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Chongjin

Chŏngjin is the capital of North Korea's North Hamgyong Province (함경북도) and the country's third-largest city. It is sometimes called the City of Iron.

Prehistory
According to archaeological findings near the lower areas of the Tumen river, evidence of human living traces back to the paleolithic period.

Ancient and medieval history
According to the Records of the Grand Historian, the region was where the tribe kingdoms of Buyeo, Mohe, Okjeo, Yilou, Yemaek and Sushen existed. The region later was the territory of Goguryeo. After the fall of Goguryeo in 668, the region was ruled by the Tang dynasty. During the reign of Balhae, the region was under the subdivision Donggyeongyongwonbu. The region was under the rule of the Jin dynasty and Yuan dynasty after the fall of Balhae by the Khitans.

Modern history
Chongjin was a small fishing village prior to the Japanese annexation of Korea; its date of establishment is unknown. The Chinese characters for its name mean 'clear river crossing'. During the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905, Japanese forces landed at Chongjin and established a supply base due to its proximity to the front lines in Manchuria. The Japanese remained after the end of the war, and in 1908, declared the city an open trading port both for the transport of Korean resources and as a stopping point for resources from China. The city was known during this period as “Seishin”, after the Japanese pronunciation of the Chinese characters for its name. The Imperial Japanese Army’s 19th Division was headquartered in Ranam from 1918, where the Japanese built a new planned city based on a rectangular street grid. In 1930, Nippon Steel built a large steel mill, the Seishin Iron and Steel Works, in the town. Ranam was annexed to Chongjin in 1940, which was elevated to city status. The city was overrun after a brief resistance by the Soviet Union on 13 August 1945, only two days before the end of World War II. Under the rule of North Korea, Chongjin remained an important military and industrial centre. It was directly administered by the central government from 1960–1967 and from 1977–1988.

On April 15, 1969 at 13:30 MT (1:30 PM), a Lockheed EC-121M Super Constellation of the US Navy (135749) was shot down by two North Korean MiG-17 fighters SE of Chongjin over the Sea of Japan. All 31 occupants were killed, making it the deadliest plane crash in North Korean territory. The plane was on a military flight out of Atsugi NAS.

During the North Korean famine of the 1990s, Chongjin was one of the worst affected locations in the country; death rates may have been as high as 20%. Conditions there remain poor in terms of food availability. This problem has caused several instances of civil unrest in Chongjin, a rarity in North Korea. On 4 March 2008, a crowd of women merchants protested in response to tightened market controls. Rising grain prices and government attempts to prohibit "peddling in the market" have been cited as causes for the protests. As a result of the protest, the Chongjin local government "posted a proclamation allowing peddling in the market." On 24 August 2008, a clash occurred between foot patrol agents and female merchants, which escalated into a "massive protest rally". It was reported that the Chongjin local government-issued verbal instructions relaxing the enforcement activity until the time of the next grain ration.

Administrative divisions
From 1948 to 1960, 1967 to 1977, and 1987 to present, Ch'ŏngjin was governed as a part of North Hamgyong Province. From 1960 until 1967, and again from 1977 to 1987, Chongjin was administered as a directly governed city.

Ch'ŏngjin is divided into seven wards (구역, kuyŏk, ).
 * Ch'ŏngam-guyŏk (청암구역, )
 * P'ohang-guyŏk (포항구역, )
 * Puyun-guyŏk (부윤구역, )
 * Ranam-guyŏk (라남구역, )
 * Sinam-guyŏk (신암구역, )
 * Songp'yŏng-guyŏk (송평구역, )
 * Sunam-guyŏk (수남구역, )

Geography
Chongjin is located in the northeast of North Korea, in North Hamgyong Province, near the East Korea Bay (Kyŏngsŏng Bay) in the Sea of Japan. The Susong River (수성천) runs through the city; contained in the city are the Sodu Stream (서두수) and Mount Komal (고말산).

Climate
Chongjin has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification: Dwa) with cold, dry winters and warm, rainy summers.

Economy
Chongjin is one of the DPRK's important steel and fiber industry centers. It has a shipyard, a locomotive plant, and a rubber factory. Near the port area are the Chongjin Steel Co., Chemical Textile Co., May 10 Coal Mine Machinery Factory, and Kimchaek Iron & Steel (which was called Nippon Steel during the Japanese occupation); however industrial activities in the city have been severely handicapped due to a lack of resources. Despite this, however, Chongjin is estimated to have a 24 percent share of the DPRK's foreign trade and is home to a resident Chinese consul who serves Chinese merchants and businesspersons operating in the northeast of the country. Chongjin also contains Sunam Market, an example of market economics in North Korea.

Because of the heavy concentration of industries in the area, Chongjin is also the DPRK's air pollution black spot. With the collapse of the Soviet Union and the subsequent shortage of oil to generate electricity, many factories have been shuttered. One of the first senior U.N. officials permitted to visit the area, Tun Myat, observed in 1997 when the North Korea economic crisis reached its peak, "Chongjin was like a forest of scrap metal, with huge plants that seem to go on for miles and miles that have been turned into rust buckets. I've been all over the world, and I've never seen anything quite like this."

Chongjin Bus Factory, established in 1981, supplies a large number of buses and trolleybuses to Chongjin. It also builds the trams used within Chongjin, including one articulated tram. In recent years, the factory has built more trolleybuses that visually resemble the Chollima-321 of the Trolleybuses in Pyongyang.

The city is powered by the Chongjin Thermal Power Plant. The coal used by the power plant is allegedly mined in Kwan-li-so No.22, although since then the prison has apparently been closed. The plant has an estimated generation capacity of 150 MW.

Other industries

 * Chosun Clothing Factory – makes Vinalon cloth into uniforms
 * North Hamgyong Provincial Broadcasting Company
 * Majon Deer Company – makes medicine from deer antlers
 * Second Metal Construction Company
 * Onpho Hot Springs
 * Soenggiryong mines – kaolin mine
 * North Hamgyong Provincial E-Business Institute

The area has little arable land, so the famine in the 1990s hit the residents of Chongjin particularly hard. During the late 1990s, the city's residents experienced some of the highest death rates from famine, which might have been as high as 20 percent of the population. By 1995, the local frog population was wiped out due to overhunting.

Prisons

 * In Chongjin political prison camp (Kwan-li-so No. 25), a large prison complex in Susong-dong (northern part of Chongjin), more than 3,000 political prisoners are allegedly forced to manufacture bicycles and other consumer goods.
 * Chongori reeducation camp (Kyo-hwa-so No. 12) is located halfway between Chongjin and Hoeryong.
 * The Nongpo Detention Center, which was built during the Japanese occupation, is still in use but under new management.

Shipping
Chongjin's port has established itself as a critical component of busy international shipping trade with neighbouring parts of Northeast and Southeast Asia. Of DPRK's eight international shipping ports, Chongjin is thought to be the second most economically important (after Nampho port on the west coast) and serves as a base of trade to Russia and Japan. Chongjin also boasts a seamen's club which serves to cater for foreign crews as well as a meeting base for North Koreans and foreigners engaged in the shipping trade.

The People's Republic of China and Russia have set up their consulates in Chongjin. It is unique for a North Korean city to have a foreign consulate. Chongjin is the administrative centre of the North Hamgyong Province.

Air
Orang Airport located in Orang County 40 kilometres from Chongjin is equipped with a 2500 m runway on military and civilian dual purpose air station (CHO). North Korea planned to upgrade an old airport near Hamhung as late as 2003, so that it would have a 4000 m runway, and would act as the nation's second international airport. However, it is still not completed.

Rail
The Wonson-Rason Railway and Chongjin-Rason Railway (Pyongra Line) electric railways operated by the Korean State Railway connect Rason and capital Pyongyang.

Urban transit
Chongjin is the only city in North Korea other than Pyongyang to operate a tram system. These trams are all locally manufactured. It consists of one line built in two phases, phase 1,6 km, and phase 2,7 km. It has a turning loop in Pongchon and Namchongjin, with the depot located in Sabong.

A trolleybus system also operates with 3 lines: Chongam - Yokchon, Hae'an - Sabong and Namchongijn - Ranam.

Universities and colleges
There are several state-run higher educational facilities located here, such as:

 * Chongjin University of Technology
 * Chongjin Mine University
 * Chongjin University of Education No. 1 (Oh Jungheup University)
 * University of Education No. 2
 * Hambuk University It used to be called Hambuk Agricultural University formerly until 1993.
 * Chongjin University of Medicine
 * Chongjin College of Light Industry
 * Chongjin College of Metal Engineering
 * Chongjin College of Automation Engineering

The Kim Jong-suk Teachers' College, which was named after Kim Jong Il's mother, Kim Jong-suk, is in Chongjin.

Schools
Schools for gifted and talented students include:

 * Chongjin No.1 Senior Middle School: One of science high schools for gifted students in North Korea.
 * Chongjin School of Foreign Languages
 * Chongjin School of Arts

Culture
There is an aquatic product research center. Famous scenic sites include hot springs and Mt. Chilbo. Chongjin's most famous product is processed squid. The city is home to the football team, the Ch'ŏngjin Chandongcha.

The local newspaper is the Hambuk Daily.

Chongjin is featured in the book Nothing to Envy: Ordinary Lives in North Korea by Barbara Demick.

Other cultural locations

 * North Hamgyong Province Theater (함경북도 극장)
 * Chonmasan Hotel for foreign visitors to stay at, built to convey the power of the government over the individual; in 1997, a French aid worker from Action contre la Faim was allowed to stay there but was not let out of the hotel to observe the famine conditions.
 * Pohanng Square has a 25-foot bronze statue and the Revolutionary History Museum
 * Inmin Daehakseup Dang (Grand People's Study House)
 * Chongjin Children's Palace (청진학생소년궁전): Artistic talented students do extracurricular activities here after school.

Sister cities
Chongjin has two sister cities:
 * 🇨🇳 Changchun, China
 * 🇨🇳 Jilin, China

Notable people from Chongjin

 * Jang Song-thaek, North Korean politician and uncle of Kim Jong Un, current leader of North Korea
 * Kim Swoo-geun, South Korean architect
 * Kim Yik-yung, South Korean ceramic artist
 * Pak Chang-sik, North Korean politician
 * Ri Sol-ju, the First Lady of North Korea and the wife of North Korean Supreme Leader Kim Jong Un.
 * Ri Ul-sol, North Korean Marshal and politician
 * Shin Sang-ok, South Korean film producer and director
 * Kang Nara (born 1997), North Korean defector living in Seoul, South Korea

title: Chongjin


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Talk:Buggy (carriage)

Query
Should this be deleted, revised, redirected, or what? Jwrosenzweig 19:31, 3 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Lancaster County categories
I removed the Lancaster County categories because the horse and buggy is not specifically associated with those counties. If we want to put it in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, we should also put it in a ridiculous number of other county categories. My own county, for example, has at least four different Amish bishopricks, and there are other counties in Ohio with far more Amish — not to mention many places in many other states! Nyttend 16:02, 22 January 2007 (UTC)

 * As a Lancaster County native, I gotta agree -- it's a slippery slope if we include one. --Thisisbossi 23:49, 22 January 2007 (UTC)

Bicycle
"Therefore, until the popularization of the automobile, the buggy was the most common means of transport in towns and the surrounding countryside." I think the bicycle during a brief period before mass use of automobiles was probably about as popular a transport option as the horse and buggy. I'll put in some text to that effect.

I know of no evidence that suggests that the bicycle, though a significant fad in the late nineteenth-century, ever achieved the numbers that would have supplanted the buggy. At no time were bicycles "the most common means of transport" anywhere in the US. --Patchyreynolds 16:12, 1 August 2007 (UTC)

Project tags
Tossed a tag that seems irrelevant here. Is there an Amish project that might be suitable as a replacement? Montanabw (talk) 01:06, 11 August 2014 (UTC)

Two or four wheels
The opening paragraph says, "...it was made with two wheels in England and the United States (also made with four wheels)." This phrasing seems to deprecate the four-wheeled versions, yet all 15 illustrations currently in the article show four-wheeled carts. Should two-wheeled illustrations be added, or should the opening paragraph be revised? ajad (talk) 00:44, 25 January 2024 (UTC)

 * The page needs rewriting and it's on my list of things to do (along with dozens of others). Smith page 25 tells the basic story. This article seems to have started out as a simple definition of "horse and buggy", then morphed into an article about the American Buggy, but never really lost the "horse and" part of the name. The term "buggy" wasn't as common in England as it was in the USA. I will probably rename the page to Buggy (carriage) at some point. Lots of WP:OR in the current article.   ▶ I am Grorp ◀  08:11, 25 January 2024 (UTC)
 * I went ahead and did the move, and some cleanup. It needs more... another day perhaps.   ▶ I am Grorp ◀  10:39, 12 February 2024 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Buggy (carriage)


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Cleromancy

Cleromancy is a form of sortition (casting of lots) in which an outcome is determined by means that normally would be considered random, such as the rolling of dice (astragalomancy), but that are sometimes believed to reveal the will of a deity.

In classical civilization
In ancient Rome fortunes were told through the casting of lots or sortes.

In Judaic and Christian tradition
Casting of lots (גּוֹרָל, κλῆρος) is mentioned 47 times in the Bible. Some examples in the Hebrew Bible of the casting of lots as a means of determining God's will:
 * In the Book of Leviticus, God commanded Moses, "And Aaron shall cast lots upon the two goats; one lot for the , and the other lot for the scapegoat." One goat will be sacrificed as a sin offering, while the scapegoat is loaded up with the sins of the people and sent into the wilderness.
 * According to Numbers, Moses allocated territory to the tribes of Israel according to each tribe's male population and by lot.
 * In Joshua 7:14, a guilty party (Achan) is found by lot.
 * In the Book of Joshua, Joshua says, "Ye shall therefore describe the land into seven parts, and bring the description hither to me, that I may cast lots for you here before the our God." The Hebrews took this action to know God's will as to the dividing of the land between the seven tribes of Israel who had not yet "received their inheritance" (Joshua 18:2).
 * In the First Book of Samuel, lots are used to determine that it was Jonathan, Saul's son, who broke the oath that Saul made, "Cursed be the man that eateth any food until evening, that I may be avenged on mine enemies" (1 Samuel 14:24).
 * In the Book of Jonah, the desperate sailors cast lots to see whose god was responsible for creating the storm: "Then the sailors said to each other, 'Come, let us cast lots to find out who is responsible for this calamity.' They cast lots and the lot fell on Jonah."

Other places in the Hebrew Bible relevant to divination include:
 * Book of Proverbs : "The lot is cast into the lap, but its every decision is from Yahweh" and : "The lot settles disputes, and keeps strong ones apart."
 * Book of Leviticus KJV "... neither shall you practice enchantment, nor observe times." The original Hebrew word for enchantment, as found in Strong's Concordance, is pronounced naw-khash'. The translation given by Strong's is "to practice divination, divine, observe signs, learn by experience, diligently observe, practice fortunetelling, take as an omen"; and "1. to practice divination 2. to observe the signs or omens". Times in the original Hebrew is pronounced aw-nan'. Its translation in Strong's is "to make appear, produce, bring (clouds), to practise soothsaying, conjure;" and "1. to observe times, practice soothsaying or spiritism or magic or augury or witchcraft 2. soothsayer, enchanter, sorceress, diviner, fortune-teller, barbarian...". In the Hebrew-Interlinear Bible, the verse reads, "not you shall augur and not you shall consult cloud".
 * Deuteronomy "let no one be found among you who [qasam qesem], performs [onan], [nahash], or [kashaph]. qasam qesem literally means distributes distributions, and may possibly refer to cleromancy. Kashaph seems to mean mutter, although the Septuagint renders the same phrase as pharmakia (poison), so it may refer to magic potions.
 * In the Book of Esther, Haman casts lots to decide the date on which to exterminate the Jews of Shushan; the Jewish festival of Purim commemorates the subsequent chain of events.
 * In I Chronicles guard duties are assigned by lot.
 * To Christian doctrine, perhaps the most significant ancient Hebrew mention of lots occurs in the Book of Psalms, "They divide my garments among them, and for my clothing they cast lots." This came to be regarded as a prophecy connecting that psalm and the one that follows to the crucifixion and resurrection of Jesus, since all four gospels (for example, John ) tell of the Roman soldiers at Jesus's crucifixion casting lots to see who would take possession of his clothing. That final act of profanation became the central theme of The Robe, a 1953 film starring Richard Burton.

A notable example in the New Testament occurs in the Acts of the Apostles where the eleven remaining apostles cast lots to determine whether to select Matthias, or Barsabbas (surnamed Justus) to replace Judas.

The Eastern Orthodox Church still occasionally uses this method of selection. In 1917, Metropolitan Tikhon became Patriarch of Moscow by the drawing of lots. The Coptic Orthodox Church uses drawing lots to choose the Coptic pope, most recently done in November 2012 to choose Pope Tawadros II. German Pietist Christians in the 18th century often followed the New Testament precedent of drawing lots to determine the will of God. They often did so by selecting a random Bible passage. The most extensive use of drawing of lots in the Pietist tradition may have come with Count von Zinzendorf and the Moravian Brethren of Herrnhut, who drew lots for many purposes, including selection of church sites, approval of missionaries, the election of bishops, and many others. This practice was greatly curtailed after the General Synod of the worldwide Moravian Unity in 1818 and finally discontinued in the 1880s. Many Amish customarily select ordinary preachers by lot. (Note that the Greek word for "lot" (kleros) serves as the etymological root for English words like "cleric" and "clergy" as well as for "cleromancy".)

In Germania
Tacitus, in Chapter X of his Germania (circa 98 AD), describes casting lots as a practice used by the Germanic tribes. He states:

"To divination and casting of lots, they pay attention beyond any other people. Their method of casting lots is a simple one: they cut a branch from a fruit-bearing tree and divide it into small pieces which they mark with certain distinctive signs and scatter at random onto a white cloth. Then, the priest of the community if the lots are consulted publicly, or the father of the family if it is done privately, after invoking the gods and with eyes raised to heaven, picks up three pieces, one at a time, and interprets them according to the signs previously marked upon them."

In the ninth century Anskar, a Frankish missionary and later bishop of Hamburg-Bremen, observed the same practice several times in the decision-making process of the Danish peoples. In this version, the chips were believed to determine the support or otherwise of gods, whether Christian or Norse, for a course of action or act. For example, in one case a Swedish man feared he had offended a god and asked a soothsayer to cast lots to find out which god. The soothsayer determined that the Christian god had taken offence; the Swede later found a book that his son had stolen from Bishop Gautbert in his house.

In Asian culture
In ancient China, and especially in Chinese folk religion, various means of divination through random means are employed, such as qiúqiān (求簽). In Japan, omikuji is one form of drawing lots.

I Ching divination, which dates from early China, has played a major role in Chinese culture and philosophy for more than two thousand years. The I Ching tradition descended in part from the oracle bone divination system that was used by rulers in the Shang dynasty, and grew over time into a rich literary wisdom tradition that was closely tied to the philosophy of yin and yang. I Ching practice is widespread throughout East Asia, and commonly involves the use of coins or (traditionally) sticks of yarrow.

In South India, the custom of ritualistically tossing sea shells (sozhi) and interpreting the results based on the positions of the shells is prevalent, predominantly in the state of Kerala.

In West African culture
In Yoruba and Yoruba-inspired religions, babalawos use variations on a common type of cleromancy called Ifá divination. Ifá divination is performed by "pounding ikin"—transferring consecrated oil palm kernels from one hand to another to create a pattern of eight to sixteen marks called "Odù" onto a tray of iyerosun, or consecrated termite dust from the Irosun tree. The casting itself is called Dafá in Yoruba language speaking areas in West Africa. Similar to I Ching, this form of divination forms a binary-like series of eight broken or unbroken pairs. This allows for 256 combinations, each of which references sets of tonal poems that contain a structure that includes various issues, problems and adversities and the prescriptions of offerings to correct them.

In M'ikmaq tradition
The game of Waltes is a form of cleromancy practiced by traditional Mi'kmaq and preserved since colonial potlache law, the Indian Act and residential schools in Canada. It is played with a bowl, six bone dice, and a counting stick. Three sticks are grandmothers and one the grandfather.

title: Cleromancy


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Katsuura, Tokushima

Katsuura (勝浦町) is a town located in Katsuura District, Tokushima Prefecture, Japan. , the town had an estimated population of 4,884 in 2159 households and a population density of 70 persons per km². The total area of the town is 69.85 sqkm.

Geography
Katsuura is located in the eastern part of Tokushima Prefecture on the island of Shikoku. Most of the town is in the basin of the Katsuura River, which runs from west to north in the center of the town. It is surrounded by mountains, such as Mt. Nakatsumine on the border with Tokushima City in the north. The highest altitude is 972.1 meters at the summit of Mt. Rokuro, and the lowest altitude is 20 meters above sea level. Parts of the town are within the borders of the Higashi Sankei Prefectural Natural Park.

Neighbouring municipalities
Tokushima Prefecture
 * Tokushima
 * Komatsushima
 * Anan
 * Kamikatsu
 * Naka
 * Sanagōchi

Climate
Katsuura has a Humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) characterized by warm summers and cool winters with light snowfall. The average annual temperature in Katsuura is 14.9 °C. The average annual rainfall is 2128 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 25.2 °C, and lowest in January, at around 4.8 °C.

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Katsuura has been declining for the past 70 years.

History
As with all of Tokushima Prefecture, the area of Katsuura was part of ancient Awa Province. During the Edo period, the area was part of the holdings of Tokushima Domain ruled by the Hachisuka clan from their seat at Tokushima Castle. The village of Tanano (棚野村) was established within Katsuura District, Tokushima with the creation of the modern municipalities system on October 1, 1889. It was raised to town status on February 11, 1926 and changed its name to Yokose (横瀬町).On March 1, 1955 Yokose merged with the village of Ikuhina to form the town of Katsuura.

Government
Katsuura has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral town council of 10 members. Katsuura, together the city of Komatsushima and town of Kamikatsu, contributes three members to the Tokushima Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the town is part of Tokushima 1st district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.

Economy
The economy of Katsuura is agricultural, and the town is one of the prefecture's leading mandarin orange producing areas,

Education
Katsuura has two public elementary schools and one public middle school operated by the town government and one public high school operated by the Tokushima Prefectural Department of Education.

Railway
Katsuura does not have any passenger rail service. The closest station is Minami-Komatsushima Station on the JR Shikoku Mugi Line.

Highways
Katsuura is not on any national highway or expressway.

Local attractions

 * Kakurin-ji, 20th temple on the Shikoku Pilgrimage
 * Higashi Sankei Prefectural Natural Park

title: Katsuura, Tokushima


text:
Casting lots

To cast lots or draw lots is to make a random selection, and may refer to:
 * Cleromancy, a form of sortition in which an outcome is determined by means that normally would be considered random but that are sometimes believed to reveal the will of a deity
 * Drawing lots (cards), the practice, in card games, of cutting or drawing a random card to determine seating, partners, or first dealer
 * Drawing lots (decision making), a selection method, or a form of sortition, that is used by a group to choose one member of the group to perform a task after none has volunteered for it
 * Lottery, a form of gambling that involves the drawing of numbers at random for a prize
 * Sortition, the selection of decision-makers using a random representative sample

title: Casting lots


text:
Kamikatsu, Tokushima

Kamikatsu (上勝町) is a town located in Katsuura District, Tokushima Prefecture, Japan. , the town had an estimated population of 1,431 in 750 households and a population density of 13 persons per km2. The total area of the town is 69.85 sqkm. It is the least populated of the towns of Shikoku.

Geography
Kamikatsu is located in central Tokushima prefecture on the island of Shikoku. It is located in a mountainous area the upper reaches of the Katsuura River. Parts of the town are within the borders of the Chūbu Sankei Prefectural Natural Park.

Neighbouring municipalities
Tokushima Prefecture
 * Katsuura
 * Naka
 * Kamiyama
 * Sanagōchi

Climate
Kamikatsu has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) characterized by warm summers and cool winters with light snowfall. The average annual temperature in Kamikatsu is 13.6 °C. The average annual rainfall is 2128 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 24.2 °C, and lowest in January, at around 3.0 °C.

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Kamikatsu has been declining for the past 70 years.

History
As with all of Tokushima Prefecture, the area of Kamikatsu was part of ancient Awa Province. During the Edo period, the area was part of the holdings of Tokushima Domain ruled by the Hachisuka clan from their seat at Tokushima Castle. The villages of Takahoko (高鉾村) and Fukuhara (福原村) established within Katsuura District, Tokushima with the creation of the modern municipalities system on October 1, 1889. The two villages merged on July 20, 1955 to form the town of Kamikatsu.

Government
Kamikatsu has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral town council of eight members. Kamikatsu, together the city of Komatsushima and town of Katsuura, contributes three members to the Tokushima Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the town is part of Tokushima 1st district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.

Economy
The economy of Kamikatsu is agricultural, and the town is noted for its rice terraces.

Kamikatsu is a "zero waste" town, all household waste is separated into 45 different categories and sent to be recycled at the Kamikatsu Zero Waste Center. In 2008, a poll showed that 40% of residents were still unhappy about the aspect of the policy that required items to be washed. But the town continues the policy as it is cheaper and more environmentally friendly than purchasing an incinerator. The Town recycles about 80% of its waste, compared to 20% in the rest of Japan, which is still relatively high compared to the USA at 9% and the Philippines at less than 5%, according to a Rappler article.. The town has set a goal to become fully zero waste by 2020.

Education
Kamikatsu has one public elementary school and one public middle school operated by the town government. The town does not have a high school.

Railway
Kamikatsu does not have any passenger rail service. The closest station is Minami-Komatsushima Station on the JR Shikoku Mugi Line.

Highways
Kamikatsu is not on any national highway or expressway.

Local attractions

 * Chūbu Sankei Prefectural Natural Park

title: Kamikatsu, Tokushima


text:
Katsuura District, Tokushima

Katsuura (勝浦郡) is a district located in Tokushima Prefecture, Japan. As of June 1, 2019, the district has an estimated population of 6,326 and a density of 35.3 persons per km2. The total area is 179.46 km2.

Towns and villages

 * Kamikatsu
 * Katsuura

title: Katsuura District, Tokushima


text:
Talk:Homemaking

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 4 January 2021 and 19 March 2021. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Henshena. Peer reviewers: Jaidajeter.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 22:33, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 22 January 2019 and 2 May 2019. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Wellcaffeinated109. Peer reviewers: Bear606, Bear102938.

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Health Problems For Male Homemakers
Someone deleted this part. Why?

Historically documented information is available re gender roles - Human Anthropology. It notes the physical attrubutes that benefit the mother or closest female within the unit and being the prefered partner for the childs early years, prodominatly due to postnatal changes, yet also impressivley details the stronghold relationship a father should develope with the child from 9-12 months and their 5-9 years of age. Noted in these documents is that men develope higher levels of stress than the woman at times of change in the infant, ie; initial birth, then full physical ability without the aid of another, then the infants enviornmental awareness, and in retrospect should the father not be around this can lead to family disputes and cognitive and chemical disruption & imbalance within the child.

"Page not available!"
A stay at home mom in the United States in the year 2006 could earn the equivalent of US $134,121, if paid for all of her work, according to a study by Salary.com [1]. (under Economics heading) I thought that was interesting, but the link's expired. It's just annoying. Would that article be gone forever, or does the link just need to get updated?

PS. I wish there were more links in the External Links section with more info about the history... the 1950's, stuff like that. Basically, more info on what I had just read. Right now it's all links to tips for homemakers. --Nuggit 13:52, 6 June 2006 (UTC)

Agreed. I think that this section should be removed from the article until there is a reputable source. -- User:Starcreator

Formal Education
There's a gaffe here: first the article says that women and men are homemakers. Then the formal education segment talks solely about women taking courses. These sort of courses are available to both men and women. --70.30.59.2 00:17, 8 June 2006 (UTC)

And it is a load of crap.

Well, I'm English, and I only got to this page becuase I wanted to explain the etymology behind "husband" and "housewife" and their having the same root of Nordic (I think) "hs" for house.

I think it is dreadful that Wiki automatically reroutes me to this page in a tornado of political correctness. It even does so from "huswife" which is the close relative of "husband".

Please, please, please let's have a proper "housewife" page. On it we can state all the politically-correct bits we fancy.

Simon Hallam Birmingham, UK 18 July 2008 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 195.44.37.124 (talk) 08:04, 18 July 2008 (UTC)

The term "housewife"
The introduction to this article is decidedly US-centric. Homemaker would generally be seen as an American term on the European side of the Atlantic. Usually people just use "housewife", if referring to a stay-at-home married woman. There are no commonly used terms for other stay-at-home people, male or female.

Even if academically and for political correctness it makes sense to use the term "homemaker", it is nevertheless not a common term in the UK and Ireland.

If editors wish to include a diatribe on the social backwardness of the UK and Ireland mostly still only using the term "housewife", well and good. But the term needs introduced in the first line, and dealt with.

zoney ♣ talk 16:15, 30 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I concur totally with Zoney's comment (though wonder how long this will continue to be the case!) Hogyn Lleol 16:32, 30 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I have changed the section to clarify that it is an American term. I established this to myself by doing google searches limited to UK or US pages, but added a citation to a less WP:NOR source. I have also clarified that it refers to two highly overlapping, but slightly different concepts. Kevinpet (talk) 06:18, 25 March 2008 (UTC)

This clarification regarding this American term appears to have been lost in the aftermath of a reconstruction of the article following a brief redirect of the article to housewife on April 20th 2009, and consequent disappearance of the previous text. The result is that the article seems rather US-centric again. Mutt Lunker (talk) 11:10, 15 January 2010 (UTC)

Housewife Salary
Under the economics section, it is still stated that:

A stay at home mom in the United States in the year 2006 could earn the equivalent of US $134,121, if paid for all of her work, according to a study by Salary.com [1].

However, the link given is now inactive. In light of there not being a source for this assertation, it should probably be removed from the article until we find a reputable source.

 * The following link might suffice ...

http://swz.salary.com/momsalarywizard/htmls/mswl_momcenter.html Hogyn Lleol 16:09, 4 July 2006 (UTC)

 * or better still, this link ...

http://www.salary.com/careers/layoutscripts/crel_display.asp?tab=cre&cat=Cat10&ser=Ser253&part=Par622 Hogyn Lleol 19:14, 4 July 2006 (UTC)

Well, I have to say that is bollocks. If a "homemaker" decided to be paid for all her work, the price would drop, given the sheer number of "homemakers".

Also, do we really need a full list of "skills" that the homemaker can do? I don't understand this constant need to justify how hard housewives work. Yes, it's a 24 hour job for a while, but after the child reaches a certain age the excuses start to wear. Get back into work - or stop trying to justify yourself! 89.213.25.50 23:23, 25 January 2007 (UTC)

I'm wondering what exactly you do that makes you feel that a comment like that is justified. It is more of a "9 to 5" job than the commuters on the road at four o'clock everyday. Some people work hard in what they do and others don't. I don't think generalizations or people's personal judgments should rule how articles are edited.
 * So would a fully employed single person not count as a homemaker too? Lance Tyrell 2.102.74.246 (talk) 09:39, 1 June 2015 (UTC)

Removal
I removed the sentence saying that 'househusband' was a tautological term (the word husband having its roots in a word meaning house, apparently) since this isn't the case in modern English usage and is irrelevant to the article. Fauxvegan 05:19, 22 December 2006 (UTC)

Modern Responsibilities
None of this information is cited and really seems like someone just giving their opinion about what it means for a woman to be a homemaker. Especially this part:

"Considering the above multi-faceted roles of women as wives & mothers & sisters in society, it really surprises me when a woman is asked what job she has, and her archetypal reply is "Oh, I don't work. I just sit at home. I'm a housewife." Housewife indeed! This "housewife" is actually the CEO, the general manager of the house. She ensures that everything runs efficiently & on time. She is one person who does things selflessly placing her family members needs before hers all the time. She is in fact the Home Maker."

This is written in first person - encyclopedias aren't written like this. And the entire section is uncited and really has no base in fact and no place in an encyclopedia. I motion to delete the entire section. --Nadsat

Homemaker vs. Housewife
I question whether this article should really be using the term "homemaker" rather than "housewife". Homemaker is not used outside the US at all, and a google search shows 4.5 million hits on homemaker, 11.5 million hits on housewife, which seems to show that housewife is a much more popular term. The introduction says, "Finding a term to describe the modern man or woman who has left the paid workforce to care for their family is problematic. The term homemaker is used in preference to either housewife or househusband", none of which is true outside the US. Perhaps the article should be moved to "Homemakers in the United States". --Xyzzyplugh 03:10, 12 March 2007 (UTC)

 * The term housewife is still dominant, as the TV show Desperate Housewives indicates. The simplest thing would be to give the Housewife article an independent existence which can readily done done.  Colonel Warden (talk) 20:07, 17 May 2008 (UTC)

Sauces and sources
This is a balanced and informative article. It would be nice to spice things up with some peer-reviewed article citations, though. I guess I'll try and find some, in between domestic duties. Alastair Haines 06:38, 6 April 2007 (UTC)

History and Tradition
I am sorry that I need to be critical about this article, but the use of the word "traditional" is something I find needs to be justified much better than it is done here and not taken granted. As far I've understood (as a former history student) the housewife or homemaker concept is new, western, strongly middle class and born only after industrial revolution, in early 19th century. And this is not theory - it is well known fact among social historicians easily found in any good basic level text-book. The "traditionality" is well spread common myth, not a fact, as far as I've acquaint myself with this issue and wikipedia should be about facts not about myths. --193.210.145.13 14:07, 14 November 2007 (UTC)

"Fact" among academics amounts to group consensus. It is not a fair academic who would pass off any such consensus as truth without admitting its hypothetical nature.

Musttask (talk) 05:19, 24 November 2008 (UTC)

HOUSE VİFE NİN İNGİLZCE ANLAMI EMLAKÇIDIR...' —Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.101.177.165 (talk • contribs) 16:39, 1 April 2008

I came to this page hoping for some basic history on the term 'house work' and its origin. I'm very disappointed by the article and its lack of such information. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.243.112.8 (talk) 08:06, 6 January 2014 (UTC)

Verification and sources
In the section on the United States, a "2000 Census (table QT-P26)" is mentioned. I googled the table and found a reference to data drawn from one county in Pennsylvania. Also, even if I am wrong about the source, the numbers in the article just seem not to add up. 69.140.152.55 (talk) 17:43, 18 May 2008 (UTC) it. The data seem to be valid, so I am making a small edit, and removing the tag. 17:51, 18 May 2008 (UTC)

Merge with Stay-at-home dad
Both of these articles cover the same material. Neither provides enough sources to stand by themselves. They should be merged. Neelix (talk) 16:30, 8 June 2008 (UTC)

 * I agree. There's a lot of overlap and the two should be merged. JCDenton2052 (talk) 02:34, 8 July 2008 (UTC)

Denastroje (talk) 19:20, 7 July 2009 (UTC)I strongly disagree. The stay-at-home dad is a role that is becoming a more prominent part of our society and needs to be addressed separately.

 * Disagree; the stay-at-home-dad is a notable subject and should not be merged into another article. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus 17:11, 10 July 2009 (UTC)

Merge is Clearly Biased
I know that it's popular these days to merge "housewife" with "stay-at-home dad" as part of a new ideological movement. However, in the history of ideas, these are separate concepts. Merging these articles would discourage their future diversification as the distinct historic or ideological ideas they represent. I recommend, for ideological neutrality, that there be a "housewife", a "stay-at-home dad", and a "homemaker" article.

We do not all share eachother's ideology and world view. If you wish to limit the number of viewpoints presented, in all cases you and your audience will grow farther from understanding and tolerance.

Musttask (talk) 05:16, 24 November 2008 (UTC)

Should there be a section on how housewives get fat? There seems to already be a heart disease sentence. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.183.94.232 (talk) 06:28, 18 January 2009 (UTC)

redirect
I have redirected this page to the housewife article. Homemaker is not an international term, in most English speaking nations Housewife is used. Homemaker is purely American.

カンチョーSennen Goroshi ! (talk) 03:37, 20 April 2009 (UTC)

 * But most native speakers of English ARE American. :P They comprise the majority of the entire linguistic group. Saying that a term in English is "purely American" is like saying that a baguette is "purely French".

 * What point do you imagine yourself to be making? Because whatever it is, rest assured that you are not.

 * Obviously, someone else within the past 10 years had already figured this out, and that's why someone reverted your redirect a long time ago. 2601:195:C100:F220:4C66:EECC:15EA:C673 (talk) 10:26, 9 July 2020 (UTC)

 * Also, you're factually incorrect because the term has just as much currency within Canada, so in point of fact, it is not purely American in the first place. PhilHudson82 (talk) 11:01, 9 July 2020 (UTC)

Unnecessary example
Does this really need a boxout with "Examples of food"? Particularly when the pics are a burger and chips... In any case, isn't there a fair chance that if someone's got old enough to read Wikipedia, they may have encountered food at some point? Torak (talk) 17:14, 9 August 2009 (UTC)

French maid image
Is the image of the French maid really appropriate here? I can't imagine that she's actually a maid--not in five inch heels. She looks like she's dressed up for roleplaying, not housework. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.49.90.53 (talk) 06:50, 2 September 2009 (UTC)

househusband?
The article makes repeated references to "househusband". This strikes me as odd for two reasons:

Firstly, I would not consider this a commonly used phrase (unlike e.g. "stay-at-home dad"). In fact, I would go as far as consider it an unencyclopedic neologism. (Not all neologisms are unencyclopedic.)

Secondly, "house" and "hus" are the same thing, with the older "hus" being preserved in "husband" but altered to "house" as a stand-alone noun. (In addition the expression is otherwise awkward and clumsy.)

I strongly suggest that this artificial construct be removed from the article.94.220.243.230 (talk) 17:54, 12 November 2009 (UTC)

Various notes that used to come before the TOC
Should mention argument that "the husband being the only financial supporter makes the wife economically dependent on him" ignores, which is that the wife who has a job is financially dependent (usually) on her boss (unless she is the boss, which is highly unusual). --Daniel C. Boyer 19:32, 3 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * I think the sentence is meant to because of this dependency, the wife usually has less liberty about matters like divorce or husband's affiar outside marriage. -- Taku 19:40, Mar 3, 2004 (UTC)

 * This should be fleshed out then. Because the meaning it gives or appears to give is very different.  The dependence on the boss should be acknowleged, or at least the POV that that exists should be acknowledged.  --Daniel C. Boyer 19:47, 3 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Please do not update until the VfD deletion and move is complete - to preserve history from Housewife - Texture 19:58, 3 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * Move complete. I have readded Daniel and Taku's edits (I hope I did) from before the move. Daniel and Taku, please check to be sure I didn't miss anything. Jwrosenzweig 20:01, 3 Mar 2004 (UTC)

This word is not used in British English. Could we make some mention of where it is used? Pete/Pcb21 (talk) 10:19, 4 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Can we move some of the pieces on dependence / finance to another page or another section, and try to make this page a little more gender neutral? It sounds like a 1950s manual for young women! Mark Richards 08:04, 6 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Done my best to clean this up, encorporating the bits that you put back in. Mark Richards 08:19, 6 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Should discuss movement to have women paid for housework. --Daniel C. Boyer 15:39, 6 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Agreed, but it's not women, its people, who the movement wants to have paid for housework. Mark Richards 22:56, 6 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Hmmm, my wife is a smart lady, if I asked her to pay me for my work as stay-at-home dad, I think she'd start asking me for rent. Hmmm, I wonder if we are avoiding tax by not declaring our home industry. ;) Alastair Haines 06:35, 6 April 2007 (UTC)

I would like to see a reference or link to some statistics that show that the number of homemakers has indeed been increasing recently. Ephemeral life 23:03, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

"Homemaker" not to be confused as "Home Construction"?
Yes, to the thoughtful editor who took the time to include this important point of clarification, thank you. As a homemaker myself, despite my advanced degree and my LLC, I need editors like yourself to remind me not to confuse my current chosen vocation as a "homemaker" with those in "home construction." Of course, you would have been of much more assistance to me when I was re-wiring all of the electrical outlets in my home, laying my tile floors, installing drywall and texturing my new walls, painting the exterior of my home, and redesigning my outdoor landscape. I am sure I had my moments when I, the homemaker, felt every bit the "home constructor", especially after having to complete jobs left undone by professionals.

But you are due more thanks from any of the likewise confused general contractors, who build houses from the foundation on up to the roof, and go around introducing themselves as "homemakers."

Thanks for setting us all straight. Where would I be without Wikipedia? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Mypoint99 (talk • contribs) 07:43, 15 January 2010 (UTC)

History needed
History of the term homemaker, history of the stereotypical role of homemaker, history of evolution, history of popular culture, for example. What I was looking for in the article is along the lines of what is in the Smithsonian: http://www.sil.si.edu/ondisplay/making-homemaker/intro.htm Mulp (talk) 16:39, 1 June 2013 (UTC)

Home Making
The article states that a home maker could be a social worker taking the role due to incapacity of the usual home maker. This does not make sense to me. Social work is a recognised profession requiring a university degree. A social worker may assist in arranging for domestic assistance but is unlikely to perform that work except perhaps, in their own home. Does the author mean a domestic worker? by 60.225.160.159; 15 Jan. 2014

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Homemaking. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20081204011627/http://www.essex.ac.uk:80/Sociology/people/staff/pahl.shtm to http://www.essex.ac.uk/Sociology/people/staff/pahl.shtm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers. —cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 11:57, 28 August 2015 (UTC)

Male homemakers (e.g. househusbands)
Since childless stay-at-home husbands do exists in todays world, we should at least mention them in this article is some way. Not every stay-at-home husband take care of kids. We came point out how (mostly) only wives took the role as homemakers in the past with househusbands being views as "unemployed" or "lay-a-bouts" even they did so by a mutually agreed upon choice by husband and wife and how such homemaking husbands are viewed in the modern era. --Notcharliechaplin (talk) 17:28, 5 May 2018 (UTC)

Homemaking and Marriage:
Hi there, working on a new topic for Homemaking from a Divison of Labor/Marriage Roles Perspective. As of now, I have divided my work and research into 3 sections: 19th, 20th, and 21st Centuries.

Wellcaffeinated109 (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 19:27, 19 March 2019 (UTC)

Removal of section "Household Tools"
The contents of this section are effectively a 3-paragraph essay promoting the position that homemakers in industrialized nations must utilise "mechanical inventions " that "inventors" have "invented" to reduce labour in the "highly complex industrial world " due to the lack of availability of"manual labour" in those countries, and that homemakers "should purchase" as many of such tools as possible. The quality of the English used for this section is very poor.

Bottom line: the material in this section consists entirely of opinion, which does not belong in an encyclopedia. Firejuggler86 (talk) 03:04, 19 April 2019 (UTC)

Merge with Housekeeping
Support merge I am American and have never heard of the Homemaking term, they also seem to be the same thing. --TyNoOutlet (talk) 11:26, 11 June 2020 (UTC)

 * How could you possibly not have heard of homemaking before? Are you very young? Do you never read books? Not to cast aspersions, it just really surprises me... The term is so common that it makes me wonder how someone could possibly not have encountered it at some point during his or her life.

 * The term is rather dated now, not least of all because it rarely exists anymore in the modern economy. More American families in the 21st century are dual-income than have a stay-at-home mom (or dad). Homemaking is a term that was popularized in the 1950s when the Baby Boomers were young. The vast majority of boomers had a mother whose profession (as listed on the Census, for example) would be noted as "homemaker". This was made possible by a period of prosperity where one man working could support a wife and an average of 4 children -- much larger than the average family size today -- without any additional income. However, due to shifting economic realities brought about by globalization, that reality has not existed for quite some time now for most American families.

 * Irrespective of all that, however, homemaking and housekeeping are completely different. Homemaking refers to someone, traditionally a woman, whose role within the household was to remain at home while the husband worked and to tend to domestic affairs such as preparing meals and looking after the children. It is unpaid work, by definition.

 * Housekeeping, by contrast, is a paid profession. The term housekeeper mostly denotes people who clean up hotel rooms and related hospitality services, as well as maids who work for compensation in the employ of affluent families. 2601:195:C100:F220:4C66:EECC:15EA:C673 (talk) 10:44, 9 July 2020 (UTC)

Don't merge These are different concepts and should be kept separate from each other 2A02:8070:6392:5F00:5DA:7375:6D33:8560 (talk) 19:09, 2 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Comment. Thee problem is clear in the lead which states "Homemaking is a mainly American and Canadian term for the management of a home, otherwise known as housework, housekeeping, or household managemen". I.e. "Homemaking... otherwise known as housekeeping". If there is no merge, this needs a rewrite. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 11:31, 1 October 2020 (UTC)

I'm not a native English speaker, but the article defines homemaker as "a person in charge of the homemaking, who is not employed outside the home". It seems to include people who work at home (run a business, are remote workers, are freelancers) so it's in conflict with the comment made on August 2 that homemakers are in unpaid work. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A02:AB88:2A07:6200:F9BC:2A52:89D2:11DF (talk) 23:15, 8 January 2021 (UTC)

Soliton
The seems to be a very rare nonceword which nobody is going to understand.--Johnsoniensis (talk) 04:10, 22 August 2020 (UTC)

Homemaking?
Dear writer,

Homemaking seems in your article a rare business. I think that it is the managing of any organization to keep the internal structure "sound and alive". Strange remark???

Regards,

J.P. Clifford 85.149.24.135 (talk) 16:03, 2 June 2021 (UTC)

HomeMaker Group
HomeMakerär ett svenskt proptech-bolag (property technology) och grundades 2015, med syftet att digitalisera fastighets- och byggbranschen. Med fler än 60 kunder i Skandinavien, fler än 1000 utförda projekt och 45 000 bostäder i systemen är den en av branschledarna inom tillvals- och eftermarknadshantering. Företaget erbjuder en digitaliserad kundresa, från kundens köpintresse till ärendehantering, med lösningar som nyttjas av bostadsköpare, bostadsutvecklare/projektutvecklare, totalentreprenörer och fastighetsägare/förvaltare.

Idag ingår HomeMaker i Hydda Group, en koncern som samlar proptechbolag med tjänster riktade mot fastighetsbranschen. Tillsammans med Parkando, digitala parkeringslösningar, och Elbilio, mobiliteslösningar, erbjuds fastighetsägare och fastighetsutvecklare en bredare portfölj av digitala lösningar.

https://homemaker.io/ — Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.255.245.26 (talk) 12:00, 3 May 2022 (UTC)

Proposed merge of Housekeeping into Homemaking
In its current form, it is not clear how the subject of Housekeeping is exclusive or different than the subject at Homemaking. The latter almost seems as though a few sections were taken from the former and reworded in a way to make the sections look like a distinct topic. In addition, both of these articles have various redirects that target then which could reasonably target either article. It just seems like unnecessary confusion to have two article for subject with such a blurry, almost nonexistent distinction between them. Steel1943 (talk) 16:36, 3 May 2022 (UTC) noun 1) a person who manages the household of his or her own family, especially as a principal occupation. 2)a person employed to manage a household and do household chores for others, as for the sick or elderly. A homemaker is someone who spends a lot of time looking after their home and family. You usually use homemaker to refer to someone who does not have a job outside the home. a person who manages a home and often raises children instead of earning money from a job one who manages a household especially as a spouse and parent a wife who manages a household while her husband earns the family income especially American English a woman who works at home cleaning and cooking etc and does not have another job
 * Comment for what it's worth, I do see the closed merge proposal above, but the concern could be resolved by staying in Homemaking something along the lines of "The US term for this is housekeeping" or something of the like. It's kind of like how in the United States, a handbag is usually called a "purse", and the article explains this; just because a subject has a different name in another country doesn't make it a separate subject. Steel1943  (talk) 16:43, 3 May 2022 (UTC)
 * Homemeaking is domestic housekeeping, it has a much narrower scope. · · · Peter Southwood (talk): 07:31, 12 October 2022 (UTC)
 * Homemaking is an exclusively US term - or anyway not used in the UK. Even apart from this, as User:Pbsouthwood says above, Housekeeping is the broader term, & any merge should be to that. Johnbod (talk) 15:10, 12 October 2022 (UTC)
 * The questions then are (a) whether Homemaking is a subset of domestic housekeeping, in which case it could in principle, be merged into housekeeping as a section, or (b) Homemaking largely overlaps but has some scope that is not shared with housekeeping, in which case it should not be merged, and the differences should be mentioned and if necessary, explained. If they are the same thing that should be stated in the lead, and Domestic housekeeping could be a redirect to Homemaking. I have skimmed through the discussions and comments on this page, and there seem to be quite a few opinions unsupported by evidence scattered around, but at face value, this article is big enough to stand alone, and a merge would grossly unbalance Housekeeping, so I don't support a merge.  · · · Peter Southwood (talk): 16:41, 12 October 2022 (UTC)
 * A further, but related question is whether Homemaking or Domestic housekeeping should be the title of this article, based on international breadth of usage. I am currently undecided, and do not care that much, but a decision to change should be based on evidence, not local opinion. · · · Peter Southwood (talk): 17:06, 12 October 2022 (UTC)
 * I am now less undecided, see below. · · · Peter Southwood (talk): 17:35, 12 October 2022 (UTC)
 * In the lead, there is an uncited claim A person in charge of the homemaking, who is not employed outside the home, in the US and Canada, is called a homemaker. This brings up a few questions about the scope and logic of the terminology. If true, then are people who have a daytime job, (or for that matter moonlighting) not to be considered to be homemakers? That would be a serious restriction, as that would mean most homemaking is being done by people who are not technically homemakers, which could cause some confusion among the English speaking world who are not North American. Some clarification and a strong verification are needed. I will see what I can find.· · · Peter Southwood (talk): 17:35, 12 October 2022 (UTC)
 * Better just to drop "who is not employed outside the home" surely? Both articles are resolutely all about the Anglosphere anyway. Johnbod (talk) 17:41, 12 October 2022 (UTC)
 * My first hit was
 * also
 * and
 * and
 * anda person who manages a home and takes care of the house and family as their main job
 * and
 * and
 * and from Wiktionary, (US) A person who maintains the administration and upkeep of his or her residence, especially one who is not employed outside the home; one who runs the household. which seems a fair average.
 * So opinions vary among the dictionaries. On average, a slight leaning toward not necessarily having no paid job.
 * So yes, I think we should drop the bit you mention, or add "usually" based on the reasonable evidence above. · · · Peter Southwood (talk): 18:07, 12 October 2022 (UTC)
 * Very useful to collect the dictionary entries. The problem of dealing with changes of usage makes it difficult to decide about changes.--Johnsoniensis (talk) 15:12, 16 October 2022 (UTC)

Religious / Christian fundamentalist aspect
Many (most?) fundamentalist Christians consider that there are biblically different roles for men and women and that the woman's role is to be a housewife / homemaker whilst the man's role is to work to 'provide for his family". This is not mentioned at all. 31.51.14.209 (talk) 21:16, 15 November 2022 (UTC)
 * If you can provide a reliable source for this statement you can add something about it yourself.--Johnsoniensis (talk) 21:48, 15 November 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Homemaking


text:
Chuncheon

Chuncheon (literally spring river), formerly romanized as Ch'unch'ŏn, is the capital of Gangwon Province in South Korea. The city lies in the north of the country, located in a basin formed by the Soyang River and Han River. There are some large lakes around the city, most notably Soyang Lake and Uiam Lake (or Uiam Dam). The area has small river islands, such as Sangjungdo, Ha-Jungdo, Bungeodo, and Wido.

It is a popular destination among east Asian tourists as it was featured in the popular Korean drama Winter Sonata (겨울연가). It is where the resort island of Namiseom is located. Also, Gangwon Provincial Office is located in the city.

History
The area now occupied by the city was first settled several thousands of years ago, in prehistoric times, as demonstrated by stone-age archaeological evidence in the collections of Chuncheon National Museum and Hallym University Museum. In 637 AD the city was called Usooju. In 757 AD it was renamed Saku and again in 940 AD as Chunju before receiving its current name in 1413. In 1896, Chuncheon became the capital city of Gangwon province. The city was largely destroyed during the Korean War in the Battle of Chuncheon.

Uiam Dam on the Bukhan River was completed in 1967. In 1995 Chuncheon city was merged with the government of the surrounding Chuncheon county.

Culture
In the spring, the Chuncheon International Mime Festival is held, as well as the Spring Season Art Festival. In the summer, the Chuncheon Puppet Festival takes place. There is also a Makguksu festival; a cold noodle dish that originated in Chuncheon. Also celebrated in the summer is the International Animation Festival. The city has had its own annual marathon race since 1946; the Chuncheon Marathon is held every October. In winter, snow and ice festivals are organized. Currently, MAC Architects-Consultants Group Ltd. is building the Design and Arts Arcadia of Myungseung in Chuncheon.

According to the legend surrounding Cheongpyeongsa temple in Chuncheon-si, a man loved a princess so much that he became a snake and would not leave her alone. When she begged leave to collect rice from the temple, the snake let her go but then went looking for her, only to be struck dead by lightning. The princess then buried him at the temple.

Food
The city was historically known as a chicken farming region, and is famous for "dak galbi", which translates as chicken ribs. It consists of chicken, sliced cabbage, sweet potatoes, tteok (rice cakes), and scallions, mixed with a spicy sauce heavy on gochujang. It is usually cooked in a big iron pan in the center of the table, but the original method is over charcoal. Despite the name, the dish is traditionally made from leg meat, not ribs. There is even a street in the city dedicated to restaurants serving the dish, with some 25 restaurants populating the area.

Also, the regional specialty Makguksu noodles are famed throughout the country.

Cultural festival
Gim Yujeong munhakje is a literature festival that takes place in April every year in memorial of the novelist Gim Yujeong. Uiam jae is another festival in April in which people worship Nongae who sacrificed herself for the country. In May, the Chuncheon International Mime Festival gathers troupes from places including Denmark, Taiwan, Germany etc., to give theatre and dance performance. Chuncheon art festival in July provides performers with opportunities to show off their talents and skills. Chuncheon International Early Music Festival also takes place in July with a wide range of classical traditional music of Korea. Chuncheon Puppet Festival showcases traditional puppet shows every August while traditional theatre plays are performed on Chuncheon International Theatre Festival in September Chuncheon International AniTown Festival in September is a free event that enables participants to learn more about animation production.

Local festivals
In August, visitors can enjoy traditional Chuncheon cuisines like Dak-galbi (spicy stir-fried chicken) and Mak-guksu (buckwheat noodles) during the Chuncheon Dakgalbi & Makguksu Festival. The Soyang festival, which takes place in September, promotes the cultural history of the Soyang Dam.

Leisure sports festival
There are three marathons in Chuncheon every year. The National inlineskate Chuncheon Marathon takes place in April while The Chosun Ilbo Chuncheon Marathon and the Lakeside Chuncheon Marathon Festival are both held in October. People participates in Chuncheon Open International Taekwondo Championships in June to compete for championship in the Korean martial arts Taekwondo. Gangchon national MTB Challenge Competition September is a mountain bike racing festival.

Legoland Korea Resort
Legoland Korea Resort in Cuncheon covers 280,000 square meters, making it the 2nd largest in Asia behind Legoland Malaysia Resort.

Economy
Chuncheon is the market center for agricultural produce from the surrounding area. The main products are rice and soybeans. Since the 1960s light industry has become dominant in the city. After the huge success of the TV drama Winter Sonata, the city has also become a major "Korean Wave" (Han-ryu, 한류) tourist destination, attracting visitors from around East Asia.

Legoland Korea is also under construction in Chuncheon. The first Legoland in Northeast Asia, it will be built in a 1.29 square kilometer parcel of land in Jungdo island and is expected to draw over a million tourists when it opens. It will be the largest Legoland in the world.

There are hydroelectric powerplants in the area around Chuncheon. The Soyang Dam is the largest sand gravel dam in East Asia.

Population
Per Korean census data, Chuncheon's population has grown steadily over the past half century.

Education

 * National Universities
 * Kangwon National University
 * Chuncheon National University of Education
 * Korea National Open University Gangwon Campus
 * Korea Polytechnic 3 University
 * Private Universities
 * Hallym University
 * Hallym Sungsim University
 * Songgok College

Transportation

As of June 2014, there are two train stations in the Chuncheon suburban area: the terminus of the Gyeongchun Line, Chuncheon station, and the busier Namchuncheon station. Gimyujeong, Baegyang-ri, Gulbongsan, and Gangchon stations, all located in rural Chuncheon, attract tourists. Gangchon is one of the most favorite recreational destinations for university students. The Gyeongchun Line is a double track rapid transit commuter train that connects to Yongsan, Cheongnyangni and Sangbong stations in Seoul. On 21 December 2010, a new realignment of the Gyeongchun Line was opened, and several new or transferable stations have since been opened to replace the existing stations outside Chuncheon, such as Cheonmasan, Sinnae, and Byeollae.

There is the Gyeongchun Line subway in Chuncheon. If you use the Gyeongchun Line, you can get to Chuncheon in an hour and a half from Seoul.

Chuncheon is the northern terminus of the publicly funded Jungang Expressway, and the main destination of the privately run Seoul-Chuncheon Expressway, as also known as Gyeongchun Expressway that connects to Seoul and Hongcheon-east. As of 2017, the expressway has been extended to east coast city of Yangyang, thus renamed to Seoul-Yangyang Expressway. Chuncheon Bus Terminal connects to all major cities in mainland South Korea.

On National roads-wise, Chuncheon is also the main strategic destination that connects between Changwon to Cheolwon of Route (Number) 5, Incheon to Goseong of 46, and Cheolwon to Yangyang of 56.

There are also river transport facilities in Soyangho (Lake Soyang), which connects to Cheongpyeongsa (청평사, Buddhist) temple.

Climate
Chuncheon has a monsoon-influenced humid continental climate (Köppen: Dwa) with cold, dry winters and hot, rainy summers. The lowest measured temperature was −27.9 °C (6 February 1969), and the highest was 39.5 °C (1 August 2018). The annual precipitation is an average of 1347.3 mm.

Sports

 * Chuncheon Songam Sports Town

International competitions
High1 is an ice hockey team based in Chuncheon. The club was a member of the Asia League Ice Hockey between 2005 and 2019.

Domestic competitions
Chuncheon's association football club, Chuncheon FC, is a member of the K4 League, a semi-professional football competition and the fourth tier of the South Korean football league system. The club was founded on 27 February 2010 with its home at the Chuncheon Stadium.

Notable people

 * Son Heung-Min, South Korean professional footballer
 * Hwang Hee-chan, South Korean professional footballer
 * Hur Jae, South Korean basketball coach and former basketball player
 * Kim Jun-hyun, South Korean comedian
 * Park Bo-ram, South Korean singer-songwriter
 * Seunghee (Real Name: Hyun Seung-hee, ), singer, dancer, actress and K-pop idol, member of K-pop girl group Oh My Girl
 * Yebin (Real Name: Baek Ye-bin, ), singer-songwriter, dancer, composer and K-pop idol, former member of K-pop girl groups DIA and Uni.T.
 * Changjo (Real Name: Choi Jong-hyun, ), singer-songwriter, rapper, dancer, model, actor and K-pop idol, member of K-pop boy group Teen Top
 * Gim Yu-jeong, one of the novelists of Korea
 * Jin Jong-oh, a South Korean sports shooter who competed at the 2004, 2008, 2012 and 2016 Summer Olympics
 * Han Seung-soo, the 39th prime minister of Rep. of Korea, tenure 2008-2009
 * Han Seung-soo, the 39th prime minister of Rep. of Korea, tenure 2008-2009

Sister cities
Chuncheon-si protested against the enactment of "Day of Takeshima" ordinance of Shimane Prefecture, which expressed dispute over the Dokdo Islands, and announced suspension of its sisterhood relationship with Kakamigahara in March 2005.

title: Chuncheon


text:
Sanagōchi, Tokushima

Sanagōchi (佐那河内村) is a village located in Myōdō District, Tokushima Prefecture, Japan. , the village had an estimated population of 1983 and a population density of 47 persons per km².The total area of the village is 42.28 sqkm. Sanagōchi is the only village remaining in Tokushima Prefecture.

Geography
Sanagōchi is located in northern part of Tokushima Prefecture on the island of Shikoku. It is 9.5 kilometers from east-to-west and 4.5 kilometers from north-to-south. The area is known for its spelunking caves.

Neighbouring municipalities
Tokushima Prefecture
 * Tokushima
 * Naruto
 * Itano
 * Kitajima
 * Kamiita
 * Ishii

Climate
Sanagōchi has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) characterized by warm summers and cool winters with light snowfall. The average annual temperature in Sanagōchi is 14.5 °C. The average annual rainfall is 2128 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 25.4 °C, and lowest in January, at around 3.9 °C.

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Sanagōchi has been declining over the past 70 years.

History
As with all of Tokushima Prefecture, the area of Sanagōchi was part of ancient Awa Province. During the Edo period, the area was part of the holdings of Tokushima Domain ruled by the Hachisuka clan from their seat at Tokushima Castle. The village of Sanagōchi was established within Myōdō District, Tokushima with the creation of the modern municipalities system on October 1, 1889.

Government
Sanagōchi has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral village council of eight members. Sanagōchi, together with the city of Tokushima, contributes ten members to the Tokushima Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the village is part of Tokushima 1st district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.

Economy
The economy of Sanagōchi is agricultural. The village is famous for producing momo ichigo (ももいちご) (literally "peach strawberry"), a type of strawberry which is renowned for its juiciness and hence retails for very high prices – a large strawberry can sell for upwards of 500 yen (over $6 at 2011 exchange rates). Various sweets are made using it, such as chocolate and mochi-covered strawberries, and Häagen-Dazs Japan sells Momo Ichigo ice cream.

Education
Sanagōchi has one public elementary school and one public middle school operated by the village government. The village does not have a high school.

Railway
Sanagōchi is not served by any passenger railway station. The nearest station is Tokushima Station on the JR Shikoku Kōtoku Line and Mugi Line.

title: Sanagōchi, Tokushima


text:
Myōdō District, Tokushima

Myōdō (名東郡) is a district located in Tokushima Prefecture, Japan.

As of June 1, 2019, the district has an estimated population of 2,144 and a density of 49.8 PD/km2. The total area is 42.28 km2.

Towns and villages

 * Sanagōchi

title: Myōdō District, Tokushima


text:
Ishii, Tokushima

Ishii (石井町) is a town located in Myōzai District, Tokushima Prefecture, Japan. , the town had an estimated population of 25,219 in 10820 households and a population density of 870 persons per km2. The total area of the town is 28.85 sqkm.

Geography
Ishii is located in northeastern Tokushima Prefecture on the island of Shikoku. On the north side of the town, the Yoshino River flows from east to west, and near the center of the town, the Iio River, which is a tributary of the Yoshino River, meanders. The land is almost all flat except for the mountains along the city-town border on the south side of the town.

Neighbouring municipalities
Tokushima Prefecture
 * Tokushima
 * Yoshinogawa
 * Kamiyama
 * Itano
 * Kamiita
 * Aizumi

Climate
Ishii has a Humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) characterized by warm summers and cool winters with light snowfall. The average annual temperature in Ishii is 15.2 °C. The average annual rainfall is 2128 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 26.4 °C, and lowest in January, at around 4.5 °C.

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Ishii has remained relatively stable for the past 60 years.

History
As with all of Tokushima Prefecture, the area of Ishii was part of ancient Awa Province. The village of Ishii was established within Myozai District, Tokushima with the creation of the modern municipalities system on October 1, 1889. It was raised to town status on November 1, 1907. Ishii annexed the neighboring villages of Urasho, Takahara, Aihata and Takagawara on March 31, 1955.

Government
Ishii has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral town council of 14 members. Itano, together with the other municipalities of Myozai District, contributes two members to the Tokushima Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the town is part of Tokushima 1st district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.

Economy
Ishii has primarily an agricultural economy; however, due to its geographic proximity to Tokushima, it is increasingly becoming a commuter town. Nippon Ham and Morinaga Milk Industry are major employers.

Education
Ishii has six public elementary schools and two public middle schools operated by the town government and one public high school operated by the Tokushima Prefectural Department of Education. The Tokushima Prefectural College of Agriculture is located in Ishii.

Railway
JR Shikoku - Tokushima Line
 * Shimoura - Ishii

Local attractions

 * Awa Kokubunni-ji ruins, National Historic Site
 * Dōgaku-ji

title: Ishii, Tokushima


text:
Kamiyama, Tokushima

Kamiyama (神山町) is a town in Myōzai District, Tokushima Prefecture, Japan. , the town had an estimated population of 4,930 in 2404 households and a population density of 28 persons per km². The total area of the town is 173.305 sqkm.

Geography
Kamiyama is located in the upper reaches of the Akui River, which runs parallel to the south side of the Yoshino River in central Tokushima Prefecture on the island of Shikoku. Located in the eastern part of the Shikoku Mountains, about 83% of the total area is mountainous, with agricultural land and settlements scattered in the Akui River basin that crosses the center of the town from east to west. Parts of the town are within the borders of the Chūbu Sankei Prefectural Natural Park or the Higashi Sankei Prefectural Natural Park.

Neighbouring municipalities
Tokushima Prefecture
 * Tokushima
 * Yoshinogawa
 * Mima
 * Ishii
 * Naka
 * Kamikatsu
 * Sanagōchi

Climate
Kamiyama has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) characterized by warm summers and cool winters with light snowfall. The average annual temperature in Kamiyama is 14.5 °C. The average annual rainfall is 2137 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 25.4 °C, and lowest in January, at around 3.9 °C.

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Kamiyama has been rapidly declining over the past 70 years.

History
As with all of Tokushima Prefecture, the area of Kamiyama was part of ancient Awa Province. The area has been settled since ancient times and is mentioned in the Nihon Shoki. During the Edo period, the area was part of the holdings of Tokushima Domain ruled by the Hachisuka clan from their seat at Tokushima Castle. The villages of Ano (阿野村), Jinryō (神領村), Orono (鬼籠野村), Shimobun-Kamiyama (下分上山村), and  Kamibun-Kamiyama (上分上山村) were established within Myōzai District, Tokushima with the creation of the modern municipalities system on October 1, 1889. These five villages merged to form the town of Kamiyama on November 20, 1965.

Government
Kamiyama has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral town council of eight members. Kamiyama, together with the other municipalities of Myōzai District, contributes two members to the Tokushima Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the town is part of Tokushima 1st district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.

Economy
The economy of Kamiyama is agricultural, and the town is the largest producer of sudachi in Japan, accounting for 24% of the production in Tokushima Prefecture. Kamiyama is notable for its successes in minimizing its population decline through digital transformation efforts and promotion as a rural startup ecosystem.

Education
Kamiyama has two public elementary schools and one public middle school operated by the town government and one public high school operated by the Tokushima Prefectural Department of Education.

Railway
Kamiyama does not have any passenger rail service. The closest station is the JR Shikoku Tokushima Station, which is approximately 50 minutes away by car.

Local attractions

 * Shōsan-ji, 12th temple on the Shikoku Pilgrimage
 * Amagoi Waterfalls, one of "Japan’s Top 100 Waterfalls",
 * Kamiichinomiya Ōawa Jinja, one of the shrines claiming to be the ichinomiya of Awa Province.
 * Okubo Chichi-Icho Ginkgo tree
 * Chūbu Sankei Prefectural Natural Park
 * Higashi Sankei Prefectural Natural Park

title: Kamiyama, Tokushima


text: User talk:168.99.197.188

title: User talk:168.99.197.188


text:
Myōzai District, Tokushima

Myōzai (名西郡) is a district located in Tokushima Prefecture, Japan.

As of June 1, 2019, the district has an estimated population of 29,786 and a population density of 147 PD/km2. The total area is 202.15 km2.

Towns and villages

 * Ishii
 * Kamiyama

title: Myōzai District, Tokushima


text:
Nakagawa, Tokushima

Nakagawa (那賀川町) was a town located in Naka District, Tokushima Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 10,576 and a density of 567.08 persons per km2. The total area was 18.65 km2.

On March 20, 2006, Nakagawa, along with the town of Hanoura (also from Naka District), was merged into the expanded city of Anan.

title: Nakagawa, Tokushima


text:
Hanoura, Tokushima

Hanoura (羽ノ浦町) was a town located in Naka District, Tokushima Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 12,056 and a density of 1,415.02 persons per km2. The total area was 8.52 km2.

On March 20, 2006, Hanoura, along with the town of Nakagawa (also from Naka District), was merged into the expanded city of Anan.

title: Hanoura, Tokushima


text: User talk:216.70.13.130

title: User talk:216.70.13.130


text:
Blaze Starr

Blaze Starr (born Fannie Belle Fleming; April 10, 1932 – June 15, 2015) was an American stripper and burlesque star. Her vivacious presence and inventive use of stage props earned her the nickname "The Hottest Blaze in Burlesque". She was also known for her affair with Louisiana Governor Earl Kemp Long. Based on her memoir ''Blaze Starr! My Life as Told to Huey Perry (published in 1974), the 1989 film Blaze'' told the story of that affair starring Paul Newman as Long and Lolita Davidovich as Starr, with Starr herself acting in a cameo role and as a consultant.

Early life
Starr was born on April 10, 1932, in rural Wayne County, West Virginia, along Twelvepole Creek, (also spelled Twelve Pole Creek) the second eldest of 11 siblings born to Lora (née Evans) and Goodlow Fleming.

Reared in the Newground Hollow (also spelled New Ground Hollow) area of Wilsondale, West Virginia, she left home at either age 14 or 15, claiming to have suffered a gang rape during her teenage years. She first moved to Logan, West Virginia, working as a carhop, and then from there to Washington D.C., where, according to her autobiography, she was discovered by a promoter while she was employed in a doughnut shop.

She recalled:"I was 15 and working as a waitress at the Mayflower Donut Shop in Washington, D.C., when a man named Red Snyder told me I was pretty and ought to be in show business. I said I had been raised to believe it was sinful to dance, but I could play the guitar. "Good," he said. "I'm going to make you a star." Red said he wanted me to dress up as a cowgirl, play the guitar a little and then strip. I had never heard of striptease before. But Red sweet-talked me and said the girls who did all had to be really beautiful. When you have never even shown your belly button, the thought of stripping is scary. So when I went onstage for the first time in my red-and-white cowgirl outfit, I used my hat to cover myself. After the show I threw up. It wasn't that I thought there was anything wrong with stripping. I was just overwhelmed by the emotion of getting into show business."

Snyder became Fleming's first manager, encouraged her to start stripping, and gave her the stage name Blaze Starr.

Career
Starr moved to Baltimore, where she began performing at the Two O'Clock Club nightclub in 1950. She eventually became its headliner. She rose to national renown after she was profiled in a February 1954 Esquire magazine article, "B-Belles of Burlesque: You Get Strip Tease With Your Beer in Baltimore". The Two O'Clock Club remained her home base, but she began to travel and perform in clubs throughout the country.

Starr's striking red hair, voluptuous figure and on-stage enthusiasm were a large part of her appeal. The theatrical flourishes and unique gimmicks she used in her stage show went beyond established burlesque routines like the fan dance and balloon dance. She often performed with dangerous cats, including a baby black panther.

Her trademark routine was "the exploding couch". As she explained in 1989, "I had finally got my gimmick, a comedy thing where I'm supposed to be getting so worked up that I stretch out on the couch, and — when I push a secret button — smoke starts coming out from like between my legs. Then a fan and a floodlight come on, and you see all these red silk streamers blowing, shaped just like flames, so it looked like the couch had just burst into fire."

Blaze was arrested more than once. The first time was in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, for lewdness, by a young police officer, Frank Rizzo, who would later become that city's police commissioner and mayor. Another time was in New Orleans.

In 1968, Starr bought the Two O'Clock Club on The Block in Baltimore, Maryland, which at the time was valued at 65,000 dollars. She continued to perform in the club. In the early 1980s, Starr made an appearance at the Mitchell Brothers' O'Farrell Theatre in San Francisco.

Relationship with Louisiana Governor Earl Long
In the late 1950s, while briefly working at the Sho-Bar on Bourbon Street in the French Quarter of New Orleans, Starr began a long-term affair with then-governor Earl Long. Starr was in the process of divorcing her husband, club owner Carroll Glorioso, and Long was married to the state's first lady, known colloquially as "Miz Blanche".

Media appearances
Two of Starr's performances, including the combustible sofa, are among the burlesque routines featured in the 1956 compilation film Buxom Beautease, produced and directed by Irving Klaw. Director Doris Wishman's 1962 film Blaze Starr Goes Nudist, a nudie-sexploitation film, features Starr's one lead movie role. As the title suggests, she plays herself. The film is also known as Blaze Starr Goes Back to Nature, Blaze Starr Goes Wild, Blaze Starr the Original, and Busting Out.

Diane Arbus photographed Starr in 1964. The photo "Blaze Starr at home" was included in the book and traveling exhibit Diane Arbus: Family Albums.

The 1989 movie Blaze recounted the story of her and Long's relationship. The film was directed by Ron Shelton, adapted by him from Starr's memoir Blaze Starr: My Life as Told to Huey Perry (1974), and starred Lolita Davidovich as Starr and Paul Newman as Long. Starr herself appeared in a cameo role and acted as consultant, earning four percent of the film's profits.

Some of Starr's costumes and other memorabilia have been displayed at the Museum of Sex in New York City and the Burlesque Hall of Fame in Las Vegas.

Retirement and personal life
Semi-retired since 1975, Starr finally retired from stripping for good in 1983 to become a full-time gemologist, an occupation in which she had dabbled in part-time since 1975 and had spent several holiday seasons selling hand-crafted jewelry at the Carrolltowne Mall in Eldersburg, near Baltimore.

Starr was a first cousin of singer Molly O'Day.

Death
Starr died June 15, 2015, either at her home in Wilsondale, West Virginia, or at a hospital in nearby Williamson (sources vary). She was 83 years old. She had been worried about the health of her dog, whom she adopted as a stray. One of her sisters claimed the stress, along with a "severe heart condition", killed her. Her dog died hours later.

title: Blaze Starr


text:
Wajiki, Tokushima

Wajiki (鷲敷町) was a town located in Naka District, Tokushima Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 3,240 and a population density of 107.50 persons per km2. The total area was 30.14 km2.

On March 1, 2005, Wajiki, along with the towns of Aioi and Kaminaka, and the villages of Kisawa and Kito (all from Naka District), was merged to create the city of Naka.

title: Wajiki, Tokushima


text:
User:Quartertone

quartertone

title: User:Quartertone


text:
Aioi, Tokushima

Aioi (相生町) was a town located in Naka District, Tokushima Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 3,208 and a density of 31.75 persons per km2. The total area was 101.04 km2.

On March 1, 2005, Aioi, along with the towns of Kaminaka and Wajiki, and the villages of Kisawa and Kito (all from Naka District), was merged to create the town of Naka.

title: Aioi, Tokushima


text:
Kaminaka, Tokushima

Kaminaka (上那賀町) was a town located in Naka District, Tokushima Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 2,242 and a density of 12.79 persons per km2. The total area was 175.27 km2.

On March 1, 2005, Kaminaka, along with the towns of Aioi and Wajiki, and the villages of Kisawa and Kito (all from Naka District), was merged to create the city of Naka.

title: Kaminaka, Tokushima


text:
Kisawa, Tokushima

Kisawa (木沢村) was a village located in Naka District, Tokushima Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the village had an estimated population of 901 and a density of 5.81 persons per km2. The total area was 154.97 km2.

On March 1, 2005, Kisawa, along with the towns of Aioi, Kaminaka and Wajiki, and the village of Kito (all from Naka District), was merged to create the city of Naka.

title: Kisawa, Tokushima


text:
Talk:Ho-Am Prize

Given that the sub-articles it links to are only lists, shouldn't they all just be sections here? Jwrosenzweig 19:36, 3 Mar 2004 (UTC)

What does Ho-Am mean ? Or is it a person's name ? Jay 18:05, 20 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * From the extlink (Byung-Chull Lee was a former Samsung chairman):
 * Ho-Am(ûÉäÜ) : The former chairman, Byung-Chull Lee's sobriquet. The meaning of Ho-am is, filling up a space with clear water as lakes do, and being unshakeable as a large rock. He used this pen name since Nov. 1955, recommended by Jeon Yong Sun, the former chairman of The Chamber of Commerce and Industry.
 * -Wikibob | Talk 00:04, 2004 Jun 21 (UTC)
 * Thanks Wikibob, I've added this info in the article. Jay 06:55, 21 Jun 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ho-Am Prize


text:
FMF

FMF may refer to:

Arts

 * Fantastic Mr Fox, a novel by Roald Dahl
 * Fantastic Mr. Fox (film)
 * Fantastic Mr. Fox (opera)
 * Fender Music Foundation, an American children's charity
 * Firefly Music Festival, in Dover, Delaware, United States
 * Florida Music Festival, in Orlando, Florida, United States

Sport

 * Malagasy Football Federation (French: Fédération Malagasy de Football)
 * Malian Football Federation (French: Fédération Malienne de Football)
 * Mexican Football Federation (Spanish: Federación Mexicana de Fútbol Asociación)
 * Moldovan Football Federation (Romanian: Federația Moldovenească de Fotbal)
 * Mozambican Football Federation (Portuguese: Federação Moçambicana de Futebol)

Other uses

 * Familial Mediterranean fever
 * Fees Must Fall, a South African student protest
 * Feminist Majority Foundation, an American rights organization
 * Fleet Marine Force, of the United States Navy and United States Marine Corps
 * Find My Friends, iOS software
 * First Millennial Foundation, now the Living Universe Foundation, a pro-space colonisation group
 * Front mid-engine, front-wheel-drive layout, a vehicle drivetrain layout
 * Funkmaster Flex (born 1967), American hip hop DJ
 * United States Foreign Military Financing, a program of the United States federal government

title: FMF


text:
Kito, Tokushima

Kitō (木頭村) was a village located in Naka District, Tokushima Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the village had an estimated population of 1,743 and a density of 7.47 persons per km2. The total area was 233.44 km2.

On March 1, 2005, Kitō, along with the towns of Aioi, Kaminaka and Wajiki, and the village of Kisawa (all from Naka District), was merged to create the city of Naka.

title: Kito, Tokushima


text:
Naka District, Tokushima

Naka (那賀郡) is a district located in Tokushima, Japan.

As of June 1, 2019, the district has an estimated population of 7,549 and a population density of 10.9 PD/km2. The total area is 694.98 km2.

Towns and villages

 * Naka

Mergers

 * On March 1, 2005 the towns of Aioi, Kaminaka and Wajiki, and the villages of Kisawa and Kito merged to form the new town of Naka.
 * On March 20, 2006 the towns of Hanoura and Nakagawa merged into the city of Anan.

title: Naka District, Tokushima


text:
Talk:Battle of Tsushima

Compass Reference
I don't know too much about naval science but isn't "west-north-east" as mentioned in this article impossible? Kent Wang 19:37, 3 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Yes it is. A quick search of Wikpedia yields this page on compass points:Boxing_the_compass. "West-north-east" isn't among them. Difficult to tell what direction the author actually meant to type, though, and I'm having no luck looking for reference material with sufficient detail. Iulianus 09:39, 27 May 2004 UTC

 * I think he meant that the ships moved west, then north, then east, although I can't be entirely sure.

About the course: Rozhestvensky ordered the Russian task-force to keep moving towards Vladivostok on the course of North-East 21 degrees.
 * if you route on 270° (west), tou can have only N, W, South in the 3 letters, not East, meaning route on 90° ! ;D Alvaro 23:36, 2005 Apr 12 (UTC)

Pusan is WNW

 * Given the map I added, the Japanese Fleet approached from the NNW southerly, or hugged the coast southerly, then cut eastwardly, thus possibly approaching from the WNW. I would infer the Japanese would not allow them selves to travel south of the Tsushima Islands.  In any event, with such a speed advantage, they were dominent before the battle fired shot one. [[User:fabartus |fabartus] 15:48, 2005 May 28 (UTC)

 * Jukes essential history (See full reference in following section) shows the Combined Japanese fleet approaching the Russian on a near reciprocal course, to wit, on a heading of 202 to 212 degrees true (by my estimate). He was ahead (North of) and Eastward of the Russians at that time moving dead slow, lurking over the area he expected the Russians to appear near given the scouting report of the night before. He'd also had two fleet detachments make contact and shadow the Russians from early morning on. By 09:45 hrs, his third division (Old captured Chinese Battleship Chin Yen plus three cruisers) had parralleled the Russian fleet about 7 nautical miles off starting when they were even with the south Island of TsuShima Islands. Fearing the coastal batteries on the Islands, the Russians were transiting closer to Kyoto in the approximately fifty mile wide channel, which gave sufficient sea room for the third division.

After that he made a number of course changes crossing and recrossing the Russian 'Tee' so that his track is pretty close to a twisted pretzel. The Russians came along the same course, but gradually bent more and more westerly.Fabartus 20:30, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC) Japan

The Japanese

Speed
I got a lot of questions. Why russian speed is 8 knots? All russian sources talk about 9 knots, and they also insist that the speed was determined by erratic decision of Рождественский to keep transports with the squadrones, while fighting. Russian battleships could move with 12-knots speed. Manchjurshi

Economic consequences of naval development
There is a podcast (number 3 of 3 on the battle) by the Society for Nautical Research. One point included is that Japan took out substantial loans to pay for their technologically advanced navy - so giving rise to political problems, despite the advantages of the decisive victory. Japan was disappointed by the peace treaty at the end of the war, which contained no substantial financial benefits to the victor. Consequently the Japanese taxpayer was left with the burden of paying for the navy that had defeated the Russians.

The podcast is based on a PhD thesis, but is discussed by the historian Sam Willis, so seems reasonably well supported as a potential RS.

The financial cost of Japan's navy does seem to be an important point that goes beyond the simple technological, tactical and strategic considerations. With cost being a major factor in all navies throughout history, I suggest that the effect of the big Japanese spend on their fleet for this battle seems worthy of inclusion in the article. I would not normally edit an article on Japanese naval history, so will leave this to other editors. ThoughtIdRetired (talk) 21:46, 29 May 2021 (UTC)

 * The podcast seems quite accurate about the substantial debt incurred by Japan, and the public outcry in the forms of demonstrations (e.g., Hibiya riots) and newspaper editorials were so severe that the government had to declare a Martial Law, and then the Cabinet resigned (as if they're responsible for a lost war) in December, 1905. The almost pro-Russian conditions in the Treaty of Portsmouth is generally accepted now in Japan to be a reflection of the judgment by President Theodore Roosevelt (who had expressed pro-Japanese sentiments during the war, and acted as the mediator for the treaty) that it is not for the national interest of the U.S. to let Japanese economy recover quickly from the scars of the war with its strong Navy intact (going into the period of WWI).
 * This public dissatisfaction remained for a long time, and in my opinion, contributed greatly to the Japanese public accepting the series of military-led governments going into WWII. And Komura Jutarō (Foreign Minister and the signer of Portsmouth Treaty) had to fear assassination attempts for life.
 * However, these are the effects of the War, and not directly of the Battle of Tsushima, so I consider their inclusion in this article to be unwarranted. Yiba  (talk | contribs) 07:31, 31 March 2022 (UTC)
 * p.s. I expanded Russo-Japanese_War to address your concern. Hope it meets your approval.  Yiba  (talk | contribs) 13:56, 31 March 2022 (UTC)

Modern steel battleships
The ships involved in this battle are, all bar two, no longer extant (and of the capital ships, all bar one) and they represent a variety of types which are all wholly obsolete by modern standards (and long obsolescent by the time of WW2). These were fleets of a type which one may consider 'early modern', as long as 'modern' is taken to mean the age of widespread steel construction. Even that is debatable. I would recommend the deletion of the term 'modern' when describing these fleets. 'Steel battleships' - a now historic class of fighting vessel - ought really to suffice. Views? 2A00:23C7:3119:AD01:1DCB:F07B:1DEB:3812 (talk) 20:55, 9 February 2023 (UTC)

Destroyers and auxiliaries
Citation added. (125) --ThomasJa276 (talk) 11:07, 20 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Battle of Tsushima