text:
1948 Quebec general election

The 1948 Quebec general election was held on July 28, 1948, to elect members of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Quebec, Canada. The incumbent Union Nationale, led by Maurice Duplessis, won re-election, defeating the Quebec Liberal Party, led by Adélard Godbout.

This was the third time (and the second in a row) that Duplessis led his party to a general election victory.

It was Godbout's third (and final) loss to Duplessis in a general election, and the second in a row. He had won one victory against Duplessis years earlier in the 1939 election. In this election, the Liberals fared particularly poorly, reduced to only 8 seats, although their share of the popular vote was around 36%.

Adjustment of representation
The Legislative Assembly was expanded from 91 to 92 members, as a consequence of Charlevoix—Saguenay no longer returning a joint member, separate members being elected from Charlevoix and Saguenay.

Campaign
The Union des électeurs fielded candidates in all 92 ridings, with 71 becoming, at minimum, three-way contests between them, the UN and the Liberals:

Results
! colspan=2 rowspan=2 | Political party ! rowspan=2 | Party leader ! colspan=4 | MPPs ! colspan=4 | Votes ! Candidates !1944 !1948 !± !# ! ± !% ! ± (pp)

 * style="text-align:left;"|Maurice Duplessis
 * 91
 * 48
 * 82
 * 34
 * 775,747
 * 270,086
 * 51.25
 * 13.22

 * style="text-align:left;"|Adélard Godbout
 * 92
 * 37
 * 8
 * 29
 * 547,478
 * 24,162
 * 36.16
 * 3.19

 * style="text-align:left;"|P. Ernest Grégoire
 * 92
 * 140,050
 * 123,508
 * 9.25
 * 8.01
 * 123,508
 * 9.25
 * 8.01

 * style="text-align:left;"|
 * 7
 * 1
 * 1
 * 9,016
 * 24,970
 * 0.60
 * 1.96
 * 1.96

! colspan="3" style="text-align:left;" | Total ! " colspan="2"| 92 ! " colspan="2"| 1,513,971 ! " colspan="2"| 100%
 * style="text-align:left;"|
 * 4
 * 4
 * style="text-align:center;" colspan="4"|did not campaign
 * rowspan="10" |
 * style="text-align:left;" colspan="10"|Other candidates
 * style="text-align:left;" |
 * style="text-align:left;"|–
 * 11
 * 2
 * 2
 * 23,956
 * 11,190
 * 1.58
 * 0.62
 * style="text-align:left;" |
 * style="text-align:left;"|–
 * 1
 * 1
 * style="text-align:center;" colspan="4"|did not campaign
 * style="text-align:left;" |
 * style="text-align:left;"|–
 * 8
 * 8,649
 * 1,874
 * 0.57
 * 0.06
 * style="text-align:left;" |
 * style="text-align:left;"|–
 * 1
 * 4,899
 * 2,974
 * 0.32
 * 0.27
 * style="text-align:left;" |
 * style="text-align:left;"|–
 * 7
 * 2,968
 * 7,868
 * 0.20
 * 0.45
 * style="text-align:left;" |
 * style="text-align:left;"|–
 * 1
 * 1,098
 * 7,257
 * 0.07
 * 0.56
 * style="text-align:left;" |
 * style="text-align:left;"|–
 * 1
 * 110
 * 2,905
 * 0.23
 * style="text-align:left;" |
 * style="text-align:left;"|–
 * style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" colspan="8"|did not campaign
 * style="text-align:left;" |
 * style="text-align:left;"|–
 * 0.20
 * 0.45
 * style="text-align:left;" |
 * style="text-align:left;"|–
 * 1
 * 1,098
 * 7,257
 * 0.07
 * 0.56
 * style="text-align:left;" |
 * style="text-align:left;"|–
 * 1
 * 110
 * 2,905
 * 0.23
 * style="text-align:left;" |
 * style="text-align:left;"|–
 * style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" colspan="8"|did not campaign
 * style="text-align:left;" |
 * style="text-align:left;"|–
 * 110
 * 2,905
 * 0.23
 * style="text-align:left;" |
 * style="text-align:left;"|–
 * style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" colspan="8"|did not campaign
 * style="text-align:left;" |
 * style="text-align:left;"|–
 * style="text-align:left;" |
 * style="text-align:left;"|–
 * style="text-align:left;"|–
 * 311
 * 91
 * colspan="7" style="text-align:left;" | Rejected ballots
 * 17,928
 * 2,376
 * colspan="2"|
 * colspan="7" style="text-align:left;" | Voter turnout
 * 1,531,899
 * 186,388
 * 75.22
 * 3.24
 * colspan="7" style="text-align:left;" | Registered electors
 * 2,036,576
 * 167,180
 * colspan="2"|
 * }
 * 167,180
 * colspan="2"|
 * }

Synopsis of results

 * = open seat
 * = turnout is above provincial average
 * = winning candidate was in previous Legislature
 * = incumbent had switched allegiance
 * = incumbency arose from byelection gain
 * = previously incumbent in another riding
 * = other incumbents renominated
 * = multiple candidates

title: 1948 Quebec general election


text:
User:Okay~enwiki

Hi, I'm really called Alex and I work in service delivery for a large computer services company in Bracknell (UK). I drive a Peugeot 206 and enjoy writing and improving articles in Wikipedia as it helps me consolidate my thoughts and gain a better understanding of the wonderful world around us.

-http://www.alexkemp.co.uk/

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Okay~enwiki


text:
Preferred

Preferred may refer to:
 * Chase Sapphire Preferred, a credit card
 * Preferred frame, in physics, a special hypothetical frame of reference
 * Preferred number, standard guidelines for choosing exact product dimensions within a given set of constraints
 * Preferred stock, a class of stock

title: Preferred


text:
User talk:PaulFord

Welcome, Paul. Judging by your contributions so far and what I know of your writing elsewhere, you're a valued addition to the 'pedia. Matthew McVickar 14:55, Mar 23, 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:PaulFord


text: User talk:130.226.249.238

title: User talk:130.226.249.238


text:
Rockingham Motor Speedway

Rockingham Motor Speedway is a former racing motorsport venue in Rockingham, Northamptonshire, England, United Kingdom, near the town of Corby. It hosted professional and club races, as well as testing, track days, driver training, exhibitions and conferences. It claimed to be Europe's fastest racing circuit, and was the first banked oval constructed in Britain since the closure of Brooklands in 1939.

The venue entered administration in 2017 and hosted its final motor race in November 2018. In 2021, the facility was purchased by Constellation Automotive for £80million.

History
Construction of Rockingham started late in 1999, with the opening meeting planned for May 2001.

Rockingham Motor Speedway was constructed on a British Steel works brown field site as a banked oval with the intention of bringing the American oval racing across the Atlantic for the first time. The opportunity was taken to use the infield for further circuits.

After almost ten years of planning and 23 months of construction work, Rockingham opened for business on Monday 15 January 2001. It was formally opened by the Queen on 26 May 2001.

After the sale of the venue, Rockingham held a "super send-off" to mark its final day as a racing circuit on 24 November 2018. The circuit was sold to Rockingham Automotive Limited, who used the facility for vehicle storage and logistics. In mid-2021, Constellation Automotive who own brands such as Cinch, and We Buy Any Car purchased the site.

Since then, Constellation Automotive's online car sales brand, Cinch, has used the circuit to film YouTube content, including car reviews and lap time challenges, titled on its channel as 'Fast Laps'. Cinch Motoring Editor, Sam Sheehan, has driven cars ranging from the Hyundai i20N hot hatch to a road-legal track car produced by Spartan Motor Company.

Sheehan used the Spartan to set an overall lap record for Rockingham's National Circuit on 26 May 2023, beating the previous fastest time of 1:14.20, set by a Palmer Jaguar JP1 prototype, by five-hundredths of a second.

The circuit
Rockingham had 13 configurations of track, which could be used for anything from touring cars to motorcycles to rally cars. The circuit was overlooked by the 6280 seat Rockingham Building, a steel-framed, glass-fronted grandstand building containing suites, offices, bars and kitchens, and by four grandstands. Together, the building and grandstands offered a total seating capacity of 52,000. The inner pit and paddock complex was accessed from the Rockingham Building via two pedestrian tunnels and there was a further spectator viewing area on top of the pit garages.

The oval circuit
The 1.479 mi American-style banked oval circuit was 18.3 m wide and had a maximum bank angle of seven degrees and comprised four very distinct corners. Rockingham's oval was unique in the UK and one of only two speedways in Europe (the other being Lausitzring). The oval circuit could also be converted to a road course layout for events by positioning temporary chicanes and curves both on the main area and apron of the circuit.

In early September 2001, the Champ cars came to Germany and England for the first time, to contest oval racing at the German 500 (kilometer, not miles) and the Rockingham 500, rounds of the 2001 CART season (Championship Auto Racing Teams) FedEx Championship Series. After the 11 September terrorist attacks and subsequent closing of airspaces, but with most equipment and personnel already being in continental Europe, the first ever German 500 was held under difficult circumstances. Unreliable weather and a bad crash of Alex Zanardi did not help, either.

The British round at the weekend of Sep 20–22 was in jeopardy, too. However, the logistics were worked out, with many of the teams stripping off their sponsors' logos ("livery") as a mark of respect for the victims of the attacks. The race distance was also shortened to 300 km. Victory was snatched on the exit of Turn Four of the last lap by Gil de Ferran driving the Marlboro Team Penske Honda–powered Reynard 01I at a race average speed of 153.41 mph from Kenny Bräck at the wheel of the Team Rahal Lola-Ford Cosworth B1/00, and the Newman-Haas Racing Lola-Toyota B1/00 driven by Cristiano da Matta. The fastest lap, and therefore outright lap record, was set by Patrick Carpentier in 25.551secs (210.59 mph) in the Player's Forsythe Racing Reynard-Cosworth. Carpentier became for first Canadian to ever hold the outright lap record at an English circuit.

The US-based series returned in September 2002. This was the last time Champ Cars raced at this facility. The race ran over the full distance of 500 km, Scotland's Dario Franchitti took the chequered flag in his Team KOOL Green Lola-Honda, beating Cristiano da Matta by just 0.986 of a second.

The International Super Sportscar Circuit (ISSC)
The ISSC was 1.940 mi long and between 11 and 18.3 m wide, with a maximum bank angle of seven degrees at turn one. Rockingham's International Super Sportscar Circuit was used by the Dunlop MSA British Touring Car Championship, as well as for most other car race events. The circuit combined long straights, sweeping high-speed bends (including the infamous Turn 1 and Gracelands) with a lower speed, highly technical infield layout. Average lap speeds around the circuit ranged from 1m 24s in the BTCC to 1m 12s in British F3.

Wet handling facility
The site had a wet handling area with a kick plate which was used to simulate a variety of driving conditions including ice, rain and slippery wet leaves. These different road conditions were simulated at much slower speeds than in normal driving and in a fully controlled environment. The area was designed to give drivers a greater understanding of the latest ABS, traction control and crash mitigating technologies, and the way that they affect vehicle control.

Lap records
Rockingham is Europe's fastest banked oval racing circuit, with the unofficial lap record for the 1.479 mi oval set at 24.719 seconds by Tony Kanaan in his Lola B01/00 Champ Car on 22 September 2001 – an average speed of 215.397 mi/h. Rockingham was the first purpose-built banked oval in the UK since Brooklands in 1907. It has an all-seating capacity of 52,000 and has both an oval and a racing circuit. The fastest official race lap records at Rockingham Motor Speedway are listed as:

CART Championship
+ Race shortened due to lack of practice.

British Superbike Championship
+ Qualification cancelled due to dangerous track conditions, grid decided by championship positions.

The Rockingham Stages
On 12 December 2004, the first Stage Rally, the Rockingham Stages, was held at the venue. This was jointly promoted by Middlesex County Automobile Club and Thame Motorsport Club. The two day event rapidly grew to be one of the favourite events on the British stage rally calendar. For several years it was a round of the MSN (Motor Sports News) Circuit Rally Championship. The 2018 Rockingham Stages was the last competitive motorsport event to be held at the Speedway.

Oval racing
From 2001 to the end of 2007, Rockingham organised and funded American-style Stockcar racing on the oval. Originally known as ASCAR, the series changed name to "Days of Thunder", and then to SCSA (Stock Car Speed Association), before re-branding to the MAC Tools V8 Trophy for its final season in 2007. All cars were UK variants of the American "ASA National-Tour" Howe Racing chassis, running with either Ford, Chevrolet or Pontiac bodies. A change of circuit ownership for 2006 saw the end of promotion and funding for the series, and low grids in 2007 led the organising club (BRSCC) to amalgamate it with a road course series, and eventually to the demise of both championships before the end of 2008.

Other activities
The circuit was operational 357 days a year and the majority of events that took place at the venue were not motorsport competitions. Events ranged from manufacturer product launches to dealer training, track days and testing, and corporate and experience days.

The City Auction Group holds an auction weekly at the circuit.

The Learning Grid Rockingham Festival in the first week of July promotes science and engineering to school pupils.

The venue had a sizeable showground area which has hosted the following shows:

 * The French Car Show
 * The Site Equipment Demonstration (SED) Show
 * Greenfleet
 * The LCV Show
 * Stobart Fest
 * Japfest 2

Television

 * Fifth Gear
 * Wheeler Dealers
 * Saturday Night Takeaway
 * The Grand Tour
 * Top Gear

Magazines and newspapers
The Telegraph and Fiat held a track day at Rockingham in 2012 and published a number of articles featuring the circuit. Autosport Caterham SP300R video review was made on the ISSC, and Car Magazine did a track test on the Nissan GT-R vs Porsche 911 Turbo in 2012 and a McLaren supercar group test in 2010. Car Dealer magazine reviewed the BMW M5 at Rockingham and compared it with a Mercedes E63 AMG, a Lexus ISF, a Porsche Panamera and an Infiniti M35h. The circuit also features on the Pistonheads website with videos showing the Caterham SP300 R and the new Astra VXR. Chris Harris on Cars showcased the BAC Mono.

title: Rockingham Motor Speedway


text:
Talk:Ares/Archive 1

Ares Patronage
Isn't Ares the patron of Sparta? As Athena was patron of Athens, and the two states Athens and Sparta were at war with each other and according to legend were spurred on by Ares and Athena - each of which poised their city states to attack the other.JayAlto (talk) 16:40, 2 June 2008 (UTC)

Hey Ares' Guys
he is such an interesting person, his special powers are cool!!

We need to turn this into a disambiguation page, and move the god-related content to its own article. Tronno he had an afair with atprodite.

his sister athena,his father is zeus and his mother is hera.02:38, Jan 19, 2005 (UTC)

he was the founder of thebas.

Quality
This page has a fair bit of information, but it doesn't read like an encyclopedia article at all. It's just a jumble of random facts. A better intro would be nice, and a different section on Ares-related myths. I might give it a shot, but the reason I'm here is 'cause I don't know all that much about him... --Niten 19:00, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

 * I've made a start at moving away from memories of Grandma's version of Bulfinch (or the afternoon-tv mythology of adventures of Xena, as above!). I entirely removed the detail of Artemis causing the death of the gigantes Otos and Ephialtes, for it relates to another episode connected with them, irrelevant to Ares. The rest is pretty much self-explanatory. --Wetman 17:39, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

Second sentence incomprehensible

 * Mars, the god of war that they inherited from the Etruscans, with Hellenic Ares, but maintained a different, less ambiguous relation with him.

It's completely unclear und ungrammatical. I don't know what it is supposed to say, so I can't fix it. AxelBoldt 02:35, 11 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Fixed it. A result of vandalism. --Wetman 03:25, 11 December 2005 (UTC)

foolish rant
After reverting vandalism by User:God_of_War, I received the following at my Talkpage, which I scraped off and deposit here, for someone more patient than I to deal with (Wetman 16:09, 9 January 2006 (UTC)):
 * "I have seen that you reverted my link from the Ares page. I am the God of War. I dare you to stand before me and prove that I am not." --User:God_of_War 15:15, 9 January 2006 (UTC)

"His favorite bird was the vulture."
I moved this sensible but original invention here. Is Ares ever termed "vulture-like"? Is the vulture ever called "bird of Ares"? Is Ares ever depicted with a vulture? The statement above could be rebuilt based on any of these and returned to the text. --Wetman 19:16, 20 April 2006 (UTC)

what happened to the amazons?
ares owned them, but then he gets owned by kratos why is there nothing about his role with the amazons?

what happened to the amazons?
why is there nothing about his role with the amazons?

the there they were in the cool but they had the fill the there they were in the cool but they had the fill the there they were in the cool but they had the fill the there they were in the cool but they had the fill

"Hallihourthus"?
I hardly know anything about the Greek language or its mythology, but some Googling shows that the name "Hallihourthus" is only used on this page (and mirror pages/sites), nowhere else. However, a search for "halirrhothios" (as I've found scouring the internet for information on this, er, story) yields many more results, apparently half relevant and in English, along with the suggestion of "halirrhothius" by Google.

Then there's the spelling of "halirrhotios" (or -tius), for which there is a stub on English Wikipedia.

Somebody care to verify which is the correct romanised spelling? Laogeodritt 20:41, 14 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Given the lack of responses, I've taken the liberty of changing this for the time being, as it seems correct. —Laogeodritt [ Talk 19:08, 27 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Halirrhotius --Wetman 20:28, 27 August 2006 (UTC)

ERROR: Translations wrong
In all other languages, this articles seems to link to "Hermes" instead of "Ares". Someone please correct, dont know how.Yarilo2 18:47, 24 August 2006 (UTC) ··thanksYarilo2 14:36, 25 August 2006 (UTC)

Corrected one bit of vandalism, but missed another.
While I restored "Consorts and Children" (and, I think, used an improper summary, now that I see how it displays in the history page), I missed this one. Seems a bit odd to do two separate reverts in close succession, so: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ares&diff=prev&oldid=106361088 Abramul 20:52, 7 February 2007 (UTC)

incorrect
This isn't specificaly about ares, but Demeter and Dionisus are not Olympians. They did not reside in mt. olympia and are the god/goddess of the EARTH. 24.113.73.22 16:56, 19 February 2007 (UTC)

Enyo and Ares?
Why does the article say that Enyo was Ares' sister and companion, and later say Enyo is ARes' daughter from an unknown mother? Watto the jazzman 06:52, 24 March 2007 (UTC)

Ares' Thracian origin
I'm removing the second paragraph bit claiming that ''His birthplace and true home was placed far off, among the barbarous and warlike Thracians. (Iliad 13.301; Ovid) as Iliad 13.295-310 reads: On this Meriones, peer of Ares, went to the tent and got himself a spear of bronze. He then followed after Idomeneus, big with great deeds of valor. As when baneful Ares sallies forth to battle, and his son Panic so strong and dauntless goes with him, to strike terror even into the heart of a hero - the pair have gone from Thrace to arm themselves among the Ephyroi or the brave Phlegyans, but they will not listen to both the contending hosts, and will give victory to one side or to the other - even so did Meriones and Idomeneus, leaders of men, go out to battle clad in their bronze armor. Meriones was first to speak. "Son of Deukalion," said he, "where would you have us begin fighting? On the right wing of the host, in the center, or on the left wing, where I take it the Achaeans will be weakest?"''. The Ovid reference is too general. Crvst 19:22, 1 June 2007 (UTC)
 * When you read in the Iliad that Ares has gone to Thrace to arm himself, what is the bit that is missing in your understanding of the quote? The Ovid reference is to a remark in his Art of Love: I'll put it in. --Wetman 04:19, 2 June 2007 (UTC)
 * That Ares (along Phobos) went by Thrace to fight at the side of either the Ephyroi or the Phlegyans. There's no direct mention of Ares' originating from Thrace in that part (Iliad, book 13.301). As for the Ovid ref. I removed it as it was simply not in context (that was before you clarify it by adding the title of his work Ars Amatoria; nevertheless, in Ars Amatoria 2.9-2.12 we read: Thus Paris from the warlike Spartans bore/ Their ravish'd bride to Ida's distant shore./ Victorious Pelops thus in triumph drove/ The vanquish'd maid, and thus enjoy'd his love. Please, do read who Paris was). Crvst 07:34, 2 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Also, removing bit about him withdrawing to Thrace, as (after the previous removal) it seems out of context. Crvst 19:34, 1 June 2007 (UTC)

 * It's in the Odyssey, part of the episode narrated in Book VIII. Don't delete sourced material. We don't care whether or not it "seems out of context" to someone who hasn't read it. --Wetman 04:19, 2 June 2007 (UTC)
 * It, indeed, seemed out of context (after my previous removal). Crvst 07:34, 2 June 2007 (UTC)

Ares Birth
No mention of his birth and his twin?

 * Feel free to add it in yourself. I've never heard any myths about his birth or twin, so I can't help you; sorry. · AndonicO Talk 11:42, 21 June 2007 (UTC)

kratos
didn't kratos kill his step brother —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.161.45.57 (talk) 18:32, 20 September 2007 (UTC)

First Spartan
Hi, am I confused or is it true that Ares (or some other god) created the first spartan in full body armour? Please help me I want to remember what it was, but I can't find anything on the net. Mallerd 11:01, 25 October 2007 (UTC)

 * A remembering of the dragon's teeth sown by Cadmus from the dragon at the spring of Ares? That wasn't Sparta. "Son of Ares" is a generic reference to a soldier. --Wetman 12:33, 25 October 2007 (UTC)

 * I understand my confusion: Spartes says: In Greek mythology, Spartoí (in Greek Σπαρτοί, literal translation: "sown men", from σπείρω speírō, "to sow") are a mythical people who were known to be Ares' children. The Spartans were a group of children that were descended from Hercules and Ares.

 * Thanks for helping me Wetman. Mallerd 13:57, 25 October 2007 (UTC)

 * In addition: In each case, the dragon's teeth, once planted, would grow into fully armed warriors. Mallerd 13:58, 25 October 2007 (UTC)

Penguins WTF?
IS the penguins thing a joke or something? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.16.243.186 (talk) 01:18, 14 November 2007 (UTC)

Are There Different Ways to Spell It?
I thought that the gods name was spelled "Aries", not "Ares". That's the way my teacher spelled it on my assignment, anyway. So, are there different ways that you can spell it?Ogdens (talk) 05:20, 14 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Your teacher was confusing Ares with Aries the ram, the spring sign of the Zodiac. The pronunciation is the same in English. --Wetman (talk) 09:49, 14 February 2008 (UTC)

vandilism
this page has been vandalished 86.151.16.189 (talk) 20:09, 19 March 2008 (UTC)

City of Ares,Galicia, Spain. This enchanting fishermen town was built around its "ria" (bay) on the Northwest of Spain (Galicia). —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.247.171.120 (talk) 07:29, 12 July 2008 (UTC)

Polis
Hey guys. I added Ares' primary polis as Sparta, as a few sources have named it so. But if anyone disagrees, feel free to change it, or any other gods/goddesses I might've got wrong. These sorts of things are always up for debate.

summary of the life of ares
what the heck are u talking about i dont even now u you now what im going to beat u up with on hand behind my back if u now what i mean  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.237.90.131 (talk) 18:41, 21 April 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ares/Archive 1


text:
Adios (KMFDM album)

Adios is the tenth studio album released by German industrial band KMFDM. The album was originally conceived as the group's parting shot to its longtime record label, Wax Trax! Records, but it ended up also signaling the break-up of KMFDM itself until the band reformed in 2002. Recorded in Seattle, Washington, this was the last album to feature En Esch and Günter Schulz, who both went on to form Slick Idiot. Following the break-up, founding member Sascha Konietzko created the band MDFMK, before reforming KMFDM in 2002 without Esch or Schulz.

The album was released on April 20, 1999, the same date the Columbine High School massacre took place. Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold, the two perpetrators of the massacre, were both avid KMFDM fans. Eric Harris noted the coincidence of the album's title and release date in his journal.

A digitally remastered reissue of Adios was released on May 8, 2007, along with the digitally remastered reissue of Symbols.

Background
The 1990s core of KMFDM (Sascha Konietzko, En Esch, and Günter Schulz) had reunited for the previous album, Symbols, and toured together along with fellow German industrial metal band Rammstein in 1997. The core line-up was joined on tour by John DeSalvo, Nivek Ogre, and Tim Sköld. Adios was written almost entirely by Konietzko and Sköld, who became an official member for the band's final release with Wax Trax! Records. Schulz, who had done significant writing for the previous five albums, acted only as a studio musician, while Esch helped write only a pair of songs. It was originally intended to be released in 1998 but was pushed back by the record label as the "rarities" compilation album AGOGO was offered up instead. KMFDM had already disbanded by the time of its eventual release.

Release date controversy
Adios was released on April 20, 1999, which coincided with the Columbine High School massacre and Adolf Hitler's birthday. Although Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold were big fans of the group, KMFDM released an official statement denouncing the violence, sympathizing with the victims and their families, and explaining that the band had no Nazi affiliations whatsoever.

Reception
Adios received positive reviews. Gina Boldman of AllMusic said of the album: "KMFDM sound smoother yet maintain their emotive mayhem in all its glory." The staff of PopMatters called Adios a "superb mix of the anarchaic fueled fury of the 80’s and a full awareness of what their genre has become." Remarking on the band's then-disbandment, they further stated that KMFDM "left us with something to remember them by." Amy Sciarretto of CMJ New Music Report said that Adios "continues in the group's grand tradition of techno-informed, industrial-fueled beat manipulation". She said the beats, guitars, and female vocals formed "an electrifying chemistry", concluding, "Adios is a satisfying sendoff for KMFDM and its legion of fans."

Personnel

 * Sascha Konietzko – vocals (1–3, 6–10), synths, programming (1–10), guitar (10)
 * Tim Skold – vocals (1–4, 6–10), programming (1–10), bass (9)
 * Günter Schulz – guitar (1–3, 7, 9, 10)
 * Cheryl Wilson – vocals (2, 4, 7–9)
 * En Esch – hi-hat & cymbals (2), vocals (3, 7, 10), add. programming (7)
 * Frank Chotai – add. programming (4)
 * Paul de Carli – digital editing (4)
 * Nina Hagen – vocals (5, 10)
 * Nivek Ogre – vocals (7, 8)
 * William Rieflin – programming (8)

title: Adios (KMFDM album)


text:
3-2-1 Contact

3-2-1 Contact is an American science educational television show produced by the Children's Television Workshop (CTW, now known as Sesame Workshop). It aired on PBS from 1980 to 1988 and later ran on Noggin (a joint venture between the CTW and Nickelodeon) from 1999 to 2003. The show teaches scientific principles and their applications. Edward G. Atkins, who was responsible for much of the scientific content of the show, felt that the TV program would not replace a classroom but would encourage viewers to ask questions about the scientific purpose of things.

Initial conception
3-2-1 Contact was the brainchild of Samuel Y. Gibbon Jr., who had been the executive producer of the original The Electric Company for the CTW from 1971 to 1977. (Gibbon had left the CTW before Contact's production officially began, though he was still credited as "Senior Consultant".) The show was based on the original concept of The Curiosity Show, an Australian science-based children's educational TV show that had been running since 1972. That program was hosted by Australian scientists Rob Morrison and Deane Hutton, who were consultants to The Children's Television Workshop in the early planning stages of what became 3-2-1 Contact. CTW wanted to make a version using American scientists as presenters, but PBS did not think that middle-aged scientists would engage a young audience (despite the popularity of the format in Australia) and insisted that any science show be hosted/presented by young people. CTW eventually reworked the concept into 3-2-1 Contact.

Seasons production
The first season of 65 programs began airing January 14, 1980, on select PBS member stations; it featured a cast of three college students who socialized and discussed science in an on-campus room known as "the workshop". The show also used brief segments at the beginning of the show featuring a celebrity and/or famous character making a brief scientific statement. Some of the celebrities and/or characters who appeared were Robert Guillaume for "Food/Fuel" week; Sarah Jessica Parker, then performing in the Broadway musical Annie for "Hot/Cold" week; cast members of Eight is Enough for "Crowded/Uncrowded" week; Donny Most and Ron Palillo for "Fast/Slow" week; Billy Barty and Carl Weathers for "Big/Small" week; Tim O'Connor and Felix Silla (and the voice of by Mel Blanc) from Buck Rogers in the 25th Century for "Near/Far" week; Gene Wilder for "Communication" week, Arte Johnson, reprising a character from Rowan and Martin's Laugh-In for "Growth/Decay" week; Sha Na Na members Jon 'Bowzer' Bauman and Screamin' Scott Simon for "Noisy/Quiet" week; Rita Moreno (who was part of The Electric Company cast for its entire run) for "Forces" week; the Harlem Globetrotters' Meadowlark Lemon and the cast of The White Shadow for "Order/Disorder" week; and Larry Wilcox of CHiPs for "Surfaces" week. The segment ended with a brief visual film similar to the Scanimate animations used on The Electric Company showcasing the big words of the week and their role in science. This season came to an end on April 11, 1980, and continued in reruns (or removed entirely from scheduling on some stations) for the following three years, as funding for additional episodes was not yet sufficient.

When production finally resumed for the second season, which premiered on October 17, 1983, the show presented a more realistic appearance, as the new cast convened in a suburban basement (these segments were shot at Reeves Teletape, which also housed Sesame Street at the time). The celebrity segments were discontinued and the science topic was introduced by a computer cursor which typed out the week's topic and subtopic of the day, replacing the visual films used in the first season. This cast continued until October 18, 1985. Ozzie Alfonso was Contact's new director and Al Hyslop its executive producer.

When the fifth season began on September 22, 1986, a third cast was introduced. However, unlike the previous casts, they did not meet in any specific setting; instead, they appeared in various taped and filmed segments. The show ended after seven seasons and 225 episodes on November 18, 1988, with reruns airing until September 27, 1992. Reruns resumed the next year on commercial television, with All American Television handling syndication.

A frequent segment of the show was The Bloodhound Gang, a series about a group of young detectives who used science to solve crimes. Episodes of the series needed to be run in regular sequence for understandable viewing, as many Bloodhound Gang mysteries were cut among two or three Contact episodes.

International and school versions
For a time in the mid-1980s, the program was co-produced with the French television network FR3 and featured several new French cast members in addition to the American cast. From 1982 to 1983 the program was aired in Spain with dubbed-over versions of the American original broadcasts, and some local add-ons with four Spanish cast members: Sonia Martínez, Luis Bollain, Fernando Rueda, and Marifé Rodríguez. Another Spanish version of the broadcast was aired from 1990 to 1992.

It was reported in 1984 that 3-2-1 Contact had an audience of over 7 million viewers and was broadcast in 26 countries including West Germany, France, Italy, and Spain making their own dubbed-over versions.

From September 1, 1991, to May 1, 1992, an edited version titled 3-2-1 Classroom Contact was produced, specifically for in-school viewing. It was hosted by either Stephanie Yu, Z. Wright, or both and used previously aired segments from the past series.

Broadcasters wanted children and schools to record and replay the episodes without being afraid of infringement of copyright violations.

Hosts

 * Liz Moses as Lisa (1980)
 * Leon W. Grant as Marc (1980)
 * Ginny Ortiz as Trini (1980)
 * Liz Gorcey as Jackie (field segments, 1983)
 * Kelly Pino as Kathy (1983–85)
 * Frank Gomez as Miguel (1983–86)
 * Benjamin H. Carlin as Paco (1983–86)
 * Judy Leak as Robin (1983–86)
 * Manny Mendiola as Diego (1985–86)
 * Tannis Vallely as Mary (1985–86)
 * Candida Romero as Monique (1986)
 * Abigael Maryan as Chantal (1986)
 * Ericka Pazcoguin as Maggie (1986–87)

And as themselves:
 * Mary Lopez (1986)
 * David Drach (1986–87)
 * David Quinn (1986–88)
 * Debra Allison Shapiro (1986–88)
 * Todd A. Rolle (1986–88)
 * Hopey Fitzpatrick (1987–88)
 * Stephanie Yu (1987–88)
 * Z. Wright (1987–88)
 * Dennis Weaver (1987–88)

Season 1 (1980)

 * Noisy/Quiet: Production & Processing of Sound (January 14, 1980)
 * Noisy/Quiet: The Ear (January 15, 1980)
 * Noisy/Quiet: How People & Animals Use Sound (January 16, 1980)
 * Noisy/Quiet: Music (January 17, 1980)
 * Noisy/Quiet: Range of Vibrations (January 18, 1980)
 * Hot/Cold: People's Temperatures (January 21, 1980)
 * Hot/Cold: Animal and Plant Adaptations (January 22, 1980)
 * Hot/Cold: How Hot or Cold Can (January 23, 1980)
 * Hot/Cold: Heat and Work (January 24, 1980)
 * Hot Cold: Temperatures on Earth/In Space (January 25, 1980)
 * Fast/Slow: Speed Up, Slow Down (January 28, 1980)
 * Fast/Slow: Rhythms of Nature (January 29, 1980)
 * Fast/Slow: Lifetimes (January 30, 1980)
 * Fast/Slow: Speed and Racing (January 31, 1980)
 * Fast/Slow: Time and Time Again (February 1, 1980)
 * Food/Fuel: Animal Food (February 4, 1980)
 * Food/Fuel: Human Food (February 5, 1980)
 * Food/Fuel: Growing and Processing Food (February 6, 1980)
 * Food/Fuel: Fueling Machines (February 7, 1980)
 * Food/Fuel: The Sun Makes Everything Go (February 8, 1980)
 * Crowded/Uncrowded: Human Crowding (February 11, 1980)
 * Crowded/Uncrowded: Optimum Populations in Nature (February 12, 1980)
 * Crowded/Uncrowded: Contrasts in Densities of Materials (February 13, 1980)
 * Crowded/Uncrowded: Liquids & Solids (February 14, 1980)
 * Crowded/Uncrowded: Human Survival/Controlling Densities (February 15, 1980)
 * Light/Dark: The Sun (February 18, 1980)
 * Light/Dark: Adaptation of Plants/Animals (February 19, 1980)
 * Light/Dark: Electromagnetic Spectrum (February 20, 1980)
 * Light/Dark: The Eye (February 21, 1980)
 * Light/Dark: Light Sources (February 22, 1980)
 * Big/Small: Animal Sizes/Scaling (February 25, 1980)
 * Big/Small: Animal Habitats (February 26, 1980)
 * Big/Small: Dinosaurs (February 27, 1980)
 * Big/Small: Volume & Efficiency (February 28, 1980)
 * Big/Small: How Big is Big? (February 29, 1980)
 * Near/Far: Seeing Isn't Always (March 3, 1980)
 * Near/Far: Mapping and Navigating Near Home (March 4, 1980)
 * Near/Far: Mapping and Navigating Over Earth (March 5, 1980)
 * Near/Far: Space Travel (March 6, 1980)
 * Near/Far: Knowing Where You Are (March 7, 1980)
 * Growth/Decay: Sex and Seeds (March 10, 1980)
 * Growth/Decay: Human Growth (March 11, 1980)
 * Growth/Decay: Decay (March 12, 1980)
 * Growth/Decay: Human Cultures/Land Forms (March 13, 1980)
 * Growth/Decay: Cycles Upon Cycles (March 14, 1980)
 * Communication: Human Communication (March 17, 1980)
 * Communication: Animal Communication (March 18, 1980)
 * Communication: Machinery of Communication (March 19, 1980)
 * Communication with Other Species (March 20, 1980)
 * Communication: Feedback (March 21, 1980)
 * Forces and Motion (March 24, 1980)
 * Forces and Fields (March 25, 1980)
 * Forces: Buoyancy and Gravity (March 26, 1980)
 * Forces and Machines (March 27, 1980)
 * Forces: A Spectacle of Forces (March 28, 1980)
 * Order/Disorder: Regular Patterns (March 31, 1980)
 * Order/Disorder: The Body – An Ordered System (April 1, 1980)
 * Order/Disorder: Social Order (April 2, 1980)
 * Order/Disorder: Disordered (April 3, 1980)
 * Order/Disorder: Sum of Its Parts (April 4, 1980)
 * Surfaces: Protection (April 7, 1980)
 * Surfaces: Shapes and Functions at the Surface (April 8, 1980)
 * Surfaces: Surface Tension and Bubbles (April 9, 1980)
 * Surfaces: Surface of the Earth (April 10, 1980)
 * Surfaces: The Atmosphere—Skin of the Earth (April 11, 1980)

Season 2 (1983)

 * Flight: Flying Animals (October 17, 1983)
 * Flight: Air Resistance (October 18, 1983)
 * Flight: Lift (October 19, 1983)
 * Flight: Thrust (October 20, 1983)
 * Flight: Acceleration (October 21, 1983)
 * Sports: Training Analysis (October 24, 1983)
 * Sports: Time, Rate, Measurement (October 25, 1983)
 * Sports: Energy Transfer (October 26, 1983)
 * Sports: Impact Analysis (October 27, 1983)
 * Sports: Coordination (October 28, 1983)
 * Survival: Breathing (October 31, 1983)
 * Survival: Temperature (November 1, 1983)
 * Survival: Protection (November 2, 1983)
 * Survival: Energy (November 3, 1983)
 * Survival: Teamwork (November 4, 1983)
 * Babies: The Code of Life (November 7, 1983)
 * Babies: Growth and Development (November 8, 1983)
 * Babies: Behavior (November 9, 1983)
 * Babies: Colonization (November 10, 1983)
 * Babies: Change (November 11, 1983)
 * Building: Materials (November 14, 1983)
 * Building: One of a Kind (November 15, 1983)
 * Building: Standard Parts (November 16, 1983)
 * Building: Modular (November 17, 1983)
 * Building: Communication (November 18, 1983)
 * Shapes in Nature (November 21, 1983)
 * Shapes and Gravity (November 22, 1983)
 * Shapes: Streamlining (November 23, 1983)
 * Shapes: Form and Function (November 24, 1983)
 * Shapes: Clues (November 25, 1983)
 * Water: 3 Phases – Gas, Liquid, Solid (November 28, 1983)
 * Water: Medium for Life (November 29, 1983)
 * Water and People (November 30, 1983)
 * Water: Distribution (December 1, 1983)
 * Water in the Body (December 2, 1983)
 * Senses: Taste and Smell (December 5, 1983)
 * Senses: Sight (December 6, 1983)
 * Senses: Hearing (December 7, 1983)
 * Senses: Touch (December 8, 1983)
 * Senses: Special Sensors (December 9, 1983)

Season 3 (1984)

 * Space: Weightless (October 22, 1984)
 * Space: Getting There (October 23, 1984)
 * Space: Living There (October 24, 1984)
 * Space: Working There (October 25, 1984)
 * Space: Anybody Out There? (October 26, 1984)
 * Measurement: How Long? How Far? (October 29, 1984)
 * Measurement: What's the Area? What's the Volume? (October 30, 1984)
 * Measurement: How Many? How Much? (October 31, 1984)
 * Measurement: How Heavy? How Dense? (November 1, 1984)
 * Measurement: How Fast? How Slow? (November 2, 1984)
 * Earth is Change (November 5, 1984)
 * Earth: Maps (November 6, 1984)
 * Earth: Climate (November 7, 1984)
 * Earth: Flora and Fauna (November 8, 1984)
 * Earth: Building Models (November 9, 1984)
 * Electricity: What is It? (November 12, 1984)
 * Electricity and Magnetism (November 13, 1984)
 * Electricity: Where Do We Get It? (November 14, 1984)
 * Electricity Runs in a Circuit (November 15, 1984)
 * Electricity: You Are Electric (November 16, 1984)

Season 4 (1985)

 * "Tropics: Rubber" (September 23, 1985)
 * "Tropics: Metals" (September 24, 1985)
 * "Tropics: Rice" (September 25, 1985)
 * "Tropics: Working Animals – Monkeys and Elephants" (September 26, 1985)
 * "Tropics: Endangered Animals" (September 27, 1985)
 * "Light: From the Sun; To Your Eyes" (September 30, 1985)
 * "Light: Color" (October 1, 1985)
 * "Light: Eyes" (October 2, 1985)
 * "Light: How Animals See" (October 3, 1985)
 * "Light: Bending and Bouncing" (October 4, 1985)
 * "Farms: Sheep and Pigs – Selective Breeding" (October 7, 1985)
 * "Farms: Plants and Pigs – Plant Production" (October 8, 1985)
 * "Farms: Hybrids" (October 9, 1985)
 * "Farms: Cows and Pigs – Animal Products" (October 10, 1985)
 * "Farms: Chickens and Pigs – Animal Production" (October 11, 1985)
 * "Stuff: Metals" (October 14, 1985)
 * "Stuff: Clay" (October 15, 1985)
 * "Stuff: Shaping It" (October 16, 1985)
 * "Stuff: Feathers and Rubber" (October 17, 1985)
 * "Stuff: Using It" (October 18, 1985)

Season 5 (1986)

 * "Signals: Lingo" (September 22, 1986)
 * "Signals: Talking Birds, Talking Rooms" (September 23, 1986)
 * "Signals: Looking for Visual Clues" (September 24, 1986)
 * "Signals: Getting Them Around" (September 25, 1986)
 * "Signals: Cracking Codes" (September 26, 1986)
 * "Oceans: On the Sea" (September 29, 1986)
 * "Oceans: In the Sea" (September 30, 1986)
 * "Oceans: From the Sea" (October 1, 1986)
 * "Oceans: By the Sea" (October 2, 1986)
 * "Oceans: Of the Sea" (October 3, 1986)
 * "Motion: What's Up?" (October 6, 1986)
 * "Motion: Bones" (October 7, 1986)
 * "Motion: Smashing" (October 8, 1986)
 * "Motion: Getting a Grip" (October 9, 1986)
 * "Motion: Heave Ho!" (October 10, 1986)
 * "Eating: Tooth Detectives" (October 13, 1986)
 * "Eating: Picky Eaters" (October 14, 1986)
 * "Eating: Zoo Food" (October 15, 1986)
 * "Eating: Down the Hatch" (October 16, 1986)
 * "Eating: Leftovers" (October 17, 1986)

Season 6 (1987)

 * Japan: Precious Oysters, Rare Salamanders (October 12, 1987)
 * Japan: Landslide! (October 13, 1987)
 * Japan: Paper and Kites (October 14, 1987)
 * Japan: Earthquake! (October 15, 1987)
 * Japan: Judo and Computers (October 16, 1987)
 * Detectives: Skin and Bone Detectives (October 19, 1987)
 * Detectives: Tool and Trash Detectives (October 20, 1987)
 * Detectives: Wildlife Detectives (October 21, 1987)
 * Detectives: Dinosaur Detectives (October 22, 1987)
 * Detectives: Pattern Detectives (October 23, 1987)
 * Architecture: Raising the Big Top (October 26, 1987)
 * Architecture: Home (October 27, 1987)
 * Architecture: Stack It Up (October 28, 1987)
 * Architecture: Made to Fit (October 29, 1987)
 * Architecture: Light But Strong (October 30, 1987)
 * Mammals: Rats and Bats (November 2, 1987)
 * Mammals: Keeping Warm (November 3, 1987)
 * Mammals: Live Birth, Warm Milk (November 4, 1987)
 * Mammals at Play (November 5, 1987)
 * Big Mammals: The High Cost of Living (November 6, 1987)
 * Modeling: Things on Wheels (November 9, 1987)
 * Modeling: Through Ice and Air (November 10, 1987)
 * Modeling: The Earth (November 11, 1987)
 * Modeling: Knees and Small Things (November 12, 1987)
 * Modeling: Spaces (November 13, 1987)
 * In the Air: Finding Your Way (November 16, 1987)
 * In the Air: Drifting with the Wind (November 17, 1987)
 * In the Air: Born to Fly (November 18, 1987)
 * In the Air: Fat Things That Fly (November 19, 1987)
 * In the Air: Unbelievable Flying Objects (November 20, 1987)

Season 7 (1988)

 * Antarctica: Getting There (October 10, 1988)
 * Antarctica: Getting Around (October 11, 1988)
 * Antarctica: Life On The Edge (October 12, 1988)
 * Antarctica: Life Under The Ice (October 13, 1988)
 * Antarctica: The Desert Continent (October 14, 1988)
 * Your Body: Twins (October 17, 1988)
 * Your Body: Having a Baby (October 18, 1988)
 * Your Body: Sleep (October 19, 1988)
 * Your Body: Spinning (October 20, 1988)
 * Your Body: Your Health (October 21, 1988)
 * Australia: Platypus & Echidna (October 24, 1988)
 * Australia: Moths & Beetles (October 25, 1988)
 * Australia: Emu & Kookaburra (October 26, 1988)
 * Australia: Koalas (October 27, 1988)
 * Australia: Kangaroos (October 28, 1988)
 * Structures: Bubble, Bubble (October 31, 1988)
 * Structures: Pipes and Reeds (November 1, 1988)
 * Structures: Chaos and Computers (November 2, 1988)
 * Structures: Running Robots (November 3, 1988)
 * Structures: Suspended in Air (November 4, 1988)
 * Greece: The Journey Begins (November 7, 1988)
 * Greece: Under The Ash (November 8, 1988)
 * Greece: Before History (November 9, 1988)
 * Greece: Sheep & Cheese (November 10, 1988)
 * Greece: The Parthenon (November 11, 1988)
 * Island: Parrot Fish (November 14, 1988)
 * Island: Lizards (November 15, 1988)
 * Island: Coral (November 16, 1988)
 * Island: Flamingos (November 17, 1988)
 * Island: Conch (November 18, 1988)

3-2-1 Contact Extra

 * I Have AIDS: A Teenager's Story (April 8, 1989)
 * The Rotten Truth (January 15, 1990)
 * You Can't Grow Home Again (September 2, 1990)
 * Down the Drain (January 14, 1991)
 * Bottom of the Barrel (February 18, 1991)
 * Secrets of the Code (August 3, 1991)
 * A Popular Little Planet (April 22, 1992)
 * Get Busy: How Kids Can Save the Planet (April 22, 1992)
 * What Kids Want to Know...About Sex and Growing Up (May 13, 1992)
 * Brainstorm: The Truth About Your Brain on Drugs (December 14, 1992)

Magazine
Three months before the show premiered, a print magazine of the same name that also focused on science was released. In 1985, the magazine absorbed some of the content of sibling publication Enter (which went out of print that same year), including reader submissions of computer programs written in the BASIC computer language as well as reviews of popular computer programs. The Enter section also contained a new feature called "The Slipped Disk Show", in which a fictional disc jockey answered computer-related questions submitted by readers.

In 1987, the magazine began featuring content from another CTW production, Square One Television. Such content frequently took the form of a two-page comic strip, often parodying a popular show or movie of the time, with a math-related question at the end.

The Bloodhound Gang mysteries also made the leap to the magazine, but they were subsequently replaced with a series entitled The Time Team in September 1990. These stories found teenage characters Sean Nolan and Jenny Lopez traveling to different time periods in the past and future. Their surroundings and personal encounters were described with great detail, educating readers as to the customs of various cultures throughout history, and – on trips to the future – often pushing present day hot-button issues. For example, a 1993 story saw the duo traveling to what appeared to be a prehistoric forest, but near the end, they found a Brazil flag, a newspaper clipping from 1995, and a bulldozer at work: this was in fact a Brazilian rainforest being levelled.

In 1996, The Time Team was replaced by a comic serial, Cosmic Crew, which focused on the adventures of a group of teenagers and their robot butler in space. Their first story arc (which ran for more than a year) had them trying to figure out a series of riddles relating to places in the solar system in order to claim a treasure (which turned out to be a scholarship fund). Another story arc had a delinquent (who had been a villain in the first arc) join them in order to chase down a gang of other delinquents. Despite being effectively replaced, a few Time Team stories were run whenever there were gaps between installments of Cosmic Crew.

Many of the magazine's cover stories involved current events, such as 1990s oil fires in the Middle East. In addition, the magazine offered a games section in which most of the games were related to the stories in the issue.

In 1996, CTW presumably concluded that faithful readers from the late 1980s and early 1990s had long since moved on, and the magazine began to reprint non-time-sensitive stories from years past. For example, a 1991 article on the geography of the Galápagos Islands – a subject relatively unchanging due to the islands' well-enforced ecologically protected status – could very well re-appear in an identical format a half a decade later.

Under Children's Television Workshop (now known as Sesame Workshop), the magazine later became Contact Kids, removing the original reference to the television show. Production of the magazine was suspended indefinitely in 2001.

title: 3-2-1 Contact


text:
Talk:Peek

Untitled
The Peek and Poke commands came from the TOPS-10 operating system and allowed user-mode programs to access the operating system's memory. (Poke was usually heavily protected, of course.) - wgustafson @ leviton.com

title: Talk:Peek


text:
Fish River (Namibia)

The Fish River (Visrivier in Afrikaans, Fischfluss in German) is a river in Namibia. It is 650 km long, flowing from the Naukluft Mountains 150 km to the Hardap Dam near Mariental. From there the flow is entirely blocked, all further flow downstream coming from tributaries downstream from the dam. The flow of the river is seasonal; in winter the river can dry up completely. Despite this, the river is the site of the spectacular Fish River Canyon, a canyon 160 km long, and at points as much as 550 m deep.

The outflow of the Fish River joins the Orange River at the border with South Africa about 100 km from the Atlantic Ocean.

title: Fish River (Namibia)


text:
1944 Quebec general election

The 1944 Quebec general election was held on August 8, 1944 to elect members of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Quebec, Canada. The Union Nationale, led by former premier Maurice Duplessis, defeated the incumbent Quebec Liberal Party, led by Adélard Godbout. This was the first Quebec provincial election in which women were allowed to vote, having been granted suffrage at the provincial level in 1941 (much later than what had been fully attained at the federal level in 1919).

This election marked Duplessis's comeback after having defeated Godbout in the 1936 election and having lost to him in the 1939 election. Unlike in the 1939 election, when the alcoholic Duplessis was clearly drunk at numerous campaign rallies, le chef had benefited from the time he had spent in an American sanatorium in 1942-43, where he had sobered up, and in the 1944 election, Duplessis refrained from drinking.

The biggest issue during this election was provincial autonomy. In order to appeal to nationalist voters, Duplessis attacked the incumbent premier, claiming that he was not taking a strong enough stand against Ottawa. He mainly criticized Godbout for agreeing to transfer unemployment insurance from the province to the federal government. He also criticized the Rowell-Sirois Commission for its stance on unemployment insurance and equalization payments.

Another reason Duplessis won the election was by appealing to anti-Semitic prejudices in Quebec by making the false claim in a violently anti-Semitic speech that the Dominion government together with the Godbout government had made a secret deal with the "International Zionist Brotherhood" to settle 100,000 Jewish refugees left homeless by the Holocaust in Quebec after the war in exchange for Jewish campaign contributions to both the federal and provincial Liberal parties. By contrast, Duplessis claimed that he was not taking any money from the Jews, and if he were elected Premier, he would stop this plan to bring Jewish refugees to Quebec. To further push on the message, the Union Nationale handed out campaign pamphlets warning about the alleged plan to bring 100,000 Jewish refugees to Quebec, which featured a cartoon of the standard stereotype of an evil-looking, hook-nosed Jew handing bags of money to Godbout while in the background a vast horde of dirty, disreputable-looking, hook-nosed Jewish refugees were ready to descend on la belle province. Through Duplessis's story about the plan to settle 100,000 Jewish refugees in Quebec was entirely false, his story was widely believed in Quebec, and ensured he won the election. Duplessis's biographer Conrad Black argued that Duplessis was in no way personally anti-Semitic, but because the majority of Quebecois were at the time, Duplessis had merely used antisemitism to win the 1944 election. Duplessis won another three elections in a row, for a total of five terms of office (four consecutive), before dying in office in 1959.

In this wartime election, Godbout's support for Canadian Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King in the Conscription Crisis of 1944 may have contributed to his defeat.

The Bloc Populaire won four seats on an anti-conscription platform. More importantly, they siphoned off enough votes from the Liberals to deny them a second term. Even though the Liberals narrowly won the popular vote, massive vote-splitting with the Bloc Populaire allowed the Union Nationals to win a narrow majority of seats.

The Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (predecessor of the New Democratic Party) won one seat. Party member David Côté was elected to the legislature, but in July 1945, he decided to sit as an independent.

Redistribution of ridings
An Act passed before the election increased the number of MLAs from 86 to 91 through the following changes:

Results
! colspan=2 rowspan=2 | Political party ! rowspan=2 | Party leader ! colspan=4 | MPPs ! colspan=4 | Votes ! Candidates !1939 !1944 !± !# ! ± !% ! ± (pp)
 * style="text-align:left;"|Maurice Duplessis
 * 91
 * 15
 * 48
 * 33
 * 505,661
 * 285,259
 * 38.02
 * 1.11

 * style="text-align:left;"|Adélard Godbout
 * 90
 * 69
 * 37
 * 32
 * 523,316
 * 221,934
 * 39.35
 * 14.15

 * style="text-align:left;"|André Laurendeau
 * 80
 * 4
 * 4
 * 191,564
 * New
 * 14.40
 * New
 * New

 * style="text-align:left;"|Romuald-Joseph Lamoureux
 * 24
 * 1
 * 1
 * 33,986
 * 31,473
 * 2.56
 * 2.11
 * 2.11

! colspan="3" style="text-align:left;" | Total ! " colspan="2"| 91 ! " colspan="2"| 1,329,959 ! " colspan="2"| 100%
 * style="text-align:left;"|
 * 12
 * 16,542
 * New
 * 1.24
 * New
 * style="background-color:#D9B2FF;" |
 * style="text-align:left;" |Action libérale nationale
 * style="text-align:left;"|
 * style="text-align:center;" colspan="8"|did not campaign
 * rowspan="10" |
 * style="text-align:left;" colspan="10"|Other candidates
 * style="text-align:left;" |
 * style="text-align:left;"|–
 * 16
 * 1
 * 1
 * 12,766
 * 6,485
 * 0.96
 * 0.03
 * style="text-align:left;" |
 * style="text-align:left;"|–
 * 2
 * 1
 * 1
 * 8,711
 * 5,637
 * 0.65
 * 0.10
 * style="text-align:left;" |
 * style="text-align:left;"|–
 * 7
 * 8,656
 * 7,868
 * 0.65
 * 0.51
 * style="text-align:left;" |
 * style="text-align:left;"|–
 * 2
 * 8,355
 * 7,945
 * 0.63
 * 0.56
 * style="text-align:left;" |
 * style="text-align:left;"|–
 * 3
 * 7,873
 * 7,714
 * 0.59
 * 0.56
 * style="text-align:left;" |
 * style="text-align:left;"|–
 * 3
 * 6,775
 * 6,306
 * 0.51
 * 0.43
 * style="text-align:left;" |
 * style="text-align:left;"|–
 * 1
 * 3,015
 * New
 * 0.23
 * New
 * style="text-align:left;" |
 * style="text-align:left;"|–
 * 1
 * 2,583
 * New
 * 0.19
 * New
 * style="text-align:left;" |
 * style="text-align:left;"|–
 * 1
 * 156
 * New
 * 0.01
 * New
 * 6,775
 * 6,306
 * 0.51
 * 0.43
 * style="text-align:left;" |
 * style="text-align:left;"|–
 * 1
 * 3,015
 * New
 * 0.23
 * New
 * style="text-align:left;" |
 * style="text-align:left;"|–
 * 1
 * 2,583
 * New
 * 0.19
 * New
 * style="text-align:left;" |
 * style="text-align:left;"|–
 * 1
 * 156
 * New
 * 0.01
 * New
 * New
 * style="text-align:left;" |
 * style="text-align:left;"|–
 * 1
 * 156
 * New
 * 0.01
 * New
 * 156
 * New
 * 0.01
 * New
 * 333
 * 86
 * colspan="7" style="text-align:left;" | Rejected ballots
 * 15,552
 * 8,218
 * colspan="2"|
 * colspan="7" style="text-align:left;" | Voter turnout
 * 1,345,511
 * 774,880
 * 71.98
 * 5.02
 * colspan="7" style="text-align:left;" | Registered electors
 * 1,869,396
 * 1,128,265
 * colspan="2"|
 * colspan="5" style="text-align:left;" | Candidates returned by acclamation
 * 1
 * colspan="4"|
 * }
 * colspan="5" style="text-align:left;" | Candidates returned by acclamation
 * 1
 * colspan="4"|
 * }
 * }

Synopsis of results

 * = open seat
 * = turnout is above provincial average
 * = winning candidate was in previous Legislature
 * = incumbent had switched allegiance
 * = not incumbent; was previously elected to the Legislature
 * = incumbency arose from byelection gain
 * = previously incumbent in another riding
 * = other incumbents renominated
 * = previously an MP in the House of Commons of Canada
 * = multiple candidates

Effect of redistribution
The reorganized ridings returned the following MLAs:

title: 1944 Quebec general election


text:
Anders Aukland

Anders Aukland (born 12 September 1972 in Tønsberg) is a retired professional Norwegian cross-country skier who won both Olympic and World Championship gold medals. He lives in Oslo. He competed in the last race of his career on April 2, 2023.

Aukland also used to compete in athletics, and is a former national champion in 5000 meters (1995) and 10,000 metres (1996 and 1997) as well as cross-country running. He has represented Tønsberg FIK and IK Tjalve. In his only international athletics competition he finished seventh in 5000 m at the 1991 European Junior Championships.

Aukland received the Egebergs Ærespris in 2001.

On 7 March 2004, Aukland won the Vasaloppet in Sweden, becoming the second Norwegian to accomplish this feat after 1971 winner Ole Ellefsæter. Aukland's brother Jørgen finished 3rd in that event. In 2010 Anders won the 54 km Birkebeinerrennet. In 2008 he won Marcialonga.

He has his education from the Norwegian School of Sport Sciences.

Cross-country skiing results
All results are sourced from the International Ski Federation (FIS).

Olympic Games

 * 1 medal – (1 gold)

World Championships

 * 3 medals – (1 gold, 2 silver)

Individual podiums

 * 6 victories (6 WC)
 * 13 podiums (13 WC)

Team podiums

 * 4 victories – (4 RL)
 * 5 podiums – (5 RL)

title: Anders Aukland


text:
1939 Quebec general election

The 1939 Quebec general election was held on October 25, 1939, to elect members of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Quebec, Canada. The Quebec Liberal Party, led by former premier Adélard Godbout, defeated the incumbent Union Nationale, led by Maurice Duplessis.

This was Godbout's second non-consecutive term of office and his only victory out of four consecutive general elections opposing Duplessis.

The Action libérale nationale, which had won 25 seats in the 1935 election and then merged with the Quebec Conservative Party, was re-formed by Paul Gouin, who had split with Duplessis soon after the formation of the Union Nationale. However the ALN obtained only 4.5% of the vote and no seats. It soon disbanded. Also, a rump Conservative Party ran three candidates who won 0.2% of the vote and no seats. This party also disbanded.

Redistribution of ridings
An Act passed before the election reduced the number of MLAs from 90 to 86 through the following changes:

Results
! colspan=2 rowspan=2 | Political party ! rowspan=2 | Party leader ! colspan=4 | MPPs ! colspan=4 | Votes ! Candidates !1936 !1939 !± !# ! ± !% ! ± (pp)

! colspan="3" style="text-align:left;" | Total ! " colspan="2"| 86 ! " colspan="2"| 563,297 ! " colspan="2"| 100%
 * style="text-align:left;"|Adélard Godbout
 * 85
 * 14
 * 69
 * 55
 * 301,382
 * 77,008
 * 53.50
 * 14.09
 * rowspan="3" |
 * style="text-align:left;" colspan="10"|Union Nationale and allies
 * style="text-align:left;" |
 * style="text-align:left;"|Maurice Duplessis
 * 84
 * 76
 * 14
 * 62
 * 217,413
 * 106,399
 * 38.60
 * 18.28
 * style="text-align:left;" |
 * style="text-align:left;"|–
 * 1
 * 1
 * 1
 * 2,989
 * New
 * 0.53
 * New
 * style="background-color:#D9B2FF;" |
 * style="text-align:left;" |Action libérale nationale
 * style="text-align:left;"|Paul Gouin
 * 56
 * 25,295
 * New
 * 4.49
 * New
 * style="background-color:#FF5555;" |
 * style="text-align:left;" |Parti national
 * style="text-align:left;" |–
 * 1
 * 1
 * 1
 * 3,074
 * New
 * 0.55
 * New
 * rowspan="11" |
 * style="text-align:left;" colspan="10"|Other candidates
 * style="text-align:left;" |
 * style="text-align:left;"|–
 * 5
 * 1
 * 1
 * 6,281
 * 5,514
 * 1.12
 * 0.99
 * style="text-align:left;" |
 * style="text-align:left;"|–
 * 1
 * 2,513
 * 1,044
 * 0.45
 * 0.19
 * style="text-align:left;" |
 * style="text-align:left;"|–
 * 3
 * 1,679
 * 191
 * 0.30
 * 0.03
 * style="text-align:left;" |
 * style="text-align:left;"|–
 * 3
 * 788
 * 8,958
 * 0.14
 * 1.57
 * style="text-align:left;" |
 * style="text-align:left;"|–
 * 1
 * 617
 * New
 * 0.11
 * New
 * style="text-align:left;" |
 * style="text-align:left;"|–
 * 3
 * 469
 * 1,459
 * 0.08
 * 0.26
 * style="text-align:left;" |
 * style="text-align:left;"|–
 * 3
 * 410
 * 331
 * 0.07
 * 0.06
 * style="text-align:left;" |
 * style="text-align:left;"|–
 * 1
 * 228
 * New
 * 0.04
 * New
 * style="text-align:left;" |
 * style="text-align:left;"|–
 * 1
 * 159
 * 886
 * 0.03
 * 0.15
 * style="text-align:left;" |
 * style="text-align:left;"|–
 * colspan="8" style="text-align:center;"|did not campaign
 * style="text-align:left;"|–
 * 3
 * 469
 * 1,459
 * 0.08
 * 0.26
 * style="text-align:left;" |
 * style="text-align:left;"|–
 * 3
 * 410
 * 331
 * 0.07
 * 0.06
 * style="text-align:left;" |
 * style="text-align:left;"|–
 * 1
 * 228
 * New
 * 0.04
 * New
 * style="text-align:left;" |
 * style="text-align:left;"|–
 * 1
 * 159
 * 886
 * 0.03
 * 0.15
 * style="text-align:left;" |
 * style="text-align:left;"|–
 * colspan="8" style="text-align:center;"|did not campaign
 * New
 * style="text-align:left;" |
 * style="text-align:left;"|–
 * 1
 * 159
 * 886
 * 0.03
 * 0.15
 * style="text-align:left;" |
 * style="text-align:left;"|–
 * colspan="8" style="text-align:center;"|did not campaign
 * 0.15
 * style="text-align:left;" |
 * style="text-align:left;"|–
 * colspan="8" style="text-align:center;"|did not campaign
 * colspan="8" style="text-align:center;"|did not campaign
 * 248
 * 90
 * colspan="7" style="text-align:left;" | Rejected ballots
 * 7,334
 * 2,404
 * colspan="2"|
 * colspan="7" style="text-align:left;" | Voter turnout
 * 570,631
 * 3,624
 * 77.00
 * 0.06
 * colspan="7" style="text-align:left;" | Registered electors (contested ridings only)
 * 741,131
 * 5,283
 * colspan="2"|
 * colspan="5" style="text-align:left;" | Candidates returned by acclamation
 * 1
 * 1
 * colspan="4"|
 * }
 * 1
 * 1
 * colspan="4"|
 * }

Synopsis of results

 * = open seat
 * = turnout is above provincial average
 * = winning candidate was in previous Legislature
 * = incumbent had switched allegiance
 * = not incumbent; was previously elected to the Legislature
 * = incumbency arose from byelection gain
 * = previously incumbent in another riding
 * = other incumbents renominated
 * = previously an MP in the House of Commons of Canada
 * = multiple candidates

title: 1939 Quebec general election


text:
Kandinsky (disambiguation)

Kandinsky is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Victor Kandinsky (1849–1889), Russian physician
 * Wassily Kandinsky (1866–1944), Russian painter and art theorist

title: Kandinsky (disambiguation)


text:
Estádio Municipal de Braga

The Municipal Stadium of Braga (Estádio Municipal de Braga) is an all-seater football stadium located in Braga, Portugal, and the current home of Sporting Clube de Braga. It has a capacity of 30,286 spectators, making it the seventh largest football stadium in Portugal. The stadium was designed by Portuguese architect Eduardo Souto de Moura who was awarded the Pritzker Architecture Prize in part for this design.

Nicknamed A Pedreira (The Quarry), for being carved into the side of a hill at its south end, the stadium was built in 2003 as a venue for the UEFA Euro 2004.

History
The project to build a stadium was developed in 2000 by architect Eduardo Souto Moura. On 5 June, the program to build the new municipal stadium for the European championships in 2004 began, promoted by the municipal council of Braga. Between 2002 and 2003, the municipal stadium was built. The enormous rock moving process contributed heavily to the final €108.1 million cost, the third most expensive of the ten new stadia built for Euro 2004, after Estádio da Luz (capacity: 64,642) and Estádio do Dragão (capacity: 50,033) in Porto, and beating Estádio José Alvalade (capacity: 50,095). A football game between Sporting Braga and Celta Vigo inaugurated the opening of the stadium on 30 December 2003.

The stadium became a UEFA-approved site to host the UEFA Europa League final, as well as participation in the elite competition for Europe's top clubs, the UEFA Champions League. During the UEFA European Championship in 2004, it was the site of various matches including: the 13th game, between Group C teams Bulgaria and Denmark (18 June 2004) and the 23rd match between Group D teams Netherlands and Latvia (22 June 2004). This match marked the stadium's last event during the UEFA championship in 2004, even as in October of the same year, the public work along the Avenida do Estádio was concluded.

On 27 January 2005, a dispatch was opened by the president of the IPPAR to classify the stadium as a national patrimony. In the same year, Eduardo Souto Moura received the Secil Prize from Portuguese President Jorge Sampaio, for his work on the municipal stadium. It was followed six years later by the Pritzker Prize. In 2006 the stadium won the Chicago Athenaeum International Architecture Award for the best new global design. A Financial Times article on Britain's stadia referred to the municipal stadium as one of the four examples of "beautiful grounds", noting that: "There has been nothing in this country to match the architectural delight of Eduardo Souto de Moura’s stadium for Braga in Portugal, a breathtaking arena carved into the side of a rock face on the site of a former quarry."

In July 2007, Sporting Braga announced a three-year sponsorship deal with French insurance company AXA, which included a promotional change to the name of the municipal stadium by the club. Following this agreement, promoters and team officials began to refer to the municipal stadium of Braga as the Estádio AXA (AXA Stadium). However, the municipality (as landlord) clarified that the stadium had not been officially renamed, as this was a deal between its tenant and its partner. On 23 October 2009, the process to classify the stadium ran out, under terms of article 78 (decree 309/2009), but was prorogued on 23 October. As the principal tenant, Sporting Braga paid a monthly symbolic rent of €500 for the use of the stadium but by 2023 the municipality, the owner of the stadium which was built for a total cost of 200 million euros including concomitant infrastructure, had started a process of selling it for 15 million euros to the club or to one of the club's major shareholders.

Architecture
The stadium is situated in an isolated, urban area on the north flank of Monte do Castro, in the sporting park of Dume. The stadium was carved from the Monte do Castro quarry that overlooked Braga; stands were constructed on either side of the pitch, while one of the goal backdrops was carved from the rock walls of the quarry. The opposite goal backdrop is dominated by the city sprawl. Each stand is covered with a canopy-style roof and connected by dozens of steel strings, a design inspired by ancient South American Incan bridges. Movement between stands is accomplished through a 5000 m2 plaza under the pitch.

Events

 * The stadium plaza held the Minho Campus Party, a LAN party, in 2004.
 * The Corrs performed at the stadium in 2004 on their Borrowed Heaven Tour.
 * The outskirts of the stadium annually host the "Enterro da Gata", a university festival that celebrates the end of the school year with multiple concerts and festivities, organized by the University of Minho.

 * 2004 European Championship

The stadium hosted two Euro 2004 group stage matches, Bulgaria vs. Denmark and Netherlands vs. Latvia.

The following national team matches were held in the stadium.
 * Portugal National Team

title: Estádio Municipal de Braga


text:
Philip Livingston (1686–1749)

Philip Livingston (July 9, 1686 – February 11, 1749) was an American merchant, slave trader and politician in colonial New York. The son of Robert Livingston the Elder and elder brother of Robert of Clermont, Philip was the second lord of Livingston Manor.

Early life
Philip Livingston was the fourth child and second son of Robert Livingston and Alida (née Schuyler) van Rensselaer Livingston. He was born on July 9, 1686, in his father's Albany, New York town house, at "Elm Tree Corner", the intersection of State and Pearl Streets and one of early Albany's principal crossroads. The name commemorates a legendary elm tree that reputedly was planted in 1735 by a young Philip Livingston in front of his father's house on the northwestern corner. Something of an Albany landmark, the old elm was removed in June 1877.

At the time of Philip's birth, his father was downriver in New York engaged in persuading Governor Dongan to grant a city charter to Albany. Philip was named for his maternal grandfather Philip Pieterse Schuyler.

Alida Livingston taught her children to read and write both English and Dutch. Philip spent a year with the Huguenot community of New Rochelle in order to learn French, in anticipation of a career as an Albany trader dealing with French Canada. Philip grew up learning the intricacies of business, and trade from his father, the most successful entrepreneur in the Hudson Valley. From 1707, he acted as his father's unofficial deputy in the offices of clerk of the county and city of Albany. Philip Livingston is described as "a handsome, gay 'breaker of hearts'".

Merchant
His parents relocated to Livingston Manor sometime prior to Philip's marriage Catherine van Brugh in 1708. Philip and his wife took up residence in the Albany townhouse. From there he took over management of his father's Albany enterprises. Philip Livingston began his mercantile career at the age of 23 after an apprenticeship with one of his Schuyler uncles in Albany. Later, he became a mercantile factor in his own right, trading furs with New York merchants such as Stephen DeLancey and Henry Cuyler. With vast land tracts and abundant water resources at their disposal, the Livingstons were well placed to recognize the importance of grain as a commodity New York could export. Robert Livingston built two gristmills on the Manor and Philip Livingston acted as his father's agent buying grain in the Hudson valley and selling flour in New York or shipping it the British West Indies. His younger brother, Robert, served as his agent in New York City.

Early in his career, Philip Livingston surveyed land titles. In late 1719, he was licensed to practice law. In 1720 Philip was appointed one of the Commissioners for Indian Affairs. That same year Robert Livingston resigned the positions of Secretary for the Commission of Indian Affairs, and Town Clerk of Albany in favor of Philip. The appointment was confirmed by Governor Burnet. The position of Secretary to the Commission of Indian Affairs Robert put to good advantage in acquiring thousands of acres of unimproved land in the Mohawk Valley. In 1725, Philip was appointed to the Provincial Council, a position he held until his death.

Unlike his father, Philip preferred business to politics, and considered himself primarily a merchant. In 1724 he declined a seat in the assembly as he thought attending the legislature would hurt business.

Philip Livingston spent a good deal of time in New York city where he owned a townhouse on Broad Street. Livingston also owned ships and participated with his sons in lucrative privateering and Triangular Trade operations.

Slave trade
Philip Livingston inherited slaves from both his parents and in-laws. One of Robert Livingston's earliest investments in 1690 was a half-interest in the Margriet, a slave ship that journeyed to Madagascar, Barbados, and Virginia to trade in slaves, sugar, and tobacco. Philip and his sons continued this lucrative trade. Philip traded extensively with the West Indies; in the 1730s and 1740s, he was one of New York's leading importers of slave labor from the sugar islands.

Philip formed a company with his sons Philip and Pieter Van Brugh Livingston, called Philip Livingston & Sons, New York. At first the Livingstons imported small numbers of slaves from Antigua and Jamaica. One of the most notorious open-air markets was along the East River at the end of Wall Street. In August 1733, Philip's sloop Katherine returned with fifty blacks from Jamaica. In 1738, Philip bought a one-third share in a voyage to Guinea, where two hundred slaves were purchased and consigned to his son Peter Van Brugh and his partner in Jamaica. The ships also handled gold and ivory. The ship Oswego out of Jamaica, arrived in New York in August 1741, carrying a consignment of twelve African slaves. Slave ships continued to arrive in port despite the panic caused that summer by a so-called slave insurrection in the city. In 1749, the sloop Rhode Island, owned by the company Philip Livingston & Sons, traded rum, tobacco and cheese for guns, cloth and ivory, which it then traded on the African coast for 124 slaves. In 1750 Livingston & Sons had three vessels working the African coast. They also owned shares in the Stork and the Sarah and Elizabeth. When the Wolf docked in New York Harbor in May 1751, 66 slaves had survived the voyage out of 147 boarded.

One Livingston Manor tenant farmer, John Dykeman, was murdered in 1715 by his slave, Ben. Coming in the aftermath of the New York Slave Revolt of 1712, it was first thought to be part of another such uprising. But after a preliminary hearing conducted by Robert Livingston, Sr. and some county magistrates, it was determined that the murder was the sole act of a heartbroken, vengeful father: Dykeman had sold Ben's daughter off the manor to one of Livingston's kin in New York City.

Lord of Livingston Manor
Robert Livingston, first Lord of the Manor died on October 1, 1728. As Philip's older brother Johannes had died in 1720, Philip succeeded as second Lord of Livingston Manor. He was well prepared, having assisted his father in the management of the estate. He increased the family's real estate holdings and in 1743 establishing the colony's first iron works at Ancram, named for a village in Scotland. Livingston Manor became an integrated agricultural, mercantile and industrial concern. However, business affairs kept him in Albany, where he was clerk of the county and city.

In 1737, he was appointed to the commission to set the boundary between Massachusetts and New Hampshire.

Personal life
In September 1708, Livingston married nineteen-year-old Catherine Van Brugh, the only child of Albany mayor Pieter Van Brugh. Three months later, the first of their eleven children was baptized in the Albany Dutch church. Livingston trained his sons for the mercantile profession, sending them into apprenticeship with merchant friends and correspondents in New York, London and Jamaica. The children were:

 * Robert Livingston (1708–1790), the 3rd Lord of the Manor who married Maria Thong (1711–1765), a granddaughter of Gov. Rip Van Dam. After her death, he married Gertrude (née Van Rensselaer) Schuyler (b. 1714), daughter of Kiliaen Van Rensselaer.
 * Pieter Livingston (b. 1710), who died young.
 * Peter Van Brugh Livingston (1712–1792), who married Mary Alexander (1721–1767), the daughter of James Alexander and Mary Spratt Provoost.
 * John Livingston (1714–1786), who married Catharine de Peyster (1724–1804), a granddaughter of the Mayor of New York City Abraham de Peyster.
 * Philip Livingston (1716–1778), a signer of the Declaration of Independence who married Christina Ten Broeck (1718–1801), daughter of Albany Mayor Dirck Ten Broeck.
 * Hendrick "Henry" Livingston (1719–1772), who lived and died in the Jamaica, West Indies.
 * Sara Livingston (1721–1722), who died young.
 * William Livingston (1723–1790), a signer of the United States Constitution and the first Governor of New Jersey, who married Susannah French (1723–1789) in 1745.
 * Sarah Livingston (1725–1805), who married William Alexander, Lord Stirling (1726–1783), in 1748.
 * Alida Livingston (1728–1790), who married Henry Hansen (d. 1758). After his death, she married Martinus Hoffman (1706–1772), a member of the Hoffman family and the father-in-law of New York State Senator Isaac Roosevelt.
 * Catherine Livingston (1733–1807), who married Alderman John Lawrence (1721–1764) of New York in 1759. After his early death, Catherine, who did not have children, never remarried.

Philip Livingston died in New York on February 11, 1749. His body was transported upriver and buried at Livingston Memorial Church and Burial Ground in Livingston Manor.

Philanthropy
He donated 28 pounds sterling to Yale College in 1745 "as a small acknowledgement of the sense I have for the favour and Education my sons have had there." The donation was used in 1756 by President Thomas Clap to establish the Livingstonian Professorship of Divinity. The Livingston Gateway at Yale stands in his honor.

title: Philip Livingston (1686–1749)


text:
Post Office Limited

Post Office Limited, commonly known as the Post Office, is a retail post office company in the United Kingdom that provides a wide range of postal and non-postal related products including postage stamps, banking, insurance, bureau de change and identity verification services to the public through its nationwide network of around 11,500 post office branches. Most of these branch post offices (c. 99%) are run by franchise partners or by independent business people known as subpostmasters; Post Office Limited directly manages the remaining 1%, known as Crown post offices.

Since 2020, a public enquiry has been under way into the company's actions which led to between 700 and 900 subpostmasters being wrongfully prosecuted for financial crimes, in what has been described by the Criminal Cases Review Commission as "the biggest single series of wrongful convictions in British legal history".

History
Post Office branches, along with the Royal Mail delivery service, were formerly part of the General Post Office and, after the passage of the Post Office Act 1969, the Post Office, a statutory corporation. Post Office Counters Limited was created as a wholly owned subsidiary of the Post Office in 1987. The first managing director of Post Office Counters was John Roberts, who took up the post in 1987. A former civil servant, Richard Dykes, took over as managing director of Post Office Counters in September 1993. Dykes was succeeded in May 1996 by Stuart Sweetman, who continued to serve in that role until his retirement in November 2001.

After the Post Office statutory corporation was changed to a public company, Royal Mail Group, in 2001, Post Office Counters Limited became Post Office Limited. In 2002, David Mills was appointed as chief executive of Post Office Limited, a newly created role. Mills stepped down at the end of 2005. His successor, Alan Cook, was appointed with the title of managing director in January 2006. Cook had previously been chief executive of National Savings & Investments.

With declining mail usage, Post Office Limited had chronic losses, with a reported £102 million lost in 2006, raising concerns in the media regarding its ability as a company to operate efficiently. Minutes of a board meeting in April 2006 state that the company was insolvent and unable to meet its future debts. Plans to cut the £150m-a-year subsidy for rural post offices led to the announcement that 2,500 local post offices were to be closed during 2007.

In 2007, the government gave a £1.7 billion subsidy to Royal Mail Group so that it could turn a profit by 2011. This was to be used to invest across the whole network of Royal Mail, Post Office Limited, and Parcelforce. Eighty-five Crown post offices were closed, 70 of which were sold to WHSmith. This followed a trial of six Post Office outlets in WHSmith stores. WHSmith was expected to make up to £2.5 million extra in annual profit. 2,500 sub-post offices closed between 2008 and 2009. Redundancy packages were provided from public funding (subpostmasters were paid over 20 months salary, roughly £65,000 each).

In 2010, David Smith succeeded Alan Cook as managing director. Smith had previously been managing director of Parcelforce, another Royal Mail subsidiary. In November 2010, the government committed £1.34 billion of funding up to 2015 to Post Office Limited to enable it to modernise the Post Office network.

As part of the Postal Services Act 2011, Post Office Limited became independent of Royal Mail Group on 1 April 2012 and, in the same month, Paula Vennells was appointed as its chief executive; she had been with Post Office Limited since 2007 as the network director. The first chair of the board of the new company was Alice Perkins, who had for a time led human resources management in the Civil Service. A ten-year inter-business agreement was signed between Royal Mail and Post Office Limited to allow post offices to continue issuing stamps, and handling letters and parcels for Royal Mail. The Act also contained the option for Post Office Limited to become a mutual organisation in the future.

In February 2013, Post Office Limited announced it was planning to move around seventy of its Crown post offices into shops. This would reduce the Crown network, which it stated was losing £40 million a year, to around 300. In November 2013, the government committed an additional £640 million of funding for 2015 to 2018 to allow Post Office Limited to complete its network modernisation. In June 2015, the Post Office launched its own mobile virtual network operator service, Post Office Mobile. However, in August 2016 it decided "to conclude the trial as the results did not give us sufficient confidence that mobile will contribute to our goal of commercial sustainability". In April 2016, the Post Office agreed to hand over up to 61 more branches to WHSmith in a 10-year deal. The deal was condemned as "blatant back-door privatisation" by the Communications Workers Union. In 2018, the Post Office acquired Payzone's UK bill payment business after it was split from Payzone Ireland, to expand its bill payment network.

Perkins stood down as chair in July 2015 and was replaced in October of that year by Tim Parker, a businessman who had led and restructured a number of companies. He at first worked one-and-a-half days a week, reducing to two days a month in November 2017. Speaking in 2024, Parker described a business in "deep crisis": "The Post Office has a turnover of just under £1 billion, which makes it a sort of medium-sized company, but in fact it is an incredibly complex business: it's complex because it operates a network of around 11,500 sites; it's complex because it has a very wide range of products; it's complex also because it deals with cash, and cash has a big security element to it; it's complex because it's in the public sector. [...] This is a business which had absorbed billions of pounds of taxpayers money and was still losing money. It was a business that faced significant challenges because it had an exclusive arrangement with the Royal Mail, and the Royal Mail itself was suffering from increasing competition in the parcels market and a declining letters market. The Post Office had previously had a significant amount of business from the Government, so driving licences, benefits, that kind of thing. That had all moved online and so the Post Office was bereft a significant chunk of its contribution. The Post Office had a range of products which it attempted to sell, with varying degrees of success, and it also had a very complex structure in terms of its overheads and management."

In February 2019, the Post Office announced that Paula Vennells would leave her role as CEO to become chair of the Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust. It was subsequently confirmed that the new CEO would be the former Nisa CEO Nick Read.

In February 2021, the Post Office agreed to sell its broadband and home phone services to Shell Energy and exit the telecoms market. The purchase price was around £80million, with around 500,000 customers transferring to the new provider.

Parker completed a second term as chair in September 2022. He was replaced in December by Henry Staunton, who had held senior board roles at a number of companies and had chaired WHSmith until June of that year. He was removed on 27 January 2024, following disagreements with the Business Secretary Kemi Badenoch on matters including the appointment of a new independent director.

In April 2024, Post Office Chief Executive Nick Read was "exonerated of all the misconduct allegations" in relation to claims made by a whistleblower, revealed in parliament. This followed an investigation by an external barrister.

Services

As of March 2022 there were 11,635 post office branches across the UK, of which 117 were directly managed by Post Office Limited (known as Crown post office branches). The majority of other branches (9,617 in total) were run either by franchise partners or by local subpostmasters (who may be members of the National Federation of SubPostmasters or the CWU Postmasters Branch); these are known as Agency post office branches. The remaining 1,901 branches (making up 16% of the network) were what are known as 'outreach services': these are typically small, part-time branches, perhaps making use of a mobile van or a village hall.

The Post Office rolled out the 'ParcelShop' scheme in Summer 2019, allowing retail stores to accept Royal Mail Internet returns, in order to expand Post Office facilities.

In some villages an outreach service is provided in village halls or shops. There are also "mobile post offices" using converted vans which travel between rural areas.

Postal services
The Post Office provides information on services and accepts postal items and payment on behalf of the two collection and delivery divisions of Royal Mail Group, Royal Mail and Parcelforce. These include a variety of new ordinary and guaranteed services both for delivery within the United Kingdom and to international destinations. Postage stamps (including commemorative stamps and other philatelic items) are sold, while applications for redirection of mail are accepted on behalf of Royal Mail. Post Office Local Collect is a scheme whereby undelivered mail can be redirected at customer request to a post office for convenient collection. Poste restante mail can also be held for collection by people travelling.

Financial services
The Post Office provides credit cards, insurance products, mortgages, access to high street banking services and savings through the Post Office Money umbrella brand which was launched in 2015. Most Post Office Money branded products are provided by Bank of Ireland (UK) plc with Post Office Limited acting as an appointed representative and credit broker. However, with the sale of the Bank of Ireland's UK assets to Jaja Finance in 2019, Post Office branded Credit Cards are now issued by Capital One UK. Life insurance is provided in partnership with Neilson Financial Services

Branch banking
Personal banking services are offered on behalf of a number of "partner banks" that the Post Office has agreements with. Although different services are available on behalf of different institutions, these may include cash withdrawals, paying in cash and cheques, and balance enquiries. Some post offices also have cash machines, mainly provided by Bank of Ireland. Business banking services are also offered for customers of twenty different UK banks.

Bill payments
A number of bill payments can be accepted on behalf of a variety of organisations including utilities, local authorities and others. These are in the form of automated payments (barcoded bills, swipe cards, key charging). The Santander Transcash system, which had been a Girobank service, enabled manual bill payment transactions, but this service was discontinued by Santander in December 2017.

Directory enquiries
Post Office also runs its own flat-rate 118 Directory Enquiries service (118 855). Mobile phone top-ups are also available in Post Office branches on behalf of all the major UK mobile networks.

ID services
A passport check-and-send service is available for passport applications, where the post office staff check that a passport application is filled in correctly and has an acceptable photograph accompanying it. The service is not affiliated with HM Passport Office. Check-and-send service is not guaranteed service. The Post Office also offer a photocard driving licence renewal service.

Selected branches issue International Driving Permits. In 2019, availability of this service was expanded from 89 to approximately 2,500 branches due to increased demand associated with the possibility of a "no deal" Brexit.

Horizon scandal
In April 2015, the BBC described a confidential report that alleged that the Post Office had made 'failings' with regard to accounting issues with its Horizon IT system, which were identified by subpostmasters as early as 2000. The article claimed that an independent investigation by forensic accountants Second Sight had found that the Post Office had failed to identify the root cause of accounting shortfalls in many cases before launching court proceedings against subpostmasters. The shortfalls could have been caused by criminals using malicious software, by IT systems or by human error, the report said. An earlier article by the BBC had claimed that a confidential report contained allegations that the Post Office had refused to hand over documents that the accountants felt they needed to investigate properly, that training was not good enough, that equipment was outdated, and that power cuts and communication problems had made things worse.

In 2019, the Post Office was lambasted by the High Court for its 'institutional obstinacy or refusal to consider' that its Horizon computer system might be flawed. The judge, Mr Justice Fraser, characterised this stance as "the 21st-century equivalent of maintaining that the earth is flat." In spite of the court action against its subpostmasters, which was described by a judge as "aggressive and, literally, dismissive", the Post Office's chief executive Paula Vennells, who had in the meantime left the Post Office and taken up posts in the NHS and the Cabinet Office, was controversially awarded a CBE in the 2019 New Year Honours for "services to the Post Office and to charity". On 19 March 2020 she was harshly criticised in the House of Commons, particularly by Kevan Jones, MP for North Durham, who said:

"Obviously, as a board member she knew what was going on, including the strategy in the court case and the bugs in the system. What happened? She got a CBE in the new year's honours list for services to the Post Office. That is just rubbing salt into the wounds of these innocent people. There is a case for her having that honour removed, and I would like to know how she got it in the first place when the court case is ongoing. Added to that, she is now chair of Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust. Again, I would like to know why and what due diligence was done on her as an individual."

On 8 January 2024, Prime Minister Rishi Sunak's spokesman said he would "strongly support" the Honours Forfeiture Committee if it decided to look at removing Vennells's CBE appointment. Vennells issued a statement on 9 January 2024, stating that she would "return my CBE with immediate effect". This had no formal effect, as only the monarch, on the advice of the Honours Forfeiture Committee, can annul honours. Vennells's appointment as CBE was formally revoked by King Charles III on 23 February for "bringing the honours system into disrepute".

title: Post Office Limited