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Miranda (1948 film)

Miranda is a 1948 black and white British comedy film, directed by Ken Annakin and written by Peter Blackmore, who also wrote the play of the same name from which the film was adapted. The film stars Glynis Johns, Googie Withers, Griffith Jones, Margaret Rutherford, John McCallum and David Tomlinson. Denis Waldock provided additional dialogue. Music for the film was played by the London Symphony Orchestra, conducted by Muir Mathieson. The sound director was B. C. Sewell.

The film is a light comedy fantasy about a beautiful and playful mermaid Miranda and her effect on the men and women she meets, as she outrageously flirts with and flatters every man she meets.

Glynis Johns and Margaret Rutherford reprised their roles in the 1954 colour sequel, Mad About Men.

Plot summary
As his wife is uninterested in fishing, Dr. Paul Martin goes on a holiday on the Cornwall coast without her. There, Miranda, a mermaid, catches him by pulling on his fishing line and making him fall in the water. She drags him down to her underwater cavern where she keeps him prisoner for a week and only lets him go after he agrees to show her London, where he lives. Having ordered several extra long dresses from his wife's London couturier to cover her tail, he disguises her as an invalid patient in a bath chair and takes her to his home, initially for a three weeks stay.

Martin's wife Clare reluctantly agrees to the arrangement, but insists he hire someone to look after the "patient". He selects Nurse Carey for her eccentric nature and takes her into his confidence. To Paul's relief, Carey is delighted to be working for a mermaid as she has always believed they exist.

Miranda's seductive nature earns her the admiration of not only Paul, but also his chauffeur Charles, as well as Nigel, the fiancé of Clare's friend and neighbour Isobel, arousing the jealousy of the women. Nigel even breaks off his engagement, but when he and Charles discover that Miranda has been flirting with both of them, they come to their senses.

With Clare strongly suspecting that Miranda is a mermaid, she makes Martin admit it. But when Miranda overhears Clare telling Paul that the public must be told, Miranda wheels herself down to the Thames and makes her escape into the water. She had previously told them she would go to Majorca for a visit.

In the final scene, Miranda is shown on a rock, holding a merbaby on her lap.

Cast

 * Glynis Johns as Miranda Trewella
 * Googie Withers as Clare Martin
 * Griffith Jones as Dr Paul Martin
 * John McCallum as Nigel
 * Margaret Rutherford as Nurse Carey
 * David Tomlinson as Charles
 * Yvonne Owen as Betty, the Martins' other servant and Charles's girlfriend
 * Sonia Holm as Isobel
 * Brian Oulton as Manell
 * Zena Marshall as Secretary
 * Lyn Evans as Inn Landlady
 * Stringer Davis as Museum Attendant
 * Hal Osmond as Railway Carman
 * Maurice Denham as Cockle Vendor

Original play
The film was based on a play by Peter Blackmore. He says he was inspired to write it after reading a scientific article about mermaids.

In the play on which the film is based, Miranda eventually has to return to Cornwall to spawn, much to the displeasure of Martin's wife.

The play was a hit in London – starring Genine Graham – and had a run in New York with Diana Lynn.

Production
The film was put into production hurriedly in order to beat Mr. Peabody and the Mermaid to the screen. The initial director was Michael Chorlton. According to Ken Annakin, filming had been going for less than two weeks when Chorlton was fired by the head of the studio, Sydney Box, who was unhappy with the director's handling of the material, particularly his over-use of wide-angle, deep focus camera techniques. Box asked Annakin, who had just finished filming Broken Journey to take over, which the director reluctantly did after Box pointed out it was either him or someone else. Annakin took over with three days of preparation.

Annakin said the "script was full of well-tried, funny fishy jokes" and "was inevitably going to be a stagey-type movie." He says he "despised" Griffith Jones "as a man" because he was difficult to deal with, "always trying to score over the other actors." Annakin says he developed a crush on Johns during filming and she tried to seduce him one night (she was married but her husband was gay) - but he refused because he did not want her to have power over him. They went on to make six more films together.

The end credits include the line "Tail by Dunlop". All underwater scenes were shot with a stunt double. Joan Hebden wore the tail by Dunlop. Glynis Johns stated in later interviews that the rubber tail was very buoyant, which caused problems as it tended to keep her head under the water.

There was location filming in London and Cornwall.

Box office
The film was one of the most popular movies at the British box office in 1948. According to Kinematograph Weekly the 'biggest winner' at the box office in 1948 Britain was The Best Years of Our Lives with Spring in Park Lane being the best British film and 'runners up' being It Always Rains on Sunday, My Brother Jonathan, Road to Rio, Miranda, An Ideal Husband, Naked City, The Red Shoes, Green Dolphin Street, Forever Amber, Life with Father, The Weaker Sex, Oliver Twist, The Fallen Idol and The Winslow Boy.

Producer's receipts were £143,400 in the UK and £32,600 overseas meaning it recorded a profit of £5,600. Annakin says the film was not popular in America at all due to the release of Mr Peabody and the Mermaid; he claims the makers of that movie threatened to sue Gainsborough Pictures for copyright infringement but the latter were protected by the fact it was based on a play.

DVD release
The film was released on home video for the first time in North America on DVD on 5 July 2011 from VCI Entertainment.

title: Miranda (1948 film)


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Aunt Jemima

Aunt Jemima was an American breakfast brand for pancake mix, table syrup, and other breakfast food products. The original version of the pancake mix was developed in 1888–1889 by the Pearl Milling Company and was advertised as the first "ready-mix" cooking product.

Aunt Jemima was modeled after, and has been a famous example of, the "Mammy" archetype in the Southern United States. Due to the "Mammy" stereotype's historical ties to the Jim Crow era, Quaker Oats announced in June 2020 that the Aunt Jemima brand would be discontinued "to make progress toward racial equality", leading to the Aunt Jemima image being removed by the fourth quarter of 2020.

In June 2021, amidst heightened racial unrest in the United States, the Aunt Jemima brand name was discontinued by its current owner, PepsiCo, with all products rebranded to Pearl Milling Company, the name of the company that produced the original pancake mix product. The Aunt Jemima name remains in use in the brand's tagline, "Same great taste as Aunt Jemima."

Nancy Green portrayed the Aunt Jemima character at the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago and was one of the first Black corporate models in the United States. Subsequent advertising agencies hired dozens of actresses to perform the role as the first organized sales promotion campaign.

History
In 1888, St. Joseph Gazette editor Chris L. Rutt and his friend Charles G. Underwood bought a small flour mill at 214 North 2nd St. in St. Joseph, Missouri. Rutt and Underwood's "Pearl Milling Company" produced a range of milled products (such as wheat flour and cornmeal) using a pearl milling process. Facing a glutted flour market, after a year of experimentation they began selling their excess flour in paper bags with the generic label "Self-Rising Pancake Flour" (later dubbed "the first ready-mix").

Branding and trademark
To distinguish their pancake mix, in late 1889 Rutt appropriated the Aunt Jemima name and image from lithographed posters seen at a vaudeville house in St. Joseph, Missouri.

In 1915, the well-known Aunt Jemima brand was the basis for a trademark law ruling that set a new precedent. Previously, United States trademark law had protected against infringement by other sellers of the same product, but under the "Aunt Jemima Doctrine", the seller of pancake mix was also protected against infringement by an unrelated seller of a different but related product—pancake syrup. Aunt Jemima became one of the longest continually running logos and trademarks in the history of American advertising.

Logo
The earliest advertising was based upon a vaudeville parody, and it remained a caricature for many years.

Quaker Oats commissioned Haddon Sundblom, a nationally known commercial artist, to paint a portrait of an obese actress named Anna Robinson, and the Aunt Jemima package was redesigned around the new likeness.

James J. Jaffee, a freelance artist from the Bronx, New York, also designed one of the images of Aunt Jemima used by Quaker Oats to market the product into the mid-20th century.

Just as the formula for the mix changed several times over the years, so did the Aunt Jemima image. In 1968, the face of Aunt Jemima became a composited creation. She was slimmed down from her previous appearance, depicting a more "svelte" look, wearing a white collar and a geometric print "headband" still resembling her previous kerchief.

In 1989, marking the 100th anniversary of the brand, her image was again updated, with all head-covering removed, revealing wavy, gray-streaked hair, gold-trimmed pearl earrings, and replacing her plain white collar with lace. At the time, the revised image was described as a move towards a more "sophisticated" depiction, with Quaker marketing the change as giving her "a more contemporary look" which remained on the products until early 2021.

Rebranding of 2020–2021
On June 17, 2020, Quaker Oats announced that the Aunt Jemima brand would be discontinued and replaced with a new name and image "to make progress toward racial equality". The image was removed from packaging in fall 2020, while the name change was said to be planned for a later date.

Within one day of the June 2020 announcement, other similarly motivated rebrandings and reviews of brand marketing were also announced, including for Uncle Ben's rice (which was renamed Ben's Original), the Mrs. Butterworth's pancake syrup brand and bottle shape, and the "Rastus" Black chef logo used by Cream of Wheat.

Days earlier, American satirical news outlet The Onion published a fictional article about a similar announcement.

Descendants of Aunt Jemima models Lillian Richard and Anna Short Harrington objected to the change. Vera Harris, a family historian for Richard's family, said "I wish we would take a breath and not just get rid of everything. Because good or bad, it is our history." Harris further stated "Erasing my Aunt Lillian Richard would erase a part of history." Harrington's great-grandson Larnell Evans said "This is an injustice for me and my family. This is part of my history." Evans had previously lost a lawsuit against Quaker Oats (and others) for billions of dollars in 2015.

On February 9, 2021, PepsiCo announced that the replacement brand name would be Pearl Milling Company. PepsiCo purchased that brand name for that purpose on February 1, 2021. The new branding was launched that June, one year after the company announced they would drop Aunt Jemima branding. PepsiCo referenced the Aunt Jemima brand by logotype on the front of the packaging for at least six months after the rebrand. Following that period, PepsiCo said it wouldn't be able to completely permanently abandon the Aunt Jemima brand due to trademark law; if it does, a third party could obtain and use the brand.

Character of Aunt Jemima
Aunt Jemima is based on the common enslaved "Mammy" archetype, a plump black woman wearing a headscarf who is a devoted and submissive servant. Her skin is dark and dewy, with a pearly white smile. Although depictions vary over time, they are similar to the common attire and physical features of "mammy" characters throughout American history.

The term "aunt" and "uncle" in this context was a Southern form of address used with older enslaved peoples. They were denied use of English honorifics, such as "mistress" and "mister".

A British image in the Library of Congress, which may have been created as early as 1847, shows a smiling black woman named "Miss Jim-Ima Crow", with a framed image of "James Crow" on the wall behind her. A character named "Aunt Jemima" appeared on the stage in Washington, D.C., as early as 1864. Rutt's inspiration for Aunt Jemima was Billy Kersands' American-style minstrelsy/vaudeville song "Old Aunt Jemima", written in 1875. Rutt reportedly saw a minstrel show featuring the "Old Aunt Jemima" song in the fall of 1889, presented by blackface performers identified by Arthur F. Marquette as "Baker & Farrell". Marquette recounts that the actor playing Aunt Jemima wore an apron and kerchief.

However, Doris Witt at University of Iowa was unable to confirm Marquette's account. Witt suggests that Rutt might have witnessed a performance by the vaudeville performer Pete F. Baker, who played characters described in newspapers of that era as "Ludwig" and "Aunt Jemima". His portrayal of the Aunt Jemima character may have been a white male in blackface, pretending to be a German immigrant, imitating a black minstrel parodying an imaginary black female enslaved cook.

Advertising
Marketing materials for the line of products centered around the "Mammy" archetype, including the slogan first used at the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, Illinois: "I's in Town, Honey".

At that World's Fair, and for decades afterward, marketers created and circulated fictional stories about Aunt Jemima. She was presented as a "loyal cook" for a fictional Colonel Higbee's Louisiana plantation on the Mississippi River. Jemima was said to use a secret recipe "from the South before the Civil War", with their "matchless plantation flavor", to make the best pancakes in Dixie. Another story described her as diverting Union soldiers during the Civil War with her pancakes long enough for Colonel Higbee to escape. She was said to have revived a group of shipwrecked survivors with her flapjacks.

Beginning in 1894, the company added an Aunt Jemima paper doll family that could be cut out from the pancake box. Aunt Jemima is joined by her husband, Uncle Rastus (later renamed Uncle Mose to avoid confusion with the Cream of Wheat character, while Uncle Mose was first introduced as the plantation butler). Their children, described as "comical pickaninnies": Abraham Lincoln, Dilsie, Zeb, and Dinah. The paper doll family was posed dancing barefoot, dressed in tattered clothing, and the box was labeled "Before the Receipt was sold". (Receipt is an archaic rural form of recipe.) Buying another box with elegant clothing cut-outs to fit over the dolls, the customer could transform them "After the Receipt was sold". This placed them in the Horatio Alger rags-to-riches American cultural mythos.

Rag doll versions were offered as a premium in 1909: "Aunt Jemima Pancake Flour / Pica ninny Doll / The Davis Milling Company". Early versions were portrayed as poor people with patches on their trousers, large mouths, and missing teeth. The children's names were changed to Diana and Wade. Over time, there were improvements in appearance. Oil-cloth versions were available circa the 1950s, with cartoonish features, round eyes, and watermelon mouths.

A typical magazine ad from the turn of the century created by advertising executive James Webb Young, and the illustrator N.C. Wyeth, shows a heavyset black cook talking happily while a white man takes notes. The ad copy says, "After the Civil War, after her master's death, Aunt Jemima was finally persuaded to sell her famous pancake recipe to the representative of a northern milling company."

However, the Davis Milling Company was not located in a northern state. Missouri in the American Civil War was a hotly contested border state. In reality, she never existed, created by marketers to better sell products.

Controversy
Although the Aunt Jemima character was not created until nearly 25 years after the American Civil War, the clothing, dancing, enslaved dialect, and singing old plantation songs as she worked, all harkened back to a glorified view of antebellum Southern plantation life as a "happy slave" narrative. The marketing legend surrounding Aunt Jemima's successful commercialization of her "secret recipe" contributes to the post-Civil War nostalgia and romanticism of Southern life in service of America's developing consumer culture—especially in the context of selling kitchen items.

African American women formed the Women's Columbian Association and the Women's Columbian Auxiliary Association to address the exclusion of African Americans from the 1893 World's Fair exhibitions, asking that the fair reflect the success of post-Emancipation African Americans. Instead, the Fair included a miniature West African village whose natives were portrayed as primitive savages. Ida B. Wells was incensed by the exclusion of African Americans from mainstream fair activities; the so-called "Negro Day" was a picnic held off-site from the fairgrounds.

Black scholars Hallie Quinn Brown, Anna Julia Cooper, and Fannie Barrier Williams used the World's Fair as an opportunity to address how African American women were being exploited by white men. In her book A Voice from the South (1892), Cooper had noted the fascination with "Southern influence, Southern ideas, and Southern ideals" had "dictated to and domineered over the brain and sinew of this nation".

These educated progressive women saw "a mammy for the national household" represented at the World's Fair by Aunt Jemima. This directly relates to the belief that slavery cultivated innate qualities in African Americans. The notion that African Americans were natural servants reinforced a racist ideology renouncing the reality of African American intellect.

Aunt Jemima embodied a post-Reconstruction fantasy of idealized domesticity, inspired by "happy slave" hospitality, and revealed a deep need to redeem the antebellum South. There were others that capitalized on this theme, such as Uncle Ben's Rice and Cream of Wheat's Rastus.

Slang
The term "Aunt Jemima" is sometimes used colloquially as a female version of the derogatory epithet "Uncle Tom" or "Rastus". In this context, the slang term "Aunt Jemima" falls within the "mammy archetype" and refers to a friendly black woman who is perceived as obsequiously servile or acting in, or protective of, the interests of whites.

John Sylvester of WTDY-AM drew criticism after calling Condoleezza Rice an "Aunt Jemima" and Colin Powell an "Uncle Tom", referring to remarks by singer and civil rights activist Harry Belafonte about their alleged subservience in the George W. Bush administration. He apologized by giving away Aunt Jemima's pancake mix and syrup.

Barry Presgraves, then 77-year-old Mayor of Luray, Virginia, was censured 5-to-1 by the town council because he referred to Kamala Harris as "Aunt Jemima" after she was selected by Joe Biden to be the Democratic Party vice presidential candidate.

Performers of Aunt Jemima
The African American Registry of the United States suggests Nancy Green and others who played the caricature of Aunt Jemima should be celebrated despite what has been widely condemned as a stereotypical and racist brand image. The registry wrote, "We celebrate the birth of Nancy Green in 1834. She was a Black storyteller and one of the first Black corporate models in the United States."

Following Green's work as Aunt Jemima, very few were well-known. Advertising agencies (such as J. Walter Thompson, Lord and Thomas, and others) hired dozens of actors to portray the role, often assigned regionally, as the first organized sales promotion campaign.

Quaker Oats ended local appearances for Aunt Jemima in 1965.

Nancy Green
Nancy Green was the first spokesperson hired by the R. T. Davis Milling Company for the Aunt Jemima pancake mix. Green was born into slavery in Montgomery County, Kentucky. Dressed as Aunt Jemima, Green appeared at the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, beside the "world's largest flour barrel" (24 feet high), where she operated a pancake-cooking display, sang songs, and told romanticized stories about the Old South (a happy place for blacks and whites alike). She appeared at fairs, festivals, flea markets, food shows, and local grocery stores; her arrival heralded by large billboards featuring the caption, "I'se in town, honey."

Green refused to cross the ocean for the 1900 Paris exhibition. She was replaced by Agnes Moody. Green died in 1923 and was buried in an unmarked pauper's grave in Chicago's Oak Woods Cemetery. A headstone was placed on September 5, 2020.

Agnes Moody
60-year-old Agnes Moody first performed as Aunt Jemima at the 1900 Paris exhibition, and was erroneously reported as the original Aunt Jemima. She had become well known in the Chicago area for her cornmeal bread and cakes. She died April 9, 1903.

Lillian Richard
Lillian Richard was hired to portray Aunt Jemima in 1925, and remained in the role for 23 years. Richard was born in 1891, and grew up in the tiny community of Fouke 7 miles west of Hawkins in Wood County, Texas. In 1910, she moved to Dallas, working initially as a cook. Her job "pitching pancakes" was based in Paris, Texas. After she suffered a stroke circa 1947–1948, she returned to Fouke, where she lived until her death in 1956. Richard was honored with a Texas Historical Marker in her hometown, dedicated in her name on June 30, 2012.

Hawkins, Texas, east of Mineola, is known as the "Pancake Capital of Texas" because of longtime resident Lillian Richard. The local chamber of commerce decided to use Hawkins' connection to Aunt Jemima to boost tourism. In 1995, State Senator David Cain introduced Senate Resolution No. 73 designating Hawkins as the "Pancake Capital of Texas", which was passed into law; the measure was spearheaded by Lillian's niece, Jewell Richard-McCalla.

Artie Belle McGinty
In 1927, Artie Belle McGinty debuted as the original radio advertisement voice for Aunt Jemima.

Anna Robinson
Anna Robinson was hired to play Aunt Jemima at the 1933 Century of Progress Chicago World's Fair. Robinson answered an open audition, and her appearance was more like the "mammy" stereotype than the slender Lillian Richard. Born circa 1899, she was also from Kentucky and widowed (like Green), but in her 30s with 8 years of education. She was sent to New York City by Lord and Thomas to have her picture taken. A 1967 company history commemorated this journey as "the day they loaded 350 pounds of Anna Robinson on the Twentieth Century Limited."

She appeared at prestigious establishments frequented by the rich and famous, such as El Morocco, the Stork Club, "21", and the Waldorf-Astoria. Photos show Robinson making pancakes for celebrities and stars of Broadway, radio, and motion pictures. They were used in advertising "ranked among the highest read of their time". The Aunt Jemima packaging was redesigned in her likeness.

Robinson reportedly worked for the company until her death in 1951, although the work was sporadic and for mere weeks in a year. Nevertheless, this was not enough to escape the hard life into which she was born. Her $1,200 total payment in 1939 was almost the entirety of the household's annual income. The official Aunt Jemima history timeline once stated she was "able to make enough money to provide for her children and buy a 22-room house where she rents rooms to boarders". The same claim was made for Anna Short Harrington. According to the 1940 census, she rented an apartment in a four-flat in Washington Park with her daughter, son-in-law, and two grandchildren.

Rosa Washington Riles
Rosa Washington Riles became the third face on Aunt Jemima packaging in the 1930s, and continued until 1948. Rosa Washington was born in 1901 near Red Oak in Brown County, Ohio, one of several children of Robert and Julie (Holliday) Washington and a granddaughter of George and Phoeba Washington. She was employed as a cook in the home of a Quaker Oats executive and began pancake demonstrations at her employer's request. She died in 1969, and is buried near her parents and grandparents in the historic Red Oak Presbyterian Church cemetery of Ripley, Ohio. An annual Aunt Jemima breakfast has been a long-time fundraiser for the cemetery, and the church maintains a collection of Aunt Jemima memorabilia.

Anna Short Harrington
Anna Short Harrington began her career as Aunt Jemima in 1935 and continued to play the role until 1954. She was born in 1897 in Marlboro County, South Carolina. The Short family lived on the Pegues Place plantation as sharecroppers. In 1927, she moved to Syracuse, New York. Quaker Oats discovered her cooking pancakes at the 1935 New York State Fair. Harrington died in Syracuse in 1955.

Edith Wilson
Edith Wilson became the face of Aunt Jemima on radio, television, and in personal appearances, from 1948 to 1966. Wilson was the first Aunt Jemima to appear in television commercials. She was born in 1896 in Louisville, Kentucky. Wilson was a classic blues singer and actress in Chicago, New York, and London. She appeared on radio in The Great Gildersleeve, on radio and television in Amos 'n' Andy, and on film in To Have and Have Not (1944). On March 31, 1981, she died in Chicago.

Ethel Ernestine Harper
Ethel Ernestine Harper portrayed Aunt Jemima during the 1950s. Harper was born on September 17, 1903, in Greensboro, Alabama. Prior to the Aunt Jemima role, Harper graduated from college at the age of 17, taught elementary school for 2 years, high school mathematics for 10 years, moved to New York City where she performed in The Hot Mikado in 1939 and Harlem Cavalcade in 1942, then toured Europe during and after World War II as one of the Ginger Snaps. On March 31, 1979, she died in Morristown, New Jersey. She was the last individual model for the character's logo.

Rosie Lee Moore Hall
Rosie Lee Moore Hall portrayed Aunt Jemima from 1950 until her death in 1967. Hall was born on June 22, 1899, in Robertson County, Texas. She worked for Quaker Oats in the company's Oklahoma advertising department until she answered their search for a new Aunt Jemima. She suffered a heart attack on her way to church and died on February 12, 1967. She was buried in the family plot in the Colony Cemetery near Wheelock, Texas. Hall was the last "living" Aunt Jemima. On May 7, 1988, her grave was declared an historical landmark.

Aylene Lewis
Aylene Lewis portrayed Aunt Jemima at the Disneyland Aunt Jemima's Pancake House, a popular eating place at the park on New Orleans Street in Frontierland, from 1957 until her death in 1964. Lewis became well known posing for pictures with visitors and serving pancakes to dignitaries, such as Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru. She also developed a close relationship with Walt Disney.

In popular culture
Aunt Jemima has been featured in various formats and settings throughout popular culture. Aunt Jemima has been a present image identifiable by popular culture for well over a century, dating back to Nancy Green's appearance at the 1893 World Fair in Chicago, Illinois.

Aunt Jemima, a minstrel-type variety radio program, was broadcast January 17, 1929 – June 5, 1953, at times on CBS and at other times on the Blue Network. The program had several hiatuses during its time on the air.

The 1933 novel Imitation of Life by Fannie Hurst features an Aunt Jemima-type character, Delilah, a maid struggling in life with her widowed employer, Bea. Their fortunes change dramatically when Bea capitalizes on Delilah's family pancake recipe to open a pancake restaurant that attracts tourists at the Jersey Shore. It became a great success and was eventually packaged and sold as Aunt Delilah's Pancake Mix. They achieve that success due to selling flour with a smiling Delilah on the box dressed in Aunt Jemima fashion. The Academy Award-nominated 1934 film version of Imitation of Life starring Claudette Colbert and Louise Beavers retains this part of the plot, which was excised from the 1959 remake of Imitation of Life starring Lana Turner and directed by Douglas Sirk.

In the 1960s, Betye Saar began collecting images of Aunt Jemima, Uncle Tom, Little Black Sambo, and other stereotyped African-American figures from folk culture and advertising of the Jim Crow era. She incorporated them into collages and assemblages, transforming them into statements of political and social protest. The Liberation of Aunt Jemima is one of her most notable works from this era. In this mixed-media assemblage, Saar utilized the stereotypical mammy figure of Aunt Jemima to subvert traditional notions of race and gender.

"Aunt Jemima's Kitchen"—named Aunt Jemima's Pancake House when it first started operating in 1955—was a restaurant opened in 1962 during the Civil Rights Movement as the official Aunt Jemima restaurant at Disneyland. In addition to the restaurant, a woman portraying Aunt Jemima was poised at the restaurant to take pictures with its patrons. Aunt Jemima's Kitchen also had additional locations across the United States.

The Aunt Jemima character, portrayed at the time by Edith Wilson, received the Key to the City of Albion, Michigan, on January 25, 1964. Actresses portraying Aunt Jemima visited Albion, Battle Creek ("Cereal City"), and other Michigan cities many times over three decades. Grand Rapids had an Aunt Jemima's Kitchen, one of 21 locations, until it was changed to Colonial Kitchen in 1968.

Frank Zappa includes a song titled "Electric Aunt Jemima" on his 1969 album Uncle Meat. Electric Aunt Jemima was the nickname for Zappa's Standel guitar amplifier.

Faith Ringgold's first quilt story Who's Afraid of Aunt Jemima? (1983) depicts the story of Aunt Jemima as a matriarch restaurateur: through mediums of text and imagery used to characterize Aunt Jemima in the public sphere, Ringgold represented the oppressed mammy caricature as an entrepreneur.

"Burn Hollywood Burn" on Public Enemy's 1990 album Fear of a Black Planet features Big Daddy Kane commenting on the updating of racial tropes with the lyrics, "And black women in this profession / As for playin' a lawyer, out of the question / For what they play Aunt Jemima is the perfect term / Even if now she got a perm." Spike Lee's 2000 film Bamboozled features Aunt Jemima (played by Tyheesha Collins) as one of the dancing "pickaninnies" in the film's deliberately racist TV show Mantan: The New Millennium Minstrel Show, alongside other stereotypical black antebellum South characters like Rastus.

The 2004 mockumentary C.S.A.: The Confederate States of America features numerous depictions of Aunt Jemima-type characters as slaves (referred to as servants) in an alternate timeline in which the Confederacy won the American Civil War.

In the South Park episode "Gluten Free Ebola" (2014), Aunt Jemima appears in Eric Cartman's delirious dream to tell him that the food pyramid is upside down.

On November 7, 2020, the comedy sketch TV series Saturday Night Live featured a skit in which Aunt Jemima was fired, in addition to Uncle Ben, with roles played by "Count Chocula" and the "Allstate Guy".

In the 2021 film, Judas and the Black Messiah, a police officer disparagingly compares a passing Black woman to Aunt Jemima, in a scene where Chicago Police are surrounding the Black Panther Party Headquarters.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Aunt Jemima


text:
Sōran Bushi

Sōran Bushi (ソーラン節) is one of the most famous traditional songs and dance (min'yō) in Japan. It is a sea shanty that is said to have been first sung by the fishermen of Hokkaido.

The commonly known version of the song and dance is called Nanchū Sōran (南中ソーラン) and was created in 1991 at the Wakkanai Minami Junior High School. It uses the song and text of Takio Ito's Takio no Sōran Bushi from 1988, which is a modernized version of the original song with a faster rhythm and a more modern music and text. The choreography was developed by the Butoh dancer Jushō Kasuga, which includes acting ocean waves, fishermen dragging nets, pulling ropes and lifting luggage over their shoulders. The school received an honorable mention at the Folk Song and Dance Awards National Convention in 1992, and one year later the Grand Prix of the Prime Minister of Japan. This made the song and dance nationally known, so that this dance is taught in many schools across Japan as part of the curriculum.

During regular intervals of the dance, the words "Dokkoisho! Dokkoisho!" and "Soran! Soran!" are called. Those words were used in the past to encourage the fisherman during their work.

Lyrics and translation
An excerpt from one of the many text versions of "Sōran Bushi"

Japanese (Rōmaji):

Yāren sōran sōran Sōran sōran sōran (hai hai!) Nishin kita ka to kamome ni toeba, Watasha tatsu tori nami ni kike choi.

CHORUS (kakegoe) Yasa e en ya sa dokkoisho (a dokkoisho, dokkoisho!)

Yāren sōran... Oyaji tairyō da mukashi to chigau toreta nishin wa ore no mono choi

Yāren sōran... Ichi-jō-go-shaku no ro o kogu fune mo horeta ano go nya te mo choi

Yāren sōran... Tama no suhada ga shibuki ni nurerya uwaki kamome ga mite sawagu choi

Rough English Translation:

'' Oh!!! Soran, soran, soran'' '' soran, soran, soran. (yes, yes!)''  When we hear the jabbering of seagulls on the high seas,  we know we can’t give up our fishing lives on the ocean.

'' CHORUS '' Put your backs into it! Heave, ho! Heave, ho!'' '' (Heave, ho! Heave, ho!)

'' Oh!!! Soran...''  Boss, I tell you, the size of this catch of herring '' is different from all the others. And it's all MINE.''

'' Oh!!! Soran...''  Even if I row four and a half metres,  I couldn't get that girl's attention.

'' Oh!!! Soran...''  A flighty seagull twitters in excitement  As it sees my bare skin, glistening with ocean surf.

title: Sōran Bushi


text:
Earl Thomson

Earl John "Tommy" Thomson (February 15, 1895 – May 19, 1971) was a Canadian athlete, a specialist in the high hurdles. In 1920 he became the first Olympic gold medalist in 110 m hurdles from outside the United States.

Biography
Born in Birch Hills, Northwest Territories (now in Saskatchewan), Thomson moved to southern California at age 8, because the warm weather would be better for his mother. Thomson attended Long Beach Poly, where he won the 120 yard hurdles at the first CIF California State Meet in 1915. He also was second in the high jump and fourth in the discus throw. In 1916 he joined the Royal Canadian Air Force, and served there during World War I. He then went to the University of Southern California for one year and then transferred to Dartmouth College. He graduated from there in 1922. In 1918, he had already won the AAU championships in the high hurdles, and in 1920, he set a new world record in the 110 m hurdles, running 14.4. This record would remain unbeaten until 1931, although it was equaled a number of times. He sought to represent the United States at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp, but was ruled ineligible due to his Canadian citizenship. He then joined the Canadian Olympic team.

At the Olympics, Thomson won a clear victory over his American rivals. The following year, he equaled his own world record, and won the AAU, IC4A and NCAA championships. That year he also won the 220 yard low hurdles. He retired after his third AAU title, in 1922.

Later, Thomson became a track and field coach, coaching the team of the United States Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland for 36 years.

In 1930 Thomson, along with Harold Barron and Harry Hillman, was involved in the design of a new safer hurdle, with a view to reducing the danger of bad falls and injuries.

Thomson was an inaugural inductee to Canada's Sports Hall of Fame in 1955. He died of cancer in Oceanside, California aged 76.

title: Earl Thomson


text:
Ia Drang River

Ia Drang River (Sông Ia Drăng), also known as the Prêk Drang in Cambodia, is a tributary of the Srepok River in the Mekong river system that flows through Vietnam and Cambodia.

The river originates from the hills in southern Pleiku, the provincial captial of Gia Lai province in the Central Highlands region of Vietnam. It then flows southwestwards, through Chư Prông district and enters the Ou Ya Dav District of Ratanakiri province in northeast Cambodia, before joining the Srepok River.

The valley northeast of the Chư Prông massif, through which the river flows, is the site of the Battle of Ia Drang in November 1965, during the Vietnam War.

title: Ia Drang River


text:
Douglas Henderson (SNP politician)

Douglas Henderson (16 July 1935 – 15 September 2006) was a Scottish politician. He was Depute Leader of the Scottish National Party (SNP) from 1971 to 1973 and from 1979 to 1981. He served as a Scottish National Party Member of Parliament (MP) for East Aberdeenshire from 1974 to 1979, and held virtually every national office in the SNP, short of party leader. His political style has been described as "no-nonsense" and "very blunt and forthright". He was also known for his forceful public speaking, which former SNP leader Alex Salmond described as "messianic".

Early life and career
Henderson was born in Edinburgh, the son of a railway porter. He won a scholarship to attend the Royal High School and was then awarded a bursary which allowed him to attend the University of Edinburgh from 1952 to 1957. He graduated from Edinburgh with an MA and an LLB.

He worked as a management consultant in the UK and overseas. He married Maureen Ferguson in Johannesburg in 1960 and had four children, but they were later divorced. In later life, his home and business partner was English fashion designer Betty Davies; together, they founded Scottish Fashion International.

In later years, he regularly attended St Giles Cathedral, where his funeral was held on 7 October 2006.

Early career (1970–1983)
Henderson became a supporter of Scottish independence at an early age, and joined the SNP aged 14. He was President of the Edinburgh University Nationalist Club. Henderson became heavily involved with the SNP after he returned to Scotland from South Africa in the mid-1960s. He was also the director of programmes for Radio Free Scotland from 1963 to 1965, and was Senior vice-chairman (depute leader) of the SNP from 1970 to 1972,. He was selected as the SNP candidate for East Aberdeenshire in 1972, and moved to live in the constituency, developing links with local fishermen, farmers and businessmen. He was elected at the February 1974 general election, and re-elected in the October general election later that year. The SNP were in the ascendent, campaigning on the basis of "It's Scotland's oil".

Henderson served as the whip and was a leading member of the group of 11 SNP MPs in the House of Commons. In 1975, he negotiated a position for the SNP's Winnie Ewing in the British delegation to the European Parliament, where she became known as "Madame Ecosse". He was later the SNP spokesman on employment and industry. He was instrumental in the SNP's decision to lay down a censure motion in the House of Commons, criticising the Labour government of James Callaghan after 1 March 1979 referendum vote on Scottish devolution failed to be approved by the required 40% of the electorate. At the time, the Labour government were reliant upon support from the SNP. The motion was carried by one vote on 28 March and Callaghan immediately called the general election which brought the Conservative Party led by Margaret Thatcher to power. Callaghan described the actions of the SNP as "turkeys voting for Christmas". Henderson lost his seat to Conservative Albert McQuarrie in the 1979 general election by less than 600 votes, and only two MPs from the SNP remained in the new Parliament.

He returned to his business career, but with less success than the 1960s. At the SNP Conference in 1979, he was elected the party's Senior vice-chairman (now described as deputy leader) (to leader Gordon Wilson), defeating Margo MacDonald for the post. He remained in this position until 1981, when he stood down on health grounds.

He fought the new seat of Banff and Buchan, which had largely replaced Aberdeenshire East in the 1983 general election. He again lost to Albert McQuarrie by less than 1,000 votes. The 1983 election saw the SNP only win the two seats that they had held in 1979, but Banff and Buchan was one of three that they came close to recapturing from the Conservatives. Future SNP leader Alex Salmond would win this constituency from 1987, and it would remain in SNP hands until 2017. Henderson also suffered in his private life, being divorced in the early 1980s.

Later revival (1998–2006)
He was out of active politics for a long period as a result of misdiagnosed illness. He had a major operation in 1998 for cancer, and then several months of chemotherapy, before he was able to resume his political duties for the SNP.

He contested the 2004 European Parliament election for the SNP but was not elected as he was placed fourth on the party's list and they gained only two seats. He also contested the Dumfries and Galloway seat at the 2005 general election, finishing third behind Russell Brown, the Labour candidate and Peter Duncan the Conservative candidate.

In September 2005, following the retirement of Winnie Ewing, he stood for the post of SNP President, losing to Ian Hudghton, Member of the European Parliament, but finishing ahead of onetime president William Wolfe. He was however successful in being elected as one of six ordinary members of the SNP's National Executive Committee.

He was selected to fight the Falkirk East constituency for the 2007 Scottish Parliament election, and was ranked fourth on the SNP's Central Scotland regional list. He died after a short illness in 2006, before the election could take place.

title: Douglas Henderson (SNP politician)


text:
Talk:Liberty University

New section for Liberty University's ties to white supremacy and authoritarianism?
Do we need a new section for Liberty University's ties to white supremacy and authoritarianism? For example, it appears that LU was formed under white supremacy, at least from what a recent New Yorker article stated.

According to the Daily Kos, Jerry Falwell Sr. "was a rabid segregationist in the 1950s and 1960s, railing against Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and insisting that Jim Crow laws were God’s will."

According to Megan Stack "The university has its roots in the Lynchburg Christian Academy—later renamed Liberty Christian Academy—which opened in 1967, as the movement to compel the integration of public schools was consuming the South." Admittedly, there have been faculty, staff, and students that have pushed back on the white supremacist environment.

LU's school of government is named after Senator Jesse Helms, a staunch segregationist.

In 2020, Pentecostal pastor Christopher A. House resigned after Liberty University president, Jerry Falwell Jr., "announced on Twitter that he had designed a face mask decorated with a photo of someone wearing blackface standing next to another individual wearing a KKK robe." LeeQuan McLaurin, a worker at LU's Office of Equity and Inclusion, and Thomas Starchia, associate director in the Office of Spiritual Development, also resigned. McLaurin said that “I cannot encourage students of color to go to that university the way that it is.”

In terms of its ties to authoritarianism, Liberty is the only school not to rescind the honorary degree it awarded Donald Trump after the January 6, 2021 insurrection. --CollegeMeltdown (talk) 15:44, 4 June 2022 (UTC)

 * An article for Liberty Christian Academy exists and confirms that institution was once segregated. The statement that the university "has its roots" in the academy is kind of vague, however. Does anyone know of a source that's more specific on their relationship? Jno.skinner (talk) 22:50, 15 June 2023 (UTC)

 * I second this. At the very least there must be a criticisms page considering the tremendous controversies the university has been tied too. 2601:282:167F:1300:842F:AA0F:FD8B:D49D (talk) 06:15, 18 October 2023 (UTC)

Purity Culture
This edit is not supported by the source. The source communicates the recollection of a single student in a single course at the university.

We cannot conclude from the source material that purity culture is a belief and value of the university which is an implied claim. We cannot conclude that purity culture is "emphasized" in the "University's courses." We can only conclude that a single student recollects that a view associated with purity culture was taught at least once in a single course at the university.

The statement either needs to be rewritten or a better source provided. HarryDoesMiles (talk) 02:06, 9 February 2023 (UTC)
 * If you don't like Jezebel there's ProPublica "Central to the Liberty Way is a focus on abstinence prior to marriage, what’s known in evangelical communities as purity culture." Horse Eye's Back (talk) 02:18, 9 February 2023 (UTC)
 * The problem is not the source but the statement, "The University's courses emphasize purity culture." Neither Jezebel nor ProPublica support that statement. We need a source to support that statement or the statement needs to change to reflect the sources. HarryDoesMiles (talk) 02:33, 9 February 2023 (UTC)
 * I'd favor adding back something like with a citation to ProPublica. Firefangledfeathers (talk / contribs) 02:43, 9 February 2023 (UTC)
 * I would support that. HarryDoesMiles (talk) 02:49, 9 February 2023 (UTC)
 * If the problem was just the statement why didn't you edit it or edit and move it instead of fully removing it? Horse Eye's Back (talk) 02:49, 9 February 2023 (UTC)
 * The statement was not supported by the source. That's why the statement was a problem. HarryDoesMiles (talk) 02:53, 9 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Thats circular. BTW is this your first account? Horse Eye's Back (talk) 02:56, 9 February 2023 (UTC)

Advertising copy
Extensive marketing material, but not even vaguely like an encyclopedia article.

Such is Wikipedia. 86.139.218.251 (talk) 07:50, 19 July 2023 (UTC)

 * I agree 67.209.10.221 (talk) 21:43, 8 September 2023 (UTC)
 * little to no mention of the fact that Liberty U is considered absolute shite in the academic world, it's reputation is that its a diploma mill for churning out right-wing activists. 74.70.148.148 (talk) 17:35, 23 September 2023 (UTC)

Liberty University Wikipedia page is biased
The Liberty University Wikipedia page a prime example of why no one trusts Wikipedia. Just the History section alone is completely one-sided. What a joke this website is. Lol 2601:342:C002:27B0:3D0E:8BDC:4A44:C2EA (talk) 04:34, 24 September 2023 (UTC)

 * Additional information can be added, as long as it comes from reliable sources and is referenced. Change it if you see issues! glman (talk) 17:56, 24 September 2023 (UTC)

Washington Post story about Clery Act compliance
https://www.washingtonpost.com/education/2023/10/03/liberty-university-clery-act/

Liberty University broke safety laws for years, government asserts

In preliminary findings, the Education Department says the Christian school underreported crimes and destroyed evidence. Administrators can appeal.

By Susan Svrluga

October 3, 2023

... The initial report on the school’s Clery Act compliance — which the university can respond to and dispute before the department makes a final determination — paints a picture of a university that discouraged people from reporting crimes, underreported the claims it received and, meanwhile, marketed its Virginia campus as one of the safest in the country.

Liberty failed to warn the campus community about gas leaks, bomb threats and people credibly accused of repeated acts of sexual violence — including a senior administrator and an athlete — according to the report, a copy of which was obtained by The Washington Post....

“This is the single most blistering Clery report I have ever read. Ever,” said S. Daniel Carter, a campus safety consultant who reviewed a copy of the initial report obtained by The Post. Nbauman (talk) 22:07, 4 October 2023 (UTC)
 * More today -
 * This one contains links to documentation elsewhere also.
 *  Bluerasberry  (talk)  20:09, 23 October 2023 (UTC)
 *  Bluerasberry  (talk)  20:09, 23 October 2023 (UTC)

"non-profit"?
LOL. I kinod of understand that this scam, mafia-like institution that has enriched its founders for many decades now is not described as such in the first sentence, but "non-profit"? Seriously??? --Anvilaquarius (talk) 13:23, 9 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Liberty University


text:
Talk:Aquaculture

This article does not appear to be entirely neutral.
"The total area occupied by Canadian salmon farms in British Columbia and the Bay of Fundy in New Brunswick is about 8,900 acreas which is less than 0.01% of the coastal area where these sites are located." This quotation majorly underscores some of the fundamental underlying problems behind aquaculture. Granted, the farms themselves may be small in size, but their effects can be great.

"Wild Pacific and Atlantic salmon stocks have seen significant declines over the last several decades, before salmon farming operations started." This quotation suggests that aquaculture has fixed any issues of a declining fishery. This is not true, and this kind of inneuendo should not be found in a neutral article.

While the article does explain some of the major problems with aquacultures in the final paragraph, it does little justice to the major problems facing the aquaculture industry. Escaped fish and water pollution are but some of the few problems that plague the industry; consequently, these problems deserve to be explored further within the Wiki. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.197.201.146 (talk) 00:42, 22 January 2005 (UTC)

 * However, if the Wiki does go into more detail about the industry problems, it could force the discussion to look at the original scientific literature and would expose some of this literature as being anti-aquaculture "advocacy science". There are a lot of broad claims of problems that seem to evaporate on closer examination.  72.67.40.148 03:05, 14 January 2006 (UTC)

 * --INDEED, Aquaculture like any technology is a mixed blessing, it has caused as many problems as it has solved. Look below, and take the time to read the article by Kinsey. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Fishculturefanatic (talk • contribs) 00:31, 31 August 2006 (UTC)

I have tried to clean up the critisms section. I can't provide any extra links at the moment but many of these have been previously reported on British TV, with proof. eg. they filmed 'dead areas' underneath the fish pens, salmon caught in the deep sea with serious parasite infection ( caught when they passed by the fish farms ) etcDavid J James 6 September 2006 — Preceding unsigned comment added by David.j.james (talk • contribs) 11:40, 6 October 2006 (UTC)

question for aquaculturalists
What do you call a female fish filled with roe (or, how do you describe such a condition)? She isn't pregnant, since the eggs have not yet been impregnated ... Could someone answer on my talk page? Thanks, Slrubenstein  |  Talk  23:07, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Cross posted to User_talk:Slrubenstein
 * Re:question for aquaculturalists
 * Hi there, I just stumbled across your question on talk:fish farming and talk:aquaculture. When full of eggs, female salmon are gravid. I don't know if anyone beat me to it, and if it's still any use to you now, but thought I'd leave you a note. Anilocra 21:37, 15 May 2005 (UTC)

Question on names
It seems like names of fish are often changed for marketing purposes, but I have a problem with the liberal use of "catfish" by many different fish. One in particular is basa from Vietnam. As I understand it, the two fish are not closely related. In the classification system used by scientists, U. S. farm-raised catfish differ from basa to the same degree as house cats differ from beef cattle within the grouping of mammals. It seems like they are simply trying to capitalize on the name with an imposter fish. I know in the U.S., the government had to ban use of the name "catfish" for basa and tra from Vietnam because of the confusion it caused among consumers. I don't mind renaming a fish for marketing purposes when it is a new name, but when you are calling one fish another fish that people are familiar with, I do have a problem. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.100.14.50 (talk) 15:54, 31 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Answer on names: The scientific class of fish called "catfish" includes basa along with channel catfish and many other species of catfish.  It is not like the difference between cats and cows.  The scientists still consider basa (closely related to or the same as some of the "catfish" you buy in pet shops for your aquarium) a catfish, but the political power of the US catfish industry has dictated that the scientific name is not valid and only US channel catfish or blue catfish/channel catfish hybrids are "catfish".  Looking in my local asian market, basa is higher priced than channel cats -- so much for the law. Deweaver 03:18, 29 January 2007 (UTC)

Open-Ocean Aquaculture
I am hoping that someone could start a section on Open-Ocean Aquaculture (OOA). It has been called the future of fish farming. It consists of a large floating cage that is anchored in the open ocean. Jotogo 14:20, 12 June 2006 (UTC)

 * OCA is currently used to fatten up Tuna that are caught too young to sell in the eastern Mediterrean. IMHO if you cannot catch old enough Tuna to sell you are overfishing. In any case it does not remove one of the major problems : you are still feeding the farmed fish on caught wild fish. David J.James 6 September 2006. — Preceding unsigned comment added by David.j.james (talk • contribs) 11:06, 6 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Removing young animals from the wild and then fattening them up in a cage does not alleviate pressure on wild stocks. Not only are numbers of wild animals still being reduced, but by removing only young animals the wild breeding stock is reduced as the younger animals may well not have reached breeding age before capture, and removing an animal that is still at early breeding age prevents it from breeding again in the future... therefore reducing the breeding stock and preventing replenishment of the resource. aslan83 11/4/07 — Preceding unsigned comment added by Aslan83 (talk • contribs) 21:44, 11 April 2007 (UTC)

More Technical Information
I am interested in learning more of the technical aspects of aquaculture, less so the political, environmental or historical aspects. It would be great if someone knowledgeable in this field could expand on what is actually involved in farm raising fish. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 204.65.66.193 (talk) 12:33, 21 August 2006 (UTC)

 * This is a really important subject that has been poorly done here. You might start by reading Darin Kinsey's "'Seeding the Water as the Earth': Epicenter and Peripheries of an Aquacultural Revolution" in Environmental History (July, 2006)which gives a good overview of the history of aquaculture. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Fishculturefanatic (talk • contribs) 00:31, 31 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I've got a copy of "Seafarm: The Story of Aquaculture," and am considering doing a long paper on legal issues involving aquaculture, so I will probably work on this article soon. From what I understand so far, this is a technology that has existed in some form for many centuries and can/should become a major industry for the West, but which faces regulatory hurdles. --Kris Schnee 17:53, 5 October 2006 (UTC)

POV-section
I went through the criticism section's references and have found several of the sites to be what I would consider an unreliable source of information. Using an animal rights site on a subject such as this is just as bad as using the corporate site of a fish farming company as a source. I am afraid to bother putting the time and effort into finding better sources for this information: such as scholarly or PUBLISHED sources. I will however do it if I can get some consensus on how many people agree with my opinion that an animal rights website is a biased source. James g2 23:05, 13 January 2007 (UTC)
 * I will add that I did find some of the criticism section to be very well sourced. My only problem is with the use of some "animal rights" sites that do not cite any studies or provide any evidence that what they are saying is true. James g2 23:05, 13 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Glad to see someone who checks references. The Env. NGO's (ENGO's) have a highly variable report quality and often misquote research papers.  However, I found an very good report by WWF on Salmon Diets using a URL from a publication.   The report did mention that fish meal is not required for salmon feed, just need the correct proteins and fatty acids.  Some of the aquaculture criticism's do reference reports in respected journals, but I think a lot of these "good" publications have some metholodical problems but they are often buried deep in implicit assumptions. Deweaver 02:22, 29 January 2007 (UTC

Be careful with neutrality
Some of the suggested neutrality changes simply shift the view from a rosy view of aquaculture, to a negative view of aquaculture. It is important to discuss the pros and cons; not only one side. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.115.176.51 (talk) 15:49, 13 April 2007 (UTC)

Proper reference format
The references on this page are not properly cited. Does anyone here want to hammer it out? --Eikenhein 21:15, 28 May 2007 (UTC)

Merging with the fish farming article
I agree that this article should be merged with the fish farming article. I think the "Criticism" and "Environmentally Friendly Methods" in particular seem to be addressing almost exclusively fish farming. I will move those sections, but I do think that aquaculture can remain as an overview of the 'water organisms cultivation' topic. Mahograin 18:18, 15 August 2007 (UTC)

 * So if I understand you correctly, you want to retain Fish farming and Aquaculture as separate articles, but transfer the "Criticism" and "Environmentally friendly methods" sections from Aquaculture to Fish farming? SchuminWeb (Talk) 18:53, 15 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Yes, that is correct. In general I think that the different articles on topics that fall under the umbrella of Aquaculture (Mariculture, Fish farming, etcetera) aren't organized as well as they could be - that issues they address overlap and/or have information gaps. I see this move as a first step, and I wanted to see what other people thought as well. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Mahograin (talk • contribs) 21:46, 15 August 2007 (UTC)

 * You know, it just might work! Could make Aquaculture the "parent" article for a lot of aquaculture-related articles, such as the others.  Add a "forms" section and a few main tags, and it would actually look quite good.  I imagine a structure similar to that of Washington Metro, which serves as a main article for a lot of smaller pages.  SchuminWeb (Talk) 02:36, 16 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Looking at it all, I've come up with something of a list of things to get paragraphs and ((tl|main}} tags: Fish farming, mariculture, shrimp farming, and freshwater prawn farming. Put that under a big "types" header, perhaps.  SchuminWeb (Talk) 13:26, 16 August 2007 (UTC)

Abalone farming links here, but there is hardly any mention of the farming of anything except shrimp and fish. What about crabs, abalones and other shellfish, and kelp and other seaweeds? I think the fish farming article should be kept separate, with a smaller section here that links to it. This article should be reorganized and written with a more general view of aquaculture. Unfortunatly, I don't have the expertise to do it. --lk 19:13, 11 November 2007 (UTC)

Articulture is the study of organisms under the ocean. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 3xgiants (talk • contribs) 00:18, 15 March 2008 (UTC)

History section
Somehow the history section here seems to have been hyjacked by supporters of Dildo Island, Newfoundland. Does anyone really support the assertion that the first, largest, and most advanced fish hatchery in North America was the hatchery built in 1889 on Dildo Island, Newfoundland? Prior to that, hatcheries existed in Cold Springs Pond, NH, Troutdale Farm, AK, Willow Brook, MN, Caledonia, NY, and Plymouth, MA, as well as state hatcheries in Nevada and Nebraska. US Fisheries Commission hatcheries were in operation at Duluth, Leadville, Northville, Wyetheville, and Neosho. (ref: Bulletin of the United States Fish Commission Vol XIV for 1894. US Government Printing Office 1895.  pp 295.) Note: I could provide dozens more references. I would like to remove the claims which ignore the extensive North American involvement in aquaculture. Are there any reasons why the false claims should be left? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Drembody (talk • contribs) 22:32, 10 February 2008 (UTC)

Lacking section on farming shellfish
Oyster and pearl farming are mentioned in the intro, but there is no mention of them in the text. Also, no mention at all of abalone farming. lk (talk) 16:51, 14 August 2008 (UTC)

 * I'll second that. I was surprised to find while looking things up today that this article had no mention of clam gardens MetaGrrrl (talk) 20:01, 21 November 2019 (UTC)

2009 review
Noticed this news article. The BioScience article isn't online yet. II | (t - c) 00:44, 10 January 2009 (UTC)

Most ecologic
perhaps a small comparisment of the aquaculture techniques can be made. Mariculture should be noted as more ecologic than traditional sweet water fish farming, yet probably (almost) equal to multi trophic aquaculture see http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1902751,00.html — Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.245.79.192 (talk) 16:00, 20 July 2009 (UTC)

Bluehouse farms
At Aquaculture#Integrated, the combination of aquaculture-greenhouses have not been noted. Allready is ie Tilapia fish grown together with tomatoes (bad tomatoes, ... provide food to fish, nutrified water is reused for tomatoes). They are called "bluehouse farms" and are frequently used ie in the Netherlands. refs http://ag.arizona.edu/azaqua/ista/ISTA8/Chappell.pdf, http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/aquaponic.html  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.182.223.239 (talk) 07:26, 4 October 2010 (UTC)

 * See also Dennis McClung's garden pool, this appearantly uses a similar system that recycles chicken feces into duckweed which is then eaten by Tilapia fish. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.182.146.50 (talk) 08:54, 1 December 2011 (UTC)

Repopulating rivers
Not sure whether suitable here (as the fish produced is not intented for eating, only to repopulate a river with indiginous fish species) 91.182.235.144 (talk) 16:01, 25 November 2010 (UTC)

Aquaculture on board of a ship
This has been proposed by Innovatie Netwerk, see http://www.innovatienetwerk.org/sitemanager/downloadattachment.php?id=r7d_HjV0IvAKdhEySW5cr — Preceding unsigned comment added by Genetics4good (talk • contribs) 13:18, 21 March 2011 (UTC)

Removal of sandworm farming ?
Why has the entries about sandworm farming, and the image been removed ? It seems to be a vital missing link for creating a sustainable system. See http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aquaculture&oldid=463834173 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.182.17.192 (talk) 16:33, 9 January 2012 (UTC)

Intro
The intro has been changed, it previously read:

 * "Aquaculture, also known as aquafarming, is the farming of aquatic organisms such as fish, crustaceans, molluscs and aquatic plants. It is often done for the purpose of human consumption or as feed for other animals. It is sometimes also done in the intrest of environmental rehabilitation and/or conservation of endangered species. Aquaculture involves cultivating freshwater and saltwater populations under controlled conditions, and can be contrasted with commercial fishing, which is the harvesting of wild fish. Mariculture refers to aquaculture practiced in marine environments."

The "purposes" of aquaculture has thus not been described in the article. Reintregrate the info; one organisation that conserves endangered species using aquaculture is the Instituut voor Natuur en Bosonderzoek (INBO) located at Linkebeek, Belgium. The manual which is used by most ex-situ aquaculture projects around central Europe (Traité de Pisciculture) btw came from Marcel Huet and perfected his manual there. 91.182.214.223 (talk) 07:32, 3 April 2012 (UTC)

crocodile farming
Should crocodile farming be included as they spent time in water and on land? --41.151.92.217 (talk) 13:50, 13 October 2013 (UTC)

Buying "sea"
Perhaps it may seem trivial, but shouldn't it be mentioned that aquaculture at sea is in some ways cheaper than farming on land, as the "sea" one grows his aquatic animals or seaweed on doesn't need to be bought, and as far as I understand can't even be bought. Even if one buys the land on shore, the rights to the sea in front of it (up to 12 miles I believe) still maintains part of the state.

KVDP (talk) 18:55, 27 November 2013 (UTC)

Bibliography for Research Project on Article
I will be compiling research on the subject of Aquaculture to make a more complete article on this subject. Here are the sources that I will be using.

"Bibliography"

Naylor, Rosamond, Susan Williams, and Donald Strong. "Aquaculture - A Gateway for Exotic Species."Science Compass. no. NOV (2001): 1655-1656. http://faculty.wwu.edu/~shulld/ESCI 432/Sci2001-Aqu-Invasives.pdf (accessed February 25, 2014).

Goldburg, Rebecca, Matthew Sterling Elliott, and Rosamond Naylor. Marine aquaculture in the United States: environmental impacts and policy options. Arlington, Virginia: Pew Oceans Commission, 2001. http://www.iatp.org/files/Marine_Aquaculture_in_the_United_States_Enviro.htm (accessed February 25, 2014).

Bardach, John E., John H. Ryther, and William O. McLarney. Aquaculture. The farming and husbandry of freshwater and marine organisms. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1972.

Chopin, T., Buschmann, A. H., Halling, C., Troell, M., Kautsky, N., Neori, A., Kraemer, G. P., Zertuche-González, J. A., Yarish, C. and Neefus, C. (2001), INTEGRATING SEAWEEDS INTO MARINE AQUACULTURE SYSTEMS: A KEY TOWARD SUSTAINABILITY. Journal of Phycology, 37: 975–986. doi: 10.1046/j.1529-8817.2001.01137.x

Ostrowski, A.C. "Current Status of Marine Finfish Larviculture in the United States." Aquaculture. no. 1-2 (2001): 89-109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(01)00695-0 (accessed February 25, 2014).

Rosamond, Naylor, Rebecca Goldburg, Jurgenne Primavera, Nils Kautsky, Malcolm Beveridge, Jason Clay, Carl Folke, and Jane Lubchenco. "Effect of Aquaculture on World Fish Supplies." Nature. no. June (2000): 1017-1024. doi:10.1038/35016500 (accessed February 25, 2014).

DeVoe, M. Richard. "Marine aquaculture in the United States: Current and future policy and management challenges." Trends and future challenges for US National ocean and coastal policy. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Silver Spring, MD (1999): 85-93.

Halpern, Benjamin, Shaun Walbridge, and Kimberly Selkoe. "A Global Map of Human Impact on Marine Ecosystems." Science. no. 5865 (2008): 948-952. 10.1126/science.1149345 (accessed February 25, 2014).

CJCstudent (talk) 12:15, 25 February 2014 (UTC)

review
I had a good time looking into this article as it is something that interest me more personally. First of i want to say the lead section is very detailed and gives the reader a clear outline as to what exactly aquaculture is and what it includes and does not include. There are a few areas here where when I am reading i want to check the validity of the source. “through diseases such as smallpox and diphtheria, that like most infectious diseases, move to humans from animals. No human pathogens of comparable virulence have yet emerged from marine species.” this needs a source to validate the statement. The overall tone of the article seems good however there could possibly be room for adding a section on the quality of the fish that is produced for consumption. How does this affect the health of humans eating the fish that are grown in controlled areas is there cause for concern with any health risk? Under genetically modified there are other species that have been genetically modified as well such as tilapia. The issues towards the end of the article start to look one sided and could be added to another section that looks at what is positive about the system. Other than that a very good article.SwMcPeek (talk) 11:07, 15 April 2014 (UTC)

Stephan Ludwig Jacobi
In first half of 18th century German Stephan Ludwig Jacobi experimented with external fertilization of brown trouts and salmons. He wrote an article ''"Von der künstlichen Erzeugung der Forellen und Lachse". 88.70.219.205 (talk) 16:53, 21 April 2015 (UTC)

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Neutrality and Citations
In the "Improving Welfare" section, the phrase, "The key to improving welfare" makes the following paragraph sound like the only option that is available to improving welfare. This makes it sound not as neutral.

In the "History" section, the third paragraph stating that the Japanese cultivated seaweed does not seem to have a source cited for that information.

Also, in the "Issues" section, the first sentence's structure and grammar seem to be slightly off. The phrase, "...can result in more environmental damaging than..." can be rephrased as "can result in more environmental damage than." The second part of the sentence, "on a per kg on a global scale" also sounds off. Hopefully this can be rephrased as well for added clarity.

Seyuun (talk) 06:57, 9 November 2017 (UTC)

FIFO values may be inaccurate
At present the article cites Tacon and Metian for fish-in-fish-out values. Aside from being a bit outdated, the accuracy of their figures is in serious dispute. See article for some explanation. See also this source for some more recent figures. Yes, I know the industry data will have bias, but it appears to me their numbers are more reliable and their methodology more defensible than Tacon and Metian. I am not an expert and would like someone with more familiarity with the overall literature to take a look at this. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 174.127.217.82 (talk) 03:56, 26 January 2020 (UTC)

FAO illustration
@User:DanSD19 Regarding illustration https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaculture#/media/File:World_capture_fisheries_and_aquaculture_production_by_species_group.svg the aquaculture data are no longer identified in this diagram. The older one https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aquaculture&oldid=989512468#/media/File:Global_total_fish_harvest.svg was so much better albeit without the species groupings. Now I have found a new one https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishery#/media/File:Global_capture_fisheries_and_aquaculture_production,_1990-2030.svg Can we use this one instead do you think? Regards ASRASR (talk) 12:09, 2 March 2021 (UTC)

 * Hi User:DanSD19, the ping from a year ago wasn't set up correctly, so I am pinging you again. EMsmile (talk) 12:24, 2 February 2022 (UTC)

 * Hi User:EMsmile, thanks for flagging. I see the three diagrams are available in the aquaculture page. Can they coexist in the page?  — Preceding unsigned comment added by DanSD19 (talk • contribs) 15:51, 2 February 2022 (UTC)

 * Hello User:DanSD19. Yes they can coexist. I was hoping we could add this one as well https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishery#/media/File:Global_capture_fisheries_and_aquaculture_production,_1990-2030.svg Wanted to check with you first since you are expert at FAO. We are working on about 150 articles relevant to SDGs 6, 13 and 14. See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Meetup/SDGs/Communication_of_environment_SDGs. The aquaculture article is one of them. If there is more in the article that needs updating or improving it would be great if you could manage this. Looking forward to hearing more from you. Regards ASRASR (talk) 13:19, 3 February 2022 (UTC)

 * The newer FAO graphic comparing annual aquaculture and capture fisheries tonnage which spans to 2030 was added to replace the old one which spanned only to 2010. ASRASR (talk) 15:42, 27 May 2022 (UTC)

 * Good, so no further action needed on this graphic. EMsmile (talk) 10:17, 30 May 2022 (UTC)

Removed further reading list
I have removed the further reading list. If any of them are very important, please add them as in-line citations:

 * AquaLingua ISBN 978-82-529-2389-6
 * Rice–Fish Culture in China (1995), ISBN 978-0-88936-776-0,
 * Rice–Fish Culture in China (1995), ISBN 978-0-88936-776-0,

EMsmile (talk) 03:54, 7 May 2021 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Aquaculture


text:
Bill Wilson (Scottish politician)

Dr William Laurence Wilson (born 11 December 1963) is a former Scottish National Party (SNP) politician. He was a regional list Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) for the West of Scotland region from 2007 to 2011. He left the SNP in 2017 and now serves as co-convener of the Edinburgh Branch of the Scottish Green Party.

Early life
Wilson was born in Paisley in 1963 and attended Shawlands Academy, the University of Glasgow, University of Aberdeen, and Queen's University Belfast. While living in Oxford, employed in conservation by the Berkshire, Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire Wildlife Trust and the University of Oxford, he became politically involved with the Labour Party. Upon returning to his native Scotland he became convinced of the case for Scottish independence and that the Labour Party's commitment to social justice was waning. In 1989 he joined the Scottish National Party (SNP).

Candidature and leadership challenge
He stood unsuccessfully as an SNP candidate for the House of Commons in the Glasgow Anniesland constituency in the 1997 General Election before standing in the Glasgow Maryhill constituency in both the 1999 and 2003 Scottish Parliamentary elections. Wilson was also elected chair of the SNP's Glasgow Regional Association in 2001.

In the aftermath of the SNP's poor election performance in 2003, Wilson became convinced that a change of direction was needed by the SNP leadership. After discussing this with various SNP members, he was persuaded to contest the leadership himself and launched a challenge against the SNP leader, John Swinney. His campaign focused on the issue of centralising the control of the party away from the branches and activists, and what he argued was the trend of placing the SNP ideologically in the centre ground of politics, away from the party's traditional position on the left-of-centre.

In the leadership contest that ensued at the SNP's 2003 Conference Swinney received 577 votes from those delegates voting to Wilson's 111 to remain leader. There were 17 "positive abstentions" (delegates present who voted in other ballots that day) and 60 non-voters. However, the following year Swinney resigned after sustained media speculation that he was unsuitable for the role. The immediate catalyst for Swinney's resignation was the SNP's poor performance in the elections to the European Parliament, although many spectators commented that Wilson's challenge also contributed to his resignation.

Shortly after the leadership contest he stood down as convenor of the SNP Glasgow Regional Association and was replaced in that position by his leadership campaign manager. Wilson stood as the SNP candidate for the Paisley and Renfrewshire North constituency for the 2005 UK general election. He finished in second place behind James Sheridan of the Labour Party.

As an MSP
At the 2007 Scottish Parliament election, Wilson stood in the West Renfrewshire constituency and also on the party list for the West of Scotland region. In West Renfrewshire he came third, the SNP dropping behind the Conservatives who took second place to Labour. He was elected on the regional list and sworn in as a Member of the Scottish Parliament.

Wilson's maiden speech to the Scottish Parliament, delivered on 6 June 2007, underlined his belief in the links between crime and deprivation and his commitment to social justice.

His campaigns have included awareness of the negative health impact of depleted uranium on service personnel and civilians, equity fines for corporate crimes, as well as promotion of Scots language.

Joining the Scottish Greens
Following the 2017 General Election campaign Wilson left the SNP and subsequently joined the Scottish Green Party. On 28 June 2018 he was elected Co-Convener of the Edinburgh Branch of the Scottish Greens, standing down in 2019. In the 2021 Scottish Parliament election he stood on the Lothian List for the Scottish Green Party as the 10th of 12 candidates. The party won two seats in the region.

title: Bill Wilson (Scottish politician)