text:
Gallieni station

Gallieni (Parc de Bagnolet) is a station on Paris Métro Line 3, being its eastern terminus.

Location
The station is located under the Paris-Gallieni International Bus Station, in the heart of a motorway complex at the junction of the A3 autoroute and the Boulevard Périphérique Paris ring-road. Oriented along an east–west axis, it is preceded by or followed by the Porte de Bagnolet metro station.

History
It was opened on 2 April 1971 when the line was extended from Gambetta in order to improve the service to the town of Bagnolet. It has since been the new eastern terminus, replacing the previous terminus at Porte des Lilas, the section between the latter and Gambetta station, disconnected since 27 March 1971 and became the current line 3 bis. It is situated on the Avenue Gallieni, which is named after General Joseph Gallieni, famous for commandeering 600 taxis to take troops to the front to help save Paris during the First Battle of the Marne in 1914.

The station bears the subtitle Parc de Bagnolet because of its proximity to the northwest end of Parc Jean-Moulin-Les Guilands, shared between the municipalities of Bagnolet and Montreuil.

In the course of the 2010s, the tiling on the walls supporting the station's ceiling was renovated, changing from beige to the characteristic white of the metro network, the upper part was left bare and painted white.

In 2018, 5,841,623 passengers entered this station, which places it at the 70th position of the metro stations for its usage.

Access
The station has two entrances:
 * entrance 1 - Shopping Center, consisting of a fixed staircase decorated with a mast with a yellow M inscribed in a circle, emerging under two road ramps connecting the Boulevard Périphérique to the A3 autoroute, to the right of the Bel Est commercial center;
 * entrance 2 RATP Bus Station, consisting of a fixed staircase lined with an escalator allowing only the exit, located slightly further south, opposite the said bus station. Although the station was built in the 1970s, the sides of the exchange room are covered with traditional bevelled white tiles.

Platforms
Gallieni is a station of a particular configuration. It has four tracks framing two island platforms. The trains arrive on the central tracks and depart from the central north and north side tracks, the south side track used for the train depot. The walls are vertical, as are the pillars, and support a horizontal ceiling covered with a black fire-resistant flocking. The decoration is typical of the 1970s: the bevelled ceramic tiles, placed vertically and aligned, are beige in colour on the walls (a colour that can be found at Porte de Bagnolet on the same line and at Kléber on line 6) and white on the pillars, the upper part of the latter being coated and painted white. The advertising frames are metallic and the name of the station, inscribed on enamelled plates, is in Helvetica font instead of the usual Parisine typography, a peculiarity that the station only shares with Place d'Italie on line 6 and Porte de Versailles on line 12. The Motte style seats are yellow.

Bus connections
The station has a bus station served by the RATP Bus Network, lines 76, 102, 122, 221, 318 and 351.

Nearby

 * Bel Est shopping center
 * Parc de Bagnolet (parc départemental Jean-Moulin - Les Guilands)
 * Centre d'affaires Gallieni 2
 * Les Mercuriales

title: Gallieni station


text:
Porte des Lilas station

Porte des Lilas station is a station of the Paris Métro. It serves Line 11 and is the northern terminus of Line 3bis. Located on the edge of the 19th and 20th arrondissements of Paris, it serves the neighborhood of the Porte des Lilas. The station is named after the nearby Porte des Lilas, a gate in the nineteenth century Thiers Wall of Paris, which led to the town of Les Lilas.

The station was referred to in Serge Gainsbourg's famous 1958 chanson "Le poinçonneur des Lilas about the ennui of a Métro employee's workday. A Scopitone music video for the song was filmed in Porte des Lilas, showing the singer in a Métro uniform, punching tickets.

Until January 2021 when Line 14 was extended to Porte de Clichy, Porte des Lilas was the only station at one of the gates of Paris to be served by two separate métro lines.

History
The station was opened on 27 November 1921 when line 3 was extended from Gambetta to Porte des Lilas, serving as its eastern terminus. It was originally planned to operate services through to Pré-Saint-Gervais on the then line 7, hence, two separate stations were built – one before the reversal loop (the station used today) and another along the tracks leading to Pré-Saint-Gervais (Porte des Lilas – Cinéma). This plan, however, did not materialise and only a shuttle service operated between the station and Pré-Saint-Gervais via a tunnel called voie navette until 2 September 1939 when it was stopped due to the onset of World War II.

The line 11 platforms opened as part of the original section of the line from Châtelet to Porte des Lilas on 28 April 1935 and was its eastern terminus until it was extended to Mairie des Lilas on 17 February 1937. On 27 March 1971, the line 3 platforms were transferred to line 3bis on its establishment.

As part of modernization works for the extension of Line 11 to Rosny–Bois-Perrier in 2023 for the Grand Paris Express, an additional entrance will be added at rue des Glaïeuls and will be equipped with escalators. Entrance 2 will also be retrofitted with a lift to make the station accessible to those with reduced mobility. From 26 June 2021 to 29 August 2021, the station acted as line 11's eastern terminus when its original terminus, Mairie des Lilas, was closed for renovations.

In 2019, the station was used by 3,439,385 passengers, making it the 143rd busiest of the Métro network out of 302 stations.

In 2020, the station was used by 2,021,179 passengers amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, making it the 120th busiest of the Métro network out of 305 stations.

Access
The station has 5 entrances:

 * Entrance 1: avenue Gambetta (original surface building designed by Charles Plumet, similar to the ones at Pelleport and Saint-Fargeau on line 3bis)
 * Entrance 2: boulevard Mortier
 * Entrance 3: rue de Belleville
 * Entrance 4: boulevard Sérurier
 * Entrance 5: square du Dr. Variot

A sixth entrance used to exist at the corner of avenue Gambetta and rue des tourelles, in front of the Piscine des Tourelles, then known as Stade Nautique. It was removed during its reconstruction in 1989.

Line 3bis
It has a standard configuration with 2 tracks surrounded by 2 side platforms.

Line 11
It has a particular configuration specific to the stations serving or had served as a terminus. It has 2 half-stations – the one towards Mairie des Lilas consisting of a side platform and a single track and the one towards Châtelet consisting of an island platform with two tracks flanking it. The platform towards Châtelet contains a few mosaics on the walls – a portrait of Georges Brassens and two mosaics of lilies.

Porte des Lilas – Cinéma
It also has a standard configuration with 2 tracks surrounded by 2 side platforms, with one track made for steel-wheeled trains (leading to voie des fêtes) and another for rubber-tyred trains (leading to voie Navette). Access to these platforms are usually restricted.

The disused station has been repurposed as a set for commercials and films to avoid disrupting commercial services on the network, hence the nickname, cinéma.

Porte des Lilas – Cinéma was featured in a brief scene in Julie & Julia; in the French film The Past with the station panels and signs adapted for each film; and in John Wick: Chapter 4. An average of 5 films are shot per year and a day of filming costs between 15,000 and 18,000 euros, bringing over 200,000 euros in revenue each year.

Other connections
Since 15 December 2012, the station has been served by tramway T3b. It is also served by lines 20, 48, 61, 64, 96, 105, 115, 129, 170, and 249 of the RATP bus network, and at night, by lines N12 and N23 of the Noctilien bus network.

Nearby

 * Caserne des Tourelles (headquarters of the DGSE)
 * Cirque Électrique
 * Cinéma CGR Paris-Lilas
 * Hôpital Robert-Debré
 * Paris Archives
 * Piscine Georges-Vallerey
 * Square du Docteur-Variot

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Porte des Lilas station


text:
History of Helsinki

Helsinki is the capital of Finland and is its largest city. It was founded in the Middle Ages to be a Swedish rival to other ports on the Gulf of Finland, but it remained a small fishing village for over two centuries. Its importance to the Swedish Kingdom increased in the mid-18th century when the fortress originally known as Sveaborg was constructed on islands at the entrance to the harbor. While intended to protect Helsinki from Russian attack, Sveaborg ultimately surrendered to Russia during the Finnish War (1808-1809), and Finland was incorporated into the Russian Empire as part of the Treaty of Fredrikshamn. Russia then moved the Finnish capital from Turku to Helsinki, and the city grew dramatically during the 19th century. Finnish independence, a civil war, and three consecutive conflicts associated with World War II made Helsinki a site of significant political and military activity during the first half of the 20th century. Helsinki hosted the Summer Olympic Games in 1952, was a European Capital of Culture in 2000, and the World Design Capital in 2012. It is considered a Beta Level city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network (GaWC), according to their 2012 analysis.

Kingdom of Sweden
Helsinki was founded by Swedish King Gustav I in 1550 as the town of Helsingfors. Gustav intended for the town to serve the purpose of consolidating trade in the southern part of Finland and providing a competitor to Reval (today: Tallinn), a nearby Hanseatic League city which dominated local trade at the time. In order to ensure the economic viability of the city, the king ordered the citizens of several other towns to relocate to Helsingfors, but the order did not achieve its intended effect. The Swedish acquisition of northeastern Estonia, including Reval, in 1561 during the Livonian War caused the Swedish crown to lose interest in building up a competitor to Reval, and Helsingfors languished as a forgotten village for decades thereafter.

In 1640, Helsingfors was moved south from its original location at the mouth of the river Vantaa (in Swedish: Vanda), but the improved harbour failed to attract traders. The plague of 1710 killed the greater part of the inhabitants of Helsingfors. After Russia began to assert itself in the Baltic with the foundation of St. Petersburg, Helsingfors was fortified by the Swedish authorities to protect the city from Russian attacks. Construction of the island fortress Sveaborg (in Finnish: Viapori, today: Suomenlinna) began in 1748.

During the Finnish War, Russians captured Helsingfors in March 1808 and besieged the Sveaborg fortress until it surrendered in May. In addition, about one quarter of the town was destroyed by a fire in November of that year.

Grand Duchy of Finland
Following the Russian victory in the war, former Swedish lands known as Finland were transferred from Swedish to Russian control in 1809, and in 1812 the Russian Tsar relocated the capital to Helsinki from Turku in the newly established Grand Duchy of Finland. At that time, the former capital of Turku was officially known as Åbo in Swedish, a city across from Sweden on the Gulf of Bothnia. It was believed that the relative lack of Swedish influence in Helsinki, combined with Helsinki's greater proximity to St. Petersburg, would make a Finnish government headquartered there easier to control. The fortress of Sveaborg also made the capital less vulnerable to an attack via the sea.

After Helsinki became a new capital, the Russian Tsar ordered to rebuild the city of Helsinki in neoclassical style, intending to turn it into a stylish modern capital along the lines of St. Petersburg. The plan by Johan Albrecht Ehrenström was initiated in 1816 by the German-born architect Carl Ludvig Engel. The plan focused on a large urban square, and the initial buildings constructed in the city included the Government Palace on the east side of the square (1822), the Helsinki Old Church (1826), the Orthodox Holy Trinity Church (1826), and Engels Teater (1827), the first theatre in the city. Following the Great Fire of Turku in 1827, The Royal Academy of Turku, at the time the country's only university, was also relocated to Helsinki. It was renamed the Imperial Alexander University in Finland (after Emperor Alexander I) and eventually became the modern University of Helsinki. Engel designed the Main University Building (completed on the west side of Senate Square in 1832) and the university library (1844), now the National Library of Finland. The relocation of the university consolidated the city's new important role in the Grand Duchy and helped set it on the path of continuous growth. The planned reinvention of the city as a national capital was finalized by the completion of the Helsinki Cathedral on the north side of Senate Square in 1852. Planned as the focal point of the square from the outset, the cathedral was to be located on the site of the existing Lutheran Ulrika Eleonora church. As such, its construction could not begin until after completion of the Helsinki Old Church, relocation of the altar and furnishings, and demolition of the Ulrika Eleonora church. Construction of the cathedral, originally known as the St. Nicholas Church, took from 1830 to 1852; thus it was not completed until 12 years after Engel's death. It remains a recognizable symbol of Helsinki, easily visible when approaching the city by boat from the Gulf of Finland.

During the 19th century, Helsinki became the economic and cultural center of Finland; as elsewhere, technological advancements such as railroads and industrialization were key factors behind the city's growth. The first Helsinki railway station opened in 1862 with service to Hämeenlinna. Beginning from the late 19th century, the Finnish language became more and more dominant in the city, since the people who moved in from the countryside mostly spoke Finnish. In the beginning of the 20th century, the city was already predominantly Finnish-speaking, although with a large Swedish-speaking minority. Nowadays the Swedish speakers are a small minority.

Helsinki's role as a capital resulted in its being the location of many prominent events in 19th and 20th century Finnish history. While the first 90 years under Russian rule were beneficial to the development of the city and the Finnish nation, the Russification of Finland began in 1899, during the reign of Nicholas II. In 1898, military officer Nikolay Bobrikov had been named by the tsar to be the Governor-General of Finland. Bobrikov's role was to hasten the Russification processes and assimilate Finland more fully into the Russian empire, by force if necessary. This made him extremely unpopular among the Finns, and in 1904 he was assassinated in Helsinki's Government Palace by Eugen Schauman.

20th century to present
Dissatisfaction with Russian rule and calls for independence continued, and in 1917 Finland took advantage of the Russian Revolution to obtain complete independence. Unfortunately, the sociopolitical turmoil that led to the Russian revolution also existed in Finland, and independence was immediately followed by a 3.5-month civil war. The socialist/communist faction of the population (Reds) rose against the conservative faction and government (Whites). The signal to begin hostilities was the lighting of a red lantern in the tower of the Helsinki Workers' Hall in the Hakaniemi district of the city on 26 January 1918. As Helsinki was within what was considered Red territory, the conservative Finnish government left the city and reassembled in Vaasa. The Finnish People's Delegation, the government of the Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic (as Red Finland was officially known), was established in Helsinki on 28 January 1918. German soldiers, allies of the White Guard, took Helsinki back from the Reds on 13 April 1918. While atrocities were committed by both sides during the conflict, thousands of Red prisoners perished after the war while being detained by the Whites at several locations, including the Suomenlinna fortress.

The new nation developed as a democratic republic amidst the interwar turmoil in Europe. According to the August 1939 Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact between the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany, Finland was placed in the Soviet Union's sphere of influence. Consequently, the Soviets attacked Finland on 30 November 1939 to begin the Winter War. Helsinki was bombed immediately after the war commenced, and then several additional times during the war. After an unfavorable peace agreement to end the war, Finland took the opportunity to become a "co-belligerent" with Nazi Germany in World War II, fighting a Continuation War against the Soviet Union only. This also resulted in multiple bombings of Helsinki from 1941 to 1944, with the most significant series being three massive raids in February 1944.

After the war, Finland was forced to pay reparations to the Soviet Union. Despite this, Helsinki and the rest of Finland thrived. A landmark event was hosting the Games of the XV Olympiad (1952 Summer Olympics). Finland's rapid urbanization in the 1970s, occurring late relative to the rest of Europe, tripled the population in the metropolitan area, and the Helsinki Metro subway system was built. The relatively sparse population density of Helsinki and its peculiar structure have often been attributed to the lateness of its growth. Helsinki was a European Capital of Culture in 2000, and the World Design Capital in 2012. It is considered a Beta Level city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network (GaWC), according to their 2012 analysis.

Historical population of Helsinki
The population of the city grew rapidly after the relocation of the capital there in 1812, as demonstrated by the following table.
 * 1810: 4,070 inhabitants
 * 1830: 11,100
 * 1850: 20,700
 * 1880: 43,300
 * 1900: 93,600
 * 1925: 209,800
 * 1960: 425,000
 * 2001: 559,718
 * 2012: 596,233
 * 2017: 635,000

title: History of Helsinki


text:
Talk:Legality of cannabis

Correcting legal status for Bolivia (and possibly others)
The legal status of Cannabis in Bolivia that is shown in the table and image on the current revision is wrong. There is no permitted quantity, possession of one gram is 10-25 years in jail. The entry hasn't had a citation since it was first changed from "Illegal" on the now-merged Legality of cannabis by country article. I'm just correcting it in the table now and might correct a few more unsourced entries while I'm at it. I'll link the edits back to this discussion. TimofKingsland (talk) 04:37, 4 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Good catch on Bolivia and I cannot find any solid confirmation that cannabis is decriminalized in Argentina either. There was a court ruling in 2009 but the impact seems to be limited.  I have updated the map.--Jamesy0627144 (talk) 03:57, 1 February 2024 (UTC)

Germany must be updated
They legalized today. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-68378807 Lene Johansen (talk) 15:44, 23 February 2024 (UTC)

 * I already updated the page but I can't update the maps as wikimedia won't let me. Homercat1234 (talk) 15:47, 23 February 2024 (UTC)
 * I went ahead and updated it since I don't think it requires any signature from the leader of Germany or any other body of the legislature to pass it. Pretty sure about that but if I'm wrong can just revert back.--Jamesy0627144 (talk) 21:38, 23 February 2024 (UTC)
 * I have reverted the map files for now, because the law is not yet in force (it will take effect on 1 April 2024). 1857a (talk) 01:50, 24 February 2024 (UTC)
 * I know that the law is not in effect. But, as a Cannabis watcher, I remember that whenever a US state legalizes Cannabis the map is updated as soon as the law is approved. Since, in this case, the law will go into effect on April 1 it is proper to update the map now. I checked some old talk pages and it appears that this has been the policy since at least 2018 as far as I can tell. Therefore, I disagree with the reversion and support restoring the changes. Homercat1234 (talk) 03:40, 24 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Ohio and nearly every jurisdiction I've seen for a while has been updated on the map when the law passed rather than when the law came into effect. Not sure why it would be different for Germany (or Luxembourg and Ukraine, previously) I disagree with the reversion and support restoring changes to the two maps. Kawashika (talk) 05:33, 26 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Can we just revert the map? I feel like there has been enough time. Homercat1234 (talk) 15:45, 28 February 2024 (UTC)

U.S. Indian reservations
2.3 percent of the land in the United States and over 1 million people are in Federally recognized Indian reservations. But their status is not mentioned in the last lede paragraph, which only mentions states or territories and Washington D.C. This should probably be corrected. Several reservations but not all have legalized cannabis, as shown in Legality of cannabis by U.S. jurisdiction. ☆ Bri (talk) 22:19, 23 February 2024 (UTC)
 * We don't even really know how many tribes have legalized though, aside from the fact that is probably not a very large number, out of hundreds of tribes. It could maybe say "some" have legalized in that paragraph, and then you would also have to add the same thing to paragraph above it.  Personally I would leave it out though as it seems like too minor of detail worth mentioning twice in the lead, when the best we could probably say about it is that "some" have legalized.  I do see that the U.S. table entry mentions Indian reservations though and maybe that could be expanded to say that some have legalized, not just that they are allowed to.--Jamesy0627144 (talk) 01:31, 24 February 2024 (UTC)--Jamesy0627144 (talk) 01:31, 24 February 2024 (UTC)
 * I've added a link to Cannabis on American Indian reservations in the U.S. section. We could mention how many tribal nations have legalised cannabis in the U.S. section although I've struggled to find a reliable source that explicitly states (i.e. complying with WP:SYNTH) that six have done so, as indicated by Legality of cannabis by U.S. jurisdiction. Helper201 (talk) 19:27, 24 February 2024 (UTC)

Cannabis is NOT legal in Germany
It is clearly illegal to own, grow or trade cannabis in Germany: https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/kcang/__2.html

It is only legal to own 25g for personal consumption, 50g at home, and to grow up to 3 plants https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/kcang/__3.html

Notice that it is only legal to consume it for yourself. If someone owns 20g and plans to smoke 0,2g together with a friend, the possession of the whole 20g becomes illegal before cannabis is even shared. If you subsequently consume the cannabis together with a friend, you commit a crime, which is theoretical punishable by up to 3 years in prison: https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/kcang/__34.html.

Plus, there is no way to legally buy cannabis. 2A02:908:E855:AA00:B92C:3E25:926D:93CC (talk) 10:04, 27 April 2024 (UTC)

Cannabis is NOT legal in Turkmenistan either?
The map has Turkmenistan in blue. Cannot find any results corroborating, only results insisting illegal, as well as the Turkmenistan row of the table. Was that edit in error? 146.90.88.182 (talk) 20:42, 2 June 2024 (UTC)

Correction to ACT legality status
As per the ACT government website,

"Cannabis is not legal in the ACT, it has been decriminalised. The ACT has removed penalties for adults who possess or use small amounts of cannabis so they can get support without fear of being put through the justice system."

This page's map depicts the ACT as having legal cannabis, when the ACT has explicitly denied this. It should therefore fall into the "Illegal, but decriminalized" category. Powwu (talk) 16:51, 11 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Legality of cannabis


text:
Saint-Fargeau station

Saint-Fargeau is a station of the Paris Métro, serving Line 3bis. The station owes its name to its location under Place Saint-Fargeau, which was named after the politician Louis-Michel Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau (1760-1793) who had participated in the French Revolution and was assassinated in 1793, allegedly for voting for the execution of Louis XVI.

History
The station opened on 27 November 1921 when line 3 was extended from Gambetta to Porte des Lilas. On 27 March 1971, it was transferred to line 3bis on its establishment when line 3 was extended from Gambetta to Gallieni. As part of the "Un métro + beau" programme by the RATP, the station was renovated and modernised on 12 November 2003.

In 2019, the station was used by 716,699 passengers, making it the 294th busiest of the Métro network out of 302 stations.

In 2020, the station was used by 339,164 passengers amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, making it the 294h busiest of the Métro network out of 305 stations.

Access
The station has a single entrance at Place Saint-Fargeau with an original surface building designed by Charles Plumet, like the two adjacent stations Pelleport and Porte des Lilas.

Platforms
The station has a standard configuration with 2 tracks surrounded by 2 side platforms. Due to its significant depth, 2 lifts are provided along with stairs to its entrance.

Other connections
The station is also served by lines 61, 64, and 96 of the RATP bus network.

title: Saint-Fargeau station


text:
Pelleport station

Pelleport is a station of the Paris Métro, serving Line 3bis. It was opened on 27 November 1921 when Line 3 was extended from Gambetta to Porte des Lilas. On 27 March 1971, it was transferred to Line 3bis upon the establishment of the line.

History
The station opened on November 27, 1921 with the entry into service of the extension of line 3 from Gambetta to Porte des Lilas.

It owes its name to its location at the intersection with Rue Pelleport, which pays homage to 19th-century military leader Viscount Pierre de Pelleport (1773-1855) who was a major general. He was seriously wounded at the Battle of Eylau in 1807, and served in the armies of the Restoration before being appointed to the Chamber of Peers in 1841.

From 1940, under the Occupation, the chief supervisor of the station Lucien Noël set up a network of resistance fighters. He was arrested in October of the following year and shot on January 24, 1942 at the fortress of Mont-Valérien.

On March 27, 1971, the station was transferred to Line 3bis, which resulted from the isolation of the section between Gambetta and Porte des Lilas of Line 3 in the form of an independent line, following the extension of the first to Gallieni.

As part of RATP's Renouveau du métro program, the station corridors and platform lighting were renovated on May 19, 2006.

In 2019, 329,597 passengers passed through the station which placed it at 302nd position out 302 for its usage.

Access
The station has a single entrance called "Place Paul-Signac", leading to the said place facing Avenue Gambetta in the form of an original entrance with bas reliefs and earthenware decoration, designed in 1922 by Charles Plumet, particularity that it only shares with the Saint-Fargeau and Porte des Lilas stations on the same line. Due to the great depth of the platforms, it has two elevators surrounded by fixed stairs.

Platforms
Pelleport is a standard configuration station. It has two platforms separated by the metro tracks and the vault is elliptical. The decoration is of the style used for the majority of metro stations. The lighting fixtures are white and rounded in the Gaudin style of the metro revival of the 2000s, and the bevelled white ceramic tiles cover the upright walls, the vault and the tunnel exits. The advertising frames are honey-colored earthenware and the name of the station is also earthenware in the original CMP style. The seats are Motte style in yellow.

With the exception of the colour of the seats, this decoration is completely identical to that of the neighboring station, Saint-Fargeau.

Bus connections
The station is served by lines 60, 61 and 64 of the RATP Bus Network.

title: Pelleport station


text:
Porte de Clignancourt station

Porte de Clignancourt is a station of the Paris Métro, the northern terminus of line 4, situated in the 18th Arrondissement.

Location
The station is located under Boulevard Ornano at the Porte de Clignancourt.

History
The station was opened on 21 April 1908 as part of the first section of the line from Châtelet. A terminal loop is provided at the station for trains to turn around to return south towards Montrouge. Passengers usually detrain at the arrival platform and then the train proceeds empty via the loop to the departure platform. Beyond the turning loop lie a series of storage sidings and the main depot for Line 4 in Saint-Ouen.

Clignancourt was an ancient hamlet that belonged to the abbey of Saint-Denis, and was annexed to Paris in 1860. The term "porte" refers to a gate of the Thiers Wall built to defend Paris between 1841 and 1844 and demolished in the 1920s.

Porte de Clignancourt is also one end of Route nationale 14, which links Paris to Rouen.

The station lies just inside the city limits of Paris; to the north of the station is the commune of Saint-Ouen. Thus a short walk from the station is the marché aux puces de Saint-Ouen (48.90372°N, 2.3398°W), a large flea market founded in the late 17th century and possibly where the term flea market originated about 1880. Nearby is the Cimetière de Saint-Ouen, a Roman Catholic cemetery associated with Joan of Arc.

In 2018, 8,050,206 travelers entered this station, which places it at the 30th position of metro stations for its usage.

Access
The station has three accesses that lead to Nos 79, 80bis and 82 Boulevard Ornano.

Platforms
Porte de Clignancourt is a standard configuration station. It has two platforms separated by metro tracks and the roof is elliptical. The decoration is in the style of green Ouï-dire. The lighting strip is of the same color, supported by false curved consoles. The direct lighting is white while the indirect lighting, projected on the vault, is multicolored. The white ceramic tiles are flat and cover the walls, the roof, the tympans and the outlets of the corridors. The advertising frames are green and cylindrical and the name of the station is written in capital letters on enamelled plates. The platform towards Montrouge, known as the departure platform, is equipped with sit-stand seats and individual gray benches. The other platform, known as the arrival platform, is devoid of seats.

Bus and other connections
The station is served by Lines 56, 85, 137, 166, 255 and 341 of the RATP Bus Network and, at night, by Lines N14 and N44 of the Noctilien network.

The station is also in correspondence with the T3b line of the Ile-de-France tramway since the extension of the latter to the Porte d'Asnières on November 24, 2018.

title: Porte de Clignancourt station


text:
Al-Muqanna

Al-Muqanna (المقنع "The Veiled", died c. 783 ) born Hashim, (Arabic/Persian: هاشم), was an 8th-century political and military leader who operated in modern Iran. He led an anti-Islamic rebellion against the Abbasid Caliphate and claimed to be a prophet. He was a major figure of the Khorrām-Dīn, an Iranian religion which drew on Zoroastrian and Islamic influences.

Iranian academics Said Nafisi and Amir-Hossein Aryanpour wrote about him in the context of the Khorrām-Dīnān, the religion he founded in AD 755.

Name and early life
Al-Muqanna was born with the name Hashim. He was a native of Balkh in modern Afghanistan. At the time, the city was under the rule of the Abbasid Caliphate, whose heads claimed successorship to the Islamic prophet Muhammad, and leadership of the Muslim community. Hashim worked in textiles before his political and religious career.

Al-Muqanna's nickname comes from the veil he wore over his face.

Encyclopaedia Iranica reports that early scholars believed he was of Sogdian origin.

Biography
Of Iranian stock, Hashim was from Balkh, and he was a clothes pleater. He became a commander for Abu Muslim who ruled over the province of Greater Khorasan under the Abbasid caliphs. After Abu Muslim's execution in 755 AD on the orders of the second Abbasid caliph al-Mansur, Hashim claimed to be the incarnation of God. He was reputed to wear a veil in order to cover up his beauty, whereas his followers wore white clothes in opposition to Abbasid rulers' black. He is reputed to have engaged in magic and miracles in order to gain followers. According to Bertold Spuler, Muqanna and his followers introduced common ownership of women.

Hashim was instrumental in the formation of the Khorrām-Dīnān armies which were led by Pāpak Khorram-Din. This was an uprising of Persians aimed at overthrowing the ruling Arabs. When Hashim’s followers began raiding towns and mosques of other Muslims and looting their possessions, the Abbasid caliph sent several commanders to crush the rebellion. Hashim chose to poison himself rather than surrender to the Abbasids, who had set fire to his house. Hashim died in a Persian fort near Kesh. The Khorrām-Dīnān armies continued to exist until the 12th century.

Cultural references
In 1787 Napoleon Bonaparte wrote a two-page short story about Al-Muqanna called "Le Masque prophète".

The first poem in Lalla-Rookh (1817) by Thomas Moore is titled The Veiled Prophet of Khorassan, and the character Mokanna is modeled loosely on al-Muqanna‘. An 1877 opera, The Veiled Prophet by Charles Villiers Stanford, is in turn loosely based on the story of Mokanna as given in Lalla-Rookh.

St. Louis businessmen referenced Moore's poem in 1878 when they created the Veiled Prophet Organization and concocted a legend of Mokanna as its founder. For many years the organization put on an annual fair and parade called the "Veiled Prophet Fair", which was renamed Fair Saint Louis in 1992. The organization also gave a debutante ball each December called the Veiled Prophet Ball.

The Mystic Order of Veiled Prophets of the Enchanted Realm (founded 1889), often known as "the Grotto", a social group with membership restricted to Master Masons, and its female auxiliary, the Daughters of Mokanna (founded 1919), also take their names from Thomas Moore's poem.

Argentine writer Jorge Luis Borges used a fictionalized al-Muqanna‘ as the central character of The Masked Dyer, Hakim of Merv, a 1934 short story, and in another story fifteen years later, The Zahir, as a past avatar of the titular object.

Sax Rohmer used the legend of el Mokanna as the background for his 1934 novel, The Mask of Fu Manchu.

Iranian film director Khosrow Sinai has a film script about al-Muqanna entitled Sepidjāmeh (The Man in White) published in Tehran in 1999.

title: Al-Muqanna


text:
Simplon station

Simplon is a station on Line 4 of the Paris Métro, located in the 18th arrondissement.

History
The station was opened on 21 April 1908 as part of the first section of the line from Châtelet to Porte de Clignancourt. It takes its name from the Rue du Simplon, named after the Simplon Pass in the Lepontine Alps, location of one of the longest railroad tunnels in the world.

In 2018, according to estimates by the RATP, 2,756,818 travelers entered this station, which places it at the 205th position of the metro stations for its attendance.

Bombings of 1944
During the night of 20 to 21 April 1944, the station was hit by an Allied aerial bombardment aimed at the Dépôt de La Chapelle, which caused the collapse of the roof onto the track and the platforms.

2005 fire
On 6 August 2005, at 16:42, as a southbound MP 59 train heading to Porte d'Orleans, the then southern terminus of the line, was entering the station, the driver noticed smoke coming out from under the fifth car of a northbound train at the other platform, heading to Porte de Clignancourt. He alerted the controllers of the line, leading to the traction current being cut out and an evacuation being ordered (because of the risk of the fire spreading to other cars, as well as to the other train, now parallel to the fire).

A few minutes later, however, the fire reached the fifth car and spread to the second train. Firefighters, who arrived on the scene very quickly, started to extinguish the fire, which they described as very impressive. The fire was under control around 18:00. It was the combination of a malfunction of the JH electromechanical starting equipment, leading to a blockage of a traction element in the "maximum acceleration" position, as well as a latent failure of a circuit breaker. The rapid rotation of the wheel while the train was stationary caused the tire to overheat, burst, and trigger a fire. The fire revealed an insufficient level of smoke clearance on this portion of the line.

As a result of the fire, the smoke and difficulties in effectively clearing the station lead to suspension of traffic on line 4 between Porte de Clignancourt and Réaumur-Sébastopol, evacuation of the Marcadet – Poissonniers station and, because of the connection, suspension of traffic on line 12 between Trinité – d'Estienne d'Orves and the northern terminus at Porte de la Chapelle between 17:18 and 20:59. 19 people were slightly intoxicated by the smoke (one traveler and 18 RATP agents). The burnt trains were towed to the workshops at Saint-Ouen. Traffic resumed on the whole of Line 4 the next morning at 8am, however Simplon station was not served as it was closed for refurbishment, which was completed in February 2006, at which point the station resumed operation.

Access
The station has three accesses that lead to Nos. 27, 36 and 38 of Boulevard Ornano.

Platforms
The station has two side platforms to accommodate trains with a length of about 90 meters.

Bus connections
The station is served by Lines 56 and 85 of the RATP Bus Network and, at night, by Lines N14 and N44 of the Noctilien network.

Nearby
Nearby attractions include the Square Maurice Kriegel-Valrimont and the Conservatoire Gustave Charpentier.

title: Simplon station


text:
Psychobiography

Psychobiography aims to understand historically significant individuals, such as artists or political leaders, through the application of psychological theory and research.

Through its merging of personality psychology and historical evidence, psychobiography may be considered a historical form of therapeutic case study: it represents a growing field in the realm of biography. Psychopathography is sometimes used as a term to indicate that the person being analyzed was not mentally healthy, "path" coming from pathos (πάθος)—Ancient Greek for suffering or illness.

Background
Psychobiography is a field within the realms of psychology and biography that analyzes the lives of historically significant individuals through psychological theory and research. Its goal is to develop a better understanding of notable individuals by applying psychological theories to their biographies to further explain the motives behind some of the subjects actions and decisions. Popular subjects of psychobiographies include figures such as Adolf Hitler, Vincent van Gogh, William Shakespeare, Martin Luther King Jr., Abraham Lincoln, and Saddam Hussein. A typical biography is often very descriptive, and tries to record every notable event that happened in a person's lifetime, whereas a psychobiography primarily focuses on some particular events, and tries to better understand why they happened. This field's potential has not only aided in developing a better understanding to many notable biographies throughout history, but has also inspired direction and insight into the field of psychology.

One of the first great examples of this field's utility was Dr. Henry Murray's report on the analysis of Adolf Hitler's personality during the end of World War II. Forced to psychoanalyze from a distance, Dr. Murray used multiple sources, including Hitler's genealogy, Hitler's own writings, and biographies of Hitler, so that the Allied forces could understand his personality to better predict his behavior. By applying a theory of personality that consisted of 20 psychogenic needs, Dr. Murray presumed Hitler's personality as "counteractive narcism", and was able to correctly predict the German leader's suicide in the face of his country's defeat. This work by Dr. Murray not only helped establish personality psychology as a behavioral science, but it also showed how the field of psychobiography could be applied as a means of psychoanalysis.

Origins and development
Persons who have been the subject of psychobiographical research include Freud, Adolf Hitler, Sylvia Plath, Carl Jung, Vincent van Gogh, Martin Luther, Abraham Lincoln, Elvis Presley, Søren Kierkegaard, Friedrich Nietzsche, Andrew Jackson, and Richard Nixon.

Major psychobiographical authors include Erik Erikson, James William Anderson, Henry Murray, George Atwood, and William Runyan.

Many psychobiographies are Freudian or psychodynamic in orientation, but other commonly used theories include narrative models of identity such as the life story model, script theory, object relations, and existentialism/phenomenology; and psychobiographers are increasingly looking for explanatory complexity through an eclectic approach.

Though there were other psychobiographies written before Freud's Leonardo da Vinci and A Memory of His Childhood in 1910, it is considered the most significant contribution of its time, despite its flaws. Psychobiographies about William Shakespeare (Jones, 1910), Giovanni Segantini (Abraham, 1912), Richard Wagner (Graf, 1911), Amenhotep IV (Abraham, 1912), Martin Luther (Smith, 1913), and Socrates (Karpas, 1915) were also published between 1910 and 1915, but are not as well known. Between 1920 and 1926, psychobiographies of Margaret Fuller (Anthony, 1920), Samuel Adams (Harlow, 1923), Edgar Allan Poe (Krutch, 1926), and Abraham Lincoln (Clark, 1923) were published by authors from a psychoanalytic perspective without a background in psychoanalysis. During the 1930s Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, Molière, Sand, Goethe, Coleridge, Nietzsche, Poe, Rousseau, Caesar, Lincoln, Napoleon, Darwin, and Alexander the Great were the subjects of psychobiographies, and soon afterward in 1943 a psychobiography of Adolf Hitler, predicting his suicide, was written during World War II, but was not published until 1972. Recent, significant contributions between 1960 and 1990 include psychobiographies of Henry James (Edel, 1953–72), Isaac Newton (Manuel, 1968), Mohandas Gandhi (Erikson, 1969), Max Weber (Mitzman, 1969), Emily Dickinson (Cody, 1971), Joseph Stalin (Tucker, 1973), James and John Stuart Mill (Mazlish, 1975), T. E. Lawrence (Mack, 1976), Adolf Hitler (Waite, 1977), Beethoven (Solomon, 1977), Samuel Johnson (Bate, 1977), Alice James (Strouse, 1980), Wilhelm Reich (Sharaf, 1983), and William James (Feinstein, 1984). Some psychobiographies at this time were also written about groups of people, focusing on an aspect they had in common such as American presidents, philosophers, utopians, revolutionary leaders, and personality theorists. These psychobiographies are the most well known, but since 1910 there have been over 4000 psychobiographies published.

As psychobiography gained recognition, authors from a variety of professions contributed their own work from alternate perspectives and varying methods of analysis of the psychobiographical subjects, significantly expanding psychobiography beyond the psychoanalytical perspective. Apart from psychoanalysts and psychiatrists who wrote the first psychobiographies, there have been historians, political scientists, personality psychologists, literary critics, sociologists, and anthropologists that have contributed to the growth of the field. Psychobiography has also conflicted with contemporary views of science since its origin because it contains no controlled variables or experimentation. In its early years it was dismissed as unscientific and not a legitimate addition to the field of psychology due to the push towards experimentation focused on physiological and biological factors, and away from philosophical psychology, to establish it as a natural science. The value of psychobiography to psychology is comparable to forensic science and archaeology, offering detailed analyses of subjects with an emphasis on contextual information, but due to the qualitative nature of this information it remains a challenge to validate psychobiographical works as empirically based applications of psychology.

Methodology
The discipline of psychobiography has developed various methodological guidelines for psychobiographical study. Some of the most prominent are these:

 * 1) The use of prototypical scenes in the life of the subject to serve as a model of their personality pattern
 * 2) The use of a series of indicators of salience, markers such as primacy, frequency, and uniqueness of an event in a life, to identify significant patterns
 * 3) The identification of pregnant metaphors or images that organize autobiographical narratives
 * 4) Logical coherence or consistency as a criterion for adequate psychological interpretations

Scholars untrained in the discipline who do not follow these guidelines continue to produce psychobiographical studies.

Sigmund Freud
Freud's psychoanalytic approach (Freudian perspective) is not commonly used in its entirety in psychobiography, but it has had a lasting influence on the analysis of behavior in other areas of psychology. To sift through a lifetime of information and locate significant areas in the subject's development requires a system of identification, and psychoanalysis provided the base for this. Primacy, the initial exposure or experience, was recognized by Freud as an important factor in personality development and has remained an important aspect of personality psychology, psychotherapy, and psychobiography. Frequency, repeated exposure or actions, is also important, but its significance can vary. If the frequency of an action is low then it is seen as unimportant, and if the frequency is too high it becomes passive and overlooked, also becoming less important in psychobiography. Freud's knowledge of the importance of frequency is shown in the analysis of dreams, slips, errors, and humor by recognizing that repetition leads people to disregard these behaviors or stimuli. The importance of error in psychobiography, including slips and distortions, is also rooted in Freudian psychoanalysis and is used to identify hidden motives.

Elms
Elms has contributed to psychobiography through many published works including psychobiographies on Allport (1972), Freud (1980), Skinner (1981), and Murray (1987). He has also written about the subject of psychobiography in Psychobiography and Case Study Methods and Uncovering Lives: The Uneasy Alliance of Biography and Psychology defining psychobiography and its methods, and explaining the value of psychobiography in psychology.

Criticism
Psychobiography has faced criticism from the very start, crystallised above all in the production of what Erikson caricatured as "originology"—the explaining away of significant public events and actions as the product of some minute childhood detail.

Bad psychobiography—using mechanical psychologising, a selective mining of the facts, overdeterminism, and a tendency to pathologise —is considered easy to write. The haphazard historical evolution of the discipline has not helped reduce its prevalence.

title: Psychobiography


text:
Château Rouge station

Château Rouge is a station on Line 4 of the Paris Métro in the 18th arrondissement.

The station opened on 21 April 1908 as part of the first section of the line from Châtelet to Porte de Clignancourt. It is named for the Place du Château Rouge, named for a handsome residence of red bricks built nearby in 1760 and demolished in 1875. The nearby Goutte d'Or district is a vibrant, multicultural area and the Rue Dejean street market operates every day except Monday.

Crime
Since the late 2000s the area is known for pickpocketing and trade of stolen goods, especially mobile phones picked from unaware tourists around Sacré-Cœur and Barbès.

On 20 July 2021, six people were injured after a woman stuck her shopping trolley in the escalator at the station.

title: Château Rouge station


text:
Abel, King of Denmark

Abel Valdemarsen (1218 – 29 June 1252) was Duke of Schleswig from 1232 to 1252 and King of Denmark from 1250 until his death in 1252. He was the son of Valdemar II by his second wife, Berengaria of Portugal, and brother to kings Eric IV and Christopher I.

As Duke of Schleswig, Abel came into conflict with his brother, King Eric IV, whose murder in 1250 he was suspected of orchestrating. Upon taking an oath to clear himself of the allegations, he was elected king. After a short reign, he was killed during a military expedition in Frisia.

Abel's reign was the shortest of any Danish monarch since the 9th century. He founded a line of dukes of Schleswig - the "Abel family" - which ruled the Duchy of Schleswig until 1375.

Early life
In 1232, at the election of his elder brother Eric as their father, King Valdemar II's co-ruler and heir, Abel was chosen to succeed Eric in his position as Duke of Schleswig.

In 1237 he married Matilda of Holstein, a daughter of Adolf IV of Holstein (1205-1261). As Count Adolf withdrew to a Franciscan friary the same year, Abel spent several years acting as regent for his under age brothers-in-law, John I of Holstein-Kiel (1229–1263) and Gerhard I, Count of Holstein-Itzehoe (1232–1290).

Duke of Schleswig
In early 1241, Abel commanded a Crusader and invaded the Orthodox Novgorod, yet was to suspend the campaign because of his father, Valdemar II's, death.

At the death of Valdemar II in 1241, Duke Abel's brother Eric acceded to the throne of Denmark as Eric IV. In the following years, Duke Abel fought against his brother, trying to gain independence for the Duchy of Schleswig. He raided north as far as Randers, ravaging Eric's supporters, and then moved into Funen. Eric struck back a year later, surprising Abel's garrison at Schleswig, forcing Abel's young daughter Sophie to flee "without so much as a pair of shoes for her feet."

The fighting continued until Abel's sister Sophie of Denmark (c. 1217–1247), wife of John I, Margrave of Brandenburg (c. 1213–1266) brokered a truce between Duke Abel and King Eric that held until 1250 when Eric was murdered while a guest at Duke Abel's residence at Schleswig.

King
Eric IV was slain by Abel's chamberlain, Lage Gudmundsen (ca. 1195–1252), and others; the king's headless body dumped into the Schlei. Even though Abel and twenty-four noblemen swore an official oath ("dual dozen's oath", in Danish "dobbelt tylvter-ed") that the Duke had no part in the killing, it was widely believed that King Eric was murdered at his brother's bidding. "Abel by name, Cain by his deeds" (Danish, "Abel af navn, Kain af gavn"), or so people said.

Death
After clearing himself of the allegations taking the oath, Abel was proclaimed King of Denmark at the Viborg Assembly (Danish: landsting) on 1 November 1250. Abel only ruled for a year and a half. King Abel received word that the peasants in Frisia, led by Sicko Sjaerdema of Friesland, refused to pay the tax levy. Abel raised an army to punish them. At 33, he was killed by a wheelwright named Henner on Husum Bridge near Eiderstedt on 29 June 1252.

At the time, Abel's half-grown son Valdemar (1238–1257) was held for ransom by the Archbishop of Cologne. So, Abel's youngest brother Christopher I was crowned King on Christmas Day 1252 in Lund Cathedral.

After Abel's death, Queen Matilda entered a convent but subsequently bypassed her vows there to marry Swedish statesman Birger Jarl in 1261. Birger was an enemy of Abel's, and not long before Abel's death, Birger had started up a military vendetta against him which was only called off when the Danish king died.

Legacy
Most people at the time viewed Abel's sudden death as God's judgment on him for the murder of his brother. As Abel's body lay in Schleswig Cathedral, the monks heard strange sounds in the church at night. They said they were too afraid to go into the church after that. They believed that Abel's unholy ghost walked abroad at night. Consequently, the king's body was taken outside the church and stuffed into a soggy grave near Gottorp Castle outside Schleswig. Someone rammed a wooden stake through Abel's chest to make sure he remained in his grave. It was said long after that the king's ghost found no peace, and from time to time, there were reports of "Abel's wild hunt" where a black-faced man on a white horse and glowing hounds hunted across the moors and forest of Schleswig.

Abel's descendants — the "Abel Family" — ruled South Jutland until 1375, often in co-operation with their relatives in Holstein. They created a permanent problem for the Danish government. Their rule meant the eventual separation of Frisia, Holstein, and most of Schleswig from the rest of Denmark. His great-grandson succeeded briefly as Valdemar III before being deposed. However, Abel's descendants would return to the throne with his great-granddaughter Helvig of Schleswig, who married Valdemar IV. Even though the line of Helvig died out with Christopher III, his successor Christian I was a descendant of Abel's through his daughter Sophie. Except for Christopher I through Valdemar IV, all subsequent Danish monarchs have been Abel's cognatic descendants.

Marriage and issue
With his wife, Matilda of Holstein (ca. 1220 or 1225 – 1288) whom he married on 25 April 1237;
 * Valdemar III (1238–1257); Duke of Schleswig 1254–1257
 * Sophie (born 1240, d. aft. 1284), married Bernhard I, Prince of Anhalt-Bernburg. Their descendant was Christian I of Denmark.
 * Eric I (c. 1241 – 27 May 1272); Duke of Schleswig 1260–1272
 * Abel (1252–1279)

title: Abel, King of Denmark


text:
Mark Gatiss

Mark Gatiss (born 17 October 1966) is an English actor, comedian, screenwriter, director, producer and novelist. He is best known for his work in television acting in and co-creating shows with Steven Moffat. Gatiss has received several awards including a BAFTA TV Award, a Primetime Emmy Award, a Peabody Award, and two Laurence Olivier Awards.

Gatiss co-created, co-wrote and acted in BBC comedy series The League of Gentlemen (1999–2002). He co-created and portrayed Mycroft Holmes in the BBC series Sherlock (2010–2017) and Frank Renfield in BBC / Netflix miniseries Dracula (2020). He also wrote several episodes of Doctor Who during Moffat's tenure as showrunner, as well as two episodes during Russell T Davies' earlier tenure. His other TV roles include Tycho Nestoris in Game of Thrones (2014–2017), Stephen Gardiner in Wolf Hall (2015), and Peter Mandelson in Coalition (2015). He has acted in films such as Victor Frankenstein (2015), Denial (2016), Christopher Robin (2018), The Favourite (2018), The Father (2020), Operation Mincemeat (2021), and Mission: Impossible – Dead Reckoning Part One (2023).

On stage, Gatiss played Menenius in the revival of William Shakespeare's Coriolanus (2013) for which he earned a Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role nomination. He took on the role of King George III in a revival of the Alan Bennett play The Madness of George III (2018). He portrayed Sir John Gielgud in the Jack Thorne play The Motive and the Cue (2023) for which he earned the Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actor. His other theatre roles include in The Recruiting Officer (2012), The Vote (2015), and A Christmas Carol: A Ghost Story (2021).

Early life and education
Gatiss was born in Sedgefield, County Durham, England, to Winifred Rose (née O'Kane, 1931–2003) and Maurice Gatiss (1931–2021). He grew up opposite the Victorian psychiatric hospital Winterton, and later in Trimdon, before his father, a colliery engineer, took a job as engineer at the School Aycliffe Mental Hospital in Heighington. His family background is working class. His passions included watching Doctor Who and Hammer Horror films on television, reading Sherlock Holmes and H. G. Wells, and collecting fossils. All those interests have influenced his creative work.

One of his early forays into theatre was in Darlington in March 1983, playing Dad, in The Waiting Room by Tony Stowers, a macabre and surreal Pinteresque comedy, which explores a disintegrating family unit. In July of the same year, he would have acted in Stowers' follow-up, A Sense of Insecurity, but was unable to take the role because his father insisted he take his exams instead.

Gatiss attended Heighington Church of England Primary School, and Woodham Comprehensive School in Newton Aycliffe. At the latter, he was two years ahead of Paul Magrs, who also went on to write Doctor Who fiction. Gatiss then studied Theatre Arts at Bretton Hall College, an arts college affiliated to the University of Leeds.

1999–2005: Career beginnings
Gatiss is a member of the sketch comedy team The League of Gentlemen (along with fellow performers Reece Shearsmith, Steve Pemberton and co-writer Jeremy Dyson). He first met his co-writers and performers at Bretton Hall, Yorkshire, a drama school which he attended after finishing school and having spent a gap year travelling around Europe. The League of Gentlemen began as a stage act in 1995, which won the Perrier Award at Edinburgh Festival Fringe in 1997. In the same year the show transferred to BBC Radio 4 as On the Town with the League of Gentlemen, and later arrived on television on BBC Two in 1999. The television programme has earned Gatiss and his colleagues a British Academy Television Award, a Royal Television Society Award and the prestigious Golden Rose of Montreux. In 2005, the film The League of Gentlemen's Apocalypse was released, to generally positive reviews.

Shearsmith and Pemberton reunited in 2009 to create a similarly dark BBC sitcom, Psychoville, which featured an episode guest-starring Gatiss. The three reunited again in 2012 to film a series of sketches for the fourth series of CBBC show Horrible Histories.

Outside The League, Gatiss' television work has included writing for the 2001 revival of Randall & Hopkirk and script editing the popular sketch show Little Britain in 2003, making guest appearances in both. In 2001 he guested in Spaced as a villainous government employee modelled on the character of Agent Smith from The Matrix film series. In the same year he appeared in several editions of the documentary series SF:UK. Other acting appearances include the comedy-drama In the Red (BBC Two, 1998), the macabre sitcom Nighty Night (BBC Three, 2003), Agatha Christie's Marple as Ronald Hawes in "The Murder at the Vicarage", a guest appearance in the Vic & Bob series Catterick in 2004 and the live 2005 remake of the classic science fiction serial The Quatermass Experiment. A second series of Nighty Night and the new comedy-drama Funland, the latter co-written by his League cohort Jeremy Dyson, both featured Gatiss and aired on BBC Three in the autumn of 2005. He appeared as Johnnie Cradock, alongside Nighty Night star Julia Davis as Fanny Cradock, in Fear of Fanny on BBC Four in October 2006, and featured as Ratty in a new production of The Wind in the Willows shown on BBC One on 1 January 2007. He wrote and starred in the BBC Four docudrama The Worst Journey in the World, based on the memoir by polar explorer Apsley Cherry-Garrard.

Gatiss appears frequently in BBC Radio productions, including the science fiction comedy Nebulous and The Further Adventures of Sherlock Holmes story The Shameful Betrayal of Miss Emily Smith. In 2009, he was The Man in Black when BBC Radio 7 revived the character (originally played by Valentine Dyall and Edward de Souza) to introduce a series of five creepy audio dramas. He is also involved with theatre, having penned the play The Teen People in the early 1990s, and appeared in a successful run of the play Art in 2003 at the Whitehall Theatre in London. In film, he has starred in Sex Lives of the Potato Men (2004) and had minor roles in Birthday Girl (2001), Bright Young Things (2003), Match Point (2005) and Starter for 10 (2006). The League of Gentlemen's Apocalypse, a film based on the television series, co-written by and starring Gatiss, was released in June 2005. He also plays the recurring character of Gold in the audio revival of Sapphire and Steel produced by Big Finish Productions. Gatiss also appeared in Edgar Wright's fake trailer for Grindhouse, Don't, a homage to 1970s' Hammer Horrors.

2007–2017: Doctor Who and Sherlock
Gatiss has also made three credited appearances in Doctor Who. In 2007, he played Professor Lazarus in "The Lazarus Experiment". In 2011, he returned in the Series 6 episode "The Wedding of River Song" as a character known as Gantok, and in the 2017 Christmas special "Twice Upon A Time" as "The Captain". Also in 2007, he appeared as Robert Louis Stevenson in Jekyll, a BBC One serial by his fellow Doctor Who scriptwriter Steven Moffat. In 2008, he appeared in Clone as Colonel Black. Gatiss also wrote, co-produced and acted in the BBC Four ghost story Crooked House (2008).

He appeared in the stage adaptation of Pedro Almodóvar's All About My Mother at the Old Vic in London from 25 August-24 November 2007. He won much critical acclaim for his portrayal of the transgender character Agrado. In the 2008 English language re-release of the cult 2006 Norwegian animated film Free Jimmy, Gatiss voiced the character of "Jakki," a heavy-set, bizarrely dressed biker member of the "Lappish Mafia." In this his voice is used along with the other actors of League of Gentlemen such as Steve Pemberton and Reece Shearsmith. The dialogue was written by Simon Pegg and other actors included Pegg himself, Woody Harrelson and David Tennant, who worked with Gatiss on Doctor Who. He was scheduled to perform in Darker Shores by Michael Punter, a ghost story for all the family, at Hampstead Theatre 3 December 2009 – 16 January 2010 but had to withdraw after a serious family illness. Tom Goodman-Hill took over his role.

In 2010, he portrayed Malcolm McLaren in the BBC drama Worried About the Boy which focused on the life and career of Boy George. He adapted H. G. Wells' The First Men in the Moon into a television film of the same name for the BBC, also playing Professor Cavor. He also made a three-part BBC documentary series entitled A History of Horror, a personal exploration of the history of horror cinema. This was followed on 30 October 2012 with a look at European horror with the documentary Horror Europa. In March 2010, he was a guest on Private Passions, the biographical music discussion programme on BBC Radio 3. From December 2010 to March 2011, Gatiss was playing the role of Bernard in Alan Ayckbourn's Season's Greetings at the Royal National Theatre in London alongside Catherine Tate. In December 2011, he appeared in an episode of The Infinite Monkey Cage in an episode entitled The Science of Christmas, alongside Brian Cox, Robin Ince and Richard Dawkins. In January 2012, he took the role of Brazen in The Recruiting Officer at the Donmar Theatre, London. From 18 October – 24 November that year he was Charles I in the Hampstead Theatre production of 55 Days by Howard Brenton, a play dramatising the military coup that killed a King and forged a Commonwealth under Oliver Cromwell.

With Steven Moffat, with whom Gatiss worked on Doctor Who and Jekyll, he also co-created and co-produced Sherlock starring Benedict Cumberbatch and Martin Freeman. He also portrayed Mycroft Holmes in the series. Premiering in 2010, the series is a modernised adaptation of the Sherlock Holmes stories, in which Gatiss plays the role of Sherlock's brother Mycroft. Gatiss has influence on all episodes as producer and he has written four episodes, one for each series: the finale, "The Great Game," for the first series, "The Hounds of Baskerville" for the second, "The Empty Hearse" for the third and "The Six Thatchers" for the fourth. He also co-wrote "Many Happy Returns," a mini-episode released in late December 2013 which acts as a prelude to the third series, with Steven Moffat; the episode "The Sign of Three" with Moffat and Steve Thompson; and "The Abominable Bride", a special episode released in early January 2016, with Moffat. Finally, he co-wrote the final episode of Sherlock, "The Final Problem", with Moffat, released in January 2017.

In December 2013, Gatiss joined the cast of the Donmar Warehouse production of Coriolanus as Senator of Rome, Menenius. The play went from 6 December 2013 through 13 February 2014. For his performance, Gatiss received a nomination for the Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role. On 25 December 2013, a version of the ghost story "The Tractate Middoth" by M. R. James and adapted by Gatiss was broadcast on BBC Two as part of the long-running A Ghost Story for Christmas series. It starred Sacha Dhawan, John Castle, Louise Jameson, Una Stubbs, David Ryall, Eleanor Bron, Nick Burns and Roy Barraclough. It was followed on 25 December 2013 by a screening on BBC2 of a new documentary by Gatiss titled M. R. James: Ghost Writer. The programme saw Gatiss explore the work of James and look at how his work still inspires contemporary horror today.

He appeared in season four of Game of Thrones in 2014 playing Tycho Nestoris and reprised this role in season five and season seven. In the BBC's 2015 series Wolf Hall, Gatiss played King Henry VIII's secretary Stephen Gardiner. He also appeared in Channel 4's Coalition in 2015. In 2016, he played Harold in the groundbreaking American play The Boys in the Band, play at Park Theatre (London) opposite his husband Ian Hallard. They made history when the play transferred to the Vaudeville Theatre in 2017 as the first married gay couple to appear together on a West End stage.

Gatiss appeared as the Prince Regent (later George IV) in the eight-part historical fiction television drama series Taboo (2017) first broadcast on BBC One in the United Kingdom on 7 January 2017 and in the United States on FX on 10 January 2017. In May 2017, Gatiss began a recurring role on The Secret History of Hollywood, a series of podcast biopics on Golden Age-era Hollywood. Its 11-part series, Shadows tells the story of Val Lewton's life and career, with Gatiss providing the introductions for each episode.

2018–present: Theatre roles and expansion
In November 2018, Gatiss portrayed the lead, King George III in a revival of the Alan Bennet play The Madness of George III at Nottingham Playhouse. The production was broadcast live to cinemas as part of National Theatre Live. Kate Maltby of The Guardian wrote of his performance, "Productions of The Madness of George III live or die by their star, and Gatiss delivers a tour de force. This is a viscerally repulsive depiction of the gap between public and private life." That same year he played a supporting role as John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough in the Yorgos Lanthimos directed black comedy The Favourite (2018) starring Olivia Colman, Emma Stone, and Rachel Weisz. Also in 2018 he acted in the children's film Christopher Robin starring Ewan McGregor and The Mercy with Colin Firth. In 2020 he acted opposite Anthony Hopkins in the film The Father based on the Florian Zeller play Le Père. In October 2021, Gatiss wrote and played Jacob Marley in a new adaptation of A Christmas Carol – A Ghost Story by Charles Dickens playing at both Nottingham Playhouse and Alexandra Palace in 2021.

He appeared as a modern-day incarnation/descendant of Count Dracula's servile companion Renfield in the series of his own co-creation, Dracula in the third and final episode, "The Dark Compass". In 2017, Gatiss and Steven Moffat re-teamed to write three episodes for TV miniseries Dracula. The series premiered on BBC One on 1 January 2020, and was broadcast over three consecutive days. The three episodes were then released on Netflix on 4 January 2020. In June 2021, a new adaptation of The Ghosts by Antonia Barber, written and directed by Gatiss for Sky One, was announced. It broadcast on 24 December. In 2021 he acted in the British war film Operation Mincemeat portraying Ivor Montagu. That same year he acted in Locked Down, The Road Dance, and The Sparks Brothers. He joined the Mission Impossible franchise acting in action film Mission: Impossible – Dead Reckoning Part One (2023) starring Tom Cruise.

In May 2022, Gatiss directed The Unfriend, a new play by Steven Moffat at the Minerva Theatre, Chichester, starring Amanda Abbington, Frances Barber and Reece Shearsmith. The play transferred to London's West End Criterion Theatre in January 2023. In February 2023, Gatiss directed The Way Old Friends Do a new play by Ian Hallard at the Birmingham Rep. This also transferred to the Criterion in August. In April 2022, Gatiss starred as Lawrence in the seventh series opener of Inside No. 9. In April 2023, Gatiss played as Sir John Gielgud in The Motive and the Cue, a new play written by Jack Thorne and directed by Sam Mendes at London's National Theatre. The story of how Richard Burton (played by Johnny Flynn) and Gielgud clashed as they staged Hamlet on Broadway in 1964, the play has received good reviews, particularly the two leads. Leonie Cooper of Time Out wrote of his performance, "Mark Gatiss launches himself into a condescending but sensitive Gielgud...[who] is just as impressive, his uncanny Gielgud manifesting a man in flux, as a new era of performance threatens to subsume his traditional take on stagecraft. Gatiss's Gielgud is lonely and lost, but still more than capable of getting one over on the wayward Burton." For his performance Gatiss won the Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actor.

Filming got underway in Belgium in April 2024 on Bookish, which Gatiss co-wrote and stars.

Writing for Doctor Who
At the age of eleven, Gatiss won a school literary competition with a short science fiction story "The Anti-Noise Machine", published in a booklet by Darlington Borough Council. Gatiss had a childhood interest in the BBC science-fiction show Doctor Who and devoted much of his early writing to the series, despite its 1989 cancellation. Gatiss's earliest published work as a professional writer was a sequence of novels in Virgin Publishing's New Adventures series of continuation stories and novels. In these works, he tried to correct the problems which had led to the show's decline in the late 1980s. The first television scripts Gatiss wrote were for a BBV direct-to-video series called "P.R.O.B.E." Gatiss's four scripts each featured a different actor who had played Doctor Who's titular character of the Doctor: Jon Pertwee, Peter Davison, Colin Baker and Sylvester McCoy. The videos have since been released on DVD despite Gatiss once commenting that he would not authorise their re-release, as he regarded them as a learning exercise. His other early contributions to the Doctor Who franchise included four novels, two audio plays for BBV and two audio plays for Big Finish Productions.

Gatiss has written nine episodes for the 2005 revival of the show. His first, "The Unquiet Dead," was the third episode of the revived series in 2005; the second, "The Idiot's Lantern," aired the following year in the second series. Although he acted in the third series and proposed an ultimately unproduced episode for the fourth, involving Nazis and the British Museum, it took until 2010 for Gatiss to return as writer. He wrote "Victory of the Daleks" for that year's fifth series and went on to contribute "Night Terrors" for series 6, "Cold War" and "The Crimson Horror" for series 7 and "Robot of Sherwood" for series 8. He also wrote "Sleep No More" for series 9 and "Empress of Mars" for series 10. He has also contributed to the franchise outside the main show. His early work (see above) was primarily Doctor Who expanded media.

Gatiss wrote and performed in the comedy spoof sketches The Web of Caves, The Kidnappers and The Pitch of Fear for the BBC's "Doctor Who Night" in 1999 with David Walliams. He penned the 2013 docudrama An Adventure in Space and Time, a drama depicting the origins of the series, to celebrate the show's fiftieth anniversary. It ended with a cameo by Gatiss's League of Gentleman castmate Reece Shearsmith, portraying Patrick Troughton, who played the Second Doctor. A "Making Of" feature about this programme, narrated by Gatiss, was made available on the BBC Red Button service, and also posted on the BBC's official YouTube channel. He has written for Doctor Who Magazine, including a column written under the pseudonym "Sam Kisgart," which he was originally credited as in the Doctor Who Unbound audio play Sympathy for the Devil for his role as the Master. "Sam Kisgart" is an anagram of "Mark Gatiss", and is also the name under which he was credited for his cameo in Psychoville.

Novels

Gatiss has written several non-fiction works, including a biography of the film director James Whale and the documentary M.R. James: Ghost Writer, which Gatiss also presented. The documentary followed Gatiss's directorial debut with an adaption of one of James's stories, "The Tractate Middoth", for BBC Two, which was broadcast on Christmas Day 2013. His first non-Doctor Who novel, The Vesuvius Club, was published in 2004, for which he was nominated in the category of Best Newcomer in the 2006 British Book Awards. A follow-up, The Devil in Amber, was released on 6 November 2006. It transports the main character, Lucifer Box, from the Edwardian era in the first book to the roaring Twenties/Thirties. A third and final Lucifer Box novel, Black Butterfly, was published on 3 November 2008 by Simon & Schuster.

Personal life
Gatiss was featured on The Independent on Sunday's Pink List of influential gay people in the UK in 2010, 2011 and 2014. He entered into a civil partnership with actor Ian Hallard in 2008 in Middle Temple, in the City of London. Gatiss once built a Victorian era laboratory in his north London home, as the fulfilment of a childhood dream. Gatiss is an atheist. The University of Huddersfield awarded him an honorary doctorate of letters in 2003.

title: Mark Gatiss


text:
Gare de l'Est (Paris Métro)

Gare de l'Est – Verdun is a station of the Paris Métro, serving Lines 4, 5, and 7 is located in the 10th arrondissement in Paris, France. It is the fifth busiest station on the network.

Location
The metro station consisting of three lines is located in front of the Gare de l'Est at the intersection of Rue du 8-Mai-1945 and Boulevard de Strasbourg, Line 4 follows a north/south axis and Lines 5 and 7 follow an east / west axis.

History
The station was opened on 15 November 1907 as part of the extension of line 5 from Lancry (now Jacques Bonsergent) to Gare du Nord. The line 4 platforms were opened on 21 April 1908 as part of the first section of the line from Châtelet to Porte de Clignancourt. The line 7 platforms were opened on 5 November 1910 as part of the first section of the line from Opéra to Porte de la Villette. Lines 5 and 7 are parallel, running as four tracks with an island platform with two side platforms. Line 4 runs under 5 and 7 perpendicularly.

The station bears the name of Gare de l'Est, the station under which it is built. Its full name is Gare de l'Est-Verdun, named after the Avenue de Verdun nearby. The name Verdun is in memory of World War I's Battle of Verdun to which French soldiers were sent from the railway station.

From September 2006 to June 2007, Gare de l'Est and its metro station underwent a major renovation thanks to the Gares en mouvement and Un métro + beau projects, to accommodate a more beautiful and modern station the LGV Est line. On the platforms of Lines 5 and 7, orange tiles and blue paint gave way to traditional white tiles. The lights were also replaced, and the latest model of smiley style seating had been installed. Finally, the Parisine typeface replaced the Motte typeface, symbolizing the end of work on the platform. The new standard signage was installed throughout the station.

Only slight changes occurred on the platforms of Line 4. Apart from the replacement of the orange Motte tiles at the ends of the platforms and the passage of a layer of paint on the damaged tile of the vault.

In 2018, it was the fifth busiest metro station in the network, with 21,432,041 passengers passing through the train station.

Access
The station has eight entrances:
 * Access 1: Rue d'Alsace
 * Access 2: SNCF Gare de l'Est
 * Access 3: Place du 11-Novembre-1918
 * Access 4: Rue du Faubourg-Saint-Martin
 * Access 5: Rue du 8-Mai-1945
 * Access 6: Boulevard de Strasbourg
 * Access 7: Landing
 * Access 8: Boulevard Magenta

Bus and RER connections
The station is served by Lines 31, 32, 35, 38, 39, 46, 56, 91 and the OpenTour tourist line of the RATP Bus Network and, at night, by Lines N01, N02, N13, N14, N41, N42, N43, N44, N45, N140, N141, N142, N143, N144 and N145 of the Noctilian network.

As the name suggests, the metro station is connected to the train station Gare de Paris-Est. The maps for metro Line 7 indicate a connection with the RER E at the Gare de Magenta, although it is necessary to use the public road to reach it. This connection does not appear on the plans of Lines 4 and 5, a direct connection with the RER E can be made at the nearby Gare du Nord.

title: Gare de l'Est (Paris Métro)