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Talk:List of video game genres/Archive 1

Spamming
User Mihirviveka has been spamming many genre-related pages with advertisments for the game Democracy Game, an article suggested for deletion. On the List of computer and video games by genre page he invented the genre "Political Strategy" solely for his(?) game. In this article he inserted it as the first speciment in both the turn-based and educational game example lists. Wikipedia is not a place for advertisment, and I suggest we watch this user closely. Mikademus 09:56, 4 July 2006 (UTC)

What are the genres?
Changed the "Most strategy titles tend to be wargames. These games can usually be divided into turn-based, real-time strategy (RTS) and real-time tactical (RTT) games" into "Most strategy titles tend to be wargames, usually turn-based or real-time games. Real-time wargames are generally of real-time strategy (RTS) or real-time tactical (RTT) game types", which is hopefully a less confrontational phrasing *sigh* Mikademus 08:18, 27 May 2006 (UTC)

I think "shooters" is too vague when there are already FPS, third-person and side-scrolling shooters already listed Richard cocks 01:01, Mar 10, 2004 (UTC)

 * I'm at a loss how to describe Berzerk then, it doesn't really fit any of those. - Hephaestos|§ 01:06, 10 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Nostalgic Pacman-like Simple Shooters... ugen64 02:33, Mar 10, 2004 (UTC)

 * It might be worth having a "retro" subsection under which those simple shooters go.

 * "Retro" is certainly more descriptive; I like it. - Hephaestos|§ 03:02, 10 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * I've been struggling to resolve the difference between 'retro' shooters and 'real' shoot-em-ups too. Obviously, Berserk is identifiably a 'retro shooter', along with Robotron, Galaga, Star Castle, Asteroids, and any number of simple games from the early 80s, but these games are not usually listed as shoot 'em ups. Some magazines simply referred to them and their remakes as 'Arcade games', but that's ambiguous. 80.225.12.77 20:47, 10 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * I like "Retro". But perhaps "non-scrolling shooters" would be even more descriptive. Then all shoot-em-ups are classified under (requiring progressively more hardware, and hence historically appearing in this order): "non-scrolling shooters", "Shoot 'em up"/"Scrolling shooters", "First-person shooters", and "Third person shooters". ... Or I suppose you could call it a "side-scrolling shooter that doesn't scroll" (allusion to the video-game-centered movie "The Last Starfighter"). -- DavidCary 05:34, 11 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Where's any mention of massively multiplayer online games? And their precursors MUDs? Also, where are text based adventures? MShonle 22:39, 10 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Text adventures are mentioned under Adventure games. However, I have to wonder: do they count as 'video' games? I don't know, and personally I always eschew the term because it's kind of redundant. Computer games is nice and precise.

 * Very true, should the old VHS cross board game nightmare be a video game? It's not what most people think of as one. I'd support moving this page to Computer game genre (or maybe even list of computer game genres)

 * Apparently the argument about computer games vs video games has been had before, as evidenced on Video game and the talk page for that article. But I second that the page should be moved. 'Computer games' is the broader definition, and I have yet to see any convincing description of the difference.

 * Page moved, to bring it in line with list of computer and video games etc. Should have thought of naming it as such when I made the article! -Sean 02:43, 11 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Is "Prince of Persia" notable enough to list under "Platform" games ?

What ? flight simulators aren't "serious" ? Are you serious ? :-) Perhaps the "serious" section should say "... except for simulators". -- DavidCary 05:34, 11 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * I think real flight sim fans would consider them to not be games rather than not being serious. Richard cocks 05:42, Mar 11, 2004 (UTC)

 * To MShonle, MMORPG are a type of computer role-playing game. Also MMORTS is a type of RTS. MUDs are a type of text-based adventure game. You have to dig to find 'em all. :-) —Frecklefoot 17:10, 11 Mar 2004 (UTC)

What is being touched on, in this discussion, is a part of the larger controversy surrounding game genres. Frankly, people are free to invent genres at will, and do so, irrespective of any real philology or coherent theory. So I think listing and describing genres here is not objectionable but it's going to be very difficult to propose compelling arguments that one set of genres is properly identified (or hierarchically ordered) as this-or-that while another is not because there simply no definitive set. These are subjective classifications and too much argument about them is borish. I propose listing all genres at the same level (e.g. MMORPG and computer role-playing game) to indicate that this is just a list of genre's and not waste time trying to create one's own ideal hierarchy. If you feel RTS games are a subset of Strategy games, note that in the definition. It is a POV issue we should steer clear of. PilotPrecise 20:11, 11 March 2004 (UTC)

"Survey simulators"
A new category was added by anon editor 64.174.34.252, "survey games", which apparently are "Simulators which simulate more than one type of vehicle in a shared simulated world". Examples are Dangerous Waters and Battleground Europe. I have never heard of this genre denomination. A quick googling provided me with two links only even resembling the suggested usage and a number of astronomical usages. Is it a limited trade term? In any way I have never seen it used in the games industry. Mikademus 16:19, 21 July 2006 (UTC)

 * It is questionable, I think I've heard it used but very rarely. It's probably not notable enough to include here. --SevereTireDamage 22:41, 21 July 2006 (UTC)

Re-arranging the page
I think the alphabetical mode of listing isn't the best. FPS and TPS should be listed together in category "individual combat". "Adventure" and "Roleplaying" should be listed together under "individual action" (or somesuch.) I.E.

===Individual Combat=== ====FPS==== ====TPS====

That way, related genres can be grouped together and their differences and similarities explored and explained. Elde 00:25, 12 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * I don't think that particular taxonomy really works. Crossreferencing is a better idea, since there are plenty of games that get categorized in one genre that have next to nothing in common with games of "related" genres (should Diablo really be in the same category as Zork?). -Sean 01:17, 12 Mar 2004 (UTC)

When you reduce them both to their essential core, why should they not be categorized together? In both you are solving a series of puzzles and combating a number of monsters while moving across a map in order to complete the game. Thus they belong to same top level category (let's call it Quest for discussion's sake), while within the category Quest are the sub-categories Adventure and Role-Playing. Thus it's easy to see at a glance that while they are related, they are different.

Not every genre will be a sub-category however, Puzzles and Simulation would be both a top level category and a genre for example. (Though Simulation has a sub category God Games.) Elde 06:06, 12 Mar 2004 (UTC)~

 * At some point we have to stop excercising personal preferences here. (See my previous note.) It is not the job of Wikipedians to express POV or explore differences.  ("Individual Combat"?  Are we just making stuff up now?)  If this is to be a list of genres, let it be that.  Any hierarchically ordered list is POV.  Those of us here working in game development have a stake: Don't misrepresent our field with your idiosyncrasies!  PilotPrecise 07:43, 12 March 2004 (UTC)

Doesn't really have anything to do with POV, but a novel classification system is "original research" and thus undesirable. Instead, pick a reputable book and use its classification system. If you have a "better" system, publish a book on it and we can use it then. Stan 07:52, 12 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Stan, I just worry that selecting one from those that have been proposed in books (some more "reputable" than others) is still an excercise of preference. Below is the structure proposed by Laramee in Game Design Perspectives (&copy 2002 CRM) and begun with his own quote:
 * Any taxonomy of games is bound to be incomplete, controversial, and at least partially ambiguous... - F.D. Laramee

So that's one, and one in a good book to boot. But is that superior to the top-level genres of Moby Games?: It really does become a matter of preference, which itself is a manifestation of POV. PilotPrecise 09:58, 12 March 2004 (UTC)
 * Action Games
 * Responsiveness
 * Pacing
 * Sensory immersion
 * Hand-eye coordination''
 * Arcade classics
 * Fighting games
 * Arcade racing games
 * FPS
 * Sports games other than those focusing on team management
 * Ex: Tekken, NBA Live!, Asteroids!, Pole Position, Quake
 * Management Games
 * Scope
 * Time constraints
 * Complexity
 * Turn-based strategy
 * God games
 * Virtual lab experiments
 * Sports franchise management games
 * Ex: Sim City, Populous, Panzer General, Sim Earth, Championship Manager, Harpoon
 * Fast Strategy Games
 * Simplified world
 * Coarse-grained management
 * RTS
 * Time-oriented coarse simulations
 * Ex: Dune II, Railroad Tycoon, Age of Empires, Warcraft, Zoo Tycoon
 * Story-Driven Games
 * Linearity
 * Characters
 * Adventure games
 * Interactive fiction
 * RPGs
 * Online serials
 * Ex: King's Quest, Diablo, Final Fantasy, Kiss:Immortals, Monkey Island
 * Simulators
 * Mimic [RL] experience in detail
 * Accuracy
 * Controls, real-life mappings
 * Tendency to overspecialization
 * Fligh sims
 * Racing sims
 * Ex: MS Flight Sim,IL2 Sturmovik, F1, Superbike 2000, MS Train Simulator
 * Abstract Games
 * Players manipulate symbols...real-life situations without realism
 * Technological neutrality
 * Simplicity/casual
 * Adaptions of classic games
 * Puzzle games
 * Social games
 * Playing-card games
 * Interactive gambling
 * Solitaire
 * Slower-paced arcade classics
 * Ex: Chess, checkers, Tetris, Monopoly, Magic the Gathering,
 * Platform Games
 * Strong characters
 * Environment exploration
 * Dexterity puzzles
 * Side-scrollers
 * 3D exploration games
 * Ex: Donkey Kong, Super Mario Bros., Crash Bandicoot, Prince of Persia, Flashback
 * Edutainment
 * Combines playful activities with learning
 * Ex: Where...is Carmen Sandiego? (series), Oregon Trail, Putt-Putt (series), Math Blaster!
 * Persistent Game Worlds
 * Game world persists whether specific user is logged in or not
 * Social dynamics
 * Massively multiplayer role-playing
 * Special purpose (multiplayer) communities such as Air Warrior or Paintball.NET
 * Ex:Ultima Online, Air Warrior, Everquest, DAoC, WWII Online
 * Action
 * Adventure
 * Educational
 * Racing / Driving
 * Role-Playing (RPG)
 * Simulation
 * Sports
 * Strategy

 * I think there's a misunderstanding about "NPOV" - it means "neutral", not "no" point of view. Most everybody understands that genres are not hard and fast, and there is a point where we have to use some of our own brainpower in deciding how to organize. Lots of subdivision is fine, just as long as each one is attested by an authoritative source, and if a subdivision is uncommon, NPOV just means we say "this subgenre is not commonly identified". Discussion of genres and genre-crossing games is good to include here, because WP is the perfect place to separate the avalanche of marketing hype from reality. Stan 17:31, 12 Mar 2004 (UTC)

My only point in proposing an organization other than alphabetical is place similiar genres adjacent to each other. Right now they are scattered across the page and providing a misleading idea of the total number of and relationships between genres. Sean's idea of cross-referencing seems cumbersome when all the entries are on one page as they are. (And they don't really belong on more than one page.) Leaving them all as 'top-level' but abandoning alpabetical arrangement might serve both purposes. Elde 18:00, 12 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * But if we abandon alpha listing, how will they be listed then? If we list like genres together, that just prepetuates the problem. Alpha listing (with or without crossrefs) is the best way to do this IMHO. -Sean 08:32, 13 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Asteroids not a Scrolling Shooter
I'm confused about the classification of Asteroids as a Shoot 'em up, or, as the article seems to imply, a scrolling shooter. Asteroids is not a scrolling shooter. It doesn't scroll. I'd class it as a fixed shooter. The same probably goes for Spacewar!. 80.225.5.23 02:01, 5 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Classifying video games is often tricky. But if you look at the description for "scrolling shooter" you'll see that it says that the background scrolls.  This is true for Asteroids—the asteroids keep moving around.  This is what I beleive was meant by the "scrolling" part of "scrolling shooter."  But it could also arguably be classified as a Shoot 'em up.  This is true for many games—they just don't fit nicely into one genre (e.g. Diablo is both an action and RPG game).  HTH —Frecklefoot 13:51, May 5, 2004 (UTC)

 * I'm aware of the description, because I wrote it. ;) I'm also familiar with the difficulty in classification, but my point still stands. The background in Asteroids doesn't scroll, because it has no background. The asteroids are foreground elements, and they don't scroll either, they just move around in random directions. Scrolling is a different thing; it's when the entire screen moves in a direction. (I believe the term derives from a paper scroll being wound round a roller.)

 * I could also complicate this further by adding that games like Galaga or Galaxian (which are similar to Space Invaders) are essentially fixed shooters, but the background scrolls. In those instances I would classify them as fixed shooters, since the scrolling is merely an aesthetic effect and doesn't affect the gameplay. :) 62.64.200.11 14:14, 5 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Okay, now I'm confused. Are you also 80.225.5.23 who posted the original question? —Frecklefoot 19:54, May 6, 2004 (UTC)

 * Yes, I don't have a static IP. And to further complicate matters, I've got myself a username now, but hopefully that should solve the problem. :) Spottedowl 01:08, 7 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Great, that should help matters. :-) I'd say go ahead and change it to something else. There are plenty of other examples to choose from. :-) —Frecklefoot 14:12, May 7, 2004 (UTC)

 * Okay, I've expanded on Shoot 'em ups a little; however, I'm not sure if I'm being POV or not. I'm a big shoot 'em up fan, so I know what people tend to regard as being a 'true shoot 'em up', but obviously that's a bias.

 * I think perhaps there needs to be a distinction between scrolling shoot 'em ups and continuously scrolling shoot 'em ups. In Defender, for example, the screen scrolls to follow the player, whereas in continuous scrollers (such as R-Type, etc. etc.), the screen scrolls in a direction and the player is moving along with it - ie. The player is being taken through the level by the game. It's the continuous scrollers that most people think of as shoot 'em ups. Spottedowl 18:29, 7 May 2004 (UTC)

FPS revert
I object to the revert of my changes to an older version. Information about the effect of FPS on 3D technology is not mentioned in the FPS article. However I will place it in that article instead of here. DB0 08:40, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Hybrids
Most game genres are so mixed up together that they effectively create a new genre all by themselves. However all of us recognise that there are some standard archetypes that are a perfect example of a type of game. What I propose is to name those archetypes and then create a secondary hybrid category where games are assigned two archetypes.

For example:

 * Basic Genres
 * Adventure Archetypes: Monkey Island, King's Quest
 * RPG Archetypes: Eye of the Beholder, Baldur's Gate
 * TBS Archetypes: Civilization, Sim City
 * Puzzle Archetypes: 7th Guest
 * FPS: Doom, Quake, Unreal

 * Hybrids
 * Adventure-RPGs: Quest for Glory
 * TBS-RPGS: Fallout Tactics, Heroes of Might and Magic
 * Puzzle-Adventures: Myst, Riven
 * Puzzle-Platform: 3 Vikings
 * Puzzle-Platform-FPS: Tomb Raider

Just like colors have 3 basics that are combined to produce all the others, games have some basics that can be combined to produce any other type that does not fit into one specific genre. Even games that could fit in do many genres could be classified without problem. For example, say a new GTA came out that had RPG elements as well; where would it fit?

What do you think?DB0 10:11, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)

PS: Generally, it is very hard to categorize games because there are many categorizing groups that overlap and are not always exclusive of each other. For example, games could be categorized as

 * By pacing: Real Time or Turn Based
 * By type of gameplay: Action (Platform, Shooting, Fighting), RPGs, Strategy (Tactics, Resource Management), Sports (Although some would argue this is action), Simulators (Driving, Flight, Space Opera, Sci-Fi'') etc
 * By View: First Person, Third Person (''Top View, Behind view, Variant view) Scrolling, Static.

All these combined create a game, and games can use many of these (mainly gameplay types) to create something unique. Grand theft auto for example would be a Real Time - Action - Third Person game. More specificaly it would be a Real Time - Driving/Shooting - Behind View game with strategy elements.

What I think we need to do is trim down the list to the basest genres and then crease the hybrids (not all of them, mind you, maybe just the most influencing)DB0 12:08, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)

For consistency with a recent move from rhythm video game to music video game (which I proposed), I've renamed the "Rhythm" section to "Music." However, the category is still named Category:Rhythm computer games; this inconsistency should be addressed soon. --LostLeviathan 02:38, 24 Dec 2004 (UTC)

"Serious" games?
I am pretty confused about the inclusion of the genre "serious". I do not think you can use that name as a distinct genre. It should be more correct to include the notion of "serious" games in the video games overview page under a header "recent evolutions" - although this is just a suggestion.

Further proof that "serious" games are not a genre, but an evolution is that all the games mentioned under the genre are easily re-categorisable. I.e. the Wallmart game would fit nicely under "Simulation", while "America's Army" and "Full Spectrum Warrior" clearly are first-person shooters...

edit: signed in. ;) --Brains 08:55, 3 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Serious games are a new genre of computer and video games. Not many people have heard of them because they are generally not released to the public at large (with notable exceptions, such as America's Army and Full Spectrum Warrior).  If you were a video game professional, you would no doubt heard of this new genre, since for the third year in a row the Game Developers Conference will host the Serious Games Summit.

 * Games fitting into more than one genre is nothing new. For example, Diablo is an RPG and an action game.  Pigeon-holing games into one genre is unnecessary and often inaccurate.  Therefore, labeling  America's Army as a FPS and a serious game is appropriate.

 * FWIW: I've had this discussion before. If you like, you can go read the dispute over America's Army on that article's talk page.   — Frecklefoot | Talk 17:33, Jan 3, 2005 (UTC)

 * hmm... I see what you mean and you are absolutely correct that the idea of Serious games should be mentioned on wikipedia. It is quite a good article too you have written. I do however think that it is not belonging in the list of video game genres. That list should remain as consice as possible, it should be a video game taxonomy - with indeed various games crossing over from one genre to the other and back to a third much like you mentioned.

 * Yet, your - and indeed correct - concept of serious game is more about the game's goal, its reason of existence and / or creation and not so much about their execution, method of interaction or their presentation which is what the genres are about.

 * In other words, "Video game genre" defines how a game is presented; which implies how the user interacts with the environment. While "serious" would more connect to why a game is created. swim? --Brains 21:04, 3 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * ISWYM. :-) I don't oppose the removal of "serious game" as a genre.  A serious game can be of any genre, but what a serious game tries to accomplish is what identifies it as such.  An FPS or an RTS can both be a serious game, but the serious game classification has little impact on their genre.  Go ahead and change if you wish. :-)   — Frecklefoot | Talk 21:24, Jan 3, 2005 (UTC)

 * If this isn't beating a dead horse, I'll give my input before removing it. "Serious" is not a genre. It's meerly a description of how a game is used, or a silly title like "interactive media". If they found that missile command trained people for a certain strange interface to some defence system, would the label "Serious game" apply to it? Yes. Has the genre, way it's played, anything about the game, changed? No. Therefore, "Serious" is not a genre.
 * But what about the counterexample of educational games? Right. Well, if you can tell from gameplay alone that it's an educational game, then it's a genre. Can you play a game for a bit and say that it's an educational game? I'm sure you could. What about a "serious game"? Well, you'd either call it a simulator, or a "training game" - "educational game" in disguise. Slike2 04:46, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Fixed shooters
Right, I've held off long enough. :)

Could we please clarify this 'Fixed shooter' thing? I have never heard any game referred to as a fixed shooter. I've never even heard of the genre. And I'm a big shoot 'em up fan. Therefore, to have it as a main genre doesn't make sense to me.

Secondly - the classification of scrolling shooters as a subgenre of fixed shooters seems absurd to me. This is like classifying every tennis game as a subclass of Pong.

My solution is just to class all these shooters under the single genre of shoot 'em up. It is the traditional name for this kind of game, and has been since at least the early nineties.

I would have done this, but I didn't want to mess up the system already in use. Spottedowl 17:23, 10 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Re-arranging, again
I don't really like how this page is organized, for many of the same reasons previously posted. I think it would be good to get a collection of genres together, argue over which ones are worth including or not, and then find a good way to group the genres. Here's my proposal: Slike2 04:46, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Popular: (or "need to be mentioned")
 * Fighting
 * First-person shooter
 * Third-person
 * Third person shooter
 * 3D platform? (mario64, etc.)
 * MMOGs and MMORPGs
 * Role-playing
 * Sports (simulations of sports)
 * Racing
 * Simulation
 * Strategy
 * RTS
 * TBS

Notable:
 * Educational
 * Serious
 * Stealth
 * Survival horror
 * Scrolling shooters / Shoot 'em up
 * Music
 * Platform (I don't think this includes the 3d platform games.)
 * Puzzle
 * Traditional

Historical:
 * Adventure
 * Web based strategy games (these are exactly like those old bbs games)
 * Retro
 * Fixed shooter (I don't know what this is really...)
 * Interactive movies

Unless there's disagreement, I'll begin re-arrangement/rewrite shortly. Slike2 04:46, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Personally, I think "Platform" is a major genre and DOES include 3D platform games such as Mario 64 etc. K1Bond007 07:32, Feb 27, 2005 (UTC)

 * Yeah, I definitely get what you're saying, but then what's the change from platform to 3rd person, or 'third person adventure'? There was a very drastic change from the 2D platform games into the third person non-shooters. Compare super mario on the snes to the mario that came out for nintendo 64 - they did try to keep the theme very much intact, but when you compare 2d sidescrolling games like mario (snes and under), metroid, and sonic to third person games like mario64, conkers, and zelda(64), there's a definite difference. I don't think they're the same genre at all, despite the fact that so many platform series' moved into this form of 3d game. I think that the article should mention that a lot of things like atmosphere, etc did not loose themselves as the transition was made (in terms of individual series), but it should clearly seperate the two. Slike2 08:56, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Theres grey lines everywhere, but I really don't see much of a difference like you obviously do. It's 3D. That's pretty much it. Mario 64 is considered a platformer by almost everyone. I propose this structure for page: (with notes)

 * Action (1)
 * Fighting
 * First-person shooter
 * Platformer
 * 2D
 * 3D
 * Shoot 'em up
 * Stealth
 * Survival horror
 * Third-person shooter
 * Adventure (2)
 * Interactive movies (3)
 * Third-person
 * Arcade (Replaces Retro - see below (4))
 * Educational
 * Music
 * Party
 * Puzzle
 * Racing
 * RPG
 * MMORPG
 * Serious
 * Sports
 * Strategy
 * Real-time strategy
 * Turn-based strategy
 * Traditional

1) Every FPS or TPS is an action game. I added this section for structure.

2) Technically speaking Adventure is usually a part of Action hench "Action-Adventure". I moved it out and seperated it to allow it be it's own section because there is a pretty big difference between games like Contra and Zelda and not every adventure game is considered action (see what we have under Adventure presently for ex). Under adventure we would explain this a little better.

3) Not really sure about this. Go with whatever.

4) How do you define retro in the present day? I understand what someone was going for here, but games like Pac-Man are arcade games. Games like these are still being made today (although not as much) for systems like Game Boy. Snood is arcade. Under our present structure there is no place to add this game.

I do not agree with what is notable and what is a major genre. I think a structure like that is borderline POV and really hard to maintain as some would disagree with what is notable or major and move sections around. I'm open to suggestions on this proposal. Perhaps I missed a genre.

 * Perhaps I'm using the wrong words. Major genres are what everyone is familiar with nowadays. Notable genres is a mix between games that are substantially dropping in popularity, have limited games of the genre, and genres that don't really exist on their own. All (except one) of the first level genres under "major" are not dropping in popularity, and are, well, major. The one that isn't is MMORPGs (should be under rpgs) and MMO (should be a secondary genre). As for the genres under notable, there are various reasons for them being there:

 * Limited releases into the genre: music, party
 * Fading releases into the genre: shootemup, platform(by my terminology), puzzle(though the internet has quite a few)
 * It's a secondary genre (explained later): edu, stealth, horror

 * Traditional games should be moved up.

 * Secondary genre means "an additional genre that a game may be". For example, it would be too much to state genres like "educational fps" (training game), educational strategy, educational ...(and so on). Educational, like horror or stealth, are atmospheric genres (for lack of better terminology).

 * For platformers, I don't mind either way, as long as the distinction is there between 2d and 3d.

 * I don't agree with the major sections of your classification - it adds action and adventure as ways to group other genres, but there's too much overlap, in my opinion. With that gone, it's relatively flat and unorganized. I think that having the "major" (best known) genres an the top and old and defunct genres at the bottom is good, as that's a rather concrete way to chop it. Secondary genres can be "any of the major genres", so they should be seperate. Genres that see limited popular release should be seperate as well - party games(too few), shootemups(fading), music(too few)... Slike2 22:30, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Theres overlap everwhere. The article specifically mentions this and gives the example of Zelda which is an Action-Adventure third person with RPG elements. Metroid Prime is a first-person shooter action-adventure game with similar RPG elements to Zelda. Tons and tons of games overlap now-a-days, but I feel that what I wrote is the best organized way of listing them. In addition to thinking that listing by notable and major is borderline POV (even though most have good cause, I agree somewhat) I don't see why it's necessary. Whats really the point other than to say that this genre isn't as popular as others, which some already mention in their description.
 * What do you mean by moving Traditional up? Their listed alphabetically and I don't see how card games etc really fit with another genre. K1Bond007 22:54, Mar 2, 2005 (UTC)

 * About the overlap, of course, and that's why I think splitting them as such will not work - specific examples of genres that are in the middle: stealth, platformers, horror. It splits games up based on how much of a storyline they have, or how much you think in them. Action is almost like a genre of it's own - fast reflexes and not much thought (jumping around, attacking, etc), while adventure is a game that has a rich storyline and less hostile play (defeating things vs playing through a story). I don't think they're sufficiently exclusive from each other to serve as ways to group games. On the other hand, "bygone" genres are easy to split out, as are "declining" genres (2d platformers, shootemups), and genres that don't really exist on their own (stealh, horror, for example, are atmospheric as opposed to goal/method-based).

 * I meant to say move traditional up to major genres. Considering the many sites that house them, they are in no way a small share of the market. Slike2 04:49, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm new to wiki, but am looking to get involved so let me throw my 2 cents into the fray about a couple of things:

 * I think arranging the genres by perceived popularity or relevance may be difficult to maintain over the long run. As new genres are invented and others fall by the wayside, the ordering would need to be in a constant state of flux.  A neutral method (like alphabetical or by relationships) would probably be easier.
 * I've always thought that Action is a junk genre. It's not needed, as anything you would classify as Action can also be classified as something else anyway.
 * Adventure vs Action-Adventure vs RPG. The problem here is that there are really two types of Adventure: text adventures (Infocom) and their graphically enhanced descendents (Sierra adventures, etc.) and what Nintendo attempted to establish as a new kind of Adventure (Zelda, Metroid, Kid Icarus, etc.).  This new kind of adventure (action-adventure if we need a different name) is marked by exploration, puzzles, and key items just like text adventures, but also puts the player in complete control of the characters actions unlike the limited choices that text adventures offer.  Viewed in this perspective, a lot of horror and stealth games actually fall into this category.  What's the difference between exploring a creepy mansion with your shotgun (Resident Evil) and exploring Hyrule with your sword (Legend of Zelda)?  To me, RPGs are strictly games with things like char levels, stats up the wazoo, and hundreds of items.  I don't see how games like Zelda really come close to fitting in this category.
 * Retro vs Arcade. I like the term Arcade for the reasons listed above in note #4.  It's fairly easy to classify any game where the action takes place primarily on one non-scrolling screen at a time as an arcade game. Brideck 03:54, 25 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * I almost forgot... shouldn't there be a light gun genre? These are completely different from FPSs, TPSs, and shmups if for no other reason then the input device.  Duck Hunt, Area 51, and those fire fighting arcade games would be prime examples of this.  I guess technically you could call these FPSs as it's really the ultimate in first person shooting, but most people don't think about them in the same way. Brideck 04:09, 25 Mar 2005 (UTC)

(I've dropped down out of the five indents, for easier replies) New genres don't come up often, and the ones that are there aren't really going away. The biggist change that I've seen recently is the large amount of puzzle, cheap rpg, etc. games that are available via the internet. Action as a junk genre... I agree, though not completely. Hmmm... I go off into a relevant deviation:

Action, adventure, and strategy are the main "goal oriented" genres I believe. Each one is very distinct too, I think. Action would be fps, most arcade (music games being among these), anything fast paced - things that directly mess with the moreso aggressive emotions. The rush is the driving force here. Adventure is about going through a storyline, and arguably, gaining things: rpgs, the text adventures, etc. There are two aspects, collection and accumulation (stats, items, etc), and discovery. They are different, of course, but for these purposes they more or less go hand in hand. Strategy games are the ones that force you to think - obviously tbs and rts, puzzle games, etc.

First person shooters (like CS) are generally action, but strategy emerges as a second driving force "later on". Diablo 2 is an action adventure. Tetris is a strategy-action. Nethack is strategy-adventure (action emerges if you care enough about your character). The Sims is a slight strategy, discovery-adventure, heavily collection/accumulation. And so on.

"Universe type" genres come next I think, where you group similar universes. First person shooters (fp, holding a gun, intent to shoot), turn based/realtime strategy (looking down at a landscape), arcade (very abstract universes), fighters (two people fighting), third person shooters (holding a gun..), third person platformers, side view platformers, scrolling shooters... if there were enough popular games that took up the whole pac man thing, there'd be "pac-maners".

"Setting" is the last one. This refers to fantasy, science-fiction (like space games), alternate apocalyptic universe games (current "time", but things are drastically different), realistic games (ranging from normal person up to 'superspy'). These can of course each be divided up further based on setting, and they can be mixed (chrono trigger, for example). For the games like arcade and puzzle this doesn't apply as much.

Based on these three criterea, You can then break games up into the elements that they have (listed here are "universe types", combinations are more than possible, and then examples as goals would apply to them):
 * first person
 * fps are towards action
 * sneakers are towards action of a different sort, and adventure
 * third person
 * zelda, tomb raider - moreso adventure
 * grand theft auto, diablo 2 - action/adventure
 * max payne (I think) - moreso action
 * for 'person' games, do you have intent to kill, or is it more abstract?
 * fps and tps are kill, moreso action
 * 3d platformers aren't, moreso adventure
 * top down onto landscape, and unit management
 * the sims - moreso accumulation/adventure
 * starcraft - action strategy
 * abstract games
 * mostly strategy/thought.

...where was I before I started with this? Right, I have no idea anymore. We were mostly arranging things based on universe type I think? Slike2 09:20, 25 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Shortly after I posted here, I realized that a page like this might not even really be necessary as it's really just a list of genres. After a little exploration, I think I like the idea of using Categories like this one [ Category:Computer and video game genres ] to organize and subdivide all of this information.  The blurbs that are written on this page for each genre could then be used on the page for each individual genre.  It would also make classifying hybrid games easier because you could just make it a member of more than one genre Category, or you could make a Category for hybrid genres that is a sub-Category of both of its parent genres.  Either way, it's going to be next to impossible to come up with a consensus on a lot of this stuff because there are so many cooks... Brideck 21:19, 25 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes, this is more of a list, because there really isn't much to say about "cvg genres" apart from the small intro. Most of the understanding though lies in the descriptions. The main point of this page is to not make the user jump through all the genre pages. Makes it easier to absorb the information.Slike2 00:36, 26 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Moved text
I think the below text confuses the "adventure" section, so I've moved it here: Slike2 06:39, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * In the terminology of console video games, adventure games are games which involve exploration of, and interaction with, the environment as a main facet of gameplay. The term "adventure" here refers to Adventure on the Atari 2600 instead of Colossal Cave Adventure.
 * Notable console adventure games include the Legend of Zelda series, the Tomb Raider series and the Grand Theft Auto series. A more precise term for this genre is action adventure.

NPOV
"It should be noted that all who are intrested in this subdivision pay close attention to the new MMORTS in development, Earth 2160: Online as it shows great promise." This Doesn't seem to be NPOV to me, more like shameless advertising. But I'm new here and to shy to just remove it at this moment.

 * I wonder how that slipped by. I've removed it. Slike2 01:27, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Can the "Retro" genre ever be superceded?
I'm not sure about that "retro" genre and I'm even MORE unsure that if it is a genre, that it's been superceded. Basically while companies continue to rerelease old games (usually in packs but not necessarily) can the retro genre ever be classed as obsolete or no longer in use?

If the above sounds funny and metaphysical it wasn't meant to be that way. I'm serious - the "retro" genre will surely keep being used regularly...

Who moved this article?
Who moved this article and why? This is not a list of computer and video games by genre. That would imply that it's a big list of video games, separated by genre. It's not: it's a list of video game genres, with examples from each genre. I elect to move it back to "Computer and video game genres". Any objections? — Frecklefoot | Talk 21:11, September 8, 2005 (UTC)

 * Pretty soon here I'm going to assume that they're aren't any objections and move it back...  — Frecklefoot | Talk 14:33, 14 September 2005 (UTC)

 * I totally agree, move it back. --Trickstar 20:18, 15 September 2005 (UTC)
 * I took care of it. There is already a List of computer and video games by genre, so the name made no sense. K1Bond007 02:58, 25 September 2005 (UTC)

Tycoons as Genre?
Hi, There are so many Tycoons out there, they're neither City-Building nor Godlike Games. The description of Simulations doesn't fit either. So I'd like to propose a new Genre for all of these: ...and so on. What do you think? --Trickstar 20:18, 15 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Theme Park
 * Transport Tycoon
 * School Tycoon
 * Railroad Tycoon
 * Cruise Ship Tycoon
 * Rollercoaster Tycoon
 * Skateboard Park Tycoon
 * Pizza Tycoon
 * Airline Tycoon
 * Airport Tycoon
 * Business Tycoon
 * Cruise Line Tycoon
 * Fast Food Tycoon
 * Hotel Giant
 * Mall Tycoon
 * Railroad Tycoon
 * Zoo Tycoon

 * I don't think so. "Tycoon" games are a combination of strategy, resource management and RTS games.  I don't think they deserve a separate category.  Just my $.02...   — Frecklefoot | Talk

Add Action-adventure game?
This matter overlaps (a bit up), but my question is a more specific. Basically, should Action-adventure game be added to the list of genres? To me it seems that it took the place of platform games, to a smaller degree adventure games, and probably some others, or at least aspects of them. A lot of modern games (especially on the consoles) qualify as "action-adventure". I'm thinking about games (series) like Tomb Raider, Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time, the later Metroid games, the later Rayman games, Spyro the Dragon (series), Jak and Daxter, Super Mario Sunshine, etc., etc.. That list is more or less random, I didn't play all of the games, maybe Mario fits the old "platform game" genre better for instance, but in general it seems the genre is a major one these days, unless I simply misunderstood what it means. Should it be added to the list? Retodon8 21:06, 20 December 2005 (UTC)
 * What about Zelda? That's considered to be "adventure", but it certainly doesn't fall into the desciption we have now.

Some ideas
From here

Seems to be missing things like serious game, or the recent anti-advert games.

Sandbox Games
Someone should add this ever increasing in popularity genre. With games like Second Life and concepts like "Gary's Mod," I beleive that the Sandbox Game is worth note as a gaming genre. Please someone write this bad boy up.MCP 02:35, 21 February 2006 (UTC)

I agree, especially with games like The Movies and the upcoming Spore. --Wiz9999 04:43, 22 February 2006 (UTC)

Genre Combining?
Should there be a note on games that combine genres? Parasite Eve comes to mind as one; a combination of Survival Horror and RPG. Just a thought. --Thaddius 14:14, 10 May 2006 (UTC)

Maze Game?
Does this really classify as a genre? I would think it's suffice to say that the examples listed(Pac Man/Mr. Do) under the maze genre are examples of action or arcade games. Thus, this item does not need to be here.

--Mitaphane 22:03, 6 June 2006 (UTC)
 * "Arcade game" is not a genre. Action is a general term, to which Pac Man really does not apply. --larsinio ( poke )( prod ) 15:07, 7 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm just trying to be consistent as far as the article is concerned. Action is a general term. And arcade game is a description of a game that does not neccesarily mean its a genre(e.g. a fighting game is an arcade game). But as far as the article is phrased, action( "...the most basic of gaming genres, and certainly one of the broadest...characterized by gameplay with emphasis on actions that the player must perform reflexively...") and arcade("traditionally the coin-operated video games found in arcades during the 1970s and 1980s...characterized as quick play action games that had an addictive quality...easy to learn, yet difficult to master") fit both the examples listed in the Maze genre. Moreover, the genre is specific enough to where I would say it only covers Pac Man, associated knock offs, and Mr. Do, a game which really doesn't have mazes in the same way Pac Man does.--Mitaphane 04:36, 8 June 2006 (UTC)

Table
Is that large PNG bothering anyone else? It includes text as an image. This is evil - text should be text. If we need this table we should use an image.

Also, doesn't it contain the same information as the rest of the article, and primarily the table of contents? And where it doesn't, how does it fare on the "no original research" scale? What are the published sources for this particular schematic? Shinobu 14:49, 7 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Agreed on all points. It also breaks my page layout at 1024x768 resolution. And I'm not even sure the table really makes sense at all, considering there are in fact Sports RPGs, Strategy RPGs, Flight sim adventure games, abstract video pinball games, etc. It would take the most convoluted Venn diagram to even try to make sense of that theory. As you said, such overlapping genre interrelation is definitely original research. I'm removing it. --SevereTireDamage 08:53, 15 July 2006 (UTC)

 * The table is not original research, it is simply a compilation of the genres discussed in the related Wikipedia pages (thus not an attempt to promote a theory of video game classifications) and added to raise peer feedback. I argue that a tabulation provides information at a glance that an article-o-lists on stereoids does not, especially given the messy and haphazard state of the article at present (not to mention the state of many if the "meta-genre" (and some "genre") articles). The table of contents is in fact just as much original research as the tabulation: the tabulation just collected together what is said on other wikipediua pages while the table of contents makes own claims about the relations of genres, claims in fact not always consistent with what the specific pages say(!). Further, as the article states, genre-crossovers etc cannot be treated; even the wikipedia pages are generally only about the at least somewhat recognised major divisions. If that would be touched it would take a multidimensional venn and a staff of schizophrenic reseachers to do something of it. Anyway, the tabulation was an early version and some entries in it were less than satisfactory. I will make a new version later. Mikademus 17:37, 16 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Given the highly subjective state of video game genre classificiation as it is, and the lack of formal studies to cite, I would simply prefer not to have a table at all to be on the safe side. I do agree that the article itself is somewhat disorganized as it is. (Heck, I would think that platformers and puzzle games belong in the Major genres category - it probably isn't due to the slight computer game bias on WP.) That said, other genre pages, such as the main one, cinematic genre, and (admittedly undeveloped) literary genre pages are doing fine without charts. --SevereTireDamage 00:30, 17 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Heh, the reason I made the first version was in fact because I needed it to help me make heads or tails of the WP game genre jungle as it is. We'll see what you think of the next version, later, and if/when included in the article it can be positioned in a much less intrusive (page-widening) way. Oh, when on a good discussion subject, though a bit of a tangent, platform games is generally recognised as as sub-genre of "arcade" games for traditional reasons and as such a division that wouldn't fulfil other scientific requirements than those of descriptive history. If genres had been thought out in advance --and especially had been given better names!-- then we wouldn't have the absurd overlaps and confusion that plague and befuddle the topic, if it can be called that, today. Mikademus 07:46, 17 July 2006 (UTC)


text:
Rayleigh quotient iteration

Rayleigh quotient iteration is an eigenvalue algorithm which extends the idea of the inverse iteration by using the Rayleigh quotient to obtain increasingly accurate eigenvalue estimates.

Rayleigh quotient iteration is an iterative method, that is, it delivers a sequence of approximate solutions that converges to a true solution in the limit. Very rapid convergence is guaranteed and no more than a few iterations are needed in practice to obtain a reasonable approximation. The Rayleigh quotient iteration algorithm converges cubically for Hermitian or symmetric matrices, given an initial vector that is sufficiently close to an eigenvector of the matrix that is being analyzed.

Algorithm
The algorithm is very similar to inverse iteration, but replaces the estimated eigenvalue at the end of each iteration with the Rayleigh quotient. Begin by choosing some value $$\mu_0$$ as an initial eigenvalue guess for the Hermitian matrix $$A$$. An initial vector $$b_0$$ must also be supplied as initial eigenvector guess.

Calculate the next approximation of the eigenvector $$b_{i+1}$$ by $$ b_{i+1} = \frac{(A-\mu_i I)^{-1}b_i}{\|(A-\mu_i I)^{-1}b_i\|}, $$ where $$I$$ is the identity matrix, and set the next approximation of the eigenvalue to the Rayleigh quotient of the current iteration equal to $$ \mu_{i+1} = \frac{b^*_{i+1} A b_{i+1}}{b^*_{i+1} b_{i+1}}. $$

To compute more than one eigenvalue, the algorithm can be combined with a deflation technique.

Note that for very small problems it is beneficial to replace the matrix inverse with the adjugate, which will yield the same iteration because it is equal to the inverse up to an irrelevant scale (the inverse of the determinant, specifically). The adjugate is easier to compute explicitly than the inverse (though the inverse is easier to apply to a vector for problems that aren't small), and is more numerically sound because it remains well defined as the eigenvalue converges.

Example
Consider the matrix

A = \left[\begin{matrix} 1 & 2 & 3\\ 1 & 2 & 1\\ 3 & 2 & 1\\ \end{matrix}\right] $$

for which the exact eigenvalues are $$\lambda_1 = 3+\sqrt5$$, $$\lambda_2 = 3-\sqrt5$$ and $$\lambda_3 = -2$$, with corresponding eigenvectors

 * $$v_1 = \left[

\begin{matrix} 1 \\  \varphi-1 \\ 1 \\ \end{matrix}\right]$$, $$v_2 = \left[ \begin{matrix} 1 \\  -\varphi \\ 1 \\ \end{matrix}\right]$$ and $$v_3 = \left[ \begin{matrix} 1 \\  0 \\   1 \\ \end{matrix}\right]$$.

(where $$\textstyle\varphi=\frac{1+\sqrt5}2$$ is the golden ratio).

The largest eigenvalue is $$\lambda_1 \approx 5.2361$$ and corresponds to any eigenvector proportional to $$v_1 \approx \left[ \begin{matrix} 1 \\  0.6180 \\   1 \\ \end{matrix}\right]. $$

We begin with an initial eigenvalue guess of

 * $$b_0 =

\left[\begin{matrix} 1 \\ 1 \\  1 \\ \end{matrix}\right], ~\mu_0 = 200$$.

Then, the first iteration yields

 * $$b_1 \approx

\left[\begin{matrix} -0.57927 \\ -0.57348 \\  -0.57927 \\ \end{matrix}\right], ~\mu_1 \approx 5.3355 $$

the second iteration,

 * $$b_2 \approx

\left[\begin{matrix} 0.64676 \\  0.40422 \\   0.64676 \\ \end{matrix}\right], ~\mu_2 \approx 5.2418 $$

and the third,

 * $$b_3 \approx

\left[\begin{matrix} -0.64793 \\ -0.40045 \\  -0.64793 \\ \end{matrix}\right], ~\mu_3 \approx 5.2361 $$

from which the cubic convergence is evident.

Octave implementation
The following is a simple implementation of the algorithm in Octave.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Rayleigh quotient iteration


text:
From the Earth to the Moon (miniseries)

From the Earth to the Moon is a twelve-part 1998 HBO television miniseries co-produced by Ron Howard, Brian Grazer, Tom Hanks and Michael Bostick. In docudrama format, it tells the story of the Apollo program during the 1960s and early 1970s. Largely based on Andrew Chaikin's 1994 book, A Man on the Moon, the series is known for its accurate telling of the story of Apollo and the special effects under visual director Ernest D. Farino. The series takes its title from, but is not based upon, Jules Verne's 1865 science fiction novel From the Earth to the Moon.

Hanks appears in every episode, introducing each of the first eleven. The twelfth and final episode, represented in pseudo-documentary format, is narrated by Blythe Danner, interspersed with a reenactment of the production of Georges Méliès' 1902 film Le Voyage dans la Lune, also in part inspired by Verne's novel. Hanks narrates and appears in these scenes as Méliès' assistant, with Tchéky Karyo as Méliès.

Cast
The miniseries has a fairly large cast, driven in part by the fact that it portrays 30 of the 32 astronauts who flew, or were preparing to fly, the twelve missions of the Apollo program. (The only two Apollo astronauts not portrayed by credited actors are Apollo 13 Command Module pilot Jack Swigert, who is heard but not seen in Episode 8, and Apollo 17 Command Module pilot Ronald Evans, who has a brief appearance in the liftoff scene of Apollo 17 in the final episode.) Members of many of the astronauts' families, and other NASA and non-NASA personnel, are also portrayed.

Several fictional (or fictionalized) characters are also included, notably television newscaster Emmett Seaborn (Lane Smith) who appears in nine of the twelve episodes.

Astronaut David Scott, from Apollo 15, was the chief technological consultant.

Episodes
The twelve episodes, each directed by different individuals, use a variety of viewpoints and themes, while sequentially covering the Mercury, Gemini and Apollo programs. Lane Smith portrays Emmett Seaborn, a seasoned reporter for a fictional television network, who covers the U.S. space program from its earliest days, providing continuity for most of the episodes.

Integration with existing films
The miniseries, concentrating on the Apollo space program, was produced with an intent not to repeat other dramatic portrayals of events of the space race.

Project Mercury, which was portrayed in the 1983 film The Right Stuff, was briefly summarized in the first episode. Miniseries producers Hanks, Howard and Grazer, who had previously produced the 1995 film Apollo 13, shot the episode "We Interrupt This Program" from the perspective of the media covering that flight, as the film had already covered the story from the point of view of the crew and the mission control team.

Production
Many of the actors had opportunity to interact and form friendships with the real life astronauts they were portraying. Brett Cullen, who played Apollo 9 Command Module pilot and Apollo 15 commander David Scott, was invited to the Scott family home each time an episode he appeared in was first televised. Two short clips from the final scenes of Apollo 13 were used in "That's All There Is"; a splashdown sequence, and a view of the recovery ship USS Iwo Jima (portrayed by USS New Orleans).

The original series was shot in Super 35, intended to be viewed on standard television sets of the time in 1.33:1 aspect ratio. With the proliferation of widescreen flat-panel TV sets the series was remastered in the 1.78:1 aspect ratio and re-released in 2005 as a 5-disc DVD box set. As is the case with most material shot in this format, the widescreen framing causes the loss (in some shots) of the top and bottom parts of the frames from the original broadcast, but reveals additional information on the left and right. This is not always noticeable because of careful transfer process, but in some scenes important details are lost. For example, in the first episode, when the Gemini 8 / Agena assembly is tumbling around in space with a stuck thruster, the thruster is not visible in the new widescreen version, as it is cut off by the top of the frame. Some captions have also been compromised.

Parts of the miniseries were filmed at the Disney-MGM Studios (now Disney's Hollywood Studios) in Orlando, Florida. Scenes of the moonwalks were shot inside the blimp hangars on a former Marine base in Tustin, California. Approximately half the area inside was converted to the Moon's surface, with the remainder used to hold production trailers. To simulate lunar surface gravity, weather balloons filled with helium were attached to the backs of the actors playing the astronauts in the lunar extravehicular activity scenes, effectively reducing their weights to one-sixth.

The score of "Spider" prominently features an imitation of the main title theme from the 1963 World War II movie The Great Escape, and Tom Kelly jokes about having a crew digging a tunnel out of the Grumman plant. The episode also featured a real Apollo Lunar Module (LM-13), which had been built for the Apollo 18 mission but was never used due to budget cuts.

title: From the Earth to the Moon (miniseries)


text:
Talk:Hyundai Group

Hyundai logo inaccurate
As far as I know, the logo presented here on the "Hyundai Group" page is in fact only used by Hyundai Motors; the logo of most Hyundai companies is actually a green triangle.

See:

 * 1) http://news.bbc.co.uk/olmedia/240000/images/_244360_logo.jpg
 * 2) http://www.arsenal-online.ru/i/hyundai-logo.gif
 * 3) http://www.shc.co.kr/english/business/images/hyundai_logo.jpg
 * 4) http://www.emoksu.com/partner/img/logo/hyundai_logo.gif
 * 5) http://www.gsnd.net/~Eco-tra/re_economy/img/hyundai_logo.gif
 * 6) http://www.iadc-dredging.com/logo/logo-hyundai.gif

I don`t know where to look for an image that could be used in place of the other Hyundai logo, but I think it needs to be replaced. --Ce garcon 05:43, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)

On logo, I agree, it needs to be moved. Christopher Mahan 01:54, 6 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Highly unsatisfied by the services offered by Hyundai. Please check with the complain numbers which are made in Jan and still they are unsolved...requesting you to provide the contact details of some senior person for communications and please your organization is a corporate company or a government company...the processes should not be so long

SR Acknowledgement : 1-24 6346445

SR Acknowledgement : 1-246026821

Blacklisted Links Found on the Main Page
Cyberbot II has detected that page contains external links that have either been globally or locally blacklisted. Links tend to be blacklisted because they have a history of being spammed, or are highly innappropriate for Wikipedia. This, however, doesn't necessarily mean it's spam, or not a good link. If the link is a good link, you may wish to request whitelisting by going to the request page for whitelisting. If you feel the link being caught by the blacklist is a false positive, or no longer needed on the blacklist, you may request the regex be removed or altered at the blacklist request page. If the link is blacklisted globally and you feel the above applies you may request to whitelist it using the before mentioned request page, or request it's removal, or alteration, at the request page on meta. When requesting whitelisting, be sure to supply the link to be whitelisted and wrap the link in nowiki tags. The whitelisting process can take its time so once a request has been filled out, you may set the invisible parameter on the tag to true. Please be aware that the bot will replace removed tags, and will remove misplaced tags regularly.

Below is a list of links that were found on the main page:

 * http://www.thearticlewriter.com/the-history-of-hyundai.htm
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If you would like me to provide more information on the talk page, contact User:Cyberpower678 and ask him to program me with more info.

From your friendly hard working bot.— cyberbot II NotifyOnline 15:44, 8 December 2013 (UTC)

Merge with Hyundai
We have two articles talking about the same historical group. Text overlaps and should be merged. This is particularly confusing given all the other Hyundai articles, dcumenting various businesses that were spun off from the conglomerate in the late 1990s. Comments? — JFG talk 13:41, 12 March 2018 (UTC)
 * Support merge. – Finnusertop (talk ⋅ contribs) 16:58, 3 May 2018 (UTC)
 * Support per nom. –Wefk423 (talk) 09:31, 20 May 2019 (UTC)
 * ✅ Klbrain (talk) 19:46, 31 July 2019 (UTC)

The other article was merged here in 2019. However, not long after, Hyundai (disambiguation) was moved to the base title Hyundai, with the other article then confusingly moved to the title of the dab page. So, if you're looking for that article's history, it's at Hyundai (disambiguation), and its rather long talk page is at Talk:Hyundai (disambiguation). Is this a desirable state of affairs though? Is there no primary topic for the term "Hyundai"? – Uanfala (talk) 02:46, 21 December 2021 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Hyundai which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 11:18, 23 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hyundai Group


text:
1897 Quebec general election

The 1897 Quebec general election was held on May 11, 1897, to elect members of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Quebec, Canada. The Quebec Liberal Party, led by Félix-Gabriel Marchand, defeated the incumbent Quebec Conservative Party, led by Edmund James Flynn.

This marked the start of over 39 consecutive years in power for the Liberals. The Conservative Party never held power again in Quebec, and ceased to exist in 1936 when it merged with the Action libérale nationale to form the Union Nationale, which formed a government later that year.

Marchand died in office in 1900, and was succeeded by Simon-Napoléon Parent as Liberal leader and premier.

Additional Assembly seat
An Act passed in 1895 provided for the Îles-de-la-Madeleine to be separated from Gaspé for the subsequent election, and thus elect their own MLA.

title: 1897 Quebec general election


text:
User:Rs2

User:Rlschuh/types_of_window_functions

rs2
I have diverse interests ranging from physics to optics to economics to software. My formal education was primarily in physics and controls (mech. eng.), but naturally I absorbed some math in the process.

-rs2 (talk) 22:20, 23 June 2011 (UTC)

title: User:Rs2


text:
User talk:Love over Money

Allow me to restate what I had in the message below before it was altered: This user has been accused of being User:Bird under another name. You may wish to see User talk:Bird/Brain and stuff for more information on the Bird/Brain affair before continuing. Fennec 18:01, 17 Mar 2004 (UTC)

This user has been accused of being User:Bird under another name. You may wish to see User talk:Bird/Brain and stuff for more information on the Bird/Brain affair before continuing. Or you may wish to go have a snack. Or you may wish to read the article then follow Fennec's suggestion. Or you may wish to ask why Fennec is trying to direct your behavior. Refactored by Make it real 06:06, 11 Mar 2004 (UTC) - Fennec 17:12, 10 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Hi, I noticed that you added a message saying "Wikipedia is dangerous for children". Can I ask what you meant? Yours, Meelar 01:06, 10 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * Is that what that says? These clunky browsers! I was writing a letter to somebody else and my clipboard must have pasted that in there. Love over Money
 * I notice the page history of the article was deleted immediately. Is that sort of cover-up common at this site?Love over Money

Why did you make a List of Wikipedia hazing victims? ugen64 01:07, Mar 10, 2004 (UTC)
 * because reports of hazing are serious matters that should be called to the attention of any community, and especially in one that invites children to participate.Love over Money

It's gone now: if you want to comment on Wikipedia, please don't do it in the main article space. -- The Anome 01:08, 10 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * i had trouble loading the proper nomenclature for wikipedia:list of wikipedia hazing victimsLove over Money

By the way, please read the article on Wikilove. We are not interested in forming a clique -- you can contribute to the encyclopedia without hindrance if you can fit in with the community at large. However, apparent vandalism does tend to bring people out to "defend" the encyclopedia content against perceived threats. Can you help us help you? -- The Anome 01:12, 10 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * Oh. I see. What is the test to qualify a person "fits in with the community at large"? Race? Gender? Class? Linguistic tendencies? Because there are messages plainly posted at the top of each page instructing people, including myself, to EDIT THIS PAGE

 * Now if you are suggesting that is not addressed at me, please explain. It appears to be addressed at any human who can read the words. Are you suggesting I am not human? What am I, then? A nuuubee?

Stop playing games. You know the policy: anyone who wants to help make an accurate and neutral article is welcome to contribute. If that is your aim, please stay. If that is not your aim, please be elsewhere. --Uncle Ed 14:41, 10 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * You stop the games and I won't play. You are assuming this writer has to freedom to speak critically of this writers own work. Other users made a game of trying to dictate the opinion the writer expressed of earlier work and until you and several others acknowledge my personal autonomy to publically critique my own work. If that doesn't stop the games, then perhaps you do need to learn a little more about aim.

 * The rules of the game now are that the more you inhibit my right to criticize, the more aggressively, publicly and effectively I will target criticism at other parts of the work. A review of the edit history associated with these articles should persuade you this writer is more than qualified to play your game, ed.

title: User talk:Love over Money


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Minigame

A minigame (also spelled mini game and mini-game, sometimes called a subgame or microgame) is a short game often contained within another video game. A minigame contains different gameplay elements and is often smaller or more simplistic than the game in which it is contained.

Some video games consist entirely of minigames which tie into an overall theme, such as Olympic Decathlon (1980). Minigames can also be used to represent a specific experience, such as hacking, lock picking, or scanning an area, that ties into a larger game.

Minigame compilations
Some games are made up of many minigames strung together into one video game, such as Nintendo's WarioWare series (which are called microgames in the series), Universal's Video Action, David Whittaker's Lazy Jones and the mobile game Phone Story. Some similar games specifically developed for multiplayer are considered party games, such as the Itadaki Street series by Square Enix and Nintendo's Mario Party series. In party games, minigames usually involve performing an activity faster or collecting more of a specified item than other players to win.

Examples
The Final Fantasy series includes minigames in every entry, since the first Final Fantasy (1987), in which a 15 puzzle in the form of an Easter egg can be uncovered by entering a specific sequence of inputs while piloting a ship. It was added into the game by programmer Nasir Gebelli despite it not being part of Squaresoft's original game design.

The PocketStation for PlayStation and VMU for Dreamcast accessories allowed the user to download minigames from the main console onto the pocket device, and often then sync progress in the minigame back on to the console. Two examples of this include the Chocobo World minigame inside Final Fantasy VIII.

title: Minigame


text:
List of bridges in Canada

This is a list of bridges and viaducts in Canada, including those for pedestrians and vehicular traffic.

Historical and architectural interest bridges
There are only a few covered bridges left in Canada compared to all those that were built in the past. In the Quebec province, if we already counted 1200 in the last century, today there are only 88 remaining. In New Brunswick, 58 covered bridges have been identified.

Major road and railway bridges
Canada's longest bridge is the Confederation Bridge in the Gulf of St. Lawrence with a total of 12910 m between abutments, it's also the world's longest bridge over ice-covered water. More than 5,000 local workers helped with the project, which cost about $1 billion.

The Quebec Bridge has been the longest cantilever bridge span in the world since 1917, measuring 549 m between its two piles. It helds the record of all-categories longest span in the world until the opening of the Ambassador Bridge, it's the last bridge that broke such a record before suspension bridges hold the award by far. It was designated a National Historic Sites of Canada in 1995.

In 1929, the Ambassador Bridge between Canada and United States surpassed the Quebec Bridge with a 564 m main span and became the largest crossing in the world until the inauguration of the George Washington Bridge in 1931 in New York City which almost doubled the range hitherto achieved.

Studies have been carried out for crossing the Saguenay River near Tadoussac just before the confluence with the St. Lawrence River, the latest project presented by the COWI A/S company includes the construction of a 1145 m span suspension bridge with a 70 m clearance above the river.

This table presents the structures with spans greater than 100 meters (non-exhaustive list).

The old bridges over the Niagara
This part lists all the former bridges which succeeded one another on the Niagara River between the towns of Niagara Falls, Ontario and Queenston in Canada and Niagara Falls, New York and Lewiston in United States. The Whirlpool Rapids Bridge (1897), the Rainbow Bridge (1941) and the Lewiston–Queenston Bridge (1962), still in service are listed in the Major road and railway bridges part above.

Alphabetical list
This part is organized by province and territory.

Alberta

 * Athabasca River Bridge - Fort McMurray
 * Beverly Bridge − Edmonton
 * Briggs Bridge – Briggs
 * Capilano Bridge − Edmonton
 * Centre Street Bridge − Calgary
 * Clover Bar Bridge − Edmonton
 * Dawson Bridge − Edmonton
 * Dudley B. Menzies Bridge − Edmonton
 * Dunvegan Suspension Bridge − Dunvegan
 * Fabyan Trestle Bridge − Fabyan
 * Grant MacEwan Bridge − Fort McMurray
 * George C. King Bridge − Calgary
 * Groat Bridge − Edmonton
 * High Level Bridge − Edmonton
 * James MacDonald Bridge − Edmonton
 * Reconciliation Bridge − Calgary
 * Lea Park Bridge - Lea Park
 * Lethbridge Viaduct − Lethbridge
 * Louise Bridge − Calgary
 * Low Level Bridge − Edmonton
 * Mintlaw Viaduct − Mintlaw
 * Peace Bridge − Calgary
 * Quesnell Bridge − Edmonton
 * Ralph Steinhauer Bridge − Fort McMurray
 * Red Deer Canadian Pacific Railway Bridge − Red Deer
 * Star Mine Suspension Bridge − Drumheller
 * Tawatinâ Bridge – Edmonton
 * Walterdale Bridge − Edmonton

British Columbia

 * Agassiz-Rosedale Bridge − Agassiz
 * Alex Fraser Bridge − Richmond/New Westminster - North Delta
 * Arthur Laing Bridge − Vancouver - YVR, Richmond
 * Burrard Street Bridge − Vancouver
 * Cambie Street Bridge − Vancouver
 * Capilano Suspension Bridge − North Vancouver
 * Derwent Way Bridge − Delta - New Westminster
 * Dinsmore Bridge − Richmond
 * Dollarton Bridge − North Vancouver
 * Eleanor Ward Bridge − Coquitlam
 * Fraser Valley Railroad Bridge − New Westminster - Surrey
 * Georgia Viaduct − Vancouver
 * Golden Ears Bridge − Langley - Maple Ridge - Pitt Meadows - Surrey
 * Granville Street Bridge − Vancouver
 * Hagwilget Canyon Bridge − Hagwilget
 * Hudson's Hope Suspension Bridge − Hudson's Hope
 * Ironworkers Memorial Second Narrows Crossing − Vancouver - North Vancouver
 * Johnson Street Bridge - Victoria
 * Knight Street Bridge − Vancouver - Richmond
 * Lions' Gate Bridge − Vancouver - West Vancouver
 * Lynn Canyon Suspension Bridge − North Vancouver
 * Lulu Island CN Rail Bridge − Burnaby - Richmond
 * Marpole Bridge (road) − Vancouver - Richmond
 * Marpole CP Rail Bridge − Vancouver - Richmond
 * McPhee Bridge − Cranbrook
 * Middle Arm Canada Line Bridge − Richmond
 * Mission Bridge − Abbotsford
 * Moray Bridge − Richmond
 * New Westminster Bridge − New Westminster - Surrey
 * No. 2 Road Bridge − Richmond
 * North Arm Canada Line Bridge − Vancouver - Richmond
 * Oak Street Bridge − Vancouver - Richmond
 * Overlanders Bridge − Kamloops
 * Park Bridge − East of Golden, British Columbia
 * Pattullo Bridge − New Westminster - Surrey
 * Peace River Bridge
 * Pitt River Bridge − Port Coquitlam - Pitt Meadows
 * Port Mann Bridge − Coquitlam - Surrey
 * Prince George CNR Bridge − Prince George
 * Queensborough Bridge − New Westminster
 * Ronyane Bridge − Pemberton
 * Sea Island Connector − Richmond
 * Second Narrows Bridge − Vancouver - North Vancouver
 * Skybridge − New Westminster - Surrey
 * Water Avenue Bridge (Bill Hartley Fraser-Hope Bridge) − Hope
 * Westham Island Bridge − Ladner
 * William R. Bennett Bridge - Kelowna
 * The Yukon Suspension Bridge - Northern British Columbia

Manitoba

 * Arlington Bridge − Winnipeg
 * Assiniboine River Bridge - Portage la Prairie
 * Esplanade Riel − Winnipeg
 * The Bridges of St Norbert - St Norbert
 * Provencher Bridge − Winnipeg
 * Elm Park Bridge − Winnipeg
 * St. Vital Bridge − Winnipeg
 * Norwood Bridge − Winnipeg
 * Main Street Bridge − Winnipeg
 * Midtown Bridge (Donald Street Bridge) − Winnipeg
 * Osborne Bridge − Winnipeg
 * Harry Lazarenko Bridge (Redwood Bridge) − Winnipeg
 * Fort Garry Bridge − Winnipeg
 * Kildonan Settlers Bridge − Winnipeg
 * Maryland Bridge − Winnipeg
 * Charleswood Bridge − Winnipeg
 * Disraeli Bridge − Winnipeg
 * Louise Bridge − Winnipeg
 * Slaw Rebchuk Bridge (Salter Street Bridge) − Winnipeg
 * North Perimeter Bridge − Winnipeg
 * Selkirk Lift Bridge - Selkirk
 * South Perimeter Bridge − Winnipeg
 * St Peters Dynevor Bridge
 * West Perimeter Bridge − Winnipeg
 * St. James Bridge − Winnipeg
 * Lockport Bridge − Lockport
 * Daly Overpass (18th Street Bridge) − Brandon
 * 8th Street Bridge − Brandon
 * 1st Street Bridge − Brandon
 * Thompson Bridge − Brandon
 * Bruce Cameron Bridge − Swan River
 * Taylor Bridge − Headingley
 * Pierre Delorme Bridge − St. Adolphe
 * Baie St Paul Bridge
 * Jack Bend Bridge

Newfoundland and Labrador

 * Sir Robert Bond Bridge
 * Queen Elizabeth II Bridge − St. John’s
 * Sir Ambrose Shea Bridge − Placentia

New Brunswick

 * Burton Bridge − Burton - Maugerville
 * Confederation Bridge − Cape Jourimain, NB - Borden, PEI
 * Centennial Bridge − Miramichi
 * Edmundston-Madawaska Bridge − Edmundston to Madawaska, Maine
 * Florenceville Bridge − Florenceville
 * Fredericton Railway Bridge − Fredericton - South Devon
 * Gunningsville Bridge − Moncton - Riverview
 * Hartland Bridge − Hartland
 * Hawkshaw Bridge − Nackawic-Millville
 * Hugh John Flemming Bridge − Hartland
 * J. C. Van Horne Bridge − Campbellton - Pointe-à-la-Croix, QC
 * Jemseg River Bridge − Jemseg
 * Kelly's Creek Bridge − Upper Kingsclear
 * Mactaquac Bridge − Mactaquac
 * Miramichi Bridge − Miramichi
 * Morrissy Bridge − Miramichi
 * Nerepis Bridge − Grand Bay-Westfield
 * Point Wolfe Bridge – Fundy National Park
 * Princess Margaret Bridge − Fredericton
 * Reversing Falls Bridge − Saint John
 * Reversing Falls Railway Bridge − Saint John
 * Saint John Harbour Bridge − Saint John
 * Saint John River High Level Crossing − Coystown
 * Westmorland Bridge − Fredericton

Northwest Territories

 * Deh Cho Bridge − Fort Providence

Nova Scotia

 * Barra Strait Bridge − Barra Strait, Cape Breton Island
 * Grand Narrows Bridge − Barra Strait, Cape Breton Island
 * A. Murray MacKay Bridge − Halifax
 * Angus L. Macdonald Bridge − Halifax
 * Seal Island Bridge − Boularderie Island - Cape Breton Island
 * Canso Canal swing bridge − Port Hastings
 * George Street Bridge − New Glasgow

Ontario

 * Alexandra Bridge − Ottawa – Gatineau, QC
 * Ambassador Bridge − Windsor – Detroit, MI
 * Blackfriars Street Bridge − London
 * Blue Water Bridge − Point Edward – Port Huron, MI
 * Burgoyne Bridge – St. Catharines
 * Champlain Bridge − Ottawa – Gatineau, QC
 * Chaudière Bridge − Ottawa - Gatineau, QC
 * Gordie Howe International Bridge − Windsor – Detroit, MI
 * Garden City Skyway − St. Catharines
 * Heron Road Bridge − Ottawa
 * Hogg's Hollow Bridge − Toronto
 * James N. Allan Skyway Bridge (Burlington Bay Skyway) − Hamilton – Burlington
 * La Salle Causeway − Kingston
 * Leaside Bridge − Toronto
 * Little Current Swing Bridge − Little Current – Turner
 * Nipigon River Bridge − Nipigon
 * Ogdensburg–Prescott International Bridge − Prescott – Ogdensburg, NY
 * Peace Bridge − Fort Erie – Buffalo, NY
 * Portage Bridge − Ottawa - Gatineau
 * Prince Edward Viaduct (Bloor Street Viaduct) − Toronto
 * Macdonald-Cartier Bridge − Ottawa – Gatineau, QC
 * Queenston-Lewiston Bridge − Queenston - Lewiston, NY
 * Rainbow Bridge − Niagara Falls – Niagara Falls, NY
 * Sault Ste. Marie International Bridge − Sault Ste. Marie – Sault Ste. Marie, MI
 * Sgt. Aubrey Cosens VC Memorial Bridge − Latchford
 * Sioux Narrows Bridge − Sioux Narrows
 * Temagami Bridge – Timmins
 * Thousand Islands Bridge − near Ivy Lea – near Fishers Landing, NY
 * Whirlpool Rapids Bridge − Niagara Falls – Niagara Falls, NY

Prince Edward Island

 * Confederation Bridge − Borden - Cape Jourimain, NB
 * Hillsborough River Bridge − Charlottetown - Stratford

Quebec

 * Ahuntsic Bridge − Laval - Montreal
 * Alexandra Bridge − Gatineau - Ottawa, ON
 * Arthur Sauve Bridge − Laval - Saint-Eustache
 * Arvida Bridge - Jonquière, Québec
 * Athanase David Bridge − Laval - Bois-des-Filions
 * Alonzo Wright Bridge − Gatineau - Chelsea
 * Bordeaux Railway Bridge − Montreal - Laval
 * Bordeleau bridge − Saint-Séverin (Mékinac) - Mékinac - Mauricie
 * Brady Bridge − Gatineau
 * Champlain Bridge − Gatineau - Ottawa, ON
 * Champlain Bridge − Montreal - Brossard
 * Charles de Gaulle Bridge − Montreal - Charlemagne
 * Chaudière Bridge − Gatineau - Ottawa, ON
 * Draveurs Bridge − Gatineau
 * Galipeault Bridge − Montreal - L'Île-Perrot
 * Gedeon Ouimet Bridge − Laval - Boisbriand
 * Honore Mercier Bridge − Montreal - Kahnawake
 * Île aux Tourtes Bridge − Montreal - Vaudreuil-Dorion
 * Île d'Orléans Bridge − Quebec City - Île d'Orléans
 * Jacques Cartier Bridge − Montreal - Longueuil
 * J. C. Van Horne Bridge − Pointe-à-la-Croix - Campbellton, NB
 * Lachapelle Bridge − Laval - Montreal
 * Lady Aberdeen Bridge − Gatineau
 * Laurier Railway Bridge − Montreal - Repentigny -Charlemagne
 * Laviolette Bridge − Trois-Rivières - Bécancour
 * Le Gardeur Bridge − Montreal - Repentigny
 * Lepage Bridge − Laval - Terrebonne
 * Louis Bisson Bridge − Laval - Montreal
 * Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine Bridge-Tunnel − Montreal - Boucherville
 * Macdonald-Cartier Bridge - Hull - Ottawa, ON
 * Marius Dufresne Bridge − Laval - Rosemère
 * Matthieu Bridge − Laval - Terrebonne
 * Médéric Martin Bridge − Laval - Montreal
 * Olivier-Charbonneau Bridge − Laval - Montreal
 * Papineau-Leblanc Bridge − Laval - Montreal
 * Percy Covered Bridge (Powerscourt) − Elgin - Hinchinbrooke
 * Pie IX Bridge − Laval - Montreal
 * Pierre Laporte Bridge − Quebec City - Lévis
 * Portage Bridge − Gatineau - Ottawa, ON
 * Quebec Bridge − Quebec City - Lévis
 * Saint-Laurent Railway Bridge − Montreal - Kahnawake
 * Sophie Masson Bridge − Laval - Terrebonne
 * Vachon Bridge − Laval - Boisbriand
 * Victoria Bridge − Montreal - Saint-Lambert

Saskatchewan
North Saskatchewan River
 * Battlefords Bridge − Battleford - North Battleford
 * Battlefords Bridge (1908) - Battleford - North Battleford
 * Canadian Northern Railway Bridge − Prince Albert
 * Diefenbaker Bridge − Prince Albert
 * Maymont Bridge − Mayfield No. 406
 * Borden Bridge − Borden
 * Petrofka Bridge − Blaine Lake No. 434

South Saskatchewan River
 * Broadway Bridge − Saskatoon
 * Chief Mistawasis Bridge - Saskatoon
 * Circle Drive Bridge − Saskatoon
 * Gordie Howe Bridge − Saskatoon
 * CPR Bridge − Saskatoon
 * Grand Trunk Bridge − Saskatoon
 * Outlook Bridge − Outlook
 * Spadina Crescent Bridge − Saskatoon Note - Bridge over run-off trench leading into the South Saskatchewan River
 * Senator Sid Buckwold Bridge − Saskatoon
 * Traffic Bridge − Saskatoon
 * University Bridge − Saskatoon
 * Muskoday Bridge − Muskoday First Nation
 * St. Louis Bridge − St. Louis
 * St. Louis Bridge (1915) − St. Louis
 * Skytrail − Outlook

Saskatchewan River
 * Crooked Bridge − Nipawin

Other Lakes and Rivers
 * Albert Memorial Bridge − Regina
 * Cochin Bridge − Cochin
 * Long Creek Bridge − Estevan No. 5
 * Sherwood Forest Bridge − Grand Coulee

Notes and references

 * Notes

 * Others references

title: List of bridges in Canada


text:
Janice Soprano

Janice Soprano Baccalieri is a fictional character in the HBO television drama series The Sopranos and in the film The Many Saints of Newark. She is the eldest sibling of the show's protagonist, Tony Soprano (James Gandolfini). On the show, she is portrayed by Aida Turturro, and a young Janice appears in flashbacks portrayed by Madeline Blue and Juliet Fox. Alexandra Intrator portrays a young Janice Soprano in the 2021 prequel film, The Many Saints of Newark.

Background
Presented as the oldest child of mobster Johnny Boy Soprano and Livia Soprano in a household financed by crime; Janice grew complacent about her family's criminal ties. She is portrayed as having a very callous and rebellious nature.

In the show, after graduating from Sacred Heart High School, Janice joined an ashram in Venice, Los Angeles, the character adopting the name Parvati Wasatch. Janice, under her new name, traveled across Europe, staying in Paris, France, and Sri Lanka, and married a Québécois man named Eugene. In the series, the couple had a son named Harpo "Hal" named after the song "Harpo's Blues" by Phoebe Snow. Eugene later took him back to Montreal and Janice unsuccessfully tried to petition the State Department to have him returned to her.

She worked as a furniture mover and at an espresso bar in Olympia, Washington before finally moving back to New Jersey permanently. Since returning to New Jersey Janice is shown to re-invent herself from an aging rebel to an upscale, materialistic, North Jersey Italian housewife.

Janice is portrayed as a chronic malingerer, with the people around her often holding the opinion she is lazy and has no work ethic, filing for disability benefits in Washington for alleged carpal tunnel syndrome, and using her claim of newly contracted Epstein–Barr to excuse herself from her household duties.

Her relationship with Tony is often shown to be strained in nature, as he still holds her responsible for abandoning the family and leaving him to deal with their abusive mother alone.

Biography
In season two, Janice returns to Newark, New Jersey, ostensibly to take care of her sick mother. Her high school boyfriend, Richie Aprile (David Proval), is a DiMeo crime family capo who is released from prison around the same time. When Tony and Richie begin feuding, Janice exacerbates the situation by telling Richie that he is being unfairly treated and even suggests making a move against Tony. Richie is initially reluctant to do so.

Richie causes problems for Tony that are only made more complicated by his engagement to Janice. Tony is unhappy with the engagement, and both Janice and Richie flaunt their status to Tony by planning an extravagant wedding and putting an offer on an expensive house in Short Hills, New Jersey despite Richie still having a no-show job working as a fishmonger.

Tony orders Richie killed after Uncle Junior (Dominic Chianese) informs him of Richie's plan to "move against him". After an incident of domestic violence in which Richie punches her in the face, Janice shoots and kills Richie and calls on her brother to dispose of the body. She then moves back to Seattle and becomes briefly engaged to a 19-year-old.

In season three, Janice returns to New Jersey following the death of her mother. After Livia's death, Janice becomes obsessed with acquiring her mother's valuable record collection, which Livia gave to her nurse, Svetlana (Alla Kliouka Schaffer). Janice, feeling that she should rightfully have the records, absconds with Svetlana's prosthetic leg. She tells Svetlana that the leg will not be returned until she receives the records. Svetlana has friends connected with the Russian Mafia physically assault Janice until she reveals the location of the leg.

Tony visits her at the hospital and angrily tells her that since she has been assaulted, he is now forced to retaliate and risk facing a war with the Russians or else lose respect. After the assault against her, she briefly becomes a born-again Christian. Janice's next phase is marked by a brief interest in a Christian music career, as well as an equally brief live-in relationship with her narcoleptic boyfriend, Aaron Arkaway (Turk Pipkin).

In season four, after the death of Jackie Aprile Jr. (Jason Cerbone), Janice embarks on a clandestine relationship with Ralph Cifaretto (Joe Pantoliano), who is in a relationship with Jackie's mother Rosalie Aprile (Sharon Angela). With the help of her feminist therapist, Janice soon reaches the conclusion that her affair with Ralph is a mistake. After Ralph happily tells her that he is no longer seeing Rosalie Aprile and plans to move in with her, Janice responds by flying into a rage, pushing him down a flight of stairs and screaming at him to leave. Sometime later, Tony asks Janice about Ralph's bizarre sexual fetishes, of which he had recently become aware. She refuses to tell him anything at first, ostensibly to protect Ralph's privacy. When Tony offers her money, however, she immediately tells him everything he wants to know.

Following Ralph's disappearance, Janice sets her sights on the newly widowed Bobby Baccalieri (Steve Schirripa), another of Tony's caporegimes, whose fidelity to his wife while she was alive, and obvious adoration of her after her death makes him especially appealing. Initially, Janice serves Bobby's dinners, sometimes claiming other women's plates as her own, and informally dates him. Frustrated with Bobby's refusal to commit, she sends Bobby's children instant messages under a false screen name, claiming to be watching them, in an attempt to scare them.

This ploy succeeds, driving Bobby and his children into her arms for comfort from the supposed stalker. Although mainly acting out of her desires, she does help Bobby by pushing him to do a task for her uncle Junior that he has been putting off due to grief. She attends her uncle's racketeering trial and assists Bobby with taking care of Junior.

By the beginning of season five, Janice and Bobby are married. She is shown to have a difficult relationship with her stepchildren. She attacks a soccer player's mother at Sophia's Peewee soccer match and injures her badly enough to require hospitalization, garnering her an assault charge, and to Tony's displeasure, unwanted TV news coverage mentioning his name and line of work. Bobby insists that she attend anger management counseling. While it briefly has the desired effect, Tony, in doubt and jealous of Janice's newfound peace of mind, purposefully obstructs her progress by taunting her about her missing son.

By season six, Janice and Bobby have a baby girl together, Domenica. Janice encourages Tony to officially let Bobby take over Junior's old crew which causes the two to have an angry argument. One day when neither Janice nor Bobby can look after a mentally-declining Junior, Tony angrily volunteers. Confusing Tony for an associate he ordered murdered years ago, Junior shoots Tony in the abdomen. Janice is shown to be deeply affected by her brother's hospitalized state.

In the episode "Moe n' Joe", Janice is seen as a commanding force in the household, setting boundaries for both Bobby Jr and Bobby Sr. Janice confronts Tony about his disdain for Bobby, and Tony refuses to admit his true feelings on the subject: Tony blames Bobby—and Janice, to some extent—for his near-fatal shooting by Junior.

In the show, Tony angrily confides to Dr. Melfi (Lorraine Bracco) that Janice "gets nothing" because she didn't hold the same trauma and scars from their mother since she left home almost immediately after high school. Later in the episode, Tony lets go of his hostility and compensates Janice and Bobby by persuading an imprisoned John Sacrimoni (Vincent Curatola) to sell them his house at half price. Tony grows closer to Bobby, with Tony entrusting him with more responsibility and Bobby becoming a profitable player for the family in the process.

Janice and Bobby inherit the late Bobby, Sr.'s cottage in northern New York state, to which they invite Tony and Carmela (Edie Falco) for Tony's 47th birthday. At the party, Janice gives Tony a gift of Soprano family home videos. She tells Carmela an anecdote that embarrasses Tony over a heated, drunken game of Monopoly.

Bobby later loses his temper and punches Tony in the face after Tony makes offensive remarks about Janice, leading to a fight which Bobby wins, much to Tony's chagrin. As revenge, Tony orders Bobby, who has never killed anyone, to go to Canada and carry out a contract killing. Bobby wins Tony's favor defending Janice's honor, and he is soon elevated into Tony's inner circle, largely displacing Christopher Moltisanti (Michael Imperioli).

Janice suggests to Tony that he help pay to keep Uncle Junior—whose money has run out—in a private care facility, but Tony refuses and makes it clear Junior is dead to him. Angered by Janice and Bobby's perceived disloyalty, Tony tells her that he is going to exile Bobby from his life, although this is just an empty threat.

Soon after that conversation, Bobby is murdered by the hitmen of Phil Leotardo (Frank Vincent) while buying a model train in a hobby store, making Janice a widow. Tony visits her afterward, and after a brief conversation assures her that he is there for her if she needs him. Janice desires to continue raising Bobby's children, Bobby III and Sophia with her daughter Domenica, but their grandparents also seek custody. Their fate remains unknown, although the two have previously shown contempt for Janice.

Janice's other focus seems to be on whatever assets she might receive including those from Uncle Junior. This prompts Tony to make a deal with "Uncle Pat" ensuring Junior's estate will go into a trust that will benefit Bobby's children and not Janice. Tony also extracts a promise from Phil Leotardo's men to pay a settlement to Janice, after Phil's vendetta against Tony led to Bobby's murder.

title: Janice Soprano


text:
The Return of the King (1980 film)

The Return of the King (also known as The Return of the King: A Story of the Hobbits) is a 1980 American-Japanese animated musical fantasy television film created by Rankin/Bass and Topcraft. It is an adaptation of part of J. R. R. Tolkien's 1955 high fantasy novel The Lord of the Rings. It takes its name from The Return of the King, the third and final volume of the novel, and is a sequel to the 1977 film The Hobbit.

The special aired on ABC on Sunday, May 11, 1980 after a legal challenge filed by the Tolkien Estate and Fantasy Films was settled. Both critics and fans gave The Return of the King a lukewarm welcome.

Plot
At Bilbo Baggins's 129th birthday party in Rivendell, his nephew Frodo explains why he is missing a finger from his hand while the Minstrel of Gondor sings a ballad that tells the story of the quest to destroy the One Ring and defeat the Dark Lord Sauron.

In Mordor, Frodo's friend and companion Samwise Gamgee bears the Ring in Frodo's absence as he ventures to rescue Frodo from the Orc fortress of Cirith Ungol. During his journey, Sam is tempted to claim the Ring for himself, but ultimately resists its power. He rescues Frodo, and the two Hobbits head out for Mount Doom to destroy the Ring.

Meanwhile, the wizard Gandalf the White and the Hobbit Pippin arrive at Minas Tirith to warn Denethor, the Steward of Gondor, about the upcoming war—only to discover that the Steward has gone insane and means to take his own life. Frodo and Samwise continue toward Mount Doom (eluding Ringwraiths and infiltrating a battalion of Orcs in the process) only to be attacked by Gollum, the creature from whom Bilbo took the Ring decades before. Frodo casts Gollum down, however, and goes to the Crack of Doom. Sam prepares to kill Gollum, but is overcome with pity and allows him to flee.

At the same time, Gondor's neighbouring country, Rohan, battles Sauron's forces in the Battle of Pelennor Fields, but its King, Theoden, is killed by the Witch-king of Angmar. Theoden's niece Eowyn, who had disguised herself as a man to take part in the battle, kills the Witch-king with help from Merry, momentarily defeating Sauron's armies. Those forces momentarily rally upon the arrival of the black fleet coming from the west, the despairing vision of which drove Denethor to his suicide, but their morale shatters upon realizing that fleet is under the command of Prince Aragorn of Gondor. Upon his own arrival, Aragorn, heir to the throne of Gondor, plans to confront Sauron at the Black Gate. Here, he quarrels with the Mouth of Sauron and the two armies prepare for battle.

On Mount Doom, Frodo succumbs to the Ring's power and puts it on, becoming invisible. Sam discovers Gollum and Frodo fighting over the Ring, which results in Gollum's biting off Frodo's finger to claim it. While dancing with joy at the retrieval of his "precious", Gollum falls into the lava of Mount Doom, taking the Ring with him. The Ring is destroyed, and Sauron perishes. Sam and Frodo are rescued by the Eagles from the erupting Mount Doom. A few months later, Aragorn is crowned King of Gondor.

The story concludes with Frodo accompanying Bilbo, Gandalf, and Elrond as they leave Middle-earth. He gives the Red Book of Westmarch (consisting of Bilbo's memoirs with some spare pages) to Sam, assuring him that a good life is still in store for him. Gandalf assures them that Hobbits will someday have descendants among humans, to preserve their own existence; and the film ends with Frodo's departure from the Grey Havens.

Cast
The voice cast is as follows:

 * Orson Bean – Bilbo, Frodo
 * Nellie Bellflower – Éowyn
 * Theodore Bikel – Aragorn
 * William Conrad – Denethor
 * Paul Frees – Elrond, Orc, Uruk-hai
 * John Huston – Gandalf
 * Casey Kasem – Merry
 * Roddy McDowall – Sam
 * Sonny Melendrez – Pippin
 * Don Messick – The Mouth of Sauron, Théoden, Easterling
 * John Stephenson – Lord of the Nazgul, Gondorian Guard
 * Brother Theodore – Gollum (credited as Theodore)
 * Glenn Yarbrough – The Minstrel

Production
After the 1977 broadcast of The Hobbit on NBC, development and production began on The Return of the King at Rankin/Bass Productions in New York City under supervision of Arthur Rankin Jr. and Jules Bass. The film's original working title was Frodo, The Hobbit II. It was written by Romeo Muller with Rankin doing the script, designs for the characters and storyboards. The original cast from the previous film returned to reprise the voices of the characters with new actors joining them.

Orson Bean returned as the voice of the older Bilbo Baggins, as well as that of the story's hero, Frodo Baggins. John Huston came back as well, as the wizard Gandalf, and co-starring with them were: William Conrad as Denethor, Roddy McDowall as Samwise Gamgee, Theodore Bikel as Aragorn, and reprising his role of Gollum, Brother Theodore. Rankin/Bass stalwart Paul Frees replaced the late Cyril Ritchard as the voice of Elrond; Casey Kasem was Merry, with Sonny Melendrez as Pippin; Nellie Bellflower as Éowyn; and Glenn Yarbrough returned as principal vocalist, billed here as simply "the Minstrel of Gondor". Thurl Ravenscroft served in the chorus. Once the character voices were recorded, along with background music by Maury Laws, with Jules Bass writing songs and lyrics for the film, the animation production was done by Topcraft in Japan under supervision of Toru Hara, Tsuguyuki Kubo, Kazuyuki Kobayashi and others.

The release was threatened by a lawsuit filed by the Tolkien Estate and Fantasy Films on the basis that Rankin/Bass had not secured the U.S. and Canadian television rights to the book. The lawsuit was settled "amicably", allowing it to proceed with a May 1980 release.

The film is often mistaken for a sequel to Ralph Bakshi's 1978 animated film The Lord of the Rings. After Rankin/Bass became defunct in 1987, Warner Bros. acquired the rights to the special for home video distribution and chose to market the film, along with The Hobbit, as instalments of an animated Tolkien trilogy, with Bakshi's The Lord of the Rings (by then also owned by Warner Bros., from United Artists) acting as the middle chapter. This false promotion led to rumours that Rankin/Bass had originally decided to produce The Return of the King upon hearing that Bakshi's sequel to The Lord of the Rings had been cancelled. However, Rankin/Bass had always planned on making The Return of the King as a follow-up to their production of The Hobbit, even before the release of Bakshi's film.

Reception
The film has garnered mixed reviews from modern sources. Charles Cassidy of Common Sense Media gave it a score of 3/5, and said, "Cartoon tale is darker, more complex than others in series". Steven D. Greydanus of Decent Films Guide gave it a C, and said, "Works even less well than The Hobbit, which really is a children's story… overbearing folk-ballad soundtrack doesn't even gesture lyrically to Tolkien's poetry".

Director Arthur Rankin Jr. later stated, "We tried to do Return of the King... but it is an awful lot to put into it. I think [Peter] Jackson is having the same problem in his films. You can't deviate from these books, or somebody'll wait on the street for you! ...[In] The Return of the King, we had to summarize what had happened before, and then put it all together in 2 hours. It's not a very good film." Asked why he chose only to make The Return of the King, instead of making the entire Lord of the Rings trilogy, Rankin admitted, "I didn't know that the audience would sit still for it. I was wrong."

Home media
The Return of the King was first released on VHS by Warner Home Video in 1991, and for the second time as part of the "Warner Bros. Classic Tales" video collection in 1996. The film has been available on DVD since 2001, both individually and as a "boxed trilogy" with Rankin/Bass's The Hobbit and Bakshi's The Lord of the Rings.

title: The Return of the King (1980 film)