text:
Talk:Anhui

South China Sea Islands in map
i don't know if u guys like these maps (See Jiangsu as well) or have already got a consensus. but i like these maps more, because they show the marginal sea of China as well. they are adopted from Chinese WP. tell me what u think about that. --Yacht 16:21, Mar 2, 2004 (UTC)

 * I think those - - - boundary marks look possessive. Signs of a national emotional insecurity [semi-joking].
 * I don't think Vietnamese, Malaysians, and Filipinos would like that map. --Menchi 20:47, 2 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * I like the old map better...more politically neutral. --Jiang

 * Okay, i will revert them later. --Yacht 08:43, Mar 3, 2004 (UTC)

Info about Anhui Today....
--222.64.216.207 (talk) 04:48, 14 April 2010 (UTC)
 * http://english.anhuinews.com/
 * You added a redlink to a "see also" section--that doesn't make any sense. Those sections are for links to existing Wikipedia articles. Drmies (talk) 04:51, 14 April 2010 (UTC)

The verification of the website is required as the physical address is can not be identified --222.64.216.207 (talk) 04:56, 14 April 2010 (UTC)
 * That makes no sense at all. Drmies (talk) 05:00, 14 April 2010 (UTC)

Section on religions
My most recent edit was reverted. It had been sourced. Now it says ''There are Muslim minorities one of the largest Christian populations of East Asia.", which is not a sentence. Sarcelles (talk) 09:53, 9 October 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
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Removal of Chinese spellings (in Chinese characters) of the administrative divisions
Who removed the Chinese spellings (in Chinese characters) of the administrative divisions? That's idiotic. Please put them back. 98.123.38.211 (talk) 22:41, 9 April 2024 (UTC)

Here's where it happened. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anhui&diff=846464866&oldid=846463156 Horrible! 98.123.38.211 (talk) 22:44, 9 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Anhui


text:
Carling, Ontario

Carling is a township in Ontario, Canada, located in the District of Parry Sound on Georgian Bay. Killbear Provincial Park is located in the municipality.

The CBC Television series The Rez was shot in the township at Harrison Landing.

Communities

 * Adanac
 * Brooks Landing
 * Carling
 * Dillon is located on central Georgian Bay near Franklin Island. The area is popular for campers and outfitters because of the sheltered bays and coves. Community landmarks include the Dillon Cove Marina, Dillon Bridge, Shawanaga River and its rapids. As a cottage destination, the population is low during the winter months, and increases in the summer with cottagers and tourists.
 * Killbear Park
 * Shebeshekong
 * Snug Harbour
 * Snug Haven
 * Woods

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Carling had a population of $1,491$ living in $697$ of its $1,761$ total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of $1,125$. With a land area of 244.32 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

 * Mother tongue (2006):
 * English as first language: 92.9%
 * French as first language: 0.9%
 * English and French as first language: 0%
 * Other as first language: 6.2%

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Carling, Ontario


text:
Max Harmonist

Max Harmonist (Berlin, 10 February 1864 – 16 October 1907) was a leading German chess master. He was probably the only famous chess player to have been by profession a ballet dancer. He often performed in the royal ballet.

He became famous after winning a game at Frankfurt 1887 against Isidor Gunsberg, widely regarded as one of the strongest masters of that period. In the same tournament he also beat Joseph Blackburne (who placed 2nd) and Emil Schallopp.

In tournaments, he was 1st–4th at Berlin 1883, took 3rd at Berlin 1883, won at Hamburg 1885 (Hauptturnier), won at Berlin 1887, took 21st at Frankfurt 1887, tied for 4–5th at Berlin 1888, tied for 4–5th at Nuremberg 1888, tied for 15–16th at Breslau 1889, and tied for 5–8th at Berlin 1890.

title: Max Harmonist


text:
Enigma

Enigma may refer to:
 * Riddle, someone or something that is mysterious or puzzling

Biology

 * ENIGMA, a class of gene in the LIM domain

Computing and technology

 * Enigma (company), a New York–based data-technology startup
 * Enigma machine, a family of German electro-mechanical encryption machines
 * Enigma, the codename for Red Hat Linux 7.2
 * Enigma (DVB), the second generation of Enigma software

Film

 * Enigma (1982 film), a film starring Martin Sheen and Sam Neill
 * Enigma (2001 film), a film adapted from the Robert Harris novel
 * Enigma (2009 film), a short film by the Shumway Brothers

Literature

 * Enigma (novel), a 1995 novel by Robert Harris
 * Enigma (DC Comics), a DC Comics character
 * Enigma (Marvel Comics), a Marvel Comics character
 * Enigma (Vertigo), a title published by DC's imprint Vertigo
 * Enigma (manga), a 2010 manga published in Weekly Shōnen Jump
 * Enigma Cipher, a series from Boom! Studios
 * Enigma, a novel in The Trigon Disunity series by Michael P. Kube-McDowell
 * "Enigma" and "An Enigma", two poems by Edgar Allan Poe
 * The Riddler, DC comics character whose full name abbreviates to E. Nigma

Music

 * Enigma (German band), an electronic music project founded by Michael Cretu
 * Enigma (British band), a 1980s band
 * Enigma Records, an American rock and alternative record label in the 1980s
 * Enigma Variations, 14 variations composed by Edward Elgar

Albums

 * Enigma (Ill Niño album) (2008)
 * Enigma, 2009 Jim Allchin album
 * Enigma (Tak Matsumoto album) (2016)
 * Enigma (Keith Murray album) (1996)
 * Enigma (Aeon Zen album) (2013)

Songs

 * "Enigma (Give a Bit of Mmh to Me)", 1978, by Amanda Lear
 * "Enigma", 2007, by Amorphis from Silent Waters
 * "Enigma", 2002, by Trapt from Trapt
 * "Enigma", 2014, by Within the Ruins from Phenomena
 * "Enigma", 2020, by Lady Gaga from Chromatica

Places

 * Enigma, Georgia
 * Enigma, Tennessee
 * Enigma Peak, a mountain in Palmer Land, Antarctica

Television

 * Enigma (Derren Brown), a televised tour show
 * Enigma (Canadian TV series), a Biography Channel TV series
 * Enigma (Thai TV series), a television drama series
 * "Enigma" (NCIS), an episode of NCIS
 * "Enigma" (Stargate SG-1), an episode of Stargate SG-1
 * Enigma, a character from Nip/Tuck

Transport

 * Enigma (yacht), a private superyacht
 * Enigma Motorsport, a British motor-racing team

Video games

 * Enigma (1998 video game)
 * Enigma (2007 video game)
 * Enigma: Rising Tide, a 2003 video game
 * Enigma, a character from Dota 2
 * "The Enigma", an episode of the video game Batman: The Enemy Within

Other uses

 * The Enigma (Doré), a 1871 painting by Gustave Doré
 * The Enigma (performer), American
 * Enigma (roller coaster), Pleasurewood Hills, Suffolk, England
 * Copenhagen Post & Tele Museum (Enigma - Museum for Post, Tele og Kommunikation), the national Danish postal museum
 * The Enigma, a monthly publication of the National Puzzlers' League
 * Enigma, mathematical puzzles published in New Scientist 1979–2013
 * The Enigma (diamond), the world's largest cut diamond

title: Enigma


text: User talk:207.235.137.33

title: User talk:207.235.137.33


text:
Gabriel Cramer

Gabriel Cramer (31 July 1704 – 4 January 1752) was a Genevan mathematician. He was the son of physician Jean Cramer and Anne Mallet Cramer.

Biography
Cramer showed promise in mathematics from an early age. At 18 he received his doctorate and at 20 he was co-chair of mathematics at the University of Geneva.

In 1728 he proposed a solution to the St. Petersburg Paradox that came very close to the concept of expected utility theory given ten years later by Daniel Bernoulli.

He published his best-known work in his forties. This included his treatise on algebraic curves (1750). It contains the earliest demonstration that a curve of the n-th degree is determined by n(n + 3)/2 points on it, in general position. (See Cramer's theorem (algebraic curves).) This led to the misconception that is Cramer's paradox, concerning the number of intersections of two curves compared to the number of points that determine a curve.

He edited the works of the two elder Bernoullis, and wrote on the physical cause of the spheroidal shape of the planets and the motion of their apsides (1730), and on Newton's treatment of cubic curves (1746).

In 1750 he published Cramer's rule, giving a general formula for the solution for any unknown in a linear equation system having a unique solution, in terms of determinants implied by the system. This rule is still standard.

He did extensive travel throughout Europe in the late 1730s, which greatly influenced his works in mathematics. He died in 1752 at Bagnols-sur-Cèze while traveling in southern France to restore his health.

Selected works

 * Quelle est la cause de la figure elliptique des planètes et de la mobilité de leur aphélies?, Geneva, 1730
 * . Geneva: Frères Cramer & Cl. Philibert, 1750

title: Gabriel Cramer


text:
Ejersa Goro

Ejersa Goro (Ejersa Gooroo) is a town in eastern Ethiopia. Located outside the city of Harar in the East Hararghe Zone of the Oromia Region, it has a latitude and longitude of 9.48333°N, 42.23333°W and an elevation of 2780 meters above sea level. It is the administrative center of Jarso Aanaa.

Overview
According to the Oromia Regional government website, this town has access to telephone and postal service, but lacks electricity.

History
Ejersa Goro is best known as the birthplace of Emperor Haile Selassie I, the tenth child of Ras Makonnen, then governor of Harar, and Woizero Yeshimebet Ali, on July 23, 1892. The Emperor later erected a church, Kidane Mihret ("Our Lady Covenant of Mercy"), in the town to commemorate the event; when John Graham visited the town in 2001, although Ras Makonnen's house had been reduced to a "circle of rocks", Kidane Mihret was still standing and in use, although in worse repair than the mosque across town.

Early in the Ogaden War, Ejersa Goro was captured by Somali units; it was recaptured between 5 and 9 February 1978 by Ethiopian units advancing from Kombolcha.

Demographics
Based on figures from the Central Statistical Agency in 2005, Ejersa Goro has an estimated total population of 3,104 of whom 1,529 are men and 1,575 are women.

The 1994 national census reported a total population for this town of 1,736 of whom 829 were men and 907 were women. These numbers for Ejersa Goro are an estimate, because the town was not counted. This also means that breakdown by ethnic groups, language speakers, religion, et cetera, are not available.

title: Ejersa Goro


text:
Carvel (boat building)

Carvel built or carvel planking is a method of boat building in which hull planks are laid edge to edge and fastened to a robust frame, thereby forming a smooth surface. Traditionally the planks are neither attached to, nor slotted into, each other, having only a caulking sealant between the planks to keep water out. Modern carvel builders may attach the planks to each other with glues and fixings. It is a "frame first" method of hull construction, where the shape is determined by the framework onto which the planks are fixed. This is in contrast to "plank first" or "shell first" methods, where the outer skin of the hull is made and then reinforced by the insertion of timbers that are fitted to that shape. The most common modern "plank first" method is clinker construction; in the classical period "plank first" involved joining the edges of planks with mortise and tenon joints within the thickness of the timbers, superficially giving the smooth-hull appearance of carvel construction, but achieved by entirely different means.

Compared to clinker-built hulls, carvel construction allowed larger ships to be built. This is because the fastenings of a clinker hull took all the hogging and sagging forces imposed by the ship moving through large waves. In carvel construction, these forces are also taken by the edge-to-edge contact of the hull planks.

Etymology
From Middle English carvel, carvelle, carvile, kervel (“small ship; caravel”); from Old French caruelle, carvelle, kirvelle. The term was used in English when caravels became popular in Northern European waters from c. 1440 onwards, and the method of hull construction took the name of the first vessel type made in that way in English and European shipyards.

History
Carvel construction originated in the Mediterranean during the first millennium CE. It gradually replaced the edge-to-edge joining of hull planks by mortises and tenons – a "planking first" technique – which had been used by ancient Egyptians, Phoenicians and for much of classical antiquity. Archaeological evidence for this transition suggests it took place from c. 500 CE to the 9th century. Its slow adoption involved some variation and experimentation. Some ships were built using "framing-first", as opposed to the full "frame-first" system. In "framing-first", some of the framing is installed in the lower part of the hull, followed by the planking of that area, more framing is added to increase the height of the hull, and then more planking added to that. (The Romano-Celtic ship-building tradition of Northern Europe used "framing-first", but this part of Europe did not adopt the full "frame-first" method until much later, as discussed below.)

The changeover from planking-first to frame-first happened over the same period that the Mediterranean Square Sail rig was being replaced by lateen rig. That change has been suggested to save building, fitting out and maintenance costs (though previously it was thought to be to achieve better sailing performance – something which, against the presumptions of many maritime historians, can be shown not to have happened). The move to carvel construction is believed to be another cost-saving measure (though it is felt that this is not well understood by marine archaeologists). The difficult skill of mortising planks at precisely the right angle (where the hull is curved at the turn of the bilges) is avoided. Carvel construction allows hull shape to be determined by design, whilst planking-first relies on the "eye" of the builder. Therefore fewer very highly skilled personnel are needed.

One of the transitional ships is the Yassi Ada ship (seventh century CE), which was excavated between 1960 and 1965. This had the lower strakes of planking fastened edge-to-edge with mortises and tenons, then the floors were added, followed by more planking joined with tenons. This brought the planking up to the waterline. Further frames were added to this next set of planking, but these continued up to the height of the intended sheerline. The strakes from the waterline up were then fastened on as carvel planking (with some wales interspersed with the regular strakes).

Northern Europe used clinker construction for the period discussed above, and into the 15th century (and continued to do so for many small craft into the present day). The different methods were known of by mariners in both places, but when, for instance, Mediterranean galleys were employed by the French and English during the Hundred Years' War, shipwrights familiar with carvel work had to be recruited to carry out maintenance and repairs. In the 1440s interest in the caravel grew in northern waters and shipyards there started building caravels in carvel construction.

An archaeological example of an early carvel-built ship in the Baltic region is the wreck of Gribshunden, flagship of the Danish-Norwegian King Hans. The three-masted ship was built in 1485 probably near Rotterdam, and served as Hans' "floating castle" for ten years before sinking in June 1495. Atop this ship's carvel hull sat clinker-built fore and aft castles, which housed as many as 68 breech-loading swivel guns.

Relationship between clinker and carvel
Clinker was the predominant method of ship construction used in Northern Europe before the carvel. In clinker built hulls, the planked edges overlap; carvel construction with its strong framing gives a heavier but more rigid hull, capable of taking a variety of sail rigs. Clinker (lapstrake) construction involves longitudinal overlapping "riven timber" (split wood) planks that are fixed together over very light scantlings. A carvel boat has a smoother surface which gives the impression that it is more hydrodynamically efficient since the exposed edges of the clinker planking appear to disturb the streamline and cause drag. A clinker certainly has a slightly larger wetted area, but a carvel hull is not necessarily more efficient: for given hull strength, the clinker boat is overall lighter, and displaces less water than a heavily-framed carvel hull.

As cargo vessels become bigger, the vessel's weight becomes small in comparison with total displacement; and for a given external volume, there is greater internal hull space available. A clinker vessel whose ribs occupy less space than a carvel vessel's is more suitable for cargo which is bulky rather than dense.

A structural benefit of clinker construction is that it produces a vessel that can safely twist and flex around its long axis (running from bow to stern). This is an advantage in North Atlantic rollers, provided the vessel has a small overall displacement. Due to the light nature of the construction method, increasing the beam did not commensurately increase the vessel's survivability under the twisting forces arising if, for example, when sailing downwind, the wave-train impinges on the quarter rather than dead astern. In these conditions greater beam widths may have made clinker vesselsmore vulnerable. As torsional forces increased in proportion to displaced (or cargo) weight, the forces incident on the hull imposed an upper limit on the size of clinker-built vessels. The greater rigidity of carvel construction became necessary for larger offshore cargo vessels. Later carvel-built sailing vessels exceeded the maximum size of clinker-built ships several times over.

A further clinker limitation is that it does not readily support the point loads associated with lateen or sloop sailing rigs. At least some fore-and-aft sails are desirable for manoeuvrability. The same problem in providing for concentrated loads creates difficulties siting and supporting a centerboard or deep keel, which is much needed when sailing across or close to the wind. Timbers can be added as necessary compromise but always with some loss of the fundamental benefits of the construction method. Clinker construction remains a useful method of construction for small wooden vessels, especially for sea-going dinghies which need to be light enough to be readily moved and stored when out of the water.

Modern carvel methods
Traditional carvel methods leave a small gap between each plank that is caulked with any suitable soft, flexible, fibrous material, sometimes combined with a thick binding substance, which would gradually wear out and the hull would leak. When the boat was beached for a length of time, the planks would dry and shrink, so when first refloated, the hull would leak badly unless re-caulked, a time-consuming and physically demanding job. The modern variation is to use much narrower planks that are edge-glued instead of being caulked. With modern power sanders a much smoother hull is produced, as all the small ridges between the planks can be removed. This method started to become more common in the 1960s with the more widespread availability of waterproof glues, such as resorcinol (red glue) and then epoxy resin. Modern waterproof glues, especially epoxy resin, have caused revolutionary changes in carvel and clinker construction. Traditionally, nails provided the fastening strength; now it is the glue. It has become quite common since the 1980s for carvel and clinker construction to rely almost completely on glue for fastening. Many small boats, especially light plywood skiffs, are built without any mechanical fasteners such as nails and lag screws at all, as the glue is far stronger.

title: Carvel (boat building)


text:
Addington Highlands

Addington Highlands (2021 population 2,534) is a township in central eastern Ontario, Canada, in the County of Lennox and Addington. Bon Echo Provincial Park is located primarily in Addington Highlands.

History
Addington Highlands was formed in 1998 through the amalgamation of the Township of Kaladar, Anglesea and Effingham with the Township of Denbigh, Abinger and Ashby.

This area was first settled following the construction of the Addington Road in 1857. It was originally named Scouten after its first postmaster. The old CPR rail bed passing through the town has become part of the Trans Canada Trail.

Communities
Addington Highlands Township comprises the communities of Addington, Bishop Corners, Caverlys Landing, Cloyne, Denbigh, Ferguson Corners, Flinton, Flinton Corners, Glastonbury, Glenfield, Kaladar, Massanoga, McCrae, Northbrook, Rose Hill, Slate Falls, Vennachar, Vennachar Junction and Weslemkoon.

The township's municipal offices are located in Flinton. Kaladar is located at the junction of Highway 7 and Highway 41.

Lakes
Lakes of notable size within the township boundaries are:

 * Ashby Lake
 * Ashby White Lake
 * Barker Lake
 * Brooks Lake
 * Browns Lake
 * Deerock Lake
 * Denbigh Lake
 * Effingham Lake
 * Joeperry Lake
 * Long Malloy Lake
 * Mazinaw Lake
 * Otter Lake
 * Lake Sheldrake
 * Shabomeka Lake
 * Skootamatta Lake
 * Weslemkoon Lake
 * Trout Lake

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Addington Highlands had a population of $2,534$ living in $1,122$ of its $2,052$ total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of $2,318$. With a land area of 1293.99 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

Parks and recreation
Addington Highlands contains the Kaladar Pine Barrens Conservation Reserve and the majority of Bon Echo Provincial Park.

title: Addington Highlands


text:
Talk:Chemoreceptor

Chemoreceptor resetting
Would it be worth having a section on how the baseline rate of action potentials from chemoreceptors changes from the foetus to the neonate? This is well-studied in the scientific literature,  and may be relevant to Sudden infant death syndrome. I'm not sure where to start in adding this content to the article. Bibeyjj (talk) 16:11, 29 December 2020 (UTC)

I would say "no". All 3 publications are primary research, and the conclusions are speculative and unencyclopedic. Zefr (talk) 17:12, 29 December 2020 (UTC)

Gasoreceptor

 * Specific text to be added or removed: Recently, the term gasoreceptor for protein-based chemoreceptors that can directly bind to gaseous signaling molecules and trigger cellular signaling was proposed. However, this term is not widely used in the scientific literature. Examples of gasoreceptor includes C. elegans molecular O2 receptor guanylyl cyclase GCY-35 and molecular CO2 receptors guanylyl cyclase GCY-9.

 * Reason for the change: Gasoreceptor is a new term for protein-based receptors that can bind and sense gaseous molecule. This term will allow to distinguish between chemoreceptor cells vs protein-based gasoreceptors.
 * References supporting change:

Zebrafishgroup (talk) 13:20, 21 January 2024 (UTC)

 * The Anbalagan article is not a WP:SCIRS review, but an opinion about a hypothetical receptor. Chemoreceptors like the carotid or aortic sinuses can actually be identified anatomically, and resected for experimental or clinical purposes. Gasoreceptors exist as a theoretical concept. The argument for a physical cellular entity is not convincing, as there could be other ways a gas evokes a cellular response, such as a change in partial pressure or enzyme sensitivity, neither of which requires a receptor. Zefr (talk) 18:24, 21 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Soluble guanylyl cyclase is the protein gasoreceptor for nitric oxide. Gasoreceptor is not an hypothetical or theoritcal term. It is a new classification for protein-based receptors that can bind and sense gas in a cell. 31.0.176.28 (talk) 18:45, 21 January 2024 (UTC)
 * likewise in C. elegans GCY35 is the molecular oxygen sensor, a protein gasoreceptor. The moderator is not aware of the literature cited in the Anbalagan manuscript. 31.0.176.28 (talk) 19:18, 21 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Under WP:BURDEN, it is the responsibility of an editor to provide a reputable review to support content. The concept of a gasoreceptor is in development. Advocates for the concept appear to be using Wikipedia to report preliminary research, countering WP:NOTJOURNAL #6-7. Zefr (talk) 19:58, 21 January 2024 (UTC)
 * The text has been revised and secondary references has been added for receptors for O2 and CO2. Zebrafishgroup (talk) 21:50, 21 January 2024 (UTC)
 * The Anbalagan article is a "perspectives" discussion (see top of page in AJP), i.e., a statement of an hypothesis, and is in press as of this date, i.e., not published. The Carillo article is primary research in a lab model animal. A rigorous review and further evidence of this hypothetical concept by an independent source are needed.
 * Further, as Zebrafishgroup has declared a conflict of interest, no further editing of this or related articles about this concept should occur without first obtaining consensus on the respective talk page, WP:CON. Zefr (talk) 22:36, 21 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Carillo article is a review article and not a primary research.
 * Gas sensing in nematodes.
 * Carrillo MA, Hallem EA.Mol Neurobiol. 2015;51(3):919-31. doi: 10.1007/s12035-014-8748-z. Epub 2014 Jun 8.PMID: 24906953 Review.
 * Gasoreceptor is not  an hypothetical concept. Zebrafishgroup (talk) 22:44, 21 January 2024 (UTC)
 * The author approved version of the manuscript is already published online in AJP journal. Zebrafishgroup (talk) 22:46, 21 January 2024 (UTC)
 * A draft for a gasoreceptor article has been denied by an administrator, with the comments Savani Anbalagan is the only author that used this term. Until other people from other groups publish on this topic as well, it is not shown to be notable. There is probably not enough publication for it to get a a Wiktionary entry.
 * Other draft articles on gas-related chemoreceptors composed by Zebrafishgroup have also been rejected as non-notable, unsupported by SCIRS reviews, and "unambiguous advertising or promotion: self written vanity", WP:COI. We can end this discussion now. Zefr (talk) 17:48, 22 January 2024 (UTC)
 * In light of the above discussion, it seems that inclusion of this novel concept is premature.  WhinyTheYounger ※ Talk 16:49, 27 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Chemoreceptor


text:
Talk:Jackie Joyner-Kersey

I moved the detail that was here to Jackie Joyner-Kersee (hope I picked the correct spelling, Google says I did). Pete/Pcb21 (talk) 16:39, 2 Mar 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jackie Joyner-Kersey


text:
Talk:Steve Goodman

Rewording
In addition to simple copy-editing, I re-worded the bit about Kristofferson and Anka; various sources credit Kristofferson more with setting Goodman up with the record company and tell the story differently. In any event it's clear Kristofferson was an advocate of Goodman's and brought Anka and Gooman together. I also abbreviated the story about the first meeting with Guthrie, the details of which are also quite variable depending on who is doing the telling. Jgm 16:40, 2 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Cubs
Is it really necessary to include the part about the Chicago Cubs playoff game here? Is there something they did to recognize him? If so, shouldn't it be included? If not it should be taken off. It seems irrelevant. CincinnatiWiki 03:54, 5 September 2005 (UTC)
 * I don't mind leaving the fact that he died just before the playoff game, but the "ironic" mention has got to go. The error described in the song ("Have Keith Moreland drop a routine fly") makes no mention of a playoff game and bears no similarity to Durham's error.  No coincidence or irony.  I am removing it. BlongerBros 04:40, 17 July 2006 (UTC)

Margueritaville
It's my understanding that Steve Goodman wrote "Margueritaville." If so, it clearly should be noted here - and on Jimmy Buffet's page. I have done a bit of searching but can't find specific Copyright attribution - just a whole lot of presumption that Buffet wrote it. Apologies for perhaps posting this Q inappropriately, but I couldn't see where else to. MongoPawn (talk) 21:18, 29 July 2011 (UTC)
 * Jimmy Buffett composed "Margaritaville," according to BMI's searchable index of songs under its aegis: http://repertoire.bmi.com/title.asp?blnWriter=True&blnPublisher=True&blnArtist=True&page=1&keyid=958953&ShowNbr=0&ShowSeqNbr=0&querytype=WorkID Monkeyzpop (talk) 02:05, 30 July 2011 (UTC)

The meeting of Guthrie and Steve Goodman City of New Orleans
The description of the meeting of Arlo Guthrie and Steve Goodman is a variation on Arlo Guthrie's version as told at his concerts. It is my understanding that Arlo has admitted that this is a very embellished version of what actually happened. The exhaustive biography of Steve Goodman by Clay Eals which is referenced elsewhere in the article gives a version (corroborated by both Guthrie and the Club owner) that this was a pre arranged meeting made by the club owner. Both Arlo and Steve knew about the meeting beforehand and Arlo made the club owner (not Steve) buy him a beer so that he could drink while listening to the song.

The line "Guthrie liked enough that he asked to record it." is technically correct but somewhat misleading in context. According to Eal's biography Arlo forgot about the song and it wasn't until quite some time later that he noticed it sitting on his piano and still some time after that before deciding to record it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Weston18 (talk • contribs) 21:36, 17 June 2013 (UTC)

In addition, the line, "Barry McGuire, however, has told concert-goers recently that he was present at that meeting and it occurred at the Troubadour in Los Angeles, according to San Diego Arlophile Rodger Hartnett.", is ambiguous and seems contradictory. At first glance, it makes no sense. Who's reporting on the location, McGuire or Hartnett? Or is Hartnett reporting on McGuire's concert statements? If it's the latter, then that phrase belongs at the beginning of the sentence. That said, the section above seems to render this sentence irrelevant, so I suggest this paragraph be completely rewritten. Ge0nk (talk) 03:52, 2 November 2013 (UTC)

 * Both Arlo and Steve say it occurred in Chicago. [ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hFh5bahIEvs Interview with Steve Goodman ] [ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_DM6ppYwXTQ Arlo at Dunegrass 2008 ] — Preceding unsigned comment added by 107.200.41.67 (talk) 06:57, 2 September 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 2 one external links on Steve Goodman. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20110810140838/http://www.cobo.org/goodman/sg.html to http://www.cobo.org/goodman/sg.html#stobit
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20100326060735/http://www.wolfgangsvault.com:80/steve-goodman/concerts/bottom-line-march-30-1977-early-show.html? to http://www.wolfgangsvault.com/steve-goodman/concerts/bottom-line-march-30-1977-early-show.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers. —cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 02:47, 28 August 2015 (UTC)

Musical Career
There is an odd omission in the following paragraph: 'During the fall of 1979, Goodman was hired to write and perform a series of topical songs for National Public Radio. Although Goodman and Jethro Burns recorded eleven songs for the series, only five of them, "The Ballad of Flight 191" about a plane crash, "Daley's Gone", "Unemployed", "The Twentieth Century is Almost Over", and "The Election Year Rag", were used on the air before the series was cancelled.' The first sentence states that Goodman was hired to write songs by NPR. Fine. The following sentence notes that the songs were written for 'the series', the use of the definite article implying that the series title has already been mentioned. National Public Radio would be the logical preceding subject referent for 'the series' except for the fact that NPR is not, of course, a series. 'The series' is mentioned again at the end of the second sentence but with no clarification of what series it refers to. The second sentence is also an unwieldy mess, so it should be cleaned up anyway. I don't have access to the citation text or I would do it. RobotBoy66 (talk) 05:45, 22 January 2018 (UTC)

 * A little late with a response, but you are missing the obvious here. He "was hired to write and perform a series of topical songs". This "series of topical songs" is the series that the later sentence refers to. It is a specific series, but not a named one. --User:Khajidha (talk) (contributions) 15:37, 4 June 2024 (UTC)

list of songs
Where's the list of most familiar songs? Compilation album song list? Where? Rtdrury (talk) 14:47, 24 April 2019 (UTC)

Missing association
Transferring the following in-article comment from User:76.90.50.158:
 * John Prine was a long time buddy of Steve Goodman. He should be mentioned in this bio

DMacks (talk) 03:10, 6 April 2020 (UTC)
 * According to John Prine, they were more than just buddies (not really "encyclopediac" information), but instead had some professional collaboration in various ways. Feel free to add something. DMacks (talk) 03:10, 6 April 2020 (UTC)

Nancy Pruter or Tenney
The pages says Goodman's wife is Nancy Pruter:

Nancy Pruter (sister of R&B writer Robert Pruter)

The page of Robert Pruter says he is the brother in law of Goodman:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Pruter

But in this copy of an article of the Chicago Sun Times written by DAVE HOEKSTRA from december 4 2005 his wife is called Nancy Tenney:

http://buffettnews.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=43192

In this other blog post also from DAVE HOEKSTRA Goodman's daughter Rosanna is quoted calling her mother Nancy Tenney:

https://www.davehoekstra.com/2021/05/18/steve-goodman-things-that-touch-the-soul/

In this article from 2016, she is "his widow, Nancy Goodman Tenney."

https://www.si.com/mlb/2016/09/29/steve-goodman-cubs-song-daughters

Nancy Tenney Goodman is also credited for appearing in the 2009 movie We believe https://www.imdb.com/name/nm3504952/ and her IMDB says that she was married to Steve Goodman, but also that she is the sister of Robert Pruter.

Anyone else think there is a mistake here ? Vitaminesuko (talk) 21:44, 4 January 2023 (UTC)

 * Ummm... I'm not seeing the problem. The lady was born Nancy Pruter. She married Steve Goodman, becoming Nancy Goodman. The name Nancy Goodman Tenney indicates that she married somebody named Tenney after Steve died. User:Khajidha (talk) (contributions) 15:41, 4 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Steve Goodman


text:
Marge Schott

Margaret Carolyn Schott (née Unnewehr; August 18, 1928 – March 2, 2004) was an American baseball executive. Serving as managing general partner, president and CEO of Major League Baseball's Cincinnati Reds franchise from 1984 to 1999, she was the second woman to own a North American major-league team without inheriting it (although she did inherit all the money required to purchase the franchise), after New York Mets founder Joan Whitney Payson.

She was banned from managing the team by MLB in 1993 due to racist comments and again from 1996 through 1998 due to statements in support of German domestic policies of Nazi Party leader Adolf Hitler, amongst other controversies over her beliefs; shortly afterwards, she sold the majority of her share in the team.

Early life and career
Schott was born in Cincinnati, one of five daughters of Edward Henry Unnewehr and Charlotte (Sauerland). Her father grew wealthy in the lumber business. She attended parochial schools and graduated from the Sacred Heart Academy. While in college, Marge Schott became a member of Theta Phi Alpha fraternity. She married Charles Schott, a member of a wealthy Cincinnati family, in 1952, and inherited his automobile dealerships and interests in other industries when he died of a heart attack in 1968. A widow at 39, Marge Schott never remarried and had no children of her own.

Cincinnati Reds
Schott had been a Reds fan for most of her life; from 1963 onward, she held an auction to raise money for the Cincinnati Children's Hospital, attended by several Reds players. In 1981, Schott bought a minority interest in the Reds as part of a group headed by insurance magnates William and James Williams. On December 21, 1984, she purchased a controlling interest for a reported $11M, making her managing general partner, and becoming the first woman to buy an MLB team. In 1985, she was named president and CEO of the club. Five years later, the Reds won the World Series, when they swept the Oakland Athletics.

Schott quickly became one of baseball's most publicly visible owners. The Reds had long been a family-oriented franchise, and fans praised her efforts to keep ticket and concession prices low. For instance, she kept the price of the basic hot dog at one dollar, and kept box seats around $12 – the cheapest in baseball. Unlike most owners, she sat in a regular box seat at Riverfront Stadium, and often signed autographs. She often allowed groups of children on the field to run to deep center field and back before the games would start, due to her love for children stemming from her inability to have any of her own. She was also noted for always having Schottzie, her pet Saint Bernard, with her.

She was criticized for not spending the money it would have taken to build the Reds into contenders. This "cheap" attitude was sometimes conveyed in her own statements. She would publicly comment on occasion about having to pay players while they were on the disabled list, notably World Series hero José Rijo (who had an elbow injury), about whom she once complained of "paying three million dollars to sit on his butt." She also maintained one of the smallest and lowest paid front office staffs in the major leagues; it was said to turn the heat down and lights off to save electricity.

In addition, it was revealed Schott was far from happy about the team winning the 1990 World Series. She was annoyed the team won the series in a "sweep" (the Reds swept the heavily-favored Oakland Athletics in four games). In her opinion the series was over too early; she believed team owners made the most money from a World Series once it reached a Game 5/6/7, thus robbing her of major revenue. She fussed and refused to pay for any post-game celebration for the team. The players reportedly resorted to celebrating on their own with hamburgers.

Lou Piniella, the champion manager of the team, left in 1992 after finding her not willing to back him in any way when he was sued by umpire Gary Darling for defamation (he had to get his own lawyer).

Racism
On November 13, 1992, Charles "Cal" Levy, a former marketing director for the Reds, stated in a deposition for Tim Sabo, a former employee who was suing the team, that he'd heard Schott refer to then-Reds outfielders Eric Davis and Dave Parker as "million-dollar niggers." Sabo, who had been the team's controller, alleged that his 1991 firing was due to testifying against Schott in another lawsuit brought against Schott by several limited partners and because he opposed the unwritten policy of not hiring blacks. Schott's countersuit alleged that Sabo wrote unauthorized checks to himself and paid health insurance premiums to retired front-office employees. She asked for $25,000 in damages for defamation. Sabo ultimately lost his suit.

Levy, who is Jewish, alleged that Schott kept a Nazi swastika armband at her home and claims he overheard her say "sneaky goddamn Jews are all alike." The next day, Schott issued a statement saying the claims of racism levied against her were overstated and that she did not mean to offend anyone with her statement or her ownership of the armband. Schott explained that the swastika armband had been a gift from a former employee.

On November 29, Schott said the "million-dollar niggers" comment was made in jest, but then stated that she felt that Adolf Hitler was initially good for Germany and did not understand how the epithet "Jap" could be offensive.

During the same season, a former Oakland Athletics executive assistant, Sharon Jones, is quoted in The New York Times as having overheard Schott state: "I would never hire another nigger. I'd rather have a trained monkey working for me than a nigger," before the start of an owners' conference call.

On May 5, 1996, Schott aroused ire when she made statements favorable of Adolf Hitler, saying he "was O.K. at the beginning, [...] He just went too far." Later in the month, Schott was quoted in Sports Illustrated as speaking in a "cartoonish Japanese accent" while describing her meeting with the Prime Minister of Japan. Schott later stated that she did not like Asian kids "outdoing our kids" in high school.

Other incidents
Schott was the target of frequent criticism for allegedly allowing her ever-present St. Bernards, Schottzie and Schottzie 02, near-complete free rein of Riverfront Stadium, including their defecating on the field. In particular, Reds personnel had also complained of her dogs' hair frequently getting stuck on their uniforms; Schott believed this was a good-luck charm, and during their 1990 World Series run would send bags of his hair to the team facilities. The hair was so old it began to smell. When the original Schottzie died, he was buried in Schott's backyard, wearing a Reds hat.

Schott was known for not wanting to hire scouts, stating that "All they do is sit around and watch ball games," and, for the opening week of the 1996 season, refusing to post scores of other games on the Riverfront Stadium scoreboard (the cost of this service was $350/month). Schott reportedly said of the scoreboard issue, "Why do [fans] care about one game when they're watching another?"

On September 21, 1989, professional wrestler Randy Savage (in his "Macho King" gimmick), was invited by Reds broadcaster Marty Brennaman to join him in the booth. Prior to his wrestling career, Savage was a minor league baseball player who played for Tampa Tarpons (a Reds farm team). He joined Brennaman during the third inning, in a 11–7 loss to the San Diego Padres, which garnered attention from players, umpires and fans in attendance. A furious Schott wanted Savage off the air and sent a message via her nephew Stephen H. Schott and the radio producer to Brennaman threatening to fire him. Brennaman cornered the younger Schott off the air, telling him: "Don't you ever try to intimidate me again. And if you have something to say, say it yourself". Reds center fielder Eric Davis also criticised the decision to have Savage ejected from the game, saying: "'Macho Man is a celebrity. If a celebrity can't go in the booth, who can? If it had been somebody from pet control Schott wouldn't have minded. They shoulda paid him to come to the game. She says she wants to entertain the fans and then she deprives them of this? That's the most excitement we've given the fans in two months.'"

On May 18, 1994, during a speech before the Ohio County Treasurers Association, Schott commented that she did not want her players to wear earrings because "only fruits wear earrings." She said, "I was raised to believe that men wearing earrings are fruity." Up to 1999, the Reds had a long-standing rule prohibiting players from having facial hair. In 1985, Schott famously offered future Hall of Famer Rollie Fingers to play for the Reds, on the condition that Fingers would shave off his iconic handlebar mustache. Fingers supposedly responded that he would shave his mustache "when (Schott) shaves her Saint Bernard." The rule was rescinded in 1999 (shortly before she relinquished control of the Reds) after a discussion between Schott and newly acquired outfielder Greg Vaughn.

In 1995 Schott famously announced in the middle of the season that manager Davey Johnson would not return, regardless of how well the Reds did. By all accounts, this was because of a personality clash between Johnson and Schott. Most notably, Schott did not approve of Johnson living with his fiancée before they were married later in the year. The Reds won the division (before losing the National League Championship Series to the Atlanta Braves, 4 games to 0), and Johnson was fired anyway.

The Reds traditionally played the first game of the season at home. On April 1, 1996, they played the Montreal Expos. The weather was cold and blustery and it had snowed earlier in the day. Shortly after the game started, home plate umpire John McSherry called a time out and motioned towards the Reds dugout, it was later presumed, for medical attention. After taking just a few steps, McSherry collapsed and fell to the artificial turf face first. Attempts to resuscitate McSherry failed and he was pronounced dead on arrival at University Hospital about an hour later. The other umpires decided to postpone the game until the next day. Video showed Schott visibly upset that the game was to be postponed; reportedly she groused, "Snow this morning and now this. I don't believe it. I feel cheated. This isn't supposed to happen to us, not in Cincinnati. This is our history, our tradition, our team. Nobody feels worse than me." Schott later insisted that she was standing up for the fans, though critics saw her comments as highly insensitive and grossly inappropriate. Schott reportedly offended major league umpires in general—and members of McSherry's crew in particular—by regifting a bouquet of flowers given to her, adding a sympathy note, and sending it to the funeral home. During the team's next homestand, Schott attempted to smooth over her feud with the umpires by apologizing to the crew—despite none of them having been in attendance at the game in question—only to have them refuse the gesture.

At some point on an airplane, Schott was allegedly approached by a woman who introduced herself as Edd Roush's granddaughter. Schott then replied, "That's nice hon, what business is he in?" Roush is a Hall of Fame center fielder who had many of his greatest years with the Reds. The New York Times later dubbed her "Baseball's Big Red Headache", and Sports Illustrated would dub her as a "Red Menace".

Sanctions and forced retirement
Due to Schott's racist comments, a four-man committee was convened to investigate Schott. On February 3, 1993, she was fined $250,000 and banned from day-to-day operations of the Reds for the 1993 season. Jim Bowden took over as managing partner. Schott returned to work on November 1.

Schott's comments about Hitler led MLB to ban Schott from day-to-day operations through 1998. On April 20, 1999, Schott agreed to sell her controlling interest in the Reds for $67 million to a group led by Cincinnati businessman Carl Lindner. At the time she was facing a third suspension, failing health, and an expiring ownership agreement with her limited partners, who planned to oust her. Schott remained as a minority partner.

Philanthropy
In addition to her interest in the Reds, Schott was a major contributor to charitable organizations in Cincinnati, including Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the Cincinnati Zoo, where they named an Asian elephant, Schottzie, after her dog. A second Asian elephant, named Princess Schottzie II, was donated by Schott in 1996.

She is recognized for her major donation to the Boy Scouts' Camp Friedlander that was used to create an 18 acre lake, christened 'Lake Marge Schott' in her honor.

Marge Schott was also a generous contributor to special events at the University of Cincinnati, such as the annual Homecoming Parade. From 2006 to 2020, UC's baseball stadium was named the Marge Schott Stadium in her honor. In June 2020, the university's board of trustees voted to remove her name from the stadium, citing her record of racism and bigotry, and renamed it UC Baseball Stadium.

Illness and death
Schott was a long-time smoker; in 2001 she began to develop health problems. Schott was hospitalized twice for breathing problems and suffered from pneumonia in 2003. Schott was hospitalized again on February 9, 2004. Some reports claim she was hospitalized due to a cold, while others said she complained of knee ailments; regardless, during her stay she developed breathing problems and had to be put on life support. She died on March 2 at age 75 at the Christ Hospital, in Cincinnati.

Schott's funeral was held at All Saints Catholic Church, in the Cincinnati suburb of Kenwood. She was interred at Gate of Heaven Cemetery wearing her signature red suit with an elephant brooch.

title: Marge Schott


text:
Ashmyany

Ashmyany or Oshmyany (Ашмяны; Ошмяны; Ašmena; Oszmiana; אָשמענע) is a city in Grodno Region, Belarus. It is located 50 km from Vilnius in Lithuania, and serves as the administrative center of Ashmyany District. The river Ashmyanka passes through the city. As of 2024, it has a population of 16,787.

Name
Since time immemorial, Ašmena and its surroundings were ethnic Lithuanian territory. However, many of the indigenous inhabitants died out during the wars, famine and plague in the late 17th and the early 18th centuries, and the Belarusian population replaced them. Lithuanians were slavicized along the Minsk-Ašmena-Vilnius axis, and by the mid-19th century, the numbers of Lithuanian-speakers had severely decreased.

Presently, its Lithuanian past is sealed in the towns's name, which is of Lithuanian origin. The town's name is derived from the name of the Ašmena (modern Ashmyanka River), itself derived from the Lithuanian word akmuo (stone). The link between consonants š and k is old and present in the Lithuanian words, respectively ašmuo (sharp blade) and akmuo (stone). The present name Ashmyany uses the plural form of the name and is a modern invention. Through the ancient town's history, its name was recorded in the Lithuanian singular form.

14th century
Ašmena is mentioned first as a town in the Duchy of Vilnius in the 1350s. The first reliable mention of Ašmena is in the Lithuanian Chronicles, which tells that after Gediminas' death in 1341, Jaunutis inherited the town. In 1384, the Teutonic Order attacked and destroyed the town with the goal of destroying Jogaila's hereditary state. The Teutons recorded the town as "Aschemynne". The Teutons managed to destroy the town, but it quickly recovered. By 1384, there is a manor of the Grand Duke of Lithuania in Ašmena. The Roman Catholic was built after 1387. This church was one of the first in the whole of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The church was administrated by the Franciscans.

15th century
In 1402, the Teutons attacked once more, but were bloodily repelled, so the Teutons withdrew to Medininkai. In 1413, the town became one of the most notable trade and commerce centres within the Vilnius Voivodship. Hence, in 1432 Ashmyany became the site of an important battle between the royal forces of Jogaila under Žygimantas Kęstutaitis and the forces of Švitrigaila, who was allied with the Teutonic Order. After the town was taken by the royalists, it became the private property of the Grand Dukes of Lithuania and started to develop rapidly.

Hanseatic trade routes passed through the town in the 15th century. On 1 September 1432, Švitrigaila was deposed from the throne in Ašmena. On 8 December 1432, Ašmena was the site of the Battle of Ašmena between Švitrigaila and Sigismund Kęstutaitis. There was a residential palace in Ašmena from the early 15th century to the end of the 18th century.

16th century
The Church of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary into Heaven burnt down in 1505, but was rebuilt. The Muscovite army destroyed and burnt Ašmena to the ground in 1519, during the Fourth Lithuanian–Muscovite War. The town was granted the Magdeburg rights in the 16th century. From 1566, Ašmena was the centre of the.

Ashmyany did not recover as quickly as previously after 1519, and in 1537 the town was granted several royal privileges to facilitate its reconstruction. In 1566, the town finally received Magdeburg rights, which were confirmed in 1683 (along with the privileges for the local merchants and burghers) by King John III Sobieski. In the 16th century the town was one of the most notable centers of Calvinism in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, after Mikołaj "the Red" Radziwiłł founded a college and a church there.

17th century
The Muscovite army occupied Ašmena in 1655. Due to the widespread destruction and impoverishment during the Deluge, the town was exempt from taxes in 1655, 1661 and 1667. In 1667, the Dominican Order was built.

18th century
In 1792, King Stanisław August Poniatowski confirmed all previous privileges and the fact, that Oszmiany, as it was then called, was a free city, subordinate only to the king and the local city council. With this, the town received its first ever Coat of arms. Composed of three fields, it featured a shield, a hand holding scales and the bull from Ciołek coat of arms, the monarch's personal coat of arms.

During the Uprising of 1794, Ašmena was the site of the insurgent staff under Jokūbas Jasinskis. At the same time, an insurgent group led by Mykolas Kleopas Oginskis was organised in the town. In 1795, the town was annexed by the Russian Empire in the last Partition of Poland–Lithuania. The Church of Saint Michael the Archangel burnt down in 1797 but was rebuilt.

19th century
The Church of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary into Heaven was also rebuilt in bricks in 1812; however, the church decayed over the 19th century. During the French invasion of Russia, the Grande Armée took over Ašmena in 1812, and during several battles, the town partially burnt down.

November Uprising (1830-1831)
During the November Uprising, it was liberated by the town's citizens, led by a local priest, Jasiński, and Colonel Count Karol Dominik Przeździecki. However, in April 1831, in the face of a Russian offensive, the fighters were forced to withdraw to the Naliboki forest. After a minor skirmish with Stelnicki's rearguard, the Russian punitive expeditionary force of some 1,500 officers and soldiers proceeded to burn the town and massacre the civilian population, including some 500 women, children and elderly, who sought refuge in the Dominican Catholic Church. Even the local priest was murdered. Nothing is known of the fate of Ashmyany's Jews. In the Uprising of 1831, the Imperial Russian Army razed the town and massacred 150 locals in one of the town's churches.

Rebuilding
In 1845, as the town was rebuilding, it received a new coat of arms, in recognition of its population increase. It never recovered from its earlier losses, and by the end of the 19th century it became rather a provincial town, inhabited primarily by Jewish immigrants from other parts of Russia 'beyond the Pale'. The Church of Saint Michael the Archangel was closed down in 1850, but rebuilt in 1900–10. In the late 19th century, a tavern was built and the Russian authorities built a Russian Orthodox church.

20th century
In 1912 the local Jewish community built a large synagogue.

World War I
After the end of World War I and the withdrawal of the German army in 1919, Ashmyany was under Polish jurisdiction. Bolshevik activity threatened the town. The Polish armed forces defended the town against the invading Bolsheviks, and there still exist graves of Polish soldiers who died in that struggle. According to the Soviet–Lithuanian Peace Treaty, signed on 12 July 1920, Ašmena was part of Lithuania. However, the Lithuanian territory was seized by the Polish Army that same year. After the Polish–Soviet War, Ashmyany was given to Poland by the Peace of Riga.

In interwar Poland
It was a county center, first of Wilno Land, then of Wilno Voivodeship during Polish rule. The town was capital of Oszmiana County. According to the census from 1931, Poles constituted 81% of the inhabitants of the Oszmiana County. On the other hand, Poles and Jews dominated the town of Oszmiana.

Soviet occupation
Following the Soviet-German invasion of Poland in 1939, the Soviet Union occupied the area until 1941. Ashmyany was given to the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic. Ashmyany was a raion center in Vileyka Region between 1939 and 1941. At the very end of the Soviet occupation, on the night of June 22 and morning of June 23, 1941, the NKVD murdered and buried in one mass grave 57 Polish prisoners from Ashmyany.

German occupation
During the Nazi occupation, which began June 25, 1941, the Jews of Ashmyany and their spiritual leader Rabbi Zew Wawa Morejno were ghettoized. After the Wehrmacht drove out the Soviet occupiers, Ašmena was part of the Generalbezirk Litauen in Reichskommissariat Ostland in 1941–1944.

Soviet reoccupation
On July 7, 1944, it was reoccupied by the Red Army during the Vilnius offensive. In 1945, the town was annexed by the USSR to the Byelorussian SSR. After 1944, the town was once more part of Vileyka Region, and between 1944 and 1960 it was incorporated into Molodechno Region until that region was disestablished. At that point Ashmyany became part of the Grodno Region, where it remains today.

Recent history
Since 1991, it has been a part of Belarus.

Climate
This climatic region is typified by large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and cold (sometimes severely cold) winters. According to the Köppen climate classification system, Ashmyany has a humid continental climate, abbreviated "Dfb" on climate maps.

Demographics

 * 1848 – 4,115 inhabitants
 * 1859 – 3,066 inhabitants
 * 1871 – 4,546 inhabitants
 * 1880 – 5,050 inhabitants (2501 Jews, 2175 Roman Catholics, 352 Orthodoxs)
 * 1897 – 6,400 or 7124 inhabitants
 * 1907/08 – 8,300 inhabitants
 * 1914 – 8,200 inhabitants
 * 1921 – 6,000 inhabitants
 * 1939 – 8,500 inhabitants
 * 1970 – 9,621 inhabitants
 * 1974 – 10,000 inhabitants (Great Soviet Encyclopedia)
 * 1991 – 15,200 inhabitants
 * 2004 – 14,900 inhabitants
 * 2006 – 14,600 inhabitants
 * 2007 – 14,269 inhabitants
 * 2023 – 16,870 inhabitants

Landmarks

 * Catholic church of St. Michael the Archangel
 * Catholic church of Franciscan, built in 1822
 * Synagogue, built in 1912
 * Orthodox church of Resurrection, built in 1875
 * Watermill

Miscellaneous

 * Alternate names: Oshmianka (Polish), Oszmiana, Aschemynne, Oshmyany, Ašmena, Oshmana, Oshmene, Oshmina, Osmiany, Oszmiana, Ozmiana, Osmiana, Oßmiana, Possibly Oschmjansky (Middle Ages maps)
 * Mentioned in: Memoirs of Baron Lejeune, Volume II, Chapter VII.

Notable people

 * Abba Kovner (1918–1987), Jewish partisan during World War II

title: Ashmyany


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User:Gdvanc

lives somewhere in the FWA MSA

title: User:Gdvanc


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Kennebec River

The Kennebec River (Abenaki: Kinəpékʷihtəkʷ) is a 170 mi river within the U.S. state of Maine. It rises in Moosehead Lake in west-central Maine. The East and West Outlets join at Indian Pond and the river flows southward. Harris Station Dam, the largest hydroelectric dam in the state, was constructed near that confluence. The river is joined at The Forks by its tributary the Dead River, also called the West Branch.

It continues south past the towns of Madison, Skowhegan, the city of Waterville, and the state capital Augusta. At Richmond, it flows into Merrymeeting Bay, a 16 mi freshwater tidal bay into which also flow the Androscoggin River and five smaller rivers.

The Kennebec runs past the shipbuilding center of Bath, and has its mouth at the Gulf of Maine in the Atlantic Ocean. The Southern Kennebec flows below the fall line and does not have rapids. As a consequence, ocean tides and saltwater fish species, such as the endangered Atlantic Sturgeon, can go upriver affecting the ecology as far north as Waterville, a small city located more than 35 miles inland. Tributaries of the Kennebec include the Carrabassett River, Sandy River, and Sebasticook River.

Segments of the East Coast Greenway run along the Kennebec.

Etymology
The name "Kennebec" comes from the Eastern Abenaki /kínipekʷ/, meaning "large body of still water, large bay".

Discovery by Europeans
In 1605, French explorer Samuel de Champlain navigated the coast of what is now Maine, charting the land and rivers of what was then called New France, L'Acadie, including the Kennebec as far upriver as present-day Bath, as well as the St. Croix, and Penobscot rivers. In the 1600s the Abenaki village of Norridgewock was located along the Kennebec.

Shipbuilding
The English founded the Popham Colony along the Kennebec in 1607. The settlers built the Virginia of Sagadahoc, the first oceangoing vessel built in the New World by English-speaking shipwrights. An English trading post, Cushnoc, was established on the Kennebec in 1628.

Bath and other cities along the Kennebec were developed, and artisans founded shipyards that produced hundreds of wooden and steel vessels. Bath became known as the "City of Ships". The Wyoming, one of the largest wooden schooners ever built, was constructed here.

For parts of the 17th century, the Kennebec was the western boundary of Cornwall County, Province of New York.

Following the War of 1812 between the United States and Great Britain, the US enjoyed a lengthy period of expansion of international trade, which increased the demand for shipbuilding and stimulated the growth of maritime fleets. Many of those ships were built in Bath. In 1854, at the peak of this boom period, at least nineteen major firms were building ships in Bath. Changes in the industry since the mid-20th century have resulted in the decline in US shipbuilding, as jobs moved offshore. The sole remaining shipyard in Bath is the Bath Iron Works, owned by General Dynamics; this is one of the few yards still building warships for the United States Navy. The USCGC Kennebec was named after this river.

Navigation
With waterways the most accessible travel routes, the Kennebec River served as an early trade corridor to interior Maine from the Atlantic coast. Ocean ships could navigate upstream as far as Augusta. The cities of Bath, Gardiner, Hallowell and Augusta, and the towns of Woolwich, Richmond and Randolph, all developed along this transportation corridor.

Upstream of Augusta, the timber industry used the river for log driving, to transport wooden logs and pulpwood from interior forests to sawmills and paper mills built along the river to use its water power. The city of Waterville and the towns of Winslow, Skowhegan, Norridgewock, Madison, Anson, and Bingham were all related to the lumber trade. The Maine Central Railroad and U.S. Route 201 were later constructed to make use of the flatlands along the river through these towns and cities.

Father Rale's War
England's 1710 conquest of Acadia brought mainland Nova Scotia under English control, but New France still claimed present-day New Brunswick and present-day Maine east of the Kennebec River. (The Kennebec River was also a border for the indigenous Native Americans and First Nations. ) To secure its claim, New France established Catholic missions in the three largest native villages in the region: one on the Kennebec River (Norridgewock); one further north on the Penobscot River (Penobscot), and one on the Saint John River (Medoctec).

Abenaki warriors along the Kennebec resisted English encroachment by armed confrontations, in what American historians sometimes refer to as Father Rale's War (1722–1725). A Yankee militia raid on the Abenaki Indian mission village at Norridgewock in August 1724 crippled the Abenaki resistance, as they killed as many as 40 inhabitants, including women and children. They also killed and scalped Fr. Sebastien Rasle, the 67-year old Jesuit priest, and scalped 26 of the dead Abenaki. Having plundered and torched the tribal village, the Yankee raiders destroyed the surrounding corn fields; they were paid bounties for the scalps. Some Abenaki survivors returned to the Upper Kennebec, but others took refuge with Penobscot allies or in Abenaki mission villages in French Canada.

Revolutionary War
Some 1,110 American Revolutionary War soldiers followed the route of the Kennebec during Benedict Arnold's expedition to Quebec in 1775.

War of 1812
During the War of 1812, United States and British Canadian forces fought at the Battle of Hampden in Maine.

Ice industry
In 1814, Frederic Tudor began to establish markets in the West Indies and the southern United States for ice. In 1826, Rufus Page built the first large ice house near Gardiner, in order to supply Tudor. The ice was harvested during the winter from the river by farmers and others who were otherwise relatively inactive. They cut it by hand, floated the huge chunks to an ice house on the bank, and stored it until spring. Then, packed in sawdust, the ice was loaded aboard ships and sent to the South.

Flood of 1987
On April 1, 1987, a combination of more than 6 ft of melting snow and 4 to 6 in of rain in the mountains forced the river to flood its banks. By April 2, 1987, the river had crested at the North Sidney, Maine USGS gage at 39.31 ft, 13.3 ft higher than the previous record flood stage. At the flood's peak, the flow topped out at an estimated 232,000 cuft/s. It caused damage of about US$100000000 1987, flooding 2,100 homes, destroying 215, and damaging 240 others. Signs of the flood can still be found in the towns and cities that line the river.

Whitewater rafting
In 1976 Suzanne and Wayne Hockmeyer, of Kennebec Whitewater Expeditions (now Northern Outdoors), pioneered whitewater rafting through the Kennebec gorge just below Harris Station Dam. Acknowledging the desire of young people for a space solely dedicated to kids, absent of adult gatherings and limiting constraints, in 1998 Northern Outdoors opened Adventure Bound - Maine's only youth focused whitewater rafting company for kids and families.

In the early 21st century, Northern Outdoors and 22 other rafting companies in The Forks conduct rafting on the river daily from May through October. Four times per rafting season, Brookfield Power tests their generating turbines by releasing the maximum amount of water possible from Harris Station Dam. At 8000 cubic feet per second, these Kennebec River Turbine Tests are the biggest whitewater releases in Maine.

Natural resources
Prior to the industrial era, the river contained many anadromous fish, in particular the Atlantic salmon. The exploiting of hydroelectric power in the region reduced the runs of such fish. The removal of dams on the river has been a controversial local issue in recent years. The removal of the Edwards Dam in 1999 has led to increased anadromous activity on the river.

Hydroelectricity
The following is a list of hydroelectric power stations on the Kennebec River.

Removal of Edwards Dam
The Kennebec River before the construction of Edwards Dam was extremely important as a spawning ground for Atlantic fish. In 1837, the Edwards Dam was built across the Kennebec River, just shy of the limit of tidal influence. Made of timber and concrete, it extended 917 ft across the river and 25 ft high. Its reservoir stretched 17 mi upstream, and covered 1,143 acre.

In 1999, the dam was removed, after the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) determined that the ecological benefits of removing it outweighed the value of the electricity it produced, and refused the renewal of the dam license.

Despite several negative visual and environmental factors at first, the ecosystem is healing itself. Initially after the removal of the dam, barren riverbanks and muddy water were evident along the lower 17 mi of the Kennebec. Introduced smallmouth bass will suffer from the re-introduced striped bass, which tend to feed on young smallmouth bass. An increase in raptor populations, such as ospreys, bald eagles, herons, cormorants, and kingfishers, is evident.

Human activities also benefited from the dam removal. The exposure of rapids and the return of native fish species allows many recreational activities, including canoeing, kayaking, whitewater rafting, and fishing.

Statistics
The river drains 5869 sqmi, and on average discharges 5.893 e9USgal per day into Merrymeeting Bay at a rate of 9111 cuft/s. The United States government maintains three river flow gauges on the Kennebec river. The first is at Indian Pond (45.51114°N, -69.8108°W) where the rivershed is 1590 sqmi. Flow here has ranged from 161 to 32900 ft3/s. The second is at Bingham (45.05167°N, -69.88667°W) where the rivershed is 2715 sqmi. Flow here has ranged from 110 to 65200 ft3/s. The third is at North Sidney (44.4725°N, -69.68583°W) where the rivershed is 5403 sqmi. Flow here has ranged from 1160 to 232000 ft3/s. Two additional river stage gauges (no flow data) are in Augusta (44.31833°N, -69.77139°W) and Gardiner (44.23056°N, -69.77111°W); both of these gauge heights are affected by ocean tides.

Before the river was dammed, it was navigable as far as Augusta.

title: Kennebec River


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Jean Pelletier

Jean Pelletier, (February 21, 1935 – January 10, 2009) was a Canadian politician who served as the 37th mayor of Quebec City, Chief of Staff in the Prime Minister's Office, and chairman of Via Rail. He was a leading organizer of the Liberal Party of Canada.

Early career
Born in Chicoutimi, Quebec, the son of Burroughs and Marie (Desautels) Pelletier, Pelletier was educated at the college des Jesuits in Quebec City and the Séminaire de Trois-Rivières. He studied social sciences at Laval University before working as a journalist with CFCM-TV in Quebec City in 1957. From 1958 to 1958, he was a correspondent with Télévision de Radio-Canada. In 1959, he was the press secretary for the Premier of Quebec, Paul Sauvé.

From 1960 to 1962, he was the executive secretary for the Commission des Monuments Historiques de la Province de Québec, a society for the listing and preserving all buildings of historical interest in the province of Quebec. From 1963 to 1964, he was a Technical Advisor to the Secretary of the Province of Quebec. Moving into the private sector, he was a broker for Levesque & Beaubien from 1964 to 1970. From 1970 to 1973, he was a vice president for Dumont Express. From 1973 to 1977, he was vice-president of Action Sociale Ltée.

Political career
Pelletier began his political career with the Union Nationale party, a conservative and nationalist party identifying with Quebec autonomism.

He won a seat as a municipal councillor in Quebec City in December 1976. He was elected mayor in 1977, serving for twelve years and two more elections. During his tenure as mayor, from 1977 to 1989, he improved rail service into the city, was instrumental in reviving the Lower Town and in having it designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

While mayor, Pelletier also became friends with Paris mayor Jacques Chirac. The two worked closely together as part of the Association of Francophone Mayors (1979–89), where Pelletier served as vice president. He successfully persuaded Chirac to keep quiet during the 1980 Quebec referendum, though Chirac personally supported an independent Quebec like General Charles de Gaulle.

With the demise of the Union Nationale, he joined the Liberal Party of Canada.

Chief of Staff to Jean Chrétien
Pelletier was a longtime close ally and friend of Jean Chrétien. They knew each other for years, having first met at boarding school while still youths. They attended law school at Laval University together and earned similar reputations as being aggressive.

When Chrétien won the leadership in 1990, he was largely unpopular in Quebec, rocked by caucus defects, and indecisive in responding to the Oka standoff. The federal Liberals were disorganized, near bankruptcy, and dropped in the polls from 50 to 32 per cent. In order to reinvigorate his leadership and reorganized his chaotic office, Chrétien hired Pelletier as his chief of staff, while Eddie Goldenberg continued as senior political adviser.

Pelletier ran unsuccessfully in the Quebec City riding during the 1993 election, which saw the party capture few seats in the province of Quebec outside of their federalist stronghold of Montreal. That campaign saw Chrétien become Prime Minister, and Pelletier became his Chief of Staff, making him head of the Prime Minister's Office.

Chrétien praised Pelletier as Chief of Staff, saying "He ran a very tight–and tight-lipped–ship.... As a result, we didn't suffer from the public feuding, backbiting gossip, and anonymous leaks that had plagued other PMOs. Even those columnists and academics who were no fans of the Liberal Party had to concede that Pelletier's operation was among the most efficient and harmonious in memory, despite having been reduced from 120 to 80 employees as a cost-saving measure." Jeffrey Simpson, a columnist for The Globe and Mail, noted that "Pelletier stayed away from the media. He seldom met with journalists, and when he did, he gave almost nothing away. He was courteous, refined, sometimes witty and usually non-informative."

Pelletier persuaded two designates for Governor General, Roméo LeBlanc and Adrienne Clarkson, to marry their long-time partners, so they could be appointed as Canada's head of state.

Pelletier remained close friends with Jacques Chirac, who became President of France in 1994. Pelletier played an instrumental role in Chrétien and Chirac becoming close friends despite their initial disagreements. Chrétien had initially dismissed Chirac as a "right-wing Gaullist" and had been publicly furious when Chirac announced on Larry King Live that France would be one of the first countries to recognize an independent Quebec. Years later, when Paul Martin became prime minister and dismissed Pelletier (see below), Chirac criticized Martin for his treatment of Pelletier.

Sponsorship Scandal and Via Rail Controversy
On May 4, 2001, Chrétien appointed Pelletier chairman of Via Rail, a Crown corporation. Soon after, Chrétien promised an extra C$700 million to improve Via's service.

On March 1, 2004, Pelletier and Via President Marc LeFrançois were fired by Prime Minister Paul Martin and Transport Minister Tony Valeri. Their dismissals were shortly after the Liberal Party became embroiled in the sponsorship scandal. Pelletier was one of four Chrétien loyalists sacked from jobs at Crown corporations by Martin's government during the sponsorship scandal. Via was accused of skipping mandated procedures in order to hand out contracts to Liberal-friendly firms and individuals. Pelletier, however, was not at Via for most of these occurrences, and the Martin government was accused of using an incident as an excuse to remove one of Chrétien's allies. Eddie Goldenberg said that Pelletier "was very hurt about being fired for saying something about Myriam Bédard without being asked for his side. The whole purpose [of firing him] had nothing to do with Ms. Bédard and everything to do with the fact that Mr. Martin didn't like him because he had worked for Mr. Chrétien".

Paul Martin maintained that Pelletier was fired for remarks that he made to Montreal's La Presse newspaper attacking Olympic athlete Myriam Bédard. Talking about Bédard, who had held a marketing position at Via and had gone to the media with stories of corruption, Pelletier said "I don't want to be mean, but this is a poor girl who deserves pity, who doesn't have a spouse, as far as I know." He later reiterated that "She is struggling as a single mother with economic responsibilities. Deep down, I think she is pitiful." This caused an immediate media fracas and the remarks were widely condemned as sexist and out-of-touch by women's groups, sports groups and others.

On March 30, 2004, Pelletier sued Via and the federal government for C$3 million, for defamation and illegal dismissal. A federal court ruled that dismissal did not follow due process and ordered him reinstated in November 2005. Although he was reinstated, the government appealed the court ruling and kept him off the payroll. On December 22, 2005, he was fired a second time, this time after the government ensured that due process was followed. Pelletier filed suit in Quebec Superior Court alleging wrongful dismissal; Transport Minister Jean Lapierre issued a written statement noting that the second dismissal was effective immediately and that Pelletier would not receive compensation due to his suit against the government.

After the 2006 federal election, Reg Alcock, the outgoing President of the Treasury Board, did approve $40,000 to assist Pelletier with legal fees in a court challenge against the Gomery Commission. Representatives of other parties criticized this payment, saying that the government should only cover legal costs for working civil servants. Pelletier's lawyer argued that it followed a long-standing government policy for high-ranking functionaries in judicial proceedings.

A Federal Court justice ruled in March 2007 that the Martin government acted improperly in 2005 when it fired Pelletier a second time, immediately after a court overturned his first dismissal as head of Via Rail. Justice Francois Lemieux ruled that then-Transport Minister Jean Lapierre, who fired Pelletier the second time, was biased and failed to follow proper procedures. On November 22, 2007, Judge Hélène Langlois of Quebec Superior Court ruled that government of Prime Minister Paul Martin had acted in a "cavalier and precipitous" fashion when it fired Pelletier. Langloise stated, "that behaviour doesn't meet the standard of diligence expected from a contractor when a contractual relationship is ended. It shows a total lack of consideration". Langlois also mentioned that people refused to walk on the same side of the street as Pelletier while others called him names in public. Pelletier was awarded $235,000 in lost income, and a further $100,000 for damaging his reputation. He had sued for $689,000 in financial losses and $3.3 million for moral damages.

On June 26, 2008, federal judge Max Teitelbaum criticized John Gomery for having a preoccupation with the media spotlight that led him to give interviews he should have eschewed, making comments that indicated he judged issues before all evidence was heard, exhibited bias against Mr. Chrétien, and trivialized the inquiry proceedings. For instance, Teitelbaum pointed out that Gomery's remark halfway through the hearings that "juicy stuff" was yet to come made it appear that evidence of wrongdoing was expected before it was heard. The court threw out the Gomery inquiry's conclusions that Chrétien and Pelletier bore responsibility for the sponsorship scandal.

Death
Pelletier died in Quebec City on January 10, 2009, from complications of colon cancer, aged 73. He was survived by his wife, Hélène, and two children.

Honours
In 1985, Pelletier was made a Member of the Order of Canada in recognition of having "played a pivotal role in many social, cultural and philanthropic organizations in the Old Capital". He was promoted to Officer in 2003 in recognition of having "dedicated his life to public service". In 1990, he was made an Officer of the National Order of Quebec.

title: Jean Pelletier