text:
User talk:EpiVictor

Here you can leave your personal messages and discuss about Wikipedia contents with me... only be gentle and educated :-)

National Mysticism
The reason I considered it POV was that it was just Albanians, and there were many examples on just Albanians. The examples were also not well explained. If you included some other nationalities, and you didn't include so many examples just on Albanians, then they wouldn't be singled out, and it wouldn't be considered POV. Dori | Talk 12:27, May 10, 2004 (UTC)

As I said, it's not just the statements about the Albanians that I am worried about. Even though you are Greek, it doesn't mean that the Greek statements you put in should be demeaning or condescending in any way. As long as the article has a neutral and encyclopedic tone, I am OK with including info on Albanians. The other problem is verifiability. One has to be careful not to include statements that are not widely accepted (i.e. hearsay). Dori | Talk 15:35, May 10, 2004 (UTC)

Literature Collaboration of the Week
Patrida, I'm rallying up support for Alexandros Papadiamantis in Literature Collaboration of the Week. So, go vote! :D

Project2501a 16:26, 5 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Wikipedians in Greece
Hi, I understand that you are either Greek Wikipedian or a Wikipedian living in/with an interest in Greece.

The category page Wikipedians/Greece has been replaced with Category:Wikipedians in Greece but your name still appears on the old list. You might considering moving it. You might also consider adding adding Template:Greekwiki to your user page.

A Greek Wikipedians' notice board has been in existence for some time but is terribly underutilised. It would certainly benefit from your involvement.--Damac 12:15, 23 November 2005 (UTC)

"Aegean crisis" article
Hi, I think you were one of the contributors to Aegean crisis, right? If you're interested, please see my note on the talk page there. Thanks. Lukas 13:37, 16 January 2006 (UTC)

Mock/sock-puppets
Evcharisto, re pedi. I can't help thinking, though that there's something sad about a person whose idea of fun is pretending to be more than one person and disagreeing with himself... --Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 18:00, 20 February 2006 (UTC)

Image Tagging for Image:Brickgame.jpg
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Request for help with Greek politics
Hi. I'm hoping you can help me find a en.wikipedia.org editor who knows something about contemporary Greek politics, mainly whether Wikipedia should list Kyriakos Velopoulos as a White Supremacist. Following some changes by anonymous editors, we now list Mr Velopoulos, Nikolaos Michaloliakos and Kostas Plevris as Contemporary White Supremacists but the term "White Supremacist" has a narrow (and somewhat America-centric) definition which I suspect few if any Greeks would fit into.

(I picked you at random from Category:Wikipedians_in_Greece. I hope you don't mind.)

Cheers, CWC (talk) 15:17, 31 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Hi, no problem about picking me up, on the opposite, you may have done the right choice :-). Now...about Mr. Velopoulos: I have had the "luck" of watching several of his long rants at TeleAsty, either supporting some dubious "Greek superiority" theories, or promoting books and magazines (the TV screenshot on the wikipedia article bears the "ΕΛΛΗΝΟΡΑΜΑ" logo, a well-known Greek mystical-nationalist magazine (not only a TV show). About your question: I think the best term to describe Mr. Velopoulos and other similar individuals, is either plain "nationalist" or at most "national-mysticist" or "epsilonist". Some dose of anti-Semitism is perhaps present in the latter two properties, but never have I heard or read anything that could place Mr. Velopoulos into the "White Supremacist" category. As you said, this last term has a much narrower sense and Mr. Velopoulos (currently) doesn't fit in. He may be a nationalist, surely, and even have connections with epsilonism (or historical delusionism, as some people place it), but he surely has little or nothing to do with "White Power"-like organizations. EpiVictor 16:58, 31 May 2006 (UTC)

C64 Colour Clash
FYI, the C64 did suffer from colour clash. However, hardware sprites were not affected by it, and most C64 users seem to be unaware of the limitation. --StuartBrady (Talk) 22:17, 1 July 2006 (UTC)

KZ manager
This article has been semiprotected per your request. It would be nice if you could provide references for it. I have made a note on the article's talk page. -- Run e Welsh | ταλκ 12:42, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

 * With a little googling, I found some -I hope- less controversial references, which still describe the gameplay precisely enough, and document the game's existence. This even led to the "discovery" of an Amiga version of the game. Well, not it's time for a video-games tag and maybe image, I guess. EpiVictor 13:33, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

List of computer and video games considered the worst ever
Hello EpiVictor,

I am writing you because you are one of the Wikipedians who have editted the List of computer and video games considered the worst ever. However, the way it is being done now, I believe doesn't work. I would like to invite you to take 2 minutes of your time and leave your thoughts on the talk page.

best regards,

JackSparrow Ninja

Vandalism
I recieved this message from you.

"I remind you that repeated unconstructive edits (such as removing the SomethingAwful link from Thundra without discussion or providing a reason) might be considered vandalism. You may -cleverly- try to "distribute" the "workload" between this account and your several sockpuppet IP's so they never get blocked at the same time or "water down" punishments, but how longer do you expect to last doing that? EpiVictor 09:33, 10 October 2006 (UTC)"

The accusation completely confuses me, because I have never once edited aything on Wikipedia. I simply enjoy reading the articles. Although, I believe i can offer an explanation - which is - I am using a dialup internet service, which recycles IP adresses, so some person with the same ISP must have made the edit on that particular IP adress before I got it.

I erased my cache on my internet browser and made sure wikipedia refreshed from scratch. So, hopefully the problem will not show up again.

This is my first time ever writing anything on this website, so if I have done anything completely wrong feel free to fix it or just delete it. Thanks.

 * That message was targetted to a person vandalising the Thundra article, and the IP tracking I did revealed it was a dial-up dynamic IP from Syracuse, NY, USA, so it could very well be that you live there or use the same service as this guy and you happened to use the same IP once or more. That's the problem with anonymous edits, in general, you never know if the intended person will read the message or if unrelated persons will perhaps be offended. EpiVictor 14:15, 12 October 2006 (UTC)

Compact Cassette article
Hi I’m very embarrassed; I was trying to add a paragraph without deleting anything and I don’t know how I managed to knock those sections out. I think I’ve repaired them now. Many apologies Zagubov 21:14, 7 November 2006 (UTC)

Image:LIDL Energy Drink.jpg listed for deletion
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Orphaned fair use image (Image:MelGibsonSafari.png)
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 * Yeah, that belonged to the Mel Gibson's Safari article, which was deleted twice as non-notable, so the image can go too. EpiVictor 10:48, 30 December 2006 (UTC)

CD-MO references
Good catch. All existing MO implementations use spiral tracks, so CD-MO should be no exception (but I couldn't find any sources to back that up). I might be confusing it with the PD format at the time.

I also tried looking up more info about the format on the Net, but most occurrences are just passing references (not surprising considering it probably never existed beyond the initial specification). Even Philips themselves indicated that Orange Book Part 1 had been withdrawn, thus probably not available from them anymore. As for its commercial availability, I was able to find sources claiming the format was not commodified. —Broccoli 05:39, 5 January 2007 (UTC)

Anti-Hellenism
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Video games notable for negative reception
I'm trying to generate consensus on which games should be included in the article. Feel free to drop by Talk:Video games notable for negative reception and leave your thoughts on the proposed criteria. Cheers, Lankybugger ○ Yell ○ 01:01, 13 April 2007 (UTC)

Non-free use disputed for Image:122 5.jpg
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Coatto
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User: Kavaliotaki
It seems this user, doesn't care what we say and has decided to revert our edits. What should we do about it? (The user (Kavaliotaki) who says the Turkish names aren't relevant.) El Greco (talk · contribs) 20:39, 22 August 2007 (UTC)

 * I'd say report the case to an admin after he breaks the three-revert rule, or request protection for the article (semi protection won't work unless he's newly registered). EpiVictor 08:00, 23 August 2007 (UTC)

Disputed fair use rationale for Image:MythosTeyxos1.jpg
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D'Antonio David page
Hi EpiVictor, I'm just letting you know I've RFCbio'ed the value of this article. I don't see that this article can be raised to Biographies of living persons standards, and I don't see the subject warrants a bio page.--Drojem (talk) 07:02, 25 November 2007 (UTC)

D'Antonio David
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April 2008
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Nomination of Epsilon Team for deletion
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ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 08:53, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Cyberbykes

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Proposed deletion of Mythos (comics)

The article Mythos (comics) has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Admittedly searching is difficult due to the incredibly generic title, and the conflict with Mythos (Marvel Comics), but I wasn't able to find any sources indicating notability. There's nothing on the Greek Wikipedia article either."

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Nomination of Chronovisor for deletion
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title: User talk:EpiVictor


text:
Lord Marshal (Sweden)

Lantmarskalk, (Lord Marshal; Lantmarschall) was the title of one of the speakers of the Swedish Riksdag of the Estates, from 1627 to 1866 and of the Diet of Grand Duchy of Finland from 1809 to 1906. The Lantmarskalk was appointed by the Estate of the Nobles and also served as its speaker (talman). The Lantmarskalk should not be confused with the Riksmarsk (Lord High Constable of Sweden) or the Riksmarskalk (Marshal of the Realm), which were Great Officers of the Realm and royal appointees.

Between approximately 1720 and 1772 two parties Hats and Caps were active during a short period of parliamentary rule, referred to as the age of liberty.

List of office holders

 * Per Brahe (1629)
 * Johan Pontusson De la Gardie (1630)
 * Henrik Fleming (1643–1644)
 * Bengt Skytte (1647)
 * Svante Larsson Sparre (1649–1651)
 * Christer Bonde (1652)
 * Johan Gyllenstierna (1668)
 * Claes Fleming (1680)
 * Fabian Wrede (1682)
 * Erik Lindschöld (1686)
 * Jacob Gyllenborg (1693)
 * Per Ribbing (1719)
 * Arvid Horn, Caps (1720, 1726, 1731)
 * Swen Lagerberg, Caps (1723)
 * Carl Gustaf Tessin, Hats (1738–1739)
 * Mattias Alexander von Ungern-Sternberg, Caps (1742, 1746)
 * Henning Gyllenborg, Hats (1751–1752)
 * Axel von Fersen, senior, Hats (1755–1756, 1760–1762, 1769–1770)
 * Thure Gustaf Rudbeck, Caps (1765)
 * Eric Ruuth (1792)
 * Magnus Fredrik Brahe (1800)
 * Johan Christopher Toll (1800)
 * Carl Carlsson Mörner (1815)
 * Carl De Geer (1823, 1828–1830)
 * Jacob De la Gardie (1834–1835)
 * Henning Hamilton (1848, 1853–1854, 1856–1858)
 * Gustaf Lagerbjelke (1862–1863, 1865–1866)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Lord Marshal (Sweden)


text:
Talk:Sierpiński triangle

Java Code
I just compiled and ran the java code presented on the page. I got the following error:

 * java SierpinskiTriangle
 * java.lang.NoSuchMethodError: main
 * Exception in thread "main"

- —Preceding unsigned comment added by Russoc4 (talk • contribs) 10:16, 8 April 2006

 * The program in the article is an applet, you can't run it with java.exe. You need to first create an HTML page (.html file) with the applet in it and view it either from a web browser or with appletviewer.exe. I think the code in the HTML page is:

 * Zchenyu 16:03, 29 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Most Java IDEs have an option to run as an applet, also. There should hopefully be no need to make a webpage just to run it. - Rainwarrior 21:08, 29 July 2007 (UTC)

 * You can also run applets from the command line using the  command, on *nix or Windows. - SamB (talk) 17:02, 23 June 2010 (UTC)

About
About the Pascal's triangle you are not wrong, but the complete "triange" looks like:

.  .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .        .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .        .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .        0   0   0   0   0   0   1     . . 0   0   0   0   0   0   1  -5  15 -35        0   0   0   0   0   1  -4  10 -20  35 -56  84  . . 0   0   0   0   0   1  -3   6 -10  15 -21  28 -36  45 -55 . . .        0   0   0   0   1  -2   3  -4   5  -6   7  -8   9 -10  . . 0   0   0   0   1  -1   1  -1   1  -1   1  -1   1  -1   1 . . .        0   0   0   1   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0  . . 0   0   0   1   1   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0 . . .        0   0   1   2   1   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0  . . 0   0   1   3   3   1   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0 . . .        0   1   4   6   4   1   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0  . . 0   1   5  10  10   5   1   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0 . . .        1   6  15  20  15   6   1   0   0   0   0   0   0   0  . . 1   7  21  35  35  21   7   1   0   0   0   0   0   0   0 . . .                    usw.

So you don't get:

#        # #        #   #       # # # #      #       #     # #     # #    #   #   #   #   # # # # # # # #  #               # . ..

More you get like this:

.                 .                 .                # # # #         # # # #               #       #       #       #              # #     # #     # #     # #             #   #   #   #   #   #   #   #            # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #. . . . .           1          1 1         1 2 1        1 3 3 1       #       #      # #     # #     #   #   #   #    # # # # # # # #   .               .  .                 . ..

--217.233.252.114 10:58, 19 Mar 2004 (UTC)

3D Sierpinskis
Take a look at Sierpinskitriangel. There you can find my 3D versions of the triangle. I have created the tool used to render the images. It is based on a three dimensional iterated function system. My technology to get the shadows there is probably new to the fractal scene. Please feel free to copy the images to here if you like. // Solkoll 01:29, 31 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * I think they should be also displayed on the english page.
 * I can only guess what is written on the page but I can see you have written that the Hausdorff dimension is equal exactly 2. I Believe it should also be said on the english page. Also, It is noteworthy that a bijection to a square i an edge-first parallel projection of the bounding tetrahedron.

 * Just out of curiousity, what shadow technology were you using? - Rainwarrior 18:33, 27 July 2006 (UTC)

Programcode to draw Sierpinski Triangles?
Would it not be appropriate to include some (recursive) programcode (e.g. a Java Applet) to draw Sierpinski Triangles? I have done so in the corresponding articles in the german and french language wikipedia. — Nol Aders 13:28, 24 November 2005 (UTC)

 * I wrote an implementation of the Random-Convergence Sierpinski algorithm in C#, it doesn't use recursion, but is longer than the Java one posted (but unlike the Java one, this one compiles fine), should I post it? W3bbo 22:05, 2 August 2006 (UTC)

I discovered while messing around with bitwise "and" in QBasic that the following gives you Sierpinski Triangles:

10 For a = 1 to 20  For b = 1 to 30 If a and b then 40  PSET(a,b) 50 End If 60  Next b 70 Next a

213.70.147.202 (talk) 14:18, 14 July 2008 (UTC)

wrong redirect?
I get redirected here when searching for "Tetrix" what is a class of Grashoppers... Does that have a reason?

 * According to the section "Analogs in higher dimension", a tetrix is a three-dimensional analog of the Sierpinski triangle. However, I agree that this is confusing for people looking for the insect, so I wrote a page at Tetrix saying that the word has two meanings. Unfortunately, we do not seem to have any information on the insect. Anyway, thanks for bringing this to our attention. -- Jitse Niesen (talk) 13:41, 16 January 2006 (UTC)

Construction
About the "Construction" part, I think that this sentence might be misleading:

"Shrink the triangle by 1/2, make three copies, and position the three copies so that each triangle touches the two other triangles at a corner (image 2)."

To me, making 3 copies would mean that there are 4 in total (including the original shrinked one). May be it should be change to "make 2 copies" or something.

Harris

 * Good point, thanks. I changed it to "Shrink the triangle by 1/2, make two copies, and position the three shrunken triangles so that each triangle touches the two other triangles at a corner (image 2)." -- Jitse Niesen (talk) 06:08, 3 April 2006 (UTC)

Also, shouldn't "Repeat step 2 with each of the smaller triangles (image 3 and so on)" instead just be "Repeat step 2 (image 3 and so on)"?

In other words, you don't need to repeat with each of the three triangles, but can repeat with the full triangle instead. It seems that approach is cleaner/simpler as it involves a simple loop instead of a recursion.

Tom Dibble 00:01, 15 September 2007 (UTC)

Gasket or Carpet
I believe that the following passage should be moved to the Sierpinski carpet.

''Sierpiński demonstrated that this fractal is a universal curve, in that any possible one-dimensional graph, projected onto the two-dimensional plane, is homeomorphic to a subset of the Sierpinski gasket. For curves that cannot be drawn on a 2D surface without self-intersections, the corresponding universal curve is the Menger sponge.''

Well, let's see his articles:

Gasket: Sur une courbe dont tout point est une point de ramification. C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris 160(1915) 302-305

Carpet: Sur une courbe cantorienne qui contient une image biunivoque et continue de toute courbe donnée. (French) C. R. 162(1916), 629-632.

Please let me know if I am wrong. --Beaumont 17:25, 27 July 2006 (UTC)

 * That's right. It should be at Sierpinski carpet. I came across that topic in a book called "The Beauty of Fractals" which also demonstrated specifically why the carpet could do this, but the triangle could not. - Rainwarrior 18:31, 27 July 2006 (UTC)

Tetrahederon
While the picture of the Sierpinski tetrahederon is cool, why is it on this page? - —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 64.56.112.130 (talk • contribs) 20:37, 27 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Arguably, nowadays the Sierpinski triangle often means the object defined and studied in a N-dimensional setting (some sources on demand). Not a bad idea to have it here. --Beaumont (@)  20:58, 27 October 2006 (UTC)

 * This page is about many forms of the sierpinski triangle, so any material about the sierpinski tetrahedron belongs here. - Rainwarrior 06:59, 28 October 2006 (UTC)

 * The pictured item labeled 'Sierpinski tetrahedron', however cool looking, actually has 5 sides (a rectangular pyramid) User:Sarujin 8:20 AM, 11 November 2006 (UTC)

 * It seems to say "pyramid" now on the picture, but I added a note to the text nearby that there is also a pyramid construction. - Rainwarrior 21:14, 29 July 2007 (UTC)

Formula?
Doesa anyone have a series/sequence formula for the total number of triangles, as well as a formula for finding the area of a triangle at stage "n", And is there a way to do this without using the recursive or "iterated function" method?--AeomMai 22:24, 3 January 2007 (UTC) Once you learn it, it is REALLY easy!

area - where n is iteration number - 0 is a triangle B is area of original triangle A = B * (3/4)^n Every time you iterate, you are basically multiplying the area by 3 but you are increasing the size of the entire triangle by 4 X                 XOX X     XOOOX X -> XOX -> XOXOXOX 1 -> 3/4 -> 9/16 -> 27/64 ...

number of triangles (black) -> 3^n

number of triangles (white) -> 4^n - 3^n

total area ->                 4^n VentusIgnis 16:24, 18 June 2007 (UTC)

Naming: Sierpiński versus Sierpinski
Apparently this is named after Wacław Sierpiński, so why doesn't the spelling reflect that accurately here, as it does for Sierpiński's constant and Sierpiński curve? Does this need fixing up? —DIV 128.250.204.118 03:40, 6 January 2007 (UTC)
 * See Talk:Sierpinski number. I haven't examined "Sierpinski triangle". PrimeHunter 12:10, 6 January 2007 (UTC)

Pen and Paper
I remember a math teacher teaching a class on probability or chaos or something; asking us for some pairs of random numbers, plotting the medians of each pair, and ending up with a sierpinski triangle... it was a very dramatic demonstration... can anyone recall and describe this process? I think it'd be a good inclusion for an encyclopedia article. 24.68.135.133 02:21, 28 July 2007 (UTC)

 * There is a "chaos game" described in the article which involves randomness and midpoints (you take a random point, and then find the midpoint between that one and one of three fixed points, then repeat the process). Does it describe what you are talking about? - Rainwarrior 03:42, 28 July 2007 (UTC)

Initial Description
The initial description of the method of construction DOESN'T describe why the middle hole doesn't get filled in. I, personally, don't understand why it doesn't get filled in. My ONLY experience of the Sierpinski Triangle is from THIS article. So maybe that says something. :-) Martin Packer 11:40, 9 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Maybe step 2 in Construction should be reformulated. Step 2 replaces each triangle with 3 triangles of half the height, positioned inside the original triangle so they touch eachother at a corner (but not at a side). This positioning is part of the definition and it leaves a hole in the middle. PrimeHunter 12:23, 9 November 2007 (UTC)

I think that's MUCH better. The only tweak one might do is to spoon-feed the reader as to WHY that leaves a hole in the middle. Martin Packer 12:53, 9 November 2007 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure what you refer to with WHY. Do you mean why Sierpinski studied that form? I don't know. Do you want an explanation saying that 1/2 height and 1/2 width gives 1/4 the area, so it takes 3 smaller triangles and 1 hole of the same size to fill out the original triangle? Do you want a geometric explanation why the hole not only has the same size but also the same triangle form (upside down) as the 3 triangles? PrimeHunter 14:07, 9 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Thanks PrimeHunter: I really mean "why the step leaves the hole in the middle". It IS, I would agree, slightly spoonfeeding but the holes ARE a major feature of the triangle. Martin Packer 19:39, 9 November 2007 (UTC) (who claims to be a reasonable cipher for a layperson in this topic)

Physical model with clay
I would like to propose that an appropriate external link might be to this page, which shows one way to model the Sierpinski triangle physically, using an iterative process with modeling clay. I wrote the link in question, so I will not add it to the main article myself. But perhaps other editors would agree that it could be a useful addition to the page. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Oskay (talk • contribs) 22:12, 10 December 2007 (UTC)

Image not aligned
The Sierpinski triangle image is not horizontally aligned, which breaks its symmetry. You can better see this at full size. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Alphachapmtl (talk • contribs) 17:12, 19 January 2008 (UTC)

for "Analogs in Higher Dimention"
I have an image of the "Sierpiński triangle-based Pyramid" as seen from above and one as seen in 22.5°x22.5°x0° 3D. Are those considered appropriate images? — Supuhstar  *  § 18:16, 30 June 2008 (UTC)

Well, go ahead and post it
Title says it all. As long as it's not genuinely horrible or pornographic, we'd like to see it.
 * what?? Tommy has a great username (talk) 19:09, 3 January 2019 (UTC)

I have image of "higher dimension" Sierpisnki appearing in the Chaotic Scattering problem
This is problem from Physics of particle scattering. http://imonad.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2008/07/img520.jpg Also some POV code to reproduce the results. http://imonad.com/blog/2008/07/chaotic-scattering-with-povray/ I consider this to be "higher dimension" (actually 3d) because you can look around it. Can somebody add this image at the appropriate place in the text? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Aquarin (talk • contribs) 08:30, 1 August 2008 (UTC)

dino (talk) 00:13, 2 July 2008 (UTC)

Analog or Analogue?
What's the proper spelling in the context of "Analogs in higher dimension"? I'd have said 'analogue'. Tophtucker (talk) 16:41, 8 April 2009 (UTC)

 * There's no context, the difference in the spelling of "analog" is dependent upon whether you're an American writer or a British one. "Analog" is considered the standard English spelling, while "analogue" is considered the "Commonwealth English" spelling. (reference: wiktionary) (I consider the American spelling "standard" because my perception is that American English is the more influential language on a global scale, and thus assume more people use it, if you disagree, kindly replace the word standard with the word American, because I don't care enough to argue about it here) (Astrocom (talk) 07:45, 29 June 2010 (UTC))

worth mentioning ?
I was just reading the Blood type article and noticed that the Red blood cell compatibility table and the Plasma compatibility table look like the second and first approximations of the sierpinski triangle (when rotated). Is this worth mentioning in the article, e.g in a notes/in nature/... section ? what do you think ? --George (talk) 05:37, 5 October 2009 (UTC)

 * I don't agree, the tables do not look like approximations to the Sierpinski triangle, more like a square with a diagonal. /Pontus (talk) 18:58, 5 October 2009 (UTC)

I am talking about the table not the chart. It looks like this: ✔ ✔✔ ✔ ✔ ✔✔✔✔ ✔    ✔ ✔✔   ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔  ✔   ✔ ✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔ and there is an simple proof that this is not a coincidence: if "+" had the value 1, "A" the value 2 and "B" the value 4, every blood type will have numerical value from 0 to 7 (2^3 possible values) and a square will have a tick if (donor AND recipient = donor), this rule will produce a sierpinski triangle for any table with width 2**n. --George (talk) 23:11, 5 October 2009 (UTC)

 * Ok, sorry, I didn't look at the tables, just the charts. I think one could express a generalization of this in the following way. Let Qn be the directed n-dimensional hypercube graph. (The vertices are 0-1-sequences of length n, and there is a directed edge from x to y if x and y differs in exactly one position, at which x is 1 and y is 0.) Then the 0-1-matrix representing the partial order defined by reachability between the vertices of Qn (or, equivalently, the adjacency matrix of the transitive closure of Qn, with loops added at all vertices), with rows and columns of the matrix ordered by lexicographical order of the vertices, equals the (n-1)-st approximation of the Sierpinski triangle (viewed as a 0-1-matrix). I haven't found a reference for this. /Pontus (talk) 19:30, 6 October 2009 (UTC)

 * I realized that it is easier to define the partial order using the binary AND as you did: x≤y if (x AND y) = x, where x and y are integers from 0 to 2n-1. /Pontus (talk) 20:29, 6 October 2009 (UTC)

I didn't find a reference either, even though this is not very hard to prove. --George (talk) 21:58, 6 October 2009 (UTC)

I don't know how to word this proof or if it will be considered original research so I'll leave it here for now. For each trait (A,B,RhD) the donor (top) can donate blood to the receiver (left) if he is trait-negative or if both are trait-positive. at first this is demonstrated on the A antigen trait, then the B antigen trait and the Rhd antigen trait. the recursion produces an approximation of the sierpinski triangle. --George (talk) 22:31, 16 October 2009 (UTC)

References?
Are there solid references?

dino (talk) 15:35, 5 October 2009 (UTC)

are you talking to me ? I can't tell, you started a new section... --George (talk) 17:44, 5 October 2009 (UTC)

Infinite Jest
What does the novel Infinite Jest have to do with this? Why is it in the See Also section? 129.120.8.194 (talk) 17:26, 15 October 2009 (UTC)
 * removed. - Altenmann >t 17:38, 15 October 2009 (UTC)

Original Research?
I have a small amount of Original Research on this subject, far too small to ever be published as anything but commentary on the topic, and then, who would publish commentary on the topic? What should I do with it? I'm not a professor or a grad student, I don't have a sub-domain on a .edu site, so I have no way of putting this out in anyway that would be considered a reliable source.

If anyone is interested, I can elaborate on my (very small) amount of knowledge to add to the topic. (Astrocom (talk) 07:41, 29 June 2010 (UTC))

cosmati mosaic
In regard to this, I'm not questioning the reliability of the source. I do think however that this is a sort of an interesting trivia fact that can be put into the article but doesn't necessarily belong in the lede. But it's not a big deal either way.Volunteer Marek (talk) 21:58, 28 February 2011 (UTC)
 * It belongs wherever it is that we assign credit for its "discovery" to Sierpinski. Right now that's in the lede. But I agree that we aren't following MOS:LEDE in that the lede contains information not elaborated on in the rest of the article — not just the Cosmati mosaics but Sierpinski's role. —David Eppstein (talk) 23:12, 28 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Well, the thing is that fractal patterns occur in nature quite often, and art is often based on nature (particularly in mosaics) so it's not surprising that these fractals can be found in artistic works from long ago. And that's interesting. But that doesn't mean that the Cosmati mosaic "discovered" the Sierpinski triangle in any kind of mathematical sense, anymore than some sea snails "discovered" the golden ratio.Volunteer Marek (talk) 23:23, 28 February 2011 (UTC)
 * So only mathematicians are capable of making discoveries, and everyone else is at the intellectual level of a sea snail? That seems a very strange perspective on intellectual progress. I'd advise you not to say so in front of any artists. —David Eppstein (talk) 23:57, 28 February 2011 (UTC)
 * So only mathematicians are capable of making discoveries, and everyone else is at the intellectual level of a sea snail? - That's right.Volunteer Marek (talk) 01:00, 1 March 2011 (UTC)

 * No, ok, seriously, though I do know some mathematicians who take that view, there is a difference between a "mathematical discovery" (defining and characterizing a set) and a "artistic discovery" (finding a cool looking pattern for your mosaic) even if we're talking about the same thing. And yes, it is mathematicians who mostly make the "mathematical discoveries".Volunteer Marek (talk) 01:04, 1 March 2011 (UTC)
 * Ok, but is this article only about the mathematics of the Sierpinski triangle? And if so, where is that other article that covers the pattern in all its other aspects? And in any case I don't think "discovery" is the right word for what happens when a mathematician analyzes things that were already known (but not analyzed) to other people. —David Eppstein (talk) 01:13, 1 March 2011 (UTC)

Additional citations
Why, what, where, and how does this article need additional citations for verification? Hyacinth (talk) 16:04, 28 October 2011 (UTC)
 * Most of the construction section, all of the properties section, and all of the analogues section (that is to say, most of the article) have no footnotes or other forms of referencing indicating which of the stated facts come from which source. The few sources we have are not of the highest quality — we should easily be able to get published books for most of this material, rather than self-published web sites, which are already duplicated in the external links section. And the existing external links section is too long — many of those links should be cut. —David Eppstein (talk) 16:17, 28 October 2011 (UTC)

Javascript code
Hello guys,

here's a javascript code i've just made for the fractal, fully working on the html5 canvas: http://jsfiddle.net/Saturnix/2P7WT/

Just call fractal_iteration; for each iteration you want to do. Hope someone may post it :)

Thanks! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 93.50.239.209 (talk) 01:04, 21 April 2012 (UTC)

cellular automata
What is an automaton "12/1" ? I can't seem to find anything about it on the net. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 187.65.203.8 (talk) 19:54, 11 July 2012 (UTC)

 * (Please use the "New section" button up there to start a new topic, rather than putting your question above everything else, despite its earth-shaking importance.)
 * Clicking the nearest blue word, I find at Conway's Game of Life that it means a version of Life in which a living cell survives if it has 1 or 2 living neighbors, and a dead cell comes to life if it has exactly 1 living neighbor. —Tamfang (talk) 03:05, 12 July 2012 (UTC)

Other means of generating
I know of at least two other methods to generate this pattern that aren't on the page. The first is created by using a binary tree, and is related to Pascal's triangle: This will ultimately lead to this pattern. You can see this demonstrated here (Starting at about 2:00)
 * 1) Start with a single point
 * 2) Branch down to the left and right by a fixed amount and create a new point at each end
 * 3) From each point, branch to the left and right, omitting any branches which would end up landing in the same place
 * 4) Repeat

Another similar method creates not one, but 6 Sierpinski triangles in a hexagonal arrangement: You'll end up with 3 triangles at 120 degree angles to each other which all start with your original triangle at the tip, and 3 more at 60 degrees to those in which your original triangle serves upside-down as the first of the gaps (your 3 second-tier triangles forming the tips). Don't have a picture or video for this one, but you can try it out yourself with pen and paper. Lurlock (talk) 04:29, 13 February 2014 (UTC)
 * 1) Start with a single equilateral triangle
 * 2) Add another triangle to each face of the first
 * 3) Add more triangles to each face of the last triangles, all the same size
 * 4) Continue this pattern, but do not generate triangles where two of them would overlap.

Fractal Curve, SVG and JavaScript
I have generated a Sierpinski Triangle using a single line in a fractal curve. Demonstration of this method is on my JsFiddle: http://jsfiddle.net/alancnet/exu7T/

I believe this should be part of the article, since it shows how the triangle can appear from a completely different algorithm.
 * See Sierpiński arrowhead curve. I agree, this should be in the article; I just added it. —David Eppstein (talk) 22:49, 19 March 2014 (UTC)

Thanks David Eppstein, I didn't know about the Sierpiński arrowhead curve until your edits! I just stumbled upon it while trying to make a dragon curve. Alancnet (talk) 16:54, 20 March 2014 (UTC)

Is there a non-iterative way to generate it?
Like, is there a formula where you input the X and Y of each of the corners, and an arbitrary X and Y, and it will say whether those coordinates are in one of the empty areas, or the probability that those coordinates will be in an empty area? --TiagoTiago (talk) 22:06, 17 January 2018 (UTC)

 * Yes; just like the Cantor set, one can give a description in terms of the expansion in a particular base. This is alluded to in the third paragraph of the section properties.  A different way to formulate it is as follows: the Sierpinski triangle that you get by starting with the triangle with vertices (0, 0), (1, 0) and (0, 1) consists of all points (X, Y) of two real numbers in [0, 1) such that when X and Y are expressed in binary, they do not both have a 1 in the same position; or equivalently, that computing the sum X + Y involves no carries.
 * (The question about randomly choosing a point is answered in the same section: the probability that a randomly chosen point belongs to the removed regions is 1.) --JBL (talk) 01:06, 18 January 2018 (UTC)

 * Hm, I missed that somehow.

 * Ok, but aren't those two things contradicting each other? If the probability is 1, then doesn't that mean there are no pairs of binary numbers between 0.0 and 1.0 with that property? I mean, am I missing something, or for example 0.1 and 0.01 would actually be part of the triangle, and therefore have a probability of zero of belonging to a removed region?

 * Also, here's an additional related question: Is there a non-iterative way to calculate how many iterations of the remove the middle upside-down triangle of each filled triangle algorithm it would take to remove any given point? --TiagoTiago (talk) 09:02, 19 January 2018 (UTC)

 * No: in continuous probability, "probability 0" and "does not occur" are not synonymous. (For example, if you choose a random real number between 0 and 5, the probability that you choose the number pi is 0.)  If you use the barycentric encoding, then I think a point with coordinates (X, Y, Z) gets removed in the nth stage if the earliest position at which the condition stated in the article fails is nth position after the decimal point.  --JBL (talk) 12:49, 19 January 2018 (UTC)

Nonsensical additions to "Constructions"
An ex-editor recently added three sub-sections to the section, none of which are grammatical or make much sense:
 * (1.8) Sierpinski Tautology Map
 * (1.9) Use of Collage Theorem
 * (1.10) Sierpinski Gasket

While they've put much work into these edits, I doubt whether any reader will find them helpful, nor even particularly comprehensible. Certain grammatical faults cause me to suspect that the editor's first language may not be English, which may contribute to the obscurity of some sentences.

So, following the precept "Be bold!", I'm removing these additions in their entirety. Supposing that the person in question still wants to contribute to the article under those headings, they're welcome to contact me for help in making their meaning clear. yoyo (talk) 12:29, 7 July 2018 (UTC)

Motion Capture Pattern
Sierpinsky Triangle is used for motion capture tracking: https://patents.google.com/patent/WO2013009547A1/en https://mathoverflow.net/questions/233998/unexpected-occurences-of-the-sierpinski-triangle https://www.quora.com/Why-is-a-Sierpinski-triangle-pattern-used-on-some-capture-suits

guess it deserves a mention in the article. — Preceding unsigned comment added by NikitaSadkov (talk • contribs) 19:51, 21 September 2018 (UTC)

triforce
is it just me or does it look kinda like a triforce symbol? Tommy has a great username (talk) 19:16, 3 January 2019 (UTC)

Proposed addition regarding construction: "LC resonant network"
The Sierpinski triangle can be realized using an LC network, that is, by constructing each level with inductors and interconnecting the levels via capacitors. The resulting resonant network has unique, apparently paradoxical, properties since in the limit of infinite iterations it is dissipative even though it is built using purely reactive elements. When constructed up to a finite number of iterations, such kind of a resonator can be used to obtain high-dimensional dynamics even from elementary electronic circuits, involving a single transistor as the only active and non-linear element.
 * The splendid generative potential of the Sierpinski triangle ( Lminati (talk) 15:22, 12 March 2019 (UTC) )

higher dimensions
In the parapraph "Analogs in Higher Dimensions" it is said that the surface area remains unchanged upon iteration while the volume approaches zero, which is both correct using the formulae. But the next sentence states "The limit of this process [i.e. the iteration] has neither volume nor surface...". How can this be understood in a way that it does not contradict with what was just shown before? --193.222.161.35 (talk) 12:57, 18 December 2019 (UTC)

 * Each finite iteration has the same surface area, but the limiting object (which is not equal to any of the finite iterations) does not. There is no contradiction, just a (surprising?) fact about what properties are or are not preserved by limits. --JBL (talk) 01:55, 6 February 2020 (UTC)

Wrong angle for fractal tree version
The text below the animation of the fractal tree outlining the sierpinski triangle says: ''A Sierpinski Triangle is outlined by a fractal tree with three branches forming an angle of 60° between each other. If the angle is reduced, the triangle can be continuously transformed into a fractal resembling a tree.''

I believe the text should be: ''A Sierpinski Triangle is outlined by a fractal tree with three branches forming an angle of 120° between each other. If the angle is reduced, the triangle can be continuously transformed into a fractal resembling a tree.''

If the three branches of the fractal tree are only 60° between each other, you get the following figure after 3 iterations: https://haan.lu/sierpinski.png

— Preceding unsigned comment added by 2a06:4944:8fc:4400:1d5:72ae:b9e0:19f (talk) 11:57, 8 April 2021 (UTC)

Also, the branches should split at the midpoints, I believe that needs to be specified in the caption. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ac3raven (talk • contribs) 02:34, 6 June 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sierpiński triangle


text:
Harden, New South Wales

Harden–Murrumburrah is a township and community in the Hilltops Region and is located in the South West Slopes of New South Wales in Australia. Harden is adjacent to both the Canberra region of the Australian Capital Territory and the Riverina Region in the southwest area of NSW. The town is a twin town between Harden and Murrumburrah (which is noted as one of the earliest European immigrant settlements in the southwest of New South Wales).

The town is traversed by the Burley Griffin Way, the major link from and between the Riverina and the Hume Highway near Yass, and ultimately Sydney, Canberra and the coast. Cunningham Creek runs along the edge of the town.

The Olympic Highway traverses the western end of the shire and is the major link through the central west to the Blue Mountains and from there to the Sydney region.

Harden is 3½ hours away by road from Sydney, and 1½ hours from Canberra and Wagga Wagga.

History
Before European settlement the Harden area was inhabited by the Wiradjuri people. Hume and Hovell passed nearby in 1824. In the late 1820s, the 'Murrumburra' was established. Its superintendent, James Kennedy, established an inn on the townsite in the late 1840s. Gold was found in the area in the 1850s.

Harden railway station was opened one km east of Murrumburrah on the Main Southern line in 1877 as Murrumburrah, but changed its name to Harden a year after the opening of a new station in Murrumburrah in 1879. Harden has remained as the main station and, as a result, became the main town.

A post office at Harden was opened on 1 January 1870, and in 1926 £2000 of funding was secured to provide extensive improvements to the ageing facility.

The first Australian Lighthorse was also founded in Harden–Murrumburrah, with the Lighthorse festival occurring annually.

From 1906 until 2016 Harden–Murrumburrah was the seat of its own local council, but was amalgamated in 2016 to form Hilltops Council. The town's rugby league team, the Harden-Murrumburrah Hawks, competed for the Maher Cup, and continue to compete in senior football today in the George Tooke Shield.

In 1996, a trust was formed through the last will and testament of Geoffrey Kruger, a retired dental surgeon who had lived in the town for much of his life, the Kruger Trust was intended to fund improvements to the town itself. The trust has funded key infrastructure in the town, such as a medical centre and community country club.

Harden is also home to Murrumburrah High School, which was established in 1977 and is currently the only secondary education facility for the town.

Facilities
Harden boasts a variety of facilities servicing residents from both Harden, Murrumburrah and surrounds.

 * Harden-Murrumburrah & District War Memorial Pool; containing a 50-metre Olympic swimming pool as well as two smaller wading pools.
 * Harden Post Office
 * Hilltops Council Library Harden Branch located inside the Trinity Centre.
 * Kruger Medical Centre, a healthcare facility with General Practitioners providing healthcare for chronic disease management, as well as family medicine, womens health and mental health.
 * Murrumburrah High School; a secondary education facility.
 * Murrumburrah-Harden Health Service, a small hospital facility with 33 beds including 13 hospital care beds and 20 residential aged care beds. The facility sits under the Murrumbidgee Local Health District.

Climate
Harden experiences a climate typical of the South West Slopes, with a large seasonal variation throughout the year. Under Koppen it is classified as a humid subtropical climate (Köppen: Cfa, Trewartha: Cfbl/Cfal) with warm to hot summers and cool, cloudy winters. On rare occasions it may snow.

Temperature data were collected from 1967 until 1980, and rainfall from 1886 until 2006.

Heritage listings
Harden has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:
 * Main Southern railway: Harden railway station

Population
According to the 2016 census of population, there were 2,030 people in Harden. At the 2021 census, this had dropped to 1,900 people.
 * Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people made up 8.7% of the population.
 * 84.6% of people were born in Australia and 90.7% of people only spoke English at home.
 * The most common responses for religion were Catholic 31.3%, No Religion 24.9% and Anglican 24.6%.

Transport
The Main Southern railway line passes through Harden. It became an important railway town with the line to Blayney branching off a few kilometres beyond Harden at Demondrille. Harden railway station is served by two daily NSW TrainLink XPT services between Melbourne and Sydney in each direction and the twice weekly Xplorer service between Griffith and Sydney. NSW TrainLink trial road coach services 703 and 704 between Wagga Wagga and Canberra via Cootamundra pass through Harden, but as at September 2019 do not pick up or drop off passengers there. Busabout Wagga Wagga have a depot in the town.

title: Harden, New South Wales


text:
Blaque

Blaque is an American girl group that charted from 1999 to 2004. Outside of the United States, they are known as Blaque Ivory. Their self-titled debut album Blaque sold more than 1 million copies and was certified Platinum. The group's debut included the platinum-selling lead single "808", a second single, "I Do", and the international pop hit "Bring It All to Me". In 1999, Billboard named Blaque the 4th Best New Artist of the year, with "Bring It All to Me" landing at number 30 on the 2000 Year End Chart. In 2002 and 2003, the group released three less successful singles, "Can't Get It Back", "Ugly", and "I'm Good", the latter appearing in the film Honey.

Blaque worked on two unreleased albums in the mid-to-late 2000s before their disbandment in 2008. The group attempted a comeback in 2012, but it was cut short by Natina Reed's accidental death. In 2019, Blaque's intended third album Torch was released under the label Blaque/The Move Entertainment.

1994–1996: Early beginnings
In 1994, Shamari Fears formed her first girl group with a rotation of members, including Atlanta high school classmate Natina Reed. They soon met a producer, who was looking for an urban country singing act and took them under his wings, naming the four member band Buutz. Still in training, Reed left the group a year later, after her father Paul, a reverend, no longer agreed with his daughter performing non-religious secular music. Following Reed's departure, Fears connected with vocal coach and manager Cynnamyn Robinson who found a replacement member for Reed and re-named the band Intrigue. With the help of Robinson, the members of Intrigue received dancing and acting classes and were able to acquire further experience in the recording studio. In 1995, twelve-year-old Brandi Williams was added to the group but Intrigue still struggled to secure a record deal.

After her parents' divorce, Reed began pursuing secular music again and met talent scout Ronald Lopes, brother of Lisa "Left Eye" Lopes, while singing jingles to earn extra cash. Lopes, co-owner of a production company named Blaque House, agreed on managing her and hired Reed to write for his sister's band TLC. In the meantime, he was looking for "an outlet" for Reed, who suggested him to make her part of a new girl group and asked Fears to join her. In turn, Fears inivited Williams to join as well. Named after Lopes' company, Blaque was officially formed in 1996. In hopes to secure the trio a jump-starting career, Lopes took to his sister who began mentoring the group and arranged demo recordings and photo shootings for them. Six months after their formation, Left Eye made them audition for Sony Music CEO Tommy Mottola who offered Blaque a deal with Columbia Records.

1997–2000: Debut and breakthrough
Fast-tracking the production of their debut album, Columbia Record set up recording sessions with several producers for the trio, with Jean-Claude Olivier and Samuel Barnes from hip hop production duo Trackmasters eventually emerging as the album's executive producer alongside Left Eye and Cory Rooney. In 1997, the group made a cameo appearance in the video for Lil' Kim's "Not Tonight (Remix)".

Their self-titled debut debuted at number 23 on Billboard's Top R&B/Hip-Hop albums chart, and at number 53 on the official Billboard 200 and was certified platinum by RIAA. The album's lead single "808" was a success in the U.S. reaching number 8 on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart and earning Gold certification. The follow-up single "I Do" was not a success like the previous singles, reaching number 73 on the R&B/Hip-Hop single chart. The music video for "I Do" was nominated for a MTV Video Music Award for Best Editing. The last single "Bring It All To Me", which featured JC Chasez, was a hit song that made the number 5 position on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart and topped the Rhythmic charts in late 1999 to early 2000 for six weeks.

In mid-1999, Blaque toured as one of the opening acts for boy band 'N Sync. Blaque also performed as one of the opening acts for TLC's FanMail Tour later that year. In 2000, the group starred as cheerleaders in the film Bring It On and went to the studio and recorded the Shelly Peiken and Guy Roche song "As If" for the soundtrack that same year. A remixed version of the Blaque song "Bring It All To Me" appeared in the film, with added rapping by 50 Cent.

2001–2002: Blaque Out
While their self-titled debut album went platinum, the second album called Blaque Out, which was set for release in 2001, was shelved as the group was dropped from Columbia Records for unknown reasons. The video for the first single "Can't Get It Back" was never released. The album was soon leaked on the Internet. After Lopes's death in a car crash in Honduras on April 25, 2002, the group signed with Elektra Records. They began work on their third album after Reed gave birth to a son. An alternate version of the shelved album was released to iTunes on May 22, 2007, but was later taken down. In December 2011, Blaque Out was released back onto iTunes.

2005–2012: Reunion, Reed's death
Fears was signed to Darkchild Records in 2005. Williams also signed a new record deal and started working on a solo album. She also provided vocals on the hook of Nelly's single "Grillz".

In 2005, Blaque came back together to record their studio album Private Show (originally titled Beauty). They worked on the album sporadically from 2005 to 2009. Blaque agreed to film a show Blaque In the House set to air in the summer of 2008; however, the show was never picked up, and the album went unreleased. Blaque released four songs on YouTube: "Cut You Off", "All Nighter", "Blue Jeans" and "High Definition" before they decided to disband.

On July 28, 2012, Blaque reunited for the Left Eye Music Festival in Decatur, Georgia. At the event, Blaque performed their single "808". Shortly after, the group contracted with artist manager Inga "Nandi" Willis, and started working on an album and a reality television show.

On October 26, 2012, Reed died after being hit by a car near Atlanta, Georgia. The group broke up shortly after her death. Two days later, "Cut You Off", a song intended for the album, leaked via the internet.

2013–2019: Torch, change in lineup
Blaque's intended third album, Torch, featured Missy Elliott, songwriter Linda Perry, and producer Rodney Jerkins. The intended single "Blackout" was derided as a "rip-off" of 50 Cent's song "In da Club".

"I'm Good" appeared on the soundtrack for the 2003 film Honey.

Torch was scheduled to be released exclusively to iTunes in 2008, nearly five years after its completion by Music World Entertainment, but this was canceled. It has been confirmed that Mathew Knowles owns the rights to the albums Torch and Blaque Out.

On May 31, 2019, Blaque released Torch under the label Blaque/The Move Entertainment.

Other media
In addition to their recording work, Reed, Fears, and Williams appeared in the 2000 film Bring It On as members of the East Compton Clovers cheerleading squad, fronted by Gabrielle Union. Williams also had a small role (playing herself) in the 2001 movie On the Line. Blaque also appears on Lisa "Left Eye" Lopes's 2001 solo debut album, Supernova, on the track titled "Head to the Sky", which was only released internationally. In 2005, two clips of Fears's solo songs titled "The One" and "NJ2" were leaked onto the internet.

Discography
Studio albums
 * Blaque (1999)
 * Blaque Out (2002)
 * Torch (2019)

Tours

 * NSYNC in Concert (1999)
 * TLC: FanMail Tour (1999)

Awards and nominations
MTV Video Music Awards

BET Awards

Soul Train Lady Of Soul Awards

Billboard Video Awards

Films

 * 1999: Soul Train (cameo)
 * 1999:  Motown Live (cameo)
 * 2000: Bring It On
 * 2000: All That (cameo)
 * 2000: Disney's 2 Hour Tour (cameo)
 * 2002: V.I.P. (cameo)
 * 2003: Honey (cameo)
 * 2020: Say Yes To The Dress: Atlanta (cameo)

title: Blaque


text:
Seru Epenisa Cakobau

Ratu Seru Epenisa Cakobau (occasionally spelled Cacobau or phonetically Thakombau) (c.1815 – 1 February 1883) was a Fijian chief, monarch, and warlord (Vunivalu) who united part of Fiji's warring tribes under his leadership, establishing a united Fijian kingdom. He was born on Natauloa, Nairai Island in Lomaiviti but spent his youth on Vanuaso, Gau, Lomaiviti, later returning to Bau to re-establish his Father's Ratu Tanoa Visawaqa reign. Ratu Epenisa Seru Visawaqa was given the name "Cakobau" meaning destroyer of Bau, in reference to his grandfathers' (Nailatikau) effort to first claim the tile from the people of Butoni and Lovoni, returned with most of his warriors from Vanuaso, Gau, Lomaiviti to coup the leadership in Bau then and later takeover his father's title; known after his father as the 6th "Vunivalu" or Warlord of Bau.

Background
He was born to Ratu Tanoa Visawaqa on Nairai Island, Lomaiviti, and one of his nine wives, Adi Savusavu.

The Vunivalu and the Roko Tui Bau (sacred chieftain) had had many power struggles during the course of nearly a century. These struggles led to the death of Seru's paternal uncle, the Vunivalu of Bau, Naulivou Ramatenikutu and the installation of Tanoa as Vunivalu. However, after he killed the Roko Tui Bau, Ratu Raiwalui, near Vanua Balavu, amongst other murders and reprisals, Tanoa was exiled in 1832.

He married two sisters, Litia (Lydia) Samanunu and Salote (Charlotte) Qalirea Kaunilotuna (daughters of the Roko Tui Bau).

Mary Wallis provided a description of him after meeting with him on 7 December 1844: "He is tall, rather good looking, appears fully aware of his consequence, and is not destitute of dignity. He wore an enormous quantity of hair on his head and several yards of native cloth around his body..."

Seru was given the name Cikinovu ("Centipede"), "because he moved silently and struck painfully". Later, he was called Cakobau ("destroyer of Bau"), because he had destroyed what was Bau; but Seru also built a new Bau, under the supremacy of the Vunivalu. After he converted to Christianity, he also took the additional name of Epenisa (Ebenezer).

Rise to power
On 8 December 1852, Cakobau succeeded as Vunivalu of Bau.

Cakobau, a former cannibal, was converted to Christianity by the missionary James Calvert and renounced cannibalism in 1854.

Claiming that Bau had suzerainty over the remainder of Fiji, he asserted that he was the King of Fiji. However, Cakobau's claim was not accepted by other chiefs, who regarded him, at best, as the first among equals. Cakobau consequently engaged in constant warfare for almost nineteen years to unify the islands under his authority.

The last, brief rebellion of chiefs against Cakobau's rule culminated in the Battle of Kaba (a village in Bau Tikina, next to Bau Island). Cakobau crushed the rebellion with the aid of the King of Tonga. Having converted to Christianity, on the battlefield he pardoned all the captives; in accordance with pagan Fijian customs, the defeated men would have been ceremonially humiliated, killed and eaten.

On 8 May 1865, a Confederacy of Independent Kingdoms of Viti was established (comprising Bau, Bua, Cakaudrove, Lakeba, Macuata, Naduri), with Cakobau as Chairman of the General Assembly. Two years later, however, the confederacy split into the Kingdom of Bau and the Confederation of Lau (comprising Bua, Cakaudrove, Lau), with Cakobau assuming kingship of the former.

Supported by foreign settlers, he finally succeeded in creating a united Fijian kingdom in 1871, and established Levuka as his capital. He decided to set up a constitutional monarchy, and the first legislative assembly met in November of that year. Both the legislature and the Cabinet were dominated by foreigners. He gave his war club to Queen Victoria on 10 October 1874 when the Deed of Cession by which the sovereignty of Fiji passed to the British Crown was signed. In October 1932, King Cakobau’s war club was presented, on behalf of King George V, for ceremonial use as the Ceremonial mace of the Legislative Council of Fiji.

Cession of power
The United States government had recognised Cakobau's claim to kingship over a united Fijian nation, long before his claims were accepted by his fellow chiefs. In the long term, however, this was not to count in his favour. The American government held him responsible for an arson attack against the Nukulau Island home of John Brown William, the American Consul, in 1849 (before Cakobau was even the Vunivalu, let alone King), and demanded $44,000 compensation. Unable to pay the debt caused by the Rewan Chiefs, and fearing an American invasion and annexation, Cakobau decided to cede the islands to the United Kingdom. He and his diplomatic party sailed to Sydney to celebrate the annexation, where they contracted measles. Their return triggered an epidemic.

Cakobau retained his position as Fiji's second most senior chief the title of Vunivalu of Bau, and formally ceded the highest and most precedent Chiefly title of Tui Viti or Paramount Chief of Fiji to the person of Her Majesty Queen Victoria. This title continued to be held by her descendants, until the de-establishment of the Great Council of Chiefs on 14 March 2012, making Elizabeth II the last Paramount Chief. He lived quietly until his death on 1 February 1883.

Legacy

Several of Fiji's leading figures were direct descendants of Cakobau. His great-grandson, Ratu Sir George Cakobau who descended from Cakobau's third son, served as Fiji's first native-born Governor-General from 1973 to 1983, while Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara, modern Fiji's first Prime Minister and second President descended from Cakobau's second daughter, Adi Asenaca Kakua Vuikaba. Ratu Epeli Nailatikau, who became President of Fiji in 2009 and currently the speaker of Fiji's House of Representatives, is a grandson of Cakobau's granddaughter, Adi Litia Cakobau. Ratu Epeli is also a cousin of parliamentarian and former leader of opposition Ro Teimumu Kepa, who descends from Adi Teimumu Vuikaba, the younger sister of Adi Litia Cakobau. A number of other political figures are also descendants of Cakobau, including Roko Tupou Draunidalo, former President of the National Federation Party and a former Member of Parliament.

title: Seru Epenisa Cakobau


text:
Roustabout (film)

Roustabout is a 1964 American musical feature film starring Elvis Presley as a singer who takes a job working with a struggling carnival. The film was produced by Hal Wallis and directed by John Rich from a screenplay by Anthony Lawrence and Allan Weiss. The screenplay was nominated for a Writers Guild of America award for best written American musical although Roustabout received a lukewarm review in Variety. The film's soundtrack album was one of Elvis Presley's most successful, reaching no. 1 on the Billboard Album Chart. It was filmed in Techniscope at Paramount Studios, with carnival sequences shot in Thousand Oaks, California. Filming began in March 1964.

Plot
Musician Charlie Rogers is fired from a job at a teahouse after brawling with several college students in the parking lot. After a night in jail, Charlie hits the road on his Honda 305 Superhawk motorcycle. He spots Cathy Lean driving with her father Joe, and their employer, Maggie Morgan. When Charlie tries to become friendly with Cathy, Joe forces him off the road and the bike is wrecked after crashing into a wooden fence.

Maggie offers him a place to stay and a job with her struggling traveling carnival while the bike is being repaired. Charlie becomes a "carnie", a roustabout. Maggie recognizes his musical talents and promotes him to feature attraction. His act soon draws large crowds. Charlie romances Cathy, which creates animosity with Joe. After the two men repeatedly clash and Charlie is accused of holding back a customer's lost wallet that Joe was accused of stealing, Charlie leaves to star in the much better financed show of rival carnival producer Harry Carver.

Once again, he is a great success. However, when Charlie learns that Maggie is facing bankruptcy, he returns to her carnival. In the musical finale, he is happily reunited with Cathy.

Cast

 * Elvis Presley as Charlie Rogers
 * Barbara Stanwyck as Maggie Morgan
 * Joan Freeman as Cathy Lean
 * Leif Erickson as Joe Lean
 * Jack Albertson as Lou, a teahouse manager
 * Sue Ane Langdon as Madame Mijanou, a fortune teller
 * Pat Buttram as Harry Carver
 * Joan Staley as Marge
 * Dabbs Greer as Arthur Nielsen
 * Steve Brodie as Fred the Pitcher
 * Norman Grabowski as Sam
 * Lynn Borden as a college student
 * Jane Dulo as Hazel
 * Joel Fluellen as Cody Marsh, another roustabout
 * Wilda Taylor as Little Egypt, the principal dancer in the number "Little Egypt"

Uncredited actors listed alphabetically:
 * Beverly Adams as Cora, a dancer
 * Billy Barty as Billy, carnival midget
 * Teri Garr as College Girl. Garr can also be seen as a backup dancer during several musical numbers.
 * Joy Harmon as College Girl
 * Richard Kiel as Strongman. Kiel is better known for playing "Jaws" in the James Bond movies The Spy Who Loved Me (1977) and Moonraker (1979)
 * Kent McCord as Carnival Worker
 * Raquel Welch as College Girl
 * Red West as Carnival Worker

Musical numbers

 * See also Roustabout (soundtrack)

 * "Roustabout" by Bill Giant, Bernie Baum and Florence Kaye
 * "Poison Ivy League" by Bill Giant, Bernie Baum and Florence Kaye
 * "One Track Heart" by Bill Giant, Bernie Baum and Florence Kaye
 * "Wheels on My Heels" by Sid Tepper and Roy C. Bennett
 * "It's a Wonderful World" by Sid Tepper and Roy C. Bennett
 * "It's Carnival Time" by Ben Weisman and Sid Wayne
 * "Carny Town" by Fred Wise and Randy Starr
 * "Hard Knocks" by Joy Byers
 * "There's a Brand New Day On the Horizon" by Joy Byers
 * "Big Love, Big Heartache" by Dolores Fuller, Lee Morris and Sonny Hendrix
 * "Little Egypt" by Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller
 * "I'm a Roustabout" by Otis Blackwell and Winfield Scott, a different and unreleased theme song for the movie

All tunes in the film were sung by Presley.

Reception
Roustabout reached #8 nationally at the box office in 1964 based on the Variety survey. The film finished as #28 on the year-end list of the top-grossing movies of 1964 and earned $3 million at the box office.

The New York Times writer Howard Thompson complained about "little in the way of dramatic substance" and that the movie wasn't "nearly so trim a package" as Fun in Acapulco or Viva Las Vegas, but noted that Elvis was "perfectly cast" and "surprisingly convincing in his role." Variety was lukewarm, faulting mainly a script "loaded with clichés", but noted the film would likely be a box-office hit based upon its star names, songs, and "Technicolor, Techniscope frame." John L. Scott of the Los Angeles Times called the film "a trite, cliche-ridden story that has been thrown together to showcase Elvis Presley and his vocalizing. It serves its purpose well, and probably will prove a box office bonanza for producer Hal Wallis." The Monthly Film Bulletin wrote, "Presley vehicles have sadly deteriorated since the days of Follow That Dream, and this amiable but uninspiring piece does nothing to halt the process, despite curiosity value provided by Barbara Stanwyck, back with Paramount for the first time in ten years."

Quentin Tarantino called Roustabout one of Presley's most entertaining films and said that it had the best soundtrack of all of Presley's color films.

Roustabout holds a 56% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on nine reviews.

Awards and honors
The film's screenwriters, Anthony Lawrence and Allan Weiss, were nominated for the Writers Guild of America Award for Best Written American Musical. The film generated a best-selling soundtrack album that went #1 on the Billboard charts. The soundtrack album would be Presley's final #1 soundtrack and last #1 album until 1969's From Elvis in Memphis, which topped the charts in the U.K.

title: Roustabout (film)


text:
List of states and union territories of India by population

India is a union consisting of 28 states and 8 union territories. As of 2022, with an estimated population of 1.4 billion, India is the world's most populous country. India occupies 2.4% of the world's area and is home to 17.5% of the world's population. The Indo-Gangetic Plain has one of the world's biggest stretches of fertile not-deep alluvium and are among the most densely populated areas of the world. The eastern and western coastal regions of Deccan Plateau are also densely populated regions of India. The Thar Desert in western Rajasthan is one of the most densely populated deserts in the world. The northern and north-eastern states along the Himalayas contain cold arid deserts with fertile valleys. These states have relatively low population density due to indomitable physical barriers.

Census of India

The first population census in British India was conducted in 1872. Since India's independence in 1947, a census has been conducted every 10 years, the first occurring in 1951. The census in India is conducted by the Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner under the Ministry of Home Affairs, and is one of the largest administrative tasks conducted by a federal government.

The latest population figures are based on data from the 2011 census of India. During the decade of 2001–2011, India's annual population growth rate has slowed down from 2.15 percent to 1.76 percent. Based on decennial census data, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu has the fastest growth rate of 55.1 percent, followed by Meghalaya (27.8 percent) and Arunachal Pradesh (25.9 percent). Nagaland recorded the lowest growth rate of -0.5 percent.

India has 641,000 inhabited villages and 72.2 percent of the total population reside in these rural areas. Of them 145,000 villages have population size of 500–999 persons; 130,000 villages have population size of 1000–1999 and 128,000 villages have population size of 200–499. There are 3,961 villages that have a population of 10,000 persons or more. India's 27.8 percent urban population lives in more than 5,100 towns and over 380 urban agglomerations. In the decade of 1991–2001, migration to major cities caused rapid increase in urban population. On the basis of net migrants by last residence during the past decade, Maharashtra had most immigration with 2.3 million, followed by National Capital Territory of Delhi (1.7 million), Gujarat (0.68 million) and Haryana (0.67 million). Uttar Pradesh (−2.6 million) and Bihar (−1.7 million) topped the list for interstate emigration. The five states of Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Bihar, West Bengal and Madhya Pradesh account for almost half (47.90 percent) of the total Indian population.

While the national average for the sex ratio shows an increase from 933 in 2001 to 940 in 2011, the 2011 census shows a sharp decline in the child sex ratio, the number of females per thousand males in a population between age group 0–6 years. States such as Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Mizoram and Andaman and Nicobar Islands recorded an increase in India's child sex ratio. The national child sex ratio has declined from 927 in 2001 to 914 in 2011. Telangana census was separated from Andhra Pradesh state census figures, after Telangana was officially formed on 2 June 2014.

List
Data from Census 2011 as published by the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, Government of Telangana, and then Planning Commission.

(Population density is rounded to the nearest integer)

Notes