text:
English Standard Version

The English Standard Version (ESV) is a translation of the Bible in contemporary English. Published in 2001 by Crossway, the ESV was "created by a team of more than 100 leading evangelical scholars and pastors." The ESV relies on recently published critical editions of the original Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek texts.

Crossway claims that the ESV continues a legacy of precision and faithfulness in translating the original text into English. It describes the ESV as a translation that adheres to an "essentially literal" translation philosophy, taking into account "differences in grammar, syntax, and idiom between current literary English and the original languages." It also describes the ESV as a translation that "emphasizes 'word-for-word' accuracy, literary excellence, and depth of meaning."

Since its official publication, the ESV has received endorsement from numerous evangelical pastors and theologians, including John Piper and R. C. Sproul.

Pre-publication
During the early 1990s, Crossway president Lane T. Dennis engaged in discussions with various Christian scholars and pastors regarding the need for a new literal translation of the Bible. In 1997, Dennis contacted the National Council of Churches (NCC) and proceeded to enter negotiations, alongside Trinity Evangelical Divinity School professor Wayne Grudem, to obtain rights to use the 1971 text edition of the Revised Standard Version (RSV) as the starting point for a new translation. In September 1998, an agreement was reached with the NCC for Crossway to use and modify the 1971 RSV text, thereby enabling the creation of a new translation. Crossway moved forward from this position by forming a translation committee and initiating work on the English Standard Version. Crossway officially published the ESV in 2001.

In 1999, World reported of "feminists" noticing links between Crossway and the Council on Biblical Manhood and Womanhood (CBMW). Members of the CBMW had earlier been involved in criticizing plans made by Zondervan's New International Version (NIV) translation committee to publish a gender-neutral edition of the NIV. Grudem, who was president of the CBMW at the time, responded by stating, "This [translation] is not a CBMW project."

Translation Oversight Committee
Chaired by Dennis, the fourteen-member Translation Oversight Committee was aided by more than fifty biblical experts serving as review scholars. The translation committee also received input from the Advisory Council, having more than fifty members. J. I. Packer served as general editor of the translation. Grudem states that the NET Bible study notes were one resource that the translation committee consulted during the translation process. He also claims that the translation committee meets approximately every 5–7 years to consider text revisions.

The original translation committee featured the following notable individuals:

 * Dr. Wayne A. Grudem (Research Professor, Theology and Biblical Studies, Phoenix Seminary)
 * Dr. R. Kent Hughes (Senior Pastor Emeritus, College Church in Wheaton)
 * Dr. J. I. Packer (Board of Governors Professor of Theology, Regent College, Vancouver, Canada)
 * Dr. Vern Sheridan Poythress (Professor of New Testament Interpretation, Westminster Theological Seminary; Editor, Westminster Theological Journal)
 * Dr. Gordon Wenham (Old Testament Tutor at Trinity College, Bristol; Emeritus Professor of Old Testament, University of Gloucestershire)

By late 2023, Paul R. House, J. I. Packer, Leland Ryken, Gordon Wenham, and Bruce Winter had retired from the translation committee. In addition, the following individuals had joined by this time:

 * Josh Dennis (CEO and President, Crossway)
 * Dr. Dane Ortlund (Senior Pastor, Naperville Presbyterian Church)
 * Dr. Jon Dennis (Senior Pastor, Holy Trinity Church in Chicago)
 * Dr. Justin Taylor (Book Publisher, Crossway)
 * Don Jones (Chief Publishing Officer, Bible Publisher, Crossway)
 * Dr. Douglas O’Donnell (Senior Vice President of Bible Publishing, Crossway)
 * Dr. Kevin DeYoung (Senior Pastor, Christ Covenant Church)

Post-publication
In 2008, Crossway published the ESV Study Bible, which would go on to sell more than 1 million copies. In 2009, the Evangelical Christian Publishers Association named the ESV Study Bible as Christian Book of the Year. This was the first time in the award's 30-year history to be given to a study Bible.

In 2011, Crossway published a special limited edition ESV New Classic Reference Bible to commemorate the 400th anniversary of the King James Version (KJV) first being published. Having a foreword by Leland Ryken, it features a selection of artwork created by Makoto Fujimura for The Four Holy Gospels, a separate edition produced to match the size of the original KJV printing.

According to Crossway, more than 100 million printed copies of the translation had been distributed as of 2015, 250 million as of 2021, and 290 million as of 2023.

Debate surrounding translation philosophy
At the 2008 annual meeting of the Evangelical Theological Society, Mark L. Strauss presented a paper titled "Why the English Standard Version should not become the Standard English Version: How to make a good translation much better." In the paper, Strauss criticizes the ESV for using dated language, among other perceived issues, such as using gender-neutral language inconsistently in translation. ESV translator William D. Mounce responded to Strauss's criticism:

"While the content of the paper was helpful, I am afraid that it only increased the gap between the two 'sides' of the [translation philosophy] debate.... He kept saying that the ESV has 'missed' or 'not considered' certain translational issues. While I am sure they were not intentional, these are emotionally charged words that do not help in the debate. They are in essence ad hominem arguments focusing on our competence (or perceived lack thereof) and not on the facts. He was not in the translation meetings and does not know if we in fact did miss or did not consider these issues.... The solution to this debate is to recognize that there are different translation philosophies, different goals and means by which to reach those goals, and the goal of the translator is to be consistent in achieving those goals. In all but one of his examples, our translation was the one required by our translation philosophy."

Strauss invited Mounce to engage further through participation at the following annual meeting. In 2009, Mounce presented his formal response paper titled "Can the ESV and TNIV Co-Exist in the Same Universe?" In the paper, Mounce describes various points regarding his view of the need for both formal and functional translations.

In October 2019, University of Oklahoma Sociology Associate Professor Samuel L. Perry published a journal article titled "The Bible as a Product of Cultural Power: The Case of Gender Ideology in the English Standard Version." In the article, Perry attempts to demonstrate "how a more critical approach toward 'the Bible' can provide richer, more sophisticated sociological analyses of power and cultural reproduction within Christian traditions." Perry argues that Crossway's ESV translation committee made "intentional, systematic changes" into the ESV for the purpose of being able to "publish and mass-market a text more amenable to conservative, complementarian interpretations." Perry further argues that the ESV translation committee "have engaged in more covert means of cultural reproduction, not only disseminating their interpretation of the biblical text, but manipulating the text itself." The ESV Study Bible often details in its study notes why a complementarian interpretation of the original text may have been rendered in translation.

In 2020, the Ireland-based Association of Catholic Priests criticized the ESV for its position on the use of gender-neutral language, perceiving the use of terms such as "mankind" and "brothers" to be "not just out of sync with modern usage but are culturally regarded as diminishing and disrespectful of women."

In June 2021, Samuel L. Perry published a journal article titled "Whitewashing Evangelical Scripture: The Case of Slavery and Antisemitism in the English Standard Version." In the article, Perry attempts to demonstrate how "the ESV editors, while modifying certain RSV renderings to establish transitivity for their text among complementarian/biblicist Christians, sought to establish intransitivity between the text and more pejorative social interpretations by progressively re-translating lexically ambiguous terms and introducing footnotes to obviate the Bible’s ostensible promotion of slavery and antisemitism." In turn, Perry was interviewed by Salon regarding the content of the article. Boyce College Professor of Biblical Studies Denny Burk points out that Perry makes a "significant error" in referring to Grudem as the general editor of the ESV. In July 2021, Bible Study Magazine editor Mark Ward published an article to his personal blog in response:

"Perry raises very important questions about Bible interpretation, and about the proper translation of fought-over words like 'slave' and 'Jew.'... So I carefully read not only the Salon interview but also the scholarly article in the Journal of the American Academy of Religion which gave rise to it.... They [both] carry the same basic message. And that message is full of frankly cynical, acidic ideas about Bible study... The first step in interpretation should be transitivity. You should try to fit what you read in the Bible in with your existing tradition. That's simple hermeneutical humility—as long as it's paired with a sincere desire to hold one’s tradition up to the light of Scripture.... I can be grateful to Perry for some sharp observations, even some warning shots, while still insisting that any view that muzzles God, that severs the link between his intentions and his words, is rebellion.... To offer 'establishing transitivity with existing views' as a wholly sufficient view of evangelical Bible use is to take a small truth and make it the whole truth. It is to say to God, 'We can't hear you because other people are talking.'"

One Million Bibles Initiative
In November 2022, Crossway began an effort to fund and distribute 1 million ESV Bibles throughout English-speaking regions in the Global South, with a primary focus on Africa and Asia. Having been designed on a funding model where Bibles produced at cost are either donated or strategically subsidized, the project was initiated to resource Christians and pastors in low-income communities with study Bibles and various other editions, helping prevent "biblical illiteracy, spiritual malnourishment, and the transmission of false teaching run rampant."

Crossway claims that its ministry partners were in the process of distributing more than 435,000 Bibles by the end of 2023.

Relationship to the Revised Standard Version
The ESV is derived from the 1971 text edition of the Revised Standard Version. ESV translation committee member Wayne Grudem claims that approximately eight percent (or about 60,000 words) of the 1971 RSV text being used for the ESV was revised as of first publication in 2001. Grudem states that the committee removed "every trace of liberal influence that had caused such criticism from evangelicals when the RSV was first published in 1952." Although, Grudem also states that much of the 1971 RSV text left unchanged by the committee "is simply 'the best of the best' of the KJV tradition."

Style
Theologian Tim Challies has praised the ESV for its commitment to literary excellence:

"...the book that has most shaped my writing is the Bible—the ESV. Not only is this the book I’ve read most over the years, but it’s also the book I’ve studied the closest, and memorized most substantially. And then, of all the books I’ve read, it’s one of the finest in its literary quality.... One thing I’ve always loved about the ESV is its superior use of the English language. Any translation involves a trade-off between precision and readability so that the most-literal translations also tend to be the least-readable. Though the ESV is a precise Bible, its translators chose to place a premium on literary excellence.... They succeeded well, and the Bible they translated is beautiful to read—far more than any of its contemporaries."

Crossway claims that the ESV "retains theological terminology—words such as grace, faith, justification, sanctification, redemption, regeneration, reconciliation, propitiation—because of their central importance for Christian doctrine and also because the underlying Greek words were already becoming key words and technical terms among Christians in New Testament times." It also claims that the ESV lets the distinct writing styles of the various biblical writers come through the translated text.

Position on gender-neutral language
The ESV translation committee states that "the goal of the ESV is to render literally what is in the original." The committee expands on this position in claiming that, although the ESV avoids using gender-neutral language (for the purpose of preserving contextual meaning found in the original text), the translation does utilize gender-neutral language in specific cases. The committee further states that its objective was "transparency to the original text, allowing the reader to understand the original on its own terms rather than in the terms of our present-day Western culture."

2002 text correction
In 2002, Crossway published an unannounced revision to the original 2001 text to make several corrections, these being in areas where it was believed "that a mistake had been made in translation." This includes a revision in Romans 3:9, changing "under the power of sin" to "under sin."

Anglicized edition
In 2002, Collins published the English Standard Version: Anglicized Edition in the United Kingdom.

2007 text edition
Crossway published a revision of the ESV text in 2007 as "ESV Text Edition: 2007." The revision makes minor changes to the 2002 corrected edition.

Oxford Apocrypha edition
In 2009, Oxford University Press published the English Standard Version Bible with Apocrypha. This edition includes the Apocrypha, placed at the back of the Bible, intended for "denominations that use those books in liturgical readings and for students who need them for historical purposes."

2011 text edition
Crossway published a revision of the ESV text in 2011 as "ESV Text Edition: 2011." The revision changes fewer than 500 words in total throughout 275 verses from the 2007 text. The changes were made in each case to "correct grammar, improve consistency, or increase precision in meaning." A notable revision was made in Isaiah 53:5, changing "wounded for our transgressions" to "pierced for our transgressions" in the revised text. In addition, the ESV translation committee decided to modify the use of the word "slave" (being the Greek word doulos) on a case by case basis throughout the New Testament, being retranslated to either "bondservant" or "servant" to disambiguate the context of the situation.

Gideons edition
In 2013, Gideons International permanently transitioned from the New King James Version to the ESV as their translation of choice for free of charge distribution Bibles. In addition to being granted licensing for the ESV text (for the purpose of distribution), Crossway gave Gideons International permission to modify the text to use alternative readings based on the Textus Receptus. The Gideons edition uses more than 50 alternative readings.

2016 text edition
Crossway published a revision of the ESV text in 2016 as the "ESV Permanent Text Edition (2016)." The revision changes 52 words in total throughout 29 verses from the 2011 text. In addition, it also features an update of the textual basis for both the Old Testament and New Testament. A notable revision was made in Genesis 3:16 to use a complementarian interpretation of the original text: switching "shall be toward" with "shall be contrary to" in the revised text. The previous rendering can be found in the footnotes (excluding any editions that specifically do not have footnotes, such as the ESV Reader's Bible ). The ESV Study Bible details in its study notes the revised interpretation in relation to a parallel understanding of 3:16 with both 4:7 (which shares the Hebrew word teshuqah; this verse having also been updated in the 2016 text) and Ephesians 5:21–32.

Coinciding with the release of the revision, Crossway announced that "the text of the ESV Bible will remain unchanged in all future editions printed and published by Crossway." However, in a statement from Lane T. Dennis the following month, the new policy was abandoned "to allow for ongoing periodic updating of the text to reflect the realities of biblical scholarship such as textual discoveries or changes in English over time." In the statement, Dennis responded to public discourse surrounding the policy: "We have become convinced that this decision was a mistake. We apologize for this and for any concern this has caused for readers of the ESV." The revision was subsequently republished as "ESV Text Edition: 2016."

Catholic edition
In 2018, the Conference of Catholic Bishops of India published the ESV Catholic Edition Bible (ESV-CE), which includes the deuterocanonical books in Catholic canonical order. With permission from Crossway, a team of Catholic scholars reviewed the text of the ESV in light of the Vatican's translation principles as set forth in Liturgiam authenticam, making approved modifications where needed to adhere to Catholic teaching.

In 2019, the Augustine Institute published the ESV-CE in North America as The Augustine Bible. In October 2021, following these developments, the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge published its own version of the ESV-CE, newly typeset and with anglicized spelling, in multiple formats.

Anglican edition
In 2019, Anglican Liturgy Press published the ESV with Apocrypha. This edition includes the Apocrypha, placed at the back of the Bible. Having been approved by the ESV translation committee, the Apocrypha text found in this edition is a minor revision of the 2009 text published by Oxford University Press. A notable revision was made in retranslating the Book of Tobit. It was rereleased in 2023 as a bonded leather hardcover edition.

Future text edition
In May 2024, Grudem mentioned that the ESV translation committee was planning to meet in Wheaton, Illinois, in July 2024 to consider approximately 120 suggested changes to the ESV text. He estimated that the committee would approve around 30 to 40 of these suggestions, including "little tweaks to the wording [that] make it consistent with where we’ve translated the same phrase elsewhere".

Audio Bibles
In August 2003, Crossway released its first audio Bible, being the New Testament read by Marquis Laughlin. Shortly after, the New York City-based Fellowship for Performing Arts released an ESV audio Bible read by Max McLean, having been produced by Liz Donato and recorded under a licensing agreement. The first format released was the New Testament as a set of 12 cassette tapes, having been published by Crossway on October 31, 2003, being the 486th anniversary of the Protestant Reformation. A set of New Testament CDs was published the following month, and the full audio Bible was published in 2004. The full audio Bible was rereleased in May 2024.

In 2008, Crossway released an audio Bible featuring the voice of David Cochran Heath. This was published on October 31, 2008, being the 491th anniversary of the Protestant Reformation.

In late 2023, Crossway finished releasing six new audio Bibles, having been read by Conrad Mbewe, Kristyn Getty, Ray Ortlund, Jackie Hill Perry, Robert Smith Jr., and Michael Reeves. The entire project took approximately 6,000 hours of production labor. Ortlund called his recording experience "the most exacting, precise, detailed, and demanding task I’ve performed since my doctoral work 40 years ago," in addition to being "immensely satisfying." Ortlund used The HarperCollins Bible Pronunciation Guide as a linguistic aid during production.

Study Bibles
The ESV has been used as the Bible text for a number of study Bible editions, including but not limited to:

 * ESV study Bibles published by Crossway: the ESV Study Bible, the ESV Global Study Bible, the ESV Student Study Bible, and the ESV Literary Study Bible
 * The MacArthur Study Bible, published by Thomas Nelson
 * The Lutheran Study Bible, published by Concordia Publishing House
 * The Reformation Study Bible, published by Ligonier Ministries
 * The Fire Bible, published by Hendrickson Publishers
 * The Apocrypha: The Lutheran Edition with Notes, published by Concordia Publishing House
 * The Scofield Study Bible III, published by Oxford University Press
 * The Ryrie Study Bible, published by Moody Publishers

Liturgical
In August 2006, the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod released the Lutheran Service Book (LSB), which uses the ESV as its primary Bible text. With permission from Crossway, the LSB occasionally uses an alternative reading of the ESV in accordance with its original translation principles.

In April 2020, the Catholic Church in India started using a new English lectionary which uses the ESV-CE as its Bible text (excluding the book of Psalms, which uses the Grail Psalms translation instead).

In July 2020, the Bishops' Conference of Scotland approved the preparation of a new lectionary based on the ESV-CE. The Catholic Bishops' Conference of England and Wales also approved their own lectionary to be based on the ESV-CE.

title: English Standard Version


text:
Westmoreland County

Westmoreland County may refer to:

 * In Australia:
 * Westmoreland County, New South Wales
 * the former name of Westmoreland Land District, Tasmania, Australia

 * In Canada:
 * Westmorland County, New Brunswick

 * In the United Kingdom
 * The county of Westmorland, archaically spelt Westmoreland.

 * In the United States:
 * Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania
 * Westmoreland County, Virginia
 * Westmoreland County, Connecticut - A former county in Connecticut located in present-day Wyoming Valley

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Westmoreland County


text:
User talk:Arman~enwiki

Welcome to Wikipedia! You've discovered your user page, great. Now you'd better merge all your personal details to it. Autobiography in the main article namespace is frowned upon, and the article now at Arman should be deleted. Feel free to comment on my talk page if I can help in any way. Andrewa 02:57, 18 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Arman. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Arman~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

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title: User talk:Arman~enwiki


text:
Carl Vinson

Carl Vinson (November 18, 1883 – June 1, 1981) was an American politician who served in the U.S. House of Representatives for over 50 years and was influential in the 20th century expansion of the U.S. Navy. He was a member of the Democratic Party and represented Georgia in the House from 1914 to 1965. He was known as "The Father of the Two-Ocean Navy". He is the longest-serving member of the United States House of Representatives from the state of Georgia. From 1961 to 1965, he served as the Dean of the US House of Representatives as the longest serving member of the body.

USS Carl Vinson, the third Nimitz-class aircraft carrier, is named after him.

Early years
Vinson was born in Baldwin County, Georgia, where he attended local schools and Georgia Military College. He graduated with a law degree from Mercer University in 1902 and was a member of the Kappa Alpha Order. After some years of practice, he was elected to the Georgia House of Representatives in 1908. After losing a third term following redistricting, he was appointed as judge of the Baldwin County court.

Following the sudden death of U.S. Senator Augustus Bacon, Representative Thomas W. Hardwick of Georgia's 10th congressional district was nominated to fill Bacon's Senate seat. Vinson announced his candidacy for Hardwick's seat in Congress. Vinson defeated three opponents. Vinson was the youngest member of Congress (30 years old) when he was sworn in on November 3, 1914.

Service in Congress

Vinson served as a Representative from November 3, 1914, to January 3, 1965. He was repeatedly re-elected by Democratic voters for this seat. Vinson's first term in congress was characterized by his support for segregation sponsoring bills to establish separate street cars and apartments for Blacks in the District of Columbia, banning interracial marriage in the District, and repealing the Fifteenth Amendment.

During his tenure in the U.S. House, Vinson was a champion for national defense and especially the U.S. Navy and the U.S. Marine Corps. He joined the House Naval Affairs Committee shortly after World War I and became the ranking Democratic member in the early 1920s. He was the only Democrat appointed to the Morrow Board, which reviewed the status of aviation in America in the mid-1920s.

In 1931, Vinson became chairman of the House Naval Affairs Committee. In 1934, Vinson helped push the Vinson–Trammell Act, along with Democratic Senator Park Trammell of Florida. The bill authorized the replacement of obsolete vessels by new construction and a gradual increase of ships within the limits of the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922 and London Naval Treaty of 1930. Initial funding for the Vinson–Trammell Navy Act was provided by the Emergency Appropriations Act of 1934. This was necessary as during the previous administration, not a single major warship was laid down and the US Navy was both aging and losing ground to the Japanese Navy. Japan repudiated the naval treaties in late 1934.

Vinson later was primarily responsible for additional naval expansion legislation, the Naval Act of 1938 ("Second Vinson Act") and the Third Vinson Act of 1940 (which was essentially a mere prelude to the Two-Oceans Act that followed a month later), as well as the Two-Ocean Navy Act of 1940. The ambitious program called for by this series of laws helped the U.S. Navy as the country entered World War II, as new ships were able to match the latest ships from Japan.

At the end of World War II, Congress had authorized four Naval four-star officers to be promoted to Fleet Admiral. A staunch partisan of Admiral William Halsey, Jr., Vinson blocked the nomination of Admiral Raymond A. Spruance several times, although the majority thought him more deserving, to ensure that Halsey got the fourth billet. Congress eventually responded by passing an unprecedented act that specified that Spruance would remain on a full admiral's pay once retired until his death.

Following World War II, the House Naval Affairs Committee was merged with the Military Affairs Committee to become the House Armed Services Committee (this consolidation mirrored the establishment of the Department of Defense when the old Departments of War and of the Navy were consolidated). When the Republicans won control of Congress in the 1946 election, Vinson served as ranking minority member of the committee for two years before becoming Chairman in early 1949, when the Democrats were again in majority; a position held for four years until the Republicans briefly returned to the majority for a single congressional term after the 1952 elections. After the Democrats retook congress in the 1954 midterms, Vinson again became Chairman, a position he held until his retirement in 1965. In this role, Vinson adopted a committee rule that came to be known as the "Vinson rule", which limited the number of questions a junior member of the committee could ask to one question per year of service on the committee. As chairman, Vinson oversaw the modernization of the military as its focus shifted to the Cold War. He was also committee chair when Congress authorized the procurement of the first nuclear-powered aircraft carriers, starting with USS Enterprise (CVN-65) in the late 1950s.

A staunch segregationist, Vinson voted against the 1964 Civil Rights Act and in 1956, signed "The Southern Manifesto". Other Southern politicians signed this in resistance to the ruling by the United States Supreme Court in Brown v. Board of Education (1954) that segregated public education was unconstitutional, and that states needed to integrate their public schools.

Vinson did not seek re-election in 1964 and retired from Congress in January 1965.

Personal life
Vinson married Mary Green of Ohio in 1921. She died in 1949 after a long illness.

Vinson did not have children, but his great-nephew, Sam Nunn, served as a Senator from Georgia for more than 24 years. Nunn followed in his great uncle's footsteps, serving on the Senate Armed Services Committee for nearly his entire tenure in the Senate. Sam Nunn's daughter, Michelle Nunn ran unsuccessfully for one of Georgia's U.S. Senate seats in 2014.

Vinson considered his longtime assistant Charles Tillman Snead, Jr. his surrogate son, and Snead's wife, Molly Staeman Snead, was Vinson's wife's nurse for 34 years. Snead's son and grandchildren maintained this familial bond to Vinson until his death in 1981.

Death
Vinson returned to Baldwin County, Georgia, where he lived in retirement until his death on June 1, 1981. He is buried in Memory Hill Cemetery in Milledgeville, Georgia.

At the time of his death, Vinson was the last living member of the House of Representatives who was serving at the time of the United States' declaration of war against the German Empire, which precipitated the United States' entry into World War I.

Legacy
In recognition of his efforts on behalf of the U.S. Navy, a nuclear-powered aircraft carrier was named the USS Carl Vinson (CVN-70), an honor rarely given to a person while living. On March 15, 1980, at age 96, he attended the ship's launching.

Vinson Massif, Antarctica's highest mountain, is also named after him, together with the related Mount Vinson and Vinson Plateau.

Carl Vinson served 26 consecutive terms in the U.S. House, rarely running against significant opposition. He served for 50 years and one month, a record that stood until 1992, when the mark was surpassed by Jamie Whitten of Mississippi.

For his commitment, Vinson was awarded the prestigious Sylvanus Thayer Award by the United States Military Academy. In 1964, President Lyndon B. Johnson awarded Vinson the Presidential Medal of Freedom with Special Distinction, the highest award the President can give to a civilian. During his own tenure in the House, Johnson had served for years as a junior member of the House Naval Affairs Committee under Vinson.

The Department of Veterans' Affairs Medical Center in Dublin, Georgia, serving veterans in Central and Southern Georgia, is named for Vinson.

The University of Georgia hosts the Carl Vinson Institute of Government.

Athens, Georgia, is the site of Carl Vinson Park.

Carl Vinson Parkway is located in Warner Robins, Georgia.

Georgia Military College formerly had a barracks named for him. It was razed in the mid-2000s.

Vinson Hall Retirement Community in McLean, Virginia, is named after Carl Vinson.

US Federal Standard 595 names a color in his honor: reference 25630, "Carl Vinson Blue." The color can be approximated by hexadecimal color #dad3d8

title: Carl Vinson


text:
Dry Well Creek

Dry Well Creek is a stream in Harney County, Oregon, United States in the Harney Basin of Eastern Oregon. Its mouth is at an elevation of 5000 ft. It is among streams in the drainage basin of Malheur Lake, a Great Basin water body with no outlet.

Dry Well Creek is an intermittent fish-bearing stream that flows into Emigrant Creek, a tributary of the Silvies River. The creek is part of a watershed restoration project. Resident aquatic species in the project area include Great Basin redband trout, Malheur mottled sculpin, speckled and longnose dace, redside shiners, bridgelip suckers, Columbia spotted frogs, crayfish and western pearlshell mussels.

title: Dry Well Creek


text:
Wells County

Wells County is the name of two counties in the United States:

 * Wells County, Indiana
 * Wells County, North Dakota

title: Wells County


text:
Canadore College

Canadore College is a college of applied arts and technology located in North Bay, Ontario, Canada, attended primarily by international students. It was founded in 1967 as a campus of Sudbury's Cambrian College, and became an independent institution in 1972. Canadore College has three campuses in North Bay, Ontario, and one campus in Parry Sound, Ontario. Canadore has a full-time enrolment of 3,500 students. The fraction of students who are international, on a student visa, has grown significantly in the past decade, from 5% in 2012-13, to 72% in 2021-22.

Programs
Canadore College offers more than 65 full-time post-secondary programs, focused in several key academic sectors: aviation technology; business and management; community justice and police studies; culinary arts; environmental studies and biotechnology; health, human care and wellness; indigenous studies; language, access and preparatory studies; media, design and dramatic arts; sport and recreation; and trades and technology. Part-time studies in business; general interest; geographic information systems; health sciences; hospitality; information technology; languages; law and justice; preparatory studies; recreation and leisure services; trades and technology; and transportation are also offered in the traditional classroom and/or online.

Sport and wellness
Canadore athletes (Panthers) compete at the OCAA (Ontario Colleges Athletic Association) varsity level in men's and women's volleyball, and men's basketball. The men's and women's hockey and men's and women's indoor soccer teams are at the extramural level.

Buildings and features
Canadore shares its main campus facilities with Nipissing University. Canadore College has four campuses: Aviation Technology Campus, Commerce Court Campus, and the Education Centre (College Drive Campus) in North Bay, Ontario, and one campus in West Parry Sound, Ontario, and three campuses in the GTA (Scarborough, Mississauga and Brampton) – Canadore at Stanford.

The Education Centre is situated on a 650 acre wooded escarpment with over 26 km of wilderness trails.

In 2018, Canadore opened The Village, a new $20 million "health and wellness centre".

Residences
Canadore College offers apartment-style residences, also referred to as Lower Residence. On September 9, 2023, a group of 50–100 Canadore international students, with no place to stay, erected a tent village. The tents were setup outside Canadore property which they were denied access to. Following the tent village being erected the college promised a solution within three business days.

title: Canadore College


text:
Ergastic substance

Ergastic substances are non-protoplasmic materials found in cells. The living protoplasm of a cell is sometimes called the bioplasm and distinct from the ergastic substances of the cell. The latter are usually organic or inorganic substances that are products of metabolism, and include crystals, oil drops, gums, tannins, resins and other compounds that can aid the organism in defense, maintenance of cellular structure, or just substance storage. Ergastic substances may appear in the protoplasm, in vacuoles, or in the cell wall.

Carbohydrates
Reserve carbohydrate of plants are the derivatives of the end products of photosynthesis. Cellulose and starch are the main ergastic substances of plant cells. Cellulose is the chief component of the cell wall, and starch occurs as a reserve material in the protoplasm.

Starch, as starch grains, arise almost exclusively in plastids, especially leucoplasts and amyloplasts.

Proteins
Although proteins are the main component of living protoplasm, proteins can occur as inactive, ergastic bodies—in an amorphous or crystalline (or crystalloid) form. A well-known amorphous ergastic protein is gluten.

Fats and oils
Fats (lipids) and oils are widely distributed in plant tissues. Substances related to fats—waxes, suberin, and cutin—occur as protective layers in or on the cell wall.

Crystals
Animals eliminate excess inorganic materials; plants mostly deposit such material in their tissues. Such mineral matter is mostly salts of calcium and anhydrides of silica.

 * Raphides are a type of elongated crystalline form of calcium oxalate aggregated in bundles within a plant cell. Because of the needle-like form, large numbers in the tissue of, say, a leaf can render the leaf unpalatable to herbivores (see Dieffenbachia and taro).
 * Druse
 * Cystolith

title: Ergastic substance


text:
Talk:Sam Nunn

Remove Paragraph
The third paragraph in "Post-Congressional life" appears to be a misplaced meta-comment and should probably be removed. It reads:

"Footnote 15 does not support the statement--it merely links to an index: His approach to national security issues has been guided by one fundamental criteria: What Sam Nunn believes is in the best interest of the United States of America. [15]" —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.66.87.240 (talk) 16:39, 23 August 2008 (UTC)

Writing Style
The writing in the article shows a poor grasp of the English language and needs to be improved. The Early Life secion is choppy at best, and could use a bit of refining. As for the content, I am sure we can find a bit more to write about such a well-known figure.Mrathel (talk) 13:31, 28 May 2008 (UTC)

Secion? DouglasHeld (talk) 19:07, 25 February 2012 (UTC)

Copyvio?
Much of this page looks like its ripped from: http://www.nti.org/b_aboutnti/b1b.html. ElBenevolente 03:01, 18 Mar 2004 (UTC)

I wanted to say the same thing as ElB. It strikes me as a possible weakness of Wikipedia - an ideologue may fill most of a stub (or: a average person may fill most of a stub with CTRL+V from an ideologue's web site), and subsequent editors - if there are any other editors at all - proceed to make only minor changes. 212.183.107.22 04:17, 13 February 2006 (UTC)

Nobel Peace Prize nomination
Being nominated for the Peace Prize is an honor, but it is not official or even prestigious. Any national legislator or about a third of the university professors in the world can make a nomination, and there have been as many as 140 some years. Nominators are requested to keep their nominations secret, so it's only those wishing publicity who make announcements, and more often it is impossible to verify. I see no reason to keep it. No offense to the subject, this is a general Nobel Peace Prize "nominees" issue. -Will Beback · † · 08:08, 21 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Although the committee which awards the Nobel Peace Prize does not reveal official nominees, both Nunn and Lugar have been mentioned several times as candidates for the award in the media circle.

Businessman?
Uncited. The article contains no information about his "business" life. I'm replacing "businessman" with "lawyer" in the first sentence. 198.49.180.40 (talk) 23:06, 19 June 2008 (UTC)

1972?
Did Nunn actually take office on election day in 1972 as his info box alleges?

Shouldn't it say January 1973?--Utahredrock (talk) 02:33, 17 July 2008 (UTC)
 * I suspect the date is correct, since per the congressional biography he entered the Senate through a special election to replace Richard Russell, Jr. who had died in office.  So Nunn was elected directly into a vacant seat rather than to replace an incumbent outgoing senator.  It's therefore logical if Nunn took office immediately.  Better sourcing and explanation of the Nunn's election (and why he later chose not to run again in 1996) would be helpful to the article.  207.241.239.70 (talk) 08:24, 27 February 2009 (UTC)

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katje
kaaaaaaaaaaaaaatje — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A02:1810:241F:FC00:B53B:7CD4:458A:AE0A (talk) 11:57, 25 October 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sam Nunn


text:
Webster County

Webster County is the name of seven counties and a parish in the United States, each named for American politician Daniel Webster:

 * Webster County, Georgia
 * Webster County, Iowa
 * Webster County, Kentucky
 * Webster County, Mississippi
 * Webster County, Missouri
 * Webster County, Nebraska
 * Webster County, West Virginia
 * Webster Parish, Louisiana

title: Webster County


text:
Weber County

Weber County may refer to:

 * Weber County, Utah, United States
 * Weber County, New Zealand

title: Weber County


text:
Secretion

Secretion is the movement of material from one point to another, such as a secreted chemical substance from a cell or gland. In contrast, excretion is the removal of certain substances or waste products from a cell or organism. The classical mechanism of cell secretion is via secretory portals at the plasma membrane called porosomes. Porosomes are permanent cup-shaped lipoprotein structures embedded in the cell membrane, where secretory vesicles transiently dock and fuse to release intra-vesicular contents from the cell.

Secretion in bacterial species means the transport or translocation of effector molecules. For example: proteins, enzymes or toxins (such as cholera toxin in pathogenic bacteria e.g. Vibrio cholerae) from across the interior (cytoplasm or cytosol) of a bacterial cell to its exterior. Secretion is a very important mechanism in bacterial functioning and operation in their natural surrounding environment for adaptation and survival.

Mechanism
Eukaryotic cells, including human cells, have a highly evolved process of secretion. Proteins targeted for the outside are synthesized by ribosomes docked to the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER). As they are synthesized, these proteins translocate into the ER lumen, where they are glycosylated and where molecular chaperones aid protein folding. Misfolded proteins are usually identified here and retrotranslocated by ER-associated degradation to the cytosol, where they are degraded by a proteasome. The vesicles containing the properly folded proteins then enter the Golgi apparatus.

In the Golgi apparatus, the glycosylation of the proteins is modified and further post-translational modifications, including cleavage and functionalization, may occur. The proteins are then moved into secretory vesicles which travel along the cytoskeleton to the edge of the cell. More modification can occur in the secretory vesicles (for example insulin is cleaved from proinsulin in the secretory vesicles).

Eventually, there is vesicle fusion with the cell membrane at porosomes, by a process called exocytosis, dumping its contents out of the cell's environment.

Strict biochemical control is maintained over this sequence by usage of a pH gradient: the pH of the cytosol is 7.4, the ER's pH is 7.0, and the cis-golgi has a pH of 6.5. Secretory vesicles have pHs ranging between 5.0 and 6.0; some secretory vesicles evolve into lysosomes, which have a pH of 4.8.

Nonclassical secretion
There are many proteins like FGF1 (aFGF), FGF2 (bFGF), interleukin-1 (IL1) etc. which do not have a signal sequence. They do not use the classical ER-Golgi pathway. These are secreted through various nonclassical pathways.

At least four nonclassical (unconventional) protein secretion pathways have been described. They include: In addition, proteins can be released from cells by mechanical or physiological wounding and through non-lethal, transient oncotic pores in the plasma membrane induced by washing cells with serum-free media or buffers.
 * direct protein translocation across the plasma membrane likely through membrane transport proteins
 * blebbing
 * lysosomal secretion
 * release via exosomes derived from multivesicular bodies

In human tissues
Many human cell types have the ability to be secretory cells. They have a well-developed endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus to fulfill this function. Tissues that produce secretions include the gastrointestinal tract which secretes digestive enzymes and gastric acid, the lungs which secrete surfactants, and sebaceous glands which secrete sebum to lubricate the skin and hair. Meibomian glands in the eyelid secrete meibum to lubricate and protect the eye.

In gram-negative bacteria
Secretion is not unique to eukaryotes – it is also present in bacteria and archaea as well. ATP binding cassette (ABC) type transporters are common to the three domains of life. Some secreted proteins are translocated across the cytoplasmic membrane by the SecYEG translocon, one of two translocation systems, which requires the presence of an N-terminal signal peptide on the secreted protein. Others are translocated across the cytoplasmic membrane by the twin-arginine translocation pathway (Tat). Gram-negative bacteria have two membranes, thus making secretion topologically more complex. There are at least six specialized secretion systems in Gram-negative bacteria.

Type I secretion system (T1SS or TOSS)
Type I secretion is a chaperone dependent secretion system employing the Hly and Tol gene clusters. The process begins as a leader sequence on the protein to be secreted is recognized by HlyA and binds HlyB on the membrane. This signal sequence is extremely specific for the ABC transporter. The HlyAB complex stimulates HlyD which begins to uncoil and reaches the outer membrane where TolC recognizes a terminal molecule or signal on HlyD. HlyD recruits TolC to the inner membrane and HlyA is excreted outside of the outer membrane via a long-tunnel protein channel.

Type I secretion system transports various molecules, from ions, drugs, to proteins of various sizes (20 – 900 kDa). The molecules secreted vary in size from the small Escherichia coli peptide colicin V, (10 kDa) to the Pseudomonas fluorescens cell adhesion protein LapA of 520 kDa. The best characterized are the RTX toxins and the lipases. Type I secretion is also involved in export of non-proteinaceous substrates like cyclic β-glucans and polysaccharides.

Type II secretion system (T2SS)
Proteins secreted through the type II system, or main terminal branch of the general secretory pathway, depend on the Sec or Tat system for initial transport into the periplasm. Once there, they pass through the outer membrane via a multimeric (12–14 subunits) complex of pore forming secretin proteins. In addition to the secretin protein, 10–15 other inner and outer membrane proteins compose the full secretion apparatus, many with as yet unknown function. Gram-negative type IV pili use a modified version of the type II system for their biogenesis, and in some cases certain proteins are shared between a pilus complex and type II system within a single bacterial species.

Type III secretion system (T3SS or TTSS)
It is homologous to the basal body in bacterial flagella. It is like a molecular syringe through which a bacterium (e.g. certain types of Salmonella, Shigella, Yersinia, Vibrio) can inject proteins into eukaryotic cells. The low Ca2+ concentration in the cytosol opens the gate that regulates T3SS. One such mechanism to detect low calcium concentration has been illustrated by the lcrV (Low Calcium Response) antigen utilized by Yersinia pestis, which is used to detect low calcium concentrations and elicits T3SS attachment. The Hrp system in plant pathogens inject harpins and pathogen effector proteins through similar mechanisms into plants. This secretion system was first discovered in Yersinia pestis and showed that toxins could be injected directly from the bacterial cytoplasm into the cytoplasm of its host's cells rather than simply be secreted into the extracellular medium.

Type IV secretion system (T4SS or TFSS)
It is homologous to conjugation machinery of bacteria, the conjugative pili. It is capable of transporting both DNA and proteins. It was discovered in Agrobacterium tumefaciens, which uses this system to introduce the T-DNA portion of the Ti plasmid into the plant host, which in turn causes the affected area to develop into a crown gall (tumor). Helicobacter pylori uses a type IV secretion system to deliver CagA into gastric epithelial cells, which is associated with gastric carcinogenesis. Bordetella pertussis, the causative agent of whooping cough, secretes the pertussis toxin partly through the type IV system. Legionella pneumophila, the causing agent of legionellosis (Legionnaires' disease) utilizes a type IVB secretion system, known as the icm/dot (intracellular multiplication / defect in organelle trafficking genes) system, to translocate numerous effector proteins into its eukaryotic host. The prototypic Type IVA secretion system is the VirB complex of Agrobacterium tumefaciens.

Protein members of this family are components of the type IV secretion system. They mediate intracellular transfer of macromolecules via a mechanism ancestrally related to that of bacterial conjugation machineries.

Function
The Type IV secretion system (T4SS) is the general mechanism by which bacterial cells secrete or take up macromolecules. Their precise mechanism remains unknown. T4SS is encoded on Gram-negative conjugative elements in bacteria. T4SS are cell envelope-spanning complexes, or, in other words, 11–13 core proteins that form a channel through which DNA and proteins can travel from the cytoplasm of the donor cell to the cytoplasm of the recipient cell. T4SS also secrete virulence factor proteins directly into host cells as well as taking up DNA from the medium during natural transformation.

Structure
As shown in the above figure, TraC, in particular consists of a three helix bundle and a loose globular appendage.

Interactions
T4SS has two effector proteins: firstly, ATS-1, which stands for Anaplasma translocated substrate 1, and secondly AnkA, which stands for ankyrin repeat domain-containing protein A. Additionally, T4SS coupling proteins are VirD4, which bind to VirE2.

Type V secretion system (T5SS)
Also called the autotransporter system, type V secretion involves use of the Sec system for crossing the inner membrane. Proteins which use this pathway have the capability to form a beta-barrel with their C-terminus which inserts into the outer membrane, allowing the rest of the peptide (the passenger domain) to reach the outside of the cell. Often, autotransporters are cleaved, leaving the beta-barrel domain in the outer membrane and freeing the passenger domain. Some researchers believe remnants of the autotransporters gave rise to the porins which form similar beta-barrel structures. A common example of an autotransporter that uses this secretion system is the Trimeric Autotransporter Adhesins.

Type VI secretion system (T6SS)
Type VI secretion systems were originally identified in 2006 by the group of John Mekalanos at the Harvard Medical School (Boston, USA) in two bacterial pathogens, Vibrio cholerae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These were identified when mutations in the Hcp and VrgG genes in Vibrio cholerae led to decreased virulence and pathogenicity. Since then, Type VI secretion systems have been found in a quarter of all proteobacterial genomes, including animal, plant, human pathogens, as well as soil, environmental or marine bacteria. While most of the early studies of Type VI secretion focused on its role in the pathogenesis of higher organisms, more recent studies suggested a broader physiological role in defense against simple eukaryotic predators and its role in inter-bacteria interactions. The Type VI secretion system gene clusters contain from 15 to more than 20 genes, two of which, Hcp and VgrG, have been shown to be nearly universally secreted substrates of the system. Structural analysis of these and other proteins in this system bear a striking resemblance to the tail spike of the T4 phage, and the activity of the system is thought to functionally resemble phage infection.

Release of outer membrane vesicles
In addition to the use of the multiprotein complexes listed above, Gram-negative bacteria possess another method for release of material: the formation of bacterial outer membrane vesicles. Portions of the outer membrane pinch off, forming nano-scale spherical structures made of a lipopolysaccharide-rich lipid bilayer enclosing periplasmic materials, and are deployed for membrane vesicle trafficking to manipulate environment or invade at host–pathogen interface. Vesicles from a number of bacterial species have been found to contain virulence factors, some have immunomodulatory effects, and some can directly adhere to and intoxicate host cells. release of vesicles has been demonstrated as a general response to stress conditions, the process of loading cargo proteins seems to be selective.

In gram-positive bacteria
In some Staphylococcus and Streptococcus species, the accessory secretory system handles the export of highly repetitive adhesion glycoproteins.

title: Secretion


text:
Duality (electricity and magnetism)

In physics, the electromagnetic dual concept is based on the idea that, in the static case, electromagnetism has two separate facets: electric fields and magnetic fields. Expressions in one of these will have a directly analogous, or dual, expression in the other. The reason for this can ultimately be traced to special relativity, where applying the Lorentz transformation to the electric field will transform it into a magnetic field. These are special cases of duality in mathematics.

 * The electric field ($E$) is the dual of the magnetic field ($H$).
 * The electric displacement field ($D$) is the dual of the magnetic flux density ($B$).
 * Faraday's law of induction is the dual of Ampère's circuital law.
 * Gauss's law for electric field is the dual of Gauss's law for magnetism.
 * The electric potential is the dual of the magnetic potential.
 * Permittivity is the dual of permeability.
 * Electrostriction is the dual of magnetostriction.
 * Piezoelectricity is the dual of piezomagnetism.
 * Ferroelectricity is the dual of ferromagnetism.
 * An electrostatic motor is the dual of a magnetic motor;
 * Electrets are the dual of permanent magnets;
 * The Faraday effect is the dual of the Kerr effect;
 * The Aharonov–Casher effect is the dual to the Aharonov–Bohm effect;
 * The hypothetical magnetic monopole is the dual of electric charge.

title: Duality (electricity and magnetism)


text:
Talk:Secretion

Untitled
This is an endpoint.

Much work still needs to be done on this article. Though it covers the biochemical aspect of secretion well, it doesn't talk about the importance of secretion to the function of an organism. It should mention examples of secretion too. Rob 05:00, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)

I think the first section headings should be changed to something like "Secretion in Eukaryotic Cells", with a "Mechanism" subsection with minor changes, and a "Secrection in human physiology" (or similar) subsection that specifically deals with secretions from human organs and cell types. Comments ? Pansapiens (talk) 04:41, 20 November 2008 (UTC)

 * Decided to make the proposed edits Pansapiens (talk) 05:06, 20 November 2008 (UTC)

New Diagrams
Hello, I created some new diagrams. They are just meant to be a fancy-artsy rendition of secretion and not overly factual of detailed; that being said I did try to be as accurate as possible. Any ideas? Comments? I like the left-right alternating layout, breaks things up a bit, but I don't know what the SOP is for image positioning Adenosinetalk 04:56, 4 February 2010 (UTC)

Agrobacterium tumefaciens doesn't use T4SS to "introduce the Ti plasmid and proteins into the host". It transfers the T-DNA which is part of the Ti-Plasmid. This T-DNA contains information for opine synthesis as well as cytokinin synthesis and auxin synthesis. 91.42.255.3 (talk) 15:41, 1 March 2010 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 05:42, 30 April 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Secretion


text:
555 California Street

555 California Street, formerly Bank of America Center, is a 52-story 779 ft skyscraper in San Francisco, California. It is the fourth tallest building in the city as of February 2021, and in 2013 was the largest by floor area. Completed in 1969, the tower was the tallest building west of the Mississippi River until the completion of the Transamerica Pyramid in 1972, and the world headquarters of Bank of America until the 1998 merger with NationsBank, when the company moved its headquarters to the Bank of America Corporate Center in Charlotte, North Carolina. It is currently owned by Vornado Realty Trust and The Trump Organization.

Background
Colloquially known as "Triple Five" and/or "Triple Nickel", 555 California Street was meant to display the wealth, power, and importance of Bank of America. Design was by Wurster, Bernardi and Emmons and Skidmore, Owings and Merrill, with architect Pietro Belluschi consulting; structural engineering was by the San Francisco firm H. J. Brunnier Associates. It was the 75th tallest building in the United States upon completion, one foot taller than One Worldwide Plaza in New York City and just 1 foot shorter than the 68th tallest building in the US, which is also owned by Bank of America, the Bank of America Center in Houston, Texas at 780 ft (238 m), and just 2 feet shorter than the 67th tallest building in the US, 30 Hudson Street in Jersey City, New Jersey at 781 ft (238 m). Some sites round the heights of all four buildings to 780 ft (238 m) making those four buildings tied as the 67th tallest buildings in the country. As of February 2021, 555 California Street is the 89th tallest building in the United States, and the 103rd tallest in North America.

The skyscraper has thousands of bay windows, meant to improve the rental value and to symbolize the bay windows common in San Francisco residential real estate. The irregular cutout areas near the top of the building were designed to suggest the Sierra Nevada. At the north side of the skyscraper is a broad plaza named in honor of Bank of America founder A.P. Giannini.

In the plaza the 200-ton black Swedish granite sculpture "Transcendence" by Masayuki Nagare is known as the "Banker's Heart". Nearly the entire block—the skyscraper, the banking hall, the plaza, the stairways, and the sidewalks—is clad in costly polished or rough carnelian granite. A restaurant, the "Carnelian Room," was on the 52nd floor. The elevator to this restaurant is one of the few publicly accessible high-speed elevators in San Francisco. The restaurant closed at midnight New Year's Eve 2009.

The southeast corner of California and Kearny is about 35 ft above sea level, so the top of the building is over 800 ft. With the Transamerica Pyramid, 555 California Street shows the direction San Francisco's downtown was moving during the 1960s before campaigns against high-rise buildings in the 1970s and 1980s forced development to move south of Market Street. With its top spire, the Transamerica Pyramid is taller, but 555 California has the higher habitable space.

In April 2018, the United States Geological Survey included 555 California Street in a list of 39 high-rise buildings in San Francisco constructed during a period when welding techniques were employed that may jeopardize structural integrity during a strong earthquake.

A 70 percent interest was acquired by Vornado Realty Trust from foreign investors in March 2007 with a 30 percent limited partnership interest still owned by The Trump Organization In 2019, the building generated $86 million in net operating income ($60 million going to Vornado and $26 million to Trump Organization), and it had $543 million of debt attached to it in 2020. Trump's stake in 555 California Street is one of his largest holdings as of 2020. Forbes estimated in 2020 that Trump owes $162 million to an unknown creditor for this object alone; the loan comes due in 2021. At least one tenant in this building whose rent benefits Trump, the Qatar Investment Authority, is an empty office as of 2020. On May 19, 2021, Trump announced that a $1.2B loan had closed on the property at an interest rate of 2% annualized.

Major tenants

 * AllianceBernstein
 * Bank of America
 * Bank of India
 * Qatar Investment Authority

In popular culture
Since the opening of the building in 1969, it has been purportedly haunted with unexplained activity happening throughout the building such as moving cold air spots, landline phones lifting the receivers by themselves, and files and paperwork flying off shelves.

In 1971, 555 California Street appeared at the beginning of the film Dirty Harry, where it is the roof from which Scorpio snipes a woman in the now-closed pool atop what is now the Hilton Financial District hotel on Kearny Street. The film shows panoramic views of San Francisco from the roof of the building. In 1974, 555 California Street was again used for a box-office hit, this time in Irwin Allen's blockbuster The Towering Inferno, in which the outside plaza substituted for that of the film's fictional skyscraper, the infamous Glass Tower which on the night of its dedication catches fire. Many scenes were also filmed in the interior ground-floor lobby. The granite stairs coming up from California Street to the A.P. Giannini plaza were used for several key specific scenes including the opening dedication ceremony, the arrival of fire trucks and the final scene on the steps with the characters played by Paul Newman, Steve McQueen and Faye Dunaway. The rooftop setting of the building used in Dirty Harry was also used a decade later in the Chuck Norris film An Eye for an Eye (1981). The building can also be seen under construction in the 1968 film Bullitt. The building is featured as a landmark in the 2003 video game SimCity 4, under its previous name.

title: 555 California Street


text:
Maryland State House

The Maryland State House is located in Annapolis, Maryland. It is the oldest U.S. state capitol in continuous legislative use, dating to 1772 and houses the Maryland General Assembly, plus the offices of the Governor and Lieutenant Governor. In 1783 and 1784 it served as the capitol building of the United States Congress of the Confederation, and is where Ratification Day, the formal end of the American Revolutionary War, occurred.

The capitol has the distinction of being topped by the largest wooden dome in the United States constructed without nails. The current building, which was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1960, is the third statehouse on its site. The building is administered by the State House Trust, established in 1969.

Construction and history
Construction began in 1772, but was not completed until 1797 due to the ongoing American Revolutionary War. The two-story brick Georgian style structure, located inside State Circle, was designed by architect Joseph Horatio Anderson. A small portico juts out from the center of the building, topped by a pediment, with two high arched windows framing the entrance. On both floors, large rectangular windows line the facade. A cornice is topped by another pediment and the sloping roof gives way for a central octagonal drum atop which rests a dome. The large dome is topped by a balustraded balcony, another octagonal drum and a lantern capped by a lightning rod. The rod was constructed and grounded according to the direct specifications of its inventor, Benjamin Franklin.

The building was surrounded by a low brick wall in 1818 to prevent cattle incursions. This was replaced by an iron fence with a granite base in 1836. The dome of the statehouse is depicted on the Maryland state quarter.

An annex to the State House was constructed between 1902 and 1906 under the supervision of Baltimore architects Baldwin & Pennington; the new annex replaced earlier 19th-century annexes. The current state House of Delegates and Senate chambers are part of the annex, which is clad in black and gold Italian marble. The annex includes the Grand Staircase from the first to the second floors; above the staircase is the painting Washington Resigning His Commission by Edwin White, executed in 1858. In 2017, two additional paintings, both from the collection of the Enoch Pratt Free Library, were hung above the staircase. These additions were a portrait of Charles Calvert, 5th Baron Baltimore by Allan Ramsay (c. 1740) and a portrait of Frederick Calvert, 6th Baron Baltimore by Johann Ludwig Tietz (c. 1750).

In the mid-1990s, the cypress dome underwent a structural renovation and repainting. However, the latex paint that was used failed to bond due to preceding layers, causing it to flake. In 2011, the old paint was removed and replaced with white oil-based paint.

Grounds
Adjacent to the State House is Lawyers Mall, an open space which was designated in 1973 after the demolition of the Court of Appeals building, which had sat at the location since 1906. Statues of Baltimore native Thurgood Marshall, the first black U.S. Supreme Court justice, as well as Donald Gaines Murray, the first African-American to enter the University of Maryland School of Law since 1890, and a bench with statues of two anonymous children symbolizing the victory of Marshall's litigation in Brown v. Board of Education, all sit on Lawyers Mall. The space is the focal point of First Amendment activities on capitol grounds.

Until 2017, there was a statue of Roger B. Taney, Chief Justice of the United States, on the lawn of the State House. The statue was erected in 1872. The statue of Taney, a Marylander, was controversial because of Taney's support for slavery and his authorship of the U.S. Supreme Court decision in Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857), which upheld the denial of citizenship to African Americans. As a result, a movement in support of removing the statue emerged. At first, the State House Trust—made up of the governor, the speaker of the state house, the president of the state senate, and the chair of the Maryland Historical Trust Board of Trustees—responded by adding interpretive plaques "explaining the controversy over his divisive opinion and its place in the evolution of the nation's stance toward slavery." The Trust also added a statue of Marshall on Lawyers Mall, and agreed in 2016 to place statues of abolitionists Harriet Tubman and Frederick Douglass in the State House. In the wake of the Charlottesville car attack in 2017, House Speaker Michael E. Busch called for the removal of the Taney statue, as did Governor Larry Hogan a day later. It was removed just after midnight on August 18, 2017.

Rotunda
The rotunda is the primary home of the Maryland Federalist, a 1987 replica of the original Federalist, a tiny ship built by Baltimore merchants in 1788 to celebrate Maryland's ratification of the U.S. Constitution. Large Corinthian columns support the arches bracing the large dome above. A balustrade lines the second floor balcony.

In the summer of 2012, the original handwritten text of George Washington's resignation letter was on display in the rotunda. It was again put on display in March 2020 alongside the original Star-Spangled Banner by Francis Scott Key on loan from the Maryland Center for History and Culture.

Old Senate Chamber
To the right of the entrance is the old Senate Chamber. Chairs and desks were added to the room in the exact number (16) as originally furbished. The desk for the president is an original piece made by John Shaw in 1797. Above the fireplace is the painting Washington, Lafayette & Tilghman at Yorktown by Charles Willson Peale; the work was commissioned by the Maryland Legislature in 1783 and added to the State House collection the following year. The painting depicts General George Washington, Lafayette and Washington's aide-de-camp Tench Tilghman.

It was in the Old Senate Chamber that Washington resigned his commission as commander-in-chief of the Continental Army on December 23, 1783. A bronze statue of Washington stands in the room.

On February 2, 1781, Governor Thomas Sim Lee signed and sealed the "act to empower the delegates of this state in Congress to subscribe and ratify the Articles of Confederation." The decision established the requisite unanimous consent of all thirteen states for the formation of a Perpetual Union.

On September 11, 1786, the Annapolis Convention, an interstate convention to discuss ways to facilitate commerce between the states and the establishment standard rules and regulations, convened here. The convention laid the groundwork for the 1787 Constitutional Convention.

The chamber had extensive investigation beginning in 2007 to solve water leakage problems. As a result of this study, restorers have determined that previous restoration attempts in 1905 and 1940 did not accurately recreate many elements of the room. A report of their findings was issued in January 2010. The restoration work was completed in 2015 and the chamber reopened to the public.

Working Senate Chamber

The Senate chamber is located in a wing added to the original structure between 1902 and 1905. The room is illuminated by a Tiffany-style skylight above. Red carpet emblazoned with the state seal covers the entire floor. Large Ionic columns line the walls and support the viewing gallery. The marble along the walls and the columns are flecked with rust and black, Maryland's official colors.

Two famous Marylanders are featured in statues flanking the podium: John Hanson, the first president by the Articles of Confederation, and Charles Carroll, one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence. Four portraits of Declaration of Independence signatories for Maryland hang on the walls: William Paca, Thomas Stone, Samuel Chase, and Charles Carroll. There are also portraits of Edwin Warfield and John Walter Smith.

Working House Chamber
The House of Delegates chamber is also in the new wing to the building. The carpet is navy blue and designed with a diamond and olive sheaths. The same rust and black marble lines the chamber and forms the Ionic columns along the walls. A spectators' gallery is above the rostrum. The speaker sits in front of a broken marble pediment supporting a clock. Portraits of former Speakers of the House hang on the walls.

Governor's Reception Room
The Governor's Reception Room is on the second floor. The room is mainly ceremonial and used for bill signings. Portraits of former governors hang on the walls. Portraits of Henrietta Maria and Queen Anne hang nearby. The room was originally used as the Council Chamber for Maryland's executive council, which was abolished in state constitutional reforms in 1838; it became known as the Governor's Reception Room in the 1860s.

State House Caucus Room
What is now known as the State House Caucus Room was originally divided into two rooms housing the records of the Land Office and the General Court (which later became Court of Appeals of Maryland). After the Old House of Delegates Chamber was expanded in 1858, the room was divided between the private office of the speaker of the House of Delegates (rear half) and a cloakroom (front half). In 1905–06, the room was likely renovated, and became known as the Flag Room, which housed various Civil War battle flags and ceremonial weapons. The room was later used by the Department of Legislative Reference and became known as the "Bill Room" by the 1940s. From the early 1980s until 2008, the room was used as the Maryland State House Visitor Center. In 2011, the bill became the State House Caucus Room, and is now used for meetings.

The Caucus Room houses most of the 48-piece silver service from the armored cruiser USS Maryland, which was decommissioned in 1947. The pieces in the set show 167 scenes from Maryland history, with each piece focusing on one of Maryland's 23 counties and Baltimore. The silver was transferred from the Maryland Historical Society to the State House in 1962. In 1992, four pieces from the service were given to the submarine USS Maryland. In addition to the silver, the Caucus Room contains a 19th-century bust of Reverdy Johnson.

Paintings in the Caucus Room include both portraits and landscapes. Portraits in the room are originals depicting Oden Bowie (by Katherine Walton), Frank Brown (by Louis P. Dieterich), Leonard Calvert (attributed to Jacob van Oost or Jacob van Oost the Younger), Elihu Emory Jackson (by Ida Foster), Robert M. McLane (by George Peter Alexander Healy), Thomas Swann (by Florence Mackubin), Francis Thomas (by Franklin Barber Clark), William Pinkney Whyte (by David Bendann), and Levin Winder (by Florence Mackubin). The room also contains reproductions of portraits of Clarence W. Blount (by Simmie Knox) and Mary Eliza Watters Risteau (by Talmadge of New York).

National capital
From November 26, 1783, to August 13, 1784, Annapolis was the capital of the United States. The Congress of the Confederation met in the Maryland State House. Subsequently, Annapolis was a candidate to become the new permanent national capital before Washington, D.C., was built.

It was in the Old Senate Chamber that Congress ratified the Treaty of Paris on January 14, 1784, formally ending the American Revolutionary War.

United States district court
The United States District Court for the District of Maryland met there for the first decade of its existence. In 1800, judge Samuel Chase tried a local postmaster for embezzlement and sentenced him to thirty-nine lashes. To execute the sentence, the defendant was tied to one of the statehouse columns.

title: Maryland State House


text:
Wikipedia:Typo Team/works completed/Archive 1

 * "and and" Alexandros 15:59, 22 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * "his his" Alexandros 15:59, 22 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * "targetted, -ing" Naddy 16:03, 22 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * "comitted, -ing, commited, -ing" Naddy 16:03, 22 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * "equiped, -ing" Naddy 16:05, 22 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * "for for" Alexandros 18:18, 22 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * "or or" Alexandros 21:26, 22 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * "thier" Hajor 23:02, 22 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * "seige" Hajor 23:02, 22 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * "accomodate" "-ation" "-ations" "-ating" "-ated" "-ates" Hajor 23:28, 22 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * "Mitterand" (3 found) Hajor 23:48, 22 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * "occured, -ing, ocurred, -ing" Naddy 02:01, 23 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * "her her" (all false positives) Naddy 02:05, 23 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * "niether" - Dori 03:58, Nov 23, 2003 (UTC)
 * "becuase" - Dori 03:58, Nov 23, 2003 (UTC)
 * "to to" - Anthropos 04:21, 23 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * "teh" - Dori 04:06, Nov 23, 2003 (UTC)
 * "publically" - Archivist 13:14, Nov 23, 2003 (UTC)
 * "their their" - Naddy 22:58, 26 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * "exagerated, -ing, exagerrated, -ing" - Naddy 14:28, 3 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * "agian" - Sarge Baldy 14:54, Dec 11, 2003 (UTC)
 * "tehre" - Sarge Baldy 01:35, Dec 12, 2003 (UTC)
 * "thier" - Naddy 16:34, 12 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * "noticable" - 21 instances of this one, guess it wasn't very noticeable :P Sarge Baldy 20:35, Dec 12, 2003 (UTC)
 * "painfull" - Sarge Baldy 21:31, Dec 12, 2003 (UTC)
 * "usualy" - Sarge Baldy 13:41, Dec 14, 2003 (UTC)
 * "ocassions" - Sarge Baldy 14:03, Dec 14, 2003 (UTC)
 * "recieve" - Sarge Baldy 15:00, Dec 14, 2003 (UTC)
 * "satelite" - Sarge Baldy 04:44, Dec 16, 2003 (UTC)
 * "compatable/incompatable" - Sarge Baldy 14:00, Dec 19, 2003 (UTC)
 * "becuase" - Sarge Baldy 00:22, Dec 24, 2003 (UTC)
 * "recieved" - all 100+ of them, ugh - Sarge Baldy 00:42, Dec 24, 2003 (UTC)
 * "preperation" - Sarge Baldy 17:58, Dec 24, 2003 (UTC)
 * "the the" - Naddy 00:53, 25 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * "accidently" (eight found) Chris Roy 18:14, 3 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "accussed" (two found) Chris Roy 18:18, 3 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "amoung" (ten found) Chris Roy 18:30, 3 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "aparently" (two found) Chris Roy 18:47, 3 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "aquired" (five found) Chris Roy 18:56, 3 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "arbitary" (two found) Chris Roy 18:59, 3 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "cemetary" (four found) Chris Roy 19:45, 3 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "civillian" (three found) Chris Roy 19:51, 3 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "recieving" (three found) Chris Roy 19:56, 3 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "commandoes" (four found) Chris Roy 20:03, 3 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "commitee" (three found) Chris Roy 20:08, 3 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "concious" (two found) Chris Roy 20:13, 3 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "conciously" (two found) Chris Roy 20:18, 3 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "conquerer" (two found) Chris Roy 20:29, 3 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "mispelled" (two found) Chris Roy 20:41, 3 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "millenium" (two found) Chris Roy 20:48, 3 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "miniscule" (five found) Chris Roy 20:59, 3 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "nothern" (ten found) Chris Roy 21:46, 3 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "omniverous" (two found) Chris Roy 21:56, 3 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "oportunity" (two found) Chris Roy 22:00, 3 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "opthalmic" (five found) Chris Roy 22:10, 3 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "origional" (three found) Chris Roy 22:15, 3 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "paranthesis" (four found) Chris Roy 22:23, 3 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "particularily" (39 found) Chris Roy 23:03, 3 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "dinasty" (two found) Chris Roy 23:30, 3 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "accomidations" (four found) Chris Roy 00:27, 4 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "arround" (four found) Chris Roy 00:36, 4 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "Artic" (four found) Chris Roy 00:43, 4 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "Carribbean" (two found) Chris Roy 01:12, 4 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "costal" (seven found) Chris Roy 01:25, 4 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "goverment" (11 found) Chris Roy 02:06, 4 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "independant" (five found) Chris Roy 02:22, 4 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "jewlery" (two found) Chris Roy 02:31, 4 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "Meditteranean" (two found) Chris Roy 02:35, 4 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "milions" (four found) Chris Roy 09:34, 4 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "milion" (eight found) Chris Roy 09:46, 4 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "neigbors" (two found) Chris Roy 09:51, 4 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "peacefull" (two found) Chris Roy 09:56, 4 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "polution" (three found) Chris Roy 10:04, 4 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "accesible" (three found) Chris Roy 10:07, 4 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "pronounciation/s" (nine found) Chris Roy 10:18, 4 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "realtive" (two found) Chris Roy 10:22, 4 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "recomended" (four found) Chris Roy 10:27, 4 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "origionally" (two found) Chris Roy 10:29, 4 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "relevent" (nine found) Zundark 10:34, 4 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "persistant" (five found) Chris Roy 10:46, 4 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "restaraunts" (two found) Chris Roy 10:59, 4 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "surounding" (two found) Chris Roy 11:13, 4 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "useage" (nine found) Chris Roy 11:19, 4 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "throgh" (two found) Chris Roy 11:26, 4 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "usefull" (four found) Chris Roy 11:30, 4 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "seperate" (45 found) Chris Roy 11:59, 4 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "seperated" (27 found) Chris Roy 12:18, 4 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "seperately" (four found) Chris Roy 12:24, 4 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "seperates" (five found) Chris Roy 12:27, 4 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "his his" (three found) Zundark 12:34, 4 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "seperation" (12 found) Chris Roy 12:43, 4 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "writen" (two found) Chris Roy 01:20, 5 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "untill" (13 found) Chris Roy 01:41, 5 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "recieve" (five found) Chris Roy 04:18, 5 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "recieved" (seven found) Chris Roy 04:26, 5 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "possesing" (four found) Chris Roy 04:44, 5 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "recieves" (nine found) Chris Roy 04:49, 5 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "E=mc2" (two found) Chris Roy 04:57, 5 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "rememberance" (six found) Chris Roy 05:26, 5 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "reconnaisance" (34 found) Chris Roy 06:35, 5 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "catagorize" (two found) Chris Roy 09:02, 5 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "Los Angles" (two found) Chris Roy 09:08, 5 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "refered" (eight found) Zundark 10:23, 5 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "millenia" (four found) Chris Roy 23:11, 5 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "Portugese" (23 found) Chris Roy 07:44, 6 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "primative" (two found) Chris Roy 07:55, 6 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "proccess" (three found) Chris Roy 08:06, 6 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "profesor" (four found) Chris Roy 08:27, 6 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "profilic" (three found) Chris Roy 08:30, 6 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "proclamed" (two found) Chris Roy 08:35, 6 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "prominant" (five found) Chris Roy 08:37, 6 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "prominance" (four found) Chris Roy 08:49, 6 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "prominantly" (three found) Chris Roy 08:51, 6 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "weaponary" (two found) Chris Roy 03:29, 7 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "withdrawl" (ten found) Chris Roy 03:35, 7 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "loosing" (four found) Chris Roy 09:22, 8 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "negociations" (three found) Chris Roy 09:28, 8 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "noteably" (two found) Chris Roy 09:37, 8 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "noticible" (two found) Chris Roy 09:37, 8 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "sourthern" (two found) Chris Roy 04:08, 9 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "soverign" (two found) Chris Roy 04:16, 9 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "soverignity" (two found) Chris Roy 04:20, 9 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "sovereignity" (ten found) Chris Roy 04:50, 9 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "sponsered" (four found) Chris Roy 04:58, 9 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "succesful" (54 found) Chris Roy 05:32, 9 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "extremly" (two found) Chris Roy 05:36, 9 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "unsuccesfully" (three found) Chris Roy 05:38, 9 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "unsuccesful" (16 found) Chris Roy 05:46, 9 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "succesfuly" (three found) Chris Roy 05:49, 9 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "sufferage" (three found) Chris Roy 06:08, 9 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "successfull" (eight found) Chris Roy 06:14, 9 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "superintendant" (six found) Chris Roy 06:19, 9 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "persue" (four found) Chris Roy 06:35, 9 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "villian" (three found) Chris Roy 06:39, 9 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "Pharoah" (17 found) Chris Roy 07:09, 9 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "a lot" (four found) Chris Roy 23:54, 11 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "aquires" (five found) Chris Roy 00:04, 12 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "peices" (two found) Chris Roy 00:33, 12 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "permissable" (three found) Chris Roy 00:33, 12 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "teh" (two found) Chris Roy 00:33, 12 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "perogative" (six found) Chris Roy 00:48, 12 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "personel" (11 found) Chris Roy 01:01, 12 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "prominant" (four found) Chris Roy 06:32, 15 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "quizes" (four found) Chris Roy 06:49, 15 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "superceded" (23 found) Chris Roy 07:09, 15 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "supercedes" (two found) Chris Roy 07:11, 15 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "supress" (12 found) Chris Roy 07:21, 15 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "seperate" (22 found) Chris Roy 06:31, 17 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "recieving" (nine found) Chris Roy 07:37, 17 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "offical" (27 found) Chris Roy 08:22, 17 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "officals" (seven found) Chris Roy 08:30, 17 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "offically" (13 found) Chris Roy 08:51, 17 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "officialy" (two found) Chris Roy 08:51, 17 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "commerical" (53 found) Chris Roy 09:30, 17 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "commerically" (eight found) Chris Roy 09:41, 17 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "assocation" (12 found) Chris Roy 10:10, 17 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "commision" (four found) Chris Roy 10:33, 17 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "comission" (three found) Chris Roy 10:33, 17 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "prefered" (21 found) Chris Roy 17:41, 18 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "prefering" (11 found) Chris Roy 18:01, 18 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "sacrafice" (three found) Chris Roy 23:19, 18 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "similarily" (18 found) Chris Roy 23:19, 18 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "similiar" (22 found) Chris Roy 23:19, 18 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "implimentation" (three found) Chris Roy 23:19, 18 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "occassionally" (five found) Chris Roy 00:39, 19 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "suport" (four found) Chris Roy 00:56, 19 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "untill" (three found) Chris Roy 06:45, 19 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "paraphenalia" (four found) Chris Roy 23:59, 21 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "refered" (50 found) Chris Roy 01:36, 22 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "dissapeared" (four found) Chris Roy 04:03, 22 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "disappearence" (two found) Chris Roy 04:03, 22 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "exibit" (two found) Chris Roy 04:03, 22 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "existance" (eight found) Chris Roy 04:19, 22 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "extrordinary" (two found) Chris Roy 04:31, 22 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "powerfull" (three found) Chris Roy 04:31, 22 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "prevelant" (nine found) Chris Roy 20:57, 22 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "foward" (11 found) Chris Roy 20:57, 22 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "sufficent" (eight found) Chris Roy 00:23, 24 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "terrestial/extra-terrestial/extraterrestial" (15 found) Chris Roy 05:13, 24 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "exept" (3 found) Sarge Baldy 06:34, Jan 25, 2004 (UTC)
 * "acheived" (five found) Chris Roy 03:04, 26 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "achievment" (two found) Chris Roy 03:04, 26 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "inprisonment" (two found) Chris Roy 03:04, 26 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "speach" (three found) Chris Roy 03:04, 26 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "psychadelic" (three found) Chris Roy 05:38, 27 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "fo -dario" (twelve found) Fabiform 07:39, 29 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "gasses" (twenty-one found) Fabiform 07:39, 29 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "geneology" (one found) Fabiform 01:51, 30 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "generaly" (one found) Fabiform 01:51, 30 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "mens" and "womens" (over thirty each) Fabiform 01:51, 30 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "chastized" (two found) Naddy 15:55, 31 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "competative" (two found) Chris Roy 19:37, 31 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "manged" (two found) Chris Roy 19:37, 31 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "appearence" (four found) Chris Roy 19:37, 31 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "apeared" (five found) Chris Roy 19:37, 31 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "oponent" (three found) Chris Roy 20:48, 31 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "reponse" (five found) Chris Roy 20:48, 31 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "reponsible" (eight found) Chris Roy 20:48, 31 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "reponsibility" (two found) Chris Roy 20:48, 31 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "resistent" (six found) Chris Roy 20:48, 31 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "resistence" (18 found) Chris Roy 20:48, 31 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "equivilant" (two found) Chris Roy 22:03, 31 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "equivilent" (two found) Chris Roy 22:03, 31 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "equivelent" (four found) Chris Roy 22:03, 31 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * "thru" (13 found) Naddy 15:05, 1 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * "hte" (six found) Chris Roy 01:50, 2 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * "to to" (50 found, including 28 in talk:, user\talk:, Wikipedia:, etc. pages) Anthropos 05:15, 2 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * "foreward" (three found) Chris Roy 04:57, 8 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * "worlwide" (three found) Naddy 13:22, 12 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * "basicly" (two found) Chris Roy 05:35, 16 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * "suprise, -es, -ed, -ing" (altogether 16 found) Naddy 23:08, 16 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * "suprisingly" (seven found) Naddy 23:16, 16 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * "peformer, -s" (three found) Naddy 13:47, 19 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * "peform, -s, -ed, -ing" (ten found) Naddy 13:47, 19 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * "peformance, -s" (11 found) Naddy 14:06, 19 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * "saftey" (three found) Chris Roy 21:42, 19 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * "surpress" (three found) Chris Roy 22:28, 19 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * "surpressed" (six found) Chris Roy 22:28, 19 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * "supressing" (three found) Chris Roy 22:28, 19 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * "supressed" (14 found) Chris Roy 22:28, 19 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * "preist" (two found) Chris Roy 22:31, 19 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * "sucess" (12 found) Chris Roy 03:55, 21 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * "sucessfull" (five found) Chris Roy 03:55, 21 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * "sucessful" (24 found) Chris Roy 03:55, 21 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * "succesful" (24 found) Chris Roy 03:55, 21 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * "successfull" (two found) Chris Roy 03:55, 21 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * "succesfully" (11 found) Chris Roy 03:55, 21 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * "sucessfully" (seven found) Chris Roy 03:55, 21 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * "compatability, -ies, in-" (six found) Naddy 23:04, 21 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * "truely" (11 found) Chris Roy 06:40, 22 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * "acadamy" (3 found) Cyrius 02:14, 24 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * "absense" (2 found) Cyrius 02:14, 24 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * "acceptible" (2 found) Cyrius 02:14, 24 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * "accomodate" (accommodate) fixed (20 found) Cyrius 02:39, 24 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * "mutliple" (5 found) Naddy 12:49, 26 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * "thorugh" (3 found) Naddy 13:02, 26 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * "secratary" (two found) Chris Roy 02:51, 27 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * "secretery" (two found) Chris Roy 02:51, 27 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * "seige" (six found) Chris Roy 02:51, 27 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * "seperating" (11 found) Naddy 14:02, 27 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * "seperatism, seperatist, -s" (4 found) Naddy 14:37, 27 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * "explaination" (six found) Chris Roy 02:36, 28 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * "philisophical" (five found) Chris Roy 04:49, 2 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * "attatched" (11 found) Naddy 23:25, 3 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * "they they" (two found) Chris Roy 03:12, 6 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * "and and" (28 found) Chris Roy 03:12, 6 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * "or or" (two found) Chris Roy 03:19, 6 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * "this this" (two found) Chris Roy 03:19, 6 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * "considerd" (two found) Chris Roy 20:18, 7 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * "representives" (four found) Chris Roy 20:18, 7 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * "resemblence" (eight found) Chris Roy 20:18, 7 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * "siezed" (three found) Chris Roy 20:59, 7 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * "signifigance" (three found) Chris Roy 20:59, 7 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * "recieved" (16 found) Nikai 21:28, 9 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * "recieve" (9 found) Nikai 22:10, 9 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * "interferance" (7 found) Nikai 23:15, 9 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * "descendent" (12 found) Bth 22:24, 10 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * "millenium" (19 found) Chris Roy 00:00, 11 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * "accidently" (8 found) Nikai 01:33, 11 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * "comand" (2 found) Richard cocks 01:58, Mar 11, 2004 (UTC)
 * "presure" Richard cocks 02:38, Mar 11, 2004 (UTC)
 * "ministery" (four found) Chris Roy 03:25, 11 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * "occurence" (two found) Chris Roy 03:25, 11 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * "occurences" (four found) Chris Roy 03:25, 11 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * "monastry" (three found) Richard cocks 03:29, Mar 11, 2004 (UTC)
 * "speach" (two found) Richard cocks 03:33, Mar 11, 2004 (UTC)
 * "curent" (five found) Richard cocks 03:46, Mar 11, 2004 (UTC)
 * "occured" (84 found) Chris Roy 04:20, 11 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * "usualy" (five found) Richard cocks 04:34, Mar 11, 2004 (UTC)
 * "when when" (five found) Richard cocks 07:48, Mar 11, 2004 (UTC)
 * "redundency" (two found) Richard cocks 07:55, Mar 11, 2004 (UTC)
 * "womens" - unsure about womens' so left it intact - Richard cocks 09:37, Mar 11, 2004 (UTC)
 * "immediatly" (13 found) Nikai 14:32, 11 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * "seperate" (53 found) Richard cocks 17:25, Mar 11, 2004 (UTC)
 * "formating" (five found) Richard cocks 17:33, Mar 11, 2004 (UTC)
 * "seperately" (eight found) Richard cocks 17:44, Mar 11, 2004 (UTC)
 * "serperated" (19 found) Richard cocks 18:02, Mar 11, 2004 (UTC)
 * "seperates" (just one) Richard cocks 18:09, Mar 11, 2004 (UTC)
 * "largly" (ten found) Richard cocks 21:07, Mar 11, 2004 (UTC)
 * "largley" (one found) Richard cocks 21:07, Mar 11, 2004 (UTC)
 * "tranformed" (five found) Nikai 17:15, 12 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * "practioner" (11 found) Nikai 22:37, 12 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * "practioners" (23 found) Nikai 22:37, 12 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * "incuding" (six found) Nikai 23:43, 12 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * "Carribbean" (three found) Nikai 23:58, 12 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * "propogate" (three found) Chris Roy 05:52, 13 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * "propogated" (two found) Chris Roy 05:52, 13 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * "pursuade" (three found) Chris Roy 05:52, 13 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * "pursuaded" (two found) Chris Roy 05:52, 13 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * "recepient" (three found) Chris Roy 05:52, 13 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * "arround" (five found) Nikai 11:10, 13 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * "Carribean" (ten found) Nikai 11:48, 13 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * "Celcius" (seven found) Nikai 12:35, 13 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * "an united" (13 found) Sandman 18:21, 13 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * "an European" (two found) Sandman 18:32, 13 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * "the the" (some 280 found) Naddy 20:11, 13 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * "likelyhood" (six found) Chris Roy 21:07, 13 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * "beleive" (one found) Richard cocks 21:25, Mar 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * "rhythem" (one found) Richard cocks 02:47, Mar 14, 2004 (UTC)
 * "thier" (17 found) Chris Roy 18:54, 14 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * "layed" (10) Muriel 11:44, 15 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * "womens" (7) Muriel 11:44, 15 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * "Seperate" (14) Muriel 11:44, 15 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * "sofware" (seven found) Nikai 12:10, 15 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * "chosing" (five found) Richard cocks 14:00, Mar 15, 2004 (UTC)
 * "penisula" (six found) Nikai 22:59, 15 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * "ressurection" (two found) Chris Roy 00:06, 16 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * "omited" (two found) Chris Roy 00:06, 16 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * "ommited" (two found) Chris Roy 00:06, 16 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * "particularily" (eight found) Chris Roy 00:06, 16 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * "aquired" (nine found) Nikai 02:05, 16 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * "bouyancy" (five found) Nikai 13:13, 17 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * "bouyant" (two found) Nikai 13:29, 17 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * "boyant" (two found) Nikai 13:35, 17 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * "dimentional" (five found) Nikai 21:50, 17 Mar 2004 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Ergastic substance

Question
This definition doesn't make sense to me. Nothing inside a cell is living - not DNA, not enzymes, not anything. The cell is the smallest unit that has the characteristics of life. Maybe you mean these substances don't participate in metabolism - but I'm not sure that works either..... ike9898 03:08, Mar 18, 2004 (UTC)
 * I admit it is difficult to separate what inside the cell is "living" and what is not, since any one component cannot live by itself alone. However, cell biologists have no problem with making such a separation, even if it is in a sense artificial (for example the plant cell wall is non-living, the cell membrane is living). Non-participation in metabolic processes is frequently seen as part of the definition of ergastic substances, but not a very good one, unless one better defines which metabolic processes are being considered. The fact that biproducts of a metabolic process are "dumped" (excreted by you; crystallized in the cell by a plant) seems not to really exclude them from the metabolic process in my mind. Starch grains are clearly for storage purposes, and therefore hardly out of the metabolic loop; but are regarded as ergastic substances. The heart of your question (and complaint) lies partly at the feet of defining life. In the end, is it really all just non-living machinery fooling us that there is something special going on? The term is a real one (as used by botanists anyway) and I've tried to select from the best definitions I could find to make it clear.  Could be just a convenient way of classifying intracellular parts..but I submit that your "The cell is the smallest unit that has the characteristics of life" is not all that safe a definition either. - Marshman 04:39, 18 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * I went back and read the definition, and now I think it was the implications of having included "non-living" there that brought the baggage to the fore that you were objecting to. By deleting it may not change much, but avoids making distinctions where such distictions are very difficult - Marshman 07:11, 18 Mar 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ergastic substance