text:
Wikipedia talk:Page footers

Meta Discussion
In terms of appearance both #1 and #3 are reasonably attractive, but I don't find #2 to be at all exciting.

I was puzzled by just what pages these particular footers were intended for. In terms of content I could see these footers as having three levels: An upper level for the next higher category, a middle level for equaly ranked items, and a bottom level for things that are subsets of the article.

Wikisource has already started experimenting to show a link to a higher level category, and I'll be watching this closely to see how we can subdivide long texts so that they aren't too big. (The one page version of the entire Divine Comedy i German ran to 719kb) At the same time we will want a broken-up work to be as easily navigable as possible. Eclecticology 00:23, 18 Feb 2004 (UTC)

My only problem with #4 is the red writing on the dark blue background. It is very hard to see. All the writing on the German home page is white, so it does not have this problem. Eclecticology 00:27, 18 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Well, that's because they were all pointing to articles that didn't exist; how about now?
 * Hmm. Light blue on dark blue is even harder to read, actually.
 * Anyway, my preference is for type 1 sections.
 * James F. (talk) 02:06, 18 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * I think a blue (existant) link does not look well on the blue background either. If we can make it a rule to never put a link in that header, I agree to #4. We can always add another link to the inside of the box linking to Solar System (or whatever it is). -- Timwi 09:47, 18 Feb 2004 (UTC)

IMHO, #3 for "large systems", #1 for brief lists. --Magnus Manske 08:18, 18 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * What do you think of my suggestion #3½ above? -- Timwi 09:47, 18 Feb 2004 (UTC)

I personally prefer style #1, that's what I've done all mine as and I think it looks nicer really. Plus most of the others look like that so I think we should decide on a certain style and keep to it. - User:Chrism 17:26, 18 Feb 2004 (UTC)

@#4 someone changed the description of #4, my suggestion was to have a style as the mainpage, i.e. for every language this box is similar to the mainpage of this language. it should work via css

@#2 there is a little rendering problem, isnt it?

 * #2 doesn't look as nice and it's not as clear that it's a cohesive whole.

 * #4 Need to be careful about making article content look like it's part of the main Wiki structure, which it isn't. I'd suggest not doing that. (Same thought about background color in #1.)

(Sorry, I guess I didn't sign this last time--it's user Elf and all of a sudden my username doesn't work in this space. Huh.)65.107.19.17 01:28, 21 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * #1, #3, #3 1/2 each have nice bits. I like the faded border around #1 so it doesn't distract from the text. I like the heading emphasis with the shaded row in the #3s. Also like the #3s' option to have a "more info" row at the bottom.

- Like #3 (and this is a different supposedly anon user, but probably someone else whose username doesn't work in this space.)

Objection to "footers"
I would like to voice my objection to these "footers". I believe that they do nothing more than clutter an otherwise good article. Go look at Puerto Rico. If the content of these footers is valid then create an article containing that content and link it from the required pages. I guess the proponents of these footers will argue that they allow "one-click" browsing between similar articles. I beleive that the clutter produced is too high a price for this "convenience". If I loose my battle, then let them be version 3.5 -- Gaz 08:30, 21 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * I have always had problems understanding what people mean by "clutter". It seems that anything anyone ever puts on any page is "clutter" (not just on Wikipedia). I can't extract a relevant argument from that. — The boxes certainly do not interrupt the flow of reading of the article's text (because they're at the very bottom rather than somewhere right in the middle), nor do they interfere with the site navigation (because that's entirely outside everything). What else might there be that you refer to as "clutter"? -- Timwi 12:54, 21 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Well, that one is very cluttered with pointless markup. styles for every link instead of one span around the lot of them. Titles when the titles do nothing which the link text itself doesn't already to. It probably needs to be only about 1/3 of the current HTML size. Jamesday 10:41, 23 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Using Ohio as an example, the footer contains a list of the 50 US states and the US protectorates. Approximately 4.6Kb of extra "data" that has little relevance to an article on Ohio. The Ohio article has a link to Other U.S. States which provides all of the content from the footer and more. All of the footer content duplicates data from U.S. state, and hence is redundant, a waste of space and bandwidth. In direct answer to Timwi's question about "clutter". I define "clutter" on Wikipedia as "content of dubious relevance to the intent of an article, which detracts from the article". This is NOT to say that the content is dubious, just that it's inclusion at that position is dubious, bounding on irrelevance. Under my definition, these footers are clutter. --Gaz 05:39, 22 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * I think the footer provides an easy way to navigate. On several occasions, I kept the list of states in one window while opening them in another so I could gather info from several states -- the footer makes this easier.  Size is an issue, but Ohio is hardly approaching too long and I think the benefits outway the problems. Tuf-Kat 09:51, Feb 22, 2004 (UTC)

Arguments against style 1
The description on this page says it all - no. 1 looks like the TOC. It's not a good idea to have two TOC's in the same article. The footer usually contains items that are also part of a group, but not closely related to each other. Therefore, we do not want it to be bright and popping out of the screen. It should be less obvious and separated from the main article, as the divisor on no 2 does. This is not always the case though - the solar system footer doesn't look all that bad, but if we put in 50 countries, it would probably look horrible. This is why we need different formatting for different organizations and categories. We may even add theme formatting on some of them (color the UC footer blue and gold?). --Jiang 21:49, 21 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * It's a big advantage to be able to define most of the style with the CSS as style 1 does. Personally, I'd favo(u)r a solution that uses a look distinct from the TOC. -- User:Docu

Flexibility v. standardization
Refer to Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Countries. Each wikiproject should be able to choose its own formatting to fit its particular needs. There's no need for unrelated articles to look the same. Footers are just like taxoboxes because different articles will have different content in the footers. Are you going to rm the seal from the University of California footer because the East Asia footer doesn't have one? --Jiang 00:46, 21 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * The image is not strictly part of the format of the box. A box can contain an image and still have the same format as another box that doesn't. — You say that you think the WikiProjects should be able to choose their own formatting, but have not provided any arguments for that. Consistency is an important argument because it allows users (visitors) to recognise Wikipedia as a whole rather than a patchwork of disjoint bits. -- Timwi 12:56, 22 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Should we exclude the image for being "inconsistent"?

 * Look at the taxobox for Rose and the one for United States. They are obviously of different size, color, and dimension. Yet, there is consistency among all plants and among all countries. Consistency does not mean everything has to look similar - only similar and parallel subjects. The solar system footer was approprate because it did not contain many items. Add in 50 states and how will it look? --Jiang 20:37, 22 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Disambig pages, stubs, etc. do not belong to a wikiproject - they are by themselves a class. I don't see the "consistency" in image thumbnails - how could they be formatted differently? --Jiang 00:46, 21 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Uhm? They have a very specific background colour, border colour, border width, magnifying-glass icon, image caption font size and font variant, etc.etc. -- Timwi 12:56, 22 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * I don't see it. What background color? Thumbnails are not and should not be applied to all images - only to large images.--Jiang

Number one looks good... except that it looks a little odd when applied with only one or two very short links in it. KJ 10:02, 22 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * If there are only very few links, and the pages in question don't have a box like a taxobox or a countrybox, then instead of a footer probably something like what I did on -ism should be done. -- Timwi 12:56, 22 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Check-list

 * 1) Page footers, yes or no?
 * 2) *Absolutely not! This concept WILL NOT SCALE  - Gaz 10:37, 23 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * 3) Page footer or series box (e.g. Table_Suffixes)?
 * 4) Information to include in page footers:
 * 5) *same level/level above/level below?
 * 6) *special groupings? e.g. consistency of Caribbean and EU_countries
 * 7) Size of page footer?
 * 8) *bytes
 * 9) *number of entities, e.g. 56 (United_States), 100 (Département)
 * 10) layout/colors?
 * 11) *Skin?
 * 12) **cologne-blue for (Suggestion #4)?
 * 13) *Screen size? effect of 75% of the screen (Nordic_Council)
 * 14) *Browser?
 * 15) *Colors in CSS or msg
 * 16) *One form for project or all articles
 * 17) *Colors for series or all articles
 * 18) msg or subst?
 * 19) Are the footers stackable?: e.g. Norway, Greenland, Puerto Rico

--User:Docu

I think including organizations in country pages is bordering on really silly. European Union for European countries is somewhat acceptable, but when you start including NATO, APEC, NAFTA, G-8, etc., in the United States, for example, the page footers start to lose their value. The heck... why APEC? (Somebody unilaterally placed the APEC footer on APEC member countries' pages.) Why not place the whole United Nations in the footer? --seav 12:38, Feb 23, 2004 (UTC)

 * As I said above, this concept does not scale. My prediction is that this is just the beginning.  There is no end to the weird and wonderful groupings that people will wish to add via these footers.  Who is to judge that one grouping is "valid" and another is "not valid"? - Gaz 12:48, 23 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * At Talk:Switzerland we discussed which footer to include there. The result is .. . In Europe, a footer as in the WikiProject Country template (mainly the continent) would probably do and the EU-block if applicable. -- User:Docu

 * Your assertion that the concept 'does not scale' lacks faith in the wiki process. Who is to judge?  Quite simple: the consensus of Wikipedia editors, as in every other matter here.

 * Note that the history of adding such links way predates the ability to auto-insert them via WikiMedia transclusion. It is a natural and sensible thing to want to link to related articles in this fashion.

 * It also prevents the body text getting bloated by excess verbiage just to give opportunities to link around. —Morven 00:45, 9 Mar 2004 (UTC)

List of country footers
For reference, I made a list of all of the country footers at WikiProject Countries (including lists of dependencies and organizations). I actually included each footer on the page so that they're easy to compare. -- Walt Pohl 22:40, 11 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Page footers and series boxes
Is there any difference between a page footer and a series boxes apart from their positioning on the page ? Jay 09:53, 10 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Custom footers - how much is too much?
The custom footers for countries seem to be proliferating. I don't really see how having so many adds to the articles. For example, see New Zealand. As of today, there are four separate footers. Has there been discussion about these somewhere? I just don't see how displaying all those lists at the bottom helps anymore than a link to the lists. One footer for the primary region I think I could abide, but is a footer for APEC or OECD or even the Commonwealth really helpful? I think having so many footers is ugly and detracts from the article. Bkonrad | Talk 13:20, 6 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * IMHO one is enough already, making a custom footer for every supra-national organization quickly becomes nonsense. The geographical one is IMHO the most appropiate one. Especially for those organization which cover all (or nearly all) countries of a region (e.g. EU or APEC) or covering way too many countries (UN, Commonwealth) it is rediculous. andy 13:25, 6 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * Agreed. On New Zealand the APEC and OECD lists are way over the top and should be removed (but I'm not brave enough to do it!)
 * Adrian Pingstone 13:39, 6 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * Looks like somebody else was ; I also agree that too many footers detract rather than adding to the article. Probably one is enough in most cases, I'd propose a maximum of 2, given their average size. - IMSoP 14:52, 6 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * Well obviously (value of contributor) is proportional to (amount of text added to pages), thus if you want to feel valuable create some s . Pete/Pcb21 (talk) 16:46, 6 Apr 2004 (UTC)

See also Belgium and United Kingdom. Discuss at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Countries. If not one objects in the next couple of weeks, then I'll be removing them and leaving only the EU and geographic footers. --Jiang 21:02, 6 Apr 2004 (UTC)

I went ahead and made the change to New Zealand (was quickly reverted, however). I think one simple footer with links to neighboring countries is sufficient (even all of Europe is too much and redundant), as I mentioned at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Countries. -- Chevan 13:29, Apr 7, 2004 (UTC)

It seems to me that some contextual editing of footers with a little more thought in the content of the footer messages themselves would help in this case (and others like it). For instance, editing the main footer to have a link that says "lists of commonwealth nations" in the footer, with link to said page (list) vastly reduces the clutter while retaining the self-directing navigation. Other such list links as "nations in APEC, UN, etc. could easily be added to the footer message and thus remove the need for separate footers. This is what some of us have been doing in the footers in naval ships, which list other ships in the class, but also have links in the footer for lists of other aircraft carriers, list of U.S. naval ships, etc (for example). Lestatdelc 19:40, Apr 8, 2004 (UTC)

Necessary footers
NATO footer CANNOT be removed from NATO member pages. It is a military alliance where the members are happy to blow the **** out of stuff for each other. It is extremely important to see clearly on each members page who are the allies of that country.

EU footer - again, it's not a federation, or military, but it's a pretty close union - I would argue that on each members page one should be able to see the other members.

I see no reason for the geographic footers, e.g. Europe.

Other footers are for specific places, like Counties/Provinces of Ireland, one per county page. Some other countries have such subdivisions. No worries about this. Of course, does one include them in the main country page???

Zoney 23:50, 19 May 2004 (UTC)

Abridging lists in footers is good
I agree with Lestatdelc about the clutter. Some of the geographical page footers are so dense and so large that the probability of someone finding something is small. Multiple page footers compounds the problem. One example I'm picking on this evening is Template:California, although I see lots of examples of super-dense footers.

I would suggest that the best practice is to put abridging lists in footers (for example, replacing a list of counties in the California footer with a single link to List of California counties). This will make the footers far more usable (by being far shorter), at the cost of requiring one more click for those people who want to scan the list. The benefit is that we can include more diversity in each footer, as Lestatdelc says above, re naval ships.

-- hike395 08:10, 6 May 2004 (UTC)

 * We could also be less ambitious in making footers. How about separate footers for cities and counties in CA? I prefer your suggestion though. --Jiang 20:01, 6 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Take a look at my proposed minimalist alternative at MediaWiki Talk:California --- I'm curious to see what you think. Thanks! -- hike395 01:05, 7 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Came to a good compromise at MediaWiki Talk:California --- we decided to split the footer into two parts. This may be useful in other states. -- hike395 06:07, 12 May 2004 (UTC)

Width of Page footers
Some days ago, I had change the width of a few page footers, because I think is better. Please see how would be better Genetics if the length is equal. Moreover when the page is graphically not balanced the length serves to balance visually it (see for example . Sorry for my bad English.--Archenzo 10:44, 7 May 2004 (UTC)

MediaWiki:States
I'm concerned about people adding "Largest Cities" to the state MediaWiki boxes. I don't argue with adding the cities, but some are, I think, going overboard. For instance, for Template:Ohio I only added the very largest cities. However, Template:Maine has more cities listed than counties! We need to find some reasonable standardization on this. jaknouse 22:25, 4 May 2004 (UTC)
 * I was going to say >500,000, but I see that doesn't work for some states. Maybe limit to top 10, at most? Even a state as big as CA only has 20 listed, and probably half don't really need to be listed. Niteowlneils 23:05, 4 May 2004 (UTC)

MediaWiki Msg - how to run in-line
Can anyone suggest how to get multiple small message boxes to display next to each other? For example I was looking at New Zealand and at the bottom it has two large messages, followed by one small 'mgs:New Zealand' ; I though it might be good to have the message 'msg:Australasia' next to it.

But the Wikipedia engine does not seem to allow it as far as I can see; can any assist with wisdom on this?Daeron 06:15, 6 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I would prefer a policy to limit ourself to a maximum of two such navigation boxes - the inflation of these boxes makes the articles look ugly. Do we really need a navigational box for the member states of every international organization? For countries IMHO the only navigational box which really makes sense is the geographical location one. New Zealand with three such boxes is barely acceptable, but did anyone look at Romania recently? At least the last two ones are really too much - and besides who ever heard of that Latin Union? andy 08:23, 6 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Seems like someone agreed with me about the idiocy, now its back down to two :-) andy 16:28, 6 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I don't agree with this idea of limiting ourselves to two MSG includes at the bottom of country pages. Some countries, such as Switzerland, are not involved in many international organisations, while others, such as Slovenia, are. It would be stupid and uninformative to remove these includes. And, I don't what you mean by the fact that they look ugly - they're at the end of the page and they actually look quite nice. "Seems like someone agreed with me about the idiocy" - what is idiotic in saying that, Romania, for example, is a member of NATO, what is idiotic in saying that Hungary is a member of the OECD? These are important international organisations, constantly mentioned in the media and in world affairs, which need to be highlighted. Of course, I don't agree on putting includes for two types of organisations: those that include more than, say, 50 countries (such as the UN, with nearly 200), and those which are totally unimportant (such as the Western European Union, etc.). But, the Francophonie is not unimportant, and neither is the Latin Union. Just because you haven't heard of it does not mean it's unimportant. And if you're going to pick on Romania and remove it's additional "redundant" includes, then please go along to every country and do the same. Some countries, like Mozambique have a message that links to the Community of Portuguese Language Countries. Others, like Slovenia, link to the Francophonie even though they are associate members. These should all stay, and so should Romania's includes to the Latin Union and Francophonie? Why? Because it highlights Romania's culture and this is important in encyclopedia. By simply looking at the includes, we can see that: Romania is politically part of the EU candidates, it is politically/militarily part of the NATO group, and culturally it is part of the Latin Union, sharing a similar culture, history and linguistic origin. Geographically, it is part of Europe, hense the Europe include. Therefore, we can see that all of these includes deal with a certain aspect of Romania and should be kept. Also, again, I'm not talking just about Romania, but also about the other countries which have these includes. Awaiting a response, Rronline 00:01, 8 May 2004 (UTC)

 * The point is not that I we should skip to mention the memberships in organzitations - a list of all international organizations (well, all the CIA thought important enough) is usually at the Politics of Country article, and that would be the natural place to make a more beautiful list. What I object is the inflation of navigational bars - how much likely anyone will use the Latin Union bar to go to any other article? If someone is interested in that organization, the article Latin Union contains the list of members, it only needs to be linked somewhere in the Romania article. Otherwise - how about a navigation list of countries crossed by the Danube. One with the countries bordering the Black Sea. Or the member states of Intelsat? And the same applies to other countries of course - we should limit ourself to the two most important navigational bars, onefor the geographic neighborhood, one maybe one for the most important international organization for that country. There are countries where the membership in the Commonwealth is relevant, while for other members of that one it isn't. andy 14:30, 8 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Would love to hear what you think of, couldn't a person just go to the article Indonesia instead.
 * Looks to me like the information in could be combined into  . The majority of articles where either is used have obvious reasons to use both; even for the European countries that are not EU members or candidates, the fact that they are not would constitute relevant information. -- Jmabel 18:55, 6 May 2004 (UTC)

 * You can use a table, but if anyone asks, it didn't come from me. -- Tim Starling 10:27, May 6, 2004 (UTC)
 * Doh! O.K. I know not your name, but you are a very clever masked person.;-)Daeron

Best format for footer tables?
Here's a few suggestions for format for a footer table, taken from Ronald Reagan:

 * 1) First line: Preceded by and Succeeded by are bold, names aren't, title isn't.
 * 2) Second line: Preceded by and Succeeded by are bold, names aren't, title is.
 * 3) Third line: Title and names are bold.
 * 4) Fourth line: Only names are bold.

I don't want a formal vote, just an idea from someone other than me - which of these is easiest on the eyes and most immediately readable? Thanks. --Golbez 01:41, Jul 17, 2004 (UTC)

 * I would say 2 is the most legible. - SimonP 05:18, Jul 17, 2004 (UTC)
 * Second is gentler on the eyes. Ocon | Talk 05:19, 17 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Yeah, I thought that would work - it doesn't bold the links (which for some reason just looks wrong to me :P) and it keeps all the bolds on the same level. --Golbez 05:33, Jul 17, 2004 (UTC)

 * The third form is how they're normally done, on many thousands of pages (e.g., Winston Churchill, Tony Blair, &c.). James F. (talk) 10:08, 17 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * I wouldn't say *thousands*, and they are presently done by the first form on many other pages, though I don't know if it's thousands. Even ones I haven't edited. I don't plan to change the format of existing tables, unless I'm making other changes/fixes to the table. This was mostly for new things. Incidentally, the page that first started me on this, George W. Bush, uses style 1. So... I didn't ask how it's normally done, I asked which method was easiest to look at and use. Just because a way is how it's been done so far on Wikipedia doesn't mean it needs to be. That's a major point of Wikipedia. --Golbez 23:45, Jul 17, 2004 (UTC)

 * OK, rephrase: It's used on thousands of articles (the peerage articles, the British and Irish offices, and so on) because it's the most sensible to use: the things you are interested in, and so are highlighted in bold, are the office, the predecessor, and the successor. This is why you should use 3. I also think 3 looks best. Happy now? ;-)
 * James F. (talk) 14:44, 18 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Quite; but the verdict at present is running 2-1 against you. ;) I'll continue pondering this. --Golbez 19:31, Jul 18, 2004 (UTC)

Help with deciding footer content
I'm wondering what principles govern the choice of material found in standard footers, such as Template:Alt-right footer. In general, is this based on the category structure, or is it a group decision, with the inclusion of the individual articles mainly subject to consensus? -- Quisqualis (talk) 06:20, 4 January 2023 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia talk:Page footers


text:
1785 in music

Events

 * January 1 – Giovanni Paisiello officially leaves his employment at the court of Catherine the Great in Russia, having returned to Italy some months earlier.
 * January 12 – Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's Die Entführung aus dem Serail is produced by impresario Pasquale Bondini's company in Dresden.
 * January 15 – The first performance of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's six string quartets dedicated to Joseph Haydn (or possibly just three of them) is given in Mozart's own home.
 * January 21 – Soprano Nancy Storace, who was about to give birth, was replaced as Rosina in a Vienna production of Giovanni Paisiello's Il barbiere di Siviglia by Luisa Laschi, to great acclaim.
 * February 7 – Leopold Mozart leaves Munich for Vienna, with a pupil, Heinrich Marchand, in tow.
 * February 26 – Polish violinist Feliks Janiewicz makes what was probably his debut as a soloist in a concert at the Burgtheater in Vienna.
 * March 7 – King Ferdinand I of Naples awards a lifetime annual salary of 1,200 ducats to Giovanni Paisiello, on the understanding that the latter writes one new opera every year.
 * March 28 – Domenico Cimarosa becomes second organist at the Chapel Royal of Naples.
 * September 19 – Amélie-Julie Candeille makes her Comédie-Française début as a singer.
 * October 13 – The Lord Chamberlain, James Cecil, Earl of Salisbury, refuses to grant a licence to Giovanni Gallini for his Italian Opera House in London, unless he appoints a Mr. Crawford as deputy manager.
 * October 26 – Joseph Haydn receives a visit from Venezuelan revolutionary Francisco de Miranda, to whom he gives a guided tour of Schloss Esterházy.
 * November 22 – The Hermitage Theatre in St Petersburg, Russia, is officially opened.
 * Composer John Antes is appointed warder of the Fulneck Moravian Settlement in England
 * Composer Supply Belcher settles in Maine.
 * Opera composer Michele Mortellari relocates to London from his native Italy.
 * Pietro Leopoldo, Grand Duke of Tuscany appoints Filippo Maria Gherardeschi organist and maestro di cappella at the Chiesa Conventuale dei Cavalieri di S Stefano at Pisa.
 * Violinist Regina Strinasacchi marries Johann Conrad Schlick, cellist & Konzertmeister of the Gotha ducal band.

Bands formed

 * Band of the Coldstream Guards (16 May)

Published popular music

 * "Cara sposa", music by Johann Christian Bach from the cantata Rinaldo ed Armide (lost)
 * "Song of the Page", music by William Shield from Follies of a Day, or The Marriage of Figaro
 * "Black-eyed Susan", by Robert Broderip

Classical music

 * Carl Friedrich Abel – 4 Trio Sonatas, WK 98–101 (Op. 16)
 * Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach – 2 Sonaten, 2 Fantasien und 2 Rondos für Kenner und Liebhaber, Wq.59
 * Johann Christian Bach
 * 6 Violin Sonatas, Op.10 (posthumously)
 * 2 Symphonies, Op. 18 (posthumously)
 * Ludwig van Beethoven – Three quartets for harpsichord, violin, viola, and cello, in E♭ major, D major, and C major, WoO 36
 * William Billings – "I Was Glad When They Said Unto Me, We Will Go Into The House Of Ye Lord"
 * Luigi Boccherini – Cello Concerto No. 10 in D major, G.483
 * William Boyce, Ten Voluntaries
 * Giuseppe Maria Cambini
 * 6 Flute Quartets, T.145–150
 * 6 Trios for Flute, Oboe and Bassoon, Op. 45
 * Muzio Clementi – Six piano sonatas, Op. 13
 * Francois Devienne – Flute Concerto No.3 in G major
 * Carl Ditters von Dittersdorf – Six Symphonies after Ovid's Metamorphoses (comp. 1781, first three published 1785)
 * Anton Eberl – Symphony in C major
 * Giuseppe (or Tomasso) Giordani – Caro Mio Ben
 * Joseph Haydn
 * Symphony 83 in G minor "La poule"
 * Symphony 85 in B-flat "La Reine"
 * Symphony 87 in A major, Hob.I:87
 * Overture in D major, Hob.Ia:4
 * 12 Minuets, Hob.IX:8
 * Piano Trios, Op.27 (Hob.XV:2,9,10)
 * Franz Anton Hoffmeister
 * Double Bass Concerto No.1 in E-flat major
 * Keyboard Sonata in A major, WeiH 37
 * Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
 * Piano Concertos 20 in D minor and 21 in C major
 * String Quartet No.18 in A major, K.464
 * String Quartet in C, "Dissonance"
 * Lied zur Gesellenreise, K. 468
 * Davidde penitente, K. 469
 * Fantasia in C minor, K. 475
 * Piano Quartet No. 1, K. 478
 * Giovanni Paisiello – Il ritorno di Perseo, R.2.6 (cantata)
 * Ignaz Pleyel
 * String Quartet
 * Symphony in D major, B.126
 * Joseph Bologne de Saint Georges – 6 String Quartets, Op. 14
 * Johann Schenk – Die Weinlese (singspiel)
 * John Stanley – "Delusive is the poet's dream"
 * Gaetano Valeri – 12 Organ Sonatas, Op. 1
 * Friedrich Witt – Symphony in A major
 * Ernst Wilhelm Wolf – 3 String Quartets, Op. 3
 * Maria Carolina Wolf – Glänzender sinket die Sonne

Opera

 * Gaetano Andreozzi – Giasone e Medea
 * Marcello Bernardini – Le donne bisbetiche, o sia L'antiquario fanatico, Teatro Pace, Rome (during carnival).
 * Pierre-Joseph Candeille – Pizarre, ou La conquête de Pérou, Opéra, Paris (3 May)
 * Luigi Cherubini – La finta principessa, King's Theatre, London (9 April)
 * Domenico Cimarosa – La donna sempre al suo peggior s'appiglia
 * Prosper-Didier Deshayes – Le Faux serment
 * Carl Ditters von Dittersdorf Der Hufschmied (Der gelehrte Hufschmied) (German version, text translated by J. C. Kaffka, of Il maniscalco, 1775), Breslau (13 May)
 * Robert Jephson – Campaign, or Love in the East Indies, Theatre Royal, Covent Garden, London (12 May)
 * Thomas Linley
 * Hurly-Burly, or The Fairy of the Well, Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, London (26 December)
 * Strangers at Home, Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, London (8 December)
 * Michele Mortellari
 * Armida abbandonata, Teatro della Pergola, Florence (autumn)
 * L'infanta supposta, Teatro Ducale, Modena
 * Giovanni Paisiello – La grotta di Trofonio, R.1.69
 * Ignaz Pleyel – Ifigenia in Aulide
 * Johann Friedrich Reichardt – Artemisia
 * Antonio Salieri – La Grotta di Trofonio
 * Giuseppe Sarti – I finti eredi
 * William Shield
 * The Nunnery, Covent Garden, London (12 April)
 * The Choleric Fathers, Covent Garden, London (10 November)
 * Omai, or A Trip Round the World, Covent Garden, London (20 December)
 * Stephen Storace – Gli sposi malcontenti, Burgtheater, Vienna (1 June)

Births

 * February 2 – Isabella Colbran, coloratura soprano and composer (died 1845)
 * March 3
 * Nicola Petrini Zamboni, composer (died 1849)
 * Giovanni Ricordi, violinist and opera publisher (died 1853)
 * March 6 – Karol Kurpiński, Polish composer (died 1857)
 * March 19 – Pierre-Joseph-Guillaume Zimmermann, composer (died 1853)
 * April 4 – Bettina Brentano, composer and writer (died 1859)
 * April 19 – Alexandre Pierre François Boëly, composer (died 1858)
 * August 18 – Friedrich Wieck, piano teacher, father of Clara Schumann (died 1873)
 * September 5 – Thomas Adams, organist and composer (died 1858)
 * September 11 – Alpheus Babcock, American piano maker (died 1842)
 * November 2 – Friedrich Kalkbrenner, pianist and composer (died 1849)
 * date unknown
 * Max Bohrer, German-born composer and cellist (died 1867)
 * Zofia Dmuszewska, Polish actor and opera singer (died 1807)

Deaths

 * January 3 – Baldassare Galuppi, composer (born 1706)
 * April 26 – Karl Siegmund von Seckendorff, composer and noble (born 1744)
 * May 15 – Karel Blažej Kopřiva, organist and composer (born 1756)
 * June 2 – Gottfried August Homilius, organist, cantor and composer (born 1714)
 * June 22 – Matthias Vanden Gheyn, composer (born 1721)
 * August 31 – Pietro Chiari, librettist (born 1712)
 * November 19 – Bernard de Bury, composer (born 1720)
 * December 8 – Antonio Maria Mazzoni, composer (born 1717)
 * December 29 – Johann Heinrich Rolle, composer (born 1716)
 * date unknown
 * Giovanni Battista Gervasio, composer and musician (born c. 1725)
 * Antoine Mahaut, composer and flautist (born 1719)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: 1785 in music


text:
Baron Carbery

Baron Carbery, of Carbery in the County of Cork, is a title in the Peerage of Ireland. It was created in 1715 for George Evans, with remainder to the heirs male of his father and namesake George Evans, a supporter of William and Mary during the Glorious Revolution, who had earlier declined the offer of a peerage. After his elevation to the peerage, Lord Carbery represented Westbury in the House of Commons. He was succeeded by his eldest son, the second Baron. He also sat as Member of Parliament for Westbury. His grandson, the fourth Baron, briefly represented Rutland in Parliament. He was succeeded by his uncle, the fifth Baron. On his death, the line of the eldest son of the first Baron failed. He was succeeded by his first cousin once removed, the sixth Baron, who had previously succeeded his father as second Baronet, of Castle Freke. Lord Carbery sat in the House of Lords as an Irish representative peer from 1824 to 1845. His nephew, the eighth Baron, was an Irish Representative Peer from 1891 to 1894. the titles are held by the latter's great-great-grandson, the twelfth Baron, who succeeded his father in 2012.

The Baronetcy, of Castle Freke in the County of Cork, was created in the Baronetage of Ireland in 1768 for John Evans-Freke, son of Grace daughter and heiress of Sir Ralph Freke, 1st Baronet of West Bilney Norfolk and the Hon. John Evans, younger son of the first Baron Carbery. On his death, the title passed to his son, the second Baronet. In 1807 he succeeded his first cousin once removed as sixth Baron Carbery. The titles have remained united since.

As of 28 February 2014, the present Baronet has not successfully proven his succession and is therefore not on the Official Roll of the Baronetage, with the baronetcy considered dormant since 2012.

Barons Carbery (1541)
This title referred to Carbury, County Kildare.
 * William de Bermingham, 1st Baron Carbery (died 1548)
 * Edward de Bermingham, 2nd Baron Carbery (died 1550)

Barons Carbery (1715)

 * George Evans, 1st Baron Carbery (1680–1749)
 * George Evans, 2nd Baron Carbery (died 1759)
 * George Evans, 3rd Baron Carbery (died 1783)
 * George Evans, 4th Baron Carbery (1766–1804)
 * John Evans, 5th Baron Carbery (1738–1807)
 * John Evans-Freke, 6th Baron Carbery (1765–1845)
 * George Patrick Percy Evans-Freke, 7th Baron Carbery (1810–1889)
 * William Charles Evans-Freke, 8th Baron Carbery (1812–1894)
 * Algernon William George Evans-Freke, 9th Baron Carbery (1868–1898)
 * John Evans-Freke, 10th Baron Carbery (1892–1970)
 * Peter Ralfe Harrington Evans-Freke, 11th Baron Carbery (1920–2012)
 * Michael Peter Evans-Freke, 12th Baron Carbery (born 1942)

The heir apparent is the present holder's son Hon. Dominic Ralfe Cecil Evans-Freke (born 1969). The heir apparent's heir apparent is his son Benedict Robin Harrington Evans-Freke (born 2004).

Freke, later Evans-Freke baronets, of Castle Freke (1768)

 * Sir John Evans later Freke, 1st Baronet (died 1777)
 * Sir John Evans-Freke, 2nd Baronet (1765–1845) (succeeded as Baron Carbery in 1807)

For further succession, see above

title: Baron Carbery


text:
Back to Reality (TV series)

Back to Reality is a reality television show featuring stars from previous reality television programmes. The show was broadcast on Channel 5 between 15 February 2004 to 5 March 2004.

It was advertised by Channel 5 as being "The biggest reality show of all time" however in terms of ratings, it failed to deliver. The 12 contestants spent 3 weeks in a studio built mansion, with no natural sunlight. In the final two weeks, the public voted for their favourite housemate with the two people with the lowest votes every 3/4 nights being put to the housemate vote, where the other contestants had to vote for who they wanted to leave. The show was presented by Tess Daly and Richard Bacon, the first and only series of the show finished with James Hewitt winning the show ahead of Maureen Rees and Craig Phillips.

Ratings
The ratings rarely went over 1.6 million despite the show extending its hours (early morning and afternoon live streaming). The lack of ratings was put down to the lack of tabloid interest in the show, despite the sponsoring of the show by popular celebrity magazine 'Heat' and the constant arguments and major events that happened in the house.

Highlights
Events included the threatened walk-out of the contestants after Nick Bateman was referred to as "Nasty Nick", the planned addition of Jade Goody's then boyfriend Jeff Brazier (from the reality TV show Shipwrecked) as a thirteenth contestant, Uri Geller walking out, the suspicion of Josie D'Arby being a mole (and the subsequent arguments and divides), the love interest between James Hewitt and Sarah Kozer, the rushing of Jade Goody to hospital and the "Ricardo Incident" when the flamboyant cross-dresser Rocardo Ribero argued with other housemates and then proceeded to destroy the kitchen. The show ended when the public voted The Games star James Hewitt to be the winner with Maureen Rees coming second.

Aftermath
Since the show, Channel 5 confessed that Back to Reality was an expensive but worthwhile experiment however it is unlikely to return. Goody's aggression towards Rik Waller in the series, though attracting little comment at the time, was later cited as evidence that she was a serial bully following her appearance in Celebrity Big Brother. However they only actually had one row and made up soon afterwards for the duration of the series.

title: Back to Reality (TV series)


text:
Rewi Alley

Rewi Alley (known in China as 路易•艾黎, Lùyì Aìlí, 2 December 1897 – 27 December 1987) was a New Zealand-born writer and political activist. A member of the Chinese Communist Party, he dedicated 60 years of his life to the cause and was a key figure in the establishment of Chinese Industrial Cooperatives and technical training schools, including the Peili Vocational Institute (Bailie Vocational Institute or the Beijing Bailie University). Alley was a prolific writer about 20th century China, and especially the communist revolution. He also translated numerous Chinese poems.

Early life and influences
Rewi was born in the small town of Springfield, in inland Canterbury, New Zealand. He was named after Rewi Maniapoto, a Māori chief who famously resisted the British military during the New Zealand Wars in the 1860s. Alley's father was a teacher, and Rewi attended primary school at Amberley; then Wharenui School in Christchurch, where his father was appointed headmaster in 1905; and finally Christchurch Boys' High School. His mother, Clara, was a leader of the New Zealand women's suffrage movement.

His parents' keen interest in social reform and education influenced all of their children: Rewi's elder brother, Eric, fought in WW1 in the Otago Regiment, NZEF, and rose to the rank of captain. He was fatally wounded in action and died on 17 June 1916, at the age of 23.
 * brother Geoff (1903–1986) became an All Black and worked as a travelling WEA (Workers' Educational Association) tutor sponsored by the Carnegie Foundation, before becoming New Zealand's first National Librarian in 1964;
 * sister Gwendolen (Gwen Somerset) (1894–1988) was a pioneer in primary school education practices, and president of the New Zealand Federation of Nursery Play Centres' Associations (Playcentre);
 * younger sister Joyce (1908–2000) became a prominent nursing administrator; and
 * brother Philip (1901–1978) was a lecturer at the engineering school of the University of Canterbury. He is credited with the idea of moving the university campus from central Christchurch to the suburb of Ilam.

In 1916, Alley joined the New Zealand Army and was sent to serve in France, where he won the Military Medal. There, he met workers in the Chinese Labour Corps who had been sent to work for the Allied armies. During the war, he was injured and caught in no man's land. Lyall McCallum and another man rescued him and took him back to safety. After the war, Alley tried farming in New Zealand.

In 1927, he decided to go to China. He moved to Shanghai with thoughts of joining the Shanghai Municipal Police, but instead, he became a fire officer and municipal factory inspector. The duties exposed him to the poverty in the Chinese community and the racism in the Western communities. He joined a political study group whose members included Alec Camplin, George Hatem, Ruth Weiss, Trude Rosenberg, Heinz Schippe, Irene Wiedemeyer, Talitha Gerlach, Maud Russell, Lily Haass, Cora Deng and Cao Liang.

His politics turned from fairly-conventional right-wing pro-empire sentiments to thoughts of social reform. In particular, a famine in 1929 made him aware of the plight of China's villages. Using his holidays and taking time off work, Alley toured rural China helping with relief efforts. He adopted a 14-year-old Chinese boy, Duan Si Mou, whom he named Alan, in 1929.

After a brief visit to New Zealand, where Alan experienced public racism, Alley became Chief Factory Inspector for the Shanghai Municipal Council in 1932. By then, he was a secret member of the Chinese Communist Party and was involved in anti-criminal activities on behalf of the party. He adopted another Chinese son, Li Xue, whom he called Mike, in 1932. After the outbreak of war with Japan in 1937, Alley set up the Chinese Industrial Cooperatives. He also set up schools, which he called Bailie Schools after his American friend Joseph Bailie. Edgar Snow wrote of Alley's work in the CIC: "Where Lawrence brought to the Arabs the distinctive technique of guerilla war, Alley was to bring China the constructive technique of guerilla industry...."

By 1941, Alley was one of the contacts of the Chinese Communist Party in the English-speaking world. Due to his purported knowledge of the Chinese way of war, Colonel Gordon Grimsdale of the Far East Combined Bureau interviewed him after being asked by Major-General Christopher Maltby (who recently assumed the post as General Officer Commanding Hong Kong) about recruiting more Hong Kong soldiers for local defence in face of the coming war. Alley, however, oversold his case. He "expressed the gravest doubts as to the efficacy of attempting to raise an infantry unit for purely local defence" because he did not "think suitable material [was] available either as leaders or for the rank and file", and questioned if the garrison had the time to train and equip such a unit. On the other hand, Alley was "extremely optimistic on the subject of starting a guerrilla unit for the indirect defence of the Colony", and proposed to send "a [suitably] equipped party to Canton to burn Japanese aeroplanes on the Canton aerodrome, or to destroy some important bridge(s)". Training would be carried out in Hong Kong, in the name of forming a labour battalion, and the soldiers should consist of those who were interned in Hong Kong. He stressed the importance of introducing "pro-Chinese" education for the soldiers and he pro- posed that "the best man he can suggest as the chief organizer is Yeh Chieh Ying (Ye Jianying)", a Cantonese Communist general.

In 1945, he became headmaster of the Shandan Bailie School after the death of George Hogg.

After communist victory
Following the Communist victory over the Nationalists in 1949, Alley was urged to remain in China and to work for the Chinese Communist Party. He produced many works praising the party and the government of the People's Republic of China, including Yo Banfa!, Man Against Flood and China's Hinterland in the Great Leap Forward. Some of his published works have historic interest. Although imprisoned and "struggled with" during the Cultural Revolution, Alley remained committed to communism and bore no grudges.

In 1973, New Zealand civil servant Gerald Hensley and the new New Zealand Ambassador to China, Bryce Harland, called on Alley. "He was in his seventies, a bald, pink-faced man with bright blue eyes, and an inexhaustible flow of conversation. We sat and talked for most of an afternoon, with Rewi occasionally jumping up to fetch a book or check a point. He had, he said, lost the best of two libraries, once to the Japanese and again to the Red Guards, who had thrown out his collections and torn up his pictures in front of him. He was still bitter over their behaviour." He was living in the old Italian Legation, which had been converted into flats for the leading foreign friends of China, which were allocated on the "bleak basis" of seniority. On the death of the previous occupant Anna Louise Strong, Rewi moved downstairs into the best front apartment and everyone else moved on one place.

Unlike most of the friends of the Chinese Communist Party who remained in Beijing, Alley had little trouble travelling around the world, usually lecturing on the need for nuclear disarmament. The New Zealand government did not strip Alley of his passport and remained proud of his ties to important party leaders. In the 1950s, he is reported to have been offered a knighthood but turned the honour down. He supported the Communist North Vietnam during the Vietnam War. He was appointed a Companion of the Queen's Service Order for community service in the 1985 New Year Honours. At the ceremony, New Zealand's Prime Minister, David Lange, made a moving and dramatic speech, turned to Alley at its conclusion and said with sincerity, "New Zealand has had many great sons, but you, Sir, are our greatest son."

Death and legacy
He died in Beijing on 27 December 1987. New Zealand Prime Minister David Lange eulogised him on his 90th birthday, just weeks before his death.

His house in Beijing is now the offices of the Chinese People's Association for Friendship with Foreign Countries.

In 1996, Jack Body wrote an opera in three acts, "Alley", based on his life, with libretto by Geoff Chapple. It was performed at the International Festival of the Arts in Wellington in 1998.

Memorial at Springfield
An extensive memorial to Rewi Alley has been erected at Springfield, Canterbury, New Zealand. It contains a large stone carving and a number of panels giving details of his life.

Rewi Alley Memorial Hall and Research Centre at Lanzhou City University College
Opened in 2017 on the occasion of the 120th anniversary of Alley's birth is a three-story Rewi Alley Memorial Building. The memorial hall operates as a free public museum and is within the grounds of the Lanzhou City University Bailie Campus (the site of the former Bailie Oil School, the successor to Rewi Alley and George Hogg's Bailie Vocational School in nearby Shandan). The Memorial Hall contains an extensive and permanent display of Rewi Alley history and chronicles his contributions as an educator and internationalist in China. The hall is open at normal opening hours and can be found adjacent to the Rewi Alley bust at the Bailie Campus of the university.

Rewi Alley Memorial House in Shandan
A replica of the home that Alley lived in when he was the headmaster of the original Shandan Bailie School has samples of Rewi's belongings and furniture, including a kang bed, tables, typewriter, books, and pictures of 1940s school life.

Views of China and New Zealand
Some of Alley's private conversations revealed his views on his birth and adopted countries:

"Never mind about whether you are a student of China or not, as long as you are among the ordinary people you will get an understanding, a real understanding of this country. You're already in amongst it... Some very bad things happened. The price of China breaking free of foreign domination and the bad things of its past was enormous. They reckon that it cost 30 million lives to build new China. The West should have a bit more gratitude for the struggle of the Chinese. If it wasn't for the resistance in China during the Second World War, the Japanese would have had tens of thousands more men and they may have got as far as Australia and New Zealand. Back then sides were clear-cut. They were clearer even before the war, if you had the wit to see it. I became involved in China's struggle and I chose my side. After the war and the revolution, I knew I had a choice. I could have joined the critics of China, but China had become like my family and as in all families, even though you might have been arguing with each other, when the guests come you present a loyal unified face to the world. I could have joined the journalists and so-called sinologists in condemning everything about the revolution, but I had already chosen my side."

"This place (China) is a great case study of humanity; one of the biggest examples of humanity's struggle. If you can't feel for these people, you can't feel anything for the world. Although it was in France, in the First World War, that I first had a taste of China. I can remember when there were a lot of shells falling and we had our rifles and our steel helmets on and there were these coolies. Coolies, that's a word people don't use much any more; but that's what they were, these Chinese labourers. Coolie comes from the word bitterness. These blokes were eating their fair share of bitterness in France. Navvies for the poms, they were. Shells bursting and the ground shaking like there was an earthquake, and they were stripped to their skinny waists and just kept unloading the wagons. I saw endurance and a determination that I had seldom seen before. Then later, back there in the thirties, I was involved in the factories in Shanghai and I can remember seeing sacks in the alleys at the back of the factories. At first I thought they were sacks of rubbish, but they weren't, they were dead children. Children worked to death in the foreign-owned factories. Little bundles of humanity worked to death for someone's bloody profit. So I decided that I would work to help China. I suppose then it was like a marriage of sorts and I wrote what I wrote and said what I said out of loyalty to that marriage. I know China's faults and contradictions; there are plenty of those. But I wanted to work for this place and I still do. I woke up to some important things here and so I felt I owed China something for that."

"I had human principles and I made choices based on these. I have always been and will always be a New Zealander; although New Zealand has not always seen me as that. But I know my own motives. The buggers even refused to renew my passport at one point and they treated my adopted son very badly. Did you know that when Robert Muldoon visited Mao Zedong in the 1970s he was the last head of state to see him? Well I'm told that when Muldoon asked what he could do for Mao, Mao is supposed to have said 'Give Alley his passport back.' "

"I love New Zealand, and sometimes miss it. New Zealand is a good country, populated by basically just and practical people. But there is a fascist streak in New Zealand as well, and we must always be vigilant to prevent it from having too much sway. I remember as a boy, I was walking along the beach near Christchurch and there was a group of men coming back from a strike, or a picket of some kind. Suddenly, out of the dunes came police on horseback and they rode into these unarmed workingmen, swinging their clubs as if they were culling seals. I will stand up against such forces as long as I can stand. Even here, in the Cultural Revolution, when some young blokes came in here and started breaking things I grabbed one of them and put him over my knee and gave him a proper hiding. I got army guards on the gate after that. That was thanks to Zhou Enlai, looking after an old mate from Shanghai; but I stood up to them. I know many in New Zealand see me as a traitor to their culture, but I have never betrayed New Zealand. What I betrayed was the idea many New Zealanders had of what a Kiwi should be and what was right and wrong in the political world. There is a very big difference."

"Successive New Zealand governments have tried hard to discredit me as if I was some sort of communist threat to them or a traitor. Well I am a communist, but I am not a traitor. I have always loved New Zealand. I just said what I thought was important and true."

Private life
Anne-Marie Brady in Friend of China wrote that Rewi Alley was homosexual. Jack Body (who in 1998, with Geoff Chapple, wrote an opera based on Alley's life) has stated that this assertion was likely to be true and his sexual orientation was important in understanding Alley's personality and the choices he made. Roderic Alley wrote in Dictionary of New Zealand Biography "Alley was almost certainly homosexual, and never married."

He met the British biochemist and historian Joseph Needham in the summer of 1943 and they became lifelong friends.

Works
Alley translated numerous Chinese poems and wrote a number of original works. Alley described his writing as follows: "It became my way of contributing. There was so much going on in China. I felt I had to help people understand. I am not a writer. I am certainly not much of a poet. But it was my work. You know, sometimes it would take me hours to get one page finished."

Poetry

 * Peace Through the Ages, Translations from the Poets of China, 1954
 * The People Speak Out: Translations of Poems And Songs of the People of China, 1954
 * Fragments of Living Peking and Other Poems, 1955
 * The Mistake, 1956
 * Beyond the Withered Oak Ten Thousand Saplings Grow, 1957
 * Human China, 1957
 * Journey to Outer Mongolia: A Diary with Poems, 1957
 * The People Sing, 1958
 * Poems of Revolt, 1962
 * Tu Fu: Selected Poems, 1962
 * Not a Dog, 1962
 * The Eighteen Laments, 1963
 * Poems of Protest, 1968
 * Poems for Aotearoa, 1972 (collection)
 * Over China's Hills of Blue: Unpublished Poems and New Poems, 1974
 * Today and Tomorrow, 1975
 * Snow over the Pines, 1977
 * The Freshening Breeze, 1977
 * Li Pai: 200 Selected Poems, 1980
 * Folk Poems from China's Minorities, 1982
 * Pai Chu-i:Selected Poems, 1983
 * Light and Shadow along a Great Road – An Anthology of Modern Chinese Poetry, 1984; ISBN 0-8351-1516-X
 * In Southeast Asia Today, the United States, Vietnam, China
 * Upsurge, Asia and the Pacific
 * What Is Sin?
 * Who Is the Enemy
 * Winds of Change

Other works

 * A Highway, and an Old Chinese Doctor: A Story of Travel through Unoccupied China during the War of Resistance, and Some Notes on Chinese Medicine
 * Gung Ho, 1948
 * Leaves from a Sandan Notebook, 1950
 * Yo Banfa! (We Have a Way!), 1952
 * The People Have Strength, 1954/1957
 * Buffalo Boys of Viet-Nam, 1956
 * Land of the Morning Calm: A Diary of Summer Days in Korea, 1956
 * Man Against Flood – A Story of the 1954 Flood on the Yangtse and of the Reconstruction That Followed It, 1956
 * Spring in Vietnam. A Diary of a Journey, 1956
 * Children of the Dawn, Stories of Asian Peasant Children, 1957
 * Peking Opera: An Introduction Through Pictures by Eva Siao and Text by Rewi Alley, 1957
 * Stories out of China, 1958
 * Sandan: An Adventure in Creative Education, 1959; Reprint ISBN 99912-0-016-9
 * China's Hinterland – in the Great Leap Forward, 1961
 * Land and Folk in Kiangsi – a Chinese Province in 1961, 1962
 * Amongst Hills and Streams of Hunan, 1963
 * Our Seven – Their Five – A Fragment from the Story of Gung Ho, 1963
 * For the Children of the Whole World, 1966
 * Chinese Children, 1972
 * Taiwan: A Background Study, 1972/1976
 * Prisoners: Shanghai 1936, 1973
 * The Rebels, 1973
 * Travels in China: 1966–71, 1973
 * Refugees from Viet Nam in China, 1980
 * Six Americans in China, 1985
 * At 90: Memoirs of my China Years, 1986
 * Rewi Alley, An Autobiography, 1987; ISBN 9780477013505
 * Fruition: The Story of George Alwin Hogg
 * The Influence of the Thought of Mao Tse-tung
 * The Mistake
 * Towards a People's Japan: Account of a Journey to Tokyo and speech given by Rewi Alley
 * Oceania: An outline for Study, 1969 (1st edition); 1971 (2nd edition)

title: Rewi Alley


text:
Leningrad Oblast

Leningrad Oblast (Ленинградская область, ; Leningradan agj; Leningradin alue) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast). The oblast has an area of 84500 km2 and a population of 2,000,997 (2021 Census); up from 1,716,868 recorded in the 2010 Census. Leningrad Oblast is highly industrialized. Its administrative center and largest city is Gatchina.

The oblast was established on 1 August 1927, although it was not until 1946 that the oblast's borders had been mostly settled in their present position. The oblast was named after the city of Leningrad. In 1991, the city restored its original name, Saint Petersburg, but the oblast retains the name of Leningrad. It overlaps the historical region of Ingria, and is bordered by Finland (Kymenlaakso and South Karelia) in the northwest and Estonia (Ida-Viru County) in the west, as well as five federal subjects of Russia: the Republic of Karelia in the northeast, Vologda Oblast in the east, Novgorod Oblast in the south, Pskov Oblast in the southwest, and the federal city of Saint Petersburg in the west.

The first governor of Leningrad Oblast was Vadim Gustov (in 1996–1998). The current governor, since 2012, is Aleksandr Drozdenko.

Geography
Leningrad Oblast is located around the Gulf of Finland and south of two great freshwater lakes, Lake Ladoga and Lake Onega. The oblast includes the Karelian Isthmus and some islands, including Gogland in the Gulf of Finland and Konevets in Lake Ladoga.

Much of the area of the oblast belongs to the drainage basin of the Neva, which is the only outflow of Lake Ladoga. The Neva, which flows to the Gulf of Finland (the city of Saint Petersburg is located in its river delta) is relatively short, but its drainage basin is very large, including Lake Onega and Lake Ilmen. The Svir and the Volkhov flow from Lake Onega and Lake Ilmen, respectively, to Lake Ladoga. Other major tributaries of Lake Ladoga include the Vuoksi and the Syas. Rivers in the western part of the oblast flow to the Gulf of Finland; the two biggest rivers there are the Luga and the Narva, which forms the border of Russia and Estonia. Small areas in the east of the oblast lie within the river basin of the Chagodoshcha, a tributary of the Mologa, and of the Suda, both within the Volga basin. A ridgeline in Tikhvinsky District in the eastern oblast forms part of the divide between the Baltic Sea and Caspian Sea basins.

The terrain of Leningrad Oblast is relatively flat and mostly covered with forest and swamps. An exception is the rocky Karelian Isthmus, which contains a lake district, as well as the Vepsian Upland in the east. The biggest lakes on the isthmus are Lake Vuoksa, Lake Sukhodolskoye, and Lake Otradnoye.

Leningrad Oblast contains two federally protected natural areas, the Nizhnesvirsky Nature Reserve and Mshinskoye Boloto Zakaznik, both created to protect the forest and swamp landscapes of northwestern Russia.

Flora
The most taxonomically diverse vascular plant families are Asteraceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae and Rosaceae. By far the most diverse genus is Carex (68 species). The diversity in genera Hieracium (with Pilosella), Ranunculus (with Batrachium), Alchemilla, Galium, Potamogeton, Salix, Veronica, Viola, Juncus, Artemisia, Potentilla, Rumex, Festuca, Epilobium, Poa, Trifolium, Campanula, Vicia, Lathyrus, Geranium is also considerable. The territory has no endemic plant taxa. Vascular plant species of Leningrad Oblast listed in the red data book of Russia are Botrychium simplex, Cephalanthera rubra, Cypripedium calceolus, Epipogium aphyllum, Lobelia dortmanna, Myrica gale, Ophrys insectifera, Orchis militaris, Pulsatilla pratensis, Pulsatilla vernalis.

Early history
The territory of present-day Leningrad Oblast was populated shortly after the end of the Weichselian glaciation and now hosts numerous archaeological remnants. The Volga trade route and trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks crossed the territory. Staraya Ladoga, the first capital of legendary Rurik, founded in the 8th-9th century, is situated in the east of the oblast, on the Volkhov River.

In the 12th-15th centuries, the territory was divided between the Kingdom of Sweden and Novgorod Republic (see Swedish-Novgorodian Wars) and populated mostly by various Baltic Finns people such as Karelians (northwest), Izhorians and Votes (west), Vepsians (east), as well as Ilmen Slavs of Novgorod (south). During the Russo-Swedish Wars of the 15th-17th centuries, the border moved back and forth over the land.

The central part of the territory is known as the historical region of Ingria (or the land of Izhora) and in the 17th century, after most of the present-day territory of Leningrad Oblast was captured by Sweden with the Treaty of Stolbovo of 1617, became subject to substantial Finnish Lutheran population influx from Finnish Karelia (which included Karelian Isthmus, the northwestern part of present-day Leningrad Oblast) and Savonia. Having faced religious pressure from Lutheran pastors and Swedish authorities, the local Orthodox population of Russian and Finnic ancestry massively fled from Ingria to neighbour Russian provinces, so Ingrian Finns soon became the dominant ethnic group.

During the Great Northern War (1700–1721) the territory of what is now Leningrad Oblast was conquered from Sweden by Russia under Peter the Great, who founded Saint Petersburg amidst the land in 1703, which soon became the capital of the Russian Empire. In 1708, most of the territory was organized into Ingermanland Governorate under Governor General Alexander Menshikov. It was renamed Saint Petersburg Governorate in 1710 (the borders of that governorate, however, differed very significantly from those of the present-day oblast and included much of the areas of current Novgorod, Pskov, and Vologda Oblasts). In 1721, the territorial concessions of Sweden were confirmed with the Treaty of Nystad.

The life of the countryside was greatly influenced by the vicinity of the imperial capital, which became a growing market for its agricultural production as well as the main consumer of its mineral and forest resources. In 1719–1810, Ladoga Canal was dug between the Svir River and the Neva River as part of the Volga-Baltic waterway to bypass stormy waters of Lake Ladoga. Since the advent of rail transport in the late 19th century, the areas in the vicinity of Saint Petersburg had been popular summer resort destinations (dachas) for its residents. However, while Saint Petersburg itself was populated mostly by Russians from the very beginning, it was not until the 20th century that its surrounding population was Russified.

In 1914, with the beginning of World War I, Saint Petersburg was renamed Petrograd and the governorate was accordingly renamed Petrograd Governorate. After the Russian Revolution, in 1918, the capital was transferred from Petrograd to Moscow, farther from the borders of the country. In 1919, during the Russian Civil War, the Northwestern White Army advancing from Estonia and led by Nikolai Yudenich tried to capture Petrograd and even managed to reach its southern outskirts, but the attack against the Red Army under Leon Trotsky ultimately failed, and Yudenich retreated. The border with Estonia was established in the Russian-Estonian Treaty of Tartu of 1920. Finland-backed Ingrian Finns of North Ingria attempted to secede in 1918–1920, but were incorporated back with the Russian-Finnish Treaty of Tartu, which settled the border between Finland and Soviet Russia. In 1924, Petrograd was renamed Leningrad, and Petrograd Governorate was again renamed accordingly (Leningrad Governorate).

Leningrad Oblast
Leningrad Oblast was established on 1 August 1927, by the resolutions of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee "On the Establishment of Leningrad Oblast" and "On the Borders and Composition of the Okrugs of Leningrad Oblast" by merging Cherepovets, Leningrad, Murmansk, Novgorod, and Pskov Governorates. The territory of the oblast corresponded to the modern territories of the present-day Leningrad Oblast (with the exception of the Karelian Isthmus and the territories along the border with Estonia), Novgorod Oblast, Pskov Oblast, parts of Vologda Oblast, most of Murmansk Oblast, and the federal city of Saint Petersburg. The total area of the oblast was 360400 km2; more than four times larger than the modern entity. Administratively, the oblast was divided into nine okrugs (Borovichi, Cherepovets, Leningrad, Lodeynoye Pole, Luga, Murmansk, Novgorod, Pskov, and Velikiye Luki), each of which was in turn subdivided into districts.

In 1929, Velikiye Luki Okrug was transferred to newly formed Western Oblast. Leningrad was administratively separated from Leningrad Oblast in December 1931. In 1935 five southernmost districts were made part of Kalinin Oblast. In 1936 some parts of the territory of Leningrad Suburban District of Leningrad was returned to Leningrad Oblast and divided into Vsevolozhsky District, Krasnoselsky District, Pargolovsky District and Slutsky District (renamed Pavlovsky District in 1944). Vologda Oblast, which has included the easternmost districts of Leningrad Oblast (former Cherepovets Governorate), was created in 1937. Murmansk Oblast was split from Leningrad Oblast in 1938.

In the autumn of 1934, the Forbidden Border Zone along the western border of the Soviet Union was established, where nobody could appear without special permission issued by the NKVD. It was officially only 7.5 km deep initially, but along the Estonian border it extended to as much as 90 km. The zone was to be cleansed of Finnic and other peoples who were considered "politically unreliable" by the regime. Starting from the 1929, the Soviet authorities carried out mass deportations of the Ingrian Finnish population of the oblast, which constituted the majority in many rural localities as late as in the beginning of the 20th century, to the east, replacing them with people from other parts of the Soviet Union.

On 30 November 1939, the Soviet Union waged the Winter War against neighbouring Finland and with the Moscow Peace Treaty in 1940 gained some territories, including the Karelian Isthmus. Their Karelian population was hastily evacuated to inner Finland and later replaced with people from other parts of the Soviet Union. A small part of the territory (the municipalities of Kanneljärvi, Koivisto and Rautu) was incorporated into Leningrad Oblast, the rest being included within the Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic.

In 1941, Germany invaded the Soviet Union in Operation Barbarossa, and shortly thereafter the territory became the site of the Battle of Leningrad. The Wehrmacht captured the southwestern part of the oblast and reached Tikhvin in the east, while Finnish troops quickly recaptured the ceded territories in the Continuation War, encircling Leningrad from the land. In 1944 Soviet offensives managed to expel the Wehrmacht and put military pressure on Finland, which ceded the Karelian Isthmus again in the Moscow Armistice of September 19, 1944. This time the newly acquired territories on the isthmus were incorporated into the Leningrad Oblast (Vyborgsky and Priozersky Districts). In 1947 the territorial gains were confirmed with the Paris Peace Treaty. Novgorod and Pskov Oblasts were formed out of the southern parts of Leningrad Oblast in 1944. In January 1945 a small part of the Estonian SSR to the east of the River Narva with the town of Jaanilinn (now Ivangorod) was transferred to the Russian SFSR and incorporated into Leningrad Oblast. Since then, the territory of Leningrad Oblast has not changed significantly, although some suburbs of Leningrad (now Saint Petersburg) have been excluded from the oblast and incorporated into the city. In October 1946 Leningrad gained from the oblast some former Finnish territories along the northern coast of the Gulf of Finland divided into Sestroretsky District and Kurortny District, including the town of Terijoki.

In 1953, Pavlovsky District of the oblast was abolished, and parts of its territory including Pavlovsk were made subordinate to Leningrad. In 1954 the settlements Levashovo, Pargolovo and Pesochny were also transferred to Leningrad. In 1956 Boksitogorsky District of Leningrad Oblast gained a small territory of Novgorod Oblast. Uritsk was transferred from the oblast to the city of Leningrad in 1963, Krasnoye Selo and several settlements nearby—in 1973, Lomonosov—in 1978.

After a referendum in 1991, the city of Leningrad was renamed back to Saint Petersburg, but Leningrad Oblast retained its name. On 13 June 1996, Leningrad Oblast, alongside Tver Oblast and Saint Petersburg, signed a power-sharing agreement with the federal government, granting it autonomy. This agreement would be abolished on 18 April 2002.

Demographics
Population: Vital statistics for 2022:
 * Births: 12,082 (6.3 per 1,000)
 * Deaths: 25,976 (13.6 per 1,000)

Total fertility rate (2022):

0.87 children per woman

Life expectancy (2021):

Total — 70.17 years (male — 65.43, female — 74.94)

Ethnic composition (2021)

 * Religion

According to a 2012 survey 55.1% of the population of Leningrad Oblast adheres to the Russian Orthodox Church, 4% are unaffiliated generic Christians, 1% are Muslims, 1% of the population adheres to the Slavic native faith (Rodnovery), 1% are Old Believers. In addition, 20% of the population declared to be "spiritual but not religious", 8% is atheist, and 9.9% follows other religions or did not give an answer to the question.

Politics
State power in the region is exercised on the basis of the Charter, which was adopted on 27 October 1994.

The highest official of the region is the governor, who is elected for a term of five years. Since 28 May 2012, he has been Aleksandr Drozdenko.

The executive power in the region is exercised by the administration, which includes:
 * The government of the Leningrad Oblast is the highest executive body of state power, which includes the Governor (Chairman of the Government), vice-governors and chairmen of committees
 * sectoral, territorial and other executive authorities

Legislative power in the region is exercised by the Legislative Assembly of Leningrad Oblast, which consists of 50 deputies elected by the region's inhabitants according to a mixed proportional-majority system for a term of 5 years. In 2016, the Legislative Assembly of the sixth convocation was formed, in which there are 4 factions: United Russia (40 deputies), A Just Russia (3 deputies), Communist Party of the Russian Federation (3 deputies), Liberal Democratic Party of Russia (4 deputies). The Chairman of the Legislative Assembly is Sergei Bebenin.

First secretaries of the Leningrad Oblast CPSU Committee
In the period when they were the most important authority in the oblast (1927 to 1991), the following first secretaries were appointed,
 * 1927-1934 Sergey Mironovich Kirov, assassinated
 * 1934-1945 Andrey Andreyevich Zhdanov
 * 1945-1946 Alexey Alexandrovich Kuznetsov, subsequently executed
 * 1946-1949 Pyotr Sergeyevich Popkov, subsequently executed
 * 1949-1953 Vasily Mikhaylovich Andrianov
 * 1953-1957 Frol Romanovich Kozlov
 * 1957-1962 Ivan Vasilyevich Spiridonov
 * 1962-1970 Vasily Sergeyevich Tolstikov
 * 1970-1983 Grigory Vasilyevich Romanov
 * 1983-1985 Lev Nikolayevich Zaykov
 * 1985-1989 Yury Filippovich Solovyov
 * 1989-1991 Boris Veniaminovich Gidaspov

Governors
Since 1991, governors were sometimes appointed, and sometimes elected,
 * 1991-1996 Alexander Semyonovich Belyakov, head of the administration, appointed;
 * 1996-1998 Vadim Anatolyevich Gustov, governor, elected;
 * 1998-2012 Valery Pavlovich Serdyukov, governor, elected, then appointed;
 * 2012- Aleksandr Yuryevich Drozdenko, appointed.

Administrative divisions
Administratively, Leningrad Oblast is divided into seventeen districts and one town of oblast significance (Sosnovy Bor). In terms of area, the largest administrative district is Podporozhsky (7706 km2), and the smallest is Lomonosovsky (1919 km2).

Lomonosovsky District is the only district in Russia that has its administrative center (the town of Lomonosov) located within a different federal subject. While the district is a part of Leningrad Oblast, Lomonosov is located within the federal city of Saint Petersburg.

Industry
The oblast, particularly the areas adjacent to Saint Petersburg, is heavily industrialized. The major enterprises include the oil refinery in Kirishi, the Ford car assembly plant, Hyundai Russia assembly plant and the Rexam PLC Beverage Can Europe and Asia packaging plant in Vsevolozhsk, the paper mill in Syssstroy, and the paper mill and the plant producing oil platforms in Vyborg, and the Tikhvin industrial site in Tikhvin.

Agriculture
The main agricultural specializations of the oblast are cattle breeding with meat and milk production and poultry production. The main agricultural lands are in the east and in the southwest of the oblast.

Transportation
Saint-Petersburg is a major railway hub, and all railways running to it cross also Leningrad Oblast. They connect Saint-Petersburg with Moscow (Saint Petersburg – Moscow Railway), Helsinki via Vyborg, Murmansk via Petrozavodsk, Sortavala via Priozersk, Tallinn via Kingisepp, Riga via Pskov, Vitebsk via Dno, and Veliky Novgorod. There is a network of railways at the Karelian Isthmus, in particular, connecting Vyborg and Priozersk, as well as south of Saint-Petersburg. There also railway lines connecting Veymarn with Slantsy, Veymarn with Petergof via Sosnovy Bor, Mga with Sonkovo via Kirishi, Volkhov with Vologda via Tikhvin and Cherepovets, Volkhov with Chudovo, and Lodeynoye Pole with Sortavala via Olonets. Most of them support intensive passenger and cargo traffic.

Paved roads well cover the western and the central parts of Leningrad Oblast. The M10 highway connects Saint Petersburg with Moscow via Veliky Novgorod in the south and with the Finnish border, continuing across the border to Helsinki, in the north. It is split between European routes E18 (Saint Petersburg to Finland) and E105 (Saint Petersburg to Moscow), and much of it within the oblast is built as a dual carriageway. R21 highway (also part of E105) runs from Saint Petersburg to Murmansk via Petrozavodsk, and A180 (part of E20) connects Saint Petersburg with Ivangorod and continues across the Estonian border to Tallinn. R23 connects Saint Petersburg with Pskov; it is a part of the E95. A114 runs to Vologda via Cherepovets. A paid motorway between Saint Petersburg and Moscow and the new A121 from Saint-Petersburg to Sortavala, around the Western coast of Ladoga are under construction. Roads are well served by bus traffic.

The Luga, the Svir, the Volkhov, and the Neva are all navigable and heavily user for cargo transport, however, there is no scheduled passenger navigation within the oblast, except for seasonal leisure river cruises from Saint-Petersburg. The Onega Canal, shared with Vologda Oblast, serves as a bypass of Lake Onega from the south. Similarly, the Ladoga Canal bypasses Lake Ladoga from the east, from the Svir to the Neva. It is a part of the Volga–Baltic Waterway. In contrast, the Tikhvinskaya water system, connecting the Syas and the Mologa, which provided access from the Ladoga to the river basin of the Volga, is disused. The trans-border Saimaa Canal connects Lake Saimaa in Finland with the Gulf of Finland, has special status, and is occasionally used for passenger navigation.

Ust-Luga, Vyborg, Vysotsk, and Primorsk are the major sea terminals on the Gulf of Finland.

There is a number of airfields in Leningrad oblast that are now used only by the general aviation. Scheduled and international flights are available exclusively from Pulkovo airport in Saint-Petersburg.

Energy
The Leningrad Nuclear Power Plant is located in the city of Sosnovy Bor. There are four major hydroelectric plants in the oblast. The Volkhov Hydroelectric Station, on the Volkhov River, was constructed in 1921 and became the first major hydropower station in the Soviet Union. The others are the Upper Svir Hydroelectric Station and the Lower Svir Hydroelectric Station, both on the Svir River, and the Narva Hydroelectric Station on the Narva River.

Science and technology
There are many science and high-tech institutions around Saint Petersburg, some of which are located in the oblast. For example, Gatchina is the site of the Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute and Sosnovy Bor hosts the Research Institute of Optical and Electronic Devices.

Architecture
Since prehistory, the Volkhov and the Neva Rivers were constituents of major trade routes, and archaeological sites dot their banks. Staraya Ladoga has many pre-1700 sites, including two of about a couple of dozens standing pre-Mongol churches in Russia. Both of them were built in the 1160s. The Oreshek Fortress in Shlisselburg and the Koporye Fortress, both built in the 14th century, and the Ivangorod Fortress, originally built in 1492, are excellent examples of Russian fortification art. Podporozhsky District contains the best samples of wooden ecclesiastical architecture in Leningrad Oblast, some of which are collectively referred to as Podporozhye Ring: The Resurrection Church in the settlement of Vazhiny, the Saint Nicholas Church in the village of Soginitsy, the Sts Peter and Paul Chapel in the village of Zaozerye, and the Saint Athanasy chapel in the village of Posad. The two other notable wooden churches are located in the villages of Gimreka and Shcheleyki close to the Onega Lakeshore. The center of Vyborg preserves many examples of medieval Swedish architecture, unique for Russia.

After Saint Petersburg was founded in 1703, many estates and residences were founded around the city. Some of them still stand and are listed as World Heritage sites, aggregated into the site of Historic Centre of Saint Petersburg and Related Groups of Monuments. includes, among others, estates in Gostilitsy, Ropsha, and Taytsy.

Localities in the Karelian Isthmus preserve some fine inter-war Finnish architecture. The best-known example is the Viipuri Municipal Library by Alvar Aalto.

Twin regions

 * 🇩🇰 Aarhus Municipality, Denmark
 * 🇰🇷 South Chungcheong Province, South Korea
 * 🇯🇵 Kyoto Prefecture, Japan
 * 🇮🇹 Lombardy, Italy
 * 🇵🇱 Lower Silesian Voivodeship, Poland
 * 🇳🇴 Nordland, Norway (from 1987)

Nature

 * Айрапетьянц А.Э., Стрелков П.П., Фокин И.М. Звери. [Природа Ленинградской области]. Leningrad: Лениздат, 1987.
 * Балашова Н.Б., Никитина В.Н. Водоросли [Природа Ленинградской области]. Leningrad: Лениздат, 1989. ISBN 5-289-00344-4
 * Биоразнообразие Ленинградской области (Водоросли. Грибы. Лишайники. Мохообразные. Беспозвоночные животные. Рыбы и рыбообразные) / Под. ред. Н.Б.Балашовой, А.А.Заварзина. - (Труды Санкт-Петербургского общества естествоиспытателей. Серия 6. Том 2.). – Saint-Petersburg: Изд-во СПб. университета, 1999.
 * Бобров Р.В. Леса Ленинградской области. Leningrad Лениздат, 1979.
 * Бродский А.К., Львовский А.Л. Пауки, насекомые [Природа Ленинградской области]. Leningrad: Лениздат, 1990. ISBN 0528900617
 * Иллюстрированный определитель растений Ленинградской области / Под ред. А. Л. Буданцева, Г. П. Яковлева. Moscow: КМК, 2006. ISBN 5-87317-260-9
 * Кириллова М.А., Распопов И.М. Озера Ленинградской области. Leningrad: Лениздат, 1971.
 * Красная Книга природы Ленинградской области. Том 1. Особо охраняемые природные территории. Отв. ред. Г.А. Носков, М. С. Боч [Red Data Book of Nature of the Leningrad Region. Vol. 1. Protected Areas]. Saint-Petersburg: Акционер и К, 1998. ISBN 5-87401-072-6
 * Красная Книга природы Ленинградской области. Том 2. Растения и грибы. Отв. ред. Г.А. Носков [Red Data Book of Nature of the Leningrad Region. Vol. 2. Plants and Fungi]. Saint-Petersburg: Мир и Семья, 2000. ISBN 5-94365-001-6
 * Красная Книга природы Ленинградской области. Том 3. Животные. Отв. ред. Г.А. Носков [Red Data Book of Nature of the Leningrad Region. Vol. 3. Animals]. Saint-Petersburg: Мир и Семья, 2002. ISBN 5-94365-021-0
 * Леса Ленинградской области: современное состояние и пути их возможного развития. Saint-Petersburg, 1998. ISBN 5-230-10457-0
 * Мальчевский А. С., Пукинский Ю. Б. Птицы Ленинградской области и сопредельных территорий. История, биология, охрана. Т.1-2. Leningrad: Изд-во ЛГУ, 1983.
 * Наумов Н.А. Флора грибов Ленинградской области. Том 1. Архимицеты и фикомицеты [The Fungus Flora of the Leningrad Region. Vol. 1. Archimycetes, Phycomycetes]. Moscow—Leningrad: Изд-во АН СССР, 1954.
 * Наумов Н.А. Флора грибов Ленинградской области. Том 2 [The Fungus Flora of the Leningrad Region. Vol. 2]. Moscow—Leningrad: Наука, 1964.
 * Неелов, А.В. Рыбы [Природа Ленинградской области]. Leningrad: Лениздат, 1987.
 * Покровская Г.В., Бычкова А.Т. Климат Ленинграда и его окрестностей. Leningrad: Гидрометеоиздат, 1967.
 * Природа Ленинградской области и ее охрана / Ред. Т.И. Миронова, Э.И. Слепян. - Leningrad: Лениздат, 1983.
 * Пукинский Ю. Б. Птицы [Природа Ленинградской области]. Leningrad: Лениздат, 1988.
 * Свидерская М.Д., Храбрый В.М. Сохраним для потомков: Особо охраняемые природные территории Ленинградской области. Leningrad: Лениздат, 1985.
 * Старобогатов Я.И. Раки, моллюски [Природа Ленинградской области]. Leningrad: Лениздат, 1988. ISBN 5-289-00125-5
 * Филимонов Р.В., Удалов С.Г. Жуки-усачи Ленинградской области. Атлас-определитель. [Longhorn Beetles of the St. Petersburg Region: An Identification Atlas]. Saint-Petersburg: Петроглиф, 2001. ISBN 5-902094-05-4
 * Флора Ленинградской области / Под ред. Б. К. Шишкина. Вып. 1–4. Leningrad: Изд. ЛГУ, 1955–1965.
 * Хазанович К. К. Геологические памятники Ленинградской области. Leningrad: Лениздат, 1982.
 * Черепанова Н.П., Пшедецкая Л.И. Грибы. [Природа Ленинградской области]. Leningrad: Лениздат, 1990.

History

 * Лапшин В. А. Археологическая карта Ленинградской области. Часть 1: Западные районы. Leningrad, 1990.
 * Лапшин В. А. Археологическая карта Ленинградской области. Часть 2: Восточные и северные районы. Saint-Petersburg: Изд. СПбГУ, 1995. ISBN 5-87403-052-2
 * Лебедев Г. С. Археологические памятники Ленинградской области. Leningrad: Лениздат, 1977.

title: Leningrad Oblast


text:
Thom Kallor

Thom Kallor is a character appearing in comic books published by DC Comics, primarily as a member of the Legion of Super-Heroes. The character has also been known as Star Boy and Starman.

Publication history
Thom Kallor first appeared in Adventure Comics #282 and was created by Otto Binder and George Papp.

Legion of Super-Heroes
Star Boy is a member of the Legion of Super-Heroes, a group of young heroes living a millennium in the future. He was born to astronomer parents on an observation satellite orbiting the planet Xanthu, and is able to temporarily increase the mass of an object, up to the mass of a star. Although he temporarily acquires Kryptonian-level powers similar to those of Superboy when he was caught in the tail of a comet, these eventually fade, leaving only his original density-increasing power. Early in his Legion career, he travels to the 20th century to meet Superboy. While he is there, Lana Lang threatens to expose his identity (a secret on Xanthu) if he refuses to pretend to be her boyfriend, to make Superboy jealous. However, the Boy of Steel overhears her and her plan fails.

Star Boy is expelled from the Legion for killing his girlfriend Dream Girl's ex-boyfriend Kenz Nuhor in self-defense, in violation of the Legion's rule against killing. After this, he and Dream Girl join the Legion of Substitute Heroes before returning to the Legion. Although Star Boy originally wears a purple uniform with a white cape and five-pointed yellow star on his chest, his best-known costume is a full-body starfield suit with white gloves and boots.

After Zero Hour
After the events of Zero Hour and the death of Kid Quantum, Xanthu's original representative to the Legion, Star Boy joins the Legion. He does not get along with Leviathan, partly because Leviathan blames himself for Kid Quantum's death and sees his replacement as a reminder of his failure as a leader.

In addition to his mass-increasing powers, Star Boy temporarily acquires several Kryptonian-like powers and the ability to breathe fire after spaceship accidents. He finds these abilities difficult to control.

When Xanthu leaves the United Planets, Star Boy and fellow Xanthian Legionnaires Kid Quantum and Monstress spread the word that the government of their home planet has been deceived and are astonished at the decision to remain with the Affiliated Planets.

Starman, volume two
In a Starman storyline, the post-Zero Hour Thom Kallor discovers that he is destined to travel back to the 21st century, assume the mantle of Starman (as Danny Blaine) and lose his life. The Danny Blaine version of Thom Kallor was inspired by the Kingdom Come character, designed by Alex Ross.

Legion's 2005 reboot
Although Star Boy was originally depicted as a white Xanthian, Mark Waid's 2005 Legion reboot recasts the character as black (making him the third black hero from Xanthu to join the Legion, after the first and second Kid Quantum). He is described as Cosmic Boy's right-hand man, and remains loyal to him during the Legion until his disappearance at the end of the Dominators storyline. This version of Star Boy (and his version of the Legion) inhabits Earth-Prime, the home of hero-turned-villain Superboy-Prime.

2006
The Starman in Justice Society of America volume three is a Thom Kallor similar to his pre-Crisis incarnation rather than the Star Boy who had recently appeared in Legion of Super-Heroes volume five, raising the question of co-existent timelines. He traveled from his future to the Kingdom Come universe (re-created as Earth-22 at the end of 52), and then to the present. Kallor claims to hear voices in his head, and has been diagnosed as borderline schizophrenic. When he is not a superhero, he is a voluntary patient at the Sunshine Sanitarium. His schizophrenia began soon after he acquired his abilities, and is managed with 31st-century technology; however, present-day medication (which Dream Girl views as barbaric) fails to check his illness. In the sanitarium he assumes the identity of Danny Blaine, his favorite pulp hero on Xanthu. The god-like Gog soon restores Thom's sanity, which Thom believes is not good. Starman leaves the sanitarium and works as a gravedigger, which he believes will help him carry out his mission in the present. During a battle with the Justice Society Infinity of Earth-2, it is learned that his starfield suit was designed by three Brainiac 5s and is a map of the recreated multiverse.

The rest of the Justice Society of America arrive after learning from Sandman that Gog is rooting himself into the Earth, and they must kill him and separate his head from the planet. Gog's followers try to protect him, until they see him attack a Society member. He punishes them by removing his blessings, including Starman's sanity. The JSA remove Gog's head and Starman opens a stargate to the Source Wall, where Superman places the head. Superman asks Starman to return him to Earth-22.

In the Final Crisis: Legion of 3 Worlds miniseries, it is learned that Starman received his mysterious mission from Brainiac 5 during a 31st-century conflict between the Legion and the united forces of Superboy-Prime and the Legion of Super-Villains. Starman's mission was to exhume Superboy's body and place it in the regeneration chamber in the Fortress of Solitude used to restore Superman after his death. The healing process takes a millennium, and in the 31st century (at the peak of the battle) Superboy is reborn to join the fight. Starman does not return to the 31st century at the end of the series; he remains in the 21st century to carry out "a dead man's last wish", and an interlac document reading "Last Will and Testament of R. J. Brande" is visible. In Adventure Comics (volume 3) #8, Starman is part of a secret Legion team sent by the late R.J. Brande to the 21st century to save the future in the "Last Stand of New Krypton" storyline.

The New 52
Kallor reappears on the Legion roster after the Flashpoint reality-altering event, although he is inexplicably paraplegic. He later leaves the team to rescue Dream Girl from the Dominators after she and Brainiac 5 are kidnapped. Although Star Boy dies when the Legion headquarters collapses during the Fatal Five's onslaught, he is resurrected before the Infinitus Saga in Justice League United.

In the "Watchmen" sequel "Doomsday Clock", Star Boy is among the Legion members who appear in the present after Doctor Manhattan undid the experiment that erased the Legion of Super-Heroes and the Justice Society of America.

Powers and abilities
In the first two incarnations of the Legion, Thom can temporarily increase the mass and density of any object or person. The version of Thom working with the Justice Society of America can travel between alternate universes using a combination of his mass-controlling powers and his uniform, a map of the multiverse created by three alternate universe version of Brainiac 5.

Equipment
As a member of the Legion of Super-Heroes, Thom has a Legion Flight Ring allowing him to fly and (in the "Threeboot" incarnation of the series) protecting him from space and other dangerous environments.

In other media

 * Thom Kallor as Star Boy appears in Legion of Super Heroes, voiced by Bumper Robinson. This version is visually based on the 2005 Legion reboot's incarnation of the character.
 * Thomas Kallor / Star Boy appears in Justice League vs. the Fatal Five, voiced by Elyes Gabel. This version suffers from a form of schizophrenia and takes medication despite it no longer working. After accidentally traveling back in time to the 21st century while trying to stop the Fatal Five, he loses his medication and most of his memories, becoming more erratic and being incarcerated in Arkham Asylum. However, he escapes after seeing the Fatal Five on the news, which triggers some of his memories. He later encounters the Justice League and Jessica Cruz, the latter of whom he forms a strong friendship with due in part to her own mental illness, before sacrificing himself to save Earth's sun from the Emerald Empress.
 * Thom Kallor as Star Boy appears in the one-shot comic Batman '66 Meets the Legion of Super-Heroes.

title: Thom Kallor


text:
Baron Farnham

Baron Farnham, of Farnham in the County of Cavan, is a title in the Peerage of Ireland. It was created in 1756 for John Maxwell, who had previously represented Cavan Borough in the Irish House of Commons. John Maxwell's son, the second Baron, was created Viscount Farnham in 1760 and Earl of Farnham in 1763. Both titles were in the Peerage of Ireland but became extinct when he died childless in 1779. His brother and successor, the third Baron, was again created Viscount Farnham in 1781 and Earl of Farnham in 1785. These titles were also in the Peerage of Ireland. His son, the second Earl, sat in the House of Lords as an Irish representative peer from 1816 to 1823. However, he had no children and on his death in 1823 the viscountcy and earldom became extinct.

He was succeeded in the barony by his first cousin, the fifth Baron. He was the eldest son of The Rt Rev. and Hon. Henry Maxwell, Lord Bishop of Meath, third son of the first Baron. Lord Farnham sat as a Member of Parliament for County Cavan and was an Irish Representative Peer in the House of Lords from 1825 to 1838. His nephew, the seventh Baron (who succeeded his father in 1838), also represented County Cavan in the House of Commons and served as an Irish Representative Peer between 1839 and 1868. Lord Farnham and his wife were killed in the Abergele train disaster of 1868. The title then passed to his younger brother, the eighth Baron, who had earlier represented County Cavan in Parliament. He was succeeded by another brother, the ninth Baron, who also sat as a Member of Parliament for County Cavan. In 1885 he succeeded a distant relative as eleventh Baronet of Calderwood. On his death, the titles passed to his nephew, the tenth Baron. He served as Lord Lieutenant of County Cavan and was briefly an Irish Representative Peer from 1898 until his early death in 1900. His son, the eleventh Baron, sat in the House of Lords as an Irish Representative Peer from 1908 to 1957. the titles are held by his grandson, the thirteenth Baron, who succeeded his elder brother in 2001. Lord Farnham is the son of Lieutenant-Colonel the Hon. Somerset Arthur Maxwell. He lives in Oxfordshire in Great Britain.

The Maxwell baronetcy of Calderwood was created in the Baronetage of Nova Scotia in 1627 for Sir James Maxwell (died c. 1670). The 2nd baronet died without issue, and was succeeded by a son of Colonel John Maxwell who died in Dunbar in 1650. The 6th baronet also died without issue, and was succeeded by the son of Alexander Maxwell of Leith, third son of 4th baronet. This line too failed, when his grandson, the tenth Baronet died in 1885. The next holder was the aforementioned 9th Baron, who succeeded as eleventh Baronet. The title passed to the 10th Baron and continued to his descendants.

The Farnhams are remembered in the name of one of the main streets in Cavan town, Farnham Street, as well as in the name of a hotel, The Farnham Arms, which has the family crest with inscription Je suis pret (I am ready) above the door.

The family seat was Farnham House, near Cavan, County Cavan.

Barons Farnham (1756)

 * John Maxwell, 1st Baron Farnham (died 1759)
 * Robert Maxwell, 2nd Baron Farnham (died 1779) (created Earl of Farnham in 1763)

Earls of Farnham, first creation (1763)

 * Robert Maxwell, 1st Earl of Farnham, 2nd Baron Farnham (died 1779)

Barons Farnham (1756; reverted)

 * Barry Maxwell, 3rd Baron Farnham (died 1800) (created Earl of Farnham in 1785)

Earls of Farnham, second creation (1785)

 * Barry Maxwell, 1st Earl of Farnham (died 1800)
 * John James Maxwell, 2nd Earl of Farnham (1760–1823)

Barons Farnham (1756; reverted)

 * John Maxwell-Barry, 5th Baron Farnham (1767–1838)
 * Henry Maxwell, 6th Baron Farnham (1774–1838)
 * Henry Maxwell, 7th Baron Farnham (1799–1868)
 * Somerset Richard Maxwell, 8th Baron Farnham (1803–1884)
 * James Pierce Maxwell, 9th Baron Farnham (1813–1896)
 * Somerset Henry Maxwell, 10th Baron Farnham (1849–1900)
 * Arthur Kenlis Maxwell, 11th Baron Farnham (1879–1957)
 * Barry Owen Somerset Maxwell, 12th Baron Farnham (1931–2001)
 * Simon Kenlis Maxwell, 13th Baron Farnham (born 1933)

The heir apparent is the present holder's son, Hon. Robin Somerset Maxwell (born 1965).

The heir apparent's heir apparent is his son, James David Somerset Maxwell (born 1996).

Maxwell baronets, of Calderwood (1627)
See above for further succession.
 * Sir James Maxwell, 1st Baronet (died c. 1670)
 * Sir William Maxwell, 2nd Baronet (c. 1640–1703)
 * Sir William Maxwell, 3rd Baronet (died 1716)
 * Sir William Maxwell, 4th Baronet (died 1750)
 * Sir William Maxwell, 5th Baronet (died 1789)
 * Sir William Maxwell, 6th Baronet (1748–1829)
 * Sir William Maxwell, 7th Baronet (1754–1837)
 * Sir William Alexander Maxwell, 8th Baronet (1793–1865)
 * Sir Hugh Bates Maxwell, 9th Baronet (1797–1870)
 * Sir William Maxwell, 10th Baronet (1828–1885)
 * Sir James Pierce Maxwell, 11th Baronet (1813–1896) (succeeded as Baron Farnham in 1884)

title: Baron Farnham