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Vic and Bob

Reeves and Mortimer, colloquially known as Vic and Bob, are a British double act consisting of Vic Reeves (born 24 January 1959; real name Jim Moir) and Bob Mortimer (born 23 May 1959). They have written and starred in several comedy programmes on British television since 1990, with Reeves having made his first TV appearance in 1986. They have often been referred to as a modern-day Morecambe and Wise.

Reeves and Mortimer's comedy combines absurd, visually and verbally inventive material with traditional comedy double-act staples such as violent, cartoonish slapstick (the duo frequently engage in escalating fights with large frying pans, baseball bats, hammers, etc.), often improvised silly banter (usually at a large, prop-strewn desk) and purposefully corny, rapid-fire jokes. Both at times play the straight man: often Mortimer will play the exasperated foil to Reeves' eccentric buffoon, or Reeves will play blankly bemused or annoyed to a manic or hyperactive Mortimer.

They forged a status for themselves as "the alternatives to alternative comedy" in the late 1980s and early 1990s. In a 2005 poll, The Comedian's Comedian, the duo were voted the 9th-greatest comedy act ever by fellow comedians and comedy insiders.

Career as a double-act
They have performed on a number of television programmes as a double act, and have also worked alone or in collaboration with other people. (For their work outside of the Reeves & Mortimer double act, see Vic Reeves and Bob Mortimer.)

Early years
Jim Moir's comedy career began in New Cross, London, in the mid-1980s. Having tried out various stage names, he settled on Vic Reeves and began a show called Vic Reeves' Big Night Out, first at Winston's wine bar in Deptford, then at The Goldsmiths Tavern. At Goldsmith's he met and began working with Bob Mortimer, and the show then moved to an even bigger venue, the Albany Theatre in Deptford, in 1989. The show began to attract various well-known audience members, such as Jonathan Ross and Alan Yentob and collaborators such as Charlie Higson and Paul Whitehouse.

Few recordings of early Big Night Out live shows exist, though a video was made available to members of the original fan club in the mid-1990s, containing material and characters very similar to those that made it to the later TV show.

Television
Jonathan Ross played a large part in Reeves' first TV appearances, which included Reeves hanging suspended from the ceiling during an episode of The Last Resort with Jonathan Ross (1988). His company, Channel X, brought Vic Reeves Big Night Out to Channel 4 as a six-part series in 1990. The show quickly attained a cult following. A New Year's Eve special bridging 1990/91 followed (in which Kim Wilde made an appearance). This was followed by a second eight-part series in 1991.

In addition to Reeves and Mortimer, the other mainstay of the programme was Les (played by Fred Aylward), Vic's bald, lab-coat-clad assistant who never spoke, loved spirit levels and had a fear of chives. Other established characters in the TV series included The Man With The Stick, who wore a paper helmet (daubed with drawings of what he had witnessed during the last week) and carried a stick with a mystery item attached to the end; Graham Lister, Reeves' nemesis who regularly entered the talent show Novelty Island with a series of dreadful acts; Donald and Davey Stott, two brothers from the North-East with high-pitched voices, who would recreate popular television game shows; Tinker's Rucksack, a pair of ramblers, one of whom was conducting an affair with the other's wife; and Judge Lionel Nutmeg, a judge who presided over the That's Justice segment of the show.

Sketch shows
In 1993, Reeves and Mortimer transferred from Channel 4 to BBC Two (after filming a pilot music show called Popadoodledandy), writing and appearing in The Smell of Reeves and Mortimer, indicating the rise in Mortimer's standing from sidekick to Reeves' equal. The programmes were more slick and scripted than their Channel 4 predecessors. Two series of six episodes each were made, and most of the original Big Night Out format was abandoned, although various actors returned in new roles, including Caroline Aherne, Charlie Higson (The Fast Show) and Matt Lucas (Little Britain). The live stage show that followed the TV series hosted a welcome return for Novelty Island (a sketch from the original Big Night Out). In 1993, the pair also recorded Reeves and Mortimer's Driving School, a one-off comedy show featuring, amongst others, Pat Wright and Dave Arrowsmith, the Bra Men characters from The Smell of Reeves and Mortimer.

In 1997, they co-wrote a one-off special, It's Ulrika! for Shooting Stars panellist, Ulrika Jonsson. The show aired on BBC1, and featured appearances from Vic and Bob, as well as Matt Lucas, David Walliams and Charlie Higson.

A new sketch show followed in 1999, Bang Bang, It's Reeves and Mortimer. Characters Donald and Davey Stott (who had appeared throughout the Big Night Out era) returned to the screen. The series also featured various celebrity cameos, including Caprice, Michael Winner, Sinéad O'Connor and Damon Hill, and appearances from comedy actors Charlie Higson and Morwenna Banks.

Higson and Banks also appeared, together with Matt Lucas, Reece Shearsmith, Mark Benton and others, in the surreal 6-part BBC Three comedy series Catterick (2004), sometimes listed as Vic and Bob in Catterick.

In 2004, in collaboration with Steve Coogan, Reeves and Mortimer produced The All Star Comedy Show, a two-part special for ITV. The programme featured Mortimer, Reeves, Coogan, Morwenna Banks, Matt Lucas, Reece Shearsmith and Mark Benton, plus a wide array of further guests including Fiona Allen, Ronni Ancona, Leslie Ash, Lynda Bellingham, Ronnie Corbett, Tim Healy, Jane Horrocks, Neil Morrissey, Griff Rhys Jones, John Simm, Meera Syal, Ricky Tomlinson and Richard Wilson. In 2005, a full series was commissioned and was given the new name, Monkey Trousers. The series retained most of the same characters, and featured several guests in common with The All Star Comedy Show, plus some new faces including Mackenzie Crook, Iain Lee, John Thomson and Alistair McGowan. A one-off, Big Night Out, primarily to promote the DVD release of Vic Reeves Big Night Out, was held in September 2005.

The pair also recorded Star Chamber, a pilot program for BBC Two. The program was a debate show chaired by Mortimer, and featured Reeves, Charlie Higson, Johnny Vegas, Liz Smith and Rhys Thomas. The program has yet to be commissioned.

A one-off special called Vic and Bob's Big Night Out was shown on BBC Two in December 2017. This was a partial revival of the original Vic Reeves Big Night Out format, and featured an appearance by Matt Lucas. Two four-part series followed in 2018 and 2019 on BBC Four.

Quiz shows
In 1993 a pilot episode of Shooting Stars was screened on BBC Two as part of the At Home with Vic and Bob evening of programming. It began running as a regular series in 1995. Maintaining their bizarre and irreverent style, the pair played host to two teams of celebrity guests (captained each week by Mark Lamarr and Ulrika Jonsson, and later Will Self, and further Jack Dee) answering what can be loosely described as general knowledge questions. They were also accompanied by regular appearances from Lucas as drumming baby George Dawes. The quiz element of the show always played second fiddle to the comedic aspects.

Two series of Reeves and Mortimer's second quiz followed in 1999. Entitled Families at War, it featured two families competing in bizarre tasks on a loose Shooting Stars theme. The show was far more mainstream, less comedy-based, and obviously designed for comfortable Saturday evening BBC1 viewing.

When asked, in November 2007, about bringing back former shows, Reeves also expressed his opinion that a second series of Catterick was highly unlikely. However, he said he would be very happy to bring back Shooting Stars for a sixth series. On 27 February 2008, whilst on a tour of the North East region to support the Learning and Skills Council's Apprenticeship Week, he added "We might be doing Shooting Stars again – it depends on the BBC".

In July 2008, the BBC confirmed that they had commissioned a one-off Christmas Special of Shooting Stars along with an additional "best-of" episode featuring interviews and outtakes, to mark the show's 15 year anniversary. Also confirmed were the return of Reeves, Mortimer and Matt Lucas (as George Dawes), and that the special would be produced by Pett Productions, Reeves and Mortimer's own production company. It was filmed at BBC Television Centre in London on 28 November 2008, and broadcast on BBC Two on 30 December 2008, along with the anniversary programme. Ulrika Jonsson returned as captain of Team B, with Jack Dee appearing as the new captain of Team A. Dizzee Rascal, Kate Garraway, Christine Walkden and Dragons' Den's Peter Jones were the guests.

This Christmas Special spawned the third incarnation of Shooting Stars, which included a sixth series in 2009, a seventh series in 2010 and another Christmas special airing on 30 December 2010. An eighth series of the show was shown on BBC 2 in 2011. The show has since been axed by the BBC.

Shortly after the axing of Shooting Stars by the BBC, Reeves and Mortimer produced a one-off quiz show for Channel 4 in 2012, Lucky Sexy Winners. The new show followed a very similar format to Shooting Stars except that there were no teams, only three celebrities competing individually. Dan Skinner, who portrayed the character Angelos Epithemiou on Shooting Stars, brought a new character, John Meringue, to Lucky Sexy Winners.

Sitcom and drama
In 1992, Reeves and Mortimer made their first brief detour into sitcoms by writing and recording a pilot episode of The Weekenders, a one-off pilot for Channel 4's Bunch of Five season. The Human League vocalist Phil Oakey, and the future Fast Show trio of Paul Whitehouse, John Thomson and Simon Day, all co-starred. The Weekenders is also notable as the one programme where Vic is intentionally referred to throughout by his real name, Jim. Intended to be a series, the programme was never commissioned, but now seems to be a vague sign of things to come.

In early 2000, Vic and Bob headed the cast in revival of sixties private detective drama, Randall and Hopkirk (Deceased). The new version, Randall & Hopkirk (Deceased) ran for two series and constituted their first dramatic (though still light-hearted) acting roles. The scripts for the series were written by Charlie Higson and Reeves was briefly romantically linked to co-star Emilia Fox. The pair also presented a one-off behind the scenes show called On Set with Randall & Hopkirk (Deceased), which was broadcast on BBC Choice in 2000.

Their 2004 comedy drama Catterick, screened on BBC Three, evoked the same unreal atmosphere with a far higher budget. The series was based around the lives of Carl and Chris Palmer, with appearances from D.I. 'Kinky' John Fowler and updated versions of characters from The Club sketches from Bang Bang It's Reeves and Mortimer. Vic and Bob played the main roles, with Charlie Higson, Morwenna Banks, Tim Healy, Mark Benton, Matt Lucas and The League of Gentlemen's Reece Shearsmith.

On 27 February 2008, Reeves announced that he and Mortimer were working together on a new series, as well as possibly reviving Shooting Stars: We're also working on a sitcom. It’s about super heroes who get skills through a telegraph pole that malfunctions and they go around helping people in their local community.

In 2014, they co-wrote and starred in House of Fools on BBC Two. The series also stars Matt Berry.

Web series
In July 2011, Reeves and Mortimer's first web series, Vic and Bob's Afternoon Delights, was hosted on Fosters' UK website. A new episode was added each weekday from 4 to 29 July, with each of the 20 episodes consisting of a single sketch.

Other television appearances

 * The Life of Rock with Brian Pern (2014)
 * Alan Carr: Chatty Man (Channel 4, guests, along with Ulrika Jonsson, 25 July 2010)
 * The One Show (BBC One, interviewees, 25 August 2009)
 * Steve Coogan: The Inside Story - Vic and Bob played various familiar characters and celebrities giving anecdotes on Coogan's career. (BBC Two, 2009)
 * Something for the Weekend (BBC Two, interviewees, 2 episodes, 2009 - 2010)
 * Comedy Connections - Shooting Stars (BBC One, 3 April 2006)
 * The Comedian's Comedian (contributors, 2005)
 * TOTP2 (BBC Two, guest presenters, 1 episode, 2004)
 * Richard & Judy (interviewees, 13 February 2004)
 * Star Sale (June 2004)
 * Comic Relief 2003: The Big Hair Do (presenters, 2003)
 * Sport Relief - "Celebrity Boxing" section. Bob took part in, and won, a boxing match against Les Dennis. Reeves also appeared in the program. (2002)
 * It's Your New Year's Eve Party (2001)
 * Jack Dee's Full Mountie (from the Just for Laughs festival) (BBC One, performers, 2000)
 * The Nearly Complete and Utter History of Everything (1999)
 * Late Lunch (Channel 4, interviewees, 1 episode, 1998)
 * Omnibus - "The Film of Reeves & Mortimer". They were the subject of the BBC documentary, during which they buried Reeves' vintage car in his back garden. (1997)
 * Selection Box: "Dad's Army" (BBC Two, contributors, 1 episode, 1997)
 * Light Lunch Cardigan Christmas (Channel 4, interviewees, 1 episode, 1997)
 * Children in Need - A Nose through Nature section. The show featured scratch and sniff technology. (1995)
 * The Mrs Merton Show (BBC Two, interviewees, 1 episode, 1995)
 * Comic Relief: Behind the Nose (BBC One, 1995)
 * Christmas Night with the Stars. Along with Stephen Fry and Hugh Laurie, they were backing musicians for Sandie Shaw. (1994)
 * Top of the Pops (BBC One, guest presenters, 1994)
 * "Do You Remember the First Time?" (short film on Pulp's Hits DVD, interviewees, 1994)
 * The Word (interviewees, 3 episodes, 1993–1994)
 * At Home With Vic & Bob - Vic and Bob chose sitcoms, sketch shows and films for a night on BBC Two. Programming included a special compilation of clips from Eric Idle's BBC television series Rutland Weekend Television, the original pilot of Shooting Stars, and Mike Leigh's film Nuts in May. (27 December 1993)
 * The Ross Show (interviewees, 1991)
 * Going Live! (interviewees, 1991)
 * 8:15 from Manchester (interviewees, 1991)
 * The Word (TV series) (interviewees, 1990, 1993 and 1994)
 * One Hour with Jonathan Ross: (participants in the "Knock down ginger" game, 1989)
 * Just for Laughs: "The Day of the Heckle" (sketch, 1989)
 * The Last Resort with Jonathan Ross (sketch, 1988)

Radio
In 1994, between series of The Smell of Reeves and Mortimer, the pair hosted a one-off hour long show on BBC Radio 1 entitled Radio Reeves & Mortimer. The show was partially presented in character as 'co-hosts' Councillors Cox and Evans.

In November 2007, BBC Radio 2 aired a weekly radio-based sketch show featuring Reeves and Mortimer, entitled Vic Reeves' House Arrest. The first episode was broadcast on 17 November 2007 and the series ran for 6 episodes. The show centred on Reeves being put under house arrest for a crime he didn't commit. Mortimer played Reeves' hairdresser, Carl. Other performers include The Mighty Boosh star Noel Fielding as a local vagrant and Reeves' wife, Nancy Sorrell in multiple roles.

In an interview on British TV show Something for the Weekend Reeves stated there were benefits to doing a radio show, as even more bizarre and outlandish images could be conjured, which could not be replicated using props on a television programme - such as balancing the whole of Ireland on a record stylus to stop it from skipping. However he also said that he would be interested in making the radio show into a television series.

Film
Reeves and Mortimer auditioned for roles as a pair of chipmunks in The Lion King (1994); according to Mortimer, the Disney producers were enthusiastic, but he and Reeves were uncomfortable with their corporate attitude and abandoned the film.

In August 2003, Reeves and Mortimer appeared in Once Upon a Time in the Midlands as Plonko the Clown and Kung-Fu Clown. In 2004, they appeared in Churchill: The Hollywood Years as Bendle and Potter. As of 2018, they were producing The Glove alongside regular collaborators such as Matt Berry and Morgana Robinson. In November 2022 it was revealed that actor Brian Cox had joined the cast of The Glove.

Music
Reeves and Mortimer first appeared on Jools Holland's single "Holy Cow" in 1990, singing backing vocals.

The following year, Reeves collaborated with The Wonder Stuff to cover "Dizzy", originally released in 1969 by Tommy Roe. The song reached number one and spawned a spin-off full-length album on Island Records, I Will Cure You, which featured re-recorded songs from Big Night Out, cover versions and new material. A companion video titled Four Golden Memories was released, which featured videos for "Dizzy" and Reeves's other singles "Born Free" and "Abide With Me", plus live versions of "Dizzy" (filmed on tour the previous year) and "Meals on Wheels".

The pair collaborated with EMF to cover The Monkees' sixties classic "I'm a Believer" in 1995. The cover reached number three in the British charts, and also appeared in a trailer for the movie, Shrek. Their cover was also referenced in the movie's version sung by Eddie Murphy at the end.

Books

 * And Away... - autobiography - Bob Mortimer, Simon & Schuster, 2021
 * Vic Reeves Art Book - Vic Reeves, Unbound, 2020
 * Three Men in a Boat - Jerome K. Jerome, Vintage Classics, (illustrated by Vic Reeves), 2011
 * Me:Moir - autobiography - Vic Reeves, Virgin Books, 2006
 * Sunshine on Putty: The Golden Age of British Comedy from Vic Reeves to The Office - Ben Thompson, Fourth Estate, HarperCollins, 2004
 * Sun Boiled Onions - Vic Reeves, Michael Joseph Ltd, 1999
 * Reeves & Mortimer - biography by Bruce Dessau, Orion, 1998
 * Shooting Stars, The Game for You to Play at Home - for Players Aged 4-84, BBC Worldwide Publishing, 1996
 * The Smell of Reeves & Mortimer, Fantail Books, Penguin Books, 1993
 * Vic Reeves Big Night In, Fantail Books, Penguin Group, 1991

DVD and VHS

 * Randall and Hopkirk (Deceased) - The Complete Series (series 1 & 2) (Universal Pictures Video, 13 November 2006)
 * Bang Bang, It's Reeves and Mortimer (BBC Video / Cinema Club, 3 April 2006)
 * The Smell of Reeves and Mortimer. The episodes on the DVD are the shorter broadcast versions, rather than the extended versions available on the VHS releases from the mid-nineties. (BBC Video /Cinema Club, 3 April 2006)
 * Vic Reeves Big Night Out (series one and two, minus the New Years special) (Channel 4 DVD, 12 September 2005)
 * Monkey Trousers (Sanctuary Visual Entertainment, 4 July 2005)
 * Catterick (2 Entertain Video, 13 June 2005)
 * Randall and Hopkirk (Deceased) Series 2 (Vision Video Ltd, 14 October 2002)
 * Randall and Hopkirk (Deceased) Series 1 (Vision Video Ltd, 29 October 2001. Re-released by Universal Pictures Video, 30 April 2007)
 * Viz Top Tips with Reeves and Mortimer (VHS only, Pearson New Entertainment, 1996)
 * The Weekenders (TV pilot) (Available on All 4 app)

Live shows

 * "25 Years of Reeves & Mortimer: the Poignant Moments" - National tour, 2015–16
 * Shooting Stars / Fast Show Live - Labatt's Apollo, Hammersmith, January–February 1998
 * Smell of Reeves & Mortimer "Weathercock Tour" - National tour, October 1995
 * R&M "Puce Tour" - National tour, Feb - March 1994
 * Vic Reeves Big Night Out "Brown Tour" - National tour, 10 Dates at the Hammersmith Odeon and a recorded performance in Newcastle, 1991
 * Vic Reeves Big Night Out Tour - National Universities tour, October, 1990
 * Vic Reeves Big Night Out - The Goldsmiths Tavern and Albany Empire, pre-1990

Advertising
In the 1990s and 2000s both Reeves and Mortimer capitalised on their fame by featuring in a variety of television adverts. The earliest of these was for Cadbury's Boost bars, described by Reeves as "slightly rippled with a flat underside". Other companies they advertised together included Müller, where the duo acted out examples of pleasure and pain, MFI and Kit-e-Kat. They have advertised several products solo such as Mini Cheddars and DHL (Mortimer) and Heinz Tomato Ketchup, Fanta, Lynx and Mars chocolate bars (Reeves). Mortimer contends that derivative material of their comedy and works has "flooded the advertising world. The Tango and McDonald's ads wouldn't have been on without our sort of stuff."

Reeves and Mortimer appeared in a corporate advert for the BBC itself in the early 1990s, suggesting that the BBC was a place where talent could grow and develop. The advert spoofed BBC trailers of the time, which informed viewers of upcoming programmes due for broadcast. The duo's advert replaced these real programmes with their own inventions, including crime-drama "Detective in a Wheelbarrow", a comedy pastiche of Last of the Summer Wine called "Three Blokes in a Bath" (which also featured Matt Lucas), coverage of both "Olympic Anvil Throwing" and "International Pan Fighting", and ended with "Poldark on Mopeds".

Perhaps the most significant advert starring the pair was the finale of the Renault Clio Papa & Nicole advert series in 1998. Renault cast the duo to battle over Nicole, the star of the series, at the altar. An estimated 23 million viewers tuned in to see Nicole jilting Reeves at the altar and eloping with Mortimer in a Clio, spoofing a scene from the 1967 film The Graduate. For extra exposure, the commercial was scheduled for prime time viewing during the long-standing British soap opera Coronation Street. It was also screened extensively during the World Cup. The duo's The Smell of Reeves and Mortimer characters Le Corbussier et Papin quoted the advert in their sketches before they were cast in the role.

Also in 1998, the pair voiced adverts for Churchill Insurance. Mortimer provided the voice of the adverts' signature nodding dog, Churchill, and Reeves was the consumer, prompting the dog to extol the virtues of insurance deals offered by the company. Reeves' contract with Churchill was terminated in 2005 after he was arrested for a drink-driving offence which disqualified him from driving for 36 months and ordered 100 hours of community service. Mortimer continued to provide the voice for the dog until at least 2009.

Production
In 2001, Reeves, Mortimer and Lisa Clark formed their own production company, Pett Productions, which has produced several television programmes that have featured one or both comedians.

Awards
In 2015, Vic and Bob received the Aardman Slapstick Visual Comedy Award for their significant contributions to the world of visual comedy.

title: Vic and Bob


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Jim Moir

James Roderick Moir (born 24 January 1959), also known by his stage name Vic Reeves, is an English comedian and artist. He has a double act with Bob Mortimer as Reeves & Mortimer. He is known for his surreal sense of humour.

In 2003, Reeves and Mortimer were listed in The Observer as one of the 50 funniest acts in British comedy. In a 2005 poll to find the Comedians' Comedian, Reeves and Mortimer were voted the ninth-greatest comedy act ever by fellow comedians and comedy insiders.

Early life
Moir was born in Leeds, the son of Audrey (née Leigh) and James Neill Moir (1926–2004). At the age of five, he moved to Darlington, County Durham, with his parents and younger sister Lois. He attended Heathfield Infants and Junior School and went on to the nearby secondary school, Eastbourne Comprehensive in Darlington. After leaving school, Moir undertook an apprenticeship in mechanical engineering at a factory in Newton Aycliffe. Eventually he moved to London, where he attended the Polytechnic of North London and Middlesex Polytechnic.

Early career
Moir formed the Fashionable Five, a group of five friends (including Jack Dent, who ran the original Fan Club) who would follow bands like the Enid and Free onto stage, and perform pranks (including Moir pretending to have a brass hand, and following a Terry Scott lookalike around Darlington town centre in single-file formation). Moir had an early breakthrough with the help of comedian Malcolm Hardee.

Before finding fame with his comedy, Moir was a member of several bands with many different names and musical styles, in which he usually played lead guitar and/or sang. He sold tapes of his early material in the back pages of NME magazine under the name International Cod. Mark Lamarr, later to become a team captain on Shooting Stars, was sent a tape of Moir's band Fan Tan Tiddly Span. When Moir appeared, as Vic Reeves, on Never Mind the Buzzcocks in 1998, Lamarr repeatedly played a sample from the song "Fantasia (Side A)" in an attempt to embarrass him.

In 1983, Moir began a part-time course at a local art college, developed his love of painting and eventually persuaded a local art gallery to stage an exhibition of his work. His drawings and paintings have been used in his television shows and form a major part of his 1999 book, Sun Boiled Onions.

Television and Radio
As well as working and performing in bands in London, including being an original member of the Industrial/Experimental band Test Dept and performing onstage with them at their debut gig (then leaving soon afterwards), Moir also joined the alternative comedy circuit under many different guises. These included a loudmouthed American called Jim Bell, a beat poet called Mister Mystery and eventually, "The North-East's Top Light Entertainer"- Vic Reeves, whose name is derived from two of his favourite singers, Vic Damone and Jim Reeves. His stage show Vic Reeves Big Night Out began life as a regular Thursday night gig at Goldsmith's Tavern, New Cross (now the New Cross House). Here, he met Bob Mortimer, a solicitor who attended the show and enjoyed it so much that he soon began to participate.

Moir's television début came in December 1986 on Channel 4 Television's The Tube in a comedy game show segment called "Square Celebrities", suspended by a wire to ask the "celebrities" questions. His next appearance was on the short-lived chat/comedy show One Hour with Jonathan Ross in a game show segment known as Knock Down Ginger. Reeves' growing TV profile led to Big Night Out being given a slot on Channel 4 the following year. It was about this time that Reeves and Bob Mortimer rented a back room at Jools Holland's office/recording studio in Westcombe Park, Greenwich where they would spend hours writing material.

Moir continued to work alongside Mortimer as a comedy duo in a series of 1990s programmes, The Smell of Reeves and Mortimer, Shooting Stars, and Bang, Bang, It's Reeves and Mortimer, some of which also featured future cast members of The Fast Show and Little Britain. A 1994 pilot written by Paul Whitehouse and Charlie Higson entitled The Honeymoon's Over was due to feature Chris Bell, a character from The Smell of Reeves and Mortimer; however, the series was never commissioned. The same year, Reeves made a guest appearance on the Radio 1 series Shuttleworth's Showtime, hosted by John Shuttleworth. Between August 1998 and May 1999, Reeves and Mortimer presented the Channel X produced BBC Saturday game show Families at War with Alice Beer.

Moir played Marty Hopkirk in the BBC's 2000–2001 thriller series Randall and Hopkirk (Deceased), a revival of the original 1960s series, with Mortimer as Randall, Emilia Fox as Jeannie Hopkirk, and Tom Baker as Wyvern. In 2000, Moir presented a series entitled Vic Reeves Examines on UK Play, featuring celebrities such as Ricky Gervais, Johnny Vegas, Lauren Laverne and Emma Kennedy discussing a topic of their choice. The same year, Moir presented a one-off radio show on BBC Radio 1, entitled Cock of the Wood.

In 2004 Moir and his wife, Nancy Sorrell were both contestants in the fourth series of I'm a Celebrity... Get Me Out of Here!. He also appeared in the series Catterick with Mortimer appearing as several characters. In September 2005, Moir hosted a show for Virgin Radio called Vic Reeves Big Night In produced by Mark Augustyn, for a short period on Wednesdays and Thursdays from 7.00pm.

Moir presented a historical ten-part series, entitled Rogues Gallery, which was shown on the Discovery Channel (UK) in 2005, where he investigated, and portrayed Anne Bonny and Mary Read, Captain Kidd, Claude Duval, Jonathan Wild, Rob Roy, Colonel Blood, George Ransley, Deacon Brodie, Blackbeard and Dick Turpin. Sorrell also appeared in some episodes. Continuing in this vein, Vic Reeves' Pirates was shown on ITV West and, subsequently, on the History Channel in 2007. In May 2006, Moir presented a programme on ITV Tyne Tees about Northeast comedy culture called It's Funny Up North with... Vic Reeves.

In 2007, Moir hosted a show called Vic Reeves Investigates: Jack the Ripper. Moir, with the help of historians and leading experts, tried to discover who Jack the Ripper was. At the end of the show, he came to the conclusion that Jack the Ripper was Francis Tumblety. On 8 May 2007, Moir was the main presenter of Brainiac: Science Abuse during the fifth and sixth series, replacing Richard Hammond. Beginning in June 2007, Reeves presented a BBC Radio 2 panel game called Does the Team Think?. On 17 November 2007, Moir appeared in a weekly sketch show on BBC Radio 2, entitled Vic Reeves' House Arrest. The show's premise was that Reeves had been put under house arrest for "a crime he didn't commit", and each episode consists of the various events that take place in and around his house on a particular day. Mortimer plays his housecall-making hairdresser, Carl, while other performers include The Mighty Boosh star Noel Fielding as a local vagrant who comes to Reeves' door on a weekly basis looking for work, as well as Nancy Sorrell in multiple roles.

On 27 February 2008, Moir announced that he and Mortimer were working together on a new sitcom about superheroes who get their powers through a malfunctioning telegraph pole. He also reiterated his desire to bring back Shooting Stars for a 6th series. Along with his son, Moir is also featured in one edition of a factual series for Five, Dangerous Adventures for Boys, based on the best-selling book written by Conn and Hal Iggulden, The Dangerous Book for Boys.

In February 2009, Moir appeared as presenter of the first episode of My Brilliant Britain, one of the new television shows commissioned for UKTV People channel's relaunch as Blighty. On 25 August 2009, Moir appeared as a guest on BBC One's The One Show with Mortimer. Series 6 of Shooting Stars began airing on 26 August 2009 with Reeves and Mortimer, along with Ulrika Jonsson and Jack Dee as team captains. Moir appeared as one of the guests in Reece Shearsmith's Haunted House, a light-hearted radio discussion show broadcast on BBC Radio 4 in two parts on either side of Halloween on 29 October 2009 and 5 November 2009.

In July 2011, Reeves and Mortimer released a selection of YouTube improvised comedy sketches, in association with Foster's. They released their "Afternoon Delight" clips every weekday afternoon in July.

In 2020, Moir co-hosted the Netflix original, reality series The Big Flower Fight alongside Natasia Demetriou.

Advertising
Moir has appeared in television advertisements, both with Mortimer and alone. He has done solo advertising work for a variety of products including Guinness, MFI, Müller Light, First Direct, Mars Bar, Fanta, Heinz Tomato Ketchup, Domestos bleach, Maryland Cookies, 888 Ladies and East Coast Trains. Moir also advertised Jools Holland's 2006 album Moving Out to the Country. With Mortimer, he advertised Cadburys Boost and Churchill Insurance. Mortimer voiced the nodding bulldog, Churchill, and in early adverts, Moir's voice would ask questions about car insurance, to which Churchill replied with his catchphrase, "Oh, yes!" However, in 2005 Moir was dropped from the adverts after being arrested on charges of drunk-driving.

Music
As part of early Big Night Out performances, Reeves would sometimes hand out promotional materials to the audience. On one occasion he handed out a 7" flexi disc of original song "The Howlin' Wind". Having surplus copies of the discs, Moir passed them on to Darlington-based band Dan, who then included a copy of the disc with their album Kicking Ass at T.J.'s.

Album
I Will Cure You is Moir's only album, recorded under the name Vic Reeves. It was released in 1991 by Island Records and peaked at No. 16 on the UK Albums Chart. It features the number one single "Dizzy" which was a collaboration with the Wonder Stuff. It includes a mixture of covers and original songs in a variety of musical styles, many of which were originally introduced in Big Night Out. Along with "Dizzy", two other singles were released from the album, a cover of the Matt Monro song "Born Free" and a dance reworking of the Christian hymn "Abide with Me" which reached No. 6 and No. 47 on the UK Singles Chart, respectively.

Singles
In 1995, Reeves and Mortimer released a cover of the Monkees song "I'm a Believer" with British band EMF which reached No. 3 on the UK Singles Chart. Moir had a history with the track, having both sung it at the beginning of early Big Night Out performances in London, and opened the Channel 4 series with it. In the music video, which was directed by Moir, the duo dress as Mike Nesmith and Davy Jones of the Monkees. On the CD release of the single, a studio version of "At This Stage I Couldn't Say" is included, a track originally sung by characters Mulligan and O'Hare in The Smell of Reeves and Mortimer. On the 7" release, the bonus track is "At Least We've Got Our Guitars", which was the opening song for the last episode of The Smell of Reeves and Mortimer.

In April 2007, the theme to British stop-motion animation Shaun the Sheep, sung by Moir, was released as a single. The song reached No. 20 on the UK Singles Chart.

Contributions
In 1990, both Reeves and Mortimer contributed backing vocals to Jools Holland's "Holy Cow" (a Lee Dorsey cover). The track was included on Holland's album World of his Own and released as a single. Later, Moir would advertise Holland's album Moving Out to the Country.

Also in 1990, Moir provided backing vocals for former Smiths singer Morrissey's cover of "That's Entertainment", originally by the Jam. Moir's vocals were not used in the final edit but he was thanked (as Jim Moir) in the sleeve notes of Morrissey's "Sing Your Life" single, which featured "That's Entertainment" as a bonus track. A fan of the Smiths, Moir opened some episodes of Big Night Out with covers of the band's songs including "Sheila Take a Bow" which he intended to include a cover of on his album I Will Cure You. It did not make the final cut.

In 1992, Moir contributed a track to Ruby Trax, a compilation album released by NME magazine to commemorate 40 years of the publication. He covered the Ultravox song "Vienna", but drastically altered the original lyrics.

In 1998, Moir contributed to Twentieth-Century Blues: The Songs of Noel Coward, a tribute album featuring notable singers and bands such as Elton John, Sting, Robbie Williams and Paul McCartney. Moir covered Coward's 1934 track "Don't Put Your Daughter on the Stage Mrs. Worthington", which was arranged by David Arnold for the album. The song, described by Moir as "sinister", was initially recorded with all original verses intact, but as the last included foul language, it was edited out of the final release.

In 2000, Moir's cover of "Ain't That a Kick in the Head?" was featured as a bonus track on the theme single to the Randall and Hopkirk (Deceased) series in which he starred. Moir was originally to duet with Nina Persson (of the Cardigans), who provided vocals, but missed the final cut. A shortened version of Moir's cover also featured in the series itself. Moir appeared in the music video for the single along with Bob Mortimer.

Music videos
Other than the music videos for his own singles, Moir has appeared in others. His first was the 1987 video for Shakin' Stevens' single "What Do You Want to Make Those Eyes at Me For". He was hired for the shoot and paid £10 for his appearance.

Moir also appeared in the 1988 music video for Band of Holy Joy's song "Tactless". He introduces the band and can be seen at the bar part way through. The video was filmed in Deptford, London and original advertising posters for Big Night Out can be seen at the beginning.

Art
Moir has produced art both under the name Jim Moir and Vic Reeves. This reflects that his art, while serious, also combines with his comedy. Moir works in many media including painting, ceramics, photography and lino prints. His work has been described as Dada-esque, surreal and sometimes macabre. For Moir, his art and comedy are different ways of expressing the same idea. He says "I think putting your imagination on canvas or a television screen is the same thing" and "I don't differentiate between painting, acting or comedy. I think everything I do is art." Moir has stated that he is an artist first and a comedian second, and that in ten years time he would like to be remembered for his art and writing, rather than his comedy.

Moir has said that art should be "just for laughs" and that he dislikes people looking for statements in his work, because there are none. "If something makes me laugh, that's it." "I've done straight drawings and paintings ... and I haven't got as much pleasure out of them as if I'd done something that would make me laugh." His work has been described by artists Jake and Dinos Chapman as "able to command our laughter as a purgative, to encourage the viewer to leak at both ends". Artist Damien Hirst, a friend, has also described Moir's work as Reeves as an influence. This crossover of comedy and art often features within Reeves and Mortimer's television shows. A notable example is The Smell of Reeves and Mortimer first episode. Several of Moir's drawings are featured, illustrating the lyrics of the opening song. (These drawings would later be published within his book Sun Boiled Onions.) As seen in the script book for the show, Moir often drew sketches for the BBC's costume and set designers saying that "if we just tell them what we want, it never ends up looking like it does in our minds".

Background and education
Arts and crafts played a large part in Moir's upbringing. His mother and father, a seamstress and typesetter by trade, made extra money by selling handmade wooden crafts and ceramics at local markets. Building on these money-making schemes, Moir began charging for his own artistic services such as customising and painting his school friend's Haversack bags and elaborately embroidering clothing. Later he would go on to forge artworks his acquaintances liked with the aim of selling them to them. Wanting to study art, but being pressured into work, Moir began a five-year engineering apprenticeship at a factory in Newton Aycliffe with the aim of working in their technical drawings department.

After completing the apprenticeship, Moir applied to Goldsmiths College in London to study art, but failed to get a place. He has admitted to sneaking in and using their equipment regardless. In 1983 he completed a one-year foundation course at Sir John Cass College, where he is now an honorary graduate. Once leaving college, he worked as a curator at The Garden Gallery, an independent London gallery. It was there that he held his first art exhibition in 1985, with the help of a grant from Lewisham Council.

Published work and exhibitions
As Vic Reeves, he has released two books of his art, Sun Boiled Onions in 1999 and Vic Reeves' Vast Book of World Knowledge in 2009. His drawings also appear in his autobiography Me:Moir Volume One, and the published script book for The Smell of Reeves and Mortimer. He provided thirty illustrations for Random House's 2011 reprint of Jerome K. Jerome's classic story "Three Men in a Boat". He was also commissioned to create several celebrity drawings for Jools Holland's Channel 5 series Name That Tune.

Moir has hosted several exhibitions of his artwork, including:
 * Sun Boiled Onions (2000) at the Percy Miller Gallery
 * Doings (2002) at the Whitechapel Gallery, London
 * My Family and Other Freaks (2007) at the Eyestorm Gallery, London
 * Where Eagles Tremble (2009) at Mews of Mayfair, London
 * Hot Valve Leak: Visual Ramblings of Vic Reeves (2013) at the Strand Gallery, London
 * Romans, Daisies, Ones and Twos (2022) at Northampton Museum and Art Gallery, Northampton

In 2010, a selection of Moir's paintings were displayed at the Saatchi Gallery, London as part of an exhibition by charity The Art of Giving. He was also a judge for the charity's open art competition.

In 2012, Moir took part in the Illuminating York festival. His illuminations, known as "Wonderland", were projected across a number of historic buildings including the Yorkshire Museum, St Mary's Abbey, and the ten-acre site of York Museum Gardens.

Television
Moir has appeared without Mortimer on a number of British television shows, primarily game shows, poll programmes and charity telethons. These include:

Books

 * Vic Reeves' Vast Book of World Knowledge – a surreal encyclopaedia with text and artwork by Reeves. Atlantic Books, Released in October 2009.
 * Vic Reeves Me:Moir (Volume One) – autobiography by Vic Reeves, Virgin Books, 2006
 * Sunboiled Onions – diary, paintings and drawings by Vic Reeves, Penguin Books, 1999

Personal life
Moir has four children, the eldest two by his first wife, Sarah Vincent; Moir and Vincent were married in 1990 and divorced in 1999. He met his second wife, Nancy Sorrell, in 2001; the couple married on 25 January 2003. Moir, Sorrell and their two daughters live in Charing, near Ashford.

In September 2021, Moir said he had been diagnosed with a vestibular schwannoma, a benign and non-cancerous brain tumour. The tumour is inoperable and has left him deaf in one ear.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Jim Moir


text:
Abraham Fraenkel

Abraham Fraenkel (אברהם הלוי (אדולף) פרנקל; 17 February, 1891 – 15 October, 1965) was a German-born Israeli mathematician. He was an early Zionist and the first Dean of Mathematics at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. He is known for his contributions to axiomatic set theory, especially his additions to Ernst Zermelo's axioms, which resulted in the Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory.

Biography
Abraham Adolf Halevi Fraenkel studied mathematics at the Universities of Munich, Berlin, Marburg and Breslau. After graduating, he lectured at the University of Marburg from 1916, and was promoted to professor in 1922.

In 1919, he married Wilhelmina Malka A. Prins (1892–1983). Due to the severe housing shortage in post-First World war Germany, for a few years the couple lived as subtenants at professor Hensel's place.

After leaving Marburg in 1928, Fraenkel taught at the University of Kiel for a year. He then made the choice of accepting a position at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, which had been founded four years earlier, where he spent the rest of his career. He became the first dean of the faculty of mathematics, and for a while served as rector of the university.

Fraenkel was a fervent Zionist and as such was a member of Jewish National Council and the Jewish Assembly of Representatives under the British mandate. He also belonged to the Mizrachi religious wing of Zionism, which promoted Jewish religious education and schools, and which advocated giving the Chief Rabbinate authority over marriage and divorce.

Mathematician
Fraenkel's early work was on Kurt Hensel's p-adic numbers and on the theory of rings. He is best known for his work on axiomatic set theory, publishing his first major work on the topic Einleitung in die Mengenlehre (Introduction to set theory) in 1919. In 1922 and 1925, he published two papers that sought to improve Zermelo's axiomatic system; the result is the Zermelo–Fraenkel axioms. Fraenkel worked in set theory and foundational mathematics.

Fraenkel was also interested in the history of mathematics, writing in 1920 and 1930 about Gauss's works in algebra, and he published a biography of Georg Cantor. After retiring from the Hebrew University and being succeeded by his former student Abraham Robinson, Fraenkel continued teaching at the Bar Ilan University in Ramat Gan (near Tel Aviv).

Awards

 * In 1956, Fraenkel was awarded the Israel Prize, for exact sciences.

Published works

 * 1908. "Bestimmung des Datums des jüdischen Osterfestes für die Zeitrechnung der Mohammedaner". In Zeitschrift für Mathematik und naturwissenschaft Unterricht (39).
 * 1909. "Eine Formel zur Verwandlung jüdischer Daten in mohammedanische". In Monatsschrift für Geschichte und Wissenschaft des Judentums, vol. 53, issue 11–12.
 * 1910. "Die Berechnung des Osterfestes". Journal für die reine und angewandte Mathematik, vol 138.
 * 1914. "Über die Teiler der Null und die Zerlegung von Ringen". J. Reine Angew. Math. 145: 139–176.
 * 1918. "Praktisches zur Universitätsgründung in Jerusalem". Der Jude 3:404–414.
 * 1918b. "Mathematik und Apologie". Jeschurun, 5:112–126.
 * 1919. Einleitung in die Mengenlehre. Berlin: Julius Springer.
 * 1920. Materialien für eine wissenschaftliche Biographie von Gauss.
 * 1921. "Die neueren Ideen zur Grundlagung der Analysis und Mengenlehre". In Jahresbericht der Deutschen Mathematiker-Vereinigung.
 * 1922.
 * 1922b. "The notion of 'definite' and the independence of the axiom of choice". In Jean van Heijenoort, 1967. From Frege to Gödel: A Source Book in Mathematical Logic, 1879–1931. Harvard University Press: 284–289.
 * 1922c.
 * 1924. "Die neueren Ideen zur Grundlegung der Analysis und Mengenlehre". In Jahrsebericht Der Deutschen Mathematiker-Vereinigung, Vol 33, 97–103.
 * 1924. "The Jewish University in Jerusalem (From the Viewpoint of Orthodoxy)". Jewish Forum, January: VII (1), 27–31.
 * 1924b "The Jewish University in Jerusalem (From the Viewpoint of Orthodoxy)". Jewish Forum, May: VII (5), 299–302.
 * 1925. "Leben, Natur, Religion". Jeschurun 12:337–348.
 * 1927. Zehn Vorlesungen über die Grundlegung der Mengenlehre. B. G. Teubner.
 * 1930. "Georg Cantor". In Jahresbericht der Deutschen Mathematiker-Vereinigung 39, 189–266. Also appeared separately as Georg Cantor Leipzig: B. G. Teubner and is abridged in Cantor's Gesammelte Abhandlungen.
 * 1930–1931 (5691). "אמונות ודעות לאור מדעי הטבע". Part 1 in ההד VI(8) 16–19, part 2 in ההד VI(9).  Reprinted together as a monograph by ההד in 1931 Reprinted in 1987–8. Translated by Mark Zelcer in Hakirah vol. 12.
 * 1930–1931b. "Die heutigen Gegensätze in der Grundlegung der Mathematik." In Erkenntnis vol. 1.
 * 1935. "Zum Diagonalverfahren Cantors". Fundamenta Mathematicae 25, 45–50.
 * 1935. "Concerning the Method of Number Pairs". Philosophy of Science 2 (1).
 * 1938. "Alfred Loewy (1873–1935)". In Scripta Mathematica vol. V(1).
 * 1939. "Natural Numbers as Cardinals". In Scripta Mathematica VI (2).
 * 1940. "Natural Numbers as Ordinals". In Scripta Mathematica VII (1–4).
 * 1941. "מכתב למערכת". In הצופה September 12, p8.
 * 1943. הילודה בישוב ובעיותיה. Jerusalem: D. B. Aaronson.
 * 1943b. יצחק ניוטון 1642–1942: דברים שנאמרו על-ידי ד"ר י.ל. מאגנס, ..., א.ה. פרנקל ... י.רקח ... בחגיגת ניוטון שנערכה באוניברסיטה העברית בירושלים, ביום ג' אדר תש"ג [1943]. ירושלים : חברה להוצאת ספרים על-יד האוניברסיטה העברית
 * 1943c. "Problems and Methods in Modern Mathematics – 1". In Scripta Mathematica IX (1).
 * 1943d. "Problems and Methods in Modern Mathematics – 2". In Scripta Mathematica IX (2).
 * 1943e. "Problems and Methods in Modern Mathematics – 3". In Scripta Mathematica IX (3).
 * 1943c. "Problems and Methods in Modern Mathematics – 4". In Scripta Mathematica IX (4).
 * 1944. "Problems and Methods in Modern Mathematics – 5". In Scripta Mathematica X (3–4).
 * 1945. "על נימוקיהם של דחיית אד"ו ושל הסדר גו"ח אדז"ט לשנים המעוברות". In Y. L. Fishman (ed.) זכרון לנשמת הרב אברהם יצחק הכהן קוק למלאות עשר שנים לפטירתו, קובץ תורני-מדעי. Jerusalem Mossad HaRav Kook.
 * 1946. "Address by Abraham A. Fraenkel". In Founder's Day: The Dropsie College for Hebrew and Cognate learning. Addresses: The Honorable Herbert H. Lehman, Professor Abraham Fraenkel. Philadelphia: Dropsie College.
 * 1946. "The Recent Controversies about the Foundations of Mathematics". In Scripta Mathematica XII(4).
 * 1947. "The Hebrew University and the Regulation of Secondary Education in Palestine". In Jewish Education 18:2.
 * 1947. "The recent controversies about the foundation of mathematics". In Scripta Mathematica XIII, pp 17–36.
 * 1951. "On the Crisis of the Principle of Excluded Middle". In Scripta Mathematica XV (1–2).
 * 1953. מבוא למתמטיקה: בעיות ושיטות מן המתמטיקה החדישה. Ramat Gan: Masada Publishing.
 * 1953b. Abstract Set theory. Amsterdam: North Holland Publishing Co.
 * 1955. Integers and the Theory of Numbers. New York: [Scripta Mathematica], Yeshiva University.
 * 1955b. ."על סדר התפילות בקיבוץ הדתי" In שי לישעיה: ספר יובל לר' ישעיהו וולפסברג בן הששים. Y. Tirosh (ed.). Tel Aviv: Merkaz LeTarbut Shel HaPoel Mizrahi; 193–194.
 * 1958. "משום ירקיא – משום מתיא". In Shimon Braunstein and Gershon Chorgon (eds.) ספר יובל לכבוד שמואל קלמן מירסקי. New York: Vaad HaYovel; 248–250.
 * 1960. "Jewish mathematics and astronomy". In Scripta Mathematica XXV, pp 33–47. (Appeared in Hebrew in Tekhnika Umada, Tel Aviv, 1947. Footnote 12 of the Scripta Mathematica version claims that the essay was written in the 1930s.)
 * 1960. "Epistemology and logic". In Synthese 12, pp. 333–337.
 * 1960. "Theory of Sets". In Encyclopædia Britannica.
 * 1961. Essays on the foundations of mathematics, dedicated to A. A. Fraenkel on his seventieth anniversary. Y. Bar-Hillel, E. I. J. Poznanski, M. O. Rabin and A. Robinson, eds. Jerusalem, the Hebrew University: Magnes Press.
 * 1966 (1953). Abstract Set Theory. North Holland.
 * 1966. Set Theory and Logic. Addison-Wesley.
 * 1966. "עיבור שנים וקידוש החודש". In אמונה, דת ומדע. Jerusalem: Misrad HaChinuch VeHaTarbut.
 * 1967. Lebenskreise: Aus den Erinnerungen eines jüdischen Mathematikers. Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt.
 * 1969. "הלוח העברי". Encyclopedia Hebraica, vol 26.
 * 1973 (1958). (with Yehoshua Bar-Hillel, Azriel Levy, and Dirk van Dalen) Foundations of Set Theory. North Holland.
 * 2016 Recollections of a Jewish Mathematician in Germany. Translated from the German 1967 edition by Allison Brown. Edited by Jiska Cohen-Mansfield. Basel: Springer Birkhäuser History of Science.

title: Abraham Fraenkel


text:
Bob Mortimer

Robert Renwick Mortimer (born 23 May 1959) is an English comedian, author, television presenter and actor. He is known for his work with Vic Reeves as part of their Vic and Bob double act, and more recently the Mortimer & Whitehouse: Gone Fishing series with Paul Whitehouse. He has also appeared on panel shows such as Would I Lie to You? and Taskmaster.

Early life
Robert Renwick Mortimer was born in Middlesbrough on 23 May 1959, and grew up with three brothers in the town's Linthorpe area. His father, a biscuit salesman, died in a car crash when Mortimer was seven. At around the same time, Mortimer accidentally burnt down his family's home with a stray firework. He attended King's Manor School in Middlesbrough, where his schoolmates included future sports presenter Ali Brownlee. A keen football fan, he had trials for local club Middlesbrough F.C., but abandoned his footballing dreams due to early-onset arthritis.

Mortimer left school with three A-Levels and went on to study law at the University of Sussex and University of Leicester. There, he became involved in political causes and the punk movement, starting a band called Dog Dirt. After leaving university with an LLM in Welfare Law, he moved to London and became a solicitor for Southwark Council. He then moved to a private practice in Peckham, where his work with Public Health Act cases regarding cockroach infestations of council properties led to a local paper, the South London Press, dubbing him "The Cockroach King". According to his autobiography, he was mugged during this time by one of his clients, who stopped and apologised after recognising him; he continued to represent the client.

Partnership with Vic Reeves
In 1986, Mortimer went to the Goldsmith's Tavern in New Cross, London, to see a new show by the comedian Vic Reeves. Mortimer was impressed by the performance, particularly the character Tappy Lappy, which was Reeves attempting to tap dance while wearing a Bryan Ferry mask and planks on his feet. Mortimer approached Reeves after the show, and the two began writing material for the next week's show together. They also became good friends and formed a band, the Potter's Wheel. Mortimer began to perform on the show, which was christened Vic Reeves Big Night Out, creating characters such as the Singing Lawyer, Graham Lister, Judge Nutmeg and the Man With the Stick.

The show became successful in South London and eventually outgrew Goldsmith's Tavern, moving in 1988 to the Albany Empire in Deptford. Mortimer soon became an integral part of the performance, providing him with a weekly break from his legal work, which had begun to disillusion him.

Reeves and Mortimer made their television debut on the short-lived 1989 comedy chat show One Hour with Jonathan Ross, in the game show segment known as "Knock down ginger". Later that year, the duo made their first television pilot together, Vic Reeves Big Night Out. The television show remained true to the nightclub act's variety show format. Mortimer took a 10-week break from his legal job to record the series and never returned.

The two later created a one-off pilot for a sitcom called The Weekenders in 1992, followed by the sketch show The Smell of Reeves and Mortimer in 1993, and Shooting Stars, a comedy panel show that first aired in December 1993. After being commissioned, Shooting Stars ran for five series between 1995 and 2002, with a special anniversary edition broadcast in December 2008. A sixth series was broadcast in late 2009, followed by a seventh series in mid-2010, and an eighth in 2011.

In 1999, Reeves and Mortimer appeared in a second sketch show called Bang Bang, It's Reeves and Mortimer. A year later, Mortimer played the part of Jeff Randall in Randall & Hopkirk (Deceased), opposite Reeves as Marty Hopkirk and Emilia Fox as Jeannie Hurst.

In 2003, Mortimer and Reeves were listed in The Observer as one of the 50 funniest acts in British comedy. In a 2005 poll to find the Comedians' Comedian, the duo were voted the 9th greatest comedy act of all time by fellow comedians and comedy insiders.

In 2004, Mortimer and Reeves wrote and starred in Catterick, a six-episode surreal comedy about an ex-soldier, Carl, who returns home from serving in Cyprus to join his brother Chris, who has agreed to help find Carl's son. Cast included Reece Shearsmith, Matt Lucas, Morwenna Banks, Tim Healy, Mark Benton and Charlie Higson.

On 17 November 2007, Mortimer appeared as Reeves' hairdresser, Carl, in the weekly radio sketch show on BBC Radio 2 entitled Vic Reeves' House Arrest.

On 27 February 2008, Reeves announced that he and Mortimer were working together on a new sitcom about superheroes who get their powers through a malfunctioning telegraph pole.

In November 2013, Reeves and Mortimer filmed episodes of a new BBC sitcom, House of Fools, also featuring Matt Berry (as Beef), Morgana Robinson (as Julie) and Dan Skinner (as Bosh).

In October 2015, the pair cancelled the first leg of their live tour, 25 Year of Reeves and Mortimer: The Poignant Moments, after Mortimer underwent an emergency triple heart bypass.

On 29 December 2017, Mortimer and Reeves starred in a relaunch and new singular episode of their comedy Big Night Out for the BBC. The show has been remade and subsequently renamed to Vic and Bob's Big Night Out. The episode remained true to the classic Big Night Out formula and was composed of various comedy songs, skits, characters and sketches. This was the first time the Big Night Out series had featured Mortimer's name in the title. A full series of Vic and Bob's Big Night Out began on BBC Four in November 2018.

Solo career and appearances

 * In 1997, in collaboration with Chris Rea, Mortimer recorded Rea's hit "Let's Dance" with his favourite football team, Middlesbrough. The single reached No. 44 in the UK Singles Chart.
 * In 1996–97, Mortimer appeared on an episode of Mash and Peas with Matt Lucas, David Walliams and Reece Shearsmith, in a sketch spoofing Seinfeld, called I'm Bland... yet all my friends are krazy!.
 * Mortimer voiced the animated bulldog in adverts for Churchill Insurance. Churchill's "Oh, yes!" catchphrase is believed to be an impersonation of Potter the Janitor (played by Deryck Guyler) from the television series of the 1970s, Please Sir!. Older adverts had Mortimer's voice responding to questions posed by his comedy partner, Vic Reeves. In April 2005, however, Reeves was removed from the adverts, after he was convicted of drink-driving.
 * In July 2002, Mortimer fought and defeated Les Dennis in the BBC's first Celebrity Boxing match, as part of Sport Relief 2002.
 * In 2002, Mortimer presented the Channel 4 list show The 100 Greatest World Cup Moments of All Time! An updated show, again hosted by Mortimer, was broadcast by the channel in 2010, to coincide with the 2010 FIFA World Cup.
 * Mortimer produced and presented the second match, The Fight, a year later, which saw Grant Bovey versus Ricky Gervais.
 * In 2005, Mortimer hosted his first major TV series without Reeves, a comedy panel game for BBC One, called 29 Minutes of Fame, which featured regular guests such as Jo Brand.
 * Also in 2005, Mortimer voiced the character of Father Nicholas in the animated BBC Three series Popetown. The show was not broadcast by the channel, for fear of offending Catholic viewers, though it saw a DVD release later that year.
 * Mortimer co-wrote the BBC Three sketch comedy Tittybangbang with Jill Parker. The programme starred Lucy Montgomery and Debbie Chazen, with Tony Way, and ran for three series between 2006 and 2007.
 * Mortimer appeared on BBC Two's Never Mind the Buzzcocks on four occasions – in 1996, on Sean Hughes' team; in 2000, on Phill Jupitus's team; in 2008, as a guest team captain; and in 2012, as a guest host.
 * In April 2010, Mortimer appeared on the Sky1 panel show A League of Their Own, on Andrew Flintoff's team.
 * Mortimer has been a regular guest panellist on the BBC1 quiz show Would I Lie to You? since 2012, having appeared in eleven episodes up to the 2022 series. He has since stated that his appearances on this show have given him more recognition than any of his previous work.
 * In November 2013, Mortimer appeared on an episode of Ross Noble Freewheeling.
 * Also in 2013, Mortimer played Frank in the E4 sitcom Drifters.
 * On 18 June 2014, Mortimer appeared on an episode of the Dave show, Alan Davies: As Yet Untitled.
 * On 4 March 2015, he appeared in Let's Play Darts, but lost out to Roisin Conaty.
 * In 2015, he appeared in an episode of Celebrity Squares alongside Vic Reeves.
 * In April 2015, Mortimer took over from the late Rik Mayall as Bombardier Bedford, the mascot of Wells Bombardier Beer.
 * Since March 2016, Mortimer has written and co-hosted regular comedy podcast, Athletico Mince, alongside Andy Dawson.
 * Mortimer has appeared on numerous episodes of the Sky1 comedy panel game Duck Quacks Don't Echo, hosted by his regular Would I Lie to You? team captain, Lee Mack.
 * In 2017, Mortimer competed in and won series 5 of Taskmaster against Aisling Bea, Sally Phillips, Nish Kumar and Mark Watson. He then competed in the Taskmaster: Champion of Champions series against Noel Fielding, Josh Widdicombe, Katherine Ryan and Rob Beckett, coming last.
 * In June and July 2018, Mortimer teamed up with his longtime friend and fellow comedian, Paul Whitehouse, in a BBC2 six part comedy series, Mortimer & Whitehouse: Gone Fishing. The two friends, who have both suffered from heart conditions, shared their thoughts and experiences while fishing at a variety of locations around the UK. Six series of the programme have aired to date; a book was released in 2020, series 4 and Christmas specials aired in 2021 and 2023.
 * On 3 February 2019, Mortimer appeared on the BBC Radio programme Desert Island Discs.
 * On 25 August 2021, Mortimer appeared on episode 116 of the food and comedy podcast Off Menu, hosted by comedians James Acaster and Ed Gamble. His dream menu was an Odeon Cinema hotdog as a starter, with ketchup and mustard, swirled by his own finger. Main course was a "perfect vindaloo" with poppadoms and chips. Side dish was a shallow fried turbot. His chosen drink was a citrus IPA served at minus 20 degrees. Dessert was a syrup sponge pudding and custard, made by his wife. He was allowed to have a Boost baguette and a cube of frozen custard on his way home.
 * In September 2021, Mortimer released an autobiography titled And Away....
 * Mortimer wrote The Satsuma Complex, a Sunday Times bestselling comic novel published in 2022. An audiobook was released, narrated by Mortimer and Sally Phillips.

Personal life
Mortimer has suffered from rheumatoid arthritis since childhood, he controls it with steroids.

In October 2015, Mortimer underwent triple bypass surgery, which led to the cancellation of the first leg of the Reeves and Mortimer 25 Years tour. On the day of his hospital admission, he married Lisa Matthews, his girlfriend of 22 years, under a special marriage licence express from London. They have two sons.

Mortimer is a lifelong fan of his hometown football team Middlesbrough and the rock band Free. During his appearance on Desert Island Discs, he revealed that he dealt with crippling shyness until the age of 30, which only began to improve after his initial television success; he also reflected on how his father's early death had shaped his personality, despite not realising how much this event had affected him as a child.

title: Bob Mortimer


text: Template:Etude

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text:
Eraño Manalo

Eraño de Guzman Manalo (January 2, 1925 – August 31, 2009 ), also known as Ka Erdy, was the second Executive Minister of the Iglesia ni Cristo (INC), serving from April 19, 1963, until August 31, 2009. He took over the administration of the church after the death of his father, Felix Y. Manalo, in 1963. He was instrumental in the propagation and expansion of the church internationally.

Biography
Eraño G. Manalo was born at their residence at No. 42 Broadway Avenue, New Manila, San Juan, Rizal (now part of Quezon City) on January 2, 1925. He was the fifth child of Felix Y. Manalo and Honorata de Guzman. His name came from a reversal and elision of the term "New Era", which his father used to describe what he felt was "a new Christian era" as the Iglesia ni Cristo was established. His older siblings were Sisters Pilar and Avelina, and Brothers Dominador and Salvador. His youngest sibling is Brother Bienvenido, who is currently the head of INC's construction and engineering department.

Eraño completed his elementary education at St. John's Academy in San Juan, Metro Manila, starting at the age of six.

Manalo initially took up law school, but left his studies to become a minister of the INC. He started attending the church's ministerial classes at the age of 16 and was ordained as a minister on May 10, 1947, in Locale Congregation of Tayuman, Ecclesiastical District of Manila, at the age of 22. He held various positions in the church including being the General Treasurer of the INC and circulation manager of the Pasugo magazine (now known as Pasugo: God's Message). During this time, he wrote a 64-page booklet entitled Christ-God: Investigated-False.

On January 17, 1955, Eraño Manalo married Cristina Villanueva, with whom he has six children (Eduardo V. Manalo, Lolita Manalo-Hemedez, Erlinda Manalo-Alcantara, Liberty Manalo-Albert, Felix Nathaniel Manalo II and Marco Eraño Manalo). On February 18, 1953, ten years before his father's death, he was elected successor to his father as Executive Minister. Following Eraño's death, his son Eduardo then assumed the role of INC's Executive Minister.

Administration
With the death of Felix Y. Manalo on April 12, 1963, Iglesia's critics predicted the church's decline and eventual fall. To them, the church's popularity was due mainly to the charisma and leadership of Felix Y. Manalo. Barely a month after assuming his role as spiritual leader of the church, the young Manalo began visiting congregations nationwide. At every location he visited, he officiated worship services and staged massive religious rallies in public plazas. During this period of transition in what critics thought was the most vulnerable period of the church, Manalo further consolidated the gains of the church.

In 1947, Manalo became the General Treasurer of the church. He was later elected as successor to Felix Y. Manalo by provincial ministers as early as 1953. In 1957 he became the District Minister of Manila. Very few people outside of the church gave Manalo's leadership potential enough credit. He would later initiate significant moves that would make the church to what it is today.

Manalo demonstrated the church responsiveness to the needs of the poor. Even before the government initiated agrarian reforms, Manalo established model land reforms. In 1965, the first of the resettlement farms was Maligaya farm in Palayan City, Nueva Ecija, Philippines. Similar projects were established in Cavite, Rizal and other provinces.

As early as 1967, four years after assuming leadership role, Manalo set his vision to overseas mission and global expansion. The first overseas INC mission was sent in 1968 on its 54th anniversary. On July 27, 1968, Executive Minister Eraño G. Manalo, officiated at the first worship service of the church outside the Philippines. This gathering held in Ewa Beach, Honolulu, Hawaii marked the establishment of the Honolulu congregation, the first overseas mission of the church. The following month, the Executive Minister was in California to establish the San Francisco congregation and lead its inaugural worship service. In 1971, the church set foot in Canada. In June 1987, the US Main Office (USMO) was set up in Daly City, California to assist the INC central administration in supervising the then 11 districts of the church in the West. The first local congregation in Latin America was established in Guantánamo Bay, Cuba in 1990. The following year, the church reached Mexico and Aruba. From 2000 and beyond, congregations rose in the Central and South American countries. The first local congregation in Europe was established in England in 1972. The church came to Germany and Switzerland in the mid-70s. By the end of the 1980s, congregations and missions could be found in the Scandinavian countries and their neighbors. The Rome, Italy congregation was established on July 27, 1994; the Jerusalem, Israel congregation on March 31, 1996; and the Athens, Greece congregation on May 10, 1997. The predecessors (prayer groups) of these full-fledged congregations began two decades earlier. Meanwhile, the mission first reached Spain in 1979. The first mission in northern Africa opened in Nigeria in October 1978. After a month, the King William’s Town congregation, in South Africa was established. A congregation was organised in Guam in 1969. In Australia, congregations have been established since mid-1970s. The church first reached China by way of Hong Kong, and Japan through Tokyo also in the 1970s. Missions have also opened in Kazakh SSR (now Kazakhstan) and Sakhalin Island in Russian SFSR (now Russia). In Southeast Asia, the first congregation in Thailand was established in 1976 and missions have already been conducted in Brunei since 1979. In addition, there are also congregations in Vietnam, Indonesia, Singapore, and Malaysia.

The INC started operating a radio station in 1969. While its first television program aired in 1983. The Ministerial Institute of Development, currently the New Era University College of Evangelical Ministry (later called as Iglesia ni Cristo School for Ministers), was founded in 1974 in Quiapo, Manila. It moved to its current location in Quezon City in 1978. As of 1995, it had 4,500 students and five extension schools in Bulacan, Cavite, Laguna, Pampanga and Rizal. In 1965, INC launched its first resettlement and land reform program in Barrio Maligaya, Laur, Nueva Ecija. In 1971, the INC Central Office building was built in Quezon City. Thirteen years later, the 7,000-seater Central Temple was added in the complex. The Tabernacle, a tent-like multipurpose building which can accommodate up to 4,000 persons, was finished in 1989. The complex also includes the New Era University, a higher-education institution run by the INC.

Death
INC Spokesperson and General Evangelist, Bienvenido C. Santiago Sr, confirmed Manalo's death in an announcement delivered in Tagalog over various radio and television stations including Net 25 (along with sister station DZEC-AM), translated below:

We are sad to inform the whole Church and the entire community that the executive minister of the Iglesia ni Cristo that brother Eraño G. Manalo has passed away, died at his home at about 3:53 PM, yesterday, August 31, 2009, at age 84, according to his physician Dr. Ray Melchor Santos, the cause of his death, was cardiopulmonary arrest, his body lay in the Central Temple of the Iglesia ni Cristo in Quezon City. We will inform you when his burial will happen. We ask the ministers and workers with duties and affiliations that we pray to God that He will continue to guide the whole Iglesia ni Cristo and grant us strength during this time of great distress.

Santiago also stated that according to Dr. Ray Melchor Santos, Manalo died due to cardiopulmonary arrest. On Monday September 7, 2009, the remains of Manalo were temporarily interred at the INC Tabernacle at 12:00 PST while his mausoleum is being built near the memorial statue of his father, Felix Y. Manalo at INC Central Office Complex. President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo declared September 7 a national day of mourning.

Recognition
The Quezon City government renamed what was Central Avenue to Eraño G. Manalo Avenue. Ordinance number SP-1961 S-2009 the Quezon City Council stated the renaming was to is recognition of "“his greatness and nobility” in leading the powerful religious group."

On April 13, 2010, The Philippine Postal Corporation announced that it will issue a limited edition postage stamp in his honour. The stamp will be released on April 23 with 100,000 pieces with a denomination of P 7.00.

Media portrayal

 * Portrayed by AJ Muhlach and Gabby Concepcion in the 2015 film, Felix Manalo.

title: Eraño Manalo


text:
Talk:Single market

Factors of Production - 4?
Well, I was always thaught (also by the link provided in wikipedia) that there are only three factors of production. Some care to change this? 195.244.169.43 14:32, 23 April 2007 (UTC)

The fourth factor is entrepeneurship (aka enterprise). It is sometimes not considered, as entrepeneurship is a mental phenomenon.

this is very true but you have not mentioned the benifits that each member state gets.

and freedom of movement of all the three factors of production (land, capital and labour) This part needs to be changed. The notion that land can have the attribute of "freedom of movement" is preposterous. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.162.46.57 (talk) 02:00, 7 May 2008 (UTC)

Single market without Customs Union?
I think that there are exceptional cases, where a Single market is created without to form a Customs Union - for example EEA non-EU members are not applying EU Common External Tariff, but are part of the EEA common market (4 freedoms). Can someone clearify this?Alinor 10:04, 18 December 2005 (UTC)

It is indeed an exeptional case. The Common Market (!) of the EU was extended to the countries of the EFTA since 1994 (treaty in 1991) making the EEA. This means the 4 freedoms, but no common tax or external tariff policies. Because the customs are different, they keep the system of "certificate of origin" which is typical for the free trade areas. They also have checks on the borders. Some goods have special regulations: food, coal, steel, energy and fishery products. The EFTA countries have also no participation in the CAP and in the political institutions of the EU. But they do made a lot of agreements on different issues which have common EU regulation, e.g. environment protection, R&D, education. --bodben 08:11, 10 January 2006 (UTC)

Single and Common markets
They are not so different as to envsion additional "stage in economic integration". Alinor 13:55, 9 January 2006 (UTC)

I would argue that it is. If we look at the basic example, the European Union, it was an important step. The common market came into life between 1958 and 1968. The theoretical freedom of the four factors of production came true. But the political and economical leaders of the EU realized that it was not enough. They already made some changes in connection with the tax policies in the 70's, but the Maastricht Treaty was the step when they made detailed agreement about the further barriers (tax, border, standards, etc). --bodben 07:12, 10 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Yes, but let's not mix all integration issues in the difference between single/common market. Also, it would be helpfull to find some sources that make comparision and distinction between both to clear things out - what exactly are the differences between them. Between FTA and CU the difference is CET. Between CU and "integrated market" (whatever type) the difference is "the 4 freedoms (movement of goods, workers, capital and freedom to provide services)". Between "int.market" and EMU the difference is monetary and budgetary policy. Every one of the differences can be divided in sub-types. For example "CET for all items" vs. "CET for 60% of the tariff lines (some are excluded)"; "full 4 freedoms" vs. "4 freedoms with some exclusions like special law regarding capital transfers between 10$ and 1000$". So, while technical&other barriers are important, I don't think that we should change the current "economic integration ladder" by adding a new stage in the middle.
 * As a side note - removing border checks (Schengen treaty) is not VERY important from the market prespective. It helps trade, but not by much. Other factors have much bigger impact on trade... Alinor 18:44, 11 January 2006 (UTC)

I see your point Alinor, but I would tend to agree with Bodben. You note that each stage in the "integration ladder" is distinguished by certain differences. According to the link I provided in the common market discussion page (http://www.karl.aegee.org/oem/articles/lessons.htm) the basic difference between a common market and a single market is that a common market has no quantitative barriers (tariffs) to "the 4 freedoms" while a single market has no quantitative nor qualitative barriers (such as regulations). According to that link these qualitative barriers were "a serious impediment to the development of a real internal market" and thus "EU business leaders started to lobby to continue on to a real `single market'.." (which is basically what Bodben outlined). If these remaining barriers presented a serious impediment then the difference between a common market and a single market would appear to be significant enough to warrant two articles. In addition The EEC/EU (and especially Britain) used the term "Common Market" during the 60s and 70s but then began to use "Single Market" during the late 80s and 90s. I doubt you would find very few references to Europe's Common Market in publications dealing with European integration since the 90s. This website (http://www.europarl.europa.eu/factsheets/3_1_0_en.htm) also has info on the European common market and the "internal market" (the latter term also being called the "single market"). Also another economic organization, Caricom, also originally used the term "Common Market" in its name and in practice during the 70s and only recently launched a "Single Market" (http://www.mfaft.gov.jm/Intl_Community/Caricom.htm). In both cases So a CU is more integrated than an FTA, IMs (integrated markets) are more integrated than FTAs with SM (single markets) being more integrated than CMs (common markets) and EMUs are more integrated than IMS. As for the ladder, I don't see the need to actually add a next step. The ladder could easily be changed from just having "Common market" to having either: "Common market & Single market" or perhaps use the super-category of "Integrated market(s)" with "Common market" and "Single market" being shown as subsets (and single market being shown as basically a more integrated "half-step" on the ladder). Even though common market and single market are often used interchangeably, that doesn't necessarily mean they are the same (just as how when people use "country" and "state" or "nation" interchangeably does not mean those terms are the same).72.27.26.133 04:43, 7 September 2006 (UTC)

"...economic policies and ting." I removed the "and ting". —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.118.175.10 (talk) 00:25, 15 February 2008 (UTC)

single market name
Not everything with a "single market" or "common market" in its name is " is a type of trade bloc which is composed of a customs union with common policies on product regulation, and freedom of movement of the factors of production (capital and labour) and of enterprise." Some of the entities in the list envision reaching this stage in the future, but are not there yet. Alinor (talk) 06:29, 19 September 2009 (UTC)

Original research

 * 1) The single market if it refers to anything can only refer to the EU's single market. By trying to apply it as a global concept which can be applied to other markets is original research.
 * 2) The distinction the article tries to draw between the common market and the single market is entirely artificial. Both involved the same four freedoms. This can be clearly see in the original Treaty of Rome. Renaming the common market, the single market was just a re-branding exercise carried out in the late eighties.
 * 3) While the single market was the focus of a considerable push for economic integration within the EC, it is wrong to describe this in terms of economic theory. — Blue-Haired Lawyer t 11:25, 20 August 2010 (UTC)
 * I agree that there are problems (see also post above):
 * it seems that the proper name of the article should be Common market, where "single market" is just a name used by the EU. Propose move.
 * stating that common/single market has a customs union is simply not true (example: EEA). Common market = four freedoms; nothing to do with external tariffs (I understand the EU, the pioneer in economic integration has gone from CU to CU+Common market, but this does not mean that all trade blocs would do the same). I will try to correct these things. Alinor (talk) 11:46, 25 August 2010 (UTC)
 * Surely "common market" is use a name used by the EU as well? What's more the EEC was always about a customs union and a common market. The progressive establishment of both were original aspirations of the Treaty of Rome. — Blue-Haired Lawyer t 12:01, 25 August 2010 (UTC)
 * I sorted most of the organizations to the applicable lists (Economic union, Customs and monetary union, Economic and monetary union, etc.) - eg. listing each only once, at the "highest" level, as the lower levels have a note about what higher levels contain the respective arrangement (eg. on single-market-list is written that EMUs also have single markets). I haven't checked yet the lowest levels (FTA and customs union lists), but will do this soon. Alinor (talk) 22:22, 25 August 2010 (UTC)

List of Single Markets
The link to the Central American Common Market goes to the Central American Integration System, which mentions nothing about a single market. Likewise the ASEAN article says that 'as of 2015' they plan to become a single market. Are any of the cited examples except the EEA actually common markets? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 37.168.77.194 (talk) 19:13, 26 June 2019 (UTC)

internal market vs Single Market
We might clarify that internal market is the official name, by treaty, while European Single Market or Single Market is the popular name. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.136.155.102 (talk) 21:48, 7 February 2020 (UTC)

"Internal market" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Internal_market&redirect=no Internal market] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. fgnievinski (talk) 21:36, 13 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Single market


text:
Harold Bauer

Harold Victor Bauer (28 April 1873 – 12 March 1951) was an English-born pianist of Jewish heritage who began his musical career as a violinist.

Biography
Harold Bauer was born in Kingston upon Thames; his father was a German violinist and his mother was English. He took up the study of the violin under the direction of his father and Adolf Pollitzer. He made his debut as a violinist in London in 1883, and for nine years toured England. In 1892, however, he went to Paris and studied the piano under Ignacy Jan Paderewski for a year, though still maintaining his interest in the violin. An anecdote reports that Paderewski jokingly told Bauer to concentrate on the piano because "You have such beautiful hair". In 1893, in Paris, he and Achille Rivarde premiered Frederick Delius's Violin Sonata in B major.

During 1893-94 he travelled all through Russia accompanying the noted soprano Mademoiselle Nikita and giving piano recitals and concerts, after which he returned to Paris. Further recitals in the French capital brought him renown, and he almost immediately received engagements in France, Germany and Spain. His reputation was rapidly enhanced by these performances, and his field of operation extended through the Netherlands, Belgium, Switzerland, England, Scandinavia and the United States.

In 1900, Harold Bauer made his debut in America with the Boston Symphony Orchestra, performing the U.S. premiere of Johannes Brahms' Piano Concerto No.1 in D minor. On 18 December 1908, he gave the world premiere performance of Claude Debussy's piano suite Children's Corner in Paris. After that he settled in the United States, and was a founder of the Beethoven Association.

Between 1915 and 1929 he recorded over 100 pieces for the Duo-Art and Ampico reproducing pianos, one of the most prolific virtuoso pianists in this medium of his era.

Harold Bauer was also an influential teacher and editor, heading the Piano Department at the well known Manhattan School of Music. Starting in 1941, Bauer taught winter master classes at the University of Miami and served as a Visiting Professor at the University of Hartford Hartt School of Music with Maestro and Founder - Moshe Paranov and head of the Piano Department - Raymond Hanson, from 1946 until his death in Miami, Florida, in 1951.

He published Harold Bauer, His Book (New York, 1948).

Family
Harold's sister Ethel Bauer was also a concert pianist active in London. Harold was married twice. He first married the divorcée Maria Knapp (1861–1940) in 1906 until her death. In January 1941, he married again, the concert pianist, colleague, and his former student, Wynne Pyle. He had no children by either marriage.

Students
Students of Harold Bauer included George Copeland, Vera Franceschi, Robert Schrade, Frank Sheridan, Abbey Simon, Bruce Simonds, Eleanor Spencer, and Dora Zaslavsky. Harold Bauer taught many other prominent pianists in his day, including composer Viola Cole-Audet, John Elvin, who was a piano professor at Oberlin College in Ohio and Consuelo Elsa Clark, a piano teacher at the New York College of Music from 1918 to 1968 and the teacher of the composer Michael Jeffrey Shapiro.

Recordings

 * A Review of the Complete Acoustic Solo Recordings of Harold Bauer
 * Harold Bauer plays Bach - Chromatic Fantasy and Fugue in Dm - Phillips/Duo-Art Rolls 7316/7317, issued Apr-1929

title: Harold Bauer


text:
Photorefractive keratectomy

Photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) and laser-assisted sub-epithelial keratectomy (or laser epithelial keratomileusis ) (LASEK) are laser eye surgery procedures intended to correct a person's vision, reducing dependency on glasses or contact lenses. LASEK and PRK permanently change the shape of the anterior central cornea using an excimer laser to ablate (remove by vaporization) a small amount of tissue from the corneal stroma at the front of the eye, just under the corneal epithelium. The outer layer of the cornea is removed prior to the ablation.

A computer system tracks the patient's eye position 60 to 4,000 times per second, depending on the specifications of the laser that is used. The computer system redirects laser pulses for precise laser placement. Most modern lasers will automatically center on the patient's visual axis and will pause if the eye moves out of range and then resume ablating at that point after the patient's eye is re-centered.

The outer layer of the cornea, or epithelium, is a soft, rapidly regrowing layer in contact with the tear film that can completely replace itself from limbal stem cells within a few days with no loss of clarity. The deeper layers of the cornea, as opposed to the outer epithelium, are laid down early in life and have very limited regenerative capacity. The deeper layers, if reshaped by a laser or cut by a microtome, will remain that way permanently with only limited healing or remodelling.

With PRK, the corneal epithelium is removed and discarded, allowing the cells to regenerate after the surgery. The procedure is distinct from LASIK (laser-assisted in-situ keratomileusis), a form of laser eye surgery where a permanent flap is created in the deeper layers of the cornea. However, PRK takes longer to heal and can, initially, cause more discomfort.

LASEK
LASEK and PRK are two different procedures. While both procedures interact with the epithelium atop the cornea, the PRK procedure removes this entirely, while LASEK brushes the material away for the procedure, before being placed back for healing after laser surgery. The procedure can be used to treat astigmatism, nearsightedness, and farsightedness. During the procedure, the epithelium is displaced using a diluted alcohol solution.

PRK has advantages over LASIK in that it avoids added complications associated with the flap created during surgery. The procedure may also reduce the chances of dry eye symptoms after surgery. Due to the PRK procedure not requiring a surgical flap, athletes or individuals concerned with trauma introduced by the flap may see benefits to LASEK. Patients that wear contact lenses will typically need to stop wearing these for a specified time before the procedure.

PRK disadvantages include a longer recovery time for vision in contrast to LASIK. Another disadvantage is that patient may be required to apply steroid eye drops for a few weeks longer than that of a LASIK procedure. Vision after the PRK procedure has a longer recovery than LASIK which may be between five days and two weeks for blurred vision to properly clear.

When LASEK is compared to LASIK, LASIK can have better outcomes with corneal haze while LASEK has a lower rate of flap complications than LASIK.

Eligibility
There are a number of basic criteria which a person should satisfy:
 * Normal ocular health
 * Age 18 years or older
 * Stable refraction error (no noticeable change in the last year) correctable to 20/40 or better
 * Between −1.00 to −12.00 diopters of myopia
 * Not pregnant at the time of surgery
 * Realistic expectations of the final results (with a complete understanding of the benefits, as well as the possible risks)
 * Pupil size 6 mm or less in a dark room is ideal (but some newer lasers may be acceptable for larger pupils)
 * Assessment of allergies, (e.g., pollen) where allergy may complicate the eyelid margins following surgery leading to dry eye.

There are also some pre-existing conditions that may complicate or preclude the treatment.
 * Collagen vascular disease (e.g., corneal ulceration or melting)
 * Ocular disease (e.g., dry eye, keratoconus, glaucoma)
 * Systemic disorders (e.g., diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis)
 * History of side effects from steroids
 * Granular corneal dystrophy type II

Possible complications
Some complications that can be temporary or permanent include:
 * Dry eyes
 * Recurrent erosions during sleep
 * Long healing period
 * Pain
 * Glare, halos, or starburst aberrations
 * Increased ocular straylight
 * Under- or overcorrection
 * Recurrence of myopia
 * Corneal haze
 * Scarring
 * Reduced best corrected visual acuity
 * Reduced acuity in low light
 * Increased sensitivity
 * Neuropathic pain

Dry eyes
As with other forms of refractive surgery, keratoconjunctivitis sicca, colloquially referred to as 'dry eye,' is the most common complication of PRK, and can be permanent. In more advanced cases, recurrent erosions occur during sleeping from adherence of the corneal epithelium to the upper eyelid with rapid eye movement. Adjuvant polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) with high Omega-3 content before and after surgery improves sicca, possibly due to their anti-inflammatory effects. Foods containing PUFAs include flax and fish oil. Brush PRK to denude the epithelium, instead of alcohol based techniques, also result in quantitatively lower ocular dryness after surgery. The amount of corneal hazing after surgery is also decreased with brush technique. The platelet activating factor LAU-0901 has shown effect in mitigating dry eye in mouse models. Rabbit models have also shown improvement with topical nerve growth factor (NGF) in combination with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Mitomycin C worsens post-surgical dry eye.

PRK may be performed on one eye at a time to assess the results of the procedure and ensure adequate vision during the healing process. Activities requiring good binocular vision may have to be suspended between surgeries and during the sometimes extended healing periods.

Halos, starbursts and refractive errors
PRK can be associated with glare, halos, and starburst aberrations, which can occur with postoperative corneal haze during the healing process. Night halos are seen more often in revisions with small ablation zone size. With more recent developments in laser technology, this is less common after 6 months though symptoms can persist beyond a year in some cases. A dilute concentration of the chemotherapeutic agent, Mitomycin-C, can be applied briefly at the completion of surgery to reduce risk of hazing, although with increased risk of sicca.

Predictability of the resulting refractive correction after healing is not totally exact, particularly for those with more severe myopia. This can lead to under/overcorrection of the refractive error. In the case of the overcorrection, premature consequences of presbyopia is a possibility. Experienced surgeons employ a custom-profile algorithm to further enhance predictability in their results.

In 1 to 3% of cases, loss of best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) can result, due to decentered ablative zones or other surgical complications. PRK results in improved BCVA about twice as often as it causes loss. Decentration is becoming less and less of a problem with more modern lasers using sophisticated eye centering and tracking methods.

Comparison to LASIK
A systematic review that compared PRK and LASIK concluded that LASIK has shorter recovery time and less pain. The two techniques after a period of one year have similar results.

A 2016 systematic review found that it was unclear whether there were any differences in efficacy, accuracy, and adverse effects when comparing PRK and LASEK procedures among people with low to moderate myopia. The review stated that no trials have been conducted comparing the two procedures on people with high myopia.

A 2017 systematic review found uncertainty in visual acuity, but found that in one study, those receiving PRK were less likely to achieve a refractive error, and were less likely to have an over-correction than compared to LASIK.

Types

 * LASIK
 * Alcohol assisted PRK
 * Transepithelial PRK (TransPRK)
 * ASA (Advanced Surface Ablation) LASEK, which uses Amoils Brush and gas cooling to reduce the pain
 * M-LASEK, which Uses mitomycin in an attempt to reduce post-operative haze but is of dubious effectiveness. Possible long-term side effects are unknown.

US Military
In the U.S.A. candidates who have had PRK can get a blanket waiver for the Special Forces Qualification, Combat Diving Qualification and Military Free Fall courses. PRK and LASIK are both waived for Airborne, Air Assault and Ranger schools. However, those who have had LASIK must enroll in an observational study, if a slot is available, to undergo training in Special Forces qualification. LASIK is disqualifying/non-waiverable for several United States Army Special Operations Command (USASOC) schools (HALO, SCUBA, SERE) per Army Regulation 40-501.

The U.S. Federal Aviation Administration will consider applicants with PRK once they are fully healed and stabilized, provided there are no complications and all other visual standards are met. Pilots should be aware, however, that potential employers, such as commercial airlines and private companies, may have policies that consider refractive surgery a disqualifying condition. Also, civilians who wish to fly military aircraft should know that there are restrictions on those who have had corrective surgery. The Army now permits flight applicants who have undergone PRK or LASIK. Uncomplicated, successful corneal refractive surgery does not require a waiver and is noted as information only.

The Navy and Marines will routinely grant a waiver for pilots or student naval aviators, as well as naval flight officers, UAS operators and aircrew, to fly after PRK and LASIK, assuming preoperative refractive standards are met, no complications in the healing process were encountered, asymptomatic with regard to significant halos, glare or dry eye, off all medications, and passing their standard vision tests. In one study, 967 of 968 naval aviators having PRK returned to duty involving flying after the procedure. In fact, the U.S. Navy now offers free PRK and LASIK surgery at the National Naval Medical Center to Naval Academy Midshipmen who intend to pursue career paths requiring good uncorrected vision, including flight school and special operations training.

The U.S. Air Force approves the use of PRK and LASIK. Since 2000 the USAF has conducted PRK for aviators at the Wilford Hall Medical Center. More airmen were allowed over the years and in 2004 the USAF approved LASIK for aviators, with limits on the type of aircraft they could fly. Then in 2007 those limits were lifted. Most recently in 2011 the USAF expanded the program, making it easier for more airmen to qualify for the surgery. Current airmen (Active Duty and Air Reserve Components who are eligible) are authorized surgery at any DOD Refractive Surgery Center. Those airmen not eligible, are still able to get the surgery done at their own expense by a civilian surgeon, but must first be approved (approval is based on the same USAF-RS program ). Others that do not fall into those categories (i.e. applicants who are seeking a pilot slot) can still elect to have the surgery done, but must follow the criteria in accordance with the USAF Waiver Guide. Those applicants will be evaluated at the ACS during their Medical Flight Screening appointment to determine if they meet waiver criteria.

In the majority of patients, PRK has proven to be a safe and effective procedure for the correction of myopia. PRK is still evolving with other countries currently using refined techniques and alternative procedures. Many of these procedures are under investigation in the U.S. Given that PRK is not reversible, a patient considering PRK is recommended to contact an eye-care practitioner for assistance in making an informed decision concerning the potential benefits and liabilities that may be specific to them.

History
The first PRK procedure was performed in 1987 by Dr. Theo Seiler, then at the Free University Medical Center in Berlin, Germany. The first procedure similar to LASEK was performed at Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary in 1996 by ophthalmologist and refractive surgeon Dimitri Azar. Dr. Massimo Camellin, an Italian surgeon, was the first to write a scientific publication about the new surgical technique in 1998, coining the term LASEK for laser epithelial keratomileusis.

title: Photorefractive keratectomy