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Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/November 16

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 * 534 – The second edition of the Code of Justinian, a codification of Roman law by Byzantine emperor Justinian I, was published.
 * 1476 – With the help of Stephen III and Stephen Báthory, Vlad the Impaler ousted Basarab the Old and became the ruler of Wallachia for the third time.
 * 1532 – Spanish conquest of Peru: Conquistador Francisco Pizarro orchestrated a surprise attack (depiction shown) in Cajamarca, capturing the Inca emperor, Atahualpa.
 * 1632 – King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden was killed at the Battle of Lützen during the Thirty Years' War.
 * 1776 – American Revolutionary War: Fort Washington on Manhattan was captured from the Patriots by British and Hessian units.
 * 1885 – After a five-day trial following the North-West Rebellion, the Canadian Métis leader and "Father of Manitoba" Louis Riel was hanged for high treason.
 * 1944 – World War II: Operation Queen commenced with one of the heaviest Allied tactical bombings of the war, attacking German targets in the Rur valley.
 * 1967 – Aeroflot Flight 2230 crashed after takeoff from Koltsovo Airport, Russia, killing all 107 people aboard.
 * 1981 – About 30 million people watched the fictional couple Luke Spencer and Laura Webber wed on the television show General Hospital in the highest-rated hour in American soap-opera history.
 * 1992 – In Suffolk, England, a local man found the largest hoard of Roman silver and gold in Britain (sample pictured), including the largest collection of 4th- and 5th-century gold and silver coins ever discovered within the former Roman Empire.

 * Born/died this day: | Ælfric of Abingdon |d|1005| Nasr of Granada |d|1322| Sofonisba Anguissola |d|1625| Charles-Antoine Campion |b|1720|Eleanor Coade |d|1821| Kalākaua |b|1836|  Caroline Birley |b|1851| Chinua Achebe |b|1930|  Clark Gable |d|1960 |Omayra Sánchez |d|1985 | Panditrao Agashe |d|1986|


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Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/November 17

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 * 1558 – Elizabeth I (pictured) became Queen of England and of Ireland, marking the beginning of the Elizabethan era.
 * 1592 – Sigismund III Vasa, who was already King of Poland, succeeded his father John III as King of Sweden.
 * 1796 – French Revolutionary Wars: French forces defeated the Austrians at the Battle of Arcole in a manoeuvre to cut the latter's line of retreat.
 * 1941 – World War II: Hjalmar Siilasvuo ordered Finnish forces to halt their assault against Soviet forces near Salla, concluding Operation Arctic Fox.
 * 1950 – The 14th Dalai Lama (pictured) assumed full temporal power as ruler of Tibet at the age of fifteen.
 * 1968 – NBC controversially cut away from an American football game between the Oakland Raiders and New York Jets to broadcast Heidi, causing viewers in the Eastern United States to miss the game's dramatic ending.
 * 2009 – Administrators at the University of East Anglia's Climatic Research Unit discovered that their servers had been hacked and thousands of emails and files on climate change had been stolen.
 * 2012 – In Manfalut, Egypt, a school bus was hit by a train, killing at least 50 children.
 * 2013 – Tatarstan Airlines Flight 363 crashed during an aborted landing at Kazan International Airport, Russia, killing all fifty people on board and leading to the revocation of the airline's operating certificate.

 * Born/died: | Zanobi Strozzi |b|1412| Agnes of Jesus |b|1602| Maria Antonia Ferdinanda of Spain |b|1729| Nicolas Appert |b|1749| Bernardo Bellotto |d|1780| Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz |d|1818|  Bernard Montgomery |b|1887| Rosemary Sinclair |b|1936|Petra Burka |b|1946| Ng On-yee|b|1990 | Robert Hofstadter |d|1990| Rikard Wolff |d|2017

November 17

 * 1292 – John Balliol was chosen to be King of Scots over Robert de Brus.
 * 1943 – World War II: Australian forces launched an assault on Sattelberg, New Guinea, against Japanese forces, initiating the Battle of Sattelberg.
 * 1989 – Walt Disney Pictures released The Little Mermaid to theatres, starting the Disney Renaissance.
 * 1997 – Sixty-two people were killed by Islamist terrorists outside Deir el-Bahari (pictured) in Luxor, one of Egypt's top tourist attractions.
 * 2013 – An outbreak of 77 confirmed tornadoes occurred in seven U.S. states; it became the largest November tornado outbreak in Illinois and Indiana.

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Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/November 18

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 * 1210 – Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor, was ex-com-mu-ni-cated by Pope Innocent III after Otto commanded him to annul the Concordat of Worms.
 * 1809 – Napoleonic Wars: In the Bay of Bengal, a French frigate squadron captured three East Indiamen mainly carrying recruits for the Indian Army.
 * 1865 – "The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County" was published, becoming the first great success of American author Mark Twain (pictured).
 * 1872 – American suffragette Susan B. Anthony was arrested and fined $100 for having voted in the presidential election two weeks earlier.
 * 1956 – At the Polish embassy in Moscow, Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev said "We will bury you" while addressing Western envoys, prompting them to leave the room.
 * 1985 – Calvin and Hobbes, a comic strip by Bill Watterson that was at its height one of the most popular in the world, was first published.
 * 1987 – An underground fire killed 31 people at King's Cross St Pancras tube station in London.
 * 1991 – The current flag of Uzbekistan was adopted, making the country the first newly independent republic in Central Asia to choose a new flag.
 * 1991 – Croatian War of Independence: The Yugoslav People's Army captured the Croatian city of Vukovar, ending an 87-day siege.
 * 1999 – Texas A&M University's Aggie Bonfire collapsed, killing 12 people and injuring 27 others, and causing the university to officially declare a hiatus on the 90-year-old annual event.
 * 2014 – Two Palestinian men attacked the praying congregants of a synagogue in Jerusalem with axes, knives, and a gun, resulting in eight deaths, including the attackers themselves.
 * Born/died this day: | Itzam Kʼan Ahk II |b|701| Thomas of Bayeux |d|1100| Thomas Burgess |b|1756| Asa Gray |b|1810| Adam Weishaupt |d|1830| Rose Philippine Duchesne |d|1852| Dorothy Dix |b|1861|  Margaret Atwood |b|1939 | Chloë Sevigny |b|1974| Conn Smythe |d|1980 | Tara Singh Hayer |d|1998


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Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/November 19

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 * 1620 – The Mayflower (depicted), which brought the Pilgrims from England to the New World, sighted Cape Cod.
 * 1794 – The United States and Great Britain signed the Jay Treaty, the basis for ten years of peaceful trade between the two nations.
 * 1824 – The Temenggung of Johor and Sultan Hussein Shah of Johor ceded the governance of Singapore to the British East India Company.
 * 1941 – World War II: The Australian light cruiser HMAS Sydney (D48) and the German auxiliary cruiser Kormoran destroyed each other in the Indian Ocean.
 * 1942 – World War II: Soviet troops launched Operation Uranus at the Battle of Stalingrad with the goal of encircling Axis forces, turning the tide of the battle in their favour.
 * 1969 – Playing for Santos against Vasco da Gama in Rio de Janeiro, Brazilian footballer Pelé scored his thousandth goal.
 * 1991 – Mexican singer Luis Miguel released the album Romance, which led to a revival of interest in bolero music.
 * 2002 – The Greek oil tanker Prestige split in two and sank off the coast of Galicia after spilling 420 thousand barrels (17.8 million US gallons) of oil in the worst environmental disaster in Spanish and Portuguese history.
 * 2004 – During an NBA game between the Indiana Pacers and the Detroit Pistons, a brawl between players spilled into the crowd when Ron Artest attacked a fan.
 * 2005 – Iraq War: A group of United States Marines allegedly massacred twenty-four people in the town of Haditha.
 * 2010 – The first of four explosions occurred at the Pike River Mine in the West Coast in New Zealand's worst mining disaster in nearly a century.

 * Born/died: |  Jean-Antoine Nollet |b|1700|  Billy Sunday |b|1862| Mikhail Kalinin |b|1875| Xu Zhimo |d|1931| James Ensor |d|1949|  Tove Styrke |b|1992 | Ted Fujita |d|1998


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Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/November 20

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 * 284 – Diocletian (bust pictured) became Roman emperor, eventually establishing reforms that ended the Crisis of the Third Century.
 * 1739 – War of Jenkins' Ear: A British naval force arrived at the settlement of Portobello in the Spanish Main, capturing it the next day.
 * 1776 – American Revolutionary War: The Battle of Fort Lee saw the invasion of New Jersey by British and Hessian forces and the subsequent general retreat of the Continental Army.
 * 1902 – While discussing how to promote the newspaper L'Auto, sports journalist Géo Lefèvre came up with the idea of holding a cycling race that later became known as the Tour de France.
 * 1917 – First World War: The Battle of Cambrai began with British forces having initial success over Germany's Hindenburg Line.
 * 1969 – A group of Native American activists began a 19-month occupation of Alcatraz Island in San Francisco Bay.
 * 1979 – A group of armed insurgents attacked and took over the Masjid al-Haram in Mecca, declaring that one of their leaders was the Mahdi, the prophesied redeemer of Islam.
 * 1991 – First Nagorno-Karabakh War: An Azerbaijani military helicopter carrying a peacekeeping mission team was shot down in Nagorno-Karabakh, disrupting ongoing peace talks.
 * 1994 – In accordance with the Lusaka Protocol, the Angolan government signed a ceasefire with UNITA rebels in a failed attempt to end the Angolan Civil War.

 * Born/died: | Gervase Helwys |d|1615| Thomas Chatterton |b|1752| Henri-Georges Clouzot |b|1907| Pauli Murray |b|1910| Edgar Williams |b|1912|  Meredith Whitney |b|1969| Cri-Zelda Brits |b|1983| |Ancel Keys |d|2004|Ian Smith |d|2007

November 20

 * 1845 – Anglo-French blockade of the Río de la Plata: The Argentine Confederation was defeated in the Battle of Vuelta de Obligado, but the losses ultimately made the United Kingdom and France give up the blockade.
 * 1945 – The Nuremberg trials (defendants pictured) of 24 leading Nazis involved in the Holocaust and various war crimes during World War II began in Nuremberg, Germany.
 * 1947 – Princess Elizabeth, daughter of King George VI, married Lieutenant Philip Mountbatten, who was given the title Duke of Edinburgh.
 * 1990 – Andrei Chikatilo, one of the Soviet Union's most prolific serial killers, was arrested in Novocherkassk.
 * 2003 – Suicide bombers blew up the British consulate and the headquarters of HSBC Bank in Istanbul, killing 31 people, including consul general Roger Short and actor Kerem Yılmazer.


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Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/November 21

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 * 1620 – The Mayflower Compact, the first governing document of the Plymouth Colony, was signed by 41 of the Mayflower's passengers while the ship was anchored in what is now Provincetown Harbor.
 * 1894 – First Sino-Japanese War: After capturing the Chinese city of Port Arthur, the Japanese army began a massacre of the city's soldiers and civilians.
 * 1920 – Irish War of Independence: On Bloody Sunday in Dublin, the IRA assassinated a group of British intelligence agents, and British forces killed 14 civilians at a Gaelic football match at Croke Park.
 * 1922 – Rebecca Latimer Felton became the first woman to serve in the United States Senate, albeit for only one day.
 * 1945 – Manzanar, a camp in California for the internment of Japanese Americans during World War II, was closed.
 * 1959 – American disc jockey Alan Freed (pictured), who popularized the term rock and roll, was fired from WABC-AM for his role in the payola scandal.
 * 1964 – The Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge (pictured), connecting Staten Island and Brooklyn in New York City, opened to traffic as the longest suspension bridge in the world at the time.
 * 1970 – Vietnam War: American forces raided the North Vietnamese Sơn Tây prison camp in an attempt to rescue 61 American POWs who were thought to be held there.
 * 1974 – Bombs exploded in two pubs in central Birmingham, England, killing 21 people and leading to the imprisonment of six people who were later exonerated.
 * 1977 – "God Defend New Zealand" became New Zealand's second national anthem, on equal standing with "God Save the King", which had been the traditional anthem since 1840.
 * 2012 – A remote-controlled bomb exploded on a bus in Tel Aviv, Israel, injuring at least 28 people on board.
 * 2015 – The Belgian government imposed a four-day security lockdown in Brussels based on information about potential terrorist attacks.
 * Born/died this day: |Columbanus |d|615| Anne de Xainctonge |b|1567| Henry Purcell |d|1695| Hetty Green |b|1834| James Hogg |d|1835| Alexander Berkman |b|1870| Joe Darling |b|1870| Stan Musial |b|1920| Victor Chang |b|1936| Leopold Berchtold |d|1942| Michael Strahan |b|1971 | Annie |b|1977


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Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/November 22

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 * 1635 – Dutch colonial forces on Taiwan launched a three-month pacification campaign against the island's indigenous peoples.
 * 1718 – The pirate Blackbeard (pictured) was killed in battle by a boarding party of British sailors off the coast of the Province of North Carolina.
 * 1873 – The French steamship Ville du Havre collided with a Scottish iron clipper in the North Atlantic and sank with the loss of 226 lives.
 * 1910 – The crews of three Brazilian warships – all commissioned only months before – and several smaller vessels mutinied against perceived "slavery" being practised in the Brazilian Navy.
 * 1963 – John F. Kennedy was assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald in Dallas, Texas; hours later, Lyndon B. Johnson was sworn in aboard Air Force One as the 36th President of the United States.
 * 1967 – The United Nations Security Council unanimously adopted Resolution 242 in the aftermath of the Six-Day War between Israel and Egypt, Jordan, and Syria.
 * 1971 – In Britain's worst mountaineering tragedy, five teenage students and one of their leaders were found dead from exposure on the Cairngorm Plateau in the Scottish Highlands.
 * 1975 – Two days after the death of Francisco Franco, Juan Carlos I was declared King of Spain according to the law of succession promulgated by Franco.
 * 1988 – The B-2 Spirit stealth bomber of the United States Air Force was first displayed in public at Air Force Plant 42 in Palmdale, California.
 * 1995 – Toy Story, the first feature film created using only computer-generated imagery, was released in theaters in the United States.
 * Born/died this day: | As-Salih Ayyub|d|1249| John Alsop|d|1794| Johann Christian Reil|d|1813| George Eliot|b|1819| Katherine Plunket|b|1820| Serranus Clinton Hastings|b|1814| Frank Matcham|b|1854| Émile Lemoine|b|1840|Mary Boykin Chesnut|d|1886| Mick Shann|b|1917| Edwin Thumboo|b|1933| Baby Huwae|b|1939| Chip Berlet|b|1949| Aldous Huxley|d|1963| Mark Ruffalo|b|1967| Marjane Satrapi|b|1969| Hans Adolf Krebs |d|1981| Scarlett Johansson|b|1984| Asima Chatterjee|d|2006|


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Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/November 23

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 * 1635 – Dutch pacification campaign on Formosa: Soldiers from the Dutch East India Company razed the village of Mattou, now part of modern-day Tainan, Taiwan.
 * 1733 – African slaves in the Danish West Indies began an insurrection in one of the earliest and longest slave revolts in the Americas.
 * 1924 – The New York Times published evidence from Edwin Hubble (pictured) stating that the Andromeda Nebula, previously believed to be part of the Milky Way, is in fact another galaxy.
 * 1976 – Jacques Mayol became the first person to freedive to a depth of 100 metres (330 ft).
 * 1980 – An earthquake struck the Irpinia region of Italy, killing at least 2,483 people, injuring more than 7,700 and leaving 250,000 homeless.
 * 2003 – Rose Revolution: Eduard Shevardnadze resigned as President of Georgia following weeks of mass protests over disputed election results.
 * 2007 – MS Explorer became the first cruise ship to sink in the Southern Ocean.
 * 2009 – A crowd of people on their way to register Esmael Mangudadatu's candidacy for governor of Maguindanao, Philippines, were kidnapped and killed by supporters of his rival, resulting in 58 deaths.
 * 2011 – Arab Spring: After months of protests in Yemen, President Ali Abdullah Saleh agreed to transfer power to Vice President Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi.
 * 2012 – "Il Canto degli Italiani" officially became the national anthem of Italy, 66 years after it was provisionally chosen following the birth of the Italian Republic.
 * Born this day: | Eadred |d|955| Beatriz Galindo |d|1535| Prospero Alpini |b|1553| Richard Hakluyt |d|1616| Jean-Baptiste Jourdan |d|1833| Mary Brewster Hazelton |b|1868| El Lissitzky |b|1890| Anne Burns |b|1915| Mary Landrieu |b|1955| Shangguan Yunzhu |d|1968| Yusof Ishak |d|1970| Miley Cyrus |b|1992| Mary Whitehouse |d|2001|

November 23: Thanksgiving in the United States (2023)

 * 1644 – In opposition to licensing and censorship during the English Civil War, John Milton's Areopagitica (title page pictured) was published, arguing for the right to free expression.
 * 1700 – A papal conclave, which had been deadlocked due to concerns over how a successor would respond to the impending death of Charles II of Spain, ended with the election of Clement XI.
 * 1867 – The Manchester Martyrs were hanged in Manchester, England, for involvement in a scheme to free two Irish nationalists from custody in which a police officer was killed.
 * 1876 – William "Boss" Tweed, a New York City politician who had been arrested for embezzlement, was handed over to US authorities after having escaped from prison and fled to Spain.
 * 1963 – The first episode of Doctor Who, the world's longest-running science fiction television show, was broadcast on BBC television, starring William Hartnell as the first incarnation of the title role.


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Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/November 24

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 * 1542 – Anglo-Scottish Wars: England captured about 1,200 Scots with a victory at the Battle of Solway Moss.
 * 1750 – Tarabai, the former regent of the Maratha Empire, had Rajaram II, whom she had previously claimed to be her grandson, arrested as an impostor.
 * 1859 – British naturalist Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species was first published, and sold out its initial print run on the first day.
 * 1863 – American Civil War: As part of the Chattanooga campaign in Chattanooga, Tennessee, Union forces captured Lookout Mountain, helping them to begin breaking the Confederate siege of the city.
 * 1906 – The second of two games between two Ohio football teams took place, after which accusations were made that players conspired to deliberately lose games.
 * 1943 – World War II: Following the American capture of Makin Atoll, USS Liscome Bay was sunk by a torpedo from Japanese submarine I-175, killing 644.
 * 1950 – The "Great Appalachian Storm", a large extratropical cyclone, struck the east coast of the United States before moving northeast.
 * 1963 – During a live television broadcast, businessman Jack Ruby shot and fatally wounded Lee Harvey Oswald, who assassinated U.S. president John F. Kennedy, fueling numerous conspiracy theories.
 * 1971 – After collecting a ransom payout of $200,000, D. B. Cooper (depicted) parachuted out of the rear stairway of the airplane he had hijacked over the Pacific Northwest and disappeared.
 * 1976 – A magnitude 7.3 earthquake struck eastern Turkey, destroying 80 per cent of the buildings in the area, with at least 4,000 casualties.
 * 2009 – The Avdhela Project, an Aromanian digital library and cultural initiative, is launched in Bucharest, Romania.
 * 2012 – A fire at a clothing factory in the Ashulia district on the outskirts of Dhaka, Bangladesh, killed at least 117 people.
 * 2015 – A Russian Sukhoi Su-24 attack aircraft was shot down by a Turkish fighter jet after the former allegedly strayed into Turkish airspace and ignored warnings to change course.
 * Born/died this day: | Bagrat IV of Georgia |d|1072| Pietro Torrigiano |b|1472| Laurence Sterne |b|1713| Zachary Taylor |b|1784| Philip Hamilton |d|1801| William Webb Ellis |b|1806| Anna Jarvis |d|1948| Diego Rivera |d|1957| Arundhati Roy |b|1961| Goo Hara|d|2019


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Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/November 25

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 * 1510 – Afonso de Albuquerque, the governor of Portuguese India, led an armada to conquer Goa.
 * 1678 – Trunajaya rebellion: After a series of difficult marches, allied Mataram and Dutch troops successfully assaulted the rebel stronghold of Kediri in eastern Java.
 * 1759 – The second of two strong earthquakes struck the Levant and destroyed all the villages in the Beqaa Valley.
 * 1795 – Stanisław II Augustus, the last king of Poland, was forced to abdicate after the Third Partition of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.
 * 1863 – American Civil War: Confederate forces were defeated at the Battle of Missionary Ridge in Chattanooga, Tennessee, opening the door to the Union's invasion of the Deep South.
 * 1901 – Gustav Mahler's Symphony No. 4 premiered in Munich.
 * 1917 – World War I: German troops invaded Portuguese East Africa in an attempt to escape superior British forces to the north and resupply from captured Portuguese materiel.
 * 1936 – Nazi Germany and the Empire of Japan signed the Anti-Comintern Pact, agreeing that, if the Soviet Union attacked one of them, they would consult each other on what measures to take to "safeguard their common interests".
 * 1940 – The de Havilland Mosquito, one of the most successful military aircraft in the Second World War, made its first flight.
 * 1947 – McCarthyism: Executives from movie studios agreed to blacklist ten screenwriters and directors who were jailed for refusing to give testimony to the House Un-American Activities Committee.
 * 1952 – Korean War: After 42 days of fighting, the Battle of Triangle Hill ended as American and South Korean units abandoned their attempt to capture the "Iron Triangle".
 * 1960 – Three of the four Mirabal sisters, who opposed the dictatorship of military strongman Rafael Trujillo in the Dominican Republic, were beaten and strangled to death.
 * 1970 – After failing to instigate a military coup to restore the powers of the Emperor of Japan, author Yukio Mishima publicly committed ritual suicide.
 * 1975 – Upon Suriname's independence from the Netherlands, Johan Ferrier (pictured) became its first president.
 * 1981 – A group of Conservative Party members of parliament wrote a letter outlining their opposition to the economic policy of Margaret Thatcher leading to speculation over a split from the party by the Gang of 25.
 * 1984 – Band Aid, a supergroup consisting of more than 30 leading British and Irish pop musicians, recorded the song "Do They Know It's Christmas?" to raise money for famine relief in Ethiopia.
 * Born/died: | Andrea Doria |d|1560| Hu Zongxian |d|1565| Henrietta Maria of France |b|1609| Johann Georg Pisendel |d|1755| Maurice Denis |b|1870| Princess Victoria Melita of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha |b|1876| Hermann Kolbe |d|1884| Thomas A. Hendricks |d|1885| Alexis Wright |b|1950| Charles Kennedy |b|1959| John F. Kennedy Jr. |b|1960| Nick Drake |d|1974|


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Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/November 26

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 * 1842 – The University of Notre Dame (main building pictured) was founded by Edward Sorin of the Congregation of Holy Cross as an all-male institution in the U.S. state of Indiana.
 * 1852 – A massive earthquake struck the Dutch East Indies, creating a tsunami that washed away villages, ships and residents.
 * 1914 – A large internal explosion destroyed HMS Bulwark (1899) near Sheerness, killing 741 people on board.
 * 1939 – The Soviet Red Army shelled the village of Mainila and then claimed that the fire originated from Finland, giving them a casus belli to launch the Winter War a few days later.
 * 1942 – World War II: Josip Broz Tito and the Yugoslav Partisans convened the first meeting of the Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia at Bihać in northwestern Bosnia.
 * 1977 – A speaker claiming to represent the "Intergalactic Association" interrupted a Southern Television broadcast in South East England.
 * 1983 – Six robbers broke into a Brink's-Mat warehouse at Heathrow Airport in London and stole £26 million in gold, diamonds and cash.
 * 2011 – NASA launched the Mars Science Laboratory mission from Cape Canaveral, carrying the Curiosity rover onboard.
 * 2011 – In a friendly-fire incident, a skirmish occurred between U.S.-led NATO forces and Pakistani security forces at two military checkposts along the Afghanistan–Pakistan border.
 * Born/died this day: | Ralph Agas |d|1621| William Derham |b|1657| Artemas Ward |b|1727| Rudolph Koenig |b|1832|   Helen C. White |b|1896| Adolfo Pérez Esquivel |b|1931| Tina Turner |b|1939|


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Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/November 27

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 * 1095 – At the Council of Clermont, Pope Urban II called for the First Crusade, declaring holy war against the Muslims who had occupied the Holy Land and were attacking the Eastern Roman Empire.
 * 1161 – A Song dynasty fleet defeated Jin ships in a naval engagement on the Yangtze river during the Jin–Song Wars.
 * 1703 – The great storm of 1703, one of the most severe storms to strike southern Great Britain, destroyed the first Eddystone Lighthouse off Plymouth.
 * 1895 – Swedish chemist and industrialist Alfred Nobel (pictured) signed his last will and testament, setting aside the bulk of his estate to establish the Nobel Prize after his death.
 * 1943 – World War II: Australian forces began the Battle of Wareo by conducting clearing operations between Bonga and North Hill.
 * 1944 – Between 3,500 and 4,000 tonnes of ordnance exploded at the RAF Fauld underground munitions storage depot in the largest non-nuclear explosion in the United Kingdom.
 * 1945 – A consortium of twenty-two U.S. charities founded CARE with the mission of delivering food aid to Europe in the aftermath of World War II.
 * 1989 – A bomb placed by the Medellín Cartel in an attempt to kill Colombian presidential candidate César Gaviria destroyed Avianca Flight 203, killing 110 people, but Gaviria was not on the flight.
 * 1991 – Operations at the Reagan Test Site were disrupted due to the nearby formation of Tropical Storm Zelda.
 * 1999 – The Labour Party defeated the governing National Party in the New Zealand general election, with Labour's Helen Clark becoming the country's first female prime minister to have won office at an election.
 * 2001 – Astronomers announced the detection of sodium in the atmosphere of the extrasolar planet HD 209458 b (artist's impression pictured), the first exoplanet atmosphere to be measured.
 * 2009 – A bomb exploded under, and derailed, a Russian high-speed train travelling between Moscow and Saint Petersburg, killing 28 passengers.
 * 2020 – Nuclear physicist Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, regarded as the chief of Iran's nuclear program, was assassinated, allegedly by Mossad.
 * Born/died: | Françoise d'Aubigné, Marquise de Maintenon |b|1635| Increase Sumner |b|1746| Georg Forster |b|1754| Rachel Brooks Gleason |b|1820| Ada Lovelace |d|1852| William Bliss Baker |b|1859| Charles A. Beard |b|1874| Arthur Sullivan |b|1896| Jean Albert Gaudry |d|1908| Glynn Lunney |b|1936| May Gibbs |d|1969| Gary Speed |d|2011 Phillip Hughes |d|2014

November 27: Guru Nanak Gurpurab (Sikhism, 2023)

 * 1835 – James Pratt and John Smith became the last people to be executed in England for sodomy.
 * 1856 – William III (pictured) unilaterally revised the constitution of Luxembourg, greatly expanding his powers as grand duke.
 * 1950 – Korean War: The Chinese People's Volunteer Army launched multiple attacks against United Nations forces, beginning the Battle of Chosin Reservoir.
 * 1963 – President Lyndon B. Johnson delivered the "Let Us Continue" speech to a joint session of the U.S. Congress five days after the assassination of John F. Kennedy, in which he advocated for civil-rights legislation and national cohesion.
 * 2009 – Lady Gaga performed the first concert of The Monster Ball Tour, which became the highest-grossing tour in history for a debut headlining artist.


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Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/November 28

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 * 1470 – Đại Việt emperor Lê Thánh Tông launched a military expedition against Champa, beginning the Champa–Đại Việt War.
 * 1660 – Robert Boyle, John Wilkins, Christopher Wren and other leading scientists met at Gresham College in London to found a learned society, now known as the Royal Society.
 * 1912 – At the All-Albanian Congress, the Assembly of Vlorë was constituted, which declared the independence of the Albanian Vilayet from the Ottoman Empire.
 * 1925 – Grand Ole Opry, the longest-running radio broadcast in the United States, first aired on WSM in Nashville, Tennessee.
 * 1967 – Jocelyn Bell Burnell noticed a "bit of scruff" in data from a radio telescope, which turned out to be from PSR B1919+21, the first discovered pulsar.
 * 1975 – East Timor declared independence from Portugal.
 * 1979 – Air New Zealand Flight 901 crashed into Antarctica's Mount Erebus, killing all 257 people on board.
 * 1987 – South African Airways Flight 295 suffered a catastrophic in-flight fire and crashed into the Indian Ocean east of Mauritius, killing all 159 people on board.

 * Born/died this day: | Abraham Brueghel |baptised|1631| Betty Parris |b|1682| Matsuo Bashō |d|1694| Isaac Martin Rebow |b|1731| Esther Wheelwright |d|1780| Johann Peter Salomon |d|1815| Adina Emilia de Zavala |b|1861| Gregorio Perfecto |b|1891| Nancy Mitford |b|1904| Keith Miller |b|1919| ʻAbdu'l-Bahá |d|1921| Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque |d|1947|  Whitney Engen |b|1987

November 28: Bukovina Day in Romania (1918)

 * 1443 – Having deserted the Ottoman army, Skanderbeg (pictured) arrived in the Albanian city of Krujë and, using a forged letter from Sultan Murad II to the governor of Krujë, became lord of the city.
 * 1895 – The Chicago Times-Herald race, the first automobile race in the U.S., was held in Chicago.
 * 1903 – SS Petriana struck a reef near Point Nepean, leading to Australia's first major oil spill and a debate over the White Australia policy.
 * 1966 – In a military coup, Michel Micombero abolished the Burundian monarchy and declared the country a republic with himself as president.
 * 2016 – LaMia Flight 2933 crashed near Medellín, Colombia, killing 71 people, many of whom were players from Chapecoense Football Club.


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 * 903 – The Abbasid Caliphate captured the Qarmatian leadership at the Battle of Hama in Syria, opening the way for the reconquest of Tulunid Egypt.
 * 1729 – Natchez Indians revolted against French colonists near modern-day Natchez, Mississippi, killing approximately 230 people.
 * 1776 – American Revolutionary War: British reinforcements brought an end to the Patriot attempt to capture Fort Cumberland in Nova Scotia.
 * 1854 – An estimated crowd of more than 10,000 demonstrators swore allegiance to the Eureka Flag (pictured) as a symbol of defiance, in advance of the Eureka Rebellion in Ballarat, Australia.
 * 1864 – American Indian Wars: A 700-man Colorado Territory militia attacked a village of Cheyenne and Arapaho, killing 133 men, women, and children.
 * 1890 – The National Diet of Japan (pictured in session), a bicameral legislature modelled after both the German Reichstag and the British Westminster system, first met in Tokyo.
 * 1899 – FC Barcelona, one of the most successful clubs in Spanish football, was founded by Swiss football pioneer Joan Gamper.
 * 1947 – The United Nations General Assembly voted to approve the Partition Plan for Palestine, a plan to resolve the Arab–Israeli conflict in Mandatory Palestine by separating the territory into Jewish and Arab states.
 * 1979 – The controversial Tellico Dam project by the Tennessee Valley Authority is completed despite being ordered to shut down from the Supreme Court of the United States' decision in Tennessee Valley Authority v. Hill.
 * 1982 – Michael Jackson's Thriller, the best-selling album of all time, was released.
 * 1987 – A time bomb planted by North Korean agents on Korean Air Flight 858 detonated over the Andaman Sea, killing all 115 people on board.
 * 2007 – During their trial for the 2003 Oakwood mutiny, Philippine soldiers led by Senator Antonio Trillanes mutinied and seized a conference room in The Peninsula Manila in Makati.
 * Born/died: | Claudio Monteverdi |d|1643| Public Universal Friend |b|1752| Amos Bronson Alcott |b|1799| Mary Somerville |d|1872| Artur Phleps |b|1881| Emma Morano |b|1899| Abdullah Cevdet |d|1932| Janet Smith |b|1940| Lalit Modi |b|1963


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Klipspringer

The klipspringer (Oreotragus oreotragus) is a small antelope found in eastern and southern Africa. The sole member of its genus and subfamily/tribe, the klipspringer was first described by German zoologist Eberhard August Wilhelm von Zimmermann in 1783. The klipspringer is a small, sturdy antelope; it reaches 43 - 60 cm at the shoulder and weighs from 8 to 18 kg. The coat of the klipspringer, yellowish gray to reddish brown, acts as an efficient camouflage in its rocky habitat. Unlike most other antelopes, the klipspringer has a thick and coarse coat with hollow, brittle hairs. The horns, short and spiky, typically measure 7.5 - 9 cm.

Typically nocturnal, the klipspringer rests during the middle of the day and late at night. A gregarious animal, the klipspringer is monogamous to a much greater extent than other antelopes; individuals of opposite sexes exhibit long-term to lifelong pair bonding. The mates tend to stay as close as within 5 m of each other at most times. Males form territories, 7.5 –, in which they stay with their partners and offspring. Primarily a browser, the klipspringer prefers young plants, fruits and flowers. Gestation lasts around six months, following which a single calf is born; births peak from spring to early summer. The calf leaves its mother when it turns a year old.

The klipspringer inhabits places characterised by rocky terrain and sparse vegetation. Its range extends from northeastern Sudan, Eritrea, Somaliland and Ethiopia in the east to South Africa in the south, and along coastal Angola and Namibia. The International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) classifies the klipspringer as Least Concern. There are no major threats to the survival of the klipspringer, as its habitat is inaccessible and unfavourable for hunting. Significant numbers occur on private farmlands. As of 2008, nearly 25% of the populations occur in protected areas throughout its range.

Taxonomy and etymology
The scientific name of the klipspringer is Oreotragus oreotragus, from Greek ὄρος (óros), "mountain", and τράγος (trágos), "he-goat". It is the sole member of the genus Oreotragus and subfamily Oreotraginae or tribe Oreotragini, and is classified under the family Bovidae. The species was first described by German zoologist Eberhard August Wilhelm von Zimmermann in 1783. The vernacular name "klipspringer" is a compound of the Afrikaans words klip ("rock") and springer ("leaper"). Another name for this antelope is "klipbok".

A 2012 phylogenetic study showed that the klipspringer is closely related to Kirk's dik-dik (Madoqua kirkii) and the suni (Neotragus moschatus). The klipspringer evolved nearly 14 million years ago. The cladogram below is based on this study.

As many as 11 subspecies have been identified, though zoologists Colin Groves and Peter Grubb treat a few of them as independent species in a 2011 publication:

 * O. o. aceratos Noack, 1899 : Noack's or southern Tanzanian klipspringer. Occurs in eastern and southern Africa, between rivers Rufiji and Zambezi.
 * O. o. aureus Heller, 1913 : Golden klipspringer. Occurs in Kenya.
 * O. o. centralis Hinton, 1921 : Zambian klipspringer. Occurs in central and southern Africa.
 * O. o. oreotragus (Zimmermann, 1783) : Cape klipspringer. Occurs in the Cape of Good Hope, South Africa.
 * O. o. porteousi Lydekker, 1911 : Occurs in central Africa.
 * O. o. saltatrixoides (Temminck, 1853) : Ethiopian klipspringer. Occurs in the highlands of Ethiopia.
 * O. o. schillingsi Neumann, 1902 : Maasai klipspringer. Occurs in eastern Africa.
 * O. o. somalicus Neumann, 1902 : Somali klipspringer. Occurs in northern Somalia.
 * O. o. stevensoni Roberts, 1946 : Stevenson's klipspringer. Occurs in western Zimbabwe.
 * O. o. transvaalensis Roberts, 1917 : Transvaal klipspringer. Occurs in South African highlands and Drakensberg.
 * O. o. tyleri Hinton, 1921 : Angolan klipspringer. Occurs in Namibia.

Description
The klipspringer is a small, sturdy antelope reaching 43 - 60 cm at the shoulder. The head-and-body length is typically between 75 and 115 cm. It weighs from 8 to 18 kg. The klipspringer is sexually dimorphic; females are slightly larger and heavier than the males. The tail measures 6.5 - 10.5 cm. Prominent facial features include the brown forehead, short ears marked with black, prominent preorbital glands near the eyes, and white lips and chin. The horns, short and spiky, present only on males, typically measure 7.5 - 9 cm; the maximum recorded horn length is 15.9 cm.

The coat of the klipspringer, yellowish gray to reddish brown, acts as an efficient camouflage in its rocky habitat; the underbelly is white. Unlike most other antelopes, the klipspringer has a thick and coarse coat with hollow, brittle hairs. The incisors might even get damaged by the hairs while grooming. However, the coat is a significant adaptation that saves the animal during steep falls and provides effective insulation in the extreme climates characteristic of its mountain habitat. A study showed that ticks occur in larger numbers on the underbelly, where the hair is less coarse. The hair often turns erect, especially if the animal is ill or if its temperature increases. Another feature unique to the klipspringer is its gait; it walks on the tips of its cylindrical, blunt hooves. This enhances the grip on the ground, enabling the animal to deftly climb and jump over rocky surfaces.

The subspecies vary in coat colour – from golden yellow in the Cape klipspringer, Ethiopian klipspringer, golden klipspringer and Transvaal klipspringer to ochre or rufous in the Maasai klipspringer, Stevenson's klipspringer and Zambian klipspringer. Cape klipspringer populations tend to have the largest males, while Maasai klipspringer exhibit the largest females.

Ecology and behaviour

Typically nocturnal (active mainly at night), the klipspringer rests during the midday and at late night; the animal tends to be more active on moonlit nights. It basks in the morning sunlight to warm itself. A gregarious animal, the klipspringer, like the dik-diks and the oribi, exhibits monogamy to a much greater extent than other antelopes; individuals of opposite sexes form pairs that might last until one dies. The mates tend to stay as close as within 5 m of each other at most times; for instance, they take turns at keeping a lookout for predators while the other feeds, and face any danger together. The klipspringer will hop a few metres away from the danger. Other social groups include small family herds of eight or more members or solitary individuals. Klipspringer greet one another by rubbing cheeks at social meetings.

Males form territories, 7.5 – large (the size depends on rainfall patterns), in which they stay with their partners and offspring. Males are generally more vigilant than females. Klipspringer form large dung heaps, nearly 1 m across and 10 cm deep, at the borders of territories; another form of marking is the secretion of a thick, black substance, measuring 5 mm across, from the preorbital glands onto vegetation and rocks in the territories. A study revealed that the tick Ixodes neitzi detects and aggregates on twigs marked by the klipspringer. Another study showed that plants near the borders with neighbouring territories are particularly preferred for marking. The main vocalisation is a shrill whistle, given out by the klipspringer pair in a duet, as a means of communication or anti-predator response. Predators include the baboon, black-backed jackal, caracal, crowned eagle, leopard, martial eagle, serval, spotted hyena and Verreaux's eagle. Birds such as familiar chats, pale-winged starlings, red-winged starlings and yellow-bellied bulbuls have been observed feeding on ectoparasites of klipspringer.

Diet
Primarily a browser, the klipspringer prefers young plants, fruits and flowers. Grasses, eaten mainly in the wet season, form a minor portion of the diet. Some plants, such as Vellozia, may be preferred seasonally. Klipspringer depend mainly on succulent plants, and not on water bodies, to meet their water requirement. They can stand on their hindlegs to reach tall branches up to 1.2 m above the ground; some individuals in Namibia were observed climbing Faidherbia albida trees up to a height of 5.4 m.

Reproduction
The klipspringer is a seasonal breeder; the time when mating occurs varies geographically. Females become sexually mature by the time they are a year old; males take slightly longer to mature. Mating behaviour has not been extensively observed. Gestation lasts around six months, following which a single calf, weighing slightly more than 1 kg, is born; births peak from spring to early summer. Births take place in dense vegetation. The newborn is carefully hidden for up to three months to protect it from the view of predators; the mother suckles it three to four times a day, the visits gradually lengthen as the offspring grows. Males are protective of their offspring, keeping a watch for other males and predators. The calf is weaned at four to five months, and leaves its mother when it turns a year old. The klipspringer lives for around 15 years.

Habitat and distribution
The klipspringer inhabits places characterised by rocky terrain and sparse vegetation. It migrates to lowlands at times of food scarcity. The klipspringer occurs at altitudes as high as 4,500 m on Mount Kilimanjaro. The klipspringer can occur at high population densities in favourable habitats extending over a large area; 10 to 14 individuals occur per square kilometre in the Simien Mountains National Park, Ethiopia. However, the habitat is typically rocky over long stretches and grassy terrain is discontinuous; consequently the population density is typically between 0.01 and 0.1 individual per square kilometre.

The antelope occurs in significant numbers across eastern and southern Africa; its range extends from northeastern Sudan, Eritrea, northern Somalia and Ethiopia in the east to South Africa in the south, and along coastal Angola and Namibia. Smaller populations occur in the northern and western highlands of Central African Republic, southeastern Democratic Republic of Congo, Jos Plateau and east of Gashaka Gumti National Park in Nigeria. It is feared to be extinct in Burundi.

Threats and conservation
The International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) classifies the klipspringer as Least Concern. The klipspringer is hunted for its meat, leather and hair. However, there are no major threats to the survival of the klipspringer, as its habitat is inaccessible and unfavourable for hunting. Moreover, the antelope does not have to compete with livestock, that do not frequent montane areas. However, populations at lower altitudes are more vulnerable to elimination.

In 1999, Rod East of the IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group estimated the total population of klipspringer at 42,000. Significant numbers occur on private farmlands. As of 2008, nearly 25% of the populations occur in protected areas such as the Simien and Bale Mountains National Parks (Ethiopia); Tsavo East and West National Parks (Kenya); North and South Luangwa National Parks (Zambia); Nyika National Park (Malawi); Namib-Naukluft National Park (Namibia); and Matobo National Park (Zimbabwe).

title: Klipspringer


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Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/November 30

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Day of Remembrance for All Victims of Chemical Warfare (usually on 30 November, but also on "first day of the regular session of the Conference" [of the States Parties to the Chemical Weapons Convention], in 2022 this was 28 November.

 * 1803 – An expedition led by Francisco Javier de Balmis departed A Coruña, Spain, with the aim of vaccinating millions in South America and Asia against smallpox.
 * 1853 – Russian warships led by Pavel Nakhimov destroyed an Ottoman fleet of frigates at the Battle of Sinop, prompting France and the United Kingdom to enter the Crimean War.
 * 1872 – The first international football match (pictured) took place at Hamilton Crescent, Glasgow, between Scotland and England.
 * 1936 – English mathematician Alan Turing published the first details of the Turing machine (model pictured), an abstract device that can simulate the logic of any computer algorithm by manipulating symbols.
 * 1942 – World War II: Japanese warships defeated the U.S. Navy in a nighttime naval battle off Tassafaronga, Guadalcanal.
 * 1947 – After the United Nations voted to adopt a partition plan for Palestine, a civil war broke out between the region's Jewish and Arab communities.
 * 1953 – Mutesa II, Kabaka of Buganda, was temporarily deposed and exiled to London by Andrew Cohen, the British governor of Uganda.
 * 1954 – A meteorite crashed through a roof in Sylacauga, Alabama, and hit a sleeping woman in the first verified case of a human being injured by an extraterrestrial object.
 * 1979 – The Wall, a rock opera and concept album by the English band Pink Floyd, was first released.
 * 1999 – Marconi Electronic Systems and British Aerospace merged to form BAE Systems, one of the world's largest defence companies.
 * 2005 – John Sentamu was enthroned as Archbishop of York, becoming the first black archbishop in the Church of England.

 * 2018 – a magnitude 7.1 earthquake hit Anchorage, Alaska (pictured) and caused over 100 injuries.

 * Born/died this day: | Emeric, King of Hungary |d|1204| William Gilbert |d|1603| Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha |b|1719| Alexander Berry |b|1781| Frederick Temple |b|1821| William-Adolphe Bouguereau |b|1825|  Liang Cheng  |b|1864| Henry Taube |b|1915| Mahmud Hasan Deobandi |d|1920| Joan Ganz Cooney |b|1929| Shawna Robinson  |b|1964|  Ahmadou Ahidjo |d|1989| Hildegard Temporini-Gräfin Vitzthum  |d|2004| Shane MacGowan  |d|2023|


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 * 1577 – Francis Walsingham (pictured), Elizabeth I of England's principal secretary and spymaster, was knighted.
 * 1822 – Pedro I was crowned the first emperor of Brazil, seven weeks after his reign began on his 24th birthday.
 * 1934 – Soviet politician Sergei Kirov was assassinated at the Smolny Institute in Leningrad.
 * 1941 – The Civil Air Patrol, the civilian auxiliary of the United States Air Force, was founded.
 * 1948 – In "one of Australia's most profound mysteries", the body of an unidentified man was found on Somerton beach in Adelaide, a case which remains unsolved.
 * 1953 – American men's magazine Playboy was founded in Chicago by Hugh Hefner and his associates.
 * 1955 – In a key event in the civil rights movement, Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a public bus to a white man in Montgomery, Alabama, sparking the Montgomery bus boycott.
 * 1958 – The musical Flower Drum Song by Rodgers and Hammerstein premiered on Broadway.
 * 1959 – Twelve countries signed the Antarctic Treaty, the first arms control agreement established during the Cold War, banning military activity in the Antarctic and setting the continent aside as a scientific preserve.
 * 1966 – The Pit, one of U.S. college basketball's premier arenas, opened on the campus of the University of New Mexico.
 * 1966 – The first Gävle goat, a Swedish Yule goat tradition, was constructed in Gävle and then burned to the ground on New Year's Eve.
 * 1991 – A referendum held to ratify the Act of Declaration of Independence of Ukraine passed with more than 92 percent of the vote.
 * 2019 – Vivianne Miedema scored six goals and had four assists for Arsenal W.F.C. in their 11–1 victory over Bristol City W.F.C. that broke the record for the most goals scored in a FA Women's Super League match.
 * Born/died: | Muhammad III of Alamut |d|1255| Giovanni Morone |d|1580| Florence Petty |b|1870| Archie MacLaren |b|1871|  Jeni Bojilova-Pateva |b|1878| William Swainson |d|1884| Jack Crawford |b|1886|  Candace Bushnell |b|1958| Jo Walton |b|1964|J. B. S. Haldane |d|1964 | Anna Roosevelt Halsted |d|1975|


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 * 1800 – War of the Second Coalition: French forces defeated Austrian and Bavarian troops at the Battle of Hohenlinden, eventually resulting in the Austrians signing the Treaty of Lunéville.
 * 1904 – Himalia, Jupiter's largest irregular moon, was discovered by Charles Dillon Perrine at the Lick Observatory in California.
 * 1910 – Freda Du Faur (pictured) became the first woman to climb Aoraki / Mount Cook, the highest peak in New Zealand.
 * 1959 – The current flag and coat of arms of Singapore was adopted, six months after the island became self-governing within the British Empire.
 * 1968 – American singer Elvis Presley's first television special and first live performance in seven years, Singer Presents ... Elvis, was broadcast by NBC.
 * 1976 – Jamaican reggae musician Bob Marley survived an assassination attempt by seven gunmen in Kingston.
 * 1979 – Eleven people were crushed in a human stampede at a concert by British rock band The Who in Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.

 * 1994 – Sony released the PlayStation, the first computer entertainment platform to ship 100 million units.
 * 1999 – NASA lost contact with the Mars Polar Lander moments before it reached the atmosphere of Mars and disappeared.
 * 2009 – A suicide bombing in Mogadishu, Somalia, killed 25 people, including three ministers of the Transitional Federal Government.
 * Born/died: | Birinus |d.or|649; 650| Gilbert Stuart |b|1755| Louisa Susannah Cheves McCord |b|1810|  Thomas Farrell |b|1891|  Mary Baker Eddy |d|1910| Paul J. Crutzen |b|1933 Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll |d|1939| Julianne Moore |b|1960


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 * 1370 – Hundred Years' War: In two separate engagements in the Battle of Pontvallain, French forces wiped out an English army which had split up because of a dispute between the commanders.
 * 1829 – Sati, the Hindu funeral custom of a widow's self-immolation on her husband's pyre, was prohibited by Lord William Bentinck in parts of British India after years of campaigning by Ram Mohan Roy (pictured).
 * 1893 – First Matabele War: A patrol of 34 British South Africa Company soldiers was ambushed and annihilated by more than 3,000 Matabele warriors.

* 1909 – The Montreal Canadiens, the oldest professional ice hockey club in the world, were founded as a charter member of the National Hockey Association.
 * 1909 – The first Grey Cup, the championship game of the Canadian Football League, was held in Toronto.
 * 1928 – Cosmo Gordon Lang was enthroned as the Archbishop of Canterbury, the first bachelor to be appointed in 150 years.
 * 1969 – Fred Hampton, the leader of the Illinois chapter of the Black Panther Party, and Mark Clark were killed in a raid by Chicago police officers in what many scholars consider an illegal assassination.* *1971 – The Troubles: The Ulster Volunteer Force, an Ulster-loyalist paramilitary group, detonated a bomb at a Catholic-owned pub in Belfast, Northern Ireland, killing 15 people.* 1978 – Following the murder of Mayor George Moscone, Dianne Feinstein became San Francisco's first female mayor.
 * 1986 – The MV Amazon Venture oil tanker starts leaking while at the port of Savannah, resulting in an oil spill of approximately 500,000 gal.
 * 1992 – U.S. president George H. W. Bush ordered American troops into Somalia to help provide humanitarian aid and restore order during the ongoing Somali Civil War.
 * 2012 – "Il Canto degli Italiani" officially became the national anthem of Italy, 66 years after it was provisionally chosen following the birth of the Italian Republic.
 * Born/died: |Pope John XXII |d|1334| John Cotton |b|1585| John Leamy |d|1839| Gregor MacGregor |d|1845| Jesse Burkett |b|1868| ' Roberta Bondar |b|1945| Hannah Arendt |d|1975| Pearl Corkhill |d|1985| Frank Zappa |d|1993


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 * 1484 – Pope Innocent VIII issued the papal bull Summis desiderantes affectibus, which gave the Dominican inquisitor Heinrich Kramer the explicit authority to prosecute witchcraft in Germany.
 * 1775 – American Revolutionary War: Continental Army colonel Henry Knox arrived at Fort Ticonderoga in New York to arrange the transport of 60 tons of artillery (depicted) to support the siege of Boston.
 * 1914 – The Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition began in an attempt to make the first land crossing of Antarctica.
 * 1916 – Amid the First World War and following his loss of support in Parliament, British Prime Minister H. H. Asquith resigned.
 * 1936 – The 1936 Soviet constitution, also known as the "Stalin constitution", was adopted.
 * 1939 – The remains of Pedro II of Brazil, who was ousted and exiled in a republican coup, were buried after being repatriated.
 * 1945 – Flight 19, a squadron of five U.S. Navy torpedo bombers, disappeared over the Bermuda Triangle.
 * 1952 – The "Great Smog of London" began and lasted for five days, causing 12,000 deaths and leading to the Clean Air Act 1956.
 * 1965 – The "glasnost meeting" took place in Moscow, becoming the first demonstration in the Soviet Union after World War II and marking the beginning of the civil rights movement in the country.
 * 1972 – Gough Whitlam took office as the 21st Prime Minister of Australia and formed a duumvirate with his deputy Lance Barnard, ending 23 years of Liberal-Country Party government.
 * 1974 – The Birmingham Americans won the only World Bowl in World Football League history.
 * 1995 – Azerbaijan Airlines Flight 56 crashed shortly after takeoff from Nakhchivan Airport, killing 52 people on board.
 * 2007 – A nineteen-year-old gunman went on a shooting spree at a shopping mall in Omaha, Nebraska, U.S., killing nine people, including himself.
 * Born/died: | Ealhswith |d|902| Joan, Countess of Flanders |d|1244| Phillis Wheatley |d|1784| James Guthrie |b|1792 Afanasy Fet |b|1820|Jacobus Anthonie Meessen |b|1836| John Jellicoe, 1st Earl Jellicoe |b|1859| Arthur Currie |b|1875| Clyde Cessna |b|1879| Louise Bryant |b|1885|  Amrita Sher-Gil |d|1941| Princess Alice of Battenberg |d|1969| Clair Cameron Patterson |d|1995


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 * 963 – Leo VIII was ordained a bishop, claiming the Holy See as an antipope supported by Otto the Great.
 * 1240 – After days of bombardment, Mongol invaders under Batu Khan breached the walls of Kiev and plundered the city, slaughtering its inhabitants.
 * 1803 – Haitian Revolution: Nearly all the final French ships in Haiti were captured by the Royal Navy when they attempted to evade the blockade of Saint-Domingue.
 * 1865 – Slavery in the United States was officially abolished when the Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution was ratified.
 * 1904 – President Theodore Roosevelt announced the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, justifying the exercise of "international police power" by the U.S. in the Western Hemisphere.
 * 1907 – A mine explosion in Monongah, West Virginia, killed 362 people and led to the establishment of the United States Bureau of Mines.
 * 1917 – A ship in Halifax Harbour, Nova Scotia, Canada, carrying TNT and picric acid caught fire after a collision with another ship and caused the second-largest man-made accidental explosion in history.
 * 1917 – World War I: USS Jacob Jones (DD-61) became the first American destroyer to be sunk by enemy action when it was torpedoed by German submarine SM U-53.
 * 1933 — In United States v. One Book Called Ulysses  Judge John M. Woolsey ruled that James Joyce's novel Ulysses was not obscene, allowing it to be imported into the United States.
 * 1941 – The British Secret Intelligence Service established a facility known as Camp X (pictured) in Ontario, Canada, to train covert agents in clandestine operations.
 * 1942 – The Holocaust: Members of German Ordnungspolizei massacred 31 people in occupied Poland for helping Jews.
 * 1956 – In what became known as the "Blood in the Water" match at the Melbourne Olympics, the Hungarian water polo team defeated the USSR 4–0 against the background of the Hungarian Revolution.
 * 1957 – The first U.S. attempt to launch a satellite failed with an explosion on the launch pad at Cape Canaveral.
 * 1967 – American physician Adrian Kantrowitz and his team performed the world's first pediatric heart transplant at Maimonides Medical Center in New York City.
 * 1975 – Four members of the Provisional Irish Republican Army took two people hostage in a house on Balcombe Street in London, surrendering six days later.
 * 1982 – The Irish National Liberation Army exploded a time bomb in Ballykelly, Northern Ireland, killing eleven British Army soldiers and six civilians.
 * 1989 – Claiming to be "fighting feminism", 25-year-old Marc Lépine killed fourteen women before committing suicide at the École Polytechnique in Montreal, Canada.
 * 1990 – An Italian Air Force military jet, abandoned by its pilot after an on-board fire, crashed into a high school near Bologna, killing 12 students and injuring 88 other people.
 * 1992 – The Babri Masjid in Ayodhya, India, was demolished by Hindu Kar Sevaks, who believed that it was built on the birthplace of Rama.
 * 1999 – The Recording Industry Association of America filed a lawsuit against the peer-to-peer file sharing network Napster, alleging that the service facilitated widespread copyright infringement.
 * 2005 – An Iranian Lockheed C-130 transport aircraft crashed into a ten-floor apartment building in a residential area of Tehran, killing over 100 people.
 * 2015 – In the Venezuelan parliamentary election, the ruling United Socialist Party lost control of the National Assembly for the first time in 16 years.
 * Born/died: | Jan van Scorel |d|1562| Maria de Dominici |b|1645| Marie Adélaïde of Savoy |b|1685| Guillaume-Chrétien de Lamoignon de Malesherbes |b|1721|  Robert Spear Hudson |b|1812| William Arnott |b|1827| George H. D. Gossip|b|1841| Mary Margaret O'Reilly |d|1949| Satoru Iwata |b|1959| Pete Rozelle |d|1996


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Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/December 7

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 * 574 – Suffering from mental illness, Eastern Roman emperor Justin II had his general Tiberius proclaimed Caesar, adopting him as his own son.

 * 1862 – American Civil War: The Battle of Prairie Grove ended a Confederate attempt to regain control of northwestern Arkansas.
 * 1869 – American outlaw Jesse James committed his first confirmed bank robbery in Gallatin, Missouri.
 * 1936 – Australian cricketer Jack Fingleton became the first player to score centuries in four consecutive Test innings.
 * 1972 – Construction workers found the remains of Martin Bormann and Ludwig Stumpfegger near Lehrter Station in Berlin, ending a decades-long search after Bormann's conviction in absentia at the Nuremberg trials.
 * 1975 – The Indonesian military invaded East Timor under the pretext of anti-colonialism, beginning an occupation.
 * 1995 – The Galileo spacecraft (illustration shown) arrived at Jupiter, a little more than six years after it was launched by Space Shuttle Atlantis during Mission STS-34.
 * 2005 – Spanish authorities captured Croatian Army general Ante Gotovina, who was wanted for war crimes committed during the Croatian War of Independence; he was eventually cleared of all charges.
 * 2015 – The JAXA space probe Akatsuki (illustration shown) entered into orbit around Venus to study the planet's atmosphere, five years after its first attempt failed.

 * Born/died this day: | Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi |b|903| Charles Garnier |d|1649| Richard Bellingham |d|1672|Theodor Schwann |b|1810| Joseph Cook |b|1860| Willa Cather |b|1873|  Martha Layne Collins |b|1936| Nicholas Hoult |b|1989 Jeane Kirkpatrick |d|2006

December 7: Feast day of Saint Ambrose (Christianity); National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day in the United States (1941)

 * 43 BC – Cicero, widely considered one of ancient Rome's greatest orators and prose stylists, was killed after having been proscribed as an enemy of the state.
 * 1837 – British troops swiftly defeated rebels led by William Lyon Mackenzie and Anthony Van Egmond at the Battle of Montgomery's Tavern, the only major confrontation of the Upper Canada Rebellion.

 * 1988 – A 6.8 Ms earthquake struck the Spitak region of Armenia, killing at least 25,000 people (aftermath pictured).
 * 2011 – The United States transferred its last base in the Al Anbar Governorate to the Iraqi government, ending the Anbar campaign.


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Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/December 8

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 * 1660 – Margaret Hughes appeared professionally on the English stage; she is thought to have been the first woman to do so.
 * 1854 – Pope Pius IX (pictured) promulgated the apostolic constitution Ineffabilis Deus, proclaiming the dogmatic definition of the Immaculate Conception, which holds that the Virgin Mary was conceived free of original sin.
 * 1880 – At an assembly of 10,000 Boers, Paul Kruger announced the fulfilment of the decision to restore the government and volksraad of the South African Republic.
 * 1941 – The Holocaust: The Chełmno extermination camp in occupied Poland, the first such Nazi camp to kill Jews, began operations.
 * 1972 – During an aborted landing and go-around while approaching Chicago's Midway International Airport, United Airlines Flight 553 crashed into a residential neighborhood, destroying five houses and killing forty-five people.
 * 1987 – A man shot and killed eight people at the Australia Post building in Melbourne, before jumping to his death.
 * 1987 – Arab–Israeli conflict: An Israeli army tank transporter killed four Palestinian refugees and injured seven others during a traffic accident at the Erez Crossing on the Israel–Gaza Strip border, sparking the First Intifada.
 * 1991 – Belarusian, Russian and Ukrainian leaders signed the Belovezh Accords, agreeing to dissolve the Soviet Union and establish the Commonwealth of Independent States.
 * 1998 – The Australian Cricket Board's cover-up of Shane Warne and Mark Waugh's involvement with bookmakers was revealed.
 * 2013 – After a fatal car accident in the Little India region of Singapore, angry mobs of passers-by attacked the bus involved and emergency vehicles, the first riot in the country in over 40 years.
 * 2023 – FDA approval of exagamglogene autotemcel, the first CRISPR gene editing therapy to be approved.
 * Born/died this day: | John Peckham |d|1292| John Pym |d|1643| Antonio de Benavides |b|1678|Maria Josepha of Austria |b|1699| Georges Méliès |b|1861| Georges Feydeau |b|1862| George Boole |d|1864| Jean Sibelius |b|1865| John Banville |b|1945| Peig Sayers |d|1958| Betty Holberton |d|2001


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Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/December 9

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 * 1775 – American Revolutionary War: After their loss in the Battle of Great Bridge, British authorities were forced to evacuate from the Colony of Virginia.
 * 1822 – In a memoir read to the French Academy of Sciences, Augustin-Jean Fresnel coined the terms linear, circular, and elliptical polarization, and reported a direct refraction experiment verifying his theory that optical rotation is a form of birefringence.
 * 1888 – The first edition of the Argosy magazine was published under the title The Golden Argosy.
 * 1892 – The English association football club Newcastle United was founded by the merger of Newcastle East End and West End.
 * 1905 – Legislation establishing state secularism in France was passed by the Chamber of Deputies.
 * 1911 – A mine explosion near Briceville, Tennessee, killed 84 miners despite a well-organized rescue effort led by the United States Bureau of Mines.
 * 1917 – First World War: Hussein al-Husayni, the Ottoman mayor of Jerusalem, surrendered the city to British forces (pictured).
 * 1940 – Second World War: British and Commonwealth forces began Operation Compass, the first major Allied military operation of the Western Desert campaign.
 * 1961 – Tanganyika Territory gained independence from Britain before becoming part of Tanzania three years later.
 * 1965 – A large, brilliant fireball was seen by thousands in midwestern North America before crash landing in Kecksburg, Pennsylvania.
 * 1969 – U.S. secretary of state William P. Rogers proposed a plan, later called the Rogers Plan, for a ceasefire in the War of Attrition; Egypt's and Jordan's acceptance of the plan over Palestine Liberation Organization objections led to civil war in Jordan in September 1970.
 * 1979 – A World Health Organization commission of scientists certified the global eradication of smallpox, making it the only human infectious disease to date to have been completely eradicated.
 * 1981 – Mumia Abu-Jamal was arrested for the murder of Philadelphia police officer Daniel Faulkner; his subsequent conviction and death sentence generated controversy in the United States.
 * 2016 – Park Geun-hye, the president of South Korea, was impeached, marking the culmination of the country's political scandal.
 * 2017 – Same-sex marriage in Australia became legal as the Marriage Amendment (Definition and Religious Freedoms) Act 2017 came into effect.
 * Born/died this day: | Nasr ibn Sayyar |d|748| Gertrude of Brunswick |b|1117|  Golding Bird |b|1814|  Joe Kelley |b|1871| Lilias Armstrong |d|1937| Giacomo dalla Torre |b|1944|  Denise Phua |b|1959 | Feroz Khan Noon |d|1970

December 9: International Anti-Corruption Day

 * 1688 – In the only substantial military action in England during the Glorious Revolution, forces loyal to William of Orange were decisively victorious in the Battle of Reading.
 * 1897 – French actress, journalist and leading suffragette Marguerite Durand founded the feminist newspaper La Fronde.
 * 1948 – The United Nations General Assembly adopted the Genocide Convention, which defines genocide in legal terms and advises its signatories to prevent and punish such actions.
 * 1968 – Douglas Engelbart gave what became known as "The Mother of All Demos", publicly debuting the computer mouse (pictured), hypertext, and the bit-mapped graphical user interface using the oN-Line System (NLS).
 * 2008 – Governor of Illinois Rod Blagojevich was arrested for a number of corruption crimes, including attempting to sell the U.S. Senate seat that was being vacated by then-President-elect Barack Obama.


text:
Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/December 10

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 * 1684 – Edmond Halley presented the paper De motu corporum in gyrum, containing Isaac Newton's derivation of Kepler's laws from his theory of gravity, to the Royal Society.
 * 1768 – The first edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica was released in Edinburgh.
 * 1861 – Militia forces led by Nguyễn Trung Trực, an anti-colonial leader in southern Vietnam, sank the French lorcha L'Esperance.
 * 1884 – Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by American author Mark Twain was first published in the United Kingdom and Canada, two months earlier than in the US.
 * 1907 – During the Brown Dog affair, protesters marched through London and clashed with police officers in Trafalgar Square over the existence of a memorial (pictured) for animals that had been vivisected.
 * 1911 – Calbraith Perry Rodgers completed the first transcontinental flight across the United States.
 * 1932 - The conclusion of the Emu War, after the Australian Government ordered the withdrawal of all Australian forces from the conflict.
 * 1936 – Edward VIII, desiring to marry the American socialite Wallis Simpson against widespread British opposition, signed the instrument of abdication to renounce the throne in favour of his brother George VI.
 * 1941 – Second World War: The Royal Navy capital ships HMS Prince of Wales (53) and HMS Repulse (1916) were sunk by Imperial Japanese Navy torpedo bombers east of Malaya.
 * 1942 – Edward Raczyński of the Polish government-in-exile issued a note that was the first official report on the Holocaust.
 * 1989 – At the first open pro-democracy demonstration in Mongolia, journalist Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj announced the formation of the Mongolian Democratic Union, which would be instrumental in ending communist rule four months later.
 * 1993 – The video game Doom, later considered the "father" of the first-person shooter genre, is released.
 * Born/died this day: | Michael IV the Paphlagonian |d|1041| Nikephoros III Botaneiates |d|1081| Ignatius Behnam Hadloyo |d|1454| Isaac Beeckman|b|1588| Caroline Mehitable Fisher Sawyer |b|1812| C. Rajagopalachari |b|1878| Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis |b|1891| John Treloar |b|1891| Tetsuji Takechi |b|1912| Ann Gloag |b|1942| Jasuben Shilpi |b|1948|  Abdullah Yusuf Ali |d|1953| Sultan Kösen|b|1982| Vladimir Teplyakov |d|2009| Ziad Abu Ein |d|2014


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Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/December 11

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 * 861 – The Abbasid caliph al-Mutawakkil was assassinated by his guards, beginning the Anarchy at Samarra.
 * 1640 – A crowd of 1,500 people presented the Root and Branch petition to the Long Parliament, calling for abolishing the episcopacy of the Church of England.
 * 1899 – Second Boer War: In the Battle of Magersfontein, Boers defeated British forces trying to relieve the Siege of Kimberley.
 * 1907 – The original Parliament House in Wellington, New Zealand, was destroyed by fire (pictured).
 * 1925 – Pope Pius XI promulgated the encyclical Quas primas, establishing the Feast of Christ the King.
 * 1972 – Apollo 17, the last Apollo mission, landed on the Moon.
 * 1998 – With its pilot believed to have been suffering from spatial disorientation, Thai Airways Flight 261 crashed in a swamp on approach to Surat Thani Airport, resulting in 101 deaths.
 * 2005 – Demonstrations in Cronulla, a suburb of Sydney, against recent violence towards locals turned into a series of race riots.
 * 2006 – The first action in the Mexican drug war began as President Felipe Calderón ordered Mexican soldiers and Federal Police units into the state of Michoacán.
 * 2008 – American stockbroker Bernie Madoff was arrested and charged with securities fraud in a $64.8 billion Ponzi scheme, the largest in history.
 * Born/died: | Al-Fath ibn Khaqan |d|861| Pieter Nuyts |d|1655| George Mason |b|1725| Colley Cibber |d|1757| Hector Berlioz |b|1803| Webster Paulson |b|1837| Max Born |b|1882| Max-Hellmuth Ostermann |b|1917 |Emmanuelle Charpentier |b|1968 | Anne Rice |d|2021


text:
Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/December 12

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 * 1388 – Unable to defend her possessions, Maria of Enghien sold the lordship of Argos and Nauplia to the Republic of Venice.
 * 1866 – England's worst mining disaster occurred when a series of explosions (depicted) caused by flammable gases ripped through the Oaks Colliery, killing 361 people.
 * 1905 – In support of the December Uprising in Moscow, the Council of Workers' Deputies of Kyiv staged a mass uprising, establishing the Shuliavka Republic in the city.
 * 1939 – The Royal Navy destroyer HMS Duchess (H64) collided with HMS Barham (04), the battleship she was escorting, sinking with heavy loss of life.
 * 1941 – The Holocaust: At a Nazi Party meeting in the Reich Chancellery, Adolf Hitler declared the imminent destruction of the Jewish people.
 * 1942 – World War II: German troops began Operation Winter Storm, an attempt to relieve encircled Axis forces during the Battle of Stalingrad.
 * 1964 – Jomo Kenyatta became the first president of the Republic of Kenya.
 * 1969 – The Greek junta announced its withdrawal from the Council of Europe after the junta was found guilty of torture and other human-rights violations by the European Commission of Human Rights.
 * 1979 – A earthquake struck just offshore of Tumaco, Colombia, causing at least 300 deaths, mostly by the resulting tsunami.
 * 1985 – Arrow Air Flight 1285R crashed after takeoff in Gander, Newfoundland, Canada, killing 256 people, including 248 members of the U.S. Army's 101st Airborne Division.
 * 2012 – North Korea made its first successful satellite launch, as Kwangmyŏngsŏng-3 Unit 2 reached orbit.
 * Born/died: | Samuel Hood, 1st Viscount Hood |b|1724| Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke |d|1751| Johann Christoph Gottsched |d|1766| Gustave Flaubert |b|1821|  Henrietta Swan Leavitt |d|1921|  Doris Blackburn |d|1970| Evelyn S. Lieberman |d|2015|

December 12: Beginning of the Yule Lads` arrival in Iceland

 * 627 – A Byzantine army under Emperor Heraclius defeated Emperor Khosrow II's Persian forces, commanded by General Rhahzadh, near present-day Mosul, Iraq.
 * 1936 – Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek of the Republic of China was kidnapped by Marshal Chang Hsueh-liang, a former warlord of Manchuria.
 * 1988 – Three trains collided near Clapham Junction railway station in London, killing 35 people and injuring 484 others.
 * 2000 – The U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Bush v. Gore that the recount of ballots cast in Florida for the presidential election be stopped, effectively making George W. Bush (pictured) the winner.
 * 2021 – At the season-ending Abu Dhabi Grand Prix, Max Verstappen overtook Lewis Hamilton in the final lap to become the World Drivers' Champion.


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Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/December 13

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 * 1643 – First English Civil War: Roundhead forces under Sir William Waller led a successful surprise attack in Hampshire on a winter garrison of Cavalier infantry and cavalry.
 * 1769 – Dartmouth College was established by royal charter in present-day Hanover, New Hampshire.
 * 1862 – American Civil War: Union forces under Ambrose Burnside suffered severe casualties against entrenched Confederate defenders at the Battle of Fredericksburg in Virginia.
 * 1937 – Second Sino-Japanese War: Japanese forces, capturing the Chinese city of Nanjing, began committing numerous atrocities over the next several weeks, including looting, rape and the execution of prisoners of war and civilians.
 * 1960 – With Haile Selassie, Emperor of Ethiopia, out of the country, four conspirators staged a coup attempt to install Crown Prince Asfaw Wossen on the throne.
 * 1981 – Polish prime minister Wojciech Jaruzelski (pictured) declared martial law.
 * 1989 – The Troubles: The Provisional Irish Republican Army engaged in a fierce firefight with the King's Own Scottish Borderers at a vehicle checkpoint complex in County Fermanagh, Northern Ireland.
 * 2011 – A man threw grenades and fired a rifle at crowds in Liège, Belgium, causing 6 deaths and injuring more than 120 others, before killing himself.
 * Born/died: | Pope Callixtus II |d|1124| Paul Speratus |b|1484| Ana Néri |b|1814| Mary Todd Lincoln |b|1818|  Emily Carr |b|1871| Hans-Joachim Marseille |b|1919 |  Taylor Swift |b|1989| Jill Craigie |d|1999


text:
Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/December 14

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 * 835 – In the Sweet Dew incident, Emperor Wenzong (pictured) of the Tang dynasty conspired to kill the powerful eunuchs of the Tang court, but the plot was foiled.
 * 1863 – American Civil War: The Battle of Bean's Station, the final battle of the Knoxville campaign, was fought in Grainger County, Tennessee.
 * 1911 – Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen and his team became the first people to reach the South Pole.
 * 1918 – The first British general election with female voters took place, with women over the age of thirty permitted to vote.
 * 1918 – Giacomo Puccini's comic opera Gianni Schicchi premiered at the Metropolitan Opera in New York City.
 * 1948 – American physicists Thomas T. Goldsmith Jr. and Estle Ray Mann were awarded a patent for their cathode-ray tube amusement device, the first interactive electronic game.
 * 1960 – Australian cricketer Ian Meckiff was run out on the last day of the first Test match between Australia and the West Indies, resulting in the first tied Test in cricket history.
 * 1962 – NASA's Mariner 2 became the world's first spacecraft to successfully conduct a planetary encounter when it flew by Venus.
 * 1963 – The dam containing the Baldwin Hills Reservoir in Los Angeles failed, releasing a flood that killed five people and destroyed 277 homes.
 * 1972 - Upon completing the third extra-vehicular activity of Apollo 17, American astronaut Gene Cernan became the last person to date to walk on the Moon.
 * 1981 – The Knesset passed the Golan Heights Law, extending Israeli "laws, jurisdiction and administration" to the Golan Heights, effectively annexing the territory internationally recognized as part of Syria.
 * 1992 – War in Abkhazia: A helicopter carrying evacuees was shot down during the siege of Tkvarcheli, resulting in at least 52 deaths and catalysing more concerted Russian military intervention on behalf of Abkhazia.
 * 1998 – Kosovo War: Yugoslav forces ambushed a group of Kosovo Liberation Army militants attempting to smuggle weapons into Yugoslavia from Albania.
 * 1999 – Torrential rains caused flash floods in the Venezuelan state of Vargas, resulting in tens of thousands of deaths, the destruction of thousands of homes, and the complete collapse of the state's infrastructure.
 * 2009 – The tino rangatiratanga flag, representing the Māori people, was officially recognized by the government of New Zealand.
 * 2012 – A 20-year-old gunman shot twenty children and six adult staff members in a mass shooting at Sandy Hook Elementary School in Newtown, Connecticut.
 * 2012 – A 20-year-old gunman shot twenty children and six adult staff members in a mass shooting at Sandy Hook Elementary School in Newtown, Connecticut.
 * Born/died: | Aldfrith of Northumbria |d.or|704; 705| Niccolò Perotti |d|1480|  Giovanni Battista Cipriani |d|1785| Louis Marshall |b|1856| Princess Alice of the United Kingdom |d|1878| DeFord Bailey |b|1899| Lupe Vélez |d|1944| Kim Beazley |b|1948 | KaDee Strickland |b|1975| Michael Owen |b|1979

December 14: Martyred Intellectuals Day in Bangladesh (1971)

 * 1650 – English domestic servant Anne Greene survived being hanged for infanticide.
 * 1836 – The Toledo War, a mostly bloodless territorial dispute between Ohio and the Michigan Territory, was unofficially ended with a resolution passed by the controversial "Frostbitten Convention".
 * 1913 – Haruna (pictured), the fourth and last Japanese battlecruiser of the Kongō class, was launched and went on to serve in both world wars.
 * 2008 – During a press conference in Baghdad, Iraqi journalist Muntadhar al-Zaidi threw his shoes at U.S. president George W. Bush and Iraqi prime minister Nouri al-Maliki, yelling "This is for the widows and orphans and all those killed in Iraq".


text:
Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/December 15

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 * 687 – Sergius was elected pope, ending the last disputed period of sede vacante during the Byzantine Papacy.
 * 1025 – Constantine VIII became the sole Byzantine emperor, 63 years after being crowned co-emperor.
 * 1778 – American Revolutionary War: At the Battle of St. Lucia, the Royal Navy prevented French Navy ships from reaching their garrison on Saint Lucia in the West Indies.
 * 1791 – The first ten amendments to the United States Constitution, collectively known as the Bill of Rights, were ratified.
 * 1864 – American Civil War: Union troops defeated the Army of Tennessee, one of the largest Confederate forces, at the Battle of Nashville.
 * 1890 – Sitting Bull, a Hunkpapa Lakota leader, was killed on Standing Rock Indian Reservation in South Dakota by U.S. Indian agency police.
 * 1906 – The Great Northern, Piccadilly and Brompton Railway, a 14.17 km long deep-level underground tube railway connecting Hammersmith and Finsbury Park, London, opened.
 * 1939 – The American historical epic film Gone With the Wind, adapted from Margaret Mitchell's Pulitzer Prize–winning novel of the same name, premiered in Atlanta, Georgia.
 * 1945 – The US-led occupying forces ordered the government of Japan to cease state support for Shinto.
 * 1946 – U.S.-backed Iranian troops brought an end to the Iran crisis when they marched on the breakaway Republic of Mahabad and recaptured the territory.
 * 1961 – Former Nazi leader Adolf Eichmann was sentenced to death after being found guilty on fifteen criminal charges, including war crimes and crimes against humanity.
 * 1981 – The Iraqi Shia Islamist group al-Dawa carried out one of the first modern suicide bombings, targeting the Iraqi embassy in Beirut, Lebanon, resulting in 61 deaths and at least 100 injuries.
 * 2005 – The F-22 Raptor, an early successful stealth fighter, entered into service despite a protracted and costly development period.
 * Born/died: | David Teniers the Younger |baptised|1610| Sarah Trimmer |d|1810| Florence Jepperson Madsen |b|1886| J. Paul Getty |b|1892| Vibert Douglas |b|1894| Maurice Wilkins |b|1916|  Vallabhbhai Patel |d|1950 | Bob Feller |d|2010| Saufatu Sopoanga |d|2020

December 15

 * 1796 – War of the First Coalition: The French navy launched an expedition to Ireland to assist the Society of United Irishmen in a rebellion against the British.
 * 1871 – Sixteen-year-old Ella Stewart sent the first telegraphed message from Arizona Territory.
 * 1943 – World War II: Australian and American forces (pictured) began the Battle of Arawe against Japanese forces on New Britain as a diversion before a larger landing at Cape Gloucester.
 * 1970 – The Soviet spacecraft Venera 7 touched down on the surface of Venus, making the first successful landing of a spacecraft on another planet.
 * 2013 – The South Sudanese Civil War began when three opposition leaders voted to boycott the meeting of the National Liberation Council in Juba.


text:
Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/December 16

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 * 1653 – Oliver Cromwell became Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England.
 * 1689 – The Parliament of England enacted the Bill of Rights, setting out basic civil rights and later influencing other documents such as the U.S. Bill of Rights and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
 * 1707 – The last recorded eruption of Japan's Mount Fuji released some 800 million m3 (28 billion cu ft) of volcanic ash.
 * 1761 – Seven Years' War: After a four-month siege, Russian forces captured Kolberg, the last major Prussian port on the Baltic Sea.
 * 1811 – The first two in a series of four severe earthquakes struck the Midwestern United States and made the Mississippi River appear to run backward.
 * 1850 – Settlers of the Canterbury Association (poster pictured) aboard Randolph and Charlotte Jane arrived to establish a colony at Christchurch, New Zealand.
 * 1893 – Czech composer Antonín Dvořák's New World Symphony (audio featured) premiered at Carnegie Hall in New York City.
 * 1901 – English writer Beatrix Potter privately published 250 copies of The Tale of Peter Rabbit (illustration shown) after several publishers' rejections.
 * 1914 – First World War: The Imperial German Navy attacked ports in northern England, resulting in hundreds of civilian casualties.
 * 1918 – Vincas Mickevičius-Kapsukas declared the formation of the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic, a puppet state created by Soviet Russia to justify the Lithuanian–Soviet War.
 * 1922 – Gabriel Narutowicz, the first president of Poland, was assassinated only five days after having taken office.
 * 1930 – German-American gangster Herman Lamm killed himself during a botched robbery attempt in Clinton, Indiana, to avoid being captured by police.
 * 1942 – World War II: Americans engaged Imperial Japanese forces at the Battle of Mount Austen, the Galloping Horse, and the Sea Horse in the hills near the Matanikau River area on Guadalcanal during the Guadalcanal campaign.
 * 1971 – The surrender of Pakistani forces in Dacca, East Pakistan, concluded the Bangladesh Liberation War and the Indo-Pakistani War.
 * 1997 – "Dennō Senshi Porygon", an episode of the Japanese television series Pokémon, induced epileptic seizures in 685 children.
 * 2014 – A hostage crisis in a Lindt chocolate café in Sydney, Australia, ended with police storming the building, killing the perpetrator and one of the hostages.
 * Born/died: | Haakon IV of Norway |d|1263| Manuel III of Trebizond |b|1364| Nathaniel Fiennes |d|1669| Maria Rundell |d|1828| Bertha Lamme Feicht |b|1869| Noël Coward |b|1899| Carol Browner |b|1955 | H. D. Kumaraswamy |b|1959| W. Somerset Maugham|d|1965| Deyda Hydara |d|2004|


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Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/December 17

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 * 497 BC – The temple to the Roman god Saturn was dedicated in the Roman Forum; its anniversary was celebrated as Saturnalia.
 * 546 – Rome was sacked by the Ostrogoths led by Totila after a year-long siege.
 * 1583 – Cologne War: Forces under Ernest of Bavaria defeated Gebhard Truchsess von Waldburg's troops at the siege of Godesberg.
 * 1790 – The Aztec sun stone, now a modern symbol of Mexican culture, was excavated in the Zócalo, the main square of Mexico City.
 * 1862 – American Civil War: Union General Ulysses S. Grant issued General Order No. 11, expelling Jews from Tennessee, Mississippi, and Kentucky.
 * 1903 – Aboard the Wright Flyer (pictured) in Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, Orville and Wilbur Wright conducted the first successful flights of a powered fixed-wing aircraft.
 * 1918 – About 1,000 demonstrators marched (pictured) on Government House in Darwin, Australia, where they burned an effigy of Administrator John Gilruth and demanded his resignation.
 * 1926 – A coup d'état by the Lithuanian military replaced the democratically elected President Kazys Grinius with Antanas Smetona.
 * 1939 – World War II: After sustaining moderate damage in the Battle of the River Plate two days earlier, the German cruiser Graf Spee was scuttled by its commander, Hans Langsdorff, to avoid its internment by Uruguay.
 * 1944 – Nazi troops under Joachim Peiper killed unarmed prisoners of war, captured during the Battle of the Bulge, with machine guns near Malmedy, Belgium.
 * 1945 – The modern flag of Kurdistan was raised for the first time in Mahabad, Iran.
 * 1951 – The Civil Rights Congress presented a document to the United Nations Genocide Convention charging the United States government with genocide against African Americans.
 * 1983 – The Troubles: The Provisional Irish Republican Army detonated a car bomb outside Harrods in London, killing six people and injuring about 90 others.
 * 1989 – The Simpsons, the longest running American prime-time entertainment series, made its debut on the Fox television network with the episode "Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire".
 * 1990 – American gay rights activist William E. Woods brought three same-sex couples to fill out marriage licenses in Honolulu, leading to the eventual legalization of same-sex marriage in the United States.

 * Born/died this day: | Roger L'Estrange |b|1616| Nzinga of Ndongo and Matamba |d|1663| Domenico Cimarosa |b|1749| Ludwig van Beethoven |baptised|1770| Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma |d|1847| Aubrey Faulkner |b|1881| Elizabeth Garrett Anderson |d|1917| Kenneth E. Iverson |b|1920| Daniel Inouye |d|2012| Eva Ekvall |d|2011


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Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/December 18

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 * 1499 – Muslims in Granada began a rebellion against their Castilian rulers in response to forced conversions to Catholicism.
 * 1867 – In Angola, New York, the last coach of a Lake Shore Railway train derailed, plunged 40 ft down a gully, and caught fire, resulting in approximately 49 deaths.
 * 1898 – Gaston de Chasseloup-Laubat (pictured) set the first official land speed record, averaging 63.16 km/h (39.245 mph) over 1 km (0.62 mi) in Achères, France.
 * 1913 – The Jew's Christmas, the first American film to include a rabbi as a character, was released.
 * 1939 – Second World War: The Luftwaffe won a victory over the Royal Air Force in the Battle of the Heligoland Bight, greatly influencing both sides' future aerial warfare strategy.
 * 1966 – Epimetheus, one of the moons of Saturn, was discovered, but was mistaken for Janus; it took twelve years to determine that they are two distinct objects sharing the same orbit.
 * 1969 – On Her Majesty's Secret Service, the sixth James Bond film and the only one to star George Lazenby, premiered at the Odeon Leicester Square in London.
 * 1979 – Mohammad Mofatteh, an Iranian philosopher, was assassinated by the Furqan Group.
 * 1996 – The school board of Oakland, California, passed a controversial resolution officially declaring African-American Vernacular English to be a separate language or dialect.
 * 2009 – The Copenhagen Summit on climate change ended with the drafting of the non-binding Copenhagen Accord.

 * Born/died: | Charles Wesley |b|1707| James Watney |b|1800| Jean-Baptiste Lamarck |d|1829| Henrietta Edwards |b|1849| Lionel Monckton |b|1861| Robert Moses |b|1888| Edwin Howard Armstrong |b|1890| Lotta Bromé |b|1964| Alexei Kosygin |d|1980| Tara Conner |b|1985|Kim Jong-hyun |d|2017|


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Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/December 19

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 * 1154 – Henry II was crowned king of England in Westminster Abbey, London.
 * 1675 – King Philip's War: In the Great Swamp Fight, the colonial militia of New England and their Pequot allies attacked a Narragansett fort in Rhode Island, killing many warriors and hundreds of non-combatants.
 * 1776 – Thomas Paine published the first in a series of pamphlets entitled The American Crisis, opening with the line: "These are the times that try men's souls."
 * 1956 – British physician and suspected serial killer John Bodkin Adams was arrested in connection with the death of Edith Alice Morrell.
 * 1964 – The ruling junta of South Vietnam, led by Nguyễn Khánh, initiated a coup, dissolving the High National Council, a civilian advisory body.
 * 1984 – China and the United Kingdom signed the Sino-British Joint Declaration, agreeing to the transfer of sovereignty of Hong Kong to China on 1 July 1997.
 * 1985 – Aeroflot Flight 101/435 was hijacked by the co-pilot and landed in a cow pasture in China, where he was apprehended.
 * 1997 – Titanic, the third-highest-grossing film of all time, with a worldwide total of more than US$1.8 billion, was released in the United States.
 * 2016 – Andrei Karlov (pictured), Russia's ambassador to Turkey, was assassinated at an art gallery in Ankara.
 * 2022 – Argentina won the 2022 World Cup.

 * Born/died: | Pope Urban V |d|1370| Vitus Bering |d|1741| Mary Livermore |b|1820| J. M. W. Turner |d|1851|  Mileva Marić |b|1875| Grace Marie Bareis |b|1875| Ann Bishop |b|1899| Ashfaqulla Khan |d|1927 Phil Ochs |b|1940| Jake Gyllenhaal |b|1980| Stella Gibbons |d|1989

December 19

 * 1828 – Nullification crisis: American vice president John C. Calhoun's South Carolina Exposition and Protest, written to protest the Tariff of Abominations, was presented to the South Carolina House of Representatives.
 * 1843 – A Christmas Carol (illustration pictured), a novella by Charles Dickens about the miser Ebenezer Scrooge and his transformation after being visited by ghosts, was published.
 * 1983 – The Jules Rimet Trophy, awarded to the winner of the FIFA World Cup, was stolen from the offices of the Brazilian Football Confederation.
 * 1997 – SilkAir Flight 185 crashed into the Musi River in Indonesia, killing 104 people.
 * 2013 – The European Space Agency's spacecraft Gaia was launched with the goal of constructing the largest and most precise star catalogue ever made.


text:
Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/December 20

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 * 1248 – Attempting to form an alliance with the Mongol Empire, Louis IX of France met with two of their envoys while en route to the Seventh Crusade.
 * 1955 – Cardiff was recognised as the capital of Wales by the British government.
 * 1984 – Twelve-year-old Jonelle Matthews disappeared from her home in Greeley, Colorado; her body was not discovered until 2019.
 * 1987 – The deadliest peacetime maritime disaster in history occurred when the MV Doña Paz sank after colliding with an oil tanker in the Tablas Strait in the Philippines, resulting in an estimated 4,385 deaths.
 * 1988 – The United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances, governing international cooperation against the illegal drug trade, opened for signatures.
 * 1995 – American Airlines Flight 965 crashed into a mountain in Buga, Colombia, killing most of those on board.
 * 2007 – Pablo Picasso's Portrait of Suzanne Bloch was stolen from the São Paulo Museum of Art before being recovered about three weeks later.
 * Born/died this day: | Pope Zephyrinus |d|217|  Richard Boyle, 2nd Viscount Shannon |d|1740| John Bell |d|1820| Dan Leno |b|1860| Kan'ichi Asakawa |b|1873|  Evelyn Colon |d|1976| Beatrice Beeby |d|1991| Dawn Steel |d|1997

December 20

 * 1852 – Led by George Cathcart, British troops defeated Basuto and Taung forces at the Battle of Berea in present-day Lesotho, leading to an offer of peace from King Moshoeshoe I.
 * 1940 – The superhero Captain America made his first published appearance in the comic book Captain America Comics #1.
 * 1980 – NBC aired the American football match between the New York Jets and the Miami Dolphins without announcers.
 * 1995 – Mandated by the Dayton Agreement that ended the Bosnian War, the NATO-led Implementation Force (troops pictured) began peacekeeping operations in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
 * 1999 – Portugal transferred the sovereignty over Macau, which it had administered since the mid–16th century, to China.


text:
Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/December 21

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 * 1124 – Lamberto Scannabecchi was elected pope, taking the name Honorius II.
 * 1826 – Settlers from the United States in Mexican Texas made the first attempt to secede from Mexico, establishing the short-lived Republic of Fredonia.
 * 1844 – The Rochdale Pioneers opened their store (pictured) in Rochdale, England, forming the basis for the modern co-operative movement.
 * 1872 – HMS Challenger departed Portsmouth on a scientific expedition that laid the foundations of oceanography.
 * 1919 – After serving two years in prison for encouraging people to resist military conscription, anarchist Emma Goldman was deported from the United States to Russia.
 * 1923 – Nepal and the United Kingdom signed the first treaty that defined the international status of Nepal as an independent and a sovereign nation.
 * 1934 – Lieutenant Kijé, one of Sergei Prokofiev's best-known works, premiered.
 * 1937 – Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, the first full-length cel-animated feature in film history, premiered at the Carthay Circle Theatre in Los Angeles.
 * 1965 – The United Nations adopted the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, which 88 member states have since signed.
 * 1970 – The Grumman F-14 Tomcat, the primary fighter aircraft of the U.S. Navy for nearly 30 years, made its first flight.
 * 1994 – Mexico's Popocatépetl volcano, dormant for 47 years, began erupting, and is now one of the nation's most active volcanoes.
 * 1995 – In accordance with the Oslo II Accord, Israeli troops withdrew from Bethlehem in preparation for the transfer of control to the Palestinian National Authority.
 * 1988 – The world's heaviest aircraft, the Antonov An-225 Mriya, made its first flight.
 * 2012 – Countries that were part of the Maya civilization celebrated the end-date of a 5,126-year-long cycle in the Mesoamerican Long Count calendar.

 * Born/died this day: | Hugh, Margrave of Tuscany |d|1001| Thomas Wriothesley, 1st Earl of Southampton |b|1505| William H. Osborn |b|1820| Joseph Carruthers |b|1857| Maud Gonne |b|1866| George E. Mylonas |b|1898| Iris Cummings |b|1920| Adele Goldstine |b|1920| Henry Reuterdahl |d|1925| Jane Fonda |b|1937|