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Cabrini–Green Homes

Cabrini–Green Homes are a Chicago Housing Authority (CHA) public housing project on the Near North Side of Chicago, Illinois. The Frances Cabrini Rowhouses and Extensions were south of Division Street, bordered by Larrabee Street to the west, Orleans Street to the east and Chicago Avenue to the south, with the William Green Homes to the northwest.

At its peak, Cabrini–Green was home to 15,000 people, mostly living in mid- and high-rise apartment buildings. Crime and neglect created hostile living conditions for many residents, and "Cabrini–Green" became a metonym for problems associated with public housing in the United States. In 1995, CHA began tearing down dilapidated mid- and high-rise buildings, with the last demolished in 2011. Today, only the original two-story rowhouses remain.

The area has seen major redevelopment due to its proximity to downtown, resulting in a combination of upscale high-rises and townhouses, with some units being CHA-owned, creating a mixed-income neighborhood.

Layout and demographics
The construction reflected the urban renewal approach to United States city planning in the mid-20th century. The extension buildings were known as the "Reds" for their red brick exteriors, while the Green Homes, with reinforced concrete exteriors, were known as the "Whites". Many of the high-rise buildings originally had exterior porches (called "open galleries"). According to the CHA, the early residents of the Cabrini row houses were predominantly of Italian ancestry. By 1962, however, a majority of residents in the completed complex were African Americans.

Timeline

 * 1850: Shanties were first built on low-lying land along Chicago River; the population was predominantly Swedish, then Irish. The area acquires the "Little Hell" nickname due to a nearby gas refinery, which produced shooting pillars of flame and various noxious fumes. By the 20th century, it was known as "Little Sicily" due to large numbers of Sicilian immigrants.
 * 1929: Harvey Zorbaugh writes "The Gold Coast and the Slum: A Sociological Study of Chicago's Near North Side", contrasting the widely varying social mores of the wealthy Gold Coast, the poor Little Sicily, and the transitional area in between. Marshall Field Garden Apartments, the first large-scale (although funded through private charity) low-income housing development in area, is completed.
 * 1942: Frances Cabrini Homes (two-story rowhouses), with 586 units in 54 buildings by architects Holsman, Burmeister, et al., is completed. Initial regulations stipulate 75% White and 25% Black residents. (Named for Saint Frances Cabrini, an Italian-American nun who served the poor and was the first American to be canonized.)
 * 1957: Cabrini Homes Extension (red brick mid- and high-rises), with 1,925 units in 15 buildings by architects A. Epstein & Sons, is completed.
 * 1962: William Green Homes (1,096 units, north of Division Street) by architects Pace Associates is completed. (Named for William Green, longtime president of the American Federation of Labor.)
 * 1966: Gautreaux et al. vs. Chicago Housing Authority, a lawsuit alleging that Chicago's public housing program was conceived and executed in a racially discriminatory manner that perpetuated racial segregation within neighborhoods, is filed. CHA was found liable in 1969, and a consent decree with HUD was entered in 1981.
 * February 8, 1974: Television sitcom Good Times, ostensibly set in the Cabrini–Green projects (though the projects were never actually referred to as "Cabrini-Green" on camera), and featuring shots of the complex in the opening and closing credits, debuts on CBS. It ran for six seasons, until August 1, 1979.
 * March 26 – April 19, 1981: Mayor Jane Byrne moves into Cabrini–Green to prove a point regarding Chicago's high crime rate. The move is considered a publicity stunt, and she stays just three weeks.
 * 1992: The horror film Candyman is released, the story taking place at the housing project.
 * 1994: Chicago receives one of the first HOPE VI (Housing Opportunities for People Everywhere) grants to redevelop Cabrini–Green as a mixed-income neighborhood.
 * September 27, 1995: Demolition begins.
 * 1997: Chicago unveils Near North Redevelopment Initiative, a master plan for development in the area. It recommends demolishing Green Homes and most of Cabrini Extension.
 * 1999: Chicago Housing Authority announces Plan for Transformation, which will spend $1.5 billion over ten years to demolish 18,000 apartments and build and/or rehabilitate 25,000 apartments. Earlier redevelopment plans for Cabrini–Green are included in the Plan for Transformation. New library, rehabilitated Seward Park, and new shopping center open.
 * December 9, 2010: The William Green Homes complex's last standing building closes.
 * March 30, 2011: The last high-rise building was demolished, with a public art presentation commemorating the event. The majority of Frances Cabrini Homes row houses remain intact, although in poor condition, with some having been abandoned.

Overview
Cabrini–Green was composed of 10 sections built over a 20-year period: the Frances Cabrini Rowhouses (586 units in 1942), Cabrini Extension North and Cabrini Extension South (1,925 units in 1957), and the William Green Homes (1,096 units in 1962) (see Chronology below). As of May 3, 2011, all the high-rise buildings had been demolished. One hundred and fifty of the dilapidated Frances Cabrini Rowhouses (south of Oak Street, north of Chicago Avenue, west of Hudson Avenue, and east of Cambridge Street) have been renovated and remain inhabited.

Problems develop
Poverty and organized crime have long been associated with the area: a 1931 "map of Chicago's gangland" by Bruce-Roberts, Incorporated notes Oak Street and Milton Avenue (now Cleveland Avenue) as "Death Corner" (captioned "50 murders: count 'em"). At first, the housing was integrated and many residents held jobs. This changed in the years after World War II, when the nearby factories that provided the neighborhood's economic base closed and thousands were laid off. At the same time, the cash-strapped city began withdrawing crucial services like police patrols, transit services, and routine building maintenance.

Lawns were paved over to save on maintenance, failed lights were left for months, and apartments damaged by fire were simply boarded up instead of rehabilitated and reoccupied. Later phases of public housing development (such as the Green Homes, the newest of the Cabrini–Green buildings) were built on extremely tight budgets and suffered from maintenance problems due to the low quality of construction. As with the Robert Taylor Homes, low construction budgets, combined with a desire to fit the maximum possible number of units in the project led to design decisions that made the towers extremely unpleasant and unappealing places to live. Rather than interior hallways, units in many of the later-phase buildings were accessed via exterior walkways made of bare concrete and enclosed with chain-link fencing. This meant that residents would be exposed to the elements any time they left their units to go to other sections of the building, a dangerous prospect during Chicago's severely cold winters.

Unlike many of the city's other public housing projects such as Rockwell Gardens or Robert Taylor Homes, Cabrini-Green was situated in an affluent part of the city. The poverty-stricken projects were actually constructed at the meeting point of Chicago's two wealthiest neighborhoods, Lincoln Park and the Gold Coast. Less than a mile to the east sat Michigan Avenue with its high-end shopping and expensive housing. Specific gangs controlled individual buildings, and residents felt pressure to ally with those gangs in order to protect themselves from escalating violence.

During the worst years of Cabrini-Green's problems, vandalism increased substantially. Gang members and other vandals covered interior walls with graffiti and damaged doors, windows, and elevators. Rat and cockroach infestations were commonplace, rotting garbage stacked up in clogged trash chutes (it once piled up to the 15th floor), and basic utilities (water, electricity, etc.) often malfunctioned and were left in disrepair.

On the exterior, boarded-up windows, burned-out areas of the façade, and pavement instead of green space—all in the name of economizing on maintenance—created an atmosphere of decay and government neglect. The balconies were fenced in to prevent residents from emptying garbage cans into the yard, and from falling or being thrown to their deaths. This created the appearance of a large prison tier, or of animal cages, which further enraged community leaders of the residents.

Brother Bill
In the 1980s, a Catholic lay worker, William "Brother Bill" Tomes Jr., frequently visited Cabrini–Green in an effort to stop the violence. His efforts received national attention, and he was interviewed by Time magazine and several television networks.

Tenant activism

Residents organized over the years both to pressure the city for assistance and to protect and support each other. Community leader Marion Stamps was the most visible Cabrini tenant to organize strikes and protests against the Chicago Housing Authority, Mayor of Chicago and many others on behalf of Cabrini residents from the 1960s until her death in 1996. In 1996, the federal government mandated the destruction of 18,000 units of public housing in Chicago (along with tens of thousands of other units nationwide).

Some Cabrini–Green tenant activists organized to prevent themselves from becoming homeless and to protect what they and their supporters saw as a right to public housing for the city's poorest residents. The activists succeeded in obtaining a consent decree guaranteeing that some buildings will remain standing while the new structures are built, so that tenants can remain in their homes until new ones are available. The document also guarantees displaced Cabrini residents a home in the new neighborhood.

In 2001, a tenants group sued the CHA over relocation plans for displaced residents of Cabrini–Green under the city's Plan for Transformation, a $1.4 billion blueprint for public housing renewal. Richard Wheelock, an attorney representing the tenants, said the authority's demolition program had outpaced its reconstruction program, thus leaving families with their own responsibilities to find options beyond equally dangerous and segregated areas elsewhere in the city, or simply to become homeless.

In 1997, the same year as the attack on Girl X, community leaders formed the Alliance for Community Peace for "mentoring and recreation to area youth" which later expanded citywide.

Recent history and plans
While Cabrini–Green was deteriorating during the postwar era, causing industry, investment, and residents to abandon its immediate surroundings, the rest of Chicago's Near North Side underwent equally dramatic upward changes in socioeconomic status. First, downtown employment shifted dramatically from manufacturing to professional services, spurring increased demand for middle-income housing; the resulting gentrification spread north along the lakefront from the Gold Coast, then pushed west and eventually crossed the river.

Then, in the 1980s, the Lower North Side industrial area just across the river from the Loop, west of Michigan Avenue, and south of Near North Side's Cabrini–Green was transformed into the "River North" neighborhood, a focus of arts and entertainment, now home to the city's technology sector. By the 1990s, developers had converted thousands of acres of former industrial lands near the north branch of the Chicago River (and directly north, south, and west of the former Cabrini–Green projects) to lucrative office, retail, and housing developments.

Over time, Cabrini–Green's location became increasingly desirable to private developers. Speculators began purchasing property immediately adjacent to the projects, with the expectation that the complex would eventually be demolished. Finally, in May 1995, the federal Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) took over management of the CHA and almost immediately began demolishing the first of the vacant "Reds" buildings in Cabrini Extension, intending to make Chicago a showpiece of a new, mixed-income approach to public housing. Shortly thereafter, in June 1996, the city of Chicago and the CHA unveiled the Near North Redevelopment Initiative, which called for new development on and around the Cabrini–Green site. Under a ten-year Plan for Transformation, which was officially enacted in 2000, the city plans to demolish almost all of its high-rise public housing, including much of Cabrini–Green, except for a few of the run-down row houses, which tentatively remain. Demolition of Cabrini Extension was completed in 2002. Part of the site was added to Seward Park, and construction of new, mixed-income housing on the remainder of the site began in 2006. Subsidized development of mixed-income housing on vacant or underused parcels adjacent to Cabrini–Green, including a long-shuttered Oscar Mayer sausage factory, the former headquarters of Montgomery Ward, and an adjacent senior housing project named Orchard Park, began in 1994.

New market-rate housing now almost completely surrounds the remaining public housing. Cabrini–Green once housed 15,000 residents. New housing built on the 70 acre Cabrini–Green site will include 30% public-housing replacement homes and 20% "workforce affordable" housing, while many adjacent developments (almost all targeted at luxury buyers) include 20% affordable housing, half targeted as public-housing replacement, with a goal of 505 replacement units built off-site.

In February 2006, a unique partnership between CHA, Holsten, Kimball Hill Urban Centers and the Cabrini–Green LAC Community Development Corporation began a 790-unit, $250-million redevelopment of the 18 acre Cabrini Extension site, to be called Parkside at Old Town. Plans completed the demolition of Green Homes in 2011, while the majority of Cabrini's dilapidated row houses are abandoned and slated for demolition and future redevelopment. The Plan for Transformation's relocation process was the subject of a lawsuit, Wallace v. Chicago Housing Authority, which alleged that many residents were hastily forced into substandard, "temporary" housing in other slums, did not receive promised social services during or after the move, and were often denied the promised opportunity to return to the redeveloped sites.

The lawsuit was settled in June 2006, as the parties agreed to two relocation programs for current and former CHA residents: (1) CHA's current relocation program, encouraging moves to racially integrated areas of metropolitan Chicago and providing for case-managed social services, would be applied to families initially moving from public housing; and (2) an agreed-upon modified program run by CHA's voucher administrator, CHAC Inc., would encourage former CHA residents to relocate to economically and racially integrated communities as well as give them increased access to social services.

Some former CHA residents have moved out of Chicago to nearby south suburbs such as Harvey or to other housing developments in nearby cities. New residents have successfully moved into CHA replacement housing, and to date, residents of the mixed-income developments have reported fewer crime related problems. The last two families in Cabrini–Green were forced out by a federal judge's decree on December 1, 2010.

Crime has dramatically decreased in the area since the closure of Cabrini-Green; in the first half of 2006, only one murder occurred. Demolition of Cabrini–Green continued slowly and was completed in 2011. Plaintiffs in Wallace and others allege that CHA's hasty removal of residents has exacerbated socioeconomic and racial segregation, homelessness, and other social ills that the Plan for Transformation aimed to address by forcing residents to less-visible but still impoverished neighborhoods, largely on the south and west sides of the city.

Retail chain Target has built on the site at Division and Larrabee Streets, formerly occupied by 1230 N. Larrabee Street and 624 W. Division Street high-rises of the Green Homes. The new address is at 1200 N. Larrabee, and it opened to the public in October 2013.

Reputation
Though Chicago has had a number of notorious public housing projects, including the Robert Taylor Homes and Stateway Gardens on the South Side, and Rockwell Gardens and the Henry Horner Homes on the West Side, Cabrini–Green's name and its problems were the most publicized, especially beyond Chicago. Cabrini–Green often gained press coverage for its chaotic New Year's Eve celebrations when gang members fired handguns into the air, causing police to block off nearby streets every year. Several infamous incidents contributed to Cabrini–Green's reputation.

An unanticipated result of the steel fencing installed to secure the previously open gangways at Cabrini–Green was that it became difficult for Chicago police officers to see through the steel mesh from outside. On July 17, 1970, Chicago police patrolman Anthony N. Rizzato and Sergeant James Severin were shot and killed by gang members while patrolling community housing for an all-volunteer "Walk and Talk" project. As the officers proceeded across the Cabrini–Green baseball field, the assailants opened fire from an apartment window. The purpose of the shooting was to seal a pact between two rival gangs. Both officers were killed in the attack. Three adults and one juvenile were later charged with murder. The two shooters were sentenced to 100–199 years in prison for two counts of murder. In 1981, the gang killings of 11 made national attention.

In March 1981, in an effort to demonstrate a commitment to making the complex safer, then-Chicago Mayor Jane Byrne moved into a fourth-floor apartment in the 1160 N. Sedgwick Street building with her husband. Backed by a number of police officers and a substantial personal bodyguard presence, she stayed for only three weeks, and this incident contributed to public perception of Cabrini–Green as the worst of the worst of public housing. As a security measure, the rear entryway of the unit Byrne stayed in was welded shut. This had the impact of creating a fortification for gang members when Byrne left. Many other gangs copied this technique in other units.

On October 13, 1992, seven-year-old Dantrell Davis was shot in the head and killed by a sniper's bullet while walking to Jenner Elementary School with his mother.

On January 9, 1997, a nine-year-old girl nicknamed "Girl X"    was raped, poisoned, and strangled in a stairwell of the 1121 N. Larrabee Street building, leaving her permanently blind, paralyzed, and mute due to brain damage. The attacker used a marker to scrawl gang symbols on her abdomen in an attempt to mislead any investigation and left her for dead, face down in the snow, in the dangerously unlit corridor to be found by a janitor who quit the same day. Patrick Sykes, a neighboring 25-year-old male who was not a gang member, was later apprehended by police, gave a detailed confession, and was sentenced to the state maximum of 120 years in prison.

Two Chicago reporters soon indicted the Chicago community's indifference to its living conditions and cited Girl X, and her case was contrasted with that of the white and affluent JonBenét Ramsey. Girl X testified in a court case four years after the attack. The judge, Joseph Urso, awarded the family a $3 million payment by the Chicago Housing Authority on the grounds of negligence of maintenance and security of the facility, with the money dedicated to the child's long-term care.

Though many non-residents regarded Cabrini–Green with almost unalloyed horror, long-term residents interviewed by a Chicago Tribune reporter in 2004 described mixed feelings about the end of the Cabrini–Green era. They told the reporter that, in the face of their hardships living in such squalor, many residents had developed bonds of community and mutual support. They lamented the uprooting and scattering of that community, and worried about what would become of the residents who were being relocated to make way for urban redevelopment. Despite the terrible conditions in the complex, rents were extremely low and the site was close to the prosperous downtown and lakefront neighborhoods to the east, allowing very low income residents access to neighborhoods which would otherwise be impossible for them to afford. Local Little League baseball coach Daniel Coyle wrote a book Hardball: A Season in the Projects (1994), summarizing the blight and violence as "That's the story of Cabrini. A well-meaning person shows up three times a week. But nothing changes."

Education
Chicago Public Schools (CPS) operates public schools in the area around Cabrini-Green. Most of the Cabrini–Green teenagers attended William H. Wells High School, Waller High School (now known as Lincoln Park High School), also serves area students. Near North Career Metropolitan High School, located at Larrabee and Blackhawk, evolved from Cooley Vocational High School and served area students from 1979 until 2001.

At Cabrini–Green's height when over 15,000 residents lived in the neighborhood, there were five neighborhood elementary schools operated by Chicago Public Schools serving the neighborhood: Richard E. Byrd Community Academy, Jenner Academy of the Arts, Manierre School, Schiller Community Academy, and Truth School.

In the 1970–1971 school year, there were 6,144 students attending five grade schools in Cabrini-Green: Cooley Upper Grade Center, and Byrd, Jenner, Manierre, and Schiller elementary schools. By 1997, Cooley Upper had closed, and by that year the combined enrollment of the remaining four schools was 2,361. Between the 1970s and 1997, two high-rise buildings were demolished, family sizes decreased, more apartment units became vacant, and the demographic makeup of residents became more proportionately of adults. As of 2008, only three of the schools remain in use. , only Manierre and Jenner remained as K–8 schools.

K–8 schools
Cabrini-Green is served by Ogden International School, which has its preschool and middle school campus in the Cabrini-Green area. Prior to 2018, the building housed the standalone K-8 school Jenner Academy of the Arts (K-8). In 2016, it had 239 students, 98% African-American and almost all low income; its building capacity was 1,060. Enrollment had declined after Cabrini-Green was demolished. Jenner began the process of merging into Ogden International.

In the 2010s, CPS considered merging Jenner and Manierre together, but concerns involving students crossing gang territorial lines meant that both schools remained open. Manierre is in "Sedville", a gang territory area in Old Town. , it is considered a low performing school.

During the 2003–2004 school year, fifth-grade students from Room 405 at Richard E. Byrd Community Academy developed a comprehensive action plan to push the City of Chicago and the Chicago Board of Education to fulfill an old promise of building a new school for the community. They cited that their school had no lunchroom, no gym, and no auditorium. The heat often did not work and students were forced to wear hats, gloves, and coats in the classroom, among many other inadequacies. As they researched reasons for the decrepit and shameful conditions of their school, they examined issues related to equality in school funding.

To further their cause and implement their plan, the young activists wrote letters and emails, surveyed, petitioned, interviewed legislators, developed and produced a DVD, video documentaries, and a website in an effort to "get the word out" and garner support in hopes of seeing the new school built. Their fight for the new building garnered local and national attention. In 2004, Byrd students were rezoned to Jenner and Byrd closed. As of 2008, the school's students have transferred to other schools in the Chicago area and the school has been left vacant.

Freidrich von Schiller School served the William Green Homes. Initially it occupied two buildings at 640 West Scott Street; one was built circa 1963 and the other was about one century old. In 1969, the city approved the site for the new Schiller. It was planned as a two-building campus on a 10.3 acre plot of land, with an expected cost of $2.5 million. It was scheduled to open in September 1970. Initially the school was to designate one of its buildings as a "Schome" (meaning "school-home") for preschool children while another building was to house elementary grades. The campus was scheduled to have a capacity of 1,635. In 2009, Schiller closed and students were redirected to Jenner. Skinner North, a selective enrollment (or "test-in") school, occupies the building formerly held by Schiller Elementary.

Parks and recreation
The YMCA opened the New City YMCA in 1981. It was built windowless so it would not suffer from stray bullets, a product of crime in the neighborhood. The YMCA's clientele included people in Cabrini-Green and in Lincoln Park. CBS Chicago 2 stated that the facility was "once credited with breaking down a barrier between families from" different socioeconomic communities. In 2007, the YMCA closed, with the land sold, as Cabrini Green's impoverished community moved away. The YMCA shifted its focus and planned to open a new facility in Kelly Hall of the Mission of Our Lady of the Angels in Humboldt Park.

Notable people

 * Jerry Butler, soul singer.
 * Terry Callier, soul musician.
 * William Gates, high school and college basketball player and subject of the of 1994 documentary film Hoop Dreams
 * Greg Hollimon, comedic actor
 * Eddie T. Johnson, police superintendent.
 * Major Lance, R&B singer and father of Atlanta mayor Keisha Lance Bottoms
 * Ramsey Lewis, jazz pianist
 * Curtis Mayfield, soul musician.

Film

 * The opening shot and many scenes in the 1975 film Cooley High take place at the Cabrini–Green Homes, and the film portrays the lives of young people in those projects. The film's creator, Eric Monte, was raised at Cabrini–Green Homes and attended the real-life Cooley Vocational High School.
 * In the 1992 horror film Candyman, Cabrini–Green appears as the focal point of the titular character's supernatural activity. Part of the movie was filmed at the housing project over the course of three days.
 * The 2001 movie Hardball was a chronicle of Little League baseball in Chicago's Cabrini-Green housing project.
 * The documentary 70 Acres in Chicago, about Cabrini–Green by Ronit Bezalel, who spent two decades there beginning in 1995, was screened at the Gene Siskel Film Center in 2015.
 * The 2023 movie We Grown Now is set in Cabrini-Green in the early 1990s.

Television

 * The buildings are shown in the opening and closing credits of Good Times. Cabrini-Green is never mentioned specifically, but only referred to as "The Projects." The series is focused on the Evans family, residents of a two bedroom apartment unit on the 17th floor of a high-rise tower. Much is mentioned during the series about the poor condition of the facility (crime, broken down elevators, broken light bulbs, failing heat, water, etc.) Former resident Eric Monte was creator of the show.

 * In the television series Boss, Cabrini–Green serves as the inspiration and filming location for the "Lennox Gardens" housing project.

Video games

 * The Rossi-Fremont housing projects in the video game Watch Dogs were inspired by both Cabrini-Green and the Robert Taylor Homes.

title: Cabrini–Green Homes


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Talk:Hawkeye Pierce

Hawkeye did say he was married. Season 1 episode 23—- “Ceasefire” He admitted it several times. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 47.27.111.226 (talk) 18:00, 6 March 2020 (UTC) Hawkeye says at the end of Season 1 episode 23—- “Ceasefire” that he gave up 3 nurses for an "Imaginary Wife and Kids". He was not actually married.

Franklin
Is this person related in any way to Benjamin Franklin??
 * This 'person' is a fictional character, whose parents decided to name him after both Benjamin Franklin and Franklin Pierce -- MrItty 16:34, 16 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * where does it say that his parents decided to name him after those two? Batman2005 04:10, 13 July 2006 (UTC)
 * I seem to recall it being mentioned in one of the episodes. Dismas|(talk) 01:19, 3 November 2006 (UTC)
 * I'm pretty sure he was named after Benjamin Franklin, and his last name is Pierce. Perhaps the original novel's writer named the character the way you suggest, but obviously within the MASH universe (as in ours) there isn't much choice about one's last name (referring to "Franklin Pierce"). Statarius (talk) 09:44, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

He was named after his uncle, or maybe another family member, Benjamin Pierce. His middle name is obviously a reference to Benjamin Franklin. I don't know the episode, but it's mentioned in the first season.

Interestingly, Hawkeye had been married in the book and the film; at the beginning of the series, he was married as well, but references to his marriage were eventually dropped and it was made clear that he was single.

 * This is not true, it was never stated in the television series he was married. In fact, in "The Army-Nacy Game," one of the earlist episodes, it was specifically stated he was not married and, though in the episode "Ceasefire" he tells several nurses he's married beileving the war is over, at the end of that episode he says that he gave up three nurses for "an imaginery wife and family." Still, he said he was engaged in the pilot episode.

In season 4, episode 9, “The Kids”, Hawkeye told BJ that had worked to put his wife through medical school. It could however be construed that he was making a wise crack. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.196.248.75 (talk) 02:01, 22 October 2019 (UTC)

World War II
He aludes to the fact he may have been in World War II on several occassions but it is never confirmed? Was he. This goes for all chracters except Potter.

Someone listed him as being eligible for the WW II Victory Medal which implies he served, but it is never explicitly stated anywhere in the article. The references below are rather ambiguous and could just be taken as joking references. On the other hand, if as the books state he was 31 in 1954 then he would have been 18 when the US entered WWII and prime age to have served. However, if he served until the end of the war he would not have had time to attend college and medical school. He could have finished college first, enlisted/drafted in '45 and then went to medical school after serving briefly, but that seems unlikely. Given all of the evidence from the show and the multitude of opportunities to demonstrate some prior experience in the army it seems extremely unlikely he would have served previously. I mean, really, can you see any evidence in the character for him having had been exposed to army discipline without the cover of his position as a doctor to allow him to act the way he does?

In one of the early epsiodes Sometimes You Hear the Bullet Hawkeye friend for 15 years from the 4th Grade-implies that Hawkeye would have been 10/11 years old 1935/1936-born 1925/26 and old enough to be drafted in World War II.

Hawkeye ww2
He makes absolutely no allusions to being in WWII. What show have you been watching?

I can remember two specific times, First when Frank Burns says that his stock has gone up due to the war and that stocks always go up due to wars, he says "well I have been in two wars, where my Waffen SS Stocks?"

And secondly when Radar shows him his WWII comics, and he remebers singing "Der Furhers face", in his barracks.

 * The epsiode where Hawkeye claims this is "second War" was 2/23

Was Hawkeye Pierce married ?
In the Movie and two times in the TV Show Peirce said he was ?--Brown Shoes22 15:01, 14 June 2006 (UTC)

In one of the TV episode 4/23 HAwkeye all but admits to having had a defacto common law relationship before the Korean War with a new nurse assigned to MASH

City and college
Per the script, which Donald Southerland essentially says: "HAWKEYE: We didn't have a chance, little Androscoggin College against the Big Green, but there was this blizzard and we held then nothing nothing till the last twenty seconds. Then this great passer of theirs let one go, snow and all..." Androscoggin is a fictional college, probably near the Androscoggin River in Maine, near Larder's Alma Mater.

His hometown, Crabapple Cove, Maine, is also fictional.

A previous poster said that Hawkeye and Trapper met during their residency in Boston, but the movie script/dialogue indicate an interception in the snow. --Robertkeller 15:38, 15 July 2006 (UTC)

Father reading novel
''The novel established that Pierce’s nickname of “Hawkeye” was given to him by his father. It comes from the novel The Last of the Mohicans, which Pierce initially claimed was the only book his father ever read to him. In the television series, it is the only book his father ever read to him.''

 * Er... what? Why the italics? Can someone who knows the show clarify this a bit? Rissa 10:14, 25 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Gladly. In the books, Hawkeye's father (Big Benjy Pierce) is said to have read only one book in his whole life.  In the series it was implied that he had read more but that Last of the Mohicans was the only book he read to young Benjamin Franklin Pierce.  Sound right?  --Harlsbottom 12:31, 25 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Uhm, I have to say that if his father only read one book wouldnt it be his favourite then? I mean this is comedy right?  --Mihsfbstadium 12:17, 5 December 2006 (UTC)

Suspension of belief

 * In one of the later seasons epsiodes {7/2} Hawkeye has a near nervous breakdown and storms into the PEace Talks to get them going again. In real life both Hawkeye and Potter would have been subject to Court martial--Hawkeye would have gotten a Section 8 discharge and Potter would have lost his rank as Colonel and would have been lucky to have gone home a Captain!

his dad a doctor
perhaps he needed to explain terms, because his dad wasn't a surgeon? Bouncehoper 02:56, 27 April 2007 (UTC)

Name
Since Bejnamin Franklin Pierce is his actual name ("Hawkeye" is an informal one), perhaps the title of the article should be renamed? I'm in no hurry, so if there are any objections....Statarius (talk) 09:37, 2 January 2008 (UTC)
 * He's best known as Hawkeye, howver you've a point as we don't have Hotlips Houlihan. GoodDay (talk) 00:01, 9 January 2008 (UTC)

Picture
Holy hell in a bag, who put that up? It looks like he's picking his nose with his thumb. Don't we have anything better??? Bouncehoper (talk) 08:06, 4 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Perhaps, but that image is from the eponymous - and wholly classic episode "Hawkeye", which was essentially one long monologue that brilliantly showcased the character. --Statarius (talk) 08:52, 22 May 2008 (UTC)

Yes, but the fact remains it's a terrible choice of picture. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.147.166.107 (talk) 05:51, 26 July 2010 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:HawkeyeEpisode.jpg
The image Image:HawkeyeEpisode.jpg is used in this article under a claim of fair use, but it does not have an adequate explanation for why it meets the requirements for such images when used here. In particular, for each page the image is used on, it must have an explanation linking to that page which explains why it needs to be used on that page. Please check

 * That there is a non-free use rationale on the image's description page for the use in this article.
 * That this article is linked to from the image description page.

This is an automated notice by FairuseBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Media copyright questions. --11:57, 14 September 2008 (UTC)

Edit of 15:06, 26 January 2011
Sorry, I meant that "who" was the subject of "was", and not the direct object of "stated"; so it must take the form "who", not "whom".Kelisi (talk) 15:09, 26 January 2011 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Hawkeye Pierce


text:
Baron Vivian

Baron Vivian, of Glynn and of Truro in the County of Cornwall, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom and held by a branch of the Vivian family. It was created on 19 August 1841 for the soldier Sir Hussey Vivian, 1st Baronet. He had already been created a baronet, of Truro in the County of Cornwall, on 19 January 1828. His eldest legitimate son, the second Baron, represented Bodmin in the House of Commons and served as Lord Lieutenant of Cornwall. His son, the third Baron, served as British Ambassador to Italy from 1891 to 1893. The latter's great-grandson, the sixth Baron, was a soldier and a Conservative member of the House of Lords. Lord Vivian was one of the ninety elected hereditary peers that were allowed to remain in the House of Lords after the passing of the House of Lords Act 1999. As of 2014 the titles are held by his only son, the seventh Baron, who succeeded in 2004.

Sir Robert Vivian, illegitimate son of the first Baron, was also a prominent soldier. Another member of the Vivian family was Henry Vivian, 1st Baron Swansea. He was the nephew of the first Baron. Lord Swansea's younger brother was Sir Arthur Vivian.

The traditional residence of the Barons Vivian was Glynn House near Cardinham, Cornwall, purchased and first lived in by the 1st Baron Vivian.

A number of Vivian family graves with Celtic-style headstones can be found at the Parish Church of St Winnow.

Vivian baronets (1828)

 * (Richard) Hussey Vivian, 1st Baronet (1775–1842)

Baron Vivian (1841)

 * (Richard) Hussey Vivian, 1st Baron Vivian (1775–1842)
 * Charles Crespigny Vivian, 2nd Baron Vivian (1808–1886)
 * Hussey Crespigny Vivian, 3rd Baron Vivian (1834–1893)
 * George Crespigny Brabazon Vivian, 4th Baron Vivian (1878–1940)
 * Anthony Crespigny Claude Vivian, 5th Baron Vivian (1906–1991)
 * Nicholas Crespigny Lawrence Vivian, 6th Baron Vivian (1935–2004)
 * Charles Crespigny Hussey Vivian, 7th Baron Vivian (born 1966)

The heir presumptive is the present holder's first cousin, Thomas Crespigny Brabazon Vivian (born 1971).

The heir presumptive's heir presumptive is the present holder's third cousin once removed, (Christopher) John Desmond Vivian (born 1956), a great-great-grandson of the 2nd Baron.

The heir presumptive's heir presumptive's heir apparent is his son, Alastair Desmond Vivian (born 1991).

Line of succession

 * Coronet of a British Baron.svg Richard Hussey Vivian, 1st Baron Vivian (1775–1842)
 * Coronet of a British Baron.svg Charles Crespigny Vivian, 2nd Baron Vivian (1808–1886)
 * Coronet of a British Baron.svg Hussey Crespigny Vivian, 3rd Baron Vivian (1834–1893)
 * Coronet of a British Baron.svg George Crespigny Brabazon Vivian, 4th Baron Vivian (1878–1940)
 * Coronet of a British Baron.svg Anthony Crespigny Claude Vivian, 5th Baron Vivian (1906–1991)
 * Coronet of a British Baron.svg Nicholas Crespigny Laurance Vivian, 6th Baron Vivian (1935–2004)
 * Coronet of a British Baron.svg Charles Crespigney Hussey Vivian, 7th Baron Vivian (born 1966)
 * Hon. Victor Anthony Ralph Brabazon Vivian (1940–2013)
 * (1) Thomas Crespigny Brabazon Vivian (born 1971)
 * Hon. Claud Hamilton Vivian (1849–1902)
 * Capt. Eric Paul Vivian (1891–1961)
 * Desmond Walter Paul Vivian (1925–1974)
 * (2) Christopher John Desmond Vivian (born 1956)
 * (3) Alastair Desmond Vivian (born 1991)
 * (4) Patrick Cyril Vivian (born 1929)
 * (5) Simon Paul Richard Vivian (born 1962)
 * (6) Charles Patrick Michael Vivian (born 1999)
 * (7) Edward Simon Paul Vivian (born 2001)
 * (8) Charles Eveyln Vivian (born 1937)
 * Robert Crespigny Gwynedd Vivian (1898–1984)
 * (9) Robin Audley Clinton Vivian (born 1936)
 * (10) Rupert James Vivian (born 1970)

title: Baron Vivian


text:
Brewing in Oregon

The U.S. state of Oregon is home to more than 200 breweries and brew pubs that produce a large variety of beer.

History
Many sources credit Swiss-born Henry Saxer and his Liberty Brewery as being Oregon's first commercial brewery (supposedly opening in 1852); however, the first verifiable record of a brewery in Oregon is an advertisement in the August 5, 1854, issue of The Weekly Oregonian for Charles Barrett's Portland Brewery and General Grocery Establishment.
 * 1862 – After working at and later owning several smaller breweries, Henry Weinhard purchased and expanded Liberty Brewery which was later renamed City Brewery.
 * 1914 – Five years before national prohibition was established, the voters of Oregon approved a statewide ban on the manufacture, sale or advertisement of intoxicating liquor.
 * 1933 – Oregon and the nation ratified the 21st Amendment.
 * 1985 – Oregon Legislature legalized brewpubs.

According to a 2014 report by the Beer Institute, Oregon had 208 breweries, a number exceeded by only three states – California (with 509 breweries), Washington (251), and Colorado (217). As of July 2015, Oregon was home to 234 brewing facilities operated by 194 brewing companies. There are also many nanobreweries in Oregon. Many breweries have won nationwide and international acclaim.

Alongside brewing, hops have a historical presence in Oregon. Hop production in Oregon began in 1867 when William Wells planted his first crop in Buena Vista, Oregon. This grew throughout the 20th century, when Oregon was dubbed the "Hop Center of the World" for its production around Independence, Oregon, in Polk County. Hop production later saw some decline due to mildew and mechanical picking technology; however, Oregon remains the second largest hop producing state in the US.

Oregon State University began planting and experimenting with hops as early as 1893. Dr. Alfred Haunold influenced modern and popular hop varieties through his work with food studies. The Fermentation Science Program established itself in 1995 and further aided the study of hops and brewing at Oregon State, followed by the creation of the Oregon Hops and Brewing Archives in 2013.

The Oregon Brewers Guild was established in 1992 to promote Oregon breweries; it is the second-oldest nonprofit brewer trade association in the United States.

Breweries
The following are some Oregon-based breweries. The list includes some large brewing companies that have regional or national distribution. Oregon also has many mid-size and small breweries. Most of them produce kegs of beer to be served on draft at taverns and restaurants. Many of them also package their beer in bottles or cans. Some production breweries have taprooms where patrons can drink the beer that is produced onsite. And some breweries are brewpubs – full-service restaurants that brew their own beer.

 * 10 Barrel Brewing Company – bottles, cans, and brewpub locations in Bend and Portland, as well as Boise, Denver, and San Diego; founded in 2006; bought by Anheuser-Busch in 2014.
 * Ancestry Brewing – opened in 2016, brewery and taproom in Tualatin, restaurant in Portland
 * Barley Brown's Beer – Baker City – brewpub, and production brewery with taproom; founded in 1998
 * Block 15 Brewing Company – Corvallis – bottles; brewpub opened in 2008; production brewery and taproom opened in 2015
 * Boneyard Beer – Bend; tasting room; opened in 2010
 * Breakside Brewery – bottles; brewpub in Northeast Portland (opened in 2010), brewery and taproom in Milwaukie (2013), and brewpub in Northwest Portland (2017)
 * Buoy Beer Company – Astoria; bottles, brewpub; opened in 2014
 * Captured by Porches Brewing – Saint Helens
 * Cascade Brewing – bottles; two brewpubs in Portland; founded in 1998
 * Cascade Lakes Brewing Company – bottles; brewpubs in Redmond and Bend; founded in 1994
 * Claim 52 Brewing - Eugene; cans, taproom, brewpub; founded in 2012
 * Coldfire Brewing – Eugene; bottles, cans, brewpub; opened in 2016
 * De Garde Brewing – Tillamook; bottles, taproom; opened in 2013
 * Deschutes Brewery – Bend, Portland; bottles, brewpubs; founded in 1988
 * Double Mountain Brewery – bottles; taprooms in Hood River and Portland; founded in 2007
 * Elk Horn Brewing – Eugene; brewpub; founded in 2014
 * Falling Sky Brewing – Eugene; brewery, multiple taprooms, founded in 2012
 * Fearless Brewing – Estacada; cans, brewpub, founded in 2003, sold and renamed to Time Travelers Brewing in 2022
 * Fort George Brewery – Astoria; cans, brewpub; opened in 2007
 * Full Sail Brewing Company – Hood River; bottles, brewpub; founded in 1987
 * Gigantic Brewing – Portland; bottles, brewpub; opened in 2012
 * Gilgamesh Brewing – Salem; bottles, brewpub; opened in 2009
 * Gorges Beer Company - Cascade Locks, Portland brewpubs; opened in 2019
 * Great Notion Brewing – Portland brewpub, opened in 2016
 * Hair of the Dog Brewing Company – Portland; bottles, brewpub; founded in 1993
 * Heater Allen Brewing—McMinnville, lager focused, opened in 2007
 * Hop Valley Brewing Company – Eugene, founded in 2009
 * Laurelwood Pub and Brewery – brewpub with several locations in Portland; founded in 2001
 * Little Beast Brewing – Clackamas (brewery); Portland (beer garden); bottles, brewpub; founded in 2017
 * Logsdon Farmhouse Ales – Hood River; bottles, taproom; founded in 2011
 * McMenamins – a brewpub chain with locations scattered throughout Oregon and Washington; founded in 1983
 * Ninkasi Brewing Company – Eugene; bottles, taproom; founded in 2006
 * Oakshire Brewing – Eugene, bottles, cans, ; founded in 2006
 * Old Town Brewing – Portland; bottles and pizzeria brewpub; original restaurant opened in 1974, brewpub opened in 2012
 * Ordnance Brewing – Boardman – cans, taproom, opened in 2014
 * Pelican Brewing Company – bottles; brewpubs in Pacific City and Cannon Beach, taproom in Tillamook; founded in 1996
 * pFriem Family Brewers – Hood River; bottles, brewpub; opened in 2012
 * Plank Town Brewing – Springfield; bottles, brewpub; founded in 2013
 * The Prodigal Son Brewery and Pub – Pendleton – brewpub, opened in 2010
 * Rogue Ales – Newport; founded in 1988; bottles, cans; brewpubs in Oregon, Washington, and California
 * Sam Bond's Brewing Company – Eugene; bottles, taprooms, founded in 2013
 * So Many Roads Brewery – Denver; brewery, taproom, music venue, and museum; opened in 2020
 * Stickmen Brewing Company – Lake Oswego; bottles/cans, brewpubs in Lake Oswego and Tualatin, founded in 2013
 * Upright Brewing – Portland; opened in 2009; bottles, taproom
 * Viking Braggot Company – Eugene; bottles, taprooms; opened in 2013
 * Wayfinder Beer—Portland; brewpub, opened in 2016
 * Widmer Brothers Brewery – Portland; founded in 1984, Widmer Brothers is now part of Craft Brew Alliance
 * Wolves & People Farmhouse Brewery – Newberg – bottles, taproom, opened in 2016
 * Worthy Brewing – Bend; cans, brewpub; founded in 2013
 * Yachats Brewing – Yachats – farm store opened in 2012, added a brewpub in 2015

Closed breweries

 * Agrarian Ales – Eugene; bottles, brewpub, opened in 2012
 * Alesong Brewing & Blending – Lorane; bottles, tasting room; founded in 2015
 * Alameda Brewing Company – Portland; bottles, cans, brewpub; founded in 1996. Closed in 2018.
 * BridgePort Brewing Company – Portland; bottles, brewpub; founded in 1984; acquired by the Gambrinus Company in 1995;
 * Burnside Brewing Company
 * The Commons Brewery – Portland – cans, taproom, opened in 2011. Closed in 2017.
 * Henry Weinhard's, formerly of Portland, is now owned and brewed by SABMiller, although some beers are brewed under contract by Full Sail Brewing Company. The Weinhard Brewery Complex is now a mixed-use development.
 * Tugboat Brewing Company – Portland brewpub, opened in 1996. Closed in 2017.
 * Portland Brewing Company – Portland; bottles, brewpub; founded in 1986; bought by Pyramid Breweries in 2004; acquired by Florida Ice and Farm Company in 2012; closed in 2021.

Festivals
The Oregon Brewers Festival the largest gathering of independent craft brewers in the United States.

The Gold Beach Brew & Art Festival is always held the Saturday after Labor Day. It is the oldest brew festival in southern Oregon and on the Oregon Coast.

Oregon is host to several other beer oriented festivals throughout the year, each with their own unique focus and feel.

Homebrewing
F.H. Steinbart is a homebrew supply store on SE 12th Avenue in Portland, Oregon. It is the oldest homebrew supply store in the country and helped nurture the vibrant Pacific Northwest craft-brewing scene. President Jimmy Carter signed HR 1337 into law in 1978, which legalized homebrewing at the federal level. In the years that followed, many commercial brewers began as homebrewer customers who were introduced to the company by buying supplies there – the Widmers and McMenamins brothers were customers.

Owner John DeBenedetti helped establish the Oregon Brew Crew in 1980; it is Oregon's largest active homebrew club and meets monthly in the FH Steinbart warehouse.

Brewery Awards
(Discontinued in 2018)

title: Brewing in Oregon


text:
Tracy Voorhees

Tracy Stebbins Voorhees (June 30, 1890 – September 25, 1974) served as Under Secretary of the United States Army from August 1949 to April 1950. He held numerous positions within the U.S. Government as a civilian. A practicing attorney, Voorhees, with the Judge Advocate General's Department, he served as part of the Surgeon General's office in the European and Pacific theatres during World War II. After the War, he served in various positions in the Defense Department.

Biography
Tracy Voorhees was born on June 30, 1890, in New Brunswick, New Jersey; graduated from Rutgers University with a B.A. degree in 1911 and an M.A. degree in 1914; received an LL.B. degree from Columbia Law School in 1915; was admitted to the New Jersey bar in 1915, and the New York bar in 1918.

He became a member of the law firm of Satterlee, Canfield and Stone in New York in 1917. He served as assistant to the Director, Bureau of Imports, War Trade Board in 1918. He was practicing attorney as a member of the firm of Ewing, Alley and Voorhees from 1919 to 1928 and member of the firm Blake and Voorhees from 1929 to 1942. He served as president of Long Island College Hospital from 1936 to 1944.

He was a commissioned colonel in the United States Army, posted to the Judge Advocate General's Department in 1942 and detailed to the Surgeon General's Office as Director of the Legal Division, serving in the European, China-Burma-India, and Pacific Theaters of Operation. He was special assistant to the Secretary of War Robert P. Patterson in 1946. As a civilian he was special assistant to Secretaries of War Patterson and Kenneth C. Royall, served as the War Department's Food Administrator for Occupied Areas, from 1947–1948 and served as Assistant Secretary of the Army, from 17 June 1948 to 21 August 1949.

He served as Under Secretary of the Army, from 22 August 1949 to 24 April 1950. He was vice chairman of the Committee on Present Danger from 1951 to 1953, Department of Defense Advisor to the U.S. Mission to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization with rank of minister and the director for offshore procurement in Europe for the Secretary of Defense from 1953 to 1954. He was a consultant to the Secretary of Defense from 1954 to 1961, was chairman, President's Committee for Hungarian Refugee Relief from 1956 1957 and served as the President's Personal Representative for Cuban Refugees, from 1960 to 1961. He was vice chairman of the board of Rutgers University from 1959 to 1965. He died in Brooklyn, New York. His papers are preserved in Special Collections and University Archives in the Alexander Library of Rutgers University Libraries in New Brunswick.

Honors
Voorhees' awards include Army Distinguished Service Medal, the Department of Defense Award for Distinguished Public Service, and Army Distinguished Civilian Service Award.

In 1974 the Board of Governors of Rutgers University renamed Rutgers' Neilson Campus in New Brunswick "Voorhees Campus" (currently "Voorhees Mall") after Tracy Voorhees.

The 5.25 acre Van Voorhees Park in Brooklyn, New York, is named in honor of Tracy Voorhees and his family.

title: Tracy Voorhees


text:
Talk:White Anglo-Saxon Protestants

Two groups
I have started a new section for the comment below, which is on a different topic than the discussion above on "term or concept?". --Macrakis (talk) 14:36, 29 August 2021 (UTC)

 * I have a problem with the suggestion that opens this section: "White Anglo-Saxon Protestants or WASPs are white American Protestants, generally upper-class and usually of British descent." There are two groups --by far the most common usage deals with a small powerful white Protestant elite. The term is also used less often to cover 100 million plus Protestants of British descent. Rjensen (talk) 23:43, 28 August 2021 (UTC)

anglo saxons are english.
Anglo-Saxon refers to the ancestry of ENGLISH people: literally explained in the entry for "Anglo-Saxon". Britain is made up of 4 nations. The Welsh, Scottish and Irish peoples of Britain are not Anglo-Saxon, and no one ever called Irish-American people, even the protestant ones, WASPs. The term specifically excludes Americans of Irish ancestry, yet the Irish immigrants came from "Britain". This article should be more honest. 98.202.5.27 (talk) 07:45, 6 February 2022 (UTC)
 * Article contents are based on published, reliabe sources. Feel free to present additional sources to support any desired changes. --Sangdeboeuf (talk) 08:18, 6 February 2022 (UTC)
 * "But in fact WASPs were not an English but an American phenomenon, and it was not their English blood that particularly distinguished them or, for that matter, their Protestant religion. A large number of Americans who were of English descent, who were communicants in a Protestant church, and who might even have been rich, were nevertheless not WASPs. On the other hand, people who were not of English extraction or were only partially so (the Roosevelts, for example, and the Jameses) figure largely in the WASP story’. For it was not blood or heredity, but a longing for completeness that distinguished the WASPs in their prime..1. Yet the acronym we have fixed upon them is, in its absurdity, faithful to the tragicomedy of this once formidable tribe, so nearly visionary and so decisively blind, now that it has been reduced in stature and its most significant"
 * The complaint is like saying the word anti-Semite means anti-Arab. Doug Weller  talk 10:29, 6 February 2022 (UTC)
 * In a British Isle context you'd have a point: "Anglo" is used exclusively in Britain and Ireland to describe all things English, and is never applied to the Irish, Welsh or Scots. But this article is about the term "WASP" in a US historical context - which had initially evolved to describe a caste that had formed during the Gilded Age, and then came to represent social stratification in the World War 1 period. The European origins of these WASP families span many places other than England (the Astor family, for example, had roots all over Europe, including the Italian side of the Western Alps).
 * What distinguished these families, who in some cases had mixed and vague European backgrounds, from other Americans, and what inspired sociologists like Baltzell to single them out for special treatment, was that they occupied a unique social niche, attended the same boarding schools (finishing schools for women) and universities, were members of the same social clubs (eg the Union Club), and dominated the upper echelons of American political, financial and industrial institutions for several decades of US history. They also shared peculiar mannerisms (like speaking in a fake British accent), obsessions (genealogy, having perfect posture etc), and social etiquettes. In plain English, these families were all upper class Anglophiles in a country that was and had always been Anglophobic since the Revolutionary War (read about the Astor Place Riot for more insight into this 19th Century class dynamic).
 * There were indeed upper class families with Irish ancestry, and I'm not talking about the "Scots-Irish". Some obvious examples are the Kane family, the Carroll family, and the Iselin family. Arthur Leary was president of the Union Club and made Ward McAllister's 400 list, despite being the grandson of an Irish immigrant and a Catholic (his mother's family came from Dutch immigrants). Thomas Fortune Ryan was also cited by Baltzell in his Gilded Age WASP directory. You will find many other Irish family names in the Social Register directories for the period in question, particularly in New York and Boston (I counted dozens).Jonathan f1 (talk) 21:24, 24 March 2022 (UTC)

Hacker, 1957
The statement that Andrew Hacker used "WASP" in 1957 with the "w" meaning "wealthy" is entirely false. The Hacker usage clearly used "w" to mean "white." — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:192:80:99D0:708C:7B9C:AF86:4166 (talk) 15:08, 11 March 2023 (UTC)
 * The quote from Hacker is right there in the article: "First of all, they are 'WASPs'—in the cocktail party jargon of the sociologists. That is, they are, they are Anglo-Saxon in origin, and they are Protestants [...]" —Sangdeboeuf (talk) 18:58, 11 March 2023 (UTC)

WASP presidents.
It seems that the whole list should be deleted or simply renamed to "Catholic presidents" leaving JFK and Biden. Everyone else descends from white anglo-saxons per extant wikipedia articles. 2603:7000:8E01:2B47:3595:F77C:F0A9:4EB6 (talk) 22:04, 12 March 2023 (UTC)

 * yes delete -- WASP means upper class (like Washington, Jefferson, Kennedy and the Bushes). That disqualifies poor boys like Truman, Ike, Clinton, Carter, Reagan Ford, Obama, Biden.  WASP means British--and not Irish (like Kennedy and Biden) or German (like Trump or Ike or  Hoover)  or Dutch (Van Buren, both Roosevelts). As the article mentions, Theodore Roosevelt was strenuous in insisting he was Dutch and "not Anglo-Saxon)"  -- so in the last century we have only Coolidge & the two Bushes who meet the criteria. Rjensen (talk) 02:23, 13 March 2023 (UTC)
 * With all due respect Jensen, but your insistence on excluding the Irish, Germans, Dutch etc from this category is tantamount to imposing an artificial division within this class when none existed. These are not even discrete categories: Is anyone seriously denying that the Astor family had German ancestry or that they were WASPs (ie upper class Americans)? This would've been news to anyone living in the Gilded Age much less the Astors themselves (who named their hotel the Waldorf Astoria, after their ancestral home).
 * I am also unaware of any reliable source that claims the population of British America was strictly "British" -predominately British Isles, sure, but that also includes Ireland. The Oxford Handbook of American Immigration and Ethnicity  defines Anglo-Americans:
 * "Men and women from the British Isles predominated, but the group summarily called Anglo Americans were highly differentiated: the ethnically and linguistically diverse English-speakers included Anglicans and Dissenters, Protestant and Catholic Irish, Highland and Lowland Scots, Scots-Irish, and some Welsh..... These many-cultured English -and Gaelic-speakers needed to learn to get along with each other and to form a culture and institutions that would be called Anglo-America." (p. 37 )
 * So now we have a recent reliable source defining Anglo-Americans beyond the narrow category of "British", to include essentially all English-speaking Europeans that populated British America. Those who emerged from this population as upper class were certainly WASPs.
 * Note I am not claiming someone like Trump is a WASP -he isn't upper class ('class' and 'wealth' are different). I am challenging this whole practice of excluding people by ancestry. Jonathan f1 (talk) 18:20, 6 May 2023 (UTC)
 * this article is about how the term "WASP" is actually used, according to reliable sources. The source you cite The Oxford Handbook of American Immigration and Ethnicity  does not discuss the term or use "WASP." Rjensen (talk) 22:28, 6 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Yet the empirical fact remains that the ancestries of the WASP class were far more diverse than you acknowledge (in a European, or Northwestern European, sense). It isn't hard finding an RS that broadens the scope: "Kennedy is the only president to lack WASP (Dutch, British or Irish Protestant) ancestry." p.7 Jonathan f1 (talk) 04:11, 7 May 2023 (UTC)
 * a few sociologists (like Kaufman) use "wasp" to refer to hundreds of millions of Americans, while this article focuses on wasp-as-top-elite. It's the difference between Harvard and the local high school. Kaufman notes that "there is very little work on ethnic ideal-types " so he's something of an outlier. Rjensen (talk) 21:35, 7 May 2023 (UTC)
 * He was referring to ethnic ideals in contemporary US culture, but that's really beside the point. The "wasp-as-top-elite" did not have ancestry only from Britain, and this can be demonstrated by a cursory look at the family names that appeared in the blue books from the period. I'll choose the Boston blue book for the year 1924: 1924 because it was something of a golden age of wasp dominance, and Boston because I'll assume this city's upper class would skew more 'Brahmin' or 'English' than what you'd find in New York or Baltimore society, much less San Francisco . And yet even here we find, at least, dozens of names that are Irish, German or some other European. I started compiling a list of the names that were unambiguously Irish, but there were too many of them and it wouldn't be worth the time. Jonathan f1 (talk) 00:38, 8 May 2023 (UTC)
 * that would be forbidden as original research--we need to stick to published reliable secondary sources. Rjensen (talk) 03:39, 8 May 2023 (UTC)
 * In any case the usual source is the "Social Register" not the Blue Book. The Blue Book explicitly lists prominent Catholics (including mayors James Curley and John F Fitzgerald). These Irish Catholics are not in the "Social Register" (which is here for Boston 1922) Rjensen (talk) 03:58, 8 May 2023 (UTC)
 * If there's a paucity of genealogical research on the American upper class, then it would appear that sociologists and social historians have spent the last 50 odd years parroting Baltzell's claims as fact without bothering to scrutinize them. In The Protestant Establishment  Baltzell himself cites Thomas Fortune Ryan and Thomas Dolan as two of the founding members of the American aristocracy (pp. 9 -11) -both of Irish background, while one of them, Ryan, was a practicing Catholic. Baltzell also described F. Scott Fitzgerald as "half a WASP" -not because his father was Irish, but because he was brought up Catholic (although, bizarrely, he had no reservations about listing the more pious and dogmatic Catholic Ryan as a full-blooded WASP, probably because his status within the American establishment was beyond dispute).
 * It isn't just the blue books either. Even the Social Registers turn up an interesting assortment of non-British surnames, such as this New York SR from 1917 (Great Gatsby era). I'm encountering numerous Irish names like Brennan, Callahan, Carroll, Coogan, Daly, Murphy, O'Donohue, O'Bryan, O'Connor etc. Interestingly I even came across a couple of Italian last names (Baltazzi, Catalani), and several of German or French origin.
 * Granted, with few exceptions (T. Ryan, Arthur Leary), these Irish names belonged to people who were almost certainly mainline Protestant. The trope that 'all Irish are Catholics' was an invention of nationalist Ireland, historians writing in the Whig tradition (ie -projecting the present onto the past). Jonathan f1 (talk) 23:19, 8 May 2023 (UTC)

The "white dominant culture"?
I recall a conversation about religion I once had with a native of North Jersey, someone who grew up in the metro region of NY City. He told me that he had no idea what a "Protestant" was until he was an adult, and at one point remarked, "I was over the age of 30 when I realized the majority of Americans aren't Catholic." This has something to do with the fact that New Jersey is one of at least 4 US states where Catholics outnumber Protestants (even as a collective), but also highlights the flaws in the "national culture" mythology: the US does not, in fact, have a "national culture," and certainly no national culture that has much to do with religion. In states like NY, NJ, Rhode Island and Massachusetts, the dominant religion is Catholicism; in Utah Mormonism is mainstream while in the Bible Belt it is Evangelical Christianity. At the same time, the prevailing trend in the US as a whole has been secularization, and we are now at a point where nearly 1 in 3 Americans claim no religion at all. So what is the phrase "white dominant culture" supposed to mean in an article where religion is supposed to be a significant ethnic factor?

Another flaw in this piece is that it shifts back and forth from discussing "history" and contemporary society, and it is hard to tell if this subject has retained any relevance in this day and age. It also doesn't help that virtually all the sources used to support the notion of "continued WASP dominance" are rather dated -even the 'younger' sources from the 90s are ~30 years old, or at least published before the country elected its first black president and second Roman Catholic (Biden). I'll grant that during the Bush/Cheney administration it may have seemed that "WASPs" still mattered, but does it really seem like that in 2024?

Read the Kaufmann source cited in the lead. Kaufmann claims that one-time ethnic minorities matched or surpassed "WASPs" on key socioeconomic factors by 1980, and also cites sociologists who argue for a new "white ethnie" based on pan-European genealogical and cultural traits. He writes that only a minority of white Americans can claim a single European ancestry, and that there was a spike in inter-religious marriages in the postwar decades. And even this source was published 20 years ago. Jonathan f1 (talk) 21:31, 9 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:White Anglo-Saxon Protestants


text:
Baron Vestey

Baron Vestey, of Kingswood in the County of Surrey, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created in 1922 for the shipping magnate Sir William Vestey, 1st Baronet. He was the co-founder of the Blue Star Line. Vestey had already been created a baronet, of Bessémer House in the Metropolitan Borough of Camberwell, in 1913.

, the titles are held by the fourth Baron, who succeeded his father in 2021 and is the eldest grandson of the Hon. William Vestey (who was killed in action in Italy during the Second World War in 1944), the only son of the second Baron. The current holder's father, the 3rd Baron Vestey, served as Master of the Horse from 1999 to 2018.

Sir Edmund Vestey, 1st Baronet, co-founder of the Blue Star Line, was the younger brother of the first Baron Vestey.

The family seat is Stowell Park, in the Cotswold Hills, Gloucestershire.

Barons Vestey

 * William Vestey, 1st Baron Vestey (1859–1940)
 * Samuel Vestey, 2nd Baron Vestey (1882–1954)
 * Captain Hon. William Howarth Vestey (1912–1944)
 * Samuel George Armstrong Vestey, 3rd Baron Vestey (1941–2021)
 * William Guy Vestey, 4th Baron Vestey (born 1983)

The heir apparent is the present holder's son, the Hon. Samuel Oscar Mark Vestey (born 2018).

title: Baron Vestey


text:
Bromus tectorum

Bromus tectorum, known as downy brome, drooping brome or cheatgrass, is a winter annual grass native to Europe, southwestern Asia, and northern Africa, but has become invasive in many other areas. It now is present in most of Europe, southern Russia, Japan, South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, Iceland, Greenland, North America and western Central Asia. In the eastern US B. tectorum is common along roadsides and as a crop weed, but usually does not dominate an ecosystem. It has become a dominant species in the Intermountain West and parts of Canada, and displays especially invasive behavior in the sagebrush steppe ecosystems where it has been listed as noxious weed. B. tectorum often enters the site in an area that has been disturbed, and then quickly expands into the surrounding area through its rapid growth and prolific seed production.

The reduction of native plants and the increased fire frequency caused by B. tectorum prompted the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) to examine if the greater sage-grouse needed to be listed as a threatened or endangered species due to habitat destruction. After the review was completed by the USFWS, Secretarial Order 3336 was signed with the goal of reducing the threat of rangeland fires and preserve habitat by reducing downy brome.

Research has shown that ecosystems with a healthy biological soil crust and native plant community will be resistant to B. tectorum invasion. In areas where B. tectorum is invasive treatments that are being researched/used by land managers to control B. tectorum include seeding of native plants and non-native bunch-grasses to out compete B. tectorum, herbicides, and prescribed burns. The effectiveness of these treatments is tightly linked to the timing of the water availability at the site. With precipitation shortly after herbicide and seeding treatments increasing the success, and overall high precipitation increases B. tectorum growth, causing the treatment effects to be statistically insignificant.

Description
Bromus comes from a Greek word for a type of oat, and tectorum comes from tector which means overlaying and tectum which means roof. Bromus tectorum is a winter annual grass native to Eurasia usually germinating in autumn, overwintering as a seedling, then flowering in the spring or early summer. B. tectorum may be mistaken for a bunchgrass because it may send up shoots that give it the appearance of having a rosette. In areas where it is growing in dense stands the plants will not form this rosette like structures, but instead are single-culmed (stalked).

The stems are smooth (glabrous) and slender. The leaves are hairy (pubescent) and have sheaths that are separate except at the node where the leaf attaches to the stem. It typically reaches 40 – tall, though plants as small as 2.5 cm may produce seed. The flowers of B. tectorum are arranged on a drooping panicle with approximately 30 spikelets with awns and five to eight flowers each. It is cleistogamous (self pollinating, non-opening flower) with no evident out-crossing. B. tectorum has a fibrous root system with few main roots that does not reach more than a foot into the soil, and has wide-spreading lateral roots that make it efficient at absorbing moisture from light precipitation episodes. A study showed that it had the capability to reduce soil moisture to the permanent wilting point (minimal soil moisture required for a plant not to wilt) to a depth of 70 cm, reducing competition from other species.

Habitat
Bromus tectorum grows in many different climates. It is found primarily in the 150 – precipitation zone. It will grow in almost any type of soil, including B and C horizons of eroded areas and areas low in nitrogen. B. tectorum is quick to colonize disturbed areas. It is most often found on coarse-textured soils and does not grow well on heavy, dry, and/or saline soils. It grows in a relatively narrow range of soil temperatures; growth starts at 2.0 - 3.5 °C and slows when temperatures exceed 15 °C.

Seeds
The seeds ripen and disperse in the late spring and early summer. They are dispersed by wind, small rodents, or attachment to animal fur, within a week of maturity. They are also moved as a contaminant in hay, grain, straw, and machinery. Bromus tectorum is an abundant seed producer, with a potential in excess of 300 seeds per plant; seed production per plant is dependent on plant density. Under optimal conditions, B. tectorum may produce 450 kg of seed per hectare (400 pounds per acre) with about 330,000 seeds/kg (150,000 seeds/pound). As the seed of B. tectorum ripen the plant goes from green to purple to straw-colored.

B. tectorum seeds demonstrate rapid germination as soon as the seed lands in appropriate conditions. If winter rainfall is limiting and germination is inhibited, but spring moisture is adequate, then seeds will germinate in the spring, and the plants will flower that summer. The seeds maintain high viability (ability to germinate under optimal conditions) in dry storage, lasting over 11 years. In the field, under buried conditions, seeds will lose their viability in 2–5 years. Seeds can withstand high soil temperatures, and the primary limit to germination is inadequate moisture. Germination is best in the dark or in diffuse light. They germinate most quickly when covered with soil, but do not need to be in contact with bare soil. Some leaf litter cover will generally improve germination and establishment of seedlings. Seedlings emerge rapidly from the top 2.5 cm (1") of soil, and a few plants emerge from depths of 8 cm (3"), but not from seeds 10 cm (4") below the surface.

Status as an exotic weed
Bromus tectorum has been introduced to southern Russia, west central Asia, North America, Japan, South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, Iceland, and Greenland. It was first found in the United States (where it is known as downy brome or cheatgrass ) in 1861 in New York and Pennsylvania, and by 1928 B. tectorum had spread to all parts of the United States (including Hawaii and Alaska), except for Florida and portions of Alabama, Georgia, and South Carolina. B. tectorum is most abundant in the Great Basin, Columbia Basin, and is part of the introduced species that replaced California native plants in the California Floristic Province's grasslands and other habitats. In Canada B. tectorum has been identified as an invasive weed in all provinces, and is extremely prevalent in Alberta and British Columbia.

Invasive species
In the US, it grows on rangelands, pastures, prairies, fields, waste areas, eroded sites, and roadsides. It is much reviled by ranchers and land managers. B. tectorum seeds are also a critical portion of the diet of the chukar and grey partridge which have been introduced to the US. Intensive sheep browsing of B. tectorum in early spring has been used as a fire fuels reduction strategy in the hills adjacent to Carson City, Nevada. Because of rangeland fires and the invasion of Bromus tectorum, in 2010 the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) considered the possibility of extending the protections of the Endangered Species Act to the greater sage-grouse. The primary focus of Secretarial Order 3336, signed in 2015 in response to the USFWS status review, was to reduce threats to greater sage-grouse habitat by reducing the frequency and severity of rangeland fire. Specifically, Secretarial Order 3336 focused on how reducing B. tectorum could reduce the frequency and extent of rangeland fires. Since the review of the status of the greater sage-grouse by the USFWS in 2010 and the implementation Secretarial Order 3336 in 2015 the bulk of the research focusing on B. tectorum ecology and control has been completed.

Bromus tectorum has demonstrated a quantitative and qualitative response to recent and near-term changes in the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Laboratory experiments have shown that above-ground biomass increased 1.5–2.7 gram per plant for every 10 part per million (ppm) increase above the 270 ppm pre-industrial baseline. On the qualitative side, rising carbon dioxide decreased the digestibility and potential decomposition of B. tectorum. In addition to stimulation of biomass, rising carbon dioxide may also increase the above ground retention of B. tectorum biomass by decreasing removal by animals or bacteria. Ongoing increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide may contribute significantly to B. tectorum productivity and fuel load with subsequent effects on wildfire frequency and intensity.

Bromus tectorum has been shown to benefit from endophytic colonization by morels (Morchella sextelata, M. snyderi) in western North America.

Seeding
The availability of native seed will always be a limiting factor in restoration of sagebrush ecosystems after a rangeland fire. Little is understood about the germination requirements of native species. This lack of understanding is complicated by the episodic nature of establishment in arid grasslands. In response to the limited availability of native seed, land managers have been seeding Agropyron cristatum, a perennial bunchgrass native to Russia and Asia. The use of seeding another non-native to control an exotic, problem species is called assisted succession. A. cristatum is much easier to establish than the native perennials and has been shown to be a strong competitor of Bromus tectorum.

However, A. cristatum can exhibit invasive behavior and is a strong competitor of native perennials. The reason it is used, regardless of its invasive behavior, is because it restores some function to a perennial grassland. A. cristatum is resistant to wildfire and it is suitable forage for cattle and wildlife. But the intensive control that would be needed to establish a native plant community in a A. cristatum monoculture would cause disturbance that would also increase the invasive species it was planted to out compete. An alternative to using A. cristatum as a placeholder species in assisted succession is to establish it alongside foundation species like sagebrush. Adding sagebrush would diversify the ecosystem and provide habitat for sagebrush obligates. However, this would mean accepting the possibility that the native plant community may never establish.

Herbicides
A majority of research in 2011-2017 has focused on the use of herbicides to control B. tectorum and their effect on native plant communities. When using herbicides to suppress winter annual grasses the two most important factors that influence success are application timing and residual soil activity. Application timing is split into three main categories: pre-emergence in the fall before Bromus tectorum germinates, early post-emergence in early spring when B. tectorum is a seedling, and late post-emergence in late spring after B. tectorum is mature.

To be most effective post-emergence application needs to be done as late in the spring as possible to ensure that the herbicide treatment hits the majority of the B. tectorum population. However, the late application puts the native perennial vegetation at risk as they may be coming out of dormancy. Herbicides with no residual soil activity are not generally used because they are only effective in the year of application. If the herbicide has no residual soil activity the herbicide must be applied post-emergence in the early spring, but pre-emergence application is preferred because pre-emergence application is less likely to harm the native vegetation.

Studies have suggested that herbicide usage may select for warm season grasses and decrease the abundance of cool season grasses. There are five main herbicides used to control B. tectorum: imazapic, rimsulfuron, tebuthiuron, glyphosate, and indaziflam. However, the bulk of the recent research has been done on glyphosate, indaziflam, and imazapic.

Glyphosate has no residual soil activity and must be used post-emergence, which limits its control of B. tectorum to one year. For effective control it must be applied to the same area for more than five years to get ahead of seed production to prevent recolonization. Imazapic is the herbicide most widely used by land managers for B. tectorum control. Of the herbicides listed it is also the most commonly studied. Imazapic is preferred because it can be applied both pre and post-emergence, is approved for rangeland use, and has residual soil activity that allows for one to two year control. Indaziflam is one of the newest herbicides, licensed in 2010. It has a residual soil activity of 2–3 years and its also useful against many other invasive grasses. Not only does it reduce the abundance and biomass of B. tectorum, but it also reduces the highly flammable litter that B. tectorum produces. In early trials it has consistently out competed imazapic. As of 2017, indaziflam has not been approved for use outside of residential and commercial properties.

Prescribed burning
Prescribed burning alone reduces Bromus tectorum biomass for approximately two years. The goal of a prescribed burn in a B. tectorum invaded area is to remove the highly flammable plant litter in a controlled manner. The timing of prescribed burns can affect the variety and amount of returning vegetation. A study shows spring burns may result in a significant reduction of native vegetation, but fall burns have been shown to increase species richness. Fall burns may also promote select grasses and fire resilient plants. Another control for B. tectorum burns is consideration for the densities and fire adaptations of nearby foliage. In some cases, the existence of adjacent morchella can trigger mutual relationships like increased fiber and, by extension, fuels that nurture the return of cheatgrass. Similarly, when densely packed conifers begin infilling sagebrush communities the understory perennial vegetation is reduced; when these areas are prescribed burned the succession is dominated by B. tectorum in favor of taller grasses, making burns situationally inferior.

Water availability & treatment success
Water availably has a large impact on the success of Bromus tectorum treatments. In years of high precipitation, B. tectorum recruitment and biomass will increase and may render the treatment ineffective. In most long-term B. tectorum studies precipitation differences between years are speculated to be the cause of variation in effectiveness. However, well-timed precipitation after herbicide application can increase the amount of herbicide that makes it into the soil. When herbicide is applied to an area and there is B. tectorum litter on the ground, much of the herbicide will be absorbed into the litter and some will adhere to the litter. The litter creates a blanket that B. tectorum can germinate under even after herbicide application. But if it rains shortly after herbicide application, some of the herbicide that is trapped in the litter can be released and work into the soil. The rain may also allow native species to over come herbicide impacts. Increased precipitation in early spring may increase the success of seeding by increasing the germination rate of native grasses and remove B. tectorum’s competitive advantage.

Characteristics of a resistant native community
There is a positive correlation between native vegetation communities and biological soil crust (BSC). BSC is composed of cyanobacteria, algae, lichens, and mosses living on the soil. In arid regions BSCs colonize the spaces between plants, increase the biodiversity of the area, are often the dominant cover, and are vital in ecosystem function. In addition to providing erosion control, BSC is vital for nutrient cycling and carbon fixing. Fire and trampling by cattle are the major threats to the BSC communities, and once disturbed it can take decades to centuries for BSC to reform. A decline in the health of the BSC community serves as an early warning indicator for Bromus tectorum invasion. If the BSC community is healthy then it will impede B. tectorum germination and reduce the likelihood of invasion. However, if there is a disturbance in the biological soil crust and B. tectorum is able to establish, then it will impede the recovery of the BSC community.

Native perennial grasses have roots that often reach four feet into the soil. These roots provide organic matter, which feeds the soil organisms that assist in water and nutrient cycling in arid ecosystems and improve soil quality ''. Bromus tectorum'' has a shallow, spreading root system, which makes it much more efficient at absorbing moisture from light precipitation episodes and disrupts nutrient cycling. Several studies have shown that native plant biomass, especially that of bunchgrasses, negatively affects B. tectorum cover and biomass, suggesting that a diverse native perennial community will be more resistant to B. tectorum invasion.

Studies have identified Poa secunda, Pseudoroegneria spicata, and Achnatherum thurberianum as key grasses for B. tectorum resistance. The life strategies of these three grasses differ in such a way that they provide constant interaction and competition with B. tectorum. P. spicata, and A. thurberianum are deep rooted and complete most of their growth in the late spring, and P. secunda is shallow rooted and completes most of its growth in the late winter and early spring.

Perennial grass ecosystems are less prone to burning. B. tectorum has been historically thought to create a positive feedback loop. However, Taylor, et al. (2014), suggest that fire alone does not promote B. tectorum. If an area burns, the B. tectorum cover and biomass does not increase as was once thought, but recovers to previous levels. Increased fires, because of B. tectorum, may serve to maintain, not increase, the B. tectorum population by preventing the natives from establishing.

title: Bromus tectorum


text:
Doctor Pierce

Doctor Pierce may refer to:
 * Hawkeye Pierce, lead fictional character of the book, film, and television series M*A*S*H
 * Ray Vaughn Pierce (1840–1914), seller of patent medicines and U.S. congressman
 * William Luther Pierce (1933–2002), founder of the white separatist National Alliance organization

See also Doctor Peirce:
 * Bill Peirce (b. 1938), economist and 2006 Ohio gubernatorial candidate

title: Doctor Pierce


text:
Hawkeye

Hawkeye may refer to:

United States

 * Hawkeye, Iowa, a city
 * Hawkeye, Kansas, a small settlement in Kansas
 * Hawkeye, Missouri, an unincorporated community
 * Hawkeye Point, the highest natural point in Iowa
 * Iowa, a state nicknamed the "Hawkeye State"

Book and comic characters

 * Natty Bumppo or Hawkeye, a character in James Fenimore Cooper's 1826 novel The Last of the Mohicans: A Narrative of 1757
 * Hawkeye (Clint Barton), the first Marvel Comics character to use the name
 * Hawkeye (Kate Bishop), the second Marvel Comics character to use the name
 * One of the main characters in the Hawkeye Collins and Amy Adams, children's book series
 * An agent of The Shadow
 * Riza Hawkeye, a character in Fullmetal Alchemist
 * Dracule "Hawkeye" Mihawk, a character in One Piece
 * Hawkeye Pierce, a character in Richard Hooker's 1968 novel MASH: A Novel About Three Army Doctors

Film and television

 * Hawkeye (film), a 1988 action film starring George Chung
 * Hawkeye (TV series), focusing on the Natty Bumppo character
 * Hawkeye (miniseries), centered on the Marvel Comics character
 * Benjamin Franklin "Hawkeye" Pierce, one of the main characters in the M* A* S* H franchise
 * Hawkeye (M*A*S*H episode), an episode of the TV series

Video games

 * Hawkeye (Seiken Densetsu 3), a character in Seiken Densetsu 3
 * Hawkeye, a SAM vehicle in Military Madness: Nectaris
 * Hawkeye, a character in Fire Emblem: The Blazing Blade

Music

 * "Hawkeye", an instrumental on the 1985 Alan Parsons Project album Vulture Culture

Nickname

 * Hockey Driscoll (1876–?), Hawkeye pronounced Hockey, or Ockey, rugby union and rugby league footballer who played in the 1890s and 1900s
 * Dragutin Matić (1888-1970), nicknamed Hawkeye, Serbian scout in two Balkan Wars and the First World War
 * Giora Epstein (born 1938), retired colonel in the Israeli Air Force
 * Monty "Hawkeye" Henson (born 1953), American three-time world champion saddle bronc rider
 * Kenneth Lee (RAF) (1915–2008), British Second World War flying ace
 * Timber Hawkeye (born 1977), author of Buddhist Boot Camp
 * Tom Webster (ice hockey) (born 1948), Canadian ice hockey player and coach
 * Charles Whitney (born 1957), American former professional basketball player and convicted kidnapper
 * Jack Womer (1917–2013), decorated American World War II veteran and a member of the Filthy Thirteen

Other uses

 * Northrop Grumman E-2 Hawkeye, a US Navy early warning aircraft
 * HMMWV Hawkeye, a 105-mm mobile howitzer produced by AM General
 * The Hawk Eye, a newspaper in Burlington, Iowa
 * Hawkeye (brand), a professional videocassette brand
 * Hawkeye (spirits), a brand of liquor sold by Luxco
 * Hawkeye Transfer Company Warehouse, listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Polk County, Iowa
 * Red Delicious or Hawkeye apple, a type of apple
 * Iowa Hawkeyes, sports teams of the University of Iowa
 * Hawkeye Open, a golf tournament in Iowa City, Iowa, from 1991 to 1993
 * Hawkeye Community College, a community college, with its main campus located just outside Waterloo, Iowa
 * Ruger Hawkeye, a single-shot pistol
 * Ruger M77, a bolt-action rifle

title: Hawkeye


text:
Punch (combat)

A punch is a striking blow with the fist. It is used in most martial arts and combat sports, most notably western boxing, where it is the only type of offensive technique allowed. In sports, hand wraps or other padding such as gloves may be used to protect athletes and practitioners from injuring themselves.

The use of punches varies between different martial arts and combat sports. Styles such as western boxing, Suntukan or Russian fist fighting use punches alone, while others such as kickboxing, Muay Thai, Lethwei or karate may use both punches and kicks. Others such as wrestling (excluding professional wrestling) and judo (punches and other striking techniques, atemi, are present in judo kata, but are forbidden in competitions) do not use punches at all. There are many types of punches and as a result, different styles encompass varying types of punching techniques.

Basic types
This is not a comprehensive list of all punches and may need to be updated, due to the large diversity of schools of practice whose techniques, employing arm, shoulder, hip and leg work, may invariably differ.

Boxing
In boxing, punches are classified according to the motion and direction of the strike; contact is always made with the knuckles. There are four primary punches in boxing: the jab, cross, hook, and uppercut.

Karate
Punching techniques in karate are called tsuki or zuki. Contact is made with the first two knuckles (seiken). If any other part of the hand is used to strike with, such as the back of the fist (uraken) or the bottom of the fist (tetsui), then the blow is classified as a strike (uchi).

Karate punches include the thrust punch oi-zuki made using the lead-hand, straight punch choku-zuki, reverse punch gyaku-zuki, made from the opposite (lead) hand, and many other variations.

title: Punch (combat)


text:
Talk:Toys "R" Us

Why was the store list removed?
NOTE: I am not editing this myself because I am not familiar with what the quality of Wikipedia should be. I am not editing this myself because I don't want to, and arguably shouldn't.

Something worth noting in the edit history,  the store list was removed, and no reason was given.

I am more than aware, though that also brings more concern to me, that this edit was made by a Wikipedia employee. Employees of Wikipedia have the right to do anything they want with their website, as long as it doesn't violate the law.

I'm not complaining, insulting, or trying to change Wikipedia. I am just pointing this out. Namer707 (talk) 22:49, 13 July 2022 (UTC)

Babies “R” Us
Babies R Us should be separate topic on Wikipedia I agree with other people 72.69.208.11 (talk) 00:13, 24 February 2023 (UTC)

 * I agree as long there are enough information. Cwater1 (talk) 16:43, 9 July 2023 (UTC)
 * totally. 2806:108E:10:C54:7C73:4318:3807:AA13 (talk) 19:19, 20 April 2024 (UTC)

Babies R Us
It should be split. Huge impact on a lot of people. Some know it more than toys r us. 166.192.43.45 (talk) 00:05, 25 November 2023 (UTC)

Use of artificial spellings
Since 2007, it has been the consensus to avoid the use of the Cyrillic letter Ya in this article. In contrast, please check out a 2012 discussion at Talk:Client (band) I removed the statement that it was stylized with И (technically the character is the Cyrillic letter I, not a backwards N) but I was reverted. Why are the rules for these 2 Wikipedia articles inconsistent?? Georgia guy (talk) 17:05, 25 November 2023 (UTC)

 * @Georgia guy: Weirdly, the Client (band) article isn't even using И anymore, it's now using Pamphylian digamma (Ͷ)?? In any case, I cannot find any source to say what the inspiration for the band's stylised name is, whether it is Faux Cyrillic (see also I (Cyrillic)), or if it is genuinely intended as just a backwards N I do not know. In contrast, there are at least sources for Toys "R" Us explicitly saying it uses a backwards R for reasons that are nothing to do with Cyrillic at all.
 * Also it turns out Nine Inch Nails does the backwards N/Cyrillic И thing too in their logo. Monster Iestyn (talk) 16:48, 2 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Toys "R" Us