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Talk:Morphological typology

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English
It would be nice to see where English is classified in the article, as anyone who is generally unfamiliar with linguistics (as I am) would then have some kind of basis for comparison.
 * Somewhere between synthetic and analytic, I'd guess, as most modern IE languages(?)... I believe these example languages are chosen for their "purity" of being of a certain type. As an example of how english has different typology for different grammatical functions: "The dog ate the fish" Vs "The fish ate the dog" is purely analytic, whereas strong verb conjugations such as sing,sang,sung is truly synthetic. I believe old english was much more synthetic than modern english, but, like many other IE languages, it evolved into a more analytic language throughout the ages.
 * Hmmm, maybe the strong verbs are more "fusional" than "synthetic", I must have missed that when I wrote this answer, earlier...
 * As languages go, English is quite analytic, more so than other Indo-European languages. Inflectional morphology is v. limited, confined to plurals (dog:dogs), the enclitic possessive (dog:dog's), the third person present inflection (John walk-s), the past tense (John walk-ed), the participial and gerunds (walk-ing, walk-ed), the strong verbs (ex, sing, sings, singing, sang, sung), pronouns, and various irregular words. Our derivational morphology, though, is rather complex (and agglutinative rather than fusional) than Anglo-Saxon's, thanks to the influx of words and affixes from the classical languages (ex, anti-, mini-, -ment, ize, all of which are Greco-latin in origin). Most other Indo-European languages are more synthetic, witness German declensions and Spanish conjugations. Spoken French tends towards polysynthesism, even (a recent inovation): Jean, il l'y a acheté la voiture, where il l'y acheté is pronounced as one word (lit. John, he it-there had bought the car, John bought the car there.) In fact, Mandarin Chinese can be analyzed as being more synthetic than English, though both the Hanzi and pinyin obscure it. A majority of words are bisyllabic (pengyou, zuotian, etc) and there's many bound morphemes (all measure words, for example). Since Chinese is so different from Western languages, no plural markings or conjugations, westerners tend to think it's incredibly isolating. English is considered more synthetic than it is because it's Indo-European, a language family tending strongly towards synthesysm. Of course, both Chinese and English are more isolating than synthetic. Generally speaking, an isolating language is one that marks all grammatical relationships purely by syntax, with no morphology at all, whereas a totally synthetic language would mark everything through morphology. Neither extreme exists, of course; it's a continuum. Thai is one extreme, Inuit the other. The terms fusional and agglutinative refer to types of synthesism. A fusional language marks many things in one morpheme. The -a in Rus. doma marks the word as being feminine, singular and genitive (IIRC), whereas an agglutinative language (Turkish, Quechua) would mark each thing separately.

 * Correction: -a in Russian doma either marks it as masculine, plural, nominative noun (domá) or as masculine, singular, genitive none (dóma). "Dóma" could also be an adverb meaning "at home".

Any other fusional groups?
It seems to me that only Indo-European languages are fusional. Most others seem to be agglutinating or isolating. Are there any other families with fusional tendencies?

 * Yes. Finno-Ugric and Kartvelian languages tend to be highly fusional. Rmalouf (talk) 01:36, 28 February 2014 (UTC)

 * Hm, I tend to think of them as largely agglutinative with fusional tendencies. There should be better examples. I was taught these examples as prototypical representations of the traditional types:
 * Isolating: Vietnamese (better than Mandarin Chinese)
 * Agglutinative: Turkish
 * Fusional: Takelma
 * Polysynthetic: Greenlandic
 * I'm aware of the numerous flaws of this simplistic scheme, of course. But in the nineties it was apparently still seen as useful for beginning students of linguistics. --Florian Blaschke (talk) 10:00, 29 May 2015 (UTC)
 * As I see it, the problem with the category "fusional" is that it conflates three qualities into a general idea of "inseparable morpheme boundaries":
 * Condensing multiple categories into one morpheme, e.g. Slavic noun endings, Romance verb endings
 * Non-concatenative morphology, e.g. Germanic verb and plural ablaut
 * Elision of morpheme boundaries, e.g. Celtic
 * The thing is, these qualities don't seem to correlate particularly well with one another, and are easy to find examples of outside Indo-European. To name a few, Quechua fuses person/number marking of subject, object, and the past tense; the Semitic languages (Semitic and some Uralic languages are the only commonly cited non-IE fusional languages in the traditional paradigm), Maasai, and Iau inflect primarily via albaut; and Wari' and a number of Na-Dene languages go particularly wild with morpheme elision, and do it very irregularly as well. Yet of course, most of the IE languages don't even feature all of these categories - English, for example, only has ablaut in a subset of its irregular verbs, and neither of the others. So if you're looking for other languages that are in some ways fusional, there are many examples; the disappointing part is that IE, as a group, isn't terribly "fusional" in the first place. Tezero (talk) 16:54, 31 May 2015 (UTC)
 * Actually, I was taught a definition that posits a 1:1 relationship between morphemes and grammatical categories in agglutinative languages and a one-morpheme-vs.-one-meaning relationship in fusional languages, while in isolating languages the relationship would be one word vs. one meaning. But you are right that reality is much more complicated than that schematic approach, the Quechua example in particular having struck me lately. --Florian Blaschke (talk) 23:03, 31 May 2015 (UTC)
 * But then, it has long been acknowledged that languages are generally a mixture of these ideal types, and syntheticity/analyticity is best thought of as one of several dimensions on a continuum. English in particular is the classic example of a language which has moved from fusional/synthetic towards highly analytic, almost isolating. The observation that the descendants of many ancient (fairly) synthetic Indo-European languages have moved in the direction of analyticity is what inspired this schema in the first place: it was thought that more synthetic languages were somehow superior and that the move towards analyticity signalled a "decay", and isolating languages such as Mandarin Chinese were particularly primitive, with racist overtones of course – until it was discovered that many technologically primitive cultures in isolated, exotic places have staggeringly and and even dauntingly morphologically complex languages, so much that a common stereotype among laypeople now – at least in the US – seems to be that "simple" languages are superior, as they are often widespread and associated with advanced, urban civilisations, and complicated exotic or ancient languages are mere curiosities unworthy of attention and rightly doomed to extinction; this again has racist overtones and offsets positive attitudes towards Native American languages and cultures in particular. --Florian Blaschke (talk) 23:22, 31 May 2015 (UTC)
 * Yeah, analyses like that are pretty much doomed to fail because of how typologically diverse the languages of most large regions of the world are. In Europe, for example, you've got English, the North Germanic languages, and possibly Armenian on the analytic end, but Finnish, Georgian, and the Northwest and Northeast Caucasian languages could reasonably be called polysynthetic. Then in the Americas - even though there's a clear tendency toward high synthesis, some languages like the Oto-Manguean and Mura families and Tupi are far on the analytic side of things. Although I don't agree with it to the absolute extent to which it's often posited, the idea that when languages lose complexity in one area, they inevitably gain it in others, explains a lot of how balderdash the scientific racism you bring up is. People's lives are pretty complex, so we need complex frameworks to explain them. Tezero (talk) 19:07, 1 June 2015 (UTC)
 * Finnish polysynthetic? It doesn't even have polypersonal agreement or noun incorporation, which are characteristic of what is traditionally described as polysynthesis. It's true that you can form some absurdly long word forms in Finnish, but these are never really used even in the most literary Finnish, let alone in spoken Finnish (morphologically complex word forms being considered bookish). It's like those huge compounds you can theoretically form in German (and other Germanic languages, and yes, in Finnish, too). They are intelligible but not really used in practice. Finnish is nowhere like Eskimo languages or Nahuatl in that respect, where these monsters are regularly used. (See Longest words.) If you analyse the clitic pronouns as affixes (since word order is fairly rigid), French is a far more obvious candidate for a polysynthetic language in Europe (and so may be other Romance languages), and Egyptian Arabic verbs are effectively polysynthetic too (although they do not seem to have noun incorporation).
 * Otherwise, I agree. While forager cultures, especially, have little technology and what they have is simple, and their societies are small, they can be really complex socially, with lots and lots of rules and taboos, and also need tons of specialised knowledge about the natural world that most people in technologically advanced, urbanised societies lack. So foraging societies will have countless names for animals and plants and whatnot, which is a real problem for linguists recording their languages since linguists are not usually biologists at the same time. --Florian Blaschke (talk) 06:30, 2 June 2015 (UTC)

Suprasegmental features

 * Morphemes may also be expressed by internal phonological changes in the root (i.e. morphophonology), such as consonant gradation and vowel gradation, or by suprasegmental features such as stress or tone, which are of course inseparable from the root.

I have trouble understanding this bit. I thought suprasegmentals were not lexically distinctive, and hence separable from all segments or groups of segments. --Kjoonlee 03:32, 11 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Is the article wrong? If yes, then it needs to be corrected. Is it correct? In that case, I hope it gets a bit clearer. --Kjoonlee 03:33, 11 February 2007 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure what you mean by "lexically distinctive", but morphemes can be expressed by suprasegmental features. See, e.g., this on floating tones. Rmalouf (talk) 01:41, 28 February 2014 (UTC)

Oligosynthetic & Isolating Language Summaries
...are not in this article. I would find it most helpful if someone added them. --124.170.35.1 09:24, 10 October 2007 (UTC)

There is some confusion with terminology
In this page, languages are divided in "analytic" and "synthetic" ones, but in the box on the right they're classified as "isolating" and "synthetic".

The correct classification should be:
 * Analytic: Isolating (and other kinds?)
 * Synthetic: Polysynthetic, Fusional, Agglutinative

Isolating languages are the only subset of analytic languages described on Wikipedia, and the page Analytic language redirects to Isolating language. But "isolating" is a kind of analytic"!

The fact that both the Analytic language page and that the "Analytic" voice in the right box are missing can create some confusion.

I suggest to change "Isolating" with "Analytic" in the right box, and to create a short Analytic language page (in this case, "Isolating" can be indicated as a kind of "Analytic" in the right box).

--Taekwondavide (talk) 22:00, 6 March 2010 (UTC)

New list
I'm trying to put together a tentative list of the languages of the world with the linguistic features of each. It's a huge task and I don't have time to do it on my own. Please come here - User:Bienfuxia/List of languages by linguistic features - and help out a bit, when it's ready I can publish it as a proper article. This is one occasion where wiki is missing something substantive that it should have, please come along and do what you can! Bienfuxia (talk) 07:43, 10 March 2011 (UTC)

Problems with this article
This article relies on the simplistic and now mostly abandoned typological classification of languages into morphological macrotypes such as analytic, isolating, polysynthetic etc. These are not really considered relevant typological categories by any linguists any more. The article should not be structured around these categories. I would recommend describing all of the traditional macrotypes in a single section. Also the only way that these types make sense is by classifying specific words or morphemes as using one or the other type. Noone classifies languages as "being" of X type anymore, since all languages include different types of morphology. WALS is cited as the exponent of this view, but WALS (which is produced by the worlds foremost typologists) is simply describing the actual consensus within linguistics. This is the viewpoint that should be the main viewpoint in the article.User:Maunus ·ʍaunus·snunɐw· 19:44, 28 November 2014 (UTC)
 * Can you provide some scholars who disagree, and some evidence that they're dominant nowadays? Because despite the fact that I myself find the traditional convention over-simplistic, I've seen very little protestation from scholars. Tezero (talk) 19:52, 28 November 2014 (UTC)
 * Even Sapir in 1921 called the typology "popular" and then went on to argue that it was little useful. Ive referred to some typology textbooks below, you should look and see how they describe the traditional typology.User:Maunus ·ʍaunus·snunɐw· 20:20, 28 November 2014 (UTC)
 * No time or spoons to deal with it now, but Fusion of Selected Inflectional Formatives, Exponence of Selected Inflectional Formatives, and the references in both may help with the missing information and maybe (some of) the missing references. The Crab Who Played With The Sea (talk) 20:33, 30 January 2022 (UTC)

Oligosynthesis
Oligosynthesis is not and has never been seriously considered a morphological type. Giving it a section is a lot of undue weight.User:Maunus ·ʍaunus·snunɐw· 19:44, 28 November 2014 (UTC)
 * Where else should it be listed? It doesn't have to be a large section. Tezero (talk) 19:52, 28 November 2014 (UTC)
 * It probably shouldnt because it is never mentioned in descriptions of linguistic typology.User:Maunus ·ʍaunus·snunɐw· 20:03, 28 November 2014 (UTC)

Literature
This article should be based on the main linguistic literature about typology. Not willi-nilli picked publications.User:Maunus ·ʍaunus·snunɐw· 19:44, 28 November 2014 (UTC)
 * It's not "based on" anything. The article had zero citations before I started editing it, so I have no idea where most of it came from. Heck, a lot of what remains on the page is OR that I haven't checked. The citations present are only ones I've sought out to verify claims I foresaw being controversial. Tezero (talk) 19:52, 28 November 2014 (UTC)
 * I am not blaming you, but making a statement about the current state of the article. I recommend using Comrie's "Language UNiversals and Linguistic Typology", Laurie Bauers "Introducing Linguistic Morpohology", Crofts "Typology and Universals" and Whaley's "Introduction to Typology" to find out how contemporary linguistic typologists work with morphology, and use that knowledge as a basis for structuring the article.User:Maunus ·ʍaunus·snunɐw· 20:03, 28 November 2014 (UTC)

Headmarking/Dependent marking
Johanna Nichols concepts of dependent and headmarking morphology are also morphological types, of a more functional nature, and not based on Sapirs notion of the synthesis/fusion indexes. This distinction is more commonly used in contemporary morphological typology than the traditional macrotypes. It should be included. Whaley's introduction to typology has a good description of both Sapir and Nichols systems in chapter 8.User:Maunus ·ʍaunus·snunɐw· 21:06, 28 November 2014 (UTC)

Polysynthetic subsection: translation requires source
I think that the translation that is marked with falls under you don't need to cite that the sky is blue. Translations are obvious information, no matter how obscure the language (provided it is still alive). Amp2001 (talk) 22:07, 25 June 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Morphological typology


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Talk:Doug Gilmour

Lead Image?
This page could really use an Image of Doug Gilmour. Would add myself, however I don't have any images of my own, and don't want to infringe on any Copyright images from the web. (MonkeyMan1984 (talk) 16:24, 27 March 2011 (UTC))
 * The photo should be of Gilmour in his Toronto uniform. 174.91.6.90 (talk) 00:17, 12 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Agreed he should be in the uniform of the team he made the most impact. That is the Toronto Maple leafs. Does anyone have a suitable picture to replace the current one?--Mtw416 (talk) 17:24, 1 July 2011 (UTC)

A travesty
It is a travesty that Gilmour's lead image is of him in a Blackhawks sweater, I think there is a certain etiquette when it comes to these things, a player's lead image should always be of him in the sweater of the team he played the longest for, in this case, the Maple Leafs for 7 seasons vs 2 seasons with the Blackhawks. Could you imagine seeing Mats Sundin's lead image as a Canuck? a Leafs replacement image must be found at once as this crime against humanity can go on no further.

If a suitable Leafs image cannot be found perhaps an image of him in a Team Canada sweater during the Canada Cup? anything would be better than the current.

Untitled
Not enough mention of him winning the Stanley Cup with the Flames. Also, the babysitter incident is not mentioned, why?

 * Because you haven't added it? Adam Bishop 07:05, 21 Mar 2005 (UTC)

I'm not sure he was acquitted of the baby sitter thing, I think it was swept under the rug when he was traded. Also this article focuses on his time with the leafs which seems odd. Roadhockey 05:51, 3 April 2006 (UTC)

the babysitter issue is probably a sicky subject to include, especially if we are going to attempt neutrality. However it was the reason of the "hastily" traded part of his bio. and honestly, i think the hastily needs to go or be explained. at this point in history i'd vote on the removal of the hastily and just go with the fact that he was traded. Childhoodtrauma 21:47, 18 May 2007 (UTC)

If my memory is correct, Gilmour was traded from Toronto to NJ in 1995, then he was traded to Chicago, Baffulo, Montreal, and Toronto. Could anyone can verify the sequence?

 * Not quite, Gilmour was traded from Toronto to New Jersey in 1997, then traded to Chi,Buf,Mont & Tor. Before his first stint with Toronto (1992-97) ,he played with St.Louis & Calgary. Mightberight/wrong 14:33, 27 October 2005

Somone should mention the huge outcry in toronto when doug gilmour was traded. Even comedy shows made fun of the Leafs move.

Gilmour did NOT lead the Flames playoff scoring in 1989 - either in points or goals. Al McInnis had the most points and Joe Mullen had more goals. ?Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.145.206.153 (talk) 07:41, 12 September 2007 (UTC)

Nickname
Per WP:HOCKEY's decision to remove the nickname field from the infobox, it is being moved here for use later. "| nickname = Dougie Killer" -Djsasso (talk) 21:48, 29 July 2008 (UTC)

Slapshot 3?
Should something be added about his cameo in the film? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.138.56.88 (talk) 00:29, 19 August 2010 (UTC)

Toronto Maple Leafs Uniform Please?
Doug Gilmour was by far most known and loved as a Toronto Maple Leaf, one of the best. It boggles my mind as to why the image is of him in a Blackhawks jersey. I can't figure out how to change it so can someone please remedy this? 174.95.146.96 (talk) 01:10, 11 April 2012 (UTC)
 * He is depicted in a Blackhawks' uniform because that is the only properly licensed image available. Unfortunately no Leafs image has been found that is likewise properly licensed in a concordance with policy.--Mo Rock...Monstrous (leech44) 01:18, 11 April 2012 (UTC)

A Glass Breaking Moment
A great article on Gilmour, but I can't believe you omitted a moment when as a Montreal Canadian, he was sent into a penalty box and then in anger shattered the glass causing a game to be delayed. When did that infamous moment occurred. Joey Chesnavich 4:58 pm March 31, 2018 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.184.81.128 (talk) 20:59, 31 March 2018 (UTC)

Babysitter
Is anyone aware of any particular reason why this content isn't anywhere in the article? It's included in Misogyny in ice hockey and when I clicked through to this article, I was surprised not to see any content relating to this incident here. Marquardtika (talk) 16:59, 17 May 2023 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Doug Gilmour


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Tonawanda Creek

Tonawanda Creek is a small tributary of the Niagara River in Western New York, United States. After rising in Wyoming County, the stream flows through Genesee County before forming part of the boundary between Erie County and Niagara County.

Description
The length of Tonawanda Creek is 90 mi. Its drainage basin is nearly 650 sqmi in area. It flows on a meandering course for most of its length, first northerly until reaching the City of Batavia where a sweeping bend takes it westerly.

Tonawanda Creek rises in Wyoming County and enters the Niagara River between Niagara County and Erie County, forming a boundary between them. Tonawanda Creek passes through the Village of Attica, the City of Batavia, flows between the City of North Tonawanda to its north and the Town of Amherst to its south, the Town of Clarence, the Town of Tonawanda, and the City of Tonawanda. Just after being joined by Ellicott Creek, it enters the Niagara River.

The creek has a small 30 ft waterfall at Indian Falls where the stream descends from the Onondaga Escarpment.

During the spring of each year, some sections of Tonawanda Creek flood to varying degrees. These floods are more of an inconvenience than a danger, but can be more serious, especially when ice jams dam up the water. The larger flooding can cause property damage.

Tonawanda Creek is also part of the Erie Canal, which joins the creek southwest of Lockport and allows canal traffic to proceed into the Niagara River. In its upper reaches, Tonawanda Creek and the Little Tonawanda, which is a tributary, are trout streams.

History
The name Tonawanda (Te-ni-wun-da) or (Ta-na-wan-deh') derives from the Iroquois (Haudenosaunee) language meaning swift water.

Tonawanda Creek flows through the ancient lake bed of Glacial Lake Tonawanda, a prehistoric lake that existed approximately 10,000 years ago at the end of the last ice age; many of the swamp lands surrounding Tonawanda Creek also date back to this lake.

Downstream of Indian Falls, Tonawanda Creek flows through the Tonawanda Indian Reservation, and this is where George Washington made a troop fording across the stream.

When the Erie Canal was first built, the Tonawanda Creek was the source of water for the western section of the Canal.

title: Tonawanda Creek


text:
Talk:Chris Jericho

Small Spelling Mistake
In the article, under section 1.5.3 (second last paragraph, second last line) it says "Jericho later stated in an interview that he loved the company and the fans, but had other things to do and accomplish in his carrer. He also stated that he would never sign with another wrestling company and that WWE is his home."

instead of "career", it says "carrer". i didn't find an edit button on the main article itself and i'm not sure how it goes, but i am sure this needs fixing. just thought i'd drop a line :)- — Preceding unsigned comment added by 122.173.192.118 (talk) 19:17, 20 March 2011 (UTC)

铂金狮子
谢谢你应对我作为你的儿子在最近的梦想. 凯恩是个帅气的服饰得体的人.

ジーン・オーカーランドの服、私が着る.- — Preceding unsigned comment added by Wikiworld2 (talk • contribs) 10:48, 3 February 2016 (UTC)

Requesting a MAJOR article clean up.
Seriously. There are spelling errors and un-linked articles absolutely everywhere, ESPECIALLY on the recent "Second return to WWE" section. Someone should get to work on it ASAP.- — Preceding unsigned comment added by 31.48.106.55 (talk) 17:18, 5 April 2016 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 10 June 2021
I suggest the last sentence in the first paragraph regarding him being considered "The greatest wrestler of all time" needs to be changed. By obvious reasons Chris Jericho is not considered by majority the "Greatest wrestler of all time." 66.18.47.21 (talk) 21:53, 10 June 2021 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: I will say that it reeks of POV as it is currently written, and is in need of a citation or two, however, the paragraph reads that he "has been named by journalists and industry colleagues as one of the greatest professional wrestlers of all time.", there is a distinction between saying he is the greatest wrestler and saying he is one of the greatest wrestlers - it's a generalization, to be sure, and one that needs a good citation, but removing the statement outright would do a disservice to coverage of the subject. A S U K I T E  22:09, 10 June 2021 (UTC)
 * Pictogram voting comment.svg Note: An addendum to my reply - further down in the article there seem to be plenty of citations for this claim, if you're looking for them. As it is, the statement appears to be okay. A S U K I T E  22:18, 10 June 2021 (UTC)

Jericho Apprecation Society
It's a section of the article yet there's nothing about it in this article, further more it started a month ago, nowhere near 2021. 2A00:23C8:2380:6B01:F513:B534:FAB1:D7AD (talk) 04:10, 10 April 2022 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 16 May 2022
Entire below section should be deleted immediately due to numerous violations such as: stating completely subjective opinions as fact; painfully obvious bias dislike towards the company in question; and utterly incoherent wording/sentence structure. I.E. multiple counts of trolling and vandalism.

-- In September 2019, during an interview for the Mature Audiences Mayhem Podcast, Jericho revealed the exact point when he decided he was going to leave the WWE. Even though Jericho was with the WWE for 15 years, the final insult came at WrestleMania 33 in 2017.[248] Despite the fact that Jericho and Kevin Owens had the best feud of the year, their match was demoted by placing it on the second place on the WrestleMania match card. The decision made by Vince McMahon was a big insult for Jericho and that prompted him to seek work elsewhere.[248] Jericho reflecting his WWE departure stated:

"Originally, that was going to be the main event for the world title. Kevin Owens was the champion and I was going to beat him in the main event of WrestleMania as a babyface."[248] Instead of having Jericho and Owens as the main event, Vince decided to put Bill Goldberg and Brock Lesnar on the main card. "Vince said that it’s going to be me versus Kevin Owens for the world title at WrestleMania and you are going to win the title, f*** yeah! Next week, he doesn’t tell me, but I hear that it’s changed to Brock Lesnar versus Bill Goldberg for the title. And not only did they take us out of the main event – and, once again, just because I was told I have no right to it and things change all the time, I’m a big boy, I can handle it. But to take us from the main event slot and then move us to the second match on the card on a card that has 12 matches on it? I was like, that’s a f***ing insult."[248] --- 90.215.23.145 (talk) 01:15, 16 May 2022 (UTC)
 * I've gone ahead and removed the quotes in whole as I don't necessarily believe they add anything to that section. Furthermore, basically everything mentioned by the IP above was directly ripped from the articles used to cite them. Like, word for word. So I've done some work to make the wording more original (and in extension neutral).
 * As an aside, IP, please be careful about casting aspersions. Editors are encouraged to practice the assumption of good faith. While I do agree with you that issues were present that needed some fixing, it was not vandalism or trolling. — Sirdog (talk) 02:42, 16 May 2022 (UTC)

World Championship Count
The article still lists Jericho as a six-time world champion. He is at least a seven-time world champion (the AEW World Championship definitely qualifies). It may be disputed whether the ROH championship should count as of 2022 when ROH is not currently an independent promotion, but I would argue that it does since it is a “World” championship recognized as such in AEW storylines. 64.186.57.201 (talk) 05:00, 22 September 2022 (UTC)

 * Can you point out where it says that? I see the line Within the WWF/WWE, Jericho is a six-time world champion, but no general statements about him being a six-time world champ. — Czello 19:40, 22 September 2022 (UTC)

I must have misread that the first time and failed to notice the qualifier “Within WWF/WWE”. I may have also failed to notice how to respond to you in the previous thread, so I’m making a new post 2600:6C48:747F:B225:24FE:12F2:F8DD:5D02 (talk) 02:08, 29 September 2022 (UTC)

 * No problem. Just so you know you can always click "edit" either at the top or at a section heading to reply. I've removed this heading to merge it into the section above. — Czello 19:49, 29 September 2022 (UTC)

Attitude Era
Request to include at least one mention and link to Attitude Era in article, as Jericho debuted in WWF during AE and was a major star/champion during AE. 130.45.24.168 (talk) 02:51, 14 February 2023 (UTC)

Multiple spelling errors
As others have mentioned, I don't know why this article is locked - a lot of spelling errors have went unedited. Kevin "Ownes" in the "List of Jericho" section is the first. Then "next feud were against", "againt Evil Power Struggle", "in ten-man tag team match" in the NJPW section. I'm sure I would find more if I kept canvassing 73.160.30.33 (talk) 23:06, 24 July 2023 (UTC)

Page edit
Labbie1996 (talk) 23:37, 1 January 2024 (UTC)

The first paragraph where it states "In 2023, Jericho was accused of handing out NDAs to select female talent he had allegedly sexually harassed." should be removed as it doesnt sound factual. Its an accusation which if is to stay, should at least contain more than 1 citation. Sounds like someone is trying to defame the subject. Labbie1996 (talk) 23:47, 1 January 2024 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Labbie1996 (talk • contribs) 23:42, 1 January 2024 (UTC)

 * Definitely a BLP violation as right now it's just an accusation. I've removed it. — Czello (music) 07:44, 2 January 2024 (UTC)

Spelling/Grammar Mistake
In the "Final matches and departure (2017–2018)" section, it is written that "This event marked Jericho's final appearance till date with WWE." The author almost certainly means "to date," not "till date," which is not a common English phrase. Ccondry28 (talk) 09:41, 28 February 2024 (UTC)

 * , thanks. I've also specified that it was his final in-ring appearance, as he's apepared on WWE programming in a non-wrestling capacity since. — Czello (music) 09:44, 28 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Chris Jericho


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Household Cavalry

The Household Cavalry (HCAV) is a corps of the Household Division, made up of the two most senior regiments of the British Army; The Life Guards and The Blues and Royals (Royal Horse Guards and 1st Dragoons). They have taken part in every major conflict since 1660. These regiments are divided between the Household Cavalry Regiment stationed at Wing Barracks in Wiltshire, with an armored reconnaissance role, and the ceremonial mounted unit, the Household Cavalry Mounted Regiment, garrisoned at Hyde Park Barracks in London. Both the HCMR and HCR are made up of elements of the Life Guards and the Blues and Royals. The Household Cavalry is part of the Household Division and is the King's official bodyguard. Although the Household Cavalry Regiment is armoured, it is not part of the Royal Armoured Corps, being assigned to the Household Division.

Regiments
The Household Cavalry is classed as a corps in its own right, and consists of two regiments: The Life Guards and The Blues and Royals (Royal Horse Guards and 1st Dragoons). They are the senior regular regiments in the British Army, with traditions dating from 1660, and act as the King's personal bodyguard. They are the cavalry element of the guards regiments and, with the five foot guard regiments, constitute the seven guards regiments of the Household Division.

Organisation
Below is the structure of the regiment:

 * Household Cavalry Regiment, at Powle Lines, Bulford Camp (Armoured Reconnaissance)
 * Regimental Headquarters
 * Headquarters Squadron
 * A Squadron
 * C Squadron
 * D Squadron
 * Household Cavalry Mounted Regiment, at Hyde Park Barracks, London (Ceremonial, mounted duties at Horse Guards, London)
 * Regimental Headquarters
 * Headquarters Squadron
 * Winter Training Troop
 * Forge and Veterinary Department
 * Household Cavalry Training Wing, at Combermere Barracks, Windsor
 * The Life Guards Squadron
 * The Blues and Royals Squadron

The Household Cavalry as a whole is split into two different units that fulfil very distinct roles. These are both joint units, consisting of personnel from both regiments. Like other Cavalry formations, the Household Cavalry is divided into regiments (battalion-sized units) and squadrons (company-sized sub-units). The whole corps is under the command of the Commander Household Cavalry (formerly Colonel Commanding The Household Cavalry), who also holds the Royal Household appointment of Silver Stick in Waiting. He is a Colonel and is assisted by a retired lieutenant colonel as Regimental Adjutant.

The Household Cavalry Regiment (HCR) has an active operational role as a Formation Reconnaissance Regiment, serving in armoured fighting vehicles including the Warrior and Ajax, operating far ahead of the main body of friendly forces. Their role is to locate and report on the movement and disposition of enemy forces, and engage and destroy enemy reconnaissance elements that are seeking to do do the same. The regiment forms one of five formation reconnaissance regiments in the British Army's order of battle. The HCR has four operational squadrons, three of which are traditional medium reconnaissance squadrons equipped with the Warrior and Ajax armoured fighting vehicles, and the fourth is referred to as Command and Support Squadron and includes specialists, such as Forward Air Controllers. One of HCR's squadrons has been assigned to the airborne role, supporting 16 Air Assault Brigade Combat Team, since 2003. The regiment was formerly based at Combermere Barracks, Windsor, one mile from Windsor Castle, until its move to Bulford Camp, Wiltshire, in May 2019. The members of the Household Division have sometimes been required to undertake special tasks as the Sovereign's personal troops. The Household Cavalry were called to Windsor Castle on 20 November 1992 to assist with salvage operations following the 1992 Windsor Castle fire.

The Household Cavalry Mounted Regiment (HCMR) is horsed and carries out mounted (and some dismounted) ceremonial duties on State and Royal occasions. These include the provision of a Sovereign's Escort, most commonly seen on The King's Birthday Parade (Trooping the Colour) in June each year. Other occasions include state visits by visiting heads of state, royal weddings, coronations, or whenever required by the British monarch, including ceremonies associated with the Death and state funeral of Elizabeth II. The regiment also mounts the King's Life Guard at Horse Guards. HCMR consists of one squadron from The Life Guards, one from The Blues and Royals and a squadron called Headquarters Squadron, which is responsible for all administrative matters and includes the regimental headquarters (RHQ), the Riding Staff, Farriers, Tailors and Saddlers. The Regiment has been based (in various forms) at Hyde Park Barracks, Knightsbridge, since 1795. New troopers and officers are generally first assigned to London upon completion of horsemanship training, referred to, alongside the rest of HCMR personnel, as Mounted Dutymen, and remain there for up to three years. Like the five Foot Guards regiments they rotate between the operational and ceremonial roles.

King's Life Guard
The Household Cavalry Mounted Regiment provides the King's Life Guard, the mounted guard at the entrance to Horse Guards. Horse Guards is the official main entrance to both St James's Palace and Buckingham Palace. The guard is on horseback from 10 am until 4 pm, with the two sentries changing every hour. From 4 pm until 8 pm a pair of dismounted sentries remain. At 8 pm, the gates of Horse Guards are locked, and a single sentry remains until 7 am. When the King is in London, the Guard consists of one officer, one corporal major (who carries the standard), two non-commissioned officers, one trumpeter and eleven troopers. This is known as a "long guard." When the King is not resident in London, the Guard is reduced to two non-commissioned officers and ten troopers. This is known as a "short guard." Responsibility for mounting the guard alternates between The Life Guards and The Blues and Royals. Every summer, the King's Troop, Royal Horse Artillery takes over the role, while the HCMR conducts important regimental training outside of London.

Officers
Second Lieutenants in The Blues and Royals are known as Cornets.

NCOs and other ranks
The rank names and insignia of non-commissioned officers in the Household Cavalry are unique in the British Army:

Recruits were required to have a very high moral character. Before the Second World War, recruits were required to be at least 5 feet 10 inches tall, but could not exceed 6 feet 1 inch. They initially enlisted for eight years with the colours and a further four years with the reserve.

Army farriers
There is a farrier on call twenty-four hours a day, at Hyde Park Barracks.

Farriers traditionally combined veterinary knowledge with blacksmiths' skills. They were responsible for hoof trimming and fitting horseshoes to horses. They also dealt with the "humane dispatch of wounded and sick horses", accomplished with the large spike on the end of their axes. Then they used the sharp blade of the axe to chop off the deceased animal's hoof, which was marked with its regimental number. This assisted in keeping track of animals killed in action.

Although the axes are not used any more, army farriers still carry these axes, with their characteristic highly polished blade and spike, at ceremonial events such as Trooping the Colour.

In The Blues and Royals, the farriers dress like their comrades in regimental uniform. The distinctive uniform and equipment of the farriers of The Life Guards—blue tunic, black plume and axe—is a historic reminder of the old British Army of the days of James Wolfe. Every cavalry regiment in the Army, other than the Royal Horse Guards (The Blues), originally wore scarlet for all ranks, except the farriers. Farriers were garbed invariably in sombre blue and bore axes, worn at the side, like the swords of their comrades. When on parade, the troopers drew swords, the Farriers drew axes and carried them at the "Advance".

Following every parade is a duty horse-box, known as the Veterinary Aid Post, with a specialist emergency team in attendance.

Band
The Mounted Band of the Household Cavalry was a merger in 2014 of the 35 piece Band of The Blues and Royals and the 35 piece Band of The Life Guards. They are now one band of 64 musicians but wear the uniform of both The Blues and Royals and The Life Guards. They come under RCAM, the Royal Corps of Army Music. They also provide State Trumpeters for events of state.

Musical Ride
The Musical Ride of the Mounted Regiments of the Household Cavalry was first performed at the Royal Tournament in 1882. The two trumpeters sitting on grey horses were historically intended to form a contrast with the darker horses, so that they could be seen on battlefields when relaying officers' commands to the troops. The troops weave around the trumpeters and the celebrated drumhorse, Spartacus.

Order of precedence
In the British Army Order of Precedence, the Household Cavalry is always listed first and always parades at the extreme right of the line, save in cases that the guns of the Royal Horse Artillery are to be first in line during parades.

Notable incidents
In April 2024, after being spooked by falling concrete during their daily morning exercise, five horses unseated their riders and went on a panicked flight through central London. Colliding with vehicles and pedestrians, two of the horses suffered serious injuries. Three soldiers were among those injured and were taken to hospital.

The Household Cavalry Foundation
The Household Cavalry is supported by the Household Cavalry Foundation, the regimental charity, which raises funds in aid of five core themes: casualties, veterans, serving soldiers, horses and heritage.

The Household Cavalry Regiment Museum
The Household Cavalry has two museums. The Household Cavalry Museum is located at Horse Guards Parade in central London, where the HCMR mounts the King's Life Guard. The museum is a very popular tourist attraction with digital audio guides in several languages. The museum includes a window into the working stables of the King's Life Guard, allowing visitors to watch ongoing care of the horses throughout the day. Separately, the Household Cavalry Regiment has its own museum at Combermere Barracks in Windsor. A volunteer team organise tours and events and, in particular, administer the regiment's extensive material, documentary and photographic archives. The museum is open to public groups, by appointment.

Notable members

 * James Blount 1997–2002, stage name James Blunt (Life Guards), singer-songwriter
 * Jack Charlton 1953–1955, (Royal Horse Guards), footballer
 * Tommy Cooper 1940–1947, (Royal Horse Guards), comedian
 * Christopher Finney 2002–2009 (Blues and Royals), soldier
 * Michael Flynn (Blues and Royals), soldier
 * Elizabeth Godwin (Life Guards)
 * Craig Harrison (Blues and Royals)
 * Jack Higgins 1947–1950 (Blues and Royals), author
 * Victor McLaglen (Life Guards), film actor
 * Ray Milland 1925–1928 (Royal Horse Guards The Blues), film actor
 * Lord Rupert Nevill (Life Guards), Private Secretary to Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh
 * Andrew Parker Bowles 1960–1994, (Blues and Royals)
 * Albert Spencer, 7th Earl Spencer (1st Life Guards, then Life Guards), paternal grandfather to Diana, Princess of Wales
 * Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex (Blues and Royals)
 * The Prince of Wales 2006–2008, (Blues and Royals)

Lieutenant Colonels commanding Household Cavalry
These have included:
 * 1959–1960: Colonel the Marquess of Douro
 * 1960–1964: Colonel the Hon. Julian Berry
 * 1964–1966: Colonel David J. St.M. Tabor
 * 1966–1969: Colonel Harry S. Hopkinson
 * 1969–1972: Colonel Ian B. Baillie
 * 1972–1975: Colonel H. Desmond A. Langley
 * 1975–1978: Colonel James A. C. G. Eyre
 * 1978–1981: Colonel Simon C. Cooper
 * 1981–1982: Colonel Andrew J. Hartigan
 * 1982–1986: Colonel James G. Hamilton-Russell
 * 1986–1987: Colonel James B. Emson
 * 1987–1990: Colonel Andrew H. Parker Bowles
 * 1990–1993: Colonel Jeremy D. Smith-Bingham
 * 1993–1997: Colonel Peter B. Rogers
 * 1997–1999: Colonel P. Simon W.F. Falkner
 * 1999–2000: Colonel W. Toby Browne
 * 2000–2005: Colonel Hamon P.D. Massey
 * 2005–2009: Colonel Patrick J. Tabor
 * 2009–2010: Colonel W. Toby Browne
 * 2010–2014: Colonel Stuart H. Cowen
 * 2014–2019: Major-General Sir Edward Smyth-Osbourne
 * 2019–2022: Colonel Crispin Lockhart, MBE
 * 2022–present: Colonel M. S. P. Berry

Monument
In the center of the village Zandvoorde, Zonnebeke in Belgium, there is a British war memorial, The Household Cavalry Monument, commemorating the role of the Household Cavalry in the battles of the First World War in this area.

title: Household Cavalry


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Treaty of Amsterdam

The Treaty of Amsterdam, officially the Treaty of Amsterdam amending the Treaty on European Union, the Treaties establishing the European Communities and certain related acts, was signed on 2 October 1997, and entered into force on 1 May 1999; it made substantial changes to the Treaty of Maastricht, which had been signed in 1992.

Under the Treaty of Amsterdam, member states agreed to transfer certain powers from national governments to the European Parliament across diverse areas, including legislating on immigration, adopting civil and criminal laws, and enacting common foreign and security policy (CFSP), as well as implementing institutional changes for expansion as new member nations join the EU.

Background
The treaty was the result of long negotiations which began in Messina, Italy, on 2 June 1995, nearly forty years after the signing of the Treaty of Rome, and reached completion in Amsterdam on 18 June 1997. Following the formal signing of the Treaty on 2 October 1997, the member states engaged in an equally long and complex ratification process. The European Parliament endorsed the treaty on 19 November 1997, and after two referendums and 13 decisions by parliaments, the member states finally concluded the procedure.

Contents
The Treaty of Amsterdam comprises 13 protocols, 51 declarations adopted by the Conference, and eight declarations by member states, plus amendments to the existing treaties set out in 15 articles. Article 1 (containing 16 paragraphs) amends the general provisions of the Treaty on European Union and covers the CFSP and cooperation in criminal and police matters. The next four articles (70 paragraphs) amend the EC Treaty, the European Coal and Steel Community Treaty (which expired in 2002), the Euratom Treaty, and the Act concerning the election of the European Parliament. The final provisions contain four articles. The new treaty also set out to simplify the Community Treaties, deleting more than 56 obsolete articles and renumbering the rest in order to make the whole more legible. By way of example, Article 189b on the codecision procedure became Article 251.

The most pressing concerns of ordinary Europeans, such as their legal and personal security, immigration, and fraud prevention, were all dealt with in other chapters of the treaty. In particular, the EU became responsible for legislating on immigration, civil law or civil procedure, insofar as this is necessary for the free movement of persons within the EU. At the same time, intergovernmental co-operation was intensified in the police and criminal justice field so that member states should be able to coordinate their activities more effectively. The Union aims to establish an area of freedom, security and justice for its citizens. The Schengen Agreements have now been incorporated into the legal system of the EU (Ireland remains outside the Schengen agreement due to its open border with the United Kingdom, see Common Travel Area for details).

The treaty lays down new principles and responsibilities in the field of the common foreign and security policy, with the emphasis on projecting the EU's values to the outside world, protecting its interests, and reforming its modes of action. The European Council will lay down common strategies, which will then be put into effect by the Council acting by a qualified majority, subject to certain conditions. In other cases, some member states may choose to abstain "constructively", i.e. without actually preventing actions being taken.

The treaty introduced a High Representative for EU Foreign Policy who, together with the Presidents of the Council and the European Commission, puts a "name and a face" on EU policy to the outside world. Although the Amsterdam Treaty did not provide for a common defence, it did increase the EU's responsibilities for peacekeeping and humanitarian work, in particular by forging closer links with Western European Union.

Institutions
As for the institutions, there were two major reforms concerning the co-decision procedure (the legislative procedure involving the European Parliament and the council), affecting its scope—most legislation was adopted by the co-decision procedure—and its detailed procedures, with the parliament playing a much stronger role. The President of the commission will also have to earn the personal trust of the parliament, which will give them the authority to lay down the commission's policy guidelines and play an active part in choosing the Members of the commission by deciding on their appointment by common accord with the national governments. These provisions make the Commission more politically accountable, particularly vis-à-vis the European Parliament. Finally, the new Treaty enables, under very strict conditions, closer co-operation between member states which so wish. Closer co-operation may be established, on a proposal from the commission, in cases where it is not possible to take joint action, provided that such steps do not undermine the coherence of the EU or the rights and equality of its citizens.

Challenges
The Amsterdam Treaty did not settle all institutional questions. Work was still in progress on reforming the institutions to make them capable of operating effectively and democratically in a much enlarged EU. The most pressing issues were the composition of the commission and the weighting of member states' votes upon qualified majority voting. These questions were addressed in the Treaty of Lisbon.

Withdrawal
On 31 January 2020, the United Kingdom left the European Union and so withdrew from the treaty.

title: Treaty of Amsterdam


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Talk:Aboriginal American

Does this term include native pacific islanders? heidimo 03:08, 14 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Merger
Native American discusses the varied and sundry terminology. It seems like it would be easier for readers if all of this information was in the same place. So this article should merge and redirect, I think. -- Beland 04:59, 13 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge would be good idea, but with Indigenous Peoples of the Americas, and a redirect afterword.D-Rock 18:45, 10 December 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm not convinced this is a term in wide usage. A citation is needed to show this isn't a coinage by the editor. NickelShoe 19:35, 10 December 2005 (UTC)
 * See Native American's archived talk. I think that if this is considered a worthy topic, it definitely needs linked to on the Native American page for explanation. NickelShoe 19:41, 10 December 2005 (UTC)

Link, not redirect
While information on Native Americans is relevant and/or similar, it is not quite the same. Therefore link, not redirect. Please expand on Aboriginal American content while avoiding dilution with related yet different terms "native" and "indigenous".

Ruhbee! 08:33, 28 November 2005 (UTC)

 * I have changed it back to a redirect to Indigenous peoples of the Americas. There is no functional distinction between 'Aboriginal Americans' and 'Indigenous peoples of the Americas', and 'Native Americans' would be a near-cognate as well were it not that certain northern indigenous peoples are usually referred to separately. That is to say, there is nothing which could be covered under 'Aboriginal Americans' which is not also covered by 'Indigenous peoples (of the Americas)'.

 * This confusion seems to arise from a failure to recognise the difference between when common words such as aboriginal, native, and indigenous are used as pure adjectives, and when they form part of a compound noun, such as in indigenous peoples and Native Americans which have specific and particular meanings which are not necessarily exactly the same as their adjectives they are derived from.

 * True enough, there are nuances of difference which can be observed between the three adjectives, to wit:
 * native — implying birth or origin in a locality
 * indigenous — similar, but adds implication that has not come from elsewhere
 * aboriginal — similar, but implies the first known occupancy of a locality

although in common use they are often used a little interchangeably, and could be regarded as (near-)synonyms (see for eg Merriam-Webster dic..

 * However, wikipedia articles are about things (nouns), not adjectives, and accordingly articles such as Native Americans in the United States, Aboriginal peoples in Canada, Indigenous peoples in Brazil, etc all deal with specific peoples whose particular identity as indigenous peoples are asserted or recognised, and whose claims to various collective rights on this basis are pursued, studied, debated and documented. These articles are not about all those who are not immigrants to a country, for example, as the previous description would have logically implied. Sure, it can be true enough to remark that someone born on US soil is native to America, but as demonstrated the various 'Native American'-style articles are not about native-born individuals in general, but as a collective term for particular peoples for whom that designation is used with respect to their status and identity as indigenous peoples.

 * Also, the distinction raised between 'aboriginal' and 'indigenous' in this context is a spurious one: if you review the indigenous peoples article, you will see that being the absolute first people of an area is not a criteria for identifying as an indigenous people, there is more to it than that. In the case of the original peopling of the American continent, the sequence and timimg itself is not securely known but there is general acceptance of at least three separate movements of peoples into the continent before the coming of European colonisers- however all such groups who populated the region may be considered an indigenous people, and are not excluded because they may not have been the very first inhabitants of a given locality. Indigenous identity in this context is more a recognition of rights to cultural and political identity of these groups in relation to custom, land and laws in contrast to that of the 'dominant' political culture, not (only) a measure of how long they have been there.--cjllw | TALK  01:19, 2 March 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Aboriginal American


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Minera Escondida

Minera Escondida (which means 'hidden' in Spanish) is a mining company that operates two open pit copper mines in the Atacama Desert, 170 km southeast of Antofagasta in northern Chile. It is currently the highest producing copper mine in the world. Its 2007 production of 1.483 million tons of the metal was worth US$10.12 billion, mainly as metal in concentrate, but some as cathode, and was 9.5% of world output and 26% of Chilean production, according to the US Geological Survey's preliminary estimates of 2007 world mine output.

Overview
It is so called because the main orebody does not outcrop on the surface, but is 'hidden' by hundreds of metres of practically barren overburden. The lower open pit in the satellite image on the right is the main Escondida mine, but the upper two are Barrick Gold's Zaldívar mine. The second Escondida open pit, Escondida Norte, had not been established when the image was taken, but is now immediately to the right (east) of the larger Zaldívar pit.

Escondida produces mainly copper concentrates, which are piped as a slurry down to the port of Coloso, where they are dewatered before shipping, and a smaller proportion of cathode copper from the leaching of both oxide and low grade sulfide ore. It also produces gold and silver.

The mine is owned 57.5% by BHP; 30% by Rio Tinto; and 10% by JECO Corp, a Japanese joint venture established in 1988 by Mitsubishi, with 70% ownership; Nippon Mining & Metals, with 20% ownership; Mitsubishi Materials with a 10% share, adding 2.5% ownership by JECO 2 Ltd., another joint venture incorporated in 2010, "to increase their ownership in Escondida by 2.5%," with an ownership structure of 50% Mitsubishi Corp, 40% Nippon Mining & Metals, and 10% Mitsubishi Materials. Escondida is managed by a seven-person Owners' Council designated by the four owners, and is both the largest known copper reserve and the largest foreign investment in Chile.

2006 financial reports showed a cumulative investment of US$5.64 billion, and at year end June 2013, Escondida accounted for approximately 5 percent of all copper production.

History
In 1978, J David Lowell proposed an exploration program along the porphyry copper belt between Chuquicamata in the north and El Salvador in the south. Minera Utah de Chile and Getty Mining (Chile) formed a joint venture to carry it out. On March 14, 1981, 'Pozo 6' the last scheduled borehole in the program, hit 52 metres of 1.51% copper at a depth of 240 metres and discovered the main Escondida orebody. More holes were drilled to delineate the orebody and a shaft was sunk to provide bulk samples for metallurgical testing. Construction of the mine started in 1988, which including the stripping of over 180 million tonnes of waste to get to the orebody.

The Los Colorados concentrator started up at 35,000 tonnes per day in November 1990, and the first concentrate shipment was made at the end of the year. Expansion has been steady since then. In 1994, an ammonia leach plant to produce copper cathode from a portion of the concentrates was started up in Coloso, but was not economic and closed down four years later. In 1998, the oxide ore leaching plant was started up, which now has a capacity of 150,000 tonnes of copper cathode annually. Also in 1998, the Los Colorados concentrator was expanded to 120,000 tonnes per day. A second concentrator, the 110,000 tonnes per day Laguna Seca mill, started up in 2002, the Escondida Norte pit started production in 2005, and in 2006 a sulphide bioleach plant with an annual capacity 180,000 tonnes of cathode started up, as did a desalination plant in Coloso.

Ownership changed when BHP acquired Utah Mining and then Texaco acquired Getty Oil and sold off its mineral interests. BHP bought these and then sold a 30% interest to Rio Tinto and 10% to JECO. It subsequently sold 2.5% to the International Finance Corporation.

Chilean economy and the world copper market
Escondida has become an important part of the Chilean economy. According to the CIA World Factbook, the mine's 2007 sales of US$10.21 billion were 4.3% of estimated 2007 GDP of US$234.4 billion and about 15% of exports. At the end of 2006, the company employed directly some 2,951 workers and 3,158 contractors

The average copper price in 2007 rose to US$3.23/lb compared with the mine's total direct costs of only 60.8 cents/lb, which fell partly as a result of sharply lower treatment and refining costs charged by smelters. The operation was thus highly profitable and paid US$2.2 billion in taxes to the Chilean treasury.

As a result of its considerable size relative to the world copper market, developments at Escondida can have dramatic effects on the world copper price as was shown by its gyrations during the strike in August 2006. The strike was called because the workers felt they were not sharing in the very high profits being made by the company on the back of the record copper price. The workers initially demanded a 13% pay rise plus a bonus of $30,000, but eventually settled for a 5% increase, a $17,000 bonus and a number of other minor benefits. The company managed to keep production at 40% of normal levels, but the union eventually blockaded the road to the mine on 16 August. On 18 August, Escondida declared force majeure and stopped production.

Arturo Martinez, the chairman of the Central Unitaria de Trabajadores, (CUT, an association of Chilean trade unionists) met with the Escondida workers on 17 August 2006, and said that "what is happening at Escondida puts back onto the agenda a new nationalisation of copper, lo que ocurre en Escondida pone a la orden del día una nueva nacionalización del cobre.

title: Minera Escondida


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Bouncer (cricket)

In the sport of cricket, a bouncer (or bumper) is a type of short-pitched delivery, usually bowled by a fast bowler, which bounces once and then reaches the batter at head-height.

Usage
Bouncers are used to drive the batter back on to his back foot if he has been freely playing front foot scoring shots, such as drives. To this end, bouncers are usually directed more or less at the line of the batter's body. Aiming at the batter is legal provided the ball bounces on the pitch; or upon reaching the batter, the ball is below the batter's waist. Aiming at the batter's head without bouncing on the pitch, known as a beamer, is illegal.

A batter may play a bouncer in either a defensive or an attacking way. If the batter plays it defensively he aims primarily to avoid getting out, and secondarily to avoid being hit by the ball. For a head-high bouncer, these goals are achieved most easily by ducking under the ball. If the ball is at chest height, the batter's best defence is to move on to his back foot, raise his bat vertically to chest height, and attempt to block the ball and direct it downwards to the pitch so as to avoid presenting a catch to a fielder. Sometimes the batter will need to jump into the air to gain the necessary height to defend with the bat. He may also sway out of the way. Given these approaches, the bowler can hope to both intimidate the batter somewhat, and possibly have the ball deflect off the bat at an awkward angle and produce a catch for a nearby fielder.

Conversely, the bouncer can be a very productive ball for the batter, if he plays it in an attacking manner. The shot that is used to attack the bouncer is the hook shot. To play the hook shot the batter moves his back foot backwards and towards the off side as the ball is being delivered. As the ball approaches, the batter swivels from facing the off side to facing the leg side, while holding the bat horizontally. The batter's aim is to hit the ball at high speed towards, into or over the leg side boundary. However, despite their run-scoring potential, hook shots frequently lead to wickets falling, particularly through balls hitting the top edge of the bat and being caught by leg side fielders. However, if the bouncer is misdirected by the bowler, and reaches the batter on the off side of his wicket, the cut, uppercut or late cut can be played, either with the intention of guiding the ball along the ground, through a gap in the field setting or over the infield for four or six.

There is an unspoken agreement, particularly in the time before the widespread use of batting helmets, that fast bowlers will not bowl bouncers at each other, because less skilled batters are less likely to effectively defend and therefore more likely to be struck. Breaking of this rule can lead to "bouncer wars" – that is, the targeted bowler engaging in retaliatory hostile short-pitched bowling at his opponent during the following innings.

ICC rules
Because of the potential danger to batters of being hit and to stop bowlers bowling bouncers all the time, there are Laws in the Laws of Cricket governing how frequently a bowler may bowl bouncers, as well as how many fielders may field backward of square leg. These laws take into account the relative skill of the batters.

During the 1970s to 1980s, bouncers were used as part of a team's intimidatory tactics, especially by the West Indies team. In 1991, the International Cricket Council (ICC) introduced a "one bouncer per batter per over" rule in an attempt to discourage the use of intimidation. However, the ruling was not well received by players and umpires alike, with English umpire Dickie Bird describing it as "farcical" as he felt that calling intimidatory tactics should be left to the umpire. The ICC changed it to two bouncers per over in 1994, with a two-run no-ball penalty (rather than one-run no-ball) if the bowler exceeded two bouncers an over. One Day International cricket allowed one bouncer per over in 2001 (and a one-run no-ball in case a bowler exceeded the limit).

On 29 October 2012 the ICC increased the number of bouncers that could be bowled during a One Day International to two per over. The number of bouncers per over allowed in T20s was kept to one.

Controversies
Fast leg theory, the deliberate and sustained bowling of bouncers aimed at the body, coupled with a cordon of legside catching fieldsmen to catch deflections, was a tactic used by England against Australia in 1932/33, dubbed the Bodyline series by the Australians. It caused a sporting and political firestorm between the mother country and the former colony and several incidents threatened to boil over into public riots. This controversial tactic caused the Laws of Cricket to be reformed to prevent any recurrence.

In 1954–55 in Sydney, England fast bowler Frank Tyson bowled bouncers at Australian Ray Lindwall, who returned the favour by hospitalising Tyson with one of his own. An angry Tyson returned with a large lump on his head and took 6/85 in the second innings to give England a 38-run victory.

In 1994 at the Oval Devon Malcolm was hit on the helmet by a bouncer from Fanie de Villiers. The incensed Malcolm told the South Africans "You guys are history" and took apart their second innings with 9/57.

Injuries and deaths caused by bouncers
The bouncer is an aggressive delivery and the very nature of the delivery by a fast bowler and aimed at the head can lead to batters being hit in the chest, neck or head. While rare, impacts to the top part of the body can cause serious injuries or even death. While the laws of cricket can be used to limit the delivery, particularly when being used against specialist bowlers at the end of the batting order, it is not outright banned like the beamer.

In 1962, Indian captain Nari Contractor was hit above his right ear by a Charlie Griffith bouncer which resulted in severe loss of blood and left Contractor critically ill. He regained full consciousness after six days and returned to first-class cricket ten months later.

In 2006, playing in his 100th test, Australian opener Justin Langer was struck on the head by a bouncer from Makhaya Ntini and hospitalised. In 2008 West Indies batter Shivnarine Chanderpaul was knocked out for several minutes after being hit by a bouncer from Australian fast bowler Brett Lee during a test match. Shoaib Akhtar injured both Gary Kirsten (2003) and Brian Lara (2004) with fast bouncers. Both batters had to be taken off the field.

In November 2014, Australian cricketer Phillip Hughes was knocked unconscious by a bouncer from Sean Abbott, which hit the side of his head, between the grille and shell of his helmet, during a Sheffield Shield match. He was taken to hospital in a critical condition, suffering from a subarachnoid haemorrhage, but died from his injuries two days later, never having regained consciousness.

During the semi-final of the 2019 Cricket World Cup, against England, Alex Carey injured his chin from a bouncer bowled by Jofra Archer. The resulting blow knocked the helmet off Carey's head; he caught it mid-air before it could fall onto the stumps, saving himself from dismissal.

During the second test of the 2019 Ashes Series, Australian batter Steve Smith was hit on the neck by a 148.7 km/h (92.4mph) delivery from England fast bowler Jofra Archer. After retiring concussed, Smith returned to play 45 minutes later. The Australian medical team's decision to let him play was criticised by the brain injury charity Headway, as "incredibly dangerous". Smith's replacement, Marnus Labuschagne, became the first concussion substitute in a Test match.

title: Bouncer (cricket)


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Michael O'Donoghue

Michael O'Donoghue (January 5, 1940 – November 8, 1994) was an American writer and performer.

He was known for his dark and destructive style of comedy and humor, and was a major contributor to National Lampoon magazine. He was the first head writer of Saturday Night Live and the first performer to deliver a line on the series.

Early life
O'Donoghue was born Michael Henry Donohue in Sauquoit, New York. His father, Michael, worked as an engineer, while his mother, Barbara, stayed home to raise him.

O'Donoghue's early career included work as a playwright and stage actor at the University of Rochester where he drifted in and out of school beginning in 1959. His first published writing appeared in the school's humor magazine Ugh!

After a brief time working as a writer in San Francisco, California, O'Donoghue returned to Rochester and participated in regional theater. During this period, he formed a group called Bread and Circuses specifically to perform his early plays which were of an experimental nature and often quite disturbing to the local audience. Among these are an absurdist work exploring themes of sadism entitled "The Twilight Maelstrom of Cookie Lavagetto", a cycle of one-act plays called Le Theatre de Malaise and the 1964 dark satire The Death of JFK.

His first work of greater note was the picaresque feature "The Adventures of Phoebe Zeit-Geist", published as a serial in Evergreen Review. This was an erotic satire of the comic book genre, later released in revised and expanded form as a book by that magazine's publisher, Grove Press. Drawn by Frank Springer, the comic detailed the adventures of debutante Phoebe Zeit-Geist as she was variously kidnapped and rescued by a series of bizarre Inuit, Nazis, Chinese foot fetishists, lesbian assassins and other characters. Doonesbury comic-strip creator Garry Trudeau cited the strip as an early inspiration, saying, "[A] very heavy influence was a serial in the Sixties called 'Phoebe Zeitgeist'. . . . It was an absolutely brilliant, deadpan send-up of adventure comics, but with a very edgy modernist kind of approach. To this day, I hold virtually every panel in my brain. It's very hard not to steal from it."

In 1968, O'Donoghue worked with illustrator and fellow Evergreen Review veteran Phil Wende to create the illustrated book The Incredible, Thrilling Adventures of the Rock. Biographer Dennis Perrin described it as having "no plot. The same rock sits in the same spot in the same forest for thousands of years. Nothing much happens. Then, while two boys roam the wood in search of a Christmas tree, one sees the rock and is inspired."

Taking the idea to the publisher Random House, the pair sold the book to the young editor Christopher Cerf. Cerf was a former member of the Harvard Lampoon, and O'Donoghue's first acquaintance from that group. Through Cerf, O'Donoghue would meet George W. S. Trow and other former Lampoon writers looking to start a national comedy magazine.

In 1969, O'Donoghue and Trow co-wrote the script for the James Ivory / Ismail Merchant film Savages. This film tells the story of a tribe of prehistoric "Mud People" who happen upon a deserted Gatsby-esque 1930s manor house. The Mud People evolve into contemporary high-society types who enjoy a decadent weekend party at the manor before ultimately devolving back into Mud People. Savages was eventually released in 1972.

National Lampoon magazine
O'Donoghue was, along with Henry Beard and Doug Kenney, a founding writer and later an editor for the satiric National Lampoon magazine. As one of many outstanding National Lampoon contributors, O'Donoghue created some of the distinctive black comedy which characterized the magazine's flavor for most of its first decade. His most famous contributions include "The Vietnamese Baby Book", in which a baby's war wounds are cataloged in a keepsake; the "Ezra Taft Benson High School Yearbook", a precursor to the Lampoon's High School Yearbook Parody; the comic "Tarzan of the Cows"; and the continuing feature "Underwear for the Deaf". Two of his parodies were reprinted in the anthology National Lampoon: This Side of Parodies (Warner Paperback Library, 1974).

He was also the editor and main contributor to the Lampoon's Encyclopedia of Humor. He co-wrote the album Radio Dinner with Tony Hendra, and because of the album's success, he was assigned to direct and act on The National Lampoon Radio Hour. After 13 episodes, publisher Matty Simmons asked O'Donoghue to return to the magazine. A week later, O'Donoghue and Simmons argued over what was later revealed to be a simple misunderstanding, and O'Donoghue left.

It was at the Lampoon that O'Donoghue met Anne Beatts, with whom he became romantically involved. The two later moved on to work at Saturday Night Live together.

Saturday Night Live
On the pioneering late-night sketch comedy program Saturday Night Live (originally called NBC's Saturday Night), creator and executive producer Lorne Michaels assigned him the position of head writer. O'Donoghue appeared in the first show's opening sketch as an English-language teacher, instructing John Belushi to repeat phrases such as, "I would like to feed your fingertips to the wolverines," and, "We are out of badgers. Would you accept a wolverine in its place?" before dropping dead of a heart attack. He later made appearances in the persona of a Vegas-style "impressionist" who would pay great praise to showbiz mainstays such as talk show host Mike Douglas and singers Tony Orlando and Dawn—and then speculate how they would react if steel needles with real sharp points were plunged into their eyes. The shrieking fits that followed are believed to be inspired by O'Donoghue's real-life agonies from chronic migraine headaches.

O'Donoghue, in reference to his refusal to write for Jim Henson's Land of Gorch sketches which appeared in the early years of SNL, quipped, "I won't write for felt."

Later, O'Donoghue cultivated the persona of the grim "Mr. Mike", a coldly decadent figure who favored viewers with comically dark "Least-Loved Bedtime Stories" such as "The Little Engine that Died". One of his most notable SNL sketches is the Star Trek spoof "The Last Voyage of the Starship Enterprise" that was a tour-de-force for Belushi.

In 1979, he produced a television special for NBC, featuring most of the SNL cast, called Mr. Mike's Mondo Video. Because of its raunchy content, the network rejected the program, which was then released as a theatrical film.

O'Donoghue returned to SNL in 1981 when new executive producer Dick Ebersol needed an old hand to help revive the faltering series. O'Donoghue's volatile personality and mood swings made this difficult: his first day on the show he screamed at all the cast members, forcing everyone to write on the walls with magic markers. Catherine O'Hara was rumored to have quit SNL after a week and before appearing on-air due to O'Donoghue's volatility. O'Hara denied this account, saying she didn't feel comfortable in New York City and left to return to Second City Television. The only cast member O'Donoghue liked was Eddie Murphy, reportedly because Murphy was not afraid of him. According to the book Live from New York, O'Donoghue tried to shake things up on that first day by saying "this is what the show lacks" and spray-painting the word "DANGER" on the wall of his office.

O'Donoghue was released from the show after writing the never-aired sketch "The Last Days in Silverman's Bunker", which compared NBC network president Fred Silverman's problems at the network to Adolf Hitler's final days. It was planned that John Belushi would return to play Silverman, and a great deal of work had been done on creating sets for the sketch (which would have run for about twenty minutes), including the construction of a large Nazi eagle clutching an NBC corporate logo instead of a swastika. Another unaired O'Donoghue sketch from around the same period, "The Good Excuse", also involved Nazi jokes. In the sketch, a captured German officer berated by his captors for Nazi war crimes explains that he had a good excuse, which he whispers into their ears, inaudible to the viewers. His captors are quickly persuaded that the unheard excuse was, in fact, an acceptable reason for the crimes of the Third Reich.

On October 26, 1986, O'Donoghue was further connected to SNL by virtue of his marriage to the show's musical director, Cheryl Hardwick, in the late 1980s. The union was fodder for a "Weekend Update" joke in which Dennis Miller noted that the couple was registered at Black and Decker.

O'Donoghue was one of several original writers rehired by Lorne Michaels upon his return to produce the show in 1985. O'Donoghue's intention was to write and direct short films for the show; however, none were completed and he wrote little else, apart from a monologue seemingly designed to humiliate Chevy Chase when he hosted the second show of the season. (The monologue began, "Right after I stopped doing cocaine, I turned into a giant garden slug, and, for the life of me, I don't know why.") The monologue never aired, and O'Donoghue was fired a month later after telling The New York Times that SNL had become "an embarrassment.  It's like watching old men die." His final contribution to the show was a song, "Boulevard of Broken Balls", co-written with his wife Hardwick and performed by Christopher Walken on the October 24, 1992 episode.

Other work
O'Donoghue acted in a supporting role in the 1985 comedy Head Office. He had small parts in the 1979 movie Manhattan (which poked fun at SNL), the 1987 movie Wall Street, and the 1988 movie he co-wrote, Scrooged. O'Donoghue said he loathed the theatrical release of Scrooged, insisting until his death that he and co-writer and best friend Mitch Glazer had written a much better film. He also wrote or co-wrote a number of unproduced screenplays, of which the Chevy Chase collaboration Saturday Matinee (a.k.a. Planet of the Cheap Special Effects) remains legendary in Hollywood screenwriter circles.

O'Donoghue also found some success as a country music songwriter, his most notable credit being Dolly Parton's "Single Women" (1982). The song, originally composed for a 1981 SNL skit, later inspired the 1984 ABC TV movie Single Bars, Single Women starring Tony Danza and Jean Smart, which was produced by O'Donoghue.

In 1992, O'Donoghue created a sketch show pilot called TV for the Fox network. It featured Kelly Lynch and it was directed by Walter Williams, the creator of Mr. Bill, but like a lot of O'Donoghue's work, it was too out there for primetime TV.

Death
O'Donoghue suffered a long history of chronic migraine headaches. On November 8, 1994, he died of a cerebral hemorrhage at age 54.

Biography
Dennis Perrin's biography Mr. Mike: The Life and Work of Michael O'Donoghue was published in 1998 by Avon Books. The Barnes and Noble overview read, "This is the unvarnished story of a towering figure in American popular culture, the prime artistic force behind an entire generation of humorists and satirists."

Writing credits

 * Evergreen Review (1966, 1969) (Periodical)
 * The Adventures of Phoebe Zeit-Geist (with Frank Springer) (1966) (Comic)
 * National Lampoon (1970–1974) (Periodical)
 * National Lampoon Radio Dinner (with Tony Hendra and Bob Tischler) (1972) (LP)
 * The National Lampoon Encyclopedia of Humor (1973) (Editor)
 * Savages (with George W.S. Trow) (1972)
 * National Lampoon Radio Hour (1973–1974) (Radio)
 * Tarzoon: Shame of the Jungle (with Anne Beatts) (1975) (Adaptation)
 * Saturday Night Live (1975–1978, 1981) (TV)
 * Gilda Live (with Gilda Radner, Lorne Michaels, Anne Beatts, Rosie Shuster, Alan Zweibel, Marilyn Suzanne Miller, Paul Shaffer and Don Novello) (1980) (Stage/Film)
 * Mr. Mike's Mondo Video (with Mitch Glazer, Emily Prager and Dirk Wittenborn) (1979)
 * Single Women (1982) (Song)
 * Scrooged (with Mitch Glazer) (1988)
 * Spin Magazine ("NOT MY FAULT" Column) (1993–1994) (Periodical)

Unproduced screenplays

 * Arrive Alive (with Mitch Glazer)
 * Biker Heaven (with Terry Southern and Nelson Lyon)
 * Saturday Matinee (with Chevy Chase)
 * War of the Insect Gods (with Mitch Glazer, Emily Prager and Dirk Wittenborn)

title: Michael O'Donoghue


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Rice paddle

A rice paddle (, Japanese: shamoji (しゃもじ, 杓文字), ) is a large flat spoon used in East Asian cuisine. It is used to stir and to serve rice, to dip gochujang, and to mix vinegar into the rice for sushi.

Rice paddles are traditionally made from bamboo, wood, or lacquer, and nowadays often from plastic.

History

The specific origin of the rice paddle is unknown, but it has been spotted in artifacts dating back to the 4th or 5th century. One such artifact originating from the Silla Dynasty in Korea was excavated from the Gold Crown Tomb in Gyeongju along with a pot.

The Japanese version of the rice paddle, the 'shamoji', is said to have been first devised by a monk on Itsukushima, Hiroshima Prefecture. The word is an example of nyōbō kotoba, being derived from the first part of shakushi (杓子), plus the moji (文字) suffix.

Modern rice cookers may include a rice paddle in the box, usually made of white plastic.

Materials and Uses
In Korea, rice paddles, or 'jugeok' were originally made out of wood in the 4th century, but began to be made out of brass during the Goryeo Dynasty. Throughout the Joseon Dynasty, they also began to be made from bamboo.

Modern rice paddles are typically made from plastic. When in use, they are dipped in water frequently during use to prevent rice from sticking to it. Some expensive plastic rice paddles have non-stick surfaces.

Rice paddles are also used to crush vegetables, such as garlic and cucumbers, as cleavers are used in Western cuisine.

Culture
When scooping rice with a rice paddle in Korea, the rice is traditionally scooped towards the center of the bowl, as to prevent fortune from escaping the household.

In Japan, the rice paddle (shamoji) has also been a symbol of unity between the mother and wife in Japanese society. In one tradition, it was passed down from one generation to the next to symbolize the family duties that were handed down.

In Japan, the is also a good luck charm dedicated to Shinto shrines and decorated with the word victory (必勝) written on the part that scoops up rice when praying for victory. This is because the Japanese word "meshitoru" (飯取る), which means to scoop up rice, is pronounced the same as "meshitoru" (召し捕る), which means to capture the enemy. The custom became even more famous during the Russo-Japanese War, when soldiers dedicated many to Itsukushima Shrine to pray for Japan's victory in the war. In March 2023, Prime Minister Fumio Kishida visited Ukraine and presented President Volodymyr Zelenskyy with a with the word victory (必勝) written on it to pray for Ukraine's victory over Russia in the Russo-Ukrainian War.

title: Rice paddle


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Big-game fishing

Big-game fishing, also known as offshore sportfishing, offshore gamefishing or blue-water fishing, is a form of recreational fishing targeting large game fish, usually on a large body of water such as a sea or ocean.

History
Big-game fishing started as a sport after the invention of the motorboat. Charles Frederick Holder, a marine biologist, and early conservationist, is credited with founding the sport in 1898. He went on to found and lead the Tuna Club of Avalon and went on to publish many articles and books on the subject, noted for their combination of accurate scientific detail with exciting narratives. Purpose-built game fishing boats appeared early in the 20th century. An example is the Crete, in use at Catalina Island, California, in 1915, and shipped to Hawaii the following year. According to a newspaper report at that time, the Crete had "... a deep cockpit, a chair fitted for landing big fish and leather pockets for placing the pole."

Big-game species
The billfish (swordfish, marlin and sailfish), larger tunas (bluefin, yellowfin and bigeye) and sharks (mako, bull, great white, tiger, hammerhead and other large species) are the main species recognized as big-game fish. Many anglers also consider the Atlantic tarpon also a big-game species.

Smaller game fish, such as dolphinfish, wahoo, smaller tuna species such as albacore and skipjack tuna and barracuda are commonly caught as bycatch or taken deliberately for use as live or dead bait and/or chum.

Locations
Historically most of the locations where the sport was developed, such as Avalon, California; Florida; Bimini in the Bahamas; Cairns, Queensland, Australia; northern New Zealand; Panama; Wedgeport in Nova Scotia and Kona in Hawaii, benefited from the presence of large numbers of gamefish relatively close to shore, within range of the boats of that era.

As the vessels used for sportfishing became larger, faster, longer-ranged and more seaworthy, big-game species are now pursued on grounds ranging from 60 or 70 miles' distance from port, such as the submarine canyons of the United States continental shelf, to hundreds of miles as in the case of the San Diego long range fishery, where large live-aboard vessels range far out into the Pacific searching for tuna schools.

Today big-game fishing is carried out from ports in tropical and temperate coasts practically worldwide.

Anglo-America
The United States has the world's largest saltwater fishing industry and along the entire length of the East Coast, from Key West to the Gulf of Maine, big-game anglers pursue a variety of tropical and temperate sportfish ranging from sailfish and dolphinfish in the Florida Keys to giant bluefin tuna in Massachusetts and in Canadian waters. The West Coast lacks the influence of the warm Gulf Stream current, and most big game species are mainly confined to California, a birthplace of the sport. Some of the same species that were fished for by the pioneers of the sport — Pacific bluefin tuna, broadbill swordfish and striped marlin — are still fished for today.

Latin and South America
Billfish and tuna are pursued in almost all the Latin American coastal nations, many of which are renowned for the excellence of their fisheries. Mexico, Panama, Costa Rica, Venezuela, Ecuador and Guatemala have the largest fleets of sport fishing boats. Costa Rica's pacific coast, especially the coast of the Guanacaste Province, is famous for its fishing because of the ocean currents and the government catch and release laws.

Rio San Juan in Nicaragua is famous for sport fishing for giant tarpon (fresh water tarpon fishing). The government presently enforces catch and release. An annual International tarpon fishing tournament has been held for many years. The 55th annual tournament was held September 13 & 14 2015.

Europe
In the United Kingdom, big-game tunny fishing off Scarborough was in fashion in the 1930s for a few years. "Tunny" was the name used in Britain at that time for Atlantic bluefin tuna. Colonel Edward Peel landed a world-record tunny of 798 lb, capturing the record by 40 lb from one caught off Nova Scotia by the American champion Zane Grey.

Boats
Big-game fishing requires a boat of sufficient seaworthiness and range to transport the crew to the fishing grounds and back. Boats that fit these requirements may be as small as the 18 to 21-foot trailerable boats commonly used along the Australian coast, in New Zealand and on the lee coasts of the Hawaiian Islands where they are known as the "mosquito fleet". At the other extreme the 100-foot and larger vessels of the San Diego long range fleet and similar, although less refined "party boats" operating from New England, transport 25, 30 or more anglers in search of yellowfin, bluefin and bigeye tuna.

The cost of a suitable boat, electronics, tackle and the operating costs (fuels and other consumables, insurance, mooring fees and maintenance) can be very substantial. Consequently, many big-game anglers prefer to use charter services where they hire the use of a boat and equipment, and the fish-finding expertise of a captain, in preference to maintaining their own. Either way, big-game fishing can be an extremely expensive pursuit, and one in which the wealthy have tended to feature prominently.

The classic sport fisherman Most of the features of the classic sport fisherman were gradually developed in the 1920s and 1930s as existing motor cruisers and commercial fishing vessels were adapted for fishing with outriggers, fighting chairs and other ancillaries such as bait boxes and flybridge helm stations. These boats, though crude by modern standards, scored many pioneering big game catches of huge bluefin tuna, broadbill swordfish and marlin. Through the 1930s and 1940s sportfishermen in Florida, amongst them John Rybovich and Ernest Hemingway, continued to innovate and refine, and in 1946 the Rybovich yard launched the Miss Chevy II, a 34-footer that crystallized all the innovations that had gone before into a design whose features - raised foredeck, flybridge controls and roomy cockpit - are still closely followed by today's leading sportfish builders. The need for greater range and speed as anglers sought gamefish further and further offshore resulted in the development of bigger boats powered by larger engines, but the basic layout of a dedicated big game fishing vessel has remained largely the same since the late 1940s.

Smaller sportfishing boats The development of outboard power opened up many big game fishing grounds to smaller craft in the 18 to 25 foot range. Various boats designs may fit this category but in recent times the center console has become popular due to the ability to fish from all edges of the boat, providing the angler flexibility when fighting or landing fish.

Electronics Electronics technology developed for commercial fishermen has become increasingly used by recreational anglers. Fishfinders, also known as bottom machines or echo sounders, are now commonplace. Other electronics used to narrow down the search for fish may include radar, forward or side-scanning sonar, water temperature sensors and sea surface temperature imagery obtained from satellites.

Land-based big-game game fishing
In some areas big-game species can be caught by land-based anglers practicing land-based game fishing, with the rock platforms of Jervis Bay in New South Wales, Australia being probably the most well-known. Black marlin of up to 200 lbs have been caught here by anglers floating out baits on balloons.

Trolling
Fish are enticed by trolling fishing lures (designed to resemble squid or other baitfish) or baits behind the boat. Multiple lines are often used. Outriggers were designed to spread the lines more widely. The outrigger holds the lines further away from the boat's wake, setting lures into more clear water thus making it easier for fish to target in on available lures.

Chumming
Chumming or chunking is the practice of throwing groundbait made of pieces of bait fish overboard to attract larger game fish. This is called berley in Australia.

Fighting the fish
Once a fish is properly hooked on a line, a somewhat tricky task as often initial nibbles only partly hook the fish, one of the fishermen attempts to reel it in. The captain assists by maneuvering the boat so that the fish remains astern (behind the boat), while other members of the crew race to reel in the other lines so as to avoid tangling with the angler reeling in the fish.

Most of the time, the fishing line used for sport fishing has a breaking strain less than the maximum force the fish can apply to the line. The fishing reels therefore have sophisticated, adjustable drag mechanisms which allow the line to escape if the fish pulls on it, but keep the specified tension on the line. When hooked, most fish will circulate in different directions, and when they are not pulling away from the boat the fisherman can take the opportunity to reel in some of the line. Eventually, if the fish tires and has not broken the line, they will be reeled in; however, the challenge does not end there. Hauling a heavy, powerful, and still very much alive fish on board the boat represents a considerable challenge, unless the fish is tagged and released. Strategies include: gaffing, pulling it in with one's hands, or a net for smaller fish.

The fish can be fought with or without a game-chair. With a game-chair, the angler sits in a specially designed chair at the stern of the boat, and places the butt of the rod into a gimbaled mount. Most rods used in this manner are quite long. The older and more classic models had straight rod butts. More contemporary models have bent rod butts, which give a more convenient angle for fighting the fish when the rod is placed in the mount. With large fish, this can still represent a considerable challenge, but "stand-up" game fishing, without the assistance of a chair and with the seat mount replaced by a harness, requires a good deal of strength and endurance, as well as body mass.

Kite fishing
Big Game fishing has evolved from a heavy tackle to a light tackle sport in many regions. Using a fishing kite has opened the door to fishing for Billfish, especially Sailfish with tackle as light as 8 or 12 lb but normally 20 - 30 lb gear is used. The kite is also effective on Tuna, Dolphin fish (Mahi Mahi), Sharks, Marlin, Swordfish & all sorts of other Big Game fish. The idea behind the kite is that a smaller live bait can be fished on lighter tackle and positioned away from the boat and placed right on the surface. The Bait fish will try to run away or fight to get deeper in the water column, but the kite will hold the bait in place. The fighting action and stress of the bait will "turn on" big game fish and cause them to strike. This method of fishing not only presents a bait to the Big Game Fish but drives the fish to strike the bait.

Bait fishing
Bait fishing is fishing while using bait. Bait is usually alive for catching better fish.

Artificial lure fishing
Lure fishing typically employs the use of an artificial lure used as a bait to attract game fish. Artificial fishing lures can either be a hard bait or soft bait construction.

title: Big-game fishing