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Captain Atom

Captain Atom is the name of several superheroes appearing in American comic books, initially owned by Charlton Comics before being acquired in the 1980s by DC Comics. All possess some form of energy-manipulating abilities.

Publication history
Captain Atom was created by writer Joe Gill and artist/co-writer Steve Ditko, and first appeared in Space Adventures #33 (March 1960). Captain Atom was initially created for Charlton Comics, but was later acquired by DC Comics and revised for DC's post-Crisis continuity. In 2011, DC Comics relaunched its superhero comics and rewrote the histories of some characters from scratch, including Captain Atom, giving him a new origin, appearance and slightly altered powers. Captain Atom was the character inspiration for Doctor Manhattan, who was featured in the miniseries (and later live-action film adaptation) Watchmen, which would be connected to the DC Universe in the miniseries Doomsday Clock.

Throughout the years, the character has been featured in several moderate-to-short-lived eponymous series, and has been a member of several different versions of DC's flagship superhero team, the Justice League. In all incarnations, the character initially served for the military. In the Charlton Comics continuity, he was a scientist named Allen Adam and gained his abilities by accident when he was seemingly "atomized" and then reformed himself as an atomic-powered being. In both DC Comics incarnations, he is an Air Force pilot named Nathaniel Adam, who was a test subject in a scientific experiment who seemingly disintegrated in the process, only to reappear later as the super-powered Captain Atom. Over the years, DC has attempted to reinvent the character several times. For a period, the character assumed the mantle of the supervillain Monarch, and in 2005 DC attempted to retell the Captain Atom story with an entirely new character, Breach, who was subsequently discarded. In the new continuity following DC's 2011 relaunch, Captain Atom has never been a member of the Justice League and the team views him with distrust; his character origin and abilities were also revised.

Captain Atom has appeared in several animated television and film adaptations of Justice League and other DC storylines since the mid-2000s, where he is depicted as a powerful member of the Justice League whose abilities place him roughly on par with the franchise's flagship character Superman. In several animated depictions, he has served the role as a government stooge when the government has brought itself into conflict with the Justice League.

Charlton Comics (Silver Age)

The Charlton Comics version of Captain Atom was Allen Adam. The character's origin had Adam working as a technician in a special experimental rocket when it accidentally launched with him trapped inside. Adam was atomized when the rocket exploded while entering the upper atmosphere. However, he somehow gained superpowers that included the ability to reform his body safely on the ground. He was outfitted in a red and yellow costume that was designed to shield people from his radiation. When he powered up, his hair changed to a silvery-white.

Later, in his own title, he replaced his original red and gold costume with a liquid-metal outfit that was under his skin and which transformed when he powered up. Captain Atom's powers were similar to such other nuclear-powered superheroes as Gold Key's Doctor Solar and Dell Comics' Nukla. Captain Atom was first published in a series of short stories in the anthology series Space Adventures #33–40 (March 1960 – June 1961) and #42 (October 1961). Charlton began reprinting his short adventures in the anthology Strange Suspense Stories beginning with issue #75 (June 1965), renaming the title Captain Atom with issue #78 (December 1965) and giving the hero full-length stories and supervillain antagonists such as Dr. Spectro (previous stories involved Cold War anti-Communist missions or dealing with aliens). Captain Atom later teamed with the superhero Nightshade, with whom he shared a mutual attraction. The superhero the Blue Beetle starred in the initial back-up feature, later replaced by a Nightshade back-up series.

Captain Atom was cancelled with issue #89 (December 1967). In 1975, the unfinished Ditko art for issue #90 was inked by John Byrne and published in the first two issues of the official Charlton fanzine, Charlton Bullseye, as the 10-page "Showdown in Sunuria" (writer: Jon G. Michels) and the 11-page "Two Against Sunuria" (writer: Roger Stern). Captain Atom next appeared in issue #7 (May 1982) of the new-talent showcase comic also called Charlton Bullseye, in a story by writer Benjamin Smith and artist/co-writer Dan Reed, which for some reason returned him to his original red and yellow outfit. The character's last pre-DC appearance was in AC Comics' one-shot issue Americomics Special #1 (August 1983), in a story teaming the Charlton "Action Heroes" the Blue Beetle, Captain Atom, Nightshade and the Question as the Sentinels of Justice. This last story had originally been done for Charlton before the company folded.

The actual Charlton characters made their first reappearance in DC's Crisis on Infinite Earths, which introduced Earth-Four as the native reality of Captain Atom and the world where all the Charlton Comics adventures had taken place. By story's end, Earth-Four (and the Charlton characters) had been incorporated into the Post-Crisis DC Universe, its history merging with that of the mainstream reality. The last appearance of this Charlton-era Captain Atom was in DC Comics Presents #90 (February 1986).

DC Comics (Post-Crisis)
A new Post-Crisis version of the character was introduced in March 1987 with the launch of a monthly comic written by Cary Bates (long-time writer of The Flash and Superman), co-written by Greg Weisman and drawn by Pat Broderick.

This modern captain's name is established as Nathaniel Christopher Adam, a United States Air Force officer and Vietnam War veteran. Adam had been framed for a crime and was, under military justice, condemned to death; this taking place under the purview of Col. Wade Eiling in the year 1968. As an alternative to execution, Adam was "asked" to participate in 'Project: Captain Atom', a military experiment with a slim chance of survival. He agreed to this in exchange for an unconditional presidential pardon. The experiment involved testing the hull of a crashed alien ship's durability by placing a human being (Adam) within the metal craft and then exploding an atomic weapon under it. The weapon went off and Adam was seemingly disintegrated. Eighteen years later, Adam suddenly reappeared. The alien metal, now bonded around his body, afforded him incredible abilities far beyond that of a mere mortal. Bonded with the metal, Nathaniel Adam now had powers that resulted from the metal's ability to tap into the "Quantum Field". It was revealed that the alien metal could absorb energy but only past a certain threshold, any excess absorption would force it to jump forward in time based on the amount of energy obtained.

Flung into the year 1986, Adam becomes literally a "man out of time". Wade Eiling is now a military general and the second husband of Adam's now-deceased wife Angela. Everyone had assumed that Nathaniel Adam died the day of the experiment, so his presidential pardon was never issued and the current government refused to acknowledge the previous pardon. Seizing the opportunity at hand, Eiling uses the outstanding murder/treason charges against Adam to blackmail him into acting as a military-controlled, government-sanctioned superhero codenamed Captain Atom. The events of the Charlton stories are used cleverly by Bates as a readymade, fabricated past to convince the world that Adam had secretly been a superhero for years enabling him to quickly gain the trust and reputation as an unsung patriot and hero. For his non-superhero activities, Nathaniel uses the alias Cameron Scott, an Air Force intelligence operative. During this time he meets the superpowered terrorist, Plastique, a recurring part of Nathaniel's life. Early conflicts involve him coming to terms with the lost time he missed with his now grown children, the death of his wife, her marriage to Eiling, and the overall ramifications of his newly acquired powers. Later, he learns that Project Atom, a secret government funded group that used new experimental machines to harness powerful energies had repeated the same process and created the supervillain Major Force, a bloodthirsty madman lacking Captain Atom's morality and classic military/A.F. discipline.

Atom/Adam serves under Eiling reluctantly while befriending research scientist Doctor Heinrich Megala of Project Atom, who had previously helped to create an elaborate cover story for Atom/Adam. Doctor Megala is responsible for creating the X-Ionizer technology capable of cutting the skin of most invulnerable metahumans. In spite of his disabilities and poor health, he helped Atom/Adam learn about the Quantum Field as well as about his powers. Captain Atom later succeeds in clearing his name of the original treason charge and eventually rebels against Eiling, resigning from the Air Force and becoming an actual superhero. By Captain Atom #39, Megala's health would deteriorate to a point where he asked Captain Atom for help and attempted to use his atomic energy to neutralize the life-threatening disease he is suffering from, but becomes blinded as a side effect. Fearing that Eiling would eventually turn on him, Megala claims that he intends to set up a contingency plan which would make public all of Project Atom's classified secrets once his heart ceased to function. Megala's plan proved to be a mere bluff when he is killed in a confrontation with the Ghost a.k.a. Alec Rois, but Captain Atom decides to become the actual whistleblower and discloses the truth on national television.

Captain Atom joins the Justice League at the request of the U.S. government, eventually serving as leader of Justice League Europe. During his career, he has a brief romance with Catherine Cobert, develops a friendly rivalry with Firestorm, becomes involved with and eventually marries Plastique, learns basic heroics from Batman after briefly losing access to the Quantum Field, and commands the metahuman forces during the "Invasion" storyline where Earth was under attack by an alliance of alien forces. Captain Atom was canceled as of issue #57 in 1991 because Atom was slated to become the hero-turned-villain Monarch in DC's Armageddon 2001 crossover event; however, when word of this leaked out, DC changed the ending at the last minute. Atom and the Monarch character continue battling through time in Armageddon: The Alien Agenda limited series, until he is returned to his own time at the conclusion. Captain Atom then returns to the League, involved in the Zero Hour Crisis in 1994, founding an offshoot team, Extreme Justice in 1995. While leading Extreme Justice, Captain Atom comes across another version of Monarch, this one claiming to be the real Nathaniel Adam. Later in 1999, he is a member of the poorly received team known as the Living Assault Weapons or L.A.W., the members of whom are all previously Charlton Comics characters. In 2003, he again teams up with several former members of the Justice League as the "Super Buddies" in the humorous limited series Formerly Known as the Justice League. Around this time, various stories reintroduce Atom's conflict between his role in the superhero community and his responsibilities as a government agent.

At some point, Atom's marriage to Plastique ends in divorce. Apart from a brief mention of her at the beginning of L.A.W., the marriage appears to be forgotten. Plastique has reappeared in 2006 as a villainess again, undoing her reformation into a heroine. A later confirmation is brought in by the Captain Atom: Armageddon miniseries in which, after falling in love with Angela Spica of the Authority, Captain Atom reminisces about his short marriage with Plastique, and attributes their divorce to their irreconcilable views about world and politics, since Nathaniel, even in his spousal life, could not stop being a loyal soldier of the U.S., and Plastique could not simply put aside her life as a terrorist.

Later in 2003, writer Jeph Loeb returns Captain Atom to his roots as he went back to work for the government, this time for President Lex Luthor in the first story arc of the Superman/Batman series. Atom seemingly sacrifices his life to save Superman and Earth by piloting a starship to destroy a kryptonite meteor, but as it had previously been established that this type of accident could not kill him, he soon returns to life and to the background of the DC Universe. In a 2005 issue of Superman/Batman, it is made clear that Captain Atom survived the collision with the kryptonite meteor, but has absorbed massive amounts of radiation and become a super villain described as a "Kryptonite Man". However, Hiro Okamura creates a device that siphons Captain Atom's energy and returns him to normal.

"Armageddon" and WorldStorm
In 2005/2006, Captain Atom appears in a nine-part limited series entitled Captain Atom: Armageddon under DC's Wildstorm imprint. Captain Atom's sacrifice in Superman/Batman sends him to the WildStorm universe for the duration of the series. In this title, he wears a yellow/red outfit that was first seen in the 1996 Kingdom Come limited series.

At the moment of his apparent death, Captain Atom experiences a time-shift coinciding with his 2005 appearance in Superman/Batman, resulting in his arrival in the Wildstorm Universe. He quickly gets into a fight with an overzealous Mister Majestic and the fight ends with Majestic soundly defeated. Seeing the frightened reactions of onlookers, and puzzling over his own altered appearance, he realizes that he has somehow become trapped on an alternate Earth, one where superheroes are feared by the general populace. Mistaken by the local superheroes as the force destined to destroy their universe, he is in fact an instrument used ultimately by Nikola Hanssen, new host for half the essence of the Void, to reclaim her whole power (partially lodged in his own body, and cause of his altered appearance) and use it to trigger the reboot of the WildStorm universe, in the WorldStorm event.

Monarch
Captain Atom returns to the DC Universe in Infinite Crisis #7 when Superboy-Prime punctured Breach, who wields similar energy-manipulating abilities. The end of Armageddon has him reappear in the devastated Blüdhaven. A year later, Captain Atom is revealed to be contained inside Blüdhaven and used to administer radiation treatments to metahumans. Apparently Void, able to finally let him go home, is unable to ensure his safety, and multiple damages to his radiation-shielding skin had left him comatose and unable to keep down his body radiation to safe levels; this forces the Atomic Knights to keep him constantly contained. In 2008's Countdown #8, it is learned that these ruptures were caused as part of a greater plan by Solomon the Monitor, in his plans to "recreate the Monarch" as part of a larger scheme to force the assimilation of the other Monitors.

After being fitted with an updated version of the Monarch armor (Armageddon 2001) to contain his radiation, the Captain awakens. Seeming to be mentally unstable, he breaks free, apparently kills the rampaging Major Force, and then releases a vast amount of energy, obliterating what was left of Blüdhaven. He remains missing until Kyle Rayner, then known as Ion, discovers him in The Bleed, a place between dimensions. The Captain indicates that he is traveling through The Bleed to operate outside the gaze of the Monitors. He discusses his time in the Wildstorm Universe, and his desire to visit other alternate worlds.

Countdown
In the last panel of Countdown #45, Monarch is shown observing Forerunner. The following issue, Countdown #44, bears a cover by Ed Benes with the Monarch armor and features Monarch swaying Forerunner to his side, turning her against the Monitors. Monarch argues that the Monitors are genocidal overlords who must be defeated; however, the Monitors assert that Monarch is a supervillain whose plan is to cause a Multiversal war that will leave him the ruler of the unified Earth remaining in its wake. Monarch creates an army of foot soldiers, including the Extremists of Earth-8, the JL-Axis of Earth-10, and the Crime Society of Earth-3, and disposes of Forerunner when he reveals his plans for a multiversal arena tournament.

The four-issue miniseries Countdown: Arena features Monarch battling alternate versions of characters throughout the Multiverse to compile the strike team for his new Multiverse army, specifically one Superman, one Batman, a Wonder Woman, a Green Lantern, a Flash, a Blue Beetle, a Nightshade, a Starman, and a Ray. Monarch's behavior becomes increasingly violent, notably in the form of his killing all residents of the Eve of Shadows' country in retribution for her attempt to violate the Monarch's rule of "no escaping". Monarch is now paranoid, and unwilling to share details of his past to his "subordinates", but the Red Son Superman and Liberty Files Batman discern that under the Monarch armor lies another Captain Atom, and so they employ his other counterparts—Breach (Tim Zanetti) and Quantum-Storm (Ronnie Raymond)—to assemble an army of Captain Atoms from the different dimensions to fight back. In Arena's conclusion, Monarch reveals that Breach is his brainwashed accomplice and that he has lured his 51 counterparts to murder them and absorb their power. With his team of Eve of Shadows (Earth-13), Vampire Batman (Earth-43), Ray "the Ray" Palmer (Earth-6), the monstrous Scarab (Earth-26), Hal Jordan Jr. (Earth-12), Starwoman (Earth-7), Johnny Quick (Earth-3), Wonder Woman (Earth-34), Red Son Superman (Earth-30), and himself—the sum power of 52 Captain Atoms—Monarch believes he is ready to confront the Monitors, and does so, finally launching his war on Earth-51 against the exposed Monitors.

In a protracted fight against Superman-Prime, his suit is damaged, releasing a chain reaction that apparently destroys the entire universe of Earth-51 aside from its Monitor. It was later learned that the Monitor Solomon had attacked Captain Atom in Blüdhaven, rupturing his skin and setting into motion his transformation into Monarch.

Project 7734
During Jimmy Olsen's investigation about Project 7734, the secret black-op commanded by Sam Lane to fight extraterrestrial menaces on Earth (including Kryptonians), it is discovered that an amnesiac and brainwashed Captain Atom is now one of the prized possessions of Sam Lane. Project Breach refers to his capture and brainwashing into a weapon (with Lane wanting to stress the similarities between Adam and Tim Zanetti) or Planet Breaker. Captain Atom refers to his name and rank as "Codename: Captain Atom".

Captain Atom returns in a co-feature in Action Comics #879 and appears in his normal costume instead of the Monarch armor he was last seen wearing. He is shown to reside in a mystical, medieval-reminiscent realm, attacking a highly fortified castle for unknown reasons other than, as he states, "his mission". After obliterating the castle's defenses, he has a brief flashback to a moment with the Justice League, then falls to the ground disoriented. No explanation is given for his return to his original appearance, his whereabouts since Countdown to Final Crisis, or why he has reverted to his heroic persona rather than that of the conquest-seeking Monarch. In Action Comics #880 it is revealed that Captain Atom has little or no memory of who he is other than his name. It is revealed that this mysterious realm is connected to Project 7734 and is part of his conditioning. Later, he is attacked by Major Force, an enemy believed to have been destroyed by Captain Atom himself when he first became Monarch. Mon-El appears and helps Captain Atom escape, taking him to the Justice League's satellite, where the League members declare that they are going to bring him to justice for his actions as Monarch. After a struggle with the League, Captain Atom tells them what he can remember. The League reminds him he was a hero who once saved the planet. He feels he has changed from the man he once was, and that he needs to go back to the magic world to make right what he has done. The Shadowpact are called on to join him on his quest and provide a way for him to reach Sorcerers' World.

Generation Lost
Captain Atom appears as one of the central characters in Justice League: Generation Lost, a maxi-series that takes place during the wider Brightest Day event. At the start of the series, Captain Atom is recruited as part of a massive group of superheroes tasked with hunting down the JLI's founder and Ted Kord's murderer, Maxwell Lord. During an encounter with Max at the Justice League's former New York headquarters, Captain Atom is rendered unconscious alongside Fire, Ice, and Booster Gold. The former Justice League members awake to discover that Lord has used his mental abilities to erase his existence from the minds of every single human on the planet, save for those present at the embassy. and the others. Afterwards, Captain Atom discovers that Max has mentally influenced the US army into believing that he had betrayed them.

Captain Atom shares with the group that when he absorbed a nuclear bomb Max had set off, he found himself thrown through time to the future of 24th century, an Earth that had fallen into chaos through metahuman wars and backward in technology. Atom found a woman elderly and grotesque, who turned out to be an aged Power Girl, telling him it was Maxwell Lord who was responsible for all of this. Atom is then pulled back into the present, and tells the rest of the team that the world needs them to stop the instigated Max.

After discovering that the OMACs had dismembered a droid, Captain Atom was struck by Magog who simply scoffs at the notion and states that he has come to kill Captain Atom at the behest of Max. In their battle, Captain Atom manages to convince Magog he is being manipulated by Max. Magog stops the attacks as he remembers Max's existence and Captain Atom is prepared to help him. However, Max is on hand and forces Magog to kill himself with his spear. Max uses his powers to manipulate everyone into believing that Captain Atom has killed Magog before leaving. Captain Atom realizes Magog's spear is about to explode with energy. Captain Atom tries to absorb as much as he can, thrusting him into the time stream again as a crater is left behind.

Captain Atom is propelled through time again to 112 years in the future, where a metahuman war against the OMACs had devastated the planet. Captain Atom battled for survival alongside the future versions of the Justice League, but they all are eventually contaminated by a new nanovirus version of the OMACs and one by one become OMACs themselves. As a dying Power Girl tells him that the catalyst for all this was the death of Wonder Woman by Max's hands, Captain Atom is returned into the present but not before Batman orders him to terminate the OMAC project to stop Max's plan.

During the final battle against the new OMAC known as OMAC Prime, Captain Atom allows OMAC Prime to absorb his energy, before reabsorbing the energy and overloading his powers, resulting in him being thrown into the time stream once again. Just before this occurred, Captain Atom grabbed Max and threatened to pull him into the time stream as well, unless Max undid the global mindwipe of his existence. Max complied and everyone on the planet had their memories of him restored before Captain Atom was pulled away to a time and space unknown. Max later released a statement onto the internet exonerating Captain Atom of the deaths in Chicago, saying far worse would have happened if he had not intervened.

The New 52
In The New 52 reboot of DC's continuity, Captain Atom is reintroduced with altered powers, appearance and origin. He is still USAF pilot Nathaniel Adam. In the new reality, Adam volunteers to participate in an experiment conducted by a research facility called the Continuum. At this facility, Dr. Megala's research is focused on the quantum field and on "dimensional transfer through M Theory". Adam is asked to pilot the dimensional-transfer vessel by Dr. Megala, who is now presented as a particle physicist working out of Colorado, but is seemingly atomized during the experiment. Soon afterwards, he reappears, now an energy-based life form. According to Dr. Megala, Captain Atom's abilities are largely nuclear in nature and involve tapping into the strong nuclear force, the energy that binds protons and neutrons in the nucleus. Adam's physical atoms are constantly splitting apart, giving him incredible power. His body maintains integrity by instantly re-merging these atoms, but extreme use of his powers can interfere with this process and cause Captain Atom's form to become unstable. This leads to a fear that at some point Captain Atom's brain might lose its molecular stability and he will not be able to fix it before it impairs his consciousness or causes him to suffer some form of brain death.

In the new reality, Nathaniel Adam has been only Captain Atom for a few months and is still exploring his abilities, constantly learning new facets to them such as his ability to perceive wireless transmissions from cell phones and computers. He frequently returns to the Continuum so that Dr. Megala and the staff can help him further understand his abilities and occasionally so they can stabilize his body when he seems to be having problems. The world at large looks on Captain Atom with suspicion due to uncertainty about his agenda and the nature of his abilities. Some fear that he is leaking radiation and potentially poisoning those he comes into contact with. Several have remarked that the Justice League may have rejected Captain Atom for membership due to suspicion of how dangerous he is. Despite this, Nathaniel chooses to try and use his powers to help others on Earth, clandestinely if need be. During a fight with Megala, who had taken control of Firestorm's body, Atom is forced to absorb a massive amount of energy released which splits his molecules apart into the timestream. One of these pieces is found in the 31st Century, where he names himself Nathaniel Adym. Adym had become an agent of Echo, a covert branch of the Science Police assigned to monitor the timestream. As part of his duties, he had interacted with members of the Legion of Super-Heroes stranded in the past, in Legion Lost, along with his subordinates Agent Jocelyn Lure and Agent Yera Allon. Adym is last seen escaping the threat of his own singularity bomb, launching himself into the past.

DC Rebirth: The Fall and Rise of Captain Atom
Captain Atom (Nathaniel Adam) lost control of his powers and caused a devastating accident in this six-issue series set in 2012. Needing to contain his unstable abilities, he went into Dr. Megala's Subterranean Suppression Dome but seemingly exploded. The world believed Nathaniel Adam was killed in a blast; However, Adam took a subatomic trip through time and ended up without powers, 20 years in the past. It is revealed that the quantum blowback sent him back in time to 1994 as a normal man. Adam's wound distorted after being shot during an attempted car robbery, and his body was encased in liquid metal. As a result of the time stream correcting itself, he was thrown back to 2017.

Powers
In the Post-Crisis DC Comics Universe, Captain Atom's Dilustel skin is tied into the Quantum Field, which enables him to absorb and manipulate theoretically infinite amounts of energy, limited by only his willpower and imagination. This energy can be used for flight (which is generally faster than the speed of sound in Earth's atmosphere and up to half-light speed in the vacuum of space), super strength (shown at times to be on par with Martian Manhunter, though another source – the DC Heroes Roleplaying Game – defines his level of strength second only to Superman's among the heroes of the DC Universe, though as Monarch he was capable of effortlessly overwhelming three versions of Superman), durability (he has survived exploding nuclear weapons, and even energy sufficient to wipe out all life within the Universe of Earth 51 – although this was his own energy), self-sustenance and life support (allowing him to live and even speak in space), and controlling energy of any form. In addition to high speed flight he has been shown to possess enhanced reflexes. Atom's abilities stem from his link to the Quantum Field, which provides a virtually infinite source of Quantum Energy, which can be used for a vast number of effects. He commonly manipulates his energy into force field bubbles, or explosive "bombs", but the most common form is a simple energy blast. Atom has been shown to be capable of manipulating even exotic energies such as magic, and has a high degree of resistance to such attacks.

Over the years, Captain Atom has become an expert at energy manipulation and he can fire energy blasts from any point on his body, although he usually uses his hands for better aim. He can fire in multiple directions at once or from every point of his body at once. Several times he has "detonated", releasing a massive amount of energy at once, destroying objects within a certain radius, as demonstrated by his destruction of Bludhaven. On more than one occasion, he has used his ability to manipulate all forms of energy to prevent a foe using their own powers, such as the Ray and Firestorm.

If Atom absorbs too much energy at once, the energy transports him uncontrollably through time. Depending on the type of energy absorbed, he either goes forward or backward in time, though he also possesses the ability to voluntarily move forward in the time-stream. Captain Atom states that through concentration, he can briefly travel ahead in time ("about a week or so"). The process is exhausting and the period he can interact in the future appears to be limited to a few minutes before he returns to the present. In the case of involuntary quantum jumping, he is typically shown as being stuck in the time-stream for as long as it takes his body to process any absorbed energy.

Captain Atom can also convert energy to matter in the same manner he manipulates energy. Originally, he needed a pair of gloves invented by the Blue Beetle to do so, but he has since learned to do so without them. He is capable of manipulating matter on an atomic or sub-atomic level at a limited scale. He has used his atomic transmutation powers to turn both Maul and the Engineer back to their human forms. This power can be used instinctively or through concentration, though Atom has conceded he is not very good at it. In the same way, he learned to access weak force energy. As a consequence of his energy manipulation abilities, he is able to telepathically interface with computer networks. He has on occasion used this to repel telepathic intrusions by downloading information directly into other telepaths. With focus and effort, Captain Atom can increase any of his abilities to match his current willpower, up to an unknown level. As Monarch prior to absorbing the Captain Atom Brigade his powers and abilities were increased to such a level that he was capable of effortlessly containing several versions of powerful heroes such as Superman, Wonder Woman and several Green Lanterns.

Atom has shown the capacity to absorb matter, as well as energy – typified by his absorption of the Captain Atom Brigade. As Monarch he possessed all of his inherent abilities – at much higher levels – as well as teleportation, and awareness of and access to different realities. He was capable of storing enough energy, that upon its release, was capable of wiping all life from the alternate Earth 51 – except for its Monitor and a single plant.

Later writers and editors have introduced a radioactive aspect of Captain Atom's physical makeup. This seems to contradict the quantum nature of Atom's powers as originally introduced, as he previously did not emit radiation when his skin was cut open. Towards the end of his series' run, it was speculated that Captain Atom is an Elemental (Quantum Elemental) along with Swamp Thing (Earth), Red Tornado (Air), Firestorm (Fire), and Naiad (Water).

In addition to his superhuman abilities, Nathaniel Adam is also an experienced United States Air Force pilot. It is notable that he is one of the few superheroes with a "Captain" appellation that corresponds to a military rank he has actually held. He is especially skilled in combat piloting, is trained in military weaponry, strategy, and hand-to-hand combat and speaks multiple languages, including Russian. Adam also has strong survival instincts derived from his experiences during the Vietnam War.

Dilustel
Captain Atom's metallic shell, or "skin", is composed of a portion of the alien being known as Silver Shield, and is called Dilustel. Pieces of the alien's metal body were used in Project Atom, and on later subjects like Major Force and Bombshell. Nathaniel is able to coat himself with the metal, either partially or totally. Atom's symbiosis with the metal is such that even partially armored he is able to access the Quantum Field. The metal is almost indestructible, resistant to various degrees of damage from energy, heat, lasers, etc. Only X-Ionizer technology can cut the metal, as established when the Captain Atom Project uses it to remove the Silver Shield's skin. The katana wielded by the "Cambodian" that once sliced through Atom's side was also X-Ionized. The magical guns of the Crimson Avenger were able to crack his skin. Breaking through it causes Captain Atom to Quantum Jump as if he has absorbed too much energy.

X-Ionizer
The X-Ionizer is a hardening technology invented by the specialists of Project Atom, introduced in the Cary Bates run of the DC Comics published Captain Atom. Because of the nearly invulnerable nature of the alien metal discovered, the scientists needed some way to cut it to perform experiments. Doctor Heinrich Megala, one of the lead researchers of the Project, developed a device that would make the molecular lattices of an object by knitting together positive & negative ion particles in such a way that it became superdense and compact. This, in effect, makes the object nearly indestructible. Also, any edge on an X-Ionized object would attain the sharpness of a monofilament, enabling both it and its user to cut finer and cleaner than the most advanced blade or laser. Once transformed, the object would then be able to cut through virtually any material, including the Dilustel (quantum metal) skin of the Silver Shield which was used to empower Captain Atom, Major Force, and Bombshell. A mercenary known as the Cambodian wore a suit of X-Ionized armor, and uses an X-ionized katana to cut through Captain Atom's skin in Captain Atom #7. A famous physicist and former C.I.A operative, turned dangerous cult leader and quantum powered supervillain called 'The Ghost' theorized that properties hardened and honed by such a device undergo a form of mantling taking on properties very similar to the extra-dimensional biometal belonging to the Silver Shield entity.

DC Rebirth
After DC Rebirth, Captain Atom is restored to his Post-Crisis powers. His New 52 powers have seemingly disappeared.

Former powers
His former drastically altered New 52 powers are a being whose atoms are constantly splitting and then reforming just as quickly, releasing massive amounts of energy. This surplus of power can be manipulated in a number of ways such as flight and the ability to transmute physical matter. Captain Atom has been seen to transform lava into snow by willing it and has been able to remove cancer from a human being. He can also absorb massive amounts of energy.

Captain Atom's abilities are largely nuclear in nature and involve tapping into the strong nuclear force, the energy that binds protons and neutrons in the nucleus. Excessive or intense use of his abilities has resulted in Captain Atom temporarily losing his own molecular stability. It is not yet known if he will be able to conquer this weakness with practice.

As an energy-based life form, Captain Atom's senses now operate on different levels than a normal person. He is able to sense and perceive radio signals, cell phone signals and other similar transmissions. He can also see the energy of certain molecules, such as when he notes the energy signature of the Flash and remarks that his molecules seem to be sparking with fire or lightning. He also does not need air, food or water to survive.

Rogues gallery
Captain Atom has his own enemies:
 * Bolt (Larry Bolatinsky): An assassin and mercenary sporting an electrokinetic suit hired by General Eiling for a number of militia hero sales schemes. Often came in conflict with Captain Atom over the course of his military career while under contract in another of many government staged publicity stunts.
 * Doctor Spectro (Tom Emery): A scientist driven mad by his emotion-altering prisms, Dr. Spectro gained the ability to affect emotions directly. Post-Crisis, Spectro was a small-time crook General Wade Eiling used to create a cover story for Captain Atom. Very bright costumes were a characteristic of Dr. Spectro.  Doctor Spectro first appeared in Captain Atom #79 as the first supervillain antagonist of the titular hero, and was created by Steve Ditko and Joe Gill.  The character first appeared in Charlton Comics, later in DC Comics.  James Sandy counted Doctor Spectro among the many comic characters that were introduced in the Silver Age of Comic Books and disappeared again after a short run, but authors of The Superhero Book found him a unique supervillain.
 * Fiery-Icer: A mercenary with a suit that unleashes intense fire from his right gauntlet and frigid cold from the left, the mysterious Fiery-Icer fought Captain Atom on several occasions.
 * General Wade Eiling: Once his commanding officer in the military who even in his new identity Nathaniel Adam often butted heads with due to his unscrupulous means of promoting America's new military assets. Unknown to the Captain for the longest time, it was the corrupt general who had Adam framed for killing a senior officer which, in turn, subjected him to the Atom Project years ago.
 * The Ghost (Alec Rois): A physicist who developed a teleportation device that he used to become a millionaire, Alec Rois took on the persona of the Ghost and became Captain Atom and his partner Nightshade's Pre-Crisis nemesis. Post-Crisis, he was a cult leader nicknamed the Faceless One, a disgruntled weapons developer and a former CIA operative who sought revenge against an unscrupulous employer. Having been trapped in the Quantum Field by his own Stealthray tech, he is released as an energy being who controls teletranslocation through it and has connections to Atom's past conviction while enlisted five years ago.
 * Iron Arms: A mercenary that employs a backpack that powers powerful cybernetic arms.
 * The Cambodian (Rako): An arms dealer and personal enforcer of the Post-Crisis Ghost. A survivor of a U.S. bombing raid during the Vietnam War, this Cambodian refugee was taken into Rois' services while he was a government agent. Acting as the Green Elite's hitman, Rako framed Nathaniel Adam for treason under Rois' orders, resulting in his drafting into Project: Atom. As the Cambodian, he would clad himself in armor and weaponry tempered by the X-Ionizer, wielding a skein sharp enough to pierce Captain Atom's Dilustel armor.
 * Major Force (Clifford Zmeck): A rapist/murderer exposed to the same experiment that created Captain Atom, he would regularly betray the U.S. government or go back to work for their more clandestine, i.e., crooked, organizations, becoming a regular as Captain Atom's Post-Crisis nemesis.
 * Monarch (Hank Hall): In an alternate future, Hank Hall goes mad and kills Earth's heroes to conquer the world. When the hero Waverider comes back in time to prevent this, he instead creates the paradox that made his future possible. When Monarch goes back in time to retrieve his past self, it was Captain Atom that failed to stop him. Captain Atom battled the villain through time to quell the guilt of his failure to stop him earlier.
 * Plastique (Bette Sans Souci): A French-Canadian terrorist with explosive-based powers and intense separatist designs, first came in contact with Captain Atom during an assassination attempt at a Canadian/American peace delegation. The two frequently clash with one another, eventually falling in love and entering into a whirlwind marriage, albeit a short-lived one.
 * Punch and Jewelee: A husband and wife team of villains who work as thieves and mercenaries. Post-Crisis, they instead fought King Faraday and Nightshade.
 * Thirteen: In reality a federal agent from Earth's future, Thirteen travels back in time with his partner Faustus, a talking cat, to prevent the Ghost from stealing an experimental missile and end up facing Captain Atom. He appears to be a sorcerer but it is unknown if he employs true magic or just sufficiently advanced science.
 * Ultramax: Former assassin turned death row inmate in the early 2000s, when Atom had his meltdown and was catapulted into the Q-Field. Max Thrane, as he was facing the electric chair at the time, was bathed in the fallout during his execution. About a decade later, Captain Atom would return and undo his predicament, only for him to awake finding he had gained similar Quantum Powers due to the hero's blowback years ago, to which, now going by the name Ultramax, Thrane set out on a path of revenge against the one who slated him for his death sentence.

Armageddon 2001
An alternate future Captain Atom is featured prominently in the 1991 series Armageddon 2001. A tragedy drives him insane and he uses his powers in vengeance. This also triggers a chain of events which brings Monarch to the present 'time'.

Kingdom Come
Captain Atom appears briefly in flashback sequences of Alex Ross and Mark Waid's 1996 miniseries Kingdom Come, printed under DC Comics' Elseworlds imprint. His death at the hands of the villain the Parasite, and the irradiation of Kansas this caused, results in Superman's return to action and sets the events of the story into motion. His outfit in this comic is a combination of his original Charlton uniform and his later DC costume. The Kingdom Come universe established and created by Waid and Ross would later be introduced to DC canon in the form of Earth-22. The Silver Age Captain Atom appears in the sequel The Kingdom: Planet Krypton #1 as one of the "ghosts" in the empty "Planet Krypton" restaurant.

Breach
In 2004, DC launched an ongoing series called Breach. The series was originally planned as a revamp of the Captain Atom concept, but Breach was subsequently re-conceived as a completely new character. The 2005 mini-series Infinite Crisis revealed that Breach would have been a native of Earth-Eight if the Multiverse had continued to exist after Crisis on Infinite Earths as his world's counterpart to Captain Atom. The 2007 series Countdown: Arena at first suggests that a new Breach was created on the Earth-8 of the new Multiverse, although whether this indeed happened is called into question when the Breach featured in the miniseries is revealed to be the same mainstream Breach featured in the eponymous limited series. Breach is killed when absorbed into Monarch in the last issue of Countdown: Arena.

52 Multiverse
In the final issue of 52, a new Multiverse is revealed, originally consisting of 52 identical realities. Among the parallel realities shown is one designated "Earth-4". As a result of Mister Mind "eating" aspects of this reality, it takes on visual aspects similar to the pre-Crisis Earth-4, including Captain Atom and the other Charlton characters. The names of the characters are not mentioned in the panel in which they appear, but the Captain Atom is visually similar to Charlton's original version of the character. According to comments by Grant Morrison, this alternate universe is not the pre-Crisis Earth-4.

2007's Countdown: Arena features Captains Atom from alternate universes. The combatants of the series are introduced as a new Breach of Earth-8, a Firestorm/Nathaniel Adam fusion called "Quantum-Storm" from Earth-37, and another from Earth-38 who rules over his Atomic Knights. Additionally, issue #1 introduces a "Brigadier Atom" from Earth-13 married to Nightshade, and in Countdown: Arena #3, Breach gathers together a group of alternate Captains Atom, including Earth-13's Brigadier, the Captain Atom as depicted in the graphic novel Kingdom Come (Earth-22), and a Captain in a red/silver variant of the Monarch's costume, one similar to the Charlton Comics Atom (Earth-4), and a Hulked-out variant named Attum from an unknown Earth. Several more variants are shown in Countdown: Arena #4, including a President Atom, a robot called Quantum Mechanix, Kid Quantum of the Legion of Super-Heroes, Captain Adamma, Quantum Boy, an anthropomorphic wolf version, a Soviet Atom from Earth-30, a Doctor Manhattan-lookalike, an energy based-Atom who makes calculations during his attacks, and a giant-sized actual atom. Grant Morrison's Final Crisis: Superman Beyond 3D (2008) depicts a Captain Allen Adam from Earth-4, a cross between the original Charlton version, Superman, Reed Richards and Doctor Manhattan. The DC Multiverse is refreshed following Flashpoint, but this last Grant Morrison-created Captain Atom is a main character in the 2016 comic The Multiversity – Pax Americana (2015).

Flashpoint
In the alternate timeline of the Flashpoint storyline, Nathaniel Adam is a general who never went through with the Dilustel experiment, and is consequently much older than in the original timeline. General Adam controls the body and physical actions of Project Six's body, using it to attack Booster Gold, believing him to be an Atlantean threat. During the battle, General Adam's control link is destroyed by metahuman interference, causing Project Six's true personality to surface. General Adam loses control of Project Six, but Booster fixes the control link. General Adam then attempts to use the link to kill Booster Gold. Fortunately, General Adam takes Booster Gold back to the base for interrogation, allowing Booster Gold to escape when the sight of "Project Superman" causes Project Six's true personality to resurface again with the damage caused by the attack, causing the ceiling to collapse on General Adam, who is knocked unconscious.

Final Crisis
In Earth-4 of the DC Multiverse, Captain Atom's counterpart, Captain Adam, known as the Quantum Superman, is shown to exist. He is seemingly similar to Doctor Manhattan in many ways, having the iconic hydrogen atom symbol on his forehead and having bright blue skin which emits Cherenkov radiation, just like Doctor Manhattan's skin. However, he constantly needs to use drugs to keep his humanity, otherwise he risks turning uncontrollably powerful and emotionless just like Doctor Manhattan (although the latter can feel emotions), but he is still unable to become stronger than Doctor Manhattan even without his drugs.

Dr. Manhattan
The rights to Captain Atom and most other Charlton characters were purchased by DC Comics in the early 1980s. Originally, these Charlton characters were to be reintroduced in writer Alan Moore's limited series Watchmen, but this would render the characters unusable for future stories. Thus new characters, inspired by the Charlton originals, were used instead. Watchmen's Doctor Manhattan is based on Captain Atom, and like Captain Atom, gained similar powers through a similar scientific mishap.

Television

 * Captain Atom appears in Justice League Unlimited, voiced initially by George Eads and subsequently by Chris Cox. This version is a member of the Justice League, speaks with a slight Texan accent, and is a disembodied mass of energy contained in a special suit with a limit to how much energy he can absorb, which will cause him to explode like a nuclear bomb if exceeded. In his most notable appearance in the episode "Question Authority", General Wade Eiling reactivates his Air Force commission and orders him to keep the Question in Project Cadmus' custody. Captain Atom fights Superman, but is defeated and brought back to the Watchtower.
 * Captain Atom appears in Young Justice, voiced by Michael T. Weiss. This version is a member of the Justice League. In the second season, he becomes the leader of the League before handing over the position to Black Canary by the season finale.
 * Captain Atom appears in Batman: The Brave and the Bold, voiced by Brian Bloom. This version, also known as Allen Adams and Cameron Scott, is an arrogant and egocentric member of Justice League International who is fond of making public service announcements and looks down on heroes without superpowers.

Film

 * Captain Atom appears in Superman/Batman: Public Enemies, voiced by Xander Berkeley. This version works for the U.S. government under President Lex Luthor and leads a group of government-sanctioned heroes.
 * Captain Atom makes a cameo appearance in Justice League: The Flashpoint Paradox, voiced by Lex Lang. This version is a member of the Justice League. Additionally, the Flashpoint incarnation of Captain Atom makes an appearance, during which he was captured by the Atlanteans and forced to power Aquaman's doomsday device.
 * Captain Atom appears in Injustice, voiced by Fred Tatasciore.
 * The Allen Adam incarnation of Captain Atom appears in DC Showcase: Blue Beetle, voiced by Jeff Bennett.
 * Captain Atom will appear in Justice League: Crisis on Infinite Earths - Part Three, voiced by Brett Dalton.

Video games
The Allen Adam and Nathaniel Adam incarnations of Captain Atom appear as character summons in Scribblenauts Unmasked: A DC Comics Adventure.

Miscellaneous
Captain Atom appears in the Injustice: Gods Among Us prequel comic. He joins Batman's Insurgency to combat Superman's growing Regime before being mortally wounded by Wonder Woman while retrieving an enhancement pill from the Fortress of Solitude. Captain Atom then drags Superman to the atmosphere in an attempt to kill him, with the resulting explosion leaving the former dead and Wonder Woman comatose.

title: Captain Atom


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Torry Holt

Torry Jabar Holt (born June 5, 1976) is an American former football wide receiver who played in the National Football League (NFL) for eleven seasons. He was named to the Pro Bowl seven times and retired with the 10th most receiving yards, including a record six consecutive seasons with 1,300 yards. He played college football for the NC State Wolfpack, and earned consensus All-American honors. He was drafted by the St. Louis Rams in the first round of the 1999 NFL draft, and spent the next ten years with the Rams and is remembered as one of the members of "The Greatest Show on Turf".

Early life
Holt grew up in Gibsonville, North Carolina. He was Prep Football Report All-America selection, adding all-state honors at Eastern Guilford High School in Gibsonville. While there, he caught 129 passes during his career, gaining 2,573 yards and scoring 42 touchdowns including 56 receptions for 983 yards and 17 touchdowns as senior. He also returned three punts and three kickoffs for touchdowns during his career. Additionally, Holt was a standout defensive back who posted 62 tackles and four interceptions as senior. He was named one of the Top 25 players in the state by the Charlotte Observer. After high school, Holt attended Hargrave Military Academy in 1995. There he caught 21 passes for 524 yards and six touchdowns.

College career
Holt attended North Carolina State University, and played wide receiver for the NC State Wolfpack football team from 1995 to 1998. In his senior year, Holt was named Atlantic Coast Conference Offensive Player of the Year. That season, he set ACC records of 88 receptions (since broken by Kenneth Moore of Wake Forest) for 1,604 yards and an NC State record of 16 touchdown receptions. Holt was a consensus first-team All-American as senior. He was also a finalist for the Fred Biletnikoff Award, given to the nation’s top receiver. As a junior, he led the team, setting Wolfpack season records with 62 receptions for 1,099 yards, topping marks of 55 by Naz Worthen (1988) while becoming the first player in team history to gain more than 1,000 yards in a season. He started in five of the first seven games as sophomore. He majored in sociology. Holt's number, 81, was retired in 1999.

Pre-draft
After injuring his knee at the Senior Bowl, Holt, at 192 pounds, ran a 4.44 second 40-yard dash and had a vertical jump of 37 inches at the 1999 NFL Combine

St. Louis Rams
Holt was the sixth overall draft pick in the 1999 NFL draft and the first selection made by the St. Louis Rams. On July 23, 1999, Holt signed a five-year, $10 million contract, including a $5.4 million signing bonus, with the Rams. In his rookie season, he posted 52 receptions, 788 total yards and six touchdowns on the way to the Super Bowl XXXIV championship. From 1999 to 2001, the Rams scored over 500 points each season, and their offense was dubbed "The Greatest Show on Turf".

For the six seasons from 2000 to 2005, Holt reached at least 1,300 yards every season, a league record of six consecutive seasons. Holt's streak was broken in 2006, due to injuries to himself and other teammates that hindered the offense for parts of the season. Holt came into the NFL as #88, but in 2002 changed his number to 81 (worn by Az-Zahir Hakim previously).

Holt's career also includes 7 Pro Bowls (2000, 2001, 2003–2007) including five straight, 74 career touchdowns for 448 points (including 2 two-point conversions) and 920 career receptions. He ranks among the top 10 active leaders in receiving yards, receiving touchdowns, and receptions, and has finished in the top ten of those three categories in five straight seasons (2003–2007). Holt has also led the league in receiving yardage on two occasions (2000, 2003), and receptions once (2003). Holt is tenth all time in receiving yards, and eleventh all time in pass receptions. Prior to the 2003 seasons Holt agreed to a 7-year $42 million contract extension that included a $12.5 million signing bonus. Holt led the NFL in receptions in 2003 and led the NFL in receiving yardage in 2000 and 2003. He was a First-team All-Pro in 2003 and a Second-team selection in 2006. On October 15, 2006, Holt became the fastest player in NFL history to reach 10,000 receiving yards doing so in the sixth game of his eighth season and also to 11,000 yards.

His request for a release was granted by the Rams on March 13, 2009. If he was not released, he would have been due $5.65 and $6.65 million in the last two years of his contract.

Holt finished his 10-year career with the Rams starting 147 of 158 games, recording 869 receptions for 12,660 yards, and 74 touchdowns—ranking second in Rams' history in each category behind Isaac Bruce.

Jacksonville Jaguars
Holt was signed by the Jacksonville Jaguars on April 20, 2009, to a 3-year, $20 million deal. Holt had 51 catches, but for the first time in his career he did not have a touchdown reception. Holt was released by the team on February 11, 2010, and only earned $3.45 million of the $20 million contract.

Injuries and retirement
On April 20, 2010, Holt signed a one-year, $1.7 million contract with the New England Patriots, but was placed on injured reserve on August 15, 2010, as a result of a knee injury that required surgery and was released by the team on August 17, 2010, with an injury settlement.

On April 4, 2012, Holt signed a ceremonial contract with the St. Louis Rams to retire with the team. He retired from professional football ranked 10th in league history with 13,382 yards receiving and 13th with 920 receptions.

Hall of Fame Voting
As of 2024, Holt has been eligible for the Pro Football Hall of Fame for 10 years in a row. He has made it to the semifinalist stage every year has even been a finalist for five years in a row.

Post-playing career
On November 20, 2010, during the Raycom Sports broadcast of the annual NCSU game with UNC-Chapel Hill, sideline reporter Mike Hogewood prefaced an interview with Holt stating that he had retired. Holt has since gotten into broadcasting with Fox Sports, providing commentary for their NFL coverage.

Holt joined NFL Network in 2010 as an analyst on the network’s signature show, NFL Total Access, as well as other NFL Network shows and specials. He made his debut as an analyst on the NFL Total Access: Pro Bowl Selection Show on December 28, 2010.

He is the older brother of safety Terrence Holt. The brothers co-own Holt Brothers, Inc..

Beginning in 2015, Holt became Heritage High School's (NC) assistant football coach and wide receiver's coach, along with former NFL players Dewayne Washington and Willie Parker.

NFL records

 * Consecutive seasons with at least 1,300 yards receiving (6) (2000–2005 seasons).
 * Consecutive seasons with 90+ receptions (6) (2002–2007 seasons).
 * Seasons with 1,600 yards receiving (2, tied with Marvin Harrison, Julio Jones, Antonio Brown and Calvin Johnson).
 * Highest Average Gain, Game (3 receptions +), 63.00, September 24, 2000
 * Ranked first in the NFL from 2000-08 with 817 receptions for 11,872 yards and 562 first downs during that span
 * Ranked in the Top 10 in career receiving yards at retirement, now lies at #17.
 * Third-highest receiving yards per game, career (77.4 yds/game)
 * Receptions in a single decade (868, 2000–2009)
 * Receiving yards in a single decade (12,594, 2000–2009)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Torry Holt


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Rake (stock character)

In a historical context, a rake (short for rakehell, analogous to "hellraiser") was a man who was habituated to immoral conduct, particularly womanizing. Often, a rake was also prodigal, wasting his (usually inherited) fortune on gambling, wine, women, and song, and incurring lavish debts in the process. Cad is a closely related term. Comparable terms are "libertine" and "debauché".

The Restoration rake was a carefree, witty, sexually irresistible aristocrat whose heyday was during the English Restoration period (1660–1688) at the court of King Charles II. They were typified by the "Merry Gang" of courtiers, who included as prominent members John Wilmot, George Villiers, and Charles Sackville, who combined riotous living with intellectual pursuits and patronage of the arts. At this time the rake featured as a stock character in Restoration comedy.

After the reign of Charles II, and especially after the Glorious Revolution of 1688, the cultural perception of the rake took a dive into squalor. The rake became the butt of moralistic tales, in which his typical fate was debtors' prison, venereal disease, or, in the case of William Hogarth's A Rake's Progress, insanity in Bedlam.

In history
The defining period of the rake was at the court of Charles II in the late seventeenth century. Dubbed the "Merry Gang" by poet Andrew Marvell, their members included King Charles himself, George Villiers, John Wilmot, Charles Sedley, Charles Sackville, and playwrights William Wycherley and George Etherege. Following the tone set by the monarch himself, these men distinguished themselves in drinking, womanizing, and witty conversation, with Wilmot, the Earl of Rochester, outdoing all the rest. Many of them were inveterate gamblers and brawlers. Some were also duelists, but not with the approval of King Charles, who discouraged the practice of dueling. Highlights of their careers include Sedley and Sackville preaching naked to a crowd from an alehouse balcony in Covent Garden, as they simulated sex with each other, and the lowlight was Buckingham's killing of Francis Talbot in a duel for the latter's wife. In 1682 Thomas Wharton broke into a church at night and relieved himself against the communion table and in the pulpit.

A later group of aristocratic rakes were associated with the Hellfire Club in the eighteenth century. These included Francis Dashwood and John Wilkes.

Other rakes include Francis Charteris, Alessandro Cagliostro, Lord Byron, Jimi Arundell, John Mytton, Giacomo Casanova, Charles Mohun, the Marquis de Sade, Robert Fielding, and Beauchamp Bagenal.

In restoration comedy
On the whole, rakes may be subdivided into the penitent and persistent ones, the first being reformed by the heroine, the latter pursuing their immoral conduct. Libertinistic attitudes, such as (sexual) licentiousness, alcoholism, vagrancy, cheating and gambling, can be discerned in characters belonging to the satiric norm as well as to the satiric scene. However, only the degree of wit brings the rakish gentleman, the Truewit, closer to the satiric norm, whereas Falsewits are always exploded in the satiric scene. The motivation of a rake to change his libertine ways is either hypocritical (falsewits) or honest (truewits). In other words, penitent rakes among the falsewits only abandon their way of life for financial reasons, while penitent truewits ever so often succumb to the charms of the witty heroine and, at least, go through the motions of vowing constancy.

Another typology distinguishes between the "polite rake" and the "debauch", using criteria of social class and style. In this case, the young, witty, and well-bred male character, who dominates the drawing rooms, is in sharp contrast to a contemptible debauch, who indulges in fornication, alcoholism, and hypocrisy.

Still other assessments of the libertine concentrate on the kind and intensity of libertine demeanor. Here, the rake falls into any one of three categories: extravagant libertine, vicious libertine, and philosophical libertine.

The extravagant rake is characterized by anti-normative conduct throughout, even though he finally settles down in matrimony. Between 1663 and 1668, examples are Wellbred in James Howard's The English Mounsieur (1663/64), Philidor in James Howard's All Mistaken (1665/1672), and Celadon in Dryden's Secret Love (1667). In the 1690s, Sir Harry Wildair in George Farquhar's The Constant Couple (1699) represents this kind of gentlemanly rake. The extravagant rake is as promiscuous and impulsive as he is wild and frivolous, and he finally finds his match in an equally extravagant and witty heroine. He is, above all, a self-aware character who "is what he wants to be", who delights in those qualities "with which he is endowed", and who provides "carnival release". Thus, the extravagant rake is a comic figure because his actions are exaggerated. But he is never a comic fool.

The vicious rake is invariably presented as a despicable, if wealthy person, who thrives on scheming and intrigue. He is frequently married and abuses his wife (examples are Pinchwife in The Country Wife or Sir John Brute in John Vanbrugh's The Provok'd Wife).

Finally, the philosophical rake, the most attractive libertine figure, is characterized by self-control and refined behavior as well as by a capacity for manipulating others. His pronounced libertine leanings are not supposed to contribute anything to the comic development of the plot. Rather, his libertinism is serious, thus reflecting the philosophical principles of the pleasure-seeking, cynical Court Wits. It is this kind of libertinism that has secured the notoriety of, say, William Wycherley's The Country Wife, George Etherege's The Man of Mode, and Sir Charles Sedley's Bellamira: or, The Mistress. Not only characters like Horner and Dorimant spring to mind but also Rodophil and Palamede in Dryden's Marriage-a-la-Mode, Longvil and Bruce in Thomas Shadwell's The Virtuoso and the eponymous heroine in Sedley's Bellamira. These plays are not representative of the average Restoration comedy, however. The reform of the ordinary rakish gentleman is the common pattern for the ending of the play. Similarly, extravagant rakes enter into marriage. However, as soon as the persistence of the rakes remains almost unquestioned, it is difficult to decide whether libertines, no matter of what "colour", play a major part in their authors' satiric strategies. Although Etherege's Dorimant is "tamed" by Harriet, his conversion at the end is rather doubtful. Similarly, Wycherley's Horner is not punished satirically.

The libertine philosophy that the scintillating persistent rakes display seems to rebel against the narrow-mindedness and hypocrisy lurking behind the facade of Puritan honesty and bourgeois moral standards. It has been pointed out that the views of the philosophical libertine were strongly influenced by the philosophy of Thomas Hobbes. But then, Hobbes was not necessarily an unquestioned ideal among the court élite, and Hobbesian ideas certainly did not permeate many comedies. John Dryden, for one, drew on Hobbesian ideas in his tragedies but these ideas are internalised by villains only.

In his pursuit of pleasure and sensual satisfaction, the philosophical libertine shows hedonistic, Epicurean, and anti-rationalist patterns of thought. In their ideal of life, the libertines of this order may almost be compared to the genius of a somewhat later time: like the genius, the libertine rake is anti-authoritarian, anti-normative, and anti-traditional.

It is, above all, the emotional distance from the objects of his desire as well as from the havoc he creates, which renders the persistent rake so frightening. Criticism of the libertine was heard not only in the 1670s when sex comedies were en vogue but also earlier, whenever the male partner of the gay couple was blamed for having indulged in immoral behaviour. One major counter-argument was the call for poetic justice. Shadwell and Dryden, for example, discussed the necessity of poetic justice to punish dissoluteness in their plays. To reintroduce moral standards, the rake, they demanded, had to be reformed towards the end of the play. If a persistent rake was allowed to propagate his philosophical libertinism, "poetische Ungerechtigkeit" ("poetic injustice") was likely to threaten the norm. Shadwell's Epsom Wells may be regarded as a chief instigator of an excessive libertinism which is not questioned. The play, significantly, ends with a divorce rather than the standard device of a marriage.

However, the number of persistent rakes continued to grow, together with an upsurge in cuckolding action, and, between 1672 and 1687, not all persistent rakes are punished satirically. Only towards the end of the century did the increasing criticism of dramatic immorality and obscenity make the authors return to more traditional moral standards. In 1688, Shadwell's Squire of Alsatia initiated the return to a Horatian prodesse in comedy, which had already been put forth in the Preface to The Humorist (1671): "My design was it, to reprehend some of the Vices and Follies of the Age, which I take to be the most proper, and most useful way of writing Comedy" (The Complete Works of Thomas Shadwell, ed. Montague Summers, Vol. I, p. 183).

As a consequence, future emphasis was no longer on libertine adventures but on the conversion and domestication of the dashing young men. Thomas d'Urfey's Love for Money (1691) and Colley Cibber's Love's Last Shift (1696) are moralizing plays and pave the way for the sentimental comedy of the early eighteenth century.

title: Rake (stock character)


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Talk:Samuel P. Huntington

Targeted for revision
This article has been targeted for improvement by the Civil-military relations community. Inbody (talk) 23:46, 23 July 2009 (UTC)

What subject(s)?
In what subject or department were his BA; MA; and PhD conferred?--68.97.35.145 (talk) 22:41, 5 July 2008 (UTC)

recent edits

 * I included the part about Political Order and the Brazil story, both of which I think are highly relevant.
 * I added some links, including to the two famous and controversial articles
 * I took out the references section, as it was an exact duplicate of the selected works section. It would be desirable to have some critical literature, or literature about Huntington in the references section. Maybe Serge Lang's Challenges could be a starter?bastel 05:51, 29 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I don't know... I looked through that Hooper article and it seemed to contain a lot of speculation to me. Tfine80 06:02, 29 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Of course it's partly speculative - it's the fate of the counterfactual. I used it as a source mainly for Huntington's role in the transition, which is well established. As a link Hooper is interesting as he is a fairly typical voice of liberal/progressive criticism that is uncomfortable with H's insistance on stability at the cost of other democratic values. If you find a better article than Hooper's with a similar thrust I won't object to replacing it. bastel 06:19, 29 July 2005 (UTC)

add the references back, it makes the article look unsourced. Take out the external links, if you must. --Lophoole 16:34, 11 February 2007 (UTC)

Unverified things I would like to verify and then include
bastel 05:51, 29 July 2005 (UTC)
 * According to a former Harvard grad student, Huntington received death threats in the late 1960s and had grad students assigned to him as body guards. (Two of them are now tenured professors at the Government department of Harvard). ANswer: I can attest to the fact that this rumor is utter nonsense. Huntington did not receive death threats, and no students were assigned to him as bodyguards.  What institution would assign students as bodyguards anyway, ather than hiring professional bodyguards if the danger was so great??
 * I wrote that POCS is required for most grads in the U.S. - I assume that is true for many other countries, but I don't know.

Biographic Info
I would like to see information on where Huntington was born (in what country) and other bibliographical facts. dpol 06:22, 29 Feb 2004 (UTC) I looked around - it's kind of hard to get any biographic info that's pre-grad school. Any ideas? bastel 17:38, 28 July 2005 (UTC)

Answer: Huntington was born in New York City in 1927, attended NYC public schools, Stuyvesant High School, Yale University (BA), University of Chicago(MA), and Harvard (PhD).

Huntington was not born in Minneapolis and we don't want to be responsible for him, please change

I don't understand why Sam Huntington was removed from the category Political Scientists. He was certainly a political scientist. Can that edit be explained? Inbody (talk) 02:45, 9 September 2009 (UTC)

False Distinction: Superior Violence vs. Ideas/Values
I first admit I'm not yet well read on Huntington's work but rather am reacting to the quote:

''"The West won the world not by the superiority of its ideas or values or religion but rather by its superiority in applying organized violence. Westerners often forget this fact, non-Westerners never do." ''

This point pre-supposes that the superior values and ideas vs superior military power are independent variables as we consider civilizations.

Some may assert that the superior ability of western civilization to apply organized violence stems directly from the productivity and technological creativity, and that these in turn manifest from its ideas and values.

Huntington rather seems to want to ignore this important point, and treat qualities of a culture as objective properties rather than interacting dynamic variables.

As a pragmatic matter, superior military power derives from superior technology and superior economic productivity. In comparing cultures then one cannot treat military proficiency as independent of economic, ideological and political values. --JBaugh 16:35, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Huntington has made a major turn towards culture recently, but when he wrote Political Order he probably didn't believe in culturalist explanations.

As for your second point - I think that Huntington understands organized violence more broadly then military proficency. It is about the entire concept of the Weberian state as the holder of the monopoly on the legitimate use of violence/force, which enabled Western states to become outward looking in the first place (according to H's logic that is). bastel 05:51, 29 July 2005 (UTC)

You could have a superior culture that deliberately avoids the application of organized violence. Mcgm 20:00, 20 June 2006 (UTC)

I concur with that quotation of his. I come from Poland and I don't consider myself to be part of you Western world. Remember British Empire or France in XIX century and colonial wars? Yes, sad TRUTH. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.54.207.98 (talk) 16:11, 24 January 2010 (UTC)

Reference re-added
A reference was removed without explanation. It has been re-added, as it was used to add content to the article on August 26th. Per Wikipedia policy, a reference must be provided when information is "gleaned from an external souce." As that is the case here, to remove the reference would put the article in copyright violation. Uriah923 17:16, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

The reference was removed again without explanation. Re-added again. Uriah923 19:50, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

Value of ON content and quality of reference
The content added from the ON reference remains in this article, but the reference has been removed. This action is disputed and a conversation is ongoing here. Uriah923 06:17, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

I don't want to play a part in the larger ON dispute, but for this page, I'd suggest to leave it at the status quo: The idea of references is to enable readers and other authors to verify information. The information taken from ON is a summary of the book Clash of Civilization. It can be verified with the book itself and can thus be left included without further reference (there might be a copyright issue, as it is almost verbatim and not marked as a quote, I don't know about that kind of stuff). The ON article, as it a) only contains one small section on Huntington and b) is, regardless of its quality, not from a major publications, should thus not be included, neither as reference, nor as source, further reading or anything else. Generally, of course, it would be preferable to take such information from the book instead of secondary sources, but I am aware that that's a lot of work and not always feasible. Thanks for your work on the article. bastel 22:55, 4 September 2005 (UTC)

Quotes
""The West won the world not by the superiority of its ideas or values or religion but rather by its superiority in applying organized violence. Westerners often forget this fact, non-Westerners never do." Hello. May I have the origins of this quote. lb:User:Cornischong Thank you. --Cornischong 14:04, 14 February 2006 (UTC)

it's from Clash of Civilization, p. 51. bastel 05:13, 15 February 2006 (UTC)

What is the raw source for the 'Davos Man' quote under 'Other'? i.e. "Huntington is credited with inventing the phrase Davos Man, referring to global elites who "have little need for national loyalty, view national boundaries as obstacles that thankfully are vanishing, and see national governments as residues from the past whose only useful function is to facilitate the elite's global operations". The phrase refers to the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland, where leaders of the global economy meet."

Better Describes?
The end of the first paragraph of the 'Clash of Civilizations' sections contains un-attributed opinion on Huntington's method:

"This cultural organization better describes the world than the classical notion of variegated sovereign states."

Could someone familiar with the text somehow caveat this statement?
 * It seems clear to me that the article is attributing that view to Huntington...nevertheless I will clarify. Christopher Parham (talk) 18:15, 30 March 2006 (UTC)

Medici link
The link on the page is not to the Mèdici rulers of Brazil, but to the Medici family of florence. That could confuse some.128.138.169.90 19:25, 8 May 2006 (UTC)
 * I changed it to Emílio Garrastazu Médici, who I assume the article is referring to. MorrisGregorian 03:46, 27 May 2006 (UTC)

Irrelevant information
and is still required reading for most graduate students in political science in the U.S. - well, this may be required for most graduate students in political science anywhere in the world; I cannot understand why this must necessarilly be related to American students... Tonyjeff 03:22, 10 August 2006 (UTC)

He is an anti-Chinese guy!
Samuel P. Huntington is absolutely an anti-Chinese right-wing White American Chauvinist!YOU ARE WRONG! I was a grad student and visiting fellow under Huntington for several years. It is incorrect to label him as "anti-Chinese" or as a "American Chauvinist." Other than his own works, Lucian Pye's works best represent many of his views on Asia, and the only thing that he against in China is the Monolithic Communist Party that does so much violence to the human rights of those poor people who sadly must live under the bloody hammer of the PRC.

Fair use rationale for Image:200px-Clash civilizations.jpg
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BetacommandBot 23:12, 29 October 2007 (UTC)

Coinage: The Clash of Civilization
Before I interfere directly in the article, I better put my "revelations" here. Maybe one of the article's main authors will take care of it?

The Israeli clinical psychologist [Avner Falk] mentions in his book Fratricide in the Holy Land. A Psychoanalytic View of the Arab-Israeli Conflict, University of Wisconsin Press, 2004 that the term "Clash of Civilization" was initially a coinage by the historian Bernard Lewis.

 * Falk:Bernard Lewis (1990) in seeking "The Roots of Muslim Rage" towards the West, coined the phrase "clash of civilizations".

 * Lewis, Bernard . (1990, September). The Roots of Muslim Rage. The Atlantic Monthly, 266 (3), 47-60. quote below from page 4 of the online edition
 * A Clash of Civilizations

 * The origins of secularism in the west may be found in two circumstances—in early Christian teachings and, still more, experience, which created two institutions, Church and State; and in later Christian conflicts, which drove the two apart. Muslims, too, had their religious disagreements, but there was nothing remotely approaching the ferocity of the Christian struggles between Protestants and Catholics, which devastated Christian Europe in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and finally drove Christians in desperation to evolve a doctrine of the separation of religion from the state. Only by depriving religious institutions of coercive power, it seemed, could Christendom restrain the murderous intolerance and persecution that Christians had visited on followers of other religions and, most of all, on those who professed other forms of their own.

 * Huntington, Samuel P. (1993)The Clash of Civilizations? Foreign Affairs, 72 (3), 22-28)

LeaNder (talk) 12:02, 27 April 2008 (UTC)

Header
The main problem with the first paragraph of the article seems to be the missing link to the "Clash of Civilization" article. That means that the possible influence of Feliks Koneczny which misses a source strictly belongs there. Readers interested in exactly that publication should be given the chance to directly move there. I think a very bold action is needed.

Whoever was the author that added Koneczny, please understand and take your information there. Ideally with the necessary sources. The header confused me, a couple of days ago. LeaNder (talk) 12:58, 27 April 2008 (UTC)

NPOV
I've got some major problems with the Huntington, Racism, and Nativism section. It's inflammatory and a random blog is not a reputable source. I'm not going to yank the section yet, because I'm willing to hear people out. Redoy (talk) 05:57, 29 April 2008 (UTC)

-edited for spelling

I agree with this comment. The article states that the book "Clash of Civilizations" has a "pointed nativist ideology against Hispanics". I do not see how anyone reading the actual text of the book can substantiate this claim. I would like to see either page numbers from the book to back this accusation or that references to the book in this section be removed.

Astroceltica (talk) 02:32, 2 May 2008 (UTC)Astroceltica

I pulled the entire section. According to WP:BLP, it's not appropriate. Inflammatory language, using a blog for the source, I can't see rationale for keeping it. I would like to see a serious discussion of the topic, if someone has one from a credible source. Redoy (talk) 07:30, 13 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Good call - clearly inappropriate as worded/"referenced". – ukexpat (talk) 16:12, 1 January 2009 (UTC)

weird map
sorry, don't have time for a detailed analysis, but the map in section Samuel_P._Huntington does not describe Huntington's ideas pefectly. WillMall (talk) 18:41, 25 February 2009 (UTC)

O_o
''A world without U.S. primacy will be a world with more violence and disorder and less democracy and economic growth than a world where the United States continues to have more influence than any other country in shaping global affairs. The sustained international primacy of the United States is central to the welfare and security of Americans and to the future of freedom, democracy, open economies, and international order in the world.''

Nice Western propaganda-crap. He couldn't get more wrong. More people like this and USA will fall... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.54.207.98 (talk) 16:05, 24 January 2010 (UTC)

reference number 2 doesn't contain the relevant information anymore... He's dead, and Harvard removed his bio.

http://www.gov.harvard.edu/faculty/shuntington/ —Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.50.193.40 (talk) 03:42, 13 June 2010 (UTC)

This (article content) is animal thought that needs to be controlled and eradicated soon

external link "Wars of Civilizations and Why Huntington's theory appeals to the Western Mind"
"Wars of Civilizations and Why Huntington's theory appeals to the Western Mind" at the bottom of the article - I nominate this link for deletion because: -it offers normative conclusions and opinions -cites no references -includes links that lead to wiki articles and/or more unreferenced opinions on the same webpage. -it can be argued that this link may have some merit as an example of alternative opinion or criticism on the Clash of Civilizations, issue, so perhaps wiki readers should see it and decide for themselves. The link just looks like someone's personal webpage/blog to me, so I vote for deletion. Schreiber1967 (talk) 05:15, 16 June 2010 (UTC)

further note: I would not have made this entry had the link been contextualized properly as an example of opinion, perhaps it can be converted to a footnote reference if someone feels it needs to be kept :) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Schreiber1967 (talk • contribs) 05:36, 16 June 2010 (UTC)

USA as a civilization apart
I do not understand why Samuel Huntington says the U.S. is a European civilization, certainly it has much of European, but it has its own characteristics as:

USA likes Coca Cola, Pepsi, in Europe people drink wine or beer.

USA likes big cars or SUV, in Europe the cars are small.

USA hates socialism, however Europe loves socialism.

USA is very religious, Europe not.

USA is not Europe and Europe is not USA.

I think the United States (and Canada) are another civilization, or a branch of Western civilization as is Latin America. --Rudwolf (talk) 04:18, 18 January 2011 (UTC)

 * Ooooh, very clever. You can take a handful of generalizations and arrange them to contrast two subjects.

 * Unfortunately, America is distinctly European.

 * All settlements in Europe that later became colonies were of European origin and maintained European cultural affinity.

 * The Declaration of Independence was based heavily on the writings of John Locke, an English Philosopher, and by that, Continental Philosophy.

 * The French Revolution, in turn, was based heavily off of the American Revolution.

 * American national capitol buildings all exhibit homages to Greek and Roman architecture.

 * America has a Judeo-Christian root in the foundation of its government, as do most European nations (whether or not they acknowledge it now).

 * America has become a home to numerous expatriates and intellectuals from Europe (and Europe, from the United States).

 * The entire concept of American fashion in clothing is tied to European fashion and has evolved alongside it.

 * The truth is that America is distinctly European in many of its habits and histories. It is certainly a European offspring. It has marked differences, as do Australia and New Zealand, but all of these nations share distinct and discernible progress from European lineage. America has no such traceable lineage to any other culture. 156.12.190.72 (talk) 03:28, 2 February 2011 (UTC)

"Citation needed": Political Order in Changing Societies
In the fourth paragraph of this subsection, someone inserted "Citation needed" after the statement that Huntington "assured South Africa's rulers that increasing the repressive power of the state (which at that time included police violence, detention without trial, and torture) can be necessary to effect reform." The statement in question is fully substantiated in the two sources cited at the end of the paragraph, by Lelyveld and by Marks & Trapido. Both sources, by the way, are authoritative. No further citation is needed. Jizungu (talk) 16:15, 18 April 2012 (UTC) I have removed the inserted "citation needed."

Religion?
I don't know what Huntington's religion was, or even if he had any, but if this information is in the public record, shouldn't it be in the article? The justifications are 1) a subject's religion is very commonly put into WP bio articles, and 2) since religion plays a significant role in H's writings, his own religious orientation would be relevant context. Littlewindow (talk) 16:37, 11 December 2015 (UTC)

his "clash of civilizations" thesis and views on immigration align more with the political Right.
one should watch for an example, Bill Clinton's anti immigration speech back in 1996.. it was common sense at that time, not political right nonsense.. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 112.86.158.223 (talk) 03:12, 8 July 2017 (UTC)

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Flat earther?
Was it true that Samuel P. Huntington was a flat earther? 2600:1:D707:D8AD:7C68:88AB:B721:8470 (talk) 05:42, 30 March 2018 (UTC)

 * No, he was not stupid enough to believe this. He would have been clever enough to pretend to be one, if it advanced his agenda, though.88.111.239.43 (talk) 16:44, 30 July 2018 (UTC)

Relevance Today
This author's views are obsolete. No clash of civilizations is warranted. His theory is not valid in today's demographics. His views on world order are down trodden hearsay compared to current world events. NewHistPers (talk) 02:42, 16 October 2022 (UTC)

Feliks Koneczny
The source does say that Feliks Koneczny influenced Samuel Huntington, so I'm removing the word "disputed". Thatsme314 (talk) 02:34, 6 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Samuel P. Huntington


text:
List of The Magic School Bus episodes

This is a list of episodes of the children's television series The Magic School Bus, which is based on the series of books of the same name written by Joanna Cole and Bruce Degen.

The show's continuity is not necessarily dependent on the order in which the episodes aired. In the first episode aired ("Gets Lost In Space"), Arnold mentions that the class has already been inside a rotten log ("Meets the Rot Squad") and to the bottom of the ocean (various episodes, including "Gets Eaten", "Blows Its Top", and "Ups and Downs").

Season 2 (1995)

 * Danny Tamberelli replaces Amos Crawley as Arnold.
 * Andre Ottley-Lorant replaces Max Beckford as Tim.

Videocassettes
These videocassettes were released by KidVision and later Warner Home Video.
 * Gets Lost in Space (February 1, 1995)
 * For Lunch (February 1, 1995)
 * Inside Ralphie (June 13, 1995)
 * Gets Eaten (June 13, 1995)
 * Hops Home (June 13, 1995)
 * Inside the Haunted House (September 12, 1995)
 * Plays Ball (February 13, 1996)
 * Goes to Seed (February 13, 1996)
 * Kicks Up a Storm (February 13, 1996)
 * Blows Its Top (October 1, 1996)
 * Going Batty (October 1, 1996)
 * The Busasaurus (April 15, 1997)
 * Taking Flight (April 15, 1997)
 * Flexes Its Muscles (April 15, 1997)
 * Gets Ready, Set, Dough (July 29, 1997)
 * Gets Ants in Its Pants (July 29, 1997)
 * Getting Energized (February 17, 1998)
 * Out of this World (February 17, 1998)
 * Butterflies! (April 20, 1999)
 * In a Beehive (July 27, 1999)
 * Spins a Web (July 27, 1999)
 * Under Construction (April 25, 2000)
 * In the Rainforest (April 25, 2000)
 * Creepy Crawly Fun (August 8, 2000)
 * In a Pickle (August 8, 2000)
 * Gets Planted (July 3, 2001)
 * Makes a Rainbow (July 3, 2001)
 * Holiday Special (October 8, 2002)

DVDs
Each DVD contains three episodes of the series. The following is a list of episodes appearing on each DVD. All of the DVDs are for Region 1. DVDs were released by Warner from 2002 to 2005, and by Scholastic in 2006. Current releases are issued through Cinedigm.

 * The Magic School Bus – Bugs, Bugs, Bugs (September 28, 2004, reissued July 31, 2012)
 * Gets Ants in Its Pants
 * In a Beehive
 * Butterfly and the Bog Beast
 * Gains Weight (bonus episode on Cinedigm issue)
 * The Magic School Bus – Space Adventures (January 28, 2003, reissued July 31, 2012)
 * Gets Lost in Space
 * Out of This World
 * Taking Flight (only on Warner issue)
 * Gains Weight (only on Cinedigm issue)
 * Plays Ball (bonus episode on Cinedigm issue)
 * Space Explorers (book included with some copies of Cinedigm issue)
 * The Magic School Bus – Human Body (September 6, 2005, reissued July 31, 2012)
 * For Lunch
 * Inside Ralphie
 * Flexes Its Muscles
 * Gets Planted (bonus episode on Cinedigm issue)
 * The Search for the Missing Bones (book included with some copies of Cinedigm issue)
 * The Magic School Bus: Catches a Wave (September 6, 2005, reissued July 31, 2012)
 * Wet All Over
 * Ups and Downs
 * Rocks and Rolls
 * Goes Upstream (bonus episode on Cinedigm issue)
 * The Magic School Bus – Super Sports Fun (September 28, 2004, reissued July 31, 2012)
 * Plays Ball
 * Works Out
 * Shows and Tells
 * Rocks and Rolls (bonus episode on Cinedigm issue)
 * The Magic School Bus – Creepy, Crawly Fun! (August 20, 2002, reissued August 7, 2012)
 * In the Haunted House
 * Going Batty
 * Spins a Web
 * Flexes Its Muscles (bonus episode on Cinedigm issue)
 * The Magic School Bus – Holiday Special (October 8, 2002, reissued November 13, 2012)
 * Holiday Special
 * In the Arctic (only on Cinedigm issue)
 * In the Rainforest
 * All Dried Up (only on Warner issue)
 * Gets Charged (bonus episode on Cinedigm issue)
 * The Magic School Bus – Takes a Dive (9/26/2006)
 * Takes a Dive
 * Gets Swamped
 * Goes to Mussel Beach
 * For Lunch (bonus episode on Cinedigm issue)
 * The Great Shark Escape (book included with some copies of Cinedigm issue)
 * The Magic School Bus – Sees Stars (9/26/2006)
 * Sees Stars
 * Gains Weight
 * Goes on Air
 * The Magic School Bus – The Busasaurus (7/31/2012)
 * The Busasaurus
 * Cold Feet
 * Goes Upstream
 * Gets Eaten (bonus episode)
 * The Magic School Bus – The Food Chain (7/31/2012)
 * Gets Eaten
 * Meets the Rot Squad
 * Gets Ready, Set, Dough
 * Butterfly and the Bog Beast (bonus episode)
 * The Magic School Bus – Takes Flight (7/31/2012)
 * Kicks Up a Storm
 * Taking Flight
 * Hops Home
 * Gets Swamped (bonus episode)
 * The Magic School Bus – The Complete Series (9/25/2012)
 * The Magic School Bus – All About Earth (10/1/2013)
 * Goes to Seed
 * Blows Its Top
 * Goes on Air
 * All Dried Up (bonus episode)
 * The Magic School Bus – Cracks a Yolk (1/28/2014)
 * In the City
 * Cracks a Yolk
 * All Dried Up
 * Gets Ants in Its Pants (bonus episode)
 * The Magic School Bus – Getting Energized (1/28/2014)
 * Getting Energized
 * Gets Charged
 * Gets a Bright Idea
 * In the Haunted House (bonus episode)
 * The Magic School Bus – In a Pickle (1/28/2014)
 * In a Pickle
 * Meets Molly Cule
 * Makes a Stink
 * Meets the Rot Squad (bonus episode)
 * The Magic School Bus – Super Star Power (7/31/2012)
 * Gets Planted
 * Goes Cellular
 * Sees Stars
 * Taking Flight (bonus episode)
 * The Magic School Bus – Under Construction (9/9/2014)
 * Under Construction
 * Revving Up
 * Gets Programmed
 * Hops Home (bonus episode)

title: List of The Magic School Bus episodes


text:
Osmunda

Osmunda is a genus of primarily temperate-zone ferns of family Osmundaceae. Five to ten species have been listed for this genus.

Description
Completely dimorphic fronds or pinnae (hemidimorphic), green photosynthetic sterile fronds, and non-photosynthetic spore-bearing fertile pinnae, with large, naked sporangia. Because of the large mass of sporangia that ripen uniformly at the same time to a showy golden color, the ferns look as if they are in flower, and so this genus is sometimes called the "flowering ferns".

Taxonomy
Osmunda, the type genus of the fern order, Osmundales has historically been the largest genus in the family Osmundaceae. Smith et al. (2006), who carried out the first higher-level pteridophyte classification published in the molecular phylogenetic era, described three genera in that family, namely Osmunda, Leptopteris, and Todea. The genus has also been treated historically as consisting of a number of subgroups, generally subgenera, Osmunda (3 species), Osmundastrum (2 species), and Plenasium (3–4 species). However, there was suspicion that the genus was not monophyletic.

The publication of a detailed phylogeny of the family by Metzgar et al. in 2008 showed that Osmunda as circumscribed was paraphyletic and that Osmunda cinnamomea, despite its morphological similarity to Osmunda claytoniana, was sister to the rest of the family, and resurrected the segregate genus Osmundastrum, by elevating it from subgenus, to contain it and render Osmunda monophyletic. The phylogeny of Osmunda is shown in the following cladograms.

A number of authors have proposed elevating the subgenera to separate genus level, In 2016 the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group (PPG) classification split Osmunda further by elevating its subgenera to genera as Claytosmunda and Plenasium, leaving only the species originally included in subgenus Osmunda.
 * O. abyssinica (Kuhn 1879) Bobrov
 * O. acuta (Burm.fil. 1768) Fraser-Jenk.
 * O. chengii Bomfleur, Grimm & McLoughlin [Osmunda claytoniites Phipps, Taylor & Taylor non Graham 1963 ]
 * O. herbacea Copeland
 * O. hybrida Tsutsumi et al.
 * O. × intermedia {O. lancea × O. japonica}
 * O. japonica Thunberg (Japanese flowering fern)
 * O. lancea Thunberg (Japanese lancea flowering fern)
 * O. x mildei {O. angustifolia × O. japonica}
 * O. piresii Brade 1965
 * O. regalis L. (Old World royal fern)
 * O. × ruggii {O. claytoniana × O. spectabilis}
 * O. spectabilis Willdenow (American royal fern)
 * O. wehrii Miller (Middle Miocene, Washington state)

Etymology
The derivation of the genus name is uncertain. A common theory is that Osmunda derives from Osmunder, a Saxon name for the god Thor. Other explanations propose that it is from Middle English and Middle French words for a type of fern, or mention an English folk tale of a boatman named Osmund hiding his wife and children in a patch of royal fern during the Danish invasion.

Ecology
Osmunda species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including the engrailed.

One of the species, the cinnamon fern (Osmundastrum cinnamomeum) forms huge clonal colonies in swamp areas. These ferns form massive rootstocks with densely matted, wiry roots. This root mass is an excellent substrate for many epiphytal plants. They are often harvested as osmundine and used horticulturally, especially in propagating and growing orchids.

title: Osmunda