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Talk:Permanent revolution

Permanent means "final"?
I must voice strong disagreement with the very first statement of the article that permanent in Permanent Revolution means "final", not "continuous". Clearly, the disagreement is not purely linguistic (even though a Russian writer would hardly ever use word permanent in the sense of final), as this unusual interpretation takes out a fundamental property of the theory.

To explain, allow me (in the worst tradition of Soviet Marxism ;) ) to quote Introduction to Trotsky's Permanent Revolution at length, adding my own emphasize.

"The theory of the permanent revolution, which originated in 1905, declared war upon these ideas and moods. It pointed out that the democratic tasks of the backward bourgeois nations lead directly, in our epoch, to the dictatorship of the proletariat and that the dictatorship of the proletariat puts socialist tasks on the order of the day. Therein lay the central idea of the theory. While the traditional view was that the road to the dictatorship of the proletariat led through a long period of democracy, the theory of the permanent revolution established the fact that for backward countries the road to democracy passed through the dictatorship of the proletariat. Thus democracy is not a regime that remains self-sufficient for decades, but is only a direct prelude to the socialist revolution. Each is bound to the other by an unbroken chain. Thus there is established between the democratic revolution and the socialist reconstruction of society a permanent state of revolutionary development.

The second aspect of the ‘permanent’ theory has to do with the socialist revolution as such. For an indefinitely long time and in constant internal struggle, all social relations undergo transformation. '''Society keeps on changing its skin. Each stage of transformation stems directly from the preceding.''' This process necessarily retains a political character, that is, it develops through collisions between various groups in the society which is in transformation. Outbreaks of civil war and foreign wars alternate with periods of ‘peaceful’ reform. '''Revolutions in economy, technique, science, the family, morals and everyday life develop in complex reciprocal action and do not allow society to achieve equilibrium. Therein lies the permanent character of the socialist revolution as such.'''

The international character of the socialist revolution, which constitutes the third aspect of the theory of the permanent revolution, flows from the present state of economy and the social structure of humanity. Internationalism is no abstract principle but a theoretical and political reflection of the character of world economy, of the world development of productive forces and the world scale of the class struggle. The socialist revolution begins on national foundations—but it cannot be completed within these foundations. The maintenance of the proletarian revolution within a national framework can only be a provisional state of affairs, even though, as the experience of the Soviet Union shows, one of long duration. In an isolated proletarian dictatorship, the internal and external contradictions grow inevitably along with the successes achieved. If it remains isolated, the proletarian state must finally fall victim to these contradictions. The way out for it lies only in the victory of the proletariat of the advanced countries. Viewed from this standpoint, a national revolution is not a self-contained whole; it is only a link in the international chain. The international revolution constitutes a permanent process, despite temporary declines and ebbs"

Conclusion: Permanent indeed means permanent means continuous means a process, a dialectical, self-contradictory assension. If you feel I am mistaken here, please explain why and how. Otherwise, please consider removing the first statement in parentheses from the paper. 05:17, 3 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Interesting comment. Permanent revolution was coined in German, not Russian, so perhaps Russian useage need not concern us. The basic notion of PR is that in countries where the national bourgoisie is too frail to compelete the tasks of bourgois revolution, then the workers and peasants should press forward this revolution and lead it forward into a socialist revoltution. This opens the transition to socialism, which is an ongoing process -- but not a ongoing revolution. So, i think that final is closer to the meaning than continuous. --DuncanBCS 11:46, 3 December 2005 (UTC)

The point of the linguistic part of my comment has to do with a simple fact that in 1906 Trotsky (who, we doubt not, knew what he was writing about) had a choice of which Russian term to use in his "Itogi i Perspektivy" to refer to permanent revolution. If it were true that permanent in fact means final, that use of the term would confuse a Russian reader a great deal.

But, by all means, let's examine how the originators of term used it in 1850 in "Address of the Central Committee to the Communist League":

"While the democratic petty bourgeois want to bring the revolution to an end as quickly as possible, achieving at most the aims already mentioned, it is our interest and our task to make the revolution permanent until all the more or less propertied classes have been driven from their ruling positions, until the proletariat has conquered state power and until the association of the proletarians has progressed sufficiently far - not only in one country but in all the leading countries of the world - that competition between the proletarians of these countries ceases and at least the decisive forces of production are concentrated in the hands of the workers."

I interpret this thusly: petty bourgeois want to stop revoltion at this stage. We must continue it, "make it permanent until" etc. Just try to substitute final instead of permanent in this quote. Now try continuous. Which one works? It is clear to me that a long, continuous process, leading from the current state of unfinished bourgeois-democratic revolution in one country to a completed socialist revolution on an international scale is being described here, and called "permanent revolution".

Or, we can examine how today's practitioners of the theory describe its permanent character:

"There are three reasons that explain that the socialist revolution is permanent: First: In underdeveloped countries the road to democracy necessarily goes first through a dictatorship of the proletariat and not the other way around as had been thought. Second: Once in the power of society, it begins to transform for an indefinite period. The many revolutions such as the economic, scientific, educational, develop in such a manner that the socialist revolution NEVER achieves equilibrium. And … third is the international character. That is to say that a socialist revolution does not end with the dictatorship of the proletariat and does not end at national borders." (The magnetism of the Permanent Revolution, by Celia Hart)

But I really feel that all these quotes are somewhat superfluous after you read at least Introduction to Permanent Revolution which I originally quoted. If the words "society keeps changing its skin" as a description of permanent revolution do not convince you, I really don't know what else to say.

As for the strange (to me) idea that permanent revolution, apparently...ends the moment socialist revolution begins (revival of stagism, perhaps?), I can only ask you to read the original quote I posted more carefully, in particular: ''' Therein lies the permanent character of the socialist revolution as such. '''.

 * Fascinating! I wonder, do we agree on this: "This revolution is final in the sense that we aim to make one revolutionary process that does not have a further revolutionary process after it: the bourgois revolution is grown into a socialist one by the working class and its allies. The working class continues the revolutionary struggle until it has established a workers' state with decisive power." If we agree on this form of words, then perhaps we have an easy job ahead of us! However, I think there's a nuance between Marx's comment and Hart's: is the strategy of Permanent Revolution a specific tactic for the establishment of a workers' state, which I think Marx is saying, or is Permanent Revolution also a description for the transition from the workers state to stateless communism, which is a possible reading of Hart? (Thank you for quoting Hart. I only came across her name recently. And thank you for being patient: I have been an active militant for decades, I have read and debated the material repeatedly, but I feel that we are debating complex texts in translations that have been interpreted in different ways by people working in the best of faith. ) --DuncanBCS 21:26, 3 December 2005 (UTC)

I am sorry if I voiced my confusion somewhat awkwardly, or, perhaps, arrogantly -- I understand the limited scope of my expertise and in this, rather important question, rely on logic and judgement of the experts (of which, of course, the revolutionaries, the true users of the theory, like yourself, are the best). With this in mind, I'd like to say that I agree with your quoted statement completely. It is true that the beauty of the theory is that, in an underdeveloped country, once bourgois-democratic revolution has begun, there might be a road to a socialist revolution that does not require giving up the power to bourgeosy (or even more reactionary forces, for bourgeosy is weak), and then wrestling it back again by means of (yet another) revolution. Moreover, this opportunity is often a necessity. To me, however, the cornerstone of the theory is how you achieve this goal, and the answer - by making the revolution permanent, "a protracted revolutionary development" (Marx&Engels) a long and arduous continuous process, solving, progresively, continuously, tasks that in a history of a developed country would be solved by two different revolutions.

I also agree with your remark about a nuance. Indeed, in the "March Address" its authors describe a strategy for German proletariat that will allow it not even to establish, but to continuously approach the worker's state, while the international revolutionary process will provide positive feedback. On the other hand, for Hart (who, I think, to the first order approximation, expresses point of view of Trotsky himself, if, perhaps, somewhat vulgarly at times - for example, the Hart's quote that I used closely resembles his "three aspects of permanent revolution") the permanent revolution ends with the establishment of (the first stage of) communism, everywhere in the world. It is not quite the stateless society just yet; but an organic, evolutionary growth of this society leads to it, the state gradually fades away. I beleive Trotsky would agree, for he wrote

" 10. The completion of the socialist revolution within national limits is unthinkable. One of the basic reasons for the crisis in bourgeois society is the fact that the productive forces created by it can no longer be reconciled with the framework of the national state. From this follows on the one hand, imperialist wars, on the other, the utopia of a bourgeois United States of Europe. The socialist revolution begins on the national arena, it unfolds on the international arena, and is completed on the world arena. Thus, the socialist revolution becomes a permanent revolution in a newer and broader sense of the word; it attains completion, only in the final victory of the new society on our entire planet. "

Well, I fail to see a big problem here, but, indeed, a nuance. Marx and Engels were solving a tactical question; titans as they were, they solved it by uncovering a new fascinating plast of theory, but only touched upon its full implications. Trotsky and others recognized the theoretical treasure, further developed the idea, and integrated it into Marxist revolutionary theory, connecting it properly with its final goal - establishment of communism. We may, if we must, distinguish between "permanent revolution in narrow sense" and "permanent revolution in a newer and broader sense", but I think the distinction would be largely artificial and is not a common practice (but you are, of course, better equipped to be a judge of that).

Seeing that we agree on practically anything, I wonder still if we will have to agree to disagree about final and continuous (in which case, of course, your expert opinion takes priority), or you have some kind of compromise wording in mind?

In conclusion, I'd like to return the compliment and thank you for your patience. 24.184.85.127 04:05, 4 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes, I think the keys here are Trotsky's three aspects. I do think we should keep to the 'narrow' definition of PR that focusses on it as a strategic alternative to Menshevik stages and notions of the 'democratic dictatorship'. I that that means a focus on the notion of "between the democratic revolution and the socialist reconstruction of society a permanent state of revolutionary development". Broadening out the definition, to say that Permanent Revolution is also a strategy for a workers state, seems difficult. It takes the focus away from the alternative strategies for the accomplishing the tasks of the bourgois revolution. Also, Hart's formula about an 'indefinate period' of transition opens up a totally separate debate, about "centuries of deformed workers states", which can be productively avoided on this page and instead developed in discussions about Michel Pablo.--DuncanBCS 12:12, 4 December 2005 (UTC)

 * I have amended this text to read ("permanent" in the sense that it must be "continuous" until "final" victory). Is there anything from our discussion which should be reworked and taken into the main page? --DuncanBCS 12:28, 4 December 2005 (UTC)

Again, I agree entirey, especially emphatically with the point on worker's state; and I find your formula quite satisfactory. At this moment, I see no reason stemming from the discussion to edit the main article further. Thank you very much for resolving this.

Contributed to the 1953 split?
I propose that all the stuff on the workers' states can be cut. Permanent Revolution is not a strategy for workers' state. --DuncanBCS 19:49, 7 November 2005 (UTC)

I've reread the post, and deleted the section shown below in italics. It mistakenly suggested that a difference over the class nature of the stalinist states contributed to the split in the FI. After Hansen won the SWP to the 'deformed workers state', both sides in the international viewed these states as deformed workers states requiring political revolution. -- --DuncanBCS 19:20, 12 November 2005 (UTC)

''The greatest challenge to the theory, which postulated that only socialist revolution could solve the problems posed to Bourgeois Revolutions, is that many such problems have been solved in the mean time through gradual social reform rather than revolution. On the other hand, it is equally true that such reforms might have been only a temporary solution, because some of them are starting to be rolled back in certain countries in the present day.

''Another problem posed to the theory of permanent revolution was the development of 'deformed workers states' in countries where socialist revolutions have not been carried out by the proletariat. This has been dealt with in various ways by different Trotskyist groups.''

''Some leaders of the Fourth International during the late 40s and early 50s disagreed over he implications of this development. The side led by Michel Pablo argued that these deformed workers' states were the result of socialist revolutions carried out by various forces that were 'proletarian' in a political sense (being led by Communist parties), but not proletarian per se (hence the deformed nature of those workers' states, often referred to as Stalinist states). A good example of this and one of the most theorised is to be found in Michael Löwy's book 'The Politics of Combined and Uneven Development'.''

''Those Trotskyists led by James P. Cannon, the American Trotskyist who helped found the Fourth International along with Trotsky, argued differently. They saw these new states as an extension of the Stalinist bureaucracy, and argued for a political revolution against that bureacracy. They considered the position that the bureacracy can lead revolutions as contradictory in principle to Trotskyism, and this posed the question: if the Stalinists can lead the revolution, what do we need the Fourth International for? Indeed, Michel Pablo argued that the Trotskyist parties should be dissolved into the Communist Parties that answered to Moscow. He said that humanity had entered a period where the would be centuries of deformed workers' states. ''

Not all Trotskyists agree with either of the above views, however, and some argue that the 'workers' states' were in fact state capitalist or bureaucratic collectivist in nature.

Copyvio (not)
" This text has been plagiarised from http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Permanent-Revolution"

 * Um, its the other way around, actually. Look at the bottom of that nationmaster page and you will see a link back to here. R Lowry 12:28, 7 Mar 2004 (UTC)

so, THIS is where Gerry Healy went after he died
There are 4**4 organizations each claiming to be the one and only true inheritor to Leon Trotsky. Wikipedia already has its List of Trotskyist internationals and doesn't need it replicated. But this stuff isn't NPOV, it's clearly party line from the David North-flavor ICFI. Tribune 00:17, 9 August 2005 (UTC)

Opening Paragraph
The opening paragraph is all esoteric Marxist jargon that very few people will understand. That said, the precise information in it could and should probably be relocated in the article.

Jacrosse 15:27, 18 January 2006 (UTC)

Jacrosse, I'm sure that your cut was accidental, but you have removed, for the second time, text that I restored recently to the article on Permanent Revolution. This text was agreed, after a long discussion on the Talk page. The purpose of the talk page is to help contributors to agree on changes by consensus. I asked you to use the Talk page to discuss your changes, but you have simply made a comment that you consider some text to be esoteric, and have deleted it without waiting for a reply. I suggest you re-read the Talk page and see that there was some confusion in the article, which the agreed text aimed to resolve. Please do not cut this text again until your view reflects consensus on the Talk page. I have restored the text you removed. --DuncanBCS 19:35, 19 January 2006 (UTC)

I completely agree. Truth be told, I was entirely confused on the permanent revolution when looking here. In fact, even though it is composed of Marxist jargon, the opening paragraph is dead wrong. Whoever wrote it is duely confused. I added in a more easy-to-understand description about it being an international effort. Perhaps someone could add to it/clean it up, and then delete that terrible, initial description.

What people need to understand is if you're going to use Marxist jargon, use it in later paragraphs. The opener/introduction should be in common English so everyone can understand.--Comrade Dave 20:56, 22 October 2006 (UTC)

More then 10 years and nothing has been done about this ? The opening section does not even reference the international revolution which is pretty much the defining factor of Permanent revolution versus one state socialism. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.26.232.81 (talk) 21:53, 10 June 2018 (UTC)

Combined and Uneven development

 * I don't know what the overview looked like before today, but I was very pleased to read it as it stands now (don't remember what it said before. Not gonna look). Job well done: whoever is complaining doesn't have a clue. Can't get much more succinct and clear than that on such a difficult topic.

 * The only thing I feel to be missing would be a reference to combined and uneven development right up front. I am no expert on this, unfortunately; but it seems to me that Trotsky's advance here on Marx' work is exactly what is different between Marx' version of permanent revolution and Trotsky's: how there was little evidence of combined and uneven development yet in Marx' day, in the colonies, etc. -- whereas in Trotsky's time (as now) we have the full "development" (yech) of the comprador system, etc. What we have here is an unforeseen development which Trotsky discovered and analyzed -- and which we can all thank him for.

 * And I believe something should now be added about permanent revolution as it relates to the Bolivarian Revolution in Venezuela. Talk about an ideal laboratory situation to understand this dialectical process.

 * Pazouzou 04:03, 20 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Thats for that. Yes, we should add in CAUD. However, I don't see what we can add about the Bolivarian revolution, other than to nod to Chavez's use of the term. Any suggestions? --Duncan 07:34, 1 June 2007 (UTC)

Influence on Neoconservatism??!?
Is this section original research? For example, the linked article on the connections to neoconservatism does not reference permamant revolution. THere is an article here which argues that the neoconservative strategy is not permamant revolution; but where is there anyone who argues that it is? This article seems to be the origin of the idea that Trotskyist ideas have infused noeconservativism, but it makes no rerefence to Permanent Revolution.

Any suggestion on how to proceeed? --Duncan 02:58, 5 February 2006 (UTC)

 * [1] I believe that that the reference to a connection between permanent revolution and neoconservatism are original research. The referenced material does not support this claim. Unless references given for this claim, I will delete this section in a week's time.
 * [2] Because the referenced article does not even permanent revolution, I have removed it. (George W. Bush, Trotskyite by Justin Raimondo Argues the influence of the theory of permanent revolution on neoconservatism ). --Duncan 16:32, 18 February 2006 (UTC)

 * No supporting references, therefore removed. --Duncan 21:23, 2 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Section was reinserted but, as there are still no references to support this original opinion, I have removed in while awaiting references. --Duncan 10:15, 9 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I don't know what's up with your obsession with "original research", but unlike the French Turn this is a very well established phenomenon as it relates to neoconservatism, indeed is the most widely accepted such connection.--Jacrosse 16:07, 9 March 2006 (UTC)

 * If this is well established, then you will have no trouble finding references. However, neither you nor I have been able to find references that support your claim. If there are no sources, then it is original research. Click --> original research <-- on that link to see why Wikipedia is not the place for original research. Personally, I do not see the connection between permanent revolution and neo-conservatism other than both of them use the word revolution. However, permanent revolution is a strategy by which the working class acts independently to produce socialism in backward countries: the agents, goals, strategy, tactics and idiom all seem quite different. If you re-insert this section without supportive references, I will report you for vandalism. Please post your references here on the Talk page for us to discuss them. We can invite the previous contibutors to this page to discuss it. Consensus is the only way forward here. --Duncan 16:49, 9 March 2006 (UTC)

"I don't know what's up with your obsession with "original research"

I suggest you read No original research. Homey 15:23, 27 March 2006 (UTC)

"permanent revolution states that the road to socialism must be an international effort by many nations"
I have just reverted a wholesale rewrite, unreferenced of the article. The general line of this is that the theory of permanent revolution was the idea that socialism cannot exist in one country. Trotsky did argue this, but the theory of permanent revolution predates that idea, and orginated in 1905 -- with a long hertiage. It is an opposition to stagism; socialism in one country came decades later. --Duncan 23:45, 24 November 2006 (UTC)

Balance?
Is it right that so much of this article is on the by, by others than Trotsky, of the term? Surely a section expounding the basic postulates would be more useful than this over-long section on Marx, which is highly speculative? --Duncan 22:49, 15 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Hi Duncan. I don't see why the section on Marx should be seen as speculative - it's rather solidly referenced (far more so than most Wikipedia articles), and is made up, in no small part, of quotations from the man himself.  On the question of length, I think that if Wikipedia is going to be a serious source, it needs to give fairly clear and comprehensive accounts of its topics, and articles should be as long as that requires.  It's necessary for an article like this to demonstrate its statements with direct quotations from the text - if not, readers won't know whether to trust it, and future editors won't have a way to assess the view in the article against their received impression of the theory.  As to whether there is too much focus on Marx, the onus is on wikipedians who're well aquainted with Trotsky to give the exegesis of his theory that it no doubt deserves - I think the same probably goes for Cliff's theory.

 * On the other hand, I'm not saying my edits are perfect - it'd be good to discuss if you think my analysis is wrong, or even speculative in any particlar way? Cheers, Breadandroses 09:55, 17 January 2007 (UTC)

 * p.s. I also think that the basic postulates, as you put it, are summarised in the opening paragraph... or if not, then what sort of level of detail are you thinking of? Breadandroses 09:58, 17 January 2007 (UTC)

 * I don't quite take the same view. My point about balance remains. As a summary of Trotsky's theory, the form of words we are using is weak "first, that the bourgeoisie in late-developing capitalist countries are incapable of developing the productive forces in such a manner as to achieve the sort of advanced capitalism which will fully develop an industrial proletariat. Second, that the proletariat can and must, therefore, seize political power, leading an alliance with the peasantry." This fails to mention why the capitalists cannot complete the bouregois revolution, and fails to mentions that the workers and peasants must take control of society -- state and economy, not just political power. Furthermore, Wikipedia discourages long articles. Generally, long references can be summarised and footnoted. Nor is Wikipedia a place for exegesis, in that word's sense of the the meaning beneath the surface: that would be original research. Cliff, I think, does not have a theory of permanent revolution: Deflected permanent revolution is a scenario: what can happy if the strategy of permanent revolution is no executed effectively. Separately, I don't feel comfortable with what you've written about Marx. He was more open about Russia's path of development. --Duncan 09:19, 19 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Hi again Duncan, a few different things here. On Trotsky, you may well be right.  I didn't edit the main body of the article on Trotsky, and only altered the section on him in the introduction to conform to the existing material in the body of the article, and the summary in Cliff's essay - which I think it would be worth checking out, if you haven't already.  But I'd absolutely encourage you to improve on the material on Trotsky, including the introductory summary, which I'm not able to at this stage.  As to your two specific criticisms of my characterisation of his theory in the introduction: (i) you're right, I don't explain why the Russian bourgeoisie were held not to be able to complete capitalism, but (a) neither does the main body of the article, anywhere which presumably is the priority, and (b) I'm not sure such detail is suitable, anyway, for the two or three sentence summary which is necessary for the introduction.  (ii) I think you're right that the control of society in general, not just polical power, is at issue - this is a simple point, and I will alter accordingly now.

 * On Cliff - though I think he does have a theory, his theory doesn't bare the same relation to 'deflected permanent revolution' (as a scenario) that Marx and Trotsky's theories bare to 'permanent revolution' (as a scenario or strategy) - i.e., that they think it would be a good thing. That's true, and I think it would be worthwhile making that clear, but it doesn't mean that he doesn't have a 'theory of deflected permanent revolution' - not all theories advocate their objects.

 * On length and exegesis. The article is not long at all in relation to many wikipedia articles (and it depends what you mean by 'long', in any case).  It is a complex subject - the question is whether words are wasted, if they are, let's see what they are.  Marx is difficult to quote briefly, or not at all - his style makes it very difficult, if the structure of what he's saying is to be grasped.  My instinct, for example, is that the quotation from the Holy Family at the top is too long (though none of the others are), but it does seem to me, on reflection, to be necessary.  Because I can't see how it could be cut, and the full meaning retained.  The sense in which I use exegesis is summary, precis, or what have you - to draw out the meaning from a passage and state it simply.  This is not original research in any meaningful sense.

 * On Marx, I assume that what you're uncomfortable with (as regards Russia's path of development, etc.) is the final two paragraphs of the Marx section. I'm not beyond accepting that my presentation may come across as slightly POV, though I definitely think that the view I present (but do not advocate, as such) needs to be mentioned and explained, since it is crucial for consideration of the relation between the views of Marx and Trotsky.  Though I would agree that the counterpoint, if you will, should get more air.  There is a letter at some point in which Marx says that "perhaps" it may be possible for Russia to skip the phase of bourgeois rule... but it's only an off-hand remark in a private letter - and do you know of any other evidence?  I can't find the link to the letter, but if you can, it would definitely be worth including a quotation and reference for completeness.  This seems to me to be the right approach: laying out the debates, with appropriate evidence.

 * Let's work on this together - I wouldn't take offence if you want to make a few edits of the sections we've discussed, though I hope you'll try, in general, to add, rather than take away - though of course some pruning will be necessary. Cheers, Breadandroses 11:47, 20 January 2007 (UTC)

Implications of Trotsky's theory
I'm missing the implications of the Permanent Revolution as it differs to Socialism in one country. Since this was a struggle-between Stalin and Trotsky-that determined Soviet policy and thus world history it has (IMHO) more importance than the strength of the relation to Marx' theses. Prezen 18:08, 10 February 2007 (UTC)
 * You have be right about relative importance. The implications concerned the importance of the USSR buuilding the Communist International as a revolutionary movement. Trotsky's theory, and Marx's, was that the capitalist class could not be trsuted to complete the bourgeois revolution, and therefore that the toiling masses need to organise independently to complete the revolutionary process and make it permanent. Stalin's theory was revolutionary overturns should not be attempted, and that the Communist parties should subordinate themselves to the leadership of the bourgois nationalists, for example the Nationalist Party of China. --Duncan 19:13, 10 February 2007 (UTC)

This article is quite eurocentric: What about Latin America and JP Narayan? - nadalex 14 July 2012 — Preceding unsigned comment added by Nadalex (talk • contribs) 14:11, 14 July 2012 (UTC)

Evolutionary Communism?
I read a book on Trotsky an few years back that mentioned "Evolutionary Communism". Is this the same thing as Permanent Revolution or something different? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Septagram (talk • contribs) 04:42, 21 January 2008 (UTC)
 * No, that is Cabot's theory of utopian socialism. --Duncan (talk) 11:55, 21 January 2008 (UTC)

2010-03 tagging
Addressing in absence of any discussion supporting same. Lycurgus (talk) 14:20, 31 May 2011 (UTC)

Meaning of Permanent
Does it mean "lasting" or "continuous" ?--85.104.65.134 (talk) 21:28, 23 October 2012 (UTC)

Povjest
Permanentna revolucija 188.252.142.1 (talk) 19:38, 27 September 2022 (UTC)

Incorrect focus and poor summary
The "Permanent revolution" is described in sources almost exclusively as the Trotskyist concept. It is another matter that the same expression/wording, with a different meaning, was previously used by Marx. See book Witnesses to Permanent Revolution: The Documentary Record by Richard B. Day, Daniel Gaido, 2009, for example. Same in EB: : "Trotsky’s theory of “permanent revolution” held that, historically, an economic system had to be seen as a world system rather than a national one. All national economic development was affected by the laws of the world market, even though such regional factors as location, population, available resources, and pressure from surrounding countries made the rate of development different in each country. Thus, in Trotsky’s view, the Russian Revolution, to be permanently successful, would have to depend on revolutions in other countries, particularly in western Europe." This needs to be fixed. Lenin and others also supported this idea, at least during a period of time. Based on this concept, they have created the Third International and arguably (according to some sources) also the Soviet Empire. My very best wishes (talk) 16:19, 9 May 2024 (UTC)
 * In addition, the current summary of the page is poor to say the least. "Trotsky's permanent revolution is an explanation of how socialist revolutions could occur in societies that had not achieved advanced capitalism." and so on. "is an explanation of how". No only this is not understandable, but what is the concept? This should be something similar to text in EB. My very best wishes (talk) 00:57, 10 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Looking at other tertiary sources, that one, Encyclopedia.com explains this subject well and should be used for making the summary. That one is less clear, but it also says: Trotsky acknowledged that the material base for socialism did not exist in Russia but he contended that this could be resolved by the second part of the theory—the international character of the revolution. Russia was just a link in the chain; it could not survive without the support of the European proletariat.. Yes. My very best wishes (talk) 01:27, 10 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Thus, in Trotsky’s view, the lasting success of a socialist revolution (e.g., the October Revolution) depends on revolutions in other countries..

 * Probably the best short article online from Routledge Encyclopedia of International Political Economy: My very best wishes (talk) 01:46, 10 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Permanent revolution


text:
Consolidated TBY Sea Wolf

The Consolidated TBY Sea Wolf was a United States Navy torpedo bomber of World War II. It was designed by Vought but entered service and was manufactured by Consolidated Aircraft due to high demand for production lines. A competitor and contemporary to the Grumman TBF Avenger, both were designed to replace the older TBD Devastator but the Sea Wolf was subject to substantial delays and never saw combat in WW2. The design was developed a bit further, with a large Navy order for 1100, but only 180 of the TBY-2 type were built before cancellation after VJ Day. An order of 600 for the TBY-3 was also stopped.

The first units were delivered in late 1944 and reserve units were training with it at the end of the war. It was in service for a few years with a reserve unit before being retired in the late 1940s. Major engagements, such as the invasion of Japan never materialized and it was out of service by the time of the Korean War.

Although the design had its first flight in December 1941 as the XTBU-1, Vought was busy with F4U production, and did not have the factory space. So it was going to built by Consolidated-Vultee at a new factory, and this delayed its production and service entry. As with many WW2 aircraft designs, sweeping cancellations due to surplus and interest in new designs after the war meant the TBY was bypassed in favor of other aircraft. In particular, many Navies were focusing on single-seat attack aircraft like the Martin AM Mauler or Blackburn Firebrand or much newer designs like jet aircraft such was the pace of aircraft development in this period.

Design and development
The original design was not by Consolidated Aircraft but rather by Vought, who designed the then XTBU-1 Sea Wolf to meet a 1939 US Navy requirement. The first prototype flew two weeks after Pearl Harbor was attacked. Its performance was deemed superior to that of the Avenger, and the Navy placed an order for 1,000 examples.

Several unfortunate incidents intervened; the prototype was damaged in a rough arrested landing trial and, when repaired a month later, was again damaged in a collision with a training aircraft. Once repaired again, the prototype was accepted by the Navy. However, by this time, Vought was heavily overcommitted to other contracts, especially for the F4U Corsair fighter, and had no production capacity. It was arranged that Consolidated-Vultee would produce the aircraft (as the TBY), but this had to wait until the new production facility in Allentown, Pennsylvania, was complete, which took until late 1943.

The design was also used as the basis for the Vought V-326 testbed and research aircraft in the 1940s.

Operational history
The production TBYs were radar-equipped, with a radome under the right-hand wing. The first newer aircraft flew on 20 August 1944. By this time the Avenger equipped every torpedo squadron in the Navy, and there was no need for the Sea Wolf; in addition, numerous small problems delayed entry into service. Orders were cancelled after production started, and the 180 built were used for training.

The TBY-2 was delivered to the Navy on 7 November 1944 and equipped VT-97 by April 1945. The Navy cancelled the rest of the order in September 1945 after VJ day and put its efforts into fielding the radar equipped Avenger. The end of the war also halted the development of the TBY-3. They were held in reserve in the late 1940s before finally being withdrawn.

In July 1945, one aircraft was damaged due to a collapsed landing gear, operating from NAS Patuxent River. Also,  in July 1945, one airframe was lost when it crashed when it overshot the runway at Convair field. In January 1946, another landing incident damaged one at NAS Norfolk, another was damaged in a ground looping accident in April 1946 at NAS Anacostia. There were other small incidents in the late 1940s while they were in service.

Variants

 * XTBU-1 Sea Wolf
 * Prototype three-seat torpedo bomber powered by a R-2800-22 engine, one built.

 * TBY-1 Sea Wolf
 * Production variant of the XTBU-1, not built.

 * TBY-2 Sea Wolf
 * TBY-1 with an additional radar pod mounted under starboard-wing, 180 built, a further 920 were cancelled. (180 of 1100 produced before further production cancelled in September 1945)

 * TBY-3 Sea Wolf
 * Improved variant, order for 600 cancelled, not built. (cancelled in September 1945)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Consolidated TBY Sea Wolf


text:
Marco Masini

Marco Masini (born 18 September 1964) is an Italian singer-songwriter, musician and pianist.

As of 2021, he has released 11 studio albums, 12 compilations, and 3 live albums.

Early years
Marco Masini was born in the city of Florence, in the region of Tuscany, Italy, on 18 September 1964. His mother, Anna Maria, sang and played piano, and was an elementary school teacher before she quit the profession to have a life at home with the family. His father, Giancarlo, worked as a representative of hair products.

When Marco was three years old he received a toy piano as a Christmas present. The little boy showed an instant interest in music and soon he began attending music classes.

During high school he created, along with friends, a music group called Errata Corrige. Meanwhile, his lack of interest in studying made him leave high school when he was 16, which caused problems within his family.

For a time, Masini worked with his father as a representative. In 1980 the family opened a bar in Florence. The fights between Marco and his father increased, causing his mother worry and heartache. A few years later, her husband was forced to sell the bar after she was found to have cancer. Marco left to serve in the army (military aircraft in Florence), and only one day after his return on 22 August 1984, his mother died, to the deep sadness of Marco, who always regretted the fact that he could not be close to her in her last moments.

In his early years of his career he met the record producer Giancarlo Bigazzi who introduced the young musician to the music business, as a collaborator with artists like Raf and Umberto Tozzi. Eventually, in 1990 he participated in the 40th edition of popular Sanremo Festival with one of his signature songs, Disperato, and won first prize as new artist of the year.

Fame and Consecration
After winning third place, now among the main competitors, in the 1991 edition of Sanremo Festival with Perché lo fai (a controversial song about an addicted young woman), Masini, now an emerging star, released his second album, Malinconoia (a composite word coined by the artist indicating a mixture of melancholy and boredom, in Italian malinconia and noia), that became a big hit in the Italian charts, despite the somber mood of most of the record. The Malinconoia music video, taped during a concert at Palaeur in Rome, won first prize in the category "Best live video" during the 1991 edition of Riminicinema festival. The title track was presented during the popular summer music competition Festivalbar in the long playing records category, and was awarded first prize.

In 1993 the album T'innamorerai was released. The record created the basis for the international success of Masini. The song that introduces the LP, Vaffanculo (figuratively fuck off), generated controversies and was banned by most radio and television networks. In an interview for the newspaper Corriere della Sera, Masini claimed that the v-word was dedicated to "the liars and who call me 'prophet of the depression'" and the song contained also some harsh verses directed to the record labels and their policies.

In the meantime, Marco became an international sensation. With a style in both music and lyrics that synthesized his diverse musical influences,, Marco opened a new path in Italian music and popular culture. The album T'innamorerai became a huge hit, with over a million copies sold worldwide.

In 1995 (January), the fourth album was released, Il Cielo della Vergine in Italy, Switzerland, Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany and the Spanish version (El Cielo de Virgo) in Spain and Latin America. For this album he was criticized again, this time because of two songs Bella Stronza ("Beautiful Bitch") and Principessa ("Princess"), both very direct and explicit.

In 1996 he published L'Amore Sia Con Te, a compilation of his greatest hits, with the new song that gave title to the album and Meglio Solo, an old song, released originally as the B-side of the single Disperato. This collection was also released in Spanish speaking countries as Mi amor allí estará, presenting a slightly different tracklist. During the summer, the tour called L'amore Sia Con Te occurred.

In 1997, fellow singer-songwriter Enrico Ruggeri called him to sing La Gente di Cuore, included in the Ruggeri's album Domani è un altro giorno.

After nearly four years of silence, on 12 November 1998, the Scimmie ("Monkeys") album was released by Ma label, founded by himself, Mario Manzani and Marco Poggione. This new album was a major turning point in production, on which he presented himself to the public with a new look: white hair and beard. But the greatest change was the separation from Bigazzi, Marco's old teacher, who had marked the beginning of his musical career. The disc is a harder rock and the lyrics are generally less sentimental but more airtight. With Scimmie, Marco said he wanted to recover the music from the 1970s that he loved and was back in fashion: the views of the critics were strangely positive, but not public opinion, which decreed the album's commercial failure.

He's an atheist, though he somewhat recognizes the "importance of religion" when a person is in trouble.

He has been engaged to Romina Contiero from 2001 to 2005.

He participated at the Sanremo Music Festival 2020 with the song Il confronto.

Studio albums

 * 1990 – Marco Masini
 * 1991 – Malinconoia
 * 1993 – T'innamorerai
 * 1995 – Il cielo della vergine
 * 1998 – Scimmie
 * 2000 – Raccontami di te
 * 2001 – Uscita di sicurezza
 * 2005 – Il giardino delle api
 * 2009 – L'Italia...e altre storie
 * 2011 – Niente d'importante
 * 2017 – Spostato di un secondo

Live albums

 * 2004 – Masini live 2004
 * 2010 – Un palco lungo... 20 anni!
 * 2017 – Marco Masini – In concerto

Compilation albums

 * 1996 – L'amore sia con te
 * 2003 – .. il mio cammino
 * 2004 – 'Masini
 * 2006 – Tozzi Masini
 * 2013 – La mia storia...piano e voce
 * 2015 – Cronologia
 * 2020 – Masini+1 30th Anniversary

Singles

 * 1988 – Uomini / Bugie
 * 1990 – Disperato
 * 1990 – Ci vorrebbe il mare
 * 1991 – Perché lo fai
 * 1991 – Ti vorrei
 * 1991 – Malinconoia
 * 1993 – Vaffanculo
 * 1993 – T'innamorerai
 * 1993 – La libertà
 * 1995 – Bella stronza
 * 1995 – Principessa
 * 1995 – Cuccioli
 * 1995 – Il cielo della vergine
 * 1996 – L'amore sia con te
 * 1998 – Scimmie
 * 1999 – Fino a tutta la vita che c'è
 * 1999 – Lungomare
 * 1999 – Il giorno di Natale (Il giorno più banale)
 * 2000 – Raccontami di te
 * 2000 – Protagonista
 * 2000 – Ancóra vita è
 * 2001 – Lasciaminonmilasciare ("Leavemedon'tleaveme")
 * 2001 – Il bellissimo mestiere
 * 2001 – Vai male a scuola]]
 * 2003 – Generation – feat. Donald D
 * 2003 – Io non ti sposerò
 * 2004 – L'uomo volante
 * 2004 – E ti amo
 * 2005 – Nel mondo dei sogni
 * 2005 – Il giardino delle api
 * 2005 – Tutto quello che ho di te
 * 2005 – Rimani così
 * 2006 – Maledetta amica mia
 * 2006 – Cosa rimane (a Marco) – only for the fan club; written and performed by Andrea Amati in 2002
 * 2006 – Come si fa...? (with Umberto Tozzi)
 * 2007 – Anima italiana (with Umberto Tozzi)
 * 2007 – Arrivederci per lei (with Umberto Tozzi)
 * 2009 – L'Italia
 * 2009 – Com'è bella la vita
 * 2009 – Lontano dai tuoi angeli
 * 2011 – Niente d'importante
 * 2011 – Non ti amo più
 * 2012 – Colpevole
 * 2013 – Io ti volevo
 * 2015 – Che giorno è
 * 2015 – Non è vero che l'amore cambia il mondo
 * 2017 – Spostato di un secondo
 * 2017 – Tu non esisti
 * 2017 – Signor tenente (cover version of Giorgio Faletti)
 * 2020 – Il confronto
 * 2020 – T'innamorerai (feat. Francesco Renga); auto-cover of the 1993 homonymous song
 * 2020 – La parte chiara

Guest appearances

 * 1988 – Dal tuo sguardo in poi (with Rosita Celentano)
 * 1997 – La gente di cuore (with Enrico Ruggeri)
 * 1997 – Ci vorrebbe il mare (with Montserrat Caballé) – (in Friends for Life)
 * 2005 – Voglia di libertà (in ... a Pierangelo Bertoli)
 * 2009 – Nel blu, dipinto di blu (with Nazionale Italiana Cantanti) – (in L'opportunità)
 * 2009 – La canzone del sole (with Nazionale Italiana Cantanti) – (in L'opportunità)
 * 2009 – Uno su mille (with Nazionale Italiana Cantanti) – (in L'opportunità)
 * 2009 – La forza della vita (with Nazionale Italiana Cantanti) – (in L'opportunità)
 * 2009 – Si può dare di più (with Nazionale Italiana Cantanti) – (in L'opportunità)
 * 2010 – Donna a-o volante (with Buio Pesto) – (in Pesto)
 * 2010 – Dicono così (with Massimo Alessi)
 * 2016 – Il rumore che fa (with Raige)
 * 2017 – Va*******o (with Grido) – (in Segnali di fumo)
 * 2018 – Io non ti sposerò (Remix) (with Calibro 40)
 * 2018 – Sesto piano (with Zibba) – (in Le cose)
 * 2018 – Chi fermerà la musica (with Dodi Battaglia) – (in Dodi Day)
 * 2018 – Pensiero (with Dodi Battaglia) – (in Dodi Day)

Others

 * 2013 – Una parte di te (for R101's Stile libero)

Books

 * 1991 – Marco Masini - Il piviere
 * 1995 – Per rabbia e per amore
 * 2011 – questi nostri 20 anni interminabili
 * 2022 - L'altalena. La mia storia

title: Marco Masini


text:
Midhurst, Ontario

Midhurst is a community in the Township of Springwater, Simcoe County, Ontario, Canada. It is the county seat, and with nearly 3,000 people, the largest population centre in Springwater.

It is location of the Barrie Baycats of the Intercounty Baseball League. Midhurst has a public elementary school, Forest Hill Public School, which is a part of the Simcoe County District School Board.

History
Midhurst was named after the town of Midhurst, in the United Kingdom. Cowdray Park is also named after the main park in that town. A tree nursery and a saw mill on Willow Creek existed in Midhurst that supplied trees for the province. 'Finlay Mill Road' is so named, as Alex Finlay was its owner. The Midhurst Pioneer Cemetery, no longer in operation, exists near the United Church, along with the non-denominational Midhurst Union Cemetery. Willow Creek featured a grist-mill and hydro power house that supplied electricity to Barrie from 1826 to 1888. The old grist-mill stone stands as a monument near the Finlay Mill bridge.

Arts and culture
Midhurst Autumnfest, an annual fall fair, has run from 1969 to present.

Attractions

 * Green Pine Park and Doran Park are the two public parks in Midhurst, connected by Willow Creek.
 * Barrie Community Sports Complex opened in 2000.
 * Willow Creek runs through Midhurst and much of the surrounding marshland, alongside Hunter-Russel Trail.
 * The Springwater Public Library is located in Midhurst.

Transportation
Midhurst is located at the junction of Ontario Highway 26 and Ontario Highway 27.

The community has two Simcoe County LINX stops on its Line 1 Penetanguishene/Midland–Barrie bus route, which connects Midhurst to locations along the roughly north-south route.

Notable people

 * Robert Dick Orok (1958) served in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba from 1912 to 1915, as a member of the Conservative Party.
 * Matthew Beleskey (1988) former NHL left winger
 * Alexandra Paul (1991) is an Olympic ice dancer. She won silver at the 2010 World Junior Figure Skating Championships, and bronze at the Canadian Figure Skating Championships, with partner Mitchell Islam.
 * Mitchell Hooper is a professional strongman competitor and holder of the 2023 World's Strongest Man title.

title: Midhurst, Ontario


text:
Talk:Oil Springs Reservation, Allegany County, New York

I have to confess: I am really disgusted with these demographic nonsense in Wikipedia.

Here it is more than obvious: it has a population of 9! it´s an indian reservation with NO indian!

Either this obvious fact is interesting, then tell us the story. Or it is not, then omitt it!

 * Encyclopedia's aren't about telling stories, they are about stating facts. I'll agree that the demographic stuff looks a bit odd on small towns, but it's better than nothing.  Treznor 21:41, 2 February 2006 (UTC)

Reason for two extra articles?
What is the reason for having this and the other exta article on the reservation? Shouldn't the main article (Oil Springs Reservation) just about cover everything? They are not separate reservations. Backspace (talk) 23:45, 25 May 2009 (UTC)


text:
Last Chance to See

Last Chance to See is a 1989 BBC radio documentary series and its accompanying book, written and presented by Douglas Adams and Mark Carwardine. In the series, Adams and Carwardine travel to various locations in the hope of encountering species on the brink of extinction. The book was published in 1990.

In 2009, the BBC broadcast a television follow-up series of the same name, with Stephen Fry replacing the late Adams.

In 1985, Douglas Adams went to Madagascar in search of the (possibly extinct) lemur the aye-aye. The trip was part of a project by the World Wide Fund for Nature and British Sunday newspaper The Observer, sending well-known authors to remote places to seek endangered species and write articles for The Observer Magazine, to help raise awareness of ecological issues. Adams was met in Madagascar by zoologist Mark Carwardine (who was working for the WWF at the time). The Observer project was successful, and Adams and Carwardine developed a radio series around the same concept for BBC Radio 4. Carwardine later said:

 * "We put a big map of the world on a wall, Douglas stuck a pin in everywhere he fancied going, I stuck a pin in where all the endangered animals were, and we made a journey out of every place that had two pins."

The journeys undertaken were to see:
 * The aye-aye in Madagascar
 * The Komodo dragon on the island of Komodo in Indonesia
 * The kakapo in New Zealand
 * The mountain gorilla in Zaire
 * The northern white rhinoceros in Zaire
 * The Yangtze river dolphin in China
 * The Rodrigues fruit bat on the island of Rodrigues, Mauritius
 * The Amazonian manatee in Brazil
 * The Juan Fernández fur seal on the Juan Fernández Islands, Chile

Radio
The aye-aye programme was broadcast on BBC Radio 4 on 1 November 1985 as a pilot; six further episodes were then broadcast in 1989:
 * The kakapo - 4 October
 * The Yangtze river dolphin - 11 October
 * The Amazonian manatee - 18 October
 * The Rodrigues fruit bat - 25 October
 * The Komodo dragon - 1 November
 * The Juan Fernández fur seal - 8 November

The mountain gorilla and northern white rhino, although the subject of chapters in the book, did not appear in the radio series.

Book
In 1990, an accompanying book was published in the UK, describing the various adventures that duo had encountered on journeys, often with a comic tone. The book covers most of the radio episodes, but excludes the Juan Fernández fur seal and the Amazonia Manatee. It includes some colour photographs taken by Carwardine.

The first American hardcover edition was published by Harmony Books in 1991 (under ISBN 0-517-58215-5) and the first German paperback edition was published in 1992 by Heyne (under ISBN 3-453-06115-2). These editions carry slightly different photographs of the journeys. An abridged audiobook, read by Adams, was also published.

In the posthumous biography and essay collection, The Salmon of Doubt, Adams describes Last Chance to See as his favourite work.

CD ROM

The Voyager Company also published a 2 CD-ROM set (for Microsoft Windows 3.1 and Macintosh System 6), in 1992, featuring over 800 still photographs, Adams reading the nearly complete book, Carwardine reading fact files on the species they searched like side bars, and extracts from the BBC Radio 4 series.

Television series
In 2009, the BBC broadcast a TV follow-up series, in which Stephen Fry, a friend of the late Adams, accompanies Carwardine on a journey to see what has changed in the 20 years since the radio broadcasts. The series excludes the Rodrigues fruit bat, the Yangtze river dolphin, which is "in all probability extinct", and the Juan Fernandez fur seal, which had proved embarrassingly easy for Adams and Carwardine to find.

title: Last Chance to See


text:
Talk:STS-47

STS-48 thru 51
..what happened to STS-48 thru 51?
 * Shuttle missions are planned years in advance, and given designations at that time. Various factors including shuttle refurbishment time, delays in producing the item that is the main object of the mission and other factors then lead to delays in the scheduled launch of each missionSo in this case, STS-52 was ready to go before STS-48 thru 51.Theon 15:13, Mar 7, 2004 (UTC)

Sex Rumor.
I am including the fact that it has been rummored that Davis and Lee (a married couple)possibly had sex on board the space shuttle on this flight. This blog entry gives the entire story: http://blogs.chron.com/sciguy/archives/2007/02/has_it_been_don.html Dreammaker182 (talk) 04:14, 7 October 2010 (UTC)
 * And I've reverted because blogs are NOT reliable sources and are explicitly not allowed per WP:V. -MBK004 06:47, 7 October 2010 (UTC)

Regardless of the rumours, the fact is that this was the first and only time a married couple were allowed to fly together with NASA (allegedly NASA were notified of the marriage too late to find a replacement). I think there should be a mention of this in the article if a reliable source can be found.124.148.55.133 (talk) 07:16, 2 March 2013 (UTC)

That blog link has since been broken, and I don't see any point of including it as any source unless credible news agencies published the rumor at the time. SpacePod9 (talk) 00:09, 9 November 2021 (UTC)

Rampant Plagiarism untouched since 2004 - Improvements in Progress
One thing that's shocked me is that this article contains plagiarized info from NASA's fact sheets & mission archives about STS-47, specifically the majority of the first paragraph and the entirety of the third, fourth, and fifth in the mission highlights section, were ripped directly from the NASA mission summary published in the external links section. While the source has been linked, there are no inline citations where the source came from, and while I believe information a public agency like NASA publishes on the internet is in the public domain, outright plagiarism like this has never been allowed on Wikipedia to my knowledge, and it's never a good practice. This information was first posted by the article's creator 17 years ago, and I'm astonished that it hasn't been changed since. Other articles started by the same creator have been edited from the basic NASA factsheets, and some have even gone on to become featured articles on the English Wikipedia. I feel like this issue is too big for a casual editor like myself to solve, so I'm wondering if perhaps more invested Wikipedia editors or perhaps the more active users in this article's categories can try to fix the issues here, since I would like to see this article remain and preferably not have to be deleted and made again from scratch. The people who served on STS-47 and those who worked to make it possible deserve a better article about their scientific and engineering accomplishments. Sorry for the long rant. SpacePod9 (talk) 23:55, 12 November 2021 (UTC)

Finally doing something about it by adding sources and improving the article - I don't think most other STS articles were this egregious in plagiarism, but many need inline references and perhaps a rewrite - it's more than a one editor's job. SpacePod9 (talk) 05:14, 27 January 2022 (UTC)

Science Article Links
These are links for quality references regarding some of the experiments done on this mission, for future editors. SpacePod9 (talk) 07:45, 6 February 2024 (UTC) SpacePod9 (talk) 07:45, 6 February 2024 (UTC)
 * https://doi.org/10.1016/1350-4487(94)00084-E
 * https://permanent.fdlp.gov/gpo11905/201000425682010046866.pdf
 * https://doi.org/10.1016/0094-5765(95)00098-K
 * https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2004.11.016
 * https://doi.org/10.1016/S0273-1177(02)00398-8

 * The only oral histories I could find for any crew members are Robert Gibsons:

 * https://historycollection.jsc.nasa.gov/JSCHistoryPortal/history/oral_histories/GibsonRL/GibsonRL_4-10-18.pdf
 * https://historycollection.jsc.nasa.gov/JSCHistoryPortal/history/oral_histories/GibsonRL/GibsonRL_10-14-20.pdf

Another AIAA paper about Spacelab-J, published before launch. SpacePod9 (talk) 07:56, 2 May 2024 (UTC)
 * https://arc.aiaa.org/doi/epdf/10.2514/6.1990-3539

title: Talk:STS-47


text:
Alfred Ceramic Art Museum

The Alfred Ceramic Art Museum at Alfred University in Alfred, New York, United States houses nearly 8,000 ceramic and glass objects by internationally known ceramic artists. While originally housed in 1,500 sq. ft. of exhibition space in the New York State College of Ceramics' Binns-Merrill Hall, the museum's new building was constructed in 2014 by KMW Architects to allow the museum to grow since the village of Alfred is known as a ceramics mecca.

Its collection includes ancient ceramics of anthropological interest, examples of historical and contemporary ceramic art and craft, and advanced ceramics created utilizing advanced ceramic engineering technology. The new building is located on the site of the former Davis Gym, on Pine Street just past its intersection with Main Street. Construction began June 2014 on a $10 million Alfred Museum of Ceramic Art. The university received a private donation to cover the cost of the new museum.

The museum is a teaching and research facility, and part of Alfred University.

title: Alfred Ceramic Art Museum


text:
User talk:Boeder

Hello, welcome to Wikipedia. I came across Public sphere which you wrote. It seems to be part of a thesis, which unfortunately is not suitable for Wikipedia as we do not allow original research. This means the PDF you uploaded may need to be deleted. Public sphere could be rewritten so it is not just part of your thesis though, assuming that is yours. If it's not, then you may be violating copyright. I would appreciate it if you clarify this on my talk page. Thanks. Angela. 12:40, Mar 7, 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Boeder


text:
AgustaWestland AW109

The AgustaWestland AW109, originally the Agusta A109, is a lightweight, twin-engine, eight-seat multi-purpose helicopter designed and initially produced by the Italian rotorcraft manufacturer Agusta. It was the first all-Italian helicopter to be mass-produced. Its production has been continued by Agusta's successor companies, presently Leonardo (formerly AgustaWestland, merged into the new Finmeccanica since 2016).

Development of the A109 commenced during the late 1960s as an indigenous rotorcraft suited to commercial operations. A twin-engine arrangement was pursued in response to market interest, while work on the civil model was prioritised over the military-orientated A109B project. On 4 August 1971, the first of three prototypes made its maiden flight. On 1 June 1975, the type received certification from the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), permitting its service entry in 1976. The A109 has been used in a wide variety of roles, including light utility, VIP transport, aeromedical, law enforcement, search and rescue (SAR), and several military roles. Dedicated military models have been produced for both land and sea operations. Several models with alternative engines, expanded fuselages, and alternative equipment fitouts have been produced. Some AW109s feature a convertible interior to quickly adapt the rotorcraft between roles. Various third-party companies also offer adaptions and services for the type.

Following the merger of Agusta and the British company Westland Helicopters to form AgustaWestland, the A109 has been rebranded as the AW109. International involvement in the programme has also been pursued; the company has established final assembly lines at sites in both Italy and the US. Furthermore, hundreds of AW109 fuselages have been manufactured by the Polish aerospace company PZL-Świdnik since the mid-1990s. AgustaWestland formed a joint venture with the Changhe Aircraft Industries Corporation in 2004 that produces and supports the AW109, includes a final assembly line, in China. The AW109 has been in continuous production for 40 years. The AgustaWestland AW119 is a derivative of the AW109, the principal difference being that it is powered by a single engine and has a fixed undercarriage.

Origins
Work on what would become the AW109 commenced during the late 1960s at the Italian helicopter manufacturer Agusta, which sought to design an indigenous rotorcraft suitable for commercial activities. Known as the A109, early designs were of a single-engine helicopter. However, the design team came to recognise that the market found a twin-engine rotorcraft to be more attractive, thus the project was reoriented to fulfil this in 1969, opting to outfit it with a pair of Allison 250-C14 turboshaft engines. While early considerations had been made for a militarised model, which the company internally referred to as the A109B, Agusta intentionally placed a low priority on the work for this variant in favour of other market sectors. In particular, design efforts were concentrated on the eight-seat A109C model.

On 4 August 1971, the first of three prototypes performed the type's maiden flight. The A109 was subject to a protracted flight testing phase, which was largely attributable to the discovery of dynamic instability that took roughly one year to resolve via a modified transmission design. Almost four years later, the first production helicopter was officially completed during April 1975. On 1 June 1975, the type received certification for visual flight rules (VFR) from the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), permitting the A109 to be operated in North America.

During 1976, deliveries of production A109s commenced to civil customers. The type offered several advantages over the then-market leading Bell 206, including its greater top speed, twin-engine redundancy, and increased seating capacity. In 1975, Agusta's design team revisited the concept of a military version; to support their work, a series of flying trials were carried out between 1976 and 1977 involving a total of five A109As that had been outfitted with Hughes Aircraft-built TOW missiles. From these endeavours, two different military versions of the A109 emerged, one being intended for light attack/close air support missions while the other was optimised for shipboard operations.

Further development
Shortly following after the launch of the initial production model, Agusta begun work on additional models, primarily for the civil sector. During 1981, an A109A Mk2, that featured a widened cabin, was made available to operators. In 1993, the A109 K2 model was introduced, which was powered by alternative engine in the form of the Turbomeca Arriel 1K1. During 1996, the A109 Power was launched, which was broadly similar to the K2 except for the adoption of yet another powerplant, the Pratt & Whitney Canada PW206 engine. By 2008, according to AgustaWestland, the A109 Power was being operated across 46 countries. In 2006, an enlarged variant, the A109S Grand, was introduced.

The A109 was renamed the AW109 as a consequence of the July 2000 merger of Finmeccanica and GKN plc's respective helicopter subsidiaries Agusta and Westland Helicopters to form AgustaWestland. Since the mid-1990s, fuselages for the AW109 have been manufactured by PZL-Świdnik, which became a subsidiary company of AgustaWestland in 2010. In June 2006, the 500th fuselage was delivered by the Polish aerospace company PZL-Świdnik, marking 10 years of co-operation on the AW109 between the two companies. In 2004, AgustaWestland formed a joint venture with the Changhe Aircraft Industries Corporation for the support and production of the AW109 in China; by 2009, the joint venture was reportedly capable of performing the final assembly of the AW109 in addition to independently manufacturing major sections, such as the fuselage.

In February 2014, AgustaWestland announced the development of the AW109 Trekker, an updated model. It is equipped with skid landing gear (being the first twin-engine helicopter produced by the company to have this feature) and is powered by a pair of FADEC-equipped Pratt & Whitney Canada PW207C engines; its avionics are supplied by Genesys Aerospace, which have been designed for single-pilot operations. The Trekker reportedly expands upon the utility capabilities of the standard AW109. Akin to the prior models, the final assembly of the AW109 Trekker is undertaken at sites in both the US and Italy.

Design
The AW109 is a lightweight twin-engine helicopter, known for its speed, elegant appearance and ease of control. Since entering commercial service, several revisions and iterations have been made, frequently introducing new avionics and engine technologies. AgustaWestland have promoted the type for its multirole capabilities and serviceability. The type has proven highly popular with VIP/corporate customers; according to AgustaWestland, 50% of all of the AW109 Power variant had been sold in such configurations. Other roles for the AW109 have included emergency medical services, law enforcement, homeland security missions, harbor pilot shuttle duty, search and rescue, maritime operations, and military uses. In 2008, AgustaWestland claimed the AW109 to be "one of the industry’s best-selling helicopters".

A range of turboshaft powerplants have been used to power the numerous variants of the AW109, from the original Allison 250-C14 engines to the Turbomeca Arriel 1K1 and Pratt & Whitney Canada PW206 of more modern aircraft. Powerplants can be replaced or swapped for during airframe overhauls, resulting in increasing lifting capacity and other performance changes. In the case of single-engine failure, the AW109 is intended to have a generous power reserve even on a single engine. The engines drive a fully articulated four-blade rotor system. Over time, more advanced rotor blade designs have been progressively adopted for the AW109's main and tail rotors, such as composite materials being used to replace bonded metal, these improvements have typically been made with the aim of reducing operating costs and noise signature. According to Rotor&Wing, the type is well regarded for its "high, hot, and heavy" performance.

According to AgustaWestland, the AW109 Power features various advanced avionics systems, these include a three-axis autopilot, an auto-coupled Instrument Landing System, integrated GPS, a Moving Map Display, weather radar, and a Traffic Alerting System. These systems are designed to reduce pilot workload (the AW109 can be flown under single or dual-pilot instrument flight rules (IFR)) and enable the use of night vision goggles (NVG) to conduct day-or-night operations. The AW109 has a forced trim system which can be readily and selectively activated by the controlling pilot using triggers located on the cyclic and collective which hold the control inputs at the last set position if activated. All critical systems are deliberately redundant for fail-safe operations; the hydraulic system, hydraulic actuators, and electrical system are all dual-redundant, while the power inverters are triple-redundant. The AW109 also has reduced maintenance requirements due to an emphasis on reliability across the range of components used.

Some models of the AW109 feature the "quick convertible interior", a cabin configuration designed to be flexibly re-configured to allow the rotorcraft to be quickly adapted for different roles, such as the installation or removal of mission consoles or medical stretchers. Mission-specific equipment can also be installed in the externally accessible separate baggage compartment, which can be optionally expanded. Optional cabin equipment includes soundproofing, air conditioning, and bleed air heating. Aftermarket cabin configurations are offered by third parties; Pininfarina and Versace have both offered designer interiors for the AW109, while Aerolite Max Bucher has developed a lightweight emergency medical service interior. The majority of AW109s are fitted with a retractable wheeled tricycle undercarriage, providing greater comfort than skids and taxiing capability. For shipboard operations, the wheeled landing gear is reinforced, deck mooring points are fixed across the lower fuselage, and extensive corrosion protection is typically applied.

Optional mission equipment for the AW109 has included dual controls, a rotor brake, windshield wipers, a fixed cargo hook, snow skis, external loudspeakers, wire-strike protection system, engine particle separator, engine compartment fire extinguishers, datalink, and rappelling fittings. A range of armaments can be installed upon the AW109, including pintle-mounted machine guns, machine gun pods, 20mm cannons, rocket pods, anti-tank missiles and air-to-air missiles. Those AW109s operated by the U.S. Coast Guard, later designated as MH-68A, had the following equipment installed: a rescue hoist, emergency floats, FLIR, Spectrolab NightSun search light, a 7.62 mm M240D machine gun and a Barrett M107 semi-automatic 12.7 mm (.50 caliber) anti-material rifle with laser sight.

Operational history
Various branches of the Italian military have operated variants of the AW109; the Guardia di Finanza has operated its own variant of the AW109 since the 1980s for border patrol and customs duties, by 2010, it was in the process of replacing its original AW109s with a new-generation of AW109s.

During 1982, the Argentine Army Aviation deployed three A109As to the Falkland Islands during the Falklands War. They operated with the helicopter fleet (9 UH-1H, 2 CH-47C and 2 Pumas) in reconnaissance and liaison roles. One of the helicopters was destroyed on the ground by a British Harrier attack; the others were captured and sent to Europe aboard HMS Fearless. The British Army Air Corps decided to use those helicopters in domestic operations (being flown by 8 Flight AAC to support SAS regiment deployments in the UK), alongside two additional A109 which were purchased later following favorable use of the first two; all were retired in 2009. The improved AW109E and SP – GrandNew versions have also been operated by No. 32 Squadron of the Royal Air Force to transport members of the British Royal Family.

In 1988, 46 A109s were sold to the Belgian Armed Forces; it was later alleged that Agusta had given the Belgian Socialist Party over 50 million Belgian francs as a bribe to secure the sale. The resulting scandal led to the resignation and later conviction of NATO Secretary General Willy Claes. Belgium has operated an A109 aerial display team. In early 2013, a pair of Belgian AW109s were deployed to Sévaré, Mali, to perform medical evacuation mission in support of the French-led Operation Serval. In June 2013, Belgian newspaper La Libre Belgique alleged that several former Belgian military helicopters had been sold via a private company to South Sudan in violation of a European Union embargo on weapons sales.

During the 1990s, the US Coast Guard, seeking to tackle drug trafficking on small speed boats via armed aerial interdiction helicopters, evaluated several options and selected the AW109 as the winner. For a number of years, eight armed AW109s, designated MH-68A Sting Ray, were leased from AgustaWestland and deployed at Coast Guard land facilities and onboard cutters. Positive experience with the AW109 led to the Coast Guard deciding to arm all of its helicopters and, following adaptions of their existing assets, the AW109s were returned after the lease expired.

In September 1999, the South African Air Force (SAAF) placed an order for 30 AW109s; 25 of the 30 rotorcraft were assembled locally by Denel Aviation, starting in 2003. As many as 16 SAAF AW109s were deployed for patrol, utility, and medical evacuation missions during the 2010 FIFA World Cup. In July 2013, the SAAF reported that 18 AW109s had effectively been grounded due to lack of funding, these rotorcraft being only occasionally activated but not conducting flights; in 2013, only 71 flight hours were allocated to the whole AW109 fleet. The type may be reduced to flying VIPs rather than being operationally capable; South Africa is also considering selling a number of AW109s, and may cease helicopter operations altogether.

In 2001, 20 AW109s were ordered for the Swedish Armed Forces, receiving the Swedish military designation of Hkp 15. In 2010, it was reported that considerable demands were being placed upon the AW109 fleet, in part due to the delayed delivery of the NHIndustries NH90. In early 2015, a pair of Swedish AW109s were deployed on board the Royal Netherlands Navy ship HNLMS Johan de Witt, their first-ever deployment on board a foreign vessel, in support of a multinational anti-piracy mission off the coast of Somalia; the AW109 reportedly achieve a 100% availability rate over the course of three months.

Between 2007 and 2012, three AW109E Power helicopters were operated under lease by the Royal Australian Navy (RAN) to train naval aircrew.

In May 2008, the Royal New Zealand Air Force (RNZAF) placed an order for five AW109LUH rotorcraft to replace their aging Bell 47 Sioux in a training capacity; they are also used in the utility role to complement the larger NHIndustries NH90 and has seen limited use in VIP missions.

During August 2008, Scott Kasprowicz and Steve Sheik broke the round-the-world speed record using a factory-standard AgustaWestland AW109S Grand, with a time of 11 days, 7 hours and 2 minutes. The AW109S Grand is also recorded as being the fastest helicopter from New York to Los Angeles.

In 2013, the Philippine Air Force (PAF) and the Philippine Navy independently ordered batches of AW109 Power rotorcraft; additional AW109s were ordered in 2014. The PAF AW109s are used as armed gunships, while both armed and unarmed AW109s are operated by the Philippine Navy. During the Battle of Marawi, multiple PAF AW109s engaged in combat the ISIS-affiliated Maute Group. During November 2020, a PAF AW109 was involved in a joint operation of Armed Forces of the Philippines Joint Task Force (JTF) - Sulu against Abu Sayyaf kidnappers in northern Mindanao, firing upon a boat in conjunction with strafing fire from Philippine Navy Multipurpose Assault Craft.

Variants

 * A109A: The first production model, powered by two Allison Model 250-C20 turboshaft engines. It made its first flight on 4 August 1971. Initially, the A109 was marketed under the name of "Hirundo" (Latin for the swallow), but this was dropped within a few years.
 * A109A EOA: Military version for the Italian Army.
 * A109A Mk.II: Upgraded civilian version of the A109A.
 * A109A Mk.II MAX: Aeromedical evacuation version based on A109A Mk.II with extra wide cabin and access doors hinged top and bottom, rather than to one side.
 * A109B: Unbuilt military version.
 * A109BA: Version created for the Belgian Army. Based on the A109C but fitted with fixed landing gear, sliding doors and a tail rotor guard in place of a lower tail fin.
 * A109C: Eight-seat civil version, powered by two Allison Model 250-C20R-1 turboshaft engines.
 * A109C MAX: Aeromedical evacuation version based on A109C with extra-wide cabin and access doors hinged top and bottom, rather than to one side.
 * A109D: One prototype only
 * A109E Power: Upgraded civilian version, initially powered by two Turbomeca Arrius 2K1 engines. Later the manufacturer introduced an option for two Pratt & Whitney PW206C engines to be used – both versions remain known as the A109E. Marketed as the AW109E and Power.
 * A109E Power Elite: A stretched cabin version of A109E Power. Features a glass cockpit with two complete sets of pilot instruments and navigation systems, including a three-axis autopilot, an auto-coupled Instrument Landing System and GPS.
 * A109LUH: Military LUH "Light Utility Helicopter" variant based on the A109E Power. Operators include South African Air Force, Swedish Air Force, Royal New Zealand Air Force, Nigerian Air Force, as well as Algeria and Malaysia. Known as the Hkp15A (utility variant) and 15B (ship-borne search and rescue variant) with the Swedish Air Force.
 * MH-68A Stingray: Eight A109E Power aircraft were used by the United States Coast Guard Helicopter Interdiction Tactical Squadron Jacksonville (HITRON Jacksonville) as short-range armed interdiction helicopters from 2000 until 2008, when they were replaced with MH-65C Dolphins. Agusta named this type "Mako", until the U.S. Coast Guard officially named it the MH-68A Stingray in 2003. The helicopters were armed with M-16 rifles, M-240 machine gun, and a MC-50 rifle with laser sight; in addition, night operations were supported by ANVIS-9 Night Vision Goggles linked to the ANVIS-7 heads-up display (HUD) system.
 * A109K: Military version.
 * A109K2: High-altitude and high-temperature operations with fixed wheels rather than the retractable wheels of most A109 variants. Typically used by police, search and rescue, and air ambulance operators.
 * A109M: Military version.
 * A109 km: Military version for high altitude and high temperature operations.
 * A109KN: Naval version.
 * A109CM: Standard military version.
 * A109GdiF: Version for Guardia di Finanza, the Italian Finance Guard.
 * A109S Grand: Marketed as the AW109 Grand, it is a lengthened cabin-upgraded civilian version with two Pratt & Whitney Canada PW207 engines and lengthened main rotor blades with different tip design from the Power version.
 * AW109SP:
 * AW109 GrandNew: single pilot IFR, TAWS and EVS, especially for EMS.
 * AW109 Trekker: A variant of the AW109S Grand with fixed landing skids.
 * CA109: Chinese model of the AW109E for China mainland market by Jiangxi Changhe Agusta Helicopter Co., Ltd., a Leonardo Helicopter Division(formerly AgustaWestland) and Changhe Aviation Industries Joint Venture Company established in 2005.

Operators
The AW109 is flown by a range of operators including private companies, military services, emergency services and air charter companies.

Military and government operators

 * Gendarmerie Nationale
 * Algerian police
 * Albanian Air Force
 * National Air Force of Angola
 * Bangladesh Navy
 * Belgian Air Component Procurement tainted with a bribes scandal of Socialist politicians in Belgium.
 * Bulgarian Border Police
 * Cameroon Air Force
 * Carabineros de Chile
 * Bomberos Quito
 * Egyptian Air Force
 * Hellenic Air Force
 * Bulgarian Border Police
 * Cameroon Air Force
 * Carabineros de Chile
 * Bomberos Quito
 * Egyptian Air Force
 * Hellenic Air Force
 * Bomberos Quito
 * Egyptian Air Force
 * Hellenic Air Force
 * Hellenic Air Force
 * Hellenic Air Force
 * Polizia di Stato
 * Carabinieri
 * Guardia di Finanza
 * Italian Army
 * Vigili del Fuoco
 * State Forestry Corps
 * Tokyo Metropolitan Police
 * State Border Guard
 * Tokyo Metropolitan Police
 * State Border Guard
 * State Border Guard
 * Malaysian Army
 * Mexican Air Force
 * Royal New Zealand Air Force
 * Nigerian Air Force
 * Nigerian Navy
 * Peruvian Army
 * $\phi$
 * Philippine Air Force
 * Philippine Navy
 * Peruvian Army
 * $\phi$
 * Philippine Air Force
 * Philippine Navy

 * Slovenian Air Force
 * Slovenian Ministry of Defence
 * Slovenian Police
 * South African Air Force
 * Transnet National Ports Authority
 * Swedish Armed Forces
 * Transnet National Ports Authority
 * Swedish Armed Forces
 * Swedish Armed Forces
 * Turkmen Air Force
 * Uganda National Police
 * Phoenix, AZ Police Department
 * Uganda National Police
 * Phoenix, AZ Police Department
 * Phoenix, AZ Police Department

Former military and government operators

 * Argentine Army operated 9 aircraft (1979–2007)
 * Royal Australian Navy operated 3 aircraft (2007–2012)
 * Italian Air Force operated 3 aircraft
 * Paraguayan Air Force
 * Air ambulances in Poland
 * Italian Air Force operated 3 aircraft
 * Paraguayan Air Force
 * Air ambulances in Poland
 * Air ambulances in Poland
 * Air ambulances in Poland
 * Army Air Corps
 * Royal Air Force
 * United States Coast Guard
 * Venezuelan Army
 * United States Coast Guard
 * Venezuelan Army
 * Venezuelan Army

Accidents

 * On 20 November 2009, an AW109E Power of Air ambulances in Poland crashed during landing
 * On, an AW109 on a charter, clipped a construction crane attached to the St George Wharf Tower in Vauxhall, London, before crashing to the ground and bursting into flames, killing the pilot and a person on the ground. The helicopter was completely destroyed and the crane was also seriously damaged.
 * On, an AW109 taking off from an airport on the outskirts of Puebla on a flight to Mexico City crashed about 3.5 miles north of the airport. Gov. Martha Erika Alonso and ex-Gov. Rafael Moreno Valle died in this incident.
 * On, an AW109E crashed at approximately 1:43 p.m. ET on the roof of the AXA Equitable Center at 787 Seventh Avenue in New York City, killing the pilot and creating a fire.

Displayed

 * A109A from Corpo Forestale, on display inside Rome's zoo.
 * A109A at Fleet Air Arm Museum, Yeovil, England. Former AE-331 of the Argentine Army Aviation, captured in the Falklands War.

title: AgustaWestland AW109


text:
Talk:Vingåker Municipality

..in english, the comma is used as a separator. So, this is a 9 Million-city. Sorry, that I didn´t no it ;-)

title: Talk:Vingåker Municipality


text:
Minister for Labour (Ireland)

The Minister for Labour (Aire Oibreachais ) was originally a position in the Government of the Irish Republic, the self-declared state which was established in 1919 by Dáil Éireann, the parliamentary assembly made up of the majority of Irish MPs elected in the 1918 general election. Constance Markievicz was the first person to hold the post. The office did not continue into the Executive Council of the Irish Free State.

The later office of Minister for Labour was created by the Ministers and Secretaries (Amendment) Act 1966 as a member of the Government of Ireland.

In 1993, the minister's functions were transferred to the Minister for Enterprise and Employment and was succeeded by the Minister for Equality and Law Reform, a position which existed during the Fianna Fáil–Labour coalition led by Albert Reynolds (1993–1994) and the Fine Gael–Labour–Democratic Left coalition (1994–1997) led by John Bruton. Its primary functions were in the area of civil and family law reform (including divorce legislation) and equality legislation. Under both governments, the Minister for Equality and Law Reform was Labour Party TD Mervyn Taylor, although Máire Geoghegan-Quinn served as Minister between November and December 1994, after Labour had left the coalition with Fianna Fáil.

In 1997, the minister's functions were transferred to the Minister for Justice, Equality and Law Reform. The Department of Equality and Law Reform ceased to exist but was not formally abolished. The functions formerly exercised by the Minister for Labour are now exercised by the Minister for Enterprise, Trade and Employment. The functions formerly exercised by the Minister for Equality and Law Reform are now exercised by the Minister for Children, Equality, Disability, Integration and Youth and the Minister for Justice.

Legislation introduced by the Department of Equality and Law Reform
The following legislation was introduced by the Department:
 * Matrimonial Home Bill 1993 (struck down by the Supreme Court)
 * Interpretation (Amendment) Act 1993 - providing for gender inclusive language in Acts of the Oireachtas
 * Jurisdiction of Courts and Enforcement of Judgments Act 1993 - providing for international enforcement of civil judgments
 * Maintenance Act 1994 - EC enforcement of maintenance orders
 * Maternity Protection Act 1994 - implemented EC law on maternity leave
 * Stillbirths Registration Act 1994 - provided for registration of stillborn children for the first time in Irish law
 * Adoptive Leave Act 1995 - extended maternity leave-type rights to adoptive parents
 * Civil Legal Aid Act 1995 - put civil legal aid scheme on statutory basis
 * Family Law Act 1995 - reformed law relating to judicial separation
 * Occupiers Liability Act 1995 - provided for reduced liability to trespassers and recreational users
 * Fifteenth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland 1995 - provided for divorce in the Constitution
 * Civil Liability (Amendment) Act 1996 - provided for increased damages for fatal injuries cases
 * Domestic Violence Act 1996 - extended remedies in domestic violence cases
 * Family Law (Divorce) Act 1996 - introduced divorce on a statutory basis
 * Powers of Attorney Act 1996 - provided for enduring powers of attorney
 * Registration of Births Act 1996 - provided for gender neutral birth certificates
 * Family Law (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1997 - miscellaneous amendments.

The following legislation had originally been drafted by the Department but later enacted under the Department of Justice, Equality and Law Reform:

 * Children Act 1997 - extending family law entitlements of natural fathers and grandparents and other amendments
 * Employment Equality Act 1998
 * Equal Status Act 2000.

List of office-holders
{| class="wikitable"
 * colspan="7"|
 * colspan="7"|

Minister for Labour 1919–1922
!Name !colspan="2"|Term of office !colspan="2"|Party !Government(s)
 * Constance Markievicz
 * 2 April 1919
 * 9 January 1922
 * 2nd DM • 3rd DM
 * Joseph McGrath
 * 11 January 1922
 * 9 September 1922
 * 4th DM • 1st PG
 * Patrick Hogan (acting)
 * 17 July 1922
 * 9 September 1922
 * 1st PG
 * colspan="7"|
 * Patrick Hogan (acting)
 * 17 July 1922
 * 9 September 1922
 * 1st PG
 * colspan="7"|
 * colspan="7"|
 * colspan="7"|

Minister for Labour 1966–1993
!Name !colspan="2"|Term of office !colspan="2"|Party !Government(s)
 * Patrick Hillery
 * 13 July 1966
 * 2 July 1969
 * 12th
 * Joseph Brennan
 * 2 July 1969
 * 14 March 1973
 * 13th
 * Michael O'Leary
 * 14 March 1973
 * 5 July 1977
 * 14th
 * Gene Fitzgerald
 * 5 July 1977
 * 16 December 1980
 * 15th • 16th
 * Tom Nolan
 * 16 December 1980
 * 30 June 1981
 * 16th
 * Liam Kavanagh
 * 30 June 1981
 * 9 March 1982
 * 17th
 * Gene Fitzgerald
 * 9 March 1982
 * 14 December 1982
 * 18th
 * Liam Kavanagh
 * 14 December 1982
 * 13 December 1983
 * 19th
 * Ruairi Quinn
 * 13 December 1983
 * 20 January 1987
 * 19th
 * Gemma Hussey
 * 20 January 1987
 * 10 March 1987
 * 19th
 * Bertie Ahern
 * 10 March 1987
 * 14 November 1991
 * 20th • 21st
 * Michael O'Kennedy
 * 14 November 1991
 * 11 February 1992
 * 21st
 * Brian Cowen
 * 11 February 1992
 * 12 January 1993
 * 22nd
 * Mervyn Taylor
 * 12 January 1993
 * 21 January 1993
 * 23rd
 * colspan="7"|
 * 10 March 1987
 * 19th
 * Bertie Ahern
 * 10 March 1987
 * 14 November 1991
 * 20th • 21st
 * Michael O'Kennedy
 * 14 November 1991
 * 11 February 1992
 * 21st
 * Brian Cowen
 * 11 February 1992
 * 12 January 1993
 * 22nd
 * Mervyn Taylor
 * 12 January 1993
 * 21 January 1993
 * 23rd
 * colspan="7"|
 * 22nd
 * Mervyn Taylor
 * 12 January 1993
 * 21 January 1993
 * 23rd
 * colspan="7"|
 * 23rd
 * colspan="7"|
 * colspan="7"|
 * colspan="7"|

Minister for Equality and Law Reform 1993–1997
!Name !colspan="2"|Term of office !colspan="2"|Party !Government(s)
 * Mervyn Taylor
 * 21 January 1993
 * 17 November 1994
 * 23rd
 * Máire Geoghegan-Quinn
 * 18 November 1994
 * 15 December 1994
 * 23rd
 * Mervyn Taylor
 * 15 December 1994
 * 26 June 1997
 * 24th
 * John O'Donoghue
 * 26 June 1997
 * 8 July 1997
 * 25th
 * }
 * Notes
 * John O'Donoghue
 * 26 June 1997
 * 8 July 1997
 * 25th
 * }
 * Notes
 * }
 * Notes

Minister of State at the Department of Labour 1978–1993
Under the Ministers and Secretaries (Amendment) (No. 2) Act 1977, the government may appoint a member of the Oireachtas to act as a Minister of State in a department. The Minister of State did not hold cabinet rank.

title: Minister for Labour (Ireland)


text:
Ken Kutaragi

Ken Kutaragi (久夛良木 健) is a Japanese engineering technologist and businessman. He is the former chairman and CEO of Sony Interactive Entertainment (SIE), the video game division of Sony Group Corporation, and current president and CEO of Cyber AI Entertainment. He is known as "The Father of the PlayStation", as he oversaw the development of the original console and its successors and spinoffs, including the PlayStation 2, PlayStation Portable, and the PlayStation 3. He departed Sony in 2007, a year after the PlayStation 3 was released.

He had also designed the sound processor for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System. With Sony, he designed the VLSI chip which works in conjunction with the PS1's RISC CPU to handle the graphics rendering.

Early years
Kutaragi was born in Tokyo, Japan. His parents, although not wealthy by Japanese standards, still managed to own their own business, a small printing plant in the city. As Kutaragi grew into childhood, they actively encouraged the young boy to explore his mechanical abilities in the plant, and he worked after school there. Aside from his duties in his parents' factory, Kutaragi was a studious, high-level student; he was often described as a "straight-A student."

Kutaragi always had the desire to "tinker", often taking apart toys as a child rather than playing with them. This curiosity carried from childhood, leading him as a teenager to learn the intricacies of electronics. Eventually, in fact, his love of electronics led to him enrolling in University of Electro-Communications, where he acquired an Electronics degree in the 1970s.

Immediately after graduation, Kutaragi began working for Sony in their digital research labs in the mid-1970s. Although at the time it was considered a radical decision, Kutaragi felt that Sony was on the "fast track". He quickly gained a reputation as an excellent problem solver and a forward-thinking engineer, earning that reputation by working on many successful projects, including early liquid crystal displays (LCDs) and digital cameras.

Career
In 1989, he was watching his daughter play a Famicom and realized the potential that existed within video games. At that particular time, Sony's executives had no interest in video games. Thus, when Nintendo expressed the need for a sound chip for its upcoming new 16-bit system, Kutaragi accepted the offer. Working in secret, he designed the chip, the SPC700. When they found out, Sony's executives were furious. Only with Sony CEO Norio Ohga's approval was Kutaragi able to complete the chip and keep his job.

Even while working with Nintendo, within Sony, gaming was still regarded as a fad. Despite this hostile atmosphere to video games, Kutaragi managed to persuade Ohga into working with Nintendo to develop a CD-ROM add-on for the Super NES which would be released alongside a Sony branded console which could play both Super NES cartridges and CD games. These efforts resulted in a device called the "Play Station". Eventually, the partnership between Sony and Nintendo faltered due to licensing disagreements, but Kutaragi and Sony continued to develop their own console. Kutaragi later recalled staying up all night working on the console design for several nights in a row "because our work was so interesting." Despite being considered a risky gamble by other Sony executives, Kutaragi once again had the support of Ohga and several years later the company released the original PlayStation. The success of the PlayStation led to him heading up the development of successor consoles, the PlayStation 2 and PlayStation 3.

The commercial success of the PlayStation franchise makes Sony Computer Entertainment the most profitable business division of Sony. Despite being an upstart in the console market against veterans Nintendo and Sega, the first PlayStation displaced them both to become the most popular console of that era. The PlayStation 2 extended Sony's lead in the following generation, at one point holding a 65% market share with 100 million units shipped. Kutaragi was recognized by many financial and technological publications for this success, most notably when he was named one of the 100 most influential people of 2004 in TIME magazine and the "Gutenberg of Video Games".

In 1997 Kutaragi was appointed CEO of Sony Computer Entertainment America, and accordingly moved to California. Since 1997, Kutaragi had been favoured to become the next Sony president. He enjoyed a close relationship with Ohga. Ohga's successor Nobuyuki Idei promoted Kutaragi to Deputy Executive President, Sony-Global chief operating officer, and Vice-Chairman in 2003.

On 30 November 2006, Kutaragi was replaced as president of Sony Computer Entertainment by Kazuo Hirai, the President of SCE America. In addition to other management changes, Kutaragi was promoted to chairman of SCEI, and retained his position as chief executive officer of the group. On 26 April 2007, it was announced that Kutaragi would retire and instead take up the role of Honorary Chairman. Taking over his position would be then Hirai, who would eventually be promoted to president and CEO of Sony. On 29 June 2011, following the reshuffling of management, Sony announced that on 28 June 2011, Kutaragi had stepped down as honorary chairman of SCEI. Kutaragi relinquished active management of the business he created and built in 2007, when he stepped down as executive chairman and group CEO of Sony Computer Entertainment. He has remained at Sony as senior technology advisor.

Ken Kutaragi later became president and CEO of Cyber AI Entertainment, Inc. He also serves on the boards of Kadokawa Group Holdings, Inc., Nojima Corporation, and Rakuten, Inc. In 2009, he became a visiting professor of Ritsumeikan University. In 2020, Kutaragi became CEO of Tokyo-based AI and robotics startup Ascent Robotics, after serving on its Board of Directors since 2018.

Assessment by industry analysts
Although Kutaragi's leadership of consumer electronics was not successful, analysts also suspect that outgoing Sony CEO Nobuyuki Idei had set up Kutaragi to fail, given that both men had a cool working relationship. Idei assigned Kutaragi the tedious task of turning around the consumer division which had already been falling behind competitors such as Samsung in the LCD market. Kutaragi's rival for the top position, Howard Stringer, was given the less difficult assignment of the content business and his success at Sony BMG Music Entertainment resulted in his promotion.

Sony Interactive Entertainment, which Kutaragi had been heading since its inception, had a weaker year in 2004 after several years of solid growth. During that same year, Sony's game sales fell to $7.5 billion from $8.2 billion, and its operating income slid to $650 million from $1 billion, losing $25 million in Q4 of 2004. This can be attributed partially to the over-saturation of the video game market and price wars which caused the PS2 to lose the top sales position for a time.

Seventh generation game consoles
Kutaragi has labelled the Xbox 360 as "just an Xbox 1.5" and stated that it was "only going after PlayStation 2". However, SCE Executive Tetsuhiko Yasuda did not consider Microsoft to be a competitor, and has said that they might consider working on games together. In September 2006 Kutaragi admitted that the shortage of PlayStation 3 consoles to North America and Japan as well as the postponing of the console's debut in Europe put Sony's strength in hardware in decline.

title: Ken Kutaragi