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User:Germendax

Group and phase velocity
Another consequence of dispersion manifests itself as a temporal effect. The formula above, v = c / n calculates the phase velocity of a wave; this is the velocity at which the phase of any one frequency component of the wave will propagate. This is not the same as the group velocity of the wave, which is the rate that changes in amplitude (known as the envelope of the wave) will progagate. The group velocity vg is given by:

 * $$v_g = c \left[ n - \lambda \frac{dn}{d\lambda} \right]^{-1}$$.

The group velocity vg is often thought of as the velocity at which energy or information is conveyed along the wave. In most cases this is true, and the group velocity can be thought of as the signal velocity of the waveform. In some unusual circumstances, where the wavelength of the light is close to an absorption resonance of the medium, it is possible for the group velocity to exceed the speed of light (vg > c), leading to the conclusion that superluminal (faster than light) communication is possible. In practice, in such situations the distortion and absorption of the wave is such that the value of the group velocity essentially becomes meaningless, and does not represent the true signal velocity of the wave, which stays less than c.

title: User:Germendax


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Neumarkt

Neumarkt (German for "new market") may refer to several places:

Austria

 * Neumarkt am Wallersee, in Salzburg
 * Neumarkt an der Raab, in the Jennersdorf District, Burgenland
 * Neumarkt an der Ybbs, in Lower Austria
 * Neumarkt im Hausruckkreis, in the Hausruckviertel, Upper Austria
 * Neumarkt im Mühlkreis, in the Mühlviertel, Upper Austria
 * Neumarkt in Steiermark, in Styria

Czech Republic

 * Neumarkt, the German name of Úterý in Plzeň

Germany

 * Cologne Neumarkt, location of the Neumarkt station, one of the major squares in Cologne, North Rhine-Westphalia
 * Dresden Neumarkt, a historically important square in Dresden, Saxony
 * Neumarkt (district), in Bavaria
 * Neumarkt in der Oberpfalz, in Bavaria
 * Neumarkt-Sankt Veit, in Bavaria

Italy

 * Neumarkt, South Tyrol, a municipality in South Tyrol

Poland

 * Neumarkt am Dohnst, the German name of Nowy Targ in Lesser Poland
 * Neumarkt in Schlesien, the German name of Środa Śląska in Lower Silesia

Romania

 * Neumarkt am Mieresch, the German name of Târgu Mureș

Switzerland

 * Neumarkt, Zürich, an area and street in Zürich
 * Theater am Neumarkt, situated in Zürich

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Neumarkt


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Kolyma (river)

The Kolyma (Колыма, ; Халыма) is a river in northeastern Siberia, whose basin covers parts of the Sakha Republic, Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, and Magadan Oblast of Russia.

The Kolyma is frozen to depths of several metres for about 250 days each year, becoming free of ice only in early June, until October.

Course
The Kolyma begins at the confluence of the Kulu and the Ayan-Yuryakh (Kolyma a natural continuation of Ayan-Yuryakh). The confluence happens in the Okhotsk-Kolyma Upland (Охотско-Колымское нагорье), which lies within the watershed that separates the Kolyma basin and the basins of rivers flowing into the Sea of Okhotsk. Kolyma flows across the Upper Kolyma Highlands roughly southwards in its upper course. Leaving the mountainous areas it flows roughly northwards across the Kolyma Lowland, a vast plain dotted with thousands of lakes, part of the greater East Siberian Lowland. The river empties into the Kolyma Gulf of the East Siberian Sea, a division of the Arctic Ocean.

The Kolyma is 2129 km long. The area of its basin is 647000 km2. The average discharge at Kolymskoye is 3254 m3/s, with a high of 26201 m3/s reported in June 1985, and a low of 30.6 m3/s in April 1979.

Tributaries
The main tributaries of the Kolyma are, from source to mouth:

 * Ayan-Yuryakh (left)
 * Kulu (right)
 * Tenka (right)
 * Buyunda (right)
 * Bakhapcha (right)
 * Seymchan (left)
 * Balygychan (right)
 * Sugoy (right)
 * Korkodon (right)
 * Bulun
 * Popovka (left)
 * Yasachnaya (left)
 * Zyryanka (left)
 * Debin (left)
 * Taskan (left)
 * Ozhogina (left)
 * Sededema (left)
 * Beryozovka (right)
 * Omolon (right)
 * Oloy
 * Anyuy (right)
 * Bolshoy Anyuy
 * Maly Anyuy

Islands
In the last 75 km stretch, the Kolyma divides into two large branches. There are many islands at the mouth of the Kolyma before it meets the East Siberian sea. The main ones are:

 * Mikhalkino 69.416°N, 161.255°W is the largest island, it lies to the west of the Kolyma's eastern branch, the Kamennaya Kolyma anabranch. This island breaks up into smaller islands on its northern end. It is 24 km long and 6 km wide. Mikhalkino is also known as "Glavsevmorput Island" after the Chief Directorate of the Northern Sea Route.
 * Sukharnyy, or Sukhornyy, is 3 kilometres from the northeastern shores of Mikhalkino. It is 11 km long and about 5 km wide. Northeast of Sukhornyy lies a cluster of small islands known as the Morskiye Sotki Islands.
 * Piat' Pal'tsev lies 5 kilometres to the southeast of Sukhornyy's southern end. It is 5 kilometres long and has a maximum width of 1.8 kilometres.
 * Nazarovsky Island 69.533°N, 161.086°W lies on the western side of the Kolyma's western branch, the Prot. Pokhodskaya Kolyma, in an area where there are many small islands. It is 4.5 kilometres long and 1.3 kilometres wide.
 * Shtormovoy Island 69.666°N, 161.031°W lies offshore, about 10 km to the north of Nazarovsky Island. Shtormovoy is the northernmost island off the Mouths of the Kolyma. It is 4.3 kilometres long and 1.5 kilometres wide.

History
In 1640 Dimitry Zyryan (also called Yarilo or Yerilo) went overland to the Indigirka. In 1641 he sailed down the Indigirka, went east and up the Alazeya. Here they heard of the Kolyma and met Chukchis for the first time. In 1643 he returned to the Indigirka, sent his yasak (tribute) to Yakutsk and went back to the Alazeya. In 1645 he returned to the Lena where he met a party and learned that he had been appointed prikazchik (land administrator) of the Kolyma. He returned east and died in early 1646. In the winter of 1641–42 Mikhail Stadukhin, accompanied by Semyon Dezhnyov, went overland to the upper Indigirka. He spent the next winter there, built boats and sailed down the Indigirka and east to the Alazeya where he met Zyryan. Zyryan and Dezhnyov stayed at the Alazeya, while Stadukhin went east, reaching the Kolyma in the summer of 1644. They built a zimovye (winter cabin), probably at Srednekolymsk, and returned to Yakutsk in late 1645.

In 1892–94 Baron Eduard Von Toll carried out geological surveys in the basin of the Kolyma (among other Far-eastern Siberian rivers) on behalf of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Barr, 1980). During one year and two days the expedition covered 25000 km, of which 4200 km were up rivers, carrying out geodesic surveys en route.

The Kolyma is known for its Gulag labour camps and gold mining, both of which have been extensively documented since Joseph Stalin–era Soviet archives opened. The river gives its title to a famous anthology about life in Gulag camps by Varlam Shalamov, The Kolyma Tales.

After the camps were closed, state subsidies, local industries and communication dwindled to almost nothing. Many people have migrated, but those who remain in the area make a living by fishing and hunting. In small fishing settlements, fish are sometimes stored in caves carved from permafrost. The last Americans to visit the Kolyma during the Soviet era, before perestroika, were the crew of the sailing schooner Nanuk in August 1929, whose visit was captured in a film taken by the Nanuk owner's 18-year-old daughter, Marion Swenson. The first two Americans to visit the Kolyma after the Nanuk's visit were writer Wallace Kaufman and journalist Rebecca Clay, who traveled by cutter from Ziryanka to Green Cape in August 1991. Kaufman and his daughter Sylvan and CPA Letty Collins Magdanz also travelled part of the Kolyma in August 1992, the first American visitors since the collapse of the Soviet Union. Both trips were arranged by North-East Scientific and Industrial Center: Ecocenter to try out an ecotourism route which was found to be impractical. In February 2012, the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences reported that scientists had grown plants from 30,000-year-old Silene stenophylla fruit, which was stored in squirrel burrows near the banks of the Kolyma river and preserved in permafrost.

Settlements
Settlements at the Kolyma river include (listed downstream) Sinegorye, Debin, Ust-Srednekan, Seymchan, Zyryanka, Srednekolymsk and Chersky.

Constructions
The Kolyma Hydroelectric Station is a hydropower plant at Sinegorye, downstream from the Kolyma Reservoir in the upper part of the river. The plant was started in the 1980s by Kolyma Gestroi and both the plant and the town of Sinegorye were built under the supervision of chief engineer Oleg Kogadovski. The town included an olympic sized swimming pool, an underground rifle range, and many amenities absent in most other small Russian towns. Kogadovski said that in order to attract and employ good talent in such a remote place, the town had to be exceptional. The dam provides most of the electricity to the region including Magadan. the Kolyma dam is an earthen dam some 150 ft high. Air circulation tubes carry frigid winter air into the core of the dam where frozen earth stabilizes the structure. Kolyma Ges. said it was the largest dam ever built in a permafrost region. In 1992 a new hydropower plant was under construction at Ust-Srednekan, the Ust-Srednekan Hydroelectric Plant. Larch forests cleared for the reservoir were cut in winter when the trunks were frozen and easily snapped. The wood was sold for pulp.

There are only a few bridges over the river, including at Ust-Srednekan, at Sinegorye and at Debin (which carries the Kolyma Highway).

title: Kolyma (river)


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Eastern March

Eastern March (Marcha Orientalis) may refer to:

 * any frontier region (march) that is positioned towards the East
 * Eastern March (Austria), a medieval march on the Danube river
 * Eastern March (Saxony), a medieval march to the east of the Elbe river
 * Eastern March (Scotland), a medieval march on Scottish border with England

title: Eastern March


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Northern March

The Northern March or North March (Nordmark) was created out of the division of the vast Marca Geronis in 965. It initially comprised the northern third of the Marca (roughly corresponding to the modern state of Brandenburg) and was part of the territorial organisation of areas conquered from the Wends. A Lutician rebellion in 983 reversed German control over the region until the establishment of the March of Brandenburg by Albert the Bear in the 12th century.

Slavic background
During the Migration Period, many Germanic peoples began migrating towards the Roman frontier. In the northeast they were replaced primarily by Slavic peoples (Veleti, later Lutici). The first Slavs were certainly in the Brandenburg area by 720, after the arrival of the Avars in Europe. These Slavs had come via Moravia, where they had arrived in the mid-seventh century. The remnants of the Germanic Semnoni were absorbed into these Slavic groups.

The group of people who settled at the Spree river became known as Sprevani. They settled east of the line formed by the Havel and Nuthe rivers, in the current Barnim and Teltow regions. They built their main fortification at the confluence of the Spree and the Dahme rivers at Köpenick. The Hevelli lived west of that line, in the current Havelland and Zauche regions. They were named Habelli for the ancient Germanic name of the river "Habula" (Havel). The name for themselves was the Stodoranie. They built their main fortification at "Brenna" (modern Brandenburg). The Hevelli also built a large outpost at the current site of Spandau Citadel in Berlin. The Sprevani and Hevelli waged war against not only their German neighbors, but also their Slavic neighbours.

Establishment and loss, 965–983
After the Saxon War of 808, the victorious Charlemagne bestowed on the Slavic tribes allied with him (such as the Obotrites) part of the Saxon lands between the Elbe and the Baltic Sea. A period of quiet followed in the region. The Bishoprics of Brandenburg and Havelberg were established around 940 and the Christianisation of the pagan Slavs began.

Henry I of Germany conquered Brandenburg in 928–929 and imposed tribute upon the tribes up to the Oder. By 948 his son Otto I had established German control over the many remaining pagans, who were collectively referred to as Slavs or Wends by contemporaries. Slavic settlements such as Brenna, Budišin (Bautzen), and Chotebuž (Cottbus) came under German control through the installation of margraves. The main function of the margravial office was to defend and protect the marches (frontier districts) of the Kingdom of Germany. After the death of the margrave Gero the Great in 965, the vast collection of marches (a "super-march") was divided by Otto into five smaller commands. The Northern March was one of these. The others were the Eastern March, the March of Merseburg, the March of Meissen, and the March of Zeitz.

The rebellion of 983, initiated by the Lutici, led to a factual disestablishment of the Northern and Billung marches as well as the corresponding bishoprics, though titular margraves and bishops were still appointed. Until the collapse of the Liutizi alliance in the middle of the 11th century, the German expansion in the direction of the Northern March remained at a standstill and the Wends east of the Elbe remained independent for approximately 150 years.

March of Brandenburg
In the beginning of the 12th century, the German kings re-established control over the mixed Slav-inhabited lands on the eastern borders of the Holy Roman Empire. In 1134, in the wake of the Wendish Crusade of 1147, the German magnate Albert the Bear was granted the Northern March by Emperor Lothair III. The Slavs were subsequently assimilated by German settlers during the Ostsiedlung. The church under Albert established dioceses, which with their walled towns protected the townspeople from attack. With the arrival of monks and bishops begins anew the recorded history of the town of Brandenburg, from which would develop the eponymous margraviate.

Albert's control of the region was nominal for several decades, but he engaged in a variety of military and diplomatic actions against the Wends, and saw his control become more real by the middle of the century. In 1150, Albert formally inherited Brandenburg from its last Hevelli ruler, the Christian Pribislav. Albert and his Ascanian descendants made considerable progress in Christianising the captured lands.

List of margraves
The Margraves of the Nordmark were closely related to both the Counts of Stade, many holding dual titles, and the Counts of Walbeck. The early counts and margraves were discussed by Thietmar of Merseburg, a descendant of the original rulers.

Counts of Haldensleben

 * Dietrich, 965–983, possibly the son of Wichman the Elder, an early Count of Stade

Counts of Walbeck

 * Lothair I, 983–1003, the first margrave of the House of Walbeck, and son of Lothar II the Old, Count of Walbeck
 * Werner, 1003–1009, son of the previous and cousin of Thietmar of Merseburg

Counts of Haldensleben

 * Bernard I, 1009–1018, son of Dietrich
 * Bernard II, 1018–1051, son of the previous
 * William, 1051–1056, son of the previous
 * Otto, 1056–1057, illegitimate son of Bernard

Counts of Stade

 * Lothair Udo I, 1056–1057, also Count of Stade (as Lothair Udo II), first of the House of Udonids, and son of Siegfried II, Count of Stade
 * Lothair Udo II, 1057–1082, also Count of Stade (as Lothair Udo III), son of the previous
 * Henry I the Long, 1082–1087, also Count of Stade (as Henry III the Long), son of the previous
 * Lothair Udo III, 1087–1106, also Count of Stade (as Lothair Udo IV), brother of the previous
 * Rudolf I, 1106–1112, also Count of Stade, brother of the previous

Counts of Plötzkau

 * Helperich von Plötzkau, 1112–1114, nondynastic, but part of the House of Walbeck as grandson of Conrad, Count of Walbeck

Counts of Stade

 * Henry II, 1114–1128, son of Lothair Udo III
 * Udo IV, 1128–1130, son of Rudolf I

Counts of Plötzkau

 * Conrad, 1130–1133, son of Helperich

Counts of Stade

 * Rudolf II, 1133–1134, son of Rudolf I and the last of the House of Udonids

Counts of Ballenstedt (Ascanians)

 * Albert the Bear, 1134–1170

Under Albert, the march was expanded with the acquisition of Slavic lands around Brandenburg in 1157. The expanded march became a hereditary possession of Albert's house, the Ascanians, and was called the March of Brandenburg.

For a lists of margravines (margrave's wives), see List of consorts of Brandenburg.

title: Northern March


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List of eating utensils

A variety of eating utensils have been used by people to aid eating when dining. Most societies traditionally use bowls or dishes to contain food to be eaten, but while some use their hands to deliver this food to their mouths, others have developed specific tools for the purpose. In Western cultures, cutlery items such as knives and forks are the traditional norm, while in much of the East, chopsticks are more common. Spoons are ubiquitous.

History
In some cultures, such as Ethiopian and Indian, hands alone are used or bread takes the place of non-edible utensils. In others, such as Japanese and Chinese, where bowls of food are more often raised to the mouth, little modification from the basic pair of chopsticks and a spoon has taken place. Western culture has taken the development and specialization of eating utensils further, with the result that multiple utensils may appear in a dining setting, each with a different name and purpose. With the evolution of people's eating habits, further modification continues to take place, mostly in the West.

List of utensil types

 * Spoon – List of types of spoons
 * Fork – Western/Southeast Asian utensils
 * Knife
 * Chopsticks – East and Southeast Asian utensil
 * Skewer
 * Tongs
 * Toothpick
 * Cocktail stick
 * Drinking straw
 * Cutlery – A set of Western utensils: usually knife, fork and spoon
 * Sujeo – A paired set of Korean utensils: a spoon and chopsticks
 * Food pusher - a utensil with a blade set at 90° to the handle, used for pushing food onto a spoon or fork

Utensils for specific foods
Some utensils are designed for eating or preparing specific foods:
 * Butter knife
 * Cake fork
 * Soup spoon
 * Crab cracker
 * Crab fork
 * Fish knife
 * Fondue fork
 * Grapefruit knife
 * Grapefruit spoon
 * Lobster pick
 * Snail tongs and forks
 * Nutcracker
 * Ice cream scoop
 * Tongs for:
 * Sugar
 * Asparagus
 * Honey dipper
 * Meat claws (used to shred barbecue meats such as brisket)

Combination utensils
Over time, traditional utensils have been modified in various ways in attempts to make eating more convenient or to reduce the total number of utensils required. These are typically called combination utensils.
 * Chopfork – A utensil with a fork at one end and chopsticks/tongs at the other.
 * Chork – Pointed and slightly curved tongs, which can be used like chopsticks (as pincers) or as a fork (for spearing). A different kind of chork is a fork with a split handle, which can be broken in half to make two chopsticks.
 * Forkchops – Used in a pair, these are basically a pair of chopsticks with a small fork and knife on the non-pointed ends.
 * Spoon and Chopstick Hybrid – Pointed and slightly curved tongs, which can be used like chopsticks or as a spoon.
 * Knife and Chopstick Hybrid – Pointed and slightly curved tongs, which can be used like chopsticks or as a knife.
 * Knork – A knife with a single tine, sharpened or serrated, set into the anterior end of the blade.
 * Pastry fork – A fork with a cutting edge along one of the tines.
 * Spifork - A utensil consisting of a spoon, knife, and fork.
 * Spoon straw – A scoop-ended drinking straw intended for slushies and milkshakes.
 * Sporf – A utensil consisting of a spoon on one end, a fork on the other, and edge tines that are sharpened or serrated.
 * Spork – Spoon and fork
 * Splayd – Spoon and fork and knife
 * Spife – Spoon and knife.
 * FRED - Can opener, bottle opener, and spoon combination issued by the Australian Defence Force.

Disposable utensils
Prepackaged products may come with a utensil intended to be consumed or discarded after using it to consume the product. For instance, some single-serve ice cream is sold with a flat wooden spade, often erroneously called a "spoon", to lift the product to one's mouth. Prepackaged tuna salad or cracker snacks may contain a flat plastic spade for similar purposes.

title: List of eating utensils


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Nordmark (disambiguation)

Nordmark can mean:

 * Nordmark Hundred - a district of Värmland in Sweden
 * the German name for the Northern March - a territorial organisation in Holy Roman Empire
 * Arbeitserziehungslager Nordmark a work camp from the Nazis
 * Kriegsmarine Nordmark - a vessel in the German Kriegsmarine of the Dithmarschen class
 * SS Nordmark, a coaster in service 1926-36
 * Nordmarka, the Norwegian name for the North Mark which makes up the northern part of Oslo, Norway

title: Nordmark (disambiguation)


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Wikipedia:WikiProject United States regions/Non-Official Region Template and Infobox

Lead Paragraph 1. Origin 2. Interpretations 3. Definition Evolution 4. Most Common Use


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List of food preparation utensils

A kitchen utensil is a hand-held, typically small tool that is designed for food-related functions. Food preparation utensils are a specific type of kitchen utensil, designed for use in the preparation of food. Some utensils are both food preparation utensils and eating utensils; for instance some implements of cutlery – especially knives – can be used for both food preparation in a kitchen and as eating utensils when dining (though most types of knives used in kitchens are unsuitable for use on the dining table).

In the Western world, utensil invention accelerated in the 19th and 20th centuries. It was fuelled in part by the emergence of technologies such as the kitchen stove and refrigerator, but also by a desire to save time in the kitchen, in response to the demands of modern lifestyles.

title: List of food preparation utensils


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Ueda Akinari

Ueda Akinari or Ueda Shūsei (上田 秋成, July 25, 1734 in Osaka – August 8, 1809 in Kyoto) was a Japanese author, scholar and waka poet, and a prominent literary figure in 18th-century Japan. He was an early writer in the yomihon genre and his two masterpieces, Ugetsu Monogatari ("Tales of Rain and the Moon") and Harusame Monogatari ("Tales of Spring Rain"), are central to the canon of Japanese literature.

Biography
Born to an Osaka prostitute and an unknown father, Ueda was adopted in his fourth year by a wealthy merchant who reared him in comfort and provided him with a good education. As a child he became gravely ill with smallpox, and although he survived, he was left with deformed fingers on both hands. During his illness, his parents prayed to the god of the Kashima Inari Shrine, and Ueda felt that this deity had intervened and saved his life. Throughout his life he remained a strong believer in the supernatural, and this belief seems to inform important elements of his literature and scholarship such as his most famous work, a collection of ghost stories titled Ugetsu Monogatari.

He inherited the Ueda family oil and paper business when his adoptive father died. However, he was not a successful merchant, and he lost the business to a fire after running it unhappily for ten years. During this time, he published several humorous stories in the ukiyo-zōshi style, literally translated as "tales of the floating world".

Taking the fire as opportunity to leave the business world, Ueda began studying medicine under Tsuga Teishō, who in addition to teaching Ueda to be a doctor also taught him about colloquial Chinese fiction. In 1776 he began to practice medicine and also published Ugetsu Monogatari. This work places Ueda alongside Takizawa Bakin among the most prominent writers of yomihon — a new genre that represented a dramatic change in reading practices from the popular fiction that came before it.

In addition to his fiction, Ueda was involved in the field of research known as kokugaku, the study of philology and classical Japanese literature. Kokugaku was often typified by a rejection of foreign influences on Japanese culture, notably Chinese language, Buddhism and Confucianism. Ueda took a highly independent position within these circles, and his vigorous polemical dispute with the leading scholar of the movement, Motoori Norinaga, is recorded in the latter's dialogue Kagaika (呵刈葭 1787–1788). Some argue that Ueda also worked out this conflict in stories such as those appearing in Ugetsu Monogatari by beginning his stories grounded on Chinese stories and moral and intellectual discourses and that he then foregrounded a Japanese sensibility by calling on supernatural elements and having his characters feel deep emotion (as opposed to Chinese reliance on the intellect).

In the years after his wife's death in 1798 he experienced temporary blindness, and although eventually sight returned to his left eye from that point on he had to dictate much of his writing. It was at this time that he began working on his second yomihon, and he finished the first two stories of what would be Harusame Monogatari ("Tales of the Spring Rain") in around 1802. Harusame is quite different from Ugetsu Monogatari. Among other differences, Harusame does not invoke the supernatural, and the stories are of greatly varied length. The story titled Hankai is about a disreputable ruffian who suddenly converts to Buddhism and spends the rest of his life as a monk.

In 1809, Ueda died at the age of 76 in Kyoto.

Modern References
Ueda Akinari is discussed in Haruki Murakami's Killing Commendatore. The main character in Murakami's novel shares Akinari's experience of the supernatural. Akinari's story Fate Over Two Generations plays out in modern-day in Murakami's novel.

Indian Filmmaker AK Srikanth's film 'Dvija' (2022) is said to be inspired by Ueda Akinari's work.

Works

 * Ugetsu Monogatari ("Tales of Rain and the Moon") (1776)
 * Harusame Monogatari (春雨物語, Harusame monogatari) (1809)

title: Ueda Akinari


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Áramótaskaupið

Áramótaskaupið ("The New Year's Lampoon") is an annual Icelandic television comedy special, broadcast on New Year's Eve by the state public service broadcaster RÚV. Initially aired on radio in 1948, and later moving to television in 1966, it features sketches satirizing the news events of the past year.

It is often the highest-rated television broadcast of the year in Iceland. In 2002, it was reported that the special had been seen by 95.5% of the country; Páll Magnússon, CEO of RÚV stated that this was most likely a record in the Western world. Due to its high viewership, advertising time during Áramótaskaupið is the most expensive on Icelandic television. The show ends just before midnight, and those Icelanders who shoot off fireworks usually do so after Áramótaskaupið ends.

Some of its sketches have become well known in Icelandic culture, such as its portrayal of Minister of Finance Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson as the Batman parody "Skattmann" ("Taxman"). In 2009, the show featured a sketch about the protests following the 2008 Icelandic financial crisis, in which Jón Gnarr played a strait-laced middle-aged protester shouting "Helvítis fokking fokk!!". The phrase swiftly became widely used in Iceland in relation to the crisis.

Directors

 * 1966: Andrés Indriðason
 * 1967: Ómar Ragnarsson
 * 1968: Flosi Ólafsson
 * 1969: Flosi Ólafsson
 * 1970: Flosi Ólafsson
 * 1971: Ása Finnsdóttir & Ómar Ragnarsson
 * 1972: Tage Ammendrup
 * 1973: Laddi
 * 1974: Hrafn Gunnlaugsson
 * 1975: Tage Ammendrup
 * 1976: Flosi Ólafsson
 * 1977: Tage Ammendrup
 * 1978: Þórhildur Þorleifsdóttir
 * 1979: Sigríður Þorvaldsdóttir
 * 1980: Andrés Indriðason
 * 1981: Gísli Rúnar Jónsson
 * 1982: Þráinn Bertelsson
 * 1983: Laddi
 * 1984: Guðný Halldórsdóttir
 * 1985: Sigurður Sigurjónsson
 * 1986: Karl Ágúst Úlfsson
 * 1987: Sveinn Einarsson
 * 1988: Gísli Snær Erlingsson
 * 1989: Stefán Baldursson
 * 1990: Gísli Rúnar Jónsson
 * 1991: Ágúst Guðmundsson
 * 1992: Þórhildur Þorleifsdóttir
 * 1993: Guðný Halldórsdóttir
 * 1994: Guðný Halldórsdóttir
 * 1995: Ágúst Guðmundsson
 * 1996: Ágúst Guðmundsson
 * 1997: Viðar Víkingsson
 * 1998: Laddi
 * 1999: Örn Árnason & Sigurður Sigurjónsson
 * 2000: Þórhildur Þorleifsdóttir
 * 2001: Óskar Jónasson
 * 2002: Óskar Jónasson
 * 2003: Ágúst Guðmundsson
 * 2004: Sigurður Sigurjónsson
 * 2005: Edda Björgvinsdóttir
 * 2006: Reynir Lyngdal
 * 2007: Ragnar Bragason
 * 2008: Silja Hauksdóttir
 * 2009: Gunnar Björn Guðmundsson
 * 2010: Gunnar Björn Guðmundsson
 * 2011: Gunnar Björn Guðmundsson
 * 2012: Gunnar Björn Guðmundsson
 * 2013: Kristófer Dignus
 * 2014: Silja Hauksdóttir
 * 2015: Kristófer Dignus
 * 2016: Jón Gnarr
 * 2017: Arnór Pálmi Arnarsson
 * 2018: Arnór Pálmi Arnarsson
 * 2019: Reynir Lyngdal
 * 2020: Reynir Lyngdal
 * 2021: Reynir Lyngdal
 * 2022: Dóra Jóhannsdóttir
 * 2023: Benedikt Valsson & Fannar Sveinsson

title: Áramótaskaupið


text:
User:Spm

Inconstantly adding useless information since 1/3/2004.

(More active on the Icelandic version, where I am a Bureaucrat...)

is:Notandi:Spm

title: User:Spm


text:
Yoji Yamada

Yoji Yamada (山田 洋次) is a Japanese film director best known for his Otoko wa Tsurai yo series of films and his Samurai Trilogy (The Twilight Samurai, The Hidden Blade and Love and Honor).

Biography
He was born in Osaka, but due to his father's job as an engineer for the South Manchuria Railway, he was brought up in Dalian, China. from the age of two. Following the end of World War II, he returned to Japan and subsequently lived in Yamagata Prefecture. After receiving his degree from Tokyo University in 1954, he entered Shochiku and worked under Yoshitaro Nomura as a scriptwriter or as an assistant director.

He won many awards throughout his lengthy career and is well respected in Japan and by critics throughout the world. He wrote his first screenplay in 1958, and directed his first movie in 1961. Yamada continues to make movies to this day. He once served as president of the Directors Guild of Japan, and is currently a guest professor of Ritsumeikan University.

Tora-san series
Known in Japan under the title Otoko wa Tsurai yo, his Tora-san series features traveling merchant Torajirō, who is always unlucky in love. Since the lead role in every Tora-san movie was played by Kiyoshi Atsumi, his death in 1996 put an end to the series and Yamada moved on to other movies. Although Yamada is known for his long-running series of movies—four films in the A Class to Remember series, 13 in the Free and Easy (Tsuribaka Nisshi) series—none has reached the prolific numbers of the Tora-san series. Over a period of about 25 years, 48 Tora-san films were made, all of them starring Atsumi, and the majority written and directed by Yamada.

Notable awards
His movies have won the Best Picture award at the Japanese Academy Awards four times: in 1977 for The Yellow Handkerchief, in 1991 for My Sons, in 1993 for A Class to Remember, and in 2002 for The Twilight Samurai, which was nominated for the 76th Academy Awards' Best Foreign Language Film. He won the Japan Academy Prize for Director of the Year three times. His 1984 film, Tora-san's Forbidden Love, was nominated for the Golden Prize at the 14th Moscow International Film Festival.

His 2004 film, The Hidden Blade, was nominated for sixteen awards and won three. In 2010, Yamada was honored at the 2010 Berlin Film Festival with a screening of his latest film Otōto during the awards ceremony, as well as receiving a Berlinale Camera award for his numerous contributions to the festival's program.

Films

 * Nikai no Tanin (1961)
 * Shitamachi no Taiyo (1963)
 * Baka Marudashi (1964)
 * Iikagen Baka (1964)
 * Baka ga Sensha de Yattekuru (1964)
 * Kiri no Hata (1965)
 * Un ga Yokerya (1966)
 * Natsukashii Fūraibō (1966)
 * Kyu-chan no Dekkai Yume (1967)
 * Ai no Sanka (1967)
 * Kigeki Ippatsu Shobu (1967)
 * Hana Hajime no Ippatsu Daibōken (1968)
 * Fukeba Tobuyona Otoko daga (1968)
 * Kigeki Ippatsu Daihissho (1969)
 * It's Tough Being a Man (1969)
 * Tora-San's Cherished Mother (1969)
 * Tora-san's Runaway (1970)
 * Kazoku (Family) (1970)
 * Tora-san's Shattered Romance (1971)
 * Tora-san, the Good Samaritan (1971)
 * Tora-san's Love Call (1971)
 * Tora-san's Dear Old Home (1972)
 * Tora-san's Dream-Come-True (1972)
 * Home From The Sea (1972)
 * Tora-san's Forget Me Not (1973)
 * Tora-san Loves an Artist (1973)
 * Tora-san's Lovesick (1974)
 * Tora-san's Lullaby (1974)
 * Tora-san's Rise and Fall (1975)
 * Tora-san, the Intellectual (1975)
 * Harakara (1975)
 * Tora-san's Sunrise and Sunset (1976)
 * Tora's Pure Love (1976)
 * Tora-san Meets His Lordship (1977)
 * Tora-san Plays Cupid (1977)
 * The Yellow Handkerchief (1977)
 * Stage-Struck Tora-san (1978)
 * Talk of the Town Tora-san (1978)
 * Tora-san, the Matchmaker (1979)
 * Tora-san's Dream of Spring (1979)
 * Tora's Tropical Fever (1980)
 * Foster Daddy, Tora! (1980)
 * A Distant Cry from Spring (1980)
 * Tora-san's Love in Osaka (1981)
 * Shunmao Monogatari Taotao (1981)
 * Tora-san's Promise (1981)
 * Hearts and Flowers for Tora-san (1982)
 * Tora-san, the Expert (1982)
 * Tora-san's Song of Love (1983)
 * Tora-san Goes Religious? (1983)
 * Marriage Counselor Tora-san (1984)
 * Tora-san, the Go-Between (1985)
 * Tora-san's Island Encounter (1985)
 * Tora-san's Bluebird Fantasy (1986)
 * Final Take (1986)
 * Tora-san Goes North (1987)
 * Tora-san Plays Daddy (1987)
 * Tora-san's Salad-Day Memorial (1988)
 * Hope and Pain (1988)
 * Tora-San Goes to Vienna (1989)
 * Tora-san, My Uncle (1989)
 * Tora-san Takes a Vacation (1990)
 * My Sons (1991)
 * Tora-san Confesses (1991)
 * Tora-San Makes Excuses (1992)
 * A Class to Remember (1993)
 * Tora-san's Matchmaker (1993)
 * Tora-san's Easy Advice (1994)
 * Tora-san to the Rescue (1995)
 * A Class to Remember II (1996)
 * Niji wo Tsukamu Otoko (1996)
 * Niji wo Tsukamu Otoko Nangoku Funtō hen (1997)
 * A Class to Remember III (1998)
 * A Class to Remember IV (2000)
 * Twilight Samurai (2002)
 * The Hidden Blade (2004)
 * Love and Honor (2006)
 * Kabei: Our Mother (2008)
 * Otōto (2010)
 * Kyoto Story (2010)
 * Tokyo Family (2013)
 * The Little House (2014)
 * Nagasaki: Memories of My Son (2015)
 * What a Wonderful Family! (2016)
 * What a Wonderful Family! 2 (2017)
 * What a Wonderful Family! 3: My Wife, My Life (2018)
 * Tora-san, Wish You Were Here (2019)
 * It's a Flickering Life (2021)
 * Mom, Is That You?! (2023)

Screenplays

 * Castle of Sand (1974)
 * Tsuribaka Nisshi Series (1988–2009)
 * Deguchi no Nai Umi (2006)

Honours

 * Medal with Purple Ribbon (1996)
 * Order of the Rising Sun, 4th Class, Gold Rays with Rosette (2002)
 * Person of Cultural Merit (2004)
 * Order of Culture (2012)
 * Honorary citizen of Tokyo (2014)

title: Yoji Yamada


text:
Maykop

Maykop is the capital city of Adygea, Russia, located on the right bank of the Belaya River. It borders Maykopsky District, from which it is administratively and municipally independent, to the east and south; Giaginsky District to the north, and Belorechensky District of Krasnodar Krai to the west.

Population:

History
The city gave its name to the early Bronze Age Maykop culture after the discovery of a royal burial site there in 1897.

Following the establishment of a military camp in 1825, the Imperial Russian Army built a military fort at Maykop in 1857.

In 1910 oil deposits were discovered in the vicinity of Maykop. The city was the administrative center of the Maykopsky Otdel of the Kuban Oblast.

In 1936, Maykop and the surrounding region merged with Adyghe Autonomous Oblast and became the administrative centre of the autonomy. The Wehrmacht occupied Maykop on 10 August 1942 without a fight as a result of a Brandenburger commando operation. German attempts to re-start oil production in the scorched-earth area proved only minimally successful. On 29 January 1943, the Transcaucasian Front of the Red Army re-took the town.

Since 1991 Maykop has served as the capital of the Republic of Adygea in the Russian Federation.

Economy
The discovery of extensive underground oil reserves has made Maykop a major centre for oil extraction for the Soviet Union and, subsequently, Russia. Other economically important sectors are food processing and the timber industry.

Administrative and municipal status
Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is, together with eight rural localities, incorporated as Maykop Republican Urban Okrug—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts. It has the following rural localities under its jurisdiction:
 * khutor of Gaverdovsky
 * stanitsa of Khanskaya
 * khutor of Kosinov
 * settlement of Podgorny
 * settlement of Rodnikovy
 * settlement of Severny
 * khutor of Vesyoly
 * settlement of Zapadny

As a municipal division, Maykop Republican Urban Okrug is incorporated as Maykop Urban Okrug.

Ethnic groups

Ethnic groups in Maykop (2010):

Ethnic groups in Maykop (2020):

Education

Maykop is home to the Adyghe State University and Maykop State Technological University. There are also several facilities of professional education in Maykop. There are a lot of schools. For example, Adyghe Republican Gymnasium which is located near the mosque, the theatre and the park of friendship. It has 11 grades. There are a lot of rules: students must wear a uniform, girls must have pony tails or braids. The school has five buildings. There is a sports hall where students play basketball and volleyball. There is also a football pitch where boys play football. A canteen is a separate building.

Climate

Maykop lies within the humid subtropical climate zone (Cfa), according to the Köppen climate classification, or just within the humid continental climate (Dfa) zone according to the 0 C isotherm.

February 15, 2010 saw Maykop record the absolute maximum for any winter month in Russia: 23.4 °C.

Military
On the south side of the city, alongside the Belaya River is the military complex housing the 131st Motor Rifle Brigade of the Southern Military District of the Russian Armed Forces which took part in the First Chechen War.

Notable people

 * Nikita Kucherov, professional ice hockey player
 * Anton Nemkin, politician, entrepreneur and racing driver

title: Maykop


text:
2061: Odyssey Three

2061: Odyssey Three is a science-fiction novel by the British writer Arthur C. Clarke, published in 1987. It is the third book in Clarke's Space Odyssey series. It returns to one of the lead characters of the previous novels, Heywood Floyd, and his adventures from the 2061 return of Halley's Comet to Jupiter's moon Europa.

Clarke had originally intended to write the third book after NASA's Galileo mission to Jupiter had returned its findings in the late 1980s. The probe had been initially scheduled for launch in 1984 but this was delayed, first to 1985 and then to 1986. It was delayed further in wake of the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster. Deciding not to wait, Clarke took inspiration for his sequel from the return of Halley's Comet. Galileo was eventually launched by on the STS-34 mission in October 1989. It arrived in Jovian orbit almost eight years after the publication of 2061: Odyssey Three.

Plot
The opening chapters of 2061 gradually explain the events that have taken place in the interim years. The new sun, dubbed "Lucifer", has transformed the moons of the former Jupiter: Io has become a volcanic hellhole, Europa an ocean world shrouded by clouds, and Ganymede a temperate world that the human race is colonizing. Large-scale interplanetary travel is now commercially viable with muon-catalyzed fusion-powered spacecraft. Humanity is wary of sending spacecraft close to Europa despite its fascinating mysteries, including the appearance of a large mountain, dubbed "Mount Zeus", on its surface. On Earth, a period of relative peace has evolved between the United States, Soviet Union and China, although a non-violent revolution has taken place in South Africa (now the United States of Southern Africa or USSA); the white population has fled, taking most of the country's wealth with them and leaving the black population to rebuild the economy, which they do in a matter of weeks thanks to the country's diamond mines.

Dr. Heywood Floyd, the protagonist of 2010, has had an accident and become a permanent resident of an orbital space hospital. His estranged grandson, Chris II, works aboard the spacecraft Galaxy. Now, at the age of 103, Floyd is chosen as one of six "celebrity guests" to travel aboard the privately owned spaceliner Universe for the first-ever human landing on the surface of Halley's Comet as it again nears Earth. The Universe lands on Halley, and the crew explores its surface and its caves.

On Ganymede, Rolf van der Berg, a second-generation Afrikaner refugee, studies data on satellite surveys of Mount Zeus and forms an astonishing thesis about its nature. He communicates his discovery to his uncle Paul Kreuger, and van der Berg is also invited to join the crew of the spacecraft Galaxy for its flyby of Europa. As Galaxy nears Europa, Rosie, a stewardess, attempts to hijack the craft, forcing it to crash into Europa's ocean. Failing in her plan, she commits suicide, and the Galaxy's crew is stranded. Observing the burgeoning aquatic life forms of Europa, the crew pilots Galaxy to an island that they name Haven.

Universe abandons its exploration of Halley to rescue Galaxy. After siphoning water from Halley's vents to refuel, Universe heads directly for Europa. During the flight, the celebrity passengers discuss the mystery surrounding Dave Bowman and the monoliths, and whether they would be allowed to land on Europa to rescue Galaxy's crew. Floyd follows a suggestion that he simply try to call Bowman on the radio, and later has a strange dream in which he sees a small monolith floating at the foot of his bed.

On Europa, Van der Berg and Chris Floyd take the shuttle William Tsung (nicknamed Bill Tee) to study Mount Zeus. Near Mount Zeus, van der Berg relays the message "LUCY IS HERE" to his uncle Paul. It is revealed that Van der Berg's hypothesis, now proven true, was that Mount Zeus is one huge diamond, a remnant from the core of the exploded Jupiter. The revelation about Mount Zeus explains how Van der Berg got onto Galaxy and why Rosie tried to hijack it; the rulers of the USSA are concerned and the exiled Afrikaners are interested about what might happen to the world diamond market if a vast mountain of diamond were discovered.

Travelling further, the two men find the wreck of the Chinese spacecraft Tsien, which has been completely stripped of its metals, and then find the enormous monolith lying on its side at the border between the dayside and nightside, dubbed the "Great Wall". Beneath it is a town of igloo-like dwellings, but the inhabitants are not in sight. There, Chris sees an image of his grandfather, who tells him that the Universe is coming.

Universe rescues Galaxy's crew; they are brought to Ganymede, where they watch as Mount Zeus, which has been steadily sinking, finally disappears beneath the Europan surface. Kreuger writes a follow-up article for Nature, stating that Mount Zeus was a mere fragment of Jupiter's diamond material, and that it is almost certain that many more such large pieces of diamond are currently in orbit around Lucifer. Krueger therefore proposes a scouting project to seek diamond in the Lucifer system, for eventual mining.

Floyd, Chris, and van der Berg become close. In a later chapter, another Heywood Floyd, now a disembodied creature of pure consciousness, talks with Dave Bowman. It is revealed that the small monolith duplicated Floyd's consciousness; there are now two Heywood Floyds, one an immortal being who resides with Bowman and HAL inside the Great Wall, another who will live and die without knowing this. Bowman shows Floyd images of his experience of studying the life forms of Jupiter before they were killed in the creation of Lucifer, explaining that the monolith weighed the Jovians against the Europans and decided the latter held more promise. Bowman states that during the diamond meteor impact, the immensely powerful monolith tipped over on its side, and may be damaged. He and HAL believe that when Lucifer begins to fail, the monolith will weigh the Europans against humanity and they have only about a thousand years to prepare for that moment.

In an epilogue, set in 3001, the original monolith discovered on the Moon in 1999 has been placed in the plaza of the ancient United Nations Building. Humans have found more quantities of diamond from the former Jupiter and have used it to create space elevators and an orbital ring connecting them, as suggested by Kreuger. Suddenly, Lucifer's light begins to fade and the Monolith reawakens for the first time in a thousand years.

Outside references to scientific literature
Late in the novel (Chapter 56, "Perturbation Theory"), two real scientific articles are explicitly cited by Paul Krueger, van der Berg's uncle. A 1981 article in Nature lends plausibility to 2061's basic premise that other solar system bodies may contain massive quantities of diamond material, and serves as the basis for 2061's premise of a large diamond being discovered on Europa. A 1966 article in Science examines the feasibility of various materials for the theoretical construction of a space elevator, identifying diamond as the best available known material, and likewise serves as a basis for the space elevators (or towers) which extend from Earth's surface out into space.

The elevators are major pieces of technology in the sequel novel 3001, and settings of much of the latter novel's action. The intervening implication is that over the next millennium, humanity finds other large sources of diamond in the Lucifer–Jupiter system, precipitate which resulted from the transformation of the latter into the former, and mines this diamond material, using it for (previously impossible) construction projects.

Main characters

 * Dr. Heywood Floyd: Floyd is an elderly man, world-famous for his involvement with the Discovery and Leonov missions. His life has been extended because he has lived off Earth in lower gravity (which simultaneously prevents him from ever returning to Earth itself). Floyd travels with five other celebrities to Halley's Comet during its Earth approach aboard the Universe, a new, state-of-the-art spacecraft financed by the Tsung family.
 * Christopher Floyd II is Floyd's grandson who hops various space flights and quietly finds work without keeping up with his family, to their dismay. He is second officer of the Galaxy, an older craft also financed by the Tsung family. He is estranged from his grandfather Heywood. One of the novel's themes, therefore, is that the protagonist reconnects with his family after years of estrangement both from them and from Earth.
 * Rolf van der Berg is a Ganymede-based planetary scientist who develops a shocking theory regarding a structure on Europa. He has the opportunity to confirm his theory that Europa contains a giant diamond, a byproduct of Jupiter's collapse to become the small star Lucifer.

Minor characters

 * The Floyd Family: Early in the novel, Floyd's now-long-distant old family lives are re-capitulated. Marion, his first wife, had long since been killed in a plane crash, and their two daughters now have families of their own, and are effectively estranged from Floyd. Further, during the events of 2010, Floyd's second wife Caroline and their son Christopher I had learned to forget about him; Caroline took up with another man in Floyd's absence, and Christopher I found his father-figure in this man. Later, Chris I married one Helena, an arrangement of which both Floyd and Caroline had initially disapproved. Despite this, Helena proved to be a good mother to Christopher II.
 * The Tsung Family: Family of Sir Lawrence Tsung, Chinese tycoon benefactor and shipbuilder, responsible for financing the story's spacecraft, the Cosmos, the Galaxy and the Universe. The Tsung family do not directly feature in the story, apart from being mentioned for their financial backing role, and in general descriptions of geopolitics. Lawrence is inspired to finance the development of spacecraft after reviewing the history of the Tsien disaster, which centers around the dramatic death of Rupert Chang (now identified with his first name in this novel), which had occurred in the previous novel and is retold in the current one. Tsung's wife is one Lady Jasmine; children include William Tsung, Charles Tsung and several unnamed siblings (in all, five brothers and five sisters), each subsequent birth requiring a very large, doubled fee per a modification of China's One-child policy.
 * The Leonov Crew: It is established very early on that all of the Leonov crew of 2010 have since died, with the lone exceptions of Floyd and Zenia Marchenko, the latter not otherwise figuring in the present story. In particular, it is revealed that Dr. Chandra died in hibernation during the Leonov's return trip, which is attributed to his sadness at losing HAL.
 * Captain Smith: Captain of the Universe, Smith is a practical, stock captain character, concerned for the safety of his ship, his crew and his passengers.
 * Yva Merlin, aka Evelyn Miles: A rather mysterious, aged movie star, who is emblazoned on the public consciousness for her earlier roles. Merlin joins the Universe voyage as one of its celebrity passengers.
 * Dimitri Mihailovich: A classical composer who provides some comic relief, Mihailovich is another of the celebrity passengers. The name and minor character role echo the basic plot function of Dimitri Moisevitch, of the earlier works.
 * Victor Willis: A pop-science personality with a prodigious beard, Willis is another of the celebrity passengers.
 * Clifford Greenberg: First man to set foot on Mercury, "Cliff" is another of the celebrity passengers. He later becomes an honorary crew-member and is a more "useful" passenger due to his spaceflight experience.
 * Margeret M'Bala: An author who popularized and explained the connections between ancient Greek and Roman mythology and now-common astronomical nomenclature, "Maggie M" is another of the celebrity passengers.
 * George and Jerry: An old gay couple who are two of Floyd's longest and closest friends; they had worked in the arts in earlier life. George and Jerry help to manage Floyd's personal affairs while he is away.
 * Eric Laplace: Captain of the Galaxy.
 * Rosie: A stewardess who hijacks the Galaxy. Although her motives are never made perfectly clear, context strongly suggests that Rosie is affiliated with a South African faction of some kind, who have somehow learned of van der Berg's Europan diamond theory and want to make an investigation of their own. Shortly after her introduction, the character is inconsistently named as Rose McMahon or Rose McCullen. Later, the hijacker is identified as one Ruth Mason.
 * Second Officer Walter Chang: Not to be confused with the Tsien astronaut, Walter Chang is the Galaxy pilot on duty when Rosie hijacks the ship and is charged by Rosie with landing on Europa.
 * Paul Kreuger: van der Berg's uncle, Kreuger is entrusted with the secret of Europa's diamond deposit early on, and later opines in a letter to Nature on the implications of large quantities of diamond for construction, citing two real scientific papers.

Adaptations
In 2000, Yahoo! reported that MGM and actor/director Tom Hanks were in discussions regarding adapting both 2061: Odyssey Three and 3001: The Final Odyssey into movies, with Hanks reportedly to play Frank Poole in the 3001 film. An update in 2001 stated that there was no further development on the project.

title: 2061: Odyssey Three


text:
3001: The Final Odyssey

3001: The Final Odyssey is a 1997 science fiction novel by British writer Arthur C. Clarke. It is the fourth and final book in Clarke's Space Odyssey series.

Plot summary
The novel begins with a brief prologue describing the bioforms – dubbed the First-Born – who created the black monoliths. They evolved from "primordial soup", and over the course of millions of years, became a space-faring species. Perceiving that nothing was more precious than "mind", they catalysed the evolution of intelligent species wherever they went, by increasing the intelligent species' chance of survival. After visiting Earth, the First-Born found a way to impress themselves into the fabric of space and time, becoming effectively immortal. Meanwhile, the monoliths—implied to have been forgotten by their creators when they ascended to a higher state of being—continued to watch over their subjects.

3001 follows the adventures of Frank Poole, the astronaut killed by the HAL 9000 computer in 2001: A Space Odyssey. One millennium later, Poole's freeze-dried body is discovered in the Kuiper belt by a comet-collecting space tug named the Goliath, and revived. Poole is taken home to learn about the Earth in the year 3001. Some of its notable features include the BrainCap, a brain–computer interface technology; genetically engineered dinosaur servants; and four gigantic space elevators located evenly around the Equator. Humans have also colonised the Jovian moons Ganymede and Callisto. TMA-1, the black monolith found on the Moon in 1999, had been brought to Earth in 2006 and installed in front of the United Nations Building in New York City.

Poole integrates into the society of 3001, but is prompted by a friend to revisit Europa, a cradle of nascent life from which the monolith had banned humanity almost a thousand years earlier. It is believed he might be the first person allowed to visit there. On Europa he is greeted by the voice of David Bowman and computer HAL 9000, who have now become a single entity—Halman—residing as digitized lifeforms in the monolith's computational matrix. In subsequent conversations he learns that the monoliths themselves are mechanisms, answerable to an unknown superior monolith, or perhaps lifeforms, almost 450 light-years away.

Thirty years later, Poole is married, and a member of a small team responsible for monitoring Europa. Halman contacts him to warn that following the events of 2010: Odyssey Two and 2061: Odyssey Three, the Jovian monolith had sent a report to its superior monolith, containing details about the human species after first contact. Since this report took place shortly after the wars of the 20th century, Halman believes the response just received after the 900-year round trip contains instructions to destroy humanity, due to its failure as a species.

Unsure whether they can physically harm the Monolith, the Europa team decide instead to infect it – as a computational mechanism – with a computer virus. Poole requests Halman to act as a Trojan Horse and place the virus inside the monolith, where it will be executed. Suitable computer and biological viruses already exist in the Pico Vault, an ultrasecure storage on the Moon, used for the most dangerous agents of these kinds. The Europa team also agree to leave a petabyte-capacity holographic 3D storage medium on Europa to allow Halman and other lifeforms in the monolith to upload themselves and escape the monolith's failure.

The monolith does receive orders to exterminate humanity, and starts a duplication, whereupon millions of monoliths form two cascade screens to prevent Solar light and heat from reaching Earth and its colonies, but the monoliths all quickly disintegrate as a result of the virus. The monoliths' makers' response to its destruction will occur in another 900 years as the earliest possibility.

The petabyte storage device, containing Halman and other lifeforms, but also infected with the virus, is subsequently sealed by scientists in the Pico Vault. At the close of the story, Poole and other humans land on Europa to start peaceful relations with the primitive native Europans. A statement is made that the monolith's makers will not determine humanity's fate until "the Last Days".

Main characters

 * Frank Poole: 3001's protagonist, Frank Poole has been revived by highly advanced medicine, a thousand years after being killed by HAL during the Discovery's original mission.
 * Dr. Indra Wallace: A specialist on the history of the early twenty-first century, Wallace acts as Poole's cultural guide.
 * Halman: a merging of the entities that were once HAL 9000 and Dave Bowman, Halman communicates with Poole at various points throughout the novel, warning Poole of the possibility that the monoliths may issue negative judgment against humanity.

Minor characters

 * Dimitri Chandler: Captain of the Goliath, Chandler mines the outer solar system for ice material which is slowly pushed towards the inner solar system, to make the inner planets habitable through long-term terraforming.
 * Professor Anderson: a medical doctor, Anderson leads the medical team which revived Poole, and works with Indra Wallace both to aid Poole's convalescence, and also to manage his cultural shock at awakening into a strange future world.
 * Dr. Stephen Del Marco: Alive at a future time (2513 AD) which is yet in the novel's distant past, Del Marco is the discoverer of TMA-0 in Africa: an earthbound monolith matching the lunar monolith which had been discovered hundreds of years earlier, in 2001.
 * Dr. Theodore "Ted" Khan: A resident of Ganymede, Dr. Khan is contemptuous of religion, identifying it as a mental disorder.

Adaptations
In 2000, Yahoo! reported that MGM and actor/director Tom Hanks were in discussions regarding adapting both 2061: Odyssey Three and 3001: The Final Odyssey into movies, with Hanks reportedly to play Frank Poole in the 3001 film. An update in 2001 stated that there was no further development on the project.

On 3 November 2014, it was reported that the US TV channel Syfy had ordered a miniseries adaptation of 3001: The Final Odyssey into production, planned for broadcast in 2015. The miniseries would be executive-produced by Ridley Scott, David W. Zucker and Stuart Beattie; the latter would also be the primary script-writer. The estates of both Clarke and 2001: A Space Odyssey director Stanley Kubrick were reported as having "offered their full support", but the extent of their involvement was not known at the time. In February 2016, within Syfy's press release for its television pilot Prototype, other series including the Final Odyssey series were mentioned as being in development.

title: 3001: The Final Odyssey