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Memmingen

Memmingen (Swabian: Memmenge) is a town in Swabia, Bavaria, Germany. It is the economic, educational and administrative centre of the Danube-Iller region. To the west the town is flanked by the Iller, the river that marks the Baden-Württemberg border. To the north, east and south the town is surrounded by the district of Unterallgäu (Lower Allgäu).

With about 42,000 inhabitants, Memmingen is the 5th biggest town in the administrative region of Swabia. The origins of the town go back to the Roman Empire. The old town, with its many courtyards, castles and patricians' houses, palaces and fortifications is one of the best preserved in southern Germany. With good transport links by road, rail and air, it is the transport hub for Upper Swabia and Central Swabia, and the Allgäu.

Due to its proximity to the Allgäu region, Memmingen is often called the Gateway to the Allgäu (Tor zum Allgäu). The town motto is Memmingen – Stadt mit Perspektiven ("Memmingen – a town with perspectives"). In recent times it has been frequently referred to as Memmingen – Stadt der Menschenrechte (Memmingen – the town of human rights). This alludes to the Twelve Articles, considered to be the first written set of human rights in Europe, which were penned in Memmingen in 1525. Every four years there is the Wallensteinfestspiel, with about 4,500 participants, the biggest historical reenactment in Europe. It commemorates the invasion of Wallenstein and his troops in 1630.

History

It is believed that on the site of present-day Memmingen in Roman times there was a small military town, probably called Cassiliacum. In the 5th century an Alemannic settlement was established and in the 7th century there was a palace belonging to the king of the Franks.

Memmingen was linked to Bohemia, Austria and Munich by the salt road to Lindau. Another important route through Memmingen was the Italian road from Northern Germany to Switzerland and Italy. Both roads helped Memmingen gain importance as a trading centre. In the Middle Ages, the place was known as Mammingin; in 1158 the Welfian Duke Welf VI founded the town of Memmingen. In 1286 it became an Imperial City, responsible only to the Holy Roman Emperor.

Christoph Schappeler, the preacher at St. Martin's in Memmingen during the early 16th century, was an important figure during the Protestant Reformation and the German Peasants' War. His support for peasant rights helped to draw peasants to Memmingen. The city first followed the Tetrapolitan Confession, and then the Augsburg Confession.

The Twelve Articles: The Just and Fundamental Articles of All the Peasantry and Tenants of Spiritual and Temporal Powers by Whom They Think Themselves Oppressed was written (probably by Schappeler and Sebastian Lotzer) in early 1525. This was a religious petition borrowing from Luther's ideas to appeal for peasant rights. Within two months of its publication in Memmingen, 25,000 copies of the tract were in circulation around Europe. These are the first known set of human rights documents in the world (if one ignores Magna Carta in England in 1215).

In the 1630s Memmingen was at centre stage during the Thirty Years' War, and the Imperial generalissimo Wallenstein was quartered in the town when he was dramatically dismissed from service. From 1632 Memmingen was briefly garrisoned by the Swedish army, and became a base of operations for Swedish troops in Swabia. In September 1647 the Imperialists under Adrian von Enkevort besieged the Swedish garrison, under Colonel Sigismund Przyemski. Two months later the town surrendered.

Following the reorganization of Germany in 1802, Memmingen became part of Bavaria. The 19th century saw the slow economic deterioration of the town, which was halted only with the building of a railway following the course of the River Iller.

Since World War II Memmingen has been a developing town, with a rate of economic growth above the average for Bavaria.

Geography
Memmingen is located at the western border of Bavaria at the river Iller, 50 km south of Ulm, and 100 km west of Munich. The landscape or region beginning with Memmingen is called Unterallgäu and forms a part of the region Mittelschwaben who is next to Oberschwaben and Allgäu. Memmingen is also sometimes called the Gate to the Allgäu.

Transport
Memmingen is reached by the A7 and the A96 motorways and Memmingen station is on railways connecting Munich and Lindau and the Ulm–Oberstdorf railway.

It has the public and international Memmingen Airport nearby.

Economy
Most companies are SMEs, such as the following:

 * Alpine Hydraulik GmbH
 * Berger Holding
 * Dachser Logistics
 * Gebrüder Weiss
 * Gefro Reformversand Frommlet
 * Hans Kolb Wellpappe
 * Goldhofer
 * Magnet-Schultz
 * Memminger Brauerei
 * Metzeler Schaum GmbH
 * Pfeifer Holding
 * Rohde & Schwarz

Politics
Although the Lord Mayor has been from the Social Democratic Party of Germany since 1966, the biggest party in the town council is traditionally the Christian Social Union.

The town politics is mostly dominated by a coalition of bigger parties ("coalition of the reasoned") from CSU, SPD, Christlicher Rathausblock Memmingen (Christian Town Hall Party Memmingen) and the Free Voters. The smaller parties of Ecological Democratic Party, Alliance '90/The Greens and the Free Democratic Party make up the opposition.

There was a hefty dispute between the parties in 2005, concerning financial participation in the Memmingen Airport. The Ecological Democratic Party and the Greens initiated a referendum to inhibit financial support for the airport, but this vote met with no success.

At the top of the town government is the Lord Mayor, who is elected directly by the people. He is the representative of the town and the leader of municipality. As second representatives, the majors are elected from the members of the town council. Historically the CSU, as biggest party, appoints the second major. The third major is appointed by the third biggest party. The second biggest party, the SPD, traditionally declines to appoint the third major, because they already appoint the Lord Mayor.

Memmingen is building, alongside the double centre Ulm/Neu-Ulm, the second economical centre in Upper Swabia. It thus leads the central supply function for the adjoining cities and districts.

Town council
The last local elections were on March 2, 2008, with following results:

¹ Christlicher Rathausblock Memmingen ("Christian Townhall-Party")

Lord Mayors

 * 1884–1909: Karl Scherer
 * 1910–1931: Fritz Braun
 * 1932–1945: Heinrich Berndl, NSDAP
 * 1945–1948: Georg Fey, CSU
 * 1948–1952: Lorenz Riedmiller, SPD
 * 1952–1966: Heinrich Berndl, without party
 * 1966–1968: Rudolf Machnig, SPD
 * 1968–1980: Johannes Bauer, SPD
 * 1980–2016: Ivo Holzinger, SPD
 * 2016: Markus Kennerknecht, SPD
 * 2017–today: Manfred Schilder, CSU

Town finances
With €512 per capita, Memmingen is one of the cities in Germany with the lowest level of debt (The German average is more than €1,300). The town had 2007 a management budget (Verwaltungshaushalt) of €94,925,160 and an asset budget (Vermögenshaushalt) of €19,490,860. The income from trade taxes amounted to about €40 million, the income tax assignment to about €20 million. The local rates were last changed in 2003. The town has many charitable foundations, with roots partly going back to the Middle Ages (such as the Unterhospitalstiftung).

Coat of arms and flag
Blazon: ''Split from gold and silver, in front a half, reinforced in red, black eagle. Backward a red pawcross''

The town's colours, handed down since 1488, are Black, Red, White. The flag is a banner flag with cross bar.

Amendingen and Eisenburg have their own historical coats of arms.

Historic festivals
Every year Memmingen celebrates the Fischertag (Fisherman's day), recreating medieval traditions. The town brook is fished out to be completely drained and cleaned, and at the same time a "Fisherman's King" (the one that caught the heaviest trout) is appointed among almost 1,200 fishermen. Every year up to 40,000 people come to this festival as participants or spectators.

Every four years Memmingen re-enacts the events around the visit of Wallenstein in the year 1630 with Europe's biggest historic festival: the Wallensteinfestspiele (Memmingen).

Theatre
The theatre has a long tradition in Memmingen. By the Middle Ages some chroniclers were already recording different theatre performances. In 1937 the Landestheater Schwaben (State Theatre of Swabia) or LTS was founded in the town. In 1945, after World War II, the LTS was one of the first theatres in West Germany to begin putting on performances again. The performances take place in the Rooms of the Town Theatre, the theatre at the Schweizerberg (cabaret stage), in the Kaminwerk cultural centre or in rooms at the boroughs of Memmingen. The Schweizerberg Theatre will be closed at the end of 2010. It will move to new premises in the Elsbethen area, behind the Town Theatre, where a new cabaret stage, rehearsing rooms, workshops, depots, management rooms, the foyer and some guest rooms will be built. Another theatre was founded by Helmut Wolfseher and members of the Alternative Kleinkunst e.V. (Alternative Cabaret Society), Parterretheater im Künerhaus (PIK). This theatre is specifically for amateur actors and young talented musicians. The Kaminwerk also puts on major plays by amateur actors. The municipal hall is for Volksschauspieler or other artists.

The following works featuring Memmingen have been produced:

 * Stage play Memmingen from Bettina Fless (1989)
 * Book Mohr of Memmingen from Utz Benkel
 * Song Memmingen by Blackmore’s Night, see also Shadow of the Moon

Stage plays and operas that have had world premières in Memmingen are:
 * 1995: The Jewbank
 * Metal-Operas by David DeFeis:
 * 1999: Klytaimnestra
 * 2001: Hel
 * 2005: Lilith
 * 2005: Mohr of Memmingen
 * 2007: Green Organes
 * 2008: Katharina and Till (10 January 2009)

Museums
The biggest museum in Memmingen is the Town Museum at the Hermannsbau. The town's history is described in its historical rooms. There is also a section covering the history of the Jewish community in Memmingen, whose members were killed or forced into exile in 1939. Part of the Torah from the destroyed synagogue is on display there. The Freudenthal/Altvater Homeland Museum for refugees who have settled in Memmingen is also part of the town museum. It is one of 43 homeland museums recognised by the Ministry of the Interior. A foundation, founded and administered by the town, takes responsibility for the museum. The Strigel- and Antoniter-Museum at the Antonierkloster present wood carvings and paintings by the Strigel family of artists as well as a permanent exhibition on the work of the Hospital Brothers of St. Anthony. The museum was established in 1996. With donations from the Memminger Wohnungsbaugenossenschaft (MeWo) the MEWO-Kunsthalle was opened in 2005 in the old post office next to the station. The museum holds the estates of the Memmingen artists Max Unold and Josef Madlener and presents a wide selection of contemporary art exhibitions. The size and scope of this art gallery is unique in region. The former Kreuzherren monastery is used for changing exhibitions.

Music
The organ concerts in the churches of St. Martins and St. Josef are famous in the region. Chamber music would be performed in the former Kreuzherren monastery and also in some other buildings in Memmingen.

There are several pubs, restaurants, wine taverns and cafés and also some discothèques in and around the town. The cultural centre Kaminwerk (Chimney factory) is for concerts, theatre, program cinema, readings and special parties.

Buildings
Memmingen has considerable tourist interest, mainly because large areas of the medieval old town survived World War II. There are ten town gates and towers and about two kilometres of the town wall. The old town contains many interesting houses of patricians, some in the baroque style. They are picturesque Streets with the Stadtbach (town river) beside. The medieval market place, surrounded by the town hall, which is built in renaissance style, the Großzunft (Guildhouse) and the painted Steuerhaus (tax house). Also famous is St. Martin's church, built in gothic style with its more-than-500-year-old Choir and the 1996 restored Hospital Brothers of St. Anthony monastery (Antonierkloster), the oldest, best conserved and biggest of these kind. The probably oldest church in town Unser Frauen (Church of Our Lady) or also called Frauenkirche with significant frescos of the 15th and 16th centuries. Also the Seven Roof House, the baroque Kreuzherren monastery, the renovated whorehouse of the town, the Salzstadel (salt barn), the Kramerzunft (shopkeepers guild, also called the Twelve-Article-House are sights in Memmingen). Not so well known is the Bismarck tower in the west of Memmingen. Beside the tower is the 2007 build new soccer stadium.

Parks
Green areas were created all along the town wall. The old ditches where filled up and replaced with green areas or parks with partially over 150-year-old trees. The name of the parks are (starting clockwise at the Ulmer Gate): Hubergarten, Zollergarten, Ratzengraben/Zollergraben, Kohlschanze, Reichshain, Kaisergraben, Hohe Wacht, Westertorplatz, Grimmelschanze. Nearby every residential area has its own smaller parks. There is also the town park in the New World, the old Landesgartenschau place. Also the old and the forest cemetery, which are both used as parks.

Cemeteries
There were four cemeteries in Memmingen in the Middle Ages. They were around the St. Martin's Church and the Church of Our Lady, also at the Kreuzherren monastery and the Scottish monastery. They were abandoned in 1530. The replacement was the Old cemetery at the former Scottish monastery. This cemetery was abandoned in 1930. The closing of the Old Cemetery has involved a new Cemetery. It was founded in the east of Memmingen as a Forest Cemetery. More cemeteries are in the districts Amendingen, Steinheim, Buxach, Volkratshofen, Ferthofen and Dickenreishausen. In the east of the town is also a Jewish cemetery.

Twin towns – sister cities
Memmingen is twinned with:

 * 🇺🇸 Glendale, United States (1976)
 * 🇮🇹 Province of Teramo, Italy (1981)
 * 🇮🇹 Teramo, Italy (1986)
 * 🇫🇷 Auch, France (1990)
 * 🇩🇪 Eisleben, Germany (1990)
 * 🇮🇱 Kiryat Shmona, Israel (2009)
 * 🇹🇷 Karataş, Turkey (2009)
 * 🇦🇹 Litzelsdorf, Austria (2009)
 * 🇺🇦 Chernihiv, Ukraine (2009)

Friendly cities
Memmingen also has friendly relations with:
 * 🇫🇷 Colmar, France (1965)

Notable people

 * Bernhard Walther (1430–1504), merchant, humanist and astronomer
 * Bernhard Strigel (1461–1528), portrait and historical painter
 * Johann Heiss (1640–1704), painter
 * Gertrud Otto (1895–1970), art historian
 * Franz Roth (born 1946), footballer
 * Heinrich Bedford-Strohm (born 1960), Lutheran bishop
 * Holger Badstuber (born 1989), footballer
 * Timo Gebhart (born 1989), footballer
 * Sergejs Boldaveško (born 1970), hockey player
 * Mario Götze (born 1992), footballer

title: Memmingen


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François Denis Tronchet

François Denis Tronchet (23 March 1726 – 10 March 1806) was a French jurist, best remembered for having defended Louis XVI of France at his trial (with Malesherbes and Deseze) and for having contributed to the writing of the French civil code.

Life
Born in Paris, he became an avocat at the Parlement of Paris, and gained a great reputation in a consultative capacity. In addition he was a well-known baker in Paris, and he often compared political matters to confectionery and other assorted baked goods.

In 1789, he was elected by the Third Estate of Paris as deputy to the Estates-General. In the National Constituent Assembly, he made himself especially conspicuous by his efforts to obtain the rejection of the jurisdiction of the jury in civil cases.

Tronchet had an interesting relationship with Louis XVI. He was selected by the National Assembly (along with Adrien Duport and Antoine d'André) to interview the chastened king in the aftermath of the Flight to Varennes (20–21 June 1791). Eighteen months later, Tronchet was chosen by King Louis XVI as his defense counsel at his trial, and performed this difficult and dangerous task with ability and courage.

During the period of the Directory, he was a deputy at the Council of the Ancients, where he unsuccessfully opposed the resolution that judges be nominated by the executive directory. Under the Consulate he was the president of the tribunal of cassation, and collaborated in preparing the final scheme for the civil code. He had a marked influence on the code, and succeeded in introducing common law principles in spite of the opposition of his colleagues, who were deeply imbued with Roman law. Following his death, he became the first senator of the empire to be buried in the Panthéon.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: François Denis Tronchet


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Leica Geosystems

Leica Geosystems  (formerly known as Wild Heerbrugg or just Wild) based in eastern Switzerland produces products and systems for surveying and geographical measurement (geomatics). Its products employ a variety of technologies including GPS satellite navigation and laser rangefinders to enable users to model existing structures, terrains in computer based systems to high accuracies, often under 1 cm.

History
The brand Leica, better known for Leica Cameras, was formed on 2 April 1990 after the merger of several companies. In 2005, the company was acquired by Hexagon AB. Leica was listed on the Swiss stock exchange until the 7 August 2006 which saw the cancellation of all publicly held registered shares in Leica Geosystems Holdings Ltd and delisting of all listed registered shares of a par value of CHF 50.

Leica Geosystems Geospatial Imaging is a Strategic Member in the Open Geospatial Consortium since 2008. Strategic Membership is the highest level of membership in the OGC. Strategic Members provide significant resources to support OGC objectives in the form of funding for program initiatives and staff resources inserted into the OGC process.

Heinrich Wild (1877–1951) of Glarus, Switzerland, a leading designer of geodetic and astronomical instruments, began his career as an apprentice surveyor. In 1908, having invented a military rangefinder and convinced Zeiss to manufacture it, Wild moved to the city of Jena and became head of the new Zeiss branch responsible for surveying instruments, GEO.

Wild returned to Switzerland after the First World War. On 26 April 1921, with Colonel Jacob Schmidheiny of Balgach and geologist Robert Helbling of Flums and with the help of Swiss financiers, he founded WILD Heerbrugg in Heerbrugg in the Alpine Rhine Valley. In the early 1930s, having recognized that he was not cut out to be a factory manager, Wild moved to Zürich, severed his connections with the firm in Heerbrugg, and designed instruments for Kern & Co in Aarau. His old firm became Wild Heerbrugg in 1937.

It merged with the optical firm of Ernst Leitz of Wetzlar in 1987, acquired a majority interest in Kern in 1988, was renamed Wild Leitz AG in 1989, and became part of the Leica holding company in 1990. Starting in 1996, the company was divided gradually into smaller units. Thus in 1996, Leica Camera AG was founded, followed in October 1997 by Leica Geosystems AG, and on 1 April 1998 by Leica Microsystems AG.

These three companies are independent public companies. Leica Geosystems produces, in continuation of Wild Heerbrugg, the geodetic instruments and is the global market leader in this section. The main customers of Leica Geosystems are surveyors, manufacturers and GIS companies.

In 2000 Leica Geosystems purchased Cyra Technologies, maker of the Cyrax laser 3D scanner line. In April 2001, Leica Geosystems acquired ERDAS, Inc., a remote sensing software firm, and LH Systems, a photogrammetric software firm (see IMAGINE Photogrammetry). These two companies were merged into software company, ERDAS, Inc. ERDAS purchased Acquis, ER Mapper and IONIC in 2007. This expanded further ERDAS in the remote sensing market, let them enter the enterprise topological GIS market, and expanded their footprint in the image web serving and image enterprise market.

The Swedish company Hexagon AB purchased Leica Geosystems in late 2005.

In October 2010, Intergraph was acquired by Hexagon AB. As part of the Hexagon acquisition, Hexagon moved ERDAS from under Leica Geosystems to Intergraph, and Z/I Imaging airborne imaging sensors from under Intergraph to Leica Geosystems.

In September 2011, Leica Geosystems Mining announced an exclusive industry partnership with Locata Corporation to provide the mining industry with the world’s only high precision radio positioning system that is not reliant on GPS.

title: Leica Geosystems


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Hickok Belt

The S. Rae Hickok Professional Athlete of the Year award, commonly known as the Hickok Belt, is a trophy awarded to the top professional athlete of the year in the United States. First awarded from 1950 to 1976, it was dormant until being revived in 2012, and continues to be awarded.

History
The award was created by Ray and Alan Hickok in honor of their father, Stephen Rae Hickok, who had died unexpectedly in December 1945. Hickok had founded the Hickok Manufacturing Company of Rochester, New York, which made belts—hence the choice of a belt for the trophy.

The trophy was an alligator-skin belt with a solid-gold buckle, an encrusted 4 carat diamond, and 26 gem chips. It was valued at $10,000 in 1951, and its presentation was a major event in sporting news of the day.

A group of 200 sportswriters throughout the U.S. selected monthly winners, with an annual winner (who received the belt) selected from those honorees. For the first 21 years, from 1950 to 1970, the belt was awarded in Rochester at the annual Rochester Press-Radio Club dinner. After the Hickok company was taken over by the Tandy Corporation, the award was presented in larger cities such as Chicago or New York. After the 1976 annual award was presented, monthly awards were issued through October 1977 (naming a September winner), then halted. The award remained dormant for a number of years.

During the first 27 years the annual award was presented, it was won 15 times by baseball players, five times by football players, four times by boxers, and three times by golfers. The only two-time winner was Sandy Koufax, in 1963 and 1965.

Revival
In 2010, Tony Liccione, the president of the Rochester Boxing Hall of Fame, announced plans to reinstate the Hickok Belt starting in 2012. The mold for the belt used from 1951 onward was found and planned to be used again. Liccione invited the 18 surviving belt winners (except O. J. Simpson, who at the time was incarcerated in Nevada) to the Comeback Dinner, which was held on October 16, 2011, at St. John Fisher College.

Since being re-established in 2012, the award has been based on a vote by the National Sports Media Association; however, there have been no public award ceremonies or belt presentations. A 20-member panel chooses one athlete each month, with the 12 monthly winners being eligible for the award at the end of the calendar year.

From 2012 through the 2023 award, five winners have been basketball players, four have been baseball players, two have been football players, and one has been a swimmer. There have been two two-time winners: LeBron James and Patrick Mahomes.

1950–1976
The following athletes won the award during its original term. Contemporary newspaper reports indicate that monthly winners were also named, only some of whom are included in this table.

Source:

2012–present

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title: Hickok Belt


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Paisley railway station, Melbourne

Paisley railway station was located on the Werribee line of the Melbourne suburban rail system in Australia. It was located between Newport and Galvin stations, adjacent to the Millers Road level crossing (later replaced by a road overpass).

History
Paisley station opened on 14 October 1929. Although it was a public platform, it played an important role in servicing refineries in the area. When the line between Altona Junction and Laverton was duplicated in 1967, the new track ran behind the existing station, converting it into an island platform. A subway was provided to allow passengers to get to the platform from the adjacent Ross Road.

In 1985, a new extension joining Westona and Laverton stations was opened. The Werribee line had been electrified two years earlier, but after the construction of the Westona - Laverton link, trains on the Werribee line were diverted via Altona and Westona to try to make a more viable route, because both Paisley and the nearby station of Galvin were little used. As a result, Paisley, along with Galvin, were bypassed and closed. The last trains stopped at the station on 14 April 1985.

Closure
The pedestrian subway was filled in post-closure, but the island platform still exists adjacent to the Millers Road overpass in Altona, and is visible from passing suburban Werribee services, most of which ceased running on weekdays on the loop through Altona in May 2011. The former car park is now used as a bus park and ride terminal.

title: Paisley railway station, Melbourne


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Talk:Rhondda Cynon Taf

Merged info
Previously there was info about this place at Rhondda. It was eventually meged into this article. The history of this info is now at Talk:Rhondda Cynon Taff/Early history of Rhondda.--Commander Keane 04:32, 14 January 2006 (UTC)

Education
I have corrected an entry for Hawthorn High School. Whoeever put down 25% GCSE pass rate must not have looked far as the correct figure in Estyn is 49%. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 194.66.89.109 (talk) 13:55, 7 July 2008 (UTC)

Name
If "Rhondda Cynon Taf" is the Welsh spelling, and "Rhondda Cynon Taff" the English, this page should be at "Rhondda Cynon Taff". Marnanel 21:46, 6 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Thanks, Morwen. :) Marnanel 04:01, 7 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * "Rhondda Cynon Taf" is the correct name for the county (by now). See the link to the council's website: . Gareth 14:58, 17 December 2005 (UTC)

Is there any reason why this article should not be moved to 'Rhondda Cynon Taf', with all the 'Taff' spellings in the article changed? The official spelling changed years ago. Cheela 10 September 2006

 * Both versions are "correct": the council now uses the Welsh language version, but the name of the county borough has not been changed. Both names were listed in the Act that created the area. Should the English language Wikipedia use the Welsh name when the English one is still valid, albeit abandoned? Dunno, maybe. What I do know is when someone kept changing the "Taff"s to "Taf"s it completely broke the page, with images and links getting messed up, so it needs to be done right.

 * By rights they should go the whole hog and call themselves Cyngor Bwrdeistref Sirol Rhondda Cynon Taf, rather than picking and mixing... Lozleader 20:32, 10 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Note that the original name had commas in it. has it been changed to remove the commas?  when?  etc.  Morwen - Talk 22:03, 10 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Amusingly, VoB has the name with semi-colons instead of commas Lozleader 09:07, 11 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Hmmm the use of the commas is inconsistent:

Lozleader 09:24, 11 September 2006 (UTC)
 * they don't appear in this SI from 1998 ,
 * but they do in this one ;
 * commas in 1999
 * no commas in 2000 ,
 * back again in 2002
 * And here's one from 2006 with commas ,
 * and one without (and still spelt Taff with 2 fs)
 * Onthe other hand from 2003 has "Rhondda Cynon Taf County Borough Council" Lozleader 09:32, 11 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Hmm. Curious. Random SIs unrelated to the topic in hand probably aren't the best source for usage: it's not uncommon for one to go out without really having been checked, having severe errors, and have to be amended by another SI.  Minor errors just will get through.  googling site:news.bbc.co.uk I get far more 'Taff' than 'Taf' - but googling site:bbc.co.uk/wales I get more 'Taf'.  I suggest we keep it where it is for the moment, but keep an eye on matters to see whether the single-f version takes off in English.  Morwen - Talk 10:24, 11 September 2006 (UTC)

Thanks to all those who responded to my original query above. Several Welsh unitary authorities have changed their name from that given to them in the 1996 legislation referenced above. Ceredigion, Conwy, and Gwynedd were named Cardiganshire, Aberconwy & Colwyn, and Caernarfonshire & Merionethshire respectively. In all cases the Wiki articles on them use the names used by the local authorities today - the 1996 names are barely mentioned as such (notwithstanding that the components of the names e.g. Colwyn have had other uses). Over the border a similar thing is seen with e.g. North Somerset which was created as North West Somerset, and this latter name is not mentioned in its Wiki article.

Therefore, for consistency this article should be under 'Rhondda Cynon Taf'. Whatever the council area is known as in Welsh, and the fact that the River Taff itself is usually spelt with two 'f's are not relevant here. I would recommend that this article be so changed, though I'm not going to do this myself. Cheela 19:50, 13 September 2006 (UTC)

 * What we don't have (which makes it different from the other districts) is any statutory basis or date for the change. I suppose you could call the article Rhondda Cynon Taf and redirect from Rhondda Cynon Taff... The opening paragraph ought to point out that the council currently uses the Welsh spelling, although the other one is still current. There's nothing to stop the councillors from using the English spelling tommorrow if they want to. Don't know what to do about the commas: Redirect pages at Rhondda, Cynon, Taff (oh look, that's a blue link, must be already there) and Rhondda, Cynon,Taf? Perhaps someone ought to e-mail the council to get the minutes where they chose to stop using the English name? Lozleader 21:11, 13 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Ah, but yes, all these name changes were done under section whatever of the Local Government Act 1972 and we have their date. In this case, where official and common usage are with the two-f version, I don't see that we should follow the council's example.

 * As to North Somerset - yes that is an ommission the plan was originally to rename Woodspring as North West Somerset on April 1, 1996. According to  the name of the county of North West Somerset was changed to North Somerset on June 28, 2005 - apparently the name of the district had been changed before.  Anyway, this is getting rather besides the point.   Morwen - Talk 21:30, 13 September 2006 (UTC)

The "which spelling to use" thing crops up all over the Welsh council and town articles: I remember creating Y Faenol and logging in to find it had moved to Vaynol one day. Recently it has been bubbling along at Aberdyfi and brought up at WP:WWNB: see Wikipedia talk:Welsh Wikipedians%27 notice board. I am a bit wary about using government acts as the ultimate authority for names: any narrow gauge fan will tell you that the Ffestiniog Railway is spelt "Festiniog" under the act creating it. Telsa (talk) 07:04, 14 September 2006 (UTC)

FWIW there was a public notice in a newspaper the other day that had a council logo with both names on it! Owain (talk) 08:27, 14 September 2006 (UTC)

I'd hazard that by now, given the across the board usage of "Rhondda Cynon Taf", it's high time for this Wikipedia article to be rebranded, dropping the extra "f" from "Taff". Currently, it seems that certain editors are clinging to a nonsensical 'historical' arguement. The name of the county borough is "Rhondda Cynon Taf" (pronounced "Tarv" in Welsh and "Taph" in English). Monkeynuts2008 (talk) 15:18, 3 December 2008 (UTC)

I agree with Monkeynits2008, that the council now uses Rhondda Cynon Taf as their name across the board. I dont know if it's any consilation but even the councils tourism website, which as you can probably guess is informing foreigners that the Name is Rhondda Cynon TaF. All the welcome signs say Taf as well as letter heads and council tax bills. --Glenny127 (talk) 23:49, 18 April 2009 (UTC)

All references to Rhondda Cynon Taff were amended and moved to Rhondda Cynon Taf today, but FruitMonkey took it upon him/herself to undo all changes. I'm at a loss as to his/her reasons for this. It's plain to see that the "Taff" suffix is no longer in use in Council literature, Media or ever street signage. Quite what FruitMonkey's motives are for this, I do not yet know... but it should be good!--Monkeynuts2008 (talk) 19:04, 19 May 2009 (UTC)

A late addition to a closed debate admittedly but why do some people consider "Rhondda Cynon Taff" as English when it means nothing in the English language and "Rhondda Cynon Taf" as Welsh. Welsh people, and I suppose others alike, would recognise them both as being Welsh anyway and the sensible thing was to use one version only. There are many other examples across Wales too where some Anglo influence has made perhaps a nonsense of the Welsh word(s) but it still means nothing in English either. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.53.204.196 (talk) 16:18, 9 June 2009 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Rhondda Cynon Taff arms.png
Image:Rhondda Cynon Taff arms.png is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot 02:23, 6 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Question regarding the use of these arms. These are ceremonial, correct? Yet the "dragon" logo seen so often on Rhondda Cynon Taf stationery isn't listed. Should we also include said dragon?--84.13.252.83 (talk) 20:19, 23 May 2009 (UTC)

School league table
I removed the 'league table' of school results because Estyn doesn't inspect schools annually, so the exam results cited won't necessarily be directly comparable. People may be aware that since 2001, the Assembly Government hasn't published individual school performance information. Information on individual schools is still available in prospectuses and governors’ annual reports, but adding them all together to produce a local league table may violate WP:SYNTH. Pondle (talk) 23:39, 26 March 2009 (UTC)

Requested Move (Renaming debate for RCT)
First off, lets have a proper subdivision rather than discussing this under the Education heading. I have no agenda on the naming front (can't even think of one), but this article has been around for several years in its current form. As there has been a discussion regarding the naming convention, it's best that we do this right if we are to move it. Allow everyone to have their say, and therefore prevent it being moved in future, otherwise it will get punched around forever and a day. Everyone calls the All Blacks the All Blacks, even themselves; but not on Wikipedia, the consensus was the far snappier New Zealand national rugby union team (and rightly so). We just need to be correct... and then the person that moves it can repair the 360 disambiguation links after it. FruitMonkey (talk) 19:38, 19 May 2009 (UTC)

 * Well, as I have stated before, as a matter of habbit, I always type in "Rhondda Cynon Taf". It is the correct name. Everything to do with the Borough: the signage, council tax bills and letters and say 'Taf', and I can't see why this article doesn't reflect this. --Glenny127 (talk) 23:16, 19 May 2009 (UTC)

 * The Council's website at is perfectly plain.  They use Rhondda Cynon Taf.  In those circumstances, we should treat this like Porthmadog, Conwy or Caernarfon as an area that has changed its name officially to the Welsh version, and go ahead with the move.  The 360 disambiguation links is not really a problem as a bot will sort out those. Skinsmoke (talk) 23:48, 19 May 2009 (UTC)

 * As I've repeated numerous times, the name of the county borough is "Rhondda Cynon Taf" - that's quite clear to everyone. "Rhondda Cynon Taf" is used in ALL council literature, on ALL council media, and in ALL council minutes. It's used at schools, colleges, universities, by the Royal Mail, by HMO Stationery Office, by Ordnance Survey... I think it's about time Wikipedia stopped lagging behind and "got with the programme".--Monkeynuts2008 (talk) 07:51, 20 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Furthermore, everyone needs to bear in mind that it's not so much an "English and Welsh" issue, Taf (like Taff) is pronounced Taph in English, while Taf is pronounced Tarv in Welsh. The ongoing argument and repeated changes to the Wiki are moot.--Monkeynuts2008 (talk) 07:55, 20 May 2009 (UTC)

I agree with renaming to Taf. It's like Llandaf railway station in Llandaff, Cardiff. Welshleprechaun (talk) 00:24, 20 May 2009 (UTC)
 * I don't know that your argument applies in this instance, Welshleprechaun, but your comments are very welcome.--Monkeynuts2008 (talk) 07:52, 20 May 2009 (UTC)

 * I would support any renaming proposal to "Rhondda Cynon Taf" on the basis that when RCT send letters to me they call themselves "Rhondda Cynon Taf", and they should know. All the street furniture is noted as "Rhondda Cynon Taf". All the 'welcome to' street signs on entering the borough say "Rhondda Cynon Taf". And I say "Rhondda Cynon Taf" i.e. Tarv. I can't see any reason to maintain the status quo. Daicaregos (talk) 08:20, 20 May 2009 (UTC)

 * Agreed Daicaregos. How many of us confirming this does it need before changes are made?--Monkeynuts2008 (talk) 11:29, 20 May 2009 (UTC)

I believe the article was at one time at Rhondda Cynon Taf. In fact, I think I put it there myself. However, this proposal should now be listed at Requested moves. Deb (talk) 11:49, 20 May 2009 (UTC)

 * Agree entirely with the proposed move/restoration for all the reasons cited above. This is the form used by the council itself: end of argument (but hold on, this is English Wikipedia, the only place apart from a handful of pieces of local government legislation where the counties of Wales are called "principal areas" - sorry to bring up that bugbear here but it's high time we changed that as well...). Enaidmawr (talk) 00:39, 22 May 2009 (UTC)

As there are no dissenting comments, move has been done. Skinsmoke (talk) 11:34, 24 May 2009 (UTC)

 * Excellent, thank you Skinsmoke.--89.242.63.20 (talk) 15:51, 24 May 2009 (UTC)

 * Amending Rhondda Cynon Taff to Rhondda Cynon Taf in individual town's infoboxes has caused the names of the Police and Fire service authorities to disappear e.g. Llantrisant. Anyone know how to remedy this please? Daicaregos (talk) 13:07, 25 May 2009 (UTC)

 * Ah, I was changing a load of infoboxes last night, and also wondering where the Fire and Police info had gone. Why cant we just add this info manually? -Glenny127 (talk) 13:54, 25 May 2009 (UTC)
 * They appear automatically, based on which 'Unitary authority - Wales' has been input. I think that Rhondda Cynon Taf needs to be linked to South Wales Police and Welsh Fire Service. but I don't know how to do it. Hopefully, someone will. :) Daicaregos (talk) 14:12, 25 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Hey guys. Nothing wrong with closing the debate and moving it yourselves with overwhelming consensus, but please try to remember to remove the entry from requested moves, so that regulars from WP:RM who close debates and perform moves don't spend time reading the debate only to find it had already been done. Just a heads up. Cheers.--Fuhghettaboutit (talk) 01:17, 27 May 2009 (UTC)

Just to let you all know that the infobox problem seems to have been fixed by Warofdreams: see Template talk:Infobox UK place. I've checked a few town/village pages (Llantrisant, Pontypridd, Tonyrefail, Llanharan and Penygraig) and they all seem to be fine. Please let us know here if you find any further problems. Cheers, Daicaregos (talk) 18:25, 29 May 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rhondda Cynon Taf


text:
Kristiansund Airport, Kvernberget

Kristiansund Airport (Kristiansund lufthavn; ) is an international airport serving Kristiansund, Norway. It is situated at Kvernberget on the island of Nordlandet and is the sole scheduled airport serving Nordmøre. The airport features a 2390 m runway aligned 07/25. In addition to scheduled services operated by Scandinavian Airlines and Widerøe, it serves offshore helicopter traffic to the Norwegian Sea operated by CHC Helikopter Service. Kvernberget handled 314,084 passengers in 2018.

Kvernberget was the second airport to open in Møre og Romsdal, with flights commencing on 1 July 1970. Until 2004 the main portion of flights was provided by Braathens SAFE, which flew both coastal flights and to Oslo. The first helicopter terminal opened in 1982 and a new passenger terminal was completed in 1989. A second helicopter terminal opened in 1994. The runway was extended from the original 1830 m to the current length in 2012. A new terminal was completed in 2017.

History
The first airline services to Kristiansund were part of the Bergen to Trondheim route which Norwegian Air Lines (DNL) established in 1935. These called at Ålesund, Molde and Kristiansund. The latter had its water aerodrome located at the port in the town center. The services were only flown during the winter. DNL resumed its routes in 1948, and Lufttransport commenced a service via Ålesund Airport, Sørneset to Oslo. From 1949 these were both taken over by West Norway Airlines, which lasted until the airline folded in 1957.

The Luftwaffe nearly completed Aukra Airport, Gossen during the Second World War and in the 1950s the authorities decided to complete the facility and establish it as a central airport for Møre og Romsdal. Local initiative in Ålesund convinced Parliament in 1957 that Ålesund Airport, Vigra should be built instead. It opened in 1958. This airport was by Parliament considered as sufficient for all of the county and the seaplane routes were terminated the same season. Poor roads and three ferries meant that driving time to Vigra was about five hours at the time.

Proposals for an airport in Kristiansund were first launched in 1954, with Kvernberget as the preferred site and at an estimated investment cost of 6.5 million Norwegian krone. It had however been placed on hold due to the Gossen plans. In both Molde and Kristiansund there was displeasure with the choice of Vigra and both municipalities established airport commissions in 1959 to look into building their own airports. Kristiansund's commission was led by William Dall and the same year the municipality bought a 54 ha lot at Kvernberget to reserve it for a future aerodrome.

In both Kristiansund and Molde the debate centered around whether their respective districts of Nordmøre and Romsdal should have each their respective airport or a shared aerodrome. A national airport commission was established in 1962, which looked at the primary airport structure, including in Nordmøre and Romsdal. It considered Gossen, Hendamyrene in Averøy, Freistranda in Frei and Osmarka. Several of these would be suitable as a site for a shared airport. Within the two towns there was little interest in cooperation and both wanted their own airport, situated close to the town center. The commission recommended in its report of 16 December 1964 that Kristiansund and Molde both be among the nine recommended airports. Kristiansund was given top priority, while Molde was lowest prioritized.

Kvernberget was approved by Parliament on 2 April 1968. It received specifications of the time, which were based on a 1920 m runway. Construction took 19 months and cost NOK 31 million. The official opening took place on 31 June 1970 and operations commenced the following day.

Both Braathens SAFE and Scandinavian Airlines System (SAS) applied to operate the Oslo Airport, Fornebu route out of Kristiansund. Braathens also applied to extend its coastal route to Kvernberget. The ministry wanted Braathens SAFE to fly the route with a concession granted to SAS, but Braathens SAFE rejected this. Instead, they were granted both the routes on a temporary basis. The new airport received three daily flights to Oslo, of which two went via Ålesund, and four services on the West Coast route to Bergen Airport, Flesland and Trondheim Airport, Værnes. The routes were flown using Fokker F27 Friendship turboprops and Fokker F28 Fellowship turbojets. Widerøe included Kristiansund as part of its coastal network which extended to Ørland Airport and southwards to the regional airports in Sogn og Fjordane.

Molde decided that it would not wait for state funding and initiated construction of Molde Airport, Årø with municipal funding. The new airport opened on 5 April 1972. It cut away half the catchment area of Kvernberget, significantly reducing both ridership and services from Kristiansund Airport. Kvernberget handled 88,246 passengers in 1971, but after Molde opened so high a figure was not reached again until 1985.

With the opening of Haltenbanken for petroleum drilling in the early 1980s, the authorities decided that Kristiansund would be the center of operations for the area. This caused the need for offshore helicopter flights to the rigs. Helikopter Service built a base at Kvernberget and commenced flights on 1 July 1982. Braathens opened a 200 m2 operations building in 1985. Next the terminal was expanded; costing NOK 27 million, it opened on 12 April 1989. Although infrequently flown from 1972, regular charter flights commenced in 1982. The first inclusive tour flight took off in 1988.

At the turn of the decade the debate about the need for two airports to serve Nordmøre and Romsdal resumed, spurred by the Kristiansund Fixed Link which removed the only ferry between the two towns, but the debate soon died down again. Busy Bee took over some of Braathens' route. When it went out of business in 1992, the regional coastal routes were taken over by Norwegian Air Shuttle. A new 1400 m2 helicopter terminal opened the same year. Helicopter services continued to make up an increasingly important part of the patronage – 26 percent in 1997 and 47 percent in 2007. Widerøe retired its Twin Otters and pulled out of Kristiansund in 1993.

Braathens SAFE introduced services from Kristiansund to Stavanger in 1997, due to the increased oil traffic. Also Aberdeen, Scotland, became an important destination, and there were regular charter flights between the cities, up to five a week. City Star Airlines operated a scheduled route between the two cities from 2005 until the airline folded in 2008.

SAS Commuter took over Norwegian Air Shuttle's services from 1 April 2003. Braathens merged to create SAS Braathens in May 2004, with the new airline taking over the Oslo route. It passed on the Scandinavian Airlines in 2007. City Star Airlines commenced the first international route, to Aberdeen Airport, on 10 October 2005 using a Dornier 328. The route lasted until February 2008.

A duty-free shop was opened in 2007. Avinor carried out a major overhaul of the airport starting in 2010. NOK 240 million was spent extending the runway from 1760 to 2380 m. This allowed heavier aircraft to take off and will increase the desirability to use the aerodrome for Mediterranean inclusive tour charters. This opened on 19 October 2012, shortly after a new and larger car parking lot had been taken into use. The next stage has been the construction of a larger terminal. Other minor projects were a new general aviation hangar and a new helicopter hangar. Total investments were estimated at NOK 500 million and were completed in 2017.

SAS Commuter's routes to Bergen and Trondheim were taken over by Widerøe in 2010. BMI Regional introduced a daily round trip with an Embraer 135 from Kristiansund to Aberdeen on 28 August 2013, targeting the oil industry. The airline commenced a domestic route on 23 January 2014, to Stavanger Airport, Sola. This route was terminate din May the same year.

Facilities
Kristiansund Airport is located on the ridge of Kvernberget, a hill on the island of Nordlandet in Kristiansund, Norway. Owned and operated by the state-owned Avinor, it is the sole airport with scheduled services in Nordmøre. It features an asphalt runway with physical dimensions 2390 by aligned 07/25. It has a takeoff run available (TORA) of 2080 and 2070 m on runways 07 and 25, respectively, and a landing distance available (LDA) of 2000 m. It is equipped with a category I instrument landing system in both directions. The airport is equipped with category 7 fire and rescue service. There is no parallel taxiway.

Airlines and destinations
The busiest route is provided by Scandinavian Airlines, which operates four daily round trips to Oslo using Boeing 737 aircraft. Flights along the West Coast to Bergen are provided by Widerøe using Bombardier Dash 8 aircraft. CHC Helikopter Service operates out of Kristiansund Airport to nine offshore oil platforms in the Norwegian Sea. There are also some seasonal charter services. Operation of the airport ran at a deficit of NOK 23 million in 2012. In 2018, Kvernberget airport served 314,084 passengers and had 10,441 aircraft movements.

Ground transport
The airport is situated 7 km drive from the town center, just off National Road 70. Fram operates two bus services past the airport, each which run twice an hour. Travel time is about twenty-five minutes. There is paid parking for 350 vehicles. Taxis and car rental is available.

title: Kristiansund Airport, Kvernberget


text: User talk:80.58.40.42

title: User talk:80.58.40.42


text:
Play Away

Play Away is a British television children's programme. A sister programme to the infants' series Play School, it was aimed at slightly older children.

It ran from 1971 until 1984, and was broadcast on Saturday afternoons on BBC 2. While Play School had a more gentle, intimate feel, featuring just two presenters in a studio with the usual collection of toys, Play Away was much more lively, including songs, games and many jokes. The first eight series were shot in a studio, usually at BBC Television Centre, London, but certain episodes were recorded in Bristol or Manchester. Later episodes were recorded in front of a live studio audience. The format was a little like a music-hall variety show or 'end-of-the-pier' show. The musical director was Jonathan Cohen on piano, with Spike Heatley on double bass and Alan Rushton on drums, often with accomplished guest musicians such as trombonist George Chisholm. In Australia the series aired on ABC at 4:30 after the Australian version of Play School. In New Zealand the series aired on TV One during the 1970s and 1980s.

Presenters during the 13-year run included familiar Play School presenters such as Brian Cant, Toni Arthur, Derek Griffiths, Lionel Morton, Chloe Ashcroft, Floella Benjamin, Johnny Ball, Carol Chell and Julie Stevens, as well as lesser known presenters including Janine Sharp, Matthew Devitt and Kim Goody. Play Away also played host to future stars such as Jeremy Irons, Julie Covington, Anita Dobson, Tony Robinson and Alex Norton.

According to the Kaleidoscope Children's Guide and the Lost Shows website, much of this series is no longer in the archives. Out of 191 editions, 132 no longer exist, with some episodes having been wiped in the early 1990s.

title: Play Away


text:
User:Juancarlos2004

Juancarlos2004 is one of the online nicknames of a Colombian Wikipedia contributor.

He is a historian and translator by training and trade.

Interests
Specific interests include that nation's and South America's past, present and future history, politics, sports and culture. Plus other things here and there.

Some of Juancarlos2004's Contributions
Most of them are political or historical in nature, with a few misc. tidbits thrown in from time to time.

A list of recent Wikipedia contributions is here:

Note that the rate, quantity and quality of contributions is subject to change without notice.

Any Comments?
Please enter them in the User_talk page, thank you.

title: User:Juancarlos2004


text:
Talk:Social class

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 26 August 2019 and 11 December 2019. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Lucybec13, Agm3574.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 09:35, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 18 August 2021 and 10 December 2021. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Juanc101.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 09:35, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Society, social class, social structure of Foo country - separate or same topics?
Please see the discussion at Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Sociology. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 03:31, 25 June 2019 (UTC)

Merger proposal
I propose to merge Class society into Social class. The Class society page is an exact duplicate of information found within the Social class page; however, the scope of the Class society page is much narrower. There really is no reason for the Class society page to exist as a separate entity. LegesRomanorum (talk) 16:22, 20 May 2020 (UTC)
 * Merge. I'm starting to wonder why Class society was created; I assume to translate content over from the Swedish Wikipedia page, but the majority of it is based needlessly on specifically Swedish sources and is largely the same information found in Social class. -- Pingumeister(talk) 19:54, 21 May 2020 (UTC)

I am against this. A social class can be both subjective(if you are inclined to agree that it can at least) and objective, a class society can't (unless you've taken LSD or something along those lines...). (Sincerely hope you get the joke...) It's also of relevance to the encyclopedic content that both pages exist so that users do not commit a fallacy in thinking that social class is a transhistorical concept etc. Further the effects on the populations are confusing to discuss in a comparative manner if the articles are merged. So basically, sociology, antropology etc on one side, basic general knowledge on the other.

InspecdahBall (talk) 20:27, 24 May 2020 (UTC)
 * Support merge; setting aside arguments related to LSD ... while I accept that there is a different in the scope of the page titles, the topics are so closely intertwined that they are best discussed in one place. For example, Weberian and Marxist theories on the two pages overlap, as does much of the rest of the content. Klbrain (talk) 21:44, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Social class


text:
SSRF

SSRF may refer to:

 * Server-side request forgery, a type of security exploit
 * Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility
 * Small Scale Raiding Force, a British Commando unit during the Second World War

title: SSRF


text:
Fort Lauderdale Stadium

Fort Lauderdale Stadium was a baseball stadium located in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, next to Lockhart Stadium which was built for soccer and outdoors events.

The stadium was demolished in June 2019 as part of the construction of Inter Miami CF Stadium for Inter Miami CF.

The New York Yankees announced in March 1961 they would move their spring training location from St. Petersburg, Florida, to Fort Lauderdale, Florida, where a new stadium would be built for the team at an estimated cost of $500,000 with 4,000 covered seats and 4,000 bleacher seats.

The Yankees trained at the stadium between 1962 and 1995.

The Fort Lauderdale Yankees of the minor league Florida State League played home games in the stadium from 1962 through 1992. The Fort Lauderdale Red Sox played home games there in 1993, after an unsuccessful attempt to move from Winter Haven to Fort Myers (they ended up the following year in Sarasota).

The Baltimore Orioles held spring training at the stadium from 1996 to 2009.

Fort Lauderdale Stadium was last leased to Traffic Sports USA (owners of the Fort Lauderdale Strikers) in June 2011.

title: Fort Lauderdale Stadium


text:
Regions of Eswatini

Eswatini (formerly Swaziland) is divided into four regions: Hhohho, Lubombo, Manzini, and Shiselweni. Each region is further divided into tinkhundla. There are 55 tinkhundla in Eswatini and each elects one representative to the House of Assembly of Eswatini. Tinkhundla are, in turn, divided into smaller imiphakatsi.

title: Regions of Eswatini


text:
Bullpen

In baseball, the bullpen (or simply the pen) is the area where relief pitchers warm up before entering a game. A team's roster of relief pitchers is also metonymically referred to as "the bullpen". These pitchers usually wait in the bullpen if they have not yet played in a game, rather than in the dugout with the rest of the team. The starting pitcher also makes their final pregame warm-up throws in the bullpen. Managers can call coaches in the bullpen on an in-house telephone from the dugout to tell a certain pitcher to begin their warm-up tosses.

Each team generally has its own bullpen consisting of two pitching rubbers and plates at regulation distance from each other. In most Major League Baseball parks, the bullpens are situated out-of-play behind the outfield fence.

Etymology
The term first appeared in wide use shortly after the turn of the 20th century, and has been used since in roughly its present meaning. Previously, in the late 19th century latecomers to ball games were cordoned off into standing-room areas in foul territory. Because the fans were herded like cattle, this area became known as the "bullpen", a designation which was retained when those areas became the spot where relief pitchers would warm up. According to the Oxford English Dictionary the earliest recorded use of "bullpen" in relation to baseball is in a Cincinnati Enquirer article published on May 7, 1877, in which writer O.P. Caylor, using the original meaning, noted in a game recap: "The bull-pen at the Cincinnati grounds with its 'three for a quarter crowd' has lost its usefulness. The bleacher boards just north of the old pavilion now hold the cheap crowd, which comes in at the end of the first inning on a discount."

Locations
In most major league ballparks, the bullpens are located out of play just behind the outfield fences. In some ballparks both bullpens are adjacent to each other while in others the bullpens are separated with each team's bullpen located on the side of the field corresponding with the same team's dugout. Often the outfield walls in front of the bullpen contains see-through areas to allow the bullpen to be more easily seen by both fans and the manager in the dugout, as well as to allow the players in the bullpen to more easily see what is occurring on the field.

For a time, many fields had their bullpens on the field of play, usually in foul territory, down the line from each team's dugout. This location has fallen out of favor as the bullpen mounds are considered a tripping hazard for fielders attempting to catch foul fly balls and the lack of enclosure leaves players exposed to being hit by line drive fouls or stray practice pitches. As of the 2023 season, Oakland Coliseum and Tropicana Field are the only major league ballparks whose bullpens are located in foul territory.

Wrigley Field featured an unusual orientation to its bullpen. During a major renovation in 2017, the bullpens were moved from foul territory to underneath the outfield bleachers, making it the first and only enclosed bullpen in a major league park.

Bullpen cars
Between 1950 and 1995, varying numbers of MLB teams used vehicles to transport pitchers from the bullpen to the mound. These bullpen cars ranged from golf carts to full-sized cars. The 1950 Cleveland Indians were the first to use a bullpen car. The last use of a bullpen vehicle in this time was a motorcycle and sidecar used by the Milwaukee Brewers in 1995. However, the Arizona Diamondbacks, Detroit Tigers, and the Washington Nationals have since given relief pitchers the option of using a bullpen cart in the 2018 season.

title: Bullpen


text:
Talk:List of political parties in Spain

Ciudadanos is far-right?
I don't understand why Ciudadanos is listed as far-right. It's a pretty standard european liberal party? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Minpen123 (talk • contribs) 00:00, 19 November 2017 (UTC)

Comment
I have added all the parties from my absentee voter package for the 2004 Spanish General Election — Miguel 22:04, 2004 Mar 6 (UTC)

Where do parties with representation only in local councils (ayuntamientos, cabildos) fit? In subsection Minor parties? Or should we ignore them (there'd be many)?--Erri4a 00:08, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * I would err on the side of listing them among major parties for the time being if you know where they are represented. Then we can think about a better classification.

 * I think we need to be a little more explicit about what legislative bodies each major party is represented in.

 * Also, the Batasuna cluster is a mess. I wanted to include HZ among the major partis even though it was made illegal before it could earn any seats in an election. When 10% of Basques still vote for them after their list is made illegal (thereby making their vote null) you have to acknowledge that they are a major political party. Someone removed them from the list because they did not have any seats, though. — Miguel 00:51, 2004 Nov 29 (UTC)

 * I moved HZ from Major to Minor parties, believing the criterium was current actual representation, despite AuB and HZ have had more votes than other parties considered here as major. Maybe we could use the amount of votes to determine wether a party is major or not, or use a combination of several criteria. However, HZ would anyway be a minor party when compared to other obataining nine or ten million votes. I put Euskal Herritarrok in HZ's place cause current representatives of Sozialista Abertzaleak in Basque Parliament were elected in a EHk list.--Erri4a 17:53, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * That was the criterion, but I think we both agree that the situation in the greater basque country is such that this criterion does not accurately reflect reality, and we need to come up with a different criterion. The reality is, the Abertzale left has easily up to 15% support in the Basque country (taking the EH electoral result during ETA's 1999 truce), and a hard core of about 10% (to judge for the vote in the last two occasions when their lists were made illegal).
 * The peperos would probably ask for my head on a platter for writing this, hehe ;-) That's how messed up the situation is after the latest round of anti-nationalist legislation. — Miguel 18:35, 2004 Nov 29 (UTC)

To address this issue, I was thinking we could make a table listing one party/coalition per row, and having a column for the number of seats in various bodies, like this:

What do you think? — Miguel 03:19, 2004 Nov 29 (UTC)

 * I don't doubt it'll be interesting, but it's a lot of work and will need several up-to-date revisions per year.--Erri4a 17:53, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Western Sahara was a Spanish territory until 1975. So Polisario Front, or "Frente Polisario", or "Frente Popular de Liberación de Saguía el Hamra y Río de Oro" ("People's Liberation Front of Saguia el Hamra and Rio de Oro") was a political movement in Spain at that time. Now the Polisario is not defunct, neither Spanish. Where should we mention it?--Erri4a 00:08, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * I unsuccessfully tried to list Western Sahara as a territorial dispute in which Spain is involved, and they wouldn't let me, so I don't know. You could list Frente Polisario under Morocco and Western Sahara. — Miguel

Valencian Union
Valencian Union isn't currently in the Valencian Corts

Political parties running for the Spanish general election, 2011
The section Political parties running for the Spanish general election, 2011 has been completely reorganized. Links to the English Wikipedia are in one subsection, and links to the Spanish Wikipedia are in a separate section at the end, for the convenience of those who can read Spanish, and separating those links for readers who do not read Spanish. Capitalization was applied where appropriate, and some links were corrected. Spanish language entries without any links were deleted. This section was tagged for copy-editing, but I have performed a complete reorganization.--DThomsen8 (talk) 00:27, 19 September 2012 (UTC)

 * We shouldn't sort by Wikipedia; that's self-referential. I have instead instituted an alphabetical sorting, giving links to the Spanish articles where necessary. Huon (talk) 13:05, 7 March 2015 (UTC)

Partido Popular (People's Party)
People's Party is a right-wing party, not a centre-right party. Actually, many PP's voters have far-right ideals. --Gui 7 (talk) 17:58, 9 October 2012 (UTC)

Point of view
Both Partido Popular and CiU should be considered [Right-wing_politics|right wing] parties, they comply with the definition given there. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Tvbby (talk • contribs) 10:40, 12 June 2015 (UTC)

Podemos
I find using the English translation "We can" instead of just writing "Podemos" a little odd. Most sources as far as I can tell refer to them as Podemos (occasionally with "We can" in brackets afterwards). Are there any objections to changing this?

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 03:07, 13 September 2022 (UTC)
 * Unión del Pueblo Leonés.svg

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:List of political parties in Abkhazia which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 16:26, 29 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of political parties in Spain


text:
Prime Minister of Lebanon

The prime minister of Lebanon, officially the president of the Council of Ministers, is the head of government and the head of the Council of Ministers of Lebanon. The prime minister is appointed by the president of Lebanon, with the consent of the plurality of the members of the Parliament of Lebanon (after the Taif Agreement, 1990). By convention, the office holder is always a Sunni Muslim.

The current prime minister is Najib Mikati, having taken office on 10 September 2021. Mikati became prime minister 13 months after Hassan Diab resigned on 10 August 2020, serving as caretaker prime minister until Mikati took over.

The prime minister is assisted by the deputy prime minister of Lebanon.

History
The office was created on 23 May 1926, when the constitution of the state of Greater Lebanon was promulgated. In the summer of 1943, when the National Pact was agreed, it was decided that the office of the prime minister would always be reserved for a Sunni Muslim. From the creation of the office in 1926 to the end of the Lebanese Civil War, the constitution made little mention of the roles and duties of the office, and most of the office's powers were exercised through informal means rather than through constitutional procedures. Following the end of the Civil War and the ratification of the Ta'if Accord, the responsibilities of the prime minister were codified and clearly listed in the Constitution.

Differences with French constitution
While the 1926 Constitution of Greater Lebanon was roughly modeled after the French constitution (Greater Lebanon being under French mandate), the office of the prime minister in Lebanon was notably significantly weaker in Lebanon than in France, for the president was the sole person who can dismiss him (at will), while in France the prime minister is appointed by the president, and can only be removed by the Parliament through a vote of no confidence. This means that the prime minister of Lebanon was much more deferential to the president than his French counterpart. This situation changed following the Taif Agreement which transformed Lebanon into a parliamentary republic. Currently, the prime minister is appointed by the president who chooses the candidate which garners the support of the plurality of parliament members. The prime minister must form a government which can receive the confidence of parliament and the agreement of the president. After obtaining confidence, the prime minister can only be dismissed if they lose the confidence of parliament.

Past irregularities in the office of the prime minister
Twice in the past, when the president resigned or shortly before his term expired, the president broke the National Pact and appointed a Maronite Christian with the justification that he would assume the powers of the presidency.

During the Lebanese Civil War, outgoing president Amine Gemayel dismissed incumbent prime minister Selim Hoss and appointed Army general-in-chief Michel Aoun as prime minister 15 minutes before the expiry of his term. Hoss refused his dismissal, and this led to the creation of a dual government; one, mainly civilian and Muslim in West Beirut, and the other, mainly military and Christian in East Beirut.

Responsibilities and powers
The prime minister is the president of the Council of Ministers and the head of government. In addition, he is the deputy chair of the Supreme Defense Council.

The responsibilities of the prime minister are as follows:

 * Assume the negotiations for the formation of the government with parliament.
 * Counter-sign all decrees signed by the president, except for the one appointing him or considering the government resigned.
 * Present the Council of Minister's program to the Chamber of Deputies.
 * He presides over the meetings of the Council of Ministers, except when the president attends, in which case he presides over them.
 * In case of a vacancy in the presidency for whatever reason, he assumes the powers and responsibilities of the president in the narrow sense of "conducting the business"

Symbolic duties
Following the ratification of the Ta'if Accord, the Constitution laid out a preamble for the three "key" executive posts: the president, the prime minister, and the Council of Ministers. The preamble states the following:

The Prime Minister is the Head of Government. He represents it, speaks in its name, and is responsible for executing the public policy made by the Council of Ministers.

In addition, the prime minister also holds these posts ex officio:

 * Vice President of the Supreme Defense Council
 * President of the Council of Ministers
 * Head of the government

title: Prime Minister of Lebanon


text:
Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk Airport

Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk International Airport (Южно-Сахалинский Международный Аэропорт, ), also called Khomutovo International Airport (Международный Аэропорт Хомутово), is an international airport in Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, on the Russian island of Sakhalin. The airport was established in 1945 as a military airfield. With currently one 3,400 m concrete runway, two passenger terminals, two cargo terminals and 16 aircraft stands, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk International Airport is the largest airport in Sakhalin Oblast. The airport opened a new terminal in August 2023. The airport is also building a second concrete runway that should be finished by 2024 and a 4-star hotel.

Facilities
The airport resides at an elevation of 59 ft above mean sea level. It has one runway designated 01/19 with a concrete surface measuring 3400 x.

title: Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk Airport


text:
Strontian

Strontian (Sròn an t-Sìthein ) is the main village in Sunart, an area in western Lochaber, Highland, Scotland, on the A861 road. Prior to 1975 it was part of Argyllshire. It lies on the north shore of Loch Sunart, close to the head of the loch. In the hills to the north of Strontian lead was mined in the 18th century and in these mines the mineral strontianite was discovered, from which the element strontium was first isolated.

The village name in Gaelic, Sròn an t-Sìthein, translates as the nose [i.e. 'point'] of the fairy hill, meaning a knoll or low round hill inhabited by the mythological sídhe. The nearby hamlets of Anaheilt, Bellsgrove, and Upper and Lower Scotstown are now generally considered part of Strontian, with Polloch several miles away on the terminus of the road to Loch Shiel. Strontian is the location of Ardnamurchan High School, the local fire station, police station and other facilities.

Geology and mining history
It was observed in the 19th century that there is granite on one side of the Strontian mines and gneiss on the other. The area immediately around the village is Granodiorite, part of a larger intrusion of around 90 km2 that extends south as far as Loch Linnhe. This is surrounded by a Hornblende Biotite Granite, giving way in the south to a Tonalite. The rocks are around 385 to 453 million years old, intruded into the metasediments of the Moine Supergroup. It has been postulated that it was emplaced in the shear zone termination of an offshoot of the Great Glen fault and that it may be diapiric in form.

The history of mining in the Strontian area dates to 1722, when Sir Alexander Murray discovered galena in the hills the region. A mine was opened in 1725, in partnership with Thomas Howard, 8th Duke of Norfolk and General Wade. Various materials have been mined here including lead, and strontianite, which contains the element named after the village, Strontium. While there have been inhabitants of the area for centuries, particularly in the woods north of the current village, the community as it exists now was established in 1724 to provide homes for the local mining workers.

Lead mined at Strontian was used in bullets manufactured for the Napoleonic Wars. In the early part of the 19th century, part of the workforce was made up of captured forces from Napoleon's imperial army.

Discovery of strontium
In 1790, Adair Crawford, a doctor, recognised that the Strontian ores exhibited different properties to those normally seen with other "heavy spars" sources. He concluded "... it is probable indeed, that the Scottish mineral is a new species of earth which has not hitherto been sufficiently examined". The new mineral was named strontites in 1793 by Thomas Charles Hope, a professor of chemistry at the University of Glasgow. He confirmed the earlier work of Crawford and recounted: "... Considering it a peculiar earth I thought it necessary to give it an name. I have called it Strontites, from the place it was found; a mode of derivation in my opinion, fully as proper as any quality it may possess, which is the present fashion". The element was eventually isolated by Sir Humphry Davy in 1808 by the electrolysis of a mixture containing strontium chloride and mercuric oxide, and announced by him in a lecture to the Royal Society on 30 June 1808. In keeping with the naming of the other alkaline earths, he changed the name to strontium. While several elements have been discovered there, strontium is the only element named after a place in the United Kingdom.

The first large-scale application of strontium was in the production of sugar from sugar beet. Although a crystallisation process using strontium hydroxide was patented by Augustin-Pierre Dubrunfaut in 1849 the large-scale introduction came with the improvement of the process in the early 1870s. The German sugar industry used the process well into the 20th century. Prior to World War I the beet sugar industry used 100,000 to 150,000 tons of strontium hydroxide for this process per year.

Conditions for workers
In 1851, a miner named Duncan Cameron was killed by a rock-fall in the lead mine. A lengthy inquest followed for the office of the Procurator Fiscal of Tobermory. A number of witnesses to the accident testified that the workings were unsafe and that precautions for the workmen were insufficient. A case was brought against James Floyd, superintendent of the mines, for the culpable homicide of Duncan Cameron.

A number of complaints had previously been made to Sir James Riddell, local landowner and proprietor of the mines. One piece of evidence presented to the inquest notes: This insufficiency arises from the want of proper props in the workings & in the removal by Mr Barrat of the Middlings or partitions left by the former Company for supporting the workings - a feeling of this nature given expression to by almost all the workmen has existed for the last three years and a number of men left the work altogether in consequence, as they said, of the insecurity of the Mines – I knew this myself but I had either to submit to work there or starve – Necessity with me had no law – The other mines in which I had wrought are worked in a different, safer, principle & more attention paid to the security of the lives of the workmen. It was noted elsewhere that because the miners were paid for piece-work, no one was able or employed to undertake safety procedures in the mines.

In 1854, miners attempted to bring a case against the mining company, with many of those who presented evidence at the 1851 inquest involved in the action. The legal action failed and was ruled out of order by the sheriff substitute, with 4 pounds 15 shillings in court costs.

Ariundle Oakwood National Nature Reserve
Ariundle Oakwood is a National Nature Reserve and surviving fragment of the native oak woods that once spread along the Atlantic coast from Spain to Norway.

Telford Parliamentary Church (Church of Scotland)
The village church was built in the 1820s by Thomas Telford, one of 32 "Parliamentary Churches" he designed for the Highlands and Islands. The government set up a commission in 1823 under John Rickman to build churches in some of the most thinly populated parishes. The project was funded by a grant of £50,000 and meant to include a manse with each church – each church and manse to cost not more than £1,500. Telford decided that it would be most economical to build all the buildings to the same plan. The layout of each church was a simple T-plan. There were two doors and windows in the front wall, which measured 52 ft. One gable had a belfry of four plain pillars supporting a pyramidal top. The bell rope came down the outside of the gable. At each side of the building there were two windows. The exterior and interior were undecorated. There was a hexagonal pulpit against the inside front wall.

The church is still in use. The Old Manse, former Church of Scotland Manse, was built to a standard H-plan by Telford in 1827. It is a category C(S) listed building and is today a private residence which also houses the Sunart Archives.

Floating Free Church
Strontian was the site of reputedly the first moored boat church in the country.

Following the Disruption of 1843 in which the Church of Scotland Free (later the Free Church of Scotland) walked out of the Church of Scotland General Assembly, a congregation of 500 members around Strontian petitioned Sir James Riddell, who then owned the entirety of Ardnamurchan, for land and permission to build a new church. A number of attendants affirmed, in testimony to the Select Committee on Sites for Churches, illnesses contracted by worshippers attending services held outdoors in inclement weather. A letter by Riddell to Graham Speirs, Esq., notes "I find it impossible, conscientiously, to grant sites for churches, manses, and schools, which would imply a sanction on my part, and give a perpetuity on my estates, to a system which I believe to be anti-social and anti-Christian."

With permission refused, subscriptions were taken from the local congregants of £1,400 to have a suitable craft built in Clyde. A floating church was established 150 metres offshore in Loch Sunart in 1846. Eventually a site was obtained in nearby Acharacle and a Free Church was built there in 1868.

Demographics
Strontian is a hamlet with a population of 200 recorded in 1991. This represented a decline from earlier recorded populations of 803 in 1871 and 691 in 1881. The population has since rebounded to a current estimate of ca. 350.

19th century
According to John MacCulloch in his descriptive letters to Sir Walter Scott during the 1820s, Strontian is described as "a wild and uninteresting country, though there is some grandeur in one scene, in a deep valley which is terminated by the fine form of Scuir Donald ... Strontian possesses now an excellent inn."

An 1830 source describes it: "The village of Strontian is very pleasantly situated, directly at the head of Loch Sunart, the hills adjoining to which are crowned with beautiful and very thriving plantations. The Loch itself is here extremely picturesque ... [i]n a neighbourhood civilized and populous it would speedily become a favourite retreat."

In the 1830s, residents from Strontian and the surrounding area were among the first to use the "Bounty Scheme" to emigrate to Australia. The Brilliant, a Canadian-built ship, sailed from Tobermory to New South Wales in 1837 with 322 passengers, 105 of whom were from Ardnamurchan and Strontian. The Bounty Scheme, which ran from 1835 to 1841, was proposed by Edward Gibbon Wakefield as a way for Australian settlers to subsidise the emigration of skilled tradespeople from Britain.

In the 1850s more emigrants left from the Strontian and Anaheilt area. The Allison sailed from Liverpool in 1851 for Melbourne with a number of Highlanders from the area aboard.

Strontian today

'Strontian House' was built for Sir Alexander Murray of Stanhope in the late 1720s and was named after Colonel Horsy, Governor of the York Buildings Company. Latterly known as the Loch Sunart Hotel, it was still referred to as 'Horsy Hall' and sometimes misspelt 'Horsley Hall'. The hotel was destroyed by fire in 1999. A hotel was later opened in an existing building in the village.

In 1968, Strontian was listed among 2000 "moribund" Highland villages and selected to receive government funding for regeneration. This resulted in the shopping centre, cafe, and information kiosk which are located in the centre of the village.

In 2002 a high school was built in Strontian to serve secondary students of the Ardnamurchan peninsula. Previously local students had to travel to Fort William, Mallaig, or Tobermory for high school, often staying in hostel accommodation and making journeys of up to 4 hours round-trip.

Other villages
Anaheilt (Àth na h-Èilde, meaning Ford of the Hind) is a village 1 mi north of Strontian. The population in 1723 comprised eight families with 8 men, 10 women and 20 children, total 38. In 1806 its area extended to 953.720 acre: 42.100 acre ploughable land, 56.835 acre cultivated with the spade, 9.170 acre meadow and 845.615 acre moor and pasture. Much of the cultivated and plougable land was turned to 28 crofts by 1828.

Bellsgrove, and Upper and Lower Scotstown are other historic villages, now considered part of Strontian.

title: Strontian


text:
Talk:El Djem

Untitled
Is this "a" colosseum? As i understood it there was only one, the one in Rome. Did this amphitheatre also have a colossus next to it?

 * You're probably right...it should be an amphitheatre, not colosseum. Adam Bishop 22:13, 6 Mar 2004 (UTC)

the third???
I have serious dobubts the El Djem should   the third amphitheatre on the word:

1-Colosseo (I s) ext: 188 e 156m, (arena = 86 x 54 m) 2-Capua(I-II sec) 170 x 140 m. 3-Milano(I sec)155 x 125.(arena = 71 x 40,5 m) 4-Verona 152 x 123, (arena = 75,68 x 44,43 m.) 5-El Djem 148 x 122 m 6-Arles 136 m x 107, 7-Nimes 133 x 101, 8-Tarragona 109,50 x 86,50 m (arena = 62,50 m x 38,50).

But perhaps I missing some others big builindigs... regards lorenzo web@serenoeditore.com --213.156.52.103 13:11, 17 May 2007 (UTC)

Apollo mosaic image
According to Commons, Image:Apollo1.JPG is from El Jem, can/should it be included? Maybe this article needs a gallery at the bottom... 64.126.24.11 22:14, 12 June 2007 (UTC)

Bloated disinfobox
The disinfobox at right seems preposterously inflated for the mite of information it carries. --Wetman (talk) 05:05, 20 May 2008 (UTC)

The arabic translation: "Ksar El Djem"
The arabic translation both in the start of the article and on the map of the infobox transcribes to "Ksar El Djem". That is the name in arabic for the amphitheatre itself not for the town/municipality.

Ksar in Arabic means castle and that's what the amphitheatre is called, I guess because there is no word for amphitheatre in Arabic, at least not the popular dialect in Tunisia.

'Ksar' from the arabic name of the city should be removed. I'd also remove the map altogether which will also help on the bloated info box problem reported above.

Now if I could only find an online map of Tunisia in Arabic.

--130.228.251.10 (talk) 09:31, 23 March 2009 (UTC)

Gladiator main scenes
Is it actually relevant to El Djem that the main scenes of the movie Gladiator were filmed in Malta? I feel if you want to know about the movie, you can go to the film's page. I would suggest removal. (i have already taken the liberty to remove the following sentence which related to Troy being filmed at the same site on Malta - that definitely had nothing to do with El Djem) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 188.221.73.75 (talk) 02:43, 25 May 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:El Djem


text:
Vladivostok Air

JSC Vladivostok Air (also Vladivostok Avia; ОАО Владивосток Авиа) was an independent airline with its head office at the airport in Artyom, Primorski Krai, Russia. In 2011, it was reacquired by Aeroflot.

Description
As the largest carrier in the Russian Far East and Siberia, Vladivostok Air operated scheduled domestic flights within Russia and international flights to Africa, Asia, and Europe, as well as charter flights and a well established helicopter service. The main hub of operations was Vladivostok International Airport, with secondary hubs at Moscow Sheremetyevo International Airport and Khabarovsk Novy International Airport and a focus city in Ekaterinburg Koltsovo Airport.

Prior to late September 2008, only a few flights between the cities of Vladivostok and Khabarovsk were available on Vladivostok Air, but when the Russian government decided to close Dalavia, due to high debt levels, Vladivostok Air soon announced the start of 7 additional domestic routes and 4 new international routes from Khabarovsk.

Beginnings
The 1930s saw active construction of airports in the Soviet republics throughout the USSR. The Primorye region gained its first airport in 1931. Construction also began on two airfields; a hydro-airport (seaplane port) in Vladivostok's Second River region and another named Ozernye Klyuchi (Lake Springs/Озерные Ключи), (which is now part of the current Vladivostok International Airport) near Artyom.

On 27 August 1932, a hydroplane (seaplane) destined to become the predecessor of Vladivostok Air completed its first flight and on 2 September, the hydroplane delivered four passengers from Khabarovsk to the Second River Airport marking. This is considered to be the official beginning of operations for Vladivostok Air, with regular flights from Khabarovsk to Vladivostok ever since.

In 1934, the Second River airport was moved to a dry location, allowing for the use of Polikarpov Po-2 aircraft, with which regular flights were made, and new airports also opened at Iman (now called Dalnerechensk) and Ozernye Klyuchi (Lake Springs) which, combined with newer aircraft, greatly fueled growth of the nascent airline.

World War II and the turboprop era
During World War II, Vladivostok Air's Po-2s carried supplies of lead-tin concentrates for industrial purposes and ammunition to the front lines. In July 1941, Vladivostok Air's fleet of Polikarpov U-2, Polikarpov P-5, and Shavrov Sh-2 aircraft were transferred to the Ozernye Klyuchi airport, opening a new era of development in the history of Primorye civil aviation and Vladivostok Air. Chemical, nautical, geological, and forest management applications followed after the end of the Great Patriotic War, operating from the rapidly developing airfields around the Primorye region. Many of which later served as the basis for modern airports constructed from the 1960s onwards.

Passenger flights from Vladivostok to Moscow began using Ilyushin Il-12 airliners in 1948. Five years later, in 1953, the Antonov An-2 commenced service, becoming a significant educational tool for Vladivostok Air, allowing pilots to amass experience in a number of different flight-related activities, while carrying several thousand passengers. Taking over the workload of the Po-2, the An-2 "Annushka" became a nearly irreplaceable aircraft for Vladivostok Air's agricultural charters. Vladivostok Air also began basic use of the Lisunov Li-2 aircraft, which would continue to operate regular passenger flights from Ozernye Klyuchi Airport to Khabarovsk for the next 15 years.

Vladivostok Air's robust helicopter operations began with the Mil Mi-1, Kamov Ka-15 and Mil Mi-4. These three helicopter types dutifully toiled away for some 30 odd-years and were later succeeded by the Mil Mi-8, Kamov Ka-26, and Kamov Ka-32.

Jet era and expansion
By 1958, the beginnings of the Primorye region's passenger-jet era started with the introduction of the Tupolev Tu-104 airliner, and the Tupolev Tu-114D which completed the first trial, scheduled, non-stop flight from Moscow to Vladivostok (on Aeroflot) in May 1958. When the size of the Ozernye Klyuchi airport restricted Vladivostok Air's expansion, the ground facilities were improved to allow regular flights with Tu-104s (1958), Ilyushin Il-18s (1963), and Antonov An-10s (1964). These improvements to the airport sharply increased passenger volumes. The first brick built terminal opened in February 1961, facilitating the processing of up to 200 passengers at once, marking the beginning of the larger airport known as Vladivostok International Airport.

Between the 1960s and 1980s, pilots from Vladivostok Air became pioneers in servicing the region's various whaling and fishing towns. While with Mi-1 helicopters, on 30 August 1961, Vladivostok Air entered the fishing industry as well. Helicopters from Vladivostok Air have also served as flying-cranes and ambulances, further expanding their growing helicopter charter operations.

In 1973, construction started on a new terminal at Vladivostok International Airport which began operating at the end of 1976. With the increase in terminal capacity, Vladivostok Air soon began regular service with Tupolev Tu-154s, heralding a period of dynamic development of Vladivostok Air's fleet as new Yakovlev Yak-40s and Mil Mi-8s were purchased. The completion of a second runway in June 1985 opened up Vladivostok Airport to all modern aircraft and provided for the non-stop Aeroflot air service between Moscow and Vladivostok onboard Ilyushin Il-62 aircraft.

Post-Soviet era
In 1990, after having signed an agreement in Papua New Guinea for the use of Ka-32 helicopters, Vladivostok Air entered the international arena. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1992, Vladivostok opened to international flights, fueling rapid expansion at Vladivostok Air. During this time period, two Ilyushin Il-76 cargo aircraft in addition to several Tupolev Tu-154B-2 aircraft were purchased for use on international routes.

Beginning in 1994, Vladivostok Air was an openly traded stock company, "Vladivostok Air", whose holdings at the time included the airline and Vladivostok International Airport. By 1995, the first long-distance Tupolev Tu-154M aircraft were purchased.

On 4 March 1999, the renovated international terminal at Vladivostok International Airport was put into operation, allowing for additional flights to Asia and North America.

2000 – 2014
In 2004, Vladivostok Air passed the IATA Operational Safety Audit, becoming a full International Air Transport Association member leading to recognition of Vladivostok Air as a safe and reliable airline.

In 2005, Vladivostok Air was the first airline in the world to operate the new Tupolev Tu-204-300 aircraft, a fleet of six was purchased.

The large-scale reconstruction of Vladivostok International Airport's domestic terminal was completed in December 2006, increasing passenger comfort, capacity, and growth.

With the help of the ILFC, Vladivostok Air leased an Airbus A-320 on 5 February 2007. It was the first foreign-made aircraft in the Russian Far East; Vladivostok Air flew up to 7 of them.

JSC Vladivostok International Airport was separated from Vladivostok Air on 15 February 2008; Vladivostok International Airport was then included in the Russian register of open joint stock companies. One of the most significant achievements of 2008 was the successful accreditation for compliance with IATA safety requirements (IOSA).

When Vladivostok Air celebrated its 15th anniversary as an open joint stock company on 20 January 2009, it had transformed from a regional carrier into the largest company in the Russian Far East and East Siberia. Passenger numbers increased to over 900,000 annually because of fleet expansion and modernisation. June 2009 saw the introduction of the first long-haul Airbus A330-300 service, connecting Vladivostok and Moscow, with more A320s and A330s expected to join the fleet between October 2009 and the summer of 2010. Orders for four Antonov An-148 with two options were placed at the 2009 MAKS Airshow.

On 28 April 2009, Vladivostok Air received the Wings of Russia 2008 award in the category of "Airline of the Year — Passengers Choice". Vladivostok Air also announced its earnings on 15 July, showing that, despite the recession, passenger traffic had increased by an incredible 36.6%, while passenger capacity was 28.8% higher in the first six months of 2009 than in the first six months of 2008, with the load factor increasing by 9.5%. Vladivostok Air's income was an astounding 38.1% higher for the same period of time in 2009 than in 2008, attributed to fleet network optimization, transition to more fuel efficient aircraft, and to the takeover of Dalavia's Khabarovsk hub.

On 17 July 2009, Vladivostok Air introduced its new online sales system, with the new reservation system allowing purchases with all major credit cards. In addition to the new sales system, passengers were offered three economy fares and one business class fare including "Promo", "Eco", "Eco +" and "Business". "Promo" was the cheapest fare selection, with the bare minimum amenities, while the "Business" fare was the most expensive, with access to all business class amenities.

Vladivostok Air received an additional A320 aircraft on 12 August 2010, bringing the total amount in its fleet to seven. On 18 August, an interline agreement was signed with United Airlines. On 19–20 August, Vladivostok Air successfully passed its second IOSA audit, further maintaining its IATA membership.

Aeroflot acquired a majority stake in Vladivostok Air in November 2011, intending to convert Vladivostok Air into a Far Eastern regional airline and to eliminate its long-haul flights.

Vladivostok Air ended operations on 14 December 2013; along with SAT Airlines, it became the new airline Aurora. The airline's AOC was revoked by Rosaviatsia in August 2014.

Aeroflot
Before the 2011 acquisition, Vladivostok Airlines was a non-alliance affiliate of Aeroflot, amplifying Aeroflot's network from Moscow-Sheremetyevo and Vladivostok.

Codeshare agreements
Vladivostok Airlines had one codeshare and multiple interline agreements with the following airlines in August 2010. Airlines marked with a * indicate interline agreements:

Fleet
The Vladivostok Air fleet consists of the following aircraft:

The airline took delivery of its first A320 in November 2006 under a lease agreement with the ILFC. Since the arrival of the first A320, six more have arrived, with the latest delivered in August 2010.

On 6 January 2009, ILFC announced the airline's lease of three used Airbus A330-300 aircraft. The first aircraft was delivered in May 2009, after coming off lease from Aer Lingus. The lease term was for 7 years. The aircraft entered service on 9 June 2009, flying between Vladivostok and Moscow. The A330 seated 327 people and was mainly used to fly between Vladivostok/Khabarovsk and Moscow. The second A330 was delivered in October 2009, while the third arrived in March 2010.

With an influx of more modern aircraft, like the A320 and Tu-204, Vladivostok Air shifted all remaining Tu-154 aircraft into its reserve and charter fleet.

During MAKS Airshow 2009, Vladivostok Air signed a precontractual agreement to buy four Antonov An-148, with options for two more. These regional jets' capacity was 68–85 passengers and they replaced the four aging Yak-40 aircraft. The aircraft were expected to be delivered between 2012 and 2014.

The average age of Vladivostok Air's A320s was 13.4 years, while the A330s' was 15.4 years as of May 2010.

Formerly operated

 * Tupolev-154M
 * Tupolev Tu-204-300

Incidents and accidents
In July 2001, Vladivostok Air Flight 352, a Tupolev Tu-154 belonging to Vladivostok Air crashed while attempting to land in Irkutsk, Russia, killing all 145 people aboard. A Russian official said that 12 Chinese died on the flight.

title: Vladivostok Air