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Talk:Galling

Focus on sheet-metal?
I'd like to start by saying that this article is very well constructed and written. However, there seems to be too much focus on the process occurring in sheet metal forming, rather than on the process itself. Galling can, and often does, occur whenever any type of metal surfaces are in contact and moving transversely to each other. It's more apt to happen if there is a high load at the point of contact and little lube, but also happens frequently in high-speed/low load contact as well. For instance, it is a common problem in air motors, like are used in impact wrenches and hoists, where the rotor contacts the end plates, or in crankshaft journals. It's also a bigger probelm with certain metal interfaces than with others. Aluminum end plates against a steel rotor, for instance, are far more prone to galling than a steel-steel interface, and a brass-steel interface performs even better yet. Zaereth (talk) 00:21, 1 May 2012 (UTC)

 * Well I wrote most of the present galling article and I thank you for giving me some credit.
 * And you are quite right. Much of the article is dedicated to metal moving transversely against fresh “un spoiled” metal.
 * The following hopefully explains why:

 * 1) My Master thesis (Swedish university D-level scientific report) was dedicated to metal moving transversal against fresh “untouched” metal.
 * 2) My pictures, found in the article and my Master thesis, are the only free pics on galling build up, availed on Wikipedia commons with a reference describing circumstances and application data.
 * 3) It´s easy to write about your own empirics, rather then trying to figure out the origin and circumstances of others.
 * 4) I tried making the article general and provide a uniform theory for all types of friction related plastic deformation.
 * 5) Galling found in repeated metal/metal contacts, such as in air-motors, are much harder to theoretically and scientifically break down into discreet (single) events.
 * 6) There are contributions about other forms of galling written by succeeding writers but they are few and of the quality seen in the present galling article.

 * If your are interested about background data and circumstances of the pictures found in the Wikipedia article look up, https://libris.kb.se/form_extended.jsp?f=ext, click on the link “uppsök” and then use search words: Wallin Harald & galling

 * I just found out that somebody recently have changed something and made my report hard to find using the search engines of Kungliga-Biblioteket, National Library of Sweden/LIBRIS, I will address the matter on Monday June 30, 2012.

--Haraldwallin (talk) 18:42, 30 June 2012 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the response. I hope I wasn't sounding critical, because, aside from what I see as a few minor details, the article is very good and I learned quite a bit from it. I've been working on heat treating articles, and found this one after providing a link to it from the tempering article. I understand about working form your own knowledge base, for instance, I often use steel as the main example, because that's the metal I understand the best. I usually leave comments like this, not only to invoke comments from others, which are very helpful in organizing my own thoughts, but also to help plant a seed in my own mind of what could be improved. My typical M/O is to let it stew in my subconscious for a while, and come back later with some changes or additions. With this article, the changes I would make are probably rather slight.

 * What really caught my eye was the first sentence. Although it's not unusual to provide examples in the first sentence, typically these are saved for a summary sentence or paragraph. However, like I said, it's not unusual to go against the norm, and often is refreshing. The thing I would probably change there is the example "other industrial applications" to be more specific. Other than that, I would probably try to include some other examples in the body of the article. Or, perhaps, the first section could be about galling in sheet metal forming, and titled such, followed by a section describing other types of galling. The possibilities are really endless. (I'm still stewing.) I hope you find my comments constructive and helpful. I'm still working on other articles at the moment, but am keeping this one in the back of my head. I'll probably be back at some time in the future, and maybe we can help each other to make a good article better. Zaereth (talk) 20:23, 30 June 2012 (UTC)

On a quick reading, at this time, I did not notice any such focus. It seems good work. David R. Ingham (talk) 05:52, 15 October 2013 (UTC)

Technical Level
I join Zaereth in complimenting the writer Haraldwallin, who's done most of the work on the article. What I'd like to ask, however, is if it's possible to reduce the technical level a bit so a layman looking to understand what "galling" is can do so with greater ease. This doesn't necessarily require re-wording the entire piece. Perhaps the writer who did the bulk of the work (or others, if he/she is no longer available) can provide an opening paragraph which speaks to the layman in simpler language, presenting the general concept for a quick grasp by those who encounter the word in other articles and wonder "what is this?". The rest of the article can then proceed as it does with greater technicality for those more familiar with the industries in which galling occurs. Cosmo1976 (talk) 13:31, 23 January 2013 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the comment. I have been meaning to do exactly that. It just hasn't come to the top of my list yet. I'm really busy in real life, and most of my wiki-energy is going to creating a readable introduction for the entropy article. However, per your request, I'll try to move this article up the list, and maybe I can get to it within the next month or so. Zaereth (talk) 00:47, 24 January 2013 (UTC)

This problem also appears to me to have been overcome. David R. Ingham (talk) 05:56, 15 October 2013 (UTC)

Open questions
One system that I don't find an explanation for here is automotive straight crank shaft bearings. These, as I understand, are very soft (but heavy) metals backed by moderately hard metal, in contact with the hard steel of the crank shaft. The reason for this, I read somewhere, is that this combination leads to less galling than when harder bearing materials are used. Most of the time, the metals are not in contact, because of the hydrodynamic lubrication, like that of a hard drive head. But on start-up only the thin film properties of the lubricant separate the metals. I don't see this article shedding light on this particular subject. David R. Ingham (talk) 06:14, 15 October 2013 (UTC)

 * Automotive-crankshaft bearings consist of two surfaces of interest: Steel and babbitt. The crankshaft is usually thoroughly heat-treated to a rather low hardness, making it tough in order to prevent breakage. However, this leaves the bearing surfaces (journals) much too soft and prone to galling. To fix this problem, the journals are induction hardened, which hardens only the bearing surface to the highest possible hardness the steel can become. This differential heat treatment greatly reduces the steel's chances of galling.

 * The babbitt is an alloy which the bearings themselves are lined with. The reason for using babbitt is two-fold. First, it has vey low stacking-fault energy, which means it will resist the slipping and tearing of the crystal structure, making it very resistant to galling. Second, babbitt has a very low coefficient of friction (it's a slippery metal) --even better than bronze-- which reduces all forms of wear, including galling. (To test this, simply try hacksawing through it, and you'll see how the blade glides across the metal more than it cuts.) I hope that helps. Zaereth (talk) 07:46, 15 October 2013 (UTC)

 * I might add that when two surfaces are sliding without much lateral load, two very-hard surfaces will work well together. Therefore, the piston rings and cylinders of engines are usually made of hardened steel. (Tungsten carbide or ceramic seals can be used in water pumps, etc...) However, in crankshaft bearings, lateral load plays a big role, as the pistons are literally hammering the bearing surfaces. Therefore, babbitt is also used for its combination of low yield-strength and high toughness, and its relatively high shear and tensile strength. (In contrast, most other types of bearings, like ball or needle bearings, are more concerned with radial load and thrust load, but babbit bearings provide better lateral-load distribution than those types, which reduces the chances of another type of wear, called Brinelling.) Zaereth (talk) 09:49, 15 October 2013 (UTC)

"Slippery" is clear, since galling is caused by adhesion. Perhaps the tendency of differing material to have less adhesion that similar materials should be explicitly mentioned in the article. I do not understand the difference between low stacking-fault energy and hardness. Perhaps I don't know the definitions of the bulk properties well enough to follow the chain of thought. Anyway, that part of the above is a long way from being in shape to add to the article.David R. Ingham (talk) 00:12, 19 October 2013 (UTC)

Isn't it mainly shear strength that resists penetration in a hardness test? Does babbit yield differently than ductile materials do? If it is tough then it must not crumble. David R. Ingham (talk) 00:32, 19 October 2013 (UTC)

 * Hardness usually refers to two different properties of a surface: Resistance to abrasion or resistance to indentation. Steel has very high stacking-fault energy, so it is a metal that is prone to galling. Increasing the hardness decreases the chances of surface deformations occurring, so hardened steel has a much lower chance of galling than softer steel.

 * To describe stacking-fault energy, it may possibly be easiest to use a stack of paper as an analogy. If you set a stack of paper next to a wall and slide your hand across the surface, some of the sheets will likely adhere to your hand and move toward the wall. The adhesion to your hand outweighs the cohesion with the stack, so the stack of paper can be said to have very high stacking-fault energy. When the paper adheres to your hand and slides toward the wall, it will bunch up and rise from the surface. This action can be compared to the process of galling.

 * Now, lets say you take a stapler and drive a bunch of staples through the stack all over the place. When you slide your hand across the stack, the pages will not move with your hand. By creating intersections between the planes, you have decreased the paper's stacking-fault energy, thus, decreasing the stack's chances of galling. The paper is no harder, but resists the slipping of its planes. Therefore, very soft metals like gold can be very resistant to galling. However, even a soft metal's resistance to galling can be made better by hardening it, even if only by work hardening.

 * The slippery aspect of babbitt is due primarily to its low shear strength (sorry, my mistake, I meant "low" in the statement above, not high) similar to teflon. What's needed besides this is good compressive strength and low work-hardenability (high ductility) to also prevent cracking and spalling. Zaereth (talk) 01:04, 19 October 2013 (UTC)

Is galling technically applicable to other materials, e.g. compacted snow? the first image resembles what sometimes happens when skiing, where a lump of snow gets detached from the ski track and and attaches to the ski. It occurs to me that fundamental principle is the same. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 164.40.242.212 (talk • contribs) 09:47, 20 November 2013

 * I've never heard the term used in respect to snow. Snow is typically a collection of ice crystals, similar to sand. For something to gall, it typically requires a solid surface and some plasticity, like metals. I've never heard of galling in ceramics or glass or other types of materials; just metals. Galling does occur in plants, but are more like growths or burls, and are caused by insects like galling sawflies or aphids. Zaereth (talk) 17:51, 20 November 2013 (UTC)

"the present research" in the second to last paragraph
The meaning of this phrase is not made clear, and it suggests that a source has been too closely followed. David R. Ingham (talk) 00:18, 19 October 2013 (UTC)

 * Most of this article, beyond the introduction, is based upon (if not a direct copy of) the author's college thesis. I very much commend them for their work, but the article is still too focused on galling as it occurs in one particular application and, most importantly, between only one kind of metal (stainless steel, which is very susceptible to galling). In such a case, there was probably no need to go into different aspects such as why stacking-fault energy plays such a big role. I plan to work on this article more, and work to change things too. (For example, the style is academic, using first-person narrative and photos as the main focal points, and need to be changed to encyclopedic style.) I don't have much time to work on these thing, but try to get in a little here and a little there when I can. Zaereth (talk) 02:01, 19 October 2013 (UTC)

Strange wording
Article has "In extreme cases, the bolt may lock up to the point where all turning force is used by the friction..." What does that (in italics here) mean ? Perhaps that entire italic phrase can be removed without changing the sense ? - Rod57 (talk) 22:26, 20 December 2019 (UTC)
 * I think it's saying that the problem can be so severe that any additional force applied to unscrew the bolt (trying to turn the bolt) is absorbed by the frictional process with more galling being the result. We need a reference and the time to digest it. Or, a question could be asked at Reference_desk/Science. Johnuniq (talk) 22:47, 20 December 2019 (UTC)

 * Honestly, that's almost exactly what the source says. Perhaps a little too closely paraphrased, but being so short it doesn't violate copyright.

 * Scientifically speaking, unless you're in space, anytime you apply force to an object there is resistance in the form of friction. Without resistance, there is no force. There are two types of friction: static and kinetic. If you push a brick across the concrete, static friction keeps it from moving. When you reach the break-away point, the force required goes down and kinetic friction takes over.

 * When turning a bolt or screw, you encounter kinetic friction while it's moving. As it begins to seize up, it requires more and more force to overcome the resistance. Once it reaches the point where you can't turn it anymore, it becomes all static friction holding the bolt in place. You can get a cheater bar and maybe get another turn or two out of it, but if it keeps galling the friction keeps increasing and sooner or later something's going to give. (That's why if you use stainless-steel NPT pipe-fittings you may as well have just welded them together, because they ain't coming apart in one piece.) The energy you expend pushing the wrench has to go somewhere, and that place is in the friction; whether moving or stationary. I hope that helps explain. If you can find a better way to phrase it, then please feel free to give it a try. Zaereth (talk) 22:52, 20 December 2019 (UTC)

ASTM G40 Galling definition typo
There is an important typo in the ASTM G40 definition of galling. The page says "Galling is a form of surface damage arising between sliding solids, distinguished by microscopic, usually localize, roughening and creation of protrusions (e.g.: lumps) above the original surface".

Should be macroscopic instead of microscopic. This is an important detail.

Additionally, the "(e.g.: lumps)" is not in the ASTM G40 definition. I suggest removing it from inside the quotation marks, and adding a separate sentence of explanation of the word "protrusions".

 * Thanks for the suggestion. Since you obviously have access to the source, and know exactly which sentence needs to be changed, it would probably be easiest if you simply change it yourself. You are most welcome to do so. Just leave an edit summary in the little box at the bottom, explaining what you're doing and why. (You can simply point people to this discussion on the talk page.) I should point out that "protrusion" and "lump" in this context are completely synonymous. Also, this leaves an inconsistency with some of the other sources. Galling, by the time we typically notice it, is definitely a macroscopic lump or protrusion, but it always begins at the microscopic level, long before it becomes noticeable to the naked eye. I hope that helps. Zaereth (talk) 19:57, 21 April 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Galling


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User:Perl/Wyndham/proof that I am not a troll

 millipede is not a troll  TimStarling is right

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Talk:Throne

''In Medieval times the throne of Solomon was associated with Mary. The ivory of the throne represented purity, the gold represented divinity and the six steps of the throne stood for the six virtues.'' There's that "passive of attribution" again. A quote would lend weight and color to such a statement. Without it, this sounds like the "Language of the Flowers." Wetman 03:02, 16 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:GestatorialChair1.jpg
The image Image:GestatorialChair1.jpg is used in this article under a claim of fair use, but it does not have an adequate explanation for why it meets the requirements for such images when used here. In particular, for each page the image is used on, it must have an explanation linking to that page which explains why it needs to be used on that page. Please check

 * That there is a non-free use rationale on the image's description page for the use in this article.
 * That this article is linked to from the image description page.

This is an automated notice by FairuseBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Media copyright questions. --01:34, 13 September 2008 (UTC)

Altar-and-throne
The article mentions ecclesiastical thrones, but it should also mention the expression altar-and-throne, which is the name given to the pre-Revolutionary regimes in Catholic Europe, which were characterized by a close collaboration between the royalty and the papacy, such as in the Holy Roman Empire. (cf ) ADM (talk) 23:31, 26 January 2009 (UTC)

A Throne is a seat of state,the seat is occupied by a king or queen with color and several gems and stones — Preceding unsigned comment added by 73.72.184.169 (talk) 22:05, 9 January 2018 (UTC)

Empty "Islam" section
The section heading "Throne" "Islam" has been completely empty, except for a link to Al-Baqara 255, since this edit in 2011, more than six years ago. There's no reason for the empty section to have persisted for this long. If there is no objection, I am going to delete this empty section and will move the link to the "See also" heading. 青い(Aoi) (talk) 01:01, 31 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Good idea. Johnbod (talk) 09:53, 1 February 2018 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the quick response. Done. 青い(Aoi) (talk) 02:41, 2 February 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Throne


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User:Decagon

Look, there I am, being very photogenic.

title: User:Decagon


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Vaughn Monroe

Vaughn Wilton Monroe (October 7, 1911 – May 21, 1973) was an American baritone singer, trumpeter and big band leader who was most popular in the 1940s and 1950s. He has two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, one for recording and another for radio performance.

Early life
Monroe was born in Akron, Ohio. He graduated from Jeannette High School in Pennsylvania in 1929.

Career
Monroe formed his first orchestra in Boston in 1940 and became its principal vocalist. He began recording for RCA Victor's subsidiary label, Bluebird. That same year, Monroe built The Meadows, a restaurant and nightclub to the west of Boston on Massachusetts Route 9 in Framingham, Massachusetts. After he ceased performing, he continued running the club until his death in 1973.

The summer of 1942 brought a 13-week engagement on radio, as Monroe and his orchestra had a summer replacement program for Blondie on CBS.

Monroe hosted the Camel Caravan radio program from The Meadows, starting in 1946 and, during this time, was featured in a Camel cigarettes commercial. In 1952, Monroe and his orchestra had a weekly program on Saturday nights on NBC radio. Those programs originated on location from wherever the band happened to be touring. Each program featured a focus on a college in the United States.

Monroe was tall and handsome, which helped him as a band leader and singer, as well as in Hollywood. He was sometimes called "the Baritone with Muscles", "the Voice with Hair on its Chest", and "Ol' Leather Tonsils".

Monroe recorded extensively for RCA Victor until 1956, and his signature tune was "Racing With the Moon" (1941). It sold more than one million copies by 1952, becoming Monroe's first million-seller, and was awarded a gold disc by the RIAA. Among his other hits were "In the Still of the Night" (1939), "There I Go" (1941), "There I've Said It Again" (1945), "Let It Snow, Let It Snow, Let It Snow" (1946), "Ballerina" (1947), "Melody Time" (1948), "Riders in the Sky" (1949), "Someday (You'll Want Me To Want You)" (1949), "Sound Off" (1951), and "In the Middle of the House" (1956). He also turned down the chance to record "Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer".

Monroe's orchestra had a number of excellent musicians including future jazz guitar great Bucky Pizzarelli. While their musical focus was largely romantic ballads, in person, the band had a fiercely swinging side only occasionally captured on record. In ballrooms, Monroe often reserved the final set of the evening for unrestrained, swinging music.

Hollywood also beckoned, although Monroe did not pursue acting with much vigor. He appeared in Meet the People (1944), Carnegie Hall (1947), Singing Guns (1950), and Toughest Man in Arizona (1952). He co-authored The Adventures of Mr. Putt Putt (1949), a children's book about airplanes and flying, a personal interest of his. He hosted The Vaughn Monroe Show on CBS Television (1950–51, 1954–55) and appeared on Bonanza, The Mike Douglas Show, The Ed Sullivan Show, Texaco Star Theatre, The Jackie Gleason Show, The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson, and American Bandstand. Monroe was a major RCA stockholder and appeared in print ads and television commercials for the company's television and audio products.

After leaving the performing end of show business, Monroe remained with RCA for many years as a television spokesperson, executive, and talent scout. In the latter capacity, he helped give Neil Sedaka, among others, his first major exposure. He was awarded two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, one for recording at 1600 Vine Street and one for radio at 1755 Vine Street in Hollywood, California.

Personal life
Monroe married Marian Baughman on April 2, 1940, in Jeannette, Pennsylvania, where they had met as high school students. They did not date during high school, but became romantically inclined toward each other when their paths crossed again in New York City, years after graduation. They returned to Jeannette for their wedding. They had two children, Candace and Christina. They remained married until Vaughn's death in 1973.

An avid railroad enthusiast, Monroe collected and built HO scale model trains. On concert tours he had an elaborate and compact workshop that folded neatly into a valise. Inside were hundreds of intricate tools to build operating miniature locomotives, passenger and freight cars.

Death
Monroe died on May 21, 1973, at Martin County Memorial Hospital in Florida, shortly after having stomach surgery for a bleeding ulcer.

Monroe Orchestra personnel

 * Moonmaids, a female vocal quartet (1946 to 1952)
 * Frank L. Ryerson, arranger & trumpeter (1944)
 * Ziggy Talent
 * George Robinson, Trombone (1944–1945)
 * Andrew (Andy) Bagni, Lead Saxophone (1939–1958)
 * Bucky Pizzarelli, Guitar
 * Joe Connie, Lead Trombone
 * Johnny Watson, Arranger, Baritone Saxophone
 * Wedo Marasco, Alto Saxophone
 * Red Nichols, Jazz Trumpet
 * Mike Shelby, Piano
 * Maree Lee, Vocalist (Moonmaids)
 * Tinker Cunningham, Vocalist (Moonmaids)
 * Babe Feldman, Tenor Saxophone
 * Jack Fay, String Bass
 * Gerry Bruno, String Bass
 * Mary Jo Grogan, (Moonmaids)
 * Art Dedrick, Trombone, Arranger
 * Ray Conniff, Trombone
 * Eddie Julian, Drums
 * Benny West, Trumpet
 * June Hiett, Moonmaids
 * Arnold Ross, Piano
 * Don Costa, Arranger
 * Marilyn Duke, vocalist
 * Betty Norton, Moonmaids
 * Arlene Truax, Moonmaids
 * Katie Myatt, Moonmaids
 * Jerry Bruno, bassist
 * Dino DiGiano, Trumpet (1941-1945)
 * Bobby Rickey, Drums

title: Vaughn Monroe


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Punnett square

The Punnett square is a square diagram that is used to predict the genotypes of a particular cross or breeding experiment. It is named after Reginald C. Punnett, who devised the approach in 1905. The diagram is used by biologists to determine the probability of an offspring having a particular genotype. The Punnett square is a tabular summary of possible combinations of maternal alleles with paternal alleles. These tables can be used to examine the genotypical outcome probabilities of the offspring of a single trait (allele), or when crossing multiple traits from the parents.

The Punnett square is a visual representation of Mendelian inheritance, a fundamental concept in genetics which is discovery of Gregor Mendel. For multiple traits, using the "forked-line method" is typically much easier than the Punnett square. Phenotypes may be predicted with at least better-than-chance accuracy using a Punnett square, but the phenotype that may appear in the presence of a given genotype can in some instances be influenced by many other factors, as when polygenic inheritance and/or epigenetics are at work.

Zygosity
Zygosity refers to the grade of similarity between the alleles that determine one specific trait in an organism. In its simplest form, a pair of alleles can be either homozygous or heterozygous. Homozygosity, with homo relating to same while zygous pertains to a zygote, is seen when a combination of either two dominant or two recessive alleles code for the same trait. Recessive are always lowercase letters. For example, using 'A' as the representative character for each allele, a homozygous dominant pair's genotype would be depicted as 'AA', while homozygous recessive is shown as 'aa'. Heterozygosity, with hetero associated with different, can only be 'Aa' (the capital letter is always presented first by convention). The phenotype of a homozygous dominant pair is 'A', or dominant, while the opposite is true for homozygous recessive. Heterozygous pairs always have a dominant phenotype. To a lesser degree, hemizygosity and nullizygosity can also be seen in gene pairs.

Monohybrid cross
"Mono-" means "one"; this cross indicates that the examination of a single trait. This could mean (for example) eye color. Each genetic locus is always represented by two letters. So in the case of eye color, say "B = Brown eyes" and "b = green eyes". In this example, both parents have the genotype Bb. For the example of eye color, this would mean they both have brown eyes. They can produce gametes that contain either the B or the b allele. (It is conventional in genetics to use capital letters to indicate dominant alleles and lower-case letters to indicate recessive alleles.) The probability of an individual offspring's having the genotype BB is 25%, Bb is 50%, and bb is 25%. The ratio of the phenotypes is 3:1, typical for a monohybrid cross. When assessing phenotype from this, "3" of the offspring have "Brown" eyes and only one offspring has "green" eyes. (3 are "B?" and 1 is "bb") The way in which the B and b alleles interact with each other to affect the appearance of the offspring depends on how the gene products (proteins) interact (see Mendelian inheritance). This can include lethal effects and epistasis (where one allele masks another, regardless of dominant or recessive status).

Dihybrid cross
More complicated crosses can be made by looking at two or more genes. The Punnett square works, however, only if the genes are independent of each other, which means that having a particular allele of gene "A" does not alter the probability of possessing an allele of gene "B". This is equivalent to stating that the genes are not linked, so that the two genes do not tend to sort together during meiosis.

The following example illustrates a dihybrid cross between two double-heterozygote pea plants. R represents the dominant allele for shape (round), while r represents the recessive allele (wrinkled). A represents the dominant allele for color (yellow), while a represents the recessive allele (green). If each plant has the genotype RrAa, and since the alleles for shape and color genes are independent, then they can produce four types of gametes with all possible combinations: RA, Ra, rA, and ra.

Since dominant traits mask recessive traits (assuming no epistasis), there are nine combinations that have the phenotype round yellow, three that are round green, three that are wrinkled yellow, and one that is wrinkled green. The ratio 9:3:3:1 is the expected outcome when crossing two double-heterozygous parents with unlinked genes. Any other ratio indicates that something else has occurred (such as lethal alleles, epistasis, linked genes, etc.).

Forked-line method
The forked-line method (also known as the tree method and the branching system) can also solve dihybrid and multi-hybrid crosses. A problem is converted to a series of monohybrid crosses, and the results are combined in a tree. However, a tree produces the same result as a Punnett square in less time and with more clarity. The example below assesses another double-heterozygote cross using RrYy x RrYy. As stated above, the phenotypic ratio is expected to be 9:3:3:1 if crossing unlinked genes from two double-heterozygotes. The genotypic ratio was obtained in the diagram below, this diagram will have more branches than if only analyzing for phenotypic ratio.

title: Punnett square


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RFA Resource

RFA Resource was an armament stores ship of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary (RFA), the naval auxiliary fleet of the United Kingdom.

Falklands War
Resource served in the Falklands War, captained at that time by Captain Bruce Seymour. She was one of the first vessels on the scene to pick up survivors from HMS Sheffield, having just supplied her.

RFA Resource was one of several RFA munitions replenishment ships certified to store and supply the fleet with munitions, including WE.177A live nuclear weapons. Other ships capable of carrying (stored in deep magazines) or deploying these weapons were HMS Hermes (R12), HMS Invincible (R05), HMS Broadsword (F88) and HMS Brilliant (F90), they were transferred to various Royal Fleet Auxiliary ships with their specialist magazines. This was initially RFA Regent, and when RFA Resource exited San Carlos, they were transferred to her, and then to RFA Fort Austin. After the end of the conflict they were transported back to Britain aboard RFA Fort Austin and RFA Resource. Inert practice weapons and surveillance weapons without fissionable material were also transported.

Yugoslavia
One of Resource's last duties before being decommissioned was to serve as a floating munitions storage for UN and IFOR troops in the former Yugoslavia. She spent much of the mid 1990s in Split, Croatia, fulfilling this role.

Decommissioning and scrapping
Resource sailed from Devonport on 24 June 1997, having been renamed Resourceful for the delivery run to the Indian breakers, and arrived at Alang for scrapping on 20 August 1997.

title: RFA Resource


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User:Mathlete1987

(Y) >>--(XX)--> (")-(")
 * hei! im a 17 yr old who just luvs education! *

title: User:Mathlete1987


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RFA Regent

RFA Regent (A486) was an ammunition, explosives and stores supply ship in the Royal Fleet Auxiliary (RFA). She was built by Harland and Wolff, commissioned in 1967 and took part in the Falklands War.

Service
She helped evacuate British nationals from Cyprus during the Turkish invasion 1974.

After taking on stores at Glen Douglas and Plymouth, RFA Regent sailed from Plymouth on 19 April 1982 for Operation Corporate arriving in the Total Exclusion Zone(TEZ) on 8 May. She was one of the last to return home arriving back on 15 September 1982. She was also deployed for the first Gulf War in 1991.

Regent was decommissioned in October 1992. She sailed from Devonport on 21 January 1993 under the name Shahzadelal, for the delivery run to the Indian breakers. She arrived at Alang for scrapping on 19 February 1993.

title: RFA Regent


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Talk:Flag of Canada

Union Jack
If the Union Jack is considered an "official Canadian flag" as it says in the article, why isn't the Union Jack below the Canadian flag on the top of the article. 2600:6C63:417F:23FB:F1C0:56A2:F263:B442 (talk) 11:58, 7 May 2023 (UTC)

 * Because the Maple Leaf flag is the official national flag, whereas the Union Jack is only officially recognized as a "ceremonial" flag. There is a difference in purpose and their placement in the article corresponds as such. Leventio (talk) 16:52, 7 May 2023 (UTC)

Removing unreferenced paragraph
In this edit, a unreferenced paragraph was added on a commericial establishment that has a flag collection. I checked the (3) other edits by that IP. In another article, Canadian flag collection, there are a couple of references, but they're to the Arts and Leisure section of a local newspaper. This typically wouldn't meet WP:FAC's requirements for sourcing, so I'm going to remove the paragraph. It won't bother me if anyone re-adds it ... if you have proper sourcing. - Dank (push to talk) 22:10, 24 February 2024 (UTC)

Colours
The colours on the image do not match the colours of the flag in the file provided by the Canadian Government the page on https://www.canada.ca/en/canadian-heritage/services/flag-canada-description.html. If I'm wrong can someone please educate me on why lol. The image in the article is specified as using Pantone colours but after trying to read the specifications under the colour specifications I could not find anything mentioning Pantone.

Edit: From what I could see the source listed in wikipedia links back to a wayback machine article version of an old Canadian government page which may be outdated, I don't know, but none of the colours mentioned there are mentioned on that page I mentioned earlier today.

Edit 2: The proportions on the image on the government website are also slightly different. Most noticeable at the base of the leaf. Comparison: https://imgur.com/a/dhdplKB

also fwiw this my first time using wikipedia so if this is the wrong place to put this or whatever let me know Jamiscus (talk) 02:21, 13 June 2024 (UTC)

 * Agree 100%. Was this addressed? InFact2024 (talk) 03:08, 1 July 2024 (UTC)
 * FIP red, 032.... the 032 number is the pantone

Moxy 🍁 04:22, 1 July 2024 (UTC)

 * Yeah I go to QC often - this should be fixed. No escalation yet? InFact2024 (talk) 20:05, 1 July 2024 (UTC)
 * nothing yet im still new to this wikipedia thing idk if im supposed to do anything formally lol
 * also btw, the file from the government website is still different to the "Flag of Canada using RGB colours" posted here
 * im no colour expert or anything so im just gonna use hex codes
 * the flags from the website are #ee1c25 and the flag posted here following the specifications are #ff0000 Jamiscus (talk) 02:01, 2 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Correct the red colour used here is named FIP red and represented by the hexadecimal triplet FF0000 as per the original source.....can't explain why the .can page uses some unnamed color. Moxy 🍁 02:32, 2 July 2024 (UTC)
 * alright makes sense.
 * i wouldve assumed the government page would know better than to use the wrong colours lol Jamiscus (talk) 21:13, 2 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Sorry if I said this wrong.... I don't think it's the wrong color I'm just not sure what "Colour Code" they're using. We have multiple codes ranging multiple paint types and purposes all a bit different if not used in the proper context. Let alone how different monitors/screens versus silk screening of a real flags look.... I can be seeing this red on my PC vastly differently than you are on your phone, monitor or television....'see here for all the different color codes for FIP red and their usage . Moxy 🍁 22:15, 2 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Flag of Canada


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Mendicant

A mendicant (from mendicans, "begging") is one who practices mendicancy, relying chiefly or exclusively on alms to survive. In principle, mendicant religious orders own little property, either individually or collectively, and in many instances members have taken a vow of poverty, in order that all their time and energy could be expended on practicing their respective faith, preaching and serving society.

Mendicancy is a form of asceticism, especially in Western Christianity. In Eastern Christianity, some ascetics are referred to as Fools for Christ, whereby they spurn the convention of society in pursuit of living a more wholly Christian life.

Religious practice
Many religious orders adhere to a mendicant way of life, including the Catholic mendicant orders, Hindu ascetics, some Sufi dervishes of Islam, and the monastic orders of Jainism and Buddhism.

While mendicants are the original type of monks in Buddhism and have a long history in Indian Hinduism and the countries which adapted Indian religious traditions, they did not become widespread in Christianity until the High Middle Ages. The Way of a Pilgrim depicts the life of an Eastern Christian mendicant.

Catholic Church
In the early Latin Church, mendicants and itinerant preachers were looked down upon, and their preaching was suppressed. In the Rule of Saint Benedict, Benedict of Nursia referred to such traveling monks as gyrovagues, and accused them of dangerously indulging their wills. This behavior was compared negatively with the stationary nature of cenobite or anchorite monasticism.

In the early 13th century, the Catholic Church would see a revival of mendicant activity, as followers of Saint Francis of Assisi and Saint Dominic begged for food while they preached to the villages. These men came to found a Catholic form of monastic life referred to as mendicant orders. These orders were in stark contrast to more powerful, and more conservative, monastic orders such as the Benedictines and Cistercians.

Itinerant preachers that belonged to mendicant orders traveled from town to town to preach the Gospel, consciously modeling themselves after Jesus and the Twelve Disciples. Professor Giacomo Todeschini at the University of Trieste has described these mendicants in the following way:

""The choice to be poor was realized in a series of gestures: abandonment of one's paternal house, a wandering life, ragged appearance and clothes, manual work as scullery-man and mason, and begging without shame.""

Other Christians
Unlike Western Christians, Eastern Christians never created a form of monasticism equivalent to mendicant orders. Rather, all Orthodox monks and nuns follow the more traditionally monastic Rule of Saint Basil. Mendicancy does, however, still find root through lay expressions of Foolishness for Christ.

Despite the abandoning of ascetic practice within Protestantism, mendicant-style preaching has still come about independently of it. American Methodists were once known for sending out itinerant preachers known as circuit riders. Another example was Johnny Appleseed, a Swedenborgian itinerant preacher who would eventually rise to the status of American folk hero.

Buddhism

Buddhism is one of several religious traditions of ancient India that has an established practice of mendicancy. Monks of the Theravada traditions in Southeast Asia continue to practice alms round (Sanskrit and Pali: piṇḍapāta) as laid down by the Buddha. Food is procured from the faithful and divided equally among all members of the Sangha.

A major difference between Buddhist and Christian mendicancy is the understanding of manual labor as a means of support. While many Buddhist communities formulated limited forms of labor for monks, there also exists the understanding that a Buddhist monk must remain aloof from secular affairs. Many of these rules of decorum and acceptable livelihood are preserved in the Vinaya literature of several schools. The Sangha's immersion into the work of laymen and laywomen is also believed to be a sign of impending calamity.

Theravada

Buddhist code of monastic discipline details the code of behavior and livelihood for monks and nuns, including several details on how mendicancy is to be practiced. Traditionally, mendicants relied on what have been termed the "four requisites" for survival: food, clothing, lodging, and medicine. As stated in the Theravada Vinaya: "Properly considering the robe, I use it: simply to ward off cold, to ward off heat, to ward off the touch of flies, mosquitoes, simply for the purpose of covering the parts of the body that cause shame.

"Properly considering almsfood, I use it: not playfully, nor for intoxication, nor for putting on weight, nor for beautification; but simply for the survival and continuance of this body, for ending its afflictions, for the support of the chaste life, (thinking) I will destroy old feelings (of hunger) and not create new feelings (from overeating). Thus I will maintain myself, be blameless, and live in comfort.

"Properly considering the lodging, I use it: simply to ward off cold, to prevent sunburn, to ward off the touch of flies, mosquitoes, wind, sun and reptiles; simply for protection from the inclemencies of weather and for the enjoyment of seclusion.

"Properly considering medicinal requisites for curing the sick, I use them: simply to ward off any pains of illness that have arisen and for the maximum freedom from disease."

In addition, a monk's personal property was also limited. The Theravada tradition recognizes eight requisites (aññha parikkhàra):
 * 1) Uttarāsaṅga (outer robe)
 * 2) Antarvāsa (inner robe)
 * 3) Saṃghāti (double robe)
 * 4) an alms bowl
 * 5) a razor for shaving
 * 6) a needle and thread
 * 7) a belt
 * 8) a water strainer

Commentarial literature provides additional possessions based on circumstance.

Japanese Buddhism
Similar to the development of Buddhism in China, the Japanese did not frequently engage in alms round as was done in the Buddha's time. Monasteries would receive donations of land that were worked by peasant farmers which provided regular communal meals for residing monks.

Nevertheless, piṇḍapāta is occasionally practiced in Japan, primarily within Zen Buddhism. Monks who engage in alms round tend to wear a bamboo hat, white leggings and straw sandals as traditionally worn by itinerant monks (行脚僧). When going for alms in groups, the monks will form a line and wander through the town shouting the phrase hōu (法雨) to announce their presence.

Islam
Among Muslims, especially in Northern Nigeria, there are mendicants called Almajiri who are mostly children between the age of 5 to 18 years that are studying Qur'an in cities while begging to get sustenance. In addition to almajiri, Northern Nigeria, which is a predominantly Muslim region, has many beggars that may not necessarily be Almajiri. This includes people with physical disabilities such as the blind and even aged destitutes.

title: Mendicant


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Golden aster

Golden aster or goldenaster is a common name for several plants with yellow flowers in the aster family and may refer to:

 * Chrysopsis, species are generally called "golden asters"
 * Heterotheca, includes some species previously classified in Chrysopsis and called "golden asters"

title: Golden aster


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Episodic

Episodic may refer to:

 * The nature of television series that are divided into short programs known as episodes
 * Episodic memory, types of memory that result from specific incidents in a lifetime
 * In Geology, episodic refers to events that occur or have occurred periodically
 * Episodic writing, a publishing format by which a single large work is presented in contiguous (typically chronological) installments
 * Episodic video game, a video game of a shorter length that is commercially released as an installment

title: Episodic


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HMPNGS Salamaua

HMPNGS Salamaua is a Balikpapan-class landing craft heavy heavy landing craft operated by the Papua New Guinea Defence Force (PNGDF). Prior to 1974, the vessel was called HMAS Salamaua (L 131) and was operated by the Royal Australian Navy (RAN).

Design and construction
The eight-vessel Balikpapan class was ordered as a locally manufactured replacement for the Australian Army's LSM-1-class landing ship medium and ALC 50 landing craft. They are 44.5 m long, with a beam of 10.1 m, and a draught of 1.9 m. The landing craft have a standard displacement of 316 tons, with a full load displacement of 503 tons. They are propelled by two G.M. Detroit 6-71 diesel motors, providing 675 brake horsepower to the two propeller shafts, allowing the vessels to reach 9 kn. The standard ship's company is 13-strong. The Balikpapans are equipped with a Decca RM 916 navigational radar, and fitted with two 7.62 mm machine guns for self-defence.

The LCHs have a maximum payload of 180 tons; equivalent to 3 Leopard 1 tanks, 13 M113 armored personnel carriers 23 quarter-tonne trucks, or four LARC-V amphibious cargo vehicles. As a troop transport, a Balikpapan-class vessel can transport up to 400 soldiers between a larger amphibious ship and the shore, or embark 60 soldiers in six-berth caravans for longer voyages. The vessel's payload affects the range: at 175 tons of cargo, each vessel has a range of 1300 nmi, which increases to 2280 nmi with a 150-ton payload, and 3000 nmi when unladen. The flat, box-like keel causes the ships to roll considerably in other-than-calm conditions, limiting their ability to make long voyages.

Salamaua was laid down Walkers Limited at Maryborough, Queensland on 29 May 1972, launched on 27 July 1972, and commissioned into the RAN on 19 October 1973.

Operational history
Salamaua was transferred to the Papua New Guinea Defence Force on 14 November 1974. She was in active service as of 2013. She was retired on June 19, 2020.

title: HMPNGS Salamaua


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The House of the Dead (video game)

The House of the Dead (ザ・ハウス・オブ・ザ・デッド) is a 1997 horror-themed light gun shooter arcade game developed by Sega AM1 and released by Sega. It is the first game in the House of the Dead series. Players assume the role of agents Thomas Rogan and "G" as they combat an army of undead experiments created by Dr. Curien, a mad scientist.

The game was developed for over a year on the Sega Model 2 arcade hardware. Targeting an adult audience, AM1 devised a story and atmosphere inspired by Western horror films. AM1's plans for detailed environments, non-linear level designs, and a gory aesthetic were challenged – and often limited – by the Model 2 hardware and other factors.

The House of the Dead was well-received by critics. It has been, along with Resident Evil, credited with popularising zombie video games, as well as re-popularising zombies in wider popular culture from the late 1990s onwards, leading to renewed interest in zombie films during the 2000s. The game has also been credited with introducing fast running zombies, which became popular in zombie films and video games during the 2000s.

A remake of the game was developed by MegaPixel Studio and published by Forever Entertainment for Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, Stadia, Windows, and Xbox One in April 2022, for Xbox Series X/S in September 2022, and for PlayStation 5 in January 2023.

Gameplay
The House of the Dead is a rail shooter light gun game. Players use a light gun (or mouse, in the PC version) to aim and shoot at approaching zombies. The characters' pistols use magazines which hold 6 rounds; players reload by shooting away from the screen. When a player sustains damage or shoots a civilian, one point of health is removed. The continue screen appears when all health is lost. If the player runs out of continues, the game is over. First-aid packs are available throughout the game which restore one point of health; some can be obtained from rescued hostages, while others are hidden inside certain breakable objects. Special items can be found within other breakables, granting a bonus to the player who shoots them. The player can earn additional health at the end of each level based on the number of hostages rescued.

Throughout the course of the game, players are faced with numerous situations in which their action (or inaction) will have an effect on the direction of gameplay. This is exemplified in the opening stage of the game when a hostage is about to be thrown from the bridge to his death. If the player saves the hostage, they will enter the house directly through the front door; however, if the player fails to rescue the hostage, the character is redirected to an underground route through the sewers.

Players can score additional points by shooting enemies in the head, rescuing hostages and finding hidden items.

Plot
The renowned biochemist and geneticist, Dr. Roy Curien, becomes obsessed with discovering the nature of life and death. While supported by the DBR Corporation and its own team of scientists, Curien's behavior becomes more erratic and his experiments take an inhumane and gruesome turn. The Curien Mansion, which serves as his home and laboratory, experiences an outbreak of undead zombies.

On December 18, 1998, AMS Agent Thomas Rogan receives a distress call from his fiancée, Sophie Richards, from the Curien Mansion. Rogan and his partner, "G", fly to Europe and arrive at the estate, finding it overrun with undead creatures, which Curien unleashed. A mortally wounded scientist gives them a journal containing information about Curien's creations and their weaknesses, and urges them to rescue the survivors still inside.

Rogan and G reach Sophie, only to witness her being carried away by a flying gargoyle-like monster called the Hangedman. The two enter the house, and later find Sophie, just before she is attacked by the Chariot, a hulking, heavily-armored mutant armed with a bardiche. After killing the mutant, Rogan and G attend to a wounded Sophie, who warns them that they must stop Curien at all costs, before collapsing from her wounds. Furious, Rogan and G push further into the mansion, and upon reaching the rooftops encounter the Hangedman. In the ensuing battle, Rogan and G are nearly thrown to their deaths, but manage to shoot it down. Fighting deeper into the mansion’s laboratories, the two eventually find Curien, who is protected by a massive, arachnoid creature called the Hermit. After killing it, Rogan and G continue their chase.

Upon arriving at the mansion’s underground laboratory, Curien unleashes his masterpiece, the Magician, a powerful humanoid creature with pyrokinetic abilities. However, the Magician refuses to serve any master and kills its creator. To prevent it from escaping, Rogan and G fight the Magician, and after being defeated, the Magician explodes, but not before warning the players that they "have not seen anything yet". With both Curien and the Magician dead, the agents leave the mansion.

Endings
The game features three different endings, which are determined by the player’s score, number of continues used and rank. The first two endings feature Sophie in the mansion’s foyer, either alive having survived her injuries or as having become one of the undead zombies (which the game developers referred to as the “true” and “normal” endings respectively). In the third ending, only a far view of the mansion is shown (leaving Sophie’s fate ambiguous).

Development and release
Development started in December 1995 and took one year and three months. None of the development team could speak English, so they arrived at the name The House of the Dead by taking various horror-themed phrases in Japanese and picking the one where the English translated text had the most "cool" visual, without concern for what sort of connotations the phrase might have to English speakers. The team saw people in their 20s and 30s as their target audience, and hoped that the game would primarily be experienced as a two-player game.

The House of the Dead was built on the Virtua Cop game engine. The developers wanted to have a more complex system of path branches, and to have the system impact the game's story, but eventually realized these ideas were too ambitious to fulfill within the time allotted to make the game.

The enemy designs were drafted quickly, going from idea directly to design drawing without any rough sketches. Anticipating that foreign markets, particularly Germany, would require the violence be toned down, they built in an option for operators to change the color of the game's blood, with green, purple, and blue available in addition to the traditional red. To avoid potential controversy the developers removed an elderly looking female zombie, and several enemies dressed in suggestive attire. The Chariot was animated by using motion capture with an actor wielding a broom, but the other enemies were all animated manually, using motion capture for reference only.

Sega AM4 designed the game's cabinet using screenshots and illustrations given to them by AM1. The House of the Dead came in two cabinet formats, both upright: one with a 50-inch monitor and one with a 29-inch monitor.

Ports
In late 1997, Sega confirmed that work had begun on a port to Sega Saturn, as an early version had been delivered to them. The port was handled by Tantalus Interactive and released in 1998, with a port to Windows (PC-CD) by Sega arriving the same year. Aside from game modes were added to both ports, which include selectable characters with different weapons and a boss rush mode.

Both the Sega Saturn and PC editions have slightly remixed soundtracks. On Chapter 2, there is a reference to the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster, as the words "Challenger, go at throttle up", spoken by Richard O. Covey from the mission control room only seconds before the explosion, can be heard three times before the music loops. These words do not appear in the arcade version; a snickering laugh is heard instead. The title, and boss themes are reversed on the PC port as well.

A version for mobile phones was released in Japan, and aimed to recreate the gameplay and locations from the arcade version. The pre-installed trial version containing the game's first chapter was included with Vodafone V603SH in February 2005, and utilized the phone's accelerometer functionality to control the camera.

Remake
In April 2021, it was announced that a remake of the game was to be released for the Nintendo Switch. The House of the Dead: Remake was developed by MegaPixel Studio and published by Forever Entertainment under license from Sega. In January 2022 news outlets reported that the game was expected to launch in March 2022,  but it was ultimately released on April 7, 2022. Ports for PlayStation 4, Stadia, Windows, and Xbox One were released on April 28, 2022, followed by Xbox Series X/S on September 23, 2022, and PlayStation 5 on January 20, 2023.

Sega reportedly lost the source code to the arcade version of The House of the Dead, requiring MegaPixel Studio to remake the entire game from scratch in the Unity game engine. Due to licensing issues, the original soundtrack by composer Tetsuya Kawauchi was replaced by a new soundtrack that is heavily inspired by the original.

Like the original home versions before, the remake uses an analog controlled crosshair for aiming by default. The Switch version also includes an alternative control by utilizing the controller’s built in “gyro aiming” system to emulate the use of a light gun, and the subsequent Xbox One and PS4 ports also had alternate control methods, such as USB mouse control and the PlayStation Move/Aim controllers respectively.

Reception and legacy
In Japan, Game Machine listed The House of the Dead on their May 1, 1997, issue as being the second most-successful dedicated arcade game of the month. The arcade game was also a major hit overseas. It went on to be the highest-grossing dedicated arcade game of 1998 in Japan. By 1998, it had sold 8,600 arcade cabinets worldwide, including 1,600 in Japan and 7,000 overseas.

Reviews
The 1996 arcade version of The House of the Dead received positive reviews upon release. Computer and Video Games magazine called it "the best shooting game ever!" Next Generation reviewed the arcade version of the game, rating it four stars out of five, and stated that "Overall, this is an excellent take on the light-gun genre - a sheer bloody scream." The review praised the branching levels, story, creature design, graphics, and destructible environments. In a retrospective review, AllGame awarded it 4.5 out of 5 stars, likewise praising the story, graphics, and destructible environments, but particularly focused on the game's intelligent challenge. The reviewer dubbed it "one of the best shooting games to hit arcades in the late 1990s."

The Saturn version of The House of the Dead garnered generally favorable reviews. It had a 71% rating on review aggregation website GameRankings based on five online reviews.

The Nintendo Switch remake received mixed reviews. Starburst praised the new soundtrack, added game modes, and the exciting atmosphere. They concluded that the remake is "a fantastic revival of an old favourite". Gaming Bible similarly commented that the graphical upgrades and extras are appealing. Nook Gaming was laudatory of the game's "clever camera angles and situations" that encourage efficient play. Reviewers criticized the gyro and thumbstick controls. Nintendo Life felt that unlike the Wii, the Switch is unsuitable for light gun games due to its lack of a sensor bar, without which the gyro controls cause the cursor to twitch when firing. They concluded that while the gameplay still held up and the graphical upgrades and extras were reasonably well done, those who are not fans of the original game might not have the patience for it.

Cultural impact
According to Kim Newman in the book Nightmare Movies (2011), the "zombie revival began in the Far East" during the late 1990s with the Japanese zombie games Resident Evil and The House of the Dead. The success of these two 1996 zombie games inspired a wave of Asian zombie films, such as Bio Zombie (1998) and Versus (2000). The zombie revival later went global following the worldwide success of Resident Evil and The House of the Dead, which inspired a wave of Western zombie films during the 2000s, such as 28 Days Later (2002) and Shaun of the Dead (2004). In 2013, George Romero said it was the video games Resident Evil and House of the Dead "more than anything else" that popularised his zombie concept in early 21st-century popular culture.

The House of the Dead has also been credited with introducing a new type of zombie distinct from Romero's classic slow zombie: the fast running zombie. After appearing in The House of the Dead, they became popular in zombie films and video games during the 2000s, including the Resident Evil games and films, The House of the Dead film adaptation, and the films 28 Days Later (2002) and Dawn of the Dead (2004).

Controversy
When the American city of Indianapolis attempted to ban violent video games in 2000, it argued that The House of the Dead was obscene and so unprotected by the First Amendment. This required U.S. Appeals Court Judge Richard Posner to review the game at length, ultimately finding Indianapolis' ban was unconstitutional. Unimpressed by the graphics, Judge Posner wrote "The most violent game in the record, The House of the Dead, depicts zombies being killed flamboyantly, with much severing of limbs and effusion of blood; but so stylized and patently fictitious is the cartoon-like depiction that no one would suppose it 'obscene' in the sense in which a photograph of a person being decapitated might be described as 'obscene.' It will not turn anyone's stomach."

title: The House of the Dead (video game)


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User talk:Jimbo 05247

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia.

I must ask you to cease adding nonsense to articles; if you continue to do so your actions will be construed as vandalism and you may be blocked from editing. Thanks for your consideration. -- Hadal 03:20, 16 Mar 2004 (UTC)

An edit like this, especially with the incorrect edit summary "fixed a small spelling error (purvayor -- perveyor)" is considered vandalism. If you continue, you will be blocked from editing. Maximus Rex 01:30, 17 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Image copyright tags
Thanks for uploading Image:Newpic.jpg. I notice it currently doesn't have an image copyright tag. Could you add one to let us know its copyright status? (You can use if you release it under the GFDL, or  if you claim fair use, etc.) If you don't know what any of this means, just let me know where you got the images and I'll tag them for you. Thanks so much, Tagishsimon (talk) 17:04, 30 Mar 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jimbo 05247


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HIARCS

HIARCS is a proprietary UCI chess engine developed by Mark Uniacke. Its name is an acronym standing for higher intelligence auto-response chess system. Because Hiarcs is written portable in C, it is available on multiple platforms such as Pocket PC, Palm OS, PDAs, iOS, Microsoft Windows and Mac OS X.

HIARCS opening book authors over time were Eric Hallsworth, Sebastian Böhme and Harvey Williamson, who is also operating HIARCS regularly at various computer chess tournaments. HIARCS author Mark Uniacke said in a 2011 video interview that one of his current priorities in development is improving HIARCS to play in a more "human-like fashion" at different Elo strengths.

History
The first version of HIARCS was written in 1980 in PDP-11 Basic, when Mark Uniacke was only 15 years old. Subsequent versions were also written in interpreted Basic, which meant that the program was rather slow. To compensate for this, Mark developed some heuristics to guide the program's search and evaluation in a more 'targeted' way. This resulted in a program that relied on positional algorithms, rather than search depth.

At the end of the 80s, HIARCS was rewritten in C, and soon competed in computer chess tournaments. In 1991, Hiarcs went commercial and Hiarcs 1.0 was released for PCs and the MS-DOS operating system. In 1996, Hiarcs 4.0 became the first version to be marketed by Chessbase sold inside the Fritz GUI.

Version 11, the first version to support multiprocessing, was released in December 2006. HIARCS 12.1 and 13 are the engines in Pocket Fritz by Chessbase. Since Version 14, released in August 2012, HIARCS has been sold along with its own GUI (Chess Explorer) available on Mac OS X and Windows.

Competition results
HIARCS has won numerous computer and human tournaments. In 1991, it won the title of the World Amateur Microcomputer Chess Champion at the 11th World Microcomputer Chess Championship (WMCCC), in 1992, it won the gold medal at the 4th Computer Olympiad, and in 1993, it won the World Microcomputer Chess Championship held in Munich.

In April 1997, HIARCS 6.0 became the first PC chess program to win a match played at tournament time controls over a FIDE International Master. In the same year, HIARCS went on to win the Godesberg Open ahead of Grandmasters and International Masters.

In January 2003, HIARCS played a four-game match against Grandmaster Evgeny Bareev, world number 8 at the time. All the four games were drawn, resulting in a tied match.

Since 2005, HIARCS has been tested to be the strongest chess program available on a handheld device. It is the top handheld on the SSDF rating list, and was considered the strongest engine in a comprehensive review of 63 handheld chess programs.

In December 2007, HIARCS won the 17th International Paderborn Computer Chess Championship, and after the disqualification of Rybka, HIARCS was placed first at the 2008 World Computer Chess Championship. It also won the 2009 International CSVN Tournament, and the World Chess Software Championship in 2011 and 2013.

Pocket Fritz 4 (which uses the HIARCS chess engine) won the Copa Mercosur (a category 6 tournament) in Buenos Aires, Argentina with 9 wins and 1 draw on August 4–14, 2009, achieving a performance rating of 2898 while running on the HTC Touch HD mobile phone. It searched around 20,000 nodes per second, far less than it would on an average home computer.

Notable games

 * HIARCS vs Viswanathan Anand, AEGON Simul, The Hague NED 1997 ·  Sicilian Defense: Dragon. Classical Variation General (B72)  ·  ½–½ HIARCS plays in a simultaneous exhibition, amongst other chess engines, against Grandmaster Viswanathan Anand.
 * Zappa vs HIARCS, CCT9 2007 ·  Sicilian Defense: Najdorf Variation. Poisoned Pawn Accepted (B97)  ·  0–1 Zappa traps HIARCS's queen but ends up losing.
 * HIARCS vs Jonny 17th World Computer Chess Championship (2009) ·  Sicilian Defense: Scheveningen Variation. English Attack (B80) 1–0 HIARCS sacrifices a piece for positional gain.

title: HIARCS


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Episodes (journal)

Episodes is the quarterly journal of the International Union of Geological Sciences, published in Seoul, Korea. In circulation since 1978, Episodes is an international and interdisciplinary open access and free, both to submit and download, publication journal that covers all geoscience disciplines. Episodes includes authoritative articles that reflect global research advances, evolving trends in geoscience disciplines and concise reports on the results of international meetings, conferences, and symposia. It is a high visibility journal, and is indexed in Science Citation Index (SCI), Science Citation Index Expanded (SCIE; Web of Science), and Journal Citation Reports (JCR)/Science Edition, along with many other databases such as SCOPUS. Submitted manuscripts are peer-reviewed, and a first decision is provided to authors approximately within 30 days after submission.

title: Episodes (journal)


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Story arc

A story arc (also narrative arc) is the chronological construction of a plot in a novel or story. It can also mean an extended or continuing storyline in episodic storytelling media such as television, comic books, comic strips, board games, video games, and films with each episode following a dramatic arc. On a television program, for example, the story would unfold over many episodes. In television, the use of the story arc is common in sitcoms, and even more so in soap operas. In a traditional Hollywood film, the story arc usually follows a three-act structure. Webcomics are more likely to use story arcs than newspaper comics, as most webcomics have readable archives online that a newcomer to the strip can read in order to understand what is going on. Although story arcs have existed for decades, one of the first appearances of the term was in 1973 by Time Magazine for a synopsis of the movie The Friends of Eddie Coyle: "He accomplishes this with no sacrifice to the pacing of his action sequences or the suspenseful development of his story's arc."

Many American comic book series are now written in four- or six-issue arcs, within a continuing series. Short story arcs are easier to package as trade paperbacks for resale, and more accessible to the casual reader than the never-ending continuity that once characterized US comics. A corollary to the absence of continuity, however, is that, as exemplified in 1950s DC Superman comics, no permanent change to characters or situations occurs, meaning no growth can take place. Thus, storylines repeat over time in a loop.

Dramatic structure and purpose
The purpose of a story arc is to move a character or a situation from one state to another, in other words, to effect change. This change or transformation often takes the form of either a tragic fall from grace or a reversal of that pattern. One common form in which this reversal is found is a character going from a situation of weakness to one of strength. For example, a poor woman goes on adventures and in the end makes a fortune for herself, or a lonely man falls in love and marries.

Another form of storytelling that offers a change or transformation of character is that of the "hero's journey", as laid out in Joseph Campbell's theory of the monomyth in his work, The Hero with a Thousand Faces. Christopher Vogler's The Writer's Journey: Mythic Structure for Writers details the same theory specifically for western storytelling.

Many renowned novelists and writers claim to use a story arc to create characters, stories, and even curricula. Several have published their use of the story arc to create memorable tomes in record time.

In television and radio
Story arcs on television (and also on radio) have existed for decades (one notable (albeit, unusual) example, from the so-called "Golden Age of Radio", being the 1946 NBC Radio Summer-run docudrama serial, The Fifth Horseman, which (in part) featured a four-episode arc regarding a hypothetical chain of events (spanning nearly two full "future" decades) surrounding a fictitious nuclear holocaust), and are common in many countries where multi-episode story lines are the norm (an example being the UK's Doctor Who), as well as most anime series.

Many arc-based series in past decades, such as V, were often short-lived and found it difficult to attract new viewers; they also rarely appear in traditional syndication. However, the rise of DVD box sets of complete seasons, as well as streaming, has worked in arc-based productions' favor as the standard season collection format allows the viewer to have easy access to the relevant episodes. One area of television where story arcs have always thrived, however, is in the realm of the soap opera, and often episodic series have been derisively referred to as "soap operas" when they have adopted story arcs.

Arc-based series draw and reward dedicated viewers and fans of a particular show follow and discuss different story arcs independently from particular episodes. Story arcs are sometimes split into subarcs, if deemed significant by fans, making it easy to refer to certain episodes if their production order titles are unknown. Episodes not relevant to story arcs, such as "villain of the week" episodes) are sometimes dismissed as filler by fans, but might be referred to as self-contained or stand-alone episodes by producers.

Usage in manga and anime
Manga and anime are usually good examples of arc-based stories, to the point that most series shorter than twenty-six chapters are a single arc spanning all the chapters. This makes syndication difficult, as episodes watched in isolation often confuse viewers unless watched in conjunction with the series as a whole. Series of thirty chapters or longer usually have multiple arcs.

Neon Genesis Evangelion, for example, is a single story arc spanning twenty-six episodes. Other longer anime have multiple story arcs, such as Bleach, Gin Tama, One Piece, Naruto, Yu-Gi-Oh! and Fairy Tail. The anime Dragon Ball Z adapts four different story arcs from the Dragon Ball manga, each with its own ultimate antagonist, along with original story arcs created for the TV series.

title: Story arc


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Chapelle

Chapelle or La Chapelle may refer to:

Communes in France

 * La Chapelle, Allier
 * La Chapelle, Ardennes
 * La Chapelle, Charente
 * La Chapelle, Savoie
 * Les Chapelles, Savoie department

Other places

 * Église de la Chapelle or Kapellekerk, a church in Brussels
 * Quartier de La Chapelle, a neighborhood of Paris, France
 * La Chapelle (Paris Metro), a metro station in Paris, France
 * Porte de la Chapelle (Paris Metro), a metro station in Paris, France
 * Sainte-Chapelle, a Gothic chapel on the Île de la Cité, Paris, France
 * La Chapelle, Artibonite, a commune in Artibonite department, Haiti
 * La Chapelle, a commune of Plan-les-Ouates, Switzerland
 * Chapelle, Glâne, a municipality of the canton of Fribourg, Switzerland
 * Archbishop Chapelle High School, a high school in New Orleans, United States
 * Aix-la-Chapelle or Aachen, Germany

Other uses

 * La Chapelle (Church), a Baptist Evangelical multi-site church based in Montreal, Canada.
 * Chapelle (surname)
 * Chapelle Jewellery, a brand of jewellery retailer F.Hinds
 * de la Chapelle syndrome, a genetic disorder

title: Chapelle


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William Allardyce

Sir William Lamond Allardyce, (14 November 1861 – 9 June 1930) was a career British civil servant in the Colonial Office who served as governor of Fiji (1901–1902), the Falkland Islands (1904–1914), Bahamas (1914–1920), Tasmania (1920–1922), and Newfoundland (1922–1928).

Biography
Allardyce was born near Bombay, India, the son of Georgina Dickson Abbott and Colonel James Allardyce. Educated in Aberdeen, Scotland and at Oxford Military College, at the age of 18, he joined the British Civil Service in the Colonial Office. His brother Kenneth was also a colonial administrator, serving as Secretary for Native Affairs in Fiji.

Allardyce first posting was Fiji, where, just two years after his arrival, he was named acting Resident Commissioner for the island of Rotuma. The following year as magistrate and seven years later he was appointed to the Native Regulation Board and made the commissioner of the Supreme Court. In 1894, he was made Commissioner for Native Lands and given a seat in the Legislative Council. In 1895, he was appointed Native Commissioner, the chief liaison between the Fijian natives and the British. The following year he was appointed Receiver-General. He subsequently became Colonial Secretary and a member of the Executive Council in 1898.

In 1904, Allardyce was appointed as Governor of the Falkland Islands. After ten years at the Falklands, he was then transferred to the Bahamas to become its governor, a position he held for six years. Allardyce then became governor of Tasmania but retired after only two years—taking the last three months as leave—as a result of his failure to obtain an increase in his salary of £2750. In fact, a statement made to the Parliament of Tasmania on his salary and allowances was followed by a vote by the Legislative Assembly to abolish his office, although the same motion was defeated in the Legislative Council. Nevertheless, when he left office he was widely praised for his performance of the office.

Allardyce was subsequently ordered to Newfoundland where he was to succeed Sir Charles Alexander Harris as Governor of Newfoundland, where he was invited to become patron of the Great War Veterans Association. He was the official Crown representative of the unveiling of the National War Memorial by Field Marshal the Earl Haig on 1 July 1924. He officiated at the opening of the other national war memorial, Memorial University College, on 15 September 1925. Allardyce as governor was a key promoter in the decision awarding jurisdiction over most of the Labrador Peninsula to Newfoundland by the Privy Council.

In 1916, Allardyce was made a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George by King George V. He was advanced to Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George in 1927.

Allardyce was noted as one of the most competent administrators ever appointed by the Colonial Office to serve as the official representative of the British Crown in Newfoundland and Labrador.

Allardyce died of cancer on 9 June 1930 at Wokingham, Berkshire, England. The Allardyce Range on the island of South Georgia is named for him.

Family
Allardyce married twice. First, in 1895, to Constance Angel Greene of Melbourne, Australia, daughter of Molesworth Richard Greene. She died in 1918; then, in 1920, he married Elsie Elizabeth Stewart, widow of A.C. Goodfellow. In 1923, Lady Allardyce helped start the Girl Guide movement in Newfoundland, and then in 1924, she established the Newfoundland Outport Nursing and Industrial Association (NONIA).

title: William Allardyce


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Matteuccia

Matteuccia is a genus of ferns with one species: Matteuccia struthiopteris (common names ostrich fern, fiddlehead fern, or shuttlecock fern). The species epithet struthiopteris comes from Ancient Greek words στρουθίων "ostrich" and πτερίς  "fern".

Description
The fronds are dimorphic, with the deciduous green sterile fronds being almost vertical, 100 – tall and 20 – broad, long-tapering to the base but short-tapering to the tip, so that they resemble ostrich plumes, hence the name. The fertile fronds are shorter, 40 – long, brown when ripe, with highly modified and constricted leaf tissue curled over the sporangia; they develop in autumn, persist erect over the winter and release the spores in early spring. Along with Dryopteris goldieana, it is one of the largest species of fern in eastern North America.

Classification
Matteuccia struthiopteris is the only species in the genus Matteuccia. Some sources include two Asian species, M. orientalis and M. intermedia, but molecular data shows that M. struthiopteris is more closely related to Onocleopsis and Onoclea (sensitive fern) than it is to M. orientalis and M. intermedia, and so the latter should be moved to a genus Pentarhizidium which contains those two species. Formerly classified as a member of the Dryopteridaceae, Matteuccia has been reassigned to the new much smaller family Onocleaceae.

Distribution
It is a crown-forming, colony-forming plant, occurring in temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere in central and northern Europe, northern Asia, and northern North America. It grows from a completely vertical crown, favoring riverbanks and sandbars, but sends out lateral stolons to form new crowns. It can thus form dense colonies resistant to destruction by floodwaters.

Cultivation and uses
The ostrich fern is a popular ornamental plant in gardens. It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit. While choosing a place of planting it should be taken into account that this fern is very expansive and its leaves often lose their beauty throughout the summer, especially if not protected from wind and hail.

The tightly wound immature fronds, called fiddleheads, are also used as a cooked vegetable, and are considered a delicacy mainly in rural areas of northeastern North America. It is considered inadvisable to eat uncooked fiddleheads. Brown "scales" are inedible and should be scraped or rinsed off.

The sprouts are also picked all over Japan, ("kogomi" in Japanese) as well as in other Asian regions, where they are considered a delicacy.

Additionally, in Norway, fiddleheads were apparently used in the manufacture of beer, and in Russia, in the control of gut parasites.

Matteuccia species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including Sthenopis pretiosus.

title: Matteuccia


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Archbishop Chapelle High School

Archbishop Chapelle High School is a Catholic secondary school for young women located in Metairie, Jefferson Parish, Louisiana, United States.

History
Archbishop Chapelle High School was founded in 1962 by the Archdiocese of New Orleans and was named after Archbishop Placide Louis Chapelle, the first Archbishop of New Orleans in the twentieth century. The Sisters of Charity of the Incarnate Word staffed the school. In the first year, there were 236 students with nine teachers, which included four religious and four lay teachers. An additional grade was added each year thereafter until the 1965–1966 school year, which also saw Chapelle's first graduating class.

Academic courses
In addition to traditional secondary school classes, Chapelle also offers include fine arts courses, drama, publications studies (including yearbook and newspaper), family and consumer studies, business courses (including computer studies and accounting), and religion. There are several foreign language courses available to students from grades 8–12, including French, Spanish, and Latin.

Student Clubs
Some clubs available are Ambassadors, French Club, Intramural Sports, Key Club, Matthew 25 Service Program, Mu Alpha Theta, National Art Honor Society, National Honor Society, National Junior Beta Club, National Spanish Honor Society, Student Council, and Varsity Quiz Bowl. In addition to these, there are other more specialized clubs listed on the high school's website.

Several clubs are in coordination with Archbishop Rummel High School, an all-male Catholic secondary school also located in Metairie. Chapelle Honors Advanced band students are members of the Archbishop Rummel Band. The Chapellettes are a dance team that accompany the Rummel Band.

Athletics
Archbishop Chapelle athletics competes in the LHSAA.

title: Archbishop Chapelle High School