text:
Talk:List of acronyms/Archive 2

This is an intermediate list for checking purposes only. This is derived from the list of acronyms with only the initial " - " replaced with " - (a) ".

This list was then merged with the intermediate list of initialisms to create the new list of acronyms and initialisms.

On a personal note I couldn't help noticing there are several entries here that really need cleaning, deleting, moving. But I will leave that to others!

This is a list of acronyms that are pronounceable words. This list does not include initialisms, acronyms whose pronunciation is wholly or partly the names of constituent letters. (see list of initialisms)

Please add your own, in alphabetical order.

 * ACCAC - (a) Awdurdod Cymwysterau, Cwricwlwm ac Asesu Cymru (Qualifications, Curriculum and Assessment Authority for Wales)
 * ADS - (a) Astrophysics Data System, Attention Deficit Syndrome
 * AIDS - (a) Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
 * Algol - (a) Algorithmic language
 * ANA - (a) All Nippon Airways, anti-nuclear anti-body
 * ANSI - (a) American National Standards Institute
 * ANZAC - (a) Australian and New Zealand Army Corps
 * ASAP - (a) as soon as possible
 * ASCII - (a) American Standard Code for Information Interchange
 * ASCAP - (a) American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers
 * ASFAR - (a) Americans for a Society Free of Age Restrictions
 * AWACS - (a) Airborne Warning and Control System
 * AWOL - (a) Absent Without Official Leave (military jargon)

 * BAR - (a) Buy American Restrictions
 * BART - (a) Bay Area Rapid Transit
 * BASE - (a) as in BASE jumping - Building, Antenna, Span, Earthform (or Earth)
 * BASIC - (a) Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code, acronym was added later, originally it was simply Basic
 * BIOS - (a) basic input/output system
 * BOAT - (a) Byway Open to All Traffic (pronounced as 2 syllables, Bo-At)
 * BOHICA - (a) Bend Over Here It Comes Again
 * BODMAS - (a) Brackets, Of, Division, Multiplication, Addition, Subtraction
 * BWARS - (a) Bees, Wasps & Ants Recording Society

 * CAD - (a) Computer Aided Design
 * CALABARZON - (a) a region in the Philippines: Cavite, Laguna, Batangas, Rizal, Quezon (not an acronym in the strictest sense)
 * CBE - (a) Commander of the Order of the British Empire
 * CENTO - (a) Central Treaty Organization (Baghdad Pact)
 * CERN - (a) Centre Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire
 * CBC - (a) Cipher Block Chaining* COBOL - Common Business-Oriented Language
 * COD - (a) Cash On Delivery
 * COLA - (a) cost of living adjustment - comp.os.linux.announce
 * CREEP - (a) Committee to Re-elect the President
 * DBE - (a) Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire
 * DIMM - (a) Dual In-line Memory Module (computing)
 * DINK - (a) Double income, no kids
 * DIP - (a) dual in-line package (electronics)
 * DOI - (a) Digital Object Identifier
 * DOS - (a) Density of State / Disk Operating System / Denial of Service

 * EPCOT - (a) Experimental Prototype Community of Tomorrow

 * FARC - (a) Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia (Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia)
 * FEMA - (a) Federal Emergency Management Agency
 * FIFA - (a) Fédération Internationale de Football Association (International Association Football Federation)
 * FIDE - (a) The Fédération Internationale des Échecs (World Chess Foundation)
 * FIFO - (a) First In First Out
 * Fortran - (a) Formula Translator
 * FUBAR - (a) Fucked (or Fouled) Up Beyond All Recognition
 * FUD - (a) Fear, Uncertainty & Doubt (marketing strategy)
 * FSC - (a) Forest Stewardship Council (an ecological pressure group)

 * GBE - (a) Knight/Dame Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire
 * Gestapo - (a) GEheime STAtsPOlizei ("secret state police")
 * GIGO - (a) Garbage In Garbage Out
 * GIMP - (a) GNU Image Manipulation Program
 * GLAAD - (a) Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation
 * GNOME - (a) GNU Network Object Model Environment
 * GNU - (a) GNU's Not Unix
 * GOMER - (a) Get Out of My Emergency Room (derogatory reference to hypochondriac patients)
 * grep - (a) (search) globally for regular expression, print (lines)
 * GUI - (a) Graphical User Interface (pronounced goo-ey)
 * Gulag - (a) Glavnoe Upravlenie ispravitel'no-trudovykh LAGerei

 * HALO - (a) High Altitude Low Opening (type of a parachute jump)

 * IATA - (a) International Air Transport Association
 * ISCII - (a) Indian Standard Code for Information Interchange
 * Interpol - (a/p) International Criminal Police Organization
 * IUPAC - (a) International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (pronounced Yoo-Pac)

 * JAG - (a) Judge Advocate General (US military lawyers)
 * JAL - (a) Japan Airlines
 * JATO - (a) Jet Assisted Takeoff Unit
 * Jeb Bush - (a) John Ellis Bush
 * Jeb Stuart - (a) James Ewell Brown (Stuart's given names)
 * JPEG - (a) Joint Photographic Experts Group
 * KBE - (a) Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire

 * KARNAC - (a) Knowledge Aided Retrieval in Activity Context
 * KISS - (a) Keep it simple stupid

 * LAN - (a) Local Area Network
 * Laser - (a) Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
 * LIFO - (a) Last in, first out
 * LUCA - (a) Last Universal Common Ancestor

 * MAD - (a) magnetic anomaly detector - mutual assured destruction
 * MADD - (a) Mothers Against Drunk Driving - Myoadenylate deaminase deficiency
 * Maser - (a) Microwave Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
 * MASH - (a) mobile army surgical hospital
 * MBE - (a) Member of the Order of the British Empire
 * MILF - (a) Mother I'd Like To Fuck, Moro Islamic Liberation Front
 * MIMAROPA - (a) a region in the Philippines: Mindoro, Marinduque, Romblon, Palawan
 * MIP - (a) Multiple Identity Poster
 * MOAB - (a) mother of all bombs
 * MOPE - (a) Most Oppressed People Ever (politics)
 * MPEG - (a) Motion Pictures (Coding) Experts Group

 * NAAFI - (a) Navy, Army and Air Force Institute (British)
 * NAMBLA - (a) North American Man-Boy Love Association - National Associaton of Marlon Brando Look-Alikes
 * NARAL - (a) National Abortion Rights Action League
 * NASA - (a) National Aeronautics and Space Administration
 * NASCAR - (a) National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing
 * Nasdaq - (a) National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations
 * NATO - (a) North Atlantic Treaty Organization
 * NIMBY - (a) Not In My Back Yard
 * NOAA - (a) National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
 * NORAD - (a) North American Aerospace Defense Command
 * NORML - (a) National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws
 * NOTAFLOF - (a) No One Turned Away For Lack Of Funds
 * NOW - (a) National Organization for Women
 * NUCC(C) - (a) Nordic University Computer Club (Conference)
 * NUTS - (a) Nuclear Utilization Target Selection
 * NYRA - (a) National Youth Rights Association; also New York Racing Association (horse racing)

 * OBE - (a) Office of the Order of the British Empire
 * OPAC - (a) Online Public Access Catalogue
 * OPEC - (a) Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries

 * Pakistan - (a) Punjab, Afghan States, Kashmir, Sindh, Baluchistan
 * PAL - (a) Phase Alternating Line (TV standard)
 * PAL - (a) Philippine Airlines
 * PARC - (a) Palo Alto Research Center
 * PARWIG - (a) Power Augmented Ram Wing in Ground (aeroplane wing shape)
 * PETA - (a) pentaerythritol triacrylate - People Eating Tasty Animals - People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals
 * PITA - (a) Pain In The Ass
 * POG - (a) Passionfruit, Orange and Guava
 * POTS - (a) Plain Old Telephone Service, also PANS - Pretty Advanced (or Awsome) Network Services - Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome

 * Qantas - (a) Queensland and Northern Territory Aerial Services
 * QDOS - (a) Quick and Dirty Operating System
 * Quango - (a) (British Commonwealth) QUasi Autonomous Non-Governmental Organisation
 * Quasar - (a) Quasi-stellar radio source

 * Radar - (a) Radio detection and ranging
 * RAM - (a) Random Access Memory, Royal Air Maroc
 * REACT - (a) Remote Electronically Activated Control Technology
 * ROM - (a) Read Only Memory

 * SALT - (a) Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty
 * SAM - (a) sequential-access memory - surface-to-air missile - Sociedad Aeronáutica de Medellín
 * SAVAK - (a) Sazamane Etelaat va Amniate Kechvar (Iranian Security and Intelligence Service)
 * SARS - (a) Severe acute respiratory syndrome
 * SCRAM - (a) safety control rod axe man
 * SCSI (technically pronounced "scuzzy") - (a) small computer system interface
 * Scuba - (a) Self Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus
 * SEATO - (a) Southeast Asian Treaty Organization
 * SECAM - (a) Systeme Electronique Couleur Avec Memoire (TV standard)
 * SETI - (a) Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence
 * SIMM - (a) single in-line memory module
 * SIMPLE - (a) Satellite Interactive Multimedia Platform for Low-cost Earth Stations
 * SLORC - (a) The State Law and Order Restoration Council (of Burma)
 * SNAFU - (a) Situation Normal—All Fucked (or Fouled) Up
 * SNOBOL - (a) StriNg Oriented symBOlic Language
 * SOCCSKSARGEN - (a) a region in the Philippines: South Cotabato, Cotabato, Sultan Kudarat, Sarangani, General Santos City (pronounced sock-sar-gen)
 * Sonar - (a) Sound navigation and ranging
 * Stuka - (a) Sturzkampfflugzeug (Diving Warplane)
 * SWAT - (a) Special Weapons And Tactics
 * SWOT - (a) Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats

 * TANJ - (a) There Ain't No Justice
 * TANSTAAFL - (a) There Ain't No Such Thing As A Free Lunch (from Robert A. Heinlein)
 * TEAL - (a) Tasman Empire Airways Limited
 * TEETH - (a) Tried Everything Else, Try Homoeopathy (medical diagnosis in-joke)
 * TOS - (a) Terms of Service; Tape Operating System
 * TUG - (a) TeX Users Group

 * UNESCO - (a) United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

 * UNICEF - (a) United Nations Children's Fund, originally United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund
 * UNIDO - (a) United Nations Industrial Development Organization
 * UNIFEM - (a) United Nations Fund for Women
 * UNPROFOR - (a) United Nations Protection Force
 * URL - (a) Uniform Resource Locator (when pronounced as earl)

 * WAN - (a) Wide Area Network
 * WASP - (a) white anglo-saxon protestant
 * WHO - (a) World Health Organisation
 * WYSIWYG - (a) What You See Is What You Get

 * XrML - (a) eXtensible Rights Markup Language

 * Yippie - (a) Youth International Party + suffix
 * Yuppie - (a) Young Urban Professional + suffix

 * ZIP code - (a) Zoning Improvement Plan

Words that may not be acronyms, but folk etymology says that they are:

 * Fuck - (a) Fornication under consent of the king or for unlawful carnal knowledge
 * Golf - (a) Gentlemen only, ladies forbidden
 * News - (a) North, east, west and south (a mnemonic)
 * Posh - (a) Port out, starboard home
 * Rap - (a) Rhythm and poetry (AFAIK: Rhythmical African Poetry)
 * Tips - (a) To insure prompt service
 * Pom - (a) (Australian English) Prisoner of His Majesty

See also: backronym, list of initialisms, list of US Army acronyms, List of government and military acronyms

title: Talk:List of acronyms/Archive 2


text:
Arncliffe, North Yorkshire

Arncliffe is a small village and civil parish in Littondale, one of the Yorkshire Dales in England. Littondale is a small valley beside Upper Wharfedale, 3 mi beyond Kilnsey and its famous crag. It is part of the Craven district of the non-metropolitan county of North Yorkshire, but is in the historic West Riding of Yorkshire. The population of the civil parish was estimated at 80 in 2015.

Overview
Situated on a gravel delta above the flood-plain of the River Skirfare, Arncliffe's houses, cottages, and other buildings face a large green, and green hillsides etched with limestone scars. A barn to the north of the green is a good example of the local style, with an unusual entrance, and a datestone of 1677.

Behind the village buildings are several small crofts, nearly one to each house, and beyond these, limestone walls climb the surrounding hills separating higher fields. St Oswald's Church lies close to the river a little north of the village, and the road up the dale crosses the river past Bridge End where Charles Kingsley stayed, and Old Cotes, built in 1650, whose gabled porch has a 3-light window somewhat characteristic of late 17th century houses in this area of the dales. A narrow, winding road climbs steeply southwards from the village, across the fells towards Malham. Paths also go towards Kettlewell and Starbotton.

Arncliffe was the original setting for the fictional village of Beckindale in the ITV soap opera Emmerdale Farm, from its inception in 1972 until moving to Esholt. Some scenes for the 2020 TV series All Creatures Great and Small were filmed in Arncliffe. The village pub, The Falcon Inn, has appeared in both shows.

The village is the birthplace of Up Series participant Nicholas Hitchon.

History
Arncliffe was first mentioned in the Domesday Book of 1086. The toponym is of Old English origin, meaning "eagles' cliff" (from earn "eagle").

The ancient parish of Arncliffe was part of Staincliffe Wapentake in the West Riding of Yorkshire. The parish also included the townships of Hawkswick, Litton, Halton Gill and Buckden. All these places became separate civil parishes in 1866.

Arncliffe was transferred to the new county of North Yorkshire in 1974.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Arncliffe, North Yorkshire


text:
Prairie skink

The prairie skink (Plestiodon septentrionalis) is a species of skink endemic to the prairies east of the Rocky Mountains in North America. It is one of only seven species of lizards that occur in Canada.

Taxonomy
The prairie skink was first described by Baird in 1859. Two subspecies are generally recognized, including the nominotypical subspecies:
 * Northern prairie skink, P. s. septentrionalis Baird, 1859, originally described as Plestiodon septentrionalis.
 * Southern prairie skink, P. s. obtusirostris (Bocourt, 1879), originally described as Eumeces obtusirostris.

A third subspecies was described as Eumeces s. pallidus, the "pallid skink", by H.M. Smith and Slater in 1949, but this subspecies is absent from the literature for the past more than 40 years, and it is unclear whether it exists or coincides with one of the other two subspecies.

The scientific name of the species derives from Latin: septentrionalis means "northern". Latin obtusirostris means "blunt-nosed". Despite the scientific name P. septentrionalis obtusirostris translating to "blunt-nosed northern great skink", it is a southern subspecies.

Description
The prairie skink is a small lizard, reaching a total length (body + tail) of about 13 to 22 cm (5 to nearly 9 inches). Adult prairie skinks are brown or tan on the back and darker on the sides and have several thin lighter stripes along the sides and the back. Juveniles have bright blue tails, the color of which fades when they mature.

Behavior
Prairie skinks are good burrowers; they hibernate in burrows they dig themselves below the frost line. They are very secretive and are rarely seen in the open except during their breeding season in spring.

Diet
They feed on small invertebrates, preferring spiders, crickets, and grasshoppers, but avoiding ants.

Life cycle
Prairie skinks hibernate from about September to late April. In spring, when they emerge, the males start developing a bright orange coloring on the jaws and throat: the breeding season has begun. The female lays eight to ten eggs after a gestation time of about 40 days. The eggs hatch in August; hatchlings are about 5 cm long. They reach sexual maturity in their third year.

Habitat
The prairie skink lives in sandy habitat or open grasslands with loose soil, preferably with some rocks providing shelter and places to bask in the sun, and close to a water source.

Geographic range
The ranges of the two subspecies are disjunct. The range of the northern subspecies extends from eastern North Dakota and Minnesota south to central Kansas. A small isolated population lives in southwestern Manitoba in Canada—it is the only lizard in Manitoba and is one of only seven lizard species to occur in Canada; the northern prairie skink is protected in Canada. The southern subspecies occurs in Oklahoma and Texas.

title: Prairie skink


text:
Talk:William Lloyd Garrison

Garrison on race: more than abolition
Among Americans who caused the end of slavery, Garrison must be counted among the most influential. But his importance goes far beyond that. To the best of my knowledge, Garrison was the first white American to say that blacks should have full social and political equality with whites, and to say it loudly enough that other whites heard it. That is, Garrison's critique of racism went far beyond abolition of slavery, and he was uniquely influential in this regard.

In 1961, intercity buses in the South still practiced racial segregation. The Freedom Rides were a successful protest against this practice; the riders practiced nonviolence despite brutal beatings, but eventually made their point. The Freedom Rides are mentioned in many historical works. But they were preceded by similar action in 1830's New England. The early railroads in New England practiced racial segregation. Garrison and his friends used the same tactics as the 1961 Freedom Riders; they were beaten at first, like the Freedom Riders; but they made their point and the trains were desegregated. This fact is very little known.

The above information is based on the biography All on Fire: William Lloyd Garrison and the Abolition of Slavery, by Henry Mayer, ISBN 0312253672.

CNA 09:35 (UTC), 26 Feb, 2005 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.81.121.214 (talk)

 * Did the Freedom Riders also feel prosecution of Jewish people around the world was totally morally justified because Hallelujah Lord Jeezus?

 * It's more appropriate to compare William Lloyd "I hate Jews" Garrison to Henry Ford, the first white American to receive the Iron Cross from Hitler himself, than to the Freedom Riders who, generally speaking, did not "Agree with Herr Hitler in principle if not in practice", unlike William Lloyd Goebbels.

 * I believe further investigation is required to determine if, in the pages of The Liberator, William Lloyd Garrison was the first White American to publish The Protocols of The Elders of Zion. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.17.144.182 (talk)

"Against 'colonization'"
I can see how this information relates (obviously) to the abolitionist movement in general but how does it relate to Garrison in particular? Bayowolf (talk) 08:21, 10 January 2021 (UTC)

 * I second this concern. Neither Garrison nor the AASS (nor even the abolitionist movement in general) are mentioned at any point in this section, which is especially odd given that the title implies the section is about opposition to the American Colonization Society's project in present-day Liberia. Furthermore, there is not a single source cited in this section. This begs questions of both relevance and verifiability. I agree with Bayowolf that this topic is potentially relevant to the Garrison article, but in its current state it is not, in my opinion. Bookmarx (talk) 17:49, 24 May 2021 (UTC)
 * I third this Concern. William Lloyd "Hitler had the right idea he just didn't go far enough" Garrison was antisemitic dog-shit and does not deserve any additional allocades beyond "He opposed Slavery or some shit I guess." 71.17.144.182 (talk) 04:56, 5 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:William Lloyd Garrison


text:
Settle (furniture)

A settle is a wooden bench, usually with arms and a high back, long enough to accommodate three or four sitters.

Description

Settles are commonly movable, but occasionally fixed. The settle shares with the chest and the chair the distinction of great antiquity. Its high back was a protection from the draughts of medieval buildings, protection which was sometimes increased by the addition of winged ends or a wooden canopy. It was most frequently placed near the fire in the common sitting-room. According to historian Claudia Kinmonth, in early furniture inventories the use of the terms bench and settle were interchangeable, but that generally a settle was understood to have arms.

Constructed of oak or other hardwood, it was extremely heavy, solid, and durable. Few English examples of earlier date than the middle of the 16th century are extant; survivals from the Jacobean period are more numerous. Settles of the more expensive type were often elaborately carved or incised; others were divided into plain panels. They were commonly used in farmhouse kitchens or manorial halls. Its vogue did not long outlast the first half of the 18th century.

Variations
Elaborate specimens of oak settles with very tall backs, sometimes a cupboard built into them, or a box under the seat, are referred to as "monks settles", but Frederick Robinson writing in 1905 was of the opinion that none of them were of any great age. Two pre-reformation settles of which he was aware are in Winchester Cathedral. Neither of them contain cupboards or boxes. The English architect and designer William Burges designed the Zodiac settle, made between 1869 and 1870. The settle is painted and illustrated with dancing Zodiac signs, and adorned with inlaid pieces of glass crystal and vellum.

In Ireland, settles were a feature of domestic furniture into the 20th century. Historically, some areas of the country had settles with distinctive features. In the south and west of the country, settles were often constructed with a heavy open frame of pine, which was morticed and tenoned, with a boarded or panelled backrest. These deep settles were wide enough for someone to sleep comfortably on them, but without cushions, they were a less comfortable seat. Irish immigrants brought this style of "open-frame settles" abroad. In Irish homes, the settle was placed along a back wall, near the hearth, with the panelled back protecting the sitter from the cold, damp walls of traditional Irish houses. In parts of Ireland where timber was more scarce, the back panel was simpler with a more economic use of vertical slats rather than panels. Around counties Cork and Kerry, settles were often called "racks" and were noted as uncomfortable items of furniture. The "Carbery settle" is a settle with a one-legged falling table which was found in County Cork. Examples of these settles are extremely rare. Another variation was similar to the chicken coops built into Irish dressers, with the area underneath the seat used to house turkeys or other vulnerable fowl. In a similar fashion to dressers, all settles in Ireland were often painted in bright gloss paint.

Settle bed
The settle bed was a metamorphising piece of furniture, functioning as a seat during the day, and converting into a bed at night which first appeared in Ireland in the early 1600s. The hinged seat could be opened out onto the floor to create a bed. Settle beds were in regular use in Ireland into the 1950s, with some retained as beds for visitors until the 1990s. These beds were also known as "saddle beds", "press beds", or "sepple beds". The beds could be used to accommodate travelling workmen or craftsmen, or for children. Like dressers, it is likely that most settle beds were constructed in situ.

Settle table
[[File:Monks-bench-seventeenth-century.jpg|thumb|Seventeenth-century settle table combination.

Dimensions: length 54 in, height as table 29.5 in, width 28.75 in.]] Similar to the settle bed, the settle table (or monk's bench) was a configuration of settle bed which allowed for a hinged back to be tipped 90 degrees for form a table. Settle tables were most common in Ireland in counties Wexford, Kilkenny and Waterford. Examples of settle tables can also be found in England and Wales.

Robinson also describes a specimen of a settle and table combination, with a chest in the seat that was made in the 17th century (see right). "The flanges in the back have a long slit in the lower half, into which fits a peg on the inside of the back of the arm. The back is raised and drawn forwards to serve as a table top as far as the play of the pegs in the slit allows".

title: Settle (furniture)


text:
User:Asilidae

Studying operational research at Informatics and Mathematical Modelling at Technical University of Denmark. Main academic interests are local search algorithms, metaheuristics, optimization and computer science.

Main spare time interests are bodybuilding and Ultimate.

title: User:Asilidae


text:
Tony Kent Strix award

The UKeiG Strix award is an annual award for outstanding contributions to the field of information retrieval and is presented in memory of Dr Tony Kent, a past Fellow of the Institute of Information Scientists (IIS), who died in 1997. Tony Kent made a major contribution to the development of information science and information services both in the UK and internationally, particularly in the field of chemistry. The name 'Strix' was chosen to reflect Tony's interest in ornithology, and as the name of the last and most successful information retrieval packages that he created.

The Award is made in partnership with the International Society for Knowledge Organisation UK (ISKO UK ), the Royal Society of Chemistry Chemical Information and Computer Applications Group (RSC ) and the British Computer Society Information Retrieval Specialist Group (BCS IRSG ).

The Strix Award is given in recognition of an outstanding contribution to the field of information retrieval that meets one of the following criteria:

 * a major and/or sustained contribution to the theoretical or experimental understanding of the information retrieval process;
 * development of, or significant improvement in, mechanisms, a product or service for the retrieval of information, either generally or in a specialised field;
 * development of, or significant improvement in, ease of access to an information service;
 * a sustained contribution over a period of years to the field of information retrieval; for example, by running an information service or by contributing at national or international level to organisations active in the field.

Recipients
Recipients so far have been: Source:
 * 1998: Prof Stephen Robertson
 * 1999: Dr Donna Harman
 * 2000: Dr Martin Porter
 * 2001: Prof Peter Willett
 * 2002: Malcolm Jones
 * 2003: Dr Herbert Van de Sompel
 * 2004: Prof C. J. 'Keith' van Rijsbergen
 * 2005: Jack Mills
 * 2006: Stella Dextre Clarke
 * 2007: Mats Lindquist
 * 2008: Prof Kalervo Jarvelin
 * 2009: Carol Ann Peters
 * 2010: Michael Lynch
 * 2011: Prof Alan Smeaton
 * 2012: Doug Cutting and David Hawking
 * 2013: Prof W. Bruce Croft
 * 2014: Dr Susan Dumais
 * 2015: Prof Peter Ingwersen
 * 2016: Prof Maristella Agosti
 * 2017: Prof Maarten de Rijke
 * 2018: Prof Pia Borlund
 * 2019: Prof Ingemar J. Cox
 * 2020: Prof Ian Ruthven
 * 2021: no award made
 * 2022: Prof Iadh Ounis and Dr Ryen White
 * 2023: Martin White

Since 2014, the winner of the Tony Kent Strix Award in year _n_ is giving the Tony Kent Strix Annual Lecture in year _n+1_. Annual lectures so far:

 * 2015: Dr Susan Dumais on "Understanding and Improving Search using Large-Scale Behavioural Data"
 * 2016: Prof Peter Ingwersen on "Context in Interactive IR"
 * 2017: Prof Maristella Agosti on "Behind the Scenes of Research and Innovation"
 * 2018: Prof Maarten de Rijke will give the fourth annual lecture in this series.

UKeiG is a special interest group of the Chartered Institute of Library and Information Professionals.

title: Tony Kent Strix award


text:
Weilheim-Schongau

Weilheim-Schongau is a Landkreis (district) in the south of Bavaria, Germany. Neighboring districts are (from the north clockwise) Landsberg, Starnberg, Bad Tölz-Wolfratshausen, Garmisch-Partenkirchen and Ostallgäu.

Geography
The district is located in the northern foothills of the Alps. The main rivers of the district are the Lech and the Ammer. The Ammersee and the Starnberger See lakes are at the northern boundary of the district.

History
The district was formed in 1972 by merging the former districts Weilheim and Schongau, and one municipality from the former district Marktoberdorf.

Coat of arms
The coat of arms combines the symbols of the two precursor districts. The lion in top as the symbol of the Hohenstaufen dynasty was taken from the coat of arms of the district Weilheim. The crosier and the mining tools in the bottom are derived from the coat of arms of the district Schongau, symbolizing both the important monasteries as well as the coal mining in the district.

title: Weilheim-Schongau


text:
MediaWiki talk:Logouttext

''You are now logged out. You can continue to use Wikipedia anonymously, or you can log in again as the same  or as a different user . Note that some pages may continue to be displayed as if you were still logged in, until you clear your browser cache.''

This message is displayed when you decide to log out. Might it not be interpreted as encouragement to have more than just one user name? If so, it wouldn't fit in with the Sock puppet text, which insinuates deception rather than anything else on the part of a multiple-name user. 80.108.19.76 19:51, 2 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * I absolutely agree with the above statement, probably because I wrote it, while logged out, on one of the computers I use to edit Wikipedia articles.  21:20, 2 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Perhaps it should say something on the lines of "this computer may be used to browse and edit Wikipedia anonymously, or to log on as a different user". This neither explicitly condones, nor condemns, sock puppetry. Martin 22:40, 2 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * How about, to expand on Martin's text: "this computer may be used to browse and edit Wikipedia anonymously, or for another user to log on". This removes any prompting for creating a second account. - Texture 22:43, 2 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Yes, that sounds good. Martin 23:12, 2 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * I agree. I've made the change, and also changed "anonymously" to "without a user name", as editing while not logged in is actually less anonymous. Angela. 12:55, Mar 4, 2004 (UTC)

Wikify?
Do you think that it would be a good idea to wikify the term user name in the main text? -- S iva1979 Talk to me  18:19, 31 July 2006 (UTC)

Protected edit request
Not sure about the link mentioned in the above section, but I think two particular links here would be useful:

 * Link "log on" to Special:Userlogin
 * Link "clearing your browser cache" to Bypass your cache (many users aren't sure what this term means)

Thanks – 86.133.139.4 10:16, 29 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Done. --- RockMFR 16:15, 29 September 2007 (UTC) --

Protected edit request August 2018

 * Could  be  ? It will make the user return to the last viewing page after logging-in. --Lorentz21 (talk) 05:22, 19 August 2018 (UTC)
 * reviewing on testwiki. — xaosflux  Talk 00:59, 23 August 2018 (UTC)
 * ✅ — xaosflux  Talk 01:05, 23 August 2018 (UTC)

Protected edit request on 6 December 2019
Change  to. Not everything is a computer ;) . – Aνδρέας talk|contributions 03:23, 6 December 2019 (UTC)
 * ✅ I've updated the text .... although anything you are seeing this message from is a "computer" :) —  xaosflux  Talk 03:30, 6 December 2019 (UTC)

title: MediaWiki talk:Logouttext


text:
Wayland, New York (disambiguation)

Wayland may refer to two municipalities in Steuben County, New York in the United States:

 * Wayland (town), New York
 * Wayland (village), New York, located entirely within the town

title: Wayland, New York (disambiguation)


text:
Avoca, New York (disambiguation)

Avoca, New York is the name of a town and a village in Steuben County, New York:

 * Avoca (village), New York
 * Avoca (town), New York

title: Avoca, New York (disambiguation)


text:
User talk:Annaxa~enwiki

Welcome
Hello, welcome to Wikipedia.

You might find these links helpful in creating new pages or helping with the above tasks: How to edit a page, How to write a great article, Naming conventions, Manual of Style. You should read our policies at some point too.

If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian!

 * If you made any edits before you got an account, you might be interested in assigning those to your username.

 * You can sign your name using three tildes, like this: . If you use four, you can add a datestamp too.

 * If you ever think a page or image should be deleted, please list it at the votes for deletion page. There is also a votes for undeletion page if you want to retrieve something that you think should not have been deleted.

Again, welcome! - UtherSRG 13:03, 4 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Annaxa. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Annaxa~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 21:59, 19 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 10:31, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Annaxa~enwiki


text:
Talk:Sino-Japanese vocabulary

Added sections on correspondences between Middle Chinese and on'yomi
Have added some large sections providing information I believe belongs in this article. Most importantly, the regular correspondences between Middle Chinese rimes and their on'yomi counterparts. As there are very many MC rimes, this results in some pretty big tables. Hope they are organized so as to be understandable. These tables are derived from info in wiktionary, using https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Character_List_for_Karlgren's_GSR as an index. Assuming these are considered helpful, in the future I can highlight the modern on'yomi in each example with colors indicating either "joyo", "in use, but not joyo" and "not used in existing SJ words". I would like to link each example to wiktionary, but don't think I can do it without the unsightly "wikt:" appearing before each character.

The previous section "types of on'yomi" summarizes info in other articles, along with some info from Frellesvig. The section "Shapes of borrowed Sino-Japanese roots" is mainly a (collapsed) table showing the number of joyo kanji with each on'yomi, to give a sense of both: a) what "syllables" are allowed in SJ vocabulary, and b) which "syllables" are particularly common or rare.

I have combined the final three pre-existing sections as sub-sections under "Phonetic correspondences between Modern Chinese and on'yomi". I personally do not find that much of this info is what I'm looking for in this article, as it deals mainly with changes from Middle Chinese to Mandarin, which is best sought out in other articles. Regardless, some of the info is now redundant with preceding sections, and could be cleaned up. J11merrill (talk) 02:01, 28 September 2023 (UTC)

 * figured out the linking to wiktionary, added highlighting for joyo readings. To change the format on joyo readings, edit Template:Joyoex J11merrill (talk) 15:15, 11 October 2023 (UTC)

Sino-Japanese vocabulary
please add Correspondence to Sino Korean Alfrzky (talk) 16:38, 3 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Alfrzky, is the information on Sino-Xenic pronunciations what you're looking for? Remsense  聊  20:10, 3 November 2023 (UTC)
 * @Remsense I know but that's not clear. please explain in more detail Alfrzky (talk) 02:21, 4 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sino-Japanese vocabulary


text:
Dancing Queen

"Dancing Queen" is a song by the Swedish group ABBA, released as the lead single from their fourth studio album, Arrival (1976). It was written by Benny Andersson, Björn Ulvaeus and Stig Anderson. Andersson and Ulvaeus also produced the song. "Dancing Queen" was released as a single in Sweden in August 1976, followed by a UK release and the rest of Europe. It was a worldwide hit. It became ABBA's only number one hit in the United States, and topped the charts in Australia, Canada, Denmark, the Netherlands, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Ireland, Mexico, New Zealand, Portugal, Norway, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom, West Germany and the Soviet Union. "Dancing Queen" also reached the top five in many other countries.

Musically, "Dancing Queen" is a Europop version of American disco music. As disco music dominated the US charts, the group decided to follow the trend, replicating Phil Spector's Wall of Sound arrangements. Andersson and Ulvaeus have cited George McCrae's "Rock Your Baby" as a source of inspiration for the style of the song. The song alternates between "languid yet seductive verses" and a "dramatic chorus that ascends to heart-tugging high notes". It features keyboard lines by Andersson, which accentuate the melody's sophistication and classical complexity, while Ulvaeus and Andersson interlace many instrumental hooks in and out of the mix. Agnetha Fältskog and Anni-Frid Lyngstad’s layered vocals have been noted for their dynamism, "[negotiating] the melody's many turns flawlessly." Lyrically, the song concerns a visit to the discothèque, but approaches the subject from the joy of dancing itself.

In 2015, the song was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame.

Background and release
The recording sessions for "Dancing Queen" began on 4 August 1975. The demo was called "Boogaloo" and as the sessions progressed, Andersson and Ulvaeus found inspiration in the dance rhythm of George McCrae's "Rock Your Baby", as well as the drumming on Dr. John's 1972 album, Dr. John's Gumbo. The opening melody echoes "Sing My Way Home" by Delaney & Bonnie (from Motel Shot, 1971). Fältskog and Lyngstad recorded the vocals during sessions in September 1975, and the track was completed three months later.

During the sessions, Benny Andersson brought a tape home with the backing track on it and played it to Anni-Frid Lyngstad, who apparently started crying when listening. Lyngstad said, "I found the song so beautiful. It's one of those songs that goes straight to your heart". Agnetha Fältskog later said: "It's often difficult to know what will be a hit. The exception was 'Dancing Queen.' We all knew it was going to be massive."

While working on the lyrics, the first half of the second verse was scrapped: "Baby, baby, you're out of sight/hey, you're looking all right tonight/when you come to the party/listen to the guys/they've got the look in their eyes..." It survives in footage from a recording session.

The band (especially Andersson) wanted to release "Dancing Queen" as the follow-up single to "Mamma Mia" but their manager, Stig Anderson, insisted that the more sedate and folksy "Fernando" should be first, as he felt it would appeal to a broader audience and so was more likely to be a hit. Therefore, whilst "Dancing Queen" premiered on both German and Japanese television during the spring of 1976, the song did not appear on vinyl until later that summer, having had its first live and domestic performance on 18 June 1976 during an all-star gala staged by Kjerstin Dellert at the Royal Swedish Opera (and shown on Swedish TV) in honour of King Carl XVI Gustaf and his bride-to-be, Silvia Sommerlath, who were married the next day. For their 1980 Spanish-language compilation-album Gracias Por La Música, ABBA recorded a Spanish version of "Dancing Queen", renamed "Reina Danzante", with Spanish lyrics provided by Buddy and Mary McCluskey. The track was retitled "La Reina Del Baile" when included on the compilation album ABBA Oro: Grandes Éxitos in the 1990s.

In 1993, in honour of Swedish Queen Silvia's 50th birthday, Anni-Frid Lyngstad was asked to perform "Dancing Queen" on stage, repeating ABBA's 1976 performance of the song at the pre-wedding gala for King Carl XVI Gustaf and Queen Silvia. Frida contacted The Real Group and together they did an a cappella version of the song on stage at the Royal Opera House in Stockholm, in front of the king and queen. The Swedish prime minister at the time, Ingvar Carlsson, was also in the audience that night and said it was an ingenious idea to perform "Dancing Queen" a cappella. The performance was recorded by Sveriges Television (SVT) and is included in the biographical documentary Frida – The DVD and The Real Group's 1994 compilation album Varför får man inte bara vara som man är. When King Carl Gustaf and Queen Silvia attended the Tramp nightclub in London, the King requested that the DJ would play "Dancing Queen" owing to its use shortly before their wedding as previously mentioned.

For the soundtrack of the 1994 Australian film Muriel's Wedding, songwriters Ulvaeus and Andersson allowed the use of "Dancing Queen" and other ABBA hits. "Dancing Queen" was among the ABBA songs included in Mamma Mia!, the jukebox musical first produced in 1999 and adapted into film in 2008, as well as the sequel, Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (2018).

The first International Standard Musical Work Code was assigned in 1995 to "Dancing Queen"; the code is T-000.000.001-0.

Critical reception
"Dancing Queen" received widespread critical acclaim upon release. According to Donald A. Guarisco of AllMusic, the track's "sincerity and sheer musicality have allowed it to outlast the disco boom and become a standard of dance-pop." The song's release also cemented ABBA as an international act and signified the beginning of the group's 'classic period', which would span the following four years. It has become a standard for dance divas like Carol Douglas and Kylie Minogue, and it has been covered numerous times by acts including Ireland's U2. The song has been adopted by the LGBT community and, according to Mojo magazine, remains one of the most ubiquitous "gay anthems". Billboard found the theme of a person's greatest experience coming at a disco age 17 to be more substantive than most ABBA songs, and compared the vocal harmonies to the Mamas and the Papas. Cash Box said that the song is "backed by a strong upbeat, in keeping with the title" and "the hooks brought by lush vocal harmonies, as well as the reverb-soaked wall of sound that distinguishes this group, are present." Record World said that "the disco-styled treatment should make it a favorite [in the United States]."

Chart performance
"Dancing Queen" was a worldwide No. 1 hit, topping the charts in more than a dozen countries including ABBA's native Sweden (where it spent 14 weeks at the top), Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, West Germany, the United Kingdom, Ireland, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway (where it charted for 32 weeks (VG-lista Top 10), making it the 11th best-performing single in that country), South Africa and Rhodesia. "Dancing Queen" also topped the charts in the United States, ABBA's only No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100, and was a Top 5 hit in Austria, Finland, France and Switzerland. The song sold over three million copies. The track was the fourth biggest single of 1976 in the UK.

In the UK Singles Chart, "Dancing Queen" was the last of three consecutive chart-toppers for ABBA in 1976, following "Mamma Mia" and "Fernando" earlier in the year. The song was re-released in the UK in 1992, taking advantage of an ABBA revival sparked by the success of Erasure's Abba-esque EP. The re-issued "Dancing Queen" reached No. 16 in the UK in September 1992.

As of September 2021, it is ABBA's biggest song in the UK, being their only million-seller with 1.65 million chart sales, including 93 million streams since 2014. The song re-entered the Swedish Sverigetopplistan in 2021 and 2024. In 2022 it was reported to be the fifth most profitable song in Sweden in 2021, and to have more than 19 million weekly streams on Spotify.

Legacy
In 2000, "Dancing Queen" came fourth in a Channel 4 television poll of "The 100 Greatest Number One Singles". It was chosen as No. 148 on the Recording Industry Association of America's Songs of the Century list. It was ranked No. 171 on Rolling Stone's 2004 list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time, the only ABBA song on the list. That same year, it made VH1's 100 Greatest Dance Songs in Rock & Roll at No. 97. Also in 2000, editors of Rolling Stone with MTV compiled a list of the best 100 pop songs; "Dancing Queen" placed 12th among songs of the 1970s. Billboard and Rolling Stone both ranked the song number one on their lists of the greatest ABBA songs. In 2023, it was ranked No. 2 on Billboard's list of The 500 Best Pop Songs.

On 9 November 2002, the results of a poll, "Top 50 Favourite UK #1's", was broadcast on Radio 2, celebrating the 50th anniversary of The Official UK Charts Company. 188,357 listeners voted and "Dancing Queen" came out at No. 8. On 5 December 2010, Britain's ITV broadcast the results of a poll to determine "The Nation's Favourite ABBA Song" in which "Dancing Queen" placed at No. 2.

In 2009, the British performing rights group Phonographic Performance Limited celebrated its 75th anniversary by listing the 75 songs that have played most in Great Britain on the radio, in clubs and on jukeboxes. "Dancing Queen" was number eight on the list.

Former US presidential candidate John McCain named "Dancing Queen" as his favourite song in a top-10 list submitted to Blender magazine in August 2008.

In August 2012, listeners to the 1970s-themed UK radio station "Smooth 70s" voted "Dancing Queen" as their favourite hit of the decade.

In October 2014, the musical instrument insurer Musicguard carried out a survey determining "Dancing Queen" to be the United Kingdom's favourite "floorfiller". Unlike its closest competitors, "Billie Jean" by Michael Jackson (No. 2) and "Twist and Shout" by The Beatles (No. 3), it turned out to be very popular throughout the nation whereas the other two were strong regional favourites.

In 2015, "Dancing Queen" was inducted into the Recording Academy's Grammy Hall of Fame.

Online music magazine Pitchfork positioned Dancing Queen at number 80 in its 2016 ranking of the 200 best songs of the 1970s. Reviewer Cameron Cook wrote it is "a song so confident in its structure that its starts from the middle of its chorus", adding that it "bottles the out-of-body euphoria that accompanies dancing for dancing’s sake, with no agenda or motive other than pure joy." Eschewing the "disco" label sometimes attached to the track by latter-day critics, Cook called it "a pitch-perfect portrait of the hedonistic disco scene they were mimicking via their own, more down-to-Earth Europop".

In September 2016, The Guardian ran an article by Tim Jonze entitled "Why Abba's Dancing Queen is the best pop song ever". Jonze writes: "Dancing Queen is beautifully produced: catchy and euphoric, the perfect backdrop for a song that encapsulates the carefree bliss of youth". Several artists are cited as being influenced by the song, including Elvis Costello ("Oliver's Army"), MGMT ("Time to Pretend") and Chris Stein of Blondie ("Dreaming"). In 1993, Hong Kong singer Angela Pang covered this song in the Cantonese language.

The British online music industry magazine NME placed "Dancing Queen" at number 27 in its 2018 listing of the top 100 songs of the 70s, reviewer Rebecca Schiller calling it "one of the greatest pop songs ever."

In 2022, "Dancing Queen" received a BMI Million-Air award, having been played 6 million times on radio in the United States. Two years later, it was inducted into the Library of Congress's National Recording Registry.

Music video
The song was accompanied by a music video, filmed in 1976 in Alexandra's discotheque in central Stockholm, Sweden. The music video features all four members of ABBA singing and performing to dancing club patrons. Directed by the Swedish film director Lasse Hallström, the music video on YouTube has over 800 million views as of December 2023. The video was remastered in ultra-high definition in August 2021 to celebrate the 500 million view milestone.

Track listings

 * 7" Vinyl
 * 1) "Dancing Queen" – 3:52
 * 2) "That's Me" – 3:15

 * 1992 7" European re-issue
 * 1) "Dancing Queen" – 3:52
 * 2) "Lay All Your Love on Me" – 4:35

 * 1992 12"/CD European re-issue
 * 1) "Dancing Queen" – 3:52
 * 2) "Lay All Your Love on Me" – 4:35
 * 3) "The Day Before You Came" – 5:50
 * 4) "Eagle" – 5:49

 * 1992 12" US re-issue
 * 1) "Dancing Queen" – 3:52
 * 2) "Take a Chance on Me" – 4:04

Personnel
ABBA
 * Agnetha Fältskog – lead vocals and backing vocals
 * Anni-Frid Lyngstad – lead vocals and backing vocals
 * Björn Ulvaeus – electric guitar, backing vocals
 * Benny Andersson – piano and synthesizer, backing vocals

Additional personnel
 * Rutger Gunnarsson – bass guitar
 * Roger Palm – drums, tambourine and hi-hat percussion
 * Malando Gassama – percussion
 * Sven-Olof Walldoff – string arrangements
 * Kryztof Zdrzalka, Harry Teike, Sixten Strömvall, Lars Stegenberg, Bertil Orsin, Claes Nilsson, Gunnar Mickols, Anders Dahl, Martin Bylund – violin
 * Lars Brolin, Håkan Roos, Åke Arvinder – viola
 * Hans-Göran Eketorp, Åke Olofsson – cello
 * Bertil Andersson – double bass

Certifications and sales
}}

A-Teens version
"Dancing Queen" is a single released by A-Teens, an ABBA tribute band from Sweden. It is the fourth and final single from their first album, The ABBA Generation (1999). Released in March 2000, the song peaked at number 95 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and entered the top 100 in Germany and the Netherlands.

In Europe, "Dancing Queen" was released as a double A-side with "The Name of the Game".

Music video
Directed by Patrick Kiely, the video is set in a large high school. The video is a tribute to the 1980s film The Breakfast Club, where the group members are left in a classroom with other students which shifts into a nightclub. Paul Gleason, the actor who played the assistant principal in The Breakfast Club, makes a cameo appearance.

Releases

 * European 2-track CD single
 * 1) "Dancing Queen" (album version) – 3:48
 * 2) "The Name of the Game" – 4:17

 * European and Mexican CD maxi
 * 1) "Dancing Queen" (album version) – 3:48
 * 2) "Dancing Queen" (Pierre J's Main Radio Mix) – 3:27
 * 3) "Dancing Queen" (Pierre J's Main Extended Mix) – 5:47
 * 4) "Dancing Queen" (BTS Gold Edition Mix) – 5:13

 * US CD and cassette single
 * 1) "Dancing Queen" (album version) – 3:48
 * 2) "Dancing Queen" (extended version) – 5:48

Abbacadabra version
In 1992, the British disco group, known for covers of ABBA's songs in a Hi-NRG style charted at number 57 on the UK singles chart countdown after the song was licensed from Almighty Records by Pete Waterman's PWL, due to its popularity on his late-night television program The Hitman and Her. In the US, the song was signed to BMG, where Abbacadabra's version became a club hit after being remixed by Love To Infinity.

S Club 7 version
In 1999, British pop group S Club 7 recorded a version of the song for the one-off ITV programme ABBAmania, and the tribute album of the same name. The pop group also performed a version on their own TV series, Miami 7.

Glee version
Naya Rivera and Amber Riley of the Glee cast performed the song in "Prom Queen". It charted on the Billboard Hot 100 at number 74 and in the United Kingdom at number 169.

Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again version
"Dancing Queen" was released on 13 July 2018 alongside the Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again soundtrack, by Capitol and Polydor Records. It was released on 21 July 2018 as the fourth single from the soundtrack. The song is performed by Pierce Brosnan, Christine Baranski, Julie Walters, Colin Firth, Stellan Skarsgård, Dominic Cooper and Amanda Seyfried; it was produced by Benny Andersson.

title: Dancing Queen


text:
Foster–Seeley discriminator

The Foster–Seeley discriminator is a common type of FM detector circuit, invented in 1936 by Dudley E. Foster and Stuart William Seeley. The Foster–Seeley discriminator was envisioned for automatic frequency control of receivers, but also found application in demodulating an FM signal.

The Foster–Seeley discriminator uses a tuned RF transformer to convert frequency changes into amplitude changes. A transformer, tuned to the carrier frequency, is connected to two rectifier diodes. The circuit resembles a full bridge rectifier.

The phase of the voltage at the secondary coil depends on whether the carrier is below or above the resonance, resulting in a positive or negative shift, respectively.

The circuit makes use of the $$90^\circ$$ phase difference occurring between the voltages in two coupled resonant circuits at the peak frequency.

Through the coupling capacitor $$C_k$$, the primary voltage is applied to the center tap of the secondary, producing a sum and a difference $$V_{center} \plusmn \frac{V_{secondary}}{2}$$ on the top and the bottom terminals thereof, respectively.

Depending on the changing phase relationship of the input signal — $$V_{primary}$$ (and therefore $$V_{center}$$) with $$V_{secondary}$$, the amplitude of the sum/difference at the upper or lower half, respectively, will be higher, which results in a change of the voltage across the output capacitors. The choke $$L3$$, sometimes replaced by a resistor, provides a DC path through the rectifier diodes.

The demodulator's bandwidth depends on the Q factor of the resonant circuit; the phase response of the secondary (and therefore, the voltage response of the circuit) to $$\Delta{f}$$ is an S-curve.

Foster–Seeley discriminators are sensitive to both frequency and amplitude variations, unlike some detectors. Therefore a limiter amplifier stage must be used before the detector, to remove amplitude variations in the signal which would be detected as noise. The limiter acts as a class-A amplifier at lower amplitudes; at higher amplitudes it becomes a saturated amplifier which clips off the peaks and limits the amplitude.

title: Foster–Seeley discriminator


text:
Peliades

Peliades (Πελιάδες) is the earliest known tragedy by Euripides; he entered it into the Dionysia of 455 BC but did not win. In Greek mythology, the Peliades were the daughters of Pelias.

History
The Peliades recounts the story of the daughters of Pelias murdering their father under the instruction of Medea, who claims to be able to make him young again, working on behalf of Jason and the Argonauts. Classicist Herbert Mierow suggested that Euripides' telling of the tragedy was influenced by Aeschylus's play Agamemnon that was produced three years earlier in 458 BC, based on the shared opening on a fire as a signal that initiates the action of both plays.

title: Peliades


text:
Striated pardalote

The striated pardalote (Pardalotus striatus) is the least colourful and most common of the four pardalote species. Other common names include pickwick, wittachew and chip-chip. It is a very small, short-tailed bird that is more often heard than seen, foraging noisily for lerps and other small creatures in the treetops.

Taxonomy
The striated pardalote was formally described in 1789 by the German naturalist Johann Friedrich Gmelin in his revised and expanded edition of Carl Linnaeus's Systema Naturae. He placed it with the manakins in the genus Pipra and coined the binomial name Pipra striata. Gmelin based his description on the "striped-headed manakin" that had been described and illustrated in 1783 by the English ornithologist John Latham in his book A General Synopsis of Birds. Latham had examined a specimen in the collection of the naturalist Joseph Banks. The type locality is Tasmania. The striated pardalote is now placed with the three other pardalotes in the genus Pardalotus that was introduced in 1816 by the French ornithologist Louis Pierre Vieillot.

Six subspecies are recognised:
 * P. s. uropygialis Gould, 1840 – northeast Western Australia to Cape York Peninsula, northeast Queensland (north Australia)
 * P. s. melvillensis Mathews, 1912 – Tiwi Islands (north of Northern Territory; central north Australia)
 * P. s. melanocephalus Gould, 1838 – central east to southeast Queensland (east Australia)
 * P. s. ornatus Temminck, 1826 – northeast New South Wales to southeast Victoria (southeast Australia)
 * P. s. substriatus Mathews, 1912 – west, south Western Australia to central west Queensland and west Victoria (west, central Australia)
 * P. s. striatus (Gmelin, JF, 1789) – breeds on Bass Strait islands and Tasmania; non-breeding in east, southeast Australia

In the past, the nominate, substriatus and ornatus races were sometimes treated as separate species. The three northern races uropygialis, melvillensis and melanocephalus were treated as a fourth species. They are all now considered as subspecies of the striated pardalote as there is substantial evidence of interbreeding.

Description
The striated pardalote's plumage varies considerably across its range. The crown is black, with subspecies substriatus, striatus and ornatus having white streaks. The eyebrow is white, starting with a yellow mark near the beak. All races have a white stripe on the wing and olive backs. The nominate race has a yellow spot on the wing, whilst the other subspecies have a red dot. The male and female are similar, juveniles have duller plumage. Similar species include the spotted pardalote and the red-browed pardalote.

Distribution and habitat
Striated pardalotes occupy a vast range of habitat types from tall mountain rainforest to arid scrubland, although they favour eucalyptus forest and woodlands. They are found in all parts of Australia except some of the Western Australian deserts.

Feeding
Striated pardalotes feed on insects and insect larvae. They usually do so in the high foliage of eucalyptus trees, but may come closer to the ground where there are lower shrubs. Feeding takes place in small groups.

Breeding
Breeding occurs from June to February. Two to five white, oval-shaped eggs are laid in a nest is made of bark fiber, rootlets and fine grass, and placed in tree hollow, a tunnel excavated in the side of a bank or within crevices in man-made objects. Both sexes incubate and care for the young.

Call
Call is a clear, sharp, musical witta-witta, the second part slightly lower, repeated regularly in intervals for long periods; striated pardalotes also give off soft, low trills.

title: Striated pardalote


text:
List of acronyms: 0–9

0–9

 * 0D – Zero-dimensional
 * 1, – Onekama, Michigan (word play based on "one, comma")
 * 1AM – Air mechanic 1st class
 * 1D – One-dimensional
 * 2AM – Air mechanic 2nd class
 * 2D – (i) Two-dimensional
 * 2.5D – (p) "Two-and-a-half-dee": two-dimensional computer graphics where some flat images lie in front of others
 * 2G – (i) Second-generation mobile (cellular, wireless) telephone system
 * 2.5G – (p) Second-and-a-half-generation mobile telephone system
 * 2LA – Two letter acronym
 * 2Lt – 2nd lieutenant
 * 3AM – Air mechanic 3rd class
 * 3D – (i) Three-dimensional
 * 3G – (i) Third-generation mobile telephone system
 * 3i – (i) Investors In industry (venture capitalists)
 * 3M – (i) Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company
 * 4D – (i) Four-dimensional (usually three spatial plus one temporal dimension, sometimes four spatial ones)
 * 4G – (i) Fourth-generation mobile telephone system
 * 4GL – (i) Fourth-generation programming language
 * 4WD – (i) Four-wheel drive
 * 5D – Five-dimensional
 * 5G – fifth generation mobile telephone system
 * 6D – Six-dimensional
 * 7D – Seven-dimensional
 * 8D – Eight-dimensional
 * 9D – Nine-dimensional

title: List of acronyms: 0–9


text:
User talk:Harald.schaub~enwiki

Hello, welcome to Wikipedia. Thanks for your contributions. You might also be interested in the list of psychological topics. If you made any edits before you got an account, you can assign those to your username. Some useful pages are: how to edit, how to write a great article, naming conventions, manual of style and the Wikipedia policies.

If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. You can sign your name using three tildes, like. If you use four, you can add a datestamp too.

I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Angela. 13:18, Mar 4, 2004 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

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title: User talk:Harald.schaub~enwiki


text:
User talk:TimMann

Hello, welcome to Wikipedia. Here's some tips:
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I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Angela. 13:18, Mar 4, 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:TimMann


text:
Betsy Ross

Elizabeth Griscom Ross (née Griscom; January 1, 1752 – January 30, 1836), also known by her second and third married names, Ashburn and Claypoole, was an American upholsterer who was credited by her relatives in 1870 with making the second official U.S. flag, accordingly known as the Betsy Ross flag. Though most historians dismiss the story, Ross family tradition holds that General George Washington, commander-in-chief of the Continental Army and two members of a congressional committee—Robert Morris and George Ross—visited Mrs. Ross in 1776. Mrs. Ross convinced George Washington to change the shape of the stars in a sketch of a flag he showed her from six-pointed to five-pointed by demonstrating that it was easier and speedier to cut the latter. However, there is no archival evidence or other recorded verbal tradition to substantiate this story of the first U.S. flag. It appears that the story first surfaced in the writings of her grandson in the 1870s (a century after the fact), with no mention or documentation in earlier decades.

Ross made flags for the Pennsylvanian navy during the American Revolution. After the Revolution, she made U.S. flags for over 50 years, including 50 garrison flags for the U.S. Arsenal on the Schuylkill River during 1811. The flags of the Pennsylvania navy were overseen by the Pennsylvania Navy Board. The board reported to the Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly's Committee of Safety. In July 1775, the President of the Committee of Safety was Benjamin Franklin. Its members included Robert Morris and George Ross. At that time, the committee ordered the construction of gunboats that would eventually need flags as part of their equipment. As late as October 1776, Captain William Richards was still writing to the committee or Council of Safety to request the design that he could use to order flags for their fleet.

Ross was one of those hired to make flags for the Pennsylvanian fleet. An entry dated May 29, 1777, in the records of the Pennsylvania Navy Board includes an order to pay her for her work. It is worded as follows:

The Pennsylvania navy's ship color included (1) an ensign; (2) a long, narrow pennant; and (3) a short, narrow pennant. The ensign was a blue flag with 13 stripes—seven red stripes and six white stripes in the flag's canton (upper-left-hand corner). It was flown from a pole at the rear of the ship. The long pennant had 13 vertical, red-and-white stripes near the mast; the rest was solid red. It flew from the top of the ship's mainmast, the center pole holding the sails. The short pennant was solid red, and flew from the top of the ship's mizzenmast—the pole holding the ship's sails nearest the stern (rear of the ship).

Early life and education
Betsy Ross was born on January 1, 1752, to Samuel Griscom (1717–1793) and Rebecca James Griscom (1721–1793) on the Griscom family farm in Gloucester City, New Jersey. Ross was the eighth of seventeen children, of whom only nine survived childhood. A sister, Sarah (1745–1747), and brother, William (1748–1749), died before Elizabeth ("Betsy") was born (another sister, Sarah Griscom Donaldson (1749–1785), was named after the earlier deceased Sarah). Ross was just five years old when her sister Martha (1754–1757) died, and another sister, Ann (1757–1759), only lived to the age of two. Brothers Samuel I (1753–1756) and Samuel II (1758–1761) both died at age three. Two others, twins, brother Joseph (1759–1762) and sister Abigail (1759–1762), died in one of the frequent smallpox epidemics in the autumn of 1762. Ross grew up in a household where the plain dress and strict discipline of the Quakers dominated. She learned to sew from a great aunt, Sarah Elizabeth Ann Griscom. Ross's great-grandfather, Andrew Griscom, a member of the Quakers and a carpenter, had emigrated in 1680 from England.

After her schooling at a Quaker-run state school, Ross's father apprenticed her to an upholsterer named William Webster.

Ross family tradition
Research conducted by the National Museum of American History of the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C., notes that the story of Betsy Ross making the first U.S. flag for General George Washington entered into the U.S. consciousness about the time of the 1876 centennial celebrations, with the Centennial Exposition then scheduled to be held in Philadelphia. In 1870, Ross's grandson, William J. Canby, presented a research paper to the Historical Society of Pennsylvania in which he claimed that his grandmother had "made with her hands the first flag" of the United States. Canby said he first obtained this information from his aunt Clarissa Sydney (Claypoole) Wilson in 1857, 20 years after Ross's death. Canby dates the historic episode based on Washington's journey to Philadelphia, in the late spring of 1776, a year before the Second Continental Congress passed the first Flag Act of June 14, 1777.

In the 2008 book The Star-Spangled Banner: the Making of an American Icon, Smithsonian Institution experts point out that Canby's recounting of the event appealed to patriotic Americans then eager for stories about the Revolution and its heroes and heroines. Betsy Ross was promoted as a patriotic role model for young girls and a symbol of women's contributions to American history. American historian Laurel Thatcher Ulrich further explored this line of enquiry in a 2007 article, "How Betsy Ross Became Famous: Oral Tradition, Nationalism, and the Invention of History".

Ross was merely one of several flag makers in Philadelphia (such as Rebecca Young, who is historically documented to have made the earlier Grand Union Flag of 1775–76, with the British Union Jack of the crosses of St. George and St. Andrew, in the upper corner canton and 13 alternating red and white stripes for the "United Colonies") for the Continental Army, along with many other ships' colors, banners, and flags which were advertised in local newspapers.

Rebecca Young's daughter Mary Young Pickersgill (1776–1857) made the flag of 15 stars and stripes in 1813, begun at her house and finished on the floor of a nearby brewery, delivered to the commander of the fort the year before the British attack of September 12–14, 1814, on Fort McHenry in Baltimore, during the War of 1812, (receiving a government-issued receipt for the work of two flags, a large 30 by 42 foot "garrison flag" and a smaller "storm flag"), then seen by Francis Scott Key (1779–1843) and which inspired him to write the poem which later became the national anthem, The Star-Spangled Banner. Pickersgill's small 1793 rowhouse is still preserved in East Baltimore's Old Town neighborhood at East Pratt and Albemarle Streets and is known as the "Flag House & Star-Spangled Banner Museum". Occasionally over the decades, there has been some controversy and disagreement between the relative merits and historical accuracies of the two flag-making traditions and historical sites in Philadelphia and Baltimore. It is thought that Ross's only contribution to the flag design was to change the 6-pointed stars to the easier 5-pointed stars. Scholars, however, accept the claim by Francis Hopkinson—a member of the Continental Congress who designed most of the elements of the Great Seal of the United States—that he created designs for the early U.S. flag. Hopkinson submitted letters to Congress in 1780 requesting payment for his designs. Hopkinson was the only person to make such a claim in the Revolutionary War era.

Personal life
While Griscom was apprenticed to upholsterer William Webster, she met John Ross, a nephew of George Ross Jr, a signer of the United States Declaration of Independence. John's parents were Sarah Leach and the Rev. Aeneas Ross, a Church of England (later Episcopal) priest and assistant rector at the historic city parish of Christ Church. Griscom and Ross eloped in 1773, marrying at Hugg's Tavern in Gloucester City, New Jersey.

The marriage caused a split from her Griscom family and meant her expulsion from the Quaker congregation. The young couple soon started their own upholstery business and later joined Christ Church, where their fellow congregants occasionally included visiting colony of Virginia militia regimental commander, colonel, and soon-to-be-general George Washington (of the newly organized Continental Army) and his family from their home Anglican parish of Christ Church in Alexandria, Virginia, near his Mount Vernon estate on the Potomac River, along with many other visiting notaries and delegates in future years to the soon-to-be-convened Continental Congress and the political/military leadership of the colonial rebellion. Betsy and John Ross had no children.

The American Revolutionary War broke out when the Rosses had been married for two years. As a member of the local Pennsylvania Provincial Militia and its units from the city of Philadelphia, John Ross was assigned to guard munitions. He died in 1775. According to one legend, he was killed by a gunpowder explosion, but family sources provide doubts about this claim. The 24-year-old Elizabeth ("Betsy") continued working in the upholstery business repairing uniforms and making tents, blankets, and stuffed paper tube cartridges with musket balls for prepared packaged ammunition in 1779 for the Continental Army.

There is speculation that Ross was the "beautiful young widow" who distracted Carl von Donop in Mount Holly, New Jersey, after the Battle of Iron Works Hill, thus keeping his forces out of the crucial "turning-of-the-tide" Battle of Trenton on the morning of December 26, 1776, in which Hessian soldiers were defeated after the crossing of the Delaware River.

On June 15, 1777, she married her second husband, mariner Joseph Ashburn. In 1780, Ashburn's ship was captured by a Royal Navy frigate and he was charged with treason (for being of British ancestry—naturalization to American colonial citizenship was not recognized) and imprisoned at Old Mill Prison in Plymouth, England. During this time, their first daughter, Zilla, died at the age of nine months and their second daughter, Eliza, was born. Ashburn died in the British jail.

Three years later, in May 1783, she married John Claypoole, who had earlier met Joseph Ashburn in the English Old Mill Prison and had informed Ross of her husband's circumstances and death. John Claypoole's diary and family Bible was rediscovered 240 years later in June 2020.

The couple had five daughters: Clarissa, Susanna, Jane, Rachel, and Harriet (who died in infancy). With the birth of their second daughter Susanna in 1786, they moved to a larger house on Philadelphia's Second Street, settling down to a peaceful post-war existence, as Philadelphia prospered as the temporary national capital (1790–1800) of the newly independent United States of America, with the first president, George Washington, his vice president, John Adams, and the convening members of the new federal government and the U.S. Congress.

In 1793, her mother, father, and sister Deborah Griscom Bolton (1743–1793) all died in another severe epidemic of yellow fever, a disease found in the 19th century to be spread by infected mosquitoes. After two decades of poor health, John Claypoole died in 1817. Ross continued the upholstery business for 10 more years. Upon retirement, she moved in with her daughter Susanna Claypoole (1786–1875), in a section of Abington Township, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, while Susanna's older sister Clarissa (1785–1864) took over their mother's business back in the city.

Death and burials
Ross, by then completely blind, spent her last three years living with her middle Claypoole daughter Jane (1792–1873) in Philadelphia, which was rapidly growing and industrializing. On Saturday, January 30, 1836, 60 years after the Declaration of Independence, Betsy Ross died at age 84. She was survived by one daughter with John Ashburn, Eliza, and four daughters with John Claypoole: Clarissa, Susanna, Jane, and Rachel, and one sister, Hannah Griscom Levering (1755–1836), who herself died about 11 months later.

The so-called Betsy Ross House is a popular tourist site in Philadelphia, but it is still a matter of historical academic dispute whether she actually lived there, as evidence indicates she actually lived from 1776 to 1779 in a house next door that was torn down after the remaining house was designated.

Ross' body was first interred at the Free Quaker burial grounds on North Fifth Street in Philadelphia. In 1856, the remains of Ross and her third husband John Claypoole were moved from the Free Quaker Burying Ground to Mount Moriah Cemetery. The practice of cemeteries purchasing the remains of famous historical individuals was common in order to drive additional business. The Daughters of the American Revolution erected a flagpole at the site of her grave in her memory.

In 1975, in preparation for the American Bicentennial, city leaders ordered the remains moved to the courtyard of the Betsy Ross House. However, cemetery workers found no remains beneath her tombstone. Bones found elsewhere in the family plot were deemed to be hers and were reinterred in the current grave visited by tourists at the Betsy Ross House.

Legacy
The Betsy Ross Bridge, connecting Philadelphia with Pennsauken Township, New Jersey, across the Delaware River is named in her honor.

Biographer Marla Miller argues that Ross' legacy should not be about a single flag, but rather what her story tells us about working women and men during the American Revolution.

Betsy Ross School in Mahwah, New Jersey is named for her.

Betsy Ross postage stamp
On January 1, 1952, the U.S. Post Office issued a commemorative postage stamp to honor the 200th anniversary of her birth. It shows her presenting the new 13-striped, 13-starred flag to George Washington, with Robert Morris, and George Ross present. The design was taken from a painting by Charles H. Weisberger, one of the founders and first custodian of the Memorial Association, who has cared for and operated the Ross House. This was issued when the Ross legend was still strong and accepted by many of the American public and before additional historical and academic scrutiny.

title: Betsy Ross


text:
Talk:William Fox (politician)

Disambiguation
Does William Fox have a middle name ? If so, it'd have been helpful as this page could be moved to the new name and William Fox be made a disambig page. Currently many pages link to here expecting this to be the William Fox, founder of Fox Film. Jay 13:28, 4 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * As far as I know, New Zealand's William Fox didn't have any middle name, no. As such, the article should probably go to "William Fox (New Zealand)", or possibly "William Fox (politician)". I think I'd probably prefer the first one, since Fox was involved in things other than politics, but either would be fine. Feel free to do whatever you think best. -- Vardion 13:52, 4 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * I'm truly foxed by so many identical names. The PM's son's name is also William Fox ? http://www.youngminds.org.uk/magazine/56/gough.php is fact or fiction ? It can be included in the article.
 * Also I found 8 William Foxes in IMDB (http://www.imdb.com/find?q=William%20Fox&nm=1&ex=1&nr=1). Jay 15:54, 4 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * The PM's son is sometimes called William, I believe, but most accounts that I've come across prefer to call him Wiremu (the Maori equivalent of William). The article is generally accurate, yes. As for all the actors, I'm not sure what to do about them. Perhaps we should just start with a disambiguation page for the Prime Minister and for the founder of Fox Film, and then let people add others if they feel the need. -- Vardion 00:58, 5 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Ok, let's carry on with this conversation some 6.5 years since the last post. These days, there is established policy for disambiguation. So I've had a look whether the movie mogul or the NZ Premier or any of the other pages are possibly the primary topic:

"'Although a term may potentially refer to more than one topic, it is often the case that one of these topics is highly likely – much more likely than any other, and more likely than all the others combined – to be the subject being sought when a reader enters that term in the Search box.'" Here are the page views in descending order for October 2010:
 * William Fox (producer) - 4228
 * William Fox (New Zealand) - 714
 * William Darwin Fox - 387
 * William Thornton Rickert Fox - 327
 * William Fox (actor) - 270
 * William Johnson Fox - 209
 * William F. Fox - 203
 * William Price Fox - 199
 * William Fox (footballer) - 98
 * William Fox (palaeontologist) - 82
 * William Victor Fox - 73

So the producer is the top one by quite some, but the article doesn't meet the definition of primary topic. So the current form of disambiguation is appropriate.  Schwede 66  08:30, 18 November 2010 (UTC)

Does the photo fit our policy?
I'm confused. The caption under the pic says Permission of the Alexander Turnbull Library...... must be obtained before any re-use of this image. However, Copyrights says .........Wikipedia content can be copied, modified, and redistributed so long as the new version grants the same freedoms to others........ There is clearly a use restriction so it is not free (in terms of available without condition) Or do I need a good sleep? Moriori 03:17, May 3, 2004 (UTC)

 * I could be wrong, but I believe that images are treated separately to text. I was going by the first section of this page, and the fact that we have a tag especially for cases such as this (

- "This image is copyrighted, and used with permission. The terms of the permission do not include third party use."). See also this Meta page. There seems, however, to be a bit of debate about whether images need to be under GFDL, so perhaps someone more knowledgable about this than me could help clarify things. If it turns out that we do need the images (both on this page and on other PM pages) to be under GFDL, we'll have to remove them - the National Library has a fairly strict procedure for granting usage permission, and they didn't grant permission for these images to be used anywhere other than these specific pages of Wikipedia. -- Vardion 06:42, 3 May 2004 (UTC)

 * And there's the rub. Illustrations are no different from text. National Library can't tell Wikipedia users they can't use info they have alrrady allowed Wikipedia to use. Yes? No? Moriori 06:56, May 3, 2004 (UTC)

 * Well, the National Library allowed us to use the images on the explicit understanding that they wouldn't be used elsewhere (not with our consent, anyway). If we don't agree to that, we'll have to remove the images again, as we'd be in violation of the terms of use. The National Library never gave permission for anyone other than Wikipedia to use the images. I would argue, however, that Wikipedia's implementation of the GDFL does indeed treat text and images differently - the Copyrights page says that "the text contained in Wikipedia is..." under GDFL, but doesn't appear to say that images are. There's also a section on the same page warning people that "fair use" images on Wikipedia might not qualify as fair use images if employed elsewhere - I would argue that "special permission" images fall into this category as well. But as I said, I'm not really an expert on all this. -- Vardion 12:20, 3 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I think your first sentence says it all -- Nat Lib okays Wikipedia use of images provided they are not used elsewhere. That doesn't gel with Wiki GDFL policy. Regarding text v images, it is total content of Wiki information that is subject to GDFL The method of its presentation is only part of the total content. Cheers. Moriori 21:39, May 3, 2004 (UTC)..  Anyway, I see User:Maveric149 has now removed the copyrighrt message, so no probs. Cheers.  Moriori 22:42, May 3, 2004 (UTC)

 * I think you're probably right - my interpretation was in error. I've made a comment at Copyright problems about it, and the images will have to be deleted. Our permission is now null and void. Thanks for noticing this - I would never have realised that there was a problem. -- Vardion 00:26, 4 May 2004 (UTC)

William Fox's son was Maori?
If Fox's son was called Wirimu this implies he was Maori or at least part Maori.His wife was pakeha so was the son adopted ? Anyone got more informtion on this? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 122.58.186.217 (talk) 23:06, 21 October 2011 (UTC)
 * The article has his DNZB bio referenced - I suggest you have a read there.  Schwede 66  01:55, 22 October 2011 (UTC)
 * Yes, adopted son Wiremu Fox (Ngatau Omahuru), captured by scouting party ahead of Parihaka invasion, taken to Wellington over parents' objections and installed in govt Maori Hostel (where he met senior chiefs in Wgtn to plead their tribes' land rights), adopted by Wm Fox, trained as legal clerk (for firm dispossessing Maori land, amongst other things) and became first Maori lawyer, met elder brother who then affected a change of outlook and he became a supporter of Maori land rights. See "The Fox Boy", by Peter Walker. Potted history from memory ... someone nicked my copy of the book. Fan |  talk  03:49, 22 October 2011 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: page moved to William Fox (politician) as this man appears to be primary usage (premier of a major English-speaking country). Necrothesp's concerns are reasonable, so I have added a hatnote by means of disambiguation. DrKiernan (talk) 20:12, 5 October 2012 (UTC)

William Fox (New Zealand) → William Fox (New Zealand politician) – A disambiguator is supposed to give a noun that describes what a person was / is notable for. William Fox wasn't a 'New Zealand', but he was rather a 'politician'. I've moved all the other NZ MPs that had 'New Zealand' as a dab, and I think Fox is the last one to do. What isn't entirely clear to me is whether the 'New Zealand' bit is necessary. Yes, there are many other politicians named William Fox. None of them with an article yet goes by "William Fox", though. On balance, given that there are quite a few, I'd favour having the country included in the dab. As it's not a clear-cut case, I put this forward as a formal move request.  Schwede 66  06:56, 6 September 2012 (UTC)
 * Support per nom. There may be no other people whose articles are entitled William Fox (politician), but there are certainly other William Foxes who were politicians, so for clarity's sake this should be the new title. -- Necrothesp (talk) 16:40, 6 September 2012 (UTC)
 * Support - Though William Fox (politician) would be better. Marcus Qwertyus (talk) 19:48, 8 September 2012 (UTC)
 * Support - Preferring the (politician) epithet. Other late-coming Fox's can be more specific L-Bit (talk) 22:10, 15 September 2012 (UTC)
 * Support - But only to William Fox (politician), as NZ is unnecessary at this time. --Education does not equal common sense. 我不在乎  05:02, 21 September 2012 (UTC)
 * Comment. William Fox (politician) really does not provide enough disambiguation. People looking for William Johnson Fox or William H. Fox, both of whom were also politicians and were probably also commonly known as "William Fox", may very well just enter "William Fox" into the search box. Disambiguation is supposed to disambiguate from all other possible people of that name, not just those with an identical name. -- Necrothesp (talk) 08:25, 21 September 2012 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

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Date of birth
The Encyclopedia Britannica gives a date of birth for Fox of Jan 20, 1812. The Dictionary of New Zealand biography gives the year of birth as 1812 with a question mark, and a baptism date of 2 September 1812. It is my understanding that baptisms in the Church of England are performed well after the date of birth, and it is not likely that a baby would be baptised on the day of its birth. An anonymous editor with a varying IP address keeps adding 2 September 1812 as the day of birth, but has not added any new reference, but has removed the Britannica one. I am not sure whether the anon is aware that they must provide a source, since they may not be seeing edit summaries or messages on the talk page of their previous IP address. If the anon sees this, please explain here why you are changing the date of birth.- gadfium 07:33, 29 October 2019 (UTC)
 * As the anon has attempted to remove this section rather than contributing to it, I can no longer assume good faith.- gadfium 17:43, 29 October 2019 (UTC)
 * His headstone also gives date of birth as 20 January 1812 - see here. Paora (talk) 10:34, 5 January 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:William Fox (politician)


text: File:Sage typical building.jpg

title: File:Sage typical building.jpg


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Lemmatization

Lemmatization (or less commonly lemmatisation) in linguistics is the process of grouping together the inflected forms of a word so they can be analysed as a single item, identified by the word's lemma, or dictionary form.

In computational linguistics, lemmatization is the algorithmic process of determining the lemma of a word based on its intended meaning. Unlike stemming, lemmatization depends on correctly identifying the intended part of speech and meaning of a word in a sentence, as well as within the larger context surrounding that sentence, such as neighbouring sentences or even an entire document. As a result, developing efficient lemmatization algorithms is an open area of research.

Description
In many languages, words appear in several inflected forms. For example, in English, the verb 'to walk' may appear as 'walk', 'walked', 'walks' or 'walking'. The base form, 'walk', that one might look up in a dictionary, is called the lemma for the word. The association of the base form with a part of speech is often called a lexeme of the word.

Lemmatization is closely related to stemming. The difference is that a stemmer operates on a single word without knowledge of the context, and therefore cannot discriminate between words which have different meanings depending on part of speech. However, stemmers are typically easier to implement and run faster. The reduced "accuracy" may not matter for some applications. In fact, when used within information retrieval systems, stemming improves query recall accuracy, or true positive rate, when compared to lemmatization. Nonetheless, stemming reduces precision, or the proportion of positively-labeled instances that are actually positive, for such systems.

For instance:
 * 1) The word "better" has "good" as its lemma. This link is missed by stemming, as it requires a dictionary look-up.
 * 2) The word "walk" is the base form for the word "walking", and hence this is matched in both stemming and lemmatization.
 * 3) The word "meeting" can be either the base form of a noun or a form of a verb ("to meet") depending on the context; e.g., "in our last meeting" or "We are meeting again tomorrow". Unlike stemming, lemmatization attempts to select the correct lemma depending on the context.

Document indexing software like Lucene can store the base stemmed format of the word without the knowledge of meaning, but only considering word formation grammar rules. The stemmed word itself might not be a valid word: 'lazy', as seen in the example below, is stemmed by many stemmers to 'lazi'. This is because the purpose of stemming is not to produce the appropriate lemma – that is a more challenging task that requires knowledge of context. The main purpose of stemming is to map different forms of a word to a single form. As a rule-based algorithm, dependent only upon the spelling of a word, it sacrifices accuracy to ensure that, for example, when 'laziness' is stemmed to 'lazi', it has the same stem as 'lazy'.

Algorithms
A trivial way to do lemmatization is by simple dictionary lookup. This works well for straightforward inflected forms, but a rule-based system will be needed for other cases, such as in languages with long compound words. Such rules can be either hand-crafted or learned automatically from an annotated corpus.

Use in biomedicine
Morphological analysis of published biomedical literature can yield useful results. Morphological processing of biomedical text can be more effective by a specialized lemmatization program for biomedicine, and may improve the accuracy of practical information extraction tasks.

title: Lemmatization