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555 timer IC

The 555 timer IC is an integrated circuit used in a variety of timer, delay, pulse generation, and oscillator applications. It is one of the most popular timing ICs due to its flexibility and price. Derivatives provide two (556) or four (558) timing circuits in one package. The design was first marketed in 1972 by Signetics and used bipolar junction transistors. Since then, numerous companies have made the original timers and later similar low-power CMOS timers. In 2017, it was said that over a billion 555 timers are produced annually by some estimates, and that the design was "probably the most popular integrated circuit ever made".

History
The timer IC was designed in 1971 by Hans Camenzind under contract to Signetics. In 1968, he was hired by Signetics to develop a phase-locked loop (PLL) IC. He designed an oscillator for PLLs such that the frequency did not depend on the power supply voltage or temperature. Signetics subsequently laid off half of its employees due to the 1970 recession, and development on the PLL was thus frozen. Camenzind proposed the development of a universal circuit based on the oscillator for PLLs and asked that he develop it alone, borrowing equipment from Signetics instead of having his pay cut in half. Camenzind's idea was originally rejected, since other engineers argued the product could be built from existing parts sold by the company; however, the marketing manager approved the idea.

The first design for the 555 was reviewed in the summer of 1971. After this design was tested and found to be without errors, Camenzind got the idea of using a direct resistance instead of a constant current source, finding that it worked satisfactorily. The design change decreased the required 9 external pins to 8, so the IC could be fit in an 8-pin package instead of a 14-pin package. This revised version passed a second design review, and the prototypes were completed in October 1971 as the NE555V (plastic DIP) and SE555T (metal TO-5). The 9-pin version had already been released by another company founded by an engineer who had attended the first review and had retired from Signetics; that firm withdrew its version soon after the 555 was released. The 555 timer was manufactured by 12 companies in 1972, and it became a best-selling product.

The 555 found many applications beyond timers. Camenzind noted in 1997 that "nine out of 10 of its applications were in areas and ways I had never contemplated. For months I was inundated by phone calls from engineers who had new ideas for using the device."

Name
Several books report the name "555" timer IC derived from the three 5 kΩ resistors inside the chip. However, in a recorded interview with an online transistor museum curator, Hans Camenzind said "It was just arbitrarily chosen. It was Art Fury (marketing manager) who thought the circuit was gonna sell big who picked the name '555' timer IC.."

Design
Depending on the manufacturer, the standard 555 package incorporated the equivalent of 25 transistors, 2 diodes, and 15 resistors on a silicon chip packaged into an 8-pin dual in-line package (DIP-8). Variants available included the 556 (a DIP-14 combining two complete 555s on one chip), and 558 / 559 (both variants were a DIP-16 combining four reduced-functionality timers on one chip).

The NE555 parts were commercial temperature range, 0 °C to +70 °C, and the SE555 part number designated the military temperature range, −55 °C to +125 °C. These chips were available in both high-reliability metal can (T package) and inexpensive epoxy plastic (V package) form factors. Thus, the full part numbers were NE555V, NE555T, SE555V, and SE555T.

Low-power CMOS versions of the 555 are now available, such as the Intersil ICM7555 and Texas Instruments LMC555, TLC555, TLC551.

Internal schematic
The internal block diagram and schematic of the 555 timer are highlighted with the same color across all three drawings to clarify how the chip is implemented:
 * Voltage divider: Between the positive supply voltage VCC and the ground GND is a voltage divider consisting of three identical resistors (5kΩ for bipolar timers, 100kΩ or higher for CMOS) to create reference voltages for the analog comparators. CONTROL is connected between the upper two resistors, allowing an external voltage to control the reference voltages:
 * When CONTROL is not driven, this divider creates an upper reference voltage of $2/3$ VCC and a lower reference voltage of $1/3$ VCC.
 * When CONTROL is driven, the upper reference voltage will instead be VCONTROL and the lower reference voltage will be $1/2$ VCONTROL.
 * Threshold comparator: The comparator's negative input is connected to voltage divider's upper reference voltage, and the comparator's positive input is connected to THRESHOLD.
 * Trigger comparator: The comparator's positive input is connected to voltage divider's lower reference, and the comparator's negative input is connected to TRIGGER.
 * Latch: A set-reset latch stores the state of the timer and is controlled by the two comparators. RESET overrides the other two inputs, thus the latch (and therefore the entire timer) can be reset at any time.
 * Output: The output of the latch is followed by an output stage with push–pull output drivers that can supply up to 200mA for bipolar timers, lower for CMOS timers.
 * Discharge: Also, the output of the latch controls a transistor acting as an electronic switch that connects DISCHARGE to ground.

Pinout
The pinout of the 8-pin 555 timer and 14-pin 556 dual timer are shown in the following table. Since the 556 is conceptually two 555 timers that share power pins, the pin numbers for each half are split across two columns.

Modes
The 555 IC has the following operating modes:
 * 1) Astable (free-running) mode – The 555 operates as an electronic oscillator. Applications include:
 * 2) * Light emitting diode and lamp flashers, pulse generation, pulse-width modulation (PWM), logic clocks, tone generation, security alarms, pulse-position modulation, etc.
 * 3) * Analog-to-digital conversion (ADC) from an analog value represented by a resistance or capacitance into a digital pulse length.
 * 4) ** e.g., selecting a thermistor as timing resistor allows the use of the 555 in a temperature sensor with the period of the output pulse determined by the temperature. A microprocessor can then convert the pulse period to temperature, linearize it, and even provide calibration.
 * 5) Monostable (one-shot) mode – The 555 operates as a "one-shot" pulse generator. Applications include:
 * 6) * timers, missing pulse detection, bounce-free switches, touch switches, frequency dividers, triggered measurement of resistance or capacitance, PWM, etc.
 * 7) Bistable (latch) mode – The 555 operates as a set-reset latch. Applications include:
 * 8) * switch debouncing.
 * 9) Schmitt trigger (inverter) mode – the 555 operates as a Schmitt trigger inverter gate. Application:
 * 10) * Converts a noisy input into a clean digital output.

Astable
In the astable configuration, the 555 timer puts out a continuous stream of rectangular pulses having a specific period.

The astable configuration is implemented using two resistors, $$R_1$$ and $$R_2 ,$$ and one capacitor $$C$$. The threshold and trigger pins are both connected to the capacitor; thus they have the same voltage.

Its repeated operating cycle (starting with the capacitor uncharged) is:

 * 1) Since the capacitor's voltage will be below $\overline{TRIGGER}$ VCC, the trigger pin causes the 555's internal latch to change state, causing OUT to go high and the internal discharge transistor to cut-off.
 * 2) Since the discharge pin is no longer short-circuited to ground, the capacitor starts charging via current from Vcc through the resistors $$R_1$$ and $$R_2$$.
 * 3) Once the capacitor charge reaches $1/2$ Vcc, the threshold pin causes the 555's internal latch to change state, causing OUT to go low and the internal discharge transistor to go into saturation (maximal-conductivity) mode.
 * 4) This discharge transistor provides a discharge path, so the capacitor starts discharging through $$R_2$$.
 * 5) Once the capacitor's voltage drops below $1/3$ VCC, the cycle repeats from step 1.

During the first pulse, the capacitor charges from 0 V to $\overline{RESET}$ VCC, however, in later pulses, it only charges from $\overline{TRIGGER}$ VCC to $2/3$ VCC. Consequently, the first pulse has a longer high time interval compared to later pulses. Moreover, the capacitor charges through both resistors but only discharges through $$R_2$$, thus the output high interval is longer than the low interval. This is shown in the following equations:

The output high time interval of each pulse is given by:

 * $$t_\text{high} = \ln(2) \cdot (R_1 + R_2) \cdot C$$

The output low time interval of each pulse is given by:

 * $$t_\text{low} = \ln(2) \cdot R_2 \cdot C$$

Hence, the frequency $$f$$ of the pulse is given by:

 * $$f = \frac{1}{t_\text{high} + t_\text{low}} = \frac{1}{\ln(2) \cdot (R_1 + 2 \, R_2) \cdot C}$$

and the duty cycle $$D$$ is given by:

 * $$D~(\%) = \frac{t_\text{high}}{t_\text{high} + t_\text{low}} \cdot 100 = \frac{R_1 + R_2}{R_1 + 2 \, R_2} \cdot 100$$

where $$t$$ is the time in seconds, $$R$$ is the resistance in ohms, $$C$$ is the capacitance in farads, and $$\ln(2)$$ is the natural logarithm of 2.

Resistor $$R_1$$ requirements:
 * The maximum power rating of $$R_1$$ must be greater than $$\frac{{V_\text{CC}}^2}{R_1}$$, per Ohm's law.

Shorter duty cycle
To create an output high time shorter than the low time (i.e., a duty cycle less than 50%) a fast diode (i.e. 1N4148 signal diode) can be placed in parallel with R2, with the cathode on the capacitor side. This bypasses R2 during the high part of the cycle, so that the high interval depends only on R1 and C, with an adjustment based on the voltage drop across the diode. The low time is unaffected by the diode and so remains $\ln(2) \, R_2 \, C \, .$ But the diode's forward voltage drop Vdiode slows charging on the capacitor, so the high time is longer than the often-cited $\ln(2) \, R_1 \, C$  to become:

 * $$t_\text{high} = \ln\left(\frac{2 \, V_\text{CC} - 3 \, V_\text{diode}}{V_\text{CC} - 3 \, V_\text{diode}}\right) \cdot R_1 \cdot C,$$

where Vdiode is when the diode's "on" current is $2/3$ of VCC/R1 (which depends on the type of diode and can be found in datasheets or measured). When Vdiode is small relative to Vcc, this charging is faster and approaches $\ln(2) \, R_1 \, C$ but is slower the closer Vdiode is to Vcc:

"As an extreme example, when VCC = 5 V, and Vdiode = 0.7 V, high time is 1.00 R1C, which is 45% longer than the 'expected' 0.693 R1C. At the other extreme, when Vcc = 15 V, and Vdiode = 0.3 V, the high time is 0.725 R1C, which is closer to the expected 0.693 R1C. The equation approaches 0.693 R1C as Vdiode approaches 0 V."

Voltage-controlled pulse-width modulation
In the previous example schematics, the control pin was not used, thus it should connected to ground through a 10 nF decoupling capacitor to shunt electrical noise. However if a time-varying voltage source was applied to the control pin, then the pulse widths would be dependent on the control voltage.

Monostable
Monostable mode produces an output pulse when the trigger signals drops below $1/3$ VCC. An RC circuit sets the output pulse's duration as the time $$t$$ in seconds it takes to charge C to $2/3$ VCC:

 * $$t = \ln(3) \cdot R \cdot C,$$

where $$R$$ is the resistance in ohms, $$C$$ is the capacitance in farads, $$\ln(3)$$ is the natural log of 3 constant. The output pulse duration can be lengthened or shortened as desired by adjusting the values of R and C. Subsequent triggering before the end of this timing interval won't affect the output pulse.

Example Values
The timing table (right) shows common electronic component value solutions for various powers of 10 timings.

Scaling R and C by opposite powers of 10 will provide the same timing. For instance:
 * 1ms ≅ 1nF and 910kΩ,
 * 1ms ≅ 10nF and 91kΩ (values from table),
 * 1ms ≅ 100nF and 9.1kΩ.

For each row in the example table (right), additional timing values can easily be created by adding one to three of the same resistor value in parallel and/or series. A second resistor in parallel, the new timing is half the table time. A second resistor in series, the new timing is double the table time.
 * 2.5ms (0.25x) ≅ 100nF and 22.75kΩ (four 91kΩ resistors in parallel),
 * 5ms (0.5x) ≅ 100nF and 45.5kΩ (two 91kΩ resistors in parallel),
 * 10ms (1x) ≅ 100nF and 91kΩ (values from table),
 * 15ms (1.5x) ≅ 100nF and 136.5kΩ (one 91kΩ resistor in series with "two 91kΩ resistors in parallel"),
 * 20ms (2x) ≅ 100nF and 182kΩ (two 91kΩ resistors in series),
 * 25ms (2.5x) ≅ 100nF and 227.5kΩ ("two 91kΩ resistors in series" in series with "two 91kΩ resistors in parallel"),
 * 30ms (3x) ≅ 100nF and 273kΩ (three 91kΩ resistors in series),
 * 40ms (4x) ≅ 100nF and 364kΩ (four 91kΩ resistors in series).

Bistable SR latch
A 555 timer can act as an active-low SR latch (though without an inverted $1/3$ output) with two outputs: output pin is a push-pull output, discharge pin is an open-collector output (requires a pull-up resistor).

For the schematic on the right, a $2/3$ input signal connects to the $1/3$ pin and connecting a $2/3$ input signal to the $1/2$ pin. Thus, pulling $1/3$ momentarily low acts as a "set" and transitions the output to the high state (VCC). Conversely, pulling $2/3$ momentarily low acts as a "reset" and transitions the Out pin to the low state (GND).

No timing capacitors are required in a bistable configuration. The threshold input is grounded because it is unused. The trigger and reset inputs may be held high via pull-up resistors if they are normally Hi-Z and only enabled by connecting to ground.

Bistable schmitt trigger inverter gate
A 555 timer can be used to create a Schmitt trigger inverter gate with two outputs: output pin is a push-pull output, discharge pin is an open-collector output (requires a pull-up resistor).

For the schematic on the right, an input signal is AC-coupled through a low value series capacitor, then biased by identical high-resistance resistors $$R_1$$ and $$R_2$$, which causes the signal to be centered at $\overline{Q}$ V cc. This centered signal is connected to both the trigger and threshold input pins of the timer. The input signal must be strong enough to excite the trigger levels of the comparators to exceed the lower $\overline{Reset}$ VCC and upper $\overline{RESET}$ VCC thresholds in order to cause them to change state, thus providing the schmitt trigger feature.

No timing capacitors are required in a bistable configuration.

Packages

In 1972, Signetics originally released the 555 timer in DIP-8 and TO5-8 metal can packages, and the 556 timer was released in a DIP-14 package.

In 2006, the dual 556 timer was available in through-hole packages as DIP-14 (2.54 mm pitch), and surface-mount packages as SO-14 (1.27 mm pitch) and SSOP-14 (0.65 mm pitch).

In 2012, the 555 was available in through-hole packages as DIP-8 (2.54 mm pitch), and surface-mount packages as SO-8 (1.27 mm pitch), SSOP-8 / TSSOP-8 / VSSOP-8 (0.65 mm pitch), BGA (0.5 mm pitch).

The MIC1555 is a CMOS 555-type timer with three fewer pins available in SOT23-5 (0.95 mm pitch) surface-mount package.

Specifications
These specifications apply to the original bipolar NE555. Other 555 timers can have different specifications depending on the grade (industrial, military, medical, etc.).

Derivatives
Numerous companies have manufactured one or more variants of the 555, 556, 558 timers over the past decades, under many different part numbers. The following is a partial list:

 * Table notes
 * All information in the above table was pulled from references in the datasheet column, except where denoted below.
 * For the "Total timers" column, a "*" denotes parts that are missing 555 timer features.
 * For the "Iq" column, a 5-volt supply was chosen as a common voltage to make it easier to compare. The value for Signetics NE558 is an estimate because NE558 datasheets don't state Iq at 5 V. The value listed in this table was estimated by comparing the 5 V to 15 V ratio of other bipolar datasheets, then derating the 15 V parameter for the NE558 part, which is denoted by the "*".
 * For the "Frequency max." column, a "*" denotes values that may not be the actual maximum frequency limit of the part. The MIC1555 datasheet discusses limitations from 1 to 5 MHz. Though most bipolar timers don't state the maximum frequency in their datasheets, they all have a maximum frequency limitation of hundreds of kHz across their full temperature range. Section 8.1 of the Texas Instruments NE555 datasheet states a value of 100 kHz, and their website shows a value of 100 kHz in timer comparison tables. Signetics App Note 170 states that most devices will oscillate up to 1 MHz; however, when considering temperature stability, it should be limited to about 500 kHz. The application note from HFO mentions that at higher supply voltages the maximum power dissipation of the circuit might limit the operating frequency, as the supply current increases with frequency.
 * For the "Manufacturer" column, the following associates historical 555 timer manufacturers to current company names.
 * Fairchild Semiconductor was sold to ON Semiconductor in 2016. ON Semiconductor was founded in 1999 as a spinoff of Motorola Semiconductor Components Group.  The MC1455 started as a Motorola product.
 * Intersil was sold to Renesas Electronics in 2017. The ICM7555 and ICM7556 started as Intersil products.
 * Micrel was sold to Microchip Technology in 2015. The MIC1555 started as a Micrel product.
 * National Semiconductor was sold to Texas Instruments in 2011. The LM555 and LM556 started as a National Semiconductor products.
 * Signetics was sold to Philips Semiconductor in 1975, later to NXP Semiconductors in 2006.
 * Zetex Semiconductors was sold to Diodes Incorporated in 2008. The ZSCT1555 started as a Zetex product.

556 dual timer
The dual version is called 556. It features two complete 555 timers in a 14-pin package; only the two power-supply pins are shared between the two timers. In 2020, the bipolar version was available as the NE556, and the CMOS versions were available as the Intersil ICM7556 and Texas Instruments TLC556 and TLC552. See derivatives table in this article.

558 quad timer
The quad version is called 558 and has four reduced-functionality timers in a 16-pin package designed primarily for monostable multivibrator applications. By 2014, many versions of 16-pin NE558 have become obsolete.

Partial list of differences between 558 and 555 chips:
 * One VCC and one GND, similar to 556 chip.
 * Four "Reset" are tied together internally to one external pin (558).
 * Four "Control Voltage" are tied together internally to one external pin (558).
 * Four "Triggers" are falling-edge sensitive (558), instead of level sensitive (555).
 * Two resistors in the voltage divider (558), instead of three resistors (555).
 * One comparator (558), instead of two comparators (555).
 * Four "Output" are open-collector (O.C.) type (558), instead of push–pull (P.P.) type (555).

title: 555 timer IC


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Baron Langford

Baron Langford, of Summerhill in the County of Meath, is a title in the Peerage of Ireland. It was created on 1 July 1800 for Clotworthy Rowley, who had earlier represented Trim and County Meath in the Irish House of Commons. Born Clotworthy Taylor, he was the fourth son of Thomas Taylor, 1st Earl of Bective (whose eldest son was created Marquess of Headfort in 1800) and Jane Rowley, daughter of Hercules Langford Rowley and his wife Elizabeth Rowley, 1st Viscountess Langford (created 1766). The viscountcy of Langford became extinct in 1796 on the death of Hercules Rowley, 2nd Viscount Langford. Clotworthy Taylor succeeded to the Rowley estates and assumed by Royal licence the surname of Rowley in lieu of Taylor. Four years later the Langford title was revived when he was raised to the Peerage of Ireland as Baron Langford.

Lord Langford's great-grandson, the fourth Baron, sat in the House of Lords as an Irish representative peer from 1884 to 1919. He was succeeded by his son, the fifth Baron. On his early death in 1922 the title passed to his uncle, the sixth Baron. He was succeeded by his nephew, the seventh Baron. When he died in 1952 the line of the third Baron failed, and the title was inherited by the late Baron's first cousin once removed, the eighth Baron. He was the son of Colonel the Hon. Hercules Langford Boyle Rowley, second son of the second Baron. On his death in 1953 this line of the family also failed. The title passed to his second cousin once removed, the ninth Baron. He was the great-grandson of Hon. Richard Thomas Rowley, second son of the first Baron, who lived to the age of 105. the title is held by the third (but elder legitimate) son of the ninth baron, who succeeded his father in that year.

The family seat is Bodrhyddan Hall, near Rhuddlan, Denbighshire. The original family seat was Summerhill House, near Summerhill, County Meath, in Ireland.

Barons Langford (1800)

 * Clotworthy Rowley, 1st Baron Langford (1763–1825)
 * Hercules Langford Rowley, 2nd Baron Langford (1795–1839)
 * Wellington William Robert Rowley, 3rd Baron Langford (1824–1854)
 * Hercules Edward Rowley, 4th Baron Langford (1848–1919)
 * John Hercules William Rowley, 5th Baron Langford (1894–1922)
 * William Chambre Rowley, 6th Baron Langford (1849–1931)
 * Clotworthy Wellington Thomas Edward Rowley, 7th Baron Langford (1885–1952)
 * Arthur Sholto Langford Rowley, 8th Baron Langford (1870–1953)
 * Geoffrey Alexander Rowley-Conwy, 9th Baron Langford (1912–2017)
 * Owain Grenville Rowley-Conwy, 10th Baron Langford (b. 1958)

The heir apparent is the present holder's son the Hon. Thomas Alexander Rowley-Conwy (b. 1987)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Baron Langford


text:
Because I Said So (TV series)

Because I Said So is a 2002 Canadian talk show television series hosted by former lawyer, stand-up comedian, and actress Maggie Cassella.

Maggie Cassella hosts celebrities who talk about the worst aspects of the entertainment industry.

title: Because I Said So (TV series)


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Museo Egizio

The Museo Egizio or Egyptian Museum is an archaeological museum in Turin, Italy, specializing in Egyptian archaeology and anthropology. It houses one of the largest collections of Egyptian antiquities, with more than 30,000 artifacts, and is considered the second most important Egyptological collection in the world, after the Egyptian Museum of Cairo. In 2019, it received 853,320 visitors, making it one of the most visited museums in Italy.

History
The first object having an association with Egypt to arrive in Turin was the Mensa Isiaca in 1630, an altar table in imitation of Egyptian style, which Dulu Jones suggests had been created for a temple to Isis in Rome. This exotic piece spurred King Charles Emmanuel III to commission botanist Vitaliano Donati to travel to Egypt in 1753 and acquire items from its past. Donati returned with 300 pieces recovered from Karnak and Coptos, which became the nucleus of the Turin collection.

In 1824, King Charles Felix acquired the material from the Drovetti collection (5,268 pieces, including 100 statues, 170 papyri, stelae, mummies, and other items), that the French General Consul, Bernardino Drovetti, had built during his stay in Egypt. In the same year, Jean-François Champollion used the huge Turin collection of papyri to test his breakthroughs in deciphering the hieroglyphic writing. The time Champollion spent in Turin studying the texts is also the origin of a legend about the mysterious disappearance of the "Papiro dei Re", that was only later found and of which some portions are still unavailable. In 1950, a parapsychologist was contacted to pinpoint them, to no avail.

In 1833, the collection of Piedmontese Giuseppe Sossio (over 1,200 pieces) was added to the Egyptian Museum. The collection was complemented and completed by the finds of Egyptologist Ernesto Schiaparelli, during his excavation campaigns between 1900 and 1920, which further filled out the collection. Its last major acquisition was the small temple of Ellesiya, which the Egyptian government presented to Italy for her assistance during the Nubian monument salvage campaign in the 1960s.

Through all these years, the Egyptian collection has always been in Turin, in the building designed for the purpose of housing it, in Via Accademia delle Scienze 6. Only during the Second World War was some of the material moved to the town of Agliè. The museum became an experiment of the Italian government in privatization of the nation's museums when the Fondazione Museo delle Antichità Egizie was officially established at the end of 2004. The building itself was remodelled in celebration of the 2006 Winter Olympics, with its main rooms redesigned by Dante Ferretti, and "featured an imaginative use of lighting and mirrors in a spectacular display of some of the most important and impressive Pharaonic statues in the museum collection."

On April 1, 2015, a new layout of the museum was opened.

The new logo, the coordinated image and the exhibition system have been designed by the studio Migliore+Servetto Architects, whose founders, Ico Migliore and Mara Servetto, are creative advisor for the museum.

Multaka network
In 2029, the museum joined six similar museums in Germany, the United Kingdom, Greece and Switzerland, creating the international Multaka network. This intercultural museum project organizes guided tours for refugees and migrants designed and offered for free by specially trained Arabic-speaking Multaka guides. The visitor-centered discussions with migrants in their language are focused on the historical origin and history of acquisition of cultural objects, including the visitors' own understanding of their country's cultural heritage.

Collection
There are more than 37,000 items in the museum, covering a period from the Paleolithic to the Coptic era. The most important are:

 * the 'Assemblea dei Re' (Kings Assembly), a term originally indicating a collection of statues representing all the kings of the New Kingdom
 * the Temple of Ellesyia, donated as part of the International Campaign to Save the Monuments of Nubia
 * sarcophagi, mummies and Books of the Dead originally belonging to the "Drovetti collection"
 * a painted fabric from Gebelein dated at about 3500 BC, discovered in 1930 by Giulio Farina
 * an ostracon of Prince Sethherkhepshef
 * funerary paraphernalia from the Tomba di Ignoti (Tomb of Unknown) from the Old Kingdom
 * the tomb of Kha and Merit (TT8), found intact by Schiaparelli in 1906 and transferred as a whole to the museum
 * the Bembine Tablet
 * the 'Tomba dipinta' (Painted Tomb) usually closed to the public
 * the papyrus collection room, originally collected by Drovetti and later used by Champollion during his studies for the decoding of the hieroglyphics
 * the Turin King List (or Turin Royal Canon)
 * the Turin Papyrus Map
 * the Turin Erotic Papyrus
 * the Judicial Papyrus of Turin

The Egyptian Museum owns three different versions of the Egyptian Book of the Dead, including the most ancient copy known. An integral illustrated version and the personal copy of the architect Kha, found by Schiaparelli in 1906, are normally shown to the public.

Works

 * Wolfgang Kosack: Schenute von Atripe De judicio finale. Papyruskodex 63000.IV im Museo Egizio di Torino. Einleitung, Textbearbeitung und Übersetzung herausgegeben von Wolfgang Kosack. Berlin 2013, Verlag Brunner Christoph, ISBN 978-3-9524018-5-9
 * Wolfgang Kosack: Basilios "De archangelo Michael": sahidice Pseudo - Euhodios "De resurrectione": sahidice Pseudo - Euhodios "De dormitione Mariae virginis": sahidice & bohairice : < Papyruskodex Turin, Mus. Egizio Cat. 63000 XI. > nebst Varianten und Fragmente. In Parallelzeilen ediert, kommentiert und übersetzt von Wolfgang Kosack. Verlag Christoph Brunner, Berlin 2014. ISBN 978-3-906206-02-8.

title: Museo Egizio


text:
Shoulder surfing

Shoulder surfing may refer to:

 * Shoulder surfing (computer security)
 * Shoulder surfing (surfing)

title: Shoulder surfing


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Maggie Cassella

Maggie Cassella is an American-Canadian actress, comedian and writer, best known for hosting the Canadian television talk show Because I Said So and founding the We're Funny That Way! comedy festival.

Biography
Cassella's double degree in philosophy and women's studies led her to a position at a private boarding school in Connecticut teaching philosophy and religion. Finding that a private school teacher's salary inadequate, she attended law school. After almost ten years as a lawyer dealing with cases involving people with AIDS, transitional issues around marriage and bringing a test case for gay adoption to Connecticut, Cassella quit the legal profession and began her comedy career.

Cassella's stand-up comedy style was a mix of rants and raves. She found she could get an unlimited supply of material from just reading the news, Cassella settled in on her Because I Said So format of sit-down comedy tearing through news topics from law, entertainment, technology, religion, and finishing up with the things that she just found irritating. She has performed Because I Said So for 20 summers in Provincetown as well as in other places in North America.

Eventually, Cassella landed a full-time job and the love of her life. One of the original on-air talents on STAR!, she parlayed that job into her own talk show called Because I Said So.

BISS, as it was referred to around the station, allowed Cassella to have some fun and interview celebrities. She continues to do those interviews (even though BISS went bust) as a field producer during the Toronto International Film Festival for the syndicated US entertainment show Extra. Over the years, Cassella has interviewed comedy legends such as Phyllis Diller, Bea Arthur and Joan Rivers, as well as performers such as William H. Macy, Jude Law, Juliette Binoche, Robert Downey Jr., Laura Linney, Eartha Kitt, and k.d. lang.

In 2009, Cassella produced and hosted six episodes of The Vent!, a thirty-minute show she co-created and produced, that focuses on one topic from a variety of angles. Her production company, A Sweet Little Production Company, is located in Toronto and she continues to work on developing shows and films.

She is an out lesbian, and a frequent collaborator of US-based lesbian comedian Lea DeLaria. In addition to performing shows together, the duo have also cowritten a book and two screenplays. Cassella was a co-owner of The Flying Beaver Pubaret, a restaurant and performance venue on Parliament Street in Toronto's Cabbagetown neighbourhood until a fire on February 20, 2015, caused the venue to close for good.

She voices Dr. Mulberry, who is the lesbian character in the 2019 version of Clifford the Big Red Dog.

Discography

 * Because I Said So (2002)

title: Maggie Cassella


text:
User:Stern~enwiki

Hello, I'm Stern from Münster.

Usually, you will find me in the de-Wikipedia. For a fast answer you should use my user discussion page there!

de:Benutzer:Stern sv:Användare:Stern

title: User:Stern~enwiki


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Hat Yai

Hat Yai (หาดใหญ่,, also Haad Yai or Had Yai) is a city in southern Thailand near the Malaysian border and the fifth largest city in Thailand. It is 946 km south of Bangkok, has a population of 156,802 (2019) in the city municipality (thesaban nakhon / city proper) itself and an urban population of 404,044 (2021) in the entire district of Amphoe Hat Yai.

Hat Yai is the largest city of Songkhla province and is part of the Greater Hat Yai-Songkhla Metropolitan Area (a conurbation with a population of about 800,000), forming the largest metropolitan area in the south, and the fourth largest metropolitan area of the country. The city is often mistaken for being the provincial capital. In fact, Songkhla is the capital and the center of administration and culture while Hat Yai is the business center.

History
Originally named Khok Samet Chun (โคกเสม็ดชุน, "shore eugenia knoll"), Hat Yai was a small village until the southern railway was built there, making it one of the major rail hubs of the time. The junction which connected the town of Songkhla with the main route was formerly in the U Tapao area, but was later moved to Khok Samet Chun in 1922 when the U Tapao area turned out to be flood-prone. At that time, Khok Samet Chun had only four residents, but thanks to the investments of Khun Niphat Chinnakorn (the railway contractor for the railway line from Nakhon Si Thammarat to Pattani) it quickly grew into a small town.

In 1928, Hat Yai was made a community (chumchon), which was upgraded to a sanitary district (sukhaphiban) on December 11, 1935. It covered an area of 4.4 km2, and was administered by the first mayor, Udom Bunlong. In 1938, the municipal administration building was completed. On March 16, 1949, Hat Yai was granted town status (thesaban mueang). On May 10, 1961, the area covered by the municipality was increased to 8 km2. As a result of the town's continuing growth, on August 13, 1968, a larger, new municipal administration building was opened. On April 24, 1977, the total area of the municipality was enlarged for the second time to 21 km2. Finally, in 1995, the town was upgraded to city status (thesaban nakhon). There are a total of 102 communities (chumchon), divided into 4 zones.

The name "Hat Yai" is a short version of "mahat yai", meaning big mahat (มะหาด) tree, a relative of jackfruits in genus Artocarpus.

Southern violence
As the major economic center of lower southern Thailand, Hat Yai has increasingly become a target of terrorism in the separatist campaign conducted by the Patani United Liberation Organisation and similar radical groups.

On April 3, 2005, bomb attacks were carried out at a Carrefour Hypermarket and Hat Yai International Airport, killing two and injuring dozens.

On September 16, 2006, a series of bomb attacks killed four and injured more than 70. Although no group has claimed responsibility, local separatists are presumed to be responsible.

On March 31, 2012, a car bomb exploded in the Lee Gardens Plaza Hotel, killing at least 5 and injuring hundreds. Both Thai nationals and Malaysian tourists were among the victims. The Royal Thai Army believes that members of the Barisan Revolusi Nasional (BRN) group carried out the terrorist attack.

On May 6, 2014, two bombs exploded in front of a convenience store and a police station, injuring 9 people.

Transportation
Hat Yai Junction has become the transportation hub of southern Thailand since the railway was constructed. One of the largest railway stations in the south, Hat Yai Railway Station is an international railway station which handles 28 passenger trains per day, including 26 trains served by State Railway of Thailand and 2 trains served by KTMB of Malaysia. Hat Yai is also the hub for local train services in southern Thailand.

Parallel to the railway line is the Asian highway 2. Asian highway 18 originates in Hat Yai and runs south along the east coast of the Malay peninsula.

Hat Yai Bus Terminal is a major transport hub in southern Thailand. It offers bus services that link Hat Yai with nearly every town and city in the southern region as well as other destinations, including Bangkok and Nakhon Ratchasima. Hat Yai also has a minibus terminal which hosts the largest minibus service in southern Thailand. There are also several private minibus services which focus on tourist destinations, including Phuket, Ko Samui, Ko Pha Ngan, Pak Bara Peer in Satun (a gateway to the islands in the southern Andaman Sea), Langkawi, Penang, Kuala Lumpur, and Singapore. The minibus service has gained popularity in recent years as minibuses are considered a faster way to travel.

Hat Yai International Airport (upgraded to an international airport December 1972) is 9 km from downtown, serving destinations throughout Thailand and connecting the city to Kuala Lumpur and Singapore. It is also an important airport for Muslims on pilgrimage to Mecca. The airport is listed as Thailand's fifth busiest airport, serving 4,256,107 passengers in 2018.

Health
There are two main hospitals in Hat Yai. Hatyai Hospital is operated by the Ministry of Public Health, while Songklanagarind Hospital is a university hospital operated by the Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University.

Demographics
Demographically, Hat Yai is notable for a higher proportion of Thai Malays and Thai Chinese citizens than other cities of comparable size in other regions of Thailand. Unlike most of area in Southern Thailand, the main language spoken in Hatyai is Central Thai, the enclave language spoken by Thai Chinese, the encircle language, Southern Thai varieties such as Songkhla and Sadao dialects are also common as well, and varieties of Songkhla Malay which spoken by Malays. The population of Hat Yai Municipality was 156,802 as of 2019, making it the fourth largest city municipality (city proper) in the country after Bangkok, Nonthaburi, and Pak Kret, and the fifth largest city (Urban; with a population of 400,000) in the country after Bangkok, Chiang Mai, Korat and Khon Kaen.

Education
Prince of Songkla University is the oldest and largest university in southern Thailand. The main campus is near Hat Yai downtown; the campus area covers Hat Yai city and Kho Hong town. This public university is always ranked one of the top national universities. The first private university in southern Thailand, Hatyai University, is also located in the urban area of Hat Yai. In addition, Ramkhamhaeng University's campus is near the international airport.

Hat Yai is also home to several famous high schools, including the country's top ten, Hatyaiwittayalai School (public). Another well-known public school is Hatyaiwittayalaisomboonkulkanya School, the former branch of Hatyaiwittayalai. In addition, there are several popular private schools in greater Hat Yai, including Saengthong Vitthaya School, Thidanukhro School, and PSU Wittayanusorn School.

Climate
Hat Yai has a tropical monsoon climate (Am), which is hot and humid, like other parts of Southern Thailand. Hat Yai has only two seasons; wet and dry. The wet season, which is influenced by monsoon and rain storms, is from April to December, while the sunny dry season is only from January to March. Additionally, there have been occasional floods in Hat Yai, due to the heavy rain; it can rain for twenty-two days in November with more than 317 mm of precipitation.

Shopping
Hat Yai has a reputation for being a shopping destination for both Thais and foreigners. There are numbers of department stores, shopping malls and markets throughout the city. Suntisook Market on Nipat U-tid 1, 2 & 3 roads are among the best-known. Their main products are imported processed food, cosmetics, fabrics, gadgets and electrical appliances. The city's major wet market is located near the railway station. And another one is Kim Yong market on Supasarn Rungsan road.

Kim Yong market (also Gim Yong) is a famous market located in the center of Hat Yai, Songkhla. The market is divided into 2 parts. The first part is a 2-floor building previously called the “Chaloemthai” cinema. The second part is an outdoor market, alongside the road.

The goods in this market are varied and each part of the market is different. On the first floor of the building, there are fresh foods, such as vegetables, meats, certain seafood, groceries, clothes, snacks, and dry foodstuffs. It is well known that Kim Yong Market has many kinds of dry foodstuffs from China and snacks like chocolates and chips from Malaysia. On the second floor, there are electric appliances which are made in Thailand and China. All of these imported goods are inexpensive because they are tax-free. Outside of the building, many shops and stalls can be found along small streets. Most of the shops sell batiks from Malaysia and Indonesia and Muslim clothes while the majority of stalls sell foods and fruits. Moreover, chestnut is another popular product, which visitors prefer to buy. They can notice chestnut stalls easily by the man who roasts the chestnut and by the smell.

Because of the variety of goods in this market, it is able to attract a large number of people, not only local people but also foreigners and travelers. The city has two large weekend markets, namely Asian Trade and Greenway, which are both located on Kanchanavanit Road. They mainly sell second-hand products, including clothes, shoes, decor and souvenirs. In addition, there are several large shopping centers in the city, including Diana, Odean, Robinson, Central, Siam Nakharin, Big C, Big C Extra, Tesco Lotus and Makro. By the end of 2013, Central Festival, one of the largest shopping centers in Southern Thailand.

Culture
An important Buddhist temple is Hat Yai Nai Temple or Wat Hat Yai Nai. It is home to the third largest reclining statue on the planet. People travel from all over Thailand just to pay respect to this statue.

Held on the first night of October, Chak Phra is a Buddhist festival specific to the south of Thailand. It is celebrated with Buddha boat processions or sports events like a run up Khao Tang Kuan hill. In September or October at the Chinese Lunar festival, the Thai and Chinese present their offerings to the moon, "queen of the heavens", in gratitude for past and future fortunes.

Hat Yai is also well known for its spectacular celebrations of the Chinese New Year festival. Although Thai elements have been incorporated (for example, Thai pop stars have been invited to perform), the celebration remains distinctively Chinese. “Despite being several generations removed from Hat Yai's original Chinese pioneers, the New Year celebration provides strong evidence that the community is still influenced by and strongly identifies with its Chinese roots.

title: Hat Yai


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Talk:Deterministic automata

Err ... wrong?

Charles Matthews 15:32, 22 Feb 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Deterministic automata


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Login spoofing

Login spoofings are techniques used to steal a user's password. The user is presented with an ordinary looking login prompt for username and password, which is actually a malicious program (usually called a Trojan horse) under the control of the attacker. When the username and password are entered, this information is logged or in some way passed along to the attacker, breaching security.

To prevent this, some operating systems require a special key combination (called a secure attention key) to be entered before a login screen is presented, for example Control-Alt-Delete. Users should be instructed to report login prompts that appear without having pressed this secure attention sequence. Only the kernel, which is the part of the operating system that interacts directly with the hardware, can detect whether the secure attention key has been pressed, so it cannot be intercepted by third party programs (unless the kernel itself has been compromised).

Similarity to phishing
While similar to login spoofing, phishing usually involves a scam in which victims respond to unsolicited e-mails that are either identical or similar in appearance to a familiar site which they may have prior affiliation with. Login spoofing usually is indicative of a much more heinous form of vandalism or attack in which case the attacker has already gained access to the victim computer to at least some degree.

Internet
Internet-based login spoofing can be caused by
 * compromised sites
 * typosquatting

title: Login spoofing


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Secure attention key

A secure attention key (SAK) or secure attention sequence (SAS) is a special key or key combination to be pressed on a computer keyboard before a login screen which must, to the user, be completely trustworthy. The operating system kernel, which interacts directly with the hardware, is able to detect whether the secure attention key has been pressed. When this event is detected, the kernel starts the trusted login processing.

The secure attention key is designed to make login spoofing impossible, as the kernel will suspend any program, including those masquerading as the computer's login process, before starting a trustable login operation.

Examples
Some examples are:
 * Control-Alt-Delete for Windows NT.
 * Alt default sequence for Linux. Not a true C2-compliant SAK.
 * Shift for PLATO IV in the 1970s.

title: Secure attention key


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User:Quocanh001

This is the page of David Nguyen

title: User:Quocanh001


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Franz Ferdinand (band)

Franz Ferdinand are a Scottish rock band formed in Glasgow in 2002. The band's original line-up was composed of Alex Kapranos (lead vocals, lead guitar, keyboards), Nick McCarthy (rhythm guitar, keyboards, vocals), Bob Hardy (bass guitar, percussion) and Paul Thomson (drums, percussion, backing vocals). Julian Corrie (keyboards, lead guitar, backing vocals) and Dino Bardot (rhythm guitar, backing vocals) joined the band in 2017 after McCarthy left during the previous year, and Audrey Tait (drums, percussion) joined the band after Thomson left in 2021. The band is one of the more popular post-punk revival bands, garnering multiple UK top 20 hits. They have been nominated for several Grammy Awards and have received two Brit Awards—winning one for Best British Group—as well as one NME Award.

The band's first single, "Darts of Pleasure", just missed out on the Top 40 of the UK Singles Chart, peaking at number 44. Their second single, "Take Me Out", proved their big commercial breakthrough, peaking at number three. "Take Me Out" charted in several other countries and earned a Grammy nomination for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal; it became the band's signature song. Their self-titled debut studio album won the 2004 Mercury Prize and earned a Grammy nomination for Best Alternative Album.

In 2005, the band released their second studio album, You Could Have It So Much Better, produced by Rich Costey. It peaked within the top-ten in multiple countries and earned Grammy-nominations for Best Alternative Album and for one of the singles, "Do You Want To". The band's third studio album, Tonight: Franz Ferdinand, was released in January 2009; by then the band had shifted from a post-punk-focused sound to a more dance-oriented sound. A remix album of Tonight, titled Blood, was released in July 2009.

Four years after the release of Tonight, the band released their fourth studio album, Right Thoughts, Right Words, Right Action, in August 2013. In 2015, Franz Ferdinand and American rock band Sparks formed the supergroup FFS and released a one-off self-titled album in June 2015. Following the departure of McCarthy, the band released their fifth studio album, Always Ascending, in February 2018.

Formation (2001–2003)
The band's members played in various bands during the 1990s, including The Karelia, Yummy Fur, 10p Invaders, and Embryo. Alex Kapranos and Paul Thomson met at a party and began a close friendship and played together in Yummy Fur, and subsequently teamed up to write songs. Around the same time, Kapranos taught his friend Bob Hardy how to play bass after being given a bass guitar by Mick Cooke of Belle & Sebastian. Kapranos met rhythm guitarist Nick McCarthy, who had returned to Scotland after studying jazz bass in Germany, in 2001.

Once the members came together, they settled on the name Franz Ferdinand for their band. The name was originally inspired by a racehorse called Archduke Ferdinand. After seeing the horse win the Northumberland Plate in 2001, the band began to discuss Archduke Franz Ferdinand and thought it would be a good band name because of the alliteration of the name and the implications of the Archduke's death: his assassination was a significant factor in the lead-up to World War I. In an interview, Hardy recollected that "mainly we just liked the way it sounded. We liked the alliteration." Kapranos continued, saying "he was an incredible figure as well. His life, or at least the ending of it, was the catalyst for the complete transformation of the world and that is what we want our music to be. But I don't want to over-intellectualise the name thing. Basically a name should just sound good ... like music." Thomson concluded, saying "I like the idea that, if we become popular, maybe the words Franz Ferdinand will make people think of the band instead of the historical figure."

Franz Ferdinand and international breakthrough (2003–2005)
In May 2003 the band signed to Laurence Bell's independent record label, Domino Recording Company. The band moved to Gula Studios in Malmö, Sweden, with Cardigans producer Tore Johansson to record their debut album. In the latter part of 2003, the band released their debut single, "Darts of Pleasure". In January 2004, the single "Take Me Out" reached No. 3 in the UK charts. The album, Franz Ferdinand, was released in early 2004, debuting at No. 3 in the UK Albums Chart in February 2004, and at No. 12 in the Australian album charts in April 2004. The album only reached the lowest levels of the Billboard 200 album charts in the US as of early 2004, but reached the top 5 of the indie rock chart and the Heatseeker chart for debut artists. After a couple of North American tours and heavy rotation of the "Take Me Out" video on MTV, the album eventually reached No. 32 on the Billboard 200 later in 2004, and sold over a million copies in the United States. Franz Ferdinand received a generally strong positive response from critics. NME rated it 9 out of 10, and said that the band was the latest in the line of art school rock bands featuring the Beatles, The Rolling Stones, The Who, Roxy Music, the Sex Pistols, Wire, Travis and Blur.

On 7 September 2004, the album was awarded the 2004 Mercury Music Prize. "Take Me Out" gained first place in the Australian Triple J Hottest 100 for 2004, winning more than twice the votes of the second-place entry, with This Fire and The Dark of the Matinee entering at No. 24 and No. 50 respectively. Franz Ferdinand won an Ivor Novello Award in 2004 and two Brit Awards in 2005. The avant-garde music video for "Take Me Out" earned them a Breakthrough Video MTV Award. NME named Franz Ferdinand the best album of 2004, and placed it 38th on their 100 Best Albums of All Time list. The band performed "Take Me Out" as a live medley with Los Lonely Boys, Maroon 5, The Black Eyed Peas and Gwen Stefani at the 47th Annual Grammy Awards in 2005, in which "Take Me Out" was nominated for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal and Franz Ferdinand was nominated for Best Alternative Album. "Take Me Out" was featured on the video games NHL 2005, Madden NFL 2005 and the breakthrough game Guitar Hero. The album has sold around 3.6 million copies worldwide.

You Could Have It So Much Better (2005–2007)
The band spent much of 2005 in the studio in Glasgow working on their follow-up album, You Could Have It So Much Better, which was released on 3 October 2005. The band initially intended to leave the album self-titled like their debut, but they changed it to You Could Have It So Much Better...With Franz Ferdinand before settling on the final title. The album's cover design was modelled on Alexander Rodchenko's 1924 portrait of Lilya Brik. The band attempted to broaden its musical range on the album; Hardy said, "There's more to life than disco-beat guitar music". It was generally well received in the press and seen as an album equal to, or better than, their first by most critics. It entered the UK Album Charts at Number 1 and the US charts at Number 8. The album eventually sold 2 million copies worldwide. To support the album, four singles were released. Included in that set is a double A-side single that contained a video-clip-only single as well (both the AA-side "L. Wells" and the video-clip "Jeremy Fraser" are not featured on the album, recorded in early 2006 during the band's tour of Australia in support of the album). Also included is another video-clip-only single called "Wine, In the Afternoon" which is the B-side to "Eleanor Put Your Boots On", and was also not featured on the album, but recorded on tour in Michigan. "Do You Want To" made it to number 4 and was declared by Q to be the greatest single of 2005, while "Walk Away" and "The Fallen" entered the top 15 of the UK Singles Chart. The fourth and final single from the second album, "Eleanor Put Your Boots On", peaked at number 30. You Could Have It So Much Better went on to earn a nomination for Best Alternative Album at the 48th Annual Grammy Awards in 2006, as did "Do You Want To" for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal.

Tonight: Franz Ferdinand (2007–2011)
On 26 January 2009, the band released their third studio album, Tonight: Franz Ferdinand, which they had been recording in Glasgow since mid-2007. The band recorded the album in a disused building in Glasgow that had been a town hall in the past. Alex Kapranos has stated that "The last record was...like a teenager having sex. This one's a bit more assured and a bit friendlier for the dance floor." Tonight was mixed by Canadian Mix Engineer Mike Fraser. The song "Ulysses" was chosen to be the first single and was released on 19 January 2009. It was first played by Zane Lowe on 17 November 2008. Shortly afterwards it hit YouTube. It did not see that much success in the UK Top 40, reaching only No. 20, but it fared better in Spain and Japan where it reached No. 2 and No. 3, respectively. It also entered the Top 20 of the US Modern Rock Chart. The album, Tonight was released 26 January 2009 and debuted at No. 2 in the UK Album Chart and No. 9 in the US Billboard 200. The second single, "No You Girls" saw success both in the charts and on the radio prior to release, eventually reaching No. 7 on the US Modern Rock Chart and was performed by Franz Ferdinand on Comic Relief 2009 Top of The Pops special. "Can't Stop Feeling" was released on 6 July as the third single from the album and on 28 August, "What She Came For" was released as the 4th single in the form of a remix single. The band performed "What She Came For" on The Tonight Show with Conan O'Brien on Wednesday, 26 August 2009.

The band appeared on Radio 1's live lounge performing their second single "No You Girls", and did a cover of Britney Spears' comeback single "Womanizer". In February 2009, Glastonbury Festival announced Franz Ferdinand as the first major band playing at that year's festival. The band also unveiled a 19-date tour of the US during the spring, in support of the new album. The tour included a set at the Coachella Festival. The band were also one of the main stage acts performing at Radio 1's Big Weekend in Swindon in May. On 6 May 2009, it was announced that Franz Ferdinand would be the third opening act for the Green Day's 21st Century Breakdown World Tour. They played 8–26 August 2009, and they followed Kaiser Chiefs and The Bravery.

On 1 June 2009, the band released Blood, a compilation album that includes dub music versions of songs from Tonight: Franz Ferdinand. The release was timed to coincide with Record Store Day. iTunes Festival: London 2009, iTunes Store exclusive, was released in June as well.

Also made for the Record Store Day, on 16 April 2011 Domino released the compilation Covers E.P., which featured songs of Tonight: Franz Ferdinand played by Peaches, LCD Soundsystem, Stephin Merritt, ESG and Debbie Harry (who recorded in duet with the band). The first edition was only vinyl, and on 2 May 2011 it was released on CD.

Right Thoughts, Right Words, Right Action and FFS with Sparks (2012–2015)
Writing for a fourth studio album began in 2010. Kapranos stated that the band promised themselves they would also focus on not over-publicising their progress as he felt that's something he regretted about their previous album. In May 2012, the band returned to touring, playing several festivals during the summer of 2012 including a headlining slot at Field Day festival in London's Victoria Park. Other appearances included Barcelona's Primavera Sound Festival, Montreal's 2012 Osheaga Music Festival, Chicago's 2012 Lollapalooza Music Festival, Belgium's Dour Festival, Portugal's Marés Vivas Festival and San Francisco's 2012 Outside Lands Music Festival.

During their 2012 tour, the band gradually introduced new songs to their repertoire, along with a reworked version of Tonight cut "Can't Stop Feeling" combined with "I Feel Love" by Donna Summer. In March 2013, Franz Ferdinand continued touring and premiering new songs. In early March they performed "Evil Eye" and "Love Illumination", while the end of the month saw the live premiere of "Goodbye Lovers & Friends". On 16 May 2013, Franz Ferdinand officially announced their fourth album, titled Right Thoughts, Right Words, Right Action, along with cover art, track listing and a release date of 26 August 2013. The band launched the new album at a show at the Electric Brixton. FMV Magazine's Dan Jenko praised the gig, saying that "there's no reason why latest LP Right Thoughts, Right Words, Right Action can't be the belated soundtrack of the summer".

On 9 March 2015, it was announced that the band had formed a supergroup with Sparks under the name FFS, with plans to release a studio album and tour Europe during that summer. A teaser titled "The Domino Effect" was released on the group's YouTube channel that same day. The John Congleton-produced album, FFS, was officially announced on 1 April 2015. Three official singles were released from the album: "Johnny Delusional", which was released on 13 April, "Call Girl", which was released on 28 May, and "Police Encounters", which was released on 23 October.

Lineup change and Always Ascending (2016–2020)
In July 2016, the band announced that guitarist Nick McCarthy would not be involved in the recording and touring of their next album, in order to concentrate on his family and other musical interests. The band, however, have stressed that it is possible he may rejoin the band at a later date. On 14 October 2016, the band released "Demagogue", a song protesting and satirising the candidacy of Donald Trump in the U.S. presidential election of 2016. It was released as part of the 30 Days, 50 Songs programme that featured 50 songs lyrically against Trump and his candidacy.

On 19 May 2017, two days prior to the start of their North American tour, Franz Ferdinand announced their new five-piece line-up, with former Yummy Fur and 1990s member Dino Bardot on guitar and Julian Corrie on keyboards, synth and guitar. On 25 October, the band released the title track from their fifth studio album, Always Ascending (2018), as its lead single. They revealed the album's release date, 9 February 2018, and announced dates for a world tour. Corrie joined the band for the recording sessions of the album, while Bardot joined after recording was completed.

Departure of Thomson and Hits to the Head (2021–present)
On 21 October 2021, the band announced through social media that Paul Thomson had departed the band, with Glasgow-based drummer Audrey Tait joining as his replacement, as well as confirming that studio recordings had been undertaken with Tait. The announcement was accompanied by a statement from Thomson and a photograph of him passing his drumsticks to Tait. Tait's debut performance with the band had taken place several weeks before the announcement, at the Balmain fashion show in Paris on 29 September.

Franz Ferdinand released a new single, "Billy Goodbye", on 2 November 2021. The track is one of two new songs on the greatest hits compilation Hits to the Head, which was released on 11 March 2022.

Franz Ferdinand performed at Night for Ukraine, a fundraising benefit held at the Roundhouse in north London on the evening of March 9, 2022, with the funds raised being donated to the Disasters Emergency Committee appeal, to provide aid to people fleeing Ukraine following the Russian invasion. The event was organised by Fabien Riggall in collaboration with the Ukrainian pop duo Bloom Twins.

Collaborations and covers
Franz Ferdinand covered the LCD Soundsystem song "All My Friends" which appeared as a B-side on the single and LCD Soundsystem covered their song Live Alone in return, which appeared on a covers EP alongside Stephin Merritt, ESG and Debbie Harry who all covered songs from Tonight. They have also covered "Sexy Boy" by Air, "It Won't Be Long" by the Beatles, Pulp's "Mis-Shapes", Gwen Stefani's top 5 hit "What You Waiting For?", Blondie's "Call Me", Britney Spears' "Womanizer" and David Bowie's song "Sound and Vision", featuring Girls Aloud on backing vocals, for a compilation disc marking the 40th anniversary of BBC Radio 1, along with other leading artists. Additionally, Franz Ferdinand recorded a cover of the Fire Engines' song "Get Up and Use Me". In return, the Fire Engines recorded a cover of "Jacqueline". The band also took a similar approach with Dutch band De Kift, covering the song "Heisa-Ho" whilst De Kift recorded a cover of "Love and Destroy" with Dutch lyrics. The cover by De Kift is named "Liefde En Puin" which is the title "Love and Destroy" translated into Dutch. The band has had remixes by electronic artists Daft Punk, Hot Chip, Justice, The Avalanches, Microfilm and Erol Alkan.

The band also performed, played and recorded with Jane Birkin, covering the Serge Gainsbourg song "Sorry Angel" for the 2005 album Monsieur Gainsbourg Revisited. In addition, Franz re-recorded the track "Brown Onions" for David Shrigley's compilation album Worried Noodles. The band kept instrumentation identical but used lyrics written by Shrigley which include the consistent repetition of the word "No" and occasionally "No brains, no teeth, no legs, no eyes...". Hot Chip, a band who are reported to be a favourite of Franz Ferdinand, also performed their own version of "No" on the same album.

The band partnered with Sony in Tokyo, filming commercials for the launch of the A Series Walkman music player on 8 September 2005. A limited edition Franz Ferdinand-themed Walkman A Series player was released by Sony Japan in January 2006, with only one hundred made.

The band 'met' Gorillaz in December 2005 and interviewed each other for a feature in Observer Music Monthly.

At the 2009 NME Awards ceremony, they performed a cover of Blondie's "Call Me" with Elly Jackson of La Roux on guest vocals.

When Franz appeared on Radio 1's Live Lounge on 6 April 2009, to promote "No You Girls", they covered "Womanizer" by Britney Spears.

They have also collaborated with Marion Cotillard for the 2010 Lady Dior campaign. The band wrote the lyrics and plays the music for the song "The Eyes of Mars", while the actress is on vocals. Kapranos noted that it was refreshing working with her as she had a lot of fun going and retrying the song time and time again.

In 2010, Franz Ferdinand contributed to the Alice in Wonderland soundtrack with their adaption of the song "The Lobster Quadrille". Later that year, Kapranos and McCarthy collaborated on the song "Do It Again" with Edwyn Collins on his album Losing Sleep.

In 2016, Alex Kapranos took part in a documentary about Glasgow music and Chemikal Underground Records called Lost in France. The film was directed by Niall McCann and brought Kapranos (along with members of The Delgados, Mogwai and others) to Mauron, Brittany, to recreate a gig they played when Kapranos was in his earlier band, The Karelia. The film features Kapranos playing live with Stuart Braithwaite of Mogwai, and other musicians such as Emma Pollock and RM Hubbert, and Holy Mountain, as well as interviews with Kapranos and his old label-mates. Lost in France premiered at the Edinburgh International Film Festival to wholly positive reviews and was called "funny, vital and sobering" by Scotland's arts bible The Skinny.

In 2022, Franz Ferdinand's single, "This Fire" served as the opening theme song for the Polish-Japanese animated series, Cyberpunk: Edgerunners.

Music and art
Stylistically, the band has been labelled as indie rock, garage rock revival,  post-punk revival,  dance-punk,  dance-rock  and art rock. The band is notable for its use of Russian avant-garde imagery in album and single covers designed by Matthew Cooper. Examples include: "You Could Have It So Much Better", which references a 1924 portrait of Lilya Brik by Alexander Rodchenko; "Take Me Out", which references One-Sixth Part of the World, also by Alexander Rodchenko; "This Fire" which references Beat the Whites with the Red Wedge by El Lissitzky; and "Michael", with single art based on A Proun by Lissitzky. The song "Love and Destroy" was inspired by the scene of disorder made by Margarita, a character of Michael Bulgakov's "The Master and Margarita", in the apartment of the literature critic Latunzky.

Also, in "Outsiders", the lyrics "In seventeen years will you still be Camille, Lee Miller, Gala or whatever" are a reference to the lovers of the artists Auguste Rodin, Man Ray and Salvador Dalí.

The band have been credited with helping to increase the popularity of men's fringed hairstyles.

Music videos
Many of the videos to promote the band's singles take inspiration from Russian avant-garde much like their LP and CD sleeves.

The avant-garde music video for "Take Me Out", directed by Jonas Odell, was inspired by Dadaism (especially Max Ernst's Une Semaine de Bonté), Busby Berkeley choreographies and Russian constructivist design. Alex Kapranos explained the many and varied influences behind the 1930s-style promo for second single "Take Me Out": "It's kind of two dimensional in a three dimensional style if that makes any sense. It's a montage of images; ourselves, pictures and things taken from other places and put together in a strange, abstract way. That's what gives the video that strange, jerky, style".

The lyrics of "Do You Want To" make reference to parties at the "trendy" Glasgow art gallery Transmission, and the video includes a variety of the work of contemporary artist Vanessa Beecroft.

Members
Current members
 * Alex Kapranos – lead vocals, lead guitar (2002–present); keyboards, piano (2005–present)
 * Bob Hardy – bass guitar, percussion (2002–present); backing vocals (2002–2008)
 * Julian Corrie – keyboards, synthesizers, lead guitar, backing vocals (2017–present)
 * Dino Bardot – rhythm guitar, backing vocals (2017–present)
 * Audrey Tait – drums, percussion (2021–present)

Former members
 * Nick McCarthy – rhythm guitar, keyboards, synthesizers, piano, backing and occasional lead vocals (2002–2016)
 * Paul Thomson – drums, percussion, backing and occasional lead vocals (2002–2021)

Timeline

Discography
Studio albums
 * Franz Ferdinand (2004)
 * You Could Have It So Much Better (2005)
 * Tonight: Franz Ferdinand (2009)
 * Right Thoughts, Right Words, Right Action (2013)
 * Always Ascending (2018)

title: Franz Ferdinand (band)


text:
Mariefred

Mariefred is a locality situated in Strängnäs Municipality, Södermanland County, Sweden with 3,726 inhabitants in 2010.

The name is derived from that of the former Carthusian monastery here, Mariefred Charterhouse, and means "Peace of Mary" (the former name was Gripsholm). It lies roughly 50 kilometres west of Stockholm.

Mariefred, despite its small population, is for historical reasons often still referred to as a city. Statistics Sweden, however, only counts localities with more than 10,000 inhabitants as cities.

Gripsholm Castle is located in the town. Adjacent to the castle is the nature reserve and deer park Gripsholms hjorthage.

The old barn of Gripsholm Castle was a centre for fine arts printmaking, Grafikens Hus ("House of Graphics").

The East Södermanland Railway has a railway museum here with one of the finest collections of 600 mm narrow-gauge passenger railcars anywhere.

Kurt Tucholsky is buried in the town cemetery.

Notable natives
Swedish pop and jazz singer Lisa Ekdahl was raised in Mariefred.

Swedish actor Dolph Lundgren has a summer home in Mariefred, Kalkudden.

Mikael Samuelsson, a former professional ice hockey player in the NHL, was born in Mariefred. Samuelsson is a member of the exclusive Triple Gold Club, having won the Stanley Cup, Olympics, and World Championship.

title: Mariefred


text:
Mozhaysk

Mozhaysk (Можа́йск, ) is a town and the administrative center of Mozhaysky District in Moscow Oblast, Russia, located 110 km to the west of Moscow, on the historic road leading to Smolensk and then to Poland. Population:

History
First mentioned in 1231 as an appanage of Chernigov; A theory says Mozhaysk took its name from the Mozhay (Mozhaya) River, whose name could be of Baltic origin (compare Lithuanian mažoji "small" - in contrast to the larger Moskva River nearby). Later Mozhaysk became an important stronghold of the Smolensk dynasty, in the 13th century ruled by Duke (later Saint) Theodore the Black. Muscovites seized Mozhaysk in 1303, but in the course of the following century had serious troubles defending it against Algirdas (Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1345 to 1377). A younger brother of the ruling Grand Duke of Moscow usually held the Principality of Mozhaysk - until the practice was dropped in 1493. In 1562 Denmark and Russia signed the Treaty of Mozhaysk there during the Livonian War of 1558–1583. In 1708 the administration of Peter the Great granted town status to Mozhaysk.

Mozhaysk played a role in defending the Western approaches to Moscow in the 19th and 20th centuries. During the French invasion of Russia in 1812 the Battle of Borodino took place 12 km from the town.

In World War II, the German Wehrmacht took Mozhaysk on October 18, 1941;  the Soviet Red Army re-captured it on January 20, 1942.

Administrative and municipal status
Within the framework of administrative divisions, Mozhaysk serves as the administrative center of Mozhaysky District. As an administrative division, it is, together with twenty-one rural localities, incorporated within Mozhaysky District as the Town of Mozhaysk. As a municipal division, the Town of Mozhaysk is incorporated within Mozhaysky Municipal District as Mozhaysk Urban Settlement.

Architecture
The first stone cathedral was built in the kremlin in the early 14th century and named Nikolskiy (then Staro-Nikolsky) Cathedral. It very much resembled the Dormition Cathedral in Zvenigorod. At that time the wooden statue of Saint Nicholas of Mozhaysk was carved by an unknown master and placed into the cathedral. Later the statue was moved to the Church Over-the-gates.

The first fortified Detinets existed in the Mozhaysk as early as in the 12th century. After the great fire of 1541, it was completely rebuilt by an order of Ivan the Terrible. Only in the early 17th century, the stone fortress was constructed, replaced with the Kremlin made of bricks in 1624–1626.

The Cathedral of St. Nicholas in the Gothic Revival style, designed by Aleksei Bakarev (Matvei Kazakov's student), started in 1802, but the building was ransacked by the retreating French troops in 1812. Only in 1814 the cathedral was completed and consecrated. The church of St. Joachim and Anna preserves some parts from the early 15th century. Another important landmark is the Luzhetsky Monastery, founded in 1408 by St. Ferapont and rebuilt in brick in the 16th century. The monastery cathedral, erected during the reign of Vasily III, was formerly known for its frescoes, ascribed to Dionisius' circle.

Trivia
Mozhaysk was frequently the last major obstacle on the way to the capital and it gave birth to the expression "to push beyond Mozhay" (загнать за Можай, zagnat' za Mozhay), which literally means "to push (the enemy) beyond Mozhay". In modern usage, it means to "completely crush the enemy and push them away at a great distance". The phrase originated during the Polish Muscovite War when the Polish Army retreated to Mozhaysk following the Battle of Moscow (1612).

Transport
Bus line 457 goes from the Mozhaysk autobus station to Park Pobedy in Moscow. Several bus and marshrutka services operate within Mozhaysk and connect the town with nearby localities, as well as with touristic sites in the fields of Borodino. Railway transport is also available. Suburban regular and express trains run between Mozhaysk railway station and Moscow. The minor railway platform Km. 109 of the Belorussky suburban railway line, located on the outskirts of the city, serves the adjacement settlement of Stroitel. Mozhaysk is also linked by train to Smolensk Oblast, with both short-distance services between the town and Vyazma and long-distance Lastochka trains on the Moscow-Smolensk route stopping at Mozhaysk.

Twin towns and sister cities
Mozhaysk is twinned with:
 * 🇫🇷 Château-du-Loir, France
 * 🇩🇪 Drochtersen, Germany
 * 🇧🇬 Etropole, Bulgaria
 * 🇫🇮 Lohja, Finland
 * 🇺🇦 Pereiaslav, Ukraine
 * 🇵🇱 Ujazd, Poland
 * 🇧🇾 Vileyka, Belarus

title: Mozhaysk


text:
L7

L7 or L-7 may refer to:

Music

 * L7 (band), a grunge/metal band from Los Angeles, California
 * L7 (album), a 1988 album by the band
 * L-Seven, a post-punk band from Detroit, Michigan

Mathematics and technology

 * ISO/IEC 8859-13 (Latin-7), an 8-bit character encoding
 * L7, the application layer in the OSI model of computer communications
 * A layer 7 switch or load balancer
 * The Lp space for p=7 in mathematics

Vehicles

 * D-Lieferwagen L-7, a 1927–1930 German three-wheel truck
 * IM L7, a 2022–present Chinese full-size luxury electric sedan
 * Landsat 7, an Earth observation satellite
 * Li Auto L7, a 2023–present Chinese mid-size luxury crossover SUV

Other

 * L7, IATA code for Laoag International Airlines

Other uses

 * Royal Ordnance L7, british and the NATO standard 105mm tank and light-field cannon
 * L7 (machine gun), a Belgian 7.62 mm general-purpose machine gun
 * Motorola SLVR L7, a mobile phone

title: L7


text:
Wikipedia:Software screenshots

Wikipedia includes many articles on pieces of software, and it is often useful to illustrate these with screenshots of the software running. Discussion about specific cases should be brought forward at Media copyright questions (or the Help desk). Below is a suggested set of guidelines for creating a screenshot image, based in part on discussion at Talk:Mozilla Firefox/Archive 1 and Talk:Mozilla Firefox/Archive 12, and other resources.

Content and presentation
Wikipedia's Manual of Style for images reads that images displayed in the lead of an article should be "natural and appropriate visual representations of the topic; they not only should be illustrating the topic specifically, but should also be the type of image that is used for similar purposes in high-quality reference works, and therefore what our readers will expect to see." To reflect this guideline, the main screenshot should portray the software in its most common form by using its default settings.

While an "initial" state is desired (i.e. one with a blank document, or showing a "welcome" menu), it may also be desirable to load generic data or filler text into the depicted software (especially if it is graphics software or part of an office suite) in screenshots to show the software in "normal" use. It is preferable that the demonstration content itself is self-made, freely licensed or in the public domain to prevent the accidental inclusion of non-free content if it can be avoided. It has been a common practice for web browser screenshots to use images of Wikipedia's front page. There have been concerns over the practice by some, however, as it is a self-reference, and because Wikimedia Foundation logos were previously non-free (although this is no longer the case). Most major web browsers now have their own dedicated "start" pages built-in, which typically display recently visited or bookmarked sites, that can serve as an alternative.

It may be desirable to illustrate the rest of the article with relevant screenshots to showcase important features or functionality in the software, especially if it is Free and open source software (FOSS), but sparingly in the case of non-free software with the presence of a proper fair use claim. (see the Licensing Concepts section for further information)

Choice of platform
In the case of multi-platform programs that are FOSS, and have a visibly similar interface between platforms (such as LibreOffice or GIMP for example), it is preferred that screenshots be taken under a FOSS operating system (such as a Linux distribution). In the case of programs that carry visibly different appearances across platforms (such as Firefox), the decision on which operating system to use for the main screenshot can depend on consensus. The operating system should also use its default theme to ensure a neutral and common appearance.

Screenshots depicting FOSS on Windows or OS X (or any other proprietary operating system) pose the potential for issues with screenshots because they are non-free; while there has been no clear consensus regarding incidental inclusion of OS X interface elements (such as the window frame) in screenshots of FOSS, consensus has indicated that some Windows themes, such as "Windows Classic" and Windows 8's "Metro" theme, are too basic for copyright protection due to their geometric nature (and can be included without problem on screenshots of FOSS running on that platform). However, there is no consensus on whether the Aero Glass theme used by Windows Vista and Windows 7 is sufficiently original for protection—deletion discussions have gone both ways. To comply with relevant policies, it's best to play it safe instead of relying on de minimis claims. But of course, if the software being depicted is non-free to begin with, this choice of operating system doesn't matter, since fair use will be claimed regardless. In the case of older versions of software, do not unnecessarily portray them running on newer versions of operating systems they are not intended for use on or supported on, especially if this is simply to make a point that it can run on said version.

On free operating systems such as Linux, the situation of ensuring neutral and common presentation becomes more complex: many distributions and desktop environments use custom default themes that vary, and there is a desire to prevent visible bias towards certain distributions (despite its popularity, Ubuntu isn't the only Linux distribution in the world). In these cases, if the software is associated with a certain distribution or desktop environment (such as Ubuntu and the Ubuntu Software Centre, or Nautilus and GNOME), it should be shown on that distribution or desktop using its default theme. If not, it should be shown using a distribution-neutral theme—such as Clearlooks and Adwaita for GTK+/GNOME 2.x and 3.x respectively, and default themes on KDE Plasma Workspaces.

Choice of file format
The preferred image format for free screenshots composed of non-photographic data is PNG. Compared with JPEG, it yields better compression on such images and does not introduce compression artifacts. Even if a screenshot contains one or more photos, the readouts and interface elements surrounding the photos are still non-photographic. However, in case of video game screenshots, screenshots with a very large photographic portion, and downsized non-free screenshots, JPEG may work better, especially if the compression is adjusted carefully. (Downsized PNG images may be larger than their originals.) GIF images are only acceptable for animated material because their compression algorithm (albeit lossless) is inferior to PNG and the whole image can have no more than 256 colors.

Thumbnails are another reason for preferring the PNG format over GIF and JPEG: Thumbnails of GIF images may have particularly low quality because of their limited color palette. JPEG compression is innately lossy and generating thumbnails from this format means another round of lost quality.

It is recommended that you disable subpixel rendering, such as CoolType or Microsoft ClearType. Images taken with these techniques enabled have greater detail when viewed on screens with one particular pixel geometry, but produce aliasing artifacts when viewed on displays which do not use the intended geometry. In addition, Wikipedia's image compression formats are better able to handle screenshots without subpixel rendering, yielding smaller file sizes.

Free software screenshots to Wikimedia Commons
If your screenshot depicts free and open source software (free as in freedom, typically licensed under the GPL, LGPL, BSD, MIT, Apache, and other such licenses), then generally speaking, you can upload the screenshot to Wikimedia Commons, which has its own rules for screenshots that are also good to follow in Wikipedia.

Only screenshots of free and open source software can be uploaded to Commons; screenshots of non-free software will often be deleted quickly. If you are unsure of how a piece of software is licensed and it has a Wikipedia article, the source model and license (if any) are usually mentioned somewhere in the articlemost prominently in the infobox.

Screenshots of proprietary software
It is generally agreed that screenshots of non-free and/or proprietary software can be used on Wikipedia under fair use claims if certain conditions are met. By definition, proprietary software is not only commercial (for-cost) software, but also freeware, shareware, donationware, registerware, abandonware, etc., even if to various degrees such software is free to obtain (free to download, install and use). Software that is freeware is erroneously and sometimes intentionally called "free software" by some vendors, and can prove confusing. There are also potential issues with trademarks, and some software vendors seek to limit the extent to which images can be used.

Rationale
Because a screenshot of proprietary software is non-free, consider carefully whether it's really necessary to upload it. In many cases, the publisher of the program has their own screenshots uploaded on their website; as have other sites, not all of which employ comprehensive policies and requirements regarding free and non-free content similar to Wikipedia and its sister projects. If the non-free screenshot's purpose is to display a program's feature, then instead it may be better to describe it in article text.

Reasons for uploading a non-free screenshot can be to point out a notable use case or a set of features unique to the program. Other reasons are for historic purposes, for when an old version of the program is no longer in widespread use, or if the original publisher of the program has gone out of business, or if the developer has died. (The latter two rationales should not be the sole reasons for uploading a screenshot.)

Requirements
In addition to choice of file format, non-free screenshots must meet the demands of limited size and resolution, and minimal exposure of non-primary elements.

 * Because Microsoft Windows is the most widespread proprietary personal-use desktop operating system, suggestions are also based on Windows. It does not mean that they don't apply with other proprietary operating systems.

 * Screenshots should be taken at a reduced screen resolution, such as 640x480, 800x600 or 1024x768. This will allow interface details to be more visible in thumbnails. Note that if your Windows desktop has many items with preferred placement, then reducing the screen resolution displaces them, so it would be better to create a screenshot in a different Windows profile. If you don't know or don't bother to reduce the screen resolution, restore the program's window from maximized to windowed state and resize the window.
 * If you're making a screenshot of a proprietary program to illustrate features which do not use parts of a proprietary operating system, make sure only that program is visible and don't include elements of the OS that aren't used by the program's features you're illustrating; this could include the desktop, the Windows Taskbar, or the Mac menu bar.

Copyright tags
Generally, the image copyright tag for fair use software screenshots is non-free software screenshot. The template requires adding information to required parameters, so it's important to read the template's documentation.

Always include the Non-free use rationale template for each piece of non-free software in the screenshot and detailed information required by the template. For example, if you have Internet Explorer and Safari side by side. To avoid overuse of the template in a single image file, avoid visibility of proprietary add-ons, components, and elements that are not part of the screenshot's primary subject (such as Internet Explorer with a Skype button).
 * Rationale required

For screenshots, where the primary subject is a non-free program published by Microsoft, use the Non-free Microsoft screenshot template, which lists additional permissions granted for re-users (which still, however, are non-free). If these requirements are not met (typically third-party content, such as a website), use non-free software screenshot.
 * Microsoft products

If the screenshot shows a non-free website, always include the Non-free web screenshot tag and add the necessary values to required parameters. Most websites are non-free.
 * Non-free website

If the screenshot shows a non-free game – either for a computer, a game console, a cell phone, or any other device able to run games – include the Non-free game screenshot template and add values to required parameters. Only a small number of computer games are free as in freedom; most games are proprietary.
 * Non-free game

Screenshots of leaked software
There is mixed consensus surrounding the creation of screenshots from leaked builds of non-free pre-release software by Wikipedia editors. Some editors have contested the ability to properly claim fair use on such original screenshots due to interpretations of NFCC 4 ("must have been published or publicly displayed outside Wikipedia") since leaked software could technically be considered an unpublished work. There is also the issue of verifiability; there may not be proper indication that the screenshot is authentic (or if the user even had authorization to do so in the first place).

As a rule of thumb, screenshots of pre-release software should only be included if the build depicted has been released to the general public by the software developer (either the build, or the screenshot itself), the image itself has been published by a reliable source (which can be considered "publicly displayed"), or the person who created the image and the person uploading the image to Wikipedia both attest that the software was legally obtained and there is no contractual obligation not to publicly distribute screenshots.

ja:Wikipedia:ソフトウェアのスクリーンショット利用

title: Wikipedia:Software screenshots


text: Template:GPL

title: Template:GPL


text:
User:Falcone~enwiki

Ok, so now I have a page here too ;-)

The nick is inspired by the famous judge Giovanni Falcone, although I'm not Italian.

title: User:Falcone~enwiki


text:
Voskresensk, Moscow Oblast

Voskresensk (Воскресе́нск) is a town and the administrative center of Voskresensky District in Moscow Oblast, Russia, located upon the banks of the Moskva River 88 km southeast of Moscow. Population:

History
It was founded in 1862. Town status was granted to it in 1938.

Administrative and municipal status
Within the framework of administrative divisions, Voskresensk serves as the administrative center of Voskresensky District. As an administrative division, it is, together with four rural localities, incorporated within Voskresensky District as the Town of Voskresensk. As a municipal division, the Town of Voskresensk is incorporated within Voskresensky Municipal District as Voskresensk Urban Settlement.

Transportation
There are station Voskresensk and stop platform 88 km at the Moscow-Ryazan line.

Notable residents
The town is home to several prominent ice hockey players, including Igor Larionov and other Soviet national team players, such as Vyacheslav Kozlov, Valeri Kamensky, Andrei Lomakin, Aleksandr Smirnov, Vladimir Golikov, Aleksandr Golikov, Alexander Ragulin, German Titov, Igor Ulanov, Sergei Berezin, Dmitri Kvartalnov, Roman Oksiuta and Valeri Zelepukin. Current Russian NHL players from Voskresensk include Andrei Markov, Andrei Loktionov, and Vladislav Namestnikov.

title: Voskresensk, Moscow Oblast


text: Template:Feature

title: Template:Feature