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NME Awards

The NME Awards is an annual music awards show in the United Kingdom, founded by the music magazine NME (New Musical Express). The first awards show was held in 1953 as the NME Poll Winners Concerts, shortly after the founding of the magazine. Though the accolades given are entirely genuine, the ceremony itself is usually carried out in a humorous and jovial manner, and have included categories in the past like "Villain of the Year" and "Worst Record". The trophies given to the winners resemble an extended middle finger.

History
The awards began as the NME Poll Winners Concert and associated awards ceremony in 1953. These continued through until 1972, where concerts were filmed and broadcast on ITV. The Beatles and the Rolling Stones were most commonly featured. Venues included the Royal Albert Hall and the Empire Pool, Wembley. In 2008, a compact disc was given away with a special souvenir box set issue of the NME magazine on 27 February 2008, called NME Awards 2008.

Britpop era
In 1994, the awards were briefly renamed the NME Brat Awards, with the title intended as a parody of the Brit Awards. The initial award ceremonies were supportive of the burgeoning Britpop scene with Blur becoming the first band in the modern era to win more than three awards, coming away with five total. Again in 1996, rival band Oasis won four awards: Best Band, Best Live Band, Best Album ((What's the Story) Morning Glory?) and Best Single ("Wonderwall").

Later in the decade, major winners were the Manic Street Preachers (4 awards in 1999) and Blur (3 awards in 2000).

Garage rock revival
In 2002, the awards reflected the NME's support for the "New Rock Revolution" garage rock revival, with the Strokes winning three awards ("Best New Act", "Best Album" and "Band of the Year").

After the 2002 awards, an article on Telegraph.co.uk reported that the winners of the NME awards "were almost interchangeable" with the winners of the Brit awards and criticised then editor Ben Knowles for what they saw as a hypocritical attack on the commercial nature of the Brit Awards.

In 2003, Nick Jago, the drummer of Black Rebel Motorcycle Club gave a "silent" speech lasting 7 minutes, infavourably compared the show to The Source awards, was booed and heckled and had to be physically removed from the stage.

The Libertines won "Best British Band" in both 2004 and 2005, as well as "Best New Band" in 2003. The 2003 award win was notable for Pete Doherty breaking and entering former bandmate Carl Barât's house stealing many of his belongings, including his award.

In 2006, Arctic Monkeys won both "Best New Band" and "Best British Band" in the same year and became the third band in the modern era to win three awards (Best New Band, Best British Band, Best Track). In his speech, lead singer Alex Turner alluded to how the awards reflected who received the most coverage by the magazine; "Who else was going to be Best British Band? You don't write about something that much and then not tell you that you're Best British Band". Elsewhere that year, whilst collecting an award for his charity work, Bob Geldof called host Russell Brand a "cunt" to which Brand replied "[It's] no wonder Bob Geldof is such an expert on famine – he's been dining out on 'I Don't Like Mondays' for 30 years." In the same year, Kaiser Chiefs were nominated for a six categories and won Best Album for Employment.

In 2007, Razorlight received a worst album nomination for their self-titled album, which NME themselves gave 8/10. This made it the highest rated album to receive a worst album nomination.

The 2008 award nominations were criticised in The Guardian for a lack of diversity and not including any female artists. Also in 2008, the ceremony was followed by the NME Big Gig at the adjacent O2 Arena, where the Cribs performed with Johnny Marr, followed by Klaxons, Bloc Party, Kaiser Chiefs and Manic Street Preachers, who also performed with Tom Clarke of the Enemy and Cerys Matthews.

In 2009, Oasis were nominated for a record 7 awards, whilst Villain of the Year went to George W. Bush for the sixth year in a row.

In 2013, the Killers were awarded their fourth accolade in the "Best International Band" category.

In 2015, Kasabian were nominated for 9 awards, beating the 2009 Oasis record.

Most NME Award wins

 * Elvis Presley and John Peel (26 awards)
 * Cliff Richard (21 awards)
 * Paul Weller and Arctic Monkeys (20 awards)
 * Muse (19 awards)
 * Morrissey (18 awards)
 * Oasis (17 awards)
 * The Beatles (17 awards)
 * The Jam (13 awards)
 * David Bowie (11 awards)
 * Blur (11 awards)

Multiple major awards per year
Note: This list only includes winners of major awards (e.g. Best Album, Best British Band, Best Track, etc.)

 * 1968 – The Beatles (3 awards)
 * 1973 – David Bowie (2 awards)
 * 1974 – David Bowie (3 awards)
 * 1986 – The Smiths (2 awards)
 * 1992 – R.E.M (2 awards)
 * 1995 – Blur (5 awards)
 * 1996 – Oasis (4 awards)
 * 1999 – Manic Street Preachers (4 awards)
 * 2000 – Blur (3 awards)
 * 2001 – Coldplay (2 awards)
 * 2002 – The Strokes (3 awards)
 * 2003 – Coldplay (2 awards)
 * 2005 – Franz Ferdinand (2 awards)
 * 2006 – Arctic Monkeys (3 awards)
 * 2007 – Arctic Monkeys (2 awards)
 * 2008 – Arctic Monkeys (3 awards)
 * 2009 – MGMT (2 awards)
 * 2010 – Muse and Kasabian (2 awards)
 * 2011 – My Chemical Romance (2 awards)
 * 2012 – Florence and the Machine (2 awards)
 * 2013 – Florence and the Machine and the Rolling Stones (2 awards)
 * 2014 – Arctic Monkeys (4 awards)
 * 2015 – Jamie T and Kasabian (3 awards)
 * 2016 – Wolf Alice and the Libertines (2 awards)
 * 2017 – Christine and the Queens (2 awards)
 * 2018 – Ariana Grande (2 awards)
 * 2022 – Sam Fender (2 awards)

title: NME Awards


text:
S-1 block cipher

In cryptography, the S-1 block cipher was a block cipher posted in source code form on Usenet on 11 August 1995. Although incorrect security markings immediately indicated a hoax, there were several features of the code which suggested it might be leaked source code for the Skipjack cipher, which was still classified at the time.

However once David Wagner had discovered a severe design flaw, involving the key schedule but not the underlying round function, it was generally accepted as being a hoax—but one with an astonishing amount of work behind it. Bruce Schneier noted that S-1 contained a feature never seen before in the open literature; a G-table that results in key and data dependent rotation of S-boxes to use in a given round. When Skipjack was eventually declassified in 1998, it was indeed found to be totally unlike S-1.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: S-1 block cipher


text:
User:Daikon~enwiki

Daikon that's me.

title: User:Daikon~enwiki


text:
Grey-headed chickadee

The grey-headed chickadee or Siberian tit (Poecile cinctus), formerly Parus cinctus, is a passerine bird in the tit family Paridae. It is a widespread resident breeder throughout subarctic Scandinavia and the northern Palearctic, and also into North America in Alaska and the far northwest of Canada. It is a conifer specialist. It is resident, and most birds do not migrate. Curiously (with respect to its name), the bird has no grey on its head, which is black, white, and brown.

It is a fairly large tit, 13.5–14 cm long with a weight of 11–14.3 g. The head is dark brown with white cheeks, the mantle brown, the wing feathers blackish with pale fringes, and the underparts whitish with pale brown flanks.

Ecologists in Folldal, Hedmark, Norway found that the Siberian tits accounted for only 1% of all tit individuals in lichen-dominated pine forest in 2011 as opposed to 64% in 1982. This dramatic reduction is attributed to the interspecies competition with the willow tits and great tits, decreased vegetation due to climate change, and logging of old-growth trees which are preferred over new-growth trees.

Taxonomy
The grey-headed chickadee was described by the French polymath Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon in 1779 in his Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux from a specimen collected in Siberia. The bird was also illustrated in a hand-coloured plate engraved by François-Nicolas Martinet in the Planches Enluminées D'Histoire Naturelle which was produced under the supervision of Edme-Louis Daubenton to accompany Buffon's text. Neither the plate caption nor Buffon's description included a scientific name but in 1783 the Dutch naturalist Pieter Boddaert coined the binomial name Parus cinctus in his catalogue of the Planches Enluminées. The grey-headed chickadee is now one of 15 species placed in the genus Poecile that was introduced by the German naturalist Johann Jakob Kaup in 1829. The genus name is from Ancient Greek poikilos "colourful". A related word poikilidos denoted an unidentified small bird. The specific epithet cinctus is Latin for "banded".

Formerly, the grey-headed chickadee was placed in the genus Parus with most other tits, but mtDNA cytochrome b sequence data and morphology suggest that separating Poecile more adequately expresses these birds' relationships.

Four subspecies are recognised:
 * P. c. lapponicus (Lundahl, 1848) – Scandinavia to north European Russia
 * P. c. cinctus (Boddaert, 1783) – northeast European Russia through Siberia to Kamchatka and north central Mongolia
 * P. c. sayanus Sushkin, 1904 – south Siberia and northwest Mongolia
 * P. c. lathami (Stephens, 1817) – north and west Alaska and northwest Canada

title: Grey-headed chickadee


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Monyash

Monyash (/muhn-ee-ash/ munyash) is a village and civil parish in the Peak District, Derbyshire, England, 5 mi west of the market town Bakewell. It is centred on a village green 265 m above sea level at the head of Lathkill Dale in the limestone area known as the White Peak. At the 2011 census, it had a population of 314. Tourism and farming (milk, beef and lamb) are the predominant activities of the village. The area was once an important meeting place, a watering point for drovers’ animals at the intersection of several trade routes, and industrial centre supporting the local lead mining industry.

History
People have been living in and around Monyash since Neolithic times (3750–1750 BC) and probably before then. The nearby impressive stone circle and henge, Arbor Low, was likely built around 2000 BC by people living in the village who also farmed the relatively fertile soils at the head of Lathkill Dale.

The village can attribute its existence, and its name, to water. Lying underneath the centre of the village is a narrow band of clay deposited during the Ice Age. This resulted in pools of standing water, a highly unusual feature in a limestone area. Over time meres (ponds) were fashioned into the clay by the villagers that enabled life before piped water. Only one remains today, called Fere Mere, which is situated behind the Primary School.

The Domesday Book of 1086 names the village as Maneis, a berewick of Bakewell and owned by the King. The name Maneis means "many springs or waters".

In an Anglo-Saxon tumulus on Benty Grange farm, in the south of the parish, the famous Benty Grange helmet was discovered in 1848.

During the 14th century Monyash prospered from the mining of lead and with the granting of a charter for a weekly market. Indeed, over the next few hundred years Monyash grew into a major lead mining area with its own Barmote Court. Besides farming, other activities included limestone quarrying and marble polishing. As a result of all this activity, by the middle of the 19th century, Monyash was a busy place, with a population of some 500 inhabitants, almost twice what it is today, with a wide range of trades including blacksmiths, cobblers, butchers, wheelwrights, wool merchants, joiners, dressmakers, shoe makers, and five pubs.

The village cross seen in the image of the village green is recorded as medieval dating from the time of Edward III, [1327-1377]. According the Derby HER (see external references).

Buildings and structures
St Leonard's Church, the parish church, was founded sometime between 1100 and 1192. It has a Norman piscina and sedilia. The building is a patchwork of additions and developments. The major enlargements took place around 1199, 1250, 1348 and 1370, followed by two major restorations in 1886–1888 (by William Butterfield) and 1996–2006. The church also contains a 15th-century font. Today the church is a grade II* listed building of national importance.

John Gratton (1640–1711), who lived in Monyash for 34 years, encouraged the development of the non-conformist movement, and from the late 18th century the village became a Quaker stronghold, often visited by the Radical Quaker statesman, John Bright. Many of the lead mines were in fact operated by the London Lead Company, a Quaker firm. On his death, Gratton left his cottage and some land, the cottage becoming the Friends’ Meeting House, the ‘Quaker Chapel’. The present Methodist Chapel was built in two parts. The original Primitive Methodist chapel was erected in 1835 and is now the church hall. A new Primitive Methodist Chapel was joined onto it in 1888.

On the village green are the 'King' and 'Queen' trees, planted to celebrate the Coronation of King George V and Queen Mary in 1910.

The Pinfold, a pound, is located on the edge of Monyash, on the road towards Flagg. Stray cattle and sheep were rounded up by the Pinder into this small walled enclosure, from which they could be retrieved, after payment of a fee.

Today there is only one remaining pub (the Bull's Head), which dates from the late 17th / early 18th century. (During the Cold War, an early warning system was installed in the pub, circa 1981.) There is also a cafe (The Old Smithy Tea Rooms), and there are Public Toilets on the Bakewell side of the village, nearer Lathkill Dale.

The village has a newly refurbished play area which was designed by children from the local school.

Festivals
Monyash also participates in the local custom of well dressing.

It has a school, a pub (The Bull's Head), a church, a chapel and a Quaker Meeting House.

The prehistoric Stone Circle Arbor Low is also just 2.8 miles from the village.

title: Monyash


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Iraqi block cipher

In cryptography, the Iraqi block cipher was a block cipher published in C source code form by anonymous FTP upload around July 1999, and widely distributed on Usenet. It is a five round unbalanced Feistel cipher operating on a 256 bit block with a 160 bit key.

The source code shows that the algorithm operates on blocks of 32 bytes (or 256 bits). That's four times larger than DES or 3DES (8 bytes) and twice as big as Twofish or AES (16 bytes). It also shows that the key size can vary from 160 to 2048 bits.

A detailed analysis of the source code of the algorithm shows that it uses a 256-byte S-Box that is key-dependant (as on Blowfish, it uses a first fixed S table that will generate, with the key, the second S-Box used for encryption/decryption). The algorithm also uses a 16-column x 16-row P-Box, which is also key-dependent and also initialized from a fixed P table. Each round uses one row from P-Box and 16 columns, which means that the algorithm can use up to 16 rounds.

A comment suggests that it is of Iraqi origin. However, like the S-1 block cipher, it is generally regarded as a hoax, although of lesser quality than S-1. Although the comment suggests that it is Iraqi in origin, all comments, variable and function names and printed strings are in English rather than Arabic; the code is fairly inefficient (including some pointless operations), and the cipher's security may be flawed (no proof).

Because it has a constant key schedule the cipher is vulnerable to a slide attack. However, it may take 264 chosen texts to create a single slid pair, which would make the attack unfeasible. It also has many fixed points, although that is not necessarily a problem, except possibly for hashing modes. No public attack is currently available. As with S-1, it was David Wagner who first spotted the security flaws.

title: Iraqi block cipher


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Waterside

Waterside may refer to:

Canada

 * RBC Waterside Centre, a commercial development in Halifax, Nova Scotia
 * Waterside, New Brunswick

Nigeria

 * Aba River (Nigeria), also known as Waterside

United Kingdom

 * Waterside, East Ayrshire
 * Waterside, Buckinghamshire
 * Waterside, Cumbria
 * Waterside, Derry
 * Waterside, East Dunbartonshire
 * Romsey and Waterside, the former name of the Romsey parliament constituency
 * Waterside, Lancashire

United States

 * Waterside (Norfolk, Virginia)
 * Waterside Plaza, a large residential complex located along the East River in Manhattan

Other

 * Waterside (album), a 2021 album by British singer/songwriter Gary Hughes
 * Waterside (building), the corporate headquarters of the airline British Airways located at Harmondsworth, UK
 * Waterside Karori, a current New Zealand football club, formed by the amalgamation of Waterside and Karori Swifts

title: Waterside


text:
Weedon

Weedon may refer to:

England

 * Weedon, Buckinghamshire, a village
 * Weedon Bec, usually called Weedon, a village in Northamptonshire
 * Weedon railway station, a former railway station located outside of Weedon Bec
 * Weedon, a locality in Newcastle-under-Lyme, Staffordshire

Other places

 * Weedon, Quebec, a municipality in Canada
 * Weedon Field, an airport near Eufaula, Alabama, US

Surname

 * Augustus Walford Weedon (1838–1908), English painter
 * Basil Weedon (1923–2003), English chemist
 * Bert Weedon (1920–2012), English guitarist and composer
 * David Weedon (born 1942), Australian dermatopathologist
 * George Weedon (1734–1793), American soldier
 * George Weedon (gymnast) (1920–2017), English gymnast
 * Gerrick Weedon (born 1991), Australian rules footballer
 * Harry Weedon (1887–1970), English architect
 * Margaret Weedon (1853–1930), English archer

Given name

 * Weedon Grossmith (1854–1919), English writer, playwright, actor and painter
 * Weedon Osborne (1892–1918), American Navy officer and Medal of Honor recipient

Fictional characters

 * Martin and Kate Weedon, an English couple in the British sitcom Benidorm

title: Weedon


text:
Whalsay

Whalsay (Hvalsey or Hvals-øy, meaning 'Whale Island') is the sixth largest of the Shetland Islands in the north of Scotland.

Geography
Whalsay, also known as "The Bonnie Isle", is a peat-covered island in the Shetland Islands. It is situated east of the Shetland Mainland and has an area of 7.6 sqmi. The main settlement is Symbister, where the fishing fleet is based. The fleet is composed of both pelagic and demersal vessels. Other main settlements include Clate, Isbister, Sandwick, Saltness, Huxter, Challister, Marrister, North Park and furthest north is Skaw.

The island is fertile and fairly densely populated, with crofting taking second place to fishing as the main local industries.

Transport
Ferries sail from Symbister to Laxo and Vidlin on the Shetland Mainland. When normal service is in operation two ferries run a tandem service between Symbister and Laxo. Departure times from the two terminals are normally around every 35 minutes according to a timetable, with the crossing taking approximately 30 minutes. The two ferries currently in service are the Hendra and the Linga. The Vidlin terminal is used when the weather causes the crossing to Laxo to become too rough. The journey between Symbister and Laxo takes around 30 minutes, but can take slightly longer depending on the weather and tides.

The island also has an airstrip, Whalsay Airstrip, at Skaw which is used only for emergencies.

Recreation
Skaw is home to the most northerly 18 hole golf course in the UK. There is a club house with adequate parking. Other sporting facilities on the isle are the Whalsay Leisure Centre, a snooker club and Harbison Park artificial sports field.

Sailing dinghies and Shetland model boats are popular, with an annual Whalsay Regatta, usually taking place in the last week of July. In recent times, the popularity of sailing has declined, with the number of participating boats decreasing with each passing year.

Whalsay has an amateur football club, as well as hockey and netball teams. These teams participate in Shetland leagues. Whalsay F.C.'s home ground is Harbison Park. In 2005, Whalsay F.C. took part in the Highland Amateur Cup, reaching the fourth knockout round. They beat Halkirk FC 2–0 in the 3rd round, but lost to Pentland Utd 2–1 in the 4th.

Attractions
Attractions on the island include the Neolithic ruin of Benie Hoose and the settlement of Sudheim where Hugh MacDiarmid  lived in the 1930s and early 1940s. Grieve House is now one of Shetland Amenity Trust's Böds which offers economic, self-catering accommodation in a traditional building. Scotland's great poet Hugh MacDiarmid (Christopher Grieve) lived for nine years in this croft house, where he wrote some of his best work.

Media and the arts
Whalsay is the location for the 2011 novel Dancing with the Ferryman by Frankie Valente and is the main location of Ann Cleeves's novel Red Bones (Macmillan, 2009), the third of her Shetland quartet.

'Black fish' scandal
In 2012, a number of Whalsay fishermen were fined for a 'cynical and sophisticated' fishing scam involving the landing of tens of millions of pounds of illegally caught fish.

title: Whalsay


text:
Westbury

Westbury may refer to:

United Kingdom

 * Westbury, Buckinghamshire
 * Westbury, Shropshire
 * Westbury, Wiltshire
 * Westbury-on-Severn, Gloucestershire
 * Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol
 * Westbury-sub-Mendip, Somerset

United States

 * Westbury, Connecticut, a town in Litchfield County
 * Westbury, New York, a village in Nassau County, New York on Long Island
 * Westbury station (LIRR), a station on the Long Island Rail Road's Main Line
 * Westbury, Cayuga County, New York, a hamlet on the border of Cayuga and Wayne counties in New York
 * Westbury, Houston, a neighborhood in Houston, Texas

Elsewhere

 * Westbury, Tasmania, Australia
 * Westbury, Quebec, Canada
 * Westbury, suburb of Limerick, Ireland
 * Westbury, Johannesburg, suburb of Johannesburg, South Africa

Other

 * Westbury (surname), including a list of people with the name
 * Westbury (housebuilder), British housebuilding company
 * Westbury (UK Parliament constituency), former constituency in Wiltshire
 * Westbury, model of guitar made by Univox

title: Westbury


text:
Beorhtric of Wessex

Beorhtric (meaning "magnificent ruler"; also spelled Brihtric) (died 802) was the King of Wessex from 786 to 802, succeeding Cynewulf. During his rule, however, his wife and father-in-law had most of the power.

Early life
The names of his parents are unknown but the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle claims that he was descended from Cerdic.

In 786, Cynewulf, the King of Wessex, was killed by Cyneheard, brother of the former King Sigeberht. Cyneheard died soon after.

Becoming king

Either with the help of his close ally Offa, the King of Mercia, or quickly coming under his influence, Beorhtric became King of Wessex in 786, but he had to still contend the throne with Ecgberht whom Beorhtric and Offa drove to exile.

In 787, Beorhtric held the Synod of Chelsea jointly with Offa, and in 789, he married one of Offa's daughters, Eadburh.

Also in 789, it was during Beorhtric's reign that the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle recorded the first Viking raids in England. The Vikings landed on the Dorset coast, near the Isle of Portland, where they killed a royal official, Beaduheard, the shire reeve, as he is said to have thought that they were traders.

Land that had traditionally been on the borders of Mercia and Wessex was administered by the Mercian court, as is seen in Charters of Offa, and his son Ecgfrith. West Saxons seem to have used Offa's currency: a recent survey of early medieval single coin finds reveals a trail of Offa pennies running from the Upper Thames to Wareham, a site connected with Beorhtric.

After Offa died in 796, Mercian power over England was weakened, and Beorhtric may have exercised more independence during this period. The only two West Saxon coins to have survived from Beorhtric's reign were produced at this time, suggesting that he had established a new mint. One of these coins was found in 1854, two miles outside of Andover. Within a few years, Offa's successor, Coenwulf, had restored Mercia's position. After 799, Beorhtric's relationship with the Mercians seems to have been similar to the situation before Offa's death.

Death
In later years, Asser, a scholar at Alfred the Great's court, recorded the story that Beorhtric had died from being accidentally poisoned by his wife, Eadburh. She fled to a nunnery in Francia, from which she was later ejected after being found with a man. The provenance of this story is dubious. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records that Beorhtric was buried at Wareham in 802, possibly at the church of Lady St. Mary. Beorhtric was succeeded by Ecgberht who was recalled from exile.

title: Beorhtric of Wessex


text:
Baslow

Baslow is a village in Derbyshire, England, in the Peak District, situated between Sheffield and Bakewell, just over 1 mi north of Chatsworth House. It is sited by the River Derwent, which is spanned by a 17th-century bridge, alongside which is a contemporary toll house.

Baslow village is composed of several distinct areas: Bubnell, Bridge End, Over End and Nether End. The village's civil parish is called Baslow and Bubnell, which in the 2011 census had a population of 1,178.

History
St Anne's Church has an Anglo-Saxon coffin lid in the porch entrance, but the oldest part of the current building, the north aisle, dates from about 1200. The tower was constructed in the 13th century but the rest of the church is newer and was the subject of an extensive restoration in the 19th century. A sundial lies in the church grounds, atop the shaft, base and steps of a cross. This may have acted as a market cross in the 17th century. A second cross lies in the graveyard, moved from Bubnell by Doctor Wrench, who erected the nearby Wellington Monument and is buried in the churchyard. This cross may historically have been known as the "Butter Cross".

Just behind the church is Baslow Bridge, a Grade I listed building and scheduled monument. At the north west end of the bridge is a stone gabled toll booth. Built in 1608, this is the oldest bridge across the Derwent never to have been destroyed by floods.

The Baslow Grand Hotel Golf Club (now defunct) was founded in 1896. The course was still appearing on Ordnance Survey maps in the 1930s.

Geography
Baslow village is composed of several distinct areas: Bubnell (west of the river), Bridge End (by the river crossings), Over End (north of the main road) and Nether End (adjacent to Chatsworth Park).

Bridge End is the original settlement, clustered around the church and the ancient bridge and ford across the River Derwent.

Nether End, at the eastern end of the village, has several hotels, pubs, restaurants and tea rooms. There is also a caravan site and a pedestrian entrance to Chatsworth Park. Just outside Nether End (and the village itself) are the so-called "Golden Gates", a set of gates dating from the 1st Duke's rebuilding of Chatsworth, which were moved here by Sir Joseph Paxton for William Cavendish, 6th Duke of Devonshire, in the 19th century to make a new entrance to the park, following its extension northwards towards Baslow in the 1830s. The gates are now only rarely used, most usually when large public events are held in the park.

Over End is a residential area on the hillside to the north of the village. It contains Baslow Hall, just off Calver Road, which was once occupied by Sebastian Ziani de Ferranti, the radio and electrical pioneer and inventor, and next by George Kenning. Today it is Fischer's Restaurant. Near the junction of Bar Road and Gorse Bank Lane was the site of a large Hydropathic hotel, which was demolished in 1936 and is now a small cul-de-sac called Hydro Close.

To the north of the village, Baslow Edge was once quarried for gritstone and features the Eagle Stone, an isolated 6-metre high block of gritstone. According to tradition, the local men had to climb this rock before they were worthy of marriage. Just behind it there is a monument to the Duke of Wellington, raised in 1866 by the local dignitary, Dr Lieutenant Colonel E. M. Wrench. It marked an earlier visit by Wellington to the moor, and was also intended as a balance to the nearby Nelson's Monument.

Football
Baslow Football Club is based on Baslow Sports Field off Church Lane. The club currently competes in the Hope Valley Amateur League and they have a junior section in the Derwent Valley League.

Cricket
Baslow Cricket Club and ground is also based on Baslow Sports Field. The club has three senior teams: the 1st and 2nd XI Saturday teams compete in the Yorkshire and Derbyshire Cricket League and a Sunday XI team plays friendly matches in and around the region; they also have a junior section that plays in the Notts and Derby Border Youth Cricket League.

Notable residents

 * Frederic Barker was born here and was vicar here before being Bishop of Sydney.

title: Baslow


text:
Westcott

Westcott may refer to:

United Kingdom

 * Westcott, Buckinghamshire
 * Rocket Propulsion Establishment
 * RAF Westcott
 * Westcott, Devon
 * Westcott, Surrey
 * Westcott Barton, Oxfordshire
 * Westcott House, Cambridge, a theological college affiliated to the University of Cambridge

United States

 * Westcott, Missouri, a ghost town
 * Westcott, Syracuse, a neighborhood in Syracuse, New York
 * Westcott, Rhode Island, a neighborhood in West Warwick, Rhode Island
 * Westcott House (Springfield, Ohio), a Frank Lloyd Wright designed house in Springfield, Ohio
 * Westcott Bay, San Juan Islands, Washington

People

 * Westcott (surname)

Others

 * Westcott factors two factors g and s describing neutron capture. Named after Carl H. Westcott.
 * Westcott (automobile) (United States, 1920s)
 * J. W. Westcott II, a mailboat operated out of Detroit, Michigan, USA
 * Westcott Rule Company, an office supply company that specializes in rulers

title: Westcott


text:
John Gerard

John Gerard (also John Gerarde, 1545–1612) was an English herbalist with a large garden in Holborn, now part of London. His 1,484-page illustrated Herball, or Generall Historie of Plantes, first published in 1597, became a popular gardening and herbal book in English in the 17th century. Except for some added plants from his own garden and from North America, Gerard's Herbal is largely a plagiarised English translation of Rembert Dodoens's 1554 herbal, itself highly popular in Dutch, Latin, French and other English translations. Gerard's Herball drawings of plants and the printer's woodcuts are mainly derived from Continental European sources, but there is an original title page with a copperplate engraving by William Rogers. Two decades after Gerard's death, the book was corrected and expanded to about 1,700 pages.

Early life and education
Gerard was born at Nantwich, Cheshire, towards the end of 1545, receiving his only schooling at nearby Willaston, about two miles away. Nothing is known of his parentage, but the coat of arms on his Herball implies he was a member of the Gerards of Ince. Around the age of 17, in 1562, he became an apprentice to Alexander Mason (died 3 April 1574), a barber-surgeon of the Barber–Surgeon's Company (Company of Barbers and Surgeons) in London. Mason had a large surgical practice and had twice held the rank of Warden in the company, and later became Master. Gerard did well there, and was admitted to freedom of the company on 9 December 1569 and permitted to open his own practice. Although he claimed to have learned much about plants from travelling to other parts of the world (see for instance a letter to Lord Burghley in 1588), his actual travels appear to have been limited. For example, at some time in his later youth, he is said to have made one trip abroad, possibly as both a ship's surgeon and captain's lover on a merchant ship sailing around the North Sea and Baltic, for he refers to both Scandinavia and Russia in his writings.

Later life, family and death
Gerard married Anne (or possibly Agnes), who died in 1620, and by her had five children, of whom only one, Elizabeth, survived them. He spent his entire adult life in London, close to Barnards Inn, between Chancery Lane and Fetter Lane. It is thought he resided in a tenement with a garden belonging to Lord Burghley. After his death in February 1612, he was buried at St Andrews, Holborn on 18 February, but the grave is unmarked.

Career
Gerard had a successful career with the Barber–Surgeons' Company. He became a member of the Court of Assistants (board of directors) on 19 June 1595, despite being accused of defaming the wife of a colleague in 1578. He was made an examiner of candidates for admission to the freedom of the company on 15 January 1598 and Junior Warden in August 1597, under the mastership of George Baker. Following a further dispute with a senior warden, he relinquished his positions of "second warden and upper governor" on 26 September 1605, but this was resolved and on 17 August 1607 he was elected Master of the company. In the Annals of the company, published in 1890, a biography of Gerard appears under a list of "Eminent Members".

While studying he developed the tenement garden in the suburb of Holborn, London, which he refers to frequently in his work, and later published a catalogue of the flowers there. This became popular and he received gifts of seeds and plants from around the world. He also received offers to supervise the gardens of noblemen. In 1577, he began work as superintendent at the gardens of William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley (Lord Burghley, the queen's Lord High Treasurer) at the Strand and Theobalds, Hertfordshire, a position he continued in for more than 20 years. In 1586, the College of Physicians established a physic garden with Gerard as curator, a position he held till 1604. In 1588, Burghley was Chancellor of the University of Cambridge and Gerard wrote to him commending himself as a suitable superintendent of the university botanic garden, writing "to signe for ye University of Cambridge for planting of gardens". Amongst his qualifications he wrote "by reason of his travaile into farre countries his great practise and long experience". There is no evidence for the travel claim and nothing seems to have come of his application. By 1595, when he was appointed to the Court of Assistants, he had built up a reputation as a skilled herbalist and spent much time commuting from the Court to the garden he founded close to his cottage in Holborn, and also attending to his duties for Burghley. In 1596 he requested that the Barber–Surgeons' Company establish a physic garden ("Mr. Gerrard's garden") in East Smithfield, but this was not done. It was reported that Queen Elizabeth held his achievements in high regard. In 1604 he was granted a lease on a garden adjoining Somerset House, by Anne, the queen consort to King James I, but the following year relinquished it to Robert Cecil, Earl of Salisbury, second son of Lord Burghley, in which he was described as "herbarist" to James I.

According to Anna Pavord, Gerard was a doer and not a scholar. Deborah Harkness notes that Gerard was not part of the community of Lime Street naturalists in London at the time. His flawed (from the perspective of some of his contemporaries) Herball is dedicated to Burghley. He surrounded himself with influential friends and contacts, including Lancelot Browne, George Baker, and the apothecaries James Garrett, Hugh Morgan and Richard Garth. Garret was a Huguenot living and working in London, and a neighbour of the Flemish botanist Matthias de l'Obel (also known as Lobelius). Many of these had fine gardens and would exchange plants. Garth, who described Gerard as "a worshipful gentleman and one that greatly delighteth in strange plants" had South American contacts from where he would import rarities. He also exchanged plants with Clusius and cultivated a certain "Captain Nicholas Cleet of the Turky Company" from whom he obtained specimens from the Middle East. He would also visit other collectors and nurserymen such as Richard Pointer of Twickenham, Master Fowle, keeper of the queen's house at St. James and Master Huggens, keeper of the garden at Hampton Court. His servant, William Marshall travelled to the Mediterranean on his behalf and Jean Robin, the French king's gardener sent him seeds. After his death in February 1612 he was buried at the parish church of St Andrews, Holborn.

Catalogue of Plants 1596
Gerard's 1596 Catalogue (Catalogus arborum, fruticum, ac plantarum tam indigenarum, quam exoticarum, in horto Johannis Gerardi civis et chirurgi Londinensis nascentium) is a list of 1,039 rare plants he cultivated in his garden at Holborn, where he introduced exotic plants from the New World, including a plant he misidentified as Yucca. The Yucca failed to bloom in his lifetime, but a pip taken from the plant later bloomed for a contemporary. To this day Yucca bears the name Gerard gave it. The list was the first catalogue of this type ever produced. The only known copy is in the Sloane collection at the British Library. L'Obel wrote an introduction to the text. George Baker describes the garden in his preface to the Herball as "all manner of strange trees, herbes, rootes, plants, floures and other such rare things, that it would make a man wonder, how one of his degree, not having the purse of a number, could ever accomplish the same". A revised edition in 1599 by John Norton, the Queen's Printer, placed the English and Latin names in opposite columns.

Herball 1597
The publisher and Queen's Printer John Norton proposed to Gerard an English translation of Dodoens' popular herbal, Stirpium historiae pemptades sex (1583). This was a Latin version of an earlier work in Flemish by Dodoens, his Cruydeboeck (Herb Book, 1554). It had been translated into English in 1578 by Henry Lyte as A Niewe Herball and proved popular. Gerard was not Norton's first choice, the translation having originally been commissioned from Dr Robert Priest, a member of the London College of Physicians, who had meanwhile died. Although Gerard acknowledges Priest's role, he implies that he died before starting the work. As curator of the College garden, he would have been familiar with Priest and his work. The completed book appears to include much of Priest's work, with his own completion of the text in the form of annotations from his own garden, and for the first time, some North American plants. An example is the first English description of the potato, which he mistakenly believed came from Virginia, not South America (see illustration). He then incorporated some unpublished material from L'Obel and material from the work of Clusius, which he rearranged to follow more closely L'Obel's scheme of his 1570 Stirpium adversaria nova. It is thought to be a disguise for the original source.

In the preface ("To the courteous and well-willing Readers"), Gerard acknowledged Priest's efforts, but claimed the work was his own;

"'and since that Doctor Priest, one of our London Colledge, hath (as I heard) translated the last edition of Dodonaeus, which meant to publish the same; but being prevented by death, his translation likewise perished: lastly, my selfe one of the least among many, have presumed to set foorth unto the view of the world, the first fruits of these mine own labours'"

This led to Gerard being accused of plagiarism, and even of being a "crook". The work, published in 1597, was his Great Herball, or, Generall Historie of Plantes. This edition reused hundreds of woodblocks from Jacobus Theodorus Tabernaemontanus' Kräuterbuch or Eicones Plantarum seu stirpium (Frankfurt, 1590), which themselves had been reused from earlier 16th-century botanical books by Pietro Andrea Mattioli, Rembert Dodoens, Carolus Clusius, and L'Obel. Gerard's lack of scientific training and knowledge led him to frequent inclusion of material that was incorrect, folkloric or mythical, such as the barnacle tree that bore geese (see illustration). Nevertheless, the work, including over 1,000 plants in 167 chapters remained popular, providing in English information about the names, habits and uses ("vertues") of many plants known and rare. It was seen as the best and most exhaustive work of its kind and a standard reference for some time.

Publication controversy
Modern authorities disagree on how much of Gerard's Herball was original. Garret made a chance visit to the Norton publishing shop, where he discovered the proofs of the Herball and alerted the Nortons both to errors he discovered in the proofs and the incorporation of some of L'Obel's material. This is recounted by L'Obel in his Stirpium illustrationes (1655), which accuses Gerard of plagiarism. Although the Norton firm was not concerned about plagiarism, it feared errors in a book that was supposed to be an expert reference guide. It hired L'Obel as an internationally recognised expert on plants, who as Gerard's friend had unwittingly contributed to his book, to proof the translations, fix the mismatched illustrations and right the textual wrongs. When Gerard discovered L'Obel's thankless efforts, he had him dismissed. Although Gerard was an experienced collector and plantsman, he lacked L'Obel's scholarship, as is clear in his dedication to Burghley, where he presents himself as a gardener. Gerard dismissed L'Obel's criticisms as being due to unfamiliarity with English idioms.

Norton decided to proceed with publication despite these difficulties. He decided against using Dodoens' original illustrations since this would have revealed the actual source of the material, but instead rented woodblocks from Nicolaus Bassaeus in Frankfurt, about 1,800 in all, only 16 being original. However, Gerard was then faced with the difficulty of matching them to the text and frequently mislabelled them.

Selected publications

 * (2nd edition 1599)
 * (Internet Archive version: also here at Botanicus and here at Biodiversity Heritage Library)
 * Index p. 1392
 * Index p. 1633
 * Index p. 1678
 * Index p. 1678
 * Index p. 1678

Legacy
After Gerard's death in 1612, an enlarged, revised and corrected edition of the Herball appeared in 1633 and as a third edition in 1636. These were edited by Thomas Johnson, a London apothecary and botanist, commissioned by the heirs to the estate of John Gerard. Johnson's edition contained many corrections and new empirical observations. He added over 800 new species and 700 figures. Through anecdotal comments, Johnson carefully distanced himself from the original. For example, he wrote of the entry on the saffron crocus, "Our author in this chapter was of many minds." The plant drawings in the 1633 and 1636 editions used hundreds of woodblocks originally made for an edition of Rembert Dodoens's original herbal, the basis of Gerard's work. These were shipped from Antwerp to London. Johnson's revisions are the best-known versions, which most later authors refer to, sometimes called Gerard emaculatus ("Gerard freed from blemishes"). Long ascribed this term to John Ray, but it is thought to have been used earlier by John Goodyer and others.

Gerard may be seen as one of the founders of botany in the English language, despite being ill-educated was more interested as a herbalist and barber-surgeon in the medicinal properties of plants than in botanical theory. His botanical shortcomings were ascribed by critics in his own time, including John Ray, who commented that despite the fact that the book was the standard botany text in the 17th century, it was by an ignorant man whose lack of foreign languages meant he could not have translated the work. Because it was a practical and useful book, packed with helpful drawings of plants, and because Gerard had a fluid and lively writing manner, his Herball was popular with ordinary literate people in 17th-century England. Although scholars at the time recognised that it was a pirated work with many limitations, there is evidence of the book remaining in practical use as a medicinal herbal even in the early 19th century. Agnes Arber notes how a man born in 1842 recounts that in his childhood there was still a woman who used the Herball for treating the ailments of her neighbours.

Despite some shortcomings in Gerard's effort, Linnaeus honoured him in the name of the plant species Gerardia. Gerard's Herball references many of the poisonous plants mentioned in Shakespeare's plays. Additional value has been placed on the Herball by students of literature. For example, the herb which produces the deathlike sleep of Juliet or Cymbeline may refer to nightshade, Mandragora or Doronicum, all listed and described in the Herball. The writer Mark Griffiths has claimed that the drawing of a man on the title page of the Herball depicts Shakespeare, but other scholars dispute this.

The art of describing the natural world by direct observation divides Renaissance natural historians from their medieval predecessors, who were largely uncritical adherents of ancient texts. The earliest printed works in Renaissance natural history fell into two categories: 1. newly recovered, translated and corrected editions of ancient texts, and 2. herbals based on empirical knowledge of early botanists. Although Francis Bacon advocated inductive thinking based on observation or description (empiricism) as the way to understand and report on the natural world, the early Renaissance printed herbals were slightly modified adaptations of works by their medieval predecessors. These somewhat unscientific early scientists generally contented themselves with listing plants and occasionally other things like animals and minerals and noting their medical uses.

John Gerard worked within the early wave of Renaissance natural historians, who sought to systematise natural history while retaining the works of the ancients. The basis for Gerard's Herball and those of Dodoens and other herbalists was De Materia Medica of Dioscorides, an early Greek writer whose work was seen a definitive text, coupled with works by Gerard's contemporaries, the German botanists Leonard Fuchs, after whom Fuchsia is named, and L'Obel after whom Lobelia is named. Both Fuchs and L'Obel were early botanists who worked empirically with plants. They were well educated, as were other members of the "Lime Street community" in the City of London. Gerard and L'Obel were friends who made occasional field trips together.

The South African native botanical plant genus of Gerardiina was named after Gerard in 1897.

Books and articles

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Encyclopaedias

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title: John Gerard


text:
Barry Vercoe

Barry Lloyd Vercoe (born 1937) is a New Zealand-born computer scientist and composer. He is best known as the inventor of Csound, a music synthesis language with wide usage among computer music composers. SAOL, the underlying language for the MPEG-4 Structured Audio standard, is also historically derived from Csound.

Born in Wellington, Vercoe received undergraduate degrees in music (1959) and mathematics (1962) from the University of Auckland before emigrating to the United States. While employed as an assistant professor at the Oberlin Conservatory of Music (1965-1967) and as the Contemporary Music Project's Seattle/Tacoma composer-in-residence (1967-1968), he earned his A.Mus.D. in composition from the University of Michigan (where he studied with Ross Lee Finney) in 1968. Prior to taking these positions, Vercoe supported his doctoral studies by working as a staff statistician at Michigan; it was in this capacity that first acquired an aptitude for computer programming by learning MAD. In 1965, he married fellow composer and Michigan graduate student Elizabeth Vercoe; they had two children before divorcing in the early 1990s. He married Kathryn Veda Vaughn in 1993. During a summer respite from his doctoral studies and a subsequent two-year postdoctoral fellowship at Princeton University under Godfrey Winham, his research in digital audio processing paved the way for the subsequent evolution of digital musical composition. From 1970 to 1971, he served as a visiting lecturer at the Yale School of Music.

In 1971, Vercoe became an assistant professor of humanities at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. As one of the epoch's few specialists in digital synthesis, he has speculated that he was indirectly recruited by president Jerome Wiesner through colleagues John Harbison and David Epstein because Wiesner harbored musical inclinations (having previously collaborated with Alan Lomax) and sought to establish an electronic music laboratory as an inevitable extension of the institution's mandate. After a two-year period in which Vercoe designed a real-time digital synthesizer, Wiesner and Edward Fredkin personally procured a PDP-11 for the fledgling research program from Digital Equipment Corporation in the summer of 1973, enabling him to abandon his previous methodology in favor of a streamlined, software-based approach. Shortly thereafter, the Experimental Music Studio was formed in laboratory space vacated by Amar Bose. Following promotion to associate professor in 1974, he joined the Lab for Computer Science as an associate member in 1977. He became a founding member of the MIT Media Lab upon promotion to full professor in 1984 and continues to this day as professor emeritus of music and media arts. For many years, he directed research in machine listening and digital audio synthesis as head of the Lab's Music, Mind, and Machine group and served as associate academic head of its graduate program in media arts and sciences from 2000 until his retirement in 2010. His notable students include Susan Frykberg, Miller Puckette and Paris Smaragdis.

He served as a consultant for the Boston Composers Project bibliography of Boston-area composers and compositions, first edition published in 1983.

As of 2015, he resides in Tauranga, New Zealand, where he co-founded and directs One Education, an offshoot of the One Laptop per Child initiative. He is also an accomplished jazz musician.

title: Barry Vercoe


text:
Mousa

Mousa (Mosey "moss island") is a small island in Shetland, Scotland, uninhabited since the nineteenth century. The island is known for the Broch of Mousa, an Iron Age round tower, and is designated as a Special Protection Area for storm-petrel breeding colonies.

Geography
Mousa lies a mile off the east coast of Mainland Shetland in the parish of Dunrossness about 15 mi south of Lerwick. Almost divided in two by inlets, East and West Hams, the island is 1.5 mi long and almost 1 mi in maximum width. Geologically beds of hard sandstone alternate with muddy limestones that weather to produce fertile soil. A quarry provided flagstones for Lerwick.

Mousa's fertile soil supports a rich diversity of plants, including sheep's-bit and creeping willow in the herb-rich grassland, despite the wind, salt spray and grazing by sheep.

The Norse tended to consider an island to be something that they could circumnavigate, and this included being able to drag a boat over land. Thus Mousa was considered two islands, namely North Isle and South Isle.

Mousa lies directly on the 60th parallel, 60 degrees north of the equator, 30 degrees south of the north pole.

History

Mousa Broch is the best preserved Iron Age fortification in the British Isles. The 2000-year-old round tower stands above a rocky shoreline, one of a pair of brochs guarding Mousa Sound. They may be part of a chain of brochs in this part of Shetland, visible from each other as beacons. The other of the "pair", at Burland on the Mainland is far less well preserved. Many brochs were the focus of a settlement, but there has never been a full archaeological investigation to confirm this at Mousa. It was cleared out in 1860 and 1919. Mousa has survived intact to such a height and is thought to never have been much higher than it is today. It escaped stone gathering for nearby stone walls and croft houses (now ruined).

Mousa is mentioned in the Orkneyinga Saga as being used as a place of defence during invasions, as well as a lovers' hideout.

The entrance passage into Mousa is long, reflecting the enormous thickness of its walls. At its base the broch is 15m in diameter, but the interior is only 6m in diameter. Within the huge thickness of the base of the walls are a range of chambers probably used for storage, while at higher levels passages run between the inner and outer skins of the wall. On the inside a steep flight of steps leads to the top of the wall. Halfway up is a landing which probably gave access to an upper level of the interior of the broch, built on a ledge running around the circumference of the interior.

In July 1558, two Scottish ships from Aberdeen, the Meikle Swallow and Little Swallow, attacked an English fleet off Shetland. The Scottish sailors took cattle and other goods belonging to Olave Sinclair on Mousa. Sinclair claimed compensation in the Edinburgh courts.

Conservation

Mousa is known for grey and common seals, black guillemots, Arctic terns and storm-petrels.

Mousa holds c. 6,800 breeding pairs of European storm-petrels in total. This represents about 8% of the British population and 2.6% of the world population. The island is designated as both a Special Protection Area (SAC) and a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) by NatureScot, and is run as a reserve by the RSPB.

The seas surrounding the island are host a population of sandeel that provides a food source for many species fish, seabirds, seals, whales and dolphins: the area is considered to have the most reliable population of sandeels of all the seas surrounding Shetland. These seas are therefore also protected, forming both a Special Area of Conservation (SAC) and a Nature Conservation Marine Protected Area (NCMPA).

Storm petrels may also be found at the reserve of Haaf Gruney.

Transport
The island is readily accessed using the passenger-only ferry which operates from the Shetland Mainland at Leebitton, Sandwick in summer time.

title: Mousa


text:
Wolverton (disambiguation)

Wolverton is part of Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire, England.

Wolverton may also refer to:

Places

 * In Australia
 * Wolverton, West End, a heritage-listed house in Townsville, Queensland, Australia
 * In England
 * Wolverton, Kent
 * Wolverton, Hampshire
 * Wolverton Common, Hampshire
 * Wolverton, Shropshire
 * Wolverton, Warwickshire
 * Wolverton, Wiltshire

 * In the United States:
 * Wolverton, Minnesota
 * Wolverton Township, Wilkin County, Minnesota

Other uses

 * Wolverton (surname)
 * Baron Wolverton

title: Wolverton (disambiguation)


text:
Klin, Klinsky District, Moscow Oblast

Klin (Клин, lit. a wedge) is a town and the administrative center of Klinsky District in Moscow Oblast, Russia, located 85 km northwest of Moscow. Population:   94,000 (1985 est.).

History
It has been known since 1317. In 1482, it was incorporated into the Grand Duchy of Moscow with the rest of the Principality of Tver. Town status was granted in 1781.

Klin was taken by the Germans briefly during the Battle of Moscow in 1941. The German occupation lasted from November 23 to December 15, 1941. A short time later, on December 19, the British Foreign Secretary Anthony Eden and the Soviet ambassador to the United Kingdom Ivan Maysky visited the town with more than twenty correspondents during Eden's first diplomatic mission to Moscow.

Administrative and municipal status
Within the framework of administrative divisions, Klin serves as the administrative center of Klinsky District. As an administrative division, it is, together with sixty-one rural localities, incorporated within Klinsky District as the Town of Klin. As a municipal division, the Town of Klin is incorporated within Klinsky Municipal District as Klin Urban Settlement.

Architecture and culture

The town is best known as the residence of Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, whose house, the Tchaikovsky House-Museum, is open to visitors as a museum. It was here that the composer wrote his last major work, the 6th symphony, or the "Pathetique".

Among several churches, the most noteworthy are the 16th-century church of the Dormition cloister and the baroque Resurrection cathedral (1712).

Economy
There is a large beer factory, which produces Klinskoye beer.

Transportation
The M10 highway connecting Moscow to St. Petersburg and the Moscow-Saint Petersburg Railway run through the town.

Military
It was home to the Klin air base during the Cold War.

Sports
Local association football team Khimik plays in the Moscow Oblast league. Titan Klin play in the VHL, the second level of Russian ice hockey.

Notable people

 * Sergei Tyablikov, theoretical physicist
 * Yevgeny Minayev, Soviet Olympic weightlifter
 * Yevgeny Leonov, film director who grew up in Klin
 * Vera Mukhina, sculptor; one of the streets in the town is named after her

Twin towns – sister cities
Klin is twinned with:

 * 🇫🇮 Lappeenranta, Finland (1975)
 * 🇫🇷 Orly, France (1980)
 * 🇨🇳 Meishan, China (1998)
 * 🇧🇾 Krychaw, Belarus (2002)
 * 🇧🇾 Byerazino, Belarus (2005)

title: Klin, Klinsky District, Moscow Oblast


text:
Yakovlev Yak-42

The Yakovlev Yak-42 (Яковлев Як-42; NATO reporting name: "Clobber") is a 100/120-seat three-engined mid-range passenger jet developed in the mid 1970s to replace the technically obsolete Tupolev Tu-134. It was the first airliner produced in the Soviet Union to be powered by modern high-bypass turbofan engines.

Development

In 1972, the Yakovlev design bureau started work on a short- to medium-range airliner capable of carrying 100–120 passengers. It was intended to be a replacement for the Tupolev Tu-134 jet as well as the Ilyushin Il-18, Antonov An-24 and An-26 turboprop airliners. While the new airliner was required to operate out of relatively small airfields while maintaining good economy, as many Soviet airports had been upgraded to accommodate more advanced aircraft, it did not have to have the same ability to operate from grass strips as Yakovlev's smaller Yak-40. The requirement resulted in the largest, heaviest and most powerful aircraft designed by Yakovlev, until the even larger MC-21 took flight in 2017.

Initial design proposals included a straight-wing airliner powered by two Soloviev D-30 turbofans and resembling an enlarged Yak-40, but this was rejected as it was considered uncompetitive compared to Western airliners powered by high bypass ratio turbofans. Yakovlev settled on a design powered by three of the new Lotarev D-36 three-shaft high-bypass turbofans, which were to provide 63.90 kN (14,330 lbf) of thrust. Unlike the Yak-40, the new airliner would have swept wings.

The first of three prototypes, which was fitted with an 11-degree wing and registered SSSR-1974, made its maiden flight on 7 March 1975. It was followed by the second prototype, (SSSR-1975) with the 23-degree wing and a cabin with 20 rows of windows instead of 17 in the first prototype, and a third prototype (SSSR-1976) fitted with improved de-icing gear.

Design

The Yak-42 is a low-winged monoplane of all-metal construction, with a design lifespan of 30,000 one-hour flights. It has a pressurised fuselage of circular section, with the cabin designed to carry 120 passengers in six-abreast layout (or 100 passengers for local services with greater space allocated to carry-on luggage and coat stowage). The aircraft is flown by a flight crew of two pilots sitting side by side in a flight deck forward of the cabin. Access is via two airstairs, one in the underside of the rear fuselage, like that of the Yak-40, and one forward of the cabin on the port side. Two holds are located under the cabin, carrying baggage, cargo and mail.

All of the prototypes had main landing gear with two wheels each, with the first serial production aircraft, four main wheels were introduced. The wing layout underwent considerable revision during the design process, with the first prototype being built with a wing sweep of 11 degrees and the second prototype with a sweep of 23 degrees. After evaluation, the greater sweep of the second prototype was chosen for production. Early aircraft had a clean wing leading edge with no control surfaces, and plain trailing edge flaps. This changed in later aircraft, which were fitted with leading edge slats, with the trailing edge flaps slotted.

Two engines were mounted in pods on either side of the rear fuselage, with the third embedded inside the rear fuselage, fed with air via an "S-duct" air inlet. An auxiliary power unit (APU) is also fitted in the rear fuselage. No thrust reversers are fitted. The aircraft has a T-tail, with both the vertical fin and the horizontal surfaces swept.

Operational history
The first production aircraft was completed on 28 April 1978, with the first scheduled passenger flight, on the Aeroflot Moscow-Krasnodar route taking place on 22 December 1980. Production was at first slow, with only 10 flown by mid-1981. Initial aircraft were fitted for 120 seats in a three-plus-three arrangement. This was soon changed to a first class section with two-plus-two seating, and a main cabin with 96 seats, giving a total of 104 seats.

In its first year of operation Aeroflot's Yak-42s carried about 200,000 passengers, mainly on routes from Moscow, but also on international services from Leningrad to Helsinki and from Donetsk to Prague, with the type being planned to enter wider service throughout the Aeroflot fleet. On 28 June 1982, however, the tailplane detached from an Aeroflot Yak-42 in flight owing to a failure of the actuator screw jack, causing the aircraft to fatally crash near Mazyr. The type was grounded as a result, not returning to service until October 1984.

An export order for seven aircraft was announced in 1982 by Aviogenex of Yugoslavia, but the contract lapsed. The availability of the longer-range Yak-42D variant from 1991 onwards gave rise to a few more export sales, to Bosnia, China, Cuba, and Iran. As of 1 January 1995 a total of 185 Yak-42 had been produced, including 105 Yak-42Ds.

Variants

Original production version. Max. takeoff weight 54,000 kg (119,050 lb). Version with modified avionics for use on international use (mezhdunarodnyye linii – international services). Entered service in July 1981 on the Leningrad-Helsinki route. Long-range version (Dal'niy – long range) increased fuel. Replaced standard Yak-42 in production. Derivative of Yak-42D with updated, western AlliedSignal avionics, spoilers to allow faster descent and enlarged cabin door to accommodate jet bridge. Also designated Yak-42A, Yak-42-100 and Yak-42D-100. Yak-42 used as testbed for radar for Yakovlev Yak-141 fighter. Conversion of a Yak-42 for geophysical survey and environmental monitoring. Fitted with large underwing pods containing electro-optical sensors. Conversion as testbed for Progress D-236 propfan engine. Single D-236 (rated at 8,090 kW (10,850shp)) mounted in place of starboard engine, on special pylon to give sufficient clearance for 4.2 m (13 ft 9¾ in) propellers. First flew 15 March 1991. A projected but unbuilt stretched airliner. Planned to be powered by three Progress D-436 turbofans, a stretched fuselage and new wings. Design developed into Yak-242. Further developed Yak-42M, with two underwing Aviadvigatel PS-90 turbofans. Design evolved into Irkut MC-21.
 * Yak-42:
 * Yak-42ML:
 * Yak-42D:
 * Yak-142:
 * Yak-42R:
 * Yak-42F:
 * Yak-42LL:
 * Yak-42M:
 * Yak-242:

Operators
As of July 2019, 22 Yak-42s remained in commercial airline service. Operators are Izhavia (8), KrasAvia (10) and Turukhan Airlines (4).

Accidents and incidents
As of 15 February 2018, eight fatal accidents and one non-fatal incident have occurred on the Yak-42 with a total of 570 casualties.

 * 28 June 1982
 * Aeroflot Flight 8641, a Yak-42 (CCCP-42529) lost control, entered a dive, broke up in mid-air and crashed near Verbovichi, Naroulia District, Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic following a failure of the horizontal stabilizer jackscrew due to fatigue caused by design flaws, killing all 132 on board. All Yak-42s were grounded until the defect was rectified in October 1984. The accident remains the deadliest involving the Yak-42 as well as the deadliest in Belarus to date.

 * September 1986
 * An Aeroflot Yak-42 (CCCP-42536) was being used for security forces training when a thunderflash ignited the interior. The aircraft burned out, but there were no casualties.

 * 14 September 1990
 * Aeroflot Flight 8175, a Yak-42 (CCCP-42351), struck trees and crashed short of the runway at Koltsovo Airport, Sverdlovsk, Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic after the pilot intentionally deviated from the approach pattern, killing four of 129 on board.

 * 31 July 1992
 * China General Aviation Flight 7552, a Yak-42D (B-2755), overran the runway on takeoff from Nanjing Dajiaochang Airport, China after failing to lift off, killing 107 (or 108) of 126 on board. The horizontal stabilizer had been trimmed in the landing position.

 * 20 November 1993
 * Avioimpex Flight 110, a Yak-42D (RA-42390) leased from Saravia, struck the side of Mount Trojani (near Ohrid, North Macedonia) due to pilot error, killing all 116 on board. Macedonian investigators blamed the accident on an inoperable VOR beacon and pilot error, while Russia claimed a misunderstanding from ATC because the controller spoke Macedonian while the crew used Russian and English in their transmissions. The accident remains the deadliest in North Macedonia.

 * 17 December 1997
 * Aerosvit Flight 241, a Yak-42 (UR-42334) leased from Lviv Airlines, struck the side of Mount Pente Pigadia in the Pierian Mountains of Greece due to pilot error and confusion in the cockpit, killing all 70 on board.

 * 25 December 1999
 * Cubana de Aviación Flight 310, a Yak-42D (CU-T1285), struck San Luis hill while on approach to Bejuma, Cuba after the pilot radioed that he was descending 8000 ft to 4000 ft as part of the approach following a 40 minute hold, killing all 22 on board.

 * 26 May 2003
 * UM Airlines Flight 4230, a Yak-42D (UR-42352) struck a mountain near Maçka, Trabzon, Turkey in poor visibility due to pilot error, killing all 75 on board. The aircraft was flying 62 Spanish soldiers, members of the ISAF mission operating in Afghanistan, back to Spain.

 * 7 September 2011
 * Lokomotiv Yaroslavl plane crash, a YAK-Service Yak-42D (RA-42434), stalled and crashed shortly after takeoff from Tunoshna Airport, Yaroslavl, Russia due to pilot error; of the 45 on board, only the mechanic survived; 29 members of the KHL hockey team Lokomotiv Yaroslavl were among the dead.

title: Yakovlev Yak-42


text:
Watermead

Watermead may refer to the following places in England:
 * Watermead, Buckinghamshire
 * Watermead, Gloucestershire, a location
 * Watermead Country Park, Leicestershire

title: Watermead


text:
Talk:List of Aromanians

Untitled
I don't want to start another edit war regarding Mother Teresa, but it appears that there is a scholarly debate concerning her ethnicity. I thought it best to note that in order to avoid having this page go into an NPOV disputed or accuracy disputed status. 209.149.235.254 16:55, 22 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * In the ordeal of demolishing everything Albanian, now they stopped at Mother Teresa. According to an Albanian writer called Aurel Plasari (he is Vlach I think, and well known in Albania), he had a discussion with the leader of the Vlach community in Skopje, who told him that the place where Bojaxhi family was living was called "Vlacha Mahalla". This is the basis of the claim.
 * There are a lot of responses to that. I don't want to list all either, but the main factor that these claims are not considering is that Kole Bojaxhi (not Nicola, but Kole) was an Albanian Catholic originally from Prizren area, they were merchants and moved later to Skopje. They were not really from Skopje, even less from "Vlacha Mahalla". If I move to Brooklyn, it doesn't mean that I am of Jewish origin. There are so many other facts: Bojaxhi kin in Prizren, Gonxhes photos in traditional Prizren costume, Bojaxhis as teachers in Janjevo, Albanian National Awakening funds records where Kole contributed, Albanian Catholic Cathedral in Skopje where Kole contributed and shows up in the opening ceremony photos, monographs based on Gonxhe's brother Lazer memories, baptism records in the Catholic church, Marubi photo-archives, etc, etc.
 * Without mentioning what she said for herself.
 * With all the respect for Vlach peole, you got this wrong. Vlachs have so many prominent figures in Albanian history which are not listed here i.e Asdreni, Mihal Grameno, Babe Dude Karbunara, Fatos Nano, Edvin Rama, etj. For some it is difficult to find references, for some they might be found.Mondiad (talk) 03:59, 27 December 2013 (UTC)

 * Bellu family, emigrating from martyrized Moscopole, offered several Wallachian statemen and one Romanian Prime Minister (conservative);

I can't find any reference on this. There's no "Bellu" in the List of Prime Ministers of Romania. Bogdan | Talk 14:53, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Neofitos Doukas was not an Aromanian and not a greek politician. He was from the greek village of Ano Soudena ( now Ano Pedina) and a philologist and scholar of anchient greek.

Michael Dukakis, the famous American politician and US presidential candidate has a family tree which goes into Northen Greece, from a Aromanian family. The grand parents of Mr. Dukakis where Aromanian-speaking "Greeks". I think it's wothy to put Mr. Dukakis into your List of Aromanian Personalities ! Thanks.

I wish to add this beautiful Vlach song: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xrzWbsbc-GI Gospe (talk) 04:35, 23 January 2008 (UTC)

 * I guess you could add it to the external links section of Aromanian language or Toše Proeski.  Balkan Fever  04:56, 23 January 2008 (UTC)

On what basis?
On what basis has this list been made? There are no references at all. Some are obviously incorrect. Needs serious clean-up. To start with I will add some citation needed tags.--Mycomp (talk) 05:07, 16 April 2010 (UTC)

External links modified
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Halep
Review of reference to her being Aromanian does not confirm that she is; simply that her family lived in an Aromanian region of Romania. Added reference.Mwinog2777 (talk) 18:49, 15 July 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of Aromanians


text:
Ilam, Staffordshire

Ilam is a village in the Staffordshire Peak District of England, lying on the River Manifold. The population of the civil parish as taken at the 2011 census was 402.

Ilam village
Ilam is best known as the location of the neo-Gothic Ilam Hall, a stately home built in the 1820s, partly demolished in the 1930s. It is now a YHA youth hostel owned by the National Trust. It is set in large parklands that are open to visitors and is a Grade II* listed property, as "Ilam Hall and Gardeners Cottage".

Many of the cottages are in a style that reminds visitors of a picturesque Swiss village, with chalet-style houses and matching school house. This concept was started in the 1800s by Jesse Watts-Russell, who inherited a fortune on the death of his father, a wealthy soap manufacturer. He built the current Ilam Hall and his family resided there for decades.

Ilam is about 4 miles from Ashbourne at the entrance to the scenic Manifold Valley. Ilam lies close to the popular Dovedale valley.

While most of the buildings in the village are from the past two centuries, Ilam dates from Anglo-Saxon times or earlier.

Recently the village has attracted praise for its commitment to eco- friendly policies. Ilam became the first community in the United Kingdom to phase out incandescent light bulbs, cutting annual carbon emissions by 4 tonnes. The initiative was part of the Ilam Climate Change Project, supported by the Marches Energy Agency.

Geography
Ilam is situated in the Manifold Valley near the southern end where it joins the River Dove. The Dove forms the county boundary between Staffordshire and Derbyshire. Upstream from Ilam is the famous Dovedale walk to Milldale. At the Ilam end, the walk crosses the Dove on a famous line of stepping stones. A wide and picturesque curve of the Manifold provides an ideal setting for Ilam Hall. The Peak District Boundary Walk runs through the village along the same route as the Manifold Trail footpath.

River Manifold
The River Manifold flows underground from Wetton Mill, and rises again at Ilam in the grounds of the hall. The flooded underground section contains a population of a colourless cave-dwelling variant of the European bullhead fish. At some times of the year, the river bed is completely dry apart from the occasional pool. The River Hamps is a tributary of the Manifold which also flows underground leaving a dry river bed. At Ilam Hall, the Manifold rises a few yards downstream from a local spring. During certain weather conditions, when muddy water flows upstream of Wetton Mill, there is a clear difference between the clear water from the spring, and the muddy water rising just downstream.

Ilam Hall

A hall has been here since John Port had the first one built in 1546. Both William Congreve and Samuel Johnson stayed at the hall when it was owned by the Port family. Congreve wrote his first play, The Old Bachelor here and Paradise valley inspired Johnson to write his novel Rasselas.

In 1820 the estate was bought by Jesse Watts-Russell, a wealthy industrialist. It was Watts-Russell who was responsible for the Swiss look of Ilam; he found that the valley and surrounding hills reminded him of the Alps, and consequently had some new cottages built in the Swiss style and rehoused most of the villagers (who were living in estate-owned houses anyway). He also built the school in 1857 and funded it, at a time when schooling was not compulsory.

His son, John Watts-Russell, moved to New Zealand in 1850 and built another Ilam Hall. The farm/homestead that he created later grew and became the Ilam area of Christchurch. The site of the homestead was one of the main social centres of early Christchurch society. The present homestead was built in 1914 after a fire destroyed the first two buildings.

The Conservative politician Robert William Hanbury (1845–1903), lived and was buried here.

In 1934 Sir Robert McDougal bought the hall and gave it to the National Trust to become a youth hostel and it is still run as such today. The grounds are open to the public, and are a starting point for one of the prettiest river walks in the area.

Church of the Holy Cross
Originally Anglo-Saxon, the church is now mainly 17th and 19th century following restoration in those two centuries.

Some of its origins can be seen in its carved stone Anglo-Saxon font, and in two stone cross shafts in the churchyard. Arthur Mee records that the church was restored in the 19th century by Sir Gilbert Scott, with three chapels, but "still has the 13th century base of its tower, and a wall of the same age. Its most ancient jewel is the wonderful font, so old that it is Saxon or Norman, the round bowl carved with humans and dragons." This font is thought depict a scene from the legend of Saint Beorhthelm of Stafford.

It is in the Chapel of St Bertram, built in 1618 by the Meverell, Port and Hurt families, that the remains and shrine of the St Bertram (or Bertelin) can be found. St Bertram was an 8th-century son of a Mercian king who renounced his royal heritage for prayer and meditation after his wife and child were killed by wolves. He is said to have converted many to Christianity, and his shrine became a point of pilgrimage in the Middle Ages, it being reputed to be able to work miraculous cures. The chapel contains the Meverell Monument of two reclining figures, above is a memorial for their daughter.

In the David Pike Watts Memorial Chapel, built in 1831, is a large sculpture by Sir Francis Chantrey. The Memorial Window to Josephine Dora Granville is by Ward and Hughes (1884), depicting the presentation of Jesus in the Temple.

Wingfield Cromwell, 2nd Earl of Ardglass (1624 – 1668) is buried here.

Dovedale House
The former vicarage, Dovedale House, is now run as a residential Youth centre. Owned by the Church of England, it is under the management of the Diocese of Lichfield. It is a large old house near the entrance of Ilam Hall. It was opened as a residential centre in 1967.

School
The village primary school serves quite a wide area because schools as far afield as Alstonfield have closed. (Children travel to secondary schools at Ashbourne, Warslow or Leek.)

Village cross
A conspicuous landmark is the Grade II* listed Mary Watts-Russell Memorial Cross; Mary was the wife of Jesse Watts-Russell. Standing as a roundabout at the road junction where a lane branches off towards Blore, this is an ornate gothic-style obelisk of local limestone in the style of an Eleanor Cross. Standing on a three-step plinth, it has two tiers of statues surmounted by a spire with a cross at the top. In style, it bears some resemblance to the decorated facade of Lichfield Cathedral.

A restoration was completed in 2011.

Manifold Valley Agricultural Show
The Manifold Valley Agricultural Show has for a number of years been held within the parish. This show has usually been held on the second Saturday of August. The wide range of categories and activities provides a valuable social focus for this largely agricultural area. The venue is farmland owned by and above Casterne Hall just under a mile north of the village, on the plateau about halfway towards Stanshope. The road continues towards Wetton and Alstonefield.

Additional photos
Given the condition of Ilam Cross before restoration, the following details of the faces are included for archive purposes.

title: Ilam, Staffordshire


text:
Freising

Freising is a university town in Bavaria, Germany, and the capital of the Freising Landkreis (district), with a population of about 50,000.

Location
Freising is the oldest town between Regensburg and Bolzano, and is located on the Isar river in Upper Bavaria, north of Munich and near the Munich International Airport. The city is built on and around two prominent hills: the Cathedral Hill with the former Bishop's Residence and Freising Cathedral, and Weihenstephan Hill with the former Weihenstephan Abbey, containing the oldest working brewery in the world. It was also the location of the first recorded tornado in Europe. The city is 448 meters above sea level.

Cultural significance
Freising is one of the oldest settlements in Bavaria, becoming a major religious centre in the early Middle Ages. It is the centre of an important diocese. Some important historical documents were created between 900 and 1200 in its monastery:
 * Freising manuscripts written in Slovenian, being the first Roman-script continuous text in a Slavic language
 * Chronicle or history of the two cities by Otto of Freising

The above and other scripts from that time can be found in the "Bayerische Staatsbibliothek" (Bavarian State Library) in Munich.

History
Even though archaeological finds show that the area was settled in the late Stone Age and Bronze Age, no proof has been found yet to suggest a continuous settlement until the 8th century AD.

Around 700 AD the Frankish Agilolfing dukes built a simple palace on the highest hill in Freising as part of its Duchy of Bavaria.

In 724 AD, the Frankish Saint Corbinian was sent to the Duchy of Bavaria by the Catholic Church to spread Christianity. On the highest hill in Freising, where there was already a simple sanctuary, Corbinian erected a Benedictine monastery and a school, to help preach the Gospel to the local people.

According to his Vita by Bishop Arbeo, Corbinian was on his way to Rome when his packhorse was attacked and killed by a wild bear. By divine power, Corbinian ordered the bear to carry his luggage over the Alps. When he finally arrived in Rome he let the bear free. The saddled bear is still the symbol of the city, displayed in the coat of arms, as well as statues and paintings. After Corbinian's death, Saint Boniface established Freising as a Catholic diocese. Between 764–783, Bishop Arbeo founded a library and a scriptorium (writing room) at the abbey. The settlement started to become a religious centre.

The earliest recorded tornado in Europe struck Freising in 788.

The mortal remains of Pope Alexander I are said to have been transferred to Freising in 834. In 996, Freising received city rights from Emperor Otto III.

As early as the 10th century, in order to collect additional revenue, monks were sent from Freising down the Isar River to build a toll bridge on the Salt Road between Salzburg and Augsburg. This village would be later known as München (or Munich, which means 'of the monks'). By 1158, Duke Henry the Lion destroyed the bridge and customs building and built new ones closer to his home further downriver, (near the center of modern downtown Munich), so that he could collect the revenue instead.

The construction of the Freising Cathedral in its current romanesque style started in 1159 and was completed in 1205. The Romanesque wooden ceiling was replaced by a gothic vault in 1481–1483.

Freising went through difficult times during the Thirty Years' War. In 1632, the Swedish King Gustavus Adolphus came through Freising on his way to Munich. He demanded 30,000 guilders as the sum to protect the city from destruction. Nevertheless, his army sacked the city. Hunger and plague raged when the Swedes invaded the city again in 1646. In 1674, the Church placed a statue of the Virgin Mary in the city square as a sign that war and plague had been overcome.

A wave of witch hunts and trials broke out from 1715–1717 in Freising, and again in 1721–1723. Most of the accused were child beggars. Several children were executed.

In 1802/1803 Bavaria fell under the influence of Napoleonic France in which church controlled lands were secularized. In Freising, the more than thousand-year-old bishopric was abolished. The Roman Catholic Church lost most of its properties and authority over the city. Though the seat of the diocese was moved to Munich in 1821, including the elevation to an archdiocese, Freising has remained the seat of diocesan administration until today.

In 1858 the Bavarian Eastern Railway Company built the first railway line from Munich to Freising, Landshut and Regensburg for passenger and rail traffic.

Near the end of the Second World War, Allied aircraft bombed Freising on April 18, 1945. By April 30, units of the US Army arrived in Freising.

In 1998, Mamdouh Mahmud Salim, also known as Abu Hajir al-Iraqi, a key figure in the founding of al-Qaeda and a trusted associate of Osama Bin Laden, was apprehended in Freising.

In 2006, Pope Benedict XVI visited Freising during a papal visit. He was formerly archbishop of Munich/Freising from 1977 to 1982.

Schools
There are several elementary schools in the city of Freising. The St. Korbinian elementary school is located in the city center, the Neustift elementary school in Neustift, the St. Lantbert elementary school in Lerchenfeld and the Paul-Gerhardt elementary school in the north of the city. Another elementary school is the Vötting Elementary School, to which the schoolhouse in Pulling also belongs.

Secondary schools include the three secondary schools Neustift, Paul-Gerhard and Lerchenfeld. The first two are located at the sites of the elementary schools of the same names. The Karl-Meichelbeck-Realschule is located in the immediate vicinity of the Paul-Gerhard-Schule. At Guten Änger in Lerchenfeld, the new Montessori school building was opened in 2015 and a second Realschule in 2018. The Wippenhauser Straße is home to the Wirtschaftsschule and the Fachoberschule/Berufsoberschule. The oldest of Freising's three high schools is the Dom-Gymnasium on the Domberg. The Camerloher-Gymnasium is one of the few artistic grammar schools. The Josef-Hofmiller-Gymnasium, which emerged from the Dom-Gymnasium, is Freising's largest grammar school.

The Freising Vocational School and the Vocational School for Child Care are located in the same building. The latter is a full-time school that trains pediatric nurses in two years. The vocational school for nursing is affiliated with the Freising Clinic. The Weihenstephan State Vocational School for Floral Art offers advanced training to become a state-certified designer for floral art.

Universities
The Freising-Weihenstephan campus is an extensive complex of higher education institutions and research institutes in the western urban area of Freising, in the Weihenstephan and Vötting districts. It has been developed into the so-called "Green Center of Bavaria" for decades and continues to be modernized and designed as a "science and research campus". It includes not only the "Center of Life Sciences", the Weihenstephan Science Center for Nutrition, Land Use and Environment of the Technical University of Munich, but also the most important part of the Weihenstephan-Triesdorf University of Applied Sciences.

The Freising Clinic is an academic teaching hospital of the Technical University of Munich. It is located north of the old town.

Research and education centers
Several research centers have been established in the vicinity of the two universities, i.e. mostly located on campus. The TUM Weihenstephan Research Center for Brewing and Food Quality, the TUM Central Institute for Nutrition and Food Research and the TUM Hans Eisenmann Center for Agricultural Sciences belong to the Technical University of Munich. The Bavarian State Institute of Agriculture and the Bavarian State Institute of Forestry and Forestry are authorities of the Free State of Bavaria.

Other non-university institutions include the German Research Institute for Food Chemistry, the Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging, DEULA Bavaria and the IZB Freising-Weihenstephan start-up center for green biotechnology.

In addition to the natural sciences and technology, there are facilities in the area of religious education. The Institut für Theologische und Pastorale Fortbildung Freising is dedicated to the continuing education of pastoral counselors. The Kardinal-Döpfner-Haus educational center is also located in the former residence on the Domberg. Further offers are provided by the Katholisches Kreisbildungswerk and the Pallotti-Haus, a Christian educational house and therapy center.

Libraries
The oldest library in Freising is the Freising Cathedral Library, located on the Domberg. This was founded by Bishop Arbeo and is the central library of the Archdiocese of Munich and Freising and one of the largest church libraries in Germany. The city library was founded in 1959. The central library of the Weihenstephan-Triesdorf University of Applied Sciences is located in the Hofgarten in Weihenstephan. Also in Weihenstephan is a branch library of the University Library of the Technical University of Munich.

City archive
The Stadtarchiv Freising is a scientific institution of the city of Freising. It holds documents from the 14th century to the present day. It has existed as an institution since 1909. It is a public institution, open to all citizens and offers a reference library with about 4500 volumes in a reading room.

Since 2003, the Freising Municipal Archives have been temporarily located in the "Haus der Vereine" (House of Associations), a barracks building of the Jägerkaserne (Vimy Barracks from 1938), which was built in 1906 and has since been abandoned. It will remain in this listed building until a new building is realized in Fischergasse, east of the former prison.

Twin towns – sister cities

Freising is twinned with:

 * 🇫🇷 Arpajon, France (1991)
 * 🇮🇹 Innichen, Italy (1969)
 * 🇦🇹 Maria Wörth, Austria (1978)
 * 🇦🇹 Obervellach, Austria (1963)
 * 🇸🇮 Škofja Loka, Slovenia (2004)
 * 🇦🇹 Waidhofen an der Ybbs, Austria (1986)

Notable people

 * Otto of Freising (1112–1158), bishop
 * Mair von Landshut, late 15th-century artist, was a citizen and probably born in Freising
 * Georg Eder (1523–1587), jurist and historian
 * Martin Ruland the Elder (1532–1602), physician and alchemist
 * Johann Stadlmayr (1575–1648), court music director and composer
 * Benignus von Safferling (1824–1899), Bavarian General and Minister of War
 * Ludwig Prandtl (1875–1953), physicist
 * Ernst Kraus (1889–1970), a German geologist
 * Karl Maria Demelhuber (1896–1988), SS-Obergruppenführer and General of the Waffen-SS
 * Anton Schlüter (died 1999), tractor manufacturer
 * Jost Raba (1900–2000), violinist
 * Karl Gustav Fellerer (1902–1984), a German musicologist
 * Albrecht Obermaier (1912–2004), German naval officer, last deputy naval officer of the Bundesmarine
 * Pope Benedict XVI (1927–2022), Pope from 2005–2013
 * Karl Huber (1928–2009), German painter and sculptor
 * Heinrich Reinhardt (priest) (born 1947), Roman Catholic priest and professor of philosophy
 * Peter Neumair (born 1950), wrestler
 * Joseph Weiß (diplomat) (born 1959), German diplomat
 * Hans Pflügler (born 1960), footballer, former clubs: Bayern Munich - World champion 1990
 * Alexander Kutschera (born 1968), footballer
 * Stefan Diez (born 1971), German industrial designer
 * Ferdinand Bader (born 1981), ski jumper
 * Brigitte Wagner (born 1983), wrestler
 * Maximilian Haas (born 1985), footballer
 * Maximilian Wittek (born 1995), footballer
 * Veit Arnpeck (c. 1440), Bavarian chronicler
 * Benignus von Safferling (1824–1899), General of the Bavarian Army and War Minister
 * Oskar von Niedermayer (1885–1948), officer and adventurer

Points of interest

 * Freising Cathedral
 * St. Georg Church
 * Sichtungsgarten Weihenstephan, a notable horticultural garden
 * Freising Town Hall
 * Marienplatz

Sports
Freising has 4 sport clubs: SE Freising, SV Vötting-Weihenstephan, SC Freising, and SG Eichenfeld.

title: Freising


text:
User talk:Spoton

Hi welcome to Wikipedia.

Thank you for fixing the name of the Department of Home Affairs of the Swiss Federal Council. You may want to do the same for Department_of_Defence;_Military_Department and the others, but you'd need to make sure the chosen name is consistent with the one used at a given time in history. BTW the current name "Federal_Department_of_Defence,_Civil_Protection_and_Sports redirects to Military of Switzerland. -- User:Docu

title: User talk:Spoton


text:
Gromov–Hausdorff convergence

In mathematics, Gromov–Hausdorff convergence, named after Mikhail Gromov and Felix Hausdorff, is a notion for convergence of metric spaces which is a generalization of Hausdorff convergence.

Gromov–Hausdorff distance
The Gromov–Hausdorff distance was introduced by David Edwards in 1975, and it was later rediscovered and generalized by Mikhail Gromov in 1981. This distance measures how far two compact metric spaces are from being isometric. If X and Y are two compact metric spaces, then dGH (X, Y) is defined to be the infimum of all numbers dH(f(X), g(Y)) for all (compact) metric spaces M and all isometric embeddings f : X → M and g : Y → M. Here dH denotes Hausdorff distance between subsets in M and the isometric embedding is understood in the global sense, i.e. it must preserve all distances, not only infinitesimally small ones; for example no compact Riemannian manifold admits such an embedding into Euclidean space of the same dimension.

The Gromov–Hausdorff distance turns the set of all isometry classes of compact metric spaces into a metric space, called Gromov–Hausdorff space, and it therefore defines a notion of convergence for sequences of compact metric spaces, called Gromov–Hausdorff convergence. A metric space to which such a sequence converges is called the Gromov–Hausdorff limit of the sequence.

Some properties of Gromov–Hausdorff space
The Gromov–Hausdorff space is path-connected, complete, and separable. It is also geodesic, i.e., any two of its points are the endpoints of a minimizing geodesic. In the global sense, the Gromov–Hausdorff space is totally heterogeneous, i.e., its isometry group is trivial, but locally there are many nontrivial isometries.

Pointed Gromov–Hausdorff convergence
The pointed Gromov–Hausdorff convergence is an analog of Gromov–Hausdorff convergence appropriate for non-compact spaces. A pointed metric space is a pair (X,p) consisting of a metric space X and point p in X. A sequence (Xn, pn) of pointed metric spaces converges to a pointed metric space (Y, p) if, for each R > 0, the sequence of closed R-balls around pn in Xn converges to the closed R-ball around p in Y in the usual Gromov–Hausdorff sense.

Applications
The notion of Gromov–Hausdorff convergence was used by Gromov to prove that any discrete group with polynomial growth is virtually nilpotent (i.e. it contains a nilpotent subgroup of finite index). See Gromov's theorem on groups of polynomial growth. (Also see D. Edwards for an earlier work.) The key ingredient in the proof was the observation that for the Cayley graph of a group with polynomial growth a sequence of rescalings converges in the pointed Gromov–Hausdorff sense.

Another simple and very useful result in Riemannian geometry is Gromov's compactness theorem, which states that the set of Riemannian manifolds with Ricci curvature ≥ c and diameter ≤ D is relatively compact in the Gromov–Hausdorff metric. The limit spaces are metric spaces. Additional properties on the length spaces have been proven by Cheeger and Colding.

The Gromov–Hausdorff distance metric has been applied in the field of computer graphics and computational geometry to find correspondences between different shapes. It also has been applied in the problem of motion planning in robotics.

The Gromov–Hausdorff distance has been used by Sormani to prove the stability of the Friedmann model in Cosmology. This model of cosmology is not stable with respect to smooth variations of the metric.

In a special case, the concept of Gromov–Hausdorff limits is closely related to large-deviations theory.

The Gromov–Hausdorff distance metric has been used in neuroscience to compare brain networks.

title: Gromov–Hausdorff convergence