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Herne Hill railway station

Herne Hill railway station is in the London Borough of Lambeth, South London, England, on the boundary between London fare zones 2 and 3. Train services are provided by Thameslink to London Blackfriars, Farringdon, St Pancras International and St Albans on the Thameslink route and by Southeastern to London Victoria (via Brixton) and Orpington on the Chatham Main Line. It is 3 mi down the line from Victoria.

The station building on Railton Road was opened in 1862 by the London, Chatham and Dover Railway. Initial service was only to Victoria, but by 1869 services ran to the City of London, King's Cross, Kingston via Wimbledon, and Kent, including express trains to Dover Harbour for continental Europe. The arrival of the railways transformed Herne Hill from a wealthy suburb with large residential estates into a densely populated urban area.

Description
Herne Hill railway station sits at the bottom of the hill that gives the area its name and is close to Brockwell Park. The section of Railton Road outside the station is mixed usage for pedestrians and vehicles.

The Chatham Main Line and Sutton Loop railway lines through Herne Hill are elevated above road level on a brick viaduct that runs north–south. The station's 1862 Gothic, polychrome brick building is on the western side of the viaduct, with access to the station also from the east via a foot tunnel from Milkwood Road. The building houses a ticket office and newsagent, and was Grade II listed in 1998: the listing notes the station's arched doorways, Welsh slate roof and decorative brickwork. It was described by Cherry and Pevsner as a "handsome group" and featured on the cover of a book about London's railway architecture. The station entrance canopy (which had been shortened and altered in the mid-20th century) was removed in 2015, owing to its state of disrepair; a new one was installed in July 2016, with a new timber valance design and cornice based on the original Victorian one.

The four tracks are served by two island platforms; northbound trains call at the western platform and southbound trains the eastern platform, providing cross-platform interchange between the two routes.

There are flat junctions at each end of the station: Herne Hill North Junction, where the lines to Loughborough Junction and Brixton diverge; and Herne Hill South Junction, where the lines to West Dulwich and Tulse Hill diverge. Thameslink and Southeastern services cross each other's paths at the junctions, constraining capacity on both routes. The station also has a turnback siding on its eastern side, adjacent to Milkwood Road.

History
The area now known as Herne Hill had been a rural part of the Manor of Milkwell since the 13th century. Two tributaries of the River Effra met at the undeveloped site of the future station; it was known as Island Green until the 18th century.

In 1783 a timber merchant, Samuel Sanders, bought Herne Hill from the Manor. Sanders granted leases for large plots of land to wealthy families – John Ruskin spent his childhood at an estate on Herne Hill. The Effra was covered over in the 1820s; and the area had become an upper-class suburb by the mid-19th century (a contemporary author referred to the hill as "the Elysium" for merchants). The opening of the railway station, which provided convenient and cheap access to central London, started the urbanisation of Herne Hill. All of the large estates were eventually cleared to make way for many smaller houses. An 1870 railway travel guide noted the population of Herne Hill was 701; the contemporaneous development of new residential streets would increase the population by 3,000.

Construction
A railway line through Herne Hill was proposed in 1852 by the Mid Kent and London and South Western Junction Railways Company. No construction work was undertaken at that time and the company had ceased to exist by 1860.

In the late 1850s, the East Kent Railway had ambitions to run passenger trains between Kent and London, but it did not own any railway lines in inner London. It reached an agreement with the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway (LB&SCR) in 1858 to use its West End and Crystal Palace line to access Battersea and (from 1860) Victoria. This arrangement incurred costly access fees, but it was necessary until the company obtained Parliamentary authority to build in London.

On 6 August 1860, the Metropolitan Extensions Act granted the London, Chatham and Dover Railway (LCDR; the successor to the East Kent company) the powers to build three inner London lines: Beckenham Junction to Herne Hill (4 mi); Herne Hill to Farringdon (4 mi); and Herne Hill to Battersea to connect with the lines into Victoria (2 mi). The route from Beckenham Junction to Battersea closely resembled that of the 1852 proposal, going via Clapham, Brixton, Herne Hill, Dulwich and Sydenham.

Herne Hill station and the first section to be completed, from Victoria to Herne Hill via Stewarts Lane and Brixton, opened on 25 August 1862. The station was designed by architect John Taylor and railway engineers Joseph Cubitt and J.T. Turner. The building was intended to impress: it had tea rooms offering buffets, decorative brickwork and a tower (which also served the practical function of concealing the water tank for steam locomotives). The Building News described the station in 1863 as "spacious and convenient ... and of the very best quality". It also stated that "an unusual amount of decorative taste has been displayed" in the station's construction; even the viaduct was praised as "one of the most ornamental pieces of work we have ever seen attempted on a railway" for its fine brickwork. The station's design prompted the journal to write a 2,000-word editorial bemoaning the comparatively poor architectural quality of other contemporary civil engineering projects. An architectural critic later noted the station was "eulogised" by journals upon its opening and that its architecture was still seen as exemplary at the end of the 19th century.

There were initially two platforms, up and down. The up platform was accessed from the upper floor of the station building via a stairway outside the building. The station's original signal box, elevated above the railway viaduct at the junction between Norwood Road and Half Moon Lane, was a prominent feature in Herne Hill for many years.

The land for the station was compulsorily purchased from the estate of Thomas Vyse (died 1861 ), manufacturer of straw hats and owner of the Abbey, an estate at 70 Herne Hill; the station and much of the viaduct were built on part of the Abbey's grounds. A new road (Station Road) was built from the junction of Norwood Road and Half Moon Lane, Herne Hill's main thoroughfare, to the station.

The line from Beckenham Junction reached Herne Hill from the south in July 1863, connecting the station to the LCDR's lines in Kent, and finally allowing the LCDR to avoid using the LB&SCR's tracks to access Victoria from Kent. On 6 October 1863, the City Branch opened from Herne Hill as far as Elephant & Castle, via Camberwell and Walworth Road.

In 1868, the LB&SCR opened a suburban line from London Bridge to Sutton via Tulse Hill. A 1 mi connecting line from Tulse Hill to Herne Hill opened on 1 January 1869.

Early services
From July 1863, LCDR trains between Victoria and Kent ran through Herne Hill, and to continental Europe via a connecting steamboat from Dover Harbour to Calais; these boat trains left Victoria and Ludgate Hill simultaneously and were joined at Herne Hill. Express journeys from Herne Hill to Dover, a distance of 74 mi, took 1 hour 36 minutes, at an average speed of 46.25 mph. Services to London were split at Herne Hill to give passengers easier access to the City of London and beyond; the LCDR began operating direct services to King's Cross and Barnet (now High Barnet Underground station) from Herne Hill when Snow Hill tunnel opened.

A popular workmen's train (one penny per journey) ran between Ludgate Hill and Victoria via Herne Hill from 1865. Trains left from both termini at 04:55 and returned at 18:15. The LCDR was compelled to operate this service by Parliament to compensate for the large number of working-class homes destroyed in Camberwell during the construction of the City Branch. Regular one-way fares to Ludgate Hill were eightpence, sixpence and fourpence for first, second and third class respectively (or return for one shilling, ninepence and sevenpence respectively), with journey times of 15 minutes on express trains and 26 minutes when calling at all stops.

Both the Great Northern Railway (GNR) and the London and South Western Railway (LSWR) helped fund the Metropolitan Extensions (£320,000 and £310,000 respectively; £0 and £0 in ) in return for the right to use the LCDR's tracks. The GNR ran trains between Hatfield and Herne Hill from August 1866 until March 1868 (when the trains were diverted to Victoria via Loughborough Junction); this was a busy all-stops service, with 15 trains leaving Hatfield and 14 leaving Herne Hill every day. The LSWR began running trains between Ludgate Hill and Wimbledon via Herne Hill when the Tulse Hill extension was completed. Some of these services went as far as Kingston until the mid-1890s.

Changes from 1870 to 1923
By 1870 a track had been added to the east of the station and two sidings had been added to the west; one of the western sidings was a bay platform for passenger trains, which was accessed from the platform adjoining the upper floor. Interlocking signalling was in use at Herne Hill by 1880.

The LCDR enlarged the station in 1884 to meet growing demand: the viaduct was widened to allow for the construction of a second island platform and two lines to the east (the easternmost line was used only for freight); and the foot tunnel under the viaduct was opened. In 1885, the LCDR decided to use Blackfriars Bridge railway station solely as a goods yard but lacked the space to sort wagons at the site. It purchased 14 acre of land between Herne Hill and Loughborough Junction for this purpose. The Herne Hill Sorting Sidings had some 35 sidings, the longest of which was 940 ft. A stationmaster's house was built at 239 Railton Road in the mid-1880s as the site offered a good view of the station (it is now privately owned). In 1888, Railton Road was extended to the Norwood Road/Half Moon Lane junction and Station Road ceased to exist. At the beginning of 1899, the LCDR and the neighbouring South Eastern Railway (SER) combined their operations as the South Eastern and Chatham Railway (SECR), jointly owned by the two railways. The SECR ran the trains, but the lines and stations continued to be owned by the LCDR or SER.

A late-night service from Ludgate Hill (departing 01:15) to Beckenham Junction via Herne Hill began in 1910. The intention was to satisfy journalists on Fleet Street who regularly complained in print about the poor quality of service on the line; those working on the morning papers often worked beyond midnight and missed the last train.

Services to Farringdon from Herne Hill were discontinued in 1916 with the closure of Snow Hill tunnel to passengers, and trains from the south terminated at Holborn Viaduct. The LCDR amalgamated with the LB&SCR, SER and several other railways to form the Southern Railway at the start of 1923.

Modernisation
Work began on electrifying the former LCDR suburban routes in 1924. Herne Hill station was extensively remodelled as part of these works: the eastern island platform was lengthened; the original island platform was demolished and replaced by one further west, allowing two tracks to be laid between the island platforms; the western sidings were removed; and the upper floor was closed to passengers.

On 12 July 1925, a 660-volt third-rail system came into operation on both routes through Herne Hill, from Victoria to Orpington on the Chatham Main Line and along the entire length of the City Branch. Electric trains ran every 20 minutes on both routes during the day and were kept overnight at the sorting sidings north of the station. The distinctive signal box overlooking Norwood Road and a similar signal box at the northern end of the station were demolished in 1956 and replaced by a single signal box adjacent to the north junction. The replacement signal box was in use from June 1956 until December 1981, when its functions were transferred to Victoria; the building still exists and is used by railway staff. The signalling at Herne Hill was upgraded from semaphores to colour lights on 8 March 1959 as part of the Kent Coast electrification plan.

By 1959, the pattern of commuter services at Herne Hill had taken the shape it held into the 21st century: all-stops trains from Victoria to Orpington and from the City of London to Wimbledon and Sutton (but, unlike the modern Sutton Loop, via West Croydon). However, there was a decline in the number of electric trains on the Chatham Main Line through Herne Hill in the years after the war. Immediately after electrification in 1925, six trains used the route between Herne Hill and Shortlands in each direction during every off-peak hour. By 1960, it had dropped to two trains in each direction.

The Herne Hill Sorting Sidings closed on 1 August 1966 and the freight line to the east of the station was taken out of service. Nothing of the sidings remains: residential accommodation has been built along Shakespeare Road (on the western sidings) and commercial premises have been built along Milkwood Road (on the eastern sidings).

From 1988
In 1988, Snow Hill tunnel re-opened and the former LCDR City Branch formed the basis of the new Thameslink route. Network Rail began a major upgrade of the route in 2009. A key objective of the Thameslink Programme was allowing more trains to travel between central London and Brighton, which was prevented by a bottleneck between London Bridge and Blackfriars on a viaduct through the historic Borough Market. Network Rail initially suggested widening the viaduct and demolishing part of the market, but the public backlash against this plan prompted Network Rail to consider permanently routing all Thameslink trains to/from Brighton via Herne Hill, avoiding London Bridge and the market. This would have required the grade separation of the two lines through Herne Hill, which would have been achieved by constructing a new viaduct immediately to the east of the existing viaduct and using a fly-over to connect the southern end of the new viaduct to the line between Tulse Hill and North Dulwich (taking the tracks over the Chatham Main Line and towards Tulse Hill). This proposal was rejected in 2004 because of its environmental impact on Herne Hill and the larger number of interchanges offered on the London Bridge route; the Borough Market viaduct was widened instead.

From 1994 until the completion of High Speed 1 in November 2007 Eurostar services linking London Waterloo to Brussels and Paris passed through Herne Hill without stopping. This marked the end of rail services to the continent via Herne Hill, which had been started by the LCDR in 1863 when the line between Victoria and Dover via Herne Hill was completed. The upper floor of the station, which had not been used by passengers since 1925, was converted into 3000 sqft of office space in 1991 and rented as 'Tower House' (after the station's distinctive tower). The disused freight line to the east of the station was partly reopened in 2009 as a siding for use by Thameslink trains to compensate for the loss of sidings when the Moorgate Thameslink branch was closed. The line's connection to the south junction was severed during these works. The station had become fully accessible by 2010: lifts were installed to provide step-free access to the platforms in 2008 and a unisex disabled-accessible toilet was opened on the southbound platforms in 2010.

Accidents and disruption
On 6 November 1947, a steam train approaching from West Dulwich passed a signal at danger in heavy fog and crashed into an electric train crossing the station's south junction towards Tulse Hill. One passenger on the electric train was killed and nine others were hospitalised.

A minor accident occurred on 30 June 1957. A light engine travelling towards Tulse Hill was waiting to cross the south junction when it was struck from behind by an express passenger train from Victoria that had passed a signal at danger. The driver of the light engine and two passengers from the express were hospitalised but quickly discharged.

A second fatal collision occurred at the sorting sidings, just north of the station, on 1 April 1960 in fog that reduced visibility to 60 ft. A steam locomotive was waiting on the southbound track outside Herne Hill for a proceed signal when the signalman cleared an electric passenger train behind the steam locomotive to proceed down the same track. The steam locomotive was struck from behind, killing the electric train's driver.

Services
The route through the station was busier from December 2014 to 2018 as Thameslink trains serving London Bridge were diverted via Herne Hill – an additional four trains per hour in both directions. This was due to the redevelopment of London Bridge that temporarily closed it to Bedford-Brighton trains. The additional trains did not call at Herne Hill; they ran fast between London Blackfriars and East Croydon. It was not possible for the 12-car peak trains to call at Herne Hill as the platforms are too short and it was not viable to use selective door operation as the carriages not on the platforms would foul the junctions.

Network Rail, in its July 2011 London & South East route utilisation strategy, recommended that all services from Herne Hill towards Blackfriars should terminate in the bay platforms at Blackfriars after London Bridge's redevelopment is completed in 2018 and the diverted Thameslink trains return there. Passengers from Herne Hill would then have had to change at Blackfriars to travel further north. Network Rail made this recommendation because more services will be using the route between St Pancras and London Bridge from 2018; sending trains from Herne Hill to the terminating platforms on the western side of Blackfriars (instead of the through tracks on the eastern side of the station) would have removed the need for them to cross in front of trains to/from Denmark Hill and trains to/from London Bridge at junctions south of Blackfriars.

In January 2013, the Department for Transport (DfT) announced that trains serving the Sutton Loop Line (also known as the Wimbledon Loop) will continue to travel across London after 2018. The number of trains calling at Herne Hill on the route will remain unchanged, with four trains per hour. The DfT also decided the Sutton/Wimbledon Loop will remain part of the Thameslink franchise until at least late 2020; following which the route is now served by the Class 700 trains.

In the longer term, Network Rail has forecast that by 2031 there will be 900 more passengers attempting to travel on the route between Herne Hill and Blackfriars during the busiest peak hour every weekday than can be accommodated on the trains. It is anticipated that eight-car trains with higher capacity (similar to the Class 378 trains used on inner London metro routes) will eventually be required to address this shortfall.

Station infrastructure
The route from Victoria to Orpington via Herne Hill is projected to be amongst the most congested and overcrowded in South East London by 2026. Network Rail is considering grade-separating the two lines passing through Herne Hill so that trains would not cross each other's paths at the station's junctions; this restricts the number of services that can pass through the station. A 2008 route utilisation strategy for South London concluded that this improvement will not be required before 2020 but recommended safeguarding the required land. Grade-separation is supported by Southeastern and First Capital Connect believed it should be given more consideration, but Network Rail has stated that it would be difficult to carry out the work because the station is on a viaduct and surrounded by buildings. The 2011 route utilisation strategy, which examined options for congestion relief at Herne Hill before 2031, did not suggest grade-separation as an option in the 2011–2031 period.

This project would also enable the platforms at Herne Hill to be lengthened to accommodate 12-car trains as the current northern junction, which prevents them from being extended, would be removed. However, longer trains could not be used on the Sutton/Wimbledon Loop without also rebuilding Tulse Hill and Elephant & Castle.

The congestion within the station itself has been noted by Network Rail and it is keeping the situation under review. Transport for London (TfL) has recommended that specific improvement works (new entrance doors, removal of interior wall, wider stairs to platforms and second station entrance) be carried out between 2014 and 2019.

TfL has also suggested there may be potential for the turnback siding adjacent to Milkwood Road to be converted for passenger use. This would require substantial changes to the station as there is no direct access to the platforms from Milkwood Road and the current subway for accessing the platforms does not extend east of the southbound platform.

Incorporation into London Overground
The Mayor of London published a long-term vision for the London Overground in February 2012. It recommends that all London suburban rail services should eventually be devolved to TfL and that suburban services currently provided by Southeastern be devolved before 2020 to demonstrate the benefits of this approach. Southeastern's suburban services include the route between Victoria and Orpington via Herne Hill. TfL had announced that it would bid in late 2012 to have more involvement in these services after the expiration of Southeastern's franchise in early 2014, but the DfT announced in March 2013 that Southeastern's franchise was being extended until mid-2018.

Victoria line extension
TfL has considered extending the Victoria line to Herne Hill to provide faster turnaround at the southern end of the line. The extension is not a priority for TfL as it has a weaker business case than other infrastructure projects.

Services
Services at Herne Hill are operated by Southeastern and Thameslink using, and  EMUs.

The typical off-peak service in trains per hour is:
 * 4 tph to St Albans City via London Blackfriars
 * 2 tph to London Victoria
 * 2 tph to Orpington via Bromley South
 * 4 tph to Sutton (2 of these run via Mitcham Junction and 2 run via Wimbledon)

During the peak hours, additional Southeastern services operate between London Victoria and Bromley South.

During the evening and on Sundays, a number of Thameslink services are extended beyond St Albans City to Luton and Bedford.

Connections
London Buses routes 3, 37, 68, 196, 201, 322, 468, school route 690 and night routes N3 and N68 serve the station.

title: Herne Hill railway station


text:
List of Military Sealift Command ships

This is a list of Military Sealift Command ships. The fleet includes about 130 ships in eight programs: Fleet Oiler (PM1), Special Mission (PM2), Strategic Sealift (PM3), Tow, Salvage, Tender, and Hospital Ship (PM4), Sealift (PM5), Combat Logistics Force (PM6), Expeditionary Mobile Base, Amphibious Command Ship, and Cable Layer (PM7) and Expeditionary Fast Transport (PM8).

Previous MSC Ships

 * USNS 1st Lt. Harry L. Martin (T-AK-3015)
 * MV A1C William H. Pitsenbarger (T-AK-4638)
 * USNS Apache (T-ATF-172)
 * MV Alatna (T-AOT-81)
 * SS Algol (T-AKR-287)
 * SS Altair (T-AKR-291)
 * MV American Tern (T-AK-4729)
 * SS Antares (T-AKR-294)
 * USNS Assurance (T-AGOS-5)
 * MV Atlantic Freighter
 * USNS Audacious (T-AGOS-11)
 * MV Baffin Strait (T-AK W9519)
 * SS Beaver State (T-ACS-10)
 * USNS Bellatrix (T-AKR-288)
 * USNS Capable (T-AGOS-16)
 * SS Cape Cod
 * SS Cape Fear (T-AK-5061)
 * SS Cape Florida (AK-5071)
 * SS Cape Jacob (T-AK-5029)
 * SS Cape Johnson (T-AK-5075)
 * SS Cape Juby (T-AK-5077)
 * MV Cape Lambert (T-AKR-5077)
 * MV Cape Lobos (T-AKR-5078)
 * SS Cape Mendocino (T-AKR-5064)
 * SS Cape Nome (T-AKR-1014)
 * USNS Capella (T-AKR-293)
 * MV Capt. Steven L. Bennett (T-AK-4296)
 * MV Carolyn Chouest
 * MV Chattahoochee (T-AOT-82)
 * SS Chesapeake (AOT-5084)
 * SS Comet (T-AKR-7)
 * MV Cory Chouest
 * USNS Denebola (T-AKR-289)
 * SS Diamond State (T-ACS-7)
 * SS Empire State (T-AP-1001)
 * MT Evergreen State (T-AOT-5205)
 * USNS Flint (T-AE-32)
 * USNS Gilliland (T-AKR-298)
 * USNS Harkness (T-AGS-32)
 * USNS Hayes (T-AG-195)
 * USNS John McDonnell (T-AGS-51)
 * MV Kellie Chouest
 * USNS Kiska (T-AE-35)
 * USNS LCPL Roy M. Wheat (T-AK-3016)
 * USNS Maury (T-AGS-39)
 * MV Megan Beyel
 * MV Mohegan (T-AK-5158)
 * USNS Navajo (T-ATF-169)
 * USNS Observation Island (T-AGM-23)
 * USNS Paul Buck (T-AOT-1122)
 * SS Petersburg (T-AOT-9101)
 * MV PFC James Anderson Jr. (T-AK 3002)
 * MV PFC William B. Baugh (T-AK-3001)
 * USNS Pollux (T-AKR-290)
 * USNS Regulus (T-AKR-292)
 * USNS Richard G. Matthiesen (T-AOT-1124)
 * USNS Samuel L. Cobb (T-AOT-1123)
 * USNS San Jose (T-AFS-7)
 * USNS Shasta (T-AE-33)
 * USNS Sioux (T-ATF-171)
 * USNS Sumner (T-AGS-61)
 * HSV-2 Swift
 * MV Transpacific (T-1)
 * MV Westpac Express (HSV-4676) (charter with US Navy ended January 2018)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: List of Military Sealift Command ships


text:
Talk:Plestiodon inexpectatus

Untitled
This article uses some text from the public domain NOAA web page given as extlink in the article. Lupo 15:38, 15 Mar 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Plestiodon inexpectatus


text:
RISD

RISD may refer to:
 * Rhode Island School of Design
 * Rhode Island School of Design Museum, or the "RISD Museum"
 * List of presidents of the Rhode Island School of Design
 * List of Rhode Island School of Design people
 * Rhode Island School for the Deaf
 * Richardson Independent School District

title: RISD


text:
Thomas Joseph King

Thomas J. King (June 4, 1921 – October 25, 2000) was an American biologist.

Biography
With Robert William Briggs, he worked on transplantation of somatic cell nuclei from adult frogs into enucleated oocytes this leading to the first clone of an animal in 1952. He was a scientist at the Institute for Cancer Research of the Lankenau Hospital Research Institute (now known as Lankenau Institute for Medical Research) when the work was conducted. King and Briggs were awarded in 1972 the highest honor of the French Academy: the Grand Prix Charles-Leopold Mayer of the Académie des Sciences, Institut de France and were the first Americans to be so honored.

title: Thomas Joseph King


text:
Talk:Curonian Lagoon

[Untitled]
Why did you change the name? "Courland Lagoon" is used more frequently. See (just look at the references in the first posting): http://forum.leo.org/cgi-bin/dict/forum.cgi?action=show&sort_order=&list_size=&list_skip=&group=forum002_new&file=20040214184412

External links modified
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title: Talk:Curonian Lagoon


text: Talk:Vila, Solomon Islands

title: Talk:Vila, Solomon Islands


text:
Family tree of Scottish monarchs

This is a family tree for the kings and queens of Scotland, since the unification under the House of Alpin in 834, to the personal union with England in 1603 under James VI of Scotland. It includes also the Houses of Dunkeld, Balliol, Bruce, and Stewart.

See also: List of Scottish monarchs - Scotland - History of Scotland - List of British monarchs - Family tree of the British royal family - Family tree of British monarchs

Houses of Dunkeld, Sverre, Balliol and Bruce
Note: This chart also includes the kings from the Houses of Sverre (Margaret); Balliol (John I); and Bruce (Robert I, David II)

title: Family tree of Scottish monarchs


text:
Peckham Rye railway station

Peckham Rye  is a railway station in Peckham town centre, South London. The station is served by Southern, London Overground, Southeastern and Thameslink.

History
It opened on 1 December 1865 for London, Chatham and Dover Railway (LCDR) trains and on 13 August 1866 for London, Brighton and South Coast Railway (LBSCR) trains. It was designed by Charles Henry Driver (1832–1900), the architect of Abbey Mills and Crossness pumping stations, who also designed the grade II listed Denmark Hill and Battersea Park stations between here and London Victoria.

Layout and routes
It is between Denmark Hill and Queens Road Peckham on the South London Line, between Denmark Hill and Nunhead on the Catford Loop Line, and between Queens Road Peckham and East Dulwich on the Portsmouth Line. It is in Travelcard Zone 2 and is 3 mi measured from London Bridge or 5 mi measured from London Victoria.

Peckham Rye is a major interchange served by four different routes. Its platforms are on two separate viaducts with a single ticket hall at ground level. Platforms 1 and 2 are on the south viaduct and served by Southern services (London Bridge via Tulse Hill to Beckenham Junction and East Croydon), and London Overground services (Clapham Junction to Dalston Junction). Platforms 3 and 4 are on the north viaduct and served by Thameslink (Blackfriars to Sevenoaks) and Southeastern (Victoria to Dartford).

Refurbishment
Ticket gates were installed in May 2009 and during late 2010 the station was refurbished as part of a 'deep clean' by Southern. A former waiting room for platforms 2 and 3, bricked up for 55 years, was partially restored and temporarily re-opened with a permanent re-opening being planned.

Future improvements
Peckham Rye is planned to become a step-free station. The project was planned to be completed in 2021, but has been delayed to 2024. The step-free project, alongside a major station rebuild, is expected to request government funding in 2022, and if approved, construction will start in September 2023 and be completed in late Summer 2025.

Services
Services at Peckham Rye are operated by Southeastern, Southern, Thameslink and London Overground using, , , ,  and  EMUs.

The typical off-peak service in trains per hour is:
 * 2 tph to London Victoria
 * 2 tph to London Blackfriars
 * 4 tph to London Bridge
 * 2 tph to Beckenham Junction via Crystal Palace
 * 2 tph to East Croydon via Norbury
 * 2 tph to Sevenoaks via Catford
 * 2 tph to Dartford via Bexleyheath
 * 4 tph to Clapham Junction
 * 4 tph to Dalston Junction via Surrey Quays

During the peak hours, additional services between Orpington, Kentish Town and Luton call at the station. In addition, the service to London Blackfriars is extended to and from Welwyn Garden City via Finsbury Park.

The station is also served by a limited London Overground service of one train per day to and two trains per day from Battersea Park.

On Sundays, the services between London Bridge and Beckenham Junction do not run.

Connections
London Buses routes 12, 37, 63, 78, 197, 343, 363, P12 and P13 and night routes N63 and N343 serve the station; some via the bus station.

In popular culture
In the first episode of The Sweeney, "Ringer", the station's platforms, steps, and entrance were filmed for Regan and Carter's chase on foot of Billy who had stolen Regan's girlfriend's car.

It is shown in the introduction of the Channel 4 show "Desmond's".

title: Peckham Rye railway station


text:
Dar Robinson

Dar Allen Robinson (March 26, 1947 – November 21, 1986) was an American stunt performer and actor. Robinson broke 19 world records and set 21 "world's firsts." He invented the decelerator (use of dragline cables rather than airbags for a "high fall gag", or a stunt calling for a jump from a high place) which allowed a cameraman to film a top-down view of the stuntman as he fell without accidentally showing the airbag on the ground. This was displayed in his fall from the hotel in the movie Stick. The original decelerator can still be seen on display in Moab, Utah.

Career
Robinson grew up in Los Angeles, California. At the early age of thirteen, Dar made the cover of Life Magazine for his accomplished abilities on the trampoline. Dar's father, Jess Weston Robinson, was responsible for the "trampoline sensation" that swept the country. Dar spent many hours helping in his father's Gymnastic Supply Company. Dar's natural athletic abilities and his accomplished ease on the trampoline would quickly render him the ranking of 3rd place for his division. One of Robinson's first major stunts was a 100-foot jump from a cliff into a river for actor Steve McQueen in the 1973 film Papillon. In the same year, he appeared as a motorcycle stunt man in the Clint Eastwood film, Magnum Force. He is also remembered for driving over the edge of the Grand Canyon and safely parachuting out before hitting the ground. In 1979, he set the world record for a free-fall from a helicopter, dropping 311 feet (95 m) onto an airbag.

In a highly publicized 1979 feat, as the stunt double for actor Christopher Plummer in the 1982 film Highpoint, Robinson made a 700-foot free-fall from a deck on the CN Tower, then the world's tallest free-standing structure, in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

At 220 feet, the stunt from Atlanta's Hyatt Regency Hotel (doubling for the Westin Peachtree Plaza) in the 1981 Burt Reynolds film Sharky's Machine still holds up as the highest free-fall stunt ever performed from a building for a commercially released film. However, despite it being a record-setting fall, only the beginning of the stunt as he goes through the window is used in the film. A dummy was used for the outside wide shot. However, Robinson performed a similar falling stunt for his largest role as an actor in the 1985 Burt Reynolds film Stick, but this time all but the end of the stunt is fully visible as he is seen from above falling from a tall building firing a pistol at the same time.

Robinson returned to Toronto to attempt a world record cable jump from the CN Tower for a feature-length television documentary film called The World's Most Spectacular Stuntman. The first test of the cable using a bag of water equal to Robinson's weight smashed into the ground when the braking mechanism failed. High winds and bad weather delayed the jump until August 12, 1980. Although visibly nervous, he leapt from the tower's edge, plummeting more than 1,200 feet (366 m) tied to only a 1/8" (3 mm) steel cable, stopping only a short distance above the ground. For this feat he was listed as highest paid stuntman for a single stunt to date in the 1988 Guinness Book of Records. One article claims he received an honorary Academy Award in 1995 for his work, but it is not listed in the Academy database.

Death
Dar Robinson's stunts were always well planned, and he never broke a bone in his 13-year Hollywood career. On November 21, 1986, on the set of the film Million Dollar Mystery, after the completion of the main stunt, the emergency medical staff was dismissed from the set. While filming a routine high speed run by the camera with a fellow stuntman, Robinson rode his stunt motorcycle past the braking point of a turn and straight off a cliff, to his death.

Robinson is interred in the Forest Lawn, Hollywood Hills Cemetery in Los Angeles, California. After his death, a documentary on his life was made in 1988 titled The Ultimate Stuntman: A Tribute to Dar Robinson.

The last three films on which Robinson worked — Cyclone, Lethal Weapon, and Million Dollar Mystery — are all dedicated to his memory. Richard Donner's dedication in the closing credits of Lethal Weapon reads, "This picture is dedicated to the memory of Dar Robinson / one of the motion picture industry's greatest stuntmen". He is survived by his wife, Linda and their son Landon as well as his son from a previous marriage, Troy. His son, Shawn Robinson, also a stunt performer, died of heart failure caused by undiagnosed natural causes aged 41 on July 28, 2015.

title: Dar Robinson


text: File:DarRobinson.jpg

title: File:DarRobinson.jpg


text:
XML Script

XML Script and XML-Script are two unrelated XML technologies. The former (XML Script) is an XML transformation language, while the latter (XML-Script) is a Microsoft technology preview for scripting web browsers, or an XML version of ECMA JavaScript. Microsoft is expected to rename XML-Script to Atlas Script before its first release.

title: XML Script


text:
Lists of radio programs

This article lists lists of radio programs in different countries:

 * List of Canadian radio programs
 * List of Estonian radio programs
 * List of UK radio programmes
 * List of U.S. radio programs

title: Lists of radio programs


text: Template:National Hockey League

title: Template:National Hockey League


text:
Queens Road Peckham railway station

Queens Road Peckham railway station is in the London Borough of Southwark and also serves the area to the east of Peckham, in the London Borough of Lewisham. It is on the South London Line, 2 mi from London Bridge, and trains also go to Croydon via various routes and beyond. It is on the road of that name and is in Travelcard Zone 2.

History
The station opened with the line on 13 August 1866, and had two wooden side platforms and an intermediate centre platform to serve the third centre line.

Until 1911 passenger trains ran to the East London Line, stopping at Old Kent Road. This link was re-instated on 9 December 2012 by London Overground.

The present island platform dates from the 1970s which is on a viaduct with the line: there are 48 steps leading to it, and one block of platform buildings.

Design
The station has step free access from platform to street via a lift. A ramp is required for wheelchair access to and from the train.

The station exits on to Queens Road in Peckham.

Services
Service at Queens Road Peckham are operated by Southern and London Overground using and  EMUs.

The typical off-peak service in trains per hour is:
 * 4 tph to London Bridge
 * 4 tph to Dalston Junction via Surrey Quays
 * 2 tph to East Croydon via Norbury
 * 2 tph to Beckenham Junction via Crystal Palace
 * 4 tph to Clapham Junction

A small number of London Overground services are extended beyond Dalston Junction to and from Highbury & Islington. The station is also served by one train per day to and two trains per day from Battersea Park.

During the evenings (after approximately 20:00), the service between London Bridge and Beckenham Junction is reduced to hourly. This service does not run on Sundays.

Connections
London Buses routes 36, 136, 171, 177, 436, P12 and P13 and night routes N89, N136 and N171 serve the station.

title: Queens Road Peckham railway station


text:
Talk:Lists of radio programs

Untitled
Contents moved in from Radio programming. Rossami

title: Talk:Lists of radio programs


text:
Semigroupoid

In mathematics, a semigroupoid (also called semicategory, naked category or precategory) is a partial algebra that satisfies the axioms for a small  category, except possibly for the requirement that there be an identity at each object. Semigroupoids generalise semigroups in the same way that small categories generalise monoids and groupoids generalise groups. Semigroupoids have applications in the structural theory of semigroups.

Formally, a semigroupoid consists of:
 * a set of things called objects.
 * for every two objects A and B a set Mor(A,B) of things called morphisms from A to B. If f is in Mor(A,B), we write f : A → B.
 * for every three objects A, B and C a binary operation Mor(A,B) × Mor(B,C) → Mor(A,C) called composition of morphisms. The composition of f : A → B and g : B → C is written as g ∘ f or gf. (Some authors write it as fg.)

such that the following axiom holds:

 * (associativity) if f : A → B, g : B → C and h : C → D then h ∘ (g ∘ f) = (h ∘ g) ∘ f.

title: Semigroupoid


text:
Visayan Sea

The Visayan Sea is a sea in the Philippines surrounded by the islands of the Visayas. It is bounded by the islands Masbate to the north, Panay to the west, Leyte to the east, and Cebu and Negros to the south.

The sea is connected to several bodies of water: the Sibuyan Sea to the northwest via the Jintotolo Channel, the Samar Sea to the northeast, the Guimaras Strait to the southwest which leads to Panay Gulf, the Tañon Strait to the south, and the Camotes Sea to the southeast.

The largest island within this sea is Bantayan Island of Cebu province.

The sea is a major fishing ground for sardines, mackerel, and herring the Philippines. In 2020, the Western Visayas accounts for 20 percent of sardines total production in the Philippines. The sea covers an area of roughly 10000 sqkm with 22 municipalities along its coastline. A closed season is imposed annually from November 15 to March 15 in portions of the sea through Fisheries Administrative Order (FAO) 167 since 1989.

title: Visayan Sea


text:
Rauschenberg, Hesse

Rauschenberg is a town in the north of Marburg-Biedenkopf district in Hesse, Germany.

Location
Rauschenberg lies at the southern edge of the Burgwald, a low mountain range, near Marburg and Kirchhain.

Neighbouring communities
Rauschenberg borders in the north on the town of Rosenthal (Waldeck-Frankenberg) as well as on the communities of Wohratal (Marburg-Biedenkopf) and Gilserberg (Schwalm-Eder-Kreis), in the east on the town of Stadtallendorf, in the south on the town of Kirchhain, in the southwest on the community of Cölbe, and in the west on the town of Wetter (all in Marburg-Biedenkopf).

Municipality divisions
Rauschenberg consists out of following villages:
 * Albshausen
 * Bracht
 * Ernsthausen
 * Josbach
 * Rauschenberg (town)
 * Schwabendorf
 * Wolfskaute

History
Even as far back as 1000, a castle was built in what is now Rauschenberg. After a fire about 1250, almost the whole settlement was destroyed. Shortly after Rauschenberg was founded by the Counts of Ziegenhain, it was granted town rights. When the "von Ziegenhain" family died out in 1450, the castle and the town fell to the House of Hesse. In this time, the castle was expanded and made into a hunting lodge.

During the Thirty Years' War, Rauschenberg was mostly destroyed and thoroughly plundered by Swedish troops. Ever since the castle was blown up at a Kassel colonel's behest two years before the war ended, there has been nothing left of it but a ruin.

Town council
Results of municipal election on 6 March 2016:

Coat of arms
Rauschenberg's civic coat of arms might be described thus: Party per fess; above, in sable a six-pointed star argent; below in Or. It matches the arms used by the town's old overlords, the Counts of Ziegenhain. An eight-pointed star in a modification of the Counts coat of arms.

Town partnership

 * 🇧🇪 Westende, Belgium.

Buildings
There has not been much left of the castle, later stately home, of Rauschenberg since it was destroyed in the Thirty Years' War. The ruins on the hill over the constituent community – also known as Rauschenberg – are open and free to all.

Transport
Rauschenberg is connected to the road network by Federal Highway (Bundesstraße) B 3 between Frankfurt and Kassel, and by Bundesstraße B 62. As for public transportation, there is a bus connection to Kirchhain which runs many times daily.

People born in Rauschenberg

 * Johannes Hinderbach (1418-1486), Bishop of Trento
 * Gustav Simon (1878-1962), administrative official

Personalities who have lived or worked in Rauschenberg

 * Peter Janich (1942-2016), philosopher and co-founder of Methodical Culturalism, died in Rauschenberg

In pop culture
A Finnish industrial music group, named Rauschenmaschine (German for noisemaschine) has a song on their website called Rauschenberg.

title: Rauschenberg, Hesse


text:
Lucile Wheeler

Lucile Wheeler (born January 14, 1935) is a former alpine ski racer from Canada. She was a double world champion in 1958, the first North American to win a world title in the downhill event.

Early years
Wheeler was born in Quebec and grew up in the village of Sainte-Jovite in the Laurentian mountains. Her family was instrumental in promoting the sport of skiing and her grandfather George Wheeler built the famous Gray Rocks ski centre at Mont-Tremblant, Quebec. He had moved to Quebec from Chazy, New York in the late nineteenth century, hoping to make it rich in the lumber business, but was wiped out by a forest fire.

Taught to ski at the age of two, Wheeler's skills were such that she was soon competing against older ski racers. At age 10, she finished seventh in a downhill event at Mont Tremblant in a race that was open to participants of all ages. She won the Canadian junior ski championship in 1947 at age 12 and at 14 was selected to compete for Canada at the World Championships in 1950 in Aspen, Colorado, the first major alpine event held outside of Europe. However, her parents felt she was too young at age 15 to miss school and did not allow her to go.

Racing career
The early 1950s was still a time when resources for Canadian skiers were extremely limited. There was very little in the way of government funding to cover expenses for skiers wishing to compete on the world stage or to pay for professional training. Recognizing their daughter's gifts, her parents bore the expense for her to spend several winters training in Kitzbühel, Austria. It paid off when she became the first North American Olympic medalist in the downhill in alpine skiing, winning the bronze in 1956 at Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy. She followed this with a spectacular performance at the 1958 World Championships in Bad Gastein, Austria, where she won both the downhill and the giant slalom and took silver in the combined. Upon her return to Canada a month later, she received tumultuous receptions.

Wheeler's breakthrough performance resulted in an increase in government funding that enabled other Canadian skiers to compete at the international level. Her achievements were also instrumental in increasing the popularity of the sport both nationwide and in her native Quebec where what was once a remote destination in the Laurentian mountains for only a limited few became a thriving ski area with an abundance of quality facilities that attracts hundreds of thousands of skiers every winter.

World Championship results
From 1948 through 1980, the Winter Olympics were also the World Championships for alpine skiing. Wheeler qualified for the 1950 championships, but did not attend.

After racing
Following her retirement from competitive racing at age 24 in 1959, Wheeler, along with Réal Charette, was a ski instructor in a film made at the Banff ski resort that won the American Library Association's award as the best educational sports film of 1960. In June 1960, Wheeler married Kaye Vaughan, former player with the Ottawa Rough Riders and member of the Canadian Football League Hall of Fame. The couple lived for a time in Ottawa, but in 1967 they moved to the village of Knowlton, Quebec, in the heart of a ski area in the Eastern Townships. The mother of two children, she organized a ski program at Knowlton High School for children aged 14 and under.

Honours
Wheeler was voted the Lou Marsh Trophy as Canada's most outstanding athlete of 1958 and was inducted into the Canadian Olympic Hall of Fame. In 1976, she was made a member of the Order of Canada, her country's highest civilian honour, and was inducted into the Canadian Sports Hall of Fame. South of the border, Wheeler was inducted into the U.S. Ski Hall of Fame in 1976.

Glen Mountain, a small Quebec ski hill in West Bolton, honoured her with a trail named "The Wheeler."

title: Lucile Wheeler


text:
David Stewart, Duke of Rothesay

David Stewart (24 October 1378 – 26 March 1402) was heir apparent to the throne of Scotland from 1390 and the first Duke of Rothesay from 1398. He was named after his great-granduncle, David II of Scotland, and also held the titles of Earl of Atholl (1398–1402) and Earl of Carrick (1390–1402). He shares with his uncle and arch-rival, Robert Stewart, first Duke of Albany, the distinction of being first dukes to be created in the Scottish peerage. David never became king. His marriage to Mary Douglas, daughter of Archibald the Grim, the third Earl of Douglas, was without issue.

Life
David Stewart, was born to John Stewart, Lord High Steward of Scotland, and his wife, Anabella Drummond, daughter Sir John Drummond, 11th Thane of Lennox, on 24 October 1378. In 1390, when his father acceded as King of Scots (taking the title Robert III), David became first in order of succession to the throne of Scotland as eldest son. He is known to have taken an active part in the political life of the kingdom. In around 1396, for example, he was entrusted with the government or pacification of the northern parts of the kingdom. He is also known to have played an active role in peace negotiations with John of Gaunt in the Marches.

Marriage contracts
In 1395 David was betrothed to Elizabeth de Dunbar, daughter of George Dunbar, 10th Earl of March. This was a strong political alliance because the Earl of March was one of the most powerful and influential men of his time, rivaled only by Archibald Douglas, 3rd Earl of Douglas. A Papal mandate for the marriage was approved but the couple had not wanted to wait and were married before the mandate arrived in August 1395. As a result, they were censured. After applying for absolution for not waiting, the Pope issued a dispensation to the couple dated 10 March 1397 granting that they could "remarry" after a period of separation.

Instead of remarrying Elizabeth, his wife of almost 2 years, David was betrothed to and married Marjorie Douglas, daughter of the 3rd Earl of Douglas instead. It is sometimes posited that Archibald the Grim was behind it, but the events took place around and after his death, so that is unlikely. His son and heir, another Archibald, the fourth Earl of Douglas, and a close ally of the Duke of Albany, was more likely the person behind his sister's marriage to the Duke. Understandably, the Dunbar family was more than upset. They had lost an important political alliance to their greatest rival, Elizabeth's honor and marriage prospects were sullied and the entire family insulted. George Dunbar, Earl of March did not react favorably. As a result of the broken betrothal, he left Scotland entirely and joined King Henry IV of England. This was potentially very dangerous for Scotland.

Lieutenant of Scotland
At a meeting of the Estates held in January 1399, it was resolved that David, as heir to the throne, should be appointed "lieutenant" of the kingdom with full sovereign powers for three years, partly due to the infirmity of his father and at a time of civil unrest and conflict with England. Although this gave him an opportunity to flex political muscle, his room for manoeuvre was significantly constrained, however, by a combination of youthful inexperience and the ultimately mortal rivalry of his uncle, Robert Stewart (brother of Robert III; the latter was named John before he became king), Duke of Albany, who had been protector of the kingdom prior to David's lieutenancy. Albany was a ruthlessly effective politician with a well developed power base, and his designs on the throne were well understood.

David appears to have had an ally in his mother, the Queen, who had worked to strengthen her son's hand, arranging the great tournament of 1398 in Edinburgh when he was knighted and being present, along with the king, in that same year when David was created Duke of Rothesay, in the same ceremony, performed by Walter Trail, Archbishop of St Andrews, which also created the title Duke of Albany for his uncle. But both the Queen and Archbishop were dead by 1401. His father, the King, appears to have had little ability by that date to influence events effectively.

Death

In late February 1402, while travelling officially to St Andrews, David was arrested just outside the city at Strathtyrum in a sting operation which had been arranged by Albany, at that time in complicit alliance with David's brother-in-law, Archibald, the fourth Earl of Douglas, who was offended with Rothesay for his unfaithfulness to his wife, the sister of Douglas. (David's father-in-law, the highly influential third Earl, had died two years before, in 1400.) The pretext for David's arrest was that the three-year period of his lieutenancy had expired. He was initially held captive in St Andrews Castle, and soon afterwards taken to Falkland Palace, Albany's residence in Fife. According to Bower, the prince spent the journey hooded, gagged, bound and mounted backwards on a mule. At Falkland Palace, David remained a prisoner and shortly died there, reputedly of starvation.

He was buried at Lindores Abbey. The King founded a chaplaincy in the parish church of Dundee to pray for his soul, and daily masses were to be said at Deer Abbey and Culross. A few weeks after the funeral, in May 1402, a public enquiry into the circumstances of David's death exonerated Albany of all blame.

Four years later, in 1406, David's younger brother, James Stewart, succeeded Robert III as king (although at that time remaining uncrowned and in captivity in England) while Albany secured himself as de facto ruler of Scotland.

Fictional portrayals
David is the subject of an anonymous full-length 18th century verse drama, The Duke of Rothsay, a tragedy  published and sold in Edinburgh in 1780. The story of his imprisonment is the principal subject of Walter Scott's The Fair Maid of Perth (1828) in which he is likewise portrayed as tragic victim. He also features as a principal character in relevant novels from Nigel Tranter's trilogy about the early Stewart kings, The Stewart Trilogy (1976-1977).

title: David Stewart, Duke of Rothesay


text:
Talk:Georg Ohm

French or German?
I notice that this has been changed a few times, but I can't understand why, and it seems to me that Ohm should clearly be considered German. He spoke German, went to German universities, and I'm not aware that the location was ever part of France.

Shouldn't this be corrected back, or am I missing something?

Xgretsch (talk) 20:12, 19 May 2008 (UTC)

Ohm's birth year: 1787 or 1789???
I find different sources in which contain different information about his real born year. One of my books about him states that he was born on 1787, also I find some sources go along with this figure:, , , etc.

while 1789 seems to be mentioned more frequently:, , ,, Germany Wiki, etc.

So which one is true? Causesobad → (Talk) 14:04, 28 February 2007 (UTC)

Well according to and seeing it more frequently like you said, id argue he was born in 1789, PersonM1 (talk) 17:42, 16 February 2018 (UTC) PersonM1

Someone who knows about Ohm's life should check this article.
I just fixed this, but this article used to say that Ohm's Law is the relationship between resistance and resistivity, which is terribly inaccurate. Unfortunately, that's pretty much all I know about Ohm. Also, the one cited source for this article seems to contain a very accurate definition of Ohm's Law, so it seems that this article doesn't actually stick to what the cited source says.

Also, maybe someone who is fluent in German can skim through Die galvanische Kette  and give a better description of how Ohm described the law. In the one I put in, I just verbalized V=IR (without saying resistance anywhere, since as far as I know, that term wasn't coined until later).

Misho88 (talk) 06:30, 3 February 2008 (UTC)

Dubious paragraph removed
This was there since 2007, but I don't think it makes sense: "Using the results of his experiments, Ohm defined the fundamental relationship among voltage, current, and resistance. This represents the true beginning of electrical circuit analysis." This interpretation of "true beginning" would need some kind of source or attribution. I suspect it took a while yet for these concepts to jell; they didn't really even have standardized definitions for these quantities yet. Here is an article that might help clarify. Dicklyon (talk) 04:10, 7 December 2010 (UTC)

 * Belevitch opens his thorough survey of the subject with "Although circuit theory is more than 100 years old (Ohm's law, 1827; Kirchoff's laws, 1845)..." He clearly considers Ohm's law to be some kind of beginning although I doubt he would have used the phrase "true beginning".  Belevitch views it more as a slow evolution with a big explosion in the decade prior to World War I.
 * Belevitch, V, "Summary of the history of circuit theory", Proceedings of the IRE, vol 50, Iss 5, pp.848-855, May 1962.
 *  Sp in ni ng  Spark  08:40, 21 December 2010 (UTC)

 * Sounds like a good source to write it from. It's hard for me to imagine circuit analysis before Kirchhoff's laws.  Dicklyon (talk) 09:12, 21 December 2010 (UTC)

Religion
The article states that Ohm's family was Protestant. The early 20th century writer and Fellow of the Royal Society Bertram Windle states that Ohm was probably Catholic: http://www.archive.org/stream/twelvecatholicme00windrich#page/74/mode/2up

Can someone more familiar with his life provide a reliable contemporary source for his religious beliefs?Akasseb (talk) 07:12, 21 December 2011 (UTC)

Not born in Bavaria
When Georg Ohm was born in 1789 Erlangen was a part of the Principiality of Brandenburg-Bayreuth, which had nothing to do with Bavaria. Erlangen did not become part of the Kingdom of Bavaria until 1810, when Ohm was already in his twenties.

The following statements have to be changed accordingly:

"Georg Simon Ohm was born into a Protestant family in Erlangen, Bavaria" is false. Bavaria has to be exchanged with Brandenburg-Bayreuth.

The article also states under his portrait that he was born in "Erlangen, Electorate of Bavaria", which is also false, since Erlangen has never been part of the Electorate of Bavaria, it was only part of the Principiality of Brandenburg-Bayreuth (and after 1810 obviously of the Kingdom of Bavaria, not the Electorate). — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2001:7C0:409:40E4:4878:C5C2:34D6:EC89 (talk) 09:47, 10 October 2012 (UTC)

Acoustic law
The section says that Ohm's law is " It is well known to be not quite true." The citation corresponding to this is Annual Review of Psychology, Volume 25. In the review, the author refers to Foundations of Modern Auditory Theory by Jerry Tobias, which says that "for years musicians have been told that the ear is able to separate any complex signals into a series of sinusoidal signals - that is, it acts as a Fourier analyzer. This quarter-truth, known as Ohm's Other Law, has served to increase the distrust with which perceptive musicians regard scientists, since it is readily apparent to them that the ear acts in this way only under very restricted conditions"

So, is this all personal opinion? Has there been no quantified scientific study disproving the law? Is it true for perceptive musicians with trained ears, or is it true for any person in general? Does an average person hear by decomposing wave packets into sinusoidal waveforms? I don't think it is "well known to be not quite true" based on this citation alone. More data is needed.

Also, out of curiosity, how do musicians identify single notes? What is their calibration? Tuning forks? I presume one would need very sharp line-shapes. Astrokid (talk) 10:25, 1 February 2014 (UTC)

 * I don't think it is just personal opinion, although Tobias's combative statement is probably going too far. Real sounds are not made up of a set of continuous sine waves.  There is always a time-domain constraint on them.  This book makes the point that taking a Fourier transform over too long a period with real sounds (such as speech) gives nonsense results as far as the phase/intelligibility question goes.  Another effect not explained by Ohm's law is the perception of two tones very close together.  A beat is heard at a frequency which is neither of those tones, a phenomenon very well known to piano tuners who use it to good effect.  If you want a source for that see .  Another well known psycho-acoustic effect from music is covered in the same source.  This is the insistence of the ear to "hear" a fundamental that is not actually present deduced from the harmonics actually being played.
 * In answer to your question about musicians and single notes, some musicians have perfect pitch and can reproduce any given note at will without a reference. In an orchestra, musicians usually tune to the lead oboe player, see concert pitch.  One hopes the oboe has tuned his instrument accurately beforehand.  Spinning  Spark  12:46, 1 February 2014 (UTC)

 * It's pretty well known. No hearing scientist would support the idea that Ohm's acoustic law is true.  Even Helmholtz spent a lot of energy on trying to explain pitch phenomena that Ohm's approach could not, in an attempt to patch it up to be close to true.  Do a book search or scholar search on "ohm's acoustic law" and feel free to add what other sources say about it.  Cite my 1982 paper if you like.  Schroeder's attempt to make it more precise doesn't really make it much more true, it just expresses it more as what Ohm meant.  His "Schroeder phase" signals are one way to show that we are indeed sensitivie to relative phase in a periodic tone.  Another way is Patterson's ramped versus damped sinusoids.  Another would be John Robinson Pierce's pitch experiments reported here, in which phase differences can lead to a completely different pitch.  PDFs can be found online via google scholar Dicklyon (talk) 21:31, 1 February 2014 (UTC)
 * And as for "Does an average person hear by decomposing wave packets into sinusoidal waveforms?" No; that's not a concept that has any place in any but the most trivial characterization of hearing. It's more or less what Ohm and Helmholtz thought, and it's an idea that still pollutes popular presentations, but there is no sense in which it is accurate, useful, or predictive in understanding anything about hearing or music.  Dicklyon (talk) 21:36, 1 February 2014 (UTC)
 * Reading Schroeder's paragraph right before section 9.3, I'm a little surprised that he gives the law as much credence as he does; at the same time, says it "admits occasional exceptions". So we do have a difference of opinion about emphasis at least.  The point is that there are a lot of phase manipulations you can do that people won't distinguish; and others that they will.  It's all explainable by a more detailed model of cochlea plus central processing of temporal structure.  It's not explainable in terms of Fourier amplitudes and phases.  See chapter 23 in this book.  Dicklyon (talk) 00:10, 2 February 2014 (UTC)

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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110722070107/http://www.ohm-hochschule.de/index.php?id=1731 to http://www.ohm-hochschule.de/index.php?id=1731

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"Georg" or "George"
The scientist's name is spelt as "Georg Simon Ohm" throughout the entirety of the Wikipedia page, and I believe that this is the correct spelling of his name. However, I noticed that the picture featured on the Wikipedia page has the scientist's name spelt as "George Simon Ohm" in its description. Whilst "Georg" is the Northern European version of the anglicised version of the name "George", I do not think both versions of the name should be used for his name in the same document, for reasons of continuity. I will be changing the picture's description to keep the spelling of his name constant throughout the document. I would be interested in other people's thoughts, and anyone's views about why both spelling should be included. SMargan (talk) 03:05, 13 October 2022 (UTC)

Nurembeg
It seems that he was also a professor at Technical Universuty in Nuremberg.

https://www.th-nuernberg.de/en/veranstaltungen/anniversary/ Pnti (talk) 10:56, 1 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Georg Ohm


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Benjamin Godard

Benjamin Louis Paul Godard (18 August 1849 – 10 January 1895) was a French violinist and Romantic-era composer of Jewish extraction, best known for his opera Jocelyn. Godard composed eight operas, five symphonies, two piano and two violin concertos, string quartets, sonatas for violin and piano, piano pieces and etudes, and more than a hundred songs. He died at the age of 45 in Cannes (Alpes-Maritimes) of tuberculosis and was buried in the family tomb in Taverny in the French department of Val-d'Oise.

Life and career
Godard was born in Paris in 1849. He entered the Conservatoire de Paris in 1863 where he studied under Henri Vieuxtemps (violin) and Napoléon Henri Reber (harmony) and accompanied Vieuxtemps twice to Germany.

In 1876, his Concerto romantique was performed at the Concerts Populaires, and other of his large works were also performed at these concerts. In 1878, Godard was the co-winner of the Prix de la Ville de Paris. His winning composition, a dramatic symphony entitled Le Tasso, remains one of his most admired works.

From that time until his death Godard wrote a large number of compositions. These include eight operas, among them: Jocelyn (the "Berceuse" from which remains Godard's best-known composition), performed in Paris in 1888; Dante, played at the Opéra-Comique two years later; and La Vivandière, left unfinished and completed by Paul Vidal (1863–1931). The last of these was heard at the Opéra-Comique in 1895, and was played in England by the Carl Rosa Opera Company.

He became a professor at the Conservatoire de Paris in 1887, and was made a Chevalier (Knight) of the Légion d'honneur in 1889.

Works
Godard's long list of works includes five symphonies: Symphonie gothique (1883), Symphonie orientale (1884), and Symphonie légendaire (1886); Concerto romantique for violin and orchestra (1876), two piano concertos, three string quartets, four sonatas for violin and piano, a sonata for cello and piano, two piano trios, and various other orchestral works. Among his piano pieces may be mentioned Mazurka No. 2, Valse No. 2, Au Matin, Postillon, En Courant, En Train, and Les Hirondelles. Florian's Song is also very popular and has been arranged for many instruments. Godard's fourth sonata for violin and piano contains a scherzo written in the unusual time signature of Quintuple meter. He wrote more than 100 songs.

According to the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, "Godard's compositions are unequal, if only because his productivity was enormous. He was at his best in works of smaller dimensions. Among his more ambitious works, the Symphonie légendaire may be singled out as being one of the most distinctive."

Godard was opposed to the music of Richard Wagner and also highly critical of Wagner's antisemitism. Godard's musical style was more in tune with those of Felix Mendelssohn and Robert Schumann.

title: Benjamin Godard


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Samar

Samar is the third-largest and seventh-most populous island in the Philippines, with a total population of 1,909,537 as of the 2020 census. It is located in the eastern Visayas, which are in the central Philippines. The island is divided into three provinces: Samar (formerly Western Samar), Northern Samar, and Eastern Samar. These three provinces, along with the provinces on the nearby islands of Leyte and Biliran, are part of the Eastern Visayas region.

About a third of the island of Samar is protected as a natural park, known as the Samar Island Natural Park.

On June 19, 1965, through Republic Act No. 4221, Samar was divided into three provinces: Northern Samar, (Western) Samar and Eastern Samar. The capitals of these provinces are, respectively, Catarman, Catbalogan, and Borongan. In commemoration of the establishment of these provinces, June 19 is celebrated as an annual holiday and many have the day off from work.

Geography
Samar is the third-largest island in the Philippines by area, after the islands of Luzon and Mindanao. Mount Huraw is Samar's highest point, with an elevation of 2,920 ft.

Samar is the easternmost island in the Visayas. It lies to the northeast of Leyte, separated from it only by the San Juanico Strait, which at its narrowest point is only about 2 km across; the strait is spanned by the San Juanico Bridge. And it lies to the southeast of the Bicol Peninsula on Luzon, separated from it only by the San Bernardino Strait.

To the south is Leyte Gulf, which in October 1944 became the site of one of the most consequential naval battles of World War II. And to the north and east of Samar lies the Philippine Sea, part of the Pacific Ocean.

Events
The name for the Samar island was approximated as Zamal by Antonio Pigafetta in 1521.

In 1543, King Iberein with his official oarsmen approached a Spanish vessel anchored in his harbour. Iberein is from Lawan. There is also a Samarnon saga that tells the story of Bingi of Lawan.

There are other principalities on the island such as Ibabao (or Cibabao), Achan, Camlaya, Taridola, and Candaya.

Foreign descriptions
Samar was the first island of the Philippines sighted by the Spanish expedition led by Ferdinand Magellan (transcribed as Zamal in the diary of Antonio Pigafetta). He sighted it on 16 March 1521, having sailed there from the Mariana Islands. Realizing he had arrived at an archipelago, he charted the islands, and called them San Lazaro (Saint Lazarus in English) because they were sighted on Lazarus Saturday. The Spaniards later called the island Filipinas, while the Portuguese called it Lequios. Although Samar was the first island of the Philippines sighted by Magellan, he did not land there. He continued south, weighed anchor at Suluan Island, and then finally, on 17 March 1521, he landed on Homonhon Island. Later in the 1700s, Samar was recorded to have about 103 Spanish Filipino families and 3,042 native families.

Years later, other Spanish expeditions arrived. The historian William Henry Scott wrote that a "Samar datu by the name of Iberein was rowed out to a Spanish vessel anchored in his harbor in 1543 by oarsmen collared in gold; while wearing on his own person earrings and chains." Scott recounted a Samarnon saga, which was called siday, about Bingi of Lawan, a prosperous Lakanate in Samar, and he also recorded that Datu Hadi Iberein came from the Lakanate of Lawan.

Samar also had names which are recorded in early Spanish sources, including Ibabao (or Cibabao), Achan, Camlaya, and Taridola. The Spanish captain Miguel Lopez de Legaspi also infamously called the island Tandaya, after mistaking the name of a lord with the name of the island (not to be confused with Datu Daya of northern Cebu). This was spelled by Miguel de Loarca as Candaya.

Philippine-American War
The final campaign of the Philippine–American War (1899-1902) took place in Samar and is one of the best known, and most notorious, of the entire war. A combination of factors resulted in particularly violent clashes.

On September 28, 1901, Eugenio Daza, Area Commander of Southeastern Samar and Valeriano Abanador, the town's police chief, launched an attack on U.S. Army Company C 9th Infantry Regiment who were occupying Balangiga. The Filipino Forces brought one of the only Filipino victories of the war and the worst American defeat in decades.

In 1989, "Balangiga Encounter Day" was established as a provincial holiday in Eastern Samar to celebrate the Balangiga Encounter victory.

The Balangiga Encounter resulted in the brutal March across Samar. "'I want no prisoners. I wish you to kill and burn; the more you kill and burn, the better it will please me ... The interior of Samar must be made a howling wilderness ...' — Gen. Jacob H. Smith"Thousands of Filipinos were slaughtered by American Marines.

In his history of the war, Brian McAllister Linn asserts "Samar cast a pall on the army's achievement and, for generations, has been associated in the public mind as typifying the Philippine War."

World War II
The waters off the east side of the island also hosted the Battle off Samar on October 25, 1944, wherein a small, unarmored force of United States Navy escorts fought off the center force of the Imperial Japanese Navy, including the Japanese battleship Yamato. During World War II the island was part of a large US Navy base Leyte-Samar Naval Base.

title: Samar


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Anti-Germans (political current)

Anti-German (Antideutsch) is the generic name applied to a variety of theoretical and political tendencies within the left mainly in Germany and Austria. The Anti-Germans form one of the main camps within the broader Antifa movement, alongside the Anti-Zionist anti-imperialists, after the two currents split between the 1990s and the early 2000s as a result of their diverging views on Israel. The anti-Germans are a fringe movement within the German left: In 2006 Deutsche Welle estimated the number of anti-Germans to be between 500 and 3,000. The basic standpoint of the anti-Germans includes opposition to German nationalism, a critique of mainstream left anti-capitalist views, which are thought to be simplistic and structurally antisemitic, and a critique of antisemitism, which is considered to be deeply rooted in German cultural history. As a result of this analysis of antisemitism, support for Israel and opposition to Anti-Zionism is a primary unifying factor of the anti-German movement. The critical theory of Theodor Adorno and Max Horkheimer is often cited by anti-German theorists.

Emergence
The rapid collapse of the German Democratic Republic and the looming reunification of Germany triggered a major crisis within the German Left. The Anti-German tendency first developed in a discussion group known as the Radical Left, which consisted of elements of the German Green Party, Trotskyists, members of the Communist League (Kommunistischer Bund), the journal konkret, and members of Autonome, Libertarian and Anarchist groups, who rejected plans by other segments of Leftist political organisations to join a governing coalition. This circle adopted a position developed by the Kommunistischer Bund, a decidedly pessimistic analysis with regard to the potential for revolutionary change in Germany. Known as the "Fascisation" analysis, this theory held that due to the particularity of German history and development, the endemic crisis of capitalism would lead to a move towards the far right and to a new Fascism.

During an internal debate, representatives of the majority tendency said that the minority current, due to its bleak analysis and unwavering pessimism, might as well just emigrate to the Bahamas. The minority tendency, in an ironic gesture, thus named their discussion organ Bahamas. In 2007 Haaretz described Bahamas as "the leading publication of the hardcore pro-Israel, anti-German communist movement." The phrase Nie wieder Deutschland ("Germany, Never Again"), which became a central anti-German slogan, originated in demonstrations against reunification,  the largest of which attracted a crowd of approximately 10,000 people. This early alliance dissipated shortly after the process of reunification was complete.

Development in the 1990s
The notion of a revival of German nationalism and racism as a result of the reunification seemed to confirm itself over the course of the 1990s, as shown by such events as the Rostock-Lichtenhagen riots and a murderous attack on a Turkish family in the West German town of Solingen. This wave of anti-immigrant violence led to tightening of Germany's hitherto liberal asylum laws.

As a result of these conflicts, through the 1990s, small groups and circles associated with Anti-German ideas began to emerge throughout Germany, refining their ideological positions by dissenting from prevailing opinions within the German Left. These positions became particularly prominent within "Anti-fascist" groups. The Gulf War in 1990 consolidated the Anti-German position around a new issue, specifically criticism of the broader Left's failure to side with Israel against rocket attacks launched into civilian areas by the regime of Saddam Hussein. Leading left-wing writers such as Eike Geisel and Wolfgang Pohrt criticised the German peace movement for failing to appreciate the threat posed by Ba'athism to left-wing movements through the Middle East, in particular around the Iraqi regime's use of poison gas.

The outbreak of the Second Intifada provided another focal point for the emerging Anti-German movement. While other left-wing analysis identified Israel as an aggressor to the point they were perceived by the Anti-German movement as supporting Islamist groups such as Hamas, the Anti-German camp called for unconditional solidarity with Israel, explicitly Jews and other non-Arab groups native to the region against pan-Arabist ideology. This resulted in leading Anti-German publications including Konkret and Bahamas to draw links between the antisemitism of Islamist groups and the antisemitism of the Nazis, as both groups upheld the extermination of the Jews as central to their politics. This break with other left-wing positions was further intensified by the September 11 attacks on America, with Anti-Germans strongly criticising other leftist positions that claimed that Al-Qaeda's assault on the United States was motivated by anti-imperialist or anti-capitalist resistance against American hegemony, instead claiming that Al-Qaeda and their attacks represented a modern form of fascism that needed to be stringently opposed.

In 1995, the fiftieth anniversary of the bombing of Dresden, anti-Germans praised the bombing on the grounds that so many of the city's civilians had supported Nazism. Kyle James points to this as an example of a shift towards support for the United States that became more pronounced after 9/11. Similar demonstrations are annually held, the slogans "Bomber Harris, do it again!" and "Deutsche Täter sind keine Opfer!" ("German perpetrators are no victims!") have become common.

The 1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia was also a focus of opposition for the anti-Germans, as for most of the radical left. Many anti-Germans condemned the war as a repetition of the political constellation of forces during the Second World War, with the Serbs in the role of victim of German imperialism. Some anti-Germans thus issued a call for "unconditional" support for the regime of Slobodan Milošević. The reasons the German government gave to legitimize the war – from an anti-German perspective – marked a turning point in the discourse of governmental history-policy. The war was not justified "despite but because of Auschwitz". This judgment is often combined with the analysis of the genesis of a new national self as the "Aufarbeitungsweltmeister" or "Weltmeister der Vergangenheitsbewältigung" (world champion in dealing with and mastering one's own past evil deeds).

Later Anti-German focal points included the Stop The Bomb Coalition, active in both Germany and Austria, to maintain sanctions against Iranian attempts to obtain nuclear weapons.

Criticisms
Zionist leftists that are (often against their self-designation) linked to the Antideutsche movement in Germany and Austria have been accused of targeting left-wing German Jews and Austrian Jews. According to Haaretz writer Ofri Ilany, "Incensed Germans, some of them descendants of Nazis, don't hesitate to attack Jewish and Israeli left-wingers" and "besmirch Jews" and violate their freedom of expression "under the banner of the struggle against anti-Semitism." Left-wing Austrian-Jewish activist Isabel Frey said that "Jews are fetishized in this pseudo-tolerant way and assumed to have unified interests" by the political mainstream in Austria and Germany. According to Frey, "Jewish leftists are being accused of antisemitism by non-Jewish leftists. To me, these accusations are a way of denigrating our Jewish identities, of saying that we’re the “wrong kind” of Jew. I keep asking myself, are these accusations themselves a kind of antisemitism?" Michael Sappir, an Israeli-born German-Jewish anti-Zionist activist affiliated with Jewish-Israeli descent in Leipzig, has said in +972 Magazine that the experience of being an anti-Zionist Jewish leftist in Germany can be disempowering and "very isolating" because the German left is often associated with the Antideutsch movement. According to Sappir, Jewish leftists and other pro-Palestinian voices are marginalized in part because "Antideutsch groups have managed to bully them into silence" and that Jewish leftists "felt very insulted by the idea of calling this struggle 'antisemitic'". Despite accusations of anti-Semitism, there is close collaboration and solidarity between those associated with Antideutsche movement and Zionist leftist Jewish organizations, as e.g. the Autonome Jüdische Gruppe Berlin or the (representing the Jewish students in Austria).

title: Anti-Germans (political current)


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Cornelius Gurlitt (composer)

Gustav Cornelius Gurlitt (10 February 1820 – 17 June 1901) was a German composer. He was a classmate of Carl Reinecke, whose father was head of the Leipzig Conservatory. Gurlitt studied with Reinecke's father for six years. His first public appearance at the age of seventeen was well received, and he decided to go to Copenhagen to continue his studies. There he studied organ, piano, and composition under Curlander and Weyse. While in Copenhagen he became acquainted with the Danish composer Niels Gade, and they remained friends until Gade's death.

In 1842, Gurlitt moved to Hørsholm, where he resided as an organist and a music teacher for four years. He then moved to Leipzig, Germany, where Gade was the musical director for the Gewandhaus concerts. Gurlitt next traveled to Rome, where his brother, Louis Gurlitt, a well-known painter, was studying. Cornelius Gurlitt's abilities as a musician were quickly recognized in Rome, and the papal Accademia di Santa Cecilia nominated him an honorary member, and later graduated him as a Professor of Music in 1855. While in Rome he also studied painting with excellent results. On his return to Altona, the Duke of Augustenburg engaged him as teacher for three of his daughters. When the Schleswig-Holstein war broke out in 1848, Gurlitt became a military band master. His output was prodigious in quantity and breadth, ranging from songs and teaching pieces to operas, cantatas, and symphonies. He was born in Altona, Schleswig-Holstein and died in Altona.

title: Cornelius Gurlitt (composer)


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Ravenel

Ravenel may refer to:

Places

 * Ravenel, Oise, a place in France
 * Ravenel, South Carolina, United States

Other uses

 * Ravenel conjectures
 * Ravenel (surname)

title: Ravenel


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San Juanico Strait

San Juanico Strait (Sulang han San Juanico) is a narrow strait in the Eastern Visayan region in the Philippines. It separates the islands of Samar and Leyte and connects Carigara Bay (Samar Sea) with the San Pedro Bay (Leyte Gulf). It is about 38 km long. At its narrowest point, the strait is only 2 km wide.

The strait is crossed by the San Juanico Bridge. The HVDC Leyte–Luzon power line also crosses the strait through an overhead line at 11.39333°N, 124.98444°W, using a tower on an uninhabited island in the strait. The Tacloban City harbor, the main port of the Eastern Visayas, is on Cancabato Bay at the southern entrance of the strait.

title: San Juanico Strait


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Flemish Parliament

The Flemish Parliament (Dutch:, formerly called Flemish Council or Vlaamse Raad) constitutes the legislative power in Flanders for matters which fall within the competence of Flanders, both as a geographic region and as a cultural community of Belgium (unlike the French Community and Wallonia, which each have separate legislatures: the Parliament of the French Community and the Parliament of Wallonia).

The Flemish Parliament approves decrees, which are Flemish laws, applicable to all persons in the Flemish Region, and to Flemish institutions in Brussels; it appoints and supervises the Flemish Government; and it approves the Flemish budget. The Flemish Parliament meets in the Flemish Parliament building in central Brussels, and its members and staff are housed in the House of the Flemish Representatives.

History
From 1830 until 1970 Belgium was a unitary state with a single government and a bicameral national parliament. The laws issued by Parliament applied to all Belgians, and government ministers exercised their authority across the length and breadth of the country. Between 1970 and 2001 the Belgian Parliament approved five successive constitutional reforms. Slowly they changed Belgium from a unitary into a federal state. Part of this was to give the communities and later the regions, their own parliaments.

On 7 December 1971 the Cultural Council for the Dutch-speaking Cultural Community held its first meeting; later followed a parliament for the Flemish Region. Flanders decided as early as 1980 to merge the Flemish Community with the Flemish Region. As a result, Flanders now has a single parliament and a single government with competence over community as well as over regional matters. This Parliament was called the Vlaamse Raad until it was officially renamed Vlaams Parlement (Flemish Parliament) on 13 June 1995. Over the last thirty years, Flanders has thus developed into a separate state within the federalised Belgium.

Members are called "Vlaamse Volksvertegenwoordigers". In English, they are referred to as "Members of the Flemish Parliament" (MFPs), like the MSPs in Scotland and the MEPs in the European Union. The title "Flemish Representative" is also used in English. Since 1995 members of the Flemish Parliament have been directly elected.

Currently, many voices in the Flemish Movement would like the Flemish Parliament to acquire certain sovereign powers in addition to those concerning language, culture and education. Furthermore, among the broader Flemish population a consensus has emerged that the Flemish Parliament should also acquire much larger financial and fiscal autonomy.

Competencies (Jurisdiction)
The Flemish Parliament enacts decrees, which are Flemish laws, either as a decree of the Flemish Community or as a decree of the Flemish Region (or often as a decree combining provisions for both entities). Regional legislation is only applicable to all persons in the Flemish Region whereas community legislation also applies to Flemish institutions or services in Brussels (and thus to persons in Brussels who choose to make use of these institutions or services, such as schools).

No hierarchy exists between (federal) laws and Flemish decrees, as each level is supposed to have clearly defined subject-matter jurisdiction. The basis for the community subject-matter jurisdiction is defined in the Belgian Constitution, but the Special Law on Institutional Reform defines all matters in high detail. They can be summarised as follows:

Competencies for the entire Flemish Community

 * 1) Culture: The Flemish parliament is competent for all cultural matters. This includes protection of the cultural heritage (e.g. literature, fine arts), tourism and the media. The public Flemish radio and television broadcasting company is the VRT.
 * 2) Language use: including language use in schools and universities, in the Flemish and local administrations, and in relations between employers and employees in the Dutch-speaking part of Belgium, with exception of the 'language facilities' enjoyed in some municipalities.
 * 3) All ‘matters relating to the person’: youth protection, family policy and childcare, together with policy regarding the handicapped, old age pensioners, equal opportunities and the integration of migrants.
 * 4) Education: from kindergarten to university including scholarships, though the establishment of the period of compulsory education, requirements for awarding degrees, and pension schemes for teachers remain at the federal level.
 * 5) Health care: including preventive health care, home care, institutions for mental health care, but excluding health insurance, financing of hospitals and most other competencies that remained federal.

Competencies for the Flemish Region only

 * 1) Economy, employment and energy policy: includes government support for business, employment policy, agriculture and fisheries, the distribution of electricity and natural gas, the exploitation of new energy sources and the promotion of responsible use of energy
 * 2) Town and country planning, housing, land development & nature conservation: including regional planning, building permits, housing policy, social housing, urban renewal, preservation of monuments and natural sites, land consolidation and nature conservation
 * 3) Environment and water policy: including the reduction of air, land and water pollution, noise control, the purification of waste water, the production and distribution of drinking water and waste disposal policy
 * 4) Scientific research: this field is the full responsibility of the regional authorities, except for aerospace and military research (that remained federal).
 * 5) Public works and transport: includes roads, ports (the Port of Antwerp, Port of Bruges-Zeebrugge, Port of Ghent and the Port of Ostend), the regional airports (including Antwerp International Airport and Ostend-Bruges International Airport), and urban and regional transport.
 * 6) Agriculture: includes the Agricultural Investment Fund, the agricultural education, the development of rural regions, the sale of agricultural and horticultural products and the fisheries policy. By the stipulations of the Lambermont Agreement (2001), the regions are competent for almost the complete agricultural policy but a few security aspects like food security and animal welfare which remained under the competence of the federal government.
 * 7) Local government: includes the allocating of financial resources to the 300 Flemish municipalities and to the five Flemish provinces, and administrative supervision of these communes and provinces and their laws.

International affairs
For all areas within its sphere of competence (both vis-à-vis community or regional competences), the Flemish region can conclude international treaties with other states, whether they are national states or member states of a federation. This competence includes development cooperation and foreign trade.

Procedure
A regular legislative session starts in September, when the Government presents its "September Declaration" (Septemberverklaring), a kind of State of the Union. Plenary sessions are usually held on Wednesdays.

The Flemish Parliament largely functions like its federal, community and regional counterparts, mutatis mutandis. Bills are usually introduced by the Government (ontwerp van decreet), but members of parliament can also propose bills (voorstel van decreet or private member's bill). Bills are first considered in committee, after which they are put to a vote in the plenary. Votes are usually recorded electronically. For example during the 2009–14 legislature, 407 government bills were adopted, while only 102 private member's bills were made law.

Elections and membership

118 members are directly elected in the Flemish Region. They have voting rights for both regional and community competencies. Six members are directly elected in the Brussels-Capital Region by those voters who voted for a Dutch-speaking party in the Brussels regional elections. They have no voting rights for the regional competencies.

The elections take place every five years, simultaneously with the elections for the other regional and community parliaments and for the European Parliament. Thus, de facto the European decision-makers determine when the Flemish Parliament elections occur.

This table shows the distribution of seats following the 2019 regional election:

Previous legislative terms
The following table lists each legislative term since 1995, when the Flemish Parliament was first directly elected following the fourth state reform.

The parties are ordered by size in the respective term. Green coloured parties indicate the government majority, whereas red parties form the opposition.

1995–1999 1999–2004 2004–2009 2009–2014 2014–2019 2019–2024 2024–present

Officers
At the beginning of each parliamentary year, on the fourth Monday in September, the Flemish Parliament elects its Speaker. The Speaker chairs the plenary sessions of the Flemish Parliament and acts as its official representative. The speaker determines whether a certain initiative is admissible and thus can be put to parliament at all. The Flemish Ministers take the oath before the Speaker of the Flemish Parliament. Only the head of the Flemish government, the Flemish Minister-President, takes the oath before the King.

The current Speaker of the Flemish Parliament is Liesbeth Homans of the New Flemish Alliance (N-VA).

The Speaker of the Flemish Parliament is assisted by the Bureau, which consists of the Speaker, four Deputy Speakers and three Secretaries. The Bureau is responsible for the day-to-day activities of the Flemish Parliament and meets at least once every two weeks. The Extended Bureau, which consists of the Bureau and the floor leaders of the recognised political fractions in the Flemish Parliament coordinates the political activities of the Flemish Parliament and sets the agenda for the plenary session. It usually meets every week on Monday.

Speakers

 * Cultural Council for the Dutch Cultural Community (Cultuurraad voor de Nederlandse Cultuurgemeenschap)
 * 1971-1974: Robert Vandekerckhove (CVP)
 * 1974-1977: Jan Bascour (PVV)
 * 1977-1979: Maurits Coppieters (VU)
 * 1979-1980: Rik Boel (BSP)

 * Flemish Council (Vlaamse Raad)
 * 1980-1981: Rik Boel (BSP)
 * 1981-1985: Jean Pede (PVV)
 * 1985-1988: Frans Grootjans (PVV)
 * 1988: Jean Pede (PVV)
 * 1988-1994: Louis Vanvelthoven (SP)
 * 1994-1995: Eddy Baldewijns (SP)

 * Flemish Parliament (Vlaams Parlement)
 * 1995–2006: Norbert De Batselier (sp.a)
 * 2006–2009: Marleen Vanderpoorten (Open Vld)
 * 2009–2019: Jan Peumans (N-VA)
 * 2019: Kris Van Dijck (N-VA)
 * 2019: Wilfried Vandaele (N-VA)
 * 2019–present: Liesbeth Homans (N-VA)

Committees
Much of the work of the Flemish Parliament is done in committee. The Flemish Parliament currently has eleven standing committees. Each committee is specialised in a particular subject area and consists of 15 Members of the Flemish Parliament. The primary task of the committees is to examine the texts of decree proposals and organise hearings and discussions on decree proposals. There are usually also ad hoc committees, such as the Digital Flanders Committee and the Flemish Constitution Committee.

List of standing committees

 * Committee for General Affairs and Financial and Budgetary Matters
 * Subcommittee on Finance and Budget
 * Committee for Brussels and its Flemish Periphery
 * Committee for Administrative Affairs, Institutional and Administrative Reform and Decree Evaluation
 * Committee for Housing, Urban Policy, Integration and Equal Opportunities
 * Committee for Foreign Policy, European Affairs, International Co-operation and Tourism
 * Committee for Education, Training, Science and Innovation
 * Committee for Culture, Youth, Sports and Media
 * Committee for Public Well-Being, Public Health and Family Affairs
 * Committee for Economic Affairs, Employment and Social Economics
 * Subcommittee on Arms Trade
 * Committee for Environmental and Nature Conservation Issues, Agriculture, Fishery and Rural Development Policy and Town and Country Planning and Real Estate
 * Subcommittee on Agriculture, Fishery and Rural Policy
 * Committee for Public Works, Mobility and Energy

title: Flemish Parliament


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A World Transformed

A World Transformed is a 1998 book (ISBN 0-679-43248-5) by former U.S. President George H. W. Bush and Brent Scowcroft, Bush's national security advisor, documenting foreign relations during the Bush administration.

They explained in 1998 why they failed to go to Baghdad and remove Saddam Hussein's government from power in 1991 during the Gulf War:

title: A World Transformed