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Akshobhya

Akshobhya (अक्षोभ्य, Akṣobhya, "Immovable One"; ) is one of the Five Wisdom Buddhas, a product of the Adibuddha, who represents consciousness as an aspect of reality. By convention he is located in the east of the Diamond Realm and is the lord of the Eastern Pure Land Abhirati ('The Joyous'). His consort is Lochanā and he is normally accompanied by two elephants. His color is blue-black and his attributes include a bell, three robes, and staff, as well as a jewel, lotus, prayer wheel, and sword. He has several emanations.

Textual history and doctrine
Akshobhya appears in the Akṣobhyatathāgatasyavyūha Sūtra, which was translated during the second century CE and is among the oldest known Mahayana or Pure Land texts. According to the scripture, a monk wished to practice the Dharma in the eastern world of delight and made a vow not to harbor anger or malice towards any being until he achieved enlightenment. He duly proved "immovable" and when he succeeded, he became the buddha Akshobhya. Recently, newly discovered Gāndhārī texts from Pakistan in the Bajaur Collection have been found to contain fragments of an early Mahāyāna sutra mentioning Akshobhya. Preliminary dating through paleography suggests a late 1st century to early 2nd century CE provenance. More conclusive radiocarbon dating is under way. A preliminary report on these texts has been issued by Ingo Strauch, with a paper on Akshobhya texts published in 2010.

In the Śūraṅgama mantra (Chinese: 楞嚴咒; pinyin: Léngyán Zhòu) taught in the Śūraṅgama sutra (Chinese: 楞嚴經; pinyin: Léngyán Jīng), an especially influential dharani in the Chinese Chan tradition, Akshobhya is mentioned to be the host of the Vajra Division in the East, one of the five major divisions which controls the vast demon armies of the five directions.

Akshobhya is sometimes merged with Acala, whose name also means "immovable" in Sanskrit. Prior to the advent of Bhaiṣajyaguru, Akshobhya was the subject of a minor cult in Japan as a healing Buddha, though both are currently venerated within Shingon Buddhism.

Iconography
Akshobhya is the embodiment of 'mirror knowledge' (refer Panchajnana). This may be described as a knowledge of what is real, and what is illusion, or a mere reflection of actual reality. The mirror may be likened to the mind itself. It is clear like the sky and empty, yet luminous. It holds all the images of space and time, yet it is untouched by them. Its brilliance illuminates the darkness of ignorance and its sharpness cuts through confusion. Akshobhya represents this eternal mind, and the Vajra family is similarly associated with it.

The Vajra family, is also associated with the element of water, hence the two colours of the Vajra being blue, like the depths of the ocean; or bright white, like sunlight reflecting off water. Even if the surface of the ocean is blown into crashing waves, the depths remain undisturbed, imperturbable. Although water may seem ethereal and weightless, in truth it is extremely heavy. Water flows into the lowest place and settles there. It carves through solid rock, but calmly, without violence. When frozen, it is hard, sharp, and clear like the intellect, but to reach its full potential, it must also be fluid and adaptable like a flowing river. These are all the essential qualities of Akshobhya.

Many wrathful, tantric beings are represented as blue in colour because they embody the transmuted energy of hatred and aggression into wisdom and enlightenment.

General and cited references

 * Jordan, Michael, Encyclopedia of Gods, New York, Facts On File, Inc. 1993, pp. 9–10
 * Nattier, Jan (2000). "The Realm of Aksobhya: A Missing Piece in the History of Pure Land Buddhism". Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies 23 (1), 71–102.
 * Sato, Naomi (2004). Some Aspects of the Cult of Aksobhya in Mahayana, Journal of Indian and Buddhist Studies 52 (2), 18-23
 * Vessantara, Meeting the Buddhas, Windhorse Publications 2003, chapter 9
 * Vessantara, Meeting the Buddhas, Windhorse Publications 2003, chapter 9

title: Akshobhya


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User:Chinese zxj

Welcome to the Chinses Page!

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1. New Chinese words 2. Chinese Q & A

QQ: A new brand of a mini car made by Shanghai car factory.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

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Translation lookaside buffer

A translation lookaside buffer (TLB) is a memory cache that stores the recent translations of virtual memory to physical memory. It is used to reduce the time taken to access a user memory location. It can be called an address-translation cache. It is a part of the chip's memory-management unit (MMU). A TLB may reside between the CPU and the CPU cache, between CPU cache and the main memory or between the different levels of the multi-level cache. The majority of desktop, laptop, and server processors include one or more TLBs in the memory-management hardware, and it is nearly always present in any processor that uses paged or segmented virtual memory.

The TLB is sometimes implemented as content-addressable memory (CAM). The CAM search key is the virtual address, and the search result is a physical address. If the requested address is present in the TLB, the CAM search yields a match quickly and the retrieved physical address can be used to access memory. This is called a TLB hit. If the requested address is not in the TLB, it is a miss, and the translation proceeds by looking up the page table in a process called a page walk. The page walk is time-consuming when compared to the processor speed, as it involves reading the contents of multiple memory locations and using them to compute the physical address. After the physical address is determined by the page walk, the virtual address to physical address mapping is entered into the TLB. The PowerPC 604, for example, has a two-way set-associative TLB for data loads and stores. Some processors have different instruction and data address TLBs.

Overview
A TLB has a fixed number of slots containing page-table entries and segment-table entries; page-table entries map virtual addresses to physical addresses and intermediate-table addresses, while segment-table entries map virtual addresses to segment addresses, intermediate-table addresses and page-table addresses. The virtual memory is the memory space as seen from a process; this space is often split into pages of a fixed size (in paged memory), or less commonly into segments of variable sizes (in segmented memory). The page table, generally stored in main memory, keeps track of where the virtual pages are stored in the physical memory. This method uses two memory accesses (one for the page-table entry, one for the byte) to access a byte. First, the page table is looked up for the frame number. Second, the frame number with the page offset gives the actual address. Thus, any straightforward virtual memory scheme would have the effect of doubling the memory access time. Hence, the TLB is used to reduce the time taken to access the memory locations in the page-table method. The TLB is a cache of the page table, representing only a subset of the page-table contents.

Referencing the physical memory addresses, a TLB may reside between the CPU and the CPU cache, between the CPU cache and primary storage memory, or between levels of a multi-level cache. The placement determines whether the cache uses physical or virtual addressing. If the cache is virtually addressed, requests are sent directly from the CPU to the cache, and the TLB is accessed only on a cache miss. If the cache is physically addressed, the CPU does a TLB lookup on every memory operation, and the resulting physical address is sent to the cache.

In a Harvard architecture or modified Harvard architecture, a separate virtual address space or memory-access hardware may exist for instructions and data. This can lead to distinct TLBs for each access type, an instruction translation lookaside buffer (ITLB) and a data translation lookaside buffer (DTLB). Various benefits have been demonstrated with separate data and instruction TLBs.

The TLB can be used as a fast lookup hardware cache. The figure shows the working of a TLB. Each entry in the TLB consists of two parts: a tag and a value. If the tag of the incoming virtual address matches the tag in the TLB, the corresponding value is returned. Since the TLB lookup is usually a part of the instruction pipeline, searches are fast and cause essentially no performance penalty. However, to be able to search within the instruction pipeline, the TLB has to be small.

A common optimization for physically addressed caches is to perform the TLB lookup in parallel with the cache access. Upon each virtual memory reference, the hardware checks the TLB to see whether the page number is held therein. If yes, it is a TLB hit, and the translation is made. The frame number is returned and is used to access the memory. If the page number is not in the TLB, the page table must be checked. Depending on the CPU, this can be done automatically using a hardware or using an interrupt to the operating system. When the frame number is obtained, it can be used to access the memory. In addition, we add the page number and frame number to the TLB, so that they will be found quickly on the next reference. If the TLB is already full, a suitable block must be selected for replacement. There are different replacement methods like least recently used (LRU), first in, first out (FIFO) etc.; see the address translation section in the cache article for more details about virtual addressing as it pertains to caches and TLBs.

Performance implications
The CPU has to access main memory for an instruction-cache miss, data-cache miss, or TLB miss. The third case (the simplest one) is where the desired information itself actually is in a cache, but the information for virtual-to-physical translation is not in a TLB. These are all slow, due to the need to access a slower level of the memory hierarchy, so a well-functioning TLB is important. Indeed, a TLB miss can be more expensive than an instruction or data cache miss, due to the need for not just a load from main memory, but a page walk, requiring several memory accesses.

The flowchart provided explains the working of a TLB. If it is a TLB miss, then the CPU checks the page table for the page table entry. If the present bit is set, then the page is in main memory, and the processor can retrieve the frame number from the page-table entry to form the physical address. The processor also updates the TLB to include the new page-table entry. Finally, if the present bit is not set, then the desired page is not in the main memory, and a page fault is issued. Then a page-fault interrupt is called, which executes the page-fault handling routine.

If the page working set does not fit into the TLB, then TLB thrashing occurs, where frequent TLB misses occur, with each newly cached page displacing one that will soon be used again, degrading performance in exactly the same way as thrashing of the instruction or data cache does. TLB thrashing can occur even if instruction-cache or data-cache thrashing are not occurring, because these are cached in different-size units. Instructions and data are cached in small blocks (cache lines), not entire pages, but address lookup is done at the page level. Thus, even if the code and data working sets fit into cache, if the working sets are fragmented across many pages, the virtual-address working set may not fit into TLB, causing TLB thrashing. Appropriate sizing of the TLB thus requires considering not only the size of the corresponding instruction and data caches, but also how these are fragmented across multiple pages.

Multiple TLBs
Similar to caches, TLBs may have multiple levels. CPUs can be (and nowadays usually are) built with multiple TLBs, for example a small L1 TLB (potentially fully associative) that is extremely fast, and a larger L2 TLB that is somewhat slower. When instruction-TLB (ITLB) and data-TLB (DTLB) are used, a CPU can have three (ITLB1, DTLB1, TLB2) or four TLBs.

For instance, Intel's Nehalem microarchitecture has a four-way set associative L1 DTLB with 64 entries for 4 KiB pages and 32 entries for 2/4 MiB pages, an L1 ITLB with 128 entries for 4 KiB pages using four-way associativity and 14 fully associative entries for 2/4 MiB pages (both parts of the ITLB divided statically between two threads) and a unified 512-entry L2 TLB for 4 KiB pages, both 4-way associative.

Some TLBs may have separate sections for small pages and huge pages. For example, Intel Skylake microarchitecture separates the TLB entries for 1 GiB pages from those for 4 KiB/2 MiB pages.

TLB-miss handling
Three schemes for handling TLB misses are found in modern architectures:
 * With hardware TLB management, the CPU automatically walks the page tables (using the CR3 register on x86, for instance) to see whether there is a valid page-table entry for the specified virtual address. If an entry exists, it is brought into the TLB, and the TLB access is retried: this time the access will hit, and the program can proceed normally.  If the CPU finds no valid entry for the virtual address in the page tables, it raises a page fault exception, which the operating system must handle.  Handling page faults usually involves bringing the requested data into physical memory, setting up a page table entry to map the faulting virtual address to the correct physical address, and resuming the program.  With a hardware-managed TLB, the format of the TLB entries is not visible to software and can change from CPU to CPU without causing loss of compatibility for the operating system.
 * With software-managed TLBs, a TLB miss generates a TLB miss exception, and operating system code is responsible for walking the page tables and finding the appropriate page table entry. The operating system then loads the information from that page table entry into the TLB and restarts the program from the instruction that caused the TLB miss.  As with hardware TLB management, if the OS finds no valid translation in the page tables, a page fault has occurred, and the OS must handle it accordingly.  Instruction sets of CPUs that have software-managed TLBs have instructions that allow loading entries into any slot in the TLB. The format of the TLB entry is defined as a part of the instruction set architecture (ISA).
 * With firmware-managed TLBs, a TLB miss causes a trap to system firmware, which is responsible for walking the page tables and finding the appropriate page table entry, similarly to what a TLB miss handler does for a software-managed TLB. With a firmware-managed TLB, the format of the TLB entries is not visible to system software and can change from CPU to CPU without causing loss of compatibility for the operating system.

The MIPS architecture specifies a software-managed TLB.

The SPARC V9 architecture allows an implementation of SPARC V9 to have no MMU, an MMU with a software-managed TLB, or an MMU with a hardware-managed TLB, and the UltraSPARC Architecture 2005 specifies a software-managed TLB.

The Itanium architecture provides an option of using either software- or hardware-managed TLBs.

The Alpha architecture has a firmware-managed TLB, with the TLB miss handling code being in PALcode, rather than in the operating system. As the PALcode for a processor can be processor-specific and operating-system-specific, this allows different versions of PALcode to implement different page-table formats for different operating systems, without requiring that the TLB format, and the instructions to control the TLB, to be specified by the architecture.

Typical TLB
These are typical performance levels of a TLB:
 * Size: 12 bits – 4,096 entries
 * Hit time: 0.5 – 1 clock cycle
 * Miss penalty: 10 – 100 clock cycles
 * Miss rate: 0.01 – 1% (20–40% for sparse/graph applications)

The average effective memory cycle rate is defined as $$m + (1-p)h + pm$$ cycles, where $$m$$ is the number of cycles required for a memory read, $$p$$ is the miss rate, and $$h$$ is the hit time in cycles. If a TLB hit takes 1 clock cycle, a miss takes 30 clock cycles, a memory read takes 30 clock cycles, and the miss rate is 1%, the effective memory cycle rate is an average of $$30 + 0.99 \times 1 + 0.01 \times 30$$ (31.29 clock cycles per memory access).

Address-space switch
On an address-space switch, as occurs when context switching between processes (but not between threads), some TLB entries can become invalid, since the virtual-to-physical mapping is different. The simplest strategy to deal with this is to completely flush the TLB. This means that after a switch, the TLB is empty, and any memory reference will be a miss, so it will be some time before things are running back at full speed. Newer CPUs use more effective strategies marking which process an entry is for. This means that if a second process runs for only a short time and jumps back to a first process, the TLB may still have valid entries, saving the time to reload them.

Other strategies avoid flushing the TLB on a context switch: (a) A single address space operating system uses the same virtual-to-physical mapping for all processes. (b) Some CPUs have a process ID register, and the hardware uses TLB entries only if they match the current process ID.

For example, in the Alpha 21264, each TLB entry is tagged with an address space number (ASN), and only TLB entries with an ASN matching the current task are considered valid. Another example in the Intel Pentium Pro, the page global enable (PGE) flag in the register CR4 and the global (G) flag of a page-directory or page-table entry can be used to prevent frequently used pages from being automatically invalidated in the TLBs on a task switch or a load of register CR3. Since the 2010 Westmere microarchitecture Intel 64 processors also support 12-bit process-context identifiers (PCIDs), which allow retaining TLB entries for multiple linear-address spaces, with only those that match the current PCID being used for address translation.

While selective flushing of the TLB is an option in software-managed TLBs, the only option in some hardware TLBs (for example, the TLB in the Intel 80386) is the complete flushing of the TLB on an address-space switch. Other hardware TLBs (for example, the TLB in the Intel 80486 and later x86 processors, and the TLB in ARM processors) allow the flushing of individual entries from the TLB indexed by virtual address.

Flushing of the TLB can be an important security mechanism for memory isolation between processes to ensure a process can't access data stored in memory pages of another process. Memory isolation is especially critical during switches between the privileged operating system kernel process and the user processes – as was highlighted by the Meltdown security vulnerability. Mitigation strategies such as kernel page-table isolation (KPTI) rely heavily on performance-impacting TLB flushes and benefit greatly from hardware-enabled selective TLB entry management such as PCID.

Virtualization and x86 TLB
With the advent of virtualization for server consolidation, a lot of effort has gone into making the x86 architecture easier to virtualize and to ensure better performance of virtual machines on x86 hardware.

Normally, entries in the x86 TLBs are not associated with a particular address space; they implicitly refer to the current address space. Hence, every time there is a change in address space, such as a context switch, the entire TLB has to be flushed. Maintaining a tag that associates each TLB entry with an address space in software and comparing this tag during TLB lookup and TLB flush is very expensive, especially since the x86 TLB is designed to operate with very low latency and completely in hardware. In 2008, both Intel (Nehalem) and AMD (SVM) have introduced tags as part of the TLB entry and dedicated hardware that checks the tag during lookup. Not all operating systems made full use of these tags immediately, but Linux 4.14 started using them to identify recently used address spaces, since the 12-bits PCIDs (4095 different values) are insufficient for all tasks running on a given CPU.

title: Translation lookaside buffer


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Talk:Changeling

Description
To consider the Grimm Fairy Tales reading of Snow White, the dwarfs do not have names to note primarily imbalances of the humors for medicine of the time. They, nevertheless function as a society of men of a foreign race by language of the time. Outside the frontier of Christendom if an attempted seal of baptism is personally placed over, "inept" to hold time by religious structure of a humane time. To see a face by artist's concept, a name is given, if a mother is given to intuit a malady so. We know by tendency that the dwarfs tend towards the mountains by their work, the elves of the variety. Difficult to say how universal infanticide would have been by illustrative scope of functionality by the time.

Congenital Factor
Demonic imps as the incubus could have been blamed for the conception of traditionally deformed children beyond a nature which would have been diagnosed considering conceptual photos of the demon stalking the crib are only conceptual.

The like concept conveyed through the books of Enoch. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 47.44.178.73 (talk) 02:53, 11 October 2017 (UTC)

Untitled
Re: Salleman's request: the article needs cleaning up to improve layout, writing style (esp: formality) and grammar. A few references wouldn't hurt. The term "fae" needs linking and explaining. Exploding Boy 20:42, Jun 7, 2005 (UTC)

Copyvio
I have reverted the changes of an anonymous user -- see -- because it was text copied from  in violation of copyright. FreplySpang (talk) 3 July 2005 13:09 (UTC)

Removed
Removed the following from the article:

In one Swedish changeling tale, the troll child grows up at a farm while the human child grows up among the trolls. Everyone advises the human mother to brutalize the changeling so that the trolls would change children once more. However, the woman refuses to treat the innocent but maladapted troll child cruelly and persists in treating it as if it was her own. In the end, her husband tries to burn the young troll, but the woman rescues it, so the man takes him on a walk to kill it in the forest. Somehow, he regrets his decision and saves the life of the troll. Suddenly, his own son returns and tells his father that his kindness broke the spell and liberated him. Every time someone tried to be cruel to the troll, his troll mother was about to treat the human child in the same manner.

In another Swedish fairy tale (which is depicted by the image), a princess is kidnapped by trolls and replaced with their own offspring against the wishes of the troll mother. The changelings grow up with their new parents, and both become beautiful young females, but they find it hard to adapt. The human girl is disgusted by her future bridegroom, a troll prince, whereas the troll girl is bored by her life and by her dull human future groom. By coincidence, they both go astray into the forest upset with the conditions of their lives, and happen to pass each other without noticing it. The princess comes to the castle whereupon the queen immediately recognizes her, and the troll girl finds a troll woman who is cursing loudly as she works. The troll girl bursts out that the troll woman is much more fun than any other person she has ever seen, and her mother happily sees that her true daughter has returned. Both the human girl and the troll girl marry happily the very same day.

These entries are just not encyclopaedic enough; at the very least we need to give a name to these stories, and the entries need paring down and rewriting. Exploding Boy 01:41, August 1, 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, Exploding Boy, if tales like these aren't relevant, the article is neither. The changeling legend exists through this kind of tales. I am impressed with you Salleman. I added the tales, but you instantly found references when needed. Good work!--Wiglaf 08:18, 1 August 2005 (UTC)

If you read what I wrote carefully you'll see that I never said the stories weren't relevant, just that the entries as they stood weren't encyclopaedic. Honestly. What is it with this article? People seem to ignore it completely until someone criticizes it. The cleanup tag was there for weeks and nobody bothered, and when I finally got around to doing something about it there's nothing but complaining. The entries still need cleaning up, by the way, since they seem to have been C&Pd wholesale with the simple addition of a link, which isn't really what was needed. Exploding Boy 08:24, August 1, 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, I have ignored your "cleanup tag" because I thought it unwarranted, and would rather leave it to YOU. If you really think the article needs cleanup, clean it up yourself.--Wiglaf 08:33, 1 August 2005 (UTC)

I did clean it up myself, and it was sorely needed. Do you read the article at all or just get upset when it's criticized? Now I suppose I'll have to clean up the section you and Salleman restored as well. Exploding Boy 08:36, August 1, 2005 (UTC)

 * No, but there are some people around at Wikipedia who seem to get a powertrip from adding cleanup tags on articles (I am not thereby saying that you're one of them). If you check the edit history, you'll see that I have restored nothing. Please, go ahead.--Wiglaf 08:39, 1 August 2005 (UTC)

Replacement people in modern literature and films
I have included this section - which is a stub - here as it covers a topic which relates indirectly to changelings. It requires some further development, and then could be a separate page. Jackiespeel 16:57, 2 August 2005 (UTC)

non-changeling "Changelings"
There's no need to discuss non-traditional uses (e.g. in science fiction) of the word "changeling" in this article, as that is adequately covered by the other uses redirect. RandomCritic 03:13, 4 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Agreed. Removed: "In the Star Trek series Deep Space Nine, chief security officer Odo is a changeling." as being misleading, and probably misinformed.  The related DS9 wiki sites talk about the Star Trek shapechanging race called Changeling. Mourdrydd 05:27, 4 December 2007 (UTC)
 * I was confused by these inclusions as well. There are still a batch of these in lists at the end of the article, including that Deep Space Nine episode. The so-called "shape-shifters" seem to have nothing to do with the definition of changeling given at the top of the article. Thank you, Wordreader (talk) 22:07, 3 March 2014 (UTC)

potential addition to literature list?
Magic Street by Orson Scott Card (Mack, child of the fairy Puck, is discovered abandoned in a plastic bag and raised in the human world.) 74.74.251.190 (talk) 00:54, 25 April 2008 (UTC)

"Summer Knight" by Jim Butcher features several changeling characters (Ace, Fix, Meryl, and Lily) but they are not called changelings and are minor characters. 209.89.92.168 (talk) 05:05, 6 March 2011 (UTC)

Removed sentence from the Ireland section
I removed the following:

In parts of Ireland, left handed people are sometimes thought to be changeling fae.

It has been tagged as needing a source since March, 2007. Since it is presented as a current belief, which frankly looks very unlikely, it does need a source. --Bonadea (talk) 09:16, 1 September 2008 (UTC)

Second paragraph: sources from Supernatural
There is no fact for it and it's missing source. "Changelings were said to feed on their mothers and to leave odd bruises in the back of their necks as a result. The feeding process could take weeks, until the mother was drained dry. Anything or anyone that prohibited the Changeling's nutrition would be mercilessly killed. Simple charms, such as an inverted coat, were thought to ward them off. The best way to get rid of a changeling is to make them laugh. The parents of a changeling child will have no choice but to take back their baby and leave the real baby or child behind."--Elsan (talk) 02:52, 11 December 2008 (UTC)

Reaction to Asperger's syndrome?
This is more just speculation on my part, but does anyone notice that the traditional traits of many changelings seem to line up with the symptoms of Asperger's syndrome?68.164.0.242 (talk) 18:15, 24 January 2009 (UTC)
 * that's already discussed in the article, along with a few other theorys —Preceding unsigned comment added by 90.216.187.53 (talk) 06:39, 9 March 2010 (UTC)
 * I came here to discuss this. is there a reason the article doesn't mention disability in the opening of the article? Maybe we could move the first sentence from the medical section to the summary? I am disabled and it feels more inclusive this way. The current tone sounds like it was written from a purely able-bodied perspective.Damien.Otis.x (talk) 22:14, 30 May 2024 (UTC)

Cleanup
This page has serious formatting errors. I don't know how to flag the page; does someone here know how? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.112.12.53 (talk) 06:19, 17 August 2008 (UTC) Why is "See also contemporary artists collective - www.changelings.com.au" included in the body of the article? Shouldn't it be in external links? 152.3.75.165 04:18, 18 September 2007 (UTC)

I reorganized the page, the intro was way too long. I promise I DID NOT remove or change ANY information, but merely reorganized the format. I hope no one is offended. Brina700 04:17, 8 May 2007 (UTC)

Consider adding Keith Donohue's The Stolen Child to the literature listing.

What about the tales of the faery replacing infants with elderly and ailing faeries, so that the changeling child soon sickens and dies? This is the version I’ve heard most often and it’s also been posited that this form of the changeling myth was an early explanation for cot death or SIDS (sudden infant death syndrome).OzoneO 20:24, 8 June 2006 (UTC)

one wonders why they steal babes, if it doesn't work out anyway? --Yak 13:09, Mar 15, 2004 (UTC)

 * I guess the reason is that our ancestors considered children born with Down's syndrome to be changelings. In this way changelings were a reality and the possibility of having one's child replaced was something that instilled fear. I know from the rural area in south central Sweden, where I grew up, that there was once a "changeling" in the neighbourhood who lived to an old age. Children have always been born with Down's syndrome and people needed a name for it. --Wiglaf 10:56, Mar 25, 2004 (CET)
 * I've heard that one reason trolls want to trade children is because they want the troll child to have a proper upbringing. Dustin Asby 06:28, 30 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * In my experience from reading Scandinavian fairy tales for my daughter, the main reason is jealousy. In the fairy tales, the trolls are dark and swarthy and are fond of the blond beauty of human infants.--Wiglaf 21:55, 8 Nov 2004 (UTC)

In the story "The Corpse" from Mike Mignola's Hellboy, it is suggested that the Fair Folk, for an unexplained reason, can no longer reproduce, and thus must take human children and raise them. It is implied that a child raised among the Fair Folk from infancy would become one of them. I'm going to add "The Corpse" to the list of references to Changelings in literature as well. Marksman45 08:21, 3 February 2006 (UTC)
 * There probably should be a sentence or citation about Brood parasite in nature. Cuvtixo (talk) 01:15, 22 February 2009 (UTC)

Brood Parasites-Cuckoos
Brood parasites are organisms that use the strategy of brood-parasitism, a kind of kleptoparasitism found among birds, fish or insects, involving the manipulation and use of host individuals either of the same (intraspecific brood-parasitism) or different species (interspecific brood-parasitism) to raise the young of the brood-parasite. This relieves the parasitic parent from the investment of rearing young or building nests, enabling them to spend more time foraging, producing offspring etc. Avian brood parasites ...This form of cuckoldry is taken a step further when females lay their eggs in the nests of other individuals. Intraspecific brood parasitism is seen in a number of duck species with females laying their eggs in the nests of others for example in the Goldeneye... Interspecific brood-parasites include the Old World cuckoos in Eurasia

Changelings in popular culture
The following comment was left on the article itself, and I'm moving it here:

Whoever is going to edit this, can somebody please define what changeling is in the movie "Changeling" directed by Clint Eastwood and starring Angelina Jolie? Much appreciated! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.25.201.127 (talk • contribs) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Claviola (talk • contribs) 00:39, 13 April 2009 (UTC)

Changeling in the movie "Changeling" refers simply to the fact that her son was replaced by a different boy the police believed to be her son. It does not refer to the classic image of changeling in folklore, it just refers to the idea that a human child was replaced with something else, in this case another boy. 69.161.78.31 (talk) 22:22, 28 April 2009 (UTC)

William Butler Yeats' poem
I would suggest, if mentioning The Stolen Child at all, we should probably also reference the original, from which the title to the Keith Donohue novel was almost certainly taken. --24.141.226.244 (talk) 07:11, 30 January 2019 (UTC)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Stolen_Child

Keith Donohue's novel
I've requested a citation to support the claim that "In the book The Stolen Child, Keith Donohue talks about the life of a changeling from the point of view of two boys, one of whom was evidently autistic" - I've read the book and there is certainly no explicit claim in it that the character is autistic, so this would seem to me to be original research. I'll give it a month or so to see if anyone responds, and then delete the whole sentence ~dom Kaos~ (talk) 18:10, 5 April 2010 (UTC)
 * Just re-read the novel: the only reference to a person with autism is, in fact, about a previous incarnation rather than one of the two protagonists. I've removed the offending sentence ~dom Kaos~ (talk) 14:49, 24 April 2010 (UTC)

--The Changeling...not the movie with Angelina Jolie--

How can you not have added the movie The Changeling with George C. Scott to the pop culture references to 'changeling?' — Preceding unsigned comment added by 199.59.174.46 (talk) 21:40, 10 July 2011 (UTC)

Additional Meaning
As well as the fantasy meanings, "Changeling" is also used to describe a person substituted for a stillborn child. Such substitutions were usually made with a view to fraudulently establishing or maintaining a dynastic succession. For example, when James II of England's son James Francis Edward Stuart (who became known in later years as "The Old Pretender") was born there were widespread rumours that he was a changeling introduced into his mother's bed hidden in a warming pan. Such politically motivated rumours were spread to try and discredit the royal succession.

If someone can produce a verifiable reference for this "commonly known fact" - the additional meaning could be added. Wings Tanar (talk) 17:05, 18 December 2011 (UTC)

Cutting

 * Perhaps the changeling myths of this time period reflect the feudal political structure, where inheritance is the only real way to gain personal or political power. A monarch gave the throne to his first surviving son at his own death.  When there was any doubt to the legitimacy of the child, the power of the very state could be called into question and a fight for political power could arise.  This inherent fear of war caused by political strife could have been mythologized.

Not only is this unsourced, it is by its own admission purely hypothetical. Goldfritha (talk) 03:24, 26 December 2012 (UTC)

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Undo purges to "In Popular Culture"
As per the title, the section Changelings in Popular Culture has been entirely purged twice (once in 2015 and the other in 2017) with little explanation other than contempt for trivia by the editors. I believe that the IPC sections in articles are one of the most iconic and unique (among encyclopedias) features of Wikipedia and an acknowledgment of the fact that the pop culture of today is what will be called "literary history" of the future. I think this is doubly important for seminal literary concepts that have become powerful metaphors whose meaning is enriched by every iteration, as is the case with Changeling.

Unless strongly opposed, I plan to restore the section and most of the old entries. I'll do my best to leave out the most tangential or irrelevant applications of the concept, but going by a quick skim, I'll be restoring more than I'll be leaving out.

I welcome discussion regarding this matter. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Maokun (talk • contribs) 13:37, 28 January 2021 (UTC)

In Ancient Persia
Herodotus (The Histories, 1.138) says this of the Persians "They say that no one has ever yet killed his father or mother; when such a thing has been done, it always turns out on inquest that the doer is shown to be a changeling or the fruit of adultery; for it is not to be believed (say they) that a son should kill his true parent." See http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+1.138&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0126

However, I'm not sure what is meant by changeling here, and it's probably about 2000 years older than any of the other material in the article as it was written around 430BC, so I'm not adding anything to the article.Housecarl (talk) 05:30, 2 April 2022 (UTC)

Aliens
Not good at reading 105.161.41.160 (talk) 14:52, 17 August 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Changeling


text:
Tae Ashida

Tae Ashida (芦田 多恵) is a well-known fashion designer who has designed many uniforms in high-profile businesses and venues across Japan. She is the daughter of Japanese fashion designer Jun Ashida who at one point of his career was the dressmaker of Empress Michiko.

Biography
Born in 1964 in Tokyo, Tae is the second daughter of Jun Ashida. After graduating from high school at Institut Le Rosey in Switzerland, Tae went on to graduate from the Apparel Design department at The Rhode Island School of Design as a Bachelor of Fine Arts.

In 1991, she debuted as an independent designer for Miss Ashida and presently is an active designer in her father's company and is being groomed to take over her father's business. Tae has also designed uniforms for the female members of the Tokyo Trust Bank (UFJ Trust Bank), performers at Tokyo's Disney Resort and the uniforms for SK-II, Max Factor's top brand in Asia.

title: Tae Ashida


text:
Moroiso

Moroiso (諸磯) is the name of an inlet in the Miura Peninsula south of Tokyo in Japan.

Prehistory
Moroiso was settled by Jōmon people by at least 3,000 BCE. Evidence from that period have been found, including sedentary to semi-sedentary housing, pottery, stone tools and fishing implements. Moroiso became the archeological name for the Early Jōmon period of Japanese prehistory corresponding to the Moroiso pottery style, dated to around 5.000 years before present. The Moroiso period also coincides with the hypsithermal interval, the warmest period since the last glaciation, when sea levels were around 6 meters higher than today.

History
During historic times, the rugged and hilly Moroiso coastline, together with the adjoining Aburatsubo inlet, was selected by the feudal Miura clan to build a series of fortifications, with the Arai castle at its center. During the warring period of Sengoku, the castle fell after a 3-year siege to the rival Hōjō samurai family, in the year 1516. The Hōjō later managed to unify most of the Kantō area around Tokyo.

World War II
Late of the Second World War in 1945, the Japanese Navy selected the Misaki Marine Biological Station of the University of Tokyo at Moroiso as training school and harbour for a fleet of Kamikaze midget submarines, the Kairyu (海龍 "Sea Dragons"). They were supposed to be employed in suicide bombing missions against the US Navy ships during its final approach to Tokyo, but the war ended before any of them could see action.

After the war, the facility was returned to the university and is still visible today.

Today
Moroiso harbours a small fishing community and a few hundred pleasure boats on moorings or stored on the ground. With the neighbouring Aburatsubo inlet, Moroiso has been considered as the birthplace of modern recreational sailing in Japan.

Due to the lack of space on the water inside the inlet itself, many boats are stored on the ground, typically using an adapted forklift system which allows to put on the water boats up to 40 ft, in a matter of minutes.

title: Moroiso


text:
Communes of French Guiana

The following is a list of the 22 communes in French Guiana, France.

The communes cooperate in the following intercommunalities (as of 2020):
 * Communauté d'agglomération du Centre Littoral
 * Communauté de communes de l'Est guyanais
 * Communauté de communes de l'Ouest guyanais
 * Communauté de communes des Savanes

title: Communes of French Guiana


text:
David L. Rabinowitz

David Lincoln Rabinowitz (born 1960) is an American astronomer, discoverer of minor planets and researcher at Yale University.

Career
David Rabinowitz has built CCD cameras and software for the detection of near-Earth and Kuiper belt objects, and his research has helped reduce the assumed number of near-Earth asteroids larger than 1 km by half, from 1,000–2,000 to 500–1,000. He has also assisted in the detection of distant solar system objects, supernovae, and quasars, thereby helping to understand the origin and evolution of the Solar System and the dark energy driving the accelerated expansion of the universe.

Collaborating with Michael Brown and Chad Trujillo of the Quasar Equatorial Survey Team, he has participated in the discovery of several possible dwarf planets such as 90377 Sedna (possibly the first known inner Oort cloud object), 90482 Orcus, Eris (more massive than Pluto ),, and , though no-one would get credit for Haumea.

Together with Tom Gehrels of the University of Arizona and his Spacewatch team, Rabinowitz discovered or co-discovered other astronomical objects including 5145 Pholus – a Centaur, credited by the MPC to Spacewatch – and the unnumbered Apollo near-Earth object 1991 BA, which remains uncredited.

Awards and honors
The minor planet 5040 Rabinowitz, a Phocaea asteroid discovered by Tom Gehrels at Palomar Observatory in 1972, was named in his honor and for his work at Spacewatch.

List of discovered minor planets
David Rabinowitz is credited by the Minor Planet Center with the discovery and co-discovery of 34 minor planets during 1989–2010.

1992AD is with a comet-like orbit of 92.26 years without a tail, which orbits between Saturn and Neptune. It was discovered by Rabinowitz in 1992 and was officially named Pholus. Another body that he discovered in 1993 was named Nessus with an orbit of 123.2 years. This one orbits between Saturn and Pluto.

title: David L. Rabinowitz


text:
Alexander, Crown Prince of Yugoslavia

Alexander, Crown Prince of Yugoslavia (Александар Карађорђевић, Престолонаследник Југославије; born 17 July 1945), is the head of the House of Karađorđević, the former royal house of the defunct Kingdom of Yugoslavia and its predecessor the Kingdom of Serbia. Alexander is the only child of King Peter II and his wife, Princess Alexandra of Greece and Denmark. He held the position of crown prince in the Democratic Federal Yugoslavia for the first four-and-a-half months of his life, until the declaration of the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia later in November 1945, when the monarchy was abolished. In public he claims the crowned royal title of "Alexander II Karadjordjevic" (Александар II Карађорђевић) as a pretender to the throne.

Born and raised in the United Kingdom, he enjoys close relationships with his relatives in the British royal family. His godparents were King George VI of the United Kingdom and his daughter, the then-Princess Elizabeth (later Queen Elizabeth II). Through his father, Alexander is a direct descendant of Queen Victoria, through his great-great-grandfather Prince Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Victoria's second eldest son. Maternally, he is also a direct descendant of Queen Victoria, through his great-great-grandmother Victoria, German Empress, Victoria's eldest daughter. Alexander is known for his support of constitutional monarchism and his humanitarian work.

Status at birth
As with many other European monarchs during World War II, King Peter II left his country to establish a government-in-exile. He left Yugoslavia in April 1941 and arrived in London in June 1941. The Royal Yugoslav Armed Forces capitulated in 18 April.

After the Tehran Conference, the Allies shifted support from royalist Chetniks to communist-led Partisans. Commenting on the event and what happened to his father, Crown Prince Alexander said, "He [Peter II] was too straight. He could not believe that his allies – the mighty American democracy and his relatives and friends in London – could do him in. But that's precisely what happened". In June 1944, Ivan Šubašić, the Royalist prime minister, and Josip Broz Tito, the Communist Partisan leader, signed an agreement that was an attempt to merge the royal government and communist movement.

On 29 November 1943, AVNOJ (formed by the Partisans) declared themselves the sovereign communist government of Yugoslavia and announced that they would take away all legal rights from the Royal government. On 10 August 1945, less than a month after Alexander's birth, AVNOJ named the country Democratic Federal Yugoslavia. On 29 November 1945, the country was declared a communist republic and changed its name to People's Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.

In 1947, all members of Alexander's family except for his grand-uncle Prince George were deprived of their Yugoslav citizenship and their property was confiscated.

As of 8 July 2015 the High Court in Belgrade found that decree 392, issued by the Presidency of the Presidium of the National Assembly on 3 August 1947, which deprived King Peter II and other members of the House of Karađorđević of their citizenship, was null and void from the moment of its adoption, in the parts pertaining to Crown Prince Alexander, and that all of its legal consequences are thus null and void.

Birth and childhood
Alexander was born in Suite 212 of Claridge's Hotel in Brook Street, Mayfair, London. The British Government is said to have temporarily ceded sovereignty over the suite in which the birth occurred to Yugoslavia so that the crown prince would be born on Yugoslav territory, though the story may be apocryphal, as there exists no documentary record of this. Another part of the story says that a box of soil from the homeland was placed under the bed, so the Prince could be born on Yugoslav soil. It is now Suite 214 and known as the 'Alexander Suite'.

He was the only child of King Peter II and Queen Alexandra of Yugoslavia. He was christened on 24 October 1945 at Westminster Abbey. His godparents were members of the British royal family, King George VI and Princess Elizabeth, who later became Queen Elizabeth II.

His parents were relatively unable to take care of him, due to their various health and financial problems, so Alexander was raised by his maternal grandmother, Princess Aspasia of Greece and Denmark. He was educated at Trinity School, Institut Le Rosey, Culver Military Academy, Gordonstoun, Millfield and Mons Officer Cadet School, Aldershot, and pursued a career in the British military.

Military service
Alexander graduated from the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst in 1966 and was commissioned as an officer into the British Army's 16th/5th The Queen's Royal Lancers regiment, rising to the rank of captain. His tours of duty included West Germany, Italy, the Middle East, and Northern Ireland. After leaving the army in 1972, Alexander, who speaks several languages, pursued a career in international business.

Personal life

On 1 July 1972 at Villamanrique de la Condesa, near Seville, Spain, he married Princess Maria da Gloria of Orléans-Bragança (b. 1946) from the Brazilian imperial family. They are double 4th cousins once removed as both are descendants of Prince Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (1785–1851) and his wife Princess Maria Antonia von Koháry (1797–1862), as well as of Pedro I, Emperor of Brazil and his wife, Archduchess Maria Leopoldina of Austria. They have three sons: Peter (born 5 February 1980), and fraternal twins: Philip and Alexander (both born 15 January 1982).

Alexander and Maria da Gloria divorced on 19 February 1985. Both of them married for the second time. Maria da Gloria married Ignacio de Medina, Duke of Segorbe (b. 1947), while Crown Prince Alexander married Katherine Clairy Batis, the daughter of Robert Batis and his wife, Anna Dosti, civilly on 20 September 1985, and religiously the following day, at St. Sava Serbian Orthodox Church, Notting Hill, London. Since their marriage, she is known as Crown Princess Katherine, as per the royal family's website.

On 16 December 2017, Alexander attended with his wife the state funeral of his first cousin once removed, King Michael of Romania in Bucharest, along with other heads of European royal families and invited guests.

On 19 September 2022, Crown Prince Alexander and his wife Catherine attended the state funeral of his godmother Queen Elizabeth II.

On 6 February 2024, following the news about King Charles' health, Alexander himself revealed that he had been treated for early-stage prostate cancer in December 2023.

Return to Yugoslavia
Alexander first came to Yugoslavia in 1991. He actively worked with the opposition to Slobodan Milošević and moved to Yugoslavia after Milošević had been deposed in 2000.

On 27 February 2001, the parliament of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY) passed legislation conferring citizenship on members of the Karađorđević family. The legislation may also have effectively annulled a decree stripping the family of its citizenship of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) in 1947.

The annulment was the topic of some debate. Notably, the FRY was not the successor of the SFRY; rather the FRY was a new state (and was admitted to the United Nations as a new state on that basis). Therefore, the jurisdiction of a new state to annul an action of a different former state was questioned. In effect, the Karađorđević family had FRY citizenship conferred upon them, not "restored" as such.

The FRY legislation also addresses restoration of property to the Karađorđević family. In March 2001, the property seized from his family, including royal palaces, was returned for residential purposes with property ownership to be decided by parliament at some later date.

He has lived since 17 July 2001 in the Royal Palace (Kraljevski Dvor) in Dedinje, an exclusive area of Belgrade. The Palace, which was completed in 1929, is one of two royal residences in the Royal Compound; the other is the White Palace, which was completed in 1936.

Belief in constitutional monarchy
Alexander is a proponent of re-creating a constitutional monarchy in Serbia and sees himself as the rightful king. He believes that monarchy could give Serbia "stability, continuity and unity".

A number of political parties and organizations support a constitutional parliamentary monarchy in Serbia. The Serbian Orthodox Church has openly supported the restoration of the monarchy. The assassinated former Serbian Prime Minister Zoran Đinđić was often seen in the company of the prince and his family, supporting their campaigns and projects, although his Democratic Party never publicly embraced monarchy.

Crown Prince Alexander has vowed to stay out of politics. He and Princess Katherine spend considerable time engaging in humanitarian work.

The Crown Prince has, however, increasingly participated in public functions alongside the leaders of Serbia, the former Yugoslav republics and members of the diplomatic corps. On 11 May 2006, he hosted a reception at the Royal Palace for delegates attending a summit on Serbia and Montenegro. The reception was attended by the Governor of the National Bank of Serbia, as well as ambassadors and diplomats from Slovenia, Poland, Brazil, Japan, United States, and Austria. He later delivered a keynote speech in front of prime ministers Vojislav Koštunica and Milo Đukanović. In the speech he spoke of prospective Serbian membership of the European Union. He told delegates:

"In addition, we in Serbia and Montenegro must take into account that whatever form we take within the European Union, we have only but one choice and that is to work for the common good of all member nations. It is also central to take into account that stability in our region will be enhanced when Serbia is fully at peace with itself."

Following Montenegro's successful independence referendum on 21 May 2006, the re-creation of the Serbian monarchy found its way into daily political debate. A monarchist proposal for the new Serbian constitution has been published alongside other proposals. The document approved in October 2006 is a republican one. The Serbian people have not had a chance to vote on the system of government.

The Crown Prince raised the issue of a royal restoration in the immediate aftermath of the vote. In a press release issued on 24 May 2006 he stated:

"It has been officially confirmed that the people of Montenegro voted for independence. I am sad, but I wish our Montenegrin brothers peace, democracy and happiness. The people of Montenegro are our brothers and sisters no matter what if we live in one or in two countries, that is how it was and that is how it will be forever.

I strongly believe in a Constitutional Parliamentary Kingdom of Serbia. Again, we need to be proud, a strong Serbia that is at peace with itself and with its neighbors. We were a proud, respected and happy country in the days of my great grandfather King Peter I. So, we can do it! Only if we have a form of governance close to the Serbian soul: the Kingdom of Serbia.

Simply, the King is above daily politics, he is the guardian of national unity, political stability and continuity of the state. In Constitutional Parliamentary Monarchies the King is the protector of public interest: there is no personal or party interest. What is most important is the interest of Serbia.

I am ready to meet all our politicians; we have to work together for the common good of Serbia, and to be friends in the name of the future of our country. I appeal for the end of the continuous political wrangling, division and arguments. I appeal for mature democratic debate in the interest of Serbia. Serbia must have clear and realistic objectives."

In 2011 an online open access poll by Serbian middle-market tabloid newspaper Blic showed that 64% of Serbians support restoring the monarchy. Another poll in May 2013 had 39% of Serbians supporting the monarchy, with 32% against it. The public also had reservations with Alexander's apparent lack of knowledge of the Serbian language. On 27 July 2015, newspaper Blic published a poll "Da li Srbija treba da bude monarhija?" ("Should Serbia be a monarchy?"); 49.8% respondents expressed support in a reconstitution of monarchy, 44.6% were opposed and 5.5% were indifferent.

Honours

 * House of Karađorđević: Sovereign of the Royal Order of Saint Prince Lazarus
 * House of Karađorđević: Sovereign of the Royal Order of Karađorđe's Star
 * House of Karađorđević: Sovereign of the Royal Order of the White Eagle
 * House of Karađorđević: Sovereign of the Royal Order of the Crown
 * House of Karađorđević: Sovereign of the Royal Order of St. Sava
 * Brazilian Imperial Family: Grand Cross of the Imperial Order of the Cross
 * Italian Royal Family: Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus
 * Two Sicilian Royal Family: Knight of the Illustrious Royal Order of Saint Januarius
 * Two Sicilian Royal Family: Bailiff Knight Grand Cross of Justice with Collar of the Two Sicilian Royal Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George

Foreign

 * 🇫🇷 France: Commander of the National Order of the Legion of Honour
 * Sovereign Military Order of Malta: Collar of the Order of Merit
 * 🇸🇪 Sweden: Recipient of the 50th Birthday Medal of King Carl XVI Gustaf
 * 🇸🇪 Sweden: Recipient of the 70th Birthday Medal of King Carl XVI Gustaf
 * 🇬🇧 United Kingdom: Recipient of the General Service Medal

Ecclesiastical

 * Order of Tsar Constantine (Serbian Orthodox Church)
 * Order of the Holy Archangels Michael and Gabriel (Greek Orthodox Church)
 * Order of Saint Tsar Nicholas (Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia)
 * Order of Saint Sava (First Grade) (Serbian Orthodox Church)
 * Order of St. Prince Lazar (Eparchy of Raška and Prizren, Serbian Orthodox Church)

Books, letters and articles

 * Luxmoore, Jonathon, Serbian Orthodox Leader Calls For Monarchy To Be Reintroduced, Ecumenical News Daily Service (Belgrade), 8 December 2003
 * Luxmoore, Jonathon, Serbian Orthodox Leader Calls For Monarchy To Be Reintroduced, Ecumenical News Daily Service (Belgrade), 8 December 2003
 * Luxmoore, Jonathon, Serbian Orthodox Leader Calls For Monarchy To Be Reintroduced, Ecumenical News Daily Service (Belgrade), 8 December 2003
 * Luxmoore, Jonathon, Serbian Orthodox Leader Calls For Monarchy To Be Reintroduced, Ecumenical News Daily Service (Belgrade), 8 December 2003

title: Alexander, Crown Prince of Yugoslavia


text:
Talk:Melbourne International Comedy Festival

I have re added the paragraph I WROTE - and categorically state it is in the public domain. - Catscratch.

Errrm, is there a story? What happened here? The page was deleted ??? Zuytdorp Survivor 22:51, 29 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * Research seems to indicate that User:Jimregan deleted the article on the basis of alleged copyvio in the page's history. From memory, it was a mistaken claim of copyvio? I think it would be proper form to place a note on a article or its Talk page before doing something major like this.
 * diff of change made to Wikipedia:Copyright problems

04:13, 29 Jun 2004 (hist) m Wikipedia:Copyright problems (Possible copyright violation in Page History - rm Melbourne International Comedy Festival, Greek art)
 * Zuytdorp Survivor 23:33, 29 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Cleanup
Started cleanup today, still work to be done. --Mikecraig 01:32, 4 May 2007 (UTC)

Unsourced
Can we get a source for the statement at the top that the festival is conscidered the most relaxed and least commercial. I've never heard of it being like that.118.208.67.162 (talk) 15:15, 4 March 2010 (UTC)

Separate entry needed for Barry Award(?)
I am trying to learn how to create a new entry for the Barry Award for purposes of cross-reference. Any help would be much appreciated. Tyranny Sue (talk) 07:10, 21 February 2009 (UTC)
 * The Perrier Comedy Award article might be a good model. I'm happy to give you a hand if you need it! -Shoemoney2night (talk) 08:02, 21 February 2009 (UTC)

Thanks Shoemoney! I'm kind of tempted to make one for the other major Aussie comedy awards (Golden Gibbo, Squirrel Grip, etc) since they all seem to have their own individual stories and are awarded by different organisations. --Tyranny Sue (talk) 02:06, 12 March 2009 (UTC)

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Questia Online Library

Questia was an online commercial digital repository of books and articles that had an academic orientation, with a particular emphasis on books and journal articles in the humanities and social sciences. All the text in all the Questia books and articles were available to subscribers; the site also included integrated research tools. It was founded in 1998 and ceased operations in December 2020.

Company history
Questia, based in Chicago, Illinois, was founded in 1998 and purchased by Gale, part of Cengage Learning, in January 2010.

Service
Questia offered some information free of charge, including several public domain works, publication information, tables of contents, the first page of every chapter, Boolean searches of the contents of the library, and short bibliographies of available books and articles on some 6,500 topics.

Questia did not sell ownership to books or ebooks, but rather sold monthly or annual subscriptions that allowed temporary online reading access to all 94000+ books, and 14 million + journal, magazine, and newspaper articles in their collection. The books were selected by academic librarians as credible, authoritative works in their respective areas. The librarians also compiled about 7000 reference bibliographies on frequently researched topics. The library was strongest in books and journal articles in the social sciences and humanities, with many older historical texts. Original pagination was maintained. The Questia service also featured tools to automatically create citations and bibliographies, helping writers to properly cite the materials.

A limitation to the Questia library was that new additions were available in a "beta" version only. Unlike Questia's earlier publications, these prevented users from copying text directly from the website, although one page from the publications could be printed free of charge. A charge was made for printing a range of pages.

Questia launched their Q&A blog on September 21, 2011. Q&A was divided into "Education news," "Student resources" and "Subjects" categories. "Subjects" was further broken down so readers could find specific content based on their academic needs.

Questia released an iPhone app in 2011, which was extended to the iPad the following year. Then in January 2013 Questia launched tutorials, including videos and quizzes, to teach students the research process.

Criticism
Questia was criticized in 2005 by librarian Steven J. Bell for referring to itself as an academic library, when it concentrated on the liberal arts and treated users as customers rather than students. Moreover, Bell argued, Questia did not employ academic librarians or faculty. Although some of its employees had advanced library degrees, they did not work or collaborate with faculty to develop collections that served distinctive student populations.

title: Questia Online Library


text:
Communes of the Martinique department

The following is a list of the 34 communes of the Martinique overseas department of France.

The communes cooperate in the following intercommunalities (as of 2020):
 * Communauté d'agglomération du Centre de la Martinique
 * Communauté d'agglomération de l'Espace Sud de la Martinique
 * Communauté d'agglomération du Pays Nord Martinique

title: Communes of the Martinique department


text:
Talk:360-degree feedback

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 9 September 2020 and 9 December 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): JacquelynTiffin, Sccarthy, Zaffinoc.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 13:06, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Comments
Given the critical comments that appeared in the past, I'm delighted to find the article so well-balanced. I wonder if more details could be provided regarding the specific conditions in which 360 degree feedback works and those when it doesn't. Also, what kind of impact does this type of feedback have on an organization's environment? I see mixed results in its ability to produce changes in performance, but I think discussing how employees feel about it is also warranted.Jesserjames (talk) 03:24, 10 April 2012 (UTC)

hi

I'm a novince in the field of management. The 360 degree method of appraisal is of interest to me..I''d like to know more, as in the evolution and history, success and failure reports etc...If someone has all these details, do contact me at linutaura@epatra.com.

regards lindsie
 * Okay: it sucks. Take it from a long-time IBMer. It started in about the mid-1980s and began to die about 2000 because of its ineffectiveness and morale-lowering difficulty. It creates a lot of paperwork and doesn’t yield much insight that the employee can’t get from his manager. Peers rate each other too generously and subordinates are afraid to criticize their superiors. Plus, how many people do you need to tell you that you should be more proactive in managing risk and look for ways to expand your skill set? However, in a modified form (such as infrequent subordinate evaluations of their managers), it may remain useful. --Tysto 04:33, 2005 August 9 (UTC)

>>> Perhaps you should channel your energy into mastering the English language.

@Tysto - agree with your comments. However, putting Lindsie down in your parting shot, in that light sarcastic way is unwarrented. Ironically it may explain why such stupid tools like 360's exists as some seem unable to provide considerate, improvement tips directly.

360 Feedback for managers is alive and well as a developmental tool. It is used very infrequently by most progressive organizations as an "evaluation" method. Entering my 30th year as a leadership consultant I can testify to its value in coaching and developing folks whose perceptions of their own behavior is not borne out by survey feedback from their peers or work teams. Questions should be based upon core capabilities / competencies determined critical to a climate of leadership in your organization. Les Wallace, SignatureResources.com

360 degree feedback and 360 degree review are usually different processes. Most legitimate providers of 360 degree feedback only use their tools for feedback and coaching purposes. Once a 360 degree tool is used for a performance review, you tend to get skewed results. Reports and Peers give the leader higher scores because they know their performance bonus is on the line. When it is truly anonymous feedback, that is only used for constructive feedback and coaching, you tend to get more honest results. --Tkuhne 18:41, 31 July 2006 (UTC) boothco.com

360 degree feedback refers to the process of gathering 360 degree feedback. 360 degree review refers to the use of 360 degree feedback... for review. As a process, they are identical, and their articles should be merged and relationship clarified within that one article to explain that difference. The common advice against the use of 360 degree feedback for review should be highlighted as well. Also, please do not advertise your company on the main page of this article. This is an encyclopedia, not free ad space. richdiesal 18:59, 31 July 2006 (UTC)

As a practitioner in this field for over 20 years and editor/author of The Handbook of MultiSource Feedback, I strongly disagree with the statement that 360 cannot succeed as a tool for decision making. Many organizations have and continue to use 360 for decision making, including not only appraisal but also succession planning, high potential selection/development, staffing, and leadership development. The fact is that 360 data, generated under the right conditions (including things like rater training), provides information that is more valid and fair than that created by traditional sources (i.e., supervisor evaluations). Yes, it can be misused and abused, which is true for any tool/process. And it is difficult to do well and to sustain it. But it is overly dogmatic to dismiss it as useful only for development. In fact, purely "development only" systems are quite rare and are, in my experience, not worth the investment. David W. Bracken, Ph.D. Iopsychguy 22:17, 30 December 2006 (UTC)

Criticism
This article seems unbalanced. In places it reads like promotional material for 360 degree feedback. Where is the criticism? --203.97.202.236 (talk) 01:47, 20 December 2007 (UTC)

Having read it again, this whole article feels like an advertisement put together by people selling online 360 degree feedback tools.

An example of criticism can be found in the 1999 Watson Wyatt Human Capital Index: http://www.watsonwyatt.com/research/featured/hci.asp - "potentially draining shareholder value by as much as 14.5 to 33.9% for practices such as developmental training for career advancement, 360-degree feedback programs and using HR technology for softer goals such as improved culture and/or communication." --203.97.202.236 (talk) 02:05, 20 December 2007 (UTC)

I've now twice removed an external link in the body to a Google search about online 360-degree services. My first reason is that Wikipedia forbids external links in the body of articles (they can only appear in an External Links section at the end). Secondly, a Google search link is a totally inappropriate thing to link to from Wikipedia because the information returned varies depending on when you search. Besides, most users are entirely capable of doing a Google search themselves. So this link wouldn't even be suitable in External Links. Finally, it's clear that the main reason for such a link is advertising (by someone who considers their product well-ranked in Google) - please note that Wikipedia does not allow advertising (see WP:ADS). Please do not add this again, as it clearly violates several Wikipedia policies and guidelines. I've also removed the superlative phrase "Then came the Internet!" which reads like over-excited advertising copy, not like an encyclopedia. We can discuss these edits here if you wish, but please don't start an edit-war over something so clear-cut. --203.97.202.236 (talk) 02:30, 3 January 2008 (UTC)

How many of those references are actually mentioned or used as source material for the article, and how many are just listed to advertise them? For instance, a reference was just added but the article was not changed. See WP:REF, general references are for listing "books or other sources that support a significant amount of the material in the article", not for providing a general reading list. --Ryan Paddy (talk) 04:28, 9 February 2008 (UTC)

360 degree forms & formates
Hi, this is Ataur, am a HR Executive in a Group of Company in Bangladesh. I have heard about the 360 degree performance apprisal method. I'd like to know more about this method. If any one has any forms or formates on how dose this works, thn please contact me at rasel_rahmansub@yahoo.com

I'd be glad to hear from any of you

Bye

Ataur —Preceding unsigned comment added by 202.22.199.82 (talk) 07:16, 7 February 2010 (UTC)

Watson Wyatt
I have reverted again an edit which removed a wikilink to Watson Wyatt as the rationale that the link is not appropriate on grounds that it is a commercial company does not seem to be a valid reason for removing a wikilink. I note another editor was also querying the reason for removing the wikilink and the reason(s) provided in the edit summary so far do not seem to relate to a wikipedia policy I am familiar with. If such a policy exists which satisfactorily supports the approach that such links should not to be made of this type in this article it would be helpful if it could be provided in response to this request in which case I will of course be happy to leave the company unwikilinked. Tmol42 (talk) 01:56, 15 January 2011 (UTC)
 * I also restored the link earlier. While the latest edit summary by Coaches360 is correct that the link goes to the company's article and not the study done by the company, there is nothing wrong with that.  The wikilink does not indicate that it is going to the study as the word study is not part of the wikilink.  If someone would click on the link they should realize they are going to the company's article because that is all that is blue.  It is an appropriate wikilink for the article since the company is discussed in the article.  The Manual of style on linking says "Internal links can add to the cohesion and utility of Wikipedia, allowing readers to deepen their understanding of a topic by conveniently accessing other articles."  That is what the link does, it allows readers to understand more about the company that completed the study.  I have also added a fact tag to that sentence, maybe we can find a link to the actual study on the web and add it.   GB  fan  12:37, 15 January 2011 (UTC)

 * I added the Wyatt Watson study mention. As I recall, the study is outlined by Pfau & Kay (2002), as are the statements currently attributed to "others". I agree that the current presentation of these sources is rather ambiguous, as there are several statements from that source followed by a single reference. I don't think the Wyatt Watson study is available via academic access, you have to buy it, which is why we're relying on the description of it in Pfau & Kay. On a separate note, does anyone else find the referencing style of this article horrible? I far prefer the [number] style of reference, it's much more readible and prevalent on Wikipedia. If we used the number style we could stick the same number after all of the statements sourced from Pfau & Kay, rather than adding "Pfau & Kay (2002)" after each statement which would be ugly. Ryan Paddy (talk) 23:47, 17 January 2011 (UTC)

>>>>>>> GB Fan, Tmol,

I can see we continue to reverse each others' changes regarding the Watson Wyatt link on 360-degree feedback. My reason for deleting the Watson link is that it refers to the Wikipedia page for Watson Wyatt (a commercial enterprise), rather than to the study being mentioned. Having gone through a year ago and cleaned up all the references/citations on this page, I found there were a large number of "studies" that linked to commercial information (although the WW link is a Wikipedia link, it still describes a business), and not the study itself. In order to preserve the non-commercial element here, it's important that this not start up again. For example, I recognize many of the others of the articles cited in the references section. They are solid references and strong studies. Many of them belong to commercial enterprises and these enterprises conducted the studies-- similar to Pfau of Watson Wyatt. However, does this mean that each of these should refer back to their companies via a Wikipedia link? If the link is regarding 360-degree feedback, great. However, the link does not describe 360, it describes a company. Additionally, although WW is cited here, the WW study isn't considered to be at the same level of rigor, primarily because it was conducted by a commercial enterprise in order support it's own motives and purposes. Also, the source can only be accessed by subscribing to WW's site (sounds like a commmercial venture to me, doesn't it??). Linking to a WW page could only serve as an inappropriate attempt to promote SEO rankings, as well as promote WW as a business doing 360 feedback. Is this what we're aiming for in this link?

Also, regarding your "citation needed" remarks, the WW study is already cited in the Pfau and Kay reference later in the paragraph.

As for reference formatting, you are correct-- it doesn't make sense to cite the same source multiple times in the same paragraph (the "need citation" marks should be removed). Please note that the reference "author & author (year)" conforms to APA formatting, which is the generally accepted standard for organizational psychology, including Wikipedia articles regarding such.

Thanks for your review. I really do respect the dialogue here. My goal is to provide accurate, unbiased info, without promoting one commercial enterprise over another. Coaches360 (talk) 03:35, 18 January 2011 (UTC)Coaches360

 * The inclusion of Watson Wyatt in the article is not inappropriate, and I assume as you have not removed it nor commented against its inclusion that you also agree that it is appropriate to refer to the company in the context in which it is used. The company has been deemed notable by editors of Wikipedia, consequently there is an article about it. As the 360 degree article includes mention of Watson Wyatt wikilinking Watson Wyatt to the article about the company is relevant, and does not create any issues of commercialisation. One of the key features of the Wikipedia Project is the ability to link articles through wikilinks see Manual of Style (linking), and editors are encouraged to add appropriate wikilinks to enhance its enclyclopaedic utility. Caution is advised when adding an external link to a company site where it could be considered to be linkspam. As far as I am aware there is no such policy appied to the everyday use of internal links to articles about commercial organisations. I hope this helps to clarify the distinction and rationale being applied to the retention of the wikilink. Tmol42 (talk) 11:54, 18 January 2011 (UTC)

 * The article on Watson Wyatt is an appropriate wikilink. It is not promoting the company, it discusses the company.  Coaches, if you feel the article is overly promotional in nature you can fix it so it is more factual and less promotional.  Every company that is discussed in this article, that has an article in Wikipedia, should have a wikilink to the article.  Internal links are added into the articles so that other readers have the ability to find out related information.  Information about the companies discussed in the article is related and is pertinent to understanding the whole concept.  As far as the citation needed tags are concerned I really don't care, I guess i am used to seeing a different kind of citation but the method is not important.   GB  fan  12:39, 18 January 2011 (UTC)

 * I don't see any reason we need to mention a company that happened to perform one of the many studies described in the article. If there was a need to mention it, then it would be appropriate to link it. But mentioning the company that performed one study adds no real information to the article. I've rephrased this paragraph to make it clear what the citation for the two statements is, see what you think. I think I was the one who put the Wyatt Watson company name originally, but I can't see any reason for its presence now. Ryan Paddy (talk) 22:57, 18 January 2011 (UTC)

Contribution
Hello i would like to make a contribution to this article. Please return any feedback on my talk page. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Fernando18/Personal_sandbox --Fernando18 (talk) 16:30, 6 May 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:360-degree feedback


text:
Chiltern Hundreds

The Chiltern Hundreds is an ancient administrative area in Buckinghamshire, England, composed of three "hundreds" and lying partially within the Chiltern Hills. "Taking the Chiltern Hundreds" refers to one of the legal fictions used to effect resignation from the British House of Commons. Since Members of Parliament are not permitted to resign, they are instead appointed to an "office of profit under the Crown", which requires MPs to vacate their seats. The ancient office of Crown Steward and Bailiff of the Chiltern Hundreds, having been reduced to a mere sinecure by the 17th century, was first used by John Pitt (of Encombe) in 1751 to vacate his seat in the House of Commons. Other titles were also later used for the same purpose, but only those of the Chiltern Hundreds and the Crown Steward and Bailiff of the Manor of Northstead are still in use.

Three Chiltern Hundreds
A hundred is a traditional division of an English county: the Oxford English Dictionary says that the etymology is "exceedingly obscure". The three Chiltern Hundreds were Stoke Hundred, Desborough Hundred, and Burnham Hundred. The area had been Crown property as early as the 13th century.

Original role
Through the Saxon and early Norman periods the area was administered by an elder. But by the late Middle Ages the office holder was elected from among a hundred's notable landholding families. As the area was wild and notorious for outlaws, a steward and bailiff was appointed directly by the Crown (thus as a royal bailiwick it was a legal office answerable to the reigning monarch) to maintain law and order. However, by the end of the 16th century such positions had been overtaken by changes in local and Crown representations and roles – the government of Elizabeth I had established royal representatives (Justices of the Peace, Sheriffs, and Lords Lieutenant) in every county of England and Wales; they ensured that Royal commands and laws were obeyed. By the 17th century the office of steward and bailiff had been reduced to just a title with no attached powers or duties.

Resignation from the House of Commons
In the 17th century Members of Parliament (MPs) were often elected against their will. On 2 March 1623, a resolution was passed by the House of Commons making it illegal for an MP to quit or wilfully give up his seat. Believing that officers of the Crown could not remain impartial, the House passed a resolution on 30 December 1680 stating that an MP who "shall accept any Office, or Place of Profit, from the Crown, without the Leave of this House ... shall be expelled [from] this House." However, MPs were able to hold Crown Stewardships until 1740, when Sir Watkin Williams-Wynn was deemed to have vacated his Commons seat after becoming Steward of the Lordship and Manor of Bromfield and Yale.

The post of Crown Steward and Bailiff of the three Chiltern Hundreds of Stoke, Desborough and Burnham remained a nominal office of profit under the Crown, even though it had lost its original significance. It became the first office to be used for resignation when John Pitt was appointed Crown Steward on 25 January 1751. A number of other offices have also been used, but only the Chiltern Hundreds and the Crown Steward and Bailiff of the Manor of Northstead are still in use.

title: Chiltern Hundreds


text:
Talk:Chiltern Hundreds

How much are they paid?
How much is the Steward paid? Jackiespeel 13:25, 13 September 2007 (UTC)
 * This question is answered in the article: "...the holder ceased to gain any benefits during the 17th century." --Shannonr 11:34, 28 October 2007 (UTC)
 * I'm not so sure, the linked reference only states that the steward stopped getting any revenue from the Hundreds, does it actually mean that the crown has stopped paying him as well (and how can it be an office of profit if it has)? --Dami (talk) 13:00, 1 July 2008 (UTC)
 * chances are it is a peppercorn salary, i might be able to ask next week when i'm down there. ninety:one 19:13, 1 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Its quite probable. I would be grateful if you could find out something when you're there. --Dami (talk) 10:23, 2 July 2008 (UTC)

 * What legally bars an MP from Parliament is taking a paid sinecure of the Crown - therefore there must be some kind of nominal salary, even if it's virtually nothing! But yes I'm having trouble finding what it is, if anything. Or perhaps just the fact that the role is able to draw a salary, but they don't, is enough? It's a point that needs clarifying.Gymnophoria (talk) 08:05, 30 September 2014 (UTC)

Why not let them resign?
Why doesn't the Parliament simply pass an act allowing members to resign (upon approval of the Chancellor)? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.165.146.190 (talk) 02:02, 10 November 2007 (UTC)

because that would be boring. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 129.234.4.10 (talk) 23:55, 29 February 2008 (UTC)

The article says the David Davis had to be released from the post in order to stand for the by-election. However, the article "Resignation from the British House of Commons" says existing holders of Crown posts are not ineligible to become MPs. The reference cited does not actually say he had to be released from the post. 85.211.235.63 (talk) 15:06, 26 June 2008 (UTC)
 * looking into it now. ninety:one 16:47, 26 June 2008 (UTC)
 * The law says up to 95 ministers, and only ministers, can hold their crown posts and be MPs. ninety:one 18:35, 26 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Citation please; the nineteenth-century usage was that any appointment triggered a by-election, but you could hold office if your constituency re-elected you. The Chiltern Hundreds was traditionally resigned immediately, as an act of civility, so that the next MP to resign could apply for the vacancy. My understanding was that it was amended so that ministers did not have to resign, not so that duly re-elected MP's could not accept other crown offices. (Can't you be MP and RN any more?)  Septentrionalis PMAnderson 22:36, 9 July 2008 (UTC)

Explanation would be helpful
There is no explanation as to why an MP is forbidden from resigning his or her seat without this device. Context is always useful, especially in cases as seemingly inexplicable as this. fishhead64 (talk) 04:35, 13 July 2008 (UTC)
 * doesn't this explain it? "This legal anomaly dates back to a 2 March 1623 resolution of the House of Commons, passed at a time when MPs were often elected to serve against their will." ninety:one 16:47, 13 July 2008 (UTC)
 * I meant its continued retention, since this doesn't happen anymore. fishhead64 (talk) 00:52, 14 July 2008 (UTC)
 * It's just an anachronism, no not parliament ... although ... :0)
 * British government is full of it. Like the state opening with a man called "Black Rod" dressed in knee-britches and stockings or calling the House of Lords "the other place" or having to physically walk through a lobby to register a vote or calling one-another "Right Honorable Member for ...". Tradition! Pbhj (talk) 12:50, 14 July 2008 (UTC)
 * You'll have to read Hansard from 1975 - that might give a reason from when they were debating whether to keep this device during the passage of the House of Commons Disqualification Act. Hansard isn't available online though. (btw, black rod still wears those stupid clothes, though a slightly less formal version.) ninety:one 13:57, 14 July 2008 (UTC)
 * In fact the Hansard Digitisation Project is digitising old copies of Hansard and you can search the ones they've already done at http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/. -Paul1337 (talk) 00:24, 6 June 2009 (UTC)

Thank you all! I should have seen it as simply as that. After all, in Canada Black Rod also calls MPs to the "other place" (as it is also called here) - in this case, the Canadian Senate. fishhead64 (talk) 00:16, 15 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Nobody has yet explained: In the 17th century Members of Parliament (MPs) were often elected against their will. Valetude (talk) 16:26, 27 January 2019 (UTC)

Vacant?
The article reports the office as currently being vacant. The office is always held until the next MP is appointed to it - see this archived factsheet for example http://www.parliament.uk/documents/commons-information-office/p11.pdf "Every new warrant issued revokes the previous holder". Therefore there is always a current holder - the most recent person appointed to the post. In this particular case the current holder died, so the article ought to reflect this as an usual situation perhaps. --Truthmonkey (talk) 15:55, 7 August 2012 (UTC)

The person above says that you are supposed to resign, as a courtesy. This all needs reconciling, a history of what was done, what was needed and what was custom.

G.K. Chesterton
He wrote a whole article on the subject in the early 20th century in his own idiosyncratic style. It is contained in his book 'Alarms and Discursions', available at Gutenberg.org. You will spot it right off, as it is called 'Steward of the Chiltern Hundreds' (g). It is actually a polemic against some people he does not like, but contains his understanding of how the thing worked.

I think there is also a discussion of the subject near the end of the '60's comic novel 'Mrs. 'Arris goes to Parliament'. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 12.149.136.11 (talk) 09:07, 27 January 2014 (UTC)

Merge
I think the Chiltern Hundreds [hereinafter the "AreaArticle"] should be merged back with the Crown Steward and Bailiff of the three Chiltern Hundreds of Stoke, Desborough and Burnham [hereinafter the "OfficeArticle"].
 * Addition: Similarly merge Manor of Northstead and Crown Steward and Bailiff of the Manor of Northstead as suggested below by W. P. Uzer; I have added hatnotes to those two articles, pointing to this section for a single discussion. jnestorius(talk) 16:49, 11 June 2015 (UTC)

The older article title is Chiltern Hundreds, which previously covered both the area and the office; I have no opinion on what the name of the merged article should be. The OfficeArticle was created on 11 April 2013 with material removed from the older article, leaving the latter reduced to just an AreaArticle. There is so little in the AreaArticle that it is redundant: most of it is a summary of the OfficeArticle, and conversely the little that relates to the area rather than the office is summarised in the "History" section of the OfficeArticle. I say "summarised", but that's misleading: the AreaArticle's information is so scanty that the OfficeArticle "summary" is the same length. Nothing is lost by putting all the information in one place. If and when somebody writes a long piece about the medieval period, the AreaArticle could stand alone. jnestorius(talk) 12:42, 5 June 2015 (UTC)

 * Yes, I agree, there are too many articles here. Simply "Chiltern Hundreds" seems to be the friendliest title for the combined article. The same should be done with Crown Steward and Bailiff of the Manor of Northstead and Manor of Northstead. (Note that we already have an article Resignation from the British House of Commons; everything about the offices is effectively covered there anyway.) W. P. Uzer (talk) 13:55, 5 June 2015 (UTC)
 * Largely agree too, and that the retained article should be called Chiltern Hundreds. As provided in the current lead the historical context provides the primary description from which the secondary purpose / modern use of the term, the sinecure purpose, that developed from the 17th century onwards as the government administrative functions of hundreds disappeared. The article Crown Steward and Bailiff of the three Chiltern Hundreds of Stoke, Desborough and Burnham which provides the detailed background to the modern use and, as stated above, is largely duplicated by what is in Resignation from the British House of Commons the history and everyday procedures for appointment of stewards. So for me the 'Crown Steward... article' should be merged with the 'Resignation... article' nott reincorporated into the 'Chiltern hundreds' article.Tmol42 (talk) 23:39, 7 June 2015 (UTC)

 * Hmm, there's also List of Stewards of the Chiltern Hundreds and List of Stewards of the Manor of Northstead. Maybe the OfficeArticles should redirect to them? jnestorius(talk) 17:03, 11 June 2015 (UTC)
 * Although I think it would be better to rearrange Category:Lists of resignations from the British House of Commons chronologically rather than by the essentially arbitrary question of which sinecure. Which opens up a whole broader discussion... jnestorius(talk) 17:05, 11 June 2015 (UTC)
 * The problem is that that category is inaccurate as it is impossible for people to resign from the Commons, hence why these offices of profit under the Crown exist so that seats can be vacated.  The C of E God Save the Queen!  ( talk ) 17:26, 11 June 2015 (UTC)
 * In that case the "Resignation..." article should be renamed too. But my feeling is that such changes aren't necessary, since the process of vacating one's seat by applying for one of these sinecures (or apparently in at least one case by saying "I resign" and consequently being granted one of the sinecures) is commonly referred to by everyone, including reliable sources, as "resigning". W. P. Uzer (talk) 19:42, 11 June 2015 (UTC)

I merged the two Chiltern Hundreds articles. Still to do: tidy up, and do the Northstead ones similarly. W. P. Uzer (talk) 08:47, 1 July 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Chiltern Hundreds


text:
Organic act

In United States law, an organic act is an act of the United States Congress that establishes a territory of the United States and specifies how it is to be governed, or an agency to manage certain federal lands. In the absence of an organic law a territory is classified as unorganized.

The first such act was the Northwest Ordinance, passed in 1787 by the U.S. Congress of the Confederation (under the Articles of Confederation, predecessor of the United States Constitution). The Northwest Ordinance created the Northwest Territory in the land west of Pennsylvania and northwest of the Ohio River and set the pattern of development that was followed for all subsequent territories. The Northwest Territory covered more than 260,000 square miles and included all of the modern states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, and the northeastern part of Minnesota.

The District of Columbia Organic Act of 1801 incorporated Washington, D.C., and placed it under the exclusive control of the United States Congress.

The Organic Act for the Territory of New Mexico was part of the Compromise of 1850, passed September 9, 1850. Primarily concerned with slavery, the act organized New Mexico as a territory, with boundaries including the areas now embraced in New Mexico, Arizona, and southern Colorado.

List of organic acts
Territorial organic acts have included (in chronological order):

 * The Northwest Ordinance
 * The Indiana Territory Organic Act
 * The District of Columbia Organic Act of 1801
 * The Organic Act of 1804, with respect to the Territory of Orleans
 * The Michigan Territory Organic Act (1805)
 * The Illinois Territory Organic Act (1809)
 * The Arkansas Territory Organic Act (1819)
 * The Oregon Bill of 1848, created the Territory of Oregon
 * The Utah Territory Organic Act (1850)
 * The New Mexico Territory Organic Act (1850)
 * The Kansas–Nebraska Act created Kansas Territory and Nebraska Territory
 * The Colorado Organic Act, 1861, created the Territory of Colorado out of eastern Utah Territory, western Kansas Territory, southwestern Nebraska Territory, and a small portion of northeastern New Mexico Territory
 * The Nevada Territory Organic Act, 1861
 * The Dakota Organic Act of 1861
 * The Arizona Organic Act, created the Territory of Arizona in 1863 from western New Mexico Territory
 * The Montana Organic Act, created the Territory of Montana in 1864
 * The District of Columbia Organic Act of 1871, amalgamated Anacostia, Georgetown and Tenley Town to the City of Washington; and consolidated the County of Washington, City of Washington and District of Columbia into one governmental unit
 * The Act Establishing Yellowstone National Park (1872)
 * The First Organic Act for Alaska, 1884
 * The Oklahoma Organic Act of 1889, established the Oklahoma Territory
 * The Hawaiian Organic Act, enacted in 1900, established a government for the Territory of Hawaii
 * The Foraker Act or Organic Act of 1900, established civilian government in Puerto Rico. It was superseded in 1917 by the Jones–Shafroth Act.
 * The Second Organic Act for Alaska, 1912
 * The Organic Act of the Virgin Islands of the United States of 1936 established a government for the U.S. Virgin Islands, replacing previous temporary provisions . It was superseded by the Revised Organic Act of the Virgin Islands of 1954.
 * The Guam Organic Act of 1950, codified Guam as an unincorporated territory and established civilian government ending Guam's administration by the U.S. Navy.

The Philippines:
 * The Philippine Organic Act (1902), creation of an elected Philippine Assembly.
 * The Jones Law (Philippines), replaced the 1902 act in 1916 and created a fully elected Philippine Legislature.

Others:
 * Organic Act of Feb, 10, 1807, founding the Survey of the Coasts (National Ocean Service)
 * Organic Act of 1862, establishing the United States Department of Agriculture
 * The National Park Service Organic Act, establishing the National Park Service and the National Park System in 1916

title: Organic act