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Daemen University

Daemen University is a private university in Amherst and Brooklyn, New York. Formerly Daemen College and Rosary Hill College, the now-nondenominational school was founded by the Sisters of St. Francis in 1947.

As of fall 2020, 2,536 students were enrolled at Daemen (1,631 undergraduate, 905 graduate). 64 degree majors were offered

In March 2022, the New York State Board of Regents approved a name change to Daemen University.

Main campus
Located in Western New York, Daemen's main 46.5-acre campus is in a suburban setting in Amherst, New York in the Buffalo Niagara Region. Daemen is on Main Street in Amherst and close to the New York State Thruway and I-290 and the Buffalo Niagara International Airport. The Amherst campus contains 19 buildings or complexes with classrooms, laboratories, residential and athletics facilities.

History
In 1947, Rosary Hill College was established by the Sisters of St. Francis of Penance and Christian Charity as an institution of higher education for women offering studies in the liberal arts. The institution has admitted men since the mid-1960s and graduated its first male student in 1965. In 1976, Rosary Hill became a secular and independent institution and was renamed Daemen College, in honor of the founder of the Sisters of St. Francis – Mother Magdalene Daemen, of Holland.

In 2015, Daemen opened the Academic Wellness Center after a $5.6 million renovation of the former YMCA building on Main Street in Amherst.

In 2017, to mark its 70th anniversary, Daemen installed Founders Bell, which was forged in 1858 and restored by the Class of 1967. Each year, the bell is the centerpiece of Founders Celebration, an annual tradition to recognize the institution's history.

In 2020, Daemen opened the Center for Interprofessional Learning and Simulation (CILS), which has eight examination rooms, a counseling room and a space for telehealth counseling and is used by students in the university's nursing, social work, physical therapy, physician assistant studies and other programs.

Presidents
Daemen has had six presidents since its founding in 1947:

 * 1) M. Alphonse Kampshoff (1947 - 1953)
 * 2) M. Angela Canavan (1953 - 1973)
 * 3) Robert S. Marshall (1973 - 1996)
 * 4) Martin J. Anisman (1996 - 2011)
 * 5) Edwin G. Clausen (2011 - 2013)
 * 6) Gary A. Olson (2013 - present)

The president works with an administrative council called the president's cabinet. Daemen also has a faculty senate, a student government association, and an alumni board.

The current president is Gary A. Olson. For many years during his tenure as president, he has been named one of Western New York's most influential leaders by Buffalo Business First, the region's weekly business newspaper.

Academics
Daemen offers 65 academic majors and programs in a variety of disciplines and subject areas, including physical therapy, nursing, visual and performing arts, the liberal arts, business, and education. Since 2018, Daemen has been classified among "Doctoral/Professional Universities".

Rankings
Since 2007, Daemen has been named a national College of Distinction.

Daemen's paralegal studies program is currently the only American Bar Association (ABA)-approved program in Western New York.

In 2017, Daemen became the only state-approved applied behavior analysis graduate program in New York.

Accreditation
Daemen is accredited by the Middle States Commission on Higher Education.

Daemen has specific academic programs accredited by:

 * International Accreditation Council for Business Education (IACBE)
 * Commission on Accreditation of Athletic Training Education (CAATE)
 * Accreditation Commission for Education in Nursing (ACEN)
 * Commission on Accreditation in Physical Therapy Education (CAPTE)
 * Accreditation Review Commission on Education for the Physician Assistant (ARC-PA)
 * Commission on Accreditation, Council on Social Work Education (CSWE)

Colleges
Academic programs at the university are administered in three colleges:

 * The College of Arts, Science and Education houses programs and departments of education, the humanities, social sciences, visual and performing arts, and natural sciences and mathematics.
 * The College of Health, Human Sciences and Business houses the programs and departments of accounting, business, paralegal studies, behavioral science, health promotion, leadership & innovation, public health, social work and sociology.
 * The College of Health Professions houses the departments of athletic training, nursing, physician assistant studies, and physical therapy.

Daemen is designated as a multi-campus institution by the New York State Department of Education, in recognition of the university's campuses in Amherst and Brooklyn.

Libraries
The first library at Daemen was housed in Rosary Hall. In 1952, Marian Library opened and served the institution until 2008. The structure was renovated into the Nancy Haberman Gacioch, William T Gacioch & Family Center for Visual and Performing Arts in 2012.

The current Daemen library, in the Research and Information Commons (RIC), opened in 2008. The RIC manages an archival collection that includes publications, photographs, and other materials documenting the history of the university, in addition to hardcopy books, journal and media volumes and other digital titles.

Athletics
The Daemen Wildcats represent Daemen in intercollegiate athletics. Daemen is a member of the East Coast Conference (ECC), competing at the NCAA Division II level. The university's official colors are royal blue, black, white, and gray.

Men's sports include basketball, cross country, volleyball indoor track and outdoor track, soccer, and tennis. Women's sports include basketball, bowling, cross country, cheerleading, indoor and outdoor track, soccer, tennis, triathlon, and volleyball. A co-ed team competes in esports.

The athletic department announced the addition of women's lacrosse beginning in 2023-24.

During his presidency, Olson has also served as chair of the NCAA Division II Presidents Council and served on the NCAA Board of Governors, and NCAA President Mark Emmert has visited campus numerous times, serving as commencement speaker and holding town-hall discussions with student-athletes.

Housing
Daemen supports multiple student housing complexes and affiliations:

 * Canavan Hall is a traditional five-story facility housing approximately 260 students and is primarily used as first-year and new student housing.

 * Campus Apartments, housing approximately 384 students, is a complex of seven two-story apartment-style buildings providing housing typically for upperclassmen students.

 * Snyder Park, which is adjacent to Daemen's Amherst campus, features apartment-style living with either single or double rooms.

Daemen also maintains a partnership with Collegiate Village, an independently operated housing complex, which typically houses upperclassmen students in two- and four-bedroom apartments.

Media
A variety of student-sponsored and institutional-sponsored newspapers, magazines and periodicals have been published at Daemen.

The Summit yearbook was published from 1952 until 2012.

The Ascent student newspaper began printing in 1949 and was published until 2009. The Insight is Daemen's current student newspaper; it publishes twice a year. Daemen Today is the alumni periodical published twice a year

Traditions
Every fall Daemen hosts its annual Founders Celebration, which is a campus-wide event honoring the institution's origins and commemorating its history of scholarship. Events include the ringing of Founders bell where representatives of the university ring the bell, the Distinguished Alumni Awards Dinner, Daemen Day in Amherst in partnership with local businesses, key athletics events, and other student-centric events.

The university conducts white coat ceremonies for health-related degrees.

The ALHANA (African, Latinx, Hispanic, Asian, Native American) program and graduation celebrates individual student and class-wide accomplishments.

Springfest is an annual music festival hosted by the Daemen Student Government Association. Artists have included Drake.

Daemen Tradition Keepers complete a list of "50 Things to do Before You Graduate".

Alumni

 * Gerald Beverly 2015, professional basketball player for Amatori Udine of the Italian Serie A2 Basket league
 * Catherine A. Carey 1967, former Clerk of the New York State Assembly from 1975 to 1984
 * MaryEllen Elia 1970, former New York State Education Commissioner and former superintendent of Hillsborough County Public Schools in Tampa, Florida
 * Mary Ann Esposito 1964, creator/host of Ciao Italia with Mary Ann Esposito, a cooking program that is the longest-running United States television series of its kind
 * Sue Falsone 1996, owns Structure & Function by Sue Falsone. She was head of athletic training and sport performance with United States men's national soccer team, the first female physical therapist in MLB and head athletic trainer for the Los Angeles Dodgers
 * Liz Liddy 1966, former dean of the iSchool at Syracuse University
 * Linda L. Neider 1975, professor of management at Miami Herbert Business School at the University of Miami
 * Alexander Nwora, former basketball player and coach of the Erie Kats
 * Samuel Ouedraogo, basketball player and member of the Burkina Faso national basketball team

Faculty

 * James K.Y. Kuo, professor of art. Kuo was an abstract expressionist painter. His works are in the Albright–Knox Art Gallery and the China Institute.

title: Daemen University


text:
GemStone IV

GemStone IV is a multiplayer text-based online role-playing video game (often known as a MUD) produced by Simutronics. Players control characters in a high fantasy game world named "Elanthia". The first playable version of the game was known as GemStone ][ and was launched in April 1988 on GEnie. It was one of the first MMORPGs and is one of the longest running online games still active. Access to the game is subscription-based (monthly fee) through its website, with three additional subscriptions levels available, "Premium", "Platinum" and "Shattered", in addition to a free-to-play model introduced in early March 2015.

Technical information
GemStone IV is a text-based game built on Simutronics' proprietary engine, the IFE (Interactive Fiction Engine). This engine is capable of changing nearly any aspect of the game on the fly which allows updates without the necessity for downtime. Due to the use of the IFE, GemStone is rarely taken offline, giving a 24-hour uptime cycle aside from the occasional game crash.

The GemStone interface is simply a text stream, and the game can be played with a Telnet interface after authentication. There are several official interfaces to the game, as well as several unofficial ones. The oldest interface for Windows is called the "Wizard Front End" and offers several useful features such as status readouts, macros, and limited scripting abilities. The Wizard has since been superseded with the "StormFront" Front End introduced in 2003, which itself has been rebranded as "Wrayth" in 2022. Wrayth offers several additional extensions to the game, including a "point and click" interface that allows one to click on text within the game and bring up action menus applicable to that portion of text. The Java FE and a browser-based version named "eScape" are less popular alternatives. A Wizard (similar to the Windows version) also exists for Macintosh Classic, while a Front End named "Avalon" is available for Mac OS X. No official Linux client exists.

History
GemStone was first demonstrated to GEnie in 1987 before Simutronics was officially incorporated. It was only used as a demonstration model and was never available to the general subscribers. GemStone ][ was released in April 1988 to GEnie customers. However, GemStone ][ was very short-lived, and GemStone III went into open beta testing in December 1989, officially launching on February 1, 1990. The transition from "][" to "III" maintained significant portions of the environment, but not all, and character records were not maintained over the transition, requiring all players to begin anew. GemStone III evolved into GemStone IV in November 2003, but the game world and character records were maintained over the transition. GemStone III was promoted on GEnie by promising players the opportunity to receive real-life versions of gems found in-game, something that persisted for many years.

GemStone originally operated with a license to use the Rolemaster game mechanics and Shadow World environment from Iron Crown Enterprises (ICE). In 1995, Simutronics and ICE agreed to let the business relationship expire, necessitating the removal of all ICE intellectual property from GemStone. Many of the game changes were simply renaming ICE names, such as changing the world name from Kulthea to Elanthia, and renaming the deities while keeping their previous characteristics.

Game mechanics were greatly changed with the de-ICEing (as the period is colloquially named), which required every game character to undergo significant changes. Character racial and class choices were also changed, making any direct translation between the two systems difficult. The end result was that every character was required to "re-roll" their character with the option to change race and skills, but maintaining their old experience level, class, and equipment.

GemStone became available on AOL in September, 1995, just after the de-ICEing process. It had already become available on CompuServe and Prodigy before that. When AOL switched to flat-rate pricing, GemStone did over 1.4 million customer-hours in a single month and was attracting 2,000-2,500 simultaneous players. Simutronics launched a web portal in 1997, and started phasing customers off of the online services and onto the web interface, although it would take several years before the last of the online service portals were closed.

Reception
Computer Gaming World in 1991 stated that Gemstone III was a good example of the best and worst aspects of online play. The reviewer liked the game's community aspect and well-written prose, but criticized the poor parser, "surprisingly empty" game environment and—given the per-minute charge—lack of a free tutorial, and concluded that "the present incarnation of on-line games doesn't quite work for him". In a follow-up 1993 review, the reviewer wrote that his sojourn in Kulthea was a rewarding experience. He reported receiving help from both built-in commands and other characters and the ability and opportunity for his bard character to sing. The reviewer concluded that "at last, I know why" the game was so popular. In 1997 Next Generation named it as number seven on their "Top 10 Online Game Picks". At its peak (1996), GemStone III had over 2,000 simultaneous users and 1 million play hours per month, large numbers for its era.

In 2020 and 2021, GemStone III inspired retrospectives by Elizabeth Landau in Wired and Gizmodo. She noted its ability to facilitate human communication and its similar nature to later MMORPGs and social media.

 * 1998 Finalist, "Online Game of the Year", Academy of Interactive Arts and Sciences
 * December 1996, AOL Members' Choice Award

GemStone IV - Shattered
In May 2010, GemStone IV - Shattered was released by Simutronics. It allows unrestricted player-vs-player combat and has no policy against automated play.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: GemStone IV


text:
List of sibling pairs

This list of sibling pairs includes certain twins, provided they have at least one additional older or younger sibling. Siblings are arranged alphabetically by last name; listed from oldest to youngest.

A

 * Ben and Casey Affleck; actor/director/producer/writer and actor, respectively
 * Marv, Steve and Al Albert; sportscasters
 * Mabel and Jack Albertson; actors
 * Muhammad and Rahaman Ali; professional boxers
 * Lily Allen and Alfie Allen; singer and actor, respectively
 * Phylicia Rashad and Debbie Allen; actresses (Debbie is also a singer, dancer and choreographer)
 * Gregg and Duane Allman; musicians
 * Don and Jim Ameche; actors
 * Dana Andrews and Steve Forrest; actors
 * Patty, Maxene and LaVerne Andrews; singers
 * Claude and Nicolas Anelka; French footballer and agent
 * Natalie and Nicole Appleton; singers, members of All Saints
 * Lucie Arnaz and Desi Arnaz, Jr.; actor-singer and actor-musician, respectively (children of Desi Arnaz and Lucille Ball)
 * James Arness and Peter Graves; actors
 * Stefan and Alison Arngrim; actors; children of actress Norma MacMillan and talent manager Thor Arngrim
 * Patricia, David, Rosanna and Alexis Arquette; actors
 * Ron and Scott Asheton; musicians, members of The Stooges
 * Adele and Fred Astaire; actors, singers, dancers
 * Sean and Mackenzie Astin; actors, sons of actors Patty Duke and John Astin
 * Dan and Peter Aykroyd; actors and comedians

B

 * Wilhelm Friedemann, Carl Philipp Emanuel, Johann Christoph Friedrich and Johann Christian; sons of composer Johann Sebastian Bach who also had musical careers
 * Francis Edward Bache, composer and musician; Walter Bache, pianist and conductor and Constance Bache, composer, pianist and teacher.
 * Kevin and Michael Bacon; actor and composer-musician, respectively
 * John and Mary Badham; motion picture-director and actress, respectively
 * Dan and Dragoș Balauru; Romanian footballers
 * Alec, Daniel, William and Stephen Baldwin; actors
 * Ashley and Jordan Banjo; dancers
 * Lionel, Ethel and John Barrymore; actors
 * Justine and Jason Bateman; actors
 * Rick and Skip Bayless; chef and sports columnist, respectively
 * Shirley MacLaine and Warren Beatty; actors
 * Daniel and Natasha Bedingfield; musicians
 * Noah Beery Sr. and Wallace Beery; actors
 * Howard and David Bellamy; musicians
 * Robert and Ronald Bell; musicians, members of Kool & The Gang
 * John and James Belushi; actors, comedians
 * Constance and Joan Bennett; actresses
 * Jonas, Malin and Jenny Berggren; musicians, founding members of Ace of Base
 * Peter Billingsley and Melissa Michaelsen; actors
 * Brian and Scott Bloom; actors and Mike Bloom; musician
 * Flesh and Layzie Bone; rappers, members of Bone Thugs-n-Harmony
 * Edwin and John Wilkes Booth; actors
 * Ben and Eric Bostrom; motorcycle racers
 * Timothy, Joseph, Sam and Ben Bottoms; actors
 * Nadia and Lili Boulanger; composer/pedagogue and composer, respectively
 * Larry and Laurent Bourgeois; French dancers and choreographers known as Les Twins
 * Elizabeth and Lorraine Bracco; actresses
 * Jocelyn and Marlon Brando; actors
 * Nicholas Brendon and Kelly Donovan; actors, identical twins
 * Spencer and Abigail Breslin; actors
 * Beau and Jeff Bridges; actors, sons of actor Lloyd Bridges
 * Jay Briscoe and Mark Briscoe; professional wrestlers, real surname Pugh
 * Sthefany and Kayky Brito; actors
 * Charlotte, Emily and Anne Brontë; authors
 * Sandra and Gesine Bullock-Prado; actress and pastry chef, respectively
 * Pavel and Valeri Bure; hockey players
 * Kurt and Kyle Busch; NASCAR Sprint Cup race drivers
 * George (43rd President of the United States), Jeb (former Florida governor), Neil (businessman), Marvin (businessman) and Dorothy Bush (author); children of former U. S. President George H. W. Bush and First Lady Barbara Bush

C

 * James and Jeanne Cagney; actors
 * Kirk and Candace Cameron; actors
 * Joseph and Frank Campanella; actors
 * Christian and Neve Campbell; actors
 * Richard and Karen Carpenter; musical duo known as The Carpenters
 * John Carradine (father to) Bruce Carradine (adopted son of John's first wife), David Carradine, (actor, movies and TV series Kung Fu), Christopher Carradine (Vice President of Walt Disney Engineering), Keith Carradine (actor, movies, TV series Dexter) and Robert Carradine (actor, movies, TV series King of the Nerds)
 * Peter and Kitty Carruthers; figure-skaters
 * Nick and Aaron Carter; singers
 * Veronica and Angela Cartwright; actresses
 * Gerald and Bob Casale; musicians, members of Devo
 * David, musician/actor and half-brothers, Shaun, Patrick and Ryan Cassidy; musician/actor/director, actors; sons of actor Jack Cassidy; all but David, also son's of actress Shirley Jones
 * Sydney and Charlie Chaplin; actor and actor-filmmaker-composer, respectively
 * Jermall and Jermell Charlo; professional boxers
 * Bobby and Jack Charlton; English footballers
 * Maksim and Valentin Chmerkovskiy; dancers
 * Steve and Jimmy Clark of The Clark Brothers; tap dancers
 * Joel and Ethan Coen; filmmakers
 * Bootsy and Catfish Collins; musicians
 * Joan and Jackie Collins; actress and novelist, respectively
 * Sean and Neil Connery; actors
 * Daisy May and Charlie Cooper; actors
 * Roman and Sofia Coppola; filmmakers, children of Francis Ford and Eleanor Coppola
 * Francis Ford Coppola and Talia Shire
 * Macaulay, Kieran and Rory Culkin; actors
 * Chris and Andrew Cuomo; news anchor and politician, respectively
 * Sondra, Cherie, and Marie Currie; actresses; Cherie and Marie - musicians, singers, artists, authors; daughters of actress Marie Harmon
 * Stephen and Seth Curry; basketball players
 * Sinéad, Sorcha, Niamh, and Catherine Cusack; actors, children of Cyril and Maureen Cusack
 * Ann, Joan and John Cusack; actors
 * Trace, Miley and Noah Cyrus; singers

D

 * Tyne and Tim Daly; actors
 * Ray Davies and Dave Davies; musicians, members of The Kinks
 * Tamasin and Daniel Day-Lewis; chef/food critic and actor, respectively
 * Bunny, Bobby, Tommy, Randy, Mark, El, James and Chico DeBarge; musicians and singers,
 * Dizzy and Daffy Dean; baseball players
 * Vance and Ellen DeGeneres; actors
 * Dalvin DeGrate and DeVante Swing; musicians, members of Jodeci
 * Natasia and Jamie Demetriou; comedians   and actors
 * Olivia de Havilland and Joan Fontaine; actresses
 * Emily and Zooey Deschanel; actresses, daughters of cinematographer Caleb Deschanel
 * Donna de Varona and Joanna Kerns; swimmer and actress, respectively
 * Chico and Enrique Díaz; actors
 * Matt and Kevin Dillon; actors
 * Dom and Joe DiMaggio; baseball players
 * Magnus and Candida Doyle; musicians, members of Pulp
 * Karin and Olof Dreijer; musicians, members of The Knife
 * Mircea and Virgil Dridea; Romanian footballers
 * Bismarck and Jannie du Plessis; South Africa international rugby players
 * Hilary and Jacqueline du Pré; British flautist/memoirist and cellist, respectively
 * Isabelle and Paul Duchesnay; World champion French ice dancers
 * Haylie and Hilary Duff; singers, actresses
 * Nora and Kevin Dunn; actors
 * Griffin and Dominique Dunne; actors, children of author Dominick Dunne
 * Eliza and Nate Dushku; actors

E

 * Buddy and Vilma Ebsen; actors, dancers
 * Bob Einstein (AKA Super Dave Osborne) and Albert Brooks; actors, comedians, writers, sons of Parkyakarkus
 * Richard and Danny Elfman; filmmaker and film composer-member of Oingo Boingo, respectively
 * Ezekiel, Rahm and Ari Emanuel; oncologist/bioethicist, politician, and talent agent, respectively
 * Nora and Delia Ephron; writer/filmmaker and author/screenwriter, respectively
 * Julius J. and Philip G. Epstein; screenwriters, identical twins
 * Phil and Tony Esposito; hockey players
 * Emilio Estevez, Charlie Sheen (born Carlos Estevez), Ramon Estevez and Renée Estevez; actors, directors, children of Martin Sheen (born Ramón Antonio Gerardo Estévez)
 * Robin, Kevin and Duane Eubanks; jazz musicians
 * Chris and Scott Evans; actors
 * Max and Thom Evans; rugby players
 * Deborah and Carlos Evelyn; actors
 * Don and Phil Everly, singers

F

 * Fred and Richard Fairbrass; musicians, singers, members of Right Said Fred
 * Cynthia and Débora Falabella; actors
 * Dakota and Elle Fanning; actresses
 * Chris, Kevin and John P. Farley; comedians/actors
 * Taissa and Vera Farmiga; actresses
 * Josh and Zac Farro; ex-members of Paramore
 * Mindy and Corey Feldman; singer-actors
 * Ralph and Joseph Fiennes; actors
 * Tim and Neil Finn; musicians, members of Split Enz and Crowded House
 * Max and Dave Fleischer; animators
 * Giovanna Fletcher and Mario Falcone; author and television personality, respectively
 * Andy and Grant Flower; Zimbabwe cricketers
 * Jane and Peter Fonda; actors, children of actor Henry Fonda
 * Ben and Jon Foster; actor and musician/actor, respectively
 * Buddy and Jodie Foster; actors
 * Edward and James Fox; actors
 * Emilia and Freddie Fox; actors, children of Edward Fox, niece and nephew of James Fox
 * Laurence and Jack Fox; actors, sons of James Fox, nephews of Edward Fox
 * James, Tom and Dave Franco; actors
 * Lucian and Clement Freud; artist and politician/chef/broadcaster, respectively
 * Soleil Moon Frye and Meeno Peluce, actors
 * István and Lóránd Fülöp; Romanian footballers of Hungarian ethnicity
 * Tyson and Tommy Fury; boxers

G

 * Magda, Eva and Zsa-Zsa Gabor; actresses and socialites
 * Noel and Liam Gallagher; musicians, members of Oasis
 * Rosana and Isabela Garcia; actors
 * Leif Garrett and Dawn Lyn; actors
 * George and Ira Gershwin; composer and lyricist
 * Barry, Robin, Maurice and Andy Gibb; musicians, founding members of the Bee Gees
 * Melissa, Jonathan and Sara Gilbert; actors
 * Dorothy and Lillian Gish; actors
 * Parry and Lloyd Glasspool; actor and tennis player, respectively
 * Micaela and Georgiana Góes; actors
 * Rosane and Betty Gofman; actors
 * Tracey and Missy Gold; actors
 * Cuba and Omar Gooding; actors, sons of jazz musician Cuba Gooding Sr.
 * Ilene and Todd Graff; actors
 * Heather and Aimee Graham; actresses
 * Tony and Cammi Granato; ice hockey players
 * Frankie and Ariana Grande; actors and singers
 * Hank and John Green; novelists and YouTubers
 * Colin and Jonny Greenwood; musicians, members of Radiohead
 * Melanie and Tracy Griffith; actresses, daughters of actress Tippi Hedren
 * Wilhelm and Jacob Grimm; writers
 * Michael and Mary Gross; actors
 * Greg and Bryant Gumbel; television broadcasters
 * Yuli and Lourdes Gurriel Jr.; Baseball Players
 * Maggie and Jake Gyllenhaal; actors, children of Stephen Gyllenhaal

H

 * June Havoc and Gypsy Rose Lee; actors, dancers and burlesque entertainer
 * Gigi and Bella Hadid; models
 * Cedric "K-Ci" and Joel "Jo-Jo" Hailey; musicians, members of K-Ci & JoJo and Jodeci
 * Aaron and Damion Hall; singers, members of Guy
 * Tom, Jim and Larry Hanks; actors, and entomologist respectively;
 * Matt and Jeff Hardy – professional wrestlers (see also The Hardy Boyz)
 * Wood and Steve Harris; actors
 * Takanohana Kōji and Wakanohana Masaru; sumo wrestlers (real surname Hanada), sons of Takanohana I
 * Takanohana Kenshi and Wakanohana Kanji I; sumo wrestlers (real surname Hanada); former is father of the above pair
 * Bret and Owen Hart - professional wrestlers
 * Melissa Joan and Emily Hart; actresses
 * Edwin and Walter Hawkins; gospel singers
 * Franz Joseph and Michael Haydn; composers
 * Murray and Anthony Head; actors
 * Margaux and Mariel Hemingway; models, actresses, granddaughters of novelist Ernest Hemingway
 * Luke, Chris and Liam Hemsworth; actors
 * William and Caroline Herschel; musicians and astronomers
 * Jim Hill and David Hill; football players, sportscaster respectively
 * Paris and Nicky Hilton; socialites
 * Christopher and Peter Hitchens; authors, journalists
 * Edwin and Aldis Hodge; actors
 * Derek and Julianne Hough; dancers
 * Ron and Clint Howard; actor-director and actor, respectively; sons of actors Jean and Rance Howard
 * Season and Whip Hubley; actors
 * Kate and Oliver Hudson; actors
 * Lane and Booker Huffman – professional wrestlers (see also Harlem Heat)
 * Sarah and Emily Hughes; figure skaters
 * Anjelica and Danny Huston; actress/director/producer and actor/writer/director, respectively (children of writer-director-actor John Huston)
 * Sir Julian Huxley and Aldous Huxley; evolutionary biologist and novelist/philosopher, respectively

I

 * Natalie and Laura Imbruglia; singers
 * James and Phillip Ingram; singers and musicians

J

 * Rebbie, Jackie, Tito, Jermaine, La Toya, Marlon, Michael, Randy and Janet Jackson; singers and dancers, members of The Jackson 5
 * Frank and Jesse James; outlaws
 * William and Henry James; authors
 * Steve Jobs, co-founder of Apple Computer; and Mona Simpson, novelist
 * Kevin, Joe, Nick and Frankie Jonas; musicians
 * Grace and Noel Jones; singer and minister respectively
 * Kidada and Rashida Jones; actress/designer and actress/writer/producer, respectively (daughters of Quincy Jones and Peggy Lipton)
 * Al Joyner and Jackie Joyner-Kersee; Olympic athletes
 * Wynonna and Ashley Judd; singer and actress (respectively), daughters of Naomi Judd
 * Krystal and Jessica Jung; singers

K

 * Michael and Garson Kanin; stage and film writer-directors
 * Kourtney, Kim, Khloe, and Rob Kardashian; Television Personalities
 * Stacy and James Keach; actors
 * Jason and Travis Kelce; football players
 * John, Robert and Ted Kennedy; politicians, members of the Kennedy family
 * Caroline and John F. Kennedy Jr.; children of John F. Kennedy and Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis
 * Tom Kennedy and Jack Narz; both game show hosts, at one point having as a brother-in-law another game show host, Bill Cullen
 * Jamie and Patsy Kensit; actors
 * Nicole and Antonia Kidman; actress and TV personality, respectively
 * Regina and Reina King; actresses
 * Jonathan and Jordan Knight; singers, members of New Kids on the Block
 * Mark and David Knopfler; musicians, members of Dire Straits
 * Beyoncé and Solange Knowles; singers
 * Misono and Kumi Koda; singers
 * Martin and Chris Kratt; television hosts
 * Sid and Marty Krofft; television producers
 * Karen and Michelle Kwan; figure skaters
 * Raymond, Thomas and Walter Kwok; chairmen of Sun Hung Kai Properties

L

 * Terry and Bobby Labonte; NASCAR drivers
 * Katia and Marielle Labèque; pianists
 * Patrick Labyorteaux and Matthew Laborteaux; actors
 * Nick and Drew Lachey; singers, members of 98 Degrees
 * James and Stuart Lafferty; actors
 * Ann Landers (Esther Pauline "Eppie" Lederer) and Abigail van Buren (Pauline Esther "Popo" Philips); advice columnists, identical twins
 * Michael and Brian Laudrup; football (soccer) players
 * Matthew and Mitchell Laurance; actors, identical twins
 * Joey, Matthew and Andrew Lawrence; actors
 * Brandon and Shannon Lee; actors, children of martial arts-actor Bruce Lee
 * Roger and Sugar Ray Leonard; professional boxers
 * Gerald and Sean Levert; singers, members of LeVert
 * Spike and Joie Lee; producers, actors
 * Stan Lee and Larry Lieber; comic book artists
 * Donovan Leitch and Ione Skye; actors, children of Donovan
 * Daniel and Sarah Levy; actors, children of Eugene Levy
 * Damian and Gareth Lewis; actor/producer and writer/director, respectively
 * Pia Lindström (television journalist) and Isabella Rossellini (actress); half-sisters, daughters of Ingrid Bergman
 * Laura and Lisa Ling; journalists
 * Robyn and Jason Lively; actors, half-siblings of Blake Lively
 * Jamie Lomas and Charley Webb; actors
 * Rob and Chad Lowe; actors
 * Erik and Magnus Lund; rugby union players
 * Loretta Lynn and Crystal Gayle; singer-songwriters

M

 * Motsi and Oti Mabuse; dancers
 * Benji and Joel Madden; musicians, members of Good Charlotte
 * Michael and Virginia Madsen; actors
 * Tom and Ray Magliozzi; radio hosts
 * Ron and Paul Magers; journalists
 * Costas and Louis Mandylor; actors, martial artists
 * Herman and Joseph L. Mankiewicz; screenwriter and writer-director, respectively
 * Heinrich and Thomas Mann; novelists
 * Cooper, Peyton, and Eli Manning; American football players, sons of Archie Manning
 * Kate and Rooney Mara; actresses
 * Vanessa and Laura Marano; actresses
 * Athan and Constantine Maroulis; singers, actors
 * Branford, Wynton, Delfeayo and Jason Marsalis; jazz trumpeter/composer, saxophonist, trombonist, and drummer, respectively; children of jazz pianist Ellis Marsalis Jr.
 * Garry and Penny Marshall; motion picture actors/directors
 * Julius (Groucho), Arthur (Harpo), Leonard (Chico), Milton (Gummo) and Herbert (Zeppo Marx); vaudeville and film comedians - The Marx Brothers
 * Christopher and Kyle Massey; actors and rappers
 * Danny and Christopher Masterson; actors
 * Albert and David Maysles; documentary filmmakers
 * Floyd, Roger, and Jeff Mayweather; professional boxers
 * Darius and Donovan McCrary; actors and singers
 * John and Patrick McEnroe; tennis players
 * Danica and Crystal McKellar; actresses
 * Philip and Nancy McKeon; actors
 * Shane McMahon and Stephanie McMahon-Levesque; Executive Employees for World Wrestling Entertainment
 * Jimmy and Kristy McNichol; actors and singers
 * Jayne and Audrey Meadows; actresses
 * Selton and Danton Mello; actors
 * Fanny and Felix Mendelssohn; composers
 * Tato and Cássio Gabus Mendes; actors
 * Alyson and Amanda Michalka; singers and actresses
 * Dirce and Flávio Migliaccio; actors
 * Mads and Lars Mikkelsen; actors
 * Joan and Arthur Miller; actress and playwright/essayist
 * Hayley and Juliet Mills; actresses
 * Liza Minnelli and Lorna Luft; actress-singers, half-sisters, daughters of Judy Garland
 * Kylie and Dannii Minogue; singers
 * Aleksei and Anton Miranchuk; football players of Lokomotive Moscow
 * Scott, Clint, Bob and Dave Moffatt; musicians
 * Bengie, Jose, and Yadier Molina; baseball catchers and coach, respectively
 * Norma Jean Baker (Marilyn Monroe) and Berniece Baker Miracle; actress/model/singer and writer, half-sisters, daughters of Gladys Pearl Baker
 * Carlos and Ricardo Montalbán; actors
 * Mark and Bob Mothersbaugh; musicians, members of Devo
 * Tia Mowry, Tamera Mowry, and Tahj Mowry; actors
 * Richard and Robert Mulligan; actor and motion picture-director, respectively
 * Jamie and Andy Murray; tennis players
 * Brian Doyle-Murray, Bill Murray, and Joel Murray; writer/actor actor and actor, respectively
 * Charlie and Eddie Murphy; actors and comedians
 * Roger Mears and Rick Mears; race car drivers

N

 * Jack Narz and Tom Kennedy; game show hosts
 * James and David Naughton; actors
 * Art, Charles, Aaron, and Cyril Neville; musicians, singers
 * Gary and Phil Neville; English football players
 * Fayard and Harold Nicholas; tap dancers (see also Nicholas Brothers)
 * Rob and Scott Niedermayer; hockey players
 * Christopher and Jonathan Nolan; directors, writers, and producers
 * Anne, Denise, Maureen, Linda, Bernie and Coleen Nolan; singers
 * Jack Noseworthy and Katie Wright; actors
 * Jeni and Kyndi Niquette; actresses, lifestyle models, members of the pop rock duo Jen and Kat

O

 * Austin and Trevor O'Brien; actors
 * Finneas O'Connell and Billie Eilish; musician/actor and singer, respectively
 * Jerry and Charlie O'Connell; actors
 * Catherine O'Hara and Mary Margaret O'Hara; actress and singer-songwriter, respectively
 * Tatum, Griffin and Patrick O'Neal; actors, children of Ryan O'Neal
 * Mary-Kate, Ashley, and Elizabeth Olsen; actors/fashion moguls; actor
 * Haley Joel and Emily Osment; actors
 * Alan, Wayne, Merrill, Jay, Donny, Marie, and Jimmy Osmond; singers, members of The Osmonds.
 * Nash and Chord Overstreet, guitarist and actor/singer, children of Paul Overstreet

P

 * Manny and Bobby Pacquiao; professional boxers and politicians
 * Gwyneth and Jake Paltrow; actress and director, respectively; children of Blythe Danner and Bruce Paltrow
 * Kay and Danielle Panabaker; actors
 * Hayden and Jansen Panettiere; actors
 * James and John Pankow; trombonist and actor, respectively
 * Dolly, Stella, Randy Parton, and Rachel Dennison; country singers
 * Freda and Scherrie Payne; singers
 * Anthony and Candace Parker; basketball players
 * Logan and Jake Paul; boxers and social media personalities
 * Jim and John Paxson; basketball players
 * Irving and Arthur Penn; photographer and stage/film director, respectively
 * Sean, Chris and Michael Penn; actors and musician, respectively
 * Chuck and Wesley Person; basketball players
 * Chris and Pat Petersen; actors
 * Vicky and Debbi Peterson; singers, musicians, composers, members of The Bangles
 * Michelle and Dedee Pfeiffer; actresses
 * River, Rain, Joaquin, Liberty and Summer Phoenix; actors
 * Jack, Lottie, and Mary Pickford; actor, and actresses
 * Camila and Rocco Pitanga; actors
 * Ruth, Anita, Bonnie, and June Pointer; singers, members of The Pointer Sisters
 * Jeff, Mike, and Steve Porcaro; musicians
 * AJ and Curtis Pritchard; dancers

Q

 * Dennis and Randy Quaid; actors

R

 * Joe and Jerome Ranft;
 * Laird Macintosh and Heather Rattray; actors
 * Neil and Ronald Reagan; radio station manager and 40th President of the United States, respectively
 * Vanessa, Lynn and Corin Redgrave; actors, children of actor Sir Michael Redgrave
 * Jim and William Reid; musicians, in The Jesus and Mary Chain
 * Fernand, Louis and Marcel Renault; industrialists, founders of Renault
 * Simon and Phillip Rhee; martial arts-actors
 * Maurice and Henri Richard; hockey players
 * Kim and Kyle Richards; actors, half sisters to Kathy Avanzino Richards Hilton
 * Natasha and Joely Richardson; actresses, daughters of Vanessa Redgrave and Tony Richardson
 * Eric and Julia Roberts; actors
 * Chris and Rich Robinson; musicians, members of The Black Crowes
 * Chris and Tony Rock; actors & comedians
 * Abby (philanthropist), John D. III (philanthropist), Nelson (governor/41st U.S. vice-president), Laurance (financier/philanthropist/conservationist), Winthrop (governor/philanthropist), and David Rockefeller (banker); children of John D. Rockefeller Jr.
 * Christophe and Olivier Rochus; Belgian tennis players
 * Evan and Tracee Ellis Ross; actors, children of Diana Ross
 * Windham and Taylor Rotunda - professional wrestlers
 * Jimmy and David Ruffin singers

S

 * Marat Safin and Dinara Safina; Russian (ethnic Tatar) tennis players
 * Katey, Joe and twins Jean and Liz Sagal; actors, children of director Boris Sagal
 * Emilio, Javier Sánchez and Arantxa Sánchez Vicario; Spanish tennis players
 * Carlos and Jorge Santana; guitarists, musicians
 * Ilya and Irving São Paulo; actors
 * Fred, Kala and Ben Savage; actors
 * Nadia and Julia Sawalha; actresses, daughters of actor Nadim Sawalha
 * Maria and Maximilian Schell; actors, cousins of Catherine Schell
 * Oscar and Tadeu Schmidt; former basketball player and television presenter
 * Michael and Ralf Schumacher; Formula One drivers
 * Jason and Robert Schwartzman; actors, musicians, sons of Talia Shire, grandsons of Carmine Coppola
 * Drew and Jonathan Scott; realtors
 * Ridley and Tony Scott; motion picture-directors
 * David and Amy Sedaris; author and actress, respectively
 * Gráinne and Síle Seoige; television presenters
 * Sterling and Shannon Sharpe; former American football players
 * Christopher, Stephen and Eric Shea; actors
 * Athole, Douglas and Norma Shearer; actress, MGM film sound engineer, actress (respectively)
 * Elisabeth and Andrew Shue; actors
 * Casey and Nina Siemaszko; actors
 * Carly, Lucy and Joanna Simon; singer-songwriter composer journalist, respectively
 * Jessica and Ashlee Simpson; singers, actresses
 * Marc and Lori Singer; actors
 * Alexander Skarsgård, Gustaf Skarsgård, Bill Skarsgård and Valter Skarsgård; actors and sons of actor Stellan Skarsgård
 * Tom and Jeffrey Skilling; meteorologist and CEO, respectively
 * Sócrates and Raí Souza Vieira de Oliveira; Brazilian international footballers
 * Tom and Dick Smothers; musicians, comedians The Smothers Brothers
 * Britney and Jamie Lynn Spears; singers, actresses
 * Tori and Randy Spelling; actors, children of TV magnate Aaron Spelling
 * Leon and Michael Spinks; professional boxers
 * Bruce and Pamela Springsteen; rock impresario and actress, respectively
 * Sylvester and Frank Stallone; actors and musician, respectively
 * Rick and Scott Steiner; professional wrestlers (see also The Steiner Brothers)
 * Lennon and Maisy Stella; singers and actresses
 * Amy and Ben Stiller; actors
 * Rider and Shiloh Strong; actors
 * Guy and Dean Stockwell; actors
 * Sly, Rose, Freddie and Vet Stone; musicians, Sly & the Family Stone
 * Barbra Streisand and Roslyn Kind; singer, actress and singer
 * Masao and Naoto Suenaga; drifting drivers, competes in D1 Grand Prix
 * Rose and Ottilie Sutro; American piano duo
 * Patrick and Don Swayze; actors
 * Taylor and Austin Swift; singer and actor, respectively

T

 * Constance, Natalie and Norma Talmadge; actors
 * Larron, Lahmard and Larenz Tate; actors & producer writer respectively
 * Gillian and Kim Taylforth; actresses
 * Benedict and Femi Taylor (adopted); actors
 * Niki and Krissy Taylor; supermodels
 * Ryan and Adam Thomas; actors
 * Emma and Sophie Thompson; actresses
 * Meg and Jennifer Tilly; actors
 * Kara and Hannah Tointon; actresses
 * Frank and Joe Torre; baseball players
 * Joe and Guy Torry; actors and comedians
 * Kolo Touré and Yaya Touré; footballers from Côte d'Ivoire
 * Joey and John Travolta; actors
 * Joan and Valerie Trimble; piano duo
 * John and Nicholas Turturro; actors

U

 * Rory and Tony Underwood; English rugby union wingers

V

 * Dick and Jerry Van Dyke; actors
 * Vincent and Theo van Gogh; artist and art dealer, respectively
 * Alex and Eddie Van Halen; musicians, members of Van Halen
 * Dick, Joyce (actor and actress) and Timothy Van Patten (director and actor)
 * James and Vincent Van Patten; actors, sons of actor Dick Van Patten
 * Ronnie Van Zant, Donnie Van Zant and Johnny Van Zant; Musicians
 * Stevie Ray and Jimmie Vaughan; musicians
 * Jeremy and Tim Vine; broadcaster and stand-up comedian

W

 * Donnie and Mark Wahlberg; singers, actors
 * Kenny, Mike and Rusty Wallace; NASCAR drivers
 * Kimberley and Amy Walsh; singer and actress, respectively
 * Darrell NASCAR broadcaster and Michael Waltrip NASCAR Sprint Cup drivers Daytona 500 Champions
 * Suki and Imogen Waterhouse; models and actresses
 * J. J., Derek and T. J. Watt; football players
 * Gerard and Mikey Way; musicians, founding members of My Chemical Romance
 * Keenen Ivory, Damon, Kim, Shawn, and Marlon Wayans; actor-writer-comedians
 * Harvey and Bob Weinstein; film producers
 * John and Charles Wesley; English cleric and hymn writer
 * Maurice, Fred and Verdine White; musicians, members of Earth, Wind and Fire
 * Kai and Theo Widdrington; dancer and footballer, respectively
 * Dominique and Gerald Wilkins; basketball players
 * Vanessa and Chris Williams; actors
 * Tylen, Tyler and Tyrel Williams; actors
 * Venus and Serena Williams; tennis players
 * Andrew, Owen and Luke Wilson; actors
 * Ann and Nancy Wilson; singers, musicians, members of Heart
 * Carnie and Wendy Wilson; singers, members of Wilson Phillips, daughters of Brian Wilson
 * Brian, Dennis, and Carl Wilson; musicians, founding members of The Beach Boys
 * Ricky and Cindy Wilson; composers, musicians, singers, members of The B-52's
 * Jeff and Michael Wincott; actors
 * Cameron and Tyler Winklevoss; entrepreneurs
 * Lois and Jaime Winstone; actresses
 * Edgar and Johnny Winter; musicians
 * Rob and Richard Witschge; football players
 * Paul and Ludwig Wittgenstein; concert pianist and philosopher, respectively
 * Natalie and Lana Wood; actors
 * Wilbur and Orville Wright; inventors
 * Shaun and Bradley Wright-Phillips; football players

Y

 * Malcolm, George, and Angus Young; musicians, members of AC/DC
 * John Savage; Robin, Gail and Jim Youngs; actors

Z

 * Lisa and Billy Zane; actors
 * Moon, Dweezil, Ahmet and Diva Zappa; musicians, actors; children of Gail and Frank Zappa
 * Madeline, Yvonne and Vanessa Zima; actors
 * David and Jerry Zucker; motion picture-writers and directors

title: List of sibling pairs


text:
Sweat equity

Sweat equity refers to work one does to build up value without a salary. This ownership interest, or increase in value, is created as a direct result of hard work by the owner. For example, homeowners who renovate or repair their house themselves are investing in sweat equity that increases the value of their home. Or it could be a non-monetary benefit that a company's stakeholders give in labour and time, rather than a monetary contribution, that benefit the company. In some cases, sweat equity may be rewarded in the form of sweat equity shares. These are shares given out by a company in exchange for labour and time rather than a monetary amount.

Sweat equity in real estate
Sweat equity has an application in business real estate, for example, where the owners put in effort and toil to build the business, in real estate where owners can perform D.I.Y. improvements and increase the value of the real estate, and in other areas such as an auto owner putting in their own effort and toil to increase the value of the vehicle. The term sweat equity explains the fact that value added to someone's own house by unpaid work results in measurable market rate value increase in house price. The more labor applied to the home, and the greater the resultant increase in value, the more sweat equity has been used. The concept of sweat equity was first employed in the United States by the American Friends Service Committee in the Penn Craft self-help housing project beginning in 1937. The AFSC began using the term in the 1950s when helping migrant farmers in California to build their own homes. It is perhaps most popularly associated today with a successful model used by Habitat for Humanity, in which families who would otherwise be unable to purchase a home contribute sweat equity hours to the construction of their own home or the homes of other Habitat for Humanity partner families, or by volunteering to assist the organization in other ways. Once living in their new home, the family then make interest-free mortgage payments into a revolving fund which then provides capital to build homes for other families.

Sweat equity in U.S. private business
Private businesses in the U.S. make up 60% of yearly business net income. Recent data has shown the sweat equity in the private business sector equals 1.2 times the U.S. GDP. Theories have been put out to the public to say that lowering income tax rates on private businesses is significantly understated when considering smaller firms' sweat equity effects.

Sweat equity shares
Sweat equity shares are discounted shares issued by a company to its employees or directors. The shares are given in exchange for a value-add by an employee or director. Sweat equity shares are essential when creating a startup with low amounts of funding.

Sweat equity shares can be used as motivation for the startup's employees and will create a more level playing field against large corporations. In a startup company formed as a corporation, employees may receive stock or stock options, becoming part-owners of the firm, in exchange for accepting salaries that are below their respective market values (this includes zero wages). The term used to refer to a form of compensation by businesses to their owners or employees.

The term is sometimes used to describe the efforts put into a start-up company by the founders in exchange for ownership shares of the company. This concept, also called "stock for services" and sometimes "equity compensation" or "sweat equity," can also be seen when startup companies use their shares of stock to entice service providers to provide necessary corporate services in exchange for a discount or for deferring service fees until a later date; see, e.g., "Idea Makers and Idea Brokers in High Technology Entrepreneurship" by Todd L. Juneau et al., Greenwood Press, 2003, which describes equity for service programs involving patent lawyers and securities lawyers who specialize in start-up companies as clients. The “Slicing Pie” model, outlined in Mike Moyer's 2012 book Slicing Pie: Funding Your Company Without Funds, outlines a formula based entirely on sweat equity by observing the relative value of each person's unpaid fair market compensation and reimbursement.

title: Sweat equity


text:
Aurich

Aurich (East Frisian Low Saxon: Auerk, West Frisian: Auwerk, Aurk ) is a town in the East Frisian region of Lower Saxony, Germany. It is the capital of the district of Aurich and is the second largest City in East Frisia, both in population, after Emden, and in area, after Wittmund.

History
The history of Aurich dates back to the 13th century, when the settlement of Aurechove was mentioned in a Frisian document called the Brokmerbrief in 1276. There are various hypotheses about the interpretation of the city name. It either refers to a person (Affo, East Frisian first name ) and his property (Reich) or it refers to waterworks on the fertile, water-rich lowland of the Aa (or Ehe) river, upon which the city was built; medieval realizations were Aurichove, Aurike, Aurikehove, Auerk, Auryke, Auwerckhove, Auwerick, Auwerck, Auwreke, Awerck, Awreke, Awrik, Auwerich and Aurickeshove.

In 1517, Count Edzard from the House of Cirksena began rebuilding the town after an attack. In 1539, the land authorities were brought together in Aurich, making it the county capital and, later, East Frisia, remaining the seat of the land authorities when East Frisia was inherited by the Kingdom of Prussia in 1744. After the Prussian Army was defeated in the Battle of Jena in 1807, Aurich became part of the Kingdom of Holland in 1808. In 1810, the Kingdom of Holland was annexed by France and Aurich was made the capital of the department Ems-Oriental of the First French Empire. After Napoleon was defeated in 1814, it passed to the Kingdom of Hanover in 1815, and then was annexed by Prussia in 1866 and made part of the Province of Hanover.

From 21 October 1944, until 23 December 1944, a Nazi concentration camp was established in Aurich. The camp was a subcamp to the Neuengamme concentration camp.

After World War II, Aurich became part of the new state of Lower Saxony.

Local council
The local council has 40 members The elections in September 2016 showed the following results
 * SPD: 13 seats
 * CDU: 11 seats
 * AWG 4 seats
 * Gemeinsam für Aurich (GfA), 4 seats
 * Alliance 90/The Greens 3 seats
 * The Left 2 seats
 * Grün-Alternative Politik (GAP)(Green alternative politics) 2 seats
 * FDP, 1 seat

Coat of arms
Aurich's coat of arms is drawn by the blazon: "Arms: Landscape with chief two-thirds sky and base third earth, a shield Gules emblazoned with letter 'A' Or, an open-topped crown Or above, two growing trees Vert at sides. Crown: A battlement Gules with three merlons and two embrasures. Supporters: Two branches of mistletoe with leaves and berries Or.".

The coat of arms of the district with the same name is different.

Twin towns – sister cities
Aurich is twinned with:
 * Appingedam, Netherlands

Notable people

 * Johan II of East Frisia (1538–1591), co-regent of the County of East Frisia.
 * Enno III, Count of East Frisia (1563–1625), Count of Ostfriesland from 1599 to 1625
 * Liefmann Calmer (1711–1784), important personage in French Jewry of the eighteenth century
 * Johan Heinrich Becker (1715–1761), physician and chemist who settled in Norway.
 * Friedrich August Peter von Colomb (1775–1854), Prussian general
 * Rudolf von Jhering (1818–1892), jurist.
 * Friedrich Theodor von Frerichs (1819–1885), a pathologist
 * Karl Heinrich Ulrichs (1825–1895), lawyer, jurist, journalist, and writer
 * Hin Bredendieck (1904–1995), designer
 * Ellen Frank (1904–1999), a film and TV actress.
 * Laura Hillman (1923–2020), American writer and memoirist, and Holocaust survivor
 * Rudolf Eucken (1846–1926), philosopher, winner of the 1908 Nobel Prize for Literature.
 * Georg von Eucken-Addenhausen (1855–1942), jurist, politician and mayor of Jena.
 * Luise Dornemann (1901–1992), a women's rights activist-politician and later, a writer.
 * Karl Deichgräber (1903–1984), classical philologist
 * Yitzhak Raveh (1906–1989), Israeli judge
 * Aloys Wobben (1952–2021), engineer
 * Jan-Christian Dreesen (born 1967), chief financial officer of FC Bayern.
 * Uwe Rosenberg (born 1970), board game designer
 * Stefan Lampadius (born 1976), actor and filmmaker.
 * Frank Löning (born 1981), footballer who played 418 games
 * Paul Ronzheimer (born 1985), journalist and war correspondent

title: Aurich


text:
User:Veronicaodden

Just another user of the Wikipedia. I'm Lir's girlfriend. my myspace :/

title: User:Veronicaodden


text:
Keith Hernandez

Keith Hernandez (born October 20, 1953) is an American former Major League Baseball first baseman who played the majority of his career with the St. Louis Cardinals and New York Mets. Hernandez was a five-time All-Star who shared the 1979 NL MVP award and won two World Series titles, one each with the Cardinals and Mets. Since 1998, he has been a color commentator on Mets television broadcasts.

A contact hitter with a .296 career average and a walk rate of 12.5%, Hernandez's career hitting productivity was 31% above league average. For his defensive work, he received 11 consecutive Gold Glove awards, the most by any first baseman in baseball history. Hernandez is widely considered the best defensive first baseman of all time.

Hernandez has been a color commentator on Mets games for SNY, alongside former Mets teammate Ron Darling and play-by-play announcer Gary Cohen since the launch of the network in 2006. He has also been a studio analyst for MLB on Fox since 2017.

Early life
Hernandez was born in San Francisco, and grew up in Pacifica and Millbrae, California. He attended Terra Nova High School in Pacifica during his freshman year, then transferred to Capuchino High School in San Bruno for the remainder of his high school years. During a Mets broadcast, Hernandez said he nearly enrolled at Serra High School, a boys' Catholic high school in San Mateo that graduated Barry Bonds and Tom Brady. Hernandez was a star athlete in high school and graduated in 1971. One of his teammates at Terra Nova High School was future major league pitcher Bob McClure, who had also played Little League baseball with him. Given his surname, and the fact that he is from California, it was incorrectly assumed that Hernandez was of Mexican descent, and he was nicknamed "Mex" by his teammates. In actuality, his father's ancestry is Castilian Spanish and his mother is Scots-Irish, as he explained during a Mets broadcast on SNY.

Hernandez was perceived as having attitude issues because he sat out his entire senior high school season due to a dispute with a coach. He played briefly at the College of San Mateo, a local community college, before being drafted by the St. Louis Cardinals in the 42nd round of the 1971 Major League Baseball draft as the 783rd player selected. Hernandez was the last player selected and signed in the 1971 Major League Baseball draft to play in the Major Leagues. He batted and threw left-handed, and through most of his career was listed as being 6' tall (1.83m) and 195 lbs. (88.5 kg).

During his childhood, Hernandez's brother bought a book on Civil War history, which ignited Hernandez's passion for the subject. His interest in the Civil War landed Hernandez guest spots on KMOX radio when he was with the Cardinals, was featured in the New York Times when he was with the Mets, and appeared in episodes of the television series Seinfeld.

St. Louis Cardinals
Hernandez's batting average hovered around .250 for most of his minor league career, until his promotion to the Tulsa Oilers in the second half of the 1973 season. With the Cardinals' AAA affiliate, Hernandez batted .333 with five home runs and a .525 slugging percentage. The following season, Hernandez's average jumped to .351, earning him a promotion to the big league club. He made his major league debut at Candlestick Park on August 30, 1974, against the San Francisco Giants, going 1-for-2 with two walks, and earning his first major league RBI with a single in the ninth. Following the season, the Cards traded first baseman Joe Torre to the New York Mets for Tommy Moore and Ray Sadecki to make room for their budding young prospect.

Hernandez ended up splitting 1975 between Tulsa and the Cardinals. Though he had a .996 fielding percentage with only two errors in 507 chances, Hernandez struggled with major league pitching, batting only .250 with three home runs and 20 RBIs.

Hernandez wore uniform number 18 for the first two years of his career. In 1976, he switched to number 37, insisting that his uniform number end with a "7" in honor of Mickey Mantle (with whom he shared a birthday). While Hernandez became more comfortable with his bat, he was always recognized as a fielder first, snatching his first Gold Glove Award away from perennial winner Steve Garvey in 1978. In 1979, however, Hernandez's batting improved markedly as he led the league with a .344 batting average, 48 doubles, and 116 runs scored, and went on to share the National League's Most Valuable Player Award with Willie Stargell. For the first and only time in major league history, two players received the same number of points from the Baseball Writers' Association of America and shared the MVP award for that year.

From there, Hernandez became a perennial .300 hitter, and one of the top stars in the National League. His Cardinals won the 1982 World Series, defeating the Milwaukee Brewers in seven games. In game six, Hernandez and Cardinal catcher Darrell Porter hit home runs in a 13–1 St. Louis victory. Hernandez also contributed eight runs batted in during the seven-game World Series.

After multiple disagreements with Cardinal management, most notably manager Whitey Herzog, Hernandez was traded to the Mets on June 15, 1983, for pitchers Neil Allen and Rick Ownbey. Herzog said he felt that Hernandez had become a cancer on his team and never regretted the trade.

Hernandez, after the trade, said that he believed his cocaine use while playing for the team was the impetus for the trade and that he even played a game while under its influence (although he couldn't remember which game). Hernandez testified that in 1980 perhaps 40 percent of MLB players were using the drug but that use dramatically declined after that season. He said he did not use cocaine after being traded to the Mets.

New York Mets
The Mets had retired number 37 for former manager Casey Stengel, so Hernandez switched to number 17 upon joining the club, which he wore for the remainder of his career. As a result of this trade, Hernandez went from a World Series champion to a team that narrowly avoided a hundred losses (68–94) and consistently finished at the bottom of the National League East. Hernandez, however, was determined to prove Herzog wrong, helping to fuel a rivalry between the two teams in the mid-1980s.

Under new manager Davey Johnson, the 1984 Mets had their first winning season since 1976, finishing 90–72, and six games ahead of the Cardinals in the NL East (6.5 games behind the eventual division winner, the Chicago Cubs). Hernandez finished second in the NL Most Valuable Player voting behind Cubs second baseman Ryne Sandberg, and emerged as the Captain of the Mets' young core of ballplayers that included 1983 and 1984 Rookies of the Year Darryl Strawberry and Dwight Gooden, respectively.

Hernandez had such a strong and accurate throwing arm that, as a result, the Mets re-routed their relays through him. Due to his quick instincts, Hernandez was also able to play farther off first base than other first basemen, allowing the other infielders to play farther to their right.

Hernandez is widely considered one of the greatest fielding first basemen in major league history. He made brilliant diving plays far to his right and left. Hernandez defended bunts by charging so aggressively that he occasionally discouraged opponents from attempting to bunt merely by reputation. Pete Rose, when he managed the Cincinnati Reds, compared bunting against Hernandez to "driving the lane against Bill Russell." Astros manager Hal Lanier said the combination of Hernandez at first and any one of three Mets pitchers— Ron Darling, Roger McDowell or Jesse Orosco— made bunting against the Mets "near impossible", and Cubs manager Jim Frey said he wouldn't ask most pitchers to bunt against the Mets. "You're just asking for a forceout at second, and now you've got your pitcher running the bases", he said. It wasn't just that Hernandez would arrive in front of the home-plate a moment after the pitch did. He had an uncanny feel for when the batter would attempt to bunt, therefore knowing when to charge in the first place. In the decades since Hernandez intimidated the opposition on bunt plays, no first baseman has yet managed to copy the move.

Hernandez also was adept at picking runners off first base by taking pickoff throws with his right foot on the bag and his left in foul territory so that he could make tags to his right more readily. As a result, umpires began to more strongly enforce the defensive positioning rule which states that all defensive players except the catcher must be positioned in fair territory while the ball is pitched.

In 1985, Hernandez's previous cocaine use (and distribution of the drug to other players), which had been the subject of persistent rumors and the chief source of friction between Hernandez and Cardinals manager Whitey Herzog, became a matter of public record as a result of the Pittsburgh trial of drug dealer Curtis Strong. MLB Commissioner Peter Ueberroth found that Hernandez was among seven players who had used cocaine and been involved in its distribution. The players received season-long suspensions, that were commuted on condition that they donated ten percent of their base salaries to drug-abuse programs, submitted to random drug testing, and contributed 100 hours of drug-related community service. Hernandez has always maintained that his cocaine use was recreational and limited to a time when baseball players routinely used the drug and has adamantly denied he ever distributed the drug. Initially, Hernandez considered challenging Ueberroth's finding against him, but ultimately accepted the option available, which allowed him to avoid missing any playing time. Part of his reasoning was that he expected the Mets to make a World Series run in 1986.

Well before the commissioner's decision, the Mets and Cardinals had become embroiled in a heated rivalry atop the National League East, with Hernandez, newly acquired All-star catcher Gary Carter, and other talented veterans combining with a spectacular group of young talent to lead the charge for the Mets. The 1985 season came down to the wire as the Mets won 98 games, narrowly losing the division to a Cardinals team that won 101 games. The Mets had three players finish in the top ten in NL MVP balloting that season (Gooden 4th, Carter 6th, and Hernandez 8th). Meanwhile, the "Redbirds" placed four players in the top ten (Tommy Herr 5th, John Tudor tied Hernandez at 8th, Jack Clark 10th, and winner Willie McGee), as well as having the 11th-place finisher (Vince Coleman).

Hernandez set a record for game-winning RBIs in 1985 with 24, a statistic that was only official from 1980 to 1988 (the previous record was 22 by the Chicago White Sox's Harold Baines in 1983). His career total is 129, which is also a record.

Hernandez credits his father, who played ball with Stan Musial when they were both in the Navy during World War II, for helping him out of a batting slump in 1985. His father would observe his at-bats on TV and note that when Keith was hitting well, he could see both the "1" and the "7" on his uniform on his back as he began to stride into the pitch. Not seeing both numbers meant Keith was bailing out on inside pitches, trying too hard to pull the ball, and vulnerable to outside fastballs or outside breaking pitches.

1986 World Series Champions
Hernandez and the Mets would not be denied in 1986, winning 108 games and taking the National League East convincingly by 21.5 games over the Philadelphia Phillies. Hernandez hit .310 with 83 RBI. The Mets won the 1986 World Series in seven games over the Boston Red Sox. Hernandez batted only .231, and recorded the second out in the now legendary tenth inning of Game 6, lining out to the deep center field. In Game 7, Hernandez broke through against Red Sox lefty Bruce Hurst, who had shut out the Mets into the sixth inning, with a clutch two-run single. He also drove in another important run his next time up, giving him 3 RBI for the game. Carter and Hernandez finished third and fourth, respectively, in NL MVP balloting.

Team captain
Given his "Mickey Mantlesque" approach to playing baseball in New York City, and the celebrity status that comes with it, Hernandez became seen by some as the poster-boy for the "party hard; play harder" Mets of the '80s. In 1987, Davey Johnson named Hernandez the first team captain in franchise history. A season later, Carter was named co-captain.

In 1988 he was featured heavily in the William Goldman and Mike Lupica book "Wait Till Next Year" which looked at life inside the Mets over the whole 1987 season (among other New York sports teams). Hernandez is portrayed as the most vocal of the Mets in dealing with the press and giving his opinion on teammates, alongside his prodigious beer consumption.

In 1988, Hernandez won his 11th and final Gold Glove and led his team to another division crown. The heavily favored Mets, however, lost to the Los Angeles Dodgers in the 1988 National League Championship Series. Both Hernandez and Carter were in the twilights of their careers as back, knee, and hamstring problems limited Hernandez to only 95 games. Carter, meanwhile, batted .242 for the season and famously struggled to hit his 300th career home run.

Hernandez's batting average fell to .233 in only 75 games for the 1989 Mets. The Mets chose not to re-sign him after his contract ran out at the close of the 1989 season, and on November 13, he was granted free agency. A day later, the Mets released Carter.

Cleveland Indians
Hernandez signed with the Cleveland Indians for the 1990 season. He was injured much of the time, and appeared in only 43 games, batting .200 with one home run and eight RBIs. He retired at the end of the season.

Retirement
Hernandez has published five books; If at First: A Season With the Mets (his diary of the 1985 New York Mets season), Pure Baseball: Pitch by Pitch for the Advanced Fan (a detailed player's look into baseball strategy), Shea Good-Bye: The Untold Inside Story of the Historic 2008 Season, and Murder at Shea: A Baseball Murder Mystery for Kids (a young-adult novel about a fictional Met solving a murder). His most recent book, I'm Keith Hernandez, was released on May 15, 2018. The book covers his life through early in the 1980 season, and, depending on sales, may lead to a follow-up tome picking up the narrative from that point.

On September 27, 2012, Hernandez had his familiar mustache shaved off for charity.

Legacy
Hernandez batted over .300 seven times in his career and led the National League in runs scored (1979 & 1980), batting average (1979), doubles (1979), on-base percentage (1980), and walks (1986) during his career. He also won 11 Gold Glove awards for his glovework at first base, setting a Major League record for the position that still stands. Hernandez shared an MVP award and played on two World Series champions, for one of whom he was the co-captain. He is the all-time Game-winning RBI leader, and in 1985 set the single-season record for this stat as well (this statistic was kept between 1980 and 1988). However, he never received enough support from the Baseball Writers' Association of America (BBWAA) to be elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame. In 2004, after nine years on the ballot, Hernandez received votes from fewer than 5% of the writers, thus ending his eligibility. Hernandez has been eligible for consideration for induction by the Veterans Committee since 2011 (20 years after his retirement) but has yet to be inducted. First base is the only position to have a player with 10 or more Gold Gloves who is either not in the Hall of Fame, currently on the BBWAA ballot, or not yet eligible.

Hernandez was inducted into the New York Mets Hall of Fame in 1997 and was voted the Mets' all-time first baseman by fans in celebration of the team's 40th anniversary in 2002. Celebrating the 50th anniversary of the Mets, Hernandez was selected as the Mets' all-time first baseman by a panel of sportswriters and broadcasters that included Marty Noble, Mike Lupica, Gary Cohen and Howie Rose among others. In the event held on June 17, 2012, Hernandez recalled how he was, at first, upset by the trade to New York but soon acknowledged it as a refreshing change and said it "reenergized" him because of the "young talent, young guys that were hungry".

In 2021, Hernandez was elected to the Cardinals' Hall of Fame. An official induction ceremony was held on August 21, 2021. On July 9, 2022, the New York Mets retired his number 17.

Acting
Hernandez guest-starred as himself in "The Boyfriend", a two-part 1992 episode of the sitcom Seinfeld. In the episode, Hernandez dates Julia Louis-Dreyfus's character Elaine Benes, and Jerry Seinfeld develops the male-bonding equivalent of a crush on him. A subplot of the episode is a parody of the movie JFK and the "Magic Bullet Theory" featured in it. According to the show, on June 14, 1987, the Mets were playing the Philadelphia Phillies at Shea Stadium, and Hernandez committed an error in the ninth inning, allowing the Phillies to score five runs and costing the Mets the game (in reality, the Mets defeated the Pittsburgh Pirates on the road on that date; Hernandez played, but did not commit an error). Hernandez exited the players' gate, where Kramer and Newman were waiting, and Newman heckled Hernandez. Kramer and Newman then spent the next five years claiming that Hernandez had spat on them, when in fact it was Roger McDowell.

Hernandez appeared with Mookie Wilson in an episode of Sesame Street in 1988. In the episode, the pair try to teach Mr. Snuffleupagus to play baseball. The two also appeared in the song "Put Down the Duckie."

Hernandez also appeared in the final episode of Seinfeld, which aired in 1998. Hernandez makes about $3,000 a year in royalties from the show as of 2015. ESPN columnist Bill Simmons coined the phrase "having a Keith Hernandez Moment" about the point in Hernandez's Seinfeld appearance where he recovers from a moment of self-doubt by simply reminding himself: "I'm Keith Hernandez!" The "I'm Keith Hernandez" quote became the title of Hernandez's fifth book two decades after the Seinfeld episode aired.

Hernandez also appeared in a 1994 episode of Law & Order entitled "Wager", and in the movies The Scout and The Yards.

He also made an appearance in a 1993 episode of the children's series Ghostwriter entitled "Building Bridges".

Commercial appearances
Hernandez and Walt Frazier have appeared in several television commercials for Just for Men, a men's hair-coloring product.

Hernandez has appeared in television commercials for the Coin Galleries of Oyster Bay, a coin dealer with several locations on Long Island, New York. In the ads, he says that Coin Galleries is "where you can turn your pot of gold into cash."

Broadcasting career
Hernandez, alongside Gary Cohen and Ron Darling, is now a baseball commentator serving as an analyst for Mets' television broadcasts on SNY and WPIX (WPIX games are produced by SNY). He's become known for wry humor and ironic commentary, as well as blunt outspokenness, on the mic. A television advertisement for SNY Sports referred to Hernandez's mustache by imagining a celebration known as "Keith Hernandez Day" at which all attendees are required to wear authentic Keith Hernandez mustaches. One sports fan, who refuses to respect the day by wearing a mustache, is met by the steely, disapproving stare of Hernandez himself. Hernandez admitted that he never wore eyeblack while playing because he had high cheekbones. In 2007 Hernandez won the "Mustache Madness" contest on newsday.com, and the American Mustache Institute chose his facial hair as the "top sports mustache ever". Baseball-Reference.com ranks Hernandez's mustache as the fourth-best in history.

On April 22, 2006, Hernandez created a controversy during the broadcast of a game against the San Diego Padres. After witnessing Padres team massage therapist Kelly Calabrese giving San Diego catcher Mike Piazza a high five in the dugout after he hit a home run, Hernandez said, "Who is the girl in the dugout, with the long hair? What's going on here? You have got to be kidding me. Only player personnel in the dugout." After Hernandez was informed later in the broadcast that Calabrese was a club employee, he maintained his position, stating, "I won't say that women belong in the kitchen, but they don't belong in the dugout." After the game, San Diego manager Bruce Bochy expressed displeasure with Hernandez's comments. Hernandez apologized and alluded to his words being nothing more than tomfoolery by saying, "You know I am only teasing. I love you gals out there — always have."

Hernandez, along with Cohen and Darling, had a website, www.pitchinforagoodcause.org where the net profit from the merchandise sold by the website goes to the Cobble Hill Health Center, Juvenile Diabetes Research Center, and The Danbury Women's Center. Hernandez is also a strong supporter of the Alzheimer's Association, New York City Chapter. His mother, Jacqueline Hernandez, suffered from Alzheimer's for nine years before dying in 1989.

Hernandez won two 2010 New York Emmys. He won an individual award for Sports Analyst and as part of the SNY Mets broadcast team which won the "Live Sports Event: Series 2009 Mets: The Inaugural Year of Citi Field" award.

Hernandez joined the MLB on Fox broadcast team as a studio analyst for the 2017 MLB postseason.

Politics
Hernandez said on a Fox Business appearance in June 2019 that he is a fan of President Donald Trump because the president had "helped everybody" in regards to the economy. "I think the people have gone to work of all different races and creeds and colors – unemployment is down everywhere," he said.

Hernandez has donated thousands of dollars to GOP candidates, including Donald Trump, Mitch McConnell, Marco Rubio, Susan Collins, Rudy Giuliani, Allen West, David Perdue, and Kelly Loeffler.

On November 19, 2021, Hernandez tweeted a photograph of Robert F. Kennedy Jr.'s anti-vaccine book The Real Anthony Fauci: Bill Gates, Big Pharma, and the Global War on Democracy and Public Health with the caption "Just released." The tweet was roundly criticized by users, prompting Hernandez to delete it.

Personal life
Hernandez is the son of John Hernandez (1922–1992), a minor league first baseman affiliated with the St. Louis Cardinals and New York Yankees in the 1940s. His older brother, Gary, played college baseball at Cal and four seasons of minor league baseball.

Hernandez married Sue Broecker in 1979 and the couple had three daughters; they divorced in 1983. He married Kai Thompson in 2005; they divorced in February 2011.

title: Keith Hernandez


text:
1820 in Canada

Events from the year 1820 in Canada.

Incumbents

 * Monarch: George III (died January 29), George IV (starting January 29)

Federal government

 * Parliament of Lower Canada: 9th (until February 9) then 10th (April 11 – April 24) then 11th (starting December 14)
 * Parliament of Upper Canada: 7th (until March 7)

Governors

 * Governor of the Canadas: Robert Milnes
 * Governor of New Brunswick: George Stracey Smyth
 * Governor of Nova Scotia: John Coape Sherbrooke
 * Commodore-Governor of Newfoundland: Richard Goodwin Keats
 * Governor of Prince Edward Island: Charles Douglass Smith

Events

 * June 18 – The Governor, Earl of Dalhousie, arrives.

Full date unknown

 * Creation of the municipality of Prescott and Russell in Upper Canada (today Ontario).
 * William Lyon Mackenzie emigrates to Canada.

Births

 * January 17 – Hiram Blanchard, Premier of Nova Scotia (d.1874)
 * February 17 – Elzéar-Alexandre Taschereau, Archbishop of Quebec (d.1898)
 * May 12 – Luc Letellier de St-Just, politician and 3rd Lieutenant Governor of Quebec (d. 1881)
 * May 30 – Pierre-Joseph-Olivier Chauveau, Premier of Quebec (d.1890)
 * July 2 – Oliver Mowat, politician, 3rd Premier of Ontario and 8th Lieutenant Governor of Ontario (d.1903)
 * August 2 – John Rose, politician (d.1888)
 * August 6 – Donald Alexander Smith, politician (d.1914)
 * August 16 – Andrew Rainsford Wetmore, Premier of New Brunswick (d. 1892)
 * August 27 – Charles-René-Léonidas d'Irumberry de Salaberry, militia officer (d.1882)
 * October 13 – John William Dawson, geologist and university administrator (d.1899)
 * December 24 – Joseph-Charles Taché, a Canadian noted for his contributions to many aspects of the fabric of Canada (d.1894)

Deaths

 * March 12 – Sir Alexander Mackenzie, explorer (b.1764)
 * April 8 – Thomas Douglas, 5th Earl of Selkirk, colonizer and author (b.1771)
 * July 11 – Frederick Traugott Pursh, botanist (b.1774)

title: 1820 in Canada


text:
User talk:Rweba

Hi there. Welcome to Wikipedia! Thanks for your note at the new user log.

If you're interested in contributing to math and computer science, you're in the right place. This is one of the best math resources on the web. You might want to take a look at WikiProject Mathematics, which is the central page for mathematics and related topics.

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Happy editing, Isomorphic 05:41, 23 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Thanks for the welcome! There are so many docs and FAQs, it is a bit overwhelming. But I am sure I will get the hang of it.

Rweba 06:25, 23 Feb 2004 (UTC)Rweba

Unreferenced BLPs
Hello Rweba! Thank you for your contributions. I am a bot alerting you that 1 of the articles that you created  is an  Unreferenced Biography of a Living Person. Please note that all biographies of living persons must be sourced. If you were to add reliable, secondary sources to this article, it would greatly help us with the current Category:All_unreferenced_BLPs article backlog. Once the article is adequately referenced, please remove the unreferencedBLP tag. Here is the article:

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title: User talk:Rweba


text:
Front loader

front loader may refer to:
 * Loader (equipment), a form of tractor
 * Washing machine, front loading type

title: Front loader


text:
Normanton, Derby

Normanton is an inner city suburb and ward of the city of Derby in Derbyshire, England, situated approximately 2 mi south of the city centre. Neighbouring suburbs include Littleover, Pear Tree, Rose Hill and Sunny Hill. The original village of Normanton-by-Derby, which now forms the southern part of the suburb, dates back to the medieval period. As the Normanton area became rapidly urbanised in the 19th century, the New Normanton area to the north was developed for housing, linking the old village to Derby, into which it was eventually absorbed. The area is characterised by high density late 19th century terraced housing in New Normanton and mid-20th century housing estates elsewhere, and has the most ethnically diverse population in Derby. The Normanton ward had a population of 17,071 in 2011.

History
The modern suburb grew from an ancient village, formerly known as Normanton-by-Derby. The area is thought to have been the site of one of the major Viking settlements in the Derby area, hence the original name, Normanestune, which means Norseman's settlement. Normanestune is mentioned twice in the Domesday Book, once recording the lands of the King and again for land belonging to Henry de Ferrers when it was valued at ten shillings.

The location of the original village lies just south of the modern ring road, its main thoroughfare commemorated by the present day Village Street. St Giles' Parish Church stands on Village Street, atop a slight hill, and its spire can be seen across most of the district. In the 1740s the Dixie family had Normanton Hall built; this was later used as a school building in the 20th century.

The portion of the district to the north of the ring road is called New Normanton. The area began to urbanise rapidly in the mid 19th century, Normanton eventually being absorbed by the expansion of Derby's boundaries up to the 1930s. Much of the housing stock in the area is typical Victorian brick terracing.

Government
Normanton is one of the seventeen wards which make up Derby, and as such elects three councillors to Derby City Council. As of the 2015 local elections, all three councillors for the area represent the Labour Party. Some parts of Normanton fall outside the ward boundaries; for example Normanton Road and much of New Normanton are in the Arboretum ward, while the area around Carlton Road is in Abbey ward. The ward forms part of the Derby South constituency of the United Kingdom parliament. Prior to Brexit in 2020, it was part of the East Midlands constituency of the European Parliament.

Normanton was formerly a civil parish within Shardlow Rural District. In 1921 the parish had a population of 1383. The New Normanton part of the parish (roughly the area north of the modern inner ring road) was annexed by the town in 1901. On 28 March 1928 the parish was abolished most of the parish becoming part of Derby, with some areas transferring to the adjacent parishes of Littleover and Sinfin Moor, it became part of the county borough of Derby.

Demographics
According to the 2011 Census, the Normanton ward had a population of 17,071. This was a 26.4% increase on the 2001 Census figure of 13,506.

The area has a high ethnic minority population, with the largest concentration of Derby's British Asian community. In 2011, 67% of the population was estimated to be non-White British, compared to a figure of 25% for the whole of Derby. Around 43% of the ward population is from an Asian background, with the largest minority community being British Pakistanis at 27% of the total population. The neighbouring Arboretum ward, which includes parts of Normanton, has very similar figures, and is also 67% non-White British, including 41% of Asian origin, of which 31% are Pakistani British. The area has also had a large influx of eastern europeans settle in the area.

Religion
Normanton has a wide number of places of worship, including the Guru Arjan Dev Gurdwara on Stanhope Street, the Singh Sabha Gurdwara on Prince's Street, the Ramgarhia Gurdwara on St. James's Street and the Guru Ravidass Gurdwara on Duncan Road. There are also many mosques in Normanton such as Masjid Assalaam on Pear Tree Road, Masjid Ahl-e-Hadith on Hastings Street, Masjid-e-Khulafa-e-Rashedeen on Cameron Road, Derby Jamia Mosque on Rosehill Street and Dairy House Road, and Masjid Al-Farooq on Mill Hill Lane. There is also a Hindu temple on Pear Tree Road. There are various Christian churches meeting in the area, from mainstream Anglican and Roman Catholic congregations to free churches and newer house churches. There is a Polish church off St Chad's Road, a Ukrainian church off Dairy House Road, and a Serbian church off Dale Road.

The local Sikh community organise an annual Vaisakhi parade around Normanton from the gurdwara. The 2012 event attracted between ten and fifteen thousand people.

Landmarks
A prominent local landmark was once the Normanton Barracks, headquarters of the Sherwood Foresters regiment. The perimeter of the Barracks comprised an imposing and substantial 4-metre high red brick wall with the barrack's internal buildings only just visible from atop a double decker 88 Sinfin to Derby bus. Most of the wall, and many buildings, remained when the site was quit by the army and became a small industrial estate in the mid 1960s. It was all, however, demolished in 1981, and the site is now the Foresters Leisure Park, including the Showcase cinema, some fast food restaurants, a bingo hall, and a bowling alley. At the north west corner of the original Barracks site is now the Oast House pub, a distinctive modern building which is, as the name suggests, in the style of a traditional English oast house a type of structure totally incongruous to this part of the country. Just along the ring road on Village Street is the church that served the Garrison, St Giles', where there are numerous memorials to the Sherwood Foresters. For quite some time after the MOD left the Barracks and before the site was developed the premises were used by a variety of small businesses including small engineering firms, repair, and vehicle spray shops along with storage facilities. The parade ground remained a revered focal point during that time.

A former landmark in the Normanton area was the church on St Chad's Road; however, this was demolished in the mid-1990s and the area is now used as a playing field for children attending St Chad's School. There is now a 'Faith Centre' next to the playing field.

Community facilities
The area's main public recreational facility is Normanton Park; it was opened in 1909, as recorded on the café clock tower. The park links the old village of Normanton and the modern New Normanton area. Facilities include a children's play area and a community building. Sunny Hill Recreation Ground and Sherwood Recreation Ground are also situated in Normanton ward. Other parks located outside the ward, but serving the Normanton area, include Derby Arboretum in Rose Hill and Sunnydale Park in Littleover.

Education
Three primary schools are located in the Normanton ward: Dale Community Primary, Hardwick Primary and Village Primary. Other nearby primary schools whose catchment areas cover parts of Normanton include Arboretum, Pear Tree, St. Chad's and St. James'. There are no secondary schools within the area, which is covered by the catchment areas for the Bemrose School, the City of Derby Academy, Derby Moor Community Sports College and Littleover Community School.

Sport
The Derbyshire Tennis Centre is adjacent to Normanton Park.

The Baseball Ground was built in the northern part of Normanton in 1890, first being the home of Derby Baseball Club until they were disbanded in 1898. It remained open for the next 105 years, however, as Derby County Football Club had played football matches there since 1895 and despite the relocation of the first team to the new Pride Park Stadium in 1997, it remained in use until May 2003 for the club's reserve and youth sides. The stadium was demolished that autumn and the site has since been redeveloped for housing.

Notable people
Politician Albert Stanley was born in New Normanton in 1874. His family emigrated to the United States in 1880, but he later returned to the United Kingdom, becoming a member of parliament, cabinet minister and Chair of London Underground. Research Scientist and Member of Parliament Ashok Kumar was born in India, moving to Normanton as a child, where he lived on Silver Hill Road.

Footballer Tony Hateley grew up in the area, attending Normanton Junior School and playing for local team Normanton Sports before going on to a professional career with Notts County, Aston Villa and others.

title: Normanton, Derby


text:
1821 in Canada

Events from the year 1821 in Canada.

Incumbents

 * Monarch: George IV

Federal government

 * Parliament of Lower Canada: 11th
 * Parliament of Upper Canada: 8th

Governors

 * Governor of the Canadas: Robert Milnes
 * Governor of New Brunswick: George Stracey Smyth
 * Governor of Nova Scotia: John Coape Sherbrooke
 * Commodore-Governor of Newfoundland: Richard Goodwin Keats
 * Governor of Prince Edward Island: Charles Douglass Smith

Events

 * July 17 – Construction of the Lachine Canal in Montreal begins.
 * July – The Hudson's Bay Company merges with archrivals, the Montreal-based North West Company, creating unemployment for a substantial proportion of their Métis workforce.
 * No foreigners allowed in Russian-American waters, except at regular ports of call.

Births

 * February 21 – John Beverley Robinson, politician (d.1896)
 * March 12 – John Abbott, politician and 3rd Prime Minister of Canada (d.1893)
 * July 2 – Charles Tupper, politician, Premier of Nova Scotia and 6th Prime Minister of Canada (d.1915)
 * July 6 – Henri Bernier, politician, businessman and manufacturer (d.1893)
 * August 13 – Philip Carteret Hill, politician and Premier of Nova Scotia (d.1894)
 * August 18 – Maurice Laframboise, lawyer, judge and politician (d.1882)

title: 1821 in Canada


text:
1822 in Canada

Events from the year 1822 in Canada.

Incumbents

 * Monarch: George IV

Federal government

 * Parliament of Lower Canada: 11th
 * Parliament of Upper Canada: 8th

Governors

 * Governor of the Canadas: Robert Milnes
 * Governor of New Brunswick: George Stracey Smyth
 * Governor of Nova Scotia: John Coape Sherbrooke
 * Commodore-Governor of Newfoundland: Richard Goodwin Keats
 * Governor of Prince Edward Island: Charles Douglass Smith

Events

 * Louis-Joseph Papineau and John Neilson, both members of the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada, travel from Montreal to England to oppose an Act of Union identifying the French Canadians as a minority without language rights. The act is not passed in the British Parliament.

Births

 * January 9 – George William Allan, politician and 11th Mayor of Toronto (died 1901)
 * January 25 – William McDougall, lawyer, politician and a Father of Confederation (died 1905)
 * January 28 – Alexander Mackenzie, building contractor, newspaper editor, politician and 2nd Prime Minister of Canada (died 1892)
 * March 9 – Alexander Campbell, politician, Senator and 6th Lieutenant Governor of Ontario (died 1892)
 * March 12 – Albert James Smith, politician and Minister (died 1883)
 * April 25 – Marc-Amable Girard, politician, Senator and 2nd Premier of Manitoba (died 1892)
 * May 2 – Jacob Yost Shantz, Mennonite farmer, businessman and industrialist (died 1909)
 * May 4 – Charles Boucher de Boucherville, politician and 3rd Premier of Quebec (died 1915)
 * July 16 – Charles Sangster, poet (died 1893)
 * August 31 – Timothy Anglin, politician and Speaker of the House of Commons of Canada (died 1896)
 * October 2 – Matthew Crooks Cameron, lawyer, judge and politician (died 1887)
 * November 1 – Lemuel Owen, shipbuilder, banker, merchant, politician and Premier of Prince Edward Island (died 1912)
 * November 13 – Thomas Heath Haviland, politician (died 1895)

Full date unknown

 * Harvey William Burk, politician and farmer (died 1907)

Deaths

 * December 17 – Peter Fidler, fur trader, mapmaker, explorer (born 1769)

title: 1822 in Canada


text:
1823 in Canada

Events from the year 1823 in Canada.

Incumbents

 * Monarch: George IV

Federal government

 * Parliament of Lower Canada: 11th
 * Parliament of Upper Canada: 8th

Governors

 * Governor of the Canadas: Robert Milnes
 * Governor of New Brunswick: George Stracey Smyth
 * Governor of Nova Scotia: John Coape Sherbrooke
 * Commodore-Governor of Newfoundland: Richard Goodwin Keats
 * Governor of Prince Edward Island: Charles Douglass Smith

Events

 * May 10 – Louis-Joseph Papineau and John Neilson are in London to present a petition of 60,000 signatures against favouring Union of the colonies
 * October 14 – At a meeting, in Montreal, Mr. (afterwards Sir) James Stuart favors Union.

Full date unknown

 * Shanawdithit, the last known Beothuk is found
 * British expedition up the St. Clair River; site of Corunna surveyed as a potential capital for Upper Canada
 * Smiths Falls, Ontario is founded
 * Ward Chipman replaces George Stracey Smyth as Governor of New Brunswick
 * Peter Robinson organizes land settlements of Irish Catholics to Carelton and Lanark County, Ontario

New Books

 * A General Description of Nova Scotia, Thomas Chandler Haliburton his first work
 * James Fenimore Cooper's first volume of his Leatherstocking series published in United States.

Births

 * February 24 – William Murdoch, poet (died 1887)
 * March 30 – James Cox Aikins, politician, Minister and Lieutenant-Governor of Manitoba (died 1904)
 * April 29 – Hart Massey, businessman and philanthropist (died 1896)
 * June 2 – Gédéon Ouimet, politician and 2nd Premier of Quebec (died 1905)
 * June 13 – David Breakenridge Read, lawyer and 14th Mayor of Toronto (died 1904)
 * June 17 – Henri Faraud, Roman Catholic bishop (died 1890)
 * July 23 – Alexandre-Antonin Taché, Roman Catholic priest, missionary, author and Archbishop (died 1894)
 * August 13 – Goldwin Smith, historian and journalist (died 1910)
 * October 16 – Marc-Aurèle Plamondon, lawyer, journalist, publisher, and judge (died 1900)
 * November 10 – Thomas Arkell, politician, farmer and grain merchant (died 1906)
 * December 27 – Mackenzie Bowell, politician and 5th Prime Minister of Canada, Born in Rickinghall, England. (died 1917)

title: 1823 in Canada


text:
1824 in Canada

Events from the year 1824 in Canada.

Incumbents

 * Monarch: George IV

Federal government

 * Parliament of Lower Canada: 11th (until July 6)
 * Parliament of Upper Canada: 8th (until January 19)

Governors

 * Governor of the Canadas: Robert Milnes
 * Governor of New Brunswick: George Stracey Smyth
 * Governor of Nova Scotia: John Coape Sherbrooke
 * Commodore-Governor of Newfoundland: Richard Goodwin Keats
 * Governor of Prince Edward Island: Charles Douglass Smith

Events

 * The first Welland Canal is begun, partly in response to American initiatives in the Erie Canal.
 * Russians begin exploration of mainland that leads to discovery of Nushagak, Kuskokwim, Yukon, and Koyukuk Rivers.
 * William Lyon Mackenzie establishes the Colonial Advocate.
 * First Lachine Canal near Montreal is completed.

Births

 * January 4 – Peter Mitchell, politician, Minister and a Father of Confederation (died 1899)
 * March 14 – John Robson, journalist, politician and Premier of British Columbia (died 1892)
 * August 4 – Antoine Gérin-Lajoie, poet and novelist (died 1882)
 * November 18 – John Bolton, businessman and politician (died 1872)

Full date unknown

 * Philip Francis Little, 1st Premier of Newfoundland of the colonial (died 1897)
 * Edward Whelan, journalist and politician (died 1867)

Deaths

 * January 17 – William Osgoode, judge (born 1754)
 * February 9 – Ward Chipman, lawyer, public servant, politician (born 1754)
 * April 4 – Alexander Henry the elder, fur trader, merchant, militia officer, jp, and author (born 1739)
 * August 3 – Joseph Barss, privateer (born 1776)

title: 1824 in Canada


text:
1825 in Canada

Events from the year 1825 in Canada.

Incumbents

 * Monarch: George IV

Federal government

 * Parliament of Lower Canada: 12th (starting January 8)
 * Parliament of Upper Canada: 9th (starting January 11)

Governors

 * Governor of the Canadas: George Ramsay
 * Governor of New Brunswick: Howard Douglas
 * Governor of Nova Scotia: James Kempt
 * Commodore-Governor of Newfoundland: Thomas John Cochrane
 * Governor of Prince Edward Island: Charles Douglass Smith

Events

 * January 2 – The Parliament House, in Toronto, is burned.
 * June 27 – The Canada Company is founded
 * September 7 – Soldiers of the 70th Regiment subdue a fire, which consumes over eighty buildings, in Montreal.
 * September to October: The Great Miramichi Fire destroys at least 10 000 km ² to 20,000 km ² and killing at least 280 people.
 * October 26 – US finishes Erie Canal from Buffalo to Hudson River and New York City.
 * The Peter Robinson settlement brings 2,000 poor Irish families to Scott's Plains (now Peterborough, Ontario)

Births

 * February 24 – Richard William Scott, politician and Minister (died 1913)
 * March 22 – Jane Mackenzie, second wife of Alexander Mackenzie, 2nd Prime Minister of Canada (died 1893)
 * March 24 – Joseph-Octave Beaubien, physician and politician (died 1877)
 * April 13 – D'Arcy McGee, journalist, politician and Father of Confederation, assassinated (died 1868)
 * May 25 – William Hallett Ray, politician, (died 1909)
 * May 29 – William Henry Pope, lawyer, politician, judge and a Father of Confederation (died 1879)
 * July 29 – Thomas McGreevy, politician and contractor (died 1897)
 * August 12 – Louis-Charles Boucher de Niverville, lawyer and politician (died 1869)
 * August 20 – Amor De Cosmos, journalist, politician and 2nd Premier of British Columbia (died 1897)

Full date unknown

 * Big Bear, Cree leader (died 1888)

title: 1825 in Canada


text:
1826 in Canada

Events from the year 1826 in Canada.

Incumbents

 * Monarch: George IV

Federal government

 * Parliament of Lower Canada: 12th
 * Parliament of Upper Canada: 9th

Governors

 * Governor of the Canadas: George Ramsay
 * Governor of New Brunswick: Howard Douglas
 * Governor of Nova Scotia: James Kempt
 * Commodore-Governor of Newfoundland: Thomas John Cochrane
 * Governor of Prince Edward Island: Charles Douglass Smith
 * Governor of Upper Canada: Peregrine Maitland

Events

 * June 8 – A mob of the ruling party, the Family Compact, destroy the Colonial Advocate's press at York. Wilton, Carol. William Lyon Mackenzie, publisher, prosecutes and is awarded £625 in damages.
 * September 21 – Construction of the Rideau Canal begins.

Births

 * March 10 – Louis-Ovide Brunet, priest and botanist (died 1876)
 * March 17 – Alexander Morris, politician, Minister and 2nd Lieutenant Governor of Manitoba (died 1889)
 * June 11 – James Colledge Pope, politician and 5th Premier of Prince Edward Island (died 1885)
 * June 21 – Frederick Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, 1st Marquess of Dufferin and Ava, Governor General of Canada (died 1902)
 * June 23 – Louis Babel, priest (d. 1912)
 * June 29 – Robert Christie, Ontario businessman and politician (died 1914)
 * July 21 – Hugh Richardson, jurist (died 1913)
 * August 25 – Hector-Louis Langevin, lawyer, politician and a Father of Confederation (died 1906)
 * September 17 – Jean-Baptiste-Éric Dorion, journalist and politician (died 1866)

Deaths

 * November 18 – James Monk, chief justice

title: 1826 in Canada