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Distance line

A distance line, penetration line, cave line, dive reel or guide line is an item of diving equipment used by scuba divers as a means of returning to a safe starting point in conditions of low visibility, water currents or where pilotage is difficult. They are often used in cave diving and wreck diving where the diver must return to open water after a penetration when it may be difficult to discern the return route. Guide lines are also useful in the event of silt out.

Distance lines are wound on to a spool or a reel for storage, and are laid in situ by unrolling. The length of the distance line used is dependent on the plan for the dive. An open water diver using the distance line only for a surface marker buoy may only need 50 m, whereas a cave diver may use multiple reels of lengths from 25 ft to 1000+ ft (300 m).

Reels for distance lines may have a locking mechanism, ratchet or adjustable drag to control deployment of the line and a winding handle to help keep slack line under control and rewind line. Lines are used in open water to deploy surface marker buoys and decompression buoys and link the buoy on the surface to the submerged diver, or may be used to allow easy return navigation to a point such as a shotline or boat anchor.

The material used for any given distance line will vary based on intended use, nylon being the material of choice for cave diving. A common line used is 2 mm polypropylene line when it does not matter if the line is buoyant.

The use of guide line for navigation requires careful attention to laying and securing the line, line following, marking, referencing, positioning, teamwork, and communication.

Applications
Cave diving: Guide lines are used in cave diving as standard procedure whenever it is possible that the divers may be confused about the way out. In effect, this is in any dive where there is no free surface overhead and where daylight is not visible at all points of the dive. By the most common definition of cave diving, this would mean guide lines should be used for all cave dives.

Wreck diving: The use of guide lines in wreck diving is very similar to their use in cave diving.

Diving in low visibility: A guide line may be used for dives where poor visibility may make it difficult to return to the starting point, and there is a safety or operational requirement to return to that point.

Other dives where it is necessary or highly desirable to return to a starting point: This may include dives where a shot line or anchor line is to be used for ascent, and other dives where a specific exit point is chosen for safety or convenience. Working divers may use a guide line to allow confident and efficient movement to, from and around the workplace. This may also be referred to as a jackstay. In these applications the guide line is generally more for efficiency than for safety, but it may also help the divers stay away from potentially hazardous areas.

Guide lines may also be used as a means of directing tourists around a dive site, between points of interest which may be difficult to find without the line. This form of guide line may be permanently placed.

Cave line
Cave line, strictly speaking, is line used in caves, but the term is used generically for the type of line carried by divers on reels and spools for use as guide lines and surface marker buoy lines. It is made using the same machines and materials to the same specifications as the equivalent line used for other purposes.
 * Material:
 * Nylon is strong, with a tenacity of 6.5 to 9 g/D (gram per denier), durable and sinks. The specific gravity (SG) is 1.14. Negative buoyancy is considered a desirable feature for some applications, where a line that sinks to the bottom is easier to find than one which may float up to the overhead if dislodged from tie-offs. Abrasion resistance is poor when wet.
 * Polypropylene is also strong and durable, with tenacity of 6.5 g/D, and fair abrasion resistance, but it floats, with SG of 0.91, and is preferred where the risk of floating up to the overhead and being difficult to find is offset by the line not being easily buried in silt on the bottom.
 * Ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (Spectra and Dyneema) is very strong and durable. Tenacity is between 35 and 48 g/D, roughly 4 times the strength of nylon. Unfortunately it is also relatively expensive. More line can be carried on the reel with equivalent or greater strength and durability than other fibres. UHMWPE is slightly buoyant in fresh water with SG of 0.98. Abrasion resistance is excellent. lt is slippery and knots must be tied with care.
 * Natural fibres such as cotton are not used for guide line as they rot and lose strength relatively quickly, and are more bulky for equivalent strength. They may be used for temporary lines on wrecks where it may not be possible to recover the line before ascent, and biodegradation is desirable.

 * Structure:
 * Twisted line may have greater strength for the same bulk, but it is more easily broken by abrasion, and has a greater tendency to twist on itself when not under tension, making it more difficult to handle.
 * Single braid is more resistant to abrasion and twisting than twisted line, and is easily available in suitably small diameters. It is usually the preferred structure for temporary guide line and permanent line in places where conditions are not rough on the line.
 * Double braid (Kernmantle) line consists of a core strength member and a sheathing for abrasion resistance. This is more expensive, larger and heavier than the thinner lines, but may be better for permanent guide lines, particularly in places where water movement reduces the expected lifespan of the line due to abrasion.

 * Thickness:
 * American measure: usually 18 to 36 gauge, with 24 gauge (about 1.86 mm diameter) single braid as a good general purpose size.

 * Colour:
 * White is generally the preferred choice as it shows up best in low light.
 * Other high visibility colours may be used to allow the specific line to be easily identified, such as the main route, or a personal line. Yellow is a popular colour for main route guide line, particularly for kernmantle line.

 * Marking (knots):
 * Personal line may be marked at regular intervals by knots, allowing the diver to make an easy estimation of distance travelled by counting the knots as the line is deployed. 10 ft is a popular spacing.

Reels
A reel comprises a spool with a winding knob, which rotates on an axle, attached to a frame, with a handle to hold the assembly in position while in use. A line guide is almost always present, and there is usually a method of clipping the reel to the diver's harness when not in use. Other accessories which may be present (usually not all on the same reel) include:
 * The handle may be positioned on top, behind, or at the side of the spool.
 * The spool is the storage area for the line. It has a hub and two flanges, which prevent the line from falling off the sides of the hub. The size of the spool and the thickness of the line together determine the length of line the reel can hold, though this is also affected by how neatly the line is wound onto the spool.
 * The winding knob is on the side of the spool. Most reels are laid out for holding in the left hand and winding with the right. The knob is usually attached by a bolt which allows it to rotate, giving a more secure grip to the winding hand.
 * The line guide is a slotted attachment which guides the line onto the spool. This helps to control the stacking of the line on the spool when it is reeled in.
 * Ratchet mechanism, which prevents the spool from rotating when there is tension on the line. this prevents inadvertent unreeling of line, as the ratchet lever must be held in the open position to allow unwinding. The ratchet mechanism is usually a ratchet wheel on the spool which engages with a spring-loaded pawl which can either be held open by a trigger lever, or clipped open by a knob or lever on the handle. The ratchet allows the spool to be manually rotated to wind in line when engaged.
 * A lock down screw or latch is an alternative way of preventing spool rotation if there is no ratchet. This will prevent rotation in both directions.
 * An adjustable brake may be fitted to control the friction of the spool on the handle, so that some tension is required to unwind the line, and the spool can not spin freely, causing overruns and tangled line. The brake may be released when reeling in.
 * The line may have a snap hook or an end loop to tie off the free end.
 * A clip may be attached to the handle to clip the reel off to the diver's harness.
 * A lanyard may be connected to the handle to connect the reel to the diver while in use.
 * A wrist loop may be fitted to the handle to attach the reel to the diver while in use.

Reels may be made from a wide variety of materials, but near neutral buoyancy and resistance to impact damage are desirable features, which are easiest to achieve in engineering polymers such as nylon, acetal (delrin) and polyethylene.

Reels may also be open or closed. This refers to the presence of a cover around the spool, which is intended to reduce the risk of line tangles on the spool, or line flipping over the side and causing a jam. To some extent this works, but if there is a jam the cover effectively prevents the diver from correcting it. Open reels allow easy access to free jams caused by overwinds or line getting caught between spool and handle.

Spools
Finger spools are a simple, compact low tech alternative to reels best suited to relatively short lengths of line. They are simply a pair of circular flanges with a hole in the middle, connected by a tubular hub, which is suitably sized to use a finger as an axle when unrolling the line. Line is secured by clipping a bolt snap through a hole on one of the flanges and over the line as it leaves the reel. Line is reeled in by holding the spool with one hand and simply winding the line onto the spool by hand. Spools are most suitable for reasonably short lines, up to about 50m, as it becomes tedious to roll up longer lengths. The small, compact size, and low cost make them useful for various purposes where long line is not required. Spools may be made from any material that is strong enough and suitable for underwater service, but engineering thermoplastics are most common.

Line holders
A line holder is a simple device for storing and deploying line underwater. A simple type is an H-shaped piece of wood, plastic or stainless steel used to manually wrap a moderate length line.

It may be used in conjunction with a surface marker buoy or a delayed surface marker buoy by divers, or for a short guide line. When used to deploy a DSMB, negative buoyancy is helpful in to safely unwind the line underwater as the buoy floats to the surface, as it may not be possible to manually unwind the line fast enough to avoid being pulled upwards. For this method of deployment the line holder is dropped and left to unwind by gravity. This may not work as intended, and the line holder may unwind more line than is useful if deployed in midwater. This problem falls away when used with a regular SMB, or for a short guide line.

Cave reels
Cave reels are reels used in cave diving. They are often specifically designed for laying and recovering line at swimming speeds, and may differ from reels used for other purposes such as deploying a DSMB. They usually have an adjustable drag facility to prevent overrun, and a lock, but may not have a ratchet.

Exploration reels are large cave reels that can hold a lot of line, in some cases as much as 2000 ft, and are used during major exploration dives where this length is needed. They tend to be bulky and impractical for most other purposes. They are often used to lay permanent line.

Penetration reels (also known as primary or lead reels) are used to run line from a point with direct access to the surface to the start of a permanent line. This may be as much as a few hundred feet into the overhead. These reels will usually carry 300 to 500 ft of line. These reels are also used for short penetrations where there is no permanent line.

Spool types
Jump and gap spools are used to bridge gaps between two permanent guide lines. Line length is generally about 50 to 100 ft

Safety spools are used in emergencies such as line breaks, searches for a lost guide line or lost diver. They generally carry about 150 ft of line, and one should be carried by each diver. They are not intended for use under an overhead except in an emergency.

DSMB spools are used to deploy inflatable surface marker buoys from depth. They have negative buoyancy and enough line to reach the surface from the planned deployment depth, and are often made of injection moulded plastic and sold as a set with the DSMB. Larger versions which can carry more line and are suitable for use from deeper depths are more likely to be machined from aluminium and are both more ergonomically shaped and more expensive.

Ratchet reels
General purpose reels used by open water divers usually feature a ratchet mechanism which allows rapid deployment of DSMBs, and secure recovery of line, using the spring-loaded ratchet to prevent unintended unrolling during ascent, but allowing deployed length to be increased rapidly under tension by disengaging the pawl, which is usually operated by a thumb lever or finger trigger. Ratchet reels are occasionally fitted with a drag mechanism to allow controlled line tension when laying guide line, and a ratchet release retainer, but these features add complexity and cost and potential failure points, and are not needed for open water use.

Line markers

Line markers are used for orientation as a visual and tactile reference on a permanent guide line. Directional markers (commonly arrows), are also known as line arrows or Dorff arrows, and point the way to an exit. Line arrows may mark the location of a "jump" location in a cave when two are placed adjacent to each other. Two adjacent arrows facing away from each other, mark a point on the line where the diver is equidistant from two exits.

Non-directional markers ("cookies") are purely personal markers that mark specific spots, or the direction of one's chosen exit at line intersections where there are options. One important reason to be adequately trained before cave diving is that incorrect marking can confuse and fatally endanger not only oneself, but also other divers.

Silt screws
Silt screws are pegs which are inserted into soft bottom sediments to tie off the guide line when there are no suitable natural formations. A common style of silt screw is a length of rigid PVC tube cut to a point at one end, with a notch at the other to secure a wrap. These are lightweight and durable, and are easily transported by attaching them to a cylinder with bungees.

Procedures
The principle of a between the penetration diver and open water is central to cave and wreck diving safety. Procedures associated with the use of guide lines include primary and secondary tie-off, laying line, positioning line, following line, marking and identifying line, identifying jumps and exit directions, searching for a lost line, repairing a break, and recovering line.

Laying line
Most reels are designed to be held in the left hand, particularly for recovering line. Line should be kept under tension at all times to avoid slack which is more likely to snag on divers' equipment. An adjustable brake may be used to provide resistance to rotation, or this can be done by pressing a thumb or finger against the spool as it rotates, which is quick and controllable, but requires some attention, and fails if the reel is dropped. The line should be kept clear of the divers body during the laying to reduce risk of snagging on the diver's equipment. This can be achieved by holding the reel away from the body in clear water.

The line should be laid so that it can be followed in the worst possible visibility, and allow for other emergency procedures such as gas sharing at the time. This generally means that the divers must be able to follow it by feel.

Line traps are places that a line can pass through but are too tight for a diver, making it impossible to follow the line by feel. Avoiding line traps is a large part of the skill of laying line, and generally require the line to be tied off in such a way that it does not enter line trap areas when under the necessary tension to prevent slack. As a general principle, this requires the line to be secured at any change of direction, by a placement or a tie-off.

A placement is made by running the line past a contact surface in such a way that friction or geometry of the line position prevents the line from moving. This may be adequate, for example, when going past a boulder which has a notch which holds the line in place.

A tie-off generally involves wrapping the line round a fixed object once or twice, and may be made more secure by adding a lock, which is made by looping the reel around the incoming line and taking up the slack, before continuing the lay. A lock also puts the incoming and continuing parts of the line in contact, which makes it much easier to follow by feel.

The security of both placements and tie-offs depends on the detail of the place where they are made, and some may be disrupted by a pull on the line in the wrong direction. This makes the skill of following a line without dislodging it an important safety issue.

Placements and tie-offs take time to set up, and time to negotiate when following the line by feel, so they should be limited to those which are actually useful. To be useful, a tie-off would limit the distance to the next tie-off to a reasonable distance which could be negotiated with a safety spool in case of a break, or which prevents a line trap. More frequent placements and tie-offs are likely to be used on a permanent line which does not have to be retrieved on the way back, and which must withstand use by many divers over a long period.

Line routing
The position of the line can make a large difference to the ease with which divers may follow it. The line would ideally allow divers to see or feel it while swimming comfortably without coming into contact with or being obstructed by, the bottom, sides or ceiling. This is not always possible.

The bottom is often easy to follow by eye and often has suitable tie-off points, but sometimes swimming close to it may cause silting, and it may result in a higher inert gas loading and higher gas consumption than an alternative route.

The sides have a problem in that they constrain divers to swim on one side of the line only.

The ceiling may be difficult to tie-off to, and is difficult to follow, as the divers will generally have to look upwards. Following a ceiling guide line by feel can be even more awkward and tiring, and an overhead line is both more likely to get snagged by a diver's equipment, and be more difficult to unsnag, as the snag is likely to be behind the diver where it cannot be seen or easily reached.

Entering the overhead
If the lead diver is the one to lay line on entering the overhead environment, it is possible for other divers in the team to follow the guide line for their safety, and they can check the security of tie-offs and that the line is not moving into traps unnoticed. This order also reduces the risk that a diver will become separated from the team if the line-layer has to stop for any reason.

Primary tie-off
The primary tie off is made in a place with direct vertical access to the surface, if possible, in a place where it is unlikely to be interfered with by outsiders. This tie-off should be secure.

Secondary tie-off
The secondary tie-off is made just inside the overhead, where the route to the exit is obvious even if visibility is lost. This is a backup in case the primary tie-off is compromised.

Connection to a permanent guide line
The temporary entry guide line should be tied off to the permanent line and the reel locked. A recommended method is to make two wraps around the permanent line and then clip the line end back to the line. Another method is to pass the reel or spool through a loop at the and of the line made for that purpose, the loop may be of stiffer and thicker line and may have a short extension to make it easier to undo on the return. This method cannot be accidentally released.

Recovering a temporary guide line
If the last diver out is the one to reel in the line, the lead divers can prepare the way by loosening tie-offs just ahead of the reel, and there is less risk of them becoming separated from the group without the reel operator noticing. This can significantly reduce the risk of anyone getting lost. This order is even more safety critical if the exit is in poor visibility. In an emergency, the reel would be left at a tie-off and the divers would exit without recovering the line, as this would save time.

Navigation
There is more to navigating by guide line than merely following the line.

Survey of line condition: A permanent guide line may have deteriorated since the latest reliable report on its condition. A complete check of line condition during the penetration will ensure that there are no unpleasant surprises like line breaks or line traps during the exit

Distance from the guide line: Good visibility may be compromised very quickly in some environments. If a diver is more than arm's reach from the line when visibility is lost, it will be necessary to find the line in possibly adverse circumstances. This can be avoided by remaining within reach of the line.

Guide lines are frequently used in areas with heavy silt, and the line may lie on the silt or be close above it. If silt is kicked up everyone following will have poor visibility, and the return along the line may be in low or zero visibility, which is at the very least inconvenient. The ability to fin without kicking up the silt relies on good level trim and appropriate finning techniques.

Orientation
It can be useful to build up a mental model of the route, even to make notes and sketches indicating major landmarks and changes of direction. This helps to reduce disorientation on return along the line, when the surroundings may look very unfamiliar because they are observed from a different direction. For the same reason, occasional checks in the exit direction will make the route look more familiar on return.

Compass checks
Use of a compass for occasional checks of direction has the advantage of providing a secondary input for sense of direction. This can be of great value when disorientated for any reason.

Pace and order of activity
It is important for safety to ensure that the gas supply for the return is sufficient for reasonable contingencies. It is more conservative gas management to do any work on the outward leg, and return directly, unless specifically planned otherwise. As the exit is approached, the gas stock and decompression obligations can be re-assessed, and plans adjusted accordingly.

Safety
Although distance lines are considered to be safety equipment, there are hazards associated with their use.
 * Entanglement: Loose line in the water is generally a greater entanglement risk than relatively taut line. The chances of snagging the diver's equipment on line depends on awareness of the line's position relative to the diver, and the number of possible snag points on the diver's equipment. The ability to release a line snag depends on the ability to identify and reach the snag. Keeping the line in view or in hand at arm's length, and keeping the number of possible snag points on equipment to a minimum will reduce the entanglement risk. Passing under a line increases the risk of snagging on a point that cannot be seen or reached, requiring assistance or the need to cut the guide line to get free. If the line is cut, it no longer serves the purpose of providing an unbroken guide to the exit, and this is another emergency. Thin line may snag more easily and can be more difficult to free by feel.
 * Line breaks: A line break during entry is an inconvenience. It may ruin the dive but should not endanger the divers. in many cases it can be repaired and the dive continued. On the way out, it can be an emergency, as the route may become uncertain, and remains uncertain until the other end has been found. The emergency spool is carried to allow a search for the lost end without losing the end in hand, which may have moved apart some distance due to sinking, floating, or drifting with a current.
 * Line traps:
 * Losing the line:

History
In 1977, Sheck Exley published Basic Cave Diving: A Blueprint for Survival which pointed out that the lack of a continuous guide line was one of five main contributing factors in cave diving accidents.

title: Distance line


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Ole von Beust

Ole von Beust (born 13 April 1955) is a former German politician who was First Mayor of Hamburg from 31 October 2001 to 25 August 2010, serving as President of the Bundesrat from 1 November 2007 on for one year. He was succeeded as mayor by Christoph Ahlhaus.

Life and work
Born in Hamburg as Carl-Friedrich Arp Freiherr von Beust, he is the son of Achim Helge Freiherr von Beust and Hanna, née Wolff, who was considered half Jewish in Nazi Germany. The von Beust family is an old noble family from the Altmark, which appears in 1228 for the first time. Through his father he is a descendant of Saxon and Austrian statesman Count Friedrich Ferdinand von Beust. He had his nickname Ole registered as his first name.

In 1971 von Beust became a member of the conservative Christian Democratic Union (CDU). In 1973, after finishing high school, he worked for CDU parliamentary group in the Hamburg Parliament ("Hamburgische Bürgerschaft"), a position he held until he started to study law in 1975 at the University of Hamburg. From 1977 until 1983 he was Hamburg president of the youth organisation of his party. Since 1978 von Beust has been a member of the Hamburg city-state's parliament. In 1983 he successfully completed his studies and became an independent lawyer.

He has been a member of the ruling council of the Hamburg Land CDU since 1992, and of the national ruling council of the CDU party since 1998.

First Mayor of Hamburg
First term

On 31 October 2001, Ole von Beust became First Mayor of Hamburg.

When Hamburg experienced an exodus of jobs after major corporations including cigarette-maker Reemtsma, travel and shipping company Hapag-Lloyd, haircare products-maker Hans Schwarzkopf and the Vereins and Westbank AG were acquired by companies outside of Hamburg, von Beust had the city's investment arm, the Hamburger Gesellschaft für Beteiligungsverwaltung, join forces with retailer Tchibo for the acquisition of cosmetics maker Beiersdorf in 2003. This put American multinational Procter & Gamble out of the bidding and preserved Beiersdorf as a publicly traded, stand-alone company in Hamburg.

As host of Hamburg's annual St. Matthew's Day banquet for the city's civic and business leaders, von Beust invited several high-ranking guests of honour to the city, including Queen Silvia of Sweden (2003), King Abdullah II of Jordan (2005), Crown Prince Frederik of Denmark (2006), President Jakaya Kikwete of Tanzania (2008).

On 19 August 2003, von Beust dismissed his vice-mayor, Ronald Schill, causing a scandal. Von Beust had earlier dismissed Walter Wellinghausen, senator of the interior and Schill's most important official, without consulting Schill beforehand. This was due to public allegations of misconduct on Wellinghausen's part. In a private conversation, Schill then demanded that von Beust take back the dismissal, allegedly using personal threats. Von Beust then decided to dismiss Schill as well.

In the (preassigned) press conference Schill held minutes after he had heard of his own dismissal, he spoke vaguely of "homosexual relationships", a "flat in an infamous hustler district" and "certain things happened that let one infer the occurrence of love acts" between von Beust and Roger Kusch, who von Beust had appointed minister (in German city-states "senator") of justice. Von Beust in turn stated that Schill threatened to make his alleged liaison with Kusch public under the premise that von Beust intermingled public and private affairs. He said he had no sexual relationship with Kusch, that they merely knew each other for 25 years and were good friends, and that von Beust was Kusch's landlord. "This is all – absolutely all", according to von Beust.

His unprepared statement to the press quickly earned Schill a homophobic reputation. A popular radio-station broadcast a song calling him "Mega-Proll" (mega redneck) and gay and lesbian associations protested vocally. Schill however later affirmed von Beust's version of the story, except for the accusations of blackmail, saying that he warned von Beust to stay clear of nepotism, and that this had nothing to do with von Beust's sexual orientation. He stated "I have nothing against homosexuals".

In a later interview, von Beust's father confirmed that his son is indeed homosexual. Von Beust himself considers his sexual orientation a private matter; when asked directly he usually ironically refers the interviewer to his father. He has been in a relationship with his partner Lukas Förster since 2009 when the high school student completed an internship at the town hall. In 2013, the 56-year-old ex-mayor married his 22-year-old partner.

Second term

The Hamburg elections of 29 February 2004, ended with an unprecedented landslide victory for Ole von Beust and the CDU, with the party achieving an overall majority in the city-state's parliament. The CDU gained 47.2 percent of the vote, a full 21-point increase from the previous election in September 2001. This was the first time since 1993 the city-state has had only a single ruling party.

Under von Beust's leadership, the Hamburg state government made the decision to commence construction of the Elbphilharmonie, a concert hall in the HafenCity quarter.

Between 2007 and 2009, von Beust was one of 32 members of the Second Commission on the modernization of the federal state, which had been established to reform the division of powers between federal and state authorities in Germany.

Third term

In the Hamburg elections of 24 February 2008, the CDU gained 42.6 percent of the vote. Thus, the CDU continued to be the strongest party in Hamburg. However, since the CDU lost its absolute majority, it formed a coalition government with the Greens. At the time, the two party's cooperation was widely seen as a test for a possible coalition at the national level.

In February 2009, von Beust and Minister President Peter Harry Carstensen of Schleswig-Holstein agreed on a €13 billion bailout of state-owned shipping financier HSH Nordbank. The two states were forced to intervene after the SoFFin fund, which had been set up by the federal government in 2008 to stabilize the financial markets, said it could not help out HSH Nordbank until it got rid of all its bad debts.

Ahead of the 2009 national elections, von Beust was tipped as potential Federal Minister for Economic Cooperation and Development in the cabinet of Chancellor Angela Merkel; in the negotiations on a coalition agreement with the FDP, however, the position went to Dirk Niebel.

In 2010, von Beust became the first German state leader to indicate that his state was in principle willing to provide humanitarian solutions for former Guantanamo inmates approved for release; Hamburg later accepted one released detainee.

On 18 July 2010, von Beust announced his resignation, to take effect on 25 August. Leaving office alongside von Beust were Karin von Welck, Hamburg's State Minister for Culture, and Volkmar Schoen of the senate chancellery.

Shortly after, voters in Hamburg toppled von Beust's proposed education reforms in the city-state's first binding referendum. The vote assured the preservation of Hamburg's four-year primary schools, rather than extending primary education to six years, which the ruling coalition of Christian Democrats and Greens had proposed.

Life after politics
Upon leaving active politics, von Beust opened his own law firm and joined consultancy Roland Berger as advisor. In 2012, he succeeded Klaus von Dohnányi as Executive Director of the Hamburg Foundation for Politically Persecuted People.

During a strike of ground crew at Frankfurt Airport in February 2012, von Beust was appointed as arbitrator by airport operator Fraport for negotiations with trade union GdF. The union accepted his proposed settlement plan; Fraport, however, rejected the deal.

In addition, von Beust has been holding various paid and unpaid positions, including the following:
 * Friends of the Fraekelufer Synagogue, Member of the Board of Trustees
 * Alliander AG, Member of the Advisory Board (since 2016)
 * BoxDirect AG, Member of the Supervisory Board
 * CH2 Contorhaus Hansestadt Hamburg AG, Chairman of the Supervisory Board
 * Donner & Reuschel, Advisor (since 2014)
 * ECE Projektmanagement, Member of the Sustainability Board
 * Germela, Member of the Advisory Board
 * Varengold Bank, Member of the Advisory Board (since 2013)
 * Wirtschaftsrat der CDU, Member of the Board
 * Rotary International, Member
 * HafenCity Hamburg GmbH, Ex-Officio Chairman of the Supervisory Board (2010)

In late 2015, von Beust was named co-chairman (alongside Jürgen Trittin and Matthias Platzeck) of a government-appointed commission tasked with recommending by early 2016 how to safeguard the funding of fulfilling Germany's exit from nuclear energy. By April 2016, the commission agreed to ask the power firms to pay €23.3 billion ($26.4 billion) into a state fund to cover the costs of nuclear waste storage.

Political positions
For the 2021 national elections, von Beust endorsed Markus Söder as the Christian Democrats' joint candidate to succeed Chancellor Angela Merkel.

Recognition
Von Beust was a finalist for the World Mayor prize of 2010.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Ole von Beust


text:
Teve Guía

Teve Guía was a Puerto Rican gossip and listings magazine. The magazine was established by Mario Prévidi and Juan Ortiz Jiménez in 1962. Teve Guía was written in association with the United States magazine, TV Guide, but had a slightly different format. The publisher of Teve Guía was Agencia de Publicaciones.

Apart from offering daily programming information, Teve Guía also published interviews with entertainers, both from Puerto Rico and on the international scene, and gossip sections. Another section, Querida Aurora, was a Dear Abby style column, dedicated to counseling readers who write in seeking advice.

Teve Guia's main competitors were Artistas, Estrella, Estrellita, and Vea.

title: Teve Guía


text:
Tsushima, Nagasaki

Tsushima (対馬市) is an island city grouped in Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan. It is the only city of Tsushima Subprefecture and it encompasses all of Tsushima Island, which lies in the Tsushima Strait north of Nagasaki on the western side of Kyushu, the southernmost mainland island of Japan. As of March 2017, the city has an estimated population of 31,550 and a population density of 45 persons per km2. Its total area is 708.61 km2, 17.3% of the area of Nagasaki Prefecture.

History
An Imperial decree in July 1899 established Izuhara, Sasuna, and Shishimi as open ports for trading with the United States and the United Kingdom.

On April 1, 1975, Toyotama Village was promoted to the status of a town. Mine Village was also elevated to the status of a town in the following year.

The modern city of Tsushima was established on March 1, 2004, from the merger of six towns on Tsushima Island: Izuhara, Mitsushima, and Toyotama (all from Shimoagata District), and Mine, Kamiagata, and Kamitsushima (all from Kamiagata District). Both districts were dissolved as a result of this merger.

Geography
The city of Tsushima is located on Tsushima Island and other small neighbouring islands, lying slightly to the west side of Tsushima Strait, south of the Sea of Japan and north-east of the East China Sea. The island also lies between the Korean Peninsula and the Japanese mainland. Its coastline has a total length of 915 km. Asō Bay, a prominent bay with a rias coastline, is located between the islands. Tsushima lies about 60 km from Iki, 138 km from the city of Fukuoka, and 49.5 km from Busan, South Korea.

Islands
Several other islands encompass Tsushima city, in addition to Kamino-shima and Shimono-shima, both of which makes up the Tsushima Island(s):
 * Santsu-jima (三ッ島)
 * Shimayama-jima (島山島)
 * Uni Island

Tsushima cat
Native to the island is the Tsushima cat (or Tsushima leopard cat, an endemic subspecies of the leopard cat, Prionailurus bengalensis). Present on the islands since ancient times, its numbers have decreased sharply, and it is now listed as a critically endangered species on the Japanese Red List. , it was estimated that only 80 to 100 animals remain.

Climate
Tsushima has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa) with very warm summers and cool winters. Precipitation is significant throughout the year, but is much heavier in summer than in winter.

Demographics and culture
The population of Tsushima Island has been decreasing significantly. Between the years of 1995 and 2000, the decline was 5.2%. As nuclear families replace the traditional extended families, the average household is smaller, as is the total population. The elderly comprise nearly a quarter of the population here, compared to 20.8% of the Nagasaki Prefecture as a whole, and 17.3% of the population of Japan.

Religious traditions on Tsushima Island mirror those of the rest of Japan, with a majority of the population adhering to Buddhism or Shinto.

Economy
Many Tsushima residents are employed as fishermen. It is also known for its pearl culture. The natural environment of the Tsushima Islands also contributes to the local tourism industry. Beaches are crowded with tourists in the summer.

Airport
Tsushima Airport (TSJ) is approximately 10 km (6.2 mi) northeast of the city, with daily services to Fukuoka and Nagasaki serviced by ANA and Oriental Air Bridge.

Seaport
Tsushima has two sea ports, Izuhara and Hitakatsu. Ferries cross to the port of Hakata on Kyūshū a few times per day. Ferries also travel a few times a week to Busan in South Korea on the northern port of the island.

Road

 * Japan National Route 382

Broadcasting
Tsushima has received 12 digital TV channels from Fukuoka and mainland Nagasaki prefectures : NHK-G 11, NHK-E 21, NBC 31 (JNN), NIB 41 (NNN / NNS), NCC 51 (ANN), KBC 11 (ANN), TVQ 71 (TX Network), KTN 81 (FNN/FNS), Rkb+ 41 (JNN), FBS 51 (NNN/NNS), CATV 111, and TNC 81 (FNN/FNS); along with its radio frequencies. In addition, the island could receive South Korean TV channels (KBS, MBC and SBS-affiliated KNN) and radio frequencies, due to its location nearby to the port city of Busan.

Sister cities

 * Guam (United States of America)
 * Busan (South Korea)

Japanese

 * Map of Tsushima, general overview
 * Tsushima's Statistics
 * Tsushima Airport
 * Old pictures of Tsushima
 * Tsushima Tourist and Product Society

Korean

 * Tsushima Tourist and Product Society

title: Tsushima, Nagasaki


text:
Talk:KMFDM

Musical style section changes
I added in some new stuff about WWIII, and I think the new quote from Konietzko, "If we had a message, it would be: Think for Yourself and Don't Believe the Bullshit." is a really strong finish to the section. The one random sentence about lampooning themselves doesn't really connect to anything now. I moved it up to before the political paragraph, and I'm hoping to find more and better sources going into that aspect of their music. Right now, it's pretty lonely floating out there by itself. —Torchiest talkedits 16:35, 8 June 2012 (UTC)
 * I agree. I think it could still be fitted in with that last paragraph somewhere, as the paragraph is about what they sing/write about. Whether it's poking fun at themselves, or writing about stupid people, it's something they write about. I've tried to figure out where it could go in there, but anywhere it is added seems out-of-place. I'd put it at the end, except that kind of defeats the purpose of having Sascha's quote at the end. Maybe at the beginning of the paragraph? Something like "KMFDM has written about many topics during its career, including strong political themes and observations on society. Many albums also feature one or more songs in which they lampoon themselves, notably in the lyrics to "Sucks"[80] and "Inane".[23] According to Konietzko, the band has been "politically charged" since its inception.[81]" (and continue on with the rest of the paragraph). This is just a rough idea, and the first sentence I wrote could be rewritten to reflect what sources say (and then be properly sourced). Just an idea. MrMoustacheMM (talk) 18:37, 8 June 2012 (UTC)

Justin Gammon in artwork section
I'm thinking the redesign of liner notes is both trivial and not really related to the idea of cover artwork. I'm also slightly concerned about whether the source would be problematic for a WP:FAC run. Any objections to removing it entirely? —Torchiest talkedits 18:26, 18 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Yeah, unless a non-related source is around talking about him and his redesign, it doesn't seem very noteworthy to include. MrMoustacheMM (talk) 19:38, 18 July 2012 (UTC)

Fan recording
"KMFDM has toured almost two dozen times and invites fans to record concert performances."

I'm not a fan of how that now reads; it appears to say that the band is ok with bootleg recordings (which they may or may not be, but that would have to be supported by a source). I think it should be reworded to indicate that the band controls the recordings, etc (since the sentence actually refers to FanKam). That being said, FanKam happened on what, one tour? I'm not sure it's important enough for the lead. Maybe instead, a mention of their availability for fan interaction at shows (ie being available for pictures and chatting before and after shows)?

Also, minor thing, but the sentence currently switches tenses halfway through ("toured" past tense, "invites" present tense). "and has invited" sounds better, I think (if we keep that part of the sentence). MrMoustacheMM (talk) 19:56, 18 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Good point. I've been looking for places I can tighten up the language, but I didn't realize I'd changed the meaning significantly with that rewrite.  I undid it for now, but I think you're right about it not being needed in the lead.  I've also been considering merging a lot of the "Horde" and other fan stuff into the general history sections, and maybe just converting their current section into a touring only section.  What do you think? —Torchiest talkedits 20:44, 18 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Tough call. The Touring section would become pretty sparse (it's kinda short as it is), unless more info on their tours is added. I like how it's set up now, the info all seems somewhat related. But if you want to have at it and try stuff out, go ahead. It can always be reverted if it doesn't work out.
 * I tried rewriting that sentence in the lead, see what you think, feel free to edit/revert it if you want. MrMoustacheMM (talk) 00:39, 19 July 2012 (UTC)

Added photos
So I removed a couple of photos, and added a bunch of new ones. Is it overdoing it, or does it fill out the article nicely? —Torchiest talkedits 03:09, 19 July 2012 (UTC)The photos don't do kmfdm any justice because of the captions. So atleast remove the captions. For God sakes, this is the kmfdm page, not the side-projects page.
 * I like it, but are there better pictures of Connelly, Ogre, En and Tim from when they were actually with KMFDM? Also, the Lucia and Jules pictures show up strangely for me, next to a section header instead of under the header. Also, the Jules picture should be on the left, as he is facing right. MrMoustacheMM (talk) 18:13, 19 July 2012 (UTC)
 * I scoured all the photos already uploaded, and those are all I could find. As for the positioning, I intentionally did them that way because the article formatting gets a little messed up if they're lower.  I spent about half an hour playing with the layout before I got it looking decent, but you can try moving them around and see if you can come up with a better dispersing of pics.  I wanted to try to get all the pictures as close as possible to important mentions of people too.
 * As for the Jules picture, I know he's facing right, but his body is turned left. I figured it could go either way, and I think it's also preferred to alternate images left to right. I think there is another Sascha image with him facing the other way, so that could be substituted and swapped with the Jules photo. —Torchiest talkedits 18:20, 19 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Alright, none of these were major issues for me, just things I noticed (whether a FA reviewer notices and cares, I don't know). For me, the biggest thing would be finding more relevant pictures of some of the old members. MrMoustacheMM (talk) 18:29, 19 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Maybe we could pester some UHB guys to upload pictures here. —Torchiest talkedits 18:59, 19 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Not a bad idea. Go for it! MrMoustacheMM (talk) 21:15, 19 July 2012 (UTC)

More audio samples
So I've added what are probably KMFDM's two biggest songs of all time, with good sources justifying their inclusion. I've looked at some featured articles for bands, and it looks like most have about five audio samples. Any thoughts on what other songs to add? I'm pretty sure "Power" would be the next obvious choice, since it came from their best-selling album and got promoted a ton, and we already have references discussing it in the Xtort article. But what else? I think any of the songs that charted would be a good bet. That includes: I'm also thinking a sample from "What Do You Know?" would be good in the style section, to show their political themes from early on. Or possibly something from Don't Blow Your Top to show Adrian Sherwood's production. I'm definitely open for more ideas though. The biggest hurdle is making sure we can get a good source discussing the song in some way. —Torchiest talkedits 16:54, 19 July 2012 (UTC)
 * "Split"
 * "Money"
 * "Vogue"
 * "Light"
 * "People of the Lie"
 * "Krank"
 * Well, we have two from the early/mid 90s, so I'd suggest a couple samples from earlier and later. I like the idea of something from WDYKD or DBYT showing their collage-style songs of old ("What Do You Know" or "Oh Look" would be my preference). As for a later song, I think "Krank" is a good choice (but I'll admit I'm biased, I don't really like "PotL"), it shows how the band has changed, yet kept up conceptual continuity.
 * "Power" is a good choice too, although somewhat similar (loosely speaking) to "ADAW". Too bad "Megalomaniac" didn't chart, as that's the "perfect" KMFDM song, in my opinion. A sample of that would show all the various styles they use. MrMoustacheMM (talk) 18:22, 19 July 2012 (UTC)
 * We're up to five samples now, but I just checked The Beatles and it has eight samples. So, I'm comfortable adding a few more.  I think I'll add "Power", since I moved "ADAW" to its own article.  But then we should probably get something else from the post-reformation era.  Thoughts?  I'm still looking for more commentary on songs. —Torchiest talkedits 06:10, 20 July 2012 (UTC)
 * I'm thinking "Superpower" would be cool to add to the Touring and fanbase section, since it's discussed in detail there. —Torchiest talkedits 17:54, 20 July 2012 (UTC)

Legacy section?
I'm wondering if KMFDM has been influential enough to warrant a legacy section. Lots of other featured articles for bands have it. It seems like they have inspired lots of younger industrial bands; after all, a tribute album was made for them back in 2000. I'm just not sure how tough it would be to find any sources talking about that aspect. —Torchiest talkedits 17:05, 20 July 2012 (UTC)

No pity for the majority
In the word order given, I wonder whether it should not better be translated as "no majority for the pity". I guess it's best to add this as a second option in the introduction. --KnightMove (talk) 15:23, 4 August 2012 (UTC)
 * The translation stuff is discussed in detail in the etymology section. For the lead, the official band-endorsed meaning should be enough, I think. —Torchiest talkedits 15:56, 4 August 2012 (UTC)
 * I agree with Torcheist, this is explained in the body, and the lead should just show the official meaning. MrMoustacheMM (talk) 21:08, 4 August 2012 (UTC)
 * Not sure if you're watching the FAC review closely, but it was suggested that the etymology section should be earlier in the article, which kinda makes sense, considering that it's often a point of contention. Do you think we should move it above the history section, or try to merge it into the history, or just put it directly behind the history section?  I can't decide. —Torchiest talkedits 22:04, 4 August 2012 (UTC)
 * I would say directly after the History section. The history/background seems like the most important section to me, but if the Etymology section is considered to also be important, then I would say put it second. Regardless of people attempting to "correct" the name, it isn't the most important thing about the band. That's my suggestion, anyway. MrMoustacheMM (talk) 00:33, 5 August 2012 (UTC)
 * Okay, that sounds good to me. Seeing it at the very top now isn't working for me, since it overlaps weirdly with some of the details in the history opening.  I'll move it again. —Torchiest talkedits 00:42, 5 August 2012 (UTC)
 * Maybe there should be a note indicating that it is intentionally grammatically incorrect? It's misleading to say "no pity for the majority" is a loose translation, even if it's the intended reading. Adding a comment in the source may stop drive-by edits but it doesn't fix the underlying cause: that it's misleading to say the given translation is a "loose translation" (rather than an interpretation). 5.10.189.182 (talk) 14:06, 28 May 2015 (UTC)
 * I agree with the previous. The offered "loose" translation is in fact outrageously wrong which is a very poor opening for an otherwise good article. Why not just saying: "KMFDM ('Kein Mitleid Für Die Mehrheit', 'no pity for the majority')". Later in the article, there could be an explanation about the original version. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.113.106.96 (talk) 21:50, 21 June 2015 (UTC)
 * I hate to bring this up again after being resolved for such a long while... but the opening sentence is still very awkward. Is it really necessary to open the article with a parenthetical assault of detail about the origin of the name when it is much more clearly explained in the history section?  Expanding on MrMoustacheMM's comment that the history of the name is not really the most important thing, I would argue that it does not need to be the very first sentence of the article.  I propose removing the (now redundant) parenthetical blurb about the name from the top of the article altogether.  -- Also, stating that KMFDM was "originally" called something else is plainly incorrect.  The history section clearly states that KMFDM (already abbreviated) was the original name they decided to use. -- abfackeln (talk) 03:44, 2 February 2017 (UTC)

KMFDM stands for "Kein Mitleid für die Massen" and means literally "No pity for the masses". Masses being meant as "the majority" as being the mainstream. // matz
 * Do you have a source for that? That's the first I've ever heard that translation. MrMoustacheMM (talk) 21:34, 7 July 2013 (UTC)

Possible rearranging of first section
I'm considering moving the first paragraph in the early years section down below the next two paragraphs explaining the meaning of the name. I'm thinking it might flow a little better, since it interrupts the history the way it is, but the end of Sascha's story goes right into the Feb. 29 date. —Torchiest talkedits 23:04, 29 October 2012 (UTC)
 * That might work. Would you give that its own subheading, and start the Early Years in Germany subheading after those 2 paragraphs? Or could that paragraph be worked into those 2 paragraphs (since the name came about at the same time as the first show), so there's 3 or 4 paragraphs made out of that? Anyway, give it a try, see how it works. It can always be reverted or changed again if needed. MrMoustacheMM (talk) 22:38, 3 November 2012 (UTC)

MDFMK in the List of Tours
I think the info on the MDFMK tour should be removed from the List of Tours. Since MDFMK was a different band than KMFDM, I don't think it's appropriate to include here. Instead I think that info should be moved to MDFMK. MrMoustacheMM (talk) 20:17, 7 January 2013 (UTC)
 * Works for me. I'll fix it. —Torchiest talkedits 20:32, 7 January 2013 (UTC)

Associated acts - Skold
Since Tim has released a couple albums and some singles/EPs under the name Skold, instead of linking to the album should we just link to his article, possibly directly to his solo discography section? MrMoustacheMM (talk) 06:52, 30 March 2013 (UTC)
 * Good idea. I did that and added info about Shotgun Messiah and PROLET•KULT.  I think that's everything now. —Torchiest talkedits 21:10, 30 March 2013 (UTC)

Current tour name
As mentioned by an IP editor, this shows the name of the tour to be I [heart] You Tour 2013, whereas the KMFDM News source shows the locations as the tour names. Is the tour poster considered a reliable source, can it be used to confirm the name? I'm kinda up in the air about it, both seem like legitimate sources. Thoughts? MrMoustacheMM (talk) 17:20, 19 April 2013 (UTC)
 * Hmm. I would say the official store is a reliable source, but I also think it's incomplete in terms of the information it provides.  There's not a clear way to tie it to the March and April dates.  If they tour again this year (not likely, but possible) that could complicate things further.  I don't have super strong feelings on it, but it could be a sticking point at FAC. —Torchiest talkedits 13:35, 20 April 2013 (UTC)

minor mistakes!
After touring in 1992 with drummer Chris Vrenna,[reference] the then-core of KMFDM (Konietzko, Esch, Schulz, and second guitarist Mark Durante) returned to Chicago and found that Wax Trax! had filed Chapter 11 bankruptcy to begin corporate reorganization in November 1992.[reference] The band went into the studio in 1993 as a group to record its seventh album, Angst, which sold more than 100,000 copies over the next two years.[reference] Esch said after the album's release, "I like this album way more. Money was done in a hurry, and I was doing a major Pigface tour, so I didn't have much influence on the album. I really like Angst. I'm totally down with it. We've tried to involve guitar players, we tried to be like a real band, especially in the creative kind of aspect."[reference] After the release of Angst, Wax Trax!/TVT Records launched a promotion in which fans were encouraged to devise as many alternate meanings for KMFDM as possible, with more than a thousand submissions resulting.[reference] The 1994 song "Light" contains a possible alternate meaning: keiner macht für dich mehr ("no one does more for you").[reference]

... 'keiner macht für dich mehr'' ("no one does more for you"). "Keine Macht für Dich mehr!" ("no power for you anymore")'''
 * should be***

... '''title=Laff Mich Glucklich Seim Lass mich glücklich sein! ("Let me be happy")''' — Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.143.24.246 (talk • contribs)
 * should be***

 * Since the KMFDM website capitalizes the "M" in Macht, meaning it is a noun rather than a verb, I've changed the translation of the "Light" lyrics to "no more power for you", which is more idiomatic. The other one can't be changed, since it is the title of the article we are using as a source. —Torchiest talkedits 12:13, 12 December 2013 (UTC)

Thanks! Please also change "keiner" to "Keine" because the 'r' makes the difference in this context. "keiner" relates to nobody, "keine" is similar to no. I can tell for sure because german is my mother-tongue. :) BTW, saw the MDFMK wiki too late to change my comment... — Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.207.125.219 (talk) 17:36, 18 December 2013 (UTC)
 * Are you suggesting that we change the quoted lyrics? The song uses "keiner". So if that is what you are suggesting, we wouldn't change that in the article, as that is what the lyrics are. See KMFDM "Light" lyrics. MrMoustacheMM (talk) 19:10, 18 December 2013 (UTC)

Yeah, you are right, sorry. I saw the lyrics on the KMFDM site too late... IMHO, the lyrics have that minor mistake. If they meant "Keiner" it should be: "Keiner macht für Dich mehr" because macht is a verb in that context, which means kinda "doing". "Macht" with captialized M is similar to Power. And therefore it should be "Keine Macht für Dich mehr" ... and AFAIK, they even sing "Keine". But it is as it stands, sure. So, thanks for your great assistance and happy Xmas! :) span style="font-size: smaller;" class="autosigned">— Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.207.125.219 (talk) 10:17, 20 December 2013 (UTC)
 * Yeah, I noticed that too after I changed it. I'm thinking at this point it might be better to remove the translation, since it's just about perfectly ambiguous based on the official site's text. —Torchiest talkedits 02:13, 23 December 2013 (UTC)

MDFMK incomplete....
There is info about the MDFMK era left out....

MDFMK featured the movie "Heavy Metal FAKK2" with their song 'Missing Time' within the movie itself and on the movie soundtrack too! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.143.24.246 (talk) 13:37, 10 December 2013 (UTC)
 * That information is in fact included, at MDFMK, the correct location for that information. MrMoustacheMM (talk) 22:50, 10 December 2013 (UTC)

Singing in other languages than English and German?
In the list of multilingual bands and artists, there is an entry stating that KMFDM is singing in "English, German, Russian, Spanish, Esperanto, Czech". It's the only band singing in Esperanto in that list - I would have thought to see something like Freundeskreis as singing in Esperanto... Anyway, I can't find any reference assuring that KMFDM has been singing in all those languages, and somehow I doubt that the statement is right. Well, in the album Tohuvabohu there's each one title in French and Spanish, and I don't know about the title "Bumaye" (maybe Turkish, maybe something else... no, just plain English and German). Potentially not only the titles, but whole songs there are in French and Spanish, though you can choose any title you want for a song - a title is no guarantee for content (controlled: "Fait Accompli" is in English and German, only "Los Niños del Parque" is in "real" Spanish). Does anybody know anything about multilingual singing of KMFDM, or is the list statement a hoax? ThomasPusch (talk) 21:20, 22 March 2016 (UTC)

KMFDM German abbreviation
Dear editors, shouldn't the abbreviation stand for "Kein Mitleid für die Mehrheit" instead of the currently shown "Kein Mehrheit für die Mitleid"? Whilst the latter makes not sense in German, the first one does and translates to "No pity for the majority", as stated in the article afterwards.

Source: I'm half-German.

Kind regards,

M. Glade — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2003:70:CF74:2200:3DBE:2C47:8AF0:77E1 (talk) 10:03, 27 August 2017 (UTC)

 * If it were grammatically correct, yes. But it's intentionally ungrammatical and based on a mishmash of newspaper clippings. —Torchiest talkedits 20:23, 15 November 2017 (UTC)

 * That should also be reflected in the translation, ie. "No majority for the pity". --84.132.158.29 (talk) 21:18, 6 August 2021 (UTC)

1992 tour information
This is mainly directed at User:Gleb95, although anyone else is of course welcome to comment. I see that you added a source for the first tour in 1992, and then moved it down to the second tour. The problem is that source seems to have elements of both, without being correct for either. The source uses a tour name that is close to the one listed in the band's newsletter, but with the words "money" and "sucks" switched. But the dates of the Money Sucks tour mentioned in the source are for June, when the actual Sucks Money tour was in October and November. So I'm not sure what's going on. It could be they renamed the June tour after that source was printed. —Torchiest talkedits 20:39, 15 November 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 11 external links on KMFDM. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110605181237/http://blogcritics.org/music/article/kmfdm/ to http://blogcritics.org/music/article/kmfdm/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100308020043/http://www.kmfdm.net/discography/albums/symbols.htm to http://www.kmfdm.net/discography/albums/symbols.htm
 * Added archive https://archive.is/20120904034954/http://www.kmfdm.net/bio/jules_pr.htm to http://www.kmfdm.net/bio/jules_pr.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120204071432/http://www.kmfdm.net/bio/andy_pr.htm to http://www.kmfdm.net/bio/andy_pr.htm
 * Added archive https://archive.is/20120804224226/http://www.kmfdm.net/bio/steve_pr.htm to http://www.kmfdm.net/bio/steve_pr.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110713161114/http://www.kmfdmrecords.com/news/ to http://www.kmfdmrecords.com/news/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120212202902/http://www.kmfdm.net/news/news.htm to http://www.kmfdm.net/news/news.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120425081119/http://www.kmfdm.net/blogs/kaptain.htm to http://www.kmfdm.net/blogs/kaptain.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120704220552/http://www.kmfdm.net/lyrics/terror.htm to http://www.kmfdm.net/lyrics/terror.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120414230043/http://www.kmfdm.net/lyrics/glory.htm to http://www.kmfdm.net/lyrics/glory.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110314160417/http://www.drummagazine.com/features/post/bill-rieflin-steering-r.e.m.-into-harder-waters to http://www.drummagazine.com/features/post/bill-rieflin-steering-r.e.m.-into-harder-waters/

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Authenticity of Opium
The article on the album says that it wasn't recorded until the 90s and released in 2002. MeEyeFunk (talk) 13:37, 26 November 2023 (UTC)

 * Nobody knows for sure. The only time its authenticity was seriously discussed was when Watts made that statement a few years ago. Absolutely no one else (from KMFDM) has brought it up. So at this point, we don't know if what Watts said is true or not.
 * I tried looking into it. And I think there was indeed a demo tape from 1984. But its tracklisting was slightly different. Opium was first acknowledged by KMFDM around 1997, when Sascha claimed that he found old tapes from 1984.
 * As of this moment, we should consider Opium as the first album, and What Do You Know as the second album, because for the past 25+ years, that's how it's been...until more concrete evidence emerges. Xanarki (talk) 20:50, 26 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Adding to my last message...the Bandcamp page for KMFDM now says it's "so much more" than KMFDM's debut album. The ambiguous wording implies it is both their first major release and a demo album. But as of this writing, there's no reliable sources which states it is not their first album. Xanarki (talk) 16:05, 22 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:KMFDM


text:
User talk:Gilgamesh~enwiki

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Dust-up on referencing
Hi Gilgamesh, I noticed the dust-up on referencing style at Younger Dryas, and I have something that may help next time. I discovered it too late for a timely comment there, and I probably wouldn't have wanted to get involved in the middle of it anyway, but here's a compromise alternative to think about, that might keep everyone happy, or at least reasonably unruffled, if this same situation recurs: it's List-defined references.

I believe I understand why you like 'exploded' refs (one per line): it's because when placed inline, it makes it much easier to find what is article text, and what is citation wikicode, so you can modify the article without getting all tangled up. I remember a horror show at the 'Eric Zemmour' article, where I simply couldn't find the running text of the lead paragraph, because it was a contentious topic and had so many citations that it was almost impossible to find the words of a single sentence strewn with numerous embedded citations. The spaghetti code at Zemmour made Dryas look like a paragon of minimalist architecture. It was completely unreadable, unmanageable, and uneditable, until I converted it to LDR, and even though it's still ridiculously overcited, at least the lead wikicode is easily readable now in the code-editing preview window. (The trade-off is that the "References" section is way longer than it needs to be now, but it's all tidy and orderly and it doesn't intrude when what you want to do is to edit the lead paragraph.)

If you want to see the old horror show, have a look at the wikicode for the first couple of paragraphs at 'Eric Zemmour' from revision 1057491695 of 27 November 2021, and then compare that to now: Eric Zemmour. The LDR style used in the current version gets you what you want, I believe, in minimizing the WP:CITECLUTTER. I'm pretty sure the other editor you were scrapping with wouldn't mind this style either, because if you edit the current Éric_Zemmour section, you'll see it's all nicely organized, alphabetical, and in the 'tight' style he prefers.

If you find that that use of LDRs is an acceptable solution for you and might be a viable compromise for your discussion partner, I hope it may help you in future discussions of this nature. Cheers, Mathglot (talk) 22:46, 15 December 2023 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Jarom

The article Jarom has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Not notable"

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Big Money Threepwood (talk) 18:38, 22 March 2024 (UTC)

Belated invitation to join the Twenty Year Society
Dear Gilgamesh,

I'd like to extend this overdue but still cordial invitation to you to join the Twenty Year Society, an informal group for editors who've been participating in the Wikipedia project for twenty years or more.

Best regards,  Chris Troutman  ( talk )  18:51, 22 March 2024 (UTC)

Nomination of Waters of Mormon for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Waters of Mormon is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Waters of Mormon until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article until the discussion has finished. Big Money Threepwood (talk) 04:47, 23 April 2024 (UTC)

20 Years!
Congratulations! I wish you another 20 years of great contributions! Rui ''Gabriel'' Correia (talk) 12:53, 3 July 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:Gilgamesh~enwiki


text:
Joseph Trumpeldor

Joseph Vladimirovich (Volfovich) Trumpeldor (Иосиф Владимирович [Вольфович] Трумпельдор; יוֹסֵף טְרוּמְפֶּלְדוֹר, ; 21 November 1880 – 1 March 1920) was an early Zionist activist who helped to organize the Zion Mule Corps and bring Jewish immigrants to Palestine. Trumpeldor died defending the settlement of Tel Hai in 1920 and subsequently became a Jewish national hero. According to a standard account, his last words were "It's nothing, it is good to die for our country", but that he ever said these words has been challenged.

Early life
Joseph Trumpeldor was born in Pyatigorsk in the North Caucasus of the Russian Empire. His father, Wulf Trumpeldor, served as a cantonist in the Caucasian War, and as a "useful Jew", was allowed to live outside the Pale of Settlement. Though proudly Jewish, Trumpeldor's upbringing was more Russian than traditionally Jewish. Originally in training as a dentist, Joseph Trumpeldor volunteered for the Russian army in 1902. During the Russo-Japanese War, he participated in the siege of Port Arthur, where he lost his left arm to shrapnel. He spent a hundred days in the hospital recovering, but elected to complete his service. When he was questioned about his decisions and told that he was heavily advised not to continue fighting given his handicap, he responded "but I still have another arm to give to the motherland." When Port Arthur surrendered, Trumpeldor went into Japanese captivity. He spent his time printing a newspaper on Jewish affairs and organized history, geography and literature classes. He also befriended several prisoners who shared his desire of founding a communal farm in Palestine. On return from captivity, he moved to Saint Petersburg. Trumpeldor subsequently received four decorations for bravery including the Cross of St. George, which made him the most decorated Jewish soldier in Russia.

Due to his handicap he began to study law. He gathered a group of young Zionists around him and in 1911 they immigrated to Palestine, then part of the Ottoman Empire. At first he joined a farm on the shore of the Sea of Galilee, and then worked for a time at Kibbutz Degania.

World War I
When World War I broke out, he was, as a Russian subject in the Ottoman Empire, an enemy alien. He went to Egypt, where together with Ze'ev Jabotinsky he developed the idea of the Jewish Legion to fight with the British against common enemies and the Zion Mule Corps was formed in 1915, considered to be the first all-Jewish military unit organized in close to two thousand years, and the ideological beginning of the Israel Defense Forces. He saw action in the Battle of Gallipoli with the Zion Mule Corps, where he was wounded in the shoulder. The Zion Mule Corps remained in Gallipoli through the entire campaign and was disbanded shortly after being transferred to Britain.

Political activism
In June 1917, Trumpeldor returned to Russia in order to convince the Provisional Government to form a Jewish regiment in the Russian army. According to his plan, the regiment would break through the Turkish front in the Caucasus to Eretz Yisrael. Additionally he organised Jews to defend themselves and established the HeHalutz in Russia, a youth organization that prepared immigrants for aliyah, and returned to Palestine himself.

Battle of Tel Hai
On 1 March 1920, several hundred Shiite Arabs, from the village of Jabal Amel in southern Lebanon, gathered at the gate of Tel Hai, one of four Jewish farming villages in an isolated bloc at the northern end of the Upper Galilee's Hulah Valley. Gangs ('isabat) of clan-based border peasants, combining politics and banditry, were active in the area of the loosely defined border between the soon-to-be-established British Mandate of Palestine, French Mandate of Lebanon and of Syria. The Shiites believed that some French troops had taken refuge with the Jews and demanded to search the premises. The Jews generally tried to maintain neutrality in the chaos, occasionally sheltering both Arabs and French. On this day there were no French soldiers, and the Jews assented to a search. One of the farmers fired a shot into the air, a signal for reinforcements from nearby Kfar Giladi, which brought ten men led by Trumpeldor, who had been posted by Hashomer to organize defense.

It is unclear exactly what happened once Trumpeldor assumed command, but an early report speaks of 'misunderstanding on both sides'. Ultimately, a major firefight raged in which seven Jews and five Arabs were killed outright; Trumpeldor was shot in the hand and stomach, and died while being evacuated to Kfar Giladi that evening. The eight Jews were buried in two common graves in Kfar Giladi, and both locations were abandoned for a time.

Last words
The last words attributed to him, "Never mind, it is good to die for our country" (En davar, tov lamut be'ad artzenu ), became well-known in the pre-state Zionist movement and in Israel of the 1950s and 1960s. According to Aviel Roshwald, the authenticity of Trumpeldor's final utterance is well-attested and not questioned by historians despite a widespread belief that they are apocryphal. Other historians state that these words have been under dispute for decades. In the wake of scepticism in the 1970s, a counter-version to the official legend, perhaps starting as a joke, suggested that his last words were in fact a pungent curse in his mother-tongue Russian, reflecting frustration with his bad luck. Trumpeldor spoke only broken Hebrew; in his last hours he mumbled requests in his native Russian to have his wounds bandaged, and the American doctor, George Gerry (or Gary), who attended him, and Abraham Harzfeld were the two first-hand sources for this declaration.

These words, which quickly spread throughout the Jewish immigrant community in Palestine, are similar to the Latin apophthegm Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori, the line from the Roman lyric poet Horace's Odes (III.2.13), which can be rendered in English as "It is sweet and honourable to die for one's country", or "It is sweet and fitting to die for the fatherland" and which inspired numerous nineteenth- and twentieth-century nationalist patriots internationally.

National hero
After his death, Trumpeldor became a symbol of Jewish self-defence, and his memorial day on the 11th day of Adar is officially noted in Israel every year.

Legacy
Both right-wing and left-wing Zionists regard Joseph Trumpeldor as a hero. The Revisionist Zionist movement (the precursor to Likud) named its youth movement Betar, an acronym for "Covenant of Joseph Trumpeldor", while the left-wing movements remember Trumpeldor as the defender of the kibbutzim and have established memorials in his honour. In the same year that he died, the Joseph Trumpeldor Work and Defense Battalion (Gdud HaAvoda) was founded, which established several kibbutzim. The town of Kiryat Shmona ("City of Eight") is named after Trumpeldor and the seven others who died defending Tel Hai.

Israeli rap group Hadag Nahash have a song about Trumpeldor on their debut album Ha-mechona shel ha-groove (2000). The song "Gabi ve Debi" from the 2003 followup Lazuz also mentions Trumpeldor and quotes his famous last words.

The 2015 novel, Joseph's Dream, by Elana Beth Schwab, is based on Trumpeldor's life.

The 2017 Russian-language documentary novel Moi drug Trumpeldor ("My Friend Trumpeldor") by the Saint Petersburg-based author Aleksandr Laskin narrates Trumpeldor's story through the eyes of his friend David Belotserkovsky.

title: Joseph Trumpeldor


text:
Costabile Farace

Costabile "Gus" Farace, Jr. (June 21, 1960 – November 17, 1989) was an Italian American criminal and mobster who was born in Bushwick, Brooklyn and died in Bensonhurst, Brooklyn. He was an associate of the Bonanno crime family who murdered a teenage male prostitute and a federal Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) agent in New York City. He was shot and killed by an unknown assailant in 1989.

Early years
Farace was born on June 21, 1960, in Bushwick, to Mary and Costabile "Gus" Farace, Sr., a first-generation immigrant from Camastra, Agrigento province Sicily. At the age of five he moved with his family to Prince's Bay, Staten Island. He sometimes used the name "Nicholas" as an alias while a fugitive and gave several alternate dates of birth: August 20, 1959, January 1, 1960, and June 20, 1960. He stood at 6'3", weighed 220 pounds, and sported a tattoo of a girl on his lower calf, another girl tattoo on his right leg, and a butterfly on his stomach.

His father Gus opened a small grocery store, G&S, in the island's Great Kills neighborhood on Hylan Boulevard. The store closed in 1983.

Costabile, Sr. and his brother Frank were fringe members of a Colombo crime family illegal gambling ring. Farace was a paternal first cousin of Dominick Farace, the son of Frank Farace. He also was a cousin to Michael A. Farace, Michael J. Farace, and Vincent Farace. Vincent Farace is a recognized made man in the Bronx faction of the Bonanno crime family.

Costabile attended Totten Intermediate School 34 in Tottenville (the former site of Tottenville High School until it moved to its present location in 1972), where he was considered the class flirt in eighth grade. As a child he was considered the class clown, a poor student, popular, and gregarious. He played Peewee football in Wolfe's Pond Park. In 1975, he entered Tottenville High School and joined a street gang of adolescent delinquents called "the Bay Boys", named after the Upper New York Bay near Tottenville. The gang liked to intimidate people and start fights. In January 1977, he was pulled over for reckless driving and, after searching him, the police found a gun on his person. Three weeks later, he was arrested for forgery, but he avoided a jail sentence because he was a youth. He listed his occupation as a grocer.

Assaults and Killing in Greenwich Village
On October 7, 1979, Farace murdered a 17-year-old boy and brutally beat the victim's 16-year-old companion. Farace and three friends were on a street in the Greenwich Village section of Manhattan when the two boys allegedly propositioned them. Enraged, Farace and his accomplices — later identified, David Spoto, and Robert DeLicio — forced the two teenagers into the Farace group's car and drove them to the beach at Wolfe's Pond Park in Prince's Bay, Staten Island. Once there, the men beat the boys using driftwood and other objects, then left them for dead. The 17-year-old, Steven Charles of Newark, New Jersey, died on the beach. The 16-year-old, Thomas Moore of Brooklyn, was critically injured, but dove into the pond and managed to elude his attackers. Moore then walked to a nearby residence for assistance. Later on October 8, the police arrested Farace, DeLicio, and Spoto. Four days later, Moore identified Farace and the other suspects from a police lineup.

On December 10, 1979, Farace pleaded guilty to first-degree manslaughter. The state had accepted his manslaughter plea rather than go through the uncertainty and expense of a trial, and of even winning a conviction in virulently anti-gay Staten Island (they particularly feared that Farace and his co-defendants would use the "gay panic defense"). Farace was sentenced to 7 to 21 years in prison.

Relationship with organized crime
It was in prison that Farace first met Gerrard "Jerry" Chilli, Sr. As Robert Stutman writes in Dead on Delivery: "Blamed for some infraction of the inmate’s code, Petrucelli was about to be killed with a set of barbells in a weight room brawl when Farace interceded, saving his life." Chilli unofficially "adopted" Farace, who at that point was in his late twenties, as a protégé, and stayed in contact when Chilli got out of prison. Farace used his contacts with old friends, and new ones he met in prison, to start a marijuana selling business, which soon expanded into other drugs. In June 1988, Farace was released from prison. By June 3, 1988, Farace had become partners with his friend Gregory Scarpa, Jr. who worked out of his criminal headquarters at Wimpy Boys Athletic Club. Scarpa's father, Gregory Scarpa, Sr., was a secret FBI informer. Farace married Antoinette Acierno, a sister of a criminal associate.

Murder of DEA Agent Hatcher
After being released on parole on June 3, 1988, Farace soon got into trouble again. He began selling small amounts of cocaine and marijuana, and in late February 1989, set up a cocaine deal with Everett Hatcher, an undercover federal Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) agent. At approximately 10:00 p.m. on the evening of February 28, 1989, Farace was to meet Hatcher at a remote overpass on the West Shore Expressway in the Rossville section of Staten Island to complete the deal. Hatcher had met Farace to discuss purchasing cocaine from him on several occasions. During the course of the drug transaction, Hatcher got separated from the surveillance team. When the team finally found Hatcher, he had been shot through the head three times in his unmarked Buick Regal. The window was rolled down and the Regal's engine was on, but Hatcher's foot was on the brake.

Police theorized that Farace shot Hatcher from a van as it passed Hatcher's car. The van was found abandoned three days later on a street about two miles northeast of the murder scene. This location was less than half a mile from the Arthur Kill Correctional Facility, where Farace had spent the last two years of his manslaughter sentence. It is not known why Farace killed Hatcher; one theory is that Farace had become suspicious of Hatcher from rumors he had heard.

Manhunt
Hatcher's death was the first murder of a DEA agent in New York City since 1972. He was also believed to have been the first law enforcement officer killed in the line of duty on Staten Island.

After Hatcher's slaying, a nationwide manhunt for Farace commenced. The Federal Bureau of Investigation placed Farace on the Ten Most Wanted list. Local and federal law enforcement increased their surveillance of Cosa Nostra members, stopping them to take photographs and ask questions. As pressure increased on the Bonanno family, its leadership decided to kill Farace.

Following the Hatcher murder, Gregory Scarpa, Sr. told David Krajcek of the Daily News that the Farace and Scarpa families were no longer close. No one from the Scarpa family had gone to Farace's wedding to Toni Acierno a few months earlier. Scarpa feared that a strong connection would send his convicted drug dealer son, Gregory Jr., to a distant federal prison.

Meanwhile, Farace was hiding with friends and criminal associates around the Greater New York area. He first stayed with Margaret "Babe" Scarpa, an old girlfriend who was Chilli's daughter. Soon after Farace had departed, the police raided Scarpa's house and arrested her; at the scene, DEA official Stutman told Chilli he could blame Farace. At this point, an aggravated Chilli wanted Farace killed. A new mob associate with the Lucchese family, John Petrucelli, was helping Farace find places to hide. Chilli met with Petrucelli and Lucchese capo Mike Salerno to discuss the situation. Chilli demanded that Petrucelli kill Farace, but Petrucelli refused. Two months later, Petrucelli was found dead with a hood over his head, which is a Sicilian message for "never keep secrets from the family".

Shooting and death
Less than ten months after the Hatcher murder, the manhunt for Farace would be over. At 11:08 p.m. on November 17, 1989, police dispatchers received a 9-1-1 emergency call about a car parked at 1814 81st Street in the Bensonhurst section of Brooklyn. The car contained one male occupant, with another male lying face down on the sidewalk, both of whom had just been shot. (The call came in as "shots fired", no other specifics.)

Police rushed to the scene and found the two men, one dead and the other seriously wounded. The dead man was identified as Costabile Farace. He had gunshot wounds to the head, neck, back and leg. According to witnesses, a van had driven alongside Farace's car and shot the two men nine times. This was the same method Farace had used to kill Agent Hatcher. The survivor in the car was identified as Joseph Sclafani, a member of Farace's organization. Sclafani said he fired two shots at the assailants.

In a different version of this story, per the responding officer, Farace was still breathing when police arrived. They placed him in a trauma suite, but he died en route to the hospital. Sclafani was outside of the vehicle, having been shot out of his shoes. Officers handcuffed him on the scene for weapons possession.

Aftermath
The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York refused to grant Farace a public funeral mass, citing his notorious life and death. However, the Archdiocese did permit his remains to be buried in the church-owned Cemetery of the Resurrection in Pleasant Plains, Staten Island, the same area where Hatcher was murdered.

On September 17, 1997, Lucchese family soldier James Galione and Lucchese family associate Mario Gallo admitted in court to murdering Farace. A third mobster, Louis Tuzzio, who was slain in 1990, was the third member of their team. Daniel "Dirty Danny" Mongelli was convicted of killing Tuzzio in 2004 and was released from prison in 2020 after catching COVID-19.

A made-for-TV movie, Dead or Alive: The Race for Gus Farace (1991) starred Tony Danza as Farace. The movie alleged that the mob was trying to kill Farace before the FBI could apprehend him. The movie Out For Justice starring Steven Seagal was based on Gus Farace's manhunt.

title: Costabile Farace


text:
Nia Künzer

Nia Tsholofelo Künzer (born 18 January 1980) is a retired German women's football player.

Early life
She was born in Mochudi, Botswana, as Nia Tsholofelo Künzer (her first name being Swahili for "aim" or "intention" and her second name being Tswana for "hope"), where her parents were on a two-year tour with a development aid organization. She grew up in the Albert-Schweitzer-Kinderdorf (children's village) in Wetzlar-Garbenheim, alongside her brother and seven foster children. After the Abitur, she did a year of practical training in social work in a kindergarten for handicapped children. In 2008, she completed a degree in education science (German title Diplompädagogin) at the Justus Liebig University Giessen.

Career
Having a history as a high jumper, and after being a member of football clubs Eintracht Wetzlar and VfB Gießen she was with 1. FFC Frankfurt (1st Frankfurt Women's Football Club) starting 1997. She played as a defender or midfielder. Künzer retired in July 2008 from professional football after an injury.

International career
Künzer was part of the German women's national football team at the 2003 World Cup. Her "golden goal" in the final match against Sweden made Germany the winner of the tournament with a result of 2-1. The goal was to become the first ever women's "Goal of the Year" in the history of German football. In 2004, the International Football Association Board (IFAB) voted to abolish the "golden goal" rule (taking effect on July 1, 2004), and the tie-breaking format was established, with teams playing two straight 15-minute extra time periods before the game goes to penalty kicks. Künzer's winning goal is the only "golden goal" to decide a Women's World Cup final.

She actively promotes the idea of women's soccer and helps in recruiting from the next generation of enthusiastic young girls.

During the winter of 2003/2004 she had to pause for several weeks due to one more cruciate ligament injury, which meant she was not available for the Olympic Games 2004 in Athens, Greece. A fourth cruciate ligament injury forced Künzer to resign from the national team in 2006.

TV career
Künzer also works as a TV sports commentator. She is Das Erste's main pundit for their comprehensive coverage of games involving the national team as well as for major women's tournaments like World Cups, Euros and the Algarve Cup.

title: Nia Künzer


text:
Kościerzyna County

Kościerzyna County (Kòscérsczi kréz, powiat kościerski) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Pomeranian Voivodeship, northern Poland. It came into being on 1 January 1999 as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and only town is Kościerzyna, which lies 51 km south-west of the regional capital Gdańsk. Its borders equal approximately the borders of the old Marquessate of Berent in the German Empire.

The county covers an area of 1165.85 km2. As of 2019 its total population is 72,589, out of which the population of Kościerzyna is 23,776, and the rural population is 48,813.

Kościerzyna County on a map of the counties of Pomeranian Voivodeship

Kościerzyna County is bordered by Kartuzy County to the north, Gdańsk County and Starogard County to the east, Chojnice County to the south, and Bytów County to the west.

History
Before the First Partition of the First Polish Republic in 1772, there was a non-town Kościerzyna County Council. During the Prussian partition in 1818–1919, the Prussian district "Landkreis Berent" functioned. In the years 1920-1939 (the Second Polish Republic) and 1945-1975 (PRL) there was a Kościerzyna Land District. In the period of September 1939 - February / March 1945, the area of the county was under German occupation.

In 1920, the county granted to Poland covered the area of 117,698 ha and was smaller than its Prussian counterpart of 6,301 ha, which left for the Free City of Gdańsk (villages of Częstocin, Trzepowo, Gromadzin, Czarna Huta, Borowina, Olszanka, Sucha Huta, and Pawłowo).

Administrative division
The county is subdivided into eight gminas (one urban and seven rural). These are listed in the following table, in descending order of population.

title: Kościerzyna County


text:
Malbork County

Malbork County (powiat malborski) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Pomeranian Voivodeship, northern Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Malbork (site of the historic Malbork Castle), 46 km south-east of the regional capital Gdańsk. The only other town in the county is Nowy Staw, lying 12 km north of Malbork. Until 2002, the county also included the areas which now make up Sztum County.

The county covers an area of 494.63 km2. As of 2019, its total population is 63,575, out of which the population of Malbork is 38,464, of the urban-rural gmina of Nowy Staw is 4,248, and of the rural gminas is 20,862.

Malbork County on a map of the counties of Pomeranian Voivodeship

Malbork County is bordered by Nowy Dwór Gdański County to the north, Elbląg County to the east, Sztum County to the south, Tczew County to the west and Gdańsk County to the north-west.

Administrative division
The county is subdivided into six gminas (one urban, one urban-rural and four rural):

title: Malbork County


text:
Grammy Award for Best Jazz Instrumental Album

The Grammy Award for Best Jazz Instrumental Album is an award that was first presented in 1959.

History
From 1959 to 2011, the Award was called Best Instrumental Jazz Album, Individual or Group. In 2012, it was shortened to Best Jazz Instrumental Album, encompassing albums that previously fell under the categories Best Contemporary Jazz Album and Best Latin Jazz Album (both defunct as of 2012). A year later, the Best Latin Jazz Album category returned, disallowing albums in that category to be nominated for Best Jazz Instrumental Album.

This category is meant for albums containing greater than 50% playing time of new instrumental jazz recordings.

Years listed indicate the year in which the Grammy Awards were presented, for works released in the previous year. Before 1962 and from 1972 to 1978, the award title did not specify instrumental performances and was presented for instrumental or vocal performances. The award has had several name changes.

Name changes

 * 1959–1960: Best Jazz Performance, Group
 * 1961: Best Jazz Performance Solo or Small Group
 * 1962–1963: Best Jazz Performance Solo or Small Group (Instrumental)
 * 1964: Best Instrumental Jazz Performance – Soloist or Small Group
 * 1965–1966: Best Instrumental Jazz Performance – Small Group or Soloist
 * 1967: Best Instrumental Jazz Performance – Group or Soloist with Group
 * 1968–1971: Best Instrumental Jazz Performance, Small Group or Soloist with Small Group
 * 1972–1978: Best Jazz Performance by a Group
 * 1979–1992: Best Jazz Instrumental Performance, Group
 * 1993–2000: Best Jazz Instrumental Performance, Individual or Group
 * 2001–2011: Best Jazz Instrumental Album, Individual or Group


text:
Enterprise (dinghy)

The Enterprise is a Bermuda rigged sailing dinghy with a double-chined hull and distinctive blue sails. Normally crewed by two, and sometimes carrying a third crew member, it may also be sailed single-handed.

History
The Enterprise was designed by Jack Holt in 1956 for The News Chronicle during the post-war sailing boom, becoming the first UK sailing dinghy to be sponsored by a national newspaper (followed in due course by the Mirror Dinghy, also designed by Jack Holt). It remains popular in the United Kingdom and a dozen or so other countries, for cruising and racing. Adopted by many sailing schools, the Enterprise's combination of size, weight, and power has widespread appeal. The Enterprise is accredited as an International Class by the International Sailing Federation, the ISAF.

The Enterprise is most often sailed with no spinnaker. However the international class rules allow the decision of whether to allow spinnakers to be made by the national authority. In the U.K. and Canada, no spinnakers were allowed until 2002 when a new PY handicap was introduced in the UK to allow spinnakers to be used in multi class racing in clubs, although spinnakers may still not be used in "Class" racing; in the United States they are allowed.

Early boats, wooden and GRP, used buoyancy bags fixed under the benches and thwarts for internal buoyancy but nowadays foam reinforced plastic boats have built in buoyancy tanks improving stiffness and removing much of the maintenance associated with air-filled bags. Wooden boats still tend to have buoyancy bags to the rear and a forward bulkhead.

They are also relatively unstable in comparison with other dinghies of similar performance, they have handling characteristics which would generally be associated with much faster designs.

The first two Enterprises built were sailed from Dover to Calais both as a test and for advertising purposes. This feat was repeated on the Enterprise's 50th anniversary, but this time the two boats not only sailed to France, but also returned to England.

title: Enterprise (dinghy)


text:
User:Pengo/uni

University studies

Subjects

 * pengo/micro, microbiology
 * pengo/gen, genetics
 * pengo/bot, botany
 * pengo/ent, entomology
 * pengo/eco, ecology
 * pengo/zoo, zoology

Genetics

 * Rh disease
 * Since she is Rh negative, her body immediately produced antibodies (IgG type) against the Rhesus antigens on her baby's erythrocytes - and with the second pregnancy the problem becomes acute

*** MAKE: Periodic Table SAMPLER (showing limited elements) *** MAKE: resortable make-up list: ppm, % by weight, % by atoms, weight per kilo, density (g/cm3).. etc?

resources

 * List of scientific journals

title: User:Pengo/uni


text:
Tura (river)

The Tura (Тура́), also known as Dolgaya (Long River, Долгая) is a historically important Siberian river which flows eastward from the central Ural Mountains into the Tobol, a part of the Ob basin. The main town on it is Tyumen.

Description
From about 1600 to 1750 the Tura was the main entry point into Siberia. Most people and goods entering or leaving passed through the customs house at Verkhoturye. There are a number of mining towns in the upper Tura basin.

Geography
It is located in the Sverdlovsk Oblast and Tyumen Oblast in Russia. It is 1030 km long with a drainage basin of 80400 km2. The Tura is navigable within 753 km of its mouth. It freezes up in late October through November and stays under the ice until April or the first half of May.

The Tura basin is bounded on the west by the Ural Mountains with the city of Perm, on the north by the Tavda basin, on the east by the Tobol with the city of Tobolsk and on the south by the Iset basin with the city of Yekaterinburg.

The Tura flows north through Verkhnyaya Tura and Nizhnyaya Tura, receives an east-flowing river from the mining town of Kachkanar, flows east past Verkhoturye, turns east-southeast, receives the Tagil from the west, passes Turinsk, receives the east-flowing Nitsa, passes Tyumen, turns directly east, receives the east-flowing Pyshma from the south and joins the Tobol River southwest of Tobolsk.

The Tura basin is fan-shaped with the Tura on the north side and the Pyshma on the south.

title: Tura (river)