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Jamie Hewlett

Jamie Christopher Hewlett (born 3 April 1968) is a British comic book artist and illustrator. He is the co-creator of the comic book Tank Girl with Alan Martin and the virtual band Gorillaz, alongside Blur frontman Damon Albarn.

Early life
Brought up in Horsham, West Sussex, Jamie Hewlett was a pupil at Tanbridge House School, a local co-educational source comprehensive for pupils aged 11–16 years. In 1983 he worked in the Wardour Street studios of Oscar Award-winning animator Bob Godfrey. Hewlett created the original artwork for a pilot animated cartoon series for Thames Television directed by Bob Godfrey with voiceovers by Peter Hawkins, the voice of Bill & Ben.

While studying at Northbrook College Worthing, Hewlett, Alan Martin and fellow student Philip Bond created a fanzine called Atomtan. This brought him to the attention of Brett Ewins. After leaving college Hewlett and Martin were invited by Ewins to create material for a new magazine he was setting up with Steve Dillon in 1988.

Early career
A magazine called Deadline featured a mixture of comic strips produced by English creators like Hewlett and articles on music and culture. Martin and Hewlett created Tank Girl, an anarchic strip about a teenage punk girl who drove a tank and had a mutant kangaroo for a boyfriend. The strip proved instantly popular and quickly became the most talked-about part of Deadline. Hewlett's eccentric style proved popular and he started to work with bands Senseless Things and Cud providing covers for record releases; he also contributed artwork sporadically to Commodore User magazine.

He designed decor for a nightclub called The Factory in Chatsworth Road, Worthing. The decor featured red and green stripes, a wall of blown-up panels from Tank Girl set against 1970s wallpaper, a Ford Escort hung from the ceiling, and toilets pasted with pages from old comic book annuals. The Factory has since been refurbished and renamed several times.

By 1992, Hewlett had become a major creator in the comics industry, and one of the few to break into mainstream media. He had worked with writer Peter Milligan on Hewligan's Haircut in 2000 AD issues 700 to 707. The series was later compiled into a trade paperback. He was involved in providing covers and art for Shade, the Changing Man, also written by Milligan, for DC Comics.

Tank Girl was optioned to be made into a film by MGM after being considered by, among others, Steven Spielberg. The film was released in 1995 and featured Lori Petty as Tank Girl. It was a commercial and critical failure and was criticized by fans who said it failed to capture the essence of the original strip. Hewlett had very little involvement with the film.

Hewlett drew a Tank Girl mini-series for the Vertigo imprint of DC Comics written by Peter Milligan.

He opened a secondhand clothing store, 49. The shop, at 49 Rowlands Road, Worthing, was managed by girlfriend Jane Oliver, originally a member of Elastica, but this was a short-lived venture and closed within a year.

Hewlett was still involved with English bands of the mid-1990s, including illustrating a comic strip version of Pulp's song "Common People".

Deadline was eventually cancelled in 1996 due to falling sales in a changed market and Hewlett concentrated on working in advertising and designs for television, most notably the children's series SMTV Live, featuring Ant & Dec. He also created the strip Get the Freebies, which was published monthly in English fashion magazine The Face. The stories, all set in London, followed the exploits of Terry Phoo, a gay, Buddhist kung-fu law enforcement officer and his sidekick Whitey Action, an enigmatic young anarchist with a bad attitude, as they tackle their primary adversaries The Freebies Gang. The dynamic between the two heroes was much like that of Tank Girl and her mutant kangaroo boyfriend Booga, with the episodes from the female protagonist's point of view. The strip's primary function was for Hewlett to vent his spleen against the media idols and trends of the day, the story often taking second place to the jokes.

21st century
At this time, he had moved into a flat with Blur's Damon Albarn after Hewlett split with Oliver, and it was while sharing the flat that the pair came up with the idea of Gorillaz, a virtual band. Albarn would work on the music, while Hewlett would come up with character designs, and both came up with ideas for the members of the band. The first Gorillaz EP was released in 2000 followed by the first album, Gorillaz in 2001. In 2005, their second full studio album, Demon Days was released.

In January 2006, Hewlett's artwork for Gorillaz was shortlisted for the Design Museum's Designer of the Year award. In May 2006, he was named the Designer of the Year 2006. On 25 May 2006, Hewlett and Albarn won the joint award for Songwriters of the Year at the Ivor Novello Awards.

In 2007, Hewlett and Albarn premiered their first major work since Gorillaz, entitled Monkey: Journey to the West, a re-working of the ancient Chinese legend Journey to the West. Albarn wrote the score whilst Hewlett designed the set, animations and costumes. Written and adapted by Chen Shi-zheng, the show featured 45 Chinese circus acrobats, Shaolin monks and Chinese vocalists. It premiered at the Palace Theatre, Manchester as part of the Manchester International Festival, on 28 June 2007.

His Get the Freebies strip was adapted by BBC Three for a pilot entitled Phoo Action, broadcast in February 2008.

Hewlett and Albarn created the animation sequence the BBC used to introduce coverage of the Beijing 2008 Olympics. The sequence titled Journey to the East uses the Monkey character from Monkey: Journey to the West.

He married French presenter and actress Emma de Caunes at Saint-Paul-de-Vence on 10 September 2011.

A 2014 Kickstarter campaign successfully raised the capital for a new Tank Girl book called 21st Century Tank Girl featuring co-creators Hewlett and Martin, as well as other artists, including Brett Parson, Warwick Johnson-Cadwell, Philip Bond, Jim Mahfood, Craig Knowles, and Jonathan Edwards.

In November 2015, Hewlett debuted his first art exhibition called The Suggestionists at the Saatchi Gallery in London. The exhibition then made its American debut at the Woodward Gallery in Manhattan in May 2016.

In 2017, Taschen published a large format monograph of Hewlett's work across 25 years.

The Gorillaz Art Book was published in 2022 where Hewlett’s original creations featured alongside those of over 40 artists invited by Hewlett to make work inspired by the world of Gorillaz.

In 2023, www.jamiehewlett.com launched with Warriors, a first collection of limited edition artworks that spans 27 years.

Influences
In a 2013 interview with Consequence of Sound, Hewlett stated that his primary influences were the works of cartoonists such as Mort Drucker, Carl Giles, Jack Davis, and "Ronald" (sic) Lowe.

In a 2012 interview for Absolut Vodka, Hewlett also listed Harvey Kurtzman's American satirical magazine MAD Magazine as a leading influence of his art. Hewlett has mentioned that he is largely influenced by the works of American animator Chuck Jones of Looney Tunes, and cites the works of British comic book artists Ronald Searle and Mike McMahon as influences on his artwork. In fact, Hewlett has even stated that the entirety of Chuck Jones' filmography and Mad Magazine as a whole are the biggest overall influences on his work.

Hewlett was influenced by not only the works of Chuck Jones, but also various UPA cartoons. Hewlett's Absolut London web profile also revealed that along with Chuck Jones, American filmmaker Stanley Kubrick and American author Hunter S. Thompson were big influences on his artwork as well. Hewlett has also admitted to being heavily inspired by the likes of artists such as Robert Crumb, Jean-Michel Basquiat, Martin Kippenberger, and Richard Caton Woodville.

During a 2012 Interview with Alfred Dunhill, he also lists the first film of the Star Wars series as another main influence on his artwork.

Hewlett has admitted to being a big fan of Brendan McCarthy's works, more specifically his work on his comic book Strange Days. Hewlett has said that French comic book artist Moebius is a big influence on his art, calling him 'unbelievably inspiring' and saying that he considers him to be 'one of the greatest'. In addition to Moebius, Hewlett has been heavily influenced by the works of artists Tony Hart and Tanino Liberatore. In an interview with The Telegraph, Hewlett also mentioned being a fan of American animator Brad Bird and his work on Family Dog, as well as American cartoonist Charles Schulz' Peanuts comic strips.

In a conversation with Mark Kermode, Hewlett said that the 1973 French animated film Fantastic Planet was the very first animated film that showed him animation is also a medium for adults.

Comics
Interior comics work includes:
 * Tank Girl (art, with Alan Martin, in Deadline, 1988–1995)
 * Judge Dredd: "Spock's Mock Chocs" (art, with writer Alan Grant and shared art duties with Brendan McCarthy, in 2000 AD #614, 1989, collected in Judge Dredd: The Complete Case Files Volume 12, October 2008)
 * Sooner or Later: "Swifty's Return" (art, with writer Peter Milligan, in 2000 AD #614–617, 1989)
 * King Pant (writer, with art by Philip Bond, in A1 #2, Atomeka Press, 1989, ISBN 1-871878-11-X)
 * Hellcity (art, with writer Alan Martin, in A1 #4, Atomeka Press, 1990, ISBN 1-871878-56-X)
 * Hell City II (art, with writer Alan Martin, in A1 True Life Bikini Confidential, Atomeka Press, 1990, ISBN 1-871878-69-1)
 * Hewligan's Haircut (with writer Peter Milligan, in 2000 AD #700–707, 1990, collected in Hewligan's Haircut hardcover, August 2003)
 * Doom Patrol #50 (with Grant Morrison, Vertigo, December 1991, collected in Doom Patrol Volume 4: Musclebound, August 2006)
 * Tank Girl: She's Fucking Great (writer & art, in A1 #6, Atomeka Press, 1992)
 * King Leon (art, with writer Peter Milligan, in A1 #2–4, Epic Comics, 1992)
 * Tank Girl: The Odyssey (art, with writer Peter Milligan, 4-issue mini-series, Vertigo, 1995)
 * Get the Freebies (writer & art, in The Face Vol. 2 #94 - Vol. 3 #5, 1996-1997)

Covers
Comics covers include:
 * Shade, the Changing Man #14–22 (DC Comics, August 1991 – April 1992)
 * Doom Patrol #52, 60 (with Grant Morrison, Vertigo, 1 February 1992, and 1 October 1992 collected in Doom Patrol Volume 5: Magic Bus, 2007 and Doom Patrol Volume 6: Planet Love, 2008)

Music
Musical projects include:
 * Gorillaz
 * Monkey: Journey to the West
 * The front and back cover, as well as additional booklet art, of the second Mindless Self Indulgence album, Frankenstein Girls Will Seem Strangely Sexy
 * The back cover of The Good, the Bad & the Queen by The Good, the Bad & the Queen
 * Guitar Man logo for the annual Royal Albert Hall week of concerts for Teenage Cancer Trust

Art
Artistic projects include:
 * Under Water Colours – Old Truman Brewery – East London, 17–31 October 2009

Interviews

 * Video interview with Jamie Hewlett about Monkey, Journey to the West
 * Interview with Hewlett on public radio program The Sound of Young America (1/07)
 * Hewlett discusses Gorillaz at mtv.com
 * An interview with Neil Gaiman and Gorillaz

title: Jamie Hewlett


text:
Get Your War On

Get Your War On is a series of satirical comic strips by David Rees about political topics. Initially, the comic concerned the effects of the September 11 attacks on New York City, but it quickly switched its focus to more recent topics, in particular the War on Terror. The strip debuted on October 9, 2001.

From a technical standpoint the strips are crude, being assembled from about a dozen simple clip art pictures of office workers (with a few exceptions, most notably super robot Voltron) that are repeated, often in the same strip. Almost all are in red on a white background. There is an emphasis on dialogue, with little action. Highly disillusioned and cynical, it is heavily laden with expletives.

Development and publishing
The majority of the clip art used in Get Your War On is taken from Office and Business Illustrations, designed by Tom Tierney and first published by Dover Publications in 1988. In 2009, American restaurant chain Jamba Juice was criticized for running an ad campaign which looked similar to the Get Your War On series as it used the same clip art.

Get Your War On has been published in book form, with the author's royalties (as well as part of the publisher's income for the first book and Get Your War on II) being donated to the charity Adopt-A-Minefield for removal of landmines in Afghanistan. It was also published regularly in Rolling Stone and some alternative newspapers. In 2004, Rees was interviewed in the book Attitude 2: The New Subversive Alternative Cartoonists, edited by syndicated editorial cartoonist Ted Rall. Attitude 2 included other cartoonists such as Alison Bechdel and Aaron McGruder.

In 2007, Get Your War On comics were included with the works of Jenny Holzer and Goya in the Dissent! exhibition of protest art at Harvard University's Fogg Art Museum.

As the author had promised, the strip ended the day that George W. Bush left office, January 20, 2009. Rees continues to maintain a blog, which covers topical political issues.

Critical reaction
Tom Carson has called Get Your War On a "glorious excoriation of our post-9/11 loony bin", while Connie Ogle, in her review of the second Get Your War On book, called it "Profane, decidedly anti-war and screamingly funny ... guaranteed to make you laugh yourself sick." James Poniewozik has compared Get Your War On to Doonesbury and The Boondocks, calling it "a fresher (and more R-rated) critique" of the Bush administration.

Adaptations
In 2005 it was adapted into a stage performance by Rude Mechanicals of Austin, Texas. The performance was revived in the winter of 2006 and began a tour of the country in the fall of 2006. The tour included stops in Houston, Philadelphia, New York, and Washington, D.C.

During the United States presidential election in 2008, Get Your War On began running as an animated series on the comedy website Comedy 23/6. The series stopped after Barack Obama's inauguration, but returned during the 2012 presidential election.

In book form

 * Get Your War On. Brooklyn: Soft Skull, 2002. ISBN 1-887128-76-X
 * Get Your War On II. New York: Riverhead, 2004. ISBN 1-59448-048-6
 * Get Your War On: The Definitive Account of the War on Terror, 2001-2008 Brooklyn: Soft Skull, 2008. ISBN 1-59376-213-5

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Get Your War On


text:
Fara, Orkney

Fara (, Old Norse: Færey ) is a small island in Orkney, Scotland, lying in Scapa Flow between the islands of Flotta and Hoy. It has been uninhabited since the 1960s.

title: Fara, Orkney


text:
Windsor Star

The Windsor Star is a daily newspaper based in Windsor, Ontario, Canada. Owned by Postmedia Network, it is published Tuesdays through Saturdays.

History
The paper began as the weekly Windsor Record in 1888, changing its name to the Border Cities Star in 1918, when it was bought by W. F. Herman. The Border Cities Star was a daily newspaper published from September 3, 1918, until June 28, 1935. The founders W. F. Herman and Hugh Graybiel purchased the existing daily newspaper, the Windsor Record (known as the Evening Record from 1890 to November 1917), from John A. McKay on August 6, 1918.

There was some conflict before the men purchased the newspaper. The Windsor Record had only partial wire service, and some felt that the national and international news was not sufficiently covered. Originally, the Border Cities Star was intended to be a rival daily newspaper to the Windsor Record. However, Herman's application to Canadian Press Limited for full wire service was denied because of opposition by McKay.. He had held a variety of committee executive positions at the organization over the years. McKay eventually agreed to subscribe to the full wire service and sold the Windsor Record to W. F. Herman for an inflated price. Many viewed that as a flaw of the Canadian Press Limited. The wire service, which was subsidized by government funds, was run mainly by a group of publishers that could use it as a way of limiting competition and increasing the value of their own newspapers (Border Cities Era: October 18, 1918, page 7)

Herman had previous experience in the newspaper industry since he had owned the Prince Albert Daily Herald, the Saskatoon Capital, and the Regina Leader-Post. Herman became the paper's president, and Graybiel assumed the role of business manager. They changed the name of the Windsor Record to the Border Cities Star to reflect not only Windsor but also all the surrounding communities.

On page 4 of its inaugural issue, the new owners state that in their "Aims and Endeavors" that they intend to make it "a worth-while newspaper for worth-while people." They proposed two main goals: one was to work with and build up local institutions and organizations. The newspaper "must endeavor to become one with its community, to enter closely into its daily life and being, and to voice for the community the otherwise largely inarticulate striving for the attainment of the largest self-development." The other goal was "to be worthy of Canada." They appealed to Canadian pride and nationalism, in particular with regards to Canadians' contributions to the ongoing war, and stated their intention "to be broad, to be faithful, to be progressive and forward-looking, to be free and independent and unprejudiced. The Canadian who is not proud of our mighty country has no right or title to its citizenship." They identified two other goals: the revision of tariffs and to "uphold the English language as the only proper language and method of instruction in the primary grades of the public schools." That was a somewhat-controversial stand because of the ongoing conflict between Anglophones and Francophones over educational rights in Ontario.

Initially, the Border Cities Star was published from the Record Printing Company offices at 36 Sandwich Street West, on the north side of Sandwich Street, just west of Ferry Street. In 1923, it moved to a building on Ferry Street, and in 1927, it expanded into adjacent new larger premises, at the corner of Ferry Street and Pitt Street.

When the city of Windsor annexed Walkerville, East Windsor (Ford City), Sandwich, and Ojibway in 1935, the Border Cities Star changed its name to the Windsor Daily Star. Although Herman died in 1938, the paper continued under the direction of his wife, Adie Knox Herman, along with Hugh Graybiel and W. L. (Lum) Clark. In 1959, it became simply the Windsor Star.

The paper was sold to Southam Press in 1971 and then to Canwest, which bought Southam Press, in 2000.

In November 1996, the paper opened a printing facility in south-central Windsor.

In 2013, the Windsor Star moved to a new facility at 300 Ouellette Avenue, formerly occupied by the CTV Two owned-and-operated station CHWI-DT. The former 167 Ferry Street building was sold to the University of Windsor, which opened a new downtown campus at the facility in 2015.

In February 2019, the paper announced that it will no longer publish a Monday edition effective March 4, 2019.

On January 31, 2023, the Windsor Star had announced that effective on March 3, its plant in south-central Windsor will be shut down, and printing will be done in London and at Islington (by sister papers London Free Press and Toronto Sun, respectively).

Circulation
The Windsor Star has seen, like most Canadian daily newspapers, a decline in circulation. Its total circulation dropped by 0 percent to 49,613 copies daily from 2009 to 2015.

 * Daily average

title: Windsor Star


text:
Sam Rivers (jazz musician)

Samuel Carthorne Rivers (September 25, 1923 – December 26, 2011) was an American jazz musician and composer. Though most famously a tenor saxophonist, he also performed on soprano saxophone, bass clarinet, flute, harmonica, piano and viola.

Active in jazz since the early 1950s, he earned wider attention during the mid-1960s spread of free jazz. With a thorough command of music theory, orchestration and composition, Rivers was an influential and prominent artist in jazz music.

Early life
Rivers was born in El Reno, Oklahoma, United States. His father was a gospel musician who had sung with the Fisk Jubilee Singers and the Silverstone Quartet, exposing Rivers to music from an early age. His grandfather was Marshall W. Taylor, a religious leader from Kentucky. Rivers was stationed in California in the 1940s during a stint in the Navy. Here he performed semi-regularly with blues singer Jimmy Witherspoon. Rivers moved to Boston, Massachusetts, in 1947, where he studied at the Boston Conservatory with Alan Hovhaness.

He performed with Quincy Jones, Herb Pomeroy, Tadd Dameron and others.

Blue Note era
In 1959, Rivers began performing with 13-year-old drummer Tony Williams. Rivers was briefly a member of the Miles Davis Quintet in 1964, partly on Williams's recommendation. This edition of the quintet released a single live album, Miles in Tokyo, from a show recorded on July 14 at Kohseinenkin Hall. Rivers' tenure with the quintet was brief: he had engagements in Boston, and his playing style was too avant-garde for Davis during this period; he was replaced by Wayne Shorter shortly thereafter.

Rivers was signed by Blue Note Records, for whom he recorded four albums as leader and made several sideman appearances. Among noted sidemen on his own Blue Note albums were Jaki Byard, who appears on Fuchsia Swing Song (1964), Herbie Hancock and Freddie Hubbard. He appeared on Blue Note recordings by Tony Williams, Andrew Hill and Larry Young.

Rivers derived his music from bebop, but he was an adventurous player, adept at free jazz. The first of his Blue Note albums, Fuchsia Swing Song, adopts an approach sometimes called "inside-outside". Here the performer frequently obliterates the explicit harmonic framework ("going outside") but retains a hidden link so as to be able to return to it in a seamless fashion. Rivers brought the conceptual tools of bebop harmony to a new level in this process, united at all times with the ability to "tell a story", which Lester Young had laid down as a benchmark for the jazz improviser.

His powers as a composer were also in evidence in this period: the ballad "Beatrice" from Fuchsia Swing Song has become an important standard, particularly for tenor saxophonists. For instance, it is the first cut on Joe Henderson's 1985 The State of the Tenor, Vols. 1 & 2, and Stan Getz recorded it during the 1989 sessions eventually issued as Bossas & Ballads – The Lost Sessions.

Loft era
During the 1970s, Rivers and his wife, Beatrice, ran a jazz loft called "Studio Rivbea" in New York City's NoHo district. It was located on Bond Street in Lower Manhattan and was originally opened as a public performance space as part of the first New York Musicians Festival in 1970. Critic John Litweiler has written that "In New York Loft Jazz meant Free Jazz in the Seventies" and Studio Rivbea was "the most famous of the lofts". The loft was important in the development of jazz because it was an example of artists creating their own performance spaces and taking responsibility for presenting music to the public. This allowed for music to be free of extra-musical concerns that would be present in a nightclub or concert hall situation. A series of recordings made at the loft were issued under the title Wildflowers on the Douglas label.

Rivers was also recruited by Clifford Thornton to lead a student world-music/free-jazz ensemble at Wesleyan University in 1971. During this era Rivers continued to record, including several albums for Impulse!: Streams, recorded live at Montreux, Hues (both records contain different trio performances later collated on CD as Trio Live), the quartet album Sizzle and his first big-band disc, Crystals; perhaps his best-known work from this period though is his appearance on Dave Holland's Conference of the Birds, in the company of Anthony Braxton and Barry Altschul.

Later career
In the early 1990s, he and his wife moved to Florida, in part to expand his orchestra compositions with a reading band in Orlando. This band became the longest-running incarnation of the RivBea Orchestra. He performed regularly with his Orchestra and Trio with bassist Doug Mathews and drummer Anthony Cole (later replaced by Rion Smith.) From 1996 to 1998 he toured and recorded three projects for Nato Records in France with pianist Tony Hymas and others. In 1998, with the assistance of Steve Coleman, he recorded two Grammy-nominated big-band albums for RCA Victor with the RivBea All-Star Orchestra, Culmination and Inspiration (the title-track is an elaborate reworking of Dizzy Gillespie's "Tanga": Rivers was in Gillespie's band near the end of the trumpeter's life). Other late albums of note include Portrait, a solo recording for FMP, and Vista, a trio with drummers Adam Rudolph and Harris Eisenstadt for Meta. During the late 1990s he appeared on several albums on Postcards Records.

In 2005, he released Aurora, a third CD featuring compositions for his Rivbea Orchestra and the first CD featuring members of his working orchestra in Orlando. 2011 saw the release of Trilogy, a three-CD box set featuring 22 previously-unheard compositions performed by many of the same musicians.

Rivers died from pneumonia on December 26, 2011, at the age of 88 in Orlando, Florida.

During 2019–2022, NoBusiness Records issued six live albums as part of their Sam Rivers Archive Series, featuring previously unreleased music drawn from Rivers's extensive collection of recordings.

As leader

 * 1964: Fuchsia Swing Song (Blue Note, 1965)
 * 1965: Contours (Blue Note, 1967)
 * 1966: A New Conception (Blue Note, 1967)
 * 1967: Dimensions & Extensions (Blue Note, 1986)
 * 1971: Archive Series Volume 1 - Emanation (NoBusiness, 2019) with Cecil McBee and Norman Connors
 * 1973: Streams (Impulse!, 1973) – live
 * 1971–73: Hues (Impulse!, 1974) – live
 * 1972–1973: The Live Trio Sessions (Impulse!, 1978) contains tracks from Streams and Hues, plus previously unissued material; reissued on CD as Trio Live (1998)
 * 1974: Crystals (Impulse!, 1974)
 * 1975: Sizzle (Impulse!, 1976)
 * 1973–76: Jazz of the Seventies (Circle, 1977)
 * 1976: The Tuba Trio Vols. 1-3 (Circle, 1977)
 * 1976: The Quest (Red, 1976)
 * 1976: Black Africa! Villalago (Horo, 1977)
 * 1976: Black Africa! Perugia (Horo, 1977)
 * 1977: Paragon (Fluid, 1977)
 * 1977: Archive Series Volume 2 - Zenith (NoBusiness, 2019) with Joe Daley, Dave Holland, Barry Altschul, and Charlie Persip
 * 1978: Archive Series Volume 3 - Ricochet (NoBusiness, 2020) with Dave Holland, and Barry Altschul
 * 1978: Waves (Tomato, 1979)
 * 1979: Archive Series Volume 4 - Braids (NoBusiness, 2020) with Joe Daley, Dave Holland, and Thurman Barker
 * 1979: Live in Vancouver (Condition West, 2017)
 * 1979: Contrasts (ECM, 1980)
 * 1981: "Crosscurrent" - Live At Jazz Unité (Blue Marge, 1982) – live
 * 1981: Archive Series Volume 5 - Undulation (NoBusiness, 2021) with Jerry Byrd, Rael-Wesley Grant, and Steve Ellington
 * 1982: Colours (Black Saint, 1983)
 * 1989: Lazuli (Timeless, 1990)
 * 1995: Portrait (FMP, 1997)
 * 1996: Concept with Anthony Cole, Doug Mathews (Rivbea Sound, 1997)
 * 1998: Inspiration (RCA Victor/BMG, 1999)
 * 1998: Culmination (RCA Victor/BMG France, 1999)
 * 1999: Aurora (Rivbea Sound, 2005)
 * 2000: Firestorm (Rivbea Sound, 2002)
 * 2002: Archive Series Volume 6 - Caldera (NoBusiness, 2022) with Doug Mathews and Anthony Cole
 * 2003: Celebration (Posi-Tone, 2004)
 * 2008–09: Mosaic Select: Trilogy with the Rivbea Orchestra (Mosaic, 2011)[3CD]

As co-leader

 * 1976: with Dave Holland - Dave Holland / Sam Rivers (Improvising Artists)
 * 1976: with Dave Holland - Sam Rivers / Dave Holland Vol. 2 (Improvising Artists)
 * 1977: with Mario Schiano - Rendez-vous (Vedette)
 * 1977: with James Newton - Flutes! (Circle)
 * 1983: with Stephen McCraven - Intertwining Spirits (Freelance)
 * 1995: with Improvisors Pool (Alexander von Schlippenbach) - Backgrounds for Improvisors (FMP)
 * 1996: with Noël Akchoté / Tony Hymas / Paul Rogers / Jacques Thollot - Configuration (Nato)
 * 1996: with Julian Priester - Hints on Light and Shadow (Postcards)
 * 1997: with Alexander von Schlippenbach - Tangens (FMP)
 * 1997: with Tony Hymas, Noël Akchoté, Paul Rogers, and Jacques Thollot - Lyon 29.03.1997 (Noël Akchoté Downloads, 2018)
 * 1998: with Tony Hymas - Eight Day Journal (Nato)
 * 1998: with Tony Hymas - Winter Garden (Nato)
 * 2002: with Doug Mathews, Anthony Cole, Jonathan Powell and David Manson - Fluid Motion (isospin labs)
 * 2003: with Adam Rudolph / Harris Eisenstadt - Vista (Meta)
 * 2004: with Ben Street / Kresten Osgood & Bryan Carrott - Purple Violets (Stunt)
 * 2004: with Ben Street / Kresten Osgood - Violet Violets (Stunt)
 * 2007: with Dave Holland / Barry Altschul - Reunion: Live in New York (Pi, 2012)

Compilations

 * The Complete Blue Note Sam Rivers Sessions (Mosaic, 1996)

As sideman
With Roots
 * Salutes the Saxophone - Tributes to John Coltrane, Dexter Gordon, Sonny Rollins and Lester Young (In & Out, 1992)
 * Stablemates (In & Out, 1993)

With Tony Williams
 * 1964: Life Time (Blue Note, 1965)
 * 1965: Spring (Blue Note, 1966)

With Reggie Workman
 * Summit Conference (Postcards, 1993)
 * Cerebral Caverns (Postcards, 1995)

With others
 * Barry Altschul, You Can't Name Your Own Tune (Muse, 1977)
 * Steven Bernstein, Diaspora Blues (Tzadik, 2002)
 * Miles Davis, Miles in Tokyo (Columbia, 1964)
 * Bruce Ditmas, What If (Postcards, 1994)
 * Brian Groder, Torque (2007)
 * Andrew Hill, Change (Blue Note, 1966)
 * The Dave Holland Quartet, Conference of the Birds, (ECM 1973)
 * John Lee Hooker, Free Beer and Chicken (ABC, 1974)
 * Bobby Hutcherson, Dialogue (Blue Note, 1965)
 * Franklin Kiermyer, Kairos (Evidence, 1996)
 * NOJO, City of Neighbourhoods (True North, 2004) – recorded in 2003
 * Jason Moran, Black Stars (Blue Note, 2001)
 * Music Revelation Ensemble (James Blood Ulmer), In the Name of... (DIW, 1993)
 * Don Pullen, Capricorn Rising (Black Saint, 1975)
 * Kazuko Shiraishi, Dedicated to the Late John Coltrane and Other Jazz Poems (Musicworks, 1977)
 * Cecil Taylor, The Great Concert of Cecil Taylor (Prestige, 1969)
 * Larry Young, Into Somethin' (Blue Note, 1964)

title: Sam Rivers (jazz musician)


text:
Talk:Politics of Poland

Untitled
Re: political parties

5% seems to be a much more natural choice, since (as you know) it is the minimal support needed to enter parliament. In fact the 3% threshold seems somewhat artificial and specially chosen for unia wolnosci, which currently enjoys the support of 3% + \epsilon of the population. I do think it is accurate to consider this party political plancton, as it doesn't even get mentioned by the mass media when voter preferences are disscused.
 * P.S. ditto for SKL N.N. 04:49 8 mar. 2004 (UTC)
 * No problem. The point is that just last Monday I saw Frasyniuk on TV in Forum program. But you for sure made me reconsider my point. Will fix it right now. BTW. Why don't you create an account?. It gives you more privacy. Przepla 16:16, 8 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Vandalism
It seems that we have clueless vandal here. User:Annygirl or User:Anna2004 apparently does not like the suffrage section and is inserting gibberish. One wonders when this user get bored with that. In the meantime, please be vigilant about this page.Przepla 15:27, 30 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Major edit
I've updated and reorganised the article so that it's a better read. I think that the current ordering of information is the most useful to a new reader, who is likely to be most interested in 1) what's been happening recently, and 2) what is the general political structure. The rewrite of what went on during 2000-2005 is largely from my own memory (while trying to keep what was written already). I suppose that what can still be remembered several years on should correlate with what was important... Deuar 22:44, 6 February 2006 (UTC)

National Security
"National Security" doesn't seem to fit in with this article... If we have that, we might as well add "social security", "foreign affairs", "internal affairs", "economics", etc. etc. It should rather be in an article devoted to foreign affairs rather than politics, IMHO. Deuar 22:48, 6 February 2006 (UTC)

Kononowicz
I'm not sure if Krzysztof Kononowicz should be in http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Polish_politicians --84.234.60.154 (talk) 14:54, 6 April 2008 (UTC)

Leader
what happens if the president dies. is a new one elected or does the prime minister become president until teh next round of elections? also it says that the president appoints the prime minister yet donald tusk is of the opposing party and everywhere else it says that the party with the most votes gets to choose the prime minister. which way is it? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.105.223.62 (talk) 01:08, 18 April 2008 (UTC)

The president appoints the prime minister, who then appoints the government, but the government has to win a confidence vote in the parliament within 2 weeks. That means that the most likely canditate for a prime minister would be the leader of the majority party as no one else is likely to form a government that doesn't get rejected by the majority. It would be quite silly for the president to choose his brother as prime minister only to trigger another election when he is rejected by the sejm (actually, it is technically possible and this possibility was even suggested in the media at the time, but it would have been suicidal from a political point of view). --95.50.27.137 (talk) 12:37, 18 June 2009 (UTC)

President of Poland
I come from Poland, you don't know anything about the President of Poland! He has many competitions in the foreign politics! He is not only a representative person. It's not Germany. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 212.76.37.180 (talk) 16:31, 4 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Of course the President of Poland is not merely ceremonial, a political veto can only be overridden a by 3/5 majority, this is a lie spread on Wikipedia by people with an English-centric view, who considered if the President is not both the head of state and head of government, and the Prime Minister appointment requires investiture unlike the French case, then is parliamentary, this also happened with Portugal. So I have got news for you, it's not. The same thing goes for Lithuania, Romania and Ukraine. — B.Lameira (talk) 21:21, 8 June 2014 (UTC)

Parliamentarism?
I just read that the Polish system could best be described as somewhere between parliamentarism and presidentialism. There is a term for this, semipresidentialism. An example of such a system is France. Would it not be better to describe Poland as a semipresidential system rather than as a parliamentary one? This article: http://webpages.dcu.ie/~mcmenami/Poland_semi-presidentialism_2.pdf argues that Poland is semi-presidential. --Oddeivind (talk) 13:52, 15 November 2008 (UTC)

 * Polish system of government is closer to the Portuguese and Lithuanian systems than the French one. See Comparative Politics: Structures and Choices and Semi-Presidentialism: Sub-Types And Democratic Performance.
 * The first link says this system is typical of many post-communist states. The second one states "The list of countries includes cases that almost everyone would agree to be semi-presidential, including France, Lithuania, Poland, and Portugal." — B.Lameira (talk) 19:20, 25 February 2014 (UTC)
 * Additionally, see: Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive and Mixed Authority Patterns -- B.Lameira (talk) 13:03, 10 December 2015 (UTC)

Important notice
The government section of the "Outline of Poland" needs to be checked, corrected, and completed -- especially the subsections for the government branches.

When the country outlines were created, temporary data (that matched most of the countries but not all) was used to speed up the process. Those countries for which the temporary data does not match must be replaced with the correct information.

Please check that this country's outline is not in error.

If you have any questions or comments, please contact The Transhumanist.

Thank you. — Preceding unsigned comment added by The Transhumanist (talk • contribs) 12:09, December 12, 2011

Constitution
According to this Constitution, Poland is parliamentary state but not semi-presidential.--5.172.232.243 (talk) 20:53, 30 October 2017 (UTC)

Government system?
They are controversial because the consitution says it is a parliamentary republic but in fact it is a semi presidential republic.2404:8000:1027:85F6:109A:5AA:7E5E:48DA (talk) 11:19, 11 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Politics of Poland


text:
Y-chromosomal Aaron

Y-chromosomal Aaron is the name given to the hypothesized most recent common ancestor of the patrilineal Jewish priestly caste known as Kohanim (singular "Kohen", also spelled "Cohen"). According to the traditional understanding of the Hebrew Bible, this ancestor was Aaron, the brother of Moses. While some early genetic studies were seen as possibly supporting the traditional biblical narrative, this view was subsequently challenged with some researchers arguing that the genetic evidence "refutes the idea of a single founder for Jewish Cohanim who lived in Biblical times." However, recent studies have provided further support for the model of descent from a common ancestor who lived in the First Temple period by demonstrating that Kohanim from different Jewish communities form a "tight cluster" which is "specific to the Jewish Cohens".

The original scientific research was based on the hypothesis that a majority of present-day Jewish Kohanim share a pattern of values for six Y-STR markers, which researchers named the extended Cohen Modal Haplotype (CMH). Subsequent research using twelve Y-STR markers indicated that nearly half of contemporary Jewish Kohanim shared Y-chromosomal J1 M267 (specifically haplogroup J-P58, also called J1c3), while other Kohanim share a different ancestry, such as haplogroup J2a (J-M410). The latest studies using single nucleotide polymorphic markers have further narrowed the results down to a single sub-branch known as J1-B877 (also known as J1-Z18271).

Background
For human beings, the normal number of chromosomes is 46, of which 23 are inherited from each parent. Two chromosomes, the X and Y, determine sex. Females have two X chromosomes, one inherited from each of their parents. Males have an X chromosome inherited from their mother, and a Y chromosome inherited from their father.

Males who share a common patrilineal ancestor also share a common Y chromosome, diverging only with respect to accumulated mutations. Since Y-chromosomes are passed from father to son, all Kohanim men should theoretically have nearly identical Y chromosomes; this can be assessed with a genealogical DNA test. As the mutation rate on the Y chromosome is relatively constant, scientists can estimate the elapsed time since two men had a common ancestor.

Although Jewish identity has traditionally (according to rabbinic-Jewish law I.E. since around the 1st century CE) been passed by matrilineal descent, membership in the Jewish Kohanim caste has been determined by patrilineal descent (see Presumption of priestly descent). Modern Kohanim are traditionally regarded in Judaism as male descendants of biblical Aaron, a direct patrilineal descendant of Abraham, according to the lineage recorded in the Hebrew Bible (שמות / Sh'mot/Exodus 6).

With the development of methods to follow specific DNA sequences of the human genome, interest in the Cohanim (and Levites) has gained new momentum as an instrument for proof of the common origins of the current Jewish ethnic-groups in the population of the Land of Israel two thousand years ago, as narrated in the biblical story. Skorecki, who carried out the initial study, told the journalist Jon Entine, "I was interested in the question: To what extent was our shared oral tradition matched by other evidence?"

Initial study
The Kohen hypothesis was first tested through DNA analysis in 1997 by Prof. Karl Skorecki and collaborators from Haifa, Israel. In their study, "Y chromosomes of Jewish priests," published in the journal Nature, they found that the Kohanim appeared to share a different probability distribution compared to the rest of the Jewish population for the two Y-chromosome markers they tested (YAP and DYS19). They also found that the probabilities appeared to be shared by both Sephardic and Ashkenazi Kohens, pointing to a common Kohen population origin before the Jewish diaspora at the destruction of the Second Temple. However, this study also indicated that only 48% of Ashkenazi Kohens and 58% of Sephardic Kohens have the J1 Cohen Modal Haplotype. Such genetic markers were also found in approximately 5% of Jews who did not believe themselves to be kohanim.

In a subsequent study the next year (Thomas MG et al., 1998), the team increased the number of Y-STR markers tested to six, as well as testing more SNP markers. Again, they found that a clear difference was observable between the Kohanim population and the general Jewish population, with many of the Kohen STR results clustered around a single pattern they named the Kohen Modal Haplotype:

 * {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%"

! ||xDE ||xDE,PR ||Hg J ||CMH.1 ||CMH || ||CMH.1/HgJ||CMH/HgJ !Ashkenazi Cohanim (AC): !Sephardic Cohanim (SC): !Ashkenazi Jews (AI): !Sephardic Jews (SI):
 * 98.5%||96%||87%||69%||45%|| ||79%||52%
 * 100%||88%||75%||61%||56%|| ||81%||75%
 * 82%||62%||37%||15%||13%|| ||40%||35%
 * 85%||63%||37%||14%||10%|| ||38%||27%
 * }

Here, becoming increasingly specific, xDE is the proportion who were not in Haplogroups D or E (from the original paper); xDE,PR is the proportion who were not in haplogroups D, E, P, Q or R; Hg J is the proportion who were in Haplogroup J (from the slightly larger panel studied by Behar et al. (2003) ); CMH.1 means "within one marker of the CMH-6"; and CMH is the proportion with a 6/6 match. The final two columns show the conditional proportions for CMH.1 and CMH, given membership of Haplogroup J.

The data show that the Kohanim were more than twice as likely to belong to Haplogroup J than the average non-Cohen Jew. Of those who did belong to Haplogroup J, the Kohanim were more than twice as likely to have an STR pattern close to the CMH-6, suggesting a much more recent common ancestry for most of them compared to an average non-Kohen Jew of Haplogroup J.

Dating
Thomas, et al. dated the origin of the shared DNA to approximately 3,000 years ago (with variance arising from different generation lengths). The techniques used to find Y-chromosomal Aaron were first popularized in relation to the search for the patrilineal ancestor of all contemporary living humans, Y-chromosomal Adam.

Subsequent calculations under the coalescent model for J1 haplotypes bearing the Cohanim motif gave time estimates that place the origin of this genealogy around 6,200 years ago (95% CI: 4.5–8.6 Kybp), earlier than previously thought, and well before the origin of Judaism (David Kingdom, ~2.9 Kybp). The latest studies on the other hand have proposed coalescence estimates ranging between ~3,200 and ~2,570 years before present, which are in broad agreement with a progenitor who lived during the First Temple period.

Responses
The finding led to excitement in religious circles, with some seeing it as providing some proof of the historical veracity of the priestly covenant or other religious convictions.

Following the discovery of the very high prevalence of 6/6 CMH matches amongst Kohanim, other researchers and analysts were quick to look for it. Some groups have taken the presence of this haplotype as indicating possible Jewish ancestry, although the chromosome is not exclusive to Jews. It is widely found among other Semitic peoples of the Middle East.

Early research suggested that the 6/6 matches found among male Lemba of Southern Africa confirmed their oral history of descent from Jews and connection to Jewish culture. Later research has been unable to confirm this (due to the fact that CMH was widely found among other Semitic peoples of the Middle East) although it has shown that some male Lemba have Middle Eastern ancestry.

Critics such as Avshalom Zoossmann-Diskin suggested that the paper's evidence was being overstated in terms of showing Jewish descent among these distant populations.

A historical-critical reading of the biblical text suggests that the origin of the priesthood could have been much more complex, and that for much if not all of the First Temple period, kohen may have not (necessarily) synonymous with "Aaronide". Rather, this traditional identity seems to have been adopted sometime around the second temple period.

Limitations

One source of early confusion was the low resolution of the available tests. The Cohen Modal Haplotype (CMH), while frequent amongst Kohanim, also appeared in the general populations of haplogroups J1 and J2 with no particular link to the Kohen ancestry. These haplogroups occur widely throughout the Middle East and beyond. Thus, while many Kohanim have haplotypes close to the CMH, a greater number of such haplotypes worldwide belong to people with no apparent connection to the Jewish priesthood.

Individuals with at least 5/6 matches for the original 6-marker Cohen Modal Haplotype are found across the Middle East, with significant frequencies among various Arab populations, mainly those with the J1 Haplogroup. These have not been "traditionally considered admixed with mainstream Jewish populations" – the frequency of the J1 Haplogroup is the following: Yemen (34.2%), Oman (22.8%), Negev (21.9%), and Iraq (19.2%); and amongst Muslim Kurds (22.1%), Bedouins (21.9%), and Armenians (12.7%).

On the other hand, Jewish populations were found to have a "markedly higher" proportion of full 6/6 matches, according to the same (2005) meta-analysis. This was compared to these non-Jewish populations, where "individuals matching at only 5/6 markers are most commonly observed."

The authors Elkins, et al. warned in their report that "using the current CMH definition to infer relation of individuals or groups to the Cohen or ancient Hebrew populations would produce many false-positive results," and note that "it is possible that the originally defined CMH represents a slight permutation of a more general Middle Eastern type that was established early on in the population prior to the divergence of haplogroup J. Under such conditions, parallel convergence in divergent clades to the same STR haplotype would be possible."

Cadenas et al. analysed Y-DNA patterns from around the Gulf of Oman in more detail in 2007. The detailed data confirm that the main cluster of haplogroup J1 haplotypes from the Yemeni appears to be some genetic distance from the CMH-12 pattern typical of eastern European Ashkenazi Kohanim, but not of Sephardic Kohanim.

Multiple ancestries
While there is evidence from Josephus and rabbinic sources that this tradition existed [I.E. was practiced and believed] by the end of the Second Temple (1st century CE, nearly a millennium and a half after the tradition places Aaron), there is no further evidence to support its historicity. According to modern biblical scholarship, a historical-critical reading of the biblical text suggests that the origin of the priesthood is much more complex, and that for much if not all of the First Temple period, kohen was not (necessarily) synonymous with "Aaronide". Rather, this traditional identity seems to have been adopted sometime around the second temple period.

Even within the Jewish Kohen population, it became clear that there were multiple Kohen lineages, including distinctive lineages both in Haplogroup J1 and in haplogroup J2. Other groups of Jewish lineages (i.e. Jews who are non-kohanim) and even non-Jews were found in Haplogroup J2 that matched the original 6-marker CMH, but which were unrelated and not associated with Kohanim. Current estimates, based on the accumulation of SNP mutations, place the defining mutations that distinguish haplogroups J1 and J2 as having occurred about 20 to 30,000 years ago.

Subsequent studies
Subsequent research (by the original researchers and others) has challenged the original conclusion in a number of ways and has in fact shown that the genealogical record "refutes the idea of a single founder for Jewish Cohanim who lived in Biblical times."

A 2009 academic study by Michael F. Hammer, Doron M. Behar, et al. examined more STR markers in order to sharpen the "resolution" of these Kohanim genetic markers, thus separating both Ashkenazi and other Jewish Kohanim from other populations, and identifying a more sharply defined SNP haplogroup, J1e* (now J1c3, also called J-P58*) for the J1 lineage. The research found "that 46.1% of Kohanim carry Y chromosomes belonging to a single paternal lineage (J-P58*) that likely originated in the Near East well before the dispersal of Jewish groups in the Diaspora. Support for a Near Eastern origin of this lineage comes from its high frequency in our sample of Bedouins, Yemenis (67%), and Jordanians (55%) and its precipitous drop in frequency as one moves away from Saudi Arabia and the Near East (Fig. 4). Moreover, there is a striking contrast between the relatively high frequency of J-58* in Jewish populations (»20%) and Kohanim (»46%) and its vanishingly low frequency in our sample of non-Jewish populations that hosted Jewish diaspora communities outside of the Near East." The authors state, in their "Abstract" to the article:
 * "These results support the hypothesis of a common origin of the CMH in the Near East well before the dispersion of the Jewish people into separate communities, and indicate that the majority of contemporary Jewish priests descend from a limited number of paternal lineages."

However, the study did not support a single Y-chromosomal Aaron from the biblical period, rather it showed a "limited number of paternal lineages" from around that period. Subsequent analysis found that even the "extended Cohen Modal Haplotype" probably split off from an older Cohen haplotype far more recently, less than 1,500 years ago.

Kohanim in other haplogroups
Behar's 2003 data point to the following Haplogroup distribution for Ashkenazi Kohanim (AC) and Sephardic Kohanim (SC) as a whole:

 * {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%"

!Hg:||E3b||G2c||H||I1b||J||K2||Q||R1a1||R1b|| ||Total ! AC ! ! SC !
 * - style="border-top:2px solid grey"
 * 3||0||1||0||67||2||0||1||2|| ||76
 * - style="border-bottom:2px solid grey"
 * 4%|| ||1½%|| ||88%||2½%|| ||1½%||2½%|| ||100%
 * 3||1||0||1||52||2||2||3||4|| ||68
 * 4½%||1½%|| ||1½%||76%||3%||3%||4½%||6%|| ||100%
 * }

The detailed breakdown by 6-marker haplotype (the paper's Table B, available only online) suggests that at least some of these groups (e.g. E3b, R1b) contain more than one distinct Kohen lineage. It is possible that other lineages may also exist, but were not captured in the sample.

Hammer et al. (2009) identified Cohanim from diverse backgrounds, having in all 21 differing Y-chromosome haplogroups: E-M78, E-M123, G-M285, G-P15, G-M377, H-M69, I-M253, J-P58, J-M172*, J-M410*, J-M67, J-M68, J-M318, J-M12, L-M20, Q-M378, R-M17, R-P25*, R-M269, R-M124 AND T-M70.

Y-chromosomal Levi
Similar investigation was made of males who identify as Levites. The priestly Kohanim are believed to have descended from Aaron (among those who believe he was a historical figure). He was a descendant of Levi, son of Jacob. The Levites comprised a lower rank of the Temple priests. They are considered descendants of Levi through other lineages. Levites should also therefore in theory share common Y-chromosomal DNA. However, similar studies into Levite origins found the Levite genome to be significantly less homogeneous. While commonalities were found within the Ashkenazi-Levite genome (R1a-Y2619), no haplotype frequently common to Levites in general [I.E. Ashkenazi & Sephardi] was found. Additionally, the haplotype that was commonly found in Ashkenazi Levites is of a relatively recent origin from a single common ancestor estimated to have lived around 1.5–2.5 thousand years ago. Also, when further compared to the most frequent founding lineage found among Ashkenazi Cohen males, it was found that they do not share a common male ancestor within the time frame of the Biblical narrative. Finally, it is unclear whether the origin is Eastern Europe or the greater Middle East region (including Iran); however, the most recent findings indicate the latter.

The 2003 Behar et al. investigation of Levites found high frequencies of multiple distinct markers, suggestive of multiple origins for the majority of non-Aaronid Levite families. One marker, however, present in more than 50% of Eastern European (Ashkenazi) Jewish Levites, points to a common male ancestor or very few male ancestors within the last 2000 years for many Levites of the Ashkenazi community. This common ancestor belonged to the haplogroup R1a1, which is typical of Eastern Europeans or West Asians, rather than the haplogroup J of the Cohen modal haplotype. The authors proposed that the Levite ancestor(s) most likely lived at the time of the Ashkenazi settlement in Eastern Europe, and would thus be considered founders of this line. further speculating that the ancestor(s) were unlikely to have descended from Levites of the Near East.

However, a Rootsi, Behar, et al. study published online in Nature Communications in December 2013 disputed the previous conclusion. Based on its research into 16 whole R1 sequences, the team determined that a set of 19 unique nucleotide substitutions defines the Ashkenazi R1a lineage. One of these is not found among Eastern Europeans, but the marker was present "in all sampled R1a Ashkenazi Levites, as well as in 33.8% of other R1a Ashkenazi Jewish males, and 5.9% of 303 R1a Near Eastern males, where it shows considerably higher diversity." Rootsi, Behar, et al., concluded that this marker most likely originates in the pre-Diasporic Hebrews in the Middle East. However, they agreed that the data indicates an origin from a single common ancestor.

Samaritan Kohanim
The Samaritan community in the Middle East survives as a distinct religious and cultural sect. It constitutes the oldest and smallest ethnic minorities in the Middle East, numbering slightly more than 800 members. According to Samaritan accounts, Samaritan Kohanim are descended from Levi, the Tsedaka clan is descended from Manasseh, while the Dinfi clan and the Marhiv clan are descended from Ephraim. Samaritans claim that the southern tribes of the House of Judah left the original worship as set forth by Joshua, and the schism took place in the twelfth century BCE at the time of Eli. The Samaritans have maintained their religion and history to this day, and claim to be the remnant of the House of Israel, specifically of the tribes of Ephraim and Manasseh with priests of the line of Aaron/Levi.

Since the Samaritans have maintained extensive and detailed genealogical records for the past 13–15 generations (approximately 400 years) and further back, researchers have constructed accurate pedigrees and specific maternal and paternal lineages. A 2004 Y-Chromosome study concluded that the lay Samaritans belong to haplogroups J1 and J2, while the Samaritan Kohanim belong to haplogroup E-M35.

"The Samaritan M267 lineages differed from the classical Cohen modal haplotype at DYS391, carrying 11 rather than 10 repeats", as well as, have a completely different haplogroup, which should have been "J1". Samaritan Kohanim descend from a different patrilineal family line, having haplogroup E1b1b1a (M78) (formerly E3b1a).

title: Y-chromosomal Aaron


text:
Switha

Switha is a small uninhabited island towards the south of Orkney, Scotland, approximately 41 hectares in area.

Geography and geology
Switha lies 2 km to the south of the island of Flotta and 2 km east of the South Walls area of Hoy. South Ronaldsay lies about 5 km further east. The island is roughly rectangular in shape, about 1 km by 0.5 km in size and is aligned in a NE to SW direction. The maximum elevation is 28 m, found on the small cliff on the south coast, to the west of which is the only appreciable beach at The Pool. Geologically, the island is wholly of Old Red Sandstone, from the Devonian period, specifically Rousay Flagstones, dating from about 375 MYA, laid down by a cyclical series of lakes and containing many fish fossils.

Flora
The island is predominantly maritime grassland with small areas of heath and bog.

Wildlife
Switha is very important for wildlife and has been designated both as a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) and an EU Special Protection Area. The primary reason for this is the wintering population of Greenland barnacle goose. About 1000 of the birds are thought to spend the winter months roosting on the island and feeding on nearby South Walls. This population is not only the most northerly in the UK but also the third largest after Islay and North Uist. Common seabirds known to frequent the rocky coast line include black guillemot, great black-backed gull, Arctic skua and great skua. In addition, Haswell-Smith records that there are many European storm petrel burrows. However, several surveys since the late 1960s have only revealed a small number of pairs on the island, probably never more than 10. The burrows are probably more likely to belong to the puffin, which are reported to be resident on the island in some numbers, with about 250 pairs.

Pre-history
The presence of Neolithic standing stones and a cairn show that the island was at least visited in prehistoric times. There are two standing stones, the larger, southerly stone is 147 cm high, by 91 cm wide and 30 cm deep. The northerly stone is 112 cm high, 48 cm wide and just 15 cm deep and is thus somewhat smaller. Further evidence of pre-historic use is provided by the presence of a 9 m diameter by 0.5 m high turf covered cairn, near The Ool at the southern tip of the island. When excavated the cairn contained a cist-like structure.

Haswell-Smith (2004) maintains there is no written record of any post-Neolithic habitation, and there are 3 further sources that would support that assertion, at least for the past 350 years. The Blaeu Atlas of Scotland (1654) stated that the island was "neither inhabited nor cultivated". The Imperial Gazetteer of Scotland, published in 1848, stated that the island was uninhabited. Finally, the Ordnance Survey map of 1882 doesn't indicate any significant building or habitation, although the enclosure mentioned below would seem to be present. Whether the island was uninhabited prior to 1654 is less certain since the Descriptions of Orkney, written in 1529, states that the entire population of an island, "Southay" presumed to refer to Switha, is said to have died while sailing to a Christmas celebration on a neighboring island, and the island had never been populated since. In addition, there are archeological remains that could represent old dwellings, for instance a stone closure at the southern end of the island.

Agricultural use
The island would seem to have had a long history of use for agriculture, at least for keeping stock. In current times the island is wholly used for sheep grazing. Older texts support the island's use for other livestock however, for instance it is recorded that in 1747–48, 11 oxen were kept on Switha, part of the Burray inventory.

title: Switha


text:
Harlan County

Harlan County may refer to:

Places in the United States

 * Harlan County, Kentucky
 * Harlan County, Nebraska

Other

 * Harlan County (album), a 1969 album by American singer-songwriter Jim Ford
 * Harlan County, USA, a 1976 American documentary film
 * USS Harlan County (LST-1196), a U.S. Navy tank landing ship

title: Harlan County


text:
Wikipedia talk:Selected anniversaries/May 13

 * 1497 - Pope Alexander VI excommunicates Girolamo Savonarola.
 * 1568 - Battle of Langside: the forces of Mary Queen of Scots are defeated by a confederacy of Scottish Protestants under James Stewart, Earl of Moray, her half-brother.

 * 1779 - War of Bavarian Succession: Russian and French mediators at the Congress of Teschen negotiate an end to the war. In the agreement Austria receives the a part of its territory that was taken from them (the Innviertel).
 * 1787 - Captain Arthur Phillip leaves Portsmouth, England with eleven ships full of convicts to establish a penal colony in Australia.
 * 1830 - Ecuador gains its independence.

 * 1846 - Mexican-American War: The United States declares war on Mexico.
 * 1848 - first performance of Finland's national anthem.

 * 1865 - American Civil War: Battle of Palmito Ranch - In far south Texas, more than a month after Confederate General Lee's surrender, the last land battle of the civil war ends with a Union victory.

 * 1888 - Brazil abolishes slavery.

 * 1912 - In the United Kingdom, the Royal Flying Corps (now the Royal Air Force) in established.
 * 1913 - Igor Sikorsky becomes the first person to pilot a four engine aircraft.
 * 1917 - Three peasant children claim to see the Blessed Virgin Mary above a holmoak tree in Cova da Irianear near Fatima, Portugal.
 * 1940 - World War II: Nazi Germany's conquest of France begins as the German army crosses the Meuse River.   Churchill makes his "blood, tears, toil and sweat" speech to the British House of Commons.
 * 1943 - World War II: German Afrika Korps and  Italian troops in North Africa surrender to  Allied forces.

 * 1960 - First ascent of Dhaulagiri, 7th highest mountain
 * 1969 - Race riots in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, later known as the May 13 Incident
 * 1981 - Mehmet Ali Ağca attempts to assassinate Pope John Paul II at St. Peter's Square in Rome.

 * 1998 - Following India's second round of nuclear tests the United States and Japan impose economic sanctions on the nation.

National Famine Commemoration Day
National Famine Commemoration Day (Ireland or Republic of Ireland) is on May 13 in 2012 (and also in Boston this year). jnestorius(talk) 19:59, 3 May 2012 (UTC)

2012 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 20:00, 12 May 2012 (UTC)
 * Moved to Ineligible: Rajya Sabha (maintenance); May 1958 crisis (maintenance); MOVE (maintenance)
 * Omitted: Julian of Norwich; War of the Bavarian Succession; Slavery in Brazil; Li Hongzhi (ineligible—maintenance); Jaipur bombings
 * Included: Mexican–American War (6th appearance, last in 2010); Igor Sikorsky (first appearance); Zakir Hussain (politician) (first appearance); Pope John Paul II assassination attempt (first appearance); Enschede fireworks disaster (first appearance)

Mother's Day (US)
I was curious if there was a particular reason why Mother's Day (US) wasn't listed today? I don't have as much wiki experience as others but it seemed as though single country holidays like this are still considered "fair game" to post. --SM1991 (talk) 04:10, 13 May 2012 (UTC)
 * Actually, my ignorance of the world at large may be showing; looking over the articles, Mother's Day is celebrated in a fair number of countries today. --SM1991 (talk) 04:19, 13 May 2012 (UTC)
 * I had it listed on May 14 instead of May 13, which is now fixed. — howcheng  {chat} 17:36, 13 May 2012 (UTC)

2013 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 05:53, 12 May 2013 (UTC)
 * Omitted: Mexican–American War; Igor Sikorsky; Zakir Hussain (politician); Battle at Springmartin; Pope John Paul II assassination attempt; Enschede fireworks disaster
 * Included: Slavery in Brazil (2nd appearance, last in 2011); Giro d'Italia (first appearance; rescued from Ineligible); Our Lady of Fátima (6th appearance, last in 2010); Ben Carlin (first appearance); Li Hongzhi (2nd appearance, last in 2011; rescued from Ineligible); Andijan massacre (2nd appearance, last in 2010)

Edit request on 13 May 2013: 1985 Philadelphia aerial bombardment
Please consider adding the 1985 aerial bombing by the Philadelphia police of a besieged row house. Personally, I cannot remember any other such bombardments by local law enforcement officials. It’s rarity might make it interesting to other Wikipedians as well. See MOVE. Thanks!

—  Spike Toronto  14:37, 13 May 2013 (UTC)
 * ❌. The article has two major maintenance tags on it, which makes it ineligible (see the rules). — howcheng  {chat} 15:34, 13 May 2013 (UTC)

2014 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 06:46, 12 May 2014 (UTC)
 * Omitted: Slavery in Brazil; Giro d'Italia; Our Lady of Fátima; Ben Carlin; Li Hongzhi; Andijan massacre
 * Included: Red Fort (first appearance); War of the Bavarian Succession (2nd appearance, last in 2011); Igor Sikorsky (2nd appearance, last in 2012); Kfar Etzion massacre (first appearance); MOVE (2nd appearance, last in 2004; rescued from Ineligible)

2015 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 07:43, 11 May 2015 (UTC)
 * Moved to Ineligible: Mexican–American War (maintenance)
 * Omitted: War of the Bavarian Succession; Igor Sikorsky; Kfar Etzion massacre
 * Included: Slavery in Brazil (3rd appearance, last in 2013); Our Lady of Fátima (7th appearance, last in 2013); Andijan massacre (3rd appearance, last in 2013; 10th anniversary)
 * Repeats: Red Fort (2nd consecutive appearance, 2 total); MOVE (2nd consecutive appearance, 3 total; 30th anniversary)

2016 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 17:15, 12 May 2016 (UTC)
 * Omitted: Red Fort; Slavery in Brazil; Our Lady of Fátima; MOVE; Andijan massacre
 * Included: Julian of Norwich (2nd appearance, last in 2011; rescued from Ineligible); Maamme (5th appearance, last in 2008; rescued from Ineligible); Giro d'Italia (2nd appearance, last in 2013); Zakir Husain (politician) (2nd appearance, last in 2012); Li Hongzhi (3rd appearance, last in 2013)

2017 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 08:14, 12 May 2017 (UTC)
 * Omitted: Julian of Norwich; Maamme; Giro d'Italia; Zakir Husain (politician) (ineligible—maintenance)
 * Included: Red Fort (3rd appearance, last in 2015); War of the Bavarian Succession (3rd appearance, last in 2014); Our Lady of Fátima (8th appearance, last in 2015; 100th anniversary); Pope John Paul II assassination attempt (2nd appearance, last in 2012); John Nash (architect) (first appearance); Arthur Sullivan (first appearance); Lorna Hodgkinson (first appearance)
 * Repeats: Li Hongzhi (2nd consecutive appearance, 4 total(

2018 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 15:58, 14 May 2018 (UTC)
 * Moved to Ineligible: Maamme (maintenance); Kfar Etzion massacre (maintenance)
 * Rescued from Ineligible (unused): MOVE
 * New articles (unused): C/1861 J1; Blood, toil, tears and sweat; Alison Hargreaves; Soma mine disaster
 * Omitted: Red Fort (ineligible–maintenance); War of the Bavarian Succession; Our Lady of Fátima (ineligible–maintenance); Pope John Paul II assassination attempt; Li Hongzhi; John Nash (architect); Arthur Sullivan; Arthur Sullivan
 * Included: Robert Smalls (first appearance); Slavery in Brazil (4th appearance, last in 2015); Igor Sikorsky (3rd appearance, last in 2014); Ben Carlin (2nd appearance, last in 2013; 60th anniversary); Jaipur bombings (2nd appearance, last in 2011; 10th anniversary); Cornelis Schut (first appearance); Antonia Ferrín Moreiras (first appearance); H. Trendley Dean (first appearance)

2019 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 03:21, 10 May 2020 (UTC)
 * Moved to Ineligible: Pope John Paul II assassination attempt (maintenance)
 * Omitted: Robert Smalls; Slavery in Brazil; Igor Sikorsky; Ben Carlin; Jaipur bombings; Cornelis Schut; Antonia Ferrín Moreiras; H. Trendley Dean
 * Included: War of the Bavarian Succession (4th appearance, last in 2017); C/1861 J1 (first appearance); Blood, toil, tears and sweat (first appearance); Alison Hargreaves (first appearance); Soma mine disaster (first appearance); Kate Marsden (first appearance); Inge Lehmann (first appearance); Jagdish Mali (first appearance)

2020 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 16:25, 14 May 2020 (UTC)
 * Rescued from Ineligible (unused): May 1958 crisis in France
 * New articles (unused): Ralph Milne
 * Omitted: War of the Bavarian Succession; C/1861 J1; Blood, toil, tears and sweat; Alison Hargreaves; Soma mine disaster (ineligible—maintenance); Kate Marsden; Inge Lehmann; Jagdish Mali
 * Included: Julian of Norwich (3rd appearance, last in 2016); Red Fort (4th appearance, last in 2017; rescued from Ineligible); 13 May incident (first appearance; rescued from Ineligible); Enschede fireworks disaster (2nd appearance, last in 2012; 20th anniversary); Muhammad VII of Granada (first appearance); Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed (first appearance); David Malet Armstrong (first appearance)

2021 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 07:32, 15 May 2021 (UTC)
 * Omitted: Julian of Norwich; Red Fort; 13 May incident; Enschede fireworks disaster; Muhammad VII of Granada; Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed; David Malet Armstrong
 * Included: War of the Bavarian Succession (5th appearance, last in 2019); Robert Smalls (2nd appearance, last in 2018); 1909 Giro d'Italia/Giro d'Italia (1909: first appearance; race: 3rd appearance, last in 2016); May 1958 crisis in France (3rd appearance, last in 2010); Andijan massacre (4th appearance, last in 2015); Ole Worm (first appearance); Kate Marsden (2nd appearance, last in 2019); Ralph Milne (first appearance; 60th birthday)

2022 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 08:14, 14 May 2022 (UTC)
 * Moved to Ineligible: Slavery in Brazil (maintenance)
 * Omitted: War of the Bavarian Succession; Robert Smalls; 1909 Giro d'Italia/Giro d'Italia; May 1958 crisis in France; Andijan massacre; Ole Worm; Kate Marsden; Ralph Milne
 * Included: Julian of Norwich (4th appearance, last in 2020); C/1861 J1 (2nd appearance, last in 2019); Igor Sikorsky (4th appearance, last in 2018); Battle at Springmartin (2nd appearance, last in 2012 (!); 50th anniversary); Li Hongzhi (5th appearance, last in 2017; 30th anniversary); Cornelis Schut (2nd appearance, last in 2018; 425th birthday); Lorna Hodgkinson (3rd appearance, last in 2019); H. Trendley Dean (2nd appearance, last in 2018; 60th anniversary)


text:
Talk:William Sloane Coffin

Untitled
Under "Personal life" chapter; added his daughter Amy Coffin, and linked his first wife Eva Rubinstein to her own Wikipedia page. Yumgui — Preceding unsigned comment added by Yumgui (talk • contribs) 15:33, 16 June 2023 (UTC)

Please correct your encyclopedia. William Sloane Coffin lost his son in a car accident...not a mountain climbing accident. For confirmation, read his eulogy to his son...which is available online.

 * Someone has already corrected it. In case you come across another such inaccuracy, you can actually fix it yourself if you wish. Simply click the Edit this page link. Dori | Talk 17:56, Mar 8, 2004 (UTC)

Not Funny
Someone with a warped sense of humor(?) has added a sentence to the introductory paragraph that Bill was a supporter of Reagan and his milisary (sic) buildup.

I'd edit it; but it seems to be in a section not readily accessible. Could some good soul pleae delete the offending sentence?

Nothing could be futher form the truth.

Image on wikipage

No image appears. Sorry, I am not a computer scientist and I do not know how to fix it. 216.194.0.8 04:22, 13 April 2006 (UTC)

Soviet front
"... President of SANE/Freeze (now Peace Action), the well-known Soviet front organization, ..." Need footnote.

"...He took sabbatical from Yale in 1973, hoping to write his memoirs and save his second marriage. The effort failed. In November 1974, he inflicted a hairline skull fracture on his second wife. He had begun to beat her when they quarreled. " Meeds footnote. --GangofOne 06:11, 14 April 2006 (UTC)

THis seems to be the origin of the stupid edits: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Sloane_Coffin&diff=prev&oldid=48368333. Will revert. --GangofOne 06:18, 14 April 2006 (UTC)

A Great Man, Teacher, Christian, Human Rights Advocate
God Bless you, even though I never met you, I feel that I have know you all my life. I first learned of you from a book I read at my church All Saints in Pasadena, California. May you rest in Peace and may your family be at peace. "I want to get to heaven when I die", "They will know we are Christians by our love". Love Joe Omar Gonzales

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title: Talk:William Sloane Coffin


text:
Swona

Swona is an uninhabited privately owned island in the Pentland Firth off the north coast of Scotland. It has a herd of feral cattle resulting from the abandonment of stock in 1974.

Geography and geology
Swona is the more northerly of two islands in the Pentland Firth between the Orkney Islands and Caithness on the Scottish mainland. It lies in the southern approach to Scapa Flow, west of South Ronaldsay.

Situated in the tidal stream of the Pentland Firth, a tidal race is present at both the north and south ends of the island, being minimal briefly at the turn of the tide. Between the races is a calm eddy which extends down-tide as the tide strengthens. The races are highly visible, with over-falls and whirlpools. Large swell waves can also be present, especially in bad weather conditions. When entering or leaving the eddies crossing the races, even large powerful vessels can be pushed off course, such is the demarcation between the relatively calm eddy and the fast-moving tide in the races.

Swona is about 1+1/4 mi long by about 1/2 mi wide, with a maximum height of approximately 41 m and an area of about 92 ha. It is made up of Old Red Sandstone with cliffs on the east coast.

It is administered as part of the Orkney Islands, while Stroma, to the south, is part of the Highland Region (although traditionally part of Caithness). There is no regular access to the island, however, the Pentland Ferries sailing from Gills Bay, near John o' Groats, to St Margaret's Hope usually passes close to the island, dependent on the tidal direction at the time.

In 2005 Swona was owned by two Orkney farmers, but not worked due to difficulty of access. It is a SSSI (Site of Special Scientific Interest) conservation area with a number of rare plants.

History
The island takes its name from Old Norse, Svíney or Swefney, meaning either "Swine Isle" or "Sweyn's Isle". There is a similarly named island, Svínoy, in the Faroe Islands.

There are prehistoric, pre-Norse and Norse remains on the island. More recent crofting settlement remains include a herd of feral cattle. The island was populated from around 500 BC until 1974.

Boats were built on the island for a number of years. The last of these, the Hood can be seen pulled well up the shingle beach by the landing stage. It is no longer seaworthy, having a hole in it caused by the feral cows using it as a rubbing post. The landing stage and boat can be seen briefly in passing through a gap in the rocks near the north end of the island on the east side. The last house to be occupied can also be seen in this area.

The island was the site of many shipwrecks caused by the strong currents in the Pentland Firth. In 1931, a 6,000 ton Danish freighter called Pennsylvania was wrecked on the island. The Orkney newspaper of the time said that it was one of the most richly-laden ships that was ever wrecked in the area. After some salvaging, the wreck was finally bought by a syndicate of Stroma and Swona men.

The Swona Minor light was built in 1906 on the south west tip of Swona. It was originally a cast iron tower but was replaced by a reinforced concrete square tower sometime in the 1980s. The earlier Stroma Lighthouse was built in 1896 and stands at the northern end of the Island of Stroma.

In summer 1973 Arthur Rosie left the island and died shortly afterwards. James and Violet Rosie (brother and sister) left in March 1974. James had Parkinsons Disease and died c. 1976 of a perforated stomach ulcer. Violet died c. 1984 in South Ronaldsay. They returned only periodically to the island. Many of the houses, while in a state of dilapidation, are as they were left, with various possessions still to be seen where they were left.

Swona is one of the locations described in Cal Flyn's Islands of Abandonment: Life in the Post-Human Landscape (2020, William Collins: ISBN 978-0008329761).

In July 2022 the Pentland Ferries' vessel MV Alfred, running between Gills Bay and St Margaret's Hope, grounded on Swona.

Wildlife
When the population departed they left a herd of beef cattle – eight cows and one bull (Shorthorn - Aberdeen-Angus cross). Five generations later, in 2004, the herd which had turned feral was still going strong, and is now classified as a new breed in the World Dictionary of Livestock Breeds. It then consisted of ten bulls, four cows and two calves. Two calves are born each spring, although not all live to maturity. The herd gets no additional feed, although it is checked by a vet each year. The animals are self-selecting for hardiness, easy calving, and low-maintenance, feeding off the grass and seaweed.

Having been separated from the mainland for so long, they are completely disease-free, and have reverted to wild behaviour. Because of this, DNA samples have been taken, from the ears of some of the cattle that died. In the summer the main herd is usually in the centre of the island. By 2012 the herd had settled to an average of seventeen animals. This appears to be around the maximum number that the island can support. In 2017 The BBC documentary series Britain's Ancient Capital: Secrets of Orkney briefly visited Swona. Chris Packham counted twenty cows and calves and three bulls.

The island is part of the Pentland Firth Islands Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) and is home to thousands of breeding seabirds, including Arctic terns (Sterna paradisaea) which have a colony on the northern part of the island, and Atlantic puffins (Fratercula arctica) which burrow into the hillside.

title: Swona


text:
Chico MacMurtrie

Chico MacMurtrie was born in New Mexico in 1961. MacMurtrie received his M.F.A. from the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) and is internationally recognized as a media artist exploring the intersection of robotic sculpture, installation, and performance. In 1991 MacMurtrie formed Amorphic Robot Works, a group of artists and engineers working together to create robotic art performances and installations. Throughout the 1990s, Chico MacMurtrie / Amorphic Robot Works created a body of work composed of hundreds of kinetic, at times percussive or musical metal sculptures which have been exhibited in different configurations mostly throughout Europe, Asia, and Latin America. In 2004, MacMurtrie operated a material shift from working with metal to creating his sculptures out of high tensile fabric. The inflatable sculptures or Inflatable Architectural Bodies are concerned with organic form and the expression of transient qualities of human or animal movement embodied through abstract robotic form.

MacMurtrie is a Guggenheim Fellow and has previously been awarded five grants from the National Endowment for the Arts. Other grants and awards he received include the San Francisco Bay Guardian Goldie Award; Prix Ars Electronica; Vida | Life; the New York Foundation for the Arts Fellowship; the Map Fund Grant, and the Media Arts Foundation Grant.

The artist's most notable public sculpture is Urge to Stand and permanently installed at Yerba Buena Gardens in San Francisco, California. This sculpture was created in 1999, and is composed of an androgynous metal figure standing or sitting on top of a 12-foot earth sphere linked to a bench, reacting to visitors sitting or standing up. Other public commissions include Fetus to Man a sculpture/clock for the city of Lille in France, and Growing Raining Tree commissioned by the Contemporary Arts Center in Cincinnati Ohio.

ARW's Artistic Director Chico MacMurtrie, describes his vision, "The work is an ongoing endeavor to uncover the primacy of movement and sound. Each machine is inspired or influenced, both, by modern society, and what I physically experience and sense. The whole of this input informs my ideas and work."

title: Chico MacMurtrie