text:
Regular local ring

In commutative algebra, a regular local ring is a Noetherian local ring having the property that the minimal number of generators of its maximal ideal is equal to its Krull dimension. In symbols, let A be a Noetherian local ring with maximal ideal m, and suppose a1, ..., an is a minimal set of generators of m. Then by Krull's principal ideal theorem n ≥ dim A, and A is defined to be regular if n = dim A.

The appellation regular is justified by the geometric meaning. A point x on an algebraic variety X is nonsingular if and only if the local ring $$\mathcal{O}_{X, x}$$ of germs at x is regular. (See also: regular scheme.) Regular local rings are not related to von Neumann regular rings.

For Noetherian local rings, there is the following chain of inclusions:

Characterizations
There are a number of useful definitions of a regular local ring, one of which is mentioned above. In particular, if $$A$$ is a Noetherian local ring with maximal ideal $$\mathfrak{m}$$, then the following are equivalent definitions:
 * Let $$\mathfrak{m} = (a_1, \ldots, a_n)$$ where $$n$$ is chosen as small as possible. Then $$A$$ is regular if
 * $$\dim A = n\,$$,
 * where the dimension is the Krull dimension. The minimal set of generators of $$a_1, \ldots, a_n$$ are then called a regular system of parameters.

 * Let $$k = A / \mathfrak{m}$$ be the residue field of $$A$$. Then $$A$$ is regular if
 * $$\dim_k \mathfrak{m} / \mathfrak{m}^2 = \dim A\,$$,
 * where the second dimension is the Krull dimension.

 * Let $$\mbox{gl dim } A := \sup \{ \operatorname{pd} M \mid M \text{ is an }A\text{-module} \}$$ be the global dimension of $$A$$ (i.e., the supremum of the projective dimensions of all $$A$$-modules.) Then $$A$$ is regular if
 * $$\mbox{gl dim } A < \infty\,$$,
 * in which case, $$\mbox{gl dim } A = \dim A$$.

Multiplicity one criterion states: if the completion of a Noetherian local ring A is unimixed (in the sense that there is no embedded prime divisor of the zero ideal and for each minimal prime p, $$\dim \widehat{A}/p = \dim \widehat{A}$$) and if the multiplicity of A is one, then A is regular. (The converse is always true: the multiplicity of a regular local ring is one.) This criterion corresponds to a geometric intuition in algebraic geometry that a local ring of an intersection is regular if and only if the intersection is a transversal intersection.

In the positive characteristic case, there is the following important result due to Kunz: A Noetherian local ring $$R$$ of positive characteristic p is regular if and only if the Frobenius morphism $$R \to R, r \mapsto r^p$$ is flat and $$R$$ is reduced. No similar result is known in characteristic zero (it is unclear how one should replace the Frobenius morphism).

Examples

 * 1) Every field is a regular local ring. These have (Krull) dimension 0. In fact, the fields are exactly the regular local rings of dimension 0.
 * 2) Any discrete valuation ring is a regular local ring of dimension 1 and the regular local rings of dimension 1 are exactly the discrete valuation rings. Specifically, if k is a field and X is an indeterminate, then the ring of formal power series k[X] is a regular local ring having (Krull) dimension 1.
 * 3) If p is an ordinary prime number, the ring of p-adic integers is an example of a discrete valuation ring, and consequently a regular local ring, which does not contain a field.
 * 4) More generally, if k is a field and X1, X2, ..., Xd are indeterminates, then the ring of formal power series k[X1, X2, ..., Xd] is a regular local ring having (Krull) dimension d.
 * 5) If A is a regular local ring, then it follows that the formal power series ring A[x] is regular local.
 * 6) If Z is the ring of integers and X is an indeterminate, the ring Z[X](2, X) (i.e. the ring Z[X] localized in the prime ideal (2, X) ) is an example of a 2-dimensional regular local ring which does not contain a field.
 * 7) By the structure theorem of Irvin Cohen, a complete regular local ring of Krull dimension d that contains a field k is a power series ring in d variables over an extension field of k.

Non-examples
The ring $$A=k[x]/(x^2)$$ is not a regular local ring since it is finite dimensional but does not have finite global dimension. For example, there is an infinite resolution

\cdots \xrightarrow{\cdot x} \frac{k[x]}{(x^2)} \xrightarrow{\cdot x} \frac{k[x]}{(x^2)} \to k \to 0 $$

Using another one of the characterizations, $$A$$ has exactly one prime ideal $$\mathfrak{m}=\frac{(x)}{(x^2)}$$, so the ring has Krull dimension $$0$$, but $$\mathfrak{m}^2$$ is the zero ideal, so $$\mathfrak{m}/\mathfrak{m}^2$$ has $$k$$ dimension at least $$1$$. (In fact it is equal to $$1$$ since $$x + \mathfrak{m}$$ is a basis.)

Basic properties
The Auslander–Buchsbaum theorem states that every regular local ring is a unique factorization domain.

Every localization, as well as the completion, of a regular local ring is regular.

If $$(A, \mathfrak{m})$$ is a complete regular local ring that contains a field, then
 * $$A \cong kx_1, \ldots, x_d$$,

where $$k = A / \mathfrak{m}$$ is the residue field, and $$d = \dim A$$, the Krull dimension.

See also: Serre's inequality on height and Serre's multiplicity conjectures.

Origin of basic notions
Regular local rings were originally defined by Wolfgang Krull in 1937, but they first became prominent in the work of Oscar Zariski a few years later, who showed that geometrically, a regular local ring corresponds to a smooth point on an algebraic variety. Let Y be an algebraic variety contained in affine n-space over a perfect field, and suppose that Y is the vanishing locus of the polynomials f1,...,fm. Y is nonsingular at P if Y satisfies a Jacobian condition: If M = (∂fi/∂xj) is the matrix of partial derivatives of the defining equations of the variety, then the rank of the matrix found by evaluating M at P is n − dim Y. Zariski proved that Y is nonsingular at P if and only if the local ring of Y at P is regular. (Zariski observed that this can fail over non-perfect fields.) This implies that smoothness is an intrinsic property of the variety, in other words it does not depend on where or how the variety is embedded in affine space. It also suggests that regular local rings should have good properties, but before the introduction of techniques from homological algebra very little was known in this direction. Once such techniques were introduced in the 1950s, Auslander and Buchsbaum proved that every regular local ring is a unique factorization domain.

Another property suggested by geometric intuition is that the localization of a regular local ring should again be regular. Again, this lay unsolved until the introduction of homological techniques. It was Jean-Pierre Serre who found a homological characterization of regular local rings: A local ring A is regular if and only if A has finite global dimension, i.e. if every A-module has a projective resolution of finite length. It is easy to show that the property of having finite global dimension is preserved under localization, and consequently that localizations of regular local rings at prime ideals are again regular.

This justifies the definition of regularity for non-local commutative rings given in the next section.

Regular ring
In commutative algebra, a regular ring is a commutative Noetherian ring, such that the localization at every prime ideal is a regular local ring: that is, every such localization has the property that the minimal number of generators of its maximal ideal is equal to its Krull dimension.

The origin of the term regular ring lies in the fact that an affine variety is nonsingular (that is every point is regular) if and only if its ring of regular functions is regular.

For regular rings, Krull dimension agrees with global homological dimension.

Jean-Pierre Serre defined a regular ring as a commutative noetherian ring of finite global homological dimension. His definition is stronger than the definition above, which allows regular rings of infinite Krull dimension.

Examples of regular rings include fields (of dimension zero) and Dedekind domains. If A is regular then so is A[X], with dimension one greater than that of A.

In particular if $k$ is a field, the ring of integers, or a principal ideal domain, then the polynomial ring $$k[X_1, \ldots,X_n]$$ is regular. In the case of a field, this is Hilbert's syzygy theorem.

Any localization of a regular ring is regular as well.

A regular ring is reduced but need not be an integral domain. For example, the product of two regular integral domains is regular, but not an integral domain.

title: Regular local ring


text:
Talk:Gare du Nord

nearby and adjacent
What's the intended difference between "nearby stations" and "adjacent stations" ? As I understand it:

nearby = a short walk away adjacent = next station on some line from Gare du Nord.

According to these definitions Magenta is nearby and not adjacent. --FvdP 19:48, 5 Mar 2004 (UTC)

adjacent means contiguous, neighboroughing or bordering on, so Magenta is indeed adjacent.

other gare du nord
there's also a band called Gare du Nord (http://www.garedunord.ch).

there's another band called gare du nord (http://www.garedunord.eu).

both bands are not named after the paris railway station

180 milloin passengers ?
Are we certain about the 180 million passengers figure? I know it's quoted on the French wikipedia - but I'd always understood St Lazare is by far the busiest station in Paris. Can anyone verify?

Exile 20:03, 26 November 2006 (UTC)

Saint Lazare station is the busiest station for suburban traffic. (With 100 million passengers)

Gare du Nord is the busiest railway station (180 million passengers) Minato ku 10:57, 16 March 2007 (UTC)

Number of platforms
It says le Gare du Nord has 44 platforms and yet when I was there I only remember about 30 platforms so where are the the rest of them?

Are their underground terminal platforms along with the RER platforms?

No, there are 38 on the main level and 4 on the RER level. There are 42 passenger platforms and 2 service bays. Anywikiuser (talk) 19:10, 7 January 2008 (UTC)

Is it really the third-busiest railway station in the world?

 * For example, Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus in Mumbay, the busiest station in India is likely to have more passengers than Paris Gare de Nord. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 90.2.1.148 (talk) 18:16, 11 January 2009 (UTC)

 * For example: Shinjuku 3.6 passengers / day, Ikebukuro 2.7 m/day, Shibuya 2.2m/day, Yokohama 2.1 m/day, Tokyo 1,1m/day, Shinagawa 0.9 m/day which are higher than the 500'000 per day for Gare du Nord —Preceding unsigned comment added by 198.240.212.2 (talk) 12:01, 12 March 2010 (UTC)

 * And that's only looking at Japan. Even Penn Station in NYC serves over 600,000 per day. If there are no hard numbers for Gare du Nord, this "third busiest in the world" stuff has to go. I looked through the French version of the article, and managed to find this figure in 2002 for 180 million. -Multivariable (talk) 04:46, 23 August 2010 (UTC)

Location of Station
It might be useful to include information about the location of the station within the city, e.g., which arrondisement (sp?) it's in, and which ones are adjacent. For instance, if one were trying to find lodging, tourist attractions, etc. nearby. Such information would likely be notable. --Davecampbell (talk) 14:11, 9 May 2011 (UTC)

 * Done. Markussep Talk 09:21, 10 May 2011 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

No consensus to move. Vegaswikian (talk) 06:13, 5 August 2011 (UTC)

This is the official name. → Kind Regards, Lppa Let's talk about it! 11:29, 29 July 2011 (UTC)
 * Is it also the common name in English, though? Ucucha 12:30, 29 July 2011 (UTC)

 * Oppose - current name is the common name in English. – ukexpat (talk) 14:09, 29 July 2011 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Common name. Other Paris stations should also be renamed. -- Necrothesp (talk) 21:37, 29 July 2011 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Section: Train services
I think the section Train services needs to be reorganized, but I'm not sure what the best way is. I know this isn't Wikivoyage, but still. George8211 (talk | contribs) 11:39, 22 August 2013 (UTC)

Blacklisted Links Found on the Main Page
Cyberbot II has detected that page contains external links that have either been globally or locally blacklisted. Links tend to be blacklisted because they have a history of being spammed, or are highly innappropriate for Wikipedia. This, however, doesn't necessarily mean it's spam, or not a good link. If the link is a good link, you may wish to request whitelisting by going to the request page for whitelisting. If you feel the link being caught by the blacklist is a false positive, or no longer needed on the blacklist, you may request the regex be removed or altered at the blacklist request page. If the link is blacklisted globally and you feel the above applies you may request to whitelist it using the before mentioned request page, or request its removal, or alteration, at the request page on meta. When requesting whitelisting, be sure to supply the link to be whitelisted and wrap the link in nowiki tags. The whitelisting process can take its time so once a request has been filled out, you may set the invisible parameter on the tag to true. Please be aware that the bot will replace removed tags, and will remove misplaced tags regularly.

Below is a list of links that were found on the main page:

 * http://www.railway-technology.com/features/featureworlds-busiest-train-stations/
 * Triggered by  on the local blacklist

If you would like me to provide more information on the talk page, contact User:Cyberpower678 and ask him to program me with more info.

From your friendly hard working bot.— cyberbot II NotifyOnline 13:32, 3 April 2014 (UTC)

✅ This issue has been resolved, and I have therefore removed the tag, if not already done. No further action is necessary.— cyberbot II NotifyOnline 19:41, 9 April 2014 (UTC)

Sculpture in picture?
The text mentions there are series of symbolic statues representing cities in the station. Is the statue (apparently rear view of a nude woman) in pic captioned 'Gare du Nord view from upstairs" one of them. It would be clarifying if the sculpture could be indentified for readers' benefit.Cloptonson (talk) 15:20, 31 August 2014 (UTC)

Featured picture scheduled for POTD
Hello! This is to let editors know that File:Gare Du Nord Interior, Paris, France - Diliff (cropped).jpg, a featured picture used in this article, has been selected as the English Wikipedia's picture of the day (POTD) for April 20, 2022. A preview of the POTD is displayed below and can be edited at Template:POTD/2022-04-20. For the greater benefit of readers, any potential improvements or maintenance that could benefit the quality of this article should be done before its scheduled appearance on the Main Page. If you have any concerns, please place a message at Wikipedia talk:Picture of the day. Thank you! Cwmhiraeth (talk) 10:50, 18 April 2022 (UTC)

6 or 7 Terminal Staions
The Gare du Nord page says there are 7 termini in Paris but the Gare de l'Est page says there are 6. I don't know which is correct but I'm certain both pages should say the same thing. Rjshook (talk) 13:05, 16 July 2023 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Gare du Nord


text:
Panama–Pacific International Exposition

The Panama–Pacific International Exposition was a world's fair held in San Francisco, California, United States, from February 20 to December 4, 1915. Its stated purpose was to celebrate the completion of the Panama Canal, but it was widely seen in the city as an opportunity to showcase its recovery from the 1906 earthquake. The fair was constructed on a 636 acre site along the northern shore, between the Presidio and Fort Mason, now known as the Marina District.

Exhibits and themes

Among the exhibits at the exposition was the C. P. Huntington, the first steam locomotive purchased by Southern Pacific Railroad; the locomotive is now on static display at the California State Railroad Museum in Sacramento. A telephone line was also established to New York City so people across the continent could hear the Pacific Ocean. The Liberty Bell traveled by train on a nationwide tour from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to attend the exposition.

The 1915 American Grand Prize and Vanderbilt Cup auto races were held February 27 and March 6 on a 3.84 mi circuit set up around the Exposition grounds. The Smithsonian Institution also had an exhibition at the Exposition.

Indigenous representation
Native American culture was a topic of interest during the nine-month long exposition with multiple attractions dedicated to Native American life. The most popular attraction at the exposition that depicted Native American life is James Earle Fraser's statue The End of the Trail. Fraser's statue, which showed a Native American man slumped over on a horse, reflected the American idea at the time, that the Native American race was doomed for extinction. The exposition not only celebrated the completion of the Panama Canal, but also advances made by the American people, part of which were the conquests of indigenous people by Americans as well as Europeans. These celebrations over the Native community, can be seen through artworks such as The End of the Trail and The Pioneer or tributes to Francisco Pizarro and Hernán Cortés. In comparison to previous world fairs, the Panama–Pacific International Exposition showcased Native Americans more as nobles rather than savage people, but who were still inevitably destined to become extinct. These ideas were presented in plays, known as pageants, where Native Americans played small roles such as in "Catalonian dragoons, muleteers, and a tribe of Carmel Indians." While the demise of Native American people was a rhetoric created by fair organizers, scholars have argued that in reality, the Native persona was very present and did not reflect the idea that it was a disappearing civilization. Native Americans were in fact part of the fair, but also attended as visitors, performers, and workers. More recently, scholars have focused on Native representation in San Francisco's 1915 rival world fair, San Diego's 1915 Panama–California Exposition, that showed Native American life in a more anthropological light versus this American ideal.

Women and gender roles
During the Panama–Pacific International Exposition women were in charge of their own board, known as the Woman's Board of San Francisco's Panama–Pacific International Exposition. The board, also called the Board of Lady Managers, allowed women to take part in organizing different aspects of the fair and more importantly gave them the opportunity to have a campaigning platform for discussing women's rights and social issues. It was commonly argued that the fair celebrated male dominance over women by not providing a building for women. Also, men and women were depicted differently in artworks advertising the exposition. White women, specifically, were presented as caretakers while men as strong and powerful saviors, such as in the poster “13th Labor of Hercules.”

At the time, there was an idea of a “New Woman” who was more progressive and advanced intellectually and sexually. This idea of a “New Woman” related to the overarching themes of the fair: modernity, and progress. In efforts to promote the fair, organizers used the “New Woman” as an advertising tactic and proof that San Francisco was an evolving and safe environment for tourists. During the fair, women could be seen posing with agriculture from around the state in celebration of California's produce. All the women were young, beautiful white women who were often the highlight of newspaper articles and events. This use of women presented the idea that they were useful only for their beauty but failed to appreciate their intellectual capacity and physical abilities.

The International Conference of Women Workers to Promote Permanent Peace was held on July 4–7 in the "Peace Palace", a transformation of the Civic Auditorium (now the Bill Graham Civic Auditorium). May Wright Sewall, by appointment of Charles C. Moore, chair of the exposition, organized the peace conference. It was attended by women pacificists from all over the world, especially the neutral countries of World War I.

One of the most memorable achievements of the Women's Board was the installation of statues that celebrated women, specifically mothers, known as the Pioneer Mother.

The National Society Colonial Dames XVII Century was established by six women while attending the exposition.

Architecture

The centerpiece was the Tower of Jewels, which rose to 435 ft and was covered with over 100,000 cut glass Novagems. The 3/4 to 2 in colored "gems" sparkled in sunlight throughout the day and were illuminated by over 50 powerful electrical searchlights at night.

South of the Tower, the Fountain of Energy flowed at the center of the South Gardens, flanked by the Palace of Horticulture on the west and the Festival Hall to the east. The arch of the Tower served as the gateway to the Court of the Universe, leading to the Court of the Four Seasons to the west and the Court of Abundance to the east. These courts formed the primary exhibit area for the fair, which included the Palaces of Food Products, Agriculture, Liberal Arts, and Education and Social Economy and surrounding the Court of the Four Seasons; and the Palaces of Transportation, Mines and Metallurgy, Varied Industries, and Manufacturers surrounding the Court of Abundance.

The central court group was bookended on the east by the Palace of Machinery, the largest of all the halls built for the Exhibition, and on the west by the Palace of Fine Arts, which survives onsite.

Further west into the Presidio, down The Avenue of the Nations, were national and states' buildings, displaying customs and products unique to the area represented. The far western end of the Fair, past the states' pavilions, was reserved for live stock exhibits. At the opposite end of the Fair, near Fort Mason was "The Zone", an avenue of popular amusements and concessions stands.

Construction
Constructed from temporary materials (primarily staff, a combination of plaster and burlap fiber), almost all the fair's various buildings and attractions were pulled down in late 1915. Intended to fall into pieces at the close of the fair (reportedly because the architect believed every great city needed ruins), the only presently-surviving building on the Exposition grounds, Bernard Maybeck's Palace of Fine Arts, remained in place, slowly falling into disrepair. The hall, used to display painting and sculpture during the Fair, was repurposed as a garage for jeeps during World War II. The Palace, including the colonnade with its signature weeping women and rotunda dome, was completely reconstructed in the 1960s and a seismic retrofit was completed in early 2009. The Exploratorium, an interactive science museum, occupied the northern 2/3 of the Palace from 1969 to 2013; the city-owned Palace of Fine Arts Theater, has occupied the southern 1/3 since 1970.

Several other buildings were saved immediately following the Exposition, including the California, Missouri, and Philippine buildings, which were built on government land.

Other surviving buildings
Buildings from the Exposition that still stand today (other than the Palace of Fine Arts) include what is now called the Bill Graham Civic Auditorium at Civic Center Plaza and the Japanese Tea house, which was barged down the Bay to Belmont, California, and operated successively as a private residence, speakeasy, and restaurant.

Also surviving are the one-third scale steam locomotives of the Overfair Railroad that operated at the Exposition. They had been maintained in working order at the Swanton Pacific Railroad Society located on Cal Poly San Luis Obispo's Swanton Ranch just north of Santa Cruz. But a forest fire swept through the area in 2020, severely damaging the railroad, which has not run since then.

The Legion of Honor Museum, in Lincoln Park, was the gift of Alma de Bretteville Spreckels, wife of the sugar magnate and thoroughbred racehorse owner/breeder Adolph B. Spreckels. The building is a full-scale replica of the French Pavilion from the 1915 Panama–Pacific International Exposition, which in turn was a three-quarter-scale version of the Palais de la Légion d'Honneur also known as the Hôtel de Salm in Paris by George Applegarth and H. Guillaume. At the close of the exposition, the French government granted Spreckels permission to construct a permanent replica of the French Pavilion, but World War I delayed the groundbreaking until 1921.

The warehouse for the exposition was moved to Fort Hunter Liggett in South Monterey County and the structure, nicknamed the "Tin Barn", has served as the base fire department for the last 30 years. After its move, it initially served as a horse barn, and since then, it has served as a gym, PX and a movie theater for the base.

Commemorations and legacy
The US Post Office issued a set of four postage stamps to commemorate the exposition, with designs depicting a profile of Vasco Núñez de Balboa (1¢), the Pedro Miguel Locks of the Panama Canal (2¢), the Golden Gate (5¢), and the discovery of San Francisco Bay (10¢). The stamps were first put on sale in 1913, to promote the coming event, and perforated 12, and then reissued in 1914 and 1915, perforated 10. Their prices today range widely; the 2¢ of 1913 is available for under a dollar in used condition, while an unused 10¢ of the scarcer orange-yellow variety in 1915 can be worth up to a thousand United States dollars.

The United States Congress authorized the San Francisco Mint (also known as "The Granite Lady") to issue a series of five commemorative coins. Said coins were the 1915-S silver Panama-Pacific half dollar and four gold coins. The denominations of the gold coins were $1, $$2 1/2$ (quarter eagle) and $50 (in two types: a round coin, and an unusual octagonal coin). The Panama-Pacific coins have the distinction of being the first commemorative coins to bear the motto "In God We Trust", and were also the first commemoratives to be struck at a branch mint. The two lower denomination gold coins are scarce, while the two $50 ones are extremely rare. The silver half dollar had a mintage of 27,134 and in modestly worn condition is available for several hundred dollars.

Numismatist Farran Zerbe supervised the creation of a series of commemorative medals, an award medal, a souvenir medal, and diplomas.

Centennial
In 2015, the California Historical Society, the Maybeck Foundation, and Innovation Hangar partnered with the City and County of San Francisco to commemorate the centennial of the transformative 1915 Panama Pacific International Exposition.

On June 20, 2015 a commemorative orchestra, chorus and band concert was held at the Palace of Fine Arts to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the fair.

A feature film, When the World Came to San Francisco, which tells the story of the fair, was made by writer and director R. Christian Anderson. It was part of the city's official centennial celebration sanctioned by the California Historical Society. The film had its world premiere at the de Young Fine Arts Museum in Golden Gate Park on October 30, 2015.

title: Panama–Pacific International Exposition


text:
Ghriba synagogue bombing

The Ghriba synagogue bombing was carried out by Niser bin Muhammad Nasr Nawar on the El Ghriba synagogue in Tunisia in 2002.

Bombing
On April 11, 2002, a natural gas truck fitted with explosives drove past security barriers at the ancient El Ghriba synagogue on the Tunisian island of Djerba. The truck detonated at the front of the synagogue, killing 14 German tourists, three Tunisians, and two French nationals. More than 30 others were wounded.

Although the explosion was initially called an accident, as Tunisia, France, and Germany investigated, it became clear that it was a deliberate attack. A 24-year-old man named Niser bin Muhammad Nasr Nawar was the suicide bomber, who carried out the attack with the aid of a relative. Al-Qaeda later claimed responsibility for the attack, which was reportedly organized by Khalid Sheikh Mohammed and Saad bin Laden. However, Saad's family denied he was involved in the attack.

In March 2003, five people were arrested in Spain in connection with the attack. On May 10, 2006, two of them, Spanish businessman Enrique Cerda and Pakistani national Ahmed Rukhsar, were sentenced to five years in prison for collaborating with a terrorist group. In June 2003, a German man named Christian Ganczarski was arrested at the Charles de Gaulle airport in Paris in connection with the bombing. He was arrested by a joint intelligence operation, in the frame of Alliance Base, which is located in Paris, and transferred to Fresnes Prison in Paris. In February 2009, Ganczarski was sentenced to 18 years in prison for the bombing.

Commemoration of the victims
On April 11, 2012, Tunisian President Moncef Marzouki, Tunisian Grand Rabbi Haim Bitan, the Ambassador of the Federal Republic of Germany to Tunisia, and Boris Boillon, Ambassador of the French Republic to Tunisia, visited Djerba to pay their respects to the victims on the attack's 10th anniversary. Marzouki met with victims' families and delivered a speech where he strongly condemned this attack and reassured Tunisian Jews of their place in Tunisian society.

title: Ghriba synagogue bombing


text:
Sheep (Pink Floyd song)

"Sheep" (Originally Titled "Raving and Drooling") is a song by the English rock band Pink Floyd, released on the Album Animals in 1977. It was performed live on tours in 1974. It was written by bassist Roger Waters.

History
During their tours in 1974, Pink Floyd played three new songs in the first half of the shows, followed by The Dark Side of the Moon in its entirety. The three new songs were "You've Got to Be Crazy" (which later became "Dogs"), "Shine On You Crazy Diamond" and "Raving and Drooling" (which later became "Sheep").

During performances of "Raving and Drooling", a recording of a DJ at BBC Radio called Jimmy Young was played after being cut up and reassembled randomly. This was Roger Waters' idea of a man "raving and drooling" (or being insane). The lyrics of the song at this point were quite different from the ones that were to become "Sheep".

"Raving and Drooling" was originally a more jam-based song. While the basic motif was already in place—a held note from the vocalist (Waters) being crossfaded into the same note on a synthesizer, with various inhuman effects applied—Waters had yet to write anything for the sections repeating F♯7 and A7 (such as "You better watch out! There may be dogs about", and so on), and so these sections, while clearly part of the song structure, were rendered instrumentally. While Gilmour later stated that "Dogs" in its earlier incarnation as "You've Got to Be Crazy" simply had too many words for him to sing, "Raving and Drooling" appeared to suffer more from a lack thereof.

"You've Got to Be Crazy" and "Raving and Drooling" were originally planned to be on the album following the 1974 tours, Wish You Were Here, but plans changed and they ended up in different forms on Animals. In November 2011, versions of both tracks recorded at Wembley in 1974 were officially released as part of the Experience and Immersion versions of the Wish You Were Here album.

In live versions from 1977, backing guitarist Snowy White played bass guitar as Waters shared electric guitar duties with David Gilmour. The performance was almost identical to the album version except that had a slower ending with Richard Wright playing an organ solo.

Ian Peel, a musical columnist for The Guardian, noted the resemblance of "Sheep" to the Doctor Who theme, due to its bassline and sound effects. The bassline (together with the piece as a whole) is highly reminiscent of Pink Floyd's earlier "One of These Days".

Recording
The song was recorded during April, May and July 1976 at the band's own Britannia Row Studios, Islington, London.

"On Animals Roger played bass on 'Dogs' and I played bass on 'Sheep' and 'Pigs.' Most of the bass line on 'Sheep' (apart from the ending) was what Roger had been playing onstage, as we had been performing it as 'Raving and Drooling' for a couple of years. However, in the studio Roger had a rhythm guitar part he wanted to play, so we swapped roles. On 'Pigs' the part and the playing are mine."

Personnel

 * Roger Waters – lead vocals, rhythm guitar, tape and electronic effects, vocoder
 * David Gilmour – lead guitar, bass guitar, echoed vocal (from "Dogs")
 * Richard Wright – Fender Rhodes piano, EMS VCS 3, Minimoog, ARP String Synthesizer, Hammond organ
 * Nick Mason – drums, tape effects

title: Sheep (Pink Floyd song)


text:
Talk:Ulrika Jonsson

"Discussion"
Ulrika - 284,000 Ulrikaka - 12 Ulrikakaka - 28 Ulrikakakaka - 39 Ulrikakakakaka - 16 Ulrikakakakakaka - 12 Ulrikakakakakakaka - 9 Ulrikakakakakakakaka - 4 Ulrikakakakakakakakaka - 13 (!) Ulrikakakakakakakakakaka - 1 Ulrikakakakakakakakakaka etc - 0

 * What is this about?? — Sverdrup 14:29, 26 Mar 2004 (UTC)

"Ulrikaka...." is what Ulrika is called on Shooting Stars. It's probably Google hits. :-) DJ Clayworth 14:39, 26 Mar 2004 (UTC) e is

Early Life, nationality, parents and much else is missing
Where is the section and information about her parents? Why she came to England? How she aquired British nationality. Where she went to school (UK or Sweden), University? and on and on. So much is missing. It not even clear why she has a page at all being just a TV presenter. ~ — Preceding unsigned comment added by PaddyBasher (talk • contribs) 18:36, 25 March 2023 (UTC)

English as First Language?
How is this? She was born and raised in Sweden to Swedish parents. The detail of this early life is also missing.

Personal Life
I'm sure Bo's father is the German hotelier Markus Kempen - isn't this is why she ended up with the tabloid nickname of 4x4 i.e. 4 kids by 4 fathers?

Ulrika can drink a pint of Horlicks in six seconds
As can be seen in this video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kisC5f5XVkU at 6:20

I don't see how this fact is more or less "encylopedic" than excessive detail about Ulrika's personal life and relationships.

Surely if the Horlicks feat is unencylopedic, so is the above, which should also be removed and the page should strictly detail her professional work. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A01:4B00:87FF:9B00:88EC:28F0:B818:10B (talk) 09:11, 11 October 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ulrika Jonsson


text:
Dallas College

Dallas College is a public community college with seven campuses in Dallas County, Texas. It serves more than 70,000 students annually in degree-granting, continuing education, and adult education programs.

Dallas College offers associate degree and career/technical certificate programs in more than 100 areas of study as well as a bachelor's degree in education. It is one of the largest community college systems in Texas.

History
Dallas College was founded as the Dallas County Junior College District in 1965, and became known as the Dallas County Community College District (DCCCD) in 1972. The first campus, El Centro College, was established in 1966 in downtown Dallas. Bill J. Priest served as the founding chancellor from 1965 until his retirement in 1981.

Consolidation
In February 2020, the Dallas County Community College District announced a plan to consolidate its seven constituent institutions, which at the time were separately accredited, into one accredited institution with multiple campuses. The move was primarily aimed at simplifying the enrollment process and graduation requirements. Students originally needed to complete at least 25% of credits at one campus; the merger removed this requirement.

The merger was approved by accreditor SACSCOC on June 12, 2020. In tandem, the district changed its name to Dallas College, repositioning its former constituent institutions as campuses (e.g., Brookhaven College became Dallas College Brookhaven Campus).

The merger was controversial among faculty, as it resulted in layoffs, changes to campus culture, and a more centralized governance structure. In particular, the college eliminated its rolling three-year faculty contracts in favor of one-year contracts, which substantially weakened job security for full-time faculty. In October 2021, roughly a year after the consolidation, full-time faculty passed a resolution of no confidence against then-chancellor Dr. Joe May.

Service area
As defined by the Texas Legislature, the official service area of Dallas College consists of Dallas County and the Carrollton-Farmers Branch Independent School District, a portion of which is in adjacent Denton County.

Dallas College maintains an "open-door" admissions policy regarding new students, allowing many people to attend college who otherwise might not be able to do so.

Campuses
Dallas College has seven primary campuses. Prior to the 2020 consolidation, each of these institutions were separately accredited.

Centers
In addition to the seven campuses, Dallas College has Centers which either serve surrounding communities or are used for specific purposes. Prior to the 2020 consolidation, each center was associated with a specific campus.

Administration
The Dallas College board of trustees consists of seven members who are entrusted with governing the district. The board defines the vision of the district, serves as a liaison between the district and the community, approves annual budgets and sets policies, among other responsibilities. Board members are elected officials who serve six-year terms without compensation.

title: Dallas College


text:
Talk:State Council Information Office

Just a note. I removed the description of the Information Office as the chief propaganda bureau of the Chinese government *not* for NPOV reasons, but because it isn't administratively accurate. There is a Central Propaganda Bureau which is the chief propaganda bureau.

title: Talk:State Council Information Office


text: User talk:198.161.119.4

title: User talk:198.161.119.4


text:
List of companies of Brazil

Brazil is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. Brazil's economy is the world's ninth-largest by nominal GDP and seventh-largest by GDP (PPP). A member of the BRICS group, Brazil until 2010 had one of the world's fastest growing major economies, with its economic reforms giving the country new international recognition and influence. Brazil's national development bank plays an important role for the country's economic growth. Brazil is a founding member of the United Nations, the G20, BRICS, Unasul, Mercosul, Organization of American States, Organization of Ibero-American States, CPLP, and the Latin Union. Brazil is a regional power in Latin America and a middle power in international affairs, with some analysts identifying it as an emerging global power. One of the world's major breadbaskets, Brazil has been the largest producer of coffee for the last 150 years.

For further information on the types of business entities in this country and their abbreviations, see "Business entities in Brazil".

Largest firms
This list shows firms in the Fortune Global 500, which ranks firms by total revenues reported before March 31, 2017. Only the top five firms (if available) are included as a sample.

Notable firms
This list includes notable companies with primary headquarters located in the country. The industry and sector follow the Industry Classification Benchmark taxonomy. Organizations which have ceased operations are included and noted as defunct.

title: List of companies of Brazil


text:
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is a group of autosomal recessive disorders characterized by impaired cortisol synthesis. It results from the deficiency of one of the five enzymes required for the synthesis of cortisol in the adrenal cortex. Most of these disorders involve excessive or deficient production of hormones such as glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, or sex steroids, and can alter development of primary or secondary sex characteristics in some affected infants, children, or adults. It is one of the most common autosomal recessive disorders in humans.

Types
CAH can occur in various forms. The clinical presentation of each form is different and depends to a large extent on the underlying enzyme defect, its precursor retention, and deficient products. Classical forms appear in infancy, and nonclassical forms appear in late childhood. The presentation in patients with classic CAH can be further subdivided into three forms: salt-wasting, simple-virilizing, and non-classic (NC) depending on whether mineralocorticoid deficiency presents or absents, respectively. This subtyping is often not clinically meaningful, though, because all patients lose salt to some degree, and clinical presentations may overlap.

Salt-wasting
In 75% of cases of severe enzyme deficiency, insufficient aldosterone production can lead to salt wasting, failure to thrive, and potentially fatal hypovolemia and shock. A missed diagnosis of salt-loss CAH is related to the increased risk of early neonatal morbidity and death.

Simple-virilizing
The main feature of CAH in newborn females is the abnormal development of the external genitalia, which has varying degrees of virilization. According to clinical practice guidelines, for newborns found to have bilateral inaccessible gonads, CAH evaluation should be considered. If virilizing CAH cannot be identified and treated, both boys and girls may undergo rapid postnatal growth and virilization.

Nonclassic
In addition to the salt-wasting and simple-virilizing forms of CAH diagnosed in infancy, a mild or "nonclassic" form exists, which is characterized by varying degrees of postnatal androgen excess, but is sometimes asymptomatic. The nonclassic form may be noticed in late childhood and may lead to signs of hyperandrogenism such as accelerated growth, acne, hirsutism, premature pubarche, menstrual irregularities, and secondary polycystic ovary syndrome. In adult males, early balding and infertility may suggest the diagnosis. The nonclassic form is characterized by mild subclinical impairment of cortisol synthesis serum cortisol concentration is usually normal.

Signs and symptoms
The symptoms of CAH vary depending upon the form of CAH and the sex of the patient. Symptoms can include:

Due to inadequate mineralocorticoids:
 * Vomiting due to salt-wasting, leading to dehydration and death

Due to excess androgens:
 * In extreme virilization, clitoromegaly (elongated clitoris) with a phallic-like structure is seen.
 * Ambiguous genitalia, in some infants, occurs such that initially identifying external genitalia as "male" or "female" is difficult.
 * Early pubic hair and rapid growth occurs in childhood.
 * Precocious puberty or failure of puberty to occur (sexual infantilism: absent or delayed puberty)
 * Excessive facial hair, virilization, and/or menstrual irregularity in adolescence
 * Infertility due to anovulation
 * Shallow vagina

Due to insufficient androgens and estrogens:
 * Undervirilization in XY males can result in an apparent vulva.
 * Ambiguous genitalia in XY males with 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency (3β-HSD2D).
 * In females, hypogonadism can cause sexual infantilism or abnormal pubertal development, infertility, and other reproductive system abnormalities.

Genetics
CAH results from mutations of genes for enzymes mediating the biochemical steps of production of mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, or sex steroids from cholesterol by the adrenal glands (steroidogenesis).

Each form of CAH is associated with a specific defective gene. The most common type (95% of cases) involves the gene for 21-hydroxylase, which is found on 6p21.3 as part of the HLA complex; 21-hydroxylase deficiency results from a unique mutation with two highly homologous near-copies in series consisting of an active gene (CYP21A2) and an inactive pseudogene (CYP21A1P). Mutant alleles result from recombination between the active and pseudogenes (gene conversion). About 5% of cases of CAH are due to defects in the gene encoding 11β-hydroxylase and consequent 11β-hydroxylase deficiency. Other, more rare forms of CAH are caused by mutations in genes, including HSD3B2 (3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2), CYP17A1 (17α-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase),  CYP11A1 (P450scc; cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme), STAR (steroidogenic acute regulatory protein; StAR), CYB5A (cytochrome b5), and CYPOR (cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase; POR).

Expressivity
Further variability is introduced by the degree of enzyme inefficiency produced by the specific alleles each patient has. Some alleles result in more severe degrees of enzyme inefficiency. In general, severe degrees of inefficiency produce changes in the fetus and problems in prenatal or perinatal life. Milder degrees of inefficiency are usually associated with excessive or deficient sex hormone effects in childhood or adolescence, while the mildest forms of CAH interfere with ovulation and fertility in adults.

Clinical evaluation
Female infants with classic CAH have ambiguous genitalia due to exposure to high concentrations of androgens in utero. CAH due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency is the most common cause of ambiguous genitalia in genotypically normal female infants (46XX). Less severely affected females may present with early pubarche. Young women may present with symptoms of polycystic ovarian syndrome (oligomenorrhea, polycystic ovaries, hirsutism).

Males with classic CAH generally have no signs of CAH at birth. Some may present with hyperpigmentation, due to co-secretion with melanocyte-stimulating hormone, and possible penile enlargement. Age of diagnosis of males with CAH varies and depends on the severity of aldosterone deficiency. Boys with salt-wasting disease present early with symptoms of hyponatremia and hypovolemia. Boys with non-salt-wasting disease present later with signs of virilization.

In rarer forms of CAH, males are undermasculinized and females generally have no signs or symptoms at birth.

Laboratory studies
Genetic analysis can be helpful to confirm a diagnosis of CAH, but it is not necessary if classic clinical and laboratory findings are present.

In classic 21-hydroxylase deficiency, laboratory studies will show:

 * Hypoglycemia (due to hypocortisolism) - One of cortisol's many functions is to increase blood glucose levels. This occurs via a combination of several mechanisms, including (a) the stimulation of gluconeogesis (i.e. the creation of new glucose) in the liver, (b) the promotion of glycogenolysis (i.e. the breakdown of glycogen into glucose), and (c) the prevention of glucose leaving the bloodstream via the downregulation of GLUT-4 receptors (which normally promote movement of glucose from the bloodstream into adipose and muscle tissues). Therefore, when cortisol is deficient, these processes (effectively) occur in the reverse direction. Although there are compensatory mechanisms that mitigate the impact of hypocortisolism, they are limited in their extent and the net effect is still hypoglycemia.
 * Hyponatremia (due to hypoaldosteronism) - Aldosterone is the end product of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system that regulates blood pressure via blood pressure surveillance in the Kidney Juxtaglomerular apparatus. Aldosterone normally functions to increase sodium retention (which brings water as well) in exchange for potassium. Thus, lack of aldosterone causes hyperkalemia and hyponatremia. In fact, this is a distinguishing point from 11-hydroxylase deficiency, in which one of the increased products is 11-deoxycorticosterone that has weak mineralocorticoid activity. In 11-hydroxylase deficiency, 11-deoxycorticosterone is produced in such excess that it acts to retain sodium at the expense of potassium. It is this reason that patients with 11-hydroxylase deficiency do not show salt wasting (although sometimes they do in infancy), and instead have hypertension/water retention and sometimes hypokalemia.
 * Hyperkalemia (due to hypoaldosteronism)
 * Elevated 17α-hydroxyprogesterone

Classic 21-hydroxylase deficiency typically causes 17α-hydroxyprogesterone blood levels >242 nmol/L. (For comparison, a full-term infant at three days of age should have <3 nmol/L. Many neonatal screening programs have specific reference ranges by weight and gestational age because high levels may be seen in premature infants without CAH.) Salt-wasting patients tend to have higher 17α-hydroxyprogesterone levels than non-salt-wasting patients. In mild cases, 17α-hydroxyprogesterone may not be elevated in a particular random blood sample, but it will rise during a corticotropin stimulation test.

Classification
Cortisol is an adrenal steroid hormone required for normal endocrine function. Production begins in the second month of fetal life. Poor cortisol production is a hallmark of most forms of CAH. Inefficient cortisol production results in rising levels of ACTH, because cortisol feeds back to inhibit ACTH production, so loss of cortisol results in increased ACTH. This increased ACTH stimulation induces overgrowth (hyperplasia) and overactivity of the steroid-producing cells of the adrenal cortex. The defects causing adrenal hyperplasia are congenital (i.e. present at birth).

Cortisol deficiency in CAH is usually partial, and not the most serious problem for an affected person. Synthesis of cortisol shares steps with synthesis of mineralocorticoids such as aldosterone, androgens such as testosterone, and estrogens such as estradiol. The resulting excessive or deficient production of these three classes of hormones produce the most important problems for people with CAH. Specific enzyme inefficiencies are associated with characteristic patterns of over- or underproduction of mineralocorticoids or sex steroids.

Since the 1960s, most endocrinologists have referred to the forms of CAH by the traditional names in the left column, which generally correspond to the deficient enzyme activity. As exact structures and genes for the enzymes were identified in the 1980s, most of the enzymes were found to be cytochrome P450 oxidases and were renamed to reflect this. In some cases, more than one enzyme was found to participate in a reaction, and in other cases, a single enzyme mediated in more than one reaction. Variation in different tissues and mammalian species also was found.

In all its forms, congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency accounts for about 95% of diagnosed cases of CAH. Unless another specific enzyme is mentioned, "CAH" in nearly all contexts refers to 21-hydroxylase deficiency. (The terms "salt-wasting CAH", and "simple virilizing CAH" usually refer to subtypes of this condition.) CAH due to deficiencies of enzymes other than 21-hydroxylase present many of the same management challenges, as 21-hydroxylase deficiency, but some involve mineralocorticoid excess or sex steroid deficiency.

Screening
Currently, in the United States and over 40 other countries, every child born is screened for 21-hydroxylase CAH at birth. This test detects elevated levels of 17α-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP). Detecting high levels of 17-OHP enables early detection of CAH. Newborns detected early enough can be placed on medication and live relatively normal lives.

The screening process, however, is characterized by a high false-positive rate. In one study, CAH screening had the lowest positive predictive value (111 true-positive cases among 20,647 abnormal screening results in a 2-year period, or 0.53%, compared with 6.36% for biotinidase deficiency, 1.84% for congenital hypo-thyroidism, 0.56% for classic galactosemia, and 2.9% for phenylketonuria). According to this estimate, 200 unaffected newborns required clinical and laboratory follow-up for every true case of CAH.

In 2020, Wael AbdAlmageed from USC Information Sciences Institute and Mimi Kim from USC Keck School Of Medicine led a joint study in which they used deep learning technology to analyze the facial morphology and features of CAH patients compared to control. In this cross-sectional study of 102 patients with CAH and 144 control participants, deep learning methods achieved a mean area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 92% for predicting CAH from facial images. Facial features distinguished patients with CAH from controls, and analyses of facial regions found that the nose and upper face were most contributory. The findings suggest that facial morphologic features, as analyzed by deep neural network techniques, can be used as a phenotypic biomarker to predict CAH.

Treatment
Since the clinical manifestations of each form of CAH are unique and depend to a large extent on the underlying enzyme defects, their precursor retention and defective products, the therapeutic goal of CAH is to replenish insufficient adrenal hormones and suppress excess of precursors.

Treatment of all forms of CAH may include any of:

 * 1) Supplying enough glucocorticoid to reduce hyperplasia and overproduction of androgens or mineralocorticoids
 * 2) Providing replacement mineralocorticoid and extra salt if the person is deficient
 * 3) Providing replacement testosterone or estrogens at puberty if the person is deficient
 * 4) Additional treatments to optimize growth by delaying puberty or delaying bone maturation

If CAH is caused by the deficiency of the 21-hydroxylase enzyme, then treatment aims to normalize levels of androstenedione, but normalization of 17α-hydroxyprogesterone is a sign of overtreatment. Treatment can be monitored by measuring androstenedione and 17α-hydroxyprogesterone levels in blood or saliva.

Crinecerfont, an oral corticotropin-releasing factor type 1 receptor (CRF1) antagonist that reduces ACTH secretion, may allow reduction of daily glucocorticoid dosing to physiologic ranges with adequate maintenance of androstenedione control.

Epidemiology
The incidence varies ethnically. In the United States, congenital adrenal hyperplasia in its classic form is particularly common in Native Americans and Yupik Inuit (incidence $1/280$). Among American Caucasians, the incidence of the classic form is about $1/15,000$).

Continued treatment and wellness are enhanced by education and follow up.

Before 20th century
An Italian anatomist, Luigi De Crecchio (1832-1894) provided the earliest known description of a case of probable CAH.

"I propose in this narrative that it is sometimes extremely difficult and even impossible to determine sex during life. In one of the anatomical theaters of the hospital..., there arrived toward the end of January a cadaver which in life was the body of a certain Joseph Marzo... The general physiognomy was decidedly male in all respects. There were no feminine curves to the body. There was a heavy beard. There was some delicacy of structure with muscles that were not very well developed... The distribution of pubic hair was typical of the male. Perhaps the lower extremities were somewhat delicate, resembling the female, and were covered with hair... The penis was curved posteriorly and measured 6 cm, or with stretching, 10 cm. The corona was 3 cm long and 8 cm in circumference. There was an ample prepuce. There was a first grade hypospadias... There were two folds of skin coming from the top of the penis and encircling it on either side. These were somewhat loose and resembled labia majora."

De Crecchio then described the internal organs, which included a normal vagina, uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries.

"It was of the greatest importance to determine the habits, tendencies, passions, and general character of this individual... I was determined to get as complete a story as possible, determined to get at the base of the facts and to avoid undue exaggeration which was rampant in the conversation of many of the people present at the time of the dissection."

He interviewed many people and satisfied himself that Joseph Marzo "conducted himself within the sexual area exclusively as a male", even to the point of contracting the "French disease" on two occasions. The cause of death was another in a series of episodes of vomiting and diarrhea.

This account was translated by Alfred Bongiovanni from De Crecchio ("Sopra un caso di apparenzi virili in una donna. Morgagni 7:154–188, 1865) in 1963 for an article in The New England Journal of Medicine.

20th and 21st centuries
The association of excessive sex steroid effects with diseases of the adrenal cortex have been recognized for over a century. The term "adrenogenital syndrome" was applied to both sex-steroid producing tumors and severe forms of CAH for much of the 20th century, before some of the forms of CAH were understood. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, which also dates to the first half of the century, has become the preferred term to reduce ambiguity and to emphasize the underlying pathophysiology of the disorders.

Much modern understanding and treatment of CAH comes from research conducted at Johns Hopkins Medical School in Baltimore in the middle of the 20th century. Lawson Wilkins, "founder" of pediatric endocrinology, worked out the apparently paradoxical pathophysiology: that hyperplasia and overproduction of adrenal androgens resulted from impaired capacity for making cortisol. He reported use of adrenal cortical extracts to treat children with CAH in 1950. Genital reconstructive surgery was also pioneered at Hopkins. After application of karyotyping to CAH and other intersex disorders in the 1950s, John Money, JL Hampson, and JG Hampson persuaded both the scientific community and the public that sex assignment should not be based on any single biological criterion, and gender identity was largely learned and has no simple relationship with chromosomes or hormones. See Intersex for a fuller history, including recent controversies over reconstructive surgery.

Hydrocortisone, fludrocortisone, and prednisone were available by the late 1950s. By 1980, all of the relevant steroids could be measured in blood by reference laboratories for patient care. By 1990, nearly all specific genes and enzymes had been identified. The last decade, though, has seen a number of new developments, discussed more extensively in congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency:

 * 1) Debate over the value of genital reconstructive surgery and changing standards
 * 2) Debate over sex assignment of severely virilized XX infants
 * 3) New treatments to improve height outcomes
 * 4) Newborn screening programs to detect CAH at birth
 * 5) Increasing attempts to treat CAH before birth

People with CAH
Notable people with CAH include:
 * Jeff Cagandahan is a Filipino who successfully appealed for a change of name and gender on his birth certificate.
 * Lisa Lee Dark
 * Betsy Driver
 * Casimir Pulaski, hypothesized based on examination of remains

title: Congenital adrenal hyperplasia


text:
2002 Karachi bus bombing

The 2002 Karachi bus bombing was one of a series of deadly strikes against Westerners in Pakistan in 2002. The blast killed 14 people and wounded another 40. The attack took place in Karachi, Sindh.

Details
On May 8, 2002, a man driving a car bomb pulled up next to a bus outside Sheraton Hotel in Karachi. He detonated the car, ripping the bus apart, and killing himself, 11 Frenchmen, and two Pakistanis. The Frenchmen were engineers working with Pakistan to design an Agosta 90B-class submarine for Pakistani Navy. About 40 others were wounded.

The bombing occurred close to the Pearl-Continental Hotel where the New Zealand national cricket team were staying during their tour of 2002. The team's physiotherapist Dayle Shackel received a minor cut to his forearm from flying glass. The team abandoned the tour immediately and returned to New Zealand on the first available flight.

Al-Qaeda was blamed for the blast. On September 18, 2002, a man named Sharib Zubair, who was believed to have masterminded the attack, was arrested. In 2003, two men were sentenced to death for the bombing by a Karachi court. The suspected bombmaker, Mufti Mohammad Sabir, was arrested in Karachi on September 8, 2005. There were several convictions in the case, though Pakistani courts acquitted three defendants by 2009.

Karachigate
Contrary to official announcements by the Pakistani and the French governments at the time, it is now thought to be unlikely that those responsible for the attack had links to al-Qaeda. In 2007, anti-terrorism judge Jean-Louis Bruguiere, assigned to lead the investigation into the bombing, was replaced by two investigating magistrates, Marc Trevidic and Renaud Van Ruymbeke. The former opened a new line in the investigation: that the attack was linked to the halting of kickback. The resulting scandal has been dubbed "Karachigate".

An investigation is currently underway in France to establish the extent to which former French Prime Minister Édouard Balladur and former French President Nicolas Sarkozy were implicated in the sale of kickbacks to Pakistani officials. Sarkozy was allegedly involved in accepting kickbacks from Pakistan to fund the presidential campaign of Balladur. When Jacques Chirac came to power, he cancelled the Pakistani officials' kickbacks, angering many people in Pakistan.

title: 2002 Karachi bus bombing


text:
Salvage

Salvage may refer to:

 * Marine salvage, the process of rescuing a ship, its cargo and sometimes the crew from peril
 * Water salvage, rescuing people from floods.
 * Salvage tug, a type of tugboat used to rescue or salvage ships which are in distress or in danger of sinking
 * Recycling, the conversion of waste materials into new materials and objects, was usually referred to in the mid-20th century as "salvage"
 * Salvage for Victory, a US Government campaign to salvage materials for the American war effort in World War II
 * Paper Salvage 1939–50, a British government campaign to encourage the recycling of paper, initially to aid the war effort
 * Data salvage, the process of data recovery from damaged, failed, corrupted, or inaccessible primary storage media
 * Salvage archaeology, an archaeological survey and excavation carried out in areas threatened by construction or development
 * Salvage ethnography, the practice of salvaging a record of what was left of a culture before it disappeared
 * Salvage therapy, medical treatment for those patients not responding adequately to first line treatment

Business

 * Waste sorting
 * Salvage value, the estimated value of an asset at the end of its useful life

Arts and entertainment

 * Salvage (1921 film), a 1921 American silent film directed by Henry King
 * Salvage (2006 film), a 2006 American horror film
 * Salvage (2009 film), a 2009 British horror film
 * "Salvage", an episode of Alfred Hitchcock Presents
 * Salvage 1, a 1979 ABC science fiction-comedy series
 * "Salvage" (The X-Files), a 2001 episode of the television series The X-Files
 * "Salvage" (Angel), a 2003 episode of the television series Angel
 * Salvage, a 1962 episode in the Hallmark Hall of Fame
 * Salvage (Transformers), an Autobot from Transformers
 * "Salvage" (short story), a 1986 short story by Orson Scott Card
 * Salvage, a 1919 novel by Mary Roberts Rinehart
 * "Salvage", an episode of the television show The Expanse

Other

 * Salvage, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
 * Extrajudicial punishment resulting in death is referred to as salvage in the Philippines
 * Salvage title, a form of vehicle title branding in North America

title: Salvage


text:
Dallas College Brookhaven

Dallas College Brookhaven Campus (Brookhaven or BHC) is a public community college in Farmers Branch, Texas. It is one of seven campuses of Dallas College, and it opened in 1978, making it the newest campus in Dallas College (excluding satellite campuses).

Serving northwest Dallas County, Dallas College Brookhaven Campus provides freshman- and sophomore-level academic credit courses, which may be applied toward an associate degree or transferred to a four-year college or university. The Core Curriculum is guaranteed to transfer to public universities in Texas. Career and technical education programs help prepare students for immediate entrance into the workforce. Along with traditional transfer class offerings, Brookhaven College's technical program offerings include accounting, automotive technology, business administration, child development, computer information systems, e-commerce, emergency medical services, geospatial technology, international business and trade, management, marketing, nursing, office technology, paramedicine, radiologic technology and visual communications.

Continuing education classes offer personal or professional development in a variety of subjects including art, business, computers, health care careers, education, English for Speakers of Other Languages, music, nonprofit management, real estate and more. Corporate training also is available.

Campus
Dallas College Brookhaven Campus 192 acre currently has a total of 467000 sqft of building space divided among 18 buildings. These buildings include the 20000 sqft Brookhaven College Geotechnology Institute, one of three similar facilities nationwide to offer continuing professional development to professionals in the oil and gas industries, and the Brookhaven College School of the Arts (BCSA) expanded facility, with a 2400 sqft gallery, a renovated ceramics/kiln yard, Macintosh computer lab and a 680-seat performance hall.

The Dallas Weekend College (DWEC) of Our Lady of the Lake University moved to Brookhaven in 1997.

Special programs
Programs of study added in recent years include associate degree programs in Mexican-American Studies (Fall, 2006), geographic information systems (Fall, 2005) and Criminal Justice (Fall, 2009).

In 2006, Dallas College Brookhaven Campus began a partnership with the Carrollton-Farmers Branch Independent School District to offer an Early College High School program, which admits a limited number of ninth-grade students to an on-site high school program that allows them to begin their college studies during their eleventh-grade year and earn an associate degree along with their high school diplomas. This program is in addition to the existing dual-credit program that allows select secondary-school students to enroll in college courses at low cost while continuing at their original high-school campuses.

The college also hosts a Head Start Center, which provides child care services for low-income families. The Center also serves as a learning tool for students in the Child Development program.

The Students 55+ program offers non-credit, enrichment courses for adults 55 and older.

Tuition
Dallas County residents pay $79 per credit hour, or $237 for a three-hour class. Out-of-county residents pay $137 per credit hour. Out of state and international students are charged $200 per credit unit or a minimum of $200.

Tuition Waiver for Senior Adults

Senior adults, those 65 and older, who live in or own property in Dallas County, can enroll in up to six hours of credit courses each semester or summer session at no cost, based on availability.

Notable alumni

 * Derek Campos – Mixed Martial Artist signed with Bellator MMA
 * Takudzwa Ngwenya – Professional rugby player for the United States national rugby union team
 * Jad Saxton – voice actress affiliated with Funimation and Sentai Filmworks

title: Dallas College Brookhaven


text:
3rd Infantry Division (South Africa)

The South African 3rd Infantry Division was an infantry division of the South African Army during World War II.

History
This division was formed in South Africa on 23 October 1940 with its headquarters in Pretoria.

The 3rd Infantry Division as a whole did not go into combat, but its 7th Motorized brigade group participated in the 1942 Invasion of Madagascar. The division organised and trained the South African home defence forces, performed garrison duties and trained and supplied replacements for the 1st and 2nd Divisions deployed to East Africa and later to the Western Desert.

The division was based in Pretoria until 1942, whereafter the division then moved to Ermelo in the Eastern Transvaal, although its constituent units were deployed as far as the then South West Africa. On 4 April 1942 the division was redesignated the South African 3rd Armoured Division. This division was disbanded on 17 May 1943, without ever having been deployed. However, one of the division's constituent units, the 7th Motorised Brigade, did take part in the invasion of Madagascar.

Major General Hermanus Botha was the commander of the division from 23 August 1940 until its redesignation.

Order of battle
On formation in October 1940, the Division was structured as follows:
 * Division Troops
 * 6th Light Field Brigade, SAA
 * 8th, 9th, 10th Field Companies, SAEC?
 * 17th Divisional Field Park Company, SAEC?
 * 7th South African Infantry Brigade (Raised 11 July 1940 at Premier Mine)
 * 1st Pretoria Regiment
 * 1st Witwatersrand Rifles
 * Regiment de la Rey
 * 8th South African Infantry Brigade (Raised 1 July 1940 in East London. Disbanded November 1940.)
 * The Cape Town Highlanders
 * Prince Alfred's Guard
 * The First City Regiment
 * 9th South African Infantry Brigade (Raised 15 July 1940 at Premier Mine)
 * Regiment President Steyn (Until 22 Nov 40)
 * Die Middelandse Regiment
 * Regiment Westelike Provinsie (Until 1 Sep 40)
 * 2nd Pretoria Regiment (From Sep - Oct 40)
 * 2nd Transvaal Scottish (From 4 Sep - 21 Nov 40)
 * 2nd Royal Natal Carbineers (From 9 Sep - 3 Oct 40)
 * 1st Regiment Botha (From Sep - Nov 40)
 * 1st Pretoria Highlanders (From Nov 40)
 * The Cape Town Highlanders (From 6 Nov 40)
 * 2nd Natal Mounted Rifles (From 23 Nov 40)
 * 10th South African Infantry Brigade (Raised July 1940. Replaced 8th Bde in Nov 40.)
 * The Kimberley Regiment
 * 2nd Witwatersrand Rifles
 * The First City Regiment
 * 11th South African Infantry Brigade (Raised July 1940. Disbanded October 1940.)
 * 2nd Witwatersrand Rifles
 * 1st South-West African Infantry Battalion
 * 2nd Imperial Light Horse
 * 12th South African Infantry Brigade (Raised July 1940. Disbanded September 1940.)
 * 2nd Royal Natal Carbineers
 * 2nd Pretoria Regiment
 * 2nd Rand Light Infantry

title: 3rd Infantry Division (South Africa)


text:
Ninja Gaiden

Ninja Gaiden (NINJA 外伝) is a media franchise based on action video games by Tecmo featuring the ninja Ryu Hayabusa as its protagonist. The series was originally known as Ninja Ryukenden (忍者龍剣伝) in Japan. The word "gaiden" in the North American Ninja Gaiden title means "side story" in Japanese. The original arcade version, first two Nintendo Entertainment System games and Game Boy game were released as Shadow Warriors in PAL regions. As of 2008, the series has shipped over 7.7 million copies.

The series gained popularity on the NES for its tight action-platform gameplay, catchy music and, according to G4's X-Play, for being the first console game to have the story presented in cinematic cutscenes. The 8-bit trilogy was enhanced for the 16-bit Super Nintendo Entertainment System in 1995. Sega released two Ninja Gaiden games for the Game Gear and Master System, the latter only for PAL regions. The original series' setting of said universe is a retro-futuristic version of the 1980s. A new game, titled Ninja Gaiden, was released in 2004 as a 3D action game on the Xbox, developed by Team Ninja, the makers of Dead or Alive. The Ninja Gaiden franchise is known for its high degree of difficulty, particularly the original NES version and the Xbox revival.

According to Eurogamer, the gameplay of the Strider arcade franchise was a vital influence on the modern incarnation of the Ninja Gaiden franchise.

Arcade game
The arcade version of Ninja Gaiden (released in 1988, in Japan, North America, and Europe) was a Bad Dudes-style beat 'em up, in which the player controls a nameless blue ninja (red for a second player) as he travels to various regions of the United States, to defeat an evil cult led by a descendant of Nostradamus, who is trying to fulfill his ancestor's prophecy of the rise of an evil king in 1999. The player has a variety of techniques, such as a flying neck throw and a backflip. The player can obtain power-ups by throwing characters into background objects, such as street lights and dumpsters. The player fights primarily with their bare hands, although a sword can be used for a limited time as a power-up; they can use overhead environmental objects as a prop from which he can deliver more powerful kicking attacks. Although the game takes place in different environments, there are primarily only five kinds of enemies, all of which appear in every level (although some levels have extra enemy types). The game is remembered for its infamous continue screen, where the player character is chained to a table underneath a descending circular saw.

The original Ninja Gaiden arcade game was ported to the Amstrad CPC, Commodore 64, Amiga, Atari ST, and ZX Spectrum. The Amiga version retained almost all of the graphics and functionality of the original game, including the two-player cooperative gameplay and the introduction. All these versions, developed by Ocean Software, were released in Europe as Shadow Warriors. An MS-DOS port of the original Ninja Gaiden was also developed by Hi Tech Expressions, this time for its release in North America as Ninja Gaiden, as opposed to the other versions. However, it featured stripped down play mechanics and a low 16 colour palette. Lastly, it was ported to the Atari Lynx handheld system. An emulated version of the arcade game exists in the Xbox version's update Ninja Gaiden Black as a bonus feature and was available through Nintendo's Wii Virtual Console download service.

Ninja Gaiden (NES)
The first Ninja Gaiden for the Nintendo Entertainment System was released in Japan on December 9, 1988, in the United States in March 1989, and in Europe on August 15, 1991. Set in a retro-futuristic version of 1988, a ninja named Ryu Hayabusa finds a letter by his recently missing father, Ken, telling him to go to America and meet with an archaeologist Dr. Smith. Dr. Smith tells Ryu that two statues hidden by Ryu's father and the doctor have the power to end the world if united. Ryu ends up in South America and battles Jaquio, an evil cult leader bent on reviving the ancient demon called "Jashin" and responsible for the attack on Ken Hayabusa.

While the arcade game itself bears little or no connection to the later NES trilogy or Xbox revival, certain aspects of it were carried over to the first NES title. The first stage in the NES game is a loose adaptation of the first stage in the arcade game and the opening cutscene in the NES game vaguely resembles the intro in the arcade version. Both games feature Jason Voorhees lookalikes and the final boss in the arcade game vaguely resembles Bloody Malth from the NES game. The game introduced many of the series' staples, including cinematic cutscenes, the boomerang-like Windmill Shuriken, and the magical techniques called Ninja Arts. To use the ninja arts, players must collect power-ups. Each art uses up a certain number of power-ups.

A port was developed by Hudson for the PC Engine featuring enhanced graphics, reworked music, and rebalanced difficulty. An LCD handheld version produced by Tiger Electronics was released in 1988, which also had a sequel.

Ninja Gaiden II: The Dark Sword of Chaos
In the sequel, Ninja Gaiden II: The Dark Sword of Chaos, Ryu learns of a new villain named Ashtar, Emperor of Chaos and master to Jaquio. Ryu must rescue Irene Lew, a former CIA agent, from Ashtar and destroy the Dark Sword, a weapon of great power, forged from a bone of the demon, as the Dragon Sword is forged from a fang of a dragon. In the end, Ryu learns that Jaquio has been reborn to fulfill the destiny of Ashtar and the Dark Sword. This game was the first to feature Spirit Clones, invincible copies of Ryu which would mimic his movements and fight by his side. Also introduced was the ability to scale walls without the need to constantly jump upwards.

Ninja Gaiden II: The Dark Sword of Chaos was ported by GameTek for IBM PC compatibles and the Amiga, both for their release in North America. They include save and load, where the player's exact position in the game can be saved at any given moment. The IBM PC version has 256 color VGA graphics.

Ninja Gaiden III: The Ancient Ship of Doom
The third game, titled Ninja Gaiden III: The Ancient Ship of Doom features rogue secret agents, genetic engineering and the eponymous warship. The gameplay is largely unchanged and more is revealed about Foster, the CIA agent who sent Ryu after Jaquio in the first game and his true intentions towards the ninja. It is the first game in the series to have limited continues. Additionally, most attacks deal 2 damage units to the player character (rather than 1 in the previous games), who still has only 16 health units. Additions include a sword extension power-up that increases the range of the player's attack until the end of the level or until death, new types of surfaces from which the player can hang, and automatically scrolling areas.

It was ported to the Atari Lynx handheld system. The port retains all the content of the NES game.

Second trilogy
The story of the 2004 release of Ninja Gaiden and its sequels have been established as prequels to the NES series, and takes place in the same universe as Team Ninja's Dead or Alive fighting games and the futuristic version of the 21st century. The continuity also established by the two game franchises are often referred to as Earth-9604. The main story of the game involves Ryu Hayabusa setting out on a quest to retrieve the Dark Dragon Blade from the hands of evil after most of his clan was wiped out.

Ninja Gaiden, Black and Sigma
The series was revived after several years with the 2004 release of Ninja Gaiden for the Xbox. The title was developed over five years by developer Tomonobu Itagaki and his Team Ninja, and eventually released to high sales and critical acclaim.

An upgraded edition with new content, modes and features came out the following year under the name Ninja Gaiden Black. Later, an enhanced port directed by Yosuke Hayashi was made for the PlayStation 3 as Ninja Gaiden Sigma, released on July 3, 2007. This version has its graphics reworked to high definition standards, and Rachel as a playable character. In 2012, an updated version of the Sigma game was a launch title for the PlayStation Vita, titled Ninja Gaiden Sigma Plus. It added a few new costumes for the playable characters, touch controls and making ninpo attacks stronger, and a new trophy list for the game.

The game was well-received, having a 94% score on Metacritic. The magazine Electronic Gaming Monthly awarded it Best Xbox game of the year.

Ninja Gaiden II and Sigma 2
Ninja Gaiden II  was published in 2008 by Microsoft Game Studios for the Xbox 360. It is set one year after the events in the 2004 game. The new features in the game were four difficulty levels, a regenerating health bar, and upgraded graphics and enemy AI.

An enhanced version of Ninja Gaiden II was released for the PlayStation 3, titled Ninja Gaiden Sigma 2. A PlayStation Vita version, titled Ninja Gaiden Sigma 2 Plus, was released in 2013.

Ninja Gaiden 3 and Razor's Edge

Although series director Tomonobu Itagaki left shortly after the release of Ninja Gaiden II, Tecmo Koei still owned the franchise and planned to instigate developments of another title, with a newly restructured Team Ninja. This title was revealed as Ninja Gaiden III at the Tokyo Game Show 2010. Information about the game in the coming months revealed that the new director, Yosuke Hayashi, would be taking the series to new directions, including the addition of "resistance" in cutting through enemies. Later, at the E3 2011, the game was unveiled as Ninja Gaiden 3. Changes to gameplay included removing dismemberment, replacing the roll with a new "slide" maneuver, and a "kunai climb" technique that would allow Ryu to scale certain walls. Tecmo Koei released the game on March 20, 2012, for both the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360.

An expanded version of the game titled Ninja Gaiden 3: Razor's Edge was released later on November 18 of the same year for the Wii U. In early 2013, Razor's Edge was released for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 as well.

Other games
Sega, under license from Tecmo, developed three games but ultimately released only two: one for the Master System and another for the Game Gear, both bearing the Ninja Gaiden title, marking the first time a game in the series was released with the Ninja Gaiden name in Japan and Europe.

Ninja Gaiden (Game Gear)
Released in Japan, North America and Europe in 1991 for the Game Gear, this game was not very close to any of the other Ninja Gaiden games. It featured a smaller screen size, bigger character sprites, slower game speed, and unlike the NES and Master System games which were more oriented to platforming action, this was more a linear side-scrolling game.

Ninja Gaiden Shadow
Tecmo released a Game Boy version called Ninja Gaiden Shadow. It was a licensed edit of a proposed Shadow of the Ninja (Natsume) Game Boy port, and serves as a prequel to the original game.

Ninja Gaiden (Master System)
Released in Europe, Australia and Brazil in 1992 for the Master System, this game has similar gameplay mechanics to the NES games, though Ryu bounces off walls instead of clinging to them, like the later 3D games. The game features a new storyline, characters and scenarios, not connected to any of the other Ninja Gaiden games.

Ninja Gaiden (Mega Drive)
A Mega Drive/Genesis version of Ninja Gaiden was in development by Sega sometime in 1992. It was planned to be a belt scroll-style beat-'em-up similar to the arcade version of Ninja Gaiden, instead of following the side-scrolling platform game format from the NES trilogy. The plot would have involved Ryu traveling to the United States in order to track down a pair of sibling ninjas named Jin and Rika who have gone rogue by stealing the Secret Scrolls of the Huma (an alternate romanization of the name "Fūma"). The Mega Drive version is not a port of the arcade game, but some of the stages (such as a casino) and enemy characters (like the hockey mask-wearing punks) are similar, though the play mechanics are very different.

The game was not released commercially despite being reviewed in magazines, but a beta build was leaked through the internet as a ROM image. The beta features seven stages, including cut-scenes and bosses, but has several programming bugs such as odd moving controls, unfinished levels, and cut-scenes which are skipped before finishing. Although the opening and stage names are in Japanese, the rest of the cut-scenes were translated into English. The techniques available in the beta consist of a standard punch combo, a jump kick, a rolling move, a special somersault kick, and a throw.

Ninja Gaiden X
The game was released in Japan on the mobile platforms as a prequel to the first NES title in 2004. The game is a short single act which retains the elements of the classic Nintendo trilogy.

Ninja Gaiden: Dragon Sword
Ninja Gaiden: Dragon Sword was released in March 2008, for the Nintendo DS. The game is played in a diagonal top-down view with 3D graphics, and the player needs to hold the Nintendo DS sideways. Ninja Gaiden: Dragon Sword is played using the stylus. The story is set six months after the events of 2004's Ninja Gaiden. There is a new playable female ninja character, Momiji.

100 Man'nin no Ninja Gaiden (100万人のNinja Gaiden)
The game was released in 2012 in Japan for Android and iOS mobile systems. A release in North America was announced in 2012 under the title Ninja Gaiden Clans, but was eventually cancelled. Gameplay is similar to Ninja Gaiden: Dragon Sword, but the game involves card collection trading.

Yaiba: Ninja Gaiden Z
Released in 2014 for PlayStation 3, Xbox 360 and Microsoft Windows, the game follows the exploits of the ninja Yaiba Kamikaze. The game received mixed reviews, with many magazines and websites criticizing the repetitive gameplay, difficulty and level design.

Ninja Gaiden Trilogy
Ninja Gaiden Trilogy (忍者龍剣伝 巴) is a 1995 SNES collection containing the three Ninja Gaiden games for the NES. It is also included as a bonus unlockable in 2004's Ninja Gaiden for the Xbox. The three games are straight ports and were not optimized for the SNES, but there are several differences from the NES versions. Passwords are included and the cinematic sequences were redrawn. The third game is based on the Japanese version, with infinite continues and lower damage from enemy attacks. The ports have no closing credits. Parallax scrolling was removed from the backgrounds of some levels (Ninja Gaiden III stage 2-1 for example). Other graphical changes were made to comply with Nintendo's "Family Friendly" censorship policy at the time (i.e. a pool of blood changed from red to green, and the removal of pentagrams). Some music tracks are omitted (two pieces of music from Ninja Gaiden III and the stage 1–1 music in the Ninja Gaiden II pursuit cutscenes). A degree of censorship was actually removed from certain parts of the script (for example, Jaquio's "Argh! He's awake" is replaced with "Damn, he's awake").

Ninja Gaiden: Master Collection
Ninja Gaiden: Master Collection is a compilation of Ninja Gaiden Sigma, Ninja Gaiden Sigma 2, and Ninja Gaiden 3: Razor's Edge. It was released on Microsoft Windows via Steam, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One on June 10, 2021, marking the first time the Sigma games have been released on Nintendo and Xbox platforms.

Anime
OVA Ninja Ryūkenden was released only in Japan in 1991.

Literature
The NES version of Ninja Gaiden received a novelization in the Worlds of Power series of book which had books based on other current Nintendo games.

Comics
A prequel comic book based on Yaiba: Ninja Gaiden Z, published by Dark Horse Comics and written by Tim Seeley and Josh Emmons, tells the story of how Yaiba's sword came to be known as Heartless.

Crossovers
Ninja Gaiden characters and references to the series, including those who first appeared in Dead or Alive series can be found in various games by Koei Tecmo, Microsoft, and Sony.

 * Ryu, Rachel, Momiji, Irene Lew, and Muramasa appeared in the Dead or Alive games, with the three former are playable while the two latter are non-playable.
 * Ryu, and Momiji, accompanied by Dead or Alive ' s Ayane and Kasumi all make cameo appearances in Dynasty Warriors: Strikeforce.
 * Ryu, Rachel, Momiji, accompanied by Dead or Alive ' s Ayane and Kasumi are playable characters in Warriors Orochi 3. They appear in another dimension where they assist the other warriors.
 * Ryu and Dead or Alive ' s Ayane appear in the Japan-only Dynasty Warriors Vs. (previously known as Dynasty Warriors 3DS).
 * Ryu, accompanied by Dead or Alive ' s Ayane and Kasumi appear in Warriors All-Stars, whereas Ayane represents a Ninja Gaiden character to accompany Ryu, while Kasumi remains a Dead or Alive represented character to accompany her home series' new characters Honoka and Marie.
 * Ryu appears as a playable character in Warriors Orochi 4 Ultimate.
 * The presumable ancestors of Ryu Hayabusa respectively, Jin and Ren Hayabusa, including the ancient variant of Dead or Alive ' s Nyotengu, appear in Nioh 2 as secret bosses.
 * An armor similar to Ryu's outfit makes a cameo in Halo 3 as an unlockable armor set called Hayabusa. To obtain the chest, shoulder, and helmet pieces of the armor, the player must collect all hidden skulls in campaign mode. Additionally, the player is awarded an in-game (unusable) replica of Ryu's Dragon Sword if they get the gamerscore of 1000.
 * "Hayabusa Ninja" is an alternative costume for the character Max in Super Swing Golf: Season 2.
 * Ryu's Ninja Gaiden costume parts were available as exclusive DLC during the first anniversary promotion campaign for Dynasty Warriors Online.

Future
In February 2020, Nioh 2 director, Fumihiko Yasuda, revealed that Team Ninja was thinking about making its next Ninja Gaiden game.

Three months prior to the release Ninja Gaiden: Master Collection, Team Ninja has hinted about a new sequel. Ninja Gaiden producer Fumihiko Yasuda said that he would like to make a female spin-off while discussing its new features. It would feature Kasumi, Ayane, Momiji and Rachel.

title: Ninja Gaiden


text:
Talk:Fairey Barracuda

Untitled
Does anybody have a picture source for Brit WWII-aircraft. We're featuring this on the main page in DYK, and if it really is so ugly, we'd love to have a pic... :)

Infamous folding wings
Why exactlly is the plane infamous for the way its wings are folded? This should be exapnded upon i should think.--EnigmaMcmxc (talk) 20:48, 5 February 2009 (UTC

Dificult to explain clearly, I'm afraid. Each wing was in two sections: the inboard trailing edge and flap was folded spanwise so that it lay on top of the main section of the wing, which then folded back. A picture would explain much better.TheLongTone (talk) 14:59, 29 May 2011 (UTC)
 * The line drawing in the specifications section shows a folded Barracuda - and shows just how messy it liiks - not sure I would call it "infamous" though.Nigel Ish (talk) 15:04, 29 May 2011 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 14:55, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

Comparable aircraft
Comparable aircraft: Could this also refer to Douglas Dauntless & Vultee Vengeance? Both 2-seater dive bombers of that era.Dean1954 (talk) 17:08, 6 July 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Fairey Barracuda


text:
Talk:Greenwashing

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 24 August 2020 and 16 October 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Ql5225kr.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 21:59, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Mikeiwata. Peer reviewers: Amaziarz, Tbartlett16, Mgattoni.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 22:45, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Some Proposed Changes
Hello, I am employed by Boston University's Fineman & Pappas Law Libraries. After reviewing this Wikipedia page, I believe that information from one of our faculty's scholarship might provide a valuable addition to this page. I would appreciate it if this requested edit could be reviewed.

Add missing citation to this sentence in the article (second paragraph of the article): "Many corporate structures use greenwashing as a way to repair public perception of their brand."

Cf2022 (talk) 18:45, 24 January 2021 (UTC)Cf2022
 * Yes check.svg Done  RandomCanadian (talk / contribs)  02:00, 29 January 2021 (UTC)

"Examples of greenwashing" section tagged as NPOV
There was a POV tag in this section which referred to the article; I changed it to a section POV, which is presumably what was intended. No comment from me. However, guidelines discourage "drive-by" tagging and say that there should be a discussion. Go ahead ... Best wishes, Pol098 (talk) 20:48, 10 November 2021 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Environmental Crises in Southeast Asia
=Wiki Education assignment: Environmental Crises in Southeast Asia==

Western focus: should this article have a broader scope?
This article focuses largely on western developed, democratic nations (with the exception of a section on Thailand). This presents the suggestion that greenwashing either does not occur elsewhere in the world, or that it is wholly a western problem/phenomenon. PetSematary182 (talk) 04:11, 6 July 2022 (UTC)

Democracywashing
is omnipresent and more dangerous - but missing in Wikipedia :( Got save the Queen / King ;) 85.216.197.77 (talk) 07:45, 19 September 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: WRIT 340 for Engineers - Fall 2022 - 66816
— Assignment last updated by 1namesake1 (talk) 16:14, 25 October 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: HIEA 140 REMOTE China since 1978
— Assignment last updated by Taurus428 (talk) 17:24, 5 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Greenwashing


text:
Dallas College Cedar Valley

Dallas College Cedar Valley Campus (Cedar Valley or CVC) is a public community college in Lancaster, Texas. It opened in 1977 and has an enrollment of more than 6,000 students. It is part of Dallas College.

Beginning in the spring of 2004, Cedar Valley College began operating the Cedar Valley College Center at Cedar Hill. The extension center, located in Cedar Hill, Texas, will assist the district's continuing education program featuring classes on computer software, dance, English as a second language, health and wellness, writing résumés and CPA accreditation.

For the 2008-09 school year, Cedar Valley began a joint dual credit enrollment project with the Dallas Independent School District and the Cedar Hill Independent School District by opening two early college high school campuses, one in Dallas and one in Cedar Hill.

The new Dallas school is named Early College High School and provides the opportunity for its graduates to accomplish a high-school diploma and 60 hours of college credit concurrently. Like most early college high school programs, the school was designed to attract students who do not typically enroll in traditional dual-credit programs, such students whose parents did not attend college and those that might feel a college education is not financially possible.

The new Cedar Hill school is named Cedar Hill Collegiate High School, and attracts students who are seeking 60 college credit hours upon graduating high school. The school is open to students of all backgrounds; however, the staff worked particularly hard to recruit black and Latino males, who are the least likely to earn college degrees.

Service area
Dallas College Cedar Valley Campus serves an approximately 75 sqmi area of southern Dallas County including the suburbs of Cedar Hill, DeSoto, Duncanville, Glenn Heights, Hutchins, Lancaster, Seagoville, and Wilmer as well as the Dallas neighborhoods of Highland Hills (zip code 75241), Pleasant Grove (75217), and Red Bird (75232 & 75237).

Dallas College Cedar Valley Campus also hosts the Distance Education Veterinary Technology Program.

title: Dallas College Cedar Valley


text:
Dallas College Eastfield

Dallas College Eastfield Campus (Eastfield or EFC) is a public community college campus in Mesquite, Texas. It was founded in 1970 and has an enrollment of more than 14,000 students. It is part of Dallas College.

From 1981 until 2000, the Don Ellis Library and Collection, which included his instruments and Grammy for the film The French Connection, was housed at Eastfield.

Athletics
Dallas College Eastfield Campus Harvesters compete within the Metro Athletic Conference, a National Junior College Athletic Association Division III non-scholarship conference. Sports at Dallas College Eastfield Campus include men's basketball, baseball, women's volleyball, and women's soccer. The baseball team won the NJCAA DIII championship in 2001, 2006 & 2011.

Notable alumni

 * Cindy Burkett, Republican member of the Texas House of Representatives from District 113 in Dallas County
 * Ana-Maria Ramos, Democratic member of the Texas House of Representatives from District 102 in Dallas County

title: Dallas College Eastfield


text:
Baron Savile

Baron Savile, of Rufford in the County of Nottingham, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created in 1888 for the diplomat Sir John Savile. He was the eldest of the five illegitimate children of John Lumley-Savile, 8th Earl of Scarbrough, and the grandson of John Lumley-Savile, 7th Earl of Scarbrough. The latter was the fourth of the seven sons of Richard Lumley-Saunderson, 4th Earl of Scarbrough, and his wife Barbara, sister and heiress of the politician Sir George Savile, 8th and last Baronet, of Thornhill (see Savile Baronets for more information on this title), who bequeathed the substantial Savile estates in Yorkshire and Nottinghamshire (including Rufford and Thornhill) to his nephew the Hon. Richard Lumley-Saunderson, later 6th Earl of Scarbrough. On his death the estates passed to his younger brother, the aforementioned seventh Earl, and then to his son the eighth Earl. The latter bequeathed the estates to his second natural son Captain Henry Lumley-Savile (d. 1881). When he died they passed to his younger brother Augustus William Lumley-Savile (1829–1887) and then to his eldest brother, the aforementioned John Savile, who was created Baron Savile the following year.

The peerage was created with remainder to Savile's nephew John Lumley, who succeeded him as second Baron. In 1898 the latter assumed by Royal licence the surname of Savile in addition to that of Lumley. , the title is held by his grandson, the fourth Baron, who succeeded his uncle in 2008.

From 1938 to 2008 (when the 3rd Baron Savile died), the family seat was Gryce Hall, near Shelley, West Yorkshire. The ancestral seat (sold in 1938) was Rufford Abbey, near Rufford, Nottinghamshire.

Barons Savile (1888—)

 * John Lumley-Savile, 8th Earl of Scarbrough (1788–1856)
 * [[Image:Coronet of a British Baron.svg|15px|baseline]] John Savile, 1st Baron Savile (1818–1896)
 * Rev. Frederick Savile-Lumley (1819–1859)
 * [[Image:Coronet of a British Baron.svg|15px|baseline]] John Savile Lumley-Savile, 2nd Baron Savile (1854 –1931) (succeeded according to special remainder)
 * [[Image:Coronet of a British Baron.svg|15px|baseline]] George Halifax Lumley-Savile, 3rd Baron Savile (1919–2008)
 * Hon. Henry Leoline Thornhill Lumley-Savile (1923–2001)
 * [[Image:Coronet of a British Baron.svg|15px|baseline]] John Anthony Thornhill Lumley-Savile, 4th Baron Savile (born 1947)
 * (1) James George Augustus Lumley-Savile (born 1975)
 * (2) Peter Edward Henry Lumley-Savile (born 1975)
 * (3) Robin William Matthew Lumley-Savile (born 1975)

The heir presumptive is the present holder's half-brother, James George Augustus Lumley-Savile (born 1975).

title: Baron Savile