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Vulcan Real Estate

Vale Group LLC, doing business as Vulcan Real Estate, is an American private holding company based in Seattle, Washington. The company was founded as Vulcan Inc. in 1986 by Microsoft co-founder Paul Allen and his sister Jody Allen to establish and oversee the family's diverse business activities and philanthropic endeavors. It includes the Paul G. Allen Estate and Trust and advises the Paul G. Allen Family Foundation.

History
Vulcan Northwest was formed in Bellevue, Washington in 1986 to manage the business affairs, investments, and philanthropic affairs of Paul Allen. The company initially had a Pacific Northwest focus. The company's headquarters moved from Bellevue to Seattle in 1998. In 2001, they dropped "Northwest" from the company name to reflect growing global ventures.

In 2010, the Green Sports Alliance was conceived and founded by Vulcan Inc. and the Natural Resources Defense Council. Inaugural members and partners included Vulcan ventures such as the Seattle Seahawks, Portland Trail Blazers, and Seattle Sounders FC. Green Sports Alliance Members made a variety of commitments to improve their environmental performance such as reducing waste, conserving energy and water, and eliminating toxic chemicals.

Following Paul Allen's death in 2018, Vulcan co-executive Jody Allen—who also serves as the estate's executor and trustee—has taken the lead strategic role at Vulcan. This has included instigating a process to assess the various Vulcan projects and enterprises based on either profit or philanthropic impact. Vulcan had approximately 700 employees as of mid-2019, and in October 2019 was reducing some of those positions.

As of 2024, Vulcan LLC is now called Vale Group.

Vulcan Real Estate
Vulcan's Real Estate division offers development and portfolio management services from site selection and urban planning to build-to-suit construction. Vulcan has developed 6.6 million square feet of new residential, office, retail and biotechnology research space and has a total development capacity of 10,000,000 square feet (930,000 m2).

Vulcan Real Estate redeveloped the South Lake Union neighborhood north of downtown Seattle and along the south shore of Lake Union. More than $5.7 billion has been invested in the neighborhood since 2002 for development projects and public infrastructure improvements.

Vulcan advocated for the Seattle Streetcar line known as South Lake Union Streetcar, which runs from Seattle's Westlake Center to the south end of Lake Union. The streetcar officially started operation on December 12, 2007. This development has been criticized as a city-supported real estate investment for Vulcan Inc., and concerns over the loss of low-income housing have been expressed..

In 2012, The Wall Street Journal called Allen's South Lake Union investment "unexpectedly lucrative" and one that led to his firm selling a 1,800,000 square feet (170,000 m2) office complex to Amazon.com for US$1.16 billion, one of the most expensive office deals ever in Seattle. "It's exceeded my expectations," Mr. Allen said of the South Lake Union development. The company also developed a five-building complex for Google near Lake Union Park that is planned to open in stages between 2019 and 2022. In late February 2022, Vulcan Real Estate sold the two-block, four building Google campus overlooking Seattle's Lake Union for $802 million, a price of $1,260 per square foot that's believed to set a new record for the city's office market.

In September 2014, Vulcan made a commitment to invest $200 million at Yesler Terrace where it would purchase three land parcels from the Seattle Housing Authority as part of an ambitious redevelopment plan for the 30-acre low-income housing site located southeast of downtown Seattle.

The Hospital Club
In 2002, Paul Allen reopened the doors of the old St. Paul's Hospital in London's Covent Garden neighborhood, revealing a new 60,000-square-foot creative hub, providing a professional and social hub to those working in the film, television, music, advertising, contemporary art and design, publishing and journalism, interactive media, theatre and fashion industries.

Museums

 * The Flying Heritage & Combat Armor Museum displays Paul G. Allen's collection of rare military aircraft, tanks and other military hardware from the United States, Germany, Japan, Russia, and the United Kingdom. The Collection opened to the public in 2004 at the Arlington, Washington airfield, moving in 2008 to a hangar at Paine Field in Everett, Washington. Several weeks after Allen's death in 2018, the museum opened a larger hangar to preserve related stories.
 * The Living Computers: Museum + Labs (LCM+L) Is a computer and technology museum located in the SoDo neighborhood of Seattle, Washington. LCM+L (originally known as Living Computer Museum, and before that, PDPplanet.com) was founded by Paul Allen, on January 9, 2006.
 * The Museum of Pop Culture, or MoPOP (previously called EMP Museum), Is a nonprofit museum dedicated to contemporary popular culture. It was founded by Paul Allen in 2000 as the Experience Music Project. Since that time MoPOP has organized dozens of exhibits, 17 of which have toured across the US and internationally.
 * The Seattle Art Fair displays modern and contemporary art and is a showcase for the arts community of the Pacific Northwest.
 * The SIFF Cinema Downtown, previously named the Seattle Cinerama, is a downtown Seattle theater with a large screen. It was remodeled in 2014 to allow for more projection methods, and remodeled again, reopening in December 2023.
 * The Upstream Music Fest + Summit is a three-day music festival.

Vulcan Sports and Entertainment
Established in 2007, Vulcan Sports and Entertainment (VSE) provides strategic oversight for Allen's professional sports franchises including the Portland Trail Blazers, the Seattle Seahawks and manages Lumen Field, WaMu Theater, the Moda Center and Veterans Memorial Coliseum (Portland, Oregon). In the fall of 2018, Chris McGowan was named CEO of Vulcan Sports and Entertainment after Peter McLoughlin left the Seahawks.

Research
Both the Allen Institute for Brain Science and the Allen Institute for Artificial Intelligence were incubated at Vulcan Inc. Started at Vulcan Inc. in 2001, the Allen Brain Atlas project sought to understand the connections between genes and brain functioning. From the project's research, Paul Allen created the Allen Institute for Brain Science in 2003 with a $100 million donation.

Project Halo came next. The project ran from 2002 to 2013, with the goal of creating a "digital Aristotle" that can correctly answer queries about scientific information, using artificial intelligence. The project led to a number of spinoff technologies, including the wiki software bundle SMW+, the Semantic Inferencing on Large Knowledge (SILK) project and the Automated User-Centered Reasoning and Acquisition System (AURA). From Project Halo's results, the Allen Institute for Artificial Intelligence was created.

Vulcan Productions
Vulcan Productions produces films, digital programs and outreach initiatives. Its programs have won awards including the George Foster Peabody Award, the Emmy Award, and the Grammy Award. Vulcan Productions closed in 2021.

Technology
Vulcan Inc. has also directly led some technology projects.

In 2003, Vulcan began developing the Vulcan FlipStart, a subnotebook with a 5.6-inch screen. The company began to manufacture and sell the FlipStart in March 2007, and ceased production in May 2008.

Vulcan Spectrum, a branch of Vulcan Inc., participated in the United States 2008 wireless spectrum auction, and paid US$69 million for "A Block" spectrum in the Seattle-Tacoma-Bremerton area, and US$43.6 million for "A Block" spectrum in Portland-Salem.

Vulcan Aerospace is a subsidiary of Vulcan Inc. set up in 2015 to help achieve Paul Allen's desire to make commercial space travel more convenient and less expensive. Vulcan Aerospace oversaw the development of Stratolaunch Systems project, an air launch system being developed 2010–2019 to transport payloads to low Earth orbit using a large carrier aircraft. In 2016, initial test flights were projected to take place as early as 2016. In September 2016, Vulcan Aerospace President Chuck Beames left his role leading the effort and was replaced by an interim executive director: "Jean Floyd, the CEO of Vulcan’s Stratolaunch Systems." Although the super-sized Stratolaunch carrier aircraft first flew on April 13, 2019, at the Mojave Air and Space Port in a 2 h 29 min flight, Vulcan announced in May 2019 that the company would cease operations. The assets of Stratolaunch, including all intellectual property and the 385 ft-wingspan carrier aircraft—"the world’s largest aircraft to fly" —were put up for sale for US$400 million in June 2019. Stratolaunch was sold and the new owner was identified in December 2019 to be Cerberus Capital Management. Stratolaunch continued to operate under new ownership.

Philanthropy
In 2014, Vulcan Inc. partnered with Elephants Without Borders to secure a $7.3 million grant to conduct the Great Elephant Census. The census was designed to provide accurate and up-to-date data about the number and distribution of African elephants by using standardized aerial surveys of thousands of square miles. Prior to the survey, many countries had not conducted surveying flights in as many as 10 years. Dozens of researchers flying in small planes captured comprehensive observational data of elephants and elephant carcasses. The census was completed in 2016, finding that elephant populations had declined by as much as 30 percent over the previous seven years as a result of poaching.

In February 2016, Allen announced that Vulcan would donate $2 million in grants to stop the spread of the Zika virus. Most of the funds went to mosquito control efforts in countries where the virus was quickly spreading, while the remainder was used to fund a diagnostic test.

title: Vulcan Real Estate


text:
The Music Lovers

The Music Lovers is a 1971 British drama film directed by Ken Russell and starring Richard Chamberlain and Glenda Jackson. The screenplay by Melvyn Bragg, based on Beloved Friend, a collection of personal correspondence edited by Catherine Drinker Bowen and Barbara von Meck, focuses on the life and career of 19th-century Russian composer Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky. It was one of the director's biographical films about classical composers, which include Elgar (1962), Delius: Song of Summer (1968), Mahler (1974) and Lisztomania (1975), made from an often idiosyncratic standpoint.

Plot
Much of the film is without dialogue and the story is presented in flashbacks, nightmares, and fantasy sequences set to Tchaikovsky's music. As a child, the composer sees his mother die horribly, forcibly immersed in scalding water as a supposed cure for cholera, and is haunted by the scene throughout his musical career. Despite his difficulty in establishing his reputation, he attracts Madame Nadezhda von Meck as his patron. His marriage to the allegedly nymphomaniacal Antonina Miliukova is plagued by his homosexual urges and lustful desire for Count Anton Chiluvsky. The dynamics of his life lead to deteriorating mental health and the loss of von Meck's patronage, and he dies of cholera after deliberately drinking contaminated water while his wife ends up in an insane asylum.

Cast

 * Richard Chamberlain as Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky
 * Glenda Jackson as Nina (Antonina Milyukova)
 * Max Adrian as Nikolai Rubinstein
 * Christopher Gable as Count Anton Chiluvsky
 * Kenneth Colley as Modeste Tchaikovsky
 * Izabella Telezynska as Madame Nadezhda von Meck
 * Maureen Pryor as Nina's Mother
 * Sabina Maydelle as Sasha Tchaikovsky
 * Andrew Faulds as Davidov
 * Bruce Robinson as Alexei Sofronov
 * Ben Aris as Young Lieutenant
 * Xavier Russell as Koyola
 * Dennis Myers as Von Meck, twin
 * John Myers as Von Meck, twin
 * Joanne Brown as Olga Bredska
 * Alexei Jawdokimov as Dmitri Shubelov
 * Alex Russell as Von Meck child (as Alexander Russell)
 * Clive Cazes as Doctor
 * Georgina Parkinson as Odile (SWAN LAKE ballet)
 * Alan Dubreuil as Prince in Swan Lake
 * Graham Armitage as Prince Balukin
 * Ernest Bale as Headwaiter
 * Consuela Chapman as Tchaikovsky's Mother
 * James Russell as Bobyek
 * Victoria Russell as Tatiana
 * Alex Brewer as Young Tchaikovsky

Development
Harry Saltzman had seen some of Russell's television work and wanted to make a film with him. Russell had made many films for television about composers and artists, including Debussy and Richard Strauss, and suggested a biopic of Tchaikovsky, who he had long admired. Saltzman wanted to do something more commercial, leading to Billion Dollar Brain. After that movie Russell tried to get Saltzman to finance the Tchaikovsky film again but the producer declined as Dimitri Tiomkin was making his own Tchaikovsky movie.

Eventually United Artists agreed to finance following the success of Women in Love. Russell later claimed: "if I hadn't told United Artists that it was a story about a homosexual who fell in love with a nymphomaniac it might have never been financed."

The film was originally called Tchaikovsky. It focused on the years 1874–76, which Russell felt were the most crucial in the composer's life.

The script was based on a collection of letters from Tchaikovsky, Beloved Friend, published in 1937.

The title was changed to The Lonely Heart to differentiate it from Tchaikovsky, a Russian film released the previous year. The film's title card eventually reads Ken Russell's Film on Tchaikovsky and The Music Lovers.

Russell said: "The film is about the fact that Tchaikovsky couldn't love anyone even though he wrote some of the world's most beautiful music. He loved himself really and his sister. The film is about how artists transcend personal problems, how he used these problems and their results to create this particular kind of music." The director later added "there's as much tranquillity in my film on Tchaikovsky as there is in his music."

"Great heroes are the stuff of myth and legend, not facts," he added. "Music and facts don't mix. Tchaikovsky said: 'My life is in my music.' And who can deny that the man's music is not utterly fantastic? So likewise the movie! I sought to honour his genius by offering up my own small portion of his courage to create."

Casting
Russell offered the two lead roles to actors he worked with on Women in Love, Glenda Jackson and Alan Bates. Both accepted, but Bates then changed his mind. Russell felt this was because Bates "thought it might not be good for his image to play two sexually deviant parts in rapid succession."

United Artists wanted a star to play Tchaikovsky but Russell struggled to find someone who was willing. Eventually someone suggested Richard Chamberlain, who had relocated to the UK. Russell said "When his name was originally put forward I nearly had a heart attack. I'd only seen him as a bland TV doctor." However the director changed his mind after he saw the actor in a TV version of Portrait of a Lady ("I knew we had a contender"). When he discovered that Chamberlain was a skilled piano player, the actor was cast.

Chamberlain called the role "easily the biggest challenge of my career." Russell said Chamberlain "had a certain quiet dignity... which I felt the character needed. He was good to work with, very gentle and sweet; he did everything we asked him."

Production
Jackson said the filmmakers tried to research insane asylums in Russia at the time by asking the Russian embassy "but they told us they were all wonderful so we ended up literally making the film out of the imagination of Ken Russell."

Jackson said "I think people will love it or hate it but I doubt that anyone will go away feeling nothing. I think it's really quite extraordinary." She also said she preferred Women in Love to The Music Lovers "because it had the better script and that makes all the difference."

Rafael Orozco recorded the piano pieces played by Tchaikovsky in the film.

Director Russell hired his wife Shirley as costume designer and cast four of their children – Alexander, Victoria, James, and Xavier – in small roles.

In one sequence, Tchaikovsky and his patron glimpse each other from a distance as she passes through a wood in her carriage. In real life their paths accidentally crossed in an Italian park. Later, his wife Nina loses her mind and is placed in an insane asylum; in reality she was not institutionalised until after his death.

Glenda Jackson and Andrew Faulds later served together as Labour Party MPs in the British House of Commons from 1992 to 1997, while the screenwriter Melvyn Bragg has been a Labour member of the House of Lords since 1998.

Soundtrack
The London Symphony Orchestra, conducted by André Previn, performs excerpts from the following pieces by Tchaikovsky:

 * Piano Concerto in B-flat minor (soloist Rafael Orozco)
 * Eugene Onegin (soprano April Cantelo)
 * Symphony No. 6 in B minor, Pathétique
 * Manfred Symphony
 * Romeo and Juliet
 * 1812 Overture
 * Incidental music to Hamlet
 * Symphony No. 5 in E minor
 * Symphony No. 4 in F minor

Reception
In his review for The New York Times, Vincent Canby stated: Mr. Russell has told us a lot less about Tchaikovsky and his music than he has about himself as a filmmaker. . . [His] speculations are not as offensive as his frontal – and often absurd – attacks on the emotions. Richard Chamberlain. . . is fine as Tchaikovsky, looking a bit like a haunted faun, and Glenda Jackson is all sinewy nerves as Nina, but they are hard put to match the. . . nonstop hysteria of the production that surrounds them. . . I expect many people may look on The Music Lovers as an advance on the classical musical biographies turned out by Hollywood in the 1940s, but for all of its so-called frankness, there isn't much difference between this kind of sensational, souped-up popularization and the sort of pious, souped-down popularization that cast Cornel Wilde as Chopin and Robert Walker as Brahms.

Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times called it "an involved and garish private fantasy" and "totally irresponsible as a film about, or inspired by, or parallel to, or bearing a vague resemblance to, Tchaikovsky, his life and times."

Time commented: "Seventy-seven years have passed since Tchaikovsky's death. In this epoch of emancipated morality, it would be reasonable to expect that his life would be reviewed with fresh empathy. But no; the same malignant attitudinizing that might have been applied decades ago is still at work . . . [the film's] arch tableaux, its unstable amalgam of life and art, make it a director's picture . . . attempting to reveal psychology through music, Russell makes every character grotesque, every bar of music programmatic."

Variety opined, "By unduly emphasizing the mad and the perverse in their biopic . . . producer-director Ken Russell and scripter Melvyn Bragg lose their audience. The result is a motion picture that is frequently dramatically and visually stunning but more often tedious and grotesque . . . Instead of a Russian tragedy, Russell seems more concerned with haunting the viewers' memory with shocking scenes and images. The opportunity to create a memorable and fluid portrait of the composer has been sacrificed for a musical Grand Guignol."

In the Cleveland Press, Toni Mastroianni said, "The movies have treated composers notoriously badly but few films have been quite so awful as this pseudo-biography of Tchaikovsky."

Dave Kehr of the Chicago Reader described the film as a "Ken Russell fantasia – musical biography as wet dream" and added, "[it] hangs together more successfully than his other similar efforts, thanks largely to a powerhouse performance by Glenda Jackson, one actress who can hold her own against Russell's excess."

TV Guide calls it "a spurious biography of a great composer that is so filled with wretched excesses that one hardly knows where to begin . . . all the attendant surrealistic touches director Ken Russell has added take this out of the realm of plausibility and into the depths of cheap gossip."

Time Out New York calls it "vulgar, excessive, melodramatic and self-indulgent . . . the drama is at fever pitch throughout . . . Chamberlain doesn't quite have the range required in the central role, though his keyboard skills are impressive."

In the London Times, John Russell Taylor wrote of Russell when reviewing this film: "His talent, his sheer zest for film-making are not in doubt. But there is no doubt that his unique gifts are matched at times by a unique talent for misapplying them."

Pauline Kael would later say in an interview: "You really feel you should drive a stake through the heart of the man who made it. I mean it is so vile. It is so horrible."

Home media
The Music Lovers was released to DVD by MGM Home Entertainment on October 12, 2011 via its DVD-on-demand service available through Amazon.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: The Music Lovers


text:
Ignacy Domeyko

Ignacy Domeyko or Domejko, pseudonym: Żegota (Ignacio Domeyko, ; 31 July 1802 – 23 January 1889) was a Polish  geologist, mineralogist, educator, and founder of the University of Santiago, in Chile. Domeyko spent most of his life, and died, in his adopted country, Chile.

After a youth passed in partitioned Poland, Domeyko participated in the Polish–Russian War 1830–31. Upon Russian victory, he was exiled, spending part of his life in France (where he had gone with a fellow Philomath, Polish poet Adam Mickiewicz) before eventually settling in Chile, whose citizen he became.

He lived some 50 years in Chile and made major contributions to the study of that country's geography, geology and mineralogy. His observations on the circumstances of poverty-stricken miners and of their wealthy exploiters had a profound influence on those who would go on to shape Chile's labor movement.

Domeyko is seen as having had close ties to several countries and thus in 2002, when UNESCO organized a series of commemorations of the 200th anniversary of his birth, he was referred to as "a citizen of the world".

Early life

Ignacy Domeyko was born in the then Russian partition of the former Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, at Niedźwiadka Wielka (Мядзьведка) Manor (Bear Cub Manor) near Nieśwież, Minsk Governorate, Imperial Russia (now Karelichy district, Belarus). The Domeyko family held the Polish Dangiel coat of arms. Ignacy's father, Hipolit Domeyko, who was president of the local land court (sąd ziemski), died when Ignacy was seven years old; the boy's uncles then served as his guardians.

In his youth Ignacy was a subject of the Russian Empire. He had, however, been brought up in the culture of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, a multicultural state whose educated and dominant classes had spoken Polish as a lingua franca. Shortly before Domeyko's birth, the Commonwealth had been dismembered in the partitions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. For this reason, and because Domeyko subsequently spent most of his life in Chile, he is considered a person of national importance to Poles, Belarusians, Lithuanians, and Chileans.

Domeyko enrolled at Vilnius University, then known as the Imperial University of Vilna, in 1816 as a student of mathematics and physics. He studied under Jędrzej Śniadecki. Involved with the Philomaths, a secret student organisation dedicated to Polish culture and the restoration of Poland's independence, he was a close friend of Adam Mickiewicz. In 1823–24, during the investigation and trials of the Philomaths, Domeyko and Mickiewicz spent months incarcerated at Vilnius' Uniate Basilian monastery.

After participating in the November 1830 Uprising, in which Domeyko served as an officer under General Dezydery Chłapowski, in 1831 Domeyko was forced into exile in order not to face Russian reprisals.

Exile
Journeying through Germany, he arrived in France, where he would earn an engineering degree at Paris' École des Mines (School of Mining). He also studied at the Sorbonne and maintained his political engagements with Belarusians, Poles, and Lithuanians.

Chile
In 1838 Domeyko left for Chile. There he made substantial contributions to mineralogy and the technology of mining, studied several previously unknown minerals, advocated for the civil rights of the native tribal peoples, and was a meteorologist and ethnographer. He is also credited with introducing the metric system to Latin America.

He served as a professor at a mining college in Coquimbo (La Serena) and after 1847 at the University of Chile (Universidad de Chile, in Santiago), of which he was rector for 16 years (1867–83). Domeyko gained Chilean citizenship in 1849, but declared at the time that "I may now never change my citizenship, but God grants me hope that wherever I may be—whether in the Cordilleras or in [the Vilnius suburb of] Paneriai—I shall die a Lithuanian." The term "Lithuanian" at that time designated any inhabitant, whatever his ethnicity, of the territories of the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania.

In 1884 Domeyko returned for an extended visit to Europe and remained there until 1889, visiting his birthplace and other places in the former Commonwealth, as well as Paris and Jerusalem.

In 1887 he was awarded an honorary doctorate by the Jagiellonian University, in Kraków.

In 1889, soon after returning to Santiago, Chile, Domeyko died.

Memorials
Named in honour of Domeyko are; a Cuban found genus of plants Domeykoa, the mineral domeykite, the shellfish Nautilus domeykus, the genus of dinosaur Domeykosaurus, the ammonite Amonites domeykanus, asteroid 2784 Domeyko, the Cordillera Domeyko mountain range in the Andes, and the Chilean town of Domeyko.

A bronze bust of Domeyko stands in the Casa Central de la Universidad de Chile, of which Domeyko was long-time rector.

In 1992, a plaque in Spanish and Polish was placed on a building at Krakowskie Przedmieście 64, in Warsaw, Poland, commemorating the "distinguished son of the Polish nation and eminent citizen of Chile."

On the 200th anniversary of his birth, UNESCO declared 2002 to be "Ignacy Domeyko Year." Several commemorative events were held in Chile under the auspices of Polish President Aleksander Kwaśniewski and Chilean President Ricardo Lagos.

In 2002, Poland and Chile jointly issued a postage stamp commemorating the 200th anniversary of Domeyko's birth.

Also in 2002, a 200th-birthday plaque honoring him was placed in the entry gate to Uniate Basilian monastery in Vilnius, Lithuania, where he and Adam Mickiewicz were held in 1823–24 during the investigation and trials of the Philomaths.

In 2015 a Belarusian climber Pavel Gorbunov placed a memorial plate on the top of Cerro Kimal in Cordillera Domeyko.

title: Ignacy Domeyko


text:
Talk:Jaguar X-Type

Estate car
oops. there appears to be a difference between estate and estate car. well done, hcheney. akaDruid 17:41, 2 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * No problem. I'll probably try to create some more Jaguar articles in the coming weeks. --Hcheney 18:08, 2 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * If you are interested in the area, you are welcome to join WikiProject:Automobiles. akaDruid 09:24, 3 Mar 2004 (UTC)

X-TYPE in capitals?
I've just added the X-TYPE picture. Out of interest I went to www.jaguar.com to see how the name of the car is written and it's Jaguar X-TYPE (in capitals). I've also checked in Google Images and found two rear-view pics of the X-TYPE that clearly show the capitals. So should I change all references to X-type to X-TYPE? This applies to S-TYPE as well. I don't know how to change the article title nor the template at the bottom. - Adrian Pingstone 16:01, 11 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * You're quite right, and they should be moved. There's a move tab to rename articles, and the template can be edited at Template:Jaguar or by clicking on the link at the bottom.  I'll have a shot at these now if I get time.  Nice job on the photos, again! akaDruid 16:49, 11 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * I've moved X-Type to X-TYPE and S-Type to S-TYPE, reworked the articles, and updated the template. I'm not 100% sure about Jaguar S-TYPE, since I think the 1963 S-Type was not capitalised - certainly the contempary E-Type wasn't. I wonder which should be reflected in the title?  If there is enough information, the pages could be split, but that would cause some ambiguaty problems.  akaDruid 17:09, 11 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Most vehicles use all-caps on the flank/rear badges. But yes, it looks like Jaguar uses all caps in writing as well.  Every other reference I looked at (press coverage) uses "X-Type", though.  And X-TYPE hurts my eyes!  Of well, we move it but keep redirects.  Note that the old S-Type was NOT all caps.  --SFoskett 19:00, Jan 11, 2005 (UTC)

 * The Manual of Style says something like if the word is an acronym, it should go in capital letters, but in lower-case in other cases. Besides, many manufacturers use capital letters on short names. I thik it should go with Title Case, as the article's name.

 * This article and the one for the S-Type have been vastly improved in terms of readability by spelling them in non-caps. Just simply looking at X-TYPE and S-TYPE used again and again among otherwise normal text nearly made my eyes water. Chaparral2J (talk) 06:46, 23 June 2008 (UTC)

Estate car
In this section there is written the X-TYPE estate car is the second ever Jaguar estate car. I really can't see which has been the first (if any).
 * Supposedly there was a one off estate version of the XJS, but I don't have a cite handy. Certainly its the first production model Alastairward 15:59, 26 September 2006 (UTC)

You're right, it was the 'shooting break', a break derived from a sports car (like Volvo P1800 ES or Aston Martin DB5 Shooting Break). Technically, it's not the same as an estate car, especially not the same as the X-Type break.

Lynx produced a limited number of XJS estate cars. These were after market conversions and so not Jaguar products: http://www.lynxmotors.co.uk/eerf.htm http://austin-rover.co.uk/lynxeventf.htm

Jaguar produced a prototype XJ40 estate: http://austin-rover.co.uk/index.htm?2003necf.htm (scroll about 1/2 way down)

and Avon produced this rathe awkward and clumsy looking Series 3 estate: http://austin-rover.co.uk/avonxj6f.htm

LewisR (talk) 15:52, 29 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Also, the X-type wagon, err, estate car, apparently was one of the poorest-selling models in many years. The article doesn't mention this, though. --RyanTee82 (talk) 03:39, 8 September 2009 (UTC)

"It was the first Jaguar model designed by Ian Callum." Ian STYLED the car, he certainly didn't design it. What do you think the other 1500+ engineers on that project did? — Preceding unsigned comment added by LewisR (talk • contribs) 05:04, 17 February 2013 (UTC)

X-Type R
An X-Type R version of the car was developed. It used a 330bhp supercharged V6 engine (AJ67 IIRC). That engine was placed into a number of modified Mondeos which also ran the 4wd system as development cars. The engine was also being developed for Jaguar's 2nd attempt at an E-Type replacement, the X600. All three (R, SC engine & X600) programmes were haulted though for possibly one or more of the following reasons: Overall developement costs, durability of 330bhp in the bottom end of the V6, the V6 wouldn't package in the proposed X600.

LewisR (talk) 02:55, 10 May 2009 (UTC) The 2006 Jaguar X-Type 3.0 is backed up by its 528 horsepower. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.213.65.36 (talk) 21:11, 19 February 2011 (UTC)

"The 2006 Jaguar X-Type 3.0 is backed up by its 528 horsepower. " Sorry? What's that about? LewisR (talk) 05:01, 17 February 2013 (UTC)

Engines
The article states "The Jaguar AJ-V6 engine design is unique to the Jaguar X-Type". This is false. The 2.5 & 3.0 V6 were both used in the S-Type, and the 3.0 was used in the X250 XF, X350 XJ and Lincoln LS. LewisR (talk) 04:35, 27 December 2017 (UTC)

 * I have removed it. Toasted Meter (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 05:08, 27 December 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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HM Queen Elizabeth's X-type estate
This featured in a photograph on the front page of the Daily Express on Monday April 19th 2021. RGCorris (talk) 16:44, 19 April 2021 (UTC)
 * The WP:DAILYEXPRESS is not a WP:RELIABLE source and celebrity gossip does not belong on Wikipedia, per WP:NOTNEWS. HumanBodyPiloter5 (talk) 16:47, 19 April 2021 (UTC)

2003 Jaguar X-Type 3.0 sport strut assembly compatibility
Wondering if there's anything with us area that is compatible strut assembly 2600:1700:D7F0:11A0:7951:B520:F59E:6C72 (talk) 04:10, 6 January 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jaguar X-Type


text:
STS-44

STS-44 was a NASA Space Shuttle mission using Atlantis that launched on November 24, 1991. It was a U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) space mission.

Mission highlights
The launch was on November 24, 1991, at 23:44:00 UTC. A launch set for November 19, 1991, was delayed due to replacement and testing of a malfunctioning redundant inertial measurement unit on the Inertial Upper Stage (IUS) booster attached to the Defense Support Program (DSP) satellite. The launch was reset for November 24 and was delayed by 13 minutes to allow an orbiting spacecraft to pass and to allow external tank liquid oxygen replenishment after minor repairs to a valve in the liquid oxygen replenishment system in the mobile launcher platform. Launch weight was 117766 kg.

The mission was dedicated to the Department of Defense. The unclassified payload included a Defense Support Program (DSP) satellite, DSP-16 attached to Inertial Upper Stage (IUS-14), deployed on flight day one. Cargo bay and middeck payloads included the Interim Operational Contamination Monitor (IOCM), Terra-Scout, Military Man in Space (M88-1), Air Force Maui Optical Site (AMOS), Cosmic Radiation Effects and Activation Monitor (CREAM), Shuttle Activation Monitor (SAM), Radiation Monitoring Equipment (RME III), Visual Function Tester (VFT-1), Bioreactor Flow, and Extended Duration Orbiter Medical Project, a series of investigations in support of Extended Duration Orbiter. The Ultraviolet Plume Instrument (UVPI) experiment was located onboard the previously-launched LACE satellite, and could've been pointed at Atlantis on-orbit to observe the shuttle's thruster findings. However, no opportunities or intersections occurred during this mission.

The landing was on December 1, 1991, at 22:34:44 UTC, Runway 5, Edwards Air Force Base, California. The rollout distance was 3411 m, and the rollout time was 107 seconds. The landing weight was 87918 kg. The landing was originally scheduled for Kennedy Space Center on December 4, 1991, but the ten-day mission was shortened and the landing rescheduled following the November 30, 1991, on-orbit failure of one of three orbiter inertial measurement units. The lengthy rollout was due to minimal braking for test. Atlantis returned to Kennedy on December 8, 1991. This was also the final shuttle landing on a dry lake bed runway.

Wake-up calls
NASA began a tradition of playing music to astronauts during the Project Gemini, and first used music to wake up a flight crew during Apollo 15. Each track is specially chosen, often by the astronauts' families, and usually has a special meaning to an individual member of the crew, or is applicable to their daily activities.

title: STS-44


text:
Talk:Phantom power

Standards
"The IEC 61938 Standard defines 48-volt, 24-volt, and 12-volt phantom powering. The signal conductors are positive, both fed through resistors of equal value  (6.81 kΩ for 48 V, 1.2 kΩ for 24 V, and 680 Ω for 12 V), and the shield is ground."

Can someone provide a reference for: 1.2 kΩ for 24 V? Where does this come from? I can't find any reference to this... — Preceding unsigned comment added by 176.147.175.24 (talk) 08:27, 22 October 2018 (UTC)

I know that the phantom power standard (whatever that is) specifies 6.8k resistors between the 48 V supply and the (XLR) pins. As here:

http://www.uneeda-audio.com/phantom/phan03.gif

This could be specified, maybe with a circuit. It is not always adhered to, however.

Also, there is a "standard" for the mic load, which is 9k between pin 1 and the others, and 200 ohm between 2 and 3. However, I have no idea where this standard comes from and I am sure it is not widely used. Just what I was told to use. Maybe it is just a standard test load. But anyone who wants to search these and write about them should. - Omegatron 17:42, Mar 2, 2004 (UTC)

 * Can you provide a reference to any such standard? I don't know about it. Altaphon (talk) 20:58, 7 March 2011 (UTC)

The schematic drawing is wrong, I will provide a corrected one soon. There should never be an R3, this is commonly done by some makers to eat some power supply hum but there is no substitute for a clean, low impedance +48 feed. Altaphon (talk) 21:01, 7 March 2011 (UTC)

The statement about P24 vs. P12 and P48 has it exactly backwards; P24 is deprecated, not the others. I will try to update this information from the latest version of the standards.DSatz (talk) 10:05, 1 February 2019 (UTC)

Rewrite
Major rewrite. To be done: add references to the IEC standard (EN 61938) and DIN 45596. Also if anyone can improve the style and/or add the usual Wiki cross-references, great. I'm kind of new at this. DSatz 13:46, May 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * I did some of this. In the meantime the IEC standard has been revised, have corrected the references to match the new version. Altaphon (talk) 23:09, 4 June 2015 (UTC)

Origin
Someone added the claim that Neumann (= Georg Neumann GmbH, Berlin) invented phantom powering in 1966. That is indeed the year of Neumann's first phantom-powered microphones (the KM 83, KM 84 and KM 85) according to Neumann's history chart (see http://www.neumann.com/infopool/download.php?Datei=docu0051.PDF) and other sources. It may well be that Neumann introduced 48-Volt phantom powering.

But the article also mentions a system used by French radio somewhat prior to this time, with 9 - 12 Volt phantom powering and a positive circuit ground. Nagra analog tape recorders, including my IV-S right ... here ... (stretching) ... supported this "negative phantom" powering system, which matched the positive ground power supply of the Nagra itself. To my knowledge the first studio microphones made for that system were the Schoeps CMT 2-- series (CMT 24, 25, etc.). I have a schematic for their circuit dated July, 1964, but the company says that the microphone itself was introduced only in 1965. I haven't been able to resolve that difference yet (Schoeps never kept such good historical records, unfortunately).

At any rate it seems clear that Neumann adapted this powering method to what eventually became its most popular form, but they didn't invent it. DSatz 22:13, 29 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I came here to say the same this. I can find no reliable source on this: everything I see online is clearly citogenesis. I believe the information about the origins should be removed. 47.55.126.103 (talk) 04:52, 27 December 2023 (UTC)

I really think someone should look more closely into the origins of phantom. I personally own two phantom powered schoeps microphones that pre-dates the KM84.

Also, the sentences about a auxilliary 48 volt system at the norwegian broadcasting is as far as i can tell unfounded speculation from Neumann. The consoles in use there at that point was to a large degree built by Kongsberg Vaapenfabrikk( http://www.kongsberg.com/nor/kog/ ), the powersupplies might have been 48volts so the misunderstanding might come from there. And even though it is dark in the winter, i would suggest that normal 220Volt electricity where used for lighting purposes:-) They did however adapt the use of american cannon/xlr connectors early on togheter with the BBC, so the misunderstanding might stem from this. KM84 serial no. 34 is atleast a cannon equipped mic. belonging to the norwegian broadcasting company.

DI Box
This is mentioned near the beginning of the article, with no explanation as to what it is. I have a rough idea, but not really enough to add it to the article. Perhaps someone who knows more about this subject could do so? 82.32.46.112 22:06, 21 November 2005 (UTC)

 * DI box — Omegatron 20:51, 8 December 2006 (UTC)

"Dangers" of phantom power not true
The section on the danger of phantom power is untrue - the maximum current of 14mA is nowhere near enough to cause injury or death.

Shocks and electrocution from microphones are instead from faulty grounding and AC power wiring - the referenced story about a pastor being electrocuted involved faulty wiring on a water heater connected to the baptismal pool. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 12.161.159.124 (talk) 02:43, 20 January 2007 (UTC).

 * agreed, the only mentions of phantom power i could find in the reference were saying that it probablly wasn't the cause! signal ground tied to a broken mains ground that rose up because of a fault is a far mroe likely explanation for a shock from a microphone.

 * I agree also. I'm going to delete those two sentences.    talk 15:35, 20 April 2010 (UTC)
 * I also changed the name of that section from "Dangers" to "Implementation variations", because the section has little to do with the dangers of phantom power (mostly because there are none). If anyone can come up with a better section heading, feel free to replace mine.    talk 15:46, 20 April 2010 (UTC)
 * It may not cause injury (at least not unless you were to intentionally touch it for a reeeeally long time - I heard that if you were to touch both terminals of, say, a 12 V battery for - don't know - a really long time - you'd eventuelly die, as even low current will always shift a few ions through cell membranes of nervous cells and once enough ions are shifted, they'll fire - the DC always shifts them into the same direction - sounds a bit like an urban myth - I'd not be willing to try it out though) but I'm sure it can feel uncomfortable. Also 14 mA across a 10 kOhm resistor (skin resistance in a human will normally be even higher!) would already cause a 140 V to appear across that resistor. So it'll almost always be the voltage that limits current flow in this scenerio, not the current limitation. 79.245.163.217 (talk) 09:21, 12 August 2014 (UTC)

Using wrong cables at the wrong moment may result in a peak current of 10 A ! ( 48 V 5 Ohm, 50 Ohm will still give 1 A ). This may destroy or at least degrade semiconductors at the amp-input or damage the ribbon or magnetise the transformer of a ribbon mic (Intermodulation Distortion). Serial resistors to the capacitors will decrease the current but will heavily degrade noise performance.

--AK45500 (talk) 16:12, 11 July 2017 (UTC)

 * A phantom power supply is neither a constant voltage source nor a constant current source. The standard requires a resistance of several kOhms in series with the internal voltage source. 48 Volts is the "open circuit" (unloaded) voltage for P48--but the more current a microphone draws, the lower the actual voltage will be at the XLR sockets of the preamp/mixer/recorder. For example, a P48 microphone that draws 4 mA (typical for modern, transformerless condenser mikes) will "see" only ~34 Volts because of the mandated series resistance in the supply.
 * It's very different from holding on to both terminals of a battery, which has much lower output impedance and can supply much more current. You simply could never get 14 mA from a standard 48-Volt phantom power supply across an external 10 kOhm resistance (skin or whatever); you'd get a fraction of that. And there would be no 140 Volts for sure.
 * Still, if for any reason the output of a mixer or recorder (i.e. equipment that's not designed to be phantom powered itself) is connected to the phantom-powered input of a mixer, recorder, or mike preamp, the phantom powering on that input should be turned off or otherwise blocked. The phantom supply voltage, even at minuscule current, can cause breakdowns in unprotected output circuitry. It's not a common situation in professional audio, but can happen as the result of last-minute improvising. DSatz (talk) 00:29, 10 March 2019 (UTC)

Not just microphones ...
... see Power over Ethernet--195.137.93.171 (talk) 12:35, 24 November 2010 (UTC)

 * But that isn't called "phantom power," mostly because the technique is very different. Phantom power is carried on the same conductors that are used for the audio signal, hence no extra conductors or connector pins are needed - hence "phantom." PoE is carried on those extra pairs of the Ethernet cable that aren't used for data. There's nothing "phantom" about it. Jeh (talk) 05:34, 9 March 2013 (UTC)

 * It's called "phantom" because a dynamic microphone (or differential amplifier) will not see it. The microphone capsule will operate between the "Hot" and "Cold" wires of a balanced signal line, while the phantom power keeps both signal wires of the balanced signalling at +48 V (or whatever voltage is used) in reference to the signal ground. Also, on the input side, a differential amplifier will measure the voltage between "Hot" and "Cold" lines and the +48 V (or whatever) on both will cancel out due to common mode rejection. The voltage between "Hot" and "Cold" is always the signal voltage only - not superimposed on a DC offset - hence "phantom". 79.245.163.217 (talk) 09:33, 12 August 2014 (UTC)

 * Phantom power is also applicable to active antennas in RF reception. For example, many cars now use active antennas (if you've ever seen a shark fin on a late model car, that's why), and some of them use phantom power. In these applications, you generally use chassis as a ground point, and inject DC voltage on the center conductor of an RF cable, the main goal being cost reduction (one less cable to run). But overall, this page is a very narrow view of a very general concept: any time you want to put power and signal on the same cable -- separating them at either end with appropriate blocks and chokes -- you can call it "phantom power". -- SickOfNewSNs (talk) 21:00, 4 February 2016 (UTC)

Cross post from XLR connector
Please Talk:XLR connector for questions about early phantom power scheme and discussion of article overlap. --Kvng (talk) 23:12, 17 March 2011 (UTC)

Phantom power damage
There's been an assertion made in XLR_connector that phantom power can damage microphones that don't require it. Generally this is not true but apparently there are some vintage ribbon microphones that are vulnerable. And it is much easier for phantom power to fry something if you're using a miswired cable. Here are some marginal references I found on the issue -, , and. I think we should add some mention of this issue to this article. I have removed the uncited claims from XLR_connector and directed discussion here. The claim in some of the refs is that it is best practice to disable phantom power where not needed. Does anyone have a more reliable source to back this up? -—Kvng 02:51, 9 March 2013 (UTC)
 * I have added some cases that demonstrate the problem. (a) miswired cable (b) unbalanced microphone and (c) long cables where pin 2 or 3 contact significantly sooner than the other one. Current flows into the capacitance of the cable which can produce enough of a transient across a ribbon to destroy it.Altaphon (talk) 23:16, 4 June 2015 (UTC)

 * The Royer people would certainly know whether their mics could be damaged by phantom. The Media College website guide is not so unreliable. At any rate, here are some standard textbooks discussing the issue:
 * Tomlinson Holman: Sound for Film and Television, page 304, "...it is generally not good practice to supply unpowered microphones with [phantom] power. What may happen is a connection accident in which one side of the balanced line becomes connected first, applying the DC voltage to a microphone not designed to handle it. Phantom power is thus often switchable, even on a per-channel basis..."
 * Gary Davis, Ralph Jones: The Sound Reinforcement Handbook, page 130, "A dynamic mic connected unbalanced to a phantom power input may be destroyed, however! It is therefore very important to be aware of whether a mixing console input is wired for phantom power. Most such inputs provide a switch to disable the phantom power when it is not needed. Always be sure that this switch is set to off when dynamics, or electret condensers with internal batteries, are connected to the input."
 * Holman, Davis and Jones are very much respected in the pro sound field. These sources are top notch. Binksternet (talk) 05:09, 9 March 2013 (UTC)

 * Great references for the claim of fact about possible damage. Some will argue that the advice to disable it doesn't belong in the article at all - see WP:NOTHOWTO. I believe it is defensible though to quote that advice from one of the references, or otherwise directly citing the references. It just shouldn't appear to be something a WP editor thought up. Jeh (talk) 05:34, 9 March 2013 (UTC)

 * Also, moving the phantom power details out of the XLR article was a good idea. Jeh (talk) 06:11, 9 March 2013 (UTC)

 * We do not have to present the information in the form of advice, we can instead describe how and when phantom power might damage a microphone. Binksternet (talk) 15:51, 9 March 2013 (UTC)

Here's a detailed and credible treatment of the topic. Also note some credible followup. -—Kvng 18:04, 25 April 2013 (UTC)

✅ I've added a few sentences and a bunch of refs to the Caveat section. ~KvnG 14:48, 5 June 2013 (UTC)
 * and some more from me including the cable capacitance case which surprised me when I saw a toasted 44BX from this cause. Altaphon (talk) 23:16, 4 June 2015 (UTC)

"Other microphone powering techniques" section
Does this really belong here? The techniques described have very little in common with phantom power. Shouldn't this material be in the "Microphones" article? Jeh (talk) 06:16, 28 April 2013 (UTC)

 * Since phantom power is a solution for powering microphones, I think that related methods for powering microphones ought to be summarized briefly, to show the problems that phantom powering solves, or to tell the reader how the field has some confusing practices. Binksternet (talk) 15:42, 28 April 2013 (UTC)

 * But the article isn't called "methods for powering microphones". It's called "Phantom power" and the lede makes specific reference to a standard that does not include these other methods. I'm suggesting moving the details of the "other methods" to the "Microphones" article and leaving a reference to that article here, with brief descriptions - say one sentence for each method. Jeh (talk) 20:26, 28 April 2013 (UTC)

 * I think the information is better placed here than in Microphone. You can propose a change of title or clarify the lead to indicate that the scope of this article extends beyond IEC 61938. -—Kvng 18:28, 1 May 2013 (UTC)

OTHER uses Active antennas Low-noise block downconverter Power over Ethernet This are 3 NOT phantom powered devices. I will delete these wrong information. Phantom power requires symetric lines and a seperate ground.

--AK45500 (talk) 15:48, 11 July 2017 (UTC)

Bias tees
Perhaps Bias tees should be linked somewhere. Hhm8 (talk) 03:20, 3 December 2015 (UTC)

Etymology of "Phantom Power", or "why not just Power?"
I find that the page is missing details as to why it's called "Phantom Power", because if one thinks hard enough there is always obviously a power supply if you go far enough back in the circuit. Various comments on internet blogs suggest that the simplest and most obvious reason is because early condenser microphones used to have an auxiliary power cable, which is no longer present, thus "phantom" power--when it is actually being delivered on the same cable the audio signal travels through. Though this explanation were true, then it would imply that the terminology is somewhat deprecated since it is quickly escaping living memory. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 47.157.137.55 (talk • contribs)

 * Douglas Spotted Eagle wrote in 2005 that phantom power got its name from being "a power source that you can't really see." I would challenge his definition by pointing out that it's possible to buy a very visible external power source which is called a phantom power unit.
 * The Mackie mixer instruction book from the 1990s says "It's called phantom power because the voltage supplied to the mics travels on the mic cable itself, without any extra wires."
 * John Eiche wrote the following in 1990 on page 55 of Guide to Sound Systems for Worship: "Sometimes provision is made to supply this voltage directly through the microphone cable. This procedure is called phantom powering."
 * I was taught in the late 1980s that the name refers to a power source on the XLR line that dynamic mics ignore. They can't see it but it's there, so it's 'phantom' in that sense. Binksternet (talk) 04:40, 28 June 2020 (UTC)
 * The name "phantom power" derives from the Phantom circuit, which was known and used already since the 19th century in telegraphy/telephony. The Power-over-Ethernet circuit is almost directly taken from this old circuit, therefore PoE is correctly referred to as an application of phantom power. The microphone powering scheme is essentially one half of it. The distinguishing feature is the use of a balanced pair as one leg of the phantom circuit, while the other leg can be a ground connection or another balanced pair. The separation between the main circuit and the phantom circuit hinges on the balance of the main circuit. This is in contrast to circuits that impress a DC voltage onto the main circuit, where the separation is done in the frequency domain, with a diplexer or bias tee. 2A03:80:B3F:F500:68CF:EF25:40EA:911B (talk) 08:51, 30 April 2023 (UTC)

Schematic error
I note that in section 'Standards', Altaphon says "The schematic drawing is wrong, I will provide a corrected one soon", but this was 12 years ago (21:01, 7 March 2011 (UTC)), and the schematic (may have been changed, but) is still wrong, and its caption misleading:

Assuming that the label "In" implies "From microphone", with C1-C2 in the positions shown, the microphone is not protected from the full 48v supply, while R3-R6 & D1-D4 are redundant (at best); while if the microphone goes on the other end, C1-C2 will prevent any DC power from reaching it. Wasn't anyone else paying attention?

I shan't attempt to supply a correction: I'm new here, I read schematics not design them, I don't have a verified alternative, and I have no experience of editing/creating schematics in .png. (Do I get an automatic timestamp? In case not) 21 June 2023 — Preceding unsigned comment added by Hal at Springmire (talk • contribs) 22:11, 21 June 2023 (UTC)

 * The basic circuit is 48 v to pin 2 and 3 through individual 6.8 k resistors (R1 and R2). This circuit has extra elements to protect the preamp from transients that can be generated with the mic is plugged or unplugged.
 * 's concern was There should never be an R3, this is commonly done by some makers to eat some power supply hum but there is no substitute for a clean, low impedance +48 feed. The purpose of R3 and R4 is as a current limit for the diodes during transient supression. These 10 ohm resistors should have no effect on normal microphone signals and don't have anything to do with hum.
 * , the microphone needs to receive the 48 v, not be protected from it. If a non-phantom mic is connected, it receives the same 48 v on both pin 2 and 3 so no phantom power current should flow through it. ~Kvng (talk) 11:54, 25 June 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Phantom power


text:
STS-42

STS-42 was a NASA Space Shuttle Discovery mission with the Spacelab module. Liftoff was originally scheduled for 8:45 EST (13:45 UTC) on January 22, 1992, but the launch was delayed due to weather constraints. Discovery successfully lifted off an hour later at 9:52:33 EST (14:52:33 UTC). The main goal of the mission was to study the effects of microgravity on a variety of organisms. The shuttle landed at 8:07:17 PST (16:07:17 UTC) on January 30, 1992, on Runway 22, Edwards Air Force Base, California. STS-42 was the first of two flights in 1992 of Discovery, the second of which occurred during STS-53, which launched on December 2, 1992. The mission was also the last mission of the Space Shuttle Discovery to have a seven-member crew until STS-82, which was launched on February 11, 1997.

Crew notes
The crew of STS-42 included West Germany's first astronaut, Ulf D. Merbold, who was making his second spaceflight, and Canada's first female astronaut, Roberta L. Bondar. In order to allow around-the-clock monitoring of experiments, the astronauts were divided into a red team and a blue team. Mary L. Cleave was originally selected to fly as Mission Specialist 3 for this mission but withdrew herself for personal reasons. She was replaced by Manley Lanier "Sonny" Carter Jr., who died 7 months prior the launch in a plane crash. David Hilmers was then chosen to replace him.

Mission highlights

STS-42 was launched on January 22, 1992, 9:52:33 a.m. EST. The launch was delayed by one hour due to weather constraints. The launch weight was 243396 lbs.

Discovery carried into orbit the International Microgravity Laboratory-1 (IML-1), a pressurized crewed Spacelab module, to explore in depth the complex effects of weightlessness on living organisms and materials processing. The international crew, divided into Red and Blue teams, conducted experiments on the human nervous system's adaptation to low gravity and the effects of microgravity on other life forms such as shrimp eggs, lentil seedlings, fruit fly eggs and bacteria. Low gravity materials processing experiments included crystal growth from a variety of substances such as enzymes, mercury, iodine and a virus. Other payloads included 10 Get Away Special (GAS) canisters, a number of middeck payloads, two Shuttle Student Involvement Program (SSIP) experiments, and an Australian developed ultraviolet telescope Endeavour. Middeck payloads included Gelation of SOLS: Applied Microgravity Research (GOSAMR), Investigations into Polymer Membrane Processing (IPMP) and the Radiation Monitoring Experiment (RME-III).

The mission landed on January 30, 1992, 8:07:17 a.m. PST, Runway 22, Edwards Air Force Base, California, after being extended by a day for continued scientific experimentation. The rollout distance was 9811 ft. The orbiter returned to Kennedy Space Center on February 16, 1992. The landing weight was 218016 lbs.

Mission insignia
The four stars in the lower blue field and two stars in the upper blue field of the insignia symbolize the flight's numerical designation in the Space Transportation System's mission sequence. The single gold star above the horizon on the right is in honor of astronaut Manley Lanier "Sonny" Carter Jr., who was killed in the crash of Atlantic Southeast Airlines Flight 2311 in Brunswick, Georgia while on a commercial airplane traveling for NASA. Carter was originally assigned as a mission specialist on STS-42 at the time of his death.

title: STS-42


text:
User:Fruitfly~enwiki

I've been using Wikipedia for work and pleasure for months, so I thought I'd start contributing myself! Here's hoping I don't tread on any wiki-toes....

My interests: Ancient history: Byzantium, Stonehenge, Buddhism, Music: Led Zeppelin, Literature: sci-fi such as Dune_(novel), Politics: pre- and post-revolutionary states, such as Cuba, the former USSR, and Turkey.

Once upon a time I did a degree in biology, and I am still very interested in the fungi, taxonomy, evolution and, as the name suggests, genetics.

Home is currently London, but it has been Merthyr Tydfil, Oxford, Canterbury, and Southampton, all on that rock in the North Atlantic.

As yet, my edits have been very small, and few and far between. I must get round to writing an article about Howard Marks.

FF

title: User:Fruitfly~enwiki


text:
Bedale

Bedale, is a market town and civil parish in North Yorkshire, England. Bedale Beck is a River Swale tributary, the beck forms one of the Yorkshire Dales. The dale has a predominant agriculture sector and its related small traditional trades, although tourism is increasingly important. Northallerton is 7 mi north-west, Middlesbrough 26 mi north-west and York is 31 mi south-west.

Historically part of the North Riding of Yorkshire; the town was listed in Domesday Book under what became the honour of Richmond. The honour had multiple wapentakes, Bedale was part of Hang (named after Hang Bank in Finghall or alternatively named after Catterick) and later Hang East.

History
Before the Harrying of the North Bedale was held by Torpin (Thorfinn), a patronym retained by the infamous Dick Turpin. The parish church also dates from this time (as evidenced by its crypt), before significant remodelling. The original 9th-century church escaped destruction in the Harrying of the North and was recorded in Domesday Book. The recent discovery of the Bedale Hoard provides further evidence of high-status Anglo-Saxon and Viking Age activity in the area. The town was recorded as Bedell or Bedhal and derives from 'Beda's Halh' which means the corner or piece of land of Beda.

Under the Bretons of Richmond
After being doled out by Count Alan Le Roux to his relative Bodin of Middleham for a short time, the new market town was founded by Scollandus (in a charter later confirmed by Henry III), a Breton officer in a hereditary position at Richmond Castle. Bedale Hall marks the site of a castle built in the reign of King Edward I of England by Sir Bryan FitzAlan, Lord of the Manor of Bedale and later Baron FitzAlan. After contributing to the defeat of Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, FitzAlan succeeded the Earl of Surrey as Guardian and Keeper of Scotland for Edward I and fought at the Battle of Falkirk (1298) and the siege of Caerlaverock in July 1300. Fitz Alan was involved in a fight with William Wallace that led to the death of a comrade-in-arms and held the castles of Dundee and Forfar, as well as those in the Scottish Lowlands: Roxburgh Castle and Jedburgh. This baron also built Killerby Castle and Askham Bryan in Yorkshire.

Stapleton, Lovell and others
His co-heir jure uxoris, Sir Gilbert de Stapleton of Carleton, Knt, was a conspirator in the assassination of Piers Gaveston. Sir Miles Stapleton was a founding Knight of the Order of the Garter, who fought at the Siege of Calais and at the Battle of Crécy. The Stapletons were "Lollard knights" and were Lords of the Manor of Bedale for generations. Bedale had traditionally been a Lancastrian area, until the Kingmaker, Clarence and Gloucester obtained Richmond and Middleham Castles. Following the Battle of Bosworth Field, Francis Lovell, 1st Viscount Lovell led the charge of insurgency in the Yorkist Stafford and Lovell Rebellion against Henry VII of England, attainted Earl of Richmond. The inhabitants of the region went on several recusancy strikes, such as the Pilgrimage of Grace and made trouble for John Nevill, 3rd Baron Latymer (Catherine Parr's husband before Henry VIII) in Snape Castle. This continued in the Rising of the North, with Henry VII's follower Simon Digby of Aiskew executed and replaced by Ambrose Dudley, 3rd Earl of Warwick, whose wife sold it to the native Sir William Theakston & John Jackson, after which it was resold to Cavalier Henry Peirse, whose descendants remain in town. During the English Civil War, Philip Stapleton continued in much of the same anti-Tudor & Stuart sentiment as Guy Fawkes, whose statement, when asked by one of the Scottish lords what he had intended to do with so much gunpowder, Fawkes answered him, "To blow you Scotch beggars back to your own native mountains!" Middleham Castle was subsequently ordered to be demolished by the Parliamentarians so that the Royalists could not take it again. However there is no documentary proof that this order was ever carried out.

Lords of the Manor

 * Sir Alan FitzBrian, Knt, Lord of the Manor of Bedale &c., (died shortly before 17 May 1267, killed in self-defence by Payn le Keu of Brandesburton) was a descendant of Conan I of Rennes, Duke of Brittany. He had two known sons, the younger being Theobald FitzAlan of Stow and Quy (d. 21 February 1308), and was succeeded at Bedale by the elder:
 * Sir Brian FitzAlan Knt., (d. 1 June 1306), J.P., High Sheriff of Yorkshire, &c. He was summoned to parliament from 24 June 1295 to 22 January 1305 by Writs directed to Briano filio Alani whereby he is held to have become Lord FitzAlan. Upon his death any hereditary peerage created by the Writ of 1295 is held to be in abeyance.

His daughters, Agnes (born 1298) and Katherine (born 1300), were his co-heirs in his landed estates and manors. They were also co-heirs to his brother, Theobald. Katherine (d. before 7 August 1328) married Sir John de Grey, 1st Baron Grey de Rotherfield, KG (9 October 1300 – 1 September 1359).

The estate of Bedale and the Lordship of the Manor passed via the elder daughter, Agnes FitzAlan, whose marriage was granted on 10 May 1306 (when she was aged just 8) to Sir Miles de Stapleton of Carlton, Yorkshire, for his son:

 * Sir Gilbert de Stapleton, Knt., (d. before 23 June 1324) a younger son, whom she married before 15 December 1317, in whose family Bedale remained for more than a century and was still in the possession of their great-great-grandson,
 * Sir Miles Stapleton, who died 30 September 1466. His younger brother Brian Stapleton of Crispings (in Happisburgh) and Hasilden, Norfolk, died at about the same time and they both left only co-heiresses.

The Lordship of Bedale Manor is currently held jointly by Lord Beaumont, heir of both FitzAlan moiety lines, but the Beresford-Peirse baronets retain distinction as having de facto possession of the manor, which was originally forfeited by Lovell's attainder and passed on to numerous instalments of government figures and subsequent real-estate purchasers, whether Digby of Warwickshire, Dudley of Nottinghamshire, native Theakston and Jackson, then Peirse, after which it passed by inheritance to Beresford of Derbyshire.

Later history
In the 18th century Bedale was a centre of horseracing. It was the place where races for three-year-olds were introduced in England (having previously being limited to older horses).

Governance
An electoral ward of the same name exists, which includes Aiskew parish, with a total population of 4,601 at the 2011 Census. In October 2018 the town was twinned with Azay-sur-Cher, a town in the Loire Valley in France.

From 1974 to 2023 Bedale was part of the Hambleton District of North Yorkshire.

Bedale was part of the Richmond (Yorks) parliamentary constituency until 2023. It was removed and added to the expanded Thirsk and Malton Constituency, in part due to areas from that constituency being created into a new seat of Wetherby and Easingwold.

St Gregory's
The church retains some Catholic relics, although during the English Civil War Puritans vandalised features such as statues. St Gregory's has a painting of St George slaying the dragon, unusual in that St George is depicted as being left-handed, and also contains a stone Viking Age grave marker, notable for a rare depiction of the legend of Wayland Smith. When Scots raided the countryside, inhabitants expected to find security in St Gregory's pele tower. Bedale St Gregory is the parish church in the Church of England in the rural deanery of Wensley within the Diocese of Leeds and its patron is the present Beresford-Peirse baronet. There is a plaque in the church listing all priests of the parish. There is another plaque of the previous landlords of Bedale, featuring coats of arms of these people or their families: Fitzalan, Stapleton, Grey of Rotherfield (related to Lady Jane Grey), Sheffield, de Warrene (Earl of Surrey), Brian de Thornhill, Lawrence de Thornhill, Richard, 1st Earl of Cornwall, Henry, 3rd Earl of Lancaster, Fitz Hugh of Tanfield, John of Brittany, Earl of Richmond, Marmion, Arthur III, Duke of Brittany and Ascough/Aiskew.

St Gregory's had a daughter church known as St Augustine's Church and Village Hall at Leeming Bar, no longer used for worship, and a Mission Chapel at Burrill. There are other local Anglican chapels, such as St Gregory's at Crakehall and St Patrick's at Patrick Brompton. Two other parishes with churches joined in the benefice with St Gregory's are St John the Baptist (Leeming village) and St Mary the Virgin (Thornton Watlass).

Others
The Catholic church of St Mary and St Joseph's Church, Bedale lies in Aiskew. There are Methodist chapels in Bedale, Leeming, Crakehall and Aiskew. Some buildings in the area also have their own private chapels, such as at Christ's Hospital in Firby.

Transport
Bedale lies on the B6285 road, which runs south and south east from Bedale and connects with the A6055 road at Burneston. The A684 road used to go through the town but a bypass was opened in August 2016, which means through traffic now avoids Leeming Bar, Aiskew and Bedale. The town is only 2 mi west of the A1(M) at Leeming Bar via the A684 or via the adjoining village of Aiskew. Bedale has a railway station on the preserved Wensleydale Railway. The station opened in 1855 and lasted almost a century before British Rail closed it in April 1954. The line remained open for local goods until the 1980s and for the limestone quarry at Redmire until 1992. The Ministry of Defence paid £750,000 to have the line upgraded and improved so that it could transfer heavy vehicles (mostly tanks) between Catterick Garrison and other MoD sites across the United Kingdom. These trains continue to run sporadically.

The line was eventually reopened in 2003 as a heritage railway between Leeming Bar and Redmire. The station is actually in Aiskew, since it lies east of Bedale Beck, which forms the boundary between the two. The line was later extended to Scruton as well as to the west of Northallerton.

Work on making Bedale Beck navigable to barges down to the River Swale at Gatenby began in 1768 and resulted in an area at the south end of the town known as The Harbour. The plan was abandoned in 1855 when the railway was opened but the weir and some iron moorings still exist on the beck just south of the Bedale to Aiskew road bridge. A public footpath runs along the Bedale side of the beck from the bridge for more than a mile, passing the leech house and the harbour.

Education
Bedale has three schools: Bedale Primary School (which won the Drax Cup in 2012), Bedale High School and Mowbray School.

Economy and attractions
Historic buildings include a unique 18th century Leech House used as an apothecary's store for leeches, an underground ice house used for preserving food and the 14th-century Grade I listed Bedale Market Cross. Bedale is home to a small museum, numerous Georgian buildings (though many of them are much older and only look Georgian) and a railway station on the Wensleydale Railway, which runs to Redmire via Leyburn. The Thorp Perrow Arboretum lies nearby, as do the villages of Burneston, Burrill, Cowling, Exelby and Firby.

The town has many local shops, a Co-op Food supermarket, pubs and eating places along its market place. It holds a market every Tuesday on the cobbles that line the market place, and there is a car-boot sale in the park every Saturday morning from April to October approximately. It also has a leisure centre with full gym, swimming pool and astroturf sports pitches. Bedale Athletic Sports Association provides football, cricket, hockey, squash and tennis. Big Sheep Little Cow Farm is a petting zoo next to the railway line and Bedale Beck.

Bedale Golf Club is on the northern edge of the town where the B6285 meets the A684 to Leyburn. The golf club was founded in 1892. The course is a challenging 18 holes in wooded parkland.

Bedale also has a brass band with a 25-year history of providing musical education and entertainment for the local community.

Media
Local news and television programmes are provided by BBC North East and Cumbria and ITV Tyne Tees. Television signals are received from the Bilsdale transmitter.

Local radio stations are BBC Radio York on 104.3 FM, Greatest Hits Radio York & North Yorkshire on 103.5 FM and Dales Radio on 104.9 FM.

The town is served by the local newspapers, The Northern Echo and Darlington & Stockton Times.

Filmography
The 1945 film The Way to the Stars was filmed with Bedale as the local town for the fictional RAF Halfpenny Field and some of the locations remain little changed. The film stars Sir John Mills and Sir Michael Redgrave as RAF pilots and Bedale was one of a number of locations used during filming.

title: Bedale


text:
STS-45

STS-45 was a 1992 NASA Space Shuttle mission using the. Its almost nine-day scientific mission was with a non-deployable payload of instruments. It was the 46th Space Shuttle mission and the 11th for Atlantis.

Mission highlights
Atlantis was launched on March 24, 1992, at 8:13 a.m. EST. The launch was originally scheduled for March 23, 1992, but was delayed by one day because of higher-than-allowable concentrations of liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen in the orbiter's aft compartment during tanking operations. During troubleshooting, the leaks could not be reproduced, leading engineers to believe that they were the result of plumbing in the main propulsion system not thermally conditioned to the cryogenic propellants; the launch was rescheduled for March 24, 1992. Atlantis weighed 105982 kg at launch.

STS-45 carried the first Atmospheric Laboratory for Applications and Science (ATLAS-1) experiments, placed on Spacelab pallets mounted in the orbiter's payload bay. The non-deployable payload, equipped with 12 instruments from the United States, France, Germany, Belgium, Switzerland, the Netherlands and Japan, conducted studies in atmospheric chemistry, solar radiation, space plasma physics and ultraviolet astronomy. ATLAS-1 instruments included the Atmospheric Trace Molecule Spectroscopy (ATMOS); Grille Spectrometer; Millimeter Wave Atmospheric Sounder (MAS); Imaging Spectrometric Observatory (ISO); Atmospheric Lyman-Alpha Emissions (ALAE); Atmospheric Emissions Photometric Imager (AEPI); Space Experiments with Particle Accelerators (SEPAC); Active Cavity Radiometer (ACR); Measurement of Solar Constant (SOLCON); Solar Spectrum; Solar Ultraviolet Spectral Irradiance Monitor (SUSIM); and Far Ultraviolet Space Telescope (FAUST). Other payloads included the Shuttle Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet (SSBUV) experiment, a Get Away Special (GAS) experiment and six mid-deck experiments.

The mission was extended by a day in order to continue science experiments. The landing occurred on April 2, 1992, 6:23 a.m. EST, on Runway 33 of the Shuttle Landing Facility, located at the Kennedy Space Center. The rollout distance was 2812 m and Atlantis weighed 93005 kg on landing.

Mission insignia
The mission insignia covers all aspects of the flight, by featuring Earth and the Sun, and the orbiter on high inclination, as to illustrate the high importance of the mission. The names of all flying members are included in the band, separated by stars. In the 'ring' at the bottom right, a single star is included, separating the unmentioned names of the alternate mission specialists, who are therefore indirectly included; a first and unique tribute to a support crew. Dirk Frimout is the first Belgian citizen to fly into space, and the only one to fly on a Space Shuttle (the other is Frank De Winne (who flies to the International Space Station via Soyuz as mission commander), as the Space Shuttle program was terminated at the time of the latter's flight), but to keep the focus on the mission, no national flag is added nor the customary logo of the European Space Agency (ESA), but the mission main objective, ATLAS, is included below instead.

title: STS-45


text:
STS-49

STS-49 was NASA's maiden flight of the Space Shuttle Endeavour, which launched on May 7, 1992. The primary goal of its nine-day mission was to retrieve an Intelsat VI satellite, Intelsat 603, which failed to leave Low Earth orbit two years before, attach it to a new upper stage, and relaunch it to its intended geosynchronous orbit. After several attempts, the capture was completed with the only three-person extravehicular activity (EVA) in space flight history. It would also stand until STS-102 in 2001 as the longest EVA ever undertaken.

Spacewalks

 *  Thuot and Hieb  – EVA 1
 * EVA 1 Start: May 10, 1992 – 20:40 UTC
 * EVA 1 End: May 11, 1992 – 00:23 UTC
 * Duration: 3 hours, 43 minutes

 *  Thuot and Hieb  – EVA 2
 * EVA 2 Start: May 11, 1992 – 21:05 UTC
 * EVA 2 End: May 12, 1992 – 02:35 UTC
 * Duration: 5 hours, 30 minutes

 *  Thuot, Hieb and Akers  – EVA 3
 * EVA 3 Start: May 13, 1992 – 21:17 UTC
 * EVA 3 End: May 14, 1992 – 05:46 UTC
 * Duration: 8 hours, 29 minutes

 *  Thornton and Akers  – EVA 4
 * EVA 4 Start: May 14, 1992 – ~21:00 UTC
 * EVA 4 End: May 15, 1992 - ~05:00 UTC
 * Duration: 7 hours, 45 minutes

Mission highlights
The Intelsat 603 satellite, stranded in an unusable orbit since launch aboard a Commercial Titan III launch vehicle in March 1990, was captured by crewmembers during an extravehicular activity (EVA) and equipped with a new perigee kick motor. The satellite was subsequently released into orbit and the new motor fired to put the spacecraft into a geosynchronous orbit for operational use.

The capture required three EVAs: a planned one by astronauts Thuot and Hieb who were unable to attach a capture bar to the satellite from a position on the RMS (Canadarm); a second unscheduled but identical attempt the following day; and finally an unscheduled but successful hand capture by Thuot, Hieb and Akers as commander Brandenstein delicately maneuvered the orbiter to within a few feet of the 4215 kg communications satellite. An Assembly of Station by EVA Methods (ASEM) structure was erected in the cargo bay by the crew to serve as a platform to aid in the hand capture and subsequent attachment of the capture bar. A planned EVA also was performed by astronauts Thornton and Akers as part of the ASEM experiment to demonstrate and verify maintenance and assembly capabilities for Space Station Freedom. The ASEM space walk, originally scheduled for two successive days, was cut to one day because of the lengthy Intelsat retrieval operation.

Other "payloads of opportunity" experiments conducted included: Commercial Protein Crystal Growth (CPCG), Ultraviolet Plume Imager (UVPI) and the Air Force Maui Optical Station (AMOS) investigation. The mission was extended by two days in order to complete all the mission objectives.

On flight day 7, the Ku-band antenna lost its pointing capability. It had to be stowed manually during the final EVA.

The following records were set during the STS-49 mission:
 * First flight of the Space Shuttle Endeavour
 * First (and only) EVA involving three astronauts.
 * Second and fourth longest EVAs to date: 8 hours, 29 minutes, 7 hours, and 45 minutes. (Longest EVA to date was during STS-102 in 2001: 8 hours 56 minutes; third longest EVA was during STS-61 in 1993: 7 hour 54 minutes)
 * First Shuttle mission to feature four EVAs.
 * The second longest EVA time for a single Shuttle mission: 25 hours and 27 minutes, or 59:23 person hours. (The longest is STS-61 with 35 hours and 28 minutes)
 * First Shuttle mission requiring three rendezvous with an orbiting spacecraft.
 * First use of a drogue chute during a Shuttle landing.

Wake-up Calls
NASA began a tradition of playing music to astronauts during the Project Gemini, and first used music to wake up a flight crew during Apollo 15. A special musical track is chosen for each day in space, often by the astronauts' families, to have a special meaning to an individual member of the crew, or in reference to the day's planned activities.

title: STS-49