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Volkswagen Lupo

The Volkswagen Lupo (Typ 6X) is a city car that was produced by the German car manufacturer Volkswagen, from 1998 to 2005. It shares most of its aspects with the Volkswagen Group's SEAT Arosa, both derived from the Volkswagen Polo Mk3 platform. Main differences are found in styling and equipment. The Lupo name is Latin, meaning wolf, and is named after its home town of Wolfsburg.

Model history
The Lupo was introduced in October 1998, to fill a gap at the bottom of the Volkswagen model range caused by the increasing size and weight of the Polo. It was a badge engineered version of the stablemate, the 1997 SEAT Arosa. The right-hand-drive version for the UK market was launched in the spring of 1999. In Japan, it was launched in July 2001.

Both Lupo and Arosa use the A00 platform which is a shortened version of the Polo/Ibiza A0 platform. Initially only available in two trim variants, the budget E trim and the upgraded S trim; the range later expanded to include a Sport and GTI variant.

Petrol engines ranged from 1.0 to 1.4 (1.6 for the GTI) with diesels from 1.2 to 1.7. The differences between the E and S trim included painted door mirrors, door handles and strip, central locking, electric windows, double folding seats and opening rear windows. The Sport also got a chrome centre exhaust and front foglights as standard.

Just as the Arosa, the Lupo was designed by Jozef Kabaň.

Replacement
Sales of the Lupo were slow and missed Volkswagen's targets, partly because of its high price in the class and it was higher than its sister car SEAT Arosa. In 2001 a Volkswagen source claimed that it was decided the Lupo would eventually be discontinued and replaced by a model built in China.

Production of the Lupo was discontinued in June 2005, and was replaced on the European market by the Brazilian designed Fox. Due to the decision taken by Volkswagen, to use the Fox instead of developing any genuine replacement for the Lupo, resulted in SEAT being unable to produce their own version, resulting in the end of production of the Arosa in June 2004. The Lupo's spiritual successor, Volkswagen up!, was released in 2011.

Specifications

 * Length: 3530 mm
 * Width: 1803 mm (with mirrors)
 * Height: 1447 mm
 * Luggage capacity (rear seats up): 130 litres, (rear seats down) 833 litres
 * Weight: 890-1015 kg

Lupo 3L
The Volkswagen Lupo 3L (Typ 6E) was a special edition made with the intent of being the world's first car in series production consuming as little as 3 litres of fuel per 100 kilometres (79 miles per US gallon or 94 miles per Imperial gallon). To achieve this, the 3L was significantly changed from the standard Lupo to include:

 * 1.2 litre three cylinder diesel engine with turbocharger and direct injection
 * Use of light weight aluminum and magnesium alloys for doors, bonnet (hood), rear hatch, seat frames, engine block, wheels, suspension system etc. to achieve a weight of only 830 kg
 * Tiptronic gearbox
 * Engine start/stop automatic to avoid long idling periods
 * Low rolling resistance tires
 * Automated manual transmission and clutch, to optimise fuel consumption, with a Tiptronic mode for the gearbox
 * Changed aerodynamics, so a $$\mathbf c_\mathrm w\,$$ value of 0.29 was achieved

The 3L, along with the GTI and FSI, had a completely different steel body to other Lupos, using thinner but stronger steel sheet. The car had an automated manual transmission with a Tiptronic mode on the selector and electro-hydraulic actuation system for the clutch and shifting. The car also had an ECO mode. When engaged it limited the power to 41 bhp (31 kW; 42 PS) (excluding kick down) and programmed the transmission to change up at the most economical point.

ECO mode also activated the start/stop function, a feature that was new to European cars at the time.

To restart, the driver simply takes his foot off the brake and presses the accelerator. In ECO mode, the clutch was disengaged when the accelerator pedal was released for maximum economy, so the car freewheels as much as possible, with the clutch re engaging as soon as the accelerator pedal or brake pedal is touched. The 3L also has only four-wheel bolts and alloy brake drums at the rear, along with many aluminium suspension components.

Initially, there were very few options on the 3L, as options added weight which affected fuel consumption. Those available initially were electrically heated and electrically controlled mirrors, fog lights, and different paint colours. In order to increase sales, other options were offered, including all electric steering, electric windows, and air conditioning.

These options, however, increased fuel consumption slightly. In July 2001, a Japanese economy driver, Dr. Miyano, used it to set a new world record for the most frugal circumnavigation of Britain in a standard diesel production car, with an average fuel economy figure of 119.48 mpg or 2.36 L/100 km.

In November 2003, Gerhard Plattner covered a distance of 2,910 miles through twenty European countries in a standard Lupo 3L TDI. He achieved his aim of completing this journey, which started in Oslo, Norway, and finished in The Hague in the Netherlands, with just €100 worth of fuel. In fact, all he required was 90.94 euros, which corresponds to an average consumption of 2.78 litres per 100 km (101.6 mpg).

The Lupo 3L shared its engine and special gearbox with the Audi A2 1.2 TDI 3L. As a result of this and other changes, this Audi A2 is also capable of reaching the same results as the Lupo 3L. According to the instruction manual of the Lupo 3L, the 3L engine also runs on Rapeseed Methyl Ester (RME) without any changes to the engine.

During the period of series production of the Lupo 3L, Volkswagen also presented the 1L Concept, a prototype made with the objective of proving the capability of producing a roadworthy vehicle consuming only 1 litre of fuel per 100 kilometres (235 miles per US gallon).

Lupo FSi
The Lupo FSi was the first direct injection petrol powered production vehicle Volkswagen produced. A 5L/100 km 1.4 16v petrol version of the Lupo 3L with an average consumption of 4.9L/100 km. This direct injection engine next to a conventional engine with similar power uses around 30% less fuel. It had a similar automated gearbox to the 3L but with different gear ratios.

Outwardly, it was almost identical to a 3L but with a different front grill, slightly wider wheels with a different design and lacked the magnesium steering wheel and rear bumper of the 3L. Early 3L and FSi models had aluminium tailgates which were lighter and more aerodynamic than their standard Lupo counterparts. Early FSi models also had a unique spoiler while later ones without the aluminium tailgates were fitted with the same spoiler as the Lupo GTI. The FSi was only sold in Germany, Austria and Switzerland.

Lupo GTI
The 1.6 L Lupo GTI, introduced in the year 2000, has been labelled a true successor to the Volkswagen Golf Mk1, one of the first true hot hatches. The GTI can be identified by its fully body coloured bumpers and twin central exhausts. In March 2002, a six speed gearbox was added, together with improved throttle response, and was suggested as a competitor to the Mini Cooper, or the larger Volkswagen Polo GTI.

The GTI features much more standard equipment which was not available on any other in the Lupo range, including bi-xenon headlights, 15 inch Bathurst alloy wheels and an off black interior. With a DOHC sixteen valve four cylinder engine producing 125 PS, the GTI had a top speed of 127 mi/h and could accelerate 0 to 60 mph in 7.8 seconds.

Production figures
More than 480,000 units of the Volkswagen Lupo have been produced through its lifetime.

The total production per year of the Lupo is shown below:

Awards

 * Best Micromini 1999 (Ireland)

title: Volkswagen Lupo


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Spain (instrumental)

"Spain" is an instrumental jazz fusion composition by jazz pianist and composer Chick Corea. It is likely Corea's most recognized piece, and is considered a jazz standard.

"Spain" was composed in 1971 and appeared in its original (and best-known) rendition on the album Light as a Feather, with performances by Corea (Rhodes electric piano), Airto Moreira (drums), Flora Purim (vocals and percussion), Stanley Clarke (bass), and Joe Farrell (flute). It has been recorded in several versions, by Corea himself as well as by other artists, including a flamenco version by Paco de Lucía, Al Di Meola and John McLaughlin in the 1980s, and a progressive bluegrass version by Béla Fleck in 1979. A version with lyrics by Al Jarreau, "Spain (I Can Recall)", appeared on the 1980 album This Time. More recently, Corea had performed his composition as a duo with Japanese pianist Hiromi Uehara. A version of "Spain" was performed by Stevie Wonder at his 2008 Concert in London. The introduction used in the song is from Concierto de Aranjuez, a guitar concerto by the Spanish composer Joaquín Rodrigo.

The Light as a Feather version of "Spain" received two Grammy nominations, for Best Instrumental Arrangement and for Best Instrumental Jazz Performance by a Group. In 2001, Corea was awarded the Best Instrumental Arrangement Grammy for "Spain for Sextet and Orchestra".

Composition
Corea opens the Light as a Feather version of "Spain" with the adagio from Joaquin Rodrigo's Concierto de Aranjuez.

Corea took inspiration from Spanish flamenco guitarist Paco de Lucia for this piece.

After the intro, the song switches to a fast, steady samba-like rhythm, in which the main theme and an improvisation part are repeated.

The chord progression used during the improvisation part is based on harmonic progressions in Rodrigo's concerto. It runs as follows:

| Gmaj7 | F#7 | Em7 A7 | Dmaj7 (Gmaj7) | C#7 F#7 | Bm B7 |

Appearances
By Chick Corea

 * Light as a Feather (1972) – Chick Corea and Return to Forever
 * Akoustic Band (1989) – Chick Corea Akoustic Band
 * Play (1990) – Chick Corea and Bobby McFerrin
 * Return to the Seventh Galaxy: The Anthology (CD 1996) – Chick Corea, Bill Connors, Stanley Clarke, and Lenny White
 * Alexia In a Jazz Mood (1996) – Chick Corea and Alexia Vassiliou
 * Solo Piano: Originals (2000) – Chick Corea
 * Corea.Concerto (2001) – Chick Corea with Origin and the London Philharmonic Orchestra
 * Rendezvous in New York (CD 2003, DVD 2005) – Chick Corea Akoustic Band
 * Elektric Band: Live at Montreux 2004 (2004) – Chick Corea Elektric Band
 * Akoustic Band 1991 (DVD 2005) – Chick Corea Akoustic Band
 * Duet (2009) – Chick Corea and Hiromi Uehara
 * Trilogy (2013) – Chick Corea with Christian McBride and Brian Blade

Covers

 * Manhattan Wildlife Refuge (1974) – Bill Watrous
 * Live and Improvised (1976) – Blood Sweat & Tears
 * Something You Got (1977) – Art Farmer
 * Crossing the Tracks (1979) – Béla Fleck
 * This Time (1980) – Al Jarreau
 * Le Beirut (1984) – Fairuz
 * Live With Vic Juris (1985) – Bireli Lagrene
 * Jaco Pastorius & Bireli Lagrene & Alex Bally (1985) – Bireli Lagrene and Jaco Pastorius
 * New Weave (1986) – Rare Silk
 * Somewhere Out There (1986) – Airmen of Note
 * Naurava Kulkuri (1986) – Vesa-Matti Loiri
 * Sensacion (1987) – Tito Puente
 * Daybreak (1987) – Béla Fleck
 * Thousand Wave (1988) – Takahiro Matsumoto
 * GRP All-Star Big Band (1992) – GRP All-Star Big Band
 * Rosenberg Trio: Live at the North Sea Jazz Festival (1993) – Rosenberg Trio
 * ''Ng La banda (Cuba) Montreaux Jazz Festival 1993
 * Zlatko (1995) – Zlatko Manojlović
 * DGQ-20 (1996) – David Grisman Quintet
 * Two Guitars One Passion (1996) – Lara & Reyes
 * Tango del Fuego (1999) – James Galway
 * Czechmate (1999) – Druha Trava
 * Spain (2000) – Michel Camilo & Tomatito
 * La Nuit Des Gitans (2001) – Raphael Fays
 * Tribute album (2001) – Emilie-Claire Barlow
 * Crosscurrent (2005) – Jake Shimabukuro
 * Gently Weeps (2006) – Jake Shimabukuro
 * Steps (2009) – Cluster
 * Live at Last (2008) – Stevie Wonder
 * The Chick Corea Songbook (2009) – The Manhattan Transfer
 * Acoustic Live (2009) – Pegasus (Issei Noro and Tetsuo Sakurai)
 * Jazz and the Philharmonic – Chick Corea, Eric Owens, Terence Blanchard, and the Henry Mancini Institute Orchestra
 * Kind of Spain (2017) – Wolfgang Haffner
 * Spain (2017) – Groove for Thought
 * Spain (2019) – The String Queens
 * Spain (2020) – Dewa 19

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Spain (instrumental)


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Rodrigo Valdez

Rodrigo Valdez (February 22, 1946 – March 15, 2017) was a Colombian professional boxer who competed from 1963 to 1980. He was a two time middleweight champion, having held the WBC title from 1974 to 1976 and the undisputed WBA, WBC, and The Ring titles from 1977 to 1978. His rivalry with Carlos Monzón has long been considered among the most legendary boxing rivalries. Valdez was trained by International Boxing Hall of Fame coach Gil Clancy. Many people consider him, Antonio Cervantes and Miguel "Happy" Lora to be the three greatest boxers ever to come from that country. He is 29th on Ring Magazine's list of 100 greatest punchers of all time.

Professional boxing career
Born in Bolívar, Colombia, Rodrigo Valdez began his professional boxing career with a win over Orlando Pineda in a four-round decision on October 25, 1963, at Cartagena. He won his next eight bouts, but on October 2, 1965, he lost his undefeated record, beaten by knockout in six by Rudy Escobar.

After that defeat, he went on another undefeated streak of fifteen fights, of which he won thirteen and tied two. However, on his first fight abroad, February 16, 1969, in Ecuador, he lost a ten-round decision to Daniel Guanin. After one more fight in Cartagena, he moved to the United States. Trying to gain more recognition, he campaigned, from 1969 to 1970, in the states of New York, Nevada and California, winning seven fights and losing two. Then, he returned to South America for four more fights in his homeland, winning all.

Hepatitis
In his next match, held at the Madison Square Garden in New York City, with Bobby Cassidy on August 9, 1971, Valdez won by knockout in round six, because the fight doctor deemed Cassidy not fit to continue from a cut around his eye which had been ruled as produced by a Valdez punch. At the time, nobody knew that Cassidy had hepatitis A. As a consequence of this, Valdez also became affected by the disease. Given a quarantine, he refused to quit boxing periodically and continued training during his time of illness. Separated from most of the world, he was fit enough to win two more fights within three months of his initial diagnosis of hepatitis.

Valdez had nineteen wins in a row when he met Philadelphia legend Bennie Briscoe for the NABF middleweight title, in Nouméa, New Caledonia, on September 1, 1973, beating Briscoe in a 12-round decision to capture the regional championship and becoming a world-ranked middleweight contender. After this win, Valdez claimed for a world title shot at Monzon.

World title
He won two more fights, and the WBC made him its number one contender at Monzon's title. But Monzon did not feel like fighting the Colombian at that moment, so the WBC stripped Monzon of the world title (Monzon retained the WBA title) and made Valdez and Briscoe rematch, this time with the WBC world middleweight title on the line. On May 25, 1974, at Monte Carlo, Valdez became a world champion for the first time, by knocking Briscoe out in seven rounds. Valdez subsequently retained his title against Rudy Valdez, Gratien Tonna, and Max Cohen, until Monzon finally agreed to meet him.

One week before the long-awaited match-up, on June 19, 1976, Valdez's brother was murdered during a barroom fight in Colombia. Already in Monte Carlo for the fight, Valdez wanted to pull out of it to join his family in mourning. But he was contractually bound to fight Monzon, so he had to stay in Europe, and on June 26, Valdez, who to many observers seemed rather uninterested, lost in the unification bout to Monzon in a 15-round unanimous decision. Valdez won two more fights after returning to Colombia.

The WBA and WBC, recognizing that Valdez probably wasn't in the best of moods to fight during his first confrontation with Monzon, ordered a second fight between the rivals, and so they fought again, on July 30, 1977, once again at Monte Carlo. This time around, Valdez knocked down Monzon in the second round, becoming the only man to send the Argentine to the floor in Monzon's long career. Valdez was leading after seven rounds, but Monzon mounted a late rally that allowed him to keep the title by a close decision.

Monzon's retirement
Monzon announced his retirement from boxing afterwards, and so Valdez and Briscoe were matched once again, on November 5, 1977, for the vacant undisputed world middleweight championship, in Campione d'Italia, which belonged back then not to Italy, but actually to Switzerland. Valdez recovered the world middleweight championship, with a 15-round decision over Briscoe. This time around, however, he would lose his title on his first defense, on April 22, 1978, by points in 15 rounds to another Argentine, Hugo Corro, in San Remo, Italy.

On November 11 of that same year, they had a rematch, at Buenos Aires' Luna Park Stadium, and Corro repeated his 15-round victory to retain the world title.

Retirement
Valdez fought only twice more, winning both fights by knockout. After beating Gilberto Amonte on November 28, 1980, in the first round, he retired from boxing for good.

Valdez had a record of 63 wins, eight losses and two draws as a professional boxer, with 42 wins by knockout.

Death
According to Colombian sources, Valdez died of a massive heart attack on March 14, 2017. Cartagena mayor Manuel Duque confirmed the two time former world champion's death, calling him "one of the greatest Colombian sportsmen of all time".

title: Rodrigo Valdez


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Whoopee

Whoopee or whoopie may refer to:

 * Whoopee, an exclamation used as a form of cheering or to express jubilation
 * Whoopee or whoopie, a euphemism for sexual intercourse
 * Whoopee!, a 1928 musical comedy
 * Whoopee! (film), a 1930 adaptation of the musical
 * Whoopee! (comics), a British comic book magazine of the 1970s and '80s
 * Whoopee cap, a type of zigzagged felt cap
 * Whoopee cushion, a practical joking device that mimics flatulence
 * Whoopie pie, a kind of cookie sandwich
 * Whoopie sling, a type of rope sling used in tree pruning and hammock suspension
 * Whoopie hook, a type of hook or fastener used in a whoopie sling

title: Whoopee


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Look Sharp! (Roxette album)

Look Sharp! is the second studio album by Swedish pop rock duo Roxette, released on 21 October 1988 by EMI, two years after their debut Pearls of Passion (1986). It was recorded at EMI Studios in Stockholm and at Trident II Studios in London between March and September 1988. The album was an immediate commercial success in Sweden, debuting at number one and eventually being certified 6× platinum there.

Although commercial success elsewhere was initially modest, the album was the duo's international breakthrough. It went on to be certified platinum or multi-platinum in numerous territories, while four of its singles attained commercial success. In the United States, the album was certified platinum and the singles "The Look" and "Listen to Your Heart" both topped the Billboard Hot 100, while "Dangerous" and "Dressed for Success" reached numbers 2 and 14, respectively, on the same chart.

Background and release
"Dressed for Success" and "Listen to Your Heart" were released as the album's first two singles in Sweden, with Per Gessle and EMI choosing to highlight Marie Fredriksson as Roxette's lead vocalist. They were immediate hits in Sweden, peaking at numbers two and three, respectively. "Chances" was released as the album's first single in France, Germany and Italy, but it failed to chart.

"The Look" was released as the album's fourth single in January 1989, becoming another top 10 hit in their home country. While studying there, an American exchange student from Minneapolis, Dean Cushman, purchased the album and brought it home, giving a copy of it to his local Top 40 radio station, KDWB 101.3 FM. "The Look" quickly became popular, and the station began distributing the track to their sister radio operations. EMI America had previously rejected the duo as unsuitable for the American market, and Roxette did not have a recording contract there.

"The Look" had already entered the top 50 of the Billboard Hot 100 before the duo began official promotion. It would go on to peak at number one eight weeks later. It gradually became a global hit over the next year, topping the charts in 25 countries. It also spent six weeks at number one on the Australian Singles Chart. The album's previous singles—excluding "Chances"—were re-released internationally. Roxette would go on to have four number ones on the Billboard Hot 100, including "Listen to Your Heart"; while the album's final single, "Dangerous", peaked at number two.

Critical reception
The album received mixed reviews from critics. In a retrospective review, AllMusic complimented its singles, but said that the album tracks "aren't necessarily filler, but they also aren't as strong as many of the cuts that made up Roxette albums that followed. [...] Only 'Chances' and 'Shadow of a Doubt' show glimmers of the skills the duo would soon flourish." A review for Los Angeles Times echoed a similar sentiment, praising its singles and "Shadow of a Doubt"—along with "Cry"—but said that: "the problem is that most of Look Sharp!'s music is of such a light, ephemeral nature that it disappears without a trace the minute the record leaves the turntable. Looks like Roxette's forte is pop music that is prettily presented but totally disposable."

Accolades
Roxette were nominated for two Grammis Awards—the Swedish equivalent of the Grammy Awards—in 1989, for Artist of the Year and Best Pop/Rock Group. Fredriksson and Gessle each won an award for Best Pop/Rock Female and Best Composer, respectively. Both Roxette and Fredriksson won numerous Rockbjörnen awards during this period. They were awarded Best Swedish Album and Best Swedish Group at the 1988 ceremony, and won the latter award again the following year. Fredriksson won the award for Best Swedish Female over four consecutive years, from 1986 to 1989.

Commercial performance
Look Sharp! was an immediate commercial success in Sweden, selling over 140,000 copies within ten days of release. It spent seven weeks at number one, and was certified platinum in the country for shipments in excess of 100,000 units. In the US, the album was certified platinum on 20 January 1990 by the RIAA for shipments in excess of one million units. As of 2009, it sold 408,000 copies there since Nielsen SoundScan began tracking sales data in May 1991. It peaked at number four in the UK, where it spent over a year on the charts. It was certified platinum by the BPI in December 1990 for sales in excess of 300,000. As of 2001, Look Sharp! had sold over 9 million copies worldwide.

Personnel
Credits adapted from the liner notes of Look Sharp!.

 * Roxette are Per Gessle and Marie Fredriksson
 * Recorded at EMI Studios, Stockholm, Sweden and Trident II Studios, London, England
 * Remastered by Alar Suurna at Polar Studio, Stockholm (2009 reissue)
 * All songs published by Jimmy Fun Music, except: "Dance Away", "Cry" and "Half a Woman, Half a Shadow" published by Shock the Music/Jimmy Fun Music

Musicians
 * Marie Fredriksson – lead and background vocals, piano, keyboards, mixing
 * Per Gessle – lead and background vocals, mixing
 * Per "Pelle" Alsing – drums and hi-hat
 * Erik Borelius – Spanish guitar
 * Graham Edwards – bass guitar (tracks 6, 7 and 10)
 * Erik Häusler – saxophone (track 3)
 * Anders Herrlin – background vocals, bass guitar, engineering, programming
 * Jonas Isacsson – electric and acoustic guitars
 * Henrik Janson – talkbox (track 8)
 * Jarl "Jalle" Lorensson – harmonica (track 8)
 * Adam McCulloch – saxophone (tracks 6 and 10)
 * Morris Michael – electric and acoustic guitars (tracks 6, 7 and 10)
 * Adam Moseley – engineering, production (tracks 6, 7 and 10)
 * Clarence Öfwerman – background vocals, keyboards, programming, production
 * Jan "Janne" Oldaeus – slide guitar
 * Alar Suurna – engineering, mixing
 * Andrew Wright – keyboards, programming (tracks 6, 7 and 10)

Technical
 * Julian Adair – production assistant (tracks 6, 7 and 10)
 * Kjell Andersson – sleeve design, executive producer
 * Carl Bengtsson – photography
 * Lennart Haglund – engineering assistant
 * Mikael Jansson – photography
 * Rolf Nygren – executive producer
 * Pär Wickholm – sleeve design

title: Look Sharp! (Roxette album)


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Naked mole-rat

The naked mole-rat (Heterocephalus glaber), also known as the sand puppy, is a burrowing rodent native to the Horn of Africa and parts of Kenya, notably in Somali regions. It is closely related to the blesmols and is the only species in the genus Heterocephalus.

The naked mole-rat exhibits a highly unusual set of physiological and behavioral traits that allow it to thrive in a harsh underground environment; most notably its being the only mammalian thermoconformer with an almost entirely ectothermic (cold-blooded) form of body temperature regulation, as well as exhibiting a complex social structure split between reproductive and non-reproductive castes, making it and the closely related Damaraland mole-rat (Fukomys damarensis) the only widely recognized examples of eusociality (the highest classification of sociality) in mammals. The naked mole-rat lacks pain sensitivity in its skin, and has very low metabolic and respiratory rates. It is also remarkable for its longevity and its resistance to cancer and oxygen deprivation.

While formerly considered to belong to the same family as other African mole-rats, Bathyergidae, more recent investigation places it in a separate family, Heterocephalidae.

Description
Typical individuals are 8 to 10 cm long and weigh 30 to 35 g. Queens are larger and may weigh well over 50 g, the largest reaching 80 g. They are well adapted to their underground existence. Their eyes are quite small, and their visual acuity is poor. Their legs are thin and short; however, they are highly adept at moving underground and can move backward as fast as they can move forward. Their large, protruding teeth are used to dig and their lips are sealed just behind the teeth, preventing soil from filling their mouths while digging. About a quarter of their musculature is used in the closing of their jaws while they dig. They have little hair (hence the common name) and wrinkled pink or yellowish skin. They lack an insulating layer in the skin.

Metabolism and respiration
The naked mole-rat is well adapted to the limited availability of oxygen within the tunnels of its typical habitat. It has underdeveloped lungs and its hemoglobin has a high affinity for oxygen, increasing the efficiency of oxygen uptake. It has a very low respiration and metabolic rate for an animal of its size, about 70% that of a mouse, thus using oxygen minimally. In response to long periods of hunger, its metabolic rate can be reduced by up to 25 percent.

The naked mole-rat survives for at least 5 hours in air that contains only 5% oxygen; it does not show any significant signs of distress and continues normal activity. It can live in an atmosphere of 80% and 20% oxygen. In zero-oxygen atmosphere, it can survive 18 minutes apparently without suffering any harm (but none survived a test of 30 minutes). During the anoxic period it loses consciousness, its heart rate drops from about 200 to 50 beats per minute, and breathing stops apart from sporadic breathing attempts. When deprived of oxygen, the animal uses fructose in its anaerobic glycolysis, producing lactic acid. This pathway is not inhibited by acidosis as happens with glycolysis of glucose. As of 2017, it was not known how the naked mole-rat survives acidosis without tissue damage.

Thermoregulation
The naked mole-rat does not regulate its body temperature in typical mammalian fashion. They are thermoconformers rather than thermoregulators in that, unlike other mammals, body temperature tracks ambient temperatures. However, it has also been claimed that "the Naked Mole-Rat has a distinct temperature and activity rhythm that is not coupled to environmental conditions." The relationship between oxygen consumption and ambient temperature switches from a typical poikilothermic pattern to a homeothermic mode when temperature is at 29 °C or higher. At lower temperatures, naked mole-rats can use behavioral thermoregulation. For example, cold naked mole-rats huddle together or seek shallow parts of the burrows that are warmed by the sun. Conversely, when they get too hot, naked mole-rats retreat to the deeper, cooler parts of the burrows.

Pain insensitivity
The skin of naked mole-rats lacks neurotransmitters in their cutaneous sensory fibers. As a result, the naked mole-rats feel no pain when they are exposed to acid or capsaicin. When they are injected with substance P, a type of neurotransmitter, the pain signaling works as it does in other mammals but only with capsaicin and not with acids. This is proposed to be an adaptation to the animal living in high levels of carbon dioxide due to poorly ventilated living spaces which would cause acid to build up in their body tissues.

Naked mole-rats' substance P deficiency has also been tied to their lack of the histamine-induced itching and scratching behavior typical of rodents.

Resistance to cancer
Naked mole-rats have a high resistance to tumours, although it is likely that they are not entirely immune to related disorders. A potential mechanism that averts cancer is an "over-crowding" gene, p16, which prevents cell division once individual cells come into contact (known as "contact inhibition"). The cells of most mammals, including naked mole-rats, undergo contact inhibition via the gene p27 which prevents cellular reproduction at a much higher cell density than p16 does. The combination of p16 and p27 in naked mole-rat cells is a double barrier to uncontrolled cell proliferation, one of the hallmarks of cancer.

In 2013, scientists reported that the reason naked mole-rats do not get cancer can be attributed to an "extremely high-molecular-mass hyaluronan" (HMW-HA) (a natural sugary substance), which is over "five times larger" than that in cancer-prone humans and cancer-susceptible laboratory animals. The scientific report was published a month later as the cover story of the journal Nature. A few months later, the same University of Rochester research team announced that naked mole-rats have ribosomes that produce extremely error-free proteins. Because of both of these discoveries, the journal Science named the naked mole-rat "Vertebrate of the Year" for 2013.

In 2016, a report was published that recorded the first ever discovered malignancies in two naked mole-rats, in two individuals. However, both naked mole-rats were captive-born at zoos, and hence lived in an environment with 21% atmospheric oxygen compared to their natural 2–9%, which may have promoted tumorigenesis.

The Golan Heights blind mole-rat (Spalax golani) and the Judean Mountains blind mole-rat (Spalax judaei) are also resistant to cancer, but by a different mechanism.

In July 2023 a study reported the transference of the gene responsible for HMW-HA from a naked mole rat to mice leading to improved health and an approximate 4.4 percent increase in median lifespan for the mice.

Longevity
Naked mole-rats can live longer than any other rodent, with lifespans in excess of 37 years; the next longest-lived rodent is the African porcupine at 28 years. The mortality rate of the species does not increase with age, and thus does not conform to that of most mammals (as frequently defined by the Gompertz-Makeham law of mortality). Naked mole-rats are highly resistant to cancer and maintain healthy vascular function longer in their lifespan than shorter-living rats.

The reason for their longevity is debated, but is thought to be related to their ability to substantially reduce their metabolism in response to adverse conditions, and so prevent aging-induced damage from oxidative stress. This has been referred to as "living their life in pulses". Their longevity has also been attributed to "protein stability". Because of their extraordinary longevity, an international effort was put into place to sequence the genome of the naked mole-rat. A draft genome was made available in 2011  with an improved version released in 2014. Its somatic number is 2n = 60. Further transcriptome sequencing revealed that genes related to mitochondria and oxidation reduction are expressed more than they are in mice, which may contribute to their longevity.

The DNA repair transcriptomes of the liver of humans, naked mole-rats and mice were compared. The maximum lifespans of humans, naked mole-rats, and mice are respectively c. 120, 30 and 3 years. The longer-lived species, humans and naked mole-rats, expressed DNA repair genes, including core genes in several DNA repair pathways, at a higher level than did mice. In addition, several DNA repair pathways in humans and naked mole-rats were up-regulated compared with mice. These findings suggest that increased DNA repair facilitates greater longevity, and also are consistent with the DNA damage theory of aging.

Size
Reproducing females become the dominant female, usually by founding new colonies, fighting for the dominant position, or taking over once the reproducing female dies. These reproducing females tend to have longer bodies than that of their non-reproducing counterparts of the same skull width. The measurements of females before they became reproductive and after show significant increases in body size. It is believed that this trait does not occur due to pre-existing morphological differences but to the actual attainment of the dominant female position. As with the reproductive females, the reproductive males also appear to be larger than their non-reproducing counterparts but the difference is smaller than in females. These males also have visible outlines of the testes through the skin of their abdomens. Unlike the females, there are usually multiple reproducing males.

Chronobiology
The naked mole-rat's subterranean habitat imposes constraints on its circadian rhythm. Living in constant darkness, most individuals possess a free-running activity pattern and are active both day and night, sleeping for short periods several times in between.

Distribution and habitat
The naked mole-rat is native to the drier parts of the tropical grasslands of East Africa, predominantly southern Ethiopia, Kenya, and Somalia.

Clusters averaging 75 to 80 individuals live together in complex systems of burrows in arid African deserts. The tunnel systems built by naked mole-rats can stretch up to three to five kilometres (2–3 mi) in cumulative length.

Roles

The naked mole-rat was the first mammal found to be eusocial. The Damaraland mole-rat (Cryptomys damarensis) is the only other eusocial mammal currently known.

The social structure of naked mole-rats is similar to that in ants, termites, and some bees and wasps. Only one female (the queen) and one to three males reproduce, while the rest of the members of the colony function as workers. The queen and breeding males are able to breed at one year of age. Workers are sterile, with the smaller focusing on gathering food and maintaining the nest, while larger workers are more reactive in case of attack. The non-reproducing females appear to be reproductively suppressed, meaning the ovaries do not fully mature, and do not have the same levels of certain hormones as the reproducing females. On the other hand, there is little difference of hormone concentration between reproducing and non-reproducing males. In experiments where the reproductive female was removed or died, one of the non-reproducing females would take over and become sexually active. Non-reproducing members of the colony are involved in cooperative care of the pups produced by the reproducing female. This occurs through the workers keeping the pups from straying, foraging for food, grooming, contributing to extension of tunnels, and keeping them warm.

Queen and gestation

The relationships between the queen and the breeding males may last for many years; other females are temporarily sterile. Queens live from 13 to 18 years, and are extremely hostile to other females behaving like queens, or producing hormones for becoming queens. When the queen dies, another female takes her place, sometimes after a violent struggle with her competitors. Once established, the new queen's body expands the space between the vertebrae in her backbone to become longer and ready to bear pups.

Gestation is about 70 days. A litter typically ranges from three to twelve pups, but may be as large as twenty-eight. The average litter size is eleven. In the wild, naked mole-rats usually breed once a year, if the litter survives. In captivity, they breed all year long and can produce a litter every 80 days. The young are born blind and weigh about 2 g. The queen nurses them for the first month; after which the other members of the colony feed them fecal pap until they are old enough to eat solid food.

Workers
Smaller workers focus on acquiring food and maintaining tunnels, while the larger workers are more reactive in case of attacks. As in certain bee species, the workers are divided along a continuum of different worker-caste behaviors instead of discrete groups. Some function primarily as tunnellers, expanding the large network of tunnels within the burrow system, and some primarily as soldiers, protecting the group from outside predators. There are two main types of worker, the "frequent workers" who frequently perform tasks such as foraging and nest building and "infrequent workers" that show role overlap with the "frequent workers" but perform at a much slower rate. Workers are sterile when there is no new reproductive role to fill.

Dispersers
Inbreeding is common among naked mole-rats within a colony. Prolonged inbreeding is usually associated with lower fitness. However, the discovery of a disperser role has revealed an outbreeding mechanism in addition to inbreeding avoidance. Dispersers are morphologically, physiologically and behaviorally distinct from colony members and actively seek to leave their burrow when an escape opportunity presents itself. These individuals are equipped with generous fat reserves for their journey. Though they possess high levels of luteinizing hormone, dispersers are only interested in mating with individuals from foreign colonies rather than their own colony's queen. They also show little interest in working cooperatively with colony members in their natal burrow. Hence, the disperser morph is well-prepared to promote the exchange of individuals as well as genetic material between two otherwise separate colonies.

Colonies
Colonies range in size from 20 to 300 individuals, with an average of 75.

Female mate choice
Reproductively active female naked mole rats tend to associate with unfamiliar males (usually non-kin), whereas reproductively inactive females do not discriminate. The preference of reproductively active females for unfamiliar males is interpreted as an adaptation for inbreeding avoidance. Inbreeding is avoided because it ordinarily leads to the expression of recessive deleterious alleles.

Diet
Naked mole-rats feed primarily on very large tubers (weighing as much as a thousand times the body weight of a typical mole-rat) that they find deep underground through their mining operations. A single tuber can provide a colony with a long-term source of food—lasting for months, or even years, as they eat the inside but leave the outside, allowing the tuber to regenerate. Symbiotic bacteria in their intestines ferment the fibres, allowing otherwise indigestible cellulose to be turned into volatile fatty acids.

Naked mole-rats sometimes also eat their own feces. This may be part of their eusocial behavior and a means of sharing hormones from the queen.

Predators
Naked mole rats are primarily preyed upon by snakes—especially the Rufous beaked snake and Kenyan sand boa—as well as various raptors. They are at their most vulnerable when constructing mounds and ejecting soil to the surface.

Conservation status
Naked mole-rats are not threatened. They are widespread and numerous in the drier regions of East Africa.

The Photo Ark
A naked mole-rat living at the Lincoln Children's Zoo was the first animal to be photographed for the National Geographic project, The Photo Ark, which has the goal of photographing all species living in zoos and wildlife sanctuaries around the globe in order to inspire action to save wildlife.

title: Naked mole-rat


text:
User:Nveitch

Nick Veitch

title: User:Nveitch


text:
Plestiodon egregius

Plestiodon egregius, the mole skink, is a species of small lizard endemic to the Southeastern United States.

Taxonomy
The species is subdivided into five subspecies, including the nominotypical subspecies:
 * Florida Keys mole skink, P. e. egregius Baird, 1859 : occurs only on some of the Florida Keys.
 * Cedar Key mole skink, P. e. insularis (Mount, 1965) : occurs only on three islands at Cedar Key.
 * Bluetail mole skink, P. e. lividus (Mount, 1965) : occurs only in Central Florida; shares its Florida Scrub habitat with the Sand Skink.
 * Peninsula mole skink, P. e. onocrepis Cope, 1871.
 * Northern mole skink, P. e. similis (McConkey, 1957).

The species was first described by Baird in 1859 as Plestiodon egregius. In 1871, P. onocrepis was described by Cope. In 1875, the two species were reassigned to the genus Eumeces. In 1935, two subspecies were defined, E. e. egregius and E. e. onocrepis, and in 1957, E. e. similis was separated from E. e. egregius. In 2005 North American members of genus Eumeces were reassigned to Plestiodon.

Status
The first three subspecies listed above are protected, and the bluetail mole skink is classified as a federally-threatened species since 1987. The major threats to all three subspecies are habitat destruction due to residential, commercial, and agricultural development and over-collection by herpetological enthusiasts. The remaining two subspecies are rather common, though elusive. The northern mole skink also occurs in southern Alabama and Georgia.

Habitat
Mole skinks are found in sandhills and scrub. They often like to be buried underground and especially like to bask in the upper layers of Southeastern pocket gopher mounds.

Reproduction
Mole skinks reach sexual maturity after one year. They mate in winter; the female lays three to seven eggs in spring in a shallow nest cavity less than 30 cm below the surface. The eggs incubate for 31 to 51 days, during which time the female tends the nest.

Description
The bluetail mole skink is a small, shiny, cylindrical lizard of a brownish color. Juveniles usually have a blue tail which makes up slightly more than half of the animal's total length. Regenerated tails and the tails of older individuals are typically pinkish. The legs are somewhat reduced in size and are used only during surface locomotion, not when the animal "swims" through the sand (Christman 1992). During the breeding season, males develop a colorful orange pattern on their sides.

The bluetail mole skink grows to 9 to 15 cm.

Habitat and behavior
It shares habitat with the sand skink, which is also endangered, but does not compete with it: whereas the sand skink feeds underground, the bluetail mole skink hunts on the surface. When threatened, it plays presents its tail and if refused, plays dead.

Diet
Like other mole skinks, it feeds primarily on cockroaches, spiders, and crickets.

Geographic range
It is found in central Florida. Map should also reflect Seminole and Orange counties. Also sighted in Volusia, Brevard, Marion, Sumter, and Pasco Counties.

Conservation status
The bluetail mole skink is a federally-threatened species.

Selected literature

 * Baird, S.F. 1859. Descriptions of New Genera and Species of North American Lizards in the Museum of the Smithsonian Institution. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia "1858" [10]: 253–256. ("Plestiodon egregius, Baird ", p. 256.)
 * Christman, S.P. (1992): Endangered: blue-tailed mole skink, Eumeces egregius lividus (Mount). Pages 117-122 in P.E. Moler, ed. Rare and endangered biota of Florida. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.
 * McConkey, E.H. 1957. The Subspecies of Eumeces egregius, a Lizard of the Southeastern United States. Bull. Florida State Mus. 2 (2): 13–23. ("Eumeces egregius similis, subsp. nov.", pp. 17–18.)
 * Mount, R.H. (1965): Variation and systematics of the scincoid lizard Eumeces egregius (Baird). Bulletin of the Florida State Museum 9:183–213.
 * Smith, Hobart M. 2005. Plestiodon: a Replacement Name for Most Members of the Genus Eumeces in North America. Journal of Kansas Herpetology. Number 14. pp. 15–16.
 * Taylor, E.H. 1936. A Taxonomic Study of the Cosmopolitan Scincoid Lizards of the Genus Eumeces with an Account of the Distribution and Relationships of its Species. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull. "1935" 23 (14): 1–643. (Eumeces egregius, p. 490.)

title: Plestiodon egregius


text:
User talk:Dysprosia/Archive (7)

Old talk in archive: User talk:Dysprosia/Archive -- User talk:Dysprosia/Archive (2) -- User talk:Dysprosia/Archive (3) -- User talk:Dysprosia/Archive (4) -- User talk:Dysprosia/Archive (5) -- User talk:Dysprosia/Archive (6) (most recent)

It would be nice if you protected this redirect - mr. Wik is trying to start a new edit war. Nico 11:58, 23 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * I might stay out of this one. Sorry. Feel free to ask someone else, though... Dysprosia 11:59, 23 Feb 2004 (UTC)

mumble, mumble, mumble. ant

Minor change flag
Don't know if you've noticed, but that discussion on the Pump has just been archived. Does the proposal die there, or is there somewhere else we can take it? Must admit, the support expressed wasn't as overwhelming as I'd hoped (or had seen over on w:es). –Hajor 19:18, 23 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * I'd like to test it on the Test Wiki, but the Mediawiki files are protected there. I'll see if I can test out some formatting o those letters on the Test Wiki once I manage to get some access to those files, then we can try to repush for a Request for Comments again on the Village Pump... Dysprosia 23:01, 23 Feb 2004 (UTC)

OK. Thanks, and good luck! –Hajor 01:33, 24 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Thanks for the heads-up about Little Em! –Hajor 16:29, 15 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Move Initiative
Your initiative to move the number articles and the tremendous progress made in such a short time thanks to your initiative, has been acknowledged at Wikiproject Numbers, Progress Report section. PrimeFan 22:34, 23 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Aw, gee :) Thanks Dysprosia 23:02, 23 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Vandal
I thought you were very patient with Zap. Well done, true to WikiSpirit(tm) Mrdice 12:01, 2004 Feb 24 (UTC)

 * Thanks Mrdice, that's sweet of you to point out. :) Dysprosia 12:03, 24 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Chemistry
Hi Dysprosia, thanks for editing my stuff, its nice to know its being read. Im not sure what the correct format for chem structures is but im finding TeX much easyier to write with than just text. Cheers Bensaccount 04:00, 25 Feb 2004 (UTC)

---

The IUPAC has chosen "sulfur" as the standard name for element 16. Wikipedia has "sulfur" as the standard name for the element, but has "sulphuric acid" as the main entry for sulfuric acid. We should change it to "sulfuric acid".

http://www.iupac.org/publications/ci/1997/july/provisional.pdf

Darrien 20:27, 2004 Mar 19 (UTC)

Re: Sulph/furic acid

I tried to. "A page of that name already exists, or the name you have   chosen is not valid. Please choose another name, or contact an     Administrator to help you with the move."

Hence, my posting here asking you to do it.

Darrien 22:42, 2004 Mar 19 (UTC)

Japan favors shortening
You are truly doing G/god's work with this article. I didn't know where to start. :) Fuzheado 09:16, 26 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * lol Thanks! I couldn't sit idly by and watch the way it was going :) Dysprosia 09:20, 26 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Appeal for comment
Hi, Dysprosia. Since you provided some comments on it before, I want to ask you to stop back by Talk:Patch (computing). I'm having a dispute with Taku as to the direction of the article. He replaced my last version with an entirely new version which, to be honest, I really couldn't stand (I've since reverted it to my last version). I was waiting for some input from you, but I guess you've stopped watching the article. Could you stop by and provide your input regarding the current version and Taku's proposed rewrite? Thanks. —Frecklefoot 16:27, 26 Feb 2004 (UTC)

All work and no fun?
Hello, Dysprosia. If you are "hard to get at" that may be because you work too hard. You carry on your trial divisions up to p√n, but most people stop at √n. ;-)  Ciao! —Herbee 23:10, 2004 Feb 27 (UTC)

Transliteration issues
Hi Dysprosia,

I want to invite you to weigh in at the new discussion of related matters that have come up in the last few days at Wikipedia_talk:Naming_conventions_(places). Please see the intro paragraph of Boris Yeltsin to see an example of what's been going on with articles on Russians and places in Russia....

Also, if you haven't already do so, you might want to take a look through Cantus's contributions.

Right now, the main participants in the discussion are the two people who've been changing the formats of intro paragraphs of articles -- both of whom have been here for less than a month and seem rather uninterested in other people's points of view. Many thanks, BCorr ¤ Брайен 13:45, Feb 29, 2004 (UTC)

 * I'll have to take a look at this a bit later. Dysprosia 05:18, 1 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Added my 2c. HTH Dysprosia 09:16, 2 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Copyediting article
Copyediting: You contributed slightly to the copyediting page, and now after several users' contributions I'm trying to clarify whether the entry should really be under copyediting (I think probably so) or copy editor or what--see Talk:Copy editing. Your input welcome! Elf 17:58, 1 Mar 2004 (UTC)

-

I made you a sysop on test, now you can unprotect whatever you like. -- Tim Starling 03:06, Mar 2, 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks Tim! Dysprosia 03:34, 2 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Hyperplane
Good luck with that one. I speak from experience. :) -- Decumanus 04:59, 6 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Father's rights
Extract from Geldof: ...the law governing the, if you will, ‘intimate’ parts of society, the ‘personal’ laws, remain (though some are fairly recently drafted) resolutely unaltered in their presumptions, save for the pathetic pretence that they are gender neutral. This is a grotesque lie that all Family Law professionals have tacitly agreed to be party to, as willingly acknowledged by nearly all the lawyers I have talked to on this issue. And regardless of whether the professionals acknowledge it to be or not, the vast majority of my correspondents, friends and others regard it to be so. If this is the commonly held view then the law will change. It is simply a question of when. Matt Stan 15:43, 6 Mar 2004 (UTC)

"Two periods of interim supervised contact went well. The mother found this contact very stressful and her distress was very apparent ro the child, who felt guilty for enjoying contact. The court ordered indirect contact only" quoted from Children Act Private Law Proceedings: A Handbook by District Judge John Mitchell, 2003. People just won't believe the system operates as it does! You can summarise this case by saying the child was banned from seeing his dad because they got on too well. Also see, in relation to another case, http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk_news/story/0,3604,961940,00.html. I take your edits in good faith, but they are not borne of knowledge of the system, and I am not intending to make unverifiable claims. Matt Stan 22:53, 7 Mar 2004 (UTC)

I know you aren't making unverifiable claims, and I don't understand what edits exactly you are referring to, but because of NPOV guidelines, you must not write as though that the evidence you provides somehow proves your point because this is not exactly neutral. Dysprosia 02:39, 8 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Centered formulas
Hi! I’m new here, and it was I who put in the <center> tags on the vector space page. I’ve been wondering about this, because I’m used to centered formulas from mathematical papers, while a left margin seems to be the norm here on Wikipedia.

Personally, I think the former looks better, and in lack of a reason for not sticking to the tradition, I assumed that people simply did not bother to use <center>—like most people don’t bother to use &rsquo; for apostrophes (which is perfectly understandable).

Is there some place I can go to read about things like this? Thanks!

—Daniel Brockman 05:01, 7 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Of course, TeX brings you into the habit of centered displaymath, but Wikipedia math pages usually have displaymath formulae indented once (you can do this by having a colon at theb eginning of a line. It's not a Manual of Style convention, but it's asked by the WikiProject Mathematics. Dysprosia 05:14, 7 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Okay, that clears things up. Thank you for the warm welcome on my talk page! I feel more at home already. —Daniel Brockman 09:54, Mar 9, 2004 (UTC)

From a fan
Would you rather I didn't? I am sure that User's answer regarding your mathematics edits is "Yes." I recently had a run in with him. I dared question his ultimate authority about something and he freaked, going through my contributions on my user page and making a lot of edits and making a big show on his user page about how I didn't use format math equations the way he wanted them to be. Anyway, I think you're brave and you've won my respect again.:) -- Decumanus 06:20, 9 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * If that user did respond to my question, I would agree with your prediction of his response. The sad, sad thing is that I respect that user's quality and dedication in his work, but I do not and can not respect the attitude he shows to fellow editors at times.
 * Thank you for your support, however, Decu, it's really appreciated :) Keep up your good work! Dysprosia 08:42, 9 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Fathers' rights
Just to say I have appreciated the time you've spent reviewing my work and your patience in educating me re NPOV matters. My first reaction to your edits was that you were a troll, but I now see you are high-minded. Please keep visiting Fathers' rights!!! Matt Stan 19:50, 9 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks for your encouragement :) Your work into the Fathers' rights article is commendable, as well. Dysprosia 21:49, 9 Mar 2004 (UTC)

I've spoke to Bob Geldof's agent yesterday, who suggested I email him about the usage I'm making of quotes from Geldof's writings in wikipedia. I obviously don't know whether Geldof is already a Wikipedian, but I'm aiming to make him into one. (He writes well, and can contribute anonymously if he wishes.) If that occurs your edits might come under closer NPOV scrutiny, particularly in light of the word "feminist" on your user page! My feeling is that the scandal of family law that Fathers' rights campaigners are up in arms about is actually a slur on the feminist movement if feminists themselves don't come out in support of Fathers' rights. A case of guilt by silence. Therefore I welcome any honest criticism, particularly if it's from the "feminist camp". Note I'm trying to ensure that wherever I mention Geldof (as above), I put in a link to his entry. Then he can easily see what's been written about him by visiting his entry and checking "What links here". Matt Stan 11:59, 13 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Sounds interesting, and it's always important to get noted people, especially those with a lot of experience with certain issues involved, no matter who :) So Geldof joining would be a Good Thing, I'd imagine...
 * Re the feminist thing - you have to understand, though, that in feminism there are many different schools of thought - some feminists actively would be supportive of FR (third-wavers would come immediately to mind, more modern feminist movements are more supportive of pushes towards gender equality), for instance, others would be lukewarm, and others would be against it (like radical feminists).
 * HTH Dysprosia 12:46, 13 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Qhat I put here just now wrong - I think it must have been a glitch in the server why I couldn't look at your history Matt Stan 18:47, 13 Mar 2004 (UTC)

What you said was "Off-topic"
What's off-topic about the thing you said was "off-topic"?? What Talk page at Wikipedia is it better for?? (Please do not answer without first reading what you said was "Off-topic".

 * I've responded at the respective talk page. Dysprosia 23:52, 9 Mar 2004 (UTC)

thanks for stub hint
regarding your stub hint at 2004-03-08 11:53 : I already wrote a short article at 11:51. ;-) Nevertheless thanks for your hint. Regards Tobias Conradi 12:02, 10 Mar 2004 (UTC)~

Thanks
Thanks very much, Dysprosia, I really appreciate it. I hope you know that all the work you do (not least praising the rest of us so we feel good :) is likewise appreciated :) --Camembert

Space Shuttle missions
Hey Dysprosia, This has already been discussed in a VFD discussion, see the archive here If youd like to help me  out, feel free too, otherwise ill get them done, thanks! Theon 22:52, Mar 14, 2004 (UTC)

Your "plagiarism"
Thank you. I very much needed that in particular this morning. :) -- Decumanus 22:28, 15 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Thanks
Thanks for the tips on my user talk page. I only just worked out where it was. I'm a reformed luddite so bear with me. Cheers!. Pavlvsrex

Infinite Loop

 * Hi Serak. Infinite loop is the main article (makes it much more easier to type too ;)

Ooops! Thought I did look for the article...guess my brain was in it's own Infinite Loop :-) serak 12:56, 20 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Nomination for Developer access
Hi Dysprosia -- I've nominated you for what is currently being called "Developer access" -- I hope you'll accept -- and if not I hope you don't mind that I've put your name forward -- feel free to remove it or to ask me to. The nomination is at Developer access and you can read more about the the idea and reaction on the mailing list here, if you haven't been following it. Thanks, BCorr ¤ Брайен 13:16, Mar 20, 2004 (UTC)

 * Whee! Thanks :) Dysprosia 13:18, 20 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Recalcitrant bastard & Mahathir
Re: Australian English, the only place Google shows with the phrase "recalcitrant bastard" and "mahathir" is in the Mahathir bin Mohamad article. My recollection is that Keating simply called him 'recalcitrant'. Geoff 06:19, 22 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Hmm...there's a few more for "recalcitrant bastard" Keating, but way more for just recalcitrant Keating. I'll make the appropriate changes.
 * Thanks for letting me know :) Dysprosia 06:23, 22 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * No worries. Hopefully I'm right :) Geoff 06:38, 22 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Total return swap
I have deleted Total return swap as a copyright violation. You showed interest in restoring a non-copyvio version of the article. Do you need a copy of what is in the delete history? In the future, when you would like to rewrite a copyright violation before the copyvio is deleted, you can create it as a /Temp article, like this: Total return swap/Temp and it will be restored after the copyvio is deleted. - Texture 15:44, 22 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * No I know, but what I was saying that previous versions of the article, where I mentioned that the author put an edit summary which basically was a stub in itself, was not a violation of the page, and could be reverted to if needed. I probably should have made the temp from that previous version first. I'll check if that previous version is a vio in itself later (doubt it) and will restore that version of the page. Tx Dysprosia 21:32, 22 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * The reason the copyright message tells you to recreate at /temp is so that the copyright violation can be removed. We cannot yet remove individual entries from page history.  When we can we could take out the violations and leave legitimate entries.  However, until then we don't want to just revert an older copy since that would leave a copyright violation accessible through Wikipedia (page history) and possibly open Wikipedia to litigation for violating copyright. - Texture 21:36, 22 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * I know :) Dysprosia 21:37, 22 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Texture and dyspro, I hope you both check out the Total return swap article I've just posted. It doesn't violate anybody's copyright. Feel free to edit and supplement it to your hearts' content!

--Christofurio 19:13, May 26, 2004 (UTC)

Spaces after headers

 * Please follow Manual of Style (headings) convention in not introducting spaces after headers, which should be removed. Dysprosia 00:01, 23 Mar 2004 (UTC)

I wrote about this on the discussion page for Manual of Style (headings). I proposed changing that rule. Nobody has yet replied! If you reply on that page, I'll read carefully. In the mean time, you have not addressed the issues that I raised there. Michael Hardy 02:33, 23 Mar 2004 (UTC)

vacuum tube
I don't follow your question. What links are you refering to? -- RTC 07:26, 24 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * I'm talking about that diff. Gas filled tube doesn't exist, but vacuum tube does. Dysprosia 07:32, 24 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Lots of articles don't exist (yet). It should probably be written (I'll see what I can put together in a few days) and gas filled tube and vacuum tube cross linked with "See also"s... They are quite different in operation. -- RTC 07:38, 24 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * If you're going to fill it, fair enough :) I'll be looking forward to it! Dysprosia 07:41, 24 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * So many articles to write... so little time :-( -- RTC 07:43, 24 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * I know the feeling :) Dysprosia 07:45, 24 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Thanks! I added your tip to Redirect to reflect that -- it's what reassured me that I should make the redirects. -rs2 16:15, 24 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Triple Click
Hi,

I'm not sure I follow your logic for turning Triple Click and Double Click into re-directs to Mouse. Please enlighten me! Thanks. --Pete Richardson 10:28, 25 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * For one it is cleaner. BTW, I added info on the triple click to the Mouse article, since it didn't have any. -- EmperorBMA / ブリイアン 10:37, 25 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Sorry bout all the edit conflicts... stone soup can get confusing :P -- EmperorBMA / ブリイアン 10:58, 25 Mar 2004 (UTC)

..Got it, the link being the sub-section of the article, makes sense. :) I'll look at adding speedy deletes to the correct nomination page too, cheers!

Arborcide
 If there's ever been a whodunnit about the murder of a tree, then the answer could be yes. I chuckled out loud. :) Fuzheado 10:56, 25 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks, I was quite proud of that one hehe :) Dysprosia 10:57, 25 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Deletions
Hello again! Just though I'd check what you thought about the recent Len Harris deletion, did I follow protocol correctly for that speedy delete? I'm still a newbie, but trying to help out with the quality control, hope I'm not getting in the way!! Thanks. --Pete Richardson 11:11, 25 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Get away you Idiot!! (Deflog, 11:26, 25 Mar 2004)

I was wondering how exactly one deletes an article? I'm skimming the Recent Changes looking for BS, and I put the msg:test on new users who vandalize for the sake of seeing what they wrote on the gosh-darn internet, but I don't know how to delete an article that is just gibberish. Can you help? DryGrain 10:13, 27 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Grammar
Could u pick up the grammar errors and fix them in I Am Not What You Want? I am not sure if it's understandable... --Yacht 16:44, Mar 25, 2004 (UTC)

 * It's fine :) Dysprosia 21:21, 25 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Gender role and identity
Hi, Please check out Gender-Identity/Role. It may already have what you are thinking of creating. P0M 14:46, 26 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * The article looks to be more about gender stereotypes than gender identity, placing emphasis on how well one conforms to societal expectations, whilst, intriguingly, failing to mention childcare, and leaving out a fundamental point that a woman who engages in perhaps exclusively traditional male activities (such as the chief executive of a corporation) may happily think of herself as a woman, whilst a housewife with screaming kids performing all the traditional female activities might actually have a male identity crying out for recognition. Matt Stan 14:58, 26 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * No, what I'm thinking of creating is a sort of "parent" article that discusses very broadly what gender is (hinting in terms of GI and GR), and then explains GI and GR briefly, and leaving the GI and GR articles alone, leaving that parent to link to GI and GR. Dysprosia 23:20, 26 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Thanks from Uranographer
Hi. Thanks for the suggestions. Actually, I did check for "vernacular", "glossary", "dictionary", "language", "terms", "idoms", but I didn't think of "slang". Uranographer 06:20, 27 Mar 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Dysprosia/Archive (7)


text:
Juliette Lewis

Juliette Lake Lewis (born June 21, 1973) is an American actress and musician. She is known for her portrayals of offbeat characters, often in projects with dark themes. Lewis became an "it girl" of American cinema in the early 1990s, appearing in various independent and arthouse films. She has received various accolades, including nominations for an Academy Award, a Golden Globe Award, and two Primetime Emmy Awards.

The daughter of actor Geoffrey Lewis, Lewis began her career in television at age 14 before making her film debut in My Stepmother Is an Alien (1988). This was followed by bigger parts in National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation (1989) and Martin Scorsese's Cape Fear (1991), the latter of which earned her an Oscar nomination for Best Supporting Actress. Subsequent credits included Husbands and Wives (1992), Kalifornia, What's Eating Gilbert Grape (both 1993), Natural Born Killers (1994), Strange Days (1995), and From Dusk Till Dawn (1996).

Lewis received an Emmy Award nomination for the television film Hysterical Blindness (2002), and went on to co-star in the mainstream features Enough (2002), Cold Creek Manor, Old School (both 2003), and Starsky & Hutch (2004). She embarked on a musical career in 2003, forming the rock band Juliette and the Licks. Since 2009, she has been releasing material as a solo artist. Her film credits during the 2010s included Conviction (2010), The Switch (2010), August: Osage County (2013), and Ma (2019). Lewis has worked more frequently in television since the mid 2010s, appearing in major roles on series such as Wayward Pines (2015), Secrets and Lies (2015–2016), Queer as Folk, Welcome to Chippendales (both 2022), and Yellowjackets (2021–2023).

Early life
Juliette Lake Lewis was born June 21, 1973, in Los Angeles, California, to actor Geoffrey Lewis and his first wife, Glenis ( Duggan) Batley, a graphic designer. She has seven siblings or half-siblings, and a step-sister.

Lewis' parents divorced when she was two years old, and she spent her childhood living between both their homes in the Los Angeles area. She also lived for a brief period with actress Karen Black, who was a mentor to her. Lewis dropped out of high school at age 15.

1987–1999: Early career and success
Following an uncredited role in Bronco Billy (1980), Lewis made her first major screen appearance in the television film Home Fires (1987). Howard Rosenberg of the Los Angeles Times praised her performance in the latter, writing that she "lights up the screen". She then starred as Kate Farrell on the ABC sitcom I Married Dora, which ran between 1987 and 1988. At age 14, she was legally emancipated from her parents—with their approval—enabling her to work more freely. She later recalled, "I know that sounds all radical, but when you start acting when you're younger, you talk to other actor kids and their moms, and they're like, 'Yeah, if you want to get a job, they like [your] resume to say emancipated minor versus minor, because you then can work [longer hours]'".

Lewis had a minor part in the science fiction comedy My Stepmother Is an Alien (1988)—playing Lexie, the best friend of main character Jessie—before landing her first major supporting role as Audrey Griswold in National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation (1989), which is now regarded as a "classic" in its genre. Regarding her involvement with the film and the opportunity to work with co-star Chevy Chase, Lewis later reflected, "even at [age] 15, I knew it was a big deal". She followed this with appearances in the comedies Meet the Hollowheads and The Runnin' Kind, as well as a guest-starring role as Delores on the coming-of-age drama series The Wonder Years (all 1989).

In 1990, Lewis co-starred with Brad Pitt, whom she would go on to date for four years, in the Lifetime television film Too Young to Die?, a crime drama based loosely on the case of Attina Marie Cannaday. Lewis played Amanda, a troubled teenager who falls into a world of prostitution and drugs. In his review for the Los Angeles Times, Ray Loynd felt that the film worked due to its "compelling script [and Lewis'] authentic portrayal of the young and abused murderess whose first question to her public defender [is] whether he has any sugar-coated candies".

Lewis garnered international attention when she beat out 500 other actresses to play Danielle Bowden, the daughter of a family targeted by psychopathic criminal Max Cady, in Martin Scorsese's 1991 remake of Cape Fear (1962). Vincent Canby of The New York Times lauded her performance, calling her "a new young actress of stunning possibilities", while The Hollywood Reporter's Duane Byrge commented, "Perhaps providing the strongest real counterbalance to De Niro's crazy Cady is Juliette Lewis, whose [performance] shows the most sinewy fiber". She went on to receive Golden Globe and Academy Award nominations for the role. Retrospectively, the sequence in which her character is seduced by Cady was named one of the most unforgettable scenes in film history by Entertainment Weekly and Complex. On working with Scorsese, Lewis has since said, "I liken that period of time to being anointed, or getting my creative wings ... [the experience] changed me [and] gave me a confidence ... It wasn't [about] the outside accolades. It was [Scorsese] nurturing my ingredients as a performer".

In 1992, Lewis had a supporting role in Woody Allen's Husbands and Wives, with Rita Kempley of The Washington Post describing her portrayal of Rain—a "Lolita"-esque college student— as "sumptuous". She headlined the romantic drama That Night the same year, a coming-of-age story set in the 1960s. Lewis appeared in several films in 1993, including Peter Medak's neo-noir thriller Romeo Is Bleeding, where she played the mistress of a corrupt cop. She then reunited with Brad Pitt in Kalifornia, co-starring as the girlfriend of a serial killer. Critic Roger Ebert deemed Lewis' portrayal of the childlike Adele one of "the most harrowing and convincing performances I've ever seen". At the time of filming Kalifornia, Lewis and Pitt had been in a relationship since 1990, though they separated the year of its release. Next, she appeared as a psychiatric patient in the music video for Melissa Etheridge's "Come to My Window", and starred in the Lasse Hallström-directed What's Eating Gilbert Grape (also 1993), playing Becky, a free-spirited drifter who befriends a young man and his disabled brother in a small Midwestern town.

Lewis received the Pasinetti Award for Best Actress at the 1994 Venice Film Festival for her portrayal of Mallory Knox, a murderous woman who embarks on a killing spree with her psychotic lover, in Oliver Stone's satiric, controversial crime film Natural Born Killers. Though criticized for its excessive violence and influencing of copycat crimes, with Lewis later admitting that playing a woman who displays such "volatility and repulsive behavior" had had a detrimental effect on her career, her performance in Killers was roundly praised, with Rolling Stone's Peter Travers deeming it "sensational":

"Mickey and Mallory are a Bonnie and Clyde for the '90s, Stone's '90s; they're damaged goods — haunted, horny and out for blood. Harrelson and Lewis ... play the dysfunctional hell out of them ... Women don't [usually] dominate Stone films [but] Lewis towers over Killers, finding the wildcat and the bruised child in Mallory."

Lewis had a supporting role that same year in Nora Ephron's Christmas-themed black comedy Mixed Nuts. She then starred as rock singer Faith Justin in Kathryn Bigelow's experimental science fiction film Strange Days (1995), doing her own singing on covers of two songs written by PJ Harvey. Though a box-office failure, Days went on to develop a cult following in later years. Next, Lewis made a "massively disturbing" appearance as a heroin addict in The Basketball Diaries (also 1995), a crime drama based on Jim Carroll's memoir of the same name.

In 1996, Lewis had supporting roles in comedy-drama The Evening Star—a sequel to Terms of Endearment (1983)—and the Quentin Tarantino/Robert Rodriguez action horror film From Dusk till Dawn. Writing for The New York Times, Janet Maslin pointed out that the role of "clean-living ingenue" Kate Fuller in Dawn was an ironic departure for Lewis. She next appeared in the romantic comedy Some Girl (1998), followed by The Other Sister (1999), in which she portrayed an autistic woman attempting to achieve independence. The film received largely unfavorable reviews, though Stephen Holden of The New York Times felt that it was "beautifully acted", noting, "Carla is played by Ms. Lewis with enormous heart and sensitivity, and with body language so precise that you soon forget it is a performance". Lewis later admitted to having been "scared" by the challenge of portraying somebody with a neurological disorder, saying that it was "the hardest role I have ever had to play".

2000–2010: Film, television, and music
Lewis received praise for her performance in The Way of the Gun (2000), the directorial debut of Christopher McQuarrie. Writing for The Austin Chronicle, Marjorie Baumgarten felt her portrayal of pregnant kidnap victim Robin was imbued "with rich veins of honesty and truth". That same year, she provided vocals for the track "Bad Brother" by Infidels, which featured on the soundtrack to The Crow: Salvation. She then headlined the neo-noir crime film Picture Claire (2001), followed by a supporting role in the independent lesbian-themed comedy Gaudi Afternoon (2001). The latter received unfavorable reviews, with A. O. Scott of The New York Times writing that Lewis and co-star Lili Taylor "overact like second-string sketch performers on Saturday Night Live". Next, she played the concerned best friend of a woman trapped in a violent relationship in Enough (2002), a big-budget thriller directed by Michael Apted.

Lewis received Emmy and Independent Spirit Award nominations for her performance in the 2002 television film Hysterical Blindness, where she co-starred as the friend of a woman in 1980s New Jersey who receives an unfortunate diagnosis. She then appeared in the poorly received Cold Creek Manor (2003), a thriller directed by Mike Figgis, playing the battered "white-trash" girlfriend of an unstable villain. Next, she featured in the music video for HIM's "Buried Alive By Love" and played the supporting role of Heidi in Todd Phillips' 2003 comedy Old School.

Beginning in 2003, Lewis embarked on a musical career, forming the rock band Juliette and the Licks with former Hole drummer Patty Schemel. The band released their debut EP, ...Like a Bolt of Lightning, in late 2004 through Fiddler Records. That same year, she featured as a guest vocalist on The Prodigy's album Always Outnumbered, Never Outgunned, played the supporting role of Kitty in the big-budget action comedy Starsky & Hutch, and headlined Blueberry, a French acid Western directed by Jan Kounen. She subsequently starred in comedy-drama Daltry Calhoun (2005), playing the girlfriend of a Tennessee entrepreneur, and in the romantic drama Aurora Borealis (also 2005), playing the live-in assistant of an elderly couple. In May 2005, Juliette and the Licks released their debut studio album, You're Speaking My Language. The band toured internationally in support of the album, receiving a favorable concert review from The Guardian's David Peschek, who wrote that Lewis is "exactly the kind of iconic presence that boringly boy-saturated rock needs".

Lewis had supporting parts in two comedies released in 2006: The Darwin Awards and Catch and Release. Around the same time, Juliette and the Licks recorded their second studio album—Four on the Floor—which was released in 2007. Lewis appeared in Rockstar Games' Grand Theft Auto IV the following year, providing the voice of "Juliette", the host of fictional radio station Radio Broker. Next, she played a key role in Drew Barrymore's directorial debut, the 2009 comedy-drama Whip It!, and provided voice work for the animated science fiction film Metropia (also 2009), directed by Tarik Saleh. Describing her portrayal of an aggressive roller derby captain in Whip It, The Guardian commented that Lewis was "all grimy attitude and slinky rock-chick insouciance". She released her first solo studio album that same year, titled Terra Incognita, through The End Records.

In 2010, Lewis starred in a number of films, first appearing in Mark Ruffalo's directorial debut Sympathy for Delicious, followed by romantic comedy The Switch, in which she appeared as the best friend of a woman trying to conceive a child through artificial insemination. She also portrayed a murder witness in the biographical crime drama Conviction, with The Wall Street Journal calling her a "scene-stealer", and the Boston Society of Film Critics awarding her Best Supporting Actress. She reprised the role of Heidi—her character in Old School—that same year in the black comedy Due Date.

2011–present: Television and film roles
Lewis' first film of 2011 was the independent drama Hick, in which she starred as the alcoholic mother of a young girl in 1980s Nebraska. She subsequently had a minor role in the Canadian drama Foreverland, followed by the 2012 thriller Open Road and the short-lived NBC legal drama series The Firm, on which she co-starred as secretary Tammy Hemphill. Next, Lewis had a central role in August: Osage County (2013), playing one of several sisters who reunite with their dysfunctional mother in the wake of their father's suicide. A tragicomedy based on the Tracy Letts play of the same name, the film was met with mixed reviews, but critics singled out Lewis as one of its strengths, with SFGate's Mick LaSalle feeling that her portrayal of youngest sibling Karen was the only performance to have "a complete grasp of the material's proper tone". Osage was a box-office success, grossing over $74 million worldwide.

Lewis was involved in musical projects in 2013, providing backing vocals on Joseph Arthur's album The Ballad of Boogie Christ and appearing in the music video for "City of Angels" by Thirty Seconds to Mars. Her next film roles were the 2014 independent features Hellion, for which she received positive notices, and Kelly & Cal, where she starred as a punk rocker-turned-suburban housewife. Her portrayal of Kelly in the latter was particularly well received, with The New York Times commenting that it "crackle[s] with authenticity", adding:

"The distance between riot grrrl and suburban mom is quite a stretch. But as middle age approaches, time has a way of landing mouthy young rebels in roles they never expected to inhabit. Take Juliette Lewis, the personification of scary defiance [in] Natural Born Killers ... In Kelly & Cal, [she] conveys the excruciating discomfort of a slightly crumpled former upstart struggling to adapt to a staid, middle-class existence. That means reining in the anarchic impulses of her youth and tolerating polite, buttoned-up in-laws."

Lewis' next role was in Jem and the Holograms (2015), an adaptation of the 1980s animated series Jem, where she played a music producer. The film was a financial disappointment for Universal and received a largely negative response from critics. She followed this with a starring role as a small-town detective on the ABC crime drama series Secrets and Lies, which ran for two seasons. The show received a mixed reception, with Neil Genzlinger commenting in his review for The New York Times, "Ms. Lewis's dour detective character, Andrea Cornell, is a cliché stretched beyond the point of believability". Next, she had a recurring guest role on the first season of the science fiction mystery series Wayward Pines (2015), contributed vocals to the song "Stickup" by Karma Fields and Morten, and played the mother of a high schooler in techno-thriller Nerve (2016).

In November 2016, the independently released EP Future Deep marked Lewis' first solo musical project in seven years. She guest-starred as Bailey Todd on the second season of Epix's Graves the following year, and subsequently appeared as a fun-loving reiki healer on the HBO comedy series Camping (2018), a remake of the British show of the same name. Judy Berman of Time gave the latter an unfavorable review, writing that Lewis is "underutilized, as usual". She co-starred in the independent feature Back Roads that same year, a drama about a young man trapped by circumstance in rural Pennsylvania after his mother—Lewis—murders his father. Writing for The Hollywood Reporter, Frank Scheck said it offered "many powerful moments" and featured an "excellent" performance from Lewis. Next, she played a supporting role in Sam Taylor-Johnson's A Million Little Pieces, adapted from the book of the same name. In late 2018, Lewis was cast in the recurring role of Blue on the debut season of ABC's The Conners—a spin-off from Roseanne—where she appeared for three episodes.

In Tate Taylor's 2019 psychological horror film Ma, Lewis played the mother of a teenage girl who grows close to a disturbed woman in their neighborhood. The Blumhouse production was a box-office success, grossing over $60 million worldwide. Lewis reunited with Taylor for the same year's Breaking News in Yuba County, co-starring as Gloria Michaels, and appeared in the guest role of Kathy on Hulu's strongly reviewed crime series The Act, a drama based on the murder of Dee Dee Blanchard.

Lewis starred on the Showtime mystery thriller series Yellowjackets between November 2021 and May 2023, portraying Natalie Scatorccio, a plane crash survivor haunted by painful secrets. The show was received enthusiastically by critics, with The Guardian's Leila Latif calling Lewis "sublime", noting that "[she] stunningly performs the nuances of tentative empathy and glimmers of optimism within a deep chasm of grief". Of her involvement with the series, Lewis said, "I was so in fear of being typecast that I worried people wouldn't know what goes into a character like this. Natalie is nothing like myself. But because there's certain things, like 'tough' and 'wrong side of the tracks' or whatever, people think it's something I've played before, but I haven't. [It has taken] me like 30 years for people to go, 'Wow, she does unpredictable stuff, and it's high quality'". During that same period, Lewis appeared as Judy on Peacock's reboot of Queer as Folk (2022) and co-starred in the biographical Hulu miniseries Welcome to Chippendales (also 2022). Richard Roeper called the latter "colorful and shiny but increasingly dark and twisted" in his review for the Chicago Sun-Times, adding that Lewis' portrayal of forthright costume designer Denise Coughlan was "outstanding".

Personal life
In 1989, Lewis was arrested at age 16 for entering a bar unlawfully, later being charged with underage drinking.

Lewis was born into Scientology and started practicing it in the 1990s. She credited Scientology's Narconon program for helping her rehabilitate after a years-long addiction to cocaine and prescription medication in her early adult years. When asked in 2010 by Vanity Fair if she was a Scientologist, Lewis responded, "I am, yeah" and went on to explain, "I'm a Christian! I think there's so much confusion because people don't understand a religion where you can be another religion but you can still practice Scientology". In an interview with Time in 2015, Lewis remarked about protecting her freedom of choice and religion, and being annoyed at people's misconceptions about Scientology: "Whatever people's conceptions are of me, I think it's cute. I roll with it". By 2021, she began to distance herself from Scientology, telling The New York Times and The Washington Post that she is a spiritualist and does not identify as a Scientologist.

Lewis married professional skateboarder Steve Berra in September 1999. She filed for divorce in April 2003. Lewis described the divorce as "amicable", later commenting, "Steve would be the first to admit he was a workaholic. You have to be ready to have a partnership. And sometimes you're like, 'Whoa, this is too much. I only actually have enough steam to focus on my own thing'".

Lewis has supported Little Kids Rock, an American nonprofit organization that works to restore and revitalize music education in disadvantaged U.S. public schools, by painting a Fender Stratocaster guitar and donating it to an auction to raise money for the organization.

Albums

 * You're Speaking My Language (2005)
 * Four on the Floor (2006)

EP

 * …Like a Bolt of Lightning (2004)

Album

 * Terra Incognita (2009)

EP

 * Future Deep (2017)

Other appearances

 * "Hardly Wait" (1995) PJ Harvey cover from Strange Days
 * "Come Rain or Come Shine" (1999) from The Other Sister
 * "Danny Boy Song" (2004) from Blueberry
 * "Hotride", "Spitfire", and "Get Up Get Off" (2004) from the Prodigy album Always Outnumbered, Never Outgunned
 * "You'll Be Sorry" (2011) from the Boots Electric album Honkey Kong
 * "Stickup" (2015) from the Karma Fields album New Age | Dark Age

title: Juliette Lewis


text:
Pearls of Passion

Pearls of Passion is the debut studio album by Swedish pop duo Roxette, originally released on cassette and vinyl on 31 October 1986 in Scandinavia and Canada. The album was remastered and released on CD on 31 October 1997, with several previously unreleased bonus tracks. It was remastered and re-released again in 2009.

Background and recording
Roxette are a Swedish duo consisting of Marie Fredriksson and Per Gessle, who were both established artists in their home country prior to the duo forming. Gessle had experienced considerable commercial success with his previous band Gyllene Tider, releasing three number one albums in Sweden during the early '80s. When the band broke up in 1984, however, Gessle's solo albums failed to replicate that level of success: 1983's Per Gessle and 1985's Scener both failed commercially. The latter peaked at number 39 on Sverigetopplistan, and sold less than 20,000 copies—a substantial drop from 400,000 copies sold by Gyllene Tider's self-titled debut album five years earlier. Gessle later revealed his contract with EMI Sweden was close to being terminated after the commercial performance of Scener.

Meanwhile, Fredriksson was also signed to EMI Sweden, and had released two commercially successful albums: 1984's Het vind and 1986's Den sjunde vågen, as well as several hit singles. On the advice of Rolf Nygren – the managing director of EMI Sweden – Gessle translated a song called "Svarta glas" ("Black Glass") into English. It was originally written for Pernilla Wahlgren. Nygren then suggested that Gessle record the song as a duet with Fredriksson. This became the duo's first single, "Neverending Love", which peaked at number three on the Swedish Singles Chart. The rest of the album was recorded sporadically throughout the summer of 1986.

Dance Passion, a compilation EP containing seven remixed versions of tracks found on Pearls of Passion, was released in Sweden in 1987, and a further two songs from the album were re-recorded for inclusion on later Roxette albums: CD versions of 1991's Joyride contained a version of "Soul Deep", while Tourism, released the following year, contained an acoustic version of "So Far Away".

Critical reception
Jason Damas from AllMusic gave the album a negative review, rating it one-and-a-half stars out of five and writing: "Nothing here is bad, but it lacks nearly all of the elements that made Look Sharp! and Joyride massive hits just a few years later." He elaborated that "Roxette's most intriguing qualities are that they are a pop band that can rock, and that Per Gessle is a crack songwriter that almost never produces a bad tune. Here, however, there's a lot of indistinguishable dance-pop, and their trademark gritty guitars are completely absent". He went on to say that the album contained three great songs: "Soul Deep", "Neverending Love" and "Secrets That She Keeps", but charactised the rest of the album as being "insignificant, except to the most serious of fans."

Commercial performance
The record was an immediate commercial success in Sweden, peaking at number two on the albums chart, and going on to sell over 200,000 copies by the end of 1987. However, it failed to chart internationally. "Neverending Love", "Goodbye to You", "Soul Deep" and "I Call Your Name" were released as singles, with the first three becoming top twenty hits in Sweden. A non-album single, "It Must Have Been Love (Christmas for the Broken Hearted)", was released in December 1987, and became their second top five hit there. The song was later re-recorded – with the reference to Christmas changed to a neutral winter reference ("It's a hard Christmas Day" replaced by "It's a hard winter's day") – and became a substantial international hit after appearing on the soundtrack to the 1990 film Pretty Woman.

Pearls of Passion was remastered and released on CD for the first time eleven years after its original release, on 31 October 1997. Three songs were re-released as promotional singles in selected territories to promote the reissue: "From One Heart to Another" was issued as a promotional single in Brazil, and a slightly remixed version of "I Call Your Name" – "I Call Your Name '97" – was released as an airplay-only single in Spain. EMI Spain also reissued "Neverending Love", to commemorate shipments of over 50,000 units of the album in that country. As of 2001, Pearls of Passion has sold 800,000 copies worldwide.

Track listing
All lyrics and music written by Per Gessle, except where noted.

Personnel
Credits adapted from the liner notes of Pearls of Passion.

 * Roxette are Per Gessle and Marie Fredriksson
 * Recorded at EMI Studios, Stockholm, Sweden
 * Remastered by Alar Suurna at Polar Studio, Stockholm (1997 version)
 * All songs published by Jimmy Fun Music, except: "Soul Deep" by Happy Accident Music; "From One Heart to Another" by Sweden Music AB; "Voices" and "Turn to Me" by Shock the Music/Jimmy Fun Music

Musicians
 * Marie Fredriksson – vocals, backing vocals and keyboards
 * Per Gessle – vocals and backing vocals
 * Per "Pelle" Alsing – drums
 * Tommy Cassemar – bass guitar
 * Jonas Isacsson – guitars
 * Clarence Öfwerman – keyboards, musical arrangements and production

Technical
 * Kjell Andersson – sleeve design
 * Carl Bengtsson – photography
 * Björn Boström – engineering (track 7)
 * Lisa Häggqvist – make-up
 * Robert Wellerfors – engineering

Additional musicians
 * Matts Alsberg – acoustic bass guitar (track 6)
 * Per Andersson – drums and musical arrangements (tracks 2 and 6)
 * Staffan Astner – guitars (track 2)
 * Marianne Flynner – backing vocals (track 1)
 * Uno Forsberg – trumpet (track 1)
 * Mats "M.P." Persson – guitars (track 7), percussion (tracks 1–2, 4, 8–12)
 * Mikael Renlinden – trumpet (track 1)
 * Anne-Lie Rydé – backing vocals (track 1)
 * Tomas Sjögren – trumpet (track 1)
 * Alar Suurna – percussion (track 6); engineering
 * Tim Werner – drums (track 7)

title: Pearls of Passion


text:
Thomas William Rhys Davids

Thomas William Rhys Davids (12 May 1843 – 27 December 1922) was an English scholar of the Pāli language and founder of the Pāli Text Society. He took an active part in founding the British Academy and London School for Oriental Studies.

Early life and education
Thomas William Rhys Davids was born at Colchester in Essex, England, the eldest son of a Congregational clergyman from Wales, who was affectionately referred to as the Bishop of Essex. His mother, who died at the age of 37 following childbirth, had run the Sunday school at his father's church.

Deciding on a Civil Service career, Rhys Davids studied Sanskrit under A.F. Stenzler, a distinguished scholar at the University of Breslau. He earned money in Breslau by teaching English.

Civil service in Sri Lanka
In 1863 Rhys Davids returned to Britain, and on passing his civil service exams was posted to Sri Lanka (then known as Ceylon). When he was Magistrate of Galle and a case was brought before him involving questions of ecclesiastical law, he first learned of the Pāli language when a document in that language was brought in as evidence.

In 1871 he was posted as Assistant Government Agent of Nuwarakalaviya, where Anuradhapura was the administrative centre. The governor was Sir Hercules Robinson, who had founded the Archaeological Commission in 1868.

Rhys Davids became involved with the excavation of the ancient Sinhalese city of Anuradhapura, which had been abandoned after an invasion in 993 CE. He began to collect inscriptions and manuscripts, and from 1870-1872 wrote a series of articles for the Ceylon branch of the Royal Asiatic Society Journal about them. He learned the local language and spent time with the people.

Rhys Davids' civil service career and his residence in Sri Lanka came to an abrupt end. Personal differences with his superior, C. W. Twynham, caused a formal investigation, resulting in a tribunal and Rhys Davids' dismissal for misconduct. A number of minor offenses had been discovered, as well as grievances concerning fines improperly exacted both from Rhys Davids' subjects and his employees.

Academic career
He then studied for the bar and briefly practised law, though he continued to publish articles about Sri Lankan inscriptions and translations, notably in Max Müller's monumental Sacred Books of the East.

From 1882 to 1904 Rhys Davids was Professor of Pāli at the University of London, a post which carried no fixed salary other than lecture fees.

In 1905 he took up the Chair of Comparative Religion at the University of Manchester.

Rhys Davids attempted to promote Theravada Buddhism and Pāli scholarship in Britain. He actively lobbied the government (in co-operation with the Asiatic Society of Great Britain) to expand funding for the study of Indian languages and literature, using numerous arguments over how this might strengthen the British hold on India.

Personal life
In 1894 Rhys Davids married Caroline Augusta Foley, a noted Pāli scholar. Unlike his wife, however, Rhys Davids was a critic and opponent of Theosophy. They had three children. The eldest, Vivien, was involved in the Girl Guide movement and was a friend of Robert Baden-Powell. Their only son, Arthur Rhys Davids, was a Royal Flying Corps 25-victory fighter ace who was killed in World War I.

Rhys Davids died on 27 December 1922 in Chipstead, Surrey.

Works

 * Rhys Davids, T. W. (1880). Buddhist Birth Stories (Jataka Tales), London
 * Rhys Davids, T. W., trans. (1890–94). Questions of King Milinda, Sacred Books of the East, volumes XXXV & XXXVI, Clarendon/Oxford, reprinted by Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi Vol. 1, Vol. 2
 * Rhys Davids, T. W., Stede, William (eds.) (1921-5). The Pāli Text Society's Pāli–English Dictionary. Chipstead: Pāli Text Society. Search inside the Pāli–English Dictionary, University of Chicago
 * Rhys Davids, T. W. (1907). Buddhism Its History And Literature, G. P. Putnam's Sons . New York, Second Edition.
 * Rhys Davids, T. W. & C. A., trans. (1899–1921). Dialogues of the Buddha, 3 volumes, Pāli Text Society, Vol. 1, Vol. 2, Vol. 3.
 * Rhys Davids, T. W.; Oldenberg, Hermann, trans. (1881–85). Vinaya Texts, Sacred Books of the East, volumes XIII, XVII & XX, Clarendon/Oxford; reprint: Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi (Dover, New York) Vol. XIII, Mahavagga I-IV, Vol. XVII, Mahavagga V-X, Kullavagga I-III, Vol. XX, Kullavagga IV-XII
 * Rhys Davids, T. W. (1891). The Sects of the Buddhists By T. W. Rhys Davids. The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, pp. 409–422
 * Rhys Davids, T. W. (1901). Asoka and the Buddha-relics By T. W. Rhys Davids. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, pp. 397–410
 * Rhys Davids, T. W. (1901). Asoka and the Buddha-relics By T. W. Rhys Davids. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, pp. 397–410

title: Thomas William Rhys Davids