text:
Valet

A valet or varlet is a male servant who serves as personal attendant to his employer. In the Middle Ages and Ancien Régime, valet de chambre was a role for junior courtiers and specialists such as artists in a royal court, but the term "valet" by itself most often refers to a normal servant responsible for the clothes and personal belongings of an employer, and making minor arrangements. In the United States, the term most often refers to a parking valet, and the role is often confused with a butler.

Word origins
In English, valet as "personal man-servant" is recorded since 1567, though use of the term in the French-speaking English medieval court is older, and the variant form varlet is cited from 1456 (OED). Both are French importations of valet or varlet (the "t" being silent in modern French), Old French variants of vaslet "man's servant", originally "squire, young man", assumed to be from Gallo-Romance Vulgar Latin *vassellittus "young nobleman, squire, page", diminutive of Medieval Latin vassallus, from vassus "servant", possibly cognate to an Old Celtic root wasso- "young man, squire" (source of Welsh gwas "youth, servant", Breton goaz "servant, vassal, man", Irish foss "servant"). See yeoman, possibly derived from yonge man, a related term.

The modern use is usually short for the valet de chambre (French for "room valet", in modern terms the bedroom, though not originally so), described in the following section.

Since the 16th century, the word has traditionally been pronounced as rhyming with pallet, though an alternative pronunciation, rhyming with array and allay, as in French, is now common, particularly in the United States. The Oxford English Dictionary lists both pronunciations.

Domestic valet
A valet or "gentleman's gentleman" is a gentleman's male servant; the closest female equivalent is a lady's maid. The valet performs personal services such as maintaining his employer's clothes, running his bath and perhaps (especially in the past) shaving his employer.

In a great house, the master of the house had his own valet, and in the very grandest great houses, other adult members of the employing family (e.g. master's sons) would also have their own valets.

At a court, even minor princes and high officials may be assigned one, but in a smaller household the butler – the majordomo in charge of the household staff – might have to double as his employer's valet. In a bachelor's household the valet might perform light housekeeping duties as well.

Valets learned the skills for their role in various ways. Some began as footmen, learning some relevant skills as part of that job, and picking up others when deputising for their master's valet, or by performing valeting tasks for his sons before they had a valet of their own, or for male guests who did not travel with a valet. Others started out as soldier-servants to army officers (batmen) or stewards to naval officers.

Traditionally, a valet did much more than merely lay out clothes and take care of personal items. He was also responsible for making travel arrangements, dealing with any bills and handling all money matters concerning his master or his master's household.

Alexandre Bontemps, the most senior of the thirty-six valets to Louis XIV of France, was a powerful figure, who ran the Château de Versailles. In courts, valet de chambre was a position of some status, often given to artists, musicians, poets and others, who generally spent most of their time on their specialized work. The role was also, at least during the late Middle Ages and the Renaissance, a common first step or training period in a nobleman's career at court.

Valets, like butlers and most specialized domestic staff, have become relatively rare. A more common, though still infrequent, arrangement is the general servant performing combined roles.

A notable 20th century domestic valet was Sydney Johnson who served as personal valet to the Duke of Windsor and later to the businessman Mohamed Al-Fayed.

Another notable person is Walt Nauta, a former military valet, who worked at the White House and later at Mar-a-Lago as Donald Trump's personal valet. On July 6, 2023, he pleaded not guilty for allegedly moving boxes of classified materials at Mar-a-Lago.

Famous fictional valets

 * Figaro, the Count of Almaviva's valet from Beaumarchais' play The Marriage of Figaro (1786), as well as the Mozart and Rossini operas based on it
 * Leporello, valet of Don Giovanni in the 1787 opera by Mozart
 * Sam Weller, valet to Samuel Pickwick in The Pickwick Papers (1836) by Charles Dickens
 * , valet to D'Artagnan of The Three Musketeers (1844)
 * Baptistin, in The Count of Monte Cristo (1844) by Alexandre Dumas
 * Passepartout, in the 1873 novel Around the World in Eighty Days by Jules Verne
 * Smerdyakov, the valet to Fyodor Pavlovitch in The Brothers Karamazov (1879) by Fyodor Dostoyevsky
 * Jeeves, created in 1915 by P. G. Wodehouse, starred in a series of stories until Wodehouse's death in 1975
 * Mervyn Bunter, created in 1923 by Dorothy L. Sayers in the Lord Peter Wimsey series
 * George (or Georges), created by Agatha Christie in 1926, in the Hercule Poirot novels
 * Edward Henry Masterman, the victim's valet and a suspect in Agatha Christie's Murder on the Orient Express (1934)
 * Kato, fictional sidekick/valet of The Green Hornet, created in 1936
 * Pork, Gerald O'Hara's valet in the 1936 novel Gone With the Wind
 * Rochester van Jones (Eddie Anderson), the valet of Jack Benny on Benny's radio and television shows, introduced in 1937
 * Sisk, created in Harry Segall's 1938 play, Heaven Can Wait, which was adapted into a 1941 film, Here Comes Mr. Jordan, and other films
 * Alfred Pennyworth, valet to Bruce Wayne (Batman), created by Don Cameron and Bob Kane in 1943
 * The character "Valet" from No Exit (1944) by Jean-Paul Sartre
 * Hugo Barrett, in the 1948 Robin Maugham novella, 1958 play and 1963 Joseph Losey film The Servant
 * Kato, Inspector Clouseau's valet and martial arts partner in the Pink Panther movies, introduced in A Shot in the Dark (1964)
 * Giles French (Sebastian Cabot) in the sitcom Family Affair (1966–1971)
 * Hobson (Sir John Gielgud), from the 1981 comedy film Arthur
 * "Spicer" Lovejoy (David Warner), millionaire Caledon Hockley's (Billy Zane) English valet in the 1997 film Titanic
 * Probert (Derek Jacobi), in the 2001 film Gosford Park, directed by Robert Altman
 * John Bates (Brendan Coyle), in the Julian Fellowes period drama Downton Abbey (2010–2015)

Other valets
Valet is also used for people performing specific services:
 * hotel valet: an employee who performs personal services for guests.
 * parking valet: a service employee who parks cars for guests, only from 1960.
 * car valet: an employee who is paid to clean people's cars professionally.
 * valet: a professional wrestling term for a person who accompanies a wrestler to the ring.
 * jockey's valet: an employee who maintains a jockey's wardrobe and ensures the proper uniform is worn for each horse the jockey races.

Other forms of valet-like personnel include:

 * Batman
 * Bedder
 * Dresser

Clothes valet
Clothes valets are a piece of furniture also referred to as a men's valet. A majority are free standing and made out of wood.

Varlet
While in French this word remained restricted to the feudal use for a (knight's) squire, in modern English it came to be used for the various other male servants originally called va(r)let other than the gentleman's gentleman, when in livery usually called lackey, such as the valet de pied ('foot varlet', compare footman). In archaic English, varlet also could mean an unprincipled man; a rogue.

title: Valet


text:
Oshizushihako

An oshizushihako (押し寿司箱, literally: pressed sushi box) is a box or mold used to make oshizushi (pressed sushi). The box is traditionally made from wood, but nowadays often made from plastic.

It can be disassembled into three parts: a bottom part, the rectangular walls, and a top part. Before use, the wooden box should be put in water to reduce sticking of the rice. The bottom and top parts can be covered with a layer of plastic foil for easier cleaning. The bottom part and the walls are assembled before the rice and the topping is added. Next, the top part is used to press down on the sushi, hence the name "pressed sushi". For disassembly, the rectangular walls are pulled up while the top part still presses against the sushi. After removing the top part, the sushi is cut and can be served.

A variant of the oshizushihako has half cylindrical shapes cut from the thicker top and bottom parts so that the sushi is pressed in a cylindrical shape.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Oshizushihako


text:
Steinen, Switzerland

Steinen is a municipality in Schwyz District in the canton of Schwyz in Switzerland.

Geography
Steinen has an area,, of 11.9 km2. Of this area, 52.7% is used for agricultural purposes, while 22.1% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 10.5% is settled (buildings or roads) and the remainder (14.6%) is non-productive (rivers, glaciers or mountains).

It is located between Rossberg and Lake Lauerz.

Demographics
Steinen has a population (as of ) of. , 7.6% of the population was made up of foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years the population has grown at a rate of 11.8%. Most of the population speaks German  (94.6%), with Italian being second most common ( 1.7%) and Serbo-Croatian being third ( 1.1%).

the gender distribution of the population was 50.8% male and 49.2% female. The age distribution,, in Steinen is; 801 people or 28.9% of the population is between 0 and 19. 914 people or 32.9% are 20 to 39, and 746 people or 26.9% are 40 to 64. The senior population distribution is 188 people or 6.8% are 65 to 74. There are 87 people or 3.1% who are 70 to 79 and 39 people or 1.41% of the population who are over 80.

there are 1,033 households, of which 269 households (or about 26.0%) contain only a single individual. 95 or about 9.2% are large households, with at least five members.

In the 2007 election the most popular party was the SVP which received 39.9% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the CVP (32.7%), the SPS (13.3%) and the FDP (8.9%).

In Steinen about 68.6% of the population (between age 25-64) have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule).

Steinen has an unemployment rate of 1.1%. , there were 177 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 65 businesses involved in this sector. 326 people are employed in the secondary sector and there are 32 businesses in this sector. 396 people are employed in the tertiary sector, with 75 businesses in this sector.

From the, 2,291 or 82.6% are Roman Catholic, while 233 or 8.4% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there are less than 5 individuals who belong to the Christian Catholic faith, there are 21 individuals (or about 0.76% of the population) who belong to the Orthodox Church, and there are 16 individuals (or about 0.58% of the population) who belong to another Christian church. There are 61 (or about 2.20% of the population) who are Islamic. There are less than 5 individuals who belong to another church (not listed on the census), 84 (or about 3.03% of the population) belong to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 64 individuals (or about 2.31% of the population) did not answer the question.

The historical population is given in the following table:

title: Steinen, Switzerland


text:
Intelligence officer

Intelligence officer is a person with corresponding Academic Degree in Crime Laboratory, Specifically in Logical and Theory of lnvestigation, Trained in PARA Military Tactics, Warfares and Police Manuevering. Field Operations, employed of Government Organization or Non-Governmental Organization worldwide.

The word Intelligence is working task to collect, gather, conduct, evaluate, assess of investigation and surveillance to compile a source of information, make responsive and being possible analyses, familiarized on a combination throughout the variety of knowledge, accordingly to veracity of documented reports on Illegal Activities by Organized Group of Criminals.

The Military or Police Direct Commissioned Officers and Military and Police Non-Commissiined Officers can become intelligence officers in their different Units or Command.

Communications intelligence (COMINT)

 * Eavesdropping and interception of communications (e.g., by wiretapping) including signals intelligence (SIGINT) and electronic intelligence (ELINT).

 * Financial intelligence (FININT): The gathering of information about the financial affairs of entities of interest.
 * Human intelligence (HUMINT): Derived from covert human intelligence sources (Covert Human Intelligence Source or CHIS, agents or moles) from a variety of agencies and activities.
 * Imagery intelligence (IMINT): Derived from numerous collection assets, such as reconnaissance satellites or aircraft.:
 * Measurement and signature intelligence (MASINT): Derived from collection assets that collect and evaluate technical profiles and specific characteristics of certain targeted entities.:
 * Open-source intelligence (OSINT): Derived from publicly available sources such as the Internet, library materials, newspapers, etc.:
 * Technical intelligence (TECHINT): Based on scientific and technical characteristics of weapons systems, technological devices and other entities.
 * Technical intelligence (TECHINT): Based on scientific and technical characteristics of weapons systems, technological devices and other entities.

Role and responsibilities
The actual role carried out by an intelligence officer varies depending on the remit of their parent organization. Officers of foreign intelligence agencies (e.g. the United States' Central Intelligence Agency, the United Kingdom's Secret Intelligence Service (MI6) and the Australian Secret Intelligence Service (ASIS) may spend much of their careers abroad. Officers of domestic intelligence agencies (such as the United States' Federal Bureau of Investigation, the Canadian Security Intelligence Service, the UK's Security Service (MI5) and the Australian Security Intelligence Organisation (ASIO) are responsible for counter-terrorism, counter-espionage, counter-proliferation and the detection and prevention of serious organized crime within their own countries (although, in Britain, the National Crime Agency is responsible for dealing with serious organized crime).

Titles and responsibilities common among intelligence officers include:

 * Field officer: An officer who manages the intelligence collection plan for specific missions in foreign countries.
 * Case officer: An officer who runs intelligence agents in order to collect raw intelligence information. Case officers spend their time recruiting and exploiting source agents in order to collect HUMINT.
 * Collections officer (collector): An officer who collects information, not necessarily from human sources but from technical sources such as wiretaps, bugs, cyber-collection, MASINT devices, SIGINT devices and other means.
 * Operations officer: An officer who plans or enacts the necessary steps to disrupt or prevent activities of hostile individuals or groups.
 * Analyst: An officer who analyzes collected information and results of operations to determine the identities, intentions, capabilities and activities of hostile individuals or groups and to determine requirements for future operations. After analysis, analysts are also responsible for the production and dissemination of their final product.
 * Counterintelligence officer:An officer that works to prevent detection, penetration, manipulation and compromise of the intelligence agency, its operations and overall national security by foreign, domestic, or hostile agents. Often counterintelligence officers are law enforcement officers, as is the case with the Special Agents of the Federal Bureau of Investigation's Counterintelligence Division and the Diplomatic Security Service's Counterintelligence Division. This is often done in order to arrest moles and foreign intelligence agents. However, counter-intelligence officers can and do actively handle sources and agents in order to collect raw intelligence information.

Intelligence agents
Intelligence agents are individuals that work for or have been recruited by an Intelligence Officer, but who are not employed by the intelligence agency of the intelligence officer. Sometime around 2000, the United States Intelligence Community adopted a more "corporate" vocabulary and began referring to agents as assets. Intelligence agents can be of several types:

 * Source agent: A primary source of intelligence information. This is the classic HUMINT source.
 * Access agent: An agent who identifies and approaches potential sources (eventual source agents) for assessment or recruitment. In counter-proliferation (CP) access agents are often scientists.  In counter-terrorism (CT) access agents are often religious or ideological leaders.
 * Agent provocateur: An agent who infiltrates hostile organizations with the intent of spreading disinformation from within or disrupting their operations through enticement and sabotage.
 * Rogue agent: A former intelligence officer, who may be subject to a burn notice, who is no longer accepting direction from their agency.
 * Double agent: An agent or intelligence officer who accepts direction from two or more intelligence agencies.

Contrary to popular belief or what is seen in Hollywood films, professionally trained intelligence officers are never referred to as agents, secret agents or special agents (except in the case of FBI Special Agents). They are most often referred to as case officers or operations officers. Agents are the foreigners who betray their own countries to pass information to the officer; agents are also known as confidential informants or assets.

title: Intelligence officer


text:
Special agent

In the United States, a special agent is an official title used to refer to certain investigators or detectives of federal, military, tribal, or state agencies who primarily serve in criminal investigatory positions. Additionally, some special agents operate in criminal intelligence, counterterrorism, or counterintelligence-based roles as well, with one or all of these roles occasionally taking precedence over criminal investigatory tasks.

Within the U.S. federal law enforcement system, dozens of federal agencies employ federal law enforcement officers (LEOs), each with different criteria pertaining to the use of the titles special agent and agent. Most criminal investigators employed by the U.S. Department of Defense and its component departments typically utilize the title of "special agent."

Most people holding the title of "special agent" are LEOs under state and/or federal law (with some also being dual intelligence operatives such as with the FBI). These LEOs are distinctly empowered to conduct both major and minor criminal investigations, and hold arrest authority. While not all federal LEOs are "special agents," nearly all special agents -- with very few exceptions -- are duly-sworn LEOs. This holds true at the state-level, as well, with nearly all special agents of state agencies being sworn LEOs.

In intelligence usage, "agent" may also refer to a human source or human "asset" who is recruited, trained, controlled, and employed to obtain and report information. However, within law enforcement agencies, these types of sources are often referred to as informants, confidential informants (CI—not to be confused with counterintelligence), or confidential human sources (CHS).

Federal government
Within the U.S. government, the title of Special Agent primarily designates the Criminal Investigator GS-1811 series position. However, the title is also concurrently used for General Investigator GS-1810 job series and the intelligence specialist in the GS-0132 job series according to the Office of Personnel Management (OPM) handbook. The vast majority of special agents are GS-1811 (or equivalent) Criminal Investigators. Special agents typically have at a minimum an undergraduate degree.

 * 1811: Criminal Investigator (Primary Special Agent occupation within the federal government)
 * 1810: General Investigator
 * 0132: Intelligence
 * 2501: Foreign Service Criminal Investigator (Department of State's Diplomatic Security Service)

Federal agencies
Most federal agencies, including the following, employ some type of special agent, investigator or background investigator:

 * Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
 * CIA Office of Inspector General
 * Department of Agriculture (USDA)
 * United States Forest Service
 * Law Enforcement and Investigations
 * Office of Inspector General (USDA OIG)
 * Department of Commerce (USDOC)
 * National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
 * Office of Export Enforcement (OEE)
 * Office of Inspector General (DOC OIG)
 * Office of Security (OSY)
 * Department of Defense (DOD)
 * Department of the Air Force Office of Special Investigations (DAFOSI)
 * Defense Finance and Accounting Service (DFAS)
 * Defense Counterintelligence and Security Agency (DCSA)
 * Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA)
 * Defense Logistics Agency (DLA)
 * DLA Police
 * Office of the Inspector General
 * National Security Agency (NSA)
 * NSA Office of Inspector General
 * Naval Criminal Investigative Service (NCIS)
 * Department of Defense Office of Inspector General (DoD OIG)
 * Defense Criminal Investigative Service (DCIS)
 * Pentagon Force Protection Agency (PFPA)
 * United States Army Counterintelligence (Army CI)
 * United States Army Criminal Investigation Division (CID)
 * United States Marine Corps Criminal Investigation Division (USMC CID)
 * Department of Education (ED)
 * Office of Inspector General (ED OIG)
 * Department of Health and Human Services (HHS)
 * Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
 * Office of Criminal Investigations (OCI)
 * Office of Inspector General (HHS OIG)
 * Department of Homeland Security (DHS)
 * Coast Guard Investigative Service (CGIS)
 * Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS)
 * Customs and Border Protection (CBP)
 * Federal Protective Service (FPS)
 * Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE)
 * Homeland Security Investigations (HSI)
 * Office of Inspector General (DHS-OIG)
 * Transportation Security Administration (TSA)
 * United States Secret Service (USSS)
 * Department of the Interior (DOI)
 * Bureau of Indian Affairs Police (BIA)
 * Bureau of Land Management (BLM)
 * National Park Service (NPS)
 * United States Park Police (USPP)
 * Office of Inspector General (DOI OIG)
 * United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS)
 * Department of Justice (DOJ)
 * Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF)
 * Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)
 * Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
 * Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP)
 * Office of Inspector General (DOJ OIG)
 * United States Marshals Service (USMS)
 * Department of Energy (DOE)
 * National Nuclear Security Administration
 * United States Department of Labor (DOL)
 * Department of Labor, Office of Inspector General (DOL OIG)
 * Department of State
 * Diplomatic Security Service (DSS)
 * Office of Inspector General (STATE OIG)
 * Department of Transportation (DOT)
 * Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)
 * Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA)
 * Office of Inspector General for the Department of Transportation (DOT OIG)
 * Department of the Treasury
 * Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau (TTB)
 * Bureau of Engraving and Printing Police
 * IRS Criminal Investigation (IRS-CI)
 * Treasury Inspector General for Tax Administration (TIGTA)
 * United States Mint
 * United States Mint Police
 * Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
 * Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance (OECA)
 * Office of Inspector General (EPA OIG)
 * National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
 * Office of Inspector General
 * Office of Protective Services
 * Office of Personnel Management
 * Office of Inspector General (OPM OIG)
 * United States Postal Service (USPS)
 * United States Postal Inspection Service (USPIS)
 * Office of Inspector General (USPS OIG)
 * Federal Reserve System
 * Federal Reserve Police
 * Other
 * All 73 federal Offices of Inspector General (OIG), including those listed individually above

Training for the federal criminal investigator
Federal law enforcement training can be divided into various categories, the most common being basic, agency-specific basic (ASB), advanced/specialized, and agency-advanced/specialized. To operate safely and effectively, U.S. Special Agents and criminal investigators must possess skills and knowledge regarding criminal and civil law and procedure, enforcement operations, physical techniques, and technical equipment, to mention a few. They must also be physically fit. While possession of a college degree can aid in obtaining employment in this profession, only extensive training provided at specialized facilities, combined with on-the-job training, can provide the skills and knowledge needed to perform the duties of a federal criminal investigator. As of 2012, there were 13,913 FBI agents, as of 2016, there were approximately 6,500 ICE-Homeland Security investigations (HSI) agents, and as of 2011, there were 4,890 DEA agents in the United States.

Criminal investigators and the use of the term special agent
Not all federal criminal investigators are called special agents. Some federal agencies entitle their investigators as criminal investigators but use the term interchangeably with special agent. Other federal agencies use different titles for the same 1811 criminal investigative job series. Series 1811 criminal investigators for the U.S. Marshals are entitled Deputy Marshals. Series 1811 criminal investigators for the U.S. Postal Inspection Service are called postal inspectors. These inspectors were originally called surveyors and received a title change in 1801 to Special Agent. In 1880, the U.S. Congress created the position of Chief Postal Inspector and renamed these special agents to postal inspectors. The first special agents in the United States were appointed in 1791 when the Secretary of the Treasury was authorized to employ "Special Agents" for the purpose of examining the accounts and books of the Collectors of Customs. The position of Special Treasury Agent was created, and until 1860 submitted reports to the Department of Treasury, through the Collectors of Customs in the Customs District in which they were employed.

State, county, municipal, and tribal governments
The terms 'special agent' and 'agent' are also used by various specialized state level law enforcement agencies to refer to their officers, including the North Carolina Bureau of Investigations (NCSBI), the Kentucky Department of Criminal Investigation (DCI), the Washington State Gambling Commission, many agencies inside the California Department of Justice such as the California Bureau of Investigation, the California Bureau of Firearms, the California Bureau of Gambling Control, the California Bureau of Forensic Services and the California Bureau of Medi-Cal Fraud & Elder Abuse, the Tennessee Bureau of Investigation (TBI), the Arkansas State Police (ASP) Criminal Investigations Division and many others. These agencies may be a part of a State Bureau of Investigation (which is usually a part of an Attorney General's Office or a state level Government Department) or a State Police Agency (which is again itself a part of a state Department of Public Safety or a Department of Justice).

Also, Maryland has criminal investigators who are employed by the state attorney. These investigators are called special investigators. As with special agents, these special investigators are authorized to conduct investigations, make arrests, carry firearms or other weapons, and carry a metallic badge.

In popular culture
Special agents, particularly those within the FBI, have been depicted in popular entertainment for years.

The title "Assistant Special Agent in Charge" and its acronym "ASAC" are stated frequently throughout the TV series Breaking Bad. For example, in Season 1 through Season 4, both Hank Schrader and Gus Fring are shown to be friendly with Hank's boss, ASAC George Merkert, and in Season 4 Episode 12 "End Times", Steve Gomez tells Dennis the "ASAC" is being pressured to search Gus's laundry for drugs. In Season 5, Hank – who is proud to have been promoted to the job vacated by his ousted boss – repeatedly chants "ASAC Schrader" to his baby niece Holly.

In the TV series White Collar, Peter Burke is the "Special Agent in Charge" (promoted from assistant Special Agent in Charge at the end of Season 6) and the head of the Manhattan White Collar Division.

In the TV series Criminal Minds several of the Behavioral Analysis Unit members are Supervisory Special Agents.

In the TV series The X Files, the title "Special Agent" is given to both Fox Mulder and Dana Scully of the Federal Bureau of Investigation. The title is referenced by them numerous times throughout each episode.

The main character from the TV series Twin Peaks, is FBI Special Agent Dale Cooper, and also, other FBI special agents make numerous cameos throughout the series, and its prequel movie, Twin Peaks: Fire Walk with Me.

"Dick Barton - Special Agent" was the subject of radio programs in the 1940s and later TV and film productions.

In the TV series NCIS the character Special Agent Anthony DiNozzo constantly introduces himself as "Very Special Agent Anthony DiNozzo" in an attempt to be charming.

title: Special agent


text:
Marina Golbahari

Marina Golbahari (born 1989) is an Afghan actress who earned international fame for her role as the title character in the 2003 film Osama, playing a girl who had to dress and act as a boy to support her family during the Taliban years.

Career
Golbahari was cast as Osama by the Afghan film director Siddiq Barmak, who picked her roaming on the streets of Kabul as a beggar. The movie went on to earn the Golden Globe award in the category of Best Foreign Film and Golbahari's performance was well received by many critics, including The Arizona Republic ' s Richard Nilsen, who wrote, "there is no shortcoming in the acting of Marina Golbahari".

Golbahari figures prominently in the 2012 book, Shakespeare in Kabul, by Qais Akbar Omar and Stephen Landrigan. The book chronicles a 2005 performance in the Dari of Shakespeare's Love's Labour's Lost that was presented in Kabul and then in other parts of Afghanistan the following year.

Personal life
Golbahari is married to Noorullah Azizi, who is also involved with the film industry in Afghanistan, and who also was not wealthy.

Golbahari and her husband are currently living in exile in an asylum shelter in France as Golbahari has received numerous death threats after being photographed at a South Korean film festival without her head covered.

Awards and nominations

 * Molodist International Film Festival (2003) "Best Young Actor Award" for Osama

title: Marina Golbahari


text:
Talk:University of Tartu

Good job, Clossius! Andres 11:01, 14 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Name

 * In 1893, the Russian (official) name of Tartu was changed from Derpt to Yuryev. The name of the university became Yuryevskii Imperatorskii Universitet.

 * To me, the names of the University in the article are not clear enough, as you cite just the names of the city. Andres 11:15, 14 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * The University of Tartu is indeed called "national university" (rahvusülikool). But I suspect that formulated like that, the meaning is not clear enough. Probably this should be explained. Andres 11:27, 14 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * I forgot to say that there is a concept of "the" national university, which is separate from the self-styled (and highly problematic) designation of Tartu as 'rahvusülikool'', which also has some other implications and is perhaps something of an oxymoron, if not literally in Estonian. And I think TÜ is that, at least still for now.

 * I don't object but I think this needs explanation. For example, I don't know what this means. Does this imply that the University of Tartu is the only University in Estonia?

 * No I don't, but it clearly is the only full and all-encompassing university, because the Tallinn rectors and presidents in 1993 were all too vain to give up their fiefdoms and create a real University of Tallinn, more's the pity. TTU is a very serious research university in many if not most of their fields, only these are limited. I agree "national university" is a vague term, but it has to stay vague to be serviceable; if you'd insist on more explanation, I would replace it with some phrase like "the only classical university in EE" or some such.Clossius 06:39, 15 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Maybe you could just add "the only classical university in EE" to "national university". The University of Tallinn is coming, but without TTU. I think more explanations could be in the body of the article. Andres 08:37, 15 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * You may add that if you want; I myself don't think it's necessary, so why should I do it, but you can. Tallinn U is not coming at all, except in name; TTU is i.m.h.o. the only serious university structure in Tallinn (excepting some specialized schools on the university level). Clossius 09:06, 15 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * OK, I added it though I don't know if this is the best solution. Andres 10:55, 15 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Students and Professors

 * 1. On students and faculty, it's common to list those who are both only as faculty, which is why I deleted Marjustin from the student list and moved Kallas up (formal professor- and dotsentships). As regards Keres (and other cases that may come up), I think the biography article should then be updated as well and Tartu included.

 * OK, you are right. I was not aware that Kallas taught here, and did not notice him. I'll expand the article about Keres.

 * I moved Kraepelin from humanities to natural science, as he was a psychiatrist not a psychologist. (Psychiatry is supposed to be a part of medicine and as such a natural science.)

 * http://www.ut.ee/struktuur/audoktorid -- a list of honorary doctorates. Maybe a link to this quite long list could be given instead of selecting random 4 or 5?

Gustaviana

 * 2. I would stay with "Academia Gustaviana"; this is really how it was called, and the Charles addition only obscures (cf. Piirimäe & Co.)

 * The names were different, because Academia Gustaviana closed in Tartu in 1656 (and then worked in Tallinn until 1665). In 1690 it reopened as Academia Gustavo-Carolina (or Academia Gustaviana Carolina; I am at loss, I don't know which is right; after Carl XI). This is as much I know. I think

it would be better to cite the old names of the University inside the text, bold.

 * But in 1690 it was already in Pärnu, no? I thought thus that it might get too tricky.  But ok.

 * No, it was in Tartu until 1699, then it went to Pärnu. I'll expand on this in the article.

 * If you get too detailed, you should write a separate entry on "pre-history" or "early history", which is why I kept this segment as succinct as possible. In the end, the Academy history is partially "constructed" (one might as well have taken the Jesuit grammar school); the serious history starts at 1802. That doesn't mean one shouldn't (eventually) be detailed about the Gustaviana, but not where people start to read about Tartu.Clossius 06:39, 15 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Yes, a separate entry about Academia Gustaviana could be created. On the other side, it would be more natural to start the article from the University of today, and give its history as a separate section. Then that prehistory would be a subsection. In the beginning it could only ne mentioned 1632 and 1802. Andres 08:37, 15 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * I agree; after the first quick intro. (including the historical names to show those led here by reference that this is indeed Dorpat, etc.), there should come a brief characterization of today's TU, and then the history - and in such a case, of course, we could also leave and even expand the Academy times.Clossius 09:06, 15 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Yes.

Names again

 * 3. I would always transliterate Jurjev, both in German and in English; why did you change it to Yuryev? The point is, in almost all literature on the field, and especially on the imprints of books that are likely to be read (Mattiesen, Acta et Commentationes etc.), it is spelled Jurjev, and thus people would look for that.  I would if anything put a referral page to Yuryev and Univ. of Yuryev.

Clossius 11:35, 14 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * The problem is that the transliterations of Юрьевъ are different. In Estonian it would be Jurjev, in German Jurjew, in English Yuryev. There are other transliteration systems, and an international one used in humanities renders ю as 'ju'. However, both in the English Wikipedia and

Britannica they write "Yuri" (Yuri Gagarin, Yuri Lotman as you yourself write).

 * I noticed that *smile*.

In Britannica, Tartu is Yuryev. (By the way, Zhirinovski just said that Tartu will be Yuryev after he becomes the Presidents by the next elections.) In Britannica, the former name of Tartu is cited as "Yuryev". There appears to be a cleavage between the scientific use and the common use. It is possible to cite both forms but probably better in the article Tartu.

 * Ok.

 * Anyway, we should have redirection pages for both "University of Yuryev" and "University of Jurjev", since the title of the article is "University of Tartu". Then there will be no difficulty of finding, even when someone knows only the form Jurjev. Andres 13:23, 14 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Absolutely agree.

 * I made the redirection page for the form "University of Yuryev". Andres 20:01, 14 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Clarification and Deletion
I clarified "Baltic" to "Baltic German" (obviously it was not obvious, in spite of the context). There was a raving paragraph that I deleted in its entirety - in segments for the following reasons:

''The university is also fairly well known among local scholars for its contradictive style in many respects, namely for calling itself the University of Tartu versus Tartu University, which is the name structure given to older universities. No one has ever heard of the University of Oxford.''

Sheer nonsense - first, traditional universities named after places generally go by "University of X", and so the offical designation of Oxford is, as we can see here, University of Oxford and not "Oxford University". Second, and accordingly, Tartu Ülikool has always an exclusively called itself "University of Tartu"; "Tartu University" is occasionally used by outsiders or visitors who do not know the general nor the specific tradition.

This web page is another example, as it uses both American and British English.

Which website? This entry? This is very obviously not put up by TU.

''While cheating is rampant throughout courses and exam sessions, the students still sport a highly arrogant face and the fraternities all wear Village People-style gay hats. One local fratboy dressed up as a woman once and now no one can speak to him for ninety-nine years.

Sheer malignance... somebody didn't get in, or what? Indeed, the Fraternity and Sorority system in Tartu can be criticized and questioned easily and fruitfully, but not this way in an encyclopedia entry.

Clossius 21:05, 10 Nov 2004 (UTC)

History
Estonian_University_of_Life_Sciences (former Estonian Academy of Agriculutre) was established in 1951 from two faculties of University of Tartu. Maybe this could be mentioned somewhere in history section. See http://www.ut.ee/205567 on more recent collaboration of these universities. Lebatsnok 20:45, 13 January 2007 (UTC)

Former Eastern Europe?
The article currently says that TU is one of the highest ranking universities in "former Eastern Europe". I think what is intended here is something like the former Soviet Union or former communist bloc. "Eastern Europe" suggests a geographical indication and there is no reason to assume that geography has in fact changed (although the collective imagination of that geography may change, but that is a different discussion altogether). Anyone opposed to changing this? --Jeroenm (talk) 15:47, 3 November 2009 (UTC)

Ranking?
There is no source for the ranking of TU. The article mentions a high rank for the institution, so I suggest that a source for that information in crucial (otherwise this page is simply an advertisement). --Jeroenm (talk) 15:50, 3 November 2009 (UTC)

Second oldest - where?
In lead section: "...second oldest university in the region after Vilnius University". Which region? Baltic states? Surely Uppsala (15th century) is in "the region" too. For the Baltic states, being second oldest isn't much of an achievement. Perhaps a wider part of Eastern Europe, excluding Scandinavia, was meant? Or maybe it would rank high (although not 2nd) even taking Northen Europe. For now, I'm removing it. Anyone who knows better may restore it. Rain74 (talk) 19:39, 6 April 2010 (UTC)

Discrimination?
I took out a part titled "Discrimination Lawsuit", that was added by person behind IP-aadress 88.196.187.55. There has never been any big scandal on this and with just one newspaper article it could hardly be considered of anything important. Not to say that even the cited article claims, that according to university representatives the situation had nothing to do with ethnic discrimination and everything to do with the lack of skills and knowledge necessary for doctoral studies, that ended with expelling a student. There are no proofs that any discrimination ever took place - it just talks about the claims of one student. Unless university is charged of anything in this, there is absolutely no reason to even mention this obscure event. Ivo (talk) 15:17, 27 March 2016 (UTC)

The discrimination lawsuit again University of Tartu is relevant for Estonian society and international students that seek education in such University. The discrimination lawsuit against University of Tartu is well documented in the Essti Päevaleht newspaper and a discrimination case which has been admitted in Tartu district court. Just as University representatives deny the claims as it has been noted in the entry, the public opinion also has the right to know about the student's claims. Just because you do not like the fact it does not mean it does not have to be in Wikipedia. And is not true the discrimination lawsuit against University of Tartu is only one article thing. The matter was originally reported in the Eesti Päevaleht: http://epl.delfi.ee/news/eesti/tudeng-kaebas-tartu-ulikooli-rahvuselise-diskrimineerimise-parast-kohtusse?id=73203295

In Estonian national television: http://uudised.err.ee/v/eesti/7b5bb182-0c15-4cc7-878a-c0439af70aab/armeenlasest-doktorant-suudistab-tartu-ulikooli-diskrimineerimises

And, in Postimes newspaper: http://tartu.postimees.ee/3482003/armeenlasest-doktorant-suudistab-tartu-ulikooli-diskrimineerimises — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2001:7D0:848B:E480:C4BC:598B:E8C4:C999 (talk) 19:07, 27 March 2016 (UTC)

 * Wikipedia isn't a place for unproven allegations to be submitted. Thousands of foreign students have studied / are studying in that university and if one former student makes claims of discrimination, then it could hardly be considered as a problem, that possible future students need to consider. If it would get proven, that it actually did happened, then we may talk about covering it here, but not now.
 * This is a major university in this region and each year thousands of articles related to it are being published. As I mentioned earlier, this is just one article (and versions of the exactly same text don't prove otherwise). Having a full section for this is by far out of proportion and agains Wikipedia's guidelines.
 * Are You that student? Someway it does seem so. Ivo (talk) 19:43, 27 March 2016 (UTC)

 * Wikipedia it is a place to make the public opinion aware of ongoing litigations as this is quite relevant to the Estonian society, prospect international students and the academic community in Tartu and in Estonia.
 * Whether one single claim of discrimination is a problem or not depends on the public opinion and not single individual removing entries in Wiki, freedom of speech goes both ways, including whether a full section is permissible or not.
 * I was a full time student and can assure that University of Tartu employees do discriminate international students based in national origin, color of skin and lack of Estonian ethnicity. For instance, the Russian minority does not even have a significant presence in terms of teaching and administrative staff and people in positions of power (Rector's office for instance) in University of Tartu staff in the several units. So University of Tartu does discriminate against anyone who is not Estonian national or ethnic Estonian, therefore the importance of the public opinion in Estonia and internationally to know about the ongoing discrimination lawsuit. — Preceding unsigned comment added by ExpatEstonia (talk • contribs) 09:01, 28 March 2016 (UTC)

 * It is relevant, but not (yet) important. Why I'm against it is because it is out of proportion, it hasn't found a lot of coverage and it is possibly damaging (and this last thing is unjustified because the claims are yet unproven, and therefor we should not treat the university as guilty -- let me remind you the presumption of innocence).
 * I'd start with this out of proportion part. How is this relevant to future foreign students? What kind of information may they get from this article? At first it should give some context (like how many foreign students there are, how are those numbers changing, what are they studying, what surveys show about their opinion about the university, etc) and then we may talk about the more exotic cases. I'm not saying that should be hidden. There might even be more problems, and if there are, then they should be brought out. But focusing on just that one screws to overall picture and adds little to the article. For instance based on this article I could claim, that overall picture is fairly positive and not what is now presented in the wikiarticle.
 * Amount of coverage is important as well, as if this (or whatever other random situation) brings us to a society wide discussion on some topic, then this instance is important (not because of happening, but because of what it brought with itself). It hasn't happened with this discrimination case. It may happen it the investigation proves allegations, but we are not in a position here, to assume it will happen. This would go agains neutrality we are so eagered to have in WP.
 * Your idea, that the Rector's office (or other leading positions) don't have the proportion of Russians same as in Estonian society, is very weak proof for any discrimination. Some examples. In reality there are more non-Estonians in the leading positions, than the % of them in the society. And as for Russians, then large % of them living in Estonia don't speak Estonian and smaller % of them have ever attended university than % of Estonians (i.e. the difference sure is there, but not because of the reason you are referring to). What I have witnessed is actually positive discrimination: when the language skills are low, then this fact is ignored (i.e. lower quality work is accepted), if the students are non-Estonians. Ivo (talk) 12:41, 28 March 2016 (UTC)
 * I expanded and updated some parts of the article correspondingly. But lot more should be done to provide decent coverage of the university. Ivo (talk) 13:33, 28 March 2016 (UTC)
 * As long as the situation in terms of diversity has not changed in the ground, then the discrimination lawsuit is relevant and should be on Wikipedia. The problem with any majority group being on the offensive side is that people belonging to such groups do not perceive the violations inflicted in minorities so one way for minorities to make a case is of course going to court and create wariness in the public opinion about relevant claims.
 * As an international student that graduated there I, would certainly have been interested in knowing of events like this. Not because the accusations are valid or not or because the presumption of innocence, but because certainly the University was not capable of handling the situation so the matter anded in court, which we all know was highly likely the case. This kind of situations do not end in court without warning and for no reason. Something that is quite relevant is that the student is being supported by the Estonian Human Rights center. I do not think such prestigious Estonian non-profit is just gambling with the case, the matter certainly is of the interest of public opinion as it clearly demonstrates that the University was not able to deal with the situation so the whole thing blew up and ended in court, that is certainly a fact. — Preceding unsigned comment added by ExpatEstonia (talk • contribs) 11:32, 29 March 2016 (UTC)

 * As the student was found to be incapable of performing at anticipated lever of skills and was asked to continue the studies in Masters instead of Doctorate (what he does now), then naming it an ethnic discrimination is rather misleading. And anyone could at any time go to court. That does not prove a thing. Ivo (talk) 13:12, 29 March 2016 (UTC)

 * Just as the University has the right to deny any discrimination so the student about "found to be incapable of performing at anticipated lever of skills and was asked to continue the studies in Masters instead of Doctorate". So why would what the University claims be valid and not what the student claims? Quite a contradiction here. — Preceding unsigned comment added by ExpatEstonia (talk • contribs) 18:44, 29 March 2016 (UTC)

 * There is no contradiction. If you have studied in university then you should know already by the empirical knowledge that usually it is the university that is right and the student the one that is either lazy or stupid or both if there is a question about the missing skillset. Ivo (talk) 20:39, 29 March 2016 (UTC)

 * There should be a distinction between two questions: whether this topic is of public interest or importance(which it most likely is) and whether it is true. In this case the topic is about alleged discrimination. One side says it is, the other says it isn't. Since there is a lawsuit, it is up to the court to find out the truth. If Wikipedia has any allegiance to truth, then it should avoid stating whether it is or it isn't a case of discrimination. This is an issue of objectivity and truth.
 * Secondly, if proportion is discussed, then all other discrimination cases in other universities should be taken as a reference point. If all the discrimination cases of other universities are reported on their Wiki-pages as well, then this case isn't out of proportion. If other university Wikipedia sites do not cover discrimination cases, then this is out of proportion. It is a question of editing principles and treating all the cases equally.
 * Thirdly, it should be considered that this allegation of discrimination affects the reputation of the University and is potentially damaging. If these allegations are not true, then this damage to university's reputation is unjust. As long as this information is public and the allegations haven't been proven, this information continues to harm the university. The usual way of reporting court cases is considerate of the case and does not usually accuse the charged person openly till the court ruling. This is a case of potential defamation.
 * To conclude: to avoid unjust harm, this piece of information should be withheld till the court ruling which might take some time. If it wasn't a case of discrimination, then unnecessary harm is avoided. If it was a case of discrimination, it should be openly published here. Since Wikipedia is an encyclopedia and not a daily newspaper, it should avoid or minimize covering disputable issues as long as they are cleared up.
 * 2001:7D0:4342:E102:B1F2:3857:9C25:6A15 (talk) 12:38, 5 April 2016 (UTC)
 * It is okay for Wikipedia to report on unproven allegations as long as they are relevant and are stated not in Wikipedia's tone, but as an allegation, since that would be stating a fact and not an opinion. (It's a fact that the University has been accused of discrimination, and it's okay to say that as long as we don't say that they are actually guilty of said discrimination.)Since the dispute appears notable, it should be covered somewhere as long as it is WP:IMPARTIAL.Moist Towels (talk) 02:43, 13 April 2016 (UTC)
 * As an Estonian I'd have to say that it isn't notable at all. It has only received one article (+ few variances of the same text) and absolutely no discussion has followed. No-one believes university did anything wrong and unless it's proven, then no-one will care about that issue. For any university with that many students it's natural, that sometimes it gets sued for something. I've not noticed that other WP articles about universities cover that kind of obscure cases. So why should this one? Ivo (talk) 10:21, 13 April 2016 (UTC)

 * I agree that coverage of this is WP:UNDUE, it should be removed. --Nug (talk) 19:09, 13 April 2016 (UTC)
 * For Estonians it may be a huge embarrassment that their apartheid (anti Russian) National University is being sued for discrimination. Whether the topic is relevant or not is up to the audience and the interested parties. Given that the lawsuit made it to court and go TV coverage from the main TV broadcaster in Estonia it is definitively relevant to the public opinion. I wonder why coverage from the main TV broadcaster can not be classified as "isn't notable". Obviously Estonians due to the huge embarrassment are not going to talk about it, just as VW employees in Wolfsburg, Germany did not want to talk about the VW emissions scandal when TV reporters approached people there for an opinion. This is what the Estonian public opinion wants, relevant issue like rampant discrimination in major Universities to be concealed so the story dies out and everyone keeps going with the Estonian racism-status-quo. Fortunately, there is the wonders of the Internet that keep relevant facts to the public opinion persisted and visible to everyone. Internet is the democratization of Information and Wikipedia is absolutely no exception. ExpatEstonia (talk) 14:26, 14 April 2016 (UTC)
 * Troll like you should be blocked from editing. ERR publishes something like 70-100 articles per day and arguing that each and every one of them is hugely important is BS, and you know it well. Just like you know, that this is one random case without any bigger importance whatsoever. But nevertheless you try to bring in your out personal agenda. Ivo (talk) 19:08, 15 April 2016 (UTC)
 * As long as the lawsuit is ongoing the public opinion has the right to know, like it it or not.ExpatEstonia (talk) 12:20, 17 April 2016 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia is an encyclopedia and not a news site. It's about a time to understand it. Stuff like that is not suitable for Wikipedia. Ivo (talk) 22:05, 17 April 2016 (UTC)
 * The public opinion has the right to know.ExpatEstonia (talk) 07:12, 25 April 2016 (UTC)

 * Right to know what? That one student has once sued that university? This isn't the only student who has suid university. It isn't the first instance in Tartu nor this is unheard of in other universities. The fact itself is not notable enough to be included in the article. Over the hundreds of years of history there have been far over hundred thousand students studying in this university. If you think one of them has been so important, that he deserves a separete topic on his own, then it's you, who have no idea how to distinguish important from unimportant. If it's a know fact, that there are problems in topic x, then we might need to write about it. But making a reference to some unproven allegations and saying that this is extremely important is just total BS. This isn't a yellow newspaper here. Wikipedia isn't here to inform public (there are newspapers, radio and tv for this). Our job here is to cover what is important and avoid covering unimportant topics. Ivo (talk) 08:41, 25 April 2016 (UTC)
 * The public opinion has the right to know, freedom of speech and freedom to get information is a right granted to citizens in modern democracies as well as granting the right to know to prospect students that University of Tartu is an Estonian Institution of Higher Education that discriminates. ExpatEstonia (talk) 13:24, 27 September 2016 (UTC)
 * You are ether an idiot or doing malicious edits. Wikipedia is an online encyclopedia a that kind of information isn't suitable here. It is unverified and therefor creates a biased view on the topic. The question is also in the notability. Or more in the lack of it with this case.
 * An analogy of your idea: I could make up a claim that the country of Sweden has discriminated me and get this into news. Then based on your understanding I (or someone else) would have valid reason to add a topic about that discrimination case into the Wikipedia article about Sweden based on the assumption that people have right to know. That would be an utter nonsense. Ivo (talk) 13:48, 27 September 2016 (UTC)
 * The public opinion has the right to know, freedom of speech and freedom to get information is a right granted to citizens in modern democracies as well as granting the right to know to prospect students that University of Tartu is an Estonian Institution of Higher Education that discriminates. ExpatEstonia (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 12:28, 28 September 2016 (UTC)

Classical university
"Classical university" is not a standard English term. It would be good to define it somewhere, maybe even devote an article to the concept. --Macrakis (talk) 22:15, 20 October 2016 (UTC)

Most prestigious
The only citation for the claim that the university is the "most prestigious" in Estonia is the University's own website. IsiahBerlin235 (talk) 11:45, 16 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:University of Tartu


text:
Rimutaka Incline

The Rimutaka Incline was a 3 mi, gauge railway line on an average grade of 1-in-15 using the Fell system between Summit and Cross Creek stations on the Wairarapa side of the original Wairarapa Line in the Wairarapa district of New Zealand. The term "Rimutaka Incline" is sometimes used incorrectly to refer to other parts or all of the closed and deviated section of the Wairarapa Line between Upper Hutt and Speedy's Crossing, near Featherston. The incline formation is now part of the Remutaka Rail Trail.

Background
The construction of a railway from Wellington to Masterton was authorised in the Railways Act passed on 13 September 1871. Julius Vogel, Colonial Treasurer, travelled to England to raise finance for a major public works programme for railway construction. Vogel returned via the United States, where he studied rail systems.

After the act of parliament was passed, a survey party set out to make preliminary investigations of possible routes for a railway over the Rimutaka Range (now spelled "Remutaka Range"). These were complete by December 1870, the party having investigated four routes. A commonality between all the proposals was the section from Upper Hutt to Kaitoki (later Kaitoke). Between Kaitoke and the Wairarapa, the four proposals were the Tauwharenikau Route, Mr Sinclair's Route, a coastal route and the Pakuratahi Route.

While the government was conducting its surveys, Wellington Province Superintendent William Fitzherbert instructed his Provincial Engineer, Charles O’Neill, to investigate the possibility of a railway through the Rimutaka Valley (the route of the road between Featherston and Upper Hutt), with a tunnel through the dividing range. The survey was carried out between May and 21 July 1871, and O’Neill reported that a tunnel 130 chains (2.6 km) long would be required, with the line rising at 1 in 60 from the Pakuratahi to the tunnel then descending at 1 in 40 to Featherston. This survey was forwarded to the Minister for Public Works.

In mid-1873 the route to Featherston was chosen after a final survey for the route from Upper Hutt to Summit.

For the line between Summit and the Wairarapa, several proposals were considered. The first, with gradients up to 1 in 30, was dismissed. It was found that to keep the gradient to no steeper than 1 in 40, curves of three chains (60 m) radius would be required. This would have required special rolling stock and heavy earthworks and was thus abandoned.

Another proposal was known as the Birch Spur Incline. This would have involved the line continuing from Summit to Birch Spur from where a rope-worked incline would convey traffic to the valley floor where the railway would continue through a narrow valley to the Wairarapa plains. The Public Works Department engineers investigating this proposal were unable to locate a suitable incline, so this proposal was also abandoned.

The last option was a three-mile (4.8 km) incline with gradients averaging 1 in 15 "to be worked by locomotives of an unusual nature". This line was the most favourable from an engineer's point of view, and required not unreasonable earthworks. The final decision was made by the head of the Public Works Department, John Carruthers. He determined that an incline worked by the Fell system would be suitable, and cited the Mont Cenis Pass Railway as an example. Though special locomotives would be required, factors in its favour were that ordinary rolling stock could be used and it was a proven system. It was to be the third and last Fell system employing the centre rail for both tractive power and braking, and the longest surviving. Though it was considered to be a "temporary" measure, it outlasted the second such system in Brazil by 72 years.

Construction
Construction of the Rimutaka Incline was included in two contracts that were let for the building of the original Wairarapa Line. These contracts were known as the Summit contract and the Incline contract.

Summit contract
This contract included the excavation of Summit station yard and related drainage, Summit tunnel, and formation work to a point 26 chains (523 m) beyond the tunnel. It was the shortest contract of those let for the line, it was finished by the original contractor, and it had the fewest alterations. Work was to start on 12 July 1874 and to be completed by 22 July 1876, at which time the Pakuratahi contract was due to be completed. Summit yard was a large cut into the hillside, 120 ft wide and 500 yd long initially. Excavations removed material to a depth of 15–20 feet, with this fill being dumped on the opposite side of the yard to form level ground. On the hillside above the yard, further ground was levelled and houses erected thereon.

After the yard had taken shape, the next job was the tunnel. The approach to the tunnel was about 6 chains long and up to 60 ft deep. The line entered the tunnel on a downward grade of 1 in 1,000, steepening to a grade of 1 in 15 at the eastern portal. At that end a small drainage tunnel had to be built to divert a stream that had flowed down a steep gully where the tunnel mouth was to be. The maximum height of the tunnel was 15 ft above the floor: once rails were laid the maximum clearance was 13 ft The width of the tunnel varied from 10 ft at the floor to 12 ft at 7 ft above the floor. Despite castigation from various parties, it was not until March 1877 that work on both ends of the tunnel met at the middle, having taken three and a half years to complete.

The Public Works Department lined the tunnel after the rails had reached the site, enabling them to use work trains to bring materials and other supplies in. It was during this phase that the only fatality on this contract occurred: on 3 May 1878, a sizeable portion of the lining collapsed on two men. One was killed outright, the other lost his eyesight due to severe head injuries.

The Summit contract was completed on 10 December 1877, 17 months behind schedule.

Incline contract
On 5 October 1875, the Incline contract was awarded to Charles McKirdy for the sum of £49,029. The contract covered the formation only, with the Public Works Department responsible for track laying. The contract began outside Summit tunnel and terminated at Featherston, a distance of 8 miles 76 chains (14.403 km). It included Cross Creek station yard and runaway siding. Several alterations were made to the contract both prior to and during construction, including the replacement of one of three tunnels by a cutting, and three wooden bridges by embankments.

The line descended at a grade of 1 in 15, passing through the 396 ft long Horseshoe Gully Tunnel (later Siberia Tunnel). On leaving the tunnel, the line crossed the gully on a high earth and rock embankment, the largest on the section, on a five-chain radius curve. The embankment was about 180 to 200 ft wide at its base, and around 90 ft high at its centre line.

After the embankment, the line continued at a grade of 1 in 15 down to Cross's Creek (later Cross Creek) station. From Cross Creek the line descended at gradients varying from level to 1 in 40 to Lucena's (later Pigeon Bush), and from there in a straight line to Featherston. Work on the contract began on 22 October 1875. None of the major earthworks seem to have presented any great difficulties, save the lower tunnel, which was plagued by accidents and materials failures largely because of the unstable nature of the rock through which it passed. The tunnel was named Price's after the manager McKirdy employed for this contract. On 2 March 1876, two men died due to a cave-in of the tunnel roof.

Between October 1877 and March 1878, platelaying was completed up to Summit. This enabled the use of work trains to haul up materials that were used to line Summit Tunnel. Track laying on the incline commenced in April 1878 and reached Cross Creek the following month. During this work, H 199 was stabled at Summit and used to haul work and ballast trains to the railhead.

Initially, only simple arrangements were made for the station yard at Cross's Creek, as it had yet to be decided the nature of operations on the Incline. It consisted of the main line, an engine siding of 10 chains, and the runaway siding.

After formation work continued beyond Cross Creek, McKirdy ran out of time and money, with the remainder of his contract being picked up by his guarantors, T. W. Young and Robert Greenfield. They finished the formation to Featherston on 17 August 1878, with track laying finishing the following month. The contract was completed 13 months late.

Operation
Initially, trains on the incline were limited to the weight that could be managed by a single locomotive. After complaints from management of the expense of running too many trains, two locomotives seem to have been used, both at the head of the train. From 1887 trains were worked with multiple locomotives, each at the head of its rated load. As the maximum weight of a train during this period was 150 tons, no more than three locomotives were used per train. Train operations continued to be modified until by 1908 the maximum load allowed per train had increased to 250 tons descending and 260 tons ascending.

When the line opened, there were two Fell brake vans in service, each 12 ft long and 5 ft from floor to ceiling, with open platforms at either end. The wear on the brake blocks fitted to these vans was so severe that a set of blocks seldom lasted more than one trip down the incline. Like the positioning and loading of the locomotives, the arrangements for positioning of the Fell vans varied until they were largely standardised by 1897. For ascending trains, Fell vans were placed at the rear of the train. For descending trains, a Fell van was placed between the locomotives and the leading vehicle. If the gross weight of the train exceeded 120 tons or included more than 15 vehicles (excluding the locomotives in both cases) a second Fell van was attached to the rear of the train. These rules applied before the introduction of the Westinghouse continuous air brake. The Fell locomotives were never turned, running cab first on descending trains.

As descending trains departed Summit the "through" guard applied the brakes on the leading vehicle, then moved through the train applying the brakes on the other vehicles until he reached the train van, which also had brakes that had to be applied. Each Fell van had its own guard to operate the two sets of brakes.

After the introduction of the continuous brake system in 1903 it became possible to operate trains with five locomotives, and on descending passenger trains up to five Fell brake vans could be used – two next to the locomotives, one in the middle, and two at the rear. As each brake van had its own guard and the train had a train guard and locomotive crews, a train with five brake vans and four locomotives had a crew of 14, which added to the expense of the operation. Moreover, to reduce the strain on couplings, when several locomotives were used they would be distributed through the train, as can be seen from photos. This necessitated significant remarshalling of the train at either end of the incline.

Instructions issued in 1885 regarding the use of the safety siding required that the points for the incline be set to the safety siding. As descending trains approached the Cross Creek yard, the driver of the leading locomotive sounded a long whistle, which signalled that all was well. On hearing this signal the signalman would set the points for the arrival road. As far as is known no real emergency occurred. Cross Creek had an unusual six-lever partially-interlocked signalling installation and had no "distant" signals so had points indicators which applied to the "main" line (see Heine for station layout), while Summit had a fully interlocked 27-lever frame.

Unusual traffic included four royal trains: for the Prince of Wales in 1921; the Duke (later King George VI) and Duchess of York in 1927; the Duke of Gloucester in 1935; and Queen Elizabeth II and the Duke of Edinburgh in 1954. Trains were diverted from the Manawatu line due to slips, floods or other mishaps.

The original yards at Cross Creek and Summit were sufficient for the traffic levels of the time, but increasing traffic brought about incremental additions. The full extent of the Summit yard was reached in 1903, which coincided with the introduction of full signalling and interlocking, not introduced to Cross Creek until 1915.

H class locomotives were not to be operated on any part of the railway other than the Incline, with the sole exception of conveying them to the Petone (and later Hutt) Workshops for maintenance. In the latter case, bunkers, water tanks and boilers were to be empty and the locomotives were to be towed at a speed not exceeding 10 mi/h. These rules were relaxed to allow the locomotives to travel light engine to Petone and back under their own steam, subject to the same speed restrictions. In 1887 they were permitted to be operated between Cross Creek and Pigeon Bush, later extended to Featherston to enable them to be used for banking purposes. Running rights between Cross Creek and Featherston were revoked about 1943.

Speed limits for trains on the Incline were changed several times. From 1884 to 1888 the limit was 6 mi/h ascending and descending, except light passenger trains for which the limit was 8 mi/h. In 1888 these limits changed to 5 mi/h up, 9 mi/h down. The limits were finally 6 mi/h up, 10 mi/h down.

Various classes of locomotives were deployed to supplement the H class when one or more was away for maintenance or repairs, including
 * W 192 and 238 2-6-2 tank locomotives, built in 1889 and 1891 respectively, which spent most of their time on the Wellington to Summit section until their transfer in 1909;
 * 54-ton WE 4-6-4 tank locomotives rebuilt from 4-8-0 B class locomotives, rated to haul passenger trains up to 55 tons and goods trains up to 60 tons, until 1906, after which they were used mainly on the Upper Hutt to Summit section and rated to haul passenger trains up to 130 tons, mixed trains 150 tons and goods trains 155 tons, and were then later sent to work on the Rewanui Incline in the South Island;
 * 65-ton E 66, rated to haul 80 tons up the Incline, until 1910 when it was transferred to banking duties on the Wellington to Johnsonville section;
 * WG 480 4-6-4 tank locomotive, during the Great War.

After the Great War traffic was well within the capabilities of the six H class locomotives.

The mileages run by the H class locomotives show notable increases that correspond to economic and other major events, such as the opening of the Wairarapa Line as far as Masterton, completion of the line to Woodville, and the nationalisation of the Wellington and Manawatu Railway. With the opening of the railway to Masterton the annual mileage of the H class rose from less than 7,000 to more than 8,000, in 1883–1897 to 34,000, and to 42,000 when the line was opened to Woodville and began carrying traffic from the Hawke's Bay. Mileage peaked at 64,123 in 1906–07, about 10,687 miles per locomotive or 1,780 return Incline trips.

Wairarapa railcars
In 1936 seven lightweight Wairarapa railcars, RM 4–10, were introduced between Palmerston North, Masterton and Wellington. They were specifically designed for the Incline, and were built at the Hutt Workshops. They were named after historic Maori canoes: Maahunui, Mahuhu, Mamari, Matahourua, Mataatua, Arai-te-Uru and Arawa. Initially powered by 130 hp Leyland petrol engines, they were upgraded after several years to 120 hp diesel engines. They had a single rear driving axle with 38½" (978 mm) diameter wheels, necessitated by the need for the axle and final drive unit to have sufficient clearance above the Incline’s centre rail. Because of the large rear wheels the floor of the passenger compartment was 52½" (1334 mm) above rail level, more than 12 in higher than normal. They were rated for a maximum speed of 60 mi/h and expected to climb the Incline at 15-17 mph, but actually managed only 10–12 mph. Nevertheless, they greatly speeded up passenger trains on the route and immediately proved popular. They were withdrawn in 1955 when the Incline closed.

Replacement
Several options for an alternative to the Incline were considered in the 20th century, but it was not until after WWII that a route through a tunnel between Maymorn and Lucena's Creek was selected. Construction was started in 1948 by the Public Works Department and completed by a private contractor in 1955. The tunnel and deviation opened on 3 November 1955, five days after the Incline closed.

Demolition was swift, with the removal of track between Cross Creek and Pigeon Bush largely completed by March 1956. H 199 was used to haul the work trains that removed the track between Cross Creek and Summit. The buildings were sold at auction, on site. Some of the rails were sent to the Rewanui Incline, as were a couple of the Fell brake vans. Five of the six H class locomotives were towed to the Hutt Workshops, later to Silverstream, to be scrapped.

Museum
A museum dedicated to the preservation of the only remaining H-class "Fell" locomotive was opened at Featherston in 1984. H 199 had previously been given to the town of Featherston, and had been a static display in a local park from 1958. Later, a lease was secured on F 210, the sole remaining Fell brake van, which is now also on display in the museum.

Rail trail
A resurgence of public interest in the incline followed the publication of a book in 1976 and the opening of the Fell Engine Museum in the early 1980s, prompting the New Zealand Forest Service to re-establish access to Cross Creek in 1984. The official opening of a rail trail using the formation of the original railway line from Cross Creek to Kaitoke followed in 1987. It is today one of the more popular recreational facilities in the region and forms part of the Remutaka Forest Park.

Children′s book
Inspired by H 199, Joy Cowley authored Hero of the hill in 2013. The book traces the train's journey up the incline during a particularly stormy night.

Future Plans
In October 2005 a reunion of former NZR staff and friends who worked the Incline was held in Featherston, including a visit on 29 October to Cross Creek to commemorate 50 years since the last train ran on the Incline. On the same day a ″first spike″ ceremony was held at Maymorn to mark the beginning of the Rimutaka Incline Railway Heritage Trust's project to reinstate the railway.

On 8 August 2003 the trust was inaugurated with the intention of reinstating the line in four stages: Upper Hutt to Summit; Wellington to Upper Hutt (using KiwiRail's Wairarapa Line); Summit to Cross Creek; Cross Creek to Featherston. The base of operations is on land leased from KiwiRail at Maymorn. Largely thanks to the establishment of the Remutaka Rail Trail, most of the original formation has been preserved and is proposed to be incorporated into the reinstated rail operation, with new works required at Maymorn to link the original formation to the station yard and a deviation at Kaitoke to bypass formation land that is now in private ownership. The original route from Upper Hutt to the Mangaroa valley is not included in the trust's plans.

Work on the project is currently at stage one, with the acquisition of rolling stock for restoration, fencing, track laying in the yard, and the construction of a rail vehicle shed.

title: Rimutaka Incline


text:
IBM Airline Control Program

IBM Airline Control Program, or ACP, is a discontinued operating system developed by IBM beginning about 1965. In contrast to previous airline transaction processing systems, the most notable aspect of ACP is that it was designed to run on most models of the IBM System/360 mainframe computer family. This departed from the earlier model in which each airline had a different, machine-specific transaction system.

Overview
Development began with SABRE (Semi-Automatic Business Research Environment), Deltamatic, and PANAMAC. From these, the Programmed Airline Reservations System (PARS) was developed. In 1969 the control program, ACP, was separated from PARS. PARS kept the functions for processing airline reservations and related data.

In December 1979, ACP became known as ACP/TPF and then just TPF (Transaction Processing Facility). The transaction operating system became more widely implemented by businesses other than the major airlines, such as online credit card processing, hotel and rental car reservations, police emergency response systems, and package delivery systems.

The last "free" release of ACP, 9.2.1, was intended for use in bank card and similar applications. It was shipped on a "mini-reel" which contained a complete ACP system and its libraries for restoration to IBM 3340 disk drives. From that complete system one could easily create derivative works. A hypervisor was included, which allowed OS/370 VS1 or VS2 (SVS or MVS) to be run as a "guest" OS under ACP itself. The end-user documentation, which was shipped with the tape, took almost 60 linear inches of shelf space.

See also IBM Airline Control System (ALCS), a variant of TPF specially designed to provide all the benefits of TPF (very high speed, high volume, high availability transaction processing) but with the advantages such as easier integration into the data center offered by running on a standard IBM operating system platform.

title: IBM Airline Control Program


text:
Highland midge

The highland midge (scientific name: Culicoides impunctatus; Midgie; Meanbh-chuileag) is a species of biting midge found across the Palearctic (throughout the British Isles, Scandinavia, other regions of Northern Europe, Russia and Northern China) in upland and lowland areas (fens, bogs and marshes). In the north west of Scotland, and down the Western coast to north Wales, the highland midge is usually very prevalent from late spring to late summer. Female highland midges are well known for gathering in clouds and biting humans, though the majority of the blood they obtain comes from cattle, sheep and deer. The bite of Culicoides is felt as a sharp prick. It is often followed by irritating lumps that may disappear in a few hours or last for days, depending on the individual.

Following Scotland's exceptionally cold winter in the early part of 2010, scientists found that the prolonged freezing conditions, rather than reducing the following summer's midge population in the Scottish Highlands, in fact increased it as the cold weather had reduced the numbers of its natural predators, such as bats and birds.

Activity
Female midges tend to bite close to their breeding site (although they have been found up to 1 km away) and near to the ground. They are most active just before dawn and sunset but bite at any time of day. Midges are less active with wind speeds of over 10 km/h, or humidity below 60–75%.

Dry cloudless conditions are unfavourable to midges, thus they are prevalent in humid, wet and cloudy conditions. Rain does not deter them, nor does darkness. However, they tend not to go into houses or buildings, but will enter tents.

Lifecycle
According to Wilderness Scotland: "Midges mate and lay eggs in the summer months. The eggs hatch into larvae and will develop whilst living in the boggy soil. Before winter they will reach the final instar stage of their larvae development and become a pupa. The adult midge will emerge from the pupa in spring time."

Prevention
Midge bites may be prevented by wearing clothes to minimise exposed skin and using a midge net to cover the head.

Insect repellents such as DEET may be used. Queen Victoria was attacked by midges when in the Highlands and permitted smoking at Balmoral Castle to deter them.

title: Highland midge


text:
Talk:Rimutaka Incline

Untitled
Please wikify this article, adding  around topic or subjects that also have articles in Wikipedia. Thanks. Moncrief 11:10, Mar 14, 2004 (UTC)

Fell Railway Staff Reunion
TO ALL PEOPLE who may have been involved with the Rimutaka Railway, here is a notice about a reunion.

It's for: Staff and families of the railway settlements of Kaitoke, Summit, Cross Creek and Pigeon Bush, plus those who were involved in the construction of the Rimutaka Tunnel.

It's to celebrate: Fifty years of the closing of the Rimutaka Incline and opening of the Tunnel.

It will be held: October 28/29/30th 2005 at Featherston.

To register: Write to - Reunion Organiser, Fell Locomotive Museum, PO Box 71, Featherston. 5952 New Zealand or phone -06 308 9379, fax 06 308 9343, (Int'ntl dial 00 64 6 308-) or email fell.loco.museum@xtra.co.nz

Article tagged for possible copyright problems
The article appears to contain a significant volume of copyrighted material from an existing publication cited in the references, "A Line of Railway" by W N Cameron. This material appears to be in numerous places a direct "copy and paste" from the book. The article should be improved by reducing the volume of content, including the rewriting of sections that contain directly pasted material. It is felt that the article is too long anyway. 125.238.45.174 (talk) 06:39, 31 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Which copyrighted images are allegedly improperly used? Matthew25187 (talk) 10:49, 31 January 2009 (UTC)
 * That particular tag is bollocks and I'm going to remove it. Almost all the pictures in the article are yours, one is a Godber picture that is out of copyright, and the other is released under an appropriate free licence. - Axver (talk) 13:48, 31 January 2009 (UTC)
 * It was clearly stated that the reference was made to text, not photographs. I do not have any concerns about photographs in the article.
 * At the present time I will be taking another look at the article to see if there are any ongoing concerns about possible copyright issues with the current version. PatrickDunfordNZ (talk) 05:59, 26 August 2023 (UTC)

Article tagged for possible copyright problems
I assert ownership of the above paragraph. (Wikipedia sucks, they should stop automatically logging you out without warning) PatrickDunfordNZ (talk) 06:41, 31 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Try using Preview before clicking Save to make sure you are still logged in. – Matthew25187 (talk) 22:25, 31 January 2009 (UTC)

Article tagged for possible copyright problems
Correction: the book "A Line of Railway" is not referenced in the article. The book "Rimutaka Railway", which it does reference, was not actually authored by W N Cameron; it draws on the content of the original book, but was compiled from that publication by another author. PatrickDunfordNZ (talk) 06:48, 31 January 2009 (UTC)

Proposed locomotives
As of late, I found some ideas for the railway as seen: Fell Garratt Gear Garratt Incline garratt Garratt and a Climax Garratt — Preceding unsigned comment added by SomeWeeb+trains (talk • contribs) 21:09, 18 January 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rimutaka Incline


text:
1770 in music

Events

 * The "Concert des Amateurs" is founded by François-Joseph Gossec.
 * Ballet is performed the first time in Oslo by Madame Stuart.
 * Musikalisches Vielerley is published; a collection of pieces from various composers, edited by CPE Bach. (Hamburg: Michael Christian Bock)

Classical music

 * Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach – Fantasia in D minor, H.224
 * Johann Christian Bach
 * 6 Keyboard Concertos, Op. 7
 * 6 Quartets, Op. 8
 * Luigi Boccherini – Cello Concerto in D major, G.479
 * Joseph Haydn – Baryton Trio in A major, Hob.XI:2
 * Gabriele Leone – Six sonatas for mandolin and bass marked with signs according to the new method, Op. 2
 * Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart – Symphony 11
 * Pietro Nardini – Sonatas for 2 Flutes/Violins and Basso Continuo

Methods and theory writings

 * Johann Caspar Heck – The Art of Playing the Harpsichord
 * John Holden – An Essay Towards a Rational System of Music

Operas
Christoph Willibald Gluck – Paride ed Elena, Wq.39

Published popular music

 * William Billings – The New England Psalm Singer, featuring the song Chester.

Births

 * February 18 – Christian Heinrich Rinck, composer (died 1846)
 * February 20 – Ferdinando Carulli, composer (died 1841)
 * February 22 – Jan Matyas Nepomuk August Vitasek, composer (died 1839)
 * February 26 – Antoine Reicha, composer (died 1836)
 * May 19 – Antoine-Charles Glachant, violinist and composer (died 1851)
 * June 4 – James Hewitt, composer (died 1827)
 * November 8 – Friedrich Witt, composer (died 1836)
 * November 29 – Peter Hänsel, composer
 * December 13 – John Clarke-Whitfeld, composer (died 1836)
 * December 15 or December 16 (baptized on December 17) – Ludwig van Beethoven, composer and pianist (died 1827)
 * December 17 – Johann Friedrich Schubert, composer

Deaths

 * February 26 – Giuseppe Tartini, violinist and composer, 77
 * April 19 – Esprit Antoine Blanchard, composer, 74
 * May 9 – Charles Avison, composer, 61
 * October 1 – Louis-Gabriel Guillemain, composer, 64
 * December 9 – Gottlieb Muffat, organist and composer, 80
 * December 13 – Johann Heinrich Hartmann Bätz, organ-builder, 61

title: 1770 in music


text:
Mouvement Souveraineté-Association

The Mouvement Souveraineté-Association (MSA, English: Movement for Sovereignty-Association) was a separatist movement formed on November 19, 1967 by René Lévesque to promote the concept of sovereignty-association between Quebec and the rest of Canada.

Formerly a member of the Quebec Liberal Party, René Lévesque quit the party with a few hundred others after his proposal of a sovereign Quebec associated to the rest of Canada was rejected during a party convention. The MSA quickly began to move for a merger of all the independence movements in Quebec, which at the time were the Rassemblement pour l'indépendance nationale (RIN) and the Ralliement national (RN).

In January 1968, the MSA published the manifesto Option Québec. From April 19 to 21, it held its first Congrès d'orientation with its 7300 members. The convention led to the publication of a groundwork document entitled Ce pays qu'on peut bâtir (This country that we can build) and the decision to create a new political party dedicated to Sovereignty-Association.

From October 11 to 14, the MSA held its first national congress in Quebec City. The merger of the MSA and the RN created the Parti Québécois (PQ). MSA leader René Lévesque was elected president of the PQ, and RN leader Gilles Grégoire became vice-president.

On October 26 Pierre Bourgault, leader of the RIN, dissolved the party and invited its members to join the PQ.

The short-lived MSA had served its purpose: sovereigntist forces in Quebec were united under a single party. Three elections later, the PQ won the 1976 provincial election, with historic consequences.

title: Mouvement Souveraineté-Association


text:
Talk:Mouvement Souveraineté-Association

Could someone provide an English language translation of "Mouvement souveraineté-association" to go in parantheses in this article? I think it would be helpful. Thanks. Moncrief 11:23, Mar 14, 2004 (UTC)

Capitals
After numerous verifications, Mouvement Souveraineté-Association appears to be the correct spelling. It is spelled like that on the history section of the Parti Québécois Website and it was spelled like that on all official PQ documents. The confusion arose from the fact that normally, in the French language, only the first letter of a title is capitalized. All other letters are lower case, except for proper nouns. In the Radio-Canada online archives, it is spelled Mouvement souveraineté-association. -- Mathieugp 14:43, 20 Jun 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mouvement Souveraineté-Association


text:
1769 in music

Events

 * Luigi Boccherini goes to Madrid as the court chamber music composer to the Infante Don Luis.
 * Wenzel Pichl becomes musical director for Count Ludwig Hartig in Prague
 * Charles Burney receives an honorary doctorate in music from the University of Oxford.
 * Antonio Maria Gaspare Sacchini arrives in Venice.
 * James Hook is appointed composer to Marylebone Gardens.
 * December – 13-year-old Mozart embarks on a tour of Italy with his father, beginning in Verona. In Rome he hears Allegri's Miserere for the first time, returns home and copies it down note for note.

Opera

 * Jean-François Cailhava – Les Etrenes de l'amour
 * Christoph Willibald von Gluck – Le feste d'Apollo
 * André Grétry
 * Lucile
 * Le tableau parlant
 * Pierre-Alexandre Monsigny – Le déserteur
 * Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart – La finta semplice
 * Josef Mysliveček – Demofoonte
 * Giovanni Paisiello
 * L’arabo cortese, R.1.22
 * Don Chisciotte della Mancia, R.1.21
 * Niccolò Piccinni – Lo sposo burlato

Classical music

 * Carl Friedrich Abel – 6 String Quartets, Op. 8
 * Johann Albrechtsberger – Concerto for Alto Trombone and Orchestra in B-flat major
 * Charles Avison – Six Concertos in Seven Parts, for Four Violins, One Alto Viola, a Violoncello, and a Thorough Bass for the Harpsichord, Op. 10 (London: R. Bremner)
 * Carl Philipp Emmanuel Bach
 * Die Israeliten in der Wüste (oratorio), H.775
 * Harpsichord Concerto in E-flat major, H.469
 * Luigi Boccherini
 * 6 Violin Sonatas, G. 25–30
 * 6 String Quartets, G. 165–170
 * João de Sousa Carvalho – L'Amore Industrioso
 * François Joseph Gossec – Sei quartetti per flauto e violino o sia per due violini, alto e basso, op. 14
 * Joseph Haydn
 * String Quartets, Op. 9
 * Violin Concerto in G major, Hob. VIIa:4
 * Piano Trio in F major, Hob.XV:2
 * Ignaz Holzbauer – 3 Symphonies, Op. 4
 * Johann Philipp Kirnberger – Vermischte Musikalien (Berlin: Georg Ludewig Winter)
 * Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
 * Cassation in D major, K. 100/62a
 * Te Deum in C
 * Pasquale Pericoli – 6 Cello Sonatas
 * Johann Heinrich Rolle – Der Tod Abels (oratorio)
 * Johann Baptist Wanhal
 * Symphony in A minor, Bryan a2
 * Quartet for Strings in B-flat major, Op. 2, No. 3
 * Johann Adolph Hasse
 * L'Armonica
 * La Gelosia

Methods and theory writings

 * François-Joseph Lécuyer – Principes de l'art du chant

Births

 * January 2
 * Thomas Haigh, arranger and musician (died 1808)
 * Nannette Streicher, German piano maker, composer, music educator and writer (died 1833)
 * January 9 – William Robert Spencer, librettist and poet (died 1834)
 * February 12 – Friedrich Rochlitz, music editor and writer (died 1842)
 * February 13 – Ivan Krylov, librettist and writer (died 1844)
 * February 17 – Johannes Baptista von Albertini, librettist and botanist (died 1831)
 * March 7 – Josef Alois Ladurner, Austrian composer and music educator (died 1851)
 * March 8 – Katerina Veronika Anna Dusíkova, Bohemian singer, harpist, pianist and composer (died 1833)
 * March 25 – Salvatore Viganò, choreographer, dancer and composer (died 1821)
 * March 28 – Schack von Staffeldt, librettist and poet (died 1826)
 * April 11 – Johann Georg Lickl, organist and composer (died 1843)
 * April 25 – Charles Borremans, violinist and conductor (died 1827)
 * June 1 – Józef Elsner, composer and music teacher, Chopin's future teacher (died 1854)
 * June 5 – Marianne Kirchgessner, German musician (d. 1808)
 * June 14 – Domenico Della-Maria Italian and French composer (died 1800)
 * July 4 – Louis-Luc Loiseau de Persuis, violinist, conductor and composer (died 1819)
 * July 23 – Alexey Nikolayevich Titov, violinist and composer (died 1827)
 * July 29 – Louis-Benoît Picard, librettist and writer (died 1769)
 * August 14
 * Richard Barry, composer and English rake (died 1793)
 * Friedrich Dülon, flautist (died 1826)
 * August 30 – Bonifazio Asioli, Italian composer (died 1832)
 * September 8 – Marie-Martin Marcel Marin, composer (died c. 1850)
 * September 12 – Reginald Spofforth, organist, conductor and composer (died 1827)
 * November 12 – Amelia Opie, librettist and author
 * December 26 – Ernst Moritz Arndt, librettist and antisemitic author (died 1860)
 * Date unknown –
 * Jean-Jacques Grasset, composer and violinist (died 1839)
 * Charles Hague, composer (died 1821)
 * Daniil Kashin, Russian composer (Died 1841)

Deaths

 * January 2 – James Oswald, composer, 57
 * February 21 – William Falconer, librettist and writer (born 1732)
 * April 3 – Gerhard Tersteegen, librettist and theologian (born 1697)
 * June 7 – Antoine-Alexandre-Henri Poinsinet, librettist, drowned (born 1735)
 * August 17 – Vasily Trediakovsky, librettist and poet
 * September – Henri Hemsch, harpsichord maker, 69
 * December 6 – William Felton, composer, 56
 * December 13 – Christian Fürchtegott Gellert, librettist and poet (born 1715)
 * date unknown – Antonio Palomba, Italian opera librettist, poet, harpsichordist and music educator, 63

title: 1769 in music


text:
Talk:Meir Har-Zion

Untitled
Whilst the facts of this article may for all I know be true, they are written in what reads to me a distinctly anti-Sharon way, leading me to suspect that they are not written from a neutral point of view. Logically we should at least hear from the Sharon camp? Or is it indisputable that Meir Har-Zion is the Israeli Rambo, and Sharon a surrender monkey?

 * The article is basically crap and will be replaced by a proper biography when I get the time (or someone else does). --Zero 10:45, 16 May 2004 (UTC)

Reference
I moved this quote below off the main article. While the quote describes may him, it doesn't give any situational background or explains why. It may or may not be mis-representative of him. Need more information. "laconically killing Arab soldiers, peasants, and townspeople in a kind of fury without hatred." [1] Elon, The Israeli Founders, Fathers and Sons, P241
 * Morris gives this quote referenced to Elon p.234. I will check in due course. Padres Hana (talk) 11:15, 22 February 2017 (UTC)

Over-exaggeration
Anyone else think this article is a little fluffed up? A "military commando" but only served 3 years! Not to mention the toothpick arms. This guy's a clear-cut REMF. 24.190.209.14 (talk) 04:21, 5 December 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Meir Har-Zion


text:
Joseph Elsner (architect)

Joseph Elsner (29 September 1845 in Schlaney, Silesia – 3 March 1933 in Munich) was a German architect and designer of Historicism (art).

Elsner's work focused mainly on the interior of Catholic churches in Munich, Bavaria, and in his home region, Silesia. His mentor was Johann Marggraff. In 1876 he married Walburga Hauser (1857–1924). They had 13 children, six of whom died as infants or toddlers.

His son, Joseph Elsner junior (1879–1970), was also an architect.

title: Joseph Elsner (architect)


text:
Talk:Survivor: The Australian Outback

Suggest Survivor Australia redirect
Might I suggest that the wikilinks Survivor Australia and Survivor: Australia be redirected to Australian Survivor, given that the Australian version of the format has been revived for broadcast in 2016. People searching Survivor Australia will be redirected here to the second season of the American version, when the overwhelming majority will be wanting articles about the Australian version of the show. -- Whats new?(talk) 04:44, 27 November 2015 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 21:46, 17 March 2020 (UTC)
 * Elisabeth Hasselbeck in Donna Karan, 2010.jpg

Survivor jury vote table discussion
There is a proposal at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Television/Survivor task force to list the vote totals in the same order as the names in the finalist row immediately above the vote totals. All interested editors are invited to join that discussion. Since the Survivor task force appears to be inactive, I'm notifying Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Television/Reality television task force and the talk pages for each Survivor season in order to reach interested editors. Schazjmd  (talk)  16:36, 29 April 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Survivor: The Australian Outback