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Suzy Bogguss

Susan Kay Bogguss (born December 30, 1956) is an American country music singer and songwriter. She began her career in the 1980s as a solo singer. In the 1990s, six of her songs were Top 10 hits, three albums were certified gold, and one album received a platinum certification. She won Top New Female Vocalist from the Academy of Country Music and the Horizon Award from the Country Music Association.

Early life and rise to success
Susan Kay Bogguss was born on December 30, 1956, in Aledo, Illinois, United States, the youngest of four born to Barbara "B.J." (née Stewart) and Charles "Bud" Bogguss. Charles was an Army officer who served in the Pacific Ocean theatre of World War II, and later became a machinist who worked at an International Harvester plant at East Moline. B.J. was a secretary-auditor for a Midwest grocery chain. Her grandmothers played piano at theaters. At age 5, she began singing in the Angel Choir of the College Avenue Presbyterian Church in her hometown. With her parents' encouragement, she took lessons in piano and drums, and as a teenager picked up the guitar as well. In her youth, Bogguss would visit Roy Rogers and Dale Evans at their home in Apple Valley, California, as they attended the same church as her grandparents. She starred in several musicals at Aledo High School, where she was crowned homecoming queen. After graduating in 1975, she enrolled at Illinois Wesleyan University in Bloomington, but later transferred to Illinois State University (ISU) in Normal. She graduated from ISU in 1980 with a bachelor's degree in metalsmithing. She would later use these skills to design her own jewelry.

Bogguss later recalled of her interest in music, "Being from a small town I didn’t realize that somebody had to make this stuff. I was so green. I also knew about Elton John and other big performers, but it never occurred to me that somebody like me from my small town could make a living making music." Having sung and played guitar and drums in local coffeehouses during her college years, Bogguss embarked on a nationwide tour as a folk troubadour after graduating from ISU. At the time, she was drawn to other singers such as Emmylou Harris, James Taylor and Bonnie Raitt. During this time, she produced her first independent album for Old Shack Recording: Suzy. The LP was available for purchase at her shows and is now a rare collector's item. In 1984, while touring at the Huntley Lodge resort in Montana, Bogguss discovered that she spent most of her money on clothes for her later shows. She also realized that she had no health insurance, very little car insurance, and low chances of performing further, and there were no talent scouts.

After moving to Nashville, Tennessee, in 1985, Bogguss began working at the local Tony Roma's restaurant on her first day there. While there, she performed a three-day audition for entertainer Dolly Parton at Silver Dollar City, a theme park which would eventually become Dollywood. The following year, she became the first featured female performer at the park, playing four solo shows at the park's train station and appearing in the "Jamboree" show. On performing at the train station, Bogguss later recalled that "I kept thinking, 'I'm going to get black lung disease [from the coal train in Dollywood].'" Bogguss said that performing at the park "was the first situation where I knew that every time I introduced a song by a country artist, they knew who the artist's mom was, who his or her brothers and sisters were and who he or she was married to." These performances prompted her to make a self-produced demo recording at a studio owned by folk singer Wendy Waldman, who would eventually become Bogguss's first producer. Bogguss made several copies and sold them while performing in Dollywood. At the time, she recorded a demo of "Hopeless Romantic", a song written by Doug Crider that would become part of her debut studio album. Crider and Bogguss met each other, and eventually married in November 1986. The demo soon caught the attention of Capitol Records president Jim Foglesong, who offered her a recording contract on the Liberty/Capitol Nashville label.

Liberty/Capitol recording career
In 1987, Bogguss released her first three singles for Capitol, a cover of The Ink Spots' 1941 song "I Don't Want to Set the World on Fire," "Love Will Never Slip Away," and "Come as You Were". Two of these singles succeeded in making the lower reaches of the Billboard country music charts. Her debut studio album for Capitol, Somewhere Between was released in March 1989. Somewhere Between, with its blend of traditional and contemporary styles, drew positive reviews from critics. The album's second single, "Cross My Broken Heart," became a top-20 hit on the country music charts. The same year, Bogguss won the award for Top New Female Vocalist by the Academy of Country Music.

For her second album, Moment of Truth, production tasks were taken over by new label-head and Nashville producer Jimmy Bowen, who moved Bogguss's sound in a more polished direction. However, the album's two singles failed to rise beyond the lower reaches of the Billboard charts. A duet she recorded with Lee Greenwood, "Hopelessly Yours," went to No. 12 on the country singles chart and received a Grammy Award nomination for Best Country Vocal Collaboration.

In 1991 Bogguss released her third studio album, the platinum-selling Aces. The LP yielded four hit singles - "Someday Soon", "Outbound Plane", "Aces", and "Letting Go", the latter three reaching the country Top Ten. At the 1992 Country Music Association Awards Bogguss won the Horizon Award. In September of that year, Bogguss began designing women's leather apparel; the apparel was sold in stores on the West Coast.

Her 1992 follow-up, Voices in the Wind, earned Bogguss her second straight gold record. The album's first single, a cover of the 1988 song "Drive South" by John Hiatt, missed the No. 1 spot but gave Bogguss the highest-charting hit of her career to date. Her streak continued the following year with another gold record, Something Up My Sleeve, giving her two additional Top Five hits in "Just Like the Weather" and "Hey Cinderella". The latter, which she cowrote with Matraca Berg and Gary Harrison, has gone on to become one of Bogguss's signature songs. In May 1993, Bogguss appeared on the CBS television special The Women of Country.

Eventually, Bogguss became the sole producer of her sixth studio album, Simpatico. The album consisted of duets with long-time friend and guitarist Chet Atkins. The album was released in 1994, and though it was generally well reviewed, its only single, "One More for the Road," did not chart. That same year, Bogguss's Greatest Hits album was released and went gold. Later, Bogguss collaborated with Alison Krauss, Kathy Mattea, and Crosby, Stills, and Nash to contribute "Teach Your Children" to the AIDS benefit compilation album Red Hot + Country produced by the Red Hot Organization.

Upon completing Simpatico, Bogguss temporarily set her music aside to start a family. Bogguss and Crider's first child, Benton Charles Crider, was born on March 17, 1995. She also scaled down her touring dates as a result for three years. In May of that year, Bogguss performed at the White House with Kathy Mattea and Alison Krauss. This event later aired on PBS stations in September as Women of Country Music. In July 1996, she released her seventh studio album, entitled Give Me Some Wheels. During her break, the climate of country music had changed considerably, with more pop-oriented female singers such as Martina McBride, Faith Hill, and Shania Twain dominating the charts. Bogguss's traditional, straightforward style failed to connect with younger listeners, and the record yielded low sales. In March 1997, Bogguss performed at the Every Woman's Challenge charity concert, which was held at the Palm Springs Convention Center in California.

After her next album, 1998's Nobody Love, Nobody Gets Hurt, also proved unsuccessful, Bogguss was dropped from Capitol. On February 18, 1999, Bogguss issued the following statement:

I had a great tenure with Capitol, during which I weathered a lot of changes in both personnel and philosophy. From Jim Foglesong to Pat Quigley and everyone in between, I appreciate having been a part of the Capitol family. We celebrated a lot of successes together, including Grammy nominations, hit records, and platinum albums. I have a number of projects on my plate right now. This gives me the freedom to pursue those opportunities.

Indie label recording career
Following her departure from Capitol, Bogguss signed with Nashville-based fledgling label Platinum Records, headed by former Capitol executive George Collier. Within three months, she had released her self-titled ninth studio album, Suzy Bogguss. Once again, the album was commercially unsuccessful, with her only single "Goodnight" making an appearance on the country charts.

In 2001, Bogguss founded her own record label, Loyal Dutchess. The label's first album, Live at Caffé Milano, documents three separate 1999 performances at the Caffé Milano in Nashville. This release is only available for purchase at Bogguss's official website. In November 2001, she released the holiday album, Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas, a compilation of new and previously available material included through a special licensing agreement with Capitol. In addition to being available at her website, the album was also offered through Amazon.com, select retailers, and at her live performances.

In March 2003, Bogguss and Loyal Dutchess Records signed a deal with Compadre Records. Her first release on this label was the Western swing album, Swing, that she had been recording with producer Ray Benson, the bandleader of Western swing group Asleep at the Wheel. Although the album saw only lukewarm sales (it reached No. 6 on the jazz album charts, but failed to appear on the Billboard 200), it was well received by critics. Bogguss' next album, Sweet Danger, was released in 2007. The album peaked at No. 4 on the jazz charts. In July 2011, Bogguss released her twelfth studio album, American Folk Songbook. The album consisted of renditions of several American folk songs, such as "Red River Valley". In addition to the CD, Bogguss and husband Doug Crider also produced a companion hard cover song book that included lyrics, sheet music, and a short history of each song. A paperback version of the songbook became available in 2015.

In February 2014 Bogguss released Lucky a collection of songs written by Merle Haggard. To partially fund the promotion of the album she created a very successful Kickstarter crowd funding campaign which raised over $75,000 with the participation of nearly 1000 contributors. The album was promoted through the Americana format and was well received.

During the summer of 2016, Bogguss conducted a celebration via her Suzy Bogguss Music Facebook page, of the 25th anniversary of the release of her Platinum selling Aces Album in 1991. Aces also was her break out album which brought her serious attention on Country Radio and secured her future on Capitol Nashville for several more albums. On August 18, 2016, the actual 25th anniversary of the release of the original Aces album, she released a new re-imagined and rerecorded version of the album entitled Aces Redux. A release party and concert was held that night at the "3rd and Lindsley" venue in Nashville. Aces Redux was recorded with the help of a number of the musicians that have toured with Bogguss over the years and included background vocals by friends Beth Nielsen Chapman and Kim Carnes along with several others. The album takes a more acoustic and simpler production tack than the original which also reflects her more recent touring approach as a trio with Charlie Chadwick on standup Bass and Craig Smith on lead guitar.

Bogguss's 17th studio album, Prayin' for Sunshine, was released on November 3, 2023. It marks the first time she is credited as a writer of all songs on one of her albums. MusicRow said the album "captures the unvarnished essence of southern storytelling and the authentic roots of Americana music." In a review for the lead single, "It All Falls Down to the River", American Songwriter called the song "a lyrical gut-punch, shining a light on hard truths about life in the United States. From the site of Martin Luther King Jr.’s assassination to the levees of New Orleans that broke during Hurricane Katrina, Bogguss and The McCrary Sisters paint a powerful picture of our nation’s complex past and present." In an album review, No Depression said the album "showcases Bogguss’ lyrical and musical ingenuity, her nod-and-a-wink humor, and her deep love for her community of friends and fans. And the album reminds us again just how radiant and transportive Bogguss’ vocals are."

title: Suzy Bogguss


text:
Michael Murphy

Michael, Mick, or Mike Murphy may refer to:

Artists and entertainers

 * Michael Murphy (actor) (born 1938), American actor
 * Mike Murphy (musician) (1946–2006), American drummer for the Bee Gees and Chicago
 * Michael Bryan Murphy, lead singer of REO Speedwagon
 * Michael John Murphy, American folk musician
 * Mike L. Murphy (born 1975), American film maker and animator
 * Michael Murphy (singer) (born 1986), New Zealand Idol runner up
 * Mic Murphy (born 1958), member of musical duo The System
 * Michael Murphy (sculptor) (born 1975), American artist
 * Mick Murphy (guitarist) (born 1972), American guitarist and multi-instrumentalist

Association football

 * Mick Murphy (footballer) (born 1976), English former football midfielder
 * Mike Murphy (footballer) (born 1939), English former football goalkeeper

Gaelic football

 * Michael Murphy (Gaelic footballer) (born 1989), Donegal and Glenswilly sportsman
 * Mick Murphy (Gaelic footballer) (1931–2009), Irish Gaelic footballer

Gridiron football

 * Mike Murphy (American football) (born 1944), American football coach
 * Mike Murphy (Canadian football), Canadian Football League fullback
 * Mike Murphy (trainer and coach) (1860–1913), trainer of boxing champion John L. Sullivan, first Michigan Wolverines football coach, and the "father of American track athletics"

Hurling

 * Mick Murphy (Limerick hurler) (1897–1955), Irish hurler who played as a goalkeeper for the Limerick senior team
 * Michael Murphy (Templederry hurler) (born 1959), Irish hurler
 * Mick Murphy (Tipperary hurler) (1940–2018), Irish sportsperson
 * Mick Murphy (hurler, born 1918) (1918–2018), Irish hurler with Tipperary and Clare
 * Mick Murphy (Cork hurler) (1894–1968), Irish sportsman and revolutionary figure

Other sports

 * Michael Murphy (Australian footballer) (born 1965), VFL/AFL player
 * Mick Murphy (rugby league) (1941–2019), rugby union and rugby league footballer of the 1960s and 1970s
 * Mike Murphy (baseball) (1888–1952), American Major League Baseball catcher
 * Michael Murphy (cricketer) (1854–1890), Australian cricketer
 * Mick Murphy (cyclist) (1934–2015), Irish cyclist, wrestler and boxer
 * Michael Murphy (diver) (born 1973), Australian Olympic diver
 * Mike Murphy (ice hockey, born 1950), ice hockey player and head coach, currently NHL vice-president of hockey operations
 * Mike Murphy (ice hockey, born 1989), Canadian ice hockey goaltender
 * Mike Murphy (trainer and coach) (1860–1913), trainer of boxing champion John L. Sullivan, first Michigan Wolverines football coach, and the "father of American track athletics"
 * Mick Murphy (speedway rider) (1911 – 1998), Australian speedway rider

Politicians

 * Michael Murphy (Indiana politician) (born 1957), member of the Indiana House of Representatives
 * Michael Pat Murphy (1919–2000), Irish Labour Party politician
 * Michael Murphy (Tennessee politician), member of the Tennessee House of Representatives (1971–1986)
 * Michael C. Murphy (New York politician) (1839–1903), New York politician and Medal of Honor recipient
 * Michael C. Murphy (Michigan politician) (1952–2014), member of the Michigan House of Representatives
 * Mick Murphy (Irish Socialist politician), Irish Socialist Party political activist
 * Mick Murphy (Sinn Féin politician) (born 1942), nationalist politician in Northern Ireland
 * Mike Murphy (Illinois politician), Illinois politician
 * Mike Murphy (New Brunswick politician) (born 1958), Canadian lawyer and Liberal politician
 * Mike Murphy (political consultant) (born 1962), American Republican political consultant
 * Mike Murphy (Washington politician), treasurer of the state of Washington
 * Michael Murphy (Kansas politician), member of the Kansas House of Representatives
 * Michael A. Murphy (1837–1909), associate justice of the Supreme Court of Nevada

Soldiers

 * Michael Murphy (VC) (c. 1837–1893), Irish recipient of the Victoria Cross
 * Michael D. Murphy, U.S. Air Force colonel charged with falsely claiming to be an attorney
 * Michael P. Murphy (1976–2005), U.S. Navy SEAL and Medal of Honor recipient, killed in the War in Afghanistan

Characters

 * Michael Murphy, fictional character in the TV series The Leftovers
 * Michael Murphy, main protagonist of Babylon Rising

Others

 * Michael Murphy (author) (born 1930), American Integral Movement author and co-founder of the Esalen Institute
 * Michael Murphy (priest) (c. 1767–1798), co-leader of the Irish Rebellion of 1798
 * Michael Murphy (bishop), 20th-century Irish Roman Catholic bishop
 * Michael Derrington Murphy (born 1940), chemistry professor and bluegrass musician
 * Michael J. Murphy (police commissioner) (1913–1997), American police commissioner
 * Michael Joseph Murphy (1915–2007), American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church
 * Michael R. Murphy (born 1947), American judge
 * Michael Murphy (academic), former President of University College Cork
 * Michael Murphy (New Zealand magistrate) (1806–1852), New Zealander clerk, police magistrate, and subsheriff
 * Michael Murphy (journalist) (born 1948/49), news reader with RTÉ
 * Mike Murphy (presenter) (born 1941), Irish broadcaster
 * Mike Murphy (sports radio personality) (born 1951), nicknamed "Murph", American radio talk-show host
 * Michael J. Murphy (builder) (1885–1959), master builder in the Carmel-by-the-Sea, California
 * Michael J. Murphy (diplomat), American diplomat
 * USS Michael Murphy, a destroyer

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Michael Murphy


text:
New Madrid

New Madrid may refer to:

 * New Madrid County, Missouri, a county in the U.S. state of Missouri
 * New Madrid, Missouri, a city in New Madrid County
 * New Madrid Seismic Zone, a major seismic zone in Missouri, Tennessee, and Arkansas
 * New Madrid earthquake, a series of four earthquakes that occurred in late 1811 and early 1812
 * "New Madrid" (song), by Uncle Tupelo from their 1993 album Anodyne
 * New Madrid, a literary journal published by Murray State University
 * Birds Point-New Madrid Floodway

title: New Madrid


text:
Moabite language

The Moabite language, also known as the Moabite dialect, is an extinct sub-language or dialect of the Canaanite languages, themselves a branch of Northwest Semitic languages, formerly spoken in the region described in the Bible as Moab (modern day central-western Jordan) in the early 1st millennium BC.

The body of Canaanite epigraphy found in the region is described as Moabite; this is a very small corpus limited primarily to the Mesha Stele and a few seals.

Moabite, together with the similarly poorly-attested Ammonite and Edomite, belonged to the dialect continuum of the Canaanite group of northwest Semitic languages, together with Hebrew and Phoenician.

History
An altar inscription written in Moabite and dated to 800 BCE was revealed in an excavation in Khirbat Ataruz. It was written using a variant of the Phoenician alphabet. Most knowledge about Moabite comes from the Mesha Stele, which is the only known extensive text in the language. In addition, there is the three-line El-Kerak Inscription and a few seals. The inscription on Mesha Stele is also referred to as “Kanaanäische und Aramäische Inschriften” (KAI), which is German for “Canaanite and Aramaic Inscriptions.” It is to be read from right to left.

The following table presents the first four lines of the inscription of Mesha Stele including its transliteration and English translation by Alviero Niccacci.

Grammar
The main features distinguishing Moabite from fellow Canaanite languages such as Hebrew and Phoenician are: a plural in -în rather than -îm (e.g. mlkn "kings" for Biblical Hebrew məlākîm), like Aramaic (also Northwest Semitic) and Arabic (Central Semitic); retention of the feminine ending -at or "-ah", which Biblical Hebrew reduces to -āh only (e.g. qiryat or qiryah, "town", Biblical Hebrew qiryāh) but retains in the construct state nominal form (e.g. qiryát yisrael "town of Israel"); and retention of a verb form with infixed -t-, also found in Arabic and Akkadian (w-’ltḥm "I began to fight", from the root lḥm). Vowel values and diphthongs, which had potential to vary wildly between Semitic languages, were also largely typical of other Semitic tongues: there is inconsistent evidence to suggest that ā shifted to ō much like in Hebrew and later Phoenician, at the same time, there is evidence to suggest that the diphthongs /aw/ and /ay/ eventually contracted to ō and ē, another characteristic shared by Hebrew and later Phoenician. Moabite differed only dialectally from Hebrew, and Moabite religion and culture was related to that of the Israelites. On the other hand, although Moabite itself had begun to diverge, the script used in the 9th century BC did not differ from the script used in Hebrew inscriptions at that time.

Arrows
In numbered examples, non-Roman script representations are signaled by arrows, namely ⟶ or ⟵, to indicate the text's direction of writing as it is presented in the volume. As for Ugaritic, Hebrew (epigraphic and Tiberian), Phoenician, and Moabite, the arrow will typically point in the same direction as the original writing.

Numerals
The absolute numeral precedes singular (collective) nouns, for instance “thirty years” is expressed as “šlšn.št” in line 2 of KAI; it has been transliterated as well as translated by Alvierra Niccani. Others are followed by a plural noun. Numeral phrases can stand in apposition with a noun (phrase) coming before or after. This is seen in KAI's line 17: “ymh.wḥṣy.ymy.bnh.’rb’nšt,” meaning, “his days and half the days of his son, for forty years.”

Sentence boundaries
In the inscriptions on the Mesha Stele a vertical stroke, /, appears 37 times. However, its function is the subject of disagreement among researchers. Van Zyl claims that the strokes are used to divide clauses. Similarly, Segert explains that they can be seen as tools for the punctuation of sentences. A. Poebel offers a different explanation and states that vertical strokes are used to separate sentences forming a mentally cohesive group. According to Andersen the only two parallels that can be found in accordance with the stroke are in the Gezer Calendar. Rather, he suggest that a dot fulfills the function as a word divider based on its occurrence in a variety of Old Aramaic inscriptions, the Siloam Inscription and other texts of the early Hebrew.

Classification as Canaanite dialects
The geography of the dialects of the Levant has been revised the past few years. Dialects of Canaanite, including Moabite, show differences from one another.

Isogloss
A lexical isogloss exists between the Northwest Semitic languages Aramaic, Hebrew and Moabite. For example, the verb 'to be', from the root(s) *HWY/HYY. The coastal languages, Phoenician and Ugaritic, both used the root *KWN, and that seems to be the case in the mother tongue of the Amarna scribes from Canaan as well; and it is also standard in Arabic.

Syntactic features
A syntactic feature that Aramaic, Hebrew and Moabite share is the syntagma of the narrative preterit. Supported by three inscriptions, prefix preterite narrative sequences are found in Moabite as well as Old Southern Aramaic and Hebrew. First, it was discerned in the Old Aramaic inscription of Zakkur by king of Hamath and proclaimed to be of Canaanite influence on an Aramaic text. Second, it occurred in the Deir Alla Inscription. Finally the prefix preterite, appeared in the Tel Dan stele with and without the sequential conjunction. This feature is absent in Phoenician, a language that is certain to be Canaanite, which suggests that the classification of Moabite as a Canaanite dialect does not apply.

title: Moabite language


text:
Garner State Park

Garner State Park is a state park in the community of Concan, Texas located in Uvalde County, Texas in the United States. Garner State Park, in the Texas Hill Country, is the most popular state park in Texas for overnight camping. It often fills by noon in peak parts of the season. The park is popular with campers and local residents for its activities on the Frio River and the dances held nightly during the spring and summer.

History
In the early 1930s the park was built to save a portion of the hill country for the public, and to provide work for unemployed men during the economic depression. The land for Garner State Park was acquired in 1934 through 1936. In 1934, the Texas State Parks Board approved the location for a future state park, and the Texas Legislature provided funding for state parks. The Civilian Conservation Corps built the park’s original improvements, which included a large pavilion and a concessions building. The property was conveyed to the State Parks Board in 1936, and it opened as Garner State Park in 1941. The park was named for John Nance Garner, former Vice-President of the United States who lived and practiced law in the Concan area. The park's size more than doubled when 790 acre were added in 1976.

Another park named Garner State Park, later known as Stephenville State Park, began construction in 1932 in Erath County, Texas, though the name was soon transferred to the Uvalde location. The city of Stephenville, which operated the park, returned the land to the state in the 1940s. The property was returned to the local Collier family in 1953 and, after being sold in 1982, is now known as Garner Park Ranch.

Geology
The area came about in the Cretaceous age when the Edwards Plateau was formed when a section of land was lifted 2000 feet along a curving fault. It is now located on the southwestern edge of the plateau in the sub-region Balcones Canyonlands. Today high mesas, limestone cliffs, deep canyons and clear streams fill the terrain.

Mount Old Baldy
Garner State Park is home to Mount Old Baldy, which overlooks the Frio River. At its peak, the mountain sits at 1,849 feet above sea level.

Flora
The area has rich vegetation due to the canyons angles from southeast to southwest as well as prevailing winds which cool and moisten the area.

Bald cypress
The bald cypress trees line the Frio River, can grow to 120 feet, and live up to 600 years. Their name is derived from the length of time that they are leafless, since they shed leaves in the fall and don’t bloom until late spring. The bald cypress help the Frio River by slowing floodwaters, trapping sediment and pollutants. They also provide nesting sites, food and shelter for wildlife.

Arbutus xalapensis
The Arbutus xalapensis, also known as the Texas madrone, is a rare tree that grows to about 20 to 30 feet. The trunk has red inner bark and peels in thin sheets of orange and brown. White bell-shaped flowers bloom in spring, and produce red and orange berries.

Fauna
There is much wildlife in the park such as deer, squirrels, raccoons, turkeys, skunks and other animals. Two endangered species of bird nest in this park.

Golden-cheeked warbler
The golden-cheeked warbler are birds that nest only in the mixed Ashe juniper and oak woodlands of Central Texas from March to July. They feed on insects and spiders from trees and use spider webs in building their nests. They are endangered due to loss of nesting habitat.

Black-capped vireo
The black-capped vireo are small birds that nest in Texas in the spring but from April to July. They make their nests in low shrubs, and are endangered because of the destruction of their habitat by grazing, clearing and fire suppression.

Campsites
Visitors require a reservation made in advance due to the popularity of the park. Visitors may choose between a tent/RV site, a screened shelter or a cabin. Some cabins have fireplaces, all have kitchen facilities and indoor plumbing. If a campsite or screened shelter is chosen, there are public restrooms and showers available to all park guests.

Garner Grill
During the day, the Garner Grill adjacent to the big pavilion is open. There is even a new souvenir cup style every season that can be collected. The Grill is open daily during the summer but is closed during the off-season, typically October through February.

Gift shop
At the gift shop one can purchase souvenirs like jewelry, boots, toys and other items. Customized apparel featuring the park's name is available. There is also an online gift shop, updated regularly, providing merchandise as well.

Recreation
Activities at the park include hiking, nature study, picnicking, canoeing, fishing, paddle boat and kayak rentals (spring and summer), bicycling and miniature golf.

Day Use Visitors
Garner State Park is the most sought after park in the Texas State Parks system. Due to high demand, a Day Use reservation is highly recommended during the off-season months of October to February. During the high demand on-season months of March to September, Day Use reservations are required before visiting the park to guarantee entry.

Ranger programs
To learn more about the park, there are ranger instructional programs. In these programs, park rangers teach students about the nature, history, and traditions of the park and let campers participate in geology programs and can be led on nature hikes.

Volunteer opportunities
Volunteers can help by keeping the park clean by maintaining trails, renewing habitats, becoming a park host or leading educational programs.

title: Garner State Park


text:
Michigan Womyn's Music Festival

The Michigan Womyn's Music Festival, often referred to as MWMF or Michfest, was a lesbian feminist women's music festival held annually from 1976 to 2015 in Oceana County, Michigan, on privately owned woodland near Hart Township referred to as "The Land" by Michfest organizers and attendees. The event was built, staffed, run, and attended exclusively by women, with girls, young boys and toddlers permitted.

From 1991, the festival excluded trans women, adopting a "womyn-born womyn" policy, which drew increasing criticism. The festival was picketed by Camp Trans starting in the 1990s for its exclusionary policy. LGBT advocacy group Equality Michigan boycotted the event in 2014. Michfest drew criticism from the Human Rights Campaign, GLAAD, the National Center for Lesbian Rights, and the National LGBTQ Task Force, among others. The festival held its final event in August 2015.

Background
The first women's music festivals in the United States were founded in the early 1970s, starting with day festivals at the Sacramento State and San Diego State University campuses, the Midwest Women's Festival in Missouri, the Boston Women's Music Festival, and the National Women's Music Festival at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. These first regional women-only events exposed audiences to feminist and openly lesbian artists, most of whom operated independently of the mainstream recording industry. Festival gatherings offered an alternative to urban bars, coffeehouses and protest marches, which were some of the few opportunities for lesbians to meet one another in the early 1970s. The feminist separatism of the spaces was a direct outgrowth of, and solidarity with, the activism created by black power and other racial solidarity movements.

1970s
In 1976, Lisa Vogel, along with sister Kristie Vogel and friend Mary Kindig, founded the Michigan Womyn's Music Festival after attending an indoor festival of women's music in Boston the year before. They were joined by local businesswoman Susan Alborell. When their application to form a non-profit collective was denied, the We Want the Music Corporation was structured as the parent company of MWMF. Michfest was initially conceptualized as an event attended by women and feminist men; however, it became a women-only festival when the characteristics of outdoor camping were taken into consideration. MWMF was thereafter established as "an event for lesbians". Years later, author and feminist scholar Bonnie Morris would describe Michfest as "an entire city run by and for lesbian feminists. Utopia revealed. And Eden—built by Eves."

1980s
In 1982, Michfest moved to what would become its long-term 650-acre location near Hart, Michigan. In subsequent years it would add an acoustic stage and an open mic stage, in addition to day stage and night stage programming. Cement-paved walkways were added to ease access for women with mobility challenges and baby strollers. Barbara "Boo" Price became Vogel's business partner after the 1985 festival and was increasingly involved with production until the two parted ways in 1994. A 10th-anniversary double album was produced in 1985, and in 1986, the festival expanded to five days. The festival was hampered by an outbreak of shigella in 1988.

1990s and 2000s
In the 1990s, Michfest added a runway to the Night Stage and a mosh pit. Notable artists invited to the event during this era included the Indigo Girls and Tribe 8.

Exclusion controversy
In 1991, trans woman Nancy Jean Burkholder was asked to leave the festival. This was retroactively justified by the instatement of a "womyn-born-womyn" policy, as named by Vogel. Vogel stated in 2013 that Michfest was intended for "womyn who at birth were deemed female". The practical effect was that trans women were excluded from the festival, which became the subject of increasing criticism.

In 1992, Burkholder had a survey circulated at Michfest that asked, "Do you think male-to-female transsexuals should be welcome at Michigan?" Although the sample was not "randomly selected", the results were interpreted as indicating that the greater number of those who attended MWMF would be against the exclusion of transsexual women, and "strongly suggest[ed] that the majority of Festigoers would support a 'no penis' policy that would allow postoperative male-to-female transsexuals" to attend Michfest. At the 2000 event, staff gave arrivals a sheet saying that the festival may deny "admission to individuals who self-declare as male-to-female transsexuals or female-to-male transsexuals now living as men (or [ask] them to leave if they enter)."

Critics argued that the womyn-born womyn intention constituted discrimination against transgender people and in 1995, Camp Trans, an annual protest event held concurrently with Michfest that operated adjacent to the festival venue, was launched.

In a 2005 interview with Amy Ray, Vogel defended the intention, stating that "having a space for women, who are born women, to come together for a week, is a healthy, whole, loving space to provide for women who have that experience. To label that as transphobic is, to me, as misplaced as saying the women-of-color tent is racist, or to say that a transsexual-only space, a gathering of folks of women who are born men is misogynist. I have always in my heart believed in the politics and the culture of separate time and space." In a 2006 press release, Vogel stated that "we strongly assert there is nothing transphobic with choosing to spend one week with womyn who were born as, and have lived their lives as, womyn."

Trans–bi activist Julia Serano, writing in 2007, criticized Michigan's policy as transmisogyny and pointed to a double standard: trans men were allowed at the festival, but trans women were not; in effect, this meant that trans men were treated as if they were women. She accused Michigan's policy of being inherently sexist against women and going against the very idea of a women's music festival, rebutted various statements put forth by Michfest in support of their policy, and described the preventing of pre-op trans women as phallocentric.

In 2013, transgender activist Red Durkin launched a Change.org petition asking performers to boycott Michfest until the womyn-born womyn intention was abolished. In response, Vogel stated that "I reject the assertion that creating a time and place for WBW to gather is inherently transphobic. This is a false dichotomy and one that prevents progress and understanding." Shortly after the petition was launched, the Indigo Girls announced that 2013 would be their last year at the festival while the intention was in place, releasing a statement that "we strongly feel that the time is long overdue for a change of intention, to one that states very plainly the inclusion of Trans Womyn." Another performer, Lovers, expressed their opposition to the intention but chose to perform in 2013 anyway. They released a statement arguing that "MWMF responds not to external, but internal pressure, and we believe that ultimately, the women who attend the festival are the ones who will decide it’s future."

In 2014, LGBT advocacy group Equality Michigan boycotted Michfest. The boycott was joined by the Human Rights Campaign (HRC), GLAAD, the National Center for Lesbian Rights (NCLR), and the National LGBTQ Task Force. Michfest accused the boycott of being "based on misrepresentations, purposeful omissions, and selective editing of prior Festival statements on this issue," with Vogel referring to the boycott as "McCarthy-era blacklist tactics". The NCLR and National LGBTQ Task Force would later withdraw their support for the boycott, as they felt it would not be "ultimately productive" in realizing its objective stating, "We have not abandoned our efforts to work for a fully inclusive Michfest. Our goal is a Michfest that fully welcomes Trans women."

Protests against the intention resulted in criticism of artists who had performed or been invited to Michfest. Bitch, of the band Bitch and Animal, attracted criticism for choosing to play at MWMF, resulting in the Boston Dyke March canceling an appearance by her in 2007, and she was also pulled or dis-invited from several other music festivals. Members of The Butchies and Le Tigre claimed to have been "verbally attacked, endlessly harassed and physically threatened" for deciding to play at the festival. In October 2013, filmmaker Sara St. Martin Lynne was asked to resign from the board of the Bay Area Girls Rock Camp for attending Michfest.

Michfest also had the stated intention that attendees' gender should not be challenged, and it was reported that transgender women attended the festival without revealing their status. This approach by the festival was criticized as equivalent to "Don't ask, don't tell" by Emily Dievendorf of Equality Michigan, Riki Wilchins of GenderPAC, and Julia Serano.

Closure in 2015
Michfest celebrated its 40th anniversary in 2015. On April 21, Lisa Vogel announced via Facebook that it would also be the last festival. Vogel wrote in her statement: "There have been struggles; there is no doubt about that. This is part of our truth, but it is not — and never has been — our defining story. The Festival has been the crucible for nearly every critical cultural and political issue the lesbian feminist community has grappled with for four decades. Those struggles have been a beautiful part of our collective strength; they have never been a weakness."

Activities and services
Attendance at the Michfest ranged from 3,000 to 10,000. Women built the stages, ran the lighting and sound systems, made trash collection rounds, served as electricians, mechanics, security, medical and psychological support, cooked meals for thousands over open fire pits, provided childcare, and facilitated workshops covering various topics of interest to the attendees, who were referred to as "festies". Up to one month was spent building the festival grounds, and dismantling them at the close of the event.

Management decisions were made through worker community meetings. Community service support included ASL interpretation at performances, mental and physical health care, Alcoholics Anonymous meetings, camping for disabled women, as well as a tent solely for women of color.

Writing from a personal perspective for The Village Voice in fall 1994, musician and Festival kitchen worker Gretchen Phillips (co-founder of the band Two Nice Girls) said: "I had never seen so many breasts before, so many bare asses, so much damn skin on such a vast terrain. I decided to make that weekend all about studying my body issues" and "I've always used Mich as a place to charge my batteries for the rest of the year, planning my life around being there in August and learning my lessons, both fun and hard."

Male children age four and under were allowed within the festival. Childcare for girls and boys under five was provided. A summer camp, Brother Sun Boys Camp, was available for boys aged 5 to 10.

Production and performances
Artists from multiple genres performed at Michfest, including classical, jazz, folk, hard rock, acoustic, bluegrass and gospel. The Festival created a high-tech production with three stages in a rural outdoor venue. Notable performers included Margie Adam, BETTY, Bitch, Tracy Chapman, Lea DeLaria, Melissa Ferrick, Mary Gauthier, Indigo Girls, Marga Gomez, Valerie June, Holly Near, Carole Pope, Vicki Randle, Jane Siberry, Jill Sobule, Cheryl Wheeler, Dar Williams, Cris Williamson, and Sarah Bettens (Sam Bettens).

Michfest Half-Way Soirée
In 2005, festival attendee Lisa A. Snyder created the "Michfest Half-Way Soirée" in New York City to support the local Michigan Womyn's Music Festival community, female musicians, and women-owned businesses. Half-Way to Michfest Parties (sometimes also called Mid-Way Parties or Michfest Half-Way Parties) were subsequently held in many locations.

Status of land property
In 2017, non-profit organization We Want the Land Coalition entered into a contract to purchase the land from Lisa Vogel. WWTLC intends to make the land accessible to women who want to organize events on it. Smaller events were planned for the summer of 2019. Fern Fest, an event resembling Michfest, though trans inclusive, was held in August 2022.

title: Michigan Womyn's Music Festival


text:
Nesquehoning

Nesquehoning may refer to the following places in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania:

 * Nesquehoning, Pennsylvania, a borough in Carbon County
 * Nesquehoning High School, in the above borough
 * Nesquehoning Creek, a tributary of the Lehigh River
 * Nesquehoning Mountain, also known as Nesquehoning Ridge, a 15-17 mile long coal bearing ridge

title: Nesquehoning


text:
Ken Olsen

Kenneth Harry Olsen (February 20, 1926 – February 6, 2011 ) was an American engineer who co-founded Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) in 1957 with colleague Harlan Anderson and his brother Stan Olsen.

Background
Kenneth Harry Olsen was born in Bridgeport, Connecticut and grew up in the neighboring town of Stratford, Connecticut. His father's parents came from Norway and his mother's parents from Sweden. Olsen began his career working summers in a machine shop. Fixing radios in his basement gave him the reputation of a neighborhood inventor.

After serving in the United States Navy between 1944 and 1946, Olsen attended the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he earned both a BS (1950) and an MS (1952) degree in electrical engineering.

Pre-DEC
During his studies at MIT, the Office of Naval Research of the United States Department of the Navy recruited Olsen to help build a computerized flight simulator. Also while at MIT, he directed the building of the first transistorized research computer, the TX-0. Olsen was an engineer who had been working at MIT Lincoln Laboratory on the TX-2 project.

Olsen's most important connection to Project Whirlwind was his work on the Memory Test Computer (MTC), described as "a special purpose computer built to test core memory for the Whirlwind." Unlike the 18-bit TX-0, which was "designed to be a predecessor for a larger 36 bit machine, the TX-2," Whirlwind and the MTC used 16 bits.

Digital Equipment Corporation
In 1957, Olsen and an MIT colleague, Harlan Anderson, decided to start their own firm. They approached American Research and Development Corporation, an early venture capital firm, which had been founded by Georges Doriot, and founded Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) after receiving $70,000 for a 70% share. In the 1960s, Olsen received patents for a saturable switch, a diode transformer gate circuit, an improved version of magnetic-core memory, and the line printer buffer. (The MIT professor Jay W. Forrester is generally credited with inventing the first practical magnetic-core memory).

Olsen was known throughout his career for his management style and his fostering of engineering innovation. Olsen's valuing of innovation and technical excellence spawned and popularized techniques such as engineering matrix management, that are broadly employed today throughout many industries. Olsen valued humility, driving an economy car and keeping a simple office in an old mill building. He also was an accomplished pilot and flew his own plane.

In 1977, referring to computers used in home automation at the dawn of the home computer era, Olsen is quoted as saying "There is no reason for any individual to have a computer in his home." Olsen admitted to making the remark, even though he says his words were taken out of context and he was referring to computers set up to control houses, not PCs. According to Snopes.com, "the out-of-context misinterpretation of Olsen's comments is considered much more amusing and entertaining than what he really meant, so that is the version that has been promulgated for decades now".

In 1986, Fortune Magazine named Olsen "America's most successful entrepreneur", and the same year he received the IEEE Engineering Leadership Recognition Award. Olsen was the subject of a 1988 biography, The Ultimate Entrepreneur: The Story of Ken Olsen and Digital Equipment Corporation written by Glenn Rifkin and George Harrar.

In 1993, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers awarded Olsen their IEEE Founders Medal.

He was inducted as a Fellow of the Computer History Museum in 1996. He was awarded the Vermilye Medal in 1980. He was inducted as an Honorary Member of UPE (the International Honor Society for the Computing and Information Sciences) on October 8, 1975.

In 2011, he was listed at #6 on the MIT150 list of the top 150 innovators and ideas from MIT for his work on the minicomputer.

Later career history
Commencing in 1987, Olsen in public appearances described UNIX as "snake oil". Some believed he was making a general characterization of UNIX, while others believed he was specifically referring to its marketing exaggerating its benefits. While Olsen believed VMS was a better solution for DEC customers and often talked of the strengths of the system, he did approve and encourage an internal effort to produce a native BSD-based UNIX product on the VAX line of computers called Ultrix. However, this line never got enthusiastic comprehensive support at DEC.

Olsen was forced to retire from DEC, stepping down as president in 1992. He subsequently became the chairman of Advanced Modular Solutions. Olsen was also a major contributor to The Family, a religious and political organization.

Olsen was a trustee of Gordon College in Wenham, Massachusetts. There, the Ken Olsen Science Center was named after him in 2006, and dedicated on 27 September 2008. Its lobby features a Digital Loggia of Technology, documenting Digital's technology and history, and an interactive kiosk to which former employees have submitted their stories.

Death
Olsen died while in hospice care in Indianapolis, Indiana on February 6, 2011, aged 84. Gordon College, where he was a trustee and board member, announced his death, but did not reveal the cause. His family also did not comment on any details surrounding his death.

Awards

 * 1993: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers in 1993 awarded Olsen the IEEE Founders Medal.
 * 1996: The Computer History Museum in 1996 named Olsen a Museum Fellow "for his introduction of the minicomputer and co-founding of Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC)."
 * 1999: Olsen was elected to the American Philosophical Society

Archives and records

 * Kenneth H. Olsen Collection at Baker Library Special Collections, Harvard Business School.

title: Ken Olsen


text:
Nescopeck

Nescopeck may refer to the following:

 * Nescopeck Mountain, ridge in Columbia County and Luzerne County, in Pennsylvania
 * Nescopeck Township, Pennsylvania
 * Nescopeck, Pennsylvania, a borough in the above township
 * Nescopeck Creek, a tributary of the Susquehanna River in Luzerne County
 * Nescopeck State Park, in Luzerne County

title: Nescopeck


text:
Nashville Skyline

Nashville Skyline is the ninth studio album by the American singer-songwriter Bob Dylan, released on April 9, 1969, by Columbia Records as LP record, reel-to-reel tape and audio cassette.

Building on the rustic style he experimented with on John Wesley Harding, Nashville Skyline displayed a complete immersion into country music. Along with the more basic lyrical themes, simple songwriting structures, and charming domestic feel, it introduced audiences to a radically new singing voice from Dylan, who had temporarily quit smoking —a soft, affected country croon.

The result received a generally positive reaction from critics, and was a commercial success. Reaching  in the U.S., the album also scored Dylan his fourth UK No. 1 album.

Background
The concept of recording a country album in Nashville was first discussed with Dylan in 1965 by Johnny Cash, who expressed interest in producing such an album. "I've got my own ideas about that Nashville sound and I'd like to try it with Bob," Cash said in a March 1965 interview with Music Business magazine. Those sessions never materialized and by June of that year, Dylan was going fully electric with the recording of Highway 61 Revisited. By the time Nashville Skyline was recorded, the political climate in the United States had grown more polarized. In 1968, civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. and Senator Robert F. Kennedy (a leading candidate for the presidency) were assassinated. Riots broke out in most major American cities, including a major one surrounding the Democratic National Convention in Chicago and racially motivated conflagrations spurred by King's assassination. A new president, Richard Nixon, was sworn into office in January 1969, but the U.S. engagement in Southeast Asia, particularly the Vietnam War, would continue for several years. Protests over a wide range of political topics became more frequent. Dylan had been a leading cultural figure, noted for political and social commentary throughout the 1960s. Even as he moved away from topical songs, he never lost his cultural stature. However, as Clinton Heylin wrote of Nashville Skyline, "If Dylan was concerned about retaining a hold on the rock constituency, making albums with Johnny Cash in Nashville was tantamount to abdication in many eyes."

"Our generation owes him our artistic lives," observed Kris Kristofferson, who later sang with Cash in The Highwaymen, "because he opened all the doors in Nashville when he did Blonde on Blonde and Nashville Skyline. The country scene was so conservative until he arrived. He brought in a whole new audience. He changed the way people thought about it – even the Grand Ole Opry was never the same again."

Helped by a promotional appearance on The Johnny Cash Show on June 7, Nashville Skyline went on to become one of Dylan's best-selling albums. Three singles were pulled from it, all of which received significant airplay on AM radio.

Critical reception and legacy
Despite the dramatic, commercial shift in direction, the press also gave Nashville Skyline a warm reception. A critic for Newsweek wrote of "the great charm... and the ways Dylan, both as composer and performer, has found to exploit subtle differences on a deliberately limited emotional and verbal scale." In Rolling Stone, Paul Nelson wrote, "Nashville Skyline achieves the artistically impossible: a deep, humane, and interesting statement about being happy. It could well be... his best album." However, Nelson would reconsider his opinion in a review for Bob Dylan's Greatest Hits Vol. II less than three years later, writing, "I was misinformed. That's why no one should pay any attention to critics, especially the artist." In The Village Voice, Robert Christgau argued that "the beauty of the album" was in the "totally undemanding" and "one-dimensional" quality of the songs, believing Dylan had toyed with the public's expectations again by embracing a country tenor voice and aesthetic. He later included it in his "Basic Record Library" of 1950s and 1960s recordings, published in Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies (1981). It was voted number 579 in the third edition of Colin Larkin's All Time Top 1000 Albums (2000).

A few critics expressed some disappointment. Ed Ochs of Billboard wrote, "the satisfied man speaks in clichés, and blushes as if every day were Valentine's Day." Tim Souster of the BBC's The Listener magazine wrote, "One can't help feeling something is missing. Isn't this idyllic country landscape too good to be true?"

Hip hop group Public Enemy reference it in their 2007 Dylan tribute song "Long and Whining Road": "Fans, if it's not for you, there'd be no PE / From the Nashville Skyline, to the homeboys and girls of South Country".

Track listing
All songs written by Bob Dylan.

Musicians

 * Bob Dylan – vocals, guitar, harmonica
 * Norman Blake – guitar, Dobro
 * Fred Carter Jr. – guitar
 * Charlie McCoy – guitar, harmonica
 * Johnny Cash – vocals and guitar on "Girl from the North Country"
 * Bob Wootton – electric guitar on "Girl from the North Country"
 * Charlie Daniels – bass guitar, guitar
 * Marshall Grant – bass guitar on "Girl from the North Country"
 * Bob Wilson – organ, piano
 * Kenneth A. Buttrey – drums, bongos, cowbell
 * W. S. Holland – drums on "Girl from the North Country"
 * Pete Drake – pedal steel guitar

Production

 * Bob Johnston – production
 * Charlie Bragg – engineering
 * Neil Wilburn – engineering
 * Elliot Landy – photographer front cover
 * Al Clayton – photographer back cover

title: Nashville Skyline


text:
Abraham Baldwin

Abraham Baldwin (November 22, 1754 – March 4, 1807) was an American minister, patriot, politician, and Founding Father who signed the United States Constitution. Born and raised in Connecticut, he was a 1772 graduate of Yale College. After the Revolutionary War, Baldwin became a lawyer. He moved to the U.S. state of Georgia in the mid-1780s and founded the University of Georgia. Baldwin was a member of Society of the Cincinnati.

Baldwin served as a United States Senator from Georgia from 1799 to 1807. During his tenure, he served as President pro tempore of the United States Senate from 1801 to 1802.

Early life, education and career
Abraham Baldwin was born in 1754 in Guilford in the Connecticut Colony into a large family, the son of Lucy (Dudley) and Michael Baldwin, a blacksmith, and descended from Elder John Strong. His half-brother, Henry Baldwin, was an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. After attending Guilford Grammar School, Abraham Baldwin attended Yale College in nearby New Haven, Connecticut, where he was a member of the Linonian Society. He graduated in 1772.

Three years later after theological study, he was licensed as a Congregationalist minister. He also served as a tutor at the college. He held that position until 1779. During the American Revolutionary War, he served as a chaplain in the Connecticut Contingent of the Continental Army. He did not see combat while with the Continental troops. Two years later at the conclusion of the war, Baldwin declined an offer from Yale's new president, Ezra Stiles, to become Professor of Divinity. Instead, he turned to the study of law and in 1783 was admitted to the Connecticut bar.

Move to Georgia
Encouraged by his former commanding officer General Nathanael Greene, who had acquired the plantation at Mulberry Grove where Eli Whitney would later invent the cotton gin, Baldwin moved to Georgia. He was recruited by fellow Yale alumnus Governor Lyman Hall, another transplanted New Englander, to develop a state education plan. Baldwin was named the first president of the University of Georgia and became active in politics to build support for the university, which had not yet enrolled its first student. He was appointed as a delegate to the Congress of the Confederation and then to the Constitutional Convention; in September 1787 he was one of the state’s two signatories to the U.S. Constitution. Baldwin remained president of the University of Georgia during its initial development phase until 1800. During this period, he also worked with the legislature on the college charter. In 1801, Franklin College, the University of Georgia's initial college, opened to students. Josiah Meigs was hired to succeed Baldwin as first acting president and oversee the inaugural class of students. The first buildings of the college were architecturally modeled on Baldwin's and Meigs's alma mater of Yale where they both had taught. (Later the university sports team adopted as its mascot the bulldog, also in tribute to Baldwin and Meigs, as it is the mascot of Yale.)

Politics
Baldwin was elected to the Georgia Assembly, where he became very active, working to develop support for the college. He was able to mediate between the rougher frontiersmen, perhaps because of his childhood as the son of a blacksmith, and the aristocratic planter elite who dominated the coastal Lowcountry. He became one of the most prominent legislators, pushing significant measures such as the education bill through the sometimes split Georgia Assembly.

He was elected as representative to the U.S. Congress in 1788. The Georgia legislature elected him as U.S. Senator in 1799 (this was the practice until popular election in 1913.) He served as President pro tempore of the United States Senate from December 1801 to December 1802. He was re-elected and served in office until his death.

Death and legacy
On March 4, 1807, at age 52, Baldwin died while serving as a U.S. senator from Georgia. Later that month the Savannah Republican and Savannah Evening Ledger reprinted an obituary that had first been published in a Washington, D.C., newspaper: "He originated the plan of The University of Georgia, drew up the charter, and with infinite labor and patience, in vanquishing all sorts of prejudices and removing every obstruction, he persuaded the assembly to adopt it." His remains are interred at Rock Creek Cemetery in Washington, DC.
 * The United States Postal Service made a 7¢ Great Americans series postage stamp in his honor;
 * Places and institutions were named for him, including:
 * Baldwin County in Alabama and Georgia;
 * Abraham Baldwin Agricultural College in Tifton, Georgia;
 * Abraham Baldwin Middle School in Guilford, Connecticut;
 * Baldwin streets in Madison, Wisconsin and Athens, Georgia;
 * The University of Georgia erected a statue of Baldwin on the historic North Campus quad in his honor as its founding father.

title: Abraham Baldwin


text:
Redbank

Redbank  may refer to:

Places

 * In Australia
 * Redbank, Queensland, a suburb in Ipswich
 * Redbank, Victoria
 * Redbanks, South Australia

 * In the United States
 * Redbank Township, Armstrong County, Pennsylvania
 * Redbank Township, Clarion County, Pennsylvania
 * Saluda, South Carolina, formerly known as Redbank

Streams

 * In the United States
 * Redbank Creek (Pennsylvania), a tributary of the Allegheny River

title: Redbank


text:
Talk:Moabite

why redirect? I find the redirect harmful for people coming to this page from a linguistic POV, thus wishing to see a list of moabite writings, and a some grammar, please return the original text. thanks.

Language = people?
Why is there nothing on Moabites just their language thats like person=language and the last time I checked I ain't no word!!!!!! -Programmer8 and yes I am to lazy to sign in

title: Talk:Moabite


text:
Talk:Alex Jones

Let's review, shall we?
Let's review for our newly-arrived Infowars/Newswars/Prison Planet minions, shall we? Alex Jones claims that the US government kidnaps children and makes them slaves at our martian colony, that kids are only pretending to get shot at school and their parents are only pretending to grieve, that Michelle Obama is really a man, that Carrie Fisher of Star Wars fame was killed to boost DVD sales, that the coming New World Order is a demonic high-tech tyranny formed by satanist elites who are using selective breeding to create a supreme race, that tap water is turning frogs gay, that Coronavirus is a hoax, that 5G networks create Coronavirus within human cells (no explanation about the conflict between those last two), that Temple of Baal arches will be erected in multiple cities around the world Real Soon Now, that the Democratic party runs a pedophile ring through pizza shops, that the US government commits acts of terrorism against its own citizens, that Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton are literally demons from hell, that the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami were a government plot, that Obama wanted to detonate a nuclear bomb in Charleston, South Carolina, that FEMA runs concentration camps, that the US is being invaded by South American walruses... Sounds legit to me! --Guy Macon (talk) 12:46, 21 September 2020 (UTC)

 * To be entirely correct, the frogs turning gay is (how funny it is) true.
 * But not tap water, a type of water with a specific chemical in it.
 * https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2842049/
 * https://niche-canada.org/2020/06/09/chemical-castration-white-genocide-and-male-extinction-in-rhetoric-of-endocrine-disruption/
 * https://muse.jhu.edu/article/885705
 * https://news.berkeley.edu/2010/03/01/frogs
 * Frogs turning gay with a special type of water isn't as far out as you say it to be. (If there is any mention of this in the article I encourage an editor to edit this for misinformation.) 15038623asd (talk) 06:02, 18 December 2023 (UTC)
 * You have not read the article then? Slatersteven (talk) 12:11, 18 December 2023 (UTC)
 * I’m sorry, are you implying that “feminization of frogs” is the same as “turning frogs gay”? Smurr7 (talk) 06:34, 5 April 2024 (UTC)

Comments / questions

 * Q: Isn't Jones just an actor playing a role without actually believing all of that?

 * A: It doesn't matter. Millions of people read his webpage, some believe it, and a tiny percentage go to Wikipedia to set us straight. --Guy Macon (talk) 12:46, 21 September 2020 (UTC)

 * Q: Why doesn't this page cover the bit about gay frogs?

 * A: We only cover those things Alex Jones says that have significant coverage in reliable sources. --Guy Macon (talk) 12:46, 21 September 2020 (UTC)
 * Which has significant, reliable sources. More like youre cherry picking data to form a narrative. 86.27.243.15 (talk) 09:05, 15 February 2024 (UTC)
 * OK, so find some significant, reliable sources that cover this story. Slatersteven (talk) 11:03, 15 February 2024 (UTC)

 * Q: OK, all that other stuff is just silly, but the bit about South American walruses is real!

 * A: No it isn't. --Guy Macon (talk) 12:46, 21 September 2020 (UTC)

But the gay frogs is pretty funny, you have to admit. Guy (help! - typo?) 20:55, 10 October 2020 (UTC)

 * Here it is for anyone who has not experienced this special moment: [ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3tVrntKgdN0 ]
 * It's like a turd sandwich with Wikipedia's Gay bomb page at the start, The Daily Mail at the end, and Infowars in the middle! --Guy Macon (talk) 21:24, 10 October 2020 (UTC)
 * , https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dvf6gz58xnI Guy (help! - typo?) 21:40, 10 October 2020 (UTC)
 * On the subject of YouTube, we have a small bit about John Oliver's take on him with regard to his product shilling on-air, we do have some secondary sources, but would we want to have the primary source as well? —Locke Cole • t • c 16:17, 6 August 2022 (UTC)

It's not possible to argue that the article is written from a neutral point of view. IndySteve (talk) 09:02, 19 July 2023 (UTC)
 * We go by what RS say. Slatersteven (talk) 11:03, 19 July 2023 (UTC)

Alex Jones Page
It says that Gary Allen wrote "None Dare Call it Treason." I believe this is incorrect. 2600:6C4E:7003:800:E4A6:8C73:655C:4FF2 (talk) 04:34, 25 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Huh? "Treason" isn't used anywhere in the article, but None Dare Call it Conspiracy is, and that book is definitely written by Allen. 9yz (talk) 09:11, 25 February 2024 (UTC)

Ambiguity
Is it just me or is this sentence confusingly ambiguous? "In January 2013, Jones was invited to speak on Piers Morgan's CNN show after promoting an online petition to deport Morgan because of his support of gun control." I presume it's Jones' support of gun control, not Morgan's?

Assuming I'm correct, I suggest "In January 2013, because of his support of gun control, Jones was invited to speak on Piers Morgan's CNN show after promoting an online petition to deport Morgan." --Annihilannic (talk) 02:21, 9 June 2024 (UTC)

 * in Special:Diff/1228047042. I've changed it to "In January 2013, Jones was invited to speak on Piers Morgan's CNN show after promoting an online petition to deport him for supporting gun control." The cited Christian Science Monitor article states: "Jones is a main supporter of a petition on the White House citizen input website that calls for the deportation of British citizen Morgan because of his continued calls for gun-control legislation." In contrast, the "Gun rights" section describes Jones as a "vocal gun rights advocate", which places Jones in opposition to gun control. —  Newslinger  talk   05:42, 9 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Alex Jones


text:
Simon Fraser Tolmie

Simon Fraser Tolmie, (January 25, 1867 – October 13, 1937) was a veterinarian, farmer, politician, and the 21st premier of British Columbia, Canada.

Early life
Tolmie had a pioneer lineage, which aided him in his political aspirations. He was the son of Dr. William Fraser Tolmie, a prominent figure in the Hudson's Bay Company and a member of both the colonial assembly of Colony of Vancouver Island and the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia. William Fraser was early supporter of Scottish industrialist reformer Robert Owen, and was a strong supporter of women's suffrage in British Columbia. His maternal ancestry was Métis and representative of the marriages of First Nations women and French and Scottish men who worked in the fur trade. Tolmie's mother, Jane Work, was the daughter of John Work, a prominent Victoria resident, Hudson's Bay Company Chief Factor, and member of the former colony's assembly. Jane's mother was Josette Legace, a Métis daughter of a First Nations woman from the Spokane area and Pierre Legace, a French-Canadian trapper father. Born in Victoria, Tolmie spent his early life on his family's vast farm, Cloverdale (the Victoria neighbourhood bears its name). He graduated from the Ontario Veterinary College in 1891 and later became the Dominion Inspector of Livestock.

Early political career
Tolmie entered federal politics in the election of 1917, becoming Unionist MP for Victoria City. He was returned in the subsequent four elections as a Conservative (the riding changed its name to Victoria in 1924). Tolmie served as Minister of Agriculture in the governments of Sir Robert Borden and Arthur Meighen from 1919–1921, and in 1926.

Tolmie was part of a general anti-drug panic in 1922 with severe racist overtones. He supported amendments to drug laws calling for the deportation of all Asians convicted of trafficking and for the use of the 'lash'.

Premier of British Columbia
Tolmie was elected leader of the British Columbia Conservative Party in 1926 but continued to sit as a Member of Parliament until the 1928 provincial election, in which he ran and was elected MLA for Saanich. The Conservatives were victorious that year, taking 32 of the legislature's 48 seats, including every seat in Vancouver and Victoria. Tolmie thus became Premier of the province, also serving as Minister of Railways. Between June 1 and November 15, 1933, he further served as the province's Minister of Agriculture and President of the Council.

Like their federal counterparts, who returned to power in 1930, Tolmie's Tories' commitment to applying "business principles to the business of government," rebounded to their disadvantage when the Great Depression hit. By 1931, unemployment reached 28% - the highest in Canada - and Tolmie was finally forced to act, setting up remote relief camps. Tolmie acceded to the request from the business community that a royal commission be established to propose solutions to the province's increasingly dire financial situation. The Kidd Report, issued in 1932, recommended such sharp cuts to social services that mainstream British Columbians were enraged. They had come to expect more from their provincial government than its traditional functions of maintaining law and order, providing physical infrastructure and encouraging private enterprise.

The strained situation took its toll on the provincial party, which became so wracked by internal discord that the executive decided to run no candidates in the 1933 election. Rather, each local riding association acted on its own. Some candidates ran as independents, some as Independent Conservatives. Those supporting Tolmie, ran as Unionists, and those grouped around William John Bowser, a former premier, ran as Non-Partisans. The result was easily foreseen. The Liberals captured 42% of the vote and 34 of the 47 seats, the new social democratic Co-operative Commonwealth Federation became the official opposition, and the Conservatives who had run under various banners picked up just five seats. Tolmie lost his own seat.

Later life
Tolmie returned to politics three years later, returning to his old federal seat of Victoria in a 1936 by-election. He died in Victoria a little over a year later.

Tolmie led the last Conservative provincial government in British Columbia.

title: Simon Fraser Tolmie


text:
Talk:Abraham Baldwin

Untitled
Article taken from archives.gov.
 * Generally, materials produced by Federal agencies are in the public domain and may be reproduced without permission. However, not all materials appearing on this website are in the public domain. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Frank0051 (talk • contribs) 17:06, 6 January 2011 (UTC)

Abraham Baldwin
In his book THE COMPLETE BOOK OF U.S. PRESIDENTS-2001-William DeGregario wrote that in notes only made public in 1987,Abraham Baldwin wrote that George Washington said privately that he did not expect the US Constitution to last more then 20 years.page 7- On the basis of this information,this article should be expanded.Thanks- Richard F. DungarLa Crosse,Wisconsin- RFD 15:14, 8 February 2006 (UTC)

Baldwin descendants
There is not indication that the thespian family of Baldwins is descendent from Abraham Baldwin. The website referenced in the content that has been removed twice contains no family connection, but is rather a list of unconnected Baldwins since the 18th century. Holford (talk) 22:41, 20 September 2009 (UTC)
 * If you have a citation, please list it. It is my understanding that The Baldwins are of Irish descendant. Frank0051 (talk) 17:00, 6 January 2011 (UTC)

Protection against vandalism
Because of persistent vandalism from multiple unregistered or newly registered users, I think this article should be at least semi-protected. TK421bsod (talk) 16:20, 10 December 2019 (UTC)

Rrr
Ffftftftfttftftftftftftffffffffffffffffff — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2602:306:367B:6680:DE6:762E:C6B2:D1DC (talk) 13:36, 30 January 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Abraham Baldwin


text:
Bob Babbitt

Robert Andrew Kreinar (November 26, 1937 – July 16, 2012), known as Bob Babbitt, was an American bassist, most famous for his work as a member of Motown Records' studio band, the Funk Brothers, from 1966 to 1972, as well as his tenure as part of MFSB for Philadelphia International Records afterwards. Also in 1968, with Mike Campbell, Ray Monette and Andrew Smith, he formed the band Scorpion, which lasted until 1970. He is ranked number 59 on Bass Player magazine's list of "The 100 Greatest Bass Players of All Time".

Babbitt traded off sessions with original Motown bassist James Jamerson. When Motown moved to Los Angeles, Babbitt went in the opposite direction and ended up in New York as well as making occasional trips to Philadelphia. In this new city, he worked on recordings for Frank Sinatra, Barry Manilow, Gloria Gaynor, Robert Palmer, and Alice Cooper. During this time, his most notable successes were "Midnight Train to Georgia"(1973) by Gladys Knight & the Pips and "The Rubberband Man" by The Spinners.

The Pittsburgh-born Babbitt's most notable bass performances include "Signed, Sealed, Delivered I'm Yours" (1970) by Stevie Wonder; "War" (1970) by Edwin Starr; "The Tears of a Clown" (1970) by Smokey Robinson & the Miracles; "Mercy Mercy Me (The Ecology)" (1971) and "Inner City Blues" (1971) by Marvin Gaye; "Band of Gold" (1970) by Freda Payne; "Ball of Confusion (That's What the World Is Today)", "Just My Imagination (Running Away with Me)" (1971) and "Masterpiece" (1973) by The Temptations; "Scorpio" (1971) by Dennis Coffey; and "Just Don't Want to Be Lonely" (1973) by The Main Ingredient.

He participated in hundreds of other hits, including "Little Town Flirt" by Del Shannon and "Scorpio" by Dennis Coffey & the Detroit Guitar Band. He played on the Jimi Hendrix album Crash Landing. He also played bass on Cindy Bullens' 1979 album Desire Wire. He accepted an offer from Phil Collins to perform on his album of Motown and 1960s soul classics, Going Back, and also appeared in Collins' Going Back – Live at Roseland Ballroom, NYC concert DVD. He appeared on stage in an episode of American Idol, backing up Jacob Lusk's performance of "You're All I Need to Get By" for AI's Motown Week in March 2011.

In 2003, Babbitt played on Marion James' album Essence, and amongst others playing on the record were Beegie Adair, Reese Wynans, Jack Pearson (The Allman Brothers), and drummer Chucki Burke.

He was added to the Music City Walk of Fame in June 2012.

Babbitt died on July 16, 2012, aged 74, from brain cancer.

Discography
With Frank Black With Dee Dee Bridgewater With Carlene Carter With Joe Cocker With Phil Collins With Peter Frampton With Marvin Gaye With Gloria Gaynor With Major Harris With Richie Havens With Cissy Houston With Sass Jordan With Margie Joseph With Eric Kaz With Ben E. King With Nils Lofgren With Taj Mahal With Barry Manilow With Herbie Mann With Kathy McCord With Jimmy McGriff With Moon Martin With Jackie Moore With Kenny Nolan With Laura Nyro With Yoko Ono With Robert Palmer With Teddy Pendergrass With Roxanne Potvin With Bonnie Raitt With Irene Reid With Vicki Sue Robinson With Rodriguez With Jimmy Ruffin With Tom Rush With Helen Schneider With Marlena Shaw With Sister Sledge With Lonnie Smith With Spinners With Rod Stewart With The Temptations With Stanley Turrentine With Frankie Valli With Dionne Warwick With Deniece Williams
 * Fast Man Raider Man (Cooking Vinyl, 2006)
 * Dee Dee Bridgewater (Elektra, 1980)
 * Two Sides to Every Woman (Warner Bros., 1979)
 * Hymn for My Soul (EMI, 2007)
 * Going Back (Atlantic, 2010)
 * Thank You Mr. Churchill (New Door Records, 2010)
 * What's Going On (Motown Records, 1971)
 * Never Can Say Goodbye (MGM, 1975)
 * Experience Gloria Gaynor (MGM, 1975)
 * I've Got You (Polydor, 1976)
 * My Way (Atlantic Records, 1974)
 * Connections (Elektra, 1980)
 * Cissy Houston (Private Stock Records, 1977)
 * Get What You Give (Universal Music, 2006)
 * Sweet Surrender (Atlantic, 1974)
 * Margie (Atlantic, 1975)
 * Cul-De-Sac (Atlantic, 1974)
 * Supernatural (Atlantic, 1975)
 * Nils (A&M, 1979)
 * Evolution (The Most Recent) (Warner Bros., 1978)
 * Barry Manilow (Bell, 1973)
 * Even Now (Arista, 1978)
 * Surprises (Atlantic, 1976)
 * Baby Come Out Tonight (Manhattan, 1979)
 * Red Beans (Groove Merchant, 1976)
 * Mystery Ticket (Capitol, 1982)
 * Sweet Charlie Babe (Atlantic Records, 1973)
 * A Song Between Us (Polydor, 1978)
 * Smile (Columbia, 1976)
 * Feeling the Space (Apple Records, 1973)
 * Double Fun (Island, 1978)
 * Don't Explain (EMI, 1990)
 * Teddy (Philadelphia, 1979)
 * This One's for You (Philadelphia, 1982)
 * The Way It Feels (Alert, 2006)
 * Streetlights (Warner Bros. Records, 1974)
 * Two of Us (Glades, 1976)
 * Vicki Sue Robinson (RCA Victor, 1976)
 * Cold Fact (Sussex, 1970)
 * Jimmy Ruffin (Polydor, 1973)
 * Ladies Love Outlaws (CBS, 1974)
 * Let It Be Now (RCA Records, 1978)
 * Just a Matter of Time (Blue Note, 1976)
 * Circle of Love (Atco, 1975)
 * Keep on Lovin' (Groove Merchant, 1976)
 * New And Improved (Atlantic, 1974)
 * Soulbook (J Records, 2009)
 * Puzzle People (Gordy, 1969)
 * Psychedelic Shack (Motown, 1971)
 * Sky's the Limit (Motown, 1971)
 * All Directions (Motown, 1972)
 * Masterpiece (Motown, 1973)
 * The Temptations (Gordy, 1981)
 * The Man with the Sad Face (Fantasy, 1976)
 * Our Day Will Come (Private, 1975)
 * Lady Put the Light Out (Private, 1977)
 * Then Came You (Warner Bros., 1975)
 * My Melody (Columbia, 1981)
 * Niecy (Columbia, 1982)

title: Bob Babbitt


text:
Redbird

Redbird, Redbirds, Red Bird or Red Birds may refer to:

Bird

 * Redbird, another name for the northern cardinal
 * Redbird, another name for the summer tanager
 * Red bird of paradise, a near threatened species

Mythological

 * An East Asian variant of the phoenix
 * Vermilion Bird or Red Bird

People

 * Red Bird (c. 1788–1828), Ho-Chunk chief
 * Redbird Smith (1850–1918), Cherokee traditionalist
 * Zitkála-ša (Red Bird, Gertrude Bonnin) (1876–1938), Yankton Dakota author
 * Red Bird (baseball) (1890–1972), American baseball player
 * Che-se-quah (Red Bird, Joan Hill) (1930–2020), Muscogee Creek-Cherokee artist

Place in the United States

 * Redbird, Kentucky
 * Redbird, Missouri
 * Redbird, Nebraska
 * Redbird, Oklahoma
 * Redbird, New York
 * Redbird, Dallas, a neighborhood in the Oak Cliff area of Dallas, Texas
 * Redbird, West Virginia
 * Red Bird River, a tributary of the Kentucky River

Music

 * Redbird (band), an American Americana/folk trio
 * Redbird (John Zorn album), 1995
 * Redbird (Heather Nova album), 2005
 * Redbird (Redbird album), 2005
 * Red Bird Records, a record label founded by Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller
 * Redbird Records, an independent record label founded by Ludo

Popular culture

 * Redbird (comics), the name of Robin's car from Batman comics, and one of the aliases of Damian Wayne
 * Red Bird (web series), an American television Western web series
 * Redbird, the mascot of De Pere High School in De Pere, Wisconsin
 * Redbird, slang for a $5 casino chip
 * Red Bird, the main character in Angry Birds
 * The Red Bird (Astrid Lindgren book), book by Astrid Lindgren

Sports

 * The Redbirds, nickname of the St. Louis Cardinals, a Major League Baseball team
 * Memphis Redbirds, the Memphis class AAA minor league baseball team
 * Louisville Redbirds, the former name of the Louisville Bats minor league baseball team
 * Hamilton Redbirds, a defunct minor league baseball team that played from 1988 to 1992
 * Glens Falls Redbirds, a defunct minor league baseball team that played in 1993
 * Union Springs Redbirds, a defunct minor league baseball team that played from 1936 to 1938 in Alabama
 * Columbus Red Birds, a defunct minor league baseball team that played from 1931 to 1954 in Ohio
 * Columbus Red Birds (Georgia), a defunct minor league baseball team that played from 1909 to 1959 in Georgia, best known as the Columbus Foxes
 * Raleigh Red Birds, a name used by some defunct minor league baseball teams in Raleigh, North Carolina
 * Williamson Red Birds, a defunct minor league baseball team that played from 1939 to 1942
 * Huntsville Red Birds, a defunct minor league baseball team that played in 1935 in Arkansas
 * Geneva Red Birds, a defunct minor league baseball team that played in 1946 and 1950 in Alabama
 * Illinois State Redbirds, athletic teams from Illinois State University

Other uses

 * Redbird Flight Simulations, an American flight simulator manufacturer
 * Redbird trains, the New York City Subway cars that were painted a deep red paint scheme.
 * RedBird Capital Partners, an American investment management firm

title: Redbird


text:
Talk:Timeline of computing 1990–1999

Name change
Shouldn't this be "Timeline of HOME computing 1990-present"?

iMac should be added

 * Why isn't iMac debut not mentioned? The elimination of floppy drive and standardizing on USB are significant trend set for the rest of computing world.

This was added by someone.

Doom II shouldn't be included
I suggest we drop the Doom II release, since by contemporary standards it was a mere add-on (mission pack) and being pretty much identical to Doom in no way could reflect "rapidly increasing quality of games available for the PC". If there are any objections, feel free to argue here and/or reverse my change. Paranoid 21:34, 16 May 2004 (UTC)

Guidelines for inclusion of new entries
Given that we will be continuously facing the need to update this timeline, I will suggest a few guidelines for inclusion of new entries (I expect it to be refined during the addition of 2002-2004 history).

Things to be included (the structure can supposedly be reused in the future, while some items are already specific to the early 2000s period):
 * new families of processors
 * including the manufacturing process (0.13 micron, 90 nanometres, etc.)
 * including transistor count
 * new 3D-card families (since GPUs became as relevant as CPUs) — need to add major 3dfx, nVidia and ATi landmarks
 * Voodoo + QuakeGL as the first major accelerated game
 * nVidia first cards (new king)
 * GeForce FX (2003) and/or 6800/X800 (2004) for the transition to "cinematic computing"
 * give the transistor count as well
 * major games, especially those important from the technological and cultural viewpoints. Some suggestions:
 * add to Quake entry something about QuakeWorld - first major game really playable over INet
 * Quake 3 for being multiplayer-only (and may be Unreal Tournament)
 * some MMORPGs, like may be Everquest
 * Sims for their mainstream appeal
 * fourth-generation games (Half-Life 2, Doom 3, S.T.A.L.K.E.R., Far Cry) for the techological leap
 * major PC technologies (buses, external interfaces, peripherals)
 * Bluetooth
 * DVD
 * LCD adoption (LCD outsell CRT, notebooks outsell desktops, etc.)
 * stereo support in nVidia 3D cards (for shutter-glasses)
 * emergence of handhelds (starting with Newton and PalmPilot) and then smartphones
 * other form factors like Tablet PC
 * wireless Internet (Wi-Fi, GPRS)
 * new operating systems (as it is, mostly OS X flavours - are they relevant? and Linux versions - Lindows probably, what else?)
 * new types of applications.
 * mp3 playback, DivX playback, video editing (to continue with the "MPC" theme)
 * what are the recent news on DNA computing (there were some), quantum computers, spintronics, photon computers, etc.?
 * news on software patents, may be? (in tune with the 20 June, 2000 item)
 * major supercomputer milestones
 * Earth Simulator
 * what else is important enough and relevant?

May be we should also already separate the 2000s from the 1990s. Paranoid 22:19, 16 May 2004 (UTC)

Copyvio?
This page contains a lot of text from Possibly this is also true for the other timeline pages.

The origin isn't in the page history. Any ideas? Fredrik | talk 15:44, 28 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Language
I just categorized some content chronologically, but then noticed the language and style of writing are in many places pretty poor for encyclopedic work. Examples include this: "PC-DOS 6.3 Basically the same as version 5.0 this release by IBM included more bundled software, such as Stacker (the program that caused Microsoft so much embarrassment) and anti-virus software.", and grammar mistakes like "Intel Release the 75 MHz version of the Pentium Processor." with an uppercase 'R'. Not sure if this warrants a cleanup tag, but bringing it up at least. I may go through the article later on if it isn't fixed. -- Jugalator 13:04, 2 December 2005 (UTC)

Pentium Pro entry incorrect
In the timeline, the Pentium Pro is listed as being essentially the same as the original Pentium. Nothing could be further from the truth. The Pentium Pro was the first implementation of the P6 architecture, which was repackaged in the Pentium II, rebranded as the Pentium III, tweaked as the Pentium M, tweaked some more as the Core and now crammed into the Core II. 205.200.124.160 13:04, 31 July 2007 (UTC)

Craziness
So the pentium at 75MHz was released AFTER the 100MHz one, QuakeGL was released BEFORE Quake and Windows 95 was never released...

This article shouldn't be visible to the public in this state.--euyyn 21:57, 5 November 2007 (UTC)

Sony releases the Wii
Is this right? Buttc0 (talk) 03:52, 25 April 2008 (UTC)

 * It looks like this page was vandalized, or made by someone with a, well, less than inteligent mind. I'm gonna ask a few admins to fix this abomination of a page, that shouldn't even be outdated. the information is just all wrong. Kingemocut (talk) 06:25, 9 July 2013 (UTC)

Is the current article copied from the page linked in the external links section?
Hello,

In the External links subsection, there is one external link present with the text The present article is a modified version of his timeline, used with permission.

The "permission" text has a link which was moved without a redirect to History of computing/Permission. However, does anyone know if this still applies? The text stating this should probably be removed if not; we might also consider removing the link entirely per the external link guidelines (the site should not merely repeat information that is already or should be in the article), if that applies. Regards, DesertPipeline (talk) 07:16, 28 June 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Timeline of computing 1990–1999


text:
2003 MTV Movie Awards

The 2003 MTV Movie Awards was held on May 31, 2003 in Los Angeles. It was hosted by Seann William Scott and Justin Timberlake and featured performances by t.A.T.u., 50 Cent, and Pink. Colin Farrell was presented an award for Trans-Atlantic Breakthrough Performance by Victoria and David Beckham, although this award was not broadcast in the United States.

The show included a parody of The Matrix Reloaded, intercutting actual footage with new material from the hosts with appearances by Wanda Sykes as the Oracle and Will Ferrell as the Architect. The unedited version is featured in the DVD version of the film.

Performers

 * Pink — "Feel Good Time"
 * 50 Cent — "In Da Club" / "Wanksta"
 * t.A.T.u. — "All the Things She Said" / "Not Gonna Get Us"

Presenters

 * Hugh Jackman and Famke Janssen — presented Breakthrough Female
 * Will Smith and Martin Lawrence — presented Best Comedic Performance
 * Samuel L. Jackson and Colin Farrell — presented Best Fight
 * Mark Wahlberg and Mýa — introduced Pink
 * Queen Latifah and Adrien Brody — presented Best Kiss
 * Jason Biggs and Alyson Hannigan — presented Best On-Screen Team
 * Sharon Osbourne — introduced 50 Cent
 * Beyoncé and Johnny Knoxville — presented Breakthrough Male
 * Paul Walker and Tyrese Gibson – presented Best Action Sequence
 * Roselyn Sánchez — introduced Ashton Kutcher and P. Diddy
 * Ashton Kutcher and P. Diddy — presented Best Villain
 * David and Victoria Beckham — presented Best Trans-Atlantic Performance (unaired)
 * Kate Hudson and Luke Wilson — presented Best Virtual Performance
 * Amanda Bynes and Hilary Duff — introduced t.A.T.u.
 * Harrison Ford and Josh Hartnett — presented Best Female Performance
 * Demi Moore — presented Best Male Performance
 * Keanu Reeves — presented Best Movie

Awards
Below are the list of nominations. Winners are listed at the top of each list in bold.

Best Movie
The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers
 * Barbershop
 * 8 Mile
 * The Ring
 * Spider-Man

Best Male Performance
Eminem – 8 Mile
 * Vin Diesel – XXX
 * Leonardo DiCaprio – Catch Me If You Can
 * Tobey Maguire – Spider-Man
 * Viggo Mortensen – The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers

Best Female Performance
Kirsten Dunst – Spider-Man
 * Halle Berry – Die Another Day
 * Kate Hudson – How to Lose a Guy in 10 Days
 * Queen Latifah – Chicago
 * Reese Witherspoon – Sweet Home Alabama

Breakthrough Male
Eminem – 8 Mile
 * Nick Cannon – Drumline
 * Kieran Culkin – Igby Goes Down
 * Derek Luke – Antwone Fisher
 * Ryan Reynolds – National Lampoon's Van Wilder

Breakthrough Female
Jennifer Garner – Daredevil
 * Kate Bosworth – Blue Crush
 * Maggie Gyllenhaal – Secretary
 * Eve – Barbershop
 * Beyoncé – Austin Powers in Goldmember
 * Nia Vardalos – My Big Fat Greek Wedding

Best On-Screen Team
Elijah Wood, Sean Astin, and Gollum – The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers
 * Kate Bosworth, Michelle Rodriguez and Sanoe Lake – Blue Crush
 * Jackie Chan and Owen Wilson – Shanghai Knights
 * Will Ferrell, Vince Vaughn and Luke Wilson – Old School
 * Johnny Knoxville, Bam Margera, Steve-O and Chris Pontius – Jackass: The Movie

Best Villain
Daveigh Chase – The Ring
 * Willem Dafoe – Spider-Man
 * Daniel Day-Lewis – Gangs of New York
 * Colin Farrell – Daredevil
 * Mike Myers – Austin Powers in Goldmember

Best Comedic Performance
Mike Myers – Austin Powers in Goldmember
 * Will Ferrell – Old School
 * Cedric the Entertainer – Barbershop
 * Johnny Knoxville – Jackass: The Movie
 * Adam Sandler – Mr. Deeds

Best Virtual Performance
Gollum – The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers
 * Scooby-Doo – Scooby-Doo
 * Kangaroo Jack – Kangaroo Jack
 * Dobby – Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
 * Yoda – Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones

Best Trans-Atlantic Performance
Colin Farrell – Phone Booth
 * Orlando Bloom – The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers
 * Keira Knightley – Bend It Like Beckham
 * Jude Law – Road To Perdition
 * Rosamund Pike – Die Another Day

Best Kiss
Tobey Maguire and Kirsten Dunst – Spider-Man
 * Nick Cannon and Zoe Saldana – Drumline
 * Leonardo DiCaprio and Cameron Diaz – Gangs of New York
 * Ben Affleck and Jennifer Garner – Dardevil
 * Adam Sandler and Emily Watson – Punch-Drunk Love

Best Action Sequence
The Battle for Helms Deep – The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers
 * Collision on Highway 23 – Final Destination 2
 * Collision on Jetpack – Minority Report
 * The Arena Conflict – Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones

Best Fight
Yoda vs. Christopher Lee – Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones
 * Jet Li vs. The Ultimate Fighters – Cradle 2 the Grave
 * Johnny Knoxville vs. Butterbean – Jackass: The Movie
 * Fann Wong vs. The Palace Intruders – Shanghai Knights

title: 2003 MTV Movie Awards


text:
Pak Mun Dam

The Pak Mun Dam (เขื่อนปากมูล,, ) is a barrage dam and run-of-the-river hydroelectric plant 5.5 km west of the confluence of the Mun and Mekong Rivers in Khong Chiam District, Ubon Ratchathani Province, Thailand. It was constructed by the Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand (EGAT) with support from the World Bank at a total cost of US$240 million, and completed in 1994.

Environmental impact
The project has been criticized for adverse effects on the fisheries of the Mun River, insufficient compensation payments to affected villagers, and failure to produce the projected power output. The immediate impact of the dam was to flood 117 km2 of land and displace families. The original plan estimated the displacement of 262 families. In the end, 912 families were displaced and 780 households lost all or part of their land. In all, around 25,000 villagers claim to have been affected by the dam. Protests have been staged at the dam site and outside Government House in Bangkok and critics have called for the dam to be immediately decommissioned. , EGAT had paid out 377.7 million baht in relocation compensation, plus 356.9 million baht for loss of fisheries with unsettled fisheries claims amounting to an additional 200 million baht.

In response to concerns about the dam's likely impact on fisheries on the Mun River, a fish ladder was incorporated into the scheme to allow fish into the Mun River to spawn. The fish ladder has been "unsuccessful". A report from the World Commission on Dams found that of 265 fish species previously found in the Mun River, at least 50 had disappeared and numbers of others had declined significantly. The fish catch decreased by 60–80%. It is uncertain what proportion of this decrease is attributable to the dam, and what proportion to other factors.

In response to protests, the government opened the dam gates temporarily in June 2001. Subsequently, a study by Ubon Ratchathani University recommended keeping the gates open for a further five years, and a study by Living River Siam recommended decommissioning the dam. Instead, the Thai Cabinet decided to close the gates for eight months each year from November 2002.

As part of a two-year study to review the development effectiveness of large dams, the World Commission on Dams (WCD) commissioned the Thailand Development Research Institute (TDRI) to conduct a case study on the Pak Mun Dam. TDRI's report, published in 2000, concluded that "...EGAT over-stated the case of project benefits and did no justice to the method of benefit-cost analysis in exaggerating the value of net gains in power production and in claiming irrigation benefits on invalid grounds."

title: Pak Mun Dam


text:
Medulla

Medulla or medullary may refer to:

Science

 * Medulla oblongata, a part of the brain stem
 * Renal medulla, a part of the kidney
 * Adrenal medulla, a part of the adrenal gland
 * Medulla of ovary, a stroma in the center of the ovary
 * Medulla of the thymus, a part of the lobes of the thymus
 * Medulla of lymph node
 * Medulla (hair), the innermost layer of the hair shaft
 * Medulla, a part of the optic lobe of arthropods
 * Medulla (lichenology), a layer of the internal structure of a lichen
 * Pith, or medulla, a tissue in the stems of vascular plants

Other uses

 * Medúlla, a 2004 album by Björk
 * Medulla, Florida, a place in the U.S.
 * Las Médulas, a gold mining site in León, Spain

title: Medulla


text:
Reddick

Reddick may refer to:

Places

 * Reddick, Florida, United States
 * Reddick, Illinois, United States
 * Reddick Nunatak, Antarctica

Other uses

 * Reddick (surname)

title: Reddick


text:
Talk:Pak Mun Dam

Untitled
I've tried to make this NPOV, but it's hard when no-one has a good word to say about it. ;) Markalexander100 04:33, 20 Mar 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pak Mun Dam


text:
Redfield

Redfield may refer to:

People

 * Redfield (surname)

Places

 * United Kingdom
 * Redfield, Bristol, an area within the City of Bristol
 * United States

 * Mount Redfield, a mountain in Essex County, New York
 * Redfield, Arkansas, a city in northwestern Jefferson County
 * Redfield, Iowa, a city in Dallas County
 * Redfield, Kansas, a city in Bourbon County
 * Redfield, New York, a town in Oswego County
 * Redfield, South Dakota, a city in and the county seat of Spink County
 * Redfield, Texas, a census-designated place in Nacogdoches County
 * Redfield School Historic District, a former school and historic district in Redfield, Arkansas
 * Redfield Township, Spink County, South Dakota, a township in Spink County, South Dakota
 * Redfield & West Streets Historic District, a street and historic district in New Haven, Connecticut

Structures

 * Redfield (Oak Level, Virginia), a house in Halifax County, Virginia, United States

Science

 * Redfield equation, Markovian master equation of a quantum system weakly coupled to its environment
 * Redfield ratio, the atomic ratio of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus found in phytoplankton and throughout the deep oceans
 * Redfieldia, a monotypic genus in the grass family (Poaceae)

Art and entertainment

 * Redfield Records, an independent record label in Melle, Germany

title: Redfield