text:
Talk:Triboelectric effect

Request for comment on meaning of triboelectricity
Normal useage of many science terms is a noun and the corresponding adjective for instance ferroelectric and ferroelecticity. Other examples are for the adjective pyroelectric, piezoelectric, ferromagnetic, electromagnetic (and more).

It has been suggested that triboelectricity is the electricity produced by the triboelectric effect, instead of being the noun with triboelectric the adjective. For completeness, note that triboelectricity is a charge transfer, and there is common use of triboelectric as an adjective.Ldm1954 (talk) 22:43, 20 July 2023 (UTC)

 * I suggest you rename the article "Triboelectricity". The "effect" is not helpful. Johnjbarton (talk) 03:05, 21 July 2023 (UTC)

I believe that my version of the opening statement is clearer: Should "triboelectricity" be treated as an alternative name for the triboelectric effect or as the electricity produced by the triboelectric effect? Aaron Liu (talk) 23:03, 20 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Electricity. There is a plethora of online, secondary, reliable sources that support that it is electricity,s ee the section above.
 * University of Wisconsin MRSEC: Triboelectricity, more commonly known as static electricity
 * ScienceDirect, a science publication search tool: Triboelectricity is a particular case of the general phenomenon of charge storage exhibited by electrets.
 * Aaron Liu (talk) 23:14, 20 July 2023 (UTC)
 * It is unfortunate that you do not want to pay attention to the science, but still feel that you are an expert. To quote what you said:
 * "I don't think I'll have time or commitment to read the entire book just for Wikipedia" Ldm1954 (talk) 23:28, 20 July 2023 (UTC)
 * I don't see where I have claimed that I'm an expert, and I believe that I should not need to finish reading a 250+ page book just to see if there is anything in there that claims that triboelectricity is the triboelectric effect without using the word "triboelectricity" Aaron Liu (talk) 00:51, 21 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Also, please read Dunning–Kruger effect, I am afraid this is relevant. Ldm1954 (talk) 23:35, 20 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Having read through the above discussions, I'm going to have to side with Ldm1954: "You need to read and understand it [the applicable literature] before you try to comment on the relevant science." I think we have here a case of someone who "knows just enough to get into trouble" as the saying goes. Even Liu's understanding of what "noun" means seems off to me. E.g., all three of "triboelectricity", "electricity", and "triboelectric effect" are nouns (or a noun phrase in the third case), yet Liu says "triboelectricity is the electricity produced by the triboelectric effect, instead of being the noun with triboelectric the adjective", which is a statement that makes no sense if you known what a noun is. At most, we may have a case where the term "triboelectricity" is used multiple ways, and the solution to that is to explain both definitions.  — SMcCandlish ☏ ¢ 😼  23:56, 20 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Thankyou. Ldm1954 (talk) 00:08, 21 July 2023 (UTC)
 * @SMcCandlish "instead of being the noun with triboelectric the adjective" is not what I said at all, I agree that all three of these are nouns and have no idea why Ldm's talking about parts of speech. I don't think I should be required to read an entire 250+ page book to comment on what triboelectricity means, especially when I found no mention of "triboelectricity" in the PDF. I've read all the other sources Ldm has provided (save for DOI:10.5006/2555 which I can't access), and while the numsis.northwestern.edu ones do say it's the same thing as the effect, it's from a research team, none of them are review articles, and it counts as a primary source and should have less weight than secondary sources. Aaron Liu (talk) 00:47, 21 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Also on a side note I prefer "Aaron" instead of "Liu". Aaron Liu (talk) 00:49, 21 July 2023 (UTC)
 * The thing most closely related to the nonsense about parts of speech was when I opposed Ldm's overexpanding of the opening statement in the RfC draft in the "RfC draft" section above. Aaron Liu (talk) 00:53, 21 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Okay, I quoted the wrong party, sorry about that. Anyway, I stand by the gist of what I wrote: If we have multiple uses of the same word, we explain them, and explaining them is done by reading and summarizing complex source material. It's work. And it can't be faked by skimming a little of the source material and then saying "I should not need to finish reading a 250+ page book". Those who won't do the work need to stand aside.  I should know; I've just spent 3 months of my free time researching another topic, and it has involved reading  of pages of complex source material. Our matter on that topic is now vastly better than it was before, but it required doing all that reading, and accurately summarizing that material – including in light of conflicts between different authors, and different shades of meaning being attached to particular words, and figuring out what weight is due to each source. There is no shortcut. PS: It's clear just from the two source quotes above that different authors are using "tribolectricity" very differently. The first is using it to mean the static electricity that arises from the triboelectric effect, and the second is using it to mean the tribolectric effect itself. So, moving this article to Triboelectricity may present an ambiguity problem. And WP:RFC is not the process by which we move articles anyway; that's WP:RM.  — SMcCandlish ☏ ¢ 😼  06:06, 21 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Firstly this RfC isn't about moving things, that was only suggested by John and not in the opening statement. Secondly I really don't think the book can offer any useful information on the meaning of triboelectricity if the word "triboelectricity" isn't in it. The book seems to be about the details of how the triboelectric effect works and I don't see anywhere discussing the terms. I don't think I need to read the entire book and understand how it works to understand what word I should use, and I would very much like it if Ldm told me the page numbers that discussed the terms. Lastly I agree that we could just put them in as disputed though I would really like it if we had secondary sources backing "it's an alternative name". Aaron Liu (talk) 12:34, 21 July 2023 (UTC)
 * How do you know the book doesn't mention "triboelectricity" if you've not read it? Who said anything about "disputed"?  A word having multiple meanings or shades of meaning isn't a dispute, it's just different patterns of usage. Honestly, I don't know why this discussion is so long and so ranco[u]rous.  I'm of half a mind to just go edit the lead, using the sources already cited above, demonstrating that the term triboelectricity is used in two different ways, and move on.  — SMcCandlish ☏ ¢ 😼  23:33, 21 July 2023 (UTC)
 * I have a digitized PDF of it and I used a search tool on it and all mentions of "tribo". When I said "disputed" what I meant is that it has multiple ways of usage, and I can agree to make the lead like that and then try to resolve the other disputes, though I'd still really like to see a secondary source backing the "alternative name" usage. Aaron Liu (talk) 23:38, 21 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Well, that's research for you to do, then. I've done what I can to satisfy you, and to bring all the above silly pissing match (four whole threads worth of it) to an end. Also did a bunch of citation cleanup.  — SMcCandlish ☏ ¢ 😼  00:32, 22 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Lol, only the last three threads (including this one and the RfC draft wasn't really a thread so just one other thread) have been about this, the other ones were about other things. Aaron Liu (talk) 01:52, 22 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Also when I said bolding I meant italicizing, my apologies. Aaron Liu (talk) 01:54, 22 July 2023 (UTC)
 * It was italicized per MOS:WAW. If you have not internalized our manual of style yet, then you should not be edit-warring with people over style matters.  — SMcCandlish ☏ ¢ 😼  21:29, 22 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Also the ScienceDirect source doesn't appear to support the idea that "triboelectricity" is the same thing as the triboelectric effect to me, see the above mention of ScienceDirect. Aaron Liu (talk) 01:56, 22 July 2023 (UTC)

Comments
That cat photo is genius, kudos. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2604:3D08:127F:5000:44E4:B601:E417:23C4 (talk) 05:29, 30 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Triboelectric effect


text:
Talk:Banquet of Chestnuts

Inappropiate Image
The painting portrayed in the "In popular culture" section has very little to do with the topic of the article, while also being quite explicit. I don't think it belongs in the article, therefore I will remove it.--JoanXXIII (talk) 08:46, 8 January 2024 (UTC)

Enciclopedicity
hmmm. Is it my imagination or does this not look exactly encyclopaedic? user:sjc

 * I added a couple references. I guess it is as reliable as the testimony of Burchard, who was there.  By the way, Manchester gives a date of October 30 rather than November 30 -- not that it matters, but that's why I'm changing it.  Antandrus 03:44, 4 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Would be nice if we could actually read what you have to say on this. "what," in your opinoin, makes it not, sjc? Your religious POV? --69.214.227.51 03:50, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Rename?
If this is "known more properly", should it be renamed to "Ballet of Chestnuts"? —Ashley Y 04:46, 2005 May 20 (UTC)

 * #REDIRECT is your friend. Pavel Vozenilek 22:51, 20 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Sure, but what should the article title be? —Ashley Y 23:34, 2005 May 20 (UTC)

Burchard's account
The account of the Banquet contained in this article does not correspond to that contained in Johann Burchard's Liber Notarum and is inaccurate in several important details. I have corrected these points but they have been changed back to the inaccurate forms. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 85.43.58.100 (talk • contribs).

 * Sorry about that; I don't have the text on hand, so I was going by memory. However, the edit did duplicate some information, specifically that about the offer of prizes. Could you clean that up to reflect the more accurate acount? Thanks... Mind  matrix  19:42, 17 March 2006 (UTC)

Excerpt from source text?
It would be nice to read a translation from the source texts(s) of this event. I'm still not clear if this really happened or if it was just propaganda.

 * Here is an English translation of all that Burchard wrote about this event: 'On Sunday evening, 30 October [1501], Don Cesare Borja gave his father a supper in the apostolic palace, with 50 decent prostitutes or courtesans in bright garb in attendance, who after the meal danced with the servants and others there, first fully dressed and then naked. Following the supper, lampstands holding lighted candles were placed on the floor and chestnuts strewn about, which the prostitutes, naked and on their hands and knees, had to pick up with their mouths as they crawled in and out among the lampstands. The Pope watched and admired their noble parts. The evening ended with an obscene contest of these women, coupled with male servants of the Vatican, for prizes which the Pope presented. Don Cesare, Donna Lucrezia and the Pope later each took a partner of their liking for further dalliances'. In context it is clear that the 'male servants of the Vatican' are the same 'servants' who danced after the meal - not Cardinals as some sloppy writers claim. I think that the main page is based on embellished reports, but I can't be bothered to get into an edit war about it so I'm just writing this here. Also, in relation to the Sabatini argument immediately below, apparently the only part of Burchard's diary that we have in his own hand is about later events - which the edition published early in the 20th century put together with subsequent copies that might have been added to by anti-Borgia or anti-Catholic scribes. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.53.69.150 (talk) 20:26, 8 January 2011 (UTC)

Factual Accuracy Dispute?
I believe an accuracy dispute warning would be appropriate for this article because not all biographers of the Borgia family think that this event actually took place. Rafael Sabatini argues that the style of writing employed in Buchard's account conflicts with the style of the rest of Buchard's Diarium and therefore that the credibility of this particular section is called into question. Sabatini argues that the only other piece of evidence that records this event as taking place is the anonymous Letter to Silvio Savelli, a letter that is seemingly anti-Borgia propaganda. Sabatini suggests that if this event actually took place and there was credible knowledge of it at the time (as opposed to rumour) then we should expect there to be more evidence than just these two questionable pieces.

Tristanasclark (talk) 23:17, 24 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Don't see that factual accuracy might be questioned this way. One author's opinion does not superseed the other authors works.--138.88.103.233 (talk) 02:58, 25 May 2009 (UTC)

 * We do not have this part of the diary in Burchard's original hand. Will Durant (Story of Civilization V: The Renaissance, various editions - look up Burchard in index) says that "Of the original manuscript only 26 pages survive, all concerning the period following Alexander's final illness. Of the remainder of the Diarium only copies exist. All these copies carry the story. It may have been interpolated by a hostile scribe..." Durant also notes that Burchard does not say he was present and that his character was such that he would have withdrawn; in his Diarium he normally included only eye-witness reports and reports by reliable witnesses. This is the same part of the Diarium that also includes the highly implausible horse sex story of Alexander calling for stallions to be loosed on mares, the scene viewed from the papal windows (a bit of a coincidence that those mares were on heat!) The Florentine ambassador, no friend to the Borgias, reports only "dancing and laughter" that night. And would Alexander really have jeopardised the marriage of Lucrezia and risked a vital diplomatic alliance with Ferrara by alowing her to be involved, when Rome was already replete with Ferraran agents ready to accompany her back to her new husband? Put all that together with the Sabatini-Savelli theory and the whole thing looks highly implausible. And I am no apologist for the Roman Catholic church, unlike Sabatini. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.53.69.150 (talk) 21:29, 17 March 2012 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Banquet of Chestnuts


text:
Baron Hatherton

Baron Hatherton, of Hatherton in the County of Stafford, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created in 1835 for the politician Edward Littleton, Chief Secretary for Ireland from 1833 to 1834. Born Edward Walhouse, he assumed in 1812 by Royal licence the surname of Littleton in lieu of his patronymic on succeeding to the estates of his great-uncle Sir Edward Littleton, 4th and last Baronet, of Teddesley Hall. He was also heir to the substantial Walhouse estates and interests, which included Hatherton Hall, near Cannock, then in an exclave of Wolverhampton. His wealth was based upon landed estates centred on Penkridge in southern Staffordshire, mines at Great Wyrley and Bloxwich, quarries and sandpits, brick yards and residential housing, mainly in Walsall.

Lord Hatherton was succeeded by his son, Edward Richard, the second Baron, who represented Walsall in the House of Commons as a Liberal. His son, the third Baron, notably served as Military Secretary to the Governor General of Canada between 1875 and 1879. The title followed the line of his eldest son, the fourth Baron, until the death of the latter's third son, the seventh Baron, in 1985. The late Baron was succeeded by his first cousin once removed, the eighth and present holder of the title. He is the grandson of Lieutenant-Colonel the Hon. Charles Christopher Josceline Littleton, third son of the third Baron.

In 1919, the 3rd Baron Hatherton disposed of large estates in the Penkridge area. In many cases, farms were sold to their tenants. The 5th Baron Hatherton made even larger disposals of landed property, selling over 1,520 acre at Penkridge and 2,976 acre in Teddesley Hay in 1953, including the 18th century seat, Teddesley Hall.

Baron Hatherton (1835)

 * Edward John Littleton, 1st Baron Hatherton (1791–1863)
 * Edward Richard Littleton, 2nd Baron Hatherton (1815–1888)
 * Edward George Littleton, 3rd Baron Hatherton (1842–1930) served as Military Secretary to the late Earl of Dufferin, Governor-General of Canada in 1877. He and his wife, Charlotte Louisa, daughter of Sir Charles Robert Rowley, had 4th Baronet and 3 daughters.
 * Edward Charles Rowley Littleton, 4th Baron Hatherton (1868–1944)
 * Edward Thomas Walhouse Littleton, 5th Baron Hatherton (1900–1969)
 * John Walter Stuart Littleton, 6th Baron Hatherton (1906–1973)
 * Thomas Charles Tasman Littleton, 7th Baron Hatherton (1907–1985)
 * Edward Charles Littleton, 8th Baron Hatherton (b. 1950)

The heir apparent and last in line to the barony is the present holder's son, the Hon. Thomas Edward Littleton (b. 1977).

The family vault is beneath the altar area of St. Michael's church, Penkridge.

title: Baron Hatherton


text:
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No copies of primary sources
While using a public domain work as a basis for a Wikipedia article is often a good idea (see Public domain resources for a selection), please do not include large source documents in articles. We try to collect free (public domain or copyleft) source documents in a single place, Wikisource, where they can be annotated and translated. This reduces duplication across wikis, and frees source documents from the context of a single article. Wikipedia articles should generally only include content which is open to merciless editing, with the exception of a few relevant quotes. Even long quotation sections should better be moved to Wikiquote.

More info: Don't include copies of primary sources

Accuracy and peer review
We strive to make Wikipedia as accurate as possible. If you see something that you know is wrong, be bold and fix it. If you see something that seems wrong, leave a note on the talk page and remove questionable assertions if no supporting evidence is provided. Peer review happens constantly through the Recent Changes page and watchlists, but it can also be solicited on Peer review or, if you think that an article is really good, by nominating it on Featured article candidates. More sophisticated approval mechanisms are under constant discussion. Regardless, we do not guarantee accuracy and have a variety of other disclaimers. These are linked from every page, so please do not add disclaimers to articles!

More info: Replies to common objections

Power tools
You can enrich your editing experience by enabling options like the enhanced recent changes, the editing toolbar, double click editing or right click section editing in your user preferences (cf. Browser notes for issues with certain web browsers). But power users will want to use external tools as well. A good text editor like vi, TextPad or Kate (part of KDE) is a lot more fun to work with than the browser's internal one. If you use Mozilla, you can call your favorite editor with a single click from the editing screen by using the Mozex extension. For jEdit there is even a Wikipedia plug-in, which enables you to log in and load and save articles without having to use your browser at all. For images, there are free tools like GIMP and ImageMagick, and commercial ones like Photoshop that provide a variety of processing filters. There are also free and commercial digital audio editors.

Dynamic date conversion
Every year and every day of recorded history (according to the Gregorian calendar) has a page on Wikipedia. The year pages (e.g. 2004) record all events in a year chronologically, while the day pages (April 25) record all events that happened on that day, in any year. Some months have their own pages (e.g. January 2004), these are mostly the archived current events. If there are links around the day and year -- April 25, 2004 -- the software will automatically convert this date based on your user preferences to your preferred format. This is why all dates should be wikilinked, even if the links will be redundant.

More info: Manual of Style (dates and numbers)

Soft and hard breaks
When you edit a page, you can create paragraphs the way you would do in any word processor -- by pressing the "Enter" key twice. Single line breaks in the article source should be avoided except for lists and for structuring HTML code. While single line breaks have few effects on article display, they do reduce the amount of context information shown in "diff" comparison views between two revisions. If you want to create a single line break in the rendered page, you can use the <br> HTML tag (it has no closing tag). Its use should be reserved for very few special cases, particularly tables and complex layouts. Do not use it within normal prose, where it hampers readability.

More info: Do not use line breaks

Free speech and profanity
Sometimes the question is posed whether Wikipedia allows "free speech". Our primary goal is to build an encyclopedia. Freedom of expression is valued, but only to the extent that it does not get in the way of that goal. The policies that regulate the space outside articles are therefore much more strict than the ones which regulate articles themselves. We have many articles about profane and sexual subjects - fuck, fisting, motherfucker, etc. - but if you were to randomly put profanities on discussion pages, a quick ban might follow. This is especially true for usernames as these show up in many places where people don't want to be bothered by profanity (see No offensive usernames). Repeated off-topic comments on article talk pages may also constitute a breach of policy.

More info: Profanity

Web links
While Wikipedia is not a web directory, we do allow external links where appropriate. They are generally listed under a <tt>== level 2 headline ==</tt> called "External links" (or "External link" if there is just one). The best way to create such a link is to type <tt>[URL link title]</tt>, for example, <tt> [ http://www.wikibooks.org/ Wikibooks]</tt>, which becomes Wikibooks. However, such short link titles are generally frowned upon. Try to describe your links, so that the reader has a pretty good idea where it will take them before clicking it. Don't use external links where we'll want Wikipedia links, for example, in an article about Wikimedia, a link to Wikibooks (the Wikipedia article about the project) would be more appropriate than a direct link to Wikibooks.org.

More info: External links

Testing MediaWiki
The MediaWiki software which runs Wikipedia is under constant development. Want to see the latest, greatest features? Then head over to test.wikipedia.org, where the development branch is tested. But be careful: That wiki runs in debugging mode, so even the smallest problem in the code may cause it to spew out error messages. Take a look at the list of features under development in the MediaWiki roadmap. MediaWiki is already one of the most feature-rich wiki engines; see the current feature list. MediaWiki and its dependencies are open source, so if you are the inquisitive type, please take a look at the code and help us to improve it.

More info: test.wikipedia.org

Collaborative research
A good article is built on solid research (remember to cite your sources). Contrary to popular belief, not all information is available for free on the Internet. Some research is only published in scientific journals and books (ask your library for remote lending services), some material is available only in commercial, password-protected electronic databases. If you have easy access to useful research material, please add the relevant information to Research resources, a central portal to find Wikipedians who may have access to any particular resource. Always remember that we can only use facts from such sources, not a particular copyrighted expression thereof.

More info: Research resources

William Shatner, picking his nose
Wikipedia is not limited in the topics it covers. In which other encyclopedia do you find a list of sex positions, an article about nose picking or one about William Shatner's version of Lucy In The Sky With Diamonds? As long as an article is verifiable, informative and neutral, it has a pretty good chance of being acceptable (see What Wikipedia is not for some other common rules). We strive to collect the sum of human knowledge, some of which may be trivial, but which is nevertheless part of our culture and our history. Wiki is not paper - we need not worry about space constraints.

More info: Unusual articles

Finding stubs and making them grow
A stub is an article which provides at least a basic definition but does not go much beyond it. It may not be the perfect article yet, but the perfect stub should have the potential to become one. See Find or fix a stub for ways to locate stubs; for example, click "What links here" on that same page, or on Template:Stub (the stub notice). Still not enough stubs? Then try Requests for page expansion, or set the "threshold for stub display" in your user prefs. That option is a numerical value, links to articles with less characters are shown in dark red. This makes it very easy to spot stubs wherever you ara.

More info: Stub

Tuning your edit window
Is your edit window too large and you cannot reach the "preview" and "save" buttons without scrolling? Try reducing the number of rows of the window in your user preferences. Disabling the edit toolbar should also save some screen real estate. Alternatively, in a modern browser, try hitting "ALT+P" for Preview and "ALT+S" for save. If you think the edit window is not using enough of your screen, try setting the option "Edit box has full width". Be warned, however, that the human eye has a harder time tracing long lines than short ones - you risk getting confused.

More info: User Guide: Preferences

Squashing bugs and asking for features
MediaWiki, the software which runs Wikipedia, is hosted by SourceForge. The right place to support problems with the software ("bugs"), or to request new features, is the SourceForge project site, not Wikipedia. Before you submit a bug report or a feature request, check for duplicates,. If you have broader visions for MediaWiki, Meta-Wikipedia is a good place to work on proposals, and the wikitech-l mailing list is where you can announce and discuss them.

More info: MediaWiki project homepage </Div>

Skins and browsers
Wikipedia should work in any web browser. However, depending on the layout of an individual page and on the skin you have set in your user preferences, a page layout may be broken in your browser. If the problem occurs just on a single page, edit the page and try to figure out what's going on, so you can fix it yourself - if you can't, put a message on the talk page (a screenshot always helps!). If the problem occurs on all pages, try to choose a different skin. "Nostalgia" should work even in ancient browsers. There may be some minor issues with your browser, these are enumerated on Browser notes.

More info: Setting your preferences

Search and go
There are two ways to search Wikipedia, the full-text search and the Go button. As of April 2004, the full-text search is disabled for performance reasons. When you click the "Search" button, you can search Wikipedia using Google or Yahoo! instead. The search is limited in both cases to Wikipedia pages. The Go button, however, is always enabled. It looks for an exact match of the title you enter. If it does not find one, it tries a few capitalization variants before it gives up. If you enter a phrase with mixed capitalization, the Go button may not find it unless you enter the title exactly as it appears.

More info: Go button

Undoing edits
Anyone can revert a page to fix vandalism. All revisions of a page back to the first one are stored in the page history. To revert to an earlier version, just select it from the history, edit and save it. When not dealing with obvious vandalism, reverting is often a bad strategy. It alienates other users and provokes edit wars. Stay cool, talk to the user in question directly, or try to resolve issues on the talk page. Please do not revert the same page more than three times within 24 hours; doing so can lead to a temporary ban against you. Admins have a handy "rollback" feature which allows them to instant-revert changes from a user's contributions page; this, too, is primarily intended to deal with vandalism.

Of bots and men
Uploading hundreds of files or changing thousands of pages can be tedious. We allow limited automation unless it interferes with normal systems operations. You can always grab your favorite scripting language and write a bot, but there's no need to reinvent the wheel: take a look at PyWikipediaBot, a quite complex automation framework for Wikipedia. If you are more into Perl, libwww-perl is a very useful library for automating web tasks. If you have tested your bot and intend to run it over a longer period of time, please get in touch with the developers first (preferably using the wikitech-l mailing list). We can then register your bot, so it can be hidden from the list of recent changes.

More info: Bots

Not everything that's true is also verifiable
One of the most important criteria for inclusion of articles in Wikipedia is verifiability. Wikipedia is not a place to publish original research; we regurgitate, summarize and structure knowledge that has already been published in many forms. A fun fact from your personal family history may be interesting, but is it verifiable by anyone without excessive amounts of research? This also touches the realm of auto-biography. As a general rule, we propose that you do not create articles about yourself, but you may contribute to them if they are created by others and have passed our criteria for inclusion. Even if an article is verifiable and not auto-biographic, many people feel that it should not be included if it is not informative; that is, if it contains only information that is blatantly obvious to even the least informed reader.

More info: Verifiability

Editing in style
Wikipedia articles are formatted according to the Manual of Style, which sets some standards for link formatting (list external links in their own section at the bottom of an article), capitalization (do not capitalize all words in section headings), punctuation (remember the serial comma), sections (an informative lead section is important), and other minute stylistic details. There are separate guidelines for biographies, citations, titles, dates and numbers, and proper names. The naming conventions set standards for titling articles — perhaps most important: do not capitalize all words and use singular wherever possible. You don't have to remember all these rules and recommendations, but please do not be alarmed if others edit your writing accordingly.

More info: Manual of Style

User contributions
If you click on a user's name, you can view their user page. If the user exists, there should be a "User contributions" link in the sidebar. This link will show you all the edits that user has ever made, up to 500 per page. Edits with a "top" link are the most recent ones to that particular article. If you click the link you will see exactly which changes the user has made. This is useful for tracking vandalism in progress. The "hist" link will show the history of the page. You have your own contributions list, which is particularly useful for tracking your conversations on talk pages. If you are logged in, you can access the list from the "My contributions" link in the sidebar.

Current events in the world around us
The page current events is used to describe world-wide events of note, not just in politics, but also in science, culture, technology, sports, entertainment and many other areas. If you want to contribute an event of significance, please remember to always cite a reputable source that documents it, as Wikipedia is not a place to publish original research. The information in question should also be added to any relevant articles. Events are generally described in the present tense. If there is a sufficiently developed Wikipedia article about the event, you may also want to feature it on the Main Page.

More info: Current events

Meet the Wikimedia family
Wikipedia is one of several projects organized under the Wikimedia non-profit foundation. There is also Wikibooks, an attempt to collaboratively write and collect textbooks, how-tos and manuals. If you feel the urge to define words rather than explain them, you may want to take a look at Wiktionary, which defines words from many languages in English. While Wikipedia is not a place to post source materials, Wikisource is a repository for free text documents. Last but not least, Wikiquote is a collection of quotes organized in many categories. You can promote development of all these projects by donating money to the Wikimedia foundation.

More info: Wikipedia

MediaWiki, an open source wiki engine
Wikipedia runs on the basis of a custom-tailored software called MediaWiki. Like the Wikipedia content, the MediaWiki source code is copyleft, meaning that it can be freely copied and modified if changes are also made available under these terms. Download MediaWiki to run your own wiki and join the many others who already do, and help us in improving the software by becoming a MediaWiki hacker. You can also submit feature requests, but please check for duplicates first, and take a look the experimental wiki to make sure the developers aren't already ahead of you!

More info: MediaWiki

Creating aliases with redirects
Many articles can appear under multiple titles. For example, Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom also appears under the titles Elizabeth II, Queen Elizabeth II, Elizabeth II of England, and even Queen of Australia. This is done using so-called redirects. Any page that contains only the content <tt>#REDIRECT [ [target page]]</tt> (and nothing else) is treated as a redirect, and if you click on such a page, you are automatically put on <tt>[ [ target page]]</tt>. Do not create redirects when you want to rename a page, because then the history of the page resides at the old title. Use the page move feature instead, which also moves the history.

More info: Redirect

Being nice and neutral
While Wikipedia might look like pure anarchy, we actually have quite a few policies and guidelines. Central among them is Neutral point of view, which most of all dictates that controversial views must be attributed. If you want to see what this means in practice, take a look at the NPOV tutorial. Another policy we value highly is Wikiquette - you don't have to be nice to everyone, all of the time, but we appreciate it if you try. Repeated personal attacks have even resulted in bans, but we try to resolve disputes before we resort to such measures.

More info: Policies and guidelines

Wikipedia in other languages
There are Wikipedias in every world language. They reside at <tt>language_prefix.wikipedia.org</tt>, e.g. <tt>de.wikipedia.org</tt> for German and <tt>en.wikipedia.org</tt> for English. You can link an article to a translation in another language by adding the text <tt> [ [language_prefix:Article title]]</tt>; this interlanguage link will be shown at the top and bottom of the page. Wikis for languages with few Internet-connected speakers like Nepali or Yoruba  are still in their infant state. If you want to create a new language in Wikipedia, pick it from the complete list of language wikis available and start working!

More info: Multilingual coordination

Copyrights? Copyleft!
Wikipedia articles can be copied and modified by anyone, but there's a catch: All modifications have to be made available under the same conditions, and credit has to be given to the original authors. These are the key terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, under which our article text is licensed. There are various mirrors and forks which use our content, and you can download our entire database to become one of them. But please only add content which you have created, or which you have been permitted to use under our terms. Everything is copyrighted by default, even if it does not have a notice to that effect!

More info: Copyrights

Analyzing Wikipedia
You might think that a project which has created more than 500,000 articles in 50 languages in just a little over three years hasn't had much time for reflection, but you'd be wrong. In fact, there is an entire wiki devoted to that purpose, the Meta-Wikipedia, and if you prefer hard data, pay a visit to Erik Zachte's collection of Wikistats -- whether you want to find out the names of the most active Wikipedians of the past or present, the average article length on the Vietnamese Wikipedia (3,784 bytes), or the language with the most edits per article (it's not English), you'll be amazed what a single Perl script can do with our database dumps.

Becoming a gardener
Any user can become an administrator (AKA "sysop"). Admins have no special rights over the content of Wikipedia, they are like community gardeners. An admin can delete pages (in accordance with Deletion policy), protect them (in accordance with Protection policy), and block vandals (see Vandalism in progress). All of these actions can be undone by any sysop. If you have been active on Wikipedia for some time (three months is a good guideline), apply for adminship today if you want to help with the housekeeping.

More info: Administrators

What's the difference?
<BR> Select... ...and compare!

In the page history for any page, just click two checkboxes to select the revisions which you want to compare (this only works if JavaScript is enabled). You should be presented with a screen which shows you which words have been removed and which ones have been added (affected words are highlighted in red). You can always revert to an earlier revision by selecting it from the history, editing and saving it.

More info: Page history

Shared visions
Wikipedia always needs free images! If you have a collection of photos which you have shot yourself, please look through it and see if there are articles which might benefit from one of them. If you own a camera, look for targets in your area. Maybe there is a picture request which you could fulfill? If you are an artist or a photographer, consider joining the WikiProject Illustration to collaborate with others. Please upload any public domain images of interest - see Public domain resources and related - but let's try to keep fair use at a minimum.

More info: Image use policy

Same titles, different meanings
To distinguish between pages that would otherwise have the exact same title, disambiguation is needed. Unless one meaning clearly dominates, the article should be replaced with a disambiguation page, e.g. Pan, which links to the different meanings with a qualifier in parentheses, e.g. Pan (mythology) vs. Pan (moon), or using a more specific natural name, e.g. cooking pan. If there is one dominant meaning, (cat), add a link to a disambiguation page - cat (disambiguation) - or to the secondary meaning if there is only one, on top of the article.

More info: Disambiguation

Finding and summarizing knowledge
Wikipedia is not Google Answers, but if you have a general question -- why is the sky blue? -- and you cannot find a Wikipedia article which answers it, you can ask it on Reference desk. If it turns out that no article on the subject exists, you can request one to be written at Requested articles. And for good karma, you could write a summary of an important document: Requests for summaries has links to online reports and studies of various kinds.

More info: Utilities

Interwiki and interlanguage links
You know normal links -- they look <tt> [ [like this]]</tt>. But did you know that you can easily link to pages on any other wiki? This is called InterWiki linking. You can link to a page on MeatballWiki by typing <tt> [ [MeatBall:PageName]]</tt>, for example. See a list of these wikis. An exception to this method are pages on Wikipedias in other languages. You can link to these by typing, for example, <tt> [ [:de:Hauptseite]]</tt> (replace "de" with language prefix). The colon at the beginning prevents the link from becoming an interlanguage link, which is shown in the "Other languages" line of every page.

More info: InterWiki

Special pages
There are a few so-called "special pages". Most of them show the properties of and the relationships between articles. Special:Newpages gives you a list of all recently created articles, which is useful to spot newbie experiments. Special:Ancientpages is the exact opposite -- it lists the oldest pages in the wiki. Many of them need work. Some of the special pages are only generated intermittently for performance reasons. Two useful ones are Most wanted stubs and Most wanted articles.

Mailing lists
Can't get enough of Wikipedia? Then join our mailing lists! A mailing list is a shared address for a list of recipients. Anyone subscribed to the list can send e-mail to that address and thereby reach all other subscribers. This is a convenient way to discuss complex issues with multiple people. There is a WikiEN-l list which is used for discussing policies and current issues related to the English Wikipedia, and there's Wikipedia-l for language-independent discussions. If you want to help developing MediaWiki, join Wikitech-l and share your ideas.

More info: Mailing lists

Tricks with pipes
A pipe (|) at the end of the link to a page in a non-article namespace will hide the namespace prefix ("Talk:", "Wikipedia:" etc.) from the visible link. Example: <tt>[ [Wikipedia:About|]]</tt> is converted to <tt>[  [Wikipedia:About|About]]</tt>, which is shown as About. This is known as the "pipe trick". There is another pipe trick that is useful for disambiguation: <tt>[ [Lord of the Rings (movie)|]]</tt> becomes <tt>[  [Lord of the Rings (movie)|Lord of the Rings]]</tt>, which is shown as Lord of the Rings (the part in parentheses is hidden).

More info: How to edit a page

RC on steroids
Have you tried the option "Enhanced recent changes" in your user preferences already? It requires a modern browser to work and is disabled by default. Unlike the normal "recent changes" page, this one summarizes edits to the same page and lets you dynamically expand and collapse the list items. For multiple edits to the same page, it also provides a single "changes" link which will show you a view of the differences between these combined edits and the last non-recent revision.

Using your watchlist
If you are logged in, you can make use of the watchlist to keep track of changes to the articles you work on. You can add an article to your watchlist by clicking "Watch this page" when viewing it, or marking the "Watch this page" checkbox when editing it. There is an option to watch all your edits by default in the user preferences. Once you have set up your list, click the "My watchlist" link to show changes to the articles on it.

More info: Watchlist help

Best of Wikipedia
Have you ever seen a Wikipedia article and thought to yourself: "This is really well written, and as far as I can tell, 100% correct"? Have you ever wondered whether there is a way to solicit feedback on an article you have worked on very hard, and which you think meets the highest standards we can hope for? Then you should take a look at Featured article candidates. Articles which meet general community approval are listed on Featured articles, and one of them is presented on the Main Page every day.

More info: Featured article candidates

Playing with pictures
To embed an image into a page, type <tt></tt> where you want the picture. You can add various options separated with a "|" after the image name. For example, <tt></tt> will automatically generate a right-aligned thumbnail of the image with a width of 180 pixels and the caption "A caption", and <tt></tt> will produce a left-aligned full size version.

More info: Extended image syntax

Changes in real-time
When you click the recent changes link, you get a protocol of recent modifications to wiki pages. One neat feature of that page is the "Show new changes starting from" link. If you keep a browser tab open on the Recent Changes page, you can use it to regularly fetch a list of changes that you haven't seen yet. If you are into IRC, join the channel <tt>#enrc.wikipedia</tt> on <tt>irc.freenode.net</tt> to get a list of recent changes in realtime.

More info: Recent Changes, IRC channels

Section editing
If you have created an account, you may notice little "[edit]" links on some pages. An [edit] link is shown for every heading on a page. You can create a level 2 heading by typing ==Headline==, a level 3 heading by typing ===Headline===, and so on. The [edit] link lets you edit only the text that is below this heading and above the next one. This is especially useful for long talk pages. If you don't like the [edit] links, you can turn them off in your preferences. If you use a modern browser, you can also enable the option "Enable section editing by right clicking on section titles" instead of, or in addition to, "Enable section editing via [edit] links".

More info: Section

Table of contents
Any article with more than three headings automatically gets a table of contents. The TOC is placed above the first section heading. All text above the first section heading is commonly referred to as the introduction. The introduction should not exceed one or two paragraphs in length and should summarize the article's key points.

If you do not like the TOC placement in an article, just add another section heading right after the intro. A common title for the first section is "Overview". If you do not want a TOC on a particular page, add the text __NO TOC__ anywhere on the page; if you, personally, do not like the TOC feature, you can disable it in your user preferences.

More info: Section

Talking to Wikipedians
Besides the Village pump and article-related talk pages, there are other ways to talk to Wikipedians. Have you tried sending an instant message to a Wikipedian? The English IRC channel is also quite busy, regularly reaching 60 to 70 people. If you care about our policies and general Wikimedia-related matters, you may want to consider subscribing to one of the mailing lists (high traffic!).

More info: Contact us

Watching for changes
Clicking the "Recent changes" link at the top of every page will give you a list of all edits in the last few minutes. If you just want to watch for changes to articles you have edited, use your watchlist. You can add articles to it by clicking "Watch this page" on any article (the talk page will be auto-watched, too). You can click "Related changes" on any page to see changes made to the pages linked from the one you are viewing. And finally, you can click the "My contributions" link to view a log of your edits; if yours is no longer the edit marked with "top", then someone else has edited the page.

More info: Watchlist help, Recent Changes, User contributions

User pages
Any registered user on Wikipedia can create a page about themselves. To create an account, all you have to do is click on the "Log in" link, enter a username, a password (twice), and click on "Create an account". While you are logged in, your name appears in the upper right corner of the screen; click on the name and then click "Edit this page" to edit your user page. Tell us about yourself and your motivation to participate in this project. Other users can leave comments on your talk page. For experiments and personal projects, you can also create subpages on your user page.

More info: User page

Signing comments
When you are discussing something on a Talk page, you can sign your comment by adding three tildes at the end. After you save the page, this will be converted to your username. If you write four tildes instead of three (~), a timestamp (date and time) will also be added at the end. We recommend that you always sign your posts on talk pages, to avoid confusion with other people's comments. This method of signing can also be used to vote in polls. Note that you have to be logged in to sign with a username.

More info: Talk page

Namespaces
Pages on Wikipedia can have the same names, but different namespaces. A namespace is a prefix in front of the name. A name with no prefix is in the (default) article namespace. Pages in that namespace have a white background. All other pages have a yellowish background and are "community pages". For instance, the "Talk:" prefix is for pages discussing articles; the "Wikipedia:" prefix is for pages about Wikipedia's policies, FAQs, etc.

More info: Namespaces

Page history
In order to compare the differences between two revisions of an article, click "Page history" on the article page, then select two checkboxes to mark the revisions which you want to compare. Alternatively, click the "cur" link to see the differences between a revision and the current (most up-to-date) revision, or the "last" link to see the differences between a revision and the previous one.

More information: Page history

title: Wikipedia:Tip of the day/2004 archive


text:
Talk:Main Page/Archive 12

Crown copyright
If any image is protected under crown copyright, is it fair use? If not, I'll have to retract my "new" Expo 67 images. -- user:zanimum

 * The rules for CC are fairly complicated - see the guidance on the HMSO website at http://www.hmso.gov.uk/copyright/licences/click-use-home.htm . -- ChrisO 23:40, 12 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Page history checkmarks
When I go into a page history, there's check boxes. What are they for? Is there a page explaining them, because I can't find it. -- user:zanimum

Don't feel so bad - it took me a good 3-5 minutes to figure it out. I was even thinking about posting to the pump. Anyway, check any two boxes, and it'll show you the difference beteween the 2 versions you select. →Raul654 14:32, Feb 6, 2004 (UTC)

Pages Needing Attention?
I don't know if this has been brought up in the past, but it seems to me it would be a good idea to list articles on the main page that need some work--granted, the main page is a user's first look at Wikipedia and these articles will look ugly initially, but I think putting articles needing work on the main page would be an excellent way to improve articles that have been overlooked. After the article has been improved significantly, it could then be removed from both the Wikipedia Main Page and the PNA page. Just a thought :) Sarge Baldy 21:35, Feb 6, 2004 (UTC)

 * Disagree. As you said, "the main page is a user's first look at Wikipedia and these articles will look ugly". —Noldoaran (Talk) 04:42, Feb 14, 2004 (UTC)

Short Sunderland
Short Sunderland is listed on this page as a featured article, but is not, in fact a featured article. A cursory look at the article looked very good, but I think we should refrain from putting non-featured articles in the featured article list. Unless someone objects, I intend to remove it shortly. →Raul654 23:57, Feb 6, 2004 (UTC)
 * You're right, Raul--I'm sure Arwel just forgot. Please do make the change. :) Jwrosenzweig 00:05, 7 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * OK, sorry -- it is a good one, though! :) Arwel 00:07, 7 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * I removed it from the main page, but nominated it on the Featured article candidates. →Raul654 00:15, Feb 7, 2004 (UTC)
 * Why not just add it in as a new article? Sarge Baldy 00:24, Feb 7, 2004 (UTC)
 * That's a good idea. →Raul654 00:27, Feb 7, 2004 (UTC)
 * The aviation guys are in the process of installing their new taxobox on all the plane articles, and don't seem to be too particular about leaving the articles in a sane state (I think they're inserting the taxobox in all, and then planning to return to format it properly later). There's a danger they'll do so for this article, and leave it looking like AH-64 Apache does now. I don't think that would be ideal for anything linked from the main page. -- Finlay McWalter |  Talk 00:40, 7 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * I just made the same mistake myself earlier... I wasn't aware brilliant prose was now featured articles and that was where everything in that category was was dug up from :) Sarge Baldy 00:31, Feb 7, 2004 (UTC)
 * It's easily done -- I have a suspicion that I missed a number of new policies when I broke my leg a couple of weeks ago and spent a week in hospital, so I've not been paying too much attention to Wikipedia lately! -- Arwel 12:29, 7 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Wikicivics and Meta-page directory
I've always found the list of options under "Community" a little dizzying, not to mention it doesn't always have what I expect or what I'm looking for. We have so many Meta articles, that I thought they deserved some hierachization. I'd like to stick them on the Main Page in some prominent way, assuming others agree they're useful, but I don't know anything about layout. So far, here are the pages I've created:
 * Community Information
 * WikiCivics
 * Style and How-to
 * The Policy Library

which are part of the Metadirectory project I've started.168...|...Talk

Would someone delete links to Wikicivics and Meta-page directory. Though I don't know if they are useful or not, having those links at the main page is cluttering and redundant. Thanks. -- Taku 01:54, Feb 8, 2004 (UTC)

I agree with Taku. These links do not belong on the main page, at least not where they are currently placed, or with their present names and content. I think we have insufficient agreement on the value of these pages - 168 seems to have protected them all, and the protection is debated. The meaning of the titles "Wikicivics" and "Meta-page directory" is not sufficiently clear to someone visiting the main page. For example, Meta-page directory is confusing, since it should normally refer to the Meta-Wikipedia site, not the Wikipedia: namespace. While I appreciate 168's interest in improving the organization of the Wikipedia: namespace, it's a project that requires more input. --Michael Snow 04:20, 8 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Wikicivics needs to be accessible via the main page. In what way is it redundant? Kingturtle 04:37, 8 Feb 2004 (UTC)

I agree with Michael - at the moment, those pages do not belong on the main page. Once there is general agreement on their content, we should reconsider the issue. →Raul654 06:52, Feb 8, 2004 (UTC)

'accurate free' encyclopedia
re: "Wikipedia is a multilingual project to create a complete and accurate free content encyclopedia."

I got this from a Slashdot comment and I think it is a good point. Perhaps we should swap complete and accurate so as to prevent subconscious misunderstandings. And looking at the archive perhaps we could change complete to comprehensive given the fact any encyclopedia can never be complete since the world is always changing.

So either:

"Wikipedia is a multilingual project to create an accurate and complete free content encyclopedia." or

"Wikipedia is a multilingual project to create an accurate and comprehensive free content encyclopedia." : ChrisG

 * Just to nitpick, I would go with: "Wikipedia is a multilingual project to create an accurate and comprehensive, free-content encyclopedia." →Raul654 11:42, Feb 8, 2004 (UTC)

Thats a lot better getting rid of any potential misunderstandings. :ChrisG

 * I never did like "complete" - it seems a bit pretentious and arrogant. Ok, so we're agreed that the top should read:
 * Wikipedia is a multilingual project to create an accurate and comprehensive, free-content encyclopedia.
 * Basically, the differeneces between that and what we have now

 * complete -> accurate
 * accurate -> comprehensive,
 * free content -> free-content

Does anyone object to that change? →Raul654 12:03, Feb 8, 2004 (UTC)
 * I don't, I think it's a very nice clarification. Sarge Baldy 12:12, Feb 8, 2004 (UTC)

 * No objection to the improved language, but to nitpick further, the comma does not belong. It interrupts the flow of the sentence and is not required grammatically. The hyphen was an improvement, in my opinion. --Michael Snow 17:28, 8 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * I don't like the comma either, it feels grammatically incorrect although maybe it isn't. Anyone else have an opinion one way or the other? Sarge Baldy 23:47, Feb 8, 2004 (UTC)

 * Upon reflection I think the comma should go. We needed the comma to seperate accurate and free to establish some distance, but since we have changed the order and changed free content to free-content we don't need the comma anymore. :ChrisG 01:50, 10 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * That's enough for me :P If someone wants to contest the removal of it later feel free. Sarge Baldy 02:03, Feb 10, 2004 (UTC)

 * I agree, although I think it's kinda funny to sit around and debate whether or not to use a comma ;) →Raul654 02:04, Feb 10, 2004 (UTC)

 * I like the new language, but there should be either the comma or the hyphen, not both. —Noldoaran (Talk) 04:39, Feb 14, 2004 (UTC)

New article not so new?
How is Compile time a new article? The edit history goes back to March 2003! Kosebamse 14:10, 8 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * Oh dear. That edit history did not exist as of a couple hours ago. I think someone restored some deleted edits. Ok, I'll removed it from the main page. →Raul654 14:52, Feb 8, 2004 (UTC)

Hi, I came here just now from wiki.jp. Today is the day Ehimemaru sank, 2001. If you have a faith or not, give your one minutes for the dead clews. KIZU 08:13, 9 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Featured atricles
Please remember only to add articles listed on Featured articles Bmills 12:32, 12 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Recent Deaths / Proposed Rearrangement
There has been a discussion about Recent Deaths and the negative impression it gives on the first page the people see. What about a People in the news section? This would of course include recent deaths (perhaps with a † sign), but also other stuff like death anniversaries (Immanuel Kant comes to my mind). A better title for this section could surely be found (I'm not a native english speaker). -- Stw 17:47, 12 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * Disagree. There's a reason that newspapers include the obits every day. It may not be a bright and happy one, but it's appreciated to know who has passed on. →Raul654 17:52, Feb 12, 2004 (UTC)

 * People in the news usually show up in the general In the news category. I prefer having separate categories for deaths and anniversaries, because they may be noteworthy but they're less important in affecting current events (usually: for example, if they both died today, Tony Blair might belong in In the news, but Margaret Thatcher would have to go in Recent deaths).

 * As an alternative, I suggest that we rearrange the order in which categories appear, so that Recent deaths is not so prominently placed. My suggested order:
 * In the news
 * Featured articles
 * New articles
 * Recent deaths
 * Anniversaries
 * This not only reduces the emphasis on the morbid, but does more to *feature* the featured articles. --Michael Snow 22:43, 12 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * I agree with Michael Snow. Unless someone objects, I think this should be implimented soon. →Raul654 23:13, Feb 12, 2004 (UTC)
 * That would be fine by me. -- Infrogmation 23:18, 12 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * I object. I think it is fine the way it is. Kingturtle 23:18, 12 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * I think it is OK how it is, but the proposed order is better. Why do you object KingTurtle? --HappyDog 18:39, 14 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * The reason "Recent deaths" is there in the first place is the same reason "In the news" is there. We want the Main Page to feature items people are looking for. Therefore, they are listed 1 and 2. Obituaries are not morbid; they are celebrations. Kingturtle 18:55, 16 Feb 2004 (UTC) P.S. Death anniversaries are covered in Anniversaries.
 * Many people find the presence of obituaries morbid, even though I agree the content is usually not. That's a reason to move Recent deaths down in the order, not to remove it. Also, the Main Page does not exist solely to feature items people are looking for. It should also offer items that can trigger people's interest, even if they didn't come here looking for them. I think both functions are equally valuable. --Michael Snow 22:37, 16 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Anniversary
Day after tomorrow (February 14th) marks 200 years from the First Serbian Uprising. I think that this anniversary is important enough for the main page. Nikola 19:31, 12 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Hi, i think Manchuguo on the Anniversary column was now an off-topic. It was established in Feb. 18. KIZU
 * Anniversaries listed get bumped further down the list each day with more current items. An item can linger a few days because it hasn't yet been completely bumped off yet.Kingturtle 03:55, 19 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Persian
May us get a link to the Persian Wikipedia as "فارسی (Farsi) -"? Roozbeh 17:05, 13 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Done. -- Arwel 20:24, 13 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Search engine
Can we retain a link to the google search on the search engine page?

Recent deaths: Kuklinski
I just expanded the article on Ryszard Kuklinski, a cold-war masterspy who died Feb 11. I think he deserves a mention on the front page right after Zelimkhan Yandarbiyev and before Claude Ryan. Bartosz 21:08, 14 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * Done. →Raul654 21:22, Feb 14, 2004 (UTC)

Problems
Was there a problem this morning - for some reason when I accessed Wikipedia, the front page appeared in Russian, and it was not possible to do any searches. Maybe something to do with the new servers, or was there some other problem? David Martland 11:12, 15 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Kim Jong Il
May I add Kim Jong Il to the anniversary section? It's quite an important holiday in the DPRK. See, e.g., 1, 2, 3, and 4. Although I'm an admin, I don't know the procedure for editing the main page, and wanted to check before I made any changes on my own. 172 09:06, 17 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * should include some text on how the day is celebrated. --Jiang

 * Is his birthday February 16 (as the news stories say) or February 15 (as our article says)? Kingturtle 09:16, 17 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * P.S. I placed the article on the main page. please feel free to do so in the future. Kingturtle 09:31, 17 Feb 2004 (UTC)

link clutter
In the news, Recent deaths, New articles, Featured articles... it is becoming quite a clutter. we need a redesign. At the least an image for each of these sections... like a newspaper for In the news... etc. --Hemanshu 15:18, 17 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Main Page/Test --Jiang

 * That is much more comprehensive and detailed. Do we have enough admins to maintain that and keep it current?  dave 17:14, Feb 18, 2004 (UTC)

In case someone argues that Howard Dean stepping is not big news, I think it is simply because he was originally the front runner before the real voting ever started. I was contemplating putting up European Union or something like that, after this recent big-3 meeting. Anyone agree? dave 18:43, Feb 18, 2004 (UTC)

Main Page/Test will go live shortly, I hope. Martin 18:55, 21 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Blast!
Jiang - I saw "Jeffery Skilling" in your edit summary for the main page, and I thought "Yes! They finally nailed that bastard!", only to find out it's a new article instead of "In the news" →Raul654 05:22, Feb 20, 2004 (UTC)
 * Which brings up an interesting dilemma. Where should Jeffrey Skilling go? IMHO, it should be listed under current events, because that is where people might look to find it. Kingturtle 05:31, 20 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * OK to have it on the New articles line for a day. Then put it on the In the news line. --mav 10:13, 20 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Yay! I have had two articles on the main page now... Jeffrey Skilling and William S. Rosecrans... and yeah, it belongs in "In the News" (frankly, it's not one of my better articles...) ugen64 00:13, Feb 21, 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Main Page/Archive 12


text:
Pitzer College

Pitzer College is a private liberal arts college in Claremont, California. One of the Claremont Colleges, the college has a curricular emphasis on the social sciences, behavioral sciences, international programs, and media studies. Pitzer is known for its social justice culture and experimental pedagogical approach.

History
Pitzer was founded in 1963 as a women's college by Russell K. Pitzer (1878–1978), a California citrus magnate, philanthropist, and Pomona College alumnus. In April 1963, John W. Atherton, the dean of faculty and a professor of English at Claremont Men's College (now Claremont McKenna College) was hired as Pitzer's first president, and over the next seventeen months he recruited students, faculty, and trustees and constructed Scott and Sanborn Halls just in time for the fall 1964 semester. During the College's first year, students and faculty created the curriculum and the school's system of governance. The College graduated its first class of students in 1965 and became co-educational in the fall of 1970. The first academic term in the fall of 1964 began with eleven professors and 153 students from sixteen states and five countries. Pitzer's sixth president, Melvin L. Oliver, is the first African American to lead any of the five Claremont Colleges.

Presidents

 * John W. Atherton (1963–1970)
 * Robert H. Atwell (1970–1978)
 * Frank L. Ellsworth (1979–1991)
 * Marilyn Chapin Massey (1992–2002)
 * Laura Skandera Trombley (2002–2015)
 * Thomas Poon (2015–2016)
 * Melvin L. Oliver (2016–2022)
 * Jill A. Klein (2022–2023)
 * Strom C. Thacker (2023–present)

Campus
Pitzer's campus is in Claremont, California, covering an area of approximately 35 acre. The campus is located approximately 10 mi west of LA/Ontario International Airport and Los Angeles can be accessed via Metrolink. Access to campus is also provided via Interstate 10 and Interstate 210. The campus comprises sixteen buildings, including five residence halls. West and East Halls earned Platinum LEED certification when they opened 2012.

The Pitzer College campus occupies the northeast corner of the Claremont Colleges property, which contains seven institutions of higher education coordinated through the Claremont University Consortium. The Claremont Colleges comprise Pomona College (founded in 1887), Claremont Graduate University (1925), Scripps College (1926), Claremont McKenna College (1946), Harvey Mudd College (1955), Pitzer College (1963), and Keck Graduate Institute of Applied Life Sciences (1997). At present, the campus is split approximately in half by Pitzer Road. Harvey Mudd College is adjacent to Pitzer's north, Scripps to the west, and Claremont McKenna to the south.

Contemporary architecture characterizes the majority of Pitzer's buildings, several of which were designed by Gwathmey-Siegel following major donations from Eli Broad, a board member emeritus and former chair of the Pitzer College Board of Trustees. A notable exception is the Grove House, a California bungalow built in 1902 for a local citrus grower during the height of the Arts and Crafts movement. The building, a popular campus hangout to this day, was purchased for $1.00 and moved to Pitzer in 1977 under the direction of Professor emeritus Barry Sanders. The Grove House is home to a cafe, the Women's Center, the Hinshaw Gallery and the EcoCenter.

Most landscaping on the campus follows principles of xeriscaping. Several varieties of citrus and other fruit are grown throughout campus and an organic community garden, dedicated grove and chicken coop are located north of Mead Hall. The 10-acre John R. Rodman Arboretum, an attempt to save surviving native chaparral vegetation from demolition, was founded in 1984. It contains 16 themed gardens with drought-tolerant, native landscaping.

The campus also includes auditoriums, sports courts, and science buildings.

Located directly northwest of the main campus, the Robert J. Bernard Biological Field Station, a resource of The Claremont Colleges, is an 86 acre nature preserve consisting of coastal sage scrub.

The Outback Preserve, located in the northeast section of campus, occupies just over three acres of the John Rodman Arboretum. The preserve is home to one of the rarest ecosystems in the world: Alluvial Sage Scrub. Undergoing ecological restoration as part of the Outback Restoration Project, the preserve is a living-learning laboratory. The project seeks to restore the Outback Preserve to a more intact alluvial sage scrub ecosystem, removing invasive plants and ensuring the success of native species. Each semester there are a small number of courses utilizing the Outback Preserve. Courses are open to all students at the Claremont Colleges.

Pitzer owns and operates a 145 acre field station on secondary growth rainforest, the Firestone Center for Restoration Ecology. The facility is located approximately two kilometers east of Playa Dominical, Costa Rica. The property borders the Hacienda Barú nature reserve. The center is home to programs in Pitzer's science, language and international studies curricula.

Rankings
The U.S. News & World Report College and University rankings 2022-2023 edition ranks Pitzer College as the 33rd best national liberal arts college overall, and tied for 108th in "Top Performers on Social Mobility" out of 216 evaluated liberal arts colleges. In 2015, Pitzer was recognized nationally as the 8th most selective liberal arts college; 20th most selective among all college and universities; 44th in best freshmen retention rate; and 55th for highest proportion of classes with fewer than 20 students.

In Forbes' 2019 college rankings, Pitzer was named 54th best among the 650 top-ranked colleges, universities and service academies in the U.S. In addition, Pitzer was named the 44th best private college, the 22nd best liberal arts college, and the 11th best college in the West.

Academics
As a member of the Claremont College Consortium, Pitzer students have access to nearly all facilities available to students enrolled at the other colleges, in addition to all facilities administered by the Claremont College Consortium. Any student attending Pitzer can enroll in classes at the other four colleges, and can complete an off-campus major if the major is not offered by Pitzer.

Pitzer offers 41 majors and 22 minors, many of them cross-disciplinary, and each student is assigned a faculty advisor upon their arrival on campus. The college expects students to take an active part in planning their course of study and has few distribution requirements. The most popular majors, based on 2021 graduates. were:
 * Research and Experimental Psychology (22)
 * Environmental Science (20)
 * Organizational Behavior Studies (18)
 * Political Science and Government, General (18)
 * Economics (17)

The student/faculty ratio is 10:1, and 100% of Pitzer's tenure-track faculty hold a Ph.D. or the terminal degree in their field.

The college operates 58 study abroad programs, including 41 international exchanges and 6 domestic exchanges. Pitzer College also operates its own study abroad programs in Brazil, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Italy, Nepal, Tanzania/South Africa/Zimbabwe, and Vietnam.

Pitzer has ranked as a top producer of Fulbright US Student Program awardees for 13 consecutive years thus far and is one of the nine baccalaureate institutes who have been top producers of Fulbright US students every year for at least the past decade. From 2010 to 2015, The Chronicle of Higher Education listed Pitzer first in Fulbright Fellowships among all undergraduate institutions nationwide. In 11 of the 12 years from 2003 until 2015, Pitzer alumni received more Fulbright Fellowships per capita than alumni from any other college or university in the nation.

Admission
Nearly two decades after becoming the first college on the West Coast to adopt an SAT-optional admission policy, Pitzer College switched to a test-free admission policy for at least three years, beginning with the admission cycle for fall 2022. Admission to Pitzer College is rated as "most selective" by U.S. News & World Report. For the Class of 2027, Pitzer College accepted 15.9% of applicants (enrolling fall 2023) with an average high school GPA of 4.07. Of the 32% of enrolled freshmen submitting SAT scores, the middle 50% range was 1370–1460 for the composite score, 668–730 for evidence-based reading and writing, and 680–750 for math, while of the 28% of enrolled freshmen submitting ACT results, the middle 50% range for the composite score was 30–33.

Student body
Pitzer College enrolls approximately 1000 students, making it the third largest of the five undergraduate Claremont Colleges (Claremont McKenna and Pomona have larger student bodies, while Harvey Mudd and Scripps are smaller). Pitzer College ranks 25th nationwide among all Baccalaureate Colleges for percentage of its students who study abroad, and Pitzer has the highest rate of study abroad among the Claremont Colleges. Students of color constitute over 49.6% of the total student body and Pitzer enrolls 10% international students, the third largest among the Claremont Consortium behind Pomona College (12%) and Claremont Mckenna College (16%).

Community involvement
The Pitzer College community is known for its involvement outside of the classroom. Its students, faculty, and staff donate over 100,000 hours to community service annually. The College has been named to the President's Higher Education Community Service Honor Roll seven times.

Much of Pitzer's community engagement occurs in the Community Engagement Center (CEC). The CEC runs the Pitzer in Ontario Program, a comprehensive semester-long service learning and cultural immersion program with a strong theoretical foundation in the human sciences informed by the best practices in the field of experiential education. The program integrates extensive internship experiences in city, private or non-profit organizations with interdisciplinary coursework that provides the theoretical framework from which social and urban issues can be evaluated.

At the Campus Compact 20/20 Visioning Summit on October 17, 2006, the Corporation for National and Community Service recognized Pitzer as one of 28 California campuses distinguished for community service and Hurricane Katrina relief efforts. Pitzer College received Mother Jones Magazine 2006 Campus Activism for Thinking Outside of the Box.

Pitzer College students including former Speaker of the California State Assembly Fabian Nunez '97 helped in founding the Pomona Economic Opportunity Center. Through the Community Engagement Center, dozens of Pitzer students volunteer each semester with programs at Camp Afflerbaugh and California Youth Authority Chino.

Events and traditions
Kohoutek Music and Arts Festival began in 1974 and is a student-run multi-day outdoor music and arts festival held each spring on the Pitzer campus. The event, which is free and open to all Claremont Colleges community members, is named after Comet Kohoutek. The festival generally includes student vendors, fire performances, a farmers market, and other activities.

Orientation Adventure is the pre-Welcome Week program for incoming students. Usually, students go on an outdoor adventure trip.

Murals on the interiors and exteriors of campus buildings provide unique visual atmosphere to Pitzer college.

Snackie Snack is a free late-night snack served by the Pitzer Activities (PAct) Programming Board. During exam periods, Snackie Snack is served by the president and members of the cabinet.

Reggae Fest began in 2003 as a fall concert event. The festival runs over the course of a single day and features professional bands, free food, and beverages. In 2016, the Pitzer College Student Senate suspended funding for the event amid concerns that it was culturally appropriative and disrespectful toward Jamaican culture.

Club and intramural sports
The school also has many options for intramural sports.

Gold Student Health and Wellness Center
Originally opened in 1995, the Gold Student Health and Wellness Center was renovated and reopened in 2014.

Residential Life Project
The Residential Life Project is expected to be completed in three phases over the next 10 to 15 years. Phase I, which included Sanborn, Pitzer, and Atherton Halls, was completed and inaugurated in September 2007 and received LEED Gold recognition from the United States Green Building Council in 2008. Robert Redford and Ed Begley, Jr. were the keynote speakers at the dedication ceremony of the Residential Life Project. Phase II, which incorporates four new residence halls, a demonstration kitchen, an archive, a board room and program/faculty offices, was completed in 2012 and earned LEED platinum certification.

When Pitzer's Residential Life Project is complete, the College expects to become the first college in the nation to have all Gold or Platinum LEED certified residence halls.

Student clubs and organizations
Pitzer has more than 50 student clubs and organizations on campus, in addition to over 200 others within the Claremont Colleges consortium.

Athletics history
Pitzer College began competing with Pomona College in 1970, when it was seven years old. The interim arrangement became permanent two years later.

Cost and financial aid
For the 2015–16 academic year, tuition is $48,400, a double room is $8,770, the 16-per-week meal plan is $6,440. About thirty-seven percent of Pitzer students receive financial assistance in loans, work study, scholarships, and/or institutional grants. Pitzer utilizes the Federal FAFSA and the CSS Profile to determine financial need, and Pitzer has stated a commitment to meeting 100% of every student's demonstrated financial need. The average financial aid package at Pitzer is $40,250. Since 2004, the College has significantly reduced the average amount of indebtedness of its students to $19,422, well below the national average of more than $35,000.

Notable alumni

 * Anne Archer 1969, actress
 * Matthew Berkowitz, filmmaker
 * David Bloom 1985, news anchor
 * Max Brooks 1994, author and lecturer
 * Dennis Cooper, writer and performance artist
 * John Darnielle 1995, novelist and singer
 * Kevin de León 2003, president of the California State Senate
 * Eric Douglas, actor and comedian
 * Mablean Ephriam 1971, former prosecutor for the city of Los Angeles and actress
 * Eli Erlick 2016, transgender activist
 * Susan Feniger 1976, celebrity chef
 * Tom Freund 1993, singer-songwriter and musician
 * Amy Gerstler 1978, poet
 * Steven González 1985, Chief Justice of the Washington State Supreme Court
 * Jenniphr Goodman 1984, writer/director
 * Matthew Karatz 1994, deputy mayor of Los Angeles
 * John Landgraf 1984, FX Network president
 * J.Lately 2009, rapper
 * Dana Levin 1987, poet
 * Hunter Lovins, co-founder of Rocky Mountain Institute
 * Setha Low 1969, anthropologist
 * Jonah Matranga 1991, singer-songwriter
 * Sandra Mitchell 1973, professor and philosopher of science
 * Sharon Monsky 1975, founder of the Scleroderma Research Foundation
 * Dee Mosbacher, documentary filmmaker, gay rights activist, and psychiatrist
 * Debbie Mucarsel-Powell 1992, member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Florida's 26th congressional district
 * Matt Nathanson 1995, singer-songwriter and musician
 * Ashwin Navin 1998, CEO of Sambaa
 * Fabian Núñez, former Speaker of the California State Assembly
 * Susan Patron 1969, author
 * Sarah Penna 2006, entrepreneur
 * Nick Simmons 2011, reality television personality
 * Sophie Simmons reality television personality
 * Michael Simpson 1986, producer/composer
 * Rob Magnuson Smith 1991, author
 * Debra Wong Yang 1981, former United States Attorney

Notable faculty

 * Halford Fairchild, psychologist
 * Judith Grabiner, mathematician
 * David Moore, psychologist
 * Gregg Popovich, men's basketball coach
 * Dana Ward, political scientist
 * Phil Zuckerman, sociologist

title: Pitzer College


text:
Baron Hampton

Baron Hampton, of Hampton Lovett and of Westwood in the County of Worcester, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created in 1874 for the Conservative politician Sir John Pakington, 1st Baronet.

History
John Somerset Pakington (1799–1880) had previously represented Droitwich in the House of Commons, and had served as Secretary of State for War, and as First Lord of the Admiralty. He had been created a Baronet of Westwood Park in 1846. Born John Somerset Russell, he had assumed by royal licence the surname of Pakington in lieu in 1830, on inheriting the estates of his maternal uncle Sir John Pakington, 8th and last Baronet, of Ailesbury. He died aged 81.

The first Lord Hampton was succeeded in 1880 by his eldest son, John Slaney Pakington (1826–1893), the second Baron, then aged 53. Upon his death, aged 66 in 1893, the title passed to the second Baron's half-brother.

The third Baron was Herbert Perrott Murray Pakington (1848–1906), a half-brother to the second Baron, who succeeded to the title aged 45. Upon his death at 58 in 1906, the title passed to Herbert Stuart Pakington (1883–1962), the third Baron's second but eldest surviving son, then aged just 22. He served as Chief Commissioner of The Scout Association. Upon his death at 79, he was succeeded by 74-year-old Humphrey Arthur Pakington (1888–1974), the younger brother of the fourth Baron. Upon his death at 85, the title passed to 48-year-old Richard Humphrey Russell Pakington (1925–2003), the son of the fifth Baron. He sat as a Liberal member of the House of Lords, and was the party's Spokesman on Northern Ireland in the House of Lords from 1977 to 1987. On his death at 78 in 2003 his son succeeded him.

John Humphrey Arnott Pakington (b. 1964), son of the above, succeeded in 2003, aged 38.

As of December 2014, the current Lord Hampton had successfully proven his succession to the baronetcy and is therefore on the Official Roll of the Baronetage.

Pakington baronets (1846)

 * John Somerset Pakington, 1st Baronet (1799–1880) (created Baron Hampton in 1874)

Baron Hampton (1874)

 * John Somerset Pakington, 1st Baron Hampton (1799–1880)
 * John Slaney Pakington, 2nd Baron Hampton (1826–1893)
 * Herbert Perrott Murray Pakington, 3rd Baron Hampton (1848–1906)
 * Herbert Stuart Pakington, 4th Baron Hampton (1883–1962)
 * Humphrey Arthur Pakington, 5th Baron Hampton (1888–1974)
 * Richard Humphrey Russell Pakington, 6th Baron Hampton (1925–2003)
 * John Humphrey Arnott Pakington, 7th Baron Hampton (b. 1964)

The heir apparent is the present holder's son, the Hon. Charles Richard Caldato Pakington (b. 2005)

title: Baron Hampton