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Marvel 2099

Marvel 2099 was a Marvel Comics imprint, started in 1992, that was originally about one possible future of the Marvel Universe, but later revealed to be the Earth of the main Marvel continuity in the distant future. It was originally announced by Stan Lee in his "Stan's Soapbox" column as a single series entitled The Marvel World of Tomorrow, which was being developed by Lee and John Byrne. This later changed to a line of books under the banner Marvel 2093 (the date being one hundred years from the year in which the titles launched) before finally being published as Marvel 2099.

Three of the initial four titles launched—Doom 2099, Punisher 2099, and Spider-Man 2099—starred futuristic takes on pre-existing characters. The fourth, Ravage 2099, featured an all-new superhero, scripted for several months by Stan Lee. The 2099 line soon expanded to include 2099 Unlimited, Fantastic Four 2099, Ghost Rider 2099, Hulk 2099, X-Men 2099, and X-Nation 2099. While it has been confirmed to be a possible future version of Earth-616, the mainstream Marvel Universe, the 2099 universe has been officially designated as Earth-928 and alternatively dubbed as Earth-616 circa 2099, or simply Earth-2099.

Publication history
The initial universe began with Spider-Man 2099, Ravage 2099, Doom 2099, and Punisher 2099 being launched in subsequent months. Peter David wrote Spider-Man for the bulk of the series, and it was consistently the most popular series. It satirized corporations, with Spider-Man constantly clashing with Alchemax, which employed him in his secret identity. Stan Lee wrote the first eight issues of Ravage as an extremely political story about corruption, corporate pollution, and the environment. After Lee left, he was replaced by a series of writers. In 1993, Wizard reported that the 2099 line had "gone over fairly well with the fans".

Growth and decline
Fans requested further titles, and Marvel provided X-Men 2099. They also introduced a Hulk 2099 in the series 2099 Unlimited, which featured occasional Spider-Man 2099 stories, as well as early work by Warren Ellis. The comics had a strong degree of interconnectivity that was similar to comics published by Marvel in the 1960s due to the imprint's editor Joey Cavalieri. The only cross-title crossover within the 2099 universe, The Fall of the Hammer, detailed a plot by the corporations to technologically recreate the Norse pantheon, along with a new Thor, to distract attention from the anti-corporate superheroes.

The 2099 series expanded to include Ghost Rider 2099, about a hero whose consciousness had been downloaded into a robotic body. Hulk 2099 was also given a brief chance at his own series. As sales began to flag on all titles besides Spider-Man and X-Men, Marvel commissioned ideas from various writers, including a proposal by Grant Morrison and Mark Millar, before accepting Warren Ellis's idea that Doom 2099, revealed to be, in fact, Victor Von Doom, would take over the United States. Each title had the modifier "A.D." ("After Doom") added on the logo to reflect the change. The new storyline allowed Marvel to cancel several low-selling titles (Hulk, Ravage, and The Punisher). The in-universe reason for the heroes' deaths was President Rogers (an impostor Captain America who was instated after Doom was violently ousted from office) ordered the execution of the super heroes, including Punisher, Hulk and a handful of low-tier heroes who had appeared in 2099 Unlimited.

In 1996, when Marvel, during a cost-cutting exercise, fired Cavalieri, many of the 2099 creators (including Peter David and Warren Ellis) quit the line in protest. With the line floundering, two additional titles were launched: X-Nation 2099, a spin-off of X-Men 2099, and Fantastic Four 2099, which featured characters who were apparently the present day Fantastic Four accidentally sent into the future.

Around this time, Doom 2099 became the only 2099 comic to crossover with a present-day Marvel comic when he traveled back to 1996 and met Daredevil, the Fantastic Four, and Namor in a story partially told in Fantastic Four #413. Spider-Man 2099 met the original Spider-Man in a special one-shot issue, making them the only characters to meet their counterparts.

End of the imprint
After sales slumped, the 2099 titles were canceled and replaced by 2099: World of Tomorrow, a single title featuring the surviving characters from all the titles. The series lasted only eight issues before being canceled.

The 2099 line was concluded with a one-shot, 2099: Manifest Destiny (March 1998), in which Captain America was found in suspended animation and, with Miguel O'Hara, assembled various 2099 heroes into a new team of Avengers. The story summarized the years from 2099 to 3099, with humanity transforming the corporate world of 2099 into a utopia and then expanding into space.

Subsequent appearances
The 2099 world has been seen occasionally since, most notably in Peter David's "Future Tense" storyline in Captain Marvel, which revisited both Spider-Man 2099 and the alternate future of the Maestro that David created in The Incredible Hulk: Future Imperfect, explaining a plot point which had been left dangling since David had abruptly left Spider-Man 2099.

In 2004, writer Robert Kirkman wrote a series of one-shot comics for the fifth anniversary of the Marvel Knights imprint, under the heading Marvel Knights 2099. The future portrayed in this series is unconnected to the original 2099 Universe, which included a different Punisher 2099.

In 2005, the Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe one-shot, involving alternate universes, designated the Earth of 2099 as Earth-928, with Marvel Knights 2099 designated as Earth-2992. A cover of a second printing from the Spider-Man storyline "The Other: Evolve or Die" features Miguel O'Hara / Spider-Man 2099.

In 2006, the Exiles visited the Marvel Universe 2099 in Exiles #75-76 as part of the "World Tour" arc. This future had split apart from the mainstream 2099 fairly early, as Doom 2099 had not yet met Spider-Man 2099. Spider-Man 2099 joined the Exiles and left with them.

In 2009 Marvel published miniseries "Timestorm," crossing the current Marvel Universe with yet another alternate version of 2099. The Spider-Man 2099 of this reality is a teenager.

In 2013, Spider-Man 2099 became trapped in the mainstream Marvel Universe in The Superior Spider-Man. In 2014 he would star in an ongoing series and become involved in the "Spider-Verse" storyline, along with numerous other alternate reality Spider-Men. Notably the Spider-Men 2099s of the "Exiles" and "Timestorm" series are killed during this event. At the end of this storyline, the 2099 timeline has been altered.

The 2099 universe is involved in the 2015 storyline "Secret Wars".

In 2016, an issue of Deadpool debuted the 2099 version of Deadpool.

In 2019 in Amazing Spider-Man #25, Dr. Connors is giving a lecture on the negligence of the world and environment due to focus on the countless occurrences of superhero activity will end up negatively impacting the future, to the point of catastrophe. Meanwhile, set to his lecture, strange weather phenomenon is occurring above a burning oil rig. A rift opens in the sky and a figure falls out of it, landing on the dock of the rig. The workers un-bury the figure, revealing an unconscious Spider-Man 2099. There was later a series of one-shots to celebrate the 25th anniversary of Marvel 2099. It incorporated the ongoing storyline from Amazing Spider-Man that not only reintroduced Spider-Man 2099, Fantastic Four 2099, Doom 2099, Punisher 2099, and Venom 2099 in individual one-shot issues, but also introduced Conan 2099. Ulana the Watcher narrated that this reality of Earth-2099 is a combination of Earth-928 and the other Marvel 2099 realities which have been rewoven together.

Setting
The world of 2099 is a cyberpunk dystopia (similar to the world of Blade Runner). North America is a corporate police state ruled by a few huge megacorporations, most notably Alchemax, which owns the private police force the Public Eye (which primarily punishes criminals' bank accounts). There were, prior to the launch of the comics, no active superheroes in this world, and the previous heroes are mythologized through religion, as with the Church of Thor. The present-day Marvel continuity is referred to as an "Age of Heroes" that abruptly ended in a catastrophe a century before that also set back society (this catastrophe was averted in the present when Miguel O'Hara- Spider-Man 2099- temporarily swapped places with his past self shortly before the cataclysm, turning Miguel's world into an alternate future of the Marvel Universe rather than the future).

Card system
In the 2099 Universe, the monetary currency system uses implants commonly known as cards, which are credit ID implants. There are aluminum cards, gold cards, and platinum cards. Another type of card are black cards, which give the owner unlimited funds and law immunity.

Characters
This section contains the characters from each of the 2099 realities:

Protagonists

 * Doom (Victor Von Doom)
 * Ghost Rider (Zero Cochrane)
 * Hulk (John Eisenhart)
 * Punisher (Jake Gallows)
 * Ravage (Paul-Phillip Ravage)
 * Spider-Man (Miguel O'Hara)

X-Men 2099

 * Bloodhawk (Lemuel Krugg)
 * Cerebra (Shakti Haddad)
 * Junkpile
 * Krystalin (Krystalin Porter Ogada)
 * La Lunatica
 * Meanstreak (Henri Huang)
 * Metalhead (Eddie Van Beethoven-Osako)
 * Serpentina (Kimberly Potters)
 * Skullfire (Timothy Sean Michael Fitzgerald)
 * Desert Ghost (Xi'an Chi Xan)

X-Nation 2099

 * Cerebra (Shakti Haddad)
 * Clarion (Hayes Isaacs)
 * December (December Frost)
 * Metalsmith
 * Nostromo
 * Twilight
 * Uproar
 * Willow
 * Wulff

Fantastic Four 2099

 * Human Torch (clone of Johnny Storm)
 * Invisible Woman (clone of Sue Storm)
 * Mister Fantastic (clone of Reed Richards)
 * Thing (clone of Ben Grimm)

Other heroes

 * Matt Axel (the Punisher's armorer)
 * Barrio Man
 * Captain America (imposter posing as Steve Rogers)
 * Daredevil 2099 (there were two different versions of this Daredevil)
 * Daredevil (Samuel Fisk)
 * Daredevil (Eric Nelson)
 * Dr. Apollo (Dr. Nikolai Apolonio)
 * Freakshow (Mama Hurricane, Breakdown, Rosa, Metalhead, Psyclone, Contagion, Tantrum, and Dominic)
 * Galahad, a human connected to robot
 * The Ghostworks
 * Goldheart
 * Lachryma 2099
 * The Lawless (Xi'an Chi Xan, Victor Ten Eagles, Junkpile, Broken Haiku, Mongrel, Auntie Maim, and the Reverend)
 * Metalscream 2099
 * Moon Knight 2099
 * Net Prophet (John Roger Tensen, also known as Justice)
 * S.H.I.E.L.D. 2099
 * Steel Rain
 * Thor 2099 (Reverend Cecil McAdams)
 * Vendetta
 * Hazzard 2099
 * Duke Stratosphere
 * Captain America 2099 (Roberta Mendez, debuts in Secret Wars 2099 and appears in Spider-Man 2099 volume 3)
 * Black Widow 2099 (Tania)
 * Hawkeye 2099 (Max)
 * Iron Man 2099 (Sonny Frisco)
 * Deadpool 2099
 * Roman the Sub-Mariner
 * Strange 2099
 * Relur
 * Iron Fist 2099
 * Phastos
 * Black Widow 2098
 * Frankenstein's Monster 2099
 * Grey Hulk 2099
 * Red Hulk 2099 (Ross Romero)

Villains

 * Adonai (leader of LA "locusts")
 * False Aesir (Thor/Cecil McAdams, Hela/Tiana, Loki/Jordan Boone, Balder, Heimdall)
 * Anti-Hulk
 * The Architect (Ryu Kobolt)
 * Avatarr (CEO of Alchemax; secretly an alien)
 * Brimstone Love and the Theatre of Pain
 * Captain America (an impostor posing as Steve Rogers)
 * Coda
 * Dethstryk and the Mutroids of Hellrock
 * Discord
 * Doctor Octopus 2099 (an Atlantean with octopus tentacles)
 * Draco
 * Electro 2099
 * Exodus
 * Fearmaster (Darryl King)
 * Fever
 * Flipside
 * Glitterspike
 * Gearbox
 * Goblin
 * The Golden One
 * Halloween Jack (Jordan Boone, also known as Loki; later traveled to the present in X-Force #92)
 * Heartbreaker
 * Anderthorp Henton (Director-General of ECO)
 * Hotwire (Dean Gallows, son of Jake Gallows)
 * Multi-Fractor/Jigsaw
 * Dyson Kellerman (CEO of Transverse City Security)
 * L-Cypher
 * Master Zhao and the Chosen (One-Eyed Jack, Psycho-K, Frostbite, Wingspan, and Monster)
 * Masters of Evil 2099
 * The Norns of the Theatre of Pain (Felicity, Bliss, Euphoria)
 * Public Enemy (Saber Hagen)
 * The Rat Pack (the Dealer, the Suicide Master, Mister Entertainment)
 * Sandwoman
 * Scorpion (Kron Stone from the "Timestorm 2009–2099" reality)
 * The Shadow Dancer
 * Sinister Six 2099 (Goblin, Doctor Octopus, Electro, Sandwoman, Venom, and Vulture)
 * The Specialist
 * Tyler Stone (dictator of Latveria in 2099 and former employee of Alchemax)
 * The Synge Family (Noah, Lytton, and Desdemona)
 * Technarchy/Phalanx
 * Thanatos (Aaron Delgado possessed by an alternate-reality version of Rick Jones)
 * Tiger Wylde
 * Vengeance 2099
 * Venom (there are two known Venom 2099 versions)
 * Venom (Kron Stone)
 * Venom (Alea Bell)
 * Venture (Queeg)
 * Vulture 2099

Mega-corporations

 * Alchemax (CEO Avatarr; VP Tyler Stone) and its subsidiaries
 * ECO Corp. (CEO Ravage; Director-General Anderthorp Henton)
 * Public Eye (Director Fearmaster)
 * R&D Department (Director Tyler Stone; employees include Miguel O'Hara, Jordan Boone, and Aaron Delgado)
 * Cyber-Nostra (controlled by Fearmaster)
 * D/MONIX (Data Manipulation and Organization Networks) (CEO Dyson Kellerman; employees include Harrison Cochrane [Ghost Rider's father])
 * Greater Nevada Syndicate (controlled by the Synge Family)
 * Green Globe PLC (founded by the Ravage family)
 * Ninja-Nostra
 * Stark-Fujikawa (formerly Stark Enterprises) (CEO Hikaru-sama)
 * Synthia (CEO Darrius Rush; employees include Mannix Dunn, Dana D'Angelo [Spider-Man's fiancée], Alain Gris [Group Manager for Sky Plantations])

Marvel Knights 2099 heroes

 * Black Panther (K'Shamba)
 * Daredevil (Samuel Fisk)
 * The Inhumans
 * Mutant 2099 (Chad Channing)
 * Punisher (Cassondra Castle)

Television

 * An original incarnation of Iron Man 2099 appears in a self-titled episode of Iron Man: Armored Adventures, voiced by an uncredited actor. This version is Andros Stark, grandson of Tony Stark who travels back in time to kill him before he can create an A.I. called "Vortex", which goes on to kill most of humanity. Along the way, he allies himself with Justin Hammer who is reputed as a hero by 2099. Andros eventually succeeds in killing Tony, but the latter infects his armor with an advanced virus. Realizing it will evolve into Vortex, Andros travels back in time to stop himself, successfully changing history at the cost of his existence.
 * Spider-Man 2099 and Earth-928 appear in the Ultimate Spider-Man episode "The Spider-Verse: Part 1", with Spider-Man 2099 voiced by Freddy Rodriguez. Additionally, a 2099-inspired incarnation of J. Jonah Jameson (voiced by J.K. Simmons) appears as well.
 * A cyborg descendant of Heinrich and Helmut Zemo from 2099 makes a minor non-speaking appearance in the Avengers Assemble episode "The House of Zemo", voiced by an uncredited actor.

Film

 * Spider-Man 2099 and Earth-928 make cameo appearances in the post-credits scene of Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse, with Spider-Man 2099 voiced by Oscar Isaac.
 * Spider-Man 2099, Nueva York, and Earth-928 appear in Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse, with Spider-Man 2099 voiced again by Oscar Isaac.

Video games

 * A planned video game adaptation called Marvel 2099: One Nation Under Doom was heavily promoted, but ultimately never commercially released.
 * Spider-Man 2099's suit appears as an unlockable alternate skin in Spider-Man (2000), Spider-Man 2: Enter Electro, the Wii version of Spider-Man: Web of Shadows, The Amazing Spider-Man, The Amazing Spider-Man 2, and Spider-Man (2018).
 * Ghost Rider 2099 appears as an unlockable skin in Ghost Rider and a downloadable alternate skin in Ultimate Marvel vs. Capcom 3.
 * Spider-Man 2099, Alchemax, and Earth-928 appear in Spider-Man: Shattered Dimensions, with Spider-Man 2099 voiced by Dan Gilvezan. Additionally, 2099 incarnations of the Hobgoblin, Kron Stone / Scorpion, and Doctor Octopus appear as bosses while Flipside appears as an alternate skin for Spider-Man 2099. Furthermore, a 2099-inspired incarnation of Silvermane appears in the Nintendo DS version of the game as well as the 2099 incarnation of Vulture.
 * Spider-Man 2099, Alchemax, Nueva York, and Earth-928 appear in Spider-Man: Edge of Time, with Spider-Man 2099 voiced by Christopher Daniel Barnes. Additionally, 2099 incarnations of Black Cat and Peter Parker appear as bosses in the Activision versions of the game while 2099 incarnations of Arcade, Big Wheel, and Overdrive appear in the Nintendo DS version.
 * Human Torch 2099 and Hulk 2099 appear as alternate skins in Marvel Heroes.
 * Several Spider-Man 2099-related characters appear as playable characters and bosses in Spider-Man Unlimited. Additionally, Nueva York appears as a stage.
 * Spider-Man 2099, Captain America 2099, Black Widow 2099, and Iron Man 2099 appear as playable characters in Marvel Future Fight.
 * Spider-Man 2099 and Punisher 2099 appear as playable characters in Marvel Contest of Champions. These versions come from a 2099 ruled by HYDRA. Additionally, a 2099 incarnation of original character Guillotine also appears.
 * Spider-Man 2099, Captain America 2099, and Ghost Rider 2099 appear in Marvel Avengers Academy.
 * Spider-Man 2099, Captain America 2099, Hulk 2099, Goblin 2099, Electro 2099, and Venom 2099 appear as playable characters in Lego Marvel Super Heroes 2. Additionally, Kang the Conqueror uses Nueva York and Earth-928 as components while creating Chronopolis.

title: Marvel 2099


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Baron Macpherson of Drumochter

Baron Macpherson of Drumochter, of Great Warley in the County of Essex, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created in 1951 for the Scottish businessman, public servant and Labour politician Thomas Macpherson. He had previously represented Romford in Parliament. the title is held by his grandson, the third Baron, who succeeded his father in 2008. His heir is his son, the Hon. Daniel Thomas Macpherson, b. 23 January 2013.

Barons Macpherson of Drumochter (1951)

 * Thomas Macpherson, 1st Baron Macpherson of Drumochter (1888–1965)
 * (James) Gordon Macpherson, 2nd Baron Macpherson of Drumochter (1924–2008)
 * James Anthony Macpherson, 3rd Baron Macpherson of Drumochter (b. 1979)

The heir apparent is the present holder's son Hon. Daniel Thomas Macpherson (b. 2013).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Baron Macpherson of Drumochter


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Baron Milner of Leeds

Baron Milner of Leeds, of Roundhay in the City of Leeds, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created on 20 December 1951 for the Labour politician James Milner. His only son, the second Baron, was one of the ninety elected hereditary peers that were allowed to remain in the House of Lords after the House of Lords Act of 1999. Like his father Lord Milner of Leeds sat on the Labour benches. the title is held by the latter's only son, the third Baron, who succeeded in 2003.

Barons Milner of Leeds (1951)

 * James Milner, 1st Baron Milner of Leeds (1889–1967)
 * (Arthur James) Michael Milner, 2nd Baron Milner of Leeds (1923–2003)
 * Richard James Milner, 3rd Baron Milner of Leeds (b. 1959)

There is no heir to the barony.

title: Baron Milner of Leeds


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List of ska musicians

This is a list of notable bands and musicians who performed primarily ska or ska-influenced music for a significant portion of their careers.

Original (starting in late 1950s)

 * Aubrey Adams
 * Laurel Aitken
 * Roland Alphonso
 * Theophilus Beckford
 * Val Bennett
 * Ken Boothe
 * Baba Brooks
 * The Blues Busters
 * Prince Buster
 * The Clarendonians
 * Jimmy Cliff
 * Clue J & His Blues Blasters
 * Stranger Cole
 * Desmond Dekker
 * Coxsone Dodd
 * Don Drummond
 * Jackie Edwards
 * Alton Ellis
 * The Ethiopians
 * Owen Gray
 * Derrick Harriott
 * Justin Hinds
 * Jah Jerry Haynes
 * Lloyd Knibb
 * Byron Lee & the Dragonaires
 * Count Machuki
 * Carlos Malcolm
 * Tommy McCook
 * The Melodians
 * Johnny "Dizzy" Moore
 * Derrick Morgan
 * Eric "Monty" Morris
 * Jackie Opel
 * The Paragons
 * Lee "Scratch" Perry
 * Lord Tanamo
 * The Pioneers
 * Ernest Ranglin
 * Rico Rodriguez
 * The Skatalites
 * The Silvertones
 * Millie Small
 * Symarip
 * Lynn Taitt
 * Toots & the Maytals
 * The Wailers
 * Delroy Wilson

2 Tone ska revival (starting in late 1970s)

 * Akrylykz
 * The Apollinaires
 * Pauline Black
 * Bad Manners
 * Mike Barson
 * The Beat/The English Beat
 * Mark Bedford
 * Buster Bloodvessel
 * The Bodysnatchers
 * John Bradbury
 * Andy Cox
 * Rhoda Dakar
 * Jerry Dammers
 * Judge Dread
 * Chris Foreman
 * Lynval Golding
 * Terry Hall
 * Madness
 * Everett Morton
 * Horace Panter
 * Roddy Radiation
 * Ranking Roger
 * The Selecter
 * Chas Smash
 * The Specials
 * Neville Staple
 * Suggs
 * Lee Thompson
 * Dave Wakeling
 * Daniel Woodgate

Third wave ska (starting in early 1980s)

 * Against All Authority
 * Allniters
 * Animal Chin
 * The Aquabats
 * Area-7
 * The Arrogant Sons of Bitches
 * Athena
 * BeNuts
 * Blue Meanies
 * Big D and the Kids Table
 * Bim Skala Bim
 * The Bruce Lee Band
 * Buck-O-Nine
 * Catch 22
 * Cherry Poppin' Daddies
 * The Chinkees
 * Choking Victim
 * Chris Murray
 * Citizen Fish
 * Common Rider
 * The Crazy 8s
 * Dance Hall Crashers
 * Deal's Gone Bad
 * Desorden Publico
 * Distemper
 * Doe Maar
 * Downfall
 * Edna's Goldfish
 * The Expendables
 * Falling Sickness
 * Farse
 * Fishbone
 * Five Iron Frenzy
 * Fuzigish
 * The Gadjits
 * Gals Panic
 * General Rudie
 * Go Jimmy Go
 * GOGO13
 * Goldfinger
 * Hepcat
 * The Hippos
 * The Hooters
 * The Hotknives
 * The Impossibles
 * Inspecter 7
 * The Insyderz
 * Jeffries Fan Club
 * Johnny Socko
 * Kemuri
 * King Apparatus
 * The Kingpins
 * The Know How
 * Lightyear
 * Leftöver Crack
 * Less Than Jake
 * Let's Go Bowling
 * Link 80
 * Long Shot Party
 * Los Fabulosos Cadillacs
 * Mad Caddies
 * Mark Foggo's Skasters
 * Mealticket
 * Me Mom and Morgentaler
 * Mephiskapheles
 * The Mighty Mighty Bosstones
 * Monkey
 * Mr. Review
 * Mu330
 * Mustard Plug
 * No Doubt
 * The O.C. Supertones
 * Operation Ivy
 * Panteón Rococó
 * The Pietasters
 * Pilfers
 * The Planet Smashers
 * The Porkers
 * Potshot
 * Pressure Cooker
 * Rancid
 * Reel Big Fish
 * The Rough Kutz
 * Ruder Than You
 * The Rudiments
 * Rx Bandits
 * Save Ferris
 * The Scholars
 * The Scofflaws
 * The Siren Six!
 * Ska-P
 * Skankin' Pickle
 * Skavoovie and the Epitones
 * Skinnerbox
 * The Skoidats
 * The Skunks
 * The Slackers
 * Slapstick
 * Slow Gherkin
 * Spunge
 * Spring Heeled Jack
 * Stubborn All-Stars
 * Subb
 * Sublime
 * Suburban Legends
 * Suburban Rhythm
 * The Suicide Machines
 * Superhiks
 * The Toasters
 * Tokyo Ska Paradise Orchestra
 * The Uptones
 * The Untouchables
 * Tijuana No!
 * Voodoo Glow Skulls

Post-third wave (starting in early 2000s)

 * Bandits of the Acoustic Revolution
 * Beebs and Her Money Makers
 * Bomb The Music Industry!
 * The Brass Action
 * Capdown
 * The Cat Empire
 * Chase Long Beach
 * The Flatliners
 * Folly
 * The Forces of Evil
 * Gollbetty
 * High School Football Heroes
 * Howards Alias
 * Hub City Stompers
 * The Interrupters
 * I Voted for Kodos
 * J-Stars
 * Jeff Rosenstock
 * The Johnstones
 * The King Blues
 * King Prawn
 * Kingston Rudieska
 * Lightyear
 * Locomondo
 * The Locos
 * Missing Andy
 * Murphy's Kids
 * No Torso
 * Oreskaband
 * Orpheus
 * The Orobians
 * Pannonia Allstars Ska Orchestra
 * Random Hand
 * RedSka
 * Rude King
 * Russkaja
 * The Rudimentals
 * Ska Cubano
 * The Skints
 * Slightly Stoopid
 * SOJA
 * Sonic Boom Six
 * Sounds Like Chicken
 * Starpool
 * Streetlight Manifesto
 * The Supervillains
 * Survay Says!
 * Talco
 * Tip the Van
 * The Unlimiters
 * The Upgrades
 * Westbound Train
 * We Are the Union

title: List of ska musicians


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Baron McNair

Baron McNair, of Gleniffer in the County of Renfrew, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created on 4 August 1955 for the lawyer and judge Sir Arnold McNair. He was the first President of the European Court of Human Rights. the title is held by his grandson, the third Baron, who succeeded his father in 1989.

Barons McNair (1955)

 * Arnold Duncan McNair, 1st Baron McNair (1885–1975)
 * Clement John McNair, 2nd Baron McNair (1915–1989)
 * Duncan James McNair, 3rd Baron McNair (b. 1947)

The heir presumptive is the present holder's brother Hon. William Samuel Angus McNair (b. 1958).

The heir presumptive's heir apparent, and last in line, is his son John Samuel McNair (b. 1984).

title: Baron McNair


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Baron MacAndrew

Baron MacAndrew, of the Firth of Clyde, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created in 1959 for the Scottish Unionist politician Sir Charles MacAndrew. He was Chairman of Ways and Means (Deputy Speaker of the House of Commons) from 1951 to 1959. , the title is held by his great-grandson, the fourth Baron, who succeeded his father in that year.

Barons MacAndrew (1959)

 * Charles Glen MacAndrew, 1st Baron MacAndrew (1888–1979)
 * Colin Nevill Glen MacAndrew, 2nd Baron MacAndrew (1919–1989)
 * Christopher Anthony Colin MacAndrew, 3rd Baron MacAndrew (1945–2023)
 * Oliver Charles Julian MacAndrew, 4th Baron MacAndrew (b. 1983)

The heir apparent is the present holder's son, Hon. Archie Charles Wilbur MacAndrew (b. 2017).

Line of succession

 * Coronet of a British Baron.svg Charles Glen MacAndrew, 1st Baron MacAndrew (1888–1979)
 * Coronet of a British Baron.svg Colin Nevill Glen MacAndrew, 2nd Baron MacAndrew (1919–1989)
 * Coronet of a British Baron.svg Christopher Anthony Colin MacAndrew, 3rd Baron MacAndrew (1945–2023)
 * Coronet of a British Baron.svg Oliver Charles Julian MacAndrew, 4th Baron MacAndrew (born 1983)
 * (1) Archie Charles Wilbur MacAndrew (b. 2017)
 * (2) Hon. Nicholas Rupert MacAndrew (b. 1947)
 * (3) Robin Glen MacAndrew (b. 1978)

title: Baron MacAndrew


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Baron Marks of Broughton

Baron Marks of Broughton, of Sunningdale in the Royal County of Berkshire, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created on 10 July 1961 for Simon Marks. He was chairman and managing director of the retail chain Marks & Spencer, a company co-founded by his father Michael Marks. the title is held by his grandson, the third Baron, who succeeded his father in 1998.

Barons Marks of Broughton (1961)

 * Simon Marks, 1st Baron Marks of Broughton (1888–1964)
 * Michael Marks, 2nd Baron Marks of Broughton (1920–1998)
 * Simon Richard Marks, 3rd Baron Marks of Broughton (b. 1950)

The heir apparent and sole heir to the peerage is the present holder's son Hon. Michael Marks (b. 1989).

title: Baron Marks of Broughton


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Baron Martonmere

Baron Martonmere, of Blackpool in the County Palatine of Lancaster, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created in 1964 for the Conservative politician Sir Roland Robinson.

, the title is held by his grandson, John Stephen Robinson, 2nd Baron Martonmere, who succeeded in 1989. He is the eldest son of the Hon. Richard Anthony Gasque Robertson (1935-1979), only son of the first Baron.

Barons Martonmere (1964)

 * (John) Roland Robinson, 1st Baron Martonmere (1907–1989)
 * The Hon. Richard Anthony Gasque Robertson (1935–1979), only son of the 1st Baron
 * John Stephen Robinson, 2nd Baron Martonmere (b. 1963), eldest son of the above

The heir apparent is the present holder's son, the Hon. James Ian Robinson (b. 2003)

Line of Succession

 * Coronet of a British Baron.svg John Roland Robinson, 1st Baron Martonmere (1907—1989)
 * Hon. Richard Anthony Gasque Robinson (1935—1979)
 * Coronet of a British Baron.svg John Stephen Robinson, 2nd Baron Martonmere (born 1963)
 * (1) Hon. James Ian Robinson (b. 2003)
 * (2) Hon. Andrew Roland Robinson (b. 2005)
 * (3) David Alan Robinson (b. 1965)

title: Baron Martonmere


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R-parity

R-parity is a concept in particle physics. In the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model, baryon number and lepton number are no longer conserved by all of the renormalizable couplings in the theory. Since baryon number and lepton number conservation have been tested very precisely, these couplings need to be very small in order not to be in conflict with experimental data. R-parity is a $$\mathbb{Z}_2$$ symmetry acting on the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM) fields that forbids these couplings and can be defined as
 * $$P_\mathrm{R} = (-1)^{3B+L+2s},$$

or, equivalently, as
 * $$P_\mathrm{R} = (-1)^{3(B-L)+2s},$$

where $s$ is spin, $B$ is baryon number, and $L$ is lepton number. All Standard Model particles have R-parity of +1 while supersymmetric particles have R-parity of −1.

Note that there are different forms of parity with different effects and principles, one should not confuse this parity with any other parity.

Dark matter candidate
With R-parity being preserved, the lightest supersymmetric particle (LSP) cannot decay. This lightest particle (if it exists) may therefore account for the observed missing mass of the universe that is generally called dark matter. In order to fit observations, it is assumed that this particle has a mass of $100 GeV/c2$ to $1 TeV/c2$, is neutral and only interacts through weak interactions and gravitational interactions. It is often called a weakly interacting massive particle or WIMP.

Typically the dark matter candidate of the MSSM is a mixture of the electroweak gauginos and Higgsinos and is called a neutralino. In extensions to the MSSM it is possible to have a sneutrino be the dark matter candidate. Another possibility is the gravitino, which only interacts via gravitational interactions and does not require strict R-parity.

R-parity violating couplings of the MSSM
The renormalizable R-parity violating couplings of the MSSM are The strongest constraint involving this coupling alone is from the non-observation of neutron–antineutron oscillations.
 * $$ \int d^2\theta\; \lambda_1\; U^c D^c D^c $$ violates $B$ by 1 unit

The strongest constraint involving this coupling alone is the violation universality of Fermi constant $$G_F$$ in quark and leptonic charged current decays.
 * $$\int d^2 \theta\; \lambda_2\; Q D^c L $$ violates $L$ by 1 unit

The strongest constraint involving this coupling alone is the violation universality of Fermi constant in leptonic charged current decays.
 * $$\int d^2 \theta\; \lambda_3\; L E^cL $$ violates $L$ by 1 unit

The strongest constraint involving this coupling alone is that it leads to a large neutrino mass.
 * $$\int d^2 \theta\; \kappa\; L H_u$$ violates $L$ by 1 unit

While the constraints on single couplings are reasonably strong, if multiple couplings are combined together, they lead to proton decay. Thus there are further maximal bounds on values of the couplings from maximal bounds on proton decay rate.

Proton decay
Without baryon and lepton number being conserved and taking $\mathcal{O}(1)$ couplings for the R-parity violating couplings, the proton can decay in approximately 10−2 seconds or if minimal flavor violation is assumed the proton lifetime can be extended to 1 year. Since the proton lifetime is observed to be greater than 1033 to 1034 years (depending on the exact decay channel), this would highly disfavour the model. R-parity sets all of the renormalizable baryon and lepton number violating couplings to zero and the proton is stable at the renormalizable level and the lifetime of the proton is increased to 1032 years and is nearly consistent with current observational data.

Because proton decay involves violating both lepton and baryon number simultaneously, no single renormalizable R-parity violating coupling leads to proton decay. This has motivated the study of R-parity violation where only one set of the R-parity violating couplings are non-zero which is sometimes called the single coupling dominance hypothesis.

Possible origins of R-parity
A very attractive way to motivate R-parity is with a $B − L$ continuous gauge symmetry which is spontaneously broken at a scale inaccessible to current experiments. A continuous $$U(1)_{B-L}$$ forbids renormalizable terms which violate $B$ and $L$. If $$U(1)_{B-L}$$ is only broken by scalar vacuum expectation values (or other order parameters) that carry even integer values of 3($B − L$), then there exist an exactly conserved discrete remnant subgroup which has the desired properties. The crucial issue is to determine whether the sneutrino (the supersymmetric partner of neutrino), which is odd under R-parity, develops a vacuum expectation value. It can be shown, on phenomenological grounds, that this cannot happen in any theory where $$U(1)_{B-L}$$ is broken at a scale much above the electroweak one. This is true in any theory based on a large-scale seesaw mechanism. As a consequence, in such theories R-parity remains exact at all energies.

This phenomenon can arise as an automatic symmetry in SO(10) grand unified theories. This natural occurrence of R-parity is possible because in SO(10) the Standard Model fermions arise from the 16 dimensional spinor representation, while the Higgs arises from a 10 dimensional vector representation. In order to make an SO(10) invariant coupling, one must have an even number of spinor fields (i.e. there is a spinor parity). After GUT symmetry breaking, this spinor parity descends into R-parity so long as no spinor fields were used to break the GUT symmetry. Explicit examples of such SO(10) theories have been constructed.

title: R-parity


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Yoshiro Nakamatsu

Yoshiro Nakamatsu (中松 義郎), also known as Dr. NakaMats (ドクター中松), is a Japanese inventor. He regularly appears on Japanese talk shows demonstrating his inventions.

Creative process
In interviews, Nakamatsu has described his "creativity process", which includes listening to music and concludes with diving underwater, where he says he comes up with his best ideas. He then records them while underwater. Nakamatsu claims to benefit from lack of oxygen to the brain during his dives, making inventions "0.05 seconds before death." He also claims that his "Calm Room," a bathroom constructed without nails and tiled in 24-karat gold, encourages creative thinking by blocking television and radio waves. He also has an elevator in his house that he claims helps him think better, although he strictly denies that it is an elevator and describes it as a "vertical moving room". He predicts that he will live until the age of 144.

Inventions

Nakamatsu is a prolific inventor, and he even claims to hold the world record for number of more than 3,200 inventions. While his claim to a "world record" has been described as a record for patents by several media articles, several other sources do not list Nakamatsu among the world's most prolific inventors   (he has 6 patent families).

Among Nakamatsu's early inventions is the Shoyu Churu Churu, a siphon pump used in the home to move soy sauce from large containers to smaller vessels for cooking and serving. His patented inventions include:
 * Juusyoku Record (or "Jūshoku Record") (重色レコード, stacked color record / dual color record) - An optical sound media which uses printed paper sheet instead of transparent film (1952)
 * "Magnetic record sheet" - "a method for forming signal record track comprising a number of spiral signal track loops ..." (1964)
 * "Enerex" - System for generating hydrogen and oxygen
 * "PyonPyon" - Jumping shoes with leaf springs on their soles
 * "Cerebrex" armchair, a chair that supposedly improves mental function such as calculation and thinking by cooling the head and heating the feet
 * A toilet seat lifter
 * A condom with an embedded magnet, supposedly "improving sensitivity" as "electricity is generated in the blood vessels in the female organs by Fleming's left-hand rule"
 * A protective envelope for floppy disk (1975-1983), and a head-cleaning floppy disk (1981-1988)
 * A CD for supposedly "enhancing brightness or sexual function"
 * A cigarette-like device for supposedly "activating the brain"
 * A pillow preventing falling asleep while driving (an air compressor strapped to the cars headrest, forcibly feeding air to the driver)
 * A peephole in a sheet of material, described as a "oneway visible shielding object"
 * Spectacles in the shape of eyes, so that the user appears to wear no spectacles
 * A "wig for self defense" — a strip and a weight are attached to a wig. The wearer swings the wig to hit an attacker.
 * Love Jet - A sexual enhancement product which he created out of concern about Japan's declining birthrate. In a 1995 interview, he explained that the purpose of the aphrodisiac was "to save Japan".

Floppy disk
Upon the basis of the Juusyoku Record patent issued in 1952, Nakamatsu claims to have invented the first floppy disk well before IBM's floppy disk patent was filed in 1969. However, what Nakamatsu patented in 1952 was a paper for optical sound player. In contrast to a floppy disk, this Nakamatsu patent discloses the use of printed paper for storage instead of the magnetic material of a floppy disk. It is not rewritable and lacks most elements of the IBM floppy disk patent. Since the paper was 'floppy' material, he claims he had invented the floppy disk (sometimes he uses the phrase "floppy media"); however, flexible magnetic recording media was well known prior to 1952, in tape and wire recording.

According to Nakamatsu, IBM reached licensing agreements with him in the late 1970s. He also says to have licensed his floppy disk to IBM in 1979, but that the details are "confidential". An IBM spokesman, Mac Jeffery, confirmed that the company did license some of his patents, but said that they were not for the floppy disk, which he said IBM invented on its own. Another IBM spokesman, Brian Doyle, said that the company licensed 14 patents from Nakamatsu and those patents do not have anything to do with the floppy disk.

Personal life
Nakamatsu is the son of Hajime Nakamatsu, a banker, and Yoshino Nakamatsu, a teacher who provided early tutoring in mathematics and science and encouraged him to begin inventing. He studied engineering at the University of Tokyo. He has three children.

In June 2014, Nakamatsu, who has contended that it should be possible for people to reach 144 years of age by taking care of their health, revealed that he is suffering from prostate cancer and that his doctors did not expect him to live past the end of 2015. He has sought a new treatment for the disease. In September 2015, Nakamatsu appeared at the awards ceremony for the Ig Nobel prizes, where he performed a song about his medical condition.

Political aspirations
Nakamatsu is a perennial political candidate. In 2004 he told the Japan Times that "politics is a part of inventions," explaining that it is an "invisible invention" along the lines of concepts such as education and happiness. Since 1995 he has unsuccessfully campaigned multiple times to be elected Governor of Tokyo, most recently in the 2014 election. He has also campaigned unsuccessfully for election to the House of Councillors, the upper house of the National Diet. In 2010 and 2013 he ran as a candidate of the Happiness Realization Party.

Media coverage and recognition
Nakamatsu has appeared on several American TV shows, including Lifestyles of the Rich and Famous, Late Night with David Letterman, CNN's Make, Create, Innovate, and Bizarre Foods with Andrew Zimmern. He also appeared on the BBC show Adam and Joe Go Tokyo and the BBC radio show Jon Ronson On... In 2005, Nakamatsu was awarded the Ig Nobel Prize (a parody of the Nobel Prize) for Nutrition, for photographing every meal he has consumed during a period of 34 years. In 2009, Danish filmmaker Kaspar Astrup Schröder made a humorous documentary about Nakamatsu titled The Invention of Dr. NakaMats. In 2010, Nakamatsu claimed he had been granted an honorary title by the Sovereign Military Order of Malta, and introduces himself as "Sir Dr. NakaMats", although his claim has been denied by a representative of the order.

In 2013, Nakamatsu was featured on the Sky 1 programme The Moaning of Life, where Karl Pilkington travels the world to see how people face up to life's biggest issues. In 2015, Full Metal Breakfast released a song called "Dr. NakaMats." in 2016, Nakamatsu was awarded the first Museum Lifetime Visionary Award "in recognition of a uniquely decorated life dedicated to the pursuit of that which we do not yet know" during a celebration of his 88th birthday. The ceremony, held in Cortlandt Alley in New York City, was planned in conjunction with the museum's exhibition of various inventions and personal artifacts of Nakamatsu.

In 2019, Nakamatsu was featured in a mini-documentary by popular YouTube channel Great Big Story, in which Nakamatsu discussed some of his successful inventions and demonstrated his creative process. , it had more than 4.2 million views.

title: Yoshiro Nakamatsu


text: Talk:Science and technology in the United States


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Jury rigging

In maritime transport and sailing, jury rigging is making temporary makeshift running repairs with only the tools and materials on board. It originates from sail-powered boats and ships. Jury-rigging can be applied to any part of a ship; be it its super-structure (hull, decks), propulsion systems (mast, sails, rigging, engine, transmission, propeller), or controls (helm, rudder, centreboard, daggerboards, rigging).

Similarly, a jury mast is a replacement mast after a dismasting. If necessary, a yard would also be fashioned and stayed to allow a watercraft to resume making way.

Rigging
A sail-powered boat may carry a limited amount of repair materials, from which some form of jury-rig can be fashioned. Additionally, anything salvageable, such as a spar or spinnaker pole, could be adapted to carry a makeshift sail.

Ships typically carried a selection of spare parts such as topmasts. However, due to their much larger size, at up to 1 metre in diameter, the lower masts were too large to carry as spares. Example jury-rig configurations include:
 * A spare topmast
 * The main boom of a brig
 * Replacing the foremast with the mizzenmast (mentioned in William N. Brady's The Kedge Anchor, or Young Sailors' Assistant, 1852)
 * The bowsprit set upright and tied to the stump of the original mast.

The jury mast knot may provide anchor points for securing makeshift stays and shrouds to support a jury mast, although there is differing evidence of the knot's actual historical use.

Jury-rigs are not limited to sail-powered boats. Any unpowered watercraft can carry jury sail. A rudder, tiller, or any other component can be jury-rigged by improvising a repair out of materials at hand.

Similar terms

 * Jerry-built things, which are things 'built unsubstantially of bad materials', has a separate unknown etymology. It is probably linked to earlier pejorative uses of the word jerry, attested as early as 1721, and may have been influenced by jury-rigged.  The blended terms jerry rigging and jerry-rigged are also common.
 * Afro engineering (short for African engineering) or nigger-rigging is a fix that is temporary, done quickly, technically improperly, or without attention to or care for detail. It can also be shoddy, second-rate workmanship, with whatever available materials. Nigger-rigging originated in the 1950s United States; the term was euphemized as afro engineering in the 1970s and later again as ghetto rigging. The terms have been used in the U.S. auto mechanic industry to describe quick makeshift repairs. These phrases have largely fallen out of common usage due to their colloquial nature, but are occasionally used within the African-American community.
 * Another American expression is redneck technology.
 * To MacGyver (or MacGyverize) something is to rig up something in a hurry using materials at hand, from the title character of the American television show of the same name, who specialized in such improvisation stunts.
 * In New Zealand, having a Number 8 wire mentality means to have the ability to make or repair something using any materials at hand, such as standard farm fencing wire.
 * In British slang, bodge and bodging refer to doing a job serviceably but inelegantly using whatever tools and materials are at hand; the term derives from bodging, for expedient woodturning using unseasoned, green wood (especially branches recently removed from a nearby tree).
 * The chiefly American term do-it-yourself (DIY) relatedly refers to creating, repairing, or modifying things without professional or expert assistance.
 * Similar concepts in other languages include: jugaad in Hindi and jugaar in Urdu, urawaza (裏技) in Japanese, tapullo in Genoese dialect, tǔ fǎ (土法) in Chinese, Trick 17 in German, desenrascar in Portuguese an gambiarra in Brazilian Portuguese, système D in French, jua kali in Swahili. Several equivalent terms in South Africa are n boer maak 'n plan in Afrikaans, izenzele in Zulu, iketsetse in Sotho, and itirele in Tswana.

title: Jury rigging


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Touched by an Angel

Touched by an Angel is an American drama television series that premiered on CBS on September 21, 1994, and ran for 211 episodes over nine seasons until its conclusion on April 27, 2003. Created by John Masius and executive produced by Martha Williamson, the series stars Roma Downey as an angel named Monica, and Della Reese as her supervisor Tess. Throughout the series, Monica is tasked with bringing guidance and messages from God to various people who are at a crossroads in their lives. From season three onward, they are frequently joined by Andrew (John Dye), the Angel of Death (who first appeared as a recurring character in season two).

Plot
The episodes of the series generally revolved around the "cases" of Monica (played by Roma Downey), an angel recently promoted from the "search and rescue" division, who works under the guidance of Tess (played by Della Reese), a sarcastic boss who is sometimes hard on her junior colleague, but is more of a surrogate mother than a supervisor.

Monica in one episode outlines that she started in the choir, then annunciations, followed by search and rescue and then case work. Most cases involve a single person or a group of people who are at a crossroads in their lives and facing a large problem or tough decision. Monica and Tess bring them messages of hope from God and give them guidance to help make decisions. During their first episode, the pair receive a red 1972 Cadillac Eldorado convertible as a gift; they use it for transportation throughout the rest of the series while in the human world, with Tess doing the driving. As the series progresses, Monica continues gaining experience as a case worker and, during some cases must learn lessons of her own.

During the series pilot, an angel of death named Adam is introduced. In the season two premiere, "Interview with an Angel", a new Angel of Death named Henry is introduced. Then in the season two episode entitled "The One That Got Away", Andrew (played by John Dye) is introduced as the Angel of Death. Initially a recurring character, he becomes a main character in season three, making him the permanent Angel of Death for the remainder of the series. The original angel of death, Adam, continued to appear in guest appearances over the next few seasons.

In Season 4, a new angel is introduced named Rafael (Alexis Cruz), who appears throughout the series on a recurring basis, often assisting the main trio (Monica, Tess, and Andrew) in their cases. Rafael is a younger looking angel than the others and thus is occasionally involved in situations involving teenagers and young adults so they can relate to each other. Towards the end of the seventh season, a new angel, Gloria (Valerie Bertinelli), is created by God during one of Monica's assignments, designed to adapt to life on Earth in the 21st century. She becomes a regular character for seasons eight and nine, as a trainee under Monica and Tess's guidance.

In the series finale, Monica is up for promotion to supervisor, pending the outcome of a difficult case in which she must defend Zach (Scott Bairstow), an innocent drifter accused of causing a boiler explosion at a school two years ago in the small town of Ascension, Colorado. The explosion killed most of the children, leaving the citizens devastated. During the case, Monica sees many familiar faces, including Joey Machulis (Paul Wittenburg), one of Monica's previous assignments who is a witness to the events, his brother Wayne (Randy Travis), who is now sheriff, Sophie (Marion Ross), a formerly homeless acquaintance, and Mike (Patrick Duffy), a lawyer Monica saved during her search and rescue days who is now the Mayor. An out of town developer claims Zach is the perpetrator and despite the lack of evidence, Zach is put on trial. Monica does all she can to help him, including asking Mike to represent him, but the prosecutor in the case, Jones, is really Satan in disguise, and Zach is eventually convicted.

After the trial, Monica is able to help the citizens realize their mistake and to see that Zach's return to the town had helped them finally start living again. They begin going back to church, welcomed by the pastor they had once abandoned. Their change of heart, however, cannot free Zach, so Monica visits him in jail and reveals that she is an angel. She then promises him that she will become his guardian angel, forgoing all future assignments and the coveted promotion, to protect him from harm in prison. When she returns in the morning, however, the cell is empty. The citizens decide not to search for him, and it is revealed that Joey inadvertently caused the explosion after the devil tricked him into turning the boiler too high to warm some kittens he'd found.

The perplexed Monica returns to the desert to find Tess and Zach. There, she learns that Zach was actually Jesus, and that her defending him was a test, which she passed by being willing to sacrifice herself for him. Monica is promoted to supervisor. As she leaves, she says her goodbyes to Gloria, and to Andrew, who gives her a pocket watch to remember their friendship. Before parting, Tess gives Monica the keys to the Cadillac, as she is leaving her job to sit at God's feet. Monica is last shown driving away as the camera pans out over the desert.

Main

 * Roma Downey as Monica, a kind-hearted Irish angel prone to getting in trouble, who is sent town-to-town to encourage people. Sometimes shown in her bare feet, she is the show's main protagonist. She appears in all but two episodes.
 * Della Reese as Tess, a tough and sarcastic, but loving supervisor who plays a key role in every one of Monica's cases. She acts like Monica's mother and is also the show's main protagonist. She appears in all but three episodes.
 * John Dye as Andrew (main, seasons 3–9; recurring, season 2), known as "the Angel of Death".
 * Valerie Bertinelli as Gloria (main, seasons 8–9; guest, season 7), an accident prone intelligent Italian American angel made to understand the way of life in the early 21st century. She acts like Monica's older stepsister, but having little to no understanding of the human condition making her seem childlike in her innocence.

Recurring

 * Alexis Cruz as Rafael, an angel
 * Charles Rocket as Adam, an angel of death
 * Paul Winfield as Sam, an archangel
 * Randy Travis as Wayne Machulis and as Jed Winslow
 * Wendy Phillips as Claire Greene (also as Ruth Ann Russell in one episode)
 * Gerald McRaney as Russell Greene (also as Dr. Joe Patcherik in one episode)
 * Celeste Holm as Hattie Greene
 * Eddie Karr as Nathaniel Greene
 * Paul Wittenburg as Joey Machulis
 * Cloris Leachman as Ruth, an archangel
 * Ossie Davis as Erasmus Jones and as Gabriel, an archangel
 * Jasmine Guy as Kathleen, a fallen angel

Notable guest stars

 * Bruce Altman as Henry, an angel of death
 * Chris Burke as Taylor, an angel
 * Delta Burke as Diana Winslow / Julia Fitzgerald
 * Carol Burnett as Lillian Bennett (season 4, episode 10)
 * Bill Cosby as Phil, the Angel of Restoration
 * Barbara Mandrell as Ada Dobbin / Terri Hayman
 * David Ogden Stiers as Jones / Satan (in the two-part series finale)
 * Phylicia Rashad as Elizabeth Jessup
 * Muhammad Ali as himself (season 5, episode 24)
 * Maya Angelou as Clarice Mitchell (season 2, episode 7)
 * Natalie Cole as Megan Brooks (season 2, episode 7)
 * Ruby Dee as LaBelle (season 6, episode 10)
 * Celine Dion as herself (season 5, episode 9)
 * Kirk Douglas as Ross Burger (season 6, episode 18)
 * Marla Gibbs as Millie (season 7, episode 3)
 * Thora Birch as Erin (season 4, episode 6)
 * Ashley Johnson as Natalie (season 9, episode 7)
 * George Grizzard as Charley Nott (season 5, episode 11)
 * Melissa Joan Hart as Claire Latham (season 2, episode 5)
 * Wynonna Judd as Audrey Carmichael
 * Angela Lansbury as Lady Penelope Berrington (season 8, episode 21)
 * David Margulies as Sam Silverstein (season 8, episode 5)
 * Russell Means as Edison (season 3, episode 5)
 * Maureen McCormick as Jodi (season 3, episode 18)
 * Keb' Mo' as the Angel of Music
 * Joe Morton as Martin Hunter / Jake Stone
 * Margot Kidder as Rita Lasky (season 5, episode 1)
 * Cynthia Nixon as Melina Richardson/Sister Sarah (season 5, episode 20)
 * Pedro Pascal as Ricky Hauk (season 6, episode 22)
 * Rosa Parks as herself (season 5, episode 23)
 * *NSYNC as street performers (season 6, episode 7)
 * Mandy Patinkin as Satan (season 7, episode 23)
 * Debbie Reynolds as Betty Poplovich (season 8, episode 4)
 * Sally Ride as herself (season 5, episode 26)
 * John Schneider as Joshua Winslow / Satan
 * Mary McDonnell as Sister Theodore (season 8, episode 18)
 * Luther Vandross as Reggie Hunter (season 8, episode 20)
 * Richard Chamberlain as Jack Clay/Everett Clay (season 7, episode 1)
 * Al Jarreau as himself (season 2, episode 15)
 * B. B. King as himself (season 2, episode 15)
 * Dr. John as himself (season 2, episode 15)
 * Al Hirt as himself (season 2, episode 15)
 * Ann-Margret as Angela (episode "Millennium")
 * Rue McClanahan as Amelia Bowthorpe Archibald (Episode "Manny") and Lila Winslow (Episode "Shallow Water")
 * Linda Gray as Marian Campbell (season 2, episode 20)
 * Sally Jessy Raphael as Mrs. Angeli (season 2, episode 22)
 * Kenny Rogers as Denny Blye (season 6, episode 14)
 * Marion Ross as Sophie
 * Jennifer Paz as Am-Nhac Nguyen (season 5, episode 21 "Made in the USA")
 * Toby Keith as himself (season 8, episode 7 "Most Likely to Succeed")
 * Paul Walker as Jonathan (season 2, episode 24)

The show also featured early appearances by Jack Black, James Marsden, Shia LaBeouf, Brie Larson, Kirsten Dunst, Mary Elizabeth Winstead, and Bryan Cranston.

Production
Touched by an Angel was produced by CBS and Moon Water Productions. The network had wanted to do a series about angels after reading a story in Newsweek about how belief in angels was becoming popular. Critic Harold Bloom, among others, noted a cultural awareness of angels around those years that began in 1990 with Sophy Burnham's international bestseller A Book of Angels, and continued with Tony Kushner's 1993 play Angels in America, among many other cultural touchstones.

Most episodes of the series were produced in Salt Lake City, Utah. According to New York Times reviewer Caryn James, John Masius created the first pilot episode for the series, but it was a darker, less hopeful story than the producers wanted. It cost the studio $2 million to produce the episode. Masius wrote the show as a reflection of his spiritual anger at the time due to his two children being born disabled. Martha Williamson was approached to be the series executive producer in early 1994. She described the pilot she received as "upsetting" as it "portrayed angels as recycled dead people with power over life and death." She initially declined the position, but during a lunch with Andy Hill, then President of CBS, she mentioned the show and suggested he find a producer who would create a show with "loving, joyful" angels that the audience would have to believe in.

Williamson stated that she could not stop thinking about the show after that meeting, and eventually called to ask if the position was still open. Though getting the position was no longer a sure thing, she passed up a more lucrative position directing a court drama and went in for an interview with CBS in June 1994. During her interview, she states she emphasized that she was a Christian and could only do a show that depicted angels in a way she felt was true to her view of angels and that was respectful towards God. She also indicated that the pilot should be redone from the beginning, keeping only the characters Monica and Tess, reworked. The studio agreed with her remarks and hired her. Williamson herself wrote a new script for the pilot episode, while also working on hiring the remaining staff for the series, which was due to premiere in September. The pilot was filmed in Salt Lake City and the show was ready on schedule. The first episode aired on September 14, 1994.

Theme song
The lyrics to the show's theme song, "Walk with You", are sung at the beginning of each episode by Della Reese.

Spin-off
In 1996, Promised Land was launched as a spin-off series, following the Greene family whom Monica had met during one of her cases, as they travel the United States helping those in need. Four crossover episodes aired during Promised Land's three-season run.

Broadcast and syndication
The series went into syndication in 1998, and has aired on PAX-TV, Hallmark Channel, CBS Drama, Up, MeTV and Start TV. It has also aired on Hallmark Drama.

Home media
Paramount Home Entertainment has released all nine seasons on DVD in Region 1. The DVDs released before 2006 used the main Paramount brand; starting with The Third Season, Volume 2, they use the CBS DVD brand. Seasons 1, 2, 5–9 were released as single season box sets, while seasons 3 & 4 were released as two volume sets.

On February 9, 2016, CBS DVD released Touched by an Angel: The Complete Series on DVD in Region 1.

Four themed sets, each containing four episodes, have also been released. The first two, "The Inspiration Collection: Holiday" and "The Inspiration Collection: Hope" were released on November 10, 2009; "The Inspiration Collection: Faith" and "The Inspiration Collection: Love" were released January 26, 2010.

In Region 4, Shock Records has released five volumes of episodes from the series, each containing nine episodes and a set containing all five volumes together.

Critical
Touched by an Angel received negative reviews from critics throughout its run, who derided its use of treacly melodrama. Tom Shales of The Washington Post said, "viewers with low tolerance for precious whimsy will probably find they have overdosed on pixie dust within the first 10 minutes." Michael Blowen of The Boston Globe wrote, "If you loved Michael Landon's 'Highway to Heaven ', a show pooh-poohed by the critics that became a huge hit, you'll probably go for this sugary, maudlin, sentimental myth-making." David Zurawik of The Baltimore Sun opined it was "the worst new series of the TV season [...] there's absolutely nothing divine about it." Commenting on frequent shots of Monica's bare feet in the first episode, Zurawik wrote, "I'm not sure what that's all about unless CBS has research showing a large audience of foot fetishists waiting for a reason not to watch ABC's Roseanne."

In a retrospective piece titled "Mauled by an Angel" for his column Religion Dispatches, W. Scott Poole stated that Downey and Reese "served up a syrupy but powerful advertisement for a greeting-card brand of religious faith with little theological definition, but a healthy serving of 'chicken soup for the soul' (a franchise that itself became popular in the same era)." He added the show "seemed to suggest that God was deeply concerned but mostly unable or unwilling to get directly involved, sending along his messengers to patch things up for humanity (or select portions of it) now and again." Writing of the first season, Ken Tucker of Entertainment Weekly, gave the show a "C" grade, and said the show "succeeds in being so unpretentiously, innocently pure-minded—this is the Forrest Gump of fall '94—that it's possible to feel sympathy for its ratings plight." Common Sense Media reviewer Emily Ashby gave the series 3 out of 5 stars, and said that "this uplifting, inspirational show is steeped in strong moral messages, life lessons, and Christian overtones that include multiple references to 'God,' 'Lord,' and the 'Father.'"

Ratings
Touched by an Angel became one of CBS's highest-rated series during season three and continued through season six, when it was the ninth most watched network series, with 17,190,000 viewers that amounted to a 15% share of the market as determined by Nielsen Media Research. In season eight, after the series moved from its Sunday time slot to a Saturday one, it dropped to 79th place, with 8.3 million viewers.

Awards
The series was nominated for eleven Primetime Emmy Awards between 1997 and 2000, including two nominations each for Downey and Reese in the Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series and Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series categories, respectively. It was also nominated for three Golden Globe Awards, two in 1998 and 1999 for Downey for Best Performance by an Actress in a TV-Series - Drama, and one in 1998 for Reese for Best Performance by an Actress in a Supporting Role in a Series even though the series was never able to secure either award. Marc Lichtman was awarded five BMI Film and Television Awards for "Television Music" in 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, and 2001 for his work as the series composer.

Email controversy
In 1999, a chain email emerged which falsely claimed that atheism activist Madalyn Murray O'Hair (who died in 1995) was circulating a petition for the Federal Communications Commission to ban all religiously-themed radio and television shows, including Touched by an Angel. The email claims the petition has the ID number 2493, and calls on readers to write to the FCC to express their objections to it. The hoax was modeled on a chain email from 1996, and variations persisted into the 2000s, with different programs mentioned and different individuals supposedly leading the effort. In reality, the referenced petition (RM 2493) sought to prevent religious organizations from receiving licenses to broadcast on educational channels, it did not demand a ban on all religious programming, O'Hair was not affiliated with it, and it was rejected by the FCC in 1975.

In popular culture
Maria Bamford imitated Monica on the track "Touched by an Angel" on her Burning Tours album.

It was also spoofed on MadTV as "Touched by an Atheist" on an episode guest starring comedian George Carlin.

It was also spoofed on the Family Guy episode "Ready, Willing and Disabled".

Weird Al Yankovic's take on Eminem's "Lose Yourself", called "Couch Potato", changed the title to Touched by an Uncle.

It was parodied in the Birdgirl episode "Thirdgirl".

In other media
A book on the series, Touched by an Angel, was published by Zondervan in November 1997. Written by Williams and Robin Sheets, it contains background information on some of the stories featured, series production information, basic details on the first fifty episodes and profiles of Downey, Reese and Dye. It also has short story versions of four episodes: "Interview with an Angel", "There, but for the Grace of God", "An Unexpected Snow" and "Jacob's Ladder". A second book, In the Words of Angels: Twenty Inspiring Stories from Touched by an Angel, was published by Fireside Books on August 28, 2001. Also written by Williams, it collects twenty short stories based on episodes from the series.

An audio soundtrack, Touched by an Angel: The Album, was released on November 3, 1998. The 15-track CD includes a full-length version of the series theme song, "Walk with You", performed by Della Reese and songs by Céline Dion, Shawn Colvin, Bob Dylan, Faith Hill, Martina McBride, Amy Grant, Jaci Velasquez, The Kinleys, Wynonna and Amanda Marshall. The soundtrack went platinum. A second album, Touched by an Angel: Christmas Album, was released on November 9, 1999, with 13 tracks of Christmas music. In addition to having tracks performed by Reese and Downey, it features songs from Randy Travis, Keb' Mo', Charlotte Church, Kirk Franklin, Collin Raye, Amy Grant and Donna Summer. Both albums were released by Sony Music Entertainment, the successor to the former record division of CBS.

title: Touched by an Angel


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Talk:Horace Donisthorpe

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Gosh....that´s REALLY encyclopedic.....

What's with all the indecipherable acronyms and abbreviations on this page? Why not spell them all out? PMcM 01:28, 7 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Yeah, I hate the tendency to use abrvtns. Not everyone knows that the "Quart. J. Math. Oxford" is the "Quarterly Journal of Mathematics, Oxford Series", for example.  Dbenbenn 02:17, 7 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Managed to to figure out the important ones I think, and 'edit' into oblivion a few of the others. I think it looks better as it is now, but won't mind of some of what I purged creeps back in. PMcM 02:19, 7 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Still don't know what the &c after his name is for. Any ideas anyone? PMcM 00:15, 10 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * &c. is an older way of writing etc. See et cetera.  Dbenbenn 00:33, 10 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Aah, interesting! Thanks. PMcM 00:24, 11 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Aah, I see why I get 'conflict of interest' tags- because my user name is Coleopterist and I inserted references to the 'Coleopterist's Society webpage! Quite innocent I assure you, not commercial and just a group of enthusiasts to which I happen to belong (but I am not responsible for much of the content they host). Coleopterist (talk) 02:42, 27 December 2010 (UTC)

OK Here's a question- when you edit this you can see that someone provided a figure caption, but where's the picture?? Is it just added wrongly or not there?? Coleopterist (talk) 03:10, 12 January 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Horace Donisthorpe