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Mandrake the Magician

Mandrake the Magician is a syndicated newspaper comic strip, created by Lee Falk before he created The Phantom. Mandrake began publication on June 11, 1934. Phil Davis soon took over as the strip's illustrator, while Falk continued to script. The strip was distributed by King Features Syndicate.

Mandrake, along with the Phantom Magician in Mel Graff's The Adventures of Patsy, is regarded as the first superhero of comics by comics historians such as Don Markstein, who writes, "Some people say Mandrake the Magician, who started in 1934, was comics' first superhero."

Davis worked on the strip until his death in 1964, when Falk recruited artist Fred Fredericks. With Falk's death in 1999, Fredericks became both writer and artist. The Sunday-newspaper Mandrake strip ended December 29, 2002. The daily newspaper strip ended mid-story on July 6, 2013, when Fred Fredericks retired, and a reprint of Pursuit of the Cobra (D220) from 1995 began July 8, 2013.

Characters and story
Mandrake is a magician whose work is based on an unusually fast hypnotic technique. As noted in captions, when Mandrake "gestures hypnotically", his subjects see illusions, and Mandrake has used this technique against a variety of villains including gangsters, mad scientists, extraterrestrials, and characters from other dimensions. At various times in the comic strip, Mandrake also demonstrates other powers, including becoming invisible, shapeshifting, levitation, and teleporting. His hat, cloak, and wand, passed down from his father Theron, possess great magical properties, which in time Mandrake learns how to manipulate. Although Mandrake publicly works as a stage magician, he spends much of his time fighting criminals and combatting supernatural entities. Mandrake lives in Xanadu, a high-tech mansion atop a mountain in New York State. Xanadu's features include closed-circuit TV, a sectional road which divides in half, and vertical iron gates.

Leon Mandrake
Leon Mandrake, a real-life magician, had been performing for well over ten years before Lee Falk introduced the comic strip character. Thus, he is sometimes thought to have been the source for the origin of the strip. Leon Mandrake, like the fictional Mandrake, was also known for his top hat, pencil-line mustache, and scarlet-lined cape. Ironically, Leon Mandrake had changed his stage name to Mandrake to match the popular strip and then legally changed his surname from Giglio to Mandrake later. The resemblance between the comic-strip hero and the real-life magician was close enough to allow Leon to at least passively allow the illusion that the strip was based on his stage persona. Leon Mandrake was accompanied by Narda, his first wife and stage assistant, named after a similar character, who appears in the strip. Velvet, his replacement assistant and eventual lifetime partner, would also later make appearances in the strip along with his real-life side-kick, Lothar.

Supporting
Lothar is Mandrake's best friend and crimefighting companion, who Mandrake first met during his travels in Africa. Lothar was the Prince of the Seven Nations, a mighty federation of jungle tribes but forbore becoming king to follow Mandrake on his world travels. Lothar is often referred to as "the strongest man in the world", with the exception of Hojo — Mandrake's chef and secret chief of Inter Intel. Lothar is invulnerable to any weapon forged by man, is impervious to heat and cold, and possesses the stamina of a thousand men. He also cannot be harmed by magic directly (such as by fire bolts, force bolts, or spell incantations). He can easily lift an elephant by one hand. One of the first African crimefighting heroes ever to appear in comics, Lothar's début alongside Mandrake was in the 1934 inaugural daily strip. In the beginning, Lothar spoke poor English and wore a fez, short pants, and a leopard skin. In a 1935 work by King Features Syndicate, Lothar is referred to as Mandrake's "giant black slave." When artist Fred Fredericks took over in 1965, Lothar spoke correct English and his clothing changed, although he often wore shirts with leopard-skin patterns.

Narda is Princess of the European nation Cockaigne, ruled by her brother Segrid. She made her first appearance in the second Mandrake story. Even though she and Mandrake were initially infatuated with each other, they did not marry until 1997, when an extravagant triple wedding ceremony at Mandrake's home of Xanadu, Narda's home country Cockaigne, and Mandrake's father Theron's College of Magic (Collegium Magikos) in the Himalayas. Narda learned martial arts from Hojo.

Theron is the headmaster of the College of Magic (Collegium Magikos) located in the Himalayas. He is hundreds of years old and may be kept alive by the Mind Crystal, of which he is the guardian.

Hojo, who knows six languages, is Mandrake's chef at his home of Xanadu and the secret chief of the international crimefighting organization Inter-Intel. As such, he has enlisted Mandrake's help with many cases. He is also a superb martial-arts expert. Hojo's assistant at Inter-Intel is Jed.

The Police Chief is named Bradley but mostly called Chief. Mandrake aided him on several occasions. The Chief created the S.S.D. (Silly Stuff Dept.) for absurd and unbelievable cases that only Mandrake could solve. He has a son, Chris.

Magnon, the emperor of the galaxy, is Mandrake's most powerful friend and, with his wife Carola, has a daughter, Nardraka. She was named after Mandrake and Narda and is their godchild.

Lenore is Mandrake's younger half-sister. She is a world-renowned explorer.

Karma is Lothar's girlfriend, an African princess who works as a model.

Villains
The Cobra is Mandrake's most evil and dangerous foe, apparent from the start of the story. In 1937, the Cobra seemed to be defeated, but returned in 1965, wearing a menacing silver mask. The Cobra's main goal is to acquire one of the two powerful Crystal Cubes, which increase mental energy. Mandrake and his father Theron guard them. Mandrake learned that The Cobra was secretly Luciphor, Theron's oldest son and, thus, Mandrake's half-brother. In later years, the Cobra was able to abandon his silver mask because his face had been reconstructed through surgery. He is sometimes accompanied by his assistant Ud.Later revealed to be Octon the leader of the 8.

Derek is Mandrake's twin brother and, thus, similar to Mandrake's appearance. The brother used his magical powers, which were near to Mandrake's, to achieve short-term personal satisfactions. Mandrake tried to remove Derek's knowledge of magic but never entirely succeeded. Derek's son Eric, with an unknown mother, shows no signs of following in his father's footsteps.

The Clay Camel, real name Saki, is a master of disguise, able to mimic anyone and change his appearance in seconds. His name comes from the symbol he leaves at the scenes of his crimes, a small camel made of clay.

The Brass Monkey, daughter of the Clay Camel, has a similar talent for disguises.

Aleena the Enchantress is a former friend of Mandrake's from the College of Magic and a much-married spoiled temptress who uses her magic powers to benefit herself. She sometimes attempts to seduce Mandrake, but fails and, afterward, attempts to cause him trouble.

8 is an old and very powerful crime organization originating in medieval times. Members are known to often incorporate the number 8 in their crimes or leave the number 8 as a mark. They are organized like an octopus with eight arms, as in its headquarters, which are spread all over the world. One head — the mysterious leader Octon — is only shown as a menacing image on a computer screen. Over the years, Mandrake destroys the various headquarters one by one. In one episode, the Octon of 8 is revealed as Cobra, but the name later refers to an artificial intelligence wielded by Ming the Merciless in the television series Defenders of the Earth.

Ekardnam, 'Mandrake spelled backward, is Mandrake's "evil twin", who exists on the other side of a mirror. Like his world, in which the government is run by the Private of the Armies and generals do menial tasks, Ekardnam is an exact opposite and uses his "evil eye" to work his magic.

The Deleter is an extraterrestrial contract killer who will "delete" anyone for a price but will inflict justice on anyone who tries to cheat him out of his contract fee.

Nitro Cain is a mad bomber who throws sticks of explosives at people, including Mandrake. After the Mandrake comic strip appeared in the Australian newspaper Sunday Telegraph, the series was later abruptly withdrawn with the last panel showing that Nitro Cain had blown Mandrake off a horse, with Mandrake exclaiming: "Blast you, Nitro Cain", a clever reference to the explosive's blast.

The newspaper strip
Oddly, newspapers did not carry any Mandrake daily strips with dates between June 26 and June 30, 1940. Instead, they carried strips dated one week later. The following week, to catch up, newspapers ran a week of undated strips. Some newspapers even scratched out the date printed on the strip and by hand wrote in the correct date.

Comic books
Mandrake had a prominent role in Magic Comics, a compilation of newspaper comic strip reprints published by David McKay Company from 1939 to 1949. Mandrake was the cover star for issues nos. 8 through 24. Beginning with issue no. 25, an illustration of Mandrake became part of the magazine's logo.

Dell Comics published a Mandrake the Magician issue in its Four Color comic book series with various main characters. The Mandrake issue, no. 752, featured original stories by Stan Campell and written by Paul Newman.

In 1966–67, King Comics published ten issues of a Mandrake the Magician comic book. Most of the stories were remakes of past newspaper strip stories and featured art by André LeBlanc, Ray Bailey (comics) and others. Mandrake stories also ran as backup features in other King titles.

Italian publisher Fratelli Spada produced a considerable amount of original Mandrake comic-book stories in the 1960s and 1970s. A few were also published in the American Mandrake comic book mentioned above.

Marvel released a Mandrake mini-series in 1995, written by Mike W. Barr with painted art by Rob Ortaleza. However, only two of three planned issues were published.

Mandrake has also enjoyed great success in comic books published in Britain, Australia, Brazil, India, France, Spain, Italy, Yugoslavia, Germany, Norway, Denmark, Finland, Turkey, and Sweden. Although, in the Nordic countries, it was most often a backup feature in The Phantom comic books. As well, Mandrake is popular in India through Indrajal Comics.

Mandrake is featured together with the Phantom in The Phantom Annual #2, written by Mike Bullock and Kevin Grevioux and published by Moonstone Books.

In 2013, Dynamite Entertainment launched a mini-series, Kings Watch, in which, much like Defenders of the Earth, Mandrake and Lothar teamed up with the Phantom, Flash Gordon, Dale Arden, and Hans Zarkov. The series pitted the six characters against the Cobra and Ming the Merciless. This was followed by a Mandrake solo comic, written by Roger Langridge and drawn by Jeremy Treece, as part of Dynamite's King: Dynamite series.

In July 2020, King Features Syndicate, Red 5 Comics, and StoneBot Studios announced the series Legacy of Mandrake the Magician, written by Erica Schultz and drawn by Diego Giribaldi, Juan Pablo Massa, and Moncho Bunge. The series tells the story of teenage magic apprentice Mandragora Constanza Terrado Paz, known more simply as "Mandy" Paz. Mandy's mother is a fortune teller and they live in a building owned by Mandrake the Magician, whom Mandy's mother knows personally. Mandy's best friend is LJ, the teenage son of Lothar. While investigating Mandrake's storage room, Mandy discovers a magic mirror containing the spirit of a magician called Alruin, who then begins the girl's training in magic.

Books
There were also four Mandrake the Magician (Big Little Books) published by Whitman Publishing:
 * Mandrake the Magician (1935)
 * Mandrake the Magician and the Midnight Monster (1939)
 * Mandrake the Magician, Mighty Solver of Mysteries (1942)
 * Mandrake the Magician and the Flame Pearls (1946)

Reprints

 * Inside Magic publishes current Mandrake daily comic strip from King Features.
 * Dragon Lady Press reprinted a 1937 Mandrake daily story in Classic Adventure Strips #1.
 * Pacific Comics Club reprinted two Mandrake daily stories from 1938 Feature Books #18 and #23.
 * Nostalgia Press published a hardback book reprinting two 1938 daily stories.
 * Pioneer Comics reprinted a large number of Mandrake stories in comic book form.
 * Comics Revue has reprinted several Mandrake daily and Sunday stories, including first Mandrake daily story and the first Mandrake Sunday story.
 * JAL Publications has reprinted several Mandrake stories
 * Hermes Press has begun reprinting the King comic book series, which will be published in two volumes. In 2024, Hermes Press also started reprinting the daily strips from the beginning in hardcover volumes.
 * Titan Books reprinted the earliest Mandrake Sunday strips in 2016.
 * Titan Books has also started to reprint the daily strips, by Phil Davis, and by Fred Fredericks.

Radio
Mandrake the Magician was a 15-minute radio serial, which aired on the Mutual Broadcasting System from November 11, 1940, until February 6, 1942.

Films
In 1939, Columbia produced a 12-part Mandrake the Magician serial, based on the King Features strip, starring Warren Hull as Mandrake and Al Kikume as Lothar. The serial is available on DVD.

An unauthorized Mandrake movie produced in Turkey was made in 1967, Mandrake Killing'in Peşinde, also known as Mandrake Killing'e Karşı / Mandrake Against Killing), directed by Oksal Pekmezoğlu and starring Güven Erte as Mandrake.

Unproduced films
In the 1960s, Federico Fellini, a close friend of Falk, intended to make a Mandrake movie, but the project was never realized.

In the early 1980s, within two weeks of signing with his first agent, American filmmaker Michael Almereyda was hired by Embassy Pictures to rewrite a script for Mandrake the Magician. He told Filmmaker magazine that, upon receiving the assignment, he flew to New York City and checked himself into the Chelsea Hotel to work on the rewrite. Three weeks later, he emerged with a new draft, but by then the studio had changed heads, and, in as little time as his revision took, the project was dropped.

In 2007, Baldwin Entertainment Group and Hyde Park Entertainment purchased rights to make a Mandrake movie to be directed by Mimi Leder. The two companies own the rights to Lee Falk's The Phantom. Jonathan Rhys Meyers was originally projected to play the title character with Chuck Russell as director. In 2009, Hayden Christensen replaced Rhys Meyers in the title role of the film with Djimon Hounsou co-starring and Mimi Leder directing. In June 2016, Sacha Baron Cohen was cast as Mandrake.

Live-action
NBC made a pilot for a Mandrake the Magician TV series in 1954, but no other episodes were made. Stage magician Coe Norton starred as Mandrake and Woody Strode as Lothar.

Anthony Herrera had the title role in the TV film Mandrake with Ji-Tu Cumbuka as Lothar. Magician Harry Blackstone Jr. was featured in the cast.

Animation
Mandrake and Lothar first appeared in animated form with the Phantom, Flash Gordon, and Steve Canyon in 1972 television special The Man Who Hated Laughter.

In the animated series Defenders of the Earth (1986–87), Mandrake the Magician teams with fellow King Features adventurers Flash Gordon and The Phantom. Mandrake's best friend and crime-fighting partner Lothar also has a prominent role, as well as a teenage son nicknamed L.J. (Lothar Jr.) who is a martial artist. Mandrake has an adopted son of Asian blood named Kshin, whom he is training as his apprentice and heir. Peter Renaday provided the voice of Mandrake and Buster Jones provided Lothar's. The entire series has been released by BCI Eclipse as a two-DVD set in America, while Fremantle Media released the entire series on DVD in the UK. The series can be seen on the Pluto TV Classic Toons channel.

In animated series Phantom 2040, featuring a future Phantom, Mandrake appears in the episode "The Magician". He is not named in the episode but rather presented as an old friend of that Phantom's father, a magician who helped build much of previous Phantom's previous equipment. His remarkably well-preserved shape is compatible with the longevity-conferring properties of the Crystals. Peter Renaday once again provides the voice of Mandrake.

Theater
The musical Mandrake the Magician and the Enchantress was produced during the late 1970s at the Lenox Arts Festival in Massachusetts. The script is by Falk and Thayer Burch with music by George Quincy and lyrics by Burch.

Mandrake is a character in the play King Kong Palace, written by Chilean playwright Marco Antonio de la Parra. In the play, Mandrake is now a performer at birthday parties, in which he attempts to seduce Jane, the ambitious wife of Tarzan, in order to satisfy his lust for power.

Parodies and tributes
Mandrake the Magician has inspired several other comic characters with magic powers, including Zatara, Kardak the Mystic Magician, Monako, Dakor the Magician, Ibis the Invincible, Mantor the Magician, Sargon the Sorcerer, Zatanna, Mr. Mystic, The Wizard, Mysto, Dr. Strange, and Magician Detective, as well as the short-lived Jim the Magician (Jadugar Jim in Hindi) by Sudhir Tailang in India.

In Mad no. 14 (August 1954), Mandrake was spoofed as "Manduck". He lives in a city dump, which he convinces visitors is a palatial home by "gesturing hypnotically". In this story, he matches wits with The Shadow; he, Lothar (called Loathar), and The Shadow all gesture hypnotically at each other, and, after a huge explosion, only Lothar (looking like Manduck) remains. In another issue, Manduck pulls off the trick of turning Loathar into a 6 ft blonde woman.

Gianni Garko has stated that the new interpretation of his Sartana character in the 1968 Spaghetti Western film If You Meet Sartana Pray for Your Death presented by the film's director Gianfranco Parolini, of a gunfighter with seemingly supernatural luck, was influenced by Mandrake the Magician.

"In Pictopia" (first published in Anything Goes! no. 2 (August 1986) is a short story by Alan Moore and illustrator Don Simpson, which takes place in a limbo world of comic-book characters. Main character Nocturno the Necromancer is based on Mandrake. The story was reprinted in George Khoury's The Extraordinary Works of Alan Moore (TwoMorrows, July 2003).

Michael Kupperman's Tales Designed to Thrizzle (Fantagraphics) pokes fun at many comics, including Mandrake the Magician, with three-panel strip "Mancake the Magician".

In France, Mandrake was spoofed as Rasmus, Zembla's comic sidekick in Zembla (comics) (Augusto Pedrazza, 1963-1979).

In the episode 106 of the Argentine comic "Mi novia y yo", Mandrake makes a cameo at the end of the story.

In popular culture
New Zealand-born Australian country and western singer Tex Morton had a successful song "Mandrake" recorded in 1941. It was about a rodeo horse named Mandrake who never bucked the same, explaining, "Mandrake is a wizard so that's how he got his name".

Professional baseball player Don Mueller, active in Major League Baseball from 1948 to 1959, was nicknamed "Mandrake the Magician" for being adept at consistently putting the ball in play and delivering hits through the infield.

In Italy, a popular saying non sono mica Mandrake ("I'm no Mandrake", meaning "I can't do what's impossible"), refers to the magician.

In Colombia, a popular saying sabrá Mandrake ("only Mandrake would know", meaning "only someone all-knowing / with mental powers would know"), also refers to the magician.

title: Mandrake the Magician


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User:Jdavidb

Secession is the right of all sentient beings. — me.

To see what I'm thinking or learning lately about Wikipedia, check out my wiki blog.

I am married to User:Carradee. We have one little boy, pictured, and not long ago we discovered that Carradee is expecting another baby! :) Carradee was a twelve-year homeschooled autodidact, and our children will be homeschooled as well.

I'm religious, a member of the Church of Christ. I enjoy the way Wikipedia's collaborative editing results in unbiased presentation of information. I enjoy editing articles, particularly about religious topics, to remove bias, either on the part of those who agree with me or on the part of those who do not. (As a member of the Church of Christ I'm in the unique position of often disagreeing with most of Christendom as well as other religions and atheists.)

I'm also quite political, being a conservative, laissez-faire anarcho-capitalist (I accept the label "anarchist"), pro-life, libertarian. I agree with the secession plank of the American Libertarian Party; indeed, I consider it the foundation of freedom. (However, I am not an LP member and will not display its logo because it is a goddess.) Incidentally you might be interested to read the arguments from libertarians for life which explain why I believe EVERYONE should believe in legal protections for the unborn without reference to religious belief.

At the intersection of my homeschooling beliefs and my political beliefs is the belief that government should not be involved in coercive education at all. Providing free education to all comers (or as many comers as possible) is a worthy goal, provided it is pursued with donated, rather than stolen (taxed) money. But compulsory schooling violates the liberty of students and their parents, and may often not be the best thing for them. If you disagree, perhaps you should give your edits to the compulsory education system instead of Wikipedia?

I started the Well of souls article.

My favorite new article I've created so far (and probably my favorite ever) is singing school. Being the son of a singing school teacher, I love singing schools and hope to teach them myself some day.

I keep track of new things I learn and do at Wikipedia in my wiki blog. Here I'll make note of new things I've learned how to do, thoughts about how things should be done, etc.

Current projects

 * Right now I view myself as more of a Wikipedia user rather than a Wikipedia editor. I'm usually on Wikipedia at least once a day looking around, looking up something I want to know, etc.  Sometimes I'll make minor changes.  Sometimes I'll go after a vandal.  Sometimes something will interest me enough to get me involved in editing again for a short while.
 * Removing links to fanlistings. Since fanlistings are lists of non-notable people, they don't belong here.  How does it help you understand more about a topic to have a list of all the Joe Blows of the world who like it?

Milestones
I have a relatively low edit count for someone of my position. I'm commonly mistaken for a newbie. Be warned; it is entirely possible I have been around Wikipedia longer than you. I've been here since 2004-02-20 (counting from my earliest registered edit, which was not my first edit).

My user page was first vandalized at 2005-09-28 13:40 (CDT) and has been vandalized a total of four times:.

An additional more subtle vandalism attempt occurred when somebody mad at me vandalized the picture of my baby (see history on that page for details).

On 2005-09-29 I passed a request for adminiship for which I nominated myself. I expect to use my administrator status and powers to further my efforts against link spam and vandalism.

On 2005-10-06 I added myself to my sixteenth Wikipedian user category. At some point, this has got to stop! :)

Link spam brigade
I would like to invite other Wikipedians to join me in an effort to police Wikipedia for link spam. I'll be outlining some plans and goals at /Linkspam and possibly eventually starting a new WikiProject.

Multilicensing
I agree to multi-license all my contributions to Wikipedia, without exception, according to the following:

Weekly Torah portion
Awhile back I became interested in Judaism's parsha Bible-reading (specifically Torah-reading) schedule. Now I've discovered this really cool related template:

Home
I live in the Dallas/Fort Worth Metroplex.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Jdavidb


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Serial Storage Architecture

Serial Storage Architecture (SSA) was a serial transport protocol used to attach disk drives to server computers. It was developed by IBM employee Ian Judd in 1990 to provide data redundancy for critical applications. SSA was deployed in server RAID environments, where it was capable of providing for up to 80 MB/s of data throughput, with sustained data rates as high as 60 MB/s in non-RAID mode and 35 MB/s in RAID mode.

SSA was promoted as an open standard by the SSA Industry Association, unlike its predecessor, the first generation Serial Disk Subsystem. A number of vendors including IBM, Pathlight Technology and Vicom Systems produced products based on SSA. It was also adopted as an American National Standards Institute (ANSI) X3T10.1 standard. SSA devices are logically SCSI devices and conform to all of the SCSI command protocols.

History
SSA was invented by Ian Judd of IBM in 1990. IBM produced a number of successful products based upon this standard before it was overtaken by the more widely adopted Fibre Channel protocol.

Link characteristics
All the components in a typical SSA subsystem are connected by bi-directional cabling. Data sent from the adaptor can travel in either direction around the loop to its destination. SSA detects interruptions in the loop and automatically reconfigures the system to help maintain connection while a link is restored.

Up to 192 hot swappable hard disk drives can be supported per system. Drives can be designated for use by an array in the event of hardware failure. Up to 32 separate RAID arrays can be supported per adaptor, and arrays can be mirrored across servers to provide cost-effective protection for critical applications. Arrays are connected by thin and inexpensive copper cables situated up to 25 metres apart, allowing subsystems to be located in secure, convenient locations, far from the server itself.

The copper cables used in SSA configurations are round bundles of two or four twisted pairs, up to 25 metres long and terminated with 9-pin micro-D connectors. Impedances are 75 ohm single-ended, and 150 ohm differential. For longer-distance connections, it is possible to use fiber-optic cables up to 10 km (6 mi) in length. Signals are differential TTL. The transmission capacity is 20 megabytes per second in each direction per channel, with up to two channels per cable. The transport layer protocol is non-return-to-zero, with 8B/10B encoding (10 bits per character). Higher protocol layers were based on the SCSI-3 standard.

Products

 * IBM 7133 Disk expansion enclosures
 * IBM 2105 Versatile Storage Server (VSS)
 * IBM 2105 Enterprise Storage Server (ESS)
 * IBM 7190 SBUS SSA Adapter
 * Pathlight Technology Streamline PCI Host Bus Adapter, SSA Data Pump, storage area network gateway

title: Serial Storage Architecture


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What If (comics)

What If, sometimes stylized as What If…?, is a comic book anthology series published by Marvel Comics whose stories explore how the Marvel Universe might have unfolded if key moments in its history had not occurred as they did in mainstream continuity. Since What If debuted in 1977, the comics have been published in 14 series as well as occasional stand-alone issues. In 2024, Marvel announced that What If…? would expand to include alternate explorations of continuity within other non-Marvel Universe properties owned by their parent company The Walt Disney Company from its fifteenth volume onwards, beginning with Aliens: What If…?, based on the Alien franchise.

In 2021, an animated series based on the What If comics premiered on Disney+, set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe's multiverse.

Format
The stories of the inaugural series (1977–1984) feature the alien Uatu, the Watcher as a narrator. From his base on the Moon, Uatu observes both Earth and alternate realities.

Most What If stories begin with Uatu describing an event in the mainstream Marvel Universe, then introducing a point of divergence in that event and then describing the consequences of the divergence. Some stories diverge from another divergence, such as What If Vol 1 #43 (Conan the Barbarian remains in the modern era), which diverges from #13 (Conan travels to then returns from the modern era).

Uatu was used similarly in the second series (1989–1998) until a point where, in the Fantastic Four comic book, Uatu was punished for destroying another Watcher. This made the use of Uatu improbable, so the character was phased out to its last appearance in issue #76. Without a framing device, the stories themselves became the focus.

In later series, some writers chose to introduce alternative narrators. For example, in volume 3, in What If Karen Page Had Lived?, What If Jessica Jones Had Joined the Avengers? and in Daredevil (2005), Brian Michael Bendis, the writer himself, makes a cameo as narrator. In the early 2006 series, a hacker, whose online alias is "the Watcher", opens each of the six issues.

Marvel has given several What If stories official numerical designations to make them contiguous with the Marvel Multiverse and differentiate them from the main Marvel Universe of Earth-616.

Marvel Comics occasionally issued backup features, Untold Tales from the Marvel Universe. These stories explained the origins of some of Marvel's superhuman species.

Volume 1
The initial 47-issue series ran from February 1977 to October 1984. The first What If story was "What If Spider-Man had Joined the "Fantastic Four?". It presented an alternate version of events seen in The Amazing Spider-Man #1 (1963). What If #24, which is titled "What If Gwen Stacy had lived?" and focuses on the consequences of Spider-Man's secret identity being publicly exposed, is one of the most highly regarded What If stories.

Special
Following the cancellation of the original series, Marvel published a one-shot ''What If? Special'' (June 1988) with the story "What If Iron Man Had Been a Traitor?". It is collected in ''What If? Into the Multiverse Omnibus'' Vol 1.

Volume 2
From July 1989 to November 1998, Marvel published 115 monthly What If issues (114 issues plus a #-1 issue) the second series revisited and revised ideas from volume 1. In volume 2, stories could span multiple issues (every issue of volume 1 contained a complete story). Also, sometimes, the volume 2 stories would offer multiple plots and endings and the reader could decide which one to adopt. For example, in What If the War Machine had not destroyed the Living Laser?, three endings were offered.

The humorous aspect of volume 1 was retained through volume 2, particularly in issue #34, an all-humor issue containing a number of single-page gags and two complete stories.

Starting with issue #87, the issue titles stopped being questions that were answered by the story, and instead the covers were presented as "What If? Starring…" whatever character was being highlighted in the given issue.

In issue #105, What If introduced Spider-Girl (Mayday Parker); the new character was popular enough for a spin-off series. From this, the MC2 line of publications were developed.

For a brief period between 1995 and 1996, all What If? stories were labeled as Marvel Alterniverse which included the likes of Ruins, The Last Avengers Story and Punisher Kills the Marvel Universe.

Volume 3
In February 2005, Marvel published a further six issues of What If. They were all in the "one-shot" format. The editor, Justin Gabrie, attributed the publication of volume 3 to a suggestion from C. B. Cebulski.

Marvel published a single parody edition called Wha...Huh?!? in August 2005.

 * What If Jessica Jones Had Joined The Avengers?
 * What If Karen Page Had Lived?
 * What If Aunt May Had Died Instead Of Uncle Ben?
 * What If Dr. Doom Had Become The Thing?
 * What If Magneto Had Formed The X-Men With Professor X?
 * What If General Ross Had Become The Hulk?

Volume 4
In February 2006, publication of volume 4 began. Again, there were six issues in the "one-shot" format. However, rather than follow What if tradition of using a divergence from a specific plot point, Volume 4 more closely resembled the DC Comics equivalent, Elseworlds, which presents stories that are continuities based on alternate versions (in time or place) of canon (for example, Superman: Red Son is a story in which Superman was raised in the Soviet Union instead of the United States) all but one of the volume 4 issues uses this format, explained by Uatu the Watcher having discovered historical documents from an alternative dimension. From the Japanese feudal era, the divergence of a shared alternate universe, Earth-717, begins. This divergence is the time when a Daredevil hero known as "the Devil Who Dares" appears. It is also the realm where characters are given alternative life histories and where they proceed in alternative historical periods.

Examples from volume 4 include Captain America battling the "White Skull" during the American Civil War; Wolverine taking on the role of the Punisher and fighting mobsters in 1920s Prohibition-era Chicago; Namor the Sub-Mariner being raised by his father on the surface during World War II; Thor becoming a herald of Galactus; and a Soviet version of the Fantastic Four, known as the "Ultimate Federalist Freedom Fighters" (consisting of Rudion Richards, Colossus, Magik and the Widow Maker), during the Cold War.

 * What If...Captain America fought in the Civil War?
 * What If...the Fantastic Four were Cosmonauts?
 * What If...Daredevil lived in feudal Japan?
 * What If...Namor grew up on land?
 * What If...Thor was a herald of Galactus?
 * What If...Wolverine was Public Enemy No. 1 in mob-ridden 1920s Chicago?

Volume 5
In 2006, Marvel published another set of What If? issues, including one based on the Spider-Man story "The Other".

 * What If? Avengers Disassembled #1: "Witchhunt: What if the Scarlet Witch hadn't acted alone?"
 * What If? Spider-Man The Other #1: "What if Spider-Man had rejected the Spider? Poison Selves"
 * What If? Wolverine Enemy of the State #1: "What if Wolverine was never Deprogrammed? Bite the Hand that Feeds"
 * What If? X-Men Age of Apocalypse #1: …What If Legion Had Killed Xavier and Magneto?"
 * What If? X-Men Deadly Genesis #1: "What If Xavier's Secret Second Team Had Survived?"

Volume 6
Volume 6 consists of five issues (2007–2008). A sixth, "What If: This Was the Fantastic Four", featuring Spider-Man, Wolverine, Ghost Rider and Hulk, was to be released in November 2007, but it was withheld due to the death of Mike Wieringo. What If: This Was the Fantastic Four was released as a tribute to Wieringo in June 2008 as a 48-page special. All its proceeds went to the Hero Initiative.

The other issues were:

 * What If?: Planet Hulk (October 2007)
 * What If?: Annihilation (November 2007)
 * What If?: Civil War (December 2007)
 * What If? X-Men: Rise and Fall of the Shi'ar Empire (December 2007)
 * What If? Spider-Man vs. Wolverine (January 2008)

These issues were collected into a trade paperback, ''What If...? Civil War''.

Volume 7
In December 2008, Marvel published five What If specials which appeared weekly. They included: Fallen Son: The Death of Captain America, House of M, Spider-Man: Back in Black, and Secret Wars. A new "Fantastic Four" consisted of the Hulk, Spider-Man, Iron Man, and Wolverine. In addition, a story line featuring the Runaways as the Young Avengers ran throughout Volume 7.

 * What If? House of M #1: "What If...Scarlet Witch Ended the 'House of M' By Saying, 'No More Power?'" (February 2009)
 * What If? Fallen Son #1: "What If...Iron Man Had Died?" (February 2009)
 * What If? Newer Fantastic Four #1: "What If...Newer Fantastic Four?" (February 2009)
 * What If? Spider-Man Back in Black #1: "What If...Mary Jane Had Been Shot Instead of Aunt May?" (February 2009)
 * What If? Secret Wars #1: "What If Doctor Doom Kept the Beyonder's Power?" (February 2009)

Volume 8
In December 2009, a new series was published. Volume 8 focused on three recent events in the Marvel Universe, including the Spider-Man: House of M miniseries and the "World War Hulk" and "Secret Invasion" story lines. There was also an edition focusing on the Astonishing X-Men series and a classic What If? about Daredevil and Elektra. With the exception of this last issue, each comic in Volume 8 featured two alternatives for the event.

 * What If? Secret Invasion #1: "What if the Skrulls succeeded in their Secret Invasion?" (February 2010)
 * What If? World War Hulk #1: "What If The Heroes Lost World War Hulk?" (February 2010)
 * What If? Daredevil Vs. Elektra #1: "What If Daredevil Died Saving Elektra?" (February 2010)
 * What If? Astonishing X-Men #1: "What If Ord Resurrected Jean Grey Instead of Colossus?": (February 2010)
 * What If? Spider-Man: House of M #1: "What If... Gwen Stacy Survived The House of M?" (February 2010)

Volume 9
In September 2010, Marvel announced a ninth series of five What If issues in the one-shot format, to be released in December 2010. The second to fifth issues of volume 9 were not numbered.

 * What If? Iron Man: Demon in an Armor #1: "What If Tony Stark Had Become Doctor Doom?" (February 2011)
 * What If? Wolverine: Father #1: "Wolverine: Father" (February 2011)
 * What If? Spider-Man #1: "What If? Spider-Man Killed Kraven the Hunter?" (February 2011)
 * What If? Dark Reign #1 (February 2011)
 * Venom/Deadpool: What If? #1 (April 2011)

What If? #200 was an extra-sized edition featuring two stories. It presented an alternative for the Siege Marvel Universe event, asking what might have happened if the Sentry had not lost control and Norman Osborn had conquered Asgard. The second story examined "The Galactus Trilogy", and was written by Stan Lee, the author of the original.

Volume 10
On March 22, 2013, Marvel's editor-in-chief Axel Alonso revealed to Comic Book Resources that What If…? was coming back with ''What If…? Avengers vs. X-Men'', a four-issue limited series written by Jimmy Palmiotti and illustrated by Jorge Molina.

Volume 11
In April 2014, Marvel released the five-issue series ''What If? Age of Ultron'', which spun out of the 2013 event and examined the consequences of Wolverine going back in time to kill Hank Pym before he created Ultron. Each issue explored what a new universe would be like which arose from the removal of another core Avenger, with the Wasp in #1, Iron Man in #2, Thor in #3 and Captain America in #4. The series was concluded in #5 with a world where Hank Pym never created Ultron in the first place and thus, a universe without Ultron's creation of the Vision.

Volume 12
In October 2015, Marvel released another five-part series of stories under the What If? banner, this time focused on the 2013 story line "Infinity", which saw the Avengers, the Guardians of the Galaxy, the Inhumans and other groups dealing with a combined threat of a universal incursion by the race the Builders, and an attack on Earth by Thanos and his forces. Each issue is a self-contained story, and the first four explore a different outcome to the event. The fifth, ''What If? Infinity: Dark Reign'', presents a world in which Norman Osborn and the Dark Avengers had acquired the Infinity Gauntlet during the 2008 - 09 "Dark Reign" story line.

 * What If? Infinity: Thanos
 * What If? Infinity: Inhumans
 * What If? Infinity: X-Men
 * What If? Infinity: Guardians Of The Galaxy
 * What If? Infinity: Dark Reign

Volume 13
In October 2018, Marvel released six more one-shots under the What If? banner, as well as several $1.00 True Believer reprints of classic What If? issues. These included stories where Peter Parker became the Punisher, where the X-Men existed in a Cyberpunk universe, where Thor was raised by the Frost Giants instead of his brother Loki being raised by Odin, and where Magik was trained from a young age by Stephen Strange rather than joining the New Mutants.

 * What If? Spider-Man Vol. 2 (2018)
 * What If? X-Men Vol. 1 (2018)
 * What If? The Punisher Vol. 1 (2018)
 * What If? Ghost Rider Vol. 1 (2018)
 * What If? Thor Vol. 1 (2018)
 * What If? Magik Vol. 1 (2018)

Spider-Man: Spider's Shadow
In 2021, Marvel published a five-issue miniseries titled Spider-Man: Spider’s Shadow, detailing what if Peter Parker fully accepted the alien symbiote and became Venom. While it did not have the title of What If?, it did have the branding on the cover.

Volume 14
In 2022, Marvel published a five-issue miniseries exploring what would happen if Miles Morales had acquired the powers of different Marvel super-heroes. The first four issues saw him become Captain America, Wolverine, Hulk, and Thor, and the final issue was a team-up of the four divergent Miles.

What If...? Dark
In 2023, Marvel published six one-shots under the title What If... Dark?, which revisited iconic Marvel stories with a darker twist.

 * What If...? Dark: Loki #1: "What if Loki wielded Mjolnir??" (July 2023)
 * What If...? Dark: Spider-Gwen #1: "What if Gwen Stacy didn’t die on the bridge that day, but Spider-Man did?" (July 2023)
 * What If...? Dark: Venom #1: "What If Ben Grimm became Venom?" (August 2023)
 * What If...? Dark: Moon Knight #1: "What if Moon Knight did not survive his battle with Bushman?" (August 2023)
 * What If...? Dark: Carnage #1: "What if Cortland Kasady became Carnage?" (September 2023)
 * What If...? Dark: Tomb of Dracula #1: "What if Dracula transformed Blade into a vampire?" (August 2023)

Aliens: What If…?
In 2024, Marvel announced that What If…? would move beyond solely the Marvel Universe to explore alternate takes on the continuities of other franchises owned by their parent company The Walt Disney Company, beginning with Aliens: What If…?, based on the Alien franchise, the first five-issue arc of which would explore the scenario "What If… Carter Burke had lived?", exploring what would happen if the character of Carter Burke had survived the events of the 1986 film Aliens, with the series to be written by the character's actor Paul Reiser, his son Leon Reiser, as well as Adam F. Goldberg, Brian Volk-Weiss, and Hans Rodionoff, with art by Guiu Vilanova.

What If...? Venom
In 2024, Marvel announced a five-issue miniseries exploring what would happen if the Venom symbiote had bonded with different Marvel super-heroes. Over the course of the run, the symbiote will bond with She-Hulk, Wolverine, Doctor Strange, Loki, and Moon Knight in a single continuity.

In other media
What If serves as inspiration for media set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU):
 * The fourth season of the TV series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. features a story arc loosely inspired by the What If series, with the first episode of it being named after the comic book series. Throughout the arc, Holden Radcliffe and his A.I. assistant AIDA develop a virtual world called the Framework, which depicts the lives of several S.H.I.E.L.D. agents under drastically different circumstances.
 * A self-titled animated series based on What If depicts the Watcher (voiced by Jeffrey Wright) observing events in the MCU multiverse occurring differently.

title: What If (comics)


text:
York Road tube station

York Road is a disused station on the London Underground in Kings Cross, London, England, located between King's Cross and Caledonian Road, with its entrance at the corner of York Road (now York Way) and Bingfield Street.

It opened in 1906 and was one of the original stations on the Great Northern, Piccadilly and Brompton Railway (GNP&BR), the precursor to today's Piccadilly line. The surface buildings were constructed in the distinctive style of architect Leslie Green, and were connected to the platforms by a single lift shaft containing two lifts. Traffic levels were never high, and the station closed in 1932, on the same day that the northern extension of the Piccadilly Line from Finsbury Park to Arnos Grove opened.

London Transport Museum runs regular Zoom-hosted tours of the station through its "Hidden London" programme. The tour features original elements of the station including the tiled lift lobby and signal cabin and it explores the modifications that were made to the station over the years.

Description
York Road station was located at the junction between York Road, which has since been renamed York Way, and Bingfield Street. The architect Leslie Green designed the building, which was similar to many of his designs, being finished in ruby-red glazed tiling supplied by the Leeds Fireclay Company. The contract for construction was awarded to Ford and Walton, and the booking hall was at the surface level. It was linked to the platforms by a circular lift shaft, 23 ft in diameter, which contained two electric lifts; there was also a staircase for emergency use. The lifts were manufactured by the Otis Elevator Company, and Colonel H A Yorke, who inspected the station at the time of its opening on behalf of the Board of Trade, recorded that they rose 89.49 ft from the platform level to the booking hall level.

Unlike most other Great Northern, Piccadilly & Brompton Railway stations, where the lifts stopped at a mezzanine level a little above the platforms, and required passengers to descend a final flight of stairs to reach the trains, the lifts at York Road descended directly to platform level. This meant that the platforms were further apart, and the interconnecting passages were longer as a result. The eastbound platform was 350 ft long, while the westbound platform was slightly longer. The platform layout was almost identical to that at Caledonian Road, but the two tracks curved outwards in the middle of the station to accommodate the extra width of the lift shaft bases.

The platform tiling was carried out by George Woolliscroft & Son of Hanley, Staffordshire, and was made up of white with maroon and brick red patterning. Most of the tiling has since been painted over in grey, but a small section remains untouched and can be seen at the Finsbury Park end of the former eastbound platform. The station was ventilated by a fan, which drew air out of the station at a rate of 18500 cuft per minute.

A small signalling cabin stands near the unpainted tiling, and was used to operate a crossover immediately to the northeast of the station. This signal box remained operational until 25 April 1964, although by that time the crossover was little used, having been largely superseded by a new one commissioned at King's Cross on 25 November 1956. However, the disused cabin still stands and can be seen from passing trains.

Being sited in a poor industrial area, the station saw little use, and from October 1909, some trains did not stop at the platforms, in order to improve service times to the other stations. The Sunday services were withdrawn entirely from 5 May 1918. The station remained open for weekday and Saturday traffic only, and closed on 4 May 1926, when the general strike began. Although the strike only lasted for nine days, the station remained closed. However the subject of its closure was eventually raised in the House of Commons, and it reopened in October 1926, but the reprieve was short-lived, lasting until 19 September 1932 when it was permanently closed. The closure occurred on the same day as the northern extension of the Piccadilly Line from Finsbury Park to Arnos Grove opened.

The surface station buildings are still clearly visible, on the left heading south down York Way towards King's Cross. They were used by the Victor Printing Company following closure, but eventually became derelict. They were refurbished in 1989, when the removal of boards covering the facade enabled the original lettering to be seen once again. The former platform area below is also visible from passing trains in both directions, although part of the eastbound platform is bricked off. As with most other disused Underground stations, the platform itself has been removed. As the site is currently used as an emergency exit from the tunnels, one of the passageways between the platforms is permanently lit by a series of lamps.

Proposed reopening
One of London's largest redevelopment projects, King's Cross Central, began construction in 2008 across the road from the station. Islington council and Transport for London (TfL) commissioned a study in 2005 to consider the possible reopening of the station. At the same time, however, it was recognised that other transport priorities reduced the likelihood of such a project moving forward in the near future. The site would need extensive overhauls to bring the station up to modern day standards, at a cost estimated at £21 million in 2005. Local political groups have been keen to see the station reopened in order to reduce passenger congestion at and to encourage development in the surrounding community. The Liberal Democrats advocated the reopening of the station in their 2006 local election manifesto, and at least one candidate for the Conservative Party similarly campaigned for the station to be reopened.

In June 2017, the council and Transport for London were reportedly discussing the possible reopening of Maiden Lane overground and York Road underground stations. The reopening of Maiden Lane was considered to be more likely, as York Road is quite close to Kings Cross St Pancras, and the new station would increase journey times on the Piccadilly line.

title: York Road tube station


text:
Oscar Traynor

Oscar Traynor (21 March 1886 – 14 December 1963) was an Irish republican and Fianna Fáil politician who served as Minister for Justice from 1957 to 1961, Minister for Defence from 1939 to 1948 and 1951 to 1954, Minister for Posts and Telegraphs from 1936 to 1939 and Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Defence from June 1936 to November 1936. He was a Teachta Dála (TD) from 1925 to 1927 and 1932 to 1961.

He was also involved with association football, being the president of the Football Association of Ireland (FAI) from 1948 until 1963.

Life
Oscar Traynor was born on 21 March 1886 in 32 Upper Abbey Street, Dublin, to Patrick Traynor, bookseller, and his wife Maria Traynor (née Clarke). He was educated by at St Mary's Place, Christian Brothers school. In 1899, he was apprenticed to John Long, a famous wood-carver. Traynor later qualified as a compositor.

As a young man he was a noted footballer and toured Europe as a goalkeeper with Belfast Celtic F.C. whom he played with from 1910 to 1912. Traynor rejected claims soccer was a foreign sport calling it "a Celtic game, pure and simple, having its roots in the Highlands of Scotland."

Traynor joined the Irish Volunteers and took part in the Easter Rising in 1916, being the leader of the Metropole Hotel garrison. Following this he was interned in Wales. During the Irish War of Independence, he was brigadier of the Dublin Brigade of the Irish Republican Army and led the attack on The Custom House in 1921 and an ambush on the West Kent Regiment at Claude Road, Drumcondra on 16 June 1921 when the Thompson submachine gun was fired for the first time in action. Later Traynor was promoted to command the 1st Eastern Division.

When the Irish Civil War broke out in June 1922, Traynor took the Anti-Treaty IRA side. The Dublin Brigade was split, however, with many of its members following Michael Collins in taking the pro-Treaty side. During the Battle of Dublin he was in charge of the Barry's Hotel garrison, before making their escape. He organised guerilla activity in south Dublin and County Wicklow, before being captured by Free State troops in September. He was then imprisoned for the remainder of the war.

On 11 March 1925, he was elected to Dáil Éireann in a by-election as a Sinn Féin TD for the Dublin North constituency, though he did not take his seat due to the abstentionist policy of Sinn Féin. He was re-elected as one of eight members for Dublin North in the June 1927 general election but just one of six Sinn Féin TDs. Once again, he did not take his seat. Traynor did not contest the second general election called that year but declared his support for Fianna Fáil. He stood again in the 1932 general election and was elected as a Fianna Fáil TD for Dublin North.

In 1936, he was first appointed to the Cabinet as Minister for Posts and Telegraphs. In September 1939, Traynor was appointed Minister for Defence and held the portfolio to February 1948. In 1948, he became president of the Football Association of Ireland, a position he held until his death. He served as Minister for Defence in several Fianna Fáil governments and as Minister for Justice, where he was undermined by his junior minister, and later Taoiseach, Charles Haughey, before he retired in 1961.

Traynor died on 15 December 1963 in Dublin at the age of 77.

He has a road named in his memory, running from the Malahide Road through Coolock to Santry in Dublin's northern suburbs.

title: Oscar Traynor


text:
Talk:Graphical projection

Oblique Projection
Note that a page needs creating on Oblique Projection and added as a link after "oblique Projection" on this page. Pat 23:17, 20 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Problem with nested links
Isn't Axonometric projection a sub-category under Orthographic projection? If so, it should be properly nested.67.170.168.214 06:43, 17 October 2006 (UTC)

Planometric Projection
What about listing planometric projection on this page? Where,

$$ \begin{bmatrix} x' \\ y' \\ z' \\ 1 \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} \cos \frac {\pi}{4} & - \cos \frac {\pi}{4} & 0 & 0 \\ \sin \frac {\pi}{4} & - \sin \frac {\pi}{4} & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 \end{bmatrix}

\begin{bmatrix} x \\ y \\ z \\ 1 \end{bmatrix} $$

Me121121 04:35, 4 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Got a reference for that? It looks like a kind of Oblique projection to me, in fact it's this one I think: [[Image:Militärperspektive.PNG|100px]] --Allefant 09:19, 4 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Yes. That's it. But it's not the same as oblique. But I don't have any references, and I don't know how widely used it is. Yet I still learn it at school so I thought it should be included. Can't you use wherever you got that image as a reference? Me121121 09:42, 6 September 2007 (UTC)

 * So the fact that each 3d dimention is distorted equally (45 degree) means that accurate scale drawings can be made, because a 3d line of length x will always be projected as a 2d line of length cx, irrespective of the line's orientation. This feature makes Planometric images look ugly as sin, but also makes the projection notable. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Stestagg (talk • contribs) 14:26, 14 May 2008 (UTC)

 * The article oblique projection lists that projection (military projection), so I guess it counts as an oblique projection? —Kri (talk) 14:53, 19 February 2023 (UTC)

Link to "protocol"
The very first sentence of this article links to protocol. That is (of course!) a disambiguation page. I'd disambiguate if I were sure of which article to link to. Michael Hardy (talk) 20:16, 20 November 2008 (UTC)

"General" Projection?
I don't see any reference to "general" projection. All I mean by the term is the act of projecting a point in n dimensions onto a space of m dimensions, where m < n. Standard 3D graphics pipelines (as described in this article, also in games, ray-tracing, etc) are the case where n = 3 and m = 2. Most likely, I'm not finding it because I just don't know the proper term to search for. - LesPaul75 talk 00:33, 16 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Found it: Projection (linear algebra). Is it worth mentioning in the introduction (to "graphical projection") that that graphical projection is subset of this more general field? - LesPaul75 talk 00:45, 16 May 2009 (UTC)

 * This seems like a personal point of view, that graphical projection is subset of this more general field? As far as I know graphical projection is a collection of methods, which principles have been developed in the projective geometry. -- Marcel Douwe Dekker (talk) 13:34, 16 May 2009 (UTC)
 * I don't think it's a matter of opinion, but I could be wrong. This page talks about different ways to take a 3-dimensional object and "project" it to form a 2-dimensional image.  Projection (linear algebra) is about how to do exactly the same thing, but in N dimensions.  Quote from Projection (linear algebra): "For example, the function which maps the point (x, y, z) in three-dimensional space R3 to the point (x, y, 0) is a projection onto the x-y plane."  That's the mathematical description of all the projections discussed here. - LesPaul75 talk 18:52, 18 May 2009 (UTC)

Further development of this article
I just undid this edit which removed most of tyhe content of this article. I think this article shouldn't be reduced but expended and explain all items allready mentioned in the template views. -- Marcel Douwe Dekker (talk) 21:39, 16 August 2009 (UTC)
 * Do you mean 'expanded' instead of 'expended'? If you meant expanded, I agree.  However, expanding the article doesn't mean that it shouldn't be split.  The template provides the necessary guide to the material.  It is confusing to the reader to include material that is stated elsewhere.  The text was essentially moved, not deleted.
 * Trihoiseachaithne (talk) 02:01, 17 August 2009 (UTC)

 * Yes, I mean expanded. Sorry. There are a lot of separate articles here, and I don't think dividing the current text in even more articles helps here. What is needed is one overview article, which explains all different aspects. I have written one for the Dutch Wikipedia, which expressed this ideal. And I rearranged the whole category structure in Wikicommons making the Graphical projection category the top category in the field. I didn't get to it to rearrange this article yet, but I would like it to become an overvied article. -- Marcel Douwe Dekker (talk) 02:24, 17 August 2009 (UTC)

Stereographic projection?
There is a discussion at Talk:Stereographic projection about whether stereographic projection is truly a "graphical projection", according to the definition in this article. Your advice would be appreciated. Mgnbar (talk) 11:25, 11 September 2015 (UTC)

Merger
I suggest merging 3D projection to here, as they are basically the same topic. The only difference is that this article is for techniques "without the aid of numerical calculation". Which I don't think is an important criteria, considering most of the small summaries and articles this page links to ignore it. Thoughts? SharkD  Talk  03:05, 13 May 2017 (UTC)
 * I agree. The only distinction I can make right now is that the 3D projection article focuses mostly on computer graphics and the math behind them and this article focuses on drawing techniques as you said, but I see no reason that can't be handled with different sections within one article.  They're still closely related aside from one being done with algorithms.  Having used methods from both articles, I'd say they're really the same subject (although the more computer focused parts might be expanded to include various other types such as curved projections that are less-used in drawings with pen and paper) and finding both in one place isn't going to confuse anyone. A Shortfall Of Gravitas (talk) 22:05, 23 March 2018 (UTC)
 * Overall I support a merge, but 3D projection would seem to be the better target because the title is broader (that it, the definition does not exclude any particular method), the article is older, and it current has more direct links. Klbrain (talk) 22:51, 1 January 2019 (UTC)
 * I also think 3D projection is the better target and will proceed that way. If this turns out to be disputed, we can always move the merged article as a separate step. ~Kvng (talk) 15:51, 13 January 2019 (UTC)

✅ ~Kvng (talk) 16:09, 13 January 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Graphical projection


text:
List of rivers of Nebraska

This is a partial list of rivers in Nebraska (U.S. state).

Missouri River

 * Cheyenne River (SD)
 * Hat Creek
 * White River
 * Niobrara River
 * Burgess Creek
 * Bingham Creek
 * Snake River
 * Long Pine Creek
 * Keya Paha River
 * Verdigre Creek
 * North Branch Verdigre Creek
 * Middle Branch Verdigre Creek
 * Lamb Creek
 * Merriman Creek
 * Cottonwood Creek
 * East Branch Verdigre Creek
 * South Branch Verdigre Creek
 * Big Springs Creek
 * Hathoway Slough
 * Schindler Creek
 * Soldier Creek
 * Pishel Creek
 * Steel Creek
 * Red Otter Creek
 * Sand Creek
 * Louse Creek
 * East Branch Louse Creek
 * West Branch Louse Creek
 * Redbird Creek
 * Spring Creek
 * Blackbird Creek
 * Eagle Creek
 * Camp Creek
 * Oak Creek
 * East Branch Eagle Creek
 * Middle Branch Eagle Creek
 * North Branch Eagle Creek
 * Turkey Creek
 * Brush Creek
 * Spring Creek
 * Little Sandy Creek
 * Big Sandy Creek
 * Beaver Creek
 * Clay Creek
 * Otter Creek
 * Simpson Creek
 * Big Anne Creek
 * Haughin Creek
 * Ash Creek
 * Oak Creek
 * Willow Creek
 * Sand Creek
 * Rock Creek
 * Laughing Water Creek
 * Coon Creek
 * Tarbell Creek
 * Elk Creek
 * Wyman Creek
 * Long Pine Creek
 * Short Pine Creek
 * Bone Creek
 * Willow Creek
 * Beeman Creek
 * Rickman Creek
 * Ponca Creek
 * Dutch Creek
 * Plum Creek
 * Deep Creek
 * Sand Draw
 * Little Minnie Creek
 * Fairfield Creek
 * South Fork Fairfield Creek
 * Papillion Creek
 * Platte River
 * North Platte River
 * South Platte River
 * Lodgepole Creek
 * Wood River
 * Loup River
 * North Loup River
 * Calamus River
 * Middle Loup River
 * Dismal River
 * South Loup River
 * Cedar River
 * Elkhorn River
 * South Fork Elkhorn River
 * North Fork Elkhorn River
 * Logan Creek Dredge
 * Rock Creek
 * Salt Creek
 * Oak Creek
 * Stevens Creek
 * Middle Creek
 * Antelope Creek
 * Elk Creek
 * Beal Slough
 * Haines Branch
 * Cardwell Branch
 * Lynn Creek
 * Deadman's Run
 * Little Salt Creek
 * Nishnabotna River
 * Little Nemaha River
 * Big Nemaha River
 * Kansas River (KS)
 * Republican River
 * North Fork Republican River
 * Arikaree River
 * Buffalo Creek
 * Rock Creek
 * South Fork Republican River
 * Frenchman Creek
 * Blackwood Creek
 * Driftwood Creek
 * Red Willow Creek
 * Medicine Creek
 * Sappa Creek
 * Big Blue River
 * West Fork Big Blue River
 * Little Blue River

Alphabetically

 * Arikaree River
 * Beaver Creek (Niobrara River tributary)
 * Beaver Creek (Sappa Creek tributary)
 * Big Blue River
 * Big Nemaha River
 * Brawner Creek
 * Buckley Creek
 * Calamus River
 * Cedar River
 * Coon Creek
 * Dismal River
 * Dry Branch
 * Elkhorn River
 * Frenchman Creek
 * Keya Paha River
 * Little Blue River
 * Little Nemaha River
 * Lodgepole Creek
 * Logan Creek Dredge
 * Long Pine Creek
 * Loup River
 * Middle Loup River
 * Missouri River
 * Niobrara River
 * Nishnabotna River
 * North Fork Elkhorn River
 * North Loup River
 * North Platte River
 * Papillion Creek
 * Platte River
 * Ponca Creek
 * Republican River
 * Red Willow Creek
 * Rock Creek
 * Salt Creek
 * Sappa Creek
 * Silver Creek
 * Smith Creek
 * Snake River
 * South Fork Elkhorn River
 * South Loup River
 * South Platte River
 * Turkey Creek
 * West Fork Big Blue River
 * Whisky Run (Jefferson County, Nebraska)
 * White River
 * Wood River

title: List of rivers of Nebraska


text: User talk:81.133.56.32

title: User talk:81.133.56.32


text:
Cedar River

Cedar River may refer to:

Canada

 * Cedar River (Ontario), a tributary of the English River

United States

 * Cedar River (Iowa River tributary), in Minnesota and Iowa, a tributary of the Iowa River
 * Cedar River (Antrim County, Michigan)
 * Cedar River (Gladwin County, Michigan)
 * Cedar River (Menominee County, Michigan)
 * Cedar River (New York), a tributary of the Hudson River
 * Cedar River (Washington), a tributary of Lake Washington
 * Cedar River (Willapa Bay), Washington
 * Cedar Creek (North Dakota), also known as Cedar River

title: Cedar River


text:
User talk:Chris b

Hello Chris! Welcome to Wikipedia. Here are some useful links in case you haven't already found them:

 * How to edit a page
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

Re stubnotes : deleting them is one of the greatest joys of upgrading an article. Go back to Malvern Hills and knock yourself out. Regards, –Hajor 23:23, 20 Feb 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Chris b


text:
Pacific Palisades

Pacific Palisades may refer to:

 * Pacific Palisades, Los Angeles, California, a neighborhood located in the Westside of Los Angeles
 * Pacific Palisades (TV series), 1997 Aaron Spelling production set in Pacific Palisades, Los Angeles
 * Pacific Palisades (film), 1990 French-American comedy film set in Pacific Palisades, Los Angeles
 * Pacific Palisades Conservation Area, a region of sandstone cliffs near Pacific, Missouri
 * A suburban neighborhood located in Pearl City on the island of Oʻahu in Hawaiʻi

title: Pacific Palisades