text:
August Belmont Jr.

August Belmont Jr. (February 18, 1853 – December 10, 1924) was an American financier. He financed the construction of the original New York City Subway line (1900–1904) and for many years headed the Interborough Rapid Transit Company, which ran the transit system. He also financed and led the construction of the Cape Cod Canal in Massachusetts, which opened in 1914. Belmont bought the land for and built New York's Belmont Park racetrack—named for his father—and was a major owner/breeder of thoroughbred racehorses. He served as chairman of the board of the Louisville and Nashville Railroad. He also served as a director of the Southern Pacific Co., parent of the railroad, and National Park Bank.

Early life
He was born in Manhattan, New York City, on February 18, 1853, to Caroline Slidell Perry and August Belmont Sr. His maternal grandfather was Commodore Matthew C. Perry.

He graduated from St. Mark's School and was an 1875 graduate of Harvard University. At Harvard on the track team he introduced spiked track shoes to the United States. He was a member of Delta Kappa Epsilon at Harvard. Belmont was also a member of the Porcellian Club.

After graduation he worked at the Belmont banking house, August Belmont & Co. At the death of his father in 1890, he became the head of the company.

Belmont founded the Interborough Rapid Transit Company in 1902 to help finance the construction of and operate the first line of what is now the New York City Subway. He served as president, and, in 1907, chairman of the company. Belmont holds the distinction of owning the world's only purpose built private subway car. Named Mineola, it was used by Belmont to give tours of the IRT. The car is now preserved at the Shore Line Trolley Museum.

World War I
Following the United States' entry into World War I, Belmont, at age 64, volunteered to assist the war effort and was sent to France by the United States Army. He received a commission as major in the United States Army Air Service on November 9, 1917, in France.

He was assigned to the supply department of the American Expeditionary Force (AEF) and conducted negotiations with the government of Spain to procure supplies for the AEF. He was on detached service to the United States from February 16 to October 23, 1918, when he returned to France. He returned to the United States on December 21 and was discharged from the Army on January 6, 1919. He was one of the oldest officers to serve in the U.S. Army during the First World War.

During the war, his son, Morgan Belmont, served as a lieutenant at the Aviation Instruction Center at Foggia, Italy. Another son, Raymond Belmont, served as an Infantry officer with the 78th Division in France and participated in Saint-Mihiel and Meuse-Argonne offensives.

His wife, Eleanor, also devoted much time to raising funds in aid of Belgian relief efforts and for the Red Cross, she made a number of trans-Atlantic trips as an inspector of United States Army camps.

Cape Cod Canal
Belmont was instrumental in making the Cape Cod Canal a reality. The grand opening of the Cape Cod Canal took place on July 29, 1914, and it was soon plagued with troubles. Belmont's canal was expensive for mariners, costing as much as $16.00 for a trip by schooner, a considerable sum in those days. The narrow 140 ft width and shallow 25 ft depth of the canal made navigation difficult, and tidal flows created dangerous currents, so many mariners continued to use the routes around the cape. As a result, tolls did not live up to expectations and the Cape Cod Canal became a losing proposition. As a result, the canal was purchased by the U.S. government on March 30, 1928.

Thoroughbred horse racing
Like his father, Belmont was an avid Thoroughbred racing fan. According to his Time obituary, Belmont "is credited with having saved thoroughbred racing when it was at its lowest ebb in the East, after the repeal of the racing law in New York State."

Belmont served as the first president of The Jockey Club and was chairman of the New York State Racing Commission. In 1895 he was one of the nine founding members of the National Steeplechase Association.

Belmont inherited Nursery Stud, a Thoroughbred breeding operation established in 1867 by his father at his 1100 acre Babylon, New York, estate. There, Belmont raised polo ponies and played on a polo team with Harry Payne Whitney. It was here he stood the Hall of Fame stallion Kentucky. In the early 1880s, Belmont Sr. leased a farm property in Kentucky, located about three miles outside Lexington. After transferring all of the breeding business there, Belmont Jr. developed a very important stud farm whose influences are still felt today. Given the same name as the New York operation, at the Kentucky Nursery Stud he bred 129 American Stakes winners. The greatest of the horses he bred was Man o' War, born while he was serving overseas in World War I. In his absence, his wife Eleanor named the new foal "My Man o' War" in honor of her husband but because of his age and the uncertainty as to the war's end, Belmont Jr. decided to disband the stable and with the "My" dropped from the name, Man o' War was sold to Glen Riddle Farm in Maryland.

Belmont organized the Westchester Racing Association in 1895. In 1905 he built Belmont Park racetrack in Elmont, on Long Island which operates to this day as the largest thoroughbred racing facility in the state. In the year of its opening, the prestigious Belmont Stakes, inaugurated in 1867 and named in his father's honor, was transferred from the financially troubled Morris Park Racecourse. Three times, horses from Belmont's stable won the Belmont Stakes, the first coming in 1902 followed by back-to-back wins in 1916 and 1917.

Belmont was a Wright Company stockholder and he was selected to be the president of the 1910 International Aviation Meet at Belmont Park organizing committee. The venue selected for the aviation tournament was August Belmont's racetrack at Belmont Park.

Belmont also had horses competing in England and in 1908 his American-bred colt Norman III won a British Classic Race, the 2,000 Guineas. In addition to his Kentucky horse farm, in 1908 Belmont established Haras de Villers, a breeding operation near Foucarmont in Upper Normandy, France. Following the cessation of racing in New York State as a result of the Hart–Agnew Law banning parimutuel betting, Belmont stood American stallions at Haras de Villers such as Flint Rock, Ethelbert, and the sire of Norman III, Octagon. At his French farm, he bred notable horses such as Prix de Diane winner Qu'elle est Belle as well as Vulcain, one of the best three-year-olds of his generation in France.

Belmont operated the Kentucky farm until his death in 1924 after which the business was broken up and its bloodstock sold. According to Thoroughbred Heritage, today the property is home to a condominium development. Its horse cemetery, which became part of Hurstland Farm then the Nuckols Farm, is now occupied by the Rood & Riddle Equine Hospital.

His son Raymond owned Belray Farm near Middleburg, Virginia, where the Hall of Fame horse Colin lived out his final years, dying there in 1932 at the age of 27.

Directorships
During the course of his career, Belmont was a director in the following businesses.

Construction & Manufacturing

 * American Bridge Company
 * Boston, Cape Cod & New York Canal Co.
 * Casein Company of America
 * Golden Reward Consolidated Mining & Milling Co.
 * Rapid Transit Subway Construction Co.
 * Republic Iron and Steel Company
 * Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co.

Financial Services

 * Bank of the State of New York
 * Chatham & Phenix National Bank
 * The Equitable Life Assurance Society
 * Fifth Avenue Trust Company
 * First National Bank of Hempstead
 * Guaranty Trust Company of New York
 * Manhattan Trust Company
 * Mount Morris Bank
 * National Park Bank
 * Plaza Bank
 * State Safe Deposit Vaults
 * Trust Company of New Jersey

Transportation

 * Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company
 * Colonial City Traction Company
 * Chicago, St. Paul & Milwaukee Railway
 * Long Island Rail Road
 * Louisville and Nashville Railroad
 * Mobile and Ohio Railroad
 * North American Transportation & Trading Co.
 * Ohio & Little Kanawha Railroad
 * Southern Pacific Transportation Company

Club president
In 1893 Belmont became president of the New York Athletic Club. In 1888 he became the American Kennel Club's fourth president.

Marriages
In 1881, Belmont married childhood sweetheart and next-door neighbor, Elizabeth Hamilton Morgan (1862–1898). They had three sons together, August III (1882–1919), Raymond II (1888–1934), and Morgan Belmont (1892–1953). Elizabeth died at age thirty-six while visiting Paris, France, in 1898. A widower for twelve years, on February 26, 1910, Belmont married actress Eleanor Robson.

Death
He spent his last years on his 1100 acre estate in North Babylon, New York. He died on December 10, 1924, at his apartment at 550 Park Avenue. and was buried in the Belmont family plot at Island Cemetery in Newport, Rhode Island, along with his parents and his brother Perry Belmont.

His widow, Eleanor, then sold most of the estate to a property developer. She outlived her husband by fifty-five years, dying just before her 100th birthday in 1979. The remaining 158 acre, including the family mansion, lake, and main farm buildings, were taken over by New York State. Under the control of planner Robert Moses, the estate was later expanded to 459 acre and turned into Belmont Lake State Park. The mansion served as headquarters for the Long Island State Park Commission until 1935, when it was demolished to make way for the current building. Two lines of pine trees that formerly surrounded the mansion's driveway are preserved in the median of the Southern State Parkway.

title: August Belmont Jr.


text:
User talk:PatrickDunford

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Talk:Essay

Semi-protected edit request on 24 August 2020
Respectfully suggesting that the following contemporary sources on modern essay writing be added to the "Further reading" section, to improve breadth of research:

Biron, Dean. 2018. The eleven best Australian essays of the past 3,533 days. Overland Literary Journal, Vol. 233. https://overland.org.au/previous-issues/issue-233/feature-the-eleven-best-australian-essays/

Cooke, Rachel. 2017. Rebecca Solnit: ‘The essay is powerful again. We’re in a golden age’. The Guardian, 27 August. https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/aug/27/rebecca-solnit-interview-essays-feminism-trump-the-mother-of-all-questions

Dillon, Brian. 2017. Essayism: On Form, Feeling, and Nonfiction. London: Fitzcarraldo Editions. Ashtonstreet02 (talk) 03:50, 24 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done for now: can you explain why these should be added? See this page for Wikipedia's policy on adding external links.  Seagull123  Φ  16:06, 6 September 2020 (UTC)

Outstanding Argumentative Essay
An argumentative essay is among the most vital parts of the academic demands. Most of the students assume that it is rather easy, as they simply have to present the disagreement concerning a concern or topic; nonetheless, dedicate blunders when they, in fact, begin writing one. Furthermore, after committing an error once or twice, many students start thinking that they can not create an argumentative essay and also begin searching for an on the internet essay author. If you are also among such trainees, do not lose hope, as you still have sufficient time to learn. Creating is an art, as well as there is no restriction in learning it. If you wish to learn exactly how to create an impressive argumentative essay, below are 10 basic and reliable actions, following which you will be able to learn the art. Helenpate (talk) 09:47, 17 December 2020 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 9 January 2021
An essay is, generally, a piece of writing that gives the author's own argument — but the definition is vague, overlapping with those of a letter, a paper, an article, a pamphlet, and a short story. Essays have traditionally been sub-classified as formal and informal. Formal essays are characterized by "serious purpose, dignity, logical organization, length," whereas the informal essay is characterized by "the personal element (self-revelation, individual tastes and experiences, confidential manner), humor, graceful style, rambling structure, unconventionality or novelty of theme," etc.[1] 71.67.140.112 (talk) 22:34, 9 January 2021 (UTC)
 * It's not clear what specific edit(s) you are requesting. Please rephrase your request and post it again when you're ready. ElKevbo (talk) 23:45, 9 January 2021 (UTC)

The article seems to have maintained a steady neutral tone throughout its entirety. The page's writer establishes a clear, neutral stance on the construction of an essay and the varieties there are. The article's points are consistent with the article's topic. JJAlex22 (talk) 04:02, 2 February 2023 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 21 February 2023
s — Preceding unsigned comment added by 49.228.229.221 (talk) 15:08, 21 February 2023 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
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title: Talk:Essay


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User talk:LightningHop

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User talk:Chameleon

Images
Please note that I am not interested in receiving notifications about fair-use images that I uploaded years ago when Wikipedia wasn't so anal about them. If you want a wordy rationale, it's really your responsibility to add one, not mine. The same goes for licensed images uploaded without full evidence of the licence. I did everything that was required of me at the time of uploading. — Chameleon 01:40, 23 May 2008 (UTC)

I know more than you.
And I have more Wikipedia experience. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.144.24.237 (talk) 23:08, 11 May 2011 (UTC)

TfD nominations
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Portuguese translation
Hello. I was on Wikipedia:Translators available and notice that you were on the list for Portuguese to English translators and wondered if you could translate Prince Peter of Saxe-Coburg-Kohary? Thank you or obrigado.The Emperor's New Spy (talk) 13:31, 9 October 2012 (UTC)
 * Sorry, I’m no longer available. — Chameleon 13:56, 13 October 2012 (UTC)

File:Nihongo in kanji.png missing description details
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ArbCom elections are now open!
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Check completeness of transclusions tool is not working
Hi, Chameleon! I found on this page https://toolsadmin.wikimedia.org/tools/id/templatetransclusioncheck that you are one of the maintainers of templatetransclusioncheck.toolforge.org tool.

Now it seems like this tool returns 504 Gateway Timeout

Example: https://templatetransclusioncheck.toolforge.org/?lang=en&name=Template:F.C._Copenhagen_squad

Could you please take a look and maybe fix this issue? Snovyda (talk) 08:55, 14 September 2023 (UTC)

title: User talk:Chameleon


text:
Dinosaur Comics

Dinosaur Comics is a constrained webcomic by Canadian writer Ryan North. It is also known as "Qwantz", after the site's domain name, "qwantz.com". The first comic was posted on February 1, 2003, although there were earlier prototypes. Dinosaur Comics has also been printed in three collections and in a number of newspapers. The comic centers on three main characters, T-Rex, Utahraptor and Dromiceiomimus.

Comics are posted every Monday, Wednesday, and Friday. Every strip uses the same artwork and panel layout; only the dialogue changes from day to day. There are occasional deviations from this principle, including a number of episodic comics. North created the comic because it was something he'd "long wanted to do but couldn’t figure out how to accomplish... [he doesn't] draw, so working in a visual medium like comics isn’t the easiest thing to stumble into."

Cast

 * T-Rex, the main character that appears in all six panels.
 * Utahraptor, T-Rex's comic foil, appears in the fourth and fifth panels of the comic.
 * Dromiceiomimus appears in the third panel. She is generally friendly to T-Rex, answering either neutrally or with mild, friendly criticism.

 * The tiny woman in panel four and the house in panel three have contributed dialogue but are usually silent.
 * Other unseen characters occasionally contribute dialogue. For example, "God" speaks from off panel in bold all-caps, "Satan" speaks from off panel in dark red all-caps, T-Rex's sinister neighbours (raccoons and cephalopods) speak in italicized all-caps from off panel.

Creation
Ryan North started Dinosaur Comics during his last year of his undergraduate degree. In a 2016 interview, he said he "wanted to do something with comics [but] I couldn't draw — still can't draw. I didn't realize that there was such a thing as writers in comics. I thought it was all one person." At about the same time as he came up with the concept of a fixed-art comic, North received a school assignment to, as he described it, "do something interesting with the Internet." He was assigned a group, and his group was given the URL qwantz.com. After some time, his group had done nothing and North decided to upload some comics to the site. The first Dinosaur Comics strip was posted on February 1, 2003 and was called "Today is a beautiful day."

All the comics are six-panel strips, using clip art that North found on a CD he had purchased. Every strip uses the same art, with occasional exceptions, such as the mirror universe comics which uses the art but reversed.

Reception
Dinosaur Comics has received several awards and recognitions. It was named one of the best webcomics of 2004 and 2005 by The Webcomics Examiner. Wired listed Dinosaur Comics as one of "Five Webcomics You Can Share With Your Kids" and PC Magazine included the comic in its "10 Wicked Awesome Webcomics" list. Cracked.com named Dinosaur Comics one of the 8 funniest webcomics on the internet.

In 2005, it won "Outstanding Anthropomorphic Comic" in the Web Cartoonist's Choice Awards. Soon after, in August 2005, Dinosaur Comics was accepted into the Dayfree Press. In 2006, the blook Dinosaur Comics: Huge Eyes, Beaks, Intelligence, and Ambition was a runner up for the Lulu Blooker Prize for comics.

Collected editions

 * The Best of Dinosaur Comics: 2003–2005 AD: Your Whole Family Is Made Of Meat (April 15, 2006, Quack!Media) ISBN 0-7560-0518-3
 * Dinosaur Comics fig. d: Dudes Already Know About Chickens (2010, TopatoCo) ISBN 978-0-9824862-6-9
 * Dinosaur Comics fig. e: Everybody knows failure is just success rounded down (2011, TopatoCo) ISBN 978-1-936561-90-2
 * Dinosaur Comics fig. f: Feelings are boring, kissing is awesome (2012, TopatoCo) ISBN 978-1-936561-86-5

title: Dinosaur Comics


text:
User talk:TMiscia

Hello, welcome to Wikipedia. Here's some tips:
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Wow, somebody else that writes about dead Governors of New Jersey! Welcome to wikipedia. --Hcheney 01:08, 9 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Source for an article
Hi - Do you have a source you could add to Richard Poore? There's a proposal (see Speedy deletion criterion for unsourced articles) suggesting unsourced (new) articles should be deleted. I don't know you, you've been around for a while, and I'm just curious how such a request might be received. Thanks. -- Rick Block (talk) 02:22, 28 November 2006 (UTC)

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I am a Wikipedian, who is studying the phenomenon on Wikipedia. I need your help to conduct my research on about understanding "Motivation of Wikipedia contributors." I would like to invite you to Main Study. Please give me your valuable time, which estimates about 20 minutes. I chose you as a English Wikipedia user who made edits recently through the RecentChange page. Refer to the first page in the online survey form for more information on the study and me.cooldenny (talk) 01:24, 24 April 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:TMiscia


text:
Foil (narrative)

In any narrative, a foil is a character who contrasts with another character, typically, a character who contrasts with the protagonist, in order to better highlight or differentiate certain qualities of the protagonist. A foil to the protagonist may also be the antagonist of the plot.

In some cases, a subplot can be used as a foil to the main plot. This is especially true in the case of metafiction and the "story within a story" motif.

A foil usually either differs dramatically or is an extreme comparison that is made to contrast a difference between two things. Thomas F. Gieryn places these uses of literary foils into three categories, which Tamara A. P. Metze explains as: those that emphasize the heightened contrast (this is different because ...), those that operate by exclusion (this is not X because...), and those that assign blame ("due to the slow decision-making procedures of government...").

Etymology
The word foil comes from the old practice of backing gems with foil to make them shine more brightly.

Shakespeare refers directly to the origin of the term "foil" in Henry IV, Part 1. Prince Hal says that when he starts behaving better, the change will impress people: "And like bright metal on a sullen ground/ My reformation, glittering o'er my fault/ Shall show more goodly and attract more eyes/ Than that which hath no foil to set it off."

Examples from literature
In Emily Brontë's 1847 novel Wuthering Heights, Edgar Linton is described as opposite to main character Heathcliff, in looks, money, inheritance and morals, however similar in their love for Catherine.

In Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus, an 1818 novel by Mary Shelley, the two main characters—Dr. Frankenstein and his "creature"—are literary foils to each other, functioning to compare one to the other.

In David Copperfield, an 1850 novel by Charles Dickens, Edward Murdstone's marriage to David's mother Clara, contrasts with David's future marriage to Dora Spenlow, presented with a different outcome if David had endeavored to subdue his wife's caprices, as did Edward Murdstone with Clara's.

In Jane Austen's 1813 novel Pride and Prejudice, Mary's absorption in her studies places her as a foil to her sister Elizabeth Bennet's lively and distracted nature.

Similarly, in William Shakespeare's tragedy Julius Caesar, the character Brutus has foils in the two characters Cassius and Mark Antony. In the play Romeo and Juliet, Romeo and Mercutio serve as character foils for one another, as well as Macbeth and Banquo in the play Macbeth. In the tragedy Hamlet, a foil is created between Laertes and Prince Hamlet to elaborate the differences between the two men. In Act V Scene 2, Prince Hamlet tells Laertes that he will fence with him and states, "I'll be your foil, Laertes" (5.2.272). This word play reveals the foil between Hamlet and Laertes that was developed throughout the play.

George and Lennie are foils to each other in John Steinbeck's 1937 novella Of Mice and Men. Lennie is huge and strong as a bull but mentally slow, while George is small, skinny and very smart.

In Frank Herbert's 1965 science fiction novel Dune, Feyd-Rautha serves as the narrative foil to Paul Atreides. While both characters are heirs of powerful noble houses, feature in the plans of the Bene Gesserit, and have received extensive combat training, Paul is compassionate and wishes to avoid war while Feyd is portrayed as interested solely in the acquisition of power.

In the Harry Potter series, Draco Malfoy can be seen as a foil to the Harry Potter character; Professor Snape enables both characters "to experience the essential adventures of self-determination" but they make different choices; Harry chooses to oppose Lord Voldemort and the Death Eaters wholeheartedly, whereas Draco struggles with his allegiances through the whole series.

title: Foil (narrative)


text:
Frank De Winne

Frank, Viscount De Winne (born 25 April 1961, in Ledeberg, Belgium) is a Belgian Air Component officer and an ESA astronaut. He is Belgium's second person in space (after Dirk Frimout). He was the first ESA astronaut to command a space mission when he served as commander of ISS Expedition 21. ESA astronaut de Winne serves currently as Head of the European Astronaut Centre of the European Space Agency in Cologne/Germany (Köln).

Education
De Winne graduated in 1979 from the Royal School of Cadets in Lier. In 1984, he graduated from the Royal Military Academy with the degree of Master of Sciences in Engineering (Polytechnics).

Military career
De Winne followed the elementary flying school of the Belgian Air Component at Goetsenhoven. After graduating he flew Dassault Mirage 5 airplanes for the Air Force until he was attached to SAGEM in Paris to work on the safety of the Mirage. In 1991, De Winne completed the Staff Course at the Defence College in Brussels with the highest distinction. In 1992, De Winne received his degree as test pilot from the British Empire Test Pilots' School in Boscombe Down, receiving the McKenna Trophy as well.

From December 1992, Major of Royal Belgian Air Component De Winne operated as a test pilot for the Belgian Air Force. From January 1994 until April 1995, he was responsible for flight safety of the 1st Fighter Wing operating from Beauvechain air base. From April 1995 to July 1996, he was attached as senior test pilot to the European Participating Air Forces at Edwards Air Force Base in California where he worked on the mid-life update of the F-16 aircraft, focusing on radar testing. From 1996 to August 1998, he was senior test pilot in the Belgian Air Force, responsible for all test programmes and for all pilot-vehicle interfaces for future aircraft/software updates.

On 12 February 1997 De Winne encountered engine problems while flying in an F-16 Fighting Falcon over densely populated area near Leeuwarden. After the onboard computer failed, De Winne was faced with the choice of crashing in the IJsselmeer or of ejecting over densely populated area. However, De Winne was able to land his crippled plane at Leeuwarden air base, a feat which earned him the Joe Bill Dryden Semper Viper Award, the first non-American ever to get this award.

In August 1998, De Winne became commander of the 349 Squadron operating from Kleine Brogel. During the NATO Operation Allied Force in the Balkans, De Winne commanded the Dutch-Belgian Deployable Air Task Force. He completed 17 combat sorties. For his achievement during this operation, the Dutch government awarded him the degree of Officer of the Order of Orange-Nassau.

De Winne has collected over 2.300 flying hours in Mirage, F-16, Tornado and Jaguar. He also serves as the Chairman of the Belgian Armed Forces Flying Personnel Association.

He currently holds the rank of Brigadier-General.

Astronaut career
In October 1998, Frank De Winne was selected as an astronaut candidate by the European Space Agency. In January 2000, he joined the European Astronaut Corps, whose homebase is the European Astronaut Centre in Cologne, Germany. He provided technical support for the X38 Crew Return Vehicle project division within the Directorate of Manned Spaceflight and Microgravity, located at the European Space Research and Technology Centre in Noordwijk, the Netherlands. In August 2001, De Winne took up training at the Yuri Gagarin Cosmonauts Training Center near Moscow, Russia. Training included elements of Basic Training for the International Space Station as well as training as a Soyuz flight engineer.

De Winne's first spaceflight (30 October - 10 November 2002) was a trip as a flight engineer to the International Space Station in 2002, traveling to the station aboard Soyuz TMA-1 and returning aboard Soyuz TM-34. During his time in space, De Winne carried out successfully a programme of 23 experiments in the fields of life and physical sciences and education.

He was the back-up crew member for Léopold Eyharts of ISS Expedition 16.

On 20 September 2007 ESA announced that De Winne would take part in a six-month mission aboard the International Space Station in 2009. On 21 November 2008, NASA announced changes to the Expedition schedule, with De Winne becoming Commander of Expedition 21. On 27 May 2009 De Winne launched aboard Soyuz TMA-15, becoming the first astronaut from the European Space Agency to command a space mission.

Honors, awards and arms

 * [[Image:Ordre de Léopold O ribbon.svg|60px]] Officer of the Order of Leopold
 * [[Image:BEL Kroonorde Officier BAR.svg|60px]] Officer of the Order of the Crown
 * BEL Order of Leopold II - Officer BAR.png Officer of the Order of Leopold II
 * BEL Militair Kruis 1klasse BAR.svg Military Cross 1st class
 * BEL Comm Medal for Foreign Missions or Operations.png Campaign Medal for foreign operations
 * [[Image:NATO medal for Kosovo ribbon.svg|border|60px]] NATO Medal for Kosovo
 * [[Image:Order of Orange-Nassau ribbon - Officer.svg|60px]] Officer of the Order of Oranje-Nassau (Netherlands)
 * [[Image:Orden of Friendship.png|45px]] Member of the Order of Friendship (Russian Federation)
 * Royal Aeronautical Society Silver Medal (2010)
 * McKenna Trophy
 * Joe Bill Dryden Semper Viper Award
 * On 20 December 2002 Frank De Winne was ennobled a viscount in the Belgian nobility as a reward for his space achievements.
 * In 2003, De Winne received an honorary doctorate from Hasselt University.
 * Honorary doctorate from University of Antwerp
 * Honorary doctorate from Ghent University
 * Honorary doctorate from University of Liège
 * Honorary doctorate form University of Mons

Personal
De Winne is married to Lena Clarke De Winne. He has three children from a previous marriage. He enjoys football, small PC applications and gastronomy. De Winne appeared on screen during the concerts of rock band U2 on their 360° Tour (and on their U2360° at the Rose Bowl concert video) in pre-recorded segments from the International Space Station, reciting lines from the band's songs "Your Blue Room" and "In a Little While".

title: Frank De Winne


text:
Frederick Leonard

Frederick Leonard may refer to:
 * Frederick Leonard (actor), Nigerian actor
 * Frederick Leonard (activist), American civil rights activist
 * Frederick C. Leonard (1896–1960), American astronomer
 * Fred C. Leonard (1856–1921), American politician

title: Frederick Leonard


text: User talk:69.105.133.208

title: User talk:69.105.133.208


text:
Wikipedia talk:Selected anniversaries/June 4

 * 780 BC - The first historic solar eclipse is recorded in China
 * 1039 - Henry II becomes King of Germany
 * 1070 - Roquefort cheese is created in a cave near Roquefort, France
 * 1763 - At what is now Mackinaw City, Michigan, Chippewas capture Fort Michilimackinac by diverting the garrison's attention with a game of lacrosse, then chasing a ball into the fort
 * 1917 - The very first Pulitzer Prizes are awarded
 * 1940 - World War II: The Dunkirk evacuation is completed
 * 1940 - German forces enter Paris
 * 1989 - The Tiananmen Square protests are suppressed in Beijing and are covered live on television
 * 1989 - A succession of peaceful anti-communist revolutions occurs in Eastern Europe

Re: Image:Tank Man (Tiananmen Square protester).jpg, one day too early
Just wanna point out that the photo was taken on June 5th, not June 4th in 1989. -- 199.71.174.100 17:11, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Pictured
add pictured... feydey 01:56, 4 June 2006 (UTC)
 * 1942 - The Battle of Midway began with a massive Imperial Japanese strike on Midway Atoll (pictured).

Independence Day in Tonga (1970) ?
I wonder if it's called Independence Day in Tonga. Culture of Tonga has "Emancipation Day" instead, but Emancipation Day makes no mention of Tonga. --199.71.174.100 05:59, 4 June 2006 (UTC)

Pentecost
Can a link to Pentecost be added, please ? --199.71.174.100 09:55, 4 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Thanks, Brian0918 & F1celloguy, for adding and fixing. -- 199.71.174.100 21:29, 4 June 2006 (UTC)

editprotectPlease change the link from German to German to help with Wikiproject Disambiguation. Thanks --Milton 23:43, 4 June 2007 (UTC)
 * ✅ Mr.Z-man  talk ¢ 23:53, 4 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Thanks! --Milton 01:50, 5 June 2007 (UTC)

Tank Man
For a change of pace, I'd prefer to feature the famous Tank Man this year on June 5. Which means I've hidden Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 on this page so it does not appear on consecutive days. Thanks. Zzyzx11 (talk) 05:51, 3 June 2010 (UTC)

2012 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 06:16, 3 June 2012 (UTC)
 * Rescued from Ineligible (unused): Terry Nichols
 * New articles (unused): German submarine U-505
 * Omitted: Emily Davison (ineligible—maintenance); Battle of Midway; California Agricultural Labor Relations Act; Ali Khamenei; Cluster (spacecraft)
 * Included: Puget Sound (8th appearance, last in 2010); Treaty of Trianon (4th appearance, last in 2006; rescued from Ineligible); MS St. Louis (5th appearance, last in 2010); Jonathan Pollard (first appearance); Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 (7th appearance, last in 2009; rescued from Ineligible)

2013 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 05:31, 3 June 2013 (UTC)
 * Moved to Ineligible: Ali Khamenei (maintenance)
 * Omitted: Puget Sound; MS St. Louis; Jonathan Pollard; Tiananmen Square protests of 1989
 * Included: U.S. Camel Corps (first appearance); Emily Davison (3rd appearance, last in 2011; rescued from Ineligible; 100th anniversary); German submarine U-505 (first appearance)
 * Repeats: Treaty of Trianon (2nd consecutive appearance, 5 total); Cluster (spacecraft) (3rd consecutive appearance, 3 total)

2014 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 10:17, 3 June 2014 (UTC)
 * New articles (unused): Vienna summit
 * Omitted: United States Camel Corps; Emily Davison; Treaty of Trianon; Cluster (spacecraft)
 * Included: Puget Sound (9th appearance, last in 2012); Ten Cent Beer Night (first appearance; 40th anniversary); Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 (8th appearance, last in 2012; 25th anniversary); Marvin Heemeyer (first appearance; 10th anniversary)
 * Repeats: German submarine U-505 (2nd consecutive appearance, 2 total; 70th anniversary)

2015 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 10:25, 2 June 2015 (UTC)
 * New articles (ineligible): Élisabeth Thible (too short)
 * Omitted: Puget Sound; German submarine U-505; Ten Cent Beer Night; Tiananmen Square protests of 1989; Marvin Heemeyer
 * Included: Emily Davison (4th appearance, last in 2013); Treaty of Trianon (6th appearance, last in 2013); Vienna summit (first appearance); California Agricultural Labor Relations Act (2nd appearance, last in 2011; 40th anniversary); Ali Khamenei (2nd appearance, last in 2011; rescued from Ineligible)

Suggestion
I propose the following blurb: This has never appeared on the main page. --Mhhossein (talk) 06:50, 20 May 2016 (UTC)
 * 1982: Four Iranian diplomats were kidnapped in Lebanon after they were stopped at a check point in northern Lebanon by Lebanese Phalange forces. None of them have been seen since.
 * This is the 35th anniversary of diplomats kidnapping. -- M h hossein   talk 13:06, 3 June 2017 (UTC)

2016 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 07:23, 2 June 2016 (UTC)
 * New articles (ineligible): Iranian diplomats kidnapping (1982) (maintenance)
 * Moved to Ineligible: United States Camel Corps (maintenance)
 * Omitted: Treaty of Trianon; Vienna summit; California Agricultural Labor Relations Act
 * Included: Puget Sound (10th appearance, last in 2014); Battle of Dunkirk (3rd appearance, last in 2006); Cluster (spacecraft) (4th appearance, last in 2013)
 * Repeats: Emily Davison (2nd consecutive appearance, 5 total); Ali Khamenei (2nd consecutive appearance, 3 total)

2017 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 02:45, 5 June 2017 (UTC)
 * Deleted: 1982 Iranian diplomats kidnapping (moved to WP:Selected anniversaries/July 4)
 * Moved to Ineligible: Treaty of Trianon (maintenance); Ali Khamenei (maintenance)
 * Omitted: Public holidays in Hungary (ineligible—maintenance); Tonga (ineligible—maintenance); Emily Davison; Battle of Dunkirk (ineligible—maintenance); Cluster (spacecraft) (ineligible—maintenance)
 * Included: Old St Paul's Cathedral; Battle of Midway; Humboldt Park riot; Tiananmen Square protests of 1989; Philippa of England; Angelina Jolie

2018 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 02:31, 19 May 2019 (UTC)
 * Moved to Ineligible: MS St. Louis (maintenance)
 * Rescued from Ineligible (unused): Battle of Dunkirk
 * Omitted: Battle of Midway; Humboldt Park riot; Tiananmen Square protests of 1989; Philippa of England; Angelina Jolie
 * Included: German submarine U-505 (3rd appearance, last in 2014); Stockport air disaster (2nd appearance, last in 2007; rescued from Ineligible); Terry Nichols (first appearance; 20th anniversary); Przemysł I of Greater Poland (first appearance); Miguel de Azcuénaga (first appearance); W. H. R. Rivers (first appearance)
 * Repeats: Old St Paul's Cathedral (2nd consecutive appearance, 2 total); Puget Sound (3rd consecutive appearance, 12 total)

2019
''"1989 – The People's Liberation Army responded to Tiananmen Square protests in Beijing, leaving many dead and wounded."

 * "Responded" seems a little vague and understated. —  AjaxSmack  07:13, 2 June 2019 (UTC)

2019 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 16:41, 4 June 2019 (UTC)
 * Rescued from Ineligible (unused): United States Camel Corps
 * Omitted: Old St Paul's Cathedral (ineligible—maintenance); Stockport air disaster; Terry Nichols; Przemysł I of Greater Poland; Miguel de Azcuénaga; W. H. R. Rivers
 * Included: Roquefort (first appearance); Emily Davison (6th appearance, last in 2016); 1989 Tiananmen Square protests (10th appearance, last in 2017; 30th anniversary); George Heriot (first appearance); Eduard Mörike (first appearance); Marguerite Patten (first appearance)
 * Repeats: Puget Sound (4th consecutive appearance, 13 total); German submarine U-505 (2nd consecutive appearance, 4 total)

2020 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 18:06, 5 June 2020 (UTC)
 * Omitted: Puget Sound; Emily Davison; German submarine U-505; 1989 Tiananmen Square protests; George Heriot; Eduard Mörike; Marguerite Patten
 * Included: Old St Paul's Cathedral (3rd appearance, last in 2018; rescued from Ineligible); Treaty of Trianon (7th appearance, last in 2015; 100th anniversary; rescued from Ineligible); Battle of Dunkirk/We shall fight on the beaches (Battle: 4th appearance, last in 2016; Speech: first appearance; 80th anniversary); Ten Cent Beer Night (2nd appearance, last in 2014); Antoine, Duke of Lorraine (first appearance); Johan Rudolph Thorbecke (2nd appearance, last in 2016; also appears on November 3); Rodolfo Quezada Toruño (first appearance)
 * Repeats: Roquefort (2nd consecutive appearance, 2 total)

2021 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 17:46, 5 June 2021 (UTC)
 * Deleted: Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor (moved to December 25); United States Camel Corps (moved to May 14); Philippa of England (moved to January 5)
 * Rescued from Ineligible (unused): Ali Khamenei
 * New articles (ineligible): Ufa train disaster (maintenance)
 * Omitted: Ruhollah Khomeini (deleted—moved to June 3); Roquefort; Old St Paul's Cathedral; Treaty of Trianon; Battle of Dunkirk/We shall fight on the beaches; Ten Cent Beer Night; Johan Rudolph Thorbecke; Rodolfo Quezada Toruño
 * Included: Trianon Treaty Day (first appearance); Puget Sound (14th appearance, last in 2019); Emily Davison (7th appearance, last in 2019); Vienna summit (2nd appearance, last in 2015; 60th anniversary); Terry Nichols (2nd appearance, last in 2018); Benjamin Huntsman (first appearance); Leslie Averill (first appearance; 40th anniversary)
 * Repeats: Antoine, Duke of Lorraine (2nd consecutive appearance, 2 total)

2022 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 07:40, 5 June 2022 (UTC)
 * Moved to Ineligible: Roquefort (maintenance)
 * Omitted: Puget Sound; Emily Davison; Vienna summit; Terry Nichols; Antoine, Duke of Lorraine; Benjamin Huntsman; Leslie Averill
 * Included: Old St Paul's Cathedral (4th appearance, last in 2020); Élisabeth Thible (first appearance; rescued from Ineligible); Treaty of Trianon (8th appearance, last in 2020); Battle of Midway (9th appearance, last in 2017; 80th anniversary); Ali Khamenei (3rd appearance, last in 2015); Johan Rudolph Thorbecke (4th appearance, last in 2020; 150th anniversary; normally appears on November 3); W. H. R. Rivers (2nd appearance, last in 2018; 100th anniversary); Rodolfo Quezada Toruño (2nd appearance, last in 2020; 10th anniversary)

2023 note
I'm going to nominate Ali Khamenei for his election to be as Supreme Leader of Iran. It is Eligible. how can I do it? thanks!


text:
Arial Unicode MS

Arial Unicode MS is a TrueType font and the extended version of the font Arial. Compared to Arial, it includes higher line height, omits kerning pairs and adds enough glyphs to cover a large subset of Unicode 2.1—thus supporting most Microsoft code pages, but also requiring much more storage space (22 megabytes). It also adds Ideographic layout tables, but unlike Arial, it mandates no smoothing in the 14–18 point range, and contains Roman (upright) glyphs only; there is no oblique (italic) version. Arial Unicode MS was previously distributed with Microsoft Office, but this ended in 2016 version. It is bundled with Mac OS X v10.5 and later. It may also be purchased separately (as Arial Unicode) from Ascender Corporation, who licenses the font from Microsoft.

When rendered with the same engine and without making adjustments for the different font metrics, the glyphs that appear in both Arial and Arial Unicode MS appear to be slightly wider, and thus rounder, in Arial Unicode MS. Horizontal text may also appear to have more inter-line spacing in Arial Unicode MS. This is due to larger bounding boxes (Arial Unicode MS needs more room for some of its extended glyphs) and the limitations of renderers, not changes in the glyph shapes. The lack of kerning pairs in Arial Unicode MS may also affect inter-glyph spacing in some renderers (for example the Adobe Flash Player).

Arial Unicode MS also includes Hebrew glyphs different from the Hebrew glyphs found in Arial. They are based on the shapes of the Hebrew glyphs in Tahoma, but are adjusted to the weight, proportions and style of Arial.

History and availability
Arial was designed by Robin Nicholas and Patricia Saunders in 1982 and was released as TrueType font in 1990. From 1993 to 1999, it was extended as Arial Unicode MS (with its first release as a TrueType font in 1998) by the following members of Monotype Typography's Monotype Type Drawing Office, under contract to Microsoft: Brian Allen, Evert Bloemsma, Jelle Bosma, Joshua Hadley, Wallace Ho, Kamal Mansour, Steve Matteson, and Thomas Rickner.

From mid-2001 through mid-2002, Arial Unicode MS was also available as a separate download for licensed users of the standalone version of Microsoft Publisher 2000 SR-1, which did not ship with the font. The freely downloadable version was withdrawn after Microsoft Publisher 2002, which included the font, began shipping. The withdrawal coincided with the withdrawal of the free downloads of Microsoft's "Core fonts for the Web". Numerous companies, organizations, educational establishments and even governments were directing users to the download without referencing the need for a valid Publisher or Office license or any Microsoft operating system.

Monotype Imaging still owns the Arial and Arial Unicode MS trademarks, but Microsoft once retained exclusive licensing rights to the fonts.

On 11 April 2005, Ascender Corporation announced it had entered an agreement with Microsoft which enables Ascender to distribute Microsoft fonts, including the Windows Core Fonts, the Microsoft Web Fonts and the many multilingual fonts currently supplied by Microsoft. Called Arial Unicode, it is sold for approximately $99 per 5 users.

The font is also apparently licensed to Apple, who announced on October 16, 2007 that their flagship operating system, Mac OS X v10.5 ("Leopard"), would be bundled with Arial Unicode. Leopard also ships with several other previously Microsoft-only fonts, including Microsoft Sans Serif, Tahoma and Wingdings.

Monotype Imaging currently also licenses Arial Unicode on its own. It was also bundled by Monotype as part of iPhone Compatibility Font Set.

Arial Unicode MS is no longer available in Microsoft Office 2016, as it has been judged to no longer be suitable as a fallback font.

Versions
Version 0.84 was supplied with Microsoft Office 2000 and the standalone versions of that suite's applications—except Publisher 2000 SR-1. It includes 51,180 glyphs (38,911 characters), supports 32 code pages, and contains Latin and Han Ideographic OpenType layout tables. The code pages supported are 1250 (Latin 2: East Europe), 1251 (Cyrillic), 1252 (Latin 1), 1253 (Greek), 1254 (Turkish), 1255 (Hebrew), 1256 (Arabic), 1257 (Windows Baltic), Code page 1258 (Vietnamese), 437 (US), 708 (Arabic; ASMO 708), 737 (Greek), 775 (MS-DOS Baltic), 850 (WE/Latin 1), 852 (Latin 2), 855 (IBM Cyrillic; primarily Russian), 857 (MS-DOS IBM Turkish), 860 (MS-DOS Portuguese), 861 (MS-DOS Icelandic), 862 (Hebrew), 863 (MS-DOS Canadian French), 864 (Arabic), 865 (MS-DOS Nordic), 866 (MS-DOS Russian), 869 (IBM Greek), 874 (Thai), 932 (ShiftJIS/Japan), 936 (Chinese: Simplified), 949 (Korean Wansung), 950 (Chinese: Traditional), "Macintosh Character Set" (US Roman), and "Windows OEM Character Set". It covers all code points containing non-control characters in Unicode 2.0 and allows only preview and print embedding.

Version 0.86 has the same coverage and support as 0.84.

Versions 1.00 and 1.01 were supplied with Microsoft Office 2002 (Microsoft Office XP), Microsoft Office 2003 and the standalone versions of those suites' applications. It includes 50,377 glyphs (38,917 characters), which reduces Combining Diacritical Marks to 72, increases Miscellaneous Technical characters to 123, increases Private Use Area characters to 43, reduces Spacing Modifier Letters to 57. Code page 1361 (Korean Johab) was added. It adds layout tables for Devanagari, Gujarati, Gurmukhi, Kana (Hiragana & Katakana), Kannada, and Tamil. Its Han Ideographic tables were updated to support vertical writing. It covers all code points containing non-control characters in Unicode 2.1 and allows editable embedding.

Bugs
All versions of Arial Unicode MS deal with double-width diacritic characters incorrectly, drawing them too far to the left by one character width. According to the Unicode Standard 4.0.0, section 7.7 combining double diacritics go between the two characters to be marked. However, to make text look correct in Arial Unicode MS, the double-width diacritic must be placed after both characters to be marked. This means that it is not possible to make text that renders these characters correctly in both Arial Unicode MS and in other (correctly designed) Unicode fonts. This bug affects the rendering of text written in the International Phonetic Alphabet and in ALA-LC Romanization for non-Latin-script languages. If the displayed font in your browser draws the diacritics correctly, they should appear over the characters: k͠p, k͡p.

The minuscule letters that form the ligatures fi, fl, ffi, ffl, long st, and st are not connected, except for the two f's in the ffi and ffl ligatures. As there is no semantic difference, nothing mandates that these must be connected, and they are indistinguishable from the individual letters placed next to each other.

Arial Unicode MS was unable to render some Arabic characters, particularly those used in Sindhi, in their connected forms, showing only their isolated forms instead.

Arial Unicode Bold (2011)
On December 14, 2011, Monotype Imaging Holdings Inc. announced the release of Arial Unicode Bold, under the name Arial Unicode MS Bold.

title: Arial Unicode MS


text:
Talk:Sub-Saharan Africa

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 24 January 2019 and 1 May 2019. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): KrystleW.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 10:21, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 25 October 2020 and 12 December 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Hollystevenson4. Peer reviewers: Maddywhit24, BryantTalbot7, Jie(Jay) Yin.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 10:21, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Controversy around the term
I think this article could do with a section regarding controversy surrounding the term Sub-Saharan Africa. I've been doing some searching by cant find anything concrete. I'm not sure if I read it on an older version of this article or elsewhere. But I read something about how Sub-Saharan Africa isn't a real thing because of the lack of linguistic or religious boundary between the North and Sub-Saharan Africa. Eopsid (talk) 21:21, 29 December 2022 (UTC)

 * Translate from russian
 * Я специально пишу на русском языке, чтобы никого не оскорблять. В русском языке нет настолько негативной коннотации к слову "черный", поэтому текст на русском языке будет этичен, хаха. Ну а перевести это не вызовет трудностей, учитывая современные технологии.
 * Такой термин придуман вместо термина "Чёрная Африка", что безусловно является высшей степенью цинизма и попыткой замести проблему под ковер. В Черной Африке живут негры (в русском языке это слово лишено негативных смыслов), а в Северной Африке - арабы и берберы (они кстати - европеоиды). И народы, проживающие в Северной и Черной Африки - отличаются культурой и языком, мало того - они вполне успешно друг с другом до сих пор вступают в военные конфликты.
 * Википедия должны была быть свободной энциклопедией!
 * Но вместо этого стала инструментом в руках людей, которые искажают историю.
 * Russian Barbarian
 * 62.152.88.140 (talk) 62.152.88.140 (talk) 07:47, 24 May 2023 (UTC)

This term is ridiculous and racist and no one can change my mind
This term has been used in racist ways by many people in a attempt to build a invisible wall from north Africa to black Africans to the south. The vast majority of West and East African countries shouldn't be considered "sub" but because their populations are mostly black, it's sub. 2601:8C:981:A3C0:E4ED:4ACE:8F9C:E055 (talk) 00:25, 3 August 2023 (UTC)

Black Africa
I am confused. Is the term "Black Africa" now in English used or not? In German this term exists (Schwarzafrika), beside other terms (Sub-Sahara). I am born in 1969. When I went to school the term "Neger"/ "negroe" was not rassistic. Rassistic were terms like "nigger", "Kaffer". This maybe has changed, what I accept. But the term "schwarz" / "black" is still o.k. isn´t it? (Even if niger nothing else means). Therefore I wonder whether the term Schwarzafrika / Black Africa is now banned. BTW: The name Niger for both country and river is also still alive, isn´t ist?Flk-Brdrf (talk) 09:45, 4 September 2023 (UTC)
 * I don't think "Black Africa" is still in use nowadays but remember WP:NOTAFORUM so you might find better answers elsewhere. (note "Black Africa" redirects to this article) EMsmile (talk) 10:17, 15 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sub-Saharan Africa


text:
Ralph Bellamy

Ralph Rexford Bellamy (June 17, 1904 – November 29, 1991) was an American actor whose career spanned 65 years on stage, film, and television. During his career, he played leading roles as well as supporting roles, garnering acclaim and awards, including a Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play for Sunrise at Campobello as well as Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor nomination for The Awful Truth (1937).

He gained prominence for his roles in Boy Meets Girl (1938), His Girl Friday (1940), Flight Angels (1940), The Wolf Man (1941), and Sunrise at Campobello (1960). He is also known for his later roles in Rosemary's Baby (1968), Oh, God! (1977), Trading Places (1983), and Pretty Woman (1990).

Early life
Bellamy was born in Chicago. He was the son of Lilla Louise (née Smith), a native of Canada, and Charles Rexford Bellamy. He ran away from home when he was 15 and managed to gain employment in a road show. He toured with road shows before finally landing in New York City. He began acting on stage there and, by 1927, owned his own theater company. In 1931, he made his film debut and worked constantly throughout the decade both as a lead and as a capable supporting actor. He co-starred in five films with Fay Wray.

Career

His film career began with The Secret Six (1931), starring Wallace Beery and featuring Jean Harlow and Clark Gable. By the end of 1933, he had already appeared in 22 movies, including Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm (1932) and the second lead in the action film Picture Snatcher with James Cagney (1933). He played in seven more films in 1934 alone, including Woman in the Dark, based on a Dashiell Hammett story, in which Bellamy played the lead, second billed under Fay Wray. Bellamy received a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his role in The Awful Truth (1937) with Irene Dunne and Cary Grant, and played a similar part, that of a naive boyfriend competing with Grant's sophisticated character, in His Girl Friday (1940). He portrayed detective Ellery Queen in a few films during the 1940s, but as his film career did not progress, he returned to the stage, where he continued to perform throughout the 1950s. Bellamy appeared in other movies during this time, including Dance, Girl, Dance (1940) with Maureen O'Hara and Lucille Ball, and the horror classic The Wolf Man (1941) with Lon Chaney Jr. and Evelyn Ankers. He also appeared in The Ghost of Frankenstein (1942) with Chaney and Bela Lugosi.

Bellamy appeared on Broadway as Franklin Delano Roosevelt in Sunrise at Campobello, winning a Tony Award for the role in 1957. He reprised the role in the 1960 film version.

In the summer of 1961, Bellamy hosted nine original episodes of Frontier Justice. In 1950, Bellamy became a member of The Lambs, an actors club located in New York.

Bellamy appeared in Death Valley Days ("The Vintage Years", 1962) as Daniel Quint, a minister. In the story, a young woman whom Quint befriends on a stagecoach ride, Lorna Erickson (Merry Anders), sets him up to be robbed by her paramour (William Bryant).

Highly regarded within the industry, Bellamy served four terms as the president of Actors' Equity from 1952 to 1964. On film, Bellamy starred in The Professionals (1966) as an oil tycoon, and in Roman Polanski's Rosemary's Baby (1968) as an evil physician. He turned to television during the 1970s. He played many roles in numerous shows, sometimes as a series regular. In 1970, he played the lead role of Ethan Arcane in the series The Most Deadly Game. Bellamy portrayed Adlai Stevenson in the TV movie The Missiles of October (1974), a treatment of the Cuban Missile Crisis. He was a member of the cast of the short-lived series Hunter in 1977.

An Emmy Award nomination for the mini-series The Winds of War (1983)—in which Bellamy reprised his Sunrise at Campobello role of Franklin D. Roosevelt—brought him back into the spotlight. This role was followed by his role as Randolph Duke, a conniving millionaire commodities trader in Trading Places (1983). The Eddie Murphy film Coming to America (1988) included a brief cameo by Bellamy and Don Ameche, reprising their roles as the Duke brothers. Around this time, he again portrayed Franklin Roosevelt in War and Remembrance (1988), the sequel to The Winds of War.

Among his later roles was an appearance as a once-brilliant but increasingly senile lawyer sadly skewered by Jimmy Smits' character on an episode of L.A. Law. Bellamy continued working regularly and gave his final performance in Pretty Woman (1990).

Personal life
Throughout the 1930s and 1940s, Bellamy was seen socially with a select circle of friends known affectionately as the Irish Mafia, but they preferred the less sensational Boy's Club as its name. This group consisted of a group of Hollywood A-listers who were mainly of Irish descent (despite Bellamy having no Irish family connections). Others included James Cagney, Pat O'Brien, Spencer Tracy, Lynne Overman, Frank Morgan and Frank McHugh. Bellamy opened the Palm Springs Racquet Club in Palm Springs, California, with fellow actor Charles Farrell in 1934.

Bellamy was married four times: first to Alice Delbridge (1927–1930), then to Catherine Willard (1931–1945). On the occasion of his marriage to organist Ethel Smith (1945–1947), Time magazine reported "Ralph Bellamy, 41, veteran stage (Tomorrow the World) and screen (Guest in the House) actor; and Ethel Smith, 32, thin, Tico-Tico-famed cinema electric organist (Bathing Beauty); he for the third time, she for the second; in Harrison, N.Y." She was in fact age 42 at the time. Bellamy's fourth wife was Alice Murphy (1949–1991; his death).

A Democrat, Bellamy was in attendance at the 1960 Democratic National Convention in Los Angeles.

Death
On November 29, 1991, Bellamy died from a lung ailment at Saint John's Health Center in Santa Monica, California. He was 87 years old.

Awards and honors
In 1984, Bellamy was presented with a Life Achievement Award from the Screen Actors Guild, and in 1987, he received an Honorary Academy Award "for his unique artistry and his distinguished service to the profession of acting." Bellamy has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6542 Hollywood Boulevard. In 1992, a Golden Palm Star on the Walk of Stars was dedicated to him.

In a 2007 episode of Boston Legal, footage of The Defender, a 1957 episode of Studio One, was used. The episode featured Bellamy and William Shatner as a father-and-son lawyer duo. This was used in the present day to explain the relationship between Shatner's Denny Crane character and his father in the show.

Short subjects

 * Screen Snapshots Series 15, No. 7 (1936)
 * Screen Snapshots Series 16, No. 12 (1937)
 * Breakdowns of 1938 (1938)
 * What's My Line?, the "mystery guest" three times (in March 1952, January 1958 and September 1960)

title: Ralph Bellamy


text:
Sri Sri

Sri Sri may refer to:

 * Sri Sri, an honorific title used for spiritual persons, see Sri
 * Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar (1921–1990), founder of the social and spiritual movement Ananda Marga (the Path of Bliss)
 * Ravi Shankar (spiritual leader) (born 1956), founder of the Art of Living Foundation
 * Sri Sri (writer) (1910–1983), Telugu poet, and film lyricist
 * Sri Sri (film), a 2016 Telugu drama film

title: Sri Sri


text:
User:Cowpoke

Howdy

title: User:Cowpoke


text:
User:C17GMaster

For the time being, I only have a user page because I don't want "C17GMaster" to appear in bright red on the "page history" listings.

By the way... I don't get on as much as I'd like to admit... If you have something to say, go ahead and e-mail me. It's my username (C17GMaster, of course, and this clause is here to foil spambots) at cox.net. Posting a note to someone's user page might be common practice on the Wikipedia, but until I start logging into Wikipedia more regularly, it's futile. Ww was lucky I caught his note in just three days; it could have been weeks.

At the moment, secret sharing is my one and only real work. I've done minor edits here and there, but this article is my pride and joy.

title: User:C17GMaster


text:
IIT Guwahati

The Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati (IIT Guwahati) is a public technical university established by the Government of India, located in Amingaon area, North Guwahati Village area, in the state of Assam in India. It is the sixth Indian Institute of Technology established in India. IIT Guwahati is officially recognised as an Institute of National Importance by the government of India. IIT Guwahati has been ranked 7th in Engineering and 9th in Overall category in NIRF Rankings 2023.

History
The history of IIT Guwahati traces its roots to the 1985 Assam Accord signed between the All Assam Students Union and the Government of India, which mentions the general improvement in education facilities in Assam and specifically the setting up of an IIT.

IIT Guwahati was established in 1994 by an act of parliament and its academic programme commenced in 1995. IIT Guwahati admitted its first batch of students into its Bachelor of Technology programme in 1995. The selection process was the same as that of the other IITs, i.e., through the Joint Entrance Examination. In 1998, the first batch of students were accepted into the Master of Technology program through the GATE.

Campus and geography
The campus of IIT Guwahati is on the northern banks of Brahmaputra and abuts the North Guwahati town of Amingaon. The campus is on a 700 acre plot of land around 20 km from the heart of the city. It has the Brahmaputra on one side and hills and vast open spaces on others.

IIT Guwahati is a fully residential campus. All the students live in hostels on the campus. The hostels are named after rivers and tributaries of North-East India: Manas, Dihing, Kapili, Siang, Kameng, Barak, Subansiri (girls' hostel), Umiam, Dibang(currently not in use), Brahmaputra (largest hostel in all the IITs), Dhansiri (new girls' hostel), Lohit and Disang (new boys' hostel). Apart from these, there is a married scholars' hostel for married postgraduates. Students at IIT Guwahati are mostly given a double occupancy room till the end of their second year. Each room comes equipped with requisite basic amenities. The toilets and bathrooms are shared (three of each for every ten rooms on average). Every hostel has a mess, a canteen, a juice centre, a stationery shop, a library, a TV room, a sports room (for indoor sports), and laundry facilities. The hostels are provided with 24-hour Internet facility.

Governance
All IITs follow the same organization structure which has President of India as visitor at the top of the hierarchy. Directly under the president is the IIT Council. Under the IIT Council is the board of governors of each IIT. Under the board of governors is the director, who is the chief academic and executive officer of the IIT. Under the director, in the organizational structure, comes the deputy director. Under the director and the deputy director, come the deans, heads of departments, registrar.

Departments
IIT Guwahati houses the following departments:

 * Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering
 * Department of Data Science and Artificial Intelligence
 * Department of Chemical Engineering
 * Center of Excellence for Sustainable Polymers
 * Department of Chemistry
 * Department of Civil Engineering
 * Department of Computer Science and Engineering
 * Department of Design
 * Department of Electronics & Electrical Engineering (previously known as the Department of Electronics and Communication)
 * Department of Humanities and Social Sciences
 * Department of Mathematics
 * Department of Mechanical Engineering
 * Department of Physics

The aforementioned departments of the Institute offer B. Tech., B. Des., M. Des., M. Tech., M.A. (Development Studies), (Liberal Arts), M.Sc. and Ph.D. programmes.

Academic centres
IIT Guwahati is home to nine academic centres.

 * Centre for Disaster Management and Research
 * Centre for Drone Technology
 * Centre for the Environment
 * Centre for Indian Knowledge Systems
 * Centre for Intelligent Cyber-Physical Systems
 * Centre for Linguistic Science and Technology
 * Centre for Nanotechnology
 * Centre for Rural Technology
 * Centre for Sustainable Polymers
 * Centre for Sustainable Water Research

Academic schools

 * School of Agro and Rural Technology
 * School of Business
 * Mehta Family School of Data Science and Artificial Intelligence
 * School of Energy Sciences and Engineering
 * School of Health Science & Technology
 * School of Humanities & Social Sciences

Extramural centres
IIT Guwahati is home to five academic centres.
 * Central Instruments Facility
 * Centre for Computer & Communication Centre
 * Centre for Career Development
 * Centre for Creativity
 * Centre for Educational Technology

Academics
Presently there are about 7047 students on rolls, 406 faculty members and 510 support staff.

Admission
Admission in IIT Guwahati for UG Courses is done through JEE Advanced for Engineering. Until 2015, admissions in UG Design Course was happening through JEE Advanced. It now happens through UCEED. Admission in PG is done through IIT-JAM, GATE score, and through CEED for Designing, while through Ph.D-NET examination or Ph.D. entrance examination and/or interview one can get admission into Ph.D. Courses.

Rankings
Internationally, IIT Guwahati was ranked 384 in the QS World University Rankings of 2023. In India, among engineering colleges, it was ranked 7 by the National Institutional Ranking Framework in 2022 and 7 among government colleges by Outlook India.

Param Ishan
IIT Guwahati hosts Param-Ishan which is the fastest and most powerful super computer in northeastern, eastern and southern regions of the country.

Placements
The BTech in Computer Science Engineering (CSE) program at [IIT Guwahati] aims to provide students with strong technical skills and industry exposure, preparing them for successful careers in the field of software development and technology. The program has a dedicated Placement Cell that works closely with students and recruiters to facilitate job placements.

Computer Science and Engineering Placement
For the academic year 2022-23, the average package (including domestic & international offers) for Computer Science and Engineering (CSE) students stood at Rs 42 lakh per annum (LPA), a significant increase from the previous year's average of Rs 36.88 LPA. This upward trend demonstrates the industry's high demand for skilled software engineers. Moreover, the highest package offered to a CSE student reached an impressive Rs 2.4 crores per annum, reflecting the exceptional talent nurtured by the program.

Branch-wise Placements
For placement statistics of other branches, including branches like Electronics and Communication Engineering (ECE), Mechanical Engineering (ME), and others, students can refer to the Centre for Career Development at [University/Institute Name]. The Centre for Career Development serves as a valuable resource for students, providing them with information, guidance, and assistance throughout the placement process. The center collaborates with various industries and organizations to facilitate placements across different sectors.

Annual festivals
Every year the students and administration of IIT Guwahati come together to organize a number of festivals and competitions. The major festivals include Alcheringa, the annual cultural festival, Techniche, the annual techno-management festival, Udgam, the annual entrepreneurship summit and Research Conclave. Apart from these the Students of IIT Guwahati participate in the annual Inter IIT Sports Meet. Apart from these the General Championship (GC) is widely celebrated across the hostel communities in the institute, the combined score in the inter hostel meets Kriti (Tech), Manthan (Cultural) and Spardha (Sports) is used to decide the winning hostel.

Alcheringa

Alcheringa, popularly known as "Alcher", is the annual cultural extravaganza of the IIT Guwahati. It started in 1996 as a student-run nonprofit organisation catering primarily to the youth of the nation. Held for three days and four nights, Alcheringa's 2018 edition witnessed an estimated footfall of 1,00,000 people.

Techniche
Techniche is the techno-management festival of IIT Guwahati. Techniche is held in September every year over three days. Techniche hosts various events, competitions, exhibitions and workshops.

Techniche conducts Technothlon and provides students from schools and colleges across India a platform to interact with many experts in subject areas through its lecture series. It has been attended by R. Chidambaram, Kiran Bedi, H. C. Verma, Mike Fincke, John C. Mather and others.

The Guwahati Half Marathon is hosted by Techniche a week before the event.

Udgam
Udgam, is the annual Entrepreneurship Summit of IIT Guwahati. Organized by the institute's Entrepreneurial Cell, it aims to inspire young students and graduates of North-East India to embrace entrepreneurship. Apart from a series of talks by eminent entrepreneurs there are plethora of workshops & networking sessions which happen during the festival. It is usually held as an annual three-day summit in January.

Prayatna
Prayatna is the annual socio-welfare fest of the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Guwahati. The topics covered at Prayatna include: social justice, recognizing privilege, and exploring identity.

Collaborations
IIT Guwahati has partnered with National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC) to design and develop a highly energy-efficient plant for capturing from power plants. This plant was developed by a research team led by Prof. Bishnupada Mandal, Department of Chemical Engineering, IIT Guwahati. This project is stands to benefit the petroleum industry, as well as strengthen the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

title: IIT Guwahati


text:
Lamium purpureum

Lamium purpureum, known as red dead-nettle, purple dead-nettle, or purple archangel, is an annual herbaceous flowering plant native to Europe and Asia but it can also be found in North America.

Description
Lamium purpureum grows with square stems to 5–20 cm (rarely 30 cm) in height. The leaves have fine hairs, are green at the bottom and shade to purplish at the top; they are 2–4 cm long and broad, with a 1–2 cm petiole (leaf stalk), and wavy to serrated margins.

The zygomorphic flowers are bright red-purple, with a top hood-like petal, two lower lip petal lobes and minute fang-like lobes between. The corolla shows a line of hairs near the base of the tube. They may be produced throughout the year, including mild weather in winter. This allows bees to gather its nectar for food when few other nectar sources are available. It is also a prominent source of pollen for bees in March/April (in UK), when bees need the pollen as protein to build up their nest.

It is often found alongside Henbit Dead-nettle (Lamium amplexicaule), which is easily mistaken for it since they both have similar looking leaves and similar bright purple flowers; they can be distinguished by the stalked leaves of Red Dead-nettle on the flower stem, compared to the unstalked leaves of Henbit Dead-nettle.

Though superficially similar to species of Urtica (true nettles) in appearance, it is not related and does not sting, hence the name "dead-nettle".

Uses
Young plants have edible tops and leaves, used in salads or in stir-fry as a spring vegetable. If finely chopped it can also be used in sauces.

Undyed, the pollen itself is a red colour and is very noticeable on the heads of bees that frequent its flowers.

Folk herbalists use purple dead nettle in many herbal remedies. One of these is purple dead nettle salve that can be used on irritated, itchy, or sore skin.

Habitat
Frequent in meadows, forest edges, roadsides and gardens.

Distribution
Lamium purpureum is a common weed in the western and eastern United States, Canada, Ireland, and the British Isles.

Biochemistry
The essential oil is characterized by its high contents of germacrene D. The seed oil contains 16% of an acid characterized as (−)-octadeca-5,6-trans-16-trienoic acid (trivial name `lamenallenic acid'). Other unsaturated esters identified by their cleavage products are oleate, linoleate and linolenate.

The plant contains phenylethanoid glycosides named lamiusides A, B, C, D and E. It possesses a flavonol 3-O-glucoside-6″-O-malonyltransferase.

title: Lamium purpureum


text:
The Great McGonagall

The Great McGonagall may refer to:

 * William McGonagall, a Scottish poet often known by this name
 * The Great McGonagall (film), a 1974 British comedy film about McGonagall

title: The Great McGonagall