text:
Named parameter

In computer programming, named parameters, named-parameter arguments, named arguments or keyword arguments refer to a computer language's support for function calls to clearly associate each argument with a given parameter within the function call.

Overview
A function call using named parameters differs from a regular function call in that the arguments are passed by associating each one with a parameter name, instead of providing an ordered list of arguments.

For example, consider this Java or C# method call that doesn't use named parameters:

Using named parameters in Python, the call can be written as: Using named parameters in PHP, the call can be written as: The version with positional arguments is more implicit. The versions that name parameters are more explicit. Depending on circumstance, a programmer may find one or the other to be easier to read.

Use in programming languages
Named parameters are supported explicitly in many languages. A non-exhaustive selection of examples includes Ada, C# 4.0+, Ceylon, ColdFusion Markup Language (CFML), Common Lisp, Fortran, IDL, Kotlin, Mathematica, PL/SQL, PowerShell, Python, R, PHP, Ruby, Scala, Smalltalk, Swift and Visual Basic. Objective-C does not have named parameters (even though parts of the method name may look like named parameters). In C++, you can achieve named parameters by using designated initializers since C++20, like so:

Order of parameters
In languages that do not support named parameters, the order of arguments in a function call is necessarily fixed, since it is the only way that the language can identify which argument is intended to be used for which parameter.

With named parameters, it is usually possible to provide the arguments in any order, since the parameter name attached to each argument identifies its purpose. This reduces the connascence between parts of the program. A few languages support named parameters but still require the arguments to be provided in a specific order.

Optional parameters and positional parameters
Named parameters are often used in conjunction with optional parameters. Without named parameters, optional parameters can only appear at the end of the parameter list, since there is no other way to determine which values have been omitted. In languages that support named optional parameters, however, programs may supply any subset of the available parameters, and the names are used to determine which values have been provided.

An added complication arises in languages such as OCaml that support both optional named parameters and partial application. It is impossible in general to distinguish between a function partly applied, and a function to which a subset of parameters have been provided. OCaml resolves this ambiguity by requiring a positional argument after all optional named-parameter arguments: its presence or absence is used to decide if the function has been fully or partly applied. If all parameters are optional, the implementor may solve the issue by adding a dummy positional parameter of type unit.

In MediaWiki, the codes (variables),   in templates and so on, will be replaced by the first, second, and so on unnamed parameter (or the value of a parameter named  ,  , etc.); these are known as ''s.

Emulating
In languages that do not support named parameters, some of the same benefits can be achieved in other ways.

With documentation
Their value as documentation can be replicated by tooltips in integrated development environments (IDEs) for languages such as Java, or with comments (in C):

Such comments are not checked for correctness and the order of arguments remains important.

With data structures
Removing the argument order restriction, and the ability to leave some values unspecified, can be achieved by passing a record or associative array.

For example, in JavaScript, these two calls are equivalent:

Compare to C99:

Special Support
In Perl and pre-2.0 Ruby a similar convention exists (generally called a hash or options hash ), with special support for omitting the delimiters within function calls. As an example, the core module's Net::FTP new function accepts a hash of optional arguments.

With chained method calls
In object-oriented programming languages, it is possible to use method chaining to simulate named parameters, as a form of fluent interface. Each named-parameter argument is replaced with a method on an "arguments" object that modifies and then returns the object. In C++, this is termed the named parameter idiom. The object may then be passed to a function that uses the arguments it contains.

Method chaining is often used in conjunction with the builder pattern as a way to override default values provided by the builder class.

title: Named parameter


text:
Marimo Ragawa

Marimo Ragawa (羅川 真里茂) is a Japanese manga artist. She began submitting manga to comic magazines when she was only 12 years old, in the sixth grade of elementary school. She continued to send her manga to the same magazine for four years, but failed to receive a positive critical reception. Ragawa then decided to switch to a different magazine, Hana to Yume. Her first submission to this magazine won a prize called the "Top Prize" (トップ賞). Two years later in 1990, she succeeded in achieving her debut with her one-shot manga Time Limit (タイムリミット), published in Hana to Yume issue No. 22.

Ragawa continued to create long-running manga series such as Baby & Me, New York New York, and Itsudemo Otenki Kibun. In 1995, she won the 40th Shogakukan Manga Award in the Shōjo manga category for Baby & Me. In 2012, she won both the 36th Kodansha Manga Award in the Shōnen manga category and an Excellence Award at the 16th Japan Media Arts Festival for Those Snow White Notes.

Works

 * Time Limit (one-shot, 1990)
 * Baby & Me (1991–1997)
 * Itsudemo Otenki Kibun (1993–2014)
 * New York New York (1995–1998)
 * Shanimuni Go (1998–2009)
 * Those Snow White Notes (2009–2022)
 * The Vampire & His Pleasant Companions (with Narise Konohara, 2016–present)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Marimo Ragawa


text:
Georges Duhamel

Georges Duhamel (30 June 1884 – 13 April 1966) was a French author, born in Paris. Duhamel trained as a doctor, and during World War I was attached to the French Army. In 1920, he published Confession de minuit, the first of a series featuring the anti-hero Salavin. In 1935, he was elected as a member of the Académie française. He was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature twenty-seven times. He was also the father of the musicologist and composer Antoine Duhamel.

Biography
Georges Duhamel was born in the 13th arrondissement of Paris on 30 June 1884. He was the third child of a family which struggled to survive on the income of his unstable father. The strains and tensions of these early years are reflected in his famous autobiographical novel Le Notaire du Havre (1933), the first book of his Pasquier saga.

In spite of this childhood disrupted by numerous crises, which on far too many occasions caused the Duhamel family to relocate abruptly, Georges nonetheless passed his baccalaureate in 1902. His first choice of career was to become a doctor, although he had a great love of literature and the arts and continued to pursue these interests also.

Between 1906 and 1909 he founded an artistic community l'Abbaye de Créteil with Charles Vildrac (who would become his brother in law). The group brought together poets, writers, musicians and painters. From 1912, he became an editor of the literary review Mercure de France. In 1935, he took over the direction of the review and its publishing house. In 1937, he was elected to the French Académie Nationale de Médecine and Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques. In 1938, because of Duhamel's anti-war stance, he was replaced by Jacques Bernard, but Duhamel returned to directing the Mercure de France publishers in 1945 (he was majority stock-holder of the company).

When the First World War was declared, Duhamel signed up and worked as an army surgeon for four years, often in dangerous situations. This painful experience provided the subject matter for two narratives which brought him immediate success, Vie des martyrs and Civilization (which won him the Prix Goncourt in 1918). Once he returned to civilian life, Duhamel dedicated himself to literature and defending human civilisation. In 1919, he found two spots in the Val-d'Oise where he would henceforth spend his summers (Sausseron Valley and Valmondois).

In 1935, Duhamel was elected to the 30th chair at the Académie française. Between 1930 and 1940 he traveled to many conferences in France and abroad, speaking brilliantly of French language and culture as well as promoting the idea of a civilisation built on the human heart rather than technological progress.

Duhamel described himself as "a pacifist and an internationalist." During the Second World War, Duhamel's work was banned by the Germans. He showed courage in his opposition to the occupation and the Petainist faction of the Académie française, later receiving public praise from Général de Gaulle.

After the war, Duhamel was named president of the Alliance française and returned to public speaking on French culture. He built up numerous schools of the Alliance. Duhamel's health deteriorated from 1960 and he reduced his activities. He died in Valmondois on 13 April 1966.

Cécile Debray is the great-granddaughter of Georges Duhamel and represents his heirs.

General

 * Vie des martyrs (1917)
 * Civilisation (1918) (Prix Goncourt)
 * La Possession du monde (1919)
 * Les Hommes abandonnés (1921)
 *  Vie et Aventures de Salavin (5 volumes) (1920-1932)
 * I. Confession de minuit
 * II. Deux hommes
 * III. Journal de Salavin
 * IV. Le Club des Lyonnais
 * V. Tel qu'en lui même
 * Les Plaisirs et les Jeux (1922)
 * Le Prince Jaffar (1924)
 * La Pierre d'Horeb (1926)
 * Lettres au Patagon (1926)
 * Le Voyage de Moscou (1927)
 * Mémorial de Cauchois (1927)
 * Les Sept Dernières Plaies (1928)
 * La Nuit d'orage (1928)
 * Scènes de la vie future (1930)
 * Géographie cordiale de l'Europe (1931)
 * Les Jumeaux de Vallangoujard (1931)
 * Querelles de famille (1932)
 * Chronique des Pasquier (10 volumes) (1933-1945)
 * I. Le Notaire du Havre
 * II. Le Jardin des bêtes sauvages
 * III. Vue de la terre promise
 * IV. La Nuit de la Saint Jean
 * V. Le Désert de Bièvre
 * VI. Les Maîtres
 * VII. Cécile parmi nous
 * VIII. Le Combat contre les ombres
 * IX. Suzanne et les Jeunes Hommes
 * X. La Passion de Joseph Pasquier
 * Fables de mon jardin (1936)
 * Mémorial de la guerre blanche (1939)
 * Positions Françaises (1940)
 * Lieu d'asile (1940)
 * Chronique des Saisons amères (1944)
 * La Musique consolatrice (1944)
 * Paroles de médecin (1944)
 * Inventaire de l'abîme (1944)
 * Biographie de mes fantômes (1944)
 * Le Temps de la recherche (1947)
 * Semaille au vent (1947)
 * Le Bestiaire et l'Herbier (1948)
 * La Pesée des âmes (1949)
 * Le Voyage de Patrice Périot (1950)
 * Les Espoirs et les Épreuves (1953)
 * Lumières sur ma vie  (5 volumes)
 * I. Inventaire de l'abime
 * II. Biographie de mes fântômes
 * III. Le Temps de la recherche
 * IV. La Pesée des âmes
 * V. Les Espoirs et les Épreuves

Poetry

 * Des légendes, des batailles (1907)
 * L’Homme en tête (1909)
 * Selon ma loi (1910)
 * Compagnons (1912)
 * Elégies (1920)
 * Anthologie de la poèsie lyrique française (1923)
 * Les Voix du vieux monde, mis en musique par Albert Doyen (1925)

Criticism

 * Paul Claudel (1913)
 * Les Poètes et la Poésie (1914)
 * Défense des Lettres (1937)
 * Confessions sans pénitence (1941)

Theatre

 * La Lumière (1911)
 * Dans l'ombre des statues (1912)
 * Le Combat (1913)
 * Le Cafard (1916)
 * L'œuvre de athlètes (1920)
 * Quand vous voudrez (1921)

title: Georges Duhamel


text:
Die Form

Die Form is a French post-industrial and electronic band formed in 1977-78. The name 'Die Form' means '(the) form/shape' in German, like the Bauhaus diary, and is a play on the English homonym 'deform' and on the French homonym 'difforme' (deformed).

Biography
Die Form is the primary project of the French electronic musician and multimedia artist Philippe Fichot. He began his own record label, Bain Total, in 1977 and began recording a number of experimental cassette releases as Die Form, starting with Die Form 1 in 1977, with the first Die Form vinyl release ('Die Puppe') appearing in 1982. Whilst the project was still in its infancy, the underlying concepts were still evident - a combination of esoteric electronic experiments with an underlying theme of erotism, death and other 'taboo' subjects, apparent in both the music and the album artwork, which Philippe also produces. Other early projects of Philippe Fichot included Krylon Hertz, Mental Code, Camera Obscura, Eva-Johanna Reichstag, Hurt and Fine Automatic.

'Some Experiences With Shock' followed in 1984, with the project taking a direction towards a more commercial sound on 1986's 'Poupée Mécanique'. The project then consolidated its experimental and melodic sides on 'Photogrammes', before introducing vocalist (and model) Eliane P. on the 1991 album 'Corpus Delicti', who remains with the project to this day. The next release, 1992's 'Confessions' saw a club hit in 'Silent Order', with sister album 'Ad Infinitum' (which originated from the same recording sessions) released a year later.

The next 'Die Form' releases saw the poetic, emotional side of their sound richen via 'The Trilogy of Passions', starting with 'Suspiria De Profundis' in 1994, followed by 'L'âme électrique' the following year. 1997's 'Duality' does not complete the trilogy, Phillipe Fichot choosing to leave the project open-ended. The 'Histories' compilation discs appeared in 1998, with the next album 'Extremum/XX' appearing in 2000. Then followed the 'diptych' of 'InHuman' (2004) and 'ExHuman' (2006), continuing their release of interrelated concept albums.

"The Bach project" was released in January 2008, an album obviously devoted to Bach. Die Form first presented this work live during the annual Bach Days in the German city of Leipzig, where they got invited. Die Form has created a new show for this project with the German dancer Sabine Seume.

Die Form left Trisol to join Out of Line in late 2008. A new single, "Her[t]z Frequenz", was released in October 2008, followed by the "Best of XXX" in November 2008 (a compilation with reworked and remastered songs from the past 30 years).

In 2009, "Noir Magnétique" saw Die Form back in a club-oriented sound. The album was made available on CD only, with a special edition limited to 999 copies in a box with a 7-inch single and extra artwork. Die Form created a new show with Laina Fischbeck on stage.

In March 2010, a vinyl boxset compilation of early K-Cassette material was released on Vinyl-On-Demand.

In 2011, a double-CD digipak limited edition of Sombre Printemps ("Ambient & Film Music 1+2") has been released on Out Of Line.

Albums

 * 1982: Die Puppe (LP and Cassette, CD issued in 1986, remastered CD issued in 2001 as 'Die Puppe II')
 * 1983: Some Experiences with Shock (LP and Cassette, CD issued in 1986, remastered CD issued in 2001)
 * 1987: Poupée Mécanique (LP and CD, remastered CD issued in 2001)
 * 1988: Photogrammes (LP and CD, remastered CD version issued in 2001)
 * 1990: Corpus Delicti (LP, CD and Cassette, remastered CD issued in 2001 as 'Corpus Delicti 2')
 * 1992: Confessions (LP, CD and Cassette, remastered CD issued in 2001)
 * 1993: Ad Infinitum (LP and CD, remastered CD issued in 2002)
 * 1994: Suspiria de Profundis (CD only, remastered CD issued in 2002)
 * 1995: L'âme électrique (CD only, remastered CD issued in 2002)
 * 1997: Duality (CD only)
 * 2000: Extremum/XX (CD and LP)
 * 2004: InHuman (CD and LP)
 * 2006: ExHuman (CD only)
 * 2008: Bach Project (CD only)
 * 2009: Noir Magnétique (CD only)
 * 2014: Rayon X (CD and LP)
 * 2017: Baroque Equinox (3 Editions, Boxset, CD and LP)
 * 2021: Mental Camera (CD, LP, Book, Box)

Compilations

 * 1988: Archives & Doküments (CD and LP, reissued as 'Archives & Documents II' in 1991, and as a remastered 'Archives & Documents III' in 2001)
 * 1996: Vicious Circles: The Best Of (CD only)
 * 1998: Histories (US edition released as double CD, European edition released as separated CDs 'Histories 1' and 'Histories 2')
 * 2001: AKT - Sideprojects & Experimental Collection (CD only)
 * 2008: Best of XXX (3 CD box)
 * 2010: Chronology - The Bain Total Years 1.977-1.985 (6 LP + 7-inch)
 * 2015: Die Form ÷ Fine Automatic (2 LP)

Singles & EPs

 * 1977: Bain Total Cleaning Solution, Music for Deaf and Dumb Persons + Mini albums 1 & 2 (1 copy metal albums, Bain Total)
 * 1978: Zoophilic Lolita / Tanz (split 7-inch single with Eva.Johanna Reichstag, Bain Total)
 * 1981: Situation Base / Gestual Equivoque (split 7” with Metabolist, Bain Total)
 * 1984: Autolyse / Masochist (split EP with Portion Control and Rinf, Free 1984 Sect. One, Lacerba)
 * 1984: Heart Of The Monster (7-inch single, Front de l'Est)
 * 1986: Slow Love (12-inch, Attitudes)
 * 1988: Face to Face, Vol. 1 (Split-LP with Asmus Tietchens)
 * 1988: Poupée Mécanique / Sadia (7-inch single, New Rose)
 * 1989: After The Last Gaze (7-inch single, bonus with limited edition Die Puppe LP, Normal)
 * 1989: Présence (7-inch single, bonus with limited edition Some Experiments With Shock LP, Normal)
 * 1989: Teufel Im Leibe (7-inch single, New Life)
 * 1990: Slow Love (7-inch single, bonus with limited edition Poupée Mécanique LP, Normal)
 * 1990: Savage Logic (12-inch & MCD, Parade Amoureuse)
 * 1992: Imagine / Impudicus Rex (7-inch single, Scharlach)
 * 1993: Tears of Eros (MCD, Hyperium)
 * 1994: Silent Order / Re-Versions (MCD, Hyperium)
 * 1994: Rose au Coeur Violet (MCD, Hyperium)
 * 1996: Phenomena of Visitation (MCD, Hyperium)
 * 1998: The Hidden Cage / Spiral (12-inch & MCD, Trisol)
 * 1998: Automatic Love (split 7-inch with The Nuns, Musical Tragedies)
 * 1999: Rain of Blood (MCD, Trisol)
 * 2000: Deep Inside (12-inch & MCD, Trisol)
 * 2003: Zoopsia (12-inch & MCD + video track, Trisol)
 * 2009: Kobol (7-inch single, Noir Magnétique limited edition boxset, Out of Line)
 * 2014: Schaulust (MCD, Out of Line)
 * 2017: Psychic Poison (MCD, Trisol)
 * 2017: S(P)LIT / FLUXUS (LP) with Mama Baer (dedicated to Hubert Toyot)*2008: Her[t]z Frequenz (MCD, Out of Line)

Videos

 * 1995: Phenomena of Visitation (VHS, Bain Total)
 * 1998: Videography Vol.1 (VHS, Trisol)
 * 2017: Psychic Poison (DVD, Exclusively available in the Baroque Equinox box, Bain Total)

Tapes (K-Cassettes)

 * 1978: Product 002/K.01 "I" (2 different covers)
 * 1978: Product 003/K.02 KRYLON HERTZ "I" (C.20, and re-issue C.30)
 * 1980: ENDLESS K7 1 : FINE AUTOMATIC "Caddy Musak"
 * 1980: ENDLESS K7 2 : FINE AUTOMATIC "Freezer Musak"
 * 1980: ENDLESS K7 3 : FINE AUTOMATIC "Flipper Musak"
 * 1981: ENDLESS K7 4 : DIE FORM "Disabled Landscape"
 * 1981: K.04 "Virgin Flavour"
 * 1981: K.05 KRYLON HERTZ "Smuggle Death"
 * 1981: K.06 "Eva-Johanna REICHSTAG & DIE FORM : Memorial 78-79"
 * 1982: K.08 FINE AUTOMATIC (C.60) (re-issue from the endless cassettes)
 * 1982: K.10 CAMERA OBSCURA "1"
 * 1982: K.11 CAMERA OBSCURA "2"
 * 1982: K.12 CAMERA OBSCURA "3" & DIE FORM "Final Edition"
 * 1982: K.14 "Le Plomb des Cartes" / "La Loge Infernale"
 * 1983: K.16 MENTAL CODE "Flexible Music Vol. 2/3"
 * 1983: K.18 "Images du Monde" ("Best of" Die Form/Eva-Johanna Reichstag)
 * 1983: K.19 "Excisions" (3 different covers)
 * 1983: K.20 "Archives & Doküments 1"
 * 1985: K.22 "Du Coeur Humain"
 * 1985: K.25 "Red Action" (co-production B.T./T.M., other side by KOSA)
 * 1985: K.27 FINE AUTOMATIC / D.F. SADIST SCHOOL "OrgasMechanism"
 * 1985: K.28 GRAPH 4 "Messe Basse" (one side cassette) (poems soundtrack)
 * 1985: K.29 "HURT" D.F. SADIST SCHOOL (one side cassette)
 * 1986: K.F. "Fetish 1" (C.50)
 * 1986: K.04 "Virgin Flavour 2" C.60 (re-issue, total remix extra-track)
 * 1986: K.14 "Le Plomb des Cartes" / "La Loge Infernale" (C.90) (re-issue, total remix extra-track)
 * 1986: K.X. "X.ACTION" (SADIST SCHOOL 1.984)
 * 1987: K.30 "Die Puppe" (C.50) (re-issue of the first LP / 1982)
 * 1987: K.31 "Some Experiences With Shock" (re-issue of the 2nd LP / 1984)
 * 1987: K.32 "Es lebe der Tod" (C.50)
 * 1989: K.35 "Flexible Music vol.1" (guest : DZ LECTRIC)
 * 1998: "Limited Documents Vol. 1" (incl. unreleased tracks of 1982-86, limited edition of 300 copies with 1 original photo)

Side projects
D.Sign - Project with Philippe Fichot, Éliane P. & Mark Verhaeghen (Klinik)
 * 1991: D.Sign (12-inch & MCD, Antler-Subway)

Die Form Sadist School
 * 1990: Les Cent Vingt Journées de Sodome (LP & CD, Die Form Side-Project 1, Parade Amoureuse)
 * 1992: Bacterium (Split 12-inch & CD with Etant Donnés (Tracks 1-3 DFSS, Tracks 4-6 Etant Donnés, Danceteria)
 * 1995: The Visionary Garden (CD, Die Form Side-Project 6, Hyperium)
 * 2005: The Visionary Garden 2 (CD re-release with 1 Videotrack, Ultra Mail Prod)

Société Anonyme
 * 1991: S.A. 123 (LP, CD & Cassette, Die Form Side-Project 2, Danceteria)

Sombre Printemps
 * 1991: Ambient & Film Music (LP & CD, Die Form Side-Project 3, Danceteria)
 * 2011: Ambient & Film Music 1+2 (Double CD, Out Of Line)

Elektrode
 * 1993: Die Operative Maschine (CD, Die Form Side-Project 4, Hyperium)

Ukiyo - Die Form and Akifumi Nakajima|Aube
 * 1994: Ukiyo (CD, Die Form Side-Project 5, Hyperium/Hypnobeat)

Die Form ÷ Musique Concrète
 * 2015: Cinema Obscura (CD, Bain Total)

Outre Mondes
 * 2024: Outre Mondes / Ph. Fichot Solo Project (LP, Book, Bain Total)

title: Die Form


text:
Talk:Second Italo-Ethiopian War

Italian name for the war in the first sentence
I do not think that it is encyclopedic to have the Italian colloquial name for the war (and not the Ethiopian one) in the lead. However I have been reverted so am starting a discussion here.

The revert edit summary read Other common names of the war used in countries principly involved is a standard practice. That may be the case, but I'm not sure that should guide our practice here, when 1) there already is an alternate name listed (i.e. "Second Italo-Abyssinian War") and 2) we do not give the Ethiopian name.

Including both the Italian and the Ethiopian would be preferable to including only one or the other, but would of course clutter the initial sentence tremendously. As it stands, with the addition of just the Italian name, the sentence is already quite cluttered as it is. And it of course unduly favors one side's historical memory of the other's.

For these reasons I think we should just stick to the two English-language names. Generalrelative (talk) 15:39, 20 May 2021 (UTC)
 * I have no problem with adding the Ethiopian name. I just don’t know what it is but please add it. -Indy beetle (talk) 15:58, 20 May 2021 (UTC)
 * That would be acceptable to me. Pinging User:Jnyssen who can perhaps inform us (and direct us to a source?) if they have the time and inclination. Generalrelative (talk) 16:07, 20 May 2021 (UTC)
 * I've also posted to WikiProject Ethiopia and WikiProject Africa in hopes that someone can help us out with this. Generalrelative (talk) 16:55, 20 May 2021 (UTC)
 * Looking at the Amharic Wikipedia with the aid of Google Translate seems to indicate that the conflict is referred to as the "Italian Invasion" (ጣልያን ወረራ). Googling this term yields many results, including uses of the term to describe the conflict from the Ethiopian government and the BBC . I'll add that now and will be happy to be corrected if someone more knowledgeable cares to weigh in. Generalrelative (talk) 17:38, 20 May 2021 (UTC)

Editing of NPOV text regarding obelisk removal from Aksum
I edited some of the text in this article because it was both inaccurate and deliberately misleading and biased. First of all, the Italian army did not "seize" Aksum, they walked into the city unopposed. The city was completely undefended and the few people living there made no effort whatsoever to opposed the Italian entry in any way. This is not surprising because the city had little or no strategic value and was only of symbolic importance. Secondly, the obelisk in question did not "adorn" the city. It was found completely ruined, broken in three pieces and half buried. It had been abandoned and neglected by the Ethiopians. So, writing that the obelisk "adorned" the city was a deliberate lie designed to create a false impression of the events. Also, the previous text seems to try to create the impression that this was some kind of special obelisk or the only obelisk in the city by using the definite article "THE obelisk which adorned the city", which of course is another lie. In fact, there are many ruined obelisks in Aksum, seven of which are quite large (see https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/aksu_2/hd_aksu_2.htm), and this was just one of them. Also, I should point out that the obelisks of Aksum are not in the city. They are in a sepulchral field outside of the city.
 * You make a number of claims here for which you haven't provided sources. Maybe you're right, but you will need to WP:PROVEIT in order to institute lasting changes to the text –– other than changing the definite to the indefinite article when we refer to the obelisk which was taken.
 * You also make an allegation of bad faith when you write writing that the obelisk "adorned" the city was a deliberate lie designed to create a false impression of the events. You may be unaware, but this is a violation of a behavioral guideline (WP:AGF). Please remember to assume good faith in your future work here. Generalrelative (talk) 21:24, 30 October 2021 (UTC)
 * I linked the relevant web pages or wiki pages that provide evidence for my points. I will enumerate these:
 * The obelisk did not "adorn" the city. (see the linked Wikipedia article on the Obelisk of Aksum). As this Wiki article clearly states, the obelisk was broken in three pieces and half buried.
 * The obelisk is not "THE" obelisk, it is one of many. The evidence for this was provided in my talk section where I clearly linked an extensive article on the monuments of Aksum. This article clearly states that there are many monuments including 7 major ones of which 2 are still standing. I notice that when you reverted my edits you changed "the obelisk" to "an obelisk" thereby tacitly recognizing the correctness of that aspect of my edit.
 * The obelisk is not located in the city (stated in the talk article). The evidence for this is in the linked web article which describes the location of the monuments as being in a sepulchral field outside of the city.
 * Please undo your reversion. I clearly evidenced my statements with links as outlined explicitly in the 3 bullet points above and furthermore the original statement in the Wiki page as written was false by its own evidence. In other words, the original page text linked the Wiki page on the obelisk which clearly stated it was in a ruined condition. So, the writer of the original text falsely characterized the obelisk as "adorning" the city, when his own link described it as being ruined. Furthermore, as my linked article describes, the obelisk in question was not even in the city, so it did not "adorn" it. So, by reverting my changes you are publishing demonstrably false statements in this article.

 * Also, I would point out that this whole article is loaded with non-NPOV adjectives and subjective characterizations all in favor of Aethiopia and tending to diminish or reflect poorly on the Italians. For example, the author repeatedly refers to the Italian forces as belonging to the "Fascist regime", not as the "forces of the Kingdom of Italy" as the Italians would have described themselves. The use of the word "regime" to describe a foreign state implies that the government is illegitimate and is generally a term used only by the enemies of that goverment. For example, enemies of the State of Israel refer to it not as the State of Israel, but as the "Zionist regime". So, using this term, "the Fascist regime" to describe the state of the Kingdom of Italy is non-NPOV to begin with and the whole article is written in that tone. By reverting edits you are essentially publishing false facts, such as the false fact that the obelisk "adorned" the city and perpetrating the non-NPOV and counter-factual nature of this article. John Chamberlain (talk) 15:55, 31 October 2021 (UTC)

 * 1) Actually the cited source did not say that, which is why I've fixed the text over at Obelisk of Axum. The only source cited there to describe the looting of the obelisk says The 24-metre (79-foot) granite monument was cut into three pieces before being shipped to Italy. No mention is made there of this particular obelisk having already been broken. If you have any other reliable sources that describe it as "broken in three pieces and half buried" please provide them and I will happily consent to changing the wording here and re-adding it to the Obelisk of Axum article. (Note that issues like this are one of the reasons why Wikipedia articles are not considered reliable sources for the purposes of content discussions.)
 * 2) If you re-examine both my comment above and the edit history of the article, you'll see that I agreed to change the definite article "the" to the indefinite article "an" and instituted that change already. So nothing to complain about there.
 * 3) The obelisk in question is called the "Obelisk of Axum", and the article you linked to above does not discuss it specifically. What it does state explicitly is that the field containing most of Axum's obelisks is on Aksum’s northern edge. Should that be interpreted as a definitive statement that the field is outside the city? It's unclear to me that that was the authors' intended meaning or what a reasonable uninvolved reader would take away. Even if it was technically located outside the official limits of the city, I see no reason why "adorned the city" would be inherently inaccurate, since this obelisk is clearly associated with the city. There may certainly be a more encyclopedically toned way to say this, but I don't accept your premise that the wording violates WP:NPOV. I will be happy to have a good faith discussion about WP:TONE, btw, but in order to engage with me you'll have to display a collaborative attitude.
 * 4) "Fascist regime" is both accurate and WP:DUE. Wikipedia is not in the business of flattering national pretensions, nor of favoring the way Italians would have described themselves over the way others described them. If this is the way the historical sources describe it –– that is, using terms like "Fascist regime" and "Italy" interchangeably when referring to this period, as this article does –– then we do too. On this last point, I will note that the word "regime" occurs four times in the entire article, whereas "Italy" appears many, many times. If anything the word "regime" may be underrepresented. Generalrelative (talk) 17:11, 31 October 2021 (UTC)

CID = Committee of Imperial Defence?
What does this mean: "He was told that the plane was to be used to bomb the Italian oil storage tanks at Massawa, and when the CID enquired about the alien (ex-German) pilot practices in it Shute got the impression that the Foreign Office did not object." Who's the CID? Suddenly appeared in this article. Is it the Committee for Imperial Defence? Then it needs to be made clear because the abbreviation appeared out of nowhere in this article. Xn00bit (talk) 20:00, 8 February 2022 (UTC)

Arbegnoch were involved only aftet the war
The Ethiopian patriot movement ( the Arbegnoch ) only stated in the end of the war or in the late period of the war. They were not evolved during the war. Pokinan (talk) 09:56, 27 July 2022 (UTC)  ☿  Apaugasma  ( talk  ☉) 11:14, 27 July 2022 (UTC)
 * What are you talking about? The Arbegnoch began to operate in 1935/36. Applodion (talk) 10:42, 27 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Moreover, one could argue that the war didn't end until 1945. Armed resistance went on throughout the years under Italian occupation. If this war had been fought today, there is no way that the Wikipedia article would have used the last conventional battle as an end date. Mikrobølgeovn (talk) 20:07, 29 July 2022 (UTC)

Casualties
@Applodion @87.236.146.236 That source cited for the Ethiopian casualties of 275,000 is not correct. That website (which seems unreliable) states that the three sources "accept that 275,000 Ethiopians died in combat", however, this is not true. Del Boca explicitly states in his book ''Gli italiani in Africa Orientale - II. La conquista dell'Impero'' (2009) that the 1945 memorandum were made up of "unreliable figures" and that the "most reliable estimate is the Italian one, which estimated them at approximately 40-50,000 men on the northern front and 15-20,000 on the southern front."

Secondly @87.236.146.236 you put 3,350 Italians killed in the infobox citing Sbacchi, however, Sbacchi does not state that number anywhere in his book. Here is what he actually says on pg 33 of his book Ethiopia under Mussolini "In the Ethiopian war nearly 15,000 Italians died and over 200,000 were crippled or wounded" So how am I vandalizing this page and "removing sourced content" if the sources don't even say what you added? Next time read the actual source before making inflammatory edits summaries and accusing editors of bad conduct. If we are using Del Boca's figures for Italian losses then we should use his figures for the Ethiopian losses as well.

Lastly Clodfelter's book does not say that 275,000 Ethiopians were killed in combat. He states that the number included BOTH civilians and military casualties; Ethiopian military and civilian dead, many of them from the barbarous Italian bomb and mustard gas, were estimated as high as 275,000. Essentially, only Sbacchi accepts the 275,000 figure. The rest do not. محرر البوق (talk) 09:14, 15 August 2023 (UTC)

Pyrrhic Ethiopian Victory + Dates
After reading abundant sources of texts about the war, I've pondered editing the wiki in turning the result an Ethiopian pyrrhic ictory as the war continued through guerilla warfare after Addis Ababa fell in May 5 until WW2. According to Spirit vs. War-machine: A Patriotic Resistance to Italian Occupation of Ethiopia (1936-1941):

"But the Ethiopians were poised to fight back. The Italians indeed controlled the major towns, yet they could in no way gain control over the vast Ethiopian countryside where the resistance was gathering momentum."

"Not only was the whole objective of their occupation thwarted but also “Never in their quinquennium of rule did the fascists feel secure in Ethiopia, and their anxiety came to border on neurosis”." 2601:483:4A80:7A90:F963:D914:33FD:C23 (talk) 04:14, 21 April 2024 (UTC)

 * I personally wouldn't mind this (German Wikipedia already does something similar), but I'd also be willing to hear other opinions. BeryAb (talk) 20:37, 14 May 2024 (UTC)

 * I suppose you mean "Italian phyrric victory"? Still, no source give it as such, and the result is certainly fine as it is. A Phyrric victory is "a victory that inflicts such a devastating toll on the victor that it is tantamount to defeat". I don't see how it applies here. If we were to read the presence of the later Ethiopian resistance in contrast with plainly calling this an Italian victory that would be a flawed logic, since the birth of all rebellious and partisan movements have as their premise the previous victory of the invading country. The thing is that all the sources, including the book you mentioned, treat as two different things (albeit connected in the way I said above) the 1935-1936 second Italo-Ethiopian war (consistently given as an Italian victory) and the subsequent 1936-1941 resistance and guerrilla that merged into the East African front of WW2 (given as a British, Commonwealth, Arbegnoch victory). Not that this second one is not important, but it does not go under the label "second Italo-Ethiopian war" which is what this article covers. Apart from the fact that we'll go OR, we cannot consistently maintain the principle you are advocating for, as we should re-label a vast amount of articles into even more obviously wrong results; for example the East African campaign (World War II) above mentioned would become a "phyrric victory" because of the further subsequent Italian guerrilla war in Ethiopia, postponing the non-phyrric Allied victory to 1943. Or the Battle of France would become a "German phyrric victory" because French resistance began at the end of it. 2A01:E11:17:40B0:A02A:1239:5751:D438 (talk) 05:15, 15 May 2024 (UTC)

End date again
There has recently been some back-and-forth editing over the end date once again. My understanding is that there is a consensus on the matter here: Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject Military history/Archive 148. See also Talk:Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War/Archive_1. Paging, who I know is familiar with these past discussions, in case I'm missing anything. Generalrelative (talk) 18:48, 8 May 2024 (UTC)

 * Generalrelative, I was not aware of this discussion, but i definetely think the article used to be correct in giving May 1936 before the change occured to February 1937. To be fair, there are discrepancies on the day in which this war ended, but not on the month or year; a majority of authors give 5 May 1936 (Fall of the capital, Emperor fleeing the country, Italy declaring end of the war and annexation), while several give 9 May 1936 (Victor Emmanuel III takes the title of Emperor). I also say this to answer the question of User:Keith-264 on what's the event used here by historians to mark the end of the war. Some classic books on the matter have been quoted in that discussion but even the most recent ones (2023-2024) continue to give 1935-1936; such as "Mussolini, Mustard Gas and the Fascist Way of War: Ethiopia, 1935-1936." by Stephenson and the "Abyssinian Conquest: The History of the Second Italo-Ethiopian War, 1935-1936" by Jowett. Finding a book for the Italo-Ethiopian war of 1935-1937 is basically impossible, they all give 1935-1936. Later events go usually under the term Ethiopian "resistance", guerrilla or similar. Not that is not important, but it just goes under a different label. 2A01:E11:17:40B0:F04F:E2DD:9F4C:2FC7 (talk) 19:13, 8 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Thanks for engaging here. Your argument seems plausible to me. But I'm aware that there's much about this topic that I'm unaware of, which is why I pinged a veteran page watcher. Let's give it some time to see if Indy or anyone else cares to weigh in. Generalrelative (talk) 19:28, 8 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Ok.2A01:E11:17:40B0:F04F:E2DD:9F4C:2FC7 (talk) 19:33, 8 May 2024 (UTC)

Mussolini led the campaign.
Due to the conflict of edits at the campaignbox. Because a editor said King Victor Emmanuel III should be at the top. For your information. The King had no notable participation on the campaign in Ethiopia. Despite some Italian propaganda posters claiming the King had a role in the Ethiopian campaign. In reality. The King had no notable participation at the front and Mussolini took the overall decisions at the front. Ciao from Italy. Jheeeeeeteegh (talk) 04:07, 12 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Second Italo-Ethiopian War


text:
User:Timothym

I'm a student in New Zealand, studying Russian Language. My contributions have mainly been to the following articles:

38 Parrots, Die Form

I can be contacted at trmusson@gmail.com

title: User:Timothym


text:
Black art

Black art may refer to:

 * African-American art
 * Black Art, record label run by Jamaican producer Lee "Scratch" Perry
 * Black Arts Movement
 * Black Art (poem), written by Amiri Baraka
 * Black art (theatre), an optical effect in stage magic

title: Black art


text:
Talk:Frances Bean Cobain

Picture
Lol jesus christ, can't someone find a better pic that's in the public domain? Dilute13 (talk) 07:37, 16 May 2018 (UTC)
 * I only see this one poor quality one on commons: File:Frances Bean Cobain Jan 2015.jpg — xaosflux  Talk 14:36, 20 November 2018 (UTC)

Picture for real this time
Look at the picture. Change it to litteraly anything else and it would be better than the current one. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Wikiwuckylittleducky (talk • contribs) 12:22, 3 July 2020 (UTC)

Got rid of the low quality picture
Until we find a sharper, less grainy picture it's best to leave the infobox without one.

--84.212.23.40 (talk) 15:58, 7 July 2020 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 20:37, 4 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Frances Bean Cobain attends the Moschino x H&M fashion show at Pier 36 on October 24, 2018 in New York City. - Moschino x H&M.jpg

Music
I love you 92.236.54.89 (talk) 17:08, 19 July 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Frances Bean Cobain


text:
Roberto Gerhard

Robert Gerhard i Ottenwaelder (25 September 1896 – 5 January 1970) was a Spanish and British composer, musical scholar, and writer, generally known outside his native region of Catalonia as Roberto Gerhard.

Life
Gerhard was born in Valls, near Tarragona, Spain. His father was of German and Swiss ancestry; his mother was from Alsace-Lorraine. He studied piano with Enrique Granados and composition with scholar-composer Felip Pedrell, teacher of Isaac Albéniz, Granados and Manuel de Falla. Gerhard visited Falla in Granada, but dismissed him as a possible teacher and decided to shut himself away in a Catalan farmhouse to reflect on his professional future and concentrate on his work. Seeking systematicity, he turned his gaze to German avant-garde music and decided to send a long letter to the composer Arnold Schoenberg, enclosing his compositions, on 21 October 1923, begging to be accepted as his pupil. After the latter's acceptance, Gerhard immediately left for Vienna. He was Schoenberg's only Spanish pupil. Gerhard studied with Schoenberg in Vienna and Berlin between 1923 and 1928, and the teacher-pupil relationship became a lifelong friendship, as is shown in the complete correspondence published between the two composers.

In 1928, Gerhard returned to Barcelona. He devoted his energies to new music through concerts and journalism, in conjunction with the flourishing literary and artistic avant-garde of Catalonia. He befriended Joan Miró and Pablo Casals, brought Schoenberg and Anton Webern to Barcelona, and was the principal organizer of the 1936 ISCM Festival. He also collected, edited, and performed folksongs and Spanish music from the Renaissance to the eighteenth century.

Gerhard supported the Republican cause in the Spanish Civil War (as musical adviser to the Minister of Fine Arts in the Catalan Government and a member of the Republican government's Social Music Council). He was forced to flee to France in 1939 and later that year settled in Cambridge, England. Until the death of Francisco Franco, his music was virtually proscribed in Spain, to which he never returned except for holidays. Apart from scores for the BBC and in the theatre, Gerhard's compositions of the 1940s were explicitly related to aspects of Spanish and Catalan culture, beginning in 1940 with a Homenaje a Pedrell, a symphony in memory of Pedrell, and the first version of the ballet Don Quixote. The period culminated with The Duenna, a Spanish opera on an English play by Richard Brinsley Sheridan, which is set in Spain. The Covent Garden production of Don Quixote and the BBC broadcasts of The Duenna popularized Gerhard's reputation in the UK, but not in Spain.

During the 1950s, the legacy of Schoenbergian serialism, a background presence in these overtly national works, engendered an increasingly radical approach to composition which, by the 1960s, placed Gerhard firmly in the ranks of the avant-garde. From the early 1950s Gerhard suffered from a heart condition which eventually ended his life. He died in Cambridge in 1970 and is buried at the Parish of the Ascension Burial Ground in Cambridge, with his wife Leopoldina 'Poldi' Feichtegger Gerhard (1903–1994).

His archive is kept at Cambridge University Library. Other personal papers of Gerhard are preserved in the Biblioteca de Catalunya. The vast majority of the correspondence between Gerhard and Schönberg can be found at the Arnold Schoenberg Center.

Stylistic evolution
For twenty years – first in Barcelona and then in exile in England – Gerhard cultivated, and enormously enriched, a modern tonal idiom with a pronounced Spanish-folkloric orientation that descended on the one hand from Pedrell and Falla, and on the other from such contemporary masters as Bartók and Stravinsky. This was the idiom whose major achievements included the ballets Soirées de Barcelone and Don Quixote, the Violin Concerto and the opera The Duenna.

Gerhard often said that he stood by the sound of his music: 'in music the sense is in the sound'. Yet dazzling as their scoring is, his last works are in no sense a mere succession of sonic events. Their forms are meticulously organized and several make use of his special development of serialism where a twelve-tone pitch series, governing intervallic relations, interacts with a twelvefold time series governing the music's duration and proportions.

Selected list of works
Gerhard's most significant works, apart from those already mentioned, include four symphonies (the Third, Collages, for orchestra and tape), the Concerto for Orchestra, concertos for violin, piano and harpsichord, the cantata The Plague (after Albert Camus), the ballets Pandora and Ariel, and pieces for a wide variety of chamber ensembles, including Sardanas for the indigenous Catalan street band, the cobla. He was perhaps the first important composer of electronic music in Britain; his incidental music for the 1955 Stratford-on-Avon King Lear – one of many such commissions for the Royal Shakespeare Company – was the first electronic score for the British stage.

Symphonies

 * Symphony Homenaje a Pedrell (1941)
 * Symphony No. 1 (1952–53)
 * Symphony No. 2 (1957–59); recomposition as Metamorphosis, unfinished (1967–68)
 * Symphony No. 3 Collages (for orchestra and tape) (1960)
 * Symphony No. 4 New York (1967)
 * Symphony No. 5 (fragment only) (1969)
 * (for Chamber Symphony Leo see "Chamber music")

Stage works

 * Ariel, ballet (1934)
 * Soirées de Barcelone, ballet in three tableaux (1937–39; edited and orchestration completed by Malcolm MacDonald, 1996)
 * Don Quixote, ballet (original version 1940–41, rev. 1947–49)
 * Alegrias, Divertissement flamenco (1942)
 * Pandora, ballet (1943–44, orch. 1944–45)
 * The Duenna, English opera after Sheridan (1947–49). Radio performance was in 1949, at BBC; its first scenic performance was in 1992 at Teatro de la Zarzuela, Madrid, and Gran Teatre del Liceu, Barcelona. The Bielefeld Opera and conductor Geoffrey Moull performed The Duenna in a new production in 1994. The Wiener Zeitung at the time remarked that the work is "a rediscovered stroke of genius".
 * El barberillo de Lavapies, arrangement and orchestration of the zarzuela (1874) by Francisco Barbieri (1954)
 * Lamparilla, German-language Singspiel loosely based on El barberillo de Lavapies with additional music and original overture by Gerhard (1955–56)

Concertos

 * Concertino for string orchestra (1929)
 * Violin Concerto (1942–43)
 * Concerto for Piano and String Orchestra (1951)
 * Concerto for Harpsichord, String Orchestra and Percussion (1955–56)
 * Concerto for Orchestra (1965)

Orchestral works

 * Albada, Interludi i Dansa (1936)
 * Epithalamion (1966)
 * Various suites from Soirées de Barcelone, Don Quixote, Alegrias, Pandora

Chamber and instrumental music

 * Sonatine a Carlos, piano (1914)
 * Trio in B major for violin, cello and piano (1918)
 * Trio No. 2 for violin, cello and piano (1918)
 * Dos Apunts, piano (1921–22)
 * 3 string quartets composed up to 1928 (all lost; No. 3 (1928) was reworked as the Concertino for strings)
 * Sonata, clarinet and piano (1928; also version for bass clarinet and piano)
 * Wind Quintet (1928, his first serial work)
 * Andantino, clarinet, violin and piano (period 1928–29)
 * String Quartet No. 1 (1950–55)
 * Sonata, viola and piano (1948; recomposed 1956 as sonata for cello and piano)
 * Capriccio, solo flute (1949)
 * 3 Impromptus, piano (1950)
 * Secret People (study for the film score) for clarinet, violin and piano (1951–52)
 * Nonet (1956–57)
 * Fantasia, guitar (1957)
 * String Quartet No. 2 (1961–62)
 * Concert for 8 (1962)
 * Chaconne, violin solo (1959)
 * Hymnody for large wind ensemble, two pianos and percussion (1963)
 * Gemini, Duo for violin and piano (1966)
 * Libra, sextet (1968)
 * Leo, Chamber Symphony (1969)

Vocal works

 * L'infantament meravellós de Shahrazada Song-cycle for voice and piano, Op. 1 (1916–18)
 * Verger de les galanies for voice and piano (1917–18)
 * 7 Haiku for voice and ensemble (1922 rev. 1958)
 * 14 Cançons populars catalanes for voice and piano (1928–29; six numbers orchestrated 1931 as 6 Cançons Populars Catalanes)
 * L'alta naixenca del Rei en Jaume, cantata for soprano, baritone, chorus and orchestra (1932)
 * Cancionero de Pedrell for voice and piano or chamber orchestra (1941)
 * 3 Canciones Toreras for voice and orchestra (c. 1943) [composed under pseudonym "Juan Serralonga"]
 * 6 Chansons populaires françaises for voice and piano (1944)
 * The Akond of Swat for voice and percussion (1954)
 * Cantares for voice and guitar (1962; incorporates Fantasia for guitar)
 * The Plague, cantata for narrator, chorus and orchestra, after Camus (1963–64)

Electronic music

 * Audiomobiles I-IV (1958–59)
 * Lament for the death of Bullfighter for speaker and tape (1959)
 * Caligula (1960–61)
 * 10 Pieces for tape (c. 1961)
 * Sculptures I-V (1963)
 * DNA in Reflection (1963)
 * Anger of Achilles (1964) with Delia Derbyshire
 * also tape component in Symphony No.3 and in many film, radio and theatre scores

Fantasias on themes from Zarzuelas
(for light orchestra; composed c. 1943 under the pseudonym "Juan Serralonga")
 * Cadiz, after Chuca & Valverde (1943)
 * Gigantes y Cabezudos, after Caballero (c. 1943)
 * La Viejecita, after Caballero (c. 1943)

Film music

 * Secret People (1952)
 * This Sporting Life (1963)

Articles and broadcasts by Gerhard

 * 'Roberto Gerhard's Symphony': Radio Times, Oct 23, 1959, p. 9 (An introduction to the Second Symphony, which was commissioned by the BBC and first performed and broadcast on Oct 28, 1959. Gerhard also contributed an item on the work to 'Music Magazine' on the BBC Home Service, Oct 25, 1959.)
 * Gerhard worked with Lionel Salter on a radio series, The Heritage of Spain, broadcast on the BBC Third Programme in 26 parts from January 1954.

title: Roberto Gerhard


text:
Santa Cruz (Almodôvar)

Santa Cruz is a civil parish contained in the municipality of Almodôvar, Portugal. The population in 2011 was 651, in an area of 123.38 km2.

title: Santa Cruz (Almodôvar)


text:
Florent Schmitt

Florent Schmitt (28 September 1870 – 17 August 1958) was a French composer. He was part of the group known as Les Apaches. His most famous pieces are La tragédie de Salome and Psaume XLVII (Psalm 47). He has been described as "one of the most fascinating of France's lesser-known classical composers".

Early life and career
Born in Meurthe-et-Moselle, Schmitt took music lessons in Nancy with the local composer Gustave Sandré. At the age of 19 he entered the Paris Conservatoire, where he studied with Gabriel Fauré, Jules Massenet, Théodore Dubois, and Albert Lavignac. In 1900 he won the Prix de Rome. During the 1890s he became friendly with Frederick Delius, who was living in Paris at the time, and Schmitt prepared vocal scores for four of Delius's operas: Irmelin, The Magic Fountain, Koanga and A Village Romeo and Juliet.

From 1929 to 1939 Schmitt worked as a music critic for Le Temps, where he proved controversial. He was known to shout out his views from his seat in the hall. The music publisher Heugel called him "an irresponsible lunatic". In November 1933, at a concert that included music by Kurt Weill, who had just been forced to leave Germany and was present, Schmitt led a group in shouting "Vive Hitler!", as reported by a communist journal.

Later life
Though he was one of the most often performed French composers during the first four decades of the 20th century, and though he never stopped composing, Schmitt's works fell into comparative neglect. In 1952 he was admitted to the Légion d'honneur. He became the subject of attacks — both in his last years and posthumously — because of his sympathies towards the actions of the Nazi party in the early 1930s and over his willingness to work for the Vichy regime in the 1940s, as had other eminent French musicians, notably Alfred Cortot and Joseph Canteloube.

Schmitt's early career was later re-examined in association with Sir Thomas Beecham's biography of English composer Frederick Delius. Beecham had known Delius in his Paris days – the friend of August Strindberg, Paul Gauguin, Edvard Munch and other figures of the time.

Assisting Sir Thomas Beecham, Felix Aprahamian identified Florent Schmitt as having been one of Delius's few French musician-friends. Schmitt was probably the last to remember Le grand Anglais of the Latin Quarter, as Delius had been known.

In 1956, Aprahamian arranged for Schmitt to meet Sir Thomas in England. On the occasion of his visit, Ralph Vaughan Williams telephoned to say that he had not met Florent Schmitt since before the First World War, when he had been a pupil of Ravel's in Paris, and would like to see him. This precipitated a reunion of the two composers after a half-century. Afterwards, Schmitt travelled with Aprahamian to the Abbey Road Studios where Sir Thomas was then engaged in a recording project.

Although it had been his express wish to interview him, all Sir Thomas could do was to greet Schmitt briefly, shake him by the hand, and pass on down the corridor. Schmitt brushed off the encounter casually saying, "Il était toujours un homme curieux. (He was always a curious man.)" Two years later, when Aprahamian saw Schmitt again, at the 1958 Strasbourg Music Festival, he (Schmitt) was already seriously ill. He had journeyed there only to hear Charles Munch conduct the premiere of his Second Symphony. A few months later Schmitt died in Neuilly-sur-Seine, aged 87.

Aprahamian's recollections of his encounters with Florent Schmitt were later included in his introduction to the revised edition (Severn House, 1975) of Beecham's biography of Frederick Delius (Hutchinson, 1959). This introduction was reprinted by the Delius Society on the 50th anniversary of Beecham's biography.

Music
Schmitt wrote 138 works with opus numbers. He composed examples of most of the major forms of music, except for opera. His Piano Quintet in B minor, written in 1908, helped establish his reputation. Other works include a violin sonata (Sonate Libre), a late string quartet, a saxophone quartet, Dionysiaques for wind band, two symphonies as well as several piano cycles such as Crépuscules, Ombres and Mirages.

He was part of the group known as Les Apaches. His own style, recognizably impressionistic, owed something to the example of Debussy, though it had distinct traces of Wagner and Richard Strauss also.

In 1907 Schmitt composed a ballet, La tragédie de Salomé, to a commission from Jacques Rouché for Loie Fuller and the Théâtre des Arts. The original ballet score required twenty instruments and lasted about an hour, In 1910 Schmitt prepared a suite using several of the ballet's movement, half as long as the ballet score, for a much expanded orchestra. The suite is much better-known, with recordings conducted by Schmitt himself, Paul Paray, Jean Martinon, Antonio de Almeida, Marek Janowski and others. There is also a recording of the 1907 original score under Patrick Davin on the Marco Polo label. The rhythmic syncopations, polyrhythms, percussively treated chords, bitonality, and scoring of Schmitt's work anticipate Stravinsky's The Rite of Spring. While composing The Rite of Spring, Stravinsky acknowledged that Schmitt's ballet gave him greater joy than any work he had heard in a long time, but the two composers fell out in later years, and Stravinsky reversed his opinion of Schmitt's works.

Schmitt was one of the ten French composers who each, in 1927, contributed a dance for the children's ballet L'éventail de Jeanne. Schmitt wrote the finale, a Kermesse-Valse.

Other works include the suite for orchestra "Oriane et le Prince d'Amour", Op. 83 bis (1934), the symphonic diptych to the memory of Gabriel Fauré "In Memoriam", Op. 72 (1937), the "Ronde Burlesque", Op. 78 (1927), the "Legende pour alto et orchestre", Op. 66 (1918), and the orchestral fresco "Anthony and Cleopatra" (1920).

The 1990s and 2000s witnessed a revival of his compositions, and an increased coverage of it on compact disc. Beginning in late 2012, the Invencia Piano Duo (Andrey Kasparov and Oksana Lutsyshyn), in collaboration with Naxos Records, on its Grand Piano series, released four CDs of Schmitt's complete duo-piano works. The collection includes Schmitt's Trois rapsodies, Op. 53, and the first recording of Schmitt's Sept pièces, Op. 15, composed in 1899. It also includes one of two unpublished duets by Schmitt, Rhapsodie parisienne (1900). As of November 2016, it was announced all four volumes would be made available in a box set, with a scheduled release in January 2017.

Orchestral

 * 3 symphonies :
 * Symphonie concertante, Op. 82 for orchestra and piano
 * Second Symphony, Op. 137
 * Janiana symphony for strings, Op. 101
 * Antoine et Cléopâtre, Op. 69 (1919-20)
 * Enfants, Op. 94
 * Introït, récit et congé, Op. 113 for cello and orchestra (1949)
 * Kermesse-Valse from L'éventail de Jeanne (1926)
 * Le Palais Hanté [The Haunted Palace] (1904)
 * Le Petit Elfe Ferme-l'œil, Op. 73
 * Légende, Op. 66 for alto saxophone (or violin, or viola or alto) and orchestra
 * Pupazzi, Op. 36
 * Salammbô (film music)
 * Salammbô (3 suites)

Chamber music

 * Pour presque tous les temps for flute and piano trio, Op. 134
 * Saxophone Quartet, Op. 102
 * Flute Quartet, Op. 106
 * String Quartet, Op. 112
 * Piano Quintet in B minor, Op. 51 (1902–08)
 * Sonata for violin and piano
 * Trio sonatina for flute, clarinet and keyboard, Op. 85
 * String trio, Op. 105
 * Suite en rocaille, Op.84
 * Suite for trumpet and piano, Op. 133
 * Légende for alto saxophone and piano, Op. 66

Vocal

 * Le chant de nuit for soloists, chorus and orchestra
 * Mass for four voices and organ
 * Psaume XLVII for soprano, chorus, organ and orchestra (1906)

Wind Band

 * Dionysiaques, Op. 62 for military band (1913/25)

Ballets

 * La Tragédie de Salomé (1907)
 * Oriane et le prince d'amour

Piano

 * Reflets d'Allemagne, Op. 28 (1905)
 * Musiques foraines, Op. 22
 * Feuilles mortes, Op. 46
 * Crépuscules, Op. 56
 * Ombres, Op. 64
 * Mirages, Op. 70
 * Chaîne brisée, Op. 87

title: Florent Schmitt


text:
Talk:487

[Untitled]
Odoaker - had invaded the country of the Rugians (an eastern germanic people) in the year 487, 488 the country no longer existed, the Roman settlers were forced to move to the northern Apeninian paeninsula, by their own governement, so they could safely practice their catholic religion. The queen of the Rugians (Gisona - from the Gothic royal family) had been hatefull towards the "Romans" by which she ment Romanic christians. She forced them to take the chrissening the second time (a mortal sin) and used them as slaves. Her opinion of the christians was not that of a majority, but had prevailed for a short period, after the death of st. Severinus, and before she was forced into oboedience by her husband king Feva, he himself being a follower of st. Severins teachings, and probably a christian.

487 is a PRIME NUMBER (93rd)
The Prime Pages

title: Talk:487


text:
Benfica do Ribatejo

Benfica do Ribatejo is a town and a civil parish in the municipality of Almeirim, Portugal. The population in 2011 was 3,067, in an area of 29.27 km².

title: Benfica do Ribatejo


text:
U.S. Route 24

U.S. Route 24 or U.S. Highway 24 (US 24) is one of the original United States Numbered Highways of 1926 which runs east and west for most of its routing. It originally ran from Pontiac, Michigan, in the east to Kansas City, Missouri, in the west. Today, the highway's eastern terminus is in Independence Township, Michigan, at an intersection with Interstate 75 (I-75), and its western terminus is near Minturn, Colorado, at an intersection with I-70. The highway transitions from north–south to east–west signage at the Ohio–Michigan state line.

Route description

 * CO
 * 327.18 mi
 * KS
 * 435.95 mi
 * MO
 * 215.56 mi
 * IL
 * 255.13 mi
 * IN
 * 166.85 mi
 * OH
 * 83.33 mi
 * MI
 * 79.83 mi
 * Total
 * 1563.82 mi
 * }
 * 83.33 mi
 * MI
 * 79.83 mi
 * Total
 * 1563.82 mi
 * }
 * 1563.82 mi
 * }

Colorado
In Colorado, US 24 begins at the interchange of I-70 and US 6 (exit 171) near Minturn. From this interchange, US 24 proceeds southeast through Minturn and continues south to the Continental Divide at Tennessee Pass. It continues south to Johnson Village and then joins with US 285 northbound to Trout Creek Pass. After the pass, US 24 separates from US 285 and continues east to Colorado Springs and then northeast to Limon, where US 24 joins I-70 for most of the rest of its routing to the Kansas state line.

When the U.S. Numbered Highway System was started in 1926, US 24 in Colorado was designated US 40S. It began in Grand Junction and went east along the current I-70 corridor to Minturn, from which it followed the current route to Limon. From Limon east to the Kansas border, the current US 24 was designated US 40N. US 40S west of Limon and US 40N east of Limon received the US 24 designation in 1936, when US 24 was extended west from Kansas City, Missouri. The segment between Grand Junction and Minturn was decommissioned in 1975.

Kansas
In Kansas, US 24 enters from Colorado west of Kanorado; it overlaps I-70 for 45 mi to Colby. US 24 does not meet I-70 again until Kansas City. On December 1, 2008, US 24 was rerouted southward on US 73 to I-70 west of Kansas City, continuing east on I-70 on the final 16 mi in Kansas. US 24 serves Manhattan, as well as the northern sides of Topeka and Lawrence.

The original designation for the current US 24 route in Kansas was US 40N. It went from the Colorado border to Manhattan. In 1936, US 24 received its current designation after an extension west from Kansas City.

In Kansas, US 24 is merged with US 59 from Williamstown to a place in northern Lawrence called Teepee Junction. From there, it is merged with US 40 until Kansas City.

Missouri
In Missouri, US 24 serves Kansas City, Independence, Buckner, Lexington, Waverly, Carrollton, Keytesville, Moberly, Madison, Monroe City, Palmyra, and West Quincy. It runs concurrently with US 65 between Waverly and Carrollton, passing over the Missouri River via the Waverly Bridge when concurrent. After becoming a two-lane road, it is then concurrent with Route 5 in Keytesville (where it is called Jackson Street) and then passes by the city of Huntsville before turning into a four-lane highway and crossing US 63 at Moberly. It is finally concurrent (for the third time) with US 36 east of Monroe City and with US 61 from south of Palmyra to West Quincy. The segment shared with US 61 is part of the Avenue of the Saints.

Along the route within Independence is the Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum.

Illinois
Crossing into Illinois, US 24 uses the pairing of the cable-stayed Bayview Bridge (westbound) and the older Quincy Memorial Bridge (eastbound) over the Mississippi River in Quincy. , it is the main arterial highway from Quincy northeast to Peoria. Between these two cities, the highway follows the old Peoria to Quincy stage coach route. US 24 travels onto the Shade–Lohmann Bridge on I-474 to bypass Peoria, and it gets off at exit 9.

In East Peoria, US 24 forms a wrong-way concurrency with Illinois Route 116 and US 150 as it parallels the Illinois River. From East Peoria, US 24 runs directly east (parallel to the Toledo, Peoria and Western Railway) through a number of small towns en route to Indiana. US 24 crosses into Indiana at the state line east of Sheldon.

Indiana
In Indiana, US 24 runs east from the Illinois state line to Huntington. At Huntington, US 24 turns northeast and runs to Fort Wayne; it then overlaps I-69 and I-469 to bypass the city before entering Ohio at the state line east of Fort Wayne. The segment of US 24 between Logansport and Toledo, Ohio, is part of the Hoosier Heartland Industrial Corridor project of the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act.

Ohio
From Fort Wayne, US 24 follows the path of the Maumee River toward Toledo. In Ohio, the roadway enters the state east of Woodburn, Indiana, near Antwerp. Between the Indiana state line and Toledo, this portion of the roadway is known as the Fort to Port segment of the Hoosier Heartland Industrial Corridor.

Between Napoleon and Toledo, modern US 24 lies north of the Maumee River as a highway built to Interstate Highway standards. Just north of Waterville is the site of the Battle of Fallen Timbers of 1794. General Anthony Wayne after constructing a trail from Fort Wayne to (Fort) Defiance, fought and defeated a Native American consortium, thus opening northern Ohio to white settlement. At a point on Toledo's north side, US 24 veers from northeast–southwest to true north–south, turning on to Telegraph Road, while Detroit Avenue continues as a city street that connects to M-125 (Dixie Highway) at the Michigan border.

The path through Toledo of US 24 follows the course of old US 25, old US 25 being farther away from the course of north–south I-75. Partially truncated as a state route, what had been US 24 was renumbered as State Route 25 where it remained a state highway, and US 25 in greater Toledo became US 24.

Michigan
In Michigan, US 24 enters from Toledo, Ohio, and serves the city of Monroe and Metro Detroit, where it is known as Telegraph Road. It continues north through the western edge of Detroit. It passes through Michigan's "mixing bowl", which is where I-696 (Walter P. Reuther Freeway), M-10 (John C. Lodge Freeway/Northwestern Highway), and Lahser Road intersect. US 24 continues north along Telegraph Road as the border between Waterford and Pontiac until its intersection with Dixie Highway where it travels to the northwest until its termination at I-75 in Independence Township.

History
Between Dixie Highway in Pontiac, Michigan, and Laskey Road in Toledo, Ohio, the highway is known as Telegraph Road, named before the highway system existed after the telegraph wires to which it once ran parallel. Mark Knopfler of the rock band Dire Straits wrote the song "Telegraph Road" about the development and decay of the road, which he spotted en route to a concert. It is a major surface route through western areas of Metro Detroit.

US 24 (Telegraph Road) along the west edge of Detroit, Michigan, was one of the first roads where Michigan left turns were implemented. This pattern was introduced at the time of, or soon after, its widening to a six- to eight-lane divided highway between 1960 and 1963. Several other channelization techniques are also used; for instance, the M-153 (Ford Road) intersection includes a southbound jughandle and a cutoff for northbound left-turning traffic.

US 24 from Minturn to Limon, Colorado, is a former route of US 40S. Between Limon and Manhattan, Kansas, US 24 follows the old route of US 40N.

US 24 followed State Avenue in Kansas City, Kansas until December 1, 2008, when it was rerouted onto K-7 and I-70.

From 2008 to 2012, US 24 from Fort Wayne to Toledo was mostly expanded to Interstate standards as part of an overall "Fort to Port" project, in reference to Fort Wayne and the port of Toledo.

As of 2021, US 24 has been moved to follow I-435 south and I-70 west in Kansas City, Missouri; the original US 24 that used to follow Independence Avenue is now US 24 Business.

Major intersections

 * Colorado
 * northwest of Minturn
 * in Johnson Village. The highways travel concurrently to Antero Junction.
 * in Colorado Springs. The highways travel concurrently through the city.
 * in Limon. The highways travel concurrently to east of Limon.
 * in Limon
 * east of Limon. The highways travel concurrently to Seibert.
 * in Burlington. The highways travel concurrently through the city.
 * in Burlington. The highways travel concurrently to south-southwest of Levant, Kansas.

 * Kansas
 * south-southeast of Gem
 * in Hill City
 * in Stockton
 * in Osborne. The highways travel concurrently to south of Portis.
 * east of Glasco
 * in Riley. The highways travel concurrently to east of Riley.
 * in Topeka
 * in Williamstown. The highways travel concurrently to Lawrence.
 * in Lawrence. US 24/US 40 travel concurrently to Kansas City, Missouri.
 * on the Kansas City–Bonner Springs city line. The highways travel concurrently into Bonner Springs proper.
 * in Bonner Springs. I-70/US 24 travel concurrently to Kansas City, Missouri.
 * on the Kansas City–Edwardsville city line
 * in Kansas City
 * in Kansas City. The highways travel concurrently through the city.
 * in Kansas City
 * in Kansas City. US 24/US 169 travel concurrently to Kansas City, Missouri.

 * Missouri
 * in Kansas City. The highways travel concurrently through the city.
 * in Kansas City
 * in Kansas City
 * east of Waverly. The highways travel concurrently to Carrollton.
 * in Moberly
 * in Monroe City. The highways travel concurrently to northeast of Rensselaer.
 * south of Palmyra. The highways travel concurrently to Taylor.

 * Illinois
 * south of Bloomfield
 * in Rushville
 * northeast of Beaty. The highways travel concurrently to Duncan Mills.
 * on the Peoria–Bartonville line. I-474/US 24 travel concurrently to Creve Coeur.
 * in East Peoria. The highways travel concurrently through the city.
 * in East Peoria
 * in El Paso
 * in Chenoa
 * in Gilman
 * in Gilman. The highways travel concurrently through the city.
 * in Sheldon. The highways travel concurrently to Kentland, Indiana.

 * Indiana
 * in Kentland
 * in Remington. The highways travel concurrently to Wolcott.
 * east of Remington
 * in Reynolds. The highways travel concurrently to Monticello.
 * west of Logansport. The highways travel concurrently to southeast of Logansport.
 * in Peru Township
 * in Huntington
 * in Fort Wayne. The highways travel concurrently through the city.
 * in Fort Wayne. US 24/US 30 travel concurrently to east of New Haven.
 * in Fort Wayne
 * in Fort Wayne. I-469/US 24 travel concurrently to east of New Haven.

 * Ohio
 * in Emerald Township
 * in Napoleon Township. The highways travel concurrently to Liberty Township.
 * in Maumee
 * in Maumee.
 * in Toledo

 * Michigan
 * in Ash Township
 * in Taylor
 * in Dearborn
 * in Redford Charter Township
 * in Southfield
 * in Springfield Township

title: U.S. Route 24


text:
Roy H. Park

Roy Hampton Park (15 September 1910 – 25 October 1993) was an American entrepreneur and media mogul. He is known for creating the Duncan Hines brand of packaged food products, and for his television/radio/newspaper conglomerate, Park Communications. He created the Park Foundation, which has funded many programs in his name at Ithaca College, Cornell University, and North Carolina State University.

Biography
Park was born in Dobson, North Carolina, the son of a tenant farmer. He began writing for two local North Carolina newspapers at the age of 12; although he suffered a severe bout with rheumatic fever at 13, Park graduated from Dobson High School at the age of 15 and followed his brother to North Carolina State University.

After crashing his brother's automobile, Park took his first job to pay off the damages; this job was at the local Associated Press bureau, where he worked his way up from office boy to reporter by the time of this graduation from college. He also wrote for the college's student newspaper, Technician, and extended his term of study at college so that he could serve as the paper's editor-in-chief. Upon graduation in 1931 with a degree in business administration, he was awarded the senior superlative of "Best Writer."

After graduation, Park accepted the position of public relations director for the North Carolina Cotton Growers Cooperative Association; there, he pioneered innovative ways of promoting cotton, including "Cotton Balls," with dancers and performers dressed in cotton formal wear. In 1936, he married Dorothy Goodwin Dent, one of the "Maids of Cotton," whom he met prior to these events.

At the Cotton Cooperative, Park founded and published three periodicals, the Carolina Cooperator, the Rural Electrification Guide, and Cooperative Digest and Farm Power, which attracted the attention of H. E. Babcock, the founder of the Grange League Federation. Babcock offered Park a position at the agency, in Ithaca, New York, which Park accepted in 1942.

Duncan Hines
In the late 1940s, the Grange approached Park to find a way to market their excess food products; Park approached well-known food critic Duncan Hines to lend his name to a brand of packaged food products. The resulting company, Hines-Park Foods, was a stunning success in the American food market, especially with its flagship product, Duncan Hines Cake Mix. Only five years after releasing its first products, Hines-Park was acquired by Procter & Gamble in 1956 for 360,000 shares of Procter & Gamble stock and an undisclosed amount of cash. Park stayed with Procter & Gamble as a senior executive until 1962.

Park Communications
After selling Duncan Hines, Park began to look around for new business opportunities. In 1961, he used his shares of Procter & Gamble as collateral to acquire two radio stations in North Carolina and established Park Broadcasting, Inc. He left Procter & Gamble the following year and began rapidly purchasing other radio and TV stations. In 1972, he started purchasing newspapers; five years later, he owned 40 of them. Most of his acquisitions were in small to medium-sized markets, far away from big cities.

"Park saw gold in owning broadcast stations," said his longtime deputy Johnny Babcock. "They are reasonably invulnerable to competition, not overburdened with depreciable assets, high profile in their community, and while regulated by the government, the franchise for the assigned frequency on the airwaves is protected by Uncle Sam." Park's TV stations operated at a 45% profit margin, with radio in the high 30s, "outdoor billboards in the low 30s, newspapers in the mid to high 20s. A big grocery retailer does well to turn a profit of 2-3 percent; industrial concerns score success if they exceed 10 percent operating profit. Broadcasting was a pretty fat cat."

By 1977, Park had become the first broadcaster to acquire seven television stations, seven AM radio, and seven FM radio stations—the legal limit at the time. In 1983, Congress relaxed limits on ownership, and Park resumed buying. Park changed the name of the company and went public in 1983, selling 10% of his shares and retaining 90% of the company. At the time of his death, Park Communications controlled 21 radio stations, seven television stations, and 144 publications; the company's market reach was estimated at one-quarter of all American households and employed over 3,000 people. As the conglomerate grew, he often said that he did not sell media properties, he bought them.

After his death, Park Communications was bought for $710 million by a pair of investors using a loan from the Retirement Systems of Alabama. It was resold in 1996 to Media General.

In 2017, Media General was sold to Nexstar Broadcasting Group. The combined company is now known as Nexstar Media Group.

Other
Park lived in the Ithaca, New York area for the remainder of his life, having purchased a stone mansion on seven acres in Cayuga Heights in the mid-1950s. He maintained connections to his native state, sitting on the Board of Visitors for the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Journalism and Mass Communication, and on the Board of Trustees of North Carolina State University. In 1989, the state of North Carolina presented him with its highest civilian honor, the North Carolina Award.

In addition to his media holdings, Park owned a number of rental properties in Ithaca, timberland in North Carolina, and was a major shareholder in both Procter & Gamble and the Tompkins County Trust Company, owning 7% of the latter at his death. He also owned a billboard and outdoor advertising business that he eventually sold to his son.

Park was actively involved with Ithaca College, joining its board of trustees in 1973 and serving as chairman from 1981 to 1992. In 1989, the college's media school was renamed the Roy H. Park School of Communications. The college's School of Business is housed in the Dorothy D. and Roy H. Park Center, which opened in 2008.

At Cornell University, he sat on the Advisory Council of the Johnson Graduate School of Management and endowed the Lewis H. Durland Memorial Lecture Series, which brings a prominent business leader to campus every year. (Durland, the longtime university treasurer, was a friend of Park.)

Park died in 1993 from a heart attack in New York City.

Philanthropy
In 1966, Park created the Park Foundation as an outlet for his philanthropic interests. After his death, a substantial percentage of his wealth went to the foundation.

The foundation quickly ran into trouble, with Park's two children (one liberal, one conservative) disagreeing about which causes to support. In 2001, Dorothy Park divided the foundation in two. She, along with her daughter Adelaide Gomer and Gomer's daughter, continued to operate the Park Foundation, whereas Park Jr. and his children took over the spun-off Triad Foundation.

In 2010, with Dorothy Park suffering from advanced Alzheimer's, her two children sued each other after disagreeing over whose foundation should get the bulk of her estimated $220-million estate. (Dorothy Park died in 2016, at 103. )

The Park Foundation supports a myriad of causes including higher education, media and public awareness, and environmental protection. Among their largest contributions include the Park Scholarships program at North Carolina State University and the Park Scholar program at Ithaca College within the Park School of Communications. In addition, the Dorothy and Roy Park Alumni Center at North Carolina State was named after the couple.

Awards and honors

 * 1970: NC State Alumni Association Meritorious Service Award
 * 1971: Abe Lincoln Award from the Southern Baptist's Radio and Television Commission
 * 1975: Watauga Medal, NC State's highest honor
 * 1978: NC State honors Park with an Honorary Doctor of Humanities degree
 * 1982: North Carolina Broadcasting Hall of Fame
 * 1984: Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement
 * 1989: North Carolina Award
 * 1989: Ithaca College in New York dedicates its communications building in his honor
 * 1990: University of North Carolina School of Journalism Hall of Fame
 * 1992: NC State University Centennial Award

title: Roy H. Park


text:
Leyte (disambiguation)

Leyte is an island in the Visayas group in the Philippines.

Leyte may also refer to:

Places in the Philippines

 * Leyte (province), also known as Northern Leyte, a province of the Philippines that occupies the northern three-quarters of the island of Leyte
 * Leyte, Leyte, a municipality in Leyte province
 * Southern Leyte, a province in the Philippines that occupies the southern part of the island of Leyte
 * Leyte Gulf, the body of water immediately east of the island of Leyte

Military

 * Battle of Leyte, the 1944 reconquest of the island by American troops and Filipino guerrillas
 * RPS Leyte, a 1944 corvette of the Philippine Navy
 * USS Leyte, several US Navy ships

Other

 * Carmen Leyte (born 1953), Spanish politician
 * Leyte F.A., East Visayas Regional Football Association, Philippines

title: Leyte (disambiguation)


text:
Builders of the Adytum

The Builders of the Adytum (BOTA, also spelled B.O.T.A., BotA, or B.o.t.A.) is a school of the Western mystery tradition based in Los Angeles which is registered as a non-profit tax-exempt religious organization. It was founded by Paul Foster Case and has its roots in both the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn and the Masonic blue lodge system. It was later extended by Ann Davies.

The B.O.T.A. teaches by correspondence, covering esoteric psychology, occult tarot, Hermetic Qabalah, astrology, and meditation techniques. It also holds a variety of ritual services and study groups, some open to the public.

Worldwide membership is around 5,000.

Origins of the name
“Adytum” is Latin for “Inner Shrine” or “Holy of Holies” and “Builders” refer to the emulation of the Carpenter from Nazareth, Jesus, who some members of the B.O.T.A. believe was adept in the mysteries of building a living temple without hands.

History
The Order was founded 1922 by Paul Foster Case. Case was a senior member of the Hermes-Thoth Alpha et Omega Temple in the United States. After a disagreement with Moina Mathers, principal head and widow of MacGregor Mathers, he left the Golden Dawn along with some former members and formed a separate order.

With the death of Paul Foster Case his secretary Ann Davies became the head of B.O.T.A.. The order flourished and expanded to Europe and Australia.

Beliefs
B.O.T.A. believes that the Qabalah is the mystical root of both ancient Judaism and the original Christianity. People of all faiths are accepted if they are mystically inclined.

For members of the B.O.T.A., the means whereby higher consciousness and divine illumination may be gained include both theory and practice. These teachings and practical secrets constitute what the Builders of the Adytum refer to as Ageless Wisdom. It is called “Ageless” because they believe it is not susceptible to the mutations of time. Ageless Wisdom is not viewed by the B.O.T.A. as primarily a product of man’s thinking. It is “written by God upon the face of nature” and is always there for men and women of all epochs to read, if they can.

Regional organizations
B.O.T.A. has Open Forum and Pronaos healing ritual work in many cities throughout the world:
 * 1) Northeast US
 * 2) Midwest / Southeast US
 * 3) Southwest US / Rocky Mt.
 * 4) Northwest US
 * 5) Southern California / Arizona / Nevada
 * 6) South America & Mexico
 * 7) Australia and New Zealand
 * 8) Europe

Open Forum
These groups are open to all and afford an opportunity to interact with those who share a common spiritual teaching and practice. The purposes for the Open Forum include (1) developing fraternal Love and Harmony, (2) developing higher consciousness, (3) incorporating the principles of Ageless Wisdom in everyday life, (4) learning to enjoy together the operation of the One Will (the will of God), and (5) providing an open door to the Mysteries to all who genuinely seek them. Open Forum can be in-person or online.

Group ritual
Group Ritual Work has long been used in the Western mystery tradition as a dynamic means of bringing about spiritual and fraternal insights. Open only to B.O.T.A. members, this ritualistic work occurs after initiation into Pronaos which includes an oath of secrecy. Its aim is to impress symbolism more effectively upon the aspirants' psyches through dramatic enactment, bringing the static images of the B.O.T.A. tarot deck into motion.

title: Builders of the Adytum


text:
BOTA

Bota may refer to:

Places

 * Bota, Perak Tengah District, Perak, Malaysia
 * Isla Bota, an island in the Gulf of California
 * Bridge of the Americas (El Paso–Ciudad Juárez) Mexico-USA
 * Bota, Bacău County, Romania; a village in Ungureni, Bacău

People

 * Alice Bota (born 1979) German journalist
 * Alin Bota (born 1983) Romanian soccer goalkeep
 * Kinga Bóta (born 1977) Hungarian sprint canoer
 * Theodor Botă (born 1997) Romanian soccer player
 * Jean-Chrysostome Raharison (born 1979) nicknamed "Bota"; Malagasy soccer player

Other uses

 * Builders of the Adytum (B.O.T.A.), a Western spirituality society based in Los Angeles, California, USA
 * B.O.T.A. tarot deck
 * Bota bag, a style of Spanish wineskin
 * Bota (film) 2014 Albanian drama film
 * "B.O.T.A. (Baddest of Them All)", song by British musician Eliza Rose
 * Bota (Βότα), Byzantine name for the Roman festival of Vota publica

title: BOTA


text:
Habibi

Habibi or Habeebi may refer to:

Literature

 * Habibi (novel), a 1997 young-adult novel by Naomi Shihab Nye
 * Habibi (graphic novel), a 2011 graphic novel by Craig Thompson

Music

 * Habibi (band), an American band
 * The Habibis, an Australian band
 * Habibi, an album by Nura, 2019

Songs

 * "Habibi" (Ricky Rich and ARAM Mafia song), 2017
 * "Habibi (I Need Your Love)", by Shaggy, Mohombi, Faydee, and Costi, 2014
 * "Habibi (Sawah)", by Ishtar, 2009
 * "Habibi", by Azis, 2015
 * "Habibi", by Booba from Nero Nemesis, 2015
 * "Habibi", by De Staat, 2009
 * "Habibi", by Dolly Style during Melodifestivalen 2019
 * "Habibi", by Maître Gims from Mon cœur avait raison, 2015
 * "Habibi", by Now United, 2020
 * "Habibi", by Rola Saad
 * "Habibi", by System 7 from System 7, 1991
 * "Habibi", by Tamino, 2017
 * "Habibi (Je t'aime)", by Milk & Honey, 2006
 * "Habibi (My Darling)", by Orange Blossom, 2005

People

 * Habibi (poet) (1470–1519/1520), Azerbaijani poet
 * Habibi (surname)

Other uses

 * Habibi (horse) (foaled 2009), a New Zealand Thoroughbred racehorse
 * El Habibi Mosque, a mosque in Tunis, Tunisia
 * Habibi Restaurant, a Lebanese, Middle Eastern, and Syrian restaurant in Portland, Oregon, US

title: Habibi


text:
Imperial Rescript on Education

The Imperial Rescript on Education (教育ニ関スル勅語), or IRE for short, was signed by Emperor Meiji of Japan on 30 October 1890 to articulate government policy on the guiding principles of education on the Empire of Japan. The 315 character document was read aloud at all important school events, and students were required to study and memorize the text.

Background
Following the Meiji Restoration, the leadership of the Meiji government felt the need to emphasize the common goals of rapid modernization (westernization) with support and legitimization of the political system centered on the imperial institution. In the 1870s and 1880s, Motoda Nagazane and other conservatives pushed for a revival of the principles of Confucianism as a guide for education and public morality; however, Inoue Kowashi and other proponents of the 'modernization' of Japan felt that this would encourage a return to the old feudal order, and pushed for an "emperor-centered" philosophy. Prime Minister Yamagata Aritomo authorized the drafting of the Rescript, which was a compromise written largely by Inoue Kowashi with input from Motoda Nagazane and others.

After it was issued, the Rescript was distributed to all schools in the country, together with a portrait of Emperor Meiji.

Text
The text in Classical Japanese reads: 朕惟フニ我カ皇祖皇宗國ヲ肇ムルコト宏遠ニ德ヲ樹ツルコト深厚ナリ我カ臣民克ク忠ニ克ク孝ニ億兆心ヲ一ニシテ世世厥ノ美ヲ濟セルハ此レ我カ國體ノ精華ニシテ敎育ノ淵源亦實ニ此ニ存ス爾臣民父母ニ孝ニ兄弟ニ友ニ夫婦相和シ朋友相信シ恭儉己レヲ持シ博愛衆ニ及ホシ學ヲ修メ業ヲ習ヒ以テ智能ヲ啓發シ德器ヲ成就シ進テ公益ヲ廣メ世務ヲ開キ常ニ國憲ヲ重シ國法ニ遵ヒ一旦緩急アレハ義勇公ニ奉シ以テ天壤無窮ノ皇運ヲ扶翼スヘシ是ノ如キハ獨リ朕カ忠良ノ臣民タルノミナラス又以テ爾祖先ノ遺風ヲ顯彰スルニ足ラン

斯ノ道ハ實ニ我カ皇祖皇宗ノ遺訓ニシテ子孫臣民ノ俱ニ遵守スヘキ所之ヲ古今ニ通シテ謬ラス之ヲ中外ニ施シテ悖ラス朕爾臣民ト俱ニ拳々服膺シテ咸其德ヲ一ニセンコトヲ庶幾フ

明治二十三年十月三十日

御 名 御 璽 Translated into English: Know ye, Our subjects:

Our Imperial Ancestors have founded Our Empire on a basis broad and everlasting and have deeply and firmly implanted virtue; Our subjects ever united in loyalty and filial piety have from generation to generation illustrated the beauty thereof. This is the glory of the fundamental character of Our Empire, and herein lies the source of Our education.

Ye, Our subjects, be filial to your parents, affectionate to your brothers and sisters; as husbands and wives be harmonious; as friends true; bear yourselves in modesty and moderation; extend your benevolence to all; pursue learning and cultivate arts, and thereby develop intellectual faculties and perfect moral powers; furthermore advance public good and promote common interests; always respect the Constitution and observe the laws; should emergency arise, offer yourselves courageously to the State; and thus guard and maintain the prosperity of Our Imperial Throne coeval with heaven and earth.

So shall ye not only be Our good and faithful subjects, but render illustrious the best traditions of your forefathers. The Way here set forth is indeed the teaching bequeathed by Our Imperial Ancestors, to be observed alike by Their Descendants and the subjects, infallible for all ages and true in all places. It is Our wish to lay it to heart in all reverence, in common with you, Our subjects, that we may thus attain to the same virtue.

Details
The Rescript pushed traditional ideals of Confucianism, and in many ways contributed to the rise of militarism during the 1930s and 40s. The Rescript requested of the people that they "furthermore advance public good and promote common interests; always respect the Constitution and observe the laws; should emergency arise, offer yourselves courageously to the State; and thus guard and maintain the prosperity of Our Imperial Throne coeval with heaven and earth".

The basis of the Rescript was that Japan's unique kokutai (system of government) was based on a historic bond between benevolent rulers and loyal subjects, and that the fundamental purpose of education was to cultivate virtues, especially loyalty and filial piety.

After the end of World War II in Asia following the surrender of Japan, the American occupation authorities forbade the formal reading of the Imperial Rescript in schools, and the National Diet officially abolished it on 19 June 1948.

Kikuchi Dairoku and the Imperial Rescript on Education
In 1907, Kikuchi Dairoku was invited by the University of London to give lectures on education from the middle of February for about five months. The central focus of his lectures was the Imperial Rescript on Education. The request for the lectures was initially communicated to Hayashi Tadasu, then ambassador in London (from December 1905). At first Sawayanagi Matsutaro was to give the lectures, but he was recalled when in Rome on the way to London and Kikuchi gave the lectures instead. As a preparation for the lectures he translated the Imperial Rescript into English.

title: Imperial Rescript on Education


text:
Tom Gilb

Tom Gilb (full name "Thomas Steven Gilb", born 1940) is an American systems engineer, consultant, and author, known for the development of software metrics, software inspection, and evolutionary processes.

Biography
Tom Gilb was born in 1940 in Pasadena, California, United States. He emigrated to the United Kingdom in 1956 and to Norway in 1958. He took his first job with IBM in 1958 and became a freelance consultant in 1960.

He is known for his early work on evolutionary software development processes from 1968 to 1981, which was a forerunner of agile software development methods.

He is currently a consultant, teacher and author, in partnership with his son Kai Gilb. He mainly helps multinational clients improve their organizations and methods by using "evolutionary systems delivery" (Evo). His method is based upon the core ideas that all architecture focus has to be on delivering value to the stakeholders and that engineering principles and scientific methods must be used in planning and management of change projects using a formal engineering language like the one that he has developed and named "Planguage". He has "guest lectured at universities all over UK, Europe, China, India, USA, Korea – and has been a keynote speaker at dozens of technical conferences internationally".

He is a member of INCOSE and is active in the Norwegian chapter, NORSEC, which presented him with an award in 2003. He lectures at INCOSE local chapters on his worldwide travels and at INCOSE conferences.

In 2012 he was made an Honorary Fellow of the British Computer Society.

Publications
Gilb has written nine books and several articles. A selection includes:

 * Software Inspection, 1993. ISBN 0-201-63181-4. (with coauthor Dorothy Graham)
 * Principles of Software Engineering Management, 1988. ISBN 0-201-19246-2 (19th printing).
 * Software Metrics (Winthrop computer systems series), 1977.
 * Competitive Engineering: A Handbook for Systems & Software Engineering Management using Planguage, 2005. ISBN 0-7506-6507-6. (Planguage is a formal, natural language modelling notation invented by Gilb that adds rigour to the requirement documentation.)

title: Tom Gilb


text:
Oriental darter

The Oriental darter (Anhinga melanogaster) is a water bird of tropical South Asia and Southeast Asia. It has a long and slender neck with a straight, pointed bill and, like the cormorant, it hunts for fish while its body is submerged in water. It spears a fish underwater, bringing it above the surface, tossing and juggling it before swallowing the fish head first. The body remains submerged as it swims, and the slender neck alone is visible above the water, which accounts for the colloquial name of snakebird. Like the cormorants, it has wettable feathers and it is often found perched on a rock or branch with its wings held open to dry.

Description
The Oriental darter is like all other anhingas, a cormorant-like species that has a very long neck. The structure of the neck is as in other species of darter with strongly developed muscles about a kink in the neck at the 8th and 9th vertebrae that allows it to be flexed and darted forward with rapid force to stab fish underwater. The edges of the commissures of the mandible tips have minute inward pointing serrations that hold impaled fish.

The adult plumage above is black and the wing coverts and tertials having silvery streaks along the shaft. The crown and neck are brown shading to black towards the back of the neck. The underparts are blackish brown. A pale line over the eye and throat and a line running along the sides of the neck gives it a striped appearance. The iris is white with a yellow ring (brighter yellow in breeding birds) around it. The tip of the upper mandible is dark while the base is pale brown bill while the lower mandible is yellowish. The legs and webbing on the foot are yellow in immatures and non-breeding birds while breeding birds have darker grey tarsi and toes with yellow webbing. The sexes are not easily distinguishable but males tend to have black speckles that coalesce on the white throat. Adult females have a shorter bill and tend to have the black at the base of neck and chest separated from the hind neck by a wide buff band that ends at the shoulder. This pattern however is also found in immatures whose neck is lighter and lack the long pointed scapulars. In flight the long and slender neck, wide wing and wedge shaped tail make it distinctive. Young birds have a pale brown neck and appear whitish on the underside and lack the white streak along the side of the neck. The inner secondaries or tertials and the central tail feathers appear wavy or corrugated. The tail is long and made up of twelve stiff feathers which are dragged along the ground when the bird attempts to walk or hop on land.

Taxonomy
The Oriental darter is a member of the darter family, Anhingidae, and is closely related to American (Anhinga anhinga), African (Anhinga rufa, with vulsini of Madagascar as a subspecies), and Australasian (Anhinga novaehollandiae) darters. These were for sometime treated as subspecies of Anhinga melanogaster. The Oriental darter differs in appearance from American darters most recognisably by its white lateral neck stripe.

Behaviour and ecology
The Oriental darter is found mainly in freshwater lakes and streams. They usually forage singly, with the entire body submerged, swimming slowly forward using their webbed feet while the head and neck is moved jerkily above the water. It darts its neck to impale fish and then brings them out of water, tossing them into the air before swallowing the fish head first. They may sometimes be found along with cormorants which share the habit of spreading out their wings to dry when perched on a waterside rock or tree. They sometimes soar on thermals during the warm part of the day but will alternate flapping and gliding in normal flight.

They nest in mixed species heronries where they build a stick platform on the nest tree which is usually surrounded by water. Several pairs may nest close to each other. The branch is flattened by the birds prior to the placement of the sticks that form the nest platform. The nest sites are defended from other birds with posturing and thrusts of the neck. The breeding season is June to August (during the rainy season) in northern India, April–May in southwestern India and in winter in southeastern India (during the northeast monsoon). The usual clutch consists of three to six spindle shaped bluish-green eggs with a white chalky covering that gets soiled over time. Both parents incubate the eggs, beginning after the first egg is laid which leads to asynchronous hatching of the young. The newly hatched chicks are bare and covered with some down on the head. As they grow, they become covered in white down. The chicks feed by thrusting their heads down the throat of their parents.

Adults go through a synchronous moult of their flight feathers after the breeding season, resulting in the loss of flying ability for a brief period. When disturbed from their perches during this period, they dive into the water below and attempt to escape underwater. This escape behaviour is also employed by chicks at the nest. They are very silent except at the nest where they produce grunts and croaks and a disyllabic chigi-chigi-chigi. Chicks are noisy when begging for food. Adults roost communally in trees close to or over water.

Chicks, especially those more than half grown are sometimes preyed on by raptors such as Pallas's fish eagle (Haliaetus leucoryphus). The long scapular feathers were once popular for use in decorating hats. A number of parasites have been recorded from adult birds including Schwartzitrema anhingi (Trematoda), Petasiger nicolli, Mesorchis pendulus, and Echinorhynchotaenia tritesticulata (Cestoda:Dilepididae). In some parts of northeastern India, darters were (or are) used by tribals to capture fish from streams. A ring is tied around the neck to prevent them from swallowing the prey just as is done with cormorant fishing in parts of Southeast Asia.

title: Oriental darter