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Bryant–Denny Stadium

Bryant–Denny Stadium is an outdoor stadium in the southeastern United States, on the campus of the University of Alabama in Tuscaloosa. It is the home field of the Alabama Crimson Tide football team of the Southeastern Conference (SEC).

Opened 95.64147762490488 years ago in 1929, it was originally named Denny Stadium in honor of George H. Denny, the school's president from 1912 to 1932. In 1975, the state legislature added longtime head coach and alumnus Paul "Bear" Bryant to the stadium's name. Bryant led the Tide for seven more seasons, through 1982, and is one of the few in Division I to have coached in a venue bearing his name.

With a seating capacity of 100,077, it is the fourth-largest stadium in the Southeastern Conference, the eighth-largest stadium in the United States, and the tenth-largest stadium in the world.

Construction history
The replacement for Denny Field, Denny Stadium opened in 1929, with 6,000 in attendance for a 55–0 victory over Mississippi College on September 28. It was officially dedicated the following week at homecoming ceremonies against Ole Miss, a 22–7 Crimson Tide victory. Originally, the stadium had a capacity of 12,000—the lower half of the current stadium's east grandstand. However, President Denny initially envisioned a full bowl stadium capable of seating 66,000.

Before the 1937 season, permanent seats were built along the east sideline, increasing the capacity to 24,000. Further expansions in 1946 (bleachers in both end zones), 1961 (new seats in west grandstand), and 1966 (both end zones fully enclosed, new seats in east grandstand) raised capacity to 31,000, 43,000, and 60,210, respectively. An upper deck was added to the west side in 1988 and raised the seating by nearly 10,000 to 70,123. During the construction, the Crimson Tide played its entire 1987 home schedule at Legion Field in Birmingham, 57 mi northeast of Bryant–Denny.

East upper deck (1998)
In September 1995, the University of Alabama System Board of Trustees approved the construction of the east upper deck. Designed by the architectural firm of Heery-Chambless-Adams, the construction was financed by the university and $4.65 million from the city of Tuscaloosa, the city of Northport, and Tuscaloosa County. The localities contributed to construction costs in return for the university pledging to move all Crimson Tide home games to Bryant–Denny and not play any at Legion Field.

The new upper deck provided 10,000 additional bleacher seats and 81 skyboxes on two levels—63 16-seat and 18 24-seat capacity boxes. In 1999, four additional skyboxes were built to bring the total number of skyboxes to 85. A JumboTron scoreboard with video display capabilities was erected in the south end zone and was at the time the largest in collegiate sports. Additionally, a new east side entrance tower, a brick facade and reception areas for the Scholarship and A-Club level patrons was also added during the 1998 expansion.

The stadium's eastern upper deck was opened in 1998 and raised its official seating capacity to 83,818 at a final cost of $35 million for the addition. The newly expanded venue debuted on September 5, and Alabama defeated BYU 38–31 as running back Shaun Alexander set a Tide single-game record with five touchdowns.

North end zone expansion (2006)
Following the 2004 season, the university spent approximately $47 million on an expansion to the north end zone, which was completed days before the 2006 opener against Hawaii. It added a new upper deck to the North end zone area, complete with three different levels of skyboxes, which collectively are known as "The Zone", which brought the number of skyboxes in the stadium to 123. Two large display screens by Daktronics were placed in each corner of the north end zone, and LCD ribbon screens, 3.5 ft tall by 422 ft wide, were placed along the front edge of the east and west upper decks.

Massive changes were made to the grounds of the north side of the stadium with the addition of a Walk of Champions. Building the Walk of Champions required the demolition of the Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity house and the grading of the hill it sat upon. The Walk of Champions comprises a brick plaza leading from University Boulevard to the north end zone entrances. The plaza features 16 granite monuments set into the walkway commemorating the Crimson Tide's SEC and national championship teams throughout the years. Along the west side of the plaza are five roughly 2000 lb, 9 ft tall bronze statues, one for each Alabama football coach who has led the Crimson Tide to a national championship. Each statue has a semicircular wall behind it bearing the coach's name and the year(s) that he led the team to a national championship. The first four statues, unveiled during the opening in 2006, included Wallace Wade, Frank Thomas, Paul "Bear" Bryant, and Gene Stallings. The fifth statue, that of Nick Saban, was unveiled prior to the A-Day game on April 16, 2011. It commemorates Saban guiding Alabama to its 13th National Championship with a 37–21 win over the Texas Longhorns.

Finally, there is a bronze statuary group of two anonymous Alabama football players at the entrance to the north end zone, with the one on the left holding a large Alabama Crimson Tide flag upright on a flagpole. This player is wearing the number 18 and a helmet, with the player on the right wearing the number 92 and pointing into the distance. The jersey numbers represent 1892, the first season of Crimson Tide football.

The north end zone was opened for the 2006 season opener versus Hawaii, which set a new record attendance of 92,138. The Crimson Tide was victorious, 25–17.

South end zone expansion (2010)
The University of Alabama Board of Trustees approved a study for further expansion of Bryant–Denny on September 19, 2008. The Physical Properties Committee of the University of Alabama Board of Trustees heard a presentation from the UA athletic department on November 13, 2008 regarding the proposed $80.6 million expansion of the south end zone upper deck and suite level of Bryant–Denny Stadium. The proposed expansion would bring the stadium's capacity to approximately 101,600, therefore making it the second largest stadium in the Southeastern Conference (SEC), and the fifth largest stadium in college football. The committee unanimously approved the project to move into the third of four stages, the fourth being final approval to begin construction.

On February 6, 2009, the university's board of trustees voted unanimously and without discussion to give the final approval for construction to commence on the south end zone expansion. With the approval of the board of trustees, construction began in the spring of 2009 and continued throughout the 2009 football season. The expansion was finished in time for the first game of the team's 2010 season.

The Tuscaloosa News reported on April 17, 2009 that due to the economic climate and resultant lowered construction costs, the stadium expansion cost $15 million less than expected, coming in around $65.6 million.

The expanded south end zone now includes a two level South Zone club with a total of 1,700 seats and 36 skyboxes to bring the total number of skyboxes in Bryant–Denny Stadium to 159, as well as an 8,500 seat upper deck. The entire stadium's audio/visual system was upgraded to include two new video boards in both corners of the south end zone.

Prior to the 2009 season, the large south scoreboard was disassembled to make way for the construction of the new stadium expansion. During this process, some welding equipment started a fire that burned the inside of the scoreboard. Also, during this time, four new play clocks and down/distance indicators were installed (one behind each corner of the end zones) and a new LED game clock was placed behind the south goalpost.

The expansion was completed in mid-summer 2010 and held an official capacity of 101,821 making it the fifth largest college football stadium in the country. The new seats were all sold out quickly for the entire 2010 football season. Subsequent expansions included stores and other extra amenities on the bottom of the end zone.

Renovations (2019–2020)
As part of a larger, 10-year $600 million plan to upgrade campus athletic facilities, the university is planning $92.5 million in upgrades to the stadium, including new social spaces, improved circulation, additional premium seating and upgraded spaces for athletes and recruits. The Walk of Champions will be extended into a new game day locker room via a new tunnel clad with video boards. The project will be funded with $48.4 million in bonds and $35 million from the Crimson Tide Foundation, the fundraising arm of UA athletics. Construction began shortly after the 2019 season.

New LED lights for the stadium were unveiled on the night of August 12, 2019, including a crimson-hued light display by the new installations.

Football lore
Since its opening in 1929 through 2023, the Crimson Tide owns a .820 record at Bryant–Denny Stadium. Nick Saban is the leader in wins at the stadium, with an all-time record of .920 since 2007, as 3 home game wins were vacated by the NCAA that year.

Despite its success at Bryant–Denny, most of Alabama's "home" football history from the 1920s through the 1980s occurred at Birmingham's Legion Field. Well into the 1980s, Legion Field seated almost 20,000 more people than Bryant-Denny. As such, until the late 1990s, Legion Field hosted most of Alabama's important home games. The most notable of these games was the Iron Bowl with rival Auburn. Legion Field was considered a neutral site from 1948 through 1987. When the Iron Bowl became a home-and-home series in 1988, Alabama continued to host its home games in the series at Legion Field in even-numbered years through 1998. The Crimson Tide hosted Tennessee in odd-numbered years in Birmingham until 1999, and LSU in even-numbered years from 1964 through 1986, except for 1980. Usually, Bryant–Denny hosted three or four games per season, mostly non-conference games, although the Tide always played Mississippi State in Tuscaloosa, save for 1987, due to the close distance between Tuscaloosa and Starkville. However, in 1998, when Bryant–Denny was expanded to a capacity exceeding Legion Field, the more important home games started to move to Bryant–Denny, culminating with the move of the Tennessee series to Tuscaloosa in 1999 and the Iron Bowl a year later. From 1998 to 2003, Alabama continued to play two or three minor games in Birmingham. Finally, in 2003, Alabama played its final game at Legion Field against the South Florida Bulls, and now Bryant–Denny is the sole home of Alabama football.

However, despite the majority of past big games being played at Legion Field, Bryant–Denny Stadium has hosted many memorable games, such as the 1994 shootout between Alabama's Jay Barker and Georgia's Eric Zeier, Marvin Constant's goal-line stop against LSU quarterback Josh Booty as time expired in 1999, Tyrone Prothro's reception over the back of Southern Miss defensive back Jasper Faulk in 2005, a 31–3 victory over No. 5 Florida in 2005, the Roman Harper-forced fumble against Tennessee in 2005 that helped the Crimson Tide to victory, Alabama's 36–0 shutout victory against Auburn in 2008 thus breaking the six-game losing streak and first ever Iron Bowl victory in Bryant–Denny Stadium, and Terrence Cody's field goal block against Tennessee as time expired in 2009. In recent years, Bryant–Denny Stadium has become a feared place to play again. Also Bryant-Denny has been put on many lists ranking it one of the best places to watch football. NCAA Football 11 ranked Alabama's Bryant–Denny as the fourth toughest place to play in the nation and third in the SEC behind Florida and LSU. Sporting News ranks it first while Bleacher Report has it ranked as the 5th toughest and the 2nd best stadium in the country.

Field design
Until the turn of the millennium, the field at Bryant–Denny Stadium had only the necessary markings required for play. As more and more stadiums began to add other designs to the field, such as logos, Alabama chose to remain traditional with the field design. In fact, even into the 2002 season, Bryant–Denny still had no logo at midfield and no logos at the 25-yard lines, which are now commonplace in many stadiums. The end zone design simply consisted of "ALABAMA" in a white, block-style font. During the 1992 season, however, a special logo was used at midfield to commemorate the centennial season of Alabama football.

During the 2002 season, however, a large white script “A” was added to midfield. The field design underwent full-scale changes beginning with the 2004 season. At midfield, the large white script “A” was replaced with the crimson script “A” logo, encircled by a crimson ring which has "Alabama Crimson Tide" written around it. In addition, the end zone designs were changed to a crimson block-style font outlined in white.

For the 2006 season, two identical logos commemorating the 175th anniversary of the university were also added to the field on the 25-yard lines. One was added on the south end of the stadium, on the west side of the playing field, while the other was on the north end of the stadium, on the east side of the playing field.

For the 2007 season, two identical logos commemorating the 75th anniversary of the founding of the Southeastern Conference (SEC) were added to home field of every SEC team. These were in the same places as the 175th logos were during the 2006 season.

For the 2008 season, two identical SEC logos were added to the home field of every SEC team. Alabama's crimson was used as the primary color for the logos at Bryant–Denny. These logos were located in the same places as the previous logos and remain there today.

For the 2009 A-day game, the end zones were changed back to the original white block-style font that was used prior to the 2004 season, except that the background was shaded crimson. The north end zone displayed "ALABAMA", while the south end zone displayed "CRIMSON TIDE". This design layout has remained in use since the 2009 season.

For the 2011 season, two identical houndstooth awareness ribbons recognizing the ongoing relief efforts following the April 27, 2011 tornado were added to the field on the 25 yard lines.

On July 19, 2024 the University Honorary Degrees and Recognition Committee unanimously approved a resolution to name the field after former Alabama football coach Nick Saban.

Locker rooms
In 2008, the visitors' locker room was officially named "The Fail Room" after alumnus and donor James M. Fail. He commented, "Earlier this year, when I saw the visitors' locker room as a potential naming right, I figured it was the most appropriate opportunity I would ever have to use my name."

High school championships
Beginning in 2009, Bryant–Denny Stadium and Auburn University's Jordan–Hare Stadium became the homes of the Alabama High School Athletic Association state football championship games, known as the Super 7 (named for the number of AHSAA enrollment classes in football). The newly opened Protective Stadium in Birmingham was added to the Super 7 rotation in 2021. Under the current cycle, which ends in 2032, Birmingham hosts the event every third year from 2021 to 2030, with Bryant–Denny and Jordan–Hare alternating hosting duties in other years. Previously, the Super 6, reflecting the former AHSAA football classification structure, was held at Legion Field in Birmingham.

title: Bryant–Denny Stadium


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7 (Enrique Iglesias album)

7 is the third English studio album and seventh studio album overall (hence the title) released by Enrique Iglesias. The album was released on 25 November 2003. Coming off from the massive success of his 2001 release Escape that established him as one of the most important and biggest selling Latin figures of the music industry worldwide alongside Ricky Martin and Shakira. None of its singles cracked the Billboard Hot 100, though the second and last single "Not in Love" was a moderated hit in Europe. The album received mixed reviews, with critics comparing it negatively with his 2001 album saying it did not live up to the expectations that Escape had created. After this album, Enrique took a three-year break from music business.

Background
Enrique Iglesias wrote or co-wrote and co-produced every track on the album. Jimmy Iovine was the executive producer of the album alongside Iglesias. Iglesias told the Toronto Sun that he took special care with the songwriting on the album. "I concentrated a lot on the lyrical content of this album and just tried to be as honest as possible. I wanted to write songs that I won't feel silly singing 10 years from now." 7 reached number 31 on the Billboard 200 and has sold 49,000 copies according to Nielsen Soundscan. While the first single "Addicted" reached number 38 on the Mainstream Top 40 chart, the Spanish version "Adicto" reached the Latin Top Ten. The second single "Not in Love" has reached the top of dance track charts in the US. The album made the UK and Australian top 100 albums in November 2003. "Addicted" made the top 40 charts in a number of countries including Germany, Australia, Portugal and Argentina.

Singles
"Addicted" was released as the album's lead single on 14 October 2003. Iglesias claimed he wrote the song while on tour in East Germany, on a dismal day, when he was inspired by the gothic Architecture. It was a modest hit on the UK Singles Chart, where it charted within the top twenty, though it failed to chart on the Billboard Hot 100. The Spanish version, titled "Adicto", peaked inside the top ten on the Hot Latin Tracks Chart.

"Not in Love" was released as the album's second and last single on 7 February 2004. The song was written by Iglesias, Paul Barry, Mark Taylor and Fernando Garibay. The album version features Iglesias's vocals only, however, the radio and single mix features an extra verse and chorus performed by Kelis. It peaked at number five on the UK Singles Chart, however, again failed to make the Billboard Hot 100.

Track listing

 * Notes
 * undefined signifies a co-producer
 * undefined signifies a remixer
 * On physical releases, "California Callin'" duration is mistakenly printed as 4:49

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: 7 (Enrique Iglesias album)


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Heptaméron

The Heptaméron is a collection of 72 short stories written in French by Marguerite de Navarre (1492–1549), published posthumously in 1558. It has the form of a frame narrative and was inspired by The Decameron of Giovanni Boccaccio. It was originally intended to contain one hundred stories covering ten days like The Decameron, but at Marguerite’s death it was completed only as far as the second story of the eighth day.

Many of the stories deal with love, lust, infidelity, and other romantic and sexual matters. One was based on the life of Marguerite de La Rocque, a French noblewoman who was punished by being abandoned with her lover on an island off Quebec. In 1973, the French director Claude Pierson (1930-1997) made an adaptation of this work, entitled Ah! Si mon moine voulait…, with Alice Arno in the cast.

History of the text
The collection first appeared in print in 1558 under the title Histoires des amans fortunez edited by Pierre Boaistuau, who took considerable liberties with the original version; he used only 67 of the stories, many in abbreviated form, and omitted much of the significant material between the stories. He also transposed stories and ignored their grouping into days as envisaged by the author. A second edition by Claude Gruget appeared only a year later in which the editor claimed to have "restored the order previously confused in the first impression". Also the prologues and epilogues to each short story left out by Boaistuau were put back and the work was given, for the first time, the title Heptaméron (from the Greek ἑπτά – "seven" and ἡμέρα – "day") due to the seven-day time frame into which the first 70 short stories are grouped.

The first complete English translation, by Arthur Machen, appeared in 1886. The most recent translation is by Paul Chilton in 1984 for Penguin Books.

Summary of the "Prologue"
In the "Prologue" to The Heptameron, Parlamente, having obtained her husband Hircan's permission to do so, makes bold to ask Lady Oisille to devise an appropriate means by which the company of stranded guests, who are waiting for the building of a bridge to be completed and are beset by a series of natural calamities and criminal actions which keep them virtual prisoners in an abbey, may amuse themselves. A devout Christian, the lady suggests that they read the Bible. However, Hircan says that they are young enough to need other diversions as well. Parlamente suggests that those who want to write stories after the manner of Boccaccio, do so, sharing them with the others in the afternoon, after Scriptures are read in the morning. (Marguerite herself was a protector of François Rabelais, who dedicated the third volume of his book, Gargantua and Pantagruel, to her.) It will take 10 days to complete the bridge, and, each day, in a shady grove in a meadow, the writers will share 10 tales, telling a total of 100 stories. The stories will be published, if the audience likes them, and be presented to the listeners as presents.

Lady Oisille agrees to Parlamente's recommendation, provided that the stories are true.

Sample story summarized
Saffrendent tells the third story, which is set in Naples, Italy, during the reign of King Alfonso.

During a carnival, the king visits his subjects’ homes as they vie to provide him the best hospitality. As he visits a happily married young couple, he is smitten by the wife’s beauty, and he sends her husband to Rome for a couple weeks on trumped-up business. While the husband is away, the king succeeds in seducing the wife. After a while, the husband becomes suspicious of his wife’s fidelity. He bides his time in silence, hoping for the opportunity to avenge himself.

He convinces the queen that he loves her and that she deserves to be treated better by her husband, who dishonors her in cuckolding him. They agree to an adulterous affair between themselves, so that the nobleman cuckolds the king who has cuckolded him. Whenever the nobleman visits his country estates, the king visits his wife, but secretly lusts after men. Instead of going to his estates, the nobleman now goes to the castle to dally with the queen, while the king commits adultery with his wife. The affairs continue for years, well into the couples’ old age.

Like many stories of this sort, Saffredent’s tale deals with the theme of cuckoldry and depends on both dramatic and situational irony for its plot and effects.

title: Heptaméron


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Pierre Méchain

Pierre François André Méchain (16 August 1744 – 20 September 1804) was a French astronomer and surveyor who, with Charles Messier, was a major contributor to the early study of deep-sky objects and comets.

Life
Pierre Méchain was born in Laon, the son of the ceiling designer and plasterer Pierre François Méchain and Marie–Marguerite Roze. He displayed mental gifts in mathematics and physics but had to give up his studies for lack of money. However, his talents in astronomy were noticed by Jérôme Lalande, for whom he became a friend and proof-reader of the second edition of his book "L'Astronomie". Lalande then secured a position for him as assistant hydrographer with the Naval Depot of Maps and Charts at Versailles, where he worked through the 1770s engaged in hydrographic work and coastline surveying. It was during this time—approximately 1774—that he met Charles Messier, and apparently, they became friends. In the same year, he also produced his first astronomical work, a paper on an occultation of Aldebaran by the Moon, and presented it as a memoir to the Academy of Sciences.

In 1777, Méchain married Barbe-Thérèse Marjou whom he knew from his work in Versailles. They had two sons: Jérôme, born 1780, and Augustin, born 1784, and one daughter. He was admitted to the French Académie des sciences in 1782, and was the editor of Connaissance des Temps from 1785 to 1792; this was the journal which, among other things, first published the list of Messier objects. In 1789 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society.

Méchain participated in the Anglo-French Survey (1784–1790) to measure by trigonometry the precise distance between the Paris Observatory and the Royal Greenwich Observatory. This project had been initiated by César-François Cassini de Thury, who died in 1784, and in 1787 Méchain visited Dover and London with Cassini de Thury’s son Dominique, comte de Cassini and Adrien-Marie Legendre to facilitate its progress. The three men also visited the astronomer William Herschel at Slough, who had discovered Uranus in 1781.

With his surveying skills, Méchain worked on maps of Northern Italy and Germany after this, but his most important mapping work was geodetic: the determination of the southern part of the meridian arc of the Earth's surface between Dunkirk and Barcelona beginning in 1791. This measurement would become the basis of the metric system's unit of length, the meter. He encountered numerous difficulties on this project, largely stemming from the effects of the French Revolution. He was arrested after it was suspected his instruments were weapons, he was interned in Barcelona after war broke out between France and Spain, and his property in Paris was confiscated during The Terror. He was released from Spain to live in Italy, then returned home in 1795.

A particularly intriguing fact about this project was that Méchain was uncertain of the precision of his measurements owing to anomalous results in verifying his latitude by astronomical observation. Ultimately, the distance from the pole to the equator, which Méchain and his associate Jean Baptiste Joseph Delambre had intended to be exactly ten million meters (or ten thousand kilometres), was determined in the late 20th century by space satellites to be 10,002,290 meters. This small error of 2,290 meters equals 1.423 statute miles; the error in such a large measurement amounts to 14½ inches per statute mile. It represents in each meter an error of approximately 0.23 millimetres – slightly more than the width of a single strand of human hair. This discrepancy is sometimes mentioned as "Méchain's error", with the suggestion that the tiny variation in the length of the meridian (not detected for nearly two hundred years) can be attributed to Méchain's calculations. But analysis of Méchain's figures reveals that Méchain consistently kept the discrepancy very tiny, essentially forcing his individual reported measurements to appear more precise and consistent than would be reasonably expected of a survey involving more than a hundred measurements of mostly rough country using 18th century equipment; Méchain's putative error did not affect the final value of the length of the meter nor the measurement of the meridian.

From 1799, he was the director of the Paris Observatory.

Continuing doubts about his measurements of the Dunkirk-Barcelona arc led him to return to that work. This took him back to Spain in 1804, where he caught yellow fever and died in Castellón de la Plana.

Discoveries
Méchain discovered either 25 or 26 deep-sky objects, depending on how one counts M102. Méchain disavowed the M102 observation in 1783, claiming it was a mistaken re-observation of M101. Since that time, others have proposed that he did in fact observe another object, and suggested what they might be.

He independently discovered four others, originally discovered by someone else but unknown to him at the time and included in the Messier catalogue: M71, discovered by Jean-Philippe de Chéseaux in the 1740s; M80, discovered by Messier about two weeks earlier than Méchain's observation; and M81 and M82, discovered originally by Johann Bode.

Six other discoveries are "honorary Messier objects" added to the list in the 20th century:

He also discovered NGC 5195, the companion galaxy that makes M51 (the Whirlpool Galaxy) so distinctive.

Méchain never set out to observe deep-sky objects. Like Messier, he was solely interested in cataloguing objects that might be mistaken for comets; having done so, he was the second-most successful discoverer of comets of his time, after Messier himself.

All together, he originally discovered eight comets, and co-discovered three.

His sole discoveries are:

 * C/1781 M1 (Méchain), 1781 I
 * C/1781 T1 (Méchain), 1781 II
 * C/1785 E1 (Méchain), 1785 II
 * 2P/Encke, discovered in 1786
 * C/1787 G1 (Méchain), 1787 I
 * 8P/Tuttle, discovered in 1790
 * C/1799 P1 (Méchain), 1799 II
 * C/1799 Y1 (Méchain), 1799 III

Méchain's co-discoveries are:

 * C/1785 A1 (Messier-Méchain), 1785 I
 * C/1792 II Gregory-Méchain, 1792 II
 * C/1801 Pons (Pons-Messier-Méchain-Bouvard), 1801 I

Note that only the two named comets have been connected to periodic comets that have computed orbits and in neither case was he an observer when they were computed, so by that technical definition (commonly used for comets since the 19th century) Méchain did not discover any of these nine.

Legacy
On 24 June 2002, Asteroid 21785 Méchain was named in his honour, discovered by Miloš Tichý at Kleť Observatory on 21 September 1999, and provisionally designated 1999 SS2.

title: Pierre Méchain


text:
Talk:Pebernød

The article says that 'pebernødder' is the plural form; this ought to be moved to the singular. It looks like that could be 'pebernød' or 'pebernødd', or maybe 'pebernod' if some sort of mutation comes into play. Could any of you Danes give a helping hand? -- Djinn112 08:50, Mar 7, 2004 (UTC)

 * I am the dane that put in the original.
 * Yes, its plural, but since you would never make just one (or eat just one :-) I believe the plural form is correct in a recipie. The singular is "Pebernød".
 * elgaard

 * Okay, thanks. I understand what you mean about using the plural form, but Wikipedia naming practices for articles (Naming conventions) say that we should use the singular unless the word doesn't have a singular form. -- Djinn112 18:03, Mar 10, 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pebernød


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Region Skåne

Region Skåne is the region of Skåne County in Sweden. Region Skåne was formed on 1 January 1999 by the amalgamation of the county councils of Malmöhus County and Kristianstad County and some of the tasks handled by Malmö Municipality.

The regional assembly is the highest political body in the region and its members are elected by the population of Skåne Country, as opposed to the County Administrative Board (länsstyrelsen) which guards the interests of the state in the region under the chairmanship of the county governor.

The region's main responsibility is for the public healthcare system, public transport and development within the region, which includes co-ordination of development of commerce, communication, culture and collaboration with other regions both in and outside of Sweden.

By devolution the newly formed region assumed some powers from the Skåne County Administrative Board, the state authority in Skåne County.

Before Region Skåne was formed in 1999 on a trial basis, the regional development was the responsibility of a Regional Association, comprising the 33 municipalities together with the then current health services principals, namely the Kristianstad and Malmöhus county councils and the Health Services authority in the City of Malmö.

Similar provisions had also been extended to the Region Västra Götaland and the Region Gotland during a trial period.

Regional assembly
The regional assembly (regionfullmäktige, formerly landstingsfullmäktige) meets at Skåne Town Hall in Kristianstad. Elections are held every fourth year in conjunction with the national and municipal elections, on the third Sunday of September.

The executive body of the Region Skåne is the Regional Executive Committee (regionstyrelsen). The current chair of the executive committee is Carl Johan Sonesson of the Moderate Party, who succeeded Henrik Fritzon of the Social Democratic Party following the 2018 elections.

title: Region Skåne


text:
Flag of Somalia

The flag of Somalia, also known as the Somali flag, was adopted on October 12, 1954, and was designed by Mohammed Awale Liban. The flag was initially used within the Trust Territory of Somaliland before being adopted by the short-lived State of Somaliland and the Somali Republic. It is an ethnic flag for the Somali people; the flag's five-pointed star represents the five regions in which Somalis reside.

History
Beginning in the mid-19th century, areas in the Horn of Africa populated by Somalis were divided among Ethiopia, France, Britain, and Italy. Soon after the creation of the UN Trust Territory of Somaliland during 1950, the Somali Youth League persistently advocated for the creation of a national flag. This was rejected by Italian administrators of the Trusteeship until 1954, when a debate was opened in the territorial council. The SYL, being the most popular political organization in the country initially sought to use the Leagues flag but was rejected outright but rival parties. A deadlock ensued until it was broken by the Somali scholar Mohammed Awale Liban who suggested a different symbol from the ones proposed. Liban personally conceived of and designed the flag, and was also used in the short-lived independent State of Somaliland between 26 June 1960 and 1 July 1960.

In Somaliland
Public display of the Somali flag is strictly prohibited in Somaliland.

Characteristics
As an ethnic flag, the five-pointed white Star of Unity in its center represents the areas where the Somali ethnic group form the majority: Djibouti, Somaliland (former British protectorate), the Somali region in Ethiopia, the North Eastern Province in Kenya, and Somalia (Italian Somaliland). However, the flag does not represent all the Somali regions anymore, going from an ethnic flag to the national flag of Somalia only. It now officially denotes the sky as well as the Gulf of Aden, Guardafui Channel and the Somali Sea, which flank the country. The blue color of the flag was selected in tribute to the United Nations who helped to form the country of Somalia during its status as a trust territory from 1950-1960.

Historical flags
The following are the flags historically used in the territory of present-day Somalia:

title: Flag of Somalia


text:
Douglas TBD Devastator

The Douglas TBD Devastator was an American torpedo bomber of the United States Navy. Ordered in 1934, it first flew in 1935 and entered service in 1937. At that point, it was the most advanced aircraft flying for the Navy; however, by the time of the US entry into World War 2, the TBD was already obsolete.

The Devastator performed well early in the war, most notably in the Battle of the Coral Sea, but earned notoriety for a catastrophic performance during the Battle of Midway in which 41 Devastators recorded zero torpedo hits with only six surviving to return to their carriers. Although much of the Devastator's dismal performance was later attributed to the many well-documented defects in the US Mark 13 torpedo, the aircraft was withdrawn from frontline service after Midway, being replaced by the Grumman TBF Avenger.

Design and development

The Douglas XTBD-1 was ordered on 30 June 1934 after being one of the winners of a US Navy competition for new bombers to operate from its aircraft carriers. Other aircraft also ordered for production as a result of the competition included the Brewster SBA, the Vought SB2U Vindicator, and the Northrop BT-1, the last of which would evolve into the Douglas SBD Dauntless. The Great Lakes XB2G, Great Lakes XTBG, Grumman XSBF, Hall XPTBH and Vought XSB3U were also tendered to the specification but were not developed beyond prototype status.

The XTBD Devastator flew for the first time on 15 April 1935 while marking a number of "firsts" for the US Navy. It was the first American carrier-based monoplane to be widely used, the first all-metal naval aircraft, the first with a completely enclosed cockpit, the first with power-actuated (hydraulically) folding wings. A semi-retractable landing gear was fitted, with the wheels protruding 10 in below the wings to potentially limit damage to the aircraft in a "wheels-up" landing. A crew of three was normally carried beneath a large "greenhouse" canopy almost half the length of the aircraft. The pilot sat in front; a rear gunner/radio operator took the rearmost position, while the bombardier occupied the middle seat. During a bombing run, the bombardier lay prone, sliding into position under the pilot to sight through a window in the bottom of the fuselage, using the Norden bombsight.

The normal TBD offensive armament consisted of either a 1935 lb Bliss-Leavitt Mark 13 aerial torpedo or a 1000 lb bomb carried semi-recessed in the fuselage. Alternatively, three 500 lb general-purpose bombs (one under each wing root and one inside the fuselage), or twelve 100 lb fragmentation bombs (six under each wing root), could be carried. This weapons load would often be used when attacking Japanese targets on the Gilbert and Marshall Islands in 1942. Defensive armament consisted of a .30 in Browning machine gun for the rear gunner. Fitted in the starboard side of the cowling was either a .30 in or .50 in M2 Browning machine gun.

The powerplant was a 850 hp Pratt & Whitney R-1830-64 Twin Wasp radial engine, a development of the prototype's 800 hp Pratt & Whitney XR-1830-60/R-1830-1. Other changes from the 1935 prototype included a revised engine cowling and a raised cockpit canopy to improve visibility.

The XTBD had a flat canopy that was replaced on production models by a higher, domed canopy with a rollover bar. Other than requests by test pilots to improve pilot visibility, the prototype easily passed its acceptance trials that ran from 24 April to 24 November 1935 at NAS (Naval Air Station) Anacostia and Norfolk bases. After successfully completing torpedo drop tests, the prototype was transferred to the USS Lexington (CV-2) for carrier certification. The extended service trials continued until 1937 with the first two production aircraft retained by the company exclusively for testing.

The US Navy's Bureau of Aeronautics (BuAer) purchased 129 examples, and began to equip the carriers USS Saratoga (CV-3), USS Enterprise (CV-6), USS Lexington (CV-2), USS Wasp (CV-7), USS Hornet (CV-8), USS Yorktown (CV-5) and USS Ranger (CV-4) starting in 1937. Even prewar, TBD units were being shifted to training duties with at least one aircraft being converted to target tug duty. By 1940, the US Navy was aware that the TBD had become outclassed and a replacement, the Grumman TBF Avenger, was in the works, but it was not yet operational when the US entered World War II. Attrition had by then reduced their numbers to just over 100 aircraft. When the US Navy assigned popular names to its aircraft in late 1941, the TBD became the Devastator, although its nickname "torpecker" was still commonly used.

Operational history

In the early days of the Pacific war, the TBD acquitted itself well during February and March 1942, with TBDs from Enterprise and Yorktown attacking targets in the Marshall and Gilbert Islands, Wake and Marcus Islands, while TBDs from Yorktown and Lexington struck Japanese shipping off New Guinea on 10 March. In the Battle of the Coral Sea Devastators helped sink the Japanese aircraft carrier JAPANESE AIRCRAFT CARRIER Shōhō on 7 May, but failed to hit another carrier, the JAPANESE AIRCRAFT CARRIER Shōkaku, the next day.

Faults were discovered with the Mark 13 torpedo at this point. Many were seen to hit the target yet failed to explode; there was also a tendency to run deeper than the set depth. It took over a year for the defects to be corrected. These problems were not fixed by the time of the Battle of Midway on 4 June 1942.

At Midway, a total of 41 Devastators, the majority of the type still operational, were launched from Hornet, Enterprise and Yorktown to attack the Japanese fleet. The sorties were not well coordinated, in part because Rear Admiral Raymond A. Spruance ordered a strike on the enemy carriers immediately after they were discovered, rather than spending time assembling a well-coordinated attack involving the different types of aircraft – fighters, bombers, torpedo planes – reasoning that attacking the Japanese would prevent a counterstrike against the US carriers. The TBDs from Hornet and Enterprise lost contact with their escort and started their attacks without fighter protection.

The Devastator proved to be a death trap for its crews: slow and hardly maneuverable, with poor armor for the era; its speed on a glide-bombing approach was a mere 200 mph, making it easy prey for fighters and defensive guns alike. The aerial torpedo could not even be released at speeds above 115 mph. Torpedo delivery requires a long, straight-line attack run, making the aircraft vulnerable, and the slow speed of the aircraft made them easy targets for the Mitsubishi A6M Zeros. Only four TBDs made it back to Enterprise, none to Hornet and two to Yorktown, without scoring a torpedo hit.

Nonetheless, their sacrifice was not completely in vain, as several TBDs managed to get within a few ship-lengths range of their targets before dropping their torpedoes, being close enough to be able to strafe the enemy ships and force the Japanese carriers to take sharp evasive maneuvers. By obliging the Japanese to keep their flight decks clear and to continually cycle and reinforce their combat air patrols, they prevented any Japanese counter-attacks against the American carriers, just as Spruance had anticipated. These windows of opportunity were exploited by the late-arriving Douglas SBD Dauntless dive bombers led by Lieutenant Commander C. Wade McClusky and Max Leslie, which dive-bombed and fatally damaged three of the four Japanese carriers about one hour after the first TBD torpedo attacks had developed. While the Devastators faced the stiff defenses of the carriers and their fighters, their attacks served to distract the Japanese attention from the Dauntless dive bombers' strikes, resulting in relatively lighter resistance from the IJN carriers' defensive fighter patrols, and more effective American attacks that crippled the IJN carrier forces.

Obsolescence
The Navy immediately withdrew the 39 remaining TBDs from frontline units after the debacle at Midway. The surviving Devastators in VT-4 and VT-7 remained in service briefly in the Atlantic and in training squadrons until 1944. Many were relegated to training duties for pilots and mechanics or were destroyed following use as instructional airframes for firefighting training. By late 1944, no TBD Devastators were left in the US Navy inventory. The original prototype finished its career at NAS Norman, Oklahoma; the last TBD in the US Navy was used by the Commander of Fleet Air Activities-West Coast. When his TBD was scrapped in November 1944, there were no more. None survived the war and there are none known to exist on dry land today.

In fairness to the Devastator, the newer TBF Avengers were similarly ineffective in 1942, losing five out of six aircraft without scoring a hit during the Battle of Midway. The Avengers' only successes in 1942 would be against the light carrier JAPANESE AIRCRAFT CARRIER Ryūjō and the battleship JAPANESE BATTLESHIP Hiei. In the initial part of the Pacific War, the poor performance of US torpedo bombers was due to the vulnerability of that type in general against fire from anti-aircraft artillery and defending fighters, plus the inexperience of American pilots and lack of coordinated fighter cover, as well as serious defects in US torpedoes which were not discovered and corrected until the fall of 1943. It took growing American air superiority, improved attack coordination, and more experienced pilots, before the Avengers were able to successfully accomplish their roles in subsequent battles against Japanese surface forces.

Variants

 * XTBD-1
 * Prototype powered by an 800 hp XR-1830-60, one built.

 * TBD-1
 * Production variant powered by an 850 hp R-1830-64, 129 built.

 * TBD-1A
 * One TBD-1 modified with twin floats.

Operators

 * 🇺🇸 United States
 * United States Navy
 * VT-2 used 58 Devastators between December 1937 and May 1942.
 * VT-3 used 71 Devastators between October 1937 and June 1942. They starred in the 1941 movie Dive Bomber.
 * VT-4 used nine Devastators between December 1941 and September 1942.
 * VT-5 used 57 Devastators between February 1938 and June 1942.
 * VT-6 used 62 Devastators between April 1938 and June 1942.
 * VT-7 used 5 Devastators between January 1942 and July 1942.
 * VT-8 used 23 Devastators between September 1941 and June 1942.
 * VB-4 used three Devastators between December 1941 and January 1942.
 * VS-42 used three Devastators between December 1940 and December 1941.
 * VS-71 used eight Devastators between December 1940 and June 1942.
 * VS-72 used two Devastators in June 1941.
 * VU-3 used a single Devastator from January until May 1940.
 * United States Marine Corps
 * VMS-2 used a single Devastator, BuNo. 1518, from 26 March 1941 till 5 June 1941, loaned from VT-3.

Surviving aircraft

No TBD’s survive in museums or private collections, nor are there any currently under restoration. However, below are eleven underwater aircraft that are known to exist and are the closest to a complete airframe. An expedition has been proposed to recover several TBDs from the wreck of the USS Lexington. Note that these aircraft exist in varying degrees of intactness due to circumstances of their loss and subsequent saltwater corrosion. For example, the pair at Jaluit, a shallow warm-water atoll, have reef creatures growing on their exteriors; several of those lost at Coral Sea have broken wings and fuselages due to avgas explosions and their free-fall to the deep sea floor.

 * TBD-1, Bureau Numbers 0298 and 1515
 * Ex-VT-5 / USS Yorktown (CV-5) "5-T-7", "5-T-6" Jaluit Lagoon, Marshall Islands.

 * TBD-1 BuNo 0353
 * Ex-NAS Miami, Atlantic Ocean, Miami, Florida.

 * TBD-1 BuNo 0377
 * Ex-VT-2 / USS Lexington (CV-2) "6-T-7", Pacific Ocean, Mission Beach, California.

On 4 March 2018, Paul G. Allen's R/V Petrel team discovered the wreck of the USS Lexington at 3,000 meters (about two miles) below the surface, resting on the floor of the Coral Sea more than 500 miles off the eastern coast of Australia. Near the wreck were the remains of seven Devastators, as well as an F4F-3 Wildcat. An attempt by A and T Recovery to recover at least four of the wrecks, including the Devastator, is currently underway as of January 2023.
 * Wreck of the USS Lexington (CV-2)

Replica
On September 19, 2019, the USS Midway Museum acquired a 1:1 scale replica used in the World War II movie, Midway. The plane was donated from Lionsgate following the conclusion of filming and will become an exhibit on USS Midway (CV-41)'s hangar.

Notable appearance in media
Dive Bomber (1941) was an American film directed by Michael Curtiz. It is notable for both its Technicolor photography of pre-World War II United States Navy aircraft featuring the TBD Devastator, and scenes on the aircraft carrier USS Enterprise (CV-6) as well as the NAS North Island in San Diego.

The 2014 film Against the Sun depicts a real-life story of the survival of a Devastator's crew after it had to ditch due to running out of fuel. The crew survived 34 days adrift.

The 2019 film Midway featured the Devastator, most notably the disastrous attack by VT-8, including its only survivor, Ensign George Gay, using his plane's seat cushion to conceal himself from the Japanese as he watched the SBDs bomb the IJN Carrier force.

title: Douglas TBD Devastator


text:
Clergy house

A clergy house is the residence, or former residence, of one or more priests or ministers of a given religion. Residences of this type can have a variety of names, such as manse, parsonage, rectory, or vicarage.

Function
A clergy house is typically owned and maintained by a church, as a benefit to its clergy. This practice exists in many denominations because of the tendency of clergy to be transferred from one church to another at relatively frequent intervals. Also, in smaller communities, suitable housing is not always available. In addition, such a residence can be supplied in lieu of salary, which may not be able to be provided (especially at smaller congregations).

Catholic clergy houses in particular may be lived in by several priests from a parish. Clergy houses frequently serve as the administrative office of the local parish, as well as a residence. They are normally located next to, or at least close to, the church their occupant serves.

Partly because of the general conservation of churches, many clergy houses have survived and are of historic interest or importance. In the United Kingdom, the 14th-century Alfriston Clergy House was the first property to be acquired by the National Trust. It was purchased in a state of near ruin in 1896 for £10, the vicarage having moved elsewhere long before.

In some countries where the clergy houses were often rather grand, many of them have now been sold off by the churches and replaced by more modest properties. Numerous clergy houses have been acquired by families for use as private homes. Others have been adapted as offices or used for various civic functions. In many villages in England, the former clergy house is called the "Old Vicarage" or the "Old Rectory". In Scotland, a former clergy house may be known as the "Old Manse".

Nomenclature
There are a number of more specific terms whose use depends on the rank of the occupant, the denomination, and the locality. Above the parish level, a bishop's house was traditionally called a "Bishop's Palace", a dean's residence is known as a deanery, and a canon lives in a canonry or "canon's house". Other clerical titles have different names for their houses.

A parsonage is where the parson of a church resides; a parson is the priest/presbyter of a parish church. A rectory is the residence of an ecclesiastical rector, although the name may also be applied to the home of an academic rector (e.g., a Scottish university rector), or other person with that title. In North American Anglicanism, a far greater proportion of parish clergy were (and still are) titled as rector than in Britain, so the term rectory is more common there.

The names used for homes of ordinary parish clergy vary considerably and include the following:
 * The Anglican Communion uses the terms vicarage or (more informal and old-fashioned) parsonage, and rectory if appropriate.
 * Roman Catholics use the terms priory, clergy house, parochial house (mostly in Ireland), chapel house (in Scotland), presbytery, and rectory (especially in Massachusetts) if appropriate. In the Philippines, the term convent is used, a direct calque of the Spanish convento. An ecclesiastical residence, sometimes called a presbytery, is the residence of a cleric in their diocese or parish.
 * Manse (cognate with mansion) is a Scottish term that is used in Scottish Presbyterianism, and also in other parts of the British Isles by Non-conformist churches such as the Methodists and the United Reformed Church. This name is also commonly used by Baptists in the United Kingdom and in some Commonwealth countries.
 * Pastorium is the usual term in the Southern United States, especially among Baptists.
 * Lutheran churches often use parsonage.
 * The name "parish house" is used by many denominations.

title: Clergy house


text:
User talk:Rasoolpuri

Thank you Mr Billion for your suggessions .I shall try to act according to your instructions.

Welcome from Billlion
Welcome Wikipedia Rasoolpuri! I see you have been buisy on your specialist subject of Siraiki language. You might like to put you biography on your user page rather than your talk page which is where you can hold discussions with others.

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You may have already noticed that you can sign your name using three tildes, like this:. If you use four, you can add a datestamp too, as I've done below. This is mostly useful, and is considered good wikiquette, on talk pages. But be aware that the actual wikipedia articles should never be signed - they belong to the community, rather than the individual who created them.

Again, welcome! -- Billlion 19:19, 3 September 2005 (UTC)

Image Tagging for Image:Rasoolpuri.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Rasoolpuri.jpg. The image has been identified as not specifying the source and creator of the image, which is required by Wikipedia's policy on images. If you don't indicate the source and creator of the image on the image's description page, it may be deleted some time in the next seven days. If you have uploaded other images, please verify that you have provided source information for them as well.

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This is an automated notice by OrphanBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Media copyright questions. 18:09, 6 July 2006 (UTC)

- Thank you sir 'i am sorry.These images were my personal photos .I uploaded these photos from my own site.Excuse me .Kindly delete these images.--Rasoolpuri 02:31, 7 July 2006 (UTC)

A tag has been placed on Ismail Ahmedani, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done because the page appears to have no meaningful content or history, and the text is unsalvageably incoherent.

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, you may contest the deletion. To do this, add  on the top of the page (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag) and leave a note on the page's talk page explaining your position. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself.

If the page you created was a test, please use the sandbox for any other experiments you would like to do. Feel free to leave a message on my talk page if you have any questions about this. B fp  (talk) 17:02, 3 July 2007 (UTC)

aspirates in Tamil
Hello Rasoolpuri, there are absolutely no aspirates in Tamil, but other Dravidian languages do have aspirates, which they use for loanwords from Sanskrit. Jasy jatere 22:00, 16 October 2007 (UTC)

Aslam Rasoolpuri
Another editor has added the " " template to the article Aslam Rasoolpuri, suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. All contributions are appreciated, but the editor doesn't believe it satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and has explained why in the article (see also What Wikipedia is not and Notability). Please either work to improve the article if the topic is worthy of inclusion in Wikipedia or discuss the relevant issues at its talk page. If you remove the  template, the article will not be deleted, but note that it may still be sent to Articles for deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached. BJBot (talk) 18:59, 30 January 2008 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Aslam.jpg
Thank you for uploading Image:Aslam.jpg. However, it currently is missing information on its copyright status. Wikipedia takes copyright very seriously. It may be deleted soon, unless we can determine the license and the source of the image. If you know this information, then you can add a copyright tag to the image description page.

If you have any questions, please feel free to ask them at the media copyright questions page. Thanks again for your cooperation. NOTE: once you correct this, please remove the tag from the image's page. STBotI (talk) 18:41, 31 January 2008 (UTC)

February 2008
You should wait for others to write an article about subjects in which you are personally involved. This applies to articles about you, your achievements, your band, your business, your publications, your website, your relatives, and any other possible conflict of interest.

Creating an article about yourself is strongly discouraged. If you create such an article, it might be listed on articles for deletion. Deletion is not certain, but many feel strongly that you should not start articles about yourself. This is because independent creation encourages independent validation of both significance and verifiability. All edits to articles must conform to No original research, Neutral point of view, and Verifiability.

If you are not "notable" under Wikipedia guidelines, creating an article about yourself may violate the policy that Wikipedia is not a personal webspace provider and would thus qualify for speedy deletion. If your achievements, etc., are verifiable and genuinely notable, and thus suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia, someone else will probably create an article about you sooner or later. (See Wikipedians with articles.)  Fabrictramp (talk) 16:30, 8 February 2008 (UTC) Nice sir.Thank you

Edits to Gojri
Hello :-)

Just wondering what you were trying to do with the Gojri article, if you think the article should be called Gojri language then rather than creating a brand new article you could have moved it. See help:Moving a page. Pahari Sahib 17:16, 21 June 2008 (UTC)

 * That's okay :-), basically if you think the page should be moved you can request it. Pahari Sahib  17:42, 21 June 2008 (UTC)

References for Ajri language
Your recent contribution(s) to are very much appreciated. However, you did not provide references or sources for your information. Keeping Wikipedia accurate and verifiable is very important, and as you might be aware there is currently a drive to improve the quality of Wikipedia by encouraging editors to cite the sources they used when adding content. If sources are left unreferenced, it may count as original research, which is not allowed. Can you provide in the article specific references to any books, articles, websites or other reliable sources that will allow people to verify the content in the article? You can use a citation method listed at How to cite sources. Thanks! • Gene93k (talk) 04:04, 28 June 2008 (UTC)

Re: About Ajri language
A source does not have to be on the web as long as readers know where to find it. If your information comes from a journal, then add a reference giving the author, article title, journal name, volume, number, date, and page number. (Example: *Author (date). "Article name". Journal. Volume# (issue): page#.). • Gene93k (talk) 17:21, 29 June 2008 (UTC)

Thank you
Thank you! Deb (talk) 16:11, 5 July 2008 (UTC)

July 2008
Hello. Please don't forget to provide an edit summary. Slashme (talk) 09:45, 7 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Always a pleasure to help! (This is a reply to a reply on my talk page) --Slashme (talk) 12:19, 7 July 2008 (UTC)

Ahmedani
Hi, Rasoolpuri,

I saw that you started the page Ahmedani, which is appreciated. However, you did not cite any references or sources. Can you provide any references, such as webpages or books?

Thank you, Yodaat (talk) 21:42, 27 November 2008 (UTC)

saraiki wikipedia bhi ban gia hai. saraiki font mein likh kar wp/skr topic paste karen thanks Parvez QAdIR khan —Preceding unsigned comment added by 58.27.130.143 (talk) 08:04, 16 February 2009 (UTC)

Thank you for your suggestions. Yodaat (talk) 01:23, 29 March 2009 (UTC)

Unreferenced BLPs
Hello Rasoolpuri! Thank you for your contributions. I am a bot alerting you that 1 of the articles that you created  is an  Unreferenced Biography of a Living Person. Please note that all biographies of living persons must be sourced. If you were to add reliable, secondary sources to this article, it would greatly help us with the current Category:All_unreferenced_BLPs article backlog. Once the article is adequately referenced, please remove the unreferencedBLP tag. Here is the article:

Thanks!--DASHBot (talk) 18:36, 2 January 2010 (UTC)
 * 1) Mehr Abdul Haq -

Proposed deletion of Aslam Rasoolpuri

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Proposed deletion of Ajri (Gujjar)

The article Ajri (Gujjar) has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Based on general research and not meeting the criteria for general notability, as per the non-reliable sources, the sources talked differently from the context or content posted on the article since its creation; this content was already discussed in the main article of Bakarwals in the history section. The source talked in a general way, not specifically about any community. Good Faith"

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title: User talk:Rasoolpuri


text:
University of Alabama at Birmingham

The University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB) is a public research university in Birmingham, Alabama. Founded in 1969 and part of the University of Alabama System, UAB has grown to be the state's largest employer, with more than 24,200 faculty and staff and over 53,000 jobs at the university. The university is classified among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity".

UAB offers 140 programs of study in 12 academic divisions leading to bachelor's, master's, doctoral, and professional degrees. In the fall of 2020, UAB enrolled 22,563 students from more than 110 countries. The UAB Health System, one of the largest academic medical centers in the United States, is affiliated with UAB.

The UAB athletic teams known as the Blazers compete in 18 varsity-level sports in the NCAA Division 1 - American Athletic Conference. Its official varsity colors are green and gold. The Blazers have won 11 conference championships to date.

History
In 1936, in response to the rapid growth of the Birmingham metropolitan area and the need for the population to have access to a university education, the University of Alabama established the Birmingham Extension Center. The center operated in an old house in downtown Birmingham at 2131 6th Avenue North and enrolled 116 students. In 1945, UA's newly established four-year School of Medicine moved from Tuscaloosa to Birmingham and took over management of Jefferson and Hillman hospitals. In 1957 enrollment at the extension center stood at 1,856. By 1959, research grants, training grants, and fellowships exceeded $1 million, and ground was broken for a new Children's Hospital.

By the 1960s, it grew apparent that the extension center was becoming a university in its own right. An engineering building was built close to the medical center in 1962. In September 1966, the Extension Center was renamed the College of General Studies and elevated to a full four-year program. That November, the College of General Studies and the School of Medicine were merged into the University of Alabama in Birmingham, with Dr. Joseph Volker as "Vice President for Birmingham Affairs"–reflecting that it was still treated as an offsite department of the main campus in Tuscaloosa. An Advisory Board for UAB was created in 1967. In 1969, the legislature created the University of Alabama System. UAB became one of three four-year institutions within the new system, which also included UA and the University of Alabama in Huntsville (UAH) in Huntsville. Volker became UAB's first president.

Campus
UAB is located on the Southside neighborhood of downtown Birmingham, Alabama, occupying more than 100 city blocks and surrounded by three historic district neighborhood including the Five Point South, Glen Iris, and the Southside. There is a blend of public and private property inside the university limits. I-65, 10th, 11th, and 12th Avenues South, 22nd Street South, and 2nd Avenue South are the boundaries of UAB campus. The campus has more than 216 academic, residential, and recreational facilities spread across around 636 acres, or roughly 16 million square feet of building area.

The UAB strategic plan's pillars are supported by the campus master plan, which places an emphasis on innovative facilities and improved growth management. The campus master plan also includes the creation of eight zones concentration locations: Academics, Athletics & Recreation, Cultural, Hospital/Highlands, Residential, Research, Southern Research, and Support with overlapping zone areas of collaboration such as Academic, Research, and Hospital. Honors Hall, the Collat School of Business, the School of Nursing, University Hall, Gold Hall, McMahon Hall, McCallum Basic Health Science Building, Early Learning Center, and the Technology Innovation Center are amongst the recently completed building construction projects on the university. The Science and Engineering Complex's second phase project, the Altec/Styslinger Genomic Medicine & Data Sciences Building, the Marnix E. Heersink Institute for Biomedical Innovation Conference Center, Biomedical Research and Psychology Building, Unity Park, Department of Art and Art History, Cooper Green Mercy Health, University Emergency Department, Rehabilitation Pavilion, 14th Street Parking Deck, and the Southern Research Biotechnology Building are among the ongoing constructions in the university. Since 2013, about 1.1 million gross square feet of new facilities have been added to UAB's footprint through the completion or ongoing development of 17 major university construction projects.

UAB Campus Green
UAB’s Campus Green, also referred to as "the Green," is an open green area and a quadrangle intended for usage by members of the university community and visitors. It was built in 2008 and considered to be the focal point of the campus. The University's long-term master plan, which describes Campus Green as "the signature open space and the center of the academic core," includes the quadrangle as a key element. The Green is surrounded by green grasses, plants, shrubs, trees and walkways, that include 10th Avenue South, University Boulevard, the Chemistry Building, University Dining Facility, Camp Hall, Blazer Hall, Heritage Hall, University Hall (UAB College of Arts & Sciences) and the Campus Recreation Center. The Green is a part of a centuries-old higher education tradition that offers a serene outdoor space for introspective thought and communal gathering.

UAB Arts
The Alys Stephens Center is home to the performing arts of the city of Birmingham and is the residence venue for events by the Alabama Symphony Orchestra, UAB's theater and music departments and other globally recognized performers. The Alys Stephens Center is the hub of UAB's Cultural Arts Corridor, located on the cultural zone of the campus, which houses the cutting-edge Abroms-Engel Institute for Visual Arts (AEIVA) that brings the arts into the community through its ArtPlay and Arts in Medicine programs.

Organization and administration
UAB is governed by the Board of Trustees of the University of Alabama System. The board is self-nominating and composed of 15 elected members and two ex officio members. Board members are confirmed by the Alabama State Senate.

The president of the University of Alabama at Birmingham and is appointed by the chancellor. The president also chairs the board of the UAB Health System. Richard Marchase was named interim president on August 21, 2012, after the retirement of Carol Garrison. In February 2013, Ray L. Watts became UAB's seventh president.

College and schools
UAB is composed of one college, nine schools, an honors college and a graduate school. These academic divisions offer 57 bachelor's degree programs, 69 master's degree programs,3 specialist's, 42 doctoral programs, and 3 professional degrees..

List of colleges and schools and year founded

 * College of Arts and Sciences (2010)
 * Collat School of Business (1971)
 * School of Dentistry (1948)
 * School of Education and Human Sciences (1971)
 * School of Engineering (1971)
 * Graduate School (1969)
 * School of Health Professions (1969)
 * Heersink School of Medicine (1944)
 * Honors College (2011)
 * School of Nursing (1950)
 * School of Optometry (1969)
 * School of Public Health (1981)

Endowment
UAB's endowment reached more than 1 billion dollars after a 2018 campaign goal. It includes more than 103,000 donors, which is the largest fundraising campaign effort in UAB history.

Research Expenditures
UAB received more than $715 million in research grants and extramural awards for FY 2022.

Academics
UAB is a large, four-year research university and is classified among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity". UAB has been accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools since 1970, according to the U.S. Department of Education. UAB offers degrees in the undergraduate, graduate, and doctoral levels from the schools in Business, Education, Engineering, Graduate School, Health Professions, Nursing, Public Health, and the College of Arts and Sciences. It also houses the Honors College and the three professional schools that offer professional degrees in Dentistry, Medicine, and Optometry. UAB has inaugurated some new programs in bioinformatics, cancer biology genetics and genomic sciences, digital forensic immunology and neuro-engineering that are the first of its kind in the US.

UAB Medicine
With almost 2 million clinical visits and care provided every year, UAB is considered one of the largest academic medical centers that offers patient care to the state of Alabama and the surrounding areas. The institution is also training future medical professionals and advancing medical science through study and research at health-related professional schools of UAB; Dentistry, Health Professions, Nursing, Optometry, Public Health and the Heersink School of Medicine. A number of managed hospitals are part of the UAB Health System, including the UAB Hospital, the Valley Foundation, the University of Alabama Health Services Foundation, the UAB Carolan Eye Hospital Authority, the Medical West Hospital Authority, the L.V. Stabler Hospital, J. Paul Jones Hospital, Brian Whitfield Memorial Hospital, Cooper Green Mercy Health Services Authority, and other local hospitals. Ascension St. Vincent's and UAB Health System have formed a collaborative partnership to expand access to healthcare through numerous locations and wellness initiatives. Diabetes, mental and behavioral health, and health disparities are addressed by this partnership. Additionally, it maintains close relationships with other public and private nonprofit organizations that are housed on and around the UAB campus, such as the Children's of Alabama and the Veterans Affairs Medical Center. The UAB Health System, a distinct not-for-profit organization, oversees, coordinates, and manages the medical facilities connected to UAB.

With 1,207 beds, the flagship UAB Hospital is the largest in Alabama and the eighth largest in the nation. It is home to the only Level 1 adult trauma center in the state and the only hospital in Alabama to consistently rank among U.S. News & World Report's "America's Best Hospitals." The O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center is the only center in Alabama and the surrounding four states to get an NCI designation, and it leads the country in advancing cancer research, care, and education.

Providing a peer-reviewed proof of concept for xenotransplantation and paving the way for a steady, sustainable supply of life-saving organs, UAB successfully tested the first human preclinical model for transplanting genetically modified pig kidneys into humans in January 2022.

Rankings
In the 2022 U.S. News & World Report rankings, UAB was tied for the 137th best national university and was ranked tied for the 64th best public university.

UAB graduate programs was ranked in the 2024 U.S. News & World Report "Best Graduate Schools" including Healthcare Management (1st), Nursing; Masters (10th) and Doctoral (11th), Nursing-Anesthesia (29th), Medical School in Primary Care (24th) and in Research (35th), Physician Assistant (8th), Public Health (18th), Biostatistics (31st), Occupational Therapy (37th) and Physical Therapy (21st). Other programs are also ranked including Part-time MBA (98th), Education (117th), Engineering (112th), Biological Sciences (74th), Chemistry (136th), Clinical Psychology (70th), Computer Science (132nd), Mathematics (117th), Physics (152nd), Psychology (97th), Social Work (60th), and Sociology (84th).

In 2018-19, Times Higher Education ranked UAB 1st "Young University" in the US and 12th around the world for two consecutive years among institutions that are 50 years old or younger. Also, UAB ranked 160th worldwide, around top 8% among global universities according to 2023 U.S. News & World Report Best Global Universities ranking.

Student profile
In fall semester of 2018, the UAB student body consisted of 13,836 undergraduates, 6,933 graduate students and 1,154 professional doctoral students from all 67 Alabama counties, all 50 states and more than 110 foreign countries. The undergraduate student body was 56% non-Hispanic white, 26% Black/African-American, 6% Asian, 5% two or more races, 3% Hispanic, and 3% International.

Faculty and staff
UAB has more than 3,000 faculty. Eight faculty members from UAB have been elected to the National Institute of Medicine. The student-faculty ratio at UAB is 18:1.

Library
UAB has eight libraries.

Research and economic impact
In 2023, UAB invested $780 million in research expenditures. Funding has increased by $351 million, or 82%, over the previous ten years. In terms of all federal research expenditures, UAB is ranked 21st among public institutions. It also ranks in the top four percent of public universities and the top one percent of all organizations for NIH funding in FY23. In addition, UAB's six health-related schools including the Heersink School of Medicine rank among the top 20 public universities in terms of NIH funding for FY 2023. Additionally, UAB obtained unprecedented funding from organizations including the Department of Defense, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the Department of Energy, as well as for clinical trials funded by the industry. It is creating novel treatments for the most debilitating diseases that affect humans, such as diabetes, cancer, and Alzheimer's disease; developing new materials for everything from stronger military equipment to bio-coatings for cardiac stents; fighting cybercrime committed worldwide via computers in a unique cyber forensics center in partnership with the FBI, Homeland Security, and corporate partners like Facebook and Google; and making important strides in climatology, marine biology, and medicine in remote areas of Antarctica.

The O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, which is established in 1971, is the only NCI-Designated Comprehensive Cancer Center in the state of Alabama and the surrounding area to receive this designation from the National Cancer Institute, and one of only 56 such centers nationwide. For 48 years, the center has been continuously funded, enabling it to conduct state-of-the-art cancer research and provide patient care in the four-state area.

The Engineering and Innovative Technology Development division has been the major developer and supplier of cryo-equipment for the International Space Station since 1990. It has also supported the development of specialized research instruments for land and microgravity-based research experiments.

The Bill L. Harbert Institute for Innovation and Entrepreneurship (HIIE), established in 2014, housed at the Collat School of Business aims to promote economic growth, facilitate the commercialization of research, and assist in the formation of businesses. The institution has employed a multifaceted approach to foster innovation in the living sciences, with a special focus on biotechnology, and has assisted in the creation of startups.

Economic impact
In 2022, UAB contributed $12.1 billion to Alabama's economy, up 41% from $7.15 billion in 2016. More than $371 million in state and local taxes were produced by UAB, which also maintained or supported 107,600 employments in Alabama. More than $115.4 million in community impact is produced by UAB academics, staff, and students through donations and volunteer work to nearby NGOs. Furthermore, the UAB Health System provides charitable care worth about $363.1 million to underprivileged communities in Birmingham and around the state.

Student life
There are over 300 student organizations on the UAB campus. About six percent of undergraduate men and eight percent of undergraduate women are active in UAB's Greek system. UAB's students also run media outlets, including a weekly newspaper, a radio station, and a semi-annual magazine. The school also has an intramural program.

Student housing and residential life
UAB offers off-campus housing, residential halls, campus dining and recreation, and more. Residence halls at UAB include:

 * Blazer Hall
 * Blount Hall
 * Camp Hall
 * Gold Hall
 * McMahon(Green) Hall
 * Rast Hall
 * Denman Hall (demolished in 2023)

UAB Bands
UAB Bands consists of multiple ensembles including the Marching Blazers, Wind Symphony, Blazer Band, Symphony Band, Percussion, Summer Community Band, and Birmingham Youth Wind Symphony. Students and the UAB community have the opportunity to participate and join the UAB Bands and to perform in local, national, and international stage.

Marching Blazers
Under the guidance of Dr. Clifford "Ski" Winter, the 135-member UAB Marching Blazers made their debut at a home football game on September 17, 1994.The Marching Blazers went to Ireland in 2013 to participate in the St. Patrick's Day parade in Dublin and won the title of "Best International Band" competing in the Limerick International Band Competition. They also went to Hawaii to perform at USS Missouri in Pearl Harbor on March 2015.

With more than 200 members, the Marching Blazers add to UAB campus life by performing at football games, pep rallies, and numerous other campus-wide events. The group is usually requested to perform as the exhibition band at state and regional marching band competitions.

Media
The Kaleidoscope is the official student-run newspaper of the University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB) that published breaking news to quizzes on campus. It produced weekly printed newspaper but transitioned to digital and online news outlet starting in Fall 2020. The Kaleidoscope was first issued in 1967, two years before the university become autonomous from Tuscaloosa campus.

Athletics
UAB's athletic teams are known as the Blazers. The school athletic colors are green and gold. The Blazers currently participates in NCAA Division I, as a member of the American Athletic Conference, including 7 men’s sports teams and 11 women’s sports teams.

The school started its intercollegiate athletic program in 1978. The program was inaugurated with men's basketball by Gene Bartow. Bartow served as the school's head basketball coach and athletic director for 18 years. Bartow led UAB to the NCAA Tournament seven times. Bartow retired from coaching in 1996. The following year, UAB renamed its basketball venue from UAB Arena to Bartow Arena in his honor.

In December 2014, the university announced that the programs for football, bowling and rifle were being eliminated at the end of the 2014–2015 academic year, citing soaring operating costs. This decision was later reversed and the programs were reinstated.

On July 1, 2023, UAB officially joined as a member of the American Athletic Conference. The mayor of Birmingham declared July 1st as UAB Day to celebrate and commemorate UAB’s entry to the American Conference league.

Men's basketball
UAB Blazers men's basketball was introduced in 1978, marking the beginning of their athletics program. UAB was able to entice Gene Bartow to leave his position as UCLA's head coach in order to launch the Blazers program. The Blazers have made 17 appearances in the NCAA Division 1 men's basketball tournament and have reached the Elite Eight, and the Sweet Sixteen 3 times.

Blazers men’s basketball have won multiple conference title including their first year as a member of the American Athletic Conference, the 2024 American Conference men’s basketball tournament Champions. The Blazers play home games at Bartow Arena.

Football
UAB Blazers football team’s first game was in 1991 in the Division III, headed by Jim Hilyer, the first head coach of the Blazers football team. The UAB football program was terminated after the 2014 season but was reinstated and returned in 2017 shortly thereafter due to budget cuts. The Blazers have won 2 conference titles and 3 bowl games including the recent 2022 Bahamas Bowl, defeating Miami of Ohio. A new stadium, Protective Stadium, has been the home of the Blazers starting from the 2021 season.

title: University of Alabama at Birmingham


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Talk:Abalone

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Akb457.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 13:13, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Merge with Haliotis page?
Should the Abalone page and the Haliotis page be merged? They seem to deal with the same topic.

(I found this out when I wanted to learn the French word for Abalone and was surprised there was no French page linked from the English one. Turns out the French page Haliotis is linked to the English page Haliotis, so it can't link to the English Abalone page as well.) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Arshwana (talk • contribs) 17:31, 25 August 2016 (UTC)

Russian version "Морские ушки" should be linked to this page as well, It should be renamed to Abalone/Haliotis. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 178.130.45.236 (talk) 16:00, 21 November 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified
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channel islands
The use of "Channel Islands" caught me for a minute, as I came to this page from Guernsey, "ormer" (redirected to abalone), where it is a delicacy. --2607:FEA8:D5DF:F3D9:1CFD:643F:358D:3A22 (talk) 13:09, 21 June 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Abalone


text:
Carduus nutans

Carduus nutans is a biennial plant in the daisy and sunflower family Asteraceae with the common names musk thistle, nodding thistle, and nodding plumeless thistle. It is native to regions of Europe, Central Asia, and North Africa, where it is a scattered pasture plant. The musk thistle has been declared as invasive in North America, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa.

Description
Carduus nutans is a monocarpic herb and is classified as a biennial thistle, though it can have varying phenology depending on climate and habitat. Mature plants can reach 2.7 m in height with multi-branched stems. The leaves are prickly and jagged and can reach up to 40 cm in length. The leaves are dark green, coarsely bipinnately lobed, with a smooth, waxy surface and sharp yellow-brown to whitish spines at the tips of the lobes. They are more or less hairy on top, and wooly on the veins below. The stem is cottony/hairy, with thin ribs along them. The plants develop a rosette, with large leaves up to about 40 cm long. The seeds are able to germinate between 15 °C to 30 °C, thriving in conditions that offer moist soil and an alternating day/night temperature. A single plant is able to produce around 100 seeds per flower, up to about 20,000 seeds per plant. Seeds are mainly wind dispersed and can survive in the soil seed bank for up to 20 years.

Flowers

The plant bears showy flowers that range from a deep rose to violet color, rarely white. The large globose flower heads, containing hundreds of tiny individual flowers, are 3–5 cm (rarely to 7 cm) in diameter and occur at the tips of stems. The flower heads commonly droop to a 90° to 120° angle from the stem when mature, hence its alternate name of "nodding thistle". Each plant may produce thousands of straw-colored seeds adorned with plume-like bristles. They are 4 to 6 cm across, with purple-red bracts.

The number of flower heads per plant is site-dependent and ranges from about 20–50 on good sites and 1–20 on poor sites. Flowering occurs from June to October, and seed dissemination occurs approximately one month after the flowers form.

Distribution and habitat
Carduus nutans is native to Europe, Western Siberia, Asia, and North Africa. It has become invasive in North America, Australia, New Zealand, and Southern Africa. It is abundant in region of the North American Rocky Mountains. The plant can grow at least to an elevation of 1830 m. It typically grows in meadows and grasslands, in heavily grazed land in areas such as pastures, and on open disturbed soil such as roadsides and building sites. It is found in neutral to acidic soils. It spreads rapidly in areas subjected to frequent natural disturbances such as landslides and flooding, but does not grow well in excessively wet, dry, or shady conditions.

Medicinal
Herbal decoctions have historically included Carduus nutans. Turkish folk medicine has used parts of the flowering branches to treat prostate disease. It has also been documented that it has been used for treatment of liver disease, malaria, constipation, and kidney stones.

Ecology
Climate and habitat play a large role in phenology of Carduus nutans. Classified as a biennial, it can also act as a summer or winter annual, as well as a perennial, depending on varying environmental conditions.

Invasive species
C. nutans is an invasive species in various regions around the world, including in disturbed and agricultural settings, pastures, rangelands, along roadsides, and in natural habitats. The first report of C. nutans in the United States was in Pennsylvania in 1953. It is declared a noxious weed in many U.S. states, Canadian provinces, South Africa, New Zealand, and Australia. The plant is especially fertile, producing up to 20,000 seeds per plant, that allows it to take root quickly and replace natural vegetation. Pastures and rangelands suffer from decreased productivity and the sharp spines of the plant make an unsuitable grazing area for livestock.

Biological control
Several biological control agents have been released in attempt to control C. nutans. In Australia, some of those that have been released include Rhinocyllus conicus, Urophora solstitialis, and Trichosirocalus horridus. In the United States there has been success with Rhinocyllus conicus, Trichosirocalus horridus, and Puccinia carduorum. Previous populations in Southern California were eradicated, but it remains in northern California. When biological control is successful, natural plants are shown to return to the habitat.

Effects on biodiversity
C. nutans reduces forage biomass availability for livestock through competition for nutrients The spiny plants affect movement of animals through the area, further decreasing availability of forage biomass. It also causes soil erosion on roadways and wastelands.

title: Carduus nutans


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Monterrey (disambiguation)

Monterrey is the capital and largest city of the northeastern state of Nuevo León, Mexico.

Monterrey may also refer to:

Colombia

 * Monterrey, Casanare, a town and municipality in the Casanare Department, Colombia

Mexico

 * Monterrey International Airport, Nuevo León

Spain

 * Monterrey, Orense

Peru

 * Monterrey, Ancash

Other

 * related to the city of Monterrey in Nuevo León, Mexico
 * Battle of Monterrey
 * Club de Fútbol Monterrey, an association football team from Monterrey, Nuevo León
 * Monterrey Consensus, international agreement from the 2002 UN Monterrey Conference

title: Monterrey (disambiguation)