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American Basketball League (1925–1955)

The American Basketball League (ABL) was an early professional basketball league. During six seasons from 1925–26 to 1930–31, the ABL was the first attempt to create a major professional basketball league in the United States.

History
Joseph Carr, who was in 1925 the president of then-new National Football League, organized the ABL from nine of the best independent pro teams from the East and the Midwest. George Halas of the NFL Chicago Bears was the owner of the Chicago Bruins, and department store magnate Max Rosenblum, a part owner of the NFL's Cleveland Bulldogs, financed the Cleveland Rosenblums. Future NFL (Washington Redskins) owner George Preston Marshall, the owner of a chain of laundries, was owner of the Washington Palace Five. Other teams were the Boston Whirlwinds, Brooklyn Arcadians, Buffalo Bisons, Detroit Pulaski Post Five, Fort Wayne Hoosiers, and Rochester Centrals. The New York Celtics were one of the top teams at the time, but declined to join the ABL, instead opting to be an "at large" team.

The league adopted a format with a split season that was divided into two halves, with the winner of the first half playing the winner of the second half for the championship. The 1925–26 season saw Cleveland, the second half winner, defeat Brooklyn, winner of the first half of the season, three games to none. The Boston Whirlwinds, in conflict with the other owners over the status of the Celtics, refused to take part in the second half of the season and dropped out of the league.

Five games into the 1926–27 season, the original Celtics were fully admitted to replace the Brooklyn franchise, and won 32 of the remaining 37 games.

For the 1927–28 season, the ABL had an Eastern (New York, Philadelphia, Rochester and Washington) and Western (Chicago, Cleveland, Detroit and Fort Wayne) division, with the two best teams in each division going to playoffs, and a championship between the playoff winners. Playing in Madison Square Garden, the Celtics finished with a 40–9 record in the regular season and won the championship. However, at season's end, the team was voted out of the league by the other owners. The ABL played three more seasons and then, with only five teams playing at the end of 1930–31, folded during the Great Depression.

After more than two years, the league was reorganized in 1933, but as an East Coast league, with teams in Pennsylvania and New York City metro area.

The league did take some measures to help modernize the game. One of the major issues that had plagued basketball was players jumping from team to team. To combat this, teams began signing players to contracts. Often these contracts went up to $1,500 per month, which was considerably more than what an average laborer was making at the time ($15 per week). New rules that were implemented included making backboards mandatory, adding a three-second lane violation, and implementing foul outs. The ABL also eliminated the double dribble, which was done to encourage many of the game's top college stars to play in the league.

One of the early stars for the league was Cleveland's Honey Russell whose 7.4 points was the second highest average in the league. Cleveland drew well, bringing in nearly 10,000 fans a game, while Brooklyn could only draw around 2,000.

1926–27 season
The league knew they had a problem when it came to the Celtics. So the league opted to force the hands of the Celtics ownership. The teams in the league agreed prohibiting any games against the Celtics, and this left the Celtics with a dilemma. They could either join the American Basketball League, or they could try and schedule games against lesser competition, thus possibly losing out on drawing bigger crowds. In the end, ownership decided that it was worth the draw to join the ABL, so they did. the team won the league title. They defeated Cleveland, which, despite still being a good team, was not the dominant force that had won the title the year before. Honey Russell, without a doubt the team's top star, got into a dispute with owner Max Rosenblum, thus leading to his contract being sold to Chicago. Cleveland also lost Vic Hanson, who had been one of the top college stars, but did not like the rough style of the pro level, and also did not care for the overall lack of playing time he was getting. The Celtics represented the borough of Brooklyn, which had been without a team after the Brooklyn Arcadians dropped out of the league. The Celtics assumed Brooklyn's 0–5 start. The league also lost the team in Detroit, which dropped out after a 0–6 start.

1927–28 season
Once again, the ABL placed a team in Detroit, and once again it was a failure. Detroit was 5-13 when it opted to disband on January 3, 1927. The Washington franchise was shifted to Brooklyn on that same day. The Celtics this time represented the city of New York. Joe Lapchick, Nat Holman, Pete Berry, Dutch Dehnert and Davey Banks led the New York Celtics to a 40–9 record. The playoffs saw Fort Wayne defeat Cleveland 2 games to 0, and New York defeated Philadelphia 2 games to zero. New York defeated Fort Wayne 3 games to 1 in the championship series. The playoffs would be Philadelphia's last appearance in the league, as the team folded, becoming the third league team to revoke their presence.

1928–29 season
During the 1927–28 season, the league divided the league into divisions, Eastern and Western. The 1928–29 season saw the format discarded. The Celtics were dominant, to the point that the league was suffering. The rally cry of "Break up the Celtics" was heeded. Players were dispersed to other teams, and this also resolved an issue for Celtics owner Jim Furey, who had issues with Madison Square Garden management. The arena's owners sought to evict the Celtics, who despite being a dominant team, never drew well at home. Cleveland, through purchase and trades, ended up with nearly all of the Celtics players on their roster. Cleveland ran away with the title, defeating Fort Wayne four games to none in the playoffs.

1929–30 season
The New York Stock Market crashed on October 29, 1929. John J. O'Brien the League's president, took the viewpoint that the "Great Depression" economic / financial slump would not last long, and the ABL continued business as usual. Former Celtics owner Jim Furey had just been released from prison, and put together a new version of the Celtics. However, the players were quickly becoming past their prime, and Nat Holman didn't play weekend games because he was a coach for the City College of New York. However, Cleveland still managed to win the league title, defeated Rochester and their star player, Tiny Hearn a six-foot, nine inch rookie star from Georgia Tech. However, there would never be a dynasty for Cleveland. The stock market crash took its toll on the ABL. During the 1930–31 season, Max Rosenblum shocked the world of basketball when he announced that his Cleveland team would cease operations. Rosenblum was unable to pay the contracts that his players had signed. George Halas at the end of the season, opted to fold his struggling Chicago Bruins club, and Toledo, which featured three former Celtics stars (Denhert, Lapchick, and Berry) shockingly finished in last place, with a record of four wins and eleven losses. Fort Wayne defeated Chicago, and lost to Brooklyn in the finals, as Brooklyn won what would ultimately be the league's last championship.

American Basketball League teams, 1925/26 to 1930/31

 * Boston Whirlwinds (1925/26, expelled after 1st half)
 * Brooklyn Arcadians (1925/26–26/27, replaced by New York Celtics after 5 games)
 * Buffalo Bisons (1925/26)
 * Chicago Bruins (1925/26–30/31)
 * Cleveland Rosenblums (1925/26–30/31, also known as the Rosies)
 * Detroit Lions (1925/26–26/27, as Detroit Pulaski Post Five in 1925/26 and at beginning of 1926/27; dropped out after 6 games)
 * Fort Wayne Hoosiers (1925/26–30/31, as Fort Wayne Caseys in 1925/26)
 * Rochester Centrals (1925/26–30/31)
 * Washington Palace Five (1925/26–27/28, also known as the Laundrymen; dropped out in January 1928 and replaced by Brooklyn Visitations)
 * Baltimore Orioles (1926/27)
 * New York Celtics (1926/27–27/28, 1929/30, 1937/38, also known as the Original Celtics; as Brooklyn Celtics in 1926/27; dropped out in December 1929)
 * Philadelphia Warriors (1926/27–28/29, also known as the Quakers; as Philadelphia Phillies in 1926/27)
 * Brooklyn Visitations (1927/28–30/31)
 * Detroit Cardinals (1927/28, also known as the Olympians; dropped out in January 1928)
 * New York Hakoahs (1928/29)
 * Paterson Crescents (1928/29–30/31, as Paterson Whirlwinds in 1928/29; dropped out in December 1930)
 * Trenton Bengals (1928/29, also known as the Royal Bengals)
 * Syracuse All-Americans (1930/31, dropped out in January 1931)
 * Toledo Red Man Tobaccos (1930/31)

American Basketball League teams, 1933/34 to 1954/55

 * Bronx Americans (1933/34)
 * Brooklyn Visitations (1933/34–38/39, as Paterson Visitations in 1936/37; moved to Brooklyn in November 1936)
 * Jersey Reds (1933/34–39/40, as Union City Reds in 1933/34; merged into New York Jewels in January 1940)
 * New Britain Mules (1933/34–34/35, as Hoboken Thourots in 1933/34; moved to Camden in November 1933; as Camden Brewers in 1933/34; taken over and moved to New Britain in January 1934; as New Britain Palaces in 1933/34; as New Britain Jackaways in 1934/35; merged with Newark Mules to form New Britain Mules for the 2nd half of 1934/35)
 * New York Jewels (1933/34–42/43, as Brooklyn Jewels in 1933/34; as New York Jewels in 1934/35–36/37; renamed Brooklyn Jewels for 2nd half of 1936/37; as New Haven Jewels in 1937/38; moved to New York in November 1937 and renamed New York Jewels; absorbed Jersey Reds in January 1940; dropped out in 1st half of 1941/42)
 * Newark Mules (1933/34–34/35, as Newark Bears in 1933/34; also known as Newark Joe Fays in 1933/34; merged with New Britain Jackaways for the 2nd half of 1934/35 to become the New Britain Mules)
 * Philadelphia SPHAs (1933/34–48/49, also known as the Hebrews)
 * Trenton Moose (1933/34)
 * Boston Trojans (1934/35)
 * Kingston Colonials (1935/36–39/40, merged with Troy Celtics in December 1939)
 * Passaic Red Devils (1935/36, also known as the Reds; as Paterson Panthers in 1935/36; moved to Trenton in December 1935; as Trenton Bengals in 1935/36; moved to Passaic for 2nd half of 1935/36)
 * New York Yankees (1937/38, as Bronx Yankees in 1937/38; renamed New York Yankees during 1937/38; dropped out in January 1938)
 * Troy Haymakers (1938/39 ; as Troy Celtics in 1939/40–40/41 absorbed Kingston Colonials in December 1939; moved to Brooklyn during 1st half of 1940/41 to become Brooklyn Celtics)
 * Washington Brewers (1938/39–41/42, as Washington Heurichs in 1938/39, as Washington Heurich Brewers in 1939–40)
 * Wilkes-Barre Barons (1938/39–39/40, dropped out in February 1940)
 * Trenton Tigers (1941/42–49/50)
 * Wilmington Blue Bombers (1941/42)
 * Brooklyn Indians (1942/43–43/44, as Camden Indians in 1942/43; moved to Brooklyn in January 1943; dropped out during 1st half of 1943/44)
 * Harrisburg Senators (1942/43)
 * New York Americans (1943/44)
 * Wilmington Bombers (1943/44–46/47)
 * Baltimore Bullets (1944/45–46/47) joined the Basketball Association of America
 * Brooklyn Gothams (1944/45–48/49, as Westchester Indians in 1944/45; moved to New York in January 1945; as New York Gothams in 1944/45–45/46)
 * Paterson Crescents (1944/45–50/51, as Washington Capitols in 1944/45; moved to Paterson in January 1945)
 * Hartford Hurricanes (1946/47–49/50, as Elizabeth Braves in 1946/47–47/48; moved to Hartford in December 1947)
 * Scranton Miners (1946/47–52/53, as Jersey City Atoms in 1946/47–47/48; moved to Scranton in January 1948)
 * Troy Celtics (1946/47)
 * Yonkers Chiefs (1946/47, as Newark Bobcats in 1946/47; moved to Yonkers during 1946/47; dropped out during 1946/47 season)
 * Lancaster Roses (1947/48, franchise terminated in December 1947)
 * Wilkes-Barre Barons (1947/48–52/53)
 * Bridgeport Roesslers (1948/49–51/52, as Bridgeport Newfield Steelers in 1948/49; as Bridgeport Aer-A-Sols in 1949/50)
 * Glens Falls-Saratoga (1949/50–52/53, as New York Harlem Yankees in 1949/50; as Saratoga Harlem Yankees 1950/51-51/52; moved to Schenectady during 1951/52; as Schenectady Yankees in 1951/52; moved to Saratoga during 1951/52; as Saratoga Harlem Yankees in 1951/52; dropped out in February 1953)
 * Schenectady Packers (1949/50, dropped out in November 1949)
 * Carbondale Aces (1950/51)
 * Utica Pros (1950/51)
 * Elmira Colonels (1951/52–52/53)
 * Manchester British-Americans (1951/52–52/53)
 * Middletown Guards Mike Lee averaged 43.2 points in 1952 for the Guards (1952/53)
 * Pawtucket Slaters (1952/53)

Season scoring leaders
The American Basketball League's (ABL) scoring title was awarded to the player with the most total points in a given season.

title: American Basketball League (1925–1955)


text:
SOC

SOC, SoC, Soc, may refer to:

Science and technology

 * Science Operations Centre, a center of the European Space Agency
 * Information security operations center, in an organization, a centralized unit that deals with computer security issues
 * Selectable output control
 * Separation of concerns, a program design principle in computer science and software engineering
 * Service-oriented communications
 * Service-oriented computing, another term for Service-oriented architecture
 * Soil organic carbon, see Soil carbon
 * Solid Oxide Cell, an electrochemical conversion device operating either in SOFC, SOEC, or rSOC mode
 * Specialized Oceanographic Center, a center of the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
 * Spectrum Operations Committee, a Stanford University independent research center
 * spin–orbit coupling
 * State of charge, for batteries
 * Store-Operated Calcium channel
 * Super Optimal Broth with catabolite repression, a bacterial growth medium
 * Superior olivary complex
 * System on a chip (SoC), in electronic design
 * System Organ Class, an organizational division in the dictionary MedDRA
 * Substance of Concern

Associations and societies

 * Society (abbr.: "soc.")
 * Scottish Ornithologists' Club
 * Scouts of China
 * Serbian Orthodox Church
 * Société des Ornithologistes du Canada, the French name of the Society of Canadian Ornithologists
 * Society of Cartographers, United Kingdom
 * Society of Operating Cameramen, the original name for the Society of Camera Operators
 * Special Olympics Canada
 * Syrian Opposition Coalition, better known as the National Coalition

Businesses

 * SOC Films, a film company founded by Pakistani filmmaker and journalist Sharmeen Obaid-Chinoy
 * Sirte Oil Company
 * Social overhead capital
 * South Oil Company
 * SOC Telemed, a telemedicine company backed by Warburg Pincus
 * SOC LLC, a security company owned by Day & Zimmermann
 * System and Organization Controls, a suite of reports produced during an audit

Military

 * Curtiss SOC Seagull, a US Navy scout observation seaplane produced by Curtiss, first in service in 1935
 * Marine expeditionary unit (special operations capable), (MEU (SOC)) a former United States Marine Corps term for a Marine Expeditionary Unit (MEU)
 * Special Operations Command (disambiguation)

Mathematics

 * Second-order condition, a mathematical condition that distinguishes maxima and minima from other stationary points
 * Self-organized criticality, a property of dynamical systems in physics

Transport

 * Adisumarmo International Airport (IATA: SOC), Indonesia
 * Southend Central railway station (National Rail station code: SOC), Essex, England

Other uses

 * Google Summer of Code
 * School of Communication, a school in American University
 * Security operations center, in an organization, a centralized unit that deals with security issues
 * The Settlers of Catan, a multiplayer board game
 * Shippers Owned Container, intermodal container owned by the shipper or receiver instead of by the shipping line
 * Soc (subculture), a 1950s precursor to the preppy look
 * Sound of Contact, a British-based rock band
 * S.T.A.L.K.E.R.: Shadow of Chernobyl, a video game
 * Standard Occupational Classification System, a system of the United States Department of Labor
 * Standard of care, medical or psychological treatment guideline, and can be general or specific
 * E.g., the Standards of Care for the Health of Transgender and Gender Diverse People
 * State of Cambodia, the official English name of the Cambodian pro-Hanoi People's Republic of Kampuchea (PRK) during the transitional times that led to the restoration of the monarchy (1989–1993)
 * Statement of claim, a legal document on which one states a cause of action
 * Strategic Organizing Center, a group of United States labor unions
 * Stream of consciousness (disambiguation), a writing or psychological style with disjointed thoughts
 * Swedish Open Championships, an annual table tennis tournament

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: SOC


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Boykos

The Boykos (бойки; Bojkowie; Pujďáci), or simply Highlanders (верховинці, verkhovyntsi or ґоралы, goraly), are an ethnolinguistic group located in the Carpathian Mountains of Ukraine, Slovakia, Hungary, and Poland. Along with the neighbouring Lemkos and Hutsuls, the Boykos are considered a sub-group of Ukrainians and speak a dialect of Ukrainian language. Within Ukraine the Boykos and other Rusyns are seen as a sub-group of ethnic Ukrainians Boykos differ from their neighbors in dialect, dress, folk architecture, and customs.

Etymology
Regarding the origin of the name Boyko there exist several etymological hypotheses, but it is generally considered, as explained by priest Joseph Levytsky in his Hramatyka (1831), that it derives from the particle boiie. Specifically, it derives from the exclamation "бой!, бойє!" (< bo-i-je >), meaning "it is really so!", which is often used by the population. The 19th-century scholar Pavel Jozef Šafárik, with whom Franjo Rački and Henry Hoyle Howorth agreed, argued a direct connection of the Boykos with the region of Boiki mentioned in the 10th century De Administrando Imperio, but this thesis is outdated and rejected, as most scholars, Mykhailo Hrushevsky among them, already dismissed it in the 19th century because Boiki is a clear reference to Bohemia, which in turn derives from the Celtic tribe of Boii. The derivation from Boii, is also disputed because there is not enough evidence. They are also called Vrchovints (Highlanders). As in the case of Hutsuls and Lemkos, they are recorded in historical and ethnographic sources since the 18th and 19th century.

Some people otherwise identifiable as Boykos regard that name as derogatory and call themselves highlanders (verkhovyntsi).

Origin
Boykos are either considered one of the descendants of East Slavic tribes, specifically White Croats who lived in the region, possibly also Ulichs who arrived from the East, or Vlach shepherds who later immigrated from Transylvania.

Demography
In the Boyko Region (Polish: Bojkowszczyzna, Ukrainian/Boyko: Boikivshchyna), there lived up to 400,000 people of whom most were Boykos. They also lived in Sanok, Lesko and Przemyśl County of the Podkarpackie Voivodeship in Poland, before the Population exchange between Poland and Soviet Ukraine and the forced relocation of Rusyns and Ukrainians in Poland in 1947. In commemoration of Boykos, Ukraine's national parliament, the Verkhovna Rada, in 2016 renamed Telmanove Raion into Boykivske Raion where Boykos were deported from Czarna, Bieszczady County (today in Poland) after the 1951 Polish–Soviet territorial exchange. It is estimated from the evidence available that in 1970 there lived 230,000 people of Boyko origin.

In Ukraine, the classification of Boykos and other Rusyns as an ethnicity distinct from Ukrainians is controversial. The deprecated and archaic term Ruthenian, while also derived from Rus', is ambiguous, as it technically may refer to Rusyns and Ukrainians, as well as Belarusians and in some cases Russians, depending on the historical period. According to the 2001 Ukraine census, only 131 people identified themselves as Boykos, separate from Ukrainians. This is also on top of many attempts within the USSR and modern day Ukraine to assimilate the Rusyn people into the modern Ukraine state. In the Polish census of 2011, 258 people stated Boyko as a national-ethnic identity, with 14 of those people listing it as their only national-ethnic identity.

Location

 * Poland: southeasternmost part of Poland (Podkarpackie Voivodeship).
 * Ukraine: central and western half of the Carpathians in Ukraine across such regions as the southern Lviv Oblast (Stryi, Drohobych, and Sambir Raions), western Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast (Kalush Raion) and parts of the northeastern Zakarpattia Oblast (Mizhhiria Raion)
 * Northeast Slovakia

To the west of Boykos live Lemkos, east or southeast Hutsuls, northward Dnistrovyans, Opolyans.

Religion
Most Boykos belong to the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, with a minority belonging to the Ukrainian Orthodox Church. The distinctive wooden church architecture of the Boyko region is a three-domed church, with the domes arranged in one line, and the middle dome slightly larger than the others.

Notable people

 * Yuriy Drohobych (1450–1494), first doctor of medicine in Ukraine, rector of the University of Bologna (1481–1482), professor at Jagiellonian University (1488).
 * Petro Konashevych-Sahaidachny (1582–1622), Ukrainian political and civic leader, Hetman of Ukrainian Zaporozhian Cossacks (1616–1622).
 * Ivan Franko (1856–1916), Ukrainian poet, writer and political activist.

title: Boykos


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Charles Amirkhanian

Charles Benjamin Amirkhanian (born January 19, 1945; Fresno, California) is an American composer. He is a percussionist, sound poet, and radio producer of Armenian origin. He is mostly known for his electroacoustic and text-sound music. Performance artist Laurie Anderson praises his work: "The art of audio collage has been reinvented here... A brilliant sense of imaginary space."

Career
Amirkhanian received his Master of Fine Arts from Mills College in 1980, where he studied electronic music and techniques of sound recording. He was music director of Pacifica Radio's KPFA-FM in Berkeley, California, from 1969 to 1992, and he was a lecturer in the Interdisciplinary Creative Arts Department at San Francisco State University from 1977 to 1980. He co-directed the Telluride Institute's Composer to Composer festival in Telluride, Colorado, between 1988 and 1991. Amirkhanian is the executive director and artistic director of the Other Minds Music Festival in San Francisco, which he co-founded with Jim Newman in 1992. He has played a key role in recording and championing the work of Conlon Nancarrow and George Antheil, among others.

In 1984, the American Music Center awarded him its Letter of Distinction for service to American composers through his work at KPFA FM in Berkeley, California. This was followed in 2005 by another for his co-founding and directing the Other Minds Festival in San Francisco. From ASCAP in 1989 he received the Deems Taylor Award, also for service to American composers. Amirkhanian received a 1997 Foundation for Contemporary Arts Grants to Artists Award. In 2009, Chamber Music America and ASCAP honored him for his Adventurous Programming of Contemporary Music with Other Minds. In 2017, the American Composers Forum honored him with its Champion of New Music award.

Discography

 * 10+2: 12 American Text-Sound Pieces (1975). 1750 Arch Records S-1752 (LP) reissued in 2003 on Other Minds/CD 1006-2 compilation which includes Amirkhanian's 'Just (1972)' and 'Heavy Aspirations (1973)
 * Lexical Music (1979). 1750 Arch Records S-1779 (LP)
 * Polipoetry Issues Numero 3: American Sound Poetry (1983). 3Vitre – EM 00383 (limited edition 7" LP) Compilation containing Amirkhanian's 'The Putts'
 * Mental Radio: Nine Text-Sound Compositions (1985). CRI-SD 523 (LP); reissued in 2009 on New World Records NWCRL 523 (CD)
 * Perspectives of New Music (1988). Compilation CD accompanying volume 26 issue. Contains: Pas de Voix (Portrait of Samuel Beckett)
 * Charles Amirkhanian and Noah Creshevsky: Auxesis: Electroacoustic Music, Centaur Records 1995 – CRC 2194
 * Walking Tune (1998). Starkland ST-206. "One of the Year's 20 best CDs," according to the Electronic Music Foundation.
 * Charles Amirkhanian: Loudspeakers (2019). New World Records 80817 (2-CD set). "What links all these pieces is a creative ambiguity of genre, a delight in shifting back and forth between elements whose sources can be recognized and those whose can’t." – Kyle Gann
 * Miatsoom (2021). Other Minds Records OM 1029-2 Contains: Dzarin Bess Ga Khorim, Roussier (not Rouffier), Three Armenians, & Miatsoom
 * Charles Amirkhanian & Carol Law Hypothetical Moments—Collaborative Works 1975-1985 (2022). Other Minds Records OM 4001 DVD. Video works by Carol Law, music by Amirkhanian. Contains: History of Collage, Audience, Tremolo Bank, Dog of Stravinsky, Maria, The Real Perpetual Mobile, Mahogany Ballpark, Hypothetical Moments (in the intellectual life of Southern California), Awe, And as, Dreams Freud Dreamed, Too True. 81 Minutes. All regions NTSC. “Though they fracture almost all of the rules, there remains a refined, classical undertone and motivation to their work. The resultant combination of voice and visual image was magical . . . Amirkhanian and Law presented a new approach to using the most classic instruments of all—the voice, the eyes and the ears . . . a fitting tribute to the brilliant potential of New Music.” — Jack Kolkmeyer, The Santa Fe Reporter, 1983.

Partial list of works
Tape works unless otherwise noted; † indicates optional live voice(s).

 * Symphony I (for 13 players, 1965)
 * Words (1969)
 * Oratora Konkurso Rezulto: Autoro de la Jaro (Portrait of Lou Harrison, 1970)
 * If In Is (1971)
 * Radii (1970/2)
 * Dzarin Bess Ga Khorim (1972)
 * Just (1972)
 * Heavy Aspirations (1973)
 * Seatbelt Seatbelt (1973)
 * Roussier (not Rouffier) (1973)
 * Mugic (1973)
 * she and she (1974)
 * Muchrooms (1974)
 * Mahogany Ballpark (1976)
 * Dutiful Ducks (1977) †
 * Dreams Freud Dreamed (1979)
 * Egusquiza to Falsetto (chamber ensemble with tape, with Margaret Fisher, 1979)
 * Church Car (1980) †
 * Nite Traps (1981)
 * Dot Bunch (1981)
 * Hypothetical Moments (In the Intellectual Life of Southern California, 1981)
 * Maroa (1981) †
 * Too True (1982) †
 * Dog of Stravinsky (1982)
 * Andas (1982)†
 * The Real Perpetuum Mobile (1984)
 * Gold and Spirit (1984)
 * Metropolis San Francisco (1985-6)
 * Dumbek Bookache (1986) †
 * Walking Tune (A Room-Music for Percy Grainger, 1986–87)
 * His Anxious Hours (chamber ensemble with tape, 1987)
 * Pas de Voix (Portrait of Samuel Beckett, 1987)
 * Politics as Usual (1988)
 * Never Say Die (1989)
 * Im Frühling (1990)
 * Vers Les Anges (for Nicolas Slonimsky, 1990)
 * Bajanoom (1990)
 * Loudspeakers (for Morton Feldman, 1990)
 * A Berkelium Canon (1991, with Henry Kaiser)
 * Chu Lu Lu (1992)
 * Ka Himeni Hehena (The Raving Mad Hymn, 1997) †
 * Miatsoom (1994–97)
 * Son of Metropolis San Francisco (1997)
 * Marathon (1997) †
 * Octet for Ratchets (amplified percussion ensemble, 1998)
 * Pianola (Pas de mains, 1997–2000)
 * Mqsical Lou (2003)
 * Rippling the Lamp (violin and tape, 2006–7)
 * Quince Quinoa (2007) †
 * Audible Autopsy (2021) (solo string bass and offstage interviewer)
 * Ratchet Attach It (2021) (9 percussion with tape)

Listening

 * Art of the States, three works by Charles Amirkhanian
 * UbuWeb: Charles Amirkhanian featuring music from Amirkhanian's LP Mental Radio
 * Riding the Meridian: Ka Himeni Hehena, Sound/Text by Charles Amirkhanian
 * Author page at Lyrikline.org, with audio and text.

title: Charles Amirkhanian


text:
Courtney Solomon

Courtney Solomon (born September 1, 1970) is a film producer from Toronto, Ontario. He has been involved with production, marketing, and distribution of over 80 movies. In 2000, at the age of 29, he produced and directed the critically panned Dungeons & Dragons film.

Career
At 19, Solomon formed Sweetpea Entertainment to acquire the film rights to "Dungeons & Dragons". Dungeons & Dragons became his first production and direction project. It was both a box office and critical disappointment

As owner of Sweetpea Entertainment, Solomon sought to acquire media rights for potential adaptation into television series or MMORPGs. In 1996, in exchange for the equity position and media rights to Traveller, Sweetpea advanced the funds to establish Imperium Games, a company dedicated solely to Traveller.

He later formed After Dark Films to produce horror, thriller, and action titles. He launched it with An American Haunting, which he wrote, produced, and directed. It is a story based on Tennessee's Bell Witch legend. It opened #2 in the US, staying in the top ten films for 6 weeks. This success resulted in a long-term distribution and co-production arrangement with Lionsgate Films. Today, After Dark owns its own film library of over 80 films.

In 2014, Solomon partnered with Mark Canton on a number of films, including Cake. Other films were Mr. Church (Eddie Murphy), The Comedian (Robert De Niro and Leslie Mann), The Yellow Birds (Tye Sheridan, Alden Ehrenreich, Jack Huston, Jennifer Aniston, and Toni Collette), and Burn Your Maps (Vera Farmiga and Jacob Tremblay).

In 2018, he acquired the rights to and produced the first film based on the novel series After. The film of the same name was released in April 2019. The sequel, After We Collided, was released in 2020. In the same year, he also acquired the rights to the underground comic universe of the Fabulous Furry Freak Brothers created by Gilbert Shelton in 1968.

He also has several films going into production, including Arthur The King starring Mark Wahlberg and Red Sonja, based on the character and comic book by Roy Thomas and Barry Smith.

Filmography
Producer only
 * Dungeons & Dragons: Wrath of the Dragon God (2005)
 * Captivity (2007)
 * Universal Soldier: Regeneration (2009)
 * The Butterfly Effect 3: Revelations (2009)
 * Slaughter (2009)
 * Perkins' 14 (2009)
 * Beyond a Reasonable Doubt (2009)
 * Prowl (2010)
 * The Task (2011)
 * Seconds Apart (2011)
 * Husk (2011)
 * Fertile Ground (2011)
 * 51 (2011)
 * Scream of the Banshee (2011)
 * Transit (2012)
 * Bullet to the Head (2012)
 * Dragon Eyes (2012)
 * El Gringo (2012)
 * The Philly Kid (2012)
 * Universal Soldier: Day of Reckoning (2012)
 * Stash House (2012)
 * Dark Circles (2013)
 * Enemies Closer (2013)
 * Ritual (2013)
 * Murder in the Dark (2013)
 * Cake (2014)
 * Re-Kill (2015)
 * Bastard (2015)
 * The Wicked Within (2015)
 * Wind Walkers (2015)
 * Mr. Church (2016)
 * Burn Your Maps (2016)
 * The Comedian (2016)
 * The Yellow Birds (2017)
 * Nightmare Cinema (2018)
 * The Woman in the Window (2021)
 * The Strangers: Chapter 1 (2024)
 * The Strangers: Chapter 2 (2024)
 * The Strangers: Chapter 3 (2024)

title: Courtney Solomon


text:
Discectomy

A discectomy (also called open discectomy, if done through a 1/2 inch or larger skin opening) is the surgical removal of abnormal disc material that presses on a nerve root or the spinal cord. The procedure involves removing a portion of an intervertebral disc, which causes pain, weakness or numbness by stressing the spinal cord or radiating nerves. The traditional open discectomy, or Love's technique, was published by Ross and Love in 1971. Advances have produced visualization improvements to traditional discectomy procedures (e.g. microdiscectomy, an open discectomy using an external microscope typically done through a 1-inch or larger skin opening), or endoscopic discectomy (the scope passes internally and typically done through a 2 mm skin opening or larger, up to 12 mm). In conjunction with the traditional discectomy or microdiscectomy, a laminotomy is often involved to permit access to the intervertebral disc. Laminotomy means a significant amount of typically normal bone (the lamina) is removed from the vertebra, allowing the surgeon to better see and access the area of disc herniation.

Endoscopic discectomy
Small or ultra-small endoscopic discectomy (called Nano Endoscopic Discectomy) does not have internal cutting or bone removal and, due to the small size, is not called "open". These procedures do not cause post-laminectomy syndrome (failed back syndrome).

Microdiscectomy
Microdiscectomy is a spine operation with a smaller incision than traditional discectomy, in which a portion of a herniated nucleus pulposus is removed by way of a surgical instrument, while using an external operating microscope for lighting and magnification. They may be "open", i.e., with a larger incision, or minimally invasive, i.e., with a 1.5 to 2.0 cm surgical incision.

Indications
Microdiscectomy may be a surgical option for patients with a single-level disc herniation and evidence of nerve root compression with residual unremitting radicular symptoms after failed conservative treatment. Cauda equina syndrome and progressive or new motor deficits are among the urgent surgical indications for microdiscectomy.

Contraindications
Contraindications include additional pathologies, including infection, tumor, or segmental instability or vertebral fracture where fusion or instrumentation may be required. However, segmental instability and spondylolisthesis may be considered relative contraindications by some physicians.

Discectomy for athletes
Degeneration caused by years of repetitive mechanical stress can cause the disc of an athlete to be herniated. Lumbar disc herniation (LDH) is a critical injury for elite athletes that could cause extreme pain and significantly hinder performance. To relieve the pain, athletes usually go through microdiscectomy. However, the results of treatments in elite athletes differ due to the demand for optimal treatment, short recovery period, and high performance after the operation.

Most athletes return to their pre-surgery level after a discectomy. A systematic review of 450 athletes shows that 75–100% of athletes return to play after surgery. The average recovery period ranged from 2.8 to 8.7 months. Athletes recovered an average of 64.4% to 103.6% of their preoperative performance and had reported career longevity of 2.6 to 4.8 years post-return. There are unsuccessful cases of discectomy for certain athletes like Tiger Woods, a world-famous PGA Tour golfer. Woods underwent three microdiscectomy procedures from 2014 to 2015 which failed to alleviate his pain. The removal of disc material due to discectomy meant that Woods eventually had to go through spinal fusion to recover.

In the US
In the U.S., it has been estimated that the Medicare system spends over $300 million annually on lumbar discectomies.

title: Discectomy


text:
User talk:Jonesy~enwiki

Thunderpants Owen&rob 19:11, 8 Mar 2004 (UTC)

I'm in Ally's room.

Requests for comments on RK
Requests for comment/RK has been created as structured way to gather support in the Wikipedian community for action to be taken against user:RK for his consistent use of aggressive editing tactics that are counter productive to the development of high quality encyclopedic articles. Now, is your chance to voice your grievances against user:RK. Please take a few minutes of your time to air your comments.

At least two users must document and certify my efforts in Requests for comment/RK. If the listing is not certified within 48 hours of listing, it will be removed. Please certify your concerns over vandalism done by RK. -- John Gohde, aka Mr-Natural-Health 05:58, 12 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Hetrosexuality
Jonesy - I have reverted your edits to Heterosexuality. Several of us agreed that the edits you made are pro-gay pov (especially the later paragraph). I should also mention that the paragraphs you changed have been read by people with both pro-gay and anti-gay bias and that was the agreed upon version. →Raul654 09:36, Jun 9, 2004 (UTC)

I was on the IRC channel #wikipedia when Raul raised this topic and I agreed with him over the revert. Burgundavia 09:38, Jun 9, 2004 (UTC)

 * I also agreed that I find this somewhat POV, and particulary: social conservatives and traditionalists. I do however agree that the paragraph 'Heterosexuality is generally seen to be the standard sexual orientation. ...' could do with some changes. - Lady Lysine Ikinsile 09:40, Jun 9, 2004 (UTC)
 * I also found that particular statement somewhat POV, and also agree that some changes could be made to improve the article. Gentgeen 09:43, 9 Jun 2004 (UTC)

I have just read you note on Raul654's talk page. I have a couple of comments back. I feel that the first para of Prevalence of Heterosexuality needs some work, but disagree completely with "although this had more to do with domination and subordination, rather than romantic or sexual love." Could you provide a reference for this comment? I would also like a comment on "Kinsey's disputed theories". Less developed coutries is inherently-POV, IMHO. For the record I completely support the rights of the LGTB community, up to and including full marriage, but that is not really relevent to this discussion at hand. Burgundavia 10:12, Jun 9, 2004 (UTC)

Regarding the meaning of "pro-gay", I think it's meant to indicate that the comments are in favour of homosexuality as opposed to being against it, not in the sense of advocating it. One can be the former without the latter. I will reiterate that I do believe the text in question could do with some modification, but I don't agree with this particular change. - Lady Lysine Ikinsile 10:15, Jun 9, 2004 (UTC)

In any case, raise your concerns at the article's talk page (Talk:Heterosexuality). It's the best forum to raise and for others to respond to grievances you have with the article. Dysprosia 11:20, 9 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Join #wikipedia on freenode.net
I invite you to join a discussion of Heterosexuality on the above server. Burgundavia 10:16, Jun 9, 2004 (UTC)

Hello
Hello Owen, how are you? I don't suppose you could help on the Bramhall article? Dmn 13:53, 9 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:Ricky Gervais.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Ricky Gervais.jpg. I notice the image page currently doesn't specify who created the image, so the copyright status is therefore unclear. If you have not created the image yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the image on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the image yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the image also doesn't have a copyright tag then you must also add one. If you created/took the picture then you can use GFDL to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the image qualifies as fair use, please read fair use, and then use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other images, please check that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. You can find a list of image pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. CLW 13:23, 17 January 2006 (UTC)

Request for Usurpation
Hello, Jonesy. A request has been made at Changing username/Usurpations to usurp, or "take over", your username because you have not used it to edit, and another user would like to use it to edit. Changing username/Usurpations says that any unused username may be usurped if the user is given seven days notice to object and does not do so.

If you have an email set in your preferences, you should be getting an email from a bureaucrat or changing username clerk explaining how to consent or object to this process.

If you do not object to being renamed to a new username in order for another user to use the name you currently have, please log in and post a reply here saying so (you may also tell us what username you would like to be renamed to, or we will provide you with a generic one).

If you do nothing : the request will be filled after seven days, and your account will be moved to a generic username. You may request that it be moved to a new username of your choice at any time.

If you object to being renamed : please log in and make an edit to this page clearly stating that you object to usurpation.

Please note that even if your current username is usurped, you can still edit and your data will not be lost; your preferences, watchlist, and other user settings will be transferred to a new username.

Thank you for your time.  J   onesy22    talk  18:04, 29 July 2009 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Jonesy. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Jonesy~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 00:56, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 14:34, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
Hi, You appear to be eligible to vote in the current Arbitration Committee election. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to enact binding solutions for disputes between editors, primarily related to serious behavioural issues that the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the ability to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate, you are welcome to review the candidates' statements and submit your choices on the voting page. For the Election committee, MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 22:15, 30 November 2015 (UTC)

No new contributions?
Hello Owen.

Taking a break from Wikipedia? No new contributions likely?

Merlov1 11:50, 27 March 2016 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jonesy~enwiki


text:
Lowry Hotel

The Lowry Hotel is located by the River Irwell in Salford, Greater Manchester, England. The five-star hotel is named after the artist L. S. Lowry. Although within the boundaries of the City of Salford, it is close to Manchester city centre and is known as "The Lowry Hotel Manchester". Upon opening, Marco Pierre White was the overseeing chef of the River Room restaurant.

Ownership
The hotel was owned by The Rocco Forte Collection, the company of Sir Rocco Forte, son of the late hotel magnate Baron Charles Forte. In November 2016, the hotel was put up for sale, two years after being acquired by Westmont Hospitality Group and Mount Kellett Capital Management in a deal estimated to be worth £40m.

Architecture
The Lowry Hotel structure is a reinforced concrete frame on continuous flight auger piles constructed on a brown field site adjacent to the River Irwell. The external façades are glazed with rain screen cladding hung from the frame.

Guests
Portuguese football manager Jose Mourinho lived in the Lowry during his time as manager of Manchester United, spending an estimated £716,000 over more than two years.

title: Lowry Hotel


text: Template:Subdivisions of Belgium

title: Template:Subdivisions of Belgium


text:
Antelope, California

Antelope is a census-designated place in Sacramento County, California, United States located approximately 15 mi northeast of downtown Sacramento and 5 mi southwest of Roseville. The population was 45,770 at the 2020 census.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the community has a total area of 6.84 mi2. Antelope is mostly flat, with very few hills and no major bodies of water.

The northern border of Antelope falls directly onto the line between Sacramento County and Placer County.

The eastern border first follows Roseville Road south from the county line to Butternut Drive. Then the border continues in the same general direction to Antelope Road, so that parcels on Adagio Way, Andante Drive and Katella Way are within Antelope CDP.

The southern border follows Antelope Road.

The western border has two parts. The first part extends from Antelope Rd northwards toward Elverta Rd along 28th St. The second part extends from Elverta Rd towards the Placer county line, along Dry Creek.

The boundaries were drawn and the town name established by a vote in 1993 to establish the community's identity. The Antelope, CA town designation began July 1, 1994. The ZIP code for Antelope: 95843

History
In the late 1800s, Antelope was the only significant settlement in the Center Township, an area bounded on the North by the Placer county line, on the East by what is now Sunrise Blvd., on the South by the American River, and on the West by the line along 20th St in Rio Linda south to Ethan Way in the Arden-Arcade area. The population of the entire township in 1880 was about 400 people. Many of the railroad workers made their homes here and eventually stayed permanently. Gradually, workers left the area and Antelope became just another small community with little business.

On April 28, 1973, Antelope consisted of a post office, general store and a half-dozen homes. However, at 8:03 a.m., a rail car loaded with aircraft bombs exploded in the southern part of the Southern Pacific's Roseville Yard, destroying the general store and damaging most of the homes. This event changed Antelope forever - it basically was blown away.

What is known as Antelope today mostly began as a planned community in the late 1980s. It consisted of mainly single-family homes and apartments. Due to the relative newness of the community, most homes are new and the area is well planned out. The proposed and ultimate closure of nearby McClellan Air Force Base between the years 1993-2001 did have a slowing-down economic impact upon this area (the “North Watt Avenue corridor”). Antelope received its own postmark and recognition as a community by the U.S. Postal Service on 1 July 1994.

2010
The 2010 United States Census reported that Antelope had a population of 45,770. The population density was 6,694.2 PD/sqmi. The racial makeup of Antelope was 29,200 (63.8%) White, 4,039 (8.8%) African American, 402 (0.9%) Native American, 6,090 (13.3%) Asian, 407 (0.9%) Pacific Islander, 2,284 (5.0%) from other races, and 3,348 (7.3%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6,635 persons (14.5%).

The Census reported that 45,686 people (99.8% of the population) lived in households, 57 (0.1%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 27 (0.1%) were institutionalized.

There were 14,159 households, out of which 7,138 (50.4%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 8,259 (58.3%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 2,184 (15.4%) had a female householder with no husband present, 860 (6.1%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 888 (6.3%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 106 (0.7%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 2,107 households (14.9%) were made up of individuals, and 447 (3.2%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.23. There were 11,303 families (79.8% of all households); the average family size was 3.59.

The population was spread out, with 14,253 people (31.1%) under the age of 18, 4,495 people (9.8%) aged 18 to 24, 13,238 people (28.9%) aged 25 to 44, 10,931 people (23.9%) aged 45 to 64, and 2,853 people (6.2%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 31.4 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.2 males.

There were 14,847 housing units at an average density of 2,171.5 /sqmi, of which 9,663 (68.2%) were owner-occupied, and 4,496 (31.8%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 2.7%; the rental vacancy rate was 3.9%. 30,801 people (67.3% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 14,885 people (32.5%) lived in rental housing units.

2000
As of the 2000 census, the United States did not define a census-designated place called Antelope, but it did define a Zip Code Tabulation Area (ZCTA), 95843. Because Antelope is contained within this ZCTA, it is possible to obtain Census data from the United States 2000 Census for the area even though data for "Antelope" is unavailable.

As of the census of 2000, there were 36,421 people, 11,655 households, and 9,341 families residing in the ZCTA of 95843. The population density was 5,690 PD/sqmi. There were 12,016 housing units at an average density of 1,877.5 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the ZCTA was 65.5% White, 10.1% African American, 0.9% Native American, 11.9% Asian, 0.6% Pacific Islander, 4% from other races, and 7% from two or more races. 10.7% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 11,655 households, out of which 55.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 62.4% were married couples living together, 13.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 19.9% were non-families. 1.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.12 and the average family size was 3.47.

In the ZCTA the population was spread out, with 37.1% under age 20, 5.6% from 20 to 24, 48.6% from 25 to 54, 4.9% from 55 to 64, and 4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 30.3 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.7 males.

The median income for a household is $59,151, and the median income for a family was $60,840. Males had a median income of $40,573 versus $32,302 for females. The per capita income for the community was $21,373. 5.4% of the population and 4.1% of families were below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 2.5% are under the age of 18 and 4.6% are 65 or older.

Government
In the California State Legislature, Antelope is in, and in.

In the United States House of Representatives, Antelope is split between California's 3rd and 6th congressional districts, represented by and, respectively.

Since Antelope is an unincorporated part of Sacramento County, all non-traffic related law enforcement incidents are handled by the Sacramento County Sheriff's Department, stationed out of the North Division. All traffic related incidents occurring in unincorporated Antelope are handled by the California Highway Patrol North Sacramento Area Office. All of the Center Unified School District property is mainly patrolled by the Twin Rivers Unified School District Police Department via contract, while both the Sunrise Parks and Recreation District and the Rio Linda Elverta Recreation and Parks District have a contract with the Fulton-El Camino Park Police Department.

Parks
Parks in Antelope are under the jurisdiction of the Sunrise Parks and Recreation District as well as the Rio Linda Elverta Recreation and Parks District, which are both policed under contract by the Fulton–El Camino Park Police Department.

Tetotom Park
Tetotom Park is located on the corner of Don Julio Blvd and North Loop Dr in Antelope near Antelope Crossing Middle School. It consists of a plastic playground, two tennis courts, a volleyball court, a multipurpose field, and a baseball diamond. It also contains four barbecues.

Pokelma Park
Pokelma Park is located on Quiet Knolls Drive off of Elverta Road (behind WinCo Foods). It consists of a plastic playground, two tennis courts, a basketball court, and a baseball diamond.

Lone Oak Park
Lone Oak Park is at Elverta and Gray Mare Way, located directly next to Center High School, with a gate for students to enter from the park. It consists of a plastic playground updated with First 5 Grant money in 2009, swings with handicap access, a baseball field, a soccer field, with many benches and trees to sit under.

Blue Oak Park
Blue Oak Park is located at Big Cloud and Heathston Ct, behind Bel-Air Market (Big Cloud leads to a dead end at Old Walerga, which is blocked by a fence from both the park and Big Cloud). It consists of multiple plastic playground and a big, grassy field. There are no restrooms.

Northbrook Park (formerly Antelope Greens Park)
This park is located at Meadow Hawk and Tourmaline Way, which is in a neighborhood between Center High School and McClellan High School off Watt Ave. It is almost hidden to the public, behind some houses and the offskirts of a golf course (which is blocked by a huge fence). You cannot actually see the park from the streets, just the paved bike path and a big gate, which is closed and locked at night. The park contains one half-court basketball court. It is located directly next to Dry Creek, and on the other side of the creek lies Gibson Ranch. This park is not operated by Sunrise Parks and Recreation District. Locals call it Hidden Park.

Antelope Community Park
Antelope Community Park is mainly known as The Park of Dreams, which is the name listed on a painted wall in front of the park. It is located at 8012 Palmerson Drive, between a huge dirt field and the local fire station. The park formerly consisted of a wooden playground that has since been replaced with a plastic and metal playground offering several unique playsets. The park has a trail through the dirt field and many benches in the 34 acre park.

Antelope Station Park
Antelope Station Park is a park for young children. Contains one small play set, a garden and some benches. It is located at 6306 Outlook Drive.

Almond Grove
Almond Grove is located at 7691 Eagle Point Way. It consists of a 4.5 acre field with no playsets.

Firestone Park
Firestone park is a 7.5 acre park located at 5415 Poker Lane near Olive Grove Elementary School. It consists of a baseball diamond, two basketball courts, a multipurpose field, a soccer field, benches, bike racks, BBQ and covered picnic tables. The park has children's playsets. This is also where the 2015 Antelope Little league Baseball champions The Braves practice.

Roseview Park
Roseview Park is a 7 acre park located at 5848 Ridgepoint Drive. It consists of a play area, a BBQ, a garden area, a baseball diamond and a basketball court.

Schools
The following a list of the schools serving Antelope:

Elementary schools (K-5)

 * Oak Hill Elementary School
 * Dudley Elementary School
 * North Country Elementary School
 * Spinelli Elementary School

Junior high schools

 * Wilson C. Riles Middle School

High schools

 * Center High School
 * Antelope High School
 * McClellan Continuation High School

Charter schools

 * Antelope View Charter School (located at the lower part of the old Center Junior High School)
 * Global Youth Charter School (Formerly located at the lower part of the old Center Junior High School. Permanently Closed since 2017.

Elementary schools (K-5)

 * Antelope Meadows Elementary
 * Barrett Ranch Elementary
 * Olive Grove Elementary
 * Heritage Oak Elementary
 * Coyote Ridge Elementary
 * Quail Glen Elementary
 * Dry Creek Elementary

Junior high schools (6-8)

 * Antelope Crossing Middle School
 * Creekview Ranch Middle School
 * Silverado Middle School

Roseville Joint Union High School District

 * Antelope High School

Utilities
Sacramento Municipal Utility District provides electric service to the area and PG&E provides natural gas service. Antelope is served by Consolidated Communications, Comcast, and AT&T for its telephone and Internet needs. Not all three providers are available in all areas of the city.

title: Antelope, California


text:
Stenotype

A steno machine, stenotype machine, shorthand machine, stenograph or steno writer is a specialized chorded keyboard or typewriter used by stenographers for shorthand use. In order to pass the United States Registered Professional Reporter test, a trained court reporter or closed captioner must write speeds of approximately 180, 200, and 225 words per minute (wpm) at very high accuracy in the categories of literary, jury charge, and testimony, respectively. Some stenographers can reach up to 375 words per minute, according to the website of the California Official Court Reporters Association (COCRA).

The stenotype keyboard has far fewer keys than a conventional alphanumeric keyboard. Multiple keys are pressed simultaneously (known as "chording" or "stroking") to spell out whole syllables, words, and phrases with a single hand motion. This system makes realtime transcription practical for court reporting and live closed captioning. Because the keyboard does not contain all the letters of the English alphabet, letter combinations are substituted for the missing letters. There are several schools of thought on how to record various sounds, such as the StenEd, Phoenix, and Magnum Steno theories.

History
The first shorthand machine (the word "stenotype" was not used for another 80 years or more) punched a paper strip and was built in 1830 by Karl Drais, a German inventor. The first machine was made in 1863 by the Italian Antonio Michela Zucco and was in actual use from 1880 in the Italian Senate. In New York City on December 24, 1875, John Celivergos Zachos invented a stenotype and filed patent number 175892 for type writers and phenotypic notation application. In 1879, Miles M. Bartholomew invented the shorthand machine. A French version was created by Marc Grandjean in 1909. The direct ancestor of today's stenotype was created by Ward Stone Ireland in about 1913, and the word "stenotype" was applied to his machine and its descendants sometime thereafter.

Modern hardware
Most modern stenotype keyboards have more in common with computers than they do with typewriters or QWERTY computer keyboards. Most contain microprocessors, and many allow sensitivity adjustments for each individual key. They translate stenotype to the target language internally using user-specific dictionaries, and most have small display screens. They typically store a full day's work in non-volatile memory of some type, such as an SD card. These factors influence the price, along with economies of scale, as only a few thousand stenotype keyboards are sold each year. , student models, such as a Wave writer, sell for about US$1,500 and top-end models sell for approximately US$5,000. Machines that are 10 to 15 years old still resell for upward of $350.

The Open Steno Project has written free open-source software, including Plover, and has developed cheap open-source hardware for stenography. Plover software translates keypresses to Stenotype on any modern keyboard, with a preference given to ortholinear keyboards that have NKRO functionality.

Manufacturers
Stenograph is by far the largest manufacturer of American stenotype keyboards with an estimated market share in excess of 90%. Their top models are the Luminex professional writer and the Wave student writer. The Stentura paper-based writers and the paperless Élan writers preceded the current models. There were two other large manufacturers in the 1980s (Xscribe, with the StenoRAM line and BaronData with the Transcriptor line). Stenograph purchased both companies and discontinued their products. The current manufacturers in the US include:
 * Advantage Software (Passport and Passport Touch)
 * Neutrino Group (Gemini, Revolution, & Infinity writers)
 * ProCAT (Stenopaq, Flash, Stylus, Impression, and Xpression)
 * Stenograph (Stentura, élan Mira, Fusion, élan Cybra, Wave, Diamante and Luminex)
 * Stenovations (LightSpeed)
 * Word Technologies (Tréal)

Hobbyist keyboards
Many steno enthusiasts are making and selling keyboards designed for use with Plover, the open source steno software. Most of these keyboards range from about $100 to $200 and allow the user to use stenography on their computer through Plover. Vendors include:

 * g Heavy Industries (Georgi)
 * Nolltronics (EcoSteno)
 * SOFT/HRUF (Splitography)
 * StenoKeyboards (The Uni)
 * Stenomod (TinyMod)
 * Stenography Store (Starboard)

Keyboard layout

Stenotype keys normally are made of a hard, high-luster acrylic material with no markings. The keyboard layout of the American stenotype machine is shown at the top / right.

In "home position", the fingers of the left hand rest along the gap between the two main rows of keys to the left of the asterisk (little finger on the " S " to forefinger on the " H " and " R "). These fingers are used to generate initial consonants. The fingers of the right hand lie in the corresponding position to the right of the asterisk (forefinger on " FR " to little finger on " TS "), and are used for final consonants. The thumbs produce the vowels.

The system is roughly phonetic; for example the word cat would be written by a single stroke expressing the initial K, the vowel A , and the final T.

To enter a number, a user presses the number bar at the top of the keyboard at the same time as the other keys, much like the Shift key on a QWERTY-based keyboard. The illustration shows which lettered keys correspond to which digits. Numbers can be chorded, just as letters can. They read from left to right across the keyboard. It is possible to write 137 in one stroke by pressing the number bar along with SP P, but it takes three separate strokes to write 731. Many court reporters and stenocaptioners write out numbers phonetically instead of using the number bar.

There are various rule sets, known as theories, to combine letters to make different sounds; different court reporters use different theories in their work. Historically, reporters often created "briefs" (abbreviations) on-the-fly, and sometimes mixed theories, which could make it difficult for one reporter to read another reporter's notes, but current versions of theories are primarily designed for computerized translation using a standardized dictionary provided by the company that promulgates the theory, which forces reporters to stick with one theory and use only the specific combinations in that company's dictionary. However, it is not uncommon for students and reporters to add a significant number of entries to a stock dictionary, usually when creating briefs of their own.

Some court reporters use scopists to translate and edit their work. A scopist is a person who is trained in the phonetic writing system, English punctuation, and usually in legal formatting. They are especially helpful when court reporters are working so much that they do not have time to edit their own work. Both scopists and proofreaders work closely with court reporters to ensure an accurate transcript. The widespread use of realtime translation of the strokes has increased the demand for scopists to work simultaneously with the court reporter. With transcripts produced on computer-aided transcription (CAT) software, a scopist no longer needs to have any knowledge of shorthand theories, because the software converts shorthand to text in real time via a dictionary. However, it may still be helpful in some situations while scoping, as misstroked words may not translate and would appear in steno. Depending on availability of scopists and proofreaders, court reporters may use a scopist only to clean up a rough draft of their transcript, then proofread and certify the transcript themselves, or they may use neither and produce a final transcript by themselves, though this is a very time-consuming practice.

Steno paper
Steno paper has become almost obsolete with the advancement in paperless stenotype machines. When it is used, steno paper comes out of a stenotype machine at the rate of one row per chord, with the pressed letters printed out in 22 columns corresponding to the 22 keys, in the following order:

 * STKPWHRAO*EUFRPBLGTSDZ

Chords
This is a basic chart of the letters of this machine. There are, however, different writing theories that represent some letters or sounds differently (e.g., the *F for final v in the chart below), and each court reporter develops personalized "briefs" and codes.

Example
The following example shows how steno paper coming out of the machine represents an English sentence. Notice that key combinations can have different meanings depending on context. In the first stroke of the word example, the PL combination refers to m. In the second stroke of the word, that same key combination refers to the two letters pl. Many words have been abbreviated: this, of and from are chorded as th, f and fr, and machine and shorthand become mn and shand respectively.

Canada
There is one NCRA-approved school in all of Canada that teaches stenotype: the captioning and court reporting program at NAIT (Northern Alberta Institute of Technology). This program uses the STKPWHRAO*EUFRPBLGTSDZ keyboard layout. Graduates are trained to be court reporters, broadcast captioners, or CART providers and report a median income of $70,000 CAD between 2017 and 2020.

English
In addition to the above American Stenotype layout of STKPWHRAO*EUFRPBLGTSDZ used internationally (Ward Stone Ireland 1913), there is also a Possum Palantype system still being used in the UK.

Italian
Two Stenotype layouts are in use for the Italian language: Michela and Melani. The former is in use by the Italian senate.

Korean
The main stenotype systems in Korea are CAS and Sorizava.

Other languages

 * The Portuguese language has two stenotype systems. The Brazilian system uses the same layout as the American English one.
 * The Japanese language uses a StenoWord system with ten remapped keys or a more conventional Sokutaipu system.
 * As with the Korean language, Chinese stenotype layouts depend on the manufacturer, four of which are most commonly encountered in the market. A combination of chording and abbreviation is used.

title: Stenotype


text:
Talk:Woolly monkey

Type speciem
In do not understand how there can be a type speciem for a genus. Actually it makes only sense for a species or a subspecies. --Altaileopard 23:03, 18 July 2007 (UTC)

 * You are confusing a type specimen with a type species. If the genus were to be split into two genera, which ever of the two genera contained the current type species would retain the name, and the other would be given a new name, as well as a new type species. - UtherSRG (talk) 02:24, 19 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Ups, sorry, I meant type specimen.--Altaileopard 19:11, 19 July 2007 (UTC).

Anatomy
The Anatomy topic needs citations

Nithin.danday (talk) 18:36, 9 December 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Woolly monkey


text:
Waterfront station (Vancouver)

Waterfront station is a major intermodal public transportation facility and the main transit terminus in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. It is on West Cordova Street in Downtown Vancouver, between Granville and Seymour Street. The station is also accessible via two other street-level entrances, one on Howe Street to the west for direct access to the Expo Line and another on Granville Street to the south for direct access to the Canada Line.

The station is within walking distance of Vancouver's historical Gastown district, Canada Place, Vancouver Convention Centre, Harbour Centre, Sinclair Centre, and the Vancouver Harbour Flight Centre float plane terminal. A heliport operated by Helijet, along with the downtown campuses for Simon Fraser University and the British Columbia Institute of Technology, are also located within the vicinity of the station.

History
Waterfront station was built by the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) and opened on August 1, 1914. It was the Pacific terminus for the CPR's transcontinental passenger trains to Montreal, Quebec, and Toronto, Ontario. The current station is the third CPR station. The previous CPR station was located one block west, at the foot of Granville and, unlike the current classical-styled Waterfront station, was built in "railway gothic" like the CPR's many railway hotels.

In 1978, when Via Rail took over the passenger operations of the CPR and the Canadian National Railway, it continued using both railways' stations in Vancouver, but a year later, Via consolidated its Vancouver operations at Pacific Central Station, the CN station near False Creek, and ceased using the CPR station. The last scheduled Via passenger train to use Waterfront station departed on October 27, 1979.

Waterfront station's transformation into a public intermodal transit facility began in 1977. That year, the SeaBus began operating out of a purpose-built floating pier that was connected to the main terminal building via an overhead walkway above the CPR tracks. The CPR's passenger platform and some of its tracks were torn up in the early 1980s to make way for the guideway of the original SkyTrain line (Expo Line), which opened on December 11, 1985. During Expo 86, SkyTrain operated special shuttle trains between Waterfront station and Stadium–Chinatown station (then named Stadium station), connecting the Canadian Pavilion at Canada Place to the main Expo site along False Creek.

A private ferry company, Royal SeaLink Express, ran passenger ferries from a new dock on the west side of the SeaBus terminal to Victoria and Nanaimo in the early 1990s, but ultimately folded. In 2003, HarbourLynx began operating out of Royal Sealink's old facility at the SeaBus terminal. In 2006, following major engine problems with their only vessel, they folded as well.

In 1995, platforms were built adjacent to the SkyTrain station for the West Coast Express, which uses the existing CPKC tracks. The platforms for the West Coast Express were built in the same location as the old CPR platforms.

In 2002, Millennium Line trains began to share tracks with the Expo Line at Waterfront station. The lines continued to share tracks until late 2016, when an Expo Line branch to Production Way–University station was created in replacement of the Millennium Line service between VCC–Clark and Waterfront stations.

In 2009, the Canada Line opened with separate platforms which are accessible via the main station building, but require leaving the fare-paid zone when transferring between other modes. Waterfront station serves as a common terminus point for both the Expo Line and the Canada Line.

Waterfront station was one of the first stations to receive TransLink's "T" signage, denoting a transit station. This signage was originally installed in the downtown core of Vancouver to help visitors during the 2010 Olympics.

In 2018, TransLink announced that Waterfront's Canada Line platforms, as well as two other stations on the line within downtown Vancouver, would receive an accessibility upgrade including additional escalators, as most Canada Line stations were built with only up-escalators initially. Construction began in early 2019 and was completed in December.

In 2020, TransLink started work on replacing the escalators connecting to the Expo Line. The first step in this project was to close access to the Expo Line from Cordova Street for three weeks in June. The closure forced passengers to access the Expo Line from the Howe Street entrance. Because the construction blocked access to the elevators to the Expo Line platforms, a temporary shuttle bus service between the SeaBus terminal, the main concourse area, and Burrard station was instated.

In 2022, TransLink relocated the in-person service centre at Stadium–Chinatown station and opened a new 6,200 sqft customer service centre at Waterfront station on September 23.

Architecture
Waterfront's main station building was designed in a neoclassical style, with a symmetrical red-brick facade dominated by a row of smooth, white Ionic order columns. The Ionic columns are repeated in the grand interior hall, flanking the perimeter of the space. The main hall features two large clocks facing each other high on the east and west walls. Paintings depicting various scenic Canadian landscapes, completed in 1916 by Adelaide Langford, line the walls above the columns. The Montreal architecture firm Barott, Blackader and Webster was responsible for designing the main station building.

The station building is owned by Cadillac Fairview and underwent renovations in 2015 to restore its brick facade.

Services

 * SkyTrain Expo Line through Vancouver to northeast/south Burnaby, New Westminster and Surrey
 * SkyTrain Canada Line, through Vancouver to central Richmond and Vancouver International Airport
 * West Coast Express commuter rail Port Moody, Coquitlam, Port Coquitlam, Pitt Meadows, Maple Ridge, and Mission
 * SeaBus passenger ferry to Lonsdale Quay in North Vancouver
 * Various local, suburban, and express bus services provided by TransLink
 * HeliJet's heliport is adjacent to the SeaBus concourse, therefore allowing passengers to connect to Waterfront station's main terminal building
 * Vancouver Harbour Flight Centre float plane terminal is located approximately two blocks west of Canada Place

Entrances

 * Cordova Street entrance (terminal building) : a fully accessible entrance connecting all services at Waterfront station. The entrance is at the east end of platforms 1 and 2 (Expo Line) and north end of platform 3 and 4 (Canada Line).
 * Howe Street entrance: serves Canada Place, with underground connection to Sinclair Centre and Waterfront Centre at concourse level. No elevator is available at this entrance.
 * Granville Street entrance : a new entrance opened 2009 in conjunction to the opening of the Canada Line. Located at the south end of platform 3 and 4 (Canada Line).

Transit connections
Bus services load on Cordova Street. Additional stops are on Hastings Street, adjacent to the Canada Line entrance near Granville Street for the R5 RapidBus service.

title: Waterfront station (Vancouver)


text:
Lais of Corinth

Lais of Corinth (Λαΐς and Λαΐδα) (fl. 425 BC) was a famous hetaira or courtesan of ancient Greece, who was probably born in Corinth. She shared a name with the younger hetaira Lais of Hyccara; as ancient authors (in their usually indirect accounts) often confused them or did not indicate which one they referred to, the two women became inextricably linked. Lais lived during the Peloponnesian War and was said to be the most beautiful woman of her time. Among her clients were the philosopher Aristippus (two of his alleged writings were about Lais), Demosthenes, and the Olympic champion Eubotas of Cyrene.

Aelian relates a tradition that either she or the other Lais held the nickname "Axine" ("axehead"), for the sharpness of her cruelty. Anne Robertson noted that Corinth was in antiquity famous for its supposed thousand temple prostitutes, including Lais, and that the city's reputation “added a new word to the Greek language: korinthiazesthai, "to live like a Corinthian" - a life of wealthy, drunken debauchery.”

Lais was depicted in a euhumerizing late-1520 portrait by Hans Holbein the Younger.

title: Lais of Corinth


text:
Talk:Homininae

Terminology
To the anon who keeps changing the terminology:

These are the definitions we are using. Scientists mix and match, depending usually on when they started using the various terms. "Hominoid" used to mean what "hominid" now means. "Hominin" used to mean what "hominid" now means. These terms have shifted meaning as our understanding of the taxonomic relationships have changed. See ape for the history of this understanding. Perhaps we can work on how to put this explanation into an article. - UtherSRG

''Note that there is another terminology, in which the term "hominin" refers to Tribe hominini and the term "hominine" refers to Subfamily homininae. See the resource below for more information.'' YEARBOOK OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 41:93-136 (1998) (available at http://www.indiana.edu/~origins/X-PDF/Potts98.pdf; http://cogweb.ucla.edu/ep/Hominoids.html; http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2001/12/1204_hominin_id.html; http://encarta.msn.com; http://www.ecotao.com/holism/glosfn.htm; and so on. - 133.1.171.228

Google searching shows me that there is variety in the usage. Most scientific literature will note how each term is used and why. I have done so here. Also, please sign your comments with ~ - UtherSRG 12:17, Mar 14, 2005 (UTC)

I am not the anon who keeps changing things, but this is my understanding, as an amateur who reads about this stuff, of the terms conventionally used these days in English:

I have never seen "hominide" in an English-language text, by the way. Take a look in Google, in the first five or six pages of results I don't see anything in English for hominide, maybe I'm missing something. --Cam 20:43, Mar 20, 2005 (UTC)

The thing is that *all* -idae ending taxa use -id and -ide, and *all* -inae ending taxa use -in and -ine. Some authors use the adjectival form as a noun, because in English that's also proper grammar. (Think: There's many blue and red balls. Get me a blue.) - UtherSRG 22:13, Mar 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * I maintain that the ending "-ide" is not used by English-speaking biologists in relation to naming -idae. --Cam 15:45, Mar 21, 2005 (UTC)

I edited the article with a link to the National Geographic Style Manual (see their entry on "hominid, hominin"). If you change it back please cite an English-language source which explicitly states that "hominin" means a member of Homininae. (I know of course that any species in Hominini is automatically in Homininae. What I am looking for is a cite showing that "hominin" can mean anything in Homininae and not just in Hominini.) --Cam 16:00, Mar 22, 2005 (UTC)

 * It's a matter of what taxa are used. Before Hominini was used at all, then my original usage applies. "Hominin" didn't come into usage at the time of introducing Hominini, but it did when Homininae was used. With the exception of this article Hominini isn't used. (Groves doesn't use Hominini, and our taxonomy is following his work.) Googling for "hominin" gives mixed results for its use, and when Hominini isn't used, "hominin" refers to Homininae. - UtherSRG 16:36, Mar 22, 2005 (UTC)

 * Sorry about the edit war this morning. I was pretty convinced by that National Geographic link, and by some other reading I did last night and today, that the terms in that paragraph are the standard ones used. And they appear to be independent of what one puts in the taxa. That is, whatever you decide to put in Homininae, it's called a hominine. We could decide to put orangutans in there, then they'd be hominines. Similarly with Hominidae/hominid, Hominini/hominin etc. Whatever you put in those groups, they get called by the corresponding term. --Cam 04:21, Mar 23, 2005 (UTC)

 * Leave it to the rigors of classification junkies to throw English gramar to the wind. ;) Ah well. No harm, no fowl. - UtherSRG 04:34, Mar 23, 2005 (UTC)

The problem is that "hominid" and "hominin" are in flux in the professional literature at the moment because of changes in our understanding of the great ape family tree. The latest word from our primatologist (I'm an anthropology grad student at Florida State) is that hominin is commonly accepted as a term for H. sapiens and all ancestors since the Pan/Homo speciation event. A review of recent articles from the American Journal of Physical Anthropology shows precisely this trend. Thus, hominin would include Homo sp., Australopithecus sp., Paranthropus sp., and whatever your other prefered post-Pan human ancestor taxa are. "Hominid" is being avoided at the moment because of the confusion, but properly refers to (for living taxa) H. sapiens, Pan sp., Gorilla sp., and possibly Pongo sp. Some primatologists include Pongo sp. in Hominidae, some retain Pongidae for Pongo sp. alone.

I didn't make the edit myself because clearly this is a contentious topic, and I'm an archaeologist, not a primatologist, but that's the 2 cents from the anthropological community.- suncrush

 * It's all hogwash catagorization anyway. We know that genetically H. sapiens sapiens are closely related enough to P. paniscus to be considered two races in the same species. (Of course, this hasn't been confirmed by generating viable offspring.) The addition of the Tribe Hominin is simple an effort to keep those who don't understand genetics from rioting and taking away our grant money. ~grumble grumble~ --Dustin Asby 23:48, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

 * That seems likely to be an exaggeration, alternatively it is very interesting. There are rumours of attempts to hybridise, the more systematic ones made by sapiens.  Midgley 02:26, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

Move chimpanzees and bonobos to Gorillini. Only humans (fossil and living) should be classified as hominine See  Trtsmb 02:58, 30 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Wrong. Pan is more closely related to Homo than it is to Gorilla. Putting Pan in Gorillini would say just the oppostie, that Pan is more closely related to Gorilla. - UtherSRG (talk) 03:01, 30 March 2006 (UTC)

I'm certainly no expert in these fields of science. And please someone correct me if I am wrong, but I have yet to hear of any real evolutionary connection between man and apes. In fact, hasn't there been DNA tests already that show a striking difference between the two families? So I ask: is it really appropriate to place "Homo" on this family tree? I really do not know for sure. Insaneman 16:14, 16 April 2006 (UTC)

 * You are wrong. This is NOT a forum for a general discussion of the topic. I shouldn't post this, but I am always amazed at the ability of someone with virtually no knowledge of the subject to HAVE an opinion on the subject. It is human nature, it seems. OTOH, the fossil evidence in human ancestry is almost non-existent. Almost but not quite. You comment about "striking difference", which is meaningless as far as I can see. The similarities between us and the other homininae are what is "striking". The relationship between physiology and dna is well established, but the relationship between ecological niche and dna is only "weak" at best. (some snakes live in trees, for example). The fact that we share so many similarities between our ~20,000 genes and a gorilla's would not be obvious just because of our general size, shape, habitat, and diet.  The similarities are extremely implausible as coincidence, rather they must have a cause, we think. The theory of evolution and the fossil record give us a plausible (if not yet complete) explanation: We are very closely related to them. Again, OTOH, be very cautious of anyone spouting percentage dna sharing/similarity numbers. These numbers are not absolute (in fact, there is no single "standard method" to determine them, let alone an absolute method).  Mixing and matching these numbers will lead you astray. (See Uther's nonsense below). (look at any one % as a single question on a test; it takes many questions to determine the actual "correct" score.)Abitslow (talk) 19:21, 11 July 2014 (UTC)

 * Um... have you read any of the related articles? Humans and chimps are more closely related to each other (sharing 95-98% of our DNA) than chimps are to gorillas. Gorillas and humans also share a large percentage of the genome, at about 93-96%. It doesn't take an expert to read the chimpanzee and gorilla articles. - UtherSRG (talk) 17:52, 16 April 2006 (UTC)

There must be some appropriate term for species on the human side of the human/chimp split (ie Homo, Australopithecus and Paranthropus but not Pan). There is actually lots of variation in how much of the genome different species are deemed to share depending on how you measure (between humans and chimpanzees, total absence of genes in one present in the other is less than 2 percent, while differences in number of repetitions make the chimpanzee genome 10% longer than the human genome and 20% of the human genome are viruses absorbed 2.5-2.0 million years ago, the latter referenced from the documentary Dr. Virus and Mr. Hyde), and studies of evolution under environmental stress show that environmental change drastically increases the percentage of the mutations that appear are allowed to live on by evolution, compared to stable environments, which can fool the molecular clock. But that humans and other apes share a common ancestor, and closer than that with other, non-ape organisms, is still indisputable (while what ape species is our closest cousin can be debated). Hybridization attempts were indeed made in what was then Soviet in the 1930s by a scientist named Ivanov. His goal was to create a missing link and use it to disprove christianity. He got money to the project from lower officials, but not from Stalin himself. He first tried inseminating chimpanzee females with human sperm, and later tried to inseminate human females with orangutan sperm. No success were reported, and if it was successful, it would have been such spectacular news that no censorship in the world could ever have hushed it down, proving that the attempts simply failed, uncertain if by fundamental impossibility or mere accident. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 109.58.158.198 (talk) 19:52, 28 July 2011 (UTC)

Hominine
This term already redirects to this article and I can see it listed as referring to Homininae (perhaps because it has an 'e' at the end?) so I added it in bold as an alt term like corresponding articles do. Y12J (talk) 23:55, 14 March 2012 (UTC)

Humans rather than Homo sapiens
It seems frivolous to refer to humans by their scientific name in the introduction whilst gorillas and chimpanzees both are not. I've changed it, but I know how things like that can be blown out of proportion on Wp, so in an effort to avoid a possible edit war any discrepancies in opinion can be discussed here. 122.106.203.169 (talk) 10:30, 27 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Not a problem. - UtherSRG (talk) 11:56, 27 May 2008 (UTC)

Rewrite has added personal bias
The expansion by User:P'tit Pierre seems to have been driven by a personal point of view, e.g. the ancestry of Paranthropus to Gorillas. The article as it stands is severely inbalanced and lacks many citations. Wording like "Mainstream views on Australopithecines evolution can be found in the "human evolution" page" also makes it seem that this article is serving as a WP:POVFORK of Human evolution rather than a summary of this taxonomic group. Fences &  Windows  01:02, 5 November 2011 (UTC)
 * I have directly interacted with this user regarding their edits to this page (as can be seen on our respective talk pages). The user states/claims that they are a geneticist, but is not a native English speaker and doesn't seem to understand wiki syntax, formatting etc. From what I can tell the language barrier is the biggest problem - they certainly seem to be working in good faith but don't necessarily understand all the rules or the implications of their words. I thought myself that material being added was not entirely wiki-worthy (not only because of the use of English), but given my background wasn't sure in what way; I didn't know if it was the current scientific consensus worded (improperly) as "truth" or if it was just one view that the user supported. I think this user has a lot to contribute, but probably needs some direction as to how Wikipedia works with regard to NPOV. In this regard, the "un-disclaimered" H. sapiens neanderthalensis (rather than H. neanderthalensis) was a bit of a red flag, but not being qualified in this area I couldn't really "neutralise" it properly. I have tried to give as much instruction as I can in other fields (mainly relating to the manual of style), but as I'm not in a position to judge I didn't think it right to insert "some scientists think" or similar before it (it may have implied doubt where there was none within the scientific community).

 * With regard to the specific edits made by this user, I would suggest that finding ways to incorporate them as one scientific opinion would be the preferable solution, rather than simply removing them. This may be as simple as adding "one theory/hypothesis is…" to the beginning of sections they have written, or may be more complex, but I think you probably know what I mean.

 * Alphathon  /'æɫfə.θɒn/ (talk ) 02:52, 5 November 2011 (UTC)

It seems contradictory to say that I am only expressing my POV, and in the next sentence to consider incorrect that I wrote: "Mainstream views on Australopithecines evolution can be found in the "human evolution" page". It is not a POV fork of Human evolution because it also discusses gorilla and chimpanzee evolution. On the contrary, the article shows how closely related are the histories of humans, gorillas and chimpanzees, extant members of the Homininae. P'tit Pierre P'tit Pierre (talk) 20:13, 5 November 2011 (UTC)

I have re-worded the section on the comparison of paranthropus and gorillas, removing most of the height and weight numbers. I have added a description of Paranthropus main characteristics, namely the sagittal crest and heavy chewing apparatus (one supporting the other) and strong sexual dimorphism. It is really half of the description of the tight relations between the 3 evolutionary lines leading to humans, chimpanzees and gorillas. If you favour another conclusion why don’t you write it down? P’tit Pierre P'tit Pierre (talk) 09:33, 7 November 2011 (UTC)

May I add 2 citations about Paranthropus: Thanks! P'tit Pierre P'tit Pierre (talk) 17:04, 7 November 2011 (UTC)
 * 1) Research published in Science journal (Nov.30, 2007) shows that some of our closest extinct relatives had more in common with gorillas than previously thought. Dr Charles Lockwood, UCL Department of Anthropology and lead author of the study, said: "When we examined fossils from 1.5 to 2 million years ago we found that in one of our close relatives (P. robustus) the males continued to grow well into adulthood, just as they do in gorillas.
 * 2) University College London anthropologist Charles Lockwood determined that P. robustus males continued to grow well into adulthood, long after females stopped developing. In a paper published today in Science, Lockwood surmises that P. robustus groups lived much as great apes do now, with a single enormous male dominating a harem of small females.

I'm returning from a long wikivacation, so while I'm a not new to the subject, there has been a lot of changes to this article since I left. Although I'm fascinated by the theories that P'tit Pierre espouses, this article is giving undue weight to one particular view point. Most of the discussion of human evolution belongs on the article of that subject. I'm going to significantly cut away large portions of this article to bring it back to something with no POV pushing. What I cut can be restored if other (more mainstream) points of view are included. - UtherSRG (talk) 11:00, 13 March 2012 (UTC)

This discussion has ended a long time ago. Is this issue resolved? I will remove the tag from the article in 7 days, unless there is any more discussion about NPOV. Timothy G. from CA (talk) 21:51, 14 April 2013 (UTC)

Obsolete - needs a rewrite
Early into this article, reference to Pongidae occurs. Clicking on the link informs me that Pongidae is OBSOLETE. In other words the basic structure of this article is 'wrong' (no longer current thinking, current fashion). I also note that several graphics also are, therefore, obsolete (or contentious/misleading). I note that this may be Wikipedia's downfall - that articles once written tend NOT to change with the times (original authors are probably not willing to admit that time has moved on, or are not willing to invest the substantial effort and time to keep article current). Call it "information inertia". Its real. (sure to some extent it is fashion, but on the other hand, even if every 'improvement' might someday be reverted, it is not a reason to think progress can't/shouldn't be made.) This article needs a rewrite, imho. (Even if it is simply to say that new evidence has cast doubt (or new analysis of old evidence), and there are now several alternatives each having strong and weak points. The amazingly sparse evidence from which hypotheses are made and facts "concluded" astounds me. To call any of it "established" science is ridiculous. It may be the best evidence we have, but if tomorrow 75 anatomically modern human fossils are found dating from 500,000 to 670,000 years ago (with suitable verification and validation), then we'll toss almost all of the current ideas out the window. Constrast this to the 'hard sciences' where, e.g., quantum mechanics did not (could not) refute acid/base theory.Abitslow (talk) 18:03, 11 July 2014 (UTC)

Diagram
The diagram includes Pan in the hominini whereas the wikipage defining the hominini excludes Pan from that clade. They cannot both be right.

There is an RFC that may affect this page
There is an RFC that may affect this page at WikiProject Tree of Life. The topic is Confusion over taxonomy of subtribe Panina and taxon homininae (are chimps hominins)?

Please feel free to comment there. SPACKlick (talk) 16:38, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Homininae