text:
Talk:Sweden during World War II

Tidying citations.
I've tried to clean up most of the repeated citations. Having full citation templates in-line makes the notes section difficult to read, and the article difficult to edit. I'll do more later. Hohum (talk) 21:40, 16 June 2009 (UTC)

topics needing mentioning in the article

 * February crisis of 1940
 * the "Permitenttrafik"
 * Should include the refusal of transitions to Norway before its surrender

 * the "Narvik-plan"
 * Should probably just be a note somewhere, but it should be mentioned

 * March crisis (1942)
 * Midsummer crisis
 * Should be somewhat rewritten. The existing reference is to a webpage with a minimal image of the first page of a pdf, but it doesn't mention the conclusion stated in the article.

 * February crisis of 1942
 * the "Lejdbåtstrafik"
 * the Swedish attempts to broker peace in the continuation war
 * the trade with the Wermacht in finland
 * I had not herd of that until today (2009-06-16) if it is true, it should definetly be mentioned.

 * Kriegsfall Schweden
 * The German 1943 plan to occupy Sweden

Realpolitik agenda (talk) 22:30, 16 June 2009 (UTC)
 * "I had not herd of that until today (2009-06-16) if it is true, it should definetly be mentioned." I believe it's true that Sweden sold some equipment to the Wehrmacht in Finland (trucks and tents) during the early forties and also that the Germans were permitted to hold one supply base (probably only food and fodder) close to Luleå. It's mentioned in a book I can't seem to find at the moment (collaborative effort with an American ex-military called something like kriget om Nordkalotten ~"the war for the polar cap"). —Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.216.205.156 (talk) 11:54, 31 December 2009 (UTC)

New articles
I'm currently working on quite a few new articles on Sweden during WW2, covering the topics I mentioned above. I've also made a template to include on pages about Sweden during WW2. Please check it out, comment, and criticise.

Realpolitik agenda (talk) 14:44, 19 June 2009 (UTC)
 * User:Realpolitik agenda\Operation Weserübung (Sweden) The only article I've finished so far. Since it contains links to unfinished articles, and the template, I still hesitate to upload it as an article, untill I've recieved some feedback.
 * User:Realpolitik agenda\template The template (obviously..)

Coward country
Currently in the article: "During the war, he also referred to Sweden as "that small, coward country""

Cited to:

This appears to be a childrens book - WorldCat says it is "Book : Biography : Juvenile audience".

Although I can find this quote (blindly) repeated many times on the internet, I can't find an English book source, or reliable internet source to support this "famous" quotation from Winston Churchill.

Thoughts? Hohum (talk) 15:50, 27 December 2009 (UTC)

 * It's not a childrens book, it's easy to read but that's mostly because it's short. (110 + 20 or so pages with interviews) However, the isbn and page number differs from my edition of the book. I do agree though that it's strange that this quote is only found in this book. The only internet sources I find seems to copy the wikipedia page. // Tooga - BØRK! 22:55, 27 December 2009 (UTC)

 * Does it give a date for when it was supposed to have been said, where, to who, or who is reporting that he said it? Hohum (talk) 23:38, 27 December 2009 (UTC)

 * Nope, nothing. It's just mentioned, no detail at all. // Tooga - BØRK! 23:48, 27 December 2009 (UTC)

 * OK, I don't think it should be included. The complete lack of corroborating sources make it rather dubious. I'll wait at least a few days for other opinions or sources. To me, it's not credible, if it had happened, that there wouldn't be additional sources for such a famous and well recorded figure saying such a notable thing. Hohum (talk) 00:01, 28 December 2009 (UTC)

 * Reputedly Churchill stated to Swedish diplomats that he realized the pressure Sweden was under. Swedish neutrality during WWII is somewhat prominent in Swedish interior politics on a guilt-by-association level. The book's value as a source may be rather weak. I've asked on an internet list for admirers of Churchill and noone there recognized it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.216.205.156 (talk • contribs) — Preceding undated comment added 11:41, 31 December 2009 (UTC)

 * I'm removing it, if someone else finds reliable references they can reinstate it. If you find references to Churchill realising the pressure Sweden was under, it may benefit the article. Hohum (talk) 14:33, 31 December 2009 (UTC)

 * It might have been a memoir by the Foreign minister, my flat is in a flux right now and it may take time to find it. This is the Churchill list BTW: churchillchat@googlegroups.com —Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.216.205.156 (talk) 15:54, 31 December 2009 (UTC)

 * Found it, although my memory was imperfect. The memoir was from Erik Boheman who served as ranking civil servant under the Foreign minister. Title is "På Vakt", printed in Stockholm in 1964, no ISBN (probably because it's to early). On page 194, Boheman refers to a meeting with Churchill in October 1942 where Churchill after a presentation of Sweden's situation and the concessions it had felt itself obliged to give to the Germans said: "I think I understand your attitude and your policy, you must arm and arm and prepare yourself for the worst; don't give way from German demands more than your absolutely must, but on the other hand do not be foolhardy, we do not want another victim" and repeated "We do not want another victim". The source is perhaps not the strongest, Boheman may very well have been blowing his own horn and there are no witnesses to the meeting mentioned in the book. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.216.202.212 (talk • contribs) — Preceding undated comment added 21:27, 1 January 2010 (UTC)

 * Interesting, it could possibly be included if it's specifically attributed to Erik Boheman. Hohum (talk) 02:45, 2 January 2010 (UTC)

Suggested improvements

 * The post-war election was, AFAIK, not the first free election, but the first where all adults, including women, had the vote. I'm not certain where the argument that conservatives wanted strong leaders is coming from, though I'm not an expert on interior politics of Sweden between the wars. Possibly it refers to the political monarchists who were almost completely isolated in Swedish domestic politics, particularily so after the late 19th century. Anyways, the link leads to an inappropriate page (possibly because of renaming articles after the linking).

 * The conservatives and "right wings" would seem to be divided in two groups - conservatives and nazis, the official policy from the conservative party already from the early 1930s was that Nazi Germany was a threat to peace. In addition there were a nazi-party (one of three, the other two evolving from communists and social democrats) that evolved from a conservative parrty youth organization (Svensk Nationell Ungdom) and evicted by them for its growing allegiance to Nazi Germany.

 * There were sympathies for Germany but that was mostly remnants of a Swedish tradition of cultural and political influence from Germany dating at least from mid 19th century, if not the medieval age. The Swedish Nazi parties reputedly considered the swastika a political liability and replaced it with new symbols. The German attack on Denmark and Norway made the Germans so impopular in Sweden that even Swedish Nazis objected.

 * I believe the numbers for the Swedish volunteers for the Winter War was about 9.500 (Finland i Krig, 1939-1945, pt 1, ISBN 951-50-0373-3 states 8.260 for the Svenska Frivilligkåren ~ Swedish corps of volunteers and 1.182 other Swedish volunteers), though in honesty it might be mentioned that some of these, especially among the latter group, were probably Finnish expats/immigrants in Sweden if one goes by their names.

 * The text regarding Swedish volunteers for the Waffen SS might be expanded, to include the times when they joined up and the unit they fought in (a recon company in SS Wiking?). Instead of claiming that this was not Swedish policy, it might be preferrable to mention that joining foreign militaries was against the law in Sweden. I also know that some more Swedes fought for Finland in the continuation war, possibly an entire battalion was present in the Finnish armed forces.

 * In the discussion of division into revolutionaries and reformists I think a better word would be groupings or wings, rather than flanges. This would seem to be Swenglish and an expression inproperly translated - rather than phalanxes - and somewhat inappropriate in English since phalanx has strong other connotations in English (namely to fascism).

 * I exchanged "flanges" with "opposing groups" as a better translation of the Swedish "falanger". Technically the descriptions of groupings as social democrats and communists are incorrect. Both groups were part of the movement of social democrats during the 19th cty; the revolutionary split and renaming into communists happened first after the establishment of the Soviet Union.

 * Sweden was dependent on imports for most military needs, thus trying to purchase weaponry from the big powers (aircraft from the US and Italy, destroyer from Italy, field artillery from Germany, etc).

 * Sweden also leased Bofors 40mm anti-aircraft guns to the British and the US.

 * I brought this up because I've seen it incorrectly claimed that Swedish export of Bofors guns to the Germans was a breach of neutrality. It's not only factually incorrect (AFAIK the Germans used the indigenous Rheinmetall aa-guns), it also stands history on its head since it was the allies who used Bofors guns.

 * You might mention the buildup of the Swedish defenses during the war. I might be able to return with data at a later point.

 * In humanitarian politics, it might be mentioned that Sweden helped its neighbours considerably after the war and also that relief shipments of food were sent to Greece during the war. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.216.205.156 (talk) 11:41, 31 December 2009 (UTC)

Suggested change in wording

 * In the opening, it says that Sweden violated its netrality, I think a better word might be compromized, as in damaging the status of neutrality by giving concessions to the warring sides.

 * Regarding Germany's dependence on Swedish ore: it has been contested by historians whether the dependence was real or just a mistaken conclusion drawn by British intelligence, later becoming a brain child of one of Britain's MPs. A better wording might be something on the line that "Britain assumed that the German war machine was dependent ...".

[I haven't read books on the question, but I've seen it argued that the Germans had a pretty large reserve at war's start, that it could've used own resources (presumably of low quality) and in 1940 conquered French ore fields in Lorraine. The real importance to the Germans was the quality expressed as percentage of iron content as well as trace elements of phosphorus, either included or absent (can't remember)] —Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.216.206.36 (talk) 21:34, 17 January 2010 (UTC)

Changed corps to branch
In Swedish corps has two meanings:

1) army corps as in anglosaxon usage, and

2) corps only, a minor group of specialists which may be as small as company sized. An example would artillery, engineer or pontoneer corps. The English fire brigade translates into fire corps in Swedish (brandkåren). This is the relevant meaning here.

Sadly I fumbled the edit, hitting the enter button when editing the edit summary. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.216.200.138 (talk) 12:25, 18 January 2010 (UTC)

Copyedited
Richard asr (talk) 21:29, 13 September 2010 (UTC)

Fascinating article. Really enjoyed reading and working on it. Richard asr (talk) 21:30, 13 September 2010 (UTC)

Turkey saved more?
8digits say Turkey save more Jews than Sweden. It depends on the numbers. Stanford Shaw claims that Turkey saved 100,000, while another historian Rifat Bali claims Turkey saved 15,000 and another historian Tuvia Friling, an Israeli expert on the Balkans and the Middle East 20,000. For Sweden just the Danish Jews is some 7000-8000 persons. The white buses saved 15 345 persons (but not all Jewish). Raoul Wallenberg save several ten thousands. So it's only Stanford Shaw that have a number that might be higher. // Liftarn (talk — Preceding undated comment added 13:15, 24 January 2012 (UTC)
 * If we do some adding 7 to 8K Danish Jews, most on the white buses were not Jews but say max another 4K, Raoul Wallenberg adds another 10K although that figure might be higher so the total is about 22K plus. That is lower then either Stanford Shaw or Arnold Reisman figures for Turkey. 8digits (talk) 14:41, 25 January 2012 (UTC)
 * Some say Wallenberg alone saved 100 000. And the Shaw figure is for that Turkey "permitted almost 100,000 East European Jews to transit through Turkey", i.e. not any active help. // Liftarn (talk) — Preceding undated comment added 08:55, 26 January 2012 (UTC)

And please note that the section is about humanitarian efforts, not just that some people travelled via or to a specific country. // Liftarn (talk) — Preceding undated comment added 16:01, 24 January 2012 (UTC)
 * To Jews before and during WW2, the problem was to get out of occupied Europe as once out they almost never were sent back. 8digits (talk) 14:41, 25 January 2012 (UTC)
 * It's still not any active help. // Liftarn (talk) — Preceding undated comment added 08:55, 26 January 2012 (UTC)
 * Of course it is. 8digits (talk) 12:33, 26 January 2012 (UTC)
 * No it isn't. No stopping a person from fleeing is not the same thing as helping a person flee. Sorry. I'm going to cut the section until you have found some evidence of Turkey actually helping. // Liftarn (talk) — Preceding undated comment added 16:23, 26 January 2012 (UTC)
 * If you had read the reference I supplied you will see that Turkey provided documents, that is bu anyone definition active. 8digits (talk) 03:09, 27 January 2012 (UTC)
 * Yes, Turkey obviously allowed the transit of a number of refugees. It's still not any active help. // Liftarn (talk) — Preceding undated comment added 08:40, 27 January 2012 (UTC)
 * If this is what you are saying then the article should say active. I will put it in 8digits (talk) 12:50, 27 January 2012 (UTC)
 * No, it's about helping. You can no fiddle around and add things not in the sources. // Liftarn (talk) — Preceding undated comment added 14:59, 27 January 2012 (UTC)
 * The rules are very simple, if it is not cited then it cannot be put in the wiki. These government offices need to be specified and cited. Since you reject Turkey claiming it is not active even though I think that is not true, you need to specify that Sweden's help was active in the article. Helping can be active as well as passive. 8digits (talk) 15:40, 27 January 2012 (UTC)

I take issue with the following sentence: "A daily newspaper in Sweden, the Svenska Dagbladet said that Sweden did more to assist and save Jews than any other country" Firstly, Svenska Dagbladet is not a neutral source. Secondly, I would argue that the countries that did the most to assist and save the Jews were those countries who were actually fighting the Nazis. Thirdly, if we are only talking about neutral countries, this ignores Turkey. I have the feeling that Swedish revisionists are hard at work on this article. Such is Wikipedia. 81.170.234.118 (talk) 22:38, 22 January 2013 (UTC)

Gävle?
It must surely be a mistake to mention "cities such as Luleå and Gävle" in the section about the allied plans to seize the iron ore. Gävle is way south, not so far from Stockholm. Perhaps Gällivare was meant? Geoff Bache (talk) 20:48, 23 December 2012 (UTC)

Neutrality dispute
92.238.67.123 added a "Neutrality contested" tag to this article without explination. Unless someone is prepared to defend that tag, I see nothing overtly non-neutral about this article and think the tag is unessicary. CombatWombat42 (talk) 15:58, 8 May 2013 (UTC)
 * Without explanation, the tag is useless, removed. ( Hohum  @ ) 16:49, 8 May 2013 (UTC)

Denmark in illustration as "German allies, co-belligerents and puppet states" ?
The caption of this article's illustration describes Denmark as one of 'German allies, co-belligerents and puppet states'. This is in stark contrast to the opening paragraph of Denmark in World War II:

"During much of World War II, Denmark was occupied by Nazi Germany. The occupation began with Operation Weserübung on 9 April 1940, and lasted until German forces withdrew at the end of World War II following their surrender to the Allies on 5 May 1945."

This clearly contracting contradicting information cannot remain as it is. The sources quoted in Denmark in World War II are quite extensive. This cannot be said of the information regarding Denmark in this article, nor of its illustration. Since the illustration leads a very quite life, I am opening this discussion here, with the intention of bringing the discussion to the illustration once some conclusion has been reached here. Lklundin (talk) 16:25, 18 December 2015 (UTC)

 * First I just want to make clear that I'm a graphic worker here and mostly I have no knowledge of the subject of the graphic I'm working on. I have to relay on the requester and the sources that are provided or what I find myself to be able to complete the request.

 * But to me Denmark was never a 'German allies, co-belligerents and puppet states', it was occupied all the time and this is what I have read in everything I have read in this subject. Occupied, nothing else.

 * Just now I think I realized what you are saying. In that illustration Denmark is colored/marked as 'Nominally unoccupied' not 'German allies, co-belligerents and puppet states'. I don't really know what that is supposed to mean.

 * Here is a link to the request and you can contact and discuss with him. --Goran tek-en (talk) 10:27, 20 December 2015 (UTC)
 * Thanks for your answer and your valuable contribution to Wikipedia+Commons. Right, this discussion involves two (or more) different but related illustrations. The first (for which you are not the author) is used as the primary illustration of this article and includes Denmark in the category 'German allies, co-belligerents and puppet states'. This is problematic as described above. Now, that illustration seems to be a work derived from one that you created (file:World_War_II_in_Europe,_1942.svg), which as you point out lists Denmark at the height of the German expansion as 'nominally unoccupied'. Both illustrations are misrepresenting Denmark in WW2. As for your illustration, Denmark was most certainly 'occupied', see sources under Denmark in World War II. Whether or not is was in 1942 only 'nominally occupied' (i.e. occupied only by name but not in a real sense), is a non-trivial discussion. So Denmark cannot be listed on an illustration as being 'nominally occupied' before there is WP:RS to support that description in Denmark in World War II. So for now, I believe the correct action for your illustration is to recategorise Denmark to 'Areas under German occupation'. as apparent requester please feel free to comment on this. Thanks, Lklundin (talk) 10:29, 24 December 2015 (UTC)
 * PS. Your work seems to be derived from File:Europe under Nazi domination.png, whose creator Morgan Hauser I have notified of this discussion. Lklundin (talk) 10:38, 24 December 2015 (UTC)
 * Your illustration File:Sweden locator map 1942.svg is used as the main illustration in this article. In the above text I explain that it is contradicting reliably sourced information that your illustration categorizes Denmark in 1942 as belonging to 'German allies, co-belligerents and puppet states', rather than 'Areas under German occupation'. If you also only created this work on request from someone else, then please feel free to discuss this with the requester. Thanks - and thank you for contributing such useful work to Wikipedia+Commons. Lklundin (talk) 10:29, 24 December 2015 (UTC)
 * Thank you for the correction, Lklundin. I have updated File:Sweden locator map 1942.svg to reflect that Denmark was occupied, rather than being a puppet state. — OwenBlacker (Talk) 20:36, 24 December 2015 (UTC)

 * I have now edited the following illustrations;

 * World_War_II_in_Europe,_1942

 * World_War_II_in_Europe,_1942_(no_labels)

 * Europe,_1942

 * I hope I got it right otherwise just tell me and I will fix.

 * Another question, when I upload a new version at commons and I in the 'File changes' wants to add a link to commons or any other wikipedia, how should it be coded? I can't get it to be correct. --Goran tek-en (talk) 19:27, 28 December 2015 (UTC)

Sorry for resurrecting this, everyone. Unfortunately the ping got my old account so I wasn't notified - here's the gist of it: in 1942, Denmark was not, repeat: not, "occupied" by Germany. There was no military commander, no commissioner, no occupation authority, no German governmental body of any sort, military or civilian, exercising any government in Denmark. Instead, due to its military conquest by Germany, it functioned as a sort of de facto puppet state or (as its often called) a protectorate, much like Vichy France in its unoccupied territories. This is in contrast to Norway, which was under a civilian German government (commissariat). Later, Denmark would be "occupied" - on 29 August 1943. Not in 1942.

The map depicts the height of German success in WWII. At that point, they still did not feel the need for "cruder", more direct control over (southern) France and Denmark. That would change after the failure at Kursk and the Allied invasion of Sicily in late August of 1943. -- Director  ( talk )  19:33, 23 December 2016 (UTC)
 * Well, since this is WP:NOTAFORUM, you need to propose an action. Since your above statement amounts to nothing but WP:ORIGINAL research, a proposed action to keep the map as it currently is would need a source significant enough to rewrite Wikipedia (and with it an extensive body on literature) on Germany's occupation of Denmark in WW2. Lklundin (talk) 20:38, 23 December 2016 (UTC)
 * I see that you actually went and changed the map back to its contradicting form, with the non-descriptive edit summary 'a new version'. This is no good, you cannot disregard this entire discussion and reinstate your contradicting version without citing a proper source, and without communicating this change to the discussion. I am reverting your unsourced change on Commons. Please do not reinstate an unsourced version again. Thank you for your cooperation. Lklundin (talk) 20:53, 23 December 2016 (UTC)
 * Merry Christmas!
 * There is no "contradiction". The place falls neatly into the category of "puppet state" (or protectorate). And here's the point: the WP:BURDEN is on you, not me, to show the existence of a German occupation in 1942. Can you, just for starters, give me the name of a military commander (Militärbefehlshaber) of Denmark in the period?
 * And permit me to express bemusement at your outrage over my edit - posted just under your demand that I make one :), complete with plainly unfounded reference to NOTFORUM.

 * Look, pardon me for being blunt, but you're obviously Danish, aren't being objective, and would perhaps like to paint your country as more "antagonistic" towards Germany than it actually was. Whereas if I recall - about the same number of Danes died in the 5th SS as did at the hands of the post-1943 occupation authorities. Not to denigrate the efforts of the Danish resistance, such as they were, but one could say its rather offensive to those who suffered under actual Nazi occupation in the period, to include a territory which simply did not (until August 1943 ofc).

 * Sigh.. We could go into vague territory and call virtually all of Europe "occupied" in some intangible sense, including places like Vichy France or Croatia or Slovakia etc, but it would be very misleading to the reader. An "occupation" is a very specific thing - its when a country places its own institutions into government over a foreign territory. And look, yes, there'll undoubtedly be some sources rounding things off and calling Denmark an "occupied" country in WWII, but the fact is - that's not sufficiently accurate for a map depicting the state of affairs in 1942. -- Director  ( talk )  00:59, 25 December 2016 (UTC)

The map is totally misleading, and some fringe Swedish nationalist apollogetic-theorism is at place here. The map should be showing axis and allies + so-called "officially neutral" Sweden during ww2. It should not be a theoretical discussion of what occupacion is, where a fringe person is aguing that if you do not have a military comander then you are not occupied. The map is totally misleading placing Denmark in category with fascist Italy and mousolini. Denmark was not nazi. End of story. Germany invaded Denmark in the small battle of April 9th and Danish soliders were killed as opposed to the situation in Sweden and Italy. A new map should be introduced. Google "axis and allies during ww2 map" and pick any map, as they all have Denmark along with the allies. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.23.224.132 (talk) 09:11, 6 March 2021 (UTC)

Humanitarian effort
The effort of transporting Jews was Danish, not Swedish and it was more complicated then presented here. Wikipedia is an encyclopedia, not a booklet for children.Xx236 (talk) 09:45, 15 February 2016 (UTC)

 * I can't see anything saying that the Swedish did the transporting in the section. It says that the Danes did it, and Sweden granted them asylum.--Sus scrofa (talk) 13:31, 15 February 2016 (UTC)

Book
Sweden, the Swastika and Stalin: The Swedish experience in the Second World War, John Gilmour, Edinburgh University Press Xx236 (talk) 09:50, 15 February 2016 (UTC)

Did the USSR later punish Sweden for allowing nazi troops through its territory during the Barbarossa invasion?
The article doesn't clearly specify if post-1945 USSR punished Sweden in any way for allowing nazi german troops through its territory during Hitler's "Operation Barbarossa" invasion of Soviet Russia. Stalin was a very vengenceful person, there is no way he would let Sweden escape consequences for such a betrayal of sworn neutrality. Finland was "finlandized" for much less.

At the very least, the soviets would have demanded indemnity of a few hundred million US dollars or even extradiction of the responsible swedish politicians, to be tried and executed as perpetrators of "crimes against peace". Yet the article doesn't write anything about those? 79.120.158.193 (talk) 13:35, 26 January 2019 (UTC)
 * Do you have any reference to back up that claim, apart from your gut feeling? --Soman (talk) 15:03, 26 January 2019 (UTC)

 * No, as such demands would have been ignored or laughed at. Sweden during the entire war had been building up its capacity of war and after the war Sweden was in such a relatively strong position that the USSR could not enforce any demands. The only result of such pressure would have been that Sweden joined NATO. Drakoniam (talk) 17:37, 23 March 2019 (UTC)

The Soviet bombings of Stockholm and Strängnäs on February 22-23 1944
It's a bit of an odd omission, I think, the event has articles on Swedish, French and Ukrainian wikipedia but neither a stand-alone article nor a single mention on this page. On the night between February 22 and 23 of 1944, four Soviet bombers entered Swedish airspace and dropped around thirty bombs across the Eastern coast and archipelago, four bombs landed in the Eriksdal area of central Stockholm, destroying a theatre and damaging rail and industrial buildings in the area, Södermanland Regiment (armoured) in Strängnäs was also hit, as were the islands of Blidö and Svartlöga. The Soviet union never acknowledged the bombings, but bomb fragments with cyrillic writing was found, and a Soviet spy was extradited to the Soviet Union three days later. https://www.nytimes.com/1944/02/23/archives/stockholm-bombed-in-mystery-blow-other-swedish-cities-also-hit.html Fisk0 (talk) 11:28, 17 September 2023 (UTC)

 * @Fisk0 Now included. TylerBurden (talk) 15:34, 18 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sweden during World War II


text:
IAI Nesher

The Israel Aircraft Industries Nesher (נשר, 'griffon vulture', also translated to 'eagle') was the Israeli version of the French Dassault Mirage 5 multirole fighter.

Having sustained aircraft losses during the Six-Day War of 1967 and the War of Attrition fought during the late 1960s, the Israeli Air Force (IAF) sought to procure an improved variant of the highly successful Dassault Mirage III fighter aircraft. While a partnership to produce such an aircraft, the Mirage 5, was formed between French manufacturer Dassault Aviation and Israeli aerospace company Israel Aircraft Industries (IAI), during January 1969, in response to the 1968 Israeli raid on Lebanon, the French government announced that it would be imposing an arms embargo on Israel. In response to the embargo, Israel decided to proceed with the venture, but to domestically manufacture the airframes instead.

During 1969, IAI commenced manufacturing work on the type. According to official accounts, Israel had already obtained a complete set of drawings and detailed information prior to the embargoes enactment. The Neshers' airframe was identical to the Mirage 5, but was refitted with Israeli-built avionics, a Martin-Baker zero-zero ejection seat, and provisions for a wider range of air-to-air missiles (AAMs), including the Israeli Shafrir heat-seeking missile. During September 1969, the first Nesher prototype performed its maiden flight. During May 1971, the first Raam A was delivered to the IAF. During November 1971, the aircraft was officially renamed as the Nesher. The high point of the Nesher's career with the IAF was during the 1973 Yom Kippur War. The type reportedly performed well during the conflict, IAF pilots flying the type cumulatively claimed over a hundred kills.

During 1974, production of the Nesher was phased out in favour of a more advanced Mirage derivative which had been planned in parallel to the Nesher, known as the IAI Kfir. The IAF retired the type during the 1970s. The aircraft were later sold to the Argentine Air Force, where they were operated under the name Dagger. During 1978, Argentina urgently deployed their first Daggers due to the Beagle conflict, a territorial dispute and war scare between Argentina and neighbouring Chile. Daggers were also used during the 1982 Falklands War between Argentina and the United Kingdom, conducting a total of 153 sorties against both ground and naval targets across the 45 days of combat operations. During their anti-ship attacks, they were reportedly responsible for damaging several vessels, including HMS Antrim (D18), HMS Brilliant (F90), HMS Broadsword (F88), HMS Ardent (F184), HMS Arrow (F173) and HMS Plymouth (F126). In total, 11 Daggers were lost in combat with the British, including 9 to Royal Navy Sea Harriers. The remaining aircraft were later upgraded into the Finger standard.

Origins
During the early 1962, the Israeli Air Force (IAF) introduced the first of its Dassault Mirage IIICJ fighter aircraft. For the next two decades, it would be used as an air supremacy platform, securing the skies from hostile aircraft and achieving an impressive kill record during its service life. The performance of the Mirage IIICJ was soon regarded as being highly positive, leading to the type being considered as a strong contender for further development. During the late 1960s, the IAF came under pressure to acquire additional aircraft for the purpose of replacing in excess of 60 combat aircraft that had been lost during several conflicts between Israel and its neighbours, including the Six-Day War of 1967 and the War of Attrition which followed immediately and continued up to 1970. In addition, an arms race was emerging between Israel and several of its neighbours, such as Syria and Egypt, which were receiving increasingly advanced armaments from the Soviet Union during this time.

Accordingly, during July 1960, Israel had commenced work on a co-development effort with French aircraft manufacturer Dassault Aviation to develop and produce a variant of their highly successful Mirage III fighter aircraft. This product of this programme became known as the Mirage 5 and it was eventually built by Israel and named Raam in Hebrew (thunder). Dassault had pursued the development of the Mirage 5 at the request of the Israelis, who were the main foreign customers of the Mirage III and generally favoured France as a military supplier during this era. Specific requirements established by the IAF for the next version of the type was to de-emphasis the aircraft's all-weather capability and deleting its main radar system in exchange for improved ordnance-carrying capacity and range; this was made possible by the mostly-clear climate and typical weather conditions present in the Middle East.

Even prior to the prototype's maiden flight, Israel placed an order for a batch of 50 aircraft, as well as a pair of trainer aircraft of the type, which were intended for the IAF. However, the programme was effectively derailed during January 1969 when, in response to the 1968 Israeli raid on Lebanon, the French government announced that it would be imposing an arms embargo on Israel and the "warring nations of the Middle East". The enactment of the embargo prevented the delivery of the first 30 Mirage 5 aircraft, which were already paid for by Israel, in addition to options for 20 more of the type. In addition to preventing further deliveries, it also cut off all French support for operating the IAF's existing Mirage IIICJ fleet. Strategically, the embargo gave a major impetus for Israel to develop the capabilities of its own domestic arms industry in order to meet its demands.

The embargo has been viewed as having been a considerable setback for the IAF, who had been keen to induct the new Mirage 5 variant to compensate for the losses incurred during the Six-Day War, the service was also continuing to use the Mirage IIIC, but found itself unable to access official support. In response to the French decision, Israel decided to domestically manufacture the airframes (known as Raam A and B project); reportedly, Israel already possessed the necessary schematics and documentation on the aircraft, although Israel did not officially obtain a manufacturing license from Dassault. According to aviation author Don McCarthy, it has been speculated that Israeli intelligence agency Mossad had played a role in obtaining some of the manufacturing information, while others allege that Dassault's founder, Marcel Dassault, may have freely provided design information.

Production
According to aviation authors Doug Dildy and Pablo Calcaterra, Dassault discreetly provided the jigs, fixtures, and a large quantity of airframe components to Israel via an industrial consortium of Israeli aerospace company Israel Aircraft Industries and American aviation firm North American Rockwell, who were claimed to have been sold a manufacturing licence in January 1968. Reportedly, the first bare airframes, featuring no weapons, electronics, ejection seat, or engine included, had been delivered directly from Dassault in France. Dildy and Calcaterra claimed that detailed information on the aircraft's Atar engine was obtained via Swiss industrial manufacturer Sulzer, who had produced the engine for Switzerland's own Mirages; between these blueprints and possessing several Atar engines of the IAF's existing Mirages to reverse engineer, Israel was able to independently manufacture its own engines.

During 1969, IAI commenced manufacturing activity on the project. Officially, Israel manufactured the aircraft after having obtained a complete set of drawings. However, some sources have alternatively claimed that Israel had received 50 Mirage 5s in a disassembled state and shipped in crates directly from the French Air Force (AdA), while the AdA proceeded to take on the 50 aircraft which had originally been intended for Israeli service. During September 1969, the first Nesher prototype performed its maiden flight. During May 1971, the first Raam A was delivered to the IAF. During November 1971, the aircraft received its official name of Nesher.

The Neshers' airframe was identical to the Mirage 5, but there was an extensive refitting of Israeli-built avionics systems, along with the adoption of a Martin-Baker zero-zero ejection seat, and improved provisions for a wider range of AAMs, including the Israeli Shafrir heat-seeking missile. In total, 51 Nesher fighters (Nesher S) and ten Nesher two-seat trainers (Nesher T) were constructed by IAI. The Nesher featured more simplistic avionics than the IAF's Mirage IIIC, reportedly, it was also slightly less maneuverable. However, it possessed a longer combat range and a larger payload. The reduced maneuverability of the type did not prevent the Nesher from performing well in air combat during the Yom Kippur War of 1973.

During 1974, production of the Nesher was phased out in favour of a more advanced Mirage derivative which had been planned in parallel to the Nesher. The principal difference of this derivative was the replacement of the Atar engine by an Israeli-built General Electric J79 engine. The J79 was a popular American engine for combat aircraft, having already been used on fighters such as the Lockheed F-104 Starfighter and the McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II. The resulting aircraft was given the name IAI Kfir.

Israel

During May 1971, the first Raam A was delivered to the IAF. Production deliveries continued until February 1974, by which point a total of 51 Nesher fighters and 10 Nesher two-seat trainers has been delivered to the IAF.

The high point of the Nesher's career with the IAF occurred during the Yom Kippur War of 1973. The type reportedly performed well during the conflict, IAF pilots flying the type cumulatively claimed over a hundred kills. Shortly following the conflict, the decision was made to retire the Nesher. The introduction of the more capable Kfir derivative had diminished the importance of the Nesher, and their involvement in offensive operations had resulted in the airframes having rapidly aged as well. Following their withdrawal from service with the IAF, the majority of the remaining Neshers were refurbished and sold to Argentina, where the type was known as the Dagger.

Argentina
Following their retirement from IAF service, the remaining Israeli aircraft were refurbished and exported to the Argentine Air Force in two batches, 26 fighters were delivered in 1978 and 13 more in 1980, with fifty Rafael Shafrir IV air-to-air missiles. In Argentine service, the type was operated under the name Dagger (the English word); at its height, Argentina operated a total of 35 Dagger A single-seat fighters and four Dagger B two-seat trainers. During 1978, the Dagger was used to form a new unit, 6th Air Group; this unit was immediately enlisted with the support of the 8th Air Group (which operated the Mirage IIIEA) and the Peruvian Air Force, who was already an established user of the Mirage 5. The urgency of their initial deployment was a product of the Beagle conflict, a territorial dispute and diplomatic crisis between Argentina and neighbouring Chile during that year.

During the 1982 Falklands War between Argentina and the United Kingdom, Daggers were deployed to the southern naval airbase of Río Grande, Tierra del Fuego, and an airfield in Puerto San Julián. Despite the lack of an aerial refuelling capability and the considerable distance to their targets the type conducted 153 sorties against both ground and naval targets over the 45 days of combat operations.

They damaged several vessels in anti-ship attacks, including HMS Antrim (D18), HMS Brilliant (F90), HMS Broadsword (F88), and HMS Arrow (F173) with cannon fire and HMS Plymouth (F126) and HMS Ardent (F184) with bombs. Eleven Daggers were lost in combat, nine to AIM-9L Sidewinders fired from Sea Harriers, one by a Sea Wolf from HMS Broadsword, and another to a land-based Rapier.

As part of the 1979 contract with IAI, the Argentine Air Force had stipulated that the Daggers would be equipped with new avionics and HUD systems, enabling them to conform to the Kfir C.2 standard (and beyond in some subsystems). The program, which was named Finger, was already underway in 1982 when the Falklands War broke out. Although the conflict was relatively brief, one consequence of the war was, as some of these systems were made by the British Marconi Electronic Systems, it became necessary to replace British-built systems after an arms embargo was imposed by the United Kingdom government. The work to replace such systems led to the aircraft being modified to the final Finger IIIB standard; this model primarily differed from the original Finger standard in the replacement of British-sourced equipment, often using French-made counterparts from Thomson-CSF.

Variants

 * Nesher S : Single-seat ground-attack fighter version for the Israeli Air Force.
 * Nesher T : Two-seat training version for the Israeli Air Force.
 * Dagger A : Refurbished single-seat fighter version for the Argentine Air Force.
 * Dagger B : Refurbished two-seat training version for the Argentine Air Force.

Former

 * Argentine Air Force: 39 Daggers received, all retired.
 * Israeli Air Force: 61 Retired.
 * 🇿🇦 South Africa
 * South African Air Force: 5
 * 🇿🇦 South Africa
 * South African Air Force: 5

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: IAI Nesher


text:
Army Group South

Army Group South (Heeresgruppe Süd) was the name of one of three German Army Groups during World War II.

It was first used in the 1939 September Campaign, along with Army Group North to invade Poland. In the Invasion of Poland Army Group South was led by Gerd von Rundstedt and his chief of staff Erich von Manstein.

Two years later, Army Group South became one of three army groups into which Germany organised their forces for Operation Barbarossa. Army Group South's principal objective was to capture Soviet Ukraine and its capital Kiev.

In September 1944, the Army Group South Ukraine was renamed Army Group South in Eastern Hungary. It fought in Western Hungary until March 1945 and retired to Austria at the end of the Second World War, where it was renamed Army Group Ostmark on 2 April 1945.

Operation Barbarossa
Ukraine was a major center of Soviet industry and mining and had the good farmland required for Hitler's plans for Lebensraum ('living space'). Army Group South was to advance up to the Volga River, engaging a part of the Red Army and thus clearing the way for the Army Group North and the Army Group Center on their approach to Leningrad and Moscow respectively.

To carry out these initial tasks its battle order included the First Panzer Group (Gen. Kleist) and the German Sixth (Gen. Reichenau), Seventeenth (Gen. Stülpnagel) and Eleventh Armies (Gen. Schobert), Luftlotte 1 (Keller) and the Romanian Third and Fourth Armies.

Case Blue
In preparation for Case Blue, the 1942 campaign in southern Russia and the Caucasus, Army Group South was split into two army groups: Army Group A and Army Group B. Army Group A was ordered south to capture the oil fields in the Caucasus.

In February 1943, Army Group Don and the existing Army Group B were combined and re-designated Army Group South. A new Army Group B became a major formation elsewhere. The German Sixth Army, which was destroyed in the Battle of Stalingrad, was re-constituted and later made part of Army Group South in March 1943.

By the end of December 1943, the strength of Army Group South had been reduced to 328,397 German soldiers, joined by another 109,816 allied soldiers and non-German volunteer troops.

On 4 April 1944, Army Group South was re-designated Army Group North Ukraine. Army Group North Ukraine existed from 4 April to 28 September.

In September 1944, Army Group South Ukraine was re-designated Army Group South. At the end of World War II in Europe, Army Group South was again renamed; as Army Group Ostmark, the remnants of Army Group South ended the war fighting in and around Austria and Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. Army Group Ostmark was one of the last major German military formations to surrender to the Allies.

title: Army Group South


text:
Charanga (Cuba)

Charanga is a traditional ensemble that plays Cuban dance music. They made Cuban dance music popular in the 1940s and their music consisted of heavily son-influenced material, performed on European instruments such as violin and flute by a Charanga orchestra. (Chomsky 2004, p. 199). The style of music that is most associated with a Charanga is termed 'Danzón', and is an amalgam of both European classical music and African rhythms.

Origins
"Scholars agree that Spain and parts of West and Central Africa provided the most crucial influences in the development of Cuban popular and religious music. But in the case of charanga, the contributions of French and Haitian influences cannot be ignored. Charanga began its history in the early nineteenth century when Haitians, both African and French, escaped the island's revolution. They brought with them a love for the French contredanse, a multi-sectional dance form that evolved into the danzón, the quintessential charanga style. Both were performed by an ensemble called an orquesta típica, a group with brass, woodwinds and timpani that performed outdoors. When the upper classes decided to dance indoors, the instrumentation was radically altered. The new ensemble was called charanga francesa. Although the word francesa literally means "French", it was used in nineteenth-century Cuba more specifically as a name for Haitian Creoles. In the charanga francesa, flutes and strings replaced the brass and woodwinds of the orquesta típica, and a small drum kit called pailas (now called timbales) replaced the booming tympany. While the orquesta típica was raucous in a New Orleans jazz fashion, the charanga francesa produced a light and somewhat effete music. The French influence extends to instrumentation for the modern charanga is based on charanga francesa."

The first charanga francesa in Cuba was formed at the turn of the twentieth century, possibly by Antonio (Papaíto) Torroella (1856–1934), whose orchestra was active by 1894. These orchestras play lighter versions of the danzón without a brass section and emphasizing flutes, violins, and piano. The percussion was provided by pailas criollas, now known as timbales. The style continued into the 1940s with flautist Antonio Arcaño and his Maravillas (Morales 2003 p13). Charangas are still widespread today, though the danzón is considered old-fashioned.

Genre Representatives

 * Arcaño y sus Maravillas
 * Barroso y La Sensación
 * Belisario López
 * Charanga 76
 * David Calzado y su Charanga Habanera
 * Fajardo y Sus Estrellas
 * Gonzalo Fernández y Su Súper Típica de Estrellas
 * La Charanga Cubana (Los Angeles)
 * La Charanga Forever
 * Los Van Van de Cuba
 * Maravillas del Siglo
 * Maravillas de Florida
 * Orquesta América
 * Orquesta Antonio María Romeu
 * Orquesta Aragón
 * Orquesta Broadway
 * Orquesta Charangoa (Los Angeles)
 * Orquesta de Neno González
 * Orquesta Duboney
 * Orquesta Melodías del 40
 * Orquesta Típica Ideal
 * Pacheco y Su Charanga
 * Pupi y Su Charanga
 * Ray Barretto y Su Charanga Moderna
 * Ritmo Oriental

title: Charanga (Cuba)


text:
Dōgojima

Dōgo (島後) is one of the Oki Islands in the Sea of Japan.

The island, 241.58 km² in area, has a population of approximately 14,849 people. The island is administered by the town of Okinoshima in Shimane Prefecture. Much of the island is within the borders of Daisen-Oki National Park.

Geography
Dōgo Island is the largest of the Oki Islands. It is located approximately 80 km north of Honshu coast. The island is of volcanic origin, and is roughly circular, with an approximate diameter of 20 km, with its highest point at the summit of Mount Daimanji at 608 m above sea level.

The climate of Dōgo Island is classified as a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa) with very warm summers and cool winters. Precipitation is abundant throughout the year.

History
The Oki Islands have been inhabited since the Japanese Paleolithic era, and numerous artifacts from the Jōmon, Yayoi and Kofun periods have been found by archaeologists. Dōgo Island is mentioned in the Nara period chronicles Kojiki and Nihon Shoki, and Dōgo Island was the location of the capital of ancient Oki Province.

Dōgo Island was used as a place of exile from the Nara period, but is well known as the place of exile for ex-Emperor Go-Toba, who died on Nakanoshima in 1239, and for Emperor Go-Daigo, who was exiled to Nishinoshima from 1331-1333 The island became tenryo territory directly under the control of the Tokugawa shogunate in the Edo period.

After the Meiji restoration, the Oki Islands became part of Tottori Prefecture in 1871, but were transferred to Shimane Prefecture in 1881.

In 1892, Lafcadio Hearn visited Dōgo Island, spending a month there, and writing about his experiences in Glimpses of Unfamiliar Japan. Dōgo Island was visited by the American naturalist Charles Henry Gilbert in 1906.

A lighthouse was erected on Cape Saigō in the southeast of the island in 1921. This lighthouse remained the only lighthouse in the Oki Islands until the 1950s.

On October 1, 2004, the town of Saigō merged with three neighboring villages to unify the island under the administration of the new town of Okinoshima.

Transportation
Dōgo Island is connected by regular ferry service from Saigo Port to points on mainland Japan. Oki Airport connects the island with Osaka (Itami) Airport, and Izumo by air.

Economy
The economy of the island is based on agriculture and commercial fishing. Seasonal tourism also plays a role in the local economy.

title: Dōgojima


text: Template:Formidable class battleship

title: Template:Formidable class battleship


text:
User talk:StephanWehner

Thanks for catching my algebra mistake at Cost-plus pricing with elasticity considerations. mydogategodshat 04:17, 26 Feb 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:StephanWehner


text:
Sinclair Oil Corporation

Sinclair Oil Corporation was an American petroleum corporation founded by Harry F. Sinclair on May 1, 1916. The Sinclair Oil and Refining Corporation amalgamated the assets of 11 small petroleum companies. Originally a New York corporation, Sinclair Oil reincorporated in Wyoming in 1976. The corporate logo featured the silhouette of a large green Brontosaurus dinosaur, based on the then-common idea that oil deposits beneath the earth came from the dead bodies of dinosaurs.

Sinclair was ranked as one of the largest privately owned American corporations. It owned and operated refineries, gas stations, hotels, a ski resort, and a cattle ranch.

History
Sinclair has long been a fixture on American roads with its dinosaur logo and mascot, a Brontosaurus.

1916–1969
During September 1919, Harry Sinclair restructured Sinclair Oil and Refining Corporation, Sinclair Gulf Corporation, and 26 other related entities into Sinclair Consolidated Oil Corporation. In 1932, this new entity was renamed Consolidated Oil Corporation. In 1943, it was renamed Sinclair Oil Corporation.

Near the beginning of the Great Depression, Sinclair sold the remaining interest in its pipeline subsidiary to Standard Oil Company (Indiana) for US$72.5 million (Standard Oil had purchased a 50% interest in the pipeline subsidiary in 1921). With these funds, including an additional US$33.5 million from an additional common stock issue, Sinclair retired several promissory notes and prepared to weather the Depression with the remaining supply of cash.

Between 1921 and 1922, Sinclair leased oil production rights to Teapot Dome in Wyoming without competitive bidding. This led to the Teapot Dome scandal.

At the same time, Sinclair Oil was approached by the Italian fascist government. Benito Mussolini's government wanted to increase competition in the Italian oil market, which was controlled by the Italo-American Petroleum Society (SIAP), which in turn was fully dominated by Standard Oil. As the Teapot Dome scandal unfolded in the United States and reached the international press, Mussolini accelerated the negotiations, with a deal signed on May 4, 1924 (although without an official meeting, to avoid public outcry). Because of this, Sinclair Oil Company is known for having made "large payments to leading Fascists — all acting as intermediaries for Benito Mussolini — in return for an exclusive monopoly to drill for oil on Italian soil and in the Italian colonies". The deal was reported in a press release by the Head of Government (Mussolini) issued on the night of May 15, 1924, and published by most newspapers on the following day. The press release assured the public that Sinclair Oil had been awarded its contract on a competitive basis and had provided guarantees it had no relations with the international oil trust. This case of corruption was reported by the anti-fascist politician Giacomo Matteotti - who was later kidnapped and killed by Mussolini's newborn secret police, just before he could report his discoveries to the Parliament — in his posthumous article, published in the July issue of English Life (a magazine founded by Brendan Bracken): Matteotti accused Sinclair Oil of being a pawn of Standard Oil, as well as revealing "grave irregularities concerning the concession." Matteotti's theses were echoed in the notes of Epifanio Pennetta, who contributed to the preliminary investigation on the murder: "To all appearances," companies like Nafta and Saper "were in competition with the Sinclair company, while in fact they were in cahoots with Sinclair" and added that Sinclair Oil was actually working "in concert" with Standard Oil.

During the Great Depression, Sinclair saved many other petroleum companies from receivership or bankruptcy and acquired others to expand its operations. In 1932, Sinclair purchased the assets of Prairie Oil and Gas' pipeline and producing companies in the southern United States, and the Rio Grande Oil Company in California. The purchase of Prairie also gave Sinclair a 65% interest in Producers and Refiners Corporation (or Parco), which Sinclair subsequently acquired when Parco entered receivership in 1934. Lastly, in 1936, Sinclair purchased the East Coast marketing subsidiary of Richfield Oil Company, which had operated in receivership for several years. Richfield then reorganized, resulting in the creation of the Richfield Oil Corporation. Sinclair was instrumental in transferring capital and managerial assets into Richfield. Thirty years later, Richfield merged with Atlantic Refining, located on the East Coast, forming Atlantic Richfield.

At the Chicago World's Fair of 1933–1934, Sinclair sponsored a dinosaur exhibit meant to play on the link between the formation of petroleum deposits and the time of dinosaurs, now a largely discredited misconception. The exhibit included a 2-ton animated model of a Brontosaurus. The exhibit proved so popular it inspired a promotional line of rubber brontosaurs at Sinclair stations, complete with wiggling heads and tails, and the eventual inclusion of the brontosaur logo. Later, inflatable dinosaurs were given as promotional items. An anthropomorphic version appeared as a service-station attendant in advertisements. Some locations have a life-size model of the mascot straddling the building's entrance.

In the early 1960s, Sinclair, along with Henry W. Peters and his son Eric Woods, developed the Turbo-S aircraft oils used for reliability in commercial jets, military jets, guided missiles and space exploration rockets.

At the New York World's Fair of 1964–1965, Sinclair again sponsored a dinosaur exhibit, "Dinoland", featuring life-size replicas of nine different dinosaurs, including their signature Brontosaurus. Souvenirs from the exhibit included a brochure ("Sinclair and the Exciting World of Dinosaurs") and featured molded plastic dinosaur figurines. After the Fair closed, Dinoland remained as a traveling exhibit.

Two of the replicas (Tyrannosaurus and Brontosaurus) are still on display at Dinosaur Valley State Park near Glen Rose, Texas. Another, a model of a Trachodon, has been displayed at Brookfield Zoo outside Chicago, Illinois. A replica of a Triceratops is owned by the Kentucky Science Center in Louisville, Kentucky and after a 2022 restoration was mounted above their parking garage. The Stegasaurus is on display in front of the Visitor Center of Dinosaur National Monument in Utah. A copy of the Triceratops is also owned by the Smithsonian Institution and is on display as "Uncle Beazley" in the National Zoological Park in Washington, D.C. (1} (2) (3)

In 1955, Sinclair ranked 21st on the Fortune 500; by 1969, it had fallen to 58th.

ARCO era
In 1969, Sinclair merged with the Atlantic Richfield Company (ARCO) after an attempted acquisition by the Gulf+Western Industries Corporation. Federal antitrust provisions required the new entity to divest itself of certain Sinclair assets. As a result, the East Coast operations of Sinclair were sold to BP (which has since purchased ARCO). After the ARCO acquisition, many Sinclair stations in the Midwest continued to use the dinosaur logo and opted out of using ARCO's "diamond spark" logo. Some northwest Sinclair stations partially retained the Sinclair brand for a time, using ARCO's blue rectangular logo, including the "spark" graphic, but with the word "Sinclair" substituted for ARCO.

Holding era
In 1976, ARCO spun off Sinclair by selling certain assets to Robert (Earl) Holding. Assets divested in the spin-off included ARCO's retail operations in the region bounded by the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains, and the rights to the Sinclair brand and logo, resulting in many stations along Interstate 80 keeping the dinosaur logo. The ARCO stations in Texas, New Mexico, Illinois, and some portions of Oklahoma were not affected by the divestiture. They continued as part of ARCO until ARCO pulled out of those states in the 1980s.

Headquartered in Salt Lake City, Sinclair was the 94th-largest private company in the United States. There were 2,607 Sinclair filling stations in 20 states in the Western and Midwestern United States. As of 2010, the corporation operated two refineries—one in Casper, Wyoming, and one in Sinclair, Wyoming. Sinclair operated a third refinery in Tulsa, Oklahoma, until it was sold to Holly Corporation on December 1, 2009. Sinclair's other operations included 1,000 miles of pipeline.

In the mid-2010s, Sinclair fuel stations began actively spreading across southern California, including Los Angeles, San Diego, and Fresno, with holders offering attractive deals for potential clients to make the switch from a private brand to the Sinclair name brand.

By 2018, Sinclair gas stations were widely distributed across the United States, with dozens of gas stations in California, Colorado, Iowa, Idaho, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, Oklahoma, Oregon, South Dakota, Utah, and Wyoming; smaller numbers in Arizona, Connecticut, Kansas, Kentucky, North Dakota, New Mexico, New York, Texas, and Washington; and a single station in Arkansas and Wisconsin.

Sinclair continued to use the green dinosaur, affectionately called "Dino", and marketed all its products under the logo. Sinclair patented the gasoline additive SG-2000. The high-octane fuel blend was called "Dino Supreme" and regular gas was "Dino", trade names used since 1961 when many oil companies still used trade names for their fuels instead of generic terms such as "regular," "premium," or "unleaded". Before that time, Sinclair's trade names for its gasoline products included "Power X" for high-octane fuel and "Sinclair H-C" for regular gas. Sinclair also has marketed products such as Dino, Dino Supreme, and Opaline motor oils.

In August 2021, HollyFrontier announced the acquisition of Sinclair Oil. A new company named HF Sinclair Corporation would be formed in 2022. Under the agreements, Sinclair Oil's branded marketing business and all related commercial activities and its refineries and related operations and assets in Casper and Sinclair, Wyoming, would be combined with HollyFrontier. Sinclair Oil's logistics and storage assets, including approximately 1,200 miles of pipelines, two crude oil terminals and eight light product terminals, would be combined with Holly Energy Partners (HEP). It was expected that the vast majority of Sinclair Oil employees would be invited to continue in their positions following the combination. The transaction did not include exploration and production assets owned by Sinclair Oil & Gas Co.

Sinclair Trucking Company
Company-owned Sinclair Trucking provided distribution for Sinclair Oil fuels and other related products. Terminals were located in:
 * Flagstaff, Arizona
 * Denver, Colorado (Henderson, Colorado)
 * Des Moines, Iowa
 * Kansas City, Kansas
 * Minneapolis, Minnesota
 * St. Louis, Missouri
 * Omaha, Nebraska
 * Shawnee, Oklahoma
 * Tulsa, Oklahoma
 * Salt Lake City, Utah
 * Casper, Wyoming
 * Sinclair, Wyoming
 * Carrollton, Missouri

Grand America Hotels & Resorts
Sinclair also owned and operated Grand America Hotels & Resorts, which has hotel properties in Salt Lake City, Utah; Flagstaff, Arizona; Cheyenne, Wyoming; Little America, Wyoming; and San Diego, California, in addition to the Sun Valley and Snowbasin ski resorts. These properties were not part of the sale to HollyFrontier, and continue to be owned by the Holding Family.

HF Sinclair Corporation
In March 2022, the sale to HollyFrontier was completed, and HF Sinclair Corporation traded on the NYSE under the ticker symbol DINO.

In popular culture

The "Sinclair's Dino" balloon first appeared in the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade in 1963, returning to the parade in 2015 after a nearly 40-year absence. The balloon is an honorary member of New York's Museum of Natural History as of 1977. It is 36 ft tall, 72 ft long, and 24 ft wide.

The Brontosaurus logo is parodied in the Toy Story and Cars franchise films as being the "Dinoco" gas station chain, perhaps an allusion to gasoline and its origin as a fossil fuel, as well as a portmanteau between the "dinosaur" in Sinclair's logo and the suffixes of the "Amoco", "Conoco", and "Sunoco" franchises.

The TV series Dinosaurs featured several characters with names derived from fossil fuel companies. The main character and his family had the surname Sinclair.

Sinclair once had a service station in Montgomery, Alabama, in the Cloverdale neighborhood, that closed in the 1970s. That location was remodeled in 1992 into a restaurant named Sinclair's in honor of the former neighborhood station. The ownership group also opened two other locations, one at Lake Martin and one on the eastside. The lake and Cloverdale locations were closed by 2018, while the eastside location has flourished for nearly 30 years as of 2023.

Joey Jordison, founding drummer of Slipknot, worked at a Sinclair's garage in Urbandale, Iowa, where late at night the band would discuss their plans.

title: Sinclair Oil Corporation


text:
Joseph Ellicott

Joseph Ellicott (November 1, 1760 in Bucks County, Pennsylvania – August 19, 1826 in New York City) was an American surveyor, city planner, land office agent, lawyer and politician of the Quaker faith.

Life
Ellicott was born in Bucks County, Pennsylvania on November 1, 1760. He was the son of Quaker miller Joseph Ellicott (1732–1780) and Judith Blaker (1729–1809). Joseph's siblings included older brother Andrew Ellicott (1754–1820), a fellow surveyor, and younger brother Benjamin Ellicott (1765–1827), a U.S. Congressman.

Career
In 1790, his brother Andrew Ellicott was hired by the federal government to survey the new federal district, where the new capital city of Washington was to be built. Joseph was Andrew's chief assistant during the latter part of the survey. Joseph Ellicott was subsequently sent to Georgia to survey the boundary line, established by treaty with the Creek tribe.

Holland Land Company
He was then engaged to survey some property in western Pennsylvania which had been purchased by a group of Dutch investors, who had formed the Holland Land Company. He also extended the New York - Pennsylvania border westward. When the company purchased a huge tract of western New York (that became known as The Holland Purchase), Ellicott was hired in 1797 and was sent to perform the monumental task of surveying it. Ellicott spent two years (1798–1800) living outdoors in summer and winter, laying out the townships of the new land in order to complete the Great Survey of the land in October 1800.

In 1800, the principal agent of the company, Paul Busti, gave him a new position as their agent at their Land Office in Batavia, New York. From this office, for the next 21 years he supervised the sales of the tract, with his personal signature on many deeds. Ellicott was an observer for the investors at the Big Tree Treaty when the Senecas sold their rights to the land in Western New York.

In 1801, he laid out Batavia, New York, and in 1804 the village of Buffalo, and established mill sites and communities.

He advocated a canal to be built from the Hudson River to Lake Erie, and was among the Erie Canal Commissioners appointed in 1816 to supervise the canal construction, but resigned in 1818 due to ill health. The Erie Canal was finished in 1825. He also arranged for the contribution of more than 100,000 acre of company land to this project.

As seller and land agent, Ellicott offered generous terms to the buyers, some of whom purchased farms for as little as 25 cents down. When some buyers could not make payments he often extended the terms and sometimes forgave interest if they had made improvements. He offered some selected parcels free upon condition that the buyer would establish a mill or an inn, to help stimulate growth in the area. In later years, Ellicott became the target of complaints by citizens who were unhappy with the land company.

Ellicott was held responsible for the state of New York's decision not to buy up unsold land of the land company, and he retired in 1821. He then attempted to finance the purchase of the unsold land himself, but no one would join his venture, and he had to abandon the plan.

Politics
Ellicott was a presidential elector in 1804, voting for Thomas Jefferson and George Clinton. From March 1806 to June 1807, he was First Judge of the Genesee County Court.

Personal life
Ellicott never married. His final years were marred by serious mental problems. Family members had him admitted to Bloomingdale Insane Asylum in New York City, where he died in 1826 by hanging himself. Soon after his burial in New York City, he was exhumed and re-buried in Batavia, New York at the Batavia Cemetery.

At his death left an estate valued at about $600,000.

Legacy
Places named after Ellicott:

 * Ellicottville, New York - village and town in Cattaraugus County, New York.
 * Ellicott, New York - town in Chautauqua County, New York.
 * Ellicott Square Building - an office building in Buffalo, New York
 * Ellicott Street - a street in downtown Buffalo, New York and another in downtown Batavia, New York.
 * Ellicott Complex - a dormitory at the University at Buffalo.
 * Ellicott Creek - a stream in Western New York.
 * Ellicott Road - a road in Orchard Park, NY.
 * Ellicott Elementary School - an elementary school in Orchard Park, NY
 * Ellicott Run at Sinnemahoning State Park in Grove Township, Cameron County, Pennsylvania. He also laid out the Caledonia Pike in Cameron & Elk Counties, Pennsylvania.
 * Ellicott Mall - A housing project in Buffalo, NY
 * Ellicott Historic District - a local historic district in Buffalo, New York

title: Joseph Ellicott


text:
Counting of the Omer

Counting of the Omer (סְפִירַת הָעוֹמֶר, Sefirat HaOmer, sometimes abbreviated as Sefira) is a ritual in Judaism. It consists of a verbal counting of each of the 49 days between the holidays of Passover and Shavuot. The period of 49 days is known as the "omer period" or simply as "the omer" or "sefirah".

The count has its origins in the biblical command of the Omer offering (or sheaf-offering), which was offered on Passover, and after which 49 days were counted, and the Shavuot holiday was observed. The Temple sacrifices have not been offered since the destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem, but the counting until Shavuot is still performed. Shavuot is the only major Jewish holiday for which no calendar date is specified in the Torah; rather, its date is determined by the omer count.

The Counting of the Omer begins on the second day of Passover (the 16th of Nisan) for Rabbinic Jews (Orthodox, Conservative, Reform), and after the weekly Shabbat during Passover for Karaite Jews. According to all practices, the 49-day count ends the day before Shavuot, which is the 'fiftieth day' of the count.

The omer ("sheaf") is an old Biblical measure of volume of unthreshed stalks of grain, the amount of grain used for the Temple offering.

The count

As soon as it is definitely night (approximately thirty minutes after sundown), the one who is counting the Omer recites this blessing:

"Blessed are You, Lord our God, King of the Universe, Who has sanctified us with His commandments and commanded us to count the Omer."

Then he or she states the Omer-count in terms of both total days and weeks and days. For example:
 * On the first day: "Today is one day of the omer"
 * On the eighth day: "Today is eight days, which is one week and one day of the omer"

The wording of the count differs slightly between customs: the last Hebrew word is either laomer (literally "to the omer") or baomer (literally "in the omer"). Both customs are valid according to halakha.

The count is generally in Hebrew; it may also be counted in any language, however one must understand what one is saying.

The counting is preferably done at night, at the beginning of the Jewish day. If one realizes the next morning or afternoon that they have not yet counted, the count may still be made, but without a blessing. If one forgets to count a day altogether, he or she may continue to count succeeding days, but without a blessing.

Symbolism

In the rabbinic chronology, the giving of the Torah at Mount Sinai happened on Shavuot. Thus, the omer period is one of preparation and anticipation for the giving of the Torah. According to Aruch HaShulchan, already in Egypt Moses announced to the Israelites that they would celebrate a religious ceremony at Mount Sinai once 50 days had passed, and the people was so excited by this that they counted the days until that ceremony took place. Homiletically, in modern times when the Temple sacrifices of Shavuot are not offered, counting the omer still has a purpose as a remembrance of the counting up to Sinai.

One explanation for the Counting of the Omer is that it shows the connection between Passover and Shavuot. The physical freedom that the Hebrews achieved at the Exodus from Egypt was only the beginning of a process that climaxed with the spiritual freedom they gained at the giving of the Torah on Shavuot. The Sefer HaChinuch states that the Israelites were only freed from Egypt at Passover in order to receive the Torah. The Counting of the Omer demonstrates how much a Jew desires to accept the Torah in their own life.

According to Maharal, there is a symbolic contrast between the omer offering (offered on Passover) and the Shavuot sacrifice (shtei halechem) offered upon conclusion of the omer. The former consists of barley, which is typically an animal food, and represents the low and passive spiritual level of the Israelites immediately upon leaving Egypt; while the latter consists of wheat and represents the high and active spiritual level of the Israelites upon receiving the Torah.

In Israel, the omer period coincides with the final ripening period of wheat before it is harvested around Shavuot. In this period, the quality of the harvest is very sensitive, and can easily be ruined by bad weather. Thus, the omer period stresses human vulnerability and dependence on God.

According to Nahmanides, Passover and Shavuot effectively form one extended holiday, with the seven weeks of the omer paralleling the seven days of Passover or Sukkot, and the omer period paralleling Chol Hamoed.

Karaite and Samaritan practice
Karaite Jews and Israelite Samaritans begin counting the Omer on the day after the weekly Sabbath during Passover, rather than on the second day of Passover (the 16th of Nisan).

This is due to differing interpretations of, where the Torah says to begin counting from the "morrow after the day of rest". Rabbinic Jews interpret the "day of rest" to be the first day of Passover, while Karaites and Samaritans understand it to be the first weekly Sabbath that falls during Passover. Thus, the Karaite and Samaritan Shavuot is always on a Sunday, although the actual Hebrew date varies (which complements the fact that a specific date is never given for Shavuot in the Torah, the only holiday for which this is the case). Historically, Karaite and Karaite-adjacent religious leaders such as Anan ben David, Benjamin Nahawandi, Muhammad ibn Isma'il, Musa of Tiflis (founder of a 9th-century Jewish movement in Babylon); and Malik al Ramli (founder of a 9th-century Jewish movement in the Land of Israel) concluded that Shavuot should fall out on a Sunday. This is also the opinion of Catholics and the historical Sadducees and Boethusians.

The counting of Karaite and Rabbinic Jews coincides when the first day of Passover is on the Sabbath. Samaritan Judaism has an additional difference: because the date of the Samaritan Passover usually differs from the Jewish one by approximately one lunar month, the Karaite and Samaritan counting rarely coincides, despite each beginning on a Sunday.

Ethiopian Jews traditionally had yet another practice: they interpreted the "day of rest" to be the last day of Passover, rather than being the first day (as in rabbinic tradition) or else the Sabbath (as for Karaites).

Omer-counters
"Omer-counters" are devices which aid in remembering the correct day of the omer count. They are often on display in synagogues for the benefit of worshippers who count the Omer with the congregation at the conclusion of evening services. Omer-counters come in varying forms such as:
 * decorative boxes with an interior scroll that shows each day's count through a small opening
 * posters and magnets in which each day's count is recorded on a tear-off piece of paper
 * calendars depicting all seven weeks and 49 days of the Omer, on which a small pointer is advanced from day to day
 * pegboards that keep track of both the day and the week of the Omer.

Reminders to count the Omer are also produced for tablet computers and via SMS for mobile phones.

An omer counter from the 19th century in Lancaster, Pennsylvania is preserved at the Herbert D. Katz Center for Advanced Judaic Studies.

As a period of semi-mourning
The omer period has developed into a time of semi-mourning in Jewish custom.

Traditionally, the mourning is in memory of the death of Rabbi Akiva's 24,000 students, as described in the Talmud. (According to the Talmud they died in a "plague" as punishment for not honoring one another properly, but the Sephardic manuscript of Iggeret of Rabbi Sherira Gaon describes them as dying due to "persecution" (shmad), and based on this some modern scholars have suggested that they died in the Bar Kokhba revolt. ) Rabbi Yechiel Michel Epstein (author of Aruch HaShulchan) postulates that the mourning period also memorializes Jews who were murdered during the Crusades, pogroms, and blood libels that occurred in Europe. The observance of mourning customs was strengthened after the Rhineland massacres and Cossack riots which occurred in the Omer period. In modern times, the Holocaust is generally included among those events which are memorialized, in particular Yom HaShoah is observed during the Omer.

Mourning practices are observed for only part of the Omer period, with different communities observing different parts. Some families listen to music during the week of Passover and then commence the period of mourning until Lag BaOmer. Some Sephardic Jewish families begin the period of mourning from the first day of the Hebrew month of Iyar and continue for 33 days until the third of Sivan. The custom among Jerusalemites (minhag Yerushalmi) is to follow the mourning practices during the entire Counting of the Omer, save for the day of Lag BaOmer and the last three days of the counting (sheloshet yemei hagbalah) prior to the onset of Shavuot. Many Religious Zionists suspend some or all of the mourning customs on Yom Ha'atzmaut (Israel's Independence Day). The extent of mourning is also based heavily on family custom, and therefore Jews will mourn to different degrees.

Lag BaOmer, the thirty-third day of the Omer, is considered to be the day on which the students stopped dying, so all the rules of mourning are lifted. Some Sephardi Jews, however, continue the mourning period up until the 34th day of the Omer, which is considered by them to be the day of joy and celebration. Spanish and Portuguese Jews do not observe these customs.

During the days of mourning, custom generally forbids haircuts, shaving, listening to instrumental music, or conducting weddings, parties, and dinners with dancing. Some religious Jews shave each Friday afternoon during the mourning period of the Omer in order to be neat in honor of the Shabbat, and some men do so in order to appear neat in their places of employment.

Lag BaOmer
According to some Rishonim, it is the day on which the plague that killed Rabbi Akiva's 24,000 disciples came to an end, and for this reason the mourning period of Sefirat HaOmer concludes on Lag BaOmer in many communities.

According to modern kabbalistic tradition, this day is the Celebration of Simeon ben Yochai and/or the anniversary of his death. According to a late-medieval tradition, Simeon ben Yochai is buried in Meron, and this association has spawned several well-known customs and practices on Lag BaOmer, including the lighting of bonfires and pilgrimages to Meron.

Kabbalistic interpretation
The period of the counting of the Omer is considered to be a time of potential for inner growth—for a person to work on one's good characteristics (middot) through reflection and development of one aspect each day for the 49 days of the counting.

In Kabbalah, each of the seven weeks of the Omer-counting is associated with one of the seven lower sefirot (Chesed, Gevurah, Tiferet, Netzach, Hod, Yesod, Malkuth). Similarly, each day of each week is associated with one of these same seven sefirot, creating forty-nine permutations. The first day of the Omer is therefore associated with "chesed that is in chesed" (loving kindness within loving kindness), the second day with "gevurah that is in chesed" (might within loving kindness); the first day of the second week is associated with "chesed that is in gevurah" (loving-kindness within might), the second day of the second week with "gevurah that is in gevurah" (might within might), and so on.

Symbolically, each of these 49 permutations represents an aspect of each person's character that can be improved or further developed. Recent books which present these 49 permutations as a daily guide to personal character growth have been published by Rabbi Simon Jacobson and Rabbi Yaacov Haber and David Sedley. The work Counting the Omer: A Kabbalistic Meditation Guide includes meditations, activities and kavvanot (proper mindset) for each of the kabbalistic four worlds for each of the 49 days.

The 49-day period of counting the Omer is also a conducive time to study the teaching of the Mishnah in Pirkei Avot 6:6, which enumerates the "48 ways" by which Torah is acquired. Rabbi Aharon Kotler (1891–1962) explains that the study of each "way" can be done on each of the first forty-eight days of the Omer-counting; on the forty-ninth day, one should review all the "ways."

manuscripts about the counting of the Omer

 * Secret of the Counting of the Omer, Moses of Burgos, 13th - 14th centuries, Ktiv project, National Library of Israel
 * Seder Sefireat HaOmer, Amsterdam, 1795, Ktiv project, National Library of Israel
 * Kavanot for the Counting of the Omer, Amsterdam, 18th century, Ktiv project, National Library of Israel
 * Kabbalist Seder of the Counting of the Omer, 1782, Italy, Ktiv project, National Library of Israel

title: Counting of the Omer


text:
Le Ventre de Paris

Le Ventre de Paris (1873) is the third novel in Émile Zola's twenty-volume series Les Rougon-Macquart. It is set in and around Les Halles, the enormous, busy central market of 19th-century Paris. Les Halles, rebuilt in cast iron and glass during the Second Empire was a landmark of modernity in the city, the wholesale and retail center of a thriving food industry. Le Ventre de Paris (translated into English under many variant titles but literally meaning The Belly of Paris) is Zola's first novel entirely on the working class.

The protagonist is Florent, an escaped political prisoner mistakenly arrested after the French coup of 1851. He returns to his half-brother Quenu, a charcutier and his wife Lisa Quenu (formerly Macquart), with whom he finds refuge. They get him a job in the market as a fish inspector. After getting mixed up in an ineffectual socialist plot against the Empire, Florent is arrested and deported again. Although Zola had yet to hone his mastery of working-class speech and idioms displayed to such good effect in L'Assommoir, the novel conveys a powerful atmosphere of life in the great market halls and of working class suffering. There are a number of vivid descriptive passages, the most famous of which, his description of the olfactory sensations experienced upon entering a cheese shop, has become known as the "Cheese Symphony" due to its ingenious orchestral metaphors. Throughout the book, the painter Claude Lantier, a relative of the Macquarts and later the protagonist of L'Œuvre (1886) - shows up to provide a semi-authorial commentary, playing the role of chorus. It is an interesting and often powerful work, though not usually considered as being on a par with the novelist's achievements later in the Rougon-Macquart cycle.

Translations
Le ventre de Paris was originally translated into English by Henry Vizetelly and published in 1888 under the title Fat and Thin. After Vizetelly's imprisonment for obscene libel the novel was one of those revised and expurgated by his son, Ernest Alfred Vizetelly; this mutilated version entitled The Fat and the Thin appeared in 1896 and has been reprinted many times. Until 2007 this remained the only English version widely available. Henry's original full edition was afterward reprinted in Paris for adventurous English readers. The novel was newly translated in 1955 by David Hughes and Marie-Jacqueline Mason for Elek Books under the title Savage Paris but this has long been out of print. Oxford World's Classics published a new translation by Brian Nelson entitled The Belly of Paris in 2007 and Modern Library published a new translation by Mark Kurlansky in 2009.

 * La Belle Lisa or The Paris Market Girls (1882, tr. Mary Neal Sherwood, T. B. Peterson Bros.)
 * The Fat and the Thin (1888, tr. unknown for H. Vizetelly, Vizetelly & Co.)
 * The Fat and the Thin (1896, tr. E. A. Vizetelly, Chatto & Windus)
 * Savage Paris (1955, tr. David Hughes & Marie-Jacqueline Mason, Elek Books)
 * The Belly of Paris (2007, tr. Brian Nelson, Oxford University Press)
 * The Belly of Paris (2009, tr. Mark Kurlansky, Modern Library)

title: Le Ventre de Paris


text:
Curvature form

In differential geometry, the curvature form describes curvature of a connection on a principal bundle. The Riemann curvature tensor in Riemannian geometry can be considered as a special case.

Definition
Let G be a Lie group with Lie algebra $$\mathfrak g$$, and P → B be a principal G-bundle. Let ω be an Ehresmann connection on P (which is a $\mathfrak g$-valued one-form on P).

Then the curvature form is the $$\mathfrak g$$-valued 2-form on P defined by

 * $$\Omega=d\omega + {1 \over 2}[\omega \wedge \omega] = D \omega.$$

(In another convention, 1/2 does not appear.) Here $$d$$ stands for exterior derivative, $$[\cdot \wedge \cdot]$$ is defined in the article "Lie algebra-valued form" and D denotes the exterior covariant derivative. In other terms,
 * $$\,\Omega(X, Y)= d\omega(X,Y) + {1 \over 2}[\omega(X),\omega(Y)]$$

where X, Y are tangent vectors to P.

There is also another expression for Ω: if X, Y are horizontal vector fields on P, then
 * $$\sigma\Omega(X, Y) = -\omega([X, Y]) = -[X, Y] + h[X, Y]$$

where hZ means the horizontal component of Z, on the right we identified a vertical vector field and a Lie algebra element generating it (fundamental vector field), and $$\sigma\in \{1, 2\}$$ is the inverse of the normalization factor used by convention in the formula for the exterior derivative.

A connection is said to be flat if its curvature vanishes: Ω = 0. Equivalently, a connection is flat if the structure group can be reduced to the same underlying group but with the discrete topology.

Curvature form in a vector bundle
If E → B is a vector bundle, then one can also think of ω as a matrix of 1-forms and the above formula becomes the structure equation of E. Cartan:

 * $$\,\Omega = d\omega + \omega \wedge \omega, $$

where $$\wedge$$ is the wedge product. More precisely, if $${\omega^i}_j$$ and $${\Omega^i}_j$$ denote components of ω and Ω correspondingly, (so each $${\omega^i}_j$$ is a usual 1-form and each $${\Omega^i}_j$$ is a usual 2-form) then

 * $$\Omega^i_j = d{\omega^i}_j + \sum_k {\omega^i}_k \wedge {\omega^k}_j.$$

For example, for the tangent bundle of a Riemannian manifold, the structure group is O(n) and Ω is a 2-form with values in the Lie algebra of O(n), i.e. the antisymmetric matrices. In this case the form Ω is an alternative description of the curvature tensor, i.e.

 * $$\,R(X, Y) = \Omega(X, Y),$$

using the standard notation for the Riemannian curvature tensor.

Bianchi identities
If $$\theta$$ is the canonical vector-valued 1-form on the frame bundle, the torsion $$\Theta$$ of the connection form $$\omega$$ is the vector-valued 2-form defined by the structure equation

 * $$\Theta = d\theta + \omega\wedge\theta = D\theta,$$

where as above D denotes the exterior covariant derivative.

The first Bianchi identity takes the form

 * $$D\Theta = \Omega\wedge\theta.$$

The second Bianchi identity takes the form

 * $$\, D \Omega = 0 $$

and is valid more generally for any connection in a principal bundle.

The Bianchi identities can be written in tensor notation as: $$ R_{abmn;\ell} + R_{ab\ell m;n} + R_{abn\ell;m} = 0.$$

The contracted Bianchi identities are used to derive the Einstein tensor in the Einstein field equations, the bulk of general theory of relativity.

title: Curvature form