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Uganda Railway

The Uganda Railway was a metre-gauge railway system and former British state-owned railway company. The line linked the interiors of Uganda and Kenya with the Indian Ocean port of Mombasa in Kenya. After a series of mergers and splits, the line is now in the hands of the Kenya Railways Corporation and the Uganda Railways Corporation.

Background
Before the railway's construction, the Imperial British East Africa Company had begun the Mackinnon-Sclater road, a 600 mi ox-cart track from Mombasa to Busia in Kenya, in 1890.

In July 1890, Britain was party to a series of anti-slavery measures agreed at the Brussels Conference Act of 1890. In December 1890, a letter from the Foreign Office to the treasury proposed constructing a railway from Mombasa to Uganda to disrupt the traffic of slaves from its source in the interior to the coast.

With steam-powered access to Uganda, the British could transport people and soldiers to ensure dominance of the African Great Lakes region.

In December 1891 Captain James Macdonald began an extensive survey which lasted until November 1892. At the time there was only one caravan route across the length of the country, forcing Macdonald and his party to march 4280 mile across unknown routes with limited supplies of water or food. The survey led to the first general map of the region.

The Uganda Railway was named after its ultimate destination, for its entire original 660 mi length actually lay in what would become Kenya. Construction began at the port city of Mombasa in British East Africa in 1896 and finished at the line's terminus, Kisumu, on the eastern shore of Lake Victoria, in 1901.

Engineering
The railway is gauge and virtually all single-track with passing loops at stations. 200,000 individual 30 ft rail-lengths and 1.2 million sleepers, 200,000 fish-plates, 400,000 fish-bolts and 4.8 million steel keys plus steel girders for viaducts and causeways had to be imported from India, necessitating the creation of a modern port at Kilindini Harbour in Mombasa. The railway was a huge logistical achievement and became strategically and economically vital for both Uganda and Kenya. It helped to suppress slavery, by removing the need for humans in the transport of goods.

Management
In August 1895, a bill was introduced at Westminster, becoming the  (59 & 60 Vict. c. 38), which authorised the construction of a railway from Mombasa to the shores of Lake Victoria. The man tasked with building the railway was George Whitehouse, an experienced civil engineer who had worked across the British Empire. Whitehouse acted as the Chief Engineer between 1895 and 1903, also serving as the railway's manager from its opening in 1901. The consulting engineers were Sir Alexander Rendel of Sir A. Rendel & Son and Frederick Ewart Robertson.

Workers
Nearly all the workers involved on the construction of the line came from British India. An agent was appointed in Karachi responsible for recruiting coolies, artisans and subordinate officers and a branch office was located in Lahore, the principal recruiting centre. Workers were sourced from villages in the Punjab and sent to Karachi on specially chartered steamers belonging to the British India Steam Navigation Company. Shortly after recruitment began, a plague broke out in India, seriously delaying the advancement of the railway. The Government of India only permitted recruitment and emigration to resume on the creation of a quarantine camp at Budapore, financed by the Uganda Railway, and where recruits were required to spend fourteen days in quarantine before departure.

A total of 35,729 coolies and artisans were recruited along with 1,082 subordinate officers, totalling 36,811 persons. Each coolie signed a contract for three years at twelve rupees per month with free rations and return passage to their place of enlistment. They received half-pay when in hospital and free medical attendance. Recruitment continued between December 1895 and March 1901, and the first coolies began to return to India after their contracts ended in 1899. 2,493 workers died during the construction of the railway between 1895 and 1903 at a rate of 357 annually. While most of the surviving Indians returned home, 6,724 decided to remain after the line's completion, creating a community of Indians in East Africa.

Law and order
To maintain law and order, the railway instituted a police department. The force was uniformed and drilled and armed with Martini-Henry rifles. The force was composed of Indians and two officers were lent by the Indian government to drill and superintend the force. A maximum of 400 constables were recruited, and the force was handed over to the Protectorate government on completion of the railway.

Resistance
At the turn of the 20th century, the railway construction was disturbed by the resistance by Nandi people led by Koitalel Arap Samoei. He was killed in 1905 by Richard Meinertzhagen, ending the Nandi resistance.

Tsavo man-eating lions
The incidents for which the building of the railway may be most noted are the killings of a number of construction workers in 1898, during the building of a bridge across the Tsavo River. Hunting mainly at night, a pair of maneless male lions stalked and killed at least 28 Indian and African workers – although some accounts put the number of victims as high as 135.

Lunatic Express
The Uganda Railway faced a great deal of criticism in Parliament, with many parliamentarians decrying it as exorbitantly expensive. Whilst the concept of cost-benefit analysis did not exist in public spending in the Victorian Era, the huge capital sums of the project nevertheless made many sceptical of the value of the investment. This, coupled with the fatalities and wastage of the personnel constructing it through disease, tribal activity, and hostile wildlife led the Uganda Railway to be dubbed a Lunatic Line:

"What it will cost no words can express, What is its object no brain can suppose, Where it will start from no one can guess, Where it is going to nobody knows, What is the use of it, none can conjecture, What it will carry, there is none can define, And in spite of George Curzon's superior lecture, It is clearly naught but a lunatic line."

Political resistance to this "gigantic folly", as Henry Labouchère called it, surfaced immediately. Such arguments along with the claim that it would be a waste of taxpayers' money were easily dismissed by the Conservatives. Years before, Joseph Chamberlain had proclaimed that, if Britain were to step away from its "manifest destiny", it would by default leave it to other nations to take up the work that it would have been seen as "too weak, too poor, and too cowardly" to have done itself. Its cost has been estimated by one source at £3 million in 1894 money, which is more than £170 million in 2005 money, and £5.5 million or £650 million in 2016 money by another source.

Because of the wooden trestle bridges, enormous chasms, prohibitive cost, hostile tribes, men infected by the hundreds by diseases, and man-eating lions pulling railway workers out of carriages at night, the name "Lunatic Line" certainly seemed to fit. Winston Churchill, who regarded it "a brilliant conception", said of the project: "The British art of 'muddling through' is here seen in one of its finest expositions. Through everything—through the forests, through the ravines, through troops of marauding lions, through famine, through war, through five years of excoriating Parliamentary debate, muddled and marched the railway."

The modern term Lunatic Express was coined by Charles Miller in his 1971 The Lunatic Express: An Entertainment in Imperialism. The term The Iron Snake comes from an old Nandi prophecy by Orkoiyot Kimnyolei: "An iron snake will cross from the lake of salt to the lands of the Great Lake to quench its thirst.."

Extensions and branches
Disassembled ferries were shipped from Scotland by sea to Mombasa and then by rail to Kisumu where they were reassembled and provided a service to Port Bell and, later, other ports on Lake Victoria (see section below). An 7 mi rail line between Port Bell and Kampala was the final link in the chain providing efficient transport between the Ugandan capital and the open sea at Mombasa, more than 900 mi away.

Branch lines were built to Thika in 1913, Lake Magadi in 1915, Kitale in 1926, Naro Moro in 1927 and from Tororo to Soroti in 1929. In 1929 the Uganda Railway became Kenya and Uganda Railways and Harbours (KURH), which in 1931 completed a branch line to Mount Kenya and extended the main line from Nakuru to Kampala in Uganda. In 1948 KURH became part of the East African Railways Corporation, which added the line from Kampala to Kasese in western Uganda in 1956. and extended to it to Arua near the border with Zaïre in 1964.

Lake Victoria
Almost from its inception the Uganda Railway developed shipping services on Lake Victoria. In 1898 it launched the 110 ton SS William Mackinnon at Kisumu, having assembled the vessel from a "knock down" kit supplied by Bow, McLachlan and Company of Paisley in Scotland. A succession of further Bow, McLachlan & Co. "knock down" kits followed. The 662 ton sister ships SS Winifred and SS Sybil (1902 and 1903), the 1,134 ton SS Clement Hill (1907) and the 1,300 ton sister ships SS Rusinga and SS Usoga (1914 and 1915) were combined passenger and cargo ferries. The 812 ton SS Nyanza (launched after Clement Hill) was purely a cargo ship. The 228 ton SS Kavirondo launched in 1913 was a tugboat. Two more tugboats from Bow, McLachlan were added in 1925: SS Buganda and SS Buvuma.

Lake Kyoga, Lake Albert and the Nile
The company extended its steamer service with a route across Lake Kyoga and down the Victoria Nile to Pakwach at the head of the Albert Nile. Its Lake Victoria ships were unsuitable for river work so it introduced the stern wheel paddle steamers PS Speke (1910) and PS Stanley (1913) for the new service. In the 1920s the company added PS Grant (1925) and the side wheel paddle steamer PS Lugard (1927).

Safari tourism
As the only modern means of transport from the East African coast to the higher plateaus of the interior, a ride on the Uganda Railway became an essential overture to the safari adventures which grew in popularity in the first two decades of the 20th century. As a result, it usually featured prominently in the accounts written by travelers in British East Africa. The rail journey stirred many a romantic passage, like this one from former U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt, who rode the line to start his world-famous safari in 1909: The railroad, the embodiment of the eager, masterful, materialistic civilization of today, was pushed through a region in which nature, both as regards wild man and wild beast, does not differ materially from what it was in Europe in the late Pleistocene.

Passengers were invited to ride a platform on the front of the locomotive from which they might see the passing game herds more closely. During Roosevelt's journey, he claimed that "on this, except at mealtime, I spent most of the hours of daylight."

Current status
After independence, the railways in Kenya and Uganda fell into disrepair. In summer 2016, a reporter for The Economist magazine took the Lunatic Express from Nairobi to Mombasa. He found the railway to be in poor condition, departing 7 hours late and taking 24 hours for the journey. The last metre-gauge train between Mombasa and Nairobi made its run on 28 April 2017. The line between Nairobi and Kisumu near the Kenya–Uganda border has been closed since 2012.

From 2014 to 2016, the China Road and Bridge Corporation built the Mombasa–Nairobi Standard Gauge Railway (SGR) parallel to the original Uganda Railway. Passenger service on the SGR was inaugurated on 31 May 2017. The metre-gauge railway is still used to transport passengers between the new SGR Nairobi Terminus and the old metre-gauge train station in Nairobi city centre.

Research has shown that expectations and hopes for the transformations that the Uganda railway would bring about are similar to contemporary visions about the changes that would happen once East Africa became connected to high-speed fibre-optic broadband.

In popular culture

A documentary on the construction of the line, The Permanent Way, was made in 1961. John Halkin's 1968 novel, Kenya, focuses on the construction of the railway and its defence during the First World War. The construction also serves as the backdrop to the novel Dance of the Jakaranda (Akashic Books, 2017) by Peter Kimani, and appears early in the novel A History of Burning by Janika Oza (2023).

The Tsavo man-eating lions at Tsavo feature in a factual account by Patterson's 1907 autobiographical book The Man-eaters of Tsavo. They are part of the plot of the 1956 film Beyond Mombasa, The Ghost and the Darkness in 1996, and Chander Pahar, a 2013 Bengali movie based on the 1937 novel by Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay.

Several other films have featured the Uganda Railway, including Bwana Devil, made in 1952. In addition, the 1985 film Out of Africa utilizes its railway equipment in several scenes, albeit out of place.

title: Uganda Railway


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Deluge

A deluge is a large downpour of rain, often a flood.

The Deluge refers to the flood narrative in the biblical book of Genesis.

Deluge may also refer to:

History

 * Deluge (history), the Swedish and Russian invasion of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (1654–1667)
 * Deluge (prehistoric), prehistoric great floods, some of which may have inspired deluge myths
 * Après moi, le déluge (lit. 'After me, the flood'), a French expression attributed to King Louis XV of France in 1757

Films

 * Deluge (film), a 1933 apocalyptic science fiction film loosely based on the S. Fowler Wright novel
 * The Deluge (film), a 1974 Polish film based on the Sienkiewicz novel

Literature

 * Deluge (novel), a 1928 novel by S. Fowler Wright
 * Deluge, a 2008 novel by Anne McCaffrey and Elizabeth Anne Sarborough
 * Le Déluge (Le Clézio), a fictional work by J. M. G. Le Clézio.
 * The Deluge (Tooze book), a 2014 book by Adam Tooze
 * The Deluge (novel), Potop, an 1886 novel by Nobel Prize winner Henryk Sienkiewicz about the historical event
 * The Deluge, a 1954 pastiche story credited to Leonardo da Vinci, actually written by Robert Payne
 * The Deluge, a 2007 novel by Mark Morris
 * The Deluge, a 2023 novel about dystopian climate change by Stephen Markley

Music

 * Deluge, a 1997 album by Jocelyn Pook
 * Le Déluge (Saint-Saëns), an 1875 oratorio by Camille Saint-Saëns
 * The Deluge (Manilla Road album), 1986
 * The Deluge (Fanning Dempsey National Park album), 2024

Other uses in arts, entertainment, and media

 * Deluge (fine art photography), a museum exhibit by David LaChapelle
 * Deluge (Transformers), several Transformers characters
 * The Deluge, a painting by Winifred Knights

Firefighting

 * Deluge (fireboat), several vessels
 * A type of fire sprinkler system
 * Deluge gun, equipment used in firefighting

Other uses

 * Deluge (software), a cross-platform BitTorrent client written using Python and GTK
 * Deluge Fountain, in Bydgoszcz, Poland
 * Deluge Mountain, a summit in Canada

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Deluge


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Contrabass clarinet

The contrabass clarinet (also pedal clarinet, after the pedals of pipe organs) and contra-alto clarinet are the two largest members of the clarinet family that are in common usage. Modern contrabass clarinets are transposing instruments pitched in B♭, sounding two octaves lower than the common B♭ soprano clarinet and one octave below the bass clarinet. Some contrabass clarinet models have extra keys to extend the range down to low written E♭$3$, D$3$ or C$3$. This gives a tessitura written range, notated in treble clef, of C$3$ – F$6$, which sounds B♭$0$ – E♭$4$. Some early instruments were pitched in C; Arnold Schoenberg's Fünf Orchesterstücke specifies a contrabass clarinet in A, but there is no evidence such an instrument has ever existed.

The smaller E♭ contra-alto clarinet is sometimes referred to as the "E♭ contrabass clarinet" and is pitched one octave lower than the E♭ alto clarinet.

Two models of subcontrabass clarinet (the octocontralto and octocontrabass), lower in pitch than the B♭ contrabass, were built as prototypes by Leblanc in the 1930s and survive only as museum items.

Contrabass
The earliest known contrabass clarinet was the contre-basse guerrière invented in 1808 by a goldsmith named Dumas of Sommières; little else is known of this instrument. The batyphone (also spelled bathyphone, Ger. and Fr. batyphon) was a contrabass clarinet which was the outcome of W. F. Wieprecht's endeavor to obtain a contrabass for the reed instruments. The batyphone was made to a scale twice the size of the clarinet in C, the divisions of the chromatic scale being arranged according to acoustic principles. For convenience in stopping holes too far apart to be covered by the fingers, crank or swivel keys were used. The instrument was constructed of maple-wood, had a clarinet mouthpiece of suitable size connected by means of a cylindrical brass crook with the upper part of the tube and a brass bell. The pitch was two octaves below the clarinet in C, the compass being the same, and thus corresponding to the modern bass tuba. The tone was pleasant and full, but not powerful enough for the contrabass register in a military band. The batyphone had besides one serious disadvantage: it could be played with facility only in its nearly related keys, G and F major. The batyphone was invented and patented in 1839 by F.W. Wieprecht, director general of all the Prussian military bands, and E. Skorra, the court instrument manufacturer of Berlin. In practice the instrument was found to be of little use, and was superseded by the bass tuba.

A batyphone bearing the name of its inventors formed part of the Snoeck collection which was acquired for Berlin's collection of ancient musical instruments at the Hochschule für Musik. Soon after Wieprecht's invention, Adolphe Sax created his clarinette-bourdon in B♭.

In 1889, Fontaine-Besson began producing a new pedal clarinet (see photograph). This instrument consists of a tube 10 ft long, in which cylindrical and conical bores are combined. The tube is doubled up twice upon itself. There are 13 keys and 2 rings on the tube, and the fingering is the same as for the B♭ clarinet except for the eight highest semitones. The tone is rich and full except for the lowest notes, which are unavoidably a little rough in quality, but much more sonorous than the corresponding notes on the contrabassoon. This is an octave lower than a bass clarinet and two octaves lower than a B♭ clarinet. The upper register resembles the chalumeau register of the B♭ clarinet, being reedy and sweet. None of these instruments saw widespread use, but they provided a basis for contrabass clarinets made beginning in the late 19th and early 20th centuries by several manufacturers, notably those designed by Charles Houvenaghel for Leblanc, which were more successful.

Contra-alto
The contra-alto clarinet is higher-pitched than the contrabass and is pitched in the key of E♭ rather than B♭. The unhyphenated form "contra alto clarinet" is also sometimes used, as is "contralto clarinet", but the latter is confusing since the instrument's range is much lower than the contralto vocal range; the more correct term "contra-alto" is meant to convey, by analogy with "contrabass", that the instrument plays an octave lower than the alto clarinet. It is also referred to as the E♭ contrabass clarinet. It is the second-largest member of the clarinet family in regular use, larger than the more common bass clarinet but not as large as the B♭ contrabass clarinet.

Like other clarinets, the contra-alto clarinet is a wind instrument that uses a reed to produce sound. The keys of the contra-alto are similar to the keys on smaller clarinets, and are played in the same way. Some contra-alto clarinet models have a range extending down to low (written) E♭, sounding as the lowest G♭ on the piano (aka G♭1), while others can play down to low (written) C, sounding E♭1.

The earliest contra-alto clarinets were developed in the first half of the nineteenth century; these were usually pitched in F and were called contrabasset horns, being an octave lower than the basset horn. Albert (probably E. J. Albert, son of Eugène Albert) built an instrument in F around 1890. In the late 19th and early 20th century contra-alto clarinets in E♭ finally attained some degree of popularity.

The contra-alto clarinet is used mostly in concert bands and clarinet choirs, where it usually, though not always, plays the bass line of a piece of music. While there are few parts written specifically for it, the contra-alto can play the baritone saxophone part and sounds the same pitch; it is also possible to read parts written in the bass clef for instruments pitched in C (such as bassoon or tuba) as if the part were in the treble clef, while adjusting the key signature and any accidentals as necessary by adding three sharps to the music. It is occasionally used in jazz, and a few solo pieces have been written for it. The contra-alto clarinet is also used in a few Broadway pit orchestras, with its parts being written in reed books as a doubled instrument (e.g. with soprano clarinet and bass clarinet).

Subcontrabass
In 1935, Belgian instrument maker Charles Houvenaghel at Leblanc built a single prototype B♭ octocontrabass, a full octave below the B♭ contrabass and standing 8 foot high. It was exhibited at the World's Fair that year. Its lowest note, C$0$ (written D$3$), is the lowest note on a 32′ pedal organ stop. This instrument survives in non-playable condition in the Leblanc musical instrument museum, Musée des instruments à vent in La Couture-Boussey, France.

Houvenaghel also built two slightly smaller prototype octocontralto clarinets in E♭ for Leblanc in the 1930s, pitched a fifth below the B♭ contrabass and one octave below the E♭ contra-alto clarinet. Only one was ever finished with key work, in 1971 to low C (sounding E♭$0$). This instrument was restored to playable condition in 2011 by Cyrille Mercadier, and is also on permanent exhibit in the Leblanc museum.

Although these enormous "octo" clarinets are mentioned in some texts (e.g. Baines, 1991) neither were manufactured by Leblanc beyond the prototype stage. There are some contemporary efforts to recreate them using modern plastics and 3D printing technology. In 2023, German instrument maker Foag Klarinetten developed a fully working all-metal B♭ octocontrabass clarinet, with range to low C$0$.

At least three pieces of music have been written specifically for octocontrabass by Norwegian composer Terje Lerstad (Trisonata, Op. 28; De Profundis, Op. 139; and Mirrors in Ebony for clarinet choir, Op. 144). There are no known recordings of these pieces.

Manufacturers
France:
 * Henri Selmer Paris
 * Contrabass (Model 41- pictured in the info box above) to low C in bass clarinet-shape with rosewood body.
 * Contra-alto (Model 40) to low E♭ in bass clarinet-shape with rosewood body.
 * Buffet Crampon makes a contra-alto clarinet, grenadilla body in bass clarinet-shape, pictured in the info box above.

USA: Germany: Italy:
 * Conn-Selmer has one model of each of the two clarinets under its brand Leblanc.
 * Contrabass: Leblanc L7182, to low E-flat, ABS body.
 * Contra-alto: Leblanc L7181, to low E-flat, ABS body.
 * Benedikt Eppelsheim Blasinstrumente produce the already presented metal contrabass clarinet with Boehm or German system fingering.
 * Fritz Wurlitzer contrabass clarinet with German system
 * Ripa Musical Instruments distributes a double bass clarinet made of metal in paperclip form.

China:
 * Tianjin Frater Musical Instrument Co. produces a double bass clarinet made of metal in paperclip form.

Development

Since 2012, a research team led by Ernesto Molinari (professor at the Bern University of the Arts), Jochen Seggelke (clarinet maker) and Daniel Debrunner (mechatronics engineer) has been developing various prototypes of a new double bass clarinet called CLEX' (Contrabass Clarinet Extended) as a mechatronic solution. The motorised keys are remotely controlled by the musician's fingers via keys equipped with electronic sensors. This type of instrument opens up new musical perspectives for instrumentalists and composers. The positioning of the holes on the clarinet body is completely free of traditional mechanical constraints.

In June 2016, Molinari presented the first of three working prototypes at two concert events.

Performers
Probably the best-known musician who has made significant use of the contrabass clarinet as a solo instrument is Anthony Braxton. Other performers (most of whom use the instrument in the genres of jazz and free improvised music) include James Carter, Brian Landrus, Douglas Ewart, Vinny Golia, Mwata Bowden, Ernst Ulrich Deuker, Paolo Ravaglia, Hamiet Bluiett, Edward "Kidd" Jordan, Harry Sparnaay (NL), Armand Angster (F) and Jason Alder. Leroi Moore of the Dave Matthews Band played a contrabass clarinet on the song "So Right" from the 2001 album Everyday and John Linnell of They Might Be Giants utilizes the contra-alto clarinet on their 2013 album Nanobots, as well as subsequent releases by the band. Colin Stetson makes use of the instrument on his 2015 collaboration album Never Were the Way She Was with violinist Sarah Neufeld and Jochen Seggelke.

title: Contrabass clarinet


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2S5 Giatsint-S

The 2S5 Giatsint-S (2С5 «Гиацинт-С») is a Soviet 152 mm self-propelled gun. "2S5" is its GRAU designation. It has nuclear, biological, and chemical protection. The 2S5 is capable of engaging targets at longer ranges and at a higher rate of fire than the more widely produced 2S3 Akatsiya 152 mm self-propelled gun, and is capable of firing nuclear projectiles.

Production history
Production of the 2S5 Giatsint-S (Hyacinth) started in 1976 along with the towed version the 2A36 Giatsint-B. It uses a chassis modified from the SA-4 Krug surface-to-air missile system with good cross-country mobility and is powered by a V-59 diesel engine which develops 520 hp. Giatsint-S can carry 30 152 mm rounds with a range of 28 kilometers, or 33-40 kilometers for rocket-assisted projectiles. In addition to high explosives, the gun can also fire HEAT, cluster, smoke and nuclear projectiles. Deploying to fire the gun takes 3 minutes, and it can sustain a rate of fire of 5 to 6 rounds per minute. Most of the crew, with the exception of the gunner, deploys outside of the vehicle while firing. It is usually accompanied by an ammunition carrier with an additional 30 rounds of ammunition.

The 2S5 was introduced into service in 1978, replacing the 130mm M46 field gun battalions in Soviet artillery brigades at the Army and Front level, and has also been known as the M1981 by the United States. Production ceased in 1991.

Operational history
The 2S5 was first used in combat by the Soviet Union in Soviet–Afghan War. Later, Russian forces used it in the First Chechen War and Second Chechen War.

The 2S5 has been employed by the Ukrainian Army and Russian Army in the war in Donbas.

Current operators

 * 🇧🇾 − 107
 * 🇪🇷 − 13
 * 🇷🇺 − 85 (850 in storage)
 * 🇺🇦 − 10
 * 🇺🇿 − Reportedly

Former operators

 * 🇪🇹 − 10 former Russian vehicles
 * 🇫🇮 − 18, under the designation 152 TELAK 91
 * − 2,100 in 1989

title: 2S5 Giatsint-S


text:
Pinamalayan

Pinamalayan, officially the Municipality of Pinamalayan, is a 1st class municipality in the province of Oriental Mindoro, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 90,383 people.

Pinamalayan is 70 km from Calapan.

Etymology
The town of Pinamalayan is close to the shore at the mouth of the river of the same name. The town's name was said to be taken from the word “Ipinamalay na” which means to make aware or to show the way or it has been made known to us. According to an old story, the early settlers of this town came from Marinduque. While they were on their way to Mindoro in their big bancas (boats), they encountered turbulent weather and lost their way. They prayed to the God Almighty for deliverance and guidance, whereupon, the weather cleared and a rainbow appeared on the horizon, and guided them towards safety and to a place where they discovered abundant resources and endless promises. The crew shouted “ipinamalay na” (it was made known).

They followed the direction of the rainbow believing that at its en lies a pot of gold and good fortune. They finally landed at what is now Barangay Lumambayan and established the first settlement which they named Pinamalayan. They found good fortune in the new land which brought them prosperity because of the good soil and abundant resources.

Some other sources attribute the name Pinamalayan simply to the fact that the area was once a vast area planted to rice, hence the name “pinagpalayan” or “Pinamalayan”. Since then the place grew and became a town. However, during the entire 18th century, Pinamalayan was one of the coastal areas frequently attacked by Moro Pirates. People were decimated and many field to the interior for safety. In spite of all these, the town site remained in that place until 1916 when it was transferred by the Americans to its present site.

History
The town of Pinamalayan is one of the oldest in the province of Oriental Mindoro. Its territory once went as far as the old settlements of Sumagui and Anilao which are now part of the towns Bansud and Bongabong respectively. The Town of Pinamalayan was also a former part of Pola until it got its permanent township status in the early years of American Colonization while Gloria was separated from Pinamalayan in 1964.

Spanish colonial era
The history of the town has its ancient beginning antedating far back with the advent of the Marinduque settlers in the early part of the 18th century who landed on the shores of the old settlement at Lumang-bayan. The first village was implanted there by the newcomers pushing back the pagans into the interior. In the course of time and subjected by the ravages of Moro piracy, the natives had to fight back the buccaneers as well as the tulisanes at the end of the 19th century. The old Lumang-bayan was the town up to its transfer to the present site on or about 1914. The Recollect Order first established a part of the second ecclesiastic district of Naujan and extend as far as Bongabon, assigning St. Agustine as its titular (Patron Saint).

The pattern of this town's territorial expansion dated back during the Spanish time when the villagers of Pinamalayan, Pola, Sumagui, Anilao and Bongabon belonged to one ministry district. That pattern was closely adhered to in the later part of the Spanish regime from 1888 to 1890. It was organized as a permanent settlement with Juan Morente, Sr. as gobernadorcillo and succeeded by his son, Juan Morente, Jr., as Captain (Mayor) in 1890–1894. When the revolution broke out against Spain, Pinamalayan took up arms and underwent some government changes under the provisional Malolos government headed by Juan Medina in 1898. When the Spaniards surrendered, Morente Jr. became governor of the province of Mindoro while Cornelio Nable was appointed as the municipal president.

American invasion era

In the Filipino-American War, the American forces took possession of the town, placed it under a military regime from 1901 to 1902; appointed Cornelio Nable as its first President under the new civil government. Reorganized on April 28, 1904, under Act No. 1135 of the Philippine Commission, the municipalities of Bongabon and Pola were annexed to Pinamalayan as barrios. In the following year, on January 4, 1905, under Act No. 1280, the municipality of Pola was annexed to Pinamalayan as a barrio. In 1914, Pinamalayan was organized as a regular municipality. Since then, a new town site has been proposed, selected and surveyed for expansion. This new town site was planned by Governor Juan Morente, Jr. and Mr. Thomas I. Weeks. The American planners made sure that this new town will be laid out properly according to a planning system of wide symmetrical vertical and horizontal roads with proper drainage facilities. A big plaza was further constructed in front of the municipal building. Pinamalayan still stands as a model in town planning to all the municipalities in Oriental Mindoro.

In 1914 to 1916, during these years under review, the national high way to Pinamalayan has also been proposed and completed in 1931.

In January 1912, Pola was separated from Pinamalayan as township and in 1920, Bongabon was separated from Pinamalayan as a municipal district under Act No. 2824 of March 15, 1919. Agriculture and business developments gradually increased with opening of roads. More people immigrated since then; this position of publics land has hastened; homesteading increased and greater areas of uncultivated lands were turned to production.

Japanese occupation era
On or about January 20, 1942, the Japanese Army from Calapan occupied the town and appointed Carlos Aguilocho and M. Medina as occupation Mayors. On or about January 15, 1945, the American Army from San Jose landed at Pinamalayan and liberated it from the enemy. Substantial progress has been made in the rehabilitation of the town since 1946. Municipal roads were repaired and extended, three big bridges were constructed (Balete, Nabuslot, and Lumambayan), a water system and a new market were constructed, a puericulture center and the beautification of the town plaza were undertaken. In 1948, Quinabigan was declared a national sub-port. The town is composed of six big barrios, namely; Lumang-bayan, Quinabigan, Nabuslot, Panggulayan, Maligaya, and Balete.

Typhoon Melor
On December 15, 2015, Pinamalayan is hit by Typhoon Nona (Melor), which made its fifth landfall. The town is badly damaged by the typhoon, with 15,000 homes devastated, about 83% of the 18,000 houses destroyed in Oriental Mindoro, and 24,000 families evacuated.

Geography
The town of Ipinamalay (now Pinamalayan) is close to the shore on the river of the same name about 2-3/4 miles- south-westward of Bugot Point. The Pinamalayan River whose source originates from the mountains north of the town empties at the mouth of the old Lumang-Bayan River. Stretching from Mount Dumali in the north-eastern part of the island high and prominent, the coastal trends southward with a succession of sweeping curves towards Pinamalayan Bay to Duyagan Point.

The town is bounded on the north by Babahurin Hill and extends towards the north-west which meets the town of Pola. Towards the south and north, the town lies on an extensive plain and is low and flat towards the south direction to Balete and up to the boundary of Bongabon. About 90% of its area is located on its level plain which extends into the interior. It is intersected by three rivers, namely; the Lumangbayan, the Balete and the Pula Rivers which are short and never navigable. The town is exposed to the north-east monsoon, but with the mountain facing north, it is safe from that direction.

Barangays
Pinamalayan is politically subdivided into 37 Barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios.

 * Anoling
 * Bacungan
 * Bangbang
 * Banilad
 * Buli
 * Cacawan
 * Calingag
 * Delrazon
 * Guinhawa
 * Inclanay
 * Lumambayan
 * Malaya
 * Maliancog
 * Maningcol
 * Marayos
 * Marfrancisco
 * Nabuslot
 * Pagalagala
 * Palayan
 * Pambisan Malaki
 * Pambisan Munti
 * Panggulayan
 * Papandayan
 * Pili
 * Quinabigan
 * Ranzo
 * Rosario
 * Sabang
 * Sta. Isabel
 * Sta. Maria
 * Sta. Rita
 * Sto. Nino
 * Wawa
 * Zone I
 * Zone II
 * Zone III
 * Zone IV

Demographics
The town's population is mostly Mangyan and Tagalog.

Economy
Pinamalayan is one of the ranking producers of coconuts in the Philippines. Its fertile plains are also devoted to yearly rice production making it a source of supply for Marinduque, Tablas, and neighboring localities. The municipality is one of the premier producers of bananas, a variety of forest products are gathered; a diversification of crops, vegetables and fruit trees are being accomplished.

It accounts for a variety of fish products from the sea; some fish ponds are now being developed; ranked second to none in the manufacture of wooden shoes, a distributing center of retail and wholesale trade for Sibale and Bongabon, it has a busy market in the poblacion and a barrio market at Nabuslot. It is not only a coconut region, but it is also a retail and wholesale trade center.

Pinamalayan's semi-circular waterfront affords excellent anchorage for vessels of inter-island type and visited weekly by steamers direct from Manila via Marinduque. It also affords an anchorage for ocean-going vessels in the sub-port of Quinabigan where copra is shipped every three months. It stands mid-way in the national high way to Bongabon and to Calapan. The Borbon and Halcon buses make this town a terminal and transport system. In the field of communication service, it has postal and telegraphic services, serving a wide area of 21,000 souls. It boasts also of its 2 light houses, one at Punta Dumali and other in town proper.

Pinamalayan in its bid to become the premier financial and educational destinations in the Southern part of Oriental Mindoro saw the emergence of national business establishing their branch on this municipality.

Heritage
Pinamalayan has a number of ancestral houses which are now mostly used for business purposes.

San Agustin Ancestral House
Located along Burgos St. corner Mabini St., San Agustin Ancestral House was built in 1922. Wide plank hardwood flooring is maintained in the second floor which now houses an internet café.

List of Cultural Properties in Pinamalayan

 * }

Tourism
• Pinamalayan Municipal Theme Park

• The Triangle Pot/ Rainbow Junction

• Colorful Madrid Boulevard

• Abada College Recreation Escape (ACRE)

• Blue Waves Beach Resort

• Magdalena Beach Resort

• Bulaklakan Beach Resort

• Edan Sigue Palace Resort

• Banilad White Beach

• Wawa Port

• Recodo Port

• Kawakawa Waterfalls in Barangay Buli

• Nanay Goya Restaurant

• Kamwatan Restaurant

• El Primo Restaurant

• Wawa Kayak

• Del bae Beach Resort

• Sunrise Beach Resort

• Marayos Falls

• Romulus Cafe and Restobar

• kazoku Japanese Restaurant

• El Dionisio

• Lacosta Beach Resort

• Ilocandia Beach Resort

Health Care
Pinamalayan is home to several Infirmary and Level I Hospitals accredited by the Department of Health. As of the latest DOH Facility Registry, there are 44 health care facilities in the municipality as follows:

 * Level I - two hospitals
 * Oriental Mindoro Central District Hospital
 * Pinamalayan Doctors' Hospital
 * Infirmary - two health facilities
 * Delos Reyes Medical Clinic
 * St. Paul General Hospital
 * Rural Health Unit - one unit
 * Pinamalayan Rural Health Unit
 * Birthing Home - one facility
 * Vertucio Medical Clinic
 * General Clinic and Laboratory - one facility
 * Barretto Medical and Diagnostic Center
 * Barangay Health Station - thirty-seven (37) facilities

LEVEL I HOSPITALS
LEVEL I Hospitals are general hospitals that offer out-patient, in-patient, and emergency services as well as the following functions accredited by the Department of Health: operating room, recovery room, labor and delivery facilities, isolation units, clinical laboratory, imaging facility, and a pharmacy.

ORIENTAL MINDORO CENTRAL DISTRICT HOSPITAL (OMCDH)
Previously known as Pinamalayan Community Hospital, is a government-owned hospital that aims to provide free health care services for the constituents of the municipality. It is one of the two Level I government hospitals in the second district of Oriental Mindoro, the other one being Oriental Mindoro Southern District Hospital. It is located at Strong Republic Nautical High Way, Brgy. Papandayan, Pinamalayan, Oriental Mindoro.

PINAMALAYAN DOCTORS' HOSPITAL (PDH)
Located at the heart of Pinamalayan is Pinamalayan Doctors' Hospital, more known to the locals as Ospital ni Dr. Ng. It is a 30-bed capacity private hospital and the only DOH accredited private Level I Hospital in the second district of Oriental Mindoro. It offers general medical services such as General Medicine, Internal Medicine (Adult Diseases), General Pediatrics, General Surgery, and Obstetrics and Gynecology. Specialized services such as ENT-Head and Neck Surgery, Cardiology, Endocrinology, Gastroenterology, Nephrology, Orthopedic Surgery, and Laparoscopic Surgery are also available.

Ancillary services include x-ray, ultrasound, 2D-Echo, clinical laboratory, and hospital pharmacy. The Emergency Room is open 24 hours a day, seven days a week.

PDH is located at Francisco St., Brgy Marfrancisco, Pinamalayan, Oriental Mindoro.

INFIRMARY FACILITIES
Infirmary facilities are facilities approved by the Department of Health to render minimal to intermediate care and management in the following areas: Medicine, Pediatrics, Non-surgical Obstetrics and Gynecology, Minor Surgery.

DELOS REYES MEDICAL CLINIC
One of the earliest medical facilities in the municipality, Delos Reyes Medical Clinic is located at Aguinaldo St., Pinamalayan, Oriental Mindoro.

ST. PAUL GENERAL HOSPITAL
Known as a children's hospital, St. Paul General Hospital now caters to adult patients as well. Located at Quezon St., Brgy Zone III, Pinamalayan, Oriental Mindoro.

RURAL HEALTH UNIT (RHU)
Pinamalayan Rural Health Unit is also known as the Municipal Health Office of Pinamalayan. It is Headed by Dr. Niña Kristinne L. Punzalan (Municipal Health Officer) with Dr. Marc Jayson Castro (Rural Health Physician), and Dr. Kathrin Alano Castro (Medical Officer III). They, along with the rest of the Municipal Health Office Staff, conduct regular public health programs and services to the constituents of Pinamalayan. Their efforts have permitted them to bring health care services to the far-flung areas of the municipality and the underserved communities.

Education
Tertiary • ABADA College

• CLJC Center for Excellence & Development Academy Foundation

• Ema Emits College Philippines (formerly Eastern Mindoro Institute of Technology & Science or EMITS)

• International Advance Technology Education Center (IATEC)

• Institute of Business Science and Medical Arts (IBSMA)

• Luna Goco Colloges

• Pinamalayan Maritime Foundation and Technological College Incorporated (PMFTCI)

• Pinamalayan School of Sciences and Technology (PSST)

• Southwestern Institute of Business and Technology (SIBTECH)

• Divine World College of Calapan (DWCC)

Secondary • ABADA College Junior and Senior High School Department

• * Progressive High School

• * Regular High School

• Anoling Extension High School (NNHS - Anoling Ext.)

• Calingag Extension High School (NNHS - Calingag Ext.)

• Ema Emits College Philippines (formerly EMITS) Junior and Senior High School Department

• Immaculate Heart of Mary Academy (IHMA)Junior and Senior High School Department

• Jesus is Lord High School

• Nabuslot National High School (NNHS - Main)

• Pambisan Extension High School (NNHS - Pambisan Munti Ext.)

• Pambisan National High School

• Pili National High School

• Quinabigan National High School

• Ranzo National High School

• Sabang Extension High School (NNHS - Sabang Ext.)

• Philippians Academy of Leaders (PAL Mission School)

• Tite national High school

Elementary

Private schools:
 * ABADA College Elementary Department
 * Montessori Progressive Preschool
 * Montessori Progressive Grade School
 * Maria Loreto Integrated School Foundation Inc. (MLISFI)
 * Pinamalayan Anglo School (PAS)
 * Pinamalayan Adventist Elementary School (PAES)
 * Ema Emits College Philippines (formerly EMITS) Elementary Department
 * Metamorphosis Child Development and Care Center (MCDCC)

Pinamalayan West District Pinamalayan East District

Public Schools:
 * Banilad Elementary School
 * Buli Elementary School
 * Dona Asuncion Reyes Memorial Elementary School
 * Juan Morente Senior Memorial Pilot School
 * Lumambayan Elementary School
 * Malaya Elementary School
 * Natividad De Joya Elementary School
 * Papandayan Elementary School
 * Pili Elementary School
 * Quinabigan Elementary School
 * Ranzo Elementary School
 * Rosario Elementary School
 * Santa Isabel Elementary School
 * Upper Bongol Elementary School
 * Cacawan Elementary School
 * Wawa Elementary School

Public Schools:
 * Anoling Elementary School
 * Bacungan Elementary School
 * Bangbang Elementary School
 * Calingag Elementary School
 * Inclanay Elementary School
 * Maliancog Elementary School
 * Maningcol Elementary School
 * Marayos Elementary School
 * Miguel Ansaldo Sr. Memorial Elementary School (MASMES)
 * Nabuslot Central School
 * Pagalagala Elementary School
 * Pambisan Munti Elementary School
 * Panggulayan Elementary School
 * Sabang Elementary School
 * Safa Elementary School
 * Santa Rita Elementary School

title: Pinamalayan


text:
Talk:Stockton-on-Tees

And county?
Why did it say "borough and county" of S-o-T? I don't understand when it was ever a county and its current status as a unitary authority is not as I understand it the same thing. I've taken it out for the moment but would be happy to discuss it. Nevilley 10:06, 7 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Ceremonially, the areas of Stockton north of the river Tees (i.e. the vast majority) is in Durham, while Yarm is in North Yorkshire

District Vs Town
"The combined size of the borough equates to approx 180,000 people and makes it larger than Middlesbrough in terms of population and square miles" The borough maybe bigger an more populous than Middlesbrough Borough (186,700 to M'bros 142,600). But boroughs arent towns, they are districts. For example Stockton-on-tees borough contains Billingham, Thornaby, Yarm etc. you cant exactly say theyre part of Stockton town can you. In terms of a town however Middlesbrough is larger as the Borough of Middlesbrough basically forms the whole town so with this stockton Town has 80,000 and mIddlesbrough still has around 142,000. Then theres whether you want to count Eston with its middlesbrough address, as being part of the wider urban area of Middlesbrough which, with this defintion, has a population of 180,000 (approx) within just under 29 square miles.

"For ceremonial purposes, the town of Stockton-on-Tees is split between County Durham and North Yorkshire" well this is wrong. Stockton Town is 100% in Durham ceremonially, the 'Borough' however is split between the two counties of North Yorkshire and Durham. Stockton, Billingham and Eaglescliffe are the main settlements in Durham whilst Yarm, Ingleby Barwick and Thornaby are in North Yorkshire.

"Major industries in Stockton have included ship-repairing, steel and chemicals, although most ship building was performed in nearby Hartlepool and most chemical plants are in nearby Middlesbrough" This is also erroneous. Stockton was major ship BUILDER, but as steel hulled ships got larger the river Tees just wasn't deep (or wide) enough, and the yards declined into repair work. I don't think Hartlepool was ever a major player in ship-bulding. The majority of chemical works were centred on Billingham and later expanded onto the Seal Sands site at Teesmouth. ICI Wilton was the only major chemical plant at Middlesbrough. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Kenwilco (talk • contribs) 13:29, 4 October 2007 (UTC)
 * I know it's a late reply - but Wilton has never been a part of Middlesbrough. Francis Hannaway 20:48, 10 July 2011 (UTC)

Nothing wrong with Nowhere guide link
http://knowhere.co.uk/519.html

They are far more INTERESTING to read than the bland, couldn't-be-more-boring, tourist information brochure that is the article.

Maybe the link should have a content description - but I don't imagine most readers will be as square as you think they are. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 62.252.236.92 (talk) 20:04, 28 January 2008 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Teesnewportbridge.jpg
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 * That there is a non-free use rationale on the image's description page for the use in this article.
 * That this article is linked to from the image description page.

This is an automated notice by FairuseBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Media copyright questions. --06:52, 1 November 2008 (UTC)

Notable People
Also Tony Scott (brother of Ridley Scott and director of Top Gun, Ridley, who was born in South Shields, also lived in Stockton-on-Tees where he studied at Grangefield School.

What with the unpaired parenthesis it is difficult to follow the sense of this statement. Stuffed cat (talk) 14:00, 20 December 2008 (UTC)

More work needed
I intended to expand and improve this article. I have made a start by adding headings found in Featured articles about places. Rikstar 409  20:20, 14 June 2009 (UTC)
 * Do not add headings until there is content to fill it. Jenuk1985  |  Talk  20:29, 14 June 2009 (UTC)
 * You move quickly; I didn't have time to add content to headings before you removed them! I put them in first as it would enabled me to add content more easily. It wouldn't have been a problem of galactic proportions to wait a while would it?

Please assume good faith. You can always use my talkpage to express reservations before making edits. Rikstar 409  20:45, 14 June 2009 (UTC)
 * Create the headings as you add the content then, there is no need to add section headings first. Jenuk1985  |  Talk  20:47, 14 June 2009 (UTC)
 * Maybe using a work in progress banner would be useful here? Fraggle81 (talk) 00:10, 15 June 2009 (UTC)

Passenger Railway
This page is incorrect. Passengers on the Stockton-Darlington railway were tagged along with the freight if there was room - freight took priority. There was no scheduled passenger services, timetables, etc. This cannot be called a passenger service. The line was also not fully motive all the way, as a small section was horse drawn.

The world's first railway dedicated primarily for passengers was the Liverpool-Manchester, 1830. A full inter-city passenger railway with proper passenger stations, timetable, ticketing, etc, as we know now.

As the first train left Liverpool, the first passenger station was the terminal Crown St. Crown St and Edge Hill stations were abandoned in 1836. Edge Hill station was about 400 yards from Crown St through a tunnel. Edge Hill station was moved 1/4 mile to the north at Edge Hill junction, 1936. The oldest passenger railway station still in use is Liverpool Broad Green, 1830, the second station from Crown St.

I hope this helps. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.65.3.92 (talk) 01:44, 8 November 2009 (UTC)

The first regular passenger rail services were on the Swansea and Mumbles railway http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swansea_and_Mumbles_Railway. The Stockton and Darlington's claim to fame (well one of many) was to be the first steam locomotive hauled public railway.

Cricketjeff (talk) 12:22, 4 April 2013 (UTC)

Merge of Grangefield, Stockton-on-Tees
Grangefield, Stockton-on-Tees is a very short, unsourced article, with nothing to justify a separate existence. Should merge (not that there's anything to merge) or redirect here. Rodhull andemu  00:15, 12 November 2009 (UTC)

Agree! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.151.56.245 (talk) 22:10, 15 December 2012 (UTC)

Photo
Please see File_talk:Stockton_Town_Hall.jpg regarding the composition of the Town Hall image. Thanks and best wishes DBaK (talk) 08:25, 21 May 2010 (UTC)

Tony Scott's birthplace
132.185.144.121 raises a query (italicized) in this sentence: Also Tony Scott (brother of Ridley Scott), director of Top Gun, was born in Stockton (his IMBD page says he was born in South Shields?). Any help please? I removed it from the article as I don't think we can do Talk page discussions in the body text, but it's a fair question. Best wishes DBaK (talk) 12:26, 3 November 2010 (UTC)

To "the" or not to "the", that is the question
OK, so I am officially confused now. If I am walking along in Stockton and I meet a friend, do I say:

 * "See you later in Green Dragon Yard."

or

 * "See you later in the Green Dragon Yard."

Please enlighten me. I see both forms in use but surely one is more common and reads more easily to those in the know? Thanks and best wishes, DBaK (talk) 07:25, 6 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Just a guess - but isn't it named after a pub, "The Green Dragon"? So, wouldn't that make it "The Green Dragon Yard", meaning the yard belonging to ...  Francis Hannaway 21:20, 6 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Hmmm, yesno/dunno. I do take your point about "the"s in pub names; I am just not sure that they must always transfer. I'm thinking of usages like The Albion vs Albion Place. I'm very interested in your thought (indeed, in all your thoughts, Francis!) but not 100% convinced that you have identified a rule here that we can follow. Thanks and best wishes DBaK (talk) 21:56, 7 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Was the pub named for the yard or the yard named for the pub? Which came first may also be the question. Fraggle81 (talk) 22:05, 7 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Dear Fraggle - on your page it says that you support "English" English; so, why do you say "named for ..." and not "named after ..."?Francis Hannaway (talk) 20:53, 4 April 2013 (UTC)
 * You have a good point Francis,I always try to support British/Commonwealth English, however many years of growing up with Americanisms and the dubious spellings of Merriam-Webster I occasionally fail. As for the original question, I would still like to know which came first, the pub or the yard. Not sure if we'll ever find that one out. Fraggle81 (talk) 03:33, 5 April 2013 (UTC)
 * How dare you both disturb this question from its peaceful slumbers! You uncouth Northern types, it was hoping to snooze for the whole year. :) DBaK (talk) 07:28, 5 April 2013 (UTC)

Born V Notable Residents - mish mash
There are several people in the 'notable residents' who were actually born in Stockton rather than just moving there there.

I propose to move those people born in Stockton to that section so the notable residents only includes those who moved / lived there later — Preceding unsigned comment added by ChrisInBalham (talk • contribs) 02:48, 15 March 2014 (UTC)

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Etymology
The Wiki article for Stoke on Trent gives a different etymology for Stoke. Thomas Peardew (talk) 18:03, 6 November 2018 (UTC)

Article title
I have reverted an undiscussed move, of this page, to Stockton-on-Tees, Co Durham. The existing title is a long-established title and, in my view, this is an unnecessary disambiguation. For the time being I have move-protected the page until there is a consensus on a new title, here. Just Chilling (talk) 00:47, 15 March 2019 (UTC)

Intro line - for Tees Valley Settlements
Using this page but it’s about the other places in the unitary authorities of Middlesbrough, Hartlepool, Redcar & Cleveland, Stockton and Darlington. Describing the following as being simply ‘a market town in County Durham, England’ is almost misleading while being accurately correct. Since the abolishing of Cleveland as a ceremonial county the four former boroughs of Cleveland have continued to be closely aligned as Teesside or the Tees Valley. Failing to mention this seems a major oversight and seems to be a case of policy getting in the way of what feels right and what is perhaps more widely known. People in these areas largely don’t associate much with their ceremonial county. Middlesbrough is known as being on Teesside or within the Tees Valley, very few would say that it was a town in North Yorkshire. Considering the Tees Valley is it’s own City Region now too. I’d suggest the five main towns of Hartlepool, Stockton, Darlington, Middlesbrough and Redcar read as:

''xxx is a town which forms part of the Tees Valley City region in the North East of England. The town‘s locals council is xxx, a unitary authority area in the ceremonial county of xxx.''

Or simply

''xxx is a town in the North East of England. The town‘s locals council is xxx a unitary authority area in the ceremonial county of xxx.''

Smaller settlements should really read as:

''xxx is a town/village in the borough of xxx within the North East of England. It forms part of the Tees Valley City region and is located in the ceremonial county of xxx.''

Or

''xxx is a town/village in the borough of xxx within the North East of England. It forms part of the ceremonial county of xxx.''

Can I suggest a change in to the introductions on these pages? Teessider2019 (talk) 23:08, 26 October 2019 (UTC)

"Large" town
There is a discussion at talk:Milton Keynes that may be of interest to editors of this article (since it also uses the phrase "large town"). --John Maynard Friedman (talk) 10:54, 12 January 2021 (UTC)
 * We should change from "large town" to just "town" -- Devoke water  (talk)  10:56, 12 January 2021 (UTC)
 * In the case of Stockton, I suspect that "large" would be difficult to defend since the reliable source (the Centre for Cities) sets the threshold as 135,000. But I thought editors might want to contribute to the discussion. --John Maynard Friedman (talk) 10:59, 12 January 2021 (UTC)

Don't see the reason to as there are two large towns which are market towns in County Durham. And that's Darlington then Stockton. Maybe like one of the largest towns in County Durham or the lead remains the same.

Stockton Parish Church/St Thomas's/Stockton parish
I altered the mention of Stockton Parish Church in the religion section to call it consistently by that name, rather than one use of "St Thomas" and one of "Stockton parish" [sic].

"Stockton Parish Church" is the name used for this church on its own website; the Church of England website; its English Heritage listing; the Charities Commission website; the Council website; in the local newspaper; by the local MP. As far as I can see it is overwhelmingly the WP:COMMONNAME in general usage. I can't actually find anywhere but here that calls it "St Thomas's" and it took me some time to work out that "St Thomas's" in this article was referring to the parish church - I used to work nearby and have never heard it called that, and Googling 'St Thomas Church Stockton' gives almost entirely results for an entirely different church.

reverted this change, first requiring a reference; I added one (English Heritage}, and the same editor reverted me again (removing the reference) with "Let's call St. Thomas' by it's name rather than something else". I'm struggling to see any Wikipedia Policy argument by which a name no-one but us uses is "its name" - can anyone help? TSP (talk) 17:28, 16 January 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Stockton-on-Tees


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Talk:Pinamalayan

"Before the island was inhabited, there was a couple Mina and Ador..." -- is this universally accepted as fact? If it's a legend, or otherwise disputed, this should be noted. -- Karl Naylor 10:14, 7 Mar 2004 (UTC)

I removed the text until it can be verified/clarified. If it's just folklore, it isn't helpful to be in the article as if it were fact:

 * Before the island was inhabited, there was a couple Mina and Ador who came on a boat from a far away island (probably Masbate). For days they were hopelessly looking for an island to land. One dawn came and Mina woke up and found an island that is the Mindoro island. She woke up Ador and informed him of the island. The act of waking up and making him known of the island was the origin of the word "pinamalayan" meaning the place where he was made known.

TheCoffee 5 July 2005 06:11 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pinamalayan


text:
St Kilda West, Victoria

St Kilda West is an inner suburb in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 5 km south of Melbourne's Central Business District, located within the City of Port Phillip local government area. St Kilda West recorded a population of 2,951 at the 2021 census.

St Kilda West is bounded by Albert Park and Canterbury Road in the north-east and south-east, West Beach Road, Scoops Lane and Beaconsfield Parade in the south-west, Port Phillip Bay in the west, and Fraser Street in the north and north-west. Fraser Street was the western boundary of the former City of St Kilda, now part of the City of Port Phillip.

It is an almost exclusively residential area characterised by a mix of Victorian terraces, modest Edwardian villas, interwar and post war walk-up flats, as well as some 1960s-70s hi-rise towers facing Port Phillip bay. The suburb's community and commercial facilities (including schools and shops) are located in nearby suburbs, and it is well served by public transport.

History
The area of St Kilda West was formerly part of a large swamp which included what is now Middle Park, which was drained in the early 1870s, and streets laid out in regular grid plan, subdivided in stages, but only built in sparsely at first. Wider tree lined boulevards were planned for Mary Street and Park Street. Similar to the rest of St Kilda, by the 1890s large terrace houses and large villas had been built along Beaconsfield Parade, Park Street and Mary Street. In the Edwardian era, some terraces were built, but the remaining areas further away from the beach and Fitzroy Street filled up with modest red brick houses, the same type that was quickly filling Middle Park. At the same time, like the rest of St Kilda some of the larger mansions and terraces became guest houses. The Catani Gardens on the beachfront were developed as part of the Edwardian beatification of the foreshore.

St Kilda West Post Office opened around March 1879 (from 1886 until 1970 it was known as St Kilda Railway Station office).

The St Kilda railway line, Melbourne's second which opened in 1857, ran along the northern edge of the area, terminating at the northeast corner at Fitzroy Street. Cable trams were built along that street in the 1880s, which was electrified in the 1920s. A new electric tram line from the city was built through Middle Park along Park Street, which opened on 31 October 1925. It originally turned south at Mary Street, then ran along Beaconsfield Parade to terminate at Fitzroy Street. On 8 November 1959 the track was straightened in favour of a short extension along Park Street to Fitzroy Street, now the terminus of Route 12.

Beginning just before World War I with the construction of the Canterbury in 1914, flats began to be built in the still vacant lots in St Kilda West, sometimes replacing earlier houses. This trend continued in the post-war period, including a number of high rise apartment towers on Beaconsfield Parade and on Canterbury Road.

By the 1980s the majority of St Kilda West had become a heritage precinct, and so there has been little redevelopment since. One notable change was the sale of the railway reservation along the other side Canterbury Road which was sold off in the 1990s, and developed as a row of townhouses.

Landmarks

 * Beaconsfield Hotel, (1880) closed in 2004, the building is a notable landmark with its Italianate towers and has been proposed to be converted into apartments.
 * The beach foreshore and Catani Gardens (1906) was planned by Italian civil engineer Carlo Catani with its Edwardian style central rotunda.
 * The Canterbury flats built on Canterbury Road (1914-1919) by architects H.W. & F.B Tompkins is one of Melbourne's earliest apartment buildings.
 * The West Beach Bathers Pavilion at West Beach (1928) was adaptively reused as a cafe and opened in 2004.
 * The Gatwick Private Hotel was previously a boarding house, but was bought and renovated by the television show The Block.
 * The former Cowderoy Dairy on Cowderoy Street (1932) is an art deco building that has been converted into a popular cafe adjacent to a small central park.
 * St Kilda War Memorial was erected at Catani Gardens following World War II.
 * Newman House on Canterbury Road (200) by architect Cassandra Fahey became a pop architecture icon when completed for local celebrity Sam Newman featuring an image of Pamela Anderson's face. Sam did not first obtain council permission, however permits were issued retrospectively when it became a major local landmark and won the award for Best New Residential Building in the Australian Institute of Architects Victorian Architecture awards. Newman never lived in the house and sold it for $1.1 million in mid-2002.

Open and recreational space

The suburb has several parks, most notably Catani Gardens and the West Beach foreshore. Other smaller parks include Johnson Reserve on Canterbury Road and the Jacoby Reserve, all of which have playground facilities for children. The Cummins linear reserve on the median of Beaconsfield Parade has public toilets at the Cowderoy Street end. Just outside the suburb are the Albert Park and Lake running along the suburb's border to the north east and Cleve Gardens and St Kilda foreshore gardens to the south.

Transport

The main thoroughfares are Canterbury Road and Beaconsfield Parade. Both are dual carriageways. Park Street runs along the spine of the suburb and is a single carriageway.

Before conversion to light rail (route 96) in 1987, the rail reserve parallel to Canterbury Road served as the St Kilda railway line, with services to Flinders Street via Middle Park, Albert Park and South Melbourne.

St Kilda West is serviced by four tram routes:

Notable residents

 * Jim Stynes (lived on Mary Street until his death in 2012)

title: St Kilda West, Victoria


text:
Tap (valve)

A tap (also spigot or faucet: see usage variations) is a valve controlling the release of a fluid.

United Kingdom

 * Tap is used in the United Kingdom and most of the Commonwealth for any everyday type of valve, particularly the fittings that control water supply to bathtubs and sinks.

United States

 * Faucet is the most common term in the US, similar in use to "tap" in British English, e.g. "water faucet" (although the term "tap" is also used in the US).
 * Spigot is used by professionals in the trade (such as plumbers), and typically refers to an outdoor fixture.
 * Silcock (and sillcock), same as "spigot", referring to a "cock" (as in stopcock and petcock) that penetrates a foundation sill.
 * Bib (bibcock, and hose bib or hosebibb), usually a freeze-resistant version of a "spigot".
 * Wall hydrant, same as "hosebibb".
 * Tap generally refers to a keg or barrel tap, though also commonly refers to a faucet that supplies either hot or cold water and not both. It also appears as a descriptor in "tap water" (i.e. water purified for domestic use). A single temperature tap is commonly found in a commercial or public restroom where the temperature of the water will be controlled by a separate temperature regulating valve that mixes hot and cold water. The regulating valve may be under the handwashing sink or in a separate mechanical room or service closet. These single taps are less prone to breakage from heavy use or vandalism.

Liquid

Water for baths, sinks and basins can be provided by separate hot and cold taps; this arrangement is common in older installations, particularly in public washrooms/lavatories and utility rooms/laundries. In kitchens and bathrooms, mixer taps are commonly used. In this case, hot and cold water from the two valves is mixed before reaching the outlet, allowing the water to emerge at any temperature between that of the hot and cold water supplies. Mixer taps were invented by Thomas Campbell of Saint John, New Brunswick, and patented in 1880. For baths and showers, mixer taps frequently incorporate some sort of pressure balancing feature so that the hot/cold mixture ratio will not be affected by transient changes in the pressure of one or other of the supplies. This helps avoid scalding or uncomfortable chilling as other water loads occur (such as the flushing of a toilet). Rather than two separate valves, mixer taps frequently use a single, more complex, valve controlled by a single handle (single handle mixer). The handle moves up and down to control the amount of water flow and from side to side to control the temperature of the water. Especially for baths and showers, the latest designs are thermostatic mixing valves that do this using a built-in thermostat, and can be mechanical or electronic. There are also taps with color LEDs to show the temperature of the water.

When two pipes are installed, the hot tap generally has a red indicator while the cold tap generally has a blue or green indicator. In the United States, the taps are frequently also labeled with an "H" or "C". In countries with Romance languages, the letters "C" for hot and "F" for cold are used (from French "chaud"/Italian "caldo"/Spanish "caliente" (hot) and French "froid"/Italian "freddo"/Spanish "frio" (cold)). Portuguese would use Q (for "quente", hot) and F. This can create confusion for English-speaking visitors. Mixer taps may have a red-blue stripe or arrows indicating which side will give hot and which cold.

In most countries, there is a standard arrangement of hot/cold taps. For example, in the United States and many other countries, the hot tap is on the left by building code requirements. Many installations exist where this standard has been ignored (called "crossed connections" by plumbers). Mis-assembly of some single-valve mixer taps will exchange hot and cold even if the fixture has been plumbed correctly.

In the United States, the Americans with Disabilities Act provide requirements for faucets, such as requiring less than five pounds of force to operate, and requiring that the user does not have to twist their wrist.

Most handles in homes are fastened to the valve shafts with screws, but on many commercial and industrial applications they are fitted with a removable key called a "loose key", "water key", or "sillcock key", which has a square peg and a square-ended key to turn off and on the water; the "loose key" can be removed to prevent vandals from turning on the water. Before the "loose key" was invented it was common for some landlords or caretakers to take off the handle of a tap, which had teeth that would meet up with the gears on the valve shaft. This tooth and cog system is still used on most modern taps. "Loose keys" may also be found outside homes to prevent passers-by from using them.

Taps are normally connected to the water supply by means of a "swivel tap connector", which is attached to the end of the water pipe using a soldered or compression fitting, and has a large nut to screw onto the threaded "tail" of the tap, which hangs down underneath the bath, basin or sink. A fibre washer (which expands when wet, aiding the seal) is used between the connector and the tap tail. Tap tails are normally $1/2$ " or 12 mm in diameter for sinks and $3/4$ " or 19 mm for baths, although continental Europe sometimes uses a $3/8$ " (still imperial) size. The same connection method is used for a ballcock.

The term tap is widely used to describe the valve used to dispense draft beer from a keg, whether gravity feed or pressurized.

Gas
A gas tap is a specific form of ball valve used in residential, commercial, and laboratory applications for coarse control of the release of fuel gases (such as natural gas, coal gas, and syngas). Like all ball valves its handle will parallel the gas line when open and be perpendicular when closed, making for easy visual identification of its status.

Physics
Water and gas taps have adjustable flow: gate valves are more progressive; ball valves more coarse, typically used in on-off applications. Turning a valve knob or lever adjusts flow by varying the aperture of the control device in the valve assembly. The result when opened in any degree is a choked flow. Its rate is independent of the viscosity or temperature of the fluid or gas in the pipe, and depends only weakly on the supply pressure, so that flow rate is stable at a given setting. At intermediate flow settings the pressure at the valve restriction drops nearly to zero from the Venturi effect; in water taps, this causes the water to boil momentarily at room temperature as it passes through the restriction. Bubbles of cool water vapor form and collapse at the restriction, causing the familiar hissing sound. At very low flow settings, the viscosity of the water becomes important and the pressure drop (and hissing noise) vanish; at full flow settings, parasitic drag in the pipes becomes important and the water again becomes silent.

Mechanisms
The first screw-down tap mechanism was patented and manufactured by the Rotherham brass founders Guest and Chrimes in 1845. Most older taps use a soft rubber or neoprene washer which is screwed down onto a valve seat in order to stop the flow. This is called a "globe valve" in engineering and, while it gives a leak-proof seal and good fine adjustment of flow, both the rubber washer and the valve seat are subject to wear (and for the seat, also corrosion) over time, so that eventually no tight seal is formed in the closed position, resulting in a leaking tap. The washer can be replaced and the valve seat resurfaced (at least a few times), but globe valves are never maintenance-free.

Also, the tortuous S-shaped path the water is forced to follow offers a significant obstruction to the flow. For high pressure domestic water systems this does not matter, but for low pressure systems where flow rate is important, such as a shower fed by a storage tank, a "stop tap" or, in engineering terms, a "gate valve" is preferred.

Gate valves use a metal wedge with a circular face, usually the same diameter as the pipe, which is screwed into place perpendicularly to the flow, cutting it off. There is little resistance to flow when the tap is fully open, but this type of tap rarely gives a perfect seal when closed. In the UK this type of tap normally has a wheel-shaped handle rather than a crutch or capstan handle.

Cone valves or ball valves are another alternative. These are commonly found as the service shut-off valves in more-expensive water systems and usually found in gas taps (and, incidentally, the cask beer taps referred to above). They can be identified by their range of motion—only 90°—between fully open and closed. Usually, when the handle is in line with the pipe the valve is open, and when the handle is across the pipe it is closed. But it could move in either direction CW or CCW perpendicular to the pipe. S=shut and O=open. A cone valve consists of a shallowly tapering cone in a tight-fitting socket placed across the flow of the fluid. In UK English this is usually known as a taper-plug cock. A ball valve uses a spherical ball instead. In either case, a hole through the cone or ball allows the fluid to pass if it is lined up with the openings in the socket through which the fluid enters and leaves; turning the cone using the handle rotates the passage away, presenting the fluid with the unbroken surface of the cone through which it cannot pass. Valves of this type using a cylinder rather than a cone are sometimes encountered, but using a cone allows a tight fit to be made even with moderate manufacturing tolerances. The ball in ball valves rotates within plastic(usually ptfe) seats.

Hands free infrared proximity sensors are replacing the standard valve. Thermostatically controlled electronic dual-purpose mixing or diverting valves are used within industrial applications to automatically provide liquids as required.

Foot controlled valves are installed within laboratory and healthcare/hospitals, as well as in industrial settings where extremely dirty hands operating taps might leave residues on them.

Modern taps often have aerators at the tip to limit water flow and introduce air in the form of bubbles to reduce splashing. Without an aerator, water usually flows out of the tap in one big stream. An aerator spreads the water flow into many small droplets. In sanitary settings such as hospitals or laboratories "laminar flow devices" are used in place of aerators. Laminar flow devices restrict flow and direct the water into a smooth stream without introducing the surrounding air which could contain hazardous bacteria or particles.

Modern bathroom and kitchen taps often use ceramic or plastic surfaces sliding against other spring-loaded ceramic surfaces or plastic washers. These taps exploit the uniquely low value of the coefficient of friction of 2 ceramic surfaces in contact, especially in the presence of water as a lubricant. These taps tend to require far less maintenance than traditional globe valves, and when maintenance is required the entire interior of the valve is usually replaced, often as a single pre-assembled cartridge.

Of three manufacturers in North America, Moen and American Standard use cartridges (Moen's being O-ring based, American Standard's being ceramic), while Delta uses rubber seats facing the cartridges. Each design has its advantages: Moen cartridges tend to be easiest to find, American Standard cartridges have nearly infinite lifespan in sediment-free municipal water, and Delta's rubber seats tend to be most forgiving of sediment in well water.

Backflow prevention
Most US jurisdictions now require hose spigots, hosebibbs, and wall hydrants to have a vacuum breaker or backflow preventer, so that water cannot return through the spigot from the hose. This prevents contamination of the building or public water system should there be a pressure drop. In the UK, water regulations require a double check valve; this is often incorporated within the body of the tap itself.

ASME A112 Standards on Plumbing Materials and Equipment
The American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) publishes several Standards on plumbing. Some are:

 * ASME A112.6.3 – Floor and Trench Drains
 * ASME A112.6.4 – Roof, Deck, and Balcony Drains
 * ASME A112.18.1/CSA B125.1 – Plumbing Supply Fittings
 * ASME A112.19.1/CSA B45.2 – Enameled Cast Iron and Enameled Steel Plumbing Fixtures
 * ASME A112.19.2/CSA B45.1 – Ceramic Plumbing Fixtures

title: Tap (valve)


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Middle Park, Victoria

Middle Park is an inner suburb in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 5 km south of Melbourne's Central Business District, located within the City of Port Phillip local government area. Middle Park recorded a population of 4,000 at the 2021 census.

It is located between Port Phillip and Albert Park Lake, which is about halfway across the western side of the Albert Park Reserve (a state park), hence the name "Middle" Park. It is bordered by Canterbury Road to the east, Mills Street to the north, Fraser Street to the south and Beaconsfield Parade to the west.

Middle Park, along with neighbouring Albert Park, contains some of the best preserved terrace house and Victorian architecture in Melbourne and is part of a strict heritage-conservation area. Many of the terraces line Canterbury Road, along the former railway line, which now has several more tram light rail stops since it was converted to tram use in 1987. Others are along the main shopping street, Armstrong Street. The fine old buildings and development restrictions in the area and new developments are generally sympathetic to the prevailing style, driving up real-estate prices dramatically, in marked contrast with neighbouring St Kilda.

Demographics
In Middle Park 71.0% of people were born in Australia. The most common countries of birth were England 5.1%, Greece 3.2%, New Zealand 2.5%, Italy 1.1% and United States of America 1.1%.

Landmarks

 * Middle Park Hotel is a large Victorian hotel building on the corner of Canterbury Road and Armstrong Street. Built in 1889, it features wrought-iron lacework. The building was modified in the 1950s: decorative urns were removed, new doors were added, and windows were bricked up. Following a refurbishment in 2001, it was renamed the Gunn Island Brew Bar Hotel, in a reference to the island within nearby Albert Park Lake. Following another refurbishment in 2009, the hotel resumed trading under its original name. It provides bars, dining and accommodation facilities. It had a further refurbishment in early 2020. It is the only hotel in Middle Park.
 * The Carmelite Roman Catholic Church was built in November 1891 by the Carmelites. It is a red and buff brick building with cement facings, built in Gothic style with a tall belfry at the south-east corner. The church features a large pipe organ  to accompany the singing of High Mass on Sunday mornings. It is the only Christian church in Middle Park as all the Protestant churches closed over the last few decades. The Carmelite Library located in the Carmelite Hall holds Australia's finest collection of books in the area of spirituality and mysticism.
 * Middle Park Primary School opened on the corner of Richardson and Wright streets in 1887, with an initial enrolment of 600 students. The heritage school buildings are classified by the National Trust. The school has a relatively small catchment area bound by Kerferd Road, Beaconsfield Parade, Langridge Street and Canterbury road, with an extra section bound by Ferrars Street, Bridport Street into Albert Road and along Queens Road.

Transport
Middle Park is served by tram route 12 which runs along Danks and Mills Streets, as well as route 96 which runs parallel to Canterbury Road on the former St Kilda train line corridor. Kinetic Melbourne bus route 606 from Fishermans Bend to Elsternwick also runs through Middle Park. Port Phillip City Council also lays on a regular community bus linking the town halls, libraries, community centres and shopping facilities.

Notable former and current residents

 * Thomas Ashworth (1864–1935) – publicist, property developer, benefactor; Ashworth Street named after him
 * Albert Aughtie (1872–1944) – South Melbourne city engineer between 1901 and 1942; responsible for many public works projects in the area; Aughtie Drive named after him
 * William Carter (unknown dates) – an old and respected resident who conducted a florist's business and hot-house in Ferrars Street opposite the South Melbourne railway station; Carter Street named after him.
 * Frank Crean (1916–2008) – Former federal parliamentarian. Treasury and Deputy PM during the latter period of the 1972–75 Whitlam ALP government.
 * Simon Crean (1949–2023) – died of a heart attack in Germany on a business trip. Former federal parliamentarian. Opposition Leader 2001-03. Son of Frank Crean.
 * John Danks (1828–1902) – businessman, manufacturer, councillor, benefactor; Danks Street named after him
 * Ernest Roy England (1896–1978) – 1st AIF soldier noted for his heroic feats during World War One [birthplace]
 * Alexander Fraser (1802–1888) – businessman, councillor, politician; Fraser Street named after him
 * Renée Geyer (1953–2023) – singer, highly regarded in R&B/Jazz/Soul genres; ARIA Award winner and Hall of Fame inductee. Died of lung cancer.
 * Alistair Knox (1912–1980) – mudbrick house designer and builder, born and grew up in Middle Park
 * Jim Mellas (born 1962) – barrister, commentator, campaigner and activist for the return of the Parthenon Marbles
 * Robert McGregor (1825–1883) – politician; born in Scotland; founded the first secondary school in South Melbourne; McGregor Street named after him
 * Robert Mills (1826–1911) – hotelier, estate agent, councillor, mayor; born in Ireland; Mills Street named after him
 * James Neville (1861–1942) – architect, councillor; born in Port Melbourne; Neville Street named after him
 * John Nimmo (1819–1904) – surveyor, businessman, councillor; born in Scotland; first city surveyor of Emerald Hill; involved in the separation of Emerald Hill from the Melbourne City Council in May 1855; Nimmo Street named after him
 * James Page (1835–1912) – auctioneer and estate agent; was one of the first residents of Emerald Hill; Page Street named after him
 * Esther Paterson (1892–1971) – artist, illustrator, cartoonist; her works are shown at the Australian War Memorial Canberra and The National Gallery of Victoria
 * Guy Pearce (born 1967) – actor, musician; breakout acting role was 'Mike Young' in the Australian television series Neighbours. Pearce sold his two Middle Park houses, that are next to each other, in 2023 and moved to Netherlands with his Dutch actress partner.
 * Robert Wright (1838–1912) – builder, councillor, mayor; Wright Street named after him
 * The Parker Sisters (Pat (1918–2009) Marie (1920–1979) & Eula (1923–1985) – Singer/ songwriters, WW2 Australian radio and live entertainers – they modelled their style on the Boswell Sisters.

title: Middle Park, Victoria


text:
User:BMLoidl~enwiki

Homepage of Brunold M. Loidl

title: User:BMLoidl~enwiki


text:
Albert Park, Victoria

Albert Park is an inner suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 4 km south of Melbourne's Central Business District. The suburb is named after Albert Park, a large lakeside urban park located within the City of Port Phillip local government area. Albert Park recorded a population of 6,044 at the 2021 census.

The suburb of Albert Park extends from the St Vincent Gardens to Beaconsfield Parade and Mills Street. It was settled residentially as an extension of Emerald Hill (South Melbourne). It is characterised by wide streets, heritage buildings, terraced houses, open air cafes, parks and significant stands of mature exotic trees, including Canary Island Date Palm and London Planes.

The Albert Park Circuit has been home to the Australian Grand Prix since 1996, with the exception of 2020–2021 due to the COVID-19 lockdowns.

History
Indigenous Australians first inhabited the area that is now Albert Park around 40,000 years ago. The area was a series of swamps and lagoons. The main park after which the suburb was named was declared a public park and named in 1864 to honour Queen Victoria's consort, Prince Albert.

Albert Park was used as a garbage dump, a military camp and for recreation before the artificial lake was built. In 1854 a land-subdivision survey was done from Park Street, South Melbourne, to the northern edge of the parkland (Albert Road). St Vincent Gardens were laid out and the surrounding streets home to the city's most successful citizens. Street names commemorated Trafalgar and Crimean War personalities.

Heritage Victoria notes that Albert Park's St Vincent Gardens "is historically important as the premier 'square' development in Victoria based on similar models in London. It is significant as the largest development of its type in Victoria and for its unusual development as gardens rather than the more usual small park" and ''"was first laid out in 1854 or 55, probably by Andrew Clarke, the Surveyor-General of Victoria. The current layout is the work of Clement Hodgkinson, the noted surveyor, engineer and topographer, who adapted the design in 1857 to allow for its intersection by the St Kilda railway line. The precinct, which in its original configuration extended from Park Street in the north to Bridport Street in the south and from Howe Crescent in the east to Nelson Road and Cardigan Street in the west, was designed to emulate similar 'square' developments in London, although on a grander scale. The main streets were named after British naval heroes. The development of the special character of St Vincent Place has been characterised, since the first land sales in the 1860s, by a variety of housing stock, which has included quality row and detached houses and by the gardens which, although they have been continuously developed, remain faithful to the initial landscape concept."

St Vincent's is a garden of significant mature tree specimens. It is registered with the National Trust and is locally significant for the social focus the gardens provide to the neighbourhood. Activities in the park range from relaxing walks, siestas to organised sports competition. The Albert Park Lawn Bowls Club was established in 1873 and the Tennis Club established 1883, on the site of an earlier croquet ground.

Geography
Albert Park features part of the massive Albert Park and Lake (formerly South Park in the 19th century until it was also renamed after Prince Albert) and is located nearby. It is a significant state park managed by Parks Victoria. It is also known as the site of the Albert Park Circuit.

Commercial centres
Commercial centres include Bridport Street, with its cafes and shops and Victoria Avenue, known for its cafes, delicatessens and boutiques.

Beach areas
Albert Park has a long beach frontage, with several distinctive features, including many grand buildings (such as the Victoria Hotel, a grand hotel and former coffee palace, now café bar, built in 1887) and Victorian terrace homes; Kerferd Kiosk, an iconic Edwardian bathing pavilion and Kerferd Pier, which terminates Kerferd Road and is a jetty onto Port Phillip, used for fishing by many and sharks have occasionally been found around it.

Albert Park and Lake
The lake is popular with strollers, runners and cyclists. Dozens of small yachts sail around the lake on sunny days. Only the north eastern part of the park and lake is actually in the suburb, the rest is in the neighbouring suburbs of South Melbourne, Melbourne, Middle Park and St Kilda.

Demographics
At the, Albert Park had a population of 6,215. 66.2% of people were born in Australia. The next most common countries of birth were England 5.4%, Greece 4.0% and New Zealand 2.5%. 74.2% of people only spoke English at home. Other languages spoken at home included Greek at 8.0%. The most common responses for religion were No Religion 39.3% and Catholic 18.4%.

Housing

Albert Park is composed mainly of Victorian terrace and semi-detached housing. Many residential areas are in heritage overlays to protect their character. Boyd Street, a leafy backstreet near Middle Park, is a fine example of this.

Transport
Beaconsfield Parade is the main beachside thoroughfare, between St Kilda and Port Melbourne, which runs along the Port Phillip foreshore. Richardson Street and Canterbury Road follows a similar inland route south to St Kilda. The main road arterial is Kerferd Road, a wide boulevard lined with elm trees and a central reservation, which connects from South Melbourne's Albert Road. Pickles Street, Victoria Avenue and Mills Street are the main roads running west and east toward South Melbourne.

Several tram routes service Albert Park; Route 1 along Victoria Avenue, Route 12 along Mills Street and Route 96 on a reservation parallel to Canterbury Road.

Until 1987, Albert Park was serviced by the St Kilda railway line, with Albert Park railway station being located at Bridport Street. The line has since been converted to serve trams, and forms a large part of the Route 96 tram line.

CDC Melbourne's Route 606 runs through the suburb. There are segregated cycle facilities along the beach and Canterbury Roads, with marked bicycle lanes elsewhere.

Sport

The suburb has been home to the Formula One Australian Grand Prix since 1996. The Albert Park Circuit runs on public roads. The choice of Albert Park as a Grand Prix venue was controversial, with protests by the Save Albert Park group. In preparing the Reserve for the race existing trees were cut down and replaced during landscaping, roads were upgraded, and facilities were replaced. Both major political parties support the event. The Melbourne Supercars Championship is also held on the same circuit.

Albert Park is the home of soccer club South Melbourne FC who play out of Lakeside Stadium; aptly named due to its positioning next to Albert Park Lake. Lakeside Stadium (known then as Bob Jane Stadium) was redeveloped in 2010 to include an international standard athletics track, as well as new grandstands and administrative facilities, and is also the home of the Victorian Institute of Sport. The stadium was built on the site of the old Lake Oval, which was an historic Australian rules football venue for the South Melbourne Football Club.

The Melbourne Sports & Aquatic Centre (MSAC) is a large swimming centre, which hosted squash, swimming, diving events and table tennis during the 2006 Commonwealth Games. The MSAC is also the home of the Melbourne Tigers that play in the NBL1 South.

In December 2006 polo returned to Albert Park Reserve after an absence of 100 years.

Albert Park is home to a parkrun event. The event at Albert Park is held at 8am every Saturday and starts in the Coot Picnic area, opposite the MSAC.

Notable residents

 * Hilda and Laurel Armstrong – 'The Vegemite Girls', sisters who coined the name of the iconic Australian food spread in 1923
 * Mae Busch (1891–1946) – actress, co-star in the films of famous Hollywood comedy duo Laurel and Hardy
 * Roy Cazaly (1893–1963) – Australian rules football legend [birthplace]
 * Noel Jack Counihan (1913–1986) – artist and revolutionary, made social realist art in response to the political and social issues of his times
 * John Danks (1828–1902) – businessman, manufacturer, councillor, benefactor; Danks Street named after him
 * Private Edward "Eddie" Leonski [US Army] (1917–1942) – infamous serial killer; during World War II was stationed in Melbourne and murdered three women. Was hanged for the crimes on 9 November 1942. His first victim, Ivy McLeod, was found beaten and strangled in a doorway in Albert Park, killed by Leonski after he drank whisky all morning and afternoon at the Bleak House Hotel (aka Beach House Hotel)
 * Walter Lindrum (1898–1960) – world-famous billiards player, regarded as the greatest ever to play the game
 * Likely Herman "Like" McBrien (1892–1956) – leading Australian Rules football administrator and politician
 * Ernest McIntyre (1921–2003) – Australian rules footballer [birthplace]
 * Allan McLean (1840–1911) – pastoralist, station agent, politician; 19th Premier of Victoria in 1899; elected to the first Commonwealth Parliament in 1901
 * Albert Monk (1900–1975) – union and labour leader; during World War Two was concurrent president of the ACTU & Trades Hall Council & ALP Victorian branch; seminally influenced the growth of the ACTU as Australia's peak trade union organization. His house was in Kerferd Road
 * King O'Malley (1858–1953) – politician, influential in the establishment of the Commonwealth Bank and the selection of Canberra as the national capital
 * Alex Lahey, singer-songwriter and multi-instrumentalist who was born and raised in Albert Park

title: Albert Park, Victoria