text:
User talk:Prisonblues

Picture_tutorial

Lightbulb Joke
Hi! I think the lightbulb joke really meant strictures! :) Nevilley 09:57, 18 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Leptin
Nice adds to leptin. More please. Lots of hormones out there. Drop by the country club some time (Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Clinical medicine). We're not very exclusive. Alteripse 22:57, 1 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Stomach Diagram
Hi,

Your diagram Image:Control-of-stomach-acid-sec.png is quite impressive, congratulations, I have two things:
 * 1) could you perhaps make a PNG without lettering or just symbols (A,B,C...) and numbers for use on other language Wikipedias, please
 * 2) there is a typo I think "BLOOW" should probably read "BLOOD"

Kpjas 22:48, 2 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Fair dealing and fair use
US Fair use seems to be much more liberal than fair dealing - so if something is allowed under fair dealing it will be allowed under fair use, as far as I know. Secretlondon 13:35, 17 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Crests
I've moved your crests page from the main article namespace to your own user space at User:Prisonblues/Crests -- The Anome 14:24, 17 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks, sorry it was just a mis-type --Prisonblues 14:39, 17 Jul 2004 (UTC)

College colours
A quick note of praise for the excellent college colours that you have added to Selwyn College, particularly the scarf stripes! Thanks - top marks for imaginative use of non-breaking spaces! -- ALoan (Talk) 13:03, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)

bold suggestion
P, I've just noticed your gastric secretion control diagram at featured picture candidates. I just learned about the picture list, which accounts for my lateness. Very nice job. The only thing I can think of that's missing is point of action for some of the popular drugs. As you're in the UK, you've been spared (I fervently trust) the lunacy of television ads endlessly (oh yes endlessly!!) importuning laypersons to pressure doctors to prescribe stuff of which they, being layfolk, have no understanding. It's a plague and likely one of the Signs of the impending End Times. Maybe the Fifth Horseman. Or something. Maybe the Lord will only take the US which is unique in this idiocy, I think.

Anyway,...

As I note 1) you're good at this stuff (I'm a word type and hopeless), and 2) a student of physiology, I'd like to suggest a further (related) project if you're lacking further ideas. The Diabetes mellitus article is currently without illustration. A drawing of would be very well. Each is relevant to understanding diabetes at one or another level, and understanding is the first stage to coping at least as we presently manage. I can suggest little as to illustration strategy/approach, but would note that the article is of considerable interest given the damage DM does and that Readers will include the not so medically/chemically oriented.
 * 1) complications (blindness, amputation, vascular problems, ...) and connections would be well or (dare I say and?),
 * 2) a drawing of the influences on blood glucose levels (ie, into/outof glycogen, absorption from intestine, uptake by some body cells, ...),
 * 3) influences on cellular uptake (exercise, insulin, ...),
 * 4) the turnover from glucose to fatty acid metabolism (ie, into and out of ketosis), or
 * 5) the mechanism (insofar as now understood) of intra cellular insulin action (nuclear control, PPA action, insulin receptors (there are to my recent surprise, several), ...) I've done the Glucose effect here, have you got a link to other mechanisms that I can use as a start?

I hope you won't take an unsolicted suggestion awry, but you probably know the saying, "what's the reward of an impossible mission done properly?". Best wishes, ww 20:31, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Olympic Rings
This is a very nice image and all, but you can't release it under the GFDL as it is copyrighted/trademarked and the IOC are notorious for persuing those who use it incorrectly. As a result, I've put a fairuse tag on it. Dunc_Harris|☺ 14:09, 23 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Fair enough, hadn't realised they'd be so strict on reproductions of it. --Prisonblues 16:29, 23 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Image:Gibraltar-flags-national-pride.jpg
Could you please provide an image copyright tag for this image? Thanks! --Diberri | Talk 22:52, Aug 26, 2004 (UTC)

Cambridge college infobox.
I noticed your "improved" college infoboxes put in after I had cleaned up the code for the main Cambridge infobox - why on earth did you use the old template? Now they all have clunky html tables - nested inside DIVs with lots of unnecessary style properties. Its all a bit of a mess. ed g2s •  talk  00:59, 5 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * I realise it's not as neat, but it looks much better. It's still easily editable, I don't see the problem in having a little 'clunky' html to get a nice looking style -- Prisonblues 09:58, 5 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Well if you look at the cambridge infobox it looks exactly the same but without the horrible code (which, as I said before, I'd cleaned up). Also I'd much prefer an id="toc" table that skins in with the rest of the wikipedia rather than someone's personally styled box over which there has been no discussion or approval. ed g2s  •  talk  10:45, 5 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Apologies, read your comment too quickly and I thought you were saying you preferred the old infoboxes on the college pages because they were in neater wikipipe format. I took the html infobox format from the Oxford Uni page a while back and from there made the college infoboxes.  In the time that I was making the college infoboxes, you converted the infobox format from html to wikipipe, making my formatting out of date.  I am interested in using user settings via id=toc, but can't seem to find much information on exactly how that works.  How much of the formatting of the box does id=toc define, here I got rid of most of the formatting at the start of the table, but wasn't sure how much of the formatting in the middle of the box can be removed as well.  How much of the rest of the formatting can be removed? -- Prisonblues 12:33, 5 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * the toc id sets the border to (1px solid #AAAAAA), the background to #F9F9F9, the padding to 5px and the font size to 95%. This is set from monobook.css - which each user can customise by editing their User:username/monobook.css page. See User:Ed g2s/Cambridge infobox for a toc styled version. ed g2s  •  talk  13:51, 6 Sep 2004 (UTC)

There's now a template for this (of the old pre-id style, which looks a little better, IMO) at Template:Oxbridge College Infobox.

James F. (talk) 17:23, 6 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Ok, cool. Basically, I've already gathered all the information in my namespace here, now we've got a template for all this, it's pretty obvious that the template should be used, I'll start making infoboxes using the template. I've also moved all the conversations about this to the Template discussion page -- Prisonblues 18:40, 6 Sep 2004 (UTC)

College Crest
Hi, I was thinking of nominating one of your college crests for WP:FPC. Which one would you chose as a favourite? -- Solipsist 19:14, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks, some of them I'm quite happy with, but some clearly need some more work. Don't think I'm going to have time to do anything for a while though as I just got back to uni.  If I was going to pick one I like the Trinity one.  There's an embossed version too, which I prefer, but people in general seem to prefer the flat ones.  Maybe put both up in the nomination, and see which gets the most votes.  Oh, and I've been informed it's a 'heraldic shield' not a crest, just about all the shields are named wrong on wikipedia, not a lot you can do about it now except re-upload them all but that seems like a huge waste of disk space. --Prisonblues 09:43, 2 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Sorry, it looks like the reaction of WP:FPC is mostly negative - or rather they like the drawing but don't wan't to promote it as featured. Its still got two weeks to run, though once a nomination picks up more opposes than supports it is rare for the tide to turn. I suspect that there is a little bias against diagrams and drawings in general, but at least you know that some people appreciate the crests. -- Solipsist 07:04, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks anyway, Solipist. Nice to know some people like it.  Will try to get round to the rest when I have the time (won't be for a while though), would be nice to have the full collection, the best on the net. --Prisonblues 07:16, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I would just like to thank you for your work on these shields. It would indeed be great to have an online repository of the Cambridge college shields. If they were originally done in a vector format, then it would also be great to put the vector files up on Wiki Commons (when they allow vector formats, which should be soon). Also, it would be great to have the Oxford college shields too, but I understand that would be a lot of work. Toby Ord 12:42, 15 August 2005 (UTC)

Shield of Trinity College, Cambridge
Prisonblues - we have used your excellent image of the embossed Trinity College Shield on the College website, with a reference to the GNU FDL and a link to your Crests page. Please let us know if this isn't OK. - Trinity College Webmaster

 * Yeah, that's fine. Glad you like it.  Thanks for the acknowledgment. --Prisonblues 17:44, 26 December 2005 (UTC)

Image:Waterpolo_man_up.jpg
Hi Prisonblues!

Is your image Image:Waterpolo_man_up.jpg licensed under the GNU-FDL or is it public domain? I want to use it in the german wikipedia in the article about water polo (de:Wasserball)... Thank you for the information, [[User:Rdb| r d b ]] 12:06, 13 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * It's GNU-FDL. --Prisonblues 17:10, 13 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Okay, thanks... --[[User:Rdb| r d b ]] 16:21, 14 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Creative Commons
Hey, just wanted to let you know that you can use the   template on your user page to update your Creative Commons license to include version 2.0 as well as version 1.0. -- Ram-Man 03:37, Nov 17, 2004 (UTC)

Unverified images
Hi! Thanks for uploading the following image:

 * Image:Ibuprofen.png

I notice it currently doesn't have an image copyright tag. Could you add one to let us know its copyright status? (You can use if you release it under the GNU Free Documentation License,  if you claim fair use, etc.) If you don't know what any of this means, just let me know where you got the imagesand I'll tag them for you. Thanks so much. [[User:Poccil|Peter O. (Talk, automation script)]] 01:43, Dec 10, 2004 (UTC)

P.S. You can help tag other images at User:Yann/Untagged_Images. Thanks again.

Unverified images
Hi! Thanks for uploading the following image:

 * Image:Disulfiram.png

I notice it currently doesn't have an image copyright tag. Could you add one to let us know its copyright status? (You can use if you release it under the GNU Free Documentation License,  if you claim fair use, etc.) If you don't know what any of this means, just let me know at my talk page where you got the images and I'll tag them for you. Thanks so much. [[User:Poccil|Peter O. (Talk, automation script)]] 05:33, Dec 11, 2004 (UTC)

P.S. You can help tag other images at User:Yann/Untagged_Images. Thanks again.

Also ...

 * Image:Procaine.png

One more
Thanks for tagging those! I have one more for you: Image:Ethylethanoate.png. – Quadell (talk) (sleuth) 19:09, Feb 11, 2005 (UTC)

Pic of the day
Hi Prisonblues,

Just to let you know that your illustration Image:Control-of-stomach-acid-sec.png is due to make a reappearance on Pic of the Day on the 27th July. I've used the same caption as last time, but you can make any changes at Picture of the day/July 27, 2005. -- Solipsist 21:02, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

Gibraltar flags image
Good evening. I noticed that someone with too much free time had uploaded a rather painstakingly edited version of your Gibraltar flags image, where all the flags have been changed to Spanish ones! I reverted it (as someone else already had done) but thought you may want to keep an eye on it, even if only for entertainment purposes. Cheers! — pmcm 21:25, 1 August 2005 (UTC)

Request
Hi Prisonblues,

My name is Fernanda Viégas and I have been studying Wikipedia for a while now (you can see a paper I published on the subject here). I would like to ask you a few questions about your activities as a Wikipedia image creator. I am fascinated by the pictorial side of Wikipedia and it would be great to hear about this community from one of its members. Would you be available to participate an email survey this week? Thanks, — Fernanda 03:47, 4 April 2006 (UTC) | talk

Image:Freon12 suva134a.png
Could you change the caption for the first molecule? Freon™ is a trademark of DuPont, the proper notation is something more like CFC-12. Argyriou 21:04, 11 June 2006 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Magdalene College Crest - embossed.png
Thanks for uploading Image:Magdalene College Crest - embossed.png Image:Magdalene College Crest - flat.png Image:Jesus College Crest - embossed.png Image:Jesus College Crest - flat.png. However, the image may soon be deleted unless we can determine the copyright holder and copyright status. The Wikimedia Foundation is very careful about the images included in Wikipedia because of copyright law (see Wikipedia's Copyright policy).

The copyright holder is usually the creator, the creator's employer, or the last person who was transferred ownership rights. Copyright information on images is signified using copyright templates. The three basic license types on Wikipedia are open content, public domain, and fair use. Find the appropriate template in Image copyright tags and place it on the image page like this:.

Please signify the copyright information on any other images you have uploaded or will upload. Remember that images without this important information can be deleted by an administrator. If you have any questions, feel free to contact me, or ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. ed g2s • talk 22:02, 6 August 2006 (UTC)

Graphics Lab
I saw your name listed on Wikiproject Illustration or  the list of graphic artists, and I thought I'd let you know that a Graphics Lab has been created on EN. Based on the highly successful French and German graphics labs, it seeks to better organise and coordinate our graphic design and photo-editing efforts. Up until now, there has been no common space on EN where users could ask for maps, charts and other SVG files to be created. What's more, the Graphics Lab has discussion boards, tips, tools and links; in sum, a good common workspace. Come help us out! The infrastucture is already in place, and now we need participants. :) -- Zantastik  talk  02:07, 12 December 2006 (UTC)

Gibraltar
Your image of the tercentenary celebrations in Gibraltar seems to have been delete from the Gibraltar page due to lack of source info. it was rather nice and you may wish to fix and restore it. --Gibnews 08:27, 21 December 2006 (UTC)

Image:Norights.png listed for deletion
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Image copyright problem with Image:Royal_Electrical_and_Mechanical_Engineers.jpg
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Orphaned fair use image (Image:Downing College Crest - embossed.png)
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Image:Downing College Crest - embossed.png
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Image:Downing College Crest - embossed.png
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Orphaned non-free image (Image:Churchill College Crest - embossed.png)
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Infobox
Hello, I have an infobox that you may like.
 * --Ad@m.J.W.C. 20:55, 26 July 2007 (UTC)

mistake in "mechanism of glucose dependent insulin release" image
Hi! Thanks for providing the above mentioned graphic! Unfortunately there's a mistake: The arrow in the K+ channel should be pointing outwards - this is why ATP causes depolarisation by blocking the flow of K+ out of the cell (=> K+ concentration up within the cell). See this German Wikipedia site as reference. Could you change that? Thanks, --84.161.232.212 09:18, 22 August 2007 (UTC)

Enteric innervation of Gastric D cells incorrectly labeled
Assuming that you used Boron/Boulpaep (Medical Physiology, Updated Ed., Fig 41-8) as reference for this diagram, you should note that ACh is inhibitory at M3 receptors on gastric D cells. If it were stimulatory, as you have it labeled, then the vagal response would simultaneously activate and inhibit H+ release from parietal cells. Additionally, while you may have omitted it for simplicity, there is also an endocrine inhibition of parietal cells by D cells in the stomach antrum. Cheers and thanks for posting the image.--Nealtc (talk) 17:55, 7 April 2008 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Churchill College Crest - flat.png
Thanks for uploading Image:Churchill College Crest - flat.png. You've indicated that the image is being used under a claim of fair use, but you have not provided an adequate explanation for why it meets Wikipedia's requirements for such images. In particular, for each page the image is used on, the image must have an explanation linking to that page which explains why it needs to be used on that page. Can you please check

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hi concerning cardiac output measuring
hi iam a new user so excuse any errors,

you edited a page on cardiac output in 17:28, 16 March 2004

i understand this was a long time ago.

but i was wondering if you had any idea where you got this information from:

"# In healthy young subjects, each additional 2ml of blood results in a 1mm Hg rise in pressure (This is the crude assumption, which even if the subject did have a model aorta, the elastic properties of the aorta mean that it offers increased resistance to expansion at increased pressures)
 * 1) Therefore Stroke volume = 2ml x Pulse pressure
 * 2) Cardiac Output is therefore 2ml x Pulse Pressure x Heart Rate"

i was hoping to use this in my project but require an origional reference other than wikipedia i am afraid and cannot find this information any where else.

if you could help me id be most greatful thank you Mtball (talk) 15:15, 8 March 2010 (UTC)

File:Vxgas.png listed for deletion
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File source problem with File:Ibuprofen.png
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File copyright problem with File:Robinson College Crest - flat.png
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File copyright problem with File:Robinson College Crest - embossed.png
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Orphaned non-free image File:Robinson College Crest - flat.png
 Thanks for uploading File:Robinson College Crest - flat.png. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

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Non-free files in your user space
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Orphaned non-free image File:Robinson College Crest - embossed.png
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Featured picture candidates/delist/Control-of-stomach-acid-sec.png
I have nominated a featured picture originally nominated by you for delisting. You are invited to join the discussion. J Milburn (talk) 10:22, 2 May 2011 (UTC)

Proposed Image Deletion
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File:Chlorpromazine.png listed for deletion
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File:Cardiacfunctioncurve.png needs authorship information
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The media file you uploaded as File:Cardiacfunctioncurve.png appears to be missing information as to its authorship (and or source), or if you did provide such information, it is confusing for others trying to make use of the image.

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ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 08:52, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

File copyright problem with File:Cambridge University Crest - embossed.png
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File copyright problem with File:Cambridge University Crest - small.png
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title: User talk:Prisonblues


text:
MCIA

MCIA can refer to:

 * Ottawa Macdonald–Cartier International Airport
 * Mactan–Cebu International Airport
 * Marine Corps Intelligence Activity
 * Mexico City International Airport

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: MCIA


text:
Hydrostatic skeleton

A hydrostatic skeleton or hydroskeleton is a type of skeleton supported by hydrostatic fluid pressure, common among soft-bodied invertebrate animals colloquially referred to as "worms". While more advanced organisms can be considered hydrostatic, they are sometimes referred to as hydrostatic for their possession of a hydrostatic organ instead of a hydrostatic skeleton, where the two may have the same capabilities but are not the same. As the prefix hydro- meaning "water", being hydrostatic means being fluid-filled.

As a skeletal structure, a hydroskeleton possesses the ability to affect shape and movement, and involves two mechanical units: the muscle layers and the body wall. The muscular layers are longitudinal and circular, and part of the fluid-filled coelom within. Contractions of the circular muscles lengthen the organism's body, while contractions of the longitudinal muscles shorten the organism's body. Fluid within the organism is evenly concentrated so the forces of the muscle are spread throughout the whole organism and shape changes can persist. These structural factors also persist in a hydrostatic organ.

A non-helical hydrostatic skeleton structure is the functional basis of the mammalian penis, which fills the corpus cavernosa with blood to maintain physical rigidity during coitus. Helically reinforced hydrostatic skeleton structure is typical for flexible structures as in soft-bodied animals.

Structure

Hydrostatic skeletons are typically arranged in a cylinder. Hydrostatic skeletons can be controlled by several different muscle types. Length can be adjusted by longitudinal muscle fibers parallel to the longitudinal axis. The muscle fibers may be found in continuous sheets or isolated bundles, and the diameter can be manipulated by three different muscle types: circular, radial, and transverse. Circular musculature wraps around the circumference of the cylinder, radial musculature extends from the center of the cylinder towards the surface, and transverse musculature arrange in parallel and perpendicular sheets crossing the diameter of the cylinder.

Within the cylinder lies fluid, most often water. The fluid is resistant to changes in volume. Contraction of circular, radial or transverse muscles increases the pressure within the cylinder, and results in an increase in length. Contraction of longitudinal muscles can shorten the cylinder.

Change in shape is limited by connective tissue fibers. Connective fibers, often collagenous, are arranged in a helical shape within the wall of the hydrostatic skeleton. The helical shape formed by these fibers allows for elongation and shortening of the skeleton, while still remaining rigid to prevent torsion. As the shape of the cylinder changes, the pitch of the helix will change. The angle relative to the long axis will decrease during elongation and increase during shortening.

Advantages and disadvantages
Organisms containing a hydrostatic skeleton have advantages and disadvantages. Their fluid shape allows them to move around easily while swimming and burrowing. They can fit through oddly shaped passages and hide themselves more effectively from predators. They are able to create a force when squeezing through rocks and create a “prying open” gesture. There is a lightweight, flexible component to them that allows this movement with very little muscle mass.

These organisms are also able to heal faster than organisms that contain hard skeletons. Healing in these organisms varies from creature to creature. However, if the cavity needs to be refilled, the “fluid” can easily be refilled if it is water or blood. If the fluid is some other type of liquid, it can take longer, but it is still faster than healing a bone. The common earthworm is also able to regrow damaged parts of its body.

These organisms have some relatively simple pathways for circulation and respiration. Also, these organisms have a cushion to allow protection for internal organs from shock. However, it does not protect internal organs from external damage very effectively.

Because the hydrostatic skeletons have limited ability for attachment of limbs, the organisms are relatively simple and do not have many abilities to grab or latch onto things. Organisms with complete hydrostatic skeletons need to be in an environment that allows them to re-fill themselves with their fluid that is necessary for survival. This is why hydrostatic skeletons are common in marine life. They have a large amount of access to the necessary elements for survival. Terrestrial organisms that have hydrostatic skeletons generally have a lack of strength because they are not in a fluid environment. If one were to expand its body too much, it would collapse under its own weight.

Organisms

Hydrostatic skeletons are very common in invertebrates. A common example is the earthworm. Also, hydrostatic nature is common in marine life such as jellyfish and sea anemones. Earthworms have rings of muscles that are filled with fluid, making their entire body hydrostatic. A sea anemone has a hydrostatic head, with arms radiating out around the mouth. This structure is helpful in feeding and locomotion.

An example of a simple Deuterostome containing a hydrostatic skeleton would be Enteropneusta, with the common name of acorn worm. This organism is classified as a Hemichordate, and they are marine worms that use their hydrostatic skeleton to tunnel and anchor themselves into the ground. This can be used for locomotion, but also can aid in the defense of the organism against outside forces as the worm can try to "hide" itself within the ocean floor.

Vertebrates
The mammalian penis is a hydrostatic organ. The hydrostatic fluid, in this case blood, fills the penis during an erection. Unlike the hydrostatic skeletons of many invertebrates, which use the bending of the animal for locomotion, the penis must resist bending and shape changes during sexual intercourse. Instead of connective fibers arranged in a helical shape, the penis contains a layer called the corpus cavernosum. The corpus cavernosum contains connective fibers arranged both parallel and perpendicular to the longitudinal axis. These fibers remain folded when the penis is flaccid, but unfold as the penis fills with blood during an erection, which allows the penis to resist bending. The penises of turtles are structured similarly, although they evolved separately.

Other vertebrates sometimes utilize a modified hydrostatic skeleton called a muscular hydrostat. Muscular hydrostats do not contain a fluid-filled cavity. These structures are constructed of muscle and connective fibers, densely packed into a 3-D structure. In many cases, the muscular hydrostat can be manipulated in all three dimensions. This allows for more precise movement compared to a typical hydrostatic skeleton. While in typical hydrostatic skeletons, movement is generated by applying force to a fluid-filled cavity, muscular hydrostats generate movement by muscle contractions. When one muscle contracts and decreases in area, other muscles within the structure must expand in response. Helical muscles may be present, which can create torsion, an ability that is restricted in hydrostatic skeletons. Muscular hydrostats are found in mammalian, reptilian, and amphibian tongues. Mammalian tongues have the structure of a central core of muscle fibers surrounded by bundles of longitudinal muscles and alternating parallel sheets of transverse muscle fibers. Elephant trunks and tapir proboscises also utilize a muscular hydrostat. These structures are composed of longitudinal fibers surrounded by radial and helical fibers.

title: Hydrostatic skeleton


text:
Talk:Sylvania, Ohio

Untitled
it outside of toledo ohio

Expansion
I grew up in Sylvania and attended Highland Elementary School. Can anyone more local expand on this article to add education, schools, famous residents, etc.? Sylvania was a great place to be a kid and I haven't been back there for a while. Streltzer 18:03, 8 March 2006 (UTC) I grew up in Sylvania and attended Arbor Hills —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.241.18.96 (talk) 02:49, 12 November 2007 (UTC)

Education
I currently live in Sylvania, and I'm going to try and add education details. -dna42zz9
 * The article is starting to look alot better. Thanks. Streltzer 21:26, 26 July 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sylvania, Ohio


text:
Nazirite

In the Hebrew Bible, a nazirite or a nazarite (נָזִיר Nāzīr) is a Jewish man or woman who voluntarily took a vow which is described in. This vow required the nazirite to:

 * Abstain from wine and all other grape products, such as vinegar and grapes
 * Refrain from cutting the hair on his head
 * Not to become ritually impure by contact with corpses or graves, even those of family members.

After following these requirements for a designated time period (which would be specified in the individual's vow), the nazirite would offer a specific animal sacrifice; along with it, the nazirite's hair was to be shorn and burned.

The nazirite is described as being "holy" and "holy unto God"; yet at the same time, he or she must bring a sin offering. This has led to divergent approaches to the nazirite in the Talmud, and later authorities, with some viewing the nazirite as an ideal, and others viewing the nazirite as a sinner.

Etymology
"Nazirite" comes from the Hebrew word nazir meaning "consecrated" or "separated", and may be ultimately derived from a root meaning "to vow", similar to Hebrew nadar. The word nazir is also sometimes used to refer to a prince, who fills a special position of secular power, and the cognate word nezer can refer to either the state of being a nazirite, or else to a physical crown.

Laws
Besides the basic laws to be followed during the nazirite period, Numbers 6 describes in detail the sacrifices to be offered at the conclusion of the period.

The nazirite would make three offerings: a lamb as a burnt offering, a ewe as a sin offering, and a ram as a peace offering; also three additional offerings (a basket of unleavened bread, a grain offering, and a drink offering) to accompany the peace offering. He would also shave his head in the outer courtyard of the Temple in Jerusalem, and place the hair on the same fire as the peace offering. The text is unclear whether this refers to the fire on the altar, or a cooking fire.

If the nazirite has accidentally become impure by touching a corpse during the nazirite period, he must offer a different offering, and restart the nazirite period from the beginning.

Mentions
In addition to the nazirite laws, there are a few other mentions of nazirites in the Hebrew Bible.

The prophet Amos condemned the Israelites for their failure to respect the nazirite vow:
 * And I raised up some of your sons as prophets and some of your young men as nazirites... And you gave the nazirites to drink wine, and you commanded the prophets saying, "Do not prophesy."

The Rechabites were a group mentioned in the Bible who avoided wine, similar to nazirites.

The Septuagint uses a number of terms to translate the 16 uses of nazir in the Hebrew Bible, such as "he who vowed" (euxamenos εὐξαμένος) or "he who was made holy" (egiasmenos ἡγιασμένος) etc. It is left untranslated and transliterated in Judges 13:5 as nazir (ναζιρ).

Samson and Samuel
Two prominent Biblical individuals who were nazirites, or similar to nazirites, were Samson, and Samuel. For both, their status was lifelong (unlike the nazirites described in Numbers 6). Both were born of previously barren mothers, and each entered into his vows through either his mother's oath (as in the case of Samuel), or a divine command to his mother (in the case of Samson), rather than by their own volition. These vows required Samson and Samuel to live devout lives, yet in return they received extraordinary gifts: Samson possessed strength and ability in physical battle against the Philistines, while Samuel became a prophet.

While Samson was explicitly commanded to be a nazirite, the word "nazirite" was not used regarding Samuel, rather he was "given to the Lord" and forbidden to cut his hair.

Some commentators later noted that Samson appears to break his nazirite vow several times throughout the text; his killing of both humans and animals would frequently threaten, if not outright violate, his vow of ritual purity, and describes Samson holding a feast – an event which traditionally entailed the consumption of wine (though the text never states that Samson drank any wine himself). This conflict of interpretation has spawned numerous explanations: rabbinic sources claimed Samson had a unique nazirite status (called Nazir Shimshon) which permitted him to touch dead bodies, since the angel who imposed the status omitted this restriction. David Kimhi conjectures that even without this special status, Samson would be allowed to touch dead bodies while doing God's work defending Israel. Another argument analyzes the semantics of the vow itself; Numbers 6:6 forbids nazirites from coming near a nephesh-mot (a dead body), and though there are cases in the Pentateuch where nephesh is used to refer to animals (see Genesis 1:21, 24; 9:12; Lev. 11:46; etc.), the term in Numbers 6:6 is usually taken to imply the human dead, which seems to be its most focused meaning according to Numbers 6:7. In any event, the supernatural strength that Samson was given was evidently not taken away at the time of Judges 14, indicating that his nazirite vow was not considered broken. Goswell suggests that "we cannot understand the career and failings of Samson without attention to his Nazirite status."

Laws
Halakha (Jewish law) has a rich tradition on the laws of the nazirite. In addition to the Biblical text of, the laws are explained in detail in the Mishna and Talmud, tractate Nazir. These laws were later codified by Maimonides in the Mishneh Torah.

Vows
An Israelite (not a gentile) becomes a Nazirite through an intentional verbal declaration. This declaration can be in any language, and can be something as simple as saying "me too" as a Nazirite passes by. In general there are two types of Nazirites, those who take a vow for a set time, and permanent Nazirites. A person can specify how long he intends to be a Nazirite, but if no time period or a time period of less than 30 days is specified, the vow is considered to last for 30 days. A person who says "I am a Nazirite forever" or "I am a Nazirite for all my life" is a permanent Nazirite and slightly different laws apply. However, if a person says that he is a Nazirite for a thousand years, he is a regular Nazirite. The permanent Nazirite has no source in the Bible but is known through tradition.

All the laws of vows in general apply also to the nazirite vow. As with other vows, a father has the ability to annul the vow of his young daughter, and a husband has the ability to annul a vow by his wife, when he first hears about it. A father, but not a mother, can declare his son, but not his daughter, a Nazirite, however the child or any close family member has a right to refuse this status. Likewise, all of the laws related to intent and conditional vows apply also to Nazirite vows.

Sacrifices
At the end of their vow, the Nazirite brings three sacrificial offerings to the Temple in Jerusalem. The first is a ewe for a chatat (sin offering), the second is a lamb for an olah (elevation offering), and finally a ram as a shelamim (peace offering) along with a basket of matzah and grain and drink offerings.

After bringing the sacrificial offerings, the Nazirite shaves their head in the outer courtyard of the Temple, and the hair is burned on "the fire which is under the peace offering". The rabbis (along with some but not all academic scholars) view this as simply the appropriate disposal of a sanctified object, rather than being the hair itself being a sacrifice.

Part of the Nazirite's offering is given to the Kohen; this gift is one of the twenty-four kohanic gifts.

A person can become a Nazirite whether or not the Temple in Jerusalem is standing. However, no temple means that there is currently no way to make the offerings that end the Nazirite vow, so anyone taking the vow would become a de facto permanent Nazirite.

Abstinence from grape products
A Nazirite must abstain from all beverages derived from grapes, even if they are not alcoholic. According to traditional rabbinic interpretation, the Nazirite may drink alcoholic beverages not derived from grapes. According to less traditional rabbinic interpretation, a Nazirite is forbidden to consume any alcohol, and vinegar from such alcohol, regardless of its source. The law regarding combining wine or grapes with other food is similar to kashrut, which applies to all Jews. An early rabbinic proverb warned the Nazirite: "Get yourself far around [it]! Don't even come near to a vineyard!"

Uncut hair
A Nazirite must refrain from cutting the hair of his head. He can groom his hair with his fingers or scratch his head and need not be concerned if some hair falls out, however, he cannot use a comb since it very likely to pull out some hair. A Nazirite is not allowed to use a chemical depilatory to remove hair. However, a Nazirite who recovers from the skin disease of tzaraath is obligated to cut his hair, and a permanent Nazirite may cut his hair once a year. Nazirites who shave their hair are obligated to redo the last 30 days of the Nazirite period.

Avoidance of corpses and graves
A Nazirite must avoid corpses and graves, even those of family members, and any building that contains one. (In this respect, the nazirite is similar to the high priest.) A permanent Nazirite becomes ritually impure through proximity to a corpse. Nonetheless, a Nazirite who finds an unburied corpse is obligated to bury it, although he will become defiled in the process.

If a Nazirite touches a corpse or carries a funeral bier, or goes into a building that contains a corpse, their vow is ended as unfulfilled. In this case, after he has waited seven days for his purification, the Nazirite should shave their head and to bring sacrificial offerings. After that, he is permitted to put himself under another Nazirite vow with a new time limit.

If the Nazirite simply enters an area where a grave or graveyard had been ploughed (in which case there is only a chance that he touched human bones), or if he went into a foreign land that was declared unclean by the chazal (sages) and had touched its earth, or if he stands beneath the branches of a tree or a rock that shades the ground (סככות) near a graveyard, he still contracts a level of uncleanness. However this is less than the impurity of touching corpse, and although he must be sprinkled with water containing the ashes of a red heifer on the third and seventh days, he is not required to shave his head or bring sacrificial offerings, and his Nazirite vow is not invalidated, though he adds seven days to the time he spends as a Nazirite to make up for the days of impurity.

Desirability
Noting that the nazirite must offer a sin-offering at the end of their vow, Rabbi Eleazar ha-Kappar argued that nazirites are effectively sinners for unnecessarily distressing themselves, while Rabbi Elazar argued the opposite, that nazirites are "holy" and thus to become one is desirable.

Among medieval authorities, Maimonides followed the view of Rabbi Eliezer Hakappar, calling a nazirite a sinner, and explaining that a person should always be moderate in his actions and not be to any extreme. Nevertheless, he does point out that a nazirite can be evil or righteous depending on the circumstances. In contrast, Nachmanides sided with Rabbi Eleazer. He explains that ideally, the person should be a nazirite his whole life. Therefore, ceasing to be nazirite requires a sin offering. Opinions recorded in the Tosafot compromise between these views and explain that a nazirite is both good and bad.

Reviewing Halakhic and Aggadic literature, Jacob Neusner writes that Jewish sages generally viewed the vow of the nazirite to be shrouded in "arrogance" and "weakness".

According to Rabbi Meir, the tree of the knowledge of good and evil was a grape-vine, for "nothing brings wailing upon a person like wine".

Stories
According to the Mishnah, Queen Helena of Adiabene (c. 48 CE) once placed herself under a Nazirite vow for seven years, on condition that her son returned home from war safely. When her son returned home safely, she began to perform her Nazirite vow for seven years, after which she brought the required animal offerings to the Jerusalem. Upon arriving there, she was told by the School of Hillel that she must observe her vow anew, and she therefore lived as a Nazirite for seven more years. Towards the end of those seven years, she contracted corpse uncleanness which rendered her vow as null and void, and, therefore, was required to repeat her Nazirite vow once again for a period of another seven years. Altogether, she continued her Nazirite vow for a period of 21 years.

According to the Jerusalem Talmud, Simeon the Just (a High Priest) opposed the nazirite vow and ate of the sacrifice offered by a nazirite on only a single occasion. Once a youth with flowing hair came to him and wished to have his head shorn. When asked his motive, the youth replied that he had seen his own face reflected in the spring and it had pleased him so that he feared lest his beauty might become an idol to him. He, therefore, wished to offer up his hair to God, and Simeon then partook of the sin offering which he brought.

The Jerusalem Talmud tells the story of 300 nazirites who came to offer sacrifices at the conclusion of their vow, but could not afford the animals for the sacrifices. Shimon ben Shetach, who was head of the Sanhedrin, was able to annul the vows of 150 of them (retroactively cancelling the nazirite period and making their sacrifices unnecessary), but was unable to find a justification to annul the vows of the other 150. He then went to the king (Alexander Jannaeus), and offered to split the costs of sacrifices for the 300 nazirites. The king provided money for the sacrifices of the 150; Shimon provided no money as the vows of his 150 were already nullified. This angered the king, who felt tricked: Shimon was forced to flee, but eventually reconciled with the king by explaining how they had contributed equally, "you with your money and I with my learning".

Gamaliel records in the Mishna how the father of Rabbi Chenena made a lifetime nazirite vow before him.

In the Gospels
The practice of a nazirite vow is part of the ambiguity of the Greek term "Nazarene" that appears in the New Testament; the sacrifice of a lamb and the offering of bread does suggest a relationship with Christian symbolism (then again, these are the two most frequent offerings prescribed in Leviticus, so no definitive conclusions can be drawn). While a saying in and  attributed to Jesus makes it doubtful that he, reported to be "a winebibber", was a nazirite during his ministry, the verse ends with the curious statement, "But wisdom is justified of all her children". The advocation of the ritual consumption of wine as part of the Passover, the tevilah in Mark 14:22–25 indicated he kept this aspect of the nazirite vow when Jesus said, "Verily I say unto you, I will drink no more of the fruit of the vine, until that day that I drink it new in the kingdom of God." The ritual with which Jesus commenced his ministry (recorded via Greek as "baptism") and his vow in and  at the end of his ministry, do respectively reflect the final and initial steps (purification by immersion in water and abstaining from wine) inherent in a nazirite vow. These passages may indicate that Jesus intended to identify himself as a nazirite ("not drinking the fruit of vine") before his crucifixion.

Luke the Evangelist clearly was aware that wine was forbidden in this practice, for the angel that announces the birth of John the Baptist foretells that "he shall be great in the sight of the Lord, and shall drink neither wine nor strong drink; and he shall be filled with the Holy Ghost, even from his mother's womb", in other words, a nazirite from birth, the implication being that John had taken a lifelong nazirite vow.

In the Acts of the Apostles
Acts of the Apostles is also attributed to Luke (see Luke-Acts) and in it is reported that the apostle Paul cut off his hair "because of a vow he had taken". From we learn that the early Jewish Christians occasionally took the temporary nazirite vow, and it is probable that the vow of St. Paul mentioned in Acts 18:18, was of a similar nature, although the shaving of his head in Cenchrea, outside of Palestine, was not in conformity with the rules laid down in the sixth chapter of Numbers, nor with the interpretation of them by the rabbinical schools of that era. If we are to believe the legend of Hegesippus quoted by Eusebius, James, brother of Jesus, Bishop of Jerusalem, was a nazirite, and performed with rigorous exactness all the practices enjoined by that rule of life. In Paul was advised to counter the claims made by some Judaizers (that he encouraged a revolt against the Mosaic Law). He showed the "believers there" (believers in Jesus, i.e. the Jewish Christians) in Jerusalem otherwise by purifying himself and accompanying four men to the temple who had taken naziritic vows (so as to refute the naysayers).

This stratagem only delayed the inevitable mob assault on him. This event brought about the accusation in that Paul was the "ringleader of the sect of the Nazarenes", and thus provides further verification that the term Nazarene was a mistranslation of the term nazirite. In any case, the relationship of Paul of Tarsus and Judaism is still disputed.

Luke does not here mention the apostle James the Just as taking nazirite vows, although later Christian historians (e.g. Epiphanius Panarion 29.4) believed he had, and the vow of a nazirite would explain the asceticism Eusebius of Caesarea ascribed to James, a claim that gave James the title "James the Just".

Nazirites in history
Besides the aforementioned mentions of nazirites in the Hebrew Bible, New Testament, and classic rabbinic texts, the following ancient texts describe cases of naziriteship:

Deuterocanonical texts
1 Maccabees, dated to about 166 BCE, mentions men who had ended their nazirite vows.

Josephus
Josephus mentions a number of people who had taken the vow, such as his tutor Banns. Josephus briefly recounts an episode where, in the 12th year of the reign of Nero, during the outbreak of the First Jewish-Roman War, Bernice (the sister of King Agrippa II) had put herself under a Nazirite vow and had come to Jerusalem thirty days before she was to offer her sacrifices, during which time she was to abstain from wine, and after which to shave the hair of her head. Josephus adds that those who put themselves under the Nazirite vow often did so when they "had been either afflicted with a distemper, or with any other distresses."

Early Syriac Christianity
Several Syriac Christians beginning in the 4th century appropriated the vow in ascetical practice.

Apharat writes in the 4th century: "The sons of Seth were virtuous in their virginity, but when they became mixed up with the daughters of Cain, they were blotted out with the water of the flood. Samson was honorable in his Naziriteship and in his virginity, but he corrupted his Naziriteship with his licentiousness."

John Scully records Ephrem suggesting that "the vines of Paradise rush out to meet only those ascetics who lead a life of virginity and abstain from wine" in the 4th century.

John the Solitary refers to John the Baptist for a model of fasting in the 5th century.

Dadisho's Commentary on Abba Isaiah lists several physical activities in relation to the term "Nazirite".

The anonymous author of the Cave of Treasures writes: And [the Priest] shall be a Nazirite all the days of his life. He shall not take a wife, he shall not have a house to dwell in, and he shall not offer the blood of animals or fowl. Rather, he will offer bread and wine to God.

Modern Judaism
Rabbi David Cohen, a leading disciple of Rabbi Abraham Isaac Kook, was a nazirite for much of his life.

Rastafari
The tradition of the nazirite vow has had a significant influence on the Rastafari religion, and elements of the vow have been adopted as part of this religion. In describing the obligations of their religion, Rastafari make reference to the nazirite vow taken by Samson. Part of this vow, as adopted by the Rastafari, is to avoid the cutting of one's hair. This is inspired by the text of Leviticus 21:5 "They shall not make baldness upon their head, neither shall they shave off the corner of their beard nor make any cuttings in their flesh." The visible sign of this vow is the Rastafarian's dreadlocks. Some Rastafari have concluded that Samson had dreadlocks, as suggested by the description stating that he had seven locks upon his head (Judges 16:13).

Additionally, the Rastafari are taught to abstain from alcohol in accordance with the nazirite vow. They have also adopted dietary laws derived from Leviticus, which accounts for some similarity to the prohibitions of the Jewish dietary law of Kashrut.

Protestant perspectives
In 1979, Witness Lee of the Local Church movement published the Principle of the Nazarite, a short pamphlet outlining a metaphorical interpretation of the vow for uptake amongst Christians.

Lou Engle, a Charismatic evangelical American leader, has written Nazarite DNA, which outlines a metaphorical interpretation of the vow.

title: Nazirite


text:
Jörgen Strand

Jörgen Strand (born 15 March 1963) is a politician of Åland. He was elected as member of the Lagting in 1999 and served until 2011. During this period he served on the Culture, Finance, Business, and Grand Committees. He also was the Depute Premier or Minister of Industry and Trade, and the Minister of Finance. He was re-elected to parliament in 2019.

Strand was the Chairman of the Åland Conservatives 2003–2007.

title: Jörgen Strand


text:
Odia script

The Odia script (ଓଡ଼ିଆ ଅକ୍ଷର, also ଓଡ଼ିଆ ଲିପି) is a Brahmic script used to write primarily Odia language and others including Sanskrit and other regional languages. It is one of the official scripts of the Indian Republic. The script has developed over more than 1000 years from a variant of Siddhaṃ script which was used in Eastern India, where the characteristic top line transformed into a distinct round umbrella shape due to the influence of palm leaf manuscripts and also being influenced by the neighbouring scripts from the Western and Southern regions.

Odia is a syllabic alphabet or an abugida wherein all consonants have an inherent vowel embedded within. Diacritics (which can appear above, below, before, or after the consonant they belong to) are used to change the form of the inherent vowel. When vowels appear at the beginning of a syllable, they are written as independent letters. Also, when certain consonants occur together, special conjunct symbols combine the essential parts of each consonant symbol.

An important feature of the Odia language seen in the script is the retention of inherent vowel in consonants, also known as schwa, at both medial and final positions. This absence of schwa deletion, which is also seen in Sanskrit, marks it from the rest of modern Indo-Aryan languages and their equivalent usage in related Brahmic scripts. The absence of the inherent vowel in the consonant is marked by a virama or halanta sign below the consonant.

History
In Eastern India, a derivative of Siddhaṃ script yielded a group of scripts that eventually became Bengali-Assamese scripts, Tirhuta script and the Odia script, with the latter turning the hook into a characteristic umbrella. The earliest known example of Odia language, in the Kalinga script, dates from 1051.

The curved appearance of the Odia script is a result of the practice of writing on palm leaves, which have a tendency to tear with the use of too many straight lines.

As with all the Brahmic scripts in the region, the Odia script developed through four stages which can be seen from the stone inscriptions, copper-plates and the manuscripts. The periods of development are in the following order,

 * 1) Proto-Odia: ca 7th- 9th CE
 * 2) Medieval Odia: ca 10th- 12th CE
 * 3) Transitional Odia: ca 12th- 14th CE
 * 4) Modern (current) Odia: ca 14th- 16th CE

The archaic and medieval forms of Odia are more influenced by the calligraphy of the scripts of neighbouring regions, such as,

 * 1) In Northern Odisha, where the letters are written in Odia, mixed in with Siddham-derived Gaudi style (that is the right vertical part of the letter is slightly bent inwards).
 * 2) In southern Odisha, where it is mixed with Telugu-Kannada round, cursive form.
 * 3) In Western Odisha, where it is mixed with Nagari and Siddham (squarish shape in upper-part).

With regards to the epigraphical sources, the antiquities which display the various historical forms of writing in Odia script include rock-edicts, temple inscriptions, stone-slabs, pillar inscriptions, sculptures, copper-plates, coins and palm-leaf manuscripts, illustrated manuscripts, ivory plates and allied materials. Numerous instances of the items depicting all the respective stages of the development of the Odia script during the illustrious dynasties of Eastern Ganga, Somavanshi, Bhanja, Bhauma-kara, Sailodbhava dynasties.

Some of them belonging to different centuries are as follows-

 * 1) One of the earliest specimens of the Odia script is that of the Urjam inscription dating from the 11th CE (1051 CE). The language used in the inscriptions is a dialect spoken on the border regions of Odisha and Madhya Pradesh. The same applies to a bilingual and biscriptual stone inscription (Odia and Tamil) from the reign of Narasimhadeva (13th CE), found at Bhubaneswar. Odia language in old Odia script is seen on the right side while Tamil in Grantha on the left side.
 * 2) The Gumsur copper-plate grant of Netribhanjadeva (11th CE) depicts the medieval phase of this script in square and round variety.
 * 3) The stone inscription of the Pottesvara temple, Ganjam district (137 CE), is a notable example of Odia script influenced by Telugu-Kannada variety.
 * 4) The Antirigam plate of Yashabhanjadeva (12th CE) depicts Odia calligraphy influenced by northern Nagari. The differences in letters script seems to indicate of the script being in a transitional phase.
 * 5) Khilor inscription of Anantavarman (12th CE) shows the Gaudi or Proto-Oriya script round shape on the upper part, almost developed like the modern ones.
 * 6) The early epigraphical records of the Puri inscriptions of Anangabhima III (1211-1238 CE), which is considered to be as one of the earliest Odia inscriptions showing the Gaudi characters, not only shows the stage of the proto, early and medieval phase if the evolution of the Odia script, but also the numericals in early proto-Oriya type while others to be that of the Telugu-Kannada type. The earlier inscription of Chodagangadeva (1114-1115 CE) shows the Late Siddhaṃ variety where the pristhamatra style of vowel diacritics is quite prominent.
 * 7) In the records of Kenduapatna copper-plates in Sanskrit of the Eastern Ganga King Narasimhadeva II (1278-1305 CE), a transitional variety is seen depicting the development of Odia from Gaudi (showing squarish with round headlines in a ductus that is quite commonly seen on copper-plates and stone inscriptions).
 * 8) The copper-plate land-grant record of the Gajapati King Purushottamadeva (15th CE), inscribed on a copper axe-head, shows the distinct early version of the modern Odia script which are also seen on the palm-leaves manuscripts belonging to the 15th CE.

With regards to the manuscript sources, the full-fledged script of Odia acquires its classical umbrella hook shape through the development, modification as well as simplification between the 14th and 15th CE, when the palm-leaf manuscript culture becomes dominant in this region. Since the palm-leaves are perishable in nature, no manuscripts are currently available pre-15th CE. Hence, recent works are also important as they show the rare and ancient text as well as artistic illustrations. One of the earliest dated palm-leaf manuscripts is that of Abhinava Gita-Govinda kept in Odisha State Museum. The date of completion of the manuscript is estimated to be that of 1494 CE. Among other manuscripts present at the museum, includes historical works like manuscripts of Jayadeva's Gita-Govinda (16th CE) to the relatively recent works of 18th,19th and 20th century.

Overwhelmingly, the Odia script was used to write the Odia language. However, it has been used as a regional writing-system for Sanskrit. Furthermore, Grierson in his famed Linguistic Survey of India mentioned that the Odia script is sometimes used for Chhattisgarhi, an Eastern Hindi language, in the eastern border regions of Chhattisgarh. However it appears to have been replaced with the Devanagari script.

Consonants
Two categories of consonant letters are defined in Odia: the structured consonants (ବର୍ଗ୍ୟ ବ୍ୟଞ୍ଜନ) and the unstructured consonants (ଅବର୍ଗ୍ୟ ବ୍ୟଞ୍ଜନ).

The structured consonants are classified according to their place of articulation, that is, where the tongue touches the palate.

In the first standardised Odia alphabet book, Barnabodha was compiled by Madhusudan Rao in 1895, the phonemes ba, va and wa were represented by the same letter ବ, with the sounds va and wa. This was because the phonemes ba and va had merged in the Eastern Indo-Aryan languages. The phoneme wa could be written through the consonant ligature symbol ୍ୱ, which it shared with ba. Gopala Chandra Praharaj, who compiled and published the first comprehensive Odia dictionary, Purnachandra Odia Bhashakosha (1931–40), introduced a new letter ୱ to the script to represent the sound wa. An alternate letter was created for wa, ଵ, but it has not gained wide acceptance.

Ligatures
Clusters of two or more consonants form a ligature. Odia has two types of consonant ligatures, the "northern" and "southern" types. The "northern" type is formed by fusion of two or more consonants as in northern scripts like Devanāgarī; in some instances, the components of a northern-type ligature be easily identified, but sometimes completely new glyphs are formed. With the "southern" type, the second component is reduced in size and put under the first as in the southern scripts used for Kannada script and Telugu.

There are some ambiguities. The subjoined form of ଛ cha is also used for subjoined ଥ tha: The sign for the nasal ଂ ṃ looks similar to the right side of the glyph used for ଫ pha and ଙ ṅa:
 * for ଛ cha: ଚ୍ଛ ccha, ଞ୍ଛ ñcha, ଶ୍ଛ ścha
 * for ଥ tha: ନ୍ଥ ntha, ସ୍ଥ stha
 * ଫ pha (versus ପଂ paṃ)
 * ଙ ṅa (versus ଡଂ ḍaṃ or ଉଂ uṃ)
 * ମ୍ଫ mpha (versus ମ୍ପଂ mpaṃ)

Vowels
Odia is an alphasyllabic alphabet or an abugida wherein all consonants have an inherent vowel embedded within. Diacritics (which can appear above, below, before or after the consonant they belong to) are used to change the form of the inherent vowel. When vowels appear at the beginning of a syllable, they are written as independent letters. Also, when certain consonants occur together, special conjunct symbols are used to combine the essential parts of each consonant symbol.

There is no significant difference in the pronunciation of long and short vowels.

A different form of ଇ is used with the consonants ଖ (kha), ଥ (tha), ଧ (dha). This diacritic is a remnant from the Odia cursive style variant Karani script.

There is a set of four vocalics, each with an independent form and vowel diacritic, but only one, ଋ is used in modern Odia. ୠ, ଌ, ୡ and their diacritics are only used for Sanskrit transcription, so they are not always included in the Odia alphabet.

Additional letters and diacritics
The anusvara and candrabindu diacritics are used to indicate nasalisation. A visarga adds a post-vocalic voiceless glottal fricative ḥ to the end of a syllable.

Karani script or Odia calligraphic style
Karani script (କରଣୀ ଅକ୍ଷର) (also Chata script ଛଟା ଅକ୍ଷର) was a cursive/calligraphic style variant of the Odia script developed by the Karana (କରଣ) community, the scribes (professional writer-class) of the Odia royal courts. It was used in the pre-Independence Orissa (Odisha) region in South Asia and was primarily used by the Karana community who were working for administrative purposes, documentation and keeping records in the royal courts of the Odia princely states (Orissa Tributary States). The name Karani is derived from the metal stylus, Karani that was used for writing on palm leaf.

Comparison of Odia script with ancestral script
Odia letters are mostly round shaped whereas sister scripts from Siddhaṃ have horizontal lines. So in most cases the reader of Odia will find the related distinctive parts of the letter only below the curved hoop.

Universal Declaration of Human Rights
The following is a sample text in Odia of Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights

Odia in the Odia script
ସମସ୍ତ ମନୁଷ୍ୟ ଜନ୍ମକାଳରୁ ସ୍ୱାଧୀନ ଏବଂ ମର୍ଯ୍ୟାଦା ଓ ଅଧିକାରରେ ସମାନ । ସେମାନଙ୍କଠାରେ ବୁଦ୍ଧି ଆଉ ବିବେକ ନିହିତ ଅଛି ଏବଂ ସେମାନଙ୍କୁ ପରସ୍ପର ପ୍ରତି ଭ୍ରାତୃତ୍ୱ ମନୋଭାବରେ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରିବା ଉଚିତ୍ ।

Gloss
All human beings from birth are free and dignity and rights are equal. Their reason and intelligence endowed with and they towards one another in a brotherhood spirit behaviour to do should.

Translation
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

Unicode
Odia script was added to the Unicode Standard in October 1991 with the release of version 1.0.

The Unicode block for Odia is U+0B00–U+0B7F:

title: Odia script


text:
Talk:Heterotransplant

[speculation from early version] "I'm not sure if you can heterotransplant plant material into animals." Niteowlneils 00:15, 18 Mar 2004 (UTC)

This article should probably move/redir to xenograft. Niteowlneils 00:19, 18 Mar 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Heterotransplant


text:
SAT-2

SAT-2 was a submarine communications cable linking Melkbosstrand, South Africa, to El Medano, Tenerife Island, Spain and Funchal, Madeira islands, Portugal. It was 9,500 km long, contained 82 repeaters, operated at 560 Mbit/s and was in service from 1993 to January, 2013. It is the property of Telkom SA Ltd, Telefónica, Marconi, British Telecom, France Cables et Radio, and Deutsche Telekom.

title: SAT-2


text:
Caesar Augustus Rodney

Caesar Augustus Rodney (January 4, 1772 – June 10, 1824) was an American lawyer and politician from Wilmington, in New Castle County, Delaware. He was a member of the Democratic-Republican Party, who served in the Delaware General Assembly, as well as a U.S. Representative from Delaware, U.S. Senator from Delaware, U.S. Attorney General, and U.S. Minister to Argentina.

Early life and family
Rodney was born in Dover in the Delaware Colony, son of Thomas Rodney and Elizabeth Fisher. He was the nephew of Caesar Rodney, the signer of the Declaration of Independence who is depicted on the Delaware state quarter. After graduating from the University of Pennsylvania in 1789, he studied law under Joseph B. McKean in Philadelphia and was admitted to the bar in 1793. He practiced law in Wilmington and New Castle, Delaware, for the next three years. Rodney married Susan Hunn, the daughter of Captain John Hunn, and their home was "Cool Springs", located in Wilmington.

Professional and political career
Rodney served six terms as State Representative, from the 1797 session through the 1802 session. There he became one of the leaders of the Jeffersonian party, now known as the Democratic-Republican Party. Encouraged by Jefferson to compete for the U.S. House against the staunch Federalist James A. Bayard, Rodney ran and won a lively campaign by fifteen votes. While in the U.S. House, he was a member of the Committee on Ways and Means, and established a national reputation as one of the impeachment managers appointed in January 1804 to prepare and prosecute the articles of impeachment in the impeachment proceedings against John Pickering, judge of the United States District Court for New Hampshire. Pickering was charged with conduct unbecoming a judge, and his acquittal was viewed as strengthening the independence of the judiciary. In December of the same year, Rodney served as an impeachment manager in another such case against Samuel Chase, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States.

After serving one term in the U.S. House from March 4, 1803, until March 3, 1805, he was defeated for reelection in 1804 by Bayard, by nearly as close a vote. The two men, always vigorous political opponents, remained good friends throughout their tumultuous political careers.

While Rodney spent most of his legal career in public service, he took on at least one notable case as a private advocate during the year before his appointment as Attorney General. In 1806, he made an appearance before the Mayor's Court of Philadelphia to defend the Philadelphia Cordwainers against a common law charge of conspiracy. The conspiracy charge was instituted by retail shoe merchants, based on attempts by the journeyman shoe and boot makers, to organize for the purpose of setting their wages and hours. Rodney was unsuccessful in attaining an acquittal for the workers.

Attorney general
On January 20, 1807, U.S. President Thomas Jefferson named Rodney his U.S. Attorney General. He served in that office for the remainder of Jefferson's term and for nearly three years in President James Madison's first term. As Attorney General, Rodney participated as a member of the prosecution during the second treason trial of former Vice-President Aaron Burr. Rodney resigned December 5, 1811, unhappy about being passed over for a U.S. Supreme Court appointment. During the War of 1812, he was captain of a rifle corps which became the Delaware 1st Artillery. They served at Fort Union in Wilmington, on the Canadian frontier, and assisted in the defense of Baltimore in 1814.

Later political activity
Rodney returned to politics, serving in the Delaware State Senate for three sessions from 1815 through 1817. In 1820 he was again elected to the U.S. House, serving from March 4, 1821, until January 24, 1822, when he resigned upon being elected to the U.S. Senate. He served there only a year as well, resigning January 29, 1823, to accept a diplomatic appointment. During that brief year Rodney was Delaware's only Democratic-Republican U.S. Senator ever.

Along with John Graham and Theodorick Bland, Rodney was selected by President James Monroe in 1817 for a special diplomatic mission to South America, the South American Commission of 1817–1818. Rodney was appointed to lead the commission to investigate whether the newly formed South American republics should be recognized. He strongly advocated such recognition and, with Graham, published his findings in 1819 as Reports on the Present State of the United Provinces of South America. This report is thought to have contributed much to the thinking behind the policy that eventually became expressed as the Monroe Doctrine. It also resulted in Rodney's 1823 appointment as United States Minister Plenipotentiary to the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata, now known as Argentina. He remained at this posting until his death.

Death and legacy
Rodney died June 10, 1824, in Buenos Aires, and was buried there in the Victoria district British Cemetery. His remains were moved to a crypt at St. John's Cathedral in Buenos Aires. The crypt is at the peristyle of the entrance of the cathedral.

Almanac
Elections were held the first Tuesday of October. Members of the General Assembly took office on the first Tuesday of January. State Representatives were elected for one year. U.S. Representatives took office March 4 and have a two-year term. The General Assembly chose the U.S. Senators, who also took office March 4, but for a six-year term. In this case the General Assembly failed to fill the position for nearly a year.

title: Caesar Augustus Rodney


text:
1994 Fijian general election

General elections were held in Fiji between 18 and 25 February 1994. This election, the second since Fiji had become a republic following two military coups in 1987, was brought about by splits within the ruling Soqosoqo ni Vakavulewa ni Taukei (SVT) and by the withdrawal of the support of the Fiji Labour Party, which claimed that Prime Minister Sitiveni Rabuka had reneged on a deal to review Fiji's electoral system, which was heavily weighted in favour of ethnic Fijians, despite their being nearly equal in number to Indo-Fijians.

The elections produced little change among the 38 seats in the House of Representatives that were reserved for ethnic Fijians and Rotuman Islanders. The SVT won 33 seats (a gain of three), and the Fijian Association Party of former Finance Minister Josefata Kamikamica won five (one down). The Fijian Nationalist Party of Sakeasi Butadroka, which advocated the forced repatriation of all Fijians of Indian descent, lost the three seats that it had won in the previous election. The five "general electorates," reserved for Fiji's European, Chinese, and other minorities, showed similarly little change, with the General Voters Party winning four seats and the All Nationals Congress, one. There was a very significant change in the composition of the 27 Indo-Fijian seats, however. The Fiji Labour Party lost 6 of its 13 seats, with the National Federation Party winning the remaining 20. The NFP leader, Jai Ram Reddy, enjoyed a personal rapport with Rabuka; although they did not enter into a formal coalition, their negotiations led to a substantial overhaul of the Fijian Constitution which paved the way for the historic election of 1999, which brought Fiji's first Indo-Fijian Prime Minister, Mahendra Chaudhry, to power.

Following the 1994 election, Rabuka formed a coalition with the General Voters Party and remained Prime Minister.

title: 1994 Fijian general election


text:
Gun-Mari Lindholm

Gun-Mari Lindholm (born 29 March 1962) is a politician on the autonomous Åland Islands. She is Vice-President of the EUDemocrats - Alliance for a Europe of Democracies.

 * Member of the Lagting (Åland parliament) 2005-
 * Minister of Social Affairs and Environment 2003-2005
 * Chairwoman of the Åland Independent Party since 2001
 * Member of the Lagting (Åland parliament) 1999-2003

title: Gun-Mari Lindholm


text:
Mimivirus

Mimivirus is a genus of giant viruses, in the family Mimiviridae. Amoeba serve as their natural hosts. This genus contains a single identified species named Acanthamoeba polyphaga mimivirus (APMV). It also refers to a group of phylogenetically related large viruses.

In colloquial speech, APMV is more commonly referred to as just "mimivirus". Mimivirus, short for "mimicking microbe", is so called to reflect its large size and apparent Gram-staining properties.

Mimivirus has a large and complex genome compared with most other viruses. Until 2013, when a larger virus Pandoravirus was described, it had the largest capsid diameter of all known viruses.

History
APMV was discovered accidentally in 1992 within the amoeba Acanthamoeba polyphaga, after which it is named, during research into legionellosis by researchers from Marseille and Leeds. The virus was observed in a Gram stain and mistakenly thought to be a Gram-positive bacterium. As a consequence it was named Bradfordcoccus, after Bradford, England, where the amoeba had originated. In 2003, researchers at the Université de la Méditerranée in Marseille, France, published a paper in Science identifying the micro-organism as a virus. It was given the name "mimivirus" (for "mimicking microbe") as it resembles a bacterium on Gram staining.

The same team that discovered the mimivirus later discovered a slightly larger virus, dubbed the mamavirus, and the Sputnik virophage that infects it.

Classification
Mimivirus has been placed into a viral family by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses as a member of the Mimiviridae, and has been placed into Group I of the Baltimore classification system.

Although not strictly a method of classification, mimivirus joins a group of large viruses known as nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses (NCLDV). They are all large viruses which share both molecular characteristics and large genomes. The mimivirus genome also possesses 21 genes encoding homologs to proteins which are seen to be highly conserved in the majority of NCLDVs, and further work suggests that mimivirus is an early divergent of the general NCLDV group.

Structure
The mimivirus is the fourth-largest virus, after the Megavirus chilensis, Pandoravirus and Pithovirus. Mimivirus has a capsid diameter of 400 nm. Protein filaments measuring 100 nm project from the surface of the capsid, bringing the total length of the virus up to 600 nm. Variation in scientific literature renders these figures as highly approximate, with the "size" of the virion being casually listed as anywhere between 400 nm and 800 nm, depending on whether total length or capsid diameter is actually quoted.

Its capsid appears hexagonal under an electron microscope, therefore the capsid symmetry is icosahedral. It does not appear to possess an outer viral envelope, suggesting that the virus does not exit the host cell by exocytosis. Mimivirus shares several morphological characteristics with all members of the NCLDV group of viruses. The condensed central core of the virion appears as a dark region under the electron microscope. The large genome of the virus resides within this area. An internal lipid layer surrounding the central core is present in all other NCLDV viruses, so this features may also be present in mimivirus.

Several mRNA transcripts can be recovered from purified virions. Like other NCLDVs, transcripts for DNA polymerase, a capsid protein and a TFII-like transcription factor were found. However, three distinct aminoacyl tRNA synthetase enzyme transcripts and four unknown mRNA molecules specific to mimivirus were also found. These pre-packaged transcripts can be translated without viral gene expression and are likely to be necessary to Mimivirus for replication. Other DNA viruses, such as the Human cytomegalovirus and Herpes simplex virus type-1, also feature pre-packaged mRNA transcripts.

Genome
The mimivirus genome is a linear, double-stranded molecule of DNA with 1,181,404 base pairs in length. This makes it one of the largest viral genomes known, outstripping the next-largest virus genome of the Cafeteria roenbergensis virus by about 450,000 base pairs. In addition, it is larger than at least 30 cellular clades.

In addition to the large size of the genome, mimivirus possesses an estimated 979 protein-coding genes, far exceeding the minimum 4 genes required for viruses to exist (c.f. MS2 and Qβ viruses). Analysis of its genome revealed the presence of genes not seen in any other viruses, including aminoacyl tRNA synthetases, and other genes previously thought only to be encoded by cellular organisms. Like other large DNA viruses, mimivirus contains several genes for sugar, lipid and amino acid metabolism, as well as some metabolic genes not found in any other virus. Roughly 90% of the genome was of coding capacity, with the other 10% being "junk DNA".

Replication
The stages of mimivirus replication are not well known, but as a minimum it is known that mimivirus attaches to a chemical receptor on the surface of an amoeba cell and is taken into the cell. Once inside, an eclipse phase begins, in which the virus disappears and all appears normal within the cell. After about 4 hours small accumulations can be seen in areas of the cell. 8 hours after infection many mimivirus virions are clearly visible within the cell. The cell cytoplasm continues to fill with newly synthesised virions, and about 24 hours after initial infection the cell likely bursts open to release the new mimivirus virions.

Little is known about the details of this replication cycle, most obviously attachment to the cell surface and entry, viral core release, DNA replication, transcription, translation, assembly and release of progeny virions. However, scientists have established the general overview given above using electron micrographs of infected cells. These micrographs show mimivirus capsid assembly in the nucleus, acquisition of an inner lipid membrane via budding from the nucleus, and particles similar to those found in many other viruses, including all NCLDV members. These particles are known in other viruses as viral factories and allow efficient viral assembly by modifying large areas of the host cell.

Pathogenicity
Mimivirus may be a causative agent of some forms of pneumonia; this is based mainly on indirect evidence in the form of antibodies to the virus discovered in pneumonia patients. However, the classification of mimivirus as a pathogen is tenuous at present as there have been only a couple of papers published potentially linking mimivirus to actual cases of pneumonia. A significant fraction of pneumonia cases are of unknown cause, though a mimivirus has been isolated from a Tunisian woman suffering from pneumonia. There is evidence that mimivirus can infect macrophages.

Implications for defining "life"
Mimivirus shows many characteristics which place it at the boundary between living and non-living. It is as large as several bacterial species, such as Rickettsia conorii and Tropheryma whipplei, possesses a genomic size comparable to that of several bacteria, including those above, and codes for products previously not thought to be encoded by viruses (including a kind of collagen ). In addition, mimivirus has genes coding for nucleotide and amino acid synthesis, which even some small obligate intracellular bacteria lack. They do, however, lack any genes for ribosomal proteins, making mimivirus dependent on a host cell for protein translation and energy metabolism.

Because its lineage is very old and could have emerged prior to cellular organisms, Mimivirus has added to the debate over the origins of life. Some genes that code for characteristics unique to Mimivirus, including those coding for the capsid, have been conserved in a variety of viruses which infect organisms from all domains. This has been used to suggest that Mimivirus is related to a type of DNA virus that emerged before cellular organisms and played a key role in the development of all life on Earth. An alternative hypothesis is that there were three distinct types of DNA viruses that were involved in generating the three known domains of life—eukarya, archaea and bacteria. It has been suggested that Mimivirus and similar kinds are remnants of a "fourth domain" of life, and that other giant virus may represent other ancient domains.

Nevertheless, mimivirus does not exhibit the following characteristics, all of which are part of many conventional definitions of life:
 * homeostasis
 * energy metabolism
 * response to stimuli
 * autopoiesis
 * growth via cellular division (instead of replication via self-assembly of individual components)

title: Mimivirus