text:
HMS Kent (D12)

HMS Kent was a batch-1 County-class destroyer destroyer of the Royal Navy. She and her sisters were equipped with the Sea Slug Mk-1 medium-range surface-to-air missile SAM system, along with the short-range Sea Cat SAM, two twin 4.5-inch gun turrets, two single 20mm cannon, ASW torpedo tubes, and a platform and hangar that allowed her to operate one Wessex helicopter. The County class were large ships, with good seakeeping abilities and long range, and were ideal blue-water ships for their time.

Construction and design
Kent was one of two County-class destroyers ordered under the British Admiralty's 1956–57 shipbuilding programme. She was laid down at Harland & Wolff's Belfast shipyard on 1 March 1960 and launched by Princess Marina, Duchess of Kent on 27 September 1961. The ship was completed on 15 August 1963.

Kent was 521 ft long overall and 505 ft between perpendiculars, with a beam of 54 ft and a draught of 20 ft. Displacement was 6200 LT normal and 6800 LT deep load. The ship was propelled by a combination of steam turbines and gas turbines in a Combined steam and gas (COSAG) arrangement, driving two propeller shafts. Each shaft could by driven by a single 15000 shp steam turbine (fed with steam at 700 psi and 950 F) from Babcock & Wilcox boilers ) and two Metrovick G6 gas turbines (each rated at 7500 shp), with the gas turbines being used for high speeds and to allow a quick departure from ports without waiting for steam to be raised. Maximum speed was 30 kn and the ship had a range of 3500 nmi at 28 kn.

A twin launcher for the Seaslug anti-aircraft missile was fitted aft. The Seaslug GWS1 was a beam riding missile which had an effective range of about 34000 yd. Up to 39 Seaslugs could be carried horizontally in a magazine that ran much of the length of the ship. Close-in anti-aircraft protection was provided by a pair of Seacat missile launchers, while two twin QF 4.5 inch Mark V gun mounts were fitted forward. A helicopter deck and hangar allowed a single Westland Wessex helicopter to be operated.

A Type 965 long-range air-search radar and a Type 278 height-finding radar was fitted on the ship's mainmast, with a Type 992 surface/low level air search and target indication radar and an array of ESM aerials were mounted on the ship's foremast. Type 901 fire control radar for the Seaslug missile was mounted aft. Type 184 sonar was fitted.

Operational service
After her commissioning and work-up, Kent spent the balance of her career as an escort to the Royal Navy's aircraft carrier fleet. She deployed at various times with HMS Victorious (R38), HMS Eagle (R05), and HMS Hermes (R12) in the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans. She was hard worked throughout the 1960s, along with her batch-1 County sister ships, as they were the only guided missile-armed destroyers in the fleet until the latter half of the 1960s.

One role was as host ship for the Withdrawal from Empire negotiations in Gibraltar (citation needed). She suffered a fire during refitting in 1976 but was soon repaired and was present for the Silver Jubilee fleet review of 1977.

In the late 1960s all four of the batch-1 County-class vessels were planned to be upgraded with the superior Sea Slug Mk-2 system, but the upgrades were cancelled in 1967–68 because the amount of time the ships would be out of the operational fleet while being refitted. However, some batch-2 improvements were made during mid life refits, including upgrading the Seacat system from GWS21 to GWS22 and fitting Type 992Q target indicator radar instead of Type 992. Kent was refitted from June 1969 to December 1972.

Decommissioning and harbour service
Kent was decommissioned in the summer of 1980, after only 17 years of active service and became the replacement for HMS Fife (D20) and Fleet Training Ship (FTS), moored to the lower end of Whale Island outboard of the defunct support ship HMS Rame Head opposite Fountain Lake, Portsmouth Naval Base. At the beginning of the Falklands War, she was surveyed for possible recommissioning (her large size, helicopter deck and four 4.5-inch guns would have made her a good command and shore bombardment ship), but her two years of neglect left her in such a state that extensive repairs would be necessary to render her seaworthy, and no work was started. She spent 1982 through to 1984 as a live asset for artificer and mechanic training supporting HMS Collingwood (shore establishment) and HMS Sultan (shore establishment), her machinery largely in serviceable condition.

In 1984 she also became a harbour training ship for the Sea Cadet Corps. She was paid off from this in 1987 and became a training hulk at Portsmouth until stricken in 1993, though she lingered on, tied up to the same pier at Portsmouth Naval Base until 1996.

Kent was sold for scrap, and in 1998 she was towed to India to be broken up.

Commanding officers
Notable commanding officers include Iwan Raikes in 1968, Richard P Clayton between 1968 and 1969 and Jock Slater in 1976–1977.

title: HMS Kent (D12)


text:
HMS London (D16)

HMS London was a County-class destroyer destroyer of the Royal Navy.

Construction and design
London was one of two County-class destroyers ordered under the British Admiralty's 1956–57 shipbuilding programme. She was laid down at Swan Hunter's Wallsend, Tyne and Wear shipyard on 26 February 1960 and launched by Princess Alice, Duchess of Gloucester on 7 December 1961. The ship was completed on 14 November 1963.

London was 521 ft long overall and 505 ft between perpendiculars, with a beam of 54 ft and a draught of 20 ft. Displacement was 6200 LT normal and 6800 LT deep load. The ship was propelled by a combination of steam turbines and gas turbines in a Combined steam and gas (COSAG) arrangement, driving two propeller shafts. Each shaft could by driven by a single 15000 shp steam turbine (fed with steam at 700 psi and 950 F from Babcock & Wilcox boilers ) and two Metrovick G6 gas turbines (each rated at 7500 shp), with the gas turbines being used for high speeds and to allow a quick departure from ports without waiting for steam to be raised. Maximum speed was 30 kn and the ship had a range of 3500 nmi at 28 kn.

A twin launcher for the Seaslug anti-aircraft missile was fitted aft. The Seaslug GWS1 was a beam riding missile which had an effective range of about 34000 yd. Up to 39 Seaslugs could be carried horizontally in a magazine that ran much of the length of the ship. Close-in anti-aircraft protection was provided by a pair of Seacat missile launchers, while two twin QF 4.5 inch Mark V gun mounts were fitted forward. A helicopter deck and hangar allowed a single Westland Wessex helicopter to be operated.

A Type 965 long-range air-search radar and a Type 278 height-finding radar was fitted on the ship's mainmast, with a Type 992Q navigation radar and an array of ESM aerials were mounted on the ship's foremast. Type 901 fire control radar for the Seaslug missile was mounted aft. Type 184 sonar was fitted.

Early service
London commissioned at Swan Hunter's yard in Wallsend on 14 November 1963 under Captain J.C. Bartosik and was initially fully employed setting her armament to work, successfully firing her Sea Slug surface-to-air missile for the first time off Aberporth in April 1964. After working up, during which she entertained the Duke of Edinburgh on board, she crossed the Atlantic in September 1964. She visited Bermuda and Houston before joining a special squadron led by Vice-Admiral Sir Fitzroy Talbot on a round of visits to the South American part of his command. Passing through Panama, she visited Peru, Chile, Uruguay and Brazil before proceeding via Tristan da Cunha to Simonstown, where she spent Christmas. New Year's was spent at sea en route to Mauritius, where the ship's helicopter was used to build a TV mast. She then deployed to the Far East, visiting Hong Kong, Bangkok, Subic, Singapore and ports in Malaya. During this time she was part of a powerful fleet whose presence acted as a deterrent to President Sukarno of Indonesia's attempt to intimidate the infant Federation of Malaysia through 'Confrontation'. She then returned to the UK via Aden and assisted the Adrian Augusta adrift in the Red Sea before entering Suez, proceeding to Gibraltar, then Portsmouth and took part in Navy Days at Portsmouth in 1965.

More world travel
On Easter Monday 1969 London sailed for the Far East; she had onboard Admiral of the Fleet Sir Varyl Begg GCB., DSO., DSC. who was taking passage to take up his appointment as Governor and C-in-C Gibraltar. The ship sailed into Gibraltar on 17 April flying the flag of an Admiral of the Fleet. After that, she continued her passage, calling in at Simonstown and then onto Beira Patrol before heading for Gan and Singapore. She accordingly spent the period from June to late September in the South China Sea visiting Hong Kong, Manila and Subic Bay as well as spending two weeks in Japan as well as spells in her base port of Singapore. In September, she sailed in company with HMNZS Otago (F111), into New Zealand visiting Auckland, Gisborne where she led a group of ships celebrating Captain Cook's first landing in New Zealand in October 1769. After three days of exceptional hospitality, London sailed for Wellington and Lyttleton. She then crossed the Tasman Sea to Hobart and after that up to Melbourne, where the ship's company were pleased to experience the Gold Cup.

The ship spent two weeks in Sydney before steaming back to Singapore for Christmas and the New Year. She subsequently sailed across the Indian Ocean to carry out a short stint of Beira patrol; she then sailed round the Cape of Good Hope and on across the Atlantic to carry out Sea Slug missile firings in a tactical setting with the US Navy. A short visit to St Vincent and Puerto Rico allowed the ship's company a few days ashore before London headed back to Portsmouth, having completed an extremely busy 12 months. There ensued docking and repairing defects in Portsmouth before carrying out workup in October and visits to Greenock before Christmas leave, prior to sailing in early February 1971 for a nine-month tour of duty in the Mediterranean. This period allowed for a wonderful opportunity for cultural visits in Leghorn (for Pisa and Florence, Civitia Vecchia for Rome and Pompeii and Naples as well as Trieste from where a visit to Venice was possible). The ship called in at Crete for the 30th anniversary of the battle in May 1941. She also called in at Cyprus and Istanbul from where a trip round the Black Sea included a visit to Samsun. The ship gave station leave in Gibraltar and Naples; returning to Portsmouth in early November 1971. In 31 months she had carried out two deployments lasting 21 months, had spent six weeks working up between deployments as well as visits to Scotland and missile firing practice at Aberforth.

'Lasts and decommissioning
London was chosen to represent Great Britain for the celebrations in New York City for the American Bicentennial celebrations in July 1976. The crew went to great lengths to make the ship clean and 'ship-shape' for the visit, and London hosted several diplomatic and social functions while she was there. Her crew enjoyed an extended liberty period out on the town. London was the last ship to leave Malta when the Maltese government closed the base. She attended the 1977 Silver Jubilee Fleet Review off Spithead when she was part of the First Flotilla.

The ship was the last RN vessel capable of firing Mark 1 Sea Slug missiles,firing the last 17 Mk 1 seaslugs on 9 December 1981 as targets for HMS Cardiff and Glasgows Sea Darts and 4.5 shells as targets for HMS Brilliant. Seawolf and on the 10 December 1981, the ship had the distinction of being the ship that carried out the Navy's final twin turret broadside when all four of her 4.5 inch guns were fired at once

London was decommissioned in late December 1981 after completing a three-month deployment to the West Indies as Belize Guardship, during which her crew were involved in the granting of independence to Antigua.

Pakistan naval service
London was sold to Pakistan on 23 March 1982 and recommissioned Babur under Captain Mukhtar Azam. Babur was decommissioned from Pakistani service in 1993 and sold for scrap in 1995.

Commanding officers
Notable commanding officers include J C Bartosik between 1963-1966 and Ronald Forrest during 1970-1972.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: HMS London (D16)


text:
Flag of Vermont

The flag of the state of Vermont displays the coat of arms and motto of the U.S. state of Vermont ("Freedom and Unity") on a rectangular blue background. The Vermont General Assembly adopted this flag on June 1, 1923.

Multiple versions of the flag have been used throughout history. Originally, the flag was the flag of the Green Mountain Boys. It was then changed to look similar to the flag of the United States, with red and white stripes and a blue canton. It was changed again to be dissimilar to avoid confusion. Proposals have been considered to revert the flag to the Green Mountain Boys' design, but none have succeeded.

Symbolism
The flag consists of the state's coat of arms and motto on a field of azure. While the pine needle supporters of the coat of arms are represented throughout New England and symbolizes the small pine branches worn at the Battle of Plattsburgh near the end of the War of 1812, the pine tree in the middle of the coat of arms represents the Vermont forests. The cow and three sheaves of wheat represent the dairy and agriculture industries. The deer head on top represents Vermont's wildlife. The Green Mountains are in the background as well. The motto, "Freedom and Unity", is also used. The motto balances two different ideals, the freedom of the individual citizen, and the welfare of the common good.

History
There is no extant record of a design for an official Vermont flag prior to 1804, although Ira Allen's design—common to both the Great Seal of Vermont and the coat of arms of Vermont—dates to 1778. While an official government flag might not have existed prior to 1804, the Vermont militia—known as the Green Mountain Boys—was formed in 1770, and remaining accounts record use of the flag of the Green Mountain Boys as far back as 1777.

On May 1, 1804, the number of U.S. states rose to seventeen, and it was expected that the U.S. flag would change to 17 stars and 17 stripes. In anticipation, Vermont adopted the expected new U.S. flag design with the addition of the name "VERMONT" embroidered along the top. The U.S. flag did not add any stripes, resulting in the Vermont flag having more stripes than the national flag.

On October 20, 1837, Vermont changed its flag to a design based on the 13-stripe U.S. flag, but with the multiple stars of the blue canton replaced with a single large star surrounding Vermont's coat of arms. The flags based on these specifications varied in the number of points on the star (five and eight, with eight slightly more common), and the exact details of the center of the star (with either the Great Seal or the coat of arms being used).

During the American Civil War, the Spanish–American War and World War I, the Vermont militia fought under a banner composed of the coat of arms of Vermont on a blue field. This was essentially the same as the Vermont governor's flag, and very similar to the current state flag.

Because of confusion between the striped Vermont state flag and the U.S. flag, the design of the Vermont governor's flag was adopted as the official state flag on June 1, 1923.

Proposals have been considered to make the flag of the Green Mountain Boys' the state flag of Vermont, but none have succeeded.

title: Flag of Vermont


text:
Talk:Halictidae

Untitled
Can anyone help with formatting. I'm not very good with tables; can't see what's wrong here...Pollinator 15:52, 1 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * OK, I muddled my way through. Pollinator 22:13, 1 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Re: Nocturnal/crepuscular Halictidae Which species belong in this group? Goertz

nocturnal/crepuscular
There are numerous genera and dozens of species exhibiting this biology. The list of true nocturnal specialists (those with greatly enlarged ocelli) includes the Lasioglossum subgenus Sphecodogastra, and genera such as Megalopta, Megaloptidia, and Megommation. Dyanega 22:58, 26 April 2007 (UTC)

Taxonomy
An updated classification of the family can be found here: --Esculapio (talk) 16:10, 16 July 2010 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Halictidae. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20150926072617/http://mdc.mo.gov/discover-nature/field-guide/sweat-bees to http://mdc.mo.gov/discover-nature/field-guide/sweat-bees

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 10:04, 28 October 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Halictidae


text:
Oliwa forests

Oliwa forests (Lasy Oliwskie) is a forest located in the southern part of the Tricity Landscape Park in Gdańsk in northern Poland. The total area is 60 km2.

The forests belonged to the Cistercian monastery in Oliwa since the establishment of the monastery in 1188. Just after the First Partition of Poland, on November 1, 1772, the King of Prussia took over the forests. Today, the forest is managed by Nadleśnictwo Gdańsk (Gdańsk forestry), part of the Regional Directorate of State Forests in Gdańsk.

title: Oliwa forests


text:
Eastern Connecticut State University

Eastern Connecticut State University (Eastern, Eastern Connecticut, Eastern Connecticut State, or ECSU) is a public university in Willimantic, Connecticut. Founded in 1889, it is the second-oldest campus in the Connecticut State University System and third-oldest public university in the state. Eastern is located on Windham Street in Willimantic, Connecticut, on 182 acre 30 minutes from Hartford, lying midway between New York City and Boston. Although the majority of courses are held on the main campus, select classes take place at Manchester Community College, Capital Community College, and a satellite center in Groton.

Eastern Connecticut State University is a member of the Connecticut State Colleges & Universities.

History
The Connecticut General Assembly established the Willimantic State Normal School in 1889. As a normal school, the institution trained schoolteachers. The first class was of thirteen female students, who attended classes on the third floor of the Willimantic Savings Institute. The first male student entered in 1893.

In 1890, the Town of Windham deeded 6 acre to the State of Connecticut for the construction of a new campus for the school. The larger campus was completed in 1895. The first dormitory, Burr Hall, opened in September 1921. The institution was renamed Willimantic State Teachers College in 1937, after it began granting bachelor's degrees. The original Normal School building was destroyed in a fire and replaced by Shafer Hall, which was dedicated in 1946.

The State College created its first graduate program (in education) in 1953. After expanding its programs and campus, it became Eastern Connecticut State College in 1967, and Eastern Connecticut State University in 1983.

Academics
Academically, the university is organized into three schools, the School of Arts and Sciences, the School of Education and Professional Studies, and the School of Continuing Education. Graduate study programs offered through the School of Education and Professional Studies include Education, Teacher Certification, and Organizational Management.

Rankings
For 2024, U.S. News & World Report ranked Eastern tied for #69 out of 178 Regional Universities North, tied for #23 in Regional Universities North Top Public Schools, and #23  in Regional Universities North Best Value Schools.

Undergraduate admissions
In 2024, the university accepted 73.8% of undergraduate applicants, with those admitted having an average 3.4 GPA. The university does not require submission of standardized test scores, Eastern being a test optional school. Those submitting test scores had an average 980-1190 SAT score (62% submitting scores) or average 16-28  ACT score (2% submitting scores).

Institute for Sustainable Energy
The Institute for Sustainable Energy was opened in 2001 and focuses on sustainable energy education, serving as a source for sustainable energy information, assistance in sustainable energy policy making, and assistance in implementing sustainable energy solutions. The institute is located at 182 High Street. The current director is William Leahy.

In 2012 Eastern had a stationary phosphoric acid fuel cell, known as the PureCell System Model 400, installed on the west side of its Science Building. Eastern will use 100 percent of the energy produced by the fuel cell system to provide a majority of the power required for the Science Building, while maximizing the use of the heat output available. Under a 10-year Energy Services Agreement (ESA) with ClearEdge Power, the installation was made possible by a federal American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) grant through CEFIA.

Housing
87 percent of first-year students, and 60 percent of all full-time undergraduates live in college housing. The campus is separated into first-year halls and upperclassman halls. All students with sophomore status and higher are eligible to live in upperclassman halls. There are six first-year halls, five upperclassman halls and two sets of apartments.

Student organizations
Eastern offers more than 80 student organizations in which students can participate, including athletic, political, cultural, artistic and communication clubs. The campus newscast is ETV. The Student Government Association is the liaison between the student body and university administration and each residence hall has a student council that plans events and trips for hall residents.

Athletics
Eastern's sports teams are known as the "Warriors" and are represented by a logo depicting a shield superior to two crossed swords. The university is a member of the NCAA Division III, the Little East Conference and the Eastern College Athletic Conference. Men's varsity sports include baseball, basketball, cross country, lacrosse, soccer, and indoor and outdoor track and field. Women's varsity sports include basketball, cross country, field hockey, lacrosse, soccer, softball, swimming, indoor and outdoor track and field, and volleyball.

Intramural sports include men's and women's tennis league, co-ed indoor and outdoor soccer, co-ed dodgeball, men's and women's flag football, men's and women's volleyball, co-ed softball, ultimate frisbee league, men's and women's basketball league, co-ed floor hockey, wiffle ball tournament, golf. Club sports include competitive cheerleading, fencing club, football club, ice hockey club and rugby club.

The men's baseball team won the NCAA Division III national championship five times (1982, '90, '98, '02, '22). The women's softball team won national championships five times (1981 (AIAW Div. III), '82, '85, '86, and '90 − NCAA).

Campus
Eastern's campus, which is spread over 182 acre, is divided into three areas: South Campus, North Campus, and the University Sports Complex. South Campus is the historic part of the university and includes buildings such as Burr Hall, the school's first dormitory, which dates back to 1921. North Campus, the more modern part of the university, is home to the library, the fine arts instructional center, and the student center.

Notable alumni

 * Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie - Nigerian writer
 * Pat Boyd – Connecticut State Representative
 * Christopher D. Coutu - former Connecticut State Representative
 * William A. Cugno - former Adjutant General of the Connecticut National Guard
 * Edward Gaffney - Michigan State Representative
 * David W. Gay - former Adjutant General of the Connecticut National Guard
 * Camille Kostek - model including on the cover of Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue, television presenter, and actress
 * Victoria Leigh Soto - Sandy Hook Elementary School teacher killed in the massacre
 * Susan Wilson - New York Times bestselling author

title: Eastern Connecticut State University


text:
Top Secret (role-playing game)

Top Secret is an espionage-themed tabletop role-playing game written by Merle M. Rasmussen and first published in 1980 by TSR, Inc.

Top Secret (original edition)
The original version of Top Secret was designed by Merle M. Rasmussen, and allows players and gamemasters to build their own espionage story settings. The original boxed set of the game included a 64-page rule book and a sample adventure, "Operation: Sprechenhaltestelle". The TSR Product Code for the original boxed set is TSR-7006. The game was developed over a period of two years by Rasmussen and TSR editor Allen Hammack. As part of the playtesting for the game, a note about an imaginary assassination plot written on TSR stationery caused the FBI to come to investigate the offices of TSR Hobbies.

The Top Secret game is based exclusively on 10-sided dice. All character attributes and other statistics are percentiles; some scores are rolled, and some are derived from combinations of two or more other scores. Top Secret also features Areas of Knowledge, which function similarly to skills in more modern RPGs. Characters gain experience points and progress upward in level. The levels had relatively limited in-game effects (most significantly, gained experience points were divided by the character's level but the base mission pay was multiplied by the character's level). Characters could also improve statistics by spending experience points. Top Secret also featured Fame and Fortune points. These were the first game mechanics that players could use to alter game results, a concept that continues in many “storytelling” roleplaying games, such as Fate.

Top Secret characters are employed in specific bureaus—Assassination (Killing), Confiscation (Theft), or Investigation (Research)—all in the structure of an unspecified espionage agency. Despite a character's primary vocation, he may be called on to perform any type of mission. The in-game effect of a character's bureau was a 100-point experience bonus for mission objectives which fall within that bureau as well as bonus mission pay for those actions specific to the chosen bureau. An appendix in the rule book lists dozens of historical and fictional espionage organizations which could serve as employers or adversaries for missions.

An expansion to the game, The Top Secret Companion, introduced enhancements to many game components. It included additional character classes and missions, as well as new Areas of Knowledge and abilities. A revised combat system was introduced that sped up and provided more variety to combat results. New equipment and weapons were introduced as well.

Information supplements

 * Top Secret Administrator's Screen and Mini-Module. Corey Koebernick (1982). (Includes Operation: Executive One) ISBN 0-935696-79-2 (The agents must rescue the president, who is being held by a band of Canadian mercenaries in a haunted mansion).
 * Agent Dossiers (1983) ISBN 0880380705 (Character sheet pack).
 * TS007 - Top Secret Companion. Merle Rasmussen (1985). ISBN 0-88038-102-7 (Expanded rules and new equipment).

Mission modules

 * TS001 - Operation: Sprechenhaltestelle. Merle Rasmussen (1980). ISBN 0-935696-17-2, this module details a town on the border between East and West [the exact location is never specified] where secrets and subterfuge are everywhere).
 * TS002 - Operation: Rapidstrike!. Mike Carr (1982). ISBN 0-935696-57-1 (This module details a commando raid on an enemy complex to recover a kidnapped scientist).
 * TS003 - Lady In Distress. Mike Carr (1982). (This module's plot involved agents parasailing to rescue a hijacked cruise ship. The module's ship plans were based on the MS Achille Lauro, which was seized by PLO terrorists in 1985 and resulted in the murder of one passenger.)
 * TS004 - Operation: Fastpass. Philip Taterczynski (1983). ISBN 0-88038-011-X (This module details a defection at an international puzzle tournament being held behind the Iron Curtain).
 * TS005 - Operation: Orient Express. David Cook. ISBN 0-88038-041-1 (This module contains a series of 6 adventures set on trains in Europe and rules for creating similar adventures).
 * TS006 - Operation: Ace of Clubs. Merle Rasmussen (1984). ISBN 0-394-53464-6 (The agents investigate events at The Ace of Clubs, an exclusive resort and casino operated as a front by The Agency).
 * TS008 - Operation: Seventh Seal. Evan Robinson (1985). ISBN 0-88038-134-5 (The agents have to deal with a nuclear threat by an organization that uses Tarot Cards as code names).

Modules published in Dragon magazine

 * "The Missile Mission", Dragon no. 39. Mike Carr.
 * "Doctor Yes: The Floating Island Mission", Dragon no. 48 (April 1981). Merle Rasmussen, James Thompson.
 * "Mad Merc: The Alulu Island Mission", Dragon no. 56. Merle Rasmussen, James Thompson (1981).
 * "Chinatown: The Jaded Temple", Dragon no. 62. Jerry Epperson (1982).
 * "Wacko World", Dragon no. 79. Al Taylor. (The agents must investigate a theme park).
 * "Whiteout", Dragon no. 87. Merle Rasmussen (1984). (Suspicious incidents at an Antarctic research station require the agents to go undercover to investigate).

Modules published in Gygax magazine

 * "Operation Rendezvous Oasis", Gygax no. 4. Merle Rasmussen (2014).

Top Secret/S.I. edition
In 1987, TSR published Top Secret/S.I. ("Special Intelligence"), a revised edition designed by Douglas Niles. The TSR Product Code for the revised boxed set is TSR-7620. S.I. introduced a more structured gaming environment in which players worked as agents for secret intelligence agency ORION against its evil adversary, WEB. Later source books in the product line introduce both supernatural (Agent 13) and futuristic (F.R.E.E.Lancers) adventure settings. These settings introduced several recurring characters such as Sebastian Cord and Agent 13.

The Top Secret brand ceased production in 1992. TSR was purchased by Wizards of the Coast in 1997, which in turn was purchased by Hasbro in 1999.

Combat system
Top Secret/S.I. uses a fast, simple, unified combat system based upon a percentage roll.

The original Top Secret uses separate systems for Hand-to-Hand Combat (rock-paper-scissors) and Projectile Combat (two, ten-sided dice).

Combat is divided into 5 second rounds. If necessary, rounds are subdivided into 1 second “phases.” In each round, Weapon Possession and then Hand-to-Hand Combat are resolved first. In each phase, character movement follows Projectile Combat. Characters may move up to 15’ per phase. Weapon firing order is determined by each weapon’s speed and five categories of twenty eight condition modifiers (Drawing, Shooter’s Movement, Wounds, Aiming, and, for the initial round, Surprise Factor).

For Projectile Combat, a character's stats, skills, bonuses and penalties; their projectile weapon's properties; and the current combat conditions give the character a percentage chance of hitting a target. For each projectile fired, the shooting player rolls two ten-sided dice to give a number from one to one hundred (the first die result indicates the "tens," the second the "ones"). A result equal to or lower than the chance of hitting the target succeeds. The shooting player then rolls additional two ten-sided dice for each success to determine the target hit location. Finally, the shooting player rolls two ten-sided dice to determine damage for each success. With a damage roll, the first die indicates the type of wound (from "abrasion" to "internal damage") and the second indicates the seriousness of the wound (modified by the type of wound, resulting in one to twelve points of damage to the target's general hit points).

For Hand-to-Hand Combat, each combatant in each round chooses from seven combat types (weapon Possession, Untrained, Knife Fighting, Boxing, Sword Play, Judo, and Martial Arts). Each combat type allows the player to choose from a total of up to three attacks and defenses (combined). A combatant may only choose a combat type allowed by their Physical Education or Military Science Knowledge Level. Each combatant secretly chooses their attack(s) and defense(s) from their preferred combat type for that round. The combatants then simultaneously reveal their choices. The gamemaster interprets the combatants' attack and defense choices, looks up the result on the attack combat types' tables, and modifies the result by any object used as a hand-to-hand weapon (e.g., purse, boot, tape recorder, bolt cutter). On the martial arts table alone, there are twenty eight attack choices and fifteen defense choices.

Character sheets
Character sheets in Top Secret/S.I. resemble agent dossiers, and are intended to provide quick and easy reference to all a player's stats and skills. They also provide a detailed map of the ten possible hit spots of a character's body, and a blank portrait area for drawing or attaching a depiction of the character.

Box sets

 * Top Secret/S.I.. Douglas Niles, Warren Spector (1987). ISBN 0-88038-407-7
 * High Stakes Gamble. Douglas Niles, Bob Kern (1988). ISBN 0-88038-545-6

Accessory books

 * TSAC1 - G4 File: Guns, Gadgets & Getaway Gear. Merle Rasmussen (1987). ISBN 0-88038-474-3
 * TSAC2 - Agent 13 Source Book. Mark Acres (1988). ISBN 0-88038-478-6
 * TSAC3 - Covert Operations Sourcebook. John Prados (1988). ISBN 0-88038-479-4
 * TSAC4 - F.R.E.E. Lancers. Jeff Grubb (1988). ISBN 0-88038-565-0
 * TSAC5 - Commando. David Cook (1988). ISBN 0-88038-594-4
 * TSAC6 - Covert Operations Sourcebook Vol. 2. John Prados (1988). ISBN 0-88038-616-9
 * TSAC7 - F.R.E.E. America. Scott Bowles (1989). ISBN 0-88038-725-4

Mission modules

 * TS1 - Operation: Starfire. Tracy Hickman (1987). ISBN 0-88038-476-X
 * TS2 - The Doomsday Drop. Tracy Hickman (1988). ISBN 0-88038-480-8
 * TS3 - Orion Rising. (1988). ISBN 0-88038-575-8
 * TS4 - Commando Brushfire Wars. ISBN 0-88038-708-4
 * TSA1 - The Web. Caroline Spector (1990). ISBN 0-88038-820-X
 * TSA2 - The Final Weapon. Ray Winninger (1990). ISBN 0-88038-855-2
 * TSE1 - Web of Deceit. Bob Kern (1989). ISBN 0-88038-714-9
 * TSE2 - Sting of the Spider. Bob Kern (1989). ISBN 0-88038-732-7
 * TSE3 - Web Wars. Bob Kern (1989). ISBN 0-88038-765-3

Modules published in Dungeon magazine

 * "Operation: Fire Sale", Dungeon no. 26. John Terra.

Solo Operations Casebooks

 * The Final Bug. Jean Blashfield (1988). ISBN 0-88038-553-7
 * Foul Play at Fool's Summit. Troy Denning (1989). ISBN 0-88038-621-5 (Note: though this module has an ISBN, it was never actually released, as the Catacombs gamebook line was cancelled before its release.)

Novels
Five novels were published by TSR from various campaign settings from Top Secret/S.I. game.
 * Agent 13: The Midnight Avenger #1: The Invisible Empire by Flint Dille and David Marconi. ISBN 0-88038-281-3
 * Agent 13: The Midnight Avenger #2: The Serpentine Assassin Flint Dille and David Marconi. ISBN 0-88038-282-1
 * Double Agent: Acolytes of Darkness/Web of Danger by Flint Dille and David Marconi/Aaron Allston ISBN 0-88038-550-2
 * Double Agent: Royal Pain/The Hollow Earth Affair by Richard Merwin/Warren Spector ISBN 0-88038-551-0
 * Double Agent: The Hard Sell/Glitch! by Richard Merwin/David Cook ISBN 0-88038-589-8
 * F.R.E.E.Lancers by Mel Odom ISBN 0-7869-0113-6
 * F.R.E.E.Fall by Mel Odom ISBN 0-7869-0493-3

Comics
Two graphic novels based on the Pulp era setting were published.

 * Agent 13: The Midnight Avenger by Flint Dille, David Marconi, and Dan Spiegle ISBN 0-88038-581-2
 * Agent 13: Acolytes of Darkness (loosely based on the novel)

Agent 13
TSR published eight issues of 13: Assassin comic that featured stories set in the Agent 13 campaign setting bringing the story to a more modern era (1990s). The first six issues had a back-up story set in the Top Secret/S.I. setting (ORION vs. WEB) which seemed to take place at the end of the agency's covert war. Each issue also contained a miniature game and some issues included character stats for the role-playing game.

Warhawks
Warhawks was a four issue comic/module series that took the Top Secret/S.I. game to a time traveling setting where characters derive powers from tattoos. The four issues featured character stats and served as a campaign book in addition to the comic book adventures.

Top Secret: New World Order
In June 2017, Merle Rasmussen announced the release of a reboot entitled Top Secret: New World Order, a completely new iteration in the series. He had been running the game at conventions and events for two years prior to the release, adjusting the rules and user experience in real-time. The game has an updated rules system to appeal to more modern role-playing gamers.

The Kickstarter page for Top Secret: New World Order went live on June 27, 2017. The game began shipping to backers in March 2018.

Reception
In Issue 29 of Space Gamer, Jerry Epperson reviewed Top Secret and commented "I liked the game, despite its faults. The system is new enough that the situations will not become blase (as with other role-playing games) for months or years. And it would be a sound investment for any fans of the James Bond, Executioner, or Avenger stories. Others would be wise to stick with fantasy, if they cannot associate with the heroes of the present."

In Issue 67 of The Space Gamer, W.G. Armintrout compared Top Secret to rival spy role-playing games Espionage!, and Mercenaries, Spies and Private Eyes and commented "Top Secret is a good game, though I think both of the newer games slightly eclipse it. It has the best combat system of the three — being neither too simple nor too complicated — and the widest variety of 'fun' devices. Adventures are readily available for it. On the other hand, Top Secret is pretty lame when it comes to non-combat situations. If I were TSR, I'd be thinking about a new edition of the game to stay competitive."

Thomas M. Kane reviewed Top Secret/S.I. in White Wolf #9 (1988), rating it a 7 out of 10 (8 if there were no original Top Secret) and stated that "The Top Secret/S.I. game would be marvelous for anyone new to modern era role-playing and Top Secret veterans should also consider it, though not at the cost of ruining and established campaign. The game's few flaws can be corrected by an astute GM."

In his 1990 book The Complete Guide to Role-Playing Games, game critic Rick Swan called Top Secret "The first espionage RPG of any consequence" and thought the game "holds up amazingly well even a decade after its release." Swan admitted that most of the character generation system had been borrowed from Advanced Dungeons & Dragons, but thought this was overshadowed by the "gadgets galore" as well as "a first-rate combat system." Swan concluded by giving Top Secret a solid rating of 3 out of 4.

In the same book, Swan also reviewed Top Secret/S.I. and liked it even more than its predecessor, calling it "not only an improvement in every respect, it's also the best espionage RPG on the market, a masterful integration of elegant mechanics, evocative atmosphere, and sleek graphics." Swan concluded by giving Top Secret/S.I. a top grade of 4 out of 4, saying, "Beautifully packaged, meticulously organized, and thoroughly entertaining, Top Secret/S.I is a near-flawless balance of playability and realism. This is secret-agent role-playing at its streamlined best."

In a 1996 reader survey conducted by British games magazine Arcane to determine the top 50 role-playing games, Top Secret/S.I. was ranked 38th. Editor Paul Pettengale commented: "Top Secret is inspired more by The Man From U.N.C.L.E. and the lighter James Bond movies than real life. Players belong to an organisation of 'good guys' pitted against the 'bad guys' — a thinly veiled analogy of the Eastern Bloc. Gadgets and manners are more important than combat skills, and there are rarely nasty deaths."

title: Top Secret (role-playing game)


text:
Flag of Washington

The flag of Washington consists of the state seal, displaying an image of its namesake George Washington, on a field of dark green with gold fringe being optional. It is the only U.S. state flag with a field of green as well as the only state flag with the image of an American president. The secretary of state regulates flag protocol related to the state flag, as well approving replica flags for commercial sale and other standards related to the flag.

The flag was officially adopted on March 5, 1923, and has been a symbol of Washington ever since. Washington had achieved statehood in 1889, but did not have an official flag at the time. The Washington chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution designed the flag in 1915 and campaigned for its adoption by the Washington State Legislature in the early 1920s. The state flag has undergone minor revisions since its adoption, including the use of standardized colors in 1955 and a modernized seal in 1967.

History
Washington adopted its seal during the state constitutional convention on August 21, 1889, months prior to official admission as a U.S. state on November 11, 1889. While the new state did not have an official flag, a military flag displaying a gold profile of George Washington, the state's namesake, on blue bunting was used across the state at the turn of the 20th century and was first carried by the Washington Volunteer Infantry during the Philippine–American War in 1899. Another popular design was a purple or green flag bearing the state seal in gold.

In 1913, representative William J. Hughes of Whatcom County proposed the formation of a commission to adopt the state flag, consisting of the governor, secretary of state, and adjutant general. Governor Ernest Lister became a supporter of the idea, issuing a call for designs from the state's citizens and city organizations. The campaign for a state flag, however, was opposed by patriotic groups like the Sons of the American Revolution and Sons of Veterans, finding the use of a state flag to be detrimental to the national flag. Hughes' bill was passed 69–20 in the state House of Representatives, but did not make it to the floor in the state senate.

The Washington chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR) began a campaign to adopt an official state flag during the Alaska–Yukon–Pacific Exposition of 1909, a world's fair hosted in Seattle. In 1914, the national DAR requested that the Washington chapter send a state flag to be displayed in the DAR Memorial Continental Hall in Washington, D.C. Upon discovering that the state lacked a suitable flag, the DAR formed a design committee, led by Emma Chadwick (wife of Washington Supreme Court justice Stephen J. Chadwick), to design a state flag. The DAR's flag, adopted in 1915, consisted of a green background with the state seal in the center. The flag was manufactured in Washington, D.C., at a cost of $48, and displayed by the national DAR until 1916. The flag was returned to the Washington chapter for their April 1916 general meeting in Everett, where DAR State Regent Elizabeth Bowden called on the chapter to ask the legislature to accept the flag as an official state symbol.

A 1917 issue of National Geographic Magazine on U.S. state flags featured an unofficial flag of Washington similar to the DAR's design, a green background and the state seal in gold, sourced from "military authorities". Another major flag proposal emerged in 1920 from the short-lived Washington State Nautical School, where secretary-treasurer Grover C. Gaier designed a green flag with the state seal and fringe in gold. The flag would fly aboard the USS Vicksburg (PG-11), representing the state nautical school during a voyage along the West Coast and to Hawaii.

The DAR renewed its lobbying for a state flag in 1922, having gained the approval of the Sons of the American Revolution and other civic organizations. A bill adopting the state flag was introduced in the 1923 legislative session and passed unanimously in the Senate by February, and the House of Representatives on March 5, 1923. The governor's approval was not required and the bill became law, formally adopting the state flag. The law took effect on June 7, 1923, and an unofficial flag was unfurled on Flag Day by the DAR. At the time of its adoption, Washington was one of four states lacking an official state flag. The first official state flag, manufactured by Willis Bloom of the secretary of state's office, was unveiled on July 23, 1924. The new flag was celebrated with a "State Flag Waltz" performed at the Inaugural Ball on January 15, 1925, following the inauguration of Governor Roland H. Hartley.

During the 1925–26 session, the state legislature approved a change to the state flag that replaced the green fringe with a gold to match the state seal. The gold-fringed flag made its official debut on June 27, 1927, flying on the official automobile of the governor during a tour of Fort Lewis. In 1929, the DAR presented a state flag to Governor Hartley, who received it on behalf of the state for display in the Washington State Capitol.

The Washington Secretary of State issued standardized colors for the state flag in 1955, including the modern colors used in the state seal. The state seal itself was redesigned by Dick Nelms at the request of the secretary of state in 1967, using Gilbert Stuart's famous portrait painting of George Washington. The new state seal was approved by the state legislature in April 1967, placing it on the updated state flag with immediate effect.

In 2001, the North American Vexillological Association surveyed its members and other flag enthusiasts on the designs of the 72 U.S. state, U.S. territorial, and Canadian provincial flags. Members ranked the Washington state flag 47th out of the 72 flags surveyed, with a score of 4.53 points out of 10. Washington's flag was criticized for its complicated seal, use of lettering, and similarities to other U.S. state flags that used seals on solid colors.

Design
The flag of Washington consists of a dark green field with the seal of Washington, a portrait of George Washington inside a ring with the words "The Seal of the State of Washington 1889", in the center. The flag may also have an optional gold fringe. It is the only U.S. state flag to feature a green background, as well as the only one to feature the likeness of an identifiable historic person. The flag has an aspect ratio of 1:1.6 (equivalent to 5:8), with the exception of two alternate flag sizes: 3 x 5 ft and 4 x 6 ft. The size of the seal is proportional to the length of the flag, with a ratio of 1:3 between the seal diameter and length of the flag. On a 5 x 8 ft flag, the seal has a diameter of 31 in.

The flag's colors follow both the Standard Color Reference of America, and the Pantone Matching System. According to Senator Guy B. Groff, sponsor of the 1923 bill that adopted the flag, the flag's green field represented the "verdant fields" of Western Washington, while the gold seal represented the "wheat areas" of Eastern Washington.

Usage and protocol

The Washington Secretary of State regulates flag protocol as well as the distribution and sale of the state flag. Replica flags made for commercial sale are required to be approved by the secretary of state. The state seal on the flag must be stitched on both sides with the profile of George Washington facing the same direction, making the Washington state flag among the most expensive U.S. state flags to manufacture.

When flown within the state of Washington, the state flag occupies the highest position of honor after the U.S. flag and the flags of foreign sovereign states. When flown alongside other U.S. state flags, the Washington state flag is placed 42nd, the order in which it ratified the U.S. Constitution and became a state. A section of the Revised Code of Washington also requires that the state flag and the U.S. flag "shall be prominently installed, displayed and maintained in schools, court rooms and state buildings." The state flag and U.S. flag are also required to be prominently displayed by code cities and displayed on certain holidays by all cities, towns, and counties.

The lowering of the state and U.S. flags to half-mast is left at the discretion of local entities, but may be ordered by the Governor of Washington during the observance of memorial days, as well as in the event of the death of prominent government officials, state employees, public safety servants in the line of duty, and members of the United States Armed Forces from Washington.

title: Flag of Washington


text:
Dietrich Dörner

Dietrich Dörner (born 28 September 1938, Berlin) is emeritus professor for General and Theoretical Psychology at the Institute of Theoretical Psychology at the Otto-Friedrich University in Bamberg, Germany.

In 1986, he received the Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, which is the highest honour awarded in German research.

The cognitive architecture Psi-Theory is developed under his guidance.

Books

 * The Logic of Failure: Recognizing And Avoiding Error In Complex Situations (ISBN 0201479486, 1996, Perseus Publishing)
 * Bauplan für eine Seele (lit.: Blueprint for a Soul, available in German language only), Reinbek: Rowohlt, 2001 (ISBN 3499611937).
 * Die Mechanik des Seelenwagens (lit: Mechanics of the soul's cart, available in German language only), Bern: Huber, 2002 (ISBN 3-456-83814-X).

title: Dietrich Dörner


text:
CSNET

The Computer Science Network (CSNET) was a computer network that began operation in 1981 in the United States. Its purpose was to extend networking benefits, for computer science departments at academic and research institutions that could not be directly connected to ARPANET, due to funding or authorization limitations. It played a significant role in spreading awareness of, and access to, national networking and was a major milestone on the path to development of the global Internet. CSNET was funded by the National Science Foundation for an initial three-year period from 1981 to 1984.

History
Lawrence Landweber at the University of Wisconsin–Madison prepared the original CSNET proposal, on behalf of a consortium of universities (Georgia Tech, University of Minnesota, University of New Mexico, University of Oklahoma, Purdue University, University of California, Berkeley, University of Utah, University of Virginia, University of Washington, University of Wisconsin, and Yale University). The US National Science Foundation (NSF) requested a review from David J. Farber at the University of Delaware. Farber assigned the task to his graduate student Dave Crocker who was already active in the development of electronic mail. The project was deemed interesting but in need of significant refinement. The proposal eventually gained the support of Vinton Cerf and DARPA. In 1980, the NSF awarded $5 million to launch the network. It was an unusually large project for the NSF at the time. A stipulation for the award of the contract was that the network needed to become self-sufficient by 1986.

The first management team consisted of Landweber (University of Wisconsin), Farber (University of Delaware), Peter J. Denning (Purdue University), Anthony C. Hearn (RAND Corporation), and Bill Kern from the NSF. Once CSNET was fully operational, the systems and ongoing network operations were transferred to a team led by Richard Edmiston at Bolt Beranek and Newman (BBN) of Cambridge, Massachusetts by 1984.

The Purdue team, consisting of Peter Denning, Douglas Comer, and Paul McNabb, was responsible for designing and building the kernel interfaces that would allow sites outside of the ARPANET infrastructure to connect via public X.25 networks, such as Telenet. The mechanism allowed systems with TCP/IP network stacks to use an X.25 network device, with IP datagrams being sent through dynamically allocated X.25 sessions. Purdue and other sites with ARPANET access would act as gateways into the ARPANET, allowing non-ARPANet sites to have email, telnet, ftp, and other forms of network access directly into the ARPANET.

By 1981, three sites were connected: University of Delaware, Princeton University, and Purdue University. By 1982, 24 sites were connected expanding to 84 sites by 1984, including one in Israel. Soon thereafter, connections were established to computer science departments in Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Korea, and Japan. CSNET eventually connected more than 180 institutions.

One of the earliest experiments in free software distribution on a network, netlib, was available on CSNET.

CSNET was a forerunner of the National Science Foundation Network (NSFNet) which eventually became a backbone of the Internet. CSNET operated autonomously until 1989, when it merged with Bitnet to form the Corporation for Research and Educational Networking (CREN). By 1991, the success of the NSFNET and NSF-sponsored regional networks had rendered the CSNET services redundant, and the CSNET network was shut down in October 1991.

Components
The CSNET project had three primary components: an email relaying service (Delaware and RAND), a name service (Wisconsin), and TCP/IP-over-X.25 tunnelling technology (Purdue). Initial access was with email relaying, through gateways at Delaware and RAND, over dial-up telephone or X.29/X.25 terminal emulation. Eventually CSNET access added TCP/IP, including running over X.25.

The email relaying service was called Phonenet, after the telephone-specific channel of the MMDF software developed by Crocker. The CSNET name service allowed manual and automated email address lookup based on various user attributes, such as name, title, or institution. The X.25 tunneling allowed an institution to connect directly to the ARPANET via a commercial X.25 service (Telenet), by which the institution's TCP/IP traffic would be tunneled to a CSNET computer that acted as a relay between the ARPANET and the commercial X.25 networks. CSNET also developed dialup-on-demand (Dialup IP) software to automatically initiate or disconnect SLIP sessions as needed to remote locations. CSNET was developed on Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) VAX-11 systems using BSD Unix, but it grew to support a variety of hardware and operating system platforms.

Recognition
At the July 2009 Internet Engineering Task Force meeting in Stockholm, Sweden, the Internet Society recognized the pioneering contribution of CSNET by honoring it with the Jonathan B. Postel Service Award. Crocker accepted the award on behalf of Landweber and the other principal investigators. A recording of the award presentation and acceptance is available.

title: CSNET


text:
Flag of West Virginia

The flag of West Virginia is the official flag of the U.S. State of West Virginia and was officially adopted by the West Virginia Legislature on March 7, 1929. The present flag consists of a pure white field bordered by a blue stripe with the coat of arms of West Virginia in the center, wreathed by Rhododendron maximum and topped by an unfurled red ribbon reading, "State of West Virginia." It is the only state flag to bear crossing rifles, meant to illustrate the importance of the state's fight for liberty during the Civil War as the southern unionist 35th state.

The first flags to represent West Virginia following statehood were battle flags utilized by West Virginia regiments during the American Civil War. West Virginia's first official state flag was adopted in 1905, based upon the flag designed and used by the West Virginia State Commission at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition in 1904. This flag was altered in 1907 for the Jamestown Exposition and featured the coat of arms on the obverse and a sprig of Rhododendron maximum on the reverse. In order to reproduce the flag more inexpensively, the West Virginia Legislature ratified the current flag with the state's coat of arms integrated with the rhododendron, which appears on both the obverse and the reverse. The "Pledge of Allegiance to the West Virginia State Flag" was unanimously adopted by the office of the Secretary of State of West Virginia in 1977.

Design
The current state flag of West Virginia consists of a pure white field bordered on four sides by a stripe of blue. The white of the field symbolizes purity, while the blue border represents the Union. The center of the state flag is emblazoned with the state's coat of arms, a stylized version of the Great Seal of West Virginia. The lower half of the state flag is wreathed by two tethered swags of Rhododendron maximum, the state flower of West Virginia. Across the top of the state flag is an unfurled red ribbon with the constitutional designation "State of West Virginia", and across the bottom of the state flag is a tied red ribbon with the state's Latin motto Montani Semper Liberi (English: "mountaineers are always free").

The state's coat of arms in the center of the flag symbolizes the principal pursuits and resources of West Virginia. In the center is an ivy-draped boulder that has been inscribed "June 20, 1863," the date of West Virginia's admission to the Union as a state. In front of the boulder lie two crossed hunting rifles and a Phrygian cap (or "Cap of Liberty") to illustrate the importance of the state's fight for liberty. Two men, a farmer and a miner, stand on either side of the boulder and represent agriculture and industry. The farmer stands on the left with an ax and plow before a cornstalk and a sheaf of wheat. The miner stands on the right with a pickaxe and, behind him, two barrels, an anvil and sledge hammer.

The state flag's proportions are identical to those of the flag of the United States. When utilized for parade purposes, all but the staff side of the state flag are to be trimmed with gold fringe. When used concurrently with the flag of the United States during ceremonial occasions, the state flag is trimmed and mounted like the United States flag with regard to fringe, cord, tassels, and mounting.

History
Prior to the adoption of the current state flag of West Virginia, the state had been represented by a number of flags since attaining statehood in 1863, all of which proved impractical. The first West Virginia Legislature commissioned Joseph H. Diss Debar of Doddridge County to design the Great Seal of West Virginia in 1863. On September 26, 1863, the West Virginia Legislature officially adopted the seal designed by Diss Debar, a stylized version of which was also designated the state's coat of arms. Despite the adoption of an official seal, the state did not decide upon an official state flag until 1905.

American Civil War
Prior to West Virginia's separation from Virginia on June 20, 1863, pro-Union supporters in western Virginia created unique flags to show their support for the Union cause. In January 1861, the residents of Kingwood erected a flagpole measuring about 105 ft in height, and on it they hoisted a handmade streamer with the word "UNION" prior to Virginia's secession. During the war, western Virginia regiments in the Union Army carried flags handmade by supportive women, as was the case with the Fifth Regiment Virginia Volunteer Infantry who carried a flag bearing the legend "5th Va. Regiment" in 1861. In January 1864, the West Virginia Legislature approved a flag for the Fourth Regiment West Virginia Volunteer Infantry to acknowledge the regiment's battles at Charleston, Vicksburg, Jackson, and Missionary Ridge, all four of which were listed on the flag. This was the first among many battle flags to represent West Virginia after statehood which were utilized by soldiers of West Virginia regiments throughout the war. State battle flags were presented to each of West Virginia's Union regiments during the course of the war. These early state flags were squares of silk cloth measuring 6 ft, and were dark blue and trimmed with golden fringe. The obverse side of these flags were painted with the state's newly minted seal within an oval, along with the name of the respective West Virginia regiment and the names and dates of the battles in which they had participated. On the reverse side, the United States national emblem was painted and consisted of a bald eagle with its wings outstretched, clutching a bundle of 13 arrows in its right talon and an olive branch in its left, and a tricolor shield placed across its breast. In its beak, the eagle clutched a scroll with the national Latin motto E pluribus unum (English: "Out of Many, One"). Following the conclusion of the American Civil War, the state of West Virginia had no official flag, and the matter was not taken up until the early 20th century.

1905 flag
The need for an official state flag arose in 1904 when the West Virginia State Commission to the Louisiana Purchase Exposition in St. Louis reported that the state required a flag or ensign to represent and distinguish itself among the other U.S. states at the exposition. In lieu of an official state flag, the commission adopted and used a state flag of its own design at the West Virginia building at the exposition, which was a "sprig of mountain laurel upon an immaculate white field with a pale blue border".

In its report to the West Virginia Legislature, the West Virginia State Commission recommended the adoption of their flag design as the official state flag. On February 24, 1905, the West Virginia Legislature ratified the commission's flag design following its passage of Joint Resolution Number 16 during the gubernatorial administration of Albert B. White. The legislature adopted the commission's flag design, with the addition of a fringe or border of carmine red. The state flag was approved by the legislature to be employed on occasions where a special display of the state's individuality was necessary or regarded as appropriate. According to the 1905 joint resolution:

"Said state flag shall be in length and breadth in the proportion of nine to thirteen, this being the same as the flag of the great American Republic of which West Virginia forms a part; the field thereof shall be pure white, upon the center of which shall be a sprig of the rhododendron maximum or 'big laurel,' having flowers and leaves; and on the reverse side shall be the state coat-of-arms and the motto; the field of pure white shall be bordered by a band or strip of blue, and this in turn shall be bordered by a strip of fringe of carmine red; and said flag shall be regarded and used as the West Virginia state flag on all occasions where a special display of the state's individuality shall become necessary, or be regarded as appropriate."

Following its formal adoption by the legislature, schools and other institutions throughout West Virginia began flying the new state flag. The teachers and students at the schools in Ronceverte purchased the new state flag in June 1906, which measured 5.5 ft in length, and used it along with the United States flag for salutes and patriotic exercises.

1907 flag
By 1907, the West Virginia Legislature found the 1905 state flag design to be completely unfeasible due to the lettering on one side reading toward the staff, and the differing colors on each respective side showing through the opposite side of the flag's white field of cloth. The state legislature found that this destroyed "the distinctive features of the banner and leaving the state without a prescribed official flag". The West Virginia Legislature sought to remedy the state flag's design flaws in 1907 so that the state could be properly represented at the Jamestown Exposition in Norfolk. On February 25, 1907, during the administration of Governor William M. O. Dawson, the West Virginia Legislature passed Joint Resolution 2, which amended the flag by removing the seal and motto from the reverse side and changing the color of the bordering fringe from carmine red to old gold. Instead of the seal and motto, the reverse of the flag was changed to consist of "a spring or sprig of the rhododendron maximum". According to the 1907 joint resolution:

"Said state flag shall be in length and breadth in proportion the same as the flag of the great American Republic of which West Virginia forms a part; the field thereof shall be pure white, upon the center of which on the obverse side shall be the great seal or coat of arms of the state, beneath which shall appear the legend 'State of West Virginia,' in a scroll; on the reverse side shall appear a sprig or sprigs of the rhododendron maximum, or big laurel, our state flower, having blossoms and leaves; the field of pure white shall be bordered by a band or strip of blue, and this in turn shall be bordered by a strip or fringe of old gold; and said flag shall be regarded and used as the West Virginia state flag on all occasions where a special display of the state's individuality shall become necessary, or be regarded as appropriate."

1929 flag
The flag design ratified in 1907 remained the state's official flag until 1929. The state of West Virginia sought a flag design that could be produced inexpensively so that the state flag could be mass-produced for the state's public schools. The 1907 flag proved to be more costly to reproduce due to the two different symbols on each side of the banner, the state's coat of arms on the obverse and the state's flower on the reverse. The West Virginia Legislature decided the state flag should be stamped with a design that would integrate both the coat of arms and the state flower on both sides. The design of the present state flag was officially adopted by the West Virginia Legislature on March 7, 1929, by West Virginia Senate Joint Resolution Number 18. According to the joint resolution:

"The proportions of the flag of the State of West Virginia shall be the same as those of the United States ensign; the field shall be pure white, upon the center of which shall be emblazoned in proper colors, the coat-of arms of the State of West Virginia upon which appears the date of the admission of the State into the Union, also with the motto, 'Montani Semper Liberi' (Mountaineers Are Always Free). Above the coat-of-arms of the State of West Virginia there shall be a ribbon lettered, 'State of West Virginia,' and arranged appropriately around the lower part of the coat-of-arms of the State of West Virginia a wreath of Rhododendron maximum in proper colors. The field of pure white shall be bordered by a strip of blue on four sides. The flag of the State of West Virginia when used for parade purposes shall be trimmed with gold colored fringe on three sides and when used on ceremonial occasions with the United States ensign, shall be trimmed and mounted in similar fashion to the United States flag as regards fringe, cord, tassels, and mounting."

In 2001, the North American Vexillological Association surveyed its members and other flag enthusiasts on the designs of the 72 U.S. state, U.S. territorial, and Canadian provincial flags. Members ranked the West Virginia state flag at 51 out of the 72 flags surveyed. U.S. state flags with state seals on solid-color fields, like the West Virginia state flag, proved unpopular in the survey.

Usage and protocol
The West Virginia Legislature has passed a series of laws in the West Virginia Code governing the usage of the West Virginia state flag. The state flag is not permitted to be placed above, or if on the same level, to the right of the United States flag. Both the United States and West Virginia state flags are to be flown over the West Virginia State Capitol building year-round. Any United States or West Virginia state flag purchased with state funds must be manufactured in the United States; and West Virginia county boards of education must only purchase state flags manufactured in the United States if board building funds are used. To honor the death of law-enforcement officers within the state, the West Virginia Code permits the draping of the state flag over the coffin at no cost, upon the request of the next-of-kin.

Half-mast protocol
Effective July 18, 2013, the office of West Virginia Governor Earl Ray Tomblin established guidelines in accordance with the United States Code and West Virginia precedent and customs regarding the half-mast display of United States and West Virginia state flags on West Virginia state properties. Both the United States and West Virginia state flags are to be hoisted to full-mast, before being lowered to the half-mast position; likewise both flags are to be hoisted full-mast prior to being lowered for the day. Both flags are only to be displayed in the half-mast position in accordance with Federal law on the following occasions:
 * Memorial Day (the last Monday in May): flags are displayed at half-mast from sunrise until noon, then raised to full-mast.
 * Peace Officers Memorial Day (May 15): flags are displayed at half-mast for the entire day, unless that day is also Armed Forces Day (the third Saturday in May).
 * Patriot Day (September 11): flags are displayed at half-mast for the entire day.
 * National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day (December 7): flags are displayed at half-mast for the entire day.
 * Flags are displayed at half-mast for 30 days following the day of death of either a current or former President of the United States.
 * Flags are displayed at half-mast for ten days following the day of death of the Vice President of the United States, the Chief Justice or retired Chief Justice of the United States, or the Speaker of the United States House of Representatives.
 * Flags are displayed at half-mast from the day of death until the day of interment of a former vice president, an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court, a Secretary of an executive or military department of the United States, or a Governor of a U.S. state, territory, or possession.
 * Flags are displayed at half-mast on the day of death and the following day for a member of the United States Congress.
 * Flags displayed at half-mast on state properties following a proclamation by the Governor of West Virginia during other unique instances outlined in the 2013 guidelines.

Desecration
According to West Virginia state law, the desecration of either the flag of the United States or the West Virginia state flag is an offense punishable as a misdemeanor and upon conviction, a guilty verdict can result in a fine "not less than five nor more than one hundred dollars," or confinement in jail "for a period not exceeding thirty days" at "the discretion of the court or justice trying the case."

However, such laws are unenforceable as the United States Supreme Court in Texas v. Johnson,, and reaffirmed in U.S. v. Eichman, , has ruled that due to the First Amendment to the United States Constitution, it is unconstitutional for a government (whether federal, state, or municipality) to prohibit the desecration of a flag, due to its status as "symbolic speech."

Pledge of allegiance
On February 8, 1977, the office of the Secretary of State of West Virginia unanimously adopted the "Pledge of Allegiance to the West Virginia State Flag." The motion to adopt the pledge was made by Charles S. Smith and seconded by Carol J. Calvert. The pledge reads as follows:

"I pledge allegiance to the flag of West Virginia, which serves as a constant reminder that 'Mountaineers Are Always Free,' which stands as a symbol of her majestic mountains, fertile forests, rich veins of coal, and the pride of her people."

title: Flag of West Virginia


text:
User:Harald.schaub~enwiki

Harald Schaub is a psychological scientist at the University of Bamberg and a management trainer at System-Denken.

title: User:Harald.schaub~enwiki


text:
Talk:4294967297 (number)

4294967296 and 4294967297 are deemed important enough to merit their own articles. If anyone wants to create an article on 4294967295 or 4294967298 they should discuss it with the members of WikiProject Numbers. PrimeFan 21:14, 27 Oct 2004 (UTC)

There's something wrong with the sub /sub markup on this article, but I can't figure out what it is. Any help? DavidWBrooks 16:03, 1 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Number name
Any way to remove the ambiguous "billion" from the number name. Because this number is not a round number, I suggest the best way to read this number in practice to avoid ambiguity is simply to read the digits: "four two nine four nine six seven two nine seven". Any comments?? 66.245.118.214 22:33, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I don't think the "billion" is sufficiently ambiguous to be a problem, since the digit version is printed out right here: it's not like somebody is going to mistakely put an extra 000 into it because they're thinking of the long-form "billion" ... (for more on this issue, see billion.) Reading out the digits, however, is a solution worse than the problem: Nobody on Earth has ever pronounced a large number that way. - DavidWBrooks 01:46, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:4294967297 (number)


text:
Canidrome, Macau

The Macau (Yat Yuen) Canidrome Club, located in Nossa Senhora de Fátima, Macau, China, was a greyhound racing stadium in Asia. Around 120 dogs took part in 16 races five days per week. It had two grandstands, several private boxes and a VIP lounge. It shared the venue with Lin Fong Sports Centre, a sport complex.

History
The Canidrome opened in 1932 but was closed in 1938 due to the Second Sino-Japanese War. It reopened in 1963.

On 21 July 2016, the Gaming and Inspection Bureau (DICJ) of Macau, Paulo Martins Chan, met with representatives of the Canidrome. It was later announced that the government presented the greyhound racing facility with an ultimatum: close down or move to another site in two years.

The Canidrome closed on 21 July 2018. After negotiations with the track's owner and intense fundraising by an international group of volunteer-run, greyhound adoption organizations led by Anima, 517 greyhounds received veterinary medical care and were shuttled out to be adopted in Europe, North America, Australia, and, for a few, locally in Macau.

Future use
In August 2018, the Land, Public Works and Transport Bureau (DSSOPT) revealed that around two-thirds of the total area would continue to be used for sports activities, including the expansion of the existing Lin Fong Sports Centre, another 20% of the space would host education facilities, it was also revealed that an underground stormwater storage tank would be built below the sports facilities. This was included in the plan so as to mitigate the risk of flooding. There will also be a parking lot with a minimum capacity of 400 parking spaces. However, in July 2019, the Macau Daily Times found the land plot in a state of neglect and decay.

title: Canidrome, Macau


text:
Talk:Glasgow Prestwick Airport

WW2
It mentions that passenger service was added in 1938, but this is placed after it says the airport was established during WWII. I presume it means either 1948 or 1958, so whoever actually knows should check into this. Peregrine981 16:04, 1 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * The article didn't explicitly say it was established during WWII, but yes, it was definitely unclear. Sorted that part now, primarily based upon.
 * Protactin 01:33, 18 May 2004 (UTC)

To be done

 * The Prestwick article has more info on the freight side + maintenance facilities than this article! Need to move/copy things over.
 * Could do with a photo, which I could probably provide at some point.
 * I'm not sure if the list of airlines is up-to-date. Globespan don't seem to be there anymore? I'll have to check on that. -- Chris 18:33, 3 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * What about some more info on Prestwicks military role during WWII.
 * Why is Prestwick described as the third busiest aiport in Scotland when it has some 700,000 pax per annum less than Aberdeen? At current growth rate, Aberdeen aiport will pass 3million pax sometime late spring/early summer 2006.

G8
When Bush flew in, the article says that the "US military" were involved in security at the airport....this seems unlikely, does anyone have any evidence ? It is likely that US secret service people were there as they accompany Bush everywhere ( the US SS is the US equivalent of the Met Police Royalty/Diplomatic protection squad ).
 * Quite correct, Strathclyde Police were in charge of the security operation and were assissted by officers drafted in from other forces. I'm quite sure the US Secret Service were on hand to protect the US President, as they always are, but I sincerely doubt, and have seen no evidence to suggest, they were involved in airport perimeter security. --Ayrshire--77 11:08, 4 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Traffic on the A79 continued uninterrupted while the delegates' aircraft arrived, although stopping to observe was prohibited. The A77 remained open for all aircraft except Air Force One.  Of the two VC-25As that arrived, it was obvious that AF1 was the second as traffic was stopped only after the first touched down.  On an observational note, it was strangely silent while AF1 approached, whether that was because of the reduced traffic noise or a sudden silence descending on the crowd I don't know.  After the first VC-25A touched down though, you could see police motorcyclists speeding along the A77 just before the traffic flow stopped. --Ayrshire--77 07:52, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

"Prestwick Airport"
Anyone object to me adding that most Scottish people drop the "Glasgow" in the name and just call it "Prestwick (airport)"?

Yes, because I'm just doing it. I'm surprised it isn't in there already.

 * Me, too. --Kilo-Lima 19:21, 4 January 2006 (UTC)

I always thought the 'Glasgow Prestwick' part seemed a bit stupid Douglasnicol 20:39, 4 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Curious that nobody mentioned in the main article the "catchphrase" on the front of the building that had so many up in arms, as it is from a tv show ("Rab C. Nesbitt") based in Glasgow, in Lanarkshire, (I used to deliver mail to Elaine C. Smith's address MANY years ago, as a casual postie), whereas the airport is about thirty miles from the city, in AYRSHIRE.82.6.1.85 (talk) 23:13, 24 March 2010 (UTC) Lance Tyrell
 * Hi there, I should point out the airport primarily serves Glasgow and many cities airports are located out with the actual city. London Luton is 35 miles outside London. Simply... the airport is primarily designed for, targeted to and serves Glasgow's flight market, location of the airport does not make a difference. G.R. Allison (talk) 23:18, 24 March 2010 (UTC)
 * London Luton was renamed from plain old Luton Airport, like London Stanstead was, because using the name of a city that is geographically important helps sell tickets. Glasgow is more than 30 miles and two counties north of Prestwick.  Prestwick airport was never designed or targeted with a Glaswegian flight market in mind, it was built by the MOD as a training base in that location as it traditionally has very mild weather, enabling training to take place uninterrupted year round  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 93.97.134.253 (talk) 00:17, 14 April 2013 (UTC)

Airbus A380
The airport is ready to handle the Airbus A380. Is this true? (I hope so!) --Kilo-Lima 19:21, 4 January 2006 (UTC)

The terminal might need work, but I would imagine that the runway is perfectly capable of taking it. I've got to admit that I'm peeved at the idiots that protest the A-380, saying that airports need to be upgraded. This is mostly from the USA, but airports needed upgraded for the 747. If we all stuck to that attitude we would still be taking 3-4 day flights to Australia in Handley Page Heracles. Douglasnicol 20:27, 4 January 2006 (UTC)

The A380 was pitched so that current airports that can handle the 747-400 and An-124 can deal with it. Terminal facilities and layout are a different matter but double decker stair systems have been touted for remote stand embark/disembarkation of pax. If this sort of system was used then in theory, Prestwick, Glasgow Int & Edinburgh could all handle occasional A380 movmements as all have had 747-400, AN-124 & C5 Galaxy visitors.

Route launches
Is this section really necessary? There is a list of destinations and the carriers serving them, but I wouldn't have thought the actual date that they started up really merits so much attention. Perhaps a "Former destinations" section for those no longer served instead of this, if either? --Ayrshire--77 13:25, 5 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Agreed, it's not necessary. I've done a bit of clean up on the article, following some recent edits. Thanks/wangi 14:45, 5 February 2006 (UTC)

Ryanair promotion
Ive removed some of the edits from the 28th, prior to my name. It contains a rather unwarranted swipe at Easyjet for some reason and some Ryanair info which seems little more than promotional material. This is meant to be a neutral page, so if anyone disagrees, let me know. Douglasnicol 14:53, 27 February 2006 (UTC)

WOuld this be a notable event
Apparently, USA used the airport to transit bombs heading to Mind East

 * I suppose so, but there's no solid proof either way like photos of the aircraft cargo bays. It's certainly newsworthy. Douglasnicol 17:06, 28 July 2006 (UTC)

 * It is newsworthy only because of the current situation in the Middle East and the clear fact that we know what the munitions are being used for. Other than that, it would be very naive indeed to think that during peace time freighters carrying missile shipments don't stop at Prestwick for refuelling.  Its an ideal transit airport for military and civilian freight aircraft, and several of the regular freight carriers are frequently sub-contracted by the US Government - Kalitta Air and Evergreen International (who sometimes use US Air Force callsigns) to name two.  Though today, it was two Atlas Air 747s transitting between San Antonio, TX and Tel Aviv.  Even the Isreali Air Force, as recent as last week, use the airport on a fairly regular basis.  I'm really unconvinced that it's a one-off, it's only been flagged because of the current situation.

 * A far more noteworthy topic for the article, in my opinion, would be the airport's role in CIA rendition flights, which also has not been mentioned so far. --Ayrshire--77 15:35, 29 July 2006 (UTC)

Jack McConnell caption
I notice that the caption of the photo of Jack McConnell meeting George Bush has been modified to state that McConnell is the former First Minister. Is this something we want to do? Granted, he is now the former First Minister, but he was the First Minister when the photo was taken, and was meeting Bush because of that office; not just as a former First Minister as the current caption might imply. Can anyone perhaps see a middle way, other than something really long-winded like "Jack McConnell, who was First Minister then but isn't now"? --Scott Wilson 19:49, 3 July 2007 (UTC)

What genius came up with the slogan "Pure DEAD brilliant"? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.170.138.2 (talk) 01:20, 21 September 2007 (UTC)

Easyatlantic?
Are they a new start up airline from Easyjet? Haven't heard anything about them

82.11.157.102 (talk) 18:55, 25 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Removed as unsourced nonsense. SempreVolando (talk) 15:54, 26 April 2008 (UTC)

Polar Air
Polar Air no longer have a hangar at Prestwick airport. It was taken over in some way by Atlas Air who then closed the hangar. I don't know details which is why I'm not editing it myself. --Rysin3 (talk) 15:39, 8 April 2009 (UTC)

The role of Prestwick Airport in supporting the US Navy's submarine facility in Holy Loch
The United States Navy's "FBM Refit Site One", the home base of Submarine Squadron 14 in Holy Loch, Scotland received a considerable amount of support from Prestwick Airport. This squadron of Polaris and later Poseidon Fleet Ballistic Missile (FBM) submarines each had two crews, a Blue Crew and a Gold Crew. While the submarines were ostensibly home-ported at the Naval Submarine Base New London, the submarines themselves rarely ever got close, but crews served and trained there while their counterparts were at the Holy Loch or out on patrol. A crew would fly from the US into Prestwick Airport, be transported to the Holy Loch where it would relieve the crew just returning from a patrol, who would fly out of Prestwick about three days later. This would happen three or four times a month for as long as the facility was operational (from 1961 to 1992.)

Also, while most supplies that could not be obtained locally were transported from the US to the Holy Loch via periodic visits from T-AK Cargo Ships of the Military Sealift Command, high priority items were flown into Prestwick for transport to the Holy Loch.

If people think this would be a worthwhile contribution to this article, I'd be pleased to contribute. TCav (talk) 02:33, 24 November 2009 (UTC)

"Prestwick Airport" (bis)
The official airport name is Prestwick, not Glasgow-Prestwick which is more a brand used by the airport operator. Does someone object renaming the article into "Prestwick Airport"? Slasher-fun (talk) 10:27, 9 April 2011 (UTC)
 * Yes --NorthernCounties (talk) 10:51, 9 April 2011 (UTC)
 * Would you mind explaining then? Slasher-fun (talk) 10:52, 9 April 2011 (UTC)
 * No sarcasm... you know why. No to being pointy. Oui? --NorthernCounties (talk) 11:03, 9 April 2011 (UTC)
 * Well... Same thing with the other article, you're being narrow-minded, I stop trying to argue, and suggest you to read the guidelines and the discussions in the project page. Slasher-fun (talk) 11:12, 9 April 2011 (UTC)
 * Can I take this opportunity to remind you of not only WP:Pointy, but also NPA and Avoid personal remarks. Please don't talk about narrow-mindedness when you breach these. Finally, I'll also point you to this WP:PRIOR --NorthernCounties (talk) 11:23, 9 April 2011 (UTC)
 * I object to the proposed name change. Use the common name which is Glasgow Prestwick. Bjmullan (talk) 13:04, 9 April 2011 (UTC)
 * I agree with posters that the article title should remain as "Glasgow Prestwick Airport", although it is commonly referred to as "Prestwick Airport". This is in keeping with other similar pages - for example, see the page titled London Stansted Airport which then goes on to reference simply "Stansted" or "Stansted Airport" throughout the remaining text of the article. Endeleus (talk) 16:25, 30 July 2011 (UTC)

Gaelic Name
Removed the Gaelic translation of the airport name as this is not authentic. Prestwick is not a Gaelic speaking area, and there is no evidence of The airport ever having been referred to by a Gaelic name. Even on the Wikipedia Scottish Gaelic page there are two maps, both of which show Ayrshire as outside any Gaelic speaking areas. Endeleus (talk) 03:25, 2 August 2011 (UTC)

Also there is no reference to a Gaelic name for the airport on the official website http://www.glasgowprestwick.com/about-the-airport/ Endeleus (talk) 16:17, 30 July 2011 (UTC)

New link https://www.glasgowprestwick.com/corporate/about-us/who-we-are/ and the airport still has no Gaelic references or branding. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A02:3031:2E0:315:3872:3E97:7A98:AD80 (talk) 13:04, 25 February 2024 (UTC)

"Olympic terror flights will divert to Scotland"
--Mais oui! (talk) 05:58, 16 December 2011 (UTC)
 * At present, flights coming to the UK from the west that are considered at risk of terrorist attack are diverted to Prestwick, while those travelling from the east are diverted to Stansted. However, in the build-up to the Olympics, and as long as the Games are on, Stansted will not be used.

 * Scaremongering.. The Olympics are over, and you will probably find a reciprocal plan is in place for the 2014 Commonwealth games in Glasgow — Preceding unsigned comment added by 93.97.134.253 (talk) 00:31, 14 April 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Glasgow Prestwick Airport. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20120204054713/http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/tm_objectid=16771579&method=full&siteid=66633&headline=you-re-barred--name_page.html to http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/tm_objectid=16771579&method=full&siteid=66633&headline=you-re-barred--name_page.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 08:57, 8 February 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 4 external links on Glasgow Prestwick Airport. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20121121043921/http://www.glasgowprestwick.com:80/about-the-airport/planning/default.html to http://www.glasgowprestwick.com/about-the-airport/planning/default.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20160313204143/http://www.glasgowprestwick.com/news-and-events/glasgowprestwickairportisgettinganewlook.html to http://www.glasgowprestwick.com/news-and-events/glasgowprestwickairportisgettinganewlook.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120302162830/http://www.glasgowprestwick.com:80/to-and-from-prestwick/train-connections/default.html to http://www.glasgowprestwick.com/to-and-from-prestwick/train-connections/default.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20150908170434/http://www.scottishairshow.com/ to http://www.scottishairshow.com/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 17:08, 12 January 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Glasgow Prestwick Airport. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20160703202711/http://www.glasgowprestwick.com/flight-and-passenger-info/flight-information/route-map.html to http://www.glasgowprestwick.com/flight-and-passenger-info/flight-information/route-map.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 23:35, 28 November 2017 (UTC)

External links modified (January 2018)
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Glasgow Prestwick Airport. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080924202953/http://www.scotlandontv.tv/scotland_on_tv/video.html?vxSiteId=60fdd544-9c52-4e17-be7e-57a2a2d76992&vxChannel=Visit%20Travel&vxClipId=1380_SMG1912&vxBitrate=300 to http://www.scotlandontv.tv/scotland_on_tv/video.html?vxSiteId=60fdd544-9c52-4e17-be7e-57a2a2d76992&vxChannel=Visit%20Travel&vxClipId=1380_SMG1912&vxBitrate=300

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 03:19, 22 January 2018 (UTC)

could pan am 160 be added to the incidents and accidents page?
whilst the flight never actually made it to prestwick it was due for a stopover here but didn’t make it. could it be added?

Pan Am Flight 160 Rocketproppeled (talk) 20:39, 5 July 2024 (UTC)

 * If you want to add it, then please keep the text brief on the Prestwick page.Pmbma (talk) 21:37, 5 July 2024 (UTC)
 * ok added! have a look at it to see if it’s ok Rocketproppeled (talk) 09:15, 6 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Glasgow Prestwick Airport