text:
Somatostatin

Somatostatin, also known as growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH) or by several other names, is a peptide hormone that regulates the endocrine system and affects neurotransmission and cell proliferation via interaction with G protein-coupled somatostatin receptors and inhibition of the release of numerous secondary hormones. Somatostatin inhibits insulin and glucagon secretion.

Somatostatin has two active forms produced by the alternative cleavage of a single preproprotein: one consisting of 14 amino acids (shown in infobox to right), the other consisting of 28 amino acids.

Among the vertebrates, there exist six different somatostatin genes that have been named: SS1, SS2, SS3, SS4, SS5 and SS6. Zebrafish have all six. The six different genes, along with the five different somatostatin receptors, allow somatostatin to possess a large range of functions. Humans have only one somatostatin gene, SST.

Nomenclature
Synonyms of "somatostatin" include:
 * growth hormone–inhibiting hormone (GHIH)
 * growth hormone release–inhibiting hormone (GHRIH)
 * somatotropin release–inhibiting factor (SRIF)
 * somatotropin release–inhibiting hormone (SRIH)

Digestive system
Somatostatin is secreted by delta cells at several locations in the digestive system, namely the pyloric antrum, the duodenum and the pancreatic islets.

Somatostatin released in the pyloric antrum travels via the portal venous system to the heart, then enters the systemic circulation to reach the locations where it will exert its inhibitory effects. In addition, somatostatin release from delta cells can act in a paracrine manner.

In the stomach, somatostatin acts directly on the acid-producing parietal cells via a G-protein coupled receptor (which inhibits adenylate cyclase, thus effectively antagonising the stimulatory effect of histamine) to reduce acid secretion. Somatostatin can also indirectly decrease stomach acid production by preventing the release of other hormones, including gastrin and histamine which effectively slows down the digestive process.

Brain
Somatostatin is produced by neuroendocrine neurons of the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus. These neurons project to the median eminence, where somatostatin is released from neurosecretory nerve endings into the hypothalamohypophysial system through neuron axons. Somatostatin is then carried to the anterior pituitary gland, where it inhibits the secretion of growth hormone from somatotrope cells. The somatostatin neurons in the periventricular nucleus mediate negative feedback effects of growth hormone on its own release; the somatostatin neurons respond to high circulating concentrations of growth hormone and somatomedins by increasing the release of somatostatin, so reducing the rate of secretion of growth hormone.

Somatostatin is also produced by several other populations that project centrally, i.e., to other areas of the brain, and somatostatin receptors are expressed at many different sites in the brain. In particular, populations of somatostatin neurons occur in the arcuate nucleus, the hippocampus, and the brainstem nucleus of the solitary tract.

Functions

Somatostatin is classified as an inhibitory hormone, and is induced by low pH. Its actions are spread to different parts of the body. Somatostatin release is inhibited by the vagus nerve.

Anterior pituitary
In the anterior pituitary gland, the effects of somatostatin are:
 * Inhibiting the release of growth hormone (GH) (thus opposing the effects of growth hormone–releasing hormone (GHRH))
 * Inhibiting the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
 * Inhibiting adenylyl cyclase in parietal cells
 * Inhibiting the release of prolactin (PRL)

Gastrointestinal system

 * Somatostatin is homologous with cortistatin (see somatostatin family) and suppresses the release of gastrointestinal hormones
 * Decreases the rate of gastric emptying, and reduces smooth muscle contractions and blood flow within the intestine
 * Suppresses the release of pancreatic hormones
 * Somatostatin release is triggered by the beta cell peptide urocortin3 (Ucn3) to inhibit insulin release.
 * Inhibits the release of glucagon
 * Suppresses the exocrine secretory action of the pancreas

Synthetic substitutes
Octreotide (brand name Sandostatin, Novartis Pharmaceuticals) is an octapeptide that mimics natural somatostatin pharmacologically, though is a more potent inhibitor of growth hormone, glucagon, and insulin than the natural hormone, and has a much longer half-life (about 90 minutes, compared to 2–3 minutes for somatostatin). Since it is absorbed poorly from the gut, it is administered parenterally (subcutaneously, intramuscularly, or intravenously). It is indicated for symptomatic treatment of carcinoid syndrome and acromegaly. It is also finding increased use in polycystic diseases of the liver and kidney.

Lanreotide (Somatuline, Ipsen Pharmaceuticals) is a medication used in the management of acromegaly and symptoms caused by neuroendocrine tumors, most notably carcinoid syndrome. It is a long-acting analog of somatostatin, like octreotide. It is available in several countries, including the United Kingdom, Australia, and Canada, and was approved for sale in the United States by the Food and Drug Administration on August 30, 2007.

Pasireotide, sold under the brand name Signifor, is an orphan drug approved in the United States and the European Union for the treatment of Cushing's disease in patients who fail or are ineligible for surgical therapy. It was developed by Novartis. Pasireotide is somatostatin analog with a 40-fold increased affinity to somatostatin receptor 5 compared to other somatostatin analogs.

Evolutionary history
Six somatostatin genes have been discovered in vertebrates. The current proposed history as to how these six genes arose is based on the three whole-genome duplication events that took place in vertebrate evolution along with local duplications in teleost fish. An ancestral somatostatin gene was duplicated during the first whole-genome duplication event (1R) to create SS1 and SS2. These two genes were duplicated during the second whole-genome duplication event (2R) to create four new somatostatin genes:SS1, SS2, SS3, and one gene that was lost during the evolution of vertebrates. Tetrapods retained SS1 (also known as SS-14 and SS-28) and SS2 (also known as cortistatin) after the split in the Sarcopterygii and Actinopterygii lineage split. In teleost fish, SS1, SS2, and SS3 were duplicated during the third whole-genome duplication event (3R) to create SS1, SS2, SS4, SS5, and two genes that were lost during the evolution of teleost fish. SS1 and SS2 went through local duplications to give rise to SS6 and SS3.

title: Somatostatin


text:
Talk:Lobotomy

Wording of lead section
Changed wording to "mainstream procedure in some Western countries." Previously it had suggested that it was only so in the United States, even though the article mentions later that it was performed more often in the UK and Scandinavia. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Treeemont (talk • contribs) 18:59, 16 October 2015 (UTC)

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Fake (made-up) rules for references.
The following are not rules for acceptability of a reference:

1) A source must be "scholarly". 2) No undergrad textbooks. 3) No tertiary sources.

In fact, reliability is the only criterion (apart from applicability of course). Reliability is determined de facto by consensus of relatively knowledgeable editors, not by any of those non-existent black-and-white rules. Secondary sources are required for establishing notability. Both primary and secondary sources may be used for establishing factuality. "Tertiaryness" is moot because almost all well-accepted secondary sources are actually tertiary or more. There are no rules regarding "scholarly = good" or "undergrad text = bad".

The subject source is:

I removed a tag maligning that source as not being good enough because is was not "scholarly".

I also removed some associated hidden text which incorrectly declared a preference for "scholarly sources".

The original tag and hidden text had been placed by EEng. Confronted with removal of his tag and his hidden text, EEng has been replacing it by making up a new fake-rule each time. First it was "no undergrad text books", and when that didn't work, it was "no tertiary sources".

EEng, you've obviously decided the source is unreliable, but the reasons you've given are weak, nill, null, and faked. If the ref is crap, then give a good reason and I won't have a problem with killing it. But, you need give better reasons than you have so far.

73.119.161.105 (talk) 19:21, 8 July 2017 (UTC)
 * Please see WP:MEDRS. —David Eppstein (talk) 19:46, 8 July 2017 (UTC)

In WP:MEDRS, it says "all biomedical information must be based on reliable, third-party published secondary sources, and must accurately reflect current knowledge." That's no different than the requirements for any statement in WP except to suggest a need to be more careful about it. The issue here is not the reliability of the source, but rather the fake rules implied by the hidden text and the tag. Is the ref not good enough to support the statement in a medical article? Then fine, delete the ref and the statement. 73.119.161.105 (talk) 20:17, 8 July 2017 (UTC)
 * You need to do more than take a glance at WP:MEDRS and pick the statement out of context that you think supports your point of view. No, it's not true that WP:MEDRS is "no different than the requirements for any statement in WP". There is an emphasis on "literature reviews or systematic reviews found in medical journals, specialist academic or professional books, and medical guidelines or position statements published by major health organizations". The template that you have edit warred to take out does not remove the existing source; it simply asks for a better source that conforms better to WP:MEDRS. Sundayclose (talk) 20:26, 8 July 2017 (UTC)

The statement is not medical in nature. It's just an ordinary piece of info about something that happened in history (rise and fall of the frequency of use). WP:MEDRS does not apply to it. Apart from that, the whole article really is also historical in nature. People these days just aren't weighing lobotomy as a choice for treatment of mental illness. Would an article about bloodletting as a treatment for "bad humors" require "scholarly" papers from the times? Of course not. Even if it did, a statement regarding rise and fall of the use of bloodletting is also historical and not medical in nature, and also wouldn't require such fancy-schmancy requirements for refs. 73.119.161.105 (talk) 02:36, 10 July 2017 (UTC)

 * Secondary sources are always preferred over tertiary, but for information that has been in textbooks for decades, locating good secondary sources can be more trouble than it is worth. I don't agree with tagging sentences merely because the source is tertiary.  However an editor who wants to go to the trouble of locating secondary sources for this sort of information is certainly welcome to do so. Looie496 (talk) 14:39, 10 July 2017 (UTC)

Excessive hidden comments
Repeating the same comment 8 times is excessive / not approporiate.

Just request page protection if there are ongoing issue. Writing in all bold repeatedly is simple not appropriate. Doc James (talk · contribs · email) 04:35, 3 January 2018 (UTC)
 * The repeated reinsertion of inappropriate popcult references was a real problem until hidden comments were added warning against them. What would be inappropriate would be protecting the entire article when this simple tactic neatly fixes this narrow problem. EEng 04:46, 3 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Will request further opinions. Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) 05:12, 3 January 2018 (UTC)
 * very inappropriate...IMO--Ozzie10aaaa (talk) 08:43, 3 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Great reasoning, except that WP:HIDDEN (note the word appropriate) lists Reminding others of Wikipedia policies where they have been frequently broken. For example, in many articles, hidden text is necessary to remind editors not to add inappropriate links. I'm sure glad editor time is being spent litigating this critical issue. EEng 09:10, 3 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Once sure 9 times? Excessive. Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) 11:16, 3 January 2018 (UTC)
 * WP:Nobody reads the directions, which is why we sometimes need to make it very, very difficult to avoid seeing them.
 * I don't like this approach. However, this kind of thing is a reliable sign of long-term editor frustration, which means that there's a real problem here.  If you can actually solve the problem in a different way, then please feel free to propose a solution.  Perhaps a big, red, blinking edit notice for the page would be equally effective.  Perhaps that content could be stuffed in a separate subpage, protected, and then the protected content could be transcluded.  Perhaps, even, there's something we could do to change the text of the article to acknowledge that there are thousands of passing mentions of lobotomies, or to acknowledge specific problematic works.  But I think we should accept the fact that the problem exists, and find ways to make this approach "unnecessary" rather than "disliked", before removing these hidden comments.  WhatamIdoing (talk) 16:57, 3 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Exactly, thank you. EEng 17:32, 3 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Perhaps a big, red, blinking edit notice for the page would be equally effective. - LOL. Anyway, doing this seems fine to me if it's done to resolve an issue that couldn't be resolved using less excessive measures.  Seppi  333  (Insert 2¢) 23:44, 3 January 2018 (UTC)

 * If you're open to using an edit notice instead of those notes, we could probably use one of these 3 gifs. I'm assuming you weren't joking about using one of these in an edit notice as an alternative to the censored notes.  Seppi  333  (Insert 2¢) 06:08, 6 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Experience shows edit notices don't work -- witness the continual revdel requests at ANI despite the giant pink notice warning against them. If you want to try it, fine, but the second someone adds one of these films we should go back to the hidden comments. Why is all this effort being expended on fixing something that isn't broken? EEng 06:22, 6 January 2018 (UTC)
 * I don't particularly care which approach is used TBH. The current notes are clearly necessary, so I'm not opposed to keeping those in the article. I'm just trying to gauge what others think about an edit notice as an alternative since WAID suggested it.  If you think the censored notes would work better, I'm fine with using those instead.  Seppi  333  (Insert 2¢) 06:26, 6 January 2018 (UTC)
 * FWIW, the WP:ANI edit notice contains 3 notice boxes, 1 of which is fairly lengthy; so, the excessive amount of information included in the edit notice might be why editors don't read it all.  Seppi  333  (Insert 2¢) 06:31, 6 January 2018 (UTC)
 * I can't disagree with that, but I've had the same experience with edit notices elsewhere, including on my talk page -- people don't read them. And that includes me: I click edit and scroll down to the edit box without noticing. Look, I went through the same thing on John Harvard (statue). After over and over undoing "fixes" to archaic direct quotes that continued even in the presence of fairly strong hidden notes I finally, in desperation, added a hidden note between every letter of the quotation . And it worked! Extreme circumstances call for extreme measures. EEng 06:50, 6 January 2018 (UTC)

As above this reflects editor frustration with ongoing problems. While I don't particularly care for the repeated hidden text clearly something effective is needed to address the issue. I'd like to see a broader discussion hopefully leading to something useful in a number of articles.MrBill3 (talk) 06:36, 6 January 2018 (UTC)
 * I don't care for it either, but it works. EEng 06:50, 6 January 2018 (UTC)
 * The method used in the article to prevent other editors from adding bad content should depend most of all on what is actually effective in resolving the ongoing issue in this article. If the current censored notes effectively prevent editors from adding the problematic content and there's consensus for using those, great; I support keeping them. But, if there's a consensus that those are less desirable than a suitable and effective alternative (e.g., possibly an edit notice, although consensus about its relative desirability and its efficacy for resolving this problem remains to be established), that should probably used instead. If neither the censored notes nor a somewhat-effective alternative completely address the problem individually, then IMO both should be used together. Since I know how annoying it is to deal with recurring issues like this, I'm strongly opposed to any solution that would create a larger workload for editors, such as cutting down the existing censored notes without implementing or testing an alternative measure.
 * In any event,, how do you feel about an edit notice like the one below? There's probably no point in continuing a discussion about an edit notice if you don't approve of using that either.  Seppi  333  (Insert 2¢) 07:09, 6 January 2018 (UTC)

 * One question I have is how well do all these notices work? Here is someone adding a 2010 movie regardless in 2015.

 * Interestingly the hidden comments do not really show much in VE. Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) 07:42, 6 January 2018 (UTC)
 * The diff you give is what prompted insertion of the current hidden notes, specifically calling out the two films which had been inserted over and over; there have been no problems since, so bottom line is that they work. EEng 07:52, 6 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Ah yes I see "DO not ADD NON NOTABLE EXAMPLES -- see note at head of this section" has now become "D O N O T  A D D  P A S S I N G  M E N T I O N S,  V I D E O  G A M E S  A N D  H O R R O R  F I L M S -- see note at head of this section"
 * A space was added between each letter to make the text take up more room.
 * Even with that it was added here
 * After which you added the Video Game stipulation.
 * Semi protection would have been less work. But I guess if you feel this replaces that. Meh. Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) 08:03, 6 January 2018 (UTC)
 * The spaces were added to make the warning more eye-catching, and it's worked. A single treatment failure does not warrant abandoning an otherwise wholly efficaceous treatment, Doc. Semiprotection would lock out a whole class of editors to solve a problem already solved, and is unlikely to be left in place indefinitely, as well it shouldn't. EEng 08:17, 6 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Okay if you are convinced it works... Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) 09:33, 6 January 2018 (UTC)

Example edit notice
Here's one example of what this might look like:

 Seppi  333  (Insert 2¢) 06:16, 6 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Do these show in VE? Not a big fan of blinking. Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) 07:42, 6 January 2018 (UTC)
 * I'm only leaving this example in for at most 10 minutes; see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphetamine?veaction=edit.  Seppi  333  (Insert 2¢) 07:57, 6 January 2018 (UTC)
 * That blinking image file doesn't appear if it's included in the image parameters. It has to be included in the text field as a frameless or thumbnail image in order to be displayed in VE.  Seppi  333  (Insert 2¢) 07:58, 6 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Amazing. Did not realize that it appears like that.
 * Only shows the first time and not subsequent times though. Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) 08:01, 6 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Hmm. Do you mean the edit notice or just the blinking image? I reverted the image about a minute before you posted your last comment.  Seppi  333  (Insert 2¢) 08:06, 6 January 2018 (UTC)
 * In VE it shows the the notice once and than it becomes hidden. Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) 08:07, 6 January 2018 (UTC)

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Wording of lead section (2)
The wording of this sentence at the end of the introduction sounds very opinionated: "Today, lobotomy has become a disparaged procedure, a byword for medical barbarism and an exemplary instance of the medical trampling of patients' rights." I recommend the wording be changed, but think others' opinions on the sentence need to be heard as well. ThatGuyWelbert (talk) 18:04, 20 October 2020 (UTC)
 * Two comments: First, if you've ever been around several people who have been lobotomized you might not feel very strongly that it's an overstatement. And there are a number of high-profile disastrous examples of the effects of lobotomy; see Rosemary Kennedy for just one example. Secondly, there is some sourced information later in the article that provides some support for the statement, although the lead might need to be changed to conform more closely to it. Do you have suggested rewording? And remember, it needs to be reliably sourced, either in the lead or later in the article. By the way, if it's OK with you I'd like to move your comment and my comment to a new section at the bottom of the page because the current section was created five years ago; new sections always go at the bottom. Sundayclose (talk) 21:56, 20 October 2020 (UTC)
 * There's no doubt that the wording is appropriate. Lobotomy was a uniquely grotesque chapter in medical history, a mass delusion which held much of the profession in thrall for almost two decades. Certainly not at the level of the Nazi medical experiments, but not more than a few notches down either. If the current sources don't fully support the wording then no doubt better sourcing can be found. EEng 22:12, 20 October 2020 (UTC)

The Mountain
I know the editors of this article have a lot of issues with inappropriate additions to the literature and film section. I added the film The Mountain, but if you decide it doesn't meet your standards after reviewing my edit, you can remove, and I apologize for adding to your frustration. However, I do think the film is significant and belongs here because lobotomization is the focus of the entire movie, and the movie makes a thematic statement about the practice. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2600:6C4A:57F:FF6A:B856:106B:A0D:E4E7 (talk) 05:59, 8 November 2020 (UTC)
 * See the criterion proposed and discussed at Talk:Lobotomy/Archive_2. EEng 07:06, 8 November 2020 (UTC)

Not an improvement?
@User:Sundayclose: You explained your revert as follows "Not an improvement". But there is the word "improvement" in both versions. Could you, please, be more specific? Do you mean the word "improvement" or that my edit did not improve the article? 85.193.228.103 (talk) 01:09, 1 February 2021 (UTC)
 * I wasn't referring to the word "improvement" in the article. I meant that your rewording was not an improvement from the previous version. Sundayclose (talk) 01:32, 1 February 2021 (UTC)
 * Perhaps your edit summary could stand some improvement. EEng 02:18, 1 February 2021 (UTC)
 * Perhaps, although I've used that edit summary at other times without any confusion. If the word "improvement" wasn't in the text being edited there wouldn't have been any confusion. Forgive me for not being meticulously attentive. Sundayclose (talk) 02:22, 1 February 2021 (UTC)
 * You might want to take your "I'm kidding" detector in for recalibration. EEng 04:07, 1 February 2021 (UTC)
 * I was kidding about your kidding, of course. That's kidding squared to mathematicians. Sundayclose (talk) 04:16, 1 February 2021 (UTC)
 * I'm kidding! (That's kidding factorial.) EEng 04:22, 1 February 2021 (UTC)
 * @User:Sundayclose: Is not a more concise wording an improvement? 85.193.228.103 (talk) 02:33, 1 February 2021 (UTC)
 * Not if the wording is less clear. Concise sometimes is better, but not always. Sundayclose (talk) 02:48, 1 February 2021 (UTC)
 * I agree, but is my version less clear? Could you, please, be more specific? 85.193.228.103 (talk) 02:59, 1 February 2021 (UTC)
 * Could you be more specific about how your version is more clear, less awkardly worded. Sundayclose (talk) 03:00, 1 February 2021 (UTC)
 * The burden of proof is on you. But notice that my version is just much shorter. My edit summary reads: "redundancy deleted; more concise", not "better clarity". So I do not have to prove that the clarity is better. Is not a shorter wording a good enough reason? 85.193.228.103 (talk) 03:36, 1 February 2021 (UTC)
 * No, consensus is required if your edit is challenged. The current version has been in the article more than six years, making it the implicit consensus. A new consensus is needed if a new version is challenged. If enough editors support your edit, I'll accept it. Right now, it's just you and me. You think that the conciseness of your edit is sufficient. I disagree, and I think that your edit is more awkwardly worded. I assume you disagree. This is a disagreement about content. The next step is consensus. I'll be happy to consider (but not necessarily accept) your explanation about how your edit is more clear and less awkward if you want to present it. Otherwise we wait for more opinions. Sundayclose (talk) 03:59, 1 February 2021 (UTC)
 * I cut the baby in two. EEng 04:07, 1 February 2021 (UTC)
 * I accept that. Far be it from me to disagree with the judgement of Solomon. Sundayclose (talk) 04:22, 1 February 2021 (UTC)
 * @User:Sundayclose: I wrote only that my version was shorter. Isn't it? Where did I write that my version was "more clear and less awkward"? Nowhere. So why should I prove it? The mere fact that my version is shorter should be enough to accept it, unless you prove that my version is less clear or more awkward. 85.193.228.103 (talk) 17:04, 1 February 2021 (UTC)
 * The criterion for accepting an edit isn't that the edit match your edit summary, but rather that it improve the article (or at least not make it worse). Any way, the question is moot given that my version's even better (that's IMHO of course). EEng 19:53, 1 February 2021 (UTC)
 * @User:EEng: As for the criterion, it is obvious, and you are absolutely right, but your added sentence, combined with the existing one, makes the text even more redundant. Anyway, thanks for the discussion :-) 85.193.228.103 (talk) 23:31, 1 February 2021 (UTC)
 * You seem to have a misunderstanding of how Wikipedia works. If there is a long-established consensus and an editor challenges that consensus (as you did), there has to be a new consensus established to make the change. That's true regardless of whether your edit is shorter, longer, clearer, less clear, more awkward or less awkward. So the bottom line: if you want to change the wording, there needs to be a new consensus, and right now that is not the case. Please take a few minutes to read WP:CON. I have accepted rewording. If you disagree with that rewording, please express your opinion here and all of us can then discuss. But your preferred version has no support except your own. Thanks. Sundayclose (talk) 18:23, 1 February 2021 (UTC)

@User:Sundayclose: OMG... We ended up with an even more redundant text:

I do understand how Wikipedia works, though your explanations were helpful. I really appreciate your engagement, and my rejected edit is less important compared the time you sacrificed for me. Thanks :-) 85.193.228.103 (talk) 23:31, 1 February 2021 (UTC)

Splitting the introductory paragraph
EEng reverted my change splitting the introductory paragraph into two separate pieces.

This is how it read before:

 * A lobotomy, or leucotomy, is a form of psychosurgery, a neurosurgical treatment of a mental disorder that involves severing connections in the brain's prefrontal cortex.[2] The surgery results in most of the connections to and from the prefrontal cortex, the anterior part of the frontal lobes of the brain, being severed. It was used for treating mental disorders and occasionally other conditions as a mainstream procedure in some Western countries for more than two decades, despite general recognition of frequent and serious side effects. Some patients improved in some ways after the operation, but complications and impairments – sometimes severe – were frequent. The procedure was controversial from its initial use, in part due to the balance between benefits and risks. It is mostly rejected as an inhumane form of treatment now, to preserve patients' rights.[3]

This is how it reads now:

 * A lobotomy, or leucotomy, is a form of psychosurgery, a neurosurgical treatment of a mental disorder that involves severing connections in the brain's prefrontal cortex.[2] The surgery results in most of the connections to and from the prefrontal cortex, the anterior part of the frontal lobes of the brain, being severed.

 * In the past, the surgery was used for treating mental disorders and occasionally other conditions as a mainstream procedure in some Western countries for more than two decades, despite general recognition of frequent and serious side effects. Some patients improved in some ways after the operation, but complications and impairments – sometimes severe – were frequent. The procedure was controversial from its initial use, in part due to the balance between benefits and risks. It is mostly rejected as an inhumane form of treatment now, to preserve patients' rights.[3]

The question is... which is better?

-- Rockstone  Send me a message!  02:15, 18 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Changed my mind -- your version's better. EEng 04:11, 18 March 2022 (UTC)

That Moniz
Under Development -> Frontal Lobes, there is a sentence which starts with "That Moniz". I am not sure if this is intended. Shoesoft93 (talk) 16:39, 7 September 2022 (UTC)
 * Fixed, thanks. EEng 16:57, 7 September 2022 (UTC)

"An astounding error of judgement" quote
I believe I may have found a source for the challenged quote in the article that calls lobotomies "an astounding error of judgement". According to the book Coercion as Cure, the quote can be attributed to Swedish Neuroscientist and Nobel laureate Torsten Wiesel. Apologies if I used the wrong format for citations. 50.234.207.26 (talk) 10:21, 16 September 2022 (UTC)
 * Good find! I've added it to the article. EEng 06:12, 18 September 2022 (UTC)

Second most common surgery?
The article says that: "Frontal lobe surgery, including lobotomy, is the second most common surgery for epilepsy to this day, and usually done on one side of the brain, unlike lobotomies for psychiatric disorder which were done on both sides of the brain," while the source given for the claim says that "Although extensive frontal lobectomy (eFL) is a common surgical procedure for intractable frontal lobe epilepsy (FLE),"

The top of the article says that a "Lobotomy" should not be confused with a "Lobectomy", and looking at the articles about epilepsy, I can find no mention of lobotomies being done today. So, did I get something wrong or was there a mix up between lobectomies and lobotomies? Nordtman (talk) 18:55, 27 December 2022 (UTC)
 * You're right. I removed that sentence. Lobectomy briefly mentions the brain and links to Anterior temporal lobectomy, which discusses epilepsy. Thanks for pointing this out. Sundayclose (talk) 19:57, 27 December 2022 (UTC)

Gay men lobotomy numbers
That >60% of US lobotomy patients were women is well documented. Hugh Kaye's article (https://www.attitude.co.uk/culture/sexuality/the-dark-gay-history-of-lobotomies-and-walter-jackson-freeman-ii-419069/) citing here claims 40% of US patients were gay men. This implies that 100% of US lobotomized men were gay. Roughly 18,000 US lobotomies were performed in the years 1949-1951, mostly in state mental hospitals. Men were not in those hospitals because they were gay. Kaye is a disreputable source. Bstorage (talk) 18:10, 24 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Reliability of the source aside, the article does not include the "60% women" statistic. The article says "up to 40% of Freeman’s patients were gay men". So "US lobotomy patients" and "Freeman's patients" are not using the same denominator. Behold the dangers of allowing original research into Wikipedia.  signed, Willondon (talk)  18:20, 24 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Bringing reliability of the source back in, this Kaye article is worthless junk. We might as well be using Access Hollywood as a source. EEng 01:24, 6 February 2024 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Lobotomy


text:
Rigid body dynamics

In the physical science of dynamics, rigid-body dynamics studies the movement of systems of interconnected bodies under the action of external forces. The assumption that the bodies are rigid (i.e. they do not deform under the action of applied forces) simplifies analysis, by reducing the parameters that describe the configuration of the system to the translation and rotation of reference frames attached to each body. This excludes bodies that display fluid, highly elastic, and plastic behavior.

The dynamics of a rigid body system is described by the laws of kinematics and by the application of Newton's second law (kinetics) or their derivative form, Lagrangian mechanics. The solution of these equations of motion provides a description of the position, the motion and the acceleration of the individual components of the system, and overall the system itself, as a function of time. The formulation and solution of rigid body dynamics is an important tool in the computer simulation of mechanical systems.

Planar rigid body dynamics
If a system of particles moves parallel to a fixed plane, the system is said to be constrained to planar movement. In this case, Newton's laws (kinetics) for a rigid system of N particles, P$i$, i=1,...,N, simplify because there is no movement in the k direction. Determine the resultant force and torque at a reference point R, to obtain $$ \mathbf{F} = \sum_{i=1}^N m_i\mathbf{A}_i,\quad \mathbf{T} = \sum_{i=1}^N (\mathbf{r}_i - \mathbf{R}) \times m_i\mathbf{A}_i, $$

where r$i$ denotes the planar trajectory of each particle.

The kinematics of a rigid body yields the formula for the acceleration of the particle P$i$ in terms of the position R and acceleration A of the reference particle as well as the angular velocity vector ω and angular acceleration vector α of the rigid system of particles as, $$ \mathbf{A}_i = \boldsymbol\alpha\times(\mathbf{r}_i - \mathbf{R}) + \boldsymbol\omega \times (\boldsymbol\omega\times(\mathbf{r}_i - \mathbf{R})) + \mathbf{A}.$$

For systems that are constrained to planar movement, the angular velocity and angular acceleration vectors are directed along k perpendicular to the plane of movement, which simplifies this acceleration equation. In this case, the acceleration vectors can be simplified by introducing the unit vectors e$i$ from the reference point R to a point r$i$ and the unit vectors $\mathbf{t}_i = \mathbf k \times \mathbf{e}_i$, so $$ \mathbf{A}_i = \alpha(\Delta r_i \mathbf{t}_i) - \omega^2(\Delta r_i \mathbf{e}_i) + \mathbf{A}.$$

This yields the resultant force on the system as $$ \mathbf{F} = \alpha \sum_{i=1}^N m_i \left(\Delta r_i \mathbf{t}_i\right) - \omega^2 \sum_{i=1}^N m_i \left(\Delta r_i \mathbf{e}_i\right) + \left(\sum_{i=1}^N m_i\right) \mathbf{A},$$ and torque as $$\begin{align} \mathbf{T} ={} &\sum_{i=1}^N (m_i \Delta r_i \mathbf{e}_i) \times \left(\alpha(\Delta r_i \mathbf{t}_i) - \omega^2(\Delta r_i \mathbf{e}_i) + \mathbf{A}\right) \\ {}={} &\left(\sum_{i=1}^N m_i \Delta r_i^2\right) \alpha \mathbf k + \left(\sum_{i=1}^N m_i\Delta r_i\mathbf{e}_i\right) \times \mathbf{A}, \end{align}$$

where $\mathbf{e}_i \times \mathbf{e}_i = 0$ and $\mathbf{e}_i \times \mathbf{t}_i = \mathbf k$  is the unit vector perpendicular to the plane for all of the particles P$i$.

Use the center of mass C as the reference point, so these equations for Newton's laws simplify to become $$ \mathbf{F} = M\mathbf{A},\quad \mathbf{T} = I_\textbf{C}\alpha \mathbf k,$$

where $M$ is the total mass and I$C$ is the moment of inertia about an axis perpendicular to the movement of the rigid system and through the center of mass.

Orientation or attitude descriptions
Several methods to describe orientations of a rigid body in three dimensions have been developed. They are summarized in the following sections.

Euler angles
The first attempt to represent an orientation is attributed to Leonhard Euler. He imagined three reference frames that could rotate one around the other, and realized that by starting with a fixed reference frame and performing three rotations, he could get any other reference frame in the space (using two rotations to fix the vertical axis and another to fix the other two axes). The values of these three rotations are called Euler angles. Commonly, $$\psi$$ is used to denote precession, $$\theta$$ nutation, and $$\phi$$ intrinsic rotation.

Tait–Bryan angles
These are three angles, also known as yaw, pitch and roll, Navigation angles and Cardan angles. Mathematically they constitute a set of six possibilities inside the twelve possible sets of Euler angles, the ordering being the one best used for describing the orientation of a vehicle such as an airplane. In aerospace engineering they are usually referred to as Euler angles.

Orientation vector
Euler also realized that the composition of two rotations is equivalent to a single rotation about a different fixed axis (Euler's rotation theorem). Therefore, the composition of the former three angles has to be equal to only one rotation, whose axis was complicated to calculate until matrices were developed.

Based on this fact he introduced a vectorial way to describe any rotation, with a vector on the rotation axis and module equal to the value of the angle. Therefore, any orientation can be represented by a rotation vector (also called Euler vector) that leads to it from the reference frame. When used to represent an orientation, the rotation vector is commonly called orientation vector, or attitude vector.

A similar method, called axis-angle representation, describes a rotation or orientation using a unit vector aligned with the rotation axis, and a separate value to indicate the angle (see figure).

Orientation matrix
With the introduction of matrices the Euler theorems were rewritten. The rotations were described by orthogonal matrices referred to as rotation matrices or direction cosine matrices. When used to represent an orientation, a rotation matrix is commonly called orientation matrix, or attitude matrix.

The above-mentioned Euler vector is the eigenvector of a rotation matrix (a rotation matrix has a unique real eigenvalue). The product of two rotation matrices is the composition of rotations. Therefore, as before, the orientation can be given as the rotation from the initial frame to achieve the frame that we want to describe.

The configuration space of a non-symmetrical object in n-dimensional space is SO(n) × Rn. Orientation may be visualized by attaching a basis of tangent vectors to an object. The direction in which each vector points determines its orientation.

Orientation quaternion
Another way to describe rotations is using rotation quaternions, also called versors. They are equivalent to rotation matrices and rotation vectors. With respect to rotation vectors, they can be more easily converted to and from matrices. When used to represent orientations, rotation quaternions are typically called orientation quaternions or attitude quaternions.

Newton's second law in three dimensions
To consider rigid body dynamics in three-dimensional space, Newton's second law must be extended to define the relationship between the movement of a rigid body and the system of forces and torques that act on it.

Newton formulated his second law for a particle as, "The change of motion of an object is proportional to the force impressed and is made in the direction of the straight line in which the force is impressed." Because Newton generally referred to mass times velocity as the "motion" of a particle, the phrase "change of motion" refers to the mass times acceleration of the particle, and so this law is usually written as $$\mathbf{F} = m\mathbf{a},$$ where F is understood to be the only external force acting on the particle, m is the mass of the particle, and a is its acceleration vector. The extension of Newton's second law to rigid bodies is achieved by considering a rigid system of particles.

Rigid system of particles
If a system of N particles, Pi, i=1,...,N, are assembled into a rigid body, then Newton's second law can be applied to each of the particles in the body. If Fi is the external force applied to particle Pi with mass mi, then $$ \mathbf{F}_i + \sum_{j=1}^N \mathbf{F}_{ij} = m_i\mathbf{a}_i,\quad i=1, \ldots, N,$$ where Fij is the internal force of particle Pj acting on particle Pi that maintains the constant distance between these particles.

An important simplification to these force equations is obtained by introducing the resultant force and torque that acts on the rigid system. This resultant force and torque is obtained by choosing one of the particles in the system as a reference point, R, where each of the external forces are applied with the addition of an associated torque. The resultant force F and torque T are given by the formulas, $$ \mathbf{F} = \sum_{i=1}^N \mathbf{F}_i,\quad \mathbf{T} = \sum_{i=1}^N (\mathbf{R}_i-\mathbf{R})\times \mathbf{F}_i, $$ where Ri is the vector that defines the position of particle Pi.

Newton's second law for a particle combines with these formulas for the resultant force and torque to yield, $$ \mathbf{F} = \sum_{i=1}^N m_i\mathbf{a}_i,\quad \mathbf{T} = \sum_{i=1}^N (\mathbf{R}_i-\mathbf{R})\times (m_i\mathbf{a}_i), $$ where the internal forces Fij cancel in pairs. The kinematics of a rigid body yields the formula for the acceleration of the particle Pi in terms of the position R and acceleration a of the reference particle as well as the angular velocity vector ω and angular acceleration vector α of the rigid system of particles as, $$ \mathbf{a}_i = \alpha\times(\mathbf{R}_i-\mathbf{R}) + \omega\times(\omega\times(\mathbf{R}_i-\mathbf{R}))  + \mathbf{a}.$$

Mass properties
The mass properties of the rigid body are represented by its center of mass and inertia matrix. Choose the reference point R so that it satisfies the condition $$ \sum_{i=1}^N m_i(\mathbf{R}_i - \mathbf{R}) = 0,$$

then it is known as the center of mass of the system.

The inertia matrix [IR] of the system relative to the reference point R is defined by $$[I_R] = \sum_{i=1}^N m_i\left(\mathbf{I}\left(\mathbf{S}_i^\textsf{T}\mathbf{S}_i\right) - \mathbf{S}_i\mathbf{S}_i^\textsf{T}\right),$$

where $$\mathbf{S}_i$$ is the column vector $R_{i} − R$; $$\mathbf{S}_i^\textsf{T}$$ is its transpose, and $$\mathbf{I}$$ is the 3 by 3 identity matrix.

$$\mathbf{S}_i^\textsf{T}\mathbf{S}_i$$ is the scalar product of $$\mathbf{S}_i$$ with itself, while $$\mathbf{S}_i\mathbf{S}_i^\textsf{T}$$ is the tensor product of $$\mathbf{S}_i$$ with itself.

Force-torque equations
Using the center of mass and inertia matrix, the force and torque equations for a single rigid body take the form $$ \mathbf{F} = m\mathbf{a},\quad \mathbf{T}=[I_R]\alpha + \omega\times[I_R]\omega,$$ and are known as Newton's second law of motion for a rigid body.

The dynamics of an interconnected system of rigid bodies, $B_{i}$, $j = 1, ..., M$, is formulated by isolating each rigid body and introducing the interaction forces. The resultant of the external and interaction forces on each body, yields the force-torque equations $$ \mathbf{F}_j = m_j \mathbf{a}_j, \quad \mathbf{T}_j =[I_R]_j\alpha_j + \omega_j\times[I_R]_j\omega_j,\quad j=1,\ldots,M.$$

Newton's formulation yields 6M equations that define the dynamics of a system of M rigid bodies.

Rotation in three dimensions
A rotating object, whether under the influence of torques or not, may exhibit the behaviours of precession and nutation. The fundamental equation describing the behavior of a rotating solid body is Euler's equation of motion: $$\boldsymbol\tau = \frac{D \mathbf{L}}{Dt} = \frac{d \mathbf{L}} {dt} + \boldsymbol\omega \times \mathbf{L} = \frac{d(I\boldsymbol\omega)}{dt} +\boldsymbol\omega \times {I\boldsymbol\omega} = I \boldsymbol\alpha + \boldsymbol\omega \times {I\boldsymbol\omega}$$ where the pseudovectors τ and L are, respectively, the torques on the body and its angular momentum, the scalar I is its moment of inertia, the vector ω is its angular velocity, the vector α is its angular acceleration, D is the differential in an inertial reference frame and d is the differential in a relative reference frame fixed with the body.

The solution to this equation when there is no applied torque is discussed in the articles Euler's equation of motion and Poinsot's ellipsoid.

It follows from Euler's equation that a torque τ applied perpendicular to the axis of rotation, and therefore perpendicular to L, results in a rotation about an axis perpendicular to both τ and L. This motion is called precession. The angular velocity of precession ΩP is given by the cross product: $$\boldsymbol\tau = \boldsymbol\Omega_{\mathrm{P}} \times \mathbf{L}.$$

Precession can be demonstrated by placing a spinning top with its axis horizontal and supported loosely (frictionless toward precession) at one end. Instead of falling, as might be expected, the top appears to defy gravity by remaining with its axis horizontal, when the other end of the axis is left unsupported and the free end of the axis slowly describes a circle in a horizontal plane, the resulting precession turning. This effect is explained by the above equations. The torque on the top is supplied by a couple of forces: gravity acting downward on the device's centre of mass, and an equal force acting upward to support one end of the device. The rotation resulting from this torque is not downward, as might be intuitively expected, causing the device to fall, but perpendicular to both the gravitational torque (horizontal and perpendicular to the axis of rotation) and the axis of rotation (horizontal and outwards from the point of support), i.e., about a vertical axis, causing the device to rotate slowly about the supporting point.

Under a constant torque of magnitude τ, the speed of precession ΩP is inversely proportional to L, the magnitude of its angular momentum: $$\tau = \mathit{\Omega}_{\mathrm{P}} L \sin\theta,$$ where θ is the angle between the vectors ΩP and L. Thus, if the top's spin slows down (for example, due to friction), its angular momentum decreases and so the rate of precession increases. This continues until the device is unable to rotate fast enough to support its own weight, when it stops precessing and falls off its support, mostly because friction against precession cause another precession that goes to cause the fall.

By convention, these three vectors - torque, spin, and precession - are all oriented with respect to each other according to the right-hand rule.

Virtual work of forces acting on a rigid body
An alternate formulation of rigid body dynamics that has a number of convenient features is obtained by considering the virtual work of forces acting on a rigid body.

The virtual work of forces acting at various points on a single rigid body can be calculated using the velocities of their point of application and the resultant force and torque. To see this, let the forces F1, F2 ... Fn act on the points R1, R2 ... Rn in a rigid body.

The trajectories of Ri, $i = 1, ..., n$  are defined by the movement of the rigid body. The velocity of the points Ri along their trajectories are $$\mathbf{V}_i = \boldsymbol{\omega} \times (\mathbf{R}_i-\mathbf{R}) + \mathbf{V},$$ where ω is the angular velocity vector of the body.

Virtual work
Work is computed from the dot product of each force with the displacement of its point of contact $$ \delta W = \sum_{i=1}^n \mathbf{F}_i \cdot \delta\mathbf{r}_i.$$ If the trajectory of a rigid body is defined by a set of generalized coordinates $q_{j}$, $j = 1, ..., m$, then the virtual displacements $δr_{i}$ are given by $$ \delta\mathbf{r}_i = \sum_{j=1}^m \frac{\partial \mathbf{r}_i}{\partial q_j} \delta q_j = \sum_{j=1}^m \frac{\partial \mathbf{V}_i}{\partial \dot{q}_j} \delta q_j.$$ The virtual work of this system of forces acting on the body in terms of the generalized coordinates becomes $$ \delta W = \mathbf{F}_1 \cdot \left(\sum_{j=1}^m \frac{\partial \mathbf{V}_1}{\partial \dot{q}_j}\delta q_j\right) + \dots + \mathbf{F}_n \cdot \left(\sum_{j=1}^m \frac{\partial \mathbf{V}_n}{\partial \dot{q}_j}\delta q_j\right)$$

or collecting the coefficients of $δq_{j}$ $$ \delta W = \left(\sum_{i=1}^n \mathbf{F}_i \cdot \frac{\partial \mathbf{V}_i}{\partial \dot{q}_1}\right)\delta q_1 + \dots + \left(\sum_{1=1}^n \mathbf{F}_i \cdot \frac{\partial \mathbf{V}_i}{\partial \dot{q}_m}\right)\delta q_m. $$

Generalized forces
For simplicity consider a trajectory of a rigid body that is specified by a single generalized coordinate q, such as a rotation angle, then the formula becomes $$ \delta W = \left(\sum_{i=1}^n \mathbf{F}_i\cdot \frac{\partial \mathbf{V}_i}{\partial \dot{q}}\right)\delta q = \left(\sum_{i=1}^n \mathbf{F}_i\cdot \frac{\partial (\boldsymbol{\omega}\times(\mathbf{R}_i-\mathbf{R}) + \mathbf{V})}{\partial \dot{q}}\right)\delta q. $$

Introduce the resultant force F and torque T so this equation takes the form $$ \delta W = \left(\mathbf{F}\cdot \frac{\partial \mathbf{V}}{\partial \dot{q}} + \mathbf{T}\cdot\frac{\partial \boldsymbol{\omega}}{\partial \dot{q}} \right)\delta q. $$

The quantity Q defined by $$ Q = \mathbf{F}\cdot \frac{\partial \mathbf{V}}{\partial \dot{q}} + \mathbf{T}\cdot\frac{\partial \boldsymbol{\omega}}{\partial \dot{q}},$$

is known as the generalized force associated with the virtual displacement δq. This formula generalizes to the movement of a rigid body defined by more than one generalized coordinate, that is $$ \delta W = \sum_{j=1}^m Q_j \delta q_j, $$ where $$ Q_j = \mathbf{F}\cdot \frac{\partial \mathbf{V}}{\partial \dot{q}_j} + \mathbf{T}\cdot\frac{\partial \boldsymbol{\omega}}{\partial \dot{q}_j}, \quad j=1,\ldots, m.$$

It is useful to note that conservative forces such as gravity and spring forces are derivable from a potential function $V(q_{1}, ..., q_{n})$, known as a potential energy. In this case the generalized forces are given by $$ Q_j = -\frac{\partial V}{\partial q_j}, \quad j=1,\ldots, m.$$

D'Alembert's form of the principle of virtual work
The equations of motion for a mechanical system of rigid bodies can be determined using D'Alembert's form of the principle of virtual work. The principle of virtual work is used to study the static equilibrium of a system of rigid bodies, however by introducing acceleration terms in Newton's laws this approach is generalized to define dynamic equilibrium.

Static equilibrium
The static equilibrium of a mechanical system rigid bodies is defined by the condition that the virtual work of the applied forces is zero for any virtual displacement of the system. This is known as the principle of virtual work. This is equivalent to the requirement that the generalized forces for any virtual displacement are zero, that is Qi=0.

Let a mechanical system be constructed from $n$ rigid bodies, Bi, $i = 1, ..., n$, and let the resultant of the applied forces on each body be the force-torque pairs, $F_{i}$ and $T_{i}$, $i = 1, ..., n$. Notice that these applied forces do not include the reaction forces where the bodies are connected. Finally, assume that the velocity $V_{i}$ and angular velocities $ω_{i}$, $i = 1, ..., n$, for each rigid body, are defined by a single generalized coordinate q. Such a system of rigid bodies is said to have one degree of freedom.

The virtual work of the forces and torques, $F_{i}$ and $T_{i}$, applied to this one degree of freedom system is given by $$ \delta W = \sum_{i=1}^n \left(\mathbf{F}_i\cdot \frac{\partial \mathbf{V}_i}{\partial \dot{q}} + \mathbf{T}_i \cdot \frac{\partial \boldsymbol{\omega}_i}{\partial \dot{q}}\right) \delta q = Q \delta q,$$ where $$ Q = \sum_{i=1}^n \left(\mathbf{F}_i \cdot \frac{\partial \mathbf{V}_i}{\partial \dot{q}} + \mathbf{T}_i \cdot \frac{\partial \boldsymbol{\omega}_i}{\partial \dot{q}}\right),$$ is the generalized force acting on this one degree of freedom system.

If the mechanical system is defined by m generalized coordinates, $q_{j}$, $j = 1, ..., m$, then the system has m degrees of freedom and the virtual work is given by, $$ \delta W = \sum_{j=1}^m Q_j\delta q_j,$$ where $$ Q_j = \sum_{i=1}^n \left(\mathbf{F}_i \cdot \frac{\partial \mathbf{V}_i}{\partial \dot{q}_j} + \mathbf{T}_i \cdot \frac{\partial \boldsymbol{\omega}_i}{\partial \dot{q}_j}\right),\quad j = 1, \ldots, m.$$ is the generalized force associated with the generalized coordinate $q_{j}$. The principle of virtual work states that static equilibrium occurs when these generalized forces acting on the system are zero, that is $$ Q_j = 0,\quad j = 1, \ldots, m.$$

These $m$ equations define the static equilibrium of the system of rigid bodies.

Generalized inertia forces
Consider a single rigid body which moves under the action of a resultant force F and torque T, with one degree of freedom defined by the generalized coordinate q. Assume the reference point for the resultant force and torque is the center of mass of the body, then the generalized inertia force $Q*$ associated with the generalized coordinate $q$ is given by $$ Q^* = -(M\mathbf{A})\cdot\frac{\partial \mathbf{V}}{\partial \dot{q}} - \left([I_R] \boldsymbol\alpha + \boldsymbol\omega \times [I_R] \boldsymbol\omega\right) \cdot \frac{\partial \boldsymbol{\omega}}{\partial \dot{q}}.$$

This inertia force can be computed from the kinetic energy of the rigid body, $$ T = \tfrac{1}{2} M \mathbf{V} \cdot \mathbf{V} + \tfrac{1}{2} \boldsymbol{\omega} \cdot [I_R] \boldsymbol{\omega},$$ by using the formula $$ Q^* = -\left(\frac{d}{dt} \frac{\partial T}{\partial \dot{q}} -\frac{\partial T}{\partial q}\right).$$

A system of $n$ rigid bodies with m generalized coordinates has the kinetic energy $$T = \sum_{i=1}^n\left(\tfrac{1}{2} M \mathbf{V}_i \cdot \mathbf{V}_i + \tfrac{1}{2} \boldsymbol{\omega}_i \cdot [I_R] \boldsymbol{\omega}_i\right),$$ which can be used to calculate the m generalized inertia forces $$ Q^*_j = -\left(\frac{d}{dt} \frac{\partial T}{\partial \dot{q}_j} -\frac{\partial T}{\partial q_j}\right),\quad j=1, \ldots, m.$$

Dynamic equilibrium
D'Alembert's form of the principle of virtual work states that a system of rigid bodies is in dynamic equilibrium when the virtual work of the sum of the applied forces and the inertial forces is zero for any virtual displacement of the system. Thus, dynamic equilibrium of a system of n rigid bodies with m generalized coordinates requires that $$ \delta W = \left(Q_1 + Q^*_1\right) \delta q_1 + \dots + \left(Q_m + Q^*_m\right) \delta q_m = 0,$$ for any set of virtual displacements $δq_{j}$. This condition yields $m$ equations, $$ Q_j + Q^*_j = 0, \quad j=1, \ldots, m,$$ which can also be written as $$ \frac{d}{dt} \frac{\partial T}{\partial \dot{q}_j} -\frac{\partial T}{\partial q_j} = Q_j, \quad j = 1, \ldots, m.$$ The result is a set of m equations of motion that define the dynamics of the rigid body system.

Lagrange's equations
If the generalized forces Qj are derivable from a potential energy $V(q_{1}, ..., q_{m})$, then these equations of motion take the form $$ \frac{d}{dt} \frac{\partial T}{\partial \dot{q}_j} -\frac{\partial T}{\partial q_j} = -\frac{\partial V}{\partial q_j}, \quad j = 1, \ldots, m.$$

In this case, introduce the Lagrangian, $L = T − V$, so these equations of motion become $$ \frac{d}{dt} \frac{\partial L}{\partial \dot{q}_j} - \frac{\partial L}{\partial q_j} = 0 \quad j = 1,\ldots,m.$$ These are known as Lagrange's equations of motion.

System of particles
The linear and angular momentum of a rigid system of particles is formulated by measuring the position and velocity of the particles relative to the center of mass. Let the system of particles Pi, $i = 1, ..., n$ be located at the coordinates ri and velocities vi. Select a reference point R and compute the relative position and velocity vectors, $$ \mathbf{r}_i = \left(\mathbf{r}_i - \mathbf{R}\right) + \mathbf{R}, \quad \mathbf{v}_i = \frac{d}{dt}(\mathbf{r}_i - \mathbf{R}) + \mathbf{V}. $$

The total linear and angular momentum vectors relative to the reference point R are $$ \mathbf{p} = \frac{d}{dt}\left(\sum_{i=1}^n m_i \left(\mathbf{r}_i - \mathbf{R}\right)\right) + \left(\sum_{i=1}^n m_i\right) \mathbf{V},$$ and $$ \mathbf{L} = \sum_{i=1}^n m_i \left(\mathbf{r}_i - \mathbf{R}\right) \times \frac{d}{dt}\left(\mathbf{r}_i - \mathbf{R}\right) + \left(\sum_{i=1}^n m_i \left(\mathbf{r}_i - \mathbf{R}\right)\right) \times \mathbf{V}.$$

If R is chosen as the center of mass these equations simplify to $$ \mathbf{p} = M\mathbf{V},\quad \mathbf{L} = \sum_{i=1}^n m_i \left(\mathbf{r}_i - \mathbf{R}\right) \times \frac{d}{dt}\left(\mathbf{r}_i - \mathbf{R}\right).$$

Rigid system of particles
To specialize these formulas to a rigid body, assume the particles are rigidly connected to each other so P$i$, i=1,...,n are located by the coordinates r$i$ and velocities v$i$. Select a reference point R and compute the relative position and velocity vectors, $$ \mathbf{r}_i = (\mathbf{r}_i - \mathbf{R}) + \mathbf{R}, \quad \mathbf{v}_i = \omega\times(\mathbf{r}_i - \mathbf{R}) + \mathbf{V},$$ where ω is the angular velocity of the system.

The linear momentum and angular momentum of this rigid system measured relative to the center of mass R is $$\mathbf{p} = \left(\sum_{i=1}^n m_i\right) \mathbf{V},\quad \mathbf{L} = \sum_{i=1}^n m_i(\mathbf{r}_i-\mathbf{R})\times \mathbf{v}_i = \sum_{i=1}^n m_i (\mathbf{r}_i-\mathbf{R})\times(\omega\times(\mathbf{r}_i - \mathbf{R})).$$

These equations simplify to become, $$ \mathbf{p} = M\mathbf{V},\quad \mathbf{L} = [I_R]\omega,$$ where M is the total mass of the system and [I$R$] is the moment of inertia matrix defined by $$ [I_R] = -\sum_{i=1}^n m_i[r_i-R][r_i-R],$$ where [ri − R] is the skew-symmetric matrix constructed from the vector ri − R. <!-- the previous section presents rigid body linear and angular momentum-

Rigid-body linear momentum
Newton's Second Law states that the rate of change of the linear momentum of a particle with constant mass is equal to the sum of all external forces acting on the particle:

$$\frac{d(m \mathbf{v})}{dt}=\sum_{i=1}^N \mathbf{f}_i $$

where m is the particle's mass, v is the particle's velocity, their product mv is the linear momentum, and fi is one of the N number of forces acting on the particle.

Because the mass is constant, this is equivalent to

$$m \frac{d\mathbf{v}}{dt}=\sum_{i=1}^N \mathbf{f}_i.$$

To generalize, assume a body of finite mass and size is composed of such particles, each with infinitesimal mass dm. Each particle has a position vector r. There exist internal forces, acting between any two particles, and external forces, acting only on the outside of the mass. Since velocity v is the derivative of position r with respect to time, the derivative of velocity dv/dt is the second derivative of position d2r/dt2, and the linear momentum equation of any given particle is

$$dm \frac{d^2\mathbf{r}}{dt^2}= \sum_{i=1}^M \mathbf{f}_{i,\text{internal}} + \sum_{j=1}^N \mathbf{f}_{j,\mathrm{external}}.$$

When the linear momentum equations for all particles are added together, the internal forces sum to zero according to Newton's third law, which states that any such force has opposite magnitudes on the two particles. By accounting for all particles, the left side becomes an integral over the entire body, and the second derivative operator can be moved out of the integral, so

$$ \frac{d^2}{dt^2} \int \mathbf{r}\, dm = \sum_{j=1}^N \mathbf{f}_{j,\mathrm{external}}$$.

Let M be the total mass, which is constant, so the left side can be multiplied and divided by M, so

$$ M \frac{d^2}{dt^2}\!\left(\frac{\int \mathbf{r}\, dm}{M}\right) = \sum_{j=1}^N \mathbf{f}_{j,\mathrm{external}}$$.

The expression $$\frac{\int \mathbf{r}\, dm}{M}$$ is the formula for the position of the center of mass. Denoting this by rcm, the equation reduces to

$$ M \frac{d^2 \mathbf{r}_\mathrm{cm}}{dt^2} = \sum_{j=1}^N \mathbf{f}_{j,\mathrm{external}}.$$

Thus, linear momentum equations can be extended to rigid bodies by denoting that they describe the motion of the center of mass of the body. This is known as Euler's first law.

Rigid-body angular momentum
The most general equation for rotation of a rigid body in three dimensions about an arbitrary origin O with axes x, y, z is

$$M b_{G/O} \times \frac{d^2 R_O}{dt^2} + \frac{d(\mathbf{I}\boldsymbol{\omega})}{dt} = \sum_{j=1}^N \tau_{O,j} $$

where the moment of inertia tensor, $$\mathbf{I}$$, is given by $$ \mathbf{I} = \begin{pmatrix} I_{xx} & I_{xy} & I_{xz} \\ I_{yx} & I_{yy} & I_{yz} \\ I_{zx} & I_{zy} & I_{zz} \end{pmatrix}$$

$$ \mathbf{I} = \begin{pmatrix} \int (y^2+z^2)\, dm & -\int xy\, dm & -\int xz\, dm\\ -\int xy\, dm & \int (x^2+z^2)\, dm & -\int yz\, dm \\ -\int xz\, dm & -\int yz\, dm & \int (x^2+y^2)\, dm \end{pmatrix}$$

Given that Euler's rotation theorem states that there is always an instantaneous axis of rotation, the angular velocity, $$\boldsymbol{\omega}$$, can be given by a vector over this axis $$\quad \boldsymbol{\omega} = \omega_x \mathbf{\hat{i}} + \omega_y \mathbf{\hat{j}} + \omega_z \mathbf{\hat{k}} $$

where $$\scriptstyle{(\mathbf{\hat{i}},\ \mathbf{\hat{j}},\  \mathbf{\hat{k}})}$$ is a set of mutually perpendicular unit vectors fixed in a reference frame.

Rotating a rigid body is equivalent to rotating a Poinsot ellipsoid. -->

Applications

 * For the analysis of robotic systems
 * For the biomechanical analysis of animals, humans or humanoid systems
 * For the analysis of space objects
 * For the understanding of strange motions of rigid bodies.
 * For the design and development of dynamics-based sensors, such as gyroscopic sensors.
 * For the design and development of various stability enhancement applications in automobiles.
 * For improving the graphics of video games which involves rigid bodies

title: Rigid body dynamics


text:
Talk:Red-vented cockatoo

Sound files
Can we link to wave files? I could probably get a PRV call recorded without too much trouble.
 * Yes. Visit WP:VP.  Tom e rtalk  12:11, 12 January 2006 (UTC)

Population
The article reports that the population is estimated at 4k individuals. Can we get a source for this estimate and perhaps a clarification of whether or not it is for birds in the wild or for the species as a whole (i.e., wild and captive birds)? Tom e rtalk 12:11, 12 January 2006 (UTC)

Science
Kshhhdj 112.198.66.101 (talk) 02:31, 6 May 2022 (UTC)

Science
Thank you for your answer 112.198.66.101 (talk) 02:32, 6 May 2022 (UTC)

Population growing or decreasing?
In the introduction, it says the population of the bird is growing because of the work of the Katala Organization. In the body of the text, it says the Katala Foundation has increased the population in some sites, but overall the population is decreasing. Which one is it? Savaging (talk) 14:49, 25 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Red-vented cockatoo


text:
Skin (Melissa Etheridge album)

Skin is the seventh album by singer-songwriter Melissa Etheridge, released in 2001. The album explores the pain, confusion, grief, and recovery Etheridge went through following her split from Julie Cypher, her companion of 12 years. "Heal Me" features background vocals by Laura Dern and Meg Ryan. Etheridge plays almost all the instruments and penned all the songs. Skin peaked at number nine on the Billboard 200.

Track listing
There is one known outtake titled 'Whispers in the Heart' 'My Heart' or 'Heart Whispers'

Personnel

 * Melissa Etheridge – guitar, harmonica, mandolin, keyboards, vocals, background vocals
 * Kenny Aronoff – drums
 * Mark Browne – bass guitar
 * David Cole – keyboards, programming
 * Abe Laboriel Jr. – programming
 * Meg Ryan – background vocals on "Heal Me"
 * Laura Dern – background vocals on "Heal Me"
 * Gota Yashiki – programming

Production

 * Producers: Melissa Etheridge, David N. Cole
 * Engineer: David N. Cole
 * Assistant engineers: Steve Genewick, Charles Paakkari
 * Mixing: David N. Cole, Chris Lord-Alge, Sylvia Massy, Matt Silva
 * Mastering: Ted Jensen
 * Drum programming: David N. Cole
 * Production coordination: Steven Girmant
 * Assistants: Charles Paakkari, Matt Silva
 * Art direction: Rick Patrick
 * Photography: Dan Winters

Charts
Singles – Billboard (North America)

title: Skin (Melissa Etheridge album)


text:
Uranium-238

Uranium-238 (238U or U-238) is the most common isotope of uranium found in nature, with a relative abundance of 99%. Unlike uranium-235, it is non-fissile, which means it cannot sustain a chain reaction in a thermal-neutron reactor. However, it is fissionable by fast neutrons, and is fertile, meaning it can be transmuted to fissile plutonium-239. 238U cannot support a chain reaction because inelastic scattering reduces neutron energy below the range where fast fission of one or more next-generation nuclei is probable. Doppler broadening of 238U's neutron absorption resonances, increasing absorption as fuel temperature increases, is also an essential negative feedback mechanism for reactor control.

Around 99.284% of natural uranium's mass is uranium-238, which has a half-life of 1.41 seconds (4.468 years, or 4.468 billion years). Due to its natural abundance and half-life relative to other radioactive elements, 238U produces ~40% of the radioactive heat produced within the Earth. The 238U decay chain contributes six electron anti-neutrinos per 238U nucleus (one per beta decay), resulting in a large detectable geoneutrino signal when decays occur within the Earth. The decay of 238U to daughter isotopes is extensively used in radiometric dating, particularly for material older than approximately 1 million years.

Depleted uranium has an even higher concentration of the 238U isotope, and even low-enriched uranium (LEU), while having a higher proportion of the uranium-235 isotope (in comparison to depleted uranium), is still mostly 238U. Reprocessed uranium is also mainly 238U, with about as much uranium-235 as natural uranium, a comparable proportion of uranium-236, and much smaller amounts of other isotopes of uranium such as uranium-234, uranium-233, and uranium-232.

Nuclear energy applications
In a fission nuclear reactor, uranium-238 can be used to generate plutonium-239, which itself can be used in a nuclear weapon or as a nuclear-reactor fuel supply. In a typical nuclear reactor, up to one-third of the generated power comes from the fission of 239Pu, which is not supplied as a fuel to the reactor, but rather, produced from 238U. A certain amount of production of from  is unavoidable wherever it is exposed to neutron radiation. Depending on burnup and neutron temperature, different shares of the are converted to, which determines the "grade" of produced plutonium, ranging from weapons grade, through reactor grade, to plutonium so high in  that it cannot be used in current reactors operating with a thermal neutron spectrum. The latter usually involves used "recycled" MOX fuel which entered the reactor containing significant amounts of plutonium.

Breeder reactors
238U can produce energy via "fast" fission. In this process, a neutron that has a kinetic energy in excess of 1 MeV can cause the nucleus of 238U to split. Depending on design, this process can contribute some one to ten percent of all fission reactions in a reactor, but too few of the average 2.5 neutrons produced in each fission have enough speed to continue a chain reaction.

238U can be used as a source material for creating plutonium-239, which can in turn be used as nuclear fuel. Breeder reactors carry out such a process of transmutation to convert the fertile isotope 238U into fissile 239Pu. It has been estimated that there is anywhere from 10,000 to five billion years worth of 238U for use in these power plants. Breeder technology has been used in several experimental nuclear reactors.

By December 2005, the only breeder reactor producing power was the 600-megawatt BN-600 reactor at the Beloyarsk Nuclear Power Station in Russia. Russia later built another unit, BN-800, at the Beloyarsk Nuclear Power Station which became fully operational in November 2016. Also, Japan's Monju breeder reactor, which has been inoperative for most of the time since it was originally built in 1986, was ordered for decommissioning in 2016, after safety and design hazards were uncovered, with a completion date set for 2047. Both China and India have announced plans to build nuclear breeder reactors.

The breeder reactor as its name implies creates even larger quantities of 239Pu or 233U than the fission nuclear reactor.

The Clean And Environmentally Safe Advanced Reactor (CAESAR), a nuclear reactor concept that would use steam as a moderator to control delayed neutrons, will potentially be able to use 238U as fuel once the reactor is started with Low-enriched uranium (LEU) fuel. This design is still in the early stages of development.

CANDU reactors
Natural uranium, with 0.711% U|235U, is usable as nuclear fuel in reactors designed specifically to make use of naturally occurring uranium, such as CANDU reactors. By making use of non-enriched uranium, such reactor designs give a nation access to nuclear power for the purpose of electricity production without necessitating the development of fuel enrichment capabilities, which are often seen as a prelude to weapons production.

Radiation shielding
238U is also used as a radiation shield – its alpha radiation is easily stopped by the non-radioactive casing of the shielding and the uranium's high atomic weight and high number of electrons are highly effective in absorbing gamma rays and X-rays. It is not as effective as ordinary water for stopping fast neutrons. Both metallic depleted uranium and depleted uranium dioxide are used for radiation shielding. Uranium is about five times better as a gamma ray shield than lead, so a shield with the same effectiveness can be packed into a thinner layer.

DUCRETE, a concrete made with uranium dioxide aggregate instead of gravel, is being investigated as a material for dry cask storage systems to store radioactive waste.

Downblending
The opposite of enriching is downblending. Surplus highly enriched uranium can be downblended with depleted uranium or natural uranium to turn it into low-enriched uranium suitable for use in commercial nuclear fuel.

238U from depleted uranium and natural uranium is also used with recycled 239Pu from nuclear weapons stockpiles for making mixed oxide fuel (MOX), which is now being redirected to become fuel for nuclear reactors. This dilution, also called downblending, means that any nation or group that acquired the finished fuel would have to repeat the very expensive and complex chemical separation of uranium and plutonium process before assembling a weapon.

Nuclear weapons
Most modern nuclear weapons utilize 238U as a "tamper" material (see nuclear weapon design). A tamper which surrounds a fissile core works to reflect neutrons and to add inertia to the compression of the 239Pu charge. As such, it increases the efficiency of the weapon and reduces the critical mass required. In the case of a thermonuclear weapon, 238U can be used to encase the fusion fuel, the high flux of very energetic neutrons from the resulting fusion reaction causes 238U nuclei to split and adds more energy to the "yield" of the weapon. Such weapons are referred to as fission-fusion-fission weapons after the order in which each reaction takes place. An example of such a weapon is Castle Bravo.

The larger portion of the total explosive yield in this design comes from the final fission stage fueled by 238U, producing enormous amounts of radioactive fission products. For example, an estimated 77% of the 10.4-megaton yield of the Ivy Mike thermonuclear test in 1952 came from fast fission of the depleted uranium tamper. Because depleted uranium has no critical mass, it can be added to thermonuclear bombs in almost unlimited quantity. The Soviet Union's test of the Tsar Bomba in 1961 produced "only" 50 megatons of explosive power, over 90% of which came from fusion because the 238U final stage had been replaced with lead. Had 238U been used instead, the yield of the Tsar Bomba could have been well above 100 megatons, and it would have produced nuclear fallout equivalent to one third of the global total that had been produced up to that time.

Radium series (or uranium series)
The decay chain of 238U is commonly called the "radium series" (sometimes "uranium series"). Beginning with naturally occurring uranium-238, this series includes the following elements: astatine, bismuth, lead, polonium, protactinium, radium, radon, thallium, and thorium. All of the decay products are present, at least transiently, in any uranium-containing sample, whether metal, compound, or mineral. The decay proceeds as:

The mean lifetime of 238U is 1.41 seconds divided by ln(2) ≈ 0.693 (or multiplied by 1/ln(2) ≈ 1.443), i.e. ca. 2 seconds, so 1 mole of 238U emits 3 alpha particles per second, producing the same number of thorium-234 atoms. In a closed system an equilibrium would be reached, with all amounts except for lead-206 and 238U in fixed ratios, in slowly decreasing amounts. The amount of 206Pb will increase accordingly while that of 238U decreases; all steps in the decay chain have this same rate of 3 decayed particles per second per mole 238U.

Thorium-234 has a mean lifetime of 3 seconds, so there is equilibrium if one mole of 238U contains 9 atoms of thorium-234, which is 1.5 mole (the ratio of the two half-lives). Similarly, in an equilibrium in a closed system the amount of each decay product, except the end product lead, is proportional to its half-life.

While 238U is minimally radioactive, its decay products, thorium-234 and protactinium-234, are beta particle emitters with half-lives of about 20 days and one minute respectively. Protactinium-234 decays to uranium-234, which has a half-life of hundreds of millennia, and this isotope does not reach an equilibrium concentration for a very long time. When the two first isotopes in the decay chain reach their relatively small equilibrium concentrations, a sample of initially pure 238U will emit three times the radiation due to 238U itself, and most of this radiation is beta particles.

As already touched upon above, when starting with pure 238U, within a human timescale the equilibrium applies for the first three steps in the decay chain only. Thus, for one mole of 238U, 3 times per second one alpha and two beta particles and a gamma ray are produced, together 6.7 MeV, a rate of 3 μW.

238U atom is itself a gamma emitter at 49.55 keV with probability 0.084%, but that is a very weak gamma line, so activity is measured through its daughter nuclides in its decay series.

Radioactive dating
238U abundance and its decay to daughter isotopes comprises multiple uranium dating techniques and is one of the most common radioactive isotopes used in radiometric dating. The most common dating method is uranium-lead dating, which is used to date rocks older than 1 million years old and has provided ages for the oldest rocks on Earth at 4.4 billion years old.

The relation between 238U and 234U gives an indication of the age of sediments and seawater that are between 100,000 years and 1,200,000 years in age.

The 238U daughter product, 206Pb, is an integral part of lead–lead dating, which is most famous for the determination of the age of the Earth.

The Voyager program spacecraft carry small amounts of initially pure 238U on the covers of their golden records to facilitate dating in the same manner.

Health concerns
Uranium emits alpha particles through the process of alpha decay. External exposure has limited effect. Significant internal exposure to tiny particles of uranium or its decay products, such as thorium-230, radium-226 and radon-222, can cause severe health effects, such as cancer of the bone or liver.

Uranium is also a toxic chemical, meaning that ingestion of uranium can cause kidney damage from its chemical properties much sooner than its radioactive properties would cause cancers of the bone or liver.

title: Uranium-238


text:
Leland Stanford Jr.

Leland Stanford Jr. (May 14, 1868 – March 13, 1884), known as Leland DeWitt Stanford until he was nine, was the only son of American industrialist and politician Leland Stanford and his wife Jane. Following his death from typhoid at age 15, he became the namesake of Stanford University, which is officially called Leland Stanford Junior University.

Early life
He was the only child of California Governor Leland Stanford and his wife, Jane Stanford (née Lathrop). His mother was 39 and had an 18-year childless marriage up to the point of his birth.

Illness and death
Leland caught typhoid two months before his 16th birthday on a Grand Tour of Europe with his parents. He originally fell ill in Athens. His parents rushed him to Italy for medical treatment, first to Naples, then to Rome, and eventually to Florence, where he died after weeks of a condition that alternately improved and worsened.

Legacy
Leland Stanford Sr. told his wife that "the children of California shall be our children." To honor their son, once they had returned to the United States, the Stanfords devoted their fortune to a memorial in his name, Leland Stanford Junior University, which opened its doors in 1891.

Leland Stanford Jr. is interred beside his parents at the Stanford family mausoleum on the Stanford campus. After the death of his father on June 21, 1893, his mother guided the development of the university until her murder on February 28, 1905.

Nomenclature
Although the university is generally referred to as "Stanford University" or "Stanford," its official name is still "Leland Stanford Junior University," as is seen on the university seal.

title: Leland Stanford Jr.


text:
Indulis Emsis

Indulis Emsis (born 2 January 1952) is a Latvian biologist and politician. He was Prime Minister of Latvia for ten months in 2004, the first Green politician to lead a country in the history of the world. He was Speaker of the Saeima, the Latvian parliament from 2006 to 2007. Emsis' political views are described as rather conservative, unusual for members of green parties around the world.

Early life
Emsis graduated from Riga First Secondary School in 1970 and graduated from the University of Latvia with a degree in biology in 1975. In 1986, he received his PhD, also in biology. Until 1990, he worked as a research scientist in environmental science. From 1976 to 1987 Emsis worked as a research associate at the scientific production association "Silava", and head of its labor protection laboratory between 1987 and 1989. Emsis also worked as deputy chairman of the Soviet Latvia's State Nature Protection Committee.

Start of political career
In 1990, he became one of founders of Latvian Green Party (LZP) and served as Minister for the environment in the 1990s, working especially for a clean Baltic Sea. He is currently one of the three chairpersons of the Latvian Green Party, which forms a part of Union of Greens and Farmers. Emsis was included on the Green ticket for the 5th Saeima elections in 1993. Emsis was appointed special assignments minister of natural protection in Ministry of Environmental Protection and Regional Development in the government of Valdis Birkavs in 1993. Emsis also held the office in the government of Māris Gailis in 1994.

Emsis was elected to the 6th Saeima from the ticket of LNNK/LZP in 1995. As a member of the 6th Saeima, Emsis was elected to the parliament's Economic Policy Committee. Emsis was appointed special assignments minister of environment in the ministry of Environmental Protection and Regional Development when Andris Šķēle's government was approved in 1995. Emsis again assumed the post when Šķēle returned with a new government in 1997, and also held it in the government of Guntars Krasts.

In 1996, Emsis was awarded the Three Star Order (3rd category). In 1998, Emsis was appointed head of a task force to prepare a development program for Latvia's small ports, and chairman of committee for assessment of conformity of beaches and yacht ports. In 1998, Emsis joined the parliamentary group of the Labor Party, Union of Christian Democrats and LZP. He was included on the three parties' joint ticket for the 7th Saeima elections. In 1998, Emsis assumed the post of Prime Minister Vilis Krištopans' non-staff advisor on environmental protection issues.

In 2000, LZP congress nominated Emsis as the party's candidate for Riga mayor ahead of municipal elections. Emsis was elected to the Riga City Council form LZP ticket in March 2001, he worked as deputy chairman of the city council's City Development Committee.

In October 2002, Emsis was included on the ZZS ticket for the 8th Saeima elections. Emsis was elected to Saeima, and was appointed deputy chairman of the ZZS parliamentary group. Emsis was elected head of the Economic, Agricultural, Environmental and Regional Policy Committee, he also worked on the Public Expenditure and Audit Committee.

As prime minister
After the resignation of New Era Party leader Einars Repše's government, President Vaira Vīķe-Freiberga assigned Emsis to form a new government; the Saeima voted Emsis' government in office in March 2004.

On 9 March 2004, he became the prime minister of Latvia, leading a centre-right minority government consisting of The Greens and Farmers union, Latvia's First Party and Latvian People's Party. For most of time, the government was also supported by the leftist National Harmony Party.

Emsis was the first member of a Green party to become Prime Minister of a country. On 28 October 2004, the government fell as the Saeima voted 39–53 against the government's budget proposal for the year 2005. He left office on 2 December 2004, when parliament confirmed Aigars Kalvītis of the People's Party as Prime Minister.

Speaker of Saeima
Emsis returned to the Saeima in December 2004. In October 2006, Emsis was elected to the 9th Saeima from the ticket of the Union of Greens and Farmers. On 7 November 2006, he was elected Speaker of Saeima, defeating Sandra Kalniete of the New Era Party by 74 votes to 22.

COVID-19
On 12 December 2021, Emsis made public statements on COVID-19 treatment very far removed from the scientific consensus.

title: Indulis Emsis


text:
David Barsamian

David Barsamian (born 1945) is an Armenian-American radio broadcaster, writer, and the founder and director of Alternative Radio, a Boulder, Colorado–based syndicated weekly public affairs program heard on some 250 radio stations worldwide.

Barsamian started working in radio in 1978 at KGNU in Boulder, Colorado, and then KRZA in Alamosa, Colorado.

Articles by (and interviews with) Barsamian have appeared regularly in The Progressive, The Sun and Z Magazine. Barsamian also lectures on U.S. foreign policy, corporate control, the media, and propaganda.

As a writer, Barsamian is best known for his series of interviews with Noam Chomsky, which have been published in book form and translated into many languages.

Deportation from India
On 23 September 2011, Barsamian was deported from India. After arriving on a flight at the Indira Gandhi International Airport he was refused entry and placed on a return flight. Barsamian attributes this to his reportage on human rights abuses in Jammu and Kashmir.

title: David Barsamian


text:
Stock Exchange Executive Council

The Stock Exchange Executive Council (SEEC; ) of the People's Republic of China was established to improve the efficiency of the securities market in mainland China.

According to research by Nottle (1993), the re-emergence of securities markets commenced under the introduction of the economic reform programme. The initiative was announced by then party Vice Premier Deng Xiaoping in 1978; under the plan market forces would be brought to bear on the Chinese economy and China's "doors would be opened" to foreign capital and entrepreneurs.

Under this economic reform, a number of experiments have been conducted over the part decades in order to facilitate the development of securities markets.
 * 1) September 1984, the first joint stock company and then one was commenced in Shanghai in 1985 and in Shenzhen in 1987
 * 2) Another experiment consisted of establishing securities trading markets such as, over-the-counter (OTC) market for shares and bonds was established in 1986.

To further improve the economic efficiency of the Chinese securities markets, eventually the Stock Exchange Executive Council (SEEC) was formed in March 1989 to create a nationwide treasury bond trading system, the Securities Trading Automated Quotations System (STAQs), which was established on December 1990.

title: Stock Exchange Executive Council


text:
Michael Moore (disambiguation)

Michael Moore is an American filmmaker and author.

Michael Moore may also refer to:

Academia

 * Michael G. Moore (fl. 1970s–2020s), professor of education
 * Michael S. Moore (academic) (fl. 1960s–2020s), American law professor
 * Michael Moore (herbalist) (1941–2009), author, founder of the SW School of Botanical Medicine and expert on medicinal plants
 * Michael Moore (physicist) (born 1943), professor of theoretical physics since 1976 at the University of Manchester
 * Michael Moore (provost) (c. 1639–1723), Irish priest, philosopher and educationalist

Entertainment

 * Mickey Moore or Michael D. Moore (1914–2013), Canadian-born American film director and child actor
 * Michael Moore (bassist) (born 1945), American bassist
 * Michael Moore (saxophonist and clarinetist) (born 1954), American musician
 * Michael S. Moore (comics) (born 1974), American comic book writer
 * Michael Moore (actor) (1925–1998), American film actor

Politics

 * Michael Moore (Maryland politician) (died 1903), American politician
 * Mike Moore (New Zealand politician) (1949–2020), prime minister of New Zealand and director-general of the World Trade Organization
 * Michael W. Moore (born 1948), former secretary of the Florida Department of Corrections
 * Michael Moore (Australian politician) (born 1950), former member of the Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly
 * Mike Moore (American politician) (born 1952), former Mississippi attorney-general, known for his involvement with early tobacco litigation
 * Michael Moore (Scottish politician) (born 1965), Liberal Democrat politician in the UK, former secretary of state for Scotland
 * Michael J. Moore (born 1968), former state senator and United States Attorney for the Middle District of Georgia
 * Michael Moore (Australian judge) (fl. 1990s–2000s), former Federal Court of Australia justice
 * Michael O. Moore (fl. 2000s–2020s), Massachusetts senator from Millbury, Massachusetts, representing the Second Worcester District
 * K. Michael Moore (born 1951), American federal judge

Baseball

 * Harry Moore (baseball) or Mike Moore (1876–1917), Negro leagues baseball player
 * Mike Moore (baseball) (born 1959), Major League Baseball player
 * Mike Moore (baseball executive) (fl. 1960s–2000s), Minor League Baseball president

Football

 * Mick Moore (born 1952), English footballer
 * Mike Moore (running back) (1956–2016), college football player
 * Michael Moore (offensive lineman) (born 1976), former American football guard
 * Michael Moore (footballer) (born 1981), Scottish football player
 * Mike Moore (American football coach) (fl. 1980s–2010s), American football coach
 * Mike Moore (Canadian football) (born 1993), Canadian football player

Other sports

 * Mike Moore (wrestler) (born 1958), former WCW professional wrestler
 * Michael Moore (rowing) (born 1970), American Olympic rower
 * Mikki Moore (born 1975), NBA player for the Golden State Warriors
 * Mike Moore (ice hockey) (born 1984), ice hockey player
 * Mike Moore (basketball) (born 1994), American basketball player
 * Michael Moore (sprinter), winner of the 1982 NCAA Division I outdoor 4 × 400 meter relay championship

Other people

 * Michael Moore (Swedish officer) (born 1953), major-general in Swedish Air Force, and expert at Swedish Department of Defense
 * Michael Scott Moore (born 1969), American journalist and novelist
 * Michael D. Moore (evangelist) (fl. 1980s–2020s), pastor of the Faith Chapel Christian Center in Birmingham, Alabama
 * Michel Moore (born 1960), chief of Los Angeles Police Department

title: Michael Moore (disambiguation)


text:
The Beano Annual

The Beano Annual is the current name of the book that has been published every year since 1939, to tie in with the children's comic The Beano. there have been 85 editions. The annuals are traditionally published in July or August, in time for Christmas, and since 1965 they have had the date of the following year on the cover. Before then no date was given.

From 1943 to 1950 the annual was called "The Magic-Beano Book", which referred to the short-lived Magic Comic that had ceased publication in 1941 due to the Second World War's paper rationing. The name reverted to the original title of "The Beano Book" in 1950 and continued, the year changing for each subsequent annual, until the release of the 2003 book in 2002 when it was renamed "The Beano Annual". The 2011 Beano Annual is taller and wider than previous annuals.

After paper rationing had ended, The Magic Comic was never revived, but some of the characters who had originally appeared in the pre-war Magic Comic remained as regular strips in the post-1950 Beano Comic (such as Koko the Pup).

Because of his popularity, Dennis the Menace has appeared on the front cover of every annual since the release of the 1979 book in 1978.

The latest version came out 2023 and was dated 2024. The book consistently retails at 6.98 from 2024 (released 2023)

List of annuals
This information is necessary to identify older annuals which are not dated. If an annual is dated 1940, it would have been published in August 1939.

Prices are in shillings and pence with one shilling (1/-) equal to 5p. Modern equivalent prices (not inflation-adjusted) are given in brackets.

The Beano Annual (2003-present)
Since the Beano's redesigned logo debuted on the 2017 annual (released 2016), the words "BEANO" and "ANNUAL (year)" have been displayed in a consistent size and font on the cover and spine each year; this had not previously been the case.

title: The Beano Annual


text:
Jonah (comics)

Jonah is a comic strip character published in the magazine The Beano. He made his first appearance in his eponymous comic strip in 1958, illustrated by Ken Reid. Although his comic strip sporadically appeared throughout the magazine, it has been published in other DC Thomson comic magazines.

Synopsis
Jonah is a skinny, gormless, chinless wonder of a sailor, feared by other mariners because of his clumsiness. He has (accidentally) sunk every ship he has sailed on (as well as all other vessels surrounding, at times), and started a war between the nations of Gorgonzolia and Parafinalia, resulting in the utter destruction of the combined fleets of both countries (a possible reference to the Cold War).

Although unconfirmed, he has similarities to the long-established sailor's superstition, which is based on the Biblical prophet Jonah, whose ship nearly sank in a storm).

Publication history
Jonah's series first published in issue 817, authored by an uncredited Walter Fearn and illustrated by Ken Reid. Reid's passion for the artwork over-stretched Fearn's scripts by several panels (sometimes more than 30) but are seemingly trimmed down to print on the back cover of The Beano. The strip finished after issue 1090.

Jerry Swaffield would later illustrate a one-off Jonah strip in 1988.

The Beano
There have been two spin-offs. In the year Jonah ended, a new comic strip began entitled Jinx, also drawn by Ken Reid. This strip was similar to Jonah, but starred Jonah's lisping, equally clumsy sister at school; Jinx ended in 1964. Another, entitled Son of Jonah, drawn by Jerry Swaffield, appeared in The Beano from 2606 to 2957. The Jinx series would feature in The Beano Book 1965, and a reprint appeared in issue 4 of The Best of Topper.

Jonah appeared in a background cameo with Big Eggo and Jack Flash in the comic strip Lord Snooty's Day Out in issue 3093, revealing formerly popular characters known by previous generations of readers now live in the Beano Retirement Home.

The series had a one-off appearance in issue 2331, as part of the Reader's Request series. In 2014, Jonah had a supporting role in The Bash Street Kids, revealing he is Plug's uncle.

Throughout the rest of Beano media, Jonah's stories have featured in Beano annuals between 1960 and 1964's editions, and a cameo in 2019's, as well as in The Beano Summer Special 1988.

DC Thomson
Jonah appeared frequently outside of The Beano franchise in a variety of DC Thomson's magazines. In 1971, reprints of his Beano strips published in Hornet from issue 395, and then in the entirety of Buddy run. New stories also appeared in The Dandy as part of "The Dandy-Beano Collection", in which a few Beano characters featured in The Dandy during 1986 and 1988,    followed by new stories in The Dandy from 1993 where he meets Captain Timmy "Thick" Fogg and can shapeshift into a monster humanoid with the help of a water gypsy's magic earring. Jonah was the star of 17 Beano Comic Library books, notably meeting Puss 'n' Boots from The Topper.

title: Jonah (comics)