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Tripoli, Greece

Tripoli (Τρίπολη, Trípoli, Katharevousa Τρίπολις, Trípolis) is a city in the central part of the Peloponnese, in Greece. It is the capital of the Peloponnese region as well as of the regional unit of Arcadia. The homonymous municipality had 44,165 inhabitants in 2021.

Etymology
In the Middle Ages the place was known as Drobolitsa, Droboltsá, or Dorboglitza, either from the Greek Hydropolitsa, 'Water City' or perhaps from the South Slavic for 'Plain of Oaks'. The association made by 18th- and 19th-century scholars with the idea of the "three cities" (Τρίπολις, τρεις πόλεις "three cities": variously Callia, Dipoena and Nonacris, mentioned by Pausanias without geographical context, or Tegea, Mantineia and Pallantium, or Mouchli, Tegea and Mantineia or Nestani, Mouchli and Thana), were considered paretymologies by G.C. Miles. An Italian geographical atlas of 1687 notes the fort of Goriza e Mandi et Dorbogliza; a subsequent Italian geographical dictionary of 1827 attributes the name Dorbogliza to the ruins of Mantineia (Mandi) and states that it is located north of Tripolizza. In 1463, it was spelled Droboliza and existed in ruins. The Ottoman Turks would later refer to the town and district as Tripoliça, Trepoliça, and Trapoliça.

History

Little is known about Drobolitza, but it is included in a list of abandoned Byzantine sites from 1467, corresponding with the years after Mehmed's conquest of this part of Greece. However, following the Ottoman conquest of Morea, it seems that the cultural and administrative centre of the Tegean plain was moved from Mouchli to Drobolitza. This was development occurring some years after the conquest, sometime after 1467. After 1540, the focus seems to have changed from the fortress itself, to the settlement below it called Tarabluca, that would be the next political centre of the plain. French archaeologist visited the ruins of Tarabluca in 1829, and could still observe the ruins of Drobolitza at this time.

In spring 1770 during a Greek uprising known as Orlov Revolt, the revolutionary armies were halted out of Tripolitsa. In retaliation for the Greek uprising, Albanian mercenaries of the Ottomans slaughtered 3,000 Greeks in a few hours upon entering the city. Total massacre and destruction of the city was avoided after intervention of Osman bey, leader of the Albanian mercenaries.

Before the Greek War of Independence, under the Ottoman name of "Tripoliçe", it was one of the Ottoman administrative centers in the Peloponnese (the Morea Eyalet, often called "pashalik of Tripolitsa") and had large Muslim and Jewish populations. Tripolis was one of the main targets of the Greek insurgents in the Greek War of Independence, who stormed it on 17 October 1821, following the bloody siege of Tripolitsa, and exterminated the Muslim and Jewish populations.

Ibrahim Pasha retook the city on June 22, 1825, after it had been abandoned by the Greeks. Before he evacuated the Peloponnese in early 1828, he destroyed the city and tore down its walls.

After the independent Greek state was established in 1830, the old Ottoman buildings of Tripolizza, such as the walls, were completely destroyed or demolished.

Tripoli was renamed and rebuilt and was developed as one of the main cities of the Kingdom of Greece, serving as the capital of the Arcadia district. During the 19th and the 20th centuries the city emerged to be the administrative, economic, commercial and transportation center of central and south Peloponnese.

Geography and climate
The city of Tripoli has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen: Csa). Ιt is located in the center of the Peloponnese, at the western border of a large basin (a polje at about 650 m in altitude, a length of ca. 30 km and a width between 12,5 and 2,5 km). The city is today the capital of the regional unit Arcadia (residents, city alone, ca. 30 000, district with hinterland ca. 47500, 2011 Greek census). At its west the city borders the thickly wooded mountain-area “Mainalo”. The Tripoli Basin has gradually been rainwater regulated (mainly after 1945) and turned into farmland. In the southwest floods, which appear in the basin occasionally after rainy winters, as in 2003, formed the temporary Lake Taka. This lake was regulated by a new pond, to retain water for irrigation.

Because of its inland location and high altitude, Tripoli's climate has some continental characteristics, such as some very cold lows during the winter months. Summer temperatures can exceed 38 C and in winter temperatures below -10 C have been observed on several occasions. Snow or sleet can occur several times between November and early April.

Its main plazas are aligned with the main street and with a highway linking to Pyrgos and Patras. One of them is named Kennedy, the other is named Georgiou B' (George II). The southern part has its main street named Washington. The main section of the city is enclosed around the castle walls that were built during the Ottoman occupation of Greece. An industrial park has been built in the southwest. {{Weather box | date=December 2020} }}
 * location=Tripolis (1957–2010)
 * metric first=yes
 * single line=yes
 * Jan record high C = 20.4
 * Feb record high C = 24.2
 * Mar record high C = 25.4
 * Apr record high C = 29.8
 * May record high C = 36.6
 * Jun record high C = 39.8
 * Jul record high C = 42.2
 * Aug record high C = 39.8
 * Sep record high C = 35.4
 * Oct record high C = 33.8
 * Nov record high C = 26.8
 * Dec record high C = 22.6
 * year record high C = 42.2
 * Jan high C= 9.6
 * Feb high C= 10.5
 * Mar high C= 13.3
 * Apr high C= 17.4
 * May high C= 23.0
 * Jun high C= 28.0
 * Jul high C= 30.4
 * Aug high C= 30.5
 * Sep high C= 26.2
 * Oct high C= 20.7
 * Nov high C= 15.5
 * Dec high C= 10.9
 * Year high C=
 * Jan mean C= 5.1
 * Feb mean C= 5.7
 * Mar mean C= 8.0
 * Apr mean C= 11.9
 * May mean C= 17.0
 * Jun mean C= 21.9
 * Jul mean C= 24.5
 * Aug mean C= 23.9
 * Sep mean C= 20.1
 * Oct mean C= 14.4
 * Nov mean C= 10.0
 * Dec mean C= 6.7
 * Year mean C=
 * Jan low C= 0.7
 * Feb low C= 1.0
 * Mar low C= 2.4
 * Apr low C= 4.9
 * May low C= 8.3
 * Jun low C= 12.0
 * Jul low C= 14.4
 * Aug low C= 14.6
 * Sep low C= 11.4
 * Oct low C= 8.1
 * Nov low C= 4.7
 * Dec low C= 2.4
 * Year low C=
 * Jan record low C =-17.0
 * Feb record low C =-15.8
 * Mar record low C =-16.0
 * Apr record low C =-4.0
 * May record low C =-0.2
 * Jun record low C = 4.0
 * Jul record low C = 7.6
 * Aug record low C = 7.8
 * Sep record low C = 0.4
 * Oct record low C =-2.6
 * Nov record low C =-5.8
 * Dec record low C =-11.0
 * year record low C =-17.0
 * Jan precipitation mm= 103.6
 * Feb precipitation mm= 89
 * Mar precipitation mm= 74.8
 * Apr precipitation mm= 53.9
 * May precipitation mm= 37.6
 * Jun precipitation mm= 23.3
 * Jul precipitation mm= 19.4
 * Aug precipitation mm= 19.3
 * Sep precipitation mm= 29.2
 * Oct precipitation mm= 66.1
 * Nov precipitation mm= 108.8
 * Dec precipitation mm= 125.8
 * year precipitation mm=
 * Jan precipitation days= 13.7
 * Feb precipitation days= 12.8
 * Mar precipitation days= 12.5
 * Apr precipitation days= 11.5
 * May precipitation days= 9.2
 * Jun precipitation days= 6.1
 * Jul precipitation days= 4.0
 * Aug precipitation days= 3.3
 * Sep precipitation days= 4.8
 * Oct precipitation days= 9.8
 * Nov precipitation days= 11.9
 * Dec precipitation days= 15.6
 * unit precipitation days=
 * Jan humidity = 76.1
 * Feb humidity = 74.4
 * Mar humidity = 69.3
 * Apr humidity = 62.5
 * May humidity = 57.0
 * Jun humidity = 47.4
 * Jul humidity = 44.1
 * Aug humidity = 45.9
 * Sep humidity = 54.5
 * Oct humidity = 75.4
 * Nov humidity = 77.4
 * Dec humidity = 77.5
 * year humidity =
 * source 1 = Hellenic National Meteorological Service

Surrounding area and geology

In the large Tripoli Basin and in vast parts of the wider geological formations of the Arcadian Highland tectonics in the dominant carbonate rock "Tripoliza" of the Peloponnese developed a special topography: There are several plains, "intra mountainous basins", even "closed basins": Besides small basins, there are the Tripoli-Basin, the "Argon Pedion" (an almost separated side basin in the northeast of Tripoli), the Basin of Levidi and the Basin of Vlacherna Arcadia/Hotoussa/Kandila).

The peculiarity of all plains and basins in Arcadia is the coincidence with intensive karstification: Water seeps into the underground, rather than eroding and draining the topography by surface waterways. All drainage runs through ponors (in Greek: καταβόθρες) and subterranean waterways. There are 45 ponors in the above named basins. There are 7 ponors around Lake Taka. When winter rains are heavy, the ground is flooded or temporary lakes form, even today, as drainage through ponors is often slow which causes land cultivation delays.

Municipality

The municipality of Tripoli was formed at the 2011 local government reform by merging these 8 former municipalities, that became municipal units:
 * Falanthos
 * Korythio
 * Levidi
 * Mantineia
 * Skiritida
 * Tegea
 * Tripoli
 * Valtetsi

The municipality has an area of 1,475.805 km2, the municipal unit 119.287 km2.

Subdivisions
The municipal unit of Tripoli is subdivided into these communities:
 * Agios Vasileios
 * Agios Konstantinos
 * Evandro
 * Makri
 * Merkovouni
 * Pallantio
 * Pelagos
 * Perthori
 * Skopi
 * Thanas
 * Tripoli

Education
Tripoli is the flagship campus of the University of the Peloponnese, founded in 2000.

UoP Tripoli is the location of the School of Economy, Management and Informatics, composed of the Department of Economics and the Department of Informatics and Telecommunications.

Transportation

Because it is at the centre of the Peloponnese, Tripolis is a transportation hub. Corinth is 75 km NE, Pyrgos 145 km E, Patras 144 km NW, Kalamata 65 km SW, and Sparti 60 km S.

Tripoli is mainly accessed from Athens and the rest of Greece through the Corinth-Tripoli-Kalamata motorway, known as the Moreas Motorway (A7). An alternative route is the GR-7 which used to be the main highway to Tripoli before the construction of the motorway. The city is also accessed by GR-74 and GR-76 from Pyrgos and by GR-39 from Sparta.

Tripoli is served by the metre gauge railway line from Corinth to Kalamata of the Hellenic Railways Organisation (OSE). The line was renovated and passenger services to Árgos and Corinth, which had been suspended for a few years, were reinstated in 2009. However, in December 2010 services ceased again due to the general suspension of railway services in the Peloponnese.

Military
Tripoli is home to the two largest Armed Forces bootcamps in Greece, one operated by the Hellenic Army and one by the Hellenic Air Force: the 251st Army Training Battalion and the 124th Basic Training Wing.

Sports
Tripoli hosts three sport clubs with presence in the higher national divisions in Greek football and basketball. These clubs are shown below.

In popular culture
The siege of Tripolitsa was made famous in the folk (Δημοτικό) song "40 παλικάρια από την Λιβαδειά" (Forty lads from Livadeia)

Notable people

 * Theodoros Kolokotronis (3 April 1770 – 4 February 1843), general and pre-eminent leader of the Greek War of Independence
 * Epameinontas Deligeorgis (1829–1879), Prime Minister of Greece
 * Konstantinos Georgakopoulos (1890–1978), lawyer and politician, Prime Minister of Greece
 * Kostas Karyotakis (1896–1928), poet
 * Ioannis Kossos, sculptor
 * Yiannis Kouros (1956), ultramarathon runner
 * Konstantinos Manetas (1879–1960), general and politician
 * Theodoros Manetas (1881–1947), general and politician
 * Alexandros Papanastasiou (1876–1936), politician and sociologist, Prime Minister of Greece
 * Dr. Giorgos Peponis, medical practitioner, sports administrator and former captain of the Australian Rugby League team was born in the city in 1953
 * Petros Tatoulis (1953), politician
 * Semni Karouzou (1897–1994), archaeologist and curator

Twin towns — sister cities
Tripoli, Greece is twinned with:
 * 🇩🇪 Peine, Germany
 * 🇺🇸 Arcadia, California, United States

title: Tripoli, Greece


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Tosa District, Kōchi

Tosa (土佐郡) is a district located in Kōchi Prefecture, Japan.

As of the January 1, 2005 merger but with 2003 population estimates, the district has an estimated population of 5,348 and a density of 17.4 persons per km2. The total area is 307.39 km2.

Towns and villages

 * Tosa
 * Ōkawa

Mergers

 * On October 1, 2004, the village of Hongawa, along with the village of Gohoku, from Agawa District, merged into the expanded town of Ino, in Agawa District.
 * On January 1, 2005, the villages of Kagami and Tosayama merged into the expanded city of Kōchi.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Tosa District, Kōchi


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Ino, Kōchi

Ino (いの町) is a town located in Agawa District, Kōchi Prefecture, Japan. , the town had an estimated population of 21,672 in 10403 households and a population density of 46 persons per km². The total area of the town is 470.97 sqkm. The town is famous for the production of Japanese paper (和紙).

Geography
Ino is located in the Shikoku Mountains of north-central Kōchi Prefecture.

Neighbouring municipalities
Kōchi Prefecture Ehime Prefecture
 * Kōnan
 * Tosa
 * Tosa
 * Ōkawa
 * Ochi
 * Hidaka
 * Niyodogawa
 * Niihama
 * Saijō
 * Kumakōgen

Climate
Ino has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa) with hot, humid summers and cool winters. There is significant precipitation throughout the year, especially during June and July. The average annual temperature in Ino is 12.2 C. The average annual rainfall is 3184.2 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 23.1 C, and lowest in January, at around 1.6 C. The highest temperature ever recorded in Ino was 36.5 C on 11 July 1994; the coldest temperature ever recorded was -10.8 C on 15 January 1985.

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Ino in 2020 is 21,374 people. Ino has been conducting censuses since 1920.

History
As with all of Kōchi Prefecture, the area of Ino was part of ancient Tosa Province. During the Edo period, the area was part of the holdings of Tosa Domain ruled by the Yamauchi clan from their seat at Kōchi Castle. Following the Meiji restoration, the village of Ino was established within Agawa District, Kōchi with the creation of the modern municipalities system on October 1, 1889. On October 1, 2004 the village of Gohoku, also from Agawa District, and the village of Hongawa, from Tosa District, were merged into Ino, increasing its size by almost a factor of five.

Government
Ino has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral town council of 18 members. Ino, together with the municipalities of Agawa District, contributes two members to the Kōchi Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the town is part of Kōchi 2nd district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.

Economy
Traditionally, agriculture, forestry and paper production were mainstays of the local economy.

Education
Ino has seven public elementary schools and five public middle schools operated by the town government and two public high schools operated by the Kōchi Prefectural Department of Education.

Railway
JR Shikoku - Dosan Line Tosaden Kōtsū - Ino Line (tram line)
 * Edagawa - Ino - Hakawa
 * Ujidanchi-mae - Yashiro-dōri - Nakayama - Edagawa - Inoshō-mae - Kitauchi - Kitayama - Narutani - Ino-ekimae - Ino

Highways

 * JP Expressway E56.svg Kōchi Expressway

Sister city relations

 * 🇧🇷 - Cotia, São Paulo, Brazil, since June 16, 1966

Local attractions

 * Ino Paper Museum

Noted people from Ino

 * Arase Nagahide, sumo wrestler and television personality

title: Ino, Kōchi


text:
Ikegawa, Kōchi

Ikegawa (池川町) was a town located in Agawa District, Kōchi Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 2,316 and a density of 16.23 PD/km2. The total area was 142.68 km2.

On August 1, 2005, Ikegawa, along with the village of Agawa (also from Agawa District), and the village of Niyodo (from Takaoka District), was merged to create the town of Niyodogawa (in Agawa District), and no longer exists as an independent municipality.

title: Ikegawa, Kōchi


text:
Ymittos

Ymittos (Υμηττός), is a town and a suburb in the Athens urban area, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Dafni-Ymittos, of which it is a municipal unit. With a land area of 0.975 km2, it was the second-smallest municipality in Greece (after Nea Chalkidona) before 2011. It is situated 2.5 km southeast of the Acropolis of Athens. Ymittos has two high schools.

title: Ymittos


text:
HMS Jervis

HMS Jervis, was a J-class destroyer of the Royal Navy named after Admiral John Jervis (1735–1823). She was laid down by R. and W. Hawthorn, Leslie and Company, Limited, at Hebburn-on-Tyne on 26 August 1937. The ship was launched on 9 September 1938 and commissioned on 8 May 1939, four months before the start of the Second World War.

Designed as a flotilla leader to the J-class destroyers, who were intended to make up the 7th Destroyer Flotilla, Jervis was the sister ship of, and identical to, HMS Kelly (F01), leader to the K class (forming the 8th Flotilla) and similar to HMAS Napier (G97) of the N class. However, despite an impressive war record (she earned 13 battle honours) she remains virtually unknown compared to her sister, Kelly.

1939 (Home Waters)
When war broke out in September 1939, Jervis was under the command of Captain Philip Mack, and was leader of the 7th Destroyer Flotilla (DF) based in the Humber. The first six months of hostilities was taken up with sweeps across the North Sea, in "appalling weather conditions" which saw the Flotilla suffer a succession of storm and collision damage. During this time Jervis captured three blockade runners, one on the second day of the war, and helped search for the merchant ship SS City of Flint (1919). In March 1940 Jervis was involved in a collision with SS Tor, a Swedish freighter, that put her in dock for the next three months for repairs.

1940 (Mediterranean)
During this time Mack, as Captain (D) led the Flotilla from HMS Janus (F53), and in May 1940 sailed with her for the Mediterranean to take command of the 14th Destroyer Flotilla. Jervis' pennant number changed to G00 around this time In July, after working-up trials, she joined him in Malta, where he resumed command. For the next two years Jervis saw action in a constant round of operations; sweeps along the coast, bombarding shore targets for the Army, protecting convoys to Malta, and screening major fleet movements.

1941
In 1941 Jervis was involved in a number of fleet actions. In March she was at Battle of Cape Matapan. In the course of the battle she was involved in the destruction of the Italian cruiser ITALIAN CRUISER Zara which had been crippled by heavy guns in attempting to recover the ITALIAN CRUISER Pola, which had been stricken by an aerial torpedo. Then Jervis came alongside Pola and boarded her, taking off the wounded before, with the destroyer HMS Nubian (F36), torpedoing and sinking Pola. In April she led the force that annihilated an Axis convoy at the action off Sfax. In May she was in the Battle of Crete, where many Royal Navy ships were lost, including her sister ship Kelly. During the summer Jervis ran supplies to the beleaguered port of Tobruk and in December led the destroyers at the First Battle of Sirte. On returning to Alexandria, she was damaged in an Italian human torpedo attack which left her in dock for six weeks. The same attack badly damaged the battleships HMS Queen Elizabeth (1913) and HMS Valiant (1914). Her Chaplain, George Sherlock, was awarded the DSC for "outstanding zeal, patience, and cheerfulness and for setting an example of wholehearted devotion to duty."

1942
Released at the end of January, she resumed operations. In April she joined the Malta Strike Force, although without Mack who left Jervis in March due to ill-health and was replaced as captain of Jervis, and Captain (D), by A.L Poland. He would command her, and lead the 14th Destroyer Flotilla, for the next year. In March 1942, under Poland's leadership, she again led the destroyers at the Second Battle of Sirte.

1943
On the night of 1/2 June, an Italian convoy of two supply ships escorted by a destroyer and a torpedo boat, was intercepted off the Straits of Messina by Jervis (commanded by Captain A.F Pugsley) and the Greek destroyer Vasilissa Olga. A Wellington bomber dropped flares and after a short battle lasting half an hour, the two Allied destroyers sank the ITALIAN TORPEDO BOAT Castore.

Jervis also saw action during the landings in Sicily, Calabria, Salerno, and Anzio, as well as operations in the Adriatic. She supported both the Eighth Army and Yugoslav partisans. In the autumn of 1943, Jervis was in the Aegean supporting the ill-fated operation against the Dodecanese Islands. On 16/17 October with HMS Penn (G77), sank the submarine chaser GERMAN SUBMARINE CHASER UJ-2109 at Kalymnos.

1944 (Home Waters)
On 23 January 1944 Jervis had her bows blown off while in company with Janus, the other destroyer being sunk by a German Fritz X guided bomb. There were no casualties and the damaged destroyer made it to Naples under her own power where, on 28 January her commanding officer, Captain Henderson, took over command of the flotilla leader Grenville while the latter's captain, Lieutenant Commander Roger Hill became CO of the damaged Jervis. The damaged destroyer subsequently steamed to Gibraltar where a new bow was put on the vessel. Then returning to Britain, no longer a Flotilla leader, Jervis saw action at the Normandy landings under Lieutenant Commander Roger Hill in the closing stages of the war. She was decommissioned in September 1944, paying off at Chatham prior to a further, major re-fit.

1945 and post-war
Re-commissioned in May 1945, Jervis saw further service in the Mediterranean, policing the aftermath of World War II. She paid off into the reserve at Chatham in May 1946, and was then laid-up in the Gareloch where she was used for training of local Sea Cadets. Placed on the Disposal List in October 1947, she was one of a number of ships used for explosives trials in Loch Striven during 1948.

Fate
Jervis was handed over to the British Iron and Steel Corporation for demolition in January 1949 and allocated to Arnott Young, arriving at Troon, on the Firth of Clyde for breaking up in September.

"Lucky Jervis"
Jervis had a reputation as a lucky ship (in contrast to her sister, Kelly, who seemed to have more than her share of bad luck). Despite a long and active career, in 5½ years of war and 13 major actions, not one of her crew was lost to enemy action, possibly a unique record. An example of her luck might be seen in her action at Anzio in January 1944. Supporting the landing with gunfire, Jervis and her sister ship, Janus, were attacked by enemy aircraft using Henschel Hs 293 glider bombs. Both were hit; Janus’ forward magazine exploded, sinking her with the loss of nearly 160 of her crew; Jervis’ bow was blown off, but the destroyer was able to steam at about eight knots back to safety in Naples. Astonishingly, not one of her crew was harmed in this incident, and she was able to rescue over 80 of Janus’ crew.

Battle honours
Jervis was awarded 13 battle honours for her service during the Second World War.
 * Mediterranean 1940–44
 * Libya 1940–42
 * Malta convoys 1941–42
 * Matapan 1941
 * Sfax 1941
 * Crete 1941
 * Sirte 1942
 * Sicily 1943
 * Salerno 1943
 * Aegean 1943
 * Adriatic 1944
 * Anzio 1944
 * Normandy 1944

Only HMS Orion (85) and HMS Nubian (F36), who served in the Mediterranean with Jervis matched this record; it was exceeded by HMS Warspite (03), the Mediterranean Fleet flagship, which saw service in both World Wars.

title: HMS Jervis


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Haruno, Kōchi

Haruno (春野町) was a town located in Agawa District, Kōchi Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 15,645 and a population density of 348.13 persons per km2. The total area was 44.94 km2.

On January 1, 2008, Haruno was merged into the expanded city of Kōchi.

Haruno Stadium, the prefecture's largest athletics and football stadium, is located here.

title: Haruno, Kōchi


text:
Agawa, Kōchi

Agawa (吾川村) was a village located in Agawa District, Kōchi Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the village had an estimated population of 2,927 and a density of 34.80 persons per km2. The total area was 84.12 km2.

On August 1, 2005, Agawa, along with the town of Ikegawa (also from Agawa District), and the village of Niyodo (from Takaoka District), was merged to create the town of Niyodogawa (in Agawa District), and no longer exists as an independent municipality.

title: Agawa, Kōchi


text:
Vrilissia

Vrilissia (Βριλήσσια) is a suburban town and a municipality of the North Athens regional unit, in the Attica region. It is located in the Athens basin, at the southwestern foot of the Penteli Mountain. At the 2021 census, the municipality had 32,417 residents.

Geography
The administrative limits of the municipality extend from the Chalandri gully up to foothills of the Penteli, known as Patima and Koufos Hills. Vrilissia lies approximately 10 km north-east of the centre of the Greek capital and 5 km northwest of the city of Pallini, centre of East Attica. The area of the Vrilissia municipality is 3.856 km2.

Among the municipality's features one notices the low rise profile with four apartment floors maximum at the center, while particularly high is also the rate of private gardens. The centre of the municipality is built up around the Analipseos Main Church (Jesus Christ's Ascension Church), while the commercial area mainly extends throughout the Penteli Avenue. The municipality is generally composed of residents among the median and upper income bands. The municipality is connected with all urban and suburban means of transport of Attica. The Athens northern beltway Motorway 6 and the short Motorway 642 pass through the municipality. It is served by two commuter railway stations (Doukissis Plakentias station and Pentelis station) and a metro station (Doukissis Plakentias). Several (and relatively frequent) buses serve destinations to neighbouring suburbs as well as the centre of Athens. The main thoroughfare is Pentelis Avenue, which connects Vrilissia with Chalandri and central Athens.

History
In antiquity the area of Vrilissia formed part of the deme of Phlya, which covered the land spanning from Psychiko to Agia Paraskevi and mainly centered on what is now known as the Municipality of Chalandri.

Vrilissia was part of the municipality of Chalandri until 1949, when it became a separate community. It became a municipality in 1990. The suburb experienced rapid development during 2004 as a result of city improvements for the Athens Olympic Games, with the city's peripheral road circuit completed, works of the city's regeneration, widening of the central avenue and diverting of the inner traffic. After long-lasting conflicts, the Naval Base region was transferred to the municipality with an official ceremony, while many small parks were created in each neighbourhood.

Tax Values of the land in 2007 fluctuate from €1,550 – 2,050 / m2, in similar levels with the neighbouring Chalandri and Agia Paraskevi. Actual selling prices broke through the barrier of the €2,000 / m2 reaching between €2,200 and 3,000 / m2.

Mayor of municipality since 2007 is Mr Kostas Ioannidis, while Mr Nikos Papadopoulos is granted with the title of Emeritus President of the Municipality as chairman of the Vrilissia Community for many years, assisting on local issues.

Etymology
One may come across many references of the "Vrilissos" (or alternatively "Vrilittos") name in some of Thucydides, Herodotus and Strabo's writings. The name probably means "Great Rock" and derives from the words "vri" (βρι), meaning "forceful", from the verb "vriao" (βριάω), meaning "I'm full of power", "li" (λη), from the word "laas" (λάας) meaning "rock", and the Pelasgic ending "sos" (σος). The Penteli Mountain was named that way because of the great white stones and beautiful marbles mined out and used for the magnificent world-renowned monuments of Acropolis in antiquity (as well as for the modern buildings of the 19th century in Athens), before the Great Penteli Abbey being set at the foot of the mountain in 1576 by the bishop of Evripos, Timotheos Mentelis.

The word "Vrilissia" is a plural form of a neuter noun (τα Βριλήσσια) referring to the land of the Great Rock Mountain (Penteli). The word is pronounced as "Vri-lί-ssi-a". The Greek form for Municipality of Vrilissia is "Δήμος Βριλησσίων".

The city's logo depicts a well known ancient Greek trove, whereas a boulder representing the municipality's megalith-shaped form is placed at the main park of the city (Eleftherias Square, meaning Square of Freedom).

Features
Vrilissia is an affluent suburb with several schools spanning all grades, sporting grounds and parks; it is also home to a large commercial district with a number of banks and several malls within its territory. Two popular centres of activity are the two main squares, "Plateia Iroon" or Iroon Square and "Plateia Analipseos" or Analipseos Square, recently renovated and hosting several small coffee shops. Vrilissia has exceptionally wide, straight roads, in stark contrast to those typically found in Athens, and is also relatively green, with most houses/apartment blocks extending to gardens.

Vrilissia has a popular men's handball team, competing in the A1 league.

Vrilissia suburban forest

The administrative limits of the city at around 1950–1970 reached up to the foothills of the Pentelikon Mountain. In particular, the residential part at the urban design of the suburb in the old days reached to the peripheral road of Penteli, Anapafseos's Avenue. Over that avenue the woodland of Patima Hill (Footing Hill) spread, on which the Metamorphoseos tou Sotiros (Jesus Christ Savior's Metamorphosis) church was set, as well as a small space with pits placed for the neighbouring marble workshops. This space was progressively shaped for the settlement of the Vrilissia Municipal Damari (Pit) Theatre of Aliki Vougiouklaki.

At that time, Penteli constituted a popular destination for day excursions for Athenians, as well as picnics, walks in the forest, a stop for a coffee, or dinner at the local taverns. Despite the natural wealth of the mountain, it was never characterised as a "National Forest", as was the case with the neighbouring Parnitha Mountain, largely due to the landholding muniments of the Penteli Abbey since the 16th century, often sold or adopted by local mountaineer graziers working at the abbey's farm-lands, before the constitution of the modern Greek state.. When urban housing projects began reaching Halandri, Vrilissia and Melissia, Penteli started to transform into a residential landscape. Features that had long started to creep in, since the time of the monks, the Sarakatsaneoi graziers and the Doukissa of Plakentia who lived there since the 18th century. The gradual rise in value of the region, caused by the build-up of the area, triggered individual or association claims, while the available pieces of land at the main Vrilissia area were rapidly taken up.

When the Penteli town plan began to take form, the claims increased, both in volume and intensity. Courts began to vindicate individual and association claims with a legal base of "good fidelity", and "usucaption". Vrilissia kept expanding into the hill, while it saw losses from each of its sides from the neighbouring suburbs of Melissia, New and Old Penteli. Around this time and in stark contrast to the lower-density provisions afforded for the Ano Vrilissia settlement below the Anapafseos Avenue, the hill was allowed multi-floor apartment blocks (up to five levels), in the process compromising the aesthetics of the Penteliko scenery.

The hill was residented during a period when the cadastre and the distinction of the urban and forestry areas were at a primal stage (and still are in 2007 for Greece). The south area of the hill looking at the Athens basin was included in the urban design of Vrilissia and the street layout approved was implemented. However, at the east of the Patima of Vrilissia residential settlement, beyond the steep Kalavriton (Kalavrita) Street, still lies a forestry area that has not been recognized nor by the plan of Vrilissia, neither by Penteli. This area is known as "Krassas Settlement", which has been a point of scepticism for the various municipal authorities that governed the suburb. The need for applying the law often stumbled at social dilemmas, with resulted to the few residents of the settlement being cut away from any form of transportation or other urban convenience applied, but with the municipality also being unable to utilise part of its forestry heritage. This area amounts roughly to 0.045 km2, of which the 0.010 are inhabited. The latest proposals of the municipal council suggested concession of 500 m2 per household to those who abide by the criteria of the law (that allocate titles of purchase of the land inhabited). The municipality, according to the same proposal, claims the remaining indisposed land at the region of 0.030 km2 plus those that in collaboration with the forestry service of Penteli will be declared as forestry. As a result of the above, a few months before the summer of 2007 it had been forecast that 0.040 km2 of forestry land would be acquired and utilised by the municipality. Still, some local papers forecast negative events, as this would stimulate the appetite of many.

Finally, a pine-clad area of 0.088 km2 was preserved around the northern borders of the municipality, up to the neighbouring suburbs and reaching the Halandri gullies to the south, a natural protection of the city from the traffic and exhaust. The climate of Vrilissia has always been exceptional in a "cement city" as some parts of Athens are often characterized. Even today, with the important new transportation projects built, and the trading development, Vrilissia's climate is still considered to be clean, offering ideal conditions of living to its residents. Nevertheless, during the last years many unfortunate incidents have threatened this particular feature of the region.

In the means of the 2000s (decade), members of the Building Association "Agios Theoklitos" (Saint Theoklitos) are introduced as owners of large pieces of the Patima forested land to the west of the Vrilissia built area (near the Penteli Avenue), claiming that their association bought this piece of land in 1965 from the Penteli Abbey. However, the Court of First Instance of Athens (Πολυμελές Πρωτοδικείο Αθηνών) by the 3537/2001 decision indicated that the Greek state was the owner of the sub judice piece of land, for the Penteli Abbey had never been the owner of the 88.542 m2 sold to the Association. For another individual claim of 9.713 m 2 at the same geographic region, the Court on the 7319/2005 decision indicated that at the same the individual had bought the sub judice piece of land at an auction sale (December 20, 1971) by the Penteli Abbey for 2,980,000 drachmas (δραχμές). The thought prevailed in the court was that the wide region of "Gerotsakouli" (Γεροτσακούλι) had been owned by the abbey since its foundation in 1578 by Saint Timotheos Mentelis, Bishop of Evripos partially by donations from devout Christians and by purchase in 1600 by the Ottoman from Karystos of Evia named Kagadis with muniments that were destroyed during the Greek liberation by the army of Omer Vryonis.

The recorded suggestions of the Greek state that the sub judice piece of land was characterized as forested since 1836 and that it constituted part of a wider region that came under its ownership by the Treaty of Konstantinoupoli on account of the "final distinction of the Greek borders" and by the 1830 protocols of London, as successor of the Turkish State, were not accepted by the court. On the contrary, the court decided that the Abbey from 1600 until 1955 owned in good faith those parts (among the rest) and became owner of this piece of public property on usucaption, since also public property may come under private ownership as long as this piece of property is used for 30 consecutive years in good faith, which was completed on 9/11 1915. However, it only until the July 2007 that the Appellate reached a verdict on the same case which vindicated the individual claims on the same argument and which did not even accept the procedural intervention of the Municipality at the Court. This particular verdict constitutes a critical decision for the irrevocable examination of the substance of the case because even attempting to exercise recantation would only affect jurisprudential matters of the case and not the substance of the verdict. In each case, however, the Greek state and the municipality are expected to examine any possible legal means left.

On June 29, 2007, only a few weeks after the announcement of the verdict and the refusal of the municipality to accept it, a great fire burst at that specific region, while the fire service was scattered around other great fires all over Greece. Fires consumed several residential buildings and forests, with the blaze lasting during the evening hours and drawing to an end following that. Another fire spread later in the summer, on August 16, 2007, and consumed tens more houses as flames spread on dry grass; if this had been removed, fire would not have spread to buildings. The conflagration entered the settlement in the evening hours. Firefighters arrived to battle the flames along with firetrucks, helicopters and airplanes. The fire burnt for several hours and ended at night. It is only some weeks after the black-letter day, the Great Parnitha Mountain was partially destroyed that this incident came to light. The government fights against the fire and manages to control it with the help of the residents only a few hours before the light comes down. However, that's not the end of the dark summer of 2007 that such incidents happen. The Vrilissia gully is also struck while evidence of arson is found. Even the great Naval Base, a junction of interests, is struck, although the greater part of its reformation project to turn it into a park is completed. Some days afterwards, Nea Penteli and the northern district of Melissia are also struck, while the Marousi Municipality rushes to characterize the great Syggros Park as "Syggros Forest" as smaller incidents of fire take place there. Adjacent Municipalities with forest heritage begin volunteer projects of surveillance by residents (such as Pefki and Vrilissia) while the Chalandri gully is also struck, only a few metres away from the local fire brigade department. The incidents around Attica are numerous (Kalivia Thorikou, Keratea, Imittos and Panio forests etc.) at the same time other Greek peripheries are in danger.

Sports
Vrilissia is the seat of two clubs with Panhellenic titles (championships or cups). ESN Vrilissia (Ekpolitistikos Omilos Neon Vrilissia) has won three titles in Greek Handball competitions and FO Vrilissia (Filathlitikos Omilos Vrilissia) has won titles in Women Volleyball Competitions.

Population
source: ESYE, Vrilissia Municipality

Settlements

 * Analipsi
 * Rematia
 * Ano Vrilissia
 * Patima Hill
 * Krassas Settlement
 * Doukissis Plakentias Belt

title: Vrilissia


text:
Gohoku, Kōchi

Gohoku (吾北村) was a village located in Agawa District, Kōchi Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the village had an estimated population of 3,163 and a density of 19.59 persons per km2. The total area was 161.43 km2.

On October 1, 2004, Gohoku, along with the village of Hongawa (from Tosa District), was merged into the expanded town of Ino, and no longer exists as an independent municipality.

title: Gohoku, Kōchi


text:
Agawa District, Kōchi

Agawa (吾川郡) is a district located in Kōchi Prefecture, Japan.

As of October 10, 2018, the district has an estimated population of 26,601 and a density of 33.09 persons per km2. The total area is 803.67 km2.

Towns and villages

 * Ino
 * Niyodogawa

Mergers

 * On October 1, 2004 the village of Gohoku, along with the village of Hongawa, from Tosa District, merged into the expanded town of Ino.
 * On August 1, 2005 the town of Ikegawa, and the village of Agawa merged with the village of Niyodo, from Takaoka District, to form the new town of Niyodogawa.
 * On January 1, 2008 the town of Haruno merged into the expanded city of Kōchi.

title: Agawa District, Kōchi


text:
Talk:Menno Simons

Removal of word 'Netherlands'
User 62.104.222.66 removed the word "Netherlands" from this sentence - "Menno Simons (1496-1561) was an Anabaptist religious leader from Friesland, Netherlands" - with the comment that Friesland is larger than the Netherlands. I am no expert on Friesland or the Netherlands (so would like some comments and opinions), but I do believe that it is correct that the area in which Menno Simons was born was in Friesland and was in the Netherlands. Maybe there's a better way to form the sentence if this information is correct (which I believe it is). Thanks. - Rlvaughn 02:51, 23 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Friesland is much larger as the Netherlands. The Frisian nation and culture does not depend on today's national states which were back then non-existant. Like Kurds live in Iraq, in Turkey, ...

 * I believe, all things considered, that when people speak of Friesland where Menno was born, it is probably a province in the Netherlands that they mean, and not the entire Friesland region from Netherlands to Denmark (though it may be technically incorrect)?? Are the Low Countries and Friesland (region) equivalent? I'm confused. - Rlvaughn 01:02, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * It's fairly complicated matter. And I am certainly no expert on it. That said, I do know the basics. The low lands (and especially Friesland) have a turbulent history and have seen many changes in its legal states over the last 500+yrs. During the time Simons was born Friesland was a lordship (well, kinda..) and part of the Seventeen Provinces. The Seventeen Provinces were a personal union comparable to the current Commonwealth Realm; all member states being fairly independent but sharing a common head of state. The Seventeen Provinces covered lands currently known as Belgium, Luxembourg, The Netherlands and parts of north-France and north-west Germany. When Simons died (in north-west germany) the situation already changed somewhat. I guess you can find more on this on wikipedia ;-). Foundations for the Netherlands only came years after Simons died with the formation of the Union of Utrecht. Frisia as a region is much different as Friesland (which outlines are still fairly the same as in 1496). The region of Frisia covers the northsea coastal zones from the Netherlands across Germany to Denmark. Arriving at my point here (sig, loads of text for a small correction, wonder if anyone ever reads this, at least I'm having fun ;-)). Using Dutch / The Netherlands here is factual wrong as neither term could be applied to Friesland at that time. Anyway, I changed "Dutch" to "Friesland (today part of The Netherlands)". --Pepijn Koster 01:24, 28 November 2005 (UTC)

 * In 1496, Friesland was only the name of a region, which combined several small states. Witmarsum was part of one of the largest of these states, Westergo. The other large state was Oostergo. The inhabitants of Westergo and Oostergo traditionally hated eachothers guts. Inhabitants of Westergo and Oostergo frequently waged wars against and amongst eachother which were regulated in typically rules in feuds. 1496 was two years before the Landsknecht soldiers forced the Frisians to submit to the rule of the governor of the Netherlands, the duke of Saxony-Meissen. Westergo was supposedly independent in 1496 but was actually haunted by German landsknecht soldiers.--Daanschr 13:58, 18 December 2006 (UTC)

modern-day mennonites
I met a Mennonite on a bus once (from L.A. to San Francisco, for a demonstration). I also know of Mennonites active in political activism in the United States, regarding issues of peace and human rights, and I believe they are active in other countries too (Latin America?). This article only goes up through Menno's death. I would very much like to see more of it. The article on the German language reference a German dialect spoken by Mennonite communities in North America. This is a very interesting development. I hope someone adds to this. glasperlenspiel 00:11, Jun 16, 2004 (UTC)

 * There are a number of articles on the Mennonites and specific groups of Mennonites. For example - Old Order Mennonites. Perhaps you can find what you need in some of those articles. - Rlvaughn 01:02, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)

hmmm ??? two versions
25 years after his renunciation of Catholicism, Menno passed away on January 31, 1561 at Wüstenfelde, Schleswig-Holstein, and was buried in his garden. ....

He died 1561 near the city of Bad Oldesloe in northern Germany.

 * I looked back at the history of the article, and found this "second death" added in a revision of 6 Sep 2004 by Ameins. According to the Mennonite Encyclopedia, Menno died at Wüstenfelde on 31 January 1561.

hmm...
This page seems kinda biased, but I'm not sure how to explain that. It's told in a storybook type way, and I just don't know about the objectivity of it all. Thoughts?

 * Can you give us some specifics concerning objectivity to look at other than just the style? Thanks. - Rlvaughn 04:58, 10 November 2005 (UTC)

I am a different 'hmm..' and I too see bias here. I see a positive-POV and much too general fable written by Mennonites for Mennonites about Menno. Several crebible accounts state that Menno was a drinker, womanizer and gambler as a young man. To include such facts here would humanize him and add crebility to this article. Also, I see few specific statements here about Menno's main ideas (of which there are books written in his own words to pull from.) As these ideas no doubt did and do influence all Menno-nites we need to see them here. Last I would like to see the specific 'significant' differences 'before Menno', 'under Menno' and 'after Menno' as I would any other influential figure. Please bring balance and completeness here for non-Mennonite readers. Anacapa 04:41, 13 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Actually, why no discussion of Munster? One of the major things that shaped his life, amd caused him to embrace and enforce pacifism among the Mennonites. It was also one of the incidents which shaped the outside perception of him, from Luther especially. It is ironic that he looked up to Luther, and then Lutherans would kill his disciples. Benkenobi18 20:23, 28 July 2007 (UTC)

POV check
This article panders to positive point of view about Menno Simons. It seems to be written for Mennonites by Mennonites. There is no mention of Menno Simons controversial stands on shunning, or 'marital avoidance' (also known as spousal shunning) which are clearly outlined in his writings and also shown in many histories of the Mennonites.

It is also written in a story book style that seems more like a celebratory tome than a balanced NPOV description of who Menno Simons was and how he influenced the people who bear his name. In my opinion it needs to be reviewed by editors who have no conflict of interests and who can help us develop an encyclopedia entry rather than another propaganda piece for Mennonites who see Menno Simons as a great leader. For those non-Mennnonite editors who care to read Menno's writings themselves it is easily possible to see that he was no nice guy when it came to church punishments as he himself stated how harsh they were. However all the quotes we see in this article to falsely paint Menno as such a nice guy are nauseating to me...one who has first-hand experience of Mennonite shunning.

I also believe this article needs to make more mention of Menno's core ideologies as they have had a profound effect on his followers down through the centuries. We need to know who Menno was here rather than just bio facts. We also need to know how Menno became so revered that his people still bear his name today. This article seems little more than rote repetition of what Menno did rather than who he was. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.111.96.53 (talk) 17:56, 25 October 2006

 * New Comment
 * Actually this looks like something written for the Gospel Herald, a publication by Mennonites for Mennonites, biased and incorrect. Exactly like the Mennonite religion, false. Evidently Mennonites are fond of lies and errors which is why they follow a faith full of them. Menno Simons, who was a Catholic Priest (not a very good one) broke away from a church founded by Jesus Christ to start a church founded by Menno Simons. In doing this he becomes his own Christ. Peter was the leader of the early church in Rome, a fact that Mennonites like to shun, Peter was the first Bishop of Rome and hence the Pope. A fact Mennonites are often oblivious of, but then again, they follow a doctrine of simplicity, it's just unfortunate that this applies to the depth of their thought. This article does needs to be corrected as well as their religion. Notice the complete fear they have of adding a link to the Munster Rebellion, a bloody disgusting murder festival brought to you courtesy of the anabaptists. Seems Mennonites are to fearful to acknowledge the truth of their bloody past which of course the leader also had 16 wives. Do you see something wrong with the thoughts of these people? Menno Simons wanted to isolate himself from that event by preaching the doctrine of pacifism. My parents were Amish then Mennonites. They knew nothing more than the Mennonite faith, which is prerequisite for being a faithful Mennonite because any application of thought and reason brings to light how false and misleading this faith really is. Think of that Mennonites, your church was founded by a man, Menno Simons. You follow the doctrine of fallen man. All Catholics enjoy the fact that their church was founded by Jesus Christ. Timothyschrock (talk) 10:57, 7 June 2011 (UTC)

I think the Page is perfect
As a former mennonite who has studied the denomination, attended both a mennonite high school and College (Pacific College), and lived in the colonies in Paraguay, (not to mention a receiver of that notorious tradition of 'shunning'), I have to say that this article is very well done. Check out the old paper encyclopedias like Brittania (if you can find one). The articles about other middle-tier religious leaders are similarly written; basic information, kept to under 10,000 words. I didn't find the article as propaganda, but basically informative. If you want more info, its easy to look at the bibliography for more thorough texts. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Side241 (talk • contribs) 05:34, 26 January 2007 (UTC).

 * Agree. The tag can be removed. ✤ JonHarder talk 21:57, 13 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Agree. The article may just need some in-text-citations. And how about an Infobox, would that be good? Apart from that I do not see why this article shouldn't be considered for a GA status. Baldrick90 13:30, 30 November 2007 (UTC)

Naming convention: surname or patronym?
Apparently "Simons" is a patronym. Not sure that it's not his own name as was stated. It doesn't seem to follow the pattern for Dutch patronyms as there's no "son" or "zoon" so that doesn't seem to hold water. Until there's clarification the article should using the naming MOS on Wikipedia: use the surname rather than given name after it is first mentioned. --Walter Görlitz (talk) 18:20, 5 July 2012 (UTC)

"Apparently"? I'm confused by your first two sentences above (I could say I'm tied in knots by too many nots). Anyway, there's already clarification in the "Early life" section of this same article: "His father's name must have been Simon, Simons being a patronym; he had a brother named Pieter.[2]" The -s ending in Simons is genitive (Dutch and German don't use apostrophe like English for genitive -s ending), i.e. he is Simon's son, i.e. Simons is a patronym. There's more in the source given by footnote "[2]". JamesD'Alexander (talk) 16:23, 6 July 2012 (UTC)JamesD'Alexander

In print, Encyclopaedia Britannica (15th edition on shelf here) files him under M, not S. I think that clinches it: Simons is not a surname. JamesD'Alexander (talk) 16:46, 6 July 2012 (UTC)JamesD'Alexander

 * That seems like good material. Thanks. --Walter Görlitz (talk) 17:59, 6 July 2012 (UTC)

Also, check out the Netherlands section in the patronym article you referred to at the top of this thread. It supports what I said about -s genitive; -son and -zoon are not the only possibilities. JamesD'Alexander (talk) 21:17, 6 July 2012 (UTC)JamesD'Alexander

I'm new here, so please enlighten me as to the Wiki-protocol: Do *you* now undo your undoings of my edits, or do I?  JamesD'Alexander (talk) 15:50, 9 July 2012 (UTC)JamesD'Alexander
 * You may do so based on this discussion. Apply it consistently though. Thanks. --Walter Görlitz (talk) 16:54, 9 July 2012 (UTC)

"Menno Simons rejected asceticism in terms of its traditional practices of social withdrawal, mortification, and self-denial. Historical theologian Richard Valantasis, however, has suggested that asceticism should not be defined as these physical practices but as a group of activities designed to reestablish social relations between the individual and the dominant social environment through a new subjectivity, different social relations, and an alternative symbolic universe. Simons' theology is ascetic by Valantasis's definition since it used these methods to restructure Anabaptists' relationship with 'worldly' society.[13]"

The viewpoint of the historian who has suggested that we redefine asceticism seems like a random distraction. No doubt there are dozens of new definitions. The Wikipedia of red herrings. 67.170.236.50 (talk) 14:06, 26 May 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Menno Simons


text:
User:Branddobbe/Bio

delete

title: User:Branddobbe/Bio


text:
Nakatosa

Nakatosa (中土佐町) is a town located in Takaoka District, Kōchi Prefecture, Japan. , the town had an estimated population of 6,200 in 3363 households and a population density of 14 persons per km2. The total area of the town is 193.20 sqkm.

Geography
Nakatosa is located in the central part of Kōchi Prefecture, on the island of Shikoku, facing the Pacific Ocean to the east.

Neighbouring municipalities
Kōchi Prefecture
 * Susaki
 * Tsuno
 * Shimanto

Climate
Nakatosa has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) characterized by warm summers and cool winters with light snowfall. The average annual temperature in Nakatosa is 15.6 °C. The average annual rainfall is 2533 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in January, at around 25.3 °C, and lowest in January, at around5.5 °C.

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Nakatosa has decreased steadily since the 1950s.

History
As with all of Kōchi Prefecture, the area of Nakatosa was part of ancient Tosa Province. During the Edo period, the area was part of the holdings of Tosa Domain ruled by the Yamauchi clan from their seat at Kōchi Castle. The villages of Kure (久礼) and Kaminokae (上ノ加江) and Nishibun (西分村) were established with the creation of the modern municipalities system on October 1, 1889. They were subsequently elevated to town status on June 12, 1901 and January 1, 1915 and merged on July 1, 1957 to form the town of Naktosa. On January 1, 2006 the village of Ōnomi, from Takaoka District, was merged into Nakatosa.

Government
Nakatosa has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral town council of six members. Nakatosa, together with the municipalities of Shimanto, Tsuno and Yusuhara, contributes two members to the Kōchi Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the town is part of Kōchi 2nd district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.

Economy
The local economy is centered on horticulture and greenhouse farming, with commercial fishing playing a smaller role.

Education
Nakatosa has two public elementary schools and three public middle schools operated by the town government. The town does not have a high school.

Railway
Shikoku Railway Company – Dosan Line
 * Tosa-Kure

Highways

 * JP Expressway E32.svg Kōchi Expressway
 * }

title: Nakatosa


text:
Sakawa, Kōchi

Sakawa (佐川町) is a town located in Takaoka District, Kōchi Prefecture, Japan. , the town had an estimated population of 12,306 in 6036 households and a population density of 120 persons per km2. The total area of the town is 100.8 sqkm.

Geography
Sakawa is located in a basin along the Yanase River, a tributary of the Niyodo River, in the midwestern part of Kochi Prefecture on the island of Shikoku. The landscape is hilly and the roads and footpaths are winding and narrow. The town is 28 km west of Kōchi City. The tallest mountain in Sakawa is Mt. Kokuzo, with an elevation of 675 meters. Many rivers also run through the town, which are tributaries of the Niyodo River.

Neighbouring municipalities
Kōchi Prefecture
 * Tosa
 * Ino
 * Susaki
 * Hidaka
 * Tsuno

Climate
Sakawa has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) characterized by warm summers and cool winters with light snowfall. The average annual temperature in Sakawa is 15.3 °C. The average annual rainfall is 2688 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 25.6 °C, and lowest in January, at around 5.0 °C. Sakawa experiences extreme seasons. Spring and Fall are mild and cool. Summer is very warm and temperatures routinely reach 35 °C with 100% humidity. The coldest months are January and February with temperatures around 10 °C during the day. There are usually one or two light snowfalls in January. The rainy season is from June to August and typhoons are common during this time.

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Sakawa has been decreasing slowly since the 1980s.

History
As with all of Kōchi Prefecture, the area of Sakawa was part of ancient Tosa Province. Relics from the Japanese Paleolithic. Since then, Sakawa has been named “Mecca of geology in Japan” because "some of the world’s rarest and most precious fossils have been unearthed" in Sakawa. through Jomon and Yayoi periods have been found in the town. During the Edo period, the area was part of the holdings of Tosa Domain ruled by the Yamauchi clan from their seat at Kōchi Castle. The village of Sakawa was established with the creation of the modern municipalities system on October 1, 1889. It was promoted to town status on January 10, 1900.

Government
Sakawa has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral village council of 14 members. Sakawa, together with the municipalities of Hidaka and Ochi, contributes one member to the Kōchi Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the town is part of Kōchi 2nd district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.

Economy
Sakawa's economy is centered on agriculture, notably growing rice, Japanese pears, tea leaves, soybeans, strawberries, and many other crops. Sakawa is famous for the production of Tsukasabotan, a type of sake. There is a brewery in town that offers free tours and samples. Traditionally, the town is also home to artisans who produce hand-made earthenware and woven bamboo products.

Education
Sakawa has four public elementary schools and three public middle schools operated by the town government, and one public high school operated by the Kōchi Prefecture Board of Education. There are also one middle school and one high school operated jointly with neighboring Hidaka Village.

Railway
Shikoku Railway Company - Dosan Line
 * Tosa-Kamo - Nishi-Sakawa - Sakawa - Erinono - Togano

Local attractions

 * Old Seizan Library, the only Western-style wooden structure still standing in Kōchi Prefecture. Although no longer in use as a library (a new building houses all the historical texts), the house remains open as a small museum and historical site.
 * Fudō-ga-Iwaya Cave, National Historic Site

Notable people from Sakawa

 * Tomitaro Makino, Father of Japanese Botany
 * Ono Daisuke, voice actor
 * Satoshi Yamaguchi, Japanese football player
 * Masako Bandō, Japanese novelist
 * Koji Yoshimura, Japanese former football player and older brother of Keiji Yoshimura
 * Keiji Yoshimura, Japanese former football player and younger brother of Koji Yoshimura
 * Hiroshi Takahashi, Japanese architect

title: Sakawa, Kōchi


text:
User talk:Hung yao

Welcome!

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April - National Contribution Month
Good day Hung yao,

During the month of April, Wikimedia Canada is preparing the National Contribution Month, and we are looking for experienced contributors to organize a contribution day (or half-day) in their region.

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Benoit Rochon (talk) 00:55, 11 February 2013 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Hung yao


text:
Ochi, Kōchi

Ochi (越知町) is a town located in Takaoka District, Kōchi Prefecture, Japan. , the town had an estimated population of 5,157 in 2673 households and a population density of 46 persons per km². The total area of the town is 111.95 sqkm.

Geography
Ochi is located in midwestern  Kōchi Prefecture on the island of Shikoku.The western part of the town lies the Yokokurayama Prefectural Natural Park. The center of the town is located at the confluence of three rivers, the Niyodo River, the Sakaori River, and the Yanase River, and is lined with houses and shops. The Ikazu Dam is located in Ochi.

Neighbouring municipalities
Kōchi Prefecture
 * Ino
 * Niyodogawa
 * Sakawa
 * Tsuno
 * Hidaka

Climate
Ochi has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) characterized by warm summers and cool winters with light snowfall. The average annual temperature in Ochi is 15.3 °C. The average annual rainfall is 2688 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in January, at around 25.6 °C, and lowest in January, at around 5.0 °C.

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Ochi has been decreased steadily since the 1960s.

History
As with all of Kōchi Prefecture, the area of Ochi was part of ancient Tosa Province. There is a local legend that Emperor Antoku escaped the disaster at the Battle of Dannoura during the Genpei War, and lived the rest of his life in obscurity in this area. During the Edo period, the area was part of the holdings of Tosa Domain ruled by the Yamauchi clan from their seat at Kōchi Castle. The village of Ochi was established with the creation of the modern municipalities system on October 1, 1889. It was raised to town status on June 7, 1900.

Government
Ochi has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral town council of ten members. Ochi, together with the municipalities of Sakawa and Hidaka, contributes one member to the Kōchi Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the town is part of Kōchi 2nd district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.

Economy
The economy of Ochi is almost entirely agricultural.

Education
Ochi has one public elementary school and one public middle school operated by the village government. The town does not have a high school.

Railway
The town does not have any passenger railroad service. The nearest train station is Sakawa Station on the JR Shikoku Dosan Line in the neighboring town of Sakawa.

Noted people from Ochi

 * Futago Kamikita, manga artist
 * Yūji Yamamoto, politician

title: Ochi, Kōchi


text:
Kubokawa, Kōchi

Kubokawa (窪川町) was a town located in Takaoka District, Kōchi Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 14,385 and a density of 51.73 persons per km2. The total area was 278.08 km2.

On March 20, 2006, Kubokawa, along with the towns of Taishō and Towa (both Hata District), was merged to create the town of Shimanto (in Takaoka District) and no longer exists as in independent municipality.

title: Kubokawa, Kōchi


text:
Yusuhara

Yusuhara (檮原町) is a town located in Takaoka District, Kōchi Prefecture, Japan. , the town had an estimated population of 3,285 and a population density of 14 persons per km². The total area of the town is 236.45 sqkm.

Geography
Yusuhara is located in the northwestern part of Kōchi Prefecture, on the island of Shikoku, at the western end of the Shikoku Mountains. Surrounded by mountains on all sides, forests cover 91% of the town's area.

Neighbouring municipalities
Kōchi Prefecture Ehime Prefecture
 * Tsuno
 * Shimanto
 * Seiyo
 * Kumakōgen
 * Kihoku

Climate
Yusuhara has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa) with hot, humid summers and cool winters. There is significant precipitation throughout the year, especially during June and July. The average annual temperature in Yusuhara is 13.4 C. The average annual rainfall is 2728.7 mm with July as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 24.3 C, and lowest in January, at around 2.6 C. The highest temperature ever recorded in Yusuhara was 38.7 C on 12 August 2013; the coldest temperature ever recorded was -12.0 C on 1 January 1981.

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Yusuhara in 2020 is 3,307 people. Yusuhara has been conducting censuses since 1920.

History
As with all of Kōchi Prefecture, the area of Yusuhara was part of ancient Tosa Province. During the Edo period, the area was part of the holdings of Tosa Domain ruled by the Yamauchi clan from their seat at Kōchi Castle. The village of Yusuhara was established with the creation of the modern municipalities system on October 1, 1889. It was raised to town status on November 4, 1966. It was designated as a "Environmental model city" in 2009.

Government
Yusuhara has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral town council of seven members. Yusuhara, together with the municipalities of Nakatosa, Tsuno and Shimanto, contributes two members to the Kōchi Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the town is part of Kōchi 2nd district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.

Economy
The economy of Yusuhara is almost entirely agricultural and forestry. The town produces most of its own electricity via wind power, solar power and small hydroelectric turbines.

Education
Yusuhara has one public combined elementary/middle school operated by the village government, and one public high school operated by the Kōchi Prefectural Board of Education.

Railway
The town does not have any passenger railroad service. The nearest passenger railway station is Susaki Station in Susaki.

title: Yusuhara


text:
Ōnomi, Kōchi

Ōnomi (大野見村) was a village located in Takaoka District, Kōchi Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the village had an estimated population of 1,602 and a density of 15.95 persons per km2. The total area was 100.41 km2.

On January 1, 2006, Ōnomi was merged into the expanded town of Nakatosa.

title: Ōnomi, Kōchi


text:
Higashitsuno, Kōchi

Higashitsuno (東津野村) was a village located in Takaoka District, Kōchi Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the village has an estimated population of 2,736 and a density of 20.81 persons per km2. The total area was 131.47 km2.

On February 1, 2005, Higashitsuno, along with the village of Hayama (also from Takaoka District), was merged to create the town of Tsuno and no longer exists as an independent municipality.

Pro-imperial activist Yoshimura Torataro was born there in 1837.

title: Higashitsuno, Kōchi


text:
Hayama, Kōchi

Hayama (葉山村) was a village located in Takaoka District, Kōchi Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the village had an estimated population of 4,305 and a density of 64.49 persons per km2. The total area was 66.75 km2.

On February 1, 2005, Hayama, along with the village of Higashitsuno (also from Takaoka District), was merged to create the town of Tsuno and no longer exists as an independent municipality.

title: Hayama, Kōchi


text:
HMS Jersey (F72)

HMS Jersey was a J-class destroyer of the Royal Navy.

Construction and career
On 25 March 1937, the British Admiralty placed orders for the eight destroyers of the J class, including one ship, Jersey to be built by J. Samuel White and Company at Cowes on the Isle of Wight. Jersey was laid down on 20 September 1937 and launched on 26 September 1938. Jersey was commissioned on 28 April 1939.

Following commissioning, Jersey worked up at Portland through to July 1939. On 12 August 1939, Jersey joined the Seventh Destroyer Flotilla of the Home Fleet, based at Scapa Flow in the Orkney Islands.

7 December 1939
Jersey was torpedoed off Haisborough Sands by the GERMAN DESTROYER Z12 Erich Giese, which was returning unseen from laying a minefield. Ten of the ship's company were killed and extensive damage caused. Jersey was towed to the Humber for repairs and did not return to her flotilla until 28 October 1940.

2 May 1941
Jersey struck an Italian aircraft-dropped mine off Malta's Grand Harbour and sank next to the Grand Harbour breakwater. Thirty-five crew members were killed. Her captain, Lieutenant-Commander Anthony F. Burnell-Nugent, survived.

When Jersey sank it blocked the entrance to Malta's Grand Harbour, meaning movements into and out of the harbour were impossible for several days. The destroyers HMS Kelly (F01), HMS Kelvin (F37) and HMS Jackal (F22) were left marooned in the harbour until the wreck was cleared. Some of the ships that rescued the surviving crew had to take passage to Gibraltar. On 5 May the wreck broke into two sections. It was only after 1946 that the after section was cleared from the entrance, in a series of controlled demolitions carried out between 1946 and 1949. Further salvage and clearance work was done in 1968 to make the harbour safe for large vessels.

About the wreck

 * Ship sunk at: Valletta, Malta
 * Position: 35° 54'N, 14° 30'E
 * Depth (m.): 19 max. / 15.8 min.
 * Orientation: 175°

title: HMS Jersey (F72)


text:
Niyodo, Kōchi

Niyodo (仁淀村) was a village located in Takaoka District, Kōchi Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the village had an estimated population of 2,533 and a density of 23.86 persons per km2. The total area was 106.16 km2.

On August 1, 2005, Niyodo, along with the town of Ikegawa, and the village of Agawa (both from Agawa District), was merged to create the town of Niyodogawa (in Agawa District), and no longer exists as an independent municipality.

title: Niyodo, Kōchi


text:
Hidaka, Kōchi

Hidaka (日高村) is a village located in Takaoka District, Kōchi Prefecture, Japan. , the village had an estimated population of 4,871 in 2451 households and a population density of 110 persons per km². The total area of the village is 44.85 sqkm.

Geography
Hidaka is located in central Kōchi Prefecture on the island of Shikoku, about 16 kilometers west of Kōchi City, the prefectural capital. The entire village is in the basin of the Niyodo River and its tributaries. The Niyodo River runs along the border with Ino Town on the north. The northern and southern parts of the village are mountains, and the center of the village area is a basin. The Kusaka River, a tributary of the Niyodo River, flows through this area, which contains the main urban area.

Neighbouring municipalities
Kōchi Prefecture
 * Tosa
 * Ino
 * Ochi

Climate
Hidaka has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) characterized by warm summers and cool winters with light snowfall. The average annual temperature in Hidaka is 15.9 °C. The average annual rainfall is 2688 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 25.9 °C, and lowest in January, at around 5.8 °C.

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Hidaka has been decreasing steadily since the 1950s.

History
As with all of Kōchi Prefecture, the area of Hidaka was part of ancient Tosa Province. During the Edo period, the area was part of the holdings of Tosa Domain ruled by the Yamauchi clan from their seat at Kōchi Castle. The villages of Kusaka (日下村) and Nōzu (能津村) were established with the creation of the modern municipalities system on October 1, 1889. The two villages merged, together with a portion of the village of Kamo (加茂村) on February 10, 1955 to form the village of Hidaka.

Government
Hidaka has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral village council of ten members. Hidaka, together with the municipalities of Sakawa and Ochi, contributes one member to the Kōchi Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the village is part of Kōchi 2nd district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.

Economy
Hidaka's economy is centered on agriculture, notably growing cherry tomatoes, and the production of imo kenpi.

Education
Hidaka has three public elementary schools and two public middle schools operated by the village government. The village does not have a high school. The Kōchi Prefecture Board of Education operates one special education school for the handicapped.

Railway
Shikoku Railway Company - Dosan Line
 * Omurajinjamae - Kusaka -  Okabana

Local attractions

 * Omura Shrine in Hidaka holds a late Kofun period sword designated as a National Treasure and two Heian period wooden masks of Bodhisattva which are Important Cultural Properties.
 * There are two mountain top golf courses on Nishiki-yama.

Local culture
The village mascot is named Mohei, after a historical ninja from the village whose name was Kusaka Mohei. According to local legend, now written into various story books, the ninja trained under the guidance of a tengu in Saruda cave and gained magical powers such as turning into a mouse.

title: Hidaka, Kōchi


text:
Takaoka District, Kōchi

Takaoka (高岡郡) is a district located in Kōchi Prefecture, Japan.

As of the Shimanto merger but with 2003 population statistics, the district has an estimated population of 68,854 and a density of 45.1 persons per km2. The total area is 1,527.65 km2.

Towns and villages

 * Nakatosa
 * Ochi
 * Sakawa
 * Shimanto
 * Tsuno
 * Yusuhara
 * Hidaka

Geography
As with the majority of Kochi, the terrain in Takaoka is mostly mountainous. The Shimanto River, that disperses further west in the Hata district, has its source in Tsuno.

Transport
Like most rural areas in Kochi, transport is limited for residents and visitors without private vehicles. The JR Dosan line that runs from Kochi passes through Hidaka, Sakawa and Kure (Nakatosa) on the way to Kubokawa (Shimanto Town). The other.

Local buses do operate within areas of Takaoka, such as a regular but infrequent set of routes servicing Sakawa, Ochi and Niyodogawa.

Mergers

 * On February 1, 2005 the villages of Hayama and Higashitsuno merged to form the new town of Tsuno.
 * On August 1, 2005 the village of Niyodo merged with the town of Ikegawa, and the village of Agawa, both from Agawa District, to form the new town of Niyodogawa, in Agawa District.
 * On January 1, 2006 the village of Ōnomi merged into the town of Nakatosa.
 * On March 20, 2006 the town of Kubokawa merged with the towns of Taishō and Towa, both from Hata District, to form the new town of Shimanto, in Takaoka District.

title: Takaoka District, Kōchi


text:
Saga, Kōchi

Saga (佐賀町) was a town located in Hata District, Kōchi Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 4,033 and a density of 53.18 persons per km2. The total area was 75.84 km2.

On March 20, 2006, Saga, along with the town of Ōgata (also from Hata District), was merged to create the town of Kuroshio and no longer exists as an independent municipality.

title: Saga, Kōchi


text:
Taishō, Kōchi

Taishō (大正町) was a town located in Hata District, Kōchi Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 3,240 and a density of 16.26 persons per km2. The total area was 199.32 km2.

On March 20, 2006, Taishō, along with the town of Kubokawa (from Takaoka District), and the town of Towa (also from Hata District), was merged to create the town of Shimanto (in Takaoka District) and no longer exists as in independent municipality.

title: Taishō, Kōchi


text:
Ōgata, Kōchi

Ōgata (大方町) was a town located in Hata District, Kōchi Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 9,794 and a density of 87.03 persons per km2. The total area was 112.54 km2.

On March 20, 2006, Ōgata, along with the town of Saga (also from Hata District), was merged to create the town of Kuroshio and no longer exists as an independent municipality.

title: Ōgata, Kōchi


text:
Ōtsuki, Kōchi

Ōtsuki (大月町) is a town in the Hata District, Kōchi Prefecture, Japan. , the town had an estimated population of 4,626 in 2541 households, and a population density of 45 persons per km2. The total area of the town is 102.94 sqkm.

Geography
Ōtsuki is located in far southwestern corner of Kōchi Prefecture on the island of Shikoku. It is located approximately 184 km away from downtown Kōchi. Approximately 70% of the town area is heavily wooded mountain forests. Ōtsuki is bordered by Sukumo to the north and Tosashimizu to the east, and faces the Pacific Ocean to the south. The Bungo Channel, which separates Kyushu and Shikoku, runs along the west of Ōtsuki, while the Kuroshio Current brushes up against its south shores. To its south, Ōtsuki has a small collection of islands, including Kashiwajima, Okinojima, and Ugurushima.

Neighbouring municipalities
Kōchi Prefecture
 * Sukumo
 * Tosashimizu

Seismicity
Ōtsuki, along with the coastline along Kochi prefecture, is close to the Nankai Trough, and experiences seismic activity related to the Nankai megathrust earthquakes. These earthquakes typically result in landslides, flooding, and tsunamis, in addition to damage from seismic activity. These earthquakes occur approximately 100–200 years apart, with the most recent earthquake occurring in 1946.

Climate
Ōtsuki has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) characterized by warm summers and cool winters with light snowfall. The average annual temperature in Ōtsuki is 17.0 °C. The average annual rainfall is 2209 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in January, at around 26.3 °C, and lowest in January, at around 7.4 °C.

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Ōtsuki has been decreased steadily since the 1960s.

The Ōtsuki Town Hall displays its demographics on its homepage. These statistics are updated bi-monthly. The population of Ōtsuki peaked at 13,688 in 1960, and has seen a steady yearly decline since. Ōtsuki has issues with rural flight and population decline, much like other parts of rural Japan. As can be seen in the graph provided, the majority of residents in Ōtsuki were between 45 and 84 years of age in 2006. As of August 2014, Ōtsuki contains 2,785 households, with an overall estimated population of 5,719, and a gender ratio of 1.11 females to each male.

History
Signs of human presence, including stone knives and tools, date back as far as the Japanese Paleolithic,approximately 20,000 years ago. As with all of Kōchi Prefecture, the area of Ōtsuki was part of ancient Tosa Province. Granite blocks cut from stones in the Kashira Tsudoi (頭集い) area of town were shipped from Ōtsuki and used in the construction of Osaka Castle (大阪城) and Nagoya Castle (名古屋城), in 1585 and 1610 respectively. During the Edo period, the area was part of the holdings of Tosa Domain ruled by the Yamauchi clan from their seat at Kōchi Castle. The village of Okuuchi (奥内村) was established with the creation of the modern municipalities system on October 1, 1889. It was raised to town status on November 3, 1951, changing its name to Ōuchi (大内町). The town of Ōuchi and the village of Tsukinada (Tsukinada) merged on February 11, 1957 to form the town of Ōtsuki, which took its name from the first kanji of each of its component parts.

Government
Ōtsuki has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral town council of ten members. Ōtsuki, together with Sukumo and Mihara, contributes two members to the Kōchi Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the town is part of Kōchi 2nd district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.

Economy
Ōtsuki has an economy based on developed agriculture, forestry and fishing industries, and the town has invested in renewable energy resources with 12 wind-powered generators installed on Mount Mukuri, with an additional bank of generators on Mount Ōhora scheduled for completion in 2015.

Education
Ōtsuki formerly had nine elementary schools, which were consolidated into one school in 2009, and five middle schools, which were consolidated into one in 2001. Ōtsuki additionally had a campus of the Sukumo High School in town, however it closed as of April 2014.

Ōtsuki has three nursery schools located in Hiromi, Kashiwajima, and Himenoi.

Railway
Ōtsuki does not have any passenger railway service. The nearest station is Sukumo Station in Sukumo

Highways
, also known as Sunny Road (サニーロード) is the main road that connects Ōtsuki to Tosashimizu to the east and Sukumoto the north. Ōtsuki Fureai Park is the town's roadside station. In addition to public bathrooms and parking, and having a bus-stop out front, the station sells local wares and produce, and the restaurant on the second floor offers a wide variety of delicious foods using local ingredients. Developed right in Otsuki, the Ichigōri (苺氷り) available on the first floor is a must-try delicacy for any sweets lover.

Local attractions

 * Monkey Park
 * The Monkey Park (お猿公園), overlooking the beautiful Ōdō Kaigan, is open year-round. The monkeys are friendly, but care should always be taken when feeding them.  Feed is available for \200, and the park is closed on Mondays.  When Monday is a holiday, the park is instead closed on the next regular weekday.

 * Kannon Rock
 * A rock that stands 30 meters high above the deep blue ocean and resembles the image of the goddess Kannon. In 1638, during the revolt of Shimabara, it is said that a man named Amenomori Kudayu was sent to quell the uprest but was injured in battle and retreated with his men by ship.  His condition deteriorated, and while there were no lighthouses at the time, it is said that the crew headed towards a light that was coming from Kashiwajima.  When the ship approached Kannon Rock, Kudayu died from his wounds, and at that moment a beam of light radiated from Kannon Rock.  Since then, the rock has been thought to be sacred.

 * Oman's Waterfall
 * Along the same hiking trail that passes by Kannon Rock is a cliff called Oman Taki. Despite being called a waterfall, there is no running water; locals use the word "taki" (滝, literally "waterfall") to mean "cliff".  There once was a beautiful blind woman named Oman who fell in love with a man whose job it was to protect the island (most likely a samurai of higher social class).  Oman thought of this man's job as an important role and somewhat became obsessed with him, but when she realized this love could never be, she decided to throw herself from the edge of this cliff and plummeted to her death approximately 120 m to the ocean below.  The exact date is unknown, but eventually the cliff came to be known as Oman's Waterfall in memory of this tragic story.

 * Tsukiyama Shrine
 * Tsukiyama Shrine, which has a thousand years of history, is located on Mt. Moritsuki. It is believed to have been a shrine where Kūkai performed ascetic practices.  As a former center of Shugendō training, it is visited by  a great number of people from all over the country.  The coastal area near a temple called "Ōtsukinada" used to be famous for pink corals, and it is believed to be the first place where corals were gathered for living.  In recent years parties of pilgrims have been using well-paved roads.  However, the local people founded a group called the Association for the Preservation of the Pilgrimage Route to restore such routes to their original state for the first time in 40 years.  The routes run through mountains and seacoasts.

Beaches and diving

 * Kashiwajima Island
 * Tourists come to Kashiwajima Island (柏島) to scuba dive. Around 1,000 different kinds of fish, both temperate and tropical, can be found in the waters around Kashiwajima.  The island is even said to have one of the world's largest concentrations of reef-building corals.  To date, 123 different types of coral have been confirmed within Ōtsuki.  Kashiwajima Island can be reached by car.

 * Kashiwajima Shirahama Beach
 * A small yet beautiful white sand beach (白浜) off the road just before Kashiwajima Island. People gather here to sunbathe, BBQ, and swim in the clear water.  Thanks to its location, shielded from colder Pacific currents by both the mainland and Kashiwajima Island, the water remains substantially warmer than other beaches along the Pacific Ocean side.

 * Ryugahama Campgrounds
 * Ryugahama Campgrounds (竜ヶ浜キャンプ場) is a campgrounds near Kashiwajima Island. Although the coast is a stone beach unsuitable for sunbathing, the main attraction is snorkeling in the inlet.  There are many types of coral and varieties of fish in very close proximity to the shore.  In addition to rental campsites and camp gear, rental snorkeling equipment and other items are available for a reasonable price.  The cooking facility has a brick pizza oven in addition to the standard cooking fire enclosures.

 * Hotel Bellreef Otsuki and Ecology Camp
 * Hotel Bellreef Otsuki (ホテルベルリーフ大月) is an ocean-side hotel towards the south end of town. It contains a restaurant, space for large dinner parties, and a Japanese style bath.
 * Ecology Camp (大月エコロジーキャンプ場) is located just below Hotel Bellreef. There are rental sites for tents as well as rental cottages, multiple cooking facilities, multiple restrooms, and some convenient vending machines.  Sea Kayaks are available for rental and are the highlight of the Ecology Camp experience.

Festivals
One of the town's most unusual traditions, an event called the Mizu Abise (水浴びせ), has its roots in the year 1662. A massive fire occurred in the fishing village of Komame (古満目), and to prevent a similar catastrophe from reoccurring, a ritual to be carried out each new year was prescribed. In the modern day, this ritual is carried out every year on January 2, and includes elders making offerings at several locations in the village while young men sit waiting outside wearing only simple yukatas. When the elders come out, they douse the young men with bucket after bucket of cold sea water, and the procession moves on to the next location of prayer. After 2 to 3 hours of enduring the cold and making prayers to ward off disaster, the event comes to a close as families prepare warm baths to reinvigorate the freezing participants.

title: Ōtsuki, Kōchi


text:
KDDI

KDDI Corporation (KDDI株式会社) (tyo: 9433) is a Japanese telecommunications operator. It was established in 2000 through the merger of DDI (第二電電), KDD (ケイディディ), and IDO (日本移動通信). In 2001, it merged with a subsidiary named Au, which was formed through the merger of seven automotive and mobile phone companies from the DDI-Cellular Group. As of 2020, it is the second-largest mobile telecommunications provider in Japan in terms of the number of contracts, following NTT Docomo.

KDDI provides mobile cellular services using the Au brand. ISP network services are provided under the au one net brand, while "au Hikari" is the name under which long-distance and international voice and data communications services and Fiber to the Home (FTTH) services are marketed. ADSL broadband services carry the brand name "ADSL One", and IP telephony over copper is branded as "Metal Plus".

History
On April 1, 2002, au by KDDI launched 3G networks using CDMA2000 1x technology.

On November 28, 2003, au by KDDI launched EV-DO Rev 0 service in the "CDMA 1X WIN" brand, and revolutionized Japan's mobile telecommunication industry by introducing fixed rate data subscription plans at a data rate of 2.4 Mbit/s.

In December 2006, au by KDDI became the first carrier to provide an EV-DO Rev A service at a data rate of 3.1Mbit/s (downlink), 1.8 Mbit/s (uplink).

au by KDDI has been very successful with its EZ wireless data services, EZweb, EZweb@mail, EZappli, EZchakuuta, ezmovie, and EZnaviwalk (GPS), using the advanced WAP technology. It supports both Java ME and BREW application environments.

In November 2004 au by KDDI introduced the music include ringtone download service Chaku Uta Full (music ringtone full), for download of full length songs to mobile phones. Within six months from introduction, on June 15, 2005, customers had downloaded 10 million full length Chaku Uta Full songs.

As of end of June 2005, au by KDDI has 20,122,700 customers, among which 18,723,200 (93%) are 3G CDMA2000 subscribers. It is Japan's second-largest cellular operator with an increasing 20.0% market share.

On January 26, 2006, the first pointing local search application, Mapion Local Search - Powered by GeoVector, was launched on the KDDI network on their GPS and compass equipped handsets. In January 2007, KDDI announced its ten new 3G models for spring 2007, and a concept of its new designer phone Media Skin by Tokujin Yoshioka which would later be displayed at the Museum of Modern Art in New York with the Infobar, Talby and Neon models. Toshiba, Casio, Sanyo, Kyocera, Hitachi, Sony Ericsson, Sharp, and Panasonic have manufactured the other models. In March 2007, Media Skin started selling.

KDDI announced that it would collaborate with the Taiwanese manufacturer HTC Corp. to sell the mobile phone HTC J in Japan starting May 2012. The HTC J mobile phone featured the Android 4.0 operating system.

On October 21, 2011, KDDI buys Content Delivery Network CDNetworks For $167 Million.

KDDI together with Sumitomo Group signed an agreement with Myanmar State owned Myanmar Post and Telecommunication (MPT) in July 2014 to jointly operate a mobile phone service in Myanmar for next 10 years.

Consumer showroom is set in Harajuku called, "KDDI Designing Studio".

TU-KA (TU-KA by KDDI), a subsidiary company of KDDI, was a 2G PDC cellular operator in three metropolitan areas (Tokyo, Nagoya, and Osaka), which did not apply a 3G license. TU-KA was best known for having singer Ayumi Hamasaki to appear in their commercials. TU-KA was closed on March 31, 2008.

DDI Pocket, a PHS operator, was previously owned by KDDI but was spun off as Willcom which is now incorporated into Y!Mobile.

In August 2014, KDDI announced it was joining forces with five other global companies, including Google to build a 60 Tbit/s undersea data transmission cable linking the United States West Coast and Japan. The cable started operation in June 2016.

KDDI and Ericsson began working together in December 2015 in order to research and develop 5G technology.

Lawsuits
In 2003, several class action complaints were filed against DDI for misrepresenting and/or failing to disclose material facts about the company's financial results. The parties agreed on a $4.4 million settlement in 2006.

title: KDDI


text:
Tōwa, Kōchi

Tōwa (十和村) was a village located in Hata District, Kōchi Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the village had an estimated population of 3,399 and a density of 20.64 persons per km2. The total area was 164.66 km2.

On March 20, 2006, Tōwa, along with the town of Kubokawa (from Takaoka District), and the town of Taishō (also from Hata District), was merged to create the town of Shimanto (in Takaoka District) and no longer exists as in independent municipality.

title: Tōwa, Kōchi


text: Talk:Land Ordinance of 1787

title: Talk:Land Ordinance of 1787


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Nishitosa, Kōchi

Nishitosa (西土佐村) is a village located in Hata District, Kōchi, Japan.

On April 10, 2005, Nishitosa, along with the city of Nakamura, was merged to create the city of Shimanto.

Geography
The population of Nishitosa was 3,492 people as of May 31, 2008. The total area was 248.00 km2. It is approximately 124 km from the capital city of Kōchi. As per a 2010 Natural Census, a total area of 7105 square kilometers, Kochi is the largest prefecture of the four on Shikoku Island and 18th largest in Japan. 84% of this land area is covered in forest, with a population of 764,456.

Access
The main train station, Ekawasaki station on the JR Shikoku Yodo Line, sees only a few local trains each day. There are two other smaller stations, Nishigahō Station and Hage Station.

It is accessible from Ehime prefecture and the town of Shimanto by route 381 and from Nakamura via route 441. It is roughly 3 hours by car to Kōchi city.

There is also a limited bus service, centered on Ekawasaki Station.

Temperature
In the summer, the temperatures reach an average of 32 °C in the day and about 26 °C at night. In Kōchi, typhoon season lasts from July until September. In the winter, temperatures average 13 °C in the daytime and 5 °C at night. It occasionally snows in the winter and many people use kerosene heaters to keep warm.

Tourism
The area is known for the views of the Shimanto river, said to be the cleanest river in Japan, and for the ayu fish. Tourists flock to the area in the summer for camping and canoeing.

The area is also good for firefly viewing. In June, there is a firefly festival, and fireflies can easily be seen from many of the "chinkabashi" (Low water crossing).

Wildlife
Wild boars, deer, tanuki, rabbits and monkeys are frequently seen in the area. Deer in particular are a pest to farmers, and can be seen on many of the roads at night.

Education
Prior to April 2012, there were seven elementary schools, one junior high school, one high school and three nursery schools in the former village's area. However, due to falling student numbers, the elementary schools merged into one school, Nishitosa Elementary School, and one of the nursery schools closed. Currently, the junior high school, elementary school, and two nursery schools are visited regularly by one resident ALT, as part of the JET Programme. The high school is visited by a separate, privately contracted ALT.

title: Nishitosa, Kōchi