text:
Talk:News values

Article naming
I think the word "value" is the most helpful term. Each news value that is present within a news story adds value to its newsworthiness. The more news values, the more likely a news story will be published. So, in this respect we are using the word "value" in much the same way as an economist would. However, the term "news values" is also used in an ethical sense to justify good practice such as accuracy and truthfulness in a story. Some publishers and broadcasters, e.g. the BBC and AP have issued such guidelines under the title "news values". The lesser used alternative "news criteria" is less confusing, but in the end, I believe common usage wins the argument. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Yawja (talk • contribs) 08:53, 18 September 2018 (UTC) The use of the word "values" seem rather odd. The more standard term for this would be something like News editorial policy, or Journalism editorial policy. We have a good journalism category developing on Wikipedia, maybe this should join that universe of articles, it would be a natural fit. The word "values" is too much owned by the right wing, "family values" and other such key buzz words of theirs and wikipedia articles are to follow the NPOV guidlines which I support. Ref:. What wikipedia is not.Calicocat 02:19, 6 May 2005 (UTC)

 * "News Values" is a by far the most common term used to describe this, at least here in Australia. You may have a negative reaction to it, but the term is the best title.matturn 02:09, 23 September 2005 (UTC)

Regading the usage of the term "news values", I have to agree that the term is in common usage. When studying international journalism and the sociology of journalism as part of my degree, the term came up frequently. I happen to think this entire article is well balanced and can't see fault with it. --83.151.227.107 16:56, 29 October 2006 (UTC)

I think this artcile could be expanded to include more points of view from other countries. Notice for example the many similar codes of ethics shared by other countries. Ref. journalism ethics and standards, Journalism.

 * This isn't a list of ethics, it's a list of what interests people. By all means have lists of ethics somewhere else, or mention here what people in non-Norweigan places are interested in.matturn 02:09, 23 September 2005 (UTC)

I have to do a media exam and my teachers repeatidly say "news values"............... News values are crucial in understanding the production of news and the choices that producers make. Every industry has its unique jargon, and in journalism the words "news values" are universally understood to mean factors that make a story newsworthy. This comes from a journalism professor and still-active reporter.

News Value(s) works. Another related term is Production Value - roughly corresponding to how pristinely produced is the video, graphics, pictures, printing quality, etc.

Rick 14:58, 5 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Agree "news values" is the predominant term, since it was coined by Galtung and Ruge, whose article is among the most widely cited in this area. But it's worth pointing out that there's a bit of ambiguity surrounding the term.  Herbert Gans, a prominent sociologist who studies news, used the term "news values" in a different way, to refer to values held by journalists (or their sources) that influence how they report a story.  Contrast this with Galtung and Ruge's version, which concerns aspects of an event that make it more or less newsworthy.  Gans does make a list of Galtung-and-Ruge-style news values (see my comment downthread), but doesn't call them "news values."  In point of fact, he doesn't give a neat title to his own list, so he doesn't really offer a substitute term.  Charlotte Ryan, and a few others, use the term "news criteria" interchangeably with "news values," both of which, for them, have identical meaning. Wideaperture (talk) 14:27, 2 June 2008 (UTC)

A couple other things worth adding. One is to describe the hypotheses that are commonly associated with news values, first put forward by G&R and later formalized by Oystein Sande (1971, Journal of Peace Research, 8,3/4, "The Perception of Foreign News."). These are selection, distortion, replication, additivity, and complementarity. The second thing worth adding is a section on criticisms of news values, of which there are many. I'm writing a paper currently that deals with both these issues and when I'm finished I'm happy to come and update the article with these things, if someone hasn't already taken a crack at it. Wideaperture (talk) 15:13, 12 August 2008 (UTC)

Issue with Intro
The article has a NPOV problem. The opening sentence which reads "News values determine how much prominence a news story is given by a media outlet." implies that "news values" play the only role determining a stories prominence for most or all media outlets. This ignores common accusations that bias and political considerations also play into what prominence a story is given by many or all media outlets and thus while "news values" are a significant factor they are not always the sole or major factor. The opening should probably be rewritten to make it clear that "news values" are a significant factor in many cases without implying they are always the sole factor or at least the major factor. There should also be a brief mention of the accusations of bias and political considerations as playing an unfair/unethical role in the process. Another problem with this article is it seems to be written from the standpoint of media outlets that enjoy freedom of the press and ignores censored state-run and state-censored private media outlets in non-democratic countries. We need to at least be clearer that these guidelines don't necessary apply in the same manner to the media outlets of all countries. --Cab88 09:00, 13 June 2006 (UTC)

 * If political, ideological, or other considerations affect what is in the news, then arguably that makes them news values too. Are news values just what the public is interested in, or do they encompass the desires of all influential parties? matturn 11:59, 15 June 2006 (UTC)

 * The article doesn´t only talk about what people are interested in. It reminds us how the readyness of an editorial office affects what´s in the news. The time tables of editors have nothing to do with interests of the audience. That´s why I agree that political and ideological considerations should also be mentioned in the article. - Petja

 * Hi. I have sought to broaden and update the scope of this article to reflect the extensive amount of work that has been done in this field in the last 30 years. I have borne in mind that this is an encyclopedia article and therefore merely summarised positions rather than go into great detail which could encroach on the intellectual property of sources used. I hope this moves us toward solving the NPOV issue, at least to some degree, and would welcome other suggestions. --veggy 12:47, 25 October 2007 (UTC)

 * It's worth pointing out that Galtung and Ruge's original article on news values was an attempt at a set of news values that would apply across cultures. Their twelve news values are about things like timeliness and cultural similarity that don't presuppose a particular national origin.  Subsequent lists of news values have been more culturally specific - some almost absurdly so.  Perhaps the solution is to point out in the article that, among the many lists, some are culturally specific and others less so. Wideaperture (talk) 14:27, 2 June 2008 (UTC)

More Reference
At one point "Gatekeeping" was tightly related to "News Value"

Here is what I come up with as frequent citations, however I have not read any:

Articles:

White, David Manning. (1950). "The 'Gatekeeper': A Case Study In the Selection of News Journalism Quarterly

Bleske, Glen L., "Ms. Gates Takes Over: an updated version of a 1949 case study," Newspaper Research Journal, v. 12 no. 4 pp. 88-97.

Books:

The American Journalist: A Portrait of U.S. News People and Their Work (Paperback) by David H. Weaver, G. Cleveland Wilhoit Making news: A study in the construction of reality by Gaye Tuchman

Deciding What's News: A Study of CBS Evening News, NBC Nightly News, Newsweek, and Time (Medill Visions of the American Press) by Herbert J. Gans

All of the above are dated but perhaps they can be brought forward? Rick 05:32, 5 October 2006 (UTC)

It says Making news: A study in the construction of reality by Gaye Tuchman. What does this mean?

 * I've read Making News and Deciding What's News, or large portions of them, anyway. They're both sociological approaches to understanding newsroom decisions.  Tuchman actually avoids making extensive lists of news values, but instead emphasizes the process through which news is produced, chalking news decisions up to a combination of allocation of an organization's limited resources, and office politics.  Gans, on the other hand, produces a book full of lists - of news values and other things.  Harcup and O'Neill, who are already cited in the article, give a nice summary, though, of his list of news values:

 * Gans argues that domestic news stories become “important” by satisfying one or more of the following criteria: rank in government and other hierarchies; impact on the nation and the national interest; impact on large numbers of people; and significance for the past and future. Similarly, stories are deemed “interesting” if they conform to one or more types which Gans lists as: people stories; role reversals; human interest stories; expose anecdotes; hero stories; and “gee whiz” stories. (p. 266)

 * Interestingly, while this list of criteria corresponds to what are traditionally termed "news values," Gans doesn't use the term. He does use the term "news values" elsewhere, but in an unrelated context, to refer to the values held by journalists (or their sources), which help them decide what's newsworthy - as opposed to the traditional definition, which refers to aspects of an issue or event that make it more newsworthy.

 * The books listed may be dated, but they're still some of the seminal works. I would also add to the pile of books, the following:

 * Prime Time Activism (1991) by Charlotte Ryan

 * Wideaperture (talk) 14:13, 2 June 2008 (UTC)

"Frequency" or "Currency"?
I think the term "frequency" in the first bullet point should probably be "currency," or "timeliness." Frequency has to do with how often something occurs, whereas both "currency" and "timeliness" have to do with how relevant something is at the moment. 68.165.120.238 (talk) 13:59, 23 October 2008 (UTC)

 * "Frequency" is the term used by Galtung & Ruge for a reason. Namely, the criterion specified that an event was most likely to be covered if it unfolded within a time span that synched well with the production cycle of the media outlet covering it.  That said, many subsequent authors have adapted the term to mean "currency" or "timeliness."  And some alternative lists of news values use the terms "currency" or "timeliness" in place of frequency.  In other words, the question here is whether to preserve the nuance of the original authors or go with an alternative term/usage that has become common.
 * Wideaperture (talk) 21:11, 10 January 2010 (UTC)

Article issues
I just removed a section containing a long list directly lifted from its source.

Also noticing that only a couple bulletpoints in the section "Conditions for News" contain sources. Any reason to think the rest isn't WP:OR?

Also surprised to see an entire section for evolutionary psychology based on a single source. This seems like WP:UNDUE weight, but maybe I'm just not aware of the prevalence of evolutionary psychology in journalism literature? —  Rhododendrites talk  \\ 03:16, 9 March 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:News values


text:
George Gaylord Simpson

George Gaylord Simpson (June 16, 1902 – October 6, 1984) was an American paleontologist. Simpson was perhaps the most influential paleontologist of the twentieth century, and a major participant in the modern synthesis, contributing Tempo and Mode in Evolution (1944), The Meaning of Evolution (1949) and The Major Features of Evolution (1953). He was an expert on extinct mammals and their intercontinental migrations. Simpson was extraordinarily knowledgeable about Mesozoic fossil mammals and fossil mammals of North and South America. He anticipated such concepts as punctuated equilibrium (in Tempo and Mode) and dispelled the myth that the evolution of the horse was a linear process culminating in the modern Equus caballus. He coined the word hypodigm in 1940, and published extensively on the taxonomy of fossil and extant mammals. Simpson was influentially, and incorrectly, opposed to Alfred Wegener's theory of continental drift, but accepted the theory of plate tectonics (and continental drift) when the evidence became conclusive.

He was Professor of Zoology at Columbia University, and Curator of the Department of Geology and Paleontology at the American Museum of Natural History from 1945 to 1959. He was Curator of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard University from 1959 to 1970, and a Professor of Geosciences at the University of Arizona from 1968 until his retirement in 1982.

Awards and honors
Simpson was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1936 and the United States National Academy of Sciences in 1941. In 1943 Simpson was awarded the Mary Clark Thompson Medal from the National Academy of Sciences. For his work, Tempo and mode in evolution, he was awarded the academy's Daniel Giraud Elliot Medal in 1944. He was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1948. He was awarded the Linnean Society of London's prestigious Darwin-Wallace Medal in 1958. Simpson also received the Royal Society's Darwin Medal 'In recognition of his distinguished contributions to general evolutionary theory, based on a profound study of palaeontology, particularly of vertebrates,' in 1962. In 1966, Simpson received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement.

At the University of Arizona, Tucson, the Gould-Simpson Building was named in honor of Simpson and Minnesota geologist and polar explorer Lawrence M. Gould, who, like Simpson, also accepted an appointment as Professor of Geosciences at the University of Arizona after his formal retirement. Simpson was noted for his work in the fields of paleobiogeography and animal evolution.

Views
In the 1960s, Simpson "rubbished the then-nascent science of exobiology, which concerned itself with life on places other than Earth, as a science without a subject".

He was raised as a Christian but in his early teens became an agnostic, nontheist, and philosophical naturalist.

Books

 * Attending marvels (1931)
 * Quantitative Zoology (1939)
 * Tempo and Mode in Evolution (1944)
 * ''The Principles of Classification and A Classification of Mammals (1945)
 * The Meaning of Evolution (1949, 1951)
 * Horses (1951)
 * Evolution and Geography (1953)
 * The Major Features of Evolution (1953)
 * Life: An Introduction to Biology (1957)
 * Quantitative Zoology (1960)
 * Principles of Animal Taxonomy (1961)
 * This View of Life (1964)
 * The Geography of Evolution (1965)
 * Penguins (1976)
 * Concession to the Improbable (1978) (an autobiography)
 * Splendid Isolation (1980)
 * The Book of Darwin (1983)
 * Fossils and the History Of Life (1983)
 * The Dechronization of Sam Magruder (posthumously published novella, 1996)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: George Gaylord Simpson


text:
Ulrika Jonsson

Eva Ulrika Jonsson (born 16 August 1967) is a Swedish-British television presenter and model. She became known as a TV-am weather presenter, and moved on to present the ITV show Gladiators, and later featured as a team captain on the BBC Two show Shooting Stars.

Career
After working as a secretary, Jonsson began her television career on TV-am in 1989, as a weather presenter on Good Morning Britain. From 12 September 1989, she was also the weather presenter for Swedish TV3, broadcasting from London. In 1991, she co-presented BBC One's short-lived daytime quiz show Who's Bluffing Who? with Richard Cartridge, and starred in the French film, The Annunciation of Marie (1991). In 1992, she moved into mainstream presenting and played host to numerous shows including ITV's Gladiators, The National Lottery Draws – plus two major international broadcasts, the Eurovision Song Contest in 1998 and Miss World in 1999. She also modelled for Playtex Lingerie during this period and was a team captain on the BBC TV quiz show Shooting Stars.

In 1997, she interviewed the then British Prime Minister John Major for the BBC2 programme The Enormous Election. In 1998, she interviewed the then Chancellor of the Exchequer, Gordon Brown, for her programme Ulrika in Euroland.

She presented Eurovision Song Contest in 1998 when it was hosted in Birmingham, alongside Sir Terry Wogan; later that year she co-hosted the Royal Variety Performance alongside Ronan Keating at the Lyceum Theatre in London. Following this, she co-hosted Miss World 1999 with Melanie Sykes at the Olympia Hall in London. Jonsson was booked to host Channel 5's reality game show Jailbreak in Autumn 2000 but had to pull out of the project due to health concerns over her newborn child. She was replaced as main host by Craig Charles. Jonsson later presented BBC One game show Dog Eat Dog, broadcast from April 2001 to November 2002, and The Joy of Text in June 2001 alongside Terry Alderton.

In 2002, Jonsson presented the first series of ITV makeover show Home On Their Own, a show where children made alterations to their house (how they wanted the house to be) during the course of a weekend, while their parents went on holiday. Some of the home improvements included an Austin Powers room, individual doorbells for the children and a cinema living room. Jonsson did not return for the second series, which was hosted by Tess Daly the following year.

In 2002, she was the subject of a Channel 4 documentary, Ulrika Jonsson: the Truth About Men. The programme featured a candid interview with Jonsson, received heavy press attention and attracted 2.8 million viewers.

After intense media attention relating to events in her private life, Jonsson decided to return to Sweden. The Swedish television network TV3 offered her the role as hostess of the Miss Sweden beauty pageant. She accepted the invitation. In March 2003, Jonsson was a contestant on the BBC's Comic Relief Does Fame Academy. In 2005, she appeared with four celebrities on Channel 4's daytime show Come Dine with Me. On 20 January 2007, she joined 10 celebrities to take part in the ITV reality TV show Dancing on Ice, where she was partnered with Pavel Aubrecht. With previous skating experience in her native Sweden, Jonsson was expected to go far in the event but finished 9th after being beaten in the skate-off by Kay Burley during week 3.

On 20 March 2007, she appeared in the confessional TV show, Ulrika: Am I a Sex Addict?, broadcast on Channel 4. The show charted Jonsson's personal journey to uncover the truth about sex addiction. She has appeared on BBC One's Would I Lie to You? (2007). In March 2009, she appeared in the new ITV series Piers Morgan's Life Stories, each episode of which included a celebrity figure and a one-to-one interview with Morgan about their lives.

In April 2009, it was confirmed that Jonsson would return to Shooting Stars as team captain for a full series airing later that year. She presented the new series of BingoLotto, on Virgin 1 every Sunday night at 7 pm which started on 13 September 2009.

Her debut novel, The Importance of Being Myrtle, which focuses on relationships was published by the Penguin Group on 1 September 2011.

In 2017, she reached the final of Celebrity MasterChef.

In 2021, she took part in Channel 4's Celebrity SAS: Who Dares Wins. She was the second contestant to leave the series but on medical grounds not as the weakest participant.

On 27 October 2021, Channel 4 announced Jonsson would be taking part in the tenth series of Celebs Go Dating, alongside Abz Love, Ryan-Mark Parsons, Miles Nazaire, Chloe Brockett, Nikita Jasmine, Marty McKenna and Jessika Power. The series began airing in January 2022.

Big Brother
In January 2009, Jonsson took part in Channel 4's Celebrity Big Brother. She eventually won with 57% of the final vote during the final on 23 January. As results were announced to the contestants, Jonsson said "Oh my god, that's bonkers."

She had been nominated by housemates for eviction on each occasion, firstly by 'head of house' Terry Christian and then by other housemates, but survived the public vote on five occasions. Jonsson eventually progressed to the finals night, as the only woman left, after La Toya Jackson was evicted by public vote on Day 20. Before her entry into the house, various newspapers had reported that Jonsson had negotiated a £175,000 payment, nearly eight times as much as some of the other celebrities. Jonsson commented "It is singularly the weirdest experience of my entire life and I've had quite a weird life."

Jonsson once again entered the Big Brother house on 24 August 2010 for Ultimate Big Brother, reaching the final and finishing seventh.

Autobiography and John Leslie scandal
Jonsson wrote in her autobiography that an unnamed television presenter had raped her earlier in her television career. Matthew Wright named (apparently accidentally) John Leslie as the alleged perpetrator on his television show The Wright Stuff. Jonsson made no public comment on Leslie's naming and did not cooperate with police over the matter. Police investigated Leslie but never charged him with the alleged offence.

Personal life
Jonsson has been married three times and has four children. She is a Manchester United fan.

She married cameraman John Turnbull in 1990. They moved to Cookham Dean in Berkshire the following year. They have one son (born 1994). They divorced in 1995.

Jonsson subsequently dated footballer Stan Collymore. In June 1998, during the 1998 World Cup, Collymore issued a public apology after he was violent towards Jonsson during an argument in a Paris bar. Soon after the end of her relationship with Collymore, she began dating German hotel manager Marcus Kempen. They have one daughter (b. 2000). Jonsson's relationship with Kempen ended soon after the birth.

In April 2002, Jonsson confirmed reports that she had had an affair with Sven-Göran Eriksson, then-manager of England's football team, who had a long-time girlfriend. She stated that her relationship with Eriksson had recently ended. She was given the job as a columnist for the News of the World newspaper in 2003, in which she regularly commented on Eriksson's private life. Her column was dropped in 2007, a year after Eriksson resigned as England manager. It was announced in 2011 that she had taken legal proceedings against the newspaper alleging that an investigator had hacked into her mobile phone.

While presenting Mr. Right in 2002, Jonsson met Lance Gerrard-Wright, a contestant on the show. They subsequently began a relationship. They married in August 2003. They have one daughter (born 2004). They divorced in October 2006.

Jonsson married her third husband, American advertising executive Brian Monet, in March 2008. They have one son (born 2008). In April 2019, it was announced that they had divorced. She told Best magazine that they had tried to salvage their relationship with counselling but failed.

In 2019, she went on the dating show First Dates Hotel and began dating her match on the show, Paul.

In 2021, Jonsson was announced as a cast member in E4's Celebs Go Dating which began airing in January 2022.

In 2022, Jonsson stated that she had had a number of same sex experiences, "most certainly borne out of sexual desire."

Filmography

 * Television

 * Film

title: Ulrika Jonsson


text:
Talk:James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell

Duke or Earl?
Hepburn is far better known as the Earl of Bothwell, rather than the Duke of Orkney. Wouldn't it make more sense to make this the title used in the article name? Big Jim Fae Scotland (March 5 2004)

It would, but Duke is higher than Earl.

Reworked
I have sorted out this article. It is much better and more accurate now. David Lauder 20:28, 19 January 2007 (UTC)

Ancestor to both Audrey and Katharine Hepburn?
It seems he is, and then the relation would fit this page. 85.227.226.243 (talk) 13:40, 19 November 2007 (UTC)
 * "It seems" highly unlikely that such a claim could be verified or, indeed, that it should have a place in this biography. The Duke only had one child, William, who was illegitimate. Not even the mother's name is known. Little is know about William. It would be a genealogical sensation for him to be 'discovered' today. Regards, David Lauder (talk) 13:55, 19 November 2007 (UTC)

It has been disputed that William Hepburn was his child (by the descendents of Bothwell's sister, no less) because in no contemporary document is he ever referred to as such. William Hepburn was in fact Bothwell's cousin. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 59.88.72.116 (talk) 09:05, 26 April 2009 (UTC)

New research

 * This is quite interesting with new evidence about his relationship with Mary S. Malick78 (talk) 15:57, 7 April 2008 (UTC)
 * In keeping with this, would it not suggest that the sentence "Mary was taken prisoner by Bothwell and violently raped by him to secure marriage to her and the crown." be modified to "allegedly"? Or something of that nature? Especially with as specific an adverb as "violently," it seems somewhat POV —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.111.198.119 (talk) 06:44, 6 March 2010 (UTC)

Clarification
In 2.Feuds, what does "no her waas notas" mean, is this a typing error, I have no idea!Lilaac (talk) 16:43, 1 May 2009 (UTC)

Marriage to Queen Mary I
He wasn't married to Mary I, Mary I (Mary Tudor) was married to Philip of Spain. 86.177.199.242 (talk) 15:29, 22 May 2013 (UTC)
 * His wife was Mary I of Scotland (better known as Mary, Queen of Scots). Philip II of Spain's wife was Mary I of England. Surtsicna (talk) 17:01, 22 May 2013 (UTC)
 * Now I understand, thank you. 109.150.122.90 (talk) 19:21, 27 May 2013 (UTC)

Mary's ride
We need to tidy this section up:
 * "In the following summer, upon hearing that he had been seriously wounded and was likely to die, she rode all the way through the hills and forests of the Borders to be with him at Hermitage Castle only a few weeks after giving birth to her son. However, historian Lady Antonia Fraser asserts that Queen Mary was already on her way to visit Bothwell on matters of state before she heard about his illness, and that therefore this visit is not evidence they were already lovers at the time of his accident. Author Alison Weir agrees, and in fact the records show that Mary waited a full six days after learning of his injuries before going to visit Bothwell. The story of her mad flight to his side was put about later by her enemies to discredit her."

We need to resolve whether this is true or not and if not, write it differently, as it stands it just what you get when lots of people write an encyclopedia! I suggest the following text or something like it:
 * The story was put about that Mary rode all the way through the borders to see Bothwell when he was thought likely to die, however @ and @ assert that this was put about... later by her enemies.

IceDragon64 (talk) 21:21, 30 October 2015 (UTC)

Death
is repeated. The section needs cleanup. — Llywelyn II   19:10, 8 June 2016 (UTC)

Sources for future article expansion
These "sources" were listed but entirely unused. Kindly restore them to the article as they are cited to verify statements in the text. More info at the EB cites given and, now that things have been edited, there should be inline citations to the EB material. — Llywelyn II   19:18, 8 June 2016 (UTC)
 * Les Affaires du Conte du Boduel, l'An 1568, Bannatyne Club, Edinburgh, (1829) autobiography of the events of 1568 (in French) and letters concerning captivity in Denmark (in Latin)
 * The Royal Families of England Scotland and Wales, with their descendants, etc., by John and John Bernard Burke, London, 1848, volume 2, pedigree XII.
 * Scottish Kings, a Revised Chronology of Scottish History, 1005–1625, by Sir Archibald H. Dunbar, Bart., Edinburgh, 1899, p. 256.
 * Lord Bothwell, Robert Gore Browne, Collins (1937)
 * Acta Curiae Admirallatus Scotiae, 1557–1562, ed Thomas Callander Wade, Stair Society (1937) (Bothwell's Admiralty Court records.)
 * Lines of Succession, by Jiri Louda & Michael Maclagan, London, 1981.
 * Mary Queen of Scots, by Antonia Fraser, 13th reprint, London, 1989, ISBN 0-297-17773-7.

2nd 1/2 of 1st paragraph needs re-writing
The second to last sentence of the intro paragraph is confusing and a run-on sentence. It has some disjointed information and maybe extraneous info. Unfortunately i am not 100% confident on how to correct it, so hopefully someone else is General dissaray (talk) 06:43, 24 March 2021 (UTC)

This is the sentence that needs fixing: “His marriage to Mary was controversial and divided the country; when he fled the growing rebellion to Scandinavia to Norway to try to restart a relationship with a woman called Anna Thorensen, from Hardanger he was arrested because of breach of promise to her before he married Mary, she had a home in the North of England and was friends with Mary, she returned to Norway after he smote her.” General dissaray (talk) 06:45, 24 March 2021 (UTC)
 * I removed the edit from January 31 for the reasons cited above.
 * Óli Gneisti (talk) 18:13, 15 September 2021 (UTC)

Updated link
The article with new research posted in Talk by Malick78 is gone.

Just popping in to post an archived link: https://web.archive.org/web/20081014002947/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article3695007.ece

Scottish Consort?
I note that: -

1. List_of_Scottish_royal_consorts includes the subject of this article.

2. Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley has a succession box saying that the next person after him to hold the title of 'King consort of Scots' was the subject of this article.

3. Anne of Denmark has a succession box saying that the last person before her to be 'consort of Scotland' was Lord Darnley.

4. Template:Scottish_consort includes the subject of this article.

5. The subject of this article is a member of Category:Scottish_royal_consorts.

6. This article has an infobox describing its subject as 'Royal consort of Scotland'.

7. The succession boxes in this article do not include this title.

I suggest that Wikipedia should be internally consistent. It looks as if Anne of Denmark's article and the lack of a succession box in this article are the odd ones out. Should they be brought into line with the rest? Does anyone know what the reliable sources say? Alekksandr (talk) 21:06, 25 April 2022 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Dweezil Zappa

I think some mention of Dweezil being forced by the Ahmed and Diva of the Zappa Family Trust to change from "Zappa Plays Zappa" to "Dweezil Zappa Plays Frank Zappa" should be added. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.211.128.206 (talk) 21:32, 23 May 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dweezil Zappa


text: Template:States and Federal Territories of Malaysia


text:
Thomas Gambier Parry

Thomas Gambier Parry, J.P., D.L., (22 February 1816 – 28 September 1888) was a British artist and art collector. He is best remembered for his development of the Gambier Parry process of fresco painting, and for forming the significant collection of early Italian paintings and objects that his heirs gave to the Courtauld Institute of Art in London, where many are displayed in the Courtauld Gallery.

Thomas Gambier Parry is the father of composer Hubert Parry.

Life
Gambier Parry's parents, Richard and Mary Parry of Banstead, Surrey, died when he was young and he was raised by his maternal aunts and uncles, the Gambiers, among them James Gambier, 1st Baron Gambier. His grandparents were Admiral Samuel Gambier, 1752-1813 and Jane Mathew, 1759-.

He was educated at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge. He moved to Highnam Court, Gloucestershire when he was 21 and, in 1839, he married, firstly, Anna Maria Isabella Fynes-Clinton, daughter of Henry Fynes Clinton. Only two of their six children survived to adulthood, Clinton Charles Parry and Charles Hubert Hastings Parry (the composer); Isabella survived the birth of Hubert in 1848 by only twelve days. In 1851, Gambier Parry married, secondly, Ethelinda Lear, daughter of Francis Lear, Dean of Salisbury, by whom he had six more children.

Thomas Gambier Parry's father and grandfather were both directors of the British East India Company, and Gambier Parry devoted his inherited wealth to good works. He adopted the principles of the Tractarian Movement, and was a prominent member of the Ecclesiological Society. Thomas Gambier Parry was a notable collector of medieval and Renaissance art; the Courtauld Institute was bequeathed his collection in 1966.

After studying the technique of the Italian fresco painters, Thomas Gambier Parry developed his own spirit fresco method and executed grand-scale mural projects at Ely Cathedral, Gloucester Cathedral and the parish church at Highnam.

He gained the reputation of a philanthropist, founding a children's hospital, orphanage, and college of science and art at Gloucester, and providing a church and school for his tenants at Highnam. He constructed the Church of the Holy Innocents, Highnam between 1849 and 1851 in memory of his first wife and those of his children who had died at early ages. Gambier-Parry adorned the whole of the chancel, including the roof, and much of the nave with frescoes using the new Gambier Parry process he adapted from his study of Italian fresco painters. He is buried there in a tomb designed by his son Sidney. He started to lay out the Highnam Court gardens in 1840 and was one of the first to make a pinetum; by 1874 the gardens rivalled any in the UK.

Art collection
Gambier Parry was a keen and versatile collector for most of his adult life. Many of his purchases were made on trips to the Continent, especially in Italy, but he also bought from dealers and auctions in England, and sometimes sold items. His most important collections were of late medieval and Early Renaissance paintings, small sculpted reliefs, ivories, and maiolica, but he also had a significant early collection of Islamic metalwork, and a variety of other types of objects, for example Hispano-Moresque ware, glass and three small post-Byzantine wooden crosses from Mount Athos, elaborately carved with miniature scenes. The Courtauld Gallery website shows images and descriptions of 324 objects from the 1966 bequest, which included the bulk of the collection.

Some items, including two Van Dyck portraits and The Gamblers by the Le Nain Brothers, as well as a collection of stoneware ceramics, were excluded from the bequest and remained at Highnam. Earlier a few important items, mainly medieval ivories, had been sold to pay death duties on the deaths of Thomas' sons Hubert and Ernest (see below). The most significant of these are three ivories in the Victoria and Albert Museum (who also have four 16th-century Limoges enamels sold in 1871) and a chasse reliquary that reached the National Gallery of Art in Washington via the Widener collection. All the objects mentioned below are included in the Courtauld bequest.

Gambier Parry began by collecting mostly 16th- and 17th-century works, but his focus gradually moved to 14th- and 15th-century works, still relatively little collected, although Prince Albert was among British collectors of "Italian Primitives", as Trecento paintings were then known. Among his most important paintings were a Coronation of the Virgin by Lorenzo Monaco, one of the larger works in the collection, three predella panels with roundels of Christ and saints by Fra Angelico, and a small but important diptych of the Annunciation by Pesellino. There are two further predella panels by Lorenzo Monaco, and many other small panels by lesser-known masters. Later Renaissance works include ones by Il Garofalo and Sassoferrato, and there is a Baroque Assumption by Francesco Solimena. There are a number of illuminated manuscript pages from the workshop of the Boucicaut Master.

The sculptures include three fine 15th-century marble reliefs of the Virgin and Child, the most significant of them one by Mino da Fiesole. There is a Limoges enamel book cover panel, a number of Renaissance Limoges items, and several small Gothic ivories.

Sons
Sir Charles Hubert Hastings Parry, 1st Baronet (1848–1918) was a leading English composer, teacher and historian of music. As a composer he is best known for the choral song "Jerusalem", the coronation anthem "I was glad", the choral and orchestral ode Blest Pair of Sirens, and the hymn tune "Repton", which sets the words "Dear Lord and Father of Mankind". His orchestral works include five symphonies and a set of Symphonic Variations. He was head of the Royal College of Music, and concurrently professor of music at the University of Oxford from 1900 to 1908.

On the death of Hubert Parry in 1918, his half-brother Ernest Gambier-Parry (1853–1936) succeeded to the family estate at Highnam. Major Gambier-Parry, in addition to his military service, was an artist, author, and musician. He was at Eton from 1866 to 1871, and served in the Volunteers and Militia, The Royal Welch Fusiliers from 1874 and the Devon Yeomanry 10 years later. In the Eastern Sudan Expedition of 1885 as a special service officer, he was seriously injured and was promoted major for services in the field. For services in World War One, when he was commandant of No. 6 Red Cross Hospital, Oxfordshire, he was made an O.B.E. in 1918. He was a frequent exhibitor at the Royal Academy and other exhibitions, and served on the Gloucester Committee of the Three Choirs Festival. He married in 1882, Evelyn Elizabeth, R.R.C., daughter of the first Lord Haldon.

Sidney Gambier-Parry (9 January 1859 – 17 November 1948) was another son of Thomas' second marriage, and an architect, especially of churches.

Burlington Magazine special issue

 * "Burlington: The Burlington Magazine, Vol. 109, No. 768, March 1967, was a special issue on "The Gambier-Parry Bequest to The University of London", with several articles by specialists on different aspects of the collection, including:
 * Mallet, J. V. G., "Italian Maiolica in the Gambier-Parry Collection", JSTOR

title: Thomas Gambier Parry


text:
Talk:CIELAB color space

Nice overview of the theory, no practical use.
The formulas for XYZ to LAB differ from those presented here: http://www.brucelindbloom.com/index.html?Eqn_XYZ_to_Lab.html

Replace the article with cielab03022003.pdf, clearer, easier to understand. This article reads like a term paper someone with no experience or knowledge of color theory wrote. Bits and pieces lifted from the references, nothing to tie it together. "CIELab Color Space" by Gernot Hoffmann offers practical information on converting from sRGB to L*, a*, b*. It shows the relationship between CIELab and CIEXYZ. Find an author who has studied Wyszecki & Styles Color Science.

Regarding the formulas: "X, Y, Z are the tristimulus values of the test colour stimulus based on the CIE 1931 standard colorimetric system defined in CIE S 014-1, and Xn, Yn, Zn are the corresponding tristimulus values of a specified white stimulus."

http://www.unife.it/scienze/astro-fisica/insegnamenti/ottica-applicata/materiale-didattico/colorimetria/CIE%20DS%20014-4.3.pdf

Delete the article and start over. Hpfeil (talk) 00:48, 17 November 2019 (UTC)

 * There are probably some good points in your post although I think few will look for them due to the rude way that you posted. While Wikipedia (any any place that protects intellectual property) would preclude copying whatever you are referring to to become the article, it would certainly be interesting to look at it.  But you just gave a .pdf file name which no link or whatever to find or, or even info on it to use for a search.  The links that you did give go to some equations and to a draft standard.  Certainly interesting, but nothing that provides what you say that this article doesn't. North8000 (talk) 22:05, 1 December 2019 (UTC)

 * I'd say Hpfeil's comments are just trolling. Nothing he posted or said above has merit. Sure Bruce's site is great, and I and many use it, but it is not the canonical reference for the standard, only the CIE is, I'll review the math but last time I looked it was the CIE official method.

 * The pdf with no link Hpfeil demands we use is the Gernot Hoffmann pdf a document which is wrong and still wrong even in the Sept 2019 edition, not only incorrect values for sRGB, but using the rounded values for Lab which have long since been corrected to the appropriate fractions, see instead: CIE colorimetry 15-3 which covers all of this, and is available online on the wayback. Not only that, but claiming that that Hoffmann trainwreck of a document is somehow easier to parse is absurd. It's a mess, it's wrong, it should be disregarded.

 * And (laughably) the CIE draft standard he links to provides the same values as in the article (not Bruce's). His "delete and start over" indicates a misunderstanding of how Wikipedia works I think.... --Myndex (talk) 15:21, 12 December 2020 (UTC)

Nice addition
I took a hard look at the recent addition to the xrite white paper link, being company related. But it as excellent & non-commercial piece. I think more informative than our article here. :-) Sincerely, North8000 (talk) 14:14, 6 February 2020 (UTC)
 * I agree, it's a solid source and appropriate for an EL. -- 15:01, 6 February 2020 (UTC)
 * After seeing these comments I got suspicious that you two were involved with X-rite and set out to check the link myself. I agree that the PDF is very good, and a good EL, which is a rare thing. BernardoSulzbach (talk) 12:52, 7 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Cool. It's good to be  suspicious/careful. North8000 (talk) 16:09, 7 February 2020 (UTC)

Integrated wavelength in CIELAB?
what is the meaning of 'intigrated wavelength' in CIELAB? 2409:40C1:103E:FF0F:2582:F945:CABA:ACB2 (talk) 18:10, 29 January 2024 (UTC)

 * This is a venue for discussing improvements to the Wikipedia article CIELAB color space, not for general discussion of the topic of CIELAB. Our article doesn't mention "integrated wavelength" as far as I can tell, but if you are encountering that somewhere it probably is talking about the definite integral of a spectral power distribution, possibly multiplied by spectral sensitivity of some detector or CIEXYZ color matching functions. If you have more questions about this, or for future similar questions, please go to Reference_desk/Science. –jacobolus (t) 17:31, 22 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:CIELAB color space


text:
Dornbirner Ach

The Dornbirner Ach (also called Dornbirner Ache) is a 29.9 km long stream in Vorarlberg, Austria, and a tributary of Lake Constance (Bodensee) and the Rhine, respectively. It flows through two gorges in its upper part, the Alploch Gorge and the Rappenloch Gorge.

Course
The river's source is located in the mountains near the alpine village of Ebnit (Dornbirn). Downstream, the river flows through one of the largest and most gorgeous gorges in Central Europe, the Alplochschlucht (Alploch Gorge) and Rappenlochschlucht (Rappenloch Gorge), which are separated by a small reservoir lake (Staufensee). Further downstream, the river cuts through the town of Dornbirn and then meanders off over a broad meadow landscape, the Lauterach Ried in the Alpine Rhine Valley, finally flowing into Upper Lake Constance.

The mouth of the river was originally near Fussach, but since the straightening of the Alpine Rhine, it flows parallel and quite close to the latter into Lake Constance near Hard. Its mouth lies west of the Bregenzer Ach.

Some of its tributaries are the Kugelbach, Bruderbach, Spätenbach, Gunzenach/Kobelach and Schwarzach.

title: Dornbirner Ach


text:
Equivalent dose

Equivalent dose is a dose quantity  H  representing the stochastic health effects of low levels of ionizing radiation on the human body which represents the probability of radiation-induced cancer and genetic damage. It is derived from the physical quantity absorbed dose, but also takes into account the biological effectiveness of the radiation, which is dependent on the radiation type and energy. In the SI system of units, the unit of measure is the sievert (Sv).

Application
To enable consideration of stochastic health risk, calculations are performed to convert the physical quantity absorbed dose into equivalent dose, the details of which depend on the radiation type. For applications in radiation protection and dosimetry assessment, the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) and the International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements (ICRU) have published recommendations and data on how to calculate equivalent dose from absorbed dose.

Equivalent dose is designated by the ICRP as a "limiting quantity"; to specify exposure limits to ensure that "the occurrence of stochastic health effects is kept below unacceptable levels and that tissue reactions are avoided". This is a calculated value, as equivalent dose cannot be practically measured, and the purpose of the calculation is to generate a value of equivalent dose for comparison with observed health effects.

Calculation
Equivalent dose HT is calculated using the mean absorbed dose deposited in body tissue or organ T, multiplied by the radiation weighting factor WR which is dependent on the type and energy of the radiation R.

The radiation weighting factor represents the relative biological effectiveness of the radiation and modifies the absorbed dose to take account of the different biological effects of various types and energies of radiation.

The ICRP has assigned radiation weighting factors to specified radiation types dependent on their relative biological effectiveness, which are shown in accompanying table.

Calculating equivalent dose from absorbed dose;

 * $$H_T = \sum_R W_R \cdot D_{T,R} $$

where
 * HT is the equivalent dose in sieverts (Sv) absorbed by tissue T,
 * DT,R is the absorbed dose in grays (Gy) in tissue T by radiation type R and
 * WR is the radiation weighting factor defined by regulation.

Thus for example, an absorbed dose of 1 Gy by alpha particles will lead to an equivalent dose of 20 Sv, and an equivalent dose of radiation is estimated to have the same biological effect as an equal amount of absorbed dose of gamma rays, which is given a weighting factor of 1.

To obtain the equivalent dose for a mix of radiation types and energies, a sum is taken over all types of radiation energy doses. This takes into account the contributions of the varying biological effect of different radiation types.

History
The concept of equivalent dose was developed in the 1950s. In its 1990 recommendations, the ICRP revised the definitions of some radiation protection quantities, and provided new names for the revised quantities. Some regulators, notably the International Committee for Weights and Measures (CIPM) and the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission continue to use the old terminology of quality factors and dose equivalent, even though the underlying calculations have changed.

Future use
At the ICRP 3rd International Symposium on the System of Radiological Protection in October 2015, ICRP Task Group 79 reported on the "Use of Effective Dose as a Risk-related Radiological Protection Quantity".

This included a proposal to discontinue use of equivalent dose as a separate protection quantity. This would avoid confusion between equivalent dose, effective dose and dose equivalent, and to use absorbed dose in Gy as a more appropriate quantity for limiting deterministic effects to the eye lens, skin, hands & feet.

These proposals will need to go through the following stages:

 * Discussion within ICRP Committees
 * Revision of report by Task Group
 * Reconsideration by Committees and Main Commission
 * Public Consultation

Units
The SI unit of measure for equivalent dose is the sievert, defined as one Joule per kg. In the United States the roentgen equivalent man (rem), equal to 0.01 sievert, is still in common use, although regulatory and advisory bodies are encouraging transition to sievert.

Limitation of equivalent dose calculation
Equivalent dose HT is used for assessing stochastic health risk due to external radiation fields that penetrate uniformly through the whole body. However it needs further corrections when the field is applied only to part(s) of the body, or non-uniformly to measure the overall stochastic health risk to the body. To enable this a further dose quantity called effective dose must be used to take into account the varying sensitivity of different organs and tissues to radiation.

Relationship to committed dose
Whilst equivalent dose is used for the stochastic effects of external radiation, a similar approach is used for internal, or committed dose. The ICRP defines an equivalent dose quantity for individual committed dose, which is used to measure the effect of inhaled or ingested radioactive materials. A committed dose from an internal source represents the same effective risk as the same amount of equivalent dose applied uniformly to the whole body from an external source.

Committed equivalent dose, H T(t) is the time integral of the equivalent dose rate in a particular tissue or organ that will be received by an individual following intake of radioactive material into the body by a Reference Person, where s is the integration time in years. This refers specifically to the dose in a specific tissue or organ, in the similar way to external equivalent dose.

The ICRP states "Radionuclides incorporated in the human body irradiate the tissues over time periods determined by their physical half-life and their biological retention within the body. Thus they may give rise to doses to body tissues for many months or years after the intake. The need to regulate exposures to radionuclides and the accumulation of radiation dose over extended periods of time has led to the definition of committed dose quantities".

Equivalent dose V dose equivalent
There is no confusion between equivalent dose and dose equivalent. Indeed, they are same concepts. Although the CIPM definition states that the linear energy transfer function of the ICRU is used in calculating the biological effect, the ICRP in 1990 developed the "protection" dose quantities named effective and equivalent dose, which are calculated from more complex computational models and are distinguished by not having the phrase dose equivalent in their name.

Prior to 1990, the ICRP used the term "dose equivalent" to refer to the absorbed dose at a point multiplied by the quality factor at that point, where the quality factor was a function of linear energy transfer (LET). Currently, the ICRP's definition of "equivalent dose" represents an average dose over an organ or tissue, and radiation weighting factors are used instead of quality factors.

The phrase dose equivalent is only used for which use Q for calculation, and the following are defined as such by the ICRU and ICRP:

 * ambient dose equivalent
 * directional dose equivalent
 * personal dose equivalent

In the US there are further differently named dose quantities which are not part of the ICRP system of quantities.

Use of old factors
The International Committee for Weights and Measures (CIPM) and the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission continue to use the old terminology of quality factors and dose equivalent. The NRC quality factors are independent of linear energy transfer, though not always equal to the ICRP radiation weighting factors. The NRC's definition of dose equivalent is "the product of the absorbed dose in tissue, quality factor, and all other necessary modifying factors at the location of interest." However, it is apparent from their definition of effective dose equivalent that "all other necessary modifying factors" excludes the tissue weighting factor. The radiation weighting factors for neutrons are also different between US NRC and the ICRP - see accompanying diagram.

Dosimetry reports
Cumulative equivalent dose due to external whole-body exposure is normally reported to nuclear energy workers in regular dosimetry reports.

In the US, three different equivalent doses are typically reported:
 * deep-dose equivalent, (DDE)
 * shallow dose equivalent, (SDE)
 * eye dose equivalent

title: Equivalent dose


text:
Talk:Singer Building

Untitled
Any idea why the building was demolished ? Jay 13:48, 5 Mar 2004 (UTC)

It was functionally obsolete. The tower floors were only 65 feet square. Once you subtract elevators and bathrooms, there's not much left. Donald Friedman

I was surprised that the title "Singer Building" describes a building in New York, and there is no mention of the "Singer Building" in Saint Petersburg Russia, which I believe is notable for both its architecture and construction. It was built by the Singer Sewing Machine company, and features a wonderful panelled glass dome and glass globe on the top. I heard somewhere that its construction using steel beams was also a first in Russia.

Unfortunatly, I'm not knowledgeable enough to write an article about it, or I would do so. Perhaps this note here will spur someone else to do so?

24.8.195.84 18:52, 5 December 2006 (UTC)

The Avala tower was not a building, so it wasn't the tallest buidling demolished between the Singer and the WTC. Donald Friedman 1 May 2004

 * Just to clarify my point: Building article says that "A building is usually a human-created object composed of more than a single element, permanently fixed to the ground, that mediates one or more aspects of the environment." while List of building types lists "Tower" as a type of building. I agree that some towers may not be buildings, but that is not the case with this tower.
 * By the way, is "residential building" appropriate term for Singer and WTC or there could be some better term? Nikola 08:45, 2 May 2004 (UTC)

Try looking at World's_tallest_structures and you'll see why I don't think Avala belongs here. There is a distinction between buildings (which are created to have habitable space inside, even if they have antennas on top) and towers (which are created to hoist an antenna or observation deck, even if they have some usable space). The usable space in a tower (if any) is usually a few percent of the space in a building of similar height. Another place to look is http://www.lehigh.edu/ctbuh/hrbd_criteria.html. I've got nothing against towers, but they are not "buildings" in the ordinary sense. In addition, specific to this article, there's a big social difference between the demoliiton of a tower that has had thousdands of full-time occupants and demolishing a tower. Donald Friedman 2 May 2004

 * The article mentions CN Tower as one of the tallest structures.
 * I agree with you about the social difference, but there is a technical aspect to this as well. I would have no objections to changing the sentence to something like "It is the tallest building ever voluntarily demolished, and was the tallest occupied building ever demolished until September 11, 2001 destruction of the World Trade Center; until the destruction of the Avala TV Tower on April 29, 1999 it was the tallest building ever demolished." to reflect greater importance of social sense. I still think that Avala Tower is a building because it was built, unlike, say, Eiffel Tower which was, of course, assembled and is not permanently fixed to the ground ;) I agree that small percentage of usable space does not qualify it as an occupied building in the sense we are talking about.
 * Believe me that I understand what we are talking about, perhaps even better then you ;) Serbian has two words derived from graditi (to build): gradjevina, which would apply to Avala Tower, Singer, WTC, CN Tower, or even Chinese Wall, and zgrada which would apply to Singer and WTC only. They are both translated into English as "building". While it is important to note which zgrada is the tallest, I think that it is also important to note which gradjevina is the tallest.
 * By the way, I am just uploading a picture of Avala Tower. Nikola 07:22, 3 May 2004 (UTC)

The CN Tower is one of the tallest structures, but it's also not a building. I don't understand your point about the Eiffel Tower. First, it is as permanently fixed to the ground as any other tall structure - if it were not, it would blow over in the wind. Second, I don't get the difference in sense between the way you're using "built" and "assembled." Any steel frame could be described as "assembled."

 * It's fixed, but not permanently. It could be completely disassembled and reassembled somewhere else :) Steel frames are, of course, assembled, but in buildings walls are built on them, no? Nikola

No. What if you have a steel-frame building with panelized curtain walls? It could be disassembled and reassembled.

 * OK, I give up :) Nikola

Also, I'd argue that the Eiffel tower, at over 100 years old, has empirically proved it's as permanent as anything else. Donald Friedman

---

I think the difference you're describing in use between graditi and gradjevina is what I'm getting at when I say that the Avala Tower, Singer, WTC, CN Tower, and the Chinese Wall are structures but only the Singer and WTC are buildings. (Or not...)

 * Not ;) "Structure" translates to Serbian "struktura". In Serbian at least, Warszawa radio mast is a structure but not a building, and CN is a building (and a structure as well). To clear it up a bit:

 * Each of the cathegories is a subgathegory of above... each building is a structure, but each structure is not a building; each habitable building is a building, but not all buildings are habitable buildings.
 * Apparently, lack of clear cathegories is causing so much confusion. In people's minds, there are big differences between these three cathegories, expressed in Serbian, less clear in English. Not to mention that if there are "habitable buildings" there must be "unhabitable buildings", but what are they? (Factories and similar perhaps...). It's important that at least we two understand each other :) Nikola 06:57, 5 May 2004 (UTC)

The distinction between struktura and gradjevina isn't clear to me. Why is the wall a "building" but the mast is not?

 * I suppose, because it is built. Because, for a wall, there come some people with bricks and cement and for tower there come some people with welders. I think that most people wouldn't even say that the mast is "built" but that it is "made". But then again I'm quite sure that there could be exceptions which go in both directions (as with the building you mentioned above). Language is imprecise. Nikola 22:36, 7 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I think it's culture as much as language. If you live where a lot of large buildings have glass and metal exteriors, your impression of "building" isn't so tied to masonry. Donald Friedman

________

I'm okay with the edit as is and I think your new suggestion is also okay. I'm a structural engineer and I've heard people fight to death over whether the height of a building is measured by highest occupied floor, highest main structure, or highest point. Donald Friedman 3 May 2004

(Shoudn't that be 65 square feet, not 65 feet square? 65 square feet (~8 feet square) is ~6 square metres and 65 feet square (~4200 square feet) is ~400 square metres.)

The tower was approximately 65 feet in plan dimension in both the east-west and north-south directions. I'm not aware of any occupiable building of any significant height as small in plan as 65 square feet. Donald Friedman Whoops - I just reread the article and it appears you have correctly uncovered a mistake in language cleverly disguised as a mistake in unit conversion. It should read 65 feet square (19.5 metres square) and will shortly. Donald Friedman

Voluntarily vs. legally
I changed the word voluntarily to legally, because the World Trade Center was demolished in a deliberate act (whether or not the collapse was intended by the hijackers). The word legally better reflects the difference. --BOARshevik 01:38, 20 April 2006 (UTC)

I think I would use legitimately before either of those. NewYork1956 07:26, 18 April 2007 (UTC)

Two previous tallest
I got to this article from the article on the Park Row Building, which is listed as a tallest building in the world surpassed by the Singer building. Going backwards from the Park Row Building doesn't lead to any cathedrals, but rather leads ultimately back to the Home Insurance building in Chicago, considered the first skyscraper in the world. This line of tallest buildings seems to be based on the data from http://www.emporis.com.

Is a 'cathedral' a building? Seems to be the issue.Ryoung122 00:28, 6 July 2007 (UTC)

Eiffel Tower / Pyramid of Giza claim
The article makes the claim, unrelated to the Singer Building itself, that "It was the first modern building after the Eiffel Tower (which took the title away from the Great Pyramid of Giza when constructed in 1889) to hold the record for world's tallest and also was the first secular building to hold this honor."

This contradicts information found in Washington Monument, which is taller than the Great Pyramid of Giza, shorter than the Eiffel Tower, and completed in 1884.

I'm removing this claim from the article. -- Heath 128.173.42.61 19:57, 16 January 2007 (UTC)

Not only that, but the Eiffel Tower is taller than the Singer building ever was, so to claim 'after the Eiffel Tower' is illogical. The only claim that could be made is that the 'Eiffel Tower is not a building' and thus the Singer 'building' would have then been the world's tallest..but succeeding the Ulm Cathedral?Ryoung122 00:25, 6 July 2007 (UTC)

Torre de la Escollera
http://skyscrapercenter.com/cartagena/torre-de-la-escollera/1561/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torre_de_la_Escollera

This as an unfinished steel skeleton was taller than the Singer Building when it had to be demolished due to storm damage. So does it count as a "demolished building" or just a demolished steel skeleton? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 172.8.156.52 (talk) 23:30, 17 July 2013 (UTC)

Sale of building
It is noted that "In 1921, the Singer Company placed the building for sale at an asking price of $10 million.[141] The building was sold in 1925 to a buyer representing the Utilities Power and Light Corporation, a holding company for several states' power companies. The transaction involved a cash deal of $8.5 million.

Further along in the article, it states: "In 1961, Singer announced that it would sell the building and move to Rockefeller Center."

So which is it? Did Singer buy the building back somewhere in the intervening years? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Maxq32 (talk • contribs) 16:14, 10 September 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Singer Building


text:
Talk:Elections in Sweden

The Table
I don' understand how to read the various column. Isn't it better to just have an other column, I edited it a little but I don't dare to edit those elections I don't know the results from. Because the first row's various had percentage split from others while another row had not. Lord Metroid 08:58, 29 October 2006 (UTC)

Request
Please can somebody update municipality elections section. I updated Stockholm city page but if somebody could do it in the next week it would be good, because I have run out of time. All informations can be get from

Local elections
A Swedish friend of mine told me that the country holds local elections at the same time as the national ones. This is surely worth mentioning somewhere in the article. Is the voting done literally at the same time, or what? --Tom Edwards (talk) 11:52, 7 November 2008 (UTC)
 * Yes, since 1970 we vote for the parliament, county and municipality at the same time. But there are three different ballots. Närking (talk) 22:28, 23 November 2010 (UTC)

Seat allocation
It would be better to display the percentage of votes of the parties which got seats in the parliament. As not every casted vote results in a party going to the parliament, this number would be much easier to compare to the percentage of gained seats.

--Johannes Götte (talk) 20:12, 1 February 2010 (UTC)

Resaults
Anyone have the 2010 results? I get this kind of crap from Wikipedia, so I am unexperienced —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.28.184.209 (talk) 23:32, 19 September 2010 (UTC)

MP allocation
310 of these members are elected using a party-list proportional representation system within Sweden's 29 electoral constituencies.

Are the appointment by the parties of those 310 members tied to a particular electoral constituency? IOW, would it be proper to refer to specific members as members of this or that electoral constituency (or adjustment seats)? If so where, when, and by whom is information on person-to-seat allocation published? Int21h (talk) 09:11, 3 September 2011 (UTC)

I have confirmed with a reliable source that the members of the Riksdag are indeed appointed by the parties. It appears the seats are allocated by constituency, but since the MPs are appointed by the party to the party's allocated seats, I am not sure how this affects things. Are the parties bound to the voter preferences for candidates by law or regulation, or is this ultimately a party decision? Since the parties are elected, not the MPs, are the MPs answerable to the party, or to the constiuency, or to the Riksdag? IOW, can the parties remove and replace MPs for their seats at will? If the party can, is this regulated by law or by the party? Int21h (talk) 08:16, 21 September 2011 (UTC)

Again, I have more information, but key elements are missing. It is unclear whether the procedure for mapping (appointing) candidates to seats allocated to (won by) a party, i.e. the list cartels, is done at the constituency (or even multiple constituency) level whereby it would be easy to assert such candidates were somehow "tied" to the constituency, or is nationwide and as such any mapping (appointment) is done solely at the supra-constituency level. For example, if Constituency 1 voted 99% for Mr. Doe from the ABC Party and Constituency 2 voted 99% for Ms. Roe from the ABC Party (by voter preference), and assuming both constituencies were allocated to the ABC Party and both candidates were subsequently qualified to hold office to represent the ABC Party, could the ABC Party appoint Ms. Roe to Constituency 1 and Mr. Doe to Constituency 2 (or even some other Constituency 3 and Constituency 4, respectively)? Int21h (talk) 19:00, 30 April 2012 (UTC)

 * OK, asked and answered: "utilizes apparentement between lists of the same constituency and party", implying that lists are particular to both a party and a constituency. Int21h (talk) 20:50, 26 February 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on Elections in Sweden. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20131103031535/http://www.val.se/in_english/general_information/suffrage_and_electoral_rolls/index.html to http://www.val.se/in_english/general_information/suffrage_and_electoral_rolls/index.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 02:41, 22 December 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 3 external links on Elections in Sweden. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100914072931/http://www.scb.se/Pages/TableAndChart____32065.aspx to http://www.scb.se/Pages/TableAndChart____32065.aspx
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100809074829/http://www.val.se/in_english/index.html to http://www.val.se/in_english/index.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100914072931/http://www.scb.se/Pages/TableAndChart____32065.aspx to http://www.scb.se/Pages/TableAndChart____32065.aspx

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 23:52, 18 September 2017 (UTC)

Table in section seat allocations - what does it refer to?
In the section Seat allocation there is a table over percent of votes and percent of seats for different parties, but no description. What does this table refer to? Riksdag elections or municipal elections? for which year?

37.250.249.151 (talk) 13:16, 25 July 2018 (UTC)

Riksdag elections update
In the Riksdag elections list can I update it so that when you click on the year it automatically links it to the election page on wikipedia — Preceding unsigned comment added by Haris920 (talk • contribs) 11:29, 9 April 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Elections in Sweden


text:
Romulus the Great

Friedrich Dürrenmatt's play Romulus der Große (Romulus the Great, 1950) shows the demise of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century – taking place during the day of (and the day following) the Ides of March, 476.

The ruin of the Empire is calmly expected by the Emperor Romulus Augustulus. Despite the attempts of his ministers and courtiers to force the emperor to take decisive steps against the increasing peril of the Germanic invasion, Romulus prefers to stay at home breeding domesticated chickens and not taking action in response to the threat.

Plot
The soldier Spurius Titus Mamma arrives at Romulus's run-down country residence, bleeding and exhausted, having ridden day and night to inform the Emperor of the fall of Pavia. Romulus is eventually to be found bartering over the sale of the busts of some of Rome's greatest historical figures. Romulus refuses to receive the news brought to him, instead insisting that Spurius Titus Mamma go to sleep whilst he himself breakfasts. Meanwhile, the Emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire Zeno arrives, whose Byzantine Empire has been flooded with German ranks. His initiative is that both sides of Rome unite to fight, yet on seeing Romulus's complacence soon decides he would rather set his resistance campaign in motion from Alexandria, whence he resolves to sail the following day. At this point the rich German trouser manufacturer Caesar Rupf arrives, offering to pay the Germanic forces 10 Million sestertii in return for a retreat, yet only if he can take the Princess Rea as his bride. Romulus refuses this, stating he would readily sell the Empire for a handful of sestertii, but he will not sell his daughter.
 * Act one

The remaining secretaries of the Empire gather in the Villa's Park, musing on the impending destruction of the Empire and contemplate begging Romulus to resume reigning and defeat the Germanic people. Meanwhile, tortured, scalped, thin and pale, Emilian, fiancé of Rea, arrives after spending three years in German captivity. Patriotic to the core, he is disgusted at the Emperor's "dirty henhouse". On meeting, the Princess does not recognise him. He eventually reveals his identity, but speaks only of his former self, as if he were now a ghost. Rea, of course, still loves the man to whom she was engaged three years ago, which Emilian sees and takes advantage of, demanding her to "take a knife" and herself struggle against the Germans. Hearing of Caesar Rupf's offer, Emilian tells Rea that she must marry the trouser manufacturer; it is because she loves him that he is able to demand this of her. The assembled, thinking the Empire has been rescued, break out into joy. However, Romulus will not grant permission for the marriage to take place.
 * Act two

The first signs of Romulus's darker purpose emerge here:

"My daughter will comply with the will of the Emperor. The Emperor knows what he does when he throws his realm into the fire, when he lets fall what must be destroyed, and grinds with his foot what belongs to the earth."

The night of the Ides of March. Romulus is visited in his bedchamber by the Empress Julia, who informs him of her plan to flee to Sicily. Romulus refuses to accompany her or to reconsider his decision to forbid Rea's marriage to Rupf. It becomes clear here that Julia and Romulus never loved one another, instead, each used the marriage for his own purpose. Julia wished to attain the status of Empress, and so married the well-descended Romulus. Romulus, however, married into the ruling bloodline with the sole purpose of liquidating a nation whose nature had become too bloody and violent to justify defence. Later that night, Rea also visits her father, whom he persuades to pursue her engagement to Emilian, for
 * Act three

"it is much greater and harder to be faithful to a person than to the State."

Meanwhile, a cloaked figure slips in through the window and lies in wait in the darkness. Romulus sees this in the reflection on his wineglass and once Rea has gone, calls out to the figure, Emilian, to reveal himself. From here, further conspirators are discovered concealed in absurd places in Romulus's bedchamber: the Home Secretary under the divan, Zeno in the cupboard, Spurius Titus Mamma in the wardrobe, all cloaked in black and bearing daggers.

Yet even this last try for revolution against Romulus goes awry. Romulus is unmoved; he is only surprised to learn that his Cook is one amongst the sworn traitors. The group flees as soon as news is shouted at them that a Germanic army has arrived, abandoning their plot and leaving Romulus to await his death at the hands of the German Prince Odoacer.

Romulus awakes on the morning following the Ides of March. News is brought to him that his two butlers have been offered positions serving Caesar Rupf, with excellent pay, and that the raft carrying Rea, Julia, Emilian, the Home Secretary, the War Minister and the Cook capsized, drowning all those aboard except Zeno. Romulus receives this news stoically, declining to mourn, in anticipation of his own impending death. As Odoacer enters the Villa, Romulus has to see he is tragically mistaken - his adversary is as world-weary as himself, having been forced into a bloody streak of conquest by his people and especially his bloodthirsty nephew Theoderic. Instead of coming to kill Romulus, Odoacer begs him for help. Each tries to surrender to the other.
 * Act four

Both eventually conclude that they have been trying to preside over the world, when in fact the only control they truly have is over the present. Odoacer admits that if he continued to rule, Theoderic will one day depose him. Nonetheless, he yields to the title "King of Italy", bestowing upon Romulus a pension of 6,000 gold coins per year and a countryside villa, in which he must live with his folly for the rest of his life.

Historical accuracy
Dürrenmatt took some rather great liberties in describing the historical story - in reality, Romulus Augustulus was just a child who spent only a few months in power and depended heavily upon his father, Orestes. Poultry-rearing was a habit not of Romulus, but of an earlier emperor, Honorius. Odoacer and Theoderic, on the other hand, were not family but rather leaders of two quarreling Germanic tribes. Dürrenmatt of course did not seek historical accuracy and even gave the play the following subheading: “Ungeschichtliche historische Komödie” (Unhistorical historical comedy).

Adaptations

 * The play was televised in 1965, in black & white, by Helmut Käutner for a West-German audience. Romuald Pekny starred as Romulus.
 * American novelist and essayist Gore Vidal adapted the play as Romulus in 1962.

title: Romulus the Great


text:
Barlonyo

Barlonyo (also Bar Lonyo, meaning "field of wealth" in Luo) is a village in northern Uganda near Lira town, where a number of internally displaced people (IDPs) from parts of northern  Uganda lived, as a result of a 20-year LRA insurgency. It is located in Orit Parish, at the North -eastern end of Ogur sub-county in Lira District. It is a 45-minute drive from Lira town. Ironically it is now a field of graves, making it a tourist attraction site. What catches the eye is the v-shaped, 70 meter long grave on which residents of Barlonyo are often seen seated, eating or washing their clothes - or even drinking potent gin.

At the center of this conflict is the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) led by Joseph Kony. The Lord's Resistance Army (LRA), is a rebel group that had bases in Acholi sub Region of northern Uganda. It was formed in 1987. The rebels have been accused of many atrocities in the area, including kidnapping children to train as soldiers or use as sex slaves. The Ugandan government blamed the LRA for a massacre of over 200 civilians at the IDP camp in Barlonyo on February 21, 2004. Unofficial reports indicate that somewhere between 300 and 500 people were either massacred or went missing that day (according to locals, the government has allegedly tried to abbreviate the toll). The camp has since been disbanded by the government. Plans are in high gear to open a polytechnic school in the area in memory of the killings.

title: Barlonyo


text:
Singular solution

A singular solution ys(x) of an ordinary differential equation is a solution that is singular or one for which the initial value problem (also called the Cauchy problem by some authors) fails to have a unique solution at some point on the solution. The set on which a solution is singular may be as small as a single point or as large as the full real line. Solutions which are singular in the sense that the initial value problem fails to have a unique solution need not be singular functions.

In some cases, the term singular solution is used to mean a solution at which there is a failure of uniqueness to the initial value problem at every point on the curve. A singular solution in this stronger sense is often given as tangent to every solution from a family of solutions. By tangent we mean that there is a point x where ys(x) = yc(x) and y's(x) = y'c(x) where yc is a solution in a family of solutions parameterized by c. This means that the singular solution is the envelope of the family of solutions.

Usually, singular solutions appear in differential equations when there is a need to divide in a term that might be equal to zero. Therefore, when one is solving a differential equation and using division one must check what happens if the term is equal to zero, and whether it leads to a singular solution. The Picard–Lindelöf theorem, which gives sufficient conditions for unique solutions to exist, can be used to rule out the existence of singular solutions. Other theorems, such as the Peano existence theorem, give sufficient conditions for solutions to exist without necessarily being unique, which can allow for the existence of singular solutions.

A divergent solution
Consider the homogeneous linear ordinary differential equation

 * $$ xy'(x) +2y(x)= 0, \,\!$$

where primes denote derivatives with respect to x. The general solution to this equation is
 * $$ y(x)= C x^{-2} . \,\!$$

For a given $$C$$, this solution is smooth except at $$x=0$$ where the solution is divergent. Furthermore, for a given $$x\not=0$$, this is the unique solution going through $$(x,y(x))$$.

Failure of uniqueness
Consider the differential equation

 * $$ y'(x)^2 = 4y(x) . \,\!$$

A one-parameter family of solutions to this equation is given by

 * $$ y_c(x) = (x-c)^2 . \,\!$$

Another solution is given by

 * $$ y_s(x) = 0 . \,\!$$

Since the equation being studied is a first-order equation, the initial conditions are the initial x and y values. By considering the two sets of solutions above, one can see that the solution fails to be unique when $$y=0$$. (It can be shown that for $$y>0$$ if a single branch of the square root is chosen, then there is a local solution which is unique using the Picard–Lindelöf theorem.) Thus, the solutions above are all singular solutions, in the sense that solution fails to be unique in a neighbourhood of one or more points. (Commonly, we say "uniqueness fails" at these points.) For the first set of solutions, uniqueness fails at one point, $$x=c$$, and for the second solution, uniqueness fails at every value of $$x$$. Thus, the solution $$y_s$$ is a singular solution in the stronger sense that uniqueness fails at every value of x. However, it is not a singular function since it and all its derivatives are continuous.

In this example, the solution $$y_s(x)=0$$ is the envelope of the family of solutions $$y_c(x)=(x-c)^2$$. The solution $$y_s$$ is tangent to every curve $$y_c(x)$$ at the point $$(c,0)$$.

The failure of uniqueness can be used to construct more solutions. These can be found by taking two constant $$c_1 < c_2 $$ and defining a solution $$y(x)$$ to be $$(x-c_1)^2$$ when $$x < c_1$$, to be $$0$$ when $$c_1\leq x\leq c_2$$, and to be $$(x-c_2)^2$$ when $$x > c_2$$. Direct calculation shows that this is a solution of the differential equation at every point, including $$x=c_1$$ and $$x=c_2$$. Uniqueness fails for these solutions on the interval $$c_1\leq x\leq c_2$$, and the solutions are singular, in the sense that the second derivative fails to exist, at $$x=c_1$$ and $$x=c_2$$.

Further example of failure of uniqueness
The previous example might give the erroneous impression that failure of uniqueness is directly related to $$y(x)=0$$. Failure of uniqueness can also be seen in the following example of a Clairaut's equation:

 * $$ y(x) = x \cdot y' + (y')^2 \,\!$$

We write y' = p and then

 * $$ y(x) = x \cdot p + (p)^2. $$

Now, we shall take the differential according to x:
 * $$ p = y' = p + x p' + 2 p p' $$

which by simple algebra yields
 * $$ 0 = ( 2 p + x )p'. $$

This condition is solved if 2p+x=0 or if p′=0.

If p'  = 0 it means that y' = p = c = constant, and the general solution of this new equation is:
 * $$ y_c(x) = c \cdot x + c^2 $$

where c is determined by the initial value.

If x + 2p = 0 then we get that p = −½x and substituting in the ODE gives
 * $$ y_s(x) = -\tfrac{1}{2}x^2 + (-\tfrac{1}{2}x)^2 = -\tfrac{1}{4} x^2. $$

Now we shall check when these solutions are singular solutions. If two solutions intersect each other, that is, they both go through the same point (x,y), then there is a failure of uniqueness for a first-order ordinary differential equation. Thus, there will be a failure of uniqueness if a solution of the first form intersects the second solution.

The condition of intersection is : ys(x) = yc(x). We solve
 * $$ c \cdot x + c^2 = y_c(x) = y_s(x) = -\tfrac{1}{4} x^2 $$

to find the intersection point, which is $$(-2c, -c^2)$$.

We can verify that the curves are tangent at this point y's(x) = y'c(x). We calculate the derivatives:

 * $$ y_c'(-2 c) = c \,\!$$
 * $$ y_s'(-2 c) = -\tfrac{1}{2} x |_{x = -2 c} = c. \,\!$$

Hence,

 * $$ y_s(x) = -\tfrac{1}{4} \cdot x^2 \,\!$$

is tangent to every member of the one-parameter family of solutions

 * $$ y_c(x) = c \cdot x + c^2 \,\!$$

of this Clairaut equation:

 * $$ y(x) = x \cdot y' + (y')^2. \,\!$$

title: Singular solution


text:
DnaQ

dnaQ is the gene encoding the ε subunit of DNA polymerase III in Escherichia coli. The ε subunit is one of three core proteins in the DNA polymerase complex. It functions as a 3’→5’ DNA directed proofreading exonuclease that removes incorrectly incorporated bases during replication. dnaQ may also be referred to as mutD.

Biological role
Missense mutations in the dnaQ gene lead to the induction of the SOS DNA repair mechanism. Mutating the essential amino acid in the catalytic center of the ε subunit leads to complete loss of function.

Overexpression of the ε subunit decreases the incidence of mutations with exposure to UV, proving that the epsilon subunit has an essential function in DNA editing and preventing the initiation of SOS DNA repair.

The ε subunit has also been proven to have some impact on the growth rate of E. coli. Silencing of the dnaQ gene is correlated to significantly reduced growth.

Interactions
The ε subunit is stabilized by the θ subunit within the complete polymerase complex.

The gene encodes two functional domains: the N-terminus of the gene product binds the θ subunit and carries out the exonuclease function and the C-terminus binds the α subunit responsible for polymerase activity.

A Q-linker peptide of 22 residues has been identified that links the α subunit to the ε subunit, conferring flexibility that sets the α:ε complex apart from other more restricted multi-domain proofreading polymerases.

There is interaction between the missense suppressor glycine tRNA encoded by the mutA gene that is correlated to significantly increased mutation rate in cells that express the gene. The uncharged MutA tRNA possesses complementarity to a region in the 5' end of the dnaQ mRNA. This allows it to act as an antisense mRNA that directs the degradation of the dnaQ transcript and thus, a lower abundance of the subunit and increased frequency of mutation. More recently, it was suggested that the tRNA directs replacement of essential glutamate residues with glycine, leading to aberrant ε subunits and resulting in an increase in mutations. Studies with T4 bacteriophage and E. coli with defective dnaQ genes give evidence that the mutA tRNA may not have any effect on the transcription of the dnaQ gene but may affect the translation of the gene product.

Related sequences
Sequences have been found in other organisms that encode gene products with a similar function to dnaQ:

In Mycobaterium tuberculosis, the gene dnaE1 encodes a polymerase and histidinol-phosphatase (PHP) domain that carries out the 3’→5’ exonuclease and proofreading function.

TREX1, the major 3'→5' exonuclease in humans, was initially called DNase III because it showed sequence homology with dnaQ in E. coli and with eukaryotic DNA polymerase epsilon and to possess biochemical characteristics that associate with the capability of DNA proofreading. It is responsible for metabolizing both single stranded DNA (ssDNA) and double stranded DNA (dsDNA) with mismatched 3' ends and is directed by endogenous retroelements.

title: DnaQ