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Bernard Berenson

Bernard Berenson (June 26, 1865 – October 6, 1959) was an American art historian specializing in the Renaissance. His book The Drawings of the Florentine Painters was an international success. His wife Mary is thought to have had a large hand in some of the writings.

Berenson was a major figure in the attribution of Old Masters, at a time when these were attracting new interest by American collectors, and his judgments were widely respected in the art world.

Personal life
Berenson was born Bernhard Valvrojenski in Butrimonys, Vilnius Governorate (now in Alytus district of Lithuania) to a Litvak family – father Albert Valvrojenski, mother Judith Mickleshanski, and younger siblings including Senda Berenson Abbott. His father, Albert, grew up following an educational track of classical Jewish learning and contemplated becoming a rabbi. However, he became a practitioner of Haskalah, a European movement which advocated more integration of Jews into secular society. After his home and lumber business were destroyed by fire, he lived with his more traditionalist in-laws who pressured him to enroll Bernard with a Hebrew and Aramaic tutor. Instead, they immigrated to Boston, Massachusetts, in 1875, whereupon the family name was changed to "Berenson." Bernard converted to Christianity in 1885, becoming an Episcopalian. Later, while living in Italy, he converted to Catholicism.

After graduating from Boston Latin School, he attended the Boston University College of Liberal Arts as a freshman during 1883–84, but, unable to obtain instruction in Sanskrit from that institution, transferred to Harvard University for his sophomore year. He graduated from Harvard and married Mary Smith, who became a notable art historian in her own right. Mary was the sister of Logan Pearsall Smith and of Alys Pearsall Smith, the first wife of Bertrand Russell. Mary had previously been married to barrister Frank Costelloe. Bernard Berenson was also involved in a long relationship with Belle da Costa Greene. Samuels (1987) mentions Mary's "reluctant acceptance (at times)" of this relationship. Among his friends were American writer Ray Bradbury, who wrote about their friendship in The Wall Street Journal and in his book of essays, Yestermorrow; Natalie Barney, who lived in Florence during World War II, and also her partner, Romaine Brooks; and art collector Edward Perry Warren. His circle of friends also included Isabella Stewart Gardner, Ralph Adams Cram, and George Santayana, the latter two having met each other through Bernard.

Marisa Berenson, an actress, is a distant cousin of Berenson's through Louis Kossivitsky. Louis was a nephew of Berenson's father, Albert Valvrojenski, the orphaned son of his sister. On arrival in the U.S. both Kossivitsky and Valvrojenski took the name of Berenson. Her sister, Berry Berenson, was an actress/photographer, and the wife of actor Anthony Perkins. Berry died on American Airlines Flight 11 in the September 11, 2001 attacks on New York City.

Professional life
Among US collectors of the early 1900s, Berenson was regarded as the pre-eminent authority on Renaissance art. Early in his career, Berenson developed his own unique method of connoisseurship by combining the comparative examination techniques of Giovanni Morelli with the aesthetic idea put forth by John Addington Symonds that something of an artist's personality could be detected through his works of art. While his approach remained controversial among European art historians and connoisseurs, he played a pivotal role as an advisor to several important American art collectors, such as Isabella Stewart Gardner, who needed help in navigating the complex and treacherous market of newly fashionable Renaissance art. Berenson's expertise eventually became so well regarded that his verdict of authorship could either increase or decrease a painting's value dramatically. In this respect Berenson's influence was enormous, while his 5% commission made him a wealthy man. (According to Charles Hope, he "had a financial interest in many works...an arrangement that Berenson chose to keep private." )

Starting with his The Venetian Painters of the Renaissance with an Index to their Works (1894), his mix of connoisseurship and systematic approach proved successful. In 1895, his Lorenzo Lotto: An Essay on Constructive Art Criticism, won critical acclaim, notably from Heinrich Wölfflin. It was quickly followed by The Florentine Painters of the Renaissance (1896), lauded by William James for its innovative application of "elementary psychological categories to the interpretation of higher art".

In 1897, Berenson added another work to his series of guides, publishing The Central Italian Painters of the Renaissance. After that, he devoted six years of work to The Drawings of the Florentine Painters, which was published in 1903.

In 1907, he published his The North Italian Painters of the Renaissance, where he expressed a judgement against Mannerist art, which may be related to his love for Classicism and his professed distaste for Modern Art. His early works were later integrated in his The Italian Painters of the Renaissance (1930), which was widely translated and reprinted. He also published two volumes of journals, "Rumor and Reflection" and "Sunset and Twilight". He is also the author of Aesthetics and History and Sketch for a Self-portrait.

I Tatti
His residence in Settignano near Florence, which has been called "I Tatti" since at least the 17th century, became The Harvard Center for Italian Renaissance Studies, a research center offering a residential fellowship to scholars working on all areas of the Italian Renaissance. He had willed it to Harvard well before his death, to the bitter regret of his wife, Mary. It houses his art collection and his personal library of books on art history and humanism, which Berenson regarded as his most enduring legacy. A portrait of daily life at the Berenson "court" at I Tatti during the 1920s, may be found in Sir Kenneth Clark's 1974 memoir, Another Part of the Wood. "During WW2, barely tolerated by the Fascist authorities and, later on, by their German masters, Berenson remained at 'I Tatti.' When the frontline reached it at the end of the summer of 1944, he wrote in his diary, "Our hillside happens to lie between the principal line of German retreat along the Via Bolognese and a side road... We are at the heart of the German rearguard action, and seriously exposed.". The villa remained unharmed. Also unharmed was the bulk of his collections, which had been moved to a villa at Careggi. However, Berenson's Florence apartment in the Borgo San Jacopo was destroyed, with some of its contents, during the German retreat from Florence.

Through a secret agreement in 1912, Berenson enjoyed a close relationship with Joseph Duveen, the period's most influential art dealer, who often relied heavily on Berenson's opinion to complete sales of works to prominent collectors who lacked knowledge of the field. Berenson was quiet and deliberating by nature, which sometimes caused friction between him and the boisterous Duveen. Their relationship ended on bad terms in 1937, following a dispute over a painting.

In 1923, Berenson was called to give expert witness in a famous case brought by a Mrs. Andrée Hahn of Kansas City against Duveen. In 1920, Hahn wanted to sell a painting that she believed to be a version of Leonardo's La belle ferronnière and whose authorship is still debated. Duveen publicly rejected Hahn's Leonardo attribution of the painting, which he had never seen. Consequently, Hahn sued him. In 1923 Hahn's painting was brought to Paris to be compared with the Louvre version. Duveen mustered Berenson's and other experts' support for his opinion, dismissing Hahn's painting as a copy. At the trial in New York in 1929, where the expert witnesses did not appear, the jury was not convinced by Berenson's Paris testimony, in part because, while under cross-examination there, he had been unable to recall the medium upon which the picture was painted. It was also revealed that Berenson, as well as other experts who had testified in Paris, such as Roger Fry and Sir Charles Holmes, had previously provided paid expertise to Duveen. While Duveen, after a split verdict, ended up settling out of court with Hahn, the whole story damaged Berenson's reputation.

Berenson was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1958. He died at age 94 in Settignano, Italy.

Recent scholarship has established that Berenson's secret agreements with Duveen resulted in substantial profits to himself, as much as 25% of the proceeds, making him a wealthy man. This clear conflict of interest has thrown into doubt many of his authentications for Duveen and a number of these have been shown, through careful examination, to have become more optimistic, therefore considerably more valuable, once he was working for Duveen. No systematic comparison has, as yet, been done, but a partial study of seventy works points to this possibility. The issue is still controversial.

In addition to his better-known collection of Italian Renaissance paintings and objects, Berenson also demonstrated a keen interest in Asian art, including a distinguished collection of Arab and Persian painting.

The Berenson Library (the Biblioteca Berenson) has grown since Berenson gifted his extensive collection of books and photographs to Harvard and now holds an archive of around 250,000 photographic prints and other related materials. Photographs attributed to Berenson are also held in the archive of the Conway Library at The Courtauld Institute of Art in London. Both collections are in the process of being digitised.

Correspondence
2006 saw the publication of the noted British historian Hugh Trevor-Roper's letters to Berenson in the period 1947–60, in a book entitled, Letters from Oxford: Hugh Trevor-Roper to Bernard Berenson, edited by Richard Davenport-Hines, published by Weidenfeld & Nicolson.

In 2015, Yale University Press published Kenneth Clark's correspondence with Berenson in the book, My Dear BB: The Letters of Bernard Berenson and Kenneth Clark, 1925–1959, edited and annotated by Robert Cumming.

Nine years worth of correspondence (1950–1959) between Berenson and San Diego-based Norah Bisgood Woodward is held by the Special Collections and Archives at the UC San Diego Library.

Berenson and Ernest Hemingway kept an eight-year-long correspondence from 1949 until 1957, published in Jobst C. Knigge: ''Ernest Hemingway and Bernard Berenson. A Strange Friendship'', Humboldt University (open access), Berlin 2019.

Works

 * Venetian Painters of the Renaissance (1894)
 * Lorenzo Lotto: An Essay in Constructive Art Criticism (1895); (See Lorenzo Lotto.)
 * Florentine Painters of the Renaissance (1896)
 * Central Italian Painters of the Renaissance (1897)
 * The Sense of Quality: Study and Criticism of Italian Art (1901; second series, 1902)
 * The Drawings of the Florentine Painters (1903, revised in 1938 and 1961)
 * North Italian Painters of the Renaissance (1907)
 * A Sienese Painter of the Franciscan Legend (1910)
 * Venetian Painting in America: The Fifteenth Century (New York, 1916)
 * Essays in the Study of Sienese Painting (New York, 1918)
 * Aesthetics and History in the Visual Arts (Estetica, Etica e Storia nelle Arti della Rappresentazione Visiva) (1948)
 * The Italian Painters of the Renaissance (1952)
 * Rumor and Reflection (New York, 1952)
 * Caravaggio: His Incongruity and His Fame (1953)
 * Seeing and Knowing, New York Graphic Society, Ltd. (1953)
 * Piero della Francesca or The Ineloquent in Art, The Macmillan Company (New York, 1954)
 * The Passionate Sightseer: from the diaries 1947 to 1956 (New York, 1960)
 * Sunset and Twilight (New York, 1963)

Most of his books were published in the United States and went through many editions.

title: Bernard Berenson


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University of Maryland, Baltimore

The University of Maryland, Baltimore (UMB) is a public university in Baltimore, Maryland. Founded in 1807, it comprises some of the oldest professional schools of dentistry, law, medicine, pharmacy, social work and nursing in the United States. It is the original campus of the University System of Maryland and has a strategic partnership with the University of Maryland, College Park. Located on 71 acres on the west side of downtown Baltimore, it is part of the University System of Maryland.

In 2012, the University of Maryland, Baltimore and the flagship University of Maryland, College Park united under the MPowering the State initiative to leverage the strengths of both institutions. The University of Maryland Strategic Partnership Act of 2016 officially formalized the partnership. According to the National Science Foundation, the university spent a combined $1.1 billion on research and development in 2019, ranking it 14th overall in the nation and 8th among all public institutions.

History
The University of Maryland, Baltimore was founded in 1807 as the Maryland College of Medicine. In 1812, it was rechartered as the University of Maryland and given the authority to establish additional faculties in law, divinity, and arts and sciences. The faculty of law was founded in 1816, though it operated intermittently until 1868. The faculty of arts and sciences known as the Baltimore College for undergraduates also operated intermittently in the early 19th century. From 1907 to 1920, St. John's College in Annapolis functioned as the University of Maryland's faculty of arts and sciences; this loose federation was dissolved in 1920 when the Maryland State College, (the former Maryland Agricultural College), founded 1856, as the state's land grant college, became part of a larger University of Maryland with the graduate level professional schools on the westside of downtown Baltimore. In 1970, the General Assembly of Maryland (state legislature) established a five-campus University of Maryland network comprising the

 * University of Maryland, Baltimore (UMB) (professional graduate level schools);
 * University of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC) (between Arbutus and Catonsville in southwest Baltimore County);
 * University of Maryland, College Park (UMD) (flagship university);
 * University of Maryland Eastern Shore (UMES) (at Princess Anne in Somerset County); and the
 * University of Maryland Global Campus (UMGC) (extension and foreign programs)

with a system-wide president located in College Park and a chancellor in charge of each campus; in 1988 this institution was merged with the State University and College System of Maryland (of former normal and state teachers colleges, now wider liberal arts schools since the 1960s) to form the new University System of Maryland.

School of Dentistry
The University of Maryland School of Dentistry was the first dental school in the world. Founded in 1840 as the Baltimore College of Dental Surgery (BCDS), it was chartered by an act of the Maryland General Assembly. Its principal founders were Drs. Horace H. Hayden and Chapin A. Harris. It was the first school in the world to offer a science-based curriculum in dentistry. It currently ranks among top 10 in the nation to receive NIH research funding. The school moved to a new building in October 2006. The new building, located adjacent to the old one on Baltimore Street, offers some of the newest facilities and technologies in the world for education and patient care. The cost of construction and equipment was over US$140 million, the highest spent by the state of Maryland on an academic building.

School of Law
The University of Maryland School of Law opened in 1816 as the "Maryland Law Institute" "in a spacious and commodious building on South Street, near Market street." (later renamed East Baltimore Street) It is the third-oldest law school in the nation. It was founded by David Hoffman, who authored a comprehensive course of legal study that had a lasting influence on other law school programs around the country and led to the development of legal ethics programs and responsibilities. The law school moved to a new building of English Tudor Revival architecture replacing its earlier modernistic structure on the same site at the northwest corner of West Baltimore and North Paca Streets in 2002, adjacent to the site to the north of the old Westminster Presbyterian Church and old Western Burying Grounds facing West Fayette and North Greene Streets (first laid out in 1787, on which the later church was built on top of resting on brick arched piers in 1852), the cemetery where the famous poet and writer Edgar Allan Poe (1809–1849) is buried. It is the only law school in the United States with a famous author buried on its campus. The former restored church building, now known as Westminster Hall is used for campus events and lectures and is often requested for wedding and other social ceremonies.

The University of Maryland School of Law was ranked 48th among law schools according to the 2017 edition of U.S. News & World Report law school rankings and was also ranked among the top 10 programs for health law, clinical law and environmental law. The School of Law's students' undergraduate median GPA is a 3.47 and median Law School Admissions Test (LSAT) score is a 158. It admits 52.4% of applicants. The law school takes about 225 full-time day students and about 50 evening students per year.

The current Dean of the School of Law is Renée Hutchins, a leading expert on the Fourth Amendment and criminal appellate practice.

School of Medicine
Established in 1807 as the College of Medicine of Maryland, University of Maryland School of Medicine (UMB SOM) was the first public medical school in the United States and it is the fifth oldest medical school in the country. The campus includes Davidge Hall, designed by Robert Cary Long, Sr. in the style of the Pantheon in Rome, which was built in 1812 at the northeast corner of West Lombard and South Greene Streets, on the west side of downtown Baltimore, and is the oldest building in continuous use for medical education in the Hemisphere. UMB SOM was ranked 27th in U.S. News & World Report magazine's 2022 rankings of "Best Medical Schools: Research" and 12th in "Best Medical Schools: Primary Care".

The School of Medicine is closely affiliated with the University of Maryland Medical Center and Medical System. It houses the Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Sciences (PTRS), the Department of Medical and Research Technology (DMRT), and two research institutes, the Institute of Human Virology (IHV) and the Institute for Genome Sciences (IGS). It also offers PhD programs through the Graduate Program in Life Sciences and several combined degree programs: the MD/PhD MSTP (Medical Scientist Training Program), the MD/MPH (Master of Public Health), and an MD/MS in Public Health.

In a 2011 article in Forbes magazine, Steven Salzberg criticized the school's inclusion of pseudoscientific subjects such as homeopathy in the curriculum. According to Salzberg, the school is "mis-training medical students" by teaching courses in integrative medicine.

School of Nursing
The University of Maryland School of Nursing (UMSON), founded in 1889 by Florence Nightingale-trained nurse Louisa Parsons, is one of the oldest and largest nursing schools in the United States. In the magazine, the University of Maryland School of Nursing was ranked 6th nationally.

The UMSON building, which opened in November 1998, shares an urban 32 acre campus on the west side of downtown Baltimore with five nearby professional schools — Dentistry, Law, Medicine, Pharmacy and Social Work — as well as the University of Maryland Medical System (formerly University of Maryland Hospital) and the U.S. Veterans Affairs Medical Center.

UMSON has pioneered the first nursing informatics program in the world and the nation's first nursing health policy program. More than 20 specialties are offered at the graduate level, including trauma/critical-care, oncology, gerontology, psychiatric/mental health nursing, and nursing administration. In 1999, the School of Nursing became the only school in Maryland to offer a midwifery program, pre-accredited by the American College of Nurse Midwives. Nurse practitioner options are also offered in family, pediatrics, women's health, neonatal intensive care, adult primary care, acute care and geriatrics.

Programs include the second bachelor's degree option, the RN to BSN online program, the RN to MS program, the post-baccalaureate entry option into the PhD program, and the MS/MBA and PhD/MBA programs offered in conjunction with the University of Baltimore; Frostburg State University; and the Robert H. Smith School of Business, at the University of Maryland, College Park. Partnership programs for BSN completion join the School of Nursing with the University of Maryland, Baltimore County, the University of Maryland, College Park, Washington College in Chestertown, Maryland, on the Eastern Shore of the Chesapeake Bay, as well as all of Maryland's community colleges.

To provide clinical programs for students, UMSON maintains affiliations with more than 300 hospitals and health care agencies throughout Maryland.

The University of Maryland School of Nursing Living History Museum, which opened in October 1999, examines the history of the nursing profession from its earliest days to present day.

School of Pharmacy
The University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, founded in 1841, is the fourth oldest school of pharmacy in the nation and was the first pharmacy school established in Maryland. The School of Pharmacy comprises three departments, Pharmacy Practice and Science, Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Pharmaceutical Health Services Research. The school admitted 11.4% of applicants for the 2006–2007 school year. According to the most recent pharmacy school rankings, The University of Maryland School of Pharmacy was ranked 9th among pharmacy schools in the 2016 edition of U.S. News & World Report.

School of Social Work
The University of Maryland School of Social Work is a top program in social work education. Graduates of the School of Social Work have become policymakers at all levels of government, from the U.S. Senate to the state and federal courts, to the State Department and departments of social services. Graduates also work as educators and researchers at universities across the country and have become therapists, community organizers, and managers. In 2022, U.S. News & World Report ranked it 21st in the nation for social work.

Graduate School, Baltimore
The Graduate School was founded in 1918. It offers 43 degree programs in total and oversees the partnership between UMB and the University of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC) with additional programs that span across both institutions.

Libraries
The University of Maryland, Baltimore has two main libraries on its campus: the Health Sciences & Human Services Library (HS/HSL) and the Thurgood Marshall Law Library.

UMB's Health Sciences & Human Services Library (HS/HSL) was founded in 1813 from the collection of Doctor John Crawford, a former British naval surgeon. Dr. Crawford's initial donation of books remains within the library's Historical Collections department as the Crawford Collection (comprising some 569 items). The first location of the library was the Provost's Office within the original medical school building, now known as Davidge Hall. Under the leadership of its first official library, Dr. Eugene F. Cordell (who served as library director from 1903 to 1913), the library grew rapidly, incorporating book collections from the schools of pharmacy and dentistry, and moving into its own building, a former church on the southeast corner of Lombard and Green Streets. The church was later razed in 1957 to make way for a new library that began construction in 1958 and opened in 1960. The library has since moved, in 1998, into a large modern building. The HS/HSL offers 45 group study rooms, 3 computer classrooms, several conference rooms with the web conferencing capability, and the Presentation Practice Studio, in addition to many study carrels and a number of public computers in a five-story building. In March, 2015, it opened the new Innovation Space designed for innovative and collaborative hands-on learning experience with 3D printers and 3D scanners.

The Thurgood Marshall Law Library, named for Baltimore native and Supreme Court Justice Thurgood Marshall, is the law library for the University of Maryland School of Law. The Marshall Law Library is found inside the law school's building, accessible through the main entrance. The Thurgood Marshall Law Library contains over 400,000 volumes of Anglo-American legal materials as well as outstanding international and foreign law collections. Extensive collections of both primary sources and secondary materials such as treatises are available. The library is open to all faculty, staff and students on the campuses of the University System of Maryland; University of Maryland School of Law alumni; attorneys; and members of the general public.

Name of the institution
The professional schools housed at the University of Maryland, Baltimore, may also simply use the name "University of Maryland" when describing themselves even though the University of Maryland, College Park, also refers to itself simply as the University of Maryland. There is relatively little confusion resulting from the shared name because the University of Maryland, College Park, offers largely research-oriented graduate programs and houses fewer professional schools. The University of Maryland, Baltimore, does not offer NCAA sports. Although this university mainly offers graduate and professional study, it also offers a few undergraduate courses, which include nursing, dental hygiene, and medical technology. By law and tradition, each school is entitled to use the "University of Maryland" name in recognition of their shared history. While both schools are institutions which belong to the University System of Maryland, neither is a part of the other.

The University of Maryland, Baltimore is also often mistaken for the University of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC) and the University of Baltimore (UB) which are separate University System of Maryland institutions in Catonsville (outside the City of Baltimore) and Downtown Baltimore, respectively.

Campus
The campus is composed of 58 buildings located near Camden Yards, the Baltimore Convention Center, and Baltimore's famous Lexington Market. Construction on a new 114000 sqft campus center began at the start of 2007 and opened in August 2009 as the Southern Management Corporation Campus Center (SMC Center). The SMC ` Center contains dining facilities, meeting locations and the campus's gymnasium and recreation facility, URecFit. UMB has also recently undertaken a vast west campus expansion. This 10 acre project, known as BioPark, created ten new buildings containing a total of 1200000 sqft of classroom, lab, and office space. In addition, University of Maryland Medical System cleared a downtown site for the construction of a $329 million ambulatory care center.

The university is served by the University Center/Baltimore Street station of the Baltimore Light Rail system, which is at the eastern edge of campus. The Orange Route of the free Charm City Circulator provides service to both the BioPark and through the UMB campus to the Inner Harbor and points east. The university is also served by Camden Station, which connects the campus by MARC Train to the University of Maryland, College Park and Union Station in Washington, D.C.

Starting with the 2012–2013 school year, the university launched a new shuttle bus service for university students, staff, and faculty and University of Maryland Medical Center employees free of charge. The shuttle runs 3 routes from the university to West Baltimore (the BioPark center), Federal Hill, and Mount Vernon. The shuttle will discontinue its current service after summer 2019; the university is currently exploring transportation alternatives.

Campus police
The university is protected through the University of Maryland, Baltimore Police Department. The UMB Police Department is a state- and nationally accredited police agency providing law enforcement services to the UMB campus and surrounding communities. Through an agreement signed between the UMB Police Department and the Baltimore Police Department, UMB Police officers have the same jurisdiction and authority as Baltimore Police officers throughout the campus of the university. The UMB Police Department is composed of both sworn police officers and unarmed security officers who are located in University-owned buildings to control access to the buildings and for other security purposes. The UMB Police Department also provides Safe Walk and Safe Ride services to students and university personnel throughout the campus and into surrounding neighborhoods.

In 2021, the University of Maryland, Baltimore Police Department was awarded the prestigious International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP)/Walmart Leadership in Community Policing Award for a midsize agency. The department was also awarded the 2020 Maryland Chiefs of Police Association's Exceptional Police Performance by a Unit/Team/Collaboration Award for their Community Outreach and Support Team (COAST).

The UMB Police Department Community Outreach and Support Team (COAST) was created in 2018 by previous UMB Police Chief Alice Cary. The department is the third university police department in the country to welcome a comfort k-9, Officer Lexi and only one of two university Police Athletics/Activities Leagues (PAL) in the country. The department is a leader in homeless outreach and crisis intervention, working with the Law Enforcement Assisted Diversion (LEAD) to redirect low-level drug offenders into treatment. In Fall 2021, student interns from the School of Social Work will partner with the UMB Police Department to provide additional resources to vulnerable populations.

Notable alumni
Governors
 * Austin Lane Crothers, 46th governor of Maryland, from 1908 to 1912.
 * Theodore R. McKeldin, 53rd governor of Maryland from 1951 to 1959
 * Herbert O'Conor, 51st governor of Maryland from 1939 to 1947, U.S. Senate 1947–1953
 * Martin O'Malley, (1988), Mayor of Baltimore, 1999–2006, and Governor of Maryland, 2007–2015.
 * Albert Ritchie, 49th governor of Maryland from 1920 to 1935
 * William S. Fulton, 4th governor of the Arkansas Territory, 1835–1836, and United States Senator for Arkansas, 1836–1844.

U.S. senators
 * Daniel B. Brewster, U.S. senator for Maryland, 1963–1969; congressman for Maryland's 2nd District, 1959–1963
 * William Cabell Bruce, (1882), U.S. senator from Maryland from 1923 to 1929.
 * Ben Cardin, (1967), U.S. congressman for United States House of Representatives, 1987–2007, and U.S. senator from Maryland, 2007–present.
 * Charles Mathias, Jr., U.S. senator from Maryland from 1969 to 1987.
 * Barbara Mikulski, (1965), U.S. senator from Maryland from 1987 to 2016.
 * George L. P. Radcliffe, (1903), U.S. senator from Maryland from 1935 to 1947
 * Isidor Rayner, U.S. senator from Maryland from 1905 to 1912.
 * Joseph Tydings, (1953), U.S. senator from Maryland from 1965 to 1971
 * Millard Tydings, U.S. senator from Maryland from 1927 to 1951.

U.S. congressmen
 * William Purington Cole, Jr., U.S. congressman from Maryland's 2nd District, 1927–1929 & 1931–1942
 * Elijah Cummings, (1976), U.S. congressman for Maryland's 7th District, 1996–2019
 * John Charles Linthicum, (1890), U.S. congressman for Maryland's 4th District, 1911–1932
 * Hugh Meade, (1932), U.S. congressman for Maryland 2nd District, 1947–1949
 * Eric Swalwell, (2006), U.S. congressman for California's 14th District, 2013–present

State senators
 * Thomas V. Mike Miller, Jr., president of State Senate from 1987 to 2020.

State Delegates
 * James W. Campbell, (1976), former member of Maryland House of Delegates
 * Adelaide C. Eckardt, (1978), (1981), member Maryland House of Delegates
 * Donald B. Elliott, (1957), member Maryland House of Delegates.
 * Louise Virginia Snodgrass, former member of Maryland House of Delegates

Judges
 * Lynne A. Battaglia, (1974), Maryland State Supreme Court judge (Maryland Court of Appeals), 2001–present
 * Andre M. Davis, (1978), judge, U.S. District Court for the District of Maryland, 1995–2009; judge U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit 2009–present.
 * Clayton Greene, Jr., (1976), Maryland State Supreme Court judge (Maryland Court of Appeals), 2004–present
 * Glenn T. Harrell, Jr., (1970), Maryland State Supreme Court judge (Maryland Court of Appeals), 1999–present
 * Alan M. Wilner, (1962), Maryland State Supreme Court judge (Maryland Court of Appeals), 1996–present

Others
 * Deborah Benzil, (M.D. 1985), Vice-Chair of Neurosurgery at Cleveland Clinic, Professor of Neurosurgery at Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine
 * Charles C. Byrne, U.S. Army general
 * J. Bart Classen, immunologist and anti-vaccinationist.
 * Dr. Antonio Fernós-Isern, first Puerto Rican cardiologist and its longest serving resident commissioner.
 * Louis L. Goldstein, (1938), Maryland Comptroller of the Treasury, 1959–1998.
 * Archibald "Moonlight" Graham, (1908), Major League Baseball player, portrayed in the film Field of Dreams
 * Robert M. Parker Jr., (1973), considered world's leading wine critic.
 * William C. Schmeisser, (1907), National Lacrosse Hall of Fame inductee.
 * Wendy Sherman. (1976). former United States Deputy Secretary of State.
 * James T. Smith, (1968), Baltimore County Executive, 2002–2010.
 * F. Mason Sones, (1943), cardiologist, inventor of coronary angiography.
 * Enrique Pérez Santiago, first Puerto Rican hematologist
 * Theodore E. Woodward, Nobel Prize nominee, renowned researcher in the field of medicine

Notable faculty

 * Brajesh Lal, surgeon and expert in the prevention and treatment of stroke and venous disease
 * Dan K. Morhaim, current member of Maryland House of Delegates.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: University of Maryland, Baltimore


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Talk:Bruderhof Communities

Attribution and Verifiability
Hello all. First, I've moved this discussion to the top of the talk page so that new editors coming to this page don't miss it.

This article can certainly be improved and anyone is welcome to help. However, editors should bear in mind that Wikipedia is not a place to promote your group or disparage others. Wikipedia articles should contain verifiable facts attributable to a reliable, published source.

The following passage from the official Wikipedia policy page on verifiability applies here:

 * The burden of evidence lies with the editor who adds or restores material. Material that is challenged or likely to be challenged needs a reliable source, which should be cited in the article. Quotations should also be attributed. If an article topic has no reliable, third-party sources, Wikipedia should not have an article on it.\

Changes and discussion 2016
Hi, I am making some changes to try to improve the article, as some parts are quite outdated, and others parts are poorly cited. I don't have much time but will try to work on it bit by bit. I can see that there are been quite a few battles over neutrality in the past (common to many Wikipedia pages!) so I will be attempting to make this neutral and encyclopedic. Happy to discuss any changes! Grec man (talk) 10:11, 19 November 2016 (UTC)

I hope people like the photos I added. I thought it would help readers visualize the content a bit better. Grec man (talk) 12:46, 24 November 2016 (UTC)

Just noticed that the page has a links section. This is not really necessary, and goes against Wikipedia policy. So I will delete it. If someone feels really strongly against that, do say, but I don't think it really adds. I also deleted the bibliography. I don't think having lists of books improves the article. The Bruderhof has hundreds of books it has published, and there are many others - it will get exhausting to list them all. If someone disagrees, go ahead and restore it. I can't find a specific guidance on bibliographies, but most pages don't have them. Books should rather be listed on an author page. Grec man (talk) 12:55, 24 November 2016 (UTC)

I see the links section was reintroduced, but with less links. Fine I guess, but hopefully it doesn't grow into another link directory. --Grec man (talk) 11:21, 25 November 2016 (UTC)
 * Trimming it down was good, in my opinion, but a link to the official website of the subject of the article is well within the guidelines of Wikipedia, and (in my opinion) very worthwhile.Mikeatnip (talk) 13:30, 25 November 2016 (UTC)
 * Great - agreed! --Grec man (talk) 13:32, 25 November 2016 (UTC)
 * In that case the link section should be kept as a reference to the official website. LarryRJones (talk) 08:35, 7 December 2016 (UTC)

The hyperlinks to the various locations have been removed again, which I don't feel strongly about, but I don't understand why the links are against the MOS. Can someone explain? Just trying to learn... Also, when the links were removed, parts of the community names were removed as well, so I had to restore them.--Grec man (talk) 15:16, 25 November 2016 (UTC)
 * They're inline external links and should not be present. They are only acceptable in the external links sections. Walter Görlitz (talk) 06:20, 26 November 2016 (UTC)
 * OK, I have found that part in the MOS now - completely my fault. Grec man (talk) 07:48, 26 November 2016 (UTC)
 * The arcane rules and guidelines can be daunting at first. I'm glad you're contributing and learning them as you go. Walter Görlitz (talk) 16:42, 26 November 2016 (UTC)

External links and criticism section
See the Wikipedia policy on external links. Here's a relevant quote "Except for a link to an official page of the article's subject, one should generally avoid providing external links to...chat or discussion forums/groups (such as Yahoo! Groups)...Blogs, personal web pages and most fansites...Websites of organizations mentioned in an article". I have limited the external links to sites meeting these criteria.

If you wish to add links, please note that " Disputed links should normally be excluded by default unless and until there is a consensus to include them." LarryRJones (talk) 09:14, 8 December 2016 (UTC)
 * This matter of the KIT Critics link section has been discussed at length these last many years. I thought it had been resolved many years ago and that those links are to remain. The links themselves are not disputed. It is the fact of the criticism that causes a problem. The Bruderhof are famously adverse to criticism and especially from KIT sources. The links are properly placed in the External Links section and should remain. The critics section adds the counter view to the Bruderhof comprising the reflections and arguments of the hundreds of people who have left/been expelled from the Bruderhof for various but fervent reasons. It is a witness to the darker side of this "cult" like organisation and should be maintained. It completes the factual balance of the Wikipedia entry by including a counter view to the encyclopaedic entry for the Bruderhof. Readers who are searching can thus be lead to the counter view and come to their own conclusions. Raphaelbm (talk) 10:37, 8 December 2016 (UTC)
 * I now propose leaving the page without the critics section to allow a discussion to take place again and in particular because of LarryRJones insistence on removing the links for strict Wikipedia guidelines reasons. I hope this matter can be agreed in a month when I propose to replace the Critics section. We do not need to get in to the wasteful habit of just reverting a change again and again. Let me hear what your real objection is. Raphaelbm (talk) 10:37, 8 December 2016 (UTC)

 * I probably started this by removing the external links section, because Wikipedia is not meant to be a link farm, and there are hundreds of sites that could be added. I think the page is fine without any external links, since Google is the correct tool for bringing up websites on  a certain topic.  However, if people insist on having a section, so be it.  Raphaelbm (talk) said that he proposes to replace the critics section.  I have rather added the link to the main critic website back as a footnote in the criticism section.  But if other uses want a link farm, then go ahead.  It will just get really long and tiresome to maintain.  Grec man (talk) 10:55, 8 December 2016 (UTC)

 * No one is questioning a well-referenced section on criticism in the article. Links to websites which are collections of opinion on the topic or related organizations like Plough Publishing House are superfluous. Recent changes to this page have made it much more encyclopedic and less promotional of personal viewpoints. Thank you to everyone who has contributed to this process. LarryRJones (talk) 12:01, 8 December 2016 (UTC)

 * As I understand Wikipedia guidelines for external links, only highly valuable links that are beyond personal opinions are to be used. Obviously this would allow a link to an official website. I would say that Plough Publishing, as the official publishing arm of the Bruderhof, could be in that category as well. But whether we like it or not, a Yahoo Group, critical or supportive, is not really considered a valuable link because it is too often personal, unverifiable opinions that are often one-sided (for example, someone was kicked out of an organization, and they have an axe to grind. But they only tell the bad part of how they were treated, and skip over how their own attitudes and actions led to their expulsion). Every major religious, political, and business group will have detractors. For example, Ford Motor Company probably has an anti-Ford group[s] out there, either disgruntled employees who think they deserve a raise, people who have had bad experiences with a Ford product (when the vast majority are good), or just have a negative attitude for no real reason than besides the fact they just decided they don't like a Ford). Because of the highly subjective opinions, such groups do not provide solid facts. Thus they are to be avoided. A critics section within the article could be useful in some cases, but we need to remember that the article is about the topic, not about the anti-topic, and should not dominate the article. In the case of this particular article, a sentence or two mentioning that the Bruderhof have critics could be admissible, with a link in a footnote. The article is not about whether the subject of the article is right or wrong, good or bad, but rather what the topic is about. I want to say here that I am just laying out my understanding of Wikipedia guidelines, and stand to be corrected if shown better. Thanks!Mikeatnip (talk) 12:52, 8 December 2016 (UTC)
 * Thanks for starting the discussion. I'm not opposed to removing the various ELs, but I have a problem when the edit summary says that there was a discussion about it and there wasn't.
 * A criticism section is not appropriate and valid criticism should be incorporated into the sections that are criticized. That idea is expanded at Wikipedia:Criticism. Walter Görlitz (talk) 14:29, 8 December 2016 (UTC)

 * Interesting point Walter. I think it is clear that the external links section shouldn't link to discussion forums etc, and shouldn't have a separate critics section.  I am more reluctant to remove the whole "Criticism" section in the main article, even though you are right about that according to Wikipedia:Criticism.  It seems that a inherent part of religious groups is criticism, so maybe it is appropriate here? Grec man (talk) 14:41, 8 December 2016 (UTC)

 * Actually, I am rethinking the criticism section. Most of the criticism about the Bruderhof appears to come from a specific time in their history (around 1960).  Perhaps I will try to expand that section, research more about the cause of the problems, then move the criticism to the relevant history section.  Other bits of criticism can easily go in the appropriate place.  I will have a go at this, but it might take a few weeks. Grec man (talk) 15:17, 8 December 2016 (UTC)

 * Thanks, Walter, for that link. I wasn't aware of that page. Concerning the "Critics" section of the Bruderhof, I have felt for a long time that it was overweighted, and that KIT link was not a valid Wikipedia link because of it being a discussion board type of thing. As I understand Criticism, the KIT group mainly critical of the Bruderhof should only be referred to in the article if other independent sources reference the event/group as having relevance. I have not specifically researched this personally, but my somewhat limited knowledge of the history of the Bruderhof tells me that the KIT group is not exactly a significant event/spinoff that would merit mention in the article. My understanding of that KIT is that is composed of former disgruntled individuals who left or were put out of the Bruderhof for various reasons, of which every religious and political entity will have some. I stand to be corrected on this, but would like to see some sources indicating that the critical "group" consists of more than some individuals, o whom third party historians would hardly give weight. Mikeatnip (talk) 15:57, 10 December 2016 (UTC)

 * OK, based on the feedback above, I have integrated the criticism into the main page, mostly into the history section. It is quite hard to explain the history in a concise way. I have made sure to mention that there is a group of ex-members still whose stories make up Rubin's book. That way, those interested can buy the book.Grec man (talk) 09:35, 12 December 2016 (UTC)

 * Based on the comments by Mikeatnip and Walter Görlitz, I have been doing some reading, and it is notable that pages like Mormon and Church of England have very little about their critics. Or course, both groups have thousands of critics for many different reasons, but they don't get much mention.  We should probably aim to move in that direction here, making it more "What is the Bruderhof" as opposed to "What do some people think about the Bruderhof". Hopefully my history edit covers that, but perhaps I have given it too much focus.Grec man (talk) 16:06, 12 December 2016 (UTC)

Inconsistent language
The language used in the article is inconsistent. I see both American and "International" spellings. By early 2004, I see major additions of American spellings (for instance, "neighbor" rather than "neighbour") and so would argue that we should use that format as the International spellings were grafted-in later. Walter Görlitz (talk) 21:06, 25 July 2019 (UTC)
 * Hmm, I watched the show on the BBC, just read through the article then edited a little, but I think it should be best to stick to Anglo-English dictionary, British English, considering it started in Germany I thought it might be best. Govvy (talk) 11:04, 27 July 2019 (UTC)
 * What you think is immaterial. Germany is no more British than it is Turkish. We will rely on the language preference used by the editors who started the article as that is what MOS:RETAIN states. Walter Görlitz (talk) 16:32, 28 July 2019 (UTC)

Formatting the article.
I had a look again and noticed at the top  and. I really don't think it's a good idea to establish this article as American. Govvy (talk) 11:09, 27 July 2019 (UTC)
 * I strongly suggest we continue to use American English in this article. While the Bruderhof are international, it is in the U.S. where the group has found most of its growth and membership.  I suspect most editors of the English-language wiki about the Bruderhof are based in America. I believe the Bruderhof's publishing house itself uses American English.SONORAMA (talk) 20:05, 27 July 2019 (UTC)
 * I hardly think the growth and size merits that assessment. I fail to see an established logic towards that assessment either. Govvy (talk) 22:43, 27 July 2019 (UTC)
 * Point is that their own publishing house is based in the U.S. they use U.S. English in their printed materials (with exception of the word Plough.) Therefore, we will use U.S. English in the article as well. — Preceding unsigned comment added by SONORAMA (talk • contribs) 23:08, 27 July 2019 (UTC)
 * MOS:RETAIN. Walter Görlitz (talk) 16:34, 28 July 2019 (UTC)

Removal
I made this edit for these reasons:
 * 1) The publication in Huffingtonpost does not say that "Young people [in general] who choose to leave the community are not cut-off from their families within the Bruderhof".
 * 2) All claims in this paragraph were made in WP voice, without explicit attribution to sources. This is especially unacceptable when using a self-published source like http://www.bruderhof.com in this paragraph.
 * 3) I think that all self-published sources should be avoided on this page per WP:SELFPUB if they were used to make "unduly self-serving" claims, as the policy tells. My very best wishes (talk) 19:07, 26 January 2020 (UTC)

Now, speaking about "Technology" section, I did follow the source , but it does not support the statement. Author tells about her experience of learning as a student in a high school that belongs to Bruderhof Communities: "It’s a four-year high school and has no technology except for a computer lab where seniors take typing. I don’t have a phone or a computer, so I’m never really online. I do my homework with a pen, paper, and calculator. I’ve never seen social media.". OK, that can be included. My very best wishes (talk) 19:54, 26 January 2020 (UTC)
 * In the order that they appear in the article, WP:ABOUTSELF is clear: "Self-published and questionable sources may be used as sources of information about themselves" and that is what is being done here. The claims being made, 1) youth do not automatically become members, 2) many are encouraged to leave the community and live elsewhere before deciding by themselves whether or not to join the community is supported in the Post–High School section of the supplied source. It's not a controversial statement and so SELFPUB is not an issue. At worst, a better source template should be applied, with the "reason" indicating that a more general source should be found, and the content left in-place.
 * What the HuffPost article reads is "Rhodes was raised in the deeply Christian, Mennonite-like Bruderhof community in Rifton … He left the enclave at age 18, seeking a more socially liberal atmosphere, but he remains close with his family". It's a single example. What this is comparing Bruderhof community to is conservative Mennonite and some other Anabaptist culture, where if you leave the community, you are not welcome to return. There would not be a closeness with anyone who left. Your point is that this is a single case and may or may not represent all those in the community. However, removing it is unnecessary when re-wording would suffice. A secondary source is probably better though.
 * So in short, SELFPUB is acceptable based on ABOUTSELF and the HuffPost reference could be more general, but does not need to be removed. Walter Görlitz (talk) 20:45, 26 January 2020 (UTC)
 * So... (1) If we want to include a story of one person, this must be clearly stated as a story of a single person and attributed to that single person who is not an expert on the subject and who may not be a representative case. Do you think such stories are "due" on the page? Perhaps just a few of them? (2) If you want to include self-published sources, the statements must clearly attributed, i.e. "According to website of the organization...". Yes, such sources may be used, but only if they are not "unduly self-serving", do "not involve claims about third parties", and "the article is not based primarily on such sources" (per the policy), but at lest some of that seem to apply here. Also, "may" does not mean we "should". To the contrary, the less we are using self-published sources, the better. My very best wishes (talk) 22:10, 26 January 2020 (UTC)
 * So... did you read what the guidelines state?
 * No, we do not need to clearly stated that it is the story of a single person, but it would not hurt to make it clear.
 * No, SPSs are clearly an exception when they are ABOUTSELF. If you want to make it clear that the group is making a statement about themselves, that's fine. It's clear that the article is not based primarily on those sources. Walter Görlitz (talk) 22:27, 26 January 2020 (UTC)
 * Not only I read WP:ABOUTSELF and WP:SELFPUB, but I just cited it above. If you insist such sources should be used on the page, that's fine. It means one should also use sources like that, which is apparently a posting by John A. Hostetler, who is apparently a scholar of Amish and Hutterite societies. That was posted here, which looks to me as a websites of a human rights organization. OK, will use it. My very best wishes (talk) 22:35, 26 January 2020 (UTC)
 * English is not your first language. I never stated they should be used, only that they may be used. I also stated that if you wanted to correct content, it would be acceptable. Walter Görlitz (talk) 00:36, 27 January 2020 (UTC)
 * Sure, let's fix rather than remove. But simply looking at the "Education" section, for example, I simply do not see where this source makes a general claim that "Young people..." and so on. Perhaps I am missing something? The previous phrase makes statement that "young people are encouraged..." - in WP voice and essentially as a matter of fact. Yes, this is a claim by the official site of the organization. However, if to follow various claims linked here, they tell a different story. We need to use sources independent on the organization, rather than repeat their advertisements. My very best wishes (talk) 01:51, 27 January 2020 (UTC)
 * Now, speaking about the template, I do not see this page/organization included to the temple. Hence the template does not belong to this page. My very best wishes (talk) 01:57, 27 January 2020 (UTC)
 * this your edit. Can you quote directly please where this source tells "Young people who choose to leave the community are not cut-off from their families within the Bruderhof". I did not find it. Thank you. My very best wishes (talk) 22:23, 27 January 2020 (UTC)
 * How to address the source is discussed above.
 * The source itself was switched by after you removed a perfectly valid source. I have restored that source and it is tagged.
 * The content is verifiable, but the source is poor. WP:V vs WP:RS. Walter Görlitz (talk) 22:46, 27 January 2020 (UTC)
 * Yes, the source is probably poor, but this is not the point. The point is that in your edit (this is your edit, not edit by NoMaybeYes) you probably misrepresented the source, as I explained here. Perhaps I am mistaken? That should be easy to show by citing the source under discussion here. I can see that in your next edit  you replaced the source to support very same statement. But my question remains: where exactly this new source makes such general statement? My very best wishes (talk) 22:57, 27 January 2020 (UTC)
 * I see your point, and I have a talk page stalker who is siding with you. I suggest you both discuss what you actually know and what can be proven with sources. Walter Görlitz (talk) 01:56, 28 January 2020 (UTC)
 * This has been restored by another contributor, but I still do not see it in the source. My very best wishes (talk) 21:23, 1 February 2020 (UTC)

Not a new religious movement?
Why this revert? It is included and sourced in the List of new religious movements, and indeed this is claimed in sources like here. My very best wishes (talk) 21:23, 1 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Because its roots are in Anabaptism. Walter Görlitz (talk) 01:46, 2 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Not a new religious movement? Said who? Sources tell it is. Among them are Encyclopedia cited on page List of new religious movements. Julius H.Rubin (seems to be a notable author on such subject  wrote this "A Case Study of the Conflict between a New Religious Movement [Bruderhof and its Critics"]. My very best wishes (talk) 05:26, 2 February 2020 (UTC)
 * The definition there, "relatively modern origins", is both vague and subjective at the same time. They list the Shakers there, and they're older than the U.S. The list misses many, if not all, recent denominational off-shoots. I'm not sure it belongs in the lede because it is unnecessarily confusing. Listing it in the section on their relationship with the Hutterites might make more sense. Walter Görlitz (talk) 05:54, 2 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Look, I provided a couple of sources/links above (not only those cited in our list) that tell directly it is a new religious movement. Which sources tell it is not? So far you provided none. My very best wishes (talk) 06:13, 2 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Nor will I. It has no subjective criteria for inclusion and it misses vast swaths of religious movements. Walter Görlitz (talk) 07:48, 2 February 2020 (UTC)

Was it described in RS as a "cult"?
Reply to this comment on my talk page.
 * Speaking about any specific religious movement/organization (not necessarily that one), should it be described as a "cult"? Whatever sources say. For example, according to this NYT article, "those who have departed from the Bruderhof -- either on their own or through banishment -- have become increasingly outspoken about the religious sect that many of them now consider a cult.... The newsletter's publisher, Ramon Sender... said he was kept from seeing his daughter after he left, and wasn't even told of her death years later at age 33. "I definitely view the Bruderhof as a cult," said Mr. Sender.... Hence the article noticed the following:
 * 1) "The Bruderhof children's rights are not adequately protected..."
 * 2) Many former members say they were forced to leave without explanation ... they are abandoned with little or no money, no job skills or training, and often cut off from their entire families."
 * 3) "They describe being severely punished or shunned for expressing even the mildest forms of rebellion or sexual curiosity. They also claim that the commune's public posture of equality for all its members is a facade, with different sets of rules for leaders and followers."
 * 4) "They say that when they tried to set up a toll-free hot line a few years ago for former members seeking counseling, they were harassed with thousands of calls from Bruderhof members, who also distributed the number as an adult hot line number that led to hundreds of phony calls. Bruderhof leaders don't deny the charge..."
 * 5) "said 18-year-old Susie Zumpe, the youngest of 11 children who has been banned from the Bruderhof and disowned by her parents for being defiant and challenging what she considers the commune's rigid hierarchy. There's no individual expression allowed at home or in school, she said, ''and it's ironic that they're so obsessed with sexual purity because there's all kinds of abuse that goes on."
 * 6) "Ms. Arnold said the community does a good job of presenting a positive public image -- having even hired a Manhattan public relations firm, the Weiser Walek Group, to promote its business interests and fend off negative questions about the community."
 * 7) "Bruderhof leaders say young people are free to leave, but that such leaving is undertaken at very high cost: losing contact with your family, and being forced into the outside world with no money or earning power."
 * 8) "Christoph Arnold has become a controversial figure in recent years for aggressively expanding the commune's businesses, as well as for approving the stocking of guns and attack dogs at several Bruderhof sites."

Of course "Bruderhof leaders strongly deny there is rampant abuse, though they acknowledge there have been instances of abuse".

 * That source tells something similar.

 * According to WSJ, "Members live in spartan dormitories, and even top managers in the Bruderhof's businesses draw no salaries. Everything from clothing to boxes of cereal is distributed according to need. People who join give their possessions to the community and are assigned tasks -- either in the businesses or in the community... The Bruderhof's enterprises had combined revenue of over $20 million last year, with profit of about $9 million."

Indeed, according to the page, this organization actively enroll new people (unlike Amish or Hutterite), and it requires them to sell everything they have and give all their money to the community. This is called "Christian communism." in WSJ.

 * Even grand-daughter of the Founder of the organization called it a cult,.

 * The bottom line. I do not know if this is a cult, but many people claim it is, according to the publications in RS (NYT, Guardian, WSJ, etc.) My very best wishes (talk) 17:51, 3 February 2020 (UTC)
 * You want to make it appear as one, but that's your issue. Walter Görlitz (talk) 18:06, 3 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Well, this is an important and well sourced content, and it must be included on the page per WP:NPOV to improve the page. My very best wishes (talk) 18:31, 3 February 2020 (UTC)
 * So, do you have objections to including any of this? If not, I can do it. My very best wishes (talk) 17:54, 4 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Feel free to add WP:BALANCE. As there are reliable sources that call it a cult, we should broach the topic. They're clearly not, but they do have traits that make it appear as though they are a cult, but these are also judgments that can be applied to many intentional communities in the light of traditional western, capitalist culture. Walter Görlitz (talk) 06:46, 5 February 2020 (UTC)
 * OK, maybe later. Obviously, all this info (except revenue data by WSJ) should be explicitly attributed and probably placed to a separate sub-section (not sure at this point). From what I read, it appears this organization is very different from let's say Hutterites, not in terms of their religious beliefs, but in terms of their practices. This needs to be said. My very best wishes (talk) 16:26, 5 February 2020 (UTC)
 * No, they aren't that much different from Hutterites. Where they do differ is in the extremity of their actions. Both have a requirement for youth involvement, sharing of common goods, etc. Walter Görlitz (talk) 20:20, 5 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Well, I am not an expert, but saw this. Possibly not an RS per se, but that one can be used since the author is an expert, and we have a page about him. This is apparently a part of the story described in NYT article above. Is it all lie? Or maybe Huttereites do the same? My impression was that they do not. My very best wishes (talk) 22:14, 5 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Your expert is not consistent. I was looking for some clear signs of being a cult (as opposed to being a community that operates differently than societal norms) and ran into the section labelled A Closed Society where he states, "In our initial contacts with Hutterites, they invited us to attend their most sacred holidays and ceremonies including the baptismal service. We were free to walk anywhere on the property and talk with any person, observe the work and ask questions, or assist them. We were received as participants rather than guests. The leaders were not threatened by our presence or inquiries." There is no indication that they are a closed society as that is what the Hutterites are, but he simply states, "The Society of Brothers warn visitors at the outset not to write about their community". The does not make them a closed society. There are closed Plymouth Brethren. The expert doesn't understand the terms and just does not understand community life. Walter Görlitz (talk) 22:38, 5 February 2020 (UTC)
 * He is not "my expert". I just saw a page about him, John A. Hostetler. Are you saying he is wrong about everything in the link above? My very best wishes (talk) 22:47, 5 February 2020 (UTC)
 * I'm not an expert, or even a member of the group, and can't claim he's right or wrong about anything, but it seems to be mis-characterizations of the group based on those who have left it. Walter Görlitz (talk) 23:18, 5 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Here is a better source on this (pages 25-28, for example). So, the former members of the Bruderhof apparently created an organization, KIT ("Keep In Touch"). It seems they simply know what they are talking about (because they lived there) and they are now free to speak, after no longer be the members of the organization. Informally speaking, they should know this much better than journalists who only briefly visited a site and could see only what "elders" wanted to show them. But even in such journalistic publications I can see this wording at the top of the publication: This heaven-on-earthly documentary about the radical Christian sect. Sect. Here is what I mean by saying about the difference. The traditional communities like Amish and Hutterites are simply living as they lived for centuries, without inviting new people. Unlike them, Bruderhof invites a lot of new members and demand them to sell all their property and give all proceeds to the organization, which looks pretty much as a business, in addition to other large-scale businesses they do. And this is only one of many aspects. My very best wishes (talk) 16:52, 6 February 2020 (UTC)
 * More sources. This is a scholarly book and it tells (page 164) that the movement can be regarded as totalitarian. Another scholarly book (page 199-201) tells the same.  Here (third scholarly book) tells Louis Dumont argued it is totalitarian. Author of third book also published this. My very best wishes (talk) 17:13, 6 February 2020 (UTC)
 * And just reading their own vows, "Are you willing, for the sake of Christ, to put yourself completely at the disposal of the church community to the end of your life – all your faculties, the entire strength of your body and soul, and all your property, both that which you now possess and that which you may later inherit or earn?. This reminds me something ... My very best wishes (talk) 02:01, 10 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Yes. It too reminds me of the early church as described in Acts 2 and the subsequent writings such as the Didache. Walter Görlitz (talk) 04:39, 10 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Well, but the Bible and other such writings are primary sources, and frequently open to different interpretations. Yes, early Churches lived like that. However, when I read the Bible, it seems to me that while Christ did preach a lot to help other people, including giving them gifts (such as your possessions), nowhere he advocated living in Communes, such as Bruderhof. Am I wrong? Also, the Acts are something that Apostles said, and there are different interpretations of the Acts. In any event, we need secondary sources by 3rd party scholars to make an interpretation for including it anywhere. My very best wishes (talk) 16:25, 10 February 2020 (UTC)
 * I was commenting on what it was similar to. Walter Görlitz (talk) 16:32, 10 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Not to be included on this page, but this reminds me books on "Property and freedom", all that appear on the top here. One of the ideas in these books (not my idea of course) is that to enslave people one must take away their property and the right to have the property (among other things). But of course even in the worst totalitarian societies, such as Nazi Germany, USSR and North Korea, people did have some property, excluding only prisoners in death camps. My very best wishes (talk) 16:54, 10 February 2020 (UTC)
 * And in scripture, and the Didache, it's clear that the giving up of property is voluntary, not forced.
 * In Nazi Germany, property was expropriated from "enemies of the state". Those whose property was expropriated were no longer part of the community.
 * In those totalitarian regimes, people were not free to leave, and those who left were 1) persecuted, some to the point of extermination and 2) not welcome to communicate with those who were still in the regimes. Walter Görlitz (talk) 17:58, 10 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Yes, sure. Of course giving gifts is voluntarily in scripture. That is what all Christian confessions do. Regardless, if I include anything here, this will be based on books and other RS linked above (not "Property and freedom"). My very best wishes (talk) 18:14, 10 February 2020 (UTC)

You've missed the point of what actually transpired in the passage in Acts where they sold what they had. It's not gifts, it's holding all things in common. Feel free to read the passage. No interpretation required. This is not cult-like behaviour, it was Christian behaviour—until Constantine made "Christianity" the state religion and syncratism with Roman culture ensued. Walter Görlitz (talk) 19:00, 10 February 2020 (UTC)
 * This is not a matter of Acts (or claims by their own propagandists that can be patently false), but a matter of claims by sources that are independent on the subject/organization and produced by people who really know the organization, rather than just visited it once. All such claims are critical (see above). Here is yet another accusation of abuse documented by Amanda Akass, a BBC reporter . My very best wishes (talk) 01:02, 22 March 2020 (UTC)
 * Not the point. When the abuse claims result in criminal charges and are proven, then we have something from RSes. Walter Görlitz (talk) 01:50, 22 March 2020 (UTC)
 * You are probably thinking about WP:CRIME or Biographies_of_living_persons? That does not apply here because these are not BLP materials, and not necessarily a crime. In particular, the well sourced criticism of organizations normally belong to pages about these organizations. My very best wishes (talk) 01:59, 22 March 2020 (UTC)
 * I wasn't, but yes, there are living people involved here. They are all sourced to the original complainants. Walter Görlitz (talk) 02:01, 22 March 2020 (UTC)
 * The link/source above is a secondary RS published by a BBC journalist. Yes, it is based on claims by eyewitnesses, and the journalist has disclosed her sources. This is something very much common, and just a valid source/reference for the page. My very best wishes (talk) 02:12, 22 March 2020 (UTC)
 * But not reviewed by said journalist's editors at BBC, so not a RS. Sorry. Walter Görlitz (talk) 02:16, 22 March 2020 (UTC)
 * Sure, no one said this is a publication by the BBC. This is just a publication on "MP's Newswatch" by a known journalist who works for the BBC. But I still believe this is valid source per WP:RS for this page. My very best wishes (talk) 02:25, 22 March 2020 (UTC)
 * As source for what exactly? If you can explain it succinctly to WP:RSN and they agree, then by all means, add it here. Walter Görlitz (talk) 02:52, 22 March 2020 (UTC)
 * If you do not like this journalistic source (it is just very recent), one can easily find others, for example this book, "Encyclopedia of Community" tells that "Accusations of child abuse [in the Bruderhof], including sexual abuse and mental and physical coercion, abound" (page 107). At the very least, we should include a "Controversies" section to this page, exactly as in the book, where a chapter is dedicated specifically to the Bruderhof. For example, book Misunderstanding Cults tells the same: here. The sourcing is not a problem. And yes, the Bruderhof appears in this book as a "cult". My very best wishes (talk) 16:55, 22 March 2020 (UTC)
 * Please do not change indenting formatting during a conversation. Lots of MoSes and guidelines state it.
 * Again, what are you trying to prove now? That they're a cult or that abuse occurs in the community(ies)?
 * Again, there should be no controversies section as it's against norms and community consensus is generally against it. Wikipedia:Criticism details this. While not a policy or guideline, it's uncommon and many experienced editors advise against such sections as it places WP:UNDUE weight on the topic. Walter Görlitz (talk) 20:10, 22 March 2020 (UTC)
 * The "Controversy" is simply a subtitle from the article about Bruderhof in the "Encyclopedia of Community" (link above). You are linking to an essay, not a policy. But I agree: this essay makes a good point. Perhaps the content and sources from this thread must be "integrated throughout the article" or entitled differently. I will think about it. This content is certainly "due" on the page as a part of the history of this organization. A justification? The "Encyclopedia of Community" dedicated these controversies a significant part of coverage on their very brief article about the Bruderhof. My very best wishes (talk) 22:16, 22 March 2020 (UTC)
 * So, as described in the book "No Heavenly Delusion?: A Comparative Study of Three Communal Movements" by Mike Tyldesley, Michael Tyldesley (page 167), for example, this is a totalitarian community because it "wishes to create a society without a private sphere at all". I should include some well sourced info from this discussion to the page. My very best wishes (talk) 19:20, 19 October 2020 (UTC)

Governance
Strange that this article doesn't tell us about governance. I've just watched a documentary on a Bruderhof Community which included the statement that it is not a democracy but then failed to follow this up and explore their internal politics. Who are the decision makers?Richwil (talk) 19:43, 29 August 2020 (UTC)
 * They apparently hide it. There is usually only a vague reference to "leadership" who decide whether to allow dating and everything else. My very best wishes (talk) 19:20, 19 October 2020 (UTC)

Recent edit
This edit is clearly problematic, because it: (a) makes two identical links to website of the organization (one was in the infobox), (b) restore claims in WP voice, even though they are sourced to self-published materials by B., (c) removes sourced classification of B. (see also discussion above). My very best wishes (talk) 02:52, 20 October 2020 (UTC)
 * No, its addition is clearly problematic. MOS:LEAD states "The lead serves as an introduction to the article and a summary of its most important contents." Summary, not introduction of new information. As I stated when I removed this WP:POINTy addition, I checked a few entries at list of new religious movements such as 3HO, Adonai-Shomo, Adonism, The African Church and Association of Vineyard Churches and none mention being a "new religious movement" in the lede. You have taken an interest in this subject and have tried to raise as many negative elements bout them as you can. Please stop. Walter Görlitz (talk) 03:57, 20 October 2020 (UTC)
 * Further, it provides WP:UNDUE weight on the concept by stating this so early in the article. Walter Görlitz (talk) 04:23, 20 October 2020 (UTC)
 * OK, no objections with this. As about "negative elements", no, I only checked RS on the subject, such as Misunderstanding Cults by Benjamin Zablocki and Thomas Robbins and published by University of Toronto Press. They say that's a cult which takes all personal property from new members along with all their personal freedom, just as many other religious cults. Yes, people enroll   voluntarily, apparently after some brainwashing.My very best wishes (talk) 17:28, 20 October 2020 (UTC)
 * You have not addressed UNDUE, and not all are "brainwashed", that's biased. Walter Görlitz (talk) 03:01, 21 October 2020 (UTC)

It's best just to describe the Bruderhof Communities as Anabaptist Christian, given that's how reliable sources label them, as do themselves. I have edited the article to reflect this. I hope this helps. With regards, AnupamTalk 17:31, 20 October 2020 (UTC)
 * Yes, sure. However, your first source is just a nice personal essay by a photographer, while the second one was self-published. Much better sources are books. There are many. For example, "The Palgrave Companion to North American Utopias" by J. Friesen covers it, see page 194 and especially 199-201 which tell about KIT, etc. My very best wishes (talk) 00:54, 21 October 2020 (UTC)

Translation of the name
Bruderhof translates to farm of brothers, not place of brothers. Place of brothers would be Bruderplatz in German. Farm - Hof Place - Platz 2A02:810A:9C0:63C:6C33:8170:A979:68C5 (talk) 19:31, 21 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bruderhof Communities


text:
Multi-frequency signaling

In telephony, multi-frequency signaling (MF) is a type of signaling that was introduced by the Bell System after World War II. It uses a combination of audible tones for address (telephone number) transport and supervision signaling on trunk lines between central offices. The signaling is sent in-band over the same channel as the bearer channel used for voice traffic.

Multi-frequency signaling defines electronic signals that consist of a combination of two audible frequencies, usually selected from a set of six frequencies. Over several decades, various types of MF signaling were developed, including national and international varieties. The CCITT standardization process specified the American Bell System version as Regional Standard No. 1, or Signalling System R1, and a corresponding European standard as Signalling System R2. Both were largely replaced by digital systems, such as Signalling System 7, which operate out-of-band on a separate data network.

Because of the in-band transmission characteristic of MF signaling, the systems proved vulnerable to misuse and fraud by phone phreaking with devices such as a blue box.

Multifrequency signaling is a technological precursor of dual-tone multi-frequency signaling (DTMF, Touch-Tone), which uses the same fundamental principle, but was used primarily for signaling address information and control signals from a user's telephone to the wire-center's Class-5 switch. DTMF uses a total of eight frequencies.

Operation
Digits are represented by two simultaneous tones selected from a set of five (MF 2/5), six (MF 2/6), or eight (MF 2/8) frequencies. The frequency combinations are played, one at a time for each digit, to the remote multi-frequency receiver in a distant telephone exchange. MF is used for signaling in trunking applications.

Using MF signaling, the originating telephone switch sends a start signal to seize the line, taking the circuit off-hook. The terminating office acknowledges the seizure with a ready state by responding with a wink start signal, which is a momentary off-hook condition. The originating office then sends address information to the terminating switch. In R1 MF signaling this address information normally is a KP tone, the numeric digits of the destination number, and an ST tone to indicate the end of the address. Other information may also be added, such as the caller's number, using KP2 as a delimiter.

MF is a type of in-band signaling. Depending on the type and configuration of switching equipment, it may or may not be audible to the telephone user, but the technology was vulnerable to abuse with a method called phreaking with a blue box which generates the tones required to control remote telephone switches.

Multi-frequency signals
The Bell System published the following standards for MF tone timing: The interval between digits is the same as the digit duration (55 ms)
 * KP (110 ms)
 * Digits 0-9, ST: 55 ms

These standards are, for the most part, still in place where MF signaling is in use in legacy exchanges. MF signaling is still used in North America for inter-office signaling, although it is increasingly rare.

Demise
In-band signaling fell into disfavor in the public switched telephone network (PSTN) as electronic switching systems displaced electro-mechanical switching systems, but legacy offices may still exist in some countries, that are still using some electromechanical and other legacy switching equipment.

Out-of-band Common Channel Signaling (CCS) became nearly universal by the end of the 20th century in the United States. Benefits include higher connection establishment rate and better fraud security.

Most 911 Public Safety Answering Points (PSAPs) use the MF format to identify the calling party to the PSAP when processing calls from Mobile Telephone Switching Offices (MTSOs) and landline telephone exchanges. This is based on an earlier system which used MF to identify the calling party to a feature group 'D' (101xxxx) alternate long-distance provider.

title: Multi-frequency signaling


text:
Remainder

In mathematics, the remainder is the amount "left over" after performing some computation. In arithmetic, the remainder is the integer "left over" after dividing one integer by another to produce an integer quotient (integer division). In algebra of polynomials, the remainder is the polynomial "left over" after dividing one polynomial by another. The modulo operation is the operation that produces such a remainder when given a dividend and divisor.

Alternatively, a remainder is also what is left after subtracting one number from another, although this is more precisely called the difference. This usage can be found in some elementary textbooks; colloquially it is replaced by the expression "the rest" as in "Give me two dollars back and keep the rest." However, the term "remainder" is still used in this sense when a function is approximated by a series expansion, where the error expression ("the rest") is referred to as the remainder term.

Integer division
Given an integer a and a non-zero integer d, it can be shown that there exist unique integers q and r, such that $a = qd + r$ and $0 ≤ r < |d|$. The number q is called the quotient, while r is called the remainder.

(For a proof of this result, see Euclidean division. For algorithms describing how to calculate the remainder, see division algorithm.)

The remainder, as defined above, is called the least positive remainder or simply the remainder. The integer a is either a multiple of d, or lies in the interval between consecutive multiples of d, namely, q⋅d and (q + 1)d (for positive q).

In some occasions, it is convenient to carry out the division so that a is as close to an integral multiple of d as possible, that is, we can write
 * a = k⋅d + s, with |s| ≤ |d/2| for some integer k.

In this case, s is called the least absolute remainder. As with the quotient and remainder, k and s are uniquely determined, except in the case where d = 2n and s = ± n. For this exception, we have:
 * a = k⋅d + n = (k + 1)d − n.

A unique remainder can be obtained in this case by some convention—such as always taking the positive value of s.

Examples
In the division of 43 by 5, we have:
 * 43 = 8 × 5 + 3,

so 3 is the least positive remainder. We also have that:
 * 43 = 9 × 5 − 2,

and −2 is the least absolute remainder.

These definitions are also valid if d is negative, for example, in the division of 43 by −5,

 * 43 = (−8) × (−5) + 3,

and 3 is the least positive remainder, while,

 * 43 = (−9) × (−5) + (−2)

and −2 is the least absolute remainder.

In the division of 42 by 5, we have:
 * 42 = 8 × 5 + 2,

and since 2 < 5/2, 2 is both the least positive remainder and the least absolute remainder.

In these examples, the (negative) least absolute remainder is obtained from the least positive remainder by subtracting 5, which is d. This holds in general. When dividing by d, either both remainders are positive and therefore equal, or they have opposite signs. If the positive remainder is r1, and the negative one is r2, then

 * r1 = r2 + d.

For floating-point numbers
When a and d are floating-point numbers, with d non-zero, a can be divided by d without remainder, with the quotient being another floating-point number. If the quotient is constrained to being an integer, however, the concept of remainder is still necessary. It can be proved that there exists a unique integer quotient q and a unique floating-point remainder r such that a = qd + r with 0 ≤ r < |d|.

Extending the definition of remainder for floating-point numbers, as described above, is not of theoretical importance in mathematics; however, many programming languages implement this definition (see modulo operation).

In programming languages
While there are no difficulties inherent in the definitions, there are implementation issues that arise when negative numbers are involved in calculating remainders. Different programming languages have adopted different conventions. For example:

 * Pascal chooses the result of the mod operation positive, but does not allow d to be negative or zero (so, a = (a div d ) × d + a mod d is not always valid).
 * C99 chooses the remainder with the same sign as the dividend a. (Before C99, the C language allowed other choices.)
 * Perl, Python (only modern versions) choose the remainder with the same sign as the divisor d.
 * Scheme offer two functions, remainder and modulo – Ada and PL/I have mod and rem, while Fortran has mod and modulo; in each case, the former agrees in sign with the dividend, and the latter with the divisor. Common Lisp and Haskell also have mod and rem, but mod uses the sign of the divisor and rem uses the sign of the dividend.

Polynomial division
Euclidean division of polynomials is very similar to Euclidean division of integers and leads to polynomial remainders. Its existence is based on the following theorem: Given two univariate polynomials a(x) and b(x) (where b(x) is a non-zero polynomial) defined over a field (in particular, the reals or complex numbers), there exist two polynomials q(x) (the quotient) and r(x) (the remainder) which satisfy:
 * $$a(x) = b(x)q(x) + r(x)$$

where
 * $$\deg(r(x)) < \deg(b(x)),$$

where "deg(...)" denotes the degree of the polynomial (the degree of the constant polynomial whose value is always 0 can be defined to be negative, so that this degree condition will always be valid when this is the remainder). Moreover, q(x) and r(x) are uniquely determined by these relations.

This differs from the Euclidean division of integers in that, for the integers, the degree condition is replaced by the bounds on the remainder r (non-negative and less than the divisor, which insures that r is unique.) The similarity between Euclidean division for integers and that for polynomials motivates the search for the most general algebraic setting in which Euclidean division is valid. The rings for which such a theorem exists are called Euclidean domains, but in this generality, uniqueness of the quotient and remainder is not guaranteed.

Polynomial division leads to a result known as the polynomial remainder theorem: If a polynomial f(x) is divided by x − k, the remainder is the constant r = f(k).

title: Remainder


text:
1778 in music

Events

 * January 1 – Première of William Boyce's "When rival nations great in arms", at St James's Palace, London.
 * January 14 – Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, while visiting Mannheim, meets local composer Georg Joseph Vogler.
 * January 27 – Niccolò Piccinni's first French opera, Roland, is premièred at the Paris Opera.
 * February 14 – Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart writes to his father, Leopold Mozart, telling him how much he hates composing for the flute.
 * February 17 – Ignaz Umlauf’s Die Bergknappen becomes the first singspiel by a local composer to be performed in Vienna.
 * March 1 – Christoph Willibald Gluck returns to Vienna after a residence of ten years in Paris.
 * March 2 – The Nationaltheater of Vienna's opera buffa company gives its final performance.
 * March 15 – Thomas Arne is buried at St Paul's, Covent Garden, London.
 * March 20 – Jiří Antonín Benda leaves his post as Kapellmeister at the court of Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.
 * March 26 – Seven-year-old Ludwig van Beethoven gives his first concert performance, at Cologne.
 * April 8 – Antonio Salieri leaves Vienna after a twelve-year absence from his native Italy.
 * May 1 – Anna Maria Mozart complains of various ailments in a letter from Paris, where she is accompanying her son Wolfgang. She dies here on July 3.
 * June 4 – King George III of the United Kingdom celebrates his 40th birthday; "Arm’d with her native force", an ode composed by William Boyce for the occasion, is performed for the first time.
 * July 9 – Mozart writes to his father complaining about the French language and the poor standard of singing.
 * July 13 – Leopold Mozart learns of his wife's death from a family friend, Abbé Joseph Bullinger.
 * July 24 – The première of Giovanni Paisiello’s Lo sposo burlato takes place at the Russian court.
 * August 1 – First publication (in London) of the song "To Anacreon in Heaven" with words by Ralph Tomlinson (d. March 17). Date of writing and first publication of the music by John Stafford Smith which becomes "The Star-Spangled Banner" is uncertain but probably about this time.
 * August 3 – Teatro alla Scala, Milan, opens with a performance of Antonio Salieri's latest opera, Europa riconosciuta.
 * August 27 – Mozart meets Johann Christian Bach in Paris.
 * October 14 – Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart arrives in Strasbourg, where he will give three concerts.

Classical music

 * Carl Philip Emanuel Bach
 * Harpsichord Concerto in G major, H.477
 * Harpsichord Concerto in D major, H.478
 * Sechs Clavier-Sonaten für Kenner und Liebhaber
 * Johann Christian Bach – 4 Sonatas and 2 Duetts, Op. 15
 * Jean-Frédéric Edelmann – 3 Sonates, Op. 6, for harpsichord
 * Felice Giardini
 * 6 String Trios, Op. 20
 * 6 Quartets, Op. 21
 * François Joseph Gossec – Symphonie concertante in F major No. 2, "à plusieurs instruments"
 * Joseph Haydn
 * Little Organ Mass
 * Symphony No.54 in G major, Hob.I:54
 * Il maestro e lo scolare, Hob.XVIIa:1
 * František Kocžwara – The Battle of Prague, Op. 23
 * Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
 * Oboe Concerto in F major, K.293/416f
 * Duet Sonata for violin and piano K.296
 * Concerto for flute and harp in C major, K. 299
 * Violin Sonatas No. 18-23, K. 301-306
 * Ah se in ciel, K.538
 * Symphony No. 31 in D "Paris"
 * Piano Sonata No.8 in A Minor, K. 310/300d
 * Joseph Bologne Saint-Georges – 2 Symphonies concertantes, Op. 13
 * Antonio Salieri – Sinfonia Veneziana
 * Johann Abraham Peter Schulz – Keyboard Sonata in E-flat major, Op. 2
 * Hans Hinrich Zielche – 6 Flute Sonatas

Opera

 * Carl Christian Agthe – Martin Velten
 * Johann Christian Bach – La Clemenza di Scipione
 * Anton Bachschmidt – Antigono
 * Pierre Joseph Candeille – Les Deux comtesses
 * Christian Cannabich – Azakia
 * Domenico Cimarosa
 * Il ritorno di Don Calandrino
 * Le stravaganze d'amore
 * Charles Dibdin – The Shepherdess of the Alps
 * André Grétry – Le jugement de Midas
 * Niccola Piccinni – Roland
 * Antonio Sacchini – Erifile
 * Antonio Salieri
 * Europa riconosciuta
 * La scuola de' gelosi

Published popular music

 * The Singing Master's Assistant – William Billings, including "Africa"

Methods and theory writings

 * William Billings – The Singing Master's Assistant
 * Johann Nikolaus Forkel – Musikalisch-kritische Bibliothek
 * Mussard – Nouveaux principes pour apprendre a jouer de la Flutte Traversiere
 * Ignacio Ramoneda – Arte de canto-llano

Births

 * January 5 – Fortunato Santini, composer
 * January 9 – Dede Efendi, composer
 * January 13 – Anton Fischer, composer
 * February 12 – Franz Joseph Volkert, composer
 * February 14 – Fernando Sor, guitarist and composer
 * February 17 – Vincenzo Pucitta, Italian composer (d. 1861)
 * March 8 – Friedrich August Kanne, composer and music critic(d. 1833)
 * April 6 – Joseph Funk, composer and music teacher (d. 1862)
 * May 8 – Johann Gansbacher, composer (d. 1844)
 * May 28 – Friedrich Westenholz, composer
 * July 10 – Sigismund Ritter von Neukomm, Austrian composer and royal kapellmeister (d. 1858)
 * July 29 – Carl Borromaus Neuner
 * September 3 – Jean Nicolas Auguste Kreutzer, composer
 * November 14 – Johann Nepomuk Hummel, composer

Deaths

 * February 15 – Johann Gottlieb Görner, organist and composer (b. 1697)
 * March 5 – Thomas Arne, composer, best known for "Rule Britannia" (b. 1710)
 * May 8 – Lorenz Christoph Mizler, physician and music writer (b. 1711)
 * July 2 – Jean-Jacques Rousseau, philosopher, writer and composer (b. 1712)
 * July 3 – Anna Maria Mozart, mother of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (b. 1720; typhoid)
 * August 5 – Thomas Linley the younger, composer, aged 22
 * August 14 – Augustus Montague Toplady, hymn-writer (b. 1740)
 * August 24 – Johannes Ringk, organist, composer and copyist of Bach (b. 1717)
 * September 20 – Quirino Gasparini, composer (b. 1721)
 * October 30 – Davide Perez, opera composer (b. 1711)
 * November 11 – Anne Steele, hymn-writer (b. 1717)
 * December – Samuel Linley, oboist and singer (b. 1760)
 * December 12 – Hermann Raupach, composer (b. 1728)
 * date unknown
 * Americus Backers, piano maker
 * Giovanni Battista Costanzi, Italian composer (born 1704)
 * Célestin Harst, organist and harpsichordist (b. 1698)

title: 1778 in music