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Dirty Mind

Dirty Mind is the third studio album by the American singer-songwriter and musician Prince. It was released on October 8, 1980, by Warner Bros. Records.

The album is notable for Prince's increasing reliance on rock music elements, high register vocals, sexually explicit lyrical themes and an androgynous image. Critics have hailed its fusion of genres for influencing urban black music of the early 1980s, and its lyrics for influencing more sexually explicit music.

The first single from Dirty Mind, "Uptown", reached number five on both the Billboard Hot Soul Singles and the Billboard National Disco Action Top 30 charts. Although the album only reached number 45 on the Billboard 200, it was met with widespread critical acclaim. The album has retrospectively been ranked by Pitchfork and Slant as one of the greatest of the 1980s, and by Rolling Stone and NME as one of the greatest albums of all time.

Composition and recording
A fusion of funk, new wave, R&B and dance, Dirty Mind also contains more rock-oriented beats than Prince's previous albums, as well as elements of punk rock on the track "Sister". Half of the songs were composed by Prince on tour, when he and his band had a slot opening for Rick James.

The album was recorded in a makeshift 16-track studio in the basement of Prince's home on Lake Minnetonka, with Prince engineering the album himself, credited under the pseudonym Jamie Starr. Sessions occurred in May and June 1980, with Prince playing nearly all of the instruments himself, and several of the songs were recorded in one night. The album contrasted with Prince's previous ones in its raw and unpolished production style, with several of the tracks being essentially demos. The production presents a clean sound with minimal distortion or reverb, more akin to power pop or punk rock. Barry Walters of Pitchfork later observed that, "Whereas Prince's '70s albums proclaimed his virtuosity, here he achieves much more by confining himself to the simplest, boldest strokes." It is the only Prince album to not feature a "slow jam".

Side one
The core riff of "Dirty Mind" was originally a jam devised by keyboardist Doctor Fink for Prince's band. He and Prince recorded it in one evening and Prince finished it the next morning. The song is set to a metronomic disco beat, likened by Walters to the motorik beat of Krautrock. The song melds Minneapolis funk with new wave and post-punk, featuring falsetto singing and percussive guitar, as well as "tinny keyboard hooks". Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic described the song as "robotic funk". Walters notes that the song's descending key changes mixed with ascending church organ chords are "a particularly Prince-like juxtaposition that offers a peek-a-boo glimpse into the convolutions—sexual and otherwise—of his psyche."

"When You Were Mine" was written in a Florida hotel room. John Freeman of The Quietus deemed the song Prince's "first great rock song", featuring "frantic guitars" and "squidgy keyboards". It has been classified by several critics as new wave   and likened to the works of Elvis Costello. Lyrically, the song contains elements of gender bending, as well as voyeurism and cuckoldry, and Freeman noted that the song's dynamic forecasted later Prince tracks like "Little Red Corvette", "Paisley Park" and "If I Was Your Girlfriend". The track is one of Prince's most covered songs and was recorded by Cyndi Lauper for her 1983 album She's So Unusual.

"Do It All Night" contains "sultry funk", with Kenneth Partridge of Billboard noting the chorus' "urgent sixteenth-note keyboards underscoring Prince's [sexual] eagerness". "Gotta Broken Heart Again", a minimalistic ballad featuring "effortless falsetto", "breezy piano", and "soulful crooning", forecasts Prince's work on his 1986 album Parade.

Side two
"Uptown", another song featuring a heavy disco beat, is billed by Partridge as a "utopian funk-rock anthem [...] about racial and sexual tolerance", melding the styles of Kool & the Gang and the Clash. Walters hailed it as being "among the most daring R&B radio hits of the '80s", due to its lyrical themes about "how homophobia constricts even heterosexuals":

"While minding his own business, a passing hottie asks him point blank, 'Are you gay?' But instead of blowing his cool, Prince reasons, 'She's just a victim of society and all its games.' To school the dame, he takes her to Uptown, a real-life Minneapolis counterculture haven back in 1980 that's subsequently been gentrified. There, she loses her uptight ways as the track's grinding disco-funk gains momentum; the overwhelming freedom acts as an aphrodisiac, and the once-scorned weirdo gets 'the best night I ever had.' Everybody's happy."

"Head" and "Sister" are both among Prince's "most infamous" and "notorious" songs. Freeman stated that "Head" "outlines the shameless seduction of a bride-to-be with the promise of oral delights, over a sweating, squelching synth hook." Walters noted its significantly slower tempo and deemed it "one of the earliest fully realized manifestations of Prince's quintessential style." Partridge observed that the song "reads like a letter to Penthouse Forum", while noting "Dr. Fink's squiggly sci-fi keyboards".

The brief "Sister" was billed by Freeman as "Prince's most furious punk song" and a "piss-take". Walters stated that the song "celebrates incest like the rest of the record toys with sexual identity; it's blatantly performative", and felt that the music, with its Ramones-like guitars and constantly changing time signatures, echoed the unstable nature of the lyrics. Partridge also noted its lyrical ambiguity, calling the song "a filthy romp as audacious and fun as anything the Sex Pistols ever did."

The music for "Partyup" was originally penned by Morris Day, in a period where he and Prince were hanging out and jamming together regularly. Day has stated that the original track he recorded, consisting of only bass and drums, was "a lot slower and funkier", and that he was unhappy with the funk-rock direction in which Prince ultimately took the song. Musically, Walters observed that the song is "uncut funk with louder guitars and tunes so catchy you can't deny the pop." Freeman billed the song as a "good-time freak out jam, with Prince extolling the merits of 'revolutionary rock & roll'." Lyrically, the song finds Prince "furious [...] at war", inspired by then-President Jimmy Carter's 1980 reinstatement of military draft registration, and features a "'60s-worthy closing chant". Partridge deemed it "the most danceable anti-war anthem since Edwin Starr's 'War.'" To compensate Day for writing the music, Prince created the Time as a vehicle for Day, and the two created the band's first three albums almost entirely by themselves.

Release
Dirty Mind peaked at number 45 on the Billboard 200 and number 7 on the Billboard Top Black Albums chart. The first single, "Uptown", reached number five on both the Billboard Hot Soul Singles and Dance Club Songs charts, but only 101 on the Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart. The title track was released as the second single and was modestly successful on the R&B chart. The songs "Uptown", "Dirty Mind", and "Head" were released together, reaching the dance chart's top five.

On June 6, 1984, the album was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). Following the death of Prince in 2016, the album re-entered the Billboard 200 and also entered the album charts in France, Switzerland and the UK for the first time.

Critical reception
Dirty Mind earned widespread acclaim from music critics. Ken Tucker of Rolling Stone wrote that the album finds Prince shifting from the "doe-eyed romantic" of his first two records to a "liberating lewdness" which "jolts with the unsettling tension that arises from rubbing complex erotic wordplay against clean, simple melodies", all along an "electric surface". Tucker remarked on how Prince casually delivers lyrics with a "graceful quaver" and "exhilarating breathlessness", combining "the sweet romanticism of Smokey Robinson" and "the powerful vulgate poetry of Richard Pryor". He concluded that the album was "cool music dealing with hot emotions", and, "at its best [...] positively filthy". Writing that same month in The Village Voice, Robert Christgau found the music's "metallic textures and simple drum patterns" comparable to both Funkadelic and the Rolling Stones, while acknowledging Prince as being in the generally shy-mannered "love-man" tradition because of his falsetto singing, but ultimately distinct in his "aggressively, audaciously erotic" character: "I'm talking about your basic fuckbook fantasies—the kid sleeps with his sister and digs it, sleeps with his girlfriend's boyfriend and doesn't, and stops a wedding by gamahuching the bride on her way to church. I mean, Mick Jagger can just fold up his penis and go home."

Retrospective appraisals have also been positive. In The Trouser Press Guide to New Wave Records (1983), Trouser Press writer Jim Green stated, "If the ultra sex obsession doesn't put you off, Dirty Mind 's catchy tunes, sly lyrics, and strong production, and Prince's trademark falsetto make for a winning combination." Erlewine described the album as a "stunning, audacious amalgam of funk, new wave, R&B, and pop, fueled by grinningly salacious sex and the desire to shock". According to Michaelangelo Matos in (The New) Rolling Stone Album Guide (2004), "Dirty Mind remains one of the most radical 180-degree turns in pop history." Robert Hilburn of the Los Angeles Times described the music as a "confident and highly danceable blend of post-disco funk and tasty, hard-line rock", while Keith Harris of Blender credited it for setting "confessions of a sex junkie" to the sounds of "new-wave funk". Walters deemed it Prince's "first fully actualized album" and "an unrelenting dance party that pointedly invited New Wavers to boogie down alongside funk bunnies and dancefloor fashionistas." Freeman opined that Dirty Mind was Prince's most creative and boldest album, setting the standard for his artistic direction in the following years. Partridge called the album an "absolute essential — an eight-song, 30-minute glimpse into the mind of a thong-rocking pacifist with some interesting ideas about marriage and sibling relations", and added that it "benefits from its complete lack of outside perspective."

Legacy
In their list of the "100 Best Albums of the Eighties", Rolling Stone stated that Dirty Mind "marked Prince's coming of age. It was the first album on which he successfully synthesized the rock and soul he had grown up on into a vibrant, strikingly original sound, at the same time turning his own sexuality and flamboyance into a clear-cut style and stance." Walters billed the album as a "landmark album" that "couldn't be purer punk", due to its rejection of "labels, restrictions, and authority."

Due to Dirty Mind 's fusion of genres, Erlewine observed that it "set the style for much of the urban soul and funk of the early '80s." Similarly, Rolling Stone stated that "Prince's keyboard-dominated 'Minneapolis sound' became the blueprint for a generation of soul, funk and pop groups. His influence is evident in songs ranging from Ready for the World's 'Oh Sheila' to Fine Young Cannibals' 'She Drives Me Crazy.'" Walters hailed it as "one of the key records that truly initiated the '80s." In Christgau's opinion, Prince's impact as a "commercially viable" yet "visionary" artist with the album was comparable to John Lennon, Bob Dylan, and Jimi Hendrix.

Walters also noted Prince's "free and startlingly girly" vocals, as well as his androgynous image during this era, adding, "it can't be underestimated how much Prince quite threateningly set off gaydar". Partridge noted that "Prince wasn't the first R&B artist to sing in falsetto, but the daring femininity he brings to this performance paints him as a different sort of lover-man." Dennis Hunt of the Los Angeles Times noted the songs' prominently sexual lyrics. Erlewine credited the album's explicit themes, including oral sex, threesomes and ejaculation, for opening the doors for sexually explicit albums in the following years.

Dirty Mind has ranked highly on professional lists of the greatest albums. Pitchfork placed the album at number 87 on a list of the 100 best albums from the 1980s, while Slant Magazine ranked it 53rd on a similar list. In 2013, NME ranked it number 393 in its list of The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time. Rolling Stone has ranked it number 326 among the magazine's 500 greatest albums of all time (published in 2020) and 18th among albums from the 1980s.

Personnel

 * Prince – lead and backing vocals, electric guitars (all tracks), ARP Omni (2, 3, 5, 6), Oberheim OB-X (all but 7), clavinet (5), Yamaha CP-70 electric grand piano (3, 4, 8), Polymoog (5, 6), bass guitar (all tracks), drums (all tracks), percussion, electronic percussion
 * Lisa Coleman – backing vocals (6)
 * Doctor Fink – ARP Omni (1), Oberheim OB-X (6)

Technical
 * Prince (as "Jamie Starr") – engineer
 * Mic Guzauski – remixer
 * Bob Mockler – remixer
 * Ron Garrett – assistant
 * Bernie Grundman – mastering
 * Allen Beaulieu – photography

Singles

 * "Uptown" (US) (No. 101, US; No. 5, US R&B; No. 5, US Dance)
 * "Dirty Mind" (US) (No. 65, US R&B)
 * "Do It All Night" (UK)

title: Dirty Mind


text:
User talk:Mmorabito67

Hello, welcome to Wikipedia.

You might find these links helpful: How to edit a page, How to write a great article, Naming conventions, Manual of Style. You should read our policies at some point too.

If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump, or ask me on my talk page. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian!
 * You can introduce yourself on the new user log.
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Again, welcome! Chris Roy 00:34, 18 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Nice to meet you over here
Ciao Maurizio, mi fa tanto piacere reincontrarti qui dopo tanto tempo. Spero che troverai tanti articoli ai quali puoi contribuire - credo che ce ne sono molti considerando i tuoi interessi. Quindi: buon divertimento e a presto! Ciao! --SabineCretella 21:03, 4 May 2006 (UTC)

Notification: changes to "Mark my edits as minor by default" preference
Hello there. This is an automated message to tell you about the gradual phasing out of the preference entitled "Mark all edits minor by default", which you currently have enabled.

On 13 March 2011, this preference was hidden from the user preferences screen as part of efforts to prevent its accidental misuse (consensus discussion). This had the effect of locking users in to their existing preference, which, in your case, was. To complete the process, your preference will automatically be changed to  in the next few days. This does not require any intervention on your part and you will still be able to manually mark your edits as being 'minor'. The only thing that's changed is that you will no longer be able to have them marked as minor by default. For more information on what a minor edit is, see WP:MINOR or feel to get in touch.

Thank you for your understanding and happy editing :) Editing on behalf of User:Jarry1250, LivingBot (talk) 20:56, 13 March 2011 (UTC)

3rr on William Connelly
Just a note, since I am not sure you are familiar with 3rr. You are approaching 3rr, with no indication that you are discussing with the editors reverting you on their talkpages or the article talkpage. Standard warning follows:

You currently appear to be engaged in an edit war. Users are expected to collaborate with others and avoid editing disruptively. In particular, the three-revert rule states that: If you find yourself in an editing dispute, use the article's talk page to discuss controversial changes; work towards a version that represents consensus among editors. You can post a request for help at an appropriate noticeboard or seek dispute resolution. In some cases it may be appropriate to request temporary page protection. If you continue to edit war, you may be blocked from editing without further notice. Syrthiss (talk) 13:41, 18 May 2011 (UTC)
 * 1) Making more than three reversions on a single page within a 24-hour period is almost always grounds for an immediate block.
 * 2) Do not edit war even if you believe you are right.

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 * [[Image:Nuvola apps important.svg|25px|alt=|link=]]
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 * The Arbitration Committee has permitted administrators to impose discretionary sanctions (information on which is at Arbitration Committee/Discretionary sanctions) on any editor who is active on pages broadly related to Climate change. Discretionary sanctions can be used against an editor who repeatedly or seriously fails to adhere to the purpose of Wikipedia, any expected standards of behavior, or any normal editorial process. If you engage in further inappropriate behavior in this area, you may be placed under sanctions, which can include blocks, a revert limitation, or an article ban. The Committee's full decision can be read in the Arbitration/Requests/Case/Climate change section of the decision page.

Please familiarise yourself with the information page at Arbitration Committee/Discretionary sanctions, with the appropriate sections of Arbitration Committee/Procedures, and with the case decision page. NW ( Talk ) 01:15, 19 May 2011 (UTC) |}

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Mmorabito67


text:
User talk:ArkAnjel

Hello, welcome to Wikipedia.

You might find these links helpful: How to edit a page, How to write a great article, Naming conventions, Manual of Style. You should read our policies at some point too.

If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump, or ask me on my talk page. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian!
 * You can introduce yourself on the new user log.
 * You can find lots more information, including open tasks and daily tips, at the community portal.
 * You can sign your name using three tildes, like this: . If you use four, you can add a datestamp as well.
 * Before saving a page, it's a good idea to use the Show preview button to review your edits. Also, consider writing a summary for each edit.

Again, welcome! Chris Roy 00:34, 18 Mar 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:ArkAnjel


text:
Agyrrhius

Agyrrhius/Agyrrhios (Ἀγύρριος) of the deme Collytus in Attica, was an Athenian politician in the final years of the 5th and early years of the 4th century BCE. His best-known accomplishment was the establishment of pay for attendance at meetings of the Ekklesia (Assembly), in reward for which (apparently) he was elected general in 390/89. He was also named as one of the proposers of a decree to reduce payments to the comic poets. Harpokration gave him credit for establishing the theorika (festival fund) so the poor could attend theater performances, but this attribution is contested by some scholars.

His reputation was mixed. The orator Andokides accused him in 399 of conspiring to rig the bidding on tax collection contracts in 401 and 400 in order to defraud the city of its normal revenues. In response Agyrrhios joined several others in indicting Andokides for impiety - a charge which Andokides successfully refuted in court. According to the orator Demosthenes, Agyrrhios later spent many years in jail "until he had repaid the money in his possession which was adjudged to be public property".

Aristophanes lampooned Agyrrhios in two plays:

Ekklesiazusai (Women of the Assembly):"Even a woman-looking man, like Agyrrhios looks like a man-looking woman, now that he's wearing Pronomous' beard! Agyrrhios, ey? Remember him! That crooked, filthy rich politician! Agyrrhios! Rules the whole city, the bastard!  It's because of him that we should try and accomplish this daring deed today, girls. (100 ff.)"Ploutos (Wealth), referring to Agyrrhios' frequent harangues in the Ekklesia where he proposed policies that would benefit him financially:"Doesn't Agyrrhios fart because of it? (190)"

title: Agyrrhius


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Columbus III

Columbus-III was a transatlantic telecommunications cable connecting Europe to North America.

History and details
Columbus-III entered service since December 1999  and it's owned by over 30 carriers. Supported by 90 repeaters, it's 9833 km long.

After a 2009 upgrade, the capacity of the system between the United States and Portugal was increased from the original design capacity of 8 x 2.5 Gbit/s to 160 Gbit/s initially. The upgraded system could accommodate up to 320 Gbit/s with potential to go even further beyond.

The cable was decommissioned in December 2020.

title: Columbus III


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N22

N22 may refer to:

Roads

 * N22 road (Belgium), a National Road in Belgium
 * Route nationale 22, in France
 * N22 road (Ireland)
 * Nebraska Highway 22, in the United States

Other uses

 * N22 (Long Island bus)
 * Atlas V N22, an American expendable launch system
 * GAF N22 Nomad, an Australian utility aircraft
 * London Buses route N22
 * Nitrogen-22 an isotope of nitrogen
 * Sky Manor Airport (North Carolina), serving Jacksonville, North Carolina, United States
 * N22, a postcode district in the N postcode area

title: N22


text:
Indian Script Code for Information Interchange

Indian Standard Code for Information Interchange (ISCII) is a coding scheme for representing various writing systems of India. It encodes the main Indic scripts and a Roman transliteration. The supported scripts are: Bengali–Assamese, Devanagari, Gujarati, Gurmukhi, Kannada, Malayalam, Oriya, Tamil, and Telugu. ISCII does not encode the writing systems of India that are based on Persian, but its writing system switching codes nonetheless provide for Kashmiri, Sindhi, Urdu, Persian, Pashto and Arabic. The Persian-based writing systems were subsequently encoded in the PASCII encoding.

ISCII has not been widely used outside certain government institutions, although a variant without the mechanism was used on classic Mac OS, Mac OS Devanagari, and it has now been rendered largely obsolete by Unicode. Unicode uses a separate block for each Indic writing system, and largely preserves the ISCII layout within each block.

Background
The Brahmi-derived writing systems have similar structure. So ISCII encodes letters with the same phonetic value at the same code point, overlaying the various scripts. For example, the ISCII codes 0xB3 0xDB represent [ki]. This will be rendered as കി in Malayalam, कि in Devanagari, as ਕਿ in Gurmukhi, and as கி in Tamil. The writing system can be selected in rich text by markup or in plain text by means of the code described below.

One motivation for the use of a single encoding is the idea that it will allow easy transliteration from one writing system to another. However, there are enough incompatibilities that this is not really a practical idea.

ISCII is an 8-bit encoding. The lower 128 code points are plain ASCII, the upper 128 code points are ISCII-specific. In addition to the code points representing characters, ISCII makes use of a code point with mnemonic that indicates that the following byte contains one of two kinds of information. One set of values changes the writing system until the next writing system indicator or end-of-line. Another set of values select display modes such as bold and italic. ISCII does not provide a means of indicating the default writing system.

Codepage layout
The following table shows the character set for Devanagari. The code sets for Assamese, Bengali, Gujarati, Gurmukhi, Kannada, Malayalam, Oriya, Tamil, and Telugu are similar, with each Devanagari form replaced by the equivalent form in each writing system. Each character is shown with its decimal code and its Unicode equivalent.

{{legend|#DDD|Undefined}} {{legend|#DFD|Lead byte}}

Special code points

 * INV character—code point D9 (217): The INV (invisible consonant) character is used as a pseudo-consonant to display combining elements in isolation. For example, क (ka) + ् (halant) + INV = क् (half ka). The Unicode equivalent is . However, as noted below, the ISCII halant character can be doubled or combined with the ISCII nukta to achieve effects created by  or ZWJ in Unicode. For this reason, Apple maps the ISCII INV character to the Unicode, so as to guarantee round-tripping.
 * ATR character—code point EF (239): The ATR (attribute) character followed by a byte code is used to switch to a different font attribute (such as bold) or to a different ISCII or PASCII language (such as Bengali), up to the next ATR sequence or the end of the line.  This has no direct Unicode equivalent, as font attributes are not part of Unicode, and each script has a distinct set of code points.
 * EXT character—code point F0 (240): The EXT (extensions for Vedic) character followed by a byte code indicates a Vedic accent.  This has no direct Unicode equivalent, as Vedic accents are assigned to distinct code points.
 * Halant character ्—code point E8 (232): The halant character removes the implicit vowel from a consonant and is used between consonants to represent conjunct consonants.  For example, क (ka) + ् (halant) + त (ta) = क्त (kta).  The sequence ् (halant) + ् (halant) displays a conjunct with an explicit halant, for example क (ka) + ् (halant) + ् (halant) + त (ta) = क्‌त.  The sequence ् (halant) + ़ (nukta) displays a conjunct with half consonants, if available, for example क (ka) + ् (halant) + ़ (nukta) + त (ta) = क्‍त.
 * Nukta character ़—code point E9 (233): The nukta character after another ISCII character is used for a number of rarer characters which don't exist in the main ISCII set. For example क (ka) + ़ (nukta) = क़ (qa). These characters have precomposed forms in Unicode, as shown in the following table.

Code pages for ISCII conversion
To convert from Unicode (UTF-8) to an ISCII / ANSI coding, the following code pages may be used:

 * 57002: Devanagari (Hindi, Marathi, Sanskrit, Konkani)
 * 57003: Bengali
 * 57004: Tamil
 * 57005: Telugu
 * 57006: Assamese
 * 57007: Odia
 * 57008: Kannada
 * 57009: Malayalam
 * 57010: Gujarati
 * 57011: Punjabi (Gurmukhi)
 * 54654: gg


text:
Talk:Will Young

Sexuality
Where did it ever say he was gay? I'm having trouble believing some of these Pop Idol articles. It was even disturbing to read about Paula Abdul performing fellatio in some film. I hope I don't come back here in a few days and read that Will Young is perfoming fellatio in a film. Please provide a reference to where Will Young said he was gay. Thank you. (unsigned by 172.192.66.139)

Oh, please. Give it a rest. - Nunh-huh 00:44, 18 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Several British newspapers, and interviews given by him in the British gay press to name but two citations. Do you want exact references?  It'll take me a while but I can certainly provide them. -- Graham  :) | Talk 00:45, 18 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Or you could click on the one right above your comment. -- Nunh-huh 00:48, 18 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Yeah that message was to the original anonymous poster, but you just got there first... -- Graham :) | Talk 00:55, 18 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Don't you just love edit conflicts?!- Nunh-huh 00:56, 18 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Will himself has said he is gay during interviews. He is neither embarrassed nor secretive about this. He is what he is and has no problem with it. Any problem stems from within ourselves. But there is no problem... his records sell and his tour is a sell out....He is doing well not becuse nor inspite of, his gayness... he does well because he is a fine singer and a delighful personality.

 * The original article was in the News of the World and I heard it first on BBC Breakfast News on 10 March 2002.  Will wanted this to be published to counteract a scurrilous article in another tabloid. GJP

I thought he was homosexual that's what I hear from the news and people here in the UK where I live, I swear he is, one of his music videos has him and some men semi naked showing off sweaty muscles while playing volleyball on the beach. So I think all the evidence points to him being homosexual as confirmed in the interview text above as well. I can't believe the article doesn't list that. 90.201.191.50 11:43, 4 September 2007 (UTC)

 * The article says "Young subsequently revealed that he was gay, in order to pre-empt a tabloid newspaper that was preparing to run a story 'outing' him. He also stated that he had never hidden, and was comfortable with, his sexuality." The homoerotic video for "Switch It On" shouldn't be mentioned here. — AnemoneProjectors (会話) 12:55, 4 September 2007 (UTC)

I think that the above mentioned paragraph is sufficient in this article. No need to harp on it!Oyster24 19:49, 4 September 2007 (UTC)

Will's birthplace
I have changed Will's birthplace from Hungerford to Wokingham as that is what it says in the Family Records Centre in London. You can look anyone up if you want and I looked up Will and his twin and it said "Wokingham".

 * Remember that it just lists the district where the birth was registered (i.e. Reading/Wokingham) and not necessarily the place he was born. You can obtain his birth certificate for a small fee if you really want to know. Sweetie Petie 09:37, 24 April 2006 (UTC)

Wokingham is over 37 miles from Hungerford! He is unlikely to be registered in Wokingham if he was born in Hungerford and vice versa! Wokingham and Hungerford are separate registration districts so I doubt I have got it wrong. GJP

 * Well, maybe his mother travelled 37 miles before she registered the births... ;) Sweetie Petie 10:52, 7 May 2006 (UTC)

Don't be silly. You know you have to register the birth in the place the child was born - or perhaps you didn't! GJP

 * Of course I knew that. I was joking. Sweetie Petie 22:56, 7 May 2006 (UTC)

OK I have discovered that Wokingham and Reading are counted as one Registration District and therefore he was probably born in the Maternity Hospital in Reading. I have, therefore, altered the entry accordingly.

 * Well I did say the district name was "Reading/Wokingham". IMDB says he was born in Wokingham. Sweetie Petie 10:27, 9 May 2006 (UTC)

So you did! Anyway, it certainly doesn't appear to be Hungerford.

 * If we knew Will's parents' first names we could get his birth certificate. That would be weird though. Sweetie Petie 14:31, 9 May 2006 (UTC)

 * On a point of information - if you get the birth certificate then you will know Will's parents' first names. There was only one William Robert Young born in Jan-Feb-Mar qtr 1979 in Reading / Wokingham, with Volume = 19 page = 0847. His mother's maiden name was Griffiths - all this is visible on the GRO index page, available in more than one place. Ian Cairns 16:26, 9 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Yeah I know that, but because Will was born within the last 50 years, we need to know his parents' first names before we can get hold of that birth certificate. But then again, we also need his place of birth, which is what we're trying to find out. Catch 22! Sweetie Petie 17:37, 9 May 2006 (UTC)

I know his parents first names but I'm not putting them on here!

 * The GRO have a much more stringent method of obtaining birth certificates now because of the prevalence of identity theft. I doubt you could get a birth certificate of a living person.Gill P

 * It doesn't matter anyway for the reasons Sweetie Petie gave above. — AnemoneProjectors  ( talk ) 15:52, 10 March 2007 (UTC)

I've changed the entry yet again, putting 'Reading/Wokingham' is idiotic, it just doesn't make any sense. Just Berkshire will do fine. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Nicwhite (talk • contribs) 00:26, 4 March 2008 (UTC)

John O'Shea
Is there any reliable source for the rumour that Will Young and John O'Shea (footballer) used to go out? (a source for the rumour, not necessarily proving it was true, although that would be best) Proto ::  type  13:35, 22 November 2006 (UTC)

I am certain there is absolutely no truth in this rumour. Will himself has said that he was always being connected with footballers in the media which he thought was very funny as he has never, ever, had a relationship with any footballer. He is a rugby fan as it happens and has said doesn't really know any footballers, apart from David Beckham. He sang at one of his parties and also at the pre-World Cup party with James Brown! Gill P 22:49, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

NPOV
I removed the bit in the introduction that said Will had a 'semi-sucessful' music career as I think thats a bit mean lol. He's continued to work as an entertainer as the article explains.Merkinsmum 19:26, 7 January 2007 (UTC)

I have removed all the reviews myself after discussing this with the person who originally put them there. We have decided that as Wikipedia is an encyclopaedia, reviews do not have a place on here. I trust that there are no more reviews in other biographies! Gill P 10:08, 18 February 2007 (UTC)

Vandalism
THE WIKI HAS CLEARLY BEEN VANDALISED AND HAS BEEN CONFUSED WITH DEREK RIORDAN????
 * Sorted. →Ollie (talk • contribs) 19:01, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

There has been vandalism again on this page. What is the point? I trust that the vandal has been removed from the site.Gill P 21:12, 10 February 2007 (UTC)

Once again someone has vandalised this entry and I am glad to say it has been removed. Gill P 08:22, 11 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Unfortunately, vandalism is a large problem for Wikipedia, and you will find that it affects most articles. If you see some, you can fix it yourself - find out how at the Help:Reverting page. →Ollie (talk • contribs) 14:31, 11 February 2007 (UTC)

Thank you. Gill P 17:08, 11 February 2007 (UTC)

I notice that this page is still being vandalised. Thanks to everyone who reverts to the original. I cannot imagine why people bother to type "Is gay" when that fact is in the body of the page anyway. Gill P 06:35, 5 May 2007 (UTC)

Someone keeps adding that Will's acting in The Vortex was panned by most critics. This is not true. He had some great reviews, particularly from the Evening Standard, the Manchester Evening News and various other newspapers and magazines. Please desist.Gill P 09:21, 21 May 2007 (UTC)

I trust that the person who said the disgusting things about me will be permanently banned.Gill P 18:31, 22 May 2007 (UTC)

Clean-up
What do you mean by "clean-up"?Oyster24 21:34, 23 August 2007 (UTC)
 * The Post-Idol section is rather poorly presented, it could do with a re-write. — AnemoneProjectors (会話) 21:56, 23 August 2007 (UTC)

Shall I do it then? I think it was because things were added as they happened (or were about to happen). Oyster24 05:26, 24 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Yes, that's a major problem of Wikipedia, I think. Things get added as they happen, with a date, on a new paragraph, and it ends up like a timeline. If you feel you can fix the section, please go ahead. — AnemoneProjectors (会話) 10:46, 24 August 2007 (UTC)

I have made an Awards section separate from the rest and have made it into slightly longer paragraphs and added a bit of info along the way. I will make sure it all reads OK before I put it in. Bear with me! Oyster24 19:03, 24 August 2007 (UTC)

Capital letters
I thought it was the general rule to use capital letters in songs only for the main words. However, if you are correct so be it!Oyster24 14:51, 29 September 2007 (UTC)
 * See WP:MUSTARD. "It" should be capitalised. — AnemoneProjectors (会話) 18:29, 29 September 2007 (UTC)

Citation needed?
Why, after all this time, has someone asked for a citation for Will's birthdate? This is well known and was mentioned in the actual programme, in the ITV website for Pop Idol and also in the book Anything Is Possible. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Oyster24 (talk • contribs) 21:47, 2 June 2008 (UTC)

I now understand why citations should be added. I will try and find references for some of the info in the article. Oyster24 (talk) 08:33, 20 June 2008 (UTC)

I have found some references which I have added. I will continue to search for links to improve the article. I really don't think it was necessary to put two requests for citations in the article! Oyster24 (talk) 07:45, 7 August 2008 (UTC)

Reported car crash
I can find no source to confirm this. Can someone provide one? --Delta1989 (talk) 21:07, 5 October 2009 (UTC)
 * Crash info removed, but I still want a source or some kind of response. --Delta1989 (talk) 21:11, 5 October 2009 (UTC)
 * Probably vandalism. People seem to enjoy saying celebrities have died. If it was true, there would be lots of news articles on the internet. AnemoneProjectors (talk) 21:18, 5 October 2009 (UTC)

On Will's official website there is a piece about him sliding in the ice into another car. Perhaps this is what the original writer meant. Oyster24 (talk) 11:16, 9 January 2010 (UTC)
 * There wasn't any ice on the roads in October last year, so I'm still sticking with vandalism, especially as they said Will Young had been killed. AnemoneProjectors (talk) 14:35, 9 January 2010 (UTC)

Sourcing needs improvement
IMDB, in particular, is not a very reliable source. Numerous sources do exist so if anyone is inspired please feel free to add them. -- Banj e b oi   11:43, 14 October 2009 (UTC)

Personal life section
The only information under the heading relates to Will's sexual orientation. The term "Personal life" is therefore a euphemism. I suggest the fact that Will is gay is incorporated somewhere in the main biography part of the article, or failing that the "Personal life" section be renamed as "Sexual orientation" Damson88 (talk) 23:05, 27 August 2011 (UTC)
 * Hi, I think even though it is the only thing in that section -"Personal life" - I think it sits ok there and allow a please for any added details if revealed. I haven't seen sections entitled "Sexual orientation" and it definitely isn't a common way to present someones sexuality. Is it normal that in reports of the subjects sexuality for it to be reported as "Will Young's sexual orientation is..? I also don't see anywhere it fits as well as it is now, imo. its not broken - nothing to fix. Off2riorob (talk) 23:39, 27 August 2011 (UTC)

Fans
their are quite a few fan sites like devoted to will young if you would like to put this in please do also please log into the site thanksAylish (talk) 12:30, 19 December 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20110717020913/http://theofficialcharts.com/top40_singles_last.php?week=1&end=08/03/2009%20-%2014/03/2009 to http://theofficialcharts.com/top40_singles_last.php?week=1&end=08/03/2009%20-%2014/03/2009
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Assessment comment
Substituted at 10:35, 30 April 2016 (UTC)

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 * Added tag to http://news.sky.com/skynews/Home/Sky-News-Archive/Article/20080641043396
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new interview
https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/music/will-young-teachers-looking-at-us-in-the-shower-the-bath-it-was-awful-that-s-why-i-ve-got-ptsd-1.4549135

this new interview should provide much that can be added to the article. Apologies, not up to doing it myself Wickedjacob (talk) 21:15, 30 April 2021 (UTC)

Homo Sapiens podcast
Was co-host of first few series of Homo Sapiens podcast. List under Other Ventures? 82.16.49.221 (talk) 10:16, 2 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Do you have a source with that claim? Iggy (Swan) (Contribs) 19:13, 2 March 2022 (UTC)

Discography
This section should have studio albums only in there - no compilation albums, no EPs etc. Thanks, Iggy (Swan) (Contribs) 07:46, 18 June 2022 (UTC)

 * Also it would appear it is just one person who keeps on adding the 20 years: Greatest Hits album by looking at the recent IP addresses and the same numbers at the beginning. Iggy (Swan) (Contribs) 07:48, 18 June 2022 (UTC)

 * One person also keeps adding the album to the lead section, in the form "Will also celebrated 20 years in the music industry, With a new release the compliation album 20 Years: The Greatest Hits." I'm not even sure it deserves mention in the lead, but certainly not in this promo/ tabloid style. Martinevans123 (talk) 07:52, 18 June 2022 (UTC)
 * Yet again, here and here, we have an anon IP, using Hutchison 3G, and geolocating to North Shields, reverting with no explanation or discussion. Martinevans123 (talk) 17:57, 18 June 2022 (UTC)
 * Oops, yes it is "20 Years: The Greatest Hits" as seen on the album cover. But I do agree with you re the green text in the lead - not sure if that is a celebration but certainly commemorates 20 years since the first Pop Idol win of the two.
 * Discussing is certainly better than edit warring between us and these Hutchison 3G IP addresses. Iggy (Swan) (Contribs) 21:06, 18 June 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Will Young


text:
Islam in Germany

Islam's significance in Germany has largely increased after the labour migration in the 1960s and several waves of political refugees since the 1970s.

According to a representative survey, it is estimated that in 2019, there were 5.3–5.6 million Muslims with a migrant background in Germany (6.4–6.7% of the population), in addition to an unknown number of Muslims without a migrant background. A similar survey in 2016 estimated a number of 4.4–4.7 million Muslims with a migrant background (5.4–5.7% of the population) at that time. An older survey in 2009 estimated a total number of up to 4.3 million Muslims in Germany at that time. There are also higher estimates: according to the German Islam Conference, Muslims represented 7% of the population in Germany in 2012.

In a 2014 academic publication, it was estimated that some 20,000-100,000 Germans converted to Islam, numbers which are comparable to those in France and in the United Kingdom.

Demographics
Islam is the largest minority religion in the country, with the Protestant and Roman Catholic confessions being the majority religions. Most Muslims in Germany have roots in Turkey, followed by Arab countries, former Yugoslavia (mostly of Kosovo-Albanian or Bosnian origin), Afghanistan and Iran. There are also a significant minority originated from Sub-Saharan Africa (mostly East Africa) and South Asia (mostly Pakistan). The large majority of Muslims live in former West Germany, including West Berlin. However, unlike in most other European countries, sizeable Muslim communities exist in some rural regions of Germany, especially Baden-Württemberg, Hesse and parts of Bavaria and North Rhine-Westphalia. Owing to the lack of labour immigration before 1989, there are only very few Muslims in the former East Germany. Among the German districts with the highest share of Muslim migrants are Groß-Gerau (district) and Offenbach (district) according to migrants data from the census 2011. The majority of Muslims in Germany are Sunnis, at 75%. There are Shia Muslims (7%) and mostly from Iran.

From the mid-2000s to 2016 there has been a surge migrants to Germany from outside Europe. Of the 680,000 regular migrants, 270,000 were Muslim. Additionally, of the 1,210,000 asylum seekers, 900,000 were Muslim (around 74%). Of the asylum seekers, 580,000 applicants were approved and 320,000 were denied or expected to be denied. According to the Pew Research Center, similar patterns of Muslim migration to Germany should be expected in the future and the Muslim population share is expected to grow.

In 2020 the Deutsche Islamkonferenz, based on a study, estimated between 5.3 and 5.6 Millionen Muslims lived in Germany.

When in June 2024 the results of the 2022 census were published by the Federal Statistical Office of Germany, it became evident, that the German government does not know how many Muslims live in Germany and where they are located. While the number and localisation of citizens attributed to major Christian denominations could be pulled from Resident registration, no such data were available on unrecognized religious communities. Furthermore questions about religious believes had been dropped from the 2022 census questionnaire.

Early history
Muslims first moved to Germany as part of the diplomatic, military and economic relations between Germany and the Ottoman Empire in the eighteenth century. Twenty Muslim soldiers served under Frederick William I of Prussia, at the beginning of the eighteenth century. In 1745, Frederick II of Prussia established a unit of Muslims in the Prussian army called the "Muslim Riders" and consisting mainly of Bosniaks, Albanians and Tatars. In 1760 a Bosnian Muslim corps was established with about 1,000 men. In 1798 a Muslim cemetery was established in Berlin. The cemetery, which moved in 1866, still exists today. A number of German philosophers expressed sympathy for Islam, including Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (who particularly admired the Sufi poetry of Hafez) and later Friedrich Nietzsche (in The Antichrist, he claimed that the Germanic spirit was closer to the Moors of Al-Andalus than that of Greece, Rome and Christianity).

The German Empire had over two million Muslim subjects, mostly Sunnis, in overseas colonies. The Majority lived in German East Africa. Several Muslim revolts against German colonial rule occurred, including the Adamawa Campaign, Maji Maji Rebellion and Abushiri revolt.

1920s to the 1940s

The Islamic Institut Ma'ahad-ul-Islam was founded in 1927 and is now known under the name "Zentralinstitut Islam-Archiv-Deutschland" (Central Islamic Archive Institute) and is the oldest such institution in Germany. Shortly after its founding the Nazi Party came to power the archive was forced to suspend all further work, until after the war. During World War II Grand Mufti of Jerusalem Haj Amin al-Husseini energetically recruited Muslims from occupied territories into several divisions of the Waffen SS (primarily the 13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian) and 21st Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Skanderbeg) and some other units.

In September 1943 Hitler specifically decreed that Muslim Germans could be members of the party as well as people of Christian denominations.

Post-war Germany
After the West German Government invited foreign workers ("Gastarbeiter") in 1961, the figure sharply rose to currently 4.3 million (most of them Turkish from the rural region of Anatolia in southeast Turkey). They are sometimes called a parallel society within ethnic Germans.

According to the German statistical office 9.1% of all newborns in Germany had Muslim parents in 2005.

In 2017, Muslims and Islamic institutions were targeted by attacks 950 times, where houses are painted with Nazi symbols, hijab-wearing women are harassed, threatening letters are sent and 33 people were injured. In nearly all cases, the perpetrators were right-wing extremists.

In May 2018 a court in Berlin upheld the right to the state's neutrality principle by barring a primary school teacher from wearing a headscarf during classes, where the court spokesman stated that children should be free of the influence that can be exerted by religious symbols.

According to a study in 2018 by Leipzig University, 56% of Germans sometimes thought the many Muslims made them feel like strangers in their own country, up from 43% in 2014. In 2018, 44% thought immigration by Muslims should be banned, up from 37% in 2014.

In December 2018, the government of Germany strengthened the control of Saudi, Kuwaiti and Qatari funding for radical mosque congregations. The measure was recommended by an anti-terrorist agency in Berlin (German: Terrorismus-Abwehrzentrum) which since 2015 had started to monitor Safalist proselytizing funding in the wake of the European migrant crisis to prevent refugees from becoming radicalized. Henceforth Gulf authorities are required to report payments and funding to the German Federal Foreign Office (German: Auswärtiges Amt).

Between 2010 and 2016, the number of Muslims living in Germany increased from 3.3 million (4.1% of the population) to nearly 5 million (6.1%). The most important factor in the growth of Germany's Muslim population is immigration.

In December 2018, there were no official statistics on how much funding mosques in Germany received from abroad.

In July 2020, federal state Baden-Württemberg banned face-covering veils for school pupils as an extension of the ban which was already in force for staff.

Denominations

Muslims in Germany belong to several different branches of Islam (approximate data):
 * Sunnis 2,640,000
 * Alevis 500,000
 * Twelvers Shi'as 225,500
 * Alawites 70,000
 * Ahmadiyya 35,000-45,000
 * Salafis 10,300
 * Sufis 10,000
 * Ismailis 1,900
 * Zaydis 800
 * Ibadis 270

Islamic organisations
Only a minority of the Muslims residing in Germany are members of religious associations.

Sunni

 * Diyanet İşleri Türk İslam Birliği (DİTİB): German branch of the Turkish Presidency for Religious Affairs, Cologne. As of 2016, the Turkish government funds and provides staff for 900 of Germany's roughly 3000 mosques run by DİTİB.
 * Islamische Gemeinschaft Milli Görüş: close to the Islamist Saadet Partisi in Turkey, Kerpen near Cologne
 * Islamische Gemeinschaft Jamaat un-Nur (de): German branch of the Risale-i Nur Society (Said Nursi)
 * Islamische Gemeinschaft in Deutschland organization of Arab Muslims close to the Muslim Brotherhood, Frankfurt

In addition there are numerous local associations without affiliation to any of these organisations. Two organisations have been banned in 2002 because their programme was judged as contrary to the constitution: The "Hizb ut-Tahrir" and the so-called "Caliphate State" founded by Cemalettin Kaplan and later led by his son Metin Kaplan.

Shia

 * Islamische Gemeinschaft der schiitischen Gemeinden Deutschlands (IGS): Head organization that unite all Shiite mosques and associations in Germany, with being the Islamic Centre Hamburg the most important Shia mosque in Germany.
 * Al-Mustafa Institut Berlin: A branch of the Al-Mustafa International University in Qum, Iran to Islamic theology to students in Germany and Europe.

Ahmadiyya

 * Ahmadiyya Muslim Jamaat Deutschland K.d.ö.R.: German branch of the worldwide Ahmadiyya Community. There is no ethnicity or race associated with this community although most of the members of the community residing in Germany are of Pakistani origin.  The Ahmadiyya  Community was established in Germany in 1923 in Berlin and is one of the largest in Europe.  Communities exist in Baden-Württemberg, Lower Saxony, North Rhine-Westphalia, Hesse and Bremen.
 * Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement: German branch of the worldwide Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement.

Liberal Islam

 * Ibn Ruschd-Goethe mosque in Berlin was founded by Seyran Ateş. The liberal mosque has been condemned by the Turkish religious authority and the Egyptian Fatwa Council at the Al-Azhar University.
 * Ibn Rushd Prize for Freedom of Thought

Wahhabism

 * King Fahd Academy, sponsored by Saudi Arabia. The school was closed at the end of the 2016/2017 school year, after long-running criticism that it was attracting Islamists to Germany.
 * According to the FFGI at Goethe University Frankfurt, wahhabist ideology is spread in Germany as in other European country mostly by an array of informal, personal and organisational networks, where organisations closely associated with the government of Saudi Arabia such as the Muslim World League (WML) and the World Association of Muslim Youth are actively participating.

Others

 * Verband der islamischen Kulturzentren: German branch of the conservative Süleymancı sect in Turkey, Cologne
 * Verband der Islamischen Gemeinden der Bosniaken: Bosnian Muslims, Kamp-Lintfort near Duisburg
 * Zentralinstitut Islam-Archiv-Deutschland e.V. : Documentary of Islamic Foundation-writings since 1739. The Islamic Institute was founded in 1942 (Sooner called Ma'ahad-ul-Islam Institut).

Umbrella organisations
Furthermore, there are the following umbrella organisations:
 * Central Council of Muslims in Germany (Zentralrat der Muslime in Deutschland)
 * Islamic Council in Germany (Islamrat in Deutschland)

Education

 * The A-Nur-Kita preschool was closed in February 2019 due to its parent organisation, the mosque association Arab Nil Rhein in Mainz propagated material from the Muslim Brotherhood and salafist ideology. Therefore, the parent association was incompatible with the constitution of Germany. This was the first time authorities closed any preschool in Rhineland-Palatinate (German: Rheinland-Pfalz). A-Nur-Kita was the first and only Muslim preschool in Rhineland-Palatinate.

Controversies
As elsewhere in Western Europe, the rapid growth of the Muslim community in Germany has led to social tensions and political controversy, partly connected to Islamic extremism, and more generally due to the perceived difficulties of multiculturalism and fears of Überfremdung.

Antisemitism
A 2012 poll showed that 18% of the Turks in Germany think of Jews as inferior human beings. A 2017 study on Jewish perspectives on antisemitism in Germany by Bielefeld University found that individuals and groups belonging to the extreme right and extreme left were equally represented as perpetrators of antisemitic harassment and assault, while the largest part of the attacks were committed by Muslim assailants. The study also found that 70% of the participants feared a rise in antisemitism due to immigration citing the antisemitic views of the refugees. Many of this started in 2015 when a large quantity of islamic refugees entered Germany.

According to the Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution, the majority of Islamist organizations in Germany cultivate antisemitic propaganda and distribute it in various ways.

In the education system
One issue concerns the wearing of the head-scarf by teachers in schools and universities. The right to practice one's religion, stated by the teachers in question, contradicts in the view of many the neutral stance of the state towards religion. As of 2006, many of the German federal states have introduced legislation banning head-scarves for teachers. However, such a ban in North-Rhein Westphalia was declared as unconstitutional in 2015 by the Federal Constitutional Court.

In the German federal states with the exception of Bremen, Berlin and Brandenburg, lessons of religious education overseen by the respective religious communities are taught as an elective subject in state schools. It is being discussed whether apart from the Catholic and Protestant (and in a few schools, Jewish) religious education that currently exists, a comparable subject of Islamic religious education should be introduced as a regular part of the curricula. In several states, trials for Islamic religious education are being conducted, while in the states of Hessen, Lower-Saxony and Northrhine-Westphalia, Islamic religious education already is integrated as a regular class. The problem that the cooperation with Islamic organisations is hampered by the fact that none of them can be considered as representative of the whole Muslim community.

The discussion of religious (Islamic) education in German schools started in the 1970s, and also symmetrically with issues of Qur'anic classes as well as its deterrent effects on the integration of Turkish students into the country.

Construction of mosques and other projects
The construction of mosques is occasionally resisted by anti Muslim reactions in the neighborhoods concerned. For example, in 2007 an attempt by Muslims to build a large mosque in Cologne sparked a controversy.

There are now 18 official mosques in the country that have been established as mosques since time immemorial. Muslim places of worship (such as mosques and other places of worship) are estimated at between 1,000 and 1,200. Most of these mosques are temporarily built and are mostly located in rented places, factories or warehouses. According to the archives of the Central Institute of Islam, the most important mosques in Germany are located in cities such as Hamburg, Berlin, Mannheim, Marl, Dortmund, Cologne, Frankfurt, Wesling, Bonn, Zingen, Fortsheim, as well as mosques. The cities of Aachen and Munich are important mosques in Germany. These mosques are far from the city center and are often located in industrial areas.

Islamic Theological Studies
In 2010, the German Ministry of Education and Research established Islamic Theological Studies as an academic discipline at public universities in order to train teachers for Islamic religious education and Muslim theologians. Since then, Islamic theological departments have been established at several universities, conducting research and teaching on Islam from a theological perspective.

Islamic fundamentalism
Concerns of Islamic fundamentalism came to the fore after 11 September 2001, especially with respect to Islamic fundamentalism among second- and third-generation Muslims in Germany - the Hamburg cell, which included Mohamed Atta, was prominent in the planning and execution of 11 September attacks. Also the various confrontations between Islamic religious law (Sharia) and the norms of German Grundgesetz and culture are the subject of intense debate. German critics include both liberals and Christian groups. The former claim that Islamic fundamentalism violates basic fundamental rights whereas the latter maintain that Germany is a state and society grounded in the Christian tradition.

According to a 2007 Federal Ministry of the Interior report almost half of all young Muslims in Germany support fundamentalist views. About 12% of Muslims in Germany identified with moral-religious criticism against Western societal values in combination with corporal punishment up to and including the death penalty.

According to a 2012 poll, 72% of the Turks in Germany believe that Islam is the only true religion and 46% wish that one day more Muslims live in Germany than Christians. According to a 10-year survey by the University of Bielefeld, which dealt with different aspects of attitudes to Islam, "distrust" of Islam is widespread in Germany with only 19 per cent of Germans believing that Islam is compatible with German culture.

According to 2013 study by Social Science Research Center Berlin, two thirds of the Muslims interviewed say that religious rules are more important to them than the laws of the country in which they live, almost 60 per cent of the Muslim respondents reject homosexuals as friends; 45 per cent think that Jews cannot be trusted; and an equally large group believes that the West is out to destroy Islam (Christian respondents' answers for comparison: As many as 9 per cent are openly anti-Semitic; 13 per cent do not want to have homosexuals as friends; and 23 per cent think that Muslims aim to destroy Western culture).

According to a 2012 poll, 25% of the Turks in Germany believe atheists are inferior human beings.

Salafism
Salafism is a part of the Sunni branch of Islam which is a revival of original Islamic ideals. Salafists strive to live exclusively according to the Quran and Sunnah. According to German authorities, Salafism is incompatible with the principles codified in the Constitution of Germany, in particular democracy, the rule of law and a political order based on human rights. According to the German security service, the Salafist movement attracts rising numbers. In 2011 there were an estimated 3800 Salafists in Germany, which rose to 10300 in September 2017. According to head of security office Hans-Georg Maaßen, the Salafist scene in Germany is not dominated by any one single individual, but instead a great many persons have to be monitored.

According to German Federal Agency for Civic Education, the Salafist movement in Germany is centered in the Frankfurt Rhine-Main metropolitan area, North Rhine-Westphalia and Berlin. In these areas, mosques and charismatic imams are the driving factors behind recruitment to the Salafist movement.

In 2016, the interior ministry of North Rhine-Westphalia reported that the number of mosques with a Salafist influence had risen from 30 to 55, which indicated both an actual increase and improved reporting.

In February 2017, the German Salafist mosque organisation Berliner Fussilet-Moscheeverein was banned by authorities. Anis Amri, the perpetrator of the 2016 Berlin truck attack, was said to be among its visitors. In March 2017, the German Muslim community organisation Deutschsprachige Islamkreis Hildesheim was also banned after investigators found that its members were preparing to travel to the conflict zone in Syria to fight for the Islamic State. According to the Federal Agency for Civic Education, these examples show that Salafist mosques not only concern themselves with religious matters, but also prepare serious crimes and terrorist activities.

Islamist scene in Germany
Turkish and Kurdish Islamist groups are also active in Germany, and Turkish and Kurdish Islamists have co-operated in Germany as in the case of the Sauerland terror cell. Political scientist Guido Steinberg stated that many top leaders of Islamist organizations in Turkey fled to Germany in the 2000s, and that the Turkish (Kurdish) Hizbullah has also "left an imprint on Turkish Kurds in Germany." Also many Kurds from Iraq (there are about 50,000 to 80,000 Iraqi Kurds in Germany) financially supported Kurdish-Islamist groups like Ansar al Islam. Many Islamists in Germany are ethnic Kurds (Iraqi and Turkish Kurds) or Turks. Before 2006, the German Islamist scene was dominated by Iraqi Kurds and Palestinians, but since 2006 Kurds and Turks from Turkey are dominant.

In 2016, the German security service estimated that about 24 000 Muslims were part of Islamists movements in Germany, of which 10 000 belonged to the Salafist scene.

In 2016, 90 mosques were monitored by the Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution for their islamist ideology. These were mostly Arabic-language "backyard mosques" where self-appointed imams exhorted their followers to wage jihad.

Since the start of 2017 until April 2018, 80 Islamist extremists without German citizenship were deported to their home countries.

In March 2018, there were 760 Islamists in Germany classified as dangerous by police authorities, of which more than half were on German territory and 153 of the latter were in prison.

In recent years, Mosques in Germany have been receiving larger quantities of hate mail as well as threats.

Sharia police trial
A group of men were walking the streets of Wuppertal carrying vests labelled "Sharia Police". The men claimed they wanted to talk to young Muslims and discourage them from visiting betting halls, brothels and stop them from drinking alcohol. They were charged with breaching the regulation against carrying political uniforms but were acquitted by the district court in Wuppertal. The prosecutor appealed the decision to the German Federal Court of Justice, which annulled the acquittal in January 2018. In the retrial, the men were convicted and sentenced to pay fines as their garments suggested militancy due to the violent nature of similarly named organisations in the Middle East.

Banning of IHH Germany
In July 2010, Germany outlawed the Internationale Humanitäre Hilfsorganisation e.V. (IHH Germany), saying it had used donations to support Hamas, which is considered by the European Union and Germany to be a terrorist organization, while presenting their activities to donors as humanitarian help. German Interior Minister Thomas de Maiziere said, "Donations to so-called social welfare groups belonging to Hamas, such as the millions given by IHH, actually support the terror organization Hamas as a whole." IHH e.V. was believed by the German Authorities to have collected money in mosques and to have sent $8.3 million to organizations related to Hamas.

Religiosity of young Muslims
Studies show that while not all Muslims are religious, Muslim youths are markedly more religious than non-Muslim youths. A study comparing Turkish Muslim youths living in Germany and German youth found that the former were more likely to attend religious services regularly (35% versus 14%).

41% of young Turkish Muslim boys and 52% of the girls said they prayed "sometimes or regularly"; 64% of boys and 74% of girls said they wanted to teach their children religion.

Categories

 * List of Turkish Germans
 * List of German people of Kurdish descent
 * List of German people of Moroccan descent
 * List of German people of Lebanese descent
 * List of German people of Iranian descent
 * List of German people of Palestinian descent

Rest

 * Vaneeza Ahmad, Pakistani-German model
 * Laith Al-Deen, German singer
 * Mehmed Ali Pasha (marshal) was a German-born Ottoman soldier
 * Nadiem Amiri, German professional footballer
 * Azet, German rapper
 * Kristiane Backer, German television presenter, television journalist and author
 * Danny Blum, German Soccer player
 * Bushido, German rapper
 * Denis Cuspert, German militant Islamist and former rapper
 * Mahmoud Dahoud, football player
 * Ibrahim El-Zayat, European Muslim activist in Germany and has been a functionary in many important Islamic organizations in Germany, Europe, and Saudi Arabia.
 * Cemile Giousouf, German politician and a member of the German parliament Bundestag
 * Fritz Grobba was a German diplomat during the interwar period and World War II
 * Karim Guédé, football player
 * Kollegah, German rapper
 * Murad Wilfried Hofmann, prominent German diplomat and author
 * Hadayatullah Hübsch, German writer and journalist
 * Lamya Kaddor, German writer and known for introducing Islamic education in German in public schools in Germany
 * Jawed Karim, German-American Internet entrepreneur
 * Elsa Kazi was a German writer of one-act plays, short stories, novels and history, and a poet
 * Hasnain Kazim, author and journalist, correspondent of the German news magazine Der Spiegel and Spiegel Online
 * Rani Khedira, football player
 * Sami Khedira, German Soccer player
 * Sead Kolašinac, Bosnian professional footballer
 * Mojib Latif, Professor, meteorologist and oceanographer
 * Johann von Leers was a member of the Waffen SS in Nazi Germany, where he was also a professor known for his anti-Jewish polemics
 * Jamal Malik, Professor of Islamic Studies and chair of Religious Studies, University of Erfurt, Germany
 * Shkodran Mustafi, German professional footballer
 * Nash, German rapper
 * Adam Neuser was a popular pastor and theologian
 * Morsal Obeidi, murder victim, of Afghan origin
 * Nura Habib Omer, German rapper
 * Susanne Osthoff, German archaeologist
 * Leroy Sané, German football player
 * Annemarie Schimmel
 * Adel Tawil, German singer
 * Bassam Tibi, political scientist and Professor of International Relations
 * Pierre Vogel (born 1978), also known as Abu Hamza (أبو حمزة), German Salafi Islamist preacher and former professional boxer
 * Linda Wenzel, German schoolgirl who went missing in 2016 after converting to Islam and joining Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant

title: Islam in Germany


text:
Talk:Charlotte Benkner

Untitled
She is already a super-centenarian (110-119 years,) but do you think she will live to be a mega-centenarian (120-129 years)?? (See the talk page of super-centenarian.)

Honestly, probably not. People who get the title of "Oldest person in the world" don't usually hold it for more than 2 of 3 years, tops - 5 years is really pushing it. →Raul654 00:45, Mar 18, 2004 (UTC)

While her family keeps me up to date on her health,this really isn't a place I'd care to discuss it.She has beaten the odds many times thus far but we can't tell how long she will continue doing it. Once again,I regard the coined term "mega-centenarian" (which implies 100 million years old!) to be quite foolish.None of my colleagues in the study of supercentenarians ever use it.--Louis Epstein/12.144.5.2/le@put.com

Well, what other term do you have?? "Super super centenarian" is certainly silly because it is wordy. "Duo centenarian" properly means 102. Please also note that the mega that this is identical to on purpose is the MEGA COMBO from the Atomica game at http://www.popcap.com, NOT the SI prefix for a milion. 66.32.70.244 01:48, 8 May 2004 (UTC)

On the other hand, there are those of us who plan to be true mega-cenetarians :) →Raul654 01:49, May 8, 2004 (UTC)

 * I'm sorry I haven't made this clear enough on the other talk page,if I haven't.At the present time I think it inappropriate to divide the category "supercentenarian",which should be used for all ages from 110 upwards without limit.The death rate in this age bracket is so extreme that those who survive an additional decade will be extremely few for years to come."Quasquicentenarian" (125),"Sesquicentenarian" (150),and other terms await the currently nonexistent need for them.Should the international scientific community studying supercentenarians agree on any other terms I will know about it,since I compile the standard list of documented supercentenarians.I am quite certain that a computer game will not be used as a basis for the terminology,especially if it indulges in casual misuse of SI prefixes.

 * Raul,I've come up with a system of naming numbers that we'd need a whole new set of physical laws to live that long counting any unit of time!...but I don't plan on dying.--Louis E./User:12.144.5.2/le@put.com

Charlotte's death
I knew she had been hospitalized lately and it didn't look good...I just heard from my family contact that she died this evening.--L.E./12.144.5.2/le@put.com

Obituaries have now hit the wires with a few details.Will probably link one later.--L.E.

title: Talk:Charlotte Benkner


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Orphanage (band)

Orphanage were a death metal/gothic metal band from the Netherlands.

History
The band was formed in 1993 and released their first demos Morph (1993) and Druid (1994). Orphanage then recorded their first full album Oblivion, and one year later released their second album, By Time Alone. In 1997, the band released the EP At the Mountains of Madness, and worked three years on the album Inside, which was released in 2000. The last album Driven was released in 2004. On 18 October 2005 the band announced that they had disbanded. All four studio albums were released on the Nuclear Blast and DSFA labels.

Line-up

 * Final line-up
 * George Oosthoek – harsh vocals (1994–2005)
 * Rosan van der Aa – clean vocals (1995–2005)
 * Theo Holsheimer – guitars (2004–2005)
 * Marcel Verdurmen – guitars (2004–2005)
 * Guus Eikens – keyboards (1993–2000, 2004–2005), guitar (2000–2004)
 * Remko van der Spek – bass (2000–2005)
 * Sureel – drums (2000–2005)

 * Former members
 * Jason Köhnen – harsh vocals (1993)
 * Stefan Ruiters – clean vocals (1993)
 * Martine van Loon – clean vocals (1994–1995)
 * Lex Vogelaar – guitars (1993–2000)
 * Lasse Dellbrügge – keyboards (2000–2004)
 * Eric Hoogendoorn – bass (1993–2000)
 * Stephen van Haestregt – drums (1993–1994)
 * Jules Vleugels – drums (1995)
 * Erwin Polderman – drums (1995–2000)

Discography

 * Studio albums
 * Oblivion (1995)
 * By Time Alone (1996)
 * Inside (2000)
 * Driven (2004)
 * EPs
 * At the Mountains of Madness (1997)
 * The Sign Tour (2003)

title: Orphanage (band)


text:
Johann Jakob Kaup

Johann Jakob von Kaup (10 April 1803 – 4 July 1873) was a German naturalist. A proponent of natural philosophy, he believed in an innate mathematical order in nature and he attempted biological classifications based on the Quinarian system. Kaup is also known for having coined popular prehistoric taxa like Pterosauria, Machairodus, Deinotherium, Dorcatherium, and Chalicotherium.

Biography
He was born at Darmstadt. After studying at Göttingen and Heidelberg he spent two years at Leiden, where his attention was specially devoted to the amphibians and fishes. He then returned to Darmstadt as an assistant in the grand ducal museum, of which in 1840 he became inspector. In 1829 he published Skizze zur Entwickelungsgeschichte der europäischen Thierwelt, in which he regarded the animal world as developed from lower to higher forms, from the amphibians through the birds to the beasts of prey; but subsequently he repudiated this work as a youthful indiscretion, and on the publication of Darwin's Origin of Species he declared himself against its doctrines. The extensive fossil deposits in the neighbourhood of Darmstadt gave him ample opportunities for palaeontological inquiries, and he gained considerable reputation by his Beiträge zur näheren Kenntniss der urweltlichen Säugethiere (1855–1862). He also wrote Classification der Säugethiere und Vögel (1844), and, with Heinrich Georg Bronn, Die Gavial-artigen Reste aus dem Lias (1842–1844). He was elected as a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1862.

He died at Darmstadt.

Mastodon fossil
A particularly important incident in the history of paleontology involves Kaup. In 1854 he bought the American mastodon found in 1799 in Orange County, New York. This is the mastodon immortalized in Charles Willson Peale's painting of the 1801 excavation (painting executed between 1806 and 1808). This mastodon was on display for many years in Peale's Philadelphia Museum and is currently on display in Hessisches Landesmuseum Darmstadt, Germany This mastodon is the first complete example found in the United States, and may be only the second fossil animal ever mounted for display.

Taxon described by him

 * See Category:Taxa named by Johann Jakob Kaup

Taxon named in his honor

 * Kaupichthys L. P. Schultz, 1943 is a genus of eels of the family Chlopsidae that was named after him.
 * Physiculus kaupi Poey, 1865 is a bathydemersal fish found in the Western Atlantic Ocean.

title: Johann Jakob Kaup


text:
Talk:Just tuning

Surely "just tuning" is a synonym of "just intonation"? Is there any reason not to combine the two articles into one? --Camembert

It would make that article rather large. Perhaps I didn't name it so well and should call it ... table, which is what it is. RayTomes 02:40, 18 Mar 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Just tuning


text:
Talk:ISO 3166-2:NZ

Untitled
One is tempted to suggest that the page is no longer a stub. What can be added?
 * robinp 00:48, 18 Mar 2004 (UTC)

I agree it's not a stub any more. But can someone explain why the same list appears twice? What's the difference between the Regions list and the Decoding List? Bkonrad | Talk 02:31, 18 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * Thanks, Bk; I found difference (not obvious at first look or maybe even 2nd look) and edited to explain. :robinp 05:54, 18 Mar 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:ISO 3166-2:NZ


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Muthuswami Dikshitar

Muthuswami Dikshitar (Mudduswamy Dikshitar) (, 24 March 1776 – 21 October 1835), mononymously Dikshitar, was a South Indian poet, singer and veena player, and a composer of Indian classical music, who is considered one of the musical trinity of Carnatic music. Muthuswami Dikshitar was born on 24 March 1776 in Tiruvarur near Thanjavur, in what is now the state of Tamil Nadu in India, to a family that is traditionally traced back to Virinichipuram in the northern boundaries of the state.

His compositions, of which around 500 are known and are noted for their elaborate, poetic descriptions of Hindu gods / temples and for capturing the essence of the raga forms through the vainika (veena) style that emphasises gamakas. They are in a slower speed (chowka kala). He is also known by his signature name of Guruguha which is also his mudra (and can be found in each of his songs). His compositions are sung and played in classical concerts of Carnatic music.

The musical trinity consists of Dikshitar, Tyagaraja (1767–1847), and Syama Sastri (1762–1827). However, unlike the Telugu compositions of the others, his compositions are predominantly in Sanskrit. He also composed some of his kritis in Manipravalam (a combination of the Sanskrit and Tamil languages).

There are two schools of thought regarding the pronunciation of his name. The name is pronounced as 'Muthuswamy Dikshitar'. Muthuswami is a common Tamil name (Muthu translates to pearl in Tamil, cognate to Muktha/Moti in Sanskrit and Hindi) and is derived from Selvamuthukumaraswamy, a deity of the famed Vaideeswaran temple in Myladuthurai. However, T K Govinda Rao explains in Compositions of Mudduswamy Dikshitar that "the word Muddayya is an epithet of Kumaraswami or Guha. Further, in the original Telugu publication of Sangita Sampradaya Pradarshini (1904) Sri Subbarama Dikshitar mentions his name as Mudduswamy. Also, in the known composition of Dikshitar, "Bhajare re Chitha" in raga Kalyani, the "mudra" or signature of the composer appears in the text as "Guruguha Roopa Muddu Kumara Jananeem".

Early life
Muthuswami Dikshitar was born in a Brahmin family on 24 March, 1776, in Tiruvarur near Thanjavur in what is now the state of Tamil Nadu in India. He was the eldest son of the composer, Ramaswami Dikshitar who instructed in a number of subjects including the vedas, poetry, music, and astronomy. Muthuswami had two brothers, Chinnaswami and Balaswami, and a sister,. Muthuswami's father, Ramaswami Dikshitar, born circa 1735, from an Auttara Vadama family in Virinchipuram, had moved South due to the politically troubled environment around Kanchipuram and Virinchipuram at that time. Ramaswamy Dikshithar trained in the veena under Venkata Vaidyanatha Dikshitar, who belonged to the lineage of Govinda Dikshitar and Venkatamakhin and this is evident in Muthuswami's works which follow the Venkatamakhin raga system.

Muthuswami moved to the town of Manali, near Madras (now Chennai) at the behest of Venkatakrishna Mudaliar, a local zamindar. The Dikshitar brothers accompanied the zamindar to Fort St. George nearby where they were introduced to Western orchestral music and the violin. An ascetic named Chidambaranatha Yogi then took Muthuswami under his wing and away to the city of Benares (now Varanasi in Uttar Pradesh). There he was instructed in music, esoterics, philosophy, and yoga. He was also exposed to Hindustani classical music, particularly the Dhrupad style, which, according to some scholars, would influence his later compositions.

Upon the death of Chidamabaranatha Yogi, Dikshitar returned South from Benares and moved to the town of Tiruttani near Tirupati.

Career
According to legend, Murugan, the deity of the temple at Tirutani, placed a piece of sugar candy in Dikshitar's mouth and commanded him to sing. This marked the beginning of his career in music and also led to him adopting the mudra, Guruguha, one of the many names of Murugan. His first composition was  in the raga Maya Malavagaula and Adi tala.

The song addressed the Lord (and/or the guru) in the first declension (Vibhakthi) in Sanskrit. Dikshitar later composed kritis in all the eight declensions on the Lord. These are with epithets glorifying Muruga in the ascetic/preceptor form and have few references to the deity in the saguna form, as at Thiruthani.

He then went on a pilgrimage visiting and composing at the temples at Kanchi, Tiruvannamalai, Chidambaram, Tirupathi and Kalahasthi, Srirangam, before returning to Tiruvarur.

Muthuswami Dikshitar attained proficiency over the veena, and the influence of veena playing is evident in his compositions, particularly the gamakas. In his kriti Balagopala, he introduces himself as a , "a player of the veena". He experimented with the violin, and among his disciples, Vadivelu of the Thanjavur Quartet, and his brother Balaswami Dikshitar pioneered the use of violin in Carnatic music, now an integral part of most Carnatic ensembles.

On his return to Tiruvarur, he composed on every deity in the Tiruvarur temple complex including Tyagaraja (an amsham of Lord Shiva), the presiding deity, Nilotpalambal, his consort, and the Goddess Kamalambal an independent deity of high tantric significance in the same temple complex. This is when he composed the famous Kamalamba Navavarna kritis, filled with exemplary sahityas on the deities of the Sri Chakra which proved to be the showcase of his compositions. These navavaranams were in all the eight declensions of the Sanskrit language and are sung as a highlight of Guruguha Jayanti celebrated every year. He continued to display his prowess by composing the Navagraha Kritis in praise of the nine planets. The sahitya of the songs reflect a profound knowledge of the Mantra and Jyotisha sastras. The Nilotpalamba Kritis is another classic set of compositions which revived dying ragas like Narayanagaula, Purvagaula, and Chayagaula.

Death and legacy
Muthuswami Dikshitar died on 21 October 1835 at Ettayapuram. He had no children. A samadhi was erected at Ettayapuram in his memory and attracts musicians and admirers of his art.

Muthuswami Dikshitar's brothers Chinnaswami (1778–c. 1823) and Balaswami Dikshitar (1786–1858) were also noted musicians. Chinnaswami composed some kritis while Balaswami adapted and pioneered the use of the Western violin in Carnatic music. The two of them were primarily vocalists and performed together as a duo singing Muthuswami's compositions. Balaswami's grandson was the composer and scholar, Subbarama Dikshitar (1839–1906). In his Sangeeta Sampradaya Pradarshini, Subbarama records 229 of Muthuswami Dikshitar's kritis.

Dikshitar's disciples included a number of artists who carried forward his tradition. They included the Tanjore quartet brothers, Ponnayya Pillai, Vadivelu, Chinnayya and Sivanandam, the mridangam player Tambiyappa, the veena player Venkatarama Ayyar of Avudayarkoil, Tiruvarur Kamalam, Vallalarkoil Ammani, Kornad Ramaswamy, Tirukkadeyur Bharati, Thevvoor Subrahmania Ayyar, and the son of his Shyama Shastri, Subbaraya Shastri.

With the creativity and spiritual value embedded in his compositions, Dikshitar is considered one of the Trinity of Carnatic music alongside his two contemporaries from Tiruvarur, Tyagaraja and Shyama Shastri. The Carnatic musician M Balamuralikrishna had composed a song in his honour in the raga Sucharitra, 'Cintayāmi Satatam Śrī Mudduswāmi Dīkṣitam'.

Compositions
His total compositions are about 450 to 500, most of which are sung by musicians today in Carnatic music concerts. Most of his compositions are in Sanskrit and in the Krithi form, i.e., poetry set to music. Muthuswami Dikshitar travelled to many holy shrines throughout his life, and composed krithis on the deities and temples he visited. Dikshitar is considered to have composed on the wide range of deities for any composer.

Each of his compositions are well crafted. The compositions are known for the depth and soulfulness of the melody — his visions of some of the ragas are still the final word on their structure. His Sanskrit lyrics are in praise of the temple deity, but Muthuswami introduces the Advaita thought into his songs, resolving the inherent relationship between Advaita philosophy and polytheistic worship. His songs also contain information about the history of the temple, and its background, thus preserving many customs followed in these old shrines. Another feature in his compositions are the proficient rhyming of lines in the lyrics.

Muthuswami also undertook the project of composing in all the 72 Melakartha ragas, (in his Asampurna Mela scheme) thereby providing a musical example for many rare and lost ragas. Also, he was the pioneer in composing samashti charanam krithis (songs in which the main stanza or pallavi is followed by only one stanza, unlike the conventional two). Dikshitar was a master of tala and is the only composer to have kritis in all the seven basic talas of the Carnatic scheme. Dikshitar shows his skill in Sanskrit by composing in all the eight declensions.

Muthuswami Dikshitar composed many kritis in groups. Vatapi Ganapatim is regarded his best-known work.

Muthuswami Dikshitar composed one song (Shri Kantimatim Shankara Yuvatim Shri Guruguhajananim Vandeham. Samashti Charanam Hrîmkâra Bîjâkâra vadanâm Hiranya manimaya Shôbhâ Sadanâm) on the Nellaiappar Temple goddess Kanthimathi Amman. This song is considered to be a song set in the rare raga. He is also said to have composed a Rama Ashtapathi along with Upanishad Brahmendral at Kanchipuram. This work has been lost.

At a young age, Dikshitar was also exposed to the music of the Western bands at Fort St. George. At a later stage, Dikshitar composed some forty songs to several (mostly western folk) tunes loosely adopted to ragas such as Shankarabharanam. This corpus is now known as nottusvara sahitya (etym. nottusvara = "notes" swara). The influence of Celtic and Baroque styles in these compositions is evident (e.g., Sakthi Sahitha Ganapatim, to the tune of voulez-vous dancer, Varashiva Balam). There is an erroneous belief that these were composed at the behest of CP Brown, the Collector of Cuddappah. This is not possible as the two could have never met. Muthuswami Diskhitar had left Madras by 1799. Brown came to Madras only in 1817, learned Telugu in 1820 and moved to Cuddappah the same year.

The Dikshitars Sri-vidyA upAsana and his many navAvaranas

No discussion of the Dikshitar can ignore his Sri-vidyA upAsana and his navAvarana pujA.

Indeed, the navAvarana structure is NOT confined to the kamalAmbA dEvi.

The Sri-vidyA upAsana is also not limited by grammar/vibhakti sets.

It has been found that the navAvarana structure exists for multiple other deities. See details in the references for the navAvarana sets listed/linked below.

In fact, the rAgas chosen are related by their word names to the Cakra and the rAga/Cakra mudra is embedded in direct or indirect form which is another mark of the Dikshitar.

In all cases, the complete set of 9 kritis form the composite navAvarana.

dhyAna and mangala kritis exist for some of the navAvarana sets such as tiruttani guruguha and kamalAmbA.

The tiruttani guruguha navAvarana (with dhyAna and mangala kritis)

Most importantly, the Dikshitar gives the words “bhupurAdi navAvaranasya” in the very first Cakra kriti in rAga purvi to this important deity of tiruttani kSEtra

The Cakra names are given (note there are 2 separate ways the Cakras are named, each of the 2 sets is shown)

1.     Sri guruguhasya dAsOham  – Cakra 1 purvi trailOkya mOhana - bhu-purA

2.     Sri nAthAdi guruguhO -Cakra 2 mAyAmAlavagaula sarvAshA paripura- SOdaSadala

3.     mAnasa guruguha - Cakra 3 Anandabhairavi  sarva-samkSObhana-aSta dala padma

4.     guruguhAya bhaktAnugrahAya – Cakra 4  sAma  sarva-saubhAgya dAyaka-CaturdaSa

5.     Sri guruguha murttE – Cakra 5 udaya-raviCandrika  sarva-Artha sAdhaka- bahir-daSa

6.     gurumurtE bahukirtE – Cakra 6 SankarAbharanam    sarva-rakSAkara -  antara-daSa

7.     Sri gurunA pAlitOsmi – Cakra 7 pAdi sarva-rOga harana-   aStara

8.     Sri guruguha swAmini  - Cakra 8 bhAnumati  sarva-siddhi pradAya -  trikOna

9.     guruguhAdanyam – Cakra 9 balahamsa  sarva-Anandamaya -   bindu

dhyAna kriti

Saravana bhava guruguham – rEvagupti

mangala kriti

Sri guruguha tArayASumAm – dEvakriya

The bAlAmbikA navAvarana at vaidyanAtha kSEtra = vaithiSwaran kOvil

1. bAlAmbikayA katAkSitOham Cakra 1 SrIranjani

2. gIticakrarathasthitAyai Cakra 2 kannada

3. gAnalOlE bAlE Cakra 3 nAgavarALi

4. bAlAmbikAyai namastE Cakra 4 nATakuraNji

5. bAlAmbikE pAhi Cakra 5 manOranjani

6. bAlAmbikAyAH: Cakra 6 kEdAragauLa

7. bAlAmbikAyAh param nahirE Cakra 7 kAnada

8. navaratnamAlinIm Cakra 8 gamakakriya

9. bhajarE rE citta bAlAmbikAm Cakra 9 kalyAni

The abhayAmbA navAvarana at mAyavaram kSEtra = mAyilAduturai

1.  abhayAmbikAyAh anyam na jAne     Cakra 1                kEdAra-gaulA

2. abhayAmbA jagadAmbA                        Cakra 2                kalyAni

3. girijayA ajayA abhayAmbikayA            Cakra 3                SankarAbharanam

4. abhayAmbikAyai aSwArudhAyai        Cakra 4                yadukula kAmbOji

5. Aryam AbhayAmbAm bhajare             Cakra 5                bhaIravi

6. dAkSAyani abhayAmbikE                      Cakra 6                tOdi

7. abhayAmbikAyAm bhaktim                  Cakra 7                SahAna

8. ambikAyAh abhayAmbikAyA               Cakra 8                kEdAram

9. sadASraye abhayAmbikE                      Cakra 9                Camaram

In tandem with the abhayAmbA navAvarana the Dikshitar propitiates the mayuranAtha (consort of abhayAmbA)  with a special set of 5 kritis.

The five kritis each carries the mudra (embedded signature) of a fundamental element = bhUta

The mayuranAtha panCa bhUta kritis at mAyavaram kSEtra

rAga                           bhUta

1. mAyUranAtham aniSam                    dhanyAsi                  prthvi

2. tArakESvara dayAnidhE                  SankarAbharana       jala

3. abhayAmbA nAyaka varadAyaka   kEdAragaula            vAyu

4. abhayAmbA nAyaka harisAyaka     Ananda Bhairavi    agni

5. gaurISAya namastE                        Arabhi                      AkASa

references

tiruttani guruguha navAvarana

rasikas.org/forums/Vaggeyakaras – 31 Aug. 2021

https://www.rasikas.org/forums/viewtopic.php?p=372924#p372924

bAlAmbikA navAvarana

rasikas.org/forums/Vaggeyakaras – 6 Feb. 2023

https://www.rasikas.org/forums/viewtopic.php?p=378720#p378720

abhayAmbA navAvarana

rasikas.org/forums/Vaggeyakaras – 13 Aug, 2021

https://www.rasikas.org/forums/viewtopic.php?p=372717#p372717

mayuranAtha panCa bhUta set of 5 kritis

rasikas.org/forums/Vaggeyakaras – 19 Dec. 2022

https://www.rasikas.org/forums/viewtopic.php?p=378383#p378283

title: Muthuswami Dikshitar


text:
Judith River Group

The Judith River Group is a group of geologic formations in western North America dating from the late Cretaceous and noted as a site for the extensive excavation of dinosaur fossils. The formation is named after the Judith River in Montana. The group is also called the Judith River Wedge. It is stratigraphically equivalent with the Belly River Group in Alberta.

It comprises the Judith River Formation in north central Montana, as well as the Foremost, Oldman, and Dinosaur Park formations in Alberta and Saskatchewan in Canada. Within Canada, the name term Belly River Group is more widely used for what is essentially the same stratigraphic interval as the Judith River. The wedge is exposed discontinuously in river drainages.

title: Judith River Group