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Studholme Hodgson

Field Marshal Studholme Hodgson (1708 – 20 October 1798) was a British Army officer who served during the 18th century. After serving as an Aide-de-Camp to the Duke of Cumberland at the Battle of Fontenoy  during the War of the Austrian Succession and at the Battle of Culloden during the Jacobite Rebellion, he became correspondent to William Barrington, the Secretary at War, during the French and Indian War. He went on to command the British expedition which captured Belle Île in June 1761 during the Seven Years' War so enabling the British Government to use the island as a bargaining piece during the negotiations leading up to the Treaty of Paris in 1763.

Military career
Born the son of John Hodgson, a merchant from Carlisle, and educated at Carlisle Grammar School, Hodgson was commissioned as an ensign in the 1st Regiment of Foot Guards and lieutenant in the Army on 2 January 1728. He was promoted to captain in his regiment and lieutenant in the Army on 3 February 1741.

Hodgson was appointed Aide-de-Camp to the Duke of Cumberland in early 1745 and fought under Cumberland at the Battle of Fontenoy in May 1745 during the War of the Austrian Succession. He also fought under Cumberland at the Battle of Culloden in April 1746 during the Jacobite Rebellion. Promoted to captain in his regiment and lieutenant colonel in the Army on 18 May 1747, he became correspondent to William Barrington, the Secretary at War, in 1755 during the French and Indian War.

Hodgson raised a new regiment (later the 50th Regiment of Foot) in 1756 and served under Sir John Mordaunt, as a brigade commander, during the unsuccessful Raid on Rochefort in September 1757 during the Seven Years' War. Promoted to major-general on 15 September 1759, he became colonel of the 5th Regiment of Foot in October 1759.

Hodgson led a British raid on Belle Île, off the coast of France. After the initial British attack was repulsed a second attempt forced a beachhead. A second landing was made and, after a six-week siege, the island's main citadel at Le Palais was stormed, consolidating British control of the island in June 1761. He was much congratulated by both the King and William Pitt, Secretary of State for the Southern Department, as this "important and critical operation" enabled the British Government to use Belle Île as a bargaining piece during the negotiations leading up to the Treaty of Paris in 1763. Promoted to lieutenant general on 23 March 1765, he became Governor of Fort George and Fort Augustus in September 1765.

Hodgson became colonel of the 4th Regiment of Foot in November 1768 and, having been promoted to full general on 2 April 1778, he became colonel of the 7th Dragoon Guards in June 1782 and colonel of the 11th Light Dragoons in March 1789.

Hodgson was promoted to field marshal on 30 July 1796. He died at his home in Old Burlington Street in London on 20 October 1798 and was buried at St James's Church, Piccadilly on 26 October 1798.

Family
In July 1756 Hodgson married Catherine Howard, sister of Field Marshal Sir George Howard; they had three sons and two daughters, including John Hodgson (b. 16 March 1759).

title: Studholme Hodgson


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Howdy Doody

Howdy Doody is an American children's television program (with circus and Western frontier themes) that was created and produced by Victor F. Campbell and E. Roger Muir. It was broadcast on the NBC television network in the United States from December 27, 1947, until September 24, 1960. It was a pioneer of children's programming and set the pattern for many similar shows. One of the first television series produced at NBC in Rockefeller Center, in Studio 3A, it pioneered color production in 1956 and NBC (then owned by RCA Television) used the show to promote color television sets in the late 1950s.

Story

Buffalo Bob Smith created Howdy Doody during his days as a radio announcer on WNBC. At that time, Howdy Doody was only a voice Smith performed on the radio. When Smith made an appearance on NBC's television program Puppet Playhouse on December 27, 1947, the reception for the character was great enough to begin a demand for a visual character for television. Frank Paris, a puppeteer whose puppets appeared on the program, was asked to create a Howdy Doody puppet.

Bob Smith, the show's host, was dubbed "Buffalo Bob" early in the show's run (a reference both to the historical American frontier character Buffalo Bill and Smith's hometown of Buffalo, New York). At first the set was supposed to be a circus tent, but soon was changed to a western town. Smith wore cowboy garb, as did the puppet. The name of the puppet "star" was derived from the American expression "howdy doody"/"howdy do," a commonplace corruption of the phrase "How do you do?" used in the Western United States. (The straightforward use of that expression was also in the theme song's lyrics.) Smith, who had gotten his start as a singing radio personality in Buffalo, frequently used music in the program. Cast members Lew Anderson and Robert "Nick" Nicholson both were experienced jazz musicians.

As both the character and television program grew in popularity, demand for Howdy Doody-related merchandise began to surface. By 1948, toymakers and department stores had been approached with requests for Howdy Doody dolls and similar items. Macy's department store contacted Frank Paris, the creator of the puppet, to ask about rights for a Howdy Doody doll. However, while Paris had created the puppet, Bob Smith owned the rights to the character. An argument ensued between the two men, Paris claiming he felt he was being cheated out of any financial benefits. After one such disagreement, Paris took the puppet and angrily left the NBC studios about four hours before the show was to air live. It was not the first time this happened, leaving the live program with no "star".

With Paris's past disappearances, impromptu excuses regarding the whereabouts of Howdy Doody had been hastily concocted. This time, an elaborate explanation was offered—that Howdy was busy with the elections on the campaign trail. NBC hurriedly constructed a map of the United States, which allowed viewers, with the help of Smith, to learn where Howdy was on the road. The explanation continued that while on the campaign trail, Howdy decided to improve his appearance with some plastic surgery. This made it possible for the network to hire Disney animator Mel Shaw and his business partner Bob Allen to design (refer to U.S. Patent D156687 for a "new, original, and ornamental design" for the puppet) and Velma Wayne Dawson to build and operate a more handsome and appealing visual character than Paris's original, which had been called "the ugliest puppet imaginable" by Bob Smith. Since Paris did not provide the voice of the character, Howdy's voice would stay the same after his appearance changed. The puppet that is remembered as the "original" Howdy Doody replaced Paris's original.

Howdy Doody
Howdy Doody himself was a freckle-faced boy marionette with 48 freckles, one for each state of the union at the time of his creation (up until January 3, 1959, when Alaska became the 49th state), and originally was voiced by Smith. The Howdy Doody show's various marionettes were created and built by puppeteers Dawson, Scott Brinker (the show's prop man), and Rufus Rose throughout the show's run. The redheaded Howdy marionette on the original show was operated with 11 strings: two heads, one mouth, one eye, two shoulders, one back, two hands and two knees. Three strings were added when the show returned—two elbows and one nose. The original marionette now resides at the Detroit Institute of Arts. There were duplicate Howdy Doody puppets, designed to be used expressly for off-the-air purposes (lighting rehearsals, personal appearances, etc.), although surviving kinescope recordings clearly show that these duplicate puppets were indeed used on the air occasionally. "Double Doody", the Howdy stand-in puppet, now is in the entertainment collection at the Smithsonian National Museum of American History.

Photo Doody is the near-stringless marionette that was used in personal appearances, photos, parades, and the famed NBC test pattern. He was sold by Leland's Sports Auction House in 1997 for more than $113,000 to a private art collector, TJ Fisher.

Puppet characters
Besides Howdy Doody, the other characters in this show are:

 * Heidi Doody – Introduced as a stranger who saved Buffalo Bob's life in Africa, she was adopted as Howdy's sister.
 * Phineas T. Bluster – The resident skinflint, mayor of Doodyville and nemesis of Howdy; one of the Bluster triplets.
 * Petey Bluster – Phineas's nephew.
 * Don José Bluster – The South American Bluster brother.
 * Thaddeus Bluster – Another Bluster brother.
 * Hector Hamhock Bluster – The British Bluster brother.
 * Princess Summerfall Winterspring – Introduced as a puppet, then played by actress Judy Tyler, who afterwards appeared opposite Elvis Presley in the 1957 film Jailhouse Rock. After she was killed in a car accident on July 3, 1957, at the age of 24, the character was portrayed by a marionette.
 * Dilly Dally – Howdy's naive boyhood friend.
 * Inspector John J. Fadoozle – "America's No. 1 private eye" whose character was revealed as the mysterious "Mr. X" who used the pseudonym to run against Howdy for the office of President of All the Boys and Girls of America; children could vote by using ballots that were attached to the wrappers of loaves of Wonder Bread, a major sponsor of the show.
 * Chief Thunderthud and Chief Featherman – Two of several Native American characters used to emphasize the show's western theme.
 * J. Cornelius Cobb – The shopkeeper (played by Nick Nicholson), who had a strong dislike for clowns.
 * Sandra the Witch
 * Capt. Windy Scuttlebut
 * Flub-a-Dub – A hybrid of eight animals. He had a duck's bill, a cat's whiskers, a spaniel's ears, a giraffe's neck, a dachshund's body, a seal's flippers, a pig's tail, and an elephant's memory.

Animal puppets
The show also featured animal puppets such as:

 * Hyde and Zeke – Twin bears.
 * Mambo – An African elephant.
 * Tizzy – A dinosaur.
 * Paddle – A gnu.
 * Tommy Turtle – A slow-talking turtle who is not very bright.

Human characters
There also were several human characters, most notably:

The characters inhabited the fictional town of Doodyville. Several characters (including Ugly Sam, the world's worst wrestler, and Pierre the Chef) were played by comedian Dayton Allen, who later went on to become a cast regular on NBC's prime time The Steve Allen Show.
 * Clarabell – The mute clown who communicated in mime, by honking horns on his belt, and by squirting seltzer. Originally played by Bob Keeshan, who went on to create the children's TV character Captain Kangaroo, he was later played by Robert "Nick" Nicholson and finally by Lew Anderson. Clarabell did not talk because he would have to be paid scale, and it was a low-budget show.
 * J. Cornelius Cobb (played by "Nick" Nicholson concurrently with the role of Clarabell and then exclusively when Lew Anderson took over the Clarabell role) –
 * Sir Archibald (played by Dayton Allen) – An explorer.
 * Chief Thunderthud (portrayed by Bill Le Cornec) – Head of the Ooragnak (kangaroo spelled backward) tribe of American Indians. Edward Kean originated Thunderthud's greeting "Kowabonga!"—a nonsense word that eventually became part of the California surfer culture lexicon.
 * Princess Summerfall Winterspring (portrayed by Judy Tyler) – As a teenager, Tyler began her career with this supporting role, which she played from 1950 to 1956. The opportunity led to Tyler breaking out to starring roles on Broadway and eventually Hollywood, where she notably co-starred with Elvis Presley in Jailhouse Rock before dying in a 1957 auto accident.
 * Gus Gasbags (played by Ed Alberian) – A man who made animal balloons.

The Howdy show's non-televised rehearsals were renowned for including considerable double-entendre dialogue between the cast members (particularly the witty Dayton Allen) and the puppet characters. Corny Cobb was played by Bobby "Nick" Nicholson in 1952, by puppeteer Rufus Rose in 1953 and 1954 while Nicholson assumed the role of Clarabell, and again by Nicholson from early 1955 until the end of the show.

Clarabell was first played by Bob Keeshan (who also played The Featherman). Keeshan continued in that role until December 1952, when he, Dayton Allen, puppeteer Rhoda Mann, and Bill LeCornec left the show over a salary dispute. The role of Clarabell was then taken by Nicholson, who played it for about 22 months. In January 1955, the role was turned over to Anderson, who kept it until the series ended and for all subsequent revivals and specials, while Nicholson took on the role of J. Cornelius "Corny" Cobb. At the end of the final episode, telecast on September 24, 1960, Clarabell broke his series-long silence to say the final words of the final broadcast: "Goodbye, kids." Each of the cast members also played other roles as required.

Dolls
Howdy Doody dolls were also sold commercially, as well as marionettes of Howdy Doody and Flub-a-dub. There were also two other marionettes, Don José and Hector Hamhock Bluster, brothers of Phineas T.

Replicas of Howdy
In addition to the original vintage puppets, puppetmaker Alan Semok (at the request of Bob Smith in the early 1990s) created several precise replicas of Howdy, including—thanks to improved materials and new molding techniques—a more exact marionette replica than had ever been produced, as well as a new Photo Doody which Smith used in personal appearances until his death from cancer on July 30, 1998, at the age of 80. One of Semok's marionette duplicates appears on a 2005 cover of TV Guide magazine as part of a series recreating classic covers from the magazine's history. The cover featured Howdy with TV host Conan O'Brien dressed as Buffalo Bob Smith. Another of the Semok duplicates resides in the International Museum and Library of the Conjuring Arts, the private museum owned by illusionist David Copperfield.

Custody battle
After the death of Bob Smith, a fierce legal and custody battle for the original Howdy Doody puppet erupted among his heirs, the Rufus Rose estate, and a museum to which the marionette had been bequeathed. Howdy once again was in the news, with his face and story making headline broadcast, wire, talk show and print news around the world. For a while during the tug-of-war fight, the puppet was held in a bank safe deposit box while the saga played out in the federal courts.

During one day of deposition, puppetmaker Semok (who had performed various maintenance and repainting of the original Howdy marionette beginning in 1989) was called upon to unseal a trap door on the back of the puppet's head; Velma Dawson, the puppet's original builder, who was 88 at the time of the deposition, was present and given the opportunity to examine the inside of the head in an effort to verify that the puppet in question was the original she created. Despite 50 years of numerous repairs, repaints, and replaced body parts, Dawson eventually declared the head of the puppet to be the one she originally made in 1948. The Detroit Institute of Arts ultimately prevailed and has custody of the original Howdy.

Broadcast history
Originally an hour on Tuesdays, Thursdays and Saturdays (at 5 p.m. Eastern), the show moved to Monday through Friday, 5:30 to 6 p.m. EST in August 1948. During part of its run, it was preceded by the 15-minute program The Gabby Hayes Show, hosted by the veteran cowboy sidekick actor George "Gabby" Hayes. In June 1956, it began to be shown on Saturdays only, in a morning time slot (10-10:30 Eastern time), continuing until its final broadcast on September 24, 1960, with the final years pre-recorded on color videotape.

Peanut gallery
A distinctive feature was the Peanut Gallery, onstage bleachers seating about 40 children. Each show began with Buffalo Bob asking, "Say kids, what time is it?" and the kids yelling in unison, "It's Howdy Doody Time!" Then the kids sang the show's theme song (set to the tune of "Ta-ra-ra Boom-de-ay"):

 * It's Howdy Doody time,
 * It's Howdy Doody time,
 * Bob Smith and Howdy, too,
 * Say "Howdy do" to you.
 * Let's give a rousing cheer
 * ’Cause Howdy Doody's here.
 * It's time to start the show
 * So kids, let's go!

It was thus one of the first television shows with audience participation as a major component.

In many of the 1949–1954 episodes released on DVD by Mill Creek Entertainment in 2008, the children also can be heard singing jingles for commercial breaks, with Buffalo Bob or Howdy leading them and the lyrics appearing on screen. Colgate toothpaste, Halo Shampoo, 3 Musketeers candy bars, Tootsie Rolls and Poll Parrot Shoes are among the products advertised this way, as well as series-long sponsor Wonder Bread.

The popularity of Howdy Doody and its Peanut Gallery led executives at United Features Syndicate to use the name Peanuts for syndication of Charles M. Schulz's Li'l Folks comic strip, reportedly to the lifelong chagrin of Schulz.

Smith's absence
In September 1954, Bob Smith suffered a heart attack and was ordered to recuperate at home. NBC managed to keep the show going with guest hosts, including Gabby Hayes and New York disc jockey Ted Brown as Bison Bill, explaining to kids that Smith was vacationing at Pioneer Village. While kids generally were satisfied with the explanation, show sponsors insisted they wanted Smith himself to hawk their products. In response, NBC set up a special studio at Smith's home so he could appear live "from Pioneer Village" to do commercials. During Smith's absence from the show, Howdy was voiced by Allen Swift. Swift continued to voice the character for the remainder of the show's run, even after Smith's return in September 1955.

Final episode
The final episode, "Clarabell's Big Surprise", was broadcast on September 24, 1960. The hour-long episode was mostly a fond look back at all the highlights of the show's past. Meanwhile, in the midst of it all, Clarabell has what he calls a "big surprise." The rest of the cast attempts to find out the surprise throughout the entire show, with only Mayor Phineas T. Bluster succeeding and promising to keep it a secret. ("But," he says upon leaving, "it's not gonna be easy to keep something like this a secret for long!!")

Finally, in the closing moments, the surprise was disclosed through pantomime to Buffalo Bob and Howdy Doody; as it turned out, Clarabell the mute clown actually could talk. Amazed, Bob frantically told Clarabell to prove it, as this was his last chance. An ominous drum roll began as Clarabell faced the camera as it came in for an extreme closeup. His lips quivered as the drumroll continued. When it stopped, Clarabell simply said softly, "Goodbye, kids." A tear could be seen in his right eye as the picture faded to black, and some children in the Peanut Gallery could faintly be heard sobbing immediately before the credits music played.

The show quietly ended with a roll of credits over an empty, darkened set as "Auld Lang Syne" was played on a Celesta, followed by an announcement that The Shari Lewis Show would be seen in its place at that time next week followed by a spot for the TV series National Velvet.

The restored color videotape of the final broadcast is available commercially.

Merchandising and licensing
Three Musketeers candy bars offered a promotion early in 1950 in which sending in 10 cents and one wrapper from a Three Musketeers bar obtained a Howdy Doody puppet. The show had two one-minute announcements about the promotion on consecutive weeks. The first announcement resulted in 80,000 requests; the second increased the total number of requests to 240,000. In the early 1960s, William Rosenberg founded a fast food chain, Howdy Beefburgers (later Howdy Beef n' Burger), in Massachusetts, locating many of its restaurants beside Dunkin' Donuts shops so they could share common parking lots to compete with larger chains such as McDonald's for retail space and customer draw. Howdy Beefburgers was inspired by The Howdy Doody Show that had run on television from 1947 to 1960, and even adopted Howdy Doody as its mascot. Serving such products as hamburgers, French fries, fish sandwiches and New England clam chowder, the chain had restaurants in as many as 27 locations throughout New England before dissolving toward the end of the 1970s.

A 1955 merchandise catalog had 24 pages showcasing the range of products licensed by the show. The extensive merchandising included the aforementioned puppet, toys and clothing, plus tie-ins with cereals and other food products. Dell published a comic book from 1950 to 1956 along with Little Golden Books and Tell-a-Tale books, many written by Doody head writer Edward Kean. In addition Dell scribe John Stanley contributed scripts for the comic book. Kean also did some scripting (along with Stan Lee) of a Sunday-only Doody comic strip through United Feature Syndicate which ran from October 15, 1950, to June 21, 1953. Milt Neil and Chad Grothkopf were the initial art team through December 3, 1950, after which Grothkopf handled the art solo.

Cartoon
UPA was hired to do an animated cartoon (Howdy Doody and his Magic Hat), which was the first directorial effort of Gene Deitch and long thought lost until a print turned up at the Library of Congress in 2010. On April 15 of that year, the film was posted online.

Home media
On February 20, 2001, NBC Home Video licensed Image Entertainment to release four individual discs, each containing four episodes. These shows came from the latter part of the series run, from 1957 to 1960. One show from April 1, 1953, was also included.

On November 4, 2008, Mill Creek Entertainment (under license from NBCUniversal) released Howdy Doody Show: 40 Episodes 1949–1954 on DVD in Region 1. The five-disc set features 40 of the best episodes from the series as selected by fans as well as the final color episode (also on the Image discs) and bonus features.

Early episodes of Howdy Doody are available in the public domain and are online for audiences to view.

Howdy Doody's return
The 1970s brought a wave of nostalgia interest in an idealized representation of the 1950s, and with it films such as American Graffiti and the TV show Happy Days. An episode of Happy Days was entitled "The Howdy Doody Show" (number 33 of the series; original airdate February 18, 1975) during the series' second season, having a Howdy Doody storyline featuring Smith as Buffalo Bob with actor Bob Brunner as Clarabell.

The New Howdy Doody Show
Shortly thereafter, Nicholson-Muir Productions (owned by Nick Nicholson and E. Roger Muir) acquired from NBC the rights to produce the New Howdy Doody Show, an attempt by Buffalo Bob and most of the old cast to recreate their past fame. For this incarnation, which aired in first-run syndication, the Howdy Doody marionette had actual hair in a contemporary 1970s style and was operated by puppeteer Pady Blackwood.

New cast members included:

 * Nicholson Muir (portrayed by Bill LeCornec) – The flamboyant fictional producer of the show. He is named for the production company.
 * Corny Cobb (portrayed by Nick Nicholson) – He is now working as a "prop man" rather than a shopkeeper.
 * Jackie Davis (Himself) – The band leader.
 * Happy Harmony (portrayed by Marilyn Patch, then Dr. Marilyn Plavocos Arnone) – A teacher in Doodyville who fills the same role as the Princess Summerfall Winterspring character.
 * Lew Anderson returned as Clarabell.

Crew members:
 * Art Director – Milt Neal
 * Costumer – Valerie E. Naiman

It was staged before a larger Peanut Gallery of children and their parents originating from and taped in Florida. The revived series was not as successful as its predecessor, lasting only 130 episodes; the show debuted at the start of August 1976 and was canceled six months later at the end of January 1977.

Reruns of the show later aired on Sundays on Cozi TV. Recently, Amazon Prime began offering 20 episodes online.

It's Howdy Doody Time: A 40-Year Celebration
A decade later, the show celebrated its 40th anniversary with a two-hour syndicated TV special, It's Howdy Doody Time: A 40-Year Celebration, featuring Smith, Anderson, Nicholson and LeCornec, who reprised his former role of Chief Thunderthud.

Late in life, Bob Smith befriended New York-based fan Jack Roth, who already was quite familiar with Smith's gallery of puppet characters. Since Smith's death in 1998, Roth usually has provided the voice for Howdy in TV appearances and live venues. Actor-puppeteer Alan Semok, who was approached by Smith to re-create the Howdy marionette, also has voiced Howdy.

International versions
Like the later Sesame Street, Canadian, Cuban, and Mexican spin-off shows were licensed using local casts and duplicate puppets.

La Hora de Jaudi Dudi
In March 1953, the Kagran Corporation, the organization which produced the original Howdy Doody for NBC, started production on La Hora de Jaudi Dudi, a daily Spanish-language version of the program filmed in Mexico City. The program aired over Canal 2 in Mexico and, beginning on April 27, CMQ-TV in Havana, Cuba. According to Billboard, the series featured a freckleless Howdy puppet and a new puppet named Don Burro. While the aim was to produce a series to distribute to the entirety of Latin America, the company halted production after six months due to unforeseen production difficulties (at the time, Mexican television programming was scarce and often improvised, unlike the American-influenced Cuban market, apart from the fact that Mexican broadcasters weren't interested in foreign production) and market considerations (until 1960, most South American countries did not have television services or supermarkets; by 1953, the only ones in the region were located in Havana and Lima, Peru). 96 half-hour episodes were filmed.

Cuban television later launched its own local version, named Club Chirikin, which lasted through 1959 or early 1960 over CMQ. It was a Monday-Saturday show produced by Stone Associates, a company formed by former Kagran president Martin Stone.

The Canadian Howdy Doody Show
The Canadian Howdy Doody Show was produced by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, and first aired on November 15, 1954. The CBC built its own Doodyville in a Toronto studio, and the show was set in Canada’s north. It was more low-budget than its American counterpart, with less raucous plots and fewer villainous villains, as well as a more educational orientation.

Most of the puppet characters, including Phineas T. Bluster, the cranky mayor and chief killjoy of Doodyville, Dilly Dally, a foolish carpenter who was usually the butt of Bluster's plots, Flub-a-dub, a beast with a duck's head, cat's whiskers, and the parts of several other animals, Heidi Doody, Howdy's sister, and Howdy himself, of course, were retained from the U.S. production.

But it had some major differences from its American cousin. Other puppets included Percival, a parrot, and Mr. X, who zipped through time and space in his "whatsis box," traits that British-based expatriate Sydney Newman is believed to have loved so much as to inspire him to create such a character of his own in the UK, creating what has since become the Guinness World Record holder for the longest-running science-fiction television series: Doctor Who. The show had Howdy and Clarabell, but most of the human performers differed in the CBC version. There was no Buffalo Bob, for instance. The show's host was Timber Tom, a forest ranger, played by Peter Mews.

Mews later appeared in the films The Unforeseen, Folio and First Performance. He also appeared on television in the 1954 production of Delilah, and the 1974 mini-series The National Dream. One of his most notable works was as Matthew Cuthbert in the Charlottetown Festival’s production of Anne of Green Gables, which he played for over twenty years. Peter Mews died on November 24, 1984, at the age of 63.

Clarabell was played by Alfie Scopp. Like the American Clarabell, he communicated in mime, by honking horns on his belt, and by squirting seltzer.

Scopp was born in London England in 1919, and came to Canada with his family when they immigrated to Montreal. Scopp has had a long and glorious career in both television and film. One of his most notable roles was the bookseller Avram in the 1971 film Fiddler on the Roof. He is also known for being the voice of “Charlie-in-the-Box” on the 1964 television Christmas special, Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer.

Toby Tarnow played Princess Pan of the Forest, generally referred to as Pan. Tarnow was born in Gravelbourg Saskatchewan in 1937. She started studying acting at the Lorne Green Academy of Radio Arts at the age of eight, and by the age of ten she was already performing professionally on CBC radio. In 1954, she became the first actress to play Anne in the live televised production of the musical adaptation of Anne of Green Gables.

Following her role as Princess Pan on Howdy Doody, she had a recurring role on the CBC children’s program Mr. Dressup (the spinoff from Fred Rogers’ Misterrogers, after he took his neighborhood to Pittsburgh). Tarnow’s wide career encompassed radio, television, film, theater, and writing.

After moving to the United States, she founded the Riverbend School of Theater Arts for the Boys and Girls Club in New Hampshire. In 2010, she was awarded the Children and Youth Theater Award by the New Hampshire Theater Awards.

Barbara Hamilton was Willow the Witch, an absent-minded white witch with a good heart. Known for her work on Canadian stage and television, she was once labelled the funniest woman in Canada.

Born in Kingston Ontario, Hamilton attended the University of Toronto before embarking on a career in theatre arts. Her first big break came with a role in Arsenic and Old Lace at Toronto's historic Royal Alexandra Theatre. From there, she went on to perform in theatres across the country, in works that ranged from classical tragedies to modern comedies.

She originated the role of Marilla Cuthbert in both the Canadian and London West End productions of Anne of Green Gables, and was later a regular on the CBC’s Road to Avonlea, and appeared in many other roles in film and television.

Larry D. Mann played good-natured pirate Cap'n Scuttlebutt. In Canada, the Cap’n was a live character, unlike the American Cap’n, which was a puppet. Mann was also the voice of Flub-a-Dub on the show.

Mann was a character actor whose face and acting were often recognizable. Born in Toronto on December 18, 1922, Mann was a disc jockey on radio station 1050 CHUM before he began his acting career. In his four decades of performing, Mann’s many credits included Get Smart, Gunsmoke, The Man from Uncle, Hill Street Blues, and The Dukes of Hazzard, to mention just a few of his TV appearances. Two of his most prominent movie roles were In the Heat of the Night (1967) and The Sting (1973). Larry Mann died in Los Angeles California on January 6, 2014, at the age of 91.

Another famous person that appeared on the Canadian Howdy was the famous singer and later Broadway star Robert Goulet. He played the character Trapper Pierre.

The Canadian show had one other Princess, named Haida, who had the powers of a Medicine Man. The character was played by actress Caryl McBain. Other characters on the show included Jean Cavall as Papa La Touke and Drew Thompson as Mendel Mason.

Some sources credit James Doohan (Scotty on the original Star Trek) as being the first host of the show, playing Ranger Bill for a short time at the beginning of the series. As the story goes, after the chief forest ranger called him away to fight a forest fire in November 1954, Timber Tom, played by Peter Mews, took his place. However, in his autobiography Doohan never credits himself in the role. And the show’s first public episode was November 15, so his time on the show was probably very short-lived.

Another actress started out playing Princess Pan in 1954. That was Maxine Miller, who later went on to play Nurse Farmer in the first three seasons of Misterrogers, the previously mentioned Canadian precursor to Mister Rogers’ Neighborhood in the U.S. She has since appeared in over 120 movies and television shows.

A young William Shatner (later to go on to fame as Star Trek’s Captain Kirk). would in 1954 be featured on the show as the character Ranger Bob.

One of the shows characters was named Mr. X. Not to be confused with the American Howdy Doody character with the same name, the Canadian Mr. X would teach history to the children watching. To do so, he would travel through space and time in what he called his “Whatsis Box”.

The actors who voiced the different puppet characters on the Canadian Howdy Doody Show included Claude Rae (Howdy Doody, Phineas T. Bluster and Mr. X), Jacqueline White (Howdy Doody), Norma MacMillan (Heidi Doody), Donna Miller (Prunella Bluster and Heidi Doody), and Jack Mather (Dilly Dally, Percival Parrot, and other characters). And Larry Mann, who already had experience working with puppets with CBC’s Uncle Chichimus, was the voice of Flub-a-dub. The puppeteers who worked the strings were Hal and Renée Marquette.

In addition to the adventures of the citizens of Doodyville and the Peanut Gallery, the show also featured film presentation on nature or travel. The scripts were adapted by Cliff Braggins, who also wrote music for the show. Quentin Maclean provided organ music. The program was produced by Paddy Sampson. After nearly five years on the air, the CBC decided to cancel the show to develop children's programming of its own. The Canadian Howdy Doody’s last broadcast was on June 26, 1959.

Cultural references
"Woody" from the film franchise "Toy Story" is based on Howdy Doody.

In the musical Little Shop of Horrors, during the song "Somewhere That's Green", the character Audrey sings, "The kids play Howdy Doody as the sun sets in the west".

Pee-wee's Playhouse drew from Howdy Doody during its successful run on CBS from 1986 to 1991.

In the 2008 film Hellboy II: The Golden Army, the character Hellboy is seen watching an episode of Howdy Doody in a flashback scene of him as a child. The show is referenced again when Hellboy encounters the titular Golden Army at the film's climax.

In "Wally's Gang", a 1989 episode of Hard Time on Planet Earth, Control shows Jesse the Howdy Doody intro as an example of Earth's "most highly revered" electronic teachers.

In the 1988 film Scrooged, Bill Murray witnesses himself as a child watching the show on Christmas Eve in the mid-1950s.

The 1990 film Back to the Future Part III features the Howdy Doody opening.

In the 2008 film Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull, Indiana Jones stumbles into a nuclear test facility where the show is playing in one of the houses. He takes cover in a refrigerator as the explosion slowly drowns out the sound of the Howdy Doody theme song.

The 1975 Chicago song Old Days (from Chicago VIII) mentions the show in the lyrics.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Howdy Doody


text:
Talk:BTS Skytrain

MRT vs BTS

 * The official name for the Metro is MRT (Mass Rapid Transit). It is operated by the Mass Rapid Transit Authority of Thailand (MRTA) and operated by Bangkok Metro PLC (BMCL).

 * The MRTA is a state agency under the MOT (Ministry of Transport), formerly known as the Ministry of Transport and Communication or MOTC.

 * The official name for the Skytrain is BTS (Bangkok Masss Transit System). It is operated by Bangkok Mass Transit System PLC (BTSC) under a concession granted by the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (BMA).

 * The BMA is local governing body under the Ministry of Interior.

 * The Metro and the Skytrain (not SkyTrain) is used for less official purposes such as in marketing.

 * Note that the followings are names that are not official: Subway, Bangkok Underground, Thanayong Skytain...

 * The Metro should be referred as the MRT, not MRTA.

MRT station names which are frequently misspelled:

 * Si Lom not Silom – Si Lom is the official version of how this name is spelled, but because it has been spelled incorrectly for many decades, most people use Silom (also because it looks more trendy). The Skytrain uses Silom Line.
 * Chatuchak Park (remember the word Park too) – Officially, it is spelled as Chatu Chak, but for the same reason as the name Si Lom, Chatuchak is now widely accepted. Note that Jatujak (JJ) is the layman's version of it because farangs can pronounce it more accurately, but since it is not official, use Jatujak only when really neccessary.
 * Thailand Cultural Centre – Centre, not Center. The same goes to Queen Sirikit National Convention Centre (QSNCC)
 * Khlong Toei – not Khlong Toey; not Klong Toey.
 * Lumphini – not Lumpinee
 * Hua Lamphong – not Hua Lumpong, Hua Lampong or Hualamphong.
 * Kamphaeng Phet – not Kampaengphet or Kamphaengpet.
 * Lat Phrao – not Lad Prao, Lat Prao, Lard Praw nor Laad Praw. Do not follow the spelling used by Central Plaza Lad Prao.
 * Phahon Yothin – not Phaholyothin or Phahol Yotin.

The title "station names which are frequently misspelled" is misleading : it suggests that there is an official spelling or transcription system, which is not true. The names used are written in a more or less random transcription system i.e. the different people  in charge just choose some spelling as they see fit. So that is why there is an MRT station spelled "Si Lom" but the skytrain line spells it "Silom". One is not more or less correct than the other : the only correct spelling uses the Thai writing (which would in fact favour "Silom" as spelling, as there are no spaces between "si" and "lom" in Thai). The English spelling is just an approximation of the sound for the benefit of those foreigners who can't read Thai, and is next to useless when dealing with Thai people. In fact, foreigners who can read Thai are far better off with the exact Thai writing of a place name, than with the English version of the name.

 * The spelling used in the light rail systems (BTS & MRT) is not as random as suggested above. It follows strictly the Royal Thai General System of Transcription. Only the division into words by spaces is not specified precisely in that system. −Woodstone 11:07, 17 December 2005 (UTC)

BTS station names which are frequently misspelled:

 * Chit Lom – not Chidlom nor Chid Lom. Do not follow the spelling used by Central Chidlom.
 * Sala Daeng – not Saladaeng or Saladang.
 * Thong Lo – not Thong Lor.
 * On Nut – not Onnuch, not Onnut nor Onnooch.
 * Ekkamai – not Ekamai. It must be double k.
 * Asok – not Asoke.
 * Chong Nonsi – not Chong Nonsee nor Chong Nonzi.
 * Saphan Taksin – not Thaksin (not named after the Prime Minister). It's named after King Taksin.
 * Ari – not Aree.
 * Mo Chit – not Mor Chit nor Morchid.
 * Phra Khanong – not Prakanong nor Pra Khanong.

Mo Chit is spelled Mochit on some signs throughout the BTS system - particularly those saying "To Mochit" at some Sukhumvit Line Stations indicating which direction the train is going from the platform on which the sign is on. Dantilley (talk) 06:13, 10 December 2007 (UTC)

Lavalin Foundations
''At two bridges of the Chao Phraya river built in the early 1990s the foundations for the Lavalin skytrain were added. The one at the Taksin bridge has now been used to built the extension of the Silom line to Thonburi, which might get finished in 2005. The ones at the Memorial bridge remain unused.''

Is there a source for this? My understanding is that the Taksin extension is piggybacking on Phaseecharoen Elevated Way foundations, not Lavalin, which was terminated before anything at all was built. -- Jpatokal 04:02, 25 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Yes, it is using that one on the Thonburi side, however the foundations over the Chao Phraya river are those originally built for Lavalin, as Taksin bridge was built when Lavalin was still alive. You can find it (with pictures) at andy 08:14, 1 Mar 2004 (UTC)

To my knowledge (I've asked someone who has worked on the Lavallin project at the time), the canadian company has never build anything related to this project. So my question is who built this? I'm also surprised there's nothing about the ill-faited Hopewell Project on this article which fondation can be seen along the highway to the Don Muang airport (I suppose we're not talking about the Hopewell Foundations here). (MG) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 142.203.1.9 (talk) 16:54, 3 July 2008 (UTC)

Translation
Can someone please explain what this (รถไฟฟ้าเฉลิมพระเกียรติ 6 รอบ พระชนมพรรษา ) means, for those of us who don't know Thai? - 24.85.187.55, June 10, 2005

Answer : that the skytrain is in commemeration of the King's 72nd birthday (6 cycles of 12 years)

Linking
This article seems to contain many redundant/duplicate links. Should all stations be linked in anticipation of an article? (That's a lot of red links.) And how should the "link only the first instance of the subject" apply?--Paul C 22:23, 1 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I have removed most of the links for the station names. I believe the station names should link to articles on the stations themselves, which may not be worth creating anyway, and that links to articles concerning places that bear the same names may be added by mentioning the places' relationship to the stations first.--Paul C 20:31, 1 February 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree, I have never seen the point in linking these stations anyway, as they are not (yet) notable IMHO. Subway stations in NY or Paris are a different story, those exist for many decades and already have a history by themselve, or have architectural specialities. However red links are nothing bad in themselves, that shouldn't be the sole reason to remove these links. andy 17:06, 9 February 2006 (UTC)

Power
Is this electric? Midgley 11:28, 28 January 2006 (UTC)

 * It is. (รถไฟฟ้า actually translates to electric train.)--Paul C 13:15, 29 January 2006 (UTC)

Electric train vs Skytrain
It's true that "รถไฟฟ้า" could mean either electric train or sky train. But if you look at MRTA and BMCL they also refer subway as "รถไฟฟ้า" or "รถไฟฟ้าใต้ดิน". So "รถไฟฟ้า" should mean electric train. -- Lerdsuwa 14:21, 2 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I removed the translation of rot fai fa altogether; Since train in Thai means fire car and electricity means sky fire, we might as well translate that as sky fire car - there's no correct literal translation. - Paul C 05:17, 4 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I think that's the right decision. BMCL translate the term as metro, which is, itself, problematic. TheMadBaron 09:41, 4 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I don't dispute that there is no need to translate the literal term, but you both ignore Lerdsuwa's conclusive evidence above. The literal translation for the subway is: "car fire sky under ground". That leaves no other choice than to combine "fire sky" into electricity. −Woodstone 09:56, 4 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm not ignoring Lerdsuwa's evidence at all, or I'd still be arguing that rot fai fa necessarily means sky train. The fact is, Thais commonly refer to other electric trains simply as "rot fai" (where fai means fire, or in this case, electricity), and to underground trains as "rot fai tai din". Rot fai fa was explained to me, by a native Thai speaker, as specifically refering to the Skytrain, where rot fai means electric train, and fa means sky. In light of Lerdsuwa's evidence, either interpretation appears, to me, to be valid. TheMadBaron 11:13, 4 June 2006 (UTC)

 * All true, but "rot fai" orginates from the steam engine. This term is now used as just meaning any train, but "rot fai fa" makes it an explicit electric train. Perhaps the authorities found it a nice play with words to call it "rot fai fa". −Woodstone 11:37, 4 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Very possibly an electric train, very possibly a sky train, very probably a pun, not explicitly anything, in fact, and definitely entirely academic since you don't dispute that there is no need to translate the literal term. :) Bored now.... TheMadBaron 23:28, 4 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Oops, I put the wrong link to the MRTA above. For Thai word: rod=car, rod fai=train (it came from steam engine as Woodstone said), fai=fire, fai fa=electricity (I guess it came from lightning), fa=sky. As a native Thai, I always view rod fai fa as electric train for a long time. Other Thai may view it as skytrain. :) -- Lerdsuwa 14:39, 4 June 2006 (UTC)

 * It's quite hard to say. As it's said above, "rod" means car (or in wider sense, wheeled vehicle), "fai" means fire, and "fa" means sky. If you combined the word "rod" and "fai" as "rod fai", it means train, since at first it had steam engine. "Fai fa" means electricity, from the lightning. "Rod fai fa" can be the combination of "rod fai" and "fa", which means skytrain, or "rod" and "fai fa" which means electric car, or more accurately in English sense, electric train. As a Thai, I always thought that it was "rod" and "fai fa", but I am not sure of the real origin. I assume that half Bangkokians do not know it really. Perhaps we can make a note. CW32 07:38, 25 September 2006 (UTC)

Thong Lo - Japanese district
I don't think Thong Lo station should be referred to as the Japanese District as it's not strictly speaking true: although there are a fair number of Japanese expats in the Thong Lo area, there aren't so many as to make it noteworthy enough for a mention. Also, this is the only station to have such a comment next to it.

I think it's worth mentioning significant buildings or tourist attractions in the immediate vicinity of these stations but, for me, "Japanese District" for Thong Lo doesn't fit that category. Dantilley 05:50, 29 April 2007 (UTC)

 * IMHO only buildings directly connected by bridges should be mentioned. Wikipedia is not a travel guide. Jpatokal (talk) 10:08, 10 December 2007 (UTC)

Nana station notes
I've removed "Grace Hotel; Hotel Nana; Nana Plaza" from the Nana station notes as they seem to be just a few random amenities in the rough area of the station and not significant enough to warrant mentioning. For one thing, there are hotels much closer to Nana station than those (e.g. The Landmark) and also if we include these then most other stations should have a few points of interest listed in their notes too.

Footbridges and interchanges are worth mentioning as they are part of the actual station itself, but it would get too convoluted to try and list all nearby attractions / amenities.

Also, I removed "Benjasiri Park" from Phrom Phong station for the same reason. Dantilley (talk) 06:22, 10 December 2007 (UTC)

Requested move
The train system is usually locally referred to as BTS, and Google hits for "BTS Skytrain" outnumber those for "Bangkok Skytrain". Referring to BTS would also help disambiguate from other elevated rail systems such as the Suvarnabhumi Airport Link. --Paul_012 (talk) 08:02, 11 May 2008 (UTC)

Dates for completion of route extension beyond Saphan Taksin
In the notes for Charoen Nakhon and Wongwian Yai stations it says they will be open in January 2009, but in the notes below it says they will open in late 2008. Which is correct? Dantilley (talk) 06:58, 20 July 2008 (UTC)

 * "Correct"? This is Thailand!  The extension has been supposed to open since c. 2003. At this point, opening in 2008 is starting to look very unlikely, but who knows if they'll be ready even in 2009... Jpatokal (talk) 20:26, 20 July 2008 (UTC)

 * True - have changed both references to say "Early 2009" - which is still optimistic, I know, but better than over-promising by saying late 2008, or being too precise by saying January 2009... Dantilley (talk) 08:30, 22 July 2008 (UTC)
 * NB - noticed the date "April 2009" has been put in the table detailing the Silom Line stations. Do we have a source for this? Dantilley (talk) 02:40, 27 August 2008 (UTC)

Colour coding for train lines, etc.
WP:MOSCOLOR says that "It is also almost never a good idea to use other style changes, such as font family or color," and I agree that colour coding the train lines would cause more harm than good. You'll notice that nowhere in the London Underground article are the train lines font-coloured by their map colours. To me, it reduces readability, and looks un-encyclopaedic. The pink background to denote planned stations is also distracting; I'd prefer a shade of grey, if the background must be different. --Paul_012 (talk) 18:35, 12 February 2009 (UTC)

 * Agreed. I've also removed the "planned" station lists, any extensions beyond Bearing and Wongwian Yai are completely speculative at the moment. Jpatokal (talk) 15:44, 1 April 2009 (UTC)

Merge
Please do not merge this with the BTS file. It has important information that is useful and that can be expanded in the future.Wakablogger2 (talk) 22:52, 23 May 2009 (UTC)

Fixed some dates
There were a few instances of 5 Dec 2011 quoted as the opening date for the Silom extension beyond Wongwian Yai. I have corrected these to be 5 Dec 2012, which is the date given in The Nation article. Dantilley (talk) 02:23, 11 August 2011 (UTC)

The most basic information this article should have is missing
The map for all who is not a Bangkok native is not here. A map where sky train AND Bangkok is merged together. You do not normally take a sky train to go to sky train stations. You take a sky train to go to somewhere in in Bangkok that is not a sky train station. The people who are Bangkok natives don't read this page - they are almost all Thai and know already their city and don't understand English and/or don't even have a computer with internet. So when You know where in Bangkok You want to go to, perhaps PanTip or maybe you only have the lat and long or street name the information here is to no use whatever. 27.55.1.171 (talk) 18:05, 13 January 2012 (UTC)

Individual station articles
I split the station list to Sukhumvit Line and Silom Line and have merged/redirected most station articles there. As the BTS is a new system, it is unlikely that its stations would be considered individually notable, historically, technically or otherwise. (See also Notability (Railway lines and stations).) Most of the articles provided directory information, which don't warrant individual articles. Descriptions of Bangkok's neighbourhoods are good to have, but they belong in their own articles. If verifiable sources discussing individual stations in detail are provided, these can be re-expanded in the future. --Paul_012 (talk) 10:56, 14 January 2012 (UTC)

Separate line
while you can buy cards for daily to monthly use, they are only for the main part of the system. If you want to travel anywhere from On Nut to Bearing, it is an extra 10 baht (the normal fare) as this is judged to be a separate line though it is obviously not.(171.96.116.186 (talk) 03:25, 13 December 2014 (UTC))

Requested move 16 June 2017

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: Not moved. Opposed and largely inactive discussion — Andy W. ( talk ) 21:01, 28 June 2017 (UTC)

BTS Skytrain → BTS skytrain – "Skytrain" isn't part of the system's WP:proper name, but a descriptive term, so it should be de-capitalised. Both forms (capital and small) appear used by news sources. Paul_012 (talk) 04:47, 16 June 2017 (UTC) --Relisting.  Anarchyte  ( work  |  talk )  15:38, 24 June 2017 (UTC)
 * Oppose. The system is clearly known as the Skytrain. No problems with the name as it is. -- Necrothesp (talk) 13:31, 19 June 2017 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

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A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 18:52, 21 January 2019 (UTC)
 * A real bts new siemens inspiro train.jpg

Commons files used on this page or its Wikidata item have been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons files used on this page or its Wikidata item have been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 03:36, 18 December 2020 (UTC)
 * EBM-Tiny logo (Official).svg
 * NBM-Tiny logo (Official).svg

Interactive map not working?
Yourlocallordandsavior (talk) 08:36, 14 August 2021 (UTC)

 * It seems to be a bug with the underlying module. It's broken for many other pages as well. --Paul_012 (talk) 09:18, 14 August 2021 (UTC)

 * Template talk:Rapid transit OSM map is probably the right place to bring this up Matthewmayer (talk) 11:17, 14 August 2021 (UTC)

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Station infobox styling
Jjpachano, I strongly disagree with the edits to put SVG images replicating the stations' actual signage in place of the infobox titles. Doing so causes WP:accessibility problems. Textual information should always be presented using text as far as possible, and replacing them with images don't offer any value apart from being decorative, which isn't a good enough reason. --Paul_012 (talk) 21:46, 30 September 2021 (UTC)
 * , ok - Jjpachano (talk) 01:08, 1 October 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:BTS Skytrain


text:
Ministry of Home Affairs (Japan)

Ministry of Home Affairs (自治省) was a ministry in the Japanese government that existed from July 1, 1960, to January 5, 2001, and is now part of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications. The head of the ministry was a member of the Cabinet of Japan.

title: Ministry of Home Affairs (Japan)


text:
Talk:Bow down before the porcelain god

Wouldn't this be even more fun as a paragraph (brief) at toilet humor? Especially since nothing else links here... Wetman 04:06, 25 Feb 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bow down before the porcelain god


text:
Archibald Campbell, 3rd Duke of Argyll

Archibald Campbell, 3rd Duke of Argyll, 1st Earl of Ilay, (June 1682 – 15 April 1761) was a Scottish nobleman, politician, lawyer, businessman, and soldier. He was known as Lord Archibald Campbell from 1703 to 1706, and as the Earl of Ilay from 1706 until 1743, when he succeeded to the dukedom. He was the dominant political leader in Scotland in his day, and was involved in many civic projects.

Early life and career
Born at Ham House, Petersham, Surrey, he was the second son of Archibald Campbell, 10th Earl and 1st Duke of Argyll (1658–1703) and his wife Elizabeth, eldest daughter of Sir Lionel Tollemache, 3rd Baronet of Helmingham, Suffolk. He was the first cousin once removed of Lord William Campbell.

He was educated at Eton College and later at the University of Glasgow and Utrecht University, where he studied civil law. On his father being created a Duke in 1703 he joined the army, and served for a short time under the Duke of Marlborough. He was appointed Lord High Treasurer of Scotland by Queen Anne in 1705.

He supported his brother, John Campbell, 2nd Duke of Argyll (on many topics, most notably the Act of Union), earning him the title of Earl of Ilay in 1706. Following the treaty of union he was elected as one of the sixteen Scottish peers to sit in the House of Lords.

His military career, which was less successful than his brother's, was somewhat distinguished. He obtained the colonelcy of the newly formed 36th Regiment of Foot in 1709 (until 1710) and assisted his brother at the 1715 Battle of Sheriffmuir.

Political power
In 1711 he was appointed to the Privy Council. Many called him the "most powerful man in Scotland", at least until the era of Henry Dundas. Prime Minister Robert Walpole gave Campbell control over the royal patronage in Scotland. That became his base of power; he used it to control the votes of the other Scottish peers in the election of 16 representative peers to the British Parliament in London. He was appointed Keeper of the Privy Seal of Scotland in 1721, and was afterwards entrusted with the principal management of Scottish affairs. In 1733 he was made Keeper of the Great Seal of Scotland, an office which he held until his death. Lord Ilay played a critical role in establishing The Faculty of Medicine at the University of Edinburgh in 1726.

He was one of the founders of the Royal Bank of Scotland in 1727, and acted as the bank's first governor. His portrait has appeared on the front of all Royal Bank of Scotland banknotes, and as a watermark on the notes, since they were redesigned in 1987. The portrait is based on a painting by Allan Ramsay, in the Scottish National Portrait Gallery.

He was also one of the founders of the British Linen Company, founded in 1746. He acted as the company's first Governor until his death in 1761 and held an instrumental role in the promotion of the Linen manufacture in Scotland.

Duke of Argyll
He succeeded his brother to the title of Duke of Argyll in October 1743. He worked on Inveraray Castle, his brother's estate, which was finished in the 1750s; however, he never lived in it, and he died in 1761. He is buried at Kilmun Parish Church.

He was married to Anne Whitfield about 1712, but had no legitimate male issue at his death. In his will, he left his English property to his mistress Ann (née Shireburn) Williams. His titles passed to his cousin, John Campbell, 4th Duke of Argyll, the son of his father's brother John Campbell of Mamore.

The Duke established an estate at Whitton Park, Whitton in Middlesex in 1722 on land that had been enclosed some years earlier from Hounslow Heath. The Duke was an enthusiastic gardener and he imported large numbers of exotic species of plants and trees for his estate. He was nicknamed the "Treemonger" by Horace Walpole. On his death, many of these, including mature trees, were moved by his nephew, John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute, to the Princess of Wales' new garden at Kew. This later became Kew Gardens and some of the Duke's trees are still to be seen there to this day. The Duke of Argyll's Tea Tree is an imported shrub named after him which has become established in hedgerows in some parts of England.

In literature
In Neil Munro's novel Doom Castle (1901), Archibald Campbell features as the 3rd Duke of Argyll and returns in The New Road (1914) as the Earl of Ilay.

title: Archibald Campbell, 3rd Duke of Argyll


text:
Talk:Archibald Campbell, 3rd Duke of Argyll

Untitled
Many sources say it is the "Earl of Ilay", but the actual island is Islay...? ugen64 04:13, Feb 25, 2004 (UTC)

It says here that his title was inhertied by his nephew, son of his brother, but the article on his brother says he had no sons? Something is not right here. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 209.121.205.229 (talk) 21:51, 8 July 2011 (UTC)

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Sam Woo Restaurant

Sam Woo Restaurant (三和) is a restaurant chain that serves Hong Kong–style cuisine. It has many locations in predominantly overseas Chinese communities of Southern California, in Las Vegas, and in the suburbs of Toronto. "Sam Woo" is a romanization of the Cantonese pronunciation for "triple harmonies," in reference to feng shui principles, including the synthesis of heaven, earth, and humanity. The complete Chinese name (三和燒臘麵家) would translate literally into English as "Three Harmonies Roast Meats and Noodle House."

History
The first delicatessen was opened in 1979 by an elderly immigrant from Hong Kong in the Los Angeles Chinatown and later spread to other locations in California, including Monterey Park and Alhambra. The first Sam Woo has since relocated to a newer building within Chinatown to include a restaurant and delicatessen.

Two other locations in the San Gabriel Valley opened only to later change hands or close. One restaurant opened in Montebello, which was renamed to "A-1" (now closed) when an employee purchased it from the Sam Woo owners (though the menu remains the same). In 2004 a Sam Woo also opened in the suburb of Covina, California, but it failed the following year and was replaced by a similar family-style restaurant.

There are two types of Sam Woo restaurants. The first is aptly named Sam Woo BBQ Restaurant (香港三和燒臘麵家; Pinyin: Xiānggǎng Sānhé Shāolà Miànjiā, Cantonese: hoeng1 gong2 saam1 wo4 siu1 laap6 min6 gaa1).

The restaurant chain operates in suburban areas in Southern California, mostly in communities where there are many immigrants from China and Taiwan, such as San Gabriel, Rowland Heights, and Irvine. Several, but not all, Sam Woo Restaurants in Southern California are located in shopping centers anchored by 99 Ranch Market stores. The popular Sam Woo BBQ Restaurant as well as the anchor tenant 99 Ranch Market has contributed to the development of the spectacular Chinatown, Las Vegas.

Sam Woo Restaurants are generally popular even though long waits to be seated are common.

In 1992, presidential candidate Bill Clinton held a fundraiser at a now-defunct Sam Woo Seafood Restaurant in San Gabriel, California. The restaurant was highly popular for its dim sum. However, in 2003, the restaurant received some less favorable media attention when it and surrounding Chinese businesses in San Gabriel were at the center of the SARS panic. Due to an unsubstantiated internet rumor, customer patronage declined and the restaurant closed. Unlike in Hong Kong or Toronto, there was no actual verified case of SARS reported in San Gabriel or Los Angeles.

In Southern California, hoping to capitalize on the success of Sam Woo Restaurants, restaurateurs have opened imitations with similar names in English and Chinese. Examples include the long-gone Sam Doo Restaurant in San Gabriel and the current S.W. Seafood Restaurant in Irvine. In the early 1990s, a similar concept to Sam Woo Restaurant, the now-defunct Luk Yue Restaurant, also started in Chinatown (LA) and like Sam Woo, it expanded into the Chinese community of Monterey Park, California, Rowland Heights, and Cerritos, California. The chain has since folded while Sam Woo Restaurant remains popular in the Chinese communities of Southern California and Toronto.

There was a popular multistory Chinese restaurant in Chinatown, San Francisco called Sam Wo. Despite having a similar name and foods, it is not part of the chain in Southern California and should not be confused with it.

Ontario

 * Greater Toronto Area: one location in Toronto (Scarborough)

California
Closed sep 2021 )
 * Costa Mesa (Seafood – defunct)
 * Irvine (BBQ and Seafood) – closed as of 13 December 2021
 * Los Angeles County
 * Freestanding – Chinatown, Los Angeles (original BBQ and Seafood closed – relocated BBQ still open)
 * Van Nuys (BBQ)
 * San Gabriel (BBQ-In Focus Plaza) Closed as of 12/1/2020
 * San Gabriel (BBQ-168 Market)
 * Rowland Heights (BBQ deli is open, Seafood restaurant closed around December 2006
 * Covina – (BBQ – defunct)
 * Cerritos (BBQ and Seafood)
 * Garvey Plaza – Monterey Park (BBQ defunct)
 * Freestanding – Alhambra (BBQ)
 * Rosemead (BBQ)
 * San Diego (BBQ)

Nevada

 * Chinatown Plaza – Las Vegas (Chinatown, Las Vegas)

title: Sam Woo Restaurant


text:
Richard Dana

Richard Dana may refer to:

 * Richard Dana (lawyer) (1699–1772), American lawyer and politician, father of Francis Dana
 * Richard Henry Dana Sr. (1787–1879), American poet and author, son of Francis Dana
 * Richard Henry Dana Jr. (1815–1882), American lawyer and author, son of Dana Sr.
 * Richard Henry Dana III (1851–1931), American lawyer, son of Dana Jr., and his son Richard Henry Dana IV

title: Richard Dana


text:
Cerebral peduncle

The cerebral peduncles (In Latin, ped- means 'foot'.) are the two stalks that attach the cerebrum to the brainstem. They are structures at the front of the midbrain which arise from the ventral pons and contain the large ascending (sensory) and descending (motor) nerve tracts that run to and from the cerebrum from the pons. Mainly, the three common areas that give rise to the cerebral peduncles are the cerebral cortex, the spinal cord and the cerebellum. The region includes the tegmentum, crus cerebri and pretectum. By this definition, the cerebral peduncles are also known as the basis pedunculi, while the large ventral bundle of efferent fibers is referred to as the cerebral crus (crus means ‘leg’ in Latin.) or the pes pedunculi (pes means 'foot' in Latin.).

The cerebral peduncles are located on either side of the midbrain and are the frontmost part of the midbrain, and act as the connectors between the rest of the midbrain and the thalamic nuclei and thus the cerebrum. As a whole, the cerebral peduncles assist in refining motor movements, learning new motor skills, and converting proprioceptive information into balance and posture maintenance. Important fiber tracts that run through the cerebral peduncles are the corticospinal, corticopontine, and corticobulbar tracts. Damage to the cerebral peduncles results in unrefined motor skills, imbalance, and lack of proprioception.

Structure
The descending upper fibers from the internal capsule continue on through the midbrain and are then seen as the fibers in the cerebral peduncles. The corticopontine fibers are found in the outer and inner third of the cerebral peduncle, these are the cortical input to the pontine nuclei. The corticobulbar and corticospinal fibers are found in the middle third of the cerebral peduncle. The corticospinal tract exits the internal capsule and is seen in the mid portion of the cerebral peduncles.

Cranial nerves
Cranial nerve 3 (oculomotor nerve) appears ventrally between the two cerebral peduncles in the interpeduncular fossa. Cranial nerve 4 (trochlear nerve) wraps around the lowest part of the cerebral peduncle.

title: Cerebral peduncle


text:
Peace park (disambiguation)

Peace park is another name for a transboundary protected area

Peace Park may also refer to:
 * ANZAC Peace Park, Australia
 * Canberra Peace Park, Australia
 * Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park, a park in Hiroshima, Japan dedicated to the legacy of Hiroshima as the first city in the world to be nuclear bombed
 * Island of Ireland Peace Park, a park in Messines, Belgium
 * Miyazaki Peace Park
 * Nagasaki Peace Park
 * Oxford Falls Peace Park
 * Peace Park (Missouri), in Columbia, Missouri at the University of Missouri
 * Peace Park (Montréal) (Place de la Paix), a public place in Montreal, Canada
 * Peace Park (Seattle), a park in Seattle, Washington, United States
 * Santiphap Park, Bangkok, also known as Peace Park
 * Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park

title: Peace park (disambiguation)


text:
Doe v. Chao

Doe v. Chao, 540 U.S. 614 (2004), is a decision by the United States Supreme Court that interpreted the statutory damages provision of the Privacy Act of 1974.

Prior to the case, lower federal courts had split over whether plaintiffs whose rights were violated were automatically entitled to the statutory minimum damages award of $1000, or whether those plaintiffs had to prove that they had suffered at least some actual damage from the privacy breach (which would then be raised to $1000 if their actual damages were less than that).

The Court's 6–3 decision determined that the latter interpretation was correct; as a result, it will be more difficult for a plaintiff to prevail as he or she must now prove both a violation and some damages before being entitled to recovery.

This result is generally applauded by proponents of greater freedoms for the press, as a contrary result may have made government agencies more reluctant to release information out of fear of lawsuits.

Background of the case
The plaintiff in the case, coal miner Buck Doe (a pseudonym), filed for benefits under the federal Black Lung Benefits Act. The Department of Labor, which ran the benefits program, required applicants to provide a Social Security number as a part of the application. The government's practice was to use the number for identification purposes, and as a result, claimants such as Doe had their Social Security numbers displayed on various legal documents and published in case reports and online legal research databases.

Doe, along with six other black lung claimants, sued the Department of Labor for violating their rights under the Privacy Act. The government conceded that it had violated the statute. At trial, Doe testified that he suffered "distress" from the release of his private information. The district court awarded Doe $1000, which was the statutory minimum amount of damages that could be awarded under the statute.

The Fourth Circuit reversed. It interpreted the statute to require a plaintiff to show some actual damages before the statutory minimum damages could be awarded. Further, it found that plaintiff's testimony about his "distress" was not legally sufficient to show that he had been damaged by the disclosure.

This decision conflicted with decisions of the First, Fifth, Ninth, Eleventh, and District of Columbia circuits, and the Supreme Court granted certiorari to resolve the dispute.

Statutory language
The statutory language at issue provided that if a government agency violated the act "in a manner which was intentional or willful, the United States shall be liable to the individual in an amount equal to the sum of actual damages sustained by the individual as a result of the refusal or failure, but in no case shall a person entitled to recovery receive less than the sum of $1,000."

Supreme Court
The Court, in an opinion written by Justice David Souter, agreed with the Fourth Circuit's interpretation as a matter of "straightforward textual analysis."

The Court supported its interpretation with an analysis of the history of the statute, which showed that Congress specifically removed language from the bill that explicitly would have awarded $1000 without proof of any damages. (Justice Antonin Scalia, an opponent of using legislative history in interpreting statutes, did not join this paragraph of the opinion).

Dissenting opinions
Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg wrote a dissenting opinion, arguing that a "sensible" reading of the statutory language supported Doe's position. She also noted that reading the statute to require some proof of actual damages would have little practical effect. She noted that it would be very easy for a plaintiff to prove actual damages in a similar case merely by purchasing a credit report following the publication of his Social Security number. This small amount of damages would then be raised to $1000 by operation of the statute.

Justice Stephen Breyer also dissented, noting that the government's stated fear of large damage awards under a more permissive reading of the statute would likely not materialize, as courts had interpreted the statute to only permit damages where the government released private information in bad faith (as opposed to accidentally).

title: Doe v. Chao


text:
Delaware Colony

The Delaware Colony, officially known as the three "Lower Counties on the Delaware", was a semiautonomous region of the proprietary Province of Pennsylvania and a de facto British colony in North America. Although not royally sanctioned, Delaware consisted of the three counties on the west bank of the Delaware River Bay.

In the early 17th century, the area was inhabited by Lenape and possibly Assateague Native American Indian tribes. The first European settlers were Swedes, who established the colony of New Sweden at Fort Christina in present-day Wilmington, Delaware, in 1638. The Dutch captured the colony in 1655 and annexed it to New Netherland to the north. Great Britain subsequently took control of it from the Dutch in 1664. In 1682, William Penn, the Quaker proprietor of the Province of Pennsylvania to the north leased the three lower counties on the Delaware River from James, the Duke of York, who went on to become King James II.

The three lower counties on the Delaware River were governed as part of the Province of Pennsylvania from 1682 until 1701, when the lower counties petitioned for and were granted an independent colonial legislature; the two colonies shared the same governor until 1776. The English colonists who settled in Delaware were mainly Quakers. In the first half of the 18th century, New Castle and Philadelphia became the primary ports of entry to the new world for a quarter of a million Protestant immigrants from Northern Ireland, referred to as "Scotch-Irish" in America and "Ulster Scots" in Northern Ireland. Delaware had no established religion at this time.

The American Revolutionary War began in April 1775, and on June 15, 1776, the Delaware Assembly voted to break all ties with Great Britain, creating the independent State of Delaware. On July 4, 1776, Delaware joined 12 other British colonies to form the United States of America.

Dutch and Swedish settlements
From the early Dutch settlement in 1631 to the colony's rule by Pennsylvania in 1682, the land that later became the U.S. state of Delaware changed hands many times. Because of this, Delaware became a heterogeneous society made up of individuals who were diverse in country of origin and religion.

The first European exploration of what would become known as the Delaware Valley was made by the Dutch ship Halve Maen under the command of Henry Hudson in 1609. He was searching for what was believed to be a Northwest Passage to Asia. Hudson sailed into what now is the Delaware Bay. He named it the South River, but this would later change after Samuel Argall came across the mouth of the river in 1610, after being blown off course. Argall later renamed this waterway as the river Delaware, after Thomas West, Lord De La Warr, the second governor of Virginia.

Follow-up expeditions by Cornelius May in 1613 and Cornelius Hendrickson in 1614 mapped the shoreline of what would become the colony and state of Delaware for inclusion in the New Netherland colony. Initial Dutch settlement was centered up the Delaware River at Fort Nassau at Big Timber Creek, south of what is now Gloucester City, New Jersey.

Neither the Dutch nor the English showed any early interest in establishing settlement on this land. It was not until 1629 that agents of the Dutch West India Company, Gillis Hossitt and Jacob Jansz, arrived to negotiate with the Native Americans to "purchase" land for a colony. (The Dutch always purchased land from the Native Americans, rather than take it by force, but the peoples had differing concepts of property and use. The Native Americans often considered the Dutch "payments" to be gifts in keeping with their Native custom, and expected to share use of the common land.) Hossitt and Jansz secured a treaty granting the Dutch a parcel of land running along the shore eight Dutch miles long and half a Dutch mile deep (roughly 29 by just under 2 US miles). This nearly coincided with the length of the coast of modern Sussex and Kent counties in Delaware.

In 1631 the Dutch sent a group of twenty-eight men to build a fort inside Cape Henlopen on Lewes Creek to establish the Zwaanendael Colony. This first colony was intended to take advantage of the large whale population in the bay and to produce whale oil. A cultural misunderstanding with the Native Americans resulted in their killing of these 28 colonists before a year had passed. Patroon David Pietersz. de Vries arrived shortly thereafter with an additional 50 settlers. Although he concluded a treaty with the Indians, de Vries, his partners in Holland, and the Dutch West India Company decided the location was too dangerous for immediate colonization. They took the additional settlers to New Amsterdam (New York) instead.

In March 1638, the Swedish colony of New Sweden was established as the first permanent European settlement in Delaware. The Kalmar Nyckel anchored at a rocky point on the Minquas Kill. Today this site is called Swedes' Landing; it is located in Wilmington, Delaware. The New Sweden Company was organized and overseen by Clas Larsson Fleming, a Swedish admiral and administrator. Samuel Blommaert, a Flemish director of the Dutch West India Company who had grown frustrated with the company's policies, assisted the fitting-out. The expedition was led, and had been instigated by Peter Minuit, the founding governor of New Netherland. He had been dismissed by the Dutch West India Company, which operated the colony as a concession. Minuit resented the company and was well aware that the Dutch had little settlement in the Zuyd (Delaware) river valley. New Sweden was a multicultural affair, with Finns, Dutch, Walloons (Belgians), and Germans, in addition to Swedes among the settlers.

The first outpost of the Swedish settlement was named Fort Christina (now Wilmington) after Queen Christina of Sweden. The Swedes introduced log cabin construction to the New World and the humble house form was later spread to the American backcountry by Scotch-Irish immigrants who entered the colony through the port of New Castle. Swedish colonial Governor Johan Björnsson Printz administered the colony of New Sweden from 1643 to 1653. He was succeeded by Johan Classon Risingh, the last governor of New Sweden. The Dutch had never accepted the Swedish colony as legitimate, and the Dutch West India Company competed with the officials and backers of New Sweden. In 1651, New Netherland Governor Peter Stuyvesant had Fort Nassau dismantled and reassembled downriver of Fort Christina as Fort Casimir. This meant that the Dutch effectively encircled the Swedish colony. The Swedes abandoned Fort Beversreede, a short-lived attempt to establish a foothold at the end of the Great Minquas Path (in modern Philadelphia).

Three years later, the New Sweden colony attacked and seized Fort Casimir, renaming it Fort Trinity. The struggle finally came to an end in September 1655. With the Second Great Northern War raging in Europe, Stuyvesant assembled an army and naval squadron sufficient to capture the Swedish forts, thus re-establishing control of the colony. The Dutch renamed Fort Casimir/Trinity as New Amstel (later translated to New Castle). It became their center for fur trading with Native Americans and the colony's administration headquarters. The area's European population grew rapidly.

English conquest
In 1664, after English Colonel Richard Nicolls captured New Amsterdam, Robert Carr was sent to the Delaware River settlements. He took over New Amstel, pillaging it and mistreating its settlers, some of whom he sold into slavery in Virginia. Carr translated the name of the post from Dutch into English and it has been known since as New Castle. Carr and his troops continued down the shore, ravaging and burning settlements, including a Mennonite utopian community led by Pieter Corneliszoon Plockhoy near present-day Lewes, Delaware. This effectively ended the Dutch rule of the colony and, for that matter, ended their claims to any land in colonial North America. The English took over New Netherland, renaming it New York. Delaware was thenceforth claimed by New York under a Deputy of the Duke of York from 1664 to 1682, but neither the Duke nor his colonists controlled it. The proprietors of Maryland took action to take advantage of this situation.

Durham County, Maryland
Between 1669 and 1672, Delaware was an incorporated county under the Province of Maryland. When the Duke of York made use of his charter on behalf of courtier William Penn, through conveyances made by the governor of New York, there was a brief conflict of interest between the Catholic, Tory, and sometime Jacobite sympathizer Lord Baltimore with his friend the aforesaid Duke. A hard-fought court battle was subsequently relegated to a proprietary dispute between the Calvert and Penn families since both were held in favor by both the King and Prince James. By 1768, the Mason-Dixon line is said to have legally resolved vague outlines in the overlap between Maryland and Pennsylvania. By this boundary, Delaware was substantially awarded to Pennsylvania. Eventually, Delaware gained its own independence from Pennsylvania and fended off Maryland.

New Castle, Kent, and Sussex Counties, Pennsylvania
The area now known as Delaware was owned by William Penn, the Quaker owner of Pennsylvania. In contemporary documents from the early Revolutionary period, the area is generally referred to as "The Three Lower Counties on the Delaware River" (Lower Counties on Delaware) or by the names of the three counties.

After William Penn was granted the province of Pennsylvania by King Charles II in 1681, he asked for and later received the lands of Delaware from the Duke of York. Penn had a very hard time governing Delaware because the economy and geology resembled those of the Chesapeake Bay colonies more than that of Pennsylvania. The lowland areas were developed for tobacco plantations and dependent on enslaved Africans and African Americans for labor. Penn attempted to merge the governments of Pennsylvania and the lower counties of Delaware. Representatives from each area clashed strongly and, in 1701 Penn agreed to allow two assemblies to be elected and conduct their separate affairs. Delawareans would meet in New Castle, and Pennsylvanians would gather in Philadelphia. Delaware, like Philadelphia and more so than Maryland, continued to be a melting pot of sorts. It was home to Swedes, Finns, Dutch, and French, in addition to the English, who constituted the dominant culture.

title: Delaware Colony


text:
Quasi-Monte Carlo method

In numerical analysis, the quasi-Monte Carlo method is a method for numerical integration and solving some other problems using low-discrepancy sequences (also called quasi-random sequences or sub-random sequences) to achieve variance reduction. This is in contrast to the regular Monte Carlo method or Monte Carlo integration, which are based on sequences of pseudorandom numbers.

Monte Carlo and quasi-Monte Carlo methods are stated in a similar way. The problem is to approximate the integral of a function f as the average of the function evaluated at a set of points x1, ..., xN:

 * $$ \int_{[0,1]^s} f(u)\,{\rm d}u \approx \frac{1}{N}\,\sum_{i=1}^N f(x_i). $$

Since we are integrating over the s-dimensional unit cube, each xi is a vector of s elements. The difference between quasi-Monte Carlo and Monte Carlo is the way the xi are chosen. Quasi-Monte Carlo uses a low-discrepancy sequence such as the Halton sequence, the Sobol sequence, or the Faure sequence, whereas Monte Carlo uses a pseudorandom sequence. The advantage of using low-discrepancy sequences is a faster rate of convergence. Quasi-Monte Carlo has a rate of convergence close to O(1/N), whereas the rate for the Monte Carlo method is O(N−0.5).

The Quasi-Monte Carlo method recently became popular in the area of mathematical finance or computational finance. In these areas, high-dimensional numerical integrals, where the integral should be evaluated within a threshold ε, occur frequently. Hence, the Monte Carlo method and the quasi-Monte Carlo method are beneficial in these situations.

Approximation error bounds of quasi-Monte Carlo
The approximation error of the quasi-Monte Carlo method is bounded by a term proportional to the discrepancy of the set x1, ..., xN. Specifically, the Koksma–Hlawka inequality states that the error

 * $$ \varepsilon = \left| \int_{[0,1]^s} f(u)\,{\rm d}u - \frac{1}{N}\,\sum_{i=1}^N f(x_i) \right| $$

is bounded by
 * $$ |\varepsilon| \leq V(f) D_N, $$

where V(f) is the Hardy–Krause variation of the function f (see Morokoff and Caflisch (1995) for the detailed definitions). DN is the so-called star discrepancy of the set (x1,...,xN) and is defined as

 * $$ D_N = \sup_{Q \subset [0,1]^s} \left| \frac{\text{number of points in } Q} N - \operatorname{volume}(Q) \right|, $$

where Q is a rectangular solid in [0,1]s with sides parallel to the coordinate axes. The inequality $$ |\varepsilon| \leq V(f) D_N $$ can be used to show that the error of the approximation by the quasi-Monte Carlo method is $$ O\left(\frac{(\log N)^s}{N}\right) $$, whereas the Monte Carlo method has a probabilistic error of $$ O\left(\frac 1 {\sqrt N}\right) $$. Thus, for sufficiently large $$ N $$, quasi-Monte Carlo will always outperform random Monte Carlo. However, $$ \log(N)^s $$ grows exponentially quickly with the dimension, meaning a poorly-chosen sequence can be much worse than Monte Carlo in high dimensions. In practice, it is almost always possible to select an appropriate low-discrepancy sequence, or apply an appropriate transformation to the integrand, to ensure that quasi-Monte Carlo performs at least as well as Monte Carlo (and often much better).

Monte Carlo and quasi-Monte Carlo for multidimensional integrations
For one-dimensional integration, quadrature methods such as the trapezoidal rule, Simpson's rule, or Newton–Cotes formulas are known to be efficient if the function is smooth. These approaches can be also used for multidimensional integrations by repeating the one-dimensional integrals over multiple dimensions. However, the number of function evaluations grows exponentially as s, the number of dimensions, increases. Hence, a method that can overcome this curse of dimensionality should be used for multidimensional integrations. The standard Monte Carlo method is frequently used when the quadrature methods are difficult or expensive to implement. Monte Carlo and quasi-Monte Carlo methods are accurate and relatively fast when the dimension is high, up to 300 or higher.

Morokoff and Caflisch studied the performance of Monte Carlo and quasi-Monte Carlo methods for integration. In the paper, Halton, Sobol, and Faure sequences for quasi-Monte Carlo are compared with the standard Monte Carlo method using pseudorandom sequences. They found that the Halton sequence performs best for dimensions up to around 6; the Sobol sequence performs best for higher dimensions; and the Faure sequence, while outperformed by the other two, still performs better than a pseudorandom sequence.

However, Morokoff and Caflisch gave examples where the advantage of the quasi-Monte Carlo is less than expected theoretically. Still, in the examples studied by Morokoff and Caflisch, the quasi-Monte Carlo method did yield a more accurate result than the Monte Carlo method with the same number of points. Morokoff and Caflisch remark that the advantage of the quasi-Monte Carlo method is greater if the integrand is smooth, and the number of dimensions s of the integral is small.

Drawbacks of quasi-Monte Carlo
Lemieux mentioned the drawbacks of quasi-Monte Carlo: In order to overcome some of these difficulties, we can use a randomized quasi-Monte Carlo method.
 * In order for $$ O\left(\frac{(\log N)^s}{N}\right) $$ to be smaller than $$ O\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{N}}\right) $$, $$s$$ needs to be small and $$N$$ needs to be large (e.g. $$ N>2^s $$). For large s, depending on the value of N, the discrepancy of a point set from a low-discrepancy generator might be not smaller than for a random set.
 * For many functions arising in practice, $$ V(f) = \infty $$ (e.g. if Gaussian variables are used).
 * We only know an upper bound on the error (i.e., ε ≤ V(f) DN) and it is difficult to compute $$ D_N^* $$ and $$ V(f) $$.

Randomization of quasi-Monte Carlo
Since the low discrepancy sequence are not random, but deterministic, quasi-Monte Carlo method can be seen as a deterministic algorithm or derandomized algorithm. In this case, we only have the bound (e.g., ε ≤ V(f) DN) for error, and the error is hard to estimate. In order to recover our ability to analyze and estimate the variance, we can randomize the method (see randomization for the general idea). The resulting method is called the randomized quasi-Monte Carlo method and can be also viewed as a variance reduction technique for the standard Monte Carlo method. Among several methods, the simplest transformation procedure is through random shifting. Let {x1,...,xN} be the point set from the low discrepancy sequence. We sample s-dimensional random vector U and mix it with {x1, ..., xN}. In detail, for each xj, create

 * $$ y_j = x_j + U \pmod 1$$

and use the sequence $$(y_j)$$ instead of $$(x_j)$$. If we have R replications for Monte Carlo, sample s-dimensional random vector U for each replication. Randomization allows to give an estimate of the variance while still using quasi-random sequences. Compared to pure quasi Monte-Carlo, the number of samples of the quasi random sequence will be divided by R for an equivalent computational cost, which reduces the theoretical convergence rate. Compared to standard Monte-Carlo, the variance and the computation speed are slightly better from the experimental results in Tuffin (2008)

title: Quasi-Monte Carlo method


text:
1701 in Canada

Events from the year 1701 in Canada.

Incumbents

 * French Monarch: Louis XIV
 * English, Scottish and Irish Monarch: William III

Governors

 * Governor General of New France: Louis-Hector de Callière
 * Governor of Acadia: Claude-Sébastien de Villieu
 * Colonial Governor of Louisiana: Sauvolle
 * Governor of Plaisance: Joseph de Monic

Full date unknown

 * The Peace of Montreal signed: peace treaty between the Iroquois Confederacy and the French. Considered one of the major events in Canada's history, sometimes called the "great peace."
 * Detroit, Michigan founded as Fort Pontchartrain du détroit by Antoine de Lamothe Cadillac.
 * War of the Spanish Succession begins in Europe; spreads to North America (Queen Anne's War) in 1702.

Births

 * October 15 - Marie-Marguerite d'Youville, founder of the "Grey Nuns" order; died 1771; she was beatified in 1959, the first Canadian-born saint.

Deaths

 * April 4 - Guillaume Couture, diplomat in New France (born 1618).

Historical documents
Hundreds of English fishers settled in Newfoundland squeeze out fishing ships, while New England merchants undercut English trade

New York official says Five Nations resent that English colonies did not join them in recent costly war against French

English cajole Onondaga chief sachem not to fear French, just before Five Nations and other Indigenous sign Great Peace of Montreal

New York lieutenant-governor meets with Five Nations leaders to renew their Covenant Chain alliance against French

title: 1701 in Canada