text:
Talk:Fathers 4 Justice

Refusal to Allow Any Other Point of View?
I note that any attempt to alter this page to reflect a more balanced view or other experiences of F4J is being re-edited to return it to its original entirely pro-F4J stance. Having been on the receiving end of F4J at "its worst", I can only reiterate that cheerful non-violence is not its only approach.

This is not a forum for debate. If you have had any adverse experiences of the Fathers 4 Justice (and I'm not disputing you have) I suggest sending an account of them to a newspaper or finding another means of promoting them. (StudentSteve 16:40, 2 February 2006 (UTC))

Those maniacs have gone too far!
F4J have gone to far. If they can kidnap Leo Blair, then who next? Daniel Radcliffe? Hermione? One of the Queen's corgis? This has got to stop NOW. How long before they are hooked up with Bin Liner and the rest in an invincible international terrorist conspiracy designed to bring this country to its KNEES? We should send in the SAS (disguised as DangerMouse and Penfold or Count Duckula) to infiltrate them in whatever cave their lair is located and wipe them out to a man. Badgerpatrol 03:46, 18 January 2006 (UTC)

 * You mean you believe what The Sun says? I have to admit though that they are going to end up going the way of the Animal Rights idiots, which would be a shame. 88.110.36.113 10:06, 9 July 2006 (UTC)

(PS- The state of this article is embarassingly bad) Badgerpatrol 03:46, 18 January 2006 (UTC)

The state of this article is apallingly bad. The Politics section reads like you had thrown the F4J manifesto into a food mixer and then printed whatever came out. DJ Clayworth 14:49, 18 January 2006 (UTC)

Minor edit
I made a small change to the tense that one of the paragraphs was written in, in light of the fact that the founder of the organisation has said that they have 'disbanded'. Let me know if i'm breeching ettiquette in anyway here.86.2.147.140 22:54, 18 January 2006 (UTC)

What the Police said about Kidnapping Leo Blair
which is true?

In the disbandment section is written: "Police said that they were aware of such a plan, but that it had never got beyond 'the chattering stage', and did not comment on who was involved."

In the Leo Blair article "Downing Street and the police officially refused to confirm or deny the story."

Fegor 16:30, 17 March 2006 (UTC)

Redrafted article
I have redrafted the article, I was primarily concerned with removing POV which was quite strong throughout. The boldest part of the edit was the removal of the politics section which was essentially a manifesto. I have added instead an Impact section. In the process, the article has been shortened. This was not an attempt to remove relevant information but merely to make it more concise and to eliminate POV. I've reordered some of the page to break it up into headings slightly more easily. I have copyedited and wikilinked throughout. I haven't yet touched the links or the see also which appear to be quite numerous but may do so in a future edit. I am happy to discuss reasons behind any of the redraft. MLA 13:34, 5 April 2006 (UTC)

The article if terribly biased. The fact that it even mentions the alleged kidnapping of Leo Blair in the opening paragraph indicates this. There was no such evidence of any such plot. No one was ever arrested. No details were even released of this supposed plot. The police said they had uncovered a plot and everyone took this as gospel. When terror plots are broken people are arrested and tried. Where were the suspects here? It was merely a smear campaign by the authorities to get the fathers rights movement to disappear quietly. People in power do not want the secret family courts to be exposed for what they are because it would be too embarassing for the establishment. If people knew what an unjust system exists in this supposed "free country" there would be uproar. One thing is fact - in this country you do not have a right in law to see your own children. Therefore, if one parent denies another access (usually the mother) then the father will have to seek a court order. This takes months for a start to even get a court hearing - in the mean time there is no contact - all precious father time that can never be made up is lost. Then when it finally does come to court a judge will merely rubber stamp what ever the mother wants. This is usually 1 hour per week supervised contact, sometimes 1 hour per fortnight. If an order is broken it will never be enforced. Father will simply have to wait many months for the next court hearing without any contact with the kids. I fail to see how this in the "interests of the child" which is the guise the corrupt family courts and CRAPCASS hide behind. In what other section of society does a father have to be intorduced or re-introduced to his children? None. Returning military personnell do not have to be re-introduced to their children. Even criminals are released from prison and no one feels the need for them to be re-introduced to their children yet, these are sometimes murderers and rapists. Yet, separated fathers who love their children and once had regular contact find themselves on the receiving end of an unjust system that says they need to be re-introduced to their children by form of supervised limited contact. It's utter nonsense and if the family courts were open to public scrutiny then this sort of mind boggling madness would not go on. On top of all that father has to pay the Child Support Agency maintenance and is classed as an absent father through no faught of his own, as well as having to pay the cost of taking the ex-partner to court to try to get contact with his children and then the cost of maintaing the children when he finally has contact again. One thing I am certain of - history will look back on this herculian struggle the same as it does with other moral and social wrongs such as slavery in the last century. The kids will be thankful and whatever your views on Fathers 4 Justice no other pressure group has highlighted the moral wrongs that currently exist in the UK family courts and put the subject of fathers rights high up in the political stratosphere. Me personally, I just want to be a father to my own daughter. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 135.196.21.11 (talk) 12:09, 20 September 2007 (UTC)

Portal needed
This article ranges all over the place and covers numerous related but different issues arising in any number of jurisdictions. I think it would greatly benefit from creation of a Portal and urge you please to vote in favour on page Portal/Proposals - -  Kittybrewster 22:11, 10 May 2006 (UTC)

Links ReORG
I have reorganised the links section, there were many unnecessary links as well as older news articles with little relavence. I have also removed any broken links. Michaelrccurtis 15:52, 29 May 2006 (UTC)

Edit regarding activities
I have just made what I feel to be a fairly neutral edit to this page regarding F4J's activities. However, given the volatile nature of this article I'm sure it'll generate some heat. Before it gets deleted I'd like to note that the addition was purely factual and sourced with a Times article. It does not deal with the politics of the group's cause but only with documented actions many of which have also been admitted by the group and/or Matt O'Connor. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 82.32.4.63 (talk • contribs) 07:07, 4 June 2006 (UTC)

Contact figues
Wrt to the denied contact figures, I've added a reference request for the figure, but it also needs clarifying what the two sides are saying. From what I understand, both could be correct, but talking about different things. For example, one news report on F4J I read suggested that while the father may have access granted by the court, often the mother would refuse contact, so the figure for "contact denied by the court" and "contact denied by other parent" might be significantly different. (Indeed, I have read that the main F4J complaint was just this - that there was no way to enforce access granted by the court if it was denied by the other parent. Regards, MartinRe 21:50, 7 June 2006 (UTC)

Duplication
The May 20th 2006 incident is described in 3 separate places, with a lot of redundancy... AnonMoos 21:59, 8 July 2006 (UTC)
 * I make it 4. It's pretty ridiculous--Gordon (talk) 23:02, 16 March 2008 (UTC)

Reinstating cited comments
I notice from this page's history that somewhere between 23rd and 27th July an entire section of text under 'Criticisms', detailing F4J attacks upon personal members, was removed without rephrasing, substitution or explanation.

Now, I don't claim to have any personal experience of the group's activities, but the excised section was sourced from a perfectly legitimate article in the Times and merely cited information already present in that said article. Whether or not the allegations are true, the fact that they have been reported in the national press (to my mind, and I would hope most minds) constitutes a valid reason for their inclusion in this entry, albeit with a clear explanation of what has been confirmed and what is speculation. Just to remove them is vandalism - perhaps with an agenda.

I have therefore reinstated the text with minor rephrasing to reflect more clearly the article from which it was sourced. --137.222.218.10 19:26, 5 August 2006 (UTC)Jimmy burton 05 Aug 06

Self Serving
Each time I come to this page (it's on my watch list), I am amazed at how doggedly Matt's minions revert edits that are critical of his selling out to the system, or any criticism of F4J. There is no mention of the huge contributions of Dave Ellison or Jamil Jabar.

It is important to note that F4J USA is a separate organization that chose to distance itself from Matt and his henchmen in the UK. He has never understood the difference between the UK and the USA, and that is part of the reason for the failure of the organization to achieve its goals. Cia123454321 14:56, 14 December 2006 (UTC)

 * In that case stuff about the F4J USA really should be in an article of its own. Paulleake 01:18, 17 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Why not add a paragraph about Dave and Jamil? - Kittybrewster 07:58, 17 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Kitty - I will do that when I get a "round tuit." I also think a paragraph about Ohio's John Fowler is in order. Cia123454321 20:34, 6 January 2007 (UTC)

There is a pattern here. Any criticism of Matt and the basically defunct F4J UK is deleted, as is anything positive about the USA. Cia123454321 02:41, 19 December 2006 (UTC)

Vandalism
This page is being vandalized by "Hunter365," a sockpuppet from one of the radical feminist anti-father organizations. This only shows the useless nature of Wikipedia, since any fool like Hunter can come to an article and vandalize it. Useless. Absolutely useless. If you want to learn anything about F4J, go to the website, www.f4jusa.com or www.f4j.com for it is highly unlikely that you'll get anything of substance here. Cia123454321 16:43, 13 February 2007 (UTC) --Hunter365 16:45, 13 February 2007 (UTC) This is vandalism. Stop it now.--Hunter365 16:49, 13 February 2007 (UTC)

Hunter365 is a sockpuppet troll of Liz Richards and Cindy Ross. Hunter365 is a troll and vandal and has been directed to stop more than once. The matter is being escalated to the upper reaches of Wiki-land with the intent of permanently banning this "person" who cannot but spread lies, libel people, and vandalize pages that disagree with her warped political perspective. Cia123454321 21:17, 13 February 2007 (UTC)

You poor sad man. If the powers that be take a look you are the on who will be banned forever, not to mention the libellous allegations you have made against Liz and Cindy--Hunter365 21:23, 13 February 2007 (UTC)

You sad sod. Libel. Hmmm, it seems you have just violated one of the Wiki-rules and alleged the commission of a crime. You are on the "to be banned" list, and even more! Cia123454321 04:41, 15 February 2007 (UTC)

Removal
I removed this sentence;

"Other critics have challenged that while there are occasions that fathers are prevented from seeing their children, there are many other cases of absent parents failing to maintain contact even when allowed by the courts, or making agreed maintenance payments."

as it is both irrelevant and sickeningly stupid. 80.192.46.15 00:47, 5 January 2007 (UTC)

This article should be split
This article should be split into articles for the original UK F4J and related bodies and the US F4J as this would allow a better structure, greater clarity and less general aggro. Any thoughts? Paulleake 14:02, 14 January 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree completely, the article doesn't read very well at present with all the US references - very confusing. US, Canadian, Dutch braches etc need to be in a different article or each have their own articles. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.3.255.72 (talk) 02:47, 29 April 2008 (UTC)

This article should not be split
I disagree. The f4j began in the UK and spread to the USA. It ended due to the efforts of the founder Matt O'Connor. It continues to exist today due to the efforts of Jamil Jabr and several other dedicated family rights activists. It should not be split, but the path of F4j needs to be clarified. Once past the introductory paragraph, this article is a train wreck. Cia123454321 04:00, 20 January 2007 (UTC)

BBC Show - a bit POV
"The show had to be taken off-air for several minutes after six Fathers 4 Justice protesters ..."

"Had to be"? Nothing in the source indicates this. Surely 'was taken off air'? Maybe even 'was taken off air because....'

Am I unduly pedantic?

Terrorism
Use of the word terrorise in the criticism section lacks credibility. The article cited disassociates itself from the word by putting it in quotes, then fails to source the "quote".

The tone is very POV; the whole article needs an overhaul.

Citation
Are there any citations to show the quote below is true?

"Internet chatrooms are frequently hijacked and used as a form of free advertising, this is achieved by flooding the target room with bots until all but a few available spots in the room are filled. So anyone joining the room will see the fathers for justice name. It is unknown if fathers for justice also employ 'boot' programs to evict geniuine chatters from the rooms, though it is likely that without employing such measures that total dominance could be achieved. (note these programs cause data loss on some networks as all communications will be instantly terminated and closed, not only disrupting people but harming them.)"

Thanks!! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.108.138.139 (talk) 04:23, 25 December 2007 (UTC)

Editing badly needed
This article is in desperate need of some truly critical editing. Many parts of it are poorly written, there's not enough citation, and then there was this: "Whilst family law workers are taking millions of UK children away from fathers by labelling fathers with personality disorders without proof it has become evident that those taking the children have themselves shown signs of Sadistic Personality Disorder:" It isn't just unverifiable and original research (and did I mention WP:SOAP and WP:NPA?) it's also terribly written. It's gone now, thank God, but the article can still do better. (ETA forgot to sign. Oops!) --ChandlerH (talk) 17:12, 14 January 2008 (UTC)

Attacking?
"They have also protested by physically attacking two female government ministers. [2] [3]" One of these incidents, handcuffing himself to the minister is clearly assault, though I'm not sure I'd call it an attack. The other...how is scaling her house with or without her presence a 'physical attack'? I think we either need substantially more evidence, or to rephrase.

My preferred language: They have also protested by scaling the house of _____ Minister of _____ and on one occasion Jolly Stanesbury, a member of Fathers 4 Justice handcuffed himself to Margaret Hodge Children's Minister.

Comments? 24.19.241.40 (talk) 03:45, 20 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Good. Kittybrewster  ☎  03:52, 20 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Agreed. Much better wording.  -- SiobhanHansa 01:12, 21 September 2008 (UTC)

Neutrality
This article is headed by 2 banners - one saying that the neutrality of the article is disputed; the other that a major contributor is pushing a POV. Both of these may or may not be true but I would be grateful for clarification as to why? Otherwise we have no hope in clearing up the article. Can we have a bit more detail please. Contaldo80 (talk) 09:41, 22 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Just came here hoping to learn something about the group, but the article really is written strongly from the POV of the organisation. The section on criticism is the most problematic with highly POV phrases such as vitriolic polemics, and every criticism is countered and dismissed from the POV of the organisation. I don't really know the history so can't comment on the conflict of interest issue. Babakathy (talk) 16:16, 26 September 2008 (UTC)

Fathers for Justice US(A)
I removed a link to F4J.US and was reverted with the comment: ''...f4j.us relates to F4J, the topic of this article. change the article topic to F4J UK or incluide F4J us, the link to F4J usa is a webage on the F4J UK site, with no known members in the US''

This comment seems to claim that the group with the website f4j.usa has no US members though from the clear affiliation with the 4fj.co.uk site is related to the f4j UK group that this article is about. So is 4fj.us a part of the same group as f4J in the UK or is it a separate group with the same name?

Because if it isn't related we shouldn't be mentioning it here on this article. (Disambiguation is a separate issue - if it's a separate group and notable enough for an article it should have a separate article - not be mixed in with this one. If it's a separate group and not notable enough we should probably be ignoring it).

My reading of the IPs comment and of the websites is that the f4j.us group isn't actually affiliated with the group this article is actually about. Any one have clearer understanding? -- SiobhanHansa 14:38, 27 October 2008 (UTC)

 * Since no one has commented otherwise, I'm going to go with my interpretation and remove the link again. -- SiobhanHansa 12:50, 29 October 2008 (UTC)

Criticism
As the Times article referenced is no longer publicly accessible, how much of the Criticism section is actually taken from that article? I've added a citation tag to an early sentence just in case. Ben Finn (talk) 14:02, 7 July 2012 (UTC)

I have deleted the phrase "pushing rotten meat or fish through letterboxes" as this was nothing to do with Fathers 4 Justice, I was actually a witness at the trial and subsequent successful appeal of the person charged with this act (despite the police and CPS knowing who actually did it!), without naming names the individual responsible was a sole individual with personal grievances over CAFCASS Portsmouth and not a member of Fathers 4 Justice, hence the correction. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Stuart264 (talk • contribs) 13:14, 2 October 2012 (UTC)

Deborah Ross comment.
The article states

"Deborah Ross, after interviewing him for The Independent described O'Connor as 'aggressive'."

However the actual article reads, "There is quite a lot of aggressive male stuff going on here". The only valid context is that the article is not calling Matt O'Connor aggressive in himself, more the idea's being talked about. Even if you doubt that, it's far from calling him aggressive in himself.

Akin to how someone would call radical feminism aggressive, even if the the individual is not.

As such I think the quote from the article is very misleading. Also reference 3 has no baring on the previous points.

Also in interests to neutrality, reference 2 seems very biased. Although it is a mainstream new article, in itself the author seems to have a very skewed perception of the movement. In itself simply putting "Deborah Ross, after interviewing him for The Independent described O'Connor as 'aggressive'." while giving no context to the conversation seems very misleading.

A better way to word it would be "Deborah Ross, after interviewing him for The Independent described O'Connor views concerning father's rights 'aggressive'". This would be a good compromise but I still feel the Deborah Ross reference is misleading in it's use.

The Deborah Ross source in itself is not very reliable as all sources need to be as neutral as possible. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 90.220.122.95 (talk • contribs)
 * The Ross interview with O'Connor is by an award-winning journalist, published in an award-winning, high-circulation national broadsheet newspaper. What would you consider to be a more reliable source? I've improved the context by quoting the sentence more fully, but there's really no reason to keep deleting the reference citing one of the few interviews he's given to a mainstream newspaper. It might be critical of him in places, but it's not a hatchet piece, and she compliments him a few times in the course of the article. Ruby   Murray  19:00, 6 April 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Fathers 4 Justice. Please take a moment to review my edit. You may add after the link to keep me from modifying it, if I keep adding bad data, but formatting bugs should be reported instead. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether, but should be used as a last resort. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20140324010702/http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-464366/Fathers-rights-campaigner-jailed-child-support-battle.html to http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-464366/Fathers-rights-campaigner-jailed-child-support-battle.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 11:05, 28 March 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 5 one external links on Fathers 4 Justice. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20130920072204/http://www.independent.co.uk:80/news/people/profiles/matt-oconnor-the-man-behind-fathers4justice-406610.html to http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/matt-oconnor-the-man-behind-fathers4justice-406610.html
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20141202024221/http://www.carolinenokes.com/campaigns/family-law-reform/children-families-bill-debate/ to http://www.carolinenokes.com/campaigns/family-law-reform/children-families-bill-debate/
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20130922200207/https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/78977/coalition_programme_for_government.pdf to https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/78977/coalition_programme_for_government.pdf
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20131102025004/https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/217343/family-justice-review-final-report.pdf to https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/217343/family-justice-review-final-report.pdf
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20131122063239/http://www.robertscentre.org.uk:80/the-children-and-families-bill-2013-new-shared-parenting-rules/ to http://www.robertscentre.org.uk/the-children-and-families-bill-2013-new-shared-parenting-rules/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 11:37, 24 April 2016 (UTC)

Fathers for Justice Purple Period and the painting of the Cafcass Doors
Hi there

Can anybody explain to me why there is no information on the purple painting of the Cafcass Doors in Ipswich and Portsmouth and the reasons behind why they were painted purple. The painting of the Cafcass Door in Portsmouth in of particular importance as there is serious evidence of Portsmouth Judicary,police and CPS acting unlawfully to cover up the reason why Pam Merritt's Cafcass Door in Portsmouth was painting Purple.

Regards

Paul Summerfield

painter of the Portsmouth Cafcass Door — Preceding unsigned comment added by 109.149.127.144 (talk) 23:29, 15 December 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 3 one external links on Fathers 4 Justice. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20131102025004/https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/217343/family-justice-review-final-report.pdf to https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/217343/family-justice-review-final-report.pdf
 * Added tag to http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130401151715/https:/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20131122063239/http://www.robertscentre.org.uk:80/the-children-and-families-bill-2013-new-shared-parenting-rules/ to http://www.robertscentre.org.uk/the-children-and-families-bill-2013-new-shared-parenting-rules/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20131102123716/http://www.romseyadvertiser.co.uk/archive/2013/05/03/10397927.Fathers_for_Justice_face_Twitter_ban_over_campaign/ to http://www.romseyadvertiser.co.uk/archive/2013/05/03/10397927.Fathers_for_Justice_face_Twitter_ban_over_campaign/
 * Added tag to http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130401151715/https:/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 04:36, 30 December 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Fathers 4 Justice. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://archive.is/20140121093554/http://www.fathers-4-justice.org/f4j-fact-check-home-truths/ to http://www.fathers-4-justice.org/f4j-fact-check-home-truths/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 22:55, 11 December 2017 (UTC)

Removing badly sourced accusation
I want to suggest removing the statement from Caroline Nooks accused F4J of criminal behavior as the only source for it is herself. LordFluffington454 (talk) 10:09, 15 July 2018 (UTC)
 * I've added another source. Theroadislong (talk) 10:47, 15 July 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Fathers 4 Justice


text:
File:Arms-crayford.jpg

Arms of Crayford Urban District Council. From civicheraldry.co.uk, with permission.

About the civic heraldry images...

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: File:Arms-crayford.jpg


text:
2003 Quebec general election

The 2003 Quebec general election was held on April 14, 2003, to elect members of the National Assembly of Quebec (Canada). The Parti libéral du Québec (PLQ), led by Jean Charest, defeated the incumbent Parti Québécois, led by Premier Bernard Landry, in a landslide.

In Champlain there was a tie between PQ candidate Noëlla Champagne and Liberal candidate Pierre-A. Brouillette; although the initial tally was 11,867 to 11,859, a judicial recount produced a tally of 11,852 each. A new election was held on May 20 and was won by Champagne by a margin of 642 votes.

Unfolding
In January 2001, Lucien Bouchard announced that he would resign from public life, citing that the results of his work were not very convincing. In March 2001, the Parti Québécois selected Bernard Landry as leader by acclamation, thus becoming premier of Quebec. In 2002, the Parti Québécois (PQ) government had been in power for two mandates. It was seen as worn-out by some, and its poll numbers fell sharply. It placed third at its lowest point. An important part of its support was going to the Action Démocratique du Québec (ADQ) and its young leader, Mario Dumont. Some PQ supporters had left for the Liberal party.

Landry, leader of the PQ, undertook a revitalization of the party and its image. As the ideas of the conservative nature of ADQ's platform became more apparent, that party's popularity declined. Social democratic measures taken by the PQ government, like the passing of the "Law against poverty" helped improve the PQ's standing in the public opinion polls. PLQ leader Jean Charest initially continued to be unpopular with voters.

The 2003 election happened against the backdrop of the war in Iraq. The battles of that war took place during the first half of the campaign, diverting the attention of the media and the population. Landry became known for his custom of wearing the white ribbon (which in 2003 was worn by people in favour of peace). This custom was shortly followed by the two other main party leaders, Charest and Dumont. Landry was the most outspoken critic of the war. The other two were more discreet on the matter. Charest once stated that it was an opportunity to reaffirm his "belief in peace". Dumont acted in a similar way, while also addressing criticism to Landry, saying that Quebecers should refrain from criticizing Americans too harshly since Americans were historical friends of Quebecers.

The desire for change was considered an important factor of the campaign (see "Change", below). However, while reminding voters that the fundamental change was at the core of its primary ideal, sovereignty, the PQ focused its message and publicity not on change, but on stability. Its campaign slogan emphasized this (see the Campaign slogans below). Landry also tried to portray the vote as being a choice between the left wing PQ and two parties of the right. The PLQ portrayed itself as centrist. The PLQ produced dynamic ads and material, and released a new, younger logo. The ADQ put forward its young, underdog leader, and denied being too much to the right. It first broadcast a negative advertisement (a bleak television spot speaking of deaths in the hospitals) that backfired substantially, with criticism from opponents and citizens. It shortly released a brighter, more positive advertising.

Despite the PQ's recovery of support, Charest appeared as a viable alternative for people in desire of change, especially during the Leaders' Debate. Also, the Parizeau Affair sparked by Charest is said to have harmed Landry's campaign up to election day. The PQ lead in the public opinion polls vanished by mid-campaign.

The Parti Libéral won the election, while Parti Québécois won a respectable number of seats. The ADQ won four seats, which was a considerable improvement from previous general elections. It was nonetheless a disappointment for the party since it had five sitting members as a result of by-election victories in the previous year. It had also had a high standing in the polls of that same year. This was the first general election for the new left-wing Union des forces progressistes.

A documentary about Bernard Landry's point of view of the campaign was released in 2003 called À Hauteur d'homme. It was directed by Jean-Claude Labrecque.

Health care
Jean Charest and the PLQ focused their campaign upon the issue of health care and reducing waiting lists. The other major parties criticized Charest for planning to invest only in health care and education, while freezing other budgets. Landry argued that money for health care would be available when the fiscal imbalance was solved by sovereignty. He vowed to fight for money from Ottawa until then, as he had done earlier that year (see the "Fiscal Imbalance", below). Charest portrayed Landry as putting sovereignty ahead of health care, and presented his party as the one that would make health care its first priority. He also accused Landry's government of using waiting lists as an administration procedure for hospitals.

Change
The desire for change was considered by the media to be a major deciding factor of the vote. The media were criticized by the PQ and some citizens as "wanting change for the sake of change", since the government had ended its term with an economy doing well and high satisfaction polls for an outgoing administration. Landry reminded voters that, while voting for his party did not change the government right away, the first ideal of the PQ, sovereignty, was "the greatest of changes". At the Leaders' Debate, Charest told viewers that those wanting change should vote for the PLQ since "A vote for the ADQ is a vote for the PQ". At the time, the ADQ was considered to be too low in the polls to be a potential victor. Charest's reminder of the spoiler effect is said to have been partly responsible for his victory on election day. The results on election day appear to have demonstrated the voters' desire for change.

Income tax
Charest presented a plan of major reduction of income tax, which Landry opposed. Quebec's income taxes are the highest in North America, but its social programs are also relatively generous, and the gap between rich and poor is the lowest of the North American continent. The ADQ presented a flat tax plan in 2002. This proved to be highly unpopular, and contributed to the image of the party as being too conservative. This plan, in its pure form, was dropped in the beginning of 2003. The ADQ claimed that, after further examination, the Quebec government did not have the resources to implement it. This, again, hurt the party further by giving it the image of flip flopping.

State size and intervention
The PQ government was criticized by the two other major parties for being too interventionist, maintaining an overly large government, and for practising statism. Dumont spoke of Landry and the PQ's "Social bureaucracy", a pun on the Social democracy the PQ defends. Landry responded to Charest and Dumont that "Quebecers do not want less state, they want better state". Dumont had previously proposed a drastic reduction in the size of the civil service, but this was also softened before the campaign.

Family-work conciliation
The conciliation famille-travail became an important issue of the campaign as a result of Landry's "Four day work-week" plan. This proposal would have required Quebec employers to offer the option of a four-day work week to parents. This was presented by the PQ as a way to enhance family life, lower the stress on parents, and of counteracting the fall in Quebec's birthrate since the Quiet Revolution. The plan was attacked by the PLQ and ADQ as being "improvised" since it was only presented near the beginning of the election. It attracted some interest and support from voters, enough for Charest to declare, days before voting day, that he could consider implementing a four-day week, although the PLQ has not mentioned this since the election.

Fiscal imbalance
The theory of a fiscal imbalance between Ottawa and Quebec City was maintained and denounced by all major parties. Charest argued that the co-operative approach of a federalist party like the PLQ would be more effective solving the problem. As proof that the PQ would be able to solve the fiscal imbalance, Landry pointed to his success of early 2003, when he, along with the English Canadian Premiers, managed to come to an agreement with Prime Minister of Canada Jean Chrétien for more money to finance health care. He promised to continue the "battle" to solve the imbalance until independence is achieved.

City mergers
The PQ government, during the premiership of Landry's predecessor Lucien Bouchard, had merged the major cities of Quebec. The government argued that the mergers would allow a better division of the wealth and responsibilities between richer suburban communities and poorer parts of the main cities. The mergers occurred despite widespread opposition in some municipalities. Many Quebecers were still disgruntled, especially in wealthier and anglophone communities. The PLQ proposed to allow referendums on de-amalgamation in communities where there was sufficient support. The PQ and the ADQ strongly opposed the idea.

Sovereignty and autonomy
While the PQ continued to promote sovereignty for Quebec with its usual arguments (dignity, culture, globalization, etc.), it was also presented by the PQ as a way to solve the fiscal imbalance problem. The ADQ made great efforts to avoid taking a position on the subject of independence in order to attract both sides of the National Question spectrum. The ADQ positioned itself as a "third way" to Quebecers between what Dumont called "radical separation" and "knelt down federalism". The ADQ had worked in favour of sovereignty during the 1995 Quebec referendum, but had been equivocal on the subject since then.

The PLQ criticized the PQ for using the politics of confrontation because of its sovereignty position, and argued that a PLQ government would restore Quebec's "leadership role" in the federation. Landry promised a third referendum on independence "in 1000 days", confirming the plan he had set out in the Declaration of Gatineau, with support for independence running very low and support for a referendum running even lower in opinion polls; this did not prove to be a popular position. An argument of Landry for this timetable was that he wanted Quebec to be present at the Summit of the Americas in Buenos Aires in 2005. Representation for Quebec had been denied by Ottawa at the previous summit held in Quebec City, an act that angered many Quebecers. At the same time, Landry kept the door opened to federalist support for the PQ and stated that he would only hold a referendum if he had the "moral assurance" of winning it. This lead Charest to accuse him of having a "hidden agenda", during the Leaders' Debate.

Parizeau Affair
On the day of the leaders' debate, Charest's advisors gave him an article from the website of the Trois-Rivières newspaper Le Nouvelliste that spoke of past PQ leader Jacques Parizeau restating his controversial remarks about "money and the ethnic vote" which he had made in his 1995 referendum concession speech. The truth of the article was later disputed, yet despite the uncertainty surrounding this article, Charest surprised Landry with it during the leaders' debate on live television. This created a new controversy that ran for some days following the debate, and was said to have hurt Landry's campaign. The PQ denounced Charest for launching an "immoral attack" on Parizeau's reputation and dignity, saying that the article was incorrect in concluding that he had repeated his comments, but this method of response was not enough to defuse the controversy. The aftermath of the leaders' debate is thoroughly treated in the À Hauteur d'homme documentary, and became known as the Parizeau Affair.

Day care
The "five dollar-a-day child care" program implemented by the PQ government of Lucien Bouchard was one of the most appreciated achievements of the recent PQ administration. Some parents still did not have access to it, however, because of a lack of sufficient places. Landry, who had been Minister of Finance when the plan was implemented, vowed to continue creating more spaces. Charest presented his team as the most capable for this task. He also vowed to keep the price at $5 a day. He broke this promise later that year. See Opposition to the Charest government.

Public debt
The Action Démocratique insisted that the Government of Quebec should pay down the public debt. The other major leaders did not see it as a priority.

Union des forces progressistes

 * [[Image:UFP logo.svg|120px|Union des forces démocratiques official logo]]

Campaign slogans

 * Action démocratique du Québec: L'avenir autrement (The future differently)
 * Quebec Liberal Party: Nous sommes prêts (We are ready)
 * Parti Québécois: Restons forts (Let us stay strong)

Incumbent MNAs not running for re-election
{|
 * valign="top" width=50%|

Péquistes

 * Diane Barbeau, Vanier
 * Jacques Baril, Arthabaska
 * Yves Beaumier, Champlain
 * Manon Blanchet, Crémazie
 * Raymond Brouillet, Chauveau
 * Denise Carrier-Perreault, Chutes-de-la-Chaudière
 * Michel Côté, La Peltrie
 * Normand Duguay, Duplessis
 * Joseph Facal, Fabre
 * Gilles Labbé, Masson
 * Benoît Laprise, Roberval
 * Lyse Leduc, Mille-Îles
 * David Payne, Vachon
 * André Pelletier, Abitibi-Est
 * Jean Rochon, Charlesbourg
 * valign="top" width=50%|

Liberals

 * Madeleine Bélanger, Mégantic-Compton
 * Robert Benoit, Orford
 * André Bourbeau, Laporte
 * Réal Gauvin, Montmagny-L'Islet
 * Pierre-Étienne Laporte, Outremont
 * Anna Mancuso, Viger
 * Robert Middlemiss, Pontiac
 * André Tranchemontagne, Mont-Royal

Independents

 * Paul Bégin, Louis-Hébert
 * Jean-Claude Gobé, LaFontaine
 * }

Redistribution of ridings
The Commission de la représentation électorale performed a redistribution in 2001, which maintained the number of seats in the National Assembly at 125 for the next general election, making the following alterations:

Synopsis of results

 * = open seat
 * = turnout is above provincial average
 * = winning candidate was in previous Legislature
 * = incumbent had switched allegiance
 * = previously incumbent in another riding
 * = not incumbent; was previously elected to the Legislature
 * = incumbency arose from byelection gain
 * = other incumbents renominated
 * = previously an MP in the House of Commons of Canada
 * = multiple candidates

title: 2003 Quebec general election


text:
File:Arms-erith.jpg

Summary
Digitised and coloured by uploader. }}
 * Date          = 1915
 * Author        =
 * Permission    =
 * other_versions =

title: File:Arms-erith.jpg


text:
Mainsail

A mainsail is a sail rigged on the main mast of a sailing vessel.

 * On a square rigged vessel, it is the lowest and largest sail on the main mast.

 * On a fore-and-aft rigged vessel, it is the sail rigged aft of the main mast. The sail's foot is normally attached to a boom. (In extremely heavy weather, the mainsail may be lowered, and a much smaller trysail hoisted in its place).

Historical fore-and-aft rigs used a four-sided gaff rigged mainsail, sometimes setting a gaff topsail above it.

Whereas once the mainsail was typically the largest sail, today the mainsail may be smaller than the jib or genoa; Prout catamarans typically have a mainmast stepped further aft than in a standard sloop, so that the mainsail is much smaller than the foresail.

Bermuda rig
The modern Bermuda rig uses a triangular mainsail aft of the mast, closely coordinated with a jib for sailing upwind. A large overlapping jib or genoa is often larger than the mainsail. In downwind conditions (with the wind behind the boat) a spinnaker replaces the jib.

Some mainsails are "full-batten" mainsails, meaning the batten extends all the way from the mast to the leach of a sail. A partial batten extends from the leech partway to the mast. Battens enable the mainsail to project farther away from the mast. However, there is some cost associated with the battens themselves, "batten pockets" need to be sewn into the sail, and "batten cars" may be needed to allow the sail to be raised and lowered.

Before Nathanael Greene Herreshoff's invention of sail tracks and slides in the 1880s, mainsails were limited in height. Traditional mainsails were held against the mast by hoops that went the full way around the mast. This meant a traditional mainsail could be raised no higher than the first point a rope or wire was required to keep the mast upright. Further mainsail area (and height) was obtained by adopting a gaff rig.

A mainsail may be fixed to the boom via slugs, cars, or a bolt-rope, or may be "loose-footed," meaning it is only attached at the tack and clew.

title: Mainsail


text:
Jor-El

Jor-El is a character appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. Created by writer Jerry Siegel and artist Joe Shuster, Jor-El first appeared in the Superman newspaper comic strip in 1939.

Jor-El is Superman's biological father, the husband of Lara, and a leading scientist on the planet Krypton before its destruction. He foresees his planet's fate but is unable to convince his colleagues in time to rescue most of Krypton's inhabitants. Jor-El is able to save his infant son Kal-El (Superman) by launching him towards Earth in a homemade spaceship just moments before Krypton explodes. When Superman later constructs his headquarters, the Fortress of Solitude, he honors his biological parents with the inclusion of a statue of Jor-El and Lara holding up a globe of Krypton. The fortress also holds a holographic copy of Jor-El's consciousnesses, letting Superman interact with his father for advice and knowledge.

Jor-El was portrayed by Marlon Brando in the films Superman and Superman II. Archival footage cut from the prior films was used with the permission of Brando's estate to insert the deceased Brando into 2006's Superman Returns in a reprise of the role. The character was then portrayed by Russell Crowe in the DC Extended Universe film Man of Steel. Angus Macfadyen portrayed the character in the first season of the television series Superman & Lois.

Precursor (New Adventure Comics)
Joe Shuster and Jerry Siegel, the creators of both Superman and Jor-L, first introduced a character named "Jor-L" in 1936, more than a year before the first Superman story was published. The original "Jor-L" appeared in New Adventure Comics (released in 1936, cover-dated January 1937), a re-titled issue #12 of the previous New Comics, which would be re-titled again, starting with issue #32, as the 45-year-long Adventure Comics series.

Featured in the four-page Shuster and Siegel strip Federal Men, this "Jor-L" is not an extraterrestrial but, instead, a far-future "ace sleuth" in the service of "Interplanetary Federation Headquarters". The character battles "Nira-Q", the outer-space-faring "bandit queen", in the year 3000 A.D. The 1936 "Jor-L" exists as part of a story within a story, as Shuster and Siegel's strip presents the tale as a scientist's forecast of future crime-fighting told to the contemporary 1930s-era G-man heroes of Federal Men.

"Golden Age" and "Silver Age" versions
Jor-El was first referred to indirectly in Action Comics #1 in 1938, which only mentioned a scientist who sends his son to Earth. He made his first full-fledged appearance in the Superman newspaper comic strip on January 16, 1939, where his name was spelled as "Jor-L". His name first appeared as being spelled "Jor-el" in the Superman novel The Adventures of Superman (1942) written by George Lowther. Later comic books capitalized the "E" in "El." Jor-El's first appearance in a comic book was in More Fun Comics #101.

In the 1960s, now known as part of the Silver Age of Comic Books, DC Comics introduced to its superhero stories the fictional concept of different versions of characters from real-world publication history existing in separate "universes" that could communicate with each other. As DC developed this concept through further stories, the version of Superman's father during the previous Golden Age of Comic Books was identified as "Jor-L", matching the original spelling of the character's name, who lived on the Krypton of the Earth-Two "universe" (derived from the versions of characters and stories that appeared during the earlier "Golden Age" period of publication history). In contrast, the concept presented "Jor-El" as no longer another spelling of the same name but a different character entirely: the father of the then-contemporary "Silver Age" version of Superman, who lived on the Krypton of the Earth-One "universe" (used to describe the setting for then-current "Silver Age" stories and characters, some of which had been substantially changed from their "Golden Age" versions).

A retelling of Superman's origin story in 1948 first delved into detail about Jor-El. However, his formal and more familiar Silver Age aspects were firmly established starting in the late 1950s. Over the course of the next several decades, there was a definitive summarization in the miniseries World of Krypton in 1979 (not to be confused with the similarly-named post-Crisis on Infinite Earths late-1980s comic miniseries).

His accomplishments
As presented in the World of Krypton miniseries and other stories from the Silver Age of Comic Books, Jor-El is Krypton's leading scientist, inventing, among other devices, a self-titled hovercar. He also discovers a parallel plane of existence which he calls the Phantom Zone and invents a device that can open portals to it. This device gets him a seat on the Science Council, Krypton's ruling body. He lives in Krypton's major city of Kryptonopolis.

Even before Jor-El's birth, the El family is renowned for its contributions to Kryptonian society. Ancestors of Jor-El include Val-El, an explorer; Sul-El, the inventor of Krypton's first telescope; Tala-El, the author of Krypton's first planetary constitution; Hatu-El, the inventor of Krypton's first electromagnet and electric motor; and Gam-El, the father of modern Kryptonian architecture.

Family life
Jor-El has two brothers: Zor-El, who lives in Argo City and eventually becomes the father of Kara, alias Supergirl, and an identical twin brother named Nim-El, who lives in Kandor. In several stories, Jor-El's father is established as Jor-El I, and his mother as Nimda (nee An-Dor). Jor-El eventually meets and marries Lara, the daughter of Lor-Van and a young astronaut in Krypton's fledgling space program (which is soon permanently grounded after Jax-Ur blows up one of Krypton's inhabited moons, leading to his banishment to the Phantom Zone); the two have an infant son, Kal-El.

Jor-El's warnings of Krypton's doom
When Krypton begins experiencing a series of earthquakes, Jor-El investigates. He soon discovers, to his horror, that Krypton's core is extremely unstable and radioactive, and will eventually reach critical mass and explode, taking the entire planet and its populace with it. Jor-El tries to convince the members of the Science Council of this impending disaster and urges re-establishing Krypton's space program so giant spacecraft can be built to carry the populace to another habitable world. However, the Council is dismissive of Jor-El's findings and refuses to comply with his plan. Some even accuse him of treachery, trying to cause chaos so he can take over. This had been a plot of General Zod's, which having failed, caused his banishment to the Phantom Zone. Thus the Council is wary of Jor-El's motives.

Around the time he discovers Krypton's impending doom, Jor-El meets his own son Kal-El without realizing it (after Kal-El accidentally travels back in time). There are supporters of Jor-El's theory, but when a ship is constructed to evacuate them, the city of Kandor is shrunken and stolen by Brainiac, removing the people who believe in Jor-El's work.

Frustrated, Jor-El continues his work on space travel on his own, hoping to build a spacecraft to save his own family. This work includes launching several smaller test rockets; one of these rockets includes the family dog, who responds to the name of Krypto. However, as time runs short, Jor-El soon finds that he will only have enough time to build a spacecraft to save his son Kal-El. He decides to send Kal-El to Earth, realizing he will gain superhuman powers under Earth's more intense yellow sun and lower gravity. As Krypton finally goes through its final destructive stages, Jor-El and Lara place their son in the rocket and launch him toward Earth, before they themselves are killed along with almost all the rest of the planet's population. Lara could have fit inside the rocket as well, but she chose to stay behind to improve Kal-El's chances of reaching Earth.

Post-Crisis
After the 1985-1986 miniseries Crisis on Infinite Earths and John Byrne's 1986 miniseries The Man of Steel rewrote Superman's origins, details about Jor-El's background and character were changed. In Byrne's version, Jor-El inhabits a cold and emotionally sterile Krypton where even bodily contact is forbidden. Indeed, Jor-El himself is considered a "throwback" for actually expressing emotions toward his mate Lara and favoring the less sterilized days of past Kryptonian eras. Another change in this version is Jor-El genetically altering his son's fetus (gestating in a "birthing matrix") to allow him to leave Krypton (in this version of the mythos, Kryptonians are genetically "bonded" to the planet itself, not allowing them to leave) and merely attaching a warp engine to the matrix instead of constructing a ship wholesale. The result is that Kal-El is "born" when the birthing matrix opens on Earth.

In the 1990s series Starman Jor-El meets a time-traveling Jack Knight and Mikaal Tomas, two individuals who both bear at various points the name "Starman", and are accidentally sent 70 years back in time and hurled across space. Jor-El thereby first learns of Earth's existence; in return, Jor-El helps Knight and Tomas escape from his overbearing father Seyg-El.

In the 2004 miniseries Superman: Birthright, Jor-El, along with Krypton and Lara, was, more or less, reinstated to his Silver Age versions, though with such updated touches as Lara contributing equally to the effort of sending Kal-El, once again an infant while on Krypton, to Earth. In this version, Jor-El discovers Earth moments before launching his son's spacecraft. Also, the conclusion of the miniseries has the adult Superman, on Earth, seeing his parents through Lex Luthor's time-space communicator, and on Krypton, seconds before its destruction, Jor-El and Lara see their son alive and well on Earth and know that their efforts are successful. As with Byrne's conflicting view of Krypton, the Birthright origins of Jor-El, Krypton, and Luthor have recently been retconned, and, following Infinite Crisis, they are no longer valid in comics canon.

However, a more recent storyline co-written by Geoff Johns and Superman director Richard Donner presented yet another version of Jor-El and Krypton which reintroduced General Zod and the Phantom Zone criminals. With art by Adam Kubert, Jor-El is depicted for the first time with a beard and the design of Kryptonian society is distinct yet again from Birthright and Man of Steel, incorporating elements of Donner's work on the first two Christopher Reeve films, in particular the notion of Krypton's Council threatening Jor-El with harsh penalty of exile to the very Phantom Zone he himself discovered if he is to make public his predictions of their planet's imminent doom or otherwise attempt to "create a climate of panic."

Jor-El is shown here to have been mentored by friend and noted scientist Non, who corroborates Jor-El's findings regarding Krypton's impending destruction, when the two are arrested and brought to trial before the Council by Zod and Ursa. When Non defies the Council's dire prohibitions and elects to spread the word of the coming apocalypse, he is abducted by Council agents and apparently lobotomized, thus explaining the character's mute simple-mindedness, brutality and destructiveness in line with Jack O'Halloran's performance as Non in the first two Reeve films. Appalled, Zod and Ursa propose to Jor-El that they band together and overthrow the Council, but Jor-El will have none of it. When their murderous insurrection fails, the Council forces Jor-El to exile them to the Phantom Zone and never speak of his findings again, lest he face the same fate. For this perceived betrayal, Zod declares that he will escape and conquer Krypton (confident that Jor-El will actually discover some way to save the planet) and force the scientist and his son to kneel before him one day.

Having been re-built via a Kryptonian crystal during the One Year Later story arc, the current version of the Fortress of Solitude, which is also designed to essentially be visually identical to the Donner and Bryan Singer films, now contains an advanced interactive "recording" of Jor-El which, although visually dissimilar to Marlon Brando, is otherwise identical in function to that featured in Superman Returns.

Superman/Batman #50 presents Jor-El sending a probe to Earth that makes contact with Thomas Wayne while he is on a drive with a pregnant Martha, the probe holographically transmitting Thomas' consciousness to Krypton so that Jor-El can better learn what kind of world Earth is to help him decide which of many possible candidates he should send his son to. Thomas tells Jor-El that the people of Earth are not perfect, but are essentially a good and kind race who will raise the child right, convincing Jor-El to send Kal-El there. Thomas records his encounter in a diary, which is discovered by his son Bruce Wayne in the present day.

"The New 52" and "DC Rebirth"
Following two line-wide revisions of DC superhero comic books, branded by DC Comics as “New 52” and “DC Rebirth”, the character Jor-El was revised to be still alive due to being rescued by Doctor Manhattan. After being nursed back to health by locals, Jor-El sees firsthand the atrocities of man, as a dictator usurpes all of what the people own, causing them to starve. After witnessing these atrocities, Jor-El is forced to watch the horrors of mankind over the centuries and becomes Mister Oz. Jor-El becomes dissatisfied with humanity and attempts to force his son and his family to leave in the belief that Earth cannot be saved, but when Superman forces him to acknowledge that he is attacking his own son, he withdraws. It is later established that Jor-El is a member of the "Circle", a clandestine organization composed of five powerful cosmic beings and intergalactic rulers including Appa Ali Apsa, Sardath of Rann and Rogol Zaar, the being who destroyed Krypton.

Other versions

 * An alternate universe version of Jor-El appears in Superman: The Last Family of Krypton. This version survived Krypton's destruction and accompanied Lara and Kal-El to Earth, where he sets up the corporation JorCorp while Lara establishes the self-help movement 'Raology'.
 * An alternate universe version of Jor-El appears in Superman Adventures. This version is a resident of a Kryptonian city that survived Krypton's destruction. After the 'prime' Superman arrives in this world, Jor-El destroys the city to send him home.

Live-action

 * Jor-El appears in the Adventures of Superman episode "Superman on Earth", portrayed by an uncredited Robert Rockwell.
 * Jor-El appears in Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman episode "The Foundling", portrayed by David Warner.

 * Jor-El appears in Smallville, portrayed by Julian Sands and voiced by Terence Stamp, while Tom Welling portrays a younger version of him in the episode "Memoria".
 * Jor-El appears in the pilot episode of Supergirl, portrayed by an uncredited actor.
 * A holographic version of Jor-El appears in Superman & Lois, portrayed by Angus Macfadyen. This version is an advisor to Superman who is ultimately destroyed by Tal-Rho following Superman's refusal to join him.

Animation

 * Jor-El appears in the Super Friends franchise:
 * Jor-El first appears in the Super Friends (1973) episode "The Planet Splitter", voiced by Casey Kasem.
 * Jor-El appears in the Challenge of the Superfriends episode "Secret Origins of The Super Friends," voiced by G. Stanley Jones.
 * Jor-El appears in the Super Friends (1980) episode "The Krypton Syndrome", voiced by Philip L. Clarke.
 * Jor-El appears in series set in the DC Animated Universe (DCAU), voiced by Christopher McDonald.
 * Jor-El first appears in Superman: The Animated Series. This version attempted to convince Krypton's leaders of its incoming destruction but was denounced by Brainiac, who knew of the planet's fate and, instead of finding a solution, downloaded himself into a satellite to escape and preserve Krypton's knowledge.
 * Jor-El appears in a photograph in the Justice League two-part episode "Twilight".
 * A dream world incarnation of Jor-El appears in the Justice League Unlimited episode "For the Man Who Has Everything".
 * Jor-El appears in the Pinky and the Brain episode "Two Mice and a Baby", voiced by Jeff Bennett.
 * Jor-El makes a cameo appearance in the Dilbert episode "The Delivery".
 * Jor-El makes a non-speaking appearance in a flashback in the Legion of Super Heroes episode "Message in a Bottle". This version was initially able to prevent Krypton's destruction with a device called the Messenger, which can convert anything to crystal and thus replace unstable matter. The Messenger was housed in a temple in Kandor, and when Brainiac shrunk and stole the city, he took the Messenger with it, dooming Krypton to destruction.
 * Jor-El appears in The Looney Tunes Show episode "Best Friends", voiced by Jeff Bergman.
 * Jor-El appears in Kara and the Chronicles of Krypton, a spin-off of the television series Smallville.
 * A hologram of Jor-El appears in My Adventures with Superman, voiced by Jason Marnocha. He was first seen as a hologram on the ship that brought Kal-El to Earth before sacrificing itself to stop an approaching Kryptonian ship. It barely survived and Superman was able to follow it's instructions that resulted in the formation of a Fortress of Solitude in the arctic. Brainiac is also shown to have an A.I. copy of Jor-El when controlling Superman's body during the final parts of season two.

Live-action

 * Jor-El appears in Superman (1948), portrayed by Nelson Leigh.

1978 series

 * Jor-El appears in the 1978 film Superman, portrayed by Marlon Brando. The film originated the idea of Superman's iconic "S"-shield symbol originally being the family crest of the House of El, which resembles an Earth "S" by coincidence. Originally conceived by Brando himself and suggested on-set, this origin of the famous Superman symbol has been used in many stories since. In the current comics, however, the shield is the Kryptonian symbol for "hope," and not only is it worn by Jor-El in a similar manner to Brando of the first feature film, but it adorns all manner of Kryptonian flags, clothing, spaceships, and equipment.
 * Brando filmed additional footage for the sequel Superman II, before differences behind the scenes caused his footage to be cut. However, it was later restored for the 2006 revised version, Superman II: The Richard Donner Cut. In the Richard Donner Cut, Jor-El again appears as an image, posthumously attempting to guide and inform Kal-El. Jor-El's historical crystals reveal to Lex Luthor the existence of the three Phantom Zone criminals General Zod, Ursa and Non, which makes Luthor realize just who and what they are (and that it was Superman who caused their release). Jor-El is asked by Clark if he can live a life as a human with Lois, and he tries to persuade Clark not to wish so, but Clark is firm in his wish. Jor-El then reveals the crystal chamber with the rays of Krypton's red sun which will make Clark human forever. Later, Clark returns to find all the crystals and information regarding Krypton destroyed, but finds the original crystal and is able to bring back Jor-El. Jor-El sacrifices his remaining life-force to restore his son's powers so that Superman can save Earth from Zod. Superman later destroys the Fortress after it has been breached by Luthor and the Phantom Zone criminals, but then goes back in time, where it remains normal.
 * Jor-El appears in Superman Returns, portrayed again by Marlon Brando via archival footage.

DC Extended Universe

 * Jor-El appears in Man of Steel, portrayed by Russell Crowe. Rejecting the Kryptonian tradition of eugenics and artificial birth, this version stole the Kryptonian genetic codex to preserve the Kryptonian race and provide his son with the distinction of choosing his own destiny, creating Kal-El, who is then sent to Earth before Krypton's destruction. Following a 33-year imprisonment in stasis for an attempted coup in which he murdered Jor-El, General Zod and his lieutenants pursue the infant to Earth, where Clark Kent first encounters his father via an interactive computer hologram that simulates his father's personality and knowledge. The AI of Jor-El was later destroyed by General Zod.

Animation

 * Jor-El makes a non-speaking appearance in All-Star Superman.
 * An alternate version of Jor-El appears in Justice League: Gods and Monsters, voiced by Yuri Lowenthal. Before he could implant his genetic code onto the ship that would have formed Kal-El, General Zod shows up and shoots him to implant his genetic code on it instead, leading that version of Superman to grow up to look and behave more like Zod.
 * Jor-El, based on Marlon Brando's portrayal, appears in Teen Titans Go! To the Movies, voiced by Fred Tatasciore.
 * Jor-El appears in Teen Titans Go! & DC Super Hero Girls: Mayhem in the Multiverse, voiced again by Fred Tatasciore.
 * Jor-El appears in Batman and Superman: Battle of the Super Sons, voiced by Nolan North.
 * Jor-El appears in DC League of Super-Pets, voiced by Alfred Molina.

Video games

 * Jor-El appears in the Superman Returns video game.
 * Jor-El appears in DC Universe Online, voiced by William Price.
 * The Fortress of Statue's statue of Jor-El appears in Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe.
 * Jor-El appears as a character summon in Scribblenauts Unmasked: A DC Comics Adventure.
 * The Man of Steel incarnation of Jor-El appears in Lego Batman 3: Beyond Gotham, voiced by Nolan North.

Superman: Last Son of Krypton
In the Elliot S. Maggin 1978 novel Superman: Last Son of Krypton, Jor-El is shown as having sent a navigation probe ahead of Kal-El's spaceship, to find a suitable foster parent on his new planet. In Kryptonian society, scientific achievement was a preeminent virtue, so Jor-El's probe was programmed to seek out the leading scientific mind on Earth, presumably to adopt Kal-El. The probe landed (in the early 1950s, although the date is non-specific) in Princeton, New Jersey, where it soon appeared outside the window of Albert Einstein and communicated its mission to him through telepathy, along with precise details of where Kal-El's rocket would land (near Smallville, Kansas), several days later.

The Last Days of Krypton
In the 2007 novel The Last Days of Krypton by Kevin J. Anderson, Jor-El is shown as a science hero who is respected and admired by all of the people of Krypton and has a standing offer of a place on the Council. Yet his clashing with this conservative Council over new discoveries supplies much of the tension in the book. General Zod and his two minions make a bid to take over Krypton, first posing as Krypton's saviors.

title: Jor-El


text:
Argumentum ad captandum

In rhetoric, an argumentum ad captandum, "for capturing" the gullibility of the naïve among the listeners or readers, is an unsound, specious argument designed to appeal to the emotions rather than to the mind. It is used to describe "claptrap or meretricious attempts to catch popular favor or applause."

The longer form of the term is ad captandum vulgus (Latin, "to ensnare the vulgar" or "to captivate the masses"); the shorter and longer versions of the phrase are synonymous. The word "vulgus" in Latin meant the common people, the multitude; it was also sometimes used contemptuously to imply a rabble or a mob.

The ad captandum approach is commonly seen in political speech, advertising, and popular entertainment. The classic example of something ad captandum vulgus was the "bread and circuses" by which the Roman emperors maintained the support of the people of Rome.

title: Argumentum ad captandum


text:
Boom, Belgium

Boom is a Belgian town, located in both the arrondissement and province of Antwerp. In 2021, Boom had a total population of 18,799. The total area is 7.37 km2 (2.85 sq mi). Residents are known as "Boomenaren".

Since 2005, Boom has hosted the annual electronic dance music event Tomorrowland.

History
Recorded history of this community started in the late 1300s. The population boom in Boom occurred some time during the 19th century. In Boom, people venerate a statue of the lady of Boom.

Geography
Boom is located between three big cities (Brussels, Antwerp and Ghent), and is situated along the Rupel river.

Climate
Boom has an oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification: Cfb).

Economy
Because of the presence of clay around Boom, the region is well known for and has many clay pits and brick factories.

Elementary Schools

 * Hoeksteen
 * Reuzenboom
 * OLVI De kade
 * 'T krekeltje
 * *BSBO Groenlaar
 * Villa Kakelbont

High Schools

 * PTS
 * OLVI Boom
 * Atheneum Boom

Notable people

 * Egidius Aerts (1822–1853), flautist and composer
 * Glen De Boeck (1971), football player and coach.
 * Peter Dens (1690–1775), Catholic theologian.
 * Herbert Flack (1913–1995), actor.
 * Romelu Lukaku (1993), football player.
 * Bobbejaan Schoepen (1925), singer-songwriter, guitarist and art whistler. He was also an actor, fantasist and founder of the Bobbejaanland amusement park in Belgium.
 * Kevin Seeldraeyers (1986), cyclist.
 * Jean-François van de Velde (1779–1838), 20th bishop of Ghent.
 * Roland Van Campenhout (1944), musician.
 * Jozef Van Lerius (1823–1876), painter.
 * Frans Verschoren (1874–1951), writer.
 * Bjorn Vleminckx (1986), football player.
 * Charles Augustin Wauters (1808–1869), painter.

Events

 * Tomorrowland: EDM World-famous and largest Dance Music festival in the world, that almost 2 million people have attended since its 2005 launch. Next Tomorrowland is scheduled to be held in July 2024.
 * Feria Andaluza: Spanish festival in De Schorre.

Sports

 * K. Rupel Boom F.C.: Football club, currently playing in the Belgian Third Division.
 * Kangeroes Boom: Basketball club, currently playing in the second division.
 * Braxgata: Hockey club, currently playing in the first division. Hockey club of the year by the European Hockey Federation (EHF) in 2009.
 * Fudji Yama Boom-Niel-Schelle: Judo club, founded in 1958
 * Cyclo-cross Boom, an annual day of cyclocross races

Movies
The movie La Kermesse héroïque (Carnival in Flanders) directed by Jacques Feyder in 1935 takes place in the town of Boom.

title: Boom, Belgium


text:
Vaginal lubrication

Vaginal lubrication is a naturally produced fluid that lubricates the vagina. Vaginal lubrication is always present, but production increases significantly near ovulation and during sexual arousal in anticipation of sexual intercourse. Vaginal dryness is the condition in which this lubrication is insufficient, and sometimes artificial lubricants are used to augment it. Without sufficient lubrication, sexual intercourse can be painful. The vaginal lining has no glands, and therefore the vagina must rely on other methods of lubrication. Plasma from the vaginal walls due to vascular engorgement is considered to be the chief lubrication source, and the Bartholin's glands, located slightly below and to the left and right of the introitus (vaginal opening), also secrete mucus to augment vaginal wall secretions. Near ovulation, cervical mucus provides additional lubrication.

Composition
Vaginal fluid is slightly acidic and can become more acidic with certain sexually transmitted infections. The normal pH of vaginal fluid is between 3.8 and 4.5, contrasting with male semen which is typically between 7.2 and 7.8 (neutral pH is 7.0).

During arousal, vaginal lubrication, also sometimes called "arousal fluid", is produced. This is clear, thin, and slippery. It typically only lasts up to an hour.

Production
The human vagina is serviced by nerves that respond to vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP). As a result, VIP induces an increase in vaginal blood flow accompanied by an increase in vaginal lubrication. The findings suggest that VIP may participate in the control of the local physiological changes observed during sexual arousal: genital vasodilation and increase in vaginal lubrication.

Vaginal dryness
Insufficient lubrication or vaginal dryness can cause dyspareunia, which is a type of sexual pain disorder. While vaginal dryness is considered an indicator for sexual arousal disorder, vaginal dryness may also result from insufficient excitement and stimulation or from hormonal changes caused by menopause (potentially causing atrophic vaginitis), pregnancy, or breast-feeding. Irritation from contraceptive creams and foams can also cause dryness, as can fear and anxiety about sexual intimacy. Vaginal dryness can also be a symptom of Sjögren syndrome (SS), a chronic autoimmune disorder in which the body destroys moisture-producing glands.

Certain medications, including some over-the-counter antihistamines, as well as life events such as pregnancy, lactation, menopause, aging or diseases such as diabetes, will inhibit lubrication. Medicines with anticholinergic or sympathomimetic effects will dry out the mucosal or "wet" tissues of the vagina. Such medicines include many common drugs for allergenic, cardiovascular, psychiatric, and other medical conditions. Oral contraceptives may also increase or decrease vaginal lubrication.

In seemingly rare cases, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) have been reported to cause a long-lasting iatrogenic disorder known as post-SSRI sexual dysfunction, the symptoms of which include reduced vaginal lubrication in females.

Older women produce less vaginal lubrication and reduced estrogen levels may be associated with increased vaginal dryness.

Artificial lubricants
When a woman is experiencing vaginal dryness before sexual activity, sexual intercourse may be uncomfortable or painful for her. A personal lubricant can be applied to the vaginal opening, the penis (or other penetrating object such as fingers or a dildo), or both, to augment the naturally produced lubrication and prevent or reduce the discomfort or pain. More rarely, a vaginal suppository may be inserted prior to intercourse.

Oil-based lubricants can weaken latex and reduce the effectiveness of condoms, latex gloves, or dental dams as either forms of birth control or for protection from sexually transmitted infections, so water- or silicone-based lubricants are often used instead. The use of an artificial lubricant can make sexual intercourse less painful for a woman, but does not address the underlying cause of the vaginal dryness itself.

Dry sex
Some people practice dry sex, which involves the removal of vaginal lubrication in some way. The rationale for the practice seems to be for cleansing purposes and to enhance the sexual pleasure of the penetrating partner. However, besides making sexual intercourse painful for the female, the practice is believed to increase the risk of transmitting sexually transmitted infections for both partners, such as HIV, whose risk of transmission is increased by lacerations in the vaginal tissue resulting from the lack of lubrication.

title: Vaginal lubrication


text:
User talk:WinterWolf

Hello, welcome to Wikipedia. Here's some tips:
 * You can introduce yourself on the new users page
 * If you made any edits before you got an account, you might be interested in assigning those to your username.
 * You can sign your name using three tildes, like . If you use four, you can add a datestamp too.
 * Remember to use the show preview button before you save a page.
 * If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page.

Other useful pages are: how to edit, how to write a great article, naming conventions, manual of style and the Wikipedia policies.

I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Angela. 03:46, Mar 9, 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:WinterWolf