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Tom Hicks

Thomas Ollis Hicks Sr. (born February 7, 1946), is an American private equity investor and sports team owner living in Dallas, Texas. Forbes magazine estimated Hicks' wealth at $1 billion in 2009, but it dropped to $700 million in 2010. Hicks co-founded the investment firm, Hicks, Muse, Tate & Furst, previously owned 50% of the English football club Liverpool F.C., and is chairman of Hicks Holdings LLC, which owns and operates Hicks Sports Group, the company that formerly owned the Texas Rangers, the Dallas Stars, and the Mesquite Championship Rodeo. In 2010, Hicks was forced to sell the Rangers and Liverpool to satisfy his creditors, and the Stars went into bankruptcy the following year.

Biography
The son of a Texas radio station owner, Hicks was born in Port Arthur, Texas, and graduated from Thomas Jefferson High School, in Port Arthur, in 1964. Hicks received his bachelor's degree in finance from the University of Texas in 1968, and received his MBA from the University of Southern California in 1970. He is a member of the Sigma Phi Epsilon social fraternity.

Hicks became interested in leveraged buyouts as a member of First National Bank of Dallas's venture capital group. Hicks and Robert Haas formed Hicks & Haas in 1984. The next year that firm bought Hicks Communications, a radio outfit run by Hicks' brother Steven – the first of several media companies bought or created by the buyout firm that involved Steven (Capstar, Chancellor, and AMFM).

Hicks & Haas' in the mid-1980s bought several soft drink makers, including Dr Pepper and 7 Up. The firm took Dr Pepper/7 Up public just 18 months after merging the two companies. In all, Hicks & Haas turned $88 million of investor funding into $1.3 billion. The pair went their separate ways in May 1989. He wanted to raise large pools to invest, while Haas preferred to work with investors deal by deal.

In 1989, Hicks co-founded the investment firm, Hicks, Muse, Tate & Furst with former Prudential Securities banker John Muse. The firm raised $250 million, with early investments including a life insurance company, Life Partners Group (bought in 1990 and sold in 1996). In 1991, Morgan Stanley's Charles Tate and First Boston's Jack Furst became partners. Hicks was chairman from 1989 to 2004, Hicks Muse raised $12 billion of private equity funds, consummated over $50 billion of leveraged acquisitions, and grew to become one of the largest private investment firms in the country.

But Hicks Muse hit a rough patch by the early 2000s, when investors in Equity Fund IV were burned by a $1.2 billion plunge into telecom investments in 1999. Hicks announced that he would leave the Hicks Muse on March 8, 2004, to spend more time with his family and his sports teams. (Hicks Muse was subsequently renamed HM Capital Partners.) He has remained active in his own ventures. He created Hicks Holdings, a vehicle for his sports and real estate empire, and then started buying companies again in the $10 to $250 million level, including: a Chinese electronics firm, a venture with DirecTV selling bundled TV-telecom services to condos, a landscaping materials company in the Midwest, a pet food firm in Argentina, and Gammaloy – an oil field rental outfit he bought from his wife's family, paying approximately $20 million in the 1990s.

Additionally, he formed Hicks Acquisition Company I, Inc. (HACI). In September 2009, HACI merged into Resolute Energy Corporation (REN), an oil and gas firm. Hicks does not sit on REN's board of directors, but his son, Thomas O. Hicks, Jr., represents HACI on the board.

As of August 13, 2010, the website for Hicks Sports Group appears to have disappeared. As for other websites for Hicks companies, while they are still operating, they appear to be empty of any data and Hicks Sports Marketing now appears to be a Word Press blog site, with the first page advertising Online Gaming.

Politics
Hicks was a member of the political action committee for the 2008 presidential election campaign for former Republican Mayor of New York City Rudy Giuliani.

Hicks was previously neighbors with former U.S. President George W. Bush and First Lady Laura Bush. Each neighbor’s property shared a boundary between Daria Place and Holloway Road, within a gated community of Preston Hollow, Dallas, Texas respectively.

Tom Hicks Elementary School
Tom Hicks Elementary School in Frisco, Texas, part of the Lewisville Independent School District, was given its name after Hicks donated the land for the school.

Sports
Hicks moved from the business pages to the sports section in December 1995 when he bought the National Hockey League Dallas Stars for $82 million.

Dallas Stars
Hicks contracted to purchase the National Hockey League (NHL) franchise from Norman Green in December 1995. During his tenure as owner of the club, Hicks was the Stars' Chairman of the Board and the club's representative on the NHL Board of Governors. Hicks played an instrumental role in the development and planning of American Airlines Center. Under his ownership, the Stars won seven division titles, two Western Conference crowns, two Presidents' Trophies (as the team with the best regular season record), two consecutive trips to the Stanley Cup Finals and the 1999 Stanley Cup championship. In April 2010, Hicks' company defaulted on $525 million in bank loans backed by the Stars and a 50% interest in the American Airlines Center.

On September 13, 2011, lenders voted to agree to have the Stars file for bankruptcy and sold at auction.

On November 22, 2011, a bankruptcy court judge approved a bid by Vancouver businessman and Kamloops Blazers owner Tom Gaglardi to buy the team for $240 million.

Texas Rangers
In June 1998, Hicks bought the Texas Rangers of Major League Baseball’s American League from an investment group managed by George W. Bush. Under Hicks' ownership, the Rangers won the American League West Division crown in 1998 and 1999, but failed to deliver a World Series. Hicks made headlines across all MLB when he personally negotiated and signed shortstop Alex Rodriguez to the biggest contract in MLB history at that time; a ten-year, $252 million deal at the December 2000 winter meetings. That contract, however, severely limited the Rangers' ability to sign other players, and they would have only two more winning seasons during Hicks' ownership. Years later, Hicks pointed to the blockbuster contract as "one of his biggest regrets".

The Rangers also spent a large amount of money on Chan Ho Park, who signed a $65 million contract with the Rangers following the 2001 season. The Park signing would be a disaster for the Rangers as the new "staff ace" was unable to adjust to the move from pitcher-friendly Dodger Stadium to the hitter-friendly American League. After finishing in last place for the division three seasons in a row with Rodriguez, Hicks agreed to trade to the New York Yankees before the 2004 season. As part of the agreement, the Rangers would supplement a portion of his remaining contract. This agreement would continue until Rodriguez opted out of his contract in 2007. On January 23, 2010, it was announced Hicks had agreed to sell the Rangers to a group led by Chuck Greenberg and Nolan Ryan. Hicks would have been a minority share holder in the new ownership group.

Prior to bids being placed by potential buyers, Hicks told the media the Rangers were operating under normal business with no interference from MLB. Regarding the Rangers' inability to sign 2009 first round pick Matt Purke, he said, "We were disappointed that the family insisted on $6 million. The Texas Rangers were not willing to do that. It had nothing to do with MLB restrictions. There is a clear misimpression we didn't sign Matt Purke because MLB wouldn't let us. That's not true. We didn't because of Tom Hicks, Nolan Ryan and Jon Daniels. We were not willing to go to $6 million." After his group had completed the purchase agreement, Ryan told the media the Rangers were unable to offer the first round pick the $6 million signing bonus both parties had verbally agreed upon after the draft because MLB, who were strictly overseeing the Rangers budget by this time, would not approve the amount needed to sign Purke. After the announcement of the pending sale by Hicks Sports Group (HSG), several additional hurdles occurred which had to be remedied before the sale of the team could be finalized. Several of the lenders, who were owed over $500 million, vocally objected to the deal accusing Hicks of rejecting a higher offer by Jim Crane and stated they would not sign off on the deal. Hicks has been sued by three different parties over the land adjacent to the stadium that was sold in a separate transaction as a part of the purchase by Greenberg and Ryan.

On May 24, 2010, HSG filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection/separation of the Texas Rangers from HSG and asked the courts to approve of the sale of the Rangers to the group headed by Greenberg and Ryan. The move was made to expedite the sale and resolve the sale prior to the MLB trade deadline and draft signing deadline. Ironically, Alex Rodriguez was the largest unsecured creditor, owed nearly $25 million in deferred payments despite being traded six years earlier.

Emails presented in court show that after Hicks agreed to an exclusive negotiation period with Greenberg attorneys for HSG were still in discussion with another bidder, Dennis Crane, about a sale price for the team and emailed the creditors on December 31, 2009 saying, "Basically, the response from the MLB was to prohibit us from negotiating with anyone other than Greenberg. Their intent seems to be to lock us into Greenberg even though Crane now has a clearly superior economic deal – and may always have had based on Greenberg's current position. We need help here. Unless the lenders weigh in, we are going to be stuck negotiating a deal that is clearly worse than Crane's."

The bankruptcy court ordered a public auction to be held on August 4, 2010, and the winning bid was submitted by Greenberg/Ryan. Co-lead investors Ray Davis and Bob R. Simpson were named co-chairmen.

In March 2011, Greenberg resigned as chief executive, sold his interest, and Nolan Ryan was named president and chief executive officer. Ryan was subsequently designated the controlling owner of the club by a unanimous vote of the 30 owners of Major League Baseball on May 12, 2011.

Cruzeiro and Corinthians
In 1999, Hicks, Muse, Tate & Furst entered into a partnership with Cruzeiro Esporte Clube and Sport Club Corinthians Paulista, two popular Brazilian football clubs. Club directors and Hicks, Muse, Tate & Furst assured the fans that a new stadium was in development, but this never materialized.

In 2003, after legal/financial troubles and partner infighting, Hicks retired from the company and the ownership group eventually left the partnership with Corinthians. There was no new stadium.

Liverpool F.C.
On February 1, 2007, it was made known through the English press that he was involved in a consortium with one-time friend and Montreal Canadiens owner George N. Gillett Jr. to purchase English Premier League club Liverpool F.C.; this takeover proposal was believed to be the front-runner after Dubai International Capital (DIC) withdrew their bid. On February 6, 2007, Hicks and Gillett's joint offer for Liverpool was formally accepted, valuing the club at £218.9 million ($432.9M) (£5,000 per share and £44.8M in debt). Liverpool became the third Premier League club to be acquired by American businessmen, the others being Aston Villa and Manchester United. When taking over the club, Hicks and Gillett made a joint declaration: "Liverpool is a fantastic club with a remarkable history and a passionate fanbase. We fully acknowledge and appreciate the unique heritage and rich history of Liverpool and intend to respect this heritage in the future." Hicks stated his foremost priority was gaining silverware, and vowed to build a new stadium for the club at Stanley Park Stadium. The preexisting plans to build the stadium were revised but the stadium never materialized.

Hicks became extremely unpopular among Liverpool fans for his failure to deliver on the promise of a new stadium or on the promise that no debt would be placed onto the club and for his allegedly misleading statements about planned and past investment in players. During Hicks and Gillett's period of ownership, Liverpool became associated with frequent boardroom wranglings as the owners fell out with each other and engaged in public battles with Parry and Benítez. Anger was also directed at the Hicks family when Tom Hicks' son, Thomas O. Hicks, Jr., had to resign from the Liverpool board of directors after sending an abusive e-mail to a Liverpool fan saying, "Blow me fuck face. Go to hell. I'm sick of you."

On January 22, 2008, a majority of Liverpool fans at the game between Liverpool and Aston Villa protested against Gillett and Hicks' running of the club, urging the pair to sell their shares in Liverpool to Dubai International Capital (DIC). Neither owner, nor their representative Foster Gillett, was present at the game. George Gillett was reportedly targeted by DIC to sell his shares. It was reported that he had fallen out with Hicks and he subsequently kept silent over his dealings with the club. On March 7, 2008, it was reported that Gillett had agreed to sell 98% of his Liverpool stock to DIC, but Hicks blocked the sale. In an interview on Prime Time Sports in Canada, Gillett revealed that he and his family had received death threats from angry Liverpool fans: "The fans don't want him [Tom Hicks] to have even one share of my stake in the club, based on what they are sending to me. As a result of that we [my family] have received many phone calls in the middle of the night threatening our lives, death threats. A number came to the office and my son, Foster, and daughter-in-law, Lauren, have received them." On April 16, 2010, the club was put up for sale. Hicks claimed that he believed the club had tripled in value during his tenure, and boasted that he would be looking for a price of four times what he purchased his stake for. He claimed that, "Liverpool will be the most profitable investment I've ever made." On June 16, 2010, Liverpool Walton MP Steve Rotheram tabled a motion in the House of Commons expressing dismay at the continuing ownership of the club. Hicks and Gillett were described as "asset strippers" and the club was being "drained by their greed".

In October 2010, as part of a fans' campaign against the ownership, a video entitled Dear Mr Hicks was released virally via YouTube. Produced and directed by Mike Jefferies, it featured celebrity fans of the club giving their reasons why they wanted to see a change of ownership. The Independent newspaper praised the video, saying, "True to the city's capacity to create something out of adversity, a wonderfully inventive viral film, Dear Mr Hicks, has been published online to make it clear where he ought to go. The fans' view can be summarised thus: away, and soon." It was claimed that the video was watched 400 000 times in 42 hours.

On October 15, 2010, Hicks lost ownership of Liverpool. Despite numerous attempts to prevent it, the club was sold to New England Sports Ventures (NESV), for a fee believed to be around £300 million, which was far below Hicks' valuation of "between £600M and £1 billion (B)", by the club's board of directors in a 3–2 vote. Hicks is pursuing a (max.) £1 billion suit against NESV and Kop Holdings for damages, claiming that, "This outcome... devalues the club..." and suggesting that he had been the victim of an "epic swindle". From the time the club had been put up for sale, however, it had been widely reported that the fee that Hicks and Gillett were asking for was unlikely to be achieved. The Wall Street Journal pointed out that the asking price of £600–800 million took no account of the fact that a new owner would have to spend £375 million building the new stadium which Hicks and Gillett had promised and failed to deliver. The Daily Telegraph suggested that Hicks and Gillett were unlikely to achieve their estimated price because everyone knew that there was huge debt at the club and that these debts were due to be called in very shortly, meaning that the bankers would subsequently put the club into administration and then sell off the club at a bargain price anyway. The likelihood of the club being placed in administration increased once, on September 7, 2010, the Royal Bank of Scotland, Hicks's main creditor, placed the Texan's indebtedness in the toxic debt category as he was considered unable to find refinancing or to pay off the debt. In the end, none of the offers made were anywhere close to Hicks and Gillett's valuation and with the threat of administration looming the club was sold for £300 million. This meant that the sale in 2010 fetched £80 million more than Hicks and Gillett had paid for the club in 2007, but because more than £200 million worth of debt had been piled on to the club, resulting in huge interest rates and penalty payments, the outgoing owners ended up losing an estimated £144 million on their investment.

Liverpool fans were delighted to hear that the club had been sold. Steve Horner, from the fans' group Kop Faithful, declared, "It’s like a huge cloud has been lifted off us... Hicks and Gillett leave with no legacy, apart from one of chaos." The chairman of Liverpool Supporters Club, Richie Pedder, announced to the Liverpool Echo, "This is the start of a new era. A lot has been taken off the club’s shoulders now. Good riddance to Hicks and Gillett." Former Liverpool player Tommy Smith expressed his joy at the departure of Hicks and Gillett in his regular newspaper column: "But today they are out of our club – and I’m as happy as every one of the Liverpool fans who’ve made it clear they’re so sick of them. All they were ever interested in was making money – not in owning what is for me the greatest football club in the world, investing in it properly and taking good care of it. Good riddance." After selling the club, Hicks admitted that his relationship with the fans had been strained: "Something went wrong with my ability to communicate with the fans. I am saddened by it."

In the two years before Hicks and Gillett took control of the club, Liverpool won the UEFA Champions League in 2005 and the FA Cup in 2006 under manager Rafael Benítez. In the three-and-a-half years in which Hicks and Gillett owned the club, they won not a single trophy, and at the time they left Liverpool, the club were in the relegation zone of the Premier League standings. Hicks denied this claim, declaring that during his reign Liverpool's net spend on player transfers was £150 million (sometimes cited as $150 million). The Sunday Mirror calculated that the net spend probably did not exceed £25.1 million and has accused Hicks of "creative accountancy", stating "what is irrefutable is that Hicks has exaggerated the net spend by probably close to six fold".

During Hicks and Gillett's period of ownership, the club struggled to meet the interest payments on the loans taken out as part of the leveraged buy-out. Christian Purslow, managing director of Liverpool since June 2009, publicly stated in September 2010 that the debt was an important burden for the club because it limited investment in players: "The issue is that too much of that profit is being used to service loans put into place when the club was bought." Hicks admitted after the sale that the club's debt was too great but argued that he had not been given sufficient time by his main creditor, the Royal Bank of Scotland, to repay the debt: "It has a little bit too much debt, no question. But we were going to fix that and we were frustrated by others." He has also suggested that the Royal Bank of Scotland prevented him paying back the debt to them: "I can't go into the details but I can confirm the funds were available to pay off Royal Bank of Scotland entirely but between Royal Bank of Scotland, the chairman and the employees that conspired against us, they would not let us."

After more legal trouble with his other sports team, Hicks decided not to pursue his claims of a conspiracy against him. On January 11, 2013, Hicks and Gillett finally decided to drop their case in the English law courts against Sir Martin Broughton, Christian Purslow and Ian Ayre, the three directors on the club's board of directors at the time of the sale of the club to NESV; they also agreed to drop their case against NESV and RBS Bank. The terms of the agreement are confidential, though it is believed that no monies were paid to Hicks or Gillett. Earlier in the week, Hicks and Gillett had lost a Court of Appeal bid to delay a High Court trial so they could have more time to raise the money needed to fund the multi-million pound lawsuit.

Philanthropy
In addition to donating the land for aforementioned school in Frisco, Hicks donated a gymnasium to the St. Mark's School of Texas in Dallas. Hicks was also the 1996 co-chair of the Dallas Jewish Coalition for the Homeless "Vogel Alcove" project, and received the 2000 Henry Cohn Humanitarian Award from the Anti-Defamation League.

title: Tom Hicks


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Gyeongui Line

The Gyeongui Line is a railway line between Seoul Station and Dorasan Station in Paju. Korail operates the Seoul Metropolitan Subway service between Seoul Station and Dorasan Station.

History
For the original line's history and other information prior to 1945, see Gyeongui Line (1904–1945).

Originally the line continued to P'yŏngyang and Sinŭiju, where it connected to the South Manchuria Railway, linking the Korean railway system to the rest of Asia and Europe.

The Korean Empire intended to build the Gyeongui Line itself at the end of the 19th century, but a shortage of funding resulted in the project's suspension. The Empire of Japan, which gained a concession to build the Gyeongbu Line from Busan to Seoul, also sought to gain control of the Gyeongui Line project as its continuation further north, recognizing the trunk route as a means to keep Korea under its influence. The line was also advanced for military considerations in expectation of a confrontation with Russia, which came in 1904 as the Russo-Japanese War. At the start of the war, Japan ignored Korea's declaration of neutrality and transported troops to Incheon, and forced the Korean government to sign an agreement that gave Japan's military control of railway projects if deemed necessary for military operations. Japan's military began to build the Gyeongui Line, while troop bases were established in connection with the railway, the biggest of them next to the terminus of the line, Yongsan Station in Seoul.

Freight service on the entirety of the Gyeongui Line was started on April 3, 1906.

Inter-Korea border
After the division of Korea in 1945, trains stopped operating between the north and south halves of the country, meaning that southern trains probably terminated at Kaesŏng, which is now in North Korea but was at the time part of the US-administered southern zone. Northern trains would have terminated north of Kaesŏng.

After the end of the Korean War in 1953, southern trains were cut back to around Munsan (north of Seoul), with northern trains terminating at Kaesŏng. Around the same time, North Korea renamed the P'yŏngyang-Kaesŏng section of the line as the P'yŏngbu (P'yŏngyang + Busan) Line and the P'yŏngyang-Sinŭiju section as the P'yŏngŭi (P'yŏngyang + Sinŭiju) Line. The DPRK sector is now 100% electrified, although the double track section spans only from Pyongyang to Sunan Airport.

Since the summit between the two Koreas in 2000, an effort has slowly been underway to reconnect the Gyeongui Line. Southern passenger service has been extended to Dorasan on the edge of the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) and tracks have been built across the DMZ itself. In October 2004, the Northern connection from the DMZ to Kaesŏng was finally completed. Simultaneous test runs along the rebuilt cross-border sections of both the Gyeongui Line and the Donghae Bukbu Line were set for May 25, 2006, but North Korean military authorities cancelled the plans a day ahead of the scheduled event. However, at a meeting held in Pyongyang, North Korea, on April 22, 2007, North and South Korea agreed to restart the project. On May 17, 2007, the first train, carrying North and South Korean delegations, travelled from Munsan Station in the South to Kaesong in the North. The first test run on the Donghae Bukbu Line took place at the same time. According to South Korean representatives, the North has agreed in principle to regular passenger and freight service along the two train lines. On 30 November 2018 an engineers' inspection train from South Korea crossed the border at Dorasan for an assessment, conducted jointly with North Korean officials, of the North's Kaesong to Sinuiju (P'yŏngŭi) line, and rail routes northwards from Mount Kumgang.

Upgrade
Meanwhile, work began to upgrade the South Korean section for high-capacity commuter services. Between Seoul and Munsan, the line is converted into an electrified, double-tracked railway in a new, straighter, 48.6 km long alignment. Work began in November 1999, with a budget originally estimated at 1,970 billion won. The section from Digital Media City (DMC) to Munsan was finished on July 1, 2009. The remaining section will be mostly underground between Gajwa Station in northwestern Seoul to Yongsan Station in downtown Seoul. As of 2009, construction progress on the entire Seoul–Munsan section reached 74% of a total budget then estimated at 2,153.271 billion won. The section is to be finished by 2014 and the freed area on the surface was reconstructed into a park known as the Gyeongui Line Forest Park.

The line is to be further upgraded for 230 kph, as part of a government strategic plan to reduce travel times for 95% of Korea to under 2 hours by 2020, which was announced on September 1, 2010.

The Gyeongui–Jungang Line (Munsan–Imjingang) extension opened on March 28, 2020.

Seoul Metropolitan Subway
The Gyeongui Line opened as a part Seoul Metropolitan Subway on July 1, 2009 from Seoul to Munsan. The line connects Seoul, Digital Media City, Ilsan, Paju, and Munsan, and offers transfers to Line 3, Line 6, and AREX.

The main line terminated at Digital Media City Station when first opened, while a separate branch continued to Seoul Station. On December 15, 2012, the main line was extended to Gongdeok Station, providing transfers to Line 2 and Line 5. On December 27, 2014, the main line service was further extended to Yongsan Station from Gongdeok Station, and the service was renamed to the Gyeongui–Jungang Line following the merging of the line with the Jungang Line.

The term "subway" in reference to this line is somewhat of a misnomer, as the line runs underground for less than three percent of its length. The upgraded line simply follows alignment of the old line built 100 years ago. The outer portion of the line runs largely through countryside rice paddies, forests, and vegetable fields, and outside of Seoul rarely enters urbanized areas. It is mostly at-grade, and includes several at-grade crossings with local roads, where Korail employees stand by on duty to stop traffic.

Regular rail service
Before the integration with the subway system, the most common service on the line was a Tonggeun train service between Seoul and Imjingang, with one Saemaeul-ho train. Since the line was integrated with the Seoul Subway system, Tonggeun service had been restricted to a few stations in the north, from Munsan to Imjingang, with a few continuing on to Dorasan, near the North Korean border.

KTX
There is a depot for Korea Train Express (KTX) trains along the Gyeongui Line at Haengsin Station. Some KTX services thus continue beyond Seoul respective Yongsan Station and terminate at Haengsin Station.

The line may see more KTX service after the upgrade for 230 km/h considered in the government's strategic plan for 2020.

Stations
This list does not include stations served only by Gyeongui-Jungang Line services.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Gyeongui Line


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Lovelace

Lovelace may refer to:

Peerage

 * Baron Lovelace
 * Richard Lovelace, 1st Baron Lovelace (c. 1567–1634), English politician and soldier
 * John Lovelace, 2nd Baron Lovelace (1616–1670), British peer and Royal servant
 * John Lovelace, 3rd Baron Lovelace (c. 1640–1693), English Whig politician
 * John Lovelace, 4th Baron Lovelace (died 1709), Governor of both New York and New Jersey
 * Earl of Lovelace
 * William King-Noel, 1st Earl of Lovelace (1805–1893), English noblemen and scientist
 * Countess Ada Lovelace, (1815–1852), English mathematician and writer,
 * Peter King, 5th Earl of Lovelace (1951–2018), British peer

Fictional characters

 * Lovelace, a character in the film Happy Feet
 * Robert Lovelace, a character in the novel Clarissa by Samuel Richardson
 * Simon Lovelace, a character in the Bartimaeus book series by Jonathan Stroud
 * The Lovelace Cartel, a drug cartel featured in the Black Lagoon manga series
 * Captain Isabel Lovelace, a character in the podcast Wolf 359
 * Eva Lovelace, a character in the 1958 film Stage Struck

Other uses

 * Lovelace (name)
 * Lovelace (crater), a crater on the far side of the Moon
 * Lovelace (film), a biopic about the American pornstar Linda Lovelace
 * Lovelace: A Rock Musical, about the life of Linda Lovelace
 * BCS Lovelace Medal, British Computer Society award named after Ada Lovelace
 * Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, a non-profit biomedical research organization

title: Lovelace


text:
Félix-Gabriel Marchand

Félix-Gabriel Marchand (January 9, 1832 – September 25, 1900) was a journalist, author, notary and politician in Quebec, Canada. He was the 11th premier of Quebec from May 24, 1897, to September 25, 1900.

Born in what is Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Quebec today, he was the son of Lt.-Colonel Gabriel Marchand (1780–1852) J.P., and Mary MacNider, a woman of the Anglican faith, daughter of John MacNider, 2nd Seigneur of Metis, Quebec. As a child, Marchand attended English schools and was taught in French at the age of 11. Fluently bilingual, Marchand became a journalist and writer. He became a notary and practised this profession for 45 years, but continued journalism and writing as well.

He was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Quebec in the 1867 Quebec provincial election for the district of Saint-Jean and retained his seat for 33 years until his death. He was Leader of the Opposition from 1892 to 1897, and then won the 1897 election as leader of the Liberal Party.

As premier, Marchand attempted to create a Ministry of Education in 1898. At the time, education was entirely in the hands of the clergy of the Roman Catholic Church in the province. His legislation was passed by the Legislative Assembly (the lower chamber of Quebec's legislature), but was defeated in the Legislative Council (the upper house). It was not until 1964 that a Ministry of Education was finally created in Quebec.

Félix-Gabriel Marchand was still in office when he died in 1900 in Quebec City. He is interred in the cimetière Notre-Dame-de-Belmont in Sainte-Foy, Quebec.

Dr. André Simard, husband of Marthe Simard, was his grandson.

title: Félix-Gabriel Marchand


text:
Talk:List of saints by name:A

hello peopleles —Preceding unsigned comment added by 122.108.55.37 (talk) 10:31, 1 June 2010 (UTC)

This page ended up on Wikisource last November. Similar lists beginning with other letters never materialized. Such lists are more easily wikified in Wikipedia where items on the individual saints can be written, than in Wikisource where relevant biographies will be linked to the Wikipedia article. Eclecticology 04:28, 2004 Mar 10 (UTC)

Same name saints?
Are there multiple instances of several saints with the same name? I notice that there are two saint Abbos, for example. Joyous 23:34, Oct 22, 2004 (UTC)

Saints with multiple names
I have the distinct feeling that St.Ansfrid is the same person as Ansfried of Utrecht. (they are both the Bishop of Utrecht in roughly the same period) Ivar Snaaijer 08:17, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Blessed and Saints
Though I know they are not the same, I am adding in those Blessed folk that fall under the scope of this list. If/when another list of beatified people is created, then I recommend the Blessed be moved there. Until that time, they might as well reside on this page. Trjumpet 02:33, 2 January 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of saints by name:A


text:
Talk:Gyeongui Line

Commuter rail
Is it true that if you take the commuter rail version of this line then you're unable to transfer at Seoul Station to lines 1 & 4??68.197.102.240 (talk) 05:34, 2 August 2009 (UTC)

I've removed Shultz's claim, "In October 2004, the northern connection from the DMZ to Kaesong was finally completed." My Google search turned up nothing about this, and his edit summary of "I think I read in at least a few places that a North-South connection was finally made that time." didn't give me much confidence. If anyone can substantiate this claim, great, but please provide a source that can be verified. FreplySpang (talk) 21:21, 9 January 2006 (UTC)
 * I did a quick search and found this: (Brooke, James.  "Mixed Messages on U.S. Role as Two Koreas Begin Joint Projects."  New York Times, Late Ed. 8 Oct 2004, A11:1.), which talks of the unveiling of a South Korea to Kaesong rail route, and  (Brooke, James.  "Commerce Sends South Korea Across DMZ."  New York Times, Late Ed.  31 Oct 2005, A11:1.) which says that test trains were to begin running from S. Korea to Kaesong during the fall of '05 (no word on if they actually did).  I have not, however, seen anything yet about routes from the rest of North Korea's half of the Gyeongui line to Kaesong, and the name "Gyeongui" never even comes up in the articles I cited.  In case you need further info, I have access to the full text of both articles. -- Calcwatch 01:58, 10 January 2006 (UTC)
 * This English-language Joongang Ilbo editorial from last month states that the promised test-run never took place: ... that certainly corresponds with my perceptions.  However, it seems that the Seoul-Gaeseong stretch has been completed, and only awaits formal opening, which theoretically could come at any time.  That is the claim made by Chung Dong-young in a recent Korean-language interview with NK Chosun. -- Visviva 02:40, 10 January 2006 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Gyeongui Line


text:
Talk:Erecura

Untitled
By whom? where? What list of deities is this coming from? Pop mythology is not helpful. Wetman 04:38, 10 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Suggest a move
Of the many spellings for this deity, Aericura is one of the least attested. Jufer & Luginbühl list the following spellings:

 * Aerecura (3)
 * Eracura (2)
 * Erecura (2)
 * Herecura (2)
 * Aericura (1)
 * Eraecura (1)

plus a gaggle of others with key letters missing. Now, assuming their data is right, then clearly the vowel in the second syllable should be e (this is easily the most common: 7 times against 2 for a, 1 for ae, 1 for i). As for the initial syllable, we have ae 4 times against e 7 times. Finally, we only actually see an initial h twice. Erecura seems to me the most natural pick: it's the form from all which others diverge the least; however, I could also settle for Herecura or Aerecura. QuartierLatin1968 01:35, 5 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Seeing no objection, I've completed the move from Aericura to Erecura. QuartierLatin1968 [[Image:Red flag waving transparent.png|20px|El bien mas preciado es la libertad]] 18:54, 31 August 2006 (UTC)

Algeria?
Jufer & Luginbühl mention an inscription at "Announa (?)". There is a question mark where their country code would normally be. One Announa (the only one?) is at Thibilis in Algeria. It seems believable to me that Gaulish soldiers or merchants passed through there at some stage, pausing long enough to leave a dedication to their favourite goddess, but before I mention this in the article I wanted to bounce the idea off the talk page. Does this notion seem impossibly far-fetched? QuartierLatin1968 22:57, 4 September 2006 (UTC)

Algeria
There are 2 twins inscriptions about Erecura in Thibilis, dated around the 3rd s. They are dedicated to both Magna Mater and Erecura. I'm currently working on it in my studies. I don't know about you theory on soldiers or merchants, believable as you said but Magna Mater is quite popular in Numidia.

Jerminel,

List of inscriptions
After searching "Epigraphische Datenbank Clauss - Slaby", I found, 20 insciptions refering to Aererura and other one to Arecurius. If Anyone ever needs the list, Feel free to contact me. Jerminel (talk)

Hecuba?
Hecuba? Can this possibly be what Green said? (There's no preview of the book online.) If so, what is she basing this on? How does it make sense to compare a consort of Dis Pater to Hecuba? Cynwolfe (talk) 16:21, 20 April 2011 (UTC)
 * Being associated with Dis Pater probably just means that they appear together on some inscriptions. As for Green theory, Ἑκάβη beeing the greek term for Hecuba, It seems rather differant from Erecura. I haven't read Green's book but after quick search on sounds and linguistic, It appears that the greek β sounded like a /b/ and the latin R like a /r/ or a /ɾ/. These two are a quite different according to the IPA pulmonic consonants chart. (see Consonant). Jerminel (talk) 13:39, 2 August 2011 (UTC)
 * My understanding is that Dis Pater and Erecura appear as a couple on inscriptions, not just randomly within the same inscription, but I could be wrong about that. I wasn't assuming a linguistic basis for the identification with Hecuba if it came from Miranda Green, but rather a thematic or functional equivalence, about which she is rather freely creative. Cynwolfe (talk) 14:10, 2 August 2011 (UTC)
 * I don't know if M.G. listed the Erecura inscription but I did try to do it a couple of years ago and found only about 30 inscription, using the Epigraphische Datenbank Clauss. I can't really remember if DP appeared in many of them, but I don't think he did. I'll check it out when I come back home. Anyhow, as far as I can remember, I don't quite understand how anyone could make that assumption that Hecuba and Herecura are associated, knowing how little information is available about the later. (sorry, I'm not a native English speaker, hope u get it all ) Jerminel (talk) 08:23, 3 August 2011 (UTC)
 * Yes, Hecuba is what she said. I know. Eye roll. She must have meant Proserpine, surely. She makes the identification in a very offhand way. She wasn't even trying to suggest a similarity between the names Hecuba and Herecura, because she uses the spelling Aericura. Q·L·1968 ☿ 18:09, 28 May 2015 (UTC)

Pronunciation
I think I'm going to adjust the pronunciation to reflect X. Delamarre's analysis as, which would mean that the penult would attract primary stress in Latin ; we'd thus get English (hopefully this is the right way to use the IPA for English key...). In any case, a stressed antepenult is not likely. Q·L·1968 ☿ 16:49, 4 June 2015 (UTC)

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They foudn more Aery Cura inscribtion than this, for exampel one in Bregenz /Austria — Preceding unsigned comment added by 194.166.15.126 (talk) 22:04, 25 June 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Erecura


text:
The Old Men at the Zoo

The Old Men at the Zoo is a novel written by Angus Wilson, first published in 1961 by Secker and Warburg and by Penguin books in 1964. It was adapted, with many changes—nuclear bombing of London, not present in the novel, is added—into a 1983 BBC Television serial by the scriptwriter Troy Kennedy Martin. The book deals with events before a nuclear attack on London during a (presumably) limited nuclear war, which results in the imposition of a later post-apocalyptic pan-European dystopian dictatorship, until rescue arrives for the prisoners at the zoo, transformed into a concentration camp.

title: The Old Men at the Zoo


text:
Kanto Gakuin University

Kanto Gakuin University (関東学院大学) is a private university located in Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Japan.

History
It traces its roots to The Baptist Theological Seminary of Yokohama established by Albert Arnold Bennett, a missionary of the American Baptist Missionary Union, established in 1884. The school's name was changed to Kanto Gakuin in 1919.

Organization
Bachelors, master's, and doctoral programs are offered through the College of Humanities, the College of Economics, the College of Law, the College of Engineering. Bachelors programs are offered through the College of Human and Environmental Studies. J.D. Program is offered through the Graduate School of Law.

 * The College of Humanities
 * Department of English
 * Department of Comparative Culture
 * Department of Applied Sociology
 * The College of Economics
 * Department of Economics
 * Department of Business
 * The College of Law
 * Department of Law
 * The College of Engineering
 * Department of Mechanical Engineering
 * Department of Electrical and Electronic Information Engineering
 * Department of Network and Multi-Media Engineering
 * Department of Architecture
 * Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
 * Department of Applied Material and Life Science
 * The College of Human and Environmental Studies
 * Department of Modern Communication
 * Department of Human Environmental Design
 * Department of Health and Nutrition
 * Department of Human Development
 * The Graduate School of Humanities
 * The Graduate School of Engineering
 * The Graduate School of Economics
 * The Graduate School of Law

Campus

 * Kanazawa-Hakkei (Yokohama) - the College of Economics, the College of Engineering, the College of Human and Environmental Studies, and the Graduate School of Law
 * Kanazawa-Bunko (Yokohama) - the College of Humanities
 * Odawara (Odawara) - the College of Law

Kanto Gakuin Women's Junior College
Kanto Gakuin Women's Junior College (関東学院女子短期大学) was a private junior college. It opened in 1950 as Kanto Gakuin Daigaku Tankidaigakubu (関東学院大学短期大学部), affiliated with Kanto Gakuin University. On April 1, 1957, the junior college was renamed Kanto Gakuin Tankidaigaku (関東学院短期大学). On April 1, 1967, the junior college became a women's junior college and was renamed Kanto Gakuin Women's Junior College. It closed on September 30, 2004.

The junior college offered courses in Japanese literature, English language, life culture, home economics, food science and nutrition, early childhood education, and management information.

Sports, clubs, and traditions
The colors of the university are green and gold.

 * Baseball team (Kanagawa Baseball League Division I) - won 46 league championships
 * American football team (Kantoh Collegiate Football Association Division I)
 * Rugby football team (Kanto College League Division I) - reached the national championships nine times and won five times; also has eight league championships
 * University championship rugby
 * In the Department of English, the University does foreign exchange to several countries, including its sister school, Linfield University, in McMinnville, Oregon, USA.

Notable alumni

 * All members of Asian Kung-Fu Generation (rock band)
 * Pape Mour Faye, basketball player
 * Masashi Hosoya, basketball player
 * Tomoko Kaneda, voice actress
 * Shinjirō Koizumi, politician
 * Takuro Miuchi, rugby player
 * Takeya Mizugaki (M.S. Electrical Eng.), professional mixed martial artist, former WEC #1 Contender, current UFC Bantamweight
 * Takahiro Shimoyama, basketball player

title: Kanto Gakuin University


text:
Etruscan shrew

The Etruscan shrew (Suncus etruscus), also known as the Etruscan pygmy shrew, white-toothed pygmy shrew and Savi’s pygmy shrew, is the smallest known extant mammal by mass, weighing only about 1.8 g on average. (The bumblebee bat is regarded as the smallest mammal by skull size and body length. )

The Etruscan shrew has a body length of about 4 cm excluding the tail. It is characterized by very rapid movements and a fast metabolism, eating about 1.5–2 times its own body weight per day. It feeds on various small vertebrates and invertebrates, mostly insects, and can hunt individuals of the same size as itself. These shrews prefer warm and damp climates and are widely distributed in the belt between 10° and 30°N latitude stretching from Europe and North Africa up to Malaysia. They are also found in the Maltese islands, situated in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea. Although widespread and not threatened overall, they are generally uncommon and are endangered in some countries.

Description
The Etruscan shrew has a slender (not truncated) body, with a length between 3 and 5.2 cm excluding the tail, which adds another 2.4 to 3.2 cm. The body mass varies between 1.3 g and 2.5 g and is usually about 1.8 g. In comparison, the related greater white-toothed shrew can be twice as long and weighs four to five times more. The head is relatively large, with a long, mobile proboscis, and the hind limbs are relatively small. The ears are relatively large and protuberant. The Etruscan shrew has a very fast heart beating rate, up to 1511 beats/min (25 beats/s) and a relatively large heart muscle mass, 1.2% of body weight. The fur color on the back and sides is pale brown, but is light gray on the stomach. The fur becomes denser and thicker from fall through the winter. The shrew usually has 30 teeth, but the 4th upper intermediate tooth is very small (rudimentary), and is absent in some individuals. Near the mouth grow a dense array of short whiskers, which the shrew actively uses to search for prey, especially in the night. Dimorphism in body features between males and females is absent.

Activity
Etruscan shrews live alone except during mating periods. Their lifespan is estimated at typically around two years, but with a large uncertainty. They protect their territories by making chirping noises and signs of aggressiveness. They tend to groom themselves constantly when not eating, and are always moving when awake and not hiding. The hiding periods are short, and typically last less than half an hour. Clicking sounds are heard when these shrews are moving, which cease when they rest. The shrews are more active during the night when they make long trips; during the day, they stay near the nest or in a hiding place. They reach their maximum level of activity at dawn.

Due to its small size and consequent high surface-area-to-volume ratio, the Etruscan shrew is at a constant risk of hypothermia, and would quickly freeze to death if not for its extremely rapid metabolism. Its skeletal muscles contract at a rate of about 13 contractions/sec during respiration alone. In cold seasons and during shortages of food, the shrews lower their body temperatures down to about 12 C and enter a state of temporary hibernation to reduce energy consumption. Recovery from this state is accompanied by shivering at a frequency of 58 muscle contractions/sec. This induces heating at a rate of up to 0.83 °C/min, which is among the highest values recorded in mammals; the heart rate increases exponentially with time from 100 to 800–1200 beats/min, and the respiratory rate rises linearly from 50 to 600–800 breaths/min.

Etruscan shrews mate primarily from March to October, though they can be pregnant at any time of the year. Pairs usually form in the spring and may tolerate each other and their young for some time at the nest. The gestation period is 27–28 days, and they have 2–6 cubs per litter. Cubs are born naked and blind, weighing only 0.2 g. After their eyes open at 14 to 16 days old, they mature quickly. The mother usually moves the young when they are 9 to 10 days old, and if disturbed, she relocates them by leading them with her tail in a train-like formation, a behaviour known as caravanning, with each cub biting the tail of the one in front. The young Etruscan shrews are weaned at 20 days old. By three to four weeks of age, the young are independent and are soon sexually mature.

Distribution
The Etruscan shrew inhabits a belt extending between 10° and 40°N latitude across Eurasia. In Southern Europe, it has been found in Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, France, North Macedonia, Malta, Montenegro, Greece, Italy, Portugal, Slovenia, Spain, and Turkey, with unconfirmed reports in Andorra, Gibraltar and Monaco; it has been introduced by humans to some European islands, such as Canary Islands.

The shrew also occurs in North Africa (Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia) and around the Arabian Peninsula (Bahrain, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Oman, Syria, and Yemen including Socotra). In Asia, it was observed in Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Bhutan, China (Gengma County only), Burma, Georgia, India, Iran, Iraq, Kazakhstan, Laos, Malaysia (Malaysian part of Borneo island), Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Tajikistan, Thailand, Turkey, Turkmenistan and Vietnam. There are unconfirmed reports of the Etruscan shrew in West and East Africa (Guinea, Nigeria, Ethiopia) and in Armenia, Brunei, Indonesia, Kuwait and Uzbekistan.

Overall the species is widespread and not threatened, but its density is generally lower than of the other shrews living in the area. In some regions it is rare, especially in Azerbaijan, Georgia, Jordan and Kazakhstan (included into the Red Book).

Habitat
The Etruscan shrew favors warm and damp habitats covered with shrubs, which it uses to hide from predators. Areas where open terrain such as grasslands and scrub meet deciduous forests are usually inhabited. It can be found at sea level but is usually confined to the foothills and lower belts of mountain ranges, though has been found up to 3000 m above sea level. It colonizes riparian thickets along the banks of lakes and rivers, as well as human-cultivated areas (abandoned gardens, orchards, vineyards, olive groves and edges of fields). The shrew, however, avoids intensively cultivated areas, as well as dense forests and sand dunes. It is poorly adapted to digging burrows, so it arranges its nests in various natural shelters, crevices and others' uninhabited burrows. They frequent rocks, boulders, stone walls and ruins, darting quickly in and out between them.

Hunting and feeding
Because of its high ratio of surface area to body volume, the Etruscan shrew has an extremely fast metabolism and must eat 1.5–2.0 times its body weight in food per day. It feeds mostly on various invertebrates, including insects, larvae and earthworms, as well as the young of amphibians, lizards and rodents, and can hunt prey of nearly the same body size as itself. It prefers species with a soft, thin exoskeleton, so it avoids ants when given a choice. Grasshoppers, where common, are often regular prey. It kills large prey by a bite to the head and eats it immediately, but takes small insects back to its nest. When hunting, it relies mostly on its sense of touch rather than vision, and may even run into its food at night.

Predators and threats
The largest threat to Etruscan shrews originates from human activities, particularly destruction of their nesting grounds and habitats as a result of farming. Etruscan shrews are also sensitive to weather changes, such as cold winters and dry periods. Major predators are birds of prey.

title: Etruscan shrew


text:
WWF The Main Event

The Main Event is an American series of professional wrestling television specials that were produced by the World Wrestling Federation (WWF). The Main Event was a spin-off of Saturday Night's Main Event and was held only one time in a year (with the exception of 1990 where it was held twice) and was equivalent to today’s monthly pay-per-view (PPV) events. Like Saturday Night’s Main Event, The Main Event aired late and held its main event match on the first hour of the show. There were five shows between 1988 and 1991. Only the first three The Main Event episodes were shown live on NBC. The final two were taped and then shown on NBC at a later date. It included mainly high-card wrestlers of the WWF including Hulk Hogan, André the Giant, "Macho Man" Randy Savage, The Ultimate Warrior and "Million Dollar Man" Ted DiBiase.

All episodes of The Main Event are available on the WWE Network, included with Saturday Night's Main Event.

The Main Event
The Main Event (1988) took place and aired live on Friday February 5, 1988 at 8pm ET from the Market Square Arena in Indianapolis, Indiana. The live broadcast drew a 15.2 Nielsen rating and 33 million viewers, both records for American televised wrestling.

The match between André the Giant and Hulk Hogan saw André receive the pinfall victory despite Hogan's shoulders not being down. It was revealed post-match that the referee was not the assigned referee, Dave Hebner, but rather his twin brother, Earl Hebner, who was hired by Ted DiBiase as part of a storyline screwjob. After the match, André attempted to surrender the title to DiBiase. Then-WWF President Jack Tunney said the title could only change hands by pin or submission, and said that by attempting to surrender the title, André had actually vacated it. Following the vacancy, a single elimination tournament was held at WrestleMania IV to crown the new champion.

The Strike Force vs. The Hart Foundation match was still in progress when NBC signed off. In 2014, when the WWE Network made available this episode to its on-demand section, the ending of the match was added in.

The Main Event II
The Main Event II took place and aired live on Friday February 3, 1989 at 8pm ET from the Bradley Center in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The live broadcast drew an 11.6 rating and 19.9 million viewers.

The slowly building tension between Hulk Hogan and "Macho Man" Randy Savage boiled over during the team's match against The Twin Towers, leading to the team's breakup upon Savage's heel turn when Savage contended that Hogan was lusting after his manager, Miss Elizabeth.

The Main Event III
The Main Event III took place and aired live on February 23, 1990, at 10pm ET from the Joe Louis Arena in Detroit, Michigan. The live broadcast drew a 12.8 rating and 20.9 million viewers.

Mike Tyson was originally scheduled to be the special guest referee, but this changed following Buster Douglas' knockout title win over Tyson just under two weeks before, on February 11. Tyson would eventually be the guest referee at WrestleMania XIV.

Tito Santana was a substitute for Jimmy Snuka.

The Main Event IV
The Main Event IV took place on October 30, 1990, from the Allen County War Memorial Coliseum in Fort Wayne, Indiana, and aired on Friday November 23, 1990 at 10pm ET. The broadcast drew an 8.6 rating and 15 million viewers.

The WWF Tag Team Championship match between The Hart Foundation and The Rockers was supposed to be on the show. The Rockers defended their newly won titles a few times before the WWF rehired Jim Neidhart, pairing him with Bret Hart once more, and quietly handing the belts back to The Hart Foundation, erasing The Rockers' reign from the history books. Retrospectively, the WWF explained that the title change had been revoked due to a ring rope malfunction during the second fall of the two-out-of-three falls match. The match can be seen unedited on the DVD The Shawn Michaels Story: Heartbreak & Triumph. Marty Jannetty pinned Bret Hart in the first fall with a sunset flip counter at 9:33. Hart pinned Shawn Michaels in the second fall with the Hart Attack at 19:23. Jannetty pinned Jim Neidhart in the third fall when Michaels dropkicked Jannetty onto Neidhart, who was setting up the Hart Attack at 25:41.

Nikolai Volkoff was scheduled to face Sgt. Slaughter on the show, but Slaughter attacked Nikolai before the opening bell rang and the match never took place.

The Main Event V
The Main Event V took place on January 28, 1991, from the Macon Coliseum in Macon, Georgia, and aired on Friday February 1, 1991 at 8pm ET.

KNBC, the NBC-owned-and-operated station in Los Angeles, did not air this program when it was shown by the network on February 1. That day, a collision took place at Los Angeles International Airport between a US Airways passenger jet and a SkyWest Airlines commuter plane. The crash occurred in the late afternoon, and KNBC opted to air news bulletin coverage of this story throughout the night. The station did replay the program unadvertised on a later date.

The broadcast drew 10.6 million viewers and a 6.7 rating, which was at the time the worst rating any WWF program had received on NBC despite the presence of Hulk Hogan. This has been blamed on the controversial and exploitative Sgt. Slaughter Iraqi sympathizer storyline that was on going at the time.

WWF President Jack Tunney declared Hulk Hogan the number one contender for Sgt. Slaughter's WWF Championship at WrestleMania VII.

title: WWF The Main Event


text:
Talk:Kitti's hog-nosed bat

Untitled
ето МАХ,всем емо,готам,панкам прива

 * The "==Famous==" section is cute and would be fine for a school report or personal page, but IMHO not quite appropriate for Wikipedia. Jorge Stolfi 04:30, 6 Apr 2004 (UTC)
 * I have merged this page with Bumblebee bat (lowercase bat), removing the non-encyclopedic stuff. Alas, it seems that the original Bumblebee Bat page was a copy from this page] by Tim Menzies from Portland State Univ. Presumably the pictures are copyvios, too... Jorge Stolfi 02:58, 14 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * The WikiSyntax project flagged the last line of text, and I couldn't figure out what it was supposed to be, so I deleted it. I am hoping that if it was an actual typo, somebody is watching this page and can put it back in the correct format.  The text that was removed was:
 * gjreuioapgnraustellaluna/florin.htm Stella Luna]

wrp103 (Bill Pringle) - Talk 21:47, 22 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * I did a bit of digging. That odd link that was removed was a vandalization of the External links section.  I will replace the whole section. PrometheusX303 17:15, 22 May 2006 (UTC)

Stella Luna
"* Stella Luna" This page adds no information whatsoever. Cute children drawings add no information, no matter how cute they are. I'm removing it from the External links section. 201.3.221.186 22:19, 6 July 2006 (UTC)

Requested move

 * This article was created as "bumblebee bat" with a redirect from "Kitti's hog-nosed bat". Recently an anonymous user swapped the two articles, without giving a reason for the move. Furthermore, the move was done using cut-and-paste, which caused most of the original article's history to be lost. If no one can provide a justification for the move, I propose to undo it.  A bit of the history will be lost, though.  Is there a better  solution? Jorge Stolfi (talk) 15:21, 29 February 2008 (UTC)
 * I have histmerged Bumblebee Bat to Kitti's Hog-nosed Bat. (Bumblebee bat was previously merged to Bumblebee Bat before cut & paste to Kitti's Hog-nosed Bat.) Anthony Appleyard (talk) 13:21, 8 March 2008 (UTC)

Good article review
I'll read through more carefully soon, but just four points for starters Jimfbleak (talk) 14:30, 17 May 2008 (UTC)
 * 1) The intro is completely inadequate, with entire sections not mentioned. See Lead section
 * 2) The article title has the English name, so why is the bat referred to by its binomial throughout? Fixed.
 * 3) No imperial conversions are given for units contra MOS Fixed.
 * 4) Refs 5,9 and 10 have "retrieved on..." but are journals, with no apparent web link. Even if they are on the web, format as [url title] in ref, and leave off "retrieved" Fixed.
 * 5) I picked up a couple of errors on the first read, might be worth having a careful copyedit - also avoid drifting between singular and plural
 * Thanks for reviewing! I'll try my best to fix all of these today. As for the copy-edit, I'll look through it again but I'll also try to find another set of eyes to check it. Enoktalk 16:06, 17 May 2008 (UTC)

It's not far off now. Incidentally, I took on this review because I wrote another Kitti species, the White-eyed River Martin! Jimfbleak (talk) 06:17, 19 May 2008 (UTC)
 * intro better, need something on appearance (reddish-brown with distinctive snout?) I don't think you can avoid some repetition, but you don't need to repeat refs that occur later for the same info
 * Headings not a pass/fail issue, but "Description" instead of "Anatomy and Morphology", "Behaviour" instead of "Ecology" and "Taxonomy" instead of taxonomic history would be more standard and more user friendly, but up to you Fixed.
 * Anatomy Weight range for the shrew surely cannot be correct. Also need conversions for shrew's weight and length. Wow, thank you. It was accidentally changed by a previous editor and went unnoticed for quite a while. Fixed.
 * Range run together first two sentences, ideally minimum 3 sentences per paragraph, link or gloss "morphology" Done.
 * Ecology Do they roost in the breeding caves at all? I wonder if "false pelvic nipple" needs any clarification?
 * Taxonomy perhaps clarify that the common and binomial names both commemorate Kitti? Done.
 * Refs are OK. The image rationale convinces me although I'm no expert on copyright. Prose and grammar are fine.
 * OK, I still have to fix the intro, but I am having difficulty finding any additional information about the bat's reproduction. Most sources simply say it is "not well known" or just mention what I've already said about a single annual offspring, so I'm not sure how to expand it any further. As for the false pelvic nipple, I have redescribed it as a pair of "vestigial pubic nipple[s]" as this seems to be a more common phrasing. Enoktalk 13:22, 19 May 2008 (UTC)

Good Article review

 * GA review (see here for criteria)

 * 1) It is reasonably well written.
 * a (prose): b (MoS):
 * 1) It is factually accurate and verifiable.
 * a (references): b (citations to reliable sources):  c (OR):
 * 1) It is broad in its coverage.
 * a (major aspects): b (focused):
 * 1) It follows the neutral point of view policy.
 * Fair representation without bias:
 * 1) It is stable.
 * No edit wars etc.:
 * 1) It is illustrated by images, where possible and appropriate.
 * a (images are tagged and non-free images have fair use rationales): b (appropriate use with suitable captions):
 * 1) Overall:
 * Pass/Fail:

You can't add what's not known, the article's fine as is. Jimfbleak (talk) 15:49, 19 May 2008 (UTC)

Size of groups in caves?
In paragraph 2, the article says: Colonies range greatly in size, with an average of 100 individuals per cave. If indeed colonies vary greatly in size, rather than stating a bald average it would be better to give a range, e.g. (values made up): Colonies range greatly in size, ranging from just a few individuals to more than a thousand per cave. -- Dan Griscom (talk) 01:46, 10 November 2008 (UTC)

Endangered status
Every other site that has information about the bumblebee bat has it as endangered, not vulnerable, as it is listed here. Could someone do some research into that and fix it if it turns out to be wrong? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.152.139.191 (talk) 20:28, 28 April 2009 (UTC)
 * The IUCN re-reviewed the species since this article was first written and updated their status to vulnerable, hence the change. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.234.62.131 (talk) 04:27, 11 June 2009 (UTC)

Brain Implications
Have there been any studies on the structure of this animal's brain? According to the article, it can socialize, care for young, perform the complex operation of powered flight, identify prey and hunt on the wing, navigate within a kilometer radius of its roost during hunts, and undertake long migrations. Yet, this animal weighs a mere two grams as an adult, and its brain must be so small as to be nigh-invisible. Arguably, these aren't "intelligent" behaviors, but nevertheless the ratio between the size of this bat's brain and the relative complexity of its behaviors surely does something to challenge the usual notions relating brain size to intelligence. --68.222.31.203 (talk) 23:57, 21 April 2010 (UTC)

 * This is an interesting behavior and it is only recently as far as I know that this sort of question is being seriously explored (I am thinking of Alex the African Grey parrot being the first such bird seriously studied.) I wonder how easy studying this bat would be. But it is certainly true that some bats are very "intelligent", doing things like remembering other bats who helped them out; actually, wasps seem to even remember previous interactions that established dominance and do not continue to fight after the first time.

 * The question is so important perhaps because it may make us re-evaluate the function of the brain within complex behavior.--Jrm2007 (talk) 08:22, 7 May 2014 (UTC)

Missing photo?
Not sure whether there was a photo of the bat itself, but if not, there really needs to be. I know I've seen pics of this one in news articles and such, so there must be more than one or two pics. 69.132.53.87 (talk) 03:51, 1 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Agreed. There is really no way this kind of an article can be considered GA status without a photograph or at least a sketch. 69.171.160.201 (talk) 19:50, 4 October 2011 (UTC)

This photo should work, but I've asked on the Help Desk to be sure. 69.171.160.201 (talk) 20:04, 4 October 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kitti's hog-nosed bat


text:
User talk:Comrade Riche

Hi! Could you please be careful when adding to articles? You seem to be inadvertently removing the entire article. Please be more careful. Thank you and welcome to Wikipedia! RadicalBender 04:49, 10 Mar 2004 (UTC)

how do you do it????????

 * Make sure you only replace the stub warning. For example, look at this page.  You see, you actually deleted the entire article with the  stub message instead of just replacing the one part.  Does that make sense?  (I don't know if I'm explaining it real well.) RadicalBender 04:52, 10 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * By the way, the code is only for short articles (we call them stubs) that eventually will grow into bigger articles.  See this page for more information. RadicalBender 04:53, 10 Mar 2004 (UTC)

ohh, sorry, did know what to do with them, anyway where does the name "stub" come from

 * Not sure. I assume because a "stub" implies something that is short, incomplete or unfinished, which is what the articles pretty much are.  They will, hopefully, grow into something bigger as more people contribute to them.  RadicalBender 04:56, 10 Mar 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Comrade Riche


text:
Talk:Wang Laboratories

Feels like an essay
I've read the article, and made some major changes to it. I've removed some of statements that sound like an opinion or a point of view on the article, to make the article more neutral and less essay-like. I have also added a split suggestion to make a new article called History of Wang Computers. If anyone has ideas to improve the article, discuss here.

Sincerely, Thenewright22 (talk) 10:29, 28 October 2022 (UTC)

 * Split what? There is only the history. Wang is defunct. 🇺🇦  Fiddle Timtrent  Faddle Talk to me 🇺🇦 06:48, 30 October 2022 (UTC)
 * I removed the error, but the article is still excessively long, mainly because of statements that make this article feel like an essay. I have already started fixing the article by removing unverifiable, vague statements, adverbs, or irrelevant information.
 * Sincerely, Thenewright22 (talk) 06:59, 30 October 2022 (UTC)
 * Thanks for your improvements. I had hazy memories of this company and came in to read the article, and apart from being able to delete one request for an additional source (the cited source had the information requested), got sucked down a rabbit hole of reading and looking for independent high quality sourcing. The article is enjoyable and readable, but not yet encyclopedic. I'd hate to see all of the content vanish, but it really lacks sourcing. Holmwood (talk) 22:45, 9 June 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Wang Laboratories


text:
Jose P. Laurel

José Paciano Laurel y García (March 9, 1891 – November 6, 1959) was a Filipino politician, lawyer, and judge, who served as the President of the Japanese-occupied Second Philippine Republic, a puppet state during World War II, from 1943 to 1945. Since the administration of President Diosdado Macapagal (1961–1965), Laurel has been officially recognized by later administrations as a former president of the Philippines.

Early life and education

José Paciano Laurel y García was born on March 9, 1891, in the town of Tanauan, Batangas. His parents were Sotero Laurel y Remoquillo and Jacoba García y Pimentel, both from Tanauan. His father had been an official in the revolutionary government of Emilio Aguinaldo and a signatory to the 1899 Malolos Constitution. Just like many other presidents, he was of Chinese mestizo descent. His second given name Paciano was in honor of Paciano Rizal.

Laurel studied at the San Jose College in Tanauan before transferring in 1903 to Colegio de San Juan de Letran in Manila. He later attended "La Regeneracion," where he completed the Spanish secondary course of instruction. In 1907, he finished the intermediate grades at Manila public schools.

While a teen, Laurel was indicted for attempted murder when he almost killed a rival suitor of the girl he stole a kiss from with a fan knife. While studying and finishing law school, he argued for and received an acquittal in 1912.

Laurel completed his high school education at Manila High School in 1911. He received his law degree from the University of the Philippines College of Law in 1915, where he studied under Dean George A. Malcolm, whom he would later succeed at the Supreme Court of the Philippines. In the same year, he took the Philippine bar examination and placed second. He then obtained a Master of Laws degree from the University of Santo Tomas in 1919. Laurel was later awarded a scholarship at Yale Law School, where he obtained his J.S.D. degree in 1920. In the same year, he was admitted to the Bar by the Supreme Court of the United States and the Supreme Court and Court of Appeals of the District of Columbia. He later traveled extensively throughout the United States and Europe, where he also took special courses in international law at Oxford University in England and at the University of Paris in France before returning to the Philippines in 1921. He also earned his Doctorate in Jurisprudence at the Escuela de Derecho in Manila and Humanities at the University of Santo Tomas.

Early career
Laurel began his life in public service while he was a student. He served as a messenger in the Bureau of Forestry, then as a clerk in the Code Committee tasked with the codification of Philippine laws, and as a law clerk in the Executive Bureau. During his work for the Code Committee, he was introduced to its head, Thomas A. Street, a future Supreme Court Justice who would be a mentor to the young Laurel.

In 1921, Laurel was also appointed as a lecturer at University of the Philippines, particularly at the College of Liberal Arts and at the College of Law.

Laurel was appointed first as ad interim Undersecretary of the Interior Department in 1922 (with two stints as acting secretary), then promoted as Secretary of the Interior in 1923. In that post, he would frequently clash with the American Governor-General Leonard Wood, and eventually, in 1923, resign from his position together with other Cabinet members in protest of Wood's administration. His clashes with Wood solidified Laurel's nationalist credentials.

Laurel was a member of the Philippine fraternity Upsilon Sigma Phi.

Senator and Congressman of the Philippines
In 1925, Laurel was elected to the Philippine Senate, beating incumbent Senator Antero Soriano. Serving from the 5th district, he would serve for one term before losing his re-election bid in 1931 to fellow Batangueño Claro M. Recto.

He retired to private practice, but by 1934, he was again elected to public office, this time as a delegate to the 1935 Constitutional Convention. Hailed as one of the "Seven Wise Men of the Convention", he would sponsor the provisions of the Bill of Rights. Following the ratification of the 1935 Constitution and the establishment of the Commonwealth of the Philippines, Laurel was appointed Associate Justice of the Supreme Court on February 29, 1936.

Associate Justice of the Supreme Court
Laurel's Supreme Court tenure may have been overshadowed by his presidency, yet he remains one of the most important Supreme Court justices in Philippine history. He authored several leading cases still analyzed to this day that defined the parameters of the branches of government as well as their powers.

Angara v. Electoral Commission, 63 Phil. 139 (1936), which is considered as the Philippine equivalent of Marbury v. Madison, 5 U.S. (1 Cranch) 137 (1803), is Laurel's most important contribution to jurisprudence and even the rule of law in the Philippines. In affirming that the Court had jurisdiction to review the rulings of the Electoral Commission organized under the National Assembly, the Court, through Justice Laurel's opinion, firmly entrenched the power of Philippine courts to engage in judicial review of the acts of the other branches of government, and to interpret the Constitution. Held the Court, through Laurel: "The Constitution is a definition of the powers of government. Who is to determine the nature, scope, and extent of such powers? The Constitution itself has provided for the instrumentality of the judiciary as the rational way. And when the judiciary mediates to allocate constitutional boundaries, it does not assert any superiority over the other departments; it does not in reality nullify or invalidate an act of the legislature, but only asserts the solemn and sacred obligation assigned to it by the Constitution to determine conflicting claims of authority under the Constitution and to establish for the parties in an actual controversy the rights which that instrument secures and guarantees to them."

Another highly influential decision penned by Laurel was Ang Tibay v. CIR, 69 Phil. 635 (1940). The Court acknowledged in that case that the substantive and procedural requirements before proceedings in administrative agencies, such as labor relations courts, were more flexible than those in judicial proceedings. At the same time, the Court still asserted that the right to due process of law must be observed and enumerated the "cardinal primary rights" that must be respected in administrative proceedings. Since then, these "cardinal primary rights" have stood as the standard in testing due process claims in administrative cases.

Calalang v. Williams, 70 Phil. 726 (1940) was a seemingly innocuous case involving a challenge raised by a private citizen to a traffic regulation banning kalesas from Manila streets during certain afternoon hours. The Court, through Laurel, upheld the regulation as within the police power of the government. But in rejecting the claim that the regulation was violative of social justice, Laurel would respond with what would become his most famous aphorism, which is to this day widely quoted by judges and memorized by Filipino law students: "Social justice is neither communism, nor despotism, nor atomism, nor anarchy, but the humanization of laws and the equalization of social and economic forces by the State so that justice in its rational and objectively secular conception may at least be approximated. Social justice means the promotion of the welfare of all the people, the adoption by the Government of measures calculated to insure economic stability of all the competent elements of society, through the maintenance of a proper economic and social equilibrium in the interrelations of the members of the community, constitutionally, through the adoption of measures legally justifiable, or extra-constitutionally, through the exercise of powers underlying the existence of all governments on the time-honored principle of salus populi est suprema lex. Social justice, therefore, must be founded on the recognition of the necessity of interdependence among divers and diverse units of a society and of the protection that should be equally and evenly extended to all groups as a combined force in our social and economic life, consistent with the fundamental and paramount objective of the state of promoting the health, comfort, and quiet of all persons, and of bringing about 'the greatest good to the greatest number."

While an associate justice, Laurel also held other appointive posts. Laurel was appointed by President Manuel L. Quezon as a member of the Moral Code Committee in 1939 and as member of the Code Committee in 1940. In 1941, he was also appointed as Professor of Civil Law at the Central College of Law. He was also named as acting Secretary of Justice and acting Chief Justice in December of the same year and Commissioner of Justice in January 1942. His time as associate justice ended on February 5, 1942

Cabinet member and accession
As he was well known to the Japanese as a critic of US rule, as well as having demonstrated a willingness to serve under the Japanese Military Administration, he held a series of high posts in 1942–1943.

On December 10, 1941, then-Associate Justice Laurel was appointed by President Manuel L. Quezon as acting Secretary of Justice. He was later appointed Commissioner of Justice by the commander-in-chief of the Imperial Japanese Forces on January 26, 1942, but was effective three days prior. However, on December 2, 1942, he was relieved from the post to become the Minister of the Interior, a position that he had previously held as Secretary two decades prior. He relinquished the post on October 14, 1943, when he was inaugurated President of the Second Philippine Republic.

Laurel was among the Commonwealth officials instructed by the Japanese Imperial Army to form a provisional government when they invaded and occupied the country. He cooperated with the Japanese, in contrast to Chief Justice José Abad Santos, who was shot for refusing to cooperate.

Assassination attempt
On June 5, 1943, Laurel was playing golf at the Wack Wack Golf and Country Club, then in the City of Greater Manila, when he was shot around four times with a .45 caliber pistol. The bullets barely missed his heart and liver. He was rushed by his golfing companions, among them Far Eastern University president Nicanor Reyes Sr., to the Philippine General Hospital where he was operated by the Chief Military Surgeon of the Japanese Military Administration and Filipino surgeons. Laurel enjoyed a speedy recovery.

Two suspects to the shooting were reportedly captured and swiftly executed by the Kempetai. Another suspect, a former boxer named Feliciano Lizardo, was presented for identification by the Japanese to Laurel at the latter's hospital bed, but Laurel then professed unclear memory.

However, in his 1953 memoirs, Laurel would admit that Lizardo, by then one of his bodyguards who had pledged to give his life for him, was indeed the would-be-assassin. Still, the historian Teodoro Agoncillo in his book on the Japanese occupation, identified a captain with a guerilla unit as the shooter.

Presidency (1943–1945)

The presidency of Laurel understandably remains one of the most controversial in Philippine history. After the war, he would be denounced as a war collaborator and even a traitor, although his indictment for treason was superseded by President Roxas' Amnesty Proclamation.

Accession
When Japan invaded, President Manuel L. Quezon first fled to Bataan and then to the United States to establish a government-in-exile. Quezon ordered Laurel, Vargas and other cabinet members to stay. Laurel's prewar, close relationship with Japanese officials (a son had been sent to study at the Imperial Japanese Army Academy in Tokyo, and Laurel had received an honorary doctorate from Tokyo Imperial University) in 1938, placed him in a good position to interact with the Japanese occupation forces.

Under vigorous Japanese influence, the National Assembly selected Laurel to serve as president in 1943. He took the oath of office on October 14, 1943, at the Legislative Building (now the National Museum of Fine Arts) in Manila. The oath was administered by Chief Justice José Yulo.

Economy
During Laurel's tenure as president, hunger was the main worry. Prices of essential commodities rose to unprecedented heights. The government exerted every effort to increase production and bring consumers' goods under control. However, Japanese rapacity had the better of it all. On the other hand, guerrilla activities and Japanese retaliatory measures brought the peace and order situation to a difficult point. Resorting to district-zoning and domiciliary searches, coupled with arbitrary arrests, the Japanese made the mission of Laurel's administration incalculably exasperating and perilous.

Food shortage
During his presidency, the Philippines faced a crippling food shortage which demanded much of Laurel's attention. Rice and bread were still available but the sugar supply was gone.

Philippine-Japanese Treaty of Alliance
On October 20, 1943, the Philippine-Japanese Treaty of Alliance was signed by Claro M. Recto, who was appointed by Laurel as his Foreign Minister, and Japanese Ambassador to Philippines Sozyo Murata. One redeeming feature was that no conscription was envisioned.

Greater East Asia Conference
Shortly after the inauguration of the Second Philippine Republic, President Laurel, together with cabinet Ministers Recto and Paredes flew to Tokyo to attend the Greater East Asia Conference which was an international summit held in Tokyo, Japan from November 5 to 6, 1943, in which Japan hosted the heads of state of various component members of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere. The conference was also referred to as the Tokyo Conference.

The Conference addressed few issues of any substance, Eradication of Western Opium Drug Trade and to illustrate the Empire of Japan's commitments to the Pan-Asianism ideal and to emphasize its role as the "liberator" of Asia from Western colonialism.

Martial law
Laurel declared the country under martial law in 1944 through Proclamation No. 29, dated September 21. Martial law came into effect on September 22, 1944, at 9 a.m. Proclamation No. 30 was issued the next day, declaring the existence of a state of war between the Philippines and the United States and the United Kingdom. This took effect on September 23, 1944, at 10:00 a.m.

Resistance

Due to the nature of Laurel's government and its connection to Japan, much of the population actively resisted the Japanese occupation and his presidency, instead supporting the exiled Commonwealth government.

Dissolution of the regime
On October 20, 1944, American and Philippine armed forces landed on Leyte Island during the Battle of Leyte and began the Liberation of the Philippines. Philippine President in exile Sergio Osmeña was among them. Other landings on other islands followed. Then on January 9, 1945, Allied forces landed on the south shore of Lingayen Gulf and began to march towards Manila.

During the Battle of Manila from February 3 to March 3, 1945, Japanese occupation forces were driven from the capital city. After that, only pockets of Japanese forces remained active in the Philippines.

Beginning in March 1945, President Laurel, together with his family, Camilo Osías, Benigno Aquino Sr., Gen. Mateo M. Capinpin, and Jorge B. Vargas evacuated to Baguio. Shortly after the city fell, they traveled to Tuguegarao, where they embarked a bomber plane to Japan via Formosa (now Taiwan) and Shanghai, China.

Emperor Hirohito of Japan announced Japan's unconditional surrender to the Allied Powers on August 15, 1945.

Two days later on August 17, 1945, from Nara Hotel in Nara, Japan, Laurel issued an executive proclamation which declared the dissolution of his regime.

Collaboration trial and imprisonment
On September 2, 1945, the Japanese forces formally surrendered to the United States. Gen. Douglas MacArthur ordered Laurel arrested for collaborating with the Japanese. Alongside his son Jose Laurel III and Benigno Aquino Sr., he was taken to custody and was imprisoned in Yokohama on September 15, 1945. On November 16, 1945, they were transferred to Sugamo Prison. While in prison, he was not allowed to have any reading material except The World in 2030, a book by the Earl of Birkenhead that he received as a gift from his son Salvador Laurel. Lacking in writing instruments, he used this book to write his Memoirs.

On July 23, 1946, Laurel, together with Osias, Aquino, and his son Jose III, left Tokyo for Manila, having been turned over to the Republic of the Philippines. One month later, he was placed under technical custody at his Peñafrancia house in Paco, Manila but rather than accepting the given conditions, he preferred to be imprisoned at the New Bilibid Prison in Muntinlupa, Rizal. He was later provisionally released in September 1946 after posting a ₱50,000 bail. He was also charged with 132 counts of treason in 1946 and was tried by the People's Court. However, the trial ended prematurely due to the general amnesty granted by President Manuel Roxas in 1948.

1949 presidential election
Laurel ran for president as a nominee of the Nacionalista Party against Elpidio Quirino in the 1949 Philippine presidential election but lost in what future Foreign Affairs Secretary Carlos P. Romulo and Marvin M. Gray considered as the dirtiest election in Philippine electoral history.

Return to the Senate

Laurel garnered more than 2 million votes and was elected to the Senate of the Philippines as the top vote-getter in the 1951 Philippine Senate election, under the Nacionalista Party. He was urged to run for president in 1953, but declined, working instead for the successful election of Ramon Magsaysay. Magsaysay appointed Laurel head of a mission tasked with negotiating trade and other issues with United States officials, the result being known as the Laurel–Langley Agreement. Laurel was also named as chairman of the Senate Committee on Education, which he held when he sponsored in 1955 a bill that would make José Rizal's two novels, Noli Me Tángere and El filibusterismo, as compulsory readings in all universities and colleges.

Retirement and death
Laurel considered his election to the Senate as a vindication of his reputation. He declined to run for re-election in 1957. He retired from public life, concentrating on the development of the Lyceum of the Philippines established by his family, as well as the Philippine Banking Corporation, which he had established.

During his retirement, Laurel resided in a 1957 three-story, seven-bedroom mansion in Mandaluyong, Rizal, dubbed "Villa Pacencia" after Laurel's wife. The home was one of three residences constructed by the Laurel family, the other two being in Tanauan, Batangas and in Paco, Manila (called "Villa Peñafrancia"). In 2008, the Laurel family sold "Villa Pacencia" to then-Senate President Manny Villar and his wife Cynthia.

In 1958, Laurel launched an organization known as Committee of Citizens, which he headed. On the same year, it was announced that his book entitled Thinking of Ourselves would be launched and The Manila Times announced the launching of Unity Movement for National Survival that he sponsored. On his 68th birthday on March 9, 1959, President Carlos P. Garcia conferred him the award of Philippine Legion of Honor with the degree of Chief Commander.

In the early afternoon of November 5, 1959, Laurel suffered a stroke. On November 6, 1959, at 1:00 in the morning, he died at Our Lady of Lourdes Hospital in Manila, from a massive heart attack and cerebral hemorrhage. President Carlos P. Garcia declared a "period of national mourning" from November 6 to the day of Laurel's interment over Laurel's death. His wake was held at Villa Pacencia in Mandaluyong before being interred on November 8, 1959, at what is now Tanauan City Public Cemetery in Tanauan, Batangas.

Honors
National Honor
 * PHI Legion of Honor 2003 Chief Commander BAR.svg: Philippine Legion of Honor, Chief Commander - (1959)
 * Order_of_the_Knights_of_Rizal_Ribbon.png: Knights of Rizal, Knight Grand Cross

Personal life
He married Pacencia Hidalgo on April 9, 1911. The couple had nine children:
 * Jose Bayani Laurel Jr. (August 27, 1912 – March 11, 1998), member of the Philippine National Assembly from Batangas from 1943 to 1944, Congressman from Batangas's third district from 1941 to 1957 and from 1961 to 1972, Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Philippines from 1954 to 1957 and from 1967 to 1971, Assemblyman of Regular Batasang Pambansa from 1984 to 1986, Member of the Philippine Constitutional Commission of 1986 in 1986, and a vice presidential candidate of the Nacionalista Party in Philippine presidential election of 1957
 * Jose Sotero Laurel III (August 27, 1914 – January 6, 2003), ambassador to Japan
 * Natividad Laurel-Guinto (born December 25, 1916)
 * Sotero Cosme Laurel II (September 27, 1918 – September 16, 2009), Senator of the Philippines from 1987 to 1992 became Senate President pro tempore from 1990 to 1992
 * Mariano Antonio Laurel (January 17, 1922 – August 2, 1979)
 * Rosenda Pacencia Laurel-Avanceña (born January 9, 1925)
 * Potenciana "Nita" Laurel-Yupangco (born May 19, 1926)
 * Salvador Roman Laurel (November 18, 1928 – January 27, 2004), Senator of the Philippines from 1967 to 1972, Prime Minister of the Philippines in 1986, Secretary of Foreign Affairs of the Philippines from 1986 to 1987, Vice President of the Philippines from 1986 to 1992 and a presidential candidate of the Nacionalista Party in Philippine presidential election of 1992
 * Arsenio Laurel (December 14, 1931 – November 19, 1967), first two-time winner of the Macau Grand Prix in 1962 and 1963

Descendants

 * Roberto Laurel, grandson, President of Lyceum of the Philippines University-Manila and Lyceum of the Philippines University-Cavite, son of Sotero Laurel (3rd son of José P. Laurel)
 * Peter Laurel, grandson, President of Lyceum of the Philippines University-Batangas and Lyceum of the Philippines University-Laguna, former vice-governor of Batangas
 * Denise Laurel, great-granddaughter, actress and singer
 * Nicole Laurel Asensio, great-granddaughter, lead singer of General Luna band

title: Jose P. Laurel


text:
Two-stage-to-orbit

A two-stage-to-orbit (TSTO) or two-stage rocket is a launch vehicle in which two distinct stages provide propulsion consecutively in order to achieve orbital velocity. It is intermediate between a three-stage-to-orbit launcher and a hypothetical single-stage-to-orbit (SSTO) launcher.

At liftoff the first stage is responsible for accelerating the vehicle. At some point the second stage detaches from the first stage and continues to orbit under its own power.

An advantage of such a system over single-stage-to-orbit is that most of the dry mass of the vehicle is not carried into orbit. This reduces the cost involved in reaching orbital velocity, as much of the structure and engine mass is ejected, and a larger percentage of the orbited mass is payload mass.

An advantage over three or more stages is a reduction in complexity and fewer separation events, which reduces cost and risk of failure.

Examples

 * Historical
 * Cosmos-3M
 * Delta IV (medium variant)
 * Falcon 1
 * Saturn IB
 * Saturn V-SL1 (Skylab launch only)
 * Titan II GLV
 * Tsyklon-2
 * Zenit-2 and Zenit-2M
 * Current
 * Atlas V (401 and 501 variants)
 * Electron
 * Falcon 9
 * Long March 5 (default configuration)
 * Vulcan
 * In development
 * Angara 1.2
 * Starship
 * New Glenn
 * Miura 5

It is not always clear when a vehicle is a TSTO, due to the use of strap-on booster rockets at launch. These are dropped early on in the flight and may or may not be considered an additional stage if the core engine(s) continue firing. These are sometimes considered half a stage, leading to the expression one-and-a-half-stage-to-orbit (1.5STO) e.g. for the Long March 5B or the Atlas missile, which was a single core stage with additional boosters. Similarly, two-stage designs with additional boosters can be referred to as 2.5-stage rockets e.g. the Ariane 5 or most Atlas V variants (all except the 401 and 501).

Reusable launch systems
With reference to a reusable launch system this approach is often proposed as an alternative to single-stage-to-orbit (or SSTO). Its supporters argue that, since each stage may have a lower mass ratio than an SSTO launch system, such a system may be built further away from limits of its structural materials. It is argued that a two-stage design should require less maintenance, less testing, experience fewer failures and have a longer working life. In addition the two-stage approach allows the lower stage to be optimized for operation in the Earth's lower atmosphere, where pressure and drag are high, while the upper stage can be optimized for operation in the near-vacuum conditions of the later part of the launch. This allows an increase in the payload mass fraction of a two-stage vehicle over single-stage or stage-and-a-half vehicles, which have to perform in both environments using the same hardware.

Critics argue that the increased complexity of designing two separate stages that must interact, the logistics involved in returning the first stage to the launch site, and the difficulties of conducting incremental testing on a second stage will outweigh these benefits. In the case of airplane-like lower stages they also argue how difficult and expensive high speed aircraft (like the SR-71) are to develop and operate, and question performance claims. Many 'mini-shuttle' designs that use transport aircraft as first stages also face similar problems with ice/foam as the Space Shuttle due to the requirement they also carry a large external tank for their fuel.

As of 2023, SpaceX and NASA are the only launch providers which have achieved first-stage reuse of an orbital vehicle with SpaceX’s two-stage Falcon 9 and 2.5-stage Falcon Heavy, and NASA’s Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Boosters. Rocket Lab has recovered multiple first stages of their Electron rocket, but has not flown it again.

Helicopter-like first stage
Taking the view that airplane like operations do not translate to airplane-like appearance, some reusable TSTO concepts have first stages that operate as VTOL or VTOHL aircraft. The DC-X has proven the VTOL option design workable. Other designs like the DH-1 concept take it a step further and use a 'pop-up/pop-down' approach, which delivers the orbiting stage to a point about 60 km above the Earth's surface, before dropping down to the launch pad again. In the case of the DH-1, the upper stage is effectively an 'almost SSTO' with a more realistic mass fraction and which was optimised for reliability.

Airplane-like first stage
Some TSTO designs comprise an airplane-like first stage and a rocket-like second stage. The airplane elements can be wings, air-breathing engines, or both. This approach appeals because it transforms Earth's atmosphere from an obstacle into an advantage. Above a certain speed and altitude, wings and scramjets cease being effective, and the rocket is deployed to complete the trip to orbit.

Saenger (spacecraft) was among the first concepts of this type.

While not an orbital vehicle, the successful private SpaceShipOne suborbital spacecraft developed for the Ansari X Prize demonstrated that a two-stage system with a winged aircraft as the "lower half" can reach the edge of space. The team behind SpaceShipOne has built and flown a commercial sub-orbital launch system — SpaceShipTwo — based on this technology.

The Pegasus rocket while airplane launched, is not a two-stage-to-orbit system because the rocket component itself is composed of multiple stages.

title: Two-stage-to-orbit


text:
Pinus bhutanica

Pinus bhutanica, which may be called the Bhutan white pine, is a tree restricted to Bhutan and adjacent parts of northeast India (Arunachal Pradesh) and southwest China (Yunnan and Tibet). Along with the related Pinus wallichiana it is a constituent of lower altitude blue pine forests. This pine reaches a height of 25 meters. Note that P. wallichiana is sometimes called by the common name 'Bhutan pine'.

The needles are in bundles of five, up to 25 cm long. The cones are 12–20 cm in length, with thin scales; the seeds are 5–6 mm long, with a 20–25 mm wing. It differs from P. wallichiana in the much longer, strongly drooping needles, and the cones being slightly smaller and red-brown, rather than yellow-buff, when mature. It is also adapted to generally warmer, wetter climates at lower altitudes, with an intense summer monsoon. Despite the two being closely related and at least occasionally growing together, no hybrids or intermediates have ever been reported.

title: Pinus bhutanica