text:
User:Adam Carr/Talk Archive5

Your comment on the Possible misuses of admin privileges (re:Lir) gave me a very good laugh. I took the liberty of posting it to Yet more bad jokes and other deleted nonsense. →Raul654 07:18, Feb 1, 2004 (UTC)

I think the Talk page makes it quite clear what has happened. Adam 09:11, 1 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * My browser didn't properly refresh the Talk page, making it appear as if neither of you had posted anything since my last post last night. D'oh! :-/ -- ChrisO 09:25, 1 Feb 2004 (UTC)

hi. regarding Monument to the Royal Stuarts they do not look better centred. The reason is the image: It misaligns the inscription and it is not centred on some screens. Would you like a screenshot of my screen to see what I am talking about? Optim 12:10, 1 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Image:Myscreen.jpg <-- This is my screen, click to see it. you see, it is not centred. We should use a table to make it look centred. Optim 12:17, 1 Feb 2004 (UTC)

I have the same problem in Internet Explorer. It's not about the browser. It has to do with the screen resolution and the font size. Optim 12:24, 1 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Sorry for the headings, I used the "Post a comment" feature of the mediawiki software and it adds the headings automatically. When I created the table, on my screen the inscriptions were properly centred and not aligned to the right. I didn't know that on other screens it would go to the right. btw the article and the photo are very nice. what browser do u use? I will experiment on my userpage to see whether I can make it look centred with tables and not right-aligned as you said, and when I will finish I will let you a message with the code so that you can implement it in the article if you want. Optim 12:32, 1 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Hi! Quite interesting question. Lets try to work with examples. Romans had a town in Hispania call Tarracona. The province name was Hispania Tarraconensis. So, applying to down under provinces, i would say Melburnia. Sounds funny! Anyway my Latin is limited, inexistent in fact. You better check with the other Adam, who is having Latin lessons. Let me know the answer, i'm curious. Your picture at the top impressed me. One of my grandfathers was a Wermacht major and died in Stalingrad (sniper, at least was not hunger or cold). I'm glad to know that there are still survivors and smilling :) Muriel 18:16, 2 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Hi Adam, I wouldn't say I'm a "scholar," but I think it would be Melburnum (neuter) or Melburna (feminine) (not Melburnia or Melburnium, though). It would definitely be New Latin, so I'm not sure of the rules, and I'm pretty much basing this off of the list of cities in my Latin dictinary :) The reason the O drops out is probably because there is no "ou" in Latin, that sound is spelled simply with "u" (in this case, or as "au" for our "out" sound). Sorry I can't be much more help than that. Adam Bishop 23:41, 2 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Hello. As far as "direct descendant" is concerned, the term seems to be endorsed by certain dictionaries. After doing some Google searching, it would seem that "direct descendant" refers to a person who is just a descendant, while "indirect descendant" refers to a person who is a descendant of a brother or sister. Personally, I think that the terms "lineal descendant" and "collateral descendant" would be more appropriate. -- Emsworth 20:06, Feb 2, 2004 (UTC)

(FROM Talk:Adam Carr, presumably placed there by mistake)

Good work on the AIDS article. i added Eve van Grafhorst and Suzi and Troy Lovegrove links to List of HIV-positive individuals but don't have the information at hand to make articles for them -- maybe you can do something there. 211.28.122.253 10:33, 3 Feb 2004 (UTC)

"Your opinion on my reworking of AIDS would be welcome. Also I have redirected poppers to nitrite inhalants which seems a more scientific term."

I thought the reworking was great. Actually, in a couple of sections I thought I detected a small anti-gay bias, but judging by your other contributions it seems I was mistaken. At any rate, I've made a couple of small changes here and there, but nothing major. I'd like to see the article expanded a little further actually, with more about original treaments (AZT) and a few of the other sections added to.

<>

Well I'm new. I was pretty blown away by your collection!

<>

I'm actually the reverse: a Vancouver gay man living in Japan!Exploding Boy 12:26, Feb 3, 2004 (UTC)

(END moved text)

-

Good evening Adam.

I moved your request for mediation in the archive as I think as long as you people talk together, it is best that you talk to each other directly, rather than through intermediaries :-) I apology for not being able to help you on the article itself, but it is my understanding that few are likely to be as knowledgeable on the topic than the 3 of you anyway. I do not know when you will reach an agreement so that the article may be unprotected, but I feel you are in the right track. I hope you 3 keep working together in a positive manner. Should you need help in case of an eruption, do not hesitate to ask help again. Regards. User:Anthere

Take the Sysop Protection Pledge Poll?168... 00:44, 6 Feb 2004 (UTC)

If people aren't "likely to notice" that we used their text without permission, that does not make it ok. What if I steal a pencil from your desk, since you're not "likely to notice" that it's missing? Pakaran. 05:00, 6 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Re my nearly complete reversion of your Instant runoff voting change - I last put my case at Talk:Proportional_Representation_using_the_Single_Transferable_Vote. That's a problem with discussing terminology on Wikipedia - by definition it isn't clear where to discuss it! Pm67nz 05:53, 6 Feb 2004 (UTC)

I didn't want my mistake immortalised so i reverted the article and deleted the talk page. PMA 13:38, Feb 9, 2004 (UTC)

Could you please explain why my edit is "pulling your chain". I don't see why it's something to get upset about. // Liftarn

Any WP User with any experience at all would know that such an edit would be immediately reverted. I conclude that you were being deliberately provocative. Adam 11:00, 11 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Then I must be inexperienced because I quite frankly don't see what's so controversial with adding two links and some missing information. Please explain. // Liftarn

Ok, I see your point. However the article needs to be improved to also cover the anti-racist anti-zionism. Sorry for the rather harsh words, but since you deleted the links I suspected you wasn't really interested in talking. // Liftarn

WikiProject United Nations: A new WikiProject to do with the UN has just been started, and, given as you've editted UN-related pages before, I thought you might be interested. James F. (talk) 04:23, 13 Feb 2004 (UTC)

If Kaliningrad Germans are called Prussians, it is onl ythe wow of Russian nationalists. They come from Kazakhstan, deported there from Engels Volga republic. As far as I am concerned originally from Hessen. However, 200 years Disno 10:33, 13 Feb 2004 (UTC)

I would like to formally invite you to join others at Wikipedia:Wikiproject_Arab-Israeli_conflict to work with us toward resolving issues that have arisen and resulted in edit wars here at Wikipedia. Also, I would like to formally request that you agree, along with the rest of us, to refrain from editting each of the articles that are listed as currently under protection or subject to edit wars on that page till the issues regarding that particular article have been resolved and we have removed that article from the currently under protection or subject to edit wars list. OneVoice 13:30, 13 Feb 2004 (UTC)

If you hate the boxes why not suggest to the Wiki Powers That Be that they be removed from the UK PMs etc as well? PMA 02:36, Feb 14, 2004 (UTC)

On the U.S. Congress names, I'm just creating redirects from their "official" names to their more well-known names. There are a lot of names with red links on 108th United States Congress that already have articles, so I'm just linking the two. The only one I moved to a new name was Timothy V. Johnson because that's what his website uses in the header, and it avoids parentheses. --Minesweeper 06:56, Feb 14, 2004 (UTC)

Adam i noticed your addition to the Whitlam article - do you know what has caused him to become wheelchair bound? PMA 16:22, Feb 14, 2004 (UTC)

Adam, you've lost quite a few names in your last pruning of NKVD. Please find a place for them in KGB or revert. Mikkalai 11:13, 15 Feb 2004 (UTC)

WP:AIC
"I am happy to join a discussion group, but I certainly don't agree that the "greater influence of Western and US power" has got anything to do with this topic and if that is the ideological starting point then I won't be participating. I am not willing to agree to refrain from editing any article."
 * Well, neither OneVoice nor I should be prejudicing any project scope with opinion statements. I asked OneVoice to not use the invitation that he did, because it was utterly silly.
 * As for the part I wrote about US influence - the general notion that "one context is completely unrelated to the other" is a... point-of-view —Im certainly not going to dissuade your participation by arguing it with you here. I included that as a reminder of the larger scope, not as a prerequisite to participation. In fact, anyone who edits those articles is a "participant." The project idea was simply to centralize discussion/consensus at the AICO, and to map the related articles. For writing a neutral invite sticker, see WP:AICB. Respectfully, -戴&#30505sv 19:16, 15 Feb 2004 (UTC)

- Dr Carr, I have not made the listing of the article in question as a featured article. Rather, it was already featured, after having been voted upon by the users at Featured article candidates. If you would like to have more articles featured, please do nominate them there. -- Emsworth 02:01, Feb 16, 2004 (UTC)

Strangely, immodesty is encouraged, as there is a specific section for self-nominations. However, these would need to be seconded. I have myself made an immodest self-nomination, for my re-write of Peerage. -- Emsworth 02:04, Feb 16, 2004 (UTC)

Can you point me to where it says "Initials in people's names, or companies named after them, should be written with periods after them, with a space between the initials and the name, but not between initials"? On Naming conventions (common names), it says, "Names with initials should have spaces after each period as in normal English text, for example, H. G. Wells." Most of the pages in Wikipedia follow this second convention, which is in accordance with the Chicago Manual of Style. --Minesweeper 04:41, Feb 16, 2004 (UTC)

Brilliant job with Alan Bullock! Thank you so much for adding to it: it's a much improved article with your information and image. Jwrosenzweig 07:08, 16 Feb 2004 (UTC)

I've nominated Parthenon to be a featured article. -- Emsworth 13:18, Feb 16, 2004 (UTC)

Please vote on this matter (mentioned by coincidence above): Village pump. Initials without spaces are a modest but welcome typographical refinement. -- Viajero 09:35, 17 Feb 2004 (UTC)

I am going to seek formal dispute resolution over our difference of opinion on the use of Reichsluftfahrtministerium or RLM in article titles. As a prelude to that, I have removed my share of ad hominem from the discussion and I wanted to give you the opportunity to do the same. If you're happy to let your comments stand as they are, could you please leave a message on my talk page to that effect? Secondly, if there is still material of mine there that you find offensive then let me know that as well and I'll be only too happy to remove it. Cheers --Rlandmann 23:30, 17 Feb 2004 (UTC)

OK. Just thought that I'd let you know that I found this comment highly offensive (and untrue):

 * "Rlandmann's arrogant and patronising tone provides the real explanation for what is going on here. He has an area of specialist interest, and is contemptuous of anyone who doesn't have his level of knowledge about it."

Thanks for getting back to me. --Rlandmann 23:40, 17 Feb 2004 (UTC)

What I found to be ad hominem was the suggestion that the only reason I could hold a different opinion from you was because of some sort of contemptuous attitude to the readership - but maybe I misunderstood the remark? Please let me know what you found "arrogant and patronising" in my remarks.

I'll also confess that I'm still puzzled (and frustrated) as to why you never would address the specifics of the reasoning behind my position. I took the time and trouble to spell out why I think the way that I do, researched the statistics, and invited your response. To me, to simply ignore that and instead choose to mount what I experienced as a personal attack seems the very height of arrogance, and it was this that provoked my original angry response. --Rlandmann 00:03, 18 Feb 2004 (UTC)

OK - I can see why you found that over the top. I'll strike it out. For the record what the remark actually betrays is a frustration I sometimes have with what seems to be people's laziness with words new to their vocabulary (whether originating in their native language or not). Good catch - I'll watch that more closely here. I only wish you could have said that in the first place, and perhaps avoided the escalation. --Rlandmann 00:36, 18 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Just one more comment - rereading the comment that you (rightly) found offensive, I noticed that it was in response to you dismissing my original claims about the usage of Reichsluftfahrtministerium and RLM in English as "rubbish". Not defending my inappropriate response in any way, but suggesting that there might have been a less inflammatory way of expressing your difference of opinion. --Rlandmann 01:07, 18 Feb 2004 (UTC)

OK - but note that I never said that it was as widely used, just that it was widely used in publications and websites dealing with this era of German aviation. I'm sure you've seen the statistics provided from Google that I believe support this contention. It seems that the only real argument we have is "how general is general", and by implication, when is something "general" enough to make it usable in an article title.

Even "Luftwaffe", while comprehensible to audiences of war movies in English, is probably completely opaque to quite a number of readers who would immediately understand what "German Air Force" means. "Kuomintang" means nothing to an English speaker who has never taken an interest in modern Asian history or politics, but that same person would probably get a lot more out of "Chinese National People's Party" which gives them at least the fact that the article has something to do with (a) China, and probably (b) a political party.

Of course many, if not most, article titles are meaningless without some kind of background knowledge. Until I followed the link, I could only guess that Naibe Reynoso was a person, but could not rule out place, building, organisation, or other possibilities. I couldn't even begin to guess what a Quaternion was until reading the article... I guessed it was a chemical term.

Just some suggestions why an over-zealous application of the "English only" general policy makes no sense (not saying that your argument for its application here is necessarily over-zealous or not, just to avoid any further misunderstanding). --Rlandmann 02:14, 18 Feb 2004 (UTC)

It seems that our positions are further apart then than I had thought.

Honestly then - why don't I see you moving Kuomintang or Luftwaffe (genuine quesion)? I guess I'm just curious as to where you see the line being drawn over what you'll "be bold" and just rename and what you'll leave alone. --Rlandmann 03:44, 18 Feb 2004 (UTC)

OK - but googling RLM aircraft returns 6,340 hits, RLM Germany 5,390 hits, and RLM world war 3,680. Do you still think that this acronym is still too obscure to use in an article title? --Rlandmann 04:47, 18 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Just clarifying - do you honestly think that "most people" who come across "RLM" will automatically assume it to be "REM" mis-spelt (as opposed to just thinking that it's an acronym they're unfamiliar with? I wonder whether you're being facetious. If not, could you please tell me what you base this belief on? --Rlandmann 06:30, 18 Feb 2004 (UTC)

No problem - it's just that there seems to have such a high level of misunderstanding between us that I want to assume as little as possible now. I'll gladly admit only one of the four names ( ליכוד ) you mentioned means anything to me. However, I don't see the situations as analogous.

 * Obed'enniy Gosudarstvennoi Politicheskii Upravlennie returns 6 hits on Google (not counting wikipedia and derivatives)
 * ליכוד doesn't seem to appear on any English websites.
 * Rénmín Jiefàng Jun returns no hits either.
 * Tsusho-sangyo-sho returns 37 hits total.

This is, then, the other extreme. We apparently agree that with over 100,000 hits in English, Luftwaffe is fine as a title. We also agree that names like the four you quoted that don't even produce 40 hits are not appropriate names.

If you don't like Kuomintang (40,000 hits in English) then I'm not surprised that with "only" 6,000 hits RLM doesn't pass muster with you either!

If there were a single, standard, generally accepted way of rendering Reichsluftministerium in English, the way that Heyl Ha'Avir (which, incidentally gets 290 hits in English, plus 6 as Cheyl Ha'Avir...) is always (or next to always) rendered as "Israeli Air Force" then perhaps I'd even agree with you. But since there's not, I guess I'm surprised that you continue such strong opposition to using a name or acronym that's demonstrably so often found in English. Have you taken a look at any of the 27 links I posted on the German Air Ministry designation system talk page?

Put another way, the standard way of referring to the German Air Force in English is by its native name of "Luftwaffe". In my experience (I know yours differs), the standard way of referring to the German Air Ministry (1933-1945) is also by its native name or acronym. Of course Reichsluftfahrtministerium and RLM are not found as frequently in English as Luftwaffe, since the RLM isn't/hasn't been talked about as much in English as the Luftwaffe. It doesn't help when people so often attribute decisions and actions of the RLM to the Luftwaffe as if the two bodies were one-and-the-same, but I digress. --Rlandmann 07:38, 18 Feb 2004 (UTC)

I'm curious as to the actual mechanism by which you believe an esoteric title works to conceal an article. I would have thought that the vast majority of people coming to the wikipedia entry on the RLM would either:

 * have encountered it while reading about aviation history, in which case Reichsluftfahrtministerium or RLM is exactly the word they are searching for,

or

 * followed a link from Göring, Luftwaffe, or some other Nazi-era topic, in which case the name of the article neither helps nor hinders their journey. If anything, I would think that in this case, the name Reichsluftfahrtministerium would be preferable, since it heads up the article with something new for the reader to learn.

Since any article on the Reichsluftfahrtministerium in English wikipedia is going to immediately start with a definition of the term, I don't believe that using the native name as the title is going to prejudice search engine hits either. --Rlandmann 08:32, 18 Feb 2004 (UTC)

...and another thing - I've just read your remarks on Morven's talk page. My initial remarks to you were nothing but civil. The whole situation only started to degenerate when you simply wrote off part of my reply as "rubbish" without even addressing or querying it. I would like you to either remove that comment from that page, or, since I know that you don't like doing that, to add a retraction below it, owning up to however much of the fault you think you can shoulder (even if it is just to say, as you have on my talk page, that you could have been more diplomatic). Thanks. --Rlandmann 10:43, 18 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Adam, please see my comments at Talk:Tibetan people inviting you to take a look at WikiProject Ethnic Groups. You raised some reasonable concerns that relate more to that WikiProject than to this particular page, and I wanted to point you to a more relevant venue to air them. -- Jmabel 19:48, 18 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Once again in the interests of forestalling any possible misunderstanding, I'll let you know that Greyengine5 has moved the articles in question to titles based on the RLM acronym - while I am, of course, pleased, I wanted you to know that I had nothing to do with it. --Rlandmann 23:00, 18 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Got your note - while I understand your position of not wanting to debate further, I'd still be interested in hearing your views as to how an esoteric article title works to hide the information contained in that article.

Also - would you agree that a lot of terminology and nomenclature in general usage originates in specialist usage and gradually filters out from there?

Finally, I was thinking last night that what's really being highlighted here is a difference in authorial/editorial position with regard to possibly different assumptions as to potential readership, originating from different experiences with two different bodies of specialist literature and the assumptions that flow from that. Although things got heated at various stages, I'm coming away very glad for having had this conversation with you. Cheers --Rlandmann 00:48, 19 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Forgive my ignorance of convention. The compromise proposal for the Conquest article is fine with me. Everyking 02:43, 19 Feb 2004 (UTC)

--- I just found out that there's no aricle on Sidney Hook at the moment. Without a doubt, you'd be the ideal author. 172 17:14, 19 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Hi, just wondering what the problem is with the sentence

 * (and by gay communities simply as "the plague," a name that persists among
 * some older gay people).

from the article on AIDS, because this is the second time you've removed it.

Thanks Exploding Boy 04:50, Feb 20, 2004 (UTC)

 * On my page you wrote "I don't believe it's true." Allowing the benefit of the doubt (this being writing, and therefore perhaps more open to misinterpretation), would you care to explain?  I can assure you that I've personally known older gay people who use this term, and I've also seen it in writing. Exploding Boy 05:30, Feb 20, 2004 (UTC)~

Oh, well then. Since you've never heard it and think it's "silly," we'd best leave it out of the article. Thanks for clearing that up. Exploding Boy 05:49, Feb 20, 2004 (UTC)

Sorry for butting in, but I can tell that I'm sure to have seen plenty of references to "the plague" in writings by US queers. But from this certainity to dig out any examples is a certain distance... I don't advocate anything. Scrapping the part of the sentence is perfect with me. I would only affirm Adam that the term is clearly recognized by me. But I would never use it myself.--Ruhrjung 09:38, 20 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Well I'm the one who wrote that sentence originally; I replaced it once already when Adam deleted it (and obviously I was being facetious above). I think the term illustrates rather well how gay people, men especially, felt about AIDS when it first hit.  People were literally dropping dead.  There were men who lost every friend and lover they'd had.  It really was like a plague for people and it seemed there was no escaping it.  It's also significant that some older people still call it that now; they have memories of what it was like that the younger generation of gay men simply doesn't have.  I think the sentence should stay, but I'm not getting involved in another conflict and I'm certainly not getting into an edit war. Exploding Boy 14:51, Feb 20, 2004 (UTC)

I don't know how old Exploding Boy is, but as one who lived through that period, and who was very active in the gay community response to AIDS at that time, and who read the Anerican, British and Australian gay press regularly at that time, I can say quite firmly that although the expression "gay plague" was frequently used by homophobes and (occasionally) in the tabloid press, I never heard a gay man refer to AIDS as "the plague." I think this is a case of retrospective myth construction. Adam 01:06, 21 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * And I've already made it clear that I have, and I still know people who use the term. As I've already said, however, I'm not getting involved in another conflict or an edit war.  You might want to brush up on your Wikiquette a little though.  Just because you don't know about something doesn't mean it doesn't exist, and responding to a polite in the manner you have -- dismissively and, frankly, rather rudely -- does little to smooth this process.  Exploding Boy 01:24, Feb 21, 2004 (UTC)

Governors
Dr Carr, I have received your message. I have just completed providing ordinals for Governors of NSW. -- Emsworth 23:38, Feb 22, 2004 (UTC)

You are correct on Lord Beauchamp (I remembered that the 1st Earl was also William Lygon, so I put that in without realising the years.) Victoria is complete. -- Emsworth 23:45, Feb 22, 2004 (UTC)

You said: ''4. We are told that Portugal comes from Porto cale, the cale being from kali in Greek. There were no Greek colonies on the Atlantic coast so this is highly dubious.''

I rephrase: There were no MAJOR Colonies, only explorations and small settlements, it was a phoenician zone of influence. They called the land: Ophiussa (land of Serpents) they came to Portugal after a battle or an exploration in Northern Africa. Some greek mythology is related to Portugal, Lisbon was called Ulisseia (the city of Ulisses), but can be after the Roman colonization, that introduzed several Roman goods, even specific Portuguese-related Goods, like Luso and Lisa. Before the invasion of the Romans the city was simply called Cale, till the middle ages was named Portuscale, the name split into two as Portus (today: Porto)- northern part of the river Douro and as Cale (today: Gaia)-southern part of the same river. There is no relation to the name Galicia or to the celts.

The city NEVER (EVER) was called Port of Gaya, its impossible. Gaia is a modern name (after the 13th century when Portuguese was officialized as language of Portugal, and Latin was banned because noone really used it for centuries). Gaia is from the word Cale... that in portuguese turns to gale and gaia. Like acqua turned to água. Portugal to the greeks was also known as the land after the Heracles strait. But like everything from that time, certain is not a common thing, but that version that you say is "unlikly" was what my History teatchers told. And what i've also read.

Pedro 00:01, Feb 24, 2004 (UTC)

good work on John Cain, do you plan similar work on Joan Kirner? PMA 03:34, Feb 24, 2004 (UTC)

Ha! I don't like the headings either. I thought it was just me. Sometimes I edit them out, sometimes I get tired of it and just try to ignore them.

But to business. I didn't know that the Cains and the Beazleys were a can of worms. Possibly that happened while I was away for two months late last year. (Dare I ask which side of the can you were sitting on? Guess I can trawl through the history if I feel curious enough.) No matter. I've fixed most of the links (meanwhile, making a small bet with myself—that 9 out of 10 of the 9 out of 10 'pedia editors I mentioned would probably have the initials "AC"), and got rid of all the double redirects. Redirects are not a problem (as a community we are far too fussy about redirects: redirects are perfectly acceptable in any article), but I'll have another look and see if there are any more that seem to warrant spending time on.

As for the move itself though, I don't think that there is any room for people to dispute it. The Wikipedia naming conventions are perfectly clear, and in this case (for once), their application is equally clear. The most common common name rule rulez. Or something.

Best -- Tannin

- Your election archive is an excellent service. I'm including it under the ICPSR site (the University of Michigan's national election survey) among the list of resources on my user page. Thanks for sharing your work with us all! 172 18:28, 24 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Oxyrhynchus.jpg
Hey Adam - I'd like to put Oxyrhynchus as the featured article with [[media:Ac.oxyrhynchus.jpg]] (which you uploaded) as the picture. First, though, I'd like the copyright description on the picture page. Coudl you do this for me? →Raul654 02:30, Feb 25, 2004 (UTC)

I just read Abraham and thought "probably Adam would like to add the contemporary historical opinions on the subject", as the present article lacks it. Just in case. Pfortuny 11:51, 26 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Nice addition, thanks! I am a complete ignorant on the subject, so apologies if the question is out of place: I gather from your paragraph that there are no archeological hints or suggestions concerning his existence as what we understand today as an individual? Pfortuny 22:00, 26 Feb 2004 (UTC)

battery
According to the article in question, LBJ "grabbed the much smaller Canadian by the collar and slammed him against the wall." In my book, that is battery. That is why I changed it. Just so you know why. Kingturtle 02:37, 27 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Australia
I am wondering if u can write an article about the homosexuality in Australia, just like Homosexuality in China and Homosexuality in Japan? :O --Yacht (Talk)Q 14:20, Feb 27, 2004 (UTC)

Lukashenko vs. Lukashenka Hi Adam -- User:Cantus just moved Alexander Lukashenka to Alexander Lukashenka. When I did a Google search of the -a version, I got 1610 hits (versus 14,700 for -o). However, one of your pages, "Adam Carr's Electoral Archive" was right near the top. Since you're a respected editor, I was wondering what you think about the move. Also, I'd invite you to weigh in at the new discussion of related matters at Wikipedia_talk:Naming_conventions_(places).

Thanks, BCorr ¤ Брайен 05:15, Feb 28, 2004 (UTC)

Formatting of Korean
A number of Korean-related articles (I would say most) are formatted that way. Please go to Naming conventions (Korean) and go yak at those people. I do not take responsibility. Please also pay attention to what you link to. Visit Korean and you will get what I mean.

The romanized version should not be bolded since it is not the title of the article.--Jiang 11:47, 29 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * I'm not familiar with Korean and would also like to know what romanization system is used there. --Jiang

Holidays
Thanks for pointing it out. I've changed that one. I was just following the format of the first one listed at WikiProject Countries/Status. Are there any others you feel should be public holidays instead of holidays? Angela. 13:23, Feb 29, 2004 (UTC)

I did think of that but public holiday redirects to holiday anyway, so I thought doing it this way would avoid the redirect. Also, "holidays" is not the same as "holiday". I would call going somewhere "a holiday", not "holidays". Angela. 13:33, Feb 29, 2004 (UTC)

 * I've given up moving them for a while. If you decide which is best, let me know and I will fix them, but I'm having a break from Wikipedia today. Angela. 22:11, Feb 29, 2004 (UTC)

title: User:Adam Carr/Talk Archive5


text:
Shingo Katori

Shingo Katori (香取 慎吾) is a Japanese actor, singer, television host, radio personality. He was the youngest member of SMAP, one of the best-selling boy band in Asia. After the group's disbandment on 31 December 2016, Katori has been pursuing his solo career. He left Johnny & Associates on 9 September 2017, together with two other SMAP members, Goro Inagaki and Tsuyoshi Kusanagi and entered CULEN, a Japanese talent agency. On 22 September 2017, they launched a new project, "atarashiichizu" ("新しい地図", meaning "New Map") as their common fan site, supported by various Japanese leading creators. Since then, Katori has been extending his activities also into artistic fields.

Early life
Katori was born in Yokohama, Kanagawa and moved to Tokyo to pursue his career. He has one younger brother.

Music
In 1987, at age 10, Katori auditioned for Johnny & Associates, a Japanese talent agency that recruits and trains young boys, preteens to teens, to become singers and members of boy bands. After five of the other band members auditioning individually from 1986 through 1987, in autumn 1987, twenty boys, from ages ten to seventeen, were put together into a group called The Skate Boys, which was initially created as backup dancers for a famous boy band, Hikaru Genji. In April 1988, producer Johnny Kitagawa chose six out of the twenty boys to create a new boy band and named them "SMAP".

On January 1, 2020, Katori released his first solo album, entitled "20200101". The album features songs written by Katori, as well as collaborations with artists such as TeddyLoid, BiSH, Kreva, Kishidan, and Scha Dara Parr, and more. The album is said to be a celebration of the year 2020, with both the 2020 Summer Olympics and 2020 Summer Paralympics were scheduled to be held during that year. In 2021, Katori held his first solo concert entitled "Sakura Saku Rekishi Aru Meijiza de 20200101 ni Wani Wa Waiwai Katori Shingo", at the Meiji-za from April 4, 2021, to April 29, 2021. Katori also live streamed the last day of the concert on the streaming platform AbemaTV.

Katori's second solo album entitled "Tokyo SNG" was released on April 13, 2022. Inspired by numerous styles of jazz, from standard style to big band jazz, Katori wished to evoke the feeling of hearing "jazz in a tuxedo". He also contributed to writing some of the songs on the album, such as the titular "Tokyo SNG", "Kongaragatte", "Shingopation", and "Catharsis", to name a few. The album also features collaborations with WONK, Atarashii Gakko!, and the Zazen Boys.

On January 3, 2023, it was announced that Katori would be collaborating with popular K-Pop group Seventeen for a brand new song entitled "BETTING", to serve as the theme song for fellow ex-SMAP member Tsuyoshi Kusanagi's latest drama, War of Traps. Katori had met the group the year prior, leading to them collaborating on a song together. BETTING was co-produced by Katori, PLEDIS Entertainment producuer Bumzu, and SEVENTEEN member Woozi. Katori serves as the main vocal on the track, performing alongside SEVENTEEN's Mingyu, Jeonghan, and Seungkwan. It was released on streaming platforms on January 17, 2023.

Acting
In 1988, he made his acting debut in a television series, Abunai Shonen III, along with his band members. After several supporting roles, in 1996, he landed his first major role in a drama television series, Tomei Ningen, which became a massive success. He has also starred in many high-rated television series, such as Hito ni Yasashiku (2002), Saiyuki (2006), and Bara no nai Hanaya (2008). In 2004, he starred in NHK's Taiga drama, Shinsengumi!. He is also a member of the Mitani Crew, a core group of actors that Japanese playwright Kōki Mitani tends to use in his work.

In 2021, Katori starred in TV Tokyo's drama entitled Anonymous: Keishicho ”Yubisatsujin” Taisakushitsu. This was his first lead role on a TV Tokyo drama series, as well as his first broadcast drama series after five years. He also performed the main theme for the series, entitled "Anonymous (feat. WONK)", and released it on both digital storefronts and streaming platforms on February 1, 2021.

Shingo Mama
From October 1998, Nakai and Katori launched their own variety program, SataSma, which was created and aimed towards younger viewers and families. Katori starred in a segment titled, "Shingo Mama's Secret Breakfast", where Katori would cross-dress into a character called "Shingo Mama", and visit houses to cook breakfast for children instead of their mother, allowing her to sleep in and rest in the morning. Katori started to use the phrase, "Ohha", a pun for "Ohayo", meaning "good morning", during the segment as his trademark phrase, which soon became a popular word used among children. Shingo Mama, the lovable character Katori played, and the phrase "Ohha", became a social phenomenon. As a result, SMAP incidentally brought in kindergartners and preteens to their fan base.

On 16 August 2000, Katori released a single, "Shingo Mama's Oha Rock", as Shingo Mama, which reached number one on the charts with over 1,200,000 physical copies sold and became a social phenomenon. In December 2000, the trademark phrase "Ohha", used by Katori, won the Ryukougo Taisho, an annual traditional event of announcing words that describes that year. From 2000 to 2001, Shingo Mama promoted the use of Ohha as part of a Ministry of Education campaign to encourage family communication.

Artistic career
"I’ve always loved painting for as long as I can remember," he said in an interview in his first book of illustration collection. He thinks he came to like painting because of the family background (his further was an art dealer). Katori displayed his artistic talent also at SMAP's concerts. He became in charge for staging of the concert tours, beginning from "super.modern.artistic.performance" (2008) through "We are SMAP" (2010) and "Gift of SMAP" (2012) until "Mr. S – saikou de saikou no CONCERT TOUR" (2014).

Katori has been creating and engaged in various artworks and projects:

 * Painting on Tsugaru Railway's train car (1997). As a special project in the SMAP's long-run television variety show, “SMAPxSMAP”, Katori painted a train car together with local children. After the car ended its service in 2000, it was kept at Kanagi Station for the purpose of exhibition, then moved to Kase Station. In 2017, 20 years after the painting was made, Katori visited the Kase Station again in a TV show (“Oja MAP!!”) in order to restore the work. The car is now one of the touristic attractions in the region and visited by Katori's fans.
 * Shingo no Itazura, an illustration collection book (1998), contains pictures published on magazine Wink Up and some new works created for this book.
 * SNAP NO SHINGO, a photo diary for the period of one year from 16 October 2004 until 15 October 2005. The pictures were originally taken for "SmaTIMES" weekly paper published by a TV news variety show "SmaSTATION".
 * Painting "Takarabako" ("Treasure Box", 2011). Appointed as an ambassador for a Cirque du Soleil show called "Kooza" in Japan, he painted a picture on a large canvas (1,800 x 1,500 mm), featuring characters and contents of the show. The painting was exhibited in the foyer during the Kooza's performance in Japan.
 * Artwork "Kūsō Tamago" ("Fantasy Egg", 2014). After successful mission for "Kooza", Katori was again appointed as an ambassador for the next Cirque du Soleil"s performance in Japan, "OVO" and created an artwork featuring its motive "ovo", which means an "egg" in Portuguese. The artwork accompanied the show around Japan.
 * Fashion Photo Book Fuku Baka Shifukubon  (roughly "a book of happiest private wardrobe of a fashion freak", 2014). A photo book featuring Katori, known as a fashion freak, in his private clothes, coordinated by a noted fashion stylist, Tomoki Sukezane. For this book, Katori's private wardrobe was transported from his flat to the photo studio by two 2-ton trucks. The estimated total value of the "collection" built-up over 15 years was 200 million Yen.
 * Art Exhibition "Museum of Together" held by The Nippon Foundation, at Aoyama Spiral Garden, Tokyo, Japan for 13–31 October 2017. With other 22 artists, Katori joined in the exhibition with his two paintings, "Hinotori" ("Fire Bird", 2014) and "Isoge mada maniau" ("Hurry Up, We Are Going to Be on Time", 2010). It was his first participation in an art exhibition.
 * A special exhibition celebrating the 100th anniversary of Cartier’s icon watch TANK, at Cartier in Roppongi Hills, Tokyo, Japan for 28 October – 26 November 2017. Inspired by the legendary timepiece of the French luxury brand, Katori created a painting and an art work.
 * Graffiti in Hong Kong, at the corner of Hollywood Road and Shalley Street, Old Town Central, unveiled on 27 March 2018. Requested by Hong Kong Tourism Board, a government-subvented body, Katori completed the graffiti on a 4.5m-high and 6m-wide wall beside the Mid-Levels Escalator within 18 hours. As the project was to be kept confidential, he worked with the covered wall for 3 continuous nights from midnight until 6 am.
 * Exhibition "NAKAMA de ART" at the Imperial Hotel Plaza, Tokyo, Japan for 24 May – 24 June 2018. Together with 13 emerging artists he selected, Katori organized an art gallery under the name of "NAKAMA de ART". A literal translation of "nakama" is "buddy" or "mate", so the exhibition title could roughly mean "Let's do art together".
 * Car Wrapping on BMW X2 (2018). Appointed as a "Brand Friend" of a BMW's SUV model X2, Katori was featured in its concept movie (a part of which was streamed also as TV advertisement later) and designed the car wrapping. The wrapped vehicle was exhibited at some special events.
 * Fashion Brand and Permanent Pop-up Shop "jantje_ontembaar". Together with a noted stylist Tomoki Sukezane who knows Katori over 20 years, Katori started-up a fashion brand and opened its own boutique at the Imperial Hotel Plaza under concept "Permanent Pop-up Shop", meaning "a shop with ever changing contents for an unlimited period of time". The brand collaborates with well-respected manufacturers such as Sanyo Coat (by Sanyo Shokai), MINEDENIM and Borsalino. The brand name "jantje_ontembaar" comes from Dutch words "jantje" and "ontembaar" which are said to be origins of Japanese words "yancha" and "otenba", naughty boy and girl. With that, Katori and Sukezane want to encourage people to keep a heart of a child and think out-of-the-box.
 * Exhibition "NAKAMA des ARTS" in Hall Charles V in the Louvre Museum (Carrousel du Louvre), Paris, France for 19 September – 3 October 2018. Katori's first solo exhibition occurred within the framework of Japonismes 2018, a cultural festival organized by France and Japan to celebrate the 160th anniversary of diplomatic relation between the two countries.
 * Painting of Tokyo Tower. On the occasion of the 60th anniversary of the Tokyo Tower, the national public broadcasting of Japan, NHK put a special program "Miagereba anata wa itsumo sokoni" ("Thank you for being there every time when I look up") on air on 22 December 2018. In this program, Katori painted a picture featuring the Tokyo Tower. Katori often says that he likes the Tokyo Tower very much and the tower has been encouraging him a lot since he started his career in show business as a 11-year-old boy. In this work, he put colors on a night scenic photo of Tokyo he took by himself. It was the first time he utilized this art technique. The painting was exhibited on the Main Deck of the Tokyo Tower for the period from 2 February until 8 March 2019, then in "boum! boum! boum!" (see below), Katori's first solo exhibition in Japan after the world's premiere in Paris, France in 2018.
 * Painting "New Year Woman". For the first issue of a triannual magazine, Shūkanbunshun Woman, launched on 29 December 2019, Katori created a picture on a 1303 x 970 mm canvas. Shūkanbunshun is a well-established weekly magazine started in 1959, published by a leading Japanese publishing company, Kabushikigaisha Bungeishunjū (Bungeishunjū Ltd.). Shūkanbunshun Woman is its special edition targeting female readers. The picture is to be seen in Katori's exhibition "boum! boum! boum!" (see below).
 * Blog "kūsō fantejī" ("fantasy" in Japanese and in French). Starting from 1 January 2019, he has been posting a short fantasy story almost every day with a black-and-white picture he paints. These pictures form a part of his exhibition "boum! boum! boum!" (see below).
 * Painting "Freedom Gan’nen" ("First Year of Freedom"), exhibited in front of Tokyo Midtown Hibiya for the New Year's period of 2 – 14 January 2019, then in "boum! boum! boum!" (see below). Four canvases were made to a one big square canvas with a side longer than 4 meters. The character the creation features stands for a "pig" as 2019 is a year of the pig in Japanese traditional calendar with twelve earthly branches.
 * Exhibition "boum! boum! boum!" for 15 March – 16 June 2019 in IHI Stage Around Tokyo in Toyosu, Tokyo. Katori's first solo exhibition in Japan after the world's premiere in Paris in 2018. The event title "boum! boum! boum!" stands for a pounding heart in French. The concept of the exhibition, which is designed more like a show than an art exhibition, is "Looking inside Shingo Katori". After watching a short film on the seats of the innovative theater, in which the audience area rotates 360 degrees, the visitors are requested to step on to the stage with three separate segments where Katori's art pieces are installed. The exhibition catalogue also includes Katori's talks with noted artists, Tadanori Yoko'o and Makoto Aida.

Publications

 * Shingo no Itazura (December 1998) ISBN 978-4847025136
 * DIET SHINGO (5 September 2003) ISBN 978-4838714698
 * SNAP NO SHINGO (13 October 2006) ISBN 978-4334901325
 * Fuku Baka Shifukubon (31 January 2014) ISBN 978-4087807042
 * Shingo Jiten SD SHINGO DICTIONARY VOLUME 1 (28 July 2015) ISBN 978-4093965323

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Shingo Katori


text:
Talk:May 18

World AIDS Vaccine day
a worthwhile cause but not a government thing. suggest deletion--Richardson mcphillips (talk) 13:15, 18 May 2018 (UTC)
 * advocate awareness day. agreed.  any discussion? --2607:FEA8:D5DF:1AF0:DD5D:CE11:7C78:B703 (talk) 11:14, 18 May 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:May 18


text:
Talk:May 19

New England's Dark Day
The anomalous phenomenon article could become a home for the May 19 1780 event: 'Never-explained complete darkness, in Eastern Canada and the New England states at 2 pm.', which Benjamin Franklin hypothesized came from volcanic eruptions in Iceland. But right now this article is too heavily slanted toward the paranormal. Any other articles where this event could be placed? Ancheta Wis 13:19, 28 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Calendar
65.5.128.20 has added the day of each event in the Events section. The day is given according to the Gregorian Calendar, or Proleptic Gregorian Calendar for dates prior to the calendar changes. I suspect some of the event dates are Julian Calendar dates, therefore the day is wrong in these cases. I'm trying to confirm some of the dates as being Julian or Gregorian. In the mean time, what's the view on having the day indicated? My personal view is that we shouldn't have it in this particular area of Wikipedia. Arcturus 21:59, 8 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Hepatitis Testing Day
? promotions and awareness days not holidays or observances --2607:FEA8:D5DF:1AF0:DD5D:CE11:7C78:B703 (talk) 12:28, 19 May 2021 (UTC)

national asian and pacific islander HIV/AIDS awareness day
another 'awareness' day. gov. office, not holiday or observance. should be deleted --2607:FEA8:D5DF:1AF0:DD5D:CE11:7C78:B703 (talk) 12:49, 19 May 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:May 19


text:
Talk:May 20

Everybody Draw Mohammed Day
While Everybody Draw Mohammed Day meets the very minimum requirements for inclusion per WP:DOY by being the subject of an article, it is not yet proven to be a widely observed event or one that will be observed for years to come. The observance should not be included until it is clear that the event will be observed in the future (or that it is actually observed for a first time). So far it appears to be more of a political statement and not a legitimate "observance". -- Mufka (u) (t) (c) 17:54, 13 May 2010 (UTC)
 * Well,While it might not be observed in the future,it still was a pretty big thing.Just put it under 2010 perhaps?Sam 17:23, 18 May 2011 (UTC)

One-day truce in Battle of Gallipoli, 1915.
Is this of sufficient significance to include? It's a special day, where the opposing sides of WW1 exchanged greetings and helped each other bury the dead in no man's land. —Preceding unsigned comment added by DarkLightA (talk • contribs) 18:10, 25 September 2010 (UTC)
 * My feeling is that it probably isn't significant enough, although it is an interesting event. It only gets a few sentences in the Gallipoli Campaign article, and the Gallipoli Campaign is pretty well represented already on these pages. See January 9, March 18, April 25, August 6, December 20. Winston365 (talk) 22:25, 25 September 2010 (UTC)

Massacre at the festival of Tóxcatl
This page states that this massacres occured during the fall of Tenochtitlan but the page about the latter states that the fall started a year later. Separhim (talk) 08:37, 20 May 2015 (UTC)

Josephine Baker Day?
nothing in the linked article indicates a day. should be removed. --2607:FEA8:D5DF:1AF0:DD5D:CE11:7C78:B703 (talk) 12:33, 20 May 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:May 20


text:
Royal Society

The Royal Society, formally The Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge, is a learned society and the United Kingdom's national academy of sciences. The society fulfils a number of roles: promoting science and its benefits, recognising excellence in science, supporting outstanding science, providing scientific advice for policy, education and public engagement and fostering international and global co-operation. Founded on 28 November 1660, it was granted a royal charter by King Charles II as The Royal Society and is the oldest continuously existing scientific academy in the world.

The society is governed by its Council, which is chaired by the society's president, according to a set of statutes and standing orders. The members of Council and the president are elected from and by its Fellows, the basic members of the society, who are themselves elected by existing Fellows. , there are about 1,700 fellows, allowed to use the postnominal title FRS (Fellow of the Royal Society), with up to 73 new fellows appointed each year from a pool of around 800 candidates. There are also royal fellows, honorary fellows and foreign members. Up to 24 new foreign members are appointed each year (from the same pool of 800) and they are allowed to use the postnominal title ForMemRS (Foreign Member of the Royal Society). The Royal Society president is Adrian Smith, who took up the post and started his five-year term on 30 November 2020, replacing the previous president, Venki Ramakrishnan.

Since 1967, the society has been based at 6–9 Carlton House Terrace, a Grade I listed building in central London which was previously used by the Embassy of Germany, London.

Founding and early years
The Invisible College has been described as a precursor group to the Royal Society of London, consisting of a number of natural philosophers around Robert Boyle. The concept of "invisible college" is mentioned in German Rosicrucian pamphlets in the early 17th century. Ben Jonson in England referenced the idea, related in meaning to Francis Bacon's House of Solomon, in a masque The Fortunate Isles and Their Union from 1624/5. The term accrued currency in the exchanges of correspondence within the Republic of Letters.

In letters dated 1646 and 1647, Boyle refers to "our invisible college" or "our philosophical college". The society's common theme was to acquire knowledge through experimental investigation. Three dated letters are the basic documentary evidence: Boyle sent them to Isaac Marcombes (Boyle's former tutor and a Huguenot, who was then in Geneva), Francis Tallents who at that point was a fellow of Magdalene College, Cambridge, and London-based Samuel Hartlib.

The Royal Society started from groups of physicians and natural philosophers, meeting at a variety of locations, including Gresham College in London. They were influenced by the "new science", as promoted by Francis Bacon in his New Atlantis, from approximately 1645 onwards. A group known as "Philosophical Society of Oxford" was run under a set of rules still retained by the Bodleian Library. After the English Restoration, there were regular meetings at Gresham College. It is widely held that these groups were the inspiration for the foundation of the Royal Society.

Another view of the founding, held at the time, was that it was due to the influence of French scientists and the Montmor Academy in 1657, reports of which were sent back to England by English scientists attending. This view was held by Jean-Baptiste du Hamel, Giovanni Domenico Cassini, Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle and Melchisédech Thévenot at the time and has some grounding in that Henry Oldenburg, the society's first secretary, had attended the Montmor Academy meeting. Robert Hooke, however, disputed this, writing that:

"[Cassini] makes, then, Mr Oldenburg to have been the instrument, who inspired the English with a desire to imitate the French, in having Philosophical Clubs, or Meetings; and that this was the occasion of founding the Royal Society, and making the French the first. I will not say, that Mr Oldenburg did rather inspire the French to follow the English, or, at least, did help them, and hinder us. But 'tis well known who were the principal men that began and promoted that design, both in this city and in Oxford; and that a long while before Mr Oldenburg came into England. And not only these Philosophic Meetings were before Mr Oldenburg came from Paris; but the Society itself was begun before he came hither; and those who then knew Mr Oldenburg, understood well enough how little he himself knew of philosophic matter."

On 28 November 1660, which is considered the official foundation date of the Royal Society, a meeting at Gresham College of 12 natural philosophers decided to commence a "Colledge for the Promoting of Physico-Mathematicall Experimentall Learning". Amongst those founders were Christopher Wren, Robert Boyle, John Wilkins, William Brouncker and Robert Moray.

At the second meeting, Sir Robert Moray announced that the King approved of the gatherings, and a royal charter was signed on 15 July 1662 which created the "Royal Society of London", with Lord Brouncker serving as the first president. A second royal charter was signed on 23 April 1663, with the king noted as the founder and with the name of "the Royal Society of London for the Improvement of Natural Knowledge"; Robert Hooke was appointed as Curator of Experiments in November. This initial royal favour has continued and, since then, every monarch has been the patron of the society.

The society's early meetings included experiments performed first by Hooke and then by Denis Papin, who was appointed in 1684. These experiments varied in their subject area, and were both important in some cases and trivial in others. The society also published an English translation of Essays of Natural Experiments Made in the Accademia del Cimento, under the Protection of the Most Serene Prince Leopold of Tuscany in 1684, an Italian book documenting experiments at the Accademia del Cimento. Although meeting at Gresham College, the society temporarily moved to Arundel House in 1666 after the Great Fire of London, which did not harm Gresham but did lead to its appropriation by the Lord Mayor. The society returned to Gresham in 1673.

There had been an attempt in 1667 to establish a permanent "college" for the society. Michael Hunter argues that this was influenced by "Solomon's House" in Bacon's New Atlantis and, to a lesser extent, by J. V. Andreae's Christianopolis, dedicated research institutes, rather than the colleges at Oxford and Cambridge, since the founders only intended for the society to act as a location for research and discussion. The first proposal was given by John Evelyn to Robert Boyle in a letter dated 3 September 1659; he suggested a grander scheme, with apartments for members and a central research institute. Similar schemes were expounded by Bengt Skytte and later Abraham Cowley, who wrote in his Proposition for the Advancement of Experimental Philosophy in 1661 of a "'Philosophical College", with houses, a library and a chapel. The society's ideas were simpler and only included residences for a handful of staff, but Hunter maintains an influence from Cowley and Skytte's ideas. Henry Oldenburg and Thomas Sprat put forward plans in 1667 and Oldenburg's co-secretary, John Wilkins, moved in a council meeting on 30 September 1667 to appoint a committee "for raising contributions among the members of the society, in order to build a college". These plans were progressing by November 1667, but never came to anything, given the lack of contributions from members and the "unrealised—perhaps unrealistic"—aspirations of the society.

18th century

During the 18th century, the gusto that had characterised the early years of the society faded; with a small number of scientific "greats" compared to other periods, little of note was done. In the second half, it became customary for His Majesty's Government to refer highly important scientific questions to the council of the society for advice, something that, despite the non-partisan nature of the society, spilled into politics in 1777 over lightning conductors. The pointed lightning conductor had been invented by Benjamin Franklin in 1749, while Benjamin Wilson invented blunted ones. During the argument that occurred when deciding which to use, opponents of Franklin's invention accused supporters of being American allies rather than being British, and the debate eventually led to the resignation of the society's president, Sir John Pringle. During the same time period, it became customary to appoint society fellows to serve on government committees where science was concerned, something that still continues.

The 18th century featured remedies to many of the society's early problems. The number of fellows had increased from 110 to approximately 300 by 1739, the reputation of the society had increased under the presidency of Sir Isaac Newton from 1703 until his death in 1727, and editions of the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society were appearing regularly. During his time as president, Newton arguably abused his authority; in a dispute between himself and Gottfried Leibniz over the invention of infinitesimal calculus, he used his position to appoint an "impartial" committee to decide it, eventually publishing a report written by himself in the committee's name. In 1705, the society was informed that it could no longer rent Gresham College and began a search for new premises. After unsuccessfully applying to Queen Anne for new premises, and asking the trustees of Cotton House if they could meet there, the council bought two houses in Crane Court, Fleet Street, on 26 October 1710. This included offices, accommodation and a collection of curiosities. Although the overall fellowship contained few noted scientists, most of the council were highly regarded, and included at various times John Hadley, William Jones and Hans Sloane. Because of the laxness of fellows in paying their subscriptions, the society ran into financial difficulty during this time; by 1740, the society had a deficit of £240. This continued into 1741, at which point the treasurer began dealing harshly with fellows who had not paid. The business of the society at this time continued to include the demonstration of experiments and the reading of formal and important scientific papers, along with the demonstration of new scientific devices and queries about scientific matters from both Britain and Europe.

Some modern research has asserted that the claims of the society's degradation during the 18th century are false. Richard Sorrenson writes that "far from having 'fared ingloriously', the society experienced a period of significant productivity and growth throughout the eighteenth century", pointing out that many of the sources critical accounts are based on are in fact written by those with an agenda. While Charles Babbage wrote that the practice of pure mathematics in Britain was weak, laying the blame at the doorstep of the society, the practice of mixed mathematics was strong and although there were not many eminent members of the society, some did contribute vast amounts – James Bradley, for example, established the nutation of the Earth's axis with 20 years of detailed, meticulous astronomy.

Politically within the society, the mid-18th century featured a "Whig supremacy" as the so-called "Hardwicke Circle" of Whig-leaning scientists held the society's main Offices. Named after Lord Hardwicke, the group's members included Daniel Wray and Thomas Birch and was most prominent in the 1750s and '60s. The circle had Birch elected secretary and, following the resignation of Martin Folkes, the circle helped oversee a smooth transition to the presidency of Earl Macclesfield, whom Hardwicke helped elect. Under Macclesfield, the circle reached its "zenith", with members such as Lord Willoughby and Birch serving as vice-president and secretary respectively. The circle also influenced goings-on in other learned societies, such as the Society of Antiquaries of London. After Macclesfield's retirement, the circle had Lord Morton elected in 1764 and Sir John Pringle elected in 1772. By this point, the previous Whig "majority" had been reduced to a "faction", with Birch and Willoughby no longer involved, and the circle declined in the same time frame as the political party did in British politics under George III, falling apart in the 1780s.

In 1780, the society moved again, this time to Somerset House. The property was offered to the society by His Majesty's Government and, as soon as Sir Joseph Banks became president in November 1778, he began planning the move. Somerset House, while larger than Crane Court, was not satisfying to the fellows; the room to store the library was too small, the accommodation was insufficient and there was not enough room to store the museum at all. As a result, the museum was handed to the British Museum in 1781 and the library was extended to two rooms, one of which was used for council meetings.

19th century
The early 19th century has been seen as a time of decline for the society; of 662 fellows in 1830, only 104 had contributed to the Philosophical Transactions. The same year, Charles Babbage published Reflections on the Decline of Science in England, and on Some of Its Causes, which was deeply critical of the society. The scientific Fellows of the society were spurred into action by this, and eventually James South established a Charters Committee "with a view to obtaining a supplementary Charter from the Crown", aimed primarily at looking at ways to restrict membership. The Committee recommended that the election of Fellows take place on one day every year, that the Fellows be selected on consideration of their scientific achievements and that the number of fellows elected a year be limited to 15. This limit was increased to 17 in 1930 and 20 in 1937; it is currently 52. This had a number of effects on the society: first, the society's membership became almost entirely scientific, with few political Fellows or patrons. Second, the number of Fellows was significantly reduced—between 1700 and 1850, the number of Fellows rose from approximately 100 to approximately 750. From then until 1941, the total number of Fellows was always between 400 and 500.

The period did lead to some reform of internal Society statutes, such as in 1823 and 1831. The most important change there was the requirement that the Treasurer publish an annual report, along with a copy of the total income and expenditure of the society. These were to be sent to Fellows at least 14 days before the general meeting, with the intent being to ensure the election of competent Officers by making it readily apparent what existing Officers were doing. This was accompanied by a full list of Fellows standing for Council positions, where previously the names had only been announced a couple of days before. As with the other reforms, this helped ensure that Fellows had a chance to vet and properly consider candidates.

In 1850 the society accepted the responsibility of administering a government grant-in-aid of scientific research of £1,000 per year; this was supplemented in the financial year 1876/1877 by a Government Fund of £4,000 per year, with the society acting as the administering body of these funds, distributing grants to scientists. The Government Fund came to an end after a period of five years, after which the Government Grant was increased to £4,000 a year in total. This grant has now grown to over £47 million, some £37 million of which is to support around 370 fellowships and professorships.

By 1852, the congestion at Somerset House had increased thanks to the growing number of Fellows. Therefore, the Library Committee asked the Council to petition Her Majesty's Government to find new facilities, with the advice being to bring all the scientific societies, such as the Linnean and Geological societies, under one roof. In August 1866, the government announced their intention to refurbish Burlington House and move the Royal Academy and other societies there. The Academy moved in 1867, while other societies joined when their facilities were built. The Royal Society moved there in 1873, taking up residence in the East Wing. The top floor was used as accommodation for the Assistant Secretary, while the library was scattered over every room and the old caretaker's apartment was converted into offices. One flaw was the lack of space for the office staff, which was then approximately eighty.

20th century
On 22 March 1945, the first female Fellows were elected to the Royal Society. This followed a statutory amendment in 1944 that read "Nothing herein contained shall render women ineligible as candidates", and was contained in Chapter 1 of Statute 1. Because of the difficulty of co-ordinating all the Fellows during the Second World War, a ballot on making the change was conducted via the post, with 336 Fellows supporting the change and 37 opposing. Following approval by the Council, Marjory Stephenson and Kathleen Lonsdale were elected as the first female Fellows.

In 1947, Mary Cartwright became the first female mathematician elected to be a Fellow of the Royal Society. Cartwright was also the first woman to serve on the Council of the Royal Society.

Due to overcrowding at Burlington House, the society moved to Carlton House Terrace in 1967.

21st century
To show support for vaccines against COVID-19, the Royal Society under the guidance of both Nobel prize-winner Venki Ramakrishnan and Sir Adrian Frederick Melhuish Smith added its power to shape public discourse and proposed "legislation and punishment of those who produced and disseminated false information" about the experimental medical interventions. This was brought to popular notice in January 2020 by a retired justice of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom, Lord Sumption, who in his broadside wrote "Science advances by confronting contrary arguments, not by suppressing them." The proposal was authored by sociologist Melinda Mills and approved by her colleagues on the "Science in Emergencies Tasking – COVID" in an October 2020 report entitled "COVID-19 vaccine deployment: Behaviour, ethics, misinformation and policy strategies". The SET-C committee favoured legislation from China, Singapore and South Korea, and found that "Singapore, for instance has the Protection from Online Falsehoods and Manipulation Act (POFMA), with four prominent (criminal) cases within the first months of the COVID-19 outbreak. POFMA also lifted any exemptions for internet intermediaries which legally required social media companies like Google, Facebook, Twitter and Baidu to immediately correct cases of misinformation on their platforms."

Coat of arms
The blazon for the shield in the coat of arms of the Royal Society is in a dexter corner of a shield argent our three Lions of England, and for crest a helm adorned with a crown studded with florets, surmounted by an eagle of proper colour holding in one foot a shield charged with our lions: supporters two white hounds gorged with crowns, with the motto of nullius in verba. John Evelyn, interested in the early structure of the society, had sketched out at least six possible designs, but in August 1662 Charles II told the society that it was allowed to use the arms of England as part of its coat and the society "now resolv'd that the armes of the Society should be, a field Argent, with a canton of the armes of England; the supporters two talbots Argent; Crest, an eagle Or holding a shield with the like armes of England, viz. 3 lions. The words Nullius in verba". This was approved by Charles, who asked Garter King of Arms to create a diploma for it, and when the second charter was signed on 22 April 1663 the arms were granted to the president, council and fellows of the society along with their successors.

The helmet of the arms was not specified in the charter, but the engraver sketched out a peer's helmet (barred helmet) on the final design, which is used. This is contrary to the heraldic rules, as a society or corporation normally has an esquire's helmet (closed helmet); it is thought that either the engraver was ignorant of this rule, which was not strictly adhered to until around 1615, or that he used the peer's helmet as a compliment to Lord Brouncker, a peer and the first President of the Royal Society.

Charter book
Fellows and foreign members are required to sign a book when they join the Royal Society. This book is known as the Charter Book, which has been signed continuously since 1663. All British monarchs have signed the book since then, apart from William and Mary, and Queen Anne. In 2019, the book was digitised.

Motto
The society's motto, Nullius in verba, is Latin for "Take nobody's word for it". It was adopted to signify the fellows' determination to establish facts via experiments and comes from Horace's Epistles, where he compares himself to a gladiator who, having retired, is free from control.

Fellows of the Royal Society (FRS)
The society's core members are the fellows: scientists and engineers from the United Kingdom and the Commonwealth selected based on having made "a substantial contribution to the improvement of natural knowledge, including mathematics, engineering science and medical science". Fellows are elected for life and gain the right to use the postnominal Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS). The rights and responsibilities of fellows also include a duty to financially contribute to the society, the right to stand for council posts and the right to elect new fellows. Up to 52 fellows are elected each year and in 2014 there were about 1,450 living members in total. Election to the fellowship is decided by ten sectional committees (each covering a subject area or set of subjects areas) which consist of existing fellows.

The society also elects royal fellows, honorary fellows and foreign members. Royal fellows are those members of the British royal family, representing the British monarchy's role in promoting and supporting the society, who are recommended by the society's council and elected via postal vote. There are currently four royal fellows: The King of the United Kingdom, The Duke of Kent, The Princess Royal, and The Prince of Wales. Honorary fellows are people who are ineligible to be elected as fellows but nevertheless have "rendered signal service to the cause of science, or whose election would significantly benefit the Society by their great experience in other walks of life". Six honorary fellows have been elected to date, including Baroness O'Neill of Bengarve. Foreign members are scientists from non-Commonwealth nations "who are eminent for their scientific discoveries and attainments". Eight are elected each year by the society and also hold their membership for life. Foreign members are permitted to use the post-nominal ForMemRS (Foreign Member of the Royal Society) and as of August 2020 number about 185.

The appointment of fellows was first authorised in the second charter, issued on 22 April 1663, which allowed the president and council, in the two months following the signing, to appoint as fellows any individual they saw fit. This saw the appointment of 94 fellows on 20 May and 4 on 22 June; these 98 are known as the "Original Fellows". After the expiration of this two-month period, any appointments were to be made by the president, council and existing fellows. Many early fellows were not scientists or particularly eminent intellectuals; it was clear that the early society could not rely on financial assistance from the king, and scientifically trained fellows were few and far between. It was, therefore, necessary to secure the favour of wealthy or important individuals for the society's survival. While the entrance fee of £4 and the subscription rate of one shilling a week should have produced £600 a year for the society, many fellows paid neither regularly nor on time. Two-thirds of the fellows in 1663 were non-scientists; this rose to 71.6% in 1800 before dropping to 47.4% in 1860 as the financial security of the society became more certain. In May 1846, a committee recommended limiting the annual intake of members to 15 and insisting on scientific eminence; this was implemented, with the result being that the society now consists exclusively of scientific fellows.

Structure and governance
The society is governed by its council, which is chaired by the society's president, according to a set of statutes and standing orders. The members of council, the president, and the other officers are elected from and by its fellowship.

Council
The council is a body consisting of 20 to 24 Fellows, including the officers (the president, the treasurer, two secretaries—one from the physical sciences, one from life sciences—and the foreign secretary), one fellow to represent each sectional committee and seven other fellows. The council is tasked with directing the society's overall policy, managing all business related to the society, amending, making or repealing the society's standing orders and acting as trustees for the society's possessions and estates. Members are elected annually via a postal ballot, and current standing orders mean that at least ten seats must change hands each year. The council may establish (and is assisted by) a variety of committees, which can include not only fellows but also outside scientists. Under the charter, the president, two secretaries and the treasurer are collectively the officers of the society. The current officers are:
 * President: Adrian Smith
 * Treasurer: Jonathan Keating
 * Biological Secretary: Linda Partridge
 * Physical Secretary : Peter Bruce
 * Foreign Secretary: Mark Walport and Alison Noble (jointly)

President
The president of the Royal Society is the head of both the society and the council. The details for the presidency were set out in the second charter and initially had no limit on how long a president could serve; under current society statute, the term is five years.

The current president is Adrian Smith, who took over from Venki Ramakrishnan on 30 November 2020. Historically, the duties of the president have been both formal and social. The Cruelty to Animals Act, 1876 left the president as one of the few individuals capable of certifying that a particular experiment on an animal was justified. In addition, the president is to act as the government's chief (albeit informal) advisor on scientific matters. Yet another task is that of entertaining distinguished foreign guests and scientists.

Permanent staff
The society is assisted by a number of full-time paid staff. The original charter provided for "two or more Operators of Experiments, and two or more clerks"; as the number of books in the society's collection grew, it also became necessary to employ a curator. The staff grew as the financial position of the society improved, mainly consisting of outsiders, along with a small number of scientists who were required to resign their fellowship on employment. The current executive director is Dame Julie Maxton DBE.

Functions and activities
The society has a variety of functions and activities. It supports modern science by disbursing over £100 million to fund almost 1,000 research fellowships for both early and late-career scientists, along with innovation, mobility and research capacity grants. Its awards, prize lectures and medals all come with prize money intended to finance research, and it provides subsidised communications and media skills courses for research scientists. Much of this activity is supported by a grant from the Department for Business, Innovation and Skills, most of which is channelled to the University Research Fellowships (URF). In 2008, the society opened the Royal Society Enterprise Fund, intended to invest in new scientific companies and be self-sustaining, funded (after an initial set of donations on the 350th anniversary of the society) by the returns from its investments.

Through its Science Policy Centre, the society acts as an advisor to the UK Government, the European Commission and the United Nations on matters of science. It publishes several reports a year, and serves as the Academy of Sciences of the United Kingdom. Since the middle of the 18th century, government problems involving science were irregularly referred to the society, and by 1800 it was done regularly.

Carlton House Terrace
The premises at 6–9 Carlton House Terrace is a Grade I listed building and the current headquarters of the Royal Society, which had moved there from Burlington House in 1967. The ground floor and basement are used for ceremonies, social and publicity events, the first floor hosts facilities for Fellows and Officers of the society, and the second and third floors are divided between offices and accommodation for the President, Executive Director and Fellows.

Carlton House Terrace was designed by John Nash as two blocks of houses, with a space in between them. The building is still owned by the Crown Estates and leased by the society; it underwent a major renovation from 2001 to 2004 at the cost of £9.8 million, and was reopened by the Prince of Wales on 7 July 2004.

Carlton House Terrace underwent a series of renovations between 1999 and November 2003 to improve and standardise the property. New waiting, exhibition and reception rooms were created in the house at No.7, using the Magna Boschi marble found in No.8, and greenish grey Statuario Venato marble was used in other areas to standardise the design. An effort was also made to make the layout of the buildings easier, consolidating all the offices on one floor, Fellows' Rooms on another and all the accommodation on a third.

Kavli Royal Society International Centre
In 2009 Chicheley Hall, a Grade I listed building located near Milton Keynes, was bought by the Royal Society for £6.5 million, funded in part by the Kavli Foundation. The Royal Society spent several million on renovations adapting it to become the Kavli Royal Society International Centre, a venue for residential science seminars. The centre held its first scientific meeting on 1 June 2010 and was formally opened on 21 June 2010. The Centre was permanently closed on 18 June 2020 and the building was sold in 2021.

Publishing
Through Royal Society Publishing, the society publishes the following journals:
 * Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A (mathematics and the physical sciences)
 * Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B (biological sciences)
 * Proceedings of the Royal Society A
 * Proceedings of the Royal Society B
 * Biology Letters
 * Open Biology
 * Royal Society Open Science
 * Journal of the Royal Society Interface
 * Interface Focus
 * Notes and Records
 * Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society

The society introduced the world's first journal exclusively devoted to science in 1665, Philosophical Transactions, and in so doing originated the peer review process now widespread in scientific journals. Its founding editor was Henry Oldenburg, the society's first secretary. It remains the oldest and longest-running scientific journal in the world. It now publishes themed issues on specific topics and, since 1886, has been divided into two parts; A, which deals with mathematics and the physical sciences, and B, which deals with the biological sciences.

Proceedings of the Royal Society consists of freely submitted research articles and is similarly divided into two parts. Biology Letters publishes short research articles and opinion pieces on all areas of biology and was launched in 2005. Journal of the Royal Society Interface publishes cross-disciplinary research at the boundary between the physical and life sciences, while Interface Focus, publishes themed issue in the same areas. Notes and Records is the society's journal of the history of science. Biographical Memoirs is published twice annually and contains extended obituaries of deceased Fellows. Open Biology is an open access journal covering biology at the molecular and cellular level. Royal Society Open Science is an open access journal publishing high-quality original research across the entire range of science on the basis of objective peer-review. All the society's journals are peer-reviewed.

In May 2021, the society announced plans to transition its four hybrid research journals to open access

Honours
The Royal Society presents numerous awards, lectures, and medals to recognise scientific achievement. The oldest is the Croonian Lecture, created in 1701 at the request of the widow of William Croone, one of the founding members of the Royal Society. The Croonian Lecture is still awarded on an annual basis and is considered the most important Royal Society prize for the biological sciences. Although the Croonian Lecture was created in 1701, it was first awarded in 1738, seven years after the Copley Medal. The Copley Medal is the oldest Royal Society medal still in use and is awarded for "outstanding achievements in research in any branch of science".

title: Royal Society


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Kuban (river)

The Kuban is a river in Russia that flows through the Western Caucasus and drains into the Sea of Azov. The Kuban runs mostly through Krasnodar Krai for 660 km, but also in the Karachay–Cherkess Republic, Stavropol Krai and the Republic of Adygea.

The Kuban flows 870 km north and west from its source near Mount Elbrus in the Caucasus Mountains, eventually reaching Temryuk Bay in the Sea of Azov. It is navigable up to Krasnodar. Major cities on the river are Karachayevsk, Cherkessk, Nevinnomyssk, Armavir, Novokubansk, Kropotkin, Ust-Labinsk, Krasnodar and Temryuk. Despite its name, Slavyansk-on-Kuban lies not on the Kuban River, but on its distributary the Protoka.

Geography and hydrology

The river originates on the slopes of Mount Elbrus and forms at the merger of its two tributaries, the Ullukam and Uchkulam; from the source of the Ullukam to the delta, it has a length of 906 km. Between the source and Nevinnomyssk the river flows mostly in the deep and narrow gorge, has many thresholds and rapidly changes its elevation. Near Nevinnomyssk a dam supplies water to the Nevinnomyssk channel. In its central part, until the confluence with the Bolshaya Laba, the Kuban River flows in a wide flat valley with terraced slopes. Then it bends to the west and develops a left-bank floodplain, which is 4 km wide near Ust-Labinsk. There it is winding and has many shoals and rapids. Below the mouth of Laba the river widens up to 20 km. Between the mouths of the rivers Laba and Afips the Adyghe marshes cover an area of about 300 km2, and below the river Afips, about 800 km2 is occupied by the Zakubanskie marshes. At 116 km from the mouth, the Kuban converges with a major tributary, the Protoka, which is 130 km long. Near its mouth the Kuban narrows to 3 to 4 km and then forms a delta covering about 4300 km2. The delta contains numerous limans, some of which have gradually separated from the river. Until the 19th century the Kuban River discharged into both the Black and the Azov seas. However later, the rising grounds redirected the river entirely to the Azov Sea.

In the upper stream the river is mostly fed by glaciers and high-mountain snow (49%). Near Krasnodar, this contribution drops to 32%; meanwhile, the water supply from the subsoil water increases from 21% to 32%, and that of rainwater from 27% to 32%. The river does not freeze over because of a relatively warm climate and rapid flow in the upper part. The Kuban River is characterized by numerous (6–7 through the year) floods due to rains and thaws, both in the winter and summer. The water level used to fluctuate by up to 5 m, with the maximum in July and the minimum in February. The amplitude of these fluctuations was reduced by construction of the Nevinnomyssk channel and the Tschikskoe, Krasnodar and Shapsug reservoirs. These measures also provided water for fish farming and rice fields.

The average discharge of the Kuban River is at its maximum near Krasnodar at about 425 m3/s. It was formerly higher by some 30 m3/s but was lowered by the reservoir construction. The average discharge near Armavir is 163 m3/s, and it formerly varied between 0.95 and 1160 m3/s before the filling of the Krasnodar Reservoir in the 1980s. The annual outflow to the Azov Sea is about 12 to 13 km3 of water, 8 million tonnes of sediments and 4 million tonnes of dissolved salts.

The average turbidity is 682 g/m3. Water salinity increases toward the delta; it normally varies between 50 and 400 mg/L and may reach 1000 mg/L in some areas. All major tributaries flow into the Kuban from the left and originate in the Caucasus Mountains. Those tributaries include the Bolshoy Zelenchuk, Maly Zelenchuk, Urup, Laba, Belaya and Pshish.

The main tributaries of the Kuban are, from source to mouth:

 * Teberda (left)
 * Maly Zelenchuk (left)
 * Bolshoy Zelenchuk (left)
 * Urup (left)
 * Laba (left)
 * Belaya (left)
 * Pshish (left)
 * Apchas (left)
 * Psekups (left)
 * Afips (left)

Flora
The river flows through three types of landscape: mixed forests of the Caucasus in the south, Crimean Submediterranean forests in the central part, and steppe in the north. The Caucasus mixed forests are rich in tree species; at mid-elevation, they are dominated by Georgian oak (Quercus iberica), hornbeam (Carpinus caucasica), sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa) and Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis). Higher forests are coniferous and consist of fir (Abies nordmanniana) and spruce (Picea orientalis). The Crimean Submediterranean forests are also coniferous, dominated by fir and spruce.

The vegetation of the delta mostly consists of thickets of reeds, grassweed, sedges, bur-reed and cattail. Less frequent are tape-grasses, grass rush, arrowhead and other water-hungry plants. The estuaries have rich underwater vegetation in the form of stoneworts algae, pondweed, hornworts, lilies and other species. The total area of such vegetation is 40000 to 50000 ha. Some estuaries contain thickets of lotus which was brought to the area from Africa.

Fauna
The wide delta of Kuban, with its abundant estuaries, is especially rich in plankton and benthos. There are about 400 species of zooplankton, including rotifers, copepods, cladocerans, mollusks, worms, etc., providing abundant food for fish. The fish fauna of the Kuban differs from that of the nearby Don and Volga rivers and contains more than 65 species from 16 families. They are dominated by the genera Gobio, Romanogobio, Squalius and Chondrostoma and contain species and genera such as carp, Prussian carp, roach, bream, silver bream, pike, perch, ruffe, Chalcalburnus, Sprattus, Mugil and others. Some species such as silver carp and grass carp were acclimatized in the last decade.

Endemic species include the Kuban barbel (Barbus kubanicus), Gobio kubanicus, Little Kuban gudgeon (Romanogobio parvus), Kuban long-barbelled gudgeon (R. pentatrichus), Kuban nase (Chondrostoma kubanicum), Sabanejewia kubanica, Oxynoemacheilus merga and Aphips chub.

Kuban barbel and Kuban nase are the only species of their genera within the Kuban basin. They prefer mountainous streams with a rapid flow and sandy or rocky bottom on which they spawn. After the construction of the Krasnodar Dam in the 1980s, the Kuban barbel became rare in the lower Kuban. On the contrary, Kuban nase moves downstream to lower sections or larger tributaries in winter. It is rather sensitive to the water quality, especially turbidity. Its population also declined after the construction of the Krasnodar Dam, but is still large in the middle and upper parts of the Kuban and its tributaries.

The Kuban gudgeon and Little Kuban gudgeon are restricted to the sections with moderately fast flow and gravel or sandy bottoms; they are abundant in the middle part of the river. The Kuban gudgeon is unusual by having five anal branched rays. Aphips chub (Squalius aphipsi) occurs in southern tributaries of Kuban and is hiding in small pools in the summer. It spawns in rapid streams 10 to 20 cm deep with a pebble or rocky bottom. It does not migrate much, but it moves downstream in winter to find deeper pools and returns upstream in summer. This species is abundant throughout the whole river.

Before the construction of dams, the River had migratory stocks of sturgeons (Acipenser gueldenstaedtii, A. stellatus, Huso huso) and cyprinids (Alburnus mento, Vimba vimba). These species have low presence nowadays.

The delta of the Kuban River and its estuaries are a popular resting ground for various migratory birds, especially waterfowl such as wild geese, ducks, cormorants, pelicans, swans and gray herons. Also abundant are birds of prey, such as falcons, as well as foxes and wild cats. Muskrats were brought to the watershed in the 20th century for commercial fur production.

Geological history
Tens of thousands of years ago, the Azov Sea was much larger and covered the delta of the Kuban River. Deposition of silt by the Kuban gradually pushed out the sea and shaped the delta with numerous limans and shallow estuaries. Frequent eruptions of the mud volcanoes contributed to this deposition process. There are about 25 mud volcanoes in the area and some are still active.

Human activities
The ancient Greeks called the river Hypanis.

Kuban River gave its name to the Kuban Cossacks who settled in its basin in the 18th–19th centuries. During the Russian conquest of the Caucasus it was part of the North Caucasus Line.

The delta of Kuban is an important rice-growing region of Russia. Also developed here is fishery with the major commercial species including perch, roach and chalcalburnus. The river is navigated up to Krasnodar where it feeds the Krasnodar Thermal Power Plant.

title: Kuban (river)