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Dave Carter

Dave Carter (August 13, 1952 – July 19, 2002) was an American folk music singer-songwriter who described his style as "post-modern mythic American folk music". He was one half of the duo Dave Carter and Tracy Grammer, who were heralded as the new "voice of modern folk music" in the months before Carter's unexpected death in July 2002. They were ranked as number one on the year-end list for "Top Artists" on the Folk Music Radio Airplay Chart for 2001 and 2002, and their popularity has endured in the years following Carter's death. Joan Baez, who went on tour with the duo in 2002, spoke of Carter's songs in the same terms that she once used to promote a young Bob Dylan: "'There is a special gift for writing songs that are available to other people, and Dave's songs are very available to me. It's a kind of genius, you know, and Dylan has the biggest case of it. But I hear it in Dave's songs, too." Carter's songs were often noted for their poetic imagery, spirituality and storytelling while retaining connection to the country music of his southern American upbringing. Carter's memory has been kept alive by his many admirers, most notably his former partner. Tracy Grammer has continued to introduce previously unrecorded songs and recordings that the duo were working on prior to Carter's death.

Early life and education
Dave Carter was born in Oxnard, California. His father was a mathematician and a petroleum engineer and his mother was a science teacher and a charismatic Christian. Carter was raised in Oklahoma and Texas and would draw on his rural upbringing in many of his songs. He studied classical piano from age 4 to about age 12, when he took up guitar. At 17, he left home to hitchhike around the country, especially the Midwestern United States (Great Plains area). After graduating with degrees in music (cello) and fine arts from the University of Oklahoma, Carter moved to Portland, Oregon, where he continued his education at Portland State University, earning a degree in mathematics. He began an advanced degree in mathematics, but a personal epiphany led him to realize that this was not to be his field. He went on to study what he called "the psychology of mystical experience" at the Institute of Transpersonal Psychology in Palo Alto and the California Institute of Integral Studies in San Francisco, and worked as an embedded systems programmer for several years before taking up music full-time in the mid-1990s. Carter was greatly influenced by mythologist Joseph Campbell, who visited his college, and American mystic Carlos Castaneda. He was also influenced by the American landscape, Arthurian mythology, the environment, and transcendental psychology.

Partnership with Tracy Grammer

Prior to his death, Carter released three albums with Grammer: When I Go (1998); Tanglewood Tree (2000); and Drum Hat Buddha (2001). The duo re-recorded many of the songs from Snake Handlin' Man, plus two previously unrecorded songs, in early 2002. The CD, called Seven Is the Number, was released by Tracy Grammer in 2006. A collection of the duo's holiday recordings called American Noel was compiled by Tracy Grammer and released in 2008 by Signature Sounds. In 2012, Grammer partnered with Red House Records to release "Little Blue Egg" and a limited-edition companion EP, "Joy My Love", which included previously-unpublished recordings and rare demos from the duo's home studio.

Transgender identity
In 2000 Carter revealed to Grammer that he had struggled with gender dysphoria since his early teen years. Grammer later said, "... he was exploring a gender change and that altered the dynamics of our off-stage relationship. It actually made things quite difficult for us personally, but anyone on the outside would not have known that. It was just a process that we were going through and that, thankfully, we reconciled with by the time he died."

Of this timeframe, Grammer said: "... We even had a whole plan for the unveiling. He was going to release one more manly ‘Cowboy Dave’ album, and I would introduce myself as a solo artist. Then he would go change and we would come back as an all-girl band, calling ourselves The Butterfly Conservatory. He would be she and that would be that."

Death and tributes
Carter died of a massive heart attack on July 19, 2002, in a hotel room in Hadley, Massachusetts after returning from an early morning run. He and Grammer were slated to play that weekend at the Green River Festival in Greenfield and were booked that summer to play many of the nation's top folk festivals and folk clubs. He was 49. Carter's death came as a great shock to the folk music community. Tracy Grammer gave her account of Carter's final moments in a letter to fans: "'Yesterday, shortly after he went unconscious, he came back for a lucid minute or two to tell me, 'I just died... Baby, I just died...' There was a look of wonder in his eyes, and though I cried and tried to deny it to him, I knew he was right and he was on his way. He stayed with me a minute more but despite my attempts to keep him with me, I could see he was already riding that thin chiffon wave between here and gone. He loved beauty, he was hopelessly drawn to the magic and the light in all things. I figure he saw something he could not resist out of the corner of his eye and flew into it. Despite the fact that every rescue attempt was made by paramedics and hospital staff and the death pronouncement officially came at 12:08 pm Eastern Time, I believe he died in my arms in our favorite hotel, leaving me with those final words. That's the true story I am going to tell.'"

Many had predicted that the duo was destined for success beyond the typical folk music circles. Jim Olsen, president of Carter's record label, Signature Sounds, said, "I always believed it would only take one cover by a major star to unveil his work to the rest of the world; and I was convinced that was going to happen. Somebody was going to open the door for them; and the thing about Dave's music is that once people heard it, they became lifelong fans." Fellow folksinger and journalist Matt Watroba wrote, "It would make sense at this point to say that Dave Carter was on the verge of something big. The truth, however, is that Dave was something big already. He moved the people lucky enough to know him or his music in a way that has launched an outpouring of tributes, memories and love."

Grammer decided to keep the duo's appointment to play the 2002 Falcon Ridge Folk Festival the following week and a tribute concert was arranged. The tribute included performances by a number of Carter's admirers singing his songs. Highlights included Chris Smither's cover of "Crocodile Man", Mark Erelli singing "Cowboy Singer", a rendition of "Happytown" by The Kennedys, and "Farewell to Saint Dolores" by Eddie From Ohio. Grammer herself opened the show with "The Mountain" and closed with "Gentle Soldier of My Soul". Several artists have since written tributes in Carter's honor and in 2005 Grammer released Flower of Avalon, including nine previously unrecorded songs by Carter.

Songwriting
Dave Carter's songs have been covered by many others, most notably by Judy Collins and Willie Nelson ("When I Go"), Joan Baez ("The Mountain"), Lucy Kaplansky ("Cowboy Singer") and Chris Smither ("Crocodile Man"). Tributes to Dave following his death were written by Tracy Grammer ("The Verdant Mile") and Richard Shindell ("So Says the Whippoorwill"), among others.

One song, "Gentle Arms of Eden", was added to the hymnal in at least one Unitarian Universalist congregation. More of Carter's songs were recorded by Tracy Grammer on her 2005 album Flower of Avalon.

Dave Carter was the first winner of the songwriting contest held at Sisters Folk Festival in 1995. In 2005 the contest took his name, becoming the Dave Carter Memorial Songwriting Contest, to honor both his initial victory and his advocacy of the festival in the subsequent years. Carter is listed among the winners of the 1998 edition of the Kerrville New Folk Songwriting Competition. He also won the 1998 edition of the Wildflower Performing Songwriter Award and the Napa Valley Folk Festival Emerging Songwriter Award.

Discography

 * Snake Handlin' Man, Dave Carter (self-release, 1995, out of print)
 * When I Go, Dave Carter with Tracy Grammer (self-release 1998, Signature Sounds 2002)
 * Tanglewood Tree, Dave Carter and Tracy Grammer (Signature Sounds, 2000)
 * Drum Hat Buddha, Dave Carter and Tracy Grammer (Signature Sounds, 2001)
 * Seven Is the Number Dave Carter and Tracy Grammer (Tracy Grammer Music, 2006)
 * American Noel Dave Carter and Tracy Grammer (Signature Sounds, 2008)
 * Little Blue Egg Dave Carter and Tracy Grammer (Red House Records, 2012–2017)
 * Joy My Love Dave Carter and Tracy Grammer (Red House Records, 2012–2017) limited edition EP

Partial list of covers
Songs written by Dave Carter performed by other artists:
 * Flower of Avalon (Signature Sounds, 2005–2019 / Tracy Grammer Music), Tracy Grammer, includes nine previously unrecorded Dave Carter songs.
 * "The Mountain", in 2001 concerts, Joan Baez
 * "The River Where She Sleeps", from A Crooked Line (2001), Darryl Purpose
 * "Tanglewood Tree", from Clearwater (2002), Chris and Meredith Thompson
 * "Crocodile Man", from Train Home (Hightone Records, 2003), Chris Smither
 * "Farewell to St. Dolores", Gambling Eden (2003), Rani Arbo
 * "Gentle Arms of Eden", from Temporary Stay (2003), Pat Wictor
 * "Gentle Arms of Eden", from Side of the Road (2003), Ellis Paul and Vance Gilbert
 * "Walkin' Away from Caroline", from God's Poet Now, (2003, EP to benefit the Dave Carter Memorial Fund), Erik Balkey
 * "Cat Eye Willie Claims His Lover", from Sweet Mystery of Life (2004), Full Frontal Folk
 * "Cowboy Singer", from The Red Thread (Red House Records, 2004), Lucy Kaplansky
 * "Gentle Soldier of My Soul", from Paintbrush (2004), Diane Zeigler
 * "The Mountain", LIVE (2004), Chris and Meredith Thompson
 * "Quickdraw Southpaw's Last Hurrah", from One Horse Town (2005), Jim Henry
 * "When I Go", from Bristlecone Pine (2006), Bryan Bowers
 * "Happytown (It's Alright with Me)" and "Gypsy Rose", from Songs of the Open Road (Appleseed Recordings, 2006), The Kennedys
 * "When I Go", from Stand (2003), The Kennedys
 * "When I Go", from Heaven is So High and I'm So Far Down (RiskyDisk, 2006), Pat Wictor
 * "Gun Metal Eyes", from Liberty Tree (Songs from the Kitchen Table) (2007), Mission Street Project
 * "Kate and the Ghost of Lost Love", from Open The Gate (2007) Sense of Wonder
 * "When I Go" from Live (2003), Ronny Cox
 * "The Mountain" from Not Far Now (2009) by Richard Shindell
 * "Tanglewood Tree" from Wicked Girls (2010) by Seanan McGuire
 * "Girl from Golden" from Next Time Around (2012) by Darryl Purpose
 * "Gentle Arms of Eden" from Horsetamer (2013) by Julia Ecklar
 * "Farewell to Saint Dolores" from The Pine Hill Project (2015) by Richard Shindell & Lucy Kaplansky
 * "When I Go" from Strangers Again (2015) by Judy Collins feat. Willie Nelson

Tributes
Songs written by other artists as tributes to Dave Carter:
 * "The Verdant Mile", from The Verdant Mile (Tracy Grammer Music, 2004), Tracy Grammer
 * "Between Here and Gone," from Between Here and Gone (2004) Mary Chapin Carpenter
 * "Friend of the Coyote", from Kickin' This Stone (2004), Johnsmith
 * "So Says the Whippoorwill", from Vuelta (Signature Sounds, 2004), Richard Shindell
 * "God's Poet Now", from God's Poet Now (2003), Erik Balkey
 * "Wheel Inside the Wheel", from Mercy Now (2004), Mary Gauthier
 * "Tribute", from From the Hazel Tree (written 2002, recorded 2004), written by Catherine Faber, recorded by Echo's Children
 * "I Shall Not Look Away", from Tiger Tattoo (Waterbug Records, 2002), Andrew Calhoun
 * "Willow", from Open The Gate (2007), Sense of Wonder
 * "Dave's Song", from White Bird (2003), Emily Kurn
 * "Oklahoma Spirit Guide", from Spirit Guide (2006, Redbud Hill), Randy Auxier
 * "Where Did You Go?" from Sunset Waltz (2008), Pat Wictor

title: Dave Carter


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Robert R. Reynolds

Robert Rice Reynolds (June 18, 1884 – February 13, 1963) was an American politician who served as a Democratic US senator from North Carolina from 1932 to 1945. Almost from the outset of his Senate career, "Our Bob," as he was known among his local supporters, acquired distinction as a passionate isolationist and increasing notoriety as an apologist for Nazi aggression in Europe. Even after America's entry into World War II, according to a contemporary study of subversive elements in America, he "publicly endorsed the propaganda efforts of Gerald L. K. Smith," whose scurrilous publication The Cross and the Flag "violently assailed the United States war effort and America's allies." One of the nation's most influential fascists, Smith likewise collaborated with Reynolds on The Defender, an antisemitic newspaper that was partly owned by Reynolds.

Reynolds occasionally turned over his Senate office facilities to subversive propagandists and allowed them to use his franking to mail their literature postage-free. He was also a supporter of the economic components of the New Deal.

Early life
He was born on June 18, 1884, in Asheville, North Carolina, at his family's estate, the Reynolds House. He was the son of William Taswell Reynolds (1850–1892) and Mamie Elizabeth Spears (1862–1939). He was descended from a family of Revolutionary War heroes and pioneers, politicians, and property owners, including his maternal great-grandfather, Colonel Daniel Smith, a Revolutionary War hero of the Battle of Kings Mountain. His siblings included George Spears Reynolds (1881–1924) and Jane Reynolds Wood (1888–1927).

Reynolds attended public and private schools, including Weaver College, a preparatory school, before entering the University of North Carolina. While at UNC, he played football, ran track, and was the editor of the sports section of The Daily Tar Heel. He left UNC without a degree but was still accepted at the University of North Carolina School of Law. He did not officially enroll but attended lectures and was eventually admitted to the Bar in North Carolina in 1908.

Early career
After passing the bar exam, Reynolds began practicing in Asheville with his brother. He was elected prosecuting attorney, serving from 1910 to 1914, and during World War I, registered for military service. He was never drafted but briefly served in the National Guard. In 1924, he ran for Lieutenant Governor of North Carolina, losing to J. Elmer Long in the Democratic primary.

In 1926, Reynolds first ran for the US Senate, but was unsuccessful and lost the primary to Lee Overman. He ran again in 1932 and defeated former Governor and interim Senator Cameron Morrison in the Democratic primary runoff by nearly two-to-one after running a particularly nasty, populist campaign in which he accused Morrison of being a Communist sympathizer. During one campaign speech, he proclaimed, "Cam likes fish eggs, and Red Russian fish eggs at that. Don't you want a Senator who likes North Carolina hen eggs?"

U.S. Senate
In his first term, Reynolds was in favor of Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal and believed that it provided much-needed jobs for his North Carolinans. That allowed the Blue Ridge Parkway and the Great Smoky Mountains National Park to be built. Reynolds favored taxing the wealthy and imposing regulations on the economy. In addition, he supported Social Security, the Fair Labor Standards Act, the Works Progress Administration, Tennessee Valley Authority, and the Agricultural Adjustment Act, which raised tobacco prices. Reynolds initially supported Roosevelt's Judicial Procedures Reform Bill of 1937 to pack the Supreme Court but later joined other Democrats in sending it back to the Judiciary Committee, effectively killing the bill.

Reynolds was an advocate of "Fortress America" and supported a strong national defense, including an expansion of the United States Armed Forces. However, he was also a leading isolationist. He vociferously opposed Roosevelt's efforts to revise the Neutrality Acts. Reynolds and Senator John Overton of Louisiana were the only senators from the South to vote against the repeal of the arms embargo. Therefore, during his 1938 re-election campaign, Roosevelt recruited Congressman Franklin W. Hancock, Jr. to oppose Reynolds in the Democratic primary, but Reynolds won handily.

An advocate of immigration restriction, Reynolds spoke out against the Wagner–Rogers Bill that aimed to accept 20,000 Jewish refugee children into the United States from Nazi Germany. He elicited the praise of the magazine Social Justice, organized by demagogue and radio priest Charles Coughlin.

In 1939, less than three months before the beginning of World War II, Reynolds, described by the leftist newspaper PM as "the Senate's No. 1 alien-baiter," called for a 10-year ban on all immigration to the United States and said that "the time has come for changing the tradition that the U.S.A. is an asylum for the oppressed." He also demanded that newly-arrived immigrants, "millions of foreigners who are about to begin the rape of this country," should be deported or detained in concentration camps.

Unusually for a major American politician, Reynolds openly praised Nazi Germany and worked with fascist intellectuals such as Gerald L. K. Smith and George Sylvester Viereck. In 1941, Reynolds became chairman of the Senate Committee on Military Affairs. After the Pearl Harbor attack and the German declaration of war against the United States in December 1941, he partially reversed his pro-German and pro-fascist opinions and introduced a bill to extend the Selective Training and Service Act sponsored by the U.S. War Department. Nevertheless, a confidential 1943 analysis of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee by Isaiah Berlin for the British Foreign Office stated that Reynolds

"is exceptional among Southerners, in that he is a bitter Isolationist of a disreputable kind. His Anglophobia is proverbial and his journal The Vindicator is a low-grade Fascist sheet. He is distrusted by the majority of his colleagues and his assumption of the chairmanship of the Military Affairs Committee (by seniority) was universally regarded as disastrous outside his own circle of chauvinist demagogues. His State produces cotton and tobacco and he, therefore, votes for reciprocal trade pacts."

By 1944, the Democratic Party chose former Governor Clyde R. Hoey to seek Reynolds's seat in the primary. As a result, Reynolds did not seek reelection. Hoey won the primary and went on to win the general election in a landslide victory over a Republican opponent. Reynolds sought to return to the Senate in 1950, but he was by then hopelessly discredited and won only 10% in the Democratic primary, behind Frank Porter Graham and Willis Smith.

Later life
After leaving public life, Reynolds practiced law and real estate until his death, in Asheville. He wrote the book Gypsy Trails, Around the World in an Automobile; Asheville, NC: Advocate Publishing Company (presumed date 1923).

Personal life
Reynolds married five times throughout his life and had four children. His first marriage was in 1910 to Frances Jackson (1889–1913). Before her death from typhoid fever in 1913, they had two children together: In 1914, he married 17-year-old Mary Bland (b. 1897). Less than a year after their marriage, he left his new wife and their child. Before their divorce in 1917 and her three subsequent marriages, they had one daughter together:
 * Frances Jackson Reynolds (1910–1955)
 * Robert Rice Reynolds, Jr. (1913–1950)
 * Mary Bland Reynolds, who died of Hodgkin's disease.

In 1921, he married, for the third time, Denise D'Arcy, a French woman he met in New York. Reynolds met D'Arcy while he was traveling around the country in his truck and accidentally struck her as she crossed the street. Within five days, he had announced that they had fallen in love and were going to get married. The marriage dissolved after one year, and D'Arcy obtained a legal separation from Reynolds in 1922 and moved back to France. The divorce was ultimately finalized in 1929.

On February 27, 1931, he married for the fourth time to Eva Brady (1898–1934), a former Ziegfeld Follies dancer from Chicago, who came to Asheville looking for a cure for tuberculosis. Eva died on December 13, 1934.

On October 9, 1941, 57-year-old Reynolds married for the fifth and final time to 19-year-old Evalyn Washington McLean (1921–1946), daughter of Edward B. McLean, the former publisher and owner of The Washington Post, and Evalyn Walsh McLean, owner of the Hope Diamond. Together, they had one daughter: On September 20, 1946, his wife, Evalyn, died of an accidental overdose of sleeping pills, which some believe is a result of the Hope Diamond curse..
 * Mamie Spears Reynolds (1942–2014), an owner and driver for the Reynolds Racing Team of Asheville, the first woman to qualify for the Daytona 500, and co-owner of the ABA Kentucky Colonels professional basketball team. In 1963, she married Luigi "Coco" Chinetti Jr., son of Italian racecar driver and Ferrari agent Luigi Chinetti, and divorced two years later.

Death
Reynolds died of cancer on February 13, 1963, at Reynolds House, in Asheville.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Robert R. Reynolds


text:
Talk:Congress of Vienna

Ottomans/Balkans/Greece
Shouldn't the Ottoman Empire be mentioned (if only briefly) in this article, as well as the fact that Greek revolutionaries tried to bring their cause before the Congress of Vienna? 98.123.38.211 (talk) 21:21, 30 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Congress of Vienna


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Cadwallon ap Cadfan

Cadwallon ap Cadfan (died 634) was the King of Gwynedd from around 625 until his death in battle. The son and successor of Cadfan ap Iago, he is best remembered as the King of the Britons who invaded and conquered Northumbria, defeating and killing its king, Edwin, prior to his own death in battle against Oswald of Bernicia. His conquest of Northumbria, which he held for a year or two after Edwin died, made him one of the last recorded Celtic Britons to hold substantial territory in eastern Britain until the rise of the Welsh House of Tudor. He was thereafter remembered as a national hero by the Britons and as a tyrant by the Anglo-Saxons of Northumbria.

History
As with other figures of the era little is certainly known of Cadwallon's early life or reign. The primary source of information about him is the Ecclesiastical History of the English People of the Anglo-Saxon writer Bede, who is strongly critical of him. Cadwallon consistently appears in the genealogies of the Kings of Gwynedd as the son of Cadfan ap Iago and a descendant of Maelgwn Gwynedd and Cunedda. Historian Alex Woolf, however, presents the case that the genealogists have erroneously inserted Bede's Cadwallon into the pedigree of the unrelated Kings of Gwynedd as son of Cadfan. Instead, Woolf suggests that Bede's Cadwallon was the Catguallaun liu found in genealogies as son of Guitcun and grandson of Sawyl Penuchel, rulers in the Hen Ogledd or Brythonic-speaking area of northern Britain.

Whatever the case may be, Cadwallon was certainly affected by the ambitions of Edwin, King of Northumbria. Bede, writing about a century after Cadwallon's death, describes Edwin, the most powerful king in Britain, conquering the Brittonic kingdom of Elmet (what is now western Yorkshire) and ejecting its king, Cerdic. This opened the door to the Irish Sea, and Edwin successfully extended his rule to the "Mevanian Islands" – the Isle of Man and Anglesey. The Annales Cambriae says that Cadwallon was besieged at Glannauc (now Puffin Island, a small island off eastern Anglesey), and dates this to 629. Surviving Welsh poetry and the Welsh Triads portray Cadwallon as a heroic leader against Edwin. They refer to a battle at Digoll (Long Mountain) and mention that Cadwallon spent time in Ireland before returning to Britain to defeat Edwin.

According to Geoffrey of Monmouth's Historia Regum Britanniae (which includes a fairly extensive account of Cadwallon's life but is largely legendary — for example, Geoffrey has Cadwallon surviving until after the Battle of the Winwaed in 654 or 655), Cadwallon went to Ireland and then to the island of Guernsey. From there, according to Geoffrey, Cadwallon led an army into Dumnonia, where he encountered and defeated the Mercians besieging Exeter, and forced their king, Penda of Mercia, into an alliance. Geoffrey also reports that Cadwallon married a half-sister of Penda. However, his history is, on this as well as all matters, suspect, and it should be treated with caution.

In any case, Penda and Cadwallon together made war against the Northumbrians. The Battle of Hatfield Chase on 12 October 633 ended in the defeat and death of Edwin and his son Osfrith. After this, the Kingdom of Northumbria fell into disarray, divided between its sub-kingdoms of Deira and Bernicia, but the war continued: according to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, "Cadwallon and Penda went and did for the whole land of Northumbria". Bede says that Cadwallon was besieged by the new king of Deira, Osric, "in a strong town"; Cadwallon, however, "sallied out on a sudden with all his forces, by surprise, and destroyed him [Osric] and all his army."

After this, according to Bede, Cadwallon ruled over the "provinces of the Northumbrians" for a year, "not like a victorious king, but like a rapacious and bloody tyrant." Furthermore, Bede tells us that Cadwallon, "though he bore the name and professed himself a Christian, was so barbarous in his disposition and behaviour, that he neither spared the female sex, nor the innocent age of children, but with savage cruelty put them to tormenting deaths, ravaging all their country for a long time, and resolving to cut off all the race of the English within the borders of Britain." Bede's extremely negative portrayal of Cadwallon as a genocidal tyrant cannot be taken at face value. Cadwallon's alliance with the Anglo-Saxon Penda undermines Bede's assertion that Cadwallon had attempted to exterminate the English. Additionally, the fact that Cædwalla of Wessex a generation after Cadwallon's death bore a name derived directly from the British Cadwallon suggests that Cadwallon's reputation could not have been so poor among the Saxons of Wessex as it was in Northumbria.

The new king of Bernicia, Eanfrith, was also killed by Cadwallon when the former went to him in an attempt to negotiate peace. However, Cadwallon was defeated by an army under Eanfrith's brother, Oswald, at the Battle of Heavenfield, "though he had most numerous forces, which he boasted nothing could withstand". Cadwallon was killed at a place called "Denis's-brook".

title: Cadwallon ap Cadfan


text:
Talk:Notzrim

Nazerene has since been moved to Nazarene (sect). All the best: Rich Farmbrough, 22:58, 6 August 2019 (UTC).

title: Talk:Notzrim


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Cecily Adams

Cecily April Adams (February 6, 1958 – March 3, 2004) was an American actress, casting director, and lyricist.

Early life
Adams was born in Jamaica, Queens, New York City, the daughter of comic actor Don Adams and singer Adelaide Efantis. Her siblings included her brother Sean, and her sisters Carolyn Steele, Christine Adams, Cathy Metchik, Paramount TV executive Stacey Adams and Beige Adams. She attended Beverly Hills High School, where she participated in acting, an activity she continued at the University of California at Irvine.

Career
Adams studied improvisational comedy at the Groundlings and was a member of the Acme Comedy Theater in Los Angeles. She was also an acting coach.

Adams portrayed the recurring character of Ishka (also known as "Moogie"), mother of the Ferengi brothers Rom and Quark, in four of her five appearances in the television series Star Trek: Deep Space Nine, replacing Andrea Martin. Adams was, in fact, nine years younger than Armin Shimerman, who played Quark, despite playing his mother.

She appeared in guest roles on a variety of television series, including Just Shoot Me!, Murphy Brown, and Party of Five, and with her father in his television series Check It Out! and television movie Get Smart Again. Adams played a lead role in the 1991 independent feature film Little Secrets.

Adams was also a lyricist, and with her collaborator, David Burke wrote pop songs and commercial jingles and television theme songs.

Adams worked in casting TV series such as 3rd Rock From the Sun and Eerie, Indiana, and features including American Heart (1992) and Home Room (2002). Until her death, she served as casting director for That '70s Show.

Personal life
Adams married actor/writer Jim Beaver in 1989; their daughter was born in 2001. Adams, though a non-smoker, died of lung cancer on March 3, 2004, at the age of 46, in Los Angeles, California. Her husband's memoir, Life's That Way, details her last few months. She was cremated and her ashes scattered at Fern Canyon in Prairie Creek Redwoods State Park, California, and at Franklin Canyon Park in Beverly Hills, California.

Film

 * Little Secrets (actress, casting director)
 * American Heart (casting director)
 * Who Framed Roger Rabbit (casting assistant)

Television

 * That 70s Show (casting director)
 * Just Shoot Me! (actress)
 * 3rd Rock from the Sun (casting director)
 * Star Trek: Deep Space Nine (actress)
 * Murder One (actress)
 * Party of Five (actress)
 * That 80s Show (casting director)
 * Eerie, Indiana (casting director)
 * Total Recall 2070 (actress)
 * Murphy Brown (actress)
 * Home Improvement (actress)
 * Melrose Place (actress)
 * The Equalizer (actress)
 * Check It Out! (actress)
 * Quincy, M.E. (actress)
 * Simon & Simon (actress)
 * 1989 - Get Smart, Again! - Customer (bit part)

Deep Space Nine appearances

 * "Ferengi Love Songs"
 * "The Magnificent Ferengi"
 * "Profit and Lace"
 * "The Dogs of War"
 * "What You Leave Behind" (unbilled cameo, series finale)

title: Cecily Adams


text:
Talk:Photograph

Comments
Calling analogue photograph an obsolete technology is false, considering no substitute has yet been found for large format photograph, in aerial recognition,for example. The amount of information gathered by a large photographic plate in one single shot can't yet be rivaled by digital media.

There are many applications where analog photograph (and related technology) still has a long way to go before being declared obsolete. One of those applications is (surprise!) in chip fabrication plants. -- Rnbc

 * I agree, and replaced that paragraph with one that I think works a little better. I also removed the reference to "analog" which isn't really appropriate; it is a chemical process. (Analog photography would use an electronic sensor like those used in analog video cameras, something I've never heard of for still photographs.) --Rick Sidwell 04:47, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Panoramic pictures
APS doesn't produce true panoramic pictures, does it? Don't they just cut the top and bottom of off the pictures so that they have a higher ratio of length to width, suggesting panoramic view?

 * I guess it depends on what you mean by "true panoramic pictures". Many people define panoramic to be a photo that has one dimension at least twice as long as the other, and APS panoramic photos have a 1:3 ratio, so I think they can be called panoramic pictures. But you are correct; this is achieved by cropping the top and bottom, using only 9.5mm of the 16.7mm high film. The quality won't be as good as with a true panoramic camera, but the advantage of APS is convenience: you can mix and match different formats on the same roll of film. The Advanced Photo System page mentions this, so I don't think this page needs to be modified (although I did make a minor correction). --Rick Sidwell 23:36, 1 Jan 2005 (UTC)

I adjusted the APS/Pano segment. I (and most any serious about film formats) do not consider APS to be true panoramic format and would not offer it as same. It is a cropping of the 35mm film, nothing more. If there were to be a miniature film format in the dimension of the cropped segment that APS utilizes for "panoramic" shots, a format designed specifiacally for panoramas in miniature, then yes, I could accept that.

Photograph
Someone messed up the page so I started it again. 216.220.231.226 16:27, 15 November 2005 (UTC)

There were saved versions of the page. Restored the original content before the blatant vandalisms occurred.--LifeStar 17:19, 15 November 2005 (UTC)

Photograph (Definition)
A photograph is an image created using a record of light falling on a light-sensitive surface, usually photographic film or an electronic imager such as a CCD or a CMOS chip.

Disambiguation
I felt this article needed a link to a full disambiguation page, rather than calling out one or two other possibilities in the header. So, I created Photograph (disambiguation) and put everything in there I could think of. Aguerriero ( ţ ) ( ć ) ( ë ) 19:07, 27 April 2006 (UTC)

Howto tagged
I've tagged this article with the Howto template for WP:NOTHOWTO. The section on preservation reads like an instruction manual, which is not appropriate for Wikipedia. I'd have a go at fixing it, but don't have time right now. -dmmaus (talk) 23:00, 12 October 2010 (UTC)

Notable photo
It might be good to add a section on the Blue Marble photo from the Apollo missions:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blue_Marble

It may be one of the most socially important photographs ever produced.

--Ilnyckyj (talk) 22:52, 22 March 2012 (UTC)

Contested addition of passport photo
The portrait File:Loujain_Alhathloul.jpg has been added to the "Types of photographs" section seven times since December 7 by user:49.178.80.27. It has been removed by user:Mad Jim Bey, user:MrOllie, and user:Laterthanyouthink. There is an edit warring report open, but no-one has brought it to the talk page, so here we are.

Clearly this is a disputed addition, and should remain out unless consensus is reached to include it. The IP is claiming that this is an appropriate addition as an example of a mugshot, but the section in question is about various formats and technologies, not the different uses of photos. I agree with the removals (and will remove the latest addition when I'm done with this thread). Furthermore, a "mugshot" is a booking photo of a criminal, not a passport phots. Meters (talk) 03:39, 10 December 2021 (UTC)
 * Image removed while I typed the above. Meters (talk) 03:40, 10 December 2021 (UTC)

 * Thanks, . I was going to bring the matter to the talk page myself, but the frustrations of editing on phone and tablet and dealing with that IP (who has also edit-warred on other pages) caused postponement until now. I don't think it is suitable as an example for an article about photographs, firstly because there is no mention of passports in the article, and secondly because it is a photograph of a particular notable identity, and with no actual proof that it is a passport photo (or "mugshot") - and the fact that she is smiling in the photograph is a clear sign that it is not either. Laterthanyouthink (talk) 03:53, 10 December 2021 (UTC)

 * That is not a smile. She is not smiling. That is a smirk.49.178.80.27 (talk) 04:47, 10 December 2021 (UTC)

 * Mad Jim Bey talk 04:00, 10 December 2021 (UTC)
 * The IP has now added the image 9 times. The last time the image was added in a different section, but at this point I think it should simply stay out until we finish discussing this. Meters (talk) 04:43, 10 December 2021 (UTC)

 * Hi Mad Jim and Meters. Yes, I changed the section. Is it good? 49.178.80.27 (talk) 04:45, 10 December 2021 (UTC)
 * No. the material is contested, and it does not belong in the lead either. Do not add it anywhere unless there is consensus to add that image. Meters (talk) 04:47, 10 December 2021 (UTC)
 * Ok, the photo won't be added. But the other photos are photos of scenery and objects. It's good to have an actual person.49.178.80.27 (talk) 04:49, 10 December 2021 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: COMP II
— Assignment last updated by Jwerry98 (talk) 15:49, 2 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Photograph


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Talk:Sam Ervin

Untitled
The man's name is Sam Ervin. Check "what links here". - Hephaestos|§ 03:20, 10 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Memories of Senator Sam Ervin
In my late teens, prior to joining the Navy, I had ambitions that exceeded my financial means. I wanted to be a lawyer. Fate would provide a different path in my life, but in those days I used to go to the courthouse in Morganton, NC when I had a chance--just to watch the lawyers argue cases. I dreamed about someday being able to present cases like many of them did. Once in a while, the presiding Judge would stop everything and recognize Senator Ervin, who would show up in the court to watch the proceedings. Once recognized, the Senator would usually stand up and give some folksy, always humorous, anecdotal speech that made everyone smile---even the guilty. Of course, this was usually in traffic or small claims court. A lifelong Republican, I have to admit that I retain a great admiration for the intelligence, wit, and the man the Senator (a Democrat) was.

Al BriggsMightymanfredini (talk) 02:39, 7 January 2009 (UTC)

McCarthy hearings vs. Southern Manifesto
How could Ervin be known for his role in taking down Sen. McCarthy in 1954 if Ervin was not elected to 1954 and did not take office until January 1955?

Ervin did sign the Southern Manifesto, which he certainly is more remembered for than any role in the McCarthy hearings. Nobs01 (talk) 08:08, 5 July 2019 (UTC)

"he became a liberal hero"
What is the source for this statement in the lead? Snooganssnoogans (talk) 21:13, 15 February 2021 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 21:38, 14 February 2022 (UTC)
 * Purple Heart Medal.png

He investigated Watergate starting in 1973, not 1972
The correction should be made. The Committee wasn't formed until February 1973. This is of some importance because Watergate was a back-burner story until January 1973 when one of the burglars, threatened by Judge Sirica with maximum jail time, disclosed his connection to the White House. That was the big break in the case. 68.196.10.68 (talk) 01:55, 14 June 2022 (UTC)captcrisis

title: Talk:Sam Ervin


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Conservative Order

The Conservative Order was the period in political history of Europe after the defeat of Napoleon in 1815. From 1815 to 1830, a conscious program by conservative statesmen, including Metternich and Castlereagh, was put into place to contain revolution and revolutionary forces by restoring the old orders, particularly the previously-ruling aristocracies. On the other hand, in South America, in light of the Monroe Doctrine, the Spanish and the Portuguese colonies gained independence.

Britain, Prussia, Russia and Austria renewed their commitment to prevent any restoration of Bonapartist power and agreed to meet regularly in conferences to discuss their common interests. The period contained the time of the Holy Alliance, a military agreement. The Concert of Europe was the political framework that grew out of the Quadruple Alliance in November 1815.

The Conservative Order had as its main aim to stay in power and regarded the widespread nationalism to be a threat to the aristocracy.

Congress of Vienna
In March 1814 the military coalition of Napoleon's four major opponents (United Kingdom, Austria, Prussia and Russia) had agreed to remain united not only to defeat France but also to ensure peace after the war. After Napoleon's defeat, the alliance restored the Bourbon monarchy to France and agreed to meet in Vienna, Austria, in September 1814 to arrange a settlement, a meeting that would become known as the Congress of Vienna.

The conservatives' goal at the meeting, led by Prince Klemens von Metternich of Austria, was said to be to re-establish peace in Europe. Metternich and the other four states sought to do so by restoring the old ruling families and to create buffer zones between the major powers. To contain the still-powerful French, the House of Orange-Nassau was put onto the throne in the Netherlands in what had been the Dutch Republic and the Austrian Netherlands (now Belgium). Southeast of France, Piedmont (officially part of the Kingdom of Sardinia) was enlarged. The Bourbon dynasty was restored to France and to Spain as well as a return of other legitimate rulers to the Italian states. To contain the Russian empire, Poland was divided up between Austria, Prussia and Russia. Austria and Prussia were allowed to keep some of their Polish territories, and a new nominally-independent Polish kingdom was established, with the Romanov dynasty of Russia as its hereditary monarchs. Also, the German Confederation was created to replace the Napoleonic Confederation of the Rhine.

During the Congress of Vienna, Napoleon escaped from Elba and launched his unsuccessful "Hundred Days". That ultimately did not disrupt the meeting but as a punishment to the French for allowing Napoleon back in power, they were forced to pay an indemnity, accept an army of occupation for five years and have France's borders returned to those of 1790. The European order put into action by the Congress of Vienna led to the avoidance of a general European conflict for nearly a century (1818-1914).

Conservative Ideology
The Congress of Vienna was only the beginning of the conservative reaction bent on containing the liberal and nationalist forces unleashed by the French Revolution. Metternich and most of the other participants at the Congress of Vienna were representatives of an ideology known as conservatism, which generally dates back to 1790, when its best-known figure, Edmund Burke, wrote Reflections on the Revolution in France. Burke, however, was not the only kind of conservative. Joseph de Maistre was a very influential spokesperson for a counterrevolutionary and authoritarian conservatism and believed in hereditary monarchies because they would bring "order to society," a commodity in short supply in his eyes after the chaos of the French Revolution. Despite their differences, most conservatives held to some general principles and beliefs:

 * Obedience to political authority
 * The centrality of organized religion to social order
 * Opposition to revolutionary upheavals
 * Unwillingness to accept liberal demands for civil liberties and representative government and nationalistic aspirations generated by the French Revolutionary era
 * Precedence of community over individual rights
 * Structured and ordered society
 * Tradition as a guide for an ordered society

Many conservatives such as Metternich were not opposed to reforming governments but said that such changes must be taken gradually and that radical revolutions are aimed, rather than at benefiting the masses, as simply power grabs by the new middle class.

After 1815, the political philosophy of conservatism was supported by hereditary monarchs, government bureaucracies, landowning aristocracies and revived churches (Protestant or Catholic). The conservative forces appeared dominant after 1815 both internationally and domestically.

Demise (1830-1848)
The first liberal reaction against the Conservative Order manifested itself in the Revolutions of the 1820s, where Liberal groups started multiple insurrections against absolute monarchies in Portugal, Spain, Italy, the Ottoman Empire (Greece) and the Russian Empire. While the Revolutions had limited success in Portugal (where a constitutional monarchy was instated) and Greece (which became independent from the Ottoman Empire), they were largely crushed in other European countries, resulting in a victory for the Conservative Order.

The Revolutions of 1830 were the first step to the demise of the Conservative Order: in France, the autocratic King Charles X was forced to abdicate and replaced with the liberal Louis Philippe I and a constitutional monarchy was created, while Belgium gained independence from the Netherlands, also becoming a constitutional monarchy. The Revolutions of 1848, while not completely successful, saw the demise of the Conservative Order.

title: Conservative Order


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Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs

The Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs are an Australian professional rugby league club based in Belmore, a suburb in the Canterbury-Bankstown region of Sydney. They compete in the NRL Telstra Premiership, as well as competitions facilitated by the New South Wales Rugby League, including the Canterbury Cup NSW, the Jersey Flegg Cup, Harvey Norman Women's Premiership, Tarsha Gale Cup, S. G. Ball Cup and the Harold Matthews Cup.

The club was admitted to the New South Wales Rugby Football League premiership, predecessor of the current NRL competition, in 1935. They won their first premiership in their fourth year of competition with another soon after, and after spending the 1950s and most of the 1960s on the lower rungs went through a very strong period in the 1980s, winning four premierships in that decade.

Known briefly in the 1990s as the Sydney Bulldogs, as a result of the Super League war the club competed in that competition in 1997 before changing their name to the geographically indistinct Bulldogs and continuing to play every season of the re-unified NRL, winning their most recent premiership in 2004. In 2012, Canterbury won the minor premiership, but lost to the Melbourne Storm 14–4 in the grand final. In 2014, they came from 7th to make the grand final against South Sydney, but lost 30–6. They are commonly referred to as Canterbury, the Bulldogs or just the Dogs.

History
In 1935—thirteen years after a meeting above "The Ideal Milk Bar" in Campsie led to the creation of the Canterbury-Bankstown Junior Rugby League—the Canterbury club was admitted into the elite New South Wales Rugby Football League premiership. It took the new club, nicknamed "Country Bumpkins" because of their rural recruiting and CB emblem, four years to win their first premiership in 1938. The grand final-winning effort was repeated in 1942 before a 38-year premiership drought.

In 1967, having ended the 11-year premiership reign of St. George by defeating them in the final, "The Berries" (as they were known at the time) lost to South Sydney in the grand final. But the return to the top end of the table set the scene for off-field restructuring that laid the foundations for the club to become one of the most consistent achievers in the remaining decades of the 20th century.

In 1978, Canterbury became known as "The Bulldogs". Nicknames such as "Cantabs" "CBs" and "Berries" were seen to be "soft" and the club wanted something to signify determination and grit. The new name and logo was purchased from a local Sydney Liquor Store owner Bill Caralis. A grand final appearance in 1979, followed by a grand final win in 1980 with a young, enthusiastic and free-running side dubbed "The Entertainers", was the beginning of a golden era that was to produce three more grand final wins in the 1980s: 1984, 1985 and 1988.

During the mid-1990s' Super League war, Canterbury aligned themselves with the Super League competition, playing in the 1997 premiership season. In 1998 the Bulldogs came close to adding another premiership trophy after qualifying for the grand final where they met the Brisbane Broncos and lost 38–12. On the way to the 1998 Grand Final, Canterbury had two come-from-behind wins. The first was against the Newcastle Knights in the third week of the finals—behind 16–0 in the second half, they fought back to 16 all at full time and went on to win in extra time. A week later they trailed arch rivals Parramatta in the preliminary final by 16 points with 9 minutes remaining. Three tries and a conversion from the sideline by Daryl Halligan in the final minutes got them back level at 18 all and send the game into extra-time. Canterbury eventually went on to win 32–20 in one of the greatest finals comebacks in the history of the game.

Following indifferent form in 1999, 2000 and 2001 where they had varying levels of success, the club was found to have systematically and deliberately breached the NRL salary cap in 2002 (for the 2001–02 seasons), and was penalised all 37 competition points which it had amassed up to that point for 2002. This resulted in the club falling from first to last place on the ladder, and at the end of the season the Bulldogs received their first "wooden spoon" (a reference to the club which finishes last in the competition) since 1964.

The Bulldogs returned to finals contention in 2003; however, they fell one step short of yet another grand final after losing to the Roosters 28–18 in the preliminary final.

The club went through some off-field dramas in 2004, the most serious of which included rape allegations during a pre-season match in Coffs Harbour. The team managed to focus on football and triumphed when they held out the Sydney Roosters 16–13 with a try-saving tackle by Andrew Ryan in the dying seconds of the 2004 Grand Final. The game was to be the last for departing captain Steve Price, but he missed the match due to a leg injury. Price is now taking over at the club as the General Manager of Football, this position becoming effective in 2020 as he looks to turn the club's fortunes around to that of 2004.

2005 saw Canterbury-Bankstown unable to mount a serious defence of their premiership title as injuries and contract negotiations saw the year start and finish on a sour note for the club. Due to the extent of injuries suffered, the team was under-strength for most of the year. This took its toll in the final six weeks of the season, with the club suffering successive heavy losses and missing the finals series. In 2006, little was expected from the club after a poor 2005 season, but despite some doubt over the strength of their side, Canterbury's forward pack helped them to a better than expected result for the year, finishing a game short of the grand final, losing to eventual premiers the Brisbane Broncos. Inconsistency and a poor finish to the 2007 season meant Canterbury were knocked out of the finals in week two.

In 2008, having already lost Mark O'Meley to the Sydney Roosters, Willie Mason left the club. Further into the off-season Canterbury-Bankstown also lost halfback Brent Sherwin, and prospects for the 2008 NRL season began to look dim. Although they recorded at the start of the season a couple of victories, the injury toll and the departure Sonny Bill Williams mid-season demoralised the club and players, and the Canterbury-Bankstown club earned their second wooden spoon of the decade.

Another source of discontent in 2008 was the battle for election to the football club board. Many contenders believed that the board of the time was steering the club in the wrong direction, particularly then-CEO Malcolm Noad. New members were elected to the board early in 2008, and later in the season Noad resigned as CEO. His replacement as head of the football club was Todd Greenberg.

Greenberg's influence became apparent during the 2009 season. Premiership-winning coach Steve Folkes was replaced with his assistant Kevin Moore. The purchases of several key players, including former Melbourne and Cronulla playmaker Brett Kimmorley changed Canterbury from a poorly run and poorly performing club to one of the best clubs both on and off the field in 2009. Canterbury finished second in the regular season (losing the minor premiership to the St. George Illawarra Dragons due to a loss of two competition points for an interchange breach against Penrith in Round 2), and players and officials took out a number of Dally M awards. 2009 was also the final season for Hazem El Masri, who became the highest all-time pointscorer in Australian rugby league history with a penalty goal in the Bulldogs' Round 1 match against the Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles.

From 2010, Canterbury-Bankstown returned to the name Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs. The Canterbury-Bankstown club celebrated its 75th anniversary in 2010.

In the 2012 NRL season, Canterbury finished first on the competition ladder to take out their first minor premiership since 1994. They made it to the grand final, losing to Melbourne 14–4.

In May 2013, former Netball New Zealand chief executive Raelene Castle was appointed CEO, the first female in the NRL's history. They finished the regular season sixth on the ladder and bowed out in the semi-final.

In 2014, Canterbury-Bankstown made history by winning three consecutive games by one point, from Round 5 to Round 7. They finished runners up to South Sydney in the 2014 NRL Grand Final. Canterbury reached the grand final after winning three sudden death finals matches against Melbourne, Manly-Warringah and Penrith.

On 10 August 2017, Canterbury announced Rugby League World Cup CEO Andrew Hill as the replacement for outgoing boss Raelene Castle. On the appointment, chairman Ray Dib noted that "Andrew was appointed from a very strong list of candidates and has exceptional experience in the game of rugby league."

In September 2017, Canterbury announced that former premiership winning player Dean Pay would be the new coach at the club starting in 2018.

The 2018 NRL season started off badly for Canterbury with the club only winning 3 of its first 10 matches. In May 2018, the new Canterbury board admitted that they would not be able to make any major signings until the end of the 2021 season due to the salary cap drama engulfing the club. The issue with the salary cap problems involved the previous administration and former coach Des Hasler who signed numerous players on back ended deals. In the wake of the scandal, the club was forced to offload players to free up room in the cap. This resulted in Moses Mbye departing for the Wests Tigers and star recruit Aaron Woods being sold to Cronulla after only signing with Canterbury months prior. On 16 June 2018, Canterbury suffered a humiliating 32–10 loss to the Gold Coast Titans at Belmore, in the press conference coach Dean Pay said "Physically, we just weren't good enough. The way they turned up, the way they trained during the week wasn't good enough, I feel sorry for the fans". On 20 July 2018, Canterbury played against arch rivals Parramatta in what the media had dubbed as the "Spoon Bowl" with both sides sitting at the bottom of the ladder. There were fears before the game that the match would attract the lowest NRL crowd in over 20 years. Parramatta went on to win the match 14–8. After the defeat by Parramatta, Canterbury were facing the prospect of finishing with the wooden spoon for the first time since 2008 but over the coming four weeks the club managed to pull off upset wins against the Wests Tigers, the Brisbane Broncos and St. George to finish the season in 12th place. The lower grades of Canterbury performed better in 2018 with the club winning the Intrust Super Premiership defeating Newtown 18–12 in the final and also winning the NRL State Championship defeating Redcliffe 42–18.

Canterbury started off the 2019 NRL season losing their two first games in convincing fashion against the New Zealand Warriors and rivals Parramatta. Due to the bad start to the season, there were rumours that coach Dean Pay would be relieved of his duties but he was then granted a 12-month contract extension to remain as Canterbury coach until the end of 2020.

By the midway part of the 2019 season, Canterbury-Bankstown found themselves sitting last on the table and in real danger of finishing with the wooden spoon. However, for the third straight season, Canterbury achieved four upset victories in a row over Penrith, the Wests Tigers, South Sydney and Parramatta who were all competing for a place in the finals series and were higher on the table. Pay was credited with the late season revival as the side focused heavily on defence.

In the 2020 NRL season, Canterbury-Bankstown were defeated in both of their opening fixtures. The season was then temporarily postponed. Following the season resumption, they were defeated by Manly-Warringah at Central Coast Stadium. They then defeated the St George Illawarra Dragons 22–2 at Bankwest Stadium. After round 9, they have not won a game. They were defeated in round 9 by the Brisbane Broncos at Suncrop Stadium 26–8. The speculation that then Head Coach Dean Pay would be sacked grew. By Tuesday 14 July 2020, Canterbury-Bankstown released a statement saying that Pay had resigned from his position. In this statement, the club announced that Pay's assistant coach Steve Georgallis would take over the role. Following this, it was reported that Dean's other assistant, Steve Antonelli, also resigned from his position. The clubs Canterbury Cup NSW head coach Brad Henderson would fill in as Georgallis's assistant coach.

On Wednesday 22 July 2020, the club announced that they had secured the services of former Manly Warringah Sea Eagles head coach and current (at 22 July 2020) Penrith Panthers assistant coach, Trent Barrett to coach the club from the start of season 2021 on a three-year deal.

Canterbury finished the 2020 NRL season in 15th place on the table after a horror year on and off the field. Canterbury finished on equal points with Brisbane but avoided the wooden spoon due to a slightly better for and against record.

Canterbury started the 2021 NRL season poorly losing their opening three matches including being kept scoreless in round 2 & round 3 against Penrith and Brisbane respectively. This was the first time in the club's history that this had occurred. In round 4 of the 2021 NRL season, Canterbury were defeated 38-0 by South Sydney in the traditional Good Friday game. Canterbury became only the second team in the NRL era to lose three straight games without scoring a point after Cronulla who achieved this in the 2014 NRL season.

It was also the worst start to a season by any team since Glebe in the 1928 NSWRFL season who managed to only score 12 points in their first four matches. On 30 June 2021, Canterbury were fined $50,000 by the NRL after failing to communicate the increased COVID restrictions to players. The incident was in relation to five Canterbury players visiting Sydney's Eastern Suburbs which was a COVID-19 hotspot.

In round 16 of the 2021 NRL season, Canterbury suffered their third heaviest defeat in club history losing 66–0 to Manly-Warringah at Western Sydney Stadium.

In round 22 of the 2021 NRL season, Canterbury were handed their sixth Wooden Spoon after losing 24–10 against the New Zealand Warriors. Canterbury needed to win the match and their remaining three fixtures to avoid finishing last.

Despite a number of off-season recruits, Canterbury started the 2022 NRL season poorly winning only two of their first ten matches. On 16 May 2022, Canterbury head coach Trent Barrett resigned from his position with the club sitting bottom of the table. On 18 May 2022, Michael Potter was named as interim coach of the Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs after the resignation of Barrett. Under Potter, the club won five of their last 14 matches to avoid the wooden spoon by finishing 12th.

In round 18 of the 2023 NRL season, Canterbury suffered their equal third worst loss as a club when they were defeated 66-0 by Newcastle. Canterbury would finish the 2023 NRL season in 15th place. The club also finished with the worst for and against out of all 17 teams with a -331 points differential.

Name and emblem
The name and emblem of the club has changed several times over its history. At the club's foundation in 1935, it was known only as 'Canterbury-Bankstown', without an animal mascot. The nicknames 'Berries' and 'C-Bs' (or, derisively, 'Country Bumpkins') were often used informally, 'C-Bs' being used from the outset and 'Berries' coming into use by the mid-1940s. The club had been referred to as the 'Bulldogs' as early as 1977. In 1978, the Bulldog mascot and name was adopted, with the club becoming known as the 'Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs'. This was the name used throughout the team's 1980s glory era. In 1995 the club name was changed to 'Sydney Bulldogs', reflecting a similar change by Eastern Suburbs (to 'Sydney City Roosters'). The name changed again in 1996, returning to 'Canterbury Bulldogs' with 'Bankstown' omitted, and yet again in 2000, to the geographically indistinct 'Bulldogs'. Bob Hagan, the club boss at the time of the 2000 change, explained that the dropping of the name 'Canterbury' was intended to broaden the appeal of the club outside of its traditional supporter base, so that the club could attract a geographically diverse following like Manchester United or the Chicago Bulls. Despite the name change, some supporters, as well as many television and radio commentators, continued to refer to the club as 'Canterbury'. In the most recent change, board officials voted in late 2009 for the club to return to 'Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs' from the 2010 season onwards.

The initial crest was a 'C-B' in a shield. The adoption of the 'Bulldogs' name and mascot took place in 1978. There have been three main versions of the mascot logo. The first, which featured a snarling bulldog inside a circle, was replaced in 1998 by a more 'cartoonish' logo of a bulldog's head. In 2009, the club announced that the logo would be changing again, and asked members to vote on which of two similar proposed logos would be used from 2010. The rationale for the logo change was to celebrate the club's 75th anniversary in 2010 and to better reflect the club's "true essence and history". Two months later, the new design was unveiled, with the official change of logo taking place in November 2009. The current logo returns to the standing bulldog of the 1978–1997 logo, although it is no longer snarling. It also references elements of the club's history by incorporating the 'C-B' emblem, the club's year of foundation (1935), and the blue and white 'V' design which has featured on many of the club's jerseys over the years. The change of name from 'Bulldogs' to 'Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs' took place after the new logo was unveiled.

Colours
The Bulldogs have played in predominantly blue and white strip since the club entered the league in 1935. The only exception to this was during the Second World War, when rationing meant they had to wear a maroon jersey with a blue 'V'.

There have been four basic strip designs since the club's inception in the top-flight league competition:
 * The irregular ("butcher stripes") stripes design – used from 1935 until 1962. This design had blue and white irregular stripes worn with black shorts. The irregular strip has been used recently in occasional 'heritage' matches (e.g. Heritage round in 2008 vs St. George Illawarra)
 * Maroon with Blue V - used from 1943 until 1945 during the war. Due to the war effort, dye was in limited supply. Teams were asked to avoid stripes to conserve dye. This jersey design has been seen as 'unlucky' by fans.
 * The 'V Strip' – used between 1963 and 1969, and revived in 1973. White shirt with blue V, blue shorts. The current "away" strip has blue shorts, but features a blue shirt with white V.
 * Blue & White hoops - From 1970 to 1972, the club adopted a jersey featuring blue and white hoops. This reverted to the 'V Strip' from 1973 onwards.

Stadium
In their inaugural season, very few home matches were allocated to the Canterbury-Bankstown club. However, when the opportunity arose the club took their matches to either Marrickville or Pratten Park. From the following season, the club began to base itself at Belmore Sports Ground. The club had a long-time affinity with the ground and stayed there continuously until 1994. In 1995 when the Super League War began to come about, the club changed its playing name to the "Sydney Bulldogs" in an attempt to broaden its fan base and played matches at Parramatta Stadium where spectator facilities were of a higher class. This move paid off with the club going on to become premiers that season. However, the club reverted its name to Canterbury for the 1996 season and once again played matches out of Belmore Sports Ground; something that lasted up until the inaugural National Rugby League season of 1998.

Once the new Stadium Australia had been finished and opened in preparation for the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games, the club began to play matches there between 1999 and 2000. From 2001 to 2005, the club then began to play matches out of the new Sydney Showground at Homebush Bay, with bigger matches played out of the then-Telstra Stadium from 2003. When fans began to complain about the poor quality of the Showground venue as a rugby league ground, the club eventually decided to move all future home matches to the Stadium, where the club remains. In 2008, Telstra Stadium became known as ANZ Stadium due to a naming rights change.

The club's training and administration offices remained at Belmore Sports Ground until the beginning of 2008, but were relocated to Sydney Olympic Park during the 2008 season. With the NSW Government committing to upgrading Belmore Sports Ground, the club administration and training has now been returned to the historical ground after a $9 million upgrade.

In 2015, the club played two home games at their traditional home ground Belmore Sports Ground as part of the club's 80th-anniversary celebrations. They have continued to play some games at Belmore every year since 2015. From 2019, the club started to schedule only one home fixture at Belmore Sports Ground. No game was held at Belmore in the 2020 season due to the COVID-19 season postponement and season rescheduling.

Supporters
The Bulldogs Army is the core supporter group for the Bulldogs, with the section they sit within known as 'The Kennel'. To be sitting in this section, supporters must become a member of the club itself and register any large flags and/or banners which are brought to the game. At all away games the Bulldogs Army locates themselves in the general admission section. The main aim of the Bulldogs Army is to show support and passion for Canterbury.

As the region's traditional local representatives, the Bulldogs predominantly draw on a support base in and around the districts of Canterbury and Bankstown in south-western Sydney, although in recent years club administration and home matches have relocated to Sydney Olympic Park. The Bulldogs are the most supported NRL club in regional NSW—over 25% of Bulldog fans are located in regional NSW, over 25% are located outside of NSW and over 10% are located in Queensland. The club at one stage had one of the highest average attendances in the league: over the 2010 season, it was one of only two clubs to record an average home crowd of more than 20,000. At the end of the 2023 NRL season, the club recorded one of the lowest average home attendances in the league with 16,243. At the end of the 2023 NRL season, the club recorded 22,000 memberships which ranked them higher than the majority of the nine Sydney clubs but significantly lower than South Sydney and Parramatta.

The multicultural demographics of the suburbs in the club's support base, such as Lakemba, means the club has a large number of supporters from a range of non-Anglo ethnicities. In recent years the club has become particularly identified in the media with the Lebanese and the Greek community, particularly with the club's former star goalkicker Hazem El Masri, who migrated from Lebanon as a young child. The Greek community has a huge history of Greeks playing for the club dating back to the 1970s with club legend Dr George Peponis, who migrated from Greece as a very young child who captained the Bulldogs and Australia. El Masri retired at the end of the 2009 season.

Parramatta Eels
The rivalry between the Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs and the Parramatta Eels is one of the fiercest in the NRL. The two clubs have been geographically close throughout their whole histories. In the 1980s, Canterbury and Parramatta both won four premierships each and met in two grand finals in 1984 and 1986.

In the 1990s, at the height of the super league war, Parramatta signed four of Canterbury's star players Jarrod McCracken, Dean Pay, Jim Dymock and Jason Smith which helped Parramatta reach the finals for the first time in eleven years, in the 1998 preliminary final, Parramatta were winning against Canterbury 18–2 with less than ten minutes to play when Canterbury staged one of the biggest finals comebacks defeating Parramatta 32–20 in extra time.

In the 2007 NRL season, the club's played each other in the elimination final at Telstra Stadium with Parramatta gaining revenge for the 1998 preliminary final as they defeated Canterbury 25–6.

In the 2009 NRL season, Parramatta defeated Canterbury in the preliminary final to cap off a remarkable run to the grand final. The crowd which attended the match was a non grand final record of 74,000 fans.

Speaking to the Herald Sun in 2007, former Canterbury-Bankstown player Craig Polla-Mounter described the rivalry between the two club's saying "I think the Parramatta and Canterbury fans can be the most unforgiving, especially when we play each other. I have no doubt it is the biggest rivalry in rugby league and part of the reason he didn't play again". Polla-Mounter said this in reference to Parramatta player Paul Carige and his infamous performance in the 1998 preliminary final.

Speaking of the rivalry in 2015, former Canterbury player James Graham said "As soon as I came to this club, I was told that they were the closest club to us and that there was no love lost between players and fans". Andrew Ryan who played for both clubs said "Both clubs do speak about the rivalry, in the change room and leading into the clashes, they always want to get the wood on their rival, I went for Canterbury when I was a kid, but then got my first opportunity in first grade to play for Parramatta. They place a huge amount of emphasis on the game. I think I was one of the only players to go the other way, a lot of players who had played for the Bulldogs allayed first the Eels, not too many went the other way".

Sydney Roosters
The Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs have a long-standing rivalry with fellow team the Sydney Roosters, Whilst both teams had crossed premiership paths in grand finals in four occasions. In 1938, Canterbury-Bankstown won their first premiership against the Eastern Suburbs as what they were known as back then winning 19–6 at the Sydney Cricket Ground. Two years later in 1940, the sides met again with the Easts winning the 1940 NSWRFL Grand Final 24–14. In 1980, the Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs broke a 38-year premiership drought defeating the Eastern Suburbs Roosters 18–4 at the Sydney Cricket Ground.

In 2002, the Sydney Roosters won the NRL premiership on the back of a 9-game winning streak. This was the same year the premiership favourite Canterbury were stripped of 37 points due to systematic breaches of the salary cap in 2001 and 2002, in 2003, the Roosters proved themselves worthy of defending premiers title when they defeated Canterbury in the preliminary final 28–18 in front of a sold out Aussie Stadium. In 2004, the Roosters defeated Canterbury 35–0 and fighting broke out in the stands during and after the game had been completed. While the Roosters finished the regular season with the minor premiership, Canterbury defeated them in the grand final 16–13 after trailing 13–6 at half time.

As of the 2021 NRL season, the last time the two clubs met in a finals game was the 2015 Elimination Final which the Roosters won 38–12 at the Sydney Football Stadium.

St. George Illawarra Dragons
The Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs have a fierce rivalry with their neighbour the St. George Illawarra Dragons. Canterbury-Bankstown were founded in 1935, fourteen years after St. George Dragons, St. George inflicted a premiership record 91–6 victory over Canterbury in 1935 but Canterbury enjoyed premiership success first in 1938 and St. George in 1942. In the 1942 NSWRFL season, the two clubs met in the Grand Final with Canterbury-Bankstown defeating St. George 11–9 in a low-scoring affair at the Sydney Cricket Ground. After that however, St. George recorded eleven straight premierships in the years following 1955–1966. It was also Canterbury who put an end to their Premiership run in 1967, when they beat them by a point in the preliminary final to face South Sydney in the grand final. Since then, both clubs inflicted Premiership defeats on the other, with the St. George Dragons defeating the Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs in their last grand final success in 1979, the Bulldogs returned the favour in 1985.

The two teams subsequently met in the 1993 preliminary final which St. George defeated Canterbury 27–12. They would meet again in the 1995 and 1998 finals series with Canterbury running out winners on both occasions. The elimination final in 1998 was also St. George's last game as a stand-alone entity as the club elected to form a joint venture with Illawarra for the 1999 NRL season. Biggest loss 6–91 (85 pts) – 11 May 1935 – vs. St George.

South Sydney Rabbitohs
Souths and Canterbury-Bankstown have played each other every Good Friday since 2012. They met in the 1967 NSWRFL Grand Final with South Sydney winning 12–10. However, the competitive nature intensified when they met in the 2014 NRL Grand Final where Souths won 30–6 to claim their first premiership since 1971.

During their Good Friday clash in 2015, this game was labelled "Bad Friday" for its controversy, as South Sydney won 18–17 thanks to a late penalty goal. Canterbury fans were angry about the match officials decision and attacked the match officials when they walked off the field, throwing bottles at them, even causing one of them to slip over. Some fans were given lifetime bans for throwing bottles at the match officials.

In round 4 of the 2021 NRL season, Canterbury were defeated 38–0 by South Sydney in the traditional Good Friday game. Canterbury became only the second team in the NRL era to lose three straight games without scoring a point after Cronulla who achieved this in the 2014 NRL season. It was also the worst start to a season by any team since Glebe in the 1928 NSWRFL season who managed to only score 12 points in their first four matches. In round 6 of the 2023 NRL season, South Sydney recorded the most amount of points scored by a winning team in the Good Friday game as they defeated Canterbury 50–16.

Canterbury League Club
The Canterbury League Club is the licensed club of the Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs. Canterbury League Club first opened its doors for trade in September 1956 to service the needs of the football club and local community. The Salvation Army Hall became the first venue of the Canterbury League Club. Sixty people would fill the venue on a busy night.

In the first two years of trade the club was outgrowing itself and in 1960 the Club moved its premises to Bridge St which allowed the League Club to grow as well as cater for patron parking.

During the 1990s Canterbury managed one of the most successful league clubs in NSW and was quickly becoming known as one of the most progressive leisure facilities in Australia. With trade booming and patronage at an all-time high, the Club extended its trading to 24-hour trading.

In 2000, the Board had approved major renovations. The renovations started in 2000 and in 2002 the Banyan Brasserie, Dynasty Restaurant, new foyer, level 1 and health club were opened to the public.

The club also amalgamated with Lakemba Services Memorial Club (2008) & Belfield RSL (2013).

Canterbury League Club has since become one of Sydney's premier hospitality destinations with 5-star amenities including three restaurants, two coffee shops, multiple bars and entertainment lounges and a 24-hour health club.

Statistics and records
Hazem El Masri holds the NRL record for the most games played for the club, having made 317 appearances in total.

Hazem El Masri also holds records for the most points scored, the most tries scored and the most points scored for the Bulldogs. Since his debut in 1996, he has scored a total of 2,418 points—which was also a competition record for Rugby League in Australia until 2019. Former player Daryl Halligan, who retired with the club in 2000, had previously held the competition record for most points scored with 2,034, which included points scored whilst at his former club the North Sydney Bears.

The club's largest win occurred in 1995 when they played as the "Sydney Bulldogs." In a match against the newly formed North Queensland Cowboys, the Bulldogs won 66–4. In the club's first season in 1935 they were subject to the two heaviest defeats in competition history two weeks in succession. Firstly, they lost to St. George 91–6 and the following week to Eastern Suburbs 87–7. However, despite these big losses, the club was able to secure their first premiership three years later in 1938 in the Grand Final against Eastern Suburbs; at the same time setting the record for becoming the quickest non-foundation club to win a title. This record was not broken until 1999.

In 2002, the club won 17 matches in a row after getting beaten by the New Zealand Warriors; falling just two short of the record set by the Eastern Suburbs team of 1975.

In round 7 of the 2014 season, after beating the South Sydney Rabbitohs 15–14, Canterbury became the first club to win three consecutive matches by one point. They went on to be runners up to South Sydney in the grand final.

Canterbury are the only team in NSWRL/NRL history to win a premiership and then finish with back to back wooden spoon's. In 1942, Canterbury won their second premiership defeating St. George in the grand final but then finished last in 1943 and 1944. Canterbury also endured one of the longest premiership droughts in the competitions history with the club not winning a title between 1942 and 1980 which totalled 38 years.

Hall of Fame
On 1 August 2015, the Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs announced the first five inductees into the Hall of Fame to celebrate their 80th anniversary.

Notable players
On 1 August 2015, the Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs announced a "Team of the Decade" to celebrate their 80th anniversary.

Honours

 * New South Wales Rugby League, Australian Rugby League and National Rugby League premiers: 8
 * 1938, 1942, 1980, 1984, 1985, 1988, 1995, 2004

 * New South Wales Rugby League, Australian Rugby League and National Rugby League runners-up: 10
 * 1940, 1947, 1967, 1974, 1979, 1986, 1994, 1998, 2012, 2014

 * New South Wales Rugby League, Australian Rugby League and National Rugby League minor premierships: 7
 * 1938, 1942, 1947, 1984, 1993, 1994, 2012

Reserve/Pre-season Representative Honours
 * New South Wales Rugby League Club Championships: 7
 * 1938, 1939, 1993, 1994, 2009, 2010, 2011

 * Pre-Season Cup titles: 2
 * 1962, 1970

 * Inter-City titles: 1
 * 1939

 * NRL State Championship: 1
 * 2018

Junior Representative Honours:

1963, 1971, 1976, 1979, 1983, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2023
 * Jersey Flegg Premiers: 10

(Record - Most Jersey Flegg Titles)

1972, 1978, 2009
 * SG Ball Premiers: 3

2007, 2009, 2011, 2023
 * Harold Matthews Premiers: 4

Canterbury-Bankstown District Juniors
Current Canterbury-Bankstown junior clubs are:

 * Bankstown Bulls
 * Bankstown Sports
 * Berala Bears
 * Chester Hill Hornets
 * East Hills Bulldogs
 * Greenacre Tigers
 * Milperra Colts
 * Moorebank Rams
 * Revesby Heights Rhinos
 * St Christophers
 * St George Dragons
 * St Johns Eagles

In 1908 and 1909 the only districts with Junior Leagues were South Sydney and Balmain. The first clubs from the Canterbury district to participate in rugby league were Belmore in the NSWRL 2nd grade competition, and Campsie Triers in the Western Suburbs A Grade. When the St George JRL was established in 1911, Canterbury clubs were allocated to this competition. In 1922 the Canterbury JRL was established and Campsie Iona with 17 points edged out Wattle Hill 16 for the A Grade title, Lakemba won B Grade and Wattle Hill the C Grade. Campsie Iona repeated their A grade success in 1923, 1924 and 1925 before Belmore stopped their run in 1926.

title: Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs


text:
Talk:Artificial mythology

Excellent stub. This is a sub-section of Manufactured culture, another topic on which I dare not start. "Don't get me started... don't even get me started." But I had my wrist slapped over my entry on Renaissance fayre which I thought was sufficiently deadpan and included wonderful quotes. Too many quotes. Wetman 03:20, 10 Mar 2004 (UTC)

-

I deleted the example:

 * Robert Baden-Powell's development of the Boy Scout organization included the conscious use of elements of artificial mythology.

Feel free to reintroduce if examples can be given to support this claim. Tempshill 21:45, 12 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * I won't re-introduce it just yet as I haven't found any sufficiently clear examples, but just to show I'm not totally nuts:

 * Boys are full or romance, and they love 'make believe' to a greater extent than they like to show. All you have to do is to play up to this and to give rein to your imagination to meet their requirements. (Baden-Powell 1908: 356)

 * Another element of the Seton scheme imported into Scouting was the use of a totem such as an animal or a bird to identify each Scout patrol... (ibid)

 * In the process of preparing Scouting for Boys, Robert Baden-Powell read some quite diverse books and materials concerning the education of young men.... He had also explored different techniques for educating boys within different African tribes, studied the Bushido of the Japanese, and the educational methods of John Pounds and the ragged schools (op. cit.). (ibid)

 * Rudyard Kipling was a friend of Baden-Powell. B-P borrowed much from Kipling's ideas in Scouting.  He wrote the story of  Kim which whas published in 1901.  Part I of the 1908 booklet, "Scouting For Boys" included a condensed version of Kipling's Kim.

 * According to historian Michael Rosenthal, Baden-Powell’s sources include Epictetus, Livy, and books on the education of young Spartans, the ancient British and Irish, Zulu warriors, and the Bushido samurai of Japan. Robert Baden-Powell and Edgar J. Helms: Their Lives and Legacies, Capital Research Center, Nov 2003.

 * [Baden-Powell's book] Aids to Scouting offers a generally similar knightly code as it was "republished in the time of Henry VII," and in Yarns for Boy Scouts Baden-Powell explicitly identifies King Arthur as "the founder of British Scouts, since he first started the Knights of England."

Dpbsmith 01:37, 13 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Moved from the Village Pump:

The page artificial mythology is problematic. The article has useful information about the concept, useful information that belongs in an encyclopedia. On the other hand, I don't think "artificial mythology" is a standard term. A search on Google turns up few hits that are not derived from Wikipedia and its mirrors. So, would any mythology experts care to weigh in? Is there a better term we can use instead, a different title we can use for the article? And if I'm wrong and the term "artificial mythology" is standard, can someone provide a citation to prove it? --Lowellian 22:39, Apr 11, 2004 (UTC)

 * There are at least 25 non-Wiki originated websites referring to "artificial mythology" in Yahoo Search.

Craig J. Saper has written a book, Artificial Mythologies: A Guide to Cultural Invention, 1997, Minneapolis: Univ. of Minnesota Press. A. Wicher quotes ''The artificial mythology of Tolkien's "The Silmarillion".

And H.P. Lovecraft's Necromicon is described in Straightdope as an artificial mythology.

There is a magazine called Zothique which is quoted as "a journal of dark fantasy...and artificial mythology".

I think you can be pretty confident there is such a thing as artificial mythology. --Dieter Simon 01:10, 12 Apr 2004 (UTC)

I share your discomfort with the term -- after all, isn't all mythology "artificial?" -- but it seems that it's already being used in this sense, and it is handy and relatively easy to understand. --Ben Applegate 11:52, 28 May 2006 (UTC)

 * No, mythology is not artificial. That's like saying all religion is artificial. Most myths come about naturally via a variety of factors, socially and through the evolution of the stories, the ones discussed here are completely made up, which is done through an entirely different process... and artificial one. 172.162.116.112 05:56, 25 July 2006 (UTC)

I'm confused...
What defines the division between "artificial mythology" and "fantasy world"? I understand instinctively that this term applies to Middle Earth and the Cthulhu Mythos, because those are both presented by their authors as alternate mythologies or the real world, and since so much is written about the expanded Star Wars universe and since it took place "a long long time ago" I could see that fitting in too, but what about "future mythologies" like Dune, or the expanded fantasy world of something like Harry Potter, or Wheel of Time, or any of the literally thousands of fantasy worlds that various authors have created? Luvcraft 18:42, 10 May 2006 (UTC)

First off I would like to say that this is my first post into the Wikipedia system. I have a particular interest and I believe some expertise, in subjects related to myth, metaphor and individual and collective systems. The idea of Myth and Mythology lies beneath major streams of psychological and anthropological thought. The term "artificial mythology" is in my experience, probably unique to Wikipedia. I have no problem with it, however, it encompasses a narrow world view. Work in psychology by authors as C.G.Jung, James Hillman and Wolfgang Giegerich to name a few have incorporated conceptions of myth as an operating part of the individual's unconscious that is active in the establishment of his/her external reality. Yes, it does also border on conceptions or reality that others might argue is religious but it is not dependent upon this view. This broader perspective is also supported, in my opinion, by conceptions of myth and metaphor in cognitive psychology with the view of the individual's cognitive process involved in establishing an external reality (Berger and Luckman), or of folks like Joseph Campbell or Levi-Strauss that take a more anthropological approach to the subject. In light of these perspectives to consider mythology artificial may be premature.

Note I suggested a minor change in the description of the piece on Tolkien. He didn't "coin" the term mythopoeic but he did use it. thomas m. Obrien 5 September 2006

Merging
Makes sense to me. There's nothing in Mythopoeic literature or Legendarium to set them apart from artificial mythology -- they're just different, more esoteric terms for the same thing -- and both invented (or at least popularized) by the same man. Merging them into this article would enrich it with info that people are not likely to find where it's filed now. --Ben Applegate 11:50, 28 May 2006 (UTC)

Scope
From the definition provided for "legendarium," it seems like it could be just as accurately applied to a real mythology (clearly defined on the mythology page) as a fictional one. As such, it would be very inappropriate to merge it with artificial mythology. Mutant Despot 03:44, 3 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Regardless, I don't see a need for an encyclopedia article on "Legendarium." If "legendarium" simply = a mythology that's written down, why not just call it "written mythology?" And if there are examples of "legendariums" that are not artificial, then we should just merge it with mythology. --Ben Applegate 13:17, 7 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree that the article on legendarium would probably be sufficient as a Wiktionary entry, since eveything relevant in the way of content is dealt with at Mythopoeic literature or at mythology. But as long as the division of information was clear, I do not think that it would be helpful to merge Mythopoeic literature (which is really a subgenre of modern Fantasy literature) with Artificial mythology, which covers a much broader spectrum from Blake to Ossian, and less directly literary figures such as Wagner. I think "Invented mythology" would be a better name for that article, though. Myopic Bookworm 12:58, 21 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Legendarium absolutely should not be merged. Whether it stays as a stub, redirects to Legend or gets Wiktionaried can be decided later, but the overall meaning of the word has no reason to be merged here, as it would be inaccurate. 172.162.116.112 05:56, 25 July 2006 (UTC)

I agree. Just by wording Mythopoeic literature strikes me as a section of artificial mythology, since literature is written and the written word is not the only way to convey mythology. Other media include music, pictures, movies, and even interactive forms such as video games and more I've either forgotten or don't know about because they haven't been created yet ;) Just my two cents. Camann 02:35, 7 March 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Artificial mythology


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Livia Soprano

Livia Soprano (née Pollio), portrayed by Nancy Marchand, is a fictional character on the HBO TV series The Sopranos. She is the mother of Tony Soprano. A young Livia, played by Laila Robins and later by Laurie J. Williams, is sometimes seen in flashbacks. Series creator David Chase has stated that the main inspiration for the character was his own mother. Vera Farmiga portrays a young Livia Soprano in the 2021 prequel film, The Many Saints of Newark.

In 2016, Rolling Stone ranked her #3 of their "40 Greatest TV Villains of All Time".

Character biography
Livia Pollio was born in Providence, Rhode Island to Teresa and Faustino "Augie" Pollio, Italian immigrants from Avellino. Livia's childhood was poverty-stricken and miserable and her marriage to the tough and charismatic Johnny Soprano was Livia's ticket out of her parents' house. Together they had three children: Janice, Tony, and Barbara. She also suffered a miscarriage years after her youngest child was born and almost died from heavy bleeding. Life as a housewife was unfulfilling for Livia and she felt overwhelmed by her three children and unappreciated by her unfaithful husband. Once, while driving home from the Copacabana her husband shot her through her beehive hairdo. She liked listening to Connie Francis and The Pajama Game when she was younger.

Cagey, manipulative, and self-absorbed, Livia Soprano seemingly derives little pleasure from life other than making the people around her miserable. On her son's wedding day, she told her new daughter-in-law Carmela that marrying Tony was a mistake and eventually Tony would get bored with her. Her older daughter Janice moved to the West Coast when she was 18 and her younger daughter Barbara married into a successful family in New York. This left Tony with the sole responsibility of looking after Livia following Johnny's death. As she gets older, her misery and mental state worsen. Dr. Melfi believes Livia has undiagnosed narcissistic or borderline personality disorder.

Years later on season one of the show, Livia causes problems for Tony as revenge for putting her in a retirement home, Green Grove, and putting her house up for sale. This results in Tony almost being killed on two occasions. Tony narrowly avoids two hitmen after Junior Soprano finds out from Livia that Tony was subverting his power. Tony's best friend Artie Bucco draws a rifle on Tony after Livia reveals that he burned down his restaurant. Tony is able to convince him otherwise and Artie smashes his gun in frustration.

It is later discovered that the FBI had bugged Livia's retirement home, and the recordings of Livia conspiring with Junior are played for Tony. Tony's plot for revenge is foiled when Livia suffers a stroke (said to be induced by repressed rage) and is taken into a hospital. Tony appears to be ready to smother her with a pillow, but she is rushed to the emergency room. He then publicly threatens to kill her, informing her that he had heard her conspiring with Junior from the FBI. However, Tony settles for cutting off all contact with her.

In season two, Livia's daughter Janice returns to New Jersey. She takes up residence in Livia's home and convinces Tony not to sell the house and instead let her take care of Livia. Livia is cautious of Janice's sudden concern for her well-being and correctly guesses that Janice has ulterior motives. While Tony and Carmela avoid all contact with Livia, her grandchildren Meadow and A.J. still visit her, unaware of past events. Livia grows paranoid and more difficult when AJ inadvertently reveals to her that Janice and Tony were discussing possible "do not resuscitate" options for her. When Janice is forced to flee the state, Tony gives Livia a stolen plane ticket so she can stay with her sister. However, before she is set to leave, she is detained at the airport.

Tony hires a home assistant to look after Livia at the beginning of season three. Livia dies soon after from another stroke. After her death, Janice discovers that Livia kept many of Tony's old childhood artifacts while only keeping some of Barbara's and none of Janice's. Livia appears as a younger woman in several flashbacks afterward, as well as being frequently referenced, with Tony still far from resolving his feelings towards her.

For season three, a storyline was planned where Livia would be called to testify against her son in court, giving evidence on stolen airline tickets she had received from him, but Marchand died on June 18, 2000, before it could be filmed. Existing footage and computer-generated imagery was used to create a final scene between Tony and Livia in the season three episode "Proshai, Livushka" before the character, too, died. The cost was approximately $250,000.

During the sixth-season episode "Mayham" when Tony is comatose from a gunshot wound, he has a vivid dream that ends with Tony being beckoned into a house by his dead cousin Tony Blundetto; a woman who looks similar to Livia can briefly be seen in the doorway of the house. Tony then hears a child's voice calling "Daddy, don't go, come back." He then awakens to see his daughter Meadow and wife Carmela standing over him.

Character origins
David Chase based Livia on his own mother, Norma Chase. He described his mother as paranoid, abusive, sharp-tongued and dismissive of her son's career achievements. Many of Livia's memorable lines such as "Poor you," "Daughters are better at taking care of their mothers than sons," and "Another toothpick" are direct quotations of Norma Chase. Like Tony Soprano, David Chase spent years in psychotherapy addressing the consequences of her mothering.

Chase has also spoken highly of the 1934 novel I, Claudius, calling it one of his favorite works of fiction. While Chase has stopped short of drawing a direct connection, claiming he used the name of an aunt, many have compared the Machiavellian Livia Soprano to Claudius' grandmother, Livia Drusilla. These suspicious tend to find confirmation in the maiden name Chase selected for Livia—Pollio, one shared by Gaius Asinius Pollio, who makes a decisive appearance in I, Claudius.

title: Livia Soprano


text:
Talk:It Sticks Out Half a Mile

Untitled
The first broadcast was on BBC Radio 4 with repeats on BBC Radio 2. The "correction" of this sentence was wrong so I've corrected it back. Lee M 03:25, 10 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Moved from the article:

More on TV remakes to follow

BillyH 23:29, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

First Broadcast Dates
This section does not contain any sources: The website http://www.britishcomedy.org.uk/comedy/isoham.htm and http://www.radiolistings.co.uk/programmes/i/it/it_sticks_out_half_a_mile.html (listed at the bottom of the article) have some of the same dates, but there are some differences. Does anyone know where these dates came from? Thi81.105.187.71 (talk) 21:31, 24 October 2016 (UTC)

Categories
I am not clear why this is in Category:Lost BBC episodes. The article would seem to suggest all the radio episodes now exist - is it the unbroadcast BBC TV pilot that is missing and if so does an unbroadcast episode count for the category? Dunarc (talk) 23:39, 10 January 2017 (UTC)

Bad link
The link to Vivienne Gapes actually sends you to a completely different person. Whoever puts in hyperlinks in these articles should really check them out first: this is far from the first time I see this.

2806:2F0:7000:4242:2180:48C8:BB59:B63B (talk) 21:44, 3 February 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:It Sticks Out Half a Mile