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Shepard Fairey

Frank Shepard Fairey (born February 15, 1970) is an American contemporary artist, activist and founder of OBEY Clothing who emerged from the skateboarding scene. In 1989 he designed the "Andre the Giant Has a Posse" (...OBEY...) sticker campaign while attending the Rhode Island School of Design (RISD).

Fairey designed the Barack Obama "Hope" poster for the 2008 U.S. presidential election. The Institute of Contemporary Art, Boston, has described him as one of the best known and most influential street artists. His work is included in the collections at The Smithsonian; the Los Angeles County Museum of Art; the Museum of Modern Art in New York City; the Museum of Contemporary Art San Diego; the National Portrait Gallery in Washington, D.C.; the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts in Richmond; and the Victoria and Albert Museum in London.

His style has been described as a "bold iconic style that is based on styling and idealizing images."

Early life
Shepard Fairey was born and raised in Charleston, South Carolina. His father, Strait Fairey, is a doctor, and his mother, Charlotte, a realtor. He attended Porter-Gaud School in Charleston and transferred to high school at Idyllwild Arts Academy in Idyllwild, California, from which he graduated in 1988.

Fairey became involved with art in 1984, when he started to place his drawings on skateboards and T-shirts. He moved to Rhode Island in 1988 to attend the Rhode Island School of Design (RISD). In 1992, he earned a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree in Illustration from RISD.

Obey Giant sticker
Fairey created the "Andre the Giant Has a Posse" sticker campaign in 1989, while attending the Rhode Island School of Design (RISD). This later evolved into the "Obey Giant" campaign, which has grown via an international network of collaborators replicating Fairey's original designs. Fairey intended the Obey Giant to inspire curiosity and cause people to question their relationship with their surroundings. According to the Obey Giant website, "The sticker has no meaning but exists only to cause people to react, to contemplate and search for meaning in the sticker". The website also says, by contrast, that those who are familiar with the sticker find humor and enjoyment from it and that those who try to analyze its meaning only burden themselves and may condemn the art as an act of vandalism from an evil, underground cult.

Originally intending the sticker campaign to gain fame among his classmates and college peers, Fairey says: "At first I was only thinking about the response from my clique of art school and skateboard friends. The fact that a larger segment of the public would not only notice, but investigate, the unexplained appearance of the stickers was something I had not contemplated. When I started to see reactions and consider the sociological forces at work surrounding the use of public space and the insertion of a very eye-catching but ambiguous image, I began to think there was the potential to create a phenomenon."

In a manifesto he wrote in 1990–1991, and since posted on his website, he links his work with Heidegger's concept of phenomenology. His "Obey" Campaign is from the John Carpenter movie They Live which starred pro wrestler Roddy Piper, taking a number of its slogans, including the "Obey" slogan, as well as the "This is Your God" slogan. Fairey has spun off the OBEY clothing line from the original sticker campaign. He also uses the slogan "The Medium is the Message" borrowed from Marshall McLuhan. Shepard Fairey has stated in an interview that part of his work is inspired by other street artists.

Post-graduation
After graduation, he founded a small printing business in Providence, Rhode Island, called Alternate Graphics, specializing in T-shirt and sticker silkscreens, which afforded Fairey the ability to continue pursuing his own artwork. While residing in Providence in 1994, Fairey met American filmmaker Helen Stickler, who had also attended RISD and graduated with a film degree. The following spring, Stickler completed a short documentary film about Shepard and his work, titled "Andre the Giant Has a Posse". The film premiered in the 1995 New York Underground Film Festival and went on to play at the 1997 Sundance Film Festival. It has been seen in more than 70 festivals and museums internationally.

"From the late ’90s until about 2001," writes Ken Leighton in The San Diego Reader, Fairey lived in East Village, San Diego, where, according to a friend quoted in the article, he co-founded a "guerrilla marketing company called Black Market Design." According to John Goff, a former member of the San Diego-based "tribal post-punk" industrial-noise performance art band Crash Worship, Fairey began appropriating the Russian Constructivist style utilized in Soviet-era propaganda during his time in San Diego. "'I think he became an art icon when he started focusing on Communist imagery,' Goff says. 'He was still in San Diego then. I first met him when he was working above Hooter’s in the Gaslamp.'"

Fairey was a founding partner, along with Dave Kinsey and Phillip DeWolff, of the design studio BLK/MRKT Inc. from 1997 to 2003, which specialized in guerrilla marketing, and "the development of high-impact marketing campaigns". Clients included Pepsi, Hasbro and Netscape (for whom Fairey designed the red dinosaur version of mozilla.org's logo and mascot).

In 2003, he founded the Studio Number One design agency with his wife, Amanda Fairey. The agency produced the cover work for The Black Eyed Peas' album Monkey Business and the poster for the film Walk the Line. Fairey has also designed the covers for The Smashing Pumpkins' album Zeitgeist, Flogging Molly's CD/DVD Whiskey on a Sunday, Led Zeppelin's compilation Mothership and movie Celebration Day, and Anthrax's The Greater Of Two Evils. Along with Banksy, Dmote, and others, Fairey created work at a warehouse exhibition in Alexandria, Sydney, for Semi-Permanent in 2003. Approximately 1,500 people attended.

In 2004, Fairey joined artists Robbie Conal and Mear One to create a series of "anti-war, anti-Bush" posters for a street art campaign called "Be the Revolution" for the art collective "Post Gen". "Be the Revolution" kicked off with a night of performances featuring Z-Trip, Ozomatli and David J at the Avalon in Hollywood. Fairey also co-founded Swindle Magazine along with Roger Gastman.

In 2005, he collaborated for a second time with Z-Trip on a limited edition 12-inch featuring Chuck D entitled "Shock and Awe". In 2005 Fairey also collaborated with DJ Shadow on a box set, with T-shirts, stickers, prints, and a mix CD by Shadow. In 2005 he showed abroad, for instance in Paris at the Magda Danysz Gallery, and was a resident artist at the Honolulu Museum of Art Spalding House (formerly known as The Contemporary Museum, Honolulu). Also in 2005, Fairey contributed the artwork for the posters, cover art, and graphics for Walk The Line the Johnny Cash biopic. In 2006, Fairey contributed eight vinyl etchings to a limited-edition series of 12" singles by post-punk band Mission of Burma and has also done work for the musical group Interpol.

In 2006, Fairey joined NYC based Ad agency Project 2050 as founding Creative Director and was featured on the cover of Advertising Age magazine. While at Project 2050 Shepard developed creative work for Virgin Mega Store and Boost Mobile. The book Supply and Demand: The Art of Shepard Fairey was released in 2006. In 2008, Philosophy of Obey (Obey Giant): The Formative Years (1989–2008), edited by Sarah Jaye Williams, was published by Nerve Books UK, and praised by Fairey.

In June 2007, Fairey opened his one-man show entitled "E Pluribus Venom", at the Jonathan LeVine Gallery. The show made the arts section front page in the New York Times.

Fairey donated original cover art to the 2008 album Body of War: Songs That Inspired an Iraq War Veteran, produced for Iraq War documentary Body of War. Proceeds from the album benefit non-profit organization Iraq Veterans Against the War.

In 2008, Fairey teamed up again with Z-Trip to do a series of shows in support of then-presidential candidate Barack Obama entitled Party For Change. Fairey also designed posters for the British goth band Bauhaus.

In September 2008, Shepard opened his solo show titled "Duality of Humanity" at White Walls & Shooting Gallery    in San Francisco. His third solo show with the gallery featured one hundred and fifty works, including the largest collection of canvases pieces in one show that he's done.

Fairey was arrested on February 7, 2009, on his way to the premiere of his show at the Institute of Contemporary Art in Boston, Massachusetts, on two outstanding warrants related to graffiti. He was charged with damage to property for having postered two Boston area locations with graffiti, a Boston Police Department spokesman said. His arrest was announced to party goers by longtime friend Z-Trip who had been performing at the ICA premiere at Shepard Fairey's request.

On April 27, 2009, Fairey put three signed copies of his Obama inauguration posters up on eBay, with the proceeds of the auction going to the One Love For Chi foundation, founded by the family of Deftones bassist Chi Cheng following a car accident in November 2008 that nearly claimed Cheng's life.

Fairey's first art museum exhibition, titled Supply & Demand (as was his earlier book), was held in Boston at the Institute of Contemporary Art during the summer of 2009. The exhibition featured more than 250 works in a wide variety of media: screen prints, stencils, stickers, rubylith illustrations, collages, and works on wood, metal and canvas. As a complement to the ICA exhibition, Fairey created public art works around Boston. The artist explains his driving motivation: "The real message behind most of my work is 'question everything'."

In 2011, Time Magazine commissioned Fairey to design its cover to honor "The Protester" as Person of the Year in the wake of the Arab Spring, Occupy Wall Street and other social movements around the world. This was Fairey's second Person of the Year cover for Time, his first being of Barack Obama in 2008.

In January 2015, Shepard Fairey made a cameo appearance on Portlandia. In July 2015, Fairey was arrested and detained at Los Angeles International Airport, after passing through customs, on a warrant for allegedly vandalizing 14 buildings in Detroit. He subsequently turned himself in to Detroit Police.

On September 17, 2015, the Jacob Lewis Gallery presented Shepard Fairey's exhibition "On Our Hands", his first solo opening in New York City in five years. The paintings reflect on contemporary issues facing our global community: political corruption, environmental apathy and abuse of power. The exhibition coincides with Fairey's new monograph Covert to Overt, published by Rizzoli.

Life Is Beautiful Fremont East District, Las Vegas Mural Project 2016.

Barack Obama "Hope" poster
Fairey created a series of posters supporting Barack Obama's 2008 candidacy for President of the United States, including the iconic "HOPE" portrait. The New Yorker art critic Peter Schjeldahl called the poster "the most efficacious American political illustration since 'Uncle Sam Wants You'". Fairey also created an exclusive design for Rock the Vote. Because the Hope poster had been "perpetuated illegally" and independently by the street artist, the Obama campaign declined to have any direct affiliation with it. Although the campaign officially disavowed any involvement in the creation or popularization of the poster, Fairey has commented in interviews that he was in communication with campaign officials during the period immediately following the poster's release. Fairey has stated that the original version featured the word "PROGRESS" instead of the word "HOPE", and that within weeks of its release, the campaign requested that he issue (and legally disseminate) a new version, keeping the powerful image of Obama's face but captioning it with the word "HOPE". The campaign openly embraced the revised poster along with two additional Fairey posters that featured the words "CHANGE" and "VOTE".

Fairey distributed 300,000 stickers and 500,000 posters during the campaign, funding his grassroots electioneering through poster and fine art sales. "I just put all that money back into making more stuff, so I didn't keep any of the Obama money", explained Fairey in December 2009.

In February 2008, Fairey received a letter of thanks from Obama for his contribution to the campaign. The letter stated:

"I would like to thank you for using your talent in support of my campaign. The political messages involved in your work have encouraged Americans to believe they can change the status quo. Your images have a profound effect on people, whether seen in a gallery or on a stop sign. I am privileged to be a part of your artwork and proud to have your support. I wish you continued success and creativity.– Barack Obama, February 22, 2008"

On November 5, 2008, Chicago posted banners throughout the downtown business district featuring Fairey's Obama "HOPE" portrait.

Fairey created a similar but new image of Barack Obama for Time magazine, which was used as the cover art for the 2008 Person of the Year issue. The original iconic "HOPE" portrait was featured on the cover of Esquire Magazine ' s February 2009 issue, this time with a caption reading, "WHAT NOW?" Shepard Fairey's influence throughout the presidential election was a factor in the artist himself having been named a Person of the Year for 2008 by GQ.

In January 2009, the "HOPE" portrait was acquired by the U.S. National Portrait Gallery and made part of its permanent collection. It was unveiled and put on display on January 17, 2009.

Later that month, photographer and blogger Tom Gralish discovered that the poster was based on an Associated Press photograph by freelance photographer Mannie Garcia. Fairey subsequently filed suit in the U. S. District Court for the Southern District of New York against the Associated Press, seeking a declaratory judgment that his use of the AP photograph was protected by the fair use doctrine. Fairey subsequently admitted that he had based the poster on the AP photograph and had fabricated and destroyed evidence to hide the fact. Judge Alvin K. Hellerstein urged a settlement, stating that AP would win the case. The AP and Shepard Fairey settled out of court in January 2011. In 2012, Fairey pleaded guilty to one count of criminal contempt of court for his destruction of evidence and submission of false images to the court, and was sentenced by U.S. magistrate judge Frank Maas of the Southern District of New York to two years' probation and a $25,000 fine.

In 2009, Fairey's Obama portrait was featured in the book Art For Obama: Designing Manifest Hope and the Campaign for Change, which Fairey also edited.

In his December 8, 2010, appearance on The Colbert Report, Stephen Colbert asked Fairey how he felt about having done the "HOPE" portrait of Obama and how "that hope was working out for him now?" to which Fairey replied: "You know, I'm proud of it as a piece of grassroots activism, but I'll just leave it at that".

In an interview with Esquire in 2015, Fairey said that Obama had not lived up to his expectations, "not even close". He continued, "Obama has had a really tough time, but there have been a lot of things that he's compromised on that I never would have expected. I mean, drones and domestic spying are the last things I would have thought [he'd support]."

Fairey created a mutt version of the red, white, and blue poster, donating it to help support pet adoptions, from an image of a rescued shaggy dog taken by photographer Clay Myers. Four hundred limited edition prints were offered by Adopt-A-Pet.com, a nonprofit organization that helps shelters, humane societies and rescue groups advertise their homeless pets to potential adopters. The poster, which was also offered as a free download, was featured on the cover of the spring 2009 edition of Dog’s Life magazine.

The Mandela mural

In 2014, Fairey painted a towering mural, 9 stories high, paying tribute to Nelson Mandela and the 25th anniversary of the Purple Rain Protest. It is a public artwork on Juta Street in Braamfontein, Johannesburg, overlooking the Nelson Mandela Bridge. The mural is Fairey's first work in Africa and is seen by many as a sequel to the iconic Barack Obama HOPE poster.

"It is a huge exclamation point downtown..." said Patrick Gaspard, American Ambassador to South Africa, which makes us remember the entire liberation struggle and the remarkably peaceful transition to freedom Nelson Mandela achieved.

Honest Gil Fulbright
Fairey created an adaptation of the Obama HOPE poster for satirical Kentucky politician Honest Gil Fulbright. Frank L. Ridley, the actor who portrays Fulbright, is featured on the poster, along with the word "SOLD", which refers to Fulbright's "honest" political message: "I'm only in this thing for the money, but at least I'm honest about it."

Marianne
As a tribute to the victims of the November 2015 Paris attacks, Fairey created a poster representing Marianne, the French national icon, surrounded by the national motto Liberté, égalité, fraternité. In June 2016, this design was painted as a mural on 186 rue Nationale, Paris. Fairey made a gift of the poster to Emmanuel Macron, who hung it in his office upon assuming the presidency of France. In the night of the 13th December 2020, an anonymous group tagged over the mural in an act of protest against the state. The motto was crossed out with white paint and replaced by the tag Marianne pleure (Marianne cries), and red tears were added to the face of Marianne. Fairey reacted to the act by declaring his support for all who protest against injustice and that he understood the goals of the action.

We the People series
This series was made during the 2016 presidential campaign as a protest on Donald Trump's declarations and policies. This work aims to promote gender equality and fights discrimination against minorities. This work stands out to many as it provokes people to respect their common humanity. The title of the work comes from a line in the Constitution and features portraits of Native Americans, African Americans, Muslims, and Latinas, aiming to defend their dignity.

Make Art Not War
This work is a mural for Urban Nation in Berlin, Germany. The street art was created in 2014 by Fairey. The work became a motto for street artists and demonstrated Fairey's political support for anti-war movements and peace. The work was made like traditional street art with spray paint and features many of Fairey's motifs and symbols from other works. This repetition includes the black and red cartoon-like style with repetition of symbols such as roses.

Major public murals, commissions

 * Peace Elephant (2011), West Hollywood Library, Los Angeles, California
 * Purple Project (2014), Johannesburg, South Africa
 * Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité (2016), Paris, France
 * Welcome Home (2017), Costa Mesa, California
 * Defend Dignity (2019), Los Angeles, California
 * We Shape The Future Rose Shackle (2019), London
 * Voting Rights Are Human Rights (2020), Milwaukee, WI
 * These Sunsets Are To Die For (2022), Munich, Germany
 * Peace Guard (2017/2023), Lisbon, Portugal
 * A Mosaic of Peace and Harmony (2023), Singapore

Activism and humanitarianism

Shepard Fairey has always been open about social and political topics and often donates and creates artwork in order to promote awareness of these social issues and contributes directly to these causes!

In the early 2000s, Fairey began donating to organizations such as Chiapas Relief Fund, the ACLU, Feeding America, and the Art of Elysium. Following the Obama campaign, Fairey donated proceeds from these poster sales to the ACLU and Feeding America. In September 2010, Fairey created a poster for the ACLU with actress Olivia Wilde as the Statue of Liberty holding a megaphone and a clipboard, the ACLU's weapons of choice.

The Obey Awareness Program, operated by Obey Clothing, was founded in 2007 as an extension of Fairey's humanitarian efforts. This program allows Fairey to support causes he believes in by selling specially designed merchandise and donating 100% of the profits raised to handpicked organizations and their causes. Past non-profit organizations benefiting from this program include Hope for Darfur, 11th Hour Action, Feed America, earthquake relief in Haiti, Dark Wave / Rising Sun for Japan relief, and Adopt-a-Pet.com. Environmentally related non-profit organizations such as the Surfrider Foundation, Urban Roots, the Alaskan Wildlife Refuge and more also received donations. The latest Obey Awareness T-shirts benefitted the Go Campaign, an organization that improves the lives of orphans and vulnerable children around the world by partnering with local heroes to deliver local solutions.

Fairey sits on the advisory board of Reaching to Embrace the Arts, a nonprofit organization that provides art supplies to disadvantaged schools and students. In 2007, Fairey was commissioned to create a logo for "Music Is Revolution Foundation" and became a board member of the Music Is Revolution Foundation, a nonprofit organization that supports music education for students in public schools.

As a type 1 diabetic, Fairey often contributes to non-profit organizations assisting in medical research. He is one of the earliest supporters of Give to Cure, a non-profit organization devoted to accelerating the process of finding cures for human diseases. Fairey created the first Give To Cure sticker series with 20 distinct designs. In addition, he created three special edition prints to commemorate the inaugural Give To Cure campaign. In January 2012, Fairey created an exclusive print called "The Cure" for the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation (JDRF), the leading global organization funding type 1 diabetes research. All proceeds from the sale went toward the JDRF. In June 2013, a feature documentary called The Human Trial about the quest to cure type 1 diabetes caught the attention of Fairey who then created the movie poster in order to raise funds for the film.

Every year since 2009, Fairey has contributed his art to raise funds for the RUSH Philanthropic Arts Foundation. In August 2011, Fairey donated the Buddhist inspired piece Mandala Ornament (valued at $12,000) to help raise funds for the Foundation through the ART FOR LIFE online auction, the primary annual fundraising effort that helps support thousands of underserved New York children. Proceeds from the annual gala and auction benefitted the Foundation's signature arts education and gallery programs, which directly serve 2,300 students each year.

In June 2009, Fairey created a poster in support of the plight of Aung San Suu Kyi to bring awareness to the human rights cause in Burma. The proceeds from this print benefitted the Human Rights Action Center and the U.S. Campaign for Burma.

In 2009, Fairey teamed up with artist and activist Ernesto Yerena, activist Marco Amador and musician Zack de la Rocha of Rage Against the Machine, to create, distribute, and sell posters countering dehumanizing and anti-immigrant rhetoric for the We Are Human Campaign. A majority of the proceeds went to the National Day Labor Organizing Network (NDLON) and Puente, a grassroots community group that fights for human dignity.

Fairey has also created artwork to benefit the David Lynch Foundation for Consciousness-Based Education and World Peace (DLF). In April 2009, Fairey created a poster for the David Lynch Foundation's "Change Begins Within" benefit concert. In April 2011, Fairey donated unique collector's items to the foundation's "Download for Good" campaign. In April 2015, Fairey created a commemorative poster for the 10-year anniversary of the music of David Lynch, with all proceeds from poster sales going to the foundation.

In November 2009, Fairey partnered with LGBT grassroots organization FAIR to auction "Defend Equality Love Unites" posters to raise awareness and funds for the fight for gay and lesbian marriage equality.

Fairey is a supporter of artist movements such as The Art of Elysium, an organization aiming to affect social change by making art available to striving artists and young people battling serious illnesses. In August 2010, Fairey donated one original Burmese Monk fine art piece as well as an opportunity for a live portrait sitting for Art of Elysium. In September 2014, Fairey curated The Art of Elysium's GENESIS showcase of emerging L.A. artists, creatives, tastemakers, and social leaders.

In May 2010, Fairey partnered with Feeding America and The Advertising Council to create an outdoor public service advertisement to raise awareness about domestic hunger.

In 2011, Fairey was named honorary chair of the Young Literati, a philanthropic group of the Library Foundation of Los Angeles. Fairey has created artwork and curated several Young Literati Annual Toast events benefitting the Library Foundation. Fairey's wife Amanda has held the position of chair of the Library Foundation since 2013.

In December 2011, Fairey contributed to the Robert Rauschenberg Foundation's inaugural "Artist as Activist" print project to benefit the Coalition for the Homeless. Fairey created an original print called "The Future is Unwritten" to commemorate Rauschenburg's dedication to important social issues and the mission of the Coalition for the Homeless. The print was sold on Artnet to raise over $150,000 to support the Coalition's life-saving programs.

In July 2013, Fairey did a public arts project for the nonprofit L.A. Fund for Education. Fairey's design titled "Create Your Future" was one of three installments in the #ArtsMatter campaign, which was a collaborative effort with P.S. ARTS and featured the art displayed on billboards and buses across the city of Los Angeles to send the message that arts matter in schools. Again in 2015, Fairey contributed to P.S. Arts, and collaborated with Marc Phillips Decorative Rugs to create a one-of-kind rug for a benefit auction for P.S. Arts.

In March 2014, Fairey created a portrait of Ai Weiwei with "Friends of Ai Weiwei", a group of Ai supporters who were trying to promote awareness of the artists’ legal status in China where authorities had confiscated his passport. Proceeds from the posters went toward Friends of Ai Weiwei's efforts to help the artist and to promote free speech. The following year Ai Weiwei was granted a visa, reversing a decision not to grant him the travel document.

Shepard Fairey has also created works to support school safety, and posters with his art were seen at the March for Our Lives rally in Washington, D.C., on March 24, 2018.

Street art is characterized by a nonpermissive art method of production, which reveals the rebellious nature and activism that challenges the viewer's perspective regarding the surrounding environment. Street art has features that distinguish it from other art forms such as graffiti and public art. The defiant nature of the art form itself reveals the defiant structure of Fairey's art and the political challenge it has on others.

Legal issues with appropriation and fair use
Fairey has been criticized for failing to obtain permission and to provide attribution for works he used. Fairey has threatened to sue artists for the same technique. Austin, Texas-based graphic designer Baxter Orr did his own take on Fairey's work in a piece called Protect, with the iconic Obey Giant face covered by a SARS respiratory mask. Orr marketed the prints as his own work. On April 23, 2008, Orr received a cease-and-desist order from Fairey's attorneys, telling him to stop selling Protect because it violated Fairey's trademark. Fairey threatened to sue, calling the designer a "parasite".

Originally, Fairey had claimed his HOPE poster was based on a 2006 copyrighted photo of then-Senator Barack Obama seated next to actor George Clooney, taken in April 2006 by Mannie Garcia on assignment for the Associated Press, which wanted credit and compensation for the work. Garcia believes that he personally owns the copyright for the photo, and has said, "If you put all the legal stuff away, I’m so proud of the photograph and that Fairey did what he did artistically with it, and the effect it's had". Fairey said his use of the photograph fell within the legal definition of fair use. Fairey claims he used pieces of the photo as raw material to create a heroic and inspirational political portrait, the aesthetic of which was fundamentally different from the original photo. Lawyers for both sides tried to reach an amicable agreement.

In February 2009, Fairey filed a federal lawsuit against the Associated Press, seeking a declaratory judgment that his use of the AP photograph was protected by the fair use doctrine and so did not infringe their copyright. At first, Fairey claimed that he used the photo of Clooney and Obama, cropped the actor out of the shot, and made other changes. In October 2009, Shepard Fairey admitted he had tried to deceive the Court by destroying evidence that he had instead used the photograph alleged by the AP. Fairey admitted he had used a close-up shot of Obama, also taken by Mannie Garcia, as the AP had long alleged. The solo photo appears much more similar to the final HOPE poster than the photo of Clooney and Obama. Fairey's lawyers announced they were no longer representing him, and Laurence Pulgram, an intellectual property lawyer, stated that the revelation definitely put Mr. Fairey's case "in trouble".

In May 2010, a judge urged Fairey to settle. The parties settled in January 2011. On February 24, 2012, Fairey pleaded guilty to criminal contempt of court for "destroying documents and manufacturing evidence." On September 7, 2012, Fairey was sentenced to 300 hours of community service, ordered to pay a $25,000 federal fine, and placed on probation for two years by U.S. Magistrate Judge Frank Maas.

Shepard Fairey was also charged with destruction of property in 2015 for tagging 18 posters at unsanctioned sites. The case was later dismissed.

Critical response

Liam O'Donoghue interviewed Fairey for Mother Jones and questioned the artist about criticism related to his use of images from social movements, specifically images created by black artists. O'Donoghue later posted an article, titled "Shepard Fairey’s Image Problem", on several independent media sites. O' Donoghue explored Fairey's use of copyright-protected images while defending his own copyright-protected works from being used by other artists and corporations. Fairey cited his collaboration with Public Enemy, his funding of the Zapatista Army of National Liberation, and his six-figure charitable contributions for Darfur assistance as responses to charges of exploitation: "'I challenge anybody to fuck with that, know what I mean', Fairey stated. 'It's not like I'm just jumping on some cool rebel cause for the sake of exploiting it for profit. People like to talk shit, but it's usually to justify their own apathy. I don't want to demean anyone's struggles through casual appropriation of something powerful; that's not my intention.'"

Erick Lyle has accused Fairey of cynically turning graffiti culture into a self-promoting advertising campaign. On the other hand, San Diego Union-Tribune art critic Robert L. Pincus says Fairey's work "is political art with a strong sense of visual style and emotional authenticity. Even in times when political art has ebbed, Fairey's has just the right balance of seriousness, irony and wit to fit the mood of the moment". The Walrus contributor Nick Mount wrote "Following the example set by gallery art, some street art is more about the concept than the art. 'Fuck Bush' isn’t an aesthetic; it’s an ethic. Shepard Fairey’s Obey Giant stickers and Akay’s Akayism posters are clever children of Duchamp, ironic conceptual art." But Stephen Heller of The New York Times suggested that Fairey's political art has similarities to political art from the past, for instance to political art created by Andy Warhol.

In a New York Times review of "E Pluribus Venom" at Jonathan LeVine Gallery, art critic Benjamin Genocchio described Fairey's art as "generic" despite the range of mediums and styles used by the artist. Genocchio went on to say that it was tempting to see Fairey's art as just another luxury commodity.

Andrew Michael Ford, the director of Ad Hoc Art, said that Fairey's practice does not "match up" in the minds of people who view his work. Ford suggests that some people will view Fairey's work as "very commercial". In his comments, he suggested that Fairey is "ripe" for criticism because he profits from politically and socially charged works. Ford stated that, despite his criticism, he is a fan of Fairey work.

Artists Mark Vallen, Lincoln Cushing, Josh MacPhee, and Favianna Rodriguez have documented that Fairey has appropriated work by Koloman Moser, Ralph Chaplin, Pirkle Jones, Rupert Garcia, Rene Mederos, Félix Beltrán, and Gary Grimshaw, among others. In his critique, "Obey Plagiarist Shepard Fairey", Vallen dissects various works by Fairey, demonstrating them to be plagiarized from the work of other artists. Jamie O'Shea criticizes Vallen's approach for a "nearly ubiquitous lack of understanding of the artist’s use of appropriated imagery in his work and the longstanding historical precedent for this mode of creative expression," in addition to being masked in a thin "veneer of obvious envy in most cases". Art critic Brian Sherwin lashed out at O’Shea's criticism of Mark Vallen by saying that O’Shea's SUPERTOUCH article was nothing more than "damage control". Sherwin questioned O’Shea's defense of Fairey, noting that Fairey is a SUPERTOUCH author and business associate of O’Shea. Sherwin suggests that O’Shea has a "vested" interest in making sure that Fairey is viewed positively by the public since he has curated art exhibits involving Fairey and has written extensively about the artist. Sherwin wrote that O’Shea once served as editor in chief for Juxtapoz and has worked as a creative director hired by corporate art collections as a corporate liaison for acquisitions. Sherwin concluded that the public will "question the artist who says to question everything," regardless of O’Shea's Mark Vallen "damage control" on SUPERTOUCH. Sherwin implied that O'Shea's critique of Vallen was selective because key negative facts about Fairey's history were left out in the article. The dispute between Sherwin and O’Shea was cited by Dan Wasserman on The Boston Globe’s "Out of Line".

Bloggers have criticized Fairey for accepting commissions from corporations such as Saks Fifth Avenue, for which his design agency produced illustrations inspired by Constructivism and Alexander Rodchenko. Fairey defends his corporate commissions by saying that clients such as Saks Fifth Avenue help him to keep his studio operational and his assistants employed. Fairey has acknowledged the irony of being a street artist exploring themes of free speech while at the same time being an artist hired by corporations for consumer campaigns. He says simply that designers and artists have to make money to survive: "'I consider myself a populist artist,' Fairey says. 'I want to reach people through as many different platforms as possible. Street art is a bureaucracy-free way of reaching people, but T-shirts, stickers, commercial jobs, the Internet – there are so many different ways that I use to put my work in front of people.'"

In August 2011, Fairey received a black eye and a bruised rib after being attacked outside of the Kodboderne 18 nightclub in Copenhagen, Denmark. Fairey claims the two assailants called him "Obama illuminati" and ordered him to "go back to America". He believes the attack was the result of a misunderstanding over his artwork, which commemorated the demolition of the legendary Ungdomshuset (youth house) at Jagtvej 69. His mural showed a peace dove in flight surrounded by a circle of Tønder lace above the word "Peace"; it was vandalized within 24 hours of its unveiling with graffiti slogans "no peace" and "go home, Yankee hipster".

The media reported that the artwork was commissioned by the Copenhagen Municipality, but the original mural was organized by Fairey's Copenhagen gallery, V1. It was not a government-sponsored work.

Selected solo exhibitions

 * 2000: Obey Giant, Anno Domini Gallery, San Jose, CA
 * 2002: Overnight Delivery, BLK/MRKT Gallery, Culver City, CA
 * 2002: Shepard Fairey, Kinsey/DesForges Gallery, Culver City, CA
 * 2003: This is Your God, sixspace Gallery, Los Angeles, CA
 * 2004: Obey, V1 Gallery, Copenhagen
 * 2004: Supply and Demand, Merry Karnowsky Gallery – LA, Los Angeles, CA
 * 2005: Manufacturing Dissent, Merry Karnowsky Gallery – LA, Los Angeles, CA
 * 2005: Shepard Fairey, Honolulu Museum of Art, Honolulu, HI
 * 2006: Obey, Magda Danysz Gallery, Paris, France
 * 2006: Rise Above, Merry Karnowsky Gallery - LA, Los Angeles, CA
 * 2007: E Pluribus Venom, Jonathan LeVine Gallery, New York, NY
 * 2007: Ninteeneightyfouria, Stolenspace Gallery, London
 * 2007: Imperfect Union, Merry Karnowsky Gallery – LA, Los Angeles, CA
 * 2009: Supply & Demand, ICA – Institute of Contemporary Art Boston, Boston, MA
 * 2009: Shepard Fairey, National Portrait Gallery, Canberra, ACT
 * 2009: Supply & Demand, The Andy Warhol Museum, Pittsburgh, PA
 * 2010: Supply and Demand, CAC – Cincinnati Contemporary Arts Center, Cincinnati, OH
 * 2010: May Day, Deitch Projects – 76 Grand Street, New York, NY
 * 2011: Revolutions – The Album Cover Art Of Shepard Fairey, Robert Berman Gallery, Santa Monica, CA
 * 2012: Sound & Vision, Stolenspace Gallery, London
 * 2015: On Our Hands, Jacob Lewis Gallery, New York, NY
 * 2015: Sid Superman is Dead : Shepard Fairey et Denis Morris, Magda Danysz Gallery, Paris, France
 * 2015: Your Eyes Here, CAC Centro de Arte Contemporáneo de Málaga, Málaga
 * 2016: Victory is Peace – Shepard Fairey x NoNÅME, Positive-Propaganda Artspace, Munich, Germany
 * 2017: Shepard Fairey: Work Against The Clampdown, Art Museum of West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV
 * 2018: Shepard Fairey: Salad Days, 1989–1999, Cranbrook Art Museum, Bloomfield, Hills, MI
 * 2019: Retrospective Shepard Fairey, (600 works for Grenoble Street Art Fest), Grenoble, France
 * 2021: Future Mosaic, Opera Gallery, Dubai
 * 2022: New Clear Power, Amuseum of Contemporary Art, Munich
 * 2023: Backward Forward , Dallas Contemporary, Texas
 * 2023: Shepard Fairey: ICONS , Subliminal Projects, Los Angeles, CA

Selected group exhibitions

 * 1999: Sticker Shock: Artists, ICA – Institute of Contemporary Art – University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
 * 2003: Beautiful Losers, CAC – Cincinnati Contemporary Arts Center, Cincinnati, OH
 * 2004: Backjumps – The Live Issue #1, Kunstraum Kreuzberg / Bethanien, Berlin
 * 2008: Under a Red Sky, Stolenspace Gallery, London
 * 2009: The Art of Rebellion, Robert Berman Gallery, Santa Monica, CA
 * 2009: Urban Art – Werke aus der Sammlung Reinking, Weserburg | Museum für moderne Kunst, Bremen
 * 2009: Viva la Revolucion: A Dialogue with the Urban Landscape, Museum of Contemporary Art San Diego – MCASD Downtown, San Diego, CA
 * 2013: At home I'm a tourist’ Colección de Selim Varol, CAC Centro de Arte Contemporáneo de Málaga, Málaga
 * 2014: The Insistent Image: Recurrent Motifs in the Art of Shepard Fairey and Jasper John, Halsey Institute of Contemporary Art, Charleston, SC
 * 2014: Art Alliance: The Provocateurs, Block 37, Chicago, IL
 * 2015: Sleeping Beauty, Magda Danysz Gallery, Paris, France
 * 2019: POW! WOW!, Honolulu, Hawaii

Commercial artwork

 * Fairey designed the album artwork for Flogging Molly's Whiskey on a Sunday.
 * Appears in the 2006 videogame, Marc Ecko's Getting Up: Contents Under Pressure, as himself.
 * Fairey provided the design for the Obey Giant room at The Creek South Beach.
 * Fairey designed the cover for the books Woodstock Experience by Michael Lang, Dan Garson, Henry Diltz (Genesis Publications, 2009)), A Heartbeat and A Guitar: Johnny Cash and the Making of Bitter Tears. (Basic Books/Nation Books, 2009) by Antonino D'Ambrosio and the cover of the Smashing Pumpkins album Zeitgeist, Led Zeppelin's Mothership & Celebration Day, Sage Francis's Li(f)e, Tom Petty & The Heartbreakers' The Live Anthology and, in 2010, Stone Temple Pilots's eponymous album.
 * He designed the album cover for will.i.am's second solo album Must B 21 (Soundtrack to Get Things Started).
 * On January 19, 2009, Fairey created a Google Doodle for Martin Luther King Jr. Day.
 * Fairey's iconic Obey logo appears in several levels of the video game Tony Hawk's Underground 2. It also appears briefly in part two of the anime Afro Samurai.
 * The "Andre the Giant Has a Posse" is also a stock spray image in the video game Counter-Strike.
 * Fairey designed the cover for Russell Brand's second autobiography Booky Wook 2.
 * Fairey contributed a drawing to the Police Brutality Coloring Book in 2011.
 * Fairey designed the album artwork for Stone Temple Pilots’ 2010 self-titled album.
 * Fairey has released several watches with Swiss watchmaking company Hublot

TV, radio and movies

 * Rash, Video Documentary 2005. 17-minute interview conducted in April 2003 with Shepard Fairey in Sydney, Australia. Includes footage of Shepard and partner Barbara installing a paste-up wall in a gallery side event at Semi Permanent conference in Sydney.
 * On January 20, 2009, Fairey made a radio appearance on the Fresh Air program from WHYY, an NPR affiliate, discussing his "Hope" poster, the official Obama inauguration poster and his many arrests (14 times) in connection with the installation of his "street" works. On February 26, 2009, he was again a guest on Fresh Air discussing the Associated Press lawsuit over the Obama Hope poster.
 * On February 11, 2010, Stephen Colbert debuted a poster on The Colbert Report that was designed in collaboration with Fairey. The poster, created for Colbert's coverage of the 2010 Winter Olympics, depicts Colbert wearing a laurel wreath crown, carrying an Olympic Flame and riding an eagle, with the catchphrase, "Vancouver 2010: Defeat the World".
 * Along with artists Frank Stella and Andres Serrano, Fairey appeared on The Colbert Report on December 8, 2010. As part of a segment with comedian Steve Martin, Fairey sprayed his Obey logo on a portrait of Colbert.
 * Fairey features heavily in the Banksy movie Exit Through the Gift Shop, which documents the birth of Mr. Brainwash.
 * On the September 13, 2011, episode of The Young and the Restless, an American television soap opera, character Devon Hamilton purchased a Shepard Fairey original, Commanda, as the first piece of art for his new office.
 * On the March 4, 2012, episode of The Simpsons, Exit Through the Kwik-E-Mart, Fairey appeared as himself.
 * Fairey appeared in the 2012 film Bones Brigade: An Autobiography as himself.
 * In 2013, a short narrative film based on the story of Shepard Fairey was released called Obey the Giant.
 * In the 2013 comedy film This Is the End, actor James Franco is depicted as having an "Andre the Giant Has a Posse" in his home and claiming it to be his favorite painting.
 * In 2017, Obey Giant, a documentary based on Shepard Fairey and distributed by Hulu, was released.
 * In 2018, he appeared in Bad Reputation a documentary about Joan Jett's career.

Personal life
Fairey now lives in the Los Feliz district of Los Angeles with his wife Amanda and daughters Vivienne and Madeline. In addition to his successful graphic design career, Fairey also DJs at many clubs under the names DJ Diabetic and Emcee Insulin, as he has Type 1 diabetes.

title: Shepard Fairey


text:
Ukan

Ukan (有漢町) was a town located in Jōbō District, Okayama Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 2,621 and a density of 56.14 persons per km2. The total area was 46.69 km2.

On October 1, 2004, Ukan, along with the towns of Bitchū, Kawakami and Nariwa (all from Kawakami District), was merged into the expanded city of Takahashi and no longer exists as an independent municipality.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

authors: Я сошла с ума

title: Ukan


text:
Hokubō, Okayama

Hokubō (北房町) was a town located in Jōbō District, Okayama, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 6,158 and a density of 86.51 persons per km2. The total area was 71.18 km2.

On March 31, 2005, Hokubō, along with the towns of Katsuyama, Kuse, Ochiai and Yubara, and the villages of Chūka, Kawakami, Mikamo and Yatsuka (all from Maniwa District), was merged to create the city of Maniwa.

title: Hokubō, Okayama


text:
Kayō, Okayama

Kayō (賀陽町) was a town located in Jōbō District, Okayama Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 8,188 and a density of 64.18 persons per km2. The total area was 127.58 km2.

On October 1, 2004, Kayō, along with the town of Kamogawa (from Mitsu District), was merged to create the town of Kibichūō (in the newly created Kaga District).

title: Kayō, Okayama


text:
Jōbō District, Okayama

Jōbō (上房郡) was a district located in Okayama Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the district had an estimated population of 16,967 and a density of 69.13 persons per km2. The total area was 245.45 km2.

Towns and villages

 * Hokubō
 * Kayō
 * Ukan

Mergers

 * On October 1, 2004 - the town of Ukan, along with the towns of Bitchū, Kawakami and Nariwa (all from Kawakami District), was merged into the expanded city of Takahashi.
 * On October 1, 2004 - the town of Kayō, along with the town of Kamogawa (from Mitsu District), was merged to create the town of Kibichūō. The new town belongs to the newly created Kaga District, founded upon this merger.
 * On March 31, 2005 - the town of Hokubō, along the towns of Katsuyama, Kuse, Ochiai and Yubara, and the villages of Chūka, Kawakami, Mikamo and Yatsuka (all from Maniwa District), was merged to create the city of Maniwa. Jōbō District was dissolved as a result of this merger.

title: Jōbō District, Okayama


text:
Joseph A. Craig High School

Joseph A. Craig High School is a public high school located in the city of Janesville, Wisconsin. Craig, a part of the School District of Janesville, has a student enrollment of approximately 1,800. Located on the east side of Janesville, it is named after Joseph A. Craig, who was instrumental in attracting the General Motors Janesville Assembly Plant to the city.

History
The original building, simply known as Janesville High School, was opened in 1955. The school was later renamed Joseph A. Craig High School in 1967 with the opening of George S. Parker High School on the west side of Janesville.

Athletics
The school sports teams compete in the Big Eight Conference. State level competition is governed by the Wisconsin Interscholastic Athletic Association (WIAA).

State championships

 * Baseball: 1983, 1984, 1998, 2015
 * Cross country (girls): 1991

as Janesville High School

 * Cross country (boys): 1950, 1961, 1962
 * Golf (boys): 1951, 1953, 1963
 * Swimming & diving (boys): 1955, 1961
 * Wrestling: 1955 (co-state champion with Madison East)

Performing arts
Craig has a varsity-level competitive show choirs, the "Spotlighters". The choir also hosts their own competition, the Spotlight Spectacular. Spotlighters have a history of placing well at competitions, even winning some championships.

Notable alumni

 * Keeanu Benton, NFL nose tackle for the Pittsburgh Steelers
 * Edward Creutz, physicist
 * Russ Feingold, United States Senator (1993–2011)
 * Tucker Fredricks, speed skater
 * Israel Hanukoglu, biochemist
 * Tom Klawitter, professional baseball player
 * Tad Kubler, lead guitarist for rock band The Hold Steady
 * Kerwin Mathews, actor
 * Max Maxfield, Wyoming State Auditor (1999–2007) and 20th Secretary of State of Wyoming (2007–2015)
 * John E. McCoy, Major General, Air National Guard
 * Andrew Poppas, General, Army
 * Manilla Powers, actress, vaudevillian
 * Paul Ryan, 54th Speaker of the United States House of Representatives (2015-2019) and U.S. Representative (1999–2019)
 * Bob Strampe, professional baseball player
 * Bryan Steil, Member of the U.S. House of Representatives (2019 to present)
 * Clay Weatherly, Indy car driver

title: Joseph A. Craig High School


text:
Nariwa, Okayama

Nariwa (成羽町) was a town located in Kawakami District, Okayama Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 5,593 and a density of 68.32 persons per km2. The total area was 81.87 km2.

On October 1, 2004, Nariwa, along with the town of Ukan (from Jōbō District), and the towns of Bitchū and Kawakami (all from Kawakami District), was merged into the expanded city of Takahashi and no longer exists as an independent municipality.

title: Nariwa, Okayama


text:
Talk:Sangharakshita

Criticism
I just deleted the section Critism. Rather too much of a door mat. Look up catholic; there is no external links to critics. if they don't need them neither do we.

 * You can't really compare an individual to an institution. This article is not really complete without mentioning in more detail some of the more controversial things about Sangharakshita. I know it is difficult to do this and maintain NPOV, but the article is incomplete in its present form. Davidreid 12:54, 14 February 2006 (UTC)

Actually Sangharakshita left India as he was about to be prosecuted and many of those he cites as teachers have no memory of him at all, or just that he attended teachings. Most of his claims are provably false.

 * This is the usual thing; unsupported accusations, made by anonymous people. Sangharakshita has been back to India many times subsequently, and appears never to have been prosecuted for anything in his life - perhaps the informant could supply some evidence of this claim. All of his previous teachers are dead, so it is probably true to say they have no memory of him. I know people personally who met Dhardo Rimpoche, and Chetul Sangye Dorje while they were alive and they seemed to have non trouble remembering, and were very please to meet Sangharakshita's disciples. I'd be interested to see this anonymous person accurately describe a 'claim' made by Sangharakshita, and then prove it false. mahābāla 11:34, 15 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * FWBOarticle here. I have added a new section which is compliation of links critical of Sangharakshita

I have removed these links for the same reasons as I give in Talk:Friends_of_the_Western_Buddhist_Order: they are to material that is anonynmous, unsubstantiated, breaches copyright, etc etc. It is acknowledged that there is a view point here that some may feel deserves more attention in the article. But it needs to be done in the article not simply by adding a lot of dubious external links. Please do see the Wiki style guide on the use of external links if you have any doubts. Since user user:FWBOarticle seems to very keen to have this debate I suggest we do it over on the FWBO talk page in order not to have too many threads going at once. mahābāla 10:46, 11 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * How can the matter be addressed if every reference is deleted on the grounds of being anonynmous, unsubstantiated and breaching copyright? The Wikipedia ethos allows references which are anonynmous and even unsubstantiated; breach of copyright can be avoided by judicious use of rephrasing.
 * Nuttyskin (talk) 15:09, 15 May 2009 (UTC)

I have added the name and the date of the guardian article by Annet Madeleine Bunting. See you on the FWBO talk page.

Wow, what happend here. FWBOarticle

I have reverted the entire edit. 1. The last edit seems to be straight copy from ex-FWBO. You can't do something like this in this site. Read the site's policy 2. The presentation is awful compared to the old one. 3. Granted that the previous article were straight FWBO publicity, that doesn't mean you can "delete" such view. What is more appropriate is to "attribute" such POV. FWBOarticle

the titles Geshe, Rinpoche, and Kyabje
Someone at 172.189.115.100 deleted the sentence "Sangharakshita was the first Western Buddhist to be given the titles Geshe, Rinpoche, and Kyabje". I'm reverting it because of lack of citing, comment, or reasoning. --Andkaha(talk) 10:47, 25 September 2005 (UTC)

 * I've deleted this again. It's up to whoever originally inserted this to cite their source. I have worked closely with Sangharakshita for over twenty years and never heard any reference to these titles being applied, which is hardly surprising as they are Tibetan. He had a Tibetan teacher but certainly never studied for a geshe degree. I suppose some students in Kalimpong might have used these forms of address informally, but even that I think that unlikely, as they were mostly Indians. Shantavira 18:23, 26 September 2005 (UTC)

I am astonished that there is no mention of the public controversies regarding charges of Sangharakshita's sexual misconduct in relgard to his young students. This is widely discussed throughout the Buddhist world. Failure to mention this is dishonest and misleading.

 * Please sign your comments and provide some support for your statement ("is widely discussed"). --- Andkaha(talk) 00:52, 3 June 2006 (UTC)

Regarding sectarianism
I removed the text Ironically, while doctrinally the FWBO embraced most forms of Buddhism, its refusal to allow non-FWBO teachers into its Centres, and its past discouragement of FWBO members from visiting other Buddhist groups, created the very sectarianism it had set out to avoid for two reasons: --Andkaha(talk) 10:31, 21 August 2006 (UTC)
 * 1) What constitutes a "non-FWBO teacher"?  I know events that are run by non-Order Members and/or by people from outside the WBO.
 * 2) There is no such thing as a "FWBO member", there are Order Members of the WBO though.  I know WBO Order Members who have visited other groups, and there are a large number of people who regularly visit FWBO centres that also visit other Buddhist movements and also completely different spiritual groups.

Regarding the author

I don't know who wrote this article on Sangharakshita, but it seems to me to be the work of a disciple. As such you should "declare an interest". (cf Your teacher criticised Philip Mellor for not revealing he was a Roman Catholic in "The FWBO and Protestant Buddhism"). Wikipedia is supposed to be neutral, and no doubt you are sincere, but it is very hard for a disciple to be neutral. Remarkably, the Wikipedia article on the FWBO itself is considerably more neutral. Regarding the sectarianism issue, OF COURSE the FWBO is sectarian, just like most other large spiritual groups tend to be. It is not a criminal offence, just part of human nature. As a disciple, you cannot see this (again unsurprisingly), and so you are nit-picking the rules and regs of Wikipedia to avoid having it said. I think there needs to be a Wikipedia policy around disciples writing biographies of teachers - look at the Rajneesh site for a much worse example! Dave Simmonds

PS I've got no problem when you are writing FWBO publicity, but this is not the place for that!

PPS Why have you written this article? Is it out of a dispassionate interest in the subject? Can you honestly say that you aren't also trying to give a good impression of Sangharakshita?

NPOV/Verifiability
This article is devoid of contents from verified source. Vapour

Deletion
I will apply for deletion of this article. Lack of verifiable reference being the main reason. Vapour

comment
I agree with Vapour. It would be easy to bicker about S but why bother? He isnt any particularly well known figure (in the world/national scheme of things) and all the arguing about him has been done in the FWBO files. The sooner he fades into the past the better for all of us including those at the FWBO. Why not just delete the article on S rather then polluting Wikipedia with all the bickering that has gone on around S? I say DELETE it. How do we get that done? (PS I dont think the page is fair the way it is at the moment, as it is one-sided in my opinion and if S is to be promoted using things like Wikipedia people should know about the bad stuff too). —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Badpz (talk • contribs) 21:04, 17 April 2007 (UTC).

another comment
Please don't delete it! I'm going to work hard this summer to read as many scholarly articles as I can on the fwbo. Once I've done that I'm sure I'll be able to help out by adding attribution. You're right, Sangharakshita isn't well known compared to Suzuki Roshi, Geshe Kelsang Gyatso, etc. But he is still hugely important as a controversial figure in British Buddhism, and wikipedia is likely to be the first place people go to find out more about him. Once it's attributed we can work on a criticism section. Okay? Rupa zero 14:22, 18 May 2007 (UTC)
 * I have no problem with contents which has reference to the third party, verifiable source. The majority of contents, on the other hand, are self referential and amount to self promotion. I will not nominate the article itself for deletion due to the fact that he is mentioned in media and several third party publication. However, I will nominate section which has no reference source outside of FWBO. 14:24, 3 September 2009 (UTC)

comment
The FWBO often prides itself on being 'controversial', eg Subhuti's book Women Men and Angels, as if that is somehow of significance in itself. You say that S is 'hugely important as a controversial figure in British Buddhism'. I don't think he is controversial in the sense of creating interesting debate in British Buddhism: that would indeed be of significance. I think he is 'controversial' more in the sense that people find aspects of his teaching and behaviour repugnant e.g. the inferiority of women, the undermining of families, the use of his position to gain sexual favours, the demonisation of Mark Dunlop for pointing this out, the group-think he encouraged (while claiming the opposite) that is so obvious from outside the WBO (but hard to see from within) and so on. I am not suggesting that members of the WBO generally share these characteristics, but S himself is in any ways not very edifying, and his personal imbalances, which are sizeable, have had an unhealthy effect on literally thousands of people. Dave Simmons.88.108.197.186 16:22, 11 August 2007 (UTC)

yet another comment
Could I please ask that this article not be deleted? I stumbled upon it while looking for information regarding the FWBO. I think its often a matter of opinion as to wether someone is well known or not. After all most people in the UK have never heard of W.B. Yeats, does that mean his entry should be removed? Should Wikipedia only have entries on the Paris Hiltons of this planet? Google gives me the impression that this person has some controversial stuff written about him. I dont know what to believe, hence I thought wikipedia, being a neutral source of information would provide factual information about this person and possible prove/dispell some myths. But here I am writing for people not to delete an entry just because people dont like him! The man founded the FWBO, one of the largest buddhist schools in the UK, thats significant to me, its enough for me to want to google his name before going to their seminars. And I suspect quite a lot of people will want to do the same.

I like the impartialality of Wikipedia, I'm not heavily involved in Wikipedia (I've added to a few entries, but not enough to want to be an editor). But I appreciate, or was lead to believe, that wikipedia tries to emulate an encyclopedia - it doesn't take a political position! Hence you dont see slanderous stuff written about Hitler or Mussolini or people trying to wipe those entries because they dont like those people? Please could that level of professionalism be maintained and this entry not deleted. Thank you. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 152.78.201.165 (talk) 13:09, August 30, 2007 (UTC)

 * I would second that this article should not be deleted. The subject is a founder of a minor religious movement, and also the author of some fairly successful books on Buddhism, which have been bought outside of the FWBO. He has been the subject of articles in books, and newspapers too (not all criticial).--MacRusgail (talk) 11:44, 10 May 2010 (UTC)

On criticism and "importance"
There seems to be two threads running through this talk page that strike me as odd.

1) Criticism. Certainly, the Sangharakshita entry is the place where criticism should be. Any entry on a historical figure with a NPOV would include the kinds of information that has been deleted. There is enough verifiable source material, as well as the Guardian article to make it a bit silly not to have some small reference to it. I can agree that a link to the ex-FWBO files is not necessary, but a link to the Guardian article seems proper. At the moment, the entry on S has no critisism, but the entry for FWBO has it. This strikes me as odd. (Can you imagine, for example, an L. Ron Hubbard entry with out critical information to be neutral?)

2) Importance. The idea the S is too minor a figure to have his own entry is absurd and reflects a non-NPOV, I think. He founded his own spiritual movement with thousands of members and is a prolific author. Whether we like him or not has nothing to do with the fact that he certainly is "important" enough to have an entry. Tom F. (talk) 08:02, 11 December 2007 (UTC)

And another comment I can't see what's wrong with a link to the FWBO-files. That site brings together much of the verifiable criticism of S and the FWBO. Or is it other aspects of the site that you do not wish people to encounter? Are you trying to protect the FWBO? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.108.170.123 (talk) 17:31, 11 December 2007 (UTC)

Not in the least I have no motivation to protect anyone. I'm just offering my opinion on what constitutes a NPOV. Though much of the information in the files are relevant, the site, in it's entirety is certainly not neutral. Are you neutral?

If you read my whole post, in which the comment on the files was just a minor point, you would see I am advocating putting the criticism back in the article. So who exactly am I trying to protect? Tom F. (talk) 07:43, 12 December 2007 (UTC)

Reversion of article on Sangharakshita
Hi Chuckiesdad,

Thanks for your message about my edit on Sangharakshita, which I am planning as the first of many. You state the reason for removal as "lack of proper sources" / source only a blog, but in fact the additions I made are directly suported by articles in (and were referenced by me to) a paper publication called Shabda. So as far as I can see the additions I made are perfectly legal.

In fact if you look at the rest of the article there are no atributions/references at all. By the criteria you state ie "lack of proper sources" -my text is about the only text on the page that meets Wikipedias standards!

Would you please reinstate my edits?

Thanks

TBP —Preceding unsigned comment added by Thebuddhaspiece (talk • contribs) 13:01, 10 April 2009 (UTC)

seeking balance
Have taken in FWBO pages as well as the 'FWBO files'; could anyone suggest other sources from which one might be able to draw one's own conclusions? 87.194.30.190 (talk) 02:26, 9 June 2009 (UTC)

 * Sources is the key here. Re some recent edits, I think it would be interesting if Sangharakshita doesn't meditate much, or thinks Zen isn't Buddhist, as variously alleged. If true, it would be nice to see these things sourced. Otherwise, they have to be cut. Bluehotel (talk) 19:40, 10 June 2009 (UTC)

Conflict of interest
It is evident that some of the editors of this page have a conflict of interest violating Wikipedia policy, because they are Order members. The user names are a dead giveaway.--MacRusgail (talk) 10:27, 30 April 2010 (UTC)

 * Since the article is about an individual rather than an organisation, I think COI would only occur if the subject or his close associates were to edit.Martinlc (talk) 15:52, 30 April 2010 (UTC)

 * This is not the case, active members of the WBO venerate Sangharakshita, and in some cases would deny any criticisms of him. If you don't believe that Order members are editing this page, there's a user just above - Tathaataa - who is almost certainly one. If we had an article about the Pope, which was written exclusively from the Vatican perspective, this would be biased too.--MacRusgail (talk) 11:42, 10 May 2010 (UTC)

 * It's better to light a candle than to curse the darkness, MacRusgail. Rather than speculate on the motives and affiliations of those who are contributing to the article, why not do some legwork and find some verifiable, reputable, third-party (especially scholarly) perspectives on Sangharakshita -- critical or otherwise. Tathaataa (talk) 03:20, 6 July 2010 (UTC)

 * If someone's going to light one, or curse the darkness, it's better that they do so from a neutral perspective. You evidently, do not have a neutral POV. -MacRusgail (talk) 16:50, 23 March 2012 (UTC)

 * As long as contributions are Verifiable by RS and conform to NPOV, I don'ty see why those familiar with a topic cannot contribute. Your Pope article would benefit from the contributions  of the Vatican; if other POVs were needed too, that's fine.  We would expect a politician's entry to broadly reflect how they are seen by their supporters, plus how they are seen by neutral observes and critics, and I don't see that this is different.  It would help, of course, if contributors didn't delete well-sourced critical comment or add unsourced praise, but that's NPOV not COI, I think.Martinlc (talk) 12:17, 10 May 2010 (UTC)

 * Unsourced praise is unacceptable in a Wikipedia article, and it should be deleted. However I'm not aware of any such material in the article as it stands. Well-sourced critical comment is fine, of course. The third-party material I've read has been complimentary thus far, but any criticism from reputable sources should certainly be considered for inclusion. I plan to keep working on this article, to make every statement verifiable and from reputable third-parties, and to ensure balance. It'll take a while, and I'm sure there will be some criticism both from fans and critics of Sangharakshita. Tathaataa (talk) 03:20, 6 July 2010 (UTC)

List of specific factual claims to be added (NPOV)
This article is currently a mix of advertising and fiction.

Would others please add to this list.

(1) The section dealing with Sangharakshita's period in India can hardly ignore the fact that his "mission" there ended in disaster, and with his being denounced by the movement that this Wikipedia article claims he was the glorious leader of: "As a mark of protest, on this 25th day of December, the 72nd anniversary of the burning of the 'Manusmirti', we are burning your photograph publicly…". Presumably, the article should deal with the facts of what happened in S.'s actual career in India, including the conditions of his "fleeing" crowds of angry protestors, who denounced him both for sexual misconduct and illicit drug use (these are not minor omissions in an article that relentlessly glorifies its subject!).

(2) There is hardly a single factual source for this article aside from the old article in The Guardian, and yet the facts disclosed in that article are not admitted here, and are instead denied.

Many more issues could be added to this list.

In terms of the article as it now stands: if it isn't factual, and it isn't cited, please delete it. At this point, I honestly don't see why the entire article shouldn't be deleted outright. Conversely, there would be nothing wrong with a short article that just provides the date of birth, and undisputed facts about his life. Wikipedia is an encyclopedia, not an advertising agency. Jep Tong (talk) 22:27, 10 October 2012 (UTC)

Place of birth
The infobox says that Sangharakshita was born in Tooting, whereas the text (Early life section) says that he was born in Stockwell. So where was he actually born? Criric (talk) 12:58, 9 March 2015 (UTC)

Short illness
" after a short illness on 30 October 2018"

I heard he was dying over ten years ago. Not a short illness. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2.99.193.146 (talk) 15:56, 20 November 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sangharakshita


text:
Kawakami, Okayama (Kawakami)

Kawakami (川上町) was a town located in Kawakami District, Okayama Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 3,853 and a density of 44.33 persons per km2. The total area was 86.91 km2.

On October 1, 2004, Kawakami, along with the town of Ukan (from Jōbō District), and the towns of Bitchū and Nariwa (all from Kawakami District), was merged into the expanded city of Takahashi and no longer exists as an independent municipality.

title: Kawakami, Okayama (Kawakami)


text:
Bitchū, Okayama

Bitchū (備中町) was a town located in Kawakami District, Okayama Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 2,893 and a density of 28.21 persons per km2. The total area was 102.56 km2.

On October 1, 2004, Bitchū, along with the town of Ukan (from Jōbō District), and the towns of Kawakami and Nariwa (all from Kawakami District), was merged into the expanded city of Takahashi and no longer exists as an independent municipality.

title: Bitchū, Okayama


text:
Kawakami District, Okayama

Kawakami (川上郡) was a district located in Okayama Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the district had an estimated population of 12,339 and a density of 45.47 persons per km2. The total area was 271.34 km2.

Towns and villages

 * Bitchū
 * Kawakami
 * Nariwa

Merger

 * On October 1, 2004 - the towns of Bitchū, Kawakami and Nariwa, along with the town of Ukan (from Jōbō District), were merged into the expanded city of Takahashi. Kawakami District was dissolved as a result of this merger.

title: Kawakami District, Okayama


text:
Ōsa, Okayama

Ōsa (大佐町) was a town located in Atetsu District, Okayama Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 3,922 and a density of 32.35 persons per km2. The total area was 121.25 km2.

On March 31, 2005, Ōsa, along with the towns of Shingō, Tessei and Tetta (all from Atetsu District), was merged into the expanded city of Niimi.

title: Ōsa, Okayama


text:
Shingō, Okayama

Shingō (神郷町) was a town located in Atetsu District, Okayama Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 2,511 and a density of 18.41 persons per km2. The total area was 136.37 km2.

On March 31, 2005, Shingō, along with the towns of Ōsa, Tessei and Tetta (all from Atetsu District), was merged into the expanded city of Niimi.

title: Shingō, Okayama


text:
List of spacecraft manufacturers

History
During the early years of spaceflight only nation states had the resources to develop and fly spacecraft. Both the U.S. space program and Soviet space program were operated using mainly military (ex Airforce) pilots as astronauts. During this period, no commercial space launches were available to private operators, and no private organization was able to offer space launches.

In the 1980s, the European Space Agency created Arianespace, the world's first commercial space transportation company, and, following the Challenger disaster, the American government deregulated the American space transportation market as well. In the 1990s the Russian government sold their majority stake in RSC Energia to private investors (although it has recently renationalized the Russian space sector in 2013–2014. ) These events for the first time allowed private organizations to purchase, develop and offer space launch services; beginning the period of private spaceflight in the late-1980s and early-1990s.

Satellite manufacturers
There are 10 major companies that build large, commercial, Geosynchronous satellite platforms:

In addition to those above, the following companies have successfully built and launched (smaller) satellite platforms:

Launch vehicle manufacturers and providers of third party services
Commercial wings of national space agencies:
 * Aerospace Industrial Development Corporation (AIDC) and Taiwan Aerospace Industry Association (TAIA) Taiwan
 * Antrix Corporation and NSIL India
 * China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation China
 * China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation China

title: List of spacecraft manufacturers


text:
Tetta, Okayama

Tetta (哲多町) was a town located in Atetsu District, Okayama Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 3,961 and a density of 36.89 persons per km2. The total area was 107.37 km2.

On March 31, 2005, Tetta, along with the towns of Ōsa, Shingō and Tessei (all from Atetsu District), was merged into the expanded city of Niimi.

title: Tetta, Okayama


text:
Talk:Zen teacher

I've moved Dave Chadwick to the teachers section as he is in fact an ordained priest, not a layman and removed Allan Watts as he wasn't a practitioner of Zen but merely a commentator, though admittedly an important one.

Roshi, Zen master, Sunim
All of the above are deserving of their own respective articles, explaining in depth what each term means depending on the tradition. The redirect of roshi and Zen master to this article "Zen teacher" is rather inexcusable in my opinion, and lacking in scholarly analysis at that. In fact, the term Zen teacher doesn't mean much of anything. With all of the masters and others we have linked to this article, these terms should be number one in priority (imo). I will contemplate creating a Zen task force at WikiProject Buddhism, and will try to discuss a way we may collaborate on this effort and get it right. I'm thinking if we assign volunteers to work on particular denominations and the meaning of terms in each article body that the result will be very good. Perhaps even articles such as Roshi (Soto) and Roshi (Rinzai) would work. Any thoughts? (Mind meal (talk) 06:25, 24 January 2008 (UTC))

title: Talk:Zen teacher


text:
Talk:Beloit, Wisconsin

(Missed by bot?)
How did the bot not create a standard page for this small yet not terribly small (maybe 50,000) city, I wonder?? Moncrief, 14 Mar 2004

Photos
Too bad we had to lose those photos -- they were pretty attractive ones. If the original uploader is still around, please submit them again, this time with proper attribution, so that we can keep them. --Dhartung | Talk 19:38, 3 March 2007 (UTC)

Angel Museum
I am desperately searching for a photograph of the two concrete angels in front of the Angel Museum. Are there any locals, who could help? --NearEMPTiness (talk) 17:23, 22 May 2014 (UTC)

Only city in State to have three billion dollar international companies based in the city
FALSE Milwaukee has more than three. Harley Davidson, Johnson Controls, and Rockwell Automation, Joy Global, Northwestern Mutual. http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2011/states/WI.html — Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.128.82.99 (talk) 22:56, 1 November 2011 (UTC)

Um... Why is there another article about Beloit (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beloit_(town)%2C_Wisconsin)? The other one doesn't seem to have any new information. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 144.89.187.29 (talk) 18:56, 23 September 2007 (UTC)

=Beloit, Town= "Um... Why is there another article about Beloit (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beloit_(town)%2C_Wisconsin)? The other one doesn't seem to have any new information."

The Town of Beloit and the City are two different places, and municipalities. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Danieljluebke (talk • contribs) 15:03, 31 October 2007 (UTC)

Try again
"Putting the "Beloit Historical Society" as a source is not sufficient. Who said it at the Historical Society?  Is there a brochure?  At any rate, I'm now adding a "dubious" tag to another because it looks like it was not invented in Beloit.  Speedometer - invented in Austria-Hungary.  Ufwuct (talk) 15:14, 20 May 2008 (UTC)

=Wait a second= Yes, infact there is a BHS- http://www.beloithistoricalsociety.com/, and yes Arthur P. Warner (1870-1957) of Beloit holds the patent for the magnetic modern form of the speedometer (http://www.aviationhalloffamewisconsin.com/inductees/Warner.htm). Warner Instrument Company became the largest manufacturer of speedometers after WWII,(http://www.aviationhalloffamewisconsin.com/inductees/Warner.htm). Warner was also the inventor of the electric brake. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.190.50.213 (talk) 22:27, 21 May 2008 (UTC)

Copyright problem removed
One or more portions of this article duplicated other source(s). Infringing material has been rewritten or removed and must not be restored, unless it is duly released under a license compatible with GFDL. (For more information, please see "using copyrighted works from others" if you are not the copyright holder of this material, or "donating copyrighted materials" if you are.) For legal reasons, we cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from other web sites or printed material; such additions will be deleted. Contributors may use external websites as a source of information, but not as a source of sentences or phrases. Accordingly, the material may be rewritten, but only if it does not infringe on the copyright of the original or plagiarize from that source. Wikipedia takes copyright violations very seriously, and persistent violators will be blocked from editing. While we appreciate contributions, we must require all contributors to understand and comply with these policies. Thank you. --Moonriddengirl (talk) 13:28, 2 January 2009 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 6 one external links on Beloit, Wisconsin. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130911234518/http://factfinder2.census.gov to http://factfinder2.census.gov
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20140305164937/http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_DP_DPDP1&prodType=table to http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_DP_DPDP1&prodType=table
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080708213327/http://www.beloithistoricalsociety.com/newsletter/Ads/adams.htm to http://www.beloithistoricalsociety.com/newsletter/Ads/adams.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090210190717/http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/dictionary/index.asp?action=view&term_id=2884&keyword=appleby to http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/dictionary/index.asp?action=view&term_id=2884&keyword=appleby
 * Added archive http://www.webcitation.org/699nOulzi?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fgeo%2Fwww%2Fgazetteer%2Ffiles%2FGaz_places_national.txt to http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt
 * Added archive http://www.webcitation.org/6YSasqtfX?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fprod%2Fwww%2Fdecennial.html to http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html

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Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 12:18, 30 October 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Beloit, Wisconsin


text:
Tessei, Okayama

Tessei (哲西町) was a town located in Atetsu District, Okayama Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 3,152 and a density of 41.32 persons per km ². The total area was 76.29 km ².

On March 31, 2005, Tessei, along with the towns of Ōsa, Shingō and Tetta (all from Atetsu District), was merged into the expanded city of Niimi.

The town is known for its nature reserve, Koigakubo Marsh, which was designated as a National Natural Monument.

title: Tessei, Okayama


text:
Atetsu District, Okayama

Atetsu (阿哲郡) was a district located in Okayama Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the district had an estimated population of 13,546 and a density of 30.70 persons per km2. The total area was 441.28 km2.

Towns and villages

 * Ōsa
 * Shingō
 * Tessei
 * Tetta

Merger

 * On March 31, 2005 - the towns of Ōsa, Shingō, Tessei and Tetta were merged into the expanded city of Niimi. Therefore, Atetsu District was dissolved as a result of this merger.

title: Atetsu District, Okayama


text: Template:Current

title: Template:Current


text:
Maniwa District, Okayama

Maniwa (真庭郡) is a district located in Okayama Prefecture, Japan.

In 2003 the district had an estimated population of 48,246 and a density of 58.53 persons per km2. The total area is 824.35 km2.

In 2005, the component towns and villages of Chūka, Katsuyama, Kawakami, Kuse, Mikamo, Ochiai, Yatsuka, Yubara, as well as the neighboring town of Hokubō (from Jōbō District) united to form the city of Maniwa. Currently only one village, Shinjō, belongs to Maniwa District.

Current towns and villages (after the formation of Maniwa City)

 * Shinjō

Former towns and villages

 * Chūka
 * Katsuyama
 * Kawakami
 * Kuse
 * Mikamo
 * Ochiai
 * Shinjō
 * Yatsuka
 * Yubara

title: Maniwa District, Okayama


text:
Chūka, Okayama

Chūka (中和村) was a village located in Maniwa District, Okayama Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the village had an estimated population of 800 and a density of 16.76 persons per km2. The total area was 47.73 km2.

On March 31, 2005, Chūka, along with the town of Hokubō (from Jōbō District), and towns of Katsuyama, Kuse, Ochiai and Yubara, and the villages of Kawakami, Mikamo and Yatsuka (all from Maniwa District) were merged to create the city of Maniwa.

title: Chūka, Okayama


text:
Yatsuka, Okayama

Yatsuka (八束村) was a town located in Maniwa District, Okayama Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the village had an estimated population of 2,946 and a density of 48.15 persons per km2. The total area was 61.19 km2.

On March 31, 2005, Yatsuka, along with the town of Hokubō (from Jōbō District), and towns of Katsuyama, Kuse, Ochiai and Yubara, and the villages of Chūka, Kawakami and Mikamo (all from Maniwa District) were merged to create the city of Maniwa.

Geography

 * Mountains: Mount Hiruzen (蒜山)
 * Rivers: Asahi River (The big-3 river through Okayama Prefecture)

Adjoining municipalities

 * Okayama Prefecture
 * Yubara
 * Kawakami
 * Chūka
 * Tottori Prefecture
 * Kurayoshi (Former Sekigane town)

Agriculture

 * Dairy (Jersey cattle, milk)

Education

 * Yatsuka Elementary School
 * Hiruzen Junior High School
 * Okayama Prefectural Hiruzen High School

Transportation

 * Expressways:
 * Yonago Expressway
 * Hiruzen Interchange (Kawakami)
 * National highways:
 * Route 313
 * Route 482
 * Prefectural roads:
 * Okayama Prefectural Route 324 (Higashikayabe-Shimofukuda)
 * Okayama Prefectural Route 325 (Bessho-Shimonagata)
 * Okayama Prefectural Route 422 (Hiruzen Kōgen)
 * Okayama Prefectural Route 702 (Yatsuka-Kawakami cycling road)
 * Roadside Station
 * Hiruzen Kōgen

Notable places and events

 * Mount Hiruzen
 * Hiruzen plateau (蒜山高原)
 * Hiruzen Jersey Land
 * Kamihiruzen Ski resort

title: Yatsuka, Okayama


text:
Talk:Closed captioning

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 16:22, 23 June 2019 (UTC)
 * The Dover Boys 190613 LTPC.webm

Redirect for Unicode characters ⚞ and ⚟
The symbols ⚞ and ⚟ appears in the Unicode block for Miscellaneous Symbols. The wikilinks ⚞ and ⚟ redirect to this article, but the article itself nothing whatsoever to explain what ⚞ and ⚟ are or any other information about these glyphs. I request either that this information necessary information (preferably with references) be added to this article, or the redirects changed to lead to a more appropriate article. - Gilgamesh (talk) 13:39, 21 October 2021 (UTC)

Caption formatting
How come this section is not sourced, and pretty much only from the anglosphere? I would happily add something from Poland, but no idea where from should I even source it. SkywalkerPL (talk) 11:01, 23 May 2022 (UTC)

 * There's a Polish version of Wikipedia. How about you try that?
 * Also funny that you ask why there is no sauce and then immediately state that you wouldn't even know where to get sauce from?
 * Bro, you're retarded. 2A02:8108:96C0:3948:CDAF:E81A:E652:1B99 (talk) 20:00, 12 December 2022 (UTC)

WTF does this bullshit mean?
"Other uses have included providing a textual alternative language translation of a presentation's primary audio language that is usually burned-in (or "open") to the video and unselectable."

'burned-in (or "open")'???

What the fuck is that supposed to mean? 2A02:8108:96C0:3948:CDAF:E81A:E652:1B99 (talk) 19:56, 12 December 2022 (UTC)

 * It says under the "Terminology" section, "The term "closed" (versus "open") indicates that the captions are not visible until activated by the viewer, usually via the remote control or menu option. On the other hand, "open", "burned-in", "baked on", "hard-coded", or simply "hard" captions are visible to all viewers as they are embedded in the video." While it is not sourced, that should answer your question. Erik (talk | contrib) (ping me) 19:59, 12 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Thanks, I saw it after reading on and was about to comment on that.
 * I think it's confusing to start using weird terminology and only defining it afterwards.
 * Anglo-subhumans really come up with the weirdest shit. 2A02:8108:96C0:3948:CDAF:E81A:E652:1B99 (talk) 20:10, 12 December 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Closed captioning