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Illyrian Provinces

The Illyrian Provinces were an autonomous province of France during the First French Empire that existed under Napoleonic Rule from 1809 to 1814. The province encompassed large parts of modern Italy and Croatia, extending their reach further east through Slovenia, Montenegro, and Austria. Its capital was Ljubljana (Laybach, Laibach). It encompassed six départements, making it a relatively large portion of territorial France at the time. Parts of Croatia were split up into Civil Croatia and Military Croatia, the former served as a residential space for French immigrants and Croatian inhabitants and the latter as a military base to check the Ottoman Empire.

In 1809, Napoleon Bonaparte invaded the region with his Grande Armée after key wins during the War of the Fifth Coalition forced the Austrian Empire to cede parts of its territory. Integrating the land into France was Bonaparte's way of controlling Austria's access to the Mediterranean and Adriatic Sea and expanding his empire east. Bonaparte installed four governors to disseminate French bureaucracy, culture, and language. The most famous and influential governor was Auguste de Marmont, who undertook the bulk of Bonaparte's bidding in the area. Marmont was succeeded by Henri Gatien Bertrand (1811–12), Jean-Andoche Junot (1812–13), and Joseph Fouché (1813–14).

Marmont pushed the Code Napoléon throughout the area and led a vast infrastructural expansion. During 1810, the French authorities established the Écoles centrales in Croatia and Slovenia. Although the respective states were allowed to speak and work in their native languages, French was designated as the official language and much of the federal administration was conducted as such. French rule contributed significantly to the provinces even after the Austrian Empire recovered the area in 1813-1814. Napoleon introduced a greater national self-confidence and awareness of freedoms, as well as numerous political reforms. He introduced equality before the law, compulsory military service for men, a uniform tax system, abolished certain tax privileges, introduced modern administration, separated church and state and nationalized the judiciary. French presence in this region saw to a diffusion of French culture and the creation of the Illyrian Movement.

Etymology
The name "Illyrian" was probably suggested to Napoleon by Auguste de Marmont, who was influenced by the civic and revolutionary intelligentsia in Dalmatia, Dubrovnik and Carinthia, and wanted to use it to support the sense of commonality of the peoples living in the Provinces, which went beyond Napoleon's basic geostrategic rationale to form the provinces, though historians have discussed the extents of the influence of historical ideas of Illyrism both in France and locally, as well as a Neoclassicist allusion to the ancient names of the Dalmatian coast, known as Illyria in antiquity and Illyricum during the Roman era.

History
The Slovene Lands, ruled by the Habsburg monarchy, were first occupied by the French Revolutionary Army after the Battle of Tarvis in March 1797, led by General Napoleon Bonaparte. The occupation caused huge civil disturbances. The French troops under the command of General Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte tried to calm the worried population by issuing special public notices that were published also in Slovene. During the withdrawal of the French army, the commanding general Bonaparte and his escort made a stop in Ljubljana on April 28, 1797. Upon the 1805 Battle of Austerlitz and the Peace of Pressburg, French troops once again occupied parts of Slovene territory. Supply of the French troops and steep war dues were a huge burden for the population of the occupied territories. The foundation of the provincial brigades in June 1808 and extensive preparations for the new war did not stop Napoleon's Grande Armée, which completely defeated the Austrian troops at the Battle of Wagram on July 6, 1809.

After the Austrian defeat, the Illyrian Provinces were created by the Treaty of Schönbrunn on 14 October 1809, when the Austrian Empire ceded the territories of western ("Upper") Carinthia with Lienz in the East Tyrol, Carniola, Gorizia and Gradisca, the Imperial Free City of Trieste, the March of Istria, and the Croatian lands southwest of the river Sava to the French Empire. These territories lying north and east of the Adriatic Sea were amalgamated with the former Venetian territories of Dalmatia and Istria, annexed by Austria in the 1797 Treaty of Campo Formio, and the former Republic of Ragusa, which all had just been adjudicated to the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy in 1805 and 1808, into the Illyrian Provinces, technically part of France.

The Royal Navy imposed a blockade of the Adriatic Sea after the signing of the Treaty of Tilsit (July 1807), which brought merchant shipping to a standstill, a measure which seriously affected the economy of the Dalmatian port cities. An attempt by joint Franco-Italian force to seize the British-held Dalmatian island of Vis (Lissa) failed on 22 October 1810.

In August 1813, the Austrian Empire again declared war on France. Austrian troops led by generals Christoph von Lattermann and Franz Tomassich invaded the Illyrian Provinces. Lattermann operated in northern parts, while Tomassich invaded Dalmatia. The strategic port of Trieste was taken on 29 October. Croat troops enrolled in the French army switched sides. Zara (now called Zadar) surrendered to Austrian and British forces after a 34-day siege on 6 December 1813. In the regions of Dubrovnik and Kotor local insurrections forced the French to retreat into the cities. Insurrection in the Bay of Kotor region was aided by Montenegrin forces. Arrival of British naval forces led to the siege of Kotor, forcing French garrison to surrender on 3 January 1814. In the region of Dubrovnik, a provisional Ragusan administration was established, hoping for the restoration of the Republic. After the Siege of Dubrovnik, the French garrison surrendered on 27 January 1814, thus effectively ending French rule in the Illyrian Provinces, while the Treaty of Paris (30 May 1814) formally reduced French territory to the 1792 borders. The appearance of Austrian forces in the Bay of Kotor region caused the Prince-Bishop of Montenegro to turn over the territory to Austrian administration on 11 June. The British withdrew from the Dalmatian islands as the final part of the handover of these islands to their Austrian allies in July 1815, following the conclusion of the Battle of Waterloo.

Administration
The capital was established at Laybach, i.e. Ljubljana in modern Slovenia. According to Napoleon's Decree on the Organization of Illyria (Decret sur l'organisation de l'Illyrie), issued on April 15, 1811, the Central Government of the Illyrian Provinces (Gouvernement general des provinces d'Illyrie) in Ljubljana consisted of the governor-general (gouverneur-général), the general intendant of finance (intendant général des finances) and the commissioner of the judiciary (commissaire de justice). With two judges of the Appellate Court in Ljubljana they formed the Minor Council (Petit conseil) as the supreme judicial and administrative authority of the Provinces.

Subdivision
The area initially consisted of eleven departments, though the subdivision was never completely enacted: In 1811, the Illyrian provinces saw an administrative reorganization, when the country was divided initially in four – Laybach (Ljubljana), Karlstadt (Karlovac), Trieste (Trst), Zara (Zadar) – on 15 April in seven provinces (intendances, similar to French départements). Each province was further subdivided into districts, and these into cantons. A province (intendancy) was governed by a provincial intendant, districts were administered by subdelegates (each district capital that was not a province capital had a subdelegation with a subdelegate, similar to French subprefect) and in cantons justices of the peace had their seats. Municipalities – with municipal council, mayor and deputy mayors in larger municipalities; or council, municipality president-syndic and deputy president-deputy syndic – were units of local government. All officials and councillors were appointed by the emperor or the governor-general, depending on their relevance and/or size of the subdivision unit in which they served.

List of provinces
List of provinces (intendances) and districts: Two Chambers of Commerce were established, at Trieste and at Ragusa. The ecclesiastical administration was reorganized in accordance with the new political borders; two archdioceses were established with seats at Ljubljana and Zara, with suffragan dioceses at Gorizia, Capodistria, Sebenico, Spalato and Ragusa (1811).

Governors-general
The French administration, headed by a governor-general, introduced civil law (the Napoleonic Code civil) across the provinces. The seat of the governor-general was at Laybach. The governors-general were:

 * Auguste de Marmont (8 October 1809 – January 1811)
 * Henri Gatien Bertrand (9 April 1811 – 21 February 1813)
 * Jean-Andoche Junot (21 February 1813 – July 1813)
 * Joseph Fouché (July 1813 – August 1813)

Population
The population (1811) was given at 460,116 for the intendancy of Ljubljana, 381,000 for the intendancy of Karlovac, 357,857 for the intendancy of Trieste and 305,285 for the intendancy of Zara, in total 1,504,258 for all of Illyria. A French decree emancipated the Jews; in effect the decree abolished a Habsburg regulation which had forbidden Jews to settle within Carniola.

Political arrangements
Despite the fact that not all French laws applied to the territory of the Illyrian Provinces, Illyrian offices were accountable to ministries in Paris and to the Higher Court of Paris. Inhabitants of the Illyrian Provinces had Illyrian nationality. Initially the official languages were French, Italian and German, but in 1811 Croatian and Slovenian were further added, the latter becoming official for the first time in history. Among the main changes the French empire brought were the overhaul of administration, the changing of the schooling system – creating universities and making Slovene a learning language – and the usage of the Napoleonic Code and the Penal Code. Although the French did not entirely abolish the feudal system, their rule familiarized in more detail the inhabitants of the Illyrian Provinces with the achievements of the French Revolution and with contemporary bourgeois society. They introduced equality before the law, compulsory military service and a uniform tax system, and also abolished certain tax privileges, introduced modern administration, separated powers between the state and the church (the introduction of the civil wedding, keeping civil registration of births etc.), and nationalized the judiciary. The occupants made all the citizens theoretically equal under the law for the first time.

The French also founded a university (École centrale) in 1810 (which was disbanded in 1813, when Austria regained control, but whose Basic Decree of 4 July 1810, which ordered the reorganization of the former Austrian lycees in Ljubljana and Zara into écoles centrales, is now considered the charter of the University of Ljubljana). They established the first botanic garden at the city's edge, redesigned the streets and made vaccination of children obligatory. At Karlovac, the headquarters of the Croatian military, a special French-language military school was established in 1811. The linguist Jernej Kopitar and the poet Valentin Vodnik succeeded in instructing the authorities at that time that the language of the inhabitants living in the present-day Slovenian part of the Illyrian Provinces was actually Slovene. Although at the time of the Illyrian Provinces the educational reform did not come to life to its fullest ability, it was nevertheless of considerable social significance. The plan for reorganisation of the school system provided for education in elementary and secondary schools in Slovene in Slovenian areas. There were 25 gymnasia in the Illyrian provinces.

Proclamations were published in the provinces' official newspaper, the Official Telegraph of the Illyrian Provinces (Télégraphe officiel des Provinces Illyriennes). The newspaper was established by Marmont. In 1813, the French author Charles Nodier worked in Ljubljana as the last editor of the journal, significantly renovated it, and published it in French, Italian, and German. The "French gift" of letting Slovene be used at school was one of the most important reforms and it won the sympathy of members of the so-called "Slovene National Awakening Movement". Marmont's school reform introduced, in the fall of 1810, a uniform four-year primary school and an extended network of lower and upper gymnasiums and crafts schools. Valentin Vodnik, author of the poem "Illyria Arise", wrote numerous school books for primary schools and lower gymnasiums; since textbooks (and teachers) were scarce, these books made the realization of the idea of Slovene as a teaching language possible.

Legacy
Although French rule in the Illyrian Provinces was short-lived and did not enjoy great popular support, it significantly contributed to greater national self-confidence and awareness of freedoms, especially in the Slovene lands. The opinion of Napoleon's rule and the Illyrian Provinces changed significantly at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, when liberal Croatian and Slovene intellectuals began to praise the French for liberation from Austrian rule.

It could also be established today that the short period of the Illyrian Provinces marked the beginning of an enhanced awareness of the principles of liberty, equality and fraternity. The Congress of Vienna confirmed Austria in the possession of the former Illyrian Provinces. In 1816 they were reconstituted without Dalmatia and Croatia, yet now with all of Carinthia, as a Kingdom of Illyria, which was formally abolished only in 1849, even though the civil administration of the Croatian districts had already been placed under Hungarian administration in 1822.

The memory of the French and of the Emperor Napoleon is embedded in Croatian and Slovene traditions, in their folk art and folk songs. The presence of the French on Croatian and Slovene territories reflects also in the surnames and house names of French origin, in frescoes, and other paintings depicting French soldiers as well as in rich immovable cultural heritage (roads, bridges, fountains). In 1929, a national ceremony was held in Ljubljana during which a monument was erected to Napoleon and Illyria at French Revolution Square. It was filmed by Janko Ravnik.

One of the central streets in Split city centre is named after Marshal Marmont, in appreciation of his enlightened rule in Dalmatia.

title: Illyrian Provinces


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Talk:Doula

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Neutrality
I tagged the opening section of this article for POV issues. Many adjectives used in it are highly subjective, e.g., "experienced" (suggests a uniform level of minimum competence, which cannot be established); "informed" (suggests omnipotence, which is impossible); "in many settings" (weasel words); "assisting the parturient woman during transport from home to hospital or birth center" (suggests this always takes place, which cannot be proven); "nutritious" (highly subjective).

The second sentence is a confused mess that suggests either all doulas work for six weeks as maids or work for several months under specific circumstances.

I propose a thorough scrubbing of the entire opening section. Dhvrm (talk) 15:47, 9 May 2008 (UTC)

 * The word "informed" in this context is part of the phrase, "informed choice," http://www.aboutkidshealth.ca/Pregnancy/Informed-Choice-Informed-Consent.aspx?articleID=7569&categoryID=PG-nh2-13

99.240.253.120 (talk) 03:03, 31 May 2008 (UTC)

I agree that this article has POV issues. One would think, upon reading this article, that the only thing doulas don't do is stop killer meteors from striking the planet. That being said, I'm not sure what to do about it, apart from some of the changes mentioned by Dhvrm. Perhaps a section about the downsides of having a doula would be in order, but I'm not sure where to go to find authoritative information on that. RobertJWalker | Talk 15:32, 18 June 2008 (UTC)
 * I think it's insensitive and actually quite ignorant of you to blatantly assume that doulas cannot stop killer meteors from striking the planet. I'm going to assume good faith, however, and presume that you are just ill-informed. If you really think this, though, please provide verifiable third-party sources to back your claim. 69.86.207.10 (talk) 14:04, 26 October 2009 (UTC)

I have attempted to scrub the opening for the sake of neutrality. Anyone have comments? --Ralphie (talk) 12:16, 25 June 2008 (UTC)

Seriously, this article is still ridiculously partisan. 69.86.207.10 (talk) 14:04, 26 October 2009 (UTC)

I challenge whether this is a medical article. If, in fact, it is there should not be a "Benefits" section. If a benefits section is acceptable in this type of article then there should also be a "Concerns" section. Which do we want: no benefits section or both a benefits and a concerns section? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Qasabah (talk • contribs) 18:29, 23 September 2010 (UTC)

Removed addition regarding acceptance of doulas and their contribution. Unbalanced and subjective. See above. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.148.172.54 (talk) 04:42, 9 January 2011 (UTC)

So
So what does a doula actually do? EdH 14:54, Mar 19, 2004 (UTC)

What a doula does...
A doula provides various support to the birth couple. She provides emotional support for both the mother, as well as for the father. By this, I mean she helps the mother and father know what is 'normal' and helps interpret the journey of childbirth for them, thus helping remove some of the fear or myths about birth. The doula understands the process of birth very well and helps the mother discover ways to seek out comfort during the labour, as well as help the dad get involved with supporting the mother physically. The doula can offer suggestions for position changes, offer massage, etc. The doula also provides factual information for the pregnant couple, essentially becoming a walking dictionary for the couple when they are faced with a decision. She does NOT provide opinion or make any decisions for the couple. She just offers facts so the couple can make their own informed choice.

The doula does not do anything medical (ie: taking blood pressure, doing vaginal exams, etc.). Once a labour support person does those things, her role changes from being a 'doula' to being a traditional birth attendant or other primary care provider.

Fixing up the article
I just did a little bit of work around here, like adding sections, wikifying, and random fixes. However, I am a bit uneasy about the whole section that is now under "Doulas in North America"; even though it's cited, this might be too much text to just take from another source. Anyway a lot of it is redundant, as the work of doulas has already been described. If anyone has some input, I would appreciate it. Otherwise, I am probably going to take out much of this section soon. Thanks, rom a rin [talk ] 03:16, 1 July 2006 (UTC)

anywhere but america!?! 89.100.10.154 22:38, 9 August 2006 (UTC)

etymology
It seems to me that both the article and the professional doula organizations are confused about the origin of the work "doula"; in Greek (which is my mother tongue) it really means "slave". You might say that this is how the word is used in modern Greek only, but the fact is that the word "doula" is derived from the ancient Greek word "douleia" ("δουλεία") which does mean, without any doubt, "slavery". Indeed, the word "douleia" may be the only word in ancient Greek that describes the concept of slavery. I think it is unfortunate that this body of professionals who indeed offer services which can be extremely helpful for some people, chose this word to describe themselves. 164.143.240.34 12:40, 30 November 2006 (UTC)

I agree that the etymology section of this article is very problematic. I know that it's uncomfortable that the word doula comes from the Ancient Greek "doule," but that is simply the truth of it. Attempts to soften the nature of this connection by claiming that "doule" meant something more akin to "female servant" with "connotations of slavery" are simply false. There are words in ancient Greek that mean "female servant" and which make no claims about the slave status of the individual ("therapaina," for example, refers to a "female helper" who may be a slave or more simply a free-born handmaiden). The word "doule," however, is derived from the Greek "douleia" which is the basic Greek word for "slavery" in the ancient world. A "doule" may or may not be employed as an assistant in various ways, but all the word guarantees is that the "doule" has been stripped of her freedom ("eleutheria") and is now someone else's property. I do not harp on this distinction in order to be a jerk about this, but there is something insidious and frustrating about the attempt often made here to rehabilitate the word. It may seem that whitewashing the term "doule" only helps modern doulas, but the stain it covers up is one that is important. Ancient slavery was ubiquitous and often brutal. Ancient "doulai" could find themselves sold against their will to brothels, be forced to work in dangerous or deadly environments, and, in any case, would be subject to the depredations of their masters (should their masters incline toward that sort of behavior). Softening the meaning of "doule" erases the horrors that many of these women experienced. Just because they have been dead for 2,000 years, doesn't mean that their histories don't matter. In any case, what matters at Wikipedia, I suppose, is not the moral implications of an edit, but accuracy. "Doulai" were slaves. Period. Any attempt to suggest they occupied a loftier station than that is willful inaccuracy. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Hipponax7 (talk • contribs) 20:33, 17 May 2013 (UTC)

Quite so. It is a term that meant, and still means, slave, and should not have been used in the first place. Just to appreciate the shocking value, think of it as if the French or the Germans decided to use the English word 'slave' or the n-word, to refer to a seamstress, and then turned to say that the n-word is actually derived from the Latin word for black, and it meant 'cotton-field worker'. I am sorry, it is just an offensive and wrong word, and it should not be used. I am adding a brief note about it in the text, please have the decency to let it stay. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.240.175.145 (talk) 23:41, 18 July 2013 (UTC)

My changes
As noted before, the "Doulas in North America" section is in need of rewriting. As it was, it read like an advertisement or a magazine article. As a start, I did the following: --128.139.104.168 23:30, 7 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Removed a few dead links.
 * Added a "not verified" template, as the statistics presented in the section do not appear in the cited magazine article; nor should this article be considered a reliable source anyway.
 * Removed the rest of the section directing to search engines and guiding career seekers, per Wikipedia guidelines.

ADDING NEW INFORMATION
I added some links for Australia a little while ago and have only just received word that I did the wrong thing....I thought anyone cold add to it.....please accept my apologies. The link I would like to add are to the DOULA REGISTER www.doularegister.com this is run by a non-profit orgnisation in New South Wales, Australia and people work on a voluntary basis for them. It is like DONA in the USA. They also run the only free standing birth centre www.naturalbirth.org.au They run courses for doulas but they do not make money as everything is put back into the birth centre. 202.7.184.205 03:08, 27 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Hi. You didn't do the wrong thing at all. BE BOLD is one of the principles of Wikipedia. What you do need to do is ensure that the links meet with WP:EL. If they don't then they are deleted. Sometimes there is a fine line between what is considered acceptable and what isn't. If your site didn't have the .com suffix it would probably be more likely to survive. Gillyweed 04:13, 27 October 2007 (UTC)

Cleaned up BENEFITS section
The benefits section mentioned a study of doula only vs childbirth only mothers interviewed afterwards. It was too focused on the fact the classes were Lamaze. Such Bradley vs Lamaze slants are inappropriate. --Ralphie (talk) 11:58, 25 June 2008 (UTC)

This articles scope would be improved by including more references and links to all known certifying organizations and CBE organizations. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Rshumway (talk • contribs) 12:21, 25 June 2008 (UTC)

Section should be removed or a "Concerns" section also added.

Parents can, and should, complete their own due diligence on the parts of their birthing plan. However, if they are using Wikipedia to begin this process and this article is to contain a benefits section it should also contain a concerns section.

Section removed. See above for rules pertaining to medical article. Would support returning section but with the understanding that a section relating to concerns raised by other health professionals and clients about the use of doulas also be included. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Qasabah (talk • contribs) 14:46, 28 September 2010 (UTC)

Doula as community health worker
See. --Una Smith (talk) 16:16, 29 June 2008 (UTC)

Is there a reason that no statistics have been provided? The studies conducted by Klaus, Kennell, and Klaus have very useful information —Preceding unsigned comment added by Sharievalentine (talk • contribs) 07:10, 2 April 2009 (UTC)
 * Yep, it's because you haven't added them yet!! :-) 65.112.197.16 (talk) 00:21, 3 July 2009 (UTC)

Pic removed
I've removed Image:Doula.jpg from the article. It could be a picture of anyone (a doctor, a nurse, a midwife, a spouse, a friend) so it adds nothing to the article. It's a nice pic for a family photo album or even a userpage, but according to the image use policy, "These images are considered self-promotion and the Wikipedia community has repeatedly reached consensus to delete such images." Kafziel Complaint Department 19:01, 9 September 2008 (UTC)

I would like to change the information to this: does any one have any objection?
Doulas are often trained and experienced in childbirth. They provide continuous physical, emotional, and informational support before labor, during labor, birth and the immediate postpartum period. A doula's goal is to help the woman have a safe and satisfying experience, as the woman defines it. The concept of a Doula is not new. A woman supporting another woman through labor is a tradition that goes back many years in all cultures. Since many of us do not live in close knit communities where our sisters, mothers, aunts, and friends are there to support us through pregnancy, childbirth and motherhood, these events can be scary and can make you feel lost if you have to experience them aloe. A doula helps fill this gap by providing support to the woman and her support system throughout the childbearing year. A doula does not replace the support system, instead she helps support them so that they can focus on loving and encouraging the laboring woman. Supports need support to! Doulas also serve as a source of information during pregnancy, labor and birth. A doula assists families in gathering information about their pregnancy, labor and the options available for delivery. Another important role of the doula is providing continuous emotional reassurance, physical comfort such as massages, and a tens machine and trusting in the woman's ability to birth her baby. The acceptance of doulas in maternity care is growing rapidly with the recognition of their important contribution to the improved physical outcomes and emotional well-being of mothers, partners and infants. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Shachybd (talk • contribs) 23:05, 28 November 2010 (UTC)

 * Parts of that sound OK though a good part sounds like opinion and not fact such as "Since many of us do not live in close knit communities where our sisters, mothers, aunts, and friends are there to support us through pregnancy, childbirth and motherhood, these events can be scary and can make you feel lost if you have to experience them aloe." I would also want to make sure that anything that you add is well cited. Drumzandspace2000 (talk) 23:21, 28 November 2010 (UTC)

India
Isn't a DAI more like a Midwife then a Doula? Drumzandspace2000 (talk) 12:03, 14 March 2012 (UTC)

Edit Warring
I am done edit warring with Drumzandspace2000 regarding his/her continued undo's of my legitimate additions to this page. I would request that he or she stop his/her inappropriate behavior or will seek other redress. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Docimastic (talk • contribs) 05:23, 21 March 2012 (UTC)
 * I am sorry that you feel that way, however I have in the past removed your edits and others as the organizations listed are global or US wide and not regional ones. I have also tried in the past to keep the organizations listed to the larger/better know ones. My comments the last time I removed your edit may not have been worded the best they could have and I am sorry if that caused you to be upset. Drumzandspace2000 (talk) 13:07, 23 March 2012 (UTC)

Substantial rewrite
Tried to base it on pubmed stuff and books on google books from the more reliable publishers. Too much use of the WSJ and NYT for criticisms though, it'd be nice to have something from pubmed. WLU (t) (c) Wikipedia's rules: simple/complex 17:03, 22 March 2012 (UTC)

 * Wow. --Anthonyhcole (talk) 19:01, 22 March 2012 (UTC)

ALICE
Why is ALICE still listed on this page? I have removed it before only to have it put back. I understand that for a long time they provided Doula training however looking at the reference and also over http://www.alace.org in general I see no mention that they provide doula trainings any more. It does mention "Childbirth Educator Training and Certification Program" which is not a doula training. I will wait a while before making the required edit so others can way in on this.Drumzandspace2000 (talk) 12:14, 17 May 2012 (UTC)
 * See . WLU (t) (c) Wikipedia's rules: simple/complex 13:02, 14 July 2012 (UTC)

 * It says nothing on that page about offering Doula trainings. It says "the ALACE Childbirth Educator Training and Certification Program" The only mention of Doulas on that page is not about trainings or classes. I have removed it again from the page if someone has a reference to show that Alice is still around and still doing Doula trainings please chime in Drumzandspace2000 (talk) 09:29, 1 August 2012 (UTC)

Lamaze International
The also only provide childbirth education not doula training. As above I will make the edit to remove this unless someone knows otherwise. Drumzandspace2000 (talk) 12:53, 17 May 2012 (UTC)
 * Oops, you are correct. I had thought Ballen verified it but Lamaze was only mentioned in a table discussing labour support. My bad. WLU (t) (c) Wikipedia's rules: simple/complex 13:11, 14 July 2012 (UTC)

New comment
The info on doulas training in NA is just wrong. You have to do your research. The process to be cert is about 2-3 years and include clinical hours, seminars, extensive reading and a final exam, which take about 2-3 hours to complete. I find the over all wiki description of doulas to be so negative. Doulas do not pressure women as whole, I am sure there are some bad doulas other there just as there are bad doctors, to state that doulas as a whole disregard safety to achieve their own objectives by pressuring women is just false. I would happy to take part in writing this. I have sent this site around to several organizations and doula networks in NA.... — Preceding unsigned comment added by 96.250.196.150 (talk) 04:07, 16 January 2013 (UTC)
 * Articles are written based on reliable sources, not personal experience. The criticisms of doulas is based on an aritcle in the Wall Street Journal, which is adequate in my opinion. Removing sourced information you personally dislike or find critical is inappropriate. You have to distinguish between the lead section of an article and the body; if it appears the lead section duplicates what is found below, this is actually proper since it is meant to summarize the important points from the rest of the article. WLU (t) (c) Wikipedia's rules: simple/complex 10:53, 16 January 2013 (UTC)

 * Also in the wsf article it says:

"'For hours, Dr. Coleman says, she asked her patient to take the drug Pitocin, commonly used to help labor progress. Each time, the patient would send the doctor out of the room and confer with her birth doula. 'I was spending hours trying to explain that this was for the baby's health, and it was just 'no, no, no,' ' recalls Dr. Coleman, head of obstetrics and gynecology for the Palo Alto clinic of the Palo Alto Medical Foundation, one of Silicon Valley's largest medical groups. 'I felt so powerless.'"
 * I reckon since the doctor was not in the room he did not witness the conversation and is placing the blame on the doula. Any good journalist would know this is just speculation and opinion, not fact. We have no idea if the doula went into the bathroom to give the mom and dad a moment to talk about what "THEY" wanted. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.101.36.68 (talk) 16:12, 16 January 2013 (UTC)
 * Again - the training is wrong. I have given you two website dona.org and icea.org that will verify the training. The article in the WSJ is also just someones opinion and as you state opinions do not make them facts. I wish you would be more open minded about how you choose to define the work doulas do and do not do. The WSJ article is almost is 10 years old. A lot changes in 10 years. You need to update your facts. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.101.36.68 (talk) 15:36, 16 January 2013 (UTC)
 * NY Times
 * Boston Globe
 * This is taken from ACOG

Type of companion important

The researchers also evaluated the type of person providing care to the patient. Women who were cared for by an outside person, such as friend, family member, or doula, had more positive effects from continuous labor care than did women who had care from a hospital staff member. “The organization of care in modern maternity units, including shift changes, diverse staff responsibilities, and staff shortages, appears to limit the effectiveness of labor support provided by members of the hospital staff,” says Ellen D. Hodnett, RN, PhD, lead author of the review, in a news release. “Non-hospital caregivers may be able to give greater attention to the mothers’ needs.”
 * info
 *
 *

FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE

Contact: Rae Davies, Executive Director Phone: 1- 888-282-CIMS, E-mail: cimshome@bellsouth.net, Fax: 904-285-2120

CIMS Responds to Wall Street Journal Article on Birth Doulas

The Coalition for Improving Maternity Services (CIMS) applauds the Wall Street Journal for publicizing on their front page (January 19, 2004) the newest healthcare group assisting birthing women-doulas. CIMS is somewhat discouraged that anecdotes of doctors were used to criticize doulas. In fact the article stated, “In most cases, birth doulas are helpful to laboring women, many doctors say.”

Evidence-based care is the gold standard of healthcare. “The best available studies which included nearly 13,000 women,” states Rae Davies, CIMS Executive Director, “found that continuous one-to- one labor support provided by trained doulas reduces the use of routine medical interventions and subsequently the short and long-term health risks associated with them. Women who have continuous labor support provided specifically by non-hospital affiliated trained doulas benefited the most. They were 26% less likely to need a cesarean, 41% less likely to need a forceps or vacuum assisted birth and 28% less likely to use analgesia or anesthesia. “

“We know from a recent US national survey of women’s childbearing experiences conducted by the Maternity Center Association of New York,” added Deborah Woolley, CNM, Ph.D., Co-Chair for CIMS, “that women who had doula care were highly satisfied. In fact, the authors who reviewed the recent studies for the internationally respected Cochrane Collaboration concluded that continuous labor support should be the norm, rather than the exception. ”

Today, many pregnant women are well read and informed about their right to “informed refusal”, a right acknowledged by the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Informed refusal gives a woman the right to determine for herself whether or not to agree to or submit to a suggested procedure after she has evaluated the procedure's risks and benefits. As indicated in the article, when women chose to refuse a certain procedure, that refusal can be wrongly attributed to the doula, likely because the medical personnel may not be used to a patient questioning their recommendations. The recently released National Healthcare Quality Report by the Department of Health and Human Services calls for the establishment of high quality, preventive, evidence-based and cost-effective care for all Americans. Providing childbearing women with the continuous supportive care of a trained birth doula does all that and more. The Coalition for Improving Maternity Services endorses the use of continuous emotional and physical support for laboring women, including doulas who are trained to assist laboring women.

The Coalition for Improving Maternity Services (CIMS), a United Nations recognized NGO, is a collaborative effort of numerous individuals, leading researchers, and more than 50 organizations representing over 90,000 members. Promoting a wellness model of maternity care that will improve birth outcomes and substantially reduce costs, CIMS developed the Mother-Friendly Childbirth Initiative in 1996. A consensus document that has been recognized as an important model for improving the healthcare and well being of children beginning at birth, the Mother-Friendly Childbirth Initiative has been translated into several languages and is gaining support around the world. For more information contact CIMS at 1-888-282-CIMS or visit www.motherfriendly.org
 * — Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.101.36.68 (talk) 16:06, 16 January 2013 (UTC)
 * Please provide reliable sources for changes, and please do not simply remove information you personally disagree with. The sourcing of the page can certainly be improved, please feel free to add sources. Removing them is inappropriate. Also, please be aware of our policy on copyright violations; if the above represent large direct quotations, it may not be a good idea to post it. WLU (t) (c) Wikipedia's rules: simple/complex 18:28, 16 January 2013 (UTC)

I provided several sources yesterday, three on the education alone and yet you keep changing this. I am not removing things that I don't agree with rather removing false information. You state doulas pressure parents, which is not true, that is someones opinion and not a fact. Have there been patients who have felt pressured, I am sure, just as they have felt pressure from doctors, but on a whole this is not the job of doulas. I have provided several site to nationally recognized doula organizations that list the scope of work, the code of ethics as well as the training, what more do you all want. i even contacted wiki directly to offer help with what you currently have. why does this have to be so hard. what you all write is slanderous and mostly you have your info wrong. Articles you site are over 10 years old. Are there bad encounters, of course, any human interaction is going to have someone who had a bad experience but your choice of words to describe issues is really unfair and creates a negative impression to for a reader who this may be their only encounter with the definition of doulas. I am not asking to remove all negative info, however I am asking that you are mindful of your choice of words. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.108.101.100 (talk) 14:39, 17 January 2013 (UTC)
 * Where were your sources? You removed text, you added no citations with the text you wrote in. Wikipedia is about verifiability, not truth, so saying information is "false" is irrelevant unless you can prove it with a citation. It may not represent your experience, but your experience is irrelevant.
 * It's not hard if you provide reliable sources and accept that well-sourced information you disagree with must remain in the article. WLU (t) (c) Wikipedia's rules: simple/complex 00:47, 18 January 2013 (UTC)

source number one is a SERIOUS issue.
hello.

i have not edited pages before, or posted in here, so i apologize if i break some sort of protocol. i did not edit the article for this very reason, and instead opted to post in here.

source #1 for the article (Balas, M. C.; Gale, M.; Kagan, S. H. (2004). "Delirium doulas: An innovative approach to enhance care for critically ill older adults". Critical care nurse 24 (4): 36–46. . edit), which is referenced 11 times is simply NOT about doulas in the way that this article is structured. this article presents doulas as lay-people that assist in pregnancy, labor and post-pardum scenarios: all true. the source is NOT about this role.

the source article is about lay-people assisting with dementia patients: ONLY. it never mentions children, or child-birth.

using the article as a source is find under the "other uses" of doulas heading...but to reference the article FIRST, and ELEVEN times (that means TEN times for things that the source does NOT support) is awful.

this really needs to be fixed.

nicholas
 * I agree and have informed the Nursing and Medicine WikiProjects. Thincat (talk) 20:40, 22 September 2013 (UTC)

 * The article was used to support the pronunciation and it also contains the following line "A doula (doó la) is traditionally described as a layperson who offers physical, emotional, and informational support to women in labor and the women’s partners." so it supports the definition at least. Other examples of content in the article do appear to be supported by this reference, as it contains towards the end a section called "Use of Doulas in the Obstetric Setting" which is a few paragraphs long. I assume most of the references came from here rather than the parts of the article on delirium and ICU etc. Lesion  ( talk ) 21:55, 22 September 2013 (UTC)

Doula = Midwife?
This article needs to make up its mind about whether a doula is a midwife or not. These sentences suggest that a doula is a midwife:

″A doula is a nonmedical person who assists a woman before, during, and/or after childbirth, as well as her spouse and/or family, by providing physical assistance, and emotional support.″

″This may be due to doulas providing intermittent assistance being experienced midwives who focused less on social support and more on medical aspects of delivery.″

However, this sentence suggests that she isn't:

″Continuous support during labour provided by doulas (along with variety of groups such as nurses, midwives, other hospital staff, partners, family or friends) have been associated with improved outcomes for both mothers and children.″

So, which is it?

74.71.71.165 (talk) 16:20, 10 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Obviously, if there are differences, a doula is not the same as a midwife. Some doulas may have undergone training as a midwife and may have some experience in the profession, but choose to work as a doula (at least that's how I understand it; I'm new to the subject), and the sentence in question doesn't say they're the same (just that there is some overlap in people, but not necessarily roles). There are clearly at least three crucial differences between midwives and doulas: First, the required education, as the profession of doula is not regulated and the title can be used by anyone (as the article points out), second, the fact that midwives (primarily) provide medical services and doulas do not (generally speaking), and third, a doula proves post-birth assistance, which a midwive does not. A doula therefore provides services more like nannies in part. However, midwives, doulas, nannies/maids, night nurses, baby/newborn nurses, babysitters, au-pairs and mother's helpers all provide somewhat different services connected with pregnancy, childbirth, childcare and support for the parents. --Florian Blaschke (talk) 14:45, 25 February 2015 (UTC)

 * OK, I deleted the second cited sentence ("This may be due to...") since it was poorly worded and seemed to imply that doulas were midwives. 2604:2000:EFC0:2:F4EC:C71F:9AE0:D5FB (talk) 18:32, 21 March 2015 (UTC)

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Non-binary language
First day ever of editing. I was making the subtle changes to the language of who gives birth, but was told I'm not making minor changes and may be banned from editing. We know that people who give birth may be trans or not identify as "women," and their partners may not be their "spouse." This is not a dispute on the beliefs of whether that is moral or not. The truth is that doulas support birthing people (not just women birthing, but other people who may birth) and their partner (who may not be their spouse,) should they have them. It is inaccurate to list them all as "women" therefore the changes that I had made. I do hope Wikipedia will strive to the accurate, regardless of the beliefs of individual editors. CCalvano (talk) 03:57, 12 January 2017 (UTC) CCalvano (talk) 03:57, 12 January 2017 (UTC)

"We encourage you to be bold in a fair and accurate manner." https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Getting_started?markasread=96949365

I was BOLD, fair, and accurate in my changes.

"Commitment to openness and diversity Though US-based, the organization is international in its nature. Our board of trustees, staff members, and volunteers are involved without discrimination based on their religion, political beliefs, sexual preferences, nationalities, etc... Not only do we accept diversity, but we actually look forward to it."" https://m.wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Values

If Wikipedia is committed to openness and diversity; if it "not only accept[s] diversity, but...actually look forward to it" then you must allow for the edits that include all those who birth, may be pregnant, and may be part of their family. CCalvano (talk) 04:33, 12 January 2017 (UTC)

 * I'm a birthworker as well and agree with the addition of non-binary language being the most appropriate. I have changed this language where applicable in addition to my other revisions. 9H48F (talk) 03:04, 30 March 2019 (UTC)

 * I agree that "spouse" needed to be changed to birthing partner or similar but I disagree that woman/mother needs to be changed to person. We have had the same discussion on the article for menstruation over and over and over... For a layperson reading this article, I think we should stick to woman/mother and can explain in one sentence that also transgender people can give birth but we don't have to make the entire article gender neutral. EMsmile (talk) 01:35, 2 May 2019 (UTC)

I copy here from the talk page of menstruation a statement by User:Flyer22 which supports my stance with Wikipedia policy links: +++++++++ ''I noticed that the language in this article refers to "women" as those who menstruate. This unfortunately leaves out those who are a part of the gender binary who menstruate, such as genderqueer folk, intersex folk and transmen. Keep this in mind and don't leave anybody out! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 50.156.77.57 (talk) 19:55, 21 October 2013 (UTC) ''

'':Whether you are or aren't the registered editor I reverted, with a WP:Dummy edit summary here, read what is stated at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Medicine/Archive 37; two important things that Wikipedia goes by are WP:Verifiability and WP:Due weight. Flyer22 (talk) 20:18, 21 October 2013 (UTC)''++++++++++ EMsmile (talk) 01:35, 2 May 2019 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the resources EMsmile, I'm glad to see non-binary language being discussed and wasn't sure where to look! The difference between these articles and the doula article is that the former references anatomy/conditions whereas the doula article is describing clients. Notably, the doula industry (generally) refers to clients in gender neutral terms and one of the first citations in this article is a source that supports this as well as doula/birth organizations DONA International, Lamaze, ICEA, and DTI.  If this article is to describe the role of the doula as it pertains to their clients, it should be using non-binary language and could easily be rewritten using sources with non-binary language (although personally I don't really have the time for that). Non-binary language goes beyond transgender individuals and encompasses   gender non-confirming and even individuals identifying as women who don't want to be called "mothers"! 9H48F (talk) 21:08, 22 May 2019 (UTC)

 * @User:Doc James: could you please inform us what the current thinking is around the use of non-binary language in health related articles in Wikipedia? I have a concern regarding WP:Due weight and to using language that could become off-putting to the layperson who is reading this. It's not meant to be a page that addresses clients of doulas, it's meant to be an encyclopaedic article. Hence, I would hesitate to replace all "woman, female, she, her, mother" words with "birthing person, they, person giving birth" etc. But I'd like to know what the current sentiment is amongst experienced Wikipedians? Also, opinion by User:Flyer22? Maybe a compromise would be to expand on this section to explain terminology further and to mention that some clients do not want to be called "mothers" (with reference): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doula#Full-Spectrum EMsmile (talk) 02:56, 23 May 2019 (UTC)
 * When one is speaking about the biology of the situation one typically uses "males" and "female". When one is speaking about gender one uses non-binary language. At least that is my understanding. Additionally when referring to a specific person one generally uses the pronoun that they wish. Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) 08:23, 23 May 2019 (UTC)
 * User:Doc James hmmmm, this doesn't make it any clearer to me. Does "female" have to be replaced with "birthing person" in this article or not? I would argue "female" is OK here since birth is a physiological process, not a "society or gender" one. Only persons with a uterus can give birth (so far at least), and those are biologically "female". In any case the number of transmen giving birth is bound to be very small globally so I don't think we need to have every sentence gender neutral in this article. I would say it suffices to say that transmen can also give birth (link to transgender article), but then for the rest of the article keep using female, woman, she etc. OK? EMsmile (talk) 09:42, 24 May 2019 (UTC)
 * Yes that is what I would recommend. Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) 07:46, 25 May 2019 (UTC)

Even if the trans thing is real then 99% of pregnant people would be women anyway. Can people see now why Wikipedia is so often criticised as having a liberal bias? 2001:BB6:7A04:58:1DAC:5DB9:96FE:B012 (talk) 07:42, 25 August 2021 (UTC)

 * @User:2001:BB6:7A04:58:1DAC:5DB9:96FE:B012, the criticisms of Wikipedia are well-known. In fact, there's a Wikipeida article on this topic and a further detailed one on the ideological bias of Wikipedia! I think it is beneficial to have these conversations on appropriate language use so that Wikipedia can be as comprehensive and easy to use as possible. In this article, you'll see that "woman" is used throughout the text. 9H48F (talk)

Abortion Doulas
Given the Doulas I've personally encountered were anti-abortion (when they expressed an opinion) it surprised me today to discover that Abortion Doulas exist and are being discussed in recent news media. Also, Wikipedia doesn't currently have an article on Abortion Doulas or mention them here.

(UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 23.227.197.225 (talk)

Need better image in the lead
I think we need a better image for the lead. This one looks too much like a "sick" woman in a hospitalised setting. A doula is helping laboring women to work through the labor pains in a positive emotion. If I had time I'd look myself for a better picture, hopefully there is one in Wikimedia Commons. EMsmile (talk) 15:12, 29 June 2018 (UTC)

 * Replaced the image to be more representative of a doula's work during labor. 9H48F (talk) 19:12, 13 April 2019 (UTC)
 * I love the new image that you have chosen, 9H48F - thank you! Much better than the one that was there before! EMsmile (talk) 12:52, 20 April 2019 (UTC)

Foundations II, 2019 Group 2b: goals
Our group of 4 will be expanding on and adding new information about
 * 1) death doulas
 * 2) perceptions of doulas (society and provider), and
 * 3) health implications for mother and child post-birth. Clphan (talk) 21:13, 30 July 2019 (UTC)
 * (added numbering formatting) Please make sure the other group members assign themselves to this page before editing. Thanks. Health policy (talk) 03:35, 31 July 2019 (UTC)

 * Peer Review
 * The group's edits substantially improve the article as described in the wikipedia peer review "guiding framework." Huyha63 (talk) 21:12, 5 August 2019 (UTC)
 * The group has achieved its overall goals for improvement. Huyha63 (talk) 21:12, 5 August 2019 (UTC)
 * The draft submission reflects a neutral point of view. The group does not insert opinions of their own and presents neither positive or negative information. Lyjanicee (talk) 21:14, 5 August 2019 (UTC)
 * The points included are verifiable with cited secondary sources that are freely available. Huyha63 (talk) 21:12, 5 August 2019 (UTC)
 * The edits are formatted consistent with Wikipedia's manual of style. Laurafansun (talk) 21:15, 5 August 2019 (UTC)
 * There is no evidence of plagiarism or copyright violation.

Sharonluong (talk) 21:14, 5 August 2019 (UTC)

Doulas and the Commonwealth of Virginia
I have heard that in 2022, doulas will have some form of state-sponsored standard within the Commonwealth of Virginia. Is there a way the article can reflect that on the next rework? 2601:846:C100:2D80:BD81:43F1:5D07:52A9 (talk) 09:55, 31 January 2022 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the comment, I added Virginia to the list of states offering Medicaid reimbursement. Potentially, this section could be expanded to add details of the state programs along with section subheaders for each country discussed. 9H48F (talk) 14:54, 30 November 2023 (UTC)

Confusing article
The lead states they are 'trained professionals' but in the next paragaph it sais they may not have any formal training so which one is it? 2A00:23C7:5AD0:8F01:6483:E9A9:EDB:ABD3 (talk) 03:59, 28 May 2023 (UTC)

Abortion doula
The article claims that abortion doulas exist in the United Kingdom but havent provided a source. This should be removed as this is very unlikely. 2A00:23C7:5AD0:8F01:6483:E9A9:EDB:ABD3 (talk) 04:02, 28 May 2023 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: SSC198
— Assignment last updated by Jbasnet (talk) 03:13, 15 December 2023 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: BMSC 4309 Nutritional Biochemistry and Metabolism
— Assignment last updated by KemiahOwoh (talk) 21:30, 4 February 2024 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Doula


text:
Talk:Temple (novel)

Untitled
(This is a work in progress which will be updated soon. In the meantime, maybe you should read the book.) I know. I changed it.
 * This article has way too much detail - an encyclopedia article isn't a book report or a fan site; it should provide enough material to give the reader a sense of what the book is like and about, and to allow the reader to put it in context in literature, society, history, or whatever context is legitimate - but it shouldn't detail the entire plot. As you rightly say, let people read the book if they want all the details - but right now, nobody is going to read this article because it's so long and, frankly, boring. DavidWBrooks 14:55, 19 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * Next time, put information before the stub tag and categories, not after.--KrossTalk 19:02, 8 March 2006 (UTC)

Removed "The novel is a fast moving adventure story that will keep you hooked on till the last page...the novel has many interconnected parts so be sure to read carefully and slowly, taking in every word. There are many twists and turns which make this novel a wonderful read." Pure opinion. 80.169.138.156 13:37, 17 July 2006 (UTC)

 * It maybe opinion, but I've read the book and would say that whoever wrote that is telling the truth =p. A Prodigy (talk) 16:15, 24 July 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Temple (novel)


text:
Universities at Shady Grove

The Universities at Shady Grove (USG) is a multi-university higher education center of the University System of Maryland for mid-career working professionals and non-traditional students. Degrees taught by the cooperative are conferred by the individual universities as opposed to it being conferred in the name of the education center.

It originally began in 1992 as part of the University of Maryland University College. In 2000, it reformed under its present name. Daytime, evening and weekend classes are offered at Shady Grove to students studying in 80 undergraduate, graduate, degree and certificate programs.

Established in 2000, The Universities at Shady Grove (USG) is a regional higher education center of the University System of Maryland that offers students access to undergraduate and graduate degree programs from nine universities on one campus in Rockville, Maryland.

There is no separate application for USG; prospective students seeking to enroll in a program at USG apply directly to the university offering their desired program. Students are taught by the same professors, take the same courses, and have the same curriculum as students enrolled in that program at their university's main campus. Students take their classes at USG, but earn their degree from the university offering their program.

There is an on-campus library, the Shannon and Michael Priddy Library.

Academics
As a regional higher education center of the University System of Maryland, undergraduate and graduate degree programs are offered on the USG campus from nine Maryland universities:

 * Bowie State University
 * Ed.D in Education
 * M.Ed in Education
 * Salisbury University
 * B.S. in Exercise Science
 * M.S. in Applied Health Physiology
 * B.F.A. in Art, Graphic Design
 * Towson University
 * B.S. in Early Childhood Education
 * B.S. in Elementary Education/Special Education
 * M.A.T. in Special Education
 * M.Ed. in Early Childhood Education
 * M.Ed. in Special Education
 * University of Baltimore
 * B.S. in Health Systems Management
 * B.S. in Simulation and Game Design
 * M.A. in Integrated Design
 * M.P.A. in Public Administration
 * M.P.S. in Justice Leadership and Management
 * M.S. in Forensic Science - High Technology Crime
 * M.S. in Health Systems Management
 * Doctor of Public Administration
 * Graduate Certificate in Government Financial Management
 * University of Maryland, Baltimore
 * B.S. in nursing (RN-to-BSN)
 * B.S. in nursing (Traditional Option)
 * M.S. in Medical Cannabis Science and Therapeutics
 * M.S. in Pharmaceutical Sciences
 * Masters in Social Work
 * Doctor of Nursing Practice | Family Nurse Practitioner
 * University of Maryland, Baltimore County
 * B.A. in History
 * B.A. in Political Science
 * B.A. in Psychology
 * B.A. in Social Work
 * B.S. in Computer Science
 * B.S. in Mechanical Engineering
 * B.S. in Translational Life Science Technology
 * M.P.S. in Biotechnology
 * M.P.S. in Cybersecurity
 * M.P.S. in Data Science
 * M.P.S. in Geographic Information Systems
 * M.P.S. in I/O Psychology
 * M.P.S. in Technical Management
 * University of Maryland, College Park
 * B.A. in Communication
 * B.A. in Criminology and Criminal Justice
 * B.S. in Accounting
 * B.S. in Biological Sciences
 * B.S. in Information Science (BSIS)
 * B.S. in Management
 * B.S. in Marketing
 * B.S. in Public Health Science
 * M.Ed. in Human Development
 * M.Ed. in Math Education: Special Studies in Middle School Math
 * M.Ed. in Special Education/Severe Disabilities with a focus on Autism Spectrum Disorders for Teachers, Professionals, and Professional Staff
 * M.Ed. in Teacher Leadership: Special Studies in STEM Education
 * Master of Business Administration
 * Master of Information Management (MIM)
 * Master of Library and Information Science (MLIS)
 * Professional Master in Engineering
 * Graduate Certificate in Engineering (GCEN)
 * Post Baccalaureate Certificate in Global Health
 * University of Maryland Eastern Shore
 * B.S. in Construction Management Technology
 * B.S. in Hospitality and Tourism Management
 * University of Maryland Global Campus
 * B.A. in Communication Studies
 * B.S. in Accounting
 * B.S. in Business Administration
 * B.S. in Computer Networks and Cybersecurity
 * B.S. in Cybersecurity Management and Policy
 * B.S. in Digital Media and Web Technology
 * B.S. in Human Resource Management
 * B.S. in Information Systems Management
 * B.S. In Investigative Forensics
 * B.S. in Public Safety Administration
 * B.S. in Software Development and Security
 * B.T.P.S. in Biotechnology
 * B.T.P.S. in Laboratory Management
 * M.S. in Biotechnology
 * M.S. in Health Care Administration
 * M.S. in Information Technology
 * M.S. in Management

title: Universities at Shady Grove


text:
Matthew Sweet

Sidney Matthew Sweet (born October 6, 1964) is an American alternative rock/power pop singer-songwriter and musician who was part of the burgeoning music scene in Athens, Georgia, during the 1980s before gaining commercial success in the 1990s as a solo artist. His companion albums, Tomorrow Forever and Tomorrow's Daughter, were followed by 2018's Wicked System of Things  and 2021's Catspaw,  his 15th studio effort.

Early life and education
Sweet was born in Lincoln, Nebraska. He graduated from Southeast High School in Lincoln, in 1983. Upon graduation he moved to Athens, Georgia to attend college.

1980s
As a high school student in 1980, Sweet wrote songs and recorded them on four-track cassettes. He joined the band The Specs and released his first recording on a battle of bands LP produced by a local radio station, and fronted his own local band called The Dialtones. After graduating, Sweet traveled to Athens, Georgia, to attend college during the vibrant Athens music scene. That same year, Sweet, who had met the band R.E.M. when they played a show in his hometown the previous year, collaborated with frontman Michael Stipe in a duo group under the name Community Trolls, as well as played guitar in Stipe's sister Lynda Stipe's band, Oh-OK. In addition, he formed another duo, The Buzz of Delight, with Oh-OK drummer David Pierce, releasing an EP, Sound Castles, in 1984 on DB Records. On the strength of this 12" vinyl, Sweet was signed to a solo recording contract with Columbia Records.

In 1986, he released Inside, his debut album, to good reviews but little commercial success. In 1989, he released Earth after signing with A&M Records; likewise, it was well-received critically, yet not commercially. This marked a personal and professional low period as his record company lost interest and his marriage failed.

1990s
In 1990, A&M released Sweet from his contract, and he signed with rival Zoo Entertainment, which evolved into Volcano Entertainment. Sweet formed a new band (which included Richard Lloyd, Robert Quine, Greg Leisz, Lloyd Cole, and Fred Maher), and together they spent that year assembling his next work, originally titled Nothing Lasts.

The following year, Sweet released Girlfriend, which was widely considered an artistic breakthrough. It quickly garnered impressive U.S. sales, spawning a Top 10 single with the title track. The music video for "Girlfriend" (heavily aired on MTV, MuchMusic and Night Tracks) featured clips from the anime film Space Adventure Cobra, while the video for "I've Been Waiting" used clips of the Urusei Yatsura character Lum.

In 1993, Sweet released Altered Beast, an album which drew mixed reactions with its intense and brooding tracks (such as "Someone to Pull the Trigger" and "Knowing People"). The music video for the single "The Ugly Truth" (directed by Sweet) featured the singer being chased in the desert by police while driving his own 1970 Dodge Challenger, while the video for "Time Capsule" was a literary homage to Jonathan Swift's Gulliver's Travels.

In 1995, Sweet released 100% Fun, an alt-rock album best known for its lead-off track, the self-deprecating "Sick of Myself". The album itself fared better commercially, and even made it onto Entertainment Weekly critic David Browne's year's-best list.

In 1997, Sweet released Blue Sky on Mars, a new-wave album which featured the synth-laden singles "Where You Get Love" and "Come to California". The music video for the former featured Sweet as an astronaut traveling through outer space.

In 1998 his version of Walter Egan's Magnet and Steel was recorded on the Sabrina The Teenage Witch album with Lindsey Buckingham on guitar.

In 1999, Sweet released In Reverse, a psychedelic album which featured Wall of Sound singles "What Matters" and "Trade Places". The album is noteworthy for its 10-minute closing track, "Thunderstorm", a combination of several demos.

2000s
In 2000, Sweet released Time Capsule: Best of 90/00, a retrospective compilation which featured two new tracks.

In 2001, Sweet and Darius Rucker performed The Beach Boys song "Sail On, Sailor" on the special A Tribute to Brian Wilson; the musicians later performed the same song with Brian Wilson himself on Late Show with David Letterman.

In 2002, Sweet released To Understand: The Early Recordings of Matthew Sweet, a retrospective compilation which featured unreleased material. Also that year, he formed the group The Thorns with Shawn Mullins and Pete Droge.

In 2003, Sweet released Kimi Ga Suki, a garage-rock album initially released in Japan, where Sweet has a following.

In 2004, he released Living Things, an acoustic album mainly consisted of material he wrote while recording w/ The Thorns.

In 2006, Sweet and Susanna Hoffs released Under the Covers, Vol. 1, which featured covers of popular 1960s songs.

In 2008, Sweet released Sunshine Lies, his 10th studio album, which also incorporated a 2-LP set featuring 4 bonus tracks.

In 2009, Sweet and Hoffs released Under the Covers, Vol. 2, which featured covers of popular 1970s songs.

2010s
In 2010, the musical Girlfriend, using songs from Sweet's album of the same name, was staged by the Berkeley Repertory Theatre.

In 2011, Sweet released Modern Art, an album which featured the single, "She Walks the Night".

In 2012, Sweet celebrated the 20th anniversary of Girlfriend with a tour performing the entire album from start to finish. Also that year, Sweet contributed an essay for the Mark Dillon book Fifty Sides of the Beach Boys on the 1967 song "Wonderful".

In 2013, Sweet and Susanna Hoffs released Under the Covers, Vol. 3, which features covers of popular 1980s songs.

In 2014, Sweet was featured on The Simpsons, the longest-running American sitcom. He wrote "Hopin' for a Dream", a song by fictitious 1980s band SunGazer, in the episode. Sweet and his wife Lisa were also research consultants for the Tim Burton film Big Eyes, a biography on painter Margaret Keane.

In 2015, Sweet and Susanna Hoffs released Completely Under the Covers, a limited 4-disc box set of all three Under the Covers albums, with 15 bonus tracks.

In 2017, Sweet released Tomorrow Forever, a rootsy album funded entirely by fans on Kickstarter; over the course of one month in 2014, the project exceeded its $32,000 goal by 75% from fewer than 800 backers.

In 2018, Sweet released Tomorrow's Daughter on May 18, a companion album to Tomorrow Forever. Also that year, Sweet was paid tribute in the compilation album, "Altered Sweet", which included artists such as Lisa Mychols, Andy Reed, Greg Pope, Nick Bertling, Fireking, Chris Richards & The Subtractions, simple friend, Michael Simmons, Gretchen's Wheel, The Well Wishers, Elvyn, Pop Co-Op, Stabby Robot, Lannie Flowers, Stereo Tiger, Michael Carpenter, Phil Ajjarapu, CokeRoque, Donny Brown, Nick Piunti, Paranoid Lovesick, Trolley, Keith Klingensmith, Arvidson & Butterflies, Robyn Gibson and Popdudes. Also that year, independent vinyl reissue label Intervention Records announced it would release Artist-Approved 2 LP Expanded Editions of 100% Fun, Altered Beast, and Girlfriend on vinyl and CD/SACD, along with a vinyl reissue of Son of Altered Beast. On Record Store Day's Black Friday, he released Wicked System of Things, a tribute to midwestern power pop, and a 3-inch colored vinyl of a live 1997 recording from Disney Orlando's Pleasure Island for Record Store Day in 2019.

2020s
In 2021, Sweet released Catspaw, his 15th studio album, and the first to feature Sweet playing all lead guitar parts.

Personal life
Sweet and his wife Lisa have resided in Omaha, Nebraska since 2013. He was married at least once before; a 1989 divorce strongly inspired the songs on Sweet's commercial breakthrough album Girlfriend.

Sweet is a member of the Canadian charity Artists Against Racism.

Discography

 * Inside (1986)
 * Earth (1989)
 * Girlfriend (1991)
 * Altered Beast (1993)
 * 100% Fun (1995)
 * Blue Sky on Mars (1997)
 * In Reverse (1999)
 * Kimi Ga Suki (2003)
 * Living Things (2004)
 * Under the Covers, Vol. 1 (with Susanna Hoffs) (2006)
 * Sunshine Lies (2008)
 * Under the Covers, Vol. 2 (with Susanna Hoffs) (2009)
 * Modern Art (2011)
 * Under the Covers, Vol. 3 (with Susanna Hoffs) (2013)
 * Tomorrow Forever (2017)
 * Tomorrow's Daughter (2018)
 * Wicked System of Things (2018)
 * Catspaw (2021)

Other appearances

 * In 1983, Sweet was an extra in the film, Terms of Endearment, in a scene featuring Debra Winger and Jeff Daniels at the University of Nebraska.
 * In 1985, Sweet contributed a cover of the dB's "Ask for Jill" (with Don Dixon and Chris Stamey) for the Hoboken anthology, Luxury Condos Coming to Your Neighborhood Soon.
 * In 1986, Sweet contributed lyrics and vocals to the song, "Something Becomes Nothing", for The Golden Palominos album, Blast of Silence and played with the band during a 1987 concert tour.
 * In 1988, Sweet co-wrote (with Jules Shear) the title track to the final 'Til Tuesday album, Everything's Different Now.
 * In 1991, Sweet contributed bass guitar to Lloyd Cole's cover of "Chelsea Hotel" for the tribute album, I'm Your Fan: The Songs of Leonard Cohen, and also toured with his band, Lloyd Cole and the Commotions.
 * In 1992, Sweet was featured on an episode of the series, 120 Minutes, hosted by VJ Dave Kendall, which included an interview and live performance.
 * In 1992, Sweet played bass on the album To Hell With Love by Suzanne Rhatigan, which was produced by Sweet's Girlfriend producer Fred Maher and also featured Sweet's guitarist Robert Quine.
 * In 1994, Sweet co-produced the Velvet Crush album, Teenage Symphonies to God.
 * In 1995, Sweet appeared on an episode of the series, Space Ghost Coast to Coast. That same year, he was featured on an episode of VH1 Duets with John Hiatt, and also contributed guitar and vocals to the song, "She's Not in Love", on the Kim Stockwood album, Bonavista.
 * In 1996, Sweet contributed bass guitar to the song, "Are You Ready for the Fallout?", on the Fastball debut album. Also, Sweet provided backing vocals for Kris McKay in a cover of his own song, "How Cool", on her album, Things That Show.
 * In 1997, Sweet was the subject for Matthew Sweet: On the Edge, a documentary produced by NPTV (Nebraska Public Television). Also that year, Sweet contributed vocals to the song, "Sixteen Down", on the Jayhawks album, Sound of Lies.
 * Also in 1997 he appeared in Austin Powers: International Man of Mystery. as a performer in Austin's band Ming Tea playing during the closing credits of the movie.
 * In 1998, Sweet appeared on an episode of the series, The Drew Carey Show, as a musician auditioning to be in Carey's band.
 * In 1999, Sweet co-produced (and co-wrote two songs) on the Velvet Crush album, Free Expression.
 * In 2000, Sweet contributed lyrics and vocals to the song, "Daylight", on the Delerium album, Poem. Also that year, he appeared on the game show, Win Ben Stein's Money, as a contestant playing for Alzheimer's.
 * In 2001, Sweet was interviewed for the book, Behind The Muse: Pop and Rock's Greatest Songwriters Talk About Their Work and Inspiration.
 * In 2002, Sweet contributed vocals to the title track of the Counting Crows album, Hard Candy.
 * In 2003, Sweet co-wrote the song, "Stumbling Through the Dark", for the Jayhawks album, Rainy Day Music.
 * In 2004, Sweet co-wrote the title track to the Hanson album, Underneath.
 * In 2008, Sweet was featured in Mellodrama, a documentary about the Mellotron. Also, he produced The Bridges debut album, Limits of the Sky.
 * In 2010, Sweet was featured on an episode of Stripped Down Live With Curt Smith, which included an interview and live performance.
 * In 2011, Sweet performed the Big Star song, "September Gurls", with Mike Mills at a tribute concert to Alex Chilton. Also, he co-produced The Bangles comeback album, Sweetheart of the Sun.
 * In 2012, Sweet was the subject for an episode of On Canvas, an Emmy-winning music program which fuses stage performances with interviews.
 * In 2013, Sweet performed the Beatles songs, "Nowhere Man" and "Day Tripper", along with the Wild Honey Orchestra (featuring Rusty Anderson) at a tribute benefit for autism. That same year, he contributed bass to the Lloyd Cole album, Standards.
 * In 2013, Sweet collaborated with Tim Robbins and Susanna Hoffs for a cover of the traditional "Marianne" for the sea shanty-compilation Son of Rogues Gallery: Pirate Ballads, Sea Songs & Chanteys.
 * In 2020, Sweet contributed guitar and backing vocals to a new version of Badfinger's "Baby Blue" for the band's sole surviving member, Joey Molland.
 * In 2022, Sweet published an unreleased cover demo of Kate Bush's 1978 single, Wuthering Heights (song), on his YouTube channel.
 * In 2022, Sweet published an unreleased cover demo of Kate Bush's 1978 single, Wuthering Heights (song), on his YouTube channel.

title: Matthew Sweet


text:
Clark Memorandum

The Clark Memorandum on the Monroe Doctrine or Clark Memorandum, written on December 17, 1928 by Calvin Coolidge's undersecretary of state J. Reuben Clark, concerned the United States' use of military force to intervene in Latin American nations. This memorandum was a secret until it was officially released in 1930 by the Herbert Hoover administration.

The Clark memorandum rejected the view that the Roosevelt Corollary was based on the Monroe Doctrine. However, it was not a complete repudiation of the Roosevelt Corollary but was rather a statement that any intervention by the U.S. was not sanctioned by the Monroe Doctrine but rather was the right of America as a state. This separated the Roosevelt Corollary from the Monroe Doctrine by noting that the Monroe Doctrine only applied to situations involving European countries. One main point in the Clark Memorandum was to note that the Monroe Doctrine was based on conflicts of interest only between the United States and European nations, rather than between the United States and Latin American nations.

Historian Gene Sessions says the memorandum said the Monroe Doctrine did not explicitly renounce rights of intervention in Latin America (as often stated). It had little if any influence on the development evolution of US Latin American policy.

Conditions and details
During the late 1920s, a number of American foreign policy leaders started to argue for a softer tone in US relations with Latin American nations, which had been chafing under decades of intervention by the United States. Under secretary of State, and later Ambassador to Mexico, J. Reuben Clark (1871–1961) held these conciliatory views and completed work on the 236-page Memorandum late in the Coolidge administration. Clark argued the following:
 * Every nation, including the United States, has the right of "self-preservation".
 * The principle of self-preservation underlies the Monroe Doctrine.
 * The United States alone makes the decision about when to intervene on behalf of Latin American nations.
 * The Monroe Doctrine was not concerned with the relationship between the United States and other nations in the Americas, except when European interference in those nations threatened the security of the United States.
 * The Doctrine relates to the relationship of the United States and Latin America on one side versus Europe on the other side, not of the United States on one side versus Latin America on the other side.
 * The primary purpose of the Doctrine was to protect Latin American nations from intervention by European powers, not to victimize or oppress Latin American nations.
 * The Roosevelt Corollary was not part of the Monroe Doctrine.
 * The application of the Monroe Doctrine by the United States was beneficial to Latin American states.

While sometimes regarded as an outright repudiation of the Roosevelt Corollary, Clark was simply advancing his belief that the corollary was separate from the Monroe Doctrine and that American intervention in Latin America, when necessary, was sanctioned by U.S. rights as a sovereign nation, not by the Monroe Doctrine.

Clark's views were not made public until March 1930 during the Hoover administration, when Secretary of State Henry L. Stimson was guiding American diplomacy toward the beginning of a Good Neighbor Policy with its Latin American neighbors.

The memorandum also used the term "national security" in its first known usage.

title: Clark Memorandum


text:
Magic Kingdom

Magic Kingdom Park is a theme park at the Walt Disney World Resort in Bay Lake, Florida. It opened on October 1, 1971, and is owned and operated by The Walt Disney Company through its Experiences division. The official park name has changed slightly over the years, from Walt Disney World Magic Kingdom (1971–1994) and The Magic Kingdom (1994–2017). The park was initialized by Walt Disney and designed by WED Enterprises. The park layout and attractions were based on Disneyland in Anaheim, California, and are dedicated to fairy tales and Disney characters.

The park icon is Cinderella Castle, inspired by the fairy tale castle featured in the 1950 animated film. In 2022, the park hosted 17.13 million visitors, making it the most visited theme park in the world for the sixteenth consecutive year and the most visited theme park in North America for at least the past twenty-two years. The park has become a cultural touchstone and symbol of modern American pop culture.

Conception
Although Walt Disney had been highly involved in planning the resort complex and park, he died in 1966, before he could see the vision through. Although Walt Disney did not live to see Walt Disney World, he did come to Florida in person to survey the land, meet with local officials, and announce the project to the media. After Walt's death, his brother Roy Disney took over the project. Walt Disney Productions began construction on Magic Kingdom and the entire resort in 1967. The park was built as a larger, improved version of Disneyland in California.

Magic Kingdom was built over a series of tunnels called utilidors, a portmanteau of utility and corridor, allowing employees (called "cast members") or VIP guests to move through the park out of sight.

Because of Florida's high water table, the tunnels could not be put underground, so they were built at the existing grade, meaning the park is built on the second story, giving the Magic Kingdom an elevation of 108 ft. The area around the utilidors was filled in with dirt removed from the Seven Seas Lagoon, which was being constructed at the same time. The utilidors were built in the initial construction and were not extended as the park expanded. The tunnels were intended to be designed into all subsequent Walt Disney World parks but were set aside mostly because of financial constraints.

Opening and operation
Magic Kingdom Park opened as the first part of the Walt Disney World Resort on October 1, 1971, commencing concurrently with Disney's Contemporary Resort and Disney's Polynesian Village Resort. It opened with twenty-three attractions, three unique to the park and twenty replicas of attractions at Disneyland, split into six themed lands, five copies of those at Disneyland (Main Street, U.S.A., Adventureland, Frontierland, Fantasyland, and Tomorrowland) and the Magic Kingdom exclusive of Liberty Square, rather than the Disneyland New Orleans Square. The Walt Disney Company promised to increase this number with a combination of replicas and unique attractions. While there is no individual dedication to Magic Kingdom, the dedication by Roy O. Disney for the entire resort was placed within its gates.

The only land added to the original roster of lands in the park was Mickey's Toontown Fair. The land originally opened in 1988 as Mickey's Birthdayland to celebrate Mickey Mouse's 60th birthday. Later the land was renovated as Mickey's Starland and eventually to Mickey's Toontown Fair. The land was home to attractions such as Mickey's Country House, Minnie's Country House, The Barnstormer at Goofy's Wiseacre Farm, and Donald's Boat. It closed on February 12, 2011, to make way for the expansion of Fantasyland. The Walt Disney World Railroad station in Mickey's Toontown Fair, which opened with Mickey's Birthdayland in 1988, was closed for the duration of the construction. In 2012, the space where Mickey's Toontown Fair sat reopened as a part of Fantasyland, in a sub-section called the Storybook Circus, where an updated Dumbo the Flying Elephant attraction was relocated. The Barnstormer was retained and was re-themed to The Great Goofini.

Since opening day, Magic Kingdom has been closed temporarily because of eight hurricanes: Floyd, Charley, Frances, Jeanne, Wilma, Matthew, Irma, and Ian. The first non-hurricane related day the park has closed is on September 11, 2001, due to the terrorist attacks that day. Walt Disney World was closed from March 15, 2020, to July 11, 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, there are four "phases" of park closure when Magic Kingdom exceeds capacity, ranging from restricted access for most guests (Phase 1) to full closure for everyone, even cast-members (Phase 4).

"Magic Kingdom" was often used as an unofficial nickname for Disneyland before Walt Disney World was built. The official tagline for Disneyland is "The Happiest Place On Earth", while the tagline for Magic Kingdom is "The Most Magical Place On Earth". Up until the early 1990s, Magic Kingdom was officially known as Walt Disney World Magic Kingdom, and was never printed without the Walt Disney World prefix. This purpose was to differentiate between the park and Disneyland in California. In 1994, to differentiate it from Disneyland, the park was officially renamed Magic Kingdom Park.

Alcoholic beverages had been prohibited from the park since its opening, but this policy has gradually changed. In 2012, the Be Our Guest Restaurant opened selling wine and beer for the first time. This was the only place in the park where alcohol was permitted until December 2014 when four additional restaurants began selling beer and wine including Cinderella's Royal Table, Liberty Tree Tavern, Tony's Town Square Restaurant, and the Jungle Navigation Co. Ltd. Skipper Canteen. And finally in 2018, the park officially became the second Magic Kingdom-style park to serve alcohol at all table service restaurants, after Disneyland Paris in 1993.

Early in 2024, a Disney executive confirmed that the park will expand with the addition of a 12 to 14 acre land located “beyond Big Thunder.”

Park layout and attractions
Magic Kingdom is divided into six themed "lands." The center of the park in front of Cinderella Castle is designed like a wheel with a hub and spoke design. Pathways spoke out from the hub across the 107 acres of the park and lead to these six lands. The Walt Disney World Railroad circles around the 1.5 mi perimeter of the park.

Main Street, U.S.A.
Main Street, U.S.A. is modeled after an idealized early-20th century American town, inspired by Walt Disney's hometown of Marceline, Missouri. Main Street features a train station, town square, movie theater, city hall, firehouse, restaurants, emporium, shops, arcades, and several varieties of horse-drawn and motor-powered vehicles. Guests enter the park underneath the main station of the Walt Disney World Railroad and into the town square. At the far end of Main Street, U.S.A. is the park's hub, anchored by Cinderella Castle and the Partners statue.

Symbolically, Main Street represents the park's "opening credits", where guests pass under the train station (the opening curtain) at left or right, then view the names of key personnel along the windows of the buildings' upper floors. Many windows bear the name of a fictional business, such as "Seven Summits Expeditions, Frank G. Wells President", with each representing a tribute to significant people connected to the Disney company and the development of the Walt Disney World Resort. It features stylistic influences from around the country. Taking its inspiration from New England to Missouri, this design is most noticeable in the four corners in the middle of Main Street, where each of the four corner buildings represents a different architectural style. The second and third stories of all the buildings along Main Street are designed with forced perspective, and are actually shorter than the first stories. The musical soundtrack played at the entrance includes musical selections from the 1943 Broadway musical Oklahoma! and the 1957 Broadway musical The Music Man. The Dapper Dans, a men's a cappella singing group, typically perform throughout Main Street.

Adventureland
Adventureland represents the mystery of exploring exotic lands and features several attractions themed to resemble the remote landscapes of Africa, Asia, the Middle East, South America, the Caribbean, and the South Pacific. Jungle Cruise is a comedic riverboat cruise attraction that travels along wild waterways from around the world. Pirates of the Caribbean is a dark ride depicting the exploits and plundering of a pirate siege on Caribbean island town featuring several characters from the subsequent eponymous film series. Walt Disney's Enchanted Tiki Room is a Polynesian musical Audio-Animatronic show drawing from American tiki culture in the Sunshine pavilion. Swiss Family Treehouse is an interactive walk-through treehouse attraction based on the 1960 film, Swiss Family Robinson. The Magic Carpets of Aladdin is an aerial carousel-style ride based on the 1992 film, Aladdin.

Frontierland
Frontierland is a romanticized portrayal of the American frontier, particularly elements from the American Old West, including cowboys, Native Americans and Western saloons.

Big Thunder Mountain Railroad is a mine train roller coaster featuring a runaway mine train through mine shafts and canyons of the American Southwest. Tiana's Bayou Adventure is a log flume ride inspired by the 2009 film, The Princess and the Frog. Tom Sawyer Island is inspired by the literary characters and stories of Mark Twain's The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, featuring interactive trails and scenic outlooks. Surrounding Tom Sawyer Island is the Rivers of America, an artificial waterway based on the untamed rivers found across the United States, that flows through Frontierland and Liberty Square. Traversing through the Rivers of America is the Liberty Belle Riverboat, a steam-powered riverboat attraction themed to a 19th-century sternwheeler. Other attractions include the Country Bear Musical Jamboree.

Liberty Square
Liberty Square is inspired by a colonial American town set during the American Revolutionary War. The land contains recreations and replicas found in Philadelphia and Boston such as Independence Hall, the Liberty Tree, and the Liberty Bell. The Hall of Presidents is a film presentation and stage show themed to the American presidency and featuring all 45 individual American presidents in Audio-Animatronic form. Tucked away in a desolate corner of Liberty Square is The Haunted Mansion, a dark ride omnimover attraction themed to a haunted New England manor. The Liberty Belle riverboat's dock is located on the shores of Liberty Square.

Fantasyland
Fantasyland is themed to Disney's animated fairy tale feature films. Depicted in a medieval-faire style, Fantasyland features multiple attractions featuring various Disney characters and stories, including Peter Pan's Flight, It's a Small World, Mickey's PhilharMagic in Fantasyland Theatre, Mad Tea Party, The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh, and Prince Charming Regal Carrousel.

Outside of the castle courtyard is Fantasyland Forest, featuring attractions based on other Disney princesses and heroines: Seven Dwarfs Mine Train, is a mine cart roller coaster based on Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs; The Little Mermaid: Ariel's Undersea Adventure is a dark ride omnimover attraction based on The Little Mermaid; Be Our Guest Restaurant is a themed restaurant with character dining themed to Beast's castle in Beauty and the Beast; Enchanted Tales with Belle, and Ariel's Grotto.

Storybook Circus
Storybook Circus is a subsection of Fantasyland, themed to a traveling circus stopped along a railroad route just outside of Fantasyland Forest. The land's marquee attractions include Dumbo the Flying Elephant, an aerial carousel-style ride based on the 1941 film Dumbo; The Barnstormer, a family roller coaster featuring Goofy as a daredevil stuntman; and Casey Jr. Splash 'n' Soak Station.

Originally, Storybook Circus was the location of Mickey's Toontown Fair, which closed permanently on February 11, 2011. Some elements of Mickey's Toontown Fair were demolished, and others were re-themed to fit the circus concept. An expanded Dumbo the Flying Elephant ride was built, with an interactive queue, and a second Dumbo ride was built next to it, in order to increase capacity. The Barnstormer at Goofy's Wiseacre Farm was re-themed to "The Great Goofini". A big top area was built for meet-and-greets, called Pete's Silly Sideshow. This attraction features Goofy as a stuntman, Daisy Duck as a fortune-teller, Donald Duck as a snake-charmer, Minnie Mouse as a magician, and Pluto as a special performer. Storybook Circus opened with a "streetmosphere" circus act called The Giggle Gang, which had a two-year run from 2012 until 2014.

Tomorrowland
Tomorrowland is themed to the concept of the future inspired by the optimism and scientific advancements of the Space Age and Atomic Age. Several attractions include Astro Orbiter, Buzz Lightyear's Space Ranger Spin, Monsters, Inc. Laugh Floor, Tomorrowland Speedway, the PeopleMover, and Walt Disney's Carousel of Progress. A pair of thrill ride roller coasters are located on the western edge of Tomorrowland: Space Mountain, themed to space exploration through the cosmos; and TRON Lightcycle / Run, based on the digital software world of the Grid from Tron.

Transportation and Ticket Center
Magic Kingdom lies more than a mile away from its parking lot, on the opposite side of the man-made Seven Seas Lagoon. Upon arrival, guests are taken by the parking lot trams to the Transportation and Ticket Center (TTC), which sells admission into the parks and provides transportation connections throughout the resort complex. Guests using city buses, non-Disney hotel shuttles or ridesharing services are also dropped off at the TTC.

To travel between the TTC and the Magic Kingdom, guests have their choice of taking a ferry boat or the Walt Disney World Monorail System.

The three ferries are clad in different trim colors and are named for past Disney executives: the General Joe Potter (blue), the Richard F. Irvine (red) and the Admiral Joe Fowler (green). The main monorail loop has two tracks. The outer track is used by the Express Line with direct service between the TTC and Magic Kingdom, while the inner track is the Resort Line with additional stops at the Contemporary, Grand Floridian and Polynesian Village resorts. Epcot is also accessible from the TTC on a spur monorail line that was added upon that park's opening in 1982.

The hotels in the Magic Kingdom Resort Area are connected to the park by walking paths, ferry boats, or the Walt Disney World Monorail System.

Disney-owned hotels in other resort areas have Disney Transport buses to the Magic Kingdom, but these do not serve the TTC. Instead, they operate from three bus loops directly adjacent to the park's main gate.

Television adaptation
In 2012, Jon Favreau announced he was planning a film called Magic Kingdom. The film was described as “Night at the Museum at Disneyland,” meaning that the film would tell a story where all the characters at Disney come to life at night. Marc Abraham and Eric Newman of Strike Entertainment were scheduled to produce the film. Writer-producer Ronald D. Moore had previously written an original script for the project, which the studio eventually declined to use, stating that Favreau and a new screenwriter would develop a new script.

In 2021, it was announced that a new project, now developed as a television series for Disney+. Moore was brought back to develop the series which will see that the various lands in the Magic Kingdom are actually gateways to alternate worlds, thus setting up a shared universe. The first in the series will be The Society of Explorers and Adventurers (SEA).

In popular culture

 * Adventures in the Magic Kingdom, a 1990 video game for the Nintendo Entertainment System
 * Down and Out in the Magic Kingdom, a 2003 science fiction novel by Cory Doctorow
 * The Kingdom Keepers, a 2005 children's novel by Ridley Pearson
 * The Florida Project, a 2017 drama film directed by Sean Baker

title: Magic Kingdom