text:
Brigham Young University–Hawaii

Brigham Young University–Hawaii (BYU–Hawaii) is a private college in Laie, Hawaii. It is owned and operated by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). BYU–Hawaii was founded in 1955 and it became a satellite campus of Brigham Young University (BYU) in 1974. In 2004, it was made a separate institution. The college's sole focus is on undergraduate education.

The institution is broadly organized into four colleges and its parent organization, the Church Educational System (CES), sponsors sister schools in Utah and Idaho. Approximately 97 percent of the college's 2,800 students are members of the LDS Church. BYU–Hawaii students are required to follow an honor code, which requires behavior in line with LDS teachings (e.g., academic honesty, adherence to dress and grooming standards, and abstinence from extramarital sex and from the consumption of drugs and alcohol). A BYU–Hawaii education is less expensive than similar private institutions since a large portion of tuition is funded by LDS Church tithing funds.

The college partners with the LDS Church–owned Polynesian Cultural Center, the largest living museum in the State of Hawaii, which employs roughly one third of the student body.

History
The LDS Church was established in the islands in 1850 following the Edict of Toleration promulgated by Kamehameha III, giving the underground Hawai‘i Catholic Church the right to worship, while at the same time allowing other faith traditions to begin establishing themselves. By 1919, the church was prominent enough in the area to build a temple in Laie. Two years after the temple was dedicated then-LDS Church apostle David O. McKay stated the church would build a school in the area in the future. In 1951, McKay, as church president, began preliminary plans on the school, and in 1955 ground was broken for the new institution. Classes began at BYU–Hawaii in September 1955 as the Church College of Hawaii to accommodate the burgeoning LDS population in the Territory of Hawai‘i. This was largely a result of McKay's views on both education and strengthening the church outside of its longtime intermountain west U.S. base. The original class consisted of 153 students and 20 faculty meeting in old World War II buildings, with Reuben D. Law as the school's first president. The school's first buildings were dedicated on December 17, 1958. The college was at first a two-year college but was reorganized in 1959 to become a four-year college. By 1961 the college had been granted four-year accreditation by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges. Dormitories, a cafeteria, and other buildings had also been constructed.

LDS elders established the Polynesian Cultural Center in November 1963 as a means of preserving the Pacific cultures that the Latter-day Saints had encountered in their missionary work. In the 1970s, the school was also used to teach LDS missionaries Pacific languages and cultures before going out to the islands. The center also provided jobs for students of the college. In 1974, the Church College of Hawaii was renamed Brigham Young University–Hawaii by the Church Board of Education and began reporting to the president of BYU in Provo, Utah.

The school was governed as a satellite campus of BYU until 2004, when it was announced that the school would report directly to the Commissioner of Church Education. In 2007, Steven C. Wheelwright was appointed the college's president. On May 12, 2015, Russell M. Nelson, chairman of the Executive Committee of the BYU-Hawaii Board of Trustees announced that effective July 27, 2015, John S. Tanner would succeed Wheelwright as president. On May 12, 2020, Jeffrey R. Holland, chairman of the Executive Committee of the BYU-Hawaii Board of Trustees, announced that Tanner would be succeeded as the institution's president by John S. K. Kauwe III on July 1, 2020.

Campus
BYU–Hawaii is located in Laie on the north shore of Oahu, about 35 mi north of Honolulu. The campus covers 100 acre between the mountains and the ocean shore. Dormitories, known as 'Hales', located on the south end of campus are capable of providing room and board for over 1,200 students. The Temple View Apartments provide housing for married students. These apartments are next to the Laie Hawaii Temple which is located directly adjacent to the campus. The school's library is the two-story Joseph F. Smith Library.

Admissions and demographics
LDS students pay less for tuition than non-LDS students. Students who have been on LDS missions and have attended LDS seminary or institute classes are also given particular consideration. However, LDS Church membership is not a requirement for attendance. Students are typically expected to have had at least a B average in high school, and an ACT score of 26 or SAT score of 1130 or above. Non-native English speakers must receive a 61 or higher on the IBT TOEFL (500 on the paper test), a 5.5 on IELTS, or 75+ on the Michigan language test.

BYU–Hawaii has a higher percentage of international students than any other baccalaureate institution in the United States, with 2,039 international students from 70 different countries which comprises approximately 65% percent of total enrollment. Approximately 97% of the student body are LDS Church members.

Organization
BYU–Hawaii offers 50 bachelor's degree programs, with a 15:1 student/faculty ratio. The school also offers a few unique majors, including Hawaiian Studies, International Business Management, Pacific Islands Studies, and Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages (TESOL).

In Fall 2018, BYU–Hawaii restructured its academic organization from four colleges to seven faculty units. The programs under the former colleges were divided among the following seven faculty units:

 * Arts & Letters: Communication, Media, and Culture, English, Film, Visual Arts
 * Business & Government: Accounting, Business Management, Entrepreneurship, Political Science, Hospitality & Tourism Management
 * Culture, Language & Performing Arts: Anthropology and Cultural Sustainability, Hawaiian Studies, History, Integrated Humanities, Intercultural Peacebuilding, Music, Pacific Island Studies, Theatre, World Languages
 * Education & Social Work: English as an International Language, Social Work, Teacher Education, TESOL
 * Math & Computing: Computer Science, Information Systems, Information Technology, Mathematics
 * Religious Education
 * Sciences: Biochemistry, Biology, Chemistry, Exercise and Sport Science, Psychology, Physical Science, Physics

Athletics
BYU–Hawaii formerly competed in the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division II as a member of the Pacific West Conference. The "Seasiders" competed in men's and women's basketball, men's and women's cross-country, men's and women's golf, softball, men's and women's tennis, volleyball, and men's and women's soccer. Over its history, the school won two women's volleyball and eleven tennis championships (two men's and nine women's, along with one women's NCAA championship). In its early days, BYU–Hawaii also won a National Rugby Championship in 1967, as declared by the Los Angeles Rugby Union. Basketball and volleyball games were held in the George Q. Cannon Activities Center. The campus has several tennis courts, an outdoor swimming pool, and soccer and softball fields. Most conference home games in volleyball and women's basketball, as well as additional home games in men's basketball, were broadcast live around the world on BYUtv Sports.

On March 28, 2014, the college announced that the athletics program would be phased out over the next three years, with money spent on athletics to be used to provide educational opportunities for an additional 500 students. The transition impacted all eleven (11) intercollegiate teams, including: men's/women's basketball, men's/women's cross country, men's golf, men's/women's soccer, softball, men's/women's tennis, and women's volleyball. Athletics at BYU–Hawaii ended following the spring sports in 2017.

LDS atmosphere
According to BYU–Hawaii's vision outlined by then-LDS Church president David O. McKay in 1955, the school "exists to assist individuals in their quest for perfection and eternal life and in their efforts to influence the establishment of peace internationally."

All students are required to take religion classes as part of their curriculum and to attend Sunday church meetings, both LDS and non-LDS. In addition, class schedules are arranged to allow devotionals to be held weekly for the students to attend. Students from all walks of life are encouraged to learn from and strengthen each other as they all strive to further their education. A variety of clubs and campus organizations are available to participate in.

Honor code
All students and faculty, regardless of religion, are required to agree to adhere to an honor code, officially known as the CES Honor Code, but often referred to as the BYU Honor Code. Early forms of the BYU Honor Code are found as far back as the days of the Brigham Young Academy and educator Karl G. Maeser. Maeser created the "Domestic Organization," which was a group of teachers who would visit students at their homes to see that they were following the schools moral rules prohibiting premarital sex, obscenity, profanity, smoking, and alcohol consumption.

The Honor Code itself was created in 1940 at BYU and was used mainly for cases of cheating and academic dishonesty. Ernest L. Wilkinson expanded the Honor Code in 1957 to include other school standards. (At this time, Wilkinson, as President of BYU, had some authority over BYU–Hawaii as well.) This led to the Honor Code today: rules regarding chastity, dress, grooming, drugs and alcohol. A signed commitment to live the honor code is part of the application process and must be adhered by all students, faculty, and staff. Students and faculty found in violation of standards are either warned or called to meet with representatives of the Honor Council. In rare cases, students and faculty can be expelled from the school or lose tenure. One significant difference between the versions of the Honor Code used at the main BYU campus and BYU–Hawaii is specific prohibition of the drinking of kava by BYU-Hawaii students and faculty. Kava is a traditional Polynesian drink with some drug-like side-effects.

Alumni
Alumni of BYU–Hawaii include Medal of Honor recipient George E. Wahlen, delegate to Congress from American Samoa Eni Fa'aua'a Hunkin Faleomavaega, Jr. '64, and three-time national volleyball coach of the year Mike Wilton '72.

title: Brigham Young University–Hawaii


text:
Talk:ReDickUlous

need to wikify band names and corrrect capitalization eventually. otheres are welcome to do so/add reviews to this album. Crackshoe 23:15, 7 Mar 2004 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:ReDickUlous


text:
Talk:Flag of Brazil

north star
isn't the star on the north distrito federal instead of pará?

 * No, Sigma Octantis (Polaris Australis) represents DF in the flag, as the text says, all other stars surround it, because of it's polar location. Therefore, it's quite adequate to be this the star which represents DF. If I'm not mistaken, the Ordem e Progresso banner represents the celestial equator, or Tropic of Capricorn. --SnowRaptor 03:21, 25 Jun 2005 (UTC)

It represents the equator. When the flag was first adopted Pará was the state with most land north of the equator, so it was chosen to be represented by a star above the band. Later two other states which are still further north, Roraima and Amapá, have been created, but the symbolism of that star was not changed. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 201.1.156.57 (talk) 23:16, 7 January 2008 (UTC)

Christ's Order Flag
How could the Christ's Order flag be used in Brazil since the 14th century? Brazil wasn't known to Europeans before Columbus for sure! From searching Google it appears that the flag was used in Portugal, perhaps, but if so the text is misleading. -- Ilya 03:13, 15 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * That is also what I suspect, that it was a flag in use before the discovery of Brazil. More details of its use are needed.  (SEWilco 03:38, 16 August 2005 (UTC))

 * The Christ's Order Flag was already in use in Portugal when the Portuguese officially discovered and took possession of Brazil in April 22nd 1500 -being the date Brazil was added to the realms of this flag. The information regarding its first adoption in the 14th century refers to its first adoption in Portugal, not to Brazil.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 189.24.108.73 (talk) 05:20, 17 December 2007 (UTC)

Proportions
If I'm not mistaken, the Brazilian flag ratio if 14:20, which, although is proportional to 7:10, the flag design uses the "modulo" unit, which is 1/14 of the flag's intended height. Thus, the flag dimensions are 14 modulos x 20 modulos, making 14:20 a more reasonable ratio definition. --SnowRaptor 03:21, 25 Jun 2005 (UTC)

History of Brazil
I added flags for some appropriate periods to History of Brazil. There are various more detailed articles which could also use such images. I could not identify relevance of several flag images. (SEWilco 03:37, 16 August 2005 (UTC))

Other Flag
I find it unappropriate (to say the least) that a flag that was used for 5 days (!!!) gets so much space in this article.LtDoc 23:44, 8 September 2005 (UTC)

"Symbology"
"Symbology" is a non-existent, fictional field of study.

Can we come up with some other word?

I changed to symbolism, which I believe is the appropriate term.189.15.86.176 15:37, 13 July 2007 (UTC)
 * No; symbolism isn't a field of study. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.189.103.145 (talk) 00:14, 23 May 2010 (UTC)

Vex symbols
I have placed some vexillological symbols next to the flag, but not all as I am uncertain which are right.

To hoist the flag vertically, you just turn it 90 degrees clockwise. 191.180.228.127 (talk) 02:19, 13 November 2015 (UTC)
 * Is the main flag really [[Image:FIAV 111111.svg|20px]]? The Navy Jack is probably at least [[Image:FIAV 000001.svg|20px]], which would make the main flag [[Image:FIAV 111110.svg|20px]] at most. However, certain sources on the Internet have also said [[Image:FIAV 111111.svg|20px]], which makes me uncertain of the Navy Jack.
 * Is the Navy Jack therefore [[Image:FIAV 000001.svg|20px]] or perhaps the remarkable [[Image:FIAV 000000.svg|20px]]?
 * Is the main flag [[Image:IFIS Equal.png|20px]] or [[Image:IFIS Two-sided.png|20px]], rather than [[Image:IFIS Mirror.png|20px]]? In other words, is the text written backwards on the other side, or is this corrected for?
 * Clarification:
 * [[Image:IFIS Equal.png|20px]] means the back is equal to the front, and that the text is ligible from both directions.
 * [[Image:IFIS Mirror.png|20px]] means the back has a mirror image of the front, making the text illigible.
 * [[Image:IFIS Two-sided.png|20px]] means the back contains a different design.
 * Is the main flag perhaps [[Image:IFIS Vertical rotated.png|20px]] rather than the superfluous [[Image:IFIS Vertical normal.png|20px]]? In other words, can you hoist the ordinary flag vertically or do you have to buy a special "vertical flag"?

I will try to find some answers myself, but help is appreciated. HymylyT@C 14:02, 23 June 2006 (UTC)

 * According to Law 5700, Article 10th: "The National Flag can be used in all manifestation of the patriotic sentiment of the brazilian, of official or private character.", so it's [[Image:FIAV 111111.svg|20px]].
 * According to Law 5700, Article 5th, Incise X: "Both sides should be exactly equal, with the white band inclined from left to right (for the observer looking at the band), being prohibited making a face as a mirror of the other.", so it's [[Image:IFIS Equal.png|20px]]. TigerTjäder 00:43, 10 October 2006 (UTC)
 * being prohibited making a face as a mirror of the other isn't English

Colours
on http://www.worldflags101.com/b/brazil-flag.aspx it says, "Brazilian Flag Meaning: The colors green and yellow represent the Royal Houses of Bragança (Emperor Pedro I) and Habsburg (Empress Leopoldina)[..]" I also read this in a book.

 * This information is fully right. This is what the colors green and yellow originally meant.  Green was the color of the Bragancas and yellow the color of the Habsburgs.  Plus, the blue and the white represent the Portuguese cultural heritage (because the original national colors of the Kingdom of Portugal were, precisely, the blue and the white).  The rubbish about "green for the forests, yellow for the richness of the soil, blue for the tropical skies and white for the peace" was invented by the Republicans in 1889 as an attempt to deny the monarchist character of the Brazilian flag.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 189.24.108.73 (talk) 05:37, 17 December 2007 (UTC)

Ruy Barbosa
Rui Barbosa was finance and taxation minister, not justice minister, as previously said.

motto
I wonder if order is the best translation of ordem. Maybe what's meant is law. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.189.103.145 (talk) 00:12, 23 May 2010 (UTC)

 * The motto comes from Positivism, the idea of "order" being that society and the human mind should be ordered as opposed to chaotic. So I believe that order is really what was meant, hence the translation as such. SrAtoz (talk) 02:07, 3 August 2011 (UTC)

Improvements to Flag of Brazil
I've made some changes to the article to see if we can get it to FA or at least GA. I rewrote the lead and expanded the history section. I also added a construction section and a subsection on the Flag Anthem (since it is directly related to the flag), as well as supporting sources throughout the article. As it stands, I believe we might be able to achieve GA. If anyone has the time to revise the article and improve it in any way that would be awsome. I'm going to ask for a Peer review to see if we can get any feedback that will help for GAC. Limongi (talk) 14:55, 10 October 2010 (UTC)

Peer review under way
There's a peer review under way for Flag of Brazil. If anyone would like to leave an input, that would be very helpful! Limongi (talk) 15:08, 10 October 2010 (UTC)

Flag colours
Hi, Brazil flag file has been modified its colours recently; although an official source is quoted, I am afraid it is not correctly assessed that those colours are the right ones to use. Those colours do not match the ones informed in the Colours' section. Furthermore, only the current flag has been changed its colours, none of past flags have been modified. Which colours are correct? The ones of the current flag or the ones of the past flags? Regards, Mxcatania (talk) 06:07, 10 November 2010 (UTC)
 * With the past flags, we keep them the original color that they were drawn in unless there were specifications otherwise. I been working with the uploader of the current image to figure out exactly what shade is correct for the national flag. It is true that Pantone shades were mentioned before on government websites, but that information has seemed to not be copied elsewhere other than here. User:Zscout370 (Return Fire) 03:42, 11 November 2010 (UTC)
 * I'm Brazilian and to be honest I have never seen this bright-green flag (new file) anywhere. The flag has a dark(er) green background as shown in the previous file. As for the official source quoted, I have read, and reread the source and nothing there mentions the colors. Therefore I think the file should be reverted to its previous version. Limongi (talk) 17:53, 11 November 2010 (UTC)
 * Olá, Limongi. That is the point! That is why I have started this discussion. As per me, the new colours do not match the real ones of the flag. Indeed, the flag has a darker blue and a darker green. Hope this helps, Mxcatania (talk) 22:28, 11 November 2010 (UTC)
 * Ok, while I am still trying to figure out the colors of the national flag, I have issues with the original government image. First, the gold diamond was not the correct size and needed to be placed more into the center than it was. I also had to fix the size of the globe (7 M in diameter while it was 6.8 on the government image). The Pantone color for green, 355, is used in some government logos but the colors just differ from agency to agency. The previous website that talked about the symbols has died, so I cannot look at the color information. However, even from the smaller stuff I found, the colors should be darker than what they are now. User:Zscout370 (Return Fire) 23:45, 11 November 2010 (UTC)

A very personal tone
In the section about the stars, the second paragraph begins by saying "I would point out that the stars on the Brazilian flag are never visible as shown, because...". "I" who? WP policy is against articles in the first person. After all, this is not the place for personal views, but for consensus, and anyway the statement is not signed, leaving you to guess who was talking. I submit to you all that the paragraph should be rephrased, but I myself would not know how much of it to keep. Fortunately the paragraph also states that its content comes from a congressional act, so maybe this is just a matter of deleting the whole remark up until "because". I would trace the statement through the History tab until I found out exactly what changes were made and by whom, except that this should prove (1) time-consuming and (2) useless as I am not chasing guilt but improvement. What do you say I remove the sentence portion as I just suggested? SrAtoz (talk) 15:36, 28 March 2011 (UTC)
 * I just did as I suggested; please check: toned down from personal POV in the description of stars and changed wording on that paragraph and on the preceding one into contemporary English. Also, I changed the translation of "Federal Law no. 5.700 of 1st Sept 1971" into "national act no. 5,700 of 1 Sept 1971", because (1) as provided for under current constitutional Law, this act refers to the whole of the Republic, so although passed by the federal Congress, effectively it is not just federal, but national (there is a difference, though Congress passes both kinds and the numeric sequence is the same); (2) it is an "act", not a "Law", as the terminology in English is different ("Law" applying to the set of all the acts together and translating not as "lei" but as "Direito" in Portuguese); (3) 5,700 instead of 5.700; (4) the dates are more appropriately described without the "st" in English. Finally, changed the preceding paragraph to tone down from personal opinion on "the best article" about its subject. SrAtoz (talk) 15:49, 28 March 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
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Remove the Monarchist Flag from the Infobox
Brazil has no official Variant Flag. Therefore, the Monarchist flag should be removed from the Infobox.

Also, Monarchists in Brazil don't constitute a relevant Mainstream Political Movement and the erroneous information in the Infobox makes it sound like they do.

I suggest this page gets locked for anonymous contributions, so Brazilians with pro-Monarchist views can't vandalize it anymore. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2804:14C:B385:69E5:F954:9338:656C:3AAE (talk) 01:18, 1 January 2017 (UTC)

 * If you think it should be semi-protected, go to Requests for page protection. — MRD2014 (Happy New Year!) 01:20, 1 January 2017 (UTC)

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External links modified (January 2018)
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Date format
I just changed a date to dmy to conform with what was in the rest of the section. Then I checked the lead section for a date format tag and found that not only was there none, the lead section uses mdy and has done since the earliest versions of this article... yet most of the rest of the article uses dmy. So it's not clear to me what the consensus is. Hairy Dude (talk) 00:18, 17 November 2021 (UTC)

Nification of the flag of brazil
Men 190.88.41.15 (talk) 02:52, 1 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Flag of Brazil


text:
American Birkebeiner

The American Birkebeiner, or Birkie, is the largest cross-country skiing race in North America. It debuted in 1973 and is a founding member of the Worldloppet federation of cross-country ski marathons. The Birkie's two premier events are the 50 km skate and the 55 km classic races between the towns of Cable and Hayward in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. Each year more than 10,000 skiers participate in the Birkie, including the full-distances races, a 29 km Kortelopet race, and a 15 km Prince Haakon race.

History
The American Birkebeiner, known colloquially as the Birkie, is held annually in February. The event was founded in 1973 by Tony Wise. Wise, who started the Telemark Ski Area in Cable, Wisconsin, in 1947, helped to popularize modern-day cross-country skiing when he built trails at Telemark in 1972. In February 1973, Wise drew on his Norwegian heritage in starting a race named after a famous event in Norway.The Birkie was named after the Birkebeinerrennet race in Norway, which commemorates an important historical event. In 1206 a group of Birkebeiner party soldiers, who fought for Sverre Sigurdsson and his descendants in the Norwegian civil war, smuggled the illegitimate son of Norway's King Håkon Sverresson from Lillehammer to safety in Trondheim. In the Norwegian Birkie, classical ski participants still carry 3.5 kg packs symbolizing the weight of the young child-prince, Haakon.

Race description
Skiers from around the world come to Wisconsin for the race. The Birkie has a reputation for attracting skiers of varying ability levels. Olympians, national team members, and foreign professionals have competed in the event, and the Birkie also draws recreational skiers from Wisconsin, Minnesota, and the Upper Peninsula of Michigan and countries such as neighboring Canada as well as Norway, Sweden, and other European nations. Typically almost every U.S. state is represented at the Birkie. The race weekend also includes the shorter 29 km (18 mi) Kortelopet "Korte" and Prince Haakon 15 km (9.3 mi) events. The American Birkiebeiner Ski Foundation In 2013, registration was capped at 10,000 skiers, with an additional 20,000 spectators on the sidelines cheering on the competitors.

The Birkie course is quite hilly and is recognized as one of the more difficult cross country ski marathon courses in the world, despite the fact that there are several WorldLoppet events in Europe that are much longer. The current north–south alignment (used since 1992) has skiers traversing a 2 km flat section before turning onto the "Powerline Hills", a series of climbs to the 4.5 km mark. The trail then rolls until 12 km, when Firetower Hill takes competitors to 1730 ft, the high point of the race and a climb of nearly 400 ft from the race start. In the early years of the race, the Birkie began with a climb up the alpine slopes of Mount Telemark, mainly as a publicity stunt, but larger field sizes made this impractical. Beyond High Point is a series of downhills, including "Bobblehead Hill" or "Sledder Hill", which has a rather tricky downhill, left turn near a snowmobile trail — allowing dozens of snowmobilers to watch and "score" skiers' falls. The trail rises steeply to the crossing of County Road OO (Referred to as "Double-Oh") which, at 22.8 km, is the unofficial halfway point of the race. Until 2001, the 23 km Kortelopet race ended here but was rerouted back to Telemark after splitting off from the main course at 9 km. Since 2017, the Kortelopet is 29 km and begins at OO and finishes on Main Street the day before the 50 km race.

Beyond OO the course is less hilly, but by no means flat. After 40 km is the aptly named "Bitch Hill" where spectators cheer skiers up the steepest climb of the race. Several kilometers later (just south of Highway 77) the last lengthy ascents of the race---Sunset Hill & Duffy Hill---challenge tired skiers. From the top, Hayward's water tower is a most welcome sight. There are several road crossings and open fields before the skiers cross frozen Lake Hayward. The 4 km crossing of the lake is flat, but unprotected from wind. Once off the lake, the trail twists through the outskirts of Hayward on snow trucked in for the event. Over the course of hours, thousands of tired and proud skiers make their way past three blocks of cheering spectators lining Hayward's Main Street. Warm conditions have occasionally required the finish line to be moved to a flat field just east of the lake.

The race begins with several waves in order to thin skiers out along the course. Alternating skate and classical waves depart every five minutes. New skiers must ski in the last wave unless they use another ski marathon time to qualify for a higher wave. One man—Ernie St. Germaine, a former employee of the Telemark Resort, where the Birkebeiner starts every year—completed every Birkie since the first one in 1973.

The 2021 Birkie was a shortened 43-kilometer race that took place over the course of February 24–28, 2021. The course was modified as well with skiers starting and finishing at the starting line in Cable, WI. The Birkie reverted to its normal Cable to Hayward format for 2022 with the new addition of an "open track" event where participants could ski the race in a more relaxed manner on the Wednesday before the main race with fewer crowds and more open trail.

Despite low snow in 2024, the American Birkiebeiner Ski Foundation created a 10 km (6.2 mi) lapped course. Several races were shortened: The American Birkebeiner was shortened from 50 km (31 mi) to 30 km (18.6 mi), the Kortelopet from 29 km (18 mi) to 20 km (12.4 mi), the Prince Haakon from 15 km (9.3 mi) to 10 km (6.2 mi). The American Birkebeiner Men’s and Women’s Elite Skate race remained a 50K event.

List of winners
Results are from the American Birkebeiner Ski Foundation.

title: American Birkebeiner


text:
List of United States senators from Wisconsin

Wisconsin was admitted to the Union on May 29, 1848. Its current U.S. senators are Republican Ron Johnson (since 2011) and Democrat Tammy Baldwin (since 2013), making it one of seven states to have a split United States Senate delegation. William Proxmire was the state's longest serving senator (served 1957–1989).

List of senators

 * - style="height:2em"
 * colspan=3 | Vacant
 * nowrap | May 29, 1848 – Jun 8, 1848
 * Wisconsin elected its senators 10 days after statehood.
 * rowspan=3 | 1
 * rowspan=2 | 1
 * Wisconsin elected its senators 10 days after statehood.
 * nowrap | May 29, 1848 – Jun 8, 1848
 * colspan=3 | Vacant
 * colspan=3 | Vacant

! rowspan=5 | 1 ! rowspan=4 | 1
 * - style="height:2em"
 * rowspan=5 align=left | Henry_Dodge_portrait.jpg Henry Dodge
 * rowspan=5 | Democratic
 * rowspan=5 nowrap | Jun 8, 1848 – Mar 3, 1857
 * rowspan=2 | Elected in 1848.
 * Elected in 1848.
 * rowspan=4 nowrap | Jun 8, 1848 – Mar 3, 1855
 * rowspan=4 | Democratic
 * rowspan=4 align=right | Isaac P. Walker.jpg Isaac P. Walker

 * - style="height:2em"
 * rowspan=3 | 2
 * rowspan=3 | Re-elected in 1849.Retired.
 * rowspan=3 | Re-elected in 1849.Retired.

 * - style="height:2em"
 * rowspan=3 | Re-elected in 1851.Retired.
 * rowspan=3 | 2

 * - style="height:2em"

! rowspan=3 | 2
 * - style="height:2em"
 * rowspan=3 | 3
 * rowspan=3 | Elected in 1854. Retired.
 * rowspan=3 nowrap | Mar 4, 1855 – Mar 3, 1861
 * rowspan=3 | Republican
 * rowspan=3 align=right | Charles Durkee.jpg Charles Durkee
 * rowspan=3 align=right | Charles Durkee.jpg Charles Durkee

! rowspan=6 | 2
 * - style="height:2em"
 * rowspan=6 align=left | James rood doolittle.jpg James R. Doolittle
 * rowspan=6 | Republican
 * rowspan=6 nowrap | Mar 4, 1857 – Mar 3, 1869
 * rowspan=3 | Elected in 1857.
 * rowspan=3 | 3

 * - style="height:2em"

! rowspan=9 | 3
 * - style="height:2em"
 * rowspan=3 | 4
 * rowspan=3 | Elected in 1861.
 * rowspan=9 nowrap | Mar 4, 1861 – Mar 3, 1879
 * rowspan=9 | Republican
 * rowspan=9 align=right | Timothy O. Howe - Brady-Handy.jpg Timothy O. Howe
 * rowspan=9 align=right | Timothy O. Howe - Brady-Handy.jpg Timothy O. Howe

 * - style="height:2em"
 * rowspan=3 | Re-elected in 1863. Retired.
 * rowspan=3 | 4

 * - style="height:2em"

 * - style="height:2em"
 * rowspan=3 | 5
 * rowspan=3 | Re-elected in 1866.
 * rowspan=3 | Re-elected in 1866.

! rowspan=3 | 3
 * - style="height:2em"
 * rowspan=3 align=left | Matthew H. Carpenter - Brady-Handy.jpg Matthew H. Carpenter
 * rowspan=3 | Republican
 * rowspan=3 nowrap | Mar 4, 1869 – Mar 3, 1875
 * rowspan=3 | Elected in 1869.Lost re-election.
 * rowspan=3 | 5

 * - style="height:2em"

 * - style="height:2em"
 * rowspan=3 | 6
 * rowspan=3 | Re-elected in 1872.Lost re-election.
 * rowspan=3 | Re-elected in 1872.Lost re-election.

! rowspan=4 | 4
 * - style="height:2em"
 * rowspan=4 align=left | Angus Cameron - Brady-Handy.jpg Angus Cameron
 * rowspan=4 | Republican
 * rowspan=4 nowrap | Mar 4, 1875 – Mar 3, 1881
 * rowspan=4 | Elected in 1875.Retired.
 * rowspan=4 | 6

 * - style="height:2em"

! 4
 * - style="height:2em"
 * rowspan=5 | 7
 * Elected in 1879.Died.
 * nowrap | Mar 4, 1879 – Feb 24, 1881
 * | Republican
 * align=right | Matthew H. Carpenter - Brady-Handy.jpg Matthew H. Carpenter
 * align=right | Matthew H. Carpenter - Brady-Handy.jpg Matthew H. Carpenter

 * - style="height:2em"
 * rowspan=2 |
 * rowspan=2 nowrap | Feb 24, 1881 – Mar 14, 1881
 * rowspan=2 colspan=3 | Vacant

! rowspan=7 | 5
 * - style="height:2em"
 * rowspan=7 align=left | Philetus Sawyer - Brady-Handy.jpg Philetus Sawyer
 * rowspan=7 | Republican
 * rowspan=7 nowrap | Mar 4, 1881 – Mar 3, 1893
 * rowspan=4 | Elected in 1881.
 * rowspan=4 | 7

! rowspan=2 | 5
 * - style="height:2em"
 * rowspan=2 | Elected to finish Carpenter's term.Retired.
 * rowspan=2 nowrap | Mar 14, 1881 – Mar 3, 1885
 * rowspan=2 | Republican
 * rowspan=2 align=right | Angus Cameron - Brady-Handy.jpg Angus Cameron

 * - style="height:2em"

! rowspan=3 | 6
 * - style="height:2em"
 * rowspan=3 | 8
 * rowspan=3 | Elected in 1885.Lost re-election.
 * rowspan=3 nowrap | Mar 4, 1885 – Mar 3, 1891
 * rowspan=3 | Republican
 * rowspan=3 align=right | John Coit Spooner.jpg John Coit Spooner
 * rowspan=3 align=right | John Coit Spooner.jpg John Coit Spooner

 * - style="height:2em"
 * rowspan=3 | Re-elected in 1887.Retired.
 * rowspan=3 | 8

 * - style="height:2em"

! rowspan=3 | 7
 * - style="height:2em"
 * rowspan=3 | 9
 * rowspan=3 | Elected in 1891.Lost renomination.
 * rowspan=3 nowrap | Mar 4, 1891 – Mar 3, 1897
 * rowspan=3 | Democratic
 * rowspan=3 align=right | Vilas2.jpg William F. Vilas
 * rowspan=3 align=right | Vilas2.jpg William F. Vilas

! rowspan=3 | 6
 * - style="height:2em"
 * rowspan=3 align=left | John L. Mitchell.jpg John L. Mitchell
 * rowspan=3 | Democratic
 * rowspan=3 nowrap | Mar 4, 1893 – Mar 3, 1899
 * rowspan=3 | Elected in 1893.Retired.
 * rowspan=3 | 9

 * - style="height:2em"

! rowspan=6 | 8
 * - style="height:2em"
 * rowspan=3 | 10
 * rowspan=3 | Elected in 1897.
 * rowspan=6 nowrap | Mar 4, 1897 – Apr 30, 1907
 * rowspan=6 | Republican
 * rowspan=6 align=right | John Coit Spooner.jpg John Coit Spooner
 * rowspan=6 align=right | John Coit Spooner.jpg John Coit Spooner

! rowspan=3 | 7
 * - style="height:2em"
 * rowspan=3 align=left | Joseph Quarles.jpg Joseph V. Quarles
 * rowspan=3 | Republican
 * rowspan=3 nowrap | Mar 4, 1899 – Mar 3, 1905
 * rowspan=3 | Elected in 1899.Retired.
 * rowspan=3 | 10

 * - style="height:2em"

 * - style="height:2em"
 * rowspan=5 | 11
 * rowspan=3 | Re-elected in 1903. Resigned.
 * rowspan=3 | Re-elected in 1903. Resigned.

! rowspan=15 | 8
 * - style="height:2em"
 * rowspan=15 align=left | Robert_M._La_Follette,_Sr.jpg Robert M. La Follette
 * rowspan=15 | Republican
 * rowspan=15 nowrap | Jan 4, 1906 – Jun 18, 1925
 * rowspan=5 | Elected in 1905.Did not assume office until Jan 4, 1906 after resigning as Governor of Wisconsin.
 * rowspan=5 | 11

 * - style="height:2em"

 * - style="height:2em"
 * nowrap | Apr 30, 1907 – May 17, 1907
 * colspan=3 | Vacant
 * colspan=3 | Vacant

! rowspan=4 | 9
 * - style="height:2em"
 * Elected to finish Spooner's term.
 * rowspan=4 nowrap | May 17, 1907 – Mar 3, 1915
 * rowspan=4 | Republican
 * rowspan=4 align=right | Isaac Stephenson.jpg Isaac Stephenson

 * - style="height:2em"
 * rowspan=3 | 12
 * rowspan=3 | Re-elected in 1909.Retired.
 * rowspan=3 | Re-elected in 1909.Retired.

 * - style="height:2em"
 * rowspan=3 | Re-elected in 1911.
 * rowspan=3 | 12

 * - style="height:2em"

! rowspan=2 | 10
 * - style="height:2em"
 * rowspan=5 | 13
 * rowspan=2 | Elected in 1914.Died.
 * rowspan=2 nowrap | Mar 4, 1915 – Oct 21, 1917
 * rowspan=2 | Democratic
 * rowspan=2 align=right | SenatorHusting.jpg Paul O. Husting
 * rowspan=2 align=right | SenatorHusting.jpg Paul O. Husting

 * - style="height:2em"
 * rowspan=5 | Re-elected in 1916.
 * rowspan=5 | 13

 * - style="height:2em"
 * nowrap | Oct 21, 1917 – Apr 18, 1918
 * colspan=3 | Vacant
 * colspan=3 | Vacant

! rowspan=7 | 11
 * - style="height:2em"
 * rowspan=2 | Elected in 1918 to finish Husting's term.
 * rowspan=7 nowrap | Apr 18, 1918 – Mar 3, 1927
 * rowspan=7 | Republican
 * rowspan=7 align=right | SenatorLenroot.jpg Irvine Lenroot

 * - style="height:2em"

 * - style="height:2em"
 * rowspan=5 | 14
 * rowspan=5 | Re-elected in 1920.Lost renomination.
 * rowspan=5 | Re-elected in 1920.Lost renomination.

 * - style="height:2em"
 * rowspan=2 | Re-elected in 1922.Died.
 * rowspan=5 | 14

 * - style="height:2em"

 * - style="height:2em"
 * colspan=3 | Vacant
 * nowrap | Jun 18, 1925 – Sep 30, 1925

! rowspan=11 | 9
 * - style="height:2em"
 * rowspan=11 align=left | RMLaFolletteJr.jpg Robert M. La Follette Jr.
 * rowspan=5 | Republican
 * rowspan=11 nowrap | Sep 30, 1925 – Jan 3, 1947
 * rowspan=2 | Elected to finish his father's term

! rowspan=3 | 12
 * - style="height:2em"
 * rowspan=3 | 15
 * rowspan=3 | Elected in 1926.Lost renomination.
 * rowspan=3 nowrap | Mar 4, 1927 – Mar 3, 1933
 * rowspan=3 | Republican
 * rowspan=3 align=right | John J. Blaine.jpg John J. Blaine
 * rowspan=3 align=right | John J. Blaine.jpg John J. Blaine

 * - style="height:2em"
 * rowspan=3 | Re-elected in 1928.
 * rowspan=3 | 15

 * - style="height:2em"

! rowspan=3 | 13
 * - style="height:2em"
 * rowspan=3 | 16
 * rowspan=3 | Elected in 1932.Lost re-election.
 * rowspan=3 nowrap | Mar 4, 1933 – Jan 3, 1939
 * rowspan=3 | Democratic
 * rowspan=3 align=right | FRyanDuffy.jpg F. Ryan Duffy
 * rowspan=3 align=right | FRyanDuffy.jpg F. Ryan Duffy

 * - style="height:2em"
 * rowspan=6 | Progressive
 * rowspan=3 | Re-elected in 1934.
 * rowspan=3 | 16

 * - style="height:2em"

! rowspan=14 | 14
 * - style="height:2em"
 * rowspan=3 | 17
 * rowspan=3 | Elected in 1938.
 * rowspan=14 nowrap | Jan 3, 1939 – Jan 3, 1963
 * rowspan=14 | Republican
 * rowspan=14 align=right | Alexander Wiley.jpg Alexander Wiley
 * rowspan=14 align=right | Alexander Wiley.jpg Alexander Wiley

 * - style="height:2em"
 * rowspan=3 | Re-elected in 1940.Lost nomination as a Republican.
 * rowspan=3 | 17

 * - style="height:2em"

 * - style="height:2em"
 * rowspan=3 | 18
 * rowspan=3 | Re-elected in 1944.
 * rowspan=3 | Re-elected in 1944.

! rowspan=6 | 10
 * - style="height:2em"
 * rowspan=6 align=left | Joseph McCarthy.jpg Joseph McCarthy
 * rowspan=6 | Republican
 * rowspan=6 nowrap | Jan 3, 1947 – May 2, 1957
 * rowspan=3 | Elected in 1946.
 * rowspan=3 | 18

 * - style="height:2em"

 * - style="height:2em"
 * rowspan=3 | 19
 * rowspan=3 | Re-elected in 1950.
 * rowspan=3 | Re-elected in 1950.

 * - style="height:2em"
 * rowspan=3 | Re-elected in 1952.Died.
 * rowspan=5 | 19

 * - style="height:2em"

 * - style="height:2em"
 * rowspan=5 | 20
 * rowspan=5 | Re-elected in 1956.Lost re-election.
 * rowspan=5 | Re-elected in 1956.Lost re-election.

 * - style="height:2em"
 * colspan=3 | Vacant
 * nowrap | May 2, 1957 – Aug 27, 1957

! rowspan=16 | 11
 * - style="height:2em"
 * rowspan=16 align=left | Senator William Proxmire.jpg William Proxmire
 * rowspan=16 | Democratic
 * rowspan=16 nowrap | Aug 28, 1957 – Jan 3, 1989
 * Elected to finish McCarthy's term

 * - style="height:2em"
 * rowspan=3 | Re-elected in 1958.
 * rowspan=3 | 20

 * - style="height:2em"

! rowspan=9 | 15
 * - style="height:2em"
 * rowspan=3 | 21
 * rowspan=3 | Elected in 1962.
 * rowspan=9 nowrap | Jan 3, 1963 – Jan 3, 1981
 * rowspan=9 | Democratic
 * rowspan=9 align=right | GaylordNelson.jpg Gaylord Nelson
 * rowspan=9 align=right | GaylordNelson.jpg Gaylord Nelson

 * - style="height:2em"
 * rowspan=3 | Re-elected in 1964.
 * rowspan=3 | 21

 * - style="height:2em"

 * - style="height:2em"
 * rowspan=3 | 22
 * rowspan=3 | Re-elected in 1968.
 * rowspan=3 | Re-elected in 1968.

 * - style="height:2em"
 * rowspan=3 | Re-elected in 1970.
 * rowspan=3 | 22

 * - style="height:2em"

 * - style="height:2em"
 * rowspan=3 | 23
 * rowspan=3 | Re-elected in 1974.Lost re-election.
 * rowspan=3 | Re-elected in 1974.Lost re-election.

 * - style="height:2em"
 * rowspan=3 | Re-elected in 1976.
 * rowspan=3 | 23

 * - style="height:2em"

! rowspan=6 | 16
 * - style="height:2em"
 * rowspan=3 | 24
 * rowspan=3 | Elected in 1980.
 * rowspan=6 nowrap | Jan 3, 1981 – Jan 3, 1993
 * rowspan=6 | Republican
 * rowspan=6 align=right | SenatorKasten.jpg Bob Kasten
 * rowspan=6 align=right | SenatorKasten.jpg Bob Kasten

 * - style="height:2em"
 * rowspan=3 | Re-elected in 1982.Retired.
 * rowspan=3 | 24

 * - style="height:2em"

 * - style="height:2em"
 * rowspan=3 | 25
 * rowspan=3 | Re-elected in 1986.Lost re-election.
 * rowspan=3 | Re-elected in 1986.Lost re-election.

! rowspan=12 | 12
 * - style="height:2em"
 * rowspan=12 align=left | Herbert Kohl, official photo.jpg Herb Kohl
 * rowspan=12 | Democratic
 * rowspan=12 nowrap | Jan 3, 1989 – Jan 3, 2013
 * rowspan=3 | Elected in 1988.
 * rowspan=3 | 25

 * - style="height:2em"

! rowspan=9 | 17
 * - style="height:2em"
 * rowspan=3 | 26
 * rowspan=3 | Elected in 1992.
 * rowspan=9 nowrap | Jan 3, 1993 – Jan 3, 2011
 * rowspan=9 | Democratic
 * rowspan=9 align=right | Russ Feingold Official Portrait 3.jpg Russ Feingold
 * rowspan=9 align=right | Russ Feingold Official Portrait 3.jpg Russ Feingold

 * - style="height:2em"
 * rowspan=3 | Re-elected in 1994.
 * rowspan=3 | 26

 * - style="height:2em"

 * - style="height:2em"
 * rowspan=3 | 27
 * rowspan=3 | Re-elected in 1998.
 * rowspan=3 | Re-elected in 1998.

 * - style="height:2em"
 * rowspan=3 | Re-elected in 2000.
 * rowspan=3 | 27

 * - style="height:2em"

 * - style="height:2em"
 * rowspan=3 | 28
 * rowspan=3 | Re-elected in 2004.Lost re-election.
 * rowspan=3 | Re-elected in 2004.Lost re-election.

 * - style="height:2em"
 * rowspan=3 | Re-elected in 2006.Retired.
 * rowspan=3 | 28

 * - style="height:2em"

! rowspan=9 | 18
 * - style="height:2em"
 * rowspan=3 | 29
 * rowspan=3 | Elected in 2010.
 * rowspan=9 nowrap | Jan 3, 2011 – present
 * rowspan=9 | Republican
 * rowspan=9 align=right | Ron Johnson, official portrait, 112th Congress.jpg Ron Johnson
 * rowspan=9 align=right | Ron Johnson, official portrait, 112th Congress.jpg Ron Johnson

! rowspan=6 | 13
 * - style="height:2em"
 * rowspan=6 align=left | Tammy Baldwin, official portrait, 113th Congress.jpg Tammy Baldwin
 * rowspan=6 | Democratic
 * rowspan=6 nowrap | Jan 3, 2013 – present
 * rowspan=3 | Elected in 2012.
 * rowspan=3 | 29

 * - style="height:2em"

 * - style="height:2em"
 * rowspan=3 | 30
 * rowspan=3 | Re-elected in 2016.
 * rowspan=3 | Re-elected in 2016.

 * - style="height:2em"
 * rowspan=3 | Re-elected in 2018.
 * rowspan=3 | 30

 * - style="height:2em"

 * - style="height:2em"
 * rowspan=3 | 31
 * rowspan=3 | Re-elected in 2022.
 * rowspan=3 | Re-elected in 2022.

 * - style="height:2em"
 * rowspan=3 colspan=5 | To be determined in the 2024 election.
 * rowspan=3| 31

 * - style="height:2em"

 * - style="height:2em"
 * 32
 * colspan=5 | To be determined in the 2028 election.
 * colspan=5 | To be determined in the 2028 election.


text:
Naamah

Naamah or Na'amah can refer to:

Religion

 * Naamah (Genesis), the daughter of Lamech the Cainite
 * Naamah, Noah's wife in some extra-Biblical traditions
 * Naamah (wife of Solomon), mother of Rehoboam
 * Naamah, a city of Canaan, listed in Joshua as having been conquered and subsequently settled by the Tribe of Judah
 * Naamah (demon), one of the demonic wives of the archangel Samael in the Zohar
 * Naamah Kelman (born 1955), American-born rabbi and dean of the Hebrew Union College – Jewish Institute of Religion

Music

 * "Dark Princess Naamah" and "Invocation of Naamah", songs from Swedish symphonic metal band Therion
 * Nahemah (band), a Spanish progressive death metal band

Literature

 * Naamah, one of the Companions of Elua in Jacqueline Carey's Kushiel's Legacy saga
 * Naamah, an antagonist in the Dragons In Our Midst series by Bryan Davis (author)
 * Naamah Darling, Andan Cly's airship in the Clockwork Century books by Cherie Priest

Gaming

 * Naamah, a changeling girl in the roleplay game Changeling: the Lost
 * Naamah, a Manei Domini agent of the Word of Blake in the tabletop war game BattleTech
 * Naamah the Soul-Eater, boss of the Sanctum Of Destruction hero map on Grand Chase

title: Naamah


text:
Talk:Jan Kjærstad

Untitled
Question moved from article proper:

Is this title translated into English:

Signs for Love ("Tegn til kjærlighet", Novel, 2002)

title: Talk:Jan Kjærstad


text:
Neumark

The Neumark, also known as the New March (Nowa Marchia) or as East Brandenburg , was a region of the Margraviate of Brandenburg and its successors located east of the Oder River in territory which became part of Poland in 1945 except some villages of former districts of Königsberg in the New March and Weststenberg remained in Germany.

Called the Lubusz Land while part of medieval Poland, the territory later known as the Neumark gradually became part of the German Margraviate of Brandenburg from the mid-13th century. As Brandenburg-Küstrin the Neumark formed an independent state of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation from 1535 to 1571; after the death of the margrave John, a younger son of Joachim I Nestor, Elector of Brandenburg, it returned to Elector John George, the margrave's nephew and Joachim I Nestor's grandson. With the rest of the Electorate of Brandenburg, it became part of the Kingdom of Prussia in 1701 and part of the German Empire in 1871 when each of those states first formed. After World War I the entirely ethnic German Neumark remained within the Free State of Prussia, itself part of the Weimar Republic (Germany).

After World War II the Potsdam Conference assigned the majority of the Neumark to Polish administration, and since 1945 has remained part of Poland. Polish settlers largely replaced the expelled German population. Most of the Polish territory became part of the Lubusz Voivodeship, while the northern towns Choszczno (Arnswalde), Myślibórz (Soldin), and Chojna (Königsberg in der Neumark) belong to the West Pomeranian Voivodeship. Some territory near Cottbus, which was administratively part of the Government Region of Frankfurt (coterminous with the Neumark) after the 1815 Congress of Vienna, became part of East Germany in the 1940s, becoming part of Germany after reunification in 1990.

Location
The Oder marked the borders of the Neumark in the west and south; in the north it bordered Pomerania, and in the east Greater Poland until the Partitions of Poland in the late 18th century. From the 1772 First Partition of Poland it bordered the Prussian Netze District in the east, which had largely been carved out of the northern part of Greater Poland. After the 1793 Second Partition of Poland the remainder of Greater Poland became part of the Province of South Prussia. In 1807 South Prussia and the southern part of the Netze District (among other areas) became part of the Napoleonic Duchy of Warsaw, while the northern part of the Netze District was merged into the Province of West Prussia; the Neumark shared borders with both.

After 1815 (Congress of Vienna) the Neumark was dissolved, largely becoming part of Regierungsbezirk Frankfurt of the Province of Brandenburg. Most of the eastern border of the Neumark became that of Brandenburg/Frankfurt with West Prussia (Province of Prussia 1829–1878) and the Grand Duchy of Posen (Province of Posen from 1848).

The Warta and Noteć Rivers and their swamp regions dominated the landscape of the region. At the time of the Neumark's greatest territorial extent (at the end of the 17th century), the region included the following later Kreise (districts) and towns:

In the Brandenburgian Region of Frankfurt

 * (1818–1945; from 1938 part of Pomeranian Region of Posen-West Prussia), based in Neuwedell (till 1908), thereafter in Arnswalde
 * (1818–1945), based in Crossen upon Oder
 * Friedeberg (1816–1945; from 1938 part of Pomeranian Region of Posen-West Prussia), based in Friedeberg in the New March
 * (1816–15 March 1946, remainder west of the Oder merged into, and ), based in Königsberg in the New March
 * (1818–1945), based in Landsberg upon Warthe
 * (1818–1945), based in Soldin
 * , (1816–1873; partitioned into Oststernberg and ), based in Zielenzig (till 1852), thereafter in Drossen

In the Pomeranian Region of Köslin

 * (1816–1945; from 1938 part of Pomeranian Region of Posen-West Prussia), based in Dramburg
 * (1816–1945), based in Schivelbein

Ancient history
In the Bronze Age the area which became the Neumark fell within the area of the Lusatian culture. In the Iron Age the Jastorf culture operated in this region, identified sometimes with Germanic and sometimes with Celtic tribes.

As its inhabitants moved westward, the region became depopulated during the Migration Period. After AD 500 West Slavic tribes gradually repopulated the area, which became a forest borderland between Pomerania and Greater Poland. According to the Bavarian Geographer's description, the Miloxi inhabited the future Neumark region: they had 47 settlements between the Oder and Poznań.

Middle Ages
The region came under the sovereignty of the first Polish state during the 10th-century rule of Mieszko I (died 992) and Bolesław I (ruled 992–1025), Dukes of the Polans. Polish rulers incorporated the future Neumark territory as the Lubusz Land and by the beginning of the 13th century the previously depopulated region had a thinly-spread population of Poles.

Beginning in the 1230s, Low-German–speaking colonists from the Holy Roman Empire began settling north and south of the Warta and Noteć Rivers upon the initiative of Pomeranian and Polish lords (see Ostsiedlung). The lords invited members of the Knights Templar and Knights Hospitaller to establish monasteries, near which settlements began to develop. To fortify the borderland Pomeranian and Polish dukes built castles in the north, around which settlements also grew.

The Ascanian margraves of Brandenburg, starting with Albert the Bear (ruled 1157–1170), aspired to extend their dominion east of the Oder. They had gained a foothold east of the river by 1242 and in 1252 the Margraviate of Brandenburg and the Archbishopric of Magdeburg purchased the Lubusz Land. In 1253 they founded Frankfurt an der Oder as a river-crossing and as a staging-point for further expansion eastward. Through land purchases, marriage pacts, and services to Poland's Piast dynasty, the Ascanians extended their territory eastward to the Drawa River and northward to the Parsęta River. For instance, the Polish castellany of Santok, an important base and crossing point over the Warta near its junction with the Noteć, was sought by Pomerania. To relieve himself of the trouble of maintaining the fortress, Duke Przemysł I of Greater Poland granted the castellany to Margrave Conrad as a dowry for his daughter Konstancja. To safeguard the region Margrave John I founded the town of Landsberg an der Warthe (now Gorzów Wielkopolski) in 1257. The Templars sold Soldin to the Ascanians in 1261, and the town began to become a center for the region.

Most of the colonists who settled in Brandenburg's new eastern territory came from Magdeburg or the Altmark ("Old March"). Unlike in the rest of Brandenburg (where the Ascanians settled knights in open villages) the margraves began constructing castles in their land east of the Oder to guard against Poland. The Slavic inhabitants of the region gradually became Germanized. Because the new Terra trans Oderam, or "land across the Oder", formed an extension of the Margraviate of Brandenburg, it became known as the Neumark ("New March") after the middle of the 15th century.

With the extinction of the Ascanian line in 1320, Brandenburg's interest in the Neumark decreased. Neither the margraves of the Wittelsbach (1323–1373) nor those of the Luxembourg dynasties concerned themselves with developing their easternmost territory further. The political vacuum allowed Poland to reassert its influence in the area, while robber barons terrorized the populace.

Teutonic Knights
Brandenburg pawned the Neumark to the Teutonic Knights in 1402, and it passed completely under their control in 1429, although the Order neglected the region as well. After the Teutonic Knights' defeat in the Battle of Grunwald (Tannenberg) in 1410, the future Grand Master Michael Küchmeister von Sternberg used the Neumark as a staging ground for an army of German and Hungarian mercenaries which he later used against the forces of King Władysław II Jagiełło of Poland. This allowed the Order to retain much of its territory in the First Peace of Thorn in 1411.

In 1454/1455 the Knights' mismanagement led to their pawning of the Neumark back to Brandenburg, by then led by Elector Frederick II of the Hohenzollern dynasty (Treaties of Cölln and Mewe). After Frederick completed the re-acquisition of Neumark in 1463 for 40,000 guilders, the region belonged to Brandenburg for the following centuries, with the exception of the time between 1535 and 1571. Frederick II wrote for his successors "that the said land, the New Mark, shall belong to German territory and to the worshipful Electorate of the Mark of Brandenburg, with which it was incorporated at the institution of the Electorate, and shall so remain, and shall never pass to those who speak not the German tongue".

Brandenburg-Küstrin
After the death of Elector Joachim I Nestor in 1535, Brandenburg's territory west of the Oder (the Kurmark) went to his older son Joachim II Hector, while the Neumark went to his younger son John, who began ruling the Neumark as an independent margraviate and consolidated the land. An enthusiastic supporter of the Protestant Reformation, John succeeded in converting the Neumark to Lutheranism and in confiscating church property. He lived frugally and acquired wealth for his treasury through usury and hiring out mercenary companies.

The division of Brandenburg resulted in trade wars between the brothers, as Crossen and Landsberg competed with the Kurmark's Frankfurt for mercantile primacy. The two margraves eventually compromised – at the economic expense of Stettin. (The brothers also reconciled out of concern for their territories during the Schmalkaldic War of 1546–47.)

In 1548 John's administration moved from Soldin to Küstrin. With the death of both brothers within ten days of each other in 1571, the Neumark became reunited with the Kurmark under Joachim II's son, John George.

Brandenburg-Prussia
In 1618, East Brandenburg became part of Brandenburg-Prussia after the electors' inheritance of the Duchy of Prussia. During the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) both Swedish and Imperial troops plundered, ravaged and burnt the land, while plague epidemics in 1626 and 1631 killed much of the populace. While occupied by Swedish troops the region had to contribute 60,000 thalers and 10,000 Wispel of rye.

Kingdom of Prussia
After the declaration of the Kingdom of Prussia in 1701, the situation in the Neumark began to improve. King Frederick I initiated new waves of colonization. Many French Huguenots, forced to flee from religious persecution in France, arrived as settlers. The textile industry also began to develop in the Neumark. The Seven Years' War caused the region to regress in its development, as high contributions were exacted from the population for the war effort and the Neumark was the setting for battles such as at Kunersdorf. Under Frederick II, increased land reclamation and economic consolidation resulted from the drainage of the Warta and Notec areas.

The reorganization of Prussia after the territorial changes – resulting from the Congress of Vienna in 1815 – changed the political makeup of the Neumark. The and  and the northern part of the  with the town of Nörenberg became part of the Province of Pomerania. The Neumark's remaining territory was incorporated into the newly created Frankfurt Region of the Province of Brandenburg.

Germany
With the formation of the Prussian-led German Empire in 1871 the Neumark — along with the rest of Brandenburg — became part of a unified German state. In the Weimar Republic's National Assembly of 1 November 1919, the majority of the region voted for the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD). The Neumark populace mostly voted for the German National People's Party in the elections for the German Reichstag on 20 May 1928, with a small island of SPD voters. In the Reichstag vote of December 1924 1,900 votes were cast for the Polish People's Party out of a population of 570,000. In 1925 the Neumark had 3,500 Polish speakers. In the Reichstag vote of 6 November 1932, the Nazi Party won the election in the region.

When the Nazi authorities dissolved the province of Posen-West Prussia in 1938, they expanded the Frankfurt Region to include the districts of Schwerin and of Meseritz, although the New Marcher and of Friedeberg were reassigned to Pomerania. According to the 1939 census, the Neumark had a population of 645,000 residents, including 3,000 non-Germans. The dialect spoken in much of the territory was the East Low German Brandenburgisch dialect.

Infrastructure before 1945
The Neumark region long featured agriculture and forestry. The medium-sized towns were mostly Ackerbürgerstädte, or farmer-citizen-towns. The textile industry became prominent in the 19th century. With the construction of modern roadways, of the Fernverkehrstraße 1 (an arterial road from Berlin to Königsberg), and of the Prussian Eastern Railway, the Neumark also began to develop industrially. Such development was primarily geared toward agricultural needs and was concentrated near the cities of Landsberg and Küstrin, and the Neumark did not become nearly as industrialized or densely populated as other German areas such as the Ruhr, Saxony, or Upper Silesia.

World War II
Near the end of World War II, the Soviet Red Army reached the Neumark at the end of January 1945. Because the Red Army had advanced so quickly, the civilian population of the region suffered greatly from warfare and occupying troops because they had not prepared to flee in time. More than 40,000 New Marchers were killed in action as soldiers.

Under the terms demanded by the Soviet Union in the Potsdam Agreement, the region was put under Polish administration after the Potsdam Conference and eventually became part of Poland. Germans remaining in the region were expelled. Poles, some of whom had themselves been expelled from the Polish areas annexed by the Soviet Union settled the region. A small part of the German population, mostly technicians for the water supply companies, were retained and used for compulsory labour; they were allowed to emigrate to Germany in the 1950s. Older estimates indicated that of the pre-war population of 645,000, only 5,000 of the inhabitants from 1939 remained in the province in 1950.

Villages in today's Germany west of the Oder
After the regulation of the river Oder in the 18th century the western border of the New March was not adapted to the Oder's new partially more eastern course. Thus the New Marcher villages west of the Oder, now the German-Polish border, remained with post-World War II Germany.

Formerly located within the District of Königsberg in the New March were the villages, , , , , , , Drewitz Ausbau (a locality of Bleyen), , , Hohenwutzen, , , Königlich Reetz (a locality of Oderaue), Küstrin-Kietz, , Neuküstrinchen (a locality of Oderaue), , Neuranft, Neurüdnitz, , , Schaumburg in the Oderbruch (a locality of Bleyen), , and Zelliner Loose (a locality of Letschin). The villages of and Kunitz-Loose (a locality of Wiesenau) formed part of the Weststernberg district.

Poland
The Oder-Neisse line delimiting Germany and Poland split several localities of the region into divided cities:

 * Küstrin was separated into German Küstrin-Kietz and Polish Kostrzyn nad Odrą,
 * Frankfurt an der Oder was split into German Frankfurt (Oder) and Polish Słubice,
 * Guben was divided into German Guben and Polish Gubin,
 * Bad Muskau was split into German Bad Muskau and Polish Łęknica,
 * Forst was divided into German Forst and Polish Zasieki,
 * Görlitz was separated into German Görlitz and Polish Zgorzelec.

To replace the expelled indigenous German population, Soviet authorities re-settled Neumark with Poles and Ukrainians from territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union. From 1975 to 1998 the former Neumark territory was divided between the Voivodeships of Gorzów and Zielona Góra with a small section around Chojna in Szczecin Voivodeship. Since the reorganization of Polish voivodeships on 1 January 1999, almost all of the former Neumark region lies within the Lubusz Voivodeship.

Modern inhabitants
During the Polish post-war census of December 1950, data about the pre-war places of residence of the inhabitants as of August 1939 was collected. In case of children born between September 1939 and December 1950, their origin was reported based on the pre-war places of residence of their mothers. Thanks to this data it is possible to reconstruct the pre-war geographical origin of the post-war population. The same area corresponding to 1939 East Brandenburg east of the Oder-Neisse line (which became part of Poland in 1945) was inhabited as of December 1950 by: Over 95% of the 1950 population were newcomers to the region, with less than 5% residing in German East Brandenburg already back in August 1939 (so called autochthons, who had German citizenship before World War II and were granted Polish citizenship after 1945). The largest group among new inhabitants were Poles expelled from areas of Eastern Poland annexed by the Soviet Union. The second largest group were people from neighbouring pre-war Poznań Voivodeship of Poland (historical Greater Poland region), comprising one-fifth of post-war inhabitants.

title: Neumark


text:
Khoy

Khoy (Persian and Azerbaijani: خوی) is a city in the Central District of Khoy County, West Azerbaijan province, Iran, serving as capital of both the county and the district. Occupied since Median times, it shares a long history as an important Christian center.

History
Khoy was named in ancient times for the salt mines that made it an important spur of the Silk Route. 3000 years ago, a city existed on the area where Khoy is located nowadays, but its name became Khoy only in the 14th centuries ago. In 714 BC, Sargon II passed the region of which Khoy is part of in a campaign against Urartu.

During the reign of Greater Armenia this city was a part of Nor-Shirakan province (ashkar). Khoy was mentioned in the 8th century AD and was called Her by Anania Shirakatsi in "Ashkharatsuyts".

In the Parthian period, Khoy was the gateway of the Parthian Empire in the Northwest. During the reign of Armenian king Tigranes the Great, Khoy is mentioned as being an important settlement of the Silk Route. Around the year 37 BC, Mark Antony had crossed the plain that is located between Khoy and Marand during one of the many and frequent Roman-Parthian Wars.

Scholars such as Josef Markwart consider Khoy to be the identical to the Gobdi station mentioned in the Tabula Peutingeriana.

One of the important historic elements of the city is Surp Sarkis Church. Armenian documents wrote that the date of the making has to be either 332 or 333 AD. In the city and its surrounding villages, churches are seen and it is reported that Armenians have always been comprising a significant amount of the city’s population.

By the first half of the 11th century the Byzantine emperors were actively trying to round off their eastern territories, in an attempt to absorb the unstable Armenian dynasties. In 1021-2 emperor Basil II led his army as far as Khoy within 175 km of Dvin, and obtained the surrender of royalty from the Artsruni dynasty of Van.

In 1210, the city was conquered by the forces of Kingdom of Georgia sent by Tamar the Great under the command of Zakaria and Ivane Mkhargrdzeli. This was a response to the sacking of Georgian-controlled Ani which occurred in 1208 and left 12,000 Christians dead.

The city was ruled over by Malika, wife of Jalal al-Din Mangburni after his conquest of the city in the late 1220s.

Modern period
In the wake of the demise of the Safavids, the Ottomans took Khoy on 6 May 1724, a territorial gain which was confirmed with Imperial Russia through the Treaty of Constantinople (1724).

Until 1828, Khoy had a large number of Armenians; however, the Treaty of Turkmenchay (1828), gave the Russians the right to encourage Armenians to immigrate into the Russian Empire. Nevertheless, a small Armenian population remained living in Khoy. This was noted by an American missionary in 1834. He noted further that in the villages around Khoy there were a few more, but the vast majority had migrated to the North of the Aras river following Russia's victory over Persia in 1828 and the encouraged settling in the newly incorporated Russian regions of Eastern Armenia.

With the advent of the 1910s, Khoy was occupied by Ottoman troops, but they were completely expelled from the area by the Russians by 1911. Khoy was one of the many cities in Iran which garrisoned Russian infantry and Cossacks. The Russians retreated at the time of Enver Pasha's offensive in the Iran-Caucasus region, but returned in around early 1916, and stayed in the region up to the wake of the Russian Revolution. In 1918, for a final brief period, the Ottomans took Khoy until the decisive end of World War I and the Armistice of Mudros. In World War II, Khoy was again occupied by Soviet troops, who remained until 1946. After 1946 the city indefinitely became part of Iran and is located in the far northwest of the country.

Population
At the time of the 2006 National Census, the city's population was 178,708 in 45,090 households. The following census in 2011 counted 200,958 people in 57,149 households. The 2016 census measured the population of the city as 198,845 people in 59,964 households.

Location
Khoy is north of the province's capital and largest city Urmia, and 807 km north-west to Tehran. The region's economy is based on agriculture, particularly the production of fruit, grain, and timber. Khoy is nicknamed as the Sunflower city of Iran. At the 2006 census, the city had a population of 178,708, with an estimated 2012 population of 200,985. Khoy is largely populated by ethnic Azerbaijanis, except for the residents of the western edge of Khoy, who are mostly Kurds; The majority of the population (more than 90%) subscribes to the Shiite sect of Islam. The Kurds of this less, who live mostly in a nomadic way as opposed to the mostly settled Azerbaijanis, are largely Sunni and are composed of two independent tribes, Shakkak and Madrumi.

Climate
Köppen-Geiger climate classification system classifies its climate as cold semi-arid (BSk).

Highest recorded temperature:42.8 C on 26 July 2020 Lowest recorded temperature:-30.0 C on 24 January 1964

Sights
Khoy is well known for the tomb of Shams Tabrizi, renowned Iranian poet and mystic.

Famous places

 * Tomb of Shams Tabrizi, Shams Tabrizi Tower
 * Bastam and Bolourabad Castles
 * Khatoon Bridge
 * Old Stone Gate
 * Old Bazaar
 * Motallebkhan Mosque
 * Mount Avrin
 * Ghotour Iron Bridge
 * Surp Sarkis Church
 * Pourya-ye Vali

Notable natives
For a complete list see: Category:People from Khoy

Twin towns

 * 🇹🇷 Konya, Turkey (since 2011)

title: Khoy


text:
Praise the Lard

Praise the Lard is an album by PIG (Raymond Watts), initially released on Concrete Productions in 1991 and re-released by Cleopatra Records in 1997.

The re-released version has an incorrect track listing, due to the use of artwork from the original LP version. Cleopatra Records reissued the album after "purchasing" the rights from someone who did not legally own them. Raymond has indicated his desire to re-release the album, possibly with bonus tracks, but the album is currently unavailable in all markets (as of 2017).

Track listing

 * 1) "My Sanctuary" (Raymond Watts) – 5:49
 * 2) "Gravy Train" (Watts) – 3:46
 * 3) "Angel" (Watts) – 4:04
 * 4) "Valley of the Ignorant" (Watts) – 3:38
 * 5) "A Touch of Upheaval" (Watts) – 3:35
 * 6) "Infinite Shame" (Watts) – 4:07
 * 7) "Hog Love" (Watts, Anna Wildsmith) – 3:55
 * 8) "Sweet Child" (Watts) – 5:51
 * 9) "Sweat and Sour" (Watts) – 1:43
 * 10) "Blood Slicked Highway" (Watts) – 5:16
 * 11) "¡Toxico!" (Watts) – 5:11
 * 12) "Sick City" (Watts) – 5:08

Personnel

 * Raymond Watts
 * Mike Watts – organ on track 3
 * JG Thirlwell on track 12

title: Praise the Lard


text:
Talk:William Radice

Untitled
He appears to be actually at the School of Oriental and African Studies which is a different entity from UCL and about 500 metres south. Can anyone confirm which is corrrect and amend the UCL page if needs be? Timrollpickering 23:26, 7 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Notability and sourcing
Have looked without success for references to add; questioning notability. Tacyarg (talk) 21:47, 11 January 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:William Radice


text:
User talk:Theon~enwiki/Welcome

Hello! Welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your fine work, especially on '1736'. Judging from the work you've done, it seems that your forte is in history; you can find plenty of articles in need of help in this field or others at Pages needing attention.

You might find these links helpful in starting new articles or helping with existing ones: How to edit a page, How to write a great article, Naming conventions, Manual of Style. You should read our policies at some point too.

If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump, or ask me on my talk page.

 * If you made any edits before you got an account, you might be interested in assigning those to your username.

 * You can sign your name on talk pages using three tildes, like this: . If you use four, you can add a datestamp too.

 * If you ever think a page or image should be deleted, please list it at the votes for deletion page. There is also a votes for undeletion page if you want to retrieve something that you think should not have been deleted.

Thank you for your contributions; I hope you continue to help us.

-- Djinn112 21:10, Feb 11, 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Theon~enwiki/Welcome


text:
Lethbridge Viaduct

The Lethbridge Viaduct, commonly known as the High Level Bridge, is a railway trestle bridge over the Oldman River in Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada. Constructed between 1907 and 1909 by the Canadian Pacific Railway, it is the largest railway structure in Canada and the largest of its type in the world, and is still regularly maintained and used over a century since its construction.

History
Prior to the Lethbridge Viaduct, the main railway crossing over the Oldman River was a wooden trestle measuring 894 m long and 20 m high. The trestles on the original line out of Lethbridge totalled 2.8 mi. Many railways in the area went through the Crowsnest Pass between Lethbridge and Fort Macleod, over steep grades that hampered operations. In addition, extensive cuts and many other bridges were needed to cross various creeks and coulees. Past the St. Mary River crossing, several large cuts and large bridges were also required, including a 900 ft trestle with a 200 ft span west of the St. Mary River, a 600 ft trestle at Eight-Mile Coulee, and another of 900 ft in length near Eight-Mile Coulee. At Sixteen-Mile Coulee there was a 800 ft trestle, 133 ft high with a 200 ft truss span over the creek.

Although the original route accomplished its purpose in allowing the CPR to rapidly complete the railway, it turned out to be expensive to operate. The original bridges were designed to last only about 10 years. In 1905, the CPR decided, to construct a completely new route on a better gradient to bypass the original line. The new line was built to the north of the Oldman River. It required two bridges, one in Lethbridge—the High Level Bridge—over the Oldman River, and another large bridge over the Oldman River again west of Monarch. This route eliminated many curves and reduced the grade from 1.2 percent to only 0.4 percent. It also saved 5.26 mi of track.

The Lethbridge Viaduct was designed by the CPR's bridge department in Montreal, Quebec. Construction began in the summer of 1907, directed by CPR's Assistant Chief Engineer John Edward Schwitzer. Clearing and grading the site, construction of piers, and placement of the footings progressed while the steelwork was being prefabricated. The steelwork was manufactured by the Canadian Bridge Company of Walkerville, Ontario. Raising the steelwork began in mid-August 1908 and was performed by around 100 workers. Transport of the steel to the site required 645 railway cars while another 40 were needed to bring in equipment. Once the steelwork reached track level at the Lethbridge end, it was possible to begin assembly using a huge travelling crane called an "erection traveller", which was built on site at a cost of $100,000 and was used to lower the steel beams and girders into place. The last girder was placed in June 1909 and riveting was completed in August 1909. The total cost of the Lethbridge Viaduct's construction was $1,334,525.

Specifications

 * Length: 5,327 ft
 * Height: 314 ft above river bed
 * Materials: 12,400 ST of steel
 * Deck spans and lengths:
 * 44 plate girder spans each of 67 ft
 * 22 plate girder spans each of 98 ft
 * one riveted lattice-truss of 107 ft
 * Rigid braced steel towers: total of 33

The second bridge over the Oldman River, near Monarch, is 1890 ft long and 150 ft high.

In popular culture
The Lethbridge Viaduct appears in the 4th episode of the 2023 TV series The Last of Us. Through videographic editing, the bridge is depicted as abandoned for decades and collapsed in the middle.

title: Lethbridge Viaduct


text:
User talk:Theon~enwiki/Shuttle Missions

I see you are working on Space Shuttle missions. I invite you to swing by WikiProject Space. Rmhermen 17:57, Mar 2, 2004 (UTC)

Hi, these pages like STS-53 are a bit contentless - it would be better if they didn't exist at all. Evercat 14:12, 4 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Look, you can't have these essentially blank pages any more than you could have an article about a species consisting solely of a blank taxobox. Evercat 14:24, 4 Mar 2004 (UTC)

But it makes it impossible to tell what's been done and what hasn't. Pages that haven't been written normally have red links to them. But now the ones you've created have normal colored links. This will only slow down the addition of actual content. Evercat 14:29, 4 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * then why do stub pages exist? by that same logic all stubs should be blanked because they prevent in depth content from being addedTheon 14:31, Mar 4, 2004 (UTC)

Stubs have some content. Your pages have no content at all. Anyway, I suggest a temporary moratorium on them until the community decides. I've mentioned them on Votes for deletion. For now, I won't delete any more if you continue to create them, but in the (I think quite likely) event that the vote is carried, you'll have wasted your time... Evercat 14:32, 4 Mar 2004 (UTC)

If you do continue, could you at least use specific external links, ie: instead of http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/ use http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/sts-53/mission-sts-53.html or whatever. Evercat 14:34, 4 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Congratulations for creating the templates for all STS missions. However, please try to inform the public which ones have no content apart from the mission name. You may like to use a star (*) after their links in the STS mission list, and explain that articles with the start after their name have no content. Optim 14:53, 4 Mar 2004 (UTC)

I apologise if I came across as rude. I do that a lot, sorry. Evercat 15:06, 4 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * I can take it, you should see what happened to my daughter.
 * -Theon 15:15, Mar 4, 2004 (UTC)

Hey Moink, just wanted to give you a heads up on the links at the bottom of the page. You should link to STS-94 and STS-86 going forwards and backwards, not just xx (those are years) see STS-27 for the template Theon 18:29, Mar 4, 2004 (UTC)
 * Oops, that was just me being silly. I did actually know what I should be doing, I just typed the wrong thing.  Sorry moink 18:33, 4 Mar 2004 (UTC)

I formated Vance D. Brand. Just droping you a note. -- Quinwound 20:00, Mar 4, 2004 (UTC)

Theon: A little while back, I created the lists of human spaceflights 1961-1986, 1987-1999, 2000-now as what I felt were useful reference tables. One thing that they're missing is brief mission descriptions; perhaps you could help fill some of those in (I started, but lost enthusiasm after a while). -- Seth Ilys 03:47, 6 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * No rush, of course! It's not like it's hard to find things to do around here. :) And I really appreciate the work you're doing on the shuttle mission pages... Keep it up! -- Seth Ilys 23:33, 6 Mar 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Theon~enwiki/Shuttle Missions


text:
User talk:Theon~enwiki/Timelines

Theon, see my note at Wikipedia talk:Timeline standards. -- llywrch 02:30, 4 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Theon, I think we came to a good consensus about openign new centuries. If no one makes any objections within a week, I think it would be correct to make a change to the Timeline standards page. -- llywrch 19:16, 11 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * Agreed Theon 20:55, Mar 11, 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Theon~enwiki/Timelines


text:
St Kilda East, Victoria

St Kilda East is a suburb in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 6 km south-east of Melbourne's Central Business District, located within the Cities of Glen Eira and Port Phillip local government areas. St Kilda East recorded a population of 12,571 at the 2021 census.

St Kilda East is one of the more diverse and densely populated suburbs of Melbourne. It has a prominent Hasidic Jewish community, descended from Polish and Russian immigrants. Quiet and residential, it is quite different from the adjacent suburb of St Kilda. However, the area around Carlisle Street is very diverse with a strong arts, alternative and indie community.

History
The St Kilda East area was part of the lands of the Boon wurrung tribe of Indigenous Australians before being first settled by Anglo-British settlers in the 1850s. Smaller timber shacks were common during the early 1860s to 1870s, with larger houses on the bigger subdivisions. During the late 1870s, terraced housing began around the railway line.

Alma Park was laid out and areas surrounding the park were set aside for religious purposes, resulting in a large number of convents and chapels along Chapel Street and either side of Dandenong Road. In the 1950s, speculative development resulted in the alteration of many of the suburb's streetscapes. Centred on Chapel Street and to the east of the railway line, flats became common in the area.

Recent development of the suburbs, rising land values and excellent access to public transport has seen recent gentrification in the area. Modern infill medium density apartments are being built on many blocks, with the Carlisle Street area designated an activity centre under the Melbourne 2030 planning scheme.

Education institutions
The main schools in St Kilda East are the Edmund Rice Campus of St Mary’s College, the Caulfield Campus of Caulfield Grammar School, Malvern Community School, Ripponlea Primary School, the St Kilda East campus of Mount Scopus Memorial College, Yeshivah College, Cheder Levi Yitchak, Bnos Chana, Beth Rivkah Ladies College and part of St Michael's Grammar School. The Rabbinical College of Australia and New Zealand (Yeshivah Gedolah Zal), a tertiary institution for the training of Orthodox rabbis and religious functionaries in the Chabad-Lubavitch denomination, is located on Alexandra Street.

Ripponlea Primary School (No. 4087) was opened on 3 July 1922 with 400 pupils in grades prep to eight. John Edward Woodruff (1867-1944) was the school's first headmaster, and he served as such until his retirement in 1932. In 2011 enrolment at the school was 272 students across prep to grade 6.

Culture
St Kilda East is home to the Red Stitch Actors Theatre, a professional theatre, located on the corner of Dandenong Road and Chapel Street.

Transport
St Kilda East is served by several forms of public transport.

Major tram routes operate on Carlisle Street/Balaclava Road, Chapel Street, Dandenong Road and St Kilda Road.

Buses operate along Orrong Road and Hotham Street.

Balaclava and Ripponlea railway stations, on the Sandringham line, also service the suburb.

Residential architecture
The suburb is dominated by 1960s flats. There are, however, some pockets of preserved heritage streetscapes. Godfrey Avenue has well-preserved rows of Edwardian cottages on either side of the street and is protected by council heritage controls. Camden Street has several rows of Victorian semi-detached timber workers cottages.

Some large Victorian buildings remain along Inkerman Street and Alma Road, but have been since subdivided into flats. The streets in between have a mix of housing from different periods.

Places of worship
There are several churches in St Kilda East, and multiple synagogues, reflecting the area's extensive history of both Christian and Jewish migration. Many of these buildings have historic significance with heritage registration, and often form various religious precincts.

Judaism
Yeshiva Centre is the headquarters and main synagogue of Chabad in Melbourne.

Chabad House of Caulfield is a replica of the New York headquarters of the Chabad movement at 770 Eastern Parkway.

Anglican
The bluestone All Saints Anglican Church on Chapel Street was built in 1861, and is reputed to have the largest seating capacity of any Anglican parish church in the Southern hemisphere, with a capacity of 1500 in the pews. The neighbouring Parish Hall was built as an extension to the church in 1909 and was restored in 2005 during a conversion into a boutique gymnasium.

Roman Catholic
The St Mary's Catholic Church (208-214 Dandenong Road), designed by William Wardell and built in 1858, was one of the earliest bluestone churches.

The East St Kilda Uniting Church, on the corner of Hotham and Inkerman Streets, was built in 1887, to the design of architect Hillson Beasley. Originally a church of the Congregational Union of Australia prior to the formation of the Uniting Church, it was sold by the Uniting Church to the Roman Catholic Diocese of Melbourne in 2011 for the establishment of an Eastern Orthodox use church, according to the provisions of an Ordinariate.

Uniting Church
The St George's Uniting Church, on Chapel Street, was built in 1877, to the design of Albert Purchas and is listed on the Victorian Heritage Register. It has been leased by St Michael's Grammar School since 1990.

Orthodox
The former Balaclava Corps Hall, built in 1929 on Camden Street, is an unusual design, featuring castellated motifs. It was sold to the Autocephalous Orthodox Ukrainian Church in 1976, now being the parish of The Sacred Assumption of the Holy Virgin.

Public spaces
The suburb's main park is Alma Park, a large park designed by Clement Hodgkinson in 1867, which was split into two linear parks by the Sandringham railway line in 1858. The park has recreational facilities, including a heritage rotunda, a cricket and football (soccer) oval and bike paths, as well as large stands of elm trees, Moreton Bay Figs and native vegetation areas.

St Kilda General Cemetery
St Kilda Cemetery covers a large block bordered by Dandenong Road, Hotham Street, Alma Road and Alexandra Street. It is bounded by a historic wall and contains many Victorian era graves. The cemetery is the resting place of Alfred Deakin, the second Prime Minister of Australia, and Albert Jacka VC, MC, barrister and Mayor of St Kilda (1930).

East St Kilda Heritage Study
In 2004 the City of Port Phillip commissioned a heritage study that recommended the following areas as heritage precincts and places. The Council adopted most of the recommendations in 2004 and the controls which apply to each of the areas so listed.

Heritage Precincts
 * Chusan Street (from 1886 onwards)
 * Godfrey Avenue / Raglan Street (settled early 1910s)
 * Hammerdale Avenue (Former grounds of "Hammerdale House" from 1868, demolished and subdivided 1925)
 * Holroyd Court (former grounds of "Fernacre" from c. 1867, demolished and subdivided 1936)
 * Kalymna Grove / Inkerman Street (Market gardens until 1914, subdivided and housing erected between 1914 and 1924)
 * Mooltan Avenue (Former grounds of "Mooltan Estate" subdivided 1922)
 * Murchison Street /Alma Road (Former site of St John's College Anglican Seminary closed 1919, subdivision and building continuing until the late 1930s)
 * Orange Grove (from the 1890s)

Individual Heritage Places
 * 31-35 Alexander Street (Houses c. 1887–88)
 * 5 -7 Balstan Street (Former Kynoch & Co. Factory c. 1922, 1940)
 * 16 Balstan Street (Cottage - oldest surviving dwelling Pre 1863, extended 1869)
 * 52 Balstan Street (Electrical Substation, c. 1929)
 * 316- 320 Inkerman Street (Houses c. 1888)
 * 20 Shirley Grove
 * 22 Shirley Grove (House - "Pine Nook" c. 1920)

For some reason, the following properties, although included in the heritage study recommendations, were not included in the overlay.
 * 42 Hotham Street (House c. 1927)
 * 34 Young Street (House - "Warby Cottage" c. 1870)

Heritage sites
St Kilda East contains a number of heritage-listed sites, including:
 * 10 Chapel Street: St Kilda Artillery Orderly Room and Drill Hall
 * 417 Inkerman Road: Glenfern House
 * 216-238 Dandenong Road; 1-9 and 2-10 Ardoch Avenue; 2-8 Pilley Street: Ardoch Flats
 * 260-288 Dandenong Road: St Kilda Cemetery
 * 2 Chapel Street: All Saints Church, Hall and Former Vicarage
 * Dandenong Road: Ornamental Tramway Overhead Poles

Notable residents

 * Ada Mary à Beckett (1872-1948), biologist; leader of the kindergarten movement in Australia, first woman appointed as lecturer at University of Melbourne (lived in Lansdowne Street).
 * Ted à Beckett (1907-1989), Australian Test cricketer, son of Ada, born in St Kilda East.
 * Hugh Gemmell Lamb-Smith (1889-1951), Australian educator; landed at Anzac Cove on 25 April 1915; member of the staff of Caulfield Grammar School from 1913 to 1951 (lived in Wavenhoe Avenue).
 * Lady Joan à Beckett Lindsay (1896-1984), Joan à Beckett Weigall, playwright, essayist, visual artist, and novelist (author of Picnic at Hanging Rock), was born in East St Kilda, grew up there, and went to School at Carhue Ladies' College (lived in Alma Road).
 * Sir John Madden (1884-1918), member of the Victorian Legislative Assembly; Chief Justice of Victoria (built and lived at "Cloyne Mansion", 12 Chapel Street).
 * James Newbery (1843-1895), museum administrator; industrial chemist (lived in Hotham Street).
 * Arthur John "Doc" Pearce (1881-1902), St Kilda footballer; champion miler (lived in Grosvenor Street).
 * Cezary Skubiszewski (1948-), composer for film, television, and orchestra.
 * William Lanfranchi (a.k.a. "Bill Lang") (1882-1952), Richmond footballer; Australian champion heavyweight boxer; first Australian to fight for a world heavyweight title, losing to Tommy Burns by a knockout, in September 1908 (lived in Hotham Street).

title: St Kilda East, Victoria


text:
Philémon Yang

Philémon Yunji Yang (born 14 June 1947 ) is a Cameroonian politician who served as Prime Minister of Cameroon from 2009 to 2019, having previous held various ministerial and diplomatic roles. He is the longest-serving Prime Minister in Cameroonian history. In June 2024 he was elected to serve as President of the United Nations General Assembly for its seventy-ninth session, starting in September 2024.

Early life and education
Yang was born in Jikejem-Oku, in the Oku subivision of the Bui division of the Northwest Region of Cameroon. He studied law at the University of Yaoundé.

Early appointments
Yang served as a prosecutor at the Buea court of appeal before being appointed to the government in 1975 as Deputy Minister of Territorial Administration. In 1979 he became Minister of Mines and Energy, remaining in that position until he was dismissed from the government in 1984.

Ambassador and High Commissioner in Canada
Yang served as Ambassador to Canada from 1984 to 1995 − and as High Commissioner in Canada from 1995 to 2004, after Cameroon joined the Commonwealth of Nations. He also served as Dean of the Diplomatic Corps in Canada for about 10 years. His time in Ottawa was dedicated to securing foreign aid for his country, despite Canadian concerns about human rights abuses and corruption. Along with other representatives of African countries, he was pleased by Canada's commitment to debt relief in 2000. He headed Cameroon's delegation in negotiations on the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety from 1998 to 2000, and after the Protocol was adopted he chaired the Intergovernmental Committee for the Cartagena Protocol.

Return to domestic politics
In 2004 Yang was appointed Assistant Secretary-General of the Presidency of Cameroon. In 2008 he became chair of the board of directors of the Cameroon Airlines Corporation.

Prime Minister of Cameroon
On 30 June 2009 President Paul Biya appointed Yang as Prime Minister of Cameroon, replacing Ephraïm Inoni. Yang's appointment marked the largest government shake-up since his predecessor was appointed in 2004. Biya stated on state radio that three ministers from the previous government had switched places, six new names were added while six portfolios were cut entirely. The opposition said that it did not expect a great deal of change due in part to the continuance of a large government. It had been hoping for 30 ministerial positions to be cut, but there remained over 60 ministers. The reshuffle was believed to have been spurred by public anger over rising food prices and discontent with high levels of government corruption. Adding to this, the move was seen as an attempt by Biya to shore up support for the next presidential election in 2011. In addition to Yang, new ministers were appointed for defence, posts and telecommunications, communication, education, promotion of women, water and energy, and sports.

Yang stepped down as Prime Minister on 4 January 2019.

President of the United Nations General Assembly
On 6 June 2024 Yang was elected to serve as President of the United Nations General Assembly for its seventy-ninth session. He will succeed Dennis Francis of Trinidad and Tobago in September 2024.

title: Philémon Yang