including mosses, ferns, and orchids. The lower montane forests are diverse and species-rich, with characteristic Afromontane plants and endemic species. Impatiens etindensis and I. grandisepala are herbaceous epiphytes endemic to the montane forests of Mount Cameroon. The lower montane forests, together with the higher-elevation forests, scrub, and grasslands, are part of the Mount Cameroon and Bioko montane forests ecoregion.
 * Upper montane forest grows from 1,600-1,800 m elevation. Trees up to 20 m high form an open-canopied forest with numerous epiphytes. The upper montane forests are less species-rich than the lower-elevation forests, and fires are more frequent.
 * Montane scrub grows between 1,800 and 2,400 m elevation. Low trees of 1 to 15 m form open-canopied forests, woodlands, and shrublands, with an understory of small shrubs, herbs, ferns, and climbers.
 * Montane grassland occurs between 2,000 and 3,000 m elevation. The dominant vegetation is tussock grasses, with scattered fire-tolerant shrubs and low trees.
 * Sub-alpine grassland is found at the highest elevations, from 3,000 m to over 4,000 m. Frost-tolerant tussock grasses, dwarf trees and shrubs, and crustose, foliose, and fruticose lichens predominate.

Fauna and flora
Large mammals on the mountain include the African forest elephant (Loxodonta cyclotis), with a population of over 100 individuals. Other herbivores include red river hog (Potamochoerus porcus), bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus), bay duiker (Cephalophus dorsalis), blue duiker (Philantomba monticola), and yellow-backed duiker (Cephalophus sylvicultor). The mountain is home to several species of primates, including chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), drill (Mandrillus leucophaeus), red-capped mangabey (Cercocebos torquatus), putty-nosed monkey (Cercopithecus nictitans), mona monkey (Cercopithecus mona), red-eared monkey (Cercopithecus erythrotis), Preuss' guenon (Cercopithecus preussii), and crowned guenon (Cercopithecus pogonias).

Two species of birds are endemic to Mount Cameroon, Mount Cameroon spurfowl (Pternistis camerunensis) and Mount Cameroon speirops (Zosterops melanocephalus).

Flora

Mount Cameroon National Park
Mount Cameroon National Park (Parc National du Mont Cameroun) was created in 2009. It covers an area of 581.23 km2. The park includes the former Etinde Forest Reserve and most of the Bomboko Forest Reserve. A portion of the Bomboko Forest Reserve remains outside the park, on the lower northern slopes of the mountain.

IUGS geological heritage site
In respect of it being 'one of the few volcanoes in the world located at the ocean-continent boundary in a passive tectonic margin', the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS) included 'The Quaternary Cameroon Volcano' in its assemblage of 100 'geological heritage sites' around the world in a listing published in October 2022. The organisation defines an IUGS Geological Heritage Site as 'a key place with geological elements and/or processes of international scientific relevance, used as a reference, and/or with a substantial contribution to the development of geological sciences through history.'

Access
The peak is frequently ascended by hikers. The annual Mount Cameroon Race of Hope scales the peak in around 4½ hours. Sarah Etonge has won the race seven times and is also a tour operator. English explorer Mary Kingsley, one of the first Europeans to scale the mountain, recounts her expedition in her 1897 memoir Travels in West Africa.

title: Mount Cameroon


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Talk:Majordomo (domestic staff)

What about Zazu?
I wonder if the definition given here is a little too narrow. The only reason I mention this is that the character of Zazu in The Lion King is referred to as Mufasa's majordomo (in the movie itself, and in that movie's article). Since that "household" doesn't live in an actual house (and doesn't spend much time in the cave), it would seem that either 1) the duties of a majordomo are more diverse than what this article indicates, or 2) the term is used incorrectly in The Lion King. - Ugliness Man 21:14, 16 May 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Majordomo (domestic staff)


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Mount Karisimbi

Mount Karisimbi a stratovolcano in the Virunga Mountains on the border between Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of Congo. At 4507 m, Karisimbi is the highest of the eight major mountains of the mountain range, which is a part of Albertine Rift, the western branch of the East African Rift. Karisimbi is flanked by Mikeno to the north, Bisoke to the east and Nyiragongo to the west, on the other side of the Rift Valley. Karisimbi is the 11th highest mountain of Africa.

The name Karisimbi comes from the word 'amasimbi', which means snow in the local Kinyarwanda language. Snow can mostly be found during the dry season in June, July and August on the top of the volcano.

Between Karisimbi and Bisoke is the Karisoke Research Center, which was founded by Dian Fossey in order to observe the mountain gorillas living in this area.

History
On February 27, 1908, an expedition led by Egon Von Kirschstein was coming down the Branca Crater when a hailstorm and snowstorm caused twenty of the expedition's porters to perish.

In May 2010, a series of non-volcanic mudflows triggered by rain occurred along the volcano's western flank. The mudflows carried volcanic rocks and vegetation debris downhill. At Kibiriga, the mudflows caused severe damage and killed at least 50 people.

title: Mount Karisimbi


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James Howell

James Howell (c. 1594 – c. 1666) was a Welsh writer and historian. The son of a Welsh clergyman, he was for much of his life in the shadow of his elder brother Thomas Howell, who became Lord Bishop of Bristol.

Education
In 1613 he gained his B.A. from Jesus College, Oxford – he was to be elected to a fellowship at Jesus College in 1623, but he was never formally admitted and his place was taken by another in 1626. Until he was 13, he was schooled in Hereford. He went to Oxford at the age of 19.

Career
After graduation, he had a variety of employments, as an administrator for a glass manufacturer, and in the often combined roles of secretary and instructor to several noble families. As factory agent and negotiator he traveled widely in Europe and learned to speak several languages, apparently with great facility. He also met and befriended numerous literary figures, among them Ben Jonson and Kenelm Digby. Paramount amongst his priorities was however royal, or at least aristocratic patronage.

On the eve of the English Civil War, he finally gained a secretaryship of the Privy Council, which according to one eminent critic, was "very close to the type of appointment that he had sought for 20 years". The conflict meant that he never took up the position, and at about the same time, he wrote his first book, or "maiden Fancy", Dodona's Grove, which represented the history of England and Europe through the allegorical framework of a typology of trees. He started to publish at this time of ferment although he was already well established as a writer of what we would know today as 'newsletters' but were then known as 'tracts' or 'pamphlets'.

He was a prolific writer, and he is among the first writers to earn his living solely from writing in the English language. He was also the first writer of an epistolary novel, a novel of letters, in English (Familiar Letters).

To lexicography Howell contributed his quadrilingual Lexicon Tetraglotton in 1660. This lexicon also contains a thematic dictionary in 52 sections, ranging from anatomy to cosmology. Howell's Proverbs, although separately printed, was bound and sold with his Lexicon Tetraglotton. John Worthington, writing in his Diary in August 1661, recommended the separate republication of the Proverbs with its collection of British (i.e. Welsh) proverbs because the Lexicon itself "is not so desirable".

Howell was imprisoned in Fleet Prison in 1643, ostensibly as an insolvent debtor, although his political criticisms in Dodona's Grove may have also played a part. Howell continued to write and publish from prison. He was released in 1651. He dedicated Some Sober Reflections (1656) to Cromwell, praising him for ending the Rump Parliament in 1653, obsequiously fawning over the Protector in the process, ending his dedication, "I rest in the lowliest posture of obedience."

In 1650, Howell revised and expanded Cotgrave and Sherwood's French and English dictionary of 1632, under the title A French-English Dictionary. He added a 21-page French grammar to the work in 1650, but the title page did not advertise this grammar until the 1660 edition; this grammar has often been mistakenly cited as a separate publication.

He wrote A New English Grammar with notes on travel in Spain and Portugal "for the service of Her Majesty".

Some modern historians of formal English consider Howell's New English Grammar a work of foreign language teaching and the first work of its kind in the English language.

Howell's Proverbs contains the famous saying: "All work and no play, makes Jack a dull boy".

Principal literary works

 * Dendrologia, Dodona's Grove, or the Vocall Forest (1640).
 * England's Teares, for the Present Wars (1644; also addended to the 2nd edition of Dodona's Grove published in the same year).
 * Epistolae Ho-Elianae: Familiar Letters Domestic and Forren (1645–1650).
 * Instructions for Forraine Travell (1642).
 * Louis XIII (1646).
 * A Perfect Description of the Country of Scotland (1649).
 * An Exact Historie of the Late Revolutions in Naples (1650) and its continuation The Second Part of Massaniello (1652), an English translation of Alessandro Giraffi's Le rivolutioni di Napoli (1647).
 * S.P.Q.V.: A Survay of the Signorie of Venice (1651).
 * The Vision, or, A Dialog between the Soul and the Bodie: Fancied in a Morning-dream (1651).
 * A German Diet: Or, The Ballance of Europe (1653).
 * Some Sober Inspections (1656).
 * Londonopolis: An Historical Discourse or Perlustration of the City of London (1657).
 * Paramoigraphy (Proverbs) (1659).
 * Lexicon Tetraglotton (1660).
 * Discourse of Dunkirk (1664).
 * Preheminence and Pedigree of Parliament (1677).
 * Parley of Beasts.
 * Translation: Beginning, Continuance and Decay of Estates (from French).
 * Observations (Finett; edited by Howell).
 * St. Paul's Late Progress.
 * A New English Grammar Prescribing Certain Rules as the Language will Bear for Foreigners to Learn English.
 * Perambulation of Spain and Portugal.
 * The Last Will and Testament of the Late Renowned Cardinal Mazarini, Deceased February 27, 1660 together with Some Historical Remarques of His Life (translated by Howell).
 * The Venice Looking Glass.

Literary criticism of Howell's works

 * Daniel Woolf: Constancy and Ambition in the work of James Howell.
 * Javier Escribano: Proverbios, Refránes Y Traducción (Lexicon Tetraglotton).
 * Paul Seaward: (1988) A Restoration Publicist: James Howell and the Earl of Clarendon, 1661-6.
 * W H Vann's Catalogue of Howell works (c. 1920).
 * Sanchez Sederi English Grammar.

Legacy
The memorial to James Howell in the Temple Church in London, for which he paid himself as mentioned in his will of 1666, was destroyed in World War II by German bombing).

title: James Howell


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User:Karl Naylor

This is something I'll have to look into later: Tables guide

title: User:Karl Naylor


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Maxixe

Maxixe can refer to
 * Maroon cucumber, Portuguese name Maxixe
 * Maxixe (dance), a Brazilian dance
 * Maxixe, Mozambique, a city in Mozambique
 * Maxixe (gemstone), a deep-blue variety of beryl

title: Maxixe


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McFlurry

The McFlurry is a brand-name of frozen soft serve dessert produced and sold by American-based multinational fast food chain McDonald's. It is served in a cup, with additional mixed-in ingredients such as candy and cookie fragments and sweet topping sauces. It was created in 1995 by Ron McLellan, a Canadian McDonald's franchise owner in Bathurst, New Brunswick, and later introduced to the United States in 1997.

History
The McFlurry was created by Canadian McDonald's franchisee Ron McLellan in Bathurst, New Brunswick, in 1995. The first McFlurry, which was Oreo-flavored, was sold on June 7, 1995. After proving successful in Bathurst, McDonalds began offering the McFlurry at a number of Toronto locations. In the U.S., the McFlurry was test-marketed in select regions in 1997. By March 1998, the product was available to all American and Canadian locations and has been gradually introduced in various other locations since then.

Until September 2006, the McFlurry was served with a container lid having an opening that was of a size that caused some animals to become trapped with their head stuck inside the discarded containers. An outcry in the UK, particularly to protect European hedgehogs, caused a redesign in the container shape. After "significant research and design testing", the company addressed the problem in 2006 by reducing the size of the opening to prevent entry of an animal's head. In June 2019, McDonald's announced it planned to stop using lids on McFlurrys in the United Kingdom by September 2019, as part of a move to reduce the use of single-use plastics by the chain. However, lids with circular openings are still being used in some other markets as of September 2023.

30 Rock prominently featured the McFlurry in the plot of its season 3 episode 11, "St. Valentine's Day". Although some commenters interpreted the prominence of the product in the episode as heavy-handed product placement, it was later reported that McDonald's had not paid to have it featured, and the show's producers were even worried that McDonald's might sue them for featuring it without authorization.

Preparation
The McFlurry consists of whipped, soft serve McDonald's vanilla-flavored ice cream in a cup. The McFlurry has a specially designed spoon with a hole in the handle which is attached to a blender. Various types of candy or cookies are added to the cup, which are then blended into the ice cream using the spoon. McFlurry flavors vary from market to market, and new flavors are introduced regularly.

The ice cream in a McFlurry is the same that McDonald's uses for its cones and sundaes. The ice cream is made from ultra-high-temperature (UHT) pasteurized milk, extended with methylcellulose. CNBC reported that, from late 2016, McDonald's started phasing out artificial flavors from its vanilla ice cream. The change was part of an effort to recover the more than 500 million customer visits it had lost since 2012.

Reviews
Despite referring to the McFlurry as "a quick-serve medley of gelatinous, innocuous ice cream that some reviewers might consider closer to caulk than dairy", Wil Fulton and Kat Thompson of Thrillist described the M&M McFlurry as "the epitome of low stakes, drive-thru fun", placing it at the end of their list of the 13 Best Fast Food Desserts. Dan Myers of The Daily Meal included the Oreo McFlurry in its (unranked) list of 10 Best Fast Food Desserts, saying "You'd be hard-pressed to encounter anyone who isn't a fan of this sweet treat."

title: McFlurry