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Erik Gustaf Geijer

Erik Gustaf Geijer (12 January 1783 – 23 April 1847) was a Swedish writer, historian, poet, romantic critic of political economy, philosopher, and composer. His writings served to promote Swedish National Romanticism. He was an influential advocate of conservatism, but switched to liberalism later in life.

Biography
Geijer was born at Geijersgården, his family's estate in Ransäter, Värmland. He was educated at the gymnasium of Karlstad and then attended the University of Uppsala, where he earned his master's degree in 1806. In 1803 he had competed successfully for an historical prize offered by the Academy of Sciences at Stockholm. In 1809, he traveled in England. The year following, he became a lecturer in history at Uppsala, and in 1815 assistant to Eric Michael Fant. Succeeding Fant, Geijer was a professor of history from 1817 at Uppsala University where a statue now commemorates him. He was rector of Uppsala University during the years 1822, 1830, 1836 and 1843–1844. As a representative of the university, he was a member of the Church of Sweden clergy in the Riksdag of the Estates in 1828–1830 and 1840–1841. He was a member of the Swedish Academy (on seat 14) from 1824. He was a member of the education committee from 1825 to 1828. In 1830 he joined Pro Fide et Christianismo, a Christian education society. In 1835, he became a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.

Geijer was also a founding member of the Geatish Society (Götiska förbundet). In the first issue of its periodical, Iduna, appeared Geijer's most famous poem The Viking, which described the Vikings as the heroic Norsemen that people might imagine today, and was a turning-point in the rehabilitation of Norse culture among the Swedish people. Geijer collaborated with Arvid August Afzelius, in the three volume collection of Swedish folk-songs, Svenska folk-visor från forntiden (Stockholm, 1814–1816).

Geijer was a noted historian, although he did not complete any one of the vast undertakings which he planned. Of the Records of Sweden (Svea Rikes häfder), which were to have embraced the history of his native country from mythical ages to his own times, he finished only the introductory volume. His Svenska folkets historia (3 vols., 1832–36), which was intended to form one of the series of European histories edited by Leo and Ukert, was not carried beyond the abdication of Queen Christina (1654), the reason probably being the author's conversion to liberalism in history and politics. It has been suggested, however, that Geijer's declaring for liberalism was perhaps as much coming-out-of-the-closet as it was a true conversion. Incomplete as they are, these works are highly regarded contributions to Swedish history. His History of the Swedes down to Charles X was translated into English by Turner, with biographical introduction (London, 1845).

Geijer was entrusted the task of examining and editing the papers which Gustavus III had bequeathed to the University of Uppsala, with the stipulation that they were not to be opened for fifty years after his death. In fulfillment of his charge, Geijer arranged these papers in a work which appeared in 1843-45 under the title of Gusstaf III's efterlemnade papper, but they contained little or nothing of value.

Although he rose to fame as a nationalist author, Geijer's views changed during his lifetime. During the last ten years of his life, he took an active part in politics, and began to advocate social reform and Liberalism. Although his political writings possess great merit, the very versatility of his powers diverted him from applying them methodically to the complete elaboration of any one subject.

In 1846 increasing ill health forced him to resign his position as professor at Uppsala. He died in Stockholm. He left some personal memoirs, Minnen (Upsala, 1834). His collected works, Samlade Skrifter, with a bibliographic treatise by Teodblad (8 vols.), appeared at Stockholm (1873–75).

Geijersgården
Geijersgården is a historic mansion in the centre of Uppsala, north of the University library. Geijersgården is named after Erik Gustaf Geijer, who lived there from 1837 to 1846. The main building was built between 1737 and 1738. The estate gained its present appearance around 1850.

In 1934, the estate was taken over by Uppsala University and since 1965 has housed the Dag Hammarskjöld Foundation (Hammarskjöldfonden). The building was restored in the 1983 after a fire in which the building's western parts were badly damaged. The buildings are classified as historic properties under the Swedish Cultural Monuments Act (Kulturminneslagen).

Selected works

 * Om falsk och sann upplysning med avseende på religionen (1811)
 * Thorild: Tillika en filosofisk eller ofilosofisk bekännelse (1820)
 * Svea rikes häfder (1825)
 * Svenska folkets historia, I-III, 1832–36
 * Minnen (1834)
 * Freedom in Sweden: Selected works of Erik Gustaf Geijer (2017)

Chamber music

 * Violin Sonata in G minor, 1819
 * Violin Sonata in D minor
 * Violin Sonata in F
 * Violin Sonata in A♭
 * Sonatine for cello and piano, 1838?
 * Piano trio in A♭
 * Piano Quartet in E minor, 1825, published 1865
 * Piano Quintet in F minor, 1823
 * String Quartet in F, 1830s
 * String Quartet in B, 1846–47

Piano

 * Piano sonata in G minor, 1810
 * Fantasi in F minor, 1810
 * Divertimento, 1824
 * Midnattsfantasi, 1833
 * Scherzo, 1838
 * Aftonstunder for piano, 1840
 * Double sonata E♭ for four-hands, one piano, 1819
 * Double sonata F minor for four-hands, one piano, published 1820.

Songs
(to his own words unless otherwise stated)
 * Sångstycken med ackompagnement för Piano-forte (1834)
 * Söderländskan i Norden ; I en ung flickas album ; Blomplockerskan ; Bilden ; Tonerna ; De små (duet) ; Höstvisa (duet) ; Soldatflickorna (duet)
 * Nya sånger med ackompanjement för piano-forte (1836)
 * Vårsång (trio) ; Den första sommarfläkten (trio) ; I dansen (duett) ; På sjön (a cappella choir) ; Avsked med eko (a cappella choir) ; Aftonkänsla (a cappella choir) ; Skärsliparegossen ; Reseda ; Ur dansen
 * Nyare sånger till forte-piano (1837)
 * Barndomsminnen ; Min hustrus visa ; Gräl och allt väl ; Min music ; Vallflickans aftonvisa ; Första aftonen i det nya hemmet ("Jag vet en hälsning mera kär") ; Husarbrudarna (duet) ; Marsch ("För Gud och sanning") (men's chorus)
 * Gammalt och nytt. Sånger för forte-piano. (1838)
 * Spinnerskorna (duet) ; På nyårsdagen ; Den lilla kolargossen (The Little Charcoal-burner) ; Riddar Toggenborg ; Anderöst (Per Daniel Amadeus Atterbom) ; From Lidner's Medea (I) and (II) (Bengt Lidner) ; Den slumrande lilla flickan (Carl Wilhelm Böttiger)
 * Sånger till forte-piano. 5:e häftet. (1839)
 * Vår och saknad (duet) ; Kom! Farväl! (duet) ; Anna (duet) ; Den femtiosjätte födelsedagen ; Kommer ej våren ; Salongen och skogen ; Sångerskan ; Flicktankar ; Gondolieren
 * Sånger till forte-piano. 6:e häftet. (1840)
 * Aftonklockan ; Natthimmelen (The Night Sky) ; Höstsädet ; Min politik (My politics) ; Tal och tystnad (Speech and Silence, 1838); På vattnet ; Studentsång ("Fädernesland, vars härliga minnen") (men's chorus) ; Aftonbetraktelse (mixed choir) (Carl Wilhelm Böttiger)
 * Sånger till forte-piano. 7:e häftet. (1841)
 * Flickorna (duet) ; På dagen av mitt silverbröllop (duet) ; Afton på sjön (duet) ; På en väns födelsedag (duet) ; På en resa i hembygden ; Vallgossens visa ; Juldagen 1840 ; Vad jag älskar ; Stjärnglansen
 * Sånger till forte-piano. 8:e häftet. (1842)
 * Det fordna hemmet ; Mod och försakelse (1839, for Jenny Lind) ; Till min dotter ; Sparvens visa ; Vid en väns tillfrisknande ; Den sörjandes morgon ; Avskedet ; Han ; Det sextionde året (duet) ; Aftonen (trio) ; Solens nedgång i havet (mixed choir)
 * Sånger till forte-piano. 9:e häftet. (1846)
 * Den enfaldiga visan ; Arbetarens visa ; Skridskovisa ; Den nalkande stormen ; Två sånger utan ord (piano)

Other vocal works

 * Musik för sång och för fortepiano (with Adolf Fredrik Lindblad (1824)
 * Thekla. Eine Geisterstimme. (Friedrich von Schiller)
 * Till en liten flicka med en guldkjed
 * Svanhvits sång (Per Daniel Amadeus Atterbom)
 * Nya märkvärdigheter (after Friedrich von Schiller) (men's choir)
 * Nähe des Geliebten (Johann Wolfgang von Goethe)
 * Aftonstunder vid piano-forte tillegnade min dotter (1840)
 * Tillegnan
 * Bragurmannen (songs by Geijer, Adolf Fredrik Lindblad and Johan Erik Nordblom) (1845)
 * Tålamod
 * Harmoniens makt (duet)
 * Other songs
 * Vikingen (The Viking, 1811) ; Odalbonden ; Den siste skalden ; Aftonbön på Ransberg ; Majbetraktelser ; Emma (Johan Olof Wallin) ; Förgät mig ej (possibly Geijer's last song, 1846, published in Nordstjernan, 1847) ; Skaldens farväl ; Mignon
 * Other duets
 * Berg och dal ; Slädfarten ; Vid en väns tillfrisknande (duet version) ; Kärleken på resan genom lifvet
 * Other trios
 * Mor och dotter ; Natt-tankar (1841) ; Afskedssång (1846) ; Schneiderschreck (Johann Wolfgang von Goethe)

Other works for mixed choir

 * Minne och hopp
 * Var lyckan bor
 * 1841
 * Varning, hopp och bön
 * Serenad (Serenata)

Other works for men's choir

 * Svanhvits sång
 * Studentmarsch ("Att älska Gud, kung, Fädernesland")
 * Till mina vänner
 * Vandrar du än

Other sources
Brief biographical treatises were written by Malmstroem (Upsala, 1848), Fries (Stockholm, 1849), and Carlson (Stockholm, 1870).

 * Andræ, Carl Goran (1983) Siare och nationalmonument: Historikern Erik Gustaf Geijer, 1783-1847 (Almqvist & Wiksell) ISBN 978-91-554-1429-0
 * Ehnmark, Anders  (1999)  Minnets hemlighet: En bok om Erik Gustaf Geijer  (Norstedts) ISBN 978-91-1-300725-0
 * Erdmann, Nils Axel Fredrik (2010) Erik Gustaf Geijer: En Minnesteckning  (Nabu Press) ISBN 978-1-141-42692-8
 * Lönnroth, Lars (2019) Geijerarvet. En släkthistoria om dikt och galenskap (Atlantis)
 * Olsson, Bernt and  Ingemar Algulin (1991) Litteraturens historia i Sverige (Stockholm) ISBN 91-1-913722-2
 * Thorsoe, Alexander (2010) Erik Gustaf Geijers Forelaesninger Over Menniskans Historia (Kessinger Publishing) ISBN 978-1-160-48593-7

title: Erik Gustaf Geijer


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Hyde, Greater Manchester

Hyde is a town in Tameside, Greater Manchester, England, which had a population of 35,890 in 2021. Within the boundaries of the historic county of Cheshire, it is located 5 mi north-east of Stockport, 6 mi west of Glossop and 8 mi east of Manchester.

Early history
Newton Hall was present in the thirteenth century. The area formed a township of the parish of St Mary, Stockport. Its name is derived from the Hide, a measure of land for taxation purposes, taken to be that area of land necessary to support a peasant family; in later times, it was taken to be equivalent to 120 acre. In the late 18th century, the area that was to become the town centre was no more than a cluster of houses known as Red Pump Street. Gee Cross was much larger and 'Hyde' was still only used to refer to the estates of Hyde Hall on the banks of the River Tame. Altogether, there were only 3,500 inhabitants in the district in 1801. The town is largely a creation of the 19th century and the Industrial Revolution.

Industrial Revolution
The population of Hyde increased due to the success of the cotton mills during the Industrial Revolution of the late 18th and early 19th centuries; at one stage, there were 40 working mills. By 1872, only 27 remained; half of the remaining mills closed between 1921 and 1939 and there is only one working mill in the town today. There were many mill-owning families, including Sidebotham, Hibbert and Horsfield. The main employers in the mills were the Ashton family, who successfully ran a combined spinning and weaving company; most mills concentrated on one process only. The Ashton family built Hyde Chapel, on Stockport Road in Gee Cross. The Ashton Brothers' Mill has been demolished recently to make way for a housing estate.

St George's Church was built in 1832 as a chapel of ease to St Mary's, Stockport. It was built at the instigation of John Hyde Clarke of Hyde Hall and was the first Church of England place of worship in the town; St George's became the parish church of part of Hyde township in 1842. Later additions include the lychgate, boathouse by the canal, hearse house, parish rooms and numerous vicarages. The church has a 110 ft tower housing eight bells and a clock.

The Peak Forest Canal was constructed through Hyde from Ashton-under-Lyne to Woodley, Romiley and Marple. Captain Clarke's Bridge, originally named Wood End Canal Bridge, is situated at the end of Woodend Lane. The bridge was erected before Captain Clarke rose to prominence and therefore probably became known as Captain Clarke's Bridge after he retired and resided there.

There was also a coal mine, known as Hyde Colliery, in the town; in January 1889, an explosion there killed 23 miners. There was an enquiry held the following month at Hyde Town Hall. The following month, Ardwick AFC (now Manchester City) played Newton Heath (now Manchester United) under floodlights at Belle Vue to raise money for the victims' families. The game was watched by 10,000 people and this was the first floodlit match played by either side.

20th century
During the 1960s, Myra Hindley and Ian Brady were arrested in their home on the Hattersley estate in Hyde after police found the body of 17-year-old Edward Evans in the house. At their trial, they were found guilty of murdering Evans as well as two other children whose bodies were found buried on Saddleworth Moor several miles away.

Britain's most prolific serial killer, Dr Harold Shipman, had his doctor's surgery in the town where he murdered most of his several hundred victims. The first known victim was 86-year-old Sarah Hannah Marsland of Ashton House in Victoria Street on 7 August 1978 and the last was Kathleen Grundy of Joel Lane on 24 June 1998.

21st century
On 18 September 2012, drug dealer Dale Cregan made a hoax emergency call to the police from an address in Mottram in Longdendale, luring police constables Nicola Hughes, 23, and Fiona Bone, 32, of Greater Manchester Police there by claiming that there had been an incident of criminal damage. When they arrived, he murdered them.

Civic history
Hyde was incorporated as a municipal borough of Cheshire in 1881, which covered the parishes of Hyde, Godley and Newton, along with part of Compstall. In 1936, the borough was extended by the annexation of the civil parish of Hattersley and part of the civil parish of Matley from Tintwistle Rural District. The whole of the municipal borough became part of the Metropolitan Borough of Tameside, Greater Manchester in 1974, under the Local Government Act 1972.

Hyde Town Hall dominates the market place area. The large bell in the clocktower is known as Owd Joss (Old Josh), named after Joshua Bradley, a former poor child worker in the mills. Michael Bradbury built it The clock chimes the Westminster Quarters.

Parliamentary representation
As a county palatine, Cheshire was unrepresented in Parliament until the Chester and Cheshire (Constituencies) Act 1542. From 1545, Cheshire was represented by two Knights of the Shire. On the passage of the Great Reform Act of 1832, the area of Hyde was included in the North Cheshire constituency. Between the passing of the Second Reform Act of 1867 and the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885, the town was part of the East Cheshire constituency. Between 1885 and 1918 the town was part of the Hyde county constituency. Since the 1918 general election, the town has been represented in Parliament by the member for the Stalybridge and Hyde county constituency. The current Member of Parliament is Jonathan Reynolds.

Geography
Werneth Low Country Park is the location of the Hyde War Memorial. The memorial is owned by a trust which raised funds from Hyde residents after the Great War to create a permanent memorial to those Hyde residents who died in that conflict. The memorial contains 710 names.

Hyde is separated from Denton by the River Tame, a tributary of the River Mersey. There are several areas and suburbs in Hyde, these include: Gee Cross, Newton, Hattersley, Godley, and Flowery Field.

Buses

Local bus services are operated predominantly by Stagecoach Manchester. Routes connect the town with Manchester city centre, Stockport, Dukinfield, Gee Cross, Woodley, Stalybridge, Ashton-under-Lyne and Oldham.

The bus station was originally built in the 1960s, with an open bus shelter design. It was rebuilt in 2007 as a much larger central terminus style building, enclosed from the outside; it opened on 23 August 2007 and cost £3.7m to build. The initiative was intended to encourage people to use public transport.

Railway
There are six railway stations in the Hyde area, with services operated by Northern Trains:
 * Hyde Central and Hyde North stations are on the Hyde Loop line between Manchester Piccadilly and Rose Hill Marple;
 * Flowery Field, Newton for Hyde, Godley and Hattersley stations are on the electrified Glossop line between Piccadilly, Glossop and Hadfield.

Roads
Hyde is served by the M67, which is a feeder to the M60 Manchester orbital motorway.

Trams
The nearest Metrolink station is in neighbouring Ashton-under-Lyne, which provides services to the city centre.

A tram network, operated by the SHMD Joint Board, ran lines through Hyde from 1904 to 1945, until their replacement by buses.

Television
Local news and television programmes are provided by BBC North West and ITV Granada. Television signals are received from the Winter Hill TV transmitter.

Radio
Local radio stations are BBC Radio Manchester on 95.1 FM, Capital Manchester and Lancashire on 102.0 FM, Heart North West on 105.4 FM, Smooth North West on 100.4 FM, XS Manchester on 106.1 FM, Greatest Hits Radio Manchester & The North West on 96.2 FM, and Tameside Radio, a community based station which broadcast from its studios in Ashton-under-Lyne.

Newspapers
The local newspaper is the Tameside Reporter, published on Thursdays.

Football

Hyde United F.C. was formed in 1919 and changed its name to Hyde FC in 2010, as a result of a sponsorship deal with Manchester City, and back to Hyde United in 2015. The club plays its home games at Ewen Fields. The ground has been used by Manchester City and Manchester United for their reserve team fixtures; in 2010, Manchester City F.C. Reserves and Academy moved in. They used the facility as their permanent home until 2015, when a purpose-built academy stadium was opened on the campus at the Etihad Stadium. A notable appearance for Hyde United F.C. was in the FA Cup - in the 2017–18 season, they made a first round appearance in the FA Cup where they lost 4–0 to Milton Keynes Dons FC.

Boxing
World champion boxer Ricky Hatton was brought up on the Hattersley Estate and now lives in Gee Cross. He fought against Floyd Mayweather Jr. and Manny Pacquiao, but lost on both occasions. Overall his record is 45-3, and at one point was 43–0. His association with the town led to the creation of a boxing gym and health club by Hatton Promotions.

Water polo
The Hyde Seal Swimming & Water Polo Club dominated water polo and swimming in England in the early years of the 20th century. and were three times world water Polo champions.

Cricket
Hyde Cricket and Squash Club play in the Cheshire County League and have their ground near Werneth Low. Flowery Field Cricket Club are part of the Lancashire County League. Professional cricketer Len Hopwood was born in Newton.

Primary schools
Below is a list of all the primary schools in the Hyde area: Gee Cross Holy Trinity Primary School
 * St Paul's R.C. School & Nursery, a Catholic Primary school, first opened in the early 1900s, it was rebuilt in the early 1970s & a plaque from the original building has been preserved.
 * Bradley Green Community Primary School was built in 1968.
 * Oakfield Primary School
 * St George's C.E Primary School, the original building was built in 1836.
 * Dowson Primary School
 * Godley Community Primary School, was built in 1978.
 * Flowery Field Primary School, was built in 2015 due to a poor design of the old building
 * Leigh Primary School
 * Greenfield Primary School, was RE- built in 1998.
 * St James' Catholic Primary School

Secondary schools
Below is a list of all the secondary schools in the Hyde area:

 * Alder Community High School
 * Hyde High School

Further education
Tameside College and Clarendon Sixth Form College used to be located in Hyde but have since moved to Ashton-under-Lyne.

Leisure
Hyde's largest greenspace is Hyde Park, originally part of the Newton Lodge estate which was purchased by James Ashton circa 1620. The Ashton family were cotton mill owners and one of the two biggest employers in Hyde. The park was given to the Borough of Hyde by Eveline Mary Ashton and Amy Elizabeth Ashton in 1902 and opened to the public on 21 May 1904. The bandstand opened in 1922 and in 1938 Newton Lodge was demolished and replaced by Bayley Hall. The park features a garden of tranquillity, a children's play area and a rockery.

Hyde Market has been a shopping centre for centuries. In 1994, Clarendon Square Shopping Centre opened alongside the market. Outside the shopping centre is a children's carousel ride which celebrated its 100th birthday on 6 July 2019.

Hyde's Festival Theatre is home to several local amateur groups presenting plays, music and dance in the downstairs auditorium or the upstairs smaller studio. There are occasional visiting professional shows.

Hyde leisure centre contains a large swimming pool with a wave machine, aqua slide and upstairs fitness suite. The octagon-shaped structure, which has been open since the 1990s, is next to Hyde United F.C.'s ground. Waldorf Playing Fields are adjacent to Matley Lane in Hyde.

Hyde also has an Air Cadet Organisation (ACO), No. 468 (Hyde & Hattersley) Squadron.

Hyde Library had a gallery exhibiting the work of Harry Rutherford, an artist from the Tameside area, now at Ashton-under-Lyne.

Notable people
The following individuals were born in Hyde or lived in the town:
 * Luke Baines, actor, singer and model
 * Trevor Grimshaw, artist
 * Stuart Hall, BBC radio and television presenter.
 * Ricky Hatton, boxer
 * Matthew Hatton, boxer
 * Lee Martin, former Manchester United footballer
 * Jenny Campbell, former British banker and panelist on Dragons' Den
 * L.S. Lowry, artist.
 * Harold Shipman, serial killer
 * Ian Brady and Myra Hindley, "Moors Murderers", serial killers
 * Alan West (born 1951 in Hyde), footballer, central midfielder for Burnley and Luton Town
 * Danny Brocklehurst (born 1971 in Hyde), BAFTA-winning screenwriter, Shameless, Clocking Off, Talk to Me.
 * Tom Cassell (born 23 June 1993 in Hyde)
 * Owen Jones, writer and journalist.
 * Ron Hill MBE (25 September 1938 – 23 May 2021, born in Accrington, but later lived in Hyde) running legend who also worked in sports clothing.
 * Timmy Mallett, children's TV presenter. Ex-Hyde Grammar School pupil.
 * Brian & Michael, chart success singers. Ex-Hyde Grammar School pupils.

In popular culture
In fiction, Hyde is mentioned frequently in the BBC drama Life on Mars. In the programme, the character Sam Tyler was said to have transferred from C Division Hyde, to the City Centre, A Division CID. The choice of Hyde is given as a clue that his 1973 self is an alter ego, as in Robert Louis Stevenson's Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde.

The dance scene from the film Yanks (1979), which starred Richard Gere, was filmed in Hyde Town Hall.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Hyde, Greater Manchester


text:
Goodrich

Goodrich may refer to:
 * Goodrich (surname)

United Kingdom

 * Goodrich, Herefordshire
 * Goodrich Castle, a fortification in Goodrich, Herefordshire
 * Goodrich Court, a former neo-gothic castle in Goodrich, Herefordshire

United States

 * Goodrich, Colorado
 * Goodrich, Idaho
 * Goodrich, Michigan
 * Goodrich, North Dakota
 * Goodrich, Tennessee
 * Goodrich, Texas
 * Goodrich, Wisconsin, a town
 * Goodrich (community), Wisconsin, an unincorporated community
 * Goodrich Falls, waterfall and unincorporated community in New Hampshire

Other uses

 * Goodrich Corporation or B.F. Goodrich Company, former American aerospace manufacturing company
 * BFGoodrich, American tires company
 * Goodrich Quality Theaters, American movie theater chain
 * Goodrich (film), an American comedy film

title: Goodrich


text:
User talk:XxxMicrobexxx

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text:
Hamilton College

Hamilton College is a private liberal arts college in Clinton, New York. It was originally established as the Hamilton-Oneida Academy in 1793 and later received its charter as Hamilton College in 1812, in honor of Alexander Hamilton, one of its inaugural trustees, following a proposal made after his death in 1804. Since 1978, Hamilton has been a coeducational institution, having merged with its sister school, Kirkland College.

Hamilton enrolled approximately 2,000 undergraduate students as of the fall of 2021. The curriculum offers 57 areas of study, including 44 majors, as well as the option to design interdisciplinary concentrations. The student body consists of 53% female and 47% male students, representing 45 U.S. states and 46 countries. The acceptance rate for the class of 2026 was 11.8%. Hamilton's athletic teams participate in the New England Small College Athletic Conference.

History
Hamilton College traces its origins back to 1793, when it was chartered as the Hamilton-Oneida Academy, a seminary founded by Rev. Samuel Kirkland. The academy, located in a three-story building near the Oneida Nation's home, admitted both white and Oneida boys and was named in honor of Alexander Hamilton, who collaborated with Kirkland in starting the school and served on its first Board of Trustees. None of the Oneida boys lasted more than one year, the reason being lack of funding,  along with the Oneida boys' lack of knowledge of English and their disinterest in the curriculum. It applied for a charter from the New York Board of Regents in 1805, and received it in 1812, conditional on raising an endowment of $50,000. Originally its location on College Hill was in the town of Paris from 1793 to 1827, then in the town of Kirkland. Clinton was not incorporated until 1843.

In 1812, pursuant to its new charter, the academy expanded its curriculum, dropped the reference to the Oneidas, and became Hamilton College, making it the third-oldest college in New York State. As the Board of Regents wanted, Hamilton started its career as a college with an endowment of $100,000 —a very large sum at the time. The Academy buildings, grounds, and other property were valued at $15,000. To this sum were added subscriptions and parcels of land amounting to another $50,000. The New York State Legislature granted $50,000 to the new institution, and then supported it with $3,000 per year until 1850.

According to the 1813 rules of the college, candidates for admission must be "able to read, translate and parse Cicero's select orations, Virgil, and the Greek testament, and to write true Latin in prose, and shall also have learned the rules of vulgar arithmetic."

In 1836 Hamilton had 115 students, four buildings, four professors, and the President.

Over time, the college evolved into a more secular institution under the leadership of President M. Woolsey Stryker, who sought to distance Hamilton from its Presbyterian Church roots.

Kirkland College
In the second half of the 20th century, Hamilton established a coordinate women's college, Kirkland College, on college land on the other side of College Hill Road. Though it ultimately resulted in Hamilton becoming coed, it lasted only about 10 years. It was perceived as less rigorous than Hamilton, although this was disputed and much discussed. The merger of the two schools, or rather the takeover by Hamilton, which then became coeducational, took place along with feelings of betrayal and lack of support from Kirkland students. Resentments have been long-standing. On the other hand, it has been noted that Hamilton's transition to coeducation took place "more equitably" than at other men's schools becoming coeducational, as a result of Kirkland. In the same work, "women students' interests" were deemed well represented in the modern Hamilton, which the author found "quite remarkable."

The campus today is divided into the "light side" or "north side" (former Hamilton campus) and the "dark side" or "south side" (former Kirkland campus), separated by College Hill Road. As late as 2004, the Hamilton side was called "historical" and "fraternity-dominated"; the Kirkland side was "more modern" and "politically progressive".

Curtailment of fraternities
In 1995, the college announced that all students would be required to live and eat on campus and the college bought the existing fraternity houses. At that time about a third of Hamilton students were fraternity members. While fraternities were not abolished, they were no longer as central to student life, nor was the drinking they promoted. To some extent this change reflects the negative experiences of Kirkland and then Hamilton women with Hamilton's fraternities.

21st century
In 2002, President Eugene Tobin resigned after admitting improper attribution of quoted material in his speeches. The same year, Professor Robert L. Paquette raised objections when a student group invited Annie Sprinkle, an actress and former pornstar, as a speaker. Paquette later led an unsuccessful effort to establish the Alexander Hamilton Center on campus. The center, now known as the Alexander Hamilton Institute for the Study of Western Civilization, is located off-campus in the village of Clinton.

Campus
Hamilton College boasts various athletic facilities, including an ice rink, swimming pool, multiple athletic fields, a golf practice facility, a three-story climbing wall, and a ten-court squash center. A new boathouse in nearby Rome, NY was dedicated in 2022. The area around the campus first appeared as a census-designated place (CDP) in the 2020 Census with a population of 1,792.

All students must live on the campus. In 1995, concerned that fraternity social activities were giving the college an unfavorable reputation and driving away students, especially women, the college all but ended fraternities at Hamilton, requiring all students to live and eat on campus; the college bought the fraternity houses.

Daniel Burke Library
The Daniel Burke Library, designed by architect Hugh Stubbins, was finished in 1972 with a budget exceeding $5.5 million. Spanning around 80,000 square feet, it accommodates a collection of 500,000 volumes. The library serves as the home for the Information Commons and Information Technology Services, offering a diverse range of print and electronic resources.

Kirner-Johnson Building
The Kirner-Johnson Building, also known as KJ, is the hub for Hamilton's social science departments, the Arthur Levitt Public Affairs Center, the Nesbitt-Johnson Writing Center, and the Oral Communication Center. It features a spacious, naturally illuminated two-story commons area that serves as a popular gathering spot for students to engage in studying or socializing during breaks. To accommodate both activities, the center of the commons is adorned with four small waterfalls, providing a gentle background noise that promotes conversation while providing acoustic insulation for those who prefer a quiet study environment. The renovation and expansion project of the Kirner-Johnson building received an Award of Merit from the American Institute of Architects in 2004, with its completion taking place in 2008.

The Sage Rink
Sage Rink, located at Hamilton College and constructed in 1921, holds the distinction of being the oldest indoor collegiate hockey rink in the United States. Although Northeastern University's Matthews Arena is older, having been initially built as a commercial arena, it was not acquired by the university until 1979. Sage Rink was funded by the widow of industrialist Russell Sage, whose name is associated with various educational buildings in Central New York, including Russell Sage College. Apart from hosting the men's and women's Continental teams, the rink has accommodated youth hockey, high school teams, adult amateur leagues, and the renowned Clinton Comets, who enjoyed remarkable success in the semi-professional Eastern Hockey League during the 1960s and early 1970s.

Litchfield Observatory
Litchfield Observatory, assigned observatory code 789, was the site where German-American astronomer Christian Peters made significant discoveries of approximately 48 asteroids. Although the original observatory was destroyed by fire, its legacy is commemorated on campus through the presence of its telescope mount near the Siuda Admissions and Financial Aid House. The current observatory, situated a quarter mile away from the main campus, operates on solar energy and provides access for student use. Constructed using rock sourced from the same quarry as the original building, the present observatory is positioned 100 feet from College Hill Road.

Hamilton College Chapel
The Hamilton College Chapel is a designated historical landmark and is notable for being the only remaining three-story chapel in the United States.

Days-Massolo Center
In 2011, Hamilton College inaugurated the Days-Massolo Center with the objective of advancing diversity awareness and facilitating dialogue among the diverse range of cultures present on campus. The center is named in honor of trustees Drew S. Days III and Arthur J. Massolo, who both made significant contributions to Hamilton College.

The Root Glen
The Root Glen is a wooded garden located on the premises of Hamilton College. This walking area has been developed over the course of three generations by the Root family, who are recognized for their contributions in scholarship, diplomacy, and art collecting. The Root Glen comprises both formal gardens and forest trails.

Adjacent to the Root Glen stands the Homestead, a building acquired and named by Oren Root in the 1850s. Oren and his wife Grace adorned the surroundings of the building with an assortment of trees, shrubs, and flowers. The property was later inherited by Oren's son, Elihu Root, who, along with the Roots, expanded the gardens. In 1937, Edward Root assumed responsibility for the garden from his father. Following her husband's passing, Grace Root established the Root Glen Foundation with the objective of utilizing the land for educational purposes and promoting the study of birds. In 1971, the foundation dissolved, and Grace chose to transfer ownership to Hamilton College. Presently, the maintenance of the Root Glen is overseen by the college's horticultural grounds staff, and an advisory committee is responsible for the selection of new shrubs and flowers as required.

Academics
Hamilton College currently provides the Bachelor of Arts (abbreviated as A.B. or B.A.) degree across 55 fields of study. Additionally, the college participates in dual-degree programs in engineering with the Columbia School of Engineering and Applied Science at Columbia University, as well as the Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth College. Among the graduates in 2021, the most popular majors were as follows:
 * Economics (81)
 * Biology/Biological Sciences (39)
 * Political Science and Government (34)
 * Research and Experimental Psychology (27)
 * Mathematics (22)

While students are required to fulfill the courses for their chosen concentration, they enjoy substantial flexibility in selecting their other courses. Although no distribution requirements are in place, students must complete a quantitative and symbolic reasoning requirement, which can be satisfied through various departmental courses. Additionally, a writing requirement must be met, necessitating enrollment in at least three writing-intensive courses.

Hamilton College was featured on the U.S. News "Top 100 - Lowest Acceptance Rates" list published in 2024. Hamilton College is often referred to as one of the Little Ivies.

Since 2002, Hamilton College has been involved in the SAT optional movement for undergraduate admissions.

Admissions
In the application cycle for the Class of 2027, Hamilton College received 9,643 applications and extended offers to 1,135 students, resulting in an acceptance rate of 11.8%. The Class of 2027 represents 45 states and 25 countries. As of the 2023–24 academic year, Hamilton College enrolls students from 47 states and 54 countries.

Financial Aid
For the 2023–24 academic year, Hamilton College has established a total direct cost of $82,430. This includes specific amounts allocated to different categories, such as $65,090 for tuition, $9,120 for housing, $7,570 for food, and $650 for a student activity fee. Additionally, the college includes budgetary allowances of $800 for books and supplies, $1,000 for miscellaneous personal expenses, and $1,800 for travel expenses. These additional expenses are classified as non-direct costs.

Hamilton College is committed to meeting 100% of demonstrated financial need for its students. Financial aid is provided to nearly half of all Hamilton students each year. On average, the financial aid award amounts to $53,597 and may include various forms of assistance such as scholarships, student loans, and work-study opportunities.

Regarding U.S. citizens, Hamilton College practices a need-blind admission policy, meaning that the student's financial capability to afford tuition fees is not taken into consideration during the admissions evaluation process. Furthermore, the college has a wide range of endowed scholarships, which account for 40% of their scholarship budget of nearly $46 million.

Rankings
According to the annual ranking for 2021 conducted by U.S. News & World Report, Hamilton College is categorized as "most selective" in admissions. The college is tied for ninth overall and tied for 28th in the category of "Best Undergraduate Teaching" among "National Liberal Arts Colleges". In 2019, Forbes ranked Hamilton College 59th in its America's Top Colleges ranking, which includes a diverse range of 650 schools, including military academies, national universities, and liberal arts colleges. Among liberal arts colleges, Hamilton College was ranked 25th.

In the 2019 ranking by Kiplinger's Personal Finance, Hamilton College secured the 11th position among the best-value liberal arts colleges in the United States.

Housing
The majority of students at Hamilton College reside in dormitories owned by the college. The residence halls encompass a range of styles, including repurposed fraternity houses, suites, apartment-style housing, cooperative living, and traditional dormitory-style accommodations. Hamilton provides housing options that cater to students' preferences, such as substance-free and quiet housing. While all residence halls are mixed-gender, some may have separate floors designated for a specific sex. In October 2010, the college implemented a gender-neutral housing policy, allowing students of any gender to share rooms designated for two or more occupants.

Campus media
WHCL-FM is a radio station at Hamilton College that airs a diverse range of programming, including music, news, sports, and talk shows. Broadcasting at FM frequency 88.7, the station can be accessed by residents of the Mohawk Valley region and online at whcl.org.

The Spectator, also referred to as The Spec, is Hamilton College's primary weekly news publication. It is distributed in various campus locations, such as dining halls, the mail center, and the library. The Spectator covers a wide range of topics, including campus news, local news, national news, Hamilton sports, and campus life. The publication is available online as well. The Talisman, an early literary magazine, was published between 1832 and 1834, while The Radiator, considered the precursor to The Spectator, emerged in 1848. Described as "A Weekly Miscellany of General Literature, Science, and Foreign and Domestic Intelligence," The Radiator featured short stories, historical sketches, poetry, and news excerpts from both domestic and international sources. The Hamiltonian, the college yearbook, was first published in 1858. The Hamilton Literary Monthly, a literary journal, began its publication in 1866. The Campus, published from 1866 to 1870, was followed by Hamilton Life in 1899. In 1942, Hamilton Life transitioned into Hamiltonews, and in 1947, it eventually became The Spectator.

Athletics
Approximately 35% of Hamilton's student body engages in varsity athletics. Alongside varsity sports, Hamilton also supports a range of club and intramural sports. Club sports include alpine skiing, curling, equestrian, figure skating, men's rugby, women's rugby, tae kwon do, ultimate frisbee (Hot Saucers), and women's golf. Notably, Hamilton's men's rugby team achieved fourth place in the national Division III tournament in 2008.

One of Hamilton's long-standing football rivalries is with Middlebury College, dating back to 1911 and known as the Rocking Chair Classic.

Demographics
Hamilton College typically enrolls approximately 1,900 students, with 47% being male and 53% female as of 2019. Around 60% of students originate from public schools, while the remaining 40% come from private schools. The student body in 2019 represented 45 U.S. states and 46 countries.

Media
The movie The Sterile Cuckoo was filmed in part at or near Hamilton, and more than a hundred Hamilton studients appeared as extras.

Senior Societies
Hamilton is home to a few senior societies which pride themselves on rewarding those who influence their college by their goodwill. Members of the societies chose their successors based on their demonstrated care for the welfare of the school environment.

·Was Los

·Doers and Thinkers

·Pentagon

Library holdings
The Hamilton College library holdings include:

 * Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 74
 * Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 78

title: Hamilton College


text:
LaserActive

The LaserActive (レーザーアクティブ) is a converged device and fourth-generation home video game console capable of playing LaserDiscs, Compact Discs, console games, and LD-G karaoke discs. It was released by Pioneer Corporation in 1993. In addition to LaserActive games, separately sold add-on modules (called "PACs" by Pioneer) accept Mega Drive/Genesis and PC Engine/TurboGrafx-16 ROM cartridges and CD-ROMs.

Pioneer released the LaserActive model CLD-A100 in Japan on August 20, 1993, at a cost of ¥89,800, and in the United States on September 13, 1993, at a cost of $970. An NEC-branded version of the LaserActive player known as the LD-ROM² System, or model PCE-LD1, was released in December 1993, which was priced identically to the original system and also accepted Pioneer's PAC modules. The LaserActive has no regional lockout, allowing software from any region to be played on any system.

PAC modules
In the headings below, the Japanese model number occurs first, followed by the North American model number.

 * Mega LD PAC (PAC-S1 / PAC-S10)
 * Pioneer Electronics (USA) and Sega Enterprises released this module that allows users to play 8-inch and 12-inch LaserActive Mega LD discs, in addition to standard Sega CD discs and Genesis cartridges, as well as CD+G discs. It was the most popular add-on bought by the greater part of the LaserActive owners, costing roughly US $600. It comes with a LaserActive-branded version of Sega's 6-button control pad (CPD-S1).

 * LD-ROM² PAC (PAC-N1 / PAC-N10)
 * Pioneer Electronics (USA) and NEC Home Electronics released this module that allows users to play 8-inch and 12-inch LaserActive LD-ROM² discs, as well as CD-ROM² and Super CD-ROM² discs, HuCards and CD+G discs. The Japanese version of the PAC can also run Arcade CD-ROM² discs through the use of an Arcade Card Duo. The retail price was US $600. It came with a LaserActive-branded version of NEC's Turbo Pad (CPD-N1/CPD-N10). An NEC branded version of the LD-ROM² PAC known as the PC Engine PAC (model PCE-LP1) was also released. Due to the unpopularity of the TurboGrafx-16 in North America, very few PAC-N10 units were produced, resulting in their scarcity compared to its Sega counterpart.

 * Karaoke PAC (PAC-K1 / PAC-K10)
 * This PAC allows the CLD-A100 to use all NTSC LaserKaraoke titles. The front panel has two microphone inputs with separated volume controls, as well as tone control. The retail price was US $350.

 * Computer Interface PAC (PAC-PC1)
 * The Computer Interface PAC has an RS-232 port, enabling the CLD-A100 to be controlled by a custom software developed for a home computer. The PAC came with a 33-button infrared remote control providing more functionality than the 24-button remote included with the CLD-A100. It also included a computer program called LaserActive Program Editor on floppy disk for DOS and classic Mac OS. The floppy disks had some sample programs created with the editor for use with the first five LaserDiscs in the Tenchi Muyo! anime series.

LaserActive 3-D Goggles
The LaserActive 3-D Goggles (model GOL-1) employ an active shutter 3D system compatible with at least six 3D-ready LD-ROM software titles: 3-D Museum (1994), Vajra 2 (1994), Virtual Cameraman 2 (1994), Dr. Paolo No Totteoki Video (1994), Goku (1995), and 3D Virtual Australia (1996), the last software title published for the LaserActive.

The goggles are also compatible with the Master System, and are interchangeable with the SegaScope 3-D Glasses. They can also be used to view 3-D images from autostereograms.

A goggle adapter (model ADP-1), packaged and sold separately from the 3-D Goggles, enables the user to connect one or two pairs of goggles to the CLD-A100.

Games
The standard LaserActive games were on LaserDisc encoded as an LD-ROM. An LD-ROM had a capacity of 540 MB (where digital audio would have normally been stored) with 60 minutes of analog audio and video.

Contemporary devices
In the early 1990s, a number of consumer electronics manufacturers designed converged devices around CD-ROM technology. At the time, CD-ROM systems were expensive. The LaserActive was one of several multipurpose, multi-format, upmarket home entertainment systems with software stored on optical discs. These systems were premised on early conceptions of multimedia entertainment.

Some comparable systems are the Commodore CDTV, Philips CD-i, 3DO Interactive Multiplayer, and Tandy Video Information System.

Reception
Computer Gaming World in January 1994 stated that although LaserActive was "a better product in many ways" than 3DO, it lacked software and the NEC and Sega control packs were too expensive.

title: LaserActive


text: File:Led Zeppelin - Led Zeppelin IV.jpg

title: File:Led Zeppelin - Led Zeppelin IV.jpg


text:
Mental disability

Mental disability may refer to:

 * Developmental disability, a chronic condition due to mental or physical impairments arising before adulthood
 * Disabilities affecting intellectual abilities, medical conditions affecting cognitive ability including:
 * Intellectual disability, also known as general learning disability, a generalized neurodevelopmental disorder
 * Learning disability, where a person has difficulty learning in a typical manner
 * Mental disorder, also called mental illness or psychiatric disorder, a behavioral or mental pattern that causes impairment of personal functioning
 * Neurodevelopmental disorder, a disorder of brain function
 * Emotional and behavioral disorders, a disability classification used in educational settings

title: Mental disability


text:
Talk:Mung bean

Article
Well done. Bensaccount 00:03, 9 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * I second this. Well done!--Jondel 01:57, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

Not encyclopedic
It is excellent with chinese foods such as green bean soup or sweet and pungent pork and makes an excellent cold salad bean as opposed to kidney beans. This is not encyclopedic, nor is it really NPOV. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.158.59.133 (talk) 08:01, 6 August 2004
 * Have removed this and added some related culinary information. honeydew 13:08, 16 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Smell
According to the character Creed from the NBC show 'The Office', Mung beans "smell like death." — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.211.175.38 (talk) 01:20, 7 July 2006

 * Maybe rotting mung beans in a desk drawer do. That seemed more a detail in an example of a characters freakish or distasteful behavior. Whitebox 19:29, 2 November 2006 (UTC)

Hindi
What is this bean called in Hindi language?--Jondel 01:57, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I was wondering this myself. The Oxford English Dictionary discusses the confusing fact that Vigna mungo refers not to the mung but to the urd, but doesn't explain it very well. The main problem is that it phrases its explanations iin terms of English vs. Scientific names, without bringing up Hindi (or other Asian languages). It sums it up with a quotation: " 1908 G. WATT Commercial Products India 881 There has been some confusion regarding the nomenclature..due chiefly to Roxburgh having transposed the original Linnean names. P[haseolus] mungo, Linn., is the present plant udid or urd; while P. radiatus, Linn., is the plant known in the vernacular as mung." Does this mean that English usage agrees with Hindi ("vernacular") usage? Or does it mean that Roxburgh screwed it up and reveresed the vernacular names? I don't know. --Iustinus 17:09, 19 January 2006 (UTC)
 * The Wikipedia articles agree with the OED: that urad dal (the black one) is V. mungo and the mung bean (the green one) is V. radiatus.  Thus, the English name "mung" (the green one) agrees with the Hindi name mung dal (also referring to the green one) and not with the species name mungo, which refers to a different bean (the urad, the black one).  Badagnani 03:05, 3 September 2006 (UTC)

What most ppl refer to as mung bean is incorrect. In Chinese recipes it‘s called green bean. What Japanese ppl call adzuki bean is what's called "red bean" in Chinese dishes. Mung is from mungu in Tamil, an Indian language which refers to something else entirely?! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 108.14.186.6 (talk) 04:16, 8 July 2015 (UTC)

Nutritional value
Does anyone know the actual nutritional value of Mung Beans? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.33.94.11 (talk) 23:42, 14 May 2006

≥wiki has given widely different calories, carbohydrates, sugars etc for MUNG raw, mung boiled, mung sprouted !!! How can ENERGY or PROTEIN go down so much, on boiling or on sprouting ?

Mung, sprouted, raw		Boiled mung beans		Mature seeds, raw

Energy	126 kJ (30 kcal)	Energy	441 kJ (105 kcal)	Energy	1,452 kJ (347 kcal) Carbohydrates	5.94 g	       Carbohydrates	19.15 g	        Carbohydrates	62.62 g - Sugars	4.13 g	-       Sugars	2 g	-               Sugars	         6.6 g - Dietary fiber	1.8 g	-       Dietary fiber	7.6 g	-       Dietary fiber	16.3 g Fat	0.18 g	                Fat	0.38 g	                Fat	1.15 g Protein	3.04 g	                Protein	7.02 g	                Protein	23.86 g ≥  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 123.236.27.74 (talk) 15:28, 12 May 2013 (UTC)

You should add that mung beans have small (much less than soybeans) but significant quantities of isoflavones. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.125.192.227 (talk) 01:52, 16 December 2015 (UTC)

Mung bean paste
there two type mung bean paste known there are plaint mung bean paste made from mung bean without added other ingridients only sugar and mung bean. Second are black bean paste made from mung bean aded with caw pan powder (the poder color are red) to make black bean paste.Daimond 15:26, 15 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Should this information be added to the article? In which culture is this mung bean paste made, and what dishes is it used to make?  Badagnani 18:22, 15 September 2006 (UTC)

"Popular culture" section
I don't believe this edit to be encyclopedic. Badagnani 03:11, 25 October 2006 (UTC)
 * I'll second that, change it to a npov for the tv addled who had to look it up :) Whitebox 19:32, 2 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Uhhh, about 98% of the visitors which view this page are most likely here because of it being mentioned in The Office (American). Nobody could give a rats ass about the binomial nomenclature of the bean. I say bring back the reference. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 151.204.225.252 (talk) 18:36, 12 June 2007

 * I think the figure in the above post is stretching it. Nonetheless, I think a popular culture section might be warranted.  Besides the Office (US) episode Conflict Resolution, mung beans are also mentioned in an episode of King of the Hill ("Hillennium").  It might be notable that Greg Daniels is a writer/producer on both these series.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.61.58.160 (talk) 19:52, 23 September 2008 (UTC)

 * Popular culture sections are really just trivial novelty, and shouldn't be included in encyclopedia articles. Also, see WP:POPCULTURE. 68.99.181.149 (talk) 10:05, 2 January 2013 (UTC)

Dessert
are these the same beans they use to make 'green bean soup'? i think it's probably a Chinese dessert, quite commonly found in Singapore, where i'm from. note: i am not referring to green beans. Chensiyuan 15:19, 30 December 2006 (UTC)
 * actually i reread the article yes it appears one and the same. Chensiyuan 15:37, 30 December 2006 (UTC)

Actual plant
Is there any information on the plant beyond bean sprout? 125.161.195.46 02:40, 30 August 2007 (UTC)

Other names
Are these the same Mapte Beans? That is what I found on the Internet, but I'm not sure yet.Andrarias 17:04, 17 October 2007 (UTC) Sorry: Matpe Beans!Andrarias 17:06, 17 October 2007 (UTC)

Carbohydrates and Fiber
In NUTRITIONAL INFORMATION, isn't fiber supposed to be a sub set of total carbohydrates? For example, if there are 2 grams of sugar and 2 grams of fiber and 10 grams of total carbohydrates, can we not calculate that the rest (in this case, 6g) is a complex carbohydrate?

In this nutritional information box, there are over 7 grams of fibre but the total carbs is less than 4 grams. How is that possible? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.236.68.173 (talk) 21:41, 19 February 2008 (UTC)

Regarding the various synonyms shown for 'mung bean'
I suggest rewriting the introduction of this article so that the first line of the introduction gives a definition of 'mung bean' and not give excessive synonyms for the term 'mung bean'. Also, some of those synonyms may even be antonyms as far as I'm concerned. WinterSpw (talk) 03:55, 22 July 2008 (UTC)

Rice paper is made from rice flour and sometimes some wheat or tapioca flour, not mung bean
"In Vietnam, the transparent wrapping of Vietnamese spring rolls is made from mung bean flour." I removed that. That would be news to my family. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.174.220.98 (talk) 04:49, 22 September 2008 (UTC)

Copyvio

 * I don't think it is a copyright violation actually. It seems more like that site copied text from Wikipedia. See this diff. The text on Uses was added in 2006. The text from the website was added 2010. Wikipedia's text came first. -- Obsidi ♠ n Soul  08:16, 29 January 2011 (UTC)

Misuse of the word "raw".
Regarding the following section: "Then pancakes are made on a very hot griddle. These are usually eaten for breakfast. This provides high quality protein in a raw form that is rare in most Indian regional cuisines."

The protein is not in "raw" form if it is cooked on a "very hot griddle". I don't know what you were trying to say, but I'd suggest rephrasing that to be non-oxymoronical. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Wykypedya (talk • contribs) 01:35, 27 March 2011 (UTC)

 * Agree. I've removed 'in a raw form' from the sentence, whether or not high quality protein is 'rare' in Indian regional cuisine, I don't really know though. -- Obsidi ♠ n Soul  02:03, 27 March 2011 (UTC)

Mung sprouts
The sprouts on the photo are straight and fat. I bet the author of the photo did not grow them himself/herself, but got them from a shop. That is because naturally grown mung bean sprouts are thin and curly, while those commercially available are treated with ethylene to grow bigger in size. I learned that from Steve Meyerovitz - The Sproutman. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Harduser (talk • contribs) 19:51, 1 April 2011 (UTC)
 * 'Sproutman' - Steve 'Sproutman' Meyerovitz - was widely held to be 'authoritative' on nearly anything related to sprouting beans, seeds, nuts, or grains. MaynardClark (talk) 05:40, 25 October 2015 (UTC)

 * Maybe they 'naturally' put some ripe apples next to them? 2001:14BB:50:2630:D08E:254:528B:55 (talk) 12:43, 10 May 2020 (UTC)

Moong and Mash are same?
Moong and Mash beans are different not the same. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 115.186.48.201 (talk) 15:55, 10 February 2011 (UTC)

ARTICLE SABOTAGE
As of 9/20/2011, this article has been sabotaged and needs to be reformatted. (TheDarkSideHasTacos (talk) 16:48, 20 September 2011 (UTC))

There is a red variety of Mungbean
There is a red variety of Mungbean that is not mentioned in this article that is used in sweet dishes. PinoyVeggie (talk) 02:34, 1 March 2014 (UTC)

Do you mean adzuki beans? The problem I have with editing food articles is, I don't know legit sources besides cookbooks and anecdotal info. I love to eat, but how do we get this in writing? 2601:2:5D80:EFA:684C:715E:3CE5:EAB2 (talk) 00:21, 23 April 2014 (UTC)

Possible mistake
In the Article -> "The most suitable temperature for mung bean's germination and growth is 15–18 °C (59–64 °F)". is it correct ? It might be higher. Source -> https://www.researchgate.net/publication/296796418_Mungbean_Summer_Cultivation_in_India Vivaxe (talk) 09:11, 5 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mung bean


text:
George William Penrose, Lord Penrose

George William Penrose, Lord Penrose, PC (born 2 June 1938), is a Scottish judge (from 1990) and member of the Privy Council (from 2000) who sat in the Court of Session, the supreme civil court.

He qualified as a chartered accountant, was admitted to the bar as an advocate and was made Senior Counsel in 1978. Between 1988 and 1990 he worked in Crown Office, the prosecution service for Scotland. He was made Scotland’s first commercial judge in 1994 and was acknowledged as an expert in commercial law. He chaired two major independent inquiries, establishing in each case complex authoritative narratives of events.

2004 Equitable Life inquiry
Lord Penrose was responsible for chairing the public inquiry that produced The Penrose Report into the near-collapse of the mutual life assurance company Equitable Life. In 2001, Lord Penrose was asked by the Treasury to investigate the history of the company. His 818-page report was published on 8 March 2004. The Report cost £2.5 million and was non-statutory, meaning in particular that it did not have powers to compel attendance. His conclusions (Chapter 19) drew attention, amongst other things, to the inadequately skilled membership of the Board and to the problem that regulatory focus on solvency did not appropriately focus on PRE (policyholders' reasonable expectations) as to final bonus. The Report detailed the history of the fund. It highlighted the long-term underlying weakness of a fund where the capital assets were unfairly held so as to benefit crystallised maturities disproportionately (Chapter 20). This inclusion of PRE as an operative part of the business that required to be supervised formed thereafter a baseline for the European Parliament Report in 2007 into lessons to be learned at the wider European level. In consequence, the 2007 Report demanded that terminal payments and liabilities across the entire European Union must be the subject of regulatory supervision and anticipatory provision. This proved to be the wider legacy of the Penrose Report.

2015 Contaminated blood inquiry (Scotland)
Lord Penrose also headed the Penrose Inquiry into Hepatitis C & HIV infections from NHS Scotland treatment with blood and blood products such as Factor VIII. The Report was described to the House of Commons in Westminster as providing "the first authoritative narrative" of the events in question. The House was also informed that Lord Penrose had taken 150 statements from witnesses and relatives and had considered over 118,000 documents.

Personal
Lord Penrose has a son and two daughters.

title: George William Penrose, Lord Penrose


text:
Baron Leconfield

Baron Leconfield, of Leconfield, in the East Riding of the County of York, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created in 1859 for Col. George Wyndham (1787–1869). He was the eldest illegitimate son and adopted heir of George Wyndham, 3rd Earl of Egremont (1751–1837), by Elizabeth Ilive, his future wife (see Earl of Egremont for earlier history of the family), from whom he inherited Petworth House in Sussex, Egremont Castle and Cockermouth Castle in Cumbria and Leconfield Castle in Yorkshire, all formerly lands of Josceline Percy, 11th Earl of Northumberland (1644–1670), inherited by Charles Seymour, 6th Duke of Somerset (1662–1748), on his marriage to the Percy heiress Elizabeth Percy (1667–1722) and inherited as one of the co-heirs of his son Algernon Seymour, 7th Duke of Somerset, 1st Earl of Egremont (1684–1750), by the latter's nephew Sir Charles Wyndham, 4th Baronet (1710–1763), of Orchard Wyndham in Somerset, who inherited by special remainder the earldom of Egremont. The 1st Baron's eldest son, the second Baron, represented West Sussex in the House of Commons as a Conservative. He was succeeded by his eldest son, the third Baron, who served as Lord Lieutenant of Sussex from 1917 to 1949. The latter's nephew, the sixth Baron, served as Private Secretary to Prime Minister Harold Macmillan from 1957 to 1963. In 1963, four years before he succeeded his father in the barony of Leconfield, the Egremont title held by his ancestors was revived when he was raised to the peerage as Baron Egremont, of Petworth in the County of Sussex. the titles are held by his son, the seventh Baron. Known as Max Egremont, he is a biographer and novelist.

The Hon. Percy Wyndham, younger son of the first Baron, was a Conservative politician and member of The Souls. He was the father of the Conservative politician and man of letters George Wyndham and of the soldier Guy Wyndham.

The family seat is Petworth House in Petworth, West Sussex.

Barons Leconfield (1859)

 * George Wyndham, 1st Baron Leconfield (1787–1869)
 * George William Wyndham (1817 – b. 1869)
 * Henry Wyndham, 2nd Baron Leconfield (1830–1901)
 * Lt. Hon. George O'Brien Wyndham (1868–1895)
 * Charles Henry Wyndham, 3rd Baron Leconfield (1872–1952)
 * Hugh Archibald Wyndham, 4th Baron Leconfield (1877–1963)
 * Edward Scawen Wyndham, 5th Baron Leconfield (1883–1967)
 * John Edward Reginald Wyndham, 6th Baron Leconfield (1920–1972) (created Baron Egremont in 1963)
 * (John) Max Henry Scawen Wyndham, 7th Baron Leconfield, 2nd Baron Egremont (b. 1948)

The heir apparent is the present holder's son, the Hon. George Ronan Valentine Wyndham (b. 1983)

Line of succession

 * Coronet of a British Baron.svg George Wyndham, 1st Baron Leconfield (1787–1869)
 * Coronet of a British Baron.svg Henry Wyndham, 2nd Baron Leconfield (1830–1901)
 * Coronet of a British Baron.svg Charles Henry Wyndham, 3rd Baron Leconfield (1872–1952)
 * Coronet of a British Baron.svg Hugh Archibald Wyndham, 4th Bacon Leconfield (1877–1963)
 * Coronet of a British Baron.svg Edward Scawen Wyndham, 5th Baron Leconfield (1883–1967)
 * Coronet of a British Baron.svg Coronet of a British Baron.svg John Edward Reginald Wyndham, 6th Baron Leconfield, 1st Baron Egremont (1920–1973)
 * Coronet of a British Baron.svg Coronet of a British Baron.svg (John) Max Henry Scawen Wyndham, 7th Baron Leconfield, 2nd Baron Egremont (born 1948)
 * (1) Hon. George Ronan Valentine Wyndham (b. 1983)
 * (2) Hon. Harry Hugh Patrick Wyndham (b. 1957)
 * (3) Alexander Wyndham (b. 1986)
 * (4) Richard Wyndham (b. 1990)
 * Hon. Mark Hugh Wyndham (1921–2008)
 * (5) Henry Mark Wyndham (b. 1953)
 * (6) Edward Francis Reginald Wyndham (b. 1983)
 * (7) Leo David Wyndham (b. 1985)
 * (8) William Henry Wyndham (b. 1988)

title: Baron Leconfield


text:
Syon Abbey

Syon Abbey, also called simply Syon, was a dual monastery of men and women of the Bridgettine Order, although it only ever had abbesses during its existence. It was founded in 1415 and stood, until its demolition in the 16th century, on the left (northern) bank of the River Thames within the parish of Isleworth, in the county of Middlesex, on or near the site of the present Georgian mansion of Syon House, today in the London Borough of Hounslow. It was named after the biblical holy "City of David which is Zion" (1 Kings 8:1), built on the eponymous Mount Zion (or Sion, Syon, etc.).

At the time of the dissolution, the abbey was the wealthiest religious house in England. Syon Abbey maintained a substantial library, with a collection for the monks and another for the nuns. When Catherine of Siena's Dialogue of Divine Revelation was translated into English for the abbey, it was given a new title, "The Orchard of Syon," and included a separate prologue written to the nuns.

Background
Syon Abbey was built as part of King Henry V's “The King's Great Work” centred on Sheen Palace (renamed Richmond Palace in 1501). The royal manor of Sheen lay on the right (south), Surrey, bank of the River Thames, opposite  the parish of Twickenham and the royal manor of Isleworth on the left, Middlesex, bank. Sheen had been a favourite residence of the last Plantagenet king Richard II (1377–1399) and his beloved wife Anne of Bohemia. When Anne died there of plague in 1394, Richard cursed the place where they had found great happiness and razed the palace to the ground. His throne was usurped by his cousin Henry Bolingbroke, Duke of Lancaster, who ruled as Henry IV (1399–1413), who was involved in the murder of Richard in 1400 — and in that of Richard le Scrope, Archbishop of York — and made a vow to expiate his guilt by founding 3 monasteries, which vow he died before fulfilling. The derelict palace was unfavoured by Henry IV but his son Henry V (1413–1422) saw its reconstruction as a means of emphasising the dynastic link between his own House of Lancaster and that of Plantagenet, of unquestioned legitimacy, and decided at the same time to found the three monasteries pledged by his father in one great, multi-campus building scheme, known as “The King's Great Work”. Thus the “Great Work” commenced in the winter of 1413–14, comprising a new Sheen Palace, and nearby the following three monasteries:
 * A Monastery of the Celestine Order. Established probably in Isleworth Manor. This monastery was of French monks, who refused to pray for Henry V following his warring with France, probably at Agincourt in 1415, and was therefore dissolved by the King almost immediately after its foundation. This monastery probably occupied the site in Isleworth to which Syon Monastery moved in 1431.
 * The House of Jesus of Bethlehem of Sheen, of the Order of Carthusians (1414) Sheen Priory. Built within Sheen Manor, to the north of the new palace.
 * The Monastery of St Saviour and St Bridget of Syon, of the Order of St Augustine (1415) Syon Monastery, the subject of this article. The first and original site of this monastery was probably almost due west of Sheen Palace, across the river, on the left bank of the Thames in Twickenham Parish.

Foundation
The first stone of Syon Abbey was laid by King Henry V himself on 22 February 1415, in the presence of Richard Clifford, Bishop of London. It was not until 9 days later on 3 March 1415 that the King's founding charter was signed at Westminster. The exact location of this original plot is unknown, but it was certainly in the parish of Twickenham, the most northerly river frontage of which lies directly west across the Thames from Sheen Palace. Aungier states it is said to have been in the meadows which at the time of his publication in 1840 were the property of the Marquis of Ailsa, “formerly called Isleworth Park or Twickenham Park”. The dimensions of the plot were specified in the charter, and seem to comprise a trapezoid, the longest side of which fronted the river: “... in a certain parcel of land of our demesne of our manor of Isleworth within the parish of Twickenham in the county of Middlesex, containing namely in length near the field towards Twickenham from a stone placed on the north side unto another stone placed on the south side 1938 ft. and in breadth towards the south from that stone placed on the south side unto the water of Thames, 960 ft. And in length by the bank of the Thames, from a stone likewise placed by the aforesaid bank at the north side to another like stone placed on the south side by the bank aforesaid, 2820 ft. And in breadth from the north side from the aforesaid stone placed on the north side from the aforesaid stone placed on the north side unto the water of the Thames, 980 ft.”

Nomenclature
The foundation charter states: We will and decree that it shall be called “The Monastery of St Saviour and St Bridget of Syon, of the Order of St Augustine” through all successive ages. (Monasterium in the original Latin). This name was quoted slightly differently by the Abbess and Convent in their petition of 1431 as “The Monastery of St Saviour and the Saints Mary the Virgin and Bridget of Syon of the Order of St Augustine and of St Saviour”. The funerary brass of Agnes Jordan, Syon's last pre-reformation abbess, describes her as “Sometyme abbesse of the monasterye of Syon”.

Biblical Sion
There are numerous references to Sion in the Latin Bible, called Zion in the English Authorised Version, almost all of which are in the Old Testament. Mount Zion was the citadel of Jerusalem, which David captured from the Jebusites c. 1000 BC, as is clear from II Samuel, 5:7 David took the stronghold of Zion: the same is the city of David. It was there that David, 2nd King of Israel, established the capital of his kingdom of Israel, and upon which citadel it was that his son Solomon built the Temple, in which he was the dwelling place of God (II Samuel 7:6). It is thus the holiest site of Judaism and highly revered by Christians. Psalm 87:2 states The Lord loveth the gates of Zion; Joel 3:17 states I am the Lord your God dwelling in Zion my holy mountain. The Romans razed the Jewish Temple to the ground in 70 AD and following the rise of Islam from 622, and the Muslim capture of the Holy Land in 636, the Muslims built on Mount Zion their Muslim shrine The Dome of the Rock, which still stands today. The Crusaders recaptured Jerusalem for the Christians in 1099 and the Knights Templar built a round church near the site of the old Jewish Temple. Following the Muslim recapture of Jerusalem a century later, the site has been unavailable for formal Jewish or Christian prayer.

Order
The monastery was founded “of the order of St Augustine, called St Saviour ... according to the regular institutes (i.e. regulations/rule) of the religious order by the aforesaid Bridget of Heaven inspired, founded and instituted ...” The charter previously stated the foundation to be “Especially in honour of the most holy St Bridget, who as is acknowledged by sufficient evidence, by divine inspiration founded a religious order under her name and obtained from Heaven that in whatsoever kingdom a monastery of the same religious order should be founded there peace and tranquility by the mediation of the same, should be perpetually established”. St Bridget was a visionary, and is supposed to have seen the Risen Christ, displaying his wounds. The Bridgettine order was a modified order of St Augustine, with particular devotions to the Passion of Christ and the honour of The Virgin Mary. The Bridgettines had first been brought to England from Wastein (Vadstena Abbey) in Sweden by Henry Lord Fitz-Hugh, who suggested to Henry V that he should grant the order one of his planned 3 new monastic foundations. The Bridgettine nuns sent by Abbess Gerdeka Hartlevsdotter from the mother house Vadstena Abbey in Sweden to England were Anna Karlsdotter, Christina Finwitsdotter, Christina Esbjörnsdotter and Anna Esbjörnsdotter.

Personnel
The king's original foundation followed Bridget's rule and consisted of 85 persons. The full complement was as follows:

Women (60):
 * 1 Abbess
 * 59 Nuns

Men (25):
 * 1 Confessor General
 * 12 Priests
 * 4 Deacons
 * 8 Lay Brethren

The different sexes were “to dwell in separate habitations, to wit the said abbess and sisters within one court by themselves and the said confessor and brothers in a separate court by themselves, within the same monastery”. The legal corporate entity was “The Abbess and Convent” which could transact business by affixing its single corporate seal. The Convent (from Latin con-venio, to come together) consisted of the Abbess and nuns together with the Confessor and all the religious men. Clearly the Abbess was the overall presiding officer.

Abbesses
Only eight abbesses were ever elected.
 * Matilda Newton 1418–1420 (titular abbess)
 * Joan North 1420–1433 (elected abbess)
 * Maud Muston 1433–1447
 * Margaret Ashby 1448–1456
 * Elizabeth Muston 1456–1497
 * Elizabeth Gibbs 1497–1518
 * Constance Browne 1518–1520
 * Agnes Jordan 1520–1539 (d. 29 Jan 1546)

Burials

 * Thomas Stanley, 2nd Earl of Derby
 * Richard Sutton (lawyer)
 * William Stanley (Battle of Bosworth)

Expansion and relocation
Sometime before 1431 the Abbess and Convent received permission by letters patent from King Henry VI (1422–1461), the son of the founder and who was particularly favourable to Syon, having made it several grants and confirmations in rapid succession, to move the monastery to a new site of their own choosing some mile and a half downstream to a riverbank site within Isleworth parish. The land in question had been in the monastery's ownership since 1422, in which last year of the life of Henry V that king had by Act of Parliament separated the manor of Isleworth from the Duchy of Cornwall and given it to Syon. The reason for the move was to gain more space, as is made clear from the letters patent: “The said Abbess and Convent had presented their humble petition setting forth that their aforesaid monastery was so small and confined in its dimensions that the numerous persons therein ... were not only incommodiously but dangerously situated...that in consequence thereof the said abbess and convent had chosen out a spot in the neighbourhood of their said priory within the said lordship of Isleworth, more meet healthful and salubrious for them to inhabit”. The danger of the situation referred to may have been due to proximity to the river, or possibly even spiritual danger to the inmates due to a too close intermingling of the sexes.

New building
The letters patent authorising the move, which were ratified by a grant by the king dated 1431, make clear that some of the new buildings had already been started and indeed completed: “The Abbess and convent...had begun and with great cost completed the erection of a certain edifice more spacious and convenient as well for the habitation of themselves as of the said religious brethren, which monastery so built anew and enlarged they have earnestly requested licence of us ...to consecrate and set apart as a habitation for them the said abbess and nuns and men of religion...Know ye we therefore of our pity have...permitted them...to the said mansion so chosen and by the said abbess and convent erected edified built and enlarged as aforesaid...to remove immediateley...” It seems that this building, apparently living quarters or “mansion” must have been started several years before 1431 to have been described as “completed” in the letters of patent issued before 1431

There was however another building, possibly the new Church-building itself, which still had not been completed 11 years later, by 1442, when Henry VI issued further letters patent granting the Abbess and Convent special privileges for the transport of building materials from the king's warren in the royal manor of Sheen across the river to Isleworth: That none of the masons, carpenters and tilers or any of their workmen or any of their materials to be employed towards the construction of the new Monastery of Syon, should be taken away by any his officers against their will.

The new site of the church building itself is now believed, after recent archaeological work, to lie partly underneath and to the east of  the present Georgian mansion of Syon House. (see below: Archaeological Excavations).

Dissolution

Following Henry VIII's decision in 1534 to break with Rome, many of the inmates of Syon expressed themselves favourable to Henry's supremacy over the English Church, and even converted recalcitrant monks from other monasteries to do likewise. Many however refused to acknowledge the King's new title.

Due to the actions of one Syon monk named Richard Reynolds, an eminent doctor in divinity later canonised, the King made Syon an object of special vengeance. Reynolds had facilitated a meeting at Syon between Sir Thomas More, the King's chief opponent in his assumption of Supreme Headship, and Elizabeth Barton, the mystic “Holy Maid of Kent” at which More was fueled with supposed divine revelations further supporting his opposition. Thomas Cromwell, the King's minister in effecting the Dissolution, had visited Syon in person to obtain expressions of acceptance of supremacy, but seems to have met an antagonistic reception from one of the monks at the front-door grate. He left two of his agents, Thomas Bedyll and Master Leightone, to obtain the required acceptances from the nuns and monks of the King's new status.

Bedyll reported that “the bretherne stand stif in thaire obstinacy as you left thaim”. Two were sent to the Bishop of London, within whose diocese Syon lay, apparently for a course of conversion, whilst two Church of England clerics were brought in to convert another two Syon monks who were particularly obstinate, Whitford and Little. On the following day the King himself sent four different Church of England clerics to Syon for the same purpose, again without success. The agent Bedyll then took the recalcitrant Whitford for a walk in the monastery garden to further persuade him “both with faire wordes and with foule” to convert. He then resorted to what appears a classic use of blackmail, accusing Whitford of having “used bawdy wordes to diverse ladys at the tymes of thaire confession”, which would bring him “to the greate shame of the world”. Still he did not convert, having “a brasyn forehead which shameth at no thing”. Whitford and Little were also reported, whilst hearing confessions through a hole in the wall, of persons external to the monastery, to have denounced the king's new title as Supreme Governor, and his divorce and remarriage, for which reason it was proposed to Cromwell that the confessional grille be bricked-up.

The nuns were more easily won over however, and were sat down together in the chapter house of Syon in the presence of the Bishop of London and their own male confessor. All who accepted the king's new title were asked to remain seated, whilst those opposed were asked to leave the chamber. All remained seated, signifying their acceptance, no doubt reluctantly. The nuns thereupon in resignation to their new status sent a special request to Cromwell that he should “be a good maister unto thaim and to thaire house, as thaire special trust is in you”. It seems they were then confident in the continuation of their monastery. One nun however named Agnes Smythe “a sturdy dame and a wylful” made a show of some resistance in persuading her sister nuns not to hand over the convent seal, which had been required by Cromwell's agents to seal a declaration of conversion to be signed by the abbess and nuns.

On 4 May 1535 Reynolds was hanged, drawn and quartered at Tyburn for denying the king's supremacy, which martyrdom gained him his canonisation from Rome. The monastery finally surrendered to the king's commissioners in 1539 and the community was expelled. The annual net revenues were then reported to be £1,731. A very large pension of £200 was given to the abbess Agnes Jordan and one of £6 each to the junior nuns. The male Confessor-General received a pension of £15, the junior monks receiving £6 to £8 each.

Peregrination
The expelled community, unlike many others, did not disband and separate, but exiled itself to the Netherlands. These nuns, including Elizabeth Sander and Katherine Palmer, would visit England on missions. The community were recalled briefly to Syon following the accession of the Catholic Queen Mary I (1553–1558) in 1553 when the Abbey was reestablished by a charted issued on 1 March 1557 by Cardinal Pole. Katherine Palmer was elected abbess on 31 July 1557, supported by Queen Mary. The buildings had remained intact during the interval. On the accession of the Protestant Queen Elizabeth I (1558–1603) in 1558 the Religious Houses Act 1558 (1 Eliz. 1. c. 24) was passed annexing and re-dissolving certain religious houses, including Syon, whereupon the nuns obtained royal licence to leave England, eventually settling in Lisbon, Portugal, where they arrived in 1594, after having experienced many troubles and afflictions in travels through France and Spain. While in Lisbon, they produced an illuminated petition to the King of Spain and his daughter asking for help returning to England. This petition, called the Arundel Manuscript, is now housed at Arundel Castle.

Return to England
The Lisbon community returned to England in 1861, settling first in Spetisbury, Dorset; moving in 1887 to Chudleigh, Devon (in a building known as Chudleigh Abbey); and then in 1925 (or 1935 ) to Marley House, in the parish of Rattery, South Brent, Devon. The religious community, or Abbey, of Syon thus had the distinction of being the only English one that survived the Reformation unbroken. A large piece of sculptured stonework from the monastery's remains was returned to them ceremoniously by the Duke of Northumberland, owner of Syon House. In 2004, the remaining medieval books in the abbey's collection were deposited for safe-keeping with the University of Exeter Library. In 2011 Syon Abbey, by now reduced to three elderly sisters, was closed and sold. The remaining sisters now live in Plymouth.

Resting place for coffin of Henry VIII
On 14 February 1547 the coffin of King Henry VIII lay overnight at Syon, en route from Westminster for burial in St George's Chapel, Windsor. Twelve years before in 1535 a Franciscan friar named William Peyto (or Peto, Petow), (d.1558 or 1559), had preached before the king at Greenwich Palace “that God's judgements were ready to fall upon his head and that dogs would lick his blood, as they had done to Ahab”, whose infamy rests upon Kings 16:33: "And Ahab did more to provoke the Lord God of Israel to anger than all the kings of Israel that were before him". The prophecy was said to have been fulfilled during this night at Syon, when some “corrupted matter of a bloody colour” fell from the coffin to the floor.

Replacement by mansion of Syon House

After dissolution, the estate came into the possession of Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset, Lord Protector to the young Edward VI, who started work on building the first Syon House in the Italian Renaissance style, apparently incorporating the west end of the monastery church. Following the Duke's execution for treason in 1552, it was confiscated for the Crown under Queen Mary, who briefly re-established the community there during 1557 to 1558. Her successor Queen Elizabeth I granted in 1594 a lease of the manor to Henry Percy, 9th Earl of Northumberland on his marriage to Dorothy Devereux, the younger daughter of Walter Devereux, 1st Earl of Essex, who later received a grant of the freehold from King James I in 1604. The square house seen today is a Georgian remodelling of the first house by Hugh Percy, 1st Duke of Northumberland (1714–1786), in about 1760. The first Duke was born Hugh Smithson, and married Lady Elizabeth Seymour (daughter and heiress of Algernon Seymour, 7th Duke of Somerset (d.1750), a direct descendant of Protector Somerset), whose grandmother Lady Elizabeth Percy (d.1722) was the heiress of the 15th and last Percy, Earl of Northumberland, from whom Syon House thus devolved onto the first Duke of Northumberland. In 1750, 10 years after his marriage, he adopted the name Percy in lieu of his patronymic.

Archaeological excavations
Syon House remains in 2010 the London seat of the Dukes of Northumberland. Foundations of the Monastery Church lying to the immediate east of Syon House were partially uncovered in excavations starting in summer 2003, made by Channel 4's Time Team archaeological programme, broadcast on 4 January 2004. The programme highlighted medieval masonry blocks in the foundation wall of the north Wing as evidence that the west end of the church may have been incorporated into the current house built by Protector Somerset. However, subsequent sweeping of the floor demonstrated that the Tudor floor surface continued underneath the wall, suggesting that the medieval blocks were simply reused when this wing was rebuilt in 1820. So far there is no evidence on the exact length of the church or whether it does actually extend under Syon House. Further excavations by Birkbeck, University of London have continued from 2004 to 2011. As of 2020, it has been confirmed that some portions of the abbey remained intact and were used in situ during the construction of Syon House, most notably an undercroft forming part of the cellars of the mansion's westerly wing and two Gothic doorways. Further remains are confirmed across the building's lawns, including the vaults of the abbey latrine and the foundations of the majority of the abbey church.

Syon Abbey collection
A substantial collection of material relating to Syon Abbey is held at the University of Exeter Special Collections. A large proportion of this collection comprises material deposited by the sisters of Syon Abbey between 1990 and the monastery's closure in 2011, including the community's archive, manuscripts and printed books.

title: Syon Abbey


text:
Baron Lyveden

Baron Lyveden, of Lyveden in the County of Northampton, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created in 1859 for the Liberal politician Robert Vernon. Before 1859 he was known as Robert Vernon Smith. He was succeeded by his eldest son, the second Baron. When he died the title passed to his nephew, the third Baron. He was the son of Reverend the Hon. Courtenay John Vernon, third son of first Baron. On the death of his son, the fourth Baron, in 1969, this line of the family failed. The late Baron was succeeded by his second cousin, the fifth Baron. He was the grandson of the Hon. Greville Richard Vernon youngest son of the first Baron. the title is held by his great-grandson, the eighth Baron, who succeeded his father in 2017. Lord Lyveden lives in New Zealand.

Robert Percy Smith, father of the first Baron, was also a politician. Robert Percy's brother was the celebrated writer and priest Sydney Smith.

Barons Lyveden (1859)

 * Robert Vernon, 1st Baron Lyveden (1800–1873)
 * Fitzpatrick Henry Vernon, 2nd Baron Lyveden (1824–1900)
 * Courtenay Robert Percy Vernon, 3rd Baron Lyveden (1857–1926)
 * Robert Fitzpatrick Courtenay Vernon, 4th Baron Lyveden (1892–1969)
 * Sidney Munro Vernon, 5th Baron Lyveden (1888–1973)
 * Ronald Cecil Vernon, 6th Baron Lyveden (1915–1999)
 * Jack Leslie Vernon, 7th Baron Lyveden (1938–2017)
 * Colin Ronald Vernon, 8th Baron Lyveden (b. 1967)

The heir presumptive is the present holder's uncle Hon. Robert Howard Vernon (b. 1942) The heir presumptive's heir apparent is his son Russell Sydney Vernon (b. 1969) The heir presumptive's heir apparent's heir apparent is his son Mitchell Robert Allan Vernon (b. 1998)

title: Baron Lyveden