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Wikipedia talk:Deletion requests

Eloquence & Angela, thanks for working on this! And forgive me if nobody's supposed to be commenting on this page yet; I couldn't figure out where to put this suggestion.

Re: requests for undeletion -- it seems to me that many of the problems with deletion (unavailability of someone's work without asking a sysop; difficulty in viewing old content for considering undeletion, apparent finality and unpleasantness) could be remedied in a tangential way:
 * Have separate ways to mark an article "removed/non-archived" and "deleted"; the former would be used for all but the most legally and associatively bad cases -- copyvio, slander, grossly offensive content running afoul of policy. Any logged-in user [but not a spider or google-bot] could see all non-archived history for a given page.  For instance, say
 * Jan: Alex creates a "Cher" page that says "kjdkfjasdkf" which is removed
 * Feb: Bo creates a new "Cher" page that defames Cher the star, which is deleted
 * March: Ciprian crates a "Cher" page which is all about his kitten by that name, which is first somehow redirected to "User:Ciprian/Cher" and then removed
 * April: Dario creats a page about the 19c French drinking song "Cher", redirected to "Cher (song)"
 * June: Fleur pastes a long segment from the American popstars latest autobio into a new article about Cher, which is deleted.
 * July: Jomo puts up a suitable page on Cher, which stays.

 * Then it should be possible for any logged-in user to see everything but Bo's and Fleur's entries, by date, as long as they were associated with the page title "Cher"... as a stopgap, before this is implemented, the last revision of a deleted article can at least be made available to logged-in users this way.
 * +sj+ 00:44, 2004 Feb 22 (UTC)

 * Have you seen Deletion management redesign on Meta? Perhaps there or the feature suggestions page might be better places to discuss that? Angela. 00:53, Feb 22, 2004 (UTC)

 * I'd seen the first; my update from a few weeks back is the last one on the page (before that it had been over a month). The MW feature/bug discussion page looks more active; thanks!  BV's todo list is down for the nonce, so I wasn't sure where to post.  Moving this there...

Looks great. As soon as this is flying I hope we'll look seriously at the process of speedy deletion. As many well know, I'd like to make both obvious pranks and commercial abuse of the site candidates for this. But make haste slowly I think. Andrewa 17:09, 19 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Two developments. Firstly, I'm moving more rapidly than I expected on speedy deletions, although still patiently I hope, see Wikipedia_talk:Speedy_deletions. Secondly, there's another move to make VfD date-based, see Wikipedia talk:Votes for deletion. Andrewa 22:29, 20 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Related issues
Gathering arguments and then having an admin evaluate them is inherently subjective, and potentially worsens the problem that a deletion outcome depends on which admin closes it.

Basically, however, I think this is a good idea; and I believe many users think so, as variants of this have been proposed one way or another for months, e.g. Expeditious deletion, Countdown deletion etc. Some of those are a bit more instruction creepish than others.

I believe the simplest variant would be this: you may propose an article for deletion by putting on a template and specifying a reason. The template automatically adds the article to a category by day (which is technically possible). The cat makes the day easily searchable by title. After a number of days (3? 5?) anything in the cat can be speedily deleted except by the person who added the template (thus ensuring that two people, at least, have seen it).

Anyone who disagrees can counter the deletion by removing the template (preferably adding a reason in the edit summary). That's all. No debate. If after that the nominator still thinks the page should be deleted, it can be taken to a VFD'ish page reserved for controversial stuff (and note the reason why the template was removed, as a reason to keep). We should have a speedy-keep mechanism to remove 'obvious keeps' from there. A possible variation might be to not allow the person who put on the template to also nominate it on VFD (thus requiring a second opinion).

Advantages? It's about as simple as you can get. Deleting obvious junk is made easier, deleting controversial things is made harder. Less bureaucracy. Less room for violent factionalizing debate. And checking the daily category is far less work than checking the daily VFD log. Thoughts welcome.

Radiant_ >|< 08:39, August 9, 2005 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia talk:Deletion requests


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Convergent Technologies Operating System

The Convergent Technologies Operating System, also known variously as CTOS, BTOS and STARSYS, is a discontinued modular, message-passing, multiprocess-based operating system.

Overview
CTOS had many innovative features for its time. System access was controlled with a user password and Volume or disk passwords. If one knew the password, for example, for a volume, one could access any file or directory on that volume (hard disk). Each volume and directory were referenced with delimiters to identify them, and could be followed with a file name, depending on the operation, i.e. {Network Node}[VolumeName]FileName.

It was possible to custom-link the operating system to add or delete features.

CTOS supported a transparent peer-to-peer network carried over serial RS-422 cables (daisy-chain topology) and in later versions carried over twisted pair (star topology) with RS-422 adapters using CTOS Cluster Hub-R12 designed by Paul Jackson Ph.D. of SumNet Pty Limited in Australia. Each workgroup (called a "cluster") was connected to a server (called a "master"). The workstations, normally diskless, were booted over the cluster network from the master, and could optionally be locally booted from attached hard drives.

The Inter-process communication (IPC) is primarily based on the "request" and "respond" messaging foundation that enhanced the Enterprise Application Integration among services for both internal and external environments. Thus CTOS was well known for the message-based Microkernel Architecture. Applications are added as services to the main server. Each client consumes the services via its own mailbox called "exchange" and well-published message formats. The communication works on "request codes" that are owned by the service. The operating system maintains the exchanges, message queues, scheduling, control, message passing, etc., while the service manages the messages at its own exchange using "wait", "check", and "respond" macros.

CTOS ran on Intel x86 computers, and could run concurrently with Windows NT on Unisys PC.

The system API was presented to both high-level languages and assembly language.

Programs
The assembler was very advanced, with a Lisp-like pattern-matching macro facility unmatched by almost any other assembler before or since. There was an always-resident debugger.

Most of the system programs were written in PL/M, an ALGOL-like language from Intel which compiled directly to object code without a runtime library.

The word processor was one of the first screen-oriented editors with many high-powered features, such as multiple views of the same file, cut/copy/paste, unlimited undo/redo, no typing lost after a crash or power failure, user-selectable fonts, and much more.

The spreadsheet allowed blocks of cells to be protected from editing or other user input. The BTOS version allowed scripts to be written that included opening the spreadsheet for user input, then automatically printing graphs based on the input data.

The system shell was extensible, making it possible to define new commands. To get the parameters, the system would display the form which was to be filled out by the user. The input form had conventions for mandatory and optional input fields, which made it very easy to train new users.

Usage
Convergent Technologies' first product was the IWS (Integrated Workstation) based on the Intel 8086 processor, which had CTOS as its operating system. This was a modular operating system with built-in local area networking. CTOS supported multiple processes or threads, and message-based interprocess communication.

Companies that licensed CTOS included Bull (STARSYS), and Burroughs (BTOS) who later merged with Sperry to become Unisys. Unisys was the single largest customer and acquired Convergent Technologies in 1988. At its peak, CTOS had over 800,000 users worldwide.

CTOS is no longer marketed to new customers. Former major customers included police forces, banks, airlines, Nationwide Insurance, U-Haul, the U.S. Postal Service, the Drug Enforcement Administration, the U.S. Army and the United States Coast Guard. The Coast Guard used the operating system from approximately 1984 until 2000. In Australia, CTOS/BTOS was used by the Trade Practices Commission, NSW Auditor-General's, CSIRO, Commonwealth Electoral Office, Western Australia Prisons Department and many commercial banks.

Some Convergent systems used the Intel 80186 processor, a processor seldom used by standard PCs.

Progress Software Corporation made a commercial database application for CTOS that was in 4GL. The United States Coast Guard used these databases for logistics administration for their vessels.

There was a port of CorelDRAW for CTOS running the Presentation Manager.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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STARSYS

Starsys as a term could refer to the following:

 * Convergent Technologies Operating System
 * Starsys Company - Merging with SpaceDev

title: STARSYS


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The Pillow Book

The Pillow Book (枕草子) is a book of observations and musings recorded by Sei Shōnagon during her time as court lady to Empress Consort Teishi during the 990s and early 1000s in Heian-period Japan. The book was completed in the year 1002.

The work is a collection of essays, anecdotes, poems, and descriptive passages which have little connection to one another except for the fact they are ideas and whims of Shōnagon's spurred by moments in her daily life. In it she included lists of all kinds, personal thoughts, interesting events in court, poetry, and some opinions on her contemporaries. While it is mostly a personal work, Shōnagon's writing and poetic skill makes it interesting as a work of literature, and it is valuable as a historical document. Shōnagon meant her writing in The Pillow Book for her eyes only, but part of it was accidentally revealed to the Court during her life: "she inadvertently left it [her writing] on a cushion she put out for a visiting guest, who eagerly carried it off despite her pleas." She wrote The Pillow Book as a private endeavor of enjoyment for herself; it seemed to be a way for her to express her inner thoughts and feelings that she was not allowed to state publicly due to her lower standing position in the court. Though Shōnagon never intended her work for eyes other than her own, through the centuries it has become a famous work of literature. Six passages from the book were first translated into English in 1889 by T. A. Purcell and W. G. Aston. Other notable English translations have been the partial translation by Arthur Waley in 1928, the first complete translation by Ivan Morris in 1967, and Meredith McKinney's complete translation in 2006.

Overview
Starting with the "exhaustiveness" of the "collection of similar things" and how it is represented by "as for worms", "as for the flowers of trees", "hateful things", and "things of beauty" – which have been described anachronistically as "Borgesian lists" – author Sei Shōnagon's "Ramblings" observe the nature of everyday life and the four seasons, and describe in diverse sentences "her recollections" (her diary) that look back at the society of the imperial court surrounding Empress Teishi whom she served, among other things.

According to Meredith McKinney in the Kyoto Journal article, (who contributed to the translation of The Pillow Book from Japanese into English), The Pillow Book is a special case, and it is a genre-bending miscellany of short, largely unrelated pieces. Shōnagon's writing is categorized into three parts; the first consists of narratives, which focus mainly on the events that she witnessed and experienced during her time in the court, the second consists of her own thoughts and opinions on various matters and topics, and the third were the famous lists, or headings, with one example from Shōnagon's writing being "Things That Make the Heart Grow Fonder." The Pillow Book consists of 164 of these lists total, where they range from aesthetically pleasing items to being less diplomatic than Shōnagon's anecdotes. Three types of classification were proposed by Kikan Ikeda. However, there are sections that are rather ambiguous and are difficult to classify (e.g., in the first paragraph of her ramblings, "As for Spring, (it is) the dawn [that is lovely]", there are objections to common opinions of what is actually meant here).

It is composed primarily in Japanese hiragana, which is a syllabary that is actually derived from Chinese characters, and generally many of her short stories were written in a witty literary style. This style of writing was the native tongue for women in that time period and was used more often by women like Shōnagon. According to Matthew Penney in his critiquing article "The Pillow Book", the only Chinese terms that actually appear in The Pillow Book are in the place-names and personal titles, and the rest is classified as original hiragana. Confessions of her personal feelings are mixed into her writing with occasionally subtle sentimentality that reflects the downfall of the emperor's adviser, Fujiwara no Michitaka (her biological father), as well as the misfortune of both Emperor and Empress Teishi.

Both the author's sophisticated sense and her eye for particular things are fused; for if one compares the sentimentality of mono no aware (the Pathos of Things) as found in The Tale of Genji, similar beauty of the world is revealed through the use of the intellectual word okashi ('lovely') in this piece.

In general, The Pillow Book is written in brief statements, where the length of one paragraph is relatively short, and it is easy to read the contents, even for modern Japanese speakers. The miscellaneous collection has been arranged loosely into three specific types, while the collection of similar things has been compiled by distinct classification, and this so-called compiling was done afterwards by the hands of people other than Sei Shōnagon. Based on the beliefs of certain scholars, most of Shonagon's work was written during her time working in the court; however, some of the later entries were written in her later life, and were just based on her memories of the days and moments she experienced previously in the court.

An aspect that makes Shōnagon's writing in The Pillow Book different from other written diaries of her period and even modern day journals is the fact that she did not invest her time in soul-searching, nor was she searching for the attention or opinions of readers, simply because she did not invest in her writing for others, but only for herself. Shōnagon's focus in The Pillow Book is based on the likes and dislikes of the world, what she is interested in personally, and the delightedness of the world that she viewed and lived in. In the Kyoto Journal article, McKinney explains that Shōnagon is "engaging you [the reader], face to face across the centuries, assuming your familiarity with her and her world, compelling you to nod and smile." The selections in this anthology are meant to showcase the variety of Shonagon's musings and anecdotes. The Pillow Book is a collection of anecdotes, lists, and assorted writings that is one of the best sources of information concerning the court society of the 10th century and is considered an influential landmark in the history of Japanese literature. The Pillow Book is written entirely in Japanese. During the late 10th and early 11th centuries, Japanese men typically wrote in Chinese, using characters, while Japanese women wrote exclusively in their native tongue, using hiragana, a syllabary derived from Chinese characters. The Pillow Book is a part of a large tradition of women's literature. The simplicity and charm of Shonagon's style has been used as an example of the finest Japanese prose to this day. Shōnagon has been described as arrogant and confrontational by many readers, according to Penney and Matthew, though they describe her as freely expressing her feelings with sharp wit.

The Pillow Book influenced a genre of Japanese writings known as zuihitsu ('assorted writing').

Background
The Heian period was essential to the aristocratic people. Poetry and vibrant art were a big part in the imperial court, of which Shōnagon was a part. The people in the imperial court were expected to be well educated in writing. Literature was seen as a "key part in social interaction." One's writing skills could make or break their reputation. For example, Shōnagon mentions in The Pillow Book how a courtier asked her for advice for writing a poem and she had to turn him away because of his poor writing skills. During the Heian period, women had a role in society, especially those women who were considered to be upper-class. Female authors in Japan during this time were more popular since they wrote in Japanese, which was considered the "people's language," and the male authors wrote in Chinese since that was considered to be of higher status. Since female author's works were more popular with the common people, it is safe to assume that their works influenced society.

Despite women in the Heian period still being less socially important than men, the writers studied today for their creativity and wordplay wrote in hiragana. Males tended to use kanji exclusively due to demonstrate their command of a writing system borrowed from their neighbour, China. The newer, exclusively Japanese hiragana was used by women. It used characters for syllables allowing more freedom to express inner thoughts than the logographic kanji. Since women were excluded from public life during the Heian period, upper-class, better-educated women had vast amounts of time to write. This removal from the public sector also sheltered women from political turmoil. Hiragana allowed women to convey their thoughts and feelings regarding their lives in a language all their own. Extensive schooling was not necessary in order to describe every feeling on paper; and the syllabic hiragana could note inflections heard in speech, unlike kanji. Educated women, like Shōnagon, did occasionally use kanji. Due to it being considered male writing, for a woman to properly use and understand it demonstrated her years of study. It was a way for Shōnagon to show her intelligence simply through her way of writing.

Textual history and English translations
The Pillow Book was circulated at court, and for several hundred years existed in handwritten manuscripts. First printed in the 17th century, it exists in different versions: the order of entries may have been changed by scribes with comments and passages added, edited, or deleted. Four main variants of the text are known to modern scholars. The two considered to be the most complete and accurate are the Sankanbon and Nōinbon texts. Later editors introduced section numbers and divisions; the Sankanbon text is divided into 297 sections, with an additional 29 "supplemental" sections which may represent later additions by the author or copyists.

 * T. A. Purcell and W. G. Aston, in Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan XVI (1889), pp. 215-24. Translation of six passages.
 * The Pillow-Book of Sei Shōnagon, trans. Arthur Waley (George Allen & Unwin, 1928). Partial translation based on Nōinbon text.
 * The Pillow Book of Sei Shōnagon, trans. Ivan Morris (in two volumes, Oxford University Press, 1967; followed by a condensed version by Penguin, 1971). Based on Nōinbon text.
 * The Pillow Book, trans. Meredith McKinney (Penguin, 2006). Based on Sankanbon text.

Machiko Midorikawa describes McKinney's translation as "much more accurate than Morris's".

Other pillow books

More generally, a pillow book is a collection of notebooks or notes which have been collated to show a period of someone or something's life. In Japan such kind of idle notes are generally referred to as the zuihitsu genre. Other major works from the same period include Kamo no Chōmei's Hōjōki and Yoshida Kenkō's Tsurezuregusa. Zuihitsu rose to mainstream popularity in the Edo period, when it found a wide audience in the newly developed merchant classes. Furthermore, it gained a scholarly foothold, as Japanese classical scholars began customarily writing in the zuihitsu style. Reputable authors from this movement include Motoori Norinaga, Yokoi Yayu, and Matsudaira Sadanobu.

Peter Greenaway released his film The Pillow Book in 1996. Starring Vivian Wu and Ewan McGregor, it tells a modern story that references Sei Shōnagon's work.

The Pillow Book is also the name of a series of radio thrillers written by Robert Forrest and broadcast on BBC Radio 4's Woman's Hour Drama. These are detective stories with Sei Shōnagon as a principal character and feature many of her lists.

title: The Pillow Book


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Malagueta pepper

Malagueta pepper, a variety of Capsicum frutescens, is a type of chili pepper widely used in the Portuguese-speaking world (Brazil, Portugal, Mozambique, Angola, Cape Verde, and São Tomé and Príncipe) and the Caribbean. It got its name from the unrelated melegueta pepper, an African spice from Guinea which is a member of the ginger family.

The malagueta pepper is a small, tapered chili that grows to about 5 cm (2 in) in length. It has a range of 60,000 to 100,000 Scoville units.

Nomenclature
Two sizes are seen in markets, which sometimes have different names: the smaller ones are called malaguetinha in Brazil, and as piri piri (a Swahili name) in Mozambique and in Portugal, though this name is now also used for a newer, derived African cultivar, the piri piri pepper), while the larger ones are called malagueta in both Brazil and Portugal. They are not different varieties, just peppers of different maturities from the same plant. It is also known in Angola by the names of jindungo, ndongo, nedungo, and pripíri in various local languages. In Cape Verde, malagueta is called malgueta and margueta in the Criola language.

Some botanical and culinary writers continue to confuse malagueta chili and melegueta pepper due simply to their similar names.

History
The first Europeans to have contact with this species were the crew members who accompanied Christopher Columbus when they first landed in the Caribbean in 1492. In addition to being a noble delicacy much appreciated by the ancient inhabitants of the Americas, it was also used as a natural dye and, above all, as a medicine.

The spicy capsaicin content of the chilis must have aroused the interest of the Portuguese, who for decades have been looking for easier sources for the then-rare black pepper of Asia (the piquant compound in which is piperine); one of the major motivations for the Columbian voyages was to discover a new route to Asia for direct trade in spices, silks, and other Asian goods. At the time of Columbus's arrival in the New World, the Portuguese traded from the Gulf of Guinea a very popular African spice as a substitute for the black pepper: Aframomum melegueta (today in disuse in the West, but known as grains of paradise), which was then best known as melegueta pepper. Although African slaves loved the grains of paradise already familiar in their culture, they were fascinated by the fiery Capsicum pepper. The name was applied to the local chilis, as malagueta, because the chili's piquancy was reminiscent of Old World pepper.

In the period of intense exchanges and trips between Europe and the Americas known today as the Columbian exchange, Portuguese navigators took this new "malagueta" to Portugal and to Brazil, where it became known as chili, chile, or pimenta; to Africa, where it became very popular as jindungo and piri-piri; and eventually to Asia, where it became an ingredient of curries and other spicy dishes. Because of its qualities, less than a century after being brought to Europe this chili pepper spread to many other Old World cultures and became integrated with local cuisines, including in Arabia, India, Thailand, China, and surrounding regions.

Uses
This pepper is used to season many regional dishes and sauces in Brazil and Mozambique. In Portugal, it is mainly used to season poultry dishes and traditional cooking. Moqueca, a traditional dish in Brazil, includes it.

In Brazil, what is now being sold as malagueta may well be a recent hybrid, while what is now referred to as malaguetinha, malagueta silvestre, malagueta caipira may well be the original malagueta, and was actually the only malagueta on the market 30 years ago. While there have been claims that cumarim, cumari, and pimenta cumarim are other names for malagueta, these are quite different, and they appear to belong to the Capsicum chinense species.

In the cuisine of São Tomé and Príncipe, piri-piri sauce made with malagueta peppers is commonly available as a condiment in restaurants throughout São Tomé and Príncipe, as well as in Portugal.

In the Dominican Republic, malagueta is mixed with allspice to make a preparation called pimenta dioica.

In the municipality of Borba, Amazonas, Brazil, the malagueta pepper is also used to ward off the evil eye, which is rooted in feelings of envy.

title: Malagueta pepper


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Queensland Reds

The Queensland Reds is the rugby union team for the Australian state of Queensland that competes in the Southern Hemisphere's Super Rugby competition. Prior to 1996, they were a representative team selected from the rugby union club competitions in Queensland. With the introduction of the professional Super 12 competition they moved to a model where players are contracted to the Reds through the Queensland Rugby Union rather than selected on the basis of club form.

From 1996 to 2005 they were one of three Australian teams competing in the Super 12 competition, alongside the New South Wales Waratahs and the ACT Brumbies. Queensland finished as minor premiers in 1996 and 1999. From 2006 to 2010, they competed in the expanded Super 14 competition as one of four Australian sides. Beginning in 2011, they are one of five Australian sides in the expanded and renamed Super Rugby, winning the competition in its first season in its new format (2011). In 2012 they finished first in the Australian conference and won the Super Rugby AU title in 2021, when regionalised competitions were played due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Early Queensland years
Refer also to Rugby union in Queensland The first recorded games of rugby in Queensland were played in 1876, when the existing Brisbane Football Club (formed in 1866), switched to rugby to align with the newly formed 'Rangers' and 'Bonnet Rouge' football clubs. However, it was reported that the game was soon varied to suit the preferences of the local players, and “rugby, with Brisbane variations, was the game played” (The Brisbane Courier, 10 July 1876). Most of these games were played at the Queen's Park (now part of the City Botanic Gardens (see image at right). However, the Brisbane Courier reported in 1879 that the Brisbane FC had reverted to what had become known as the 'Victorian rules', “in place of the Rugby Union Rules played by the club during the last three seasons”.

In 1880, the club became a foundation member of the Queensland Football Association (QFA), along with Wallaroo, Excelsiors and Athenians (Ipswich), where it was decided to recognise and play mostly 'Victorian rules', with occasional games of 'Rugby' rules. However, in 1882, a Brisbane FC representative (Daniel Foley Pring Roberts) arranged a rugby match against the Sydney Wallaroos Rugby club, after the NSWRU (Rugby Union) offered to pay all costs associated with the match. Brisbane advocates of the Victorian rules game reacted angrily and declared that no QFA player would be permitted to play under rugby rules, which led to the formation of the Northern Rugby Union (now the Queensland Rugby Union) in late 1883.

The following years saw rapidly increasing popularity of the rugby game. As rugby historian Sean Fagan noted:

 * The defining moment in the code battle came with the 1886 Queensland [Rugby] side, who defeated NSW for the first time in Sydney. “The success of this team undoubtedly won the day for rugby game in Queensland. The Victorian game supporters were struggling hard to uphold the premier position they had gained but after the brilliant performance of the 1886 team, who lost only one match through their tour, the rugby game became very popular and the next season several new clubs were formed and the Victorian game began to wane” (QRU Annual, 1902).

In 1883, the first inter-colonial match in Brisbane took place, with Queensland defeating New South Wales 12 to 11 at the Eagle Farm Racecourse. In 1896 the first Queensland team departed for a tour of New Zealand, where they played New Zealand at Athletic Park in Wellington on 15 August, losing 9 to nil. In 1899 Queensland recorded their first win against an international team, defeating The Lions 11 to 3 at the Exhibition Ground (see team photo at right).

The Queensland team remained a representative team selected solely from the rugby union clubs within the state, until the advent of the Super rugby competition in the 1990s.

Pre-Super competitions
With the start up of rugby league as well as World War I, Queensland rugby was dormant for a number of years, and the QRU was disbanded in 1919 and was not revived until the late 1920s. In 1928 the QRU was re-formed, and the GPS competition and major clubs soon returned. The game struggled during World War II, but growth was nonetheless apparent, with the advent of the Queensland Junior Rugby Union and the Country Rugby Union. In 1950 the QRU secured the Normanby Oval at nominal rent from Brisbane Grammar School, before they moved into Ballymore Stadium in 1966, which would serve as the spiritual home of Queensland. In 1980 Queensland defeated the All Blacks, which was their first win against New Zealand. The match was played at Ballymore on 6 July and Queensland won 9 to 3. Two seasons later centenary celebrations took place, with Queensland defeating New South Wales 41 to 7 in the celebratory match.

Early Super Rugby
The first Super 10 was held in 1993. Queensland were grouped in Pool A alongside Auckland, Natal, Western Samoa and Otago. Queensland finished with five points, in fourth place. The subsequent Super 10 competition of 1994 saw Queensland finish at the top of Pool A on 13 points, edging out North Harbour on for and against differential to finish at the top. The Queensland Reds went on to play the winner of Pool B, South African side,. The Reds won the final, 21 points to 10 at Kings Park Stadium in Durban. The following season was even more successful for the Reds, who were playing in Pool B for the 1995 season. They finished the season with 16 points, four points clear of second placed team in their pool, the Free State. South African team Transvaal had finished at the top of Pool A and the final was to be decided at Ellis Park in Johannesburg. Queensland won the final 30–16, and thus became back-to-back champions.

Super 12
With rugby union going professional, there was a reworking of competitions. The SANZAR partnership was formed between the New Zealand Rugby Football Union (NZRFU), the South African Rugby Football Union (SARFU) and the Australian Rugby Union (ARU) and the Super 12 was born. In the 1996 season Queensland finished at the top of the table.

Queensland hosted their Super 12 semi-final on 18 May 1996. The game was played at Queensland's home of rugby union, Ballymore, and was played against the Sharks. The Sharks defeated Queensland 43–25. The 1997 season saw the Reds finish in ninth place. In 1998 the Reds had a much better season, finishing in fifth position at the end of the season.

In 1999 Queensland lost only three games during the regular season, and finished at the top of the ladder on 36 points (beating the Stormers to first position due to for and against points). The Reds hosted the Canterbury Crusaders at Ballymore for a semi-final. Canterbury won 28–22. In 2000 the Reds finished in seventh place on the ladder. In 2001 the Reds finished in fourth place on the ladder and played in the semis. They played fellow Australian team, the Brumbies in Canberra, and the Brumbies won 30 points to six. The following season, 2002, the Reds finished in fifth place. For the 2003 season, Queensland finished in eighth place. Queensland finished tenth in the 2004 and 2005 Super 12 seasons.

Super 14
In 2006, the Super 12 became the Super 14 with the addition of the Western Force (AUS) and the Cheetahs (RSA). Queensland played the Waratahs in the opening game of the season, which was a close loss. The Reds also played new team the Western Force, which Queensland won. Queensland finished 12th on the ladder. Former Wallabies coach Eddie Jones took over from Jeff Miller as coach for the 2007 season.

New coach Eddie Jones got off to a winning start at Queensland Rugby, with a Queensland XV, 63–22 victory over the NEC club. The Reds took part in the one-off Australian Provincial Championship not getting the start they wanted, losing to the Force 32–6 at home in round one but turned it around the next week beating the Waratahs 39–17 in Gosford. The following week the Reds beat the competition leaders the Brumbies 20–19 after a penalty goal by Lloyd Johansson to qualify for the final in the ACT against the same team they beat. However, Queensland lost 42–17. Later in the year Queensland beat the Cherry Blossoms 29–22 in Japan.

The 2007 Super 14 season saw the Queensland Reds finishing a poor season by winning the wooden spoon, they couldn't have started the competition any better when they beat 2006 Grand Finalists the Wellington Hurricanes in Round 1, after that win they would not taste victory again until Round 12. The season was summed up in the final round of the regular season where Queensland were defeated 92–3 by the Bulls. This defeat was by the largest margin in Super Rugby history, although the NSW Waratahs had 96 points scored against them in their loss to the Crusaders in 2002.

The 2008 Super 14 season witnessed a mini-resurgence of the Qld Reds, with the youthful side playing exciting and enterprising rugby under new coach Phil Mooney, they gained revenge against the Bulls after the 2007 thrashing by beating them 40–8, in what was the highlight of the season for the Reds. The Reds continued to play exciting rugby for the rest of the season but lost close matches against the Crusaders, Blues, Chiefs and Waratahs, while the side finished 12th they showed plenty of promise and regained some respect.

The 2010 Super 14 showed the real potential of a team that had been on the ropes for the last 6 years. After losing their star back Berrick Barnes to the Waratahs they unearthed the talent they had not noticed like that of Quade Cooper, Digby Ioane and Will Genia. They became the feel–good team of the year becoming the only team to beat both the year's finalists under the new coach, former Waratahs mentor Ewen McKenzie. The highlight of their year was their 19–12 victory over the Bulls in which they played out a fast game to beat a truly world class side. A late injury plague affected the last two games of the season and ultimately a finals spot. Although the Reds missed the finals, they showed good prospects for the 2011 Super Rugby season.

Super Rugby
In the debut season of the renamed and revamped Super Rugby competition, the Queensland Reds showed their improvement from the previous few years. The Reds finished the regular season at the top of the table, with 13 wins and 3 losses. In the final, Queensland Reds achieved their first Super Rugby Championship in the professional era, beating the Crusaders (18–13) in front of a record crowd (52,113) at Suncorp Stadium, Brisbane. Following the win the Reds were handed the keys to the city after a ticker-tape parade through Brisbane.

Following the title win, though, the Reds fell down the Super Rugby ladder, finishing 13th in 2014 and 2015, and 15th in 2016 and 14th in 2017, post Super Rugby Expansion.

In 2018, former All Black Brad Thorn was appointed head coach, where he promised to turn the franchise around. Despite finishing 13th and sacking several high-profile players, the Reds had their most successful season in five years.

They repeated their 6–10 record in 2019, before making the coronavirus-enforced Super Rugby AU final in 2020, losing to the Brumbies.

As the COVID-19 pandemic continued, domestic competitions continued in 2021. The Reds impressed in this, winning 7 of their 8 games, winning the final against the Brumbies, before finishing 7th in Super Rugby Trans-Tasman.

Colours and logos
The teams' home strip traditionally was a maroon jumper with a white collar, navy shorts with maroon socks with white hoops. In more recent years the jumper has become more red in colour with the home playing strip now red jumper (no collar), red shorts and red socks. The jersey is manufactured by KooGa, and the primary shirt sponsor from 2011 St George Bank. Traditionally, the Reds Super Rugby logo as well as the traditional Q logo both appear on the jersey, however for 2007 a commemorative shield was worn instead, which incorporated the QRU's four logos over the past 100 years. The Super Rugby logo and sponsors Tooheys New appear on the sleeves. The alternative jersey is similar, except that it is predominantly white. The Reds' logo is a koala, a native Australian animal, with Reds written underneath it.

Prior to 1895 the Queensland team wore a variety of jerseys until the red/maroon colour became the Queensland jersey. In 2007, the Reds used a commemorative jersey in celebration of 125 years of Queensland rugby. This was accompanied by a new logo featuring four Queensland crests from the past. The 125-year crest featured four sectors: the Northern Rugby Union logo from 1882 (top left), the emblem from 1910 (top right), the 1935 logo (bottom left) and the current koala logo (bottom right).

Stadium
The traditional home of Queensland Rugby is Ballymore, which was built in the late 1960s in Herston. Throughout the Super 12, the Reds played their home matches at that stadium.

With the expansion of Super 12 to 14 for the 2006 season, the Reds moved to the 52,500-seat Suncorp Stadium; which has been described as an investment in the future of the Queensland Rugby, with easier access and world class facilities.

The Reds have also played numerous pre-season games at the Gold Coast, Sunshine Coast, and Darling Downs regions, in order to raise the team's profile outside of Brisbane.

In 2006 and 2021, the Reds travelled to Townsville to play a regular season game, both times attracting almost 20 000.

Anthem/Chants
In January 2007, the Queensland Reds released a team anthem to be sung by the crowd during matches and after wins. The song was sung in the Queen Street Mall by members of the team including John Roe, Ben Tune, Peter Hynes and Berrick Barnes. The Reds also launched new marketing campaigns for 2007 (e.g. "Join the Revolution"/"The Red Army Needs You"); and the fans have since been referred to as "The Red Army". Major sponsor St George Bank sponsor a cheer squad at some games known as the St George Fan Bank.

At home games, the chant “We are Red” is commonplace as the home crowd get behind their team.

‘Take Me Home, Country Roads’ by John Denver is belted out at the conclusion of wins, an anthem of sorts.

Fans
The Reds have one of the largest and die-hard followings in Brisbane, averaging 19 118 at their 2021 home games and filling Suncorp Stadium for their 6 semi-final and two Grand Final appearances, including the 2021 Harvey Norman Super Rugby AU Final against the ACT Brumbies.

Queensland Rugby CEO David Hanham claimed the fan base was growing once more after half a decade of on-field struggles, with the organisation passing 15 000 members in 2023 for the first time since 2018. He also pointed out how the organisation has the potential to be the largest sports union in Queensland.

Rivalries
Queenslands most popular rivalries are against the other Australian teams in Super Rugby (Brumbies, Western Force, Waratahs and Melbourne Rebels). The most famous of these rivalries is the interstate clash between the Queensland Reds and the New South Wales Waratahs. The match between these two sides usually draws the largest crowd for the Reds when they are hosting the match, which is sometimes (such as in 2006), used as the first game of the season. The Bob Templeton Cup is a trophy awarded to the winner of the Queensland/New South Wales match.

Former Queensland captain John Eales, prior to the Queensland and New South Wales clash in 2001, quoted former Wallaby Mark Loane to sum up matches against New South Wales, "the most hard fought fights are fighting with your brother in the backyard". There have been over 270 matches between the two teams, with New South Wales well in the lead with over 170 wins, and Queensland over 80, with 12 drawn. Since the start of professional Super rugby in 1996, 17 matches have been played, Queensland winning nine, New South Wales seven, and one being drawn.

Region
Due to historical and practical reasons, the team represents the entire state of Queensland. However the team has been based entirely in the South East Queensland region since its foundation. The team has played matches at numerous venues, including Queen's Park, the Eagle Farm Racecourse, the Brisbane Showgrounds, Ballymore Stadium and its current home Lang Park.

Development teams
The QRU formerly owned and managed two National Rugby Championship teams, Brisbane City and Queensland Country. These NRC teams drew on a range of players ranging from full-time professionals to those on incentive contracts. These teams were closely aligned with the Reds and train at Ballymore, the QRU's training base used by the Reds. The NRC is now defunct but is set to return in the near future.

Brisbane City and Queensland Country also field Under 19, 18, and 16 teams.

Queensland Reds A
The Queensland A team plays matches against interstate and international representative teams, and has also competed in tournaments such as the Pacific Rugby Cup. Known by various names over the years including Queensland A, Reds A, Reds College XV, and Reds Academy, the team is selected from the best emerging rugby talent in Queensland. The squad is a mix of Reds contracted players, extended training squad members, Queensland Under 19s, and selected Premier Rugby club players.

Under 19
Two Queensland teams, Brisbane City U19 and Queensland Country U19, play in the national URC competition. Prior to 2008, state colts teams at under 21 and under 19 age levels were fielded in national tournaments and in the Trans-Tasman Trophy, but these teams were consolidated as under 20s ahead of the inaugural World Rugby U20 Championship. In 2018, an under 19 age limit was reinstated for the national colts team competition.

Members
†Only three home matches due to COVID-19 pandemic.

Current squad
The Queensland Reds squad for the 2024 Super Rugby Pacific season is:

Player Award Winner
Pilecki Medal (Players' Player) is the award given to the Queensland Reds player of the year for that season. The medal is named after stalwart Queensland prop Stan Pilecki, the first player to represent Queensland in 100 matches.

• 1992 – Peter Slattery

• 1993 – Rod McCall

• 1994 – Matthew Pini

• 1995 – Jason Little

• 1996 – Jason Little (2)

• 1997 – John Eales

• 1998 – John Eales (2)

• 1999 – Chris Latham, Daniel Herbert

• 2000 – Chris Latham (2)

• 2001 – Toutai Kefu

• 2002 – Chris Latham (3)

• 2003 – Julian Huxley

• 2004 – Chris Latham (4)

• 2005 – Nathan Sharpe

• 2006 – Rodney Blake

• 2007 – David Croft

• 2008 – David Croft (2)

• 2009 – Digby Ioane

• 2010 – Will Genia

• 2011 – Will Genia (2)

• 2012 – James Slipper

• 2013 – Jake Schatz

• 2014 – James Slipper (2)

• 2015 – Liam Gill

• 2016 – Liam Gill (2)

• 2017 – George Smith

• 2018 – Samu Kerevi

• 2019 – Samu Kerevi (2)

• 2020 – Taniela Tupou

• 2021 – Taniela Tupou (2)

• 2022 – Harry Wilson

• 2023 – Harry Wilson (2)

Rookie of the Year
• 1999 – Nathan Sharpe

• 2001 – David Croft

• 2004 – Drew Mitchell

• 2006 – Anthony Mathison

• 2009 – Laurie Weeks

• 2010 – Jake Schatz

• 2018 – Jordan Petaia

• 2019 – Jock Campbell

• 2020 – Harry Wilson

• 2021 – Ryan Smith

• 2022 – Lawson Creighton

• 2023 – Tom Lynagh

Australian Super Rugby Player Award Winner
• 1998 – John Eales

• 2000 – Chris Latham

• 2003 – Chris Latham (2)

• 2004 – Chris Latham (3)

• 2005 – Chris Latham (4)

• 2010 – Quade Cooper

• 2011 – Will Genia

• 2012 – Will Genia (2)

• 2018 – Taniela Tupou

• 2019 – Samu Kerevi

• 2021 – James O'Connor

Australian Super Rugby Coach Award Winner
• 1998 – John Connolly

• 1999 – John Connolly (2)

• 2011 – Ewen McKenzie

• 2021 – Brad Thorn

Australian Super Rugby Try of the Year
• 1998 – Dan Herbert

• 2001 – Nathan Spooner

• 2009 – Quade Cooper

• 2010 – Quade Cooper (2)

• 2013 – Rod Davies

Notable players

 * Players with 100 or more caps.

Amateur Era

 * 🇦🇺 John Connolly (1989–1996*)

Coach of the Reds for South Pacific Championship, Super 6 and Super 10.

Professional Era
As of 24 June 2023. *continued role from Amateur Era.

Professional era

 * Super Rugby (1996–):
 * Champions (1): 2011
 * Playoff appearances (7): 1996, 1999, 2001, 2012, 2013, 2022, 2023
 * Super Rugby AU (2020–2021):
 * Champions (1): 2021
 * Runners-up (1): 2020
 * Australian Provincial Championship (APC):
 * Runners-up (1): 2006
 * Ricoh National Championship:
 * Champions (1): 2000

Amateur era

 * Super 10:
 * Champions (2): 1994, 1995
 * Super 6:
 * Champions (1): 1992

Records and statistics

 * Highest point scorer in a career – Michael Lynagh (1,145 points, 1982–1994)
 * Highest point scorer in a season – Quade Cooper (228 points, 2011)
 * Highest try scorer in a career – Brendan Moon (69 tries, 1978–1987)
 * Highest try scorer in a season – Brendan Moon (16 tries, 1978)
 * Highest appearance – Sean Hardman (148, 1999–2010)
 * Highest captain – James Horwill (69, 2006–2015)

 * Largest victory – Victoria 76–0 (1978)
 * Largest defeat – Bulls 3–92 (2007)

title: Queensland Reds


text:
User:PBP

I joined Wikipedia in December 2003. My main interests are in aircraft, architecture, film, history, journalism, geography, outer space, and visual effects. I also have gained an interest in current events, especially with regards to terrorism and the Iraq War. Research is a favorite pursuit of mine, as I often scour news archives for hard-to-find information such as birthdates and death dates.

Interesting articles

 * 1913 Great Meteor Procession
 * 1996 Lake Huron cyclone
 * Aerolinee Itavia Flight 870—What happened to this plane?
 * Bloop—What was this noise?
 * Devils Hole pupfish
 * Extraterrestrial skies — Cool
 * Extreme points of the world
 * Flag of Antarctica—Interesting
 * Folk memory
 * Irene Craigmile Bolam—"I am not Amelia Earhart!"
 * Kentucky Bend—State anomaly
 * List of photographs of Abraham Lincoln
 * List of possible impact structures on Earth
 * Meh
 * A Million Random Digits with 100,000 Normal Deviates—Ha
 * Nastapoka arc
 * New Horizons—Godspeed! (Update in 2015: Wow!)
 * Snow in Florida
 * Stanislav Petrov—Man who saved the world
 * Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorskii—Color pictures from the early 20th Century
 * St. Albans raid—Northernmost battle of the U.S. Civil War
 * Timeline of CGI in film and television
 * Vasili Alexandrovich Arkhipov—Another man who saved the world
 * Vela Incident—What was that flash?
 * Western Sahara—Still awaiting sovereignty
 * World's tallest structures
 * Younger Dryas impact hypothesis

Articles to which I've contributed a lot

 * 2001-2002 India-Pakistan standoff—When the world came close to nuclear war
 * Attacks on United States territory in North America during World War II—Very interesting
 * Insurgency in Saudi Arabia
 * List of mass car bombings
 * List of Coalition aircraft crashes in Iraq

Articles I've started
Articles are listed under their original titles and may be redirects.

Aircraft: KAL Flight 858, Gulf Air Flight 771, EgyptAir Flight 648,  TWA Flight 840, Pan Am Flight 73, Iraqi Airways Hijacking, Avianca Flight 203, Transair Georgian Airline Crash (22 September), Panama Airline Bombing, TWA Flight 841, Arrow Air Flight 1285, Pacific Southwest Airlines Flight 1771, Aloha Flight 243, Myasishchev VM-T, Myasishchev M-55, Ilyushin Il-80, IAI Phalcon

Film/Media: List of Movies/TV Shows Affected by September 11, Die Hard 2: Die Harder, Digital Domain, One Day in September, Mission: Impossible (N64 video game), For All Mankind, Emmy Award for Outstanding Special Visual Effects, F-22 Interceptor, Star Wars: Behind the Magic, Nothing Lasts Forever (1979 novel), Crime & Punishment, The Assignment (film), The Profit Locations: Great Dark Spot, Lake Disappointment, Baghdad Hotel, Zakho, Mozdok, Znamenskoye, Chechen Republic, Megiddo Junction, Lake Maurepas, Tal Afar, Palestine Hotel, Al-Rashid Hotel, Sheraton Ishtar, Mogadishu International Airport

Military: Operation Infinite Reach, Coalition Casualties in Afghanistan, Operation Wooden Leg, Deployments of the US Military, Multinational Force in Lebanon, 1995 Iraqi Kurdistan War, 1997 Iraqi Kurdistan War, July 2007 Syrian arms depot explosion, Río Tercero explosion, Tyre truck bombings, 2003 Iran Ilyushin Il-76 crash, Timeline of the Mexican Drug War, List of attacks attributed to FARC, American missile strikes in Pakistan, 1972 Moroccan coup attempt

People: Don Bolles, Pope Sisinnius, Antipope Christopher, Pope Adeodatus II, Pope Donus, William Nordeen, Hassan Khaled, Shlomo Argov, Rene Moawad, Murat Zyazikov, Dhari Ali al-Fayadh, Danny Hogan, Ange Mancini, Antoine Karam, Jerome Moross, Martin Ferrero, Ahmed Maher Pasha, Haim Yavin, Hugh Scully, Gerald R. Molen, Abu Omar al-Kurdi, Miguel Sandoval, Pavel Hlava, Abdul Latif Hakimi, Roderick Thorp, Colonel Karuna, Donald Moffat, Ammar al-Saffar, Umar Israilov, Leonidas Vargas, Rail Rzayev, David Graiver

Terrorism: Limburg (tanker) (my first article), Marine Barracks Bombing, April 1983 US Embassy bombing, Istanbul Bombings, Riyadh Compound Bombings, Casablanca Attacks, Israeli Embassy Attack in Buenos Aires, AMIA Bombing, Central Bank Bombing, Russian Apartment Bombings, 1993 Mumbai Bombings, New York City landmark bomb plot, Ghriba Synagogue Attack, May 8 Bus Attack in Karachi, Rome and Vienna Airport Attacks, Wall Street Bombing, Rangoon bombing, Superferry 14, 2004 Sinai bombings, Dominican embassy siege, Palace of Justice siege, Foreign hostages in Iraq, Country Reports on Terrorism, Bandaranaike Airport attack, Foreign hostages in Afghanistan, Assassinations of the Iraq War, 1985 El Descanso bombing, 2004 Dhaka grenade attack, Foreign hostages in Nigeria, 2009 African Union base bombing in Mogadishu, 2009 Hezbollah plot in Egypt, 25 August 2009 Kandahar bombing, 2009 UN guest house attack in Kabul, February 2010 Kabul attack, May 2011 northern Nigeria bombings, 2011 Abuja police headquarters bombing

Other: Mirante do Vale, 1984 Yaroslavl tornado, February 2007 Salvadoran congressmen killings, Israeli mafia, Nabemba Tower, 2008 Cairo landslide, Immigration to Yemen, MV Dara, Blue Bird Café fire, Inflight smoking, 1881 Haiphong Typhoon

title: User:PBP


text:
X Corps

10th Corps, Tenth Corps, or X Corps may refer to:

France

 * 10th Army Corps (France)
 * X Corps (Grande Armée), a unit of the Imperial French Army during the Napoleonic Wars

Germany

 * X Corps (German Empire), a unit of the Imperial German Army
 * X Reserve Corps (German Empire), a unit of the Imperial German Army
 * X Army Corps (Wehrmacht), a unit in World War II
 * X SS Corps, a unit in World War II

Russia-USSR

 * 10th Army Corps (Russian Empire)
 * 10th Rifle Corps (USSR)
 * 10th Mechanized Corps (Soviet Union)

Others

 * X Corps (Ottoman Empire)
 * X Corps (Pakistan)
 * X Army Corps (Spain)
 * X Corps (United Kingdom)
 * X Corps (United States)
 * X Corps (Union Army)

title: X Corps


text:
Convergent Technologies

Convergent Technologies, Inc., was an American computer company formed by a small group of people who left Intel Corporation and Xerox PARC in 1979. Among the founders were CEO Allen Michels, VP Engineering Bob Garrow, head of marketing Kal Hubler, and operating system architect Ben Wegbreit. Convergent was primarily an OEM vendor with their computers resold by other manufacturers such as ADP, AT&T, Burroughs, Four-Phase Systems, Gould, Mohawk, Monroe Data Systems, NCR, and Prime. The company was purchased by Unisys in 1988.

History
The Distributed Systems division was responsible for the IWS, AWS, and NGEN.

In 1982, Convergent formed the Data Systems division to focus on a multi-processor computer known as the MegaFrame, "the first system upgradable from super-minicomputer to mainframe". The division was headed by Ben Wegbreit and also responsible for the MiniFrame. Steve Blank, in charge of division marketing, went on to found several Silicon Valley startups, including E.piphany, and lectures on technology startups at Stanford University and elsewhere; Jon Huie was in charge of Software; Richard Lowenthal was in charge of Hardware.

Convergent also formed the Advanced Information Products division, with Matt Sanders taking lead of the new division. He was tasked with developing a computer for the low-end market (price target $499). The "Ultra" team was assembled and their pioneering mobile computing product, the WorkSlate, released in November 1983.

The Special Projects division was responsible for the AT&T products.

Former Hewlett-Packard executive Paul C. Ely Jr. took over as CEO in January 1985.

Michels, Sanders, Wegbreit, and another executive left in October 1985 to form The Dana Group. Shortly after, Convergent purchased 40% of Baron Data Systems for $14.6 million. Then purchased the remainder of Baron in May 1987, for $33 million.

Convergent reached an agreement to acquire 3Com in March 1986, but the merger was called off at the last moment.

Unisys bought Convergent Technologies in 1988, after which Convergent Technologies became Unisys Network Computing Group (NCG).

IWS
Introduced in 1980, Convergent's first product was the IWS (Integrated Workstation) based on a 5 MHz Intel 8086 microprocessor, with optional Intel 8087 math coprocessor. The WS-110 integrated the processor, memory I/O, and video display control boards along with two Multibus slots into a unique "lectern" situated next to the monitor and integrated into a common base. The WS-120 placed these boards along with five Multibus slots in a floor-standing enclosure. Floor-standing mass storage units would also be integrated into a system. The video hardware supported "soft fonts" allowing the character set to be changed in RAM rather than a fixed character set in ROM.

Burroughs sold the IWS as the B22, NCR sold it as the WorkSaver 100, and Savin released the Information Station 2000.

AWS
Introduced in November 1981, the next product was a cost-reduced desktop version called the AWS (Application Workstation) utilizing an Intel 8275 CRT controller instead of the custom video board used in the IWS. The IWS and AWS were compatible and ran in an RS-422 clustered environment under the proprietary Convergent Technologies Operating System (CTOS). In December 1982, Convergent announced the AWS Turbo Color Graphics Workstation using the NEC 7220 graphics controller with 128 KB display memory.

The AWS was sold by Burroughs as the B21, by Bull as the Corail B4000, by Prime Computer as the Prime Producer 100 (a word processing workstation), by NCR as the WorkSaver 200, and by Savin as the Information Station 1000.

MegaFrame
Available in August 1983, the MegaFrame (S/1280) consisted of up to eight 10 MHz Motorola 68010-based "Application Processors" running UNIX System III-derived CTIX talking to 8 MHz Intel 80186-based I/O processor boards each running their own scaled-down versions of CTOS: File Processor ("fpCTOS"), Cluster Processor ("cpCTOS"), Terminal Processor ("tpCTOS"), and SMD/Storage Processor ("spCTOS"). Each processor had its own RAM: 512 KB to 4 MB for the Application Processors, and 256 KB to 768 KB for the I/O processors. Up to 36 boards could be installed in a system: six in the base enclosure, with another six per expansion enclosure (five expansion enclosures maximum). Each File Processor could support up to four disks.

The MegaFrame was resold by Burroughs/Unisys as the XE550 running CENTIX and BTOS, and originally sold as the XE500 and XE520 without the Application Processors. Motorola/Four-Phase resold the MegaFrame as the System 6600.

NGEN
The AWS was replaced by the modular NGEN (Next Generation) workstation in late 1983, based on the Intel 80186 microprocessor. To Burroughs (and Unisys) users the NGEN was known as the B25 and to Prime Computer users as the Prime Producer 200. Bull sold the NGEN as the Questar 400, and NCR sold it as the WorkSaver 300. The NGEN was also sold with an MS-DOS version running on top of CTOS. It was sold as the M1000 by McDonnell Douglas Computer Systems Company (previously known as Microdata Corporation) who included a copy of their Pick-based Reality relational database which ran on MS-DOS. Datapoint released the NGEN as the Vista-PC running MS-DOS. Mohawk Data Sciences released the NGEN-based MDS HERO, and Telenorma/Bosch released the Isy. Other OEMs were the Gould Power Station and A. B. Dick Knowledge Worker.

Later models - the NGEN Series 286 (Burroughs B28), 386 (Burroughs B38), and 386i (Burroughs B39) - kept pace with Intel CPU development through the Intel 80386. (A successor to the NGEN called the SuperGen and based on the Intel 80486 was introduced in 1993 by Unisys, approximately 5 years after it had acquired Convergent Technologies.)

WorkSlate
Released in November 1983, the WorkSlate, an early tablet-style personal computer system, was designed and marketed by Convergent, with the industrial design done by Mike Nuttall. It was 1" thick and the size of a sheet of paper. Its primary user interface was a spreadsheet. The WorkSlate utilized a mini-cassette for voice- and data-recording and for loading a range of pre-packaged add-on applications called TaskWare to handle jobs such as the management of personal expenses, calendars, etc. At that time there was no facility to download such "apps" over the Internet, so they were available only on the mini-cassettes. The WorkSlate was developed in a highly compressed twelve-month development cycle which resulted in inadequate testing and a sub-optimal product which sold poorly. It was discontinued in the summer of 1984.

MiniFrame
Convergent introduced the Motorola 68010-based MiniFrame in May 1984 running CTIX. The MiniFrame came with 512 KB on the motherboard and could be extended with up to four stackable expansion boards (Ethernet, eight RS-232 ports, 512 KB memory boards), with a max of 2 MB RAM using three memory boards. The MiniFrame was used as the basis to develop the AT&T UNIX PC.

NCR and Burroughs were two resellers of the MiniFrame. Gould sold the MiniFrame as the Powerstation 2000 running UTX/2000. Motorola resold the MiniFrame as the System 6300 under the Four-Phase Systems Series 6000. Motorola/Four-Phase pioneered development of international character support for Unix platforms for their EMEA business using the CTOS/CTIX equipment.

AT&T UNIX PC
Convergent developed the first Motorola 68010 OEM UNIX product for AT&T, the AT&T UNIX PC, released in March 1985. The UNIX PC integrated a number features (Stream-based I/O, Multinational Language Support) to the Intel AT&T UNIX base (SVR3.2). Convergent also offered this machine directly as the S/50.

AT&T Personal Terminal 510
Convergent developed the integrated voice/data Personal Terminal 510A (analog) and 510D (digital) for AT&T, introduced in March 1985. The 510A was for use with POTS lines, and the 510D for use with the AT&T System 75/85 PBX. The terminals featured a unique gel-based 9" touch screen providing a soft, cushiony feel.

MightyFrame
Released in 1986, Convergent used the Motorola 68020 and 68040 in their VME-based MightyFrame systems (S/80, S/120, S/221, S/222, S/280, S/320, S/480, S/640), all running CTIX.

Server PC
The 20-MHz 386-based Server PC running CTIX/386 (SVR3) was released in 1987. Merge 386 allowed Unix and DOS applications to run simultaneously, allowing the machine to function as both a PC server and 32-user Unix machine.

title: Convergent Technologies


text:
Atlantic College

UWC Atlantic (formally the United World College of the Atlantic, and often referred to by its original name, Atlantic College) is an independent boarding school in the Vale of Glamorgan in south Wales. Founded in 1962, it was the first of the United World Colleges and was among the first educational institutions in the world to follow an international curriculum; it helped create the International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme in the 1960s.

In addition to the IBDP, UWC Atlantic places student participation in community service at its core. It is known for its liberal education, its global ethos, and its strong focus on local and global sustainability. It is attended by approximately 350 students from more than 90 countries, the majority of whom are selected through their National Committees, which help fund their education through partial or full scholarships; over 65% of students who apply through national committees receive some form of scholarship or financial aid. The diverse student body includes refugees, war victims, and members of persecuted communities, who live and study alongside members of royal families and other students from around the world.

History
Atlantic College was founded by Kurt Hahn, a German educationalist who had previously set up the Schule Schloss Salem and the Stiftung Louisenlund in Germany, Gordonstoun School in Scotland, and the Outward Bound movement. Hahn founded the college as a practical response to the search for new and peaceful solutions in a post-war world riven by political, racial and economic divisions. Hahn had been invited by British Air Marshal Sir Lawrence Darvall to address the NATO Defence College in 1955, where he saw former enemies from several nations working together towards a common goal, and realised how much more could be done to overcome the hostility of the Cold War if young people from different nations could be brought together in a similar way. He envisaged a college for students who were already grounded in their own cultures but impressionable enough to learn from others. Drawn from all nations, the students would be selected purely on merit and potential, regardless of race, religion, nationality and background. The college was the result of Kurt Hahn's vision and the work of individuals such as the founding Headmaster Rear Admiral Desmond Hoare, Director of Studies Robert Backburn, Air Marshal Sir Lawrance Darvall, Alec Peterson (who established the curriculum for the college), and Antonin Besse, who donated St Donat's Castle for the college's premises.

On 19 September 1962, Atlantic College opened with nine teaching staff and 56 male students aged between 16 and 19 years from 12 countries; in 1967, the school became co-educational, with a cohort hailing from 35 nations. The school was hailed by The Times of London as "the most exciting experiment in education since the Second World War."

From its founding, the school was intended to be the first of a series, initially to be named "The Atlantic Colleges." In 1967, Lord Mountbatten of Burma became President of the organisation and the term United World Colleges came into existence, with an international office in London, and the school became known as the United World College of the Atlantic. Mountbatten was an enthusiastic UWC supporter and encouraged heads of state, politicians and personalities throughout the world to share his interest. He was personally involved in founding what became the third UWC – the United World College of South East Asia – in Singapore in 1975, following the founding of the second College, the Lester B Pearson United World College of the Pacific in Canada in 1974, named after Nobel Peace Prize winner and former Canadian Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson.

In 1978, Mountbatten passed the Presidency to his great-nephew, the then Prince of Wales, Charles. Former presidents of the United World Colleges also include Nelson Mandela of South Africa (from 1995 until his death in 2013), a position he shared with the current holder of the position, Queen Noor of Jordan. Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom was a Patron of the college, from its early days until her death in 2022.

College
The college's stated mission is to "make education a force to unite people, nations, and cultures for peace and a sustainable future". Students from over 90 countries participate in UWC Atlantic's two-year programme, in which they combine academic studies with activities and service. Admission into United World Colleges, and scholarship awards, are decided by national UWC committees around the world and the Global Selection Programme.

Academics
Atlantic College was one of the first colleges in the world, and the first in the UK, to follow an international curriculum, and offers the International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme. The college was one of the key institutions involved in the creation of the International Baccalaureate, and continues to be actively involved in its development. In May 1967, 108 students at Atlantic College joined 37 at the International School of Geneva to sit the first trial exams for the IB. Having already participated in these pilot exams in parallel to offering the British GCE A-Levels, in 1971 Atlantic College became the first school in the world to entirely abandon a national curriculum and qualifications in favor of the new program.

The college also offered a Pre-Diploma course, offering 15-16-year-old students the chance to study IGCSEs among the rest of the college's older population. This programme ended in 2019.

IB graduates are typically accepted at the most competitive colleges and universities around the world, with many enrolling in Ivy League universities in the United States as well as British universities. Students at the college are eligible, after graduation, to participate in the Davis United World College Scholars Program, which funds undergraduate study for UWC students at selected universities in the United States.

Service
Service has been a core part of the college's ethos and structure since its founding, rooted in Kurt Hahn's philosophy and belief that physical activity and especially service to others were vital elements of a well rounded education. At the beginning of each year at the college, students are obliged to select 3 activities that they will each carry out for at least 2 hours a week as part of the International Baccalaureate's CAS requirement. The opportunity to undertake weekly community service, physical activity, and creative activity offers students a 'counterbalance' to the Diploma Programme's academic pressures, and allows the students an opportunity to reflect on their experiences and develop specific interests and passions.

Additionally, UWC Atlantic runs a "Project Week" every year, giving students a change to delve into either service based or expedition based experiences, and hosts student-ran Conferences on a quarterly basis offering deep introspection to students into the chosen conference topic.

Sports
The college’s football team, Atlantic College Football Club, plays its matches on the school’s football pitch. They will partake in the Welsh School’s FA cup starting in the 2024-2025 school year.

Boat-building
The college has a strong tradition of boat design and boat building. The Atlantic College Lifeboat Station stood within its grounds as an active RNLI lifeboat station from 1963, when it opened as one of the first experimental inshore lifeboat (ILB) stations established in the United Kingdom, and staffed mostly by students, until 2013.

Much of the development of the Atlantic 21, 75 and 85 classes of lifeboat took place at Atlantic College. What was to become the world's most widely used type of craft for inshore rescue, the rigid inflatable boat (RIB), was originally conceived, designed, prototyped, tested, and built at the college under its founding headmaster, retired Rear-Admiral Desmond Hoare. The B Class Atlantic Inshore Lifeboat was named by the RNLI after its birthplace. It has often been claimed that, had the college earned royalties on every rigid-hulled inflatable boat now in service, its scholarship fund would have never looked back; instead, Desmond Hoare, who eventually patented the design in 1973, sold the rights to the RNLI for the nominal fee of one pound; he did not cash the cheque, which is still displayed at the college. David Sutcliffe, a member of the founding staff of Atlantic College in 1962 and its second headmaster, published The RIB The Rigid-Hulled Inflatable Lifeboat and its Place of Birth The Atlantic College in 2010, a book that tells the story of the inception of the RIB (rigid inflatable boat).

The building of ILB training vessels at the school is a longstanding student activity, and were used for practice and training of the student-led RNLI crews at the station until its closure in 2013. In 2014 students at the college helped design a new boat in conjunction with companies in Japan, to help in the aftermath of a tsunami.

Grounds and facilities
UWC Atlantic is located at St Donat's Castle, a 12th-century castle near the town of Llantwit Major on the South Wales coast, overlooking the Bristol Channel. The castle has been continuously inhabited since it was first built. The extensive grounds also include the 12th-century St Donat's Church and the historic terraced gardens, as well as preserved woodland, farmland and Heritage Coastline. St Donat's Castle is the main building of the college, housing the Tudor great hall, the gothic dining hall, Bradenstoke Hall (today used for assemblies and performances), an extensive 25,000-book library, staff offices, student common areas and certain academic departments. Before being purchased for use by the college by Antonin Besse, it was owned by William Randolph Hearst, who undertook major renovations, including transporting the roof and fireplace from the Bradenstoke Priory in Wiltshire and an ornate, gilded and vaulted ceiling from a church in Boston, Lincolnshire.

Lessons take place in modern academic blocks built in the 1960s–80s, converted medieval estate buildings, and the castle itself. Next to the castle are the social and gymnasium blocks, and the 12th-century tithe barn (with a contemporary extension), which is both used by the college and open to the public as a theatre, arts centre and cinema. The college owns sports fields, tennis courts, and in addition to indoor and outdoor swimming pools have a range of surf and rescue equipment, kayaks, sailing boats, RNLI training boats, and a cliff suitable for climbing and rescue practice.

In 2004, the college installed a carbon neutral biomass heating system to replace an aging and unsustainable oil-based system. It runs on locally sourced sustainable woodchip biomass, and makes the campus the largest site in the UK to be heated in such a way. Students live in eight modern accommodation houses built in the castle grounds named after either ancient Welsh kingdoms or benefactors to the college: Kurt Hahn, Antonin Besse, Powys, Whitaker, Gwynedd, Madiba, Tice and Sunley. The Pentti Kouri house, formerly Dyfed, was refurbished in the autumn of 2008 to include technologies such as geothermal heating and an energy usage monitoring system to lessen its impact on the environment.

Due largely to the college's setting at the castle, in combination with its reputation as a progressive institution, media sometimes use terms such as "Hogwarts for hippies" to describe the school.

The college has hosted several royal visitors to the castle, including Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, Lord Mountbatten, King Charles III  and Diana, Princess of Wales,   as well as Emperor Akihito and Empress Michiko of Japan,  Queen Beatrix and Prince Claus of the Netherlands, King Willem-Alexander (an alumnus) and Queen Máxima of the Netherlands, and King Felipe and Queen Letizia of Spain. The fiftieth anniversary of the college in 2012 was marked by a visit by Queen Noor of Jordan, in her role as President of the United World Colleges. Senior politicians such as former Prime Minister of Canada Lester B. Pearson and former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Alec Douglas-Home also visited St Donat's, as have several ambassadors.

Notable alumni and students
• Howard Newby (1947–), British sociologist and academic

• David Ceperley (1949–), American physicist

• Eyal Ofer (1950–), Israeli businessman and philanthropist

• Wang Guangya (1950–), Chinese diplomat

• Jorma Ollila (1950–), Finnish businessman

• Seppo Honkapohja (1951–), Finnish economist

• Edoardo Agnelli (1954–2000), Italian businessman

• Kari Blackburn (1954–2007), British news reporter

• Aernout van Lynden (1955–), Dutch journalist

• Hakeem Belo-Osagie (1955–), Nigerian businessman

• David Voas (1955–), British-American sociologist

• Ghaleb Cachalia (1956–), South African businessman and politician

• Fernando Alonso (1956–), Spanish engineer

• Charles Kuta (1956–), American computer engineer

• Uberto Pasolini (1957–), Italian film producer

• Jonathan Michie (1957–), British economist

• Tim Owen (1958–), British barrister

• Olivia Bloomfield (1960–), British life peer

• Nick Brown (1962–), British botanist and academic

• David Cunliffe (1963–), New Zealand politician

• Julie Payette (1963–), Canadian engineer, astronaut and Governor General

• Ulrich Meyer-Bothling (1963-), German eye surgeon and research scientist

• Helen Pankhurst (1964–), British women's rights activist

• João Pedro Cravinho (1964–), Portuguese diplomat and politician

• King Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands (1967–), Dutch monarch

• Eluned Morgan (1967–), Welsh politician

• Luke Harding (1968–), British journalist

• Michiel van Hulten (1969–), Dutch politician

• Elsie Effah Kaufmann (1969–), Ghanaian academic and biomedical engineer

• Saba Douglas-Hamilton (1970–), Kenyan wildlife conservationist and television presenter

• Jakob von Weizsäcker (1970–), German politician and economist

• Louise Leakey (1972–), Kenyan palaeontologist and anthropologist

• Wangechi Mutu (1972–), Kenyan-American artist and sculptor

• Horatio Clare (1973–), British author

• Andreas Loewe (1973–), German-Australian priest and historian

• f. Erik Varden (1974–), Norwegian Catholic bishop of Trondheim

• Maciej Golubiewski (1976–), Polish political scientist and diplomat

• Sally El Hosaini (1976–), Welsh-Egyptian film director and screenwriter

• E. Tendayi Achiume (1982–), Zambian academic

• Princess Raiyah bint Hussein of Jordan (1986–), member of the Jordanian royal family

• Léa Steinacker (1989–), German journalist, academic, and entrepreneur

• Princess Elisabeth, Duchess of Brabant (2001–), member of the Belgian royal family

• Leonor, Princess of Asturias (2005–), member of the Spanish royal family

• Princess Alexia of the Netherlands (2005–), member of the Dutch royal family

• Countess Leonore of Orange-Nassau (2006-)

• Sofía de Borbón, Infanta of Spain (2007–), member of the Spanish royal family

Principals

 * 1962: Desmond Hoare
 * 1969: David Sutcliffe
 * 1982: Andrew Stuart
 * 1990: Colin Jenkins
 * 2000: Malcolm McKenzie
 * 2007: Neil Richards
 * 2010: Paul Motte (acting)
 * 2012: John Walmsley
 * 2016: Gerry Holden (caretaker)
 * 2017: Peter Howe
 * 2021: Naheed Bardai

title: Atlantic College


text:
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text:
Cumorah

Cumorah (also known as Mormon Hill,  Gold Bible Hill, and Inspiration Point) is a drumlin in Palmyra, New York, United States, where Joseph Smith said he found a set of golden plates which he translated into English and published as the Book of Mormon.

In the text of the Book of Mormon, "Cumorah" is a hill located in a land of the same name, which is "a land of many waters, rivers and fountains". In this hill, a Book of Mormon figure, Mormon, deposited a number of metal plates containing the record of his nation of Nephites, just prior to their final battle with the Lamanites in which at least 230,000 people were killed.

Early Latter Day Saints assumed that the Cumorah in New York was the same Cumorah described in the Book of Mormon, based largely on a letter written by Oliver Cowdery (Letter VII), published in the July 1835 Messenger and Advocate and reprinted several times at the direction of Joseph Smith. In the early 20th century, scholars from the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (RLDS Church) and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) began to speculate that there were two such hills and that final battle in the Book of Mormon took place on a hill in southern Mexico, Central America, or South America. The LDS Church has no official position on the matter, and while these hypotheses are not held by some leaders and members of the LDS Church, they are firmly espoused by others.

In the official account of Joseph Smith it is stated that Manchester, Ontario County, New York, is the location of the encounter with Angel Moroni.

New York

The hill named Cumorah in Manchester, New York is where Smith said he discovered the golden plates which contained the writings of the Book of Mormon. Smith wrote: "On the west side of this hill, not far from the top, under a stone of considerable size, lay the plates, deposited in a stone box."

Smith visited the hill each year on September 22 between 1823 and 1827 and said he was instructed by a "holy messenger", whom Smith identified as the Angel Moroni. Smith was finally allowed to take the record on September 22, 1827. Eleven other men gave written testimony that they had also seen the plates and held them in their hands.

The hill, which was unnamed prior to 1829, is situated a few miles from Smith's boyhood home on a farm that was then owned by a local farmer, Alonzo Sanders. This farm was 4 mi south of Palmyra, on the main road toward Canandaigua from Palmyra to Manchester, and is not far from Carangrie Creek and the Clyde River. According to geologists, the hill was formed during the retreat of the Ice Age glaciers, and it rises approximately 110 ft above the surrounding valley floor.

Since 1829, the Latter Day Saints have called the hill "Cumorah", and local non-Mormons have called it "Mormon Hill"  or "Gold Bible Hill". The hill has also been called "Inspiration Point". The hill and surrounding land was purchased in the 1920s by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints under the direction of church president Heber J. Grant. The transaction involved two separate purchases: the purchase of the "Inglis farm"; and the purchase of the "Sexton farm". The Inglis farm consisted of 96 acre on both sides of the Canandaigua–Palmyra road and encompassed one third of the western edge of the hill. The 187 acre Sexton farm was purchased from the heirs of Pliny T. Sexton, who owned the "Mormon Hill farm" encompassing the remainder of the hill.

The Church has constructed a monument that is topped with a statue of the Angel Moroni on the top of the hill, and there is a visitor's interpretative center at the base of the hill.

On June 8, 2022, several shots were fired into the Hill Cumorah visitors center. There were no injuries or fatalities, and investigators determined the shots were unintentional and came from target shooting on nearby farmland.

Supposed location of the plates
The stone box, described by Joseph Smith as the location where the plates were found, has not been located on the hill. In a letter, Oliver Cowdery gives the location as "the west side of the hill, not far from the top". Shortly after Smith announced he had the plates, some local residents unsuccessfully searched the hill for a freshly dug hole that could have contained the plates. They did note a significantly sized hole on the east side of the hill that had been dug years previously by treasure seekers.

Nephites
In the Book of Mormon, Cumorah is mentioned in six verses, five in chapter 6 and one in chapter 8 of a subpart of the book, which is also known as the Book of Mormon. According to the record, Mormon is one of the final caretakers of the records of his people. He combined and abridged the records and engraved them on gold plates. His people, called the Nephites, were near to being destroyed by the Lamanites who had had many previous wars with the Nephites. Mormon wrote to the leader of the Lamanites to ask that he may gather his "people unto the land of Cumorah, by a hill which was called Cumorah, and there we could give them battle." Cumorah is described as being in a land with "many waters, rivers, and fountains".

The leader of the Lamanites agreed, and all of the Nephites gathered together, including their women and children. Mormon wrote, "And when three hundred and eighty and four years had passed away [since the sign of the birth of Christ], we had gathered in all the remainder of our people unto the land of Cumorah." Mormon then hid all of the records of his people in the hill, except for the plates that he was currently writing on, which he gave to his son Moroni.

The Lamanites then attacked the Nephites, who were led by twenty-three men each with ten thousand men under their command. Mormon recorded that all but 24 of the Nephites had been killed, "even all my people, save it were those twenty and four who were with me", except for those who fled to the south or defected to the Lamanites.

Mormon then records his mourning for his people and a last message to those who will read his record later, then again turns the unburied records over to his son Moroni. Moroni records, "after the great and tremendous battle at Cumorah, behold, the Nephites who had escaped into the country southward were hunted by the Lamanites, until they were all destroyed. And my father also was killed by them, and I even remain alone to write the sad tale of the destruction of my people."

Jaredites
This hill, known as "Cumorah" among the Nephites, was called "Ramah" by the Jaredites:

In the Book of Mormon, during the time of the Book of Alma, the land of Cumorah was part of the land of Desolation, "the land which had been peopled and been destroyed, of whose bones we have spoken". This land is identified as being north of the land of Zarahemla.

Moroni lived several years after recording the destruction of his people. He translated and abridged the plates which were the record of the Jaredites as the Book of Ether on to the plates that he was keeping. During this process, he wrote, "Omer ... passed by the hill of Shim, and came over by the place where the Nephites were destroyed," and "it came to pass that the army of Coriantumr did pitch their tents by the hill Ramah; and it was that same hill where my father Mormon did hide up the records unto the Lord, which were sacred." These passages identify the Nephite hill Cumorah as the same hill where the Jaredites had fought their final battle.

Geography and historicity
For over 100 years, Mormons generally accepted the New York setting for the Hill Cumorah. Since the early-20th century, there has been discussion within the Latter Day Saint movement about whether Hill Cumorah in New York is the same place described in the Book of Mormon, or whether there are two hills of the same name—one in New York and one in either Southern Mexico, Central America, or South America. Mormon archeologists overwhelmingly favor the "two Cumorahs" theory, while conservative theologians and some leaders prefer the view that only one Cumorah exists. Some non-Mormon scholars have provided alternative theories for the origin of the name Cumorah.

New York hill
At least ten different accounts refer to certain events that occurred at the hill Cumorah in New York. According to the account of Brigham Young, the angel instructed Joseph Smith to carry the golden plates back to the hill Cumorah. When Smith and Oliver Cowdery arrived, "the hill opened, and they walked into a cave, in which there was a large and spacious room." The account continues by saying they found "more plates than probably many wagon loads; they were piled up in the corners and along the walls." When they first entered, the Sword of Laban was hanging on the wall. When they re-entered later, the Sword of Laban was unsheathed and resting on top of the newly delivered golden plates. The sword had an inscription on it that said the sword "will never be sheathed again until the kingdoms of this world become the kingdom of our God and his Christ." It has been suggested by Mesoamerican Cumorah advocates that these events occurred in a vision rather than a physical visit.

There has been no on-site archaeological research at Cumorah in New York.

Cerro El Vigia
For a variety of reasons, some Mormon scholars have proposed the Cerro El Vigia (coordinates: 18.55°N, -95.18333°W or 18.45694°N, -95.35028°W ) in Veracruz, Mexico, as the hill Cumorah in the Book of Mormon. John L. Sorenson has listed 15 cultural criteria for the hill Cumorah which are based on contextual clues from the text of the Book of Mormon: cities, towers, agriculture, metallurgy, formal political states, organized religion, idolatry, crafts, trade, writing, weaponry, astronomy, calendar systems, cement, and wheels. Sorensen alleges that the hill in New York at least partly fits four of these requirements while the Cerro El Vigia meets all of them.

Alternative origin of the name
Grant H. Palmer suggested that Smith borrowed the name "Cumorah" through his study of the treasure-hunting stories of Captain William Kidd. Previous to announcing his discovery of the Book of Mormon, Smith had spent several years employed as a treasure seeker in Chenango County, New York. Kidd is considered to have started the treasure digging phenomenon after burying treasure on Gardiner's Island in New York, which was later recovered by the colonial governor of New York. Capt. Kidd had buried this treasure after returning from an Indian Ocean voyage where he lost a third of his crew to cholera on the Comoros islands. Palmer suggested that Smith borrowed the name of a settlement in the Comoros—Moroni—and applied it to the angel who showed him where to find the golden plates buried in the Hill Cumorah.

FAIR, the Latter-day Saint apologetics organization, contends at length that the connection is tenuous.

Alternate LDS archaeological view
Mormon authors have suggested that the ancestors of the Nephite people may have encountered the Comoros islands on their initial voyage from the Arabian Peninsula to the western hemisphere, and that the Nephite civilization therefore may have retained a collective knowledge of the names "Comoros" and "Moroni".

A minority of LDS scholars, some of whom specialize in 19th-century American literature, place the original literary setting for the Book of Mormon among the mythic mound builders of North America.

Literary interpretation
Charles W. Dunn depicts Coriantumr's last battle in his book The Master's Other Sheep: An Epic of America and Other Poems. In an analysis of Dunn's poem, professor of English Edward Whitley highlights the significance that the Hill Ramah is portrayed as being the same as the Hill Cumorah, where the Nephites are also destroyed. He explores the hill's role in the Book of Mormon's destruction of purported ancient American peoples, namely the Nephites and the Jaredites, and how that is portrayed in literature.

Pageant
The 283 acre site near Palmyra, New York, formerly hosted the annual Hill Cumorah Pageant. This large, outdoor Latter-day Saint pageant typically occurred in early July and was free to the public. The pageant was sponsored by the LDS Church and traced its history back to 1935. The tradition of staging the play America's Witness for Christ began in 1937. This was a play by H. Wayne Driggs that remained the basic text of the pageant until 1987. The 1987 revision, which was used through the final performance, was written in large part by Orson Scott Card. It was announced that 2020 would be the pageant's last year as a result of new directives by the church to discourage large-scale pageants.

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, this final performance was initially rescheduled for mid-2021 and later canceled entirely, bringing the tradition to an end.

title: Cumorah