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Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology

The Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (abbreviated as RMIT University) is a public research university located in the city of Melbourne in Victoria, Australia. Established in 1887 by Francis Ormond, the university is a founding member of the Australian Technology Network (ATN), and a member of Universities Australia (UA). RMIT is ranked 15th in the world for art and design subjects in the QS World University Rankings, and is in the top 130 universities globally.

RMIT began as a night school offering classes in art, science and technology in response to the industrial revolution in Australia. It was a private college for more than a hundred years before merging with the Phillip Institute of Technology to become a public university in 1992. It has an enrolment of around 95,000 higher and vocational education students, making it the largest dual-sector education institution in Australia. With an annual revenue of around A$1.5 billion, it is also one of the wealthiest universities in Australia. It is rated a five star university by Quacquarelli Symonds (QS) and is ranked 15th in the World for art and design subjects in the QS World University Rankings, making it the top art and design university in Australia and Oceania.

The main campus of RMIT is situated on the northern edge of the historic Hoddle Grid in the city centre of Melbourne. It has two satellite campuses in the city's northern suburbs of Brunswick and Bundoora and a training site situated on the RAAF Williams base in the western suburb of Point Cook. It also has a training site at Bendigo Airport in the Victorian city of Bendigo and a research site in Hamilton near the Grampians National Park. In Asia, it has two branch campuses in Ho Chi Minh City and Hanoi and a training centre in Da Nang in Vietnam as well as teaching partnerships in Mainland China, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Singapore and Sri Lanka. In Europe, it has a research and collaboration centre in the Spanish city of Barcelona.

Early history (before 1887)
The antecedent of RMIT, the Working Men's College of Melbourne, was founded by the Scottish-born grazier and politician the Hon. Francis Ormond in the 1880s. Planning began in 1881, with Ormond basing his model for the college on the Birkbeck Literary and Scientific Institution (now a constituent college of the University of London), Brighton College of Art (now the University of Brighton), Royal College of Art and the Working Men's College of London.

Ormond donated the sum of £5,000 toward the foundation of the college. He was supported in the Victorian Parliament by Charles Pearson and in the Melbourne Trades Hall by William Emmett Murphy. The workers' unions of Melbourne rallied their members to match Ormond's donation. The site for the college, on the corners of Bowen Street and La Trobe Street, opposite the Melbourne Public Library, was donated by the Victorian Government.

Working Men's College (1887–1960)
The Working Men's College of Melbourne opened on 4 June 1887 with a gala ceremony at the Melbourne Town Hall, becoming the fifth tertiary education provider in Victoria (the Melbourne Athenaeum was founded in 1839, the University of Melbourne in 1853, the Ballarat School of Mines in 1870 and the Bendigo School of Mines in 1873). It took 320 enrollments on its opening night.

It opened as a night school for instruction in "art, science and technology"—in the words of its founder—"especially to working men". Ormond was a firm believer in the transformative power of education and believed the college would be of "great importance and value" to the industrialisation of Melbourne during the late-19th century. In 1904, it was incorporated under the Companies Act as a private college.

Between the turn of the 20th century and the 1930s, it expanded over the neighbouring Old Melbourne Gaol and constructed buildings for new art, engineering and radio schools. It also made its first contribution to Australia's war effort through training of returned military personnel from World War I. Following a petition by students, it officially changed its name to the Melbourne Technical College in 1934.

The expanded college made a greater contribution to Australia's effort during World War II by training a sixth of the country's military personnel—including the majority of its Royal Australian Air Force communication officers. It also trained 2000 civilians in munitions manufacturing and was commissioned by the Australian Government to manufacture military aircraft parts—including the majority of parts for the Beaufort Bomber.

RMIT (1960–1992)
Following World War II, in 1954 it became the first Australian tertiary education provider to be awarded royal patronage (by Elizabeth II) for its service to the Commonwealth in the area of education and for its contribution to the war effort; and was officially renamed the "Royal Melbourne Technical College". It became (and remains to this day) the only higher education institution in Australia with the right of the prefix "Royal" along with the use of the Australian monarchy's regalia.

Its name was officially changed to the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology in 1960. During the mid-20th century, it was restructured as a provider of general higher and vocational education and pioneered dual sector education in Australia. It also began an engagement with Southeast Asia during this time (under the Australian Government's Colombo Plan). In 1979, the neighbouring Emily McPherson College of Domestic Economy joined with RMIT.

RMIT University (1992)
After merging with the Phillip Institute of Technology in 1992, it became a public university by act of the Victorian Government under the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology Act 1992, and changed its name to RMIT University.

During the 1990s, the university underwent a rapid expansion and amalgamated with a number of nearby colleges and institutes. The Melbourne College of Decoration and Design joined RMIT in 1993, to create a new dedicated vocational design school, followed by the Melbourne College of Printing and Graphic Arts in 1995. That same year, it opened its first radial campus in Bundoora in the northern Melbourne metropolitan area. In 1999, it acquired the Melbourne Institute of Textiles campus in Brunswick in the inner-northern Melbourne metropolitan area for its vocational design schools.

Recent history (2000–present)
At the turn of the 21st century, it was invited by the Vietnamese Government to become the country's first foreign-owned university. Its first international branch campus opened in Ho Chi Minh City in 2001 with a second in Hanoi in 2004. In 2013, it established a presence in Europe by opening a centre in Barcelona, Spain.

Melbourne City

Located in the Melbourne city centre, the historic City campus of RMIT is the foundation campus of the university as well as its largest and most recognisable. It is known for its striking contemporary architecture as well as its well-preserved Victorian era and interwar period buildings.

Founded in 1887, the City campus began as the Working Men's College of Melbourne. Its original building is situated on the corner of Bowen Street and La Trobe Street, and the campus has since grown to 87 buildings in 2016. The campus has no perimeter walls. As such, its buildings are contiguous with the surrounding city. Most of its buildings are spread across six city blocks covering approximately 720000 m2. It is roughly bound by La Trobe Street to the south, Elizabeth Street to the south-east and Swanston Street to the north-east (connected by Franklin Street), Queensberry Street to the north, Lygon Street to the north-west and Russell Street to the south-west. The campus area is situated between the two oldest sections of the city; the northern edge of the Hoddle Grid to its south and the Queen Victoria Market to its south-west. The area is sometimes referred to as the "RMIT quarter" of the city.

At the intersection of La Trobe Street and Swanston Street, the campus also benefits from its proximity to the State Library of Victoria as well as the adjacent Melbourne Central Shopping Centre and its City Loop underground railway station. It is also well-serviced by the city tram network along La Trobe Street and Swanston Street and has its own tram stop (Stop 7 RMIT University/Swanston Street) in the densest section of the campus.

The city block bound by Bowen Street, Franklin Street, La Trobe Street and Russell Street, served as the justice precinct of the city for over 100 years. While it is mostly occupied by campus buildings today, which were constructed over the site of the demolished Old Melbourne Gaol, some original buildings from the precinct remain and are used by the university. From the Old Melbourne Gaol, they include its east wing cell block (1854) which is now operated as a museum by the National Trust of Australia, its former chapel and gatehouse (1860) which are now used as a multi-faith place of worship for the campus, and the site of its former hospital which is now used as a landscaped space known as Alumni Courtyard. Other buildings from the precinct that remain are the former Melbourne City Watchhouse (1904) which is also operated as a museum by the National Trust, and the former Melbourne Magistrates' Court (1914) which is now used to house university administration.

Other notable buildings on the City campus include Storey Hall original section (1887), Forresters' Hall (1888), Capitol Theatre (1924), Emily McPherson College (1927), Building 8 (1993), Storey Hall annex (1995), Singer Building "green brain" (2010), Design Hub (2011) and Swanston Academic Building (2012).

Bundoora
The Bundoora campus was established in 1992. It is located 18 km from the City campus in the outer northern suburb of Bundoora. The campus is divided into 'East' and 'West' by Plenty Road. In a contrast to the urban City campus, the Bundoora West campus is set amongst almost 400000 m2 of parkland.

Programs in aerospace engineering, electrical engineering, mechanical engineering, medical sciences and social sciences are offered at the Bundoora campus.

Brunswick
The Brunswick campus became a part of RMIT in 1999 as a dedicated site for its vocational design schools. It is located 6 km from the City campus in the inner northern suburb of Brunswick. Prior to its annexation by RMIT, it was the campus of the former Melbourne Institute of Textiles for nearly 50 years.

Programs in fashion design, graphic design, printing, publishing and textiles are offered at the Brunswick campus.

Other sites
RMIT's flight training programs are conducted from its site at the Royal Australian Air Force's (RAAF) historic Williams base. It is located 20 km from the City campus in the outer south-western suburb of Point Cook. RAAF Williams is the world's oldest operating air force base and the birthplace of the Royal Australian Air Force.

The university also has a regional research site in the rural town of Hamilton. It is located 300 km north-west of the City campus in regional Victoria—just south of the Grampians National Park. The Potter Rural Community Research Centre at the site focuses on rural and regional issues in a global context.

RMIT Training also offers English Language Tests for Aviation or RELTA.

Ho Chi Minh City
In 1998, RMIT was invited by the Vietnamese Government to establish the country's first foreign-owned university. In 2001, it purchased and restored a 19th-century French Colonial building and grounds in District 3, Ho Chi Minh City. The building, located on Pham Ngoc Thach Street, is informally referred to as "the Castle" by students. Today, the Pham Ngoc Thach site remains a radial site of the present Ho Chi Minh City campus.

The present Ho Chi Minh City campus is located in the Phu My Hung area of the Saigon South development in District 7. The first academic buildings on the large purpose-built campus opened in 2005. In 2011, its recreation complex and residential centres opened.

Hanoi
The Hanoi campus was established in 2004. It was initially located in the Van Phuc Diplomatic Compound in the government precinct of the Ba Dinh District, Hanoi. In 2007, it also acquired a building in the Dong Da District to accommodate rising student numbers. It consolidated its two buildings in a newly built tower overlooking Ngoc Khanh Lake in the Ba Dinh District in 2010.

Other partners
RMIT teaches and/or accredits programs for the Hong Kong Art School and Shanghai Institute of Foreign Trade in China, SIM Global Education in Singapore and Taylor's University in Malaysia.

Barcelona
In 2013, RMIT established a coordinating centre in Barcelona, Spain. The centre offers a variety of programs in conjunction with RMIT's partners in Europe, including a double master's degree in architecture which facilitates the RMIT School of Architecture and Design's participation in the reconstruction of Antoni Gaudí's basilica, Sagrada Família.

Organisation and governance
Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology is a public university created under the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology Act 1992 by the Government of Victoria, and continues in accordance with the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology Act 2010.

The university trades under the name "RMIT University" which is a registered business name and trademark. It is composed of the academic colleges and schools, research centres and institutes of the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, and is governed by the RMIT Council and is managed by the RMIT Chancellery.

Divisions
RMIT University is separated into two divisions: the Higher Education Division and the Vocational Education and Training (VET) Division. The divisions are responsible for the 17 academic schools of RMIT—which are grouped into three academic portfolios referred to as colleges. The higher education schools offer undergraduate and postgraduate degrees, while the VET schools offer vocational certificates and diplomas.

Council
RMIT is governed by a council consisting of 21 members, which is responsible for the "general direction and superintendence of the University". The RMIT Council is led by the RMIT Chancellor who is an ex officio member and serves as its Governor-in-Council. The RMIT vice-chancellor and president, as well as the chair of the RMIT Academic Board, are also ex officio members of the council.

Five members of the RMIT Council are elected by direct ballot of the staff and students of the university. They consist of three staff members elected to represent the higher education, vocational education and general staff of the university, and two students elected to represent higher education and vocational education students. The remaining members are appointed directly by the RMIT Chancellor and Governor, or by a vote of the sitting council members. Members appointed directly to the council are required to possess a substantial expertise in academic or financial management, vocational education or training experience, and be drawn from beyond the university community.

Vice-chancellor
The RMIT Council grants power over all academic and administrative affairs of the university to the vice-chancellor and president—who is the chief executive officer of the university. The vice-chancellor and president is "responsible for the conduct of the University's affairs in all matters". Management of RMIT's colleges and portfolios is then delegated by the vice-chancellor and president to a team of deputy and pro vice-chancellors as well as senior executives.

Academic board
The requirements for the conferring of an academic degree of the university is determined and approved by the RMIT Academic Board. The board consists of the RMIT Chancellery as ex officio members, and up to a further 46 members—34 of which must be elected by staff and students. Those conferred an academic degree of the university may use the post-nominal letters "RMIT" with the abbreviation of their degree title.

Colleges and schools
The four academic colleges housing the schools of RMIT are the College of Business and Law (BUSL), College of Design and Social Context (DSC) and College of Vocational Education and the STEM College (incorporating the fields of sciences, engineering, computing technologies and health and medical sciences (STEM).

College of Business and Law
 * RMIT School of Accounting, Information Systems and Supply Chain
 * RMIT School of Economics, Finance and Marketing
 * RMIT School of Graduate Business and Law
 * RMIT School of Management

College of Design and Social Context
 * RMIT School of Architecture and Urban Design
 * RMIT School of Art
 * RMIT School of Design
 * RMIT School of Education
 * RMIT School of Fashion and Textiles
 * RMIT School of Global, Urban and Social Studies
 * RMIT School of Media and Communication
 * RMIT School of Property, Construction and Project Management

STEM College
 * RMIT School of Computing Technologies
 * RMIT School of Engineering
 * RMIT School of Health and Biomedical Sciences
 * RMIT School of Science

College of Vocational Education incorporates the fields of business, design and technology, media, art and communication, social care, engineering technology, nursing, computer science, myotherapy, dental studies, trades and the built environment.
 * RMIT School of Vocational Business Education
 * RMIT School of Vocational Engineering, Health and Sciences

Commercial subsidiaries
"RMIT Group" is the business unit of the university and consists of the entities controlled by RMIT University, including wholly owned subsidiaries such as:
 * RMIT Training, and its sub-entities, which include:
 * Informit (for online publication ); which owns and operates the Informit database, the largest online database of research from across Australia and the Asia-Pacific;[
 * RMIT University Press (trading as RMIT Publishing; for print publication); and
 * RMIT English Worldwide.

(RMIT Training owned a number of other subsidiaries between 1999 and 2009, but these have been either terminated or merged into the three remaining entities. )

As of 2013, international holdings companies included RMIT Spain (trading as RMIT Europe) and RMIT Vietnam, and there were other commercial interests and sub-entities. , RMIT has two campuses in Vietnam and one in Spain.

Rankings
According to the QS World University Rankings, RMIT is ranked as a five star university in the areas of: research, employability, teaching, facilities, internationalisation, innovation, engagement, specialisation.

According to the 2021 QS World University Rankings, RMIT was ranked 15th in the world for art and design subjects, making it the top art and design school in Australia and Oceania. RMIT is ranked 16th in the world and 3rd in Australia among universities less than 50 years old in the 2016–17 QS Top 50 Under 50 index. Times Higher Education rankings placed RMIT in the 55th position of 100 universities under 50 years old.

RMIT is ranked 28th in the world for Architecture and the Built Environment (4th highest in Australia) in the 2017 QS World University Rankings by Subject.

Research
RMIT focuses on applied research as well as outcome-related research and consultancy services, and has extensive partnerships with government and industry. It mainly focuses its research in the areas of design, technology, health, globalisation and sustainability.

Its Portfolio of Research and Innovation operates on a similar scale to its colleges, and also contains a specialist research school in order to foster excellence in research methodology and pedagogy. In addition to the Portfolio of Research and Innovation, over 50 research centres operate independently within RMIT's colleges and schools as well as a large number of smaller research groups.

Libraries
RMIT Library is the central libraries network of the university. It has four locations across RMIT's three Australian campuses. Swanston Library is the largest in the network, and is located in Building 8 at the City campus. Swanston Library is also reported to be amongst the top five libraries in all of Melbourne. Other libraries in the network are the Brunswick Library, Bundoora West Library and Carlton Library (the latter of which is also at the City campus).

The City campus also benefits from its proximity to the State Library of Victoria—the central public reference library and the largest library in Melbourne.

In addition to its libraries network, RMIT schools also maintain their own specialised collections. Notable examples of school-maintained collections are the AFI Research Collection, RMIT Design Archives and National Aerospace Resource.

Two libraries are located at RMIT's Vietnam campuses; Beanland Library and Hanoi Library. The Beanland Library is the larger of the two libraries, and is located at the Ho Chi Minh City campus.

Online databases
Selected research of RMIT academics and postgraduate students can be accessed through the RMIT Research Repository—an open access database of peer-reviewed published articles, conference papers, books and chapters, etc. Documents held by the RMIT Research Repository are also indexed by Google Scholar, National Library of Australia and WorldCat. As of March 2013, there are more than 19,000 records in the Repository.

The university's subsidiary, RMIT Training, also owns and operates the Informit online library database (see above), which is the largest database of research from across Australia and the Asia-Pacific.

Galleries
The major public art gallery of the university is RMIT Gallery, located at the City campus. The gallery runs a highly regarded program of Australian and international exhibitions, and focuses on contemporary art, design and visual culture. It is located in the historic original section of Storey Hall on Swanston Street and is considered to be one of Melbourne's most vibrant art galleries. The gallery also publishes widely on art and design research in partnership with RMIT Publishing.

RMIT First Site Gallery at the City campus is the main gallery of the RMIT Link campus union, and focuses on emerging artists and is located beneath RMIT Gallery. The campus union also manages the Artland program at the Brunswick campus. Artland consists of 16 sites around the campus and Brunswick streets showcasing work of design students.

In addition to the Story Hall galleries, many of RMIT's schools also manage their own discipline-relevant galleries. Notable examples are the School of Art's main gallery and Project Space / Spare Room Gallery, the School of Media and Communication's Field36 Gallery, and the School of Architecture and Design's Virtual Reality Centre and Design Hub Gallery. The acclaimed public art program of the School of Art also produces art in public spaces around RMIT's campuses as well as the greater Melbourne city centre and metropolitan area.

Art collection
RMIT Gallery is the caretaker of RMIT's permanent art collection. It includes the substantial Linsday Edward Collection of fine art and W. E. Macmillan Collection of gold and silver as well as a number of other sub-collections. The Linsday Edwards Collection has a strong focus on Australian art and holds work by leading Australian artists (including RMIT alumni or former faculty) such as Howard Arkley, John Brack, Leonard French, Roger Kemp, Inge King, Max Meldrum, John Olsen, Lenton Parr and Fred Williams.

A history of the art collection is documented in the publication A Skilled Hand and Cultivated Mind: A Guide to the Architecture and Art of RMIT.

Link (campus union)
RMIT Link is the university's campus union. It exists to sponsor and promote social, cultural, educational, sporting and recreational programs and activities among the RMIT community, and to provide such facilities and services at RMIT's Australian campuses. Link is separated into two divisions: Arts & Culture and Sports & Recreation. It is a controlled entity under the authority of RMIT's Council.

Arts & Culture manages a number of extra-curricular arts collectives. It also offers workshop and seminars as well as funding for arts initiatives, and runs a free cinema program at the City and Bundoora campuses.

Sports & Recreation manages the university's semi-professional sports teams, which are collectively known as the Redbacks, and has an elite athlete funding program. It offers funding for community and social sports clubs on RMIT's Australian campuses, and also runs community and charity sporting events and tournaments. It also operates the City campus gym, and co-owns a ski lodge on Mount Buller.

RUSU (student union)
RMIT's University Student Union (RUSU) is the independent body representing students enrolled at RMIT. It was founded in 1944 by John Storey Jr., after whom Storey Hall at the City campus is named. The objective of RUSU is to safeguard the interests and rights of students, and to advance education, welfare, social life and cultural activities of students. RUSU has a number of departments advocating various elements of student life, and it also supports academic, cultural, political, spiritual and special interest clubs and societies run by students.

Departments:
 * Activities – manages events, festivals, markets and parties on all RMIT's campuses
 * Campuses – representation of students on general matters relating to RMIT's campuses
 * Clubs and societies
 * Education – campaigns on education matters and is run in collaboration with other departments
 * Environment – advocates environmental responsibility and sustainability on RMIT's campuses
 * International Students – supports and advocates the rights of international students
 * Postgraduate Students – the representative body of postgraduate students
 * Queer – supports and advocates the rights of RMIT's LGBT community
 * Women's – supports and advocates the rights of women
 * Realfoods – RUSU's organic fair trade vegetarian cafe, located in the main cafeteria at the City campus

Student media:
 * The Swanston Gazette – Student newspaper established in 2019 by the RMIT Journalism Society as an independent alternative unaffiliated with the university or student union.
 * Catalyst – Student magazine, distributed free every month of the academic year since 1944
 * RMITV – student television production company, broadcasting since 1987, and co-founder of the C31 community television station
 * Student Youth Network (SYN) – student radio station, broadcasting across the Melbourne metropolitan area on 90.7 FM and on DAB+. Though many RMIT students participate in SYN programs, it is wholly independent of both RMIT and RUSU organisationally.
 * 3RRR – RMIT's former radio station, founded as 3RMT in 1976, now independently funded but still used by the university

Accommodation
RMIT operates several student accommodation facilities including: RMIT Village, Cambridge Court and College Square on the City campus and Walert House on the Bundoora campus—all of which operate as self-catered apartment complexes. Twelve other student hostels are also operated by other providers.

Some of the traditional residential colleges of the nearby University of Melbourne also reserve places for RMIT students. The college fees include all catering, utilities, academic and pastoral support. The colleges affiliated with RMIT include: International House, Janet Clarke Hall, Newman College, Queen's College, St Mary's College, University College and Whitley College.

Student demographics
In 2014, RMIT's program enrollments by gender were 54% male and 46% female. RMIT's Higher Education student body was 52% male and 48% female while its Vocational Educational student body was 53% male and 47% female. According to a study of over 100 RMIT STEM graduates, male RMIT University STEM graduates outnumber females by 7 to 1.

Spiritual Centre
RMIT's Spiritual Centre is a multi-faith place of worship located on the City campus. It is housed in the historic Old Melbourne Gaol chapel, built in 1860. The centre provides a contemplative space to all staff and students of RMIT, regardless of their faith and without showing favour to any one faith, and houses the RMIT Chaplaincy services. RMIT has chaplains that represent Buddhist, Christian, Jewish and Muslim faiths of various branches as well as for Integral spirituality.

People
RMIT graduates are considered to be some of the most employable in the world. In a 2011 survey of 5000 employers by Quacquarelli Symonds, RMIT was ranked 51st in the world for graduate employability. In 2011, the university had an alumni community of around 280,000 graduates in 130 countries.

Notable attendees and graduates include: Australian skier and Winter Olympic gold medalist Lydia Lassila; Irish Australian rules footballer and charity worker Jim Stynes; Australian film director and writer James Wan; Australian actor Travis Fimmel (attended); Australian sportsman and three-time Olympic gold medalist James Tomkins; Australian comedian and television host Rove McManus; Australian singer and guitarist of the band Wolfmother, Andrew Stockdale; Australian singer Judith Durham; Vietnamese actress, model and beauty pageant titleholder, 2006 Miss Vietnam, Mai Phương Thúy; Australian documentary maker John Safran; Australian artist Charles Billich; Australian animator Felix Colgrave; director of photography Greig Fraser and director of the Omani Society for Fine Arts, Maryam Al Zadjali.

Graduation traditions
A notable graduation tradition of RMIT is its graduation parade. The parade is town and gown-style academic procession which proceeds from the City campus down the major city thoroughfare of Swanston Street to Federation Square (until 2002 the parade culminated outside the Melbourne Town Hall). Graduands and faculty march in full academic regalia and receive a military escort from the central marching band of the Royal Australian Air Force. The parade is welcomed at Federation Square by the Lord Mayor of Melbourne—on behalf of the city and its citizens. The mayor grants RMIT's vice-chancellor a "writ of passage" to proceed with the graduation ceremony, which takes place at the Docklands Stadium.

title: Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology


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Pâté chinois

Pâté chinois ('Chinese pie') is a French Canadian dish similar to the English shepherd's pie or French hachis Parmentier. It is a traditional recipe in Québécois cuisine.

Ingredients
The dish is made with layered ground beef (sometimes mixed with sautéed diced onions) on the bottom, canned corn (either whole-kernel, creamed, or a mixture) for the middle layer, and mashed potatoes on top. Seasonings may be added to the top. Variations may include reversing the layering of ingredients with potatoes at the bottom, then meat, topped with creamed corn; adding diced bell peppers to the ground beef; and serving the dish with pickled eggs or beets. Once served, ketchup can be added.

Origins
There are no confirmed appearances of pâté chinois before the 1930s. This has led many to believe it was created in the 1930s, but its origins are widely debated and there are multiple hypotheses.

All current theories are rejected by Jean-Pierre Lemasson, author of the book Le mystère insondable du pâté chinois. According to his research, Chinese workers simply ate rice and soybeans during the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway (ruling out the Railway Hypothesis). In addition, he notes that pâté chinois had only appeared on the tables of Québécois families in the 1930s, which makes it difficult to believe that it appeared during the industrial revolution in Maine (ruling out the South China Hypothesis). According to this author, the origin of pâté chinois remains a mystery.

Railway hypothesis
This hypothesis suggests that pâté chinois came into existence at the end of the 19th century during the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway. At the time, railway workers, mostly of Asian origin, were said to be fed on the job with only ground beef, potatoes and corn as these ingredients were readily available and inexpensive at the time. While working on the railway, these workers created, by force of circumstance, a unique blend, named pâté chinois in their honour. French Canadian railway workers would have adopted this new dish shortly thereafter.

South China hypothesis
Another hypothesis suggests that this dish originated from the city of South China in Maine. Many French Canadians had emigrated there to find work during the Industrial Revolution. The “China pie”, a local specialty, would have become popular among the French Canadians and been translated into pâté chinois.

Pemmican hypothesis
Some believe that pâté chinois might have evolved from pemmican.

"European cuisine took a long time to develop dishes of the 'potato-topped hash' type. It had first to assimilate as ingredients both potato and minced beef. The discovery of America would open up yet more vistas in cookery and push farther the boundaries of culinary geography; for, while Europe concocted its own version of the dish, here in America, we married 'pemmican' (corn and meat) with minced meat from the Old World. This combination gave rise to the modern pâté chinois. As such, in the context of traditional oven-baked dishes, pâté chinois should be classified, approved and protected by the Ministry of Cultural Affairs."

-translated from Du pâté chinois by B. Arcand and S. Bouchard (p. 15).

La Salle failed expedition hypothesis
In his Genesis of Quebec cuisine, published by Éditions Fides, Jean-Marie Francœur goes further. He argues that the famous name "pâté chinois", the origin of which remains obscure despite the popularity of the dish, could be linked to a missed expedition.

In 1669, René-Robert Cavelier de La Salle settled in New France at the foot of the fiery rapids of the Sault Saint-Louis in Ville-Marie (now called Montreal). La Salle's dream, even his obsession, was to find the passage west to the "Vermeille Sea" -what he called the Pacific Ocean- to reach China. Two Native Americans, it seems, had told him about this passage, and he liked to remind anyone who wanted to hear it. He did not want to leave to any other "the honor of finding the way to the South Sea and by extension China". Selling his land in Ville-Marie, he set out at the head of a flotilla of 14 men and a few canoes. Contrary to what he had suggested, he did not speak the language of the Iroquois nor that of the Algonquins. He was unable to use a compass and had no knowledge of survival in the forest. The crew members had a difficult time reaching Lake Ontario, to say the least. Once there, one of the crew members informed La Salle about a nearby Amerindian nation, the Potawatomi, telling him they had not been evangelized yet. Feeling burned out, La Salle pretended to feel sick and quickly returned to Ville-Marie. There, he claimed to everyone that he explored Ohio and discovered the Mississippi.

At Coste Saint-Sulpice (now called Lachine), people witnessed the return of this crew, equipped to be gone for months, return barely a few weeks after they left. Many wondered if "China" was actually closer to Ville-Marie than they had previously thought. This would make "China" very close to Coste Saint-Sulpice. It was thought that perhaps people got into the habit of referring to Coste Saint-Sulpice as "China", hence resulting in its change of name from Coste Saint-Sulpice to Lachine. Moreover, La Salle's men had eaten corn during their entire expedition, and, according to Francœur, the iconic name "pâté chinois" may have been an invention of Francois Dollier de Casson, who wanted to make fun of La Salle's failed expedition. Members of the expedition were also ironically nicknamed the "Chinese" as they brought with them "chinese" costumes in case they met oriental dignitaries.

Échine hypothesis
According to Jean-Marie Francœur, the pâté chinois has for another suggested origin the pâté d'échine de porc, a pâté made of corn, pork loin and turnip. This dish appeared towards the beginnings of New France. At the time, corn and pork loin were common, with potatoes not being available. As such, turnips were taking their place. The name is hypothesised to have changed from échine to Chine and then finally to pâté chinois, with the composition of the pâté also changing with time to switch to potatoes and to use other types of meat.

Cultural references
In the Québécois humorous television program La Petite Vie, pâté chinois is used to show one of the characters' abysmal lack of common sense as she regularly fails to properly prepare it, for example, by laying the three ingredients side by side instead of layering them, or forgetting to mash the potatoes.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Pâté chinois


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Call for AMA election
AMA Member Advocate,

There's a poll currently in the AMA Homepage about making a new AMA Coordinator election. Please, cast your vote there (though it's not mandatory). Any comments you have about this, write it on the AMA Homepage talk page. Cheers, --Neigel von Teighen 18:43, 4 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Proposals for AMA Membership Meeting
As AMA Coordinator I am requesting that suggestions be placed on AMA Membership Meeting plans for our first membership meeting, to be held in the near future, (hopefully before any election occurs.) Since we have never had any kind of "official" meeting we need to discuss how this will occur (i.e. Wiki pages or IRC channel), how it will be structured (i.e. meeting agenda) and if there will be any "chair" to supervise the meeting and meeting "secretary" to write up minutes or keep some kind of official record of what transpires. Thanks in advance for your input and your continued work as an advocate.— ©   Alex756   20:08, 5 Jan 2005 (UTC)

OFFICIAL AMA MEETING NOTICE
The first AMA Membership meeting will be held on Sunday January 23, 2005 at 19:00 UTC on freenode IRC channel #AMA. That is 2 PM Eastern NA (Miami/Montreal) Time, 11 AM Pacific NA (Los Angeles/Vancover)Time, and 8 PM Central European (Amsterdam/Stokholm/Warsaw/Venice) Time. All members are invited to attend. — ©   Alex756   01:23, 17 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Logs of first AMA Membership meeting
You may view the log of the first meeting on the following two pages: AMA IRC Meeting log (1-23-05) (first hour) and AMA IRC Meeting log (1-23-05) Pt II (remainder of meeting). If you are interested in commenting on the agenda of the meeting please do so here:AMA Meeting (suggested topics).

OFFICIAL SECOND MEETING NOTICE AND REQUEST FOR INFORMATION

 * "The second AMA Membership meeting will be held on Sunday January 30 2005 at 19:00 UTC on freenode IRC channel #AMA. That is 2 PM Eastern NA Time, 11 AM Pacific NA Time, and 8 PM Central European (Amsterdam/Stokholm/Warsaw/Venice) Time. All members are invited to attend."

The coordinator is requesting that members submit the following information for the upcoming coordinator’s report:

 * How many individuals did you help as an advocate
 * What is the maximum amount of time you put into a case
 * Do you feel your work as an advocate was successful?
 * How can the advocacy program of the AMA be improved?

Thank you. Please submit your responses here: AMA Coordinator/January 2005 Survey

 * — ©   Alex756   23:22, 23 Jan 2005 (UTC) (The Coordinator)

OFFICIAL AMA THIRD MEETING NOTICE
The second AMA IRC Membership meeting was held on Sunday January 30, 2005 at 19:00 UTC on freenode.net IRC channel #AMA. Attending were Wally, Metasquares, Anthere, Sam Spade, and alex756 (coordinator). The log of the second meeting can be found here: AMA IRC Meeting log (1-30-05).

"The third AMA Membership meeting will be held on Saturday February 12, 2005 at 17:00 UTC on freenode IRC channel #AMA. That is 12:00 Noon Eastern NA Time, 9 AM Pacific NA Time, and 6 PM Central European (Amsterdam/Stokholm/Warsaw/Venice) Time. All members are invited to attend.

Suggested Topics and Specific Proposals

 * MEMBERS PLEASE REVIEW

 * Suggestions for topics/proposals and agenda to be discussed at the next meeting are to be found at: AMA Meeting (suggested topics). All members are requested to make proposals there and respond to proposals on the talk page there before the beginning of the next meeting so discussion can be held forthwith concerning such proposals. Thank you, your Coordinator.

The coordinator is requesting that members who have not done so already submit the following information for the upcoming coordinator’s report:

 * How many individuals did you help as an advocate
 * What is the maximum amount of time you put into a case
 * Do you feel your work as an advocate was successful?
 * How can the advocacy program of the AMA be improved?

Thank you. Please submit your responses here if you have not done so already. — ©   Alex756   23:28, 30 Jan 2005 (UTC)

AMA Meeting Proposal
Hi! I put together a proposal for another AMA meeting that I'm hopeful you can chime in on. --Wgfinley 20:07, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Human Rights Servey on Wikipedia (The final post of I_sterbinski)

 * Dear all,

 * Wikipedia was recently a subject of intensive research of an huge international human right organization. A team of people from different nationalities and ages were acting on Wikipedia for 20 days, investigating previously noted anomalities of Wikipedia free editing and forming a final report, which (between the others similar reports) will later be a guide to all future moves of the organization concerning Wikipedia. Acting under an account of a real person, their privacy is to be held private. Therefore, very few private information will be revealed.
 * Also, this is a result of the lack of final possition of the organization concerning Wikipedia and human rights, which was still not formed.

 * The team's final post on Wikipedia, where they explain their actions can be found on the following addresses:
 * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:I_sterbinski
 * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Macedonia#Human_Rights_Servey_on_Wikipedia_.28The_final_post_of_I_sterbinski.29

 * The team would like to thank to all the persons who took part in the correspondence with us.
 * We also want to appologise for keeping our identity secret for a longer period.

 * Best regards,
 * Aleksandar, Biljana, Asparuh, Christos, Valjon, Michael and Ana Luiza
 * I sterbinski 01:40, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

Requests for arbitration/Template/Workshop
You, or any Wikipedia user, can contribute your suggestions and comments to the /Workshop page of any active arbitration case. Comments on evidence or proposals can help in understanding the import of evidence and in refining proposals. Proposed principles, findings of fact, or remedies may be listed on /Proposed decision and form part of the final decision. Fred Bauder 19:13, 26 October 2005 (UTC)

AMA
Hello, you are receiving this message because your name is on the list of members of the Association of Members' Advocates. There is a poll being held at Wikipedia talk:Association of Members' Advocates for approval of a proposal for the revitalisation of the association. You are eligible to vote and your vote and input are welcome. Izehar 22:28, 6 January 2006 (UTC)

AMA Coordinator Election
Dear AMA Member,

You are entitled to vote in the AMA Coordinator election, set to begin at midnight on 3 February 2006. Please see the pages on the election and its candidates and the procedure and policy and cast a vote by e-mail!

Wally 11:27, 2 February 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Pharotic


text:
Talk:Polio

% of asymptomatic cases in the lead.
The lead paragraph states approxiamately 70% of cases are symptomatic however the source for that information says Approximately 70% of all polio infections in children are asymptomatic I could not find information on the number of cases in general that are asymptomatic. Could someone please revert this Watch Atlas791 (talk) 00:54, 16 April 2023 (UTC)

 * Fixed it. Bob (talk) 19:49, 16 April 2023 (UTC)

Eradication
Is it just me? It seems extremely odd that there isn't a section in the article documenting the ongoing attempts to eradicate the virus (or did I just miss it?). With a fair wind, Polio will be relegated to the history section in the next few years. New funding for the ongoing attempt announced by UNICEF a month ago: https://www.gatesfoundation.org/ideas/media-center/press-releases/2023/10/one-billion-health-security-financing-eib-european-commission Rafflesgluft (talk) 08:57, 13 November 2023 (UTC)

 * OK, searching within the article I can now see it is covered, and does have its own separate article... however I think a top level section titled "Eradication attempts" or similar would make it much clearer to the reader? Rafflesgluft (talk) 09:00, 13 November 2023 (UTC)

WP:URFA/2020 review
I am reviewing this article as part of WP:URFA/2020, an initiative to review Wikipedia's oldest articles. Upon quickly skimming this article, I noticed some concerns which I have outlined below: Is anyone interested in fixing up this article? Z1720 (talk) 02:30, 24 December 2023 (UTC)
 * There are several uncited statements including entire paragraphs,
 * The "History" section doesn't seem to have post-2001 information,
 * The "Research" section is quite undevelopped and has an "update needed" banner from 2020.
 * There are some sources in the "Further reading" section that might be included in the article.

 * @Z1720I think I've finished. Please review. Bob (talk) 21:42, 17 April 2024 (UTC)

I am very busy in real life so I only took a skim, but here are some thoughts:

 * The research section still feels quite scarce. What is happening with polio research? Is it getting funding? What are they researching?
 * "Even if polio can be eliminated completely from the world population, vaccination programs should continue for at least ten years." Why? Says who? What does this have to do with research?
 * There are a couple of sentences that need citations, which I have indicated with a cn tag.
 * Can the history section be divided with level 3 headings? Or perhaps shortened? Usually, each section is 2-4 paragraphs.
 * I am not sure which bullet points in the "Eradication" section are cited to what. Can this be clarified, maybe with a citation after each bullet point?

I hope work continues on this. Z1720 (talk) 15:28, 18 April 2024 (UTC)

I'll add another review since pinged me here. In short, I'm sure this article has good bones from its original FA work, but articles naturally deteriorate over time, and this one needs some renovations to bring it back up to the FA criteria. The two big things (with a non-exhaustive list of examples):
 * Some reorganizing to improve readability:
 * Can we wrap the material in the Etymology section and the Passive immunization subsection into the History section? Polio has a rich history, if the section needs to be broken into subsections so be it.
 * Similarly, the Orthotics section is jarring. Merge into the Treatment section?
 * The regional blurbs under Epidemiology#Eradication should be merged into cohesive prose. They're very choppy now.
 * Speaking of which, a full description of the Eradication programs history, structure, and progress is probably due in as a separate article section (this is what I ended up doing at Dracunculiasis, another disease with a well-known eradication program).
 * Lots of odd sentences feel like they'd flow smoother in other sections: "The term "poliomyelitis"... of poliovirus", "Poliomyelitis does not affect any species other than humans", "A rare condition with a similar... enteroviruses other than poliovirus." (suspect this deserves slightly more detail elsewhere; any case of Acute flaccid myelitis is going to arouse suspicion of poliovirus), "Early symptoms of paralytic polio ... time the fever breaks", and more.
 * Time for some new sources, where appropriate - per WP:MEDDATE we aim to source medical material to references that were published within the last five years. Most polio cases are behind us, so if older sources allow a richer disease description, that's ok. But material that purports to represent the current scientific mainstream (like that in the Pathophysiology section, Diagnosis, Treatment, and the Prevention material that doesn't belong in the History section) would really benefit from updated source material.

These would require some moderately heavy lifting. Once addressed, there are some smaller prose issues that should be ironed out to make the article shine. But that can wait until we have structure and sources we like. Happy to help with this where possible, but realistically I won't have the bandwidth to take the lead on this or do more than a section or two for a while. In the meantime, if there's any way I can be useful, just let me know. Best, Ajpolino (talk) 02:46, 4 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Polio


text:
Bronzeville

Bronzeville may refer to:

 * Another name for the Little Tokyo area of Los Angeles, during World War II
 * A neighborhood and district in Chicago, Illinois
 * Black Metropolis-Bronzeville District, a historic district within the Bronzeville neighborhood
 * King-Lincoln Bronzeville, a neighborhood in Columbus, Ohio
 * A neighborhood in Milwaukee, Wisconsin
 * Bronzeville (play), a 2009 play by Tim Toyama and Aaron Woolfolk
 * Bronzeville (podcast), an audio drama by Larenz Tate and Laurence Fishburne

title: Bronzeville


text:
Macrotyloma uniflorum

Macrotyloma uniflorum (horsegram, also known as horse gram, kulthi bean, gahat, hurali, or Madras gram ) is a legume native to tropical southern Asia, known for its distinct taste and texture, widely used legume in many cuisines. It is also known for human consumption for its rich nutrients and reputed medicinal properties. It is commonly grown for horse feed, hence the name “horse gram”. Horse gram grown in parts of India, as well as Nepal, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, and is introduced to the West Indies. It is consumed whole, sprouted, or ground. It is consumed in many parts of India and is also known as a superfood. Horse gram is also allowed to be eaten on some Hindu fasting days. Medical uses of these legumes have been discussed and is described in the Ayurveda.

Description
Macrotyloma uniflorum is a perennial climbing plant with a rhizome, growing to a height of about 60 cm. The stem sprouts from the rhizome each year. It is clad in varying amounts of whitish hairs and bears alternate, trifoliate leaves with petioles up to 7 cm long. The leaflets are obovate or elliptical, and up to 7 cm long. The flowers are borne in twos or threes in the leaf axils, and are typical of the bean family with banner, wings and keel. They are cream, yellowish or green, often with a purple blotch inside. These are followed by linear-oblong, upcurving pods up to 8 cm long, containing up to ten reddish-brown, speckled or black seeds. The seeds have a length of 3-6 mm.

Distribution
Horse gram is native to tropical southern Asia and has been found in archaeological sites in India, starting from 2500 BC. The plant was probably first domesticated in India, and is now grown as a legume from India to Myanmar. Additionally, the crop is also grown for fodder and green manure in tropical countries in southeastern Asia, and in northern Australia. Generally, the major growing areas of Macrotyloma uniflorum are located in India, Africa and Australia.

Cultivation
Horse gram is drought tolerant and also withstands harsh environmental conditions such as salinity or metal stresses. Generally, Horse Gram is planted with low agronomic inputs and without weeding. Furthermore, the crop grows on a broad range of soil types with different pH ranges. Cultivation is also possible on soils with poor organic matter and nitrogen availability. Horse gram thrives where the temperature is in the range of 20 to 30 °C. Frost temperatures are lethal. Due to the drought-resistance Macrotyloma uniflorum is grown in areas with low precipitation (300 - 900 mm). In wetter areas, Horse gram is usually sown at the end of the rainy season to still facilitate cultivation. Nonetheless, Macrotyloma uniflorum does not tolerate waterlogging.

The plant is not only cultivated as a monoculture, but also as an inter- or mixed crop together with groundnut, sorghum, sesame, niger, maize, finger millet, pearl millet, amaranth, marvel grass or kidney bean. Furthermore, Macrotyloma uniflorum can also be grown along with trees such as neem, white siris or babul. Both, grain and green forage yield are highly dependent on the growing region as well as the selected cropping system. Substantial yield differences in the various growing regions exist: In India green forage yield varies from 5 - 14 t/ha and in Australia approximately 4.4 t/ha are reported. Grain yield in India is around 0.13 – 1.2 t/ha and 1.1 – 2.2 t/ha in Australia.

Pests
Yield-impacting dieseases are anthracnose (Colletotrichum lindemuthianum), the yellow mosaic virus as well as powdery mildew. Other diseases affecting horse gram are dry root rot (Macrophomina phaseolina), rusts, aerial blight (Rhizoctonia solani) and leaf spot (Cercospora). The pod borer (Etiella zinckenella) and the pod fly (Melanagromyza obtusa) are the most damaging insect pests. Others are aphids (Aphis craccivora), hairy caterpillar (Azazia rubicans), pod caterpillar (Helicoverpa armigera), American serpentine leaf miner (Liriomyza trifolii), thrips, leaf hoppers and Callosobruchus as a storage pest.

Nutrition
Horse gram and moth bean are legumes of the tropics and subtropics, grown mostly under dry-land agriculture. The chemical composition is comparable with more commonly cultivated legumes. Like other legumes, these are deficient in methionine and tryptophan, though horse gram is an excellent source of iron and molybdenum. Comparatively, horse gram seeds have higher trypsin inhibitor and hemagglutinin activities and natural phenols than most bean seeds. Natural phenols are mostly phenolic acids, namely, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic, 4-hydroxybenzoic, vanillic, caffeic, p-coumaric, ferulic, syringic and sinapic acids. Though both require prolonged cooking, a soak solution (1.5% NaHCO3 + 0.5% Sodium carbonate + 0.75% citric acid) has been shown to reduce cooking time and improve protein quality.

Horse gram seed contains carbohydrate (57.2% w/w), protein (22% w/w), dietary fiber (5.3% w/w), fat (0.50% w/w), calcium (287 mg), phosphorus (311 mg), iron (6.77 mg) and calories (321 kcal) as well as vitamins like thiamine (0.4 mg), riboflavin (0.2 mg) and niacin (1.5 mg) per 100 grams of dry matter. The nutritional content is partly dependent on soil conditions and the weather. The less appealing taste has led it to be not commonly eaten.

The carbohydrate-fraction of horse gram flour consists of oligo-saccharides and starches. The starches can be divided in terms of digestability in those that can be digested and uptaken in the small intestine, and those that partly will fermented in the colon by the microflora. The latter ones, called resistant starches, account for 43.4% of the carbohydrate content of horse gram flour. Oligo-saccharides such as raffinose and stachyose contribute to digestion difficulties. The fermentation in the colon often may lead to flatulence and diarrhoea, given the high concentration of both, resistant starches and oligo-saccharides, for horse gram longer cooking times, and other treatments are needed. Enzymatic treatments with xylanase has the goal to improve the functional and expansive properties of horse gram seeds in order to facilitate the use as an ingredient in the food industry. By following a high temperature short time (HTST) treatment, the content of phytic acid, tannins and protease-inhibitors could be reduced by 46%, 61% and 92% respectively. The flour resulting from this treatment had higher water- and oil-absorption capabilities. Those improvements in digestibility and processibility could make horsegram an interesting protein- and flour source for the food industry.

Breeding
Globally, southwest India and the African continent are regarded as horse gram gene-rich regions. From the 1970s, germplasm of horse gram has been conserved. The US Department of Agriculture's (USDA) Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) has preserved 35 accessions of horse gram, the Australian Tropical Crops and Forages Genetic Resources Centre, has 38 accessions and the Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI) has conserved 21 accessions.

A large amount of drought resistance genes exist in horse gram and grain yield enhancement represents the main breeding goal. Little attention has been given to the genome structure and organization of horse gram. The use of new genes for horse gram breeding could benefit from genetic data on numerous phenological and morphological features. These may impact agronomic methods and crop productivity. Many unfavorable traits such as late flowering, indeterminate twining growth habit, long and thin stem, thermo- and photosensitivity and a poor harvest index exist in horse gram. The digestability and processability improvements described in Nutrition section implicitly suggest to consider the reduction of phytic acid content, tannins and protease-inhibitors as additional breeding goals.

Medicinal uses
Scientists from the Indian Institute of Chemical Technology have found that unprocessed raw horse gram seeds not only possess antihyperglycemic properties, but also have qualities which reduce insulin resistance. The scientists made a comparative analysis between horse gram seeds and their sprouts and found that the seeds have greater beneficial effects on the health of hyperglycemic individuals. The majority of antioxidant properties are confined to the seed coat and its removal would not do any good. Raw horse gram seed is rich in polyphenols, flavonoids, and proteins, major antioxidants present in fruits and other food materials. The seed has the ability to reduce postprandial hyperglycemia by slowing down carbohydrate digestion and reducing insulin resistance by inhibiting protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1 beta enzyme.

Indian regional specifics
In India, it is also known as ulavalu, gahat, muthira, kulath, khollu or kulthi. It is used to make popular dishes like Kulitan Saaru, Kulitan Upkari, Kulitan Ghassi (coconut curry preparation), and an idli-like preparation (but not fermented) called Kulitan Sannan.

 * In Telangana and Andhra Pradesh, horse gram, called ఉలవలు (ulavalu) in Telugu, is prescribed for jaundice or as a diuretic, and as part of a weight-loss diet. It is considered helpful for iron deficiencies. Ulavacharu (horse gram soup) is popular dish in Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, it is served with cooked rice in some of the Telugu-speaking people's weddings and ceremonies.
 * In Darjeeling and Sikkim, horse gram called गहत (gahat) in Nepali is considered a medicinal food. It is given to children suffering from mumps. Water in which gahat is soaked is taken by people suffering from kidney stones in the belief that this dissolves the crystals. Gahat's use is specially reserved for the cold winters, when its heat-producing properties are most useful.
 * In Kerala, horse gram, called മുതിര (muthira) in Malayalam is used in special kinds of dishes.
 * In Tamil Nadu, horse gram, called கொள்ளு (kollu) in northern districts and காணம் (kaanam) in southern districts is commonly used in Tamil dishes, including kollu chutney, kollu porial, kollu avial, kollu sambar and kollu rasam''.
 * In Maharashtra and Goa, horse gram is called हुलगा/हुलगे/कुलीथ (hulage/hulaga/kulith) in Marathi and कुुली (kulith) in Konkani is often used to make aamati, kulith usal, pithla and shengule/shevanti
 * In Karnataka cuisine, ಹುರಳಿಸಾರು (huraḷi saaru) is more popular, because of ಹುರಳಿ (huraḷi) is a main ingredient. Huraḷi is also used in preparations such as usali, chutney, bassaru, and upsaaru or upinsaru (particularly in the Old Mysore Regions Mandya and Chamrajnagara Districts).
 * In South Canara region of Karnataka, in Tulu, it is also called kudu (ಕುಡು).
 * In Odisha it is known by the name କୋଳଥ (Koḷatha).
 * Gahat or kulath is a major ingredient in the food of Pahari region of northern India.
 * In Himachal Pradesh, kulath is used to make khichdi. In Uttarakhand, it is cooked in a round iron saute pan (kadhai) to prepare ras, a favorite of most Kumaonis. In Garhwal region, another more elaborate dish is phanu which is made in a kadhai with roughly ground gahat (previously soaked overnight) boiled over several hours. Towards the end, some finely chopped greens (palak or spinach, rai, tender radish leaves, or dhania (coriander leaves) if nothing else is available) are added to complete the dish. Served with boiled rice, jhangora (a millet-like grain, used as a staple by poorer Garhwalis only a decade ago and now a prized health-food).

In Myanmar (Burma), horse gram is known as pe bazat (MY ပဲပိစပ်) in Burmese. It is commonly used in making pon ye gyi, a fermented bean paste used in traditional Burmese cuisine.

title: Macrotyloma uniflorum


text:
Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Wik/Proposed findings and remedies

all proposed - Arbitrators should vote for or against each point or vote to abstain.
 * Only items that receive a majority yay vote will be enacted.
 * Items that receive a majority nay vote will be formally rejected.
 * Items that do not receive a majority yay or nay vote will be open to possible amendment by any arbitrator if he so chooses. After the amendment process is complete, the item will be voted on one last time.
 * Items that receive a majority abstentions will need to go through an amendment process and be re-voted on once.

Conditional votes for, against, or to abstain should be explained by the arbitrator in parenthesis after his time-stamped signature. For example, an arbitrator can state that he would only favor a particular remedy based on whether or not another remedy/remedies were enacted.

Arbitrator findings of fact
all proposed

1. Wik has engaged in numerous edit wars throughout Wikipedia on dozens of articles, which has caused considerable disruption and inconvenience to a number of users. Without making a specific determination on the merits of the contents of any or all of the contentious articles, we find that this sort of behavior, even if the article contents are justified, is not conducive to Wikipedia's progress.

Evidence in support of this finding:
 * History of edit war at Richard Neustadt. Reversions by Wik of edits by several different users (for example,, , )
 * History of edit war at What would Jesus do?, notable for explicit refusal to compromise.
 * History of edit war at Atlantium, notable for fifteen reverts (one unmarked) within three hours.
 * Sheer volume of complaints here, here, here, and here, from a wide variety of people.

Arbitrator votes for proposed finding of fact 1:
 * 1) mav 06:14, 7 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * 2) Delirium 09:40, Mar 7, 2004 (UTC)
 * 3) Fred Bauder 12:42, Mar 7, 2004 (UTC)
 * 4) James F. (talk) 14:13, 7 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * 5) Martin 19:16, 7 Mar 2004 (UTC) (as shown by the Evidence page, and the investigations of a number of arbitrators)
 * 6) the Epopt 13:49, 11 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * 7) Nohat 16:08, 2004 Mar 11 (UTC) (with the evidence, and hopefully more)
 * 8) Camembert 03:51, 12 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Arbitrator votes against proposed finding of fact 1:
 * 1) Gutza 00:08, 13 Mar 2004 (UTC) (Sorry for the long explanation below, but since I'm the only one voting this way so far, I think it's called for. The evidence provided above obviously supports the fact that Wik has engaged in one edit war. The evidence provided above doesn't however support the finding that Wik has engaged in numerous edit wars. On the other hand, looking myself for extra evidence, I do find that Wik has engaged in some edit wars, but I do not find that he is to blame for that a priori. I cannot condemn the fact that some Wikipedian sees things in a particular way within NPOV. Yes, even if that leads to an edit war. I find that his actions were (if only subjectively) intended to keep the respective articles within reason, and that he acted out of good faith in protecting what he saw as the NPOV in those articles. Therefore I won't agree with the finding that he somehow purposedly got involved in edit wars. That is where my formal statement ends in this matter. I want to add something for the record however: I reserve the right to hold the same view in any matter involving Anthony DiPierro. I do not uphold the principle stating that if one side in a conflict is right, the other necessarily has to be wrong, or vice-versa.)

Arbitrator abstentions on proposed finding of fact 1:

2. Wik has, for at least a brief period of time, engaged in a habit of "auto-reverting" all edits by Anthony DiPierro, with the explanation that he feels Anthony diPierro to be a troll, and thus his edits to be worthy of removal without evaluation. Again, without making a determination on the good faith of Anthony diPierro, we find that this is contrary to established Wikipedia policies, which only allow reversion regardless of merit for users who have been banned through the proper channels, or following clear community consensus.

Evidence in support of this finding:
 * "Anthony is an obvious troll, I revert him on principle."
 * History of edit war at What would Jesus do?
 * History of edit war at Atlantium

Arbitrator votes for proposed finding of fact 2:
 * 1) mav 06:14, 7 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * 2) Delirium 09:40, Mar 7, 2004 (UTC)
 * 3) Fred Bauder 12:42, Mar 7, 2004 (UTC)
 * 4) James F. (talk) 14:13, 7 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * 5) Martin 19:16, 7 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * 6) the Epopt 13:49, 11 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * 7) Nohat 16:08, 2004 Mar 11 (UTC)(with the evidence, and hopefully more)
 * 8) Camembert 03:51, 12 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * 9) Gutza 00:08, 13 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Arbitrator votes against proposed finding of fact 2:

Arbitrator abstentions on proposed finding of fact 2:

3. We find that Wik has failed to make appropriate use of edit summaries, failing to describe or explain his edits. The misuse, abuse, or non-use of edit summaries is frowned upon by the community at large, and has unnecessarily lengthened these disputes.

Evidence in support of this finding:

 * Failure to mark reverts as "rv" or "revert" on McFly: the following edits to that page are unmarked reverts: 15:55, 4 Mar 2004; 15:56, 4 Mar 2004; 16:44, 4 Mar 2004; 16:57, 4 Mar 2004; 14:14, 8 Mar 2004
 * A review of Wik's contributions demonstrates a dearth of decent edit summaries.
 * Reverting List of U.S. political families purely because of a misspelt "occurence", and failing to explain this in either edit summary or Talk page.

Arbitrator votes for proposed finding of fact 3:
 * 1) mav 06:14, 7 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * 2) James F. (talk) 14:13, 7 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * 3) Martin 19:16, 7 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * 4) Nohat 16:08, 2004 Mar 11 (UTC)

Arbitrator votes against proposed finding of fact 3:

Arbitrator abstentions on proposed finding of fact 3:
 * 1) Delirium 09:40, Mar 7, 2004 (UTC) (likely true, but not severe enough to warrant censure, imo)
 * 2) Fred Bauder 12:42, Mar 7, 2004 (UTC)
 * 3) the Epopt 13:49, 11 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * 4) Camembert 03:51, 12 Mar 2004 (UTC) - seems too trivial to comment on, as Delirium says.
 * 5) Gutza 00:08, 13 Mar 2004 (UTC)

4. The above three findings nothwithstanding, we do acknowledge that Wik has been a long-time and prolific contributor to Wikipedia, and that a great many of his edits that did not involve edit wars constitute valuable contributions to the encyclopedia.

Arbitrator votes for proposed finding of fact 4:
 * 1) mav 06:14, 7 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * 2) Delirium 09:40, Mar 7, 2004 (UTC)
 * 3) James F. (talk) 14:13, 7 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * 4) Martin 19:16, 7 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * 5) the Epopt 13:49, 11 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * 6) Camembert 03:51, 12 Mar 2004 (UTC) (I take nohat's point, but I do think a user's overall behaviour might affect the remedy we choose, so this seems appropriate to me)
 * 7) Gutza 00:08, 13 Mar 2004 (UTC) (having to vote on this is inherently unrelated to anything; nohat has a valid point, but I wonder what his opposed vote was intended to represent. Oh well, maybe this is the kind of issue where private deliberations could have helped)

Arbitrator votes against proposed finding of fact 4:
 * 1) Nohat 16:08, 2004 Mar 11 (UTC) (It is not the arbitration committee's responsibility to aggrandize)
 * 2) Fred Bauder 00:09, Mar 12, 2004 (UTC)

Arbitrator abstentions on proposed finding of fact 4:

Arbitrator remedies
all proposed

1. As the major problem in this case appears to be excessive reversions and edit wars, we note with great interest the emerging community consensus on how to properly deal with edit wars. A proposed policy that would place a limit on the number of reversions per day a user may engage in, as well as allowing for temporary 24-hour bans for violators of the policy, is currently being formulated with a wide degree of support at How to revert a page to an earlier version (with discussion and a vote on the talk page).

Arbitrator votes for proposed remedy 1:
 * 1) Delirium 09:41, Mar 7, 2004 (UTC)
 * 2) mav 12:03, 7 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * 3) Fred Bauder 12:42, Mar 7, 2004 (UTC)
 * 4) James F. (talk) 14:13, 7 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * 5) Martin 19:16, 7 Mar 2004 (UTC) (I've added an update to reflect the progressing discussion, but I support both versions)
 * 6) the Epopt 13:49, 11 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * 7) Nohat 16:08, 2004 Mar 11 (UTC)

Arbitrator votes against proposed remedy 1:
 * 1) Gutza 00:08, 13 Mar 2004 (UTC) See my argumentation above; also, see the "proposed resolution" above. I wouldn't want to raise all other arbitrators against me, but what exactly are we voting for here? The thing we are voting for or against is a neutral statement: "we note with great interest [...]. A [...] policy [...] is currently being formulated [etc]" -- so what?! What "remedy" in this matter is shown in this proposal? Again, this might be another reason why private deliberations might be useful. (And then again, just for the record, I agree with the idea of being able to impose edit count limits; I just can't agree with the formulation of this proposed resolution.)

Arbitrator abstentions on proposed remedy 1:
 * 1) Camembert 03:51, 12 Mar 2004 (UTC) - I don't necessarily disagree with this personally, but I'm not sure we as a committee should be making broad hints as to which direction Wikipedia policy should take.

1 (update). As the major problem in this case appears to be excessive reversions and edit wars, we note with great interest the emerging community consensus on how to properly deal with edit wars. A limit on the number of reversions a user may engage in has a wide degree of support, and a proposed policy allowing for temporary 24-hour bans for violators, and other consequences, is currently being formulated at Wikipedia talk:How to revert a page to an earlier version/Policy vote: 24 hour bans for revert wars, with discussion and a vote.

2. We remind Wik (and Wikipedians generally) that auto-reverting any one user's edits is only acceptable if that user has been banned through the proper channels, or following clear community consensus.

Arbitrator votes for proposed remedy 2:
 * 1) Delirium 09:41, Mar 7, 2004 (UTC)
 * 2) mav 12:03, 7 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * 3) Fred Bauder 12:42, Mar 7, 2004 (UTC)
 * 4) James F. (talk) 14:13, 7 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * 5) Martin 19:16, 7 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * 6) the Epopt 13:49, 11 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * 7) Nohat 16:08, 2004 Mar 11 (UTC)
 * 8) Camembert 03:51, 12 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * 9) Gutza 00:08, 13 Mar 2004 (UTC) Although I don't find that Wik has engaged in deliberate edit wars, he never seemed to have let go.

Arbitrator votes against proposed remedy 2:

Arbitrator abstentions on proposed remedy 2:

3. We decline to take action beyond a warning in this case, especially in light of the fact that Anthony del Pierro has engaged in a number of edit wars with many other Wikipedians, so Wik's actions might be said to have been provoked. We will take further action in the future if such auto-reverting becomes a habit.

Arbitrator votes for proposed remedy 3:
 * 1) Delirium 09:41, Mar 7, 2004 (UTC)
 * 2) Gutza 00:08, 13 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Arbitrator votes against proposed remedy 3:
 * 1) mav 12:03, 7 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * 2) Fred Bauder 12:42, Mar 7, 2004 (UTC)
 * 3) James F. (talk) 14:13, 7 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * 4) the Epopt 13:49, 11 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * 5) Nohat 16:08, 2004 Mar 11 (UTC)
 * 6) Camembert 03:51, 12 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Arbitrator abstentions on proposed remedy 3:
 * 1) Martin 19:16, 7 Mar 2004 (UTC) (I don't consider Anthony's actions an excuse. On the other hand, I'm none-too-convinced about the options below).

If and only if proposed remedy 3 does not pass:
4. In light of the finding of fact that Wik has demonstrated a pattern of consistently engaging in edit wars with others, we rule that Wik shall be placed on probation for a period of one month. If during that time period Wik violates the 3-revert rule, he will be banned for the rest of his probation. It is hoped that the threat of an extended ban will be enough to help Wik kick his apparent revert habit.

Arbitrator votes for proposed remedy 4:
 * 1) mav 12:49, 7 Mar 2004 (UTC) (I will only support at most two of the options given in proposed remedies 4-6; this is my first choice)
 * 2) James F. (talk) 14:13, 7 Mar 2004 (UTC) (most favoured)
 * 3) the Epopt 13:49, 11 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * 4) Fred Bauder 00:09, Mar 12, 2004 (UTC)

Arbitrator votes against proposed remedy 4:
 * 1) Delirium 00:38, Mar 8, 2004 (UTC) (I see no reason the 24-hour bans for violating the 3-revert rule can't suffice to stop the edit-war problem)
 * 2) Martin 01:04, 8 Mar 2004 (UTC) (Because of the size of the ban, I fear that any attempt to apply it would be controversial, unsuccessful, and increase conflict. I would support a 24 hour time-out ban, which I have added as "remedy 7" below)
 * 3) Nohat 16:12, 2004 Mar 11 (UTC)
 * 4) Gutza 00:08, 13 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Arbitrator abstentions on proposed remedy 4: Camembert 03:51, 12 Mar 2004 (UTC) - I'm simply undecided on this.

5. In view of the finding of fact that Wik has engaged in blindly reverting edits made by Anthony del Pierro, we rule that Wik shall be banned from editing for a period of one week. We hope that this will serve as a lesson that reverting edits by a non-banned, non-vandal user without checking those edits is not acceptable behavior.

Arbitrator votes for proposed remedy 5:
 * 1) Fred Bauder 12:42, Mar 7, 2004 (UTC)
 * 2) mav 12:49, 7 Mar 2004 (UTC) (I will only support this remedy if my first and/or second choice for this section is not enacted)
 * 3) James F. (talk) 14:13, 7 Mar 2004 (UTC) (least favoured)

Arbitrator votes against proposed remedy 5:
 * 1) Delirium 00:38, Mar 8, 2004 (UTC) (given that Anthony has been banned by other sysops for the same issues, I feel we can hardly ban Wik for auto-reverting him)
 * 2) Martin 01:04, 8 Mar 2004 (UTC) (I would support a brief ban, but not with this wording)
 * 3) the Epopt 13:49, 11 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * 4) Nohat 16:12, 2004 Mar 11 (UTC)
 * 5) Gutza 00:08, 13 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Arbitrator abstentions on proposed remedy 5:
 * 1) Camembert 03:51, 12 Mar 2004 (UTC)

6. Since it is apparent that much of the angst against Wik arises from his many small edits to articles and edit wars over those small edits, we feel that limiting the number of edits Wik can perform in a single day may be helpful. We therefore rule that for a period of one month Wik shall be limited to 10 edits per day. This may be done via a technological fix or it could be done informally (with the penalty for violating the terms of this ruling to be determined).

Arbitrator votes for proposed remedy 6:
 * 1) Fred Bauder 12:42, Mar 7, 2004 (UTC)
 * 2) mav 12:49, 7 Mar 2004 (UTC) (I will only support at most two of the options given in proposed remedies 4-6; this is my second choice)
 * 3) James F. (talk) 14:13, 7 Mar 2004 (UTC) (mid-ly favoured)
 * 4) the Epopt 13:49, 11 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Arbitrator votes against proposed remedy 6:
 * 1) Delirium 00:38, Mar 8, 2004 (UTC)
 * 2) Nohat 16:08, 2004 Mar 11 (UTC)
 * 3) Camembert 03:51, 12 Mar 2004 (UTC) - the fact that Wik edits a lot is not itself a problem - it's what he does with those edits.
 * 4) Gutza 00:08, 13 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Arbitrator abstentions on proposed remedy 6:
 * 1) Martin 01:04, 8 Mar 2004 (UTC)

7. We rule that Wik shall be placed on probation for a period of three months. If during that time period Wik reverts the same page more than three times on the same day, he may be given a 24 hour "timeout" ban, at sysop's judgement. This measure is intended to be in addition to any wider policy that the community may decide to apply. Thus, if the community decides to permit sysops to temp-ban users in revert wars, Wik may be banned for an additional 24 hours, above the normal banning period.

Arbitrator votes for proposed remedy 7:
 * 1) Martin 01:04, 8 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * 2) Nohat 16:12, 2004 Mar 11 (UTC)
 * 3) mav 00:20, 12 Mar 2004 (UTC) (vote changed from abstain)
 * 4) Camembert 03:51, 12 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * 5) Fred Bauder 01:23, Mar 14, 2004 (UTC)
 * 6) James F. (talk) 12:47, 14 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Arbitrator votes against proposed remedy 7:
 * 1) the Epopt 13:49, 11 Mar 2004 (UTC) (too complex, and therefore easy to game)
 * 2) Gutza 00:08, 13 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Arbitrator abstentions on proposed remedy 7:
 * 1) mav 01:19, 8 Mar 2004 (UTC) I don't understand this one. Would the 24 hours be in addition to violating the general '3-revert and you get a 24 hour timeout' rule that looks to become policy for everybody soon (thus meaning a 48 hour block for Wik if he violates it)? Please clarify the description and I might vote for it.
 * As it's worded currently, this is sort of backing-up the three-revert "rule" (which for the moment is not being backed up by bans at all) rather than adding to it. That said, if you wanted to make it into a 48-hour ban, then I wouldn't have a particular problem with that. --Camembert

 * 1) Delirium 12:16, Mar 8, 2004 (UTC) This seems sort of like saying "we're especially going to enforce for Wik the rule that everyone is subjected to". But Wik is already subject to the 3-revert rule, just like everyone else (given that it has 89% support in the poll, I'd be willing to go out on a limb and start enforcing it today, for everyone).
 * The fact is that at the moment the three-revert rule is not enforced by bans. This remedy says that it will be enforced by bans in the case of Wik. Whether it then becomes a wider policy is up to other users, not the arbitration committee. If the policy were to become enforced by bans Wikipedia-wide then in my view there would be no need for a remedy specific to Wik. --Camembert 17:46, 8 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * What Camembert said: "soon" is not "now". This remedy would apply now. If the community decides on some policy on reverts, that will apply then. I've tried to clarify. Martin 23:01, 8 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * I guess I still oppose that then. If it's okay for users in general to engage in excessive revert wars, then it's okay for Wik to do so as well.  Either ban anyone who does it, or ban no one who does it, imo.  I'd lean towards "ban everyone who does it", myself. --Delirium 00:38, Mar 9, 2004 (UTC)
 * OK, but we as a committee are not in a position to ban everyone who does it, are we? I mean, if we had other cases of excessive reversion to deal with, then we could deal with those too, but as it is we're only in a position to deal with Wik. So... --Camembert 01:32, 9 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Regarding temporary blocks
proposed

1. RickK, Hephaestos, and Ed Poor are reminded that temporary blocks are intended to be used in cases of repeat pure vandalism, or following clear community consensus. While the community is discussing extending the use of temporary blocks to cover other cases, individual sysops should not attempt to short-circuit that discussion.

Arbitrator votes for proposed warning:
 * 1) mav 06:16, 7 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * 2) Fred Bauder 12:42, Mar 7, 2004 (UTC)
 * 3) James F. (talk) 14:13, 7 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * 4) Martin 19:16, 7 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * 5) the Epopt 13:49, 11 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * 6) Nohat 16:08, 2004 Mar 11 (UTC)
 * 7) Camembert 03:51, 12 Mar 2004 (UTC) (though perhaps we could tone it down a little, as the blocks were on the whole made when there was a perceived power vacuum, and were done with the best of intentions)
 * 8) Gutza 00:08, 13 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Arbitrator votes against proposed warning:

Arbitrator abstentions on proposed warning:


text:
Pinus elliottii

Pinus elliottii, commonly known as slash pine, is a conifer tree native to the Southeastern United States. Slash pine is named after the "slashes" – swampy ground overgrown with trees and bushes – that constitute its habitat. Other common names include swamp pine, yellow slash pine, and southern Florida pine. Slash pine has two different varieties: P. e. var. elliottii and P. e. var. densa. Historically, slash pine has been an important economic timber for naval stores, turpentine, and resin. The wood of slash pine is known for its unusually high strength, especially for a pine. It exceeds many hardwoods and is even comparable to very dense woods such as black ironwood.

Description and taxonomy
This tree is fast-growing, but not very long-lived by pine standards (to 200 years). It reaches heights of 18 - 30 m with a trunk diameter of 0.6 - 0.8 m. The leaves are needle-like, very slender, in clusters of two or three, and 18 - 24 cm long. The cones are glossy red-brown, 5 - 15 cm in length, with a short (2 - 3 mm), thick prickle on each scale. It is known for its conical shape and unusually high strength, especially for a pine. Its wood has an average crush strength of 8,140 lb/in2 (56.1 MPa), which exceeds many hardwoods such as white ash (7,410 lb/in2) and black maple (6,680 lb/in2). It is not as strong as black ironwood (9,940 lb/in2), but because its average density is less than half that of ironwood, slash pine has a far greater strength-to-weight ratio.

It may be distinguished from the related loblolly pine (P. taeda) by the somewhat longer, glossier needles and larger red-brown cones, and from longleaf pine (P. palustris) by the shorter, more slender needles and smaller cones with less broad scales.

Two varieties of P. elliotii are described, but recent genetic studies have indicated that the varieties may not be more closely related to each other than they are to other pines in the Southeast. If this is the case, reclassifying these varieties as separate species would be warranted. P. elliottii can hybridize with P. taeda, sand pine (Pinus clausa), and P. palustris. The two commonly accepted varieties are the following:

 * P. e. var. elliottii (typical slash pine) ranges from South Carolina to Louisiana, and south to central Florida. Its leaves occur in bundles, fascicles of twos and threes, mostly threes, and the cones are larger, 7 - 15 cm.
 * P. e. var. densa (South Florida slash pine, Dade County pine) is found in the pine rocklands of southern Florida and the Florida Keys, including the Everglades. Leaves are nearly all in bundles of two, with longer needles. The cones are smaller, 5 - 12 cm, the wood is denser, and the tree has a thicker taproot. Unlike the typical variety of slash pine, seedlings of P. e. var. densa has a "grass stage" similar to longleaf pine. P. e. var. densa is not frost tolerant, which limits its range to South Florida.

Range and habitat
Communities dominated by slash pine are termed "slash pine forests". Slash pine is predominately found in Florida and Georgia, and extends from South Carolina west to southeastern Louisiana, and south to the Florida Keys. It is common in East Texas, where it was first planted at the E.O. Siecke State Forest in 1926. The natural habitat is sandy subtropical maritime forests and wet flatwoods. Slash pine generally grows better in warm, humid areas where the average annual temperature is above 17 C, with extreme ranges from -18 to 41 C. Factors such as competition, fire, and precipitation may limit the natural distribution of these trees. Slash pines are able to grow in an array of soils, but pine stands that are close to bodies of water such as swamps and ponds grow better because of higher soil moisture and seedling protection from wildfire. These forests have been managed through controlled fires since the beginning of the 20th century. Within the first year, P. elliottii is particularly susceptible to seedling mortality caused by fire. P. e. var. densa is more fire resistant than P. e. var. elliottii because it has thicker bark.

History
Fire has long been an important element in Southeastern forests. Native Americans burned land to improve grass growth for grazing and visibility for hunting. When European settlers arrived in the New World, they brought new diseases that severely diminished the Native American populations. Over time, with the lack of consistent burning, much of the open land of the South reverted to forest land. Logging began to increase in the Southeast, which created some tension between the loggers and local farmers. The loggers wanted to continue to burn the forest, but the local farmers were concerned about how burning would affect cattle grazing and turpentine production. Fire maintenance has long been a controversial issue. In the 1940s, the Smokey Bear campaign to prevent wildfires promoted a shift toward fire suppression. Subsequently, many of these fire-dependent ecosystems became increasingly dominated by more shade-tolerant tree species (hardwoods). Despite many reports from the U.S. Forest Service about the benefits fire has on forage production, pine regeneration, control of tree pathogens, and reducing risks of wildfires, controlled burning did not begin to regain traction until the 1950s and 1960s.

Uses
Without regular fire intervals in slash pine forests, the ecosystem can change over time. For example, in the northern range for slash pine, forests can convert from mesic flatwoods to denser mixed-hardwood canopies with trees such as oaks, hickory, and southern magnolia. In South Florida, the pine rocklands can convert to a rockland hammock dominated by woody shrubs and invasive plants. Invasive species are a major management issue in the South. Many pine trees and native plants are adapted to fire, meaning they require fire disturbance to open their pine cones, germinate seeds, and cue other metabolic processes. Fire can be a good management strategy for invasive species because many invasive plants are not adapted to fire. Therefore, fire can eliminate the parental plant or reduce seed viability. Controlled burning is also used to help reduce pathogen load in an ecosystem. For example, fire can eliminate pest populations or resting fungal spores that could infect new seedlings. Low-intensity burns can also clear space in the understory and provide nutrient pulses that benefit the understory vegetation.

Fire is also used to prevent "fuel" buildup, the highly flammable plants such as grasses and scrub under the canopy that could burn easily in a wildfire. Most prescribed burn intervals are about every 2–5 years, which allows the ecosystem to regenerate after the burn. Much of the South Florida pine rockland ecosystem is highly fragmented and has not been burned because of the proximity to buildings. Risks such as smoke, air quality, and residual particulate matter in the environment pose safety issues for controlled burns near homes and businesses.

Fusiform rust
Starting in the late 1950s, the emergence of fusiform rust on Southeastern pine trees including slash pine, loblolly pine, and longleaf pine led to massive tree mortality within the pine industry. This obligate parasitic pathogen is notorious for infecting young trees in newly planted areas within the first few years of growing. The pine industry was still rather new at the time of this initial outbreak, so many newly planted forests had large-scale mortality because the trees were not yet old enough to be resilient to the disease or harvested. Florida’s pine industry in particular was booming with an increase in plantation acreage from 291000 acre in 1952 to upwards of 5.59 e6acre in 1990. Because of the complicated lifecycle of Cronaritum quercuum f. sp. fusiforme, the fungal causal agent of fusiform rust, the management strategies of pruning diseased stems, reducing fertilization, and discarding infected seed were not sufficient to prevent million-dollar annual loses. Rust pathogens are difficult to manage because of their complicated reproductive lifecycles. C. querecuum f. sp. fusiforme is heteroecious, requiring two different plant hosts for reproduction, and is macrocyclic, meaning it contains all five spore stages typical for rust infections: basidiospores, teliospores, urediniospores, aeciospores, and spermatia. Oak trees are the secondary host for this pathogen. The primary inocula on pine are basidiospores, which infect the pine needles between March and May. The basidiospores germinate and grow into the stems of the tree where the fungus can overwinter for 4–6 months in the wood. In the fall, the spermatia form and fertilize the aceiospores in the following spring. The aceiospores are released from the pine and are the primary inocula that infect the oak trees in the following growing season. Aceiospores grow through the oak leaves producing urediniospores on the underside of the oak leaves. These urediniospores can reproduce clonally, asexually, and can continue to infect oak plants as a secondary inoculum. Within two weeks of the primary urediniospore inoculation on the oak tree, teliospores are formed which germinate into basidiospores that infect the pine trees and complete the life rust cycle. Symptoms on the pine include gall formation, stem swelling, cankers, bushiness, and dieback. The cankers in the stem allow secondary fungal infections or other pests to enter the trees easily.

Understanding the climate conditions that can lead to rust outbreaks is an important component for management strategies, but this was not well understood in the early decades of this epidemic. More recent information has shown that certain weather patterns such as high humidity, wet pine needles, and temperatures around 15 - 29 C for about 18 days can increase the spread of basiodiospores, so increase disease severity.

Managing Fusiform Rust
There are many ways to go about reducing high-hazard areas for fusiform rust, but it starts with understanding why fusiform rust occurs more often during certain instances than others. Even though we have seen newer genetic work from seedling nurseries that has helped loblolly and slash pine become more resilient to fusiform rust, it is not always the case that landowners want to or can afford to buy the genetically modified seedlings so there are a couple of ways to help reduce the possibility of fusiform rust infected trees. The first initial step to take to reduce fusiform rust infection is to reduce the amount of site preparation used to establish the stand. These site preps, while desired, cause increased rapid growth of pines. When this happens the outer layer of bark is thin enough for fusiform rust to infect and often it will be the main stem. When loblolly pine reach around the age of eight years old you can use more fertilization and forest prescriptions because at this time fusiform rust is not as likely to infect the main stem. Due to oaks being the alternate host for fusiform rust, where it lives out three of its spore lifecycles, it is a good idea to remove any hardwoods that are adjacent to your loblolly stand. This can be difficult considering that oaks also share an importance in the economic and environmental aspect of the Southeast. Doing this will allow the pathogen to hit a dead end. In an older loblolly plantation, it is safe to keep those trees in rotation if the disease is not along the stem of the tree.

Pitch canker
Pitch canker, a monocyclic disease caused by the fungus Fusarium circinatum (previously named Fusarium moniliforme var. subglutinans), was first described in 1946 by Hepting and Roth. When it was first described, disease levels were low until the 1970s, when a massive epidemic of pitch canker caused mass tree mortality in Florida slash pine. Some hypotheses suggest that the pathogen may have originated in Mexico and was then introduced in Florida and later transmitted to California on diseased seed. The pathogen has been reported in Mexico; however, high fungal diversity and low tree mortality from the disease suggests that this pathogen may have co-evolved in Mexico before being introduced to other parts of the world. Many reports describe the pathogen as endemic to Florida, likely because the disease was introduced a long time therefore the population has become more diverse. By 1974, over half of the slash pine population in Florida was infected with Fusarium circinatum disease. In areas where the pathogen is newly introduced, the fungal population is mostly clonal, because fewer mating types are present within the population, so sexual reproduction may be lower. Pitch canker infects nearly all pine species, including longleaf pine, shortleaf pine, and eastern white pine.

This disease continues to be a problem in nurseries, and has been reported in other countries. A major problem in Florida is that artificial replanting of pines may be contributing to high disease incidences. The disease can be passed through seed and spores, but requires open wounds to infect the tree from insect damage, mechanical damage, hail/weather damage, etc.

The predominant symptoms include needle chlorosis and reddening of shoots (called "flagging") that later die. Cankers or lesions that form on the trunks can turn the bark yellow or dark brown and cause resin to exude. Stems may die and get crystalized in resin-soaked lesions. Resin is generally produced in plants to protect against pathogens. Sometimes, the tissue above the canker dies, causing girdling of the stem. The severity of the disease depends on weather conditions and may require moisture and insect wounds or hail to infect the trees. Some insects such as bark beetles, spittle bugs, weevils, pine tip moths, and needle midges may vector the disease into the tree. F. circinatum was used to inoculate P. e. var. densa trees to try to increase resin production for extraction, but this approach was ineffective.

Other fungi
Fungus species Thozetella pinicola was found on leaf litter of Pinus elliottii in Hong Kong in 2009.

Uses
This tree is widely grown in tree plantations. It is also used in horticulture.

title: Pinus elliottii


text:
User:Al-khowarizmi

This Username is Obsolete
'As mentioned below, I became unable to log in as this, my original user name. I subsequently became inactive due mainly to health problems. I have now established a new user name - the same without the hyphen.'

Partly due to those health problems, partly due to changes of focus and priority, it is unlikely that I will contribute much on the lines anticipated below. At the moment I haven't yet checked, but I imagine that in the interval much of what I planned has been done by others, probably better than I could have done.

Alkhowarizmi (talk) 11:16, 25 September 2008 (UTC)

Original User Page
Strange that I only "discovered" Wikipedia very recently (Jan 2004). Maybe because I've been so unimpressed with other encyclopaedias on the web that I never knowingly followed encyclopaedia links.

Very impressed, expect to be contributing. Started with some comments on the talk page of Mind mapping

--Al-khowarizmi 06:30, 7 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Added external links to Trigonometric function and Function (the latter has since become Mathematical function).

Revised Glycemic index

Had a rough year, here I am back and I can't log in and can't get a password emailed. A lot of people reporting similar - are we all hallucinating? Guess I'll have to create a new login. Al-khowarizmi--202.72.148.102 15:48, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Contributions I may make
This will probably change before much is actually written. There is a large number of articles on related topics - lasers etc, much of which I have yet to read. Initial impression is that there could be major improvement with collation, redistribution, and better cross-linking within the existing content.

I would be glad to hear from anyone with comments, e.g. priority, or articles that I may have missed that already cover what I propose to add. Also suggestions regarding appropriate article titles & disambiguation (e.g. correlation, for which an article exists on the more specific topic of statistical correlation.

Also welcome - whether here or on the relevant Talk page - are critical comments on my contributions, or advice on any Newbie blunders that I make.

Edit
Laser - add some detail

Laser_applications add some detail

List_of_lasers expand

Active_laser_medium - expand then

Laser_construction - reduce section "Examples of different gain media" and link to Active_laser_medium (terminology: gain medium or active laser medium?)

Coherence (physics) - re-write with more depth, distinguish spatial and temporal coherence, explain significance, define as a correlation and refer to higher order correlations.

Collimated Re-write for accuracy and generality (no reason to restrict to light).

Similar Geometry: add consequences of similarity for ratios and proportions.

Glory_(rainbow) What to do? The information is wrong, and the wrongness is incorporated into the page title. Glories are not rainbows. Need to check other optical phenomenon pages and possibly re-write them all. Impression from the bits I've read is, contributed by person or people fascinated with the phenomena, having some intuitive feel for them but not enough understanding of the optics or the geometry. No complaint there - this is one of the strengths of Wikipedia, enthusiasts getting things moving and inciting others to improve.

New
Stimulated and spontaneous emission - the theory: currently it is partly covered in Population_inversion... more elsewhere?

Laser applications: articles on various specific applications

Laser Optogalvanic Spectroscopy

Laser_science or laser physics or similar

Nuclear astrophysics

Glycemic Load

List of GI and GL values

title: User:Al-khowarizmi


text:
User:Blizzarex

Biography
My name is Godfrey Edwin Jean Miller. I am pursuing a Ph.D. in Physics at the University of Pennsylvania. Here is my Penn Physics website. I am married, and I have one daughter.

Favorite Quotes
"Du sublime au ridicule il n'y a qu'un pas." -Napoleon

Some of My Own Work
Le feu me brûle, mais je le vois Les autres ont déjà la foi Leurs âmes savent seulement la loi Cette vie n'est pas à moi

title: User:Blizzarex