text:
Wikipedia talk:Selected anniversaries/April 26

 * 1478 - The Pazzi attack Lorenzo de' Medici and kill his brother Giuliano during High Mass in the Florence Cathedral.
 * 1937 - Spanish Civil War: Guernica, Spain is bombed by German Luftwaffe.
 * 1942 - The worst ever mining accident occurs when 1,549 miners are killed by an explosion at the Honkeiko Colliery, Manchuria.
 * 1986 - In the Ukraine, one of the reactors at the Chornobyl (Chernobyl) nuclear plant explodes creating the worlds worst nuclear disaster. 31 are killed directly by the incident and many thousands more were exposed to significant amounts of radioactive material.

World Intellectual Property Day
This article has no sources other than WIPO websites and press releases and thus no indication that this is a bonafide holiday. What differentiates this from a corporation declaring April 26 to be "Buy-more-stuff-from-Walmart day" or "Spend-the-night-at-a-Westin day." I'm removing it until someone can produce non-trivial mentions in independent media that confirm that this is observed by anyone other than the one NGO than established it. Savidan 20:46, 6 May 2007 (UTC)

Sacred Cod
I would like to suggest a mention of the "Cod-napping" of the Sacred Cod of Massachusetts taking place on this day in 1933, or possibly two days later, when it was returned.--Found5dollar (talk) 21:14, 5 January 2010 (UTC)

Congo
On April 26, 1966, a new government is formed in the Republic of Congo, led by Ambroise Noumazalaye (see Bazenguissa-Ganga, Rémy. Les voies du politique au Congo: essai de sociologie historique. Paris: Karthala, 1997. pp. 113-114). Formations of gov't are perhaps not the most notable events, but on other hand Francophone Africa is generally grossly underrepresented in Wikipedia. --Soman (talk) 12:41, 6 January 2010 (UTC)

SS Ideal X
The 'On This Day' article says the SS Ideal X was the World's first container ship. Query container ship and it notes the SS Ideal X is the United States first container ship, and notes purpose built container ships were operating in Europe several years prior. Query SS Ideal X, and that article does not mention it 'First' at all. Driftwood87 (talk) 01:49, 26 April 2011 (UTC)
 * This source says "Ideal X and three other converted T-2 tankers that entered Pan Atlantic service in 1956 are often called the world’s first successful container ships" (emphasis mine). — howcheng  {chat} 18:36, 24 April 2012 (UTC)

Chernobyl??
Surprisingly, the most serious nuclear accident in history is not mentioned on the front page.. --ddima.talk 22:05, 26 April 2011 (UTC)
 * Ah, okay, according to wikistandards the articles are ineligible. --ddima.talk 22:07, 26 April 2011 (UTC)

2012 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 09:22, 25 April 2012 (UTC)
 * Moved to Ineligible: Samantha Smith (appears on July 7)
 * Omitted: John Wilkes Booth; Take Ichi convoy; Containerization (ineligible—maintenance; blurb previously featured container ship but was factually incorrect); April 26 Editorial; Erfurt massacre
 * Included: Royal Blue (train) (2nd appearance, last in 2010); Fetal surgery (first appearance); Woo Bum-kon (first appearance); Chernobyl disaster (6th appearance, last in 2009; rescued from Ineligible); Bronze Night (3rd appearance, last in 2010)

2013 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 09:38, 25 April 2013 (UTC)
 * Omitted: Royal Blue (train); Fetal surgery (ineligible—maintenance); Woo Bum-kon; Bronze Night
 * Included: Battle of Bautzen (1945) (first appearance); Tanzania (4th appearance, last in 2009; rescued from Ineligible); April 26 Editorial (2nd appearance, last in 2011); China Airlines Flight 140 (first appearance); Erfurt massacre (3rd appearance, last in 2011; rescued from Ineligible)
 * Repeats: Chernobyl disaster (2nd consecutive appearance, 7 total)

2014 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 09:11, 25 April 2014 (UTC)
 * New articles (unused): Naperville train disaster; World Intellectual Property Organization
 * Omitted: Battle of Bautzen (1945); Chernobyl disaster; April 26 Editorial; Erfurt massacre
 * Included: World Intellectual Property Day (3rd appearance, last in 2007); John Wilkes Booth (7th appearance, last in 2011); Bombing of Guernica/Guernica (painting) (Painting: first appearance; Bombing: 7th appearance, last in 2010; rescued from Ineligible); Daulatpur–Saturia tornado (first appearance; 25th anniversary)
 * Repeats: Tanzania (2nd consecutive appearance, 5 total; 50th anniversary); China Airlines Flight 140 (2nd consecutive appearance, 2 total; 20th anniversary)

2015 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 07:39, 24 April 2015 (UTC)
 * Omitted: Bombing of Guernica/Guernica (painting); Tanzania (ineligible—maintenance); Daulatpur–Saturia tornado; China Airlines Flight 140
 * Included: Gestapo (3rd appearance, last in 2005; rescued from Ineligible); Battle of Bautzen (1945) (2nd appearance, last in 2013; 70th anniversary); World Intellectual Property Organization (first appearance); Bronze Night (4th appearance, last in 2012)
 * Repeats: John Wilkes Booth (2nd consecutive appearance, 8 total; 150th anniversary)

Suggest adding Sibyl Ludington's ride
Hi, I'd like to suggest the addition of Sibyl Ludington's night ride of 1777 to the list of possible events to feature "on this day" on the main page. Ludington was aged 16 when she rode 40 miles to alert American soldiers to the imminent arrival of British forces. (Please advise what else I need to do to make this nomination, this is the first time I've done this here!) Thanks! MurielMary (talk) 10:47, 5 November 2015 (UTC)
 * I should have thought of that article, especially since we already have Laura Secord featured. My daughter portrayed Sybil in her school play! Will get it in there. — howcheng  {chat} 00:42, 6 November 2015 (UTC)

2016 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 11:11, 24 April 2016 (UTC)
 * Rescued from Ineligible (unused): Fetal surgery
 * Omitted: John Wilkes Booth; Gestapo; Battle of Bautzen (1945); World Intellectual Property Organization; mass protests and riots
 * Included: Pazzi family (3rd appearance, last in 2006; rescued from Ineligible); Sybil Ludington (first appearance); Naperville train disaster (first appearance; 70th anniversary); Chernobyl disaster (8th appearance, last in 2013; 30th anniversary); Erfurt massacre (4th appearance, last in 2013)

2017 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 02:51, 26 April 2017 (UTC)
 * Moved to Ineligible: Gestapo (maintenance); Bombing of Guernica/Guernica (Picasso) (both: maintenance); Woo Bum-kon (maintenance); Fetal surgery (maintenance)
 * Omitted: Pazzi family; Naperville train disaster; Chernobyl disaster (ineligible—maintenance); Erfurt massacre (ineligible—maintenance)
 * Included: John Wilkes Booth (9th appearance, last in 2015); Battle of Bautzen (1945) (3rd appearance, last in 2015); April 26 Editorial (3rd appearance, last in 2013); Bronze Night (5th appearance, last in 2015; 10th anniversary)
 * Repeats: Sybil Ludington (2nd consecutive appearance, 2 total)

2018 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 03:43, 26 April 2018 (UTC)
 * Omitted: Sybil Ludington; Battle of Bautzen (1945); April 26 Editorial; Bronze Night; Alice Ayres; I. M. Pei; Morihei Ueshiba
 * Included: Pazzi (4th appearance, last in 2016); Royal Blue (train) (3rd appearance, last in 2012; 60th anniversary); World Intellectual Property Organization (2nd appearance, last in 2015); China Airlines Flight 140 (3rd appearance, last in 2014); Chen Jingxuan (first appearance); Ludwig Wittgenstein (2nd appearance, last in 2017; appeared on death date of April 29); Srinivasa Ramanujan (first appearance)
 * Repeats: John Wilkes Booth (2nd consecutive appearance, 10 total)

2019 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 15:49, 26 April 2019 (UTC)
 * Omitted: John Wilkes Booth; Royal Blue (train); World Intellectual Property Organization; China Airlines Flight 140 (ineligible—maintenance); Chen Jingxuan; Ludwig Wittgenstein; Srinivasa Ramanujan
 * Included: Sybil Ludington (3rd appearance, last in 2017); Take Ichi convoy (2nd appearance, last in 2011); Daulatpur–Saturia tornado (2nd appearance, last in 2014; 30th anniversary); Erfurt school massacre (5th appearance, last in 2016; rescued from Ineligible); Jean Fernel (first appearance); Margaret Gowing (first appearance); Morihei Ueshiba (2nd appearance, last in 2017; 50th anniversary)
 * Repeats: Pazzi (2nd consecutive appearance, 5 total)

2020 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 16:52, 27 April 2020 (UTC)
 * Moved to Ineligible: Battle of Bautzen (1945) (fact not in article)
 * Rescued from Ineligible (unused): Gestapo
 * New articles (unused): Hack Wilson
 * Omitted: Sybil Ludington (ineligible—may not be true); Daulatpur–Saturia tornado; Erfurt school massacre (ineligible—maintenance); Jean Fernel; Margaret Gowing; Morihei Ueshiba
 * Included: World Intellectual Property Organization (3rd appearance, last in 2018; 50th anniversary); Bronze Night (6th appearance, last in 2017); Maria Amalia of Naples and Sicily (first appearance); Srinivasa Ramanujan (2nd appearance, last in 2018; 100th birthday); Giorgio Moroder (first appearance; 80th birthday)
 * Repeats: Pazzi conspiracy/Pazzi (Conspiracy: first appearance, was previously ineligible; Pazzi: 3rd consecutive appearance, 6 total); Take Ichi convoy (2nd consecutive appearance, 3 total)

2021 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 04:16, 29 April 2021 (UTC)
 * Deleted: Naperville train disaster (moved to April 25)
 * New articles (unused): Liberation Front of the Slovene Nation (moved from April 27); Samuel Bellamy; Anne McLaren
 * Omitted: Take Ichi convoy; World Intellectual Property Organization; Bronze Night; Maria Amalia of Naples and Sicily; Srinivasa Ramanujan; Giorgio Moroder
 * Included: John Wilkes Booth (11th appearance, last in 2018); Gestapo (4th appearance, last in 2015; rescued from Ineligible); April 26 Editorial (4th appearance, last in 2017); China Airlines Flight 140 (4th appearance, last in 2018); Marcus Aurelius (9th appearance, last in 2014; normally appears on March 7 with another article which is currently ineligible, so he can stay here until the other one is usable again; 1900th birthday); Nano Nagle (first appearance); Margaret Gowing (2nd appearance, last in 2019; 100th birthday)
 * Repeats: Pazzi conspiracy (4th consecutive appearance, 7 total)

2022 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 03:27, 27 April 2022 (UTC)
 * Omitted: Gestapo; April 26 Editorial; China Airlines Flight 140; Marcus Aurelius; Nano Nagle; Margaret Gowing
 * Included: Liberation Front of the Slovene Nation (2nd appearance, last in 2016); Royal Blue (train) (4th appearance, last in 2018); World Intellectual Property Organization (4th appearance, last in 2020); Samuel Bellamy (first appearance); Hack Wilson (first appearance); Margaret Scott (dancer) (first appearance; 100th birthday)
 * Repeats: Pazzi conspiracy (3rd consecutive appearance, 3 total); John Wilkes Booth (2nd consecutive appearance, 12 total)

2024 request
- 2024 is the 500th anniversay of the baptism of William Shakespeare. Can he be listed please? Mjroots (talk) 06:58, 22 April 2023 (UTC)
 * — holly  {chat} 18:52, 24 April 2023 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Hugo Pratt

Title languages
should titles of Pratt's work be in Italian, French OR in both languages? User:wathiik

 * I'd say Italian, since the original works are in that language. User:Ror77

 * I'd say both since the French-speakers take better care of his legacy ;) — M URGH  disc.  01:23, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

 * I'd say it depends of the first publication. When Hugo was in argentina, most if not all the titles were in spanish, when he was in france, the titles were french... As a matter of fact, I don't know if a lot of titles were first published in italian. All the Corto Maltese were published in France first and translated in Italia years after. User:Parlook 00:23, 17 September 2008 (UTC)

'''Is ridiculous that the article says his paternal grandfather was english. Another one of those thousand of chauvinist anglosphere articles. Paternal family origin was France (not England). In fact his family had to escape from Cornwall back to France because they're catholics and England authorities persecuted them. How is possible the article says part of his family was english? No mention about his rich genealogy, maternal side were sephardites (Toledano family). To consign that rampant manipulation would've be better to say Pratt nationality is italian and nothing else.'''

Fair use rationale for Image:Corto Maltese cover.gif
Image:Corto Maltese cover.gif is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 21:25, 2 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Replaced with one with rationale. M urgh disc.  23:28, 2 June 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Jesuit Joe.jpg
Image:Jesuit Joe.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 07:14, 5 June 2007 (UTC)

 * A FUR has been added. M urgh disc.  09:52, 5 June 2007 (UTC)

WikiProject Comics B-Class Assesment required
This article needs the B-Class checklist filled in to remain a B-Class article for the Comics WikiProject. If the checklist is not filled in by 7th August this article will be re-assessed as C-Class. The checklist should be filled out referencing the guidance given at Version 1.0 Editorial Team/Assessment/B-Class criteria. For further details please contact the Comics WikiProject. Comics-awb (talk) 16:43, 31 July 2008 (UTC)

C-Class rated for Comics Project
As this B-Class article has yet to receive a review, it has been rated as C-Class. If you disagree and would like to request an assesment, please visit WikiProject_Comics/Assessment and list the article. Hiding T 14:13, 23 February 2009 (UTC)

some additions
'''Is ridiculous that the article says his paternal grandfather was english. Another one of those thousand of chauvinist anglosphere articles. Paternal family origin was France (not England). In fact his family had to escape from Cornwall back to France because they're catholics and England authorities persecuted them. How is possible the article says part of his family was english? No mention about his rich genealogy, maternal side were sephardites (Toledano family). To consign that rampant manipulation would've be better to say Pratt nationality is italian and nothing else.'''

It should be mentionned that a lot of the things reported about the life of Hugo Pratt are merely author's legends. I don't mean it pejoratively, but Pratt was a storyteller. In his biography, he declares : "I have 13 differents ways to tell my life, and I don't know which one is true, I don't even know if one is truer than the other." (sorry for the bad translation). He loved fables and legends and one of his favourite game during interviews was to mix truth and lies. He also loved to make people believe to the authenticity of his characters: he wrote a fake letter mentioning the "true" Corto Maltese for the preface of "ballad of the salted sea"; he constantly telled that he had met lieutenant Koinsky, the main character of "the scorpions of the desert", while this is a fictive character. And of course, some real historical characters appeared in his comics : Jack London, Gabriele d'Annunzio, Soukhé Bator, Ungern-Sternberg, Enver Pacha... I own a magazine dedicated to Hugo Pratt, with interviews of about 20-30 differents people who knew him personally : friends, wife, authors, drawers, colleagues, publishers, and so on. What they say about Hugo Pratt is inter contradictory. For instance, about his Marrano Jew ancestors : one of his childhood friends say it's true (even if Hugo denied it thereafter) while his ex-wife Anne Frognier says it's pure invention. This is juste one example. Basically it's like they're not talking of the same person. Hugo Pratt was a man with different faces. Some other thoughts. No pun intended but Hugo Pratt was a "huge" man on differents aspects : Last thing I'd like to tell about is the fact that Pratt is often credited for introducing the comic-book in the "adult" world. The comics were - and are still often nowadays; considered as juvenile art. The comics of Pratt, especially the adventures of Corto Maltese, are full of historical background, culture and even philosophy or reflexion on life. For that matter, Corto did not get a tremendous success in the magazine for children "Pif-gadget". While "serious" authors like Umberto Eco have praised Corto Maltese. The expression "graphic novel" was coined for this comic. It's just a few ideas... user:mzon,eo (talk) 20:40, 13 August 2011 (UTC))
 * Huge worker : he wrote and drawed a hundred of different comic-books, some of them are barely known nowadays. And to achieve his works, he used to do a lot of researches, in order to be as historically accurate as possible.
 * Huge traveller : he travelled in numerous country all along his life and could speak fluently in venetian, italian, spanish, english and french.
 * Huge reader : he owned about 20000 books. Books are a very important part of his life, he lived among them and a lot of different authors or books are mentionned in his works.
 * Huge seducer : it might sound a little bit trivial but it's also a part of the character. He loved women, he was an early bloomer and, according to him - and this part is probably true, had affairs with more than a hundred women even before the age of 18. But he was also a seducer for everyone who met him. I don't mean sexually, but he knew how to make people comfortable, he was described by some of his friends as a "snake charmer". He had also many many friends.

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Early years: "was sent back to Italy" or "were"?
Was he returned to Italy alone, or together with his mother? (In the latter case, it should read "were".) I don't see any references in the paragraph that may throw light on that point. The Crab Who Played With The Sea (talk) 02:10, 4 December 2020 (UTC)

 * French Wikipedia entry says "La mère et le fils sont rapatriés par la Croix-Rouge en 1943.", so both, but no citation either. Which to believe? The Crab Who Played With The Sea (talk) 02:17, 4 December 2020 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Hugo Pratt


text:
Achaean League

The Achaean League (Κοινὸν τῶν Ἀχαιῶν) was a Hellenistic-era confederation of Greek city-states on the northern and central Peloponnese. The league was named after the region of Achaea in the northwestern Peloponnese, which formed its original core. The first league was formed in the fifth century BC. The second Achaean League was established in 280 BC. As a rival of Antigonid Macedon and an ally of the Roman Republic, the league played a major role in the expansion of Rome into Greece. This process eventually led to the League's conquest and dissolution by the Romans in 146 BC.

The League represents the most successful attempt by the Greek city-states to develop a form of federalism, which balanced the need for collective action with the desire for local autonomy. Through the writings of the Achaean statesman Polybius, this structure has had an influence on the constitution of the United States and other modern federal states.

Classical league
The first Achaean League became active in the fifth century in the northwestern Peloponnese. After the catastrophic destruction of the ancient capital Helike by an earthquake and tsunami in 373 BC, it appears to have lapsed. Xenophon's Hellenica reports that Achaea underwent a democratic revolution in 367 and the previous ruling class was exiled.

Hellenistic league
The regional Achaean League was reformed in 281/0 BC by the communities of Dyme, Patrae, Pharae and Tritaea, joined in 275 by Aegium, which controlled the important sanctuary of Zeus Homarios. The league grew quickly to include the entire Achaean heartland, and after a decade it had ten or eleven members. The key moment for the League's transformation into a major power came in 251, when Aratus, the exiled son of a former magistrate of Sicyon, overthrew the tyranny in his native city and brought it into the Achaean League. Since the Sicyonians were of Dorian and Ionian origin, their inclusion opened the League for other national elements. Aratus, then only twenty years old, rapidly became the leading politician of the League. In the thirty two years between 245 and his death in 213, Aratus would hold the office of general a total of sixteen times.

At this time, Central Greece and the Peloponnese were dominated by the Macedonian Kingdom of Antigonus II Gonatas who maintained garrisons at key strategic points such as Chalcis, Piraeus and Acrocorinth, the so-called "fetters of Greece". In other cities of the Peloponnese, namely Argos, Orchomenus, and Megalopolis, Antigonus had installed friendly rulers who were perceived as tyrants by the Achaeans. Aratus, whose father had been killed by one, called for the liberation of these cities and secured financial support for the League from Ptolemy II of Egypt, an enemy of the Antigonids. He then used the money to challenge the Macedonian hold on the Peloponnese.

Aratus' greatest success came when he captured Corinth and the fortress of Acrocorinth in 243 BC in a daring night attack. This effectively blocked Macedonian access to the Peloponnese by land, isolating their allies at Megalopolis and Argos. In light of this success, a number of Greek communities, including Epidaurus and Megara joined the League and Ptolemy III increased Egypt's support for the Achaeans, being elected as the League's hegemon (leader) in return. Antigonus Gonatas finally made peace with the Achaean League in a treaty of 240 BC, ceding the territories that he had lost in Greece.

The increased size of the league meant a bigger citizen army and more wealth, which was used to hire mercenaries, but it also led to hostility from the remaining independent Greek states, especially Elis, the Aetolian League and Sparta, which perceived the Achaeans as a threat. Corinth was followed by Megalopolis in 235 BC and Argos in 229 BC. However the league soon ran into difficulties with the revived Sparta of Cleomenes III. Aratus was forced to call in the aid of the Macedonian King, Antigonus III Doson, who defeated Cleomenes at Sellasia. Antigonus Doson re-established Macedonian control over much of the region. In 229 BC, the Achaean League participated in a naval battle off the island of Paxos in a coalition with Korkyra and the Aetolian League, and were defeated by a coalition of Illyrians and Acarnanians; as a result, the Korkyreans were forced to accept an Illyrian garrison in their city, which was put under the command of Demetrius of Pharos.

In 220 BC, the Achaean League entered into a war against the Aetolian League, which was called the "Social War". The young king Philip V of Macedon sided with the Achaeans and called for a Panhellenic conference in Corinth, where the Aetolian aggression was condemned. After Aratus's death, however, the League joined Rome in the Second Macedonian War (200–196 BC), which broke Macedonian power in mainland Greece. The Achaean League was one of the main beneficiaries. Under the leadership of Philopoemen, the League was able to finally defeat a heavily weakened Sparta and take control of the entire Peloponnese.

The League's dominance was not to last long, however. During the Third Macedonian War (171–168 BC), the League flirted with the idea of an alliance with Perseus of Macedon, and the Romans punished it by taking several hostages to ensure good behavior, including Polybius, the Hellenistic historian who subsequently wrote about the rise of the Roman Republic. In 146 BC, the league's relations with Rome completely collapsed, leading to the Achaean War. The Romans under Lucius Mummius defeated the Achaeans at the Battle of Corinth, razed Corinth and dissolved the League, finally putting an end to the independence of Ancient Greece from external rule and ushering in the Roman era. G.T. Griffith has written that Achaean War was "a hopeless enterprise for the Achaeans, badly led and backed by no adequate reserves of money or men." Lucius Mummius received the agnomen Achaicus ("conqueror of Achaea") for his role.

Roman era
The original name Koinon of Achaeans (Achaean League) continues to exist in epigraphy, denoting either the previous Peloponnesian members (see koinon of Free Laconians) or the whole of Roman Achaea. In c. 120 BC Achaeans of cities in the Peloponnese dedicated an honorary inscription to Olympian Zeus, after a military expedition with Gnaeus Domitius against the Galatians in Gallia Transalpina. In Athens, in AD 221–222, the koinon of Achaeans, when the was Egnatius Brachyllus, decided to send an embassy to the emperor Caracalla

Government
The government of the league consisted of an assembly of citizens, a smaller council, and a (general).

The (general) controlled the league's military forces. Originally, two held office simultaneously, but from 251, there was only one, who was elected annually by the assembly. Until 217 the entered office in May; afterwards he assumed power at the beginning of winter. Individuals could hold the office more than once (and frequently did so), but not in consecutive years. The general was assisted in his duties by a board of ten demiourgoi, a secretary, a (cavalry commander), a  (admiral), and  (sub-generals commanding in military districts). The office of Hegemon (leader) was given to various Antigonid and Ptolemaic kings at various points in Achaean history. Ostensibly, the hegemon had ultimate command on land and sea, but in fact the office seems to have been an honorary position which obliged the holder to contribute money to the League and support the League's military ventures.

Ultimate decision-making power rested with the assembly, which was held at Aegium four times a year. All male citizens of communities belonging to the League were entitled to attend. Alongside the assembly there was a council (boule), which was open to citizen men over thirty years old. Special meetings had to be called in order for the league to declare war, form an alliance, or receive official communications from the Macedonian king or (later) the Roman Republic.

The league was ostensibly a democracy, but control seems to have consistently rested with a small elite group who monopolised the generalship and other official positions. Given the difficulty of travelling to Aegium, assemblies were probably dominated by the wealthy.

Army
The Achaean army was an army of the traditional hoplite type. From the 270s onwards however, much like the rest of Greece, the emergence of the shield known as the thyreos was incorporated into Greek warfare and a new type of troop was developed. Reforming their troops into thyreophoroi, the Achaean army was now composed of light troops. The were a mixture of evolved  and light hoplites, carrying the  shield, a thrusting spear and javelins. Plutarch says that they could be effective at a distance, but in close combat the narrow shield disadvantaged them. He also says that their formation was ineffective, because it lacked inter-locked shields or a 'leveled line of spears'. Aratus, one of the major Achaean (generals) and statesmen was known for his use of light forces for irregular operations, a type of warfare suited to the thyreophoroi but not suited to operations in the open field.

The League in 217 decided to maintain a standing force of 8,000 mercenary foot and 500 mercenary cavalry, added to a picked citizen force of 3,000 infantry and 300 cavalry, of which 500 foot and 50 horse would come from Argos and the same amount from Megalopolis. Aratus also obtained 500 foot and 50 horse each from Taurion and the Messenians for defence of parts of the League open to attack via Laconia. The citizen infantry would have been armed as, apart from the citizen light troops who would have been archers and slingers etc. This picked citizen force may well have existed before these so-called reforms, at least on an official basis, as we know of a similar elite force of the same size at the Battle of Sellasia in 222.

However, it was the Achaean general Philopoemen in 208 who changed the Achaean fighting style and weaponry to the Macedonian fashion. According to Plutarch, Philopoemen 'persuaded them to adopt long pike and heavy shield instead of spear and buckler, to protect their bodies with helmets and breastplates and greaves, and to practice stationary and steadfast fighting instead of the nimble movements of light-armed troops'. These 'reforms' were not necessarily new to some of the constituent cities of the League, as the city of Megalopolis had been given bronze shields and armed in the Macedonian fashion by Antigonus Doson for the Sellasia campaign many years before. Philopoemen then trained the new army how to fight with the new weapons and tactics and how to co-ordinate them with a new mercenary corps that was hired. He spent nearly 8 months of his term as strategos visiting, training and advising cities in this capacity. At the Battle of Mantinea in 207 BC the Achaean phalanx was positioned with intervals between the companies with lighter troops. This was a major attempt by Philopoemen to increase the flexibility of his phalanx. He may have picked up this tactic too from his experience at the Battle of Sellasia, where the phalanx of Antigonus Doson was also divided up with light/medium troops in between them. As well as reforming and re-organizing the infantry, Philopoemen also reformed the citizen cavalry. The cavalry was recruited, much like in other Greek states, from the rich and noble classes. Philopoemen organized the cavalry in lochoi, which usually in ancient military treatises means 'files', most probably of 8 men, grouped into dilochiai, a formation of double-files of 16 and so forth.

However, by the time of the Achaean War in 146 BC, the League's army had decreased in strength and efficiency. The League was even reduced to freeing and arming 12,000 slaves. This was probably due to the 2nd century BC decline in population. This may well account for the increased hiring of mercenaries, especially Cretans and Thracians.

Members
The below are the original Peloponnesian members, except the ancient regions of Sparta, Elis and Messenia. Later Hypana in Elis, Corone, Messene, Sparta and Pagae in Attica were joined by conquest. In 223 BC, Megara in Attica deserted the Achaean League and joined the Boeotian Confederacy.

Besides many city-states on the Mainland joining the Achaean Federation, certain Mediterranean island city-states also became part of the federation. For example, Kydonia on Crete joined at some time after 219 BC.

The city of Helike had been an important member of the first Achaean League, but sank into the sea following a disastrous earthquake in 373 BC. The town of Olenus, also one of the twelve members of the first Achaean League, had been abandoned before 280 BC, but was sometimes counted as though still extant.

The dates in brackets indicate the year of first adhesion. Some cities had periods of separation or foreign occupation and later joined again.

From Achaea

 * Dyme (281 BC)
 * Patras (281 BC)
 * Pharae (280 BC)
 * Tritaia (280 BC)
 * Aegium (275 BC)
 * Boura (~ 270 BC)
 * Keryneia (~ 270 BC)
 * Leontion (~ 265 BC)
 * Aegira (~ 265 BC)
 * Pellene (~ 265 BC)
 * Olenus (after 272 BC)
 * Helike (before 373 BC)

From Corinthia

 * Sicyon (251 BC)
 * Corinth (243–224 BC, again 197 BC)
 * Stymphalus
 * Tenea

From Argolis

 * Troezen (243 BC)
 * Epidaurus (243 BC)
 * Cleonae (235 BC)
 * Argos (229 BC)
 * Phlius (229 BC)
 * Hermione (229 BC)
 * Alea
 * Asine

From Arcadia
From the ancient political geography of Arcadia, not totally compatible with modern Arcadia
 * Megalopolis (235 BC)
 * Mantineia (235/227 BC)
 * Orchomenus (235 BC)
 * Heraea (captured 236 BC)
 * Caphyae (captured 228 BC)
 * Tegea (223 BC)
 * Psophis (218 BC)
 * Lasion (218 BC)
 * Alipheira
 * Asea
 * Callista
 * Cleitor
 * Dipaea
 * Elisphasi
 * Gortys
 * Lusi
 * Methydrium
 * Pallantium
 * Pheneus
 * Phigaleia
 * Teuthis
 * Theisoa
 * Thelpusa

From other regions

 * Megara (243–223 BC / after 197 BC again)
 * Aegina (228–211 BC)
 * Kydonia (after 219 BC)
 * Sparta (192 BC)
 * Elis (191 BC)
 * Messene (191/182 BC)
 * Pleuron (167 BC)

List of Strategoi (Generals)

 * Margos of Keryneia 256–255 BC
 * Aratus of Sicyon I 245–244 BC
 * Aratus of Sicyon II 243–242 BC
 * Aegialeas 242–241 BC (?)
 * Aratus of Sicyon III 241–240 BC
 * Aratus of Sicyon IV 239–238 BC
 * Aratus of Sicyon V 237–236 BC
 * Dioedas 236–235 BC (or 244–243 BC)
 * Aratus of Sicyon VI 235–234 BC
 * Lydiadas of Megalopolis I 234–233 BC
 * Aratus of Sicyon VII 233–232 BC
 * Lydiadas of Megalopolis II 232–231 BC
 * Aratus of Sicyon VIII 231–230 BC
 * Lydiadas of Megalopolis III 230–229 BC (Margos of Keryneia was Navarch)
 * Aratus of Sicyon IX 229–228 BC
 * Aristomachos of Argos 228–227 BC
 * Aratus of Sicyon X 227–226 BC (Lydiadas of Megalopolis was Hipparch)
 * Hyperbatas 226–225 BC
 * Timoxenos 225–224 BC (Aratus of Sicyon held the exceptional office of strategos autokrator)
 * Aratus of Sicyon XI 224–223 BC
 * Timoxenos 223–222 BC (?)
 * Aratus of Sicyon XII 222–221 BC
 * Timoxenos 221–220 BC
 * Aratus of Sicyon XIII 220–219 BC
 * Aratus the Younger of Sicyon 219–218 BC (Mikkos of Dyme was Hypostrategos)
 * Epiratos of Pharae 218–217 BC
 * Aratus of Sicyon XIV 217–216 BC (Demodokos was Hipparch, Lykos of Pharae was Hypostrategos)
 * Timoxenos 216–215 BC
 * Aratus of Sicyon XV 215–214 BC
 * Aratus of Sicyon XVI 213 BC (Aratus died before the end of the year)
 * Euryleon of Aegium 211–210 BC
 * Kykliadas of Pharae 210–209 BC (Philopoemen of Megalopolis was Hipparch)
 * Philopoemen of Megalopolis I 209–208 BC
 * Nikias 208–207 BC (Aristaenos of Dyme was Hipparch)
 * Philopoemen of Megalopolis II 207–206 BC
 * Lysippos 202–201 BC (?)
 * Philopoemen of Megalopolis III 201–200 BC
 * Kykliadas of Pharae 200–199 BC
 * Aristainos of Megalopolis 199–198 BC
 * Nikostratos of Achaia 198–197 BC
 * Theoxenos 197–196 BC (?)
 * Aristainos of Megalopolis 195–194 BC
 * Philopoemen of Megalopolis IV 193–192 BC (Teison of Patras was Navarch)
 * Diophanes of Megalopolis 192–191 BC
 * Philopoemen of Megalopolis V 191–190 BC
 * Philopoemen of Megalopolis VI 189–188 BC
 * Philopoemen of Megalopolis VII 187–186 BC
 * Aristainos of Megalopolis 186–185 BC
 * Lycortas of Megalopolis 185–184 BC
 * Archon of Aegeira 184–183 BC
 * Philopoemen of Megalopolis VIII 183–182 BC (Lycortas of Megalopolis was Hipparch)
 * Lycortas of Megalopolis 182–181 BC
 * Hyperbatos 181–180 BC
 * Kallikrates of Leontion 180–179 BC
 * Apollonidas of Sicyon ~ 178 BC
 * Aenetidas ~ 176 BC
 * Xenarchos 175–174 BC
 * Archon of Aegeira 172–171 BC
 * Archon of Aegeira 170–169 BC (Polybius was Hipparch)
 * Menalkidas of Sparta 151–150 BC
 * Diaeos of Megalopolis 150–149 BC
 * Damokritos 149–148 BC
 * Diaeos of Megalopolis 148–147 BC
 * Kritolaos of Megalopolis 147–146 BC (replaced by his predecessor)
 * Diaeos of Megalopolis 146 BC (Sosikrates was Hipparch)

title: Achaean League