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Curtis Hooks Brogden

Curtis Hooks Brogden (November 6, 1816 – January 5, 1901) was an American farmer, attorney and politician who served as the 42nd governor of the U.S. state of North Carolina from 1874 to 1877 during the Reconstruction era. He succeeded to the position after the death of Governor Tod R. Caldwell, after having been elected as the 2nd lieutenant governor of the state on the Republican ticket in 1872.

Brogden had a long political career, first elected to state office in 1838 at the age of 22. Building a close friendship with editor William Woods Holden of the North Carolina Standard, he served nearly without a break in various state offices and lastly as US Congressman, until essentially retiring from politics in 1878. He was elected to one more term in the state legislature in 1886.

Early life and education
He was born on November 6, 1816, in the Brogden family home ten miles southwest of Goldsboro, North Carolina, the son of a yeoman farmer. The Brogdens were Quakers of English descent and came to old Dobbs County during the colonial period. Although he attended the local district schools, like most North Carolina farm boys of his generation, his opportunity for higher education was limited, but Brogden was an auto-didact, learning by his own studies.

Military service
His father Pierce Brogden was a veteran of the War of 1812, and his grandfather, Thomas Brogden, served in the Continental Army during the American Revolution. Brogden continued the family tradition of military service and joined the North Carolina state militia at the age of 18. He was elected captain at his second muster, and eventually rose to the rank of major general. During the Civil War he served the Confederate cause although he never held a field command due to his position in the North Carolina state government that kept him in Raleigh for the duration of the conflict.

Political career
First elected to the North Carolina House of Commons in 1838 as a Jacksonian Democrat, Brogden was its youngest member at age 22. He became known as the "Eloquent Plowboy from Wayne" and served in the House until 1851 where he was the longtime chairman of the House Finance Committee. In 1838, he was also elected as Wayne County Justice of the Peace, a position he held for 20 consecutive years. Brogden studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1845 but never seriously undertook the practice of law.

In 1852, Brogden was elected to the North Carolina Senate, where he served until 1857. That year he was elected by the General Assembly as State Comptroller, a post he held for ten years. He continued in office through the crises of secession, Civil War, and emancipation. During these decades he formed a political alliance with Holden who as the Civil War dragged on became a quiet critic of the Confederate government, a leader of the North Carolina peace movement, and was ultimately appointed governor of North Carolina by President Andrew Johnson in 1865 for a brief term and then elected in 1868.

Support of Black suffrage
After the Civil War, Radical Republicans in Congress were not content with President Johnson's moderate approach for reconstruction. Concerned that Southern states passed Black Codes restricting freedmen, they passed the Military Reconstruction Acts to temporarily replace state governments and try to remake the societies to incorporate full emancipation of African-American slaves, establish free labor and other rights of citizens for blacks. The Act stipulated that the former Confederate states had to include Negro male suffrage in their new constitutions.

These measures were opposed by most whites in the South, although North Carolina had extended the franchise to free blacks before rescinding it in 1835, following Nat Turner's slave rebellion. In North Carolina before the war, blacks made up about one-third of the population of the state, with a majority in the coastal areas and near parity in some Piedmont counties. Wilmington had had the largest proportion and number of free blacks before the war. Due to his Quaker beliefs, Brogden supported extending the franchise.

Switch to the Republican Party
Brogden followed Holden into the Republican Party after the war. His change of parties and support of negro suffrage shocked his ex-Confederate friends who opposed allowing blacks to vote and because the Republican Party in North Carolina was at the time dominated by carpetbaggers, freedmen and scalawags.

He briefly left the Senate in 1867 after being elected to represent Wayne County at a state constitutional convention. In 1868 he was elected to the State Senate as a Republican, serving for three terms. He also was a member of the Electoral College supporting Republican, Ulysses S. Grant. In 1870 he was appointed as a U.S. Collector of Internal Revenue. He supported Holden as governor and voted in the state legislature against his impeachment.

In 1872, he was elected on the Republican ticket as lieutenant governor with Tod R. Caldwell. When Gov. Caldwell died in office in 1874, Brogden succeeded to the position of governor. By then, white Democrats had regained control of the state legislature, in part by a program of suppression of black voting carried out by the Red Shirts.

Governorship
During his term as governor, Brogden made a stronger attempt to work with the Democrats who controlled the legislature than his Republican predecessors, and focused on railroad construction and higher education. He worked diligently to re-open the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, where he had been an appointed trustee from 1869 to 1872. Brogden also called for founding a college for blacks. While making efforts to lower the state debt, he supported construction of a state penitentiary as a public good. During his tenure as governor, the federal government completed the Currituck Beach Lighthouse to light the last remaining dark stretch of coastline along North Carolina's Outer Banks, long known as the Graveyard of the Atlantic in 1875. In 1876, Governor Brogden represented North Carolina at the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia.

While serving as governor, Brogden was elected in 1876 as a Republican to the United States House of Representatives from North Carolina's 2nd congressional district, which was a predominately black Republican stronghold in the Piedmont area. In Congress. he worked to gain internal improvements for his state and reduced internal revenue taxes. He also advocated direct presidential elections and pensions for Mexican War veterans. His vote with the Democratic majority for the U.S. Army reorganization bill was unpopular with his Republican constituents.

Brogden served one term and was not re-nominated in 1878, a year of intense rivalry among second district Republicans. Amid charges of fraud, the Democrats narrowly elected their nominee, William H. Kitchin. Two years later, Brogden tried to regain his seat in Congress. After many Republicans disputed the outcome of the turbulent convention, he issued a broadside declaring himself an independent candidate against the convention nominee, Northern immigrant Orlando Hubbs. Brogden called for reduction in the tariff and other taxes and accused Hubbs of not representing the interests of the South. But his efforts collapsed when Republicans closed ranks in response to the entry of a third Democratic candidate into the race. Wayne County was redistricted to the Third Congressional District before Brogden’s next campaign for Congress. In 1884, Brogden was nominated, only to be defeated in the general election by Wharton J. Green, a Democrat.

Later political career
After losing the congressional election in 1884, Brogden essentially retired from public life with the exception of a single term, in 1887, representing Wayne County in the North Carolina House of Representatives. In a House controlled by Republicans and independents, he spoke in favor of changing the centralized, indirect system of county government the Democrats had instituted ten years before in order to “save” Eastern North Carolina from “Negro rule.” The House passed a bill changing the system, but the Senate rejected it. Brogden was not re-elected in 1888. By then one of the largest landowners in Wayne County, Brogden devoted himself to farming.

Brogden's goal of establishing a college for blacks was finally realized more than a decade after he left the governor's office. On March 7, 1887, The North Carolina General Assembly founded North Carolina State University as a land-grant college under the name "North Carolina College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts." In the segregated system, it was open only to white students. Under terms of the Second Morrill Act, in 1890 states were required to have colleges available to all races of students. In order to qualify for the land grants, North Carolina in 1891 established qualifying programs at what became North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, a historically black college, first as part of Shaw Collegiate Institute in Raleigh.

Brogden, a lifelong bachelor, died on January 5, 1901, in his hometown of Goldsboro, North Carolina and is buried there in Willowdale Cemetery.

Family
Brogden's younger brother Willis H. Brogden (1839-1922) was convicted of murder in 1892 following a dispute over the shooting of one of Willis's cows that led to the death of one of his neighbors. Willis claimed he struck the man, who died of his injuries weeks later, in the head with a billy club in self defense after being attacked with a knife. Despite numerous witnesses who attested to Willis's excellent character and three of the twelve jurors being potentially compromised in his favor (two were related to the defendant by marriage, and one had previously stated that he believed the accused was innocent) Willis was found guilty of manslaughter. After he was sentenced to six years in the penitentiary, counsel moved to appeal the case and Willis was released from jail on $5000.00 bond (equal to approximately $140,000.00 in 2019) provided by ex-Governor Brogden. Willis received a somewhat controversial pardon from Governor Holt in 1893.

Brogden's nephew Willis J. Brogden (1877-1935), son of Willis H., was a prominent attorney who served as mayor of Durham from 1911 to 1915. He became a judge in 1925, when Governor McLean appointed him associate justice of the North Carolina Supreme Court to fill the unexpired term of Judge L. R. Varser. He was elected to a full term on November 6, 1928, and served on the court until his death in 1935.

Another of Brogden's nephews, L. Cramner Brogden, was superintendent of public schools in Kinston in the early 1900s and later served as state supervisor of rural education for North Carolina.

Legacy and Honors
Brogden Middle School in Wayne County is named for Governor Brogden.

A North Carolina historical marker marks the site of Brogden's home along US 13 southwest of Goldsboro.

title: Curtis Hooks Brogden


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Tod Robinson Caldwell

Tod Robinson Caldwell (February 19, 1818 –July 11, 1874) was an American lawyer and the 41st governor of the U.S. state of North Carolina from 1871 until his death in Hillsborough in North Carolina in 1874.

He was a son of John Caldwell and Hannah Pickett Robinson. He was born in Morganton, North Carolina, where he had a home for most of his life. Caldwell attended the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, graduating on June 4, 1840. He was a member of the Dialectic Society. He was examined by the Supreme Court and admitted to Superior Court Practice (much like passing a bar examination) in June 1841, becoming solicitor for Burke County. In 1842 he was elected a member of the North Carolina House of Commons in which he served two sessions. In 1850 he represented Burke County in the state senate. After the close of the Civil War he was a member of the Reconstruction Convention, and President of Western North Carolina Railroad. Caldwell was elected the first lieutenant governor of North Carolina in 1868, the same year the state constitution had created the office. He became governor in 1871 upon the impeachment and conviction of Governor William Woods Holden. Caldwell was elected governor in his own right in 1872, by about two thousand majority, becoming the second Republican elected governor of North Carolina. His areas of interest were the state debt and the state finances and the opening of the public schools which had been closed in 1863 due to lack of money. He appointed Alexander McIver as Superintendent of Public Instruction and got a bill passed allowing private aid for public schools in order to gain funds to reopen the schools.

Caldwell married Minerva Ruffin Cain on December 12, 1840. Tod and Minerva had at least four children: Mary Ruffin Caldwell, wife of Dr. Waighstill Collett; John "Jack" Caldwell, killed at Gettysburg; Martha R. Caldwell, wife of Edward W. Ward; and Hannah J. Caldwell, wife of Walter Brem.

Shortly after arriving on July 9, 1874, at Hillsborough, Orange County, North Carolina to attend the railroad's stockholders' meeting, Caldwell became very ill and died unexpectedly two days later on July 11, 1874. Newspaper reports stated he died from cholera morbus. His body was returned to the state capital to lie in state after which his body was carried to Morganton and buried in the family plot in Forest Hill Cemetery.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Tod Robinson Caldwell


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Talk:Wolverhampton

External links modified
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Splitting the article into a borough and the city
Wolverhampton contains notable settlements like Bilston, Heath Town, Tettenhall and Wednesfield. They are notable for being towns and villages and the main Wolverhampton lacks any clarity or information about them or the suburbs. Like with City of Sheffield and Sheffield. A City of Wolverhampton and Wolverhampton articles would work. RailwayJG (talk) 08:39, 17 May 2021 (UTC)

Need a concensus on this. RailwayJG (talk) 08:39, 17 May 2021 (UTC)

 * I've opposed your other split but I am neutral on this. I dont know enough about the area to have an opinion. Only thing I can say is splitting it would be similar to the existing Salford/City of Salford split and Croydon/London Borough of Croydon split. Eopsid (talk) 18:20, 17 May 2021 (UTC)
 * Well unlike Middlesbrough Wolverhampton seems to satisfy all but possibly 1 criteria to have a single article though I'm not against a split.  Crouch, Swale  ( talk ) 08:17, 18 May 2021 (UTC)

 * Oppose in this case, I think WP:COMMONAME has to come into play, I don't think in common usage a distinction is normally made in the concept of Wolverhampton and the City of Wolverhampton. Note that in the case of Biston it has been part of Wolverhampton since 1966. G-13114 (talk) 13:24, 18 May 2021 (UTC)
 * I think the general use of summary style would suffice here. If there are settlements within the broader borough, they can be spun off into daughter articles (as could the city, if there's enough city-specific information). But the logic here seems back-to-front - spin off the obvious daughter articles as daughter articles, not the main topic. Guettarda (talk) 21:48, 25 May 2021 (UTC)
 * Split: Settlements and Local Authorities are not the same thing. If the Metropolitan Borough of Dudley were to be given city status would the Dudley article have to be merged with the city article? Of course not. Lancaster, Lancashire and City of Lancaster; Salford and City of Salford; Leeds and City of Leeds, as a few examples have separate articles. Wolverhampton and City of Wolverhampton should be split. HLE (talk) 11:11, 28 June 2021 (UTC)
 * Split: I've suggested this in the past, and still stand by the same opinion. The City of Wolverhampton contains several distinctive settlements other than Wolverhampton itself, even if the latter may form the considerable bulk of the district. Regarding Bilston having been in Wolverhampton since 1966, the same can be said for many other places. For example, both Tipton and Wednesbury were almagamated into West Bromwich in 1966; yet I don't think anyone would consider either of those places to be part of the singular entity of West Bromwich. Sure, Wolverhampton might be a city (an argument I have seen used before as to why it should be a single article), but it's only held that status since 2001. Prior to that it was just a Metropolitan Borough. And we always make the distinction between Metropolitan Boroughs and their principle towns. Split it. LivingInMediocrity (talk) 15:36, 12 July 2021 (UTC)
 * Oppose too, I agree that WP:COMMONAME comes into play. Dyaluk08 (talk) 11:54, 24 August 2021 (UTC)

Anymore to add to the discussion? DragonofBatley (talk) 08:47, 10 September 2021 (UTC)

Since nothing more was added and its been 4 months I'm going to remove the split tag on the article as no consensus. Eopsid (talk) 13:08, 27 January 2022 (UTC)

List of Freemen of the City section
I draw attention that earlier this year Lisa Potts was made a first honorary Freewoman of Wolverhampton. I picked this up in a news story cited in her wiki article which retrospectively referred to the honour without giving a more precise date, but I am sure others (particularly those more local to Wolverhampton than myself) could find out and add with due citation.Cloptonson (talk) 18:56, 21 July 2022 (UTC)

Recent edits
So the article is being given a European City style treatment of KM instead of miles treatment and Manchester keeps being added despite not being anywhere near the city of Wolverhampton. By an anon and @Oliverclaytonfoster Yet this isn't reflected on other city articles but on Wolverhampton alone? This doesn't appear to be compatible with UK standard articles compared to say USA etc articles. As we use miles in the UK whereas USA use KMs. @Crouch, Swale, @Rupples @DankJae @G-13114, @Eopsid thoughts? DragonofBatley (talk) 09:47, 20 August 2023 (UTC)

 * @DragonofBatley, per WP:UNITS and the use by WP:UKCITIES it should indeed be miles (kilometres), so those changes should be reverted. UNITS states that these types of articles have an imperial preference for distance/length, speed and fuel consumption only, so miles, miles per hour, and miles per imperial gallon. UKCITIES state it should be followed by metric in parenthesis in Convert.
 * So miles first for distances except very short distances, where metres are used. Metres are to be used for height first, so the building list for example needs reversing, as used at List of tallest buildings in the United Kingdom.
 * I don't consider Manchester really relevant personally, surely distance to London the capital is more significant, so unless a reason was given, it can (/seems to) be removed.
 * Also the USA uses miles too, aggressively. Europe and Canada, for example, use KM.  Dank Jae  11:24, 20 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Thanks for your input, I learnt something new about USA always thought they worked in KMs like their speed limits. Learn something new everyday. Thanks for that honestly DragonofBatley (talk) 11:30, 20 August 2023 (UTC)

Someone has recently added incorrect distance and direction from Birmingham. I've corrected. Rupples (talk) 13:01, 20 August 2023 (UTC)

Official logo
The infobox here had a random image of a wolf (labelled ‘a wolf’) but displaying as the official logo of the city. A quick search for a city of wolverhampton official logo reveals no such thing (the nearest thing to an official logo is mentioned here) so I’ve deleted it. I trust everyone is OK with that. Moonraker12 (talk) 23:37, 16 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Wolverhampton


text:
William Woods Holden

William Woods Holden (November 24, 1818 – March 1, 1892) was an American politician who served as the 38th and 40th governor of North Carolina. He was appointed by President Andrew Johnson in 1865 for a brief term and then elected in 1868. He served until 1871 and was the leader of the state's Republican Party during the Reconstruction Era.

Holden was the second governor in American history to be impeached, and the first to be removed from office through that process. His impeachment was politically motivated due to his suppression of the Ku Klux Klan. After Republicans lost the 1870 election, Democrats impeached Holden on eight fabricated charges relating to the Kirk–Holden war. He is the only North Carolina governor to have been impeached. In 2011, Holden was posthumously pardoned by the North Carolina Senate in a 48–0 vote.

Early years
Holden was born on November 24, 1818, and raised near Hillsborough, North Carolina. Aged 10, he began a six-year apprenticeship with Dennis Heartt at the Hillsborough Recorder newspaper in Hillsborough, North Carolina. By age 19, Holden was working as a printer and writer at the Raleigh Star, in Raleigh, North Carolina. He then studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1841, and became a member of the Whig party. However, he never practiced law and instead participated in the newspaper business.

In 1843, he became owner and editor of the North Carolina Standard in Raleigh. He changed the newspaper's party affiliation to the Democratic Party. When Holden took over the newspaper, it was struggling financially. Under his leadership, it became one of the most widely read newspapers in the state. He continued as owner and editor of the newspaper until he was elected governor.

Political career
In December 1843, Holden became a delegate to the Democratic state party convention, where he was elected to the North Carolina Democratic Party state executive committee. In 1846, Holden was elected to represent Wake County in the North Carolina House of Commons and chose to only serve one term. During the 1850 elections he served a major role in ending the Whig dominance in the state. By 1858, he was chairman of the party. That year, he unsuccessfully attempted to gain the Democratic gubernatorial nomination, but was defeated by John W. Ellis, and then his party passed him over for a Senate seat.

Throughout the 1840s and 1850s, Holden advocated for Southern rights to expand slavery and sometimes supported the right of secession, but by 1860 he had shifted his position to support the Union. Holden and his newspaper fell out of favor with the state Democratic Party, and he was removed as the state's printer when he editorialized against secession in 1860. In 1861, Holden was sent to a state convention to vote against secession representing Wake County.

As the Civil War progressed, Holden became critical of the Confederate government, and became a leader of the North Carolina peace movement. In 1864, he ran against incumbent Governor Zebulon B. Vance as a peace candidate, but Vance defeated him in a landslide receiving over eighty percent of the vote.

When the Civil War ended on May 9, 1865, Holden was appointed Governor on May 29, by President Andrew Johnson. During Reconstruction he served a major role in North Carolina and placed the Standard newspaper in the hands of his son, Joseph W. Holden. However, he was defeated by Jonathan Worth in a special election for governor in 1865.

Johnson then nominated Holden to be minister to El Salvador, but the Senate rejected his nomination, so he returned to editing the Standard, and became president of the North Carolina Union League, and organized the North Carolina Republican Party in 1866–67.

Governor

While voters were approving the new state constitution, Holden was elected governor at the head of the Republican ticket in 1868, defeating Thomas Samuel Ashe. When he was elected governor, Holden gave up editorship and ownership of the Standard.

To combat the Ku Klux Klan, Holden hired two dozen detectives from 1869 to 1870, and although the detective unit was not overly successful in limiting Klan activities, his efforts to suppress the Klan exceeded those of other Southern governors. With new powers granted to him by the state legislature under the 1870 Shoffner Act, he called out the militia against the Klan in 1870, imposed martial law in two counties, and suspended the writ of habeas corpus for accused leaders of the Klan in what became known as the Kirk–Holden war. The result was a political backlash, accompanied by violence at the time of the election to suppress the black vote. The Republicans lost the legislative election.

After the Democratic Party regained majorities in both houses of the state legislature in 1870, Governor Holden was impeached by the North Carolina House of Representatives on December 14, 1870. During his trial in the Senate he was defended by Nathaniel Boyden and William N. H. Smith, but he was convicted on six of the eight charges against him by Democratic members of the North Carolina Senate in party-line votes on March 22, 1871. Holden's son-in-law, state senator Lewis P. Olds, was among those who voted against removal. The other two charges received majority votes, but not the required two-thirds majorities.

The main charges against Holden were related to the rough treatment and arrests of North Carolina citizens by state militia officer Colonel George W. Kirk during the enforcement of Reconstruction civil rights legislation. Holden had formed the state militia to respond to the assassination of Republican senator John W. Stephens on May 21, 1870, and the lynching of Wyatt Outlaw, a black police officer in the town of Graham in Alamance County, as well as numerous attacks by the Ku Klux Klan.

Holden was the first governor in American history to be impeached, convicted, and removed from office. Governor Charles L. Robinson of Kansas was the first American governor to be impeached, however, without conviction and removal.

Later life
Following his impeachment and removal from office he moved to Washington, D.C., where he resumed working on the Daily Chronicle. In 1873, President Ulysses Grant appointed him as postmaster for Raleigh and he served until 1881. President James A. Garfield was later asked by Raleigh Republicans to not re-appoint him and Holden left the Republican party after losing his position.

Holden died on March 1, 1892, and was buried at Historic Oakwood Cemetery in Raleigh. He was recognized as "one of the foremost men in intellectual power and daring that were ever born here" by North Carolinian Walter Hines Page. In 2011, Holden was posthumously pardoned by the North Carolina Senate in a 48–0 vote.

Secondary sources (chronologically)

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title: William Woods Holden


text:
List of military aircraft of Nazi Germany

For unbuilt projects, see List of German aircraft projects, 1939–45. For missiles, see List of German guided weapons of World War II.

Aero

 * Aero Ab-101 captured from Czechoslovakia and used as trainer
 * Aero A.304 captured from Czechoslovakia and used as trainer

Albatros

 * Albatros Al 101 'L 101', two-seat sportsplane, 1930
 * Albatros Al 102 'L 102', two-seat sportsplane, 1931
 * Albatros Al 103 'L 103', two-seat sportsplane, 1932

Arado

 * Arado Ar 64 fighter
 * Arado Ar 65 fighter/trainer
 * Arado Ar 66 trainer/night fighter
 * Arado Ar 67 fighter (prototype)
 * Arado Ar 68 fighter
 * Arado Ar 69 trainer (prototypes), 1933
 * Arado Ar 76 fighter/trainer
 * Arado Ar 80 fighter (prototype)
 * Arado Ar 81 dive bomber (prototype), 1936
 * Arado Ar 95 patrol/reconnaissance floatplane, 1936
 * Arado Ar 96 trainer
 * Arado Ar 196 ship-borne reconnaissance/patrol floatplane
 * Arado Ar 197 naval fighter (prototype)
 * Arado Ar 198 reconnaissance (prototype)
 * Arado Ar 199 seaplane trainer (prototypes)
 * Arado Ar 231 folding U-boat reconnaissance aircraft (prototype)
 * Arado Ar 232 transport

 * Arado Ar 234 Blitz ('Lightning'), jet bomber
 * Arado Ar 240 heavy fighter
 * Arado Ar 396 trainer
 * Arado Ar 440 heavy fighter (prototypes)

Avia

 * Avia B.71 captured from Czechoslovakia and used as trainer
 * Avia B.534 captured from Czechoslovakia and used as trainer and night fighter

Bachem

 * Bachem Ba 349 Natter ('Snake'), rocket interceptor

Bloch

 * Bloch MB.155 captured from France and used as trainer
 * Bloch MB.175 captured from France and used as trainer
 * Bloch MB.200 captured from France and used as trainer

Blohm & Voss

 * Blohm & Voss BV 40 glider interceptor (prototype)
 * Blohm & Voss BV 138 flying-boat (formerly Ha 138)
 * Blohm & Voss Ha 139 long range cargo/mailplane floatplane
 * Blohm & Voss Ha 140 torpedo bomber seaplane (prototype)
 * Blohm & Voss BV 141 asymmetric reconnaissance (prototype)
 * Blohm & Voss BV 142 transport/maritime patrol

 * Blohm & Voss Bv 144 transport
 * Blohm & Voss BV 155 high-altitude interceptor (formerly Me 155)
 * Blohm & Voss BV 222 Wiking ('Viking'), transport flying-boat

 * Blohm & Voss BV 238 flying-boat (prototype)

Breguet

 * Breguet 521 Bizerte captured/bought from France and used for air-sea rescue

Bücker

 * Bücker Bü 131 Jungmann ('Young Man'), biplane trainer
 * Bücker Bü 133 Jungmeister ('Young Champion'), aerobatic biplane trainer
 * Bücker Bü 180 Student ('Student'), trainer
 * Bücker Bü 181 Bestmann ('Bestman'), trainer/utility transport
 * Bücker Bü 182 Kornett ('Ensign'), trainer (prototypes)

Cantieri Aeronautici e Navali Triestini (CANT)

 * CANT Z.1007 captured from Italy after armistice and used as a bomber

Caudron

 * Caudron C.440 Goéland captured from France and used as transport
 * Caudron C.630 Simoun captured from France and used as transport

Deutsche Forschungsanstalt für Segelflug (DFS)

 * DFS SG 38 Schulgleiter training glider
 * DFS 6 may be 'Model 6' or 'DFS B6'
 * DFS 39 Lippisch tailless research aircraft
 * DFS 40 Lippisch tailless research aircraft
 * DFS 194 rocket-powered research aircraft, forerunner of Me 163
 * DFS 228 rocket-powered reconnaissance aircraft (prototype)
 * DFS 230 transport glider
 * DFS 331 transport glider (prototype)
 * DFS 332 wing profile research aircraft
 * DFS 346 supersonic research aircraft (incomplete prototype only)

Dewoitine

 * Dewoitine D.520 captured from France and used as fighter trainer

Dornier

 * Dornier Do 10 (Do C1) fighter (prototype), 1931
 * Dornier Do 11 (Do F) medium bomber, 1931
 * Dornier Do 12 seaplane, 1932
 * Dornier Do 13 medium bomber (Development of Do 11), 1933
 * Dornier Do 14 seaplane (prototype)
 * Dornier Do 15 Wal ('Whale') reconnaissance flying-boat
 * Dornier Do 17 mail-plane, bomber and night-fighter
 * Dornier Do 18 reconnaissance bomber flying-boat, 1935
 * Dornier Do 19 prototype four engine heavy bomber
 * Dornier Do 22 torpedo bomber/reconnaissance flying-boat
 * Dornier Do 23 medium bomber
 * Dornier Do 24 flying boat

 * Dornier Do 215 bomber and night-fighter

 * Dornier Do 217 bomber and night-fighter

 * Dornier Do 335 fighter-bomber (push-pull engine configuration)

Douglas

 * Douglas DC-2 captured from Netherlands, includes ex-KLM aircraft, used as transport

Fieseler

 * Fieseler Fi 2 (F-2 Tiger), acrobatic sportsplane, 1932
 * Fieseler Fi 5 (F-5) acrobatic sportsplane/trainer, 1933
 * Fieseler Fi 98 biplane fighter, 1936
 * Fieseler Fi 103 (V-1), flying bomb
 * Fieseler Fi 156 Storch ('Stork'), STOL reconnaissance aircraft
 * Fieseler Fi 167 ship-borne biplane reconnaissance/torpedo bomber

 * Fieseler Fi 103R "Reichenberg", manned suicide V-1

Flettner

 * Flettner Fl 184 reconnaissance helicopter, prototype
 * Flettner Fl 185 reconnaissance helicopter, prototype
 * Flettner Fl 265 reconnaissance helicopter, prototype
 * Flettner Fl 282 Kolibri ('Hummingbird'), reconnaissance helicopter

Fiat

 * Fiat CR.42 Falco ('Hawk'), ground attack/night fighter 1943-1945

Focke Achgelis

 * Focke Achgelis Fa 223 Drache ('Kite'), transport helicopter (prototype
 * Focke Achgelis Fa 266 Hornisse ('Hornet'), helicopter (prototype)
 * Focke Achgelis Fa 330 helicopter (prototype)
 * Focke Achgelis Fa 336 scout helicopter (prototype), 1944

Focke-Wulf

 * Focke-Wulf Fw 44 Stieglitz ('Goldfinch'), trainer (biplane)
 * Focke-Wulf Fw 56 Stösser ('Falcon Hawk'), trainer (parasol monoplane)
 * Focke-Wulf Fw 57 heavy fighter + bomber (prototype)
 * Focke-Wulf Fw 58 Weihe ('Kite'), trainer/transport
 * Focke-Wulf Fw 61 helicopter (prototype)
 * Focke-Wulf Fw 62 ship-borne reconnaissance (biplane seaplane)
 * Focke-Wulf Ta 152 fighter
 * Focke-Wulf Ta 153 Ta 152 with high aspect wings
 * Focke-Wulf Ta 154 Moskito ('Mosquito'), night-fighter
 * Focke-Wulf Fw 159 fighter (prototype only)

 * Focke-Wulf Fw 186 reconnaissance autogyro (prototype)
 * Focke-Wulf Fw 187 Falke ('Falcon'), heavy fighter
 * Focke-Wulf Fw 189 Uhu ('Owl'), ground-attack
 * Focke-Wulf Fw 190 Wurger ('Shrike'), fighter
 * Focke-Wulf Fw 191 twin-engined medium bomber
 * Focke-Wulf Fw 200 Condor ('Condor'), transport/maritime patrol

Fokker

 * Fokker C.VE captured from various countries and used as a night ground attack aircraft
 * Fokker F.IX captured from Czechoslovakia

Göppingen

 * Göppingen Gö 1 Wolf I sailplane, 1935
 * Göppingen Gö 3 Minimoa sailplane, 1936
 * Göppingen Gö 4 sailplane
 * Göppingen Gö 5 sailplane, 1937
 * Göppingen Gö 8 1:5 scale development aircraft for Dornier Do 214 project
 * Göppingen Gö 9 development aircraft for Do 335 Pfiel pusher engine

Gotha

 * Gotha Go 145 trainer
 * Gotha Go 146 transport, 1935
 * Gotha Go 147 STOL reconnaissance (prototype)
 * Gotha Go 229 flying-wing jet fighter-bomber
 * Gotha Go 242 transport glider
 * Gotha Go 244 transport
 * Gotha Go 345 assault glider
 * Gotha Ka 430 transport glider (prototypes)

Heinkel

 * Heinkel He 37 fighter
 * Heinkel He 38 fighter
 * Heinkel He 43 fighter
 * Heinkel He 45 bomber/trainer
 * Heinkel He 46 reconnaissance
 * Heinkel He 49 fighter
 * Heinkel He 50 reconnaissance/dive bomber
 * Heinkel He 51 fighter/close-support
 * Heinkel He 59 reconnaissance/air-sea rescue floatplane
 * Heinkel He 60 ship-borne reconnaissance floatplane
 * Heinkel He 70 Blitz ('Lightning'), transport/bomber, 1932
 * Heinkel He 72 Kadett ('Cadet'), trainer
 * Heinkel He 74 fighter/advanced trainer (prototype)
 * Heinkel He 100 fighter
 * Heinkel He 111 bomber
 * Heinkel He 112 fighter
 * Heinkel He 113 (propaganda designation for He 100)
 * Heinkel He 114 reconnaissance seaplane
 * Heinkel He 115 general-purpose seaplane
 * Heinkel He 116 transport + reconnaissance
 * Heinkel He 118 dive bomber
 * Heinkel He 119 high-speed reconnaissance/bomber (prototypes), 1937

 * Heinkel He 162 Volksjäger ('People's Fighter'), jet fighter
 * Heinkel He 172 trainer (prototype)
 * Heinkel He 176 experimental rocket aircraft
 * Heinkel He 177 Greif ('Griffon'), heavy bomber
 * Heinkel He 178 experimental jet aircraft
 * Heinkel He 219 Uhu ('Owl'), night fighter
 * Heinkel He 274 high-altitude bomber
 * Heinkel He 277 four-engine He 177
 * Heinkel He 280 jet fighter

Henschel

 * Henschel Hs 121 fighter/trainer (prototype)
 * Henschel Hs 123 ground-attack (biplane)
 * Henschel Hs 124 heavy fighter/bomber (prototype)
 * Henschel Hs 125 fighter/trainer (prototype)
 * Henschel Hs 126 reconnaissance
 * Henschel Hs 127 jet bomber (prototype)
 * Henschel Hs 129 ground-attack
 * Henschel Hs 130 high altitude reconnaissance/bomber (prototype)
 * Henschel Hs 132 jet dive bomber (prototype)

Junkers

 * Junkers W 33 utility transport, 1926
 * Junkers W 34 utility transport/trainer, 1933
 * Junkers Ju 52 Tante Ju ('Auntie Ju'), transport/bomber
 * Junkers Ju 86 bomber/reconnaissance/transport
 * Junkers Ju 87 Stuka, dive-bomber
 * Junkers Ju 88 reconnaissance/bomber/night-fighter
 * Junkers Ju 89 heavy bomber (prototype)
 * Junkers Ju 90 bomber (prototype)

 * Junkers Ju 188 Rächer ('Avenger'), bomber
 * Junkers Ju 248 Junkers version of Me 263
 * Junkers Ju 252 transport
 * Junkers Ju 287 heavy jet bomber (prototype)
 * Junkers Ju 288 bomber (prototype)
 * Junkers Ju 290 long-range bomber (prototype)
 * Junkers Ju 322 Mammut (Mammoth), transport glider (prototype), 1941)
 * Junkers Ju 352 Herkules ('Hercules'), transport
 * Junkers Ju 388 Störtebeker, reconnaissance/night-fighter
 * Junkers Ju 390 long-range bomber
 * Junkers Ju 488 heavy bomber
 * Junkers EF 61 high-altitude bomber (prototype)
 * Junkers EF 131 jet bomber (prototype)
 * Junkers EF 132 heavy bomber (prototype)

Klemm

 * Klemm Kl 31 single-engine transport, 1931
 * Klemm Kl 32 single-engine transport, 1931
 * Klemm Kl 33 (Klemm L33), single-seat ultra-light sportplane (prototype), 1933
 * Klemm Kl 35 sportplane/trainer, 1935
 * Klemm Kl 36 single-engine transport, 1934

Latécoère

 * Latécoère 298 captured from France

Lioré et Olivier (LeO)

 * Lioré et Olivier LeO H-246 captured from France and used as transports

Macchi

 * Macchi C.202 captured from Italy after armistice and used as trainers
 * Macchi C.205 captured from Italy after armistice and used as fighters

Marinens Flyvebaatfabrikk

 * Høver/Marinens Flyvebaatfabrikk M.F.11 captured from Finland and used as transport

Messerschmitt

 * Messerschmitt Bf 108 Taifun ('Typhoon'), utility transport/trainer
 * Messerschmitt Bf 109 fighter
 * Messerschmitt Bf 110 heavy fighter/night-fighter
 * Messerschmitt Bf 162 bomber (prototype)
 * Messerschmitt Bf 163 STOL reconnaissance aircraft (prototypes only)
 * Messerschmitt Me 163 Komet ('Comet'), rocket interceptor
 * Messerschmitt Me 209 speed-record aircraft (prototype)
 * Messerschmitt Me 209-II fighter (prototype – unrelated to Me 209)
 * Messerschmitt Me 210 heavy fighter/reconnaissance
 * Messerschmitt Me 261 long-range reconnaissance
 * Messerschmitt Me 262 Schwalbe ('Swallow'), jet fighter-bomber
 * Messerschmitt Me 263 rocket interceptor
 * Messerschmitt Me 264 Amerika Bomber long-range bomber (prototype)
 * Messerschmitt Me 309 fighter (prototype)
 * Messerschmitt Me 321 Gigant ('Giant'), transport glider
 * Messerschmitt Me 323 Gigant ('Giant'), transport aircraft
 * Messerschmitt Me 328 parasite fighter

 * Messerschmitt Me 410 Hornisse ('Hornet'), heavy fighter + reconnaissance

 * Messerschmitt P.1101 jet fighter (prototype)

Morane-Saulnier

 * Morane-Saulnier M.S.230 captured from France and used as trainer
 * Morane-Saulnier M.S.406 captured from France and used as fighter trainer

North American Aviation

 * North American NA-57 captured from France and used as trainer
 * North American NA-64 captured from France and used as trainer
 * North American P-51 captured

Podlaska Wytwórnia Samolotów (PWS)

 * PWS-26 captured from Czechoslovakia and use as trainer

Savoia-Marchetti

 * Savoia-Marchetti SM.79 captured from Italy after armistice
 * Savoia-Marchetti SM.82 captured from Italy after armistice and used as transports

Siebel

 * Siebel Fh 104 Hallore, medium transport
 * Siebel Si 201 STOL reconnaissance aircraft (prototype)
 * Siebel Si 202 Hummel ('bumblebee') sportplane/trainer, 1938
 * Siebel Si 204 transport/crew trainer

Zlín

 * Zlín Z-XII captured from Czechoslovakia and used as a trainer
 * Zlín Z-212 captured from Czechoslovakia and used as a trainer


text:
Common emitter

In electronics, a common-emitter amplifier is one of three basic single-stage bipolar-junction-transistor (BJT) amplifier topologies, typically used as a voltage amplifier. It offers high current gain (typically 200), medium input resistance and a high output resistance. The output of a common emitter amplifier is inverted; i.e. for a sine wave input signal, the output signal is 180 degrees out of phase with respect to the input.

In this circuit, the base terminal of the transistor serves as the input, the collector is the output, and the emitter is common to both (for example, it may be tied to ground reference or a power supply rail), hence its name. The analogous FET circuit is the common-source amplifier, and the analogous tube circuit is the common-cathode amplifier.

Emitter degeneration

Common-emitter amplifiers give the amplifier an inverted output and can have a very high gain that may vary widely from one transistor to the next. The gain is a strong function of both temperature and bias current, and so the actual gain is somewhat unpredictable. Stability is another problem associated with such high-gain circuits due to any unintentional positive feedback that may be present.

Other problems associated with the circuit are the low input dynamic range imposed by the small-signal limit; there is high distortion if this limit is exceeded and the transistor ceases to behave like its small-signal model. One common way of alleviating these issues is with emitter degeneration. This refers to the addition of a small resistor between the emitter and the common signal source (e.g., the ground reference or a power supply rail). This impedance $$R_\text{E}$$ reduces the overall transconductance $$G_m = g_m$$ of the circuit by a factor of $$g_m R_\text{E} + 1$$, which makes the voltage gain

 * $$A_\text{v} \triangleq \frac{v_\text{out}}{v_\text{in}} = \frac{-g_m R_\text{C}}{g_m R_\text{E} + 1} \approx -\frac{R_\text{C}}{R_\text{E}},$$

where $$g_m R_\text{E} \gg 1$$.

The voltage gain depends almost exclusively on the ratio of the resistors $$R_\text{C}/R_\text{E}$$ rather than the transistor's intrinsic and unpredictable characteristics. The distortion and stability characteristics of the circuit are thus improved at the expense of a reduction in gain.

(While this is often described as "negative feedback", as it reduces gain, raises input impedance, and reduces distortion, it predates the invention of the negative feedback amplifier and does not reduce output impedance or increase bandwidth, as a true negative feedback amplifier would do. )

Characteristics
At low frequencies and using a simplified hybrid-pi model, the following small-signal characteristics can be derived.

If the emitter degeneration resistor is not present, then $$R_\text{E} = 0\,\Omega$$, and the expressions effectively simplify to the ones given by the rightmost column (note that the voltage gain is an ideal value; the actual gain is somewhat unpredictable). As expected, when $$R_\text{E}\,$$ is increased, the input impedance is increased and the voltage gain $$A_\text{v}\,$$ is reduced.

Bandwidth
The bandwidth of the common-emitter amplifier tends to be low due to high capacitance resulting from the Miller effect. The parasitic base-collector capacitance $$C_{\text{CB}}\,$$ appears like a larger parasitic capacitor $$C_\text{CB} (1 - A_\text{v})\,$$ (where $$A_\text{v}\,$$ is negative) from the base to ground. This large capacitor greatly decreases the bandwidth of the amplifier as it makes the time constant of the parasitic input RC filter $$r_\text{s} (1 - A_\text{V}) C_\text{CB}\,$$ where $$r_\text{s}\,$$ is the output impedance of the signal source connected to the ideal base.

The problem can be mitigated in several ways, including:
 * Reduction of the voltage gain magnitude $$\left|A_\text{v}\right|\,$$ (e.g., by using emitter degeneration).
 * Reduction of the output impedance $$r_\text{s}\,$$ of the signal source connected to the base (e.g., by using an emitter follower or some other voltage follower).
 * Using a cascode configuration, which inserts a low input impedance current buffer (e.g. a common base amplifier) between the transistor's collector and the load. This configuration holds the transistor's collector voltage roughly constant, thus making the base to collector gain zero and hence (ideally) removing the Miller effect.
 * Using a differential amplifier topology like an emitter follower driving a grounded-base amplifier; as long as the emitter follower is truly a common-collector amplifier, the Miller effect is removed.

The Miller effect negatively affects the performance of the common source amplifier in the same way (and has similar solutions). When an AC signal is applied to the transistor amplifier it causes the base voltage VB to fluctuate in value at the AC signal. The positive half of the applied signal will cause an increase in the value of VB this turn will increase the base current IB and cause a corresponding increase in emitter current IE and collector current IC. As a result, the collector emitter voltage will be reduced because of the increase voltage drop across RL. The negative alternation of an AC signal will cause a decrease in IB this action then causes a corresponding decrease in IE through RL.

It is also named common-emitter amplifier because the emitter of the transistor is common to both the input circuit and output circuit. The input signal is applied across the ground and the base circuit of the transistor. The output signal appears across ground and the collector of the transistor. Since the emitter is connected to the ground, it is common to signals, input and output.

The common-emitter circuit is the most widely used of junction transistor amplifiers. As compared with the common-base connection, it has higher input impedance and lower output impedance. A single power supply is easily used for biasing. In addition, higher voltage and power gains are usually obtained for common-emitter (CE) operation.

Current gain in the common emitter circuit is obtained from the base and the collector circuit currents. Because a very small change in base current produces a large change in collector current, the current gain (β) is always greater than unity for the common-emitter circuit, a typical value is about 50.

Low-frequency voltage amplifier
A typical example of the use of a common-emitter amplifier is shown in Figure 3.

The input capacitor C removes any DC component of the input, and the resistors R1 and R2 bias the transistor so that it will remain in active mode for the entire range of the input. The output is an inverted copy of the AC component of the input that has been amplified by the ratio RC/RE and shifted by an amount determined by all four resistors. Because RC is often large, the output impedance of this circuit can be prohibitively high. To alleviate this problem, RC is kept as low as possible and the amplifier is followed by a voltage buffer like an emitter follower.

Radio
Common-emitter amplifiers are also used in radio frequency circuits, for example to amplify faint signals received by an antenna. In this case it is common to replace the load resistor with a tuned circuit. This may be done to limit the bandwidth to a narrow band centered around the intended operating frequency. More importantly it also allows the circuit to operate at higher frequencies as the tuned circuit can be used to resonate any inter-electrode and stray capacitances, which normally limit the frequency response. Common emitters are also commonly used as low-noise amplifiers.

Audio
Common-emitter amplifiers are also used for audio amplifiers. For example, a do it yourself or hobbyist application of the common-emitter amplifier is presented in.

title: Common emitter


text:
Jonathan Worth (governor)

Jonathan Worth (November 18, 1802 – September 5, 1869) was the 39th governor of the U.S. state of North Carolina from 1865 to 1868, during the early years of Reconstruction.

Early life
Jonathan Worth was born on November 18, 1802, in Randolph County, North Carolina to Dr. David Worth and Eunice Worth (née Gardner). A native of Guilford County, Worth settled in Randolph County and made his fame and fortune there as an attorney and legislator. A Quaker and protégé of Judge Archibald Murphey, Worth championed the cause of free public schools, and, though he belonged to the greatly outnumbered Whig party, gained much stature for his practicality and vision.

In 1830, he ran for a seat in the North Carolina House of Representatives from Randolph County, motivated in large part by a failing law practice. His major shortcoming, he had decided, was his deficiency as a public speaker. His peers at the Bar persuaded him there was no better way to improve his oratory and achieve better rhetoric than to become a member of the North Carolina General Assembly, which thrives on "talk".

He served two terms in the House, took a break from public service to build a lucrative law practice, was elected to the North Carolina Senate, and then ran twice for Congress, both times unsuccessfully.

In 1858, Worth was again elected to the State Senate, where he was made chairman of a committee to investigate the poorly run North Carolina Railroad. He pursued this official duty so relentlessly that the president of the Railroad, formerly a good friend, challenged Worth to a duel, which Worth declined.

Civil War Treasurer
Worth was an avid opponent of North Carolina's secession from the Union. Though opposed to the Confederate stands on most issues, Worth remained loyal to North Carolina and refused to take part in several peace movements. He owned slaves and saw slavery as a Constitutional right which was best defended by remaining within the Union. In late 1862 or early 1863, the legislature elected him State Treasurer by acclamation.

Worth had the duty of issuing notes and bonds to finance the State's share of its war debt. Of the some $20 million in notes authorized by the State, Worth issued $8.5 million and $5.2 million were outstanding at the end of the war. War bonds totaling more than $13 million were issued. At the end of the war, all of the State's war debt was repudiated.

Just before Raleigh was occupied by Sherman's conquering forces at the end of the war, Governor Zebulon B. Vance charged Worth with the duty of safeguarding the State archives, which he did by evacuating them to Company Shops in Alamance County. Worth was so highly regarded that when William W. Holden was installed as the provisional governor, he requested Worth continue as the provisional treasurer. Worth held that title for five months until he resigned during his campaign against Gov. Holden in a special November 9, 1865, election. Worth is the only statewide North Carolina treasurer to become governor.

Governor
Worth was nominated by the Conservative Party, a state coalition that included most Democrats and some former Whigs, to run for governor in North Carolina's first and only special election for the office. Worth had been associated with the Conservative Party since the beginning of the Civil War. His opponent was the incumbent Gov. William W. Holden, who had been appointed by President Andrew Johnson and was running on the National Union Party ticket. Worth's strength was in the eastern part of the state, and Holden carried the western counties which had mostly opposed secession and the Civil War. Worth won with 32,549 votes (55.5%) to Holden's 25,809 votes (44.0%). Worth won with the support of many elements of the state that had supported secession. The 1865 election had been conducted according to the 1865 state constitution, which was rejected by the U.S. Congress.

Worth was re-elected on October 18, 1866, for a term that started December 22, 1866. He won 34,250 votes (75.9%) to 10,759 votes (23.8%) for former U.S. Rep. Alfred Dockery, running on the National Union Party ticket. In both his gubernatorial campaigns, Worth emphasized that he had opposed secession and that he sought to heal state and national divisions. He expressed support for President Andrew Johnson.

The major event of Worth's second term was the state constitutional convention, held in early 1868 to draft a constitution meeting the requirements of Congress. One of Worth's major interests was to restore North Carolina to the Union. Worth was disappointed with the new constitution and refused to run for re-election on the Conservative Party ticket in the election of 1868. He did not recognize the legitimacy of that election, which William W. Holden won. Nevertheless, he wrote to Holden: "I surrender the office to you under what I deem Military duress."

Worth died 14 months after leaving office as governor. He is buried in Historic Oakwood Cemetery.

His younger brother, John M. Worth, was also a successful politician and North Carolina State Treasurer from 1876 to 1885.

Personal life
On October 20, 1824, Jonathan Worth married Martitia Daniel, a niece of Judge Archibald Murphey. They had eight children: Roxana Cornelia (born 1826), Lucy Jane (born 1828), David Gaston (born 1831), Eunice Louisa (born 1832), Elvira Evelyna (born 1838), Sarah Corinne (born 1839), Adelaide Ann (born 1842) and Mary Martitia (born 1846). Famous descendants include grandsons Worth Bagley and David W. Bagley, granddaughter Addie Worth Bagley Daniels, and her son, Jonathan Worth Daniels.

title: Jonathan Worth (governor)


text:
Henry Toole Clark

Henry Toole Clark (February 7, 1808 – April 14, 1874) was the 36th Governor of the U.S. state of North Carolina from 1861 to 1862 during the American Civil War.

Early life
Henry T. Clark was born to a prominent Edgecombe County, North Carolina, planter family. His father, James West Clark, served as a US Congressman and later as a Navy Department official in the Andrew Jackson administration. The Clarks were members of that elite planter class that dominated social and political thought in eastern North Carolina. Henry Clark devoted over twenty years to the service of the Democratic Party at the local, state, and national levels, and over ten years as a state senator.

Clark attended The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill where he was a member of the Dialectic Society. He graduated with honors in 1826 and later earned an A. M. in 1832. He joined the bar a year later, though he rarely practiced. He spent most of his time managing the family's extensive land and slave holdings in North Carolina, Alabama, and Tennessee. The Clarks owned as many as sixty-two slaves, many of whom were hired out to others for their labor.

Political career
In 1861, Clark was Speaker of the North Carolina Senate. When state governor John W. Ellis died in office, Clark succeeded him (as was the law at the time). He served as the state's chief executive from July 1861 to September 1862, a crucial period in which North Carolina established itself as a constituent member of the Confederate States and first suffered the hardships of war. As the leader of the state in that formative period, he mobilized thousands of soldiers for the Southern cause, established the only Confederate prison in North Carolina, arranged the production of salt for the war effort, created European purchasing connections, and built a successful and important gunpowder mill. The conservative Clark, however, found more success as an administrator than as a political figure. As governor, he was unable to maneuver in the new political world ushered in by the Civil War, and he retired abruptly from public service at the end of his term in September 1862.

In his later years, he served the local Democratic party and returned for one term as a state senator in 1866. Clark died at his home near Tarboro, North Carolina.

title: Henry Toole Clark


text:
John Willis Ellis

John Willis Ellis (November 23, 1820 – July 7, 1861) was the 35th Governor of the U.S. state of North Carolina from 1859 to 1861. He was born in Rowan County, North Carolina.

Ellis attended the University of North Carolina, studied law under Richmond Mumford Pearson, practiced law, and was elected to the North Carolina General Assembly from Rowan County. He served as a state superior court judge from 1848 to 1858. He was elected Governor in 1858 by a large majority over Duncan K. McRae, a Democrat supported by remnants of the Whig Party. Ellis was easily re-elected in 1860 over John Pool.

As the American Civil War was beginning, President Abraham Lincoln requested troops from North Carolina to quell the rebellion. Ellis replied, "I can be no party to this wicked violation of the laws of the country and to this war upon the liberties of a free people. You can get no troops from North Carolina." During the start of the U.S. Civil War Governor John Willis Ellis ordered cadets from the North Carolina Military Academy to Raleigh, North Carolina to serve as drill masters.

Shortly after North Carolina seceded from the Union, Ellis died in office. The Speaker of the North Carolina Senate, Henry T. Clark, completed his term. He is buried at the Old English Cemetery in Salisbury, North Carolina.

title: John Willis Ellis


text: User talk:152.163.252.230

title: User talk:152.163.252.230


text:
Thomas Bragg

Thomas Bragg (November 9, 1810 – January 21, 1872) was an American politician and lawyer who served as the 34th Governor of the U.S. state of North Carolina from 1855 through 1859. During the Civil War, he served in the Confederate States Cabinet. He was the older brother of General Braxton Bragg. They were direct descendants of Thomas Bragg (1579–1665) who was born in England and settled in the Virginia Colony.

Born in Warrenton, North Carolina, to a middle-class, slaveowning family, Bragg attended Warrenton Academy and later graduated from Captain Partridge’s American Literary, Scientific & Military Academy (now known as Norwich University – The Military College of Vermont). He was admitted to the bar in 1833 and commenced practice in Jackson, North Carolina. He was a member of the North Carolina General Assembly from 1842 to 1843 and became the prosecuting attorney for Northampton County. He successfully ran for governor of North Carolina and served from 1855 to 1859. He then took a seat in the United States Senate, serving from 1859 until the start of the Civil War in 1861. He served as chairman of the Committee on Claims in the thirty-sixth congress. He resigned and was expelled for siding with the Confederacy. Confederate President Jefferson Davis appointed Bragg Attorney General of the Confederate States; he served from 1861 until his resignation in 1862. In 1870, Bragg served as special counsel in the impeachment proceedings of Governor William Woods Holden, related to the latter's efforts to curb the influence of the Ku Klux Klan in Reconstruction-era North Carolina. He continued to practice law until his death in 1872, and was also chairman of the central executive committee of the North Carolina Democratic Party (then called the Democratic-Conservative Party) as of 1870. He was interred in Oakwood Cemetery in Raleigh, North Carolina.

His home at Jackson, the Amis-Bragg House, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003.

title: Thomas Bragg