text:
Clonmel

Clonmel is the county town and largest settlement of County Tipperary, Ireland. The town is noted in Irish history for its resistance to the Cromwellian army which sacked the towns of Drogheda and Wexford. With the exception of the townland of Suir Island, most of the borough is situated in the civil parish of "St Mary's" which is part of the ancient barony of Iffa and Offa East.

Population
The 2016 census used a new boundary created by the Central Statistics Office (CSO) to define the town of Clonmel and environs, resulting in a population figure of 17,140. The latest National Census (3 April 2022) determined that Clonmel had a population of 18,369, the 27th largest urban area in Ireland. The population was about 12,400 in 1985.

Etymology
The name Clonmel is derived from the anglicisation of the Irish name Cluain Meala meaning "honey meadow" or "honey valley." It is not clearly known when it got this name; many suppose that it came from the fertility of the soil and the richness of the country in which it is situated.

Town walls
Clonmel grew significantly in medieval times, and many reminders of this period can be found in the town. A small section of the town walls remains in place near Old St. Mary's Church. This building is one of the main architectural features of the town. It was originally built in the 14th century or earlier but has been reconstructed or renovated on numerous occasions. The church was fortified early in its history, the town being strategically important, initially for the Earls of Ormonde, and later the Earl of Kildare. Some fortified parts of the church were destroyed or damaged during the mid-17th century Cromwellian occupation.

One of the former entry points into the town is now the site of the West Gate, a 19th-century reconstruction of an older structure. There were originally three gates in the walled town, North, East and West – with the South being protected by the river Suir and the Comeragh Mountains. The West Gate is now an open arched entrance onto O'Connell Street, the main street of the town.

Elizabethan era
On 17 September 1583, while a fugitive during the last stages of the Second Desmond Rebellion, Fr. Muiris Mac Ionrachtaigh, chaplain and confessor to the Rebel Earl of Desmond, was taken prisoner upon Sliabh Luachra and taken to Clonmel for imprisonment, while he continued his priestly ministry to the best of his ability.

According to historian James Coombes, "Here, as in other southern towns, Counter-Reformation Catholicism was already beginning to make a real impact; and, as in these other towns, the citizens of Clonmel were beginning to come up against the problem of combining loyalty to the Pope with loyalty to the Queen. Maurice MacKenraghty continued his ministry during what proved to be a long imprisonment."

In April 1585, his jailer was bribed by Victor White, a leading townsman, to release the priest for one night to say Mass and administer Communion in White's house on Easter Sunday (11 April 1585). Permission was granted, and Fr. MacKenraghty spent the whole night hearing Confessions.

The jailer, however, had secretly tipped off the President of Munster Sir John Norris, who had just arrived at Clonmel. According to historian James Coombes, "Norris arranged to have White's house surrounded by soldiers and raided. The raiding party entered it shortly before Mass was due to begin and naturally caused great panic. Some people tried to hide in the basement; others jumped through the windows; one woman broke her arm in an attempt to escape. The priest hid in a heap of straw and was wounded in the thigh by the probing sword of a soldier. Despite the pain, he remained silent and later escaped. The soldiers dismantled the altar and seized the sacred vessels."

According to historian Judy Barry, Fr. Mac Ionrachtaigh, "surrendered himself when he learned that White would otherwise be executed in his place. He refused to take the oath of supremacy and was condemned to death. On 30 April 1585 he was tied to the tail of a horse and taken to the market place, where he was partially hanged. Accounts differ as to whether his executioners were persuaded to behead him without quartering his body. At all events, after his remains had been exhibited for some days on the market cross, they were handed over to local Catholics for honourable burial."

According to historian James Coombes, the former location of Victor White's house near Lough Street in Clonmel continued to be nicknamed "Martyr Lane" until well into Cromwellian times. Fr. Muiris Mac Ionrachtaigh was beatified by Pope John Paul II, along with 16 other Irish Catholic Martyrs, on 27 September 1992.

Corporation regalia
Under a charter granted by James I of England, Clonmel became a Free Borough on 5 July 1608, and the Mayor and officers of the town were granted the power to "name, elect and constitute one Swordbearer and three Sergeants-at-Mace". The present sword and two silver maces date only from Cromwellian times. The sword, of Toledo manufacture, was donated by Sir Thomas Stanley in 1656 and displays the Arms and motto of the town. The larger mace is stamped 1663.

Cromwellian period
Oliver Cromwell laid siege to Clonmel in May 1650. The walls were eventually breached, but Hugh Dubh O'Neill, the commander of the town's garrison, inflicted heavy losses on the New Model Army when they tried to storm the breach. That night, O'Neill, deciding that further resistance was hopeless due to a lack of ammunition, led his soldiers and camp followers out of the town under cover of darkness. The story is told that Cromwell became suspicious of O'Neill's desperate situation when a silver bullet was discharged by the townspeople at his troops outside the walls. The following morning, 18 May 1650, mayor John White was able to surrender the town on good terms as Cromwell was still unaware of the garrison's escape just hours before. Although feeling deceived, Cromwell did not put the inhabitants 'to the sword' as occurred elsewhere.

After being denounced by three men who desired the £5 bounty and arrested at Fethard while vested for Mass on Holy Saturday, 25 March, 1654, Augustinian Friar William Tirry was taken to Clonmel Gaol (on the future site of the Clonmel Borstal) and held there pending trial. On 26 April, he was tried by a jury and Commonwealth judges, including Colonel Solomon Richards, for violating the Proclamation of 6 January 1653, which defined it as high treason for priests to remain in Ireland. In his own defense, Fr. Tirry replied that while he viewed the Commonwealth as the lawful Government, he had no choice but to disobey its laws, as the Pope had ordered him to remain in Ireland. Fr. Tirry was according found guilty and sentenced to death by hanging, which was carried out in Clonmel on 2 May 1654.

An account told by Franciscan Friar Matthew Fogarty, who had been tried with Friar William Tirry, supplies further details: "William, wearing his Augustinian habit, was led to the gallows praying the rosary. He blessed the crowd which had gathered, pardoned his betrayers and affirmed his faith. It was a moving moment for Catholics and Protestants alike."

Despite the efforts of a Puritan minister to silence him, Fr. Tirry told the assembled crowd, "there is only one true Church, whose head is the pope: Pope and Church are to be obeyed. He publicly forgave the three men who had betrayed him, and... stated explicitly that he had been offered life and favour, it would renounce his religion." Fr. Tirry was then hanged, after which he was buried, with some ceremony, in the ruins of the Augustinian friary in nearby Fethard. The evidence is that he was buried in the grounds, rather than inside the ruins of the church, but it has not yet been possible to locate his grave. Fr. William Tirry was beatified by Pope John Paul II along with 16 other Irish Catholic Martyrs on 27 September 1993. The Augustinian order celebrates his feast day on 12 May.

18th century
During the second half of the 18th century, the famous Sean nos song Príosún Chluain Meala was composed inside Clonmel Gaol by one O'Donnell, a member of the Whiteboys originally from Iveragh, County Kerry, who was being held awaiting execution by hanging upon the following Friday. According to Donal O'Sullivan, O'Donnell had two companions awaiting the rope with him and that their heads were posthumously severed from their bodies and displayed spiked upon the prison gates. "The Gaol of Cluain Meala", a highly popular and often sung English translation of the lyrics, was made by County Cork poet Jeremiah Joseph Callanan (1795–1829).

19th century
A permanent military presence was established in the town with the completion of Kickham Barracks in 1805. During an 1807 visit to Ireland on behalf of the London Hibernian Society, Welsh nonconformist minister Thomas Charles alleged ruefully that the Reformation in Ireland had failed because of the refusal of Protestant clergy to preach or educate in the local vernacular. Of his visit to Clonmel, Rev. Charles recalled, "All the county spoke Irish... they spoke Irish in the streets."

Following the failed attempt at rebellion near Ballingarry in 1848, the captured leaders of the Young Irelanders were brought to Clonmel for trial. The event was followed with great interest internationally and for its duration brought journalists from around the country and Britain to Clonmel Courthouse. Standing in the dock in the image opposite is Thomas Francis Meagher, Terence MacManus and Patrick O'Donoghue. Their co-defendant, William Smith O'Brien was also sentenced to be hanged, drawn and quartered, the last occasions such a sentence was handed down in Ireland. When delivering the guilty verdict, the foreman of the Grand Jury, R.M. Southcote Mansergh, great-grandfather of the academic Nicholas Mansergh stated: We earnestly recommend the prisoner to the merciful consideration of the Government, being unanimously of opinion that for many reasons his life should be spared. The sentences of O'Brien and other members of the Irish Confederation were eventually commuted to transportation for life to Van Diemen's Land. A conspiracy to rescue the prisoners on 8 November led by John O'Leary and Philip Gray was betrayed and resulted in the arrest at 'The Wilderness' of seventeen armed rebels led by Gray.

20th century
Clonmel was the location of the foundation of the Labour Party in 1912 by James Connolly, James Larkin and William O'Brien as the political wing of the Irish Trades Union Congress.

21st century
In November 2015 the town was the location of Ireland's first marriage between two men.

Administration and politics
Clonmel was one of ten boroughs retained by the Municipal Corporations (Ireland) Act 1840. The borough corporation elected 12 councillors. The first mayor of Clonmel Borough in 1843 was John Hackett. Clonmel Town Hall was opened in 1882.

Under the Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898, the area became an urban district, while its body retained the style of a borough corporation. The borough corporation became a borough council in 2002. On 1 June 2014, the borough council was dissolved and administration of the town was amalgamated into Tipperary County Council. Pat English was the last Mayor of Clonmel Borough Council.

Clonmel retains the right to be described as a borough. The chair of the borough district uses the title of mayor, rather than Cathaoirleach.

As of the 2019 Tipperary County Council election, the local electoral area of Clonmel elects 6 councillors.

National
Clonmel belongs to the Dáil constituency of Tipperary which elects five TDs to Dáil Éireann (the Irish Parliament).

Senator Garret Ahearn is a former mayor of Clonmel borough district. He was a candidate in Tipperary at the 2020 Irish general election.

Geography
The town is built in the valley of the River Suir. It divides the town which is mainly located on the north bank. To the south, the town is surrounded by the Comeragh Mountains and Slievenamon to the northeast. To the north, east and west is some of Ireland's richest farmland, known as the Golden Vale. The town covers a land area of approximately 11.59 km2.

Flood defences
The River Suir floods the local area after very heavy rainfalls in the up-river catchment area of 2,173 km2. The Office of Public Works (OPW) completed and installed a Flood Forecasting System which has been used since 2007. The flood of 2015 had a flow of 390m3/s, 2004 had a flow of 354m3/s with the flood of 2000 having a flow of 353m3/s. The 2015 flood was the worst since that of 1946, which had seen a flow of 479m3/s. Phase 1 of the Clonmel Flood Defence (planned to cope with a 100-year flood) started in 2007. It was scheduled to be completed by late 2009. Phases two and three were completed by 2012. Property omitted from Phase 1 along the Convent Road were protected in 2014 and the access to the river for the workmen's boat club was also raised. Flooding of October 2014 was less than a 1–5 flood with a flow of 300m3/s. As part of a media exercise by the OPW the barriers were all put up.

The flood defence consists of demountable barriers, walls and earth banks. Flooding occurred at the Gashouse Bridge, Coleville Road, Davis Road, the Quays and the Old Bridge area before the flood defences. Clonmel is not tidal as the tide turns above the Miloko chocolate crumb factory in Carrick-on-Suir. Floodwaters spill onto the land above Miloko on the County Waterford side of the river.

Retail
Clonmel's main shopping streets are Gladstone Street and O'Connell Street which are home to many national and international retailers such as Elverys Sports, Penneys, River Island, Easons and Lifestyle Sports to name a few. More local retailers can be found along the streets branching off from those streets.

The Showgrounds Shopping Centre built during the Celtic Tiger can be found only 1 km from the town centre. This modern shopping centre built on the towns original showground, houses retailers such as M&S, TKMaxx, Argos and Golden Discs.

The Poppyfield Retail Park is located on the outskirts of the town. It has many stores such as DID Electrical, Supervalu, Maxi Zoo, Woodie's and World of Wonder. The retail park has food vendors being KFC, Costa Coffee, the Red Herring and Esquires Coffee. There is also a hotel on the site.

Industry
Clonmel has become home to many large multi-national companies, particularly in the medical area. The two biggest medical companies in the town are Abbott and Boston Scientific, both of which manufacture implantable devices. Two other multi-national pharmaceutical companies are Merck & Co. and Pinewood Healthcare which can be found less than twenty minutes away.

The town produces many beverages both alcoholic and non-alcoholic. Bulmers cider, also known as Magners outside Ireland, was founded in the town and is still brewed in a new complex 2 km east of the town with orchards surrounding it. The original brewery in the town is set to become a new visitor attraction. Glenpatrick Spring Water bottles still, carbonated and flavoured water from the limestone rocks beneath Slievenamon for many big supermarket chains in Ireland and the UK such as Tesco and M&S.

Clonmel is home to international engineering and construction groups such as Kentz and Sepam which were both founded in the town. Sepam has helped in the construction of huge infrastructure projects around the world such as the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park in London, Disneyland Shanghai and some of the terminals at Heathrow Airport to name a few.

Radio
Tipp FM is a local radio station for the county of Tipperary. It has its main office in Clonmel. In 2019, Tippfm had over 69,000 listeners tuning in every week, increasing its market share to 35%. It broadcasts on FM, on 95.3, 97.1, 103.3 and 103.9. The Clonmel transmitter broadcasts on 97.1 MHz.

Print
Clonmel is home to three newspapers: two broadsheets and one tabloid free sheet. The Nationalist, founded in 1890, is a Clonmel-based broadsheet newspaper that appears weekly, covering both Clonmel town and South Tipperary. It has a circulation of 14,375. It was formed to represent the views of the nationalist community in Tipperary, which led to the first editor being jailed under the Coercion Act on charges that he had intimidated a cattle dealer for taking a farm from which tenants had been evicted. It is now run by Johnston Press.

Also owned by Johnston Press is South Tipp Today, a free tabloid newspaper with a circulation of 20,500 founded in 1995. It is delivered door-to-door in some areas, and available in local shops across South Tipperary. It is popular, fondly referred to as the 'small paper' by its readers, and covers news, entertainment, local notes and lifestyle.

The Sporting Press is published and printed in Clonmel, it covers news related to the greyhound community in Ireland. It has a circulation of 7,500.

The short-lived Premier People was launched in Clonmel in October 2010. It was a weekly (tabloid) freesheet with a focus on news, local notes and sports and was published on Tuesday evenings. It was delivered door-to-door in Clonmel and to all shops in South Tipperary. It was founded by Ann Commins, who co-founded South Tipp Today. Premier People ceased publishing in 2011.

The Tipperary Free Press was established in 1826 by the future first catholic Lord Mayor of Clonmel, John Hackett, following a meeting of the Clonmel Corporation. It was proposed that a Liberal and Independent newspaper should be in circulation in the district and Councillor Hackett, having been a printer and bookbinder in the town for some years, stepped forward to take on the task. The successful newspaper with a circulation of 45,650 in 1829 was an influential and popular voice in supporting liberal causes, yet it was labelled as radical. Its primary intention was to be  'The voice of the common people' and played a highly prominent role in the quest for Catholic Emancipation as advocated by Daniel O'Connell. Hackett was sued for libel on multiple occasions for his caricatures of political rivals. Printed on O'Connell Street bi-weekly, it circulated in counties Tipperary, Waterford, Kilkenny, Cork and Limerick. In its later years, it assumed a Catholic-Whig political leaning. Printing ceased when it was acquired by the Tipperary Independent (1882–1906) in 1883.

Museums and Galleries
The Tipperary Museum of Hidden History tells the history of County Tipperary from the Stone Age to the present. It is also host to many special exhibitions each year. It is the first custom-built county museum in Ireland.

The Main Guard was a civic building until 1810 when it was converted to shops. During a recent restoration, some of its sandstone columns were found to have been 'reclaimed' from the Medieval ruins of the Cistercian Inislounaght Abbey at Marlfield. It has been used in the past as a Tholsel or office to collect tolls, duties and customs dues, a place for civic gatherings and as a court. It now houses an exhibition showing the historic development of Clonmel, including a model of the town as it appeared in the 13th century.

The South Tipperary Arts Centre opened in 1996. The Arts Centre hosts around 12 exhibitions per year and a variety of art classes for adults and children. As well as presenting a range of visual arts exhibitions in the main gallery space, the centre also host events such as music, performance, poetry readings and dance. The centre has a spacious upstairs studio which is used for short term exhibitions & screenings, as well as for a variety of classes and workshops. It is also a rehearsal space for theatre, dance, music, and is available for meetings and seminars.

Theatre and cinema
The White Memorial Theatre building is a former Wesleyan/Methodist Chapel and was designed and built by local architect William Tinsley in 1843. The building was purchased in 1975 by St. Mary's Choral Society and named after Society founder Professor James A White, Frank Patterson's first music mentor. The society put on an average of 2 shows a year in the building. The building also hosts shows by the Stage Craft Youth Theatre group and special event during the year.

Clonmel has a vibrant youth arts sector. Stagecraft Youth Theatre was founded in 1998 by current Artistic Director Shane Dempsey. Stagecraft provides training for young actors in all aspects of theatre practice. Stagecraft is renowned for producing vibrant work in a fun, child-centred environment. Stagecraft is one of Ireland's largest youth theatre's and is affiliated with NAYD. They have recently staged works by Alex Jones, Enda Walsh, Hannah Burke, Jack Thorne and Moira Buffini.

In 2011 Shane Dempsey founded The Hub, a 45-seat studio theatre in Albert Street. The Hub is home to Stagecraft.

The IMC, with five screens and located on Kickham Street, is the town's only remaining cinema. Several other cinemas formerly operated in the town including the Ritz, which opened in 1940 and was located on the site of the present Credit Union. The first cinema in the town opened in January 1913 as the Clonmel Cinema Theatre, soon to be renamed the Clonmel Electric Picture Palace. It was located at the rear of No. 35 Gladstone Street. It was soon followed by John Magner's Theatre at the Mall, which burned to the ground in 1919, to be re-built in 1921 with an increased capacity of over a thousand seats. It was eventually named the Regal Theatre and remodelled as an 850-seat theatre, which finally closed in 2001. It was in the Regal Theatre where the tenor Frank Patterson made his stage debut. The Oisin, in O'Connell Street, was of a similar scale and was also built in 1921. It was on the site of the present-day Heatons but burned to the ground in 1965. The last film to be shown there was A Patch of Blue.

Festivals
For nine days from the first weekend of July, the town hosts the annual Clonmel Junction Festival. It consists of a mix of street theatre, rock, traditional and world music. Several international acts visit the festival each year. In the last few years, young local bands have also had an opportunity to showcase their talents. Children from local schools and community groups are encouraged to participate with support from local artists.

Finding a Voice is a festival that is held around International Women's Day, 8 March. It presents performances of music by female composers.

Clonmel is home to the International Film Festival Ireland, which focuses on independent films. Its inaugural event was during September 2009 and ran for five days. It has become an annual event, occurring every September. The 2010 event expanded to include a Youth Film Festival, that showcased locally made short films.

The Clonmel Busking festival runs for four days every August. It provides free music events during the day in Clonmel town centre, while at night a number of concerts take place in various venues throughout the town.

Music
Banna Chluain Meala (literally translating as 'Clonmel band') was founded in 1971. Originally a brass band, Banna Chluain Meala later developed as a brass and reed band, which included a concert, marching and field show performances. The band also has a colour guard section which enhances marching and field show performances. The total complement of the band has ranged from 100 to 150 members throughout the years. The band has travelled widely abroad to the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, France, Italy and Chicago in the United States of America and represented Ireland at an International Festival in Cheb in the Czech Republic in 2004 to celebrate the new entrants to the European Union.

Banna Chluain Meala is one of Ireland's most honoured bands. They hold concert band championship titles on national and international levels. As a marching band, they have had unparalleled success nationally, being crowned IMBA Irish champions in the highest division on twelve occasions (1991, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2015). They have also had success abroad, including as Open Class champions at the British Youth Band Championships at Wembley in 1994.

Clonmel has hosted the Irish traditional music festival, the Fleadh Cheoil, on five occasions from 1992 to 1994 inclusive, and again in 2003 and 2004.

One of the better-known songs concerning Clonmel is "The Gaol of Cluain Meala," a translation from the turn of the 19th century by a Cork man, Jeremiah Joseph Callanan, of the traditional Irish-language song "Príosún Chluain Meala". It was revived by the celebrated balladeer Luke Kelly in the 1960s. The narrator in the Irish republican song "Galtee Mountain Boy" farewells Clonmel in the song. The song was written by Patsy Halloran from Clonmel.

Music venues in Clonmel include The Piper Inn, famous for hosting a show by Irish rock band Thin Lizzy.

Clonmel in literature
Vertue rewarded, or The Irish princess (1693), one of the earliest romance novels written in the English language, tells the story of "Merinda" from High Street, Clonmel and a Williamite officer stationed in the town during the Jacobite war.

Raymond Chandler's 1939 novel The Big Sleep features Rusty Regan as a main character: "A big curly-headed Irishman from Clonmel, with sad eyes and a smile as wide as Wilshire Boulevard."

Charles Kickham's 1873 novel Knocknagow had two main characters modelled on Clonmel locals. These were his cousins, Dr T.J. Crean Sr. as "Arthur O'Conner" and his wife Clara Crean (née Kickham) as "Mary Kearney", who both lived on Queen Street at the time.

John Flanagan's 2009 novel The Kings of Clonmel uses Clonmel as a fictional kingdom. It is the eighth book in the Ranger's Apprentice series.

Association Football
Clonmel is home to Clonmel Celtic, Old Bridge, Wilderness Rovers, Redmondstown and Clonmel Town who play in the TSDL League.

Athletics
Clonmel is home to Clonmel Athletic Club.

Rugby
Clonmel Rugby Club plays in the All Ireland League, Division 2C. The rugby club was founded in 1892. In 1990 the club opened their new club House coinciding with the first-ever Soviet Union rugby team visit to Ireland. In their centenary year, 1992, they hosted London Irish RFC against Shannon RFC in a memorable game played at the club grounds. Clonmel won the Munster Junior Cup for the first time in its 122-year history in 2014 and followed that up with a Munster Junior League (Division 1) title and the Munster Junior Challenge Cup in the 2015 season.

Cricket
Clonmel's cricket club plays teams in the Munster Cricket Union Senior 2 and Senior 3 leagues. The cricket club currently fields 1 adult team and 2 youth teams. All play their home games in the Presentation Convent Field.

Horse Racing and Coursing
Clonmel is noted in greyhound circles for being the home of the annual National Hare Coursing meeting in early February at Clonmel Racecourse located in the Powerstown area of the town. Also Included in this event is the Ladies' International Open Meeting and the coursing derby. At this time each year, Clonmel's population is swollen by a large influx of sportspeople from Ireland, the UK, and from as far afield as Australia, New Zealand, the United States and the Middle East.

Rowing and boat building
Clonmel has two clubs associated with recreational activity on the river Suir, both of which are based in Irishtown.

Clonmel Rowing Club (CRC)
Clonmel Rowing Club (CRC), was founded in 1869 and is one of the oldest sporting clubs in the town. It is located on Moor's Island, on the Suir, about 500 meters west of the town centre. The club colours are Royal Blue and White. Sporting success in the early 1900s culminated in the winning of the Senior Men's 'eight' championships in 1920. The club is affectionately known locally as "The Island". In winter, training takes place on a 4-mile stretch of the river to the west of the town, from the clubhouse to Knocklofty bridge. In the summer months this stretch is reduced to 2 miles as far as Sandybanks, near Marlfield village.

Flooding has become a perennial problem, especially noticeable in recent years. The flow becomes so fast that rowing in January is not possible on this part of the Suir. Within a 25-mile radius there are two locations where the club can still train satisfactorily, Cappoquin and Fiddown.

CRC has a newly constructed, purpose-built boathouse since 1979, with boat storage on the ground floor. Upstairs are two squash courts, a function hall and dressing rooms. Currently, one squash court is being used as the gym.

Recently, Clonmel has seen a resurgence with the success of Daire Lynch winning the men's senior single sculls and making international representation.

Workmen's Boat Club
The Workmen's Boat Club was established in 1883. The property was leased from the Bagwell estate until 1999 when it was finally purchased by the club. One of the major undertakings of the club in recent years has been the restoration of the historic racing craft Cruiskeen, which was built in the 1840s by GAA founder member Maurice Davin. The project, outsourced to 'Conservation | Letterfrack', took several years of meticulous cleaning, treatment and repair and the 38 ft./11.6m timber boat is now on permanent display in the County Museum, Clonmel.

GAA Clubs
Clonmel is home to several Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) clubs. Clonmel Óg the most recently established GAA club in the town was set up in 1984 and it competes in the senior division only 31 years after being formed. Moyle Rovers GAA club is just outside the town and has been a dominant force in recent decades.

Gaelic football club Clonmel Commercials, the 2016 Munster Football Club champions, are based in the town, on the Western Road. They reached the semi-finals of the 2015–16 All Ireland Football Club championships, losing out to Ballyboden St. Endas, who would go on to win the championship. Sister hurling club, St. Mary's, are also located on Western Road.

Primary schools

 * Gaelscoil Chluain Meala has around 200 students. Located at Irishtown and originally the Free School, the building was designed by two pupils of the renowned architect John Nash. It was for a number of years the offices of South Tipperary County Council.
 * St Mary's Parochial School, Clonmel, also known as the Model School, traces its roots to the Incorporated Society School of 1832. It is located on the Western Road. (Church of Ireland)
 * St Oliver's national school was founded in 1982. It is situated at Heywood Road.
 * St.Mary's CBS is located in Irishtown directly beside the Gaelscoil.
 * St.Peter and Paul's CBS.
 * Sisters of Charity Girls School.
 * Presentation Primary School.

Secondary schools

 * Presentation Convent, for girls, (Roman Catholic)
 * Loreto Convent, for girls, (Roman Catholic)
 * CBS High School, for boys, (Roman Catholic)
 * Gaelcholáiste Chéitinn, co-educational. Part of the Clonmel Central Technical Institute. Established in 2004, the school teaches through the medium of Irish. It was established as an autonomous school within the Vocational Education Committee system in response to a demand for second-level education through the medium of Irish.
 * Coláiste Chluain Meala, co-educational. Formerly known as The Clonmel Central Technical Institute Secondary School which traces its history back to 1842. Under the control of the local Education and Training Board.
 * CTI Senior College, co-educational. Part of the Clonmel Central Technical Institute and under the control of the local Education and Training Board. There is an official website listing PLC courses.

Third level
Clonmel is home to one third-level college, LIT. It will merge with Athlone IT to become an as-yet-untitled technological university (TU), in 2021/22. The Clonmel Campus of LIT offers courses in Business, Creative Multimedia, Digital Animation Production and Marketing with Languages. The Creative Multimedia & Digital Animation Production degrees are operated under the LIT Limerick School of Art and Design. The LIT Clonmel campus is located along the Clonmel Inner Relief Road, but it is proposed that it will move to a new location within the town centre in the future.

Training
Clonmel Youth Training Entreprises Limited was established in 1984 by voluntary and business people, who saw the need to tackle the growing issue of unemployment and the related consequences of early school leavers in Clonmel.

Roads
Clonmel is located on the N24, the national primary roadway that links the cities of Limerick and Waterford. The N24 westbound connects Clonmel to junction 10 of the Cork to Dublin M8 motorway, while eastbound it links the town with Kilkenny via the N76.

Bus
Charles Bianconi, onetime mayor of the town, ran his pioneering public transport system of horse-drawn carriages from Clonmel.

Clonmel is today served by three town bus routes operated by TFI Local Link.
 * CL1: Poppyfield Retail Park – Western Road – O’Connell Street – Davis Road – Crann Ard
 * CL2: Ard Gaoithe Business Park – Cashel Road – Heywood Road – O’Connell Street – Davis Road – Crann Ard
 * CL9: Ard Gaoithe Business Park – Cashel Road – Poppyfield Retail Park – Western Road – O’Connell Street – Davis Road – Crann Ard

Rail
Clonmel railway station opened on 1 May 1852. Today there are two trains daily to Waterford via Carrick on Suir, and two to Limerick Junction (for main-line connections to Dublin), via Cahir and Tipperary town. There is no Sunday service.

Waterways
The River Suir had been made navigable to Clonmel from 1760 when completion of the River Suir Navigation in the 19th century allowed large vessels to reach the town's quays.

Notable people

 * Anne Anderson (born 1952), was Ireland's first female Ambassador to the United States of America, United Nations, France, Monaco and European Union, born in Clonmel.
 * Bonaventura Baron (1610–1696), a distinguished Franciscan humanist, philosopher and writer was born in Clonmel.
 * Charles Bianconi (1786–1875), one-time mayor of Clonmel, ran his pioneering public transport system of horse-drawn carriages from Clonmel
 * George Borrow (1803–1881), polyglot, ethnologist of the Romani people and author of Lavengro, in which he briefly writes of his time in Clonmel, lived here in 1815
 * Francis Bryan (1490–1550), English courtier and diplomat during the reign of Henry VIII, died in Clonmel in 1550
 * Austin Carroll (1835–1909), Irish Catholic nun and writer
 * Thomas Chamney, Irish athlete who ran 800m in Beijing Olympics in 2008
 * Bridget Cleary (1869–1895), burned alive by her husband, Michael Cleary, because she was believed to be a shapeshifting fairy. The ensuing criminal trial was very high-profile.
 * William J. Duane (1780–1865), American politician and lawyer from Pennsylvania, was born in Clonmel.
 * Dave Foley is a professional rugby union player
 * Sarah Pim Grubb (1746–1832), Quaker businesswoman, wife of John Grubb, died in Clonmel
 * Vincent Hanley (1954–1987), a pioneering Irish radio DJ and television presenter, nicknamed "Fab Vinny". He worked mainly for Raidió Teilifís Éireann and was the first Irish celebrity to die from an AIDS-related illness
 * Mary Elizabeth Southwell Dudley Leathley (1818– 1899), writer, was born in Clonmel in 1818.
 * Sir Lionel Milman, 7th Baronet (1877–1962), Anglo-Irish first-class cricketer and British Army officer
 * Fred Murray, former professional football player, now personal masseur for Foo Fighters member Dave Grohl
 * Vivian Murray, businessman
 * Pat O'Callaghan was an Irish athlete and 1928 Olympic gold medalist
 * Nellie Ó Cléirigh was an Irish lace authority and historian
 * Mícheál Ó Súilleabháin (1950–2018), an Irish musician, held Professorship of Music at the Irish World Music Centre of the University of Limerick
 * Frank Patterson (1938–2000), one of Ireland's most famous tenors, was native to the town
 * Ramsay Weston Phipps (1838–1923), military historian, born in Clonmel, lived there off and on throughout his life
 * Rozanna Purcell, model and Miss Universe Ireland 2010
 * Adi Roche, co-founder of Chernobyl Children's Project International and 1997 candidate for the Irish Presidency
 * Andrea Roche, best known Irish model and Miss Ireland 1997
 * Symon Semeonis, or Simon Fitzsimons, was a 14th-century Franciscan friar who left Clonmel in 1323 on pilgrimage to the Holy Land. The account of his "Itinerary" is preserved in a manuscript in the Library of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge
 * Laurence Sterne (1713–68), author of The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman, was born in the town, though his family returned to England soon after
 * Anthony Trollope (1815–1852), a noted author, worked in the town for a period
 * Stephen White (1575–1646) was an Irish Jesuit, historian and antiquarian born in Clonmel, who wrote about the early Irish saints

Sister towns
Clonmel is twinned with several places:

title: Clonmel


text:
Myriagon

In geometry, a myriagon or 10000-gon is a polygon with 10000 sides. Several philosophers have used the regular myriagon to illustrate issues regarding thought.

Regular myriagon
A regular myriagon is represented by Schläfli symbol {10,000} and can be constructed as a truncated 5000-gon, t{5000}, or a twice-truncated 2500-gon, tt{2500}, or a thrice-truncated 1250-gon, ttt{1250}, or a four-fold-truncated 625-gon, tttt{625}.

The measure of each internal angle in a regular myriagon is 179.964°. The area of a regular myriagon with sides of length a is given by
 * $$A = 2500a^2 \cot \frac{\pi}{10000}$$

The result differs from the area of its circumscribed circle by up to 40 parts per billion.

Because 10,000 = 24 × 54, the number of sides is neither a product of distinct Fermat primes nor a power of two. Thus the regular myriagon is not a constructible polygon. Indeed, it is not even constructible with the use of an angle trisector, as the number of sides is neither a product of distinct Pierpont primes, nor a product of powers of two and three.

Symmetry

The regular myriagon has Dih10000 dihedral symmetry, order 20000, represented by 10000 lines of reflection. Dih10000 has 24 dihedral subgroups: (Dih5000, Dih2500, Dih1250, Dih625), (Dih2000, Dih1000, Dih500, Dih250, Dih125), (Dih400, Dih200, Dih100, Dih50, Dih25), (Dih80, Dih40, Dih20, Dih10, Dih5), and (Dih16, Dih8, Dih4, Dih2, Dih1). It also has 25 more cyclic symmetries as subgroups: (Z10000, Z5000, Z2500, Z1250, Z625), (Z2000, Z1000, Z500, Z250, Z125), (Z400, Z200, Z100, Z50, Z25), (Z80, Z40, Z20, Z10), and (Z16, Z8, Z4, Z2, Z1), with Zn representing π/n radian rotational symmetry.

John Conway labels these lower symmetries with a letter and order of the symmetry follows the letter. r20000 represents full symmetry, and a1 labels no symmetry. He gives d (diagonal) with mirror lines through vertices, p with mirror lines through edges (perpendicular), i with mirror lines through both vertices and edges, and g for rotational symmetry.

These lower symmetries allows degrees of freedom in defining irregular myriagons. Only the g10000 subgroup has no degrees of freedom but can be seen as directed edges.

Myriagram
A myriagram is a 10,000-sided star polygon. There are 1999 regular forms given by Schläfli symbols of the form {10000/n}, where n is an integer between 2 and 5,000 that is coprime to 10,000. There are also 3000 regular star figures in the remaining cases.

In popular culture
In the novella Flatland, the Chief Circle is assumed to have ten thousand sides, making him a myriagon.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Myriagon


text:
Talk:Tibet Autonomous Region

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 02:37, 5 March 2023 (UTC)
 * 雅鲁藏布.jpg

Demographics table
As per the notes 28 (https://web.archive.org/web/20090805174810/http://www.stats.gov.cn/TJGB/RKPCGB/qgrkpcgb/t20020404_16767.htm) and 29 (https://web.archive.org/web/20120914173158/http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020404_16768.htm): In 1954, Tibetans: 3.640.125 In 1960, 2.501.174 Tibetans.

That is a 31,3 % decrease in population if I'm not mistaken. Renascior (talk) 22:05, 22 July 2023 (UTC)

Page move, please add if you have more ideas.
Tibet 西藏 commonly means Tibet Autonomous Region, similarly China means PRC, the Tibet Autonomous Region page should become Tibet page, current Tibet page should become new page Tibetan Area (or Tibetan Region, or Greater Tibet) 藏区. Both current titles "Tibet" and "Tibet Autonomous Region" do not follow Wikipedia's naming conventions, such as that it is not the common name of the subject. Some common links show that common meaning of Tibet is Tibet Autonomous Region:

Google map

 * Tibet means Tibet Autonomous Region

Bing map

 * Tibet means Tibet Autonomous Region

Travel agency of Tibet

 * Tibet Autonomous Region is one of the autonomous regions of the People's Republic of China and is commonly abbreviated as Xizang (Tibet).
 * The Tibetan Area (or Tibetan Region) is a broader geographical concept

Dalai Lama's statement

 * Tibet is a part of the People's Republic of China. It is an autonomous region of the People's Republic of China.

U.S. policy toward Tibet

 * The United States considers the Tibet Autonomous Region or TAR (hereafter referred to as "Tibet") as part of the People's Republic of China.

Britannica

 * Tibet, historic region and autonomous region of China that is often called “the roof of the world.”

Toto11zi (talk) 02:31, 29 May 2024 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Tibet which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 15:02, 29 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tibet Autonomous Region


text:
Richard Bellingham

Richard Bellingham (c. 1592 – 7 December 1672) was a colonial magistrate, lawyer, and several-time governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, and the last surviving signatory of the colonial charter at his death. A wealthy lawyer in Lincolnshire prior to his departure for the New World in 1634, he was a liberal political opponent of the moderate John Winthrop, arguing for expansive views on suffrage and lawmaking, but also religiously somewhat conservative, opposing (at times quite harshly) the efforts of Quakers and Baptists to settle in the colony. He was one of the architects of the Massachusetts Body of Liberties, a document embodying many sentiments also found in the United States Bill of Rights.

Although he was generally in the minority during his early years in the colony, he served ten years as colonial governor, most of them during the delicate years of the English Restoration, when King Charles II scrutinized the behavior of the colonial governments. Bellingham notably refused a direct order from the king to appear in England, an action that may have contributed to the eventual revocation of the colonial charter in 1684.

He was twice married, survived by his second wife and his only son Samuel. He died in 1672, leaving an estate in present-day Chelsea, Massachusetts, and a large house in Boston. The estate became embroiled in legal action lasting more than 100 years after his will was challenged by his son and eventually set aside. Bellingham is immortalized in Nathaniel Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter and Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's The New England Tragedies, both of which fictionalize events from colonial days.

Early life
Richard Bellingham, the son of William Bellingham and Frances Amcotts, was born in Lincolnshire, England, in about 1592. The family was apparently well to do; they resided in a manor at Bromby Wood near Scunthorpe. He studied law at Brasenose College, Oxford, matriculating on 1 December 1609. In 1625 he was elected Recorder (the highest community legal post) of Boston, a position he held until 1633. He represented Boston as a member of Parliament in 1628 and 1629. He was first married to Elizabeth Backhouse of Swallowfield, Berkshire, with whom he had a number of children, although only their son Samuel survived to adulthood.

In 1628 he became an investor in the Massachusetts Bay Company, and was one of the signers of the land grant issued to it by the Plymouth Council for New England. His name also appears on the royal charter issued for the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1629. In 1633 he resigned as recorder of Boston and began selling off his properties. The next year he sailed for the New World with his wife and son; Elizabeth died not long after their arrival in Boston, Massachusetts.

Massachusetts Bay Colony
Bellingham immediately assumed a prominent role in the colony, serving on the committee that oversaw the affairs of Boston (a precursor to the board of selectmen). In this role he participated in the division of community lands that included the establishment of Boston Common. Not long after his arrival, he purchased the ferry service between Boston and Winnessimmett (present-day Chelsea) from Samuel Maverick, along with tracts of land that encompass much of Chelsea. In addition to his mansion house in Boston, he also established a country home near the ferry in Winnessimmett. A house he built in 1659 still stands in Chelsea, and is known as the Bellingham-Cary House.

For many years he was elected to the colony's council of assistants, which advised the governor on legislative matters and served as a judicial body, and he also served several terms as colonial treasurer. He was first elected deputy governor of the colony in 1635, at a time when the dominant John Winthrop was out of favor, and was elected to the post again in 1640. In 1637, during the Antinomian Controversy, he was one of the magistrates that sat during the trial of Anne Hutchinson, and voted for her to be banished from the colony. According to historian Francis Bremer, Bellingham was somewhat brash and antagonistic, and he and Winthrop repeatedly clashed on political matters. During these early years Bellingham was chosen to be on the first board of overseers of Harvard College. He also contributed to the development of the colony's first legal code, known as the Massachusetts Body of Liberties. This work was opposed and repeatedly stalled by Winthrop, who favored a common law approach to legislation.

In 1641 Bellingham was elected governor for the first time, running against Winthrop. The Body of Liberties was formally adopted during his term. However, he served for just one year, and was replaced by Winthrop in 1642. Bellingham's defeat may have been caused in part by the scandalous impropriety surrounding his second marriage. A friend who was a guest in his house had been courting Penelope Pelham, a young woman of twenty. According to Winthrop, Bellingham, now 50 and a widower, won her heart, and, without waiting for the formalities of the banns of marriage, officiated at his own wedding. When the issue came before the colonial magistrates, Bellingham (as the governor and chief magistrate) refused to step down from the bench to face the charges, thus bringing the matter to a somewhat awkward end. Bellingham's term in office was characterized by Winthrop as extremely difficult: "The General Court was full of uncomfortable agitations and contentions by reason of Bellingham's unfriendliness to some other magistrates. He set himself in an opposite frame to them in all proceedings, which did much to retard business".

In the 1640s constitutional issues concerning the power of the assistants arose. In a case involving an escaped pig, the assistants ruled in favor of a merchant who had allegedly taken a widow's errant animal. She appealed to the general court, which ruled in her favor. The assistants then asserted their right to veto the general court's decision, sparking the controversy. John Winthrop argued that the assistants, as experienced magistrates, must be able to check the democratic institution of the general court, because "a democracy is, amongst most civil nations, accounted the meanest and worst of all forms of government." Bellingham was one of only two assistants (the other was Richard Saltonstall) who opposed the final decision that the assistants' veto should stand. Bellingham and Saltonstall were often in a minority that opposed the more conservative views of Winthrop and Thomas Dudley. In 1648 Bellingham sat on a committee established to demonstrate that the colony's legal codes were not "repugnant to the laws of England", as called for by the colonial charter.

In 1650, when Bellingham was an assistant, he concurred in the judicial decision banning William Pynchon's The Meritorious Price of Our Redemption, which expressed views many Puritans considered heretical. Bellingham was again elected governor in 1654, and again in May 1665 after the death of Governor John Endecott. He was thereafter annually re-elected to the post until his death, ultimately serving a total of ten years as governor and thirteen as deputy governor. While he was deputy to Endecott in 1656, a boat carrying several Quakers arrived in Boston. Since Endecott was in Salem at the time, Bellingham directed the government's reaction to their arrival. Because Quakerism was anathema to the Puritans, the Quakers were confined to the ship, their belongings were searched, and books promoting their religion were destroyed. After five weeks of captivity, they were sent back to England. During Endecott's administration the penalties for Quakers defying banishment from the colony were made progressively harsher, until they included the imposition of the death penalty for repeat offenders. Under these laws, four Quakers were put to death for returning to the colony after their banishment. Quaker historians have also been harsh in their assessments of Bellingham. After Massachusetts authorities agreed that the death penalty did not work (it had long term negative consequences, feeding perceptions of Massachusetts intransigence), the law was modified to reduce the penalties to branding and whipping.

English Restoration
The 1640s and 1650s in England were a time of great turmoil. The English Civil War led to the establishment of the Commonwealth of England and eventually the Protectorate of Oliver Cromwell. In this period, Massachusetts was generally sympathetic to Cromwell and the Parliamentary cause. With the restoration of Charles II to the throne in 1660, all of the colonies, and Massachusetts in particular, came under his scrutiny. In 1661 he issued a mandamus forbidding further persecution of the Quakers. He also requested specific changes to be made to Massachusetts laws to increase suffrage and tolerance for other Protestant religious practices, actions that were resisted or ignored during the Endecott administration. Charles finally sent royal commissioners to New England in 1664 to enforce his demands, but Massachusetts, of all the New England colonies, was the most recalcitrant, refusing all of the substantive demands or enacting changes that only superficially addressed the issues.

The reaction by Charles to this was to issue an order in 1666 demanding that Bellingham, since he was then governor, and William Hathorne, the speaker of the general court, travel to England to answer for the colony's behavior. The issue of how to answer this demand divided the colony, with petitions from a cross-section of the colony's population calling for the magistrates to obey the king's demand. The debate also introduced a long-term rift in the council of assistants between hardliners wanting to resist the king's demands at all costs and moderates who thought the king's demands should be accommodated. Bellingham sided with the hardliners and the decision was reached to send the king a letter. The letter questioned whether the request actually originated with the king, protested that the colony was loyal to him, and claimed the magistrates had already explained fully why they were unable to comply with the king's demands. The magistrates further pacified the angered sovereign by sending over a ship full of masts as a gift (New England was a valuable source of timber for the Royal Navy). Distracted by the war with the Dutch and domestic politics, Charles did not pursue the issue further until after Bellingham's death, though for numerous reasons the Massachusetts Bay Colony charter was finally voided in 1684.

Death and legacy
Richard Bellingham died on 7 December 1672. He was the last surviving signer of the colonial charter, and was buried in Boston's Granary Burying Ground. He was survived by his son Samuel from his first marriage and his second wife Penelope, who outlived him by 30 years. His landholdings at Winnessimmett became tied up in legal action lasting more than 100 years, and involved court and procedural decisions on both sides of the Atlantic to resolve. Under the terms of his will, some of his properties in Winnessimmett were set aside for religious uses. His son challenged the will, which was eventually set aside. The litigation continued, carried on by his heirs and succeeding owners and occupants of the properties, and was finally concluded in 1785. The town of Bellingham, Massachusetts is named in his honor, and a number of features in Chelsea, including a square, a street, and a hill, bear the name Bellingham.

Bellingham was immortalized as a fictional character in Nathaniel Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter, as the brother of Ann Hibbins, a woman who was executed (in real life in 1656, as well as in the book) for practicing witchcraft. There are apparently no contemporary references to Mrs. Hibbins as Bellingham's sister—Hawthorne's formation of this connection appears to be based on a footnote in James Savage's 1825 edition of John Winthrop's journals, and a genealogical tree of the Bellinghams published early in the 20th century does not mention her. However, Ann Hibbins' second husband, William Hibbins, was first married to Richard Bellingham's sister Hester but she died a year later and was buried in England. Bellingham also appears in Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's The New England Tragedies, which fictionalizes events dealing with the Quakers.

title: Richard Bellingham


text:
James A. Johnson (businessman)

James A. Johnson (December 24, 1943 –October 18, 2020) was an American businessman, Democratic Party political figure, and chairman and chief executive officer of Fannie Mae. He was the campaign chairman for Walter Mondale's unsuccessful 1984 presidential bid and chaired the vice presidential selection committee for the presidential campaign of John Kerry. He briefly led the vice-presidential selection process for the 2008 Democratic presidential nominee, Senator Barack Obama.

Before working for Fannie Mae, Johnson co-founded the private consulting firm Public Strategies with diplomat Richard Holbrooke. They sold the company to Shearson Lehman Brothers in 1985, after which Johnson served as a managing director at Lehman Brothers. After leading Fannie Mae from 1991 to 1998, Johnson became a board member of the investment bank Goldman Sachs as well as several other companies including Target Corporation and UnitedHealth Group. He was also chairman of both the Kennedy Center for the Arts and the Brookings Institution.

Early life and education
Johnson was born on December 24, 1943, in Benson, Minnesota. He was the son of Adeline, a schoolteacher, and Alfred I. Johnson, who was a member of the Minnesota House of Representatives from 1941 to 1958, and served as speaker of the house in 1955 and 1957.

At the University of Minnesota, Johnson was student body president and graduated with a B.A. in political science in 1966, and a Master of Public Affairs degree from the School of Public and International Affairs at Princeton University in 1968.

Career
While a student at the University of Minnesota, Johnson began his political career as a volunteer on the 1968 presidential campaign of Eugene McCarthy. He was later a faculty member at Princeton University.

In the 1972 Democratic Party presidential primaries, Johnson started as the national campaign coordinator for Senator Edmund Muskie, whose primary campaign came to an end despite early victories in Iowa and Illinois. From 1973 to 1976, Johnson served as director of public affairs at the Dayton-Hudson Corporation (now Target Corporation). During this period, Johnson also worked for Senators George McGovern and Walter Mondale. In 1974, Mondale considered a run in the 1976 presidential primaries with an exploratory committee which Johnson helped create. In 1976, he was deputy director of Mondale's vice-presidential campaign and was executive assistant to the Vice President during the entire Carter Administration.

In 1981, Johnson co-founded Public Strategies, a private consulting firm, with diplomat Richard Holbrooke. During that time, he was the campaign manager for Walter Mondale's unsuccessful 1984 presidential bid. After selling Public Strategies to Shearson Lehman Brothers in 1985, Johnson was a managing director at Lehman Brothers from 1985 to 1990.

In 1990, Johnson became vice chairman of Fannie Mae, or the Federal National Mortgage Association, a United States government-sponsored enterprise and publicly traded company. In 1991, he was appointed chairman and chief executive officer of Fannie Mae, a position he held until 1998. In 1996 Johnson published a book, Showing America a New Way Home.

An Office of Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight (OFHEO) report from September 2004 found that, during Johnson's tenure as CEO, Fannie Mae had improperly deferred $200 million in expenses. This enabled top executives, including Johnson and his successor, Franklin Raines, to receive substantial bonuses in 1998. A 2006 OFHEO report found that Fannie Mae had substantially under-reported Johnson's compensation. Originally reported as $6–7 million, Johnson actually received approximately $21 million.

In the 2011 book Reckless Endangerment: How Outsized Ambition, Greed and Corruption Led to Economic Armageddon, authors Gretchen Morgenson and Joshua Rosner wrote that Johnson was one of the key figures responsible for the late-2000s financial crisis. Morgenson described him in an NPR interview as "corporate America's founding father of regulation manipulation". Andrew Ross Sorkin wrote in The New York Times in 2012, "In fairness to Mr. Johnson, the vast majority of losses racked up by Fannie were the results of loans bought after he departed."

Johnson was one of the first outside directors and the longest-serving board member of the investment bank Goldman Sachs. From 1999, when the company went public, until May 2018, he served as chairman of the compensation committee at Goldman Sachs. He also served on the board of Forestar Group, Gannett Company, Inc., KB Home, Target Corporation, Temple-Inland, and UnitedHealth Group. Johnson was also the vice chairman of the private banking firm Perseus.

Johnson chaired the vice presidential selection committee for the unsuccessful 2004 presidential campaign of John Kerry. There was speculation that, had Kerry won, Johnson might have been named Kerry's chief of staff, or Secretary of the Treasury.

On June 4, 2008, Barack Obama announced the formation of a three-person committee to vet vice presidential candidates, including Johnson, Caroline Kennedy, and Eric Holder. However, Johnson soon became a source of controversy when it was reported that he had received $7 million in cut-rate mortgage loans directly from Angelo Mozilo, the CEO of Countrywide Financial, a company implicated in the U.S. subprime mortgage crisis. Johnson resigned from the vice presidential search committee on June 11, 2008, stating that he had done nothing wrong but did not want to distract attention from Obama's "historical effort". He continued to assist in efforts to recruit former Hillary Clinton supporters to the Obama campaign. On September 19, 2008, the John McCain campaign released an ad critical of Obama for his connections to Johnson and for appointing him to the vice presidential search committee.

Other memberships
Johnson has served as chairman of the Kennedy Center for the Arts (1996–2004) where he created and endowed the center's Millennium Stage. He was also chairman of the Brookings Institution (1994–2003) and continued thereafter to serve on the advisory council of the Brookings Institution's Hamilton Project. Since 2011, he has been chairman of the advisory council for the Stanford University Center on Longevity. He was a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the American Friends of Bilderberg, the Council on Foreign Relations, and the Trilateral Commission. Johnson was also a member of the steering committee of the Bilderberg Group and participated in all of their conferences since 1998 except in 1999 and 2004.

Honors and accolades
In 1994, Johnson received the Honor Award from the National Building Museum for his contributions to the U.S.'s building heritage during his tenure at Fannie Mae. He was also named as a Washingtonian of the Year by Washingtonian magazine in 1998.

Johnson received an Honorary Doctor of Laws from Colby College in 1997, an Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters from Howard University in 1999, and Doctor of Laws from Skidmore College in 2002 and the University of Minnesota in 2006.

Personal life
Johnson's first marriage was to Katherine Marshall. After they divorced, he married Maxine Isaacs, who served as press secretary for Mondale's 1984 election campaign. Together, they had a son (Alfred). They separated in 2010 and subsequently divorced. He married Heather Muir Kirby, a managing director at Deutsche Bank, in 2016.

Johnson's son, Alfred Johnson, is currently serving as Deputy Chief of Staff in the Department of the Treasury. He previously served in the Obama Administration, working as an aide to Rahm Emanuel.

Johnson died on October 18, 2020, at his home in Washington, D.C., at age 76; he had suffered from a neurological condition in the time leading up to his death.

title: James A. Johnson (businessman)


text:
Social insurance number

A social insurance number (SIN) (numéro d'assurance sociale (NAS)) is a number issued in Canada to administer various government programs. The SIN was created in 1964 to serve as a client account number in the administration of the Canada Pension Plan and Canada's varied employment insurance programs. In 1967, Revenue Canada (now the Canada Revenue Agency) started using the SIN for tax reporting purposes. SINs are issued by Employment and Social Development Canada (previously Human Resources Development Canada).

The SIN is formatted as three groups of three digits (e.g., 123-456-789).

The top of the card has changed over the years as the departments that are responsible for the card have changed:

 * Manpower and Immigration
 * Employment and Immigration Canada
 * Human Resources Development Canada
 * Government of Canada

The 2012 Canadian federal budget contained provisions to phase out the Social Insurance Number cards because they lacked modern security features and could be used for identity theft. As of 31 March 2014, Service Canada no longer issues plastic SIN cards. Instead, an individual will receive a paper "Confirmation of SIN" letter.

Functionality
Through functionality creep, the SIN has become a national identification number, in much the same way that the Social Security number has in the United States. However, unlike in the US, in Canada there are specific legislated purposes for which a SIN can be requested. It is not an identity document.

Unless an organization can demonstrate that the reason it is requesting an individual's SIN is specifically permitted by law, or that no alternative identifiers would suffice to complete the transaction, it cannot deny or refuse a product or service on the grounds of a refusal to provide a SIN. Examples of organizations that legitimately require a SIN include employers, financial institutions that provide interest on deposits, and federal government agencies. Giving a SIN when applying for consumer credit, such as buying a car or electronics, or allowing it to be used as a general purpose identification number, such as by a cable company, is strongly discouraged.

The Canadian military used the SIN as a form of unique identifier from the 1960s until the 1980s, when service numbers were reintroduced. Military identification, including ID cards and identity discs were marked with the SIN during this period.

Temporary SINs
Social Insurance Numbers that begin with the number "9" are issued to temporary residents who are not Canadian citizens or Canadian permanent residents (e.g., foreign students, individuals on work visas). Often, these individuals must have an employment authorization in order to work in Canada. SINs beginning with a "9" are different from SINs assigned to citizens and permanent residents, because they have an expiry date (which usually coincides with the expiration of the holder's work permit). These SINs are invalid unless there is an expiry date listed on the card and the date has not passed.

Permanent resident SINs

 * Issued by the federal government to each Canadian citizen or permanent resident;
 * The SIN is unique and assigned to only one citizen

Validation
Social Insurance Numbers can be validated through a simple check digit process called the Luhn algorithm.

046 454 286 <--- A fictitious, but valid, SIN. 121 212 121 <--- Multiply every second digit by 2.

The result of the multiplication is:

0 8 6 8 5 8 2 16 6

Then, add all of the digits together (note that 16 is summed as the individual digits 1+6):

0 + 8 + 6 + 8 + 5 + 8 + 2 + 1+6 + 6 = 50

If the SIN is valid, this number will be evenly divisible by 10.

Geography
The first digit of a SIN usually identifies the province in which it was registered, as listed below. However, the government has found it necessary in the past to supply certain regions with SINs assigned to other regions.

 * 1: Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, and Newfoundland and Labrador; new Ontario SINs are now being issued with the 1 series
 * 2–3: Quebec
 * 4–5: Ontario (excluding Northwestern Ontario), and overseas forces
 * 6: Northwestern Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, Northwest Territories, and Nunavut
 * 7: British Columbia, Yukon, and new business numbers.
 * 8: Used exclusively for the BN (Business Number) assigned to business owners and corporations. Due to the limited number of BNs available, new BNs can start with a 7.
 * 9: Temporary resident
 * 0: CRA-assigned individual tax numbers, temporary tax numbers or adoption tax numbers

title: Social insurance number


text:
Prosper Jolyot de Crébillon

Prosper Jolyot de Crébillon (13 January 1674 – 17 June 1762) was a French poet and tragedian.

He is sometimes known as Crébillon père or Crébillon le Tragique (Crébillon the Tragic) to distinguish him from his son Claude Prosper Jolyot de Crébillon (Crébillon the Gay).

Biography
Crébillon was born in Dijon, where his father, Melchior Jolyot, was notary-royal. Having been educated at the Jesuit school in the town, and afterwards at the Collège Mazarin. He became an advocate, and was placed in the office of a lawyer named Prieur at Paris. With the encouragement of his master, son of an old friend of Scarron's, he produced a Mort des enfants de Brutus, which was never produced on the stage.

In 1705 he succeeded with Idoménée; in 1707 his Atrée et Thyeste was repeatedly acted at court; Electre appeared in 1709; and in 1711 he produced his finest play, Rhadamiste et Zénobie, considered as his masterpiece despite a complicated and over-involved plot. But his Xerxes (1714) was only performed once and his Sémiramis (1717) was an absolute failure.

In 1707 Crébillon had married a penniless girl, who died, leaving him two young children. His father had also died, insolvent. In three years at court he had gained nothing and aroused considerable envy. Oppressed with melancholy, he moved to a garret, where he surrounded himself with dogs, cats and birds, which he had befriended; he became utterly careless of cleanliness or food, and sought comfort only in smoking.

He returned to the stage in 1726 with a successful play, Pyrrhus. In 1731, despite his long seclusion, he was elected to the Académie française; in 1735 he was appointed royal censor; and in 1745 Madame de Pompadour presented him with a pension of 1000 francs and a post in the royal library. In 1748 his Catilina was performed with great success at court; and in 1754, aged eighty, he presented his last tragedy, Le Triumvirat. His only son Claude was also an author.

Crébillon was considered by many to be superior to Voltaire as a tragic poet. The spirit of rivalry induced Voltaire to take the subjects of no less than five of Crébillon's tragedies (Semiramis, Electre, Catilina, Le Triumviral and Ahreeas) as his own. The so-called Éloge de Crébillon (1762; the title meant ironically), which appeared in the year of the poet's death, was generally attributed to Voltaire, though he strenuously denied the authorship.

There are numerous editions of his works, among which may be noticed: Œuvres (1772), with preface and éloge, by Joseph de La Porte; Œuvres (1828), containing D'Alembert's Éloge de Crébillon (1775); and Théâtre complet (1885), with a notice by Auguste Vito. A complete bibliography is given by Maurice Dutrait in his Étude sur la vie et le théâtre de Crébillon (1895).

Edgar Allan Poe took lines from Crébillon's Atrée as the last lines and obscure ending of his tale "The Purloined Letter".

title: Prosper Jolyot de Crébillon


text:
User:Theon~enwiki/ststemplate

This is a mission of the United States Space Shuttle

Related articles

 * Space science
 * Space shuttle
 * List of space shuttle missions
 * List of human spaceflights chronologically

title: User:Theon~enwiki/ststemplate


text:
User talk:Bobblewik

Mistake
Discussion moved to Wikipedia_talk:Manual_of_Style_%28dates_and_numbers%29

Date links
Fucking quit it. You've been told many times. You've been blocked for an extended period of time. If you keep this up, you're asking for a community ban, or at least another multi-month block. Rebecca 23:48, 17 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I've rollbacked most of your edits from the last couple of days, and will proceed to rollback each and every single edit until you either cease and discuss the matter or are inevitably reblocked. Rebecca 23:54, 17 September 2006 (UTC)

 * All reverted. Shall I rinse and repeat tomorrow morning or will you stop and move on to something useful? Rebecca 01:32, 20 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I've posted the pertinent Wikipedia Manual of Style information at User talk:Rebecca that disallows wikidate overlinkage. Hopefully, this will clear things up. --Tenebrae 18:59, 20 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks. I hope so. bobblewik 19:01, 20 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Do you expect me to be fooled by posting a version of the MOS that was replaced several months ago, and appears to have been taken from the edit history? The (quite stable) current draft of the MOS says nothing of the sort. Rebecca 23:47, 20 September 2006 (UTC)

Please stop. Now that you're conflating your edit summaries, if you persist, I'll be forced to revert every single edit you make. I'll leave today's bunch, but I'll start rollbacking the lot on sight as of tomorrow morning if you keep it up. Rebecca 01:38, 29 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I've now reverted all your edits since the above comment. I will proceed to do until you stop and discuss your edits. Rebecca 05:35, 1 October 2006 (UTC)
 * I think it is time for you to set up a request for comment on the dates/units editing feature (not on anyone's coduct, as that will only add fuel) so that we can get a clear consensus on how the MoS is to be applied. When you're done, can you please post the link on my talk page. Thanks. Harr o 5 20:51, 1 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks. But I am not sure what to ask for and I see the following requirement:
 * In order to remain listed at Wikipedia:Requests for comment, at least two people need to show that they tried to resolve a dispute with this user and have failed. This must involve the same dispute with a single user, not different disputes or multiple users.
 * bobblewik 20:59, 1 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Tenebrae and Quaddle have wandered through the debate and tried to resolve it, but haven't stuck at it. However, I would say that this is a case which won't be settled simply between a handful of editors. The RfC should ask for views on when to use your script (you must clearly outline what it is and how it works) and whether there are cases when it should be left out (eg. not removing year links in infoboxes). If you write it up I'll come and comment on it quite early. Harr o 5 21:07, 1 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the suggestion. A few other editors have spoken up about this. I am watching to see the response. bobblewik 18:11, 2 October 2006 (UTC)

This needs to be sorted out once and for all. Please start the RFC. -- ALoan (Talk) 20:05, 2 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks. I am getting conflicting advice (all welcome though), some say it is about editor behaviour, some say it is about tools. I am worried that if an RFC is started by me, it will be seen as personal. What is your opinion? bobblewik 20:09, 2 October 2006 (UTC)

 * AIUI, an RFC is used to guage community opinion on an issue, and so there should be no opprobrium, whoever starts it. In a sense, it is personal, because it is your edits that are being rolled back willy-nilly, without any regard for whether they are improvements or not.  To be honest, I am amazed how calm you are about all this - I would be absolutely livid if someone was tracking my moves and undoing everything I did. -- ALoan (Talk) 20:54, 2 October 2006 (UTC)

All your date link removals since the last message have now been rollbacked. Using deceptive edit summaries will not allow you to get away with that which you have already been blocked for innumerable times. Rebecca 01:38, 3 October 2006 (UTC)

peaceful suggestion
do not ever edit Australian-related articles. Thanks Hmains 02:20, 19 September 2006 (UTC)

Thanks so much
Hi there!

I want to thank you so much for your unit change on the Bongo (antelope) article I'm working on. Please help out as much as you can as I'm new to this!

Thanks again, Black Stripe 20:14, 19 September 2006 (UTC)

 * You are very welcome. I have just tidied up some more details and found some original data sources. It seems that the US units were conversions. The use of '891 pounds' seemed to me to be overly precise and sure enough, they are actually conversions of original metric data. bobblewik 06:36, 20 September 2006 (UTC)

Problem child
Yes, well I think it's getting close to the point of doing something about this. As an admin. she is supposed to be setting an example, not showing WP at its worst; it disgusts me. I don't know how to take action, but will support it. Tony 07:01, 20 September 2006 (UTC)

Thanks
Hi,

Thanks for your intervention. It seems that Rebecca is carrying out her promise to use rollback on my edits. Does this constitute stalking? bobblewik 06:40, 20 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Let me think about the best way to deal with this. --Guinnog 15:02, 20 September 2006 (UTC)

Space Shuttle Atlantis
Not wanting to get involved in a revert war, I hope that the logic of having a consistent linking style throughout the article will appeal to all editors, regardless of their belief in linking or not linking dates.

However, I do agree with your and others' opinions on this matter. I have also read the correspondence between various users and Rebecca, initially to satisfy the curiosity of who was changing a page I watch, and then because it offered a strange entertainment value. That said, good luck with whatever actions are being taken. Regardless or your opinion on this issue, there is no excuse for someone to treat others as she has. Cjosefy 19:16, 20 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks for your comments. That is very well put. Regards bobblewik 19:18, 20 September 2006 (UTC)

My two cents
Hi Bobblewik,

I suggested to you that you stay away from date de-linking, and you seemed to agree with my comment. When you've been blocked several times for a certain behaviour, you shouldn't try seeing what you can get away with the next time. That makes people very grumpy.

Massive revertions of your edits is not wikistalking. She genuinely believes your behaviour to be incorrect.

That being said, Rebecca can be incivil to people - not just you, to a wide variety of people. I'll be talking to her after you. Andjam 11:25, 21 September 2006 (UTC)

How do you perform so many edits?
Bobblewik, You may have been asked this before, but how do you perform so many edits so quickly? Are you using WP:AWB? Just wondering. —MJCdetroit 16:32, 28 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I don't use AWB. I use a monobook tool and tabs in Firefox. If you want to use the tool:
 * copy User:Bobblewik/monobook.js to the bottom of User:MJCdetroit/monobook.js
 * clear your cache (Firefox: press Ctrl-Shift-R. IE: press Ctrl-F5)
 * Then when you are editing an article, you will see tabs for 'units' and 'dates'. If you press one of these tabs, it will offer you the edits in 'Show changes' mode. You can then accept or reject the changes. Let me know if you need more help. Regards bobblewik 17:31, 28 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I just tried your script out, very handy. Would it be possible to extend the space inserting function to include Newton metres (Nm), Pferdestärke (PS), and litres (L/l), or does this break other stuff?  Cheers! RB30DE 09:24, 30 September 2006 (UTC)

Thanks. Do you have a tool to do the actual unit conversions? or is that done the old fashion way? —MJCdetroit 02:45, 29 September 2006 (UTC)

The 'general' tab tool has code to convert common units in ship articles. I often think of extending it but false positives and excess precision make the work non-trivial. Feel free to make suggestions or to create your own code. Other than that, I use the excellent Google converter. Just see what happens when you try a search for '11 uk gallons'. Regards bobblewik 08:59, 29 September 2006 (UTC)

units &/or links
I've noticed you changing a lot of units in automobile articles from "XXXhp" to "XXX hp". If you're going to do this, could you follow the WP:Autos conventions and use the non-breaking space to prevent automatic line wrapping? This would also apply to non-autombile articles where you're inserting a space between the value and the unit. Thanks. --DeLarge 22:03, 29 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I like to ensure that the reader sees a space. In the past, I tried to go a step further and add nbsp but I ended up making too many mistakes and it is much more complicated and slow. So now I just concentrate on the main task of correcting the absence of a visible space. If you would like to convert the visible space from one type to another, I would be happy to assist you. I have helped other editors in that. I would also be happy to discuss formats in general in your project page if you want to copy this discussion there. Regards bobblewik 10:20, 30 September 2006 (UTC)

Basketball
Thanks for your changes to the Basketball article recently. Neonumbers 11:40, 1 October 2006 (UTC)

 * You are very welcome. One piece of praise like that is worth a thousand rollbacks. bobblewik 18:57, 1 October 2006 (UTC)

Civility
"Fucking" is by definition profanity, which is included in the policy Civility as a serious example of breaking that policy. According to Disruptive editing: "Obvious cranks and aggressively disruptive editors may be blocked or banned after a consensus of uninvolved Wikipedians agrees that their edits constitute persistent violations of fundamental policies" so persistent use of such profanity that causes other editors to be distressed can result in being banned without the use of the formalism of arbcom. The point of the Civility policy is because uncivil behavior is bad for wikipedia. Disrupting wikipedia by persistent profanity even after being warned can be expected to result in being blocked and eventually banned if the conduct does not improve. This message is going to Bobblewik and Rebecca. WAS 4.250 00:12, 3 October 2006 (UTC)

Is it really you?
You seem to be slipping up on your edits. I thought you used to fix commas used as decimal points and dots used as thousands separators, but recently I've noticed you haven't been changing them. Gene Nygaard 03:12, 4 October 2006 (UTC)

 * I may have made a few such edits in the past but I do not seek out such things. My current thinking is to tolerate the comma as a decimal but it is not something I think much about. Are you perhaps thinking of User talk:BlaiseFEgan?
 * bobblewik 17:54, 4 October 2006 (UTC)

A request
Bobblewik, can I ask you please to stop delinking dates en masse, or at the very least to use clear edit summaries so that editors wanting to revert know which edits to target? As you may recall, I support not linking stand-alone years, but in the face of objections, it's not appropriate or fair to go through the encyclopedia at great speed to delink where no other edits are being made to articles. There have been similar situations in the past with American/British spellings, and with BCE/BC, and the ArbCom upheld the principle that editors shouldn't go out of their way, without good reason, to change from one style to another where there's no consensus for the changes. The MoS is just a guideline, so even if it clearly specified one style, which it doesn't, it still wouldn't be appropriate to rely on it in the face of strong objections. Your cooperation would be very much appreciated, because the issue is causing bad feeling between good editors. SlimVirgin (talk) 09:42, 4 October 2006 (UTC)

 * I second this request by SlimVirgin, I could not have put it better. Again too many Wikipedians are putting time in something that after long discussions at Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style (dates and numbers) (...and many other places) had been settled as a "don't do": that is: "don't go around in Wikipedia de-linking solitary years". So, please, whatever your actions in Wikipedia, please consider that it should not create unneeded tension, absorbing disproportionate amounts of energy of quite a few wikipedians. Like myself, now. --Francis Schonken 09:54, 4 October 2006 (UTC)

 * In my opinion, SlimVirgin has a consensus for her request. WAS 4.250 18:13, 4 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Bobblewik, I see you're continuing to edit with the ambiguous edit summaries. I hope very much that you'll stop the mass date delinking altogether, but at the very least you must use clear edit summaries indicating when you've done it. Please respond as soon as you can. SlimVirgin (talk) 00:29, 5 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Bobblewik, I agree with the above folks. You're able to do so much other than de-linking dates, and it's causing so much conflict. TomTheHand 02:31, 5 October 2006 (UTC)

please see
Please see User:Guinnog/date linking as I mentioned you there. Hmains 21:59, 3 November 2006 (UTC)

scripts
Hello Bobblewik. Would you mind if I incorporate your scripts (units/dates) into the peer reviewing script? Thanks, AZ t 01:14, 22 December 2006 (UTC)

AfD Nomination: Danny Graham
An article that you have been involved in editing, Danny Graham, has been listed by me at Articles for deletion/Danny Graham. Please look there to see why this is, if you are interested in whether it should be deleted. Thank you. --Jerry lavoie 05:31, 21 January 2007 (UTC) Jerry lavoie 05:31, 21 January 2007 (UTC)

Chilean edits
Hello,, since you have made several edits to articles about Chile, you may be interested in looking at the Chile-related regional notice board to pick up on other topics that need attention, or to express needs which you perceive pertaining to Chile. J A X HERE | T a l k 02:32, 26 January 2007 (UTC)

CHICOTW GAonhold
TonyTheTiger 23:30, 5 February 2007 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image (Image:London-panorama-hampstead-with-text.jpg)
Thanks for uploading Image:London-panorama-hampstead-with-text.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Aksibot 09:44, 1 June 2007 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
Hi, You appear to be eligible to vote in the current Arbitration Committee election. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to enact binding solutions for disputes between editors, primarily related to serious behavioural issues that the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the ability to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate, you are welcome to review the candidates' statements and submit your choices on the voting page. For the Election committee, MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 22:16, 30 November 2015 (UTC)

Category:Wikipedians who like NationStates
Hey! If you're interested, I started a series of userboxes for the game NationStates. Feel free to add any or add your own!- 🐦Do☭torWho42 ( ⭐ ) 05:15, 16 December 2017 (UTC)

"List of terrorists caught with Section 213 of the USA PATRIOT ACT" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_terrorists_caught_with_Section_213_of_the_USA_PATRIOT_ACT&redirect=no List of terrorists caught with Section 213 of the USA PATRIOT ACT] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Anyone, including you, is welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. TartarTorte 00:50, 15 September 2023 (UTC)

title: User talk:Bobblewik


text:
Talk:Cost of living

Cost of living

 * Rates a better article than this. - Hephaestos|§ 02:04, 13 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * ...Cleanup? -- Cyan
 * Keep. Valid economics, politics and social sciences topic. Davodd 02:18, Mar 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * Cleanup; it should include a DEFINITION too, eh? --Monsieur Mero 02:22, Mar 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * I tried. Not an economist, but I got a stub beginning from the U.S. bureau of labor stats. Davodd 06:47, Mar 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * Maybe merge into inflation/keep as redir--much overlap, other than the term. Niteowlneils 03:17, 13 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: There seems no reason for this listing in terms of the deletion policy. Andrewa 10:18, 13 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * Looks fine now. - Hephaestos|§ 12:45, 13 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * I removed it from VfD as Hephaestos was the person who listed it says it's ok now so there seemed no further reason to keep it there. Angela. 15:38, Mar 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * This sentence ("One drawback is that difficulty measuring changes in the quality of goods."), which is at the end of the introductory section, is incomplete, although I do not know how to complete it, or what the original author intended. I'm just trying to read the article for information. :) xgravity23 18:42, 25 June 2007 (UTC)

salary vs spending
is there anything that lists which country pays the most yet u spend less. i noticed this in usa, for example, u get paid more than europe, but things cost alot less. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 86.139.204.43 (talk) 17:28, 29 January 2007 (UTC).

 * Salary structures vary a lot between industries and different levels on the pay scale. A decent macroeconomic measure that is somewhat similar to what you are looking for is price adjusted per capita GNI (gross national income). The World Bank has some such stats. Or take Per Capita GNI and divide by purchasing power parity PPP. Rough versions of these stats can usually be found online, through national statistical agencies or from the World Bank, OECD, UN or others. This ignores issues in the distribution of the national income, but so does your question. maxsch 01:29, 18 October 2007 (UTC)

Weasel words/citation needed
I added those tags. The first for "most economists..." which was then followed by a statement that I know to be false for the last ten years in the US, but which may be true overall, however there is no citation proving it one way or another. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Skintigh (talk • contribs) 21:41, 23 March 2010 (UTC)

Worldwide Cost of Living Out of Data
The 2013 results are out and there are changes to those released in 2012. Thus the "latest" information as provided by Wikipedia is in fact incorrect. 220.132.57.42 (talk) 15:39, 4 February 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cost of living


text:
Boogie Box High

Boogie Box High was an English pop musical project headed by Andros Georgiou in the late 1980s that featured a range of collaborators, including Georgiou's second cousin George Michael, guitarist Nick Heyward (of Haircut One Hundred), keyboardist Mick Talbot (of the Style Council), guitarist–songwriter David Austin, bassist Deon Estus, and others.

Overview
Boogie Box High's first single was a cover version of "Jive Talkin"; released in July 1987 and was originally a top ten hit for the Bee Gees in 1975. The cover reached number 7 on the UK Singles Chart.

Outrageous, Boogie Box High's only LP, was released in 1989. It was released in the United States via SBK Records. The album included the previous two singles, "Jive Talkin" and "Gave It All Away", as well as a new released titled "Nervous". The latter single failed to garner any chart success.

Michael's contributions to the album were two previously unreleased songs he had written for Wham!'s debut album Fantastic, "Golden Soul" and "Soul Boy". Once again, Michael was not credited for any of this. David Austin sang the lead vocal for the single "Gave It All Away".

Albums

 * Outrageous (1989)

title: Boogie Box High


text:
Roper (band)

Roper was a Christian pop-punk band formed in Denver, Colorado. The band consisted of Reese Roper (lead singer of Five Iron Frenzy) on lead vocals, Jonathan Byrnside on lead guitar, Jonathan Till on bass, Matt Emmett on rhythm guitar, and Nick White on drums.

Background
Guerilla Rodeo was a short-lived project founded by Reese Roper, meant to follow his prior band Five Iron Frenzy. In addition to vocalist Reese Roper, the band was formed by fellow Five Iron member Sonnie Johnston (guitar), Ethan Luck (guitar), John Warne (bass, background vocals), and Josh Abbott (drums). The project yielded only a three-track EP, Ride, Rope and Destroy, released in 2004. It has been confirmed by both Ethan Luck and Reese Roper that there never was a fourth, unreleased song recorded for the EP. Reese Roper often compared the sound of the band to Letters to Cleo. Their name was a play on the Rage Against the Machine single "Guerrilla Radio".

When the Guerilla Rodeo project came to an end, Reese reformed the band under his own name, Roper. Roper's full-length album, Brace Yourself for the Mediocre, was produced before the band was officially together and released on Five Minute Walk Records. All songs on the album with the exception of "Day of Pigs" and "You're Still The One" were written by Reese Roper, Masaki Liu, and Ethan Luck. Because of the incomplete state of the band at the time of the album's release, the only official member appearing on the CD is Reese Roper. As a result, the album features many additional musicians such as Frank Lenz (drums), Elijah Thomson (bass), Phil Bennett (organ), Bob Schiveley (guitar), Masaki Liu (guitar), Jason White (additional drums), Ethan Luck (guitar), and many additional vocalists. Some of the songs on the album were originally written for Guerilla Rodeo. One of the online forums spawned by this group is the Roper Board in which many fans of both Roper and Reese's previous band Five Iron Frenzy congregate.

Roper issued a statement regarding the status of the band in 2006: What happened to Roper? Is it dead? - Yes. Roper was a project put together by 5minutewalk records. We had a falling out with them, and are too lazy to start over again. Everyone has real jobs now, and although we miss seeing you all, we are just going to let it die. Unless you are a record company executive that wants to give us an enormous signing bonus and not make us tour.

In 2009 Reese Roper told HM that the probability of making another album was "somewhere around 3%." The Roper project sold close to 30,000 albums in total, about the same as Brave Saint Saturn and other Five Iron related side projects. He also stated that, in retrospect, the project was "doomed from the beginning," but that musically it was the highlight of his career.

Members

 * Reese Roper – vocals and synthesizer
 * Jonathan Byrnside – guitar
 * Matt "Emo" Emmett – guitar
 * Johnathan Till – bass guitar
 * Nick White – drums
 * Stephen Till – guitar

title: Roper (band)


text:
User talk:Vidiviniwiki

Hello, welcome to Wikipedia. Here's some tips:
 * You can introduce yourself on the new users page
 * If you made any edits before you got an account, you might be interested in assigning those to your username.
 * You can sign your name using three tildes, like . If you use four, you can add a datestamp too.
 * Remember to use the show preview button before you save a page.
 * If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page.

Other useful pages are: how to edit, how to write a great article, naming conventions, manual of style and the Wikipedia policies.

I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Angela. 15:40, Mar 13, 2004 (UTC)

John Kerry
Can I just point out that being a family historian from the UK, legitimately claiming Charlemagne as your direct ancestor is a pretty big deal. It's still debatable whether it's in context for the John Kerry article, but it's a big deal nonetheless. -- Graham :) | Talk 14:58, 27 Mar 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Vidiviniwiki