text:
Talk:Type 2 diabetes

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Crsheridan.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 11:51, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Reversing diabetes
It was mentioned on the news tonight (December 5 2017) that researchers at the University of Glasgow had found a way to reverse progression of Type Two diabetes by putting people on a diet of only 800 calories a day for a period of time. If anybody knows about this study and can find some reliable sources for it, it could go in the article. Vorbee (talk) 18:24, 5 December 2017 (UTC)
 * This was just published in the Lancet.
 * Yes weight loss can put type 2 DM into remission.
 * Will look for a rewiew User:Vorbee Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) 21:40, 18 May 2018 (UTC)
 * Found one https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5648990/ Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) 21:44, 18 May 2018 (UTC)
 * These might be of interest also https://www.diabetes.org.uk/resources-s3/2017-12/1302_Remission%20Position%20Statement_v1_92kb.pdf and https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5998736/ 14.200.91.233 (talk) 23:02, 3 July 2018 (UTC)

I was hoping to add this (sorry, it's a bit UK based, but that's where the research took place): Type 2 Diabetes has been shown to be put into remission in newly diagnosed patients following a low calorie diet for eight to twelve weeks. The diet was developed by scientists working at Newcastle and Glasgow universities and involved diet replacement soups and shakes. The study, funded by a UK based diabetes charity, found 46% of patients were in remission a year later, and in the following year, 70% of these people remained in remission. A link was found between people losing and keeping off weight and remaining in diabetes remission. Overall, trial participants reported a better quality of life, blood glucose levels and reduced diabetes medications.

The diet based treatment has been rolled out by some NHS health trusts in England and Scotland, United Kingdom. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.43.143.36 (talk) 19:53, 26 December 2021 (UTC)

Association of type 2 diabetes with titanium dioxide
According to and, there is some association of type 2 diabetes with titanium dioxide. Do we need to add this to this article? Thanks.

--Wolfch (talk) 00:46, 25 July 2018 (UTC)
 * That's one, very small study (statistical sample 11, with only 3 controls) from one team. Generally an encyclopedia article would not take note until there is, if not a consensus, at least a substantial body of evidence. (One study--the other reference is to news coverage of the same study.)

IAmNitpicking (talk) 15:45, 25 July 2018 (UTC)

 * Thank for the reply--Wolfch (talk) 06:06, 26 July 2018 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 14 September 2018
"Change section Complications of diabetes mellitus Type 2 diabetes is typically a chronic disease associated with a ten-year-shorter life expectancy.[10] This is partly due to a number of complications with which it is associated, including: two to four times the risk of cardiovascular disease, including ischemic heart disease and stroke; a 20-fold increase in lower limb amputations, and increased rates of hospitalizations.[10] In the developed world, and increasingly elsewhere, type 2 diabetes is the largest cause of nontraumatic blindness and kidney failure.[24] It has also been associated with an increased risk of cognitive dysfunction and dementia through disease processes such as Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia.[25] Other complications include acanthosis nigricans, sexual dysfunction, and frequent infections. [23]

To ADD at the end Comorbidities associated with diabetes include Hypertension (high blood pressure), Dyslipidemia (abnormal LDL, HDL, or triglycerides), Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD), Cardiovascular disease, kidney disease and obesity. " PCDCMS (talk) 15:44, 14 September 2018 (UTC)
 * Content in Wikipedia needs to summarize reliable sources. For content about medicine the relevant guideline is MEDRS. Please see your talk page, where I have left you a message to help you get oriented. Jytdog (talk) 16:21, 14 September 2018 (UTC)

New treatment (source)
> 'Spectacular' diabetes treatment could end daily insulin injections - Hour-long procedure that stabilises blood sugar levels of sufferers of type 2 diabetes is still effective one year on, study shows
 * https://www.theguardian.com/society/2018/oct/24/spectacular-diabetes-treatment-could-end-daily-insulin-injections 213.152.161.211 (talk) 11:33, 28 October 2018 (UTC)
 * The Guardian is terrible when it comes to reporting medical and scientific research. Everything is hailed as a spectacular breakthrough.  Wait until a reliable medical source (WP:MEDRS) comments on or summarizes the research with the appropriate context before considering adding it to Wikipedia.

Semi-protected edit request on 13 November 2018
Change the Prevalence of Diabetes (2000) map to the right of the epidemiology section and to change it to this  because the map that is currently displayed is outdated and displays incorrect information. Wwilken2 (talk) 20:20, 13 November 2018 (UTC)
 * ✅. A source should be displayed. The Wikimedia file shows this source, but no map is illustrated. --Zefr (talk) 20:58, 13 November 2018 (UTC)

Lack of insulin of excess of it?
While in Type 1, there is surely lack of insulin, hence known as IDDM, does type 2 also involve lack of insulin all the time? If I am not wrong, I have read that there is excess of insulin in the beginning and this hyperinsulinemia causes obesity (adiposity) and that causes type 2 diabetes. Kindly correct me if I am wrong. -- Dr. Abhijeet Safai (talk) 05:37, 26 March 2019 (UTC)
 * Interestingly, what I am saying is already present here on Wikipedia itself in another article. I am copy pasting the the information where I want to bring attention to - "The hallmarks of type II diabetes (T2DM) pathogenesis are insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion. In the earlier stages of disease development, cells throughout the body become resistant to the effects of insulin. Therefore, insulin is unable to cause cells to take up glucose (among other impairments) and glucose builds up in the blood. As a result, insulin secretion is ramped up, to try to compensate for this lack of response." Thank you. -- Abhijeet Safai (talk) 06:07, 26 March 2019 (UTC)
 * I believe you are correct. Be bold and correct the article! IAmNitpicking (talk) 13:41, 26 March 2019 (UTC)
 * Yes, thanks a lot. It really feels good to know that my efforts were worthwhile. But regarding being bold here, I would like to build consensus here first for sometime and then would like the make the changes. Thank you. -- Abhijeet Safai (talk) 04:31, 27 March 2019 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Diabetes mellitus type 1 which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 20:45, 19 May 2019 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Type 1 diabetes which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 10:59, 27 May 2019 (UTC)

Pathophys image
This image is a poor representation of insulin resistance, as the movement of GLUT4 to the plasma membrane is sufficient to permit glucose transport. I plan to work on the Diabetespage during the next couple of months and will be on the lookout for an image to replace this. UWM.AP.Endo (talk) 04:12, 23 September 2019 (UTC)

 * I just removed the picture as I think it was very misleading. I am so glad to see there has been a comment holding the similar viewpoint with mine. The picture represents insulin resistance due to poor insulin sensitive glucose uptake, but it is only one of the pathways to insulin resistance and the picture does not have a detailed description as it does not show which is GLUT and which is insulin receptor. I think an illustration of insulin action could be a better way to present insulin resistance. I think it is better to stop the picture from misleading more people until a reasonable illustration is made.--Unravel17 (talk) 10:13, 8 December 2019 (UTC)
 * Sounds reasonable. Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) 00:34, 9 December 2019 (UTC)

Please allow me to add with citations Alekh99 (talk) 14:51, 9 January 2020 (UTC)

Want to add Hypogeusia in sign and symptoms
I want to hypogeusia as symptom and sign. I have three proofs of it .two newspapers article and one published research. Alekh99 (talk) 10:15, 9 January 2020 (UTC)

 * User:Alekh99 please find sources per WP:MEDRS. Moving text here "The classic symptoms of diabetes are Ageusia(loss of taste function of the tongue particularly the inability to detect sweetness, sourness, bitterness,saltiness)  ,Hypogeusia (reduced ability to taste sweet, sour, bitter or salty substances)"

This is a popular press source and not suitable

We need high quality English sources.

This is a case report

This source will work for the discussion and will add it.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549775/

Doc James (talk · contribs · email) 10:29, 10 January 2020 (UTC)

Addition of a section in the article titled 'Reversal of Type 2 Diabetes'?
I propose that there should be section in the article titled 'Reversal of Type Diabetes'. I request the experts to kindly comment on it. The information present in following references can be used to write this section.
 * 1) Understanding the mechanisms of reversal of type 2 diabetes
 * 2) Prevention and reversal of Type 2 diabetes: highlights from a symposium at the 2019 Diabetes UK Annual Professional Conference
 * 3) Therapeutic use of intermittent fasting for people with type 2 diabetes as an alternative to insulin
 * 4) Reversing Type 2 Diabetes: A Narrative Review of the Evidence
 * 5) Improvement in Glycemic and Lipid Profiles in Type 2 Diabetics with a 90-Day Ketogenic Diet

Thanks in advance for the comments. Thanking you, Yours sincerely, -- Dr. Abhijeet Safai (talk) 08:03, 17 September 2020 (UTC)

Regarding image
I suggest removing the image captioned 'Overview of the most significant symptoms of diabetes.' Several of these symptoms are not of diabetes per se, but of acute hyperglycaemic states such as HONK and DKA; I would direct you to the relevant Wikipedia pages for these distinct conditions.

I would argue that this image is not helpful to laymen in general, since it confuses the usual long-term symptoms of diabetics with findings that only occur in the acutely unwell. No attempt is made to acknowledge or explain this distinction; confusion will result. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.3.208.188 (talk) 15:37, 14 October 2020 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 9 March 2021
Supervised aerobic exercise (like physical therapy) has been shown to be the most effective type of exercise at improving HbA1c in those with type 2 diabetes, when compared to unsupervised aerobic exercise, and unsupervised resistance exercise.

Lindseydiioriodpt (talk) 19:30, 9 March 2021 (UTC)
 * That doesn't appear to be what the source says. Both supervised aerobic and supervised resistance exercises showed a significant reduction in HbA1c compared to no exercise (0.30% lower, 0.30% lower, respectively), however, there was a less reduction when compared to combined exercise (0.17% higher, 0.23% higher).. ScottishFinnishRadish (talk) 20:38, 9 March 2021 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 9 March 2021 (2)
Please change :

“A proper diet and exercise are the foundations of diabetic care, with a greater amount of exercise yielding better results. Exercise improves blood sugar control, decreases body fat content and decreases blood lipid levels, and these effects are evident even without weight loss. Aerobic exercise leads to a decrease in HbA1c and improved insulin sensitivity. Resistance training is also useful and the combination of both types of exercise may be most effective. ”

into a sub-section under lifestyle entitled "Exercise". Under this sub-section title would be the following text:

“A proper diet and exercise are the foundations of diabetic care, with a greater amount of exercise yielding better results. Exercise therapy and training helps prevent and treat type 2 diabetes (T2DM), whilst being cost-effective and accessible. Exercise therapy has been proven to have the capability to improve metabolic health of those with type 2 diabetes in various ways. Exercise improves blood sugar control, decreases body fat content and decreases blood lipid levels, and these effects are evident even without weight loss. In addition, exercise also increases glucose uptake and utilization, improves insulin sensitivity. Not only this, but physical exercise and training have also been proven to be effective in lowering insulin resistance, promoting the secretion of insulin, and reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and obesity in patients with type 2 diabetes. Several studies have shown that BMI, waist-to-hip ratio, and visceral fat in obese patients have improved after 8-12 weeks of resistance and aerobic exercise.

Aerobic exercise leads to a decrease in HbA1c and improved insulin sensitivity. Resistance training is also useful and the combination of both types of exercise may be most effective. Resistance exercise or strength training also increases the strength of skeletal muscles which results in the increased numbers of insulin receptors. By increasing the number of insulin receptors, the body then improves its sensitivity to insulin. Imihgo98 (talk) 20:42, 9 March 2021 (UTC)

 * Yes check.svg Done J850NK (talk) 14:25, 28 March 2021 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 22 March 2021
Under Management -> Medications -> Blood sugar control:

"A 2018 review found that SGLT2 inhibitors may be better than glucagon-like peptide-1 analogs or dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors."

should be changed to the more accurate:

"A 2018 review found that SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 agonists, but not DPP-4 inhibitors, were associated with lower mortality than placebo or no treatment."

For the primary outcome, all-cause mortality, the study states that "There was no significant difference between SGLT-2 inhibitors and GLP-1 agonists". GKjMHHfc (talk) 03:15, 22 March 2021 (UTC)
 * ✅ Ruslik_ Zero 07:16, 22 March 2021 (UTC)

Request to edit on 25 August 2021
"The development of type 2 diabetes is caused by a combination of lifestyle and genetic factors.[25][28] While some of these factors are under personal control, such as diet and obesity, other factors are not, such as increasing age, female gender, and genetics."

s/gender/sex

"The development of type 2 diabetes is caused by a combination of lifestyle and genetic factors.[25][28] While some of these factors are under personal control, such as diet and obesity, other factors are not, such as increasing age, female sex, and genetics."

Matt-bacon-bcm (talk) 02:15, 26 August 2021 (UTC)
 * ✅ ScottishFinnishRadish (talk) 10:48, 26 August 2021 (UTC)

Exercise for improving Type 2 Diabetes
The study linked below shows the benefits of exercise for people with Type 2 Diabetes and insulin sensitivity.I would like to add a bit about it in the Lifestyle > Exercise portion of this article. Citation: Fealy, CE, Nieuwoudt, S, Foucher, JA, et al. Functional high-intensity exercise training ameliorates insulin resistance and cardiometabolic risk factors in type 2 diabetes. Exp Physiol. 2018; 103: 985– 994. https://doi.org/10.1113/EP086844 Toribarr123 (talk) 18:49, 27 April 2022 (UTC)
 * Individual articles don't tend to be encyclopedic. IAmNitpicking (talk) 20:35, 27 April 2022 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 23 September 2022
Please remove this bit from the introduction:

Some people are more genetically at risk than others.

and replace it with this:

Some people are genetically more at risk than others.

There's no good reason to split "more at risk" in this manner. 175.39.61.121 (talk) 07:10, 23 September 2022 (UTC)
 * ✅. Aidan9382 (talk) 09:44, 23 September 2022 (UTC)

Management of Diabetes through Dental Care
Hey guys, I would like to ask you to add and edit the sections "Complications" and "Management" with some core information about dental care for people with diabetes. For the first section, the International Diabetes Federation published in 2009 the guideline for "Oral health for people with diabetes" that states "Maintenance of proper oral hygiene for good oral health is an accepted part of the normal recommendations for a healthy lifestyle. Poor oral hygiene is associated with gingivitis, which can progress to more severe infection and inflammation leading to periodontitis. Infectious disease is known to be more common in people with diabetes if blood glucose control is poor, and inflammation is known to be associated with a decrease in insulin sensitivity and thus potentially a worsening of blood glucose control" [2 ]. It also gives 5 recommendations to the clinical care of the people with diabetes:

1) Enquire annually as to whether each person with diabetes follows local recommendations for day-to-day dental care for the general population, and (where access permits) attends a dental professional regularly for oral health check-ups.

2) Enquire at least annually for symptoms of gum disease (including bleeding when brushing teeth, and gums which are swollen or red).

3) In those people not performing adequate day-to-day dental care, remind them that this is a normal part of diabetes self-management, and provide general advice as needed. Advise those not attending for regular dental check-ups on the importance of doing so (where access permits).

4) In those people with possible symptoms of gum disease, advise them to seek early attention from a dental health professional.

5) Education of people with diabetes should include explanation of the implications of diabetes, particularly poorly controlled diabetes, for oral health, especially gum disease.

It is important to inform to the Wiki community about the importance of visiting the Dentist to avoid the adverse effects and complications of a non-controlled diabetes. Currently, at OECD level, very few countries count with recommendations and public health policies aimed to improve the oral health of people with diabetes [3 ], so this article could be a factor for change.

In addition to the second section, "Management", recently, a Cochrane Review synthesizing evidence from 30 trials (results from 2443 participants) showed that periodontitis treatment reduces blood sugar levels (measured by HbA1c) in diabetic patients on average by 0.43 percentage points (e.g. from 7.43% to 7%; 4.7 mmol/mol) 3 to 4 months after receiving the treatment compared with no active treatment or usual care. A difference of 0.30% (3.3 mmol/mol) was seen after 6 months (12 studies), and 0.50% (5.4 mmol/mol) at 12 months (one study) [4 ]. This reinforce the necessity to include some information about the urgency of dental care in people with diabetes. I really like to read your thoughts and suggestions about this!! Thank you! Chamaquitoso (talk) 20:26, 21 April 2023 (UTC)

 * Wikipedia is | not a guidebook. If you shorten this a lot and make it encyclopedic, rather than medical advice, a section might be appropriate. IAmNitpicking (talk) 02:55, 23 April 2023 (UTC)

Hyphen missing
A hyphen is missing in “leptin-resistant” under the subheading “pathophysiology” in the paragraph starting with “Hypothalamic cells.” 96.235.137.226 (talk) 06:01, 19 January 2024 (UTC)
 * ✅. Thank you. Ajpolino (talk) 16:11, 19 January 2024 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 26 January 2024
Change "Common symptoms include increased thirst, frequent urination, fatigue and unexplained weight loss." To "Common symptoms include increased thirst, frequent urination, and fatigue."

Weight loss is classic symptom of type 1 diabetes, not type 2. Type 2 diabetes is associated with obesity. 142.169.80.54 (talk) 02:48, 26 January 2024 (UTC) — Urro[ talk ] [ edits ] 14:26, 26 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done for now: Some sources seem to disagree. (NHS inform) (Mayo Clinic) (MedlinePlus) (National Health Service) If you have a contrary source, feel free to reply and provide it so we can reconsider the edit.
 * Hi! The source currently listed in the article for the area of concern, source 3, states that "Type 2 diabetes is also associated with excess weight". It also lists weight loss as a symptom of diabetes in general, including both Type 1 and Type 2. Patients with type 2 are typically asymptomatic and diagnosed incidentally or with screening. It is absolutely possible for type 2 diabetics to present with weight loss, which is why it is listed in your sources, but it is not common.
 * UptoDate, a clinical resource for physicians, states "The majority of patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes are asymptomatic, without symptoms of catabolism (eg, without polyuria, polydipsia, or unintentional weight loss). Hyperglycemia may be noted on routine laboratory examination or detected by screening." https://www.uptodate.com/contents/initial-management-of-hyperglycemia-in-adults-with-type-2-diabetes-mellitus?search=type%202%20diabetes&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1
 * DynaMed, a Canadian resource for physicians, states "It is often identified through routine screening beginning in middle age, or through targeted screening of adults of any age with overweight or obesity and with risk factors such as metabolic syndrome" https://www.dynamed.com/condition/diabetes-mellitus-type-2-in-adults#GUID-B96C41AD-6FA4-4177-80F2-46E4E55D2165
 * Apologies if you are unable to access UptoDate or DynaMed due to paywalls, but if you have any physicians on your team they will likely have access.
 * MedlinePlus (different page than your link) states "Type 2 diabetes usually develops slowly over time. Most people with the disease are overweight or obese when they are diagnosed." and "People with type 2 diabetes often have no symptoms at first." They do not list weight loss as a common symptom. https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000313.htm
 * This is also supported by the infographic in the wikipedia article in symptoms, which illustrates that weight loss is more common in type 1 diabetics. A possible suggested rewording would be that most people with type 2 diabetes are asymptomatic, but they may present with increased thirst, frequent urination, fatigue, or unintentional weight loss. Something to consider! Thanks! 207.179.134.202 (talk) 19:52, 26 January 2024 (UTC)

Adding link to the section of "hearing loss in diabetes" in the long term complications section
Consider adding a link to the wikipedia page on "Hearing loss in diabetes" in the complication section mentioning hearing loss as a complication of diabetes Wikihear (talk) 16:42, 4 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Type 2 diabetes


text:
User:David Newton/Bird Dispute

This a page to document a dispute with User:Bird that has erupted over the past few hours. Here is a verbatim copy of Bird's talk page as of 21:57 UTC 8 March 2004:

"Please do not revert my user talk page. I am telling you and I will continue to report to the pages where I have contributed that I have no confidence in the information I contributed. You may revert pages to the condition they were before I edited them and I will have nothing to say about my contributions.

Further, after more research, my opinion about the copyright of images I contributed changed. I now know them to be copyrighted image that cannot be used on Wikipedia.

 * If they are US govt, then it's OK, they are public domain, unless they come from a third-party source. Could you specify where?

 * No, i don't care to further help you find images for your project. I'm telling you I posted them then later discovered them to be copyrighted. Period.

 * It would be great if you could just tell me exactly what it was that caused you to do this, then perhaps we can all take a deep breath and figure what's going on. Yours in good faith. --Lexor|Talk 16:17, 8 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Hi there Bird. :) Can you tell me why you suddenly have no confidence in what you've written?  It looks great to me.  What sources did you rely on?  If you've based your articles on your understanding of a subject which you've read a lot about, there's no need to delete what you wrote.  If you've made mistakes (and I doubt that you have) then they will be corrected over time.  Nothing in wikipedia is instant - wikipedia evolves.  I'd be very sad to see you leave, you seem like just the kind of contributor we value most.  :)  fabiform | talk 16:14, 8 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Hi there Bird. :) Can you tell me why you suddenly have no confidence in what you've written?  It looks great to me.  What sources did you rely on?  If you've based your articles on your understanding of a subject which you've read a lot about, there's no need to delete what you wrote.  If you've made mistakes (and I doubt that you have) then they will be corrected over time.  Nothing in wikipedia is instant - wikipedia evolves.  I'd be very sad to see you leave, you seem like just the kind of contributor we value most.  :)  fabiform | talk 16:14, 8 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * you seem like just the kind of contributor we value most
 * That is because I fabricated a user identity with the intention of creating oen that is favorable to group think her. Nobody here knows me and it is apparent that when my real values show, I require more than some want to put out. the show is over "bird"

 * but what do you require? I still don't know what you mean. it sounds like this whole thing was an experiment in testing the community, but if so, for what purpose? --Lexor|Talk 16:23, 8 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * What I meant by that was that you care about the content you're adding. Contributors who care are contributors who are valued.  Nobody here knows me either, but I believe that I add useful things to this project in my own small way.  fabiform | talk 16:25, 8 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Hi, Bird: you know, this is a wikiwiki, not a peer-reviewed journal. We strive for accurate content and we need educated people (like you seem to be) on every subject. If there are mistakes, we hope they will be sooner or later mended, but -in my opinion- a slightly wrong article is better than nothing. Pfortuny 16:21, 8 Mar 2004 (UTC)

OK, you've blanked the brain article within the last hour, claiming that its factual accuracy was questionable and that the images were violations of copyright.

I don't see indications on the copyvio page as to where the images are copies from so that it can be checked as to whether they are really that. You are thus not following standard Wikipedia behaviors which is highly objectionable. You seem to have been here for a bit, so you should have been aware of the ettiquette. Also, disputes as to the accuracy of the article are NOT grounds for blanking the article.

So far as I can tell, this is just a one-off incident, but I will look into it. If I find that you have been blanking without due cause in other places I will take the appropriate steps necessary to start the arbitration process or whichever strand if appropriate towards getting you watched a lot more closely. Your apparent vandalism has been noted and you have been warned about it. David Newton 16:52, 8 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * The history is longer than it looks like, David, I for this time would not call it vandalism. Pfortuny 17:00, 8 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * David, you might want to look into Talk:Brain to see the source of this issue. Bird is reverting his edits to the state before he started working on them.  It appears s/he may have been ticked off about the focus on image trivialites and felt that not enough attention was being paid to factual accuracy and/or peer review (and in fact was perhaps deliberately putting in a few false facts to test the community).  We would have to look over the edits carefully to see what was actually done.  It's all very strange and vexing, but it appears the reverts have stopped and perhaps Bird has logged off.  I suggest waiting a while to see if Bird returns or not, and then doing whatever repairs are necessary. --Lexor|Talk 17:03, 8 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Yes, but blanking an entire article and putting a line of text saying that its accuracy is disputed it NOT the way to go about that. I was just looking at the Recent Changes and happened to see the rather suspicious subject line of bird's last edit of the brain article. I then saw it had been blanked and started to investigate. I called it apparent vandalism, not just straight vandalism. However, given that I have come across several other articles that have been largely blanked over the past few edits, I am more inclined to say it is vandalism. It is a strange type of vandalism, but it is vandalism I am forced to conclude. I am leaning towards putting this on the vandalism in progress page so that other sysops can have a look at and fix some more of the problems and also keep an eye on things if/when bird logs on again. David Newton 17:09, 8 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * That's 27 articles I count that were either completely or mostly blanked or had rather odd things done to them. Even the Community Portal had a FAQ link removed for no apparent reason. I have reverted most of those articles that others hadn't found, and I have noted what is going on on the vandalism in progress page. Blanking or nearly blanking over 20 articles is certainly vandalism so far as I am concerned, regardless of whether the person wrote the articles as well. David Newton 17:31, 8 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * With regards to the FAQ, I hear tell that he wrote the School FAQ which extolled some of the features of Wikipedia and indicated that it could be used as a resource in schools. However, some of his comments indicate that earlier (check the history of this page, methinks) indicated that he was withdrawing any such support and reccomendation. Fennec 18:27, 8 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * I agree. It's just very strange, because we had a good contributor who felt that there was not enough attention to peer review being done (and too much attention on image formatting), and then disappears in a huff, blanking his/her pages as s/he goes (and not reverting them to the pre-Bird state as s/he had indicated s/he was going to do on Talk:Brain.  But it could be even stranger, have a look at Bird's comments on User talk:Fennec to see what I mean.  I'm not sure if this entirely premediated, or whether Bird was being ironic.  All very odd. --Lexor|Talk 17:32, 8 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * David, you are right, but as I followed the case in real time, I noticed it more as someone becoming mad and trying to destroy his/her own work than as vandalism. But I am not trying to defend these acts. Pfortuny 18:40, 8 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Hello Bird,

If you think articles should be deleted, list them on Votes for Deletion, rather than blanking them. Please see that page for procedures. -- The Anome 17:22, 8 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Having reviewed content I contributed, I now realize it all to be ridden with errors and plagiarism. I am removing information I contributed which I know to be innacurate. If somebody wants to do the research to contribute accurate information, fine. Otherwise, back off before I begin recalling errors i made while using other information. '''It is wrong. I am fixing the errors.''' Don't try me. Not a bird

Before deleting anything for plagiarism we'd better know where it has been plagiarized from. Otherwise, your claims are void. Pfortuny 19:00, 8 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * How about I tell you i made up everything I posted and what I didnt' make up I copied. And how about I make press releases citing many other articles I made up with no research besides an old textbook. In some cases I even OCR'ed the text directly into wikipedia. Don't cross me. This site lacks the resources do anything by cry and wish it had not lost the integrity I contributed. There is nothing you can do to restore integrity to anything written under this user name and I will make a career of assuring that the work bears a record of my testimony to the inaccuracy of my work. Go ahead, poke me with a stick some more....

 * Oh, no. I insist, this is a wikiwiki, not the Annals of Mathematics. So nobody should take WP as a definitive source for anything. Just a starter. Pfortuny 19:13, 8 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Hello again Bird. The correct way to deal with copyright violations on Wikipedia is to list the relevant articles on Possible copyright infringements. Just blanking pages is against policy and will likely be reverted. If you have added copyvio to Wikipedia, then it should be deleted not blanked. Only administrators have the power to delete. What you're doing achieves nothing as everything you've ever written on Wikipedia is stored in page histories. If you carry on breaking Wikipedia policies by mass blankings etc you aren't likely to have the chance to "make a career of assuring that the work bears a record of [your] testimony to the inaccuracy of [your] work" as you will be seen as a vandal and banned. fabiform | talk 19:15, 8 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Use whatever euphemism you want to shape the situation to conform with your personal reality. I am a writer who realized after the fact that I had contributed unreliable information. I will make every effort to assure that anyone who attempts to read the false, innaccurate, copied information I submitted knows that it is in fact unreliable. If you want to spend the next six months playing vigilante, ignore the subject matter and continue to go after thye person. The best thing for you to do would be shut up and quit trying to control my actions. Leave the articles the way they were without my contributions and there will be no reason for me to expose the errors in the articles. There is no correct way. The correct way is to acknowledge you have learned nothing from me and that I will not allow you to consider anything I have written or copied to the site as credible. It seems folks here are much better at fighting vandals and moving around pictures than they are at discussion biological phsycology. If that's the arena you want to play in - fighting vandals, have at it. On the other hand, if you have an interest in biological psychology, go read the 20 blank talk pages where nobody had nay interest in the subject matter. Of course the pages maintain history logs. That is where I am addressign these comments, so that anyone who studies these articles can review the history pages and realize the author fabricated or plagiarized the content. Get over it and start over.

"so-called bird"

The image blatted from the deleted version of Human brain is in the public domain. I made it myself as described on the image page. Accusations of plagiarism should not be bandied around lightly. Especially when wrong. Washington irving 19:18, 8 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Make no mistake, I do not bandy lightly. My approach is forceful. If you created an image and would like to place it on a page, do so. If you would like to compile a list of regions in the human brain, do so. But if you want to create an encyclopedia based on what you think you learned from this username, you can rest assured the accuracy and plagiarism challenges will endure as long as anything sourced from this writer returns to the pages in its original form.

The list of human brain regions is based on nothing but my fancy and speculation. The image I posted there was copyrighted. If you want to start over, find some time and do so, based on your own research, and compile it in such a way that it does not mirror text I have repeatedly stated now is copied right out of a book. . "so-called bird"

Maybe I shouldn't reply, but I feel that I should repeat (forcefully) that the image currently shown on Human brain and List of regions in the human brain are in the public domain. The content I added to these and other pages is not plagiarized. I take the accusation of plagiarism very seriously. It is insulting and wrong. I think this will be my last comment on this page. I'm sorry you chose the important topic of the Brain to make an example of. Many honest and creative people have been contributing to these pages in good faith. Washington irving 19:37, 8 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Protection of Vandalised Pages
OK, this has now escalated rather seriously. Your persistent failure to follow the established ways of doing things has meant that I've protected a whole slew of pages that have been involved in your reversion attempts. I have also added disputed accuracy notices to most of them, so they should be fact checked as well. Any further vandalism will result in protection of those pages as well, and yes we know about Accuracy dispute your sock puppet.

You are going the right way about being banned completely from the Wikipedia. That is now a long process, but it can happen. So, here's what's going to happen:

 * 1) You will refrain from any more reversions or blankings of pages that you have edited.
 * 2) You will go about things in the correct manner for the Wikipedia (within the limits that page protection imposes). That means that if you want a page deleted you will list it on votes for deletion. You can't actually follow the copyright violation policy of the Wikipedia now that the pages are protected, so as a substitute I would suggest putting a message on the relevant talk page giving a reference as to where the copyright violation comes from. It can then be checked.

So far you have made one solid point in one of your reversions, claiming that a page was copied from a particular book. That can be checked, but your other edit summaries have been useless in that respect, as well as being the wrong way to do things.

It would also help immensely if you would sign your posts. To do so please use to sign without a date and ~ to sign with a date and timestamp.David Newton 20:44, 8 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Well, well, well. It's now reached the stage where the vandalism has reached the user's own talk page. Bird makes the completely false claim that he/she is being blocked from editing this page. It has not been locked down. It has had blankings reversed. After this message, I am going to retrieve the blanked messages. After that, I am going to start the process of getting the username banned. David Newton 21:24, 8 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Messages that have been reverted
"How about all of you middle class pigs mind your own business and stop trying to play dictator. Nobody had any interest in this contributor until they smelled blood in the water, and now out of the woodwork crawls a dozen cockroaches clamoring to say how things should be.

There is a real simple way to get respect out of whoever created this former user name. If you have something to add, add it. If this user name reverts copy that it wrote, for whatever reason, accept it and come up with something to replace it. Otherwise, this is not an encyclopedia it is a game environment for people whose life is built around dictating the behavior of others.

My testimony is that the site is not designed to attract contributors, but rather to attract humans with serotonin oriented systems for the dopamine governed power elite who rule the site, as I so adroitly explained in the article on HPA_axis but which I later refused to validate as original or accurate because nobody cares enough to go out and bother to find out if the information that is coming over the transmom is accurate. When the information was preseneted as article, it was all good. But when it becomes a reality in your power game, I am certain one of the first replies will be to imply that I am incoherrent and that attempting to understand my reasoning before rebutting me is irrational because I offer no reason.

Lexor is so wrong to chime in with the projection that my concern is attachment to articles. I have produced far more and affected more action in this world that I will ever be able to attach to. That is the fundament of this users approach, which I stated and which Lexor failed to acknowledge - that I resent being asked to use a user name, and did so only as a concession to dominant factions in a group. The material I submit should be reviewed for accuracy, not for my reputation. I assure you, i will not allow this group to establish a sense of credibiltiy around any user name I create. This is a very intentional effort to destroy any credibility associated with this handle.

This site attempts to identify and type casting people. Editors are allowed to contribute unaltered text based on their reputation among the dopamine crowd here, not because other editors knowledgable in the field have reviewed and checked the work. I will not allow credibility to attach to the bilines of articles I write here, no matter how profound my contributions. The bottom line is none of you have the skills to work with me and you lost me in part. I will do my work from some other approach, and will advocate the same causes in whatever I do here."

"Yeh, ask a person to talk, reject what they say, lock them out of the dialogue. I can see a few Wikipedians are having a real big day in their careers here, finally with some conflict into which they can inject their confident demands."

"This page edit was made by USER:BIRD who was blocked from managing this user page. My preference is to archive all discussion so far and that is the status to which I am setting this page. If anyone tampers with it by reverting, they are not only vandalizing my creative work, they are committing an act of aggression toward me. I encourage all of you to forget about this user except that if this user announces a lack of confidence in something this user created, you go back to where the work started and pick up from there."

These were reverted, once by me, once by User:Jwrosenzweig and once by User:Ahoerstemeier. The talk page was blanked in each case and replaced by the message in question.

This is now a replacement for a page blanked, presumably by Bird. David Newton 21:28, 8 Mar 2004 (UTC)

No, I am NOT reverting your user page. I am reverting your TALK page. Those are two entirely different things. Your talk page has not been protected, although you are actually tempting me sorely to do so. However, that would be contrary to Wikipedia policy, since I am now involved rather heavily in this situation and also because it is bad form to protect someone else's talk page. David Newton 21:31, 8 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Just tracking the netblock for 210.177.229.13:

inetnum:     210.177.128.0 - 210.177.255.255 netname:     PCCW-BIA descr:       PCCW Business Internet Access country:     HK admin-c:      TA66-AP tech-c:      TA66-AP mnt-by:      MAINT-HK-PCCW-BIA mnt-lower:   MAINT-HK-PCCW-BIA-CS changed:     jacky.sm.lam@pccw.com 20020815 status:      ALLOCATED PORTABLE source:      APNIC

role:        TECHNICAL ADMINISTRATORS address:     Pacific Century Cyberworks address:     Room 280, 2/F Telecom House, address:     3 Gloucester Road, address:     Wanchai, Hong Kong. country:     HK e-mail:       noc@imsbiz.com admin-c:     NOC18-AP admin-c:     JL1059-AP admin-c:     DL430-AP tech-c:      NOC18-AP tech-c:      JL1059-AP tech-c:      DL430-AP nic-hdl:     TA66-AP notify:      noc@imsbiz.com mnt-by:      MAINT-HK-PCCW-BIA changed:     jacky.sm.lam@pccw.com 20020606 source:      APNIC "

Course of dispute
My involvement in the dispute began when I spotted a rather odd edit summary for the brain article. Upon following this up, I discovered consistent reversion and blanking of pages by Bird. Quite a few of the pages were actually only written by Bird, but some were not. I reverted most of the changes, although some had already been caught by others, and put a message on Bird's talk page which can be seen above.

Thereafter reversions of articles began to be made again by Bird. They were again reverted and things escalated. A sock puppet of Bird's turned up, User:Accuracy dispute and began reverting things, later to be replaced by Bird reverting as an anonymous user. I began to protect articles and put links on the vandalism in progress page. I also put MediaWiki messages about the content being disputed on quite a few of the articles. Following that, I posted messages to the talk pages of those who had contributed to Bird's talk page recently to let them know what was going on.

An edit war then developed on Bird's talk page, with Bird blanking it and putting messages to the effect that it should not be edited and that to do so would be an attack on Bird. Some of those messages can be seen above in the copy of Bird's talk page. Following on from this summary being posted, it is my intention to seek mediation of this matter, and if that fails arbitration. It is also my intention, if possible, to try and sort out whether Bird's claims of plagiarism have any real depth to them. However, lacking citations in almost all cases, that will be somewhat difficult. David Newton 22:04, 8 Mar 2004 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:David Newton/Bird Dispute


text:
J. H. Thomas

James Henry Thomas (3 October 1874 – 21 January 1949) was a Welsh trade unionist and politician. He was involved in a political scandal involving budget leaks.

Early career and trade union activities
Thomas was born in Newport, Monmouthshire, the son of a young unmarried mother. He was raised by his grandmother and began work at twelve years of age, soon starting a career as a railway worker. He became an official of the Amalgamated Society of Railway Servants and in 1913 helped to organise its merger with two smaller trade unions on the railways to form the National Union of Railwaymen (now part of the National Union of Rail, Maritime and Transport Workers). Thomas was elected NUR general secretary in 1916, a post he held until 1931.

Thomas was general secretary during the successful national rail strike of 1919 that was jointly called by the NUR and Associated Society of Locomotive Engineers and Firemen against proposed wage reductions. In 1921 Thomas played a leading role in the Black Friday crisis, in which rail and transport unions failed to come to the aid of the National Union of Mineworkers, who were facing wage reductions. Before the 1926 General Strike the Trades Union Congress asked Thomas to negotiate with Stanley Baldwin's Conservative Government, but the talks were unsuccessful and the strike went ahead.

Political career
Thomas began his political career as a Labour Party local councillor for Swindon. He was elected to Parliament in 1910 as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Derby, replacing Richard Bell. He was re-elected in the 1918 general election and was considered as a potential candidate for the role of Chairman of the Parliamentary Labour Party and by extension Leader of the Opposition. He declined in order to focus on running the NUR, and the post went to William Adamson.

He was appointed Secretary of State for the Colonies in the incoming Labour government of 1924 under Ramsay MacDonald. In the second Labour government of 1929 Macdonald wanted to appoint Thomas as Foreign Secretary, but the post was already desired by Arthur Henderson. Thomas was made Lord Privy Seal with special responsibility for employment. He rejected the Mosley Memorandum issued by junior ministers led by Oswald Mosley proposing public works programmes and the expansion of Imperial Preference into an autarkic trade bloc to resolve interwar unemployment and poverty in 1930. Mosley subsequently resigned from the Cabinet, and in the ensuing reshuffle Thomas was reassigned to the post of Secretary of State for the Dominions.

Thomas retained that position in MacDonald's National Government (1931–1935). As a result of joining the National Government he was expelled from the Labour Party and the NUR. For the first few months of the National Government in 1931 he also served as Colonial Secretary once more. One of the problems he had to cope with was the Australian cricket bodyline affair, which he said was one of the most difficult he faced.

Thomas served as Secretary of State for the Colonies once more from 1935 until May 1936, when he was forced to resign from politics. It was revealed that he had been entertained by stock exchange speculators and had dropped heavy hints as to tax changes planned in the budget. For example, while playing golf, he shouted "Tee up!", which was taken as a suggestion that the duties on tea were to rise.

Personal life
Thomas was made a Freeman of Newport in 1924. In May 2011 a casket given to him to celebrate the occasion was purchased at auction for Newport Museum.

Despite his humble origins he had a reputation for mixing well with all levels of society. Among the Labour ministers he was a favourite with George V. It was from laughing at a bawdy joke Thomas told the king that the latter split a post-operative wound from lung abscess surgery, delaying his recovery to near the 1929 General Election. Winston Churchill is said to have been in tears during Thomas's resignation speech as Colonial Secretary; and King Edward VIII recalled Thomas saying, as he returned his seals of office to the king, 'Thank God your old Dad never got to hear of this'. Thomas was known as a natty dresser, and was caricatured by the cartoonist David Low as "Lord Dress Suit".

After leaving parliament, Thomas served as company chairman of the British Amalgamated Transport Ltd.

Death
He died in London, aged seventy-four, in 1949. After cremation at Golders Green Crematorium, his ashes were buried at Swindon. His son Leslie Thomas became a Conservative Member of Parliament.

Literary references
Thomas is mentioned in Have His Carcase, a 1932 detective novel by Dorothy L. Sayers. Thomas's custom of wearing a dress suit is cited as an apparent certainty that could fail unlike the Second Law of Thermodynamics, which appears to govern the case in a metaphorical way.

In Lord Peter Wimsey, the 1975 BBC One production of Dorothy L. Sayers' 1931 novel Five Red Herrings, Thomas is mentioned in a snatch of background dialogue. A Scottish railway porter bursts out in an angry tirade: "You call this a Socialist Government? Things are harder than ever for a working man, and as for Jimmy Thomas, he has sold himself, lock, stock and barrel, to the capitalists!"

He is referred to in the comic song of 1932 by Norman Long, "On the Day that Chelsea went and won the Cup". In a dream setting out the outlandish and impossible things that might happen on such an unusual day, the line is used "and De Valera put a statue of Jim Thomas on his lawn, on the day that Chelsea went and won the cup".

He is mentioned in "No Mean City" by A. McArthur and H. Kingsley Long, "Now he insisted on reading extracts from a speech by J. H. Thomas, declaring, moreover, that the railwaymen had never had abler leader" (page 89).

title: J. H. Thomas


text:
Baron Raglan

Baron Raglan, of Raglan in the County of Monmouth, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created on 20 October 1852 for the military commander Lord FitzRoy Somerset, chiefly remembered as commander of the British troops during the Crimean War.

History
The title was created for Lord FitzRoy Somerset, the youngest son of Henry Somerset, 5th Duke of Beaufort (see Duke of Beaufort for earlier history of the family). His second but eldest surviving son, the second Baron, served as a Lord-in-waiting (government whip in the House of Lords) from 1866 to 1868 in the Conservative administrations of the Earl of Derby and Benjamin Disraeli. He was succeeded by his son, the third Baron. He held office as Under-Secretary of State for War between 1900 and 1902 in the Conservative government of Lord Salisbury. His eldest son, the fourth Baron, was a soldier and also served as Lord Lieutenant of Monmouthshire. The fifth Baron was active in the House of Lords but lost his seat in the upper chamber of parliament after the passing of the House of Lords Act 1999. the title is held by the fourth Baron's third but second surviving son, the sixth Baron, who succeeded in 2010.

Like their Beaufort relatives, the Barons of Raglan can boast an unbroken line of male (but illegitimate) descent from Henry II and the earliest Plantagenets. The family seat was Cefntilla Court, Llandenny in Monmouthshire. An inscription over the porch dated 1858 reads: "This house with 238 acres of land was purchased by 1623 of the friends, admirers and comrades in arms of the late Field Marshal Lord Raglan GCB and presented by them to his son and his heirs for ever in a lasting memorial of affectionate regard and respect". Memorials to a number of members of the Raglan branch of the Somerset family can be seen in St John's Church, the parish church of Llandenny.

The fifth baron willed Cefntilla to a nephew, the son of his sister, and not to the heirs of the barony, a decision which was contested. During the legal dispute, the Honourable Arthur Somerset, son and heir of the new Baron, died suddenly on 25 July 2012. The dispute was subsequently settled and Cefntilla sold.

Barons Raglan (1852)

 * FitzRoy James Henry Somerset, 1st Baron Raglan (1788–1855)
 * Richard Henry FitzRoy Somerset, 2nd Baron Raglan (1817–1884)
 * George FitzRoy Henry Somerset, 3rd Baron Raglan (1857–1921)
 * FitzRoy Richard Somerset, 4th Baron Raglan (1885–1964)
 * FitzRoy John Somerset, 5th Baron Raglan (1927–2010)
 * Geoffrey Somerset, 6th Baron Raglan (born 1932)
 * Hon. Arthur Geoffrey Somerset (1960–2012)

The heir apparent is the present holder's grandson Iñigo Arthur Fitzroy Somerset (born 2004).

title: Baron Raglan


text:
Salviniales

The order Salviniales (formerly known as the Hydropteridales and including the former Marsileales) is an order of ferns in the class Polypodiopsida.

Description
Salviniales are all aquatic and differ from all other ferns in being heterosporous, meaning that they produce two different types of spore (megaspores and microspores) that develop into two different types of gametophyte (female and male gametophytes, respectively), and in that their gametophytes are endosporic, meaning that they never grow outside the spore wall and cannot become larger than the spores that produced them. The megasporangia each produce a single megaspore. In being heterosporus with endosporic gametophytes they are more similar to seed plants than to other ferns.

The fertile and sterile leaves are dimorphic, taking on a different shape, and leaves bear anastomosing veins. Aerenchyma is frequently present in roots, shoots, and petioles (leaf stalks).

The ferns of this order vary radically in form and do not look particularly fern-like. Species of the family Salviniaceae are natant (floating), while those of the family Marsileaceae are rooted. However, the natant species may temporarily grow on wet mud during times of low water, and the Marsileaceae may grow as emergent species, depending on species and location.

The group has also the smallest known genomes of all ferns. One genus, Azolla, is amongst the fastest growing plants on earth and caused a cooling of the climate in the Azolla event about 50 million years ago.

There is a well-known fossil member of the Marsileales, Hydropteris (incertae sedis).

Classification
In the molecular phylogenetic classification of Smith et al. (2006), the Salviniales were placed in the leptosporangiate ferns, class Polypodiopsida. Two families, Marsileaceae and Salviniaceae, were recognized. The linear sequence of Christenhusz et al. (2011), intended for compatibility with the classification of Chase and Reveal (2009) which placed all land plants in Equisetopsida, reclassified Smith's Polypodiopsida as subclass Polypodiidae and placed the Salviniales there. The circumscription of the order and its families was not changed, and that circumscription and placement in Polypodiidae has subsequently been followed in the classifications of Christenhusz and Chase (2014) and PPG I (2016).

The likely phylogenic relationships between the two families and five genera of the Salviniales are shown in the following diagram.

title: Salviniales


text:
Casimir element

In mathematics, a Casimir element (also known as a Casimir invariant or Casimir operator) is a distinguished element of the center of the universal enveloping algebra of a Lie algebra. A prototypical example is the squared angular momentum operator, which is a Casimir element of the three-dimensional rotation group.

More generally, Casimir elements can be used to refer to any element of the center of the universal enveloping algebra. The algebra of these elements is known to be isomorphic to a polynomial algebra through the Harish-Chandra isomorphism.

The Casimir element is named after Hendrik Casimir, who identified them in his description of rigid body dynamics in 1931.

Definition
The most commonly-used Casimir invariant is the quadratic invariant. It is the simplest to define, and so is given first. However, one may also have Casimir invariants of higher order, which correspond to homogeneous symmetric polynomials of higher order.

Quadratic Casimir element
Suppose that $$\mathfrak{g}$$ is an $$n$$-dimensional Lie algebra. Let B be a nondegenerate bilinear form on $$\mathfrak{g}$$ that is invariant under the adjoint action of $$\mathfrak{g}$$ on itself, meaning that $$B(\operatorname{ad}_XY, Z) + B(Y, \operatorname{ad}_X Z) = 0$$ for all X, Y, Z in $$\mathfrak{g}$$. (The most typical choice of B is the Killing form if $$\mathfrak{g}$$ is semisimple.) Let
 * $$\{X_i\}_{i=1}^n$$

be any basis of $$\mathfrak{g}$$, and
 * $$\{X^i\}_{i=1}^n$$

be the dual basis of $$\mathfrak{g}$$ with respect to B. The Casimir element $$\Omega$$ for B is the element of the universal enveloping algebra $$U(\mathfrak{g})$$ given by the formula
 * $$\Omega = \sum_{i=1}^n X_i X^i.$$

Although the definition relies on a choice of basis for the Lie algebra, it is easy to show that Ω is independent of this choice. On the other hand, Ω does depend on the bilinear form B. The invariance of B implies that the Casimir element commutes with all elements of the Lie algebra $$\mathfrak{g}$$, and hence lies in the center of the universal enveloping algebra $$U(\mathfrak{g})$$.

Quadratic Casimir invariant of a linear representation and of a smooth action
Given a representation ρ of $$\mathfrak{g}$$ on a vector space V, possibly infinite-dimensional, the Casimir invariant of ρ is defined to be ρ(Ω), the linear operator on V given by the formula

 * $$\rho(\Omega) = \sum_{i=1}^n \rho(X_i)\rho(X^i).$$

A specific form of this construction plays an important role in differential geometry and global analysis. Suppose that a connected Lie group G with Lie algebra $$\mathfrak{g}$$ acts on a differentiable manifold M. Consider the corresponding representation ρ of G on the space of smooth functions on M. Then elements of $$\mathfrak{g}$$ are represented by first order differential operators on M. In this situation, the Casimir invariant of ρ is the G-invariant second order differential operator on M defined by the above formula.

Specializing further, if it happens that M has a Riemannian metric on which G acts transitively by isometries, and the stabilizer subgroup Gx of a point acts irreducibly on the tangent space of M at x, then the Casimir invariant of ρ is a scalar multiple of the Laplacian operator coming from the metric.

More general Casimir invariants may also be defined, commonly occurring in the study of pseudo-differential operators in Fredholm theory.

Casimir elements of higher order
The article on universal enveloping algebras gives a detailed, precise definition of Casimir operators, and an exposition of some of their properties. All Casimir operators correspond to symmetric homogeneous polynomials in the symmetric algebra of the adjoint representation $$\operatorname{ad}_\mathfrak{g}.$$:

 * $$C_{(m)} = \kappa^{ij\cdots k} X_i \otimes X_j \otimes \cdots\otimes X_k$$

where $m$ is the order of the symmetric tensor $$\kappa^{ij\cdots k}$$ and the $$X_i$$ form a vector space basis of $$\mathfrak{g}.$$ This corresponds to a symmetric homogeneous polynomial

 * $$c_{(m)} = \kappa^{ij\cdots k} t_i t_j \cdots t_k$$

in $m$ indeterminate variables $$t_i$$ in the polynomial algebra $$K[t_i, t_j, \cdots ,t_k]$$ over a field $K.$ The reason for the symmetry follows from the PBW theorem and is discussed in much greater detail in the article on universal enveloping algebras.

Moreover, a Casimir element must belong to the center of the universal enveloping algebra, i.e. it must obey

 * $$[C_{(m)}, X_i] = 0$$

for all basis elements $$X_i.$$ In terms of the corresponding symmetric tensor $$\kappa^{ij\cdots k}$$, this condition is equivalent to the tensor being invariant:
 * $$f_{ij}^{\;\; k} \kappa^{jl\cdots m}

+ f_{ij}^{\;\; l} \kappa^{kj\cdots m} + \cdots + f_{ij}^{\;\; m} \kappa^{kl\cdots j} = 0 $$ where $$f_{ij}^{\;\; k}$$ are the structure constants of the Lie algebra i.e. $$[X_i,X_j]=f_{ij}^{\;\; k}X_k$$.

Uniqueness of the quadratic Casimir element
Since for a simple Lie algebra every invariant bilinear form is a multiple of the Killing form, the corresponding Casimir element is uniquely defined up to a constant. For a general semisimple Lie algebra, the space of invariant bilinear forms has one basis vector for each simple component, and hence the same is true for the space of corresponding Casimir operators.

Relation to the Laplacian on G
If $$G$$ is a Lie group with Lie algebra $$\mathfrak{g}$$, the choice of a nondegenerate invariant bilinear form on $$\mathfrak{g}$$ corresponds to a choice of bi-invariant Riemannian metric on $$G$$. Then under the identification of the universal enveloping algebra of $$\mathfrak{g}$$ with the left invariant differential operators on $$G$$, the Casimir element of the bilinear form on $$\mathfrak{g}$$ maps to the Laplacian of $$G$$ (with respect to the corresponding bi-invariant metric).

Casimir elements and representation theory
By Racah's theorem, for a semisimple Lie algebra the dimension of the center of the universal enveloping algebra is equal to its rank. The Casimir operator gives the concept of the Laplacian on a general semisimple Lie group; but there is no unique analogue of the Laplacian, for rank > 1.

By definition any member of the center of the universal enveloping algebra commutes with all other elements in the algebra. By Schur's Lemma, in any irreducible representation of the Lie algebra, any Casimir element is thus proportional to the identity. The eigenvalues of all Casimir elements can be used to classify the representations of the Lie algebra (and hence, also of its Lie group).

Physical mass and spin are examples of these eigenvalues, as are many other quantum numbers found in quantum mechanics. Superficially, topological quantum numbers form an exception to this pattern; although deeper theories hint that these are two facets of the same phenomenon..

Let $$L(\lambda)$$ be the finite dimensional highest weight module of weight $$\lambda$$. Then the quadratic Casimir element $$\Omega$$ acts on $$L(\lambda)$$ by the constant
 * $$\langle \lambda, \lambda + 2 \rho \rangle=\langle\lambda+\rho,\lambda+\rho\rangle - \langle\rho,\rho\rangle ,$$

where $$\rho$$ is the weight defined by half the sum of the positive roots. If $$L(\lambda)$$ is nontrivial (i.e. if $$\lambda\neq 0$$), then this constant is nonzero. After all, since $$\lambda$$ is dominant, if $$\lambda\neq 0$$, then $$\langle\lambda,\lambda\rangle>0$$ and $$\langle\lambda,\rho\rangle\geq 0$$, showing that $$\langle\lambda,\lambda+2\rho\rangle >0$$. This observation plays an important role in the proof of Weyl's theorem on complete reducibility. It is also possible to prove the nonvanishing of the eigenvalue in a more abstract way—without using an explicit formula for the eigenvalue—using Cartan's criterion; see Sections 4.3 and 6.2 in the book of Humphreys.

Symmetric invariant tensors of simple Lie algebras
A Casimir element of order $$m$$ corresponds to a symmetric invariant tensor of the same order via $$C_{(m)} = \kappa^{i_1i_2\cdots i_m} X_{i_1}X_{i_2}\cdots X_{i_m}$$. Constructing and relating Casimir elements is equivalent to doing the same for symmetric invariant tensors.

Construction of symmetric invariant tensors
Symmetric invariant tensors may be constructed as symmetrized traces in the defining representation

k^{(m)}_{i_1i_2\cdots i_m} = \text{Tr}\left(X_{(i_1}X_{i_2}\cdots X_{i_m)}\right) $$ where indices are raised and lowered by the Killing form, and symmetrized under all permutations.

It is also possible to construct symmetric invariant tensors from the antisymmetric invariant tensors of the type

\Omega^{(2m-1)}_{i_1i_2\cdots i_{2m-1}} = f_{i_1[i_2}^{j_1} \cdots f^{j_{m-1}}_{i_{2m-3}i_{2m-2}]} k^{(m)}_{j_1\cdots j_{m-1}i_{2m-1}} $$ The symmetric invariant tensor

t_{i_1i_2\cdots i_m}^{(m)} = \Omega^{(2m-1)}_{j_1j_2\cdots j_{2m-2} i_m} f_{i_1}^{j_1j_2}\cdots f_{i_{m-1}}^{j_{2m-2}j_{2m-3}} $$ is traceless for $$m>2$$. Such invariant tensors are orthogonal to one another in the sense that $$t^{(m)}_{i_1i_2\cdots i_m} \left(t^{(n)}\right)^{i_1i_2\cdots i_m i_{m+1}\cdots i_n} = 0 $$ if $$n>m$$.

In the case of the simple Lie algebra $$A_l=\mathfrak{sl}_{l+1}$$, let us introduce the fully symmetric tensor of order three $$d_{ijk}$$ such that, in the defining representation,

X_iX_j = \frac{2}{\ell+1} \delta_{ij} + f_{ij}^k X_k + d_{ij}^k X_k $$ Then the Sudbery symmetric invariant tensors are

d^{(2)}_{i_1i_2} = \delta_{i_1i_2} $$

d^{(3)}_{i_1i_2i_3} = d_{i_1i_2i_3} $$

d^{(4)}_{i_1i_2i_3i_4} = d_{(i_1i_2}{}^j d_{i_3i_4)j} $$

d^{(5)}_{i_1i_2i_3i_4i_5} = d_{(i_1i_2}{}^j d^j{}_{i_3}{}^kd_{i_4i_5)k} $$

Relations between symmetric invariant tensors
For a simple Lie algebra of rank $$r$$, there are $$r$$ algebraically independent symmetric invariant tensors. Therefore, any such tensor can be expressed in terms of $$r$$ given tensors. There is a systematic method for deriving complete sets of identities between symmetric invariant tensors.

In the case of the Lie algebra $$A_l$$, the symmetric invariant tensors $$t^{(m)}$$ obey $$t^{(m>l+1)}=0$$. Reexpressing these tensors in terms of other families such as $$d^{(m)}$$ or $$k^{(m)}$$ gives rise to nontrivial relations within these other families. For example, the Sudbery tensors $$d^{(m>l+1)}$$ may be expressed in terms of $$d^{(2)},\cdots, d^{(l+1)}$$, with relations of the type

d^{(4)}_{i_1i_2i_3i_4}\ \underset{l=2}{=}\ \frac13\delta_{(i_1i_2}\delta_{i_3i_4)} $$

d^{(5)}_{i_1i_2i_3i_4i_5}\ \underset{l=2}{=}\ \frac13 d_{(i_1i_2i_3}\delta_{i_4i_5)} $$

d^{(5)}_{i_1i_2i_3i_4i_5}\ \underset{l=3}{=}\ \frac23 d_{(i_1i_2i_3}\delta_{i_4i_5)} $$

Structure constants also obey identities that are not directly related to symmetric invariant tensors, for example

3d_{ab}{}^{e}d_{cde}-f_{ac}{}^{e}f_{bde}-f_{ad}{}^{e}f_{bce}\ \underset{l=2}{=}\ \delta_{ac}\delta_{bd}+\delta_{ad}\delta_{bc}-\delta_{ab}\delta_{cd} $$

Case of $sl(2)$
The Lie algebra $$\mathfrak{sl}_2 (\mathbb{C})$$ consists of two-by-two complex matrices with zero trace. There are three standard basis elements, $$e$$,$$f$$, and $$h$$, with

 * $$\begin{align}

e &= \begin{bmatrix} 0 & 1\\ 0 & 0 \end{bmatrix}, & f &= \begin{bmatrix} 0 & 0\\ 1 & 0 \end{bmatrix}, & h &= \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0\\  0 & -1 \end{bmatrix}. \end{align}$$

The commutators are

 * $$\begin{align}[]

[e, f] &=  h, & [h, f] &= -2f, & [h, e] &= 2e. \end{align}$$

One can show that the Casimir element is

$$\Omega = ef + fe + \frac{1}{2}h^2 = \frac{1}{2}h^2 + h + 2fe = \frac{3}{2}I_2.$$

Case of $so(3)$
The Lie algebra $$\mathfrak{so}(3)$$ is the Lie algebra of SO(3), the rotation group for three-dimensional Euclidean space. It is simple of rank 1, and so it has a single independent Casimir. The Killing form for the rotation group is just the Kronecker delta, and so the Casimir invariant is simply the sum of the squares of the generators $$L_x,\, L_y,\, L_z$$ of the algebra. That is, the Casimir invariant is given by

 * $$L^2 = L_x^2 + L_y^2 + L_z^2.$$

Consider the irreducible representation of $$\mathfrak{so}(3)$$ in which the largest eigenvalue of $$L_z$$ is $$\ell$$, where the possible values of $$\ell$$ are $0,\, \frac{1}{2},\, 1,\, \frac{3}{2},\, \ldots$. The invariance of the Casimir operator implies that it is a multiple of the identity operator $$I$$. This constant can be computed explicitly, giving the following result

 * $$L^2 = L_x^2 + L_y^2 + L_z^2 = \ell(\ell + 1)I.$$

In quantum mechanics, the scalar value $$\ell$$ is referred to as the total angular momentum. For finite-dimensional matrix-valued representations of the rotation group, $$\ell$$ always takes on integer values (for bosonic representations) or half-integer values (for fermionic representations).

For a given value of $$\ell$$, the matrix representation is $$(2\ell + 1)$$-dimensional. Thus, for example, the three-dimensional representation for $$\mathfrak{so}(3)$$ corresponds to $$\ell = 1$$, and is given by the generators

 * $$\begin{align}

L_x &= i\begin{pmatrix} 0& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& -1\\ 0& 1&  0 \end{pmatrix}; & L_y &= i\begin{pmatrix} 0& 0& 1\\ 0& 0& 0\\ -1& 0& 0 \end{pmatrix}; & L_z &= i\begin{pmatrix} 0& -1& 0\\ 1& 0& 0\\ 0&  0& 0 \end{pmatrix}, \end{align}$$ where the factors of $$i$$ are needed for agreement with the physics convention (used here) that the generators should be skew-self-adjoint operators.

The quadratic Casimir invariant can then easily be computed by hand, with the result that

 * $$L^2 = L_x^2 + L_y^2 + L_z^2 = 2

\begin{pmatrix} 1& 0& 0\\ 0& 1& 0\\ 0& 0& 1 \end{pmatrix} $$ as $$\ell(\ell + 1) = 2$$ when $$\ell = 1$$.

This is what is meant when we say that the eigenvalues of the Casimir operator is used to classify the irreducible representations of a Lie algebra (and of an associated Lie group): two irreducible representations of a Lie Algebra are equivalent if and only if their Casimir element have the same eigenvalue. In this case, the irreps of $$\mathfrak{so}(3)$$ are completely determined by the value of $$\ell$$, or equivalently, by the value of $$\ell(\ell + 1)$$. Similarly, the two dimensional representation has a basis given by the Pauli matrices, which correspond to spin $1/2$, and one can again check the formula for the Casimir by direct computation.

title: Casimir element


text:
City of Colchester

The City of Colchester is a local government district with city status in Essex, England, named after its main settlement, Colchester. The district also includes the towns of West Mersea and Wivenhoe and the surrounding rural areas stretching from Dedham Vale on the Suffolk border in the north to Mersea Island in the Colne Estuary in the south.

The district borders Tendring District to the east, Maldon District to the south, Braintree District to the west, and Babergh District in Suffolk to the north.

History
Colchester stands on the site of Camulodunum, which had been an important stronghold of the Trinovantes and Catuvellauni tribes in the Iron Age prior to the Roman conquest of Britain in 43 AD. The Romans subsequently developed Camulodunum into the first capital of their province of Britannia. They later moved their capital to Londinium (London). Following the end of Roman rule in Britain in the early 5th century, the area was settled by Anglo-Saxons, and the town on the site of Camulodunum became known as Colchester.

Colchester was an ancient borough with urban forms of local government from Saxon times. Burgesses were already established by the time of the Domesday survey of 1086. The earliest known borough charter dates from 1189, but that charter appears to confirm pre-existing borough rights rather than being the foundation of a new borough. The borough was reformed in 1836 to become a municipal borough.

The current district was formed on 1 April 1974, under the Local Government Act 1972, covering four former districts which were abolished at the same time: The new district was named Colchester after its largest settlement. The new district was awarded borough status from its creation, allowing the chair of the council to take the title of mayor, continuing Colchester's series of mayors.
 * Colchester Municipal Borough
 * Lexden and Winstree Rural District
 * West Mersea Urban District
 * Wivenhoe Urban District

As part of the Platinum Jubilee of Elizabeth II celebrations in 2022, the borough of Colchester was granted city status, confirmed by Letters Patent dated 5 September 2022, allowing the council to change its name to "Colchester City Council".

Governance
Colchester City Council provides district-level services. County-level services are provided by Essex County Council. Parts of the district are also covered by civil parishes, which form a third tier of local government.

Political control
The council has been under no overall control since 2008. Since the 2023 election it has been controlled by a Liberal Democrat minority administration with the support of the Labour Party and the Green Party on a case-by-case basis.

The first election to the borough council following the reforms of the Local Government Act 1972 was held in 1973, initially operating as a shadow authority alongside the outgoing authorities until the new arrangements came into effect on 1 April 1974. Political control of the council since 1974 has been as follows:

Leadership
The role of mayor is largely ceremonial in Colchester. Political leadership is instead provided by the leader of the council. The leaders since 2000 have been:

Composition
Following the 2024 council elections and subsequent party-resignations, the composition of the council is:

The next election is due 7 May 2026.

Premises
The council is based at Colchester Town Hall on the High Street. The current building was completed in 1902 on a site which had been occupied by Colchester's main civic buildings since 1277.

Elections
Since the last boundary changes in 2016 the council has comprised 51 councillors representing 17 wards, with each ward electing three councillors. Elections are held three years out of every four, choosing one councillor for each ward at a time to serve a four year term. In the fourth year of the cycle when there are no elections to the city council, elections for Essex County Council are held instead.

Demography

According to the Office for National Statistics as of 2008, Colchester had a population of approximately 181,000. Average life expectancy was 78.7 for males. and 83.3 for females.

Based on ethnic groups, predominantly of 92% of the population is White (87.5% British, 0.7% Irish and 3.8% Other White), Asians were the second largest making up 3.6% (0.8% Indian, 0.2% Pakistani, 0.2% Bangladeshi and 1% Chinese, other 1.4%), Black people constituted 1.4% (0.3% Caribbean, 1% African, 0.1% other), those of mixed race made up 1.8%, 0.6% were Arab and there were 0.4% from other ethnic groups.

In the 2011 census, 57.7% identified themselves as Christian, while 31.4% had no affiliation to a religion. Of other religions, 1.6% identified as Muslim, 0.7% Hindu, 0.6% Buddhist, 0.2% Jewish, 0.1% Sikh, 0.5% others, and 7.3% did not answer. There are more than 100 churches located in Colchester: other religious places of worship include the Colchester Islamic Cultural Association and the Jewish Community Synagogue.

Parishes
There are 35 civil parishes in the district. The former Colchester Municipal Borough is an unparished area (subject to some adjustments since 1974 to that area's boundaries with neighbouring parishes). The parish councils of Wivenhoe and West Mersea take the style "town council". Some of the smaller parishes are grouped together to share a parish council: Abberton and Langenhoe Parish Council covers those two parishes, and the Winstred Hundred Parish Council covers the four parishes of Great and Little Wigborough, Peldon, Salcott, and Virley. The two parishes of Layer Breton and Layer Marney have parish meetings rather than parish councils due to their small populations.

 * Abberton
 * Aldham
 * Birch
 * Boxted
 * Chappel
 * Copford
 * Dedham
 * East Donyland
 * East Mersea
 * Eight Ash Green
 * Fingringhoe
 * Fordham
 * Great and Little Wigborough
 * Great Horkesley
 * Great Tey
 * Langenhoe
 * Langham
 * Layer Breton
 * Layer de la Haye
 * Layer Marney
 * Little Horkesley
 * Marks Tey
 * Messing-cum-Inworth
 * Mount Bures
 * Myland
 * Peldon
 * Salcott
 * Stanway
 * Tiptree
 * Virley
 * Wakes Colne
 * West Bergholt
 * West Mersea (town)
 * Wivenhoe (town)
 * Wormingford

title: City of Colchester


text:
Jama kaNdaba

King Jama kaNdaba (c. 1727–1781), the son of Ndaba kaMageba, was king of the Zulu Kingdom from 1763 to 1781. It is alleged he prophesied the birth of King Shaka. His grandfather was King Mageba kaGumede.

Biography
His name is derived from the Zulu word meaning "he of the stern countenance".

Marriage
He married, amongst others, Mthaniya KaSibiya, who bore him Senzangakhona, who succeeded him. Senzangakhona was the father of the three Zulu kings, including the greatest, Shaka. He also had a daughter named Mkabayi kaJama. Another daughter was Mawa kaJama.

His daughter Mkabayi
Mkabayi singlehandedly courted Mthaniya for her father Jama who was aging without having a successor. She did this without her father’s knowledge and when he found out he said: "Nenzengakhona", which means "you have done accordingly." Mthaniya’s first son was named Senzangakhona – "we have done accordingly", after his sister’s efforts to find her father a successor. Mkabayi was a twin and Zulu custom dictated that one of the twins be sacrificed to evade bad luck that would result in the death of one of the parents.

Jama refused to kill one of his girls and broke a known tradition. Consequently his wife died without bearing him a successor. Mkabayi devoted her whole life in looking after the Zulu Kingdom due to the sacrifice her parents made for her to live.

title: Jama kaNdaba


text:
Sebastes norvegicus

Sebastes norvegicus, the rose fish, rock fish, ocean perch, Atlantic redfish, Norway haddock, golden redfish, pinkbelly rosefish or bergylt, is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the subfamily Sebastinae, the rockfishes, part of the family Scorpaenidae. It is found in the North Atlantic Ocean. It is a large, slow-growing, late-maturing fish and the subject of a fishery.

Taxonomy
Sebastes norvegicus was first formally described as Perca norvegicus in 1772 by the Norwegian biologist Peter Ascanius with the type locality given as Norway. The specific name refers to the type locality. In the past, the scientific name Sebastes marinus was frequently used, but this is actually a synonym of Serranus scriba. S. norvegicus was designated as the type species of the genus Sebastes by Pieter Bleeker in 1876. This taxon may be a species complex containing at least 2 new cryptic species which had not been named as of 2017.

Description
Sebastes norvegicus is a large and stocky bodied species of rockfish. Like other scorpionfishes this species has comparatively large fins which have long spines and rays. The caudal fin is weakly truncate while the anal, pectoral and pelvic fins are rounded and the dorsal fin is continuous. The dorsal fin contains between 14 and 16, typically 15, robust spines and 13 to 16, normally 14 or 15, soft rays, while anal fin has 3 spines and about 8 soft rays. There are 1 or 2 spined points above the jaw on the preorbital bone but the ridge below the eye has no spines and is rather weakly defined. There are 5 spines on the preoperculum which are all about the same length. There are spines on the supracleithrum and there are 2 spines on the operculum, the lower one being normally directed downwards and slightly towards the rear, infrequently downwards and forwards. There are also nasal, preocular, supraocular, post-ocular and parietal spines. There is normally no knob on the symphysis of the lower jaw, but if there is on it is a rounded protuberance. The golden redfish reaches a maximum total length of 100 cm, although 45 cm is more typical, and a maximum published weight of 15 kg. The overall colour is vivid red with a dusky patch to the rear of the operculum.

Distribution and habitat
Sebastes norvegicus is found from the Kattegat and the northern part of the North Sea north along the coast of Norway to the western coast of Spitsbergen, the southern part of the Barents Sea and east as far as the Kanin Banks and Novaya Zemlya shoals and it is rare in the White Sea. It is a common species off Iceland and off southeastern Greenland. Elsewhere, along western coast of Greenland. In the western Atlantic it is found as far south as Flemish Cap, the Grand Banks and the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Juveniles can be found in fjords, bays and inshore waters, while the adults are found off the coast at depths between 100 and 1000 m. Fish living in deeper waters are larger than those living in shallow offshore waters.

Biology
Sebastes norvegicus is predatory and in the summer its diet is dominated by krill, in the autumn and winter by the Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus) and in spring by capelin (Mallotus villosus), Atlantic herrings, krill and ctenophores in spring. It is a gregarious species at all stages of its life history which grows slowly and is long lived. They attain sexual maturity at total lengths between 38 and 41 cm. It is an ovoviviparous species, like other rockfishes. The males inseminate the females in August–September in the Barents Sea and between October and January in waters off Iceland and Greenland but the oocytyes are not fertilised until February and March with larvae being extruded from April to June or even as late as August.

Fishery
One of the main fishing areas of the rose fish is the Irminger Sea between Iceland and southeastern Greenland. While annual catches during the 1980s and 90s were less than 20 kilotons, this has increased dramatically since 1999, to between 40 and 60 kilotons. In 2000, almost 80 kilotons were caught. Since then, annual catch has declined back to between 40 and 60 kilotons. The meat of this fish is almost always sold filleted, often frozen. Since the mid-2000s, populations have been considered severely overfished. According to Greenpeace, some populations are no longer reproducing sufficiently, and their chances of recovery are slim. In 2010, Greenpeace International added the rose fish to its seafood red list. It is also on WWF's list of fish species to avoid, unless the fishery is certified by MSC.

In Canada's Gulf of St. Lawrence, the fish is reported to be enjoying a "booming population", leading Atlantic provinces to compete for shares of the fishery, estimated to be able to reach 50,000 tonnes of catch annually.

In culture
Sebastes norvegicus appeared on a 15+5 pfennig semi-postal stamp of West Germany in 1964.

title: Sebastes norvegicus


text:
Borough of Kettering

The Borough of Kettering was a local government district and borough in Northamptonshire, England, from 1974 to 2021. It was named after its main town, Kettering, where the council was based. It bordered onto the district of Harborough in the neighbouring county of Leicestershire, the borough of Corby, the district of East Northamptonshire, the district of Daventry and the borough of Wellingborough.

Abolition and replacement
In March 2018, following suspension of the county council arising from its becoming insolvent, due to financial and cultural mismanagement by the cabinet and officers, the then Secretary of State for Local Government, Sajid Javid, sent commissioner Max Caller into the council, who recommended the county council and all district and borough councils in the county be abolished, and replaced by two unitary authorities, one covering the West, and one the North of the county. These proposals were approved in April 2019. It meant that the districts of Daventry, Northampton and South Northamptonshire were merged to form a new unitary authority called West Northamptonshire, whilst the second unitary authority North Northamptonshire consists of Corby, East Northamptonshire, Kettering and Wellingborough districts. These new authorities came into being on 1 April 2021. Elections for the new authorities were due to be held on 7 May 2020, but were delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Settlements and parishes
Other than Kettering itself, the borough included:

 * Ashley
 * Barton Seagrave, Brampton Ash, Braybrooke, Broughton, Burton Latimer
 * Cranford, Cransley
 * Desborough, Dingley
 * Geddington, Grafton Underwood
 * Harrington
 * Loddington
 * Mawsley Village
 * Newton and Little Oakley
 * Orton
 * Pytchley
 * Rothwell, Rushton
 * Stoke Albany, Sutton Bassett
 * Thorpe Malsor
 * Warkton, Weekley, Weston by Welland, Wilbarston

Political control
It composed of 36 local councillors and most recently controlled by the Conservatives, who controlled the Council since the 2003 local elections, where they gained control from Labour with a majority of 15.

History

 * 2003-2021: Conservative controlled
 * 2001-2003-: Labour controlled (due to a by-election gain in St. Michael's Ward)
 * 1999-2001: No Overall Control (Labour minority administration)
 * 1995-1999: Labour controlled
 * 1987-1995: No Overall Control
 * 1983-1987: Conservative controlled
 * 1973-1983: No Overall Control

title: Borough of Kettering


text:
Water garden

Water garden or aquatic garden, is a term sometimes used for gardens, or parts of gardens, where any type of water feature (particularly garden ponds) is a principal or dominant element. The primary focus is on plants, but they will sometimes also house waterfowl, or ornamental fish, in which case it may be called a fish pond. They vary enormously in size and style.

Water gardening is gardening that is concerned with growing plants adapted to lakes, rivers and ponds, often specifically to their shallow margins. Although water gardens can be almost any size or depth, they are often small and relatively shallow, perhaps less than twenty inches (50 cm) in depth. This is because most aquatic plants are depth sensitive and require a specific water depth in order to thrive; this can be helped by planting them in baskets raised off the bottom. A water garden may include a bog garden for plants that enjoy a waterlogged soil. Sometimes their primary purpose is to grow a particular species or group of aquatic plants, for example water lilies.

History
Water gardens, and water features in general, have been a part of public and private gardens since ancient Persian gardens and Chinese gardens. For instance, the (c. 304) Nanfang Caomu Zhuang records cultivating Chinese spinach on floating gardens. Water features have been present and well represented in every era and in every culture that has included gardens in their landscape and architectural environments. Up until the rise of the industrial age, when the modern water pump was introduced, water was not recirculated but was diverted from rivers and springs into the water garden, from which it exited into agricultural fields or natural watercourses. Historically, water features were used to enable plant and fish production both for food purposes and for ornamental aesthetics.

Description
When the aquatic flora and fauna are balanced, an aquatic ecosystem is created that will support sustainable water quality and clarity. Elements such as fountains, statues, artificial waterfalls, boulders, underwater lighting, lining treatments, edging details, watercourses, and in-water and bankside planting can add visual interest and help to integrate the water garden with the local landscape and environment.

Water features
In landscape architecture and garden design, a water feature is one or more items from a range of fountains, jeux d'eau, pools, ponds, rills, artificial waterfalls, and streams. Modern water features are typically self-contained, meaning that they do not require water to be plumbed in; rather water is recycled from either a pond or a hidden reservoir, also known as a sump.

Water follies
The sixteenth century in Europe saw a renewed interest in Greek thought and philosophy, including the works of Hero of Alexandria about hydraulics and pneumatics. His devices, such as temple doors operated by invisible weights or flowing liquids, and mechanical singing birds powered by steam, motivated several European palaces to create similar clever devices to enhance their public image.

In Italy several royal houses constructed large water gardens incorporating mechanical devices in water settings. The best-known is the Villa d'Este at Tivoli, constructed in 1550 AD. A hill cascaded with many fountains and grottoes, some with water-driven figures that moved or spouted water. Popularity spread across Europe with the well-known water garden at Hellbrunn Palace built with many water-powered human and animal performing figures and puppet theaters, and folly fountains that erupted without notice to surprise visitors.

Stream gardens
On a constructed stream, placing rocks in the path of the water makes small patterns, rapids and waterfalls. The rocks disrupt the waterflow, causing splashing and bubbles that can make pleasant sounds and micro-habitats for plants, fish, and wildlife. Well-placed rocks can create splashing water that adds oxygen to prevent hypoxia: the more bubbles, the more dissolved oxygen in the water.

Aquatic flora
Water garden plants are divided into three main categories: submerged, marginal, and floating.
 * Submerged plants are those which live almost completely under the water, sometimes with leaves or flowers that grow to the surface such as with the water lily. These plants are placed in a pond or container usually 1 - 2 ft below the water surface. Some of these plants act as oxygenators as they create oxygen for any animals which live in a pond. Examples of submerged plants are:
 * Hornwort (Ceratophyllum demersum)
 * Water-lilies (Nymphaeaceae)
 * Lotus (Nelumbo spp.)
 * Featherfoil (Hottonia palustris)
 * Eurasian water milfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum)
 * Shining pondweed (Potamogeton lucens)
 * Bladderwort (Utricularia spp.)
 * Marginal plants are those which live with their roots under the water but the rest of the plant above the surface. These are usually placed so that the top of the pot is at or barely below the water level. Examples of these are:
 * Iris or flag (Iris spp.)
 * Water-plantain (Alisma spp.)
 * Bulrush (Scirpus lacustris)
 * Cattail (Typha latifolia)
 * Taro (Colocasia esculenta)
 * Arrowhead (Sagittaria latifolia)
 * Bog-arum (Calla palustris)
 * Pickerelweed (Pontederia cordata)
 * Floating plants are those that are not anchored to the soil at all, but are free-floating on the surface. In water gardening, these are often used as a provider of shade to reduce algae growth in a pond. These are often extremely fast growing/multiplying. Examples of these are:
 * Mosquito ferns (Azolla spp.)
 * Water-spangle (Salvinia spp.)
 * Frogbit (Hydrocharis morsus-ranae)
 * Water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes)
 * Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes)

Some areas of the United States do not allow certain of these plants to be sold or kept, as they have become invasive species in warmer areas of the country, such as Florida and California.

Algae
Algae are found in almost all ponds. There are hundreds of species of algae that can grow in garden ponds, but they are usually noticed only when they become abundant. Algae often grow in very high densities in ponds because of the high nutrient levels that are typical of garden ponds. Generally, algae attaches itself to the sides of the pond and remains innocuous. Some species of algae, such as "blanket weed", can grow up to a foot a day under ideal conditions and can rapidly clog a garden pond. On the other hand, free floating algae are microscopic and are what cause pond water to appear green. Blanket weed, although unsightly, is actually a sign that the water is clean and well-balanced. Green water (free floating algae) means there are too many nutrients in the water, usually from rotting vegetation or too many fish for the space. Killing the free floating algae with chemicals will often cause it to die, rot, and then make the problem even worse as more nutrients enter the water. Adding more floating or submerged (unpotted) plants can help with the green water, as they can take the nutrients out of the water. There are also filters that can be installed to remove the nutrients and all types of algae from the water. Many ponds naturally go green early in the spring and then clear up.

Fish

Often the reason for having a pond in a garden is to keep fish, often koi, though many people keep goldfish. Both are hardy, colorful fish which require no special heating, provided the pond is located in an area which does not have extremes of temperature that would affect the fish. If fish are kept, pumps and filtration devices are usually needed in order to keep enough oxygen in the water to support them. In winter, a small heater may need to be used in cold climates to keep the water from freezing solid. Examples of common pond fish include:

 * Ricefish (Himedaka)
 * Mosquitofish
 * Rosy Red minnows
 * White Cloud Mountain minnows
 * Common minnows
 * Goldfish (Common, Comet, Shubunkin varieties, Wakin and the Fantail varieties. With the possible exception of some of the fantail varieties, the fancy goldfish are not suited to pond life.)
 * Crucian carp
 * Koi (Nishikigoi, Butterfly Koi and Ghost Koi)
 * Mirror carp
 * Common carp (In multiple countries, including the United States of America and Australia, carp are considered an invasive fish and it is illegal to release them into waterways and/or imported or transported. )
 * Grass carp
 * Weather loach
 * Stone loach
 * Golden orfe
 * Golden tench
 * Golden rudd
 * Gudgeon
 * Red shiner
 * Three-spined sticklebacks
 * Eel
 * Channel catfish
 * Bluegill
 * Pumpkinseed
 * Black bass
 * Sturgeon
 * Snakehead
 * Goby

Crustacean

 * Crayfish
 * Freshwater prawn

Snails
Small aquatic snails are usually found in ponds that contain plants. Some people purchase apple snails to keep in their water garden. "Melantho snails" of the genus Lymnaea are also used.
 * River snail

Herpetofauna
Ponds located in suburban and rural areas often attract amphibians such as Common Frogs and Fire Salamanders and reptiles such as turtles, lizards, and snakes.

Bird

 * Wild duck
 * Domestic duck

Predators
Garden ponds can attract attention from predators such as (in North America) raccoons, herons, snakes, and domestic cats. These predators can be a danger to fish. Owners of koi are often particularly careful to create protected areas as some varieties are very expensive.

Index categories

 * Category: Natural pools

title: Water garden