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Guanaco

The guanaco (Lama guanicoe) is a camelid native to South America, closely related to the llama. Guanacos are one of two wild South American camelids; the other species is the vicuña, which lives at higher elevations.

Etymology
The guanaco gets its name from the Quechua word huanaco (modern spelling wanaku ). Young guanacos are called chulengos or "guanaquitos".

Characteristics
Guanacos stand between 1.0 and 1.3 m at the shoulder, body length of 2.1 to 2.2 m, and weigh 90 to 140 kg. Their color varies very little (unlike the domestic llama), ranging from a light brown to dark cinnamon and shading to white underneath. Guanacos have grey faces and small, straight ears. The lifespan of a guanaco can be as long as 28 years.

Guanacos are one of the largest terrestrial mammals native to South America today. Other terrestrial mammalian megafauna weighing as much or more than the guanaco include the tapirs, the marsh deer, the white-tailed deer, the spectacled bear, and the jaguar.

Guanacos have thick skin on their necks, a trait also found in their domestic counterparts, the llama, and their relatives, the wild vicuña and domesticated alpaca. This protects their necks from predator attacks. Bolivians use the neck skin of these animals to make shoes, flattening and pounding the skin to be used for the soles. In Chile, hunting is allowed only in Tierra del Fuego, where the only population not classified as endangered in the country resides. Between 2007 and 2012, 13,200 guanacos were legally hunted in Tierra del Fuego.

Diet
Like all camels, Guanacos are herbivores, grazing on grasses, shrubs, herbs, lichens, fungi, cacti, and flowers. The food is swallowed with little chewing and first enters the forestomach to be digested finally after rumination. This process is similar to that of ruminants, to which camels are not zoologically related. The camels' digestive system is likely to have developed independently of ruminants, which is evidenced by the fact that the forestomachs are equipped with glands.

Blood
Guanacos are often found at altitudes up to 4,000 m above sea level, except in Patagonia, where the southerly latitude means ice covers the vegetation at these altitudes. Their blood is rich in red blood cells, enabling them to survive in the low oxygen levels found at these high altitudes. A teaspoon of guanaco blood contains about 68 million red blood cells, four times that of a human.

Guanaco fiber
Guanaco fiber is particularly prized for its soft, warm feel and is found in luxury fabric. In South America, the guanaco's soft wool is valued second only to that of vicuña wool. The pelts, particularly from the calves, are sometimes used as a substitute for red fox pelts, because the texture is difficult to differentiate. Like their domestic descendant, the llama, the guanaco is double-coated with coarse guard hairs and a soft undercoat, the hairs of which are about 16–18 μm in diameter and comparable to cashmere.

Subspecies

 * Lama guanicoe guanicoe
 * Lama guanicoe cacsilensis
 * Lama guanicoe voglii
 * Lama guanicoe huanacus

Population and distribution
Guanacos inhabit the steppes, scrublands and mountainous regions of South America. They are found in the altiplano of Peru, Bolivia and Chile, and in Patagonia, with a small population in Paraguay. In Argentina they are more numerous in Patagonian regions, as well as in places such as Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego. In these areas, they have more robust populations, since grazing competition from livestock is limited. Guanaco respond to forage availability, occupying zones with low to intermediate food availability in the breeding season and those with the highest availability in the non-breeding season.

Estimates, as of 2016, place their numbers around 1.5 to 2 million animals: 1,225,000–1,890,000 in Argentina, 270,000–299,000 in Chile, 3,000 in Peru, 150–200 in Bolivia and 20–100 in Paraguay. This is only 3–7% of the guanaco population before the arrival of the Spanish conquistadors in South America. A small population introduced by John Hamilton exists on Staats Island in the Falkland Islands (Malvinas), with a population of around 400 as of 2003. In Torres del Paine National Park, the numbers of guanacos increased from 175 in 1975 to 3,000 in 1993.

Guanacos live in herds composed of females, their young, and a dominant male. Bachelor males form separate herds. While reproductive groups tend to remain small, often containing no more than 10 adults, bachelor herds may contain as many as 50 males. They can run at 56 km/h per hour, often over steep and rocky terrain. They are also excellent swimmers. A guanaco's typical lifespan is 20 to 25 years.

In Bolivia, the habitat of Guanacos is found to be threatened by woody plant encroachment.

Atacama Desert
Some guanacos live in the Atacama Desert, where in some areas it has not rained for over 50 years. A mountainous coastline running parallel to the desert enables them to survive in what are called "fog oases" or lomas. Where the cool water touches the hotter land, the air above the desert is cooled, creating a fog and thus water vapor. Winds carry the fog across the desert, where cacti catch the water droplets and lichens that cling to the cacti soak it in like a sponge. Guanacos then eat the cactus flowers and the lichens.

Ecology
The guanaco is a diurnal animal. It lives in small herds consisting of one male and several females with their young. When the male detects danger, he warns the group by bleating. The guanaco can run up to 64 km/h. This speed is important for the survival of guanacos because they cannot easily hide in the open grasslands of the Altiplano.

Natural predators of the guanaco include pumas and the culpeo or Andean fox. Fox predation was unknown until 2007 when predators began to be observed in the Karukinka Reserve in Tierra del Fuego. Scientists attribute this the unfavourable climatic conditions on the island, which are causing food to become scarce, weakening the animals. The absence of pumas on Tierra del Fuego is also believed to be a factor that allows the fox to occupy their ecological niche. Finally, it is believed that this behaviour is not new, as the fox is nocturnal, which makes any predation challenging to observe. Faced with the threat of the fox, guanacos resort to cooperative strategies to protect their young with a shield formation, a circle around the vulnerable. If they are successful, they chase the fox away, which would be impossible with a puma.

When threatened, the guanaco alerts the rest of the herd with a high-pitched bleating sound, which sounds similar to a short, sharp laugh. The male usually runs behind the herd to defend them. Though typically mild-mannered, guanacos often spit when threatened, and can do so up to a distance of six feet.

Mating season
Mating season occurs between November and February, during which males often fight violently to establish dominance and breeding rights. Eleven-and-a-half months later, a single chulengo is born. Chulengos are able to walk immediately after birth. Male chulengos are chased off from the herd by the dominant male at around one year old.

Conservation
While not considered an endangered species in southern Argentina and Chile, dead guanacos are a common site throughout this region where they are entangled on fences. Studies have found that annual yearling mortality on fences (5.53%) was higher than adult mortality (0.84%) and was more frequent in ovine (93 cm high) than bovine (113 cm) fences. Most guanacos died entangled by their legs in the highest wire when trying to jump over the fence.

Captivity and domestication
Around 300 guanacos are in U.S. zoos, and around 200 are registered in private herds. Guanacos have long been thought to be the parent species of the domesticated llama, which was confirmed via molecular phylogenetic analysis in 2001, although the analysis also found that domestic llamas had experienced considerable cross-hybridization with alpacas, which are descended from the wild vicuña.

The guanaco was independently domesticated by the Mapuche of Mocha Island in southern Chile, producing the chilihueque, which was bred for its wool and to pull the plough. This animal disappeared in the 17th century when it was replaced by Old World sheep and draft animals.

title: Guanaco


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User:Jae

My name is (yes, I do have one of those) Jürgen Erhard. I´m jae because I wasn´t so sure MediaWiki groks umlauts in user names. Well, and because I always have jae as a login where available. Goes back to the good old days of the VIC-20 and the C64, and 3-letter entries in highscore lists ;-).

I´m living near the city of Karlsruhe, in Germany.

Contact me? Forget it via any IM service, I still have the accounts I had listed here, but I don't run an IM client right now. Instead, drop me a note on the discussion page.

My personal /Sandbox is back there.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Jae


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Alsancak

Alsancak is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Konak, İzmir Province, Turkey. Its population is 5,581 (2022). It is part of the historic center of the city of İzmir.

Overview
As a notional zone, Alsancak extends from along the tip of the southern shores of the Gulf of İzmir, starting near İzmir's historic square that carries the same name as the district (Konak Square) with the 19th century-built Pasaport Quay marking the point, and extending along a 3200-meter-long seaside street and promenade called "Kordon" (esplanade, or more specifically as Birinci Kordon, Birinci Kordon) and to join the neighboring metropolitan district of Bornova, located eastwards and at the very end of the Gulf's waters.

Within this larger notional zone of Alsancak, aside from the officially instituted and delimited quarter (mahalle) of Alsancak proper, the five neighbouring quarters of Umurbey, Kültür, Mimar Sinan, İsmet Kaptan and Akdeniz are found along the shore, and the whole is generally referred to as being part of the same complex.

In Ottoman times, the area was named "La Punta" (an Italian word meaning "the cape"; the name cited as La Pointe in French sources or in sources that borrow from them) and was the part of the city where the upper middle class was concentrated.

Physical aspects
Two large streets parallel to the coastline, named the First Kordon and the Second Kordon (Birinci Kordon and İkinci Kordon), constitute the main arterial roads of the quarter. A level area situated in an alluvial plain, with well-designed streets, modern apartment blocks and stores, the city's trendiest and the most expensive and exclusive residences and commercial space are found here, as well as the busiest office buildings, including consulates.

Two major hotels in partnership with international brand names of the industry, Swissôtel and Hilton, are located towards the Konak end of the area, just behind the Square of the Republic (Cumhuriyet Meydanı) distinguishable by the wide space with which it marks a point along the length of the esplanade and an equestrian statue of Atatürk, to whose honor a museum in the premises of a former mansion is also present towards the eastern end of Alsancak.

The Atatürk Museum building, which is a survivor of the transformation in recent decades of coastline residences from terraced double-storey houses to apartment blocks, also offers visitors a chance to have a glimpse of how the lives of the wealthy in 19th century İzmir was like.

Many restaurants, bars, cafes, discothèques and other entertainment venues are concentrated in Alsancak, increasingly within the intact rows of older and more traditional one- or two-storied buildings found in the inner smaller streets and are often restored specifically for the purpose of the intended commercial activity. Kültürpark, the distinct location of the İzmir International Fair, is also englobed by the area of the quarter of Alsancak in both administrative and practical terms.

The newest and most attended synagogue of İzmir, "Shar Hashamayim" is also in Alsancak where increasing numbers of the city's remaining Jews opt to live, moving in from their traditional neighborhood of Karataş.

The Port of İzmir, İzmir Alsancak Stadium and Alsancak Railway Station are also located in Alsancak.

Alsancak Railway Station and Quay
The Alsancak Railway Station (Turkish: Alsancak Tren Garı) is the oldest railway station in Turkey, built by the "Oriental Railway Company" (ORC) incorporated in 1856, to build a railway line from İzmir to Aydın. The main building of the station was completed in 1858 and the line to Aydin was opened in 1866. In 2001 the station was expanded from 4 tracks and 2 platforms, to 10 tracks and 6 platforms. In 2006 the station was closed to passenger traffic due to the İzmir Metro expansion project. The station keeps on handling freight traffic and is connected to the harbor which has an entry just across the street.

One of the quays of İzmir's urban ferry services is also located in Alsancak, called under the same name, as Alsancak Quay Alsancak İskelesi. Ferries here crisscross between Konak and Pasaport further to the west and the busy residential and shopping area of Karşıyaka at the opposite coast.

title: Alsancak


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Champlain College

Champlain College is a private college in Burlington, Vermont. Founded in 1878, Champlain offers on-campus undergraduate and online undergraduate courses through Champlain College Online, along with online certificate and degree programs and master's degree programs, in over 80 subject areas. Champlain enrolls 3,060 undergraduate students on its Burlington campus from 40 states and 18 countries.

History
Champlain was founded in 1878 as Burlington Business School, opened by G.W. Thompson, to prepare young men for “the business cares and responsibilities of life.” In 1884, when E. George Evans acquired the school, it became coeducational and changed its name to Queen City Business College. In 1905, it moved to Bank Street, and in 1910 it moved again to Main Street. A. Gordon Tittemore acquired the college in 1920, and renamed it Burlington Business College. In 1958, the College took on its current name and moved to its present location in the Hill Section of Burlington. That year, it offered associate degree programs and enrolled about 60 students.

Champlain College opened its first dormitories, Jensen and Sanders Halls, in 1965. It started new programs in social services in the 1970s, opened the Willett Foster Hall, home to the Engineering Technology Division, in 1982, and added the Hauke Family Campus Center in 1989. Champlain offered its first bachelor's degree programs in Business and Accounting in 1990; three years later it began its first online education programs. In 2002, Champlain launched its first master's degree program in Managing Innovation & Information Technology. The College's library, the Robert E. and Holly D. Miller Information Commons, opened in 1998 and in 2004 the school dedicated the S.D. Ireland Family Center for Global Business & Technology, home to the Stiller School of Business. The following year, the IDX Student Life Center opened. Also in 2005, David F. Finney was inaugurated as the Champlain's seventh president, and the College added a Master of Business Administration as its second master's degree.

In 2006, President David F. Finney launched several initiatives, including the Emergent Media Center; the Champlain College Center for Digital Investigation, now called the Senator Patrick Leahy Center for Digital Investigations; and the Conference and Event Center. Champlain also introduced two scholarship programs: the New American Student Scholarship, for students with refugee or asylum status, and the Vermont First Scholarship for first-generation college students from Vermont, and the College launched its BYOBiz program, which promotes student entrepreneurship.

In 2007, the College opened a study-abroad campus in Montreal, Canada, followed by second study-abroad campus in Dublin, Ireland in 2008. Later that year, Champlain established the Core Division, followed by the Life Experience & Action Dimension (LEAD) program in 2009.

In 2010, Champlain began offering an MFA in Emergent Media and a BS in Environmental Policy, and introduced the Center for Financial Literacy and the Champlain College Publishing Initiative. That same year, Roger H. Perry Hall was renovated. Perry Hall received LEED Platinum certification in 2012, and houses the Advising and Registration Center, Admissions, Financial Aid, Public Relations, and serves as a general purpose Student Welcome Center. In October 2012, Champlain College received the largest gift in its history, a gift of $10 million from the Stiller Family Foundation that established the Stiller School of Business and funded the Perry Hall Welcome and Admission Center, as well as to begin work on the Center for Communications & Creative Media, which opened in the fall of 2015. In fall of 2013, Champlain was featured in an article in The Atlantic, "What Would an Ideal College Look Like? A Lot Like This," as part of the magazine's “American Futures” series, which looked at American cities that are home to innovations and entrepreneurship.

President David F. Finney retired in June 2014, and Donald J. Laackman, president of Harold Washington College, became Champlain's eighth president in July 2014.

Main Campus
Champlain's campus consists of 42 buildings on about 2.5 city blocks in the residential Hill Section of Burlington, Vermont. Most of the student residence halls are renovated Victorian-era houses. Champlain College also offers contemporary housing. In 2014, Champlain opened a new on-campus residence, Valcour Hall. In November 2018, the institution's first apartment-style residence hall, 194. St Paul St, opened. The hall is 0.5 miles away from the main campus and currently houses 314 upperclassmen. About 750 students reside on campus while others occupy off-campus college housing. There are 27 residence halls.

The IDX Student Life Center houses the dining hall, gym, fitness center, lounge and game room. All Champlain students have access to campus computer labs, 3D animation and game production labs, multimedia classrooms and editing suites, a digital photography lab and darkroom, the Metz Studio Barn, the Emergent Media Center and the Senator Leahy Center for Digital Investigation. In 2014, Champlain opened its Makers’ Lab and opened the Communication & Creative Media building in 2015.

Academic buildings include the Hauke Family Campus Center, the S.D. Ireland Family Center for Global Business & Technology, and the Miller Information Commons. Facilities available include 3D animation and game production labs, multimedia classrooms and editing suites, and a photo lab and darkroom.

Lakeside Campus
Located 1.5 miles southwest of the Main Campus is Miller Center and the residential student parking lot. Miller Center contains the Emergent Media Center, a collaborative work studio that acts as a student work space while also accepting commission work from the public. Miller Center also includes the Makerspace, where students access equipment such as 3D printers/scanners, laser and vinyl cutters, and power tools.

International campuses
Champlain College has campuses in Dublin, Ireland and Montréal, Canada, in addition to partnerships with institutions around the world. Students are encouraged to study abroad.

Champlain College's Montréal campus opened its doors in 2007 with classroom space located at Rue Sherbooke Est. Students live in the Université du Québec à Montréal's (UQAM's) residence hall with local and international students. Champlain students in all programs are eligible to spend a semester in Montréal.

Champlain's Dublin campus has been in use since 2008. The Academic Center is located at 43 Leeson Street Lower, near Dublin's Georgian Office District, and comprises four classrooms, a computer lab, and a lounge. Experiential courses teach students about Ireland's economy, music, cultural heritage, and history.

Upside Down Curriculum
Champlain College's "Upside Down Curriculum" allows students to take courses related to their major starting in the first semester.

Ranking
The U.S. News & World Report's annual university rankings ranked Champlain College tied for 91st in Regional Universities in the North and tied 10th in the most innovative schools.

Forbes' Lists College Ranking for Champlain College:

 * #215 America's Best Small Employers 2023
 * #560 Top Colleges 2021
 * #297 in Private Colleges
 * #198 in Colleges in the Northeast

Undergraduate education
Champlain has 29 undergraduate degrees on campus, 15 associate and bachelor's degrees and 25 undergraduate certificates online. It also has 24 graduate degrees that can be pursued either on campus or online.

Starting with the class of 2011, general education was taught in the form of an interdisciplinary core curriculum. Each course brings together three or four discrete disciplines with the use of various literature and open-ended discussion topics. First-year courses focus on the self, second-year on the community, and third year on global topics. Through courses such as Rhetoric, Concepts of the Self, and Concepts of Community, students gain a background in the liberal arts and sciences. One part of the curriculum is the mandatory "Global Module," a guided discussion forum between Champlain students and students from other countries.

In the fall of 2008, incoming students began to participate in an out-of-the-classroom life skills program. This life skills program, called the Life Experience and Action Dimension or LEAD, is part of Champlain's Education in 3-D initiative. LEAD aims to build knowledge in four areas: understanding personality styles, building inclusive community, lifelong career management, and financial sophistication.

Champlain College Online
Champlain College Online was established in 1992 as a part of Champlain College. The college has over 60 online degree programs, including associate, undergraduate, and graduate degrees, as well as certificate programs, encompassing four areas of study: Business, Cybersecurity, Healthcare, and Information Technology. The programs and degrees delivered online have the same curriculum and accreditation as the traditional residential on-campus programs.

Student life
In addition to student-run clubs, the college also hosts intramural sports.

The Center for Service and Sustainability is a community service and civic engagement based club that participates in a number of activities such as Tent City (a fundraiser to raise homeless awareness and money for COTS (Committee on Temporary Shelter), and the DREAM program (a mentoring program for underprivileged children).

There is a Student Government Association.

Publications
Willard and Maple is an international literary magazine published by Champlain College, with the editorial board made up of faculty and students.

Student demographics
Champlain College enrolls 2,100 undergraduate students from 40 states and 18 countries. 64% of students are male and 36% female. The college has a 12:1 student/faculty ratio, and the average class size at Champlain is 14, with a maximum class size of 30.

Notable alumni

 * Jeremy Bishop (attended 1999-2001), basketball player at Champlain and Quinnipiac Colleges
 * Clem Bissonnette (A.A., 1965), member of the Vermont House of Representatives
 * Steven Crowder (attended), conservative political commentator
 * Rusty DeWees (A.A., 1984), entertainer
 * Maxyne Finkelstein (M.S., 2015), non-profit organization executive
 * Volodymyr Heninson (graduated, 2001), president of soccer's Ukrainian Premier League
 * James McNeil (A.S. 1978), member of the Vermont House of Representatives and Vermont Senate
 * Jaime Peterson (attended 1991–1993), professional basketball player
 * Laura Sibilia (attended), member of the Vermont House of Representatives
 * Donald H. Turner (A.S. 1984), member of the Vermont House of Representatives

title: Champlain College


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Talk:Walter Lippmann

"Responsible men" vs "ignorant and meddlesome outsiders"
Noam Chomsky has repeatedly quoted Walter Lippmann on making the distinction between an "intelligent minority" of "Responsible men" and the rest of us, who are "ignorant and meddlesome outsiders," but Google can't find me a source other than Chomsky himself.

Is there an academic out there, with access to more traditional sources, who could cite the actual passage this comes from and add it to the article? 184.57.129.13 (talk) 20:53, 5 December 2014 (UTC)
 * Hi. I'm no academic but I found the source of a quote from Lippmann in Scatamburlo-D'Annibale, Valerie, et al. "Farewell to the ‘bewildered herd’: Paulo Freire’s revolutionary dialogical communication in the age of corporate globalization." Journal for Critical Education Policy Studies 4.2 (2006): 30. There's a free PDF in Google Scholar. The authors cite Lippmann's book The Phantom Public from 1925. All good except you can read the book free in Google Books, and I don't find this precise quote. Only a sentence here and there.

"The public must be put in its place, so that it may exercise its own powers, but no less and perhaps even more, so that each of us may live free of the trampling and roar of a bewildered herd. Only the insider can make decisions, not because he is inherently a better man but because he is so placed that he can understand and can act. The outsider is necessarily ignorant, usually irrelevant, and often meddlesome." Hope this helps. -SusanLesch (talk) 23:50, 2 January 2023 (UTC)

bourgeois progressive
Lippman, the phantom public, chapter xiv society in its place

'the public must be put in its place,s o that it may exercise its own powers, but no less and perhaps even more, so that each of us may live free of the trampling and the roar of a bewildered herd;

https://books.google.ca/books?id=fnk-a3IX5ZgC&pg=PA145&lpg=PA145&dq=chapter+xiv+lippman+society+in+its+place&source=bl&ots=acCncowATb&sig=d77Vb0fzq9_LPkUUd4IkBFwDG7A&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj-wanHyJ7NAhVI12MKHQ7yAVoQ6AEIIjAB#v=onepage&q=chapter%20xiv%20lippman%20society%20in%20its%20place&f=false

title: Talk:Walter Lippmann


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Filey

Filey is a seaside town and civil parish in North Yorkshire, England. It is located between Scarborough and Bridlington on Filey Bay. Although it was a fishing village, it has a large beach and became a popular tourist resort. According to the 2011 UK census, Filey parish had a population of 6,981, in comparison to the 2001 UK census population figure of 6,819, and a population of 6,870 in 1991.

Filey was historically mainly within the East Riding of Yorkshire, although until 1888 a small part of the town, including its parish church, was in the North Riding of Yorkshire. In 1974 the town was transferred to the new county of North Yorkshire.

Geography
Filey is at the eastern end of the Cleveland Way, a long-distance footpath; it starts at Helmsley and skirts the North York Moors. It was the second National Trail to be opened (1969). The town is at the northern end of the Yorkshire Wolds Way National Trail which starts at Hessle and crosses the Yorkshire Wolds. Filey is the finishing point for Great Yorkshire Bike Ride. The 70 mi ride begins at Wetherby Racecourse. Filey has a railway station on the Yorkshire Coast Line. A second station at Filey Holiday Camp railway station to the south of the town served the former Butlins holiday camp. The camp has since been re-developed into a 600-home holiday housing development, The Bay Filey. It is one of the largest coastal developments of this kind in the UK and the first homes were completed in 2007.

In July 2007 Filey was hit by flash floods which caused major problems.

History
In 1857 the foundations of a 4th-century Roman signal station were discovered at the Carr Naze cliff edge at the northern end of Filey Bay. The structure is 50 m long with a square tower 14 m wide, a defensive ditch and ramparts from a later era. Excavations at the time of the find and subsequently in the 1920s and 1990s uncovered Roman pottery and hoards of coins. The site is a protected Scheduled Monument. The find of Roman remains supports the case for Filey being the Roman settlement of Portus Felix.

The 12th century parish church dedicated to St Oswald, on Church Hill in the north of the town, is a Grade I listed building. It is the oldest building in Filey and Nicholas Pevsner wrote "This is easily the finest church in the NE corner of the East Riding" (Buildings of England). St Oswald's has nearly 1,500 pieces of well-preserved medieval graffiti on the roof of the tower, ranging from initials up to complicated images of fully rigged sailing vessels, including one known as a Whitby Cat. The graffiti covers around 400 years of Filey's history, and maps out identifiable people, their occupations, changes in literacy and coastal shipping, the start of tourism in the area, and even a possible record of 17th century plague. The graffiti was recorded and analysed by Historic England in 2016.

Filey was a small village until the 18th century when visitors from Scarborough arrived seeking the peace and quiet that Filey then offered. In 1835 a Birmingham solicitor called John Wilkes Unett bought 7 acre of land and built the Crescent, later known as the Royal Crescent, which was opened in the 1850s. On several occasions in the mid-19th century, the novelist Charlotte Brontë visited Filey with the aim of recovering her faltering health. In June 1852 she wrote to her father: "The Sea is very grand. Yesterday it was a somewhat unusually high tide - and I stood about an hour on the cliffs yesterday afternoon - watching the tumbling in of great tawny turbid waves - that make the whole shore white with foam and filled the air with a sound hollower and deeper than thunder. Fishing at Filey has been a tradition for centuries, with most of those undertaking it coming from a long line of fishermen and women in their families. The fishing boats at Filey are cobles, like most of the others along the Yorkshire and North East coasts, and the catch is mostly sea trout. Limitations have been placed upon how and where they use their nets, which also trap salmon; some fear this may lead to the end of the fishing industry in Filey. In 1804, a lifeboat was procured for the town and it became a Royal National Lifeboat Institution asset in 1852. Filey Lifeboat Station is still in existence and has an inshore and an all-weather boat on station. The all-weather lifeboat was replaced in early 2021 with an Atlantic 85 vessel.

English composer Frederick Delius stayed as a boy on the Crescent with his family at Miss Hurd's boarding house (number 24) in 1876 and 1877, and then at Mrs Colley's (number 24) in 1897.

In 1931 the spire of a church was damaged by the Dogger Bank earthquake. For more than 40 years Butlin's Filey Holiday Camp was a major factor in Filey's economy. Building began in 1939 and continued during the Second World War when it became an air force station known as RAF Hunmanby Moor. In 1945 it became a popular holiday resort and a new LNER branch line with station was constructed to serve the camp despite the topographical challenges involved. It opened on 10 May 1947 with a performance by the London International Orchestra conducted by Anatole Fistoulari with a performance by acclaimed pianist Solomon. British boxer Bruce Woodcock was convalescing at the Butlin's camp around the same time following his punishing defeat at the hands of Joe Baksi a month earlier. By the late 1950s it could cater for 10,000 holiday makers but closed in 1984, causing a decrease in the holiday makers visiting Filey.

Filey was historically split between the East Riding of Yorkshire and the North Riding of Yorkshire. The boundary ran along Filey Beck, north of the town centre, so that most of the town was in the East Riding. When County Councils were formed by the Local Government Act 1888, the whole of Filey was placed in the East Riding.

Filey also boasts the Grade II listed Langford Villa on The Crescent (c. 1830) which was often chosen by the famous chocolatier Sir Joseph Terry as his place to "summer"; it is situated next door but one to The White Lodge Hotel.

In 2018, the town was featured in the Tour de Yorkshire for the first time.

Governance
At the lowest level of governance is Filey Town Council, electing a total of thirteen councillors. These councillors are responsible for burial grounds, allotments, play areas and some street lighting. Elections to the town council are held every four years and the most recent elections were held in May 2019. The Mayor of Filey is elected annually by the members of the town council.

At district level, the town was part of the Scarborough Borough Council area. The town was represented by three councillors on the Borough Council. On the North Yorkshire County Council the town elected one representative. Both councils were abolished in 2023 and replaced with a unitary authority, North Yorkshire Council.

Parliamentary representation
Filey was in the Ryedale constituency until the 2010 general election when it became part of the newly formed Thirsk and Malton constituency. Proposed boundary changes to the constituencies, would see Filey be moved from Thirsk and Malton into the Scarborough and Whitby constituency.

Development
Coast & Country Housing Limited plan to build 300 houses in Filey. Scarborough council has approved plans for the £45 million housing project off Muston Road by Coast & Country. Independent councillor Sam Cross, who represents Filey on the borough council, said: "The infrastructure of the town can't cope with it." Coast and Country replied to the concerns by stating that the houses are being built to meet a pent-up latent demand for affordable housing and other housing within the town.

Local media
Local news and television programmes are provided by BBC Yorkshire and ITV Yorkshire. Television signals are received from the Oliver's Mount and via a local relay transmitter at Hunmanby. BBC North East and Cumbria and ITV Tyne Tees can also be received from the Bilsdale TV transmitter.

Filey’s local radio stations are BBC Radio York on 95.5 FM, Greatest Hits Radio Yorkshire Coast on 96.2 FM, Coast & County Radio on 97.4 FM and This is The Coast that broadcasts online and on DAB.

Local newspapers are Filey Bay Today and The Scarborough News.

Notable people

 * Leo Blair, the father of Tony Blair, former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom was born in Filey.
 * Edmund Crawford, footballer, Liverpool & Clapton Orient
 * Andy Crawford, footballer, Derby County & Blackburn Rovers
 * Honor Fell (1900–1986), zoologist, was born at Fowthorpe, near Filey.

title: Filey


text:
Head of the Charles Regatta

The Head of the Charles Regatta, also known as HOCR, is a rowing head race held on the penultimate complete weekend of October (i.e., on the Friday that falls between the 16th and the 22nd of the month, and on the Saturday and Sunday immediately afterwards) each year on the Charles River, which separates Boston and Cambridge, Massachusetts United States. It is the largest 3-day regatta in the world, with 11,000 athletes rowing in over 1,900 boats in 61 events. According to the Greater Boston Convention & Visitors Bureau, the three-day event brings 225,000 people to the Greater Boston area and $72 million to the local economy.

The last races of the Regatta are generally the most prestigious: Championship 4s, and Championship 8s (both men and women). Championship sculling events (1x/single and 2x/double) race on Saturday afternoon. The Championship events usually include U.S. National Team athletes, as well as national team athletes from other top rowing nations.

The competitive field includes individual and team competitors from colleges, high schools, and clubs from nearly all American states and various countries. The 2006 field included rowers from China, South Africa, Croatia, Ireland, and the Netherlands. The age of athletes spans from 14 to 85 years old with experience levels from novice to Olympic. In 2007, approximately 10% of the field was international.

"Regattas such as the Head of the Charles in Boston and the Head of the Schuylkill in Philadelphia are to the rowing world what the New York City Marathon and the Boston Marathon are to running."

- Susan Saint Sing

Course
The course is three miles (4,800 meters) long and stretches from the start at Boston University's DeWolfe Boathouse near the Charles River Basin to the finish just after the Eliot Bridge and before Northeastern University's Henderson Boathouse. The course is renowned for being challenging for crews to navigate without incident or penalty. The course contains six bridges, which appear in this order from the start:

The Weeks and Eliot Bridges fall at sharp turns in the course, and collisions occur here more than any other part of the course.

Racing regulations
Crews start the race at 15-second intervals. The starting order is based on the crew's finishing time in the previous year, with the top finisher from the prior year leaving first, the second finisher leaving second, and so on. Crews that did not compete in the prior year are seeded after all prior year entrants in a random order, although race organizers have some discretion in the seeding process. Having presumably faster crews start ahead of presumably slower crews reduces the amount of passing boats must make during the race, reducing the potential for boating accidents. However, passing almost always occurs, and penalties are imposed on crews that do not follow passing regulations, such as failing to yield to a boat that closes to within one boat length of open water.

First year
The Head of the Charles Regatta was first organized in 1965 by Cambridge Boat Club members D'Arcy MacMahon, Howard McIntyre, and Jack Vincent. The members of the boat club thought that a fall regatta would be an entertaining way to break up the monotony of the training season for colleges and boat clubs in the area. D'Arcy MacMahon had been the captain of the University of Pennsylvania's lightweight varsity three seasons earlier. They initially had little hope the regatta would be a success, it was the wrong time of year and it wasn't expected to draw any spectators.

Harvard University sculling instructor Ernest Arlett provided the idea for the head race. George Ernest Arlett came to the US because in England only "gentlemen" could race. Even when Arlett brought Northeastern University's rowing team to Henley Royal Regatta and the team members were invited, the team entered by the front door and Mr. Arlett still had to enter by the rear or servants door. Class snobbery or pedigree was still in force.

Despite their reservations, the founders of the regatta were determined to see it become a success. In an interview with New York Times, Jerry Olrich and MacMahon identified that this regatta was "destined to become a classic"

The Regatta expanded to a two-day event in 1997.

In 1991, Frederick V. Schoch was appointed Executive Director of the Regatta, and he continues to oversee the event.

Charity program
Since 1998, the Head of the Charles Regatta's Charity Program has generated over $1,000,000 for its official charities, which include Cambridge Community Foundation and Community Rowing, Inc. The Charity Program allows competitors to gain an automatic entry into the Regatta in exchange for raising $1250 per person, per entry. Under official rules, any single, double, four, or eight is eligible to enter.

Cancellations
The race has been cancelled only twice: in 1996 due to storm bringing heavy rain and wind, and in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. (An online version in the fall of 2020 replaced the in-person race.)

Awards
First place medals are awarded to winning competitors in each event category of the race. The first place medals are struck bronze medallions that are 2.5 inches in diameter. They show a single sculler from above on the front, and are engraved with the year and event on the back. Only the first place medals are distributed at the Regatta on Saturday and Sunday evenings following the races. Medals for second and third place medallions are of the same design, but are 1.75 inches in diameter. The Regatta issues additional subordinate medals according to the number of entries in the race as well.

1-9 Entries: up to 1st place awarded

10-19 Entries: up to 2nd place awarded

20-29 Entries: up to 3rd place awarded

30-39 Entries: up to 4th place awarded

40+ Entries: up to 5th place awarded

Special winner medals (2.5 inches in diameter) engraved (a) COLLEGE-CHAMPIONSHIP, (b) LIGHTWEIGHT, (c) CLUB, or (d) UNDER-17 shall be awarded respectively to (a) the fastest crew made up of undergraduates representing accredited/chartered Colleges or Universities in each event-division of the Championship 2x, Championship 4+ and Championship 8+, (b) the fastest Lightweight crew in the Championship 2x, (c) the fastest crew unaffiliated with an academic institution in each event-division of the Club 4+ and Club 8+, (d) the fastest U17 crew in the Youth Single, Youth Double, Youth Coxed Quad, Youth Four, and Youth Eight, and (e) the fastest JV entry in the Men’s and Women’s Championship Eight.

Special medals are also issued to the most competitive Grand-Veteran scullers in the Senior-Veteran Singles Event; the fastest Veteran crews in the Senior-Master 2x, 4+, and 8+ events; the fastest Grand-Master crews in the Senior-Master 2x, 4+, and 8+ events.

Because of the 2020 cancellation caused by the global pandemic, the 2021 regatta awarded a special medal to the fastest Class of 2020 crew in the Alumni Four and Alumni Eight (crew must be at least 75% 2020 graduates, coxswain excluded).

Winners of special medals will not be awarded subordinate medals should they qualify. No special medal will be awarded if the first place medal winner also qualifies for a special medal.

title: Head of the Charles Regatta


text:
Talk:Bill Mauldin

Cartoon links?
Can some external links to some of his cartoons be given? DryGrain 18:29, 17 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * Wish we could upload one, but I expect copyrights do not allow. Beanbatch 21:05, 2 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Mauldin won a Pulitzer prize for this cartoon, which is hosted on the Library of congress website. (linked from here). I noticed in a few other places that US government images seem to be okay to use, although I'm not entirely certain what the status is since although the LoC has a copy, Maudlin may be retaining rights. Can we upload that image? -- Bachrach44 14:21, 4 January 2006 (UTC)
 * I definately think that the classic WW2 cartoons can be posted: they should be in the public domain. After all, Maudlin was a sergeant in active duty, creating the cartoons for an official army publication.  So I think we could post the cartoons with the template

 * I'd do it myself, except that I'm on a public computer which doesn't allow me to download files from the internet, so I can't move them to commons. But someone who's able should go ahead and do it--it would certainly add a lot to this articleErudy (talk) 23:53, 1 March 2008 (UTC)

Needs a list of Mauldin's published books as only a filmography is here. With the new biography by DePastino, Mauldin's "Up Front" and "Willie and Joe: The WWII Years" are now in print among those out-of-print like "Back Home." --chacal la chaise (talk) 03:32, 13 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Bill wrote his own autobiographies...so why buy the new book by DePastino? A sort of a Saga is FUNNY. They need to reprint that.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.247.75.11 (talk) 13:17, 22 March 2008 (UTC)
 * DePastino had access to stuff Bill did not necessarily have ... especially once his unfortunate decline set in ... and also has a more objective POV. Nothing wrong with Bill's stuff ... it's all great ... but DePastino is well worth a read. rewinn (talk) 05:52, 8 January 2009 (UTC)

Perhaps his most famous one is missing from the article - the one where a GI faces away from his damaged Jeep, covers his face with one hand, and aims his .45 pistol at the vehicle with the other. Banjodog (talk) 03:03, 6 February 2020 (UTC)

Cartoon in MASH Episode?

 * One Mauldin Cartoon shows a US cavarylman about to shoot his "Jeep". In MASH 4.5 Potter shoots his destroyed Jeep after Major Burns ran a tank over the jeep. Any connectionb between the cartoon and the TV show? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 134.53.145.178 (talk) 18:08, 27 April 2008 (UTC)
 * The character of Colonel Potter was an avid horseman. He had a horse and rode it around every now and then, if I recall correctly.  I'd say it was more likely a play on Potter's personality than a tribute to the cartoon by Mauldin.  I could always be wrong, though. ~ (The Rebel At) ~  21:34, 27 April 2008 (UTC)
 * That is very likely, but I bet every WWII veteran who served in the European theatre & who watched that scene immediately thought of Mauldin's cartoon. That cartoon was Mauldin's favorite. -- llywrch (talk) 04:12, 14 October 2018 (UTC)

 * I am trying to find another WWII artist, but every search I do comes back to Mauldin, so I thought someone expert on him might be familiar with the other guy. It is a book my parents had years ago.  Not actually cartoons, no words, but very detailed drawings of soldiers in foreign scenes which were often poignantly funny.  I don't recall actual fighting scenes, more the other aspects of a soldier's life.  I think the artist must have been a soldier or possibly a war correspondent.  Without the guy's name my searches are going nowhere.  I would greatly appreciate any help.  Thanks much,  SoragoiSoragoi (talk) 23:09, 30 April 2008 (UTC)

Bibliography?
The bibliography needs work. I hope to get to it someday but feel free to do it anyone who wants! (I moved the Fantagraphics information out of the biography section since it didn't even happen in his lifetime.) rewinn (talk) 05:50, 8 January 2009 (UTC)

"Bill, Willie and Joe"....
...By David Lamb in Military History Quarterly, Summer '89, seems to be the actual source of the "Soldiers were peasants to him" quote; which I haven't found so far in "The Brass Ring." It does show up in Stephen Ambrose's intro to a reprint of "Up Front." Anmccaff (talk) 23:16, 8 August 2016 (UTC)

 * As always, I could be wrong about that quote; hoping to get home early enough tonight to dig out my Mauldin books and have a look. Unfortunately, I don't subscribe to Military History Quarterly... :-)  DoctorJoeE  review transgressions/ talk to me!  00:58, 9 August 2016 (UTC)

 * Okay, found the Military History Quarterly reference and cited it. DoctorJoeE  review transgressions/ talk to me!  22:25, 11 August 2016 (UTC)

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Bill Mauldin - Willie & Joe WWIII Cartoons
I have read that either Time or Life or a similar magazine ran a WWIII feature in the 1950s and that for that feature they had persuaded Bill Mauldin to supply Willie & Joe cartoons for an issue, which, if I remember correctly was presented as a retrospective feature entitled "The war we did not want." Supposedly these cartoons have never been republished. Graham1973 (talk) 10:37, 10 February 2019 (UTC)

False Peanuts info
The article includes the claim "Mauldin drew Willie and Joe for publication one last time on Veterans Day in 1998 for a Peanuts comic strip, in collaboration with its creator Charles M. Schulz, also a World War II veteran. Schulz signed the strip "Schulz, and my hero ..." with Mauldin's signature underneath.[22]"

While this strip exists, Mauldin did not draw the characters for this usage. Rather, Schulz swiped the figures from an existing Mauldin cartoon. You can see this documented on my blog. (Yes, it's a self-published source, but as neither Mauldin nor Schulz is a living person, and as I'm a recognized information source regarding Peanuts, this should get around WP:SPS.

I am not making this edit myself due to having retired from editing Wikipedia, but I've seen this error propogated lately, so I thought I'd call it out. --Nat Gertler (talk) 15:12, 12 November 2021 (UTC) ADDED: This can also be confirmed with this tweet from Benjamin L. Clark, curator of the Charles M. Schulz Museum. Could someone please remove the false claim, both from here and from the Willie and Joe article? --Nat Gertler (talk) 14:57, 13 November 2021 (UTC)

requested corrections
As I detail in the prior section, the article currently includes incorrect claims that Maudlin came out of retirement to draw Willie and Joe in a Peanuts strip. I am requesting a pair of edits to correct this situation.

 * 1) The final paragraph of the section "Postwar activities", which reads Mauldin drew Willie and Joe for publication one last time on Veterans Day in 1998 for a Peanuts comic strip, in collaboration with its creator Charles M. Schulz, also a World War II veteran. Schulz signed the strip "Schulz, and my hero ..." with Mauldin's signature underneath.[22], should be removed.

 * 1) In the section "Peanuts", the paragraph that currently reads From 1969 to 1998, cartoonist Charles M. Schulz (himself a veteran of World War II) regularly paid tribute to Bill Mauldin in his Peanuts comic strip on Veterans Day. In the strips, Snoopy, dressed as an army vet, would annually go to Mauldin's house to "quaff a few root beers and tell war stories." By the end of the strip Schulz had depicted 17 of Snoopy's visits. Schulz also paid tribute to Rosie the Riveter in 1976, and Ernie Pyle in 1997 and 1999.[28] should be expanded to  From 1969 to 1998, cartoonist Charles M. Schulz (himself a veteran of World War II) regularly paid tribute to Bill Mauldin in his Peanuts comic strip on Veterans Day. In the strips, Snoopy, dressed as an army vet, would annually go to Mauldin's house to "quaff a few root beers and tell war stories." By the end of the strip Schulz had depicted 17 of Snoopy's visits.

I am not making these edits myself because I have a conflict of interest with them, as I am inserting my own work as a source. The blog is, yes, a self-published source, but I believe falls under the WP:SPS exception "Self-published expert sources may be considered reliable when produced by an established subject-matter expert, whose work in the relevant field has previously been published by reliable, independent publications." I have written histories of Peanuts for several publishers -- you can see one such book being cited by the Charles M. Schulz Museum And Research Center on this page] - and my writing on Peanuts and other comic strip topics have been published by reliable sources --here's an article that appeared in the print edition of American Heritage, here's one that appeared in the print edition of Hogan's Alley. --Nat Gertler (talk) 13:46, 16 November 2021 (UTC)

Ernie Pyle got him syndicated in the US
January 15th, in Italy, Ernie Pyle focused an entire article on the Stars and Stripes cartoonist. It got Lee Miller, Ernie's editor, to get him syndicated state side through Ernie's distributor United Feature.

Referenced in Ernie's War: the best of Ernie Pyle's World War II Dispatches by Studs Terkel pages 197-199 2601:40E:101:A1F0:8929:DFA8:9B77:EA48 (talk) 06:15, 2 January 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bill Mauldin


text:
Talk:List of airships of the United States Navy

Congratulations. Someone managed to trash an article of some coherency with a list which is ridden with errors and lacks any coherency.

Talk
I wish to congratulate the person of uncertain parentage who managed to trash an article with some coherence for a list of very dubious integrity or competence. p.s. the R-38 was a strictly commercial deal. No offset of 'war debts' was made.Mark Lincoln (talk) 01:38, 14 August 2011 (UTC)

This page lists only the rigid airships. There were a great many successful US Navy non-rigids as well. Someone more knowledgable than myself on the matter should look into adding them.

Blimpguy 18:30, 17 Mar 2004 (UTC)

I don't think it is true that the ZR2 was to be paid for by Britain as repayment for war debts. It seems to have been a commercial transaction where the US paid $2,000,000 for the ship. After the disaster, and fact that R38/ZR2 was never formally accepted by the US, the governments agreed to split the cost at $1,000,000 each.

Malcolma 10:09, 14 November 2005 (UTC)

The R38 wasn't a Britain payment for war debts. See R38 (ZR-2) or Airship Hetirage Trust; The US government already paid 1.500.000 $ before R38 crash. --Il palazzo 11:26, 4 July 2006 (UTC)

Ok, I am trying to present the story of US Navy airships in as concise and accurate a fashion as possible.

I am also trying to add source material as justified by my articles.Mark Lincoln 04:50, 20 July 2007 (UTC)

There is a general problem where pages are being named in disaccord with USN nomenclature. The format used was "class letter" hyphen " ship number" with no word spaces around the hyphen.

Thus the generic usage was, for example K-Class not K Class.Mark Lincoln 15:24, 20 July 2007 (UTC)

Due to someone's lack of comprehension of airship operations and vital statistics crucial information is being sacrificed at the alter of bashing the specifications and performance into a deficient template.Mark Lincoln 15:58, 22 July 2007 (UTC)

Cleaning up and adding to a VERY flawed list
I have removed from the list blimps which either were never built (for example "O" class aka Goodyear GZ-8 design, and XZWG Goodyear aka GZ-16), were covered other where in the list (TC), actually airships built for the Goodyear commercial fleet (TZ) applied to Goodyear built aircraft briefly (NFG, a Goodyear FG-1 given to the reserves after WWII). There were also some designations which applied to certain classes of blimps for a very short while in the post-WWII era. In cases where the subsequent designation was neither common usage and duplicate I left the most common designation and removed the alternate. I also removed some gibberish unsupported by any reference volumes in my library.

Adding missing blimps
I am reviewing the subjects of British and French Airships operated by the US Navy. I am also going to address airships transfered to the US Navy by the Army as a few of such were of US manufacture and retained their Army designations,Mark Lincoln (talk) 19:43, 15 August 2011 (UTC)

Overly compulsive minds and the tendency to aggregate what is essentially diverse.
This "List" was originally an article about a distinct subject within history which formed an entire experience related to not only Airships, but Naval history and weapons system development.

It seems that everything which possessed both an envelop and engines is to be dealt with as a single subject with nothing but lists to differentiate between subjects as diverse as the SS Queen Mary and the USS Iowa. or a piper cub and a P-3A.

While the Queen Mary and Iowa were both ships, and the cub and Orion are both aircraft, whether they should be treated as nothing more than ships or aircraft is to remove any ability to provide context.

It might be prudent to reinstate an Article for US Navy Airships.Mark Lincoln (talk) 19:51, 15 August 2011 (UTC)

Nan Ships, and the ZPG-2
While the Nan ship was the 'prototype' of the ZPG in many ways, it was also very distinct from the developed design. Somehow the very different ZPN-1 (ZPG-1), the "G-Class" ZPG-2, -2W quite different as was the ZPG-3W. Somehow these have been conflated into a single article as on class the "N-Class." If anything the ZPN should be treated as a the ZPG-1 and a prototype of the ZPG-2 and ZPG-2W. It was intended to upgrade the ZPG-1 to a ZPG-2 standard in 1959 but those plans were cancelled. The ZPG-3W should be treated as a class apart.Mark Lincoln (talk) 21:59, 15 August 2011 (UTC)

The use of previous programs designation to cover the development of a new aircraft was common in the 1940s and 50s. Not only for the Navy, but for the Air Force and Army. For example the Army managed to fool congress by calling four different tanks, the M46, M47, M48 and M-60 under the name "Patton." The M-46 being out of Army service before the M-60 started. The Air Force tried to fend off Sec. of Defense Johnson's cuts by changing the designation of the F-95 to F-86D, while F-97 was re-designated F-94C. The classic example for the USN was to define the Grumman Cougar as F9F-6 when it had little in common with the F9F-5 Panther.

The "Nan" ship, ZPN, was ordered during the budget drought of 1948. The Navy hoped to turn the prototype of a similar but larger design originally designated ZP2N-1. By the time the ZPN flew in 1951 North Korea had opened the defense budget taps and the navy saw the chance to put the 'Nan Ship" into production as the 'new improved' ZPG! The ZPN-1 was renamed ZPG-2 - isn't that great a whole 'new' name and designated the ZN2P-1 as the ZPG-2, implying that the actual new airship design was just a simple development of the ZPN.

Operators continued to call the ZPG-2 "Nan's" but then the blimps were visually similar and quite different from the many upgraded "K" ships in service (designated ZP#K.

This leads the designation musical chairs to the most laughable example. When the Korean war boosted funding the Navy started improvements on the "K" ships. The ZP2K was a modest upgrade of the K, while the ZP3K and ZP4K were major upgrades with larger envelopes. The renovated K ships were not optimal for modern anti-submarine equipment, or for improved ground handling. The development of the ZPG-2 made it very unlikely that Congress would approve another class of airship being designed as the Goodyear GZ-10. This ALL new airship was cleverly named XZP5K and called the "5K' (wink, wink). By the time it came to refine the final design, the Korean war was on and the Goodyeaar GZ-15 was contracted for in 1953 as the Korean war was on, the ZP5K was soon called by a new designation as a 'anti-submarine' airship the ZS2G-1. Read that as Z=Lighter than air S=anti-submarine 2=second design by the manufacturer G=Goodyear.

Step right up to the table Mr. Congress, now tell me which designation the program is hiding under? (Sounds of Captains quickly moving shells around) and a 'kaching!" as the funding spews forth.

As critical as my edits might seem I actually am impressed with the efforts of others to plumb a well which is not only obscured by time but was often obfuscated at the time. Airships were always peripheral to the USN. Never more so than in the 1950s. I remember standing on the dunes between Norfolk and Fort Story watching ZPG-2s and 2-Ws pass overhead in a formation flight intended to save the base at Weeksville and the ability to ferry blimps between Lakehurst and Glyncoe. The massive Eisenhower defense cuts were underway. Weeksville and the blimp were two victims discarded because of the development of the nuclear submarine. Another was the new seaplane base being built near Weeksville at Harvey Point and the P6M "Seamaster" that was to operate from there. (Cancelled quite correctly to free funds for the Polaris system.) Sic transit gloria mundiMark Lincoln (talk) 21:59, 15 August 2011 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Coat of arms of the Philippines

Doesn't the emblazonment clearly contradict the blazon, which makes no mention of the lion or eagle? --Daniel C. Boyer 18:33, 17 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Yes it does. This is a confusing issue, as the law omitted the eagle and the lion deliberately. However, the law, under a provision of the Philippine constitution, says such changes require approval in a national referendum. Therefore, while officially the blazon omits the eagle and the lion, the old blazon which has the eagle and the lion, applies. Confusing, yes. But alas, a result of a poorly-thought-out law.

Gareon

Eagle
The eagle on the Coat of Arms of the Philippines is incorrectly drawn. It was copied from the coat of arms of the United States. The eagle's wings is pointing west and east not northwest and northeast. Both pair of feets are holding both arrows and olive branches not in seperate feet. Notice the seals of the Department of Foreign Affairs], Department of National Defense, House of Representatives and the Senate all have the same design. -Exec8 19:28, 7 December 2005 (UTC)

For a closer look at the seal click on

Discussion transferred from Tambayan
Whenever you see any Philippine legal document, what image do you see? Image 1 or Image 2? I haven't seen anything other than the internet that the eagle really looks like the American bald eagle whereas most official seal of different branches of government shows otherwise. Decide. --Exec8 17:09, 11 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Image 1 is more correct, Image 2 is a sloppy rendering of the national coat of arms based on coinage (in coins, you cannot color in the eagle so it has to be represented purely in gold). Reference to the appropriate laws clearly states the eagle on the coat of arms as an American bald eagle. Reference can me made to various books on national flags and coats of arms, and it's clear the authentic representation is an American bald eagle in proper (or natural) colors. Please note that the illustration (no.1) is used in the Republic of the Philippines website (gov.ph) and is therefore, definitive. Here is something written by Teodoro Atienza, who was head of the heraldry division of the Phil. National Historical Institute:

 * "On January 7, 1946, President Sergio Osmeña, revived the Philippine Heraldry Committee and the most important accomplishment of the body was the re-designing of the Coat-of-Arms. The new design was authorized under Commonwealth Act. No. 731, passed by the Congress of the Philippines on July 3, 1946. The design which was approved by the President of the Philippines on the eve of the inauguration of the Third Philippine Republic, was designed by then Captain Galo B. Ocampo, a member and Secretary of the Committee.

 * "Under this design, the Philippine Sun with its eight rays occupies the point of honor and located in the center while the three stars, representing Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao occupy the upper portion of the shield. On the right side, on a red field, the Lion Rampant of Spain; on the left, on a blue field, the American Eagle. Beneath the arms is a scroll with the words “Republic of the Philippines” inscribed.

 * "On June 19, 1978, President Ferdinand E. Marcos, issued Presidential Dcree No. 1413, declaring the theme Isang Bansa, Isang Diwa (One Nation, One Spirit) as the national motto replaced the words “Republic of the Philippines” inscribed in the scroll found beneath the arms.The revised design was finalized by the National Historical Institute and approved by the Office of the President on July 31, 1978.

 * In consultation with the National Historical Institute, President Corazon C. Aquino issued Memorandum Order No, 34, dated September 10, 1986, restoring the original feature of the Republic Seal which were adopted forty years earlier." Gareon Gareon

I Agree to what Gareon had said but why the coat of arms illustrated in image 1 only used in one website alone (www.gov.ph) and not as standard to any other philippine government websites (and legal documents) like the foreign affairs, senate, house and the judiciary. I think there were no clear laws nor orders stating standards in reference to the color of the eagle. Moreover, when you would look into the upper corner of the www.gov.ph website it shows image 2. --Exec8 00:26, 14 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Hey. Here is another source you guys can compare, from the Senate. It explicitly states that we use the American Bald Eagle. BTW, I would prefer to use image 1, or some update of that. --Noypi380 03:05, 14 December 2005 (UTC)

There is an easy enough explanation: carelessness and ease of use. It's a pain in the butt to render the national coat of arms correctly, and most people base it on our coinage, which means you copy a copy of a copy, and what you have is a degradation of the image. The same could be observed in the presidential seal after cory aquino restored it to the pre-martial law design. it was sloppily rendered until finally, recently, entirely new renderings had to be authorized. but up to now, the old sloppy renderings are more common than the correct one.

again, it's much easier to base the coat of arms on the coinage, which reduces things, than to go back to what it should be. also, some parts of the rendering can change over time, even the manner in which heraldry is portrayed changes, which means details aren't 100% the same as before, in heraldry, it is the essential elements that must be exact.Gareon

 * I agree to that. After a thorough research, the eagle really was the American bald eagle, and Image 2 became the standard of what documents we see today. Its sad to say that we dont see the eagle in detail in any other sites or documents. --Exec8 11:08, 14 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes. It is a consensus then. For the sake of being as accurate as possible, the image to be used is image one. The one with the superbly rendered eagle, which is really based on the United States eagle, who governed the country about 40 years. Congratulations! Wikipedia possibly has the world's best rendered image of the Philippine coat of arms! Nice, although the lion still can still be improved. It should be based on the Spanish lion of the Coat of Arms of Spain, or some Philippine colonial flag during the Spanish times. --Noypi380 16:30, 17 December 2005 (UTC)

Why was image 1 dropped? The one appearing now is definitely wrong, it has a golden border which is completely wrong! Gareon

Commonwealth of the Philippines coat of arms 1935-1945
Does anyone have a copy of the coat of arms from this period, the maiden in front of the volcano? It would be a nice illustration to show progression. Chris 13:37, 27 December 2006 (UTC)

Wait wait wait...
It's been 9 YEARS and they haven't ratified or rejected the change/removal yet? 68.39.174.238 09:37, 30 June 2007 (UTC)

From the looks of it, yes, it has not been ratified. (Or at the least, not implemented)
 * A plebiscite needs to be done in order for the changes to officially take effect, although the government has been using the new unratified version frequently. -- Howard  the   Duck  13:58, 24 November 2007 (UTC)

Request
Can we have an image of the "new" coat of arms? -- Howard  the   Duck  11:45, 1 January 2008 (UTC)

Sure, email me. Gareon (talk) 17:50, 3 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Can you just upload it here? You can add all of the disclaimers. -- Howard  the   Duck  13:19, 4 January 2008 (UTC)

I put up an image of the "new" coat of arms. Can anyone delete the doubles I accidentally posted at Image:542px-Revised-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Philippines.png and Image:Revised-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Philippines.svg.png? Thanks Mk32 (talk) 03:52, 11 February 2008 (UTC)

 * You can tag them with db-author. -- Howard  the   Duck  16:56, 24 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Alright, thanks! Mk32 (talk) 13:53, 26 February 2008 (UTC)

Old coat of arms
Anyone have pictures of the old coat of arms, such as the one that says "REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES" or "ISANG BANSA, ISANG DIWA"? Josh (talk) 03:33, 18 January 2008 (UTC)

Or, if possible, could someone make images of the old coat of arms? I think they would be a useful addition to the article. Josh (talk) 00:48, 25 February 2008 (UTC)

 * I also agree with this idea. If possible please enhance the this page by adding more images of historical coat of arms, just like the request above. Please also include the coat of arms of Second Philippine Republic, Here's a helpful source ...-121.54.2.91 (talk) 15:21, 21 September 2011 (UTC)

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Referendum
Article XVI, Section 2 says "The Congress may, by law, adopt a new name for the country, a national anthem, or a national seal, which shall all be truly reflective and symbolic of the ideals, history, and traditions of the people. Such law shall take effect only upon its ratification by the people in a national referendum." We have a coat of arms and a Great Seal of the Philippines. Is the constitution only asking for a referendum on a new seal, and not on a new coat of arms? (Supposedly you can also change the flag without a referendum.) Now, it seems that the Great Seal was created on 1998, so is that the one that is not ratified, or was its creation a mere modification that makes it not "new" enough? Howard the Duck (talk) 15:48, 18 March 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Coat of arms of the Philippines


text:
Talk:Rogerian psychotherapy

Untitled
I changed this page to redirect to Carl Rogers rather than psychotherapy because the psychotherapy article does not describe Rogerian psychotherapy at all, while the Carl rogers article does. This seems like a more useful redirect for a reader trying to find out about Rogerian psychotherapy. --AaronW 18:33, 17 Mar 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rogerian psychotherapy


text:
Experimentum crucis

In science, an experimentum crucis (English: crucial experiment or critical experiment) is an experiment capable of decisively determining whether or not a particular hypothesis or theory is superior to all other hypotheses or theories whose acceptance is currently widespread in the scientific community. In particular, such an experiment must typically be able to produce a result that rules out all other hypotheses or theories if true, thereby demonstrating that under the conditions of the experiment (i.e., under the same external circumstances and for the same "input variables" within the experiment), those hypotheses and theories are proven false but the experimenter's hypothesis is not ruled out.

An opposite view, rejecting the decisive value of the experimentum crucis in choosing one hypothesis or theory over its rivals, is the Duhem–Quine thesis; see also.

History
Francis Bacon in his Novum Organum first described the concept of a situation in which one theory but not others would hold true, using the name instantia crucis; the phrase experimentum crucis, denoting the deliberate creation of such a situation for the purpose of testing the rival theories, was later coined by Robert Hooke and then famously used by Isaac Newton.

The production of such an experiment is considered necessary for a particular hypothesis or theory to be considered an established part of the body of scientific knowledge. It is not unusual in the history of science for theories to be developed fully before producing a critical experiment. A given theory which is in accordance with known experiment but which has not yet produced a critical experiment is typically considered worthy of exploration in order to discover such an experimental test.

Examples
Robert Boyle was the first person to hail an experiment as experimentum crucis when he referred to the famous mercury barometer experiment on Puy-de-Dome in 1648. This experiment settled the question: Was there some natural resistance to the creation of an apparently empty space at the top of the tube, or was the height of the mercury determined solely by the weight of the air?

In his Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica, Isaac Newton (1687) presents a disproof of Descartes' vortex theory of the motion of the planets. In his Opticks, Newton describes an optical experimentum crucis in the First Book, Part I, Proposition II, Theorem II, Experiment 6, to prove that sunlight consists of rays that differ in their index of refraction.

A 19th-century example was the prediction by Poisson, based on Fresnel's mathematical analysis, that the wave theory of light predicted a bright spot in the center of the shadow of a perfectly circular object, a result that could not be explained by the (then current) particle theory of light. An experiment by François Arago showed the existence of this effect, now called the Arago spot, or "Poisson's bright spot", which led to the acceptance of the wave theory.

A famous example in the 20th century of an experimentum crucis was the expedition led by Arthur Eddington to Principe Island in Africa in 1919 to record the positions of stars around the Sun during a solar eclipse (see Eddington experiment). The observation of star positions confirmed predictions of gravitational lensing made by Albert Einstein in the general theory of relativity published in 1915. Eddington's observations were considered to be the first solid evidence in favor of Einstein's theory.

In some cases, a proposed theory can account for existing anomalous experimental results for which no other existing theory can furnish an explanation. An example would be the ability of the quantum hypothesis, proposed by Max Planck in 1900, to account for the observed black-body spectrum, an experimental result that the existing classical Rayleigh–Jeans law could not predict. Such cases are not considered strong enough to fully establish a new theory, however, and in the case of quantum mechanics, it took the confirmation of the theory through new predictions for the theory to gain full acceptance.

DNA, experimentum crucis

 * See §Context for crucial experiment in the discovery of the §structure of DNA, and §List of experiments in biology

In the discovery of the significance of the structure of DNA, the fact that DNA was a double helix enabled the discoverers, Francis Crick and James Watson, to suggest that one strand of the double helix could serve as the template for the second strand, as the second strand was being duplicated. This explained the secret of life, how the structure of DNA could serve as the mechanism for the gene (the genetic code), in which four nucleotides serve to encode the sequence of enzymes needed to catalyze the production of macromolecules in the cell, and which led to its application in synthetic biology, in genetic engineering, in forensics, genetic testing, genomics and pharmaceuticals, among other industries.

Tanis fossil site
In the 21st century, the discovery of the Tanis fossil site, a killing field in the Hell Creek formation of North Dakota, proved that the K-T boundary (now known as the KPg, or the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event) was the same event (the Chicxulub impact) which killed off the dinosaurs. This impact event was previously hypothesized from the global existence of iridium deposits (a rare element on Earth). In this case, the existence of a microtektite layer raining down upon the multiple intermixed species (including a Triceratops) which were found at the site (the Tanis Konservat-Lagerstätte) served as the conclusive witness,  as cited in Science Daily. Based on the dating of the Tanis, the event occurred 65.76 million years ago (± 0.15 My).

Theory of Experimentum Crucis
There's an emerging scholarship extending understanding and evaluation of experiments that fit into this category. J. A. Lohne tracks the development of the idea from Francis Bacon's 1620 Instantie Crucis through the various prism optics experiments and discussions of 1722.

An early indicator of a theory of Experimentum Crucis appears in John Locke's Doctrine of Abstraction

Lorne Falkenstein, reviewing Van Cleve expands the discussion  of Experimentum crucis to the more general philosophical realm of Property dualism

title: Experimentum crucis


text:
James Parrish

James Herbert Parrish, Jr. (May 19, 1968 – March 10, 2004) was an American football offensive tackle in the National Football League for the Miami Dolphins, San Francisco 49ers, Indianapolis Colts, Dallas Cowboys, Pittsburgh Steelers, New York Jets and Chicago Bears. He also was a member of the London Monarchs and the Barcelona Dragons in the World League of American Football. He played college football at Temple University.

Early years
Parrish attended Dundalk High School, where he was a two-way player, earning All-county honors at tight end as a senior. He also practiced basketball and track.

He accepted a football scholarship from Temple University and played under future NFL head coach Bruce Arians. He was originally a tight end, before being converted into an offensive tackle as a sophomore. He became a starter at right tackle as a junior.

Miami Dolphins
Parrish was signed as an undrafted free agent by the Miami Dolphins after the 1991 NFL Draft on April 30, with the intention of playing him at guard. On August 20, he was placed on the Physically unable to perform list with an injured foot, where he spent all of the season.

San Diego Chargers
On March 30, 1992, he was signed in Plan B free agency by the San Diego Chargers and was switched to center. He was originally allocated to play with the London Monarchs of the World League of American Football, where he appeared in 5 games, before signing on April 22 with the Barcelona Dragons and playing in one contest. He was released at end of preseason on August 31.

San Francisco 49ers (first stint)
On May 3, 1993, he was signed as a free agent by the San Francisco 49ers to play tackle and was cut after the season opener on September 7.

Indianapolis Colts
On September 9, 1993, he was signed by the Indianapolis Colts to play tackle. He was declared inactive in 4 games. He was released on October 13, after getting into a shouting match with a defensive coach over the injury to a wide receiver in practice.

San Francisco (second stint)
On November 11, 1993, he was signed to the San Francisco 49ers' practice squad and was released two weeks later on December 1.

Dallas Cowboys (first stint)
On December 7, 1993, he was signed by the Dallas Cowboys to the practice squad. On December 22, he was promoted to the active roster for depth purposes, after Mark Stepnoski was lost for the season with a right knee injury. He was declared inactive for Super Bowl XXVIII. He was released on August 17, 1994.

Philadelphia Eagles
On August 23, 1994, he signed with the Philadelphia Eagles. He was released two days later on August 25.

Dallas Cowboys (second stint)
On October 25, 1994, he was signed by the Dallas Cowboys, to provide depth after offensive tackle Erik Williams suffered season-ending injuries in a car accident. On November 1, he was released after one week to make room for offensive tackle Jerry Reynolds.

Pittsburgh Steelers
On February 22, 1995, he was signed as a free agent with the Pittsburgh Steelers and made the team as a reserve tackle. On September 24, against the Minnesota Vikings, he had his only career start, while playing left tackle in place of an injured John Jackson. He was a part of the team that lost to the Dallas Cowboys in Super Bowl XXX. He was cut on August 25, 1996.

New York Jets
On August 29, 1996, he signed with the New York Jets to provide depth at tackle after Jumbo Elliott and David Williams were injured. He was released on October 8.

Chicago Bears
On December 4, 1996, he signed with the Chicago Bears. On August 18, 1997, he was waived with an injury settlement after suffering a torn pectoral muscle.

Montreal Alouettes
On April 1, 1998, the Montreal Alouettes of the Canadian Football League traded linebacker Henry Newby and defensive tackle Juan Hammonds to the Hamilton Tiger-Cats for the CFL's negotiation-list rights to Parrish. On May 26, he was signed by the Alouettes. He was cut before the start of the season.

Kansas City Chiefs
On February 8, 1999, he was signed by the Kansas City Chiefs. He was released on August 31.

Personal life
Parrish worked for Merrill Lynch and Morgan Stanley after his retirement. A self-taught computer expert, he was one of the first athletes to launch his own website. On March 10, 2004, he died at the age of 35, after battling cancer.

title: James Parrish


text:
Phosphatidylcholine

Phosphatidylcholines (PC) are a class of phospholipids that incorporate choline as a headgroup. They are a major component of biological membranes and can be easily obtained from a variety of readily available sources, such as egg yolk or soybeans, from which they are mechanically or chemically extracted using hexane. They are also a member of the lecithin group of yellow-brownish fatty substances occurring in animal and plant tissues. Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (lecithin) is a major component of the pulmonary surfactant, and is often used in the lecithin–sphingomyelin ratio to calculate fetal lung maturity. While phosphatidylcholines are found in all plant and animal cells, they are absent in the membranes of most bacteria, including Escherichia coli. Purified phosphatidylcholine is produced commercially.

The name lecithin was derived from Greek λέκιθος, lekithos 'egg yolk' by Theodore Nicolas Gobley, a French chemist and pharmacist of the mid-19th century, who applied it to the egg yolk phosphatidylcholine that he identified in 1847. Gobley eventually completely described his lecithin from chemical structural point of view, in 1874. Phosphatidylcholines are such a major component of lecithin that in some contexts the terms are sometimes used as synonyms. However, lecithin extracts consist of a mixture of phosphatidylcholine and other compounds. It is also used along with sodium taurocholate for simulating fed- and fasted-state biorelevant media in dissolution studies of highly lipophilic drugs.

Phosphatidylcholine is a major constituent of cell membranes and pulmonary surfactant, and is more commonly found in the exoplasmic or outer leaflet of a cell membrane. It is thought to be transported between membranes within the cell by phosphatidylcholine transfer protein (PCTP).

Phosphatidylcholine also plays a role in membrane-mediated cell signaling and PCTP activation of other enzymes.

Structure and physical properties

This phospholipid is composed of a choline head group and glycerophosphoric acid, with a variety of fatty acids. Usually, one is a saturated fatty acid (in the given figure, this is palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid, H3C-(CH2)14-COOH); margaric acid (heptadecanoic acid, H3C-(CH2)15-COOH), identified by Gobley in egg yolk, also belong to that class); and the other is an unsaturated fatty acid (here oleic acid, or 9Z-octadecenoic acid, as in Gobley's original egg yolk lecithin). However, there are also examples of disaturated species. Animal lung phosphatidylcholine, for example, contains a high proportion of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine.

Phospholipase D catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine to form phosphatidic acid (PA), releasing the soluble choline headgroup into the cytosol.

Senescence
A 2009 systematic review of clinical trials in humans found that there was not enough evidence to support supplementation of lecithin or phosphatidylcholine in dementia. The study found that a moderate benefit could not be ruled out until further large scale studies were performed.

Lipolysis
Though phosphatidylcholine has been studied as an alternative to liposuction, no peer-reviewed study has shown it to have comparable effects. Injection of phosphatidylcholine in lipomas has been studied, but the results have been mixed.

Ulcerative colitis
Treatment of ulcerative colitis with oral intake of phosphatidylcholine has been shown to result in decreased disease activity.

Biosynthesis
Although multiple pathways exist for the biosynthesis of phosphatidylcholine, the predominant route in eukaryotes involves condensation between diacylglycerol (DAG) and cytidine 5'-diphosphocholine (CDP-choline or citicoline). The conversion is mediated by the enzyme diacylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase. Another pathway, mainly operative in the liver involves methylation of phosphatidylethanolamine with S-adenosyl methionine (SAM) being the methyl group donor.

title: Phosphatidylcholine


text:
Talk:Oldawan

Shouldn't it be Olduwan? --Yak 18:36, Mar 17, 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Oldawan


text:
Spruance-class destroyer

The Spruance-class destroyer was developed by the United States to replace the many World War II–built Allen M. Sumner-class destroyer- and Gearing-class destroyers, and was the primary destroyer built for the United States Navy during the 1970s and 1980s. It was named in honor of U.S. Navy Admiral Raymond A. Spruance, who successfully led major naval battles in the Asiatic-Pacific Theater during World War II such as the Battle of Midway and the Battle of the Philippine Sea.

Introduced in 1975, the class was designed with gas-turbine propulsion, a flight deck and hangar for up to two medium-lift helicopters, all-digital weapons, and automated 127 mm (5-inch) guns. The Spruance class was originally designed to escort a carrier group, primarily for anti-submarine warfare (ASW), with point-defense anti-aircraft warfare (AAW) missiles and limited anti-ship capabilities. Two dozen members of the class were upgraded with Tomahawk cruise missiles for land attack. The Navy retired the class somewhat earlier than planned, decommissioning the last ship in 2005. Most Spruances were broken up or destroyed as targets. Its hull form and propulsion plant were adopted as the foundation of the Ticonderoga-class cruisers constructed in the 1980s. The class was succeeded as the main U.S. destroyer by the Arleigh Burke-class destroyer.

Design
Much larger than other destroyers of the era, the Spruances were comparable in size to contemporary guided-missile cruisers (CG and CGN) and U.S. Navy light cruisers (CL) in World War II. This allowed them to accommodate a helicopter flight deck, a first for a U.S. Navy destroyer, and an enclosed hangar with space for up to two medium-lift helicopters, a first for a U.S. Navy destroyer or cruiser. The "Spru-cans" were the first large U.S. Navy ships to use gas turbine propulsion: four General Electric LM2500 gas turbines that generated about 80,000 horsepower (60 MW). This configuration (developed in the 1960s by the Royal Canadian Navy for the Iroquois-class destroyer s and known as COmbined Gas And Gas, or COGAG) was very successful and used on most subsequent U.S. warships. As of 2010, all U.S. Navy surface combatants (except nuclear-powered aircraft carriers and the LCS-1) used the LM2500 COGAG arrangement, usually with two turbines per shaft.

The ships were initially controversial, especially among members of the United States Congress who believed that their unimposing looks, and their original armament of two guns and an ASROC and Sea Sparrow missile launcher, implied that the vessels were weak compared to Soviet designs that carried large numbers of anti-ship missiles. The Spruance class was also unfavorably compared to earlier U.S. designs that had more visible guns or launchers for Standard medium-range missiles. Their advocates noted that they were successful in their intended ASW role due to their seaworthiness, quiet operation, and ability to operate two helicopters.

The Spruance class received the "DD" designation in the hull classification symbol system which was previously applied to gun destroyers, though their primary armament as designed was missiles. However, their original complement of 8 Sea Sparrow anti-aircraft missiles was only sufficient for point defense, compared to other American destroyers designated as DDG which were designed to provide anti-aircraft warfare screening to the fleet, while some newer DDG ships further added surface-to-surface capabilities for anti-ship or land strike. In the early 1980s, the class received quadruple Harpoon missile launchers that were installed amidships. Six members of the class received Armored Box Launchers Tomahawk surface-to-surface missiles, while a major update from the mid-1980s for 24 members of the class added a 61-cell Vertical Launch Missile System (VLS) for the Tomahawk. Despite these upgrades, the class remained their DD classification because they continued to lack the area anti-aircraft capabilities of guided-missile cruisers (CG and CGN) and destroyers (DDG).

Contracts
Until the class was named for Admiral Spruance, the acquisition effort had been known as the DX program. It aimed to award the production contract for the entire class of 30 ships to a single shipyard, under the Total Package Procurement concept originated by the Whiz Kids of Robert McNamara's Pentagon. The idea was to reap the benefits of mass construction. After a selection process "noted for political influence and shifting rules," the entire contract was awarded on 23 June 1970 to the Litton-Ingalls shipyard in Pascagoula, Mississippi. Labor and technical problems caused cost overruns and delayed construction.

One additional ship, USS Hayler (DD-997), was ordered on 29 September 1979. Hayler was originally planned as a DDH (Destroyer, Helicopter) design, which would carry more anti-submarine helicopters than the standard design of the Spruance class. Eventually this plan to build a DDH was scrapped and a slightly modified DD-963 class hull was put in commission.

Four additional ships were built originally for the Iranian Navy with the Mark 26/Standard AAW missile system and commissioned as the Kidds for the U.S. Navy. The Kidd-class destroyers used the same hull as the Spruances but they were more advanced general-purpose ships with area anti-air warfare capabilities that the Spruance class lacked. It was once planned to build all of the Spruance class up to this standard, but it was too expensive. A slightly lengthened version of the hull was also used for the Ticonderoga-class cruiser s, originally planned as DDG-47-class destroyers but redesignated as cruisers in 1980 to emphasize the additional capability provided by the ships' Aegis combat systems, and their flag facilities suitable for an admiral and his staff. An air-capable mini V/STOL aircraft carrier with fighters and ASW helicopters based on the Spruance hull was seriously considered but not produced.

Upgrades
The Spruance design is modular in nature, allowing for easy installation of entire subsystems within the ship. Although originally designed for anti-submarine warfare, seven vessels—Comte de Grasse, Merrill, Conolly, John Rodgers, Leftwich, Deyo, and Ingersoll—were initially upgraded with the installation of pair of four-round Armored Box Launchers (ABL) for the Tomahawk cruise missile, one each side of the ASROC launcher, giving them a land attack capability. 23 of the remaining vessels then received a more comprehensive upgrade with the installation of a 61-cell Mark 41 Vertical Launch Missile System (VLS) forward, replacing the ASROC launcher and allowing for a greater weapons load to be carried. One of the ABL ships, Deyo, also received the VLS upgrade while Harry W. Hill was the only Spruance that did not receive the Tomahawk as its VLS upgrade was cancelled. Hill and the remaining 6 ABL-equipped ships were the first of the class to be withdrawn from service.

 * Merrill served as the Navy's test platform for the Tomahawk Cruise Missile Program receiving armored box launchers and test launching a Tomahawk on 19 March 1980. Merrill carried two ABLs and an ASROC launcher into the 1990s until the ASROC launcher was removed.
 * David R. Ray tested the RAM system in the 1980s, but had the system removed after the tests.
 * Oldendorf was the test platform for the AN/SPQ-9B Anti-ship Missile Defense (ASMD) Fire control Radar to be outfitted on the San Antonio-class amphibious transport docks. The AN/SPQ-9B is used to detect all known and projected sea-skimming missiles.
 * Arthur W. Radford tested the Advanced Enclosed Mast/Sensor system which helped in the mast design of the San Antonio-class amphibious transport dock ships.

At least ten VLS ships, including Cushing, O'Bannon, and Thorn, had a 21-cell Mark 49 RIM-116 Rolling Airframe Missile launcher mounted on the starboard fantail.

Spruance-class destroyers fired 112 land attack Tomahawks during Operation Desert Storm.

Decommissioning
In order to save $28 million a year, the Navy accelerated the decommissioning of the Spruance class, though they could have served to 2019 had they been maintained and updated. Despite the recent modifications to the Spruance and Kidd classes, they were still considered expensive and manpower-intensive to operate, while the succeeding Arleigh Burke class were more capable and versatile due to their Aegis combat system while also being more cost-efficient, and by the end of the 1990s, many Arleigh Burke-class destroyers had entered the fleet. While the early Flight I Arleigh Burke ships only had a flight deck, Flight IIA and subsequent vessels added the enclosed hangar which made their aviation facilities comparable to the Spruance class.

The Navy planned to replace its current destroyers and cruisers with the new Zumwalt-class destroyer (DDG-1000) destroyers, but the 2010 Defense budget funded the construction of only three DDG-1000s. Production of Arleigh Burke class continued and it became the U.S. Navy's only operational class of destroyers after the USS Cushing (DD-985), the last Spruance-class destroyer on active service, was decommissioned on 21 September 2005. Cushing was unsuccessfully offered to the Pakistan Navy before being sunk as a target on 29 April 2009. The four Kidd-class destroyers were decommissioned in 1998 and were sold to Taiwan in 2005 and 2006.

Few Spruances were preserved in storage like some older classes or offered up for sale to foreign navies. Some were broken up and most of the rest were sunk as targets in various fleet exercises. One exception is the ex-USS Paul F. Foster (DD-964), which replaced the ex-USS Decatur (DD-936) in 2005 as the Self Defense Test Ship. The remote-controlled SDTS tows a target barge, allowing crews to fire live weapons at a ship-like moving target.

title: Spruance-class destroyer