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Rennaz

Rennaz is a municipality of the canton of Vaud in Switzerland, located in the district of Aigle.

History
Rennaz is first mentioned in 1252 as ad villam de rayna.

Geography
Rennaz has an area,, of 2.19 km2. Of this area, 1.48 km2 or 67.6% is used for agricultural purposes, while 0.04 km2 or 1.8% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 0.68 km2 or 31.1% is settled (buildings or roads), 0.01 km2 or 0.5% is either rivers or lakes.

Of the built up area, industrial buildings made up 3.2% of the total area while housing and buildings made up 8.7% and transportation infrastructure made up 14.2%. Power and water infrastructure as well as other special developed areas made up 1.8% of the area while parks, green belts and sports fields made up 3.2%. Out of the forested land, all of the forested land area is covered with heavy forests. Of the agricultural land, 57.1% is used for growing crops and 6.8% is pastures, while 3.7% is used for orchards or vine crops. All the water in the municipality is flowing water.

The municipality is located in the Aigle district, along the Rhone river.

Coat of arms
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Per fess Sable and Or, overall a Fox rampant Gules.

Demographics
Rennaz has a population of. , 29.8% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (1999–2009 ) the population has changed at a rate of 12.6%. It has changed at a rate of 2% due to migration and at a rate of 10.6% due to births and deaths.

Most of the population speaks French (492 or 87.1%), with German being second most common (21 or 3.7%) and Italian being third (20 or 3.5%).

Of the population in the municipality 103 or about 18.2% were born in Rennaz and lived there in 2000. There were 247 or 43.7% who were born in the same canton, while 91 or 16.1% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 118 or 20.9% were born outside of Switzerland.

In there were 4 live births to Swiss citizens and 4 births to non-Swiss citizens, and in same time span there were 2 deaths of Swiss citizens. Ignoring immigration and emigration, the population of Swiss citizens increased by 2 while the foreign population increased by 4. There were 2 Swiss women who emigrated from Switzerland. At the same time, there were 2 non-Swiss men who emigrated from Switzerland to another country and 6 non-Swiss women who immigrated from another country to Switzerland. The total Swiss population change in 2008 (from all sources, including moves across municipal borders) was an increase of 3 and the non-Swiss population increased by 12 people. This represents a population growth rate of 2.5%.

The age distribution,, in Rennaz is; 77 children or 12.5% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 73 teenagers or 11.9% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population, 74 people or 12.1% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 88 people or 14.3% are between 30 and 39, 116 people or 18.9% are between 40 and 49, and 79 people or 12.9% are between 50 and 59. The senior population distribution is 57 people or 9.3% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 33 people or 5.4% are between 70 and 79, there are 13 people or 2.1% who are 80 and 89, and there are 4 people or 0.7% who are 90 and older.

, there were 236 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 272 married individuals, 26 widows or widowers and 31 individuals who are divorced.

, there were 230 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.4 persons per household. There were 68 households that consist of only one person and 13 households with five or more people. Out of a total of 237 households that answered this question, 28.7% were households made up of just one person and there was 1 adult who lived with their parents. Of the rest of the households, there are 63 married couples without children, 81 married couples with children There were 16 single parents with a child or children. There was 1 household that was made up of unrelated people and 7 households that were made up of some sort of institution or another collective housing.

there were 51 single family homes (or 52.0% of the total) out of a total of 98 inhabited buildings. There were 27 multi-family buildings (27.6%), along with 13 multi-purpose buildings that were mostly used for housing (13.3%) and 7 other use buildings (commercial or industrial) that also had some housing (7.1%). Of the single family homes 8 were built before 1919, while 1 were built between 1990 and 2000. The greatest number of single family homes (19) were built between 1981 and 1990. The most multi-family homes (8) were built between 1981 and 1990 and the next most (6) were built before 1919. There were 2 multi-family houses built between 1996 and 2000.

there were 214 apartments in the municipality. The most common apartment size was 4 rooms of which there were 70. There were 8 single room apartments and 42 apartments with five or more rooms. Of these apartments, a total of 200 apartments (93.5% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 8 apartments (3.7%) were seasonally occupied and 6 apartments (2.8%) were empty. , the construction rate of new housing units was 1.6 new units per 1000 residents. The vacancy rate for the municipality,, was 0%.

The historical population is given in the following chart:

Politics
In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SVP which received 33.3% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the FDP (18.8%), the SP (17.85%) and the Green Party (8.9%). In the federal election, a total of 122 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 38.7%.

Economy
, Rennaz had an unemployment rate of 5.4%. , there were 15 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 4 businesses involved in this sector. 1 person was employed in the secondary sector and there was 1 business in this sector. 405 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 27 businesses in this sector. There were 326 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 44.2% of the workforce.

the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 332. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 13, all of which were in agriculture. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 1, all of which were in manufacturing. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 318. In the tertiary sector; 138 or 43.4% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 46 or 14.5% were in a hotel or restaurant, 3 or 0.9% were in education.

, there were 313 workers who commuted into the municipality and 244 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net importer of workers, with about 1.3 workers entering the municipality for every one leaving. About 4.2% of the workforce coming into Rennaz are coming from outside Switzerland. Of the working population, 13.2% used public transportation to get to work, and 65% used a private car.

Religion
From the, 210 or 37.2% were Roman Catholic, while 233 or 41.2% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there were 3 members of an Orthodox church (or about 0.53% of the population), there were 2 individuals (or about 0.35% of the population) who belonged to the Christian Catholic Church, and there were 11 individuals (or about 1.95% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There were 32 (or about 5.66% of the population) who were Islamic. There were and 2 individuals who belonged to another church. 57 (or about 10.09% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 15 individuals (or about 2.65% of the population) did not answer the question.

Education
In Rennaz about 261 or (46.2%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 54 or (9.6%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 54 who completed tertiary schooling, 50.0% were Swiss men, 27.8% were Swiss women, 14.8% were non-Swiss men.

In the 2009/2010 school year there were a total of 89 students in the Rennaz school district. In the Vaud cantonal school system, two years of non-obligatory pre-school are provided by the political districts. During the school year, the political district provided pre-school care for a total of 205 children of which 96 children (46.8%) received subsidized pre-school care. The canton's primary school program requires students to attend for four years. There were 55 students in the municipal primary school program. The obligatory lower secondary school program lasts for six years and there were 33 students in those schools. There were also 1 students who were home schooled or attended another non-traditional school.

, there were 47 students in Rennaz who came from another municipality, while 60 residents attended schools outside the municipality.

Health
Since 2019, the intercantonal Riviera-Chablais Hospital, Vaud-Valais is located in the municipality, as well at the Pharmacy of the Eastern Vaud Hospitals.

title: Rennaz


text:
Rafael Lozano-Hemmer

Rafael Lozano-Hemmer (born 1967 in Mexico City) is a Mexican-Canadian electronic artist living and working in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. He creates platforms for public participation by using robotic lights, digital fountains, computerized surveillance, and telematic networks. Inspired by phantasmagoria, carnival, and animatronics, his interactive works are “anti-monuments for people to self-represent.”

He emigrated to Canada in 1985 to study at the University of Victoria in British Columbia and then received his Bachelor of Science in Physical Chemistry from Concordia University in Montreal. The son of Mexico City nightclub owners, Lozano-Hemmer was drawn to science but could not resist joining the creative activities of his friends. Initially he worked in a molecular recognition lab in Montreal and published his research in Chemistry journals. Though he did not pursue the sciences as a direct career, it has influenced his work in many ways, providing conceptual inspiration and practical approaches to create his work.

Biography
Lozano-Hemmer is best known for creating and presenting theatrical interactive installations in public spaces around the world. Using robotics, real-time computer graphics, film projections, positional sound, internet links, cell phone interfaces, video and ultrasonic sensors, LED screens and other devices, his installations seek to interrupt the increasingly homogenized urban condition by providing critical platforms for participation. Lozano-Hemmer's smaller-scaled sculptural and video installations explore themes of perception, deception and surveillance. As an outgrowth of these various large scale and performance-based projects Lozano-Hemmer documents the works in photography editions that are also exhibited. He was the first artist to represent Mexico at the Venice Biennale with an exhibition at Palazzo Van Axel in 2007. He has also shown at Biennials in Cuenca, Havana, Istanbul, Kochi, Liverpool, Melbourne NGV, Moscow, New Orleans, New York ICP, Seoul, Seville, Shanghai, Singapore, Sydney, and Wuzhen. His public art has been commissioned for the Millennium Celebrations in Mexico City (1999), the Expansion of the European Union in Dublin (2004), the Student Massacre Memorial in Tlatelolco (2008), the Vancouver Olympics (2010), the pre-opening exhibition of the Guggenheim in Abu Dhabi (2015), and the activation of the Raurica Roman Theatre in Basel (2018). Collections holding his work include MoMA and Guggenheim in New York, TATE in London, MAC and MBAM in Montreal, Jumex, and MUAC in Mexico City, DAROS in Zurich, MONA in Hobart, 21C Museum in Kanazawa, Borusan Contemporary in Istanbul, CIFO in Miami, MAG in Manchester, SFMOMA in San Francisco, ZKM in Karlsruhe, SAM in Singapore and many others.

He has received two BAFTA British Academy Awards for Interactive Art in London, a Golden Nica at the Prix Ars Electronica in Austria, "Artist of the year" Rave Award from Wired Magazine, a Rockefeller fellowship, the Trophée des Lumières in Lyon, an International Bauhaus Award in Dessau, the title of Compagnon des Arts et des Lettres du Québec in Quebec, and the Governor General's Award in Canada. He has lectured at Goldsmiths College, the Bartlett School, Princeton University, Harvard University, UC Berkeley, Cooper Union, USC, MIT MediaLab, Guggenheim Museum, LA MOCA, Netherlands Architecture Institute, Cornell University, UPenn, SCAD, Danish Architecture Centre, CCA in Montreal, ICA in London, and the Art Institute of Chicago.

In the past few years, Lozano-Hemmer was the subject of eighteen solo exhibitions worldwide, including a major show at the Hirshhorn Museum in Washington DC, the inaugural show at the AmorePacific Museum in Seoul, and a mid-career retrospective co-produced by the Musée d’Art Contemporain de Montréal and SFMOMA. In 2019, his immersive performance “Atmospheric Memory” premiered at the Manchester International Festival, and his interactive installation “Border Tuner” connected people across the US-Mexico border using bridges of light controlled by the voices of participants in Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua and El Paso, Texas. Major recent solo exhibitions include “Listening Forest,” which featured his largest collection to date of outdoor works, installed over 120 acres of land at Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art in Bentonville, Arkansas, “Common Measures,” his first exhibition at PACE Gallery, New York, and “Translation Island,” a 2-km parcours which included ten public artworks, in Lulu Island, Abu Dhabi.

Lozano-Hemmer is represented by bitforms gallery (New York), Galería Max Estrella (Madrid), Wilde Gallery (Geneva, Basel, and Zürich), and PACE Gallery (Worldwide). His work has been shown at fairs such as Art Basel (Basel, Miami, and Hong Kong), Frieze (London and LA), Armory Show (New York), ARCO (Madrid), Zona Maco (Mexico), Paris Photo, and Art Cologne. He has shown three times at Art Basel Unlimited.

Publications
Ten monographs have been published featuring essays by writers such as Cuauhtémoc Medina, Scott McQuire, John Hanhardt, Rodrigo Alonso, Beryl Graham, Cecilia Fajardo-Hill, Manuel De Landa, Victor Stoichita, Barbara London, Geert Lovink, Brian Massumi. Lozano-Hemmer’s own writing has appeared, for example, in Kunstforum (Germany), Leonardo (USA), Performance Research (UK), and Archis (Netherlands).

Rafael Lozano- Hemmer: Unstable Presence
Edited by Rudolf Frieling and François LeTourneux.

"This mid-career monograph offers a nuanced perspective on contemporary artist Rafael Lozano-Hemmer’s oeuvre. Rafael Lozano-Hemmer’s installations engage the audience in unique and seductive ways—measuring their heart rate, surveilling their faces, even circulating their breath. Often characterized by particular interactions between the work and the viewer, Lozano-Hemmer’s art explores themes such as forced cohabitations, power imbalances, and contemporary techniques of surveillance and control. This mid-career retrospective book focuses on works produced over the past two decades. It includes essays that explore the poetic and political dimensions of the artist’s work, along with in-depth examinations of four major pieces—Zoom Pavilion, Vicious Circular Breathing, Voz Alta, and Pulse Room. It also features full-color illustrations of 16 recent works, including a newly created immersive sound environment, Sphere Packing: Bach. An essential guide to a deeper understanding of the themes that connect these technically sophisticated and emotionally resonant works, this book draws on the idea of an “unstable presence” to communicate the humanity and the anxiety that lie at the center of Lozano-Hemmer’s art."

Museums & Permanent Collections
Over two-dozen permanent architectural pieces for public and private buildings have been installed around the world. These include Planet Word Museum of Language in Washington D.C., Maison Manuvie in Montréal, ATT in Dallas, Museum of Old, and New Art in Hobart, Science Museum in London, AmorePacific Museum in Seoul, PHI Centre and MAC in Montréal, and Fidelity Headquarters in Boston, London, and Dalian.

Pulse Room (2006)
Is an interactive installation featuring over 300 hundred clear incandescent light bulbs, 300 W each, hung by cables three metres from the floor. The bulbs are uniformly distributed over the exhibition room, filling it completely. An interface placed on one side of the room has a sensor that detects the heart rate of participants. When someone holds the interface, a computer detects his or her pulse and immediately sets off the closest bulb to flash at the exact rhythm of his or her heart. The moment the interface is released, all the lights turn off briefly, and the flashing sequence advances by one position down the queue to the next bulb in the grid. Each time someone touches the interface, a heart pattern is recorded and sent to the first bulb in the grid, pushing ahead all the existing recordings. At any given time, the installation will show the recordings from the most recent participants.

Vicious Circular Breathing (2015)
Is a hermetically sealed apparatus that invites the public to breathe the air previously breathed by participants before them. It consists of a glass room with double sliding doors, two emergency exits, carbon dioxide and oxygen sensors, a set of motorized bellows, an electromagnetic valve system, and 61 brown paper bags hanging from respiration tubes.

In the piece, visitors’ breath is kept circulating and made tangible by automatically inflating and deflating the brown paper bags around 10,000 times a day, the typical respiratory frequency for an adult at rest. There are 61 bags because that constitutes 5 octaves, a typical range of musical organs that inspire the design.

The piece includes warnings for asphyxiation, contagion, and panic, producing a faint mechanical sound, a quiet whir from the air flow, and a louder crackle from the crumpling bags.

To participate, an audience member presses a button on the outside of the glass prism. They can then enter a vestibule and wait for it to be decompressed. Once they enter the main chamber, they sit down and breathe the recycled air.

A Crack in the Hourglass (2020)
In this participatory artwork, a modified robotic plotter deposits grains of hourglass sand onto a black surface to recreate the images of those lost due to COVID-19. After each portrait is completed, the surface tilts and the same sand is recycled into the next portrait, echoing the collective and ongoing nature of the pandemic. Those seeking a way to mourn loved ones lost during the pandemic are invited to participate by submitting a photograph of the deceased accompanied by a personalized dedication. The resulting memorials are available, via livestream and in archive form on the project’s website.

The project was originally commissioned by MUAC Museum in Mexico City and was shown at the Brooklyn Museum for six months.

Art21 made an episode about this artwork, "Episode 280: In the midst of loss and isolation, an artist’s anti-monument, “A Crack in the Hourglass” (2021), brings communities together to mourn, remember, and feel connected again."

Public Art Commissions
Large-scale interactive installations have been commissioned for events such as the Millennium Celebrations in Mexico City (1999), the Cultural Capital of Europe in Rotterdam (2001), the UN World Summit of Cities in Lyon (2003), the opening of the YCAM Center in Japan (2003), the Expansion of the European Union in Dublin (2004), the memorial for the Tlatelolco Student Massacre in Mexico City (2008), the Winter Olympics in Vancouver (2010), the pre-opening exhibition of the Guggenheim in Abu Dhabi (2015), the activation of the Augusta Raurica Roman Theatre in Basel (2018), and the sound to light intervention across the US-Mexico border in Ciudad Juárez and El Paso (2019).

Border Tuner / Sintonizador Fronterizo (2019)
Border Tuner was a large-scale, participatory art installation designed to interconnect the cities of El Paso, Texas, and Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua. Powerful searchlights make “bridges of light” that open live sound channels for communication across the US-Mexico border. Each of the interactive Border Tuner stations featured a microphone, a speaker and a large wheel or dial. As a participant turned the dial, three nearby searchlights created an “arm” of light that followed the movement of the dial, automatically scanning the horizon. When two such “arms of light” met in the sky and intersected, a bidirectional channel of sound was opened between the people at the two remote stations. As they spoke and heard each other, the brightness of the “light bridge” modulated in sync, creating a glimmer similar to a Morse code scintillation. Every interactive station could tune into any other, so for example, a participant in Mexico could connect to the three US-based stations or to the other two in Mexico.

The project brought together tens of thousands of people, reuniting families on both sides of the border, creating new connections, performing poetry recitals and serenades, observing mournful vigils, and staging the vibrancy of the diverse culture and activism in the region.

Art:21 presented "this special extended segment as a complement to the “Borderlands” episode from the tenth season of the Art in the Twenty-First Century series. Edited to focus on a singular artist narrative, this film contains original material not included in the television broadcast."

Speaking Willow (2020)
A metal tree sculpture, covered in living vine and ivy, features hundreds of hanging loudspeakers which detect the presence of a visitor underneath and, in response, play quiet voice recordings in one of 400 different languages. Each speaker contains recordings in a different language, obtained from the Wikitongues language preservation project. The speakers also light up on playback to create a glimmering effect similar to fireflies. If no visitor is around, the tree quietly plays back bird songs from hundreds of species.

Curated by the Public Art Fund for the courtyard of the new Planet Word Museum of Language in Washington D.C., the piece was fabricated by UAP in New York.

Levels of Nothingness (2009)
Collaboration with Brian Massumi and Isabella Rossellini

Levels of Nothingness is an installation-performance commissioned for the 50th Anniversary of the Guggenheim Museum, inspired by Kandinsky’s opera, “The Yellow Sound” (1912). In “Levels of Nothingness”, the human voice is analyzed by computers, automatically controlling a full rig of Rock-and-Roll concert lighting and creating an interactive colour show. For the New York performances, Isabella Rossellini read a libretto co-written by Brian Massumi, which included seminal philosophical texts on skepticism, color and perception, including writings by Kandinsky, Deleuze, Sanches, Simon Baron-Cohen and Alexander Luria. Following the performances, audience members could test the colour-generating microphone. Video here

Sync, a performance with Eli Keszler (2022)
Sync is an audiovisual collaboration between artist Rafael Lozano-Hemmer and percussionist, composer, and artist Eli Keszler. Taking place amid Lozano-Hemmer’s first solo exhibition at PACE Gallery New York, this one-off performance centers on the immersive, biometric artwork Pulse Topology.

Consisting of 3,000 suspended lightbulbs that glimmer in tune with activity detected by pulse sensors, the installation, which typically records participants’ heartbeats, is activated by Keszler’s distinctive drumming in Sync. Using a Sensory Percussion system by Sunhouse, Keszler triggered and controlled a series of mesmeric lighting patterns—what he terms a “morphing geography of light”—in Pulse Topology over the course of his performance.

Storm Riders Hörspiel, Denmark (1992)
Hörspiel (radio play) by English composer and Poet Dick Higgins, written and recorded at the Banff Centre for the Arts in Canada in 1991. Lozano- Hemmer played the part of Stravinsky in performances in Banff and at the Alberta College of Art.

Listening Forest (2022)
An art walk designed to transform Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art’s North Forest at night, featuring eight large-scale interactive artworks to create an interactive pathway. Using technology that responded to visitors’ voices, heartbeats, and body heat, “Listening Forest” highlighted the unique physical characteristics of participants while simultaneously establishing connections between them and the landscape itself.

Atmospheric Memory, Sydney (2023)
Computer pioneer Charles Babbage suggested that the air surrounding us is a “vast library” containing every sound, motion and word spoken. Two hundred years later, Atmospheric Memory explores this idea at a moment when perfect recollection is one of the defining conditions of our digital life, and the air that we breathe has become a battleground for the future of our planet.

Atmospheric Memory uses new interactive artworks to transform vibrations in the atmosphere into something visitors can see, hear and even touch. Presented at the Powerhouse Ultimo Museum, the exhibition’s works include a voice-controlled fountain where spoken words momentarily hang in the air as water vapour; a room with over 3000 different channels of natural and unnatural sounds; a voice-controlled light beacon, and the world’s first 3D printed speech bubble. On view are also original artifacts from the XIX Century including prototypes of the Analytical Engine, Edison’s first phonograph, and a first edition of Babbage’s treatise.

Atmospheric Memory headlined the Sydney Science Festival, and was originally commissioned by Factory International for the Manchester International Festival. Curated by José Luis de Vicente.

=== Translation Island (2023) === Translation Island consists of ten audiovisual artworks that transformed Lulu Island, a deserted island right across the water from downtown Abu Dhabi. Visitors were welcome to interact with the artworks by walking a 2-km path inside the island, alongside sand dunes, desert flora, beaches, and fresh water lakes.

The installations use technologies such as AI, computer vision, environmental sensors, and 3D mapping to create poetic shared experiences in a desert landscape. “Collider,” for instance, detects invisible cosmic radiation arriving on Earth from stars and black holes, translating the radiation and making it visible as gentle ripples along a colossal curtain of light that can be seen from a 10 Km radius. Other works such as “Dune Ringers”, and “Pulse Island” make tangible our own biometric signatures. Several installations are literally live translations of language. “Translation Stream” is a fluid stream of letters, projected onto the sandy trail, which organize themselves around visitors, revealing the poetry of contemporary Emirati poets in both English and Arabic. Meanwhile, “Shadow Tuner” allows visitors to use their shadow to tune-in up to 12,000 live streams of radio from around the world, and “Translation Lake” uses AI voice avatars to endlessly translate James Joyce’s recondite masterpiece “Finnegan’s Wake” into 24 languages, celebrating the impossibility and absurdity of fluid machine translation of complex human literature.

Relational Architecture
In 1994, Lozano-Hemmer coined the term "relational architecture" as the technological actualization of buildings and the urban environment with alien memory. He aimed to transform the dominant narratives of a specific building or urban setting by superimposing audiovisual elements to affect it, effect it and re-contextualize it. From 1997 to 2006, he built ten works of relational architecture beginning with Displaced Emperors and ending with Under Scan. Lozano-Hemmer says, "I want buildings to pretend to be something other than themselves, to engage in a kind of dissimulation"

Technology
Lozano-Hemmer differs from many artists in his comprehensive use of technology; most of his productions contain more than one element of technology to create a lasting effect. Lozano-Hemmer recognizes that Western culture is a technology-based culture, emphasizing "even if you are not using a computer you are affected by this environment. Working with technology is inevitable." "Our politics, our culture, our economy, everything is running through globalized networks of communication..."

Technologies that Lozano-Hemmer has used in his works include robotics, custom software, projections, internet links, cell phones, sensors, LEDs, cameras, and tracking systems.

Notable Exhibitions

 * A Draft of Shadows Bildmuseet, Umeå University, Sweden. November 2, 2014 - April 26, 2015
 * Rafael Lozano-Hemmer: Translation Island (curated by: Reem Fadda and Alia Zaal Sultan Lootah), Department of Culture and Tourism of Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, November 20 - December 31.
 * Lumiere 2023 (curated by: Helen Marriage), Lumiere Festival Durham, Durham, United Kingdom, November 16 - November 19.
 * Rafael Lozano-Hemmer: Vicious Circular Breathing (curated by: Kathleen Forde), Borusan Contemporary, Istanbul, Turkey, September 14 - February 16, 2014.

Awards

 * Governor General's Awards in Visual and Media Arts, Ottawa, Canada 2015.
 * Interactive Art Honorable Mention, Ars Electronica 2013, Linz, Austria 2013.
 * Joyce Award, The Joyce Foundation, Chicago, Illinois, United States 2012.
 * BAFTA British Academy Award for Interactive Art 2005, London, United Kingdom 2005.
 * Artist/Performer of the year, Wired Magazine Rave Awards, San Francisco, California, United States 2003.
 * Rockefeller-Ford Fellowship, New York City, New York, United States 2003.
 * Trophée des Lumiéres, Lyon, France 2003.
 * World Technology Network Award for the Arts, San Francisco, California, United States 2003.
 * BAFTA British Academy Award for Interactive Art 2002, London, United Kingdom 2002.
 * Gold Award, Interactive Media Design Review 2002, I.D. Magazine, United States 2002.
 * Interactive Art Distinction, Ars Electronica 2002, Linz, Austria 2002.
 * International Bauhaus Award 2002, 1st Prize, Dessau, Germany 2002.
 * Distinction, SFMOMA Webby Awards 2000, San Francisco, California, United States 2000.
 * Excellence Award, Media Arts Festival 2000, CG Arts, Tokyo, Japan 2000.
 * Finalist, Medienkunstpreis 2000, ZKM, Karlsruhe, Germany 2000.
 * Interactive Art Golden Nica, Ars Electronica 2000, Linz, Austria 2000.
 * Interactive Art Honorable Mention, Ars Electronica 1998, Linz, Austria 1998.
 * Best Installation, Interactive Digital Media Awards 1996, Toronto, Ontario, Canada 1996.
 * 2nd Prize, Cyberstar, Köln, Germany, June 1995.
 * Interactive Art Honorable Mention, Ars Electronica 1995, Linz, Austria 1995.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Rafael Lozano-Hemmer


text:
Lamar River

The Lamar River is a tributary of the Yellowstone River, approximately 40 mi long, in northwestern Wyoming in the United States. The river is located entirely within Yellowstone National Park.

History
Prior to the 1884–85 Geological Survey of the park, the Lamar was known as the East Fork of the Yellowstone River. During that survey, Geologist Arnold Hague named the river for L.Q.C. (Lucius Quintius Cincinnatus) Lamar, then Secretary of the Interior (March 1885 – January 1888), and a former slaveholder and author of the Mississippi Ordinance of Secession. The Lamar Valley, or the Secluded Valley of Trapper Osborne Russell and other park features or administrative names which contain Lamar are derived from this original naming.

Osborne Russell in his 1921 Journal of a Trapper described the Lamar as follows: "Chapter-VI-In the Yellowstone Country-A Garden of Eden Inhabited By a Small Party of Snake Indians - On the 28th [July 1834] we crossed the mountain in a westerly direction through the thick pines and fallen timber, about twelve miles, and encamped in a small prairie about a mile in circumference. Through this valley ran a small stream in a northerly direction, which all agreed in believing to be a branch of the Yellowstone. 29th-We descended the stream about fifteen miles through the dense forest and at length came to a beautiful valley about eight miles long and three or four wide, surrounded by dark and lofty mountains. The stream, after running through the center in a northwesterly direction, rushed down a tremendous canyon of basaltic rock apparently just wide enough to admit its waters. The banks of the stream in the valley were low and skirted in many places with beautiful cottonwood groves. Here we found a few Snake Indians comprising six men, seven women and eight or ten children, who were the only inhabitants of the lonely and secluded spot."

In 1869, the Cook–Folsom–Peterson Expedition encountered the Lamar River (East Fork) just upstream from the canyon section flowing into the Yellowstone and traveled upstream to the confluence of Calfee Creek where they camped on September 16, 1869.

Location and tributaries
It rises in the Absaroka Range, on the eastern edge of the park, and flows northwest through the northeast corner of the park. It is joined by many tributary streams, including Soda Butte Creek and Slough Creek and joins the Yellowstone near Tower Junction, below the Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone. The river flows through a portion of the park hit hard by the 1988 wildfires.

Angling
The Lamar River, with its tributaries is a popular destination for fly fishing in Yellowstone Park. The access is very easy and the cutthroat fishing is some of the best in the world. There are some rainbow trout in the river below the road bridge, but the primary fishing throughout the drainage is for Yellowstone cutthroat trout. Cutthroat trout in the Lamar offer good dry fly fishing with heavy hatches of caddis, pale morning duns, and large Green Drakes in July. Terrestrials are prominent in late summer. The Lamar and its tributaries are not usually fishable until about the second week of July, because of high water, so check conditions by contacting local fly stores. The National Park Service has made frequent changes to the regulations for the Lamar and for its tributaries including Slough Creek and Soda Butte, and in 2018 has made significant new changes. Anglers are now required to kill all non-native fish, including rainbow trout, brook trout, and identifiable rainbow/cutthroat hybrids throughout the Lamar drainage. On page 14 of the 2018 regulations they still say that if it has a red slash put it back, but that is clearly superseded by the region specific requirement that if a fish landed in the Lamar drainage is clearly identifiable as a hybrid then it must be killed, even if it has a red slash, with the caveat that "if you don't know, let it go." Another significant change to the Park-wide fishing regulations is that felt soles are no longer permitted on waders. Other Park-wide regulations, that continue from previous years, are that barbed hooks, lead weights, lead split shot, and live bait are banned.

Wildlife
Along the river, there are pronghorn, bison, and bear within the area of the Lamar River Valley. Around the world, it is one of the most consistent environments to view wolves. There are two famous wolf packs in the area. The Lamar Canyon and Junction Butte wolf packs inhabit the area along the Lamar River. and is widely known as one of the best places in Yellowstone National Park to view wildlife, especially grizzly bears and wolves. Three locations in the valley—Soda Butte, Crystal Creek and Rose Creek were the sites for the 1995 re-introduction of wolves into Yellowstone. Birds in the area include osprey and bald eagle. The area along the Lamar River is often referred to as America's Serengeti.

Hiking
The Lamar River Trail is a seven mile long round-trip hiking trail. The trail's hiking difficulty is easy and the trip can be completed in one day. Along this trail, it is possible to see the extensive wildlife habitat the area has to offer. Even if one does not hike the entire trail, even only when hiking a few miles you will be near herds of bison along the trail. There are two great campsites, 3L1 and 3L2, along the trail within the area near Cache Creek. However, campsite 3L2 can be hard to access in the spring when the Lamar River is high, as it requires a ford in order to reach it. Along the upper sections of the trail one can find outfitters offering guided trips on horseback to go deep into the wilderness.

title: Lamar River


text:
Uncertain (EP)

Uncertain is the first EP by the Irish band the Cranberries. The EP was released in the autumn of 1991, with the band having previously released cassette EPs under the name The Cranberry Saw Us. Uncertain was released by Island under the Xeric Records name on both CD and 12" vinyl formats. Approximately 5,000 total copies of Uncertain were produced. Guitarist Noel Hogan said of the album that Gilmore "cluttered the mixes with dance beats and industrial-style guitar", which resulted from a conflictual relationship between the group and Gilmore. The EP did not chart.

An unreleased music video was made for the main theme "Uncertain"; a brief part of the clip was included on their DVD compilation, Stars: The Best of 1992–2002. The unedited complete video clip appeared for the first time on YouTube on 14 April 2020, and shows a young Dolores O'Riordan, with her brother Brendan and his daughter Cora, recalling her days as a child in an Irish forest.

Television performance
After the release of 'Uncertain', The Cranberries appeared on the Irish television show "On The Waterfront" which was hosted by Robert Arkins and Felim Gormley from The Commitments. They performed "Linger", which was recorded and was broadcast in 1992.

title: Uncertain (EP)


text:
Roche (disambiguation)

Roche (F. Hoffmann–La Roche) is a Swiss healthcare company.

Roche may also refer to:

Companies

 * Roche Diagnostics, a division of F. Hoffmann–La Roche
 * Roche Applied Science, a business group of Roche Diagnostics
 * The Roche Group, an Australian property development company established by Imelda and Bill Roche in 2000

France

 * Roche, Isère, in the Isère department
 * Roche, Loire, in the Loire department
 * Roches, Creuse, in the Creuse department
 * Roches, Loir-et-Cher, in the Loir-et-Cher department

Switzerland

 * Roche, Vaud, in the Aigle district, canton of Vaud
 * Roches, Switzerland, a village in the canton of Bern

United Kingdom

 * Roche, Cornwall
 * Roche Abbey, South Yorkshire, England

United States

 * Roche de Bout, a rock formation in the Maumee River near the town of Waterville, Ohio, in Farnsworth Metropark

Further afield

 * Roche (crater), a crater on the Moon

People

 * Roche (surname)
 * Roche baronets, baronetcy of Great Britain
 * Roche Braziliano, Dutch buccaneer
 * The Roches, Irish-American singer-songwriter group of siblings

Science and mathematics

 * Roche limit (also known as the "Roche radius"), a concept in celestial mechanics
 * Roche lobe, a concept in celestial mechanics
 * Roche (spider), a spider genus in the family Ochyroceratidae
 * Rouché's theorem

Other uses

 * Roch (disambiguation)
 * Rivière des Roches (disambiguation)
 * Roche convention, a defense against a one notrump (1NT) opening in contract bridge
 * Ruché, an Italian wine grape

title: Roche (disambiguation)


text:
Wes Bentley

Wes Bentley (born September 4, 1978) is an American actor. He is best known for his roles as Ricky Fitts in American Beauty (1999), which earned him a nomination for the BAFTA Award for Supporting Actor; Seneca Crane in The Hunger Games (2012); Doyle in Interstellar (2014); Erik in Mission: Impossible – Fallout; and Jamie Dutton in Yellowstone. He was one of four subjects in the documentary My Big Break (2009), which covered his fame after American Beauty and his subsequent struggles with substance abuse. Rebuilding his career, he starred in the premiere of Venus in Fur by David Ives in the off-Broadway production in 2010. Other film roles include The Four Feathers (2002), Ghost Rider (2007), P2 (2007), and Pete's Dragon (2016).

He began appearing in the FX anthology series American Horror Story in 2014, playing Edward Mordrake in Freak Show. In 2015, he starred as Detective John Lowe in Hotel, for which he received a Critics' Choice Television Award nomination. The following year, he played Dylan (the actor who plays Ambrose White in My Roanoke Nightmare) in the series' sixth cycle, subtitled Roanoke. In 2018, Bentley began starring in the Paramount Network original television series Yellowstone.

Early life
Bentley was born in Jonesboro, Arkansas, and raised in Little Rock, the third of four sons of Cherie Baker and David Bentley. His father is a minister, and his mother is a chaplain and ordained elder in the Arkansas Conference, both in the United Methodist denomination. His grandfather was an evangelical minister. He is of German, Scottish, and English descent.

In 1996, he graduated from Sylvan Hills High School in Sherwood, Arkansas. He attended the Juilliard School's Drama Division as part of its Group 29 (1996–2000) but left the school after one year to pursue his acting career.

Career
Bentley has starred in several films, including the Oscar-winning American Beauty, The Four Feathers, P2, and Ghost Rider. He starred in the thriller Dolan's Cadillac, based on the short story by Stephen King, and There Be Dragons by director Roland Joffé. Bentley is one of the main subjects in the documentary My Big Break, directed by Tony Zierra, which follows Bentley and three of his former roommates, Chad Lindberg, Brad Rowe and Greg Fawcett, as they pursue their dream to become successful actors in Hollywood. In Ghost Rider (2007), Bentley played Blackheart, a demonic being that served as the main antagonist.

In 2010, he starred opposite Nina Arianda in the premiere of the David Ives play Venus in Fur off-Broadway at the Classic Stage Company in New York City. The production later moved to Broadway, with Hugh Dancy in the role debuted by Bentley.

In March 2012, Bentley had a supporting role in the blockbuster movie The Hunger Games, playing gamemaker Seneca Crane. In 2012, Bentley starred in the indie feature 3 Nights in the Desert, directed by Gabriel Cowan.

Bentley and Scott Speedman starred in a pilot episode for a planned HBO series created by Ryan Murphy, Open, but the series was not picked up. The following year, Bentley guest starred in Murphy's FX series American Horror Story for its fourth season, Freak Show. In 2015, he was promoted to the main cast for the fifth season, Hotel, starring as Detective John Lowe. In 2016, he played a main role in the sixth season, Roanoke. Since 2018, he has played Jamie Dutton on Paramount Network's Yellowstone.

On Jimmy Kimmel Live! on December 9, 2022, Bentley said he turned down the role of Spider-Man, a role later offered to Tobey Maguire.

Personal life
Bentley was married to actress Jennifer Quanz from 2001 to 2009. They divorced in 2009, reportedly due to his substance abuse. He married producer Jacqui Swedberg in 2010, and their son was born in 2010 and their daughter in 2014.

In a New York Times article on February 8, 2010, he described his descent into drug addiction that began almost immediately after his success in American Beauty. He said he hid his addiction from his wife; they separated in 2006, and he moved to an apartment where he began doing drugs full-time. During this time, he worked sporadically, just enough to pay bills and buy drugs. His addiction began to cause problems on the sets of the films P2 and Weirdsville. In 2008, he was arrested and ordered into counseling and 12-step programs. He relapsed, however, and "continued using heroin until he was broke".

In July 2009, he said, he confessed to a friend, "I'm a drug addict, and an alcoholic, and I need help. I need help or I'm going to die". He again entered a 12-step program and, while clean since then, considers himself on the path to recovery.

The documentary My Big Break (2009) captures Bentley's early life as an unknown actor, his sudden fame after American Beauty, his subsequent emotional struggle with fame, and his admission years later that he was recovering from an addiction to drugs and alcohol. He began to rebuild his career by starring in the Off-Broadway premiere of the play Venus in Fur by David Ives.

title: Wes Bentley


text:
Chuan

Chuan may refer to:

 * Quan, a Chinese surname
 * Chuan (food), a food originating in Xinjiang
 * Abbreviation for Sichuan

title: Chuan


text: Talk:The Slackers

title: Talk:The Slackers


text:
Mark Brandenburg (baseball)

Mark Clay Brandenburg (born July 14, 1970) is an American former middle-relief pitcher in Major League Baseball who played from 1995 through 1997 for the Texas Rangers (1995–96) and Boston Red Sox (1996–97). Brandenburg batted and threw right-handed. Listed at 6' 0", 180 lb., he was selected by the Texas Rangers in the 1992 draft out of Texas Tech.

In a three-season career, Brandenburg posted a 5–8 record with a 4.49 earned run average, 121 strikeouts, 56 walks, 144 ⅓ innings, and no saves, in 97 games pitched.

In July 2008, Brandenburg was inducted into the Texas Tech Athletics Hall of Fame.

His daughter, Ryan Kate, appeared on Season 3 of MasterChef Junior.

title: Mark Brandenburg (baseball)


text:
User:Alanz~enwiki

this is my page i'm still acquainting myself with how this works

title: User:Alanz~enwiki


text:
Norton Radstock

Norton Radstock is a former civil parish in the Bath and North East Somerset district, in the ceremonial county of Somerset, England, which covered the conurbation of Midsomer Norton, Radstock and Westfield. Created in 1933, the parish was abolished in 2011 and replaced by three smaller parishes.

The conurbation is 8 mi south west of Bath, and the same distance north west of Frome. It had a population of 21,325 at the 2001 census. Besides the towns of Midsomer Norton and Radstock, and the parish of Westfield, the parish encompassed the smaller settlements of Clandown, Haydon, Welton and Writhlington.

Norton Radstock was twinned with Ambarès-et-Lagrave in France from September 1982.

Governance
The parish was created on 1 April 1933 from Midsomer Norton, Radstock, Writhlington and Kilmersdon. The Norton-Radstock urban district was created on 1 April 1933 by the merger of Midsomer Norton and Radstock urban districts, along with part of Frome Rural District and contained the parish of Norton Radstock. Under the Local Government Act 1972 it became a successor parish to the urban district on 1 April 1974.

A 2009 petition by Midsomer Norton residents to Bath and North East Somerset Council triggered a governance review which resulted in the creation of separate town councils for Midsomer Norton and Radstock, and a parish council for Westfield, all effective 1 April 2011.

Norton Radstock was governed by the unitary authority of Bath and North East Somerset Council and by Norton Radstock Town Council, which elected 14 councillors across the four wards of Midsomer Norton North, Midsomer Norton Redfield, Radstock and Westfield. It was part of the North East Somerset constituency, which elects a Member of Parliament to the House of Commons.

title: Norton Radstock


text:
F connector

The F connector (also F-type connector) is a coaxial RF connector commonly used for "over the air" terrestrial television, cable television and universally for satellite television and cable modems, usually with RG-6/U cable or with RG-59/U cable.

The F connector was invented by Eric E. Winston in the early 1950s while working for Jerrold Electronics on their development of cable television. In the 1970s, it became commonplace on VHF, and later UHF, television antenna connections in the United States, as coaxial cables replaced twin-lead. It is now specified in IEC 61169-24:2019.

Description
The F connector is an inexpensive, gendered, threaded, compression connector for radio frequency signals. It has good 75 Ω impedance match for frequencies well over 1 GHz and has usable bandwidth up to several GHz.

Connectors mate using a 3/8-32UNEF thread. The female connector has a socket for the center conductor and external threads. The male connector has a center pin, and a captive nut with internal threads.

The design allows for low-cost construction, where cables are terminated almost exclusively with male connectors. The coaxial cable center conductor forms the pin, and cable dielectric extends up to the mating face of the connector. Thus, the male connector consists of only a body, which is generally crimped onto or screwed over the cable shielding braid, and a captive nut, neither of which require tight tolerances. Push-on versions are also available.

Female connectors are typically used on bulkheads or as couplers, often being secured with the same threads as for the connectors. They can be manufactured as a single piece, with center sockets and dielectric, entirely at the factory where tolerances can easily be controlled.

This design is sensitive to the surface properties of the inner conductor (which must be solid wire, not stranded).

Weatherproofing
The F connector is not weatherproof. Neither the threads nor the joint between male connector body and captive nut provide a water-tight seal. However, male connectors are commonly enhanced with an o-ring (of about 7mm) inside the captive nut. This seals between the mating faces of both connectors, providing some protection for the center conductor.

Alternatively, waterproof versions or enclosures are recommended for outside use (for example, on antennas). Corrosion resistance, reliability of connector electrical conduction and water resistance can be improved by coating all bare copper wires and the connectors themselves with silicone grease.

Usage
The cable and satellite television entities (as a near standard practice) use compression fittings with F connectors on customer premises. In Europe, block down-converted satellite signals (950–2150 MHz) from LNBs and DC power and block signalling from satellite receivers are near exclusively passed through F connectors.

Flex F connectors
Push-on (aka Flex) F connectors provide poorer shielding against microwave signals of high field strength. This leakage problem is more an artifact of bent or partly broken push on connectors, but is mostly not observed with compression connectors. Nearby television, FM radio, mobile & cordless phones, government radiolocation (54–1,002 MHz) transmitters can potentially interfere with a CATV or DTH Satellite reception or operation if the Flex connector is poorly installed.

title: F connector


text:
Talk:Cracker (socio-demographic)

Regarding the following sentence:

Although the term is usually considering disparaging, some groups have adopted the term as one of pride (c.f., "nigger" and "pig" for similar phenomena).

I'm unsure why pig has been used an example here. There is nothing on the pig page that discusses this usage, and I'm thinking it's because there's probably not really a good example of the implied usage.

Any comments or explanations?

-9

Text removal
Despite this usage, the use of the word "cracker" in the racial sense is a prosecutable offense under the Florida Hate Crimes statute.

Are you sure? This seems like it would conflict with the first amendment. Please clarify. [[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 19:55, 29 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * "Contempt of court" seems like it would conflict with the first amendment as well. Limitations on constitutionally-guaranteed freedoms are abundant in the United States.  Almost every guaranteed right that Americans have, has an "except when" attatched to it.  For example, we have freedom of speach "except when" it might encourage someone to break the law, "except when" we are expressing our displeasure with the American legal system within a courtroom context, "except when" it may insight violence, "except when"... I think you get my point.  The recent USA PATRIOT act of 2001 CE is also a perfect example of adding "except when"s to the Constitution.  It's a common practice in the United States.  Many US Supreme Court decisions, such as the most recent which gives police the right to arrest people who withhold their names, are completely contradictory to the Constitution -- in this case, the 4th Ammendment.

title: Talk:Cracker (socio-demographic)


text:
Radstock

Radstock is a town and civil parish on the northern slope of the Mendip Hills in Somerset, England, about 9 mi south-west of Bath and 8 mi north-west of Frome. It is within the area of the unitary authority of Bath and North East Somerset. The Radstock built-up area had a population of 9,419 at the 2011 Census.

Radstock has been settled since the Iron Age, and its importance grew after the construction of the Fosse Way, a Roman road. The town grew after 1763, when coal was discovered in the area. Large numbers of mines opened during the 19th century, including several owned by the Waldegrave family, who had been Lords of the Manor since the Civil War. Admiral Lord Radstock, brother of George, fourth Earl Waldegrave, took the town's name as his title when created a Baron.

The spoil heap of Writhlington colliery is now the Writhlington Site of Special Scientific Interest, which includes 3,000 tons of Upper Carboniferous spoil from which more than 1,400 insect fossil specimens have been recovered. The complex geology and narrow seams made coal extraction difficult. Tonnage increased throughout the 19th century, reaching a peak around 1901, when there were 79 separate collieries and annual production was 1,250,000 tons per annum. However, due to local geological difficulties and manpower shortages, output declined and the number of pits reduced from 30 at the beginning of the 20th century to 14 by the mid-thirties; the last two pits, Kilmersdon and Writhlington, closed in September 1973. Manufacturing industries such as printing, binding and packaging provide some local employment. In recent years, Radstock has increasingly become a commuter town for the cities of Bath and Bristol.

Radstock is home to the Radstock Museum which is housed in a former market hall, and has a range of exhibits which offer an insight into north-east Somerset life since the 19th century. Many of the exhibits relate to local geology and the now disused Somerset coalfield. The town is also home to Writhlington School, famous for its Orchid collection, and a range of educational, religious and cultural buildings and sporting clubs.

History
Radstock has been settled since the Iron Age. Its importance grew with the construction of the Fosse Way, the Roman road that ran along what is now part of the A367 in Radstock. As a result, the town was known as Stoche at the time of the Domesday Book of 1086, meaning the stockade by the Roman road, from the Old English stoc. The rad part of the name is believed to relate to red; the soil locally is reddish marl. The parish of Radstock was part of the Kilmersdon Hundred,

The Great Western Railway, and the Somerset and Dorset Railway, established stations and marshalling yards in the town. Radstock was the terminus for the southern branch of the Somerset Coal Canal, which was turned into a tramway in 1815. It then became a central point for railway development, with large coal depots, wash houses, workshops and a gas works. As part of the development of the Wiltshire, Somerset and Weymouth Railway, an 8 mi line from Radstock to Frome was built to carry the coal. In the 1870s the broad-gauge line was converted to standard gauge and connected to the Bristol and North Somerset Line which linked the town to the Great Western Railway. The Radstock Railway Land covers the old marshalling yards and sheds and comprises an area of approximately 8.8 hectares of land which is the subject of ongoing planning and development applications to redevelop the area.

The town is close to the site of the Radstock rail accident, a rail crash that took place on the Somerset and Dorset Joint Railway, on 7 August 1876. Two trains collided on a single track section, resulting in the deaths of 15 passengers.

The last passenger train services in Radstock closed in 1966, and the last coal mines closed in 1973. Manufacturing industries such as printing, binding and packaging provide some local employment. More recently Radstock has become a commuter town for the nearby cities of Bath and Bristol, leading to traffic problems at peak hours.

Coal mining
In 1763, coal was discovered in Radstock and mining began in the area. In, 1896 the pits were owned by the Trustee of Frances, late Countess of Waldegrave. The Waldegrave family had been Lords of the Manor of Radstock since the English Civil War. Between 1800 and 1850, Ludlows, Middle Pit, Old Pit, Smallcombe, Tynings, and Wellsway mines opened. There were also a series of pits east of the town at Writhlington and under different ownership. In 1896, they were owned by Writhlington, Huish and Foxcote Colliery Co.; however, following an acrimonious dispute about the terms and conditions of the miners in 1899, a new company, Writhlington Collieries Co., was set up to run the mines. The Upper and Lower Writhlington, Huish and Foxcote were all merged into one colliery. The spoil heap is a now Writhlington Site of Special Scientific Interest. The site and includes 3,000 tons of Upper Carboniferous spoil from which more than 1,400 insect fossils have been recovered. These include Phalangiotarbida, and Graeophonus. and the world's earliest known Damselfly. It is a Geological Conservation Review Site.

The complex geology and narrow seams made the coal extraction difficult; three underground explosions, in 1893, 1895 and 1908, were amongst the first attributable solely to airborne coal dust.

Tonnage increased throughout the 19th century, reaching a peak around 1901, when there were 79 separate collieries and annual production was 1.25 million tons per annum. However, due to local geological difficulties and manpower shortages, decline soon took hold and the number of pits reduced from 30 at the beginning of the 20th century to 14 by the mid-thirties, 12 at nationalisation to create National Coal Board on 1 January 1947, 5 by 1959 and none after 1973. Narrow seams made production expensive, limiting profit and investment, and a reduced national demand together with competition from more economical coalfields led to the closure of the last two pits in the coalfield, Kilmersdon and Writhlington, in September 1973.

Governance
In 2011, Radstock gained a town council. Until then, the town was part of the Norton Radstock civil parish, which was created in 1974 as a successor to the Norton-Radstock Urban District, itself created in 1933 by the merger of Midsomer Norton and Radstock urban districts, along with part of Frome Rural District. Under the Local Government Act 1972 it became a successor parish to the urban district.

Radstock is administered by the unitary authority of Bath and North East Somerset and by Radstock Town Council.

The area is within the North East Somerset UK Parliament constituency, which covers all parts of the Bath and North East Somerset district outside Bath. Prior to Brexit in 2020, it was in the South West England constituency of the European Parliament.

Geography
The main geological feature in this area of the Mendip Hills south of Hallatrow consists of Supra-Pennant Measures which includes the upper coal measures and outcrops of sandstone. The southern part of the Radstock Syncline have coals of the Lower and Middle Coal Measures been worked, mainly at the Newbury and Vobster collieries in the southeast and in the New Rock and Moorewood pits to the southwest. The Hercynian orogeny caused shock waves in the rock as the Mendip Hills were pushed up, forcing the coal measures to break along fractures or faults. Along the Radstock Slide Fault the distance between the broken ends of a coal seam can be as much as 1500 ft.

Radstock lies on the Wellow Brook which then runs through Wellow to join the Cam Brook at Midford to form Midford Brook before joining the River Avon close to the Dundas Aqueduct and the remains of the Somerset Coal Canal. The base of the valley is of alluvium deposits. Above this on both sides of all of the valley is a band of shales and clays from the Penarth Group. These rocks are from the Triassic period. The majority of the remaining upland around Radstock is Lias Limestone (white and blue) while the very highest part above 130 m, south of Haydon, is a small outcrop of Inferior Oolitic Limestone. All these limestones are from the Jurassic period. The steepest slopes of both the Kilmersdon and Snail's Bottom valleys have frequently slipped. Below all of the area is the coal bearing Carboniferous strata. Haydon is an outlier of Radstock and was built to house the miners for the local pit. The disused railway line and inclined railway at Haydon form important elements within the Kilmersdon valley east of Haydon. The modern landscape has a less maintained and "rougher" character and texture than neighbouring agricultural areas. This is caused in the main by the remnants of the coal industry and its infrastructure and changes in agricultural management. The disturbance caused by coal mining and the railways and the subsequent ending of mining and disuse of the railways has created valuable habitats of nature conservation interest.

Along with the rest of South West England, Radstock has a temperate climate, which is generally wetter and milder than the rest of England. The annual mean temperature is about 10 °C (50 °F) with seasonal and diurnal variations, but because of the modifying effect of the sea, the range is less than in most other parts of the United Kingdom. January is the coldest month, with mean minimum temperatures between 1 °C (34 °F) and 2 °C (36 °F). July and August are the warmest months in the region, with mean daily maxima around 21 °C (70 °F). In general, December is the dullest month and June the sunniest. The southwest of England enjoys a favoured location, particularly in summer, when the Azores High extends its influence north-eastwards towards the UK.

Cloud often forms inland, especially near hills, and reduces exposure to sunshine. The average annual sunshine is about 1,600 hours. Rainfall tends to be associated with Atlantic depressions or with convection. In summer, convection caused by solar surface heating sometimes forms shower clouds, and a large proportion of the annual precipitation falls from showers and thunderstorms at that time of year. Average rainfall is 800–900 mm (31–35 in). About 8–15 days of snowfall is typical. November to March have the highest mean wind speeds, and June to August having the lightest. The predominant wind direction is from the southwest.

Population
At the 2011 Census, Radstock parish had a population of 5,620. At that time the wider built-up area, defined by the Office for National Statistics to include the Westfield area south-west of the town, had a population of 9,419.

Transport
Radstock was the terminus for the southern branch of the Somerset Coal Canal, which was turned into a tramway in 1815 and later incorporated into the Somerset and Dorset Joint Railway. It then became a central point for railway development with large coal depots, warehouses, workshops and a gas works. As part of the development of the Wilts, Somerset and Weymouth Railway an 8 mi line from Radstock to Frome was built to carry the coal. In the 1870s the broad-gauge line was converted to standard gauge and connected to the Bristol and North Somerset Line connecting it to the Great Western Railway at Bristol; the GWR also took over the Wiltshire, Somerset and Weymouth Railway in 1876. The Bristol and North Somerset line closed to passenger traffic in 1959. The line is now the route of National Cycle Route 24, otherwise known as the Colliers' Way, a national cycle route which passes many landmarks associated with the coal field; other local roads and footpaths follow the tramways developed during the coal mining years. The cycle route currently runs from Dundas Aqueduct to Frome via Radstock, although it is intended to provide a continuous cycle route to Southampton and Portsmouth.

Radstock had a second railway station on the Somerset & Dorset Joint Railway extension to Bath, which closed to passengers in 1966. The stations were adjacent to each other in the centre of the town, and each had level crossings across the busy A367 road, causing long tailbacks at busy periods. The S&D line also carried substantial coal traffic. A spur from the Great Western line on to the S&D and continuing to Writhlington Colliery remained open for a few years after the railway's closure to passenger traffic, until the colliery closed in 1973. Today the nearest railway station is Bath Spa which is easily accessible via regular direct bus routes.

Radstock is situated on the A367 between Bath and Shepton Mallet, and on the A362 between Farrington Gurney and Frome, very close to the A37.

Memorial Gardens
Since the closure of the railways the railway land in the centre of the town stood empty for many years. Most prominent was a green space between the museum and brook which housed a dis-used pit wheel on a low steel frame, which many passers-by mistook for a spinning wheel. There had long been an aspiration to develop a memorial park or garden on the site to commemorate both the mining history of the town and to provide a new setting for the town's war memorial.

In 2001 a local practice of landscape architects, New Leaf Studio were commissioned by Bath & North East Somerset Council to develop proposals for the land. The first phase of the park, the Memorial gardens were then built for the Norton Radstock Town Council in 2005 to New leaf Studio's designs incorporating a new sculptural base for the old mine wheel by artist Sebastien Boyesen.

The new Memorial Gardens incorporate the war memorial which was moved from Victoria Square as part of the project. The planting employs a naturalistic style with broad drifts of herbaceous perennials and grasses providing colour through a long season, extending through the winter with dry stems and seed heads.

Museum

The Radstock Museum is housed in the town's former market hall. The museum has a range of exhibits which offer an insight into north-east Somerset life since the 19th century. The museum was originally opened in 1989 in barns in Haydon, and moved to its current site in the restored and converted Victorian Market Hall, a grade II listed building dating from 1897 which was opened on 10 July 1999 by Loyd Grossman. Many of the exhibits relate to the now disused local Somerset coalfield and geology. Other areas include aspects of local history including the school and shops, a forge, carpenter's shop and exhibits relating to agriculture. Artefacts and memorabilia of the Somerset Coal Canal, Somerset and Dorset and Great Western Railways are also on display.

Education
First schools for children up to 11 include St Mary's C of E Primary School, St Nicholas C of E Primary School and Trinity Primary School. In the neighbouring parish of Westfield lie Westfield Primary School and, for pupils with complex learning difficulties, Fosseway School.

Writhlington School in Radstock is a secondary school for pupils aged 11–18. It has specialist status as a Business and Enterprise College. The school has 1,242 pupils in both compulsory and sixth-form education. The school is notable for its orchid project, which includes the biggest collection of orchids outside Kew Gardens and has won numerous awards including a gold medal at the 2009 Chelsea Flower Show. The school has also won awards in business with its enterprise companies and was named the most enterprising school in England in 2006.

The town is served by the Somer Valley site of Bath College, a further education college in neighbouring Westfield.

Sport and leisure
Radstock has a Non-League football club Radstock Town F.C. who play at The Southfields Recreation Ground.

Media
The local free newspaper, the Midsomer Norton, Radstock & District Journal, has its offices in the town. The other local weekly paper is the Somerset Guardian, which is part of the Daily Mail and General Trust. The monthly magazine, the Mendip Times, also includes local features.

Local news and television programmes are provided by BBC West and ITV West Country. Television signals are received from the Mendip TV transmitter.

The town is served by the local radio stations: BBC Radio Somerset on 95.5 FM, Heart West on 102.6 FM, Greatest Hits Radio South West on 102.4 FM and Somer Valley FM, a community based station which broadcast on 97.5 FM and also online.

Religious sites
Radstock contains four churches, united under the umbrella of "Churches together in Radstock". There are frequent interfaith unity services in the town.

The Anglican parish church of St Nicholas has a west tower dating from the 15th century. The rest of the church was rebuilt in 1879 in Geometric style, by William Willcox. It is Grade II listed.

Radstock Methodist Church was formed in 1842 but the present building opened in 1902. It was damaged by a fire in 2004, and reopened in 2005. Radstock Baptist Church, situated on Wells Hill, was founded in 1844.

Radstock was one of the missions established in 1913 by the Downside community. A temporary building of thin wooden beams and asbestos blocks was erected in 1913, and dedicated to St Hugh. Its altar rails and benches came from Prior Park. Dom Mackey was succeeded in 1918 by Dom Ambrose Agius, who acquired a disused printing works, formerly a barn and converted it into the present church in Westfield, which opened in 1929. It was rebuilt after a serious fire in 1991. It has a statue of the patron on its façade. St Hugh's church closed and was converted to private housing in 2018.

Radstock is also home to a Jehovah's Witness Kingdom Hall.

Notable people

 * William Blacker (1843–1913), Australian politician
 * L. J. F. Brimble (1904–65), botanist and editor of Nature magazine.
 * Frank Coombs (1906–1941), English painter and architect
 * Alick Grant (1916–2008), footballer for Aldershot, Leicester City, Derby County, Newport County and York City.
 * Bill Hyman (1875–1959), Somerset County cricketer.
 * Ernest Hyman (1904–1927), Yeovil Town footballer.
 * Frank Pratten (1886–1941), founder of F. Pratten and Co Ltd, manufacturer of prefabricated classrooms and other buildings.

title: Radstock


text:
Sussex County

Sussex County may refer to:

Australia

 * Sussex County, Western Australia

United States

 * Sussex County, Delaware
 * Sussex County, New Jersey
 * Sussex County, Virginia
 * Sussex County, New York

England

 * Sussex, also known as "the County of Sussex"
 * Royal Sussex County Hospital in Brighton (sometimes informally referred to as the Sussex County)

title: Sussex County