text:
Talk:Famine

Untitled
There was a lot of unnecessary repetition of facts in this article that if removed could make it less clunky, one example being topics in Ethiopia. Additionally, one section mentioned there was believed to be 18-45 million deaths in the Great Leap famine although another section lists the number as definitively 30 million (including that number in a different statistic). The society and culture section needs more information for it to be a stand-alone section and there could definitely be more found on that subject. There is also the obvious need for more updates, some sections had information from 10 years ago that has definitely changed since then.

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This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Peer reviewers: Awisem2.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 21:09, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

early discussion
I would propose the following structure: --Ilya 11:43, 20 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Definition of Famine
 * Famine in contemporary societies
 * Hotspots of Famine
 * Causes of Famine
 * Responses to Famine
 * Historical famine, by region
 * Famine in Africa
 * Famine in Asia
 * Famine in Europe
 * Famine in North America
 * Famine in South America
 * Links to infamous famines or famine-related topics
 * Links to external resources on current and historical famine

There has not been any significant famine in Bangladesh since the nation was formed, so I have removed that link. There have been at least two significant Bengal famines though, articles still to be written. Imc 19:29, 12 Mar 2004 (UTC)

I rather like Ilya's proposal above as it allows the general case to be described before getting into the intricacies of specific historical events. BanyanTree 18:24, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Causes of famine
I disagree with the opening to this section, many famines are caused by food shortages (often due to plant disease), made worse by administrative mismanagement. I will make adjustments if there are no complaints.--nixie 02:08, 27 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * I think the issue that needs to be made clear is that food shortages are a necessary, but insufficient, condition for a modern famine. So the explanation, "Famines are caused by lack of food" is often misleading.  - BanyanTree 05:10, 27 Jan 2005 (UTC)

I feel that you should include some solutions to the problems of the shortage of food, such as technology etc. and also not to forget that some of them are not really that effective after all, such as technology again. Does it really help to alleviate the situation of famine? Or does it really do more harm than good?

darthchiam

POV
I find it very POVd that the author chose to point out that according to a proeminent economist, no famine has ever occured in a democracy. Its POVd because its intended to make people believe that because of democracy there will be no famine, and that other regimes are more prone to the appereance of famine. This is absurd.

Famine is caused either by low production/high consumption of food or poor administration of these resources; a democratic governmetn is by no means an assurance that food resources will be well distributed. One such example comes right below, when the author comments on the Irish Potato famine, being a classic example of famine in the first world.

Later on, as examples of famine are given in the world, a noted example is those of sub-saarian Africa. Its a well know fact that people in that area suffer a great deal with very little food or drinkable water, diseases, high mortality rates and such. First world countries, however, not until recently ago, did very little to help such countires, even with surplus food that could not be stocked. Why is that? Hunger is not contagious. Grasshoppers, on the other hand, cen travel from Africa to Europe, thus destroying crops and plantations, and thus deserve attention by the 1st world europeans in an attempt to exterminate them. 200.244.240.42 15:10, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

Last comment by meLtDoc 15:13, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I made a similar comment above a few months back, but it appears to be worth raising here. The Irish Potato Famine actually reinforces the democratic argument as the UK government (as a whole) was not beholden to the Irish electorate.  Read Irish Potato Famine and look at how marginalized the Irish were politically, socially and economically.  The democratic argument is basically that politicans who get their power from the popular will of the people won't let those people starve to death because it affects their jobs.  They will cut back spending, take out international loans, appeal for charity, etc in order to please the voters.  If the government is not beholden to the affected population, either because it is a monarchy, dictatorship, etc or the affected population is  a disaffected minority, then chances are pretty good that a lot of people are going to die.
 * Causation is obviously hard to prove in situations this complicated, but studies have established a strong correlation between high levels of participatory democracy and low occurrence of famine. Looking at the history of famines compared to the spread of democracy, a causative link seems pretty well established.  Even in the current crisis in Niger, the government has repeatedly attempted to silence local journalists and ignored demonstrations demanding immediate government action.
 * Also, please note that as this is a wiki, there is not one "author" as you seem to suggest. The collaborative efforts of numerous people have resulted in the article as it appears now.  -   BanyanTree 15:48, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

My point was exactly that; that a democraticly elected gov isnt necessarily a govt that will look for its people, thus a democracy is not necessarily a govt that will have no famine, as its implied on the text. Another example of "implicities" that occur on your comment is that If the government is not beholden to the affected population, either because it is a monarchy, dictatorship(...); With it you imply that a monarchy is a system that is not mindful of the people it governs; and extrapolating, that all govt types that are not democracies are necessarily "bad". You also mention studies that have estabilished links of democracy and lack of famine. Please indicate references, and specify which studies did this or that; Can we tell if a democratic nation has no famine because its democratic, or because of the technological advances, better farming techniques, better use of soil, better tools, soil care, use of plague and insects killers and such? And about my mention of "the author", Im well aware of the wiki spirit; but as it is often the case, the major part of a single article is written by one single person or a finite group of persons (hence the singular term), when then the numerous wikipedians collaborate with their bits of information over the "core" of the article. LtDoc

 * You appear to define democracy as any government is elected, while I am drawing a distinction between the people who elect the government and people excluded from the process. Democracies certainly do any number of horrible things to people under their control, e.g. US against black slaves, British against Kenyan rebels, Australia against Aborigines, but all of these people were/are excluded from the political process.  For the U.S., the slave descendants of Africans were not "its people" except in the possessive sense; the slaves were of the U.S. but the U.S. was not of the slaves, if you get what I'm saying.  Politicians don't respond to those they control, they respond to those who control them.  The Irish potato famine and the great Bengali famine of the 1940s both happened when the affected population did not have effective democratic representation, though under a democracy.  The extent of democratic participation is vital in mitigating a natural food crisis.
 * The lead thinker on this is the economist Amartya Sen, who did the initial statistical analysis drawing a correlation. See this NY Times article for the proposition and some critiques.  One of the main sources is in the article reference section, though any websearch of "democracy famine" will turn up reams of pages referencing and critiquing his work.  People point out, working within the framework Sen has described, Bihar almost had a famine in the 1960s and some parts of India sometimes seem to be on the point of famine now, but "almost had" is not "had" and the basic argument "No democracy has had a famine" still holds.  Looking at the modern famines described in the article for the past century, there are none that would be considered functioning democracies with reasonably free press.
 * The actual statistical work is available in the referenced work (and I assume on the net) and there have been any number of studies examining spin-off conclusions - "good governance" indicators on HIV infection rates, etc - and I've never seen one that contradicted the basic proposition. His economic studies of how income inequality interacts with famine is also useful reading.
 * Your question about whether the economic growth associated with democracy is primarily responsible for the decline in famine occurrence, rather than the political system itself is a good one and been asked before. If you look at countries with nearly identical per capita GDP, the primary factor indicating vulnerability to famine is political freedom.
 * I consider your rephrasing of my "not beholden" to "not mindful", and then to "bad", to be a red herring tangential to the actual discussion about article content and won't respond to it beyond this. -  BanyanTree 20:03, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

So we both agree that democracy per se is not a guarantee that people under it will not face famine. Perhaps a better frasing the the article´s first part should make us both content.

As for the reason on why famine is not present in countries with political freedom, the fact that no study ever contraindicated the preposition that "no famine when in (representative) democracy" isnt necessarily impling that because of democracy theres no famine. Theres a big "selection bias" in this study, because in representative democracies the press has usually more space, there are better economic indicators, there are bigger personal freedoms and so on. To better exemplify my point, is like saying "no country which has won the World Cup at least three times has had vulcanic activity in the past."; even if the affirmative is true, one cannot hold that vulcanic activity has not occured because the country won 3 world cups. Did I make myself clear?

I ask that because (as you might see on my user page) Im not a native speaker of english, and every now and then might find myself in trouble trying to express some concept or idea. For the very same reason, I dont quite get what is a "red herring tangential to the actual discussion", and thus cannot comment on that. LtDoc 22:05, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The issue isn't a specific form of government: it is the relation of a government to the people. The fact that some constituency is enfranchised is obviously irrelevant if the victims of the famin are not.
 * Siege conditions in wartime can create famine regardless of the nature of government.
 * That said, it is hardly a novel view to say that democracies don't have famines. It probably should not be said in the narrative voice of the article, but we should find one of the many scholars and political thinkers who claims this, and cite them as saying so. -- Jmabel | Talk 05:32, July 28, 2005 (UTC)

In that spirit, I removed the "Despotism is a know cause of famine" sentence. I thought it was estabilished that we werent going to burden the forms of govt per se as causes of famiine.LtDoc (talk) 00:31, 13 May 2010 (UTC)

discussion about merging content in
There is a discussion at Talk:Food security about merging at least some of the content of famine scales into this article. Please offer your thoughts there. -  BanyanTree 13:54, 3 August 2005 (UTC)

It seems to me that Subsistence crisis is a subset of Famine (a subsistence crisis seems to just be a form of famine), hence I think Subsistence crisis should be merged under Famine. I will wait at least two weeks (post any objections on this page or my talk page) and if there are no objections I will perform the merger. Cliff12345 (talk) 22:04, 6 June 2012 (UTC)
 * Never mind, I've looked into the topics more carefully, there seem to be subtle differences between the two. Cliff12345 (talk) 08:53, 20 June 2012 (UTC)

Famine in India
I removed the phrase about cannibalism. To reinstate, if anyone can point to the actual reference, it would be appreciated. I have found many websites saying the same thing (exactly same phrase), so it seems to have originated from one source, but could not find a valid reference to the actual 'records'.

Most colonialists thrived on stories of imagined cannibalism to justify their conquests. See Conquest of Spain, Columbus in America. --Pranathi 19:29, 14 August 2005 (UTC)

Also removed (in your generally excellent edit) was all mention of two specific famines formerly mentioned in the article: Why were these removed? And if this article is not the best place to handle them, can you suggest somewhere better? I would say that any famine of significant proportions merits mention somewhere in Wikipedia, and that all known famines in India should be listed together in some place. -- Jmabel | Talk 05:22, August 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * In 1630-1631, there was a famine in Ahmedabad, Gujarat.
 * In 1770, India experienced the first Bengal famine of 1770.

I thought the Ahmedabad famine was localized and realtively minor. One-third of the population perished in the 1770 one, one of the first in Bengal. That one should stay, but didn't know where to place it in the parah-type description. I haven't been able to get a listing of famines (or major famines) and maybe if there is such a listing it should go into a seperate article on Famine in India? --Pranathi 15:26, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

 * A separate article Famine in India would be good. I'll start it. -- Jmabel | Talk 22:55, August 21, 2005 (UTC)

Irish Potato Famine
''In contrast, the Irish Potato Famine (1845-1849) was in no small part the result of policies of the Whig government of the United Kingdom under Lord Russell. Unlike a government facing revolt at home, the London-based government stood by its commitment to laissez-faire economics, even in the face of massive starvation in Ireland.'' How are protectionist import tariffs to be seen as laissez-faire eocnomics? Intangible 20:03, 8 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Those import tariffs being the Corn Laws prior to Russells occupation. Intangible 02:55, 14 February 2006 (UTC)

What are you talking about when you say infertility arose as a result of the famine and contributed to population decrease. By how much did fertility drop after the famine? How long did the fertility rates remain at their reduced rates? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 211.42.208.224 (talk) 01:38, 12 September 2007 (UTC)

This section needs a lot more references to back up the statements made (Jeoknowhat (talk) 11:12, 2 July 2010 (UTC)) Yes, there should be a source cited for the assertion that in previous famines the British had banned exports so Irish could be fed. I came across at least one Irish historian who said that if the food had stayed in Ireland during the famine,it wouldn't have been distributed to people who couldn't pay for it.

At the very least it needs to be fully referenced, and preferably re-written. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 109.145.183.72 (talk) 20:28, 5 July 2011 (UTC)

16th century
''Famine had been relatively rare during the sixteenth century. The economy and population had grown steadily as subsistence populations tend to when there is an extended period of relative peace (most of the time).'' How on earth can the 16th century be described as a period of relative peace? Please read Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, Philip II of Spain, Italian Wars, Peasants' War, Counter-Reformation, Anglo-Spanish War (1585), French Wars of Religion, Eighty Years' War, ... Were the major powers ever at peace during this century? Piet 12:07, 8 June 2006 (UTC)

Great Leap Forward Famine
This article needs the attention of somebody familiar with Chinese history. The communal dining halls, as per my understanding, played only a small role in the Great Leap's failure and there was poor weather according to almost all Sinologists except Jasper Becker (Jung Chang and Jon Halliday, who also claim that there was no poor weather, cite Becker as well). See Three Years of Natural Disasters for more on the poor weather. Also, the agricultural policies were not reversed in 1978, they were reversed in 1960 - 1961. --219.77.177.93 16:14, 27 June 2006 (UTC)

Phillippines
There's a famine right now over there, why not list that one? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 69.154.161.38 (talk • contribs) 17 September 2006.

-Are there any sources for this? Béka 17:17, 18 September 2006 (UTC)

The Great Famine of 1315-1317
"The Great Famine of 1315-1317 (or to 1322) was the first crisis that would strike Europe in the 14th century, millions in northern Europe would die over an extended number of years..."

Does anyone else find this sentance poor? The subject is famine not politics of Europe in the 14th century and it says that the famine killed people over a 'number of years'. If it is 1315-1317 then the number is 3 but whenever the famine ended the second half of the sentance sounds wrong to me.

Further on it says "Nonetheless, they [peasants] generally tried to work as little as possible, valuing their time to do other things, such as hunting, fishing or relaxing, as long as they had enough food to feed their families". Surely this is a statement of the obvious.

"Farmers, people who rented land in order to make a profit off of the product of the land, employing wage labour, became increasingly common, particularly in western Europe" This implies that a farmer is someone who rents land in order to make a profit. It might just be bad punctuation but surely farmers are people who farm land, the work does not mean that the land is rented.

"They produced guaranteed surpluses of their crop every year if they could" guaranteed or not?

ETC.. Basically I dispute that this article maintains the high standards required by "Wikipedia CD Selection 	Famine is either included in the Wikipedia CD Selection or is a candidate for inclusion in the next version (the project page is at WPCD Selection). Please maintain high quality standards, and if possible stick to GFDL images."

Mtpaley 23:13, 7 October 2006 (UTC)

Removed material
The following was removed by Merzbow as uncited POV material (after the statement about Bihar). It is true that it has no explicit citation. The same can be said of most of the article. As for POV, though, the only parts of this that strike me as POV are the few that I have bolded. What else here is in POV?:

"It is the closest independent India came to a famine. The increase in food to the population is also reflected in the fact that in the 50 years of British rule (1891 to 1941) the population grew by 35% (from 287 million to 389 million) whereas in the 50 years of democratic rule from 1951 to 2001 the population grew by 183% (from 363 million to 1,023 million). The fact that there have been no famines even with a population that has almost tripled makes it an even more impressive achievement for the democratic government."

- Jmabel | Talk 23:09, 27 November 2006 (UTC)

 * The paragraph is stating that an 'increase in food' is responsible for the higher growth rate of Indian population after British rule. I would submit there could be many other factors just as important, such as medical technology. That claim needs a cite. - Merzbow 01:53, 28 November 2006 (UTC)

Hmm. Would you have any problem with:

"It is the closest independent India came to a famine, despite having a far larger and far more rapidly growing population to feed than in the years of colonial rule. In 50 years of British rule (1891 to 1941) the population grew by 35% (from 287 million to 389 million) whereas in 50 years of democratic rule from 1951 to 2001 the population nearly tripled, growing by 183% (from 363 million to 1,023 million)."

- Jmabel | Talk 21:42, 28 November 2006 (UTC)

 * The first sentence is the problem - it is not stating facts, it is analyzing and judging facts. That analysis needs to be sourced to somebody qualified to make such an analysis. - Merzbow 01:12, 29 November 2006 (UTC)
 * For now, I would just include the facts in the last sentence in the article (although it would be nice if they were sourced also) and readers can draw their own conclusions. If we then find a historian who wants to analyze the facts in more detail, it can be added later. - Merzbow 05:01, 29 November 2006 (UTC)

"Noting that most famines occur under dictatorship, colonial rule or during war, Amartya Sen has posited that no functioning democracy has suffered a famine in modern times." Althought I do not know the rest of the work of this author, I don´t think this position is apropriate to be in a encyclopedia, since it is senseless. In many third-world countries misery colives with democracy. Famine situations still occur in Brazil´s northeast. One of the worst famines of Brazilian history happened in 1915, 26 years after the end of Monarchy.

 * Please note the tiny little world: functioning democracy. "No monarchy" does not always mean this. Many third world countries are officially democracies, but in reality not functioning ones. And was there really a famine in Brazil 1915? Do you have any sources for this? I have heard of a famine in 1877/78, and of course there was and still is chronic hunger in the nordeste. Amartya Sen admits that the chronic hunger of poor people can exist even in a functioning democracy. Béka 18:42, 22 December 2006 (UTC)

about picture titled ottoman official teases armenian children by showing bread. first of all all the population in eastern anatolia starved (turks, circassians, armenians etc.) because of ongoing war and civil war, it wasn't a selective famine. food transportation could not be possible, there wasn't railroads in region etc. according to ottoman records, 500000 turks who survived attacks of armenian armed bands migrated from east anatolia to central anatolia, even after these people placed in state buildings and mosques, death due to starvation continued among them (source: The Armenian Massacres in Ottoman Turkey: A Disputed Genocide, Guenter lewy). so famine didn't caused by state policy, but because of war conditions on top of poor infrastructure. besides the man in the picture has no fez on his head, ottoman officials at the time wore fezs. while his outfit seems finer and sharper than ordinary ottoman officials' (especially under those conditions) not wearing fez creates questions about wheter or not picture is genuine. besides that claims about famine in ukraine during soviet times tied to racial issues against ukrainians in the article. both russians and ukrainians are slavs, coming from same "race" (validity of race concept is another issue, nevertheless they generally accepted as same race) so it's absurd to think famine in ukraine caused for racial agendas of russians. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 176.41.56.176 (talk) 22:28, 21 December 2012 (UTC)

 * The sources says Turk official, not Ottoman official, and so I have corrected that. Brimba (talk) 01:27, 22 December 2012 (UTC)

Ethiopian Famine
Correct me if I am wrong but there is still a famine in Ethopia, this page refers to it in the past tense and like it has been resolved. 212.42.190.101 15:07, 28 December 2006 (UTC)

Of course, the chronic problems of Ethiopia – that caused the famine – have largely not been resolved since the last great "famine"; even in "good" years, many people depend on food aid because they are poor. But the contemporary hunger problem in Ethiopia is rather seen as chronic poverty than as a real "famine". Béka 20:58, 28 December 2006 (UTC)

Niger and the Sahel
I have added stuff on famins in Niger and the Sahel and 2 photos.--82.18.204.15 (talk) 02:33, 13 August 2010 (UTC)

Perspective needed
this article badly needs worldwide perspective of PRESENT conditions cumulatively over all regions. and comparison with historical conditions worldwide. it reads like a one dimensional high school paper country by country but gives the reader very little on the big picture. also much more is needed on the associative factors such as of growth stunting of children, etc. the article reads like katie couric reads the evening news: disaster all around and the reader keeps smiling. most readers of the present article will have no idea how widespread present famines are and the number of people affected. Anlace 03:57, 18 February 2007 (UTC)

Borgen project
This edit removed the views of the Borgen Project, and also removed the Borgen Project from the external links, describing it as "POV". Obviously, on controversial matters, the views of any advocacy group represent that group's POV, but our NPOV standard does not mean that we don't report them: instead, we should be searching for other views, and all views should be attributed. The Borgen Project is by no means unique in considering famine a solvable problem (Food First, among others, certainly shares this opinion), so this was by no means a marginal view. I think this should be reverted, possibly reworded, and that various other views on whether famine is or is not currently solvable worldwide should be added. - Jmabel | Talk 17:27, 21 February 2007 (UTC)

Resumen: Famine is a situation that occurs when a country or geopraphi zone does not have sufficientfoods and recourses to provide foods to o the population, being elevated the rate of mortality due to the hunger and to the undernourishments.

Material more relevant to Famine than Overpopulation
A 2003 article from the FAO website says, "According to the report, several countries in Central and West Africa have seen their numbers of hungry people rise due to conflict." According to the BBC, during the late 20th century, Zimbabwe had been growing enough food to feed itself, and was known as "the breadbasket of southern Africa." However, in the early 21st century, President Robert Mugabe seized the farmland from the farmers, and kicked the farmers out of the country. This created a famine. North Korea also had a worsening food situation in the early 21st century, and this has been blamed on the country's bad economic policies. Mexico's worsening food situation has been blamed on the U.S. government, which purchases large quantities of corn to make ethanol. This drives up the price of corn, which is the main food staple in Mexico.

The above text I personally find to be misleading, but i dont like to delete sourced material, so Ive moved it to this article's talk page for consideration here. Sekolov 18:58, 12 June 2007 (UTC)

 * In case anyone is interested, I came across this article last December, showing that mixed prairie grasses were better than corn for biofuel. Brian Pearson 02:20, 29 August 2007 (UTC)

aluminum-tolerance gene in sorghum
'''"This research also has environmental implications for badly needed increases in food production on marginal soils in developing countries," said Kochian. "For example, if we can increase food production on existing lands, it could limit encroachment into other areas for agriculture."''' Brian Pearson 02:09, 29 August 2007 (UTC)

Murky, uncited paragraph in article
"Kerry Britton, PhD, of the US Forest Service, in a recent phone interview, said that there is belief that China has less kudzu than America because of this famine. Kudzu originated in China and would seem to, but doesn't cover more ground there as a super plant than in other countries with only around 130 years of habitat in the US. It may be that kudzu is a survival food during famine. If that is the case, people who did survive may have survived with the help of kudzu."

 * "in a recent phone interview" is no citation to speak of
 * "recent" as of when?
 * "said that there is belief": by whom? Is he/she even endorsing that believe
 * "would seem to, but doesn't cover more ground there as a super plant than in other countries with only around 130 years of habitat in the US" makes little sense

And ultimately this says almost nothing of encyclopedic significance.

I suggest deleting the paragraph, unless someone who knows more about this can turn it into something rather different. - Jmabel | Talk 23:52, 15 October 2007 (UTC)

"Widely believed"
From the article: "…the tens of millions of pounds raised by Band Aid and Live Aid are widely believed to have saved the lives of…"

"…are widely believed…" is a pretty far short of a citation. - Jmabel | Talk 23:54, 15 October 2007 (UTC)

need a seperate article on world food crises 2008
The 2008 food shortage is now widespread and we still dont have a wiki article. manchurian candidate 04:09, 14 April 2008 (UTC)
 * See 2007-2008 world food price crisis. - BanyanTree 05:23, 14 April 2008 (UTC)

Hongerwinter
This article claims 30,000 died, but the Hongerwinter article itself gives the (referenced) figure of 18,000. Big discrepancy - which is correct? Draggleduck (talk) 12:38, 19 April 2010 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of newly created famine category
If anyone is interested in contributing to the discussions on a new category relating to Famines:

 * Categories_for_discussion/Log/2010_September_21 Zuggernaut (talk) 14:45, 22 September 2010 (UTC)

£20,000
Yeah, I know, it's about the contents of the article, but -- £20,000 ?? Is that all the money they were able to collect for the latest Nigerian famine, with millions of people affected? A decent middle manager of a Western country earns more than that IN A MONTH. 152.66.235.13 (talk) 16:38, 4 October 2010 (UTC)

Photos
I've restored the position of a few days ago. As I said in the edit summary this is an article about Famine, not about Gandhi. The same change was made (and reversed) on the Indian Famine article. That said I think the article would be better with some more pictures and only one in the lede. Ideas? -- Snowded TALK  07:20, 17 October 2010 (UTC)
 * Just one in the lead is a good idea. Other major sections should have their respective pictures. Zuggernaut (talk) 00:11, 20 October 2010 (UTC)

New infobox template for famines
I've created a new infobox template that can potentially be used in every famine article on Wikipedia. For a list of articles where it can be used, see the categories famines in India, famines and other relevant categories. The usage documentation still needs some improvement and the template might undergo minor teaks further - all feedback/suggestions for improvement are welcome! Feel free to link to or re-post this message in relevant places. Zuggernaut (talk) 17:20, 31 October 2010 (UTC)

Worldwide famine of 2011
http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/02/09/us-asia-rice-idUSTRE7186NU20110209

Should we add this in yet or let it simmer a few more months? Hcobb (talk) 22:03, 9 February 2011 (UTC)

 * That article seems to have little to do with famine, and certainly not a "worldwide famine." Global price increases, and governments stocking up on rice do not seem all that abnormal, nor a definite precursor to famine. Please see, WP:CRYSTAL. Peregrine981 (talk) 22:49, 9 February 2011 (UTC)

Rename suggestion
There's a major difference in people's minds between "famine" and "food shortages." Famine has usually been associated with wars and natural disasters where there is a "major" inability to feed people for basic survival, and mass starvation is the result. But "Food shortages" are different in that the term can relate to a family, village, city, or an entire country. Food price rises cause shortages first among those with less income. "Food shortages" also imply a problem that has possible solutions, like better irrigation. But to use the term "famine" as a redirect from "food shortages," as it does now, is a bad idea, IMO. They are two separate topics, even if related, and "food shortages" would be a better title for this article. --Wikiwatcher1 (talk) 03:42, 14 February 2011 (UTC)

 * I agree. There is a major difference, and if food shortages is redirecting here, we should separate. Peregrine981 (talk) 10:48, 14 February 2011 (UTC)

Cash aid/vouchers -- not substantiated
I question this sentence The famine relief model increasingly used by aid groups calls for giving cash or cash vouchers to the hungry to pay local farmers instead of buying food from donor countries, often required by law, as it wastes money on transport costs.[3][4]

One of the citations makes only passing reference to cash grants in an article that focuses on general funding for famine relief, the other describes a pilot program. There's no evidence that this model is increasingly used by aid groups. I'm not saying there shouldn't be reference to this model, but that it is mischaracterized and given undue prominence -- in particular because other mechanisms of food distribution are not described. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Iris8888 (talk • contribs) 03:33, 25 July 2011 (UTC)

Whoever put in the numerous references to cash grants is right in that they are a good/increasingly popular form of aid - but the number of references to this point in an article that is primarily about historical famines creates a scattered article/one with an agenda. 131.111.184.95 (talk) 23:14, 20 May 2013 (UTC)

sub-section on treating famine with dehydration (usu. diarrhea)?
This is potentially more of an issue because people often are in a weakened state, often with less than fully sanitary conditions. And plus, we have some pretty good sources on the subject.

---

THE TREATMENT OF DIARRHOEA, A manual for physicians and other senior health workers World Health Organization, 2005

8. MANAGEMENT OF DIARRHOEA WITH SEVERE MALNUTRITION [section on pages 22-24 (pages 26-28 in PDF)]

8.1 Assessment for dehydration

“ . . . A severely malnourished child with signs suggesting severe dehydration but without a history of watery diarrhoea should be treated for septic shock. . . ” 8.2 Management of dehydration

“ . . . IV infusion easily causes over-hydration and heart failure; it should be used only for the treatment of shock. . . ”

“ . . . Oral rehydration should be done slowly, giving 70-100 ml/kg over 12 hours. . . ”

These modified solutions provide less sodium (37.5 mmol/l), more potassium (40 mmol/l) and added sugar (25g/l), each of which is appropriate for severely malnourished children with diarrhoea."

8.3 Feeding “Mothers should remain with their children to breastfeed them and to help with other feeding, which should begin as soon as possible, usually within 2-3 hours of starting rehydration. Food should be given every 2-3 hours, day and night.”

8.3.1 Initial diet "The initial diet should be given from admission until the child's appetite returns to normal. Some children will eat normally at admission, but many will recover their appetite only after 3-4 days, when infections have been treated. The diet contains 75 Kcal/100 ml and is composed as follows: •	skimmed milk powder 25 g •	vegetable oil 20 g •	sugar 60 g •	rice powder (or other cereal powder) 60 g, and •	water to make 1000 ml Combine the ingredients and boil gently for five minutes to cook the cereal powder. . . ”

8.3.2 Subsequent diet. ..

8.3.3 Vitamins, minerals and salts “. . . Zn acetate.2H20 130 mg. . . ” [That is, zinc, as well as other minerals and vitamins.] “. . . Vitamin A should be given as described in section 9.3. Multivitamin mixtures that provide at least two RDAs of all vitamins. . . ”

8.4 Use of antimicrobials “All severely malnourished children should receive broad spectrum antimicrobial treatment, e.g. gentamicin and ampicillin, for several days when admitted to hospital. This combination or another that provides broad spectrum coverage should also be given to any child with signs of septic shock. Children should be checked daily for other infections and treated when these are identified.”

 * Basically, I take as the most important thing, keep feeding the child or adult even with diarrhea. As well as the oral rehydration solution, the zinc supplements, the antibiotics generally across the board, as well as specifically checking for shock.  Or, please, jump in, help me summarize this.  This chapter is about two pages, it's difficult, but it's more readable than I thought it would be.  Cool Nerd (talk) 19:12, 1 September 2011 (UTC)

--

National Guidelines for the Management of Severely Malnourished Children in Bangladesh, Institute of Public Health Nutrition, Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh, May 2008.

'''Step 3. Treat/prevent dehydration, page 21 (22 in PDF) a) Diagnosis “ .  .  .  Dehydration may be over estimated in a marasmic/wasted child and underestimated in a kwashiorkor/oedematous child. Therefore, assume that children with watery diarrhoea may have dehydration.” b) Treatment:''' “The standard oral rehydration salts (ORS) solution (90 mmol sodium/L) and the newly modified WHO-ORS (75 mmol sodium/L) contains too much sodium and too little potassium for severely malnourished children. Instead give special Rehydration Solution for Malnutrition (ReSoMal) (For recipe see Annex 2). . .  ”

page 22 (23 in PDF) “If diarrhoea is severe then new WHO-ORS (75 mmol sodium/L) may be used because the loss of sodium in the stool is high and symptomatic hyponatraemia can occur with ReSoMal. “Low blood volume can coexist with oedema. Do not use the IV route for rehydration except in cases of shock and then do so with care, infusing slowly to avoid flooding the circulation and overloading the heart (see Section 7).” '''Step 5. Treat/prevent infection'''

page 24 (25 in PDF) “. . .  In severe acute malnutrition the usual signs of infection, such as fever, are often absent, and infections are often hidden. Therefore routinely treat all severely malnourished children on admission with broad-spectrum antibiotics. . .  ”

--

Community Health Worker Training Materials for Cholera Prevention and Control, CDC. (page 7) "  .  .  .  Continue to breastfeed your baby if the baby has watery diarrhea, even when traveling to get treatment.  Adults and older children should continue to eat frequently."

or, add to existing section?
Our section Famine relief currently has this sentence:

"Additionally, supplements, such as Vitamin A capsules or Zinc tablets to cure diarrhea in children, are used."Can one pill tame the illness no one wants to talk about?, Newsweek, 2009-08-17.

 * Yes, but there's a lot more to it than that. There's all of the above.  Cool Nerd (talk) 18:56, 2 September 2011 (UTC)

 * I made some additions. Please tell me what you think.  Or, time permitting, please jump in and help.  Summarizing the above sources is a lot of work, but it is doable.  Cool Nerd (talk) 21:12, 2 September 2011 (UTC)

probably worth including Famine Early Warning Systems Network (FEWS NET)
http://www.fews.net/ml/en/info/Pages/default.aspx?l=en

"The Famine Early Warning Systems Network (FEWS NET) is a USAID-funded activity that collaborates with international, regional and national partners to provide timely and rigorous early warning and vulnerability information on emerging and evolving food security issues. FEWS NET professionals in the Africa, Central America, Haiti, Afghanistan and the United States monitor and analyze relevant data and information in terms of its impacts on livelihoods and markets to identify potential threats to food security. .  .  "

 * In our Characteristics section, we do include a mention: "In July 2005, the Famine Early Warning Systems Network labelled Niger with emergency status, as well as Chad, Ethiopia, South Sudan, Somalia and Zimbabwe."

 * I think it probably would be worthwhile including a couple of sentences about the organization, perhaps elsewhere in our article. Cool Nerd (talk) 17:22, 20 October 2012 (UTC)

about picture titled ottoman official teases armenian children by showing bread. first of all all the population in eastern anatolia starved (turks, circassians, armenians etc.) because of ongoing war and civil war, it wasn't a selective famine. food transportation could not be possible, there wasn't railroads in region etc. according to ottoman records, 500000 turks who survived attacks of armenian armed bands migrated from east anatolia to central anatolia, even after these people placed in state buildings and mosques, death due to starvation continued among them (source: The Armenian Massacres in Ottoman Turkey: A Disputed Genocide, Guenter lewy). so famine didn't caused by state policy, but because of war conditions on top of poor infrastructure. besides the man in the picture has no fez on his head, ottoman officials at the time wore fezs. while his outfit seems finer and sharper than ordinary ottoman officials' (especially under those conditions) not wearing fez creates questions about wheter or not picture is genuine. besides that claims about famine in ukraine during soviet times tied to racial issues against ukrainians in the article. both russians and ukrainians are slavs, coming from same "race" (validity of race concept is another issue, nevertheless they generally accepted as same race) so it's absurd to think famine in ukraine caused for racial agendas of russians. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 176.41.56.176 (talk • contribs)

Copyright problem removed
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Getting quite long...
I was reading through this today and found it's quite long, was wondering if there would be any community support for the idea of putting the detailed regional history into article called "History of Famines" or such? I don't find the detailed listing in this article adding that much value over the "List of Famines" article. Would love to hear community opinion before taking any action. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Zzeenn (talk • contribs) 12:30, 30 May 2016 (UTC)

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Encyclopedic
User:Kind_Tennis_Fan If it's not encyclopedic, reword it, but don't just delete it. Benjamin (talk) 02:09, 16 May 2017 (UTC)

 * Hi, I have restored the sourced sentence that you placed into the article. I'm working at the moment on improving the article and indeed including some of the content by an IP editor that was (temporarily) removed until it can be reworded. Kind Tennis Fan (talk) 02:13, 16 May 2017 (UTC)

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Finnish famine of 1696, deaths
Quote from the 17th century section: "Perhaps the worst famine since 1600, the great famine in Finland in 1696, killed one-third of the population.[82]" "The Great Famine of 1695–1697 may have killed a third of the Finnish population."

"May" or "did" kill a third of the population? 90.229.193.208 (talk) 10:58, 21 April 2019 (UTC)

EVS
English 2409:4043:898:B9BF:A1AF:95C3:9148:BAF2 (talk) 06:15, 2 January 2022 (UTC)

Hi
Hi 117.195.51.235 (talk) 13:29, 6 January 2022 (UTC)

Science
Zaid 103.97.98.243 (talk) 11:06, 27 September 2022 (UTC)

Science
Famine information 1.38.158.57 (talk) 17:01, 10 October 2022 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 16:22, 5 January 2023 (UTC)
 * WF1110566 20201126 Hunger-Map.gif

Reverted edit
@C.J. Griffin reverted my edit, explaining that "famines rarely occur in democratic systems but are strongly correlated with autocratic and colonial systems" (A Sen quote). Of course I acknowledge this quote; my removal of material was that of people arguing that communism as the blame for famines is over-focused, when there should be focus on colonialism instead. I find it odd that, considering we are talking of "autocratic and colonial systems", there is no mention of the many historians, economists and political scientists who do see communism and its ideology as important in widespread famines.

Milne et. al's mention is a non-sequitir; randomly saying that "there is too much focus on communism" is a counterpoint to an argument - that communism is important - that is absent from this article. So the solution to this is of course drawing on arguments that do focus on communism. I likewise find Milne's argument, "If Lenin and Stalin are regarded as having killed those who died of hunger in the famines of the 1920s and 1930s, then Churchill is certainly responsible for the 4 million deaths in the avoidable Bengal famine of 1943" to be a non-sequitir, and such a poor counterpoint to the extent that it isn't a counterpoint; the critique of colonialism as an anti-anti-communist apologetic has got nothing to do with the causes of famine in Communist countries.

My overall point is, the section on causes should focus on colonialism and Communism (note the capital c) as the two aforesaid autocratic systems (there is plenty of literature out there that focuses on the ideology; see Conquest, Courtois etc.). The focus on the scourges of colonialism shouldn't be from an anti-anti-communist position if there is no anti-communist position in the first place. Zilch-nada (talk) 23:36, 26 August 2023 (UTC)

 * This is not Wiki editors editorializing; this is what the sources cited are discussing, and these sources range from academic publications (University of California Press, World Development) to well respected media organizations (The Guardian, Al Jazeera), along with one partisan source (Jacobin) discussing the views of Mike Davis (making it notable). Other scholarship not included here discusses this as well, such as Michael Ellman's article on Soviet repression statistics, noting that people tend to see state sponsored famines as a "uniquely Stalinist evil" while going on to discuss the famines under British colonialism.

 * It is ironic that you removed material from "people arguing that communism as the blame for famines is over-focused" when, in fact, that section itself is overfocused on communism with almost no mention of colonialism outside the paragraph you deleted and the very last paragraph with the quote I included in my edit summary. I take no issue with rewriting the material and incorporating other material to please the editors involved here and to adhere to WP:NPOV (given the overemphasis on communism in this section this single paragraph kind of does that IMO), but to arbitrarily remove this well sourced material because you don't like it is unacceptable. And it looks like some of the material has been here for over a decade, with The Guardian source being retrieved 12 May 2010.--C.J. Griffin (talk) 00:18, 27 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Your second paragraph does not dispute what I have said. The writings, of Wheatcroft, Getty, Davies, et. al in the state-sponsored famine sections merely describe the famines that happened under Communist regimes, with no reference to communism as a cause. (See Criticism of Communist party rule) The counterpoints from Milne, Hickel, et. al indeed describe "colonialism" as a cause for many famines, but, as I said; "criticized the emphasis on communism when assigning blame for famines" - no writer sourced above emphasized communism, at all.
 * Here is an example of a paragraph from the "debate over famines" section of the Mass Killings under Communist Regimes article, in which Milne et. al's word's appear:
 * "According to historian J. Arch Getty, over half of the 100 million deaths which are attributed to communism were due to famines. Stéphane Courtois posits that many communist regimes caused famines in their efforts to forcibly collectivize agriculture and systematically used it as a weapon by controlling the food supply and distributing food on a political basis. Courtois states that "in the period after 1918, only communist countries experienced such famines, which led to the deaths of hundreds of thousands, and in some cases millions, of people. And again in the 1980s, two African countries that claimed to be Marxist–Leninist, Ethiopia and Mozambique, were the only such countries to suffer these deadly famines."
 * Note key terms such as "communist regimes" and "communist leaders". Another quote from the same section:
 * "Benjamin Valentino writes: "Although not all the deaths due to famine in these cases were intentional, communist leaders directed the worst effects of famine against their suspected enemies and used hunger as a weapon to force millions of people to conform to the directives of the state.""
 * Now these are examples which focus on communism itself, which this article presently lacks (solely describing state-sanctioned famines in the 20th-century, with a total of one mention of the word "communism" in describing the history of state-sanctioned famines. Milne's argument is a non-sequitir as there is no emphasis on communism, only describing the regimes of the 20th century that caused famines, just so happening to be Communist (and even that isn't even mentioned.)
 * My point is, there are two ways of writing this section. One is to describe, directly, the failures of leadership under leaders such as Mao, Stalin, and Churchill in the 20th century regarding famines - specifically their policies. Another is to mention the overall political system as well; Communism and colonialism, and its importance in the causes of famines.
 * I favour the second, but my fundamental point is that, while sources directly blame colonialism as a political system, no mentioned sources refer to Communism itself - contrary to your sentiments. So here, in my opinion, we need to include further writings about political systems. If we are going to mention Milne et. al's counterpoint about colonialism (which I am fine with including), we should include an argument in the first place focusing on Communism. I have offered two sources above.
 * Now, you may argue that the above mentions from Getty, Valentino, etc. are key to the topic of communism and only tangential to the topic of famine. I would argue that the mention of Milne, Hickel and the like's counterpoints are even more tangential, as they, as counterpoints to those focusing on Communism, can only relate to an actual focus on Communism in the first place. Zilch-nada (talk) 00:52, 27 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Please note that I am not suggesting the inclusion of sources from Getty, Courtois etc. in this article, as I admit their wordings are tangential. But it is clear that the topic of Communism is widely brought up when discussing famines, just like colonialism; these sources are to further that point. Zilch-nada (talk) 00:54, 27 August 2023 (UTC)
 * "If we are going to mention Milne et. al's counterpoint about colonialism (which I am fine with including), we should include an argument in the first place focusing on Communism. I have offered two sources above." Honestly, if you had just done this in the first place, instead of deleting sourced material, we probably wouldn't be having this discussion right now.--C.J. Griffin (talk) 01:12, 27 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Perhaps, but its inclusion as a counterpoint wouldn't make sense without the claims it criticizes in the first place. The two options were either to a) delete the tangential claim (which I did), or b) expand on the counterpoint by providing more sources as described above. I intend to do the latter now. Zilch-nada (talk) 01:16, 27 August 2023 (UTC)

State-sponsored Famine

 * Just wanted to point out that the chapter title of (State-sponsored Famine) may be misleading. In ordinary English, it's just odd and it makes it sound like states are deliberately planning and aiming for reaching famine. Despite none of them actually aim for that. It should be reworded as maybe (famine caused by state interventions).49.180.207.52 (talk) 02:50, 27 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Also countries like north Korea are very poor also because of UN Sanctions that makes it harder for them to economically thrive. It didn't work in getting rid of nukes nor really impact their leader considering how well fed that fellow is. But has caused a lot of famine. In fact, US Sanctions would actually fit into the definition of state Sanctioned famine as it's designed to starve the general population enough to hopefully trigger regime change. And I don't think such information is being included, and should be added in.49.180.207.52 (talk) 02:50, 27 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Famine


text:
Talk:Floyd Westerman

Photo
The first Westerman image is an old news photo that has been around enough times it is likley public domain. His promoter might gladly release a more recent photo. Standard image placement conventions would have him looking on the page, from the left side, instead of with his eyes leading off of the page, but some people insist on an arbitary style in this document with all first images appearing on the right, so there it is.

This image came from http://www.american-entertainment.net/ artists/westerman/ but it is also at http://www.underground-book.com/chapters/uranium/FloydWesterman.html as a .gif. Perhaps it was taken at Salzburg in 1992.

The second image, and all images that show copyright by Bright Light Studio are used with permission of Bright Light Studio. info@brightlightstudio.com. Bright Light Studio grants Wikipedia unrestricted use of this image under the terms of Wikipedia's license agreement. The editor, Radoyon, is a principal of Bright Light Studio, Inc. and is authorized to grant the use of these images on Wikipedia.

Rumors of death
"Anyway, I just learned from a friend that Red Crow has died. He fought a hard battle - first with lung disease, he survived a transplant, and then was hit by leukemia. His friends stayed by his side, for weeks, now, never leaving him alone.  After a ceremony in Los Angeles, his son will take him home, to South Dakota." - Chadlupkes (talk) 20:32, 13 December 2007 (UTC)

Quotes
I would hope that a more suitable quote can be found than the one of the X-Files, which while it recalls a memorable episode, was written for a character he played. Someone as activist as Mr. Westerman must have said many things worth remembering. I think if there was a long list the X-Files one should stay, but if there are only two, they ought to be things he actually said. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.52.182.14 (talk) 02:03, 15 February 2009 (UTC)

Floyd as a Young Man
As a college student at Northern in Aberdeen S.D.,Floyd was a kind and gentle young man. He was a good friend. We enjoyed his singing and his art work. He was a special part of our lives and will never be forgotten.Dakotafriend (talk) 05:27, 22 August 2009 (UTC)

Discography
Just wondering whether the link on the title of the Indian Country album should be removed, as there is no reference to the album on the linked page. Alternatively, perhaps someone could submit the relevant information? As it stands it merely takes the reader to a page that adds nothing to the article. Joeofarrell (talk) 21:54, 30 July 2010 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Floyd Westerman


text:
Mordecai Brown

Mordecai Peter Centennial Brown (October 19, 1876 – February 14, 1948), nicknamed "Three Finger Brown" or "Miner", was an American Major League Baseball pitcher and manager during the first two decades of the 20th century (known as the "dead-ball era"). Due to a farm-machinery accident in his youth (April 17, 1888), Brown lost parts of two fingers on his right hand, and in the process gained a colorful nickname. He turned this handicap into an advantage by learning how to grip a baseball in a way that resulted in an exceptional curveball (or knuckle curve), which broke radically before reaching the plate. With this technique he became one of the elite pitchers of his era.

Brown was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1949.

Early life
Brown was born in Nyesville, Indiana, to Jane and Peter Brown. He was also known as "Miner", having worked in western Indiana coal mines for a while before beginning his professional baseball career. Nicknames like "Miner" (or misspelled as "Minor" ) and "Three Finger" (or sometimes "Three-Fingered") were headline writers' inventions. To fans and friends he was probably best known as "Brownie". To his relatives and close friends, he was also known as "Mort". His three-part given name came from the names of his uncle, his father, and the United States Centennial year of his birth, respectively.

According to his biography, he had two separate injuries to his right hand. The first and more famous trauma came when he was feeding material into the farm's feed chopper. He slipped and his hand was mangled by the knives, severing much of his index finger and damaging the others. A doctor repaired the rest of his hand as best he could. While it was still healing, the injury was further aggravated by a fall he took, which broke several finger bones. They were not reset properly, especially the middle finger (see photo).

He learned to pitch, as many children did, by aiming rocks at knot-holes on the barn wall and other wooden surfaces. Over time, with constant practice, he developed great control. As a "bonus", the manner in which he had to grip the ball (see photo) resulted in an unusual amount of spin. This allowed him to throw an effective curve ball (or knuckle curve), and a deceptive fast ball and change-up. The extra topspin made it difficult for batters to connect solidly. In short, he "threw ground balls" and was exceptionally effective.

Career
Brown was a third baseman in semipro baseball in 1898 when his team's pitcher failed to appear for a game and Brown was put in to pitch. Players in the league quickly noticed the spin and movement created by Brown's unusual grip. Fred Massey, Brown's great-nephew, said, "It didn't only curve, it curved and dropped at the same time", Massey said. "It made it extremely hard to hit and if you did hit it, you hit it into the ground [because you] couldn't get under it." After a spectacular minor league career commencing in Terre Haute of the Three-I League in 1901, Brown came to the majors rather late, at age 26, in 1903, and lasted until 1916 when he was close to 40.

Brown's most productive period was when he played for the Chicago Cubs from 1904 through 1912. During this stretch, he won 20 or more games six times and was part of two World Series championships. New York Giants manager John McGraw regarded his own Christy Mathewson and Brown as the two best pitchers in the National League. In fact, Brown defeated Mathewson in competition as often as not, most significantly in the final regular season game of the 1908 season. Brown had a career 13–11 edge on Mathewson, with one no-decision in their 25 pitching matchups.

Brown's most important single game effort was the pennant-deciding contest between the Cubs and the New York Giants on October 8, 1908, at New York. With Mathewson starting for the Giants, Cubs starter Jack Pfiester got off to a weak start and was quickly relieved by Brown, who held the Giants in check the rest of the way as the Cubs prevailed 4–2, to win the pennant. The Cubs then went on to win their second consecutive World Series championship, their last until 2016, a span of 108 years.

In late 1909, Brown was on a team that played some games in Cuba. He planned to spend the winter there, but returned home when he caught a mysterious sickness. Brown saw limited action in 1912 and was released by the Cubs in October, a week before he turned 36. Soon after, he consulted a physician about a minor illness. Examining Brown's knee, the physician advised Brown to retire from baseball because he risked losing the use of his leg. However, Brown continued to play, signing with the Louisville Colonels, who traded him to the Cincinnati Reds for the 1913 season.

After the 1913 season, Brown jumped to the Federal League, signing his contract on the same day as Joe Tinker. While Tinker went to the Chicago Whales, Brown was the player-manager for the St. Louis Terriers in 1914. Brown was dismissed as manager in August, then finished the season with the Brooklyn Tip-Tops, and was rumored to retire again in October 1914. He stayed in the league and played for the Chicago Whales in 1915. He returned to the Cubs for his final season in 1916. Brown and Mathewson wrapped their respective careers by squaring off on September 4, 1916, in the second game of a Labor Day doubleheader. The game was billed as the final meeting between the two old baseball warriors, and would turn out to be the final game in each of their careers. The game was a high-scoring one, the two teams combining for 33 hits. But with both teams well back in the pennant race, the two men pitched the entire game. Mathewson's Reds prevailed 10–8 over Brown's Cubs, as the Cubs' ninth-inning rally fell short.

Brown finished his major league career with a 239–130 record, 1375 strikeouts, and a 2.06 ERA, the third best ERA in Major League Baseball history amongst players inducted into the Hall of Fame, after Ed Walsh and Addie Joss. His 2.06 ERA is the best in MLB history for any pitcher with more than 200 wins. Brown was a switch-hitter, which was and is unusual for a pitcher. He took some pride in his hitting, and had a fair batting average for a pitcher, compiling a career .206 batting average (235-for-1143) with 93 runs, 2 home runs and 73 RBI.

Later life and legacy
Following his retirement from the majors, he returned to his home in Terre Haute, where he continued to pitch in the minor leagues and in exhibition games for more than a decade, as well as coaching and managing. According to his biography, in an exhibition game against the famous House of David touring team in 1928, at the age of 51, he pitched three innings as a favor to the local team, and struck out all nine batters he faced.

From 1920 to 1945, Brown ran a filling station in Terre Haute that also served as a town gathering place and an unofficial museum. He was also a frequent guest at Old-Timers' games in Chicago. In his later years, Brown was plagued by diabetes and then by the effects of a stroke. He died in 1948 of diabetic complications. He was posthumously elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame the following year.

F. Scott Fitzgerald refers to "Three-finger Brown" in his first novel, This Side of Paradise (1920). The television series The Simpsons made reference to Brown in "Homer at the Bat", when Mr. Burns lists three ringers he wants for his company's softball team: Honus Wagner, Cap Anson, and Mordecai "Three Finger" Brown. Smithers has to point out that they are not only retired, but long-dead. He was referenced again by Mr. Burns in the episode "The Last Traction Hero".

In 1999, he was named as a finalist to the Major League Baseball All-Century Team.

Between Brown and Antonio Alfonseca, the Cubs have featured both a "three-fingered" pitcher and a six-fingered pitcher on their all-time roster (Brown technically had four, including the thumb).

title: Mordecai Brown


text:
Barcelona chair

The Barcelona chair is a chair designed by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe and Lilly Reich, for the German Pavilion at the International Exposition of 1929, hosted by Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.

The chair was first used in Villa Tugendhat, a private residence, designed by Mies in Brno (Czech Republic).

Materials and manufacture
The frame was initially designed to be bolted together but was redesigned in 1950 using stainless steel, which allowed the frame to be formed with a seamless piece of metal, giving it a smoother appearance. Bovine leather replaced the ivory-colored pigskin which was used for the original pieces.

Philosophy and ergonomics
Although many architects and furniture designers of the Bauhaus era were intent on providing well-designed homes and impeccably manufactured furnishings for common people, the Barcelona chair was an exception. It was designed for Spanish royalty to oversee the opening ceremonies of the exhibition and was described by Time magazine as inhabiting a "sumptuous German pavilion." The form is thought to be extrapolated from Roman folding chairs known as the Curule chair – upholstered stools used by the Roman aristocracy. According to Knoll Inc., despite its industrial appearance the Barcelona chair requires much hand crafting.

Current production
Since 1953 Knoll Inc has manufactured the Barcelona chair in both chrome and stainless steel. The chairs are almost completely hand-crafted, and each carries a facsimile of van der Rohe's signature, stamped into its frame.

Unlicensed replicas of the original design are made by other manufacturers worldwide and are sold under different marketing names. Such designs are frequently subject to legal challenges.

In popular culture
In his 1981 book about modern architecture, From Bauhaus to Our House, Tom Wolfe called the Barcelona chair as "the Platonic ideal of the chair", and wrote that, despite its high price, owning one had become a necessity for young architects: "When you saw the holy object on the sisal rug, you knew you were in a household where a fledgling architect and his young wife had sacrificed everything to bring the symbol of the godly mission into their home."

On the cover of the fifth volume of Spy × Family, the character Yuri Briar is shown sitting on a Barcelona chair.

In the 2001 Star Trek: Voyager finale, "Endgame", it was featured in Admiral Kathryn Janeway's apartment.

title: Barcelona chair


text:
Vox humana

The vox humana (Latin for "human voice"; also "voz humana" in Spanish and Portuguese, "voix humaine" in French and "voce umana" in Italian, although "voce umana" is also a term for a celeste stop, q.v.) is a short-resonator reed stop on the pipe organ, so named because of its supposed resemblance to the human voice. As a rule, the stop is used with a tremulant, which undulates the wind supply, causing a vibrato effect. The vox humana is intended to evoke the impression of a singing choir or soloist, though the success of this intent depends as much upon the acoustics of the room in which the organ speaks as it does the voicing of the pipes. It is almost invariably at 8 ft pitch, though on theater organs it is not uncommon to encounter a chorus of vox humana stops at 8 ft and 4 ft pitch, with the addition of a 16 ft acting as a pedal stop.

The vox humana is one of the oldest reeds in organ building, based on its appearance in very early instruments. It is common on French classical organs in the 17th and 18th centuries, where it was used as a solo voice. The vox humana also appears on German and Dutch organs of the period, though not as frequently as in France. French organs in the 19th and 20th centuries almost invariably featured a voix humaine in the Récit (the most commonly enclosed division of the French romantic organ), though by this time the literature had evolved and it was used to play rich, harmonic chordal progressions. Many American organs built in the romantic style include a vox humana in order to facilitate the playing of this literature.

Vox humana stops in very old organs had a fairly wide variety of designs and tonal qualities. It was during the nineteenth century that the design became fairly standardized. Today, most builders construct vox humana pipes in approximately the same way, though the scaling will vary between builders and according to the tonal style in which the organ is designed. The actual sound of the pipe is dependent upon the voicer, with an open "O" or a long "E" sound probably being the most common result.

title: Vox humana


text:
Canadian Automobile Machine Gun Brigade

The Canadian Automobile Machine Gun Brigade, also known as Brutinel's Brigade or the Brutinel Brigade, was the first fully motorized unit of the Canadian Expeditionary Force (CEF) during the First World War. It was established on August 24, 1914, in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, as Automobile Machine Gun Brigade No. 1 by Canadian Brigadier-General Raymond Brutinel, who initiated the program and was the unit's first commander. The unit played a significant part in halting the major German spring offensive of March 1918, and in the final Hundred Days Offensive when it was part of the Canadian Independent Force (CIF) commanded by Brutinel.

History
The brigade was originally equipped with eight Armoured Autocars mounting two Colt Model 1914 machine guns (later replaced with the standard British Vickers MG) manufactured by Autocar in Ardmore, Pennsylvania. Autocar also supplied six unarmoured support vehicles, four "roadsters" for the brigade's officers, and an ambulance.

Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig wrote that the "work of the 1st CMMG Brigade in recent operations has proved the value that can be obtained from such units, and recommends the formation of a 2nd Brigade be undertaken forthwith." So in May 1918 the 2nd Canadian Motor MG Brigade was added. With the new unit Brutinel's CIF consisted of the 1st and 2nd Motor Machine Gun Brigade (each of 5x8 gun batteries), Canadian Corps Cyclist Battalion, one section of medium trench-mortars mounted on lorries (plus an assumed wireless and medical support). This totaled 80 machine guns and about 300 bicycle infantry. Canadian historian John A. English points out that this "was the first mechanized formation in the Commonwealth armies and the forerunner of the armoured division."

Structure
By June 1916 there were five batteries in the brigade:
 * A Battery (Armoured Autocar)
 * B Battery (Armoured Autocar)
 * C Battery (Machine Gunners)
 * D Battery (Machine Gunners)
 * E Battery (Machine Gunners)

title: Canadian Automobile Machine Gun Brigade


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Schiff base

In organic chemistry, a Schiff base (named after Hugo Schiff) is a compound with the general structure R^{1}R^{2}C\dNR^{3} (R^{3} = alkyl or aryl, but not hydrogen). They can be considered a sub-class of imines, being either secondary ketimines or secondary aldimines depending on their structure. Anil refers to a common subset of Schiff bases: imines derived from anilines. The term can be synonymous with azomethine which refers specifically to secondary aldimines (i.e. R\sCH\dNR' where R' ≠ H).

Synthesis
Schiff bases can be synthesized from an aliphatic or aromatic amine and a carbonyl compound by nucleophilic addition forming a hemiaminal, followed by a dehydration to generate an imine. In a typical reaction, 4,4'-oxydianiline reacts with o-vanillin:

Schiff bases can also be synthesized via the aza-Wittig-reaction.

Biochemistry
Schiff bases have been investigated in relation to a wide range of contexts, including antimicrobial, antiviral and anticancer activity. They have also been considered for the inhibition of amyloid-β aggregation.

Schiff bases are common enzymatic intermediates where an amine, such as the terminal group of a lysine residue, reversibly reacts with an aldehyde or ketone of a cofactor or substrate. The common enzyme cofactor pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) forms a Schiff base with a lysine residue and is transaldiminated to the substrate(s). Similarly, the cofactor retinal forms a Schiff base in rhodopsins, including human rhodopsin (via Lysine 296), which is key in the photoreception mechanism.

Coordination chemistry
The term Schiff base is normally applied to these compounds when they are being used as ligands to form coordination complexes with metal ions. One example is Jacobsen's catalyst. The imine nitrogen is basic and exhibits pi-acceptor properties. Several, especially the diiminopyridines are noninnocent ligands. Many Schiff base ligands are derived from alkyl diamines and aromatic aldehydes.

Chiral Schiff bases were one of the first ligands used for asymmetric catalysis. In 1968 Ryōji Noyori developed a copper-Schiff base complex for the metal-carbenoid cyclopropanation of styrene. Schiff bases have also been incorporated into metal–organic frameworks (MOF).

Conjugated Schiff bases
Conjugated Schiff bases absorb strongly in the UV-visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum. This absorption is the basis of the anisidine value, which is a measure of oxidative spoilage for fats and oils.

title: Schiff base


text:
User talk:Kareem

Welcome
Hello, welcome to Wikipedia.

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Again, welcome! Chris Roy 19:37, 12 Mar 2004 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Kareem