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Pripyat

Pripyat (Припять, ), also known as Prypiat (Припʼять, ), is an abandoned city in northern Ukraine, located near the border with Belarus. Named after the nearby river, Pripyat, it was founded on 4 February 1970 as the ninth atomgrad (a type of closed city in the Soviet Union) to serve the nearby Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant, which is located in the adjacent abandoned Chernobyl. Pripyat was officially proclaimed a city in 1979 and had grown to a population of 49,360 by the time it was evacuated on the afternoon of 27 April 1986, one day after the Chernobyl disaster.

Although it was located within the administrative district of Ivankiv Raion (now Vyshhorod Raion since the 2020 raion reform), the abandoned municipality now has the status of city of regional significance within the larger Kyiv Oblast, and is administered directly from the capital of Kyiv. Pripyat is supervised by the State Emergency Service of Ukraine which manages activities for the entire Chernobyl exclusion zone. Following the 1986 Chernobyl nuclear disaster, the entire population of Pripyat was moved to the purpose-built city of Slavutych.

Early years
Access to Pripyat, unlike cities of military importance, was not restricted before the disaster as the Soviet Union deemed nuclear power stations safer than other types of power plants. Nuclear power stations were presented as achievements of Soviet engineering, harnessing nuclear power for peaceful projects. The slogan "peaceful atom" (мирный атом) was popular during those times. The original plan had been to build the plant only 25 km from Kyiv, but the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, among other bodies, expressed concern that would be too close to the city. As a result, the power station and Pripyat were built at their current locations, about 100 km from Kyiv.

Post-Chernobyl disaster
In 1986, the city of Slavutych was constructed to replace Pripyat. After Chernobyl, this was the second-largest city for accommodating power plant workers and scientists in the Commonwealth of Independent States.

One notable landmark often featured in photographs in the city and visible from aerial-imaging websites is the long-abandoned Ferris wheel located in the Pripyat amusement park, which had been scheduled to have its official opening five days after the disaster, in time for May Day celebrations. The Azure Swimming Pool and Avanhard Stadium are two other popular tourist sites.

On 4 February 2020, former residents of Pripyat gathered in the abandoned city to celebrate the 50th anniversary of Pripyat's establishment. This was the first time former residents returned to the city since its abandonment in 1986. The 2020 Chernobyl Exclusion Zone wildfires reached the outskirts of the town, but they did not reach the plant.

During the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, the city was occupied by Russian forces during the Battle of Chernobyl after several hours of heavy fighting. On 31 March Russian troops withdrew from the plant and other parts of Kyiv Oblast. On 3 April Ukrainian troops took control of Pripyat again.

Infrastructure and statistics
The following statistics are from 1 January 1986.
 * The population was 49,400. The average age was about 26 years old. Total living space was 658700 m2: 13,414 apartments in 160 apartment blocks, 18 halls of residence accommodating up to 7,621 single males or females, and eight halls of residence for married or de facto couples.
 * Education: 15 kindergartens and elementary schools for 4,980 children, and five secondary schools for 6,786 students.
 * Healthcare: one hospital could accommodate up to 410 patients, and three clinics.
 * Trade: 25 stores and malls; 27 cafes, cafeterias, and restaurants collectively could serve up to 5,535 customers simultaneously. 10 warehouses could hold 4,430 tons of goods.
 * Culture: the Palace of Culture Energetik; a cinema; and a school of arts, with eight different societies.
 * Sports: 10 gyms, 10 shooting galleries, three indoor swimming-pools, two stadiums.
 * Recreation: one park, 35 playgrounds, 18,136 trees, 33,000 rose plants, 249,247 shrubs.
 * Industry: four factories with annual turnover of 477,000,000 rubles. One nuclear power plant with four reactors (plus two more planned).
 * Transportation: Yanov railway station, 167 urban buses, plus the nuclear power plant car park with 400 spaces.
 * Telecommunication: 2,926 local phones managed by the Pripyat Phone Company, plus 1,950 phones owned by Chernobyl power station's administration, Jupiter plant, and Department of Architecture and Urban Development.

Safety
A concern is whether it is safe to visit Pripyat and its surroundings. The Zone of Alienation is considered relatively safe to visit, and several Ukrainian companies offer guided tours around the area. In most places within the city, the level of radiation does not exceed an equivalent dose of 1 μSv (one microsievert) per hour.

Climate
The climate of Pripyat is designated as Dfb (Warm-summer humid continental climate) on the Köppen Climate Classification System.

Films
(Alphabetical by title)
 * The horror film Chernobyl Diaries (2012) was inspired by the Chernobyl disaster in 1986 and takes place in Pripyat.
 * The majority of the film Land of Oblivion (2011) was shot on location in Pripyat.
 * Pripyat is featured in the History Channel documentary Life After People.
 * The drone manufacturer DJI produced Lost City of Chernobyl (May 2015), a documentary film about the work of photographer and cinematographer Philip Grossman and his five-year project in Pripyat and the Zone of Exclusion.
 * Filmmaker Danny Cooke used a drone to capture shots of the abandoned amusement park, some residential shots of decaying walls, children's toys, and gas masks, and collected them in a 3-minute short film Postcards From Chernobyl (released in November 2014), while making footage for the CBS News 60 Minutes episode "Chernobyl: The Catastrophe That Never Ended" (early 2014).
 * With the help of drones, aerial views of Pripyat were shot and later edited to appear as a deserted London in the film The Girl with All the Gifts (2016).
 * The documentary White Horse (2008) was filmed in Pripyat.

Literature
(Alphabetical by artist)
 * Markiyan Kamysh's novel, Stalking the Atomic City: Life Among the Decadent and the Depraved of Chornobyl, is about illegal trips to the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone.
 * The Chernobyl Poems of Lyubov Sirota by the professor of Washington University Paul Brians
 * Lyubov Sirota’s novel "The Pripyat Syndrome"; Language: English, Publisher: Independently published (February 18, 2021), Paperback: 202 pages, ISBN 979-8710522875 – Lyubov Sirota (Author), Birgitta Ingemanson (Editor), Paul Brians (Editor), A. Yukhimenko (Illustrator), Natalia Ryumina (Translator)
 * Much of the James Rollins' novel The Last Oracle takes place in Pripyat and around Chernobyl. The story revolves around a team of American "Killer Scientist" special agents who must stop a terrorist plot to unleash on the world the radiation of Lake Karachay, during the installation of the new sarcophagus over the Chernobyl nuclear power plant.
 * The exclusion zone is the setting for Karl Schroeder's science fiction short story "The Dragon of Pripyat".

Music
(Alphabetical by artist)
 * The Ukrainian singer Alyosha recorded most of the video for her Eurovision 2010 entry, "Sweet People", in Pripyat.
 * Ash, the rock band from Northern Ireland, has a song titled Pripyat included in their album A–Z Vol.1.
 * The song "Dead City" (Мертве Місто) by the Ukrainian Symphonic Metal band DELIA is about Pripyat, and scenes from the music video were shot in the city. DELIA's vocalist, Anastasia Sverkunova, was born in Pripyat just before the Chernobyl disaster.
 * In 2006, musician Example featured Pripyat in his 18-minute documentary of the ghost town and in his promotional video for his track, "What We Made".
 * The Scottish post-rock band Mogwai included a song called "Pripyat" on their album Atomic (2016), which is a soundtrack to Mark Cousins' documentary Atomic, Living in Dread and Promise.
 * The Irish folk-rock singer Christy Moore included a song called "Farewell to Pripyat" on his album Voyage (1989), the song credited to Tim Dennehy.
 * Marillion guitarist Steve Rothery's first solo album is called The Ghosts of Pripyat (2014).
 * The Australian rapper Seth Sentry included the two-part song "Pripyat" in his album Strange New Past (2015).
 * The English rock band Suede used the city to shoot their music video clip Life Is Golden, including takes of the Azure Swimming Pool, Pripyat amusement park, and Polissya hotel.
 * The Italian Rapper Caparezza has a song titled "Come Pripyat" on his album Exuvia, released in 2021.
 * The Belarusian post-punk band Molchat Doma released a music video for their song titled, "Waves" (Волны) as part of their album Etazhi. The music video was filmed in Pripyat through a series of varying drone shots; displaying famous landmarks of the abandoned city.

Television
(Alphabetical by series)
 * The 60 Minutes episode "Chernobyl: The Catastrophe That Never Ended" (early 2014) aired on CBS.
 * HBO's drama miniseries Chernobyl (2019) is based on the Chernobyl Nuclear Disaster. The scenes set in 1986 Pripyat were filmed in Vilnius, Lithuania.
 * in the Chris Tarrant: Extreme Railways Season 5 episode "Extreme Nuclear Railway: A Journey Too Far?" (episode 22), Chris Tarrant visits Chernobyl on his journey through Ukraine.
 * Discovery Science Channel's Mysteries of the Abandoned episode "Chernobyl's Deadly Secrets", produced and hosted by Philip Grossman, was filmed over a four-day period in Pripyat and the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant, in 2017.
 * The Animal Planet nature investigation series River Monsters conducted an extensive 2013 investigation within Pripyat, the exclusion zone, and the Chernobyl Power Plant in search of a radioactive mutated wels catfish.
 * A David Attenborough documentary depicts natural life in Pripyat.

Transport
[[File:Map of Pripyat microdistricts.svg|thumb|left|upright=1.3|City diagram

{{legend|#36ff2096|Neighborhood I}} {{legend|#f3ff2096|Neighborhood II}} {{legend|#ffbc0c96|Neighborhood III}} {{legend|#ff0c0c96|Neighborhood IV}} {{legend|#be00a096|Neighborhood IVa}} {{legend|#0c11ff96|Neighborhood V}} {{legend|#ffcacaff|City Center}} {{legend|#0cff8696|Medicare complex}} {{legend|#580cff96|Public buildings complex}} {{legend|#8cf6fe96|Public buildings and educational buildings}}]] The city was served by Yaniv station on the Chernihiv–Ovruch railway. It was an important passenger hub of the line and was located between the southern suburb of Pripyat and Yaniv. An electric train terminus of Semikhody, built in 1988 and located in front of the nuclear plant, is currently the only operating station near Pripyat connecting it to Slavutych.

Notable people

 * Markiyan Kamysh (born 1988) writer, illegal Chernobyl explorer ("stalker")
 * Vitali Klitschko (born 1971) politician, mayor of Kyiv and former professional boxer
 * Wladimir Klitschko (born 1976) former professional boxer
 * Alexander Sirota (born 1976) photographer, journalist and filmmaker
 * Lyubov Sirota (born 1956) poet, writer, playwright, journalist and translator

title: Pripyat


text:
Big Beautiful Sky

Big Beautiful Sky is an album by Venus Hum, released on April 1, 2003 through MCA.

Track listing

 * 1) "Hummingbirds"
 * 2) "Montana"
 * 3) "Soul Sloshing"
 * 4) "Wordless May"
 * 5) "Alice"
 * 6) "Lumberjacks"
 * 7) "Beautiful Spain"
 * 8) "The Bells"
 * 9) "Springtime #2"
 * 10) "Honey"
 * 11) "Sonic Boom"
 * 12) "Bella Luna"

Personnel

 * Kip Kubin- Computers and synthesizers
 * Tony Miracle- Computers and synthesizers, guitars, bass guitars, vocals, String arrangement
 * Annette Strean- vocals, Lyrics
 * Steve Fitzmaurice- Mixing
 * Mike Marsh- Mastering
 * Sean O'Hagan - String arrangement on "Alice", "Bella Luna" and "The Bells"
 * Marcus Holdaway- String arrangement, Cello
 * Jackie Norrie- Violin
 * Sally Herbert- Violin
 * Brian Wright- Viola
 * Jacob Lawson- Violin, Viola
 * Julie Adams- Cello
 * Christopher Moon- Snare drum
 * Merton Gauster- Photography

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Big Beautiful Sky


text:
User:Thomas Ludwig

Telecom consultant (global outsourcing contracts, telecom expense management, CEE/CIS).

At home, we speak German. English, Russian and French.

title: User:Thomas Ludwig


text:
User talk:OrpheusOne

Welcome to Wikipedia! Here are some useful links in case you haven't already found them:

 * How to edit a page
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! If you feel like it, you may leave a note at the new user log too.

Tip: you can sign your name with ~

—Morven 06:27, 7 Mar 2004 (UTC)

I noticed your edit to the F-16 Fighting Falcon page. Since Mach number is a function of air density, both the previous figure of 2.05 and your edit of 2.06 are correct; however, unless the figures are totally off, there's no need to fix Mach numbers since they are so variable anyway. —Morven 06:27, 7 Mar 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:OrpheusOne


text:
Horton Plains National Park

Horton Plains National Park (හෝර්ටන් තැන්න ජාතික උද්‍යානය) is a national park in the central highlands of Sri Lanka that was designated in 1988. It is located at an elevation of 2100 - 2300 m and encompasses montane grassland and cloud forest. It is rich in biodiversity and many species found here are endemic to the region. It is also a popular tourist destination and is situated 8 km from Ohiya, 6 km from the world-famous Ohiya Gap/Dondra Watch and 32 km from Nuwara Eliya.

The Horton Plains are the headwaters of three major Sri Lankan rivers, the Mahaweli, Kelani, and Walawe. In Sinhala the plains are known as Maha Eliya Plains (මහ එළිය තැන්න). Stone tools dating back to Balangoda culture have been found here. The plains' vegetation is grasslands interspersed with montane forest and includes many endemic woody plants. Large herds of Sri Lankan sambar deer feature as typical mammals and the park is also an Important Bird Area with many species not only endemic to Sri Lanka but restricted to the Horton Plains. Forest dieback is one of the major threats to the park and some studies suggest that it is caused by a natural phenomenon.

The sheer precipice of World's End and Baker's Falls are among the tourist attractions of the park.

Physical features
Horton Plains is located on the southern plateau of the central highlands of Sri Lanka. The peaks of Kirigalpoththa (2389 m) and Thotupola Kanda (2357 m), the second and the third highest of Sri Lanka, are situated to the west and north respectively. The park's elevation ranges from 1200 - 2300 m. The rocks in the park belong to the Archean age and to the high series of the Precambrian era and are made up of Khondalites, Charnockites and granitic gneisses. The soil type is of the red-yellow podsolic group and the surface layer is covered with decayed organic matter.

The mean annual rainfall is greater than 2000 mm. Frequent cloud cover limits the amount of sunlight that is available to plants. The mean annual temperature is 13 C but the temperature varies considerably during the course of a day, reaching as high as 27 C during the daytime, and dipping as low as 5 C at night. During the southwest monsoon season, the wind speed sometimes reaches gale force. Although some rain falls throughout the year, a dry season occurs from January–March. The ground frost is common in February. Mist can persist for most of the day during the wet season. Many pools and waterfalls can be seen in the park, and Horton Plains is considered the most important drainage basin in Sri Lanka. The Horton Plains are the headwaters of important rivers such as the Mahaweli, Kelani, and Walawe. The plains also feeds Belihul Oya, Agra Oya, Kiriketi Oya, Uma Oya, and Bogawantalawa Oya.

History
The original name of the area was Maha Eliya Thenna (මහ එළිය තැන්න - "great open plain"). But in the British period the plains were renamed after Sir Robert Wilmot-Horton, the British governor of Ceylon from 1831 to 1837, who travelled to the area to meet the Ratemahatmaya of Sabaragamuwa in 1836, in 1834 by Lt William Fisher of the 78th Regiment and Lt. Albert Watson of the 58th Regiment, who 'discovered' the plateau. Stone tools dating back to Balangoda culture have been found here. The local population who resided in the lowlands ascended the mountains to mine gems, extract iron ore, construct an irrigational canal and fell trees for timber. A 6 m pollen core extracted from a mire revealed that in the late quaternary period the area had a semi-arid climate and a species-restricted plant community.

Since Sri Lanka has a long non-written history, there is a significant and logical folk story, which also goes with the epic 'Ramayana' with some deviations. It is believed that Thotupala mountain in Horton plain to be the place where King Rawana landed his aircraft, 'Dandumonaraya'. According to the story King Rawana kidnapped Sitha, who was the wife of Rama as an act of revenge for cutting King Rawana's sister, Suparnika 's nose. It provoked Rama in India and he led an army that consisted of monkey-like humans, whose leader was Hanuman. In the story, Hanuman set fire to Horton plains and that fire lasted for a long time. The original name, Maha Eliya Thenna carries the meaning, 'The hugely lighten ground'. Even now the upper layer of soil can be seen in a blackish grey colour. There had been some soil tests done by local universities, and it revealed that the upper layer contains a high amount of Calcium Carbonate and Potash. For Sri Lankans, Horton Plains is very significant in their History and Culture.

Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker had advised the British Government "to leave all Montane Forests above 5000 ft. undisturbed" and an administrative order to this effect had been issued in 1873 that prevented clearing and felling of forests in the region. Horton Plains was designated as a wildlife sanctuary on 5 December 1969, and because of its biodiversity value, was elevated to a national park on 18 March 1988. The Peak Wilderness Sanctuary which lies in the west is contiguous with the park. The land area covered by Horton Plains is 3160 ha. Horton Plains contains the most extensive area of cloud forest still existing in Sri Lanka. In July 2010, the Central Highlands of Sri Lanka which incorporates Horton Plains National Park, Peak Wilderness Sanctuary and Knuckles Mountain Range was inscribed on the World Heritage List.

Flora

The vegetation of the park is classified into two distinctive groups, 2000 ha of wet patna (Sinhalese: patana, montane grasslands and shrublands) and 1160 ha of subtropical montane evergreen forests. Nearly 750 species of plants belonging to 20 families have been recorded in the park. The forest canopy reaches the height of 20 m and features Calophyllum walkeri, forming communities with varieties of Myrtaceae species such as Syzygium rotundifolium, and S. sclerophyllum, and Lauraceae members including Litsea, Cinnamomum, and Actinodaphne speciosa. The undergrowth layer is characterised by Strobilanthes spp. The thickness of the Strobilanthes vegetation hinders the development of a herb layer. Dwarf bamboo species such Indocalamus and Ochlandra are also found in the undergrowth layer. Rhodomyrtus tomentosa bushes especially grow in forest margin and near the mountain peaks. Species such as Gordonia and Rhododendron arboreum have spread to Sri Lanka, along the Western Ghats of South India from the Himalayas and are now common. Nearly 54 woody plant species have been recorded from the park, of which 27 (50%) are endemic to Sri Lanka. Frequent fire and grazing characterises Plagioclimax communities of the grassland flora. Grasslands are dominated by Arundinella villosa and Chrysopogon zeylanicus. Waterlogged swamps or slow-moving streams are found in low-lying areas, and macrophytes such as Aponogeton jacobsenii, sedge species Isolopis fluitans and Utricularia spp. are found near the slow-moving streams. The bamboo Chimonobambusa densifolia thrive along the banks of the streams, and near the swampy areas grass species such as Juncus prismatocarpus, Garnotia mutica, Eriocaulon spp. and Exacum trinervium are common. Tussock grasses such as Chrysopogon zeylanicus and Cymbopogon confertiflorus are found in the wet hollows. Herbaceous flora of the grasslands include temperate species including Ranunculus, Pedicularis, Senecio, Gentiana and Alchemilla and also tropical species such as Eriocaulon and Ipsea speciosa (a rare endemic daffodil orchid). The most widespread boreal herbaceous plants of the park are Viola, Lobelia, Gaultheria, Fragaria, and Plantago.

Tree trunks and branches are ornamented with many species of ferns, Lycopodium, lichens, and orchids. Old man's beard (Usnea barbata) hanging from branches adds to the beauty of the forests. About 16 of the orchid species are endemic. Other notable plants include shrubs such as Rhodomyrtus tomentosa, Gaultheria fragrantissima, herbs, Exacum trinervium, E. walkeri, Drosera indica, and tree ferns Cyathea spp. Anzia, a foliose lichen genus belonging to the family Parmeliaceae, which had not been recorded in Sri Lanka before, was discovered here in 2007. There are conflicting views on how the grasslands of the park came into being, whether man-made or natural. It is now believed that the grasslands on the dry slopes were created by forest clearance and fires while grasslands in low-lying areas were naturally created by wet conditions, frost and soil erosion.

Fauna
The vertebrate fauna of the region includes 24 species of mammals, 87 species of birds, nine species of reptiles and eight species of amphibians. The Sri Lankan elephant disappeared from the region in the 1940s at the latest. At present, the largest and the most commonly seen mammal is the sambar deer. Some research findings estimate the population of sambar deer to be around 1500 to 2000, possibly more than the carrying capacity of the plains. Other mammal species found in the park include Kelaart's long-clawed shrews, toque macaques, purple-faced langurs, rusty-spotted cat, Sri Lankan leopards, wild boars, stripe-necked mongooses, Sri Lankan spotted chevrotains, Indian muntjacs, and grizzled giant squirrels. Fishing cats and European otters visit the wetlands of the park to prey on aquatic animals. A subspecies of red slender loris, the Horton Plains slender loris (Loris tardigradus nycticeboides formerly sometimes considered as Loris lydekkerianus nycticeboides) is found only in highlands of Sri Lanka and is considered one of the world's most endangered primates. In July 2010 a group of researchers from the Zoological Society of London was able to photograph the mammal for the first time.

In 2016, rusty-spotted cats (Prionailurus rubiginosus) were recorded in Horton Plains National Park for the first time, at altitudes of 2084 - 2162 m.

Along with Ohiya, Pattipola and Ambewela, Horton Plains forms one of the Important Bird Areas (IBAs) in Sri Lanka. Together with the adjacent Peak Wilderness Sanctuary, Horton Plains contains 21 bird species which occur only on Sri Lanka. Three, the dull-blue flycatcher, Sri Lanka white-eye, and Sri Lanka wood pigeon, occur only in Horton plains, while other endemic species include Sri Lanka blue magpie, Sri Lanka spurfowl, Sri Lanka junglefowl, yellow-fronted barbet, orange-billed babbler, Sri Lanka bush warbler, and Sri Lanka whistling-thrush. Many birds migrate here in winter including swiftlets, and alpine swift. Crested serpent eagle, mountain hawk-eagle, black-winged kite, and peregrine falcon are among the birds of prey found in Horton Plains. Harriers are among the migratory raptors. This is a key wildlife area. All six highland endemic birds are found here, including dull-blue flycatcher, Sri Lanka white-eye, Sri Lanka wood pigeon, and Sri Lanka bush warbler. Yellow-eared bulbul and black-throated munia are widespread throughout the highlands.

Sri Lanka is considered a herpetological paradise in the world. Possibly about 15 amphibian species inhabit the park. Among them are Microhyla zeylanica, Uperodon palmatus, Zakerana greenii, Hydrophylax gracilis, Pseudophilautus alto, Pseudophilautus femoralis, Pseudophilautus frankenbergi, Pseudophilautus microtympanum, Pseudophilautus schmarda, and Taruga eques. De Silva has observed five endemic reptiles from the plains. They are Calotes nigrilabris, Rhino-horned lizard, Cophotis ceylanica, Lankascincus taprobanensis and common rough-sided snake. Two fish species found in the park, common carp and rainbow trout; both are introduced species. Horton Plains is also home to many endemic crustaceans including Caridina singhalensis and Perbrinckia species. The endemic freshwater shrimp Caridina singhalensis is found only in streams that have a temperature of less than 15 degrees C and is now restricted to only a stretch of 10 km of one stream.

Threats and conservation management
Horton Plains was a part of a large system of plains and forest cover that included Agra-Bopats, Moon Plains and Elk Plains. Between 1831 and 1948, it became a Sambar deer hunting ground. Elephants and Wild boars were also hunted to a lesser extent. During this period lower slopes were cleared initially for coffee and then for tea plantations. As a result, Horton Plains and Peak Wilderness became isolated from other forest and grassland areas. Potatoes were cultivated in the grasslands but planting ceased in 1977. After being declared a National Park, these areas were reinstated as grasslands. Tourism-related issues such as plant removal, littering, fires and noise pollution are major conservation issues. Gem mining, timber logging, the collection of plants for ornamental and medicinal purposes, encroachment, poaching and vehicle traffic are the other threats. The spread of invasive alien species such as gorse (Ulex europaeus), Mist Flower (Ageratina riparia), Crofton Weed (Ageratina adenophora),  (Austroeupatorium), Blue Stars (Aristea ecklonii), brackens, and Pennisetum spp. threaten the native flora. The introduced rainbow trout may have affected endemic species of fish, amphibia and crustaceans.

Owing to the relatively small size of Horton Plains National Park, it was predicted that most male leopards have activity centres that were outside the park. Hence, continued protection of the national park and integrated management of landscapes outside of the national park is essential for the conservation of the species there.

Some sambar deer have died due to eating polythene litter that blocked their food passages, and visitors are banned from bringing polythene into the park. Sambar have benefited from the introduced Pennisetum grass species.

A recent threat, first reported in 1978, is forest dieback. In some areas, especially in the peripheral region, this has been severe with nearly a 50% in vegetation. Water deficiency has been attributed as the main cause of dieback as droughts are becoming more frequent. The regrowth of forest is hindered by frost which is increasingly severe. The forest dieback has affected 22 species of plants with Calophyllum walkeri being the most affected. A study has suggested that low calcium causes soil acidification and increased toxicity caused by metallic elements such as aluminium may be causing the dieback. Leaching of nutrients and the resulting imbalance in soil micronutrients may also be contributing to the dieback.

Tourist attractions
Horton Plains is a popular tourist destination, with World's End being the key attraction. In the six months ending in August 2009, Horton Plains National Park earned a revenue of Rs. 20.1 million (US$ 0.17 million). The park is accessed by the Nuwara Eliya-Ambewela-Pattipola and Haputale-Boralanda roads, and there are railway stations at Ohiya and Ambewela.

World's End is a sheer precipice with a 870 m drop. It is situated at the southern boundary of the park. Another cliff known as the Lesser World's End of 270 m is located not far from World's End.

Baker's Falls, a waterfall formed by Belihul Oya, a tributary of the Walawe River is named after Sir Samuel Baker, a hunter and explorer who attempted to establish a European agricultural settlement at Nuwara Eliya. The waterfall is 20 m high. Slab Rock Falls is another well-known waterfall in the plains. The waterfall can be reached by walking on one of the main trails; the trail is a bit steep at the end but the difficulty level is medium to easy.

title: Horton Plains National Park


text:
Heaven (2002 film)

Heaven is a 2002 romantic thriller film directed by Tom Tykwer, starring Cate Blanchett and Giovanni Ribisi. Co-screenwriter Krzysztof Kieślowski intended for it to be the first part of a trilogy (the second being Hell and the third titled Purgatory), but Kieślowski died before he could complete the project. The film is an international co-production among producers based in Germany, France, Italy, the United States, and the United Kingdom. The dialogue is in Italian and English.

Plot
The film is set in Turin, Italy. It opens with a prologue sequence showing the young Italian Carabinieri clerk Filippo (Ribisi) learning to fly a helicopter using a flight simulator. When he accidentally crashes the virtual helicopter by ascending too dramatically, his instructor tells him, "In a real helicopter, you can't just keep going up and up", prompting Filippo to ask, "How high can I fly?"

The film then cuts to Philippa (Blanchett), who is preparing to plant a bomb in the downtown office of a high-ranking businessman. Although everything goes according to her plan, the garbage bin in which she places the bomb is emptied by a cleaner immediately after she leaves and later explodes in an elevator, killing four people.

Philippa is tracked down by the Carabinieri, arrested, and brought to the station where Filippo works. When she is questioned, she reveals that she is an English teacher at a local school where several students have recently died of drug-related causes. Discovering that they had all been supplied by the same local cartel, she had contacted the Carabinieri with the names of the drug ring leaders, begging them to intervene, but was repeatedly ignored.

At her wits' end, she decided to kill the leader of the cartel, the businessman whose office she targeted. In the process of her interrogation, Filippo (who is translating her confession for his superiors) falls in love with Philippa and helps her escape from Carabinieri custody. After she kills the drug lord who was her original target, the pair become fugitives from the law and flee to the countryside, where they eventually find refuge with one of Philippa's friends and finally consummate their relationship.

When the authorities raid the house where they are hiding, the fugitives steal a Carabinieri helicopter parked on the front lawn and escape by air. The officers on the ground fire repeatedly at them, to no avail, as the craft climbs higher and higher and finally disappears.

Cast

 * Cate Blanchett - Philippa
 * Giovanni Ribisi - Filippo
 * Remo Girone - The Father
 * Stefania Rocca - Regina
 * Alessandro Sperduti - Ariel

Critical reception
Heaven received generally positive reviews from critics. On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has approval rating, based on  reviews, with an average rating of. The site's critical consensus reads, "The story is the weakest link in this gorgeous and well-acted film." Metacritic assigned the film a weighted average score of 68 out of 100, based on 31 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".

Though comparisons abound to Kieślowski's earlier films, Roger Ebert also saw a similarity to Tykwer's Run Lola Run and The Princess and the Warrior. Though Heaven is "more thoughtful, proceeds more deliberately, than the mercurial haste" of Tykwer's films, "it contains the same sort of defiant romanticism, in which a courageous woman tries to alter her fate by sheer willpower."

title: Heaven (2002 film)


text:
Talk:Cabrini–Green Homes

Candyman's reign of terror
I'm surprised at the lack of coverage in the article for Cabrini Greens most notoroius resident, Candyman. As seen in Clive Barker's shocking documentary "Candyman", he was responsible himself for many gruesome murders as well as forcing a college lecturer Helen Lyle to kidnap a baby and decapitate a dog. Candyman was distinguished by having a hook for a hand, and it was common belief among the poorly educted residents of Cabrini Green that if you said his name 5 times in a mirror, he would appear.

So let's get this article up to speed people, it's very poorly written as it is and without Candyman Cabrini Green would just be another failed housing project. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.130.212.141 (talk) 16:59, 4 June 2013 (UTC)

Expansion
(Specifically, the section on tenant activism needs expansion--need information on pre-1996 tenant activism)

Overall perspective lacking
There seems to be some overall perspective lacking here. Nothing mentioned on why this kind of dense high-rise housing was built in the first place: racism.

The Chicago Housing Authority had planned much less dense housing, scattered about in various areas of the city. But political pressure ('we don't want those people in our neighborhood') forced the CHA to construct additional housing within their already existing space. So they were forced to go to this kind of high-rise construction, even though it was known that this was not good for communities, especially those with children.

It seems to me that this is an important part, but it's completely left out of this article. T-bonham (talk) 02:33, 29 August 2011 (UTC) And as it turns out, those racist thoughts were well based, just read the article. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.8.145.85 (talk) 13:06, 7 February 2013 (UTC)

NPOV
WhileNPOV in several places, I think the overall tone is not too far from wrong. :(

I grew up in Chicago during the '60s and '70s and my mother was a police woman on the streets of the city. Cabrini-Green was notorious.

All we have to do to bring NPOV into this is to cite some sources and look for counterpoints if we are able to find them.

Can we get a picture of one of the buildings? Dralwik 15:21, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)

still NPOV
Most of what I've done has added, not changed, what was there before--so the intro part still violates NPOV, although I hope I've done better by talking about context and plans. Also, I'll see about getting some historic photos up, as I do have them around (on paper, of course). paytonc 4 Aug 05

World famous?
The first sentence reads: "Cabrini-Green, comprising (...) one of the most notorious and infamous housing projects in the world.". Shouldn't that read "of the US"? I did not want to change it right away, as I am not familiar with the subject and it may indeed be famous all over the world... Jope 15:52, September 7, 2005 (UTC)

Vcrs
I am new to Wikipedia & still trying to figure out how all this works, so, apologies if I have made mistakes. Here's where I'm coming from.

It's true, Cabrini-Green was a horrible, horrible place to live. I know someone who worked there as an after-school tutor and remembers being stuck in the basement because there was so much gunfire they couldn't leave the building. She also said there was only one elevator in the big high-rises and it was always broken, so disabled people were literally trapped. Good thing there was never a big fire. In response to Jope, I think Cabrini-Green likely was known beyond the U.S. as a symbol of the problems of public housing in the states, for reasons I describe under "reputation" in the article.

But there were several ways the original article distorted the picture away from NPOV, I think.

First, it did not explain why things got so bad. For one thing, there was no reference to the city's role--the city was the landlord, and as such, was responsible for most of the things that were physically wrong with the buildings.

Another omission was that, while there was some reference to the geography of the situation, geography's impact was not really drawn into the explanation of why the residents ended up in such a hellhole. It's important to understand the causal factors in the changing neighborhoods surrounding Cabrini-Green--from the disappearance of jobs to the emergence of a market for drugs.

In my view, the former article's failure to explain how Cabrini-Green got so bad seemed to imply that it's just inevitable that, if you put poor Black people in a building, it will then just fall apart. My explanation tries to assign responsibility for the problems more realistically.

The second major problem with the article was that it did not take the residents' point of view into consideration. This is a huge oversight and sadly typical of the way stories in the U.S. are often told about African-Americans without consulting their perspective.

An outsider might think it's crazy that some residents want to stay at Cabrini-Green, but clearly that is the perspective of some residents, so it should be in the article. (After all, things have improved recently, and also, when you hear that some people see their only alternative as homelessness, it makes a little more sense.)

Although my attempts to include residents' point of view are not adequate and probably not NPOV, it's a beginning. More info about tenant activism would also help portray the diversity of residents--not all were gangsters or helpless victims, although some were.

I know there has been a lot of tenant activism long before 1996, but I ran out of time to research it. Maybe I will get back to it, but if not, someone else can! Vcrs 04:56, 13 December 2005 (UTC)

more pictures please
I added this article to Requested pictures. The only current picture is very recent and doesn't capture the hopelessness depicted in the article. Tempshill 06:48, 29 March 2006 (UTC)

This is a good idea. I don't have any old pix showing the now-demolished buildings, but I could definitely go take some of the situation at the moment. I've walked through there a couple times recently; it's pretty bleak. Thanks Tempshill. Vcrs 22:57, 12 April 2006 (UTC)
 * I added one of the demolition, how's that look? --W.marsh 04:58, 19 June 2006 (UTC)

"Girl X"
Do we have ANY proof of the bit claiming to know what her real name is/was? 68.39.174.238 04:31, 7 June 2006 (UTC)

 * This is what I'm referring to. 68.39.174.238 04:32, 7 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Nevermind, I missed the link about a line down D:... 68.39.174.238 04:36, 7 June 2006 (UTC)

Language
I'd expect an encyclopedia to use terms like 'police officer' rather than 'cop'. -- 18.252.6.96 03:35, 13 October 2006 (UTC)

Why does this article use an M-dash (—) rather than a hyphen (–) in the title? ---ChicagoSlim — Preceding unsigned comment added by ChicagoSlim (talk • contribs) 14:07, 21 July 2013 (UTC)

Gangsta City?
The section on the film "Gangsta City" seems poorly-written and in violation of NPOV. It reads like ad copy. Thoughts?

is "Gangsta City" on dvd? --76.16.97.155 02:17, 1 December 2006 (UTC)

How many people lived here.
In paragraph 1, the article claims that 20,000 people once lived in Cabrini-Green. Later in the article the max figure drops to 15,000. Can we get a more accurate maximum size? >25% error seems like too much. 167.191.250.81 01:49, 11 December 2006 (UTC)

The following link from the Chicago Housing Association clears this up, as it states 15,000 people. I have edited the article appropriately, although I am not sure how to add it as a citation. Could someone please do this? Thanks. RainnIceberg http://www.thecha.org/housingdev/cabrini_green_homes.html

I watched the Gangsterland on the history channel and it said there was much more people than 15,000 I think they said 75,000 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 207.118.125.146 (talk) 06:18, 4 January 2008 (UTC)

Chronology
The later entries in the chronology section should be removed. Although news stories on the days when they occurred they are not relevant to Cabrini Green as a whole. Incidents such as the recent ones listed (2006-2007) probably number in the thousands over the last 30 years. 38.98.158.6 09:36, 8 July 2007 (UTC)

Problems in Bloomington and Harvey, IL???
The part about residents moving to Bloomington and Harvey and causing trouble at the high schools seems suspicious to me. I did a quick search and found nothing to support it, and it's casually written, sounds speculative and I almost deleted it because it looked like graffiti. Maybe someone with a better knowledge of local media who could confirm these "facts" could add citations.

NhInsideWriter 19:58, 8 August 2007 (UTC) NhInsideWriter

Geo coordinates wrong
The latitude/longitude is a few to several blocks Northeast of the actual projects. I don't know how to correct that so I hope someone else can please. 216.19.186.49 11:33, 5 November 2007 (UTC)

That is correct Bloomington is becoming a wild place —Preceding unsigned comment added by 204.118.102.22 (talk) 21:44, 24 October 2008 (UTC)

Last Paragraph of 'Recent history and future plans'
This section seems to imply that the crime was a result of African Americans living there. I think it should be rephrased.

"Crime has dramatically decreased as the area's population has shifted; in the first half of 2006, only one murder occurred. Since most of the new housing post-dates 2000, no census figures are yet available, but the area is no longer predominantly African American." 24.14.107.138 (talk) 15:02, 7 July 2008 (UTC)

article needs a section on "Brother Bill"
He was on television a lot in the 1990's here is some background information from Time Magazine. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,988191,00.html?promoid=googlep --Ted-m (talk) 21:40, 9 August 2008 (UTC)

I added a small section, expansion needed. here are more sites with photos http://www.digitaljournalist.org/issue0004/silence33a.htm http://www.chicagoreader.com/features/stories/grantpick/brotherbill/

--Ted-m (talk) 21:48, 9 August 2008 (UTC)

K-SO/Gettogurl
Is the addition of the information about "K-SO" really important for this article? It doesn't seem to add anything, nor contribute to the history of Cabrini-Green. With the amount of references to the person's new book, it almost reads like a sales pitch. Keistje (talk) 07:46, 16 October 2008 (UTC)

Um, I also removed the poems by Gettogurl (and the links). I left a link to the ISBN number in case someone's interested in following up. Paytonc (talk) 06:44, 5 February 2009 (UTC)

"Unique"?
I'm an outsider, but this stood out to me:

 * In February 2006, a unique partnership between CHA, Holsten, Kimball Hill Urban Centers and the Cabrini Green LAC Community Development Corporation began a 790-unit, $250-million redevelopment of the 18-acre (73,000 m2) Cabrini Extension site, to be called Parkside at Old Town.

Frankly, that reads as though it came straight from a press release. What's "unique" about a group of organisations working together on a redevelopment? Not much, surely. Loganberry (Talk) 01:14, 13 May 2009 (UTC)

Neighborhood
I see my edits were reverted. Cabrini-Green is a Chicago neighborhood. The housing projects in this neighborhood were the Cabrini Extension North, Cabrini Extension South, and the William Green Homes. The Frances Cabrini Rowhouses still remain and new housing developments Parkside of Old Town, and The Larrabee are now located in the area. Since the Cabrini extensions were demolished Cabrini-Green neighborhood name is not widely used in the area by some. This article should have the settlement (neighborhood) Infobox and reworked so that the many housing developments are separated into there own sub articles. --Nickvet419 (talk) 23:28, 28 November 2011 (UTC)

 * The salient issue is that this article is specifically about (and was always about) the housing project, not whatever the neighborhood might be today. If you want to do an article about the neighborhood, it should be separate. Ryecatcher773 (talk) 05:30, 29 November 2011 (UTC)

photo
https://www.flickr.com/photos/davidwilson1949/8736241791/in/album-72157614049704111/ Victor Grigas (talk) 20:50, 30 May 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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Infobox and article disagree on boundaries of the project
The infobox and article disagree on where the boundaries of the projects were.

The infobox says:

 * Bordered by the apex of Clybourn Avenue (North), Larrabee Street (East), Chicago Avenue (South), Halsted Street (West)

The opening paragraph of the article says:

 * It was bordered by the intersection of Clybourn Ave and Halsted Street on the north, North Larrabee Street on the west, Chicago Avenue on the south, and Hudson Street on the east.

It's hard to find authoritative sources on this, but this page in the Encyclopedia of Chicago looks credible. Its map isn't very detailed, but it seems to show the borders of the projects being W North Ave (north), N Halsted St (west), W Chicago Ave (south), and N Larrabee St (east).

In addition, several of the named streets seem to be subtly misnamed according to Google Maps:

 * Clybourn Avenue is shown as N Clybourn Ave
 * Larrabee Street is shown as N Larrabee St
 * Chicago Avenue is shown as W Chicago Ave
 * Halsted Street is shown as N Halsted St
 * Hudson Street is shown as N Hudson Ave

I'm loath to make changes myself since I've never been to Chicago, let alone lived there. Anyone closer to the source able to confirm what these should say?

Stephen Hui (talk) 16:01, 26 July 2019 (UTC)

 * No one commented on this for a week, so I went ahead and made the change. Stephen Hui (talk) 05:45, 2 August 2019 (UTC)

Tones of racisim
"Crime has dramatically decreased as the area's black population has shifted"

Is this meant as a comparison? Is the suggestion here that the Black population is directly linked to the crime rate? 199.247.32.30 (talk) 17:37, 14 March 2023 (UTC)

 * I have concerns about this passage as well. There must be another way to state this. 69.130.79.170 (talk) 00:52, 1 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cabrini–Green Homes


text:
Abstract and concrete

In metaphysics, the distinction between abstract and concrete refers to a divide between two types of entities. Many philosophers hold that this difference has fundamental metaphysical significance. Examples of concrete objects include plants, human beings and planets while things like numbers, sets and propositions are abstract objects. There is no general consensus as to what the characteristic marks of concreteness and abstractness are. Popular suggestions include defining the distinction in terms of the difference between (1) existence inside or outside space-time, (2) having causes and effects or not, (3) having contingent or necessary existence, (4) being particular or universal and (5) belonging to either the physical or the mental realm or to neither. Despite this diversity of views, there is broad agreement concerning most objects as to whether they are abstract or concrete. So under most interpretations, all these views would agree that, for example, plants are concrete objects while numbers are abstract objects.

Abstract objects are most commonly used in philosophy and semantics. They are sometimes called abstracta in contrast to concreta. The term abstract object is said to have been coined by Willard Van Orman Quine. Abstract object theory is a discipline that studies the nature and role of abstract objects. It holds that properties can be related to objects in two ways: through exemplification and through encoding. Concrete objects exemplify their properties while abstract objects merely encode them. This approach is also known as the dual copula strategy.

In philosophy
The type–token distinction identifies physical objects that are tokens of a particular type of thing. The "type" of which it is a part is in itself an abstract object. The abstract–concrete distinction is often introduced and initially understood in terms of paradigmatic examples of objects of each kind:

Abstract objects have often garnered the interest of philosophers because they raise problems for popular theories. In ontology, abstract objects are considered problematic for physicalism and some forms of naturalism. Historically, the most important ontological dispute about abstract objects has been the problem of universals. In epistemology, abstract objects are considered problematic for empiricism. If abstracta lack causal powers and spatial location, how do we know about them? It is hard to say how they can affect our sensory experiences, and yet we seem to agree on a wide range of claims about them.

Some, such as Ernst Mally, Edward Zalta and arguably, Plato in his Theory of Forms, have held that abstract objects constitute the defining subject matter of metaphysics or philosophical inquiry more broadly. To the extent that philosophy is independent of empirical research, and to the extent that empirical questions do not inform questions about abstracta, philosophy would seem especially suited to answering these latter questions.

In modern philosophy, the distinction between abstract and concrete was explored by Immanuel Kant and G. W. F. Hegel.

Gottlob Frege said that abstract objects, such as propositions, were members of a third realm, different from the external world or from internal consciousness. (See Popper's three worlds.)

Abstract objects and causality
Another popular proposal for drawing the abstract–concrete distinction contends that an object is abstract if it lacks causal power. A causal power has the ability to affect something causally. Thus, the empty set is abstract because it cannot act on other objects. One problem with this view is that it is not clear exactly what it is to have causal power. For a more detailed exploration of the abstract–concrete distinction, see the relevant Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy article.

Quasi-abstract entities
Recently, there has been some philosophical interest in the development of a third category of objects known as the quasi-abstract. Quasi-abstract objects have drawn particular attention in the area of social ontology and documentality. Some argue that the over-adherence to the platonist duality of the concrete and the abstract has led to a large category of social objects having been overlooked or rejected as nonexistent because they exhibit characteristics that the traditional duality between concrete and abstract regards as incompatible. Specifically, the ability to have temporal location, but not spatial location, and have causal agency (if only by acting through representatives). These characteristics are exhibited by a number of social objects, including states of the international legal system.

Concrete and abstract thought in psychology
Jean Piaget uses the terms "concrete" and "formal" to describe two different types of learning. Concrete thinking involves facts and descriptions about everyday, tangible objects, while abstract (formal operational) thinking involves a mental process.

title: Abstract and concrete


text:
Hayden Panettiere

Hayden Lesley Panettiere (born August 21, 1989 ) is an American actress and singer. She is best known for her lead roles as Claire Bennet on the NBC superhero series Heroes (2006–2010), Kirby Reed in the slasher horror franchise Scream (2011–2023), and Juliette Barnes in the ABC/CMT musical drama series Nashville (2012–2018). The latter earned her two nominations for the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film.

A native of Palisades, New York, she first appeared on-screen in a commercial in 1990 at only 11 months old. Her full-time acting career began in 1994 when playing Sarah Roberts on the long-running ABC soap opera series One Life to Live until 1997. She then went on to play Lizzie Spaulding on one of CBS's own soaps, Guiding Light from 1996 until 2000. For her work on Pixar film A Bug's Life (1998), she was nominated for a Young Artist Award and a Grammy Award, making her the 5th youngest artist ever to be nominated for a Grammy. Panettiere has also starred in the Disney football drama film Remember the Titans (2000), the final season of the Fox legal comedy-drama series Ally McBeal  (2002), the comedy-drama film Raising Helen (2004), the Disney Channel original patriotic film Tiger Cruise (2004), the horse racing comedy film Racing Stripes (2005), the figure skating drama film Ice Princess (2005), the teen cheerleading film Bring It On: All or Nothing (2006), the romantic comedy film I Love You, Beth Cooper (2009), the true crime drama film Amanda Knox: Murder on Trial in Italy (2011), and the drama film Custody (2016). She voiced Kairi and Xion in the video game series Kingdom Hearts (2002–2017), and Samantha "Sam" Giddings in the video game Until Dawn (2015).

Early life
Panettiere was born and partly raised in Palisades, New York. She is the daughter of Lesley R. Vogel, a former soap opera actress, and Alan Lee "Skip" Panettiere, a captain in the New York City Fire Department. She is of partial Italian descent. She had one younger brother, fellow actor Jansen Panettiere, who died at age 28 from complications of enlarged heart syndrome in 2023. Her mother's family lives in Indiana.

After Panettiere attended South Orangetown Middle School in New York, she was homeschooled and had private tutors from grade nine to the completion of high school to accommodate her acting schedule.

Television
Panettiere first appeared in commercials at the age of eleven months, beginning with an advertisement for a Playskool toy train. She landed a role as Sarah Roberts on the ABC soap opera One Life to Live from 1994 to 1997, which was followed by Lizzie Spaulding on the CBS soap opera Guiding Light in 1996, and again from 1997 to 2000. While on Guiding Light, Panettiere's character Lizzie battled leukemia. The Leukemia & Lymphoma Society gave her its Special Recognition Award for drawing the attention of daytime viewers to the disease, and for improving national awareness.

For her performance in Lifetime Television's 1999 TV movie If You Believe, she was nominated for the Young Artist Award for Young Actress Age Ten or Under in the category of Best Performance in a TV Movie or Pilot. Panettiere appeared on Fox's Ally McBeal as the title character's daughter, played the daughter of a man transitioning to female in HBO Films' Normal, had a recurring guest role on Malcolm in the Middle and guest starred in Law & Order: Special Victims Unit in two different roles.

Panettiere gained greater fame as Claire Bennet in the NBC series Heroes, which was created by Tim Kring, as a high school cheerleader with regenerative healing powers. Thanks to her role on Heroes, she became a regular on the science fiction convention circuit, invited to attend conventions around the world in 2007, including Gen Con, New York Comic Con, and Fan Expo Canada. Panettiere has complained that her acting options are sometimes limited because "people look at [her] as either the popular cheerleader type or just the blonde".

In early 2007, Panettiere appeared on the MTV show, Punk'd. The appearance was engineered by her mother and involved a male "fan" discussing her work with her, instigating a jealous reaction from the man's spouse. In April 2012, she hosted an episode of the new series.

In March 2012, it was announced Panettiere had been cast opposite Connie Britton on the ABC musical drama series Nashville, where she portrayed Juliette Barnes. The show reunited Panettiere with Burgess Jenkins (who appears in the first few episodes) from Remember the Titans. The show moved from ABC to CMT for its fifth and sixth seasons, and concluded its run on July 26, 2018.

Film
Panettiere made her feature film debut at the age of 9, albeit as a voice actor, for 1998's A Bug's Life, but her first released film was the same year's The Object of My Affection at the age of 8, in which she appears briefly as a mermaid in the school play in the opening scene. In 1999, she played the girl on a sinking sailboat in Message in a Bottle. She played the role of Coach Yoast's daughter, Sheryl, in the 2000 Disney film Remember the Titans. In 2004, Disney Channel gave Panettiere her first starring roles as the daughter of actor Bill Pullman's character in Tiger Cruise, and as a teenage girl caught in a fantasy transitional realm alongside fellow child actor Ryan Kelley in fantasy film flick, The Dust Factory.

Her last major acting credit of 2004 was the role of adolescent niece to Kate Hudson's title character in Raising Helen, where Panettiere played the older sister to real life siblings Abigail and Spencer Breslin. In 2005, Panettiere played opposite Michelle Trachtenberg as an ice skating rival in Disney's Ice Princess and lead the screen again, this time, as budding jockey Channing Walsh in 2005's film Racing Stripes. In 2006, Panettiere played a cheerleader in Bring It On: All or Nothing and had a supporting role as Adelaide Bourbon in the 2007 independent film Shanghai Kiss.

In June 2007, she signed with the William Morris Agency, after previously being represented by the United Talent Agency. Forbes estimated that she earned $2 million in 2007.

In 2008, Panettiere appeared in the drama Fireflies in the Garden as a younger version of Emily Watson's character, Jane Lawrence. In September 2008, she appeared in a satirical video, a mock-PSA for Funny or Die titled "Hayden Panettiere PSA: Your Vote, Your Choice". In October, Panettiere appeared in another satirical PSA video on funnyordie.com titled "Vote for McCain: He's just like George Bush, except older and with a worse temper".

In July 2009, Panettiere starred in the teen comedy I Love You, Beth Cooper. In September 2010, she starred as Amanda Knox in the controversial Amanda Knox: Murder on Trial in Italy. Panettiere also provided the voice of Kate in 2010's Alpha and Omega.

In April 2011, Panettiere appeared in the Scream sequel, Scream 4, playing Kirby Reed. The film received mixed reviews, but she received acclaim for her role and was considered to be a highlight. The same year she replaced Anne Hathaway as the voice of Red for the animated sequel Hoodwinked Too! Hood vs. Evil. In 2012, The Forger, in which she played the role of Amber, was released direct to DVD (both this and Hoodwinked Too! Hood vs. Evil were made in 2009).

In April 2015, Panettiere joined the cast of Custody, alongside Viola Davis, whom she appeared with in 2006's The Architect.

In January 2022, Panettiere briefly reprised her role as Kirby Reed in the Scream 4 sequel Scream in a photograph used in the film, revealing the character to have survived the fourth film's events. Panettiere is credited with "Special Thanks" for the photograph's use as well as a voice cameo. In May 2022, it was announced Panettiere would be returning to the Scream franchise on its sixth installment, in what also marks her first on-screen film appearance since 2018 after a career hiatus.

Video games
Panettiere voiced Kairi in Kingdom Hearts and Kingdom Hearts II, although she was replaced by Alyson Stoner in several sequels; she briefly reprised her role in Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep and also voiced Xion in Kingdom Hearts 3D: Dream Drop Distance.

She voiced and modeled the character of Samantha "Sam" Giddings in Until Dawn, which was released on PlayStation 4 on August 25, 2015.

Singing
Panettiere was nominated for a Grammy Award in 1999 for A Bug's Life. In 2004, she recorded a song entitled "My Hero Is You" with a video for the Disney Channel film she starred in, Tiger Cruise, and "Someone Like You", a duet with Watt White for another film, The Dust Factory (also with an accompanying video). The next year she recorded a song entitled "I Fly" for the Disney film Ice Princess in which she also co-starred. She recorded a song for the Hollywood Records compilation Girl Next (2006) and another song entitled "Go to Girl" for Girl Next 2 (2007). Also in 2007, she sang the national anthem at A Capitol Fourth and recorded a cover for "Cruella De Vil" for Disneymania 5, "Try" for the Bridge to Terabithia soundtrack and a ballad called "I Still Believe" for Cinderella III: A Twist in Time.

Panettiere's very first single not associated with an acting role, the reggae-infused "Wake Up Call" was digitally released on August 5. The clothing brand Candie's announced that it was premiering an ad campaign for the single in late July. Candie's provided additional promotion for the single with a television advertisement and a music video. Sebastian Stan, who portrayed the brother of Panettiere's character in The Architect, played her boyfriend in the video.

She has recorded several songs for Nashville, which were released as singles and included on the show's soundtrack albums. She also made numerous concert appearances associated with the show's touring promotion. In 2013, Panettiere recorded a version of "The Fabric of My Life" for a Cotton Incorporated campaign.

Modeling
In late 2006, Neutrogena made Panettiere the cover girl for their new worldwide ad campaign; following in the footsteps of actresses Kristin Kreuk, Josie Bissett, Jennifer Love Hewitt, Mandy Moore, Mischa Barton, Gabrielle Union and Jennifer Freeman. In September 2007, Panettiere appeared in a Heroes-themed Got Milk? ad for which the photographs were shot by Annie Leibovitz. In February 2008, Kohl's announced that Panettiere would be their next Candie's spokesperson. From 2007 to 2008, Panettiere designed limited edition hand bags for Dooney & Bourke and modeled their bags in magazine ads.

In 2009, Panettiere was one of the celebrities featured in the coffee table book Room 23, produced by Diana Jenkins and photographed by Deborah Anderson.

Activism
In 2007, Panettiere became an official supporter of Ronald McDonald House Charities and is a member of their celebrity board, called the Friends of RMHC.

On October 31, 2007, Panettiere joined with The Whaleman Foundation to try to disrupt the annual dolphin hunt in Taiji, Wakayama, Japan. She was involved in a confrontation between Japanese fishermen and five other surfers of the group from Australia and the United States (including former Home and Away actress Isabel Lucas). The confrontation lasted more than ten minutes before the surfers were forced to return to the beach, after which they left the country. Parts of the confrontation can be seen on the award-winning Sundance Film Festival documentary film The Cove. The fishermen consider the condemnation as an attack on their culture.

On January 28, 2008, Panettiere handed a letter of protest to the Norwegian ambassador in the U.S. arguing that Norway should stop its hunt for whales. She also delivered a letter to the Japanese ambassador calling for the end of Japan's hunting of whales. At a 2007 Greenpeace event in Anchorage, Alaska, Panettiere defended aboriginal whaling, saying that there is a difference between commercial whaling and the whaling practiced by aboriginal tribes in the U.S.

In May 2008, Panettiere was involved in an eBay auction to benefit Save the Whales Again, a campaign of The Whaleman Foundation. The auction included tickets to a fundraising dinner hosted at the Hollywood restaurant Beso, owned by Eva Longoria, and a whale watching tour, with Panettiere, off the coast of Santa Barbara. The same month, during an interview with Teen Vogue, she explained how her fame gives her a platform for her activism: "The show [Heroes] put me in a place to speak for things that I'm passionate about."

In September 2008, Panettiere launched her own line of calfskin leather bags for the company Dooney & Bourke. In October, she delved into the presidential election, releasing a satirical public service announcement through the website Funny or Die. In this video, Panettiere mocked Republican candidate John McCain for his age and temper. She subsequently made clear her intention to vote for Barack Obama and urged other young people to vote.

Panettiere has long supported the statehood movement in the District of Columbia. In 2008, she appeared in a public service announcement with DC Shadow Senator Paul Strauss endorsing voting rights for Washington, D.C. In 2011, DC Mayor Vincent Gray acknowledged Panettiere's advocacy on behalf of securing full representation in Congress for District of Columbia residents by naming a day in her honor. At the ceremony, Panettiere reflected, "It seems like such (an) unfathomable fact that, you know, it's taxation without representation in D.C., and that there's no democracy in our democracy, at the heart of it." She participated in Strauss' "51 Stars" campaign which aimed to get 51 celebrities to endorse making Washington, D.C., the 51st state.

She was also a teen ambassador for the Candie's Foundation, whose mission is to prevent teen pregnancy. On May 6, 2009, she participated in a town hall meeting in New York City alongside Bristol Palin and Major League Baseball pitcher Matt Garza on the issue of teen pregnancy.

On December 6, 2013, Panettiere and her then-fiancé Wladimir Klitschko visited the Euromaidan protests in Kiev, Ukraine. Wladimir's brother, Vitali, was one of the leading figures of the protests.

In July 2020, Panettiere advocated for victims of domestic abuse to come forward and share their stories, specifically after she herself had gone through abuse.

Personal life

Panettiere began dating her Heroes co-star Milo Ventimiglia in December 2007, when she was 18 and he was 29. They broke up in February 2009.

In 2009, Panettiere met then-world heavyweight boxing champion Wladimir Klitschko at the book launch party for mutual acquaintance Diana Jenkins' Room 23, in which both Panettiere and Klitschko were featured. They soon began dating. Panettiere was ringside for Klitschko's knockout victory over Samuel Peter on September 11, 2010. In May 2011, she announced that they had split. Both cited the long-distance nature of their relationship as the reason, and said they would remain close friends. Panettiere confirmed reports that she and Klitschko had resumed their romantic relationship in an April 2013 interview. In October 2013, she announced her engagement to Klitschko. In December 2014, Panettiere gave birth to their daughter.

In 2015, she stated that following the birth of her daughter she experienced postpartum depression. In her September 28 appearance on Live with Kelly and Michael, she said that it's "scary and needs to be talked about". In October, Panettiere voluntarily checked into a facility for treatment, causing her to miss filming for a few episodes of Nashville. She returned to treatment in May 2016.

In August 2018, Panettiere's mother confirmed the couple had broken up again, remaining on friendly terms. After she broke up with Klitschko, she started dating Brian Hickerson. In 2020, they broke up after he was arrested for corporal injury on a spouse/cohabitant, assault, and intimidating a witness (Panettiere). The charges stemmed from alleged incidents between May 2019 and June 2020. Despite this abuse and the statement, Panettiere and Hickerson have remained friends since he was released from jail, and Panettiere was reported to be dating Brian's older brother Zach on September 4, 2019.

In a 2022 interview she talked about her past struggles with alcoholism and about her sobriety.

Other charted songs

 * ADid not enter the Hot 100 but charted on Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles

title: Hayden Panettiere


text:
User:Mean Mister Mustard

Hi!

title: User:Mean Mister Mustard


text:
Function object

In computer programming, a function object is a construct allowing an object to be invoked or called as if it were an ordinary function, usually with the same syntax (a function parameter that can also be a function). In some languages, particularly C++, function objects are often called functors (not related to the functional programming concept).

Description
A typical use of a function object is in writing callback functions. A callback in procedural languages, such as C, may be performed by using function pointers. However it can be difficult or awkward to pass a state into or out of the callback function. This restriction also inhibits more dynamic behavior of the function. A function object solves those problems since the function is really a façade for a full object, carrying its own state.

Many modern (and some older) languages, e.g. C++, Eiffel, Groovy, Lisp, Smalltalk, Perl, PHP, Python, Ruby, Scala, and many others, support first-class function objects and may even make significant use of them. Functional programming languages additionally support closures, i.e. first-class functions that can 'close over' variables in their surrounding environment at creation time. During compilation, a transformation known as lambda lifting converts the closures into function objects.

In C and C++
Consider the example of a sorting routine that uses a callback function to define an ordering relation between a pair of items. The following C/C++ program uses function pointers:

In C++, a function object may be used instead of an ordinary function by defining a class that overloads the function call operator by defining an  member function. In C++, this may appear as follows:

Notice that the syntax for providing the callback to the  function is identical, but an object is passed instead of a function pointer. When invoked, the callback function is executed just as any other member function, and therefore has full access to the other members (data or functions) of the object. Of course, this is just a trivial example. To understand what power a functor provides more than a regular function, consider the common use case of sorting objects by a particular field. In the following example, a functor is used to sort a simple employee database by each employee's ID number.

In C++11, the lambda expression provides a more succinct way to do the same thing.

It is possible to use function objects in situations other than as callback functions. In this case, the shortened term functor is normally not used about the function object. Continuing the example,

In addition to class type functors, other kinds of function objects are also possible in C++. They can take advantage of C++'s member-pointer or template facilities. The expressiveness of templates allows some functional programming techniques to be used, such as defining function objects in terms of other function objects (like function composition). Much of the C++ Standard Template Library (STL) makes heavy use of template-based function objects.

Another way to create a function object in C++ is to define a non-explicit conversion function to a function pointer type, a function reference type, or a reference to function pointer type. Assuming the conversion does not discard cv-qualifiers, this allows an object of that type to be used as a function with the same signature as the type it is converted to. Modifying an earlier example to use this we obtain the following class, whose instances can be called like function pointers:

Maintaining state
Another advantage of function objects is their ability to maintain a state that affects  between calls. For example, the following code defines a generator counting from 10 upwards and is invoked 11 times.

In C++14 or later, the example above could be rewritten as:

In C#
In C#, function objects are declared via delegates. A delegate can be declared using a named method or a lambda expression. Here is an example using a named method.

Here is an example using a lambda expression.

In D
D provides several ways to declare function objects: Lisp/Python-style via closures or C#-style via delegates, respectively:

The difference between a delegate and a closure in D is automatically and conservatively determined by the compiler. D also supports function literals, that allow a lambda-style definition:

To allow the compiler to inline the code (see above), function objects can also be specified C++-style via operator overloading:

In Eiffel
In the Eiffel software development method and language, operations and objects are seen always as separate concepts. However, the agent mechanism facilitates the modeling of operations as runtime objects. Agents satisfy the range of application attributed to function objects, such as being passed as arguments in procedural calls or specified as callback routines. The design of the agent mechanism in Eiffel attempts to reflect the object-oriented nature of the method and language. An agent is an object that generally is a direct instance of one of the two library classes, which model the two types of routines in Eiffel:  and. These two classes descend from the more abstract.

Within software text, the language keyword  allows agents to be constructed in a compact form. In the following example, the goal is to add the action of stepping the gauge forward to the list of actions to be executed in the event that a button is clicked.

The routine  referenced in the example above is a feature of a class in a graphical user interface (GUI) library to provide event-driven programming capabilities.

In other library classes, agents are seen to be used for different purposes. In a library supporting data structures, for example, a class modeling linear structures effects universal quantification with a function  of type   that accepts an agent, an instance of , as an argument. So, in the following example,  is executed only if all members of   contain the character '!':

When agents are created, the arguments to the routines they model and even the target object to which they are applied can be either closed or left open. Closed arguments and targets are given values at agent creation time. The assignment of values for open arguments and targets is deferred until some point after the agent is created. The routine  expects as an argument an agent representing a function with one open argument or target that conforms to actual generic parameter for the structure (  in this example.)

When the target of an agent is left open, the class name of the expected target, enclosed in braces, is substituted for an object reference as shown in the text  in the example above. When an argument is left open, the question mark character ('?') is coded as a placeholder for the open argument.

The ability to close or leave open targets and arguments is intended to improve the flexibility of the agent mechanism. Consider a class that contains the following procedure to print a string on standard output after a new line:

The following snippet, assumed to be in the same class, uses  to demonstrate the mixing of open arguments and open targets in agents used as arguments to the same routine.

This example uses the procedure  for linear structures, which executes the routine modeled by an agent for each item in the structure.

The sequence of three instructions prints the strings in, converts the strings to lowercase, and then prints them again.

Procedure  iterates across the structure executing the routine substituting the current item for either the open argument (in the case of the agents based on  ), or the open target (in the case of the agent based on  ).

Open and closed arguments and targets also allow the use of routines that call for more arguments than are required by closing all but the necessary number of arguments:

The Eiffel agent mechanism is detailed in the Eiffel ISO/ECMA standard document.

In Java
Java has no first-class functions, so function objects are usually expressed by an interface with a single method (most commonly the  interface), typically with the implementation being an anonymous inner class, or, starting in Java 8, a lambda.

For an example from Java's standard library,  takes a   and a functor whose role is to compare objects in the List. Without first-class functions, the function is part of the Comparator interface. This could be used as follows.

In Java 8+, this can be written as:

In JavaScript
In JavaScript, functions are first class objects. JavaScript also supports closures.

Compare the following with the subsequent Python example.

An example of this in use:

In Julia
In Julia, methods are associated with types, so it is possible to make any arbitrary Julia object "callable" by adding methods to its type. (Such "callable" objects are sometimes called "functors.")

An example is this accumulator mutable struct (based on Paul Graham's study on programming language syntax and clarity):

Such an accumulator can also be implemented using closure:

In Lisp and Scheme
In Lisp family languages such as Common Lisp, Scheme, and others, functions are objects, just like strings, vectors, lists, and numbers. A closure-constructing operator creates a function object from a part of the program: the part of code given as an argument to the operator is part of the function, and so is the lexical environment: the bindings of the lexically visible variables are captured and stored in the function object, which is more commonly called a closure. The captured bindings play the role of member variables, and the code part of the closure plays the role of the anonymous member function, just like operator in C++.

The closure constructor has the syntax. The  part allows an interface to be declared, so that the function takes the declared parameters. The  part consists of expressions that are evaluated when the functor is called.

Many uses of functors in languages like C++ are simply emulations of the missing closure constructor. Since the programmer cannot directly construct a closure, they must define a class that has all of the necessary state variables, and also a member function. Then, construct an instance of that class instead, ensuring that all the member variables are initialized through its constructor. The values are derived precisely from those local variables that ought to be captured directly by a closure.

A function-object using the class system in Common Lisp, no use of closures:

Since there is no standard way to make funcallable objects in Common Lisp, we fake it by defining a generic function called FUNCTOR-CALL. This can be specialized for any class whatsoever. The standard FUNCALL function is not generic; it only takes function objects.

It is this FUNCTOR-CALL generic function that gives us function objects, which are a computer programming construct allowing an object to be invoked or called as if it were an ordinary function, usually with the same syntax. We have almost the same syntax: FUNCTOR-CALL instead of FUNCALL. Some Lisps provide funcallable objects as a simple extension. Making objects callable using the same syntax as functions is a fairly trivial business. Making a function call operator work with different kinds of function things, whether they be class objects or closures is no more complicated than making a + operator that works with different kinds of numbers, such as integers, reals or complex numbers.

Now, a counter implemented using a closure. This is much more brief and direct. The INITIAL-VALUE argument of the MAKE-COUNTER factory function is captured and used directly. It does not have to be copied into some auxiliary class object through a constructor. It is the counter. An auxiliary object is created, but that happens behind the scenes.

Scheme makes closures even simpler, and Scheme code tends to use such higher-order programming somewhat more idiomatically.

More than one closure can be created in the same lexical environment. A vector of closures, each implementing a specific kind of operation, can quite faithfully emulate an object that has a set of virtual operations. That type of single dispatch object-oriented programming can be done fully with closures.

Thus there exists a kind of tunnel being dug from both sides of the proverbial mountain. Programmers in OOP languages discover function objects by restricting objects to have one main function to do that object's functional purpose, and even eliminate its name so that it looks like the object is being called! While programmers who use closures are not surprised that an object is called like a function, they discover that multiple closures sharing the same environment can provide a complete set of abstract operations like a virtual table for single dispatch type OOP.

In Objective-C
In Objective-C, a function object can be created from the  class. Construction of a function object requires a method signature, the target object, and the target selector. Here is an example for creating an invocation to the current object's :

An advantage of  is that the target object can be modified after creation. A single  can be created and then called for each of any number of targets, for instance from an observable object. An  can be created from only a protocol, but it is not straightforward. See here.

In Perl
In Perl, a function object can be created either from a class's constructor returning a function closed over the object's instance data, blessed into the class:

or by overloading the  operator so that the object can be used as a function:

In both cases the function object can be used either using the dereferencing arrow syntax $ref->(@arguments):

or using the coderef dereferencing syntax &$ref(@arguments):

In PHP
PHP 5.3+ has first-class functions that can be used e.g. as parameter to the usort function:

PHP 5.3+, supports also lambda functions and closures.

An example of this in use:

It is also possible in PHP 5.3+ to make objects invokable by adding a magic __invoke method to their class:

In PowerShell
In the Windows PowerShell language, a script block is a collection of statements or expressions that can be used as a single unit. A script block can accept arguments and return values. A script block is an instance of a Microsoft .NET Framework type System.Management.Automation.ScriptBlock.

In Python
In Python, functions are first-class objects, just like strings, numbers, lists etc. This feature eliminates the need to write a function object in many cases. Any object with a  method can be called using function-call syntax.

An example is this accumulator class (based on Paul Graham's study on programming language syntax and clarity):

An example of this in use (using the interactive interpreter):

Since functions are objects, they can also be defined locally, given attributes, and returned by other functions, as demonstrated in the following example:

In Ruby
In Ruby, several objects can be considered function objects, in particular Method and Proc objects. Ruby also has two kinds of objects that can be thought of as semi-function objects: UnboundMethod and block. UnboundMethods must first be bound to an object (thus becoming a Method) before they can be used as a function object. Blocks can be called like function objects, but to be used in any other capacity as an object (e.g. passed as an argument) they must first be converted to a Proc. More recently, symbols (accessed via the literal unary indicator ) can also be converted to  s. Using Ruby's unary   operator—equivalent to calling   on an object, and assuming that method exists—the Ruby Extensions Project created a simple hack.

Now, method  can be a function object, i.e. a , via   and used via. was officially added to Ruby on June 11, 2006 during RubyKaigi2006.

Because of the variety of forms, the term Functor is not generally used in Ruby to mean a Function object. Just a type of dispatch delegation introduced by the Ruby Facets project is named as Functor. The most basic definition of which is:

This usage is more akin to that used by functional programming languages, like ML, and the original mathematical terminology.

Other meanings
In a more theoretical context a function object may be considered to be any instance of the class of functions, especially in languages such as Common Lisp in which functions are first-class objects.

The ML family of functional programming languages uses the term functor to represent a mapping from modules to modules, or from types to types and is a technique for reusing code. Functors used in this manner are analogous to the original mathematical meaning of functor in category theory, or to the use of generic programming in C++, Java or Ada.

In Haskell, the term functor is also used for a concept related to the meaning of functor in category theory.

In Prolog and related languages, functor is a synonym for function symbol.

title: Function object


text:
Function pointer

A function pointer, also called a subroutine pointer or procedure pointer, is a pointer referencing executable code, rather than data. Dereferencing the function pointer yields the referenced function, which can be invoked and passed arguments just as in a normal function call. Such an invocation is also known as an "indirect" call, because the function is being invoked indirectly through a variable instead of directly through a fixed identifier or address.

Function pointers allow different code to be executed at runtime. They can also be passed to a function to enable callbacks.

Function pointers are supported by third-generation programming languages (such as PL/I, COBOL, Fortran, dBASE dBL, and C) and object-oriented programming languages (such as C++, C#, and D).

Simple function pointers
The simplest implementation of a function (or subroutine) pointer is as a variable containing the address of the function within executable memory. Older third-generation languages such as PL/I and COBOL, as well as more modern languages such as Pascal and C generally implement function pointers in this manner.

Example in C
The following C program illustrates the use of two function pointers:
 * func1 takes one double-precision (double) parameter and returns another double, and is assigned to a function which converts centimeters to inches.
 * func2 takes a pointer to a constant character array as well as an integer and returns a pointer to a character, and is assigned to a C string handling function which returns a pointer to the first occurrence of a given character in a character array.

The next program uses a function pointer to invoke one of two functions ( or  ) indirectly from another function (, computing an approximation of the function's Riemann integration). The program operates by having function  call function   twice, passing it a pointer to the library function   the first time, and a pointer to function   the second time. Function  in turn invokes one of the two functions indirectly by dereferencing its function pointer argument   multiple times, adding together the values that the invoked function returns and returning the resulting sum. The two sums are written to the standard output by.

Functors
Functors, or function objects, are similar to function pointers, and can be used in similar ways. A functor is an object of a class type that implements the function-call operator, allowing the object to be used within expressions using the same syntax as a function call. Functors are more powerful than simple function pointers, being able to contain their own data values, and allowing the programmer to emulate closures. They are also used as callback functions if it is necessary to use a member function as a callback function.

Many "pure" object-oriented languages do not support function pointers. Something similar can be implemented in these kinds of languages, though, using references to interfaces that define a single method (member function). CLI languages such as C# and Visual Basic .NET implement type-safe function pointers with delegates.

In other languages that support first-class functions, functions are regarded as data, and can be passed, returned, and created dynamically directly by other functions, eliminating the need for function pointers.

Extensively using function pointers to call functions may produce a slow-down for the code on modern processors, because a branch predictor may not be able to figure out where to branch to (it depends on the value of the function pointer at run time) although this effect can be overstated as it is often amply compensated for by significantly reduced non-indexed table lookups.

Method pointers
C++ includes support for object-oriented programming, so classes can have methods (usually referred to as member functions). Non-static member functions (instance methods) have an implicit parameter (the this pointer) which is the pointer to the object it is operating on, so the type of the object must be included as part of the type of the function pointer. The method is then used on an object of that class by using one of the "pointer-to-member" operators:  or   (for an object or a pointer to object, respectively).

Although function pointers in C and C++ can be implemented as simple addresses, so that typically, member pointers in C++ are sometimes implemented as "fat pointers", typically two or three times the size of a simple function pointer, in order to deal with virtual methods and virtual inheritance.

In C++
In C++, in addition to the method used in C, it is also possible to use the C++ standard library class template std::function, of which the instances are function objects:

Pointers to member functions in C++
This is how C++ uses function pointers when dealing with member functions of classes or structs. These are invoked using an object pointer or a this call. They are type safe in that you can only call members of that class (or derivatives) using a pointer of that type. This example also demonstrates the use of a typedef for the pointer to member function added for simplicity. Function pointers to static member functions are done in the traditional 'C' style because there is no object pointer for this call required.

Alternate C and C++ syntax
The C and C++ syntax given above is the canonical one used in all the textbooks - but it's difficult to read and explain. Even the above  examples use this syntax. However, every C and C++ compiler supports a more clear and concise mechanism to declare function pointers: use, but don't store the pointer as part of the definition. Note that the only way this kind of  can actually be used is with a pointer - but that highlights the pointer-ness of it.

C++
These examples use the above definitions. In particular, note that the above definition for  can be used in pointer-to-member-function definitions:

title: Function pointer


text:
Bubs

Bubs may refer to:

 * The musical group the Beelzebubs
 * The character "Bubs" from Homestar Runner.
 * The character "Bubbles" from The Wire, who is also sometimes addressed as Bubbs
 * The character "Bubbles" from Trailer Park Boys
 * Bubs, a confectionery brand from Sweden
 * Princess Bubblegum, a character whose nickname is P-bubs in the animated television series Adventure Time

title: Bubs


text:
United State of Electronica

United State of Electronica, or U.S.E., is an American music group formed in 2002 based in Seattle, Washington. It includes the four members of the band Wonderful: Jason Holstrom (guitar, vocals), Jon e. Rock (drums, vocals), Peter Sali (guitar, vocals), and Noah Star Weaver (keyboards, vocoder), as well as Derek Chan (bass guitar), Carly Nicklaus (vocals), and Amanda Khanjian (vocals).

History
U.S.E. was formed when the members of Wonderful and Shane Tutmarc posed as an imaginary electronica band from Mannheim, Germany at a Seattle-area nightclub. When the group noticed the audience's enthusiasm about their improvised dance songs, they decided to form a side project that would take dance music more seriously. Carly Nicklaus, Amanda Okonek and Derek Chan joined the members of Wonderful to develop that project, which would become the United State of Electronica.

U.S.E. released its debut self-titled, self-recorded album with handpainted covers in 2004. With no distribution, U.S.E turned to the Internet and gave the album to the world for free via http://www.mannheimworldwide.com. The album was released nationally through Sonic Boom Recordings in early 2005 and released in Japan in 2005 on Side-Out Records. U.S.E continued to tour the U.S. extensively with The Presidents of the United States of America, Ted Leo and the Pharmacists, The Hold Steady, Aqueduct, Schoolyard Heroes, The Divorce and many more. After "IT IS ON!" reached No. 4 on the Japanese music charts, U.S.E made three trips to Japan in 2005, including the 2005 Fuji Rock Festival and played the Sasquatch! Music Festival in Central Washington.

After another trip to Japan and tours to SXSW in 2006 and 2007, the U.S.E. album was again re-released in the U.K. by The Original Electronic Recording Company.

U.S.E's second full length "LOVEWORLD" was recorded in Seattle at Avast! Recording studios with engineer Cameron Nicklaus and with U.S.E at the Cabana. The songs "All The World", "Get That Feeling", "River of Love", live favorites "Dance With Me" and "Party People" are among others to be on the new LP. It was released on August 26, 2009.

Their song "Open Your Eyes" was used at E3 2008 for the New Xbox Experience Promo.

After more than 10 years of silence, the entire band came together to play a New Years Eve show at the end of 2019, along with Aqueduct and 52 kings.

Current members

 * Derek Chan — bass
 * Jason Holstrom — guitar, vocals
 * Carly Nicklaus — vocals
 * Amanda Khanjian — vocals
 * Jon e. Rock — drums, vocals
 * Peter Sali — guitar, vocals
 * Noah Star Weaver — keyboards, vocoder

Past members

 * Shane Tutmarc — bass

Discography

 * Emerald City EP (2002)
 * Emerald City 12" (2003)
 * U.S.E. (2004)
 * Live and Direct from the Emerald City EP (2005)
 * Party People EP (2005)
 * LOVEWORLD (2009)

title: United State of Electronica


text:
User talk:Mean Mister Mustard

Hi. nice edits on Terrorism. - SV'talk 08:11, 7 Mar 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mean Mister Mustard


text:
User:Satorishi

広告掲載について

Hello, I am Masuti Satorishi from Kyoto, Japan.

title: User:Satorishi