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Talk:Yellowstone National Park

Fort Yellowstone
I currently live in Mammoth Hot Springs and I just wanted to point out that this article's photo of "Fort Yellowstone" actually depicts the General Store and the Terrace Grill, not the historical Fort. I'd love to see it replaced. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 63.151.75.66 (talk) 21:13, 12 February 2021 (UTC)

 * Thank you for the information! That is interesting! Eruditess (talk) 23:24, 10 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Image swapped out with older image of Fort. Mike Cline (talk) 12:27, 11 March 2022 (UTC)

Featured article review needed
This is a 2004 promotion that was reviewed back in 2007 and needs work. The main issues are:
 * Citations. There are multiple paragraphs that are completely uncited. There are also countless unsourced sentences.
 * Manual of style: Many images violate WP:SANDWICH, and there are also some weasel terms/words.
 * Relevance: A lot of information needs to be updated. A big part of all references is pre-2010. Information about visitors also needs to be updated.

This article is about one of the most important National Parks, and keeping its vital status (viewed >1m times/year) would be a significant achievement. Wretchskull (talk) 11:18, 3 March 2021 (UTC)

 * While a maintenance update may be warranted, you do realize that individual sentences need not be sourced, and that the historical scholarship hasn't advanced much since 2010?  Acroterion   (talk)   13:14, 3 March 2021 (UTC)
 * Upon a closer look, you're right. But to have a featured article with completely uncited paragraphs seems rather peculiar. Wretchskull (talk) 22:31, 3 March 2021 (UTC)
 * Yes, that needs to be fixed, probably the result of 14 years of minor edits.  Acroterion   (talk)   22:50, 3 March 2021 (UTC)
 * We are old timers here so to someone that started editing a couple years ago 2007 must seem like the stone ages.--MONGO (talk) 23:30, 3 March 2021 (UTC)

Wretchskull, I realize you are new to WP:FAR, so wanted to let you know that MONGO is the main author of so many older FAs, that it would not be possible for him to update all of them at once; we are trying to keep in mind that editors of many older FAs need time to work. I believe (??) he is working on Glacier next. MONGO, this one is in much worse shape than Glacier, and considerable updates will eventually be needed. Not only is a lot of it uncited, but information needs to be checked to be sure it is current and as of dates are given. It looks like this one got hit by student editing. I think I got all of the MOS:SANDWICH. Sandy Georgia (Talk)  22:39, 4 March 2021 (UTC)
 * It's really popular with student editors, so I'm not surprised that it has more issues. I'll see what I can do.  Acroterion   (talk)   23:06, 4 March 2021 (UTC)
 * I can’t be much help because my computer is in repair and I am hunting and pecking from an iPad, but everything that is cited to the National Parks should be brought up to their latest version, and any data that might have changed needs checking (things like numbers of animals, number of visitors, etc).  Thx!  Sandy Georgia  (Talk)  23:09, 4 March 2021 (UTC)
 * PS, students are specifically requested to NOT edit featured articles ... if it happens again, you can contact the Wiki Ed staff person in the student template, and they will call them off.  Sandy Georgia  (Talk)  23:10, 4 March 2021 (UTC)
 * I mean more along the lines of informal student editors, who've read about or done an assignment concerning Yellowstone, and then arrive here. There's not much individual harm, but the cumulative effect is evident.  Acroterion   (talk)   23:57, 4 March 2021 (UTC)
 * Wanted to mention that this article was brought to FA by someone other than myself, namely Mav in 2004, before I even started editing here. 18 years is a long time so yes, this article probably needs a major update but no way I can do that in the near term.--MONGO (talk) 15:57, 13 March 2022 (UTC)

Map in infobox
For a park of this size, having a single point mark its location within Wyoming isn't really adequate. Would anyone be opposed to adding an outline map of Yellowstone in place of the current map, similar to Park County, Wyoming?   Mysteryman blue  02:08, 14 August 2021 (UTC)

John Colter, fire and brimstone
The following paragraph is in the History section:

In 1806, John Colter, a member of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, left to join a group of fur trappers. After splitting up with the other trappers in 1807, Colter passed through a portion of what later became the park, during the winter of 1807–1808. He observed at least one geothermal area in the northeastern section of the park, near Tower Fall. After surviving wounds he suffered in a battle with members of the Crow and Blackfoot tribes in 1809, Colter described a place of "fire and brimstone" that most people dismissed as delirium; the supposedly mystical place was nicknamed "Colter's Hell". Over the next 40 years, numerous reports from mountain men and trappers told of boiling mud, steaming rivers, and petrified trees, yet most of these reports were believed at the time to be myth.

I don't see support in either of these two sources for the claims that people didn't believe Colter, nor that Colter was wounded or fought in a battle, nor that people believed the other reports to be myth. The phrase "fire and brimstone" is also absent from both sources. This is concerning, as it is a featured article.

—Lights and freedom (talk ~ contribs) 02:52, 22 November 2022 (UTC)

yellowstone being the " first " national park in the world
Sirs

Not only is the claim wrong but misleads the readers by the assertion of being the world's first national park. This title belongs to Mongolia who in the 1700's made an area in their country a national park pre dating the yellowstone's status by some 100 years Please amend the error and correct the article accordingly 188.29.193.19 (talk) 09:15, 8 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Source?  Acroterion   (talk)   12:11, 8 February 2023 (UTC)

 * What is the NAME of this park? All the parks listed in List of national parks of Mongolia were established in the late 20th century.  A name would help resolve this. Mike Cline (talk) 17:38, 8 February 2023 (UTC)

See: Bogd Khan Uul Biosphere Reserve (which includes source reference citations) for some details about the claim of it being the world's first national park. GeoWriter (talk) 17:22, 9 March 2024 (UTC)

 * Just wanna say that t
 * his article needs to be updated.Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. 152.166.156.103 (talk) 15:28, 9 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Question: Do you know which is the climate of Yellowstone National Park? 152.166.156.103 (talk) 15:50, 9 March 2024 (UTC)

Useless map
The map of the park has geographic features and some unidentified cadastral lines. With no boundary or natural object named you cannot tell where the park boundaries are or where it sits in relation to the States it is in. In other words unless you already know all about it - it is useless. 116.251.32.210 (talk) 07:12, 15 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Yellowstone National Park


text:
Ejection fraction

An ejection fraction (EF) is the volumetric fraction (or portion of the total) of fluid (usually blood) ejected from a chamber (usually the heart) with each contraction (or heartbeat). It can refer to the cardiac atrium, ventricle, gall bladder, or leg veins, although if unspecified it usually refers to the left ventricle of the heart. EF is widely used as a measure of the pumping efficiency of the heart and is used to classify heart failure types. It is also used as an indicator of the severity of heart failure, although it has recognized limitations.

The EF of the left heart, known as the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), is calculated by dividing the volume of blood pumped from the left ventricle per beat (stroke volume) by the volume of blood present in the left ventricle at the end of diastolic filling (end-diastolic volume). LVEF is an indicator of the effectiveness of pumping into the systemic circulation. The EF of the right heart, or right ventricular ejection fraction (RVEF), is a measure of the efficiency of pumping into the pulmonary circulation. A heart which cannot pump sufficient blood to meet the body's requirements (i.e., heart failure) will often, but not invariably, have a reduced ventricular ejection fraction.

In heart failure, the difference between heart failure with a reduced ejection fraction, and heart failure with a preserved ejection fraction, is significant, because the two types are treated differently.

Measurement
Modalities applied to measurement of ejection fraction is an emerging field of medical mathematics and subsequent computational applications. The first common measurement method is echocardiography, although cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), cardiac computed tomography,  ventriculography and nuclear medicine (gated SPECT and radionuclide angiography) scans may also be used. Measurements by different modalities are not easily interchangeable. Historically, the gold standard for measurement of the ejection fraction was ventriculography, but cardiac MRI is now considered the best method. Prior to these more advanced techniques, the combination of electrocardiography and phonocardiography was used to accurately estimate ejection fraction.

Normal values
In a healthy 70 kg man, the stroke volume is approximately 70 mL, and the left ventricular end-diastolic volume (EDV) is approximately 120 mL, giving an estimated ejection fraction of $70/120$, or 0.58 (58%). Healthy individuals typically have ejection fractions between 50% and 65%, although the lower limits of normality are difficult to establish with confidence.

Heart failure categories
Damage to heart muscle (myocardium), such as occurring following myocardial infarction or cardiomyopathy, compromises the heart's performance as an efficient pump and may reduce ejection fraction. This broadly understood distinction marks an important determinant between ischemic vs. nonischemic heart failure. Such reduction in the EF can manifest itself as heart failure. The 2021 European Society of Cardiology guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure subdivided heart failure into three categories on the basis of LVEF: A chronically low ejection fraction less than 30% is an important threshold in qualification for disability benefits in the US.
 * 1) normal or preserved LVEF [≥50%] (HFpEF)
 * 2) moderately reduced LVEF [in the range of 41–49%] (HFmrEF)
 * 3) reduced LVEF [≤40%] (HFrEF)]

Calculation
By definition, the volume of blood within a ventricle at the end of diastole is the end-diastolic volume (EDV). Likewise, the volume of blood left in a ventricle at the end of systole (contraction) is the end-systolic volume (ESV). The difference between EDV and ESV is the stroke volume (SV). The ejection fraction is the fraction of the end-diastolic volume that is ejected with each beat; that is, it is stroke volume (SV) divided by end-diastolic volume (EDV):

$$EF (\%) = \frac{SV}{EDV}\times100$$

Where the stroke volume is given by:

$$SV = EDV - ESV$$

EF is inherently a relative measurement—as is any fraction, ratio, or percentage, whereas the stroke volume, end-diastolic volume or end-systolic volume are absolute measurements.

History
William Harvey described the basic mechanism of the systemic circulation in his 1628 De motu cordis. It was initially assumed that the heart emptied completely during systole. However, in 1856 Chauveau and Faivre observed that some fluid remained in the heart after contraction. This was confirmed by Roy and Adami in 1888. In 1906, Henderson estimated the ratio of the volume discharged in systole to the total volume of the left ventricle to be approximately 2/3. In 1933, Gustav Nylin proposed that the ratio of the heart volume/stroke volume (the reciprocal of ejection fraction) could be used as a measure of cardiac function. In 1952, Bing and colleagues used a minor modification of Nylin's suggestion (EDV/SV) to assess right ventricular function using a dye dilution technique. Exactly when the relationship between end diastolic volume and stroke volume was inverted into its current form is unclear. Holt calculated the ratio SV/EDV and noted that '...The ventricle empties itself in a "fractional" manner, approximately 46 per cent of its end-diastolic volume being ejected with each stroke and 54 per cent remaining in the ventricle at the end of systole'.

In 1962, Folse and Braunwald used the ratio of forward stroke volume/EDV and observed that "estimations of the fraction of the left ventricular end-diastolic volume that is ejected into the aorta during each cardiac cycle, as well as of the ventricular end-diastolic and residual volumes, provide information that is fundamental to a hemodynamic analysis of left ventricular function". Elliott, Lane and Gorlin used the term "ejection fraction" in a conference paper abstract published in January 1964. In 1965, Bartle et al. used the term ejected fraction for the ratio SV/EDV, and the term ejection fraction was used in two review articles in 1968 suggesting a wide currency by that time.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Ejection fraction


text:
Yangpu, Shanghai

Yangpu is one of the 16 districts of Shanghai. It is located in the northeastern part of downtown Shanghai, bordering the Huangpu River on the east and south, Hongkou on the west, and Baoshan on the north. The southern part of Yangpu District is 4 km away from The Bund, a major tourist attraction. It is predominantly composed of residential communities, with a total area of 60.61 km2 and a population of 1,242,548 as of 2020. The district administers 12 subdistricts.

Name
The name Yangshupu, formerly romanized as Yangtzepoo or Yangtszepoo, is Chinese for "poplar bank" and refers to the creek (河) running through the area beside present-day Lanzhou Rd (formerly Lay Road) from the Qiu River in the north to the Huangpu River in the south. Yangshupu District was established in 1945, but the Shanghai Municipal Government contracted the name to Yangpu in 1950.

History
As with most of modern Shanghai, the territory of Yangpu has been formed by sediments deposited by the Yangtze River over many centuries. It was probably in the shallows of the East China Sea as late as the Tang dynasty. During the Northern Song, the Wuyu River entered the sea somewhere around modern Wujiaochang. Daoist and Buddhist temples are known to have been established in the vicinity around this time. In 1404, the Huangpu River shifted to its present course, entering the Yangtze River around Wusong. Toward the end of the Ming dynasty, villages along the river flourished, engaging in agriculture, banking, textiles and water-borne trade.

In 1842, the Treaty of Nanking opened Shanghai as a treaty port, and in 1863, part of present-day Yangpu District was included in the Shanghai Concession. Beginning in the 1880s, the area of contemporary Yangpu District began industrializing, with the Shanghai Machinery and Papermaking Office opening in 1882, and the Yangshupu Waterworks opening in 1883. In 1890, the Shanghai Machine Weaving Office, one of China's first modern textile weaving factories, was established. In 1899, 10.89 km2 of what is now the south of modern Yangpu District was partitioned to become part of the International Settlement. Additional factories were constructed soon after in the area, especially along Yangshupu Road. Textile, paper-making, and shipbuilding industries were established by the early 20th century in what was then organized as part of Hongkew (now Hongkou). By the early 1920s, journalist turned revolutionary Chen Duxiu remarked in the New Youth magazine that the area of Yangshupu had become industrialized. By 1927, the area hosted 57 foreign factories, and a thriving textile industry. In 1929, the Wujiaochang farmers' market ("Pentagon Plaza") was constructed in the north. Later, during the Japanese occupation from 1937 to 1945, barracks and houses were built in the area. The inland part of the former International Settlement in the area made up part of the Shanghai Ghetto. In December 1944, Yangshupu District was established with an area of 7.7 km2.

Following the Communist conquest of Shanghai in 1949, the area was developed. Yangpu District's boundaries expanded in 1956, 1960, and 1984. The area was especially used for heavy industries. The district's present territory west of the river was formed after the incorporation of Wujiaochang District from Baoshan County in 1984. In 1992, Yangpu's territories south of the Huangpu River were designated part of the Pudong New District.

Education
A number of prominent universities are situated in Yangpu District, such as Fudan University, Tongji University, the Shanghai University of Finance and Economics, the Shanghai University of Electric Power, the University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Second Military Medical University, the Shanghai University of Sport, and Shanghai Ocean University.

Both the Lycée Français de Shanghai and German School Shanghai share a "Eurocampus" in Yangpu District, which opened in 2019.

Economy
Since the beginning of the 21st century, Yangpu District has increasingly developed away from labor-intensive industry towards commerce and high technology: the area around Wujiaochang now boast ten large commercial centers and the research and development zone on Dalian Road hosts the regional headquarters of Siemens and Continental AG.

Subdistricts
As of 2020, Yangpu District administers 12 subdistricts.

Transportation
Yangpu District is connected to the neighbouring Pudong New Area across the Huangpu River by one bridge, three tunnels, and six ferry lines. These include the Yangpu Bridge, the, the , and the. A fourth tunnel, the Yinhang Road Tunnel is currently under construction.

The Inner Ring Road and Middle Ring Road traverse through Yangpu District.

The industrial wharves along the Huangpu River which service the industrial centres of Yangpu are being phased out by residential developments on the waterfront. Yangpu District has 15.5 kilometers of bank along Huangpu River, which is the longest among all districts in Puxi. As of July 2019, 5.5 kilometers of jogging and cycling lane has been built along the bank.

Metro
Yangpu is currently served by five metro lines operated by Shanghai Metro: Line 4, Line 8, Line 10, Line 12 and Line 18.

 * - Dalian Road, Yangshupu Road
 * - Shiguang Road, Nenjiang Road, Xiangyin Road, Huangxing Park, Middle Yanji Road, Huangxing Road, Jiangpu Road, Anshan Xincun, Siping Road
 * - Siping Road Tongji University, Guoquan Road, Wujiaochang, Jiangwan Stadium, Sanmen Road, East Yingao Road, Xinjiangwancheng, Guofan Road
 * - Dalian Road, Jiangpu Park , Ningguo Road, Longchang Road, Aiguo Road, Fuxing Island
 * - Danyang Road, Pingliang Road, Jiangpu Park, Jiangpu Road , Fushun Road, Guoquan Road , Fudan University, Zhengli Road

Sports
Jiangwan Stadium is located in Yangpu District.

Parks and recreation
Yangpu District is home to Gongqing Forest Park.

The Fudan University Museum, a public display of historical artefacts in possession of Fudan University, is located on the university's campus in Yangpu District.

title: Yangpu, Shanghai


text:
Hsu Hsin-liang

Hsu Hsin-liang (born 27 May 1941) is a Taiwanese politician, formerly Chairman of the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP). He was a supporter of the Pan-Blue Coalition from 2000 to 2008 but then supported the DPP in the 2008 presidential election.

Early life
Hsu was born in Chūreki, Shinchiku Prefecture, Japanese Taiwan (modern-day Zhongli, Taoyuan, Taiwan). He attended Hsinchu Senior High School and received his bachelor's degree in political science from National Chengchi University in 1967 and his Kuomintang-sponsored master's degree from the University of Edinburgh in 1969.

Political career
Hsu began his political career in the Kuomintang as a member of the Taiwan Provincial Assembly from 1973 to 1977. He was expelled from the Kuomintang but broke ranks in 1977 when he ran and won as an independent in the election for Magistrate of Taoyuan County. The Zhongli incident took place during the election after voters reported seeing a Kuomintang official destroy cast ballots.

Hsu was involved in opposition activity during the first part of 1979. The government impeached him and removed him from office for two years. On September 30, 1979, he was exiled from Taiwan and moved to the United States where he maintained his position opposing the Kuomintang government.

In 1986, soon after the founding of the Democratic Progressive Party, he tried to return to Taiwan via Japan, but was repeatedly blocked at Chiang Kai-shek International Airport. Three years later he was arrested while slipping into Taiwan aboard a mainland Chinese fishing boat and was jailed for sedition until president Lee Teng-hui pardoned him in 1990.

He later joined the DPP and served as its chairman twice, from 1991 to 1993 and 1996 to 1998. He attempted to transform the party from a radical pro-Taiwan independence party to a more moderate and electable political group that no longer supported immediate independence. Having failed twice in gaining DPP support for his presidential bid, first in 1996 when he lost the party primary to Peng Ming-min and second in 1999 when the party threw its support behind the widely popular former mayor of Taipei, Chen Shui-bian, Hsu chose to leave the DPP in 1999.

Hsu then ran in the 2000 presidential election as an independent with New Party legislator Josephine Chu as his running mate. During the campaign, he promoted unification based on "one country, two systems". After the election, Hsu became more critical of the Chen Shui-bian government and its various policies. Hsu believes that maintaining a good relationship with the People's Republic of China is vital for Taiwan's survival and growth, and there is no hurry to negotiate with mainland on political issues at the present. Instead, establishing a closer economic relationship across the strait will help Taiwan's economy.

Hsu publicly supported Lien Chen and James Soong in the 2004 presidential election. In March 2004, Hsu and a dozen other prominent politicians involved in the Tangwai movement published The Joint Declaration of the Tang Wai participants (黨外人士聯合聲明, the joint declaration of the participants outside of the political party movement), in which they reprimanded Chen Shui-bian for betraying the ideals of democracy and freedom that they once pursued. Criticising Chen for being "corrupted by power" and close with Lee Teng-hui and black gold, Hsu and others urged voters who once supported DPP for its ideals not to vote for Chen, to give him a chance to "reflect on himself".

After the 2004 presidential election, Hsu, in protest of what he saw as an unfair election, arrived at Ketagalan Boulevard (in front of the presidential palace) on the night of March 24 and staged a three-day hunger strike. He believed firmly that Chen Shui-bian cheated in the election and thought he was now fighting for democracy, just as he did two decades ago.

In July 2004, he founded the Taiwan Democratic School, which is aimed at "promoting a new democratic movement to sustain Taiwan's young democracy." It has advocated unity within the Pan-Blue Alliance.

In December 2004 he made an unsuccessful run in the Legislative Yuan election as an independent in the Taipei City South constituency. His platform opposed a NT$610.8 billion arms purchase from the U.S. and supported opening three direct links. Until 2006, Hsu and another two former chairman of DPP, Shih and Lin, also left DPP due to dissatisfaction with Chen's policies and corruptions.

However, after the KMT won a two-thirds majority of seats in the Legislative Yuan in 2008, Hsu became concerned about the party reverting to authoritarianism. Hsu then came out to support DPP candidate Frank Hsieh in the 2008 presidential election even though he had been connected with the pan-blue coalition camp during much of the period Chen Shui-bian served as president. After Chen left the office, Hsu backed the DPP. He has also been seen at events organized by the DPP since 2008. On March 25, 2011, he registered to participate in the DPP's primary to select the party's candidate for the 2012 presidential election. In April 2012, Hsu was nominated as a candidate for the DPP chairperson election to be held in May 2012, but lost.

Cross-strait relations
In mid-April 2013 during a press conference, Hsu called for a cross-strait political dialogue to rejuvenate the stagnant economy of Taiwan and for Taiwan to have a grand coalition government, adding that political dialogue with Beijing is not for political purpose, but rather to save the economy of Taiwan.

title: Hsu Hsin-liang


text: User talk:217.33.82.4

title: User talk:217.33.82.4


text: User talk:195.194.89.6

title: User talk:195.194.89.6


text:
Talk:Appropriate technology

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 18 January 2021 and 14 May 2021. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): HannahLH. Peer reviewers: Savannahmaria, Sanchezpl, Alyssagpp, Lin.jaide.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 14:35, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Water supply
I suggest adding a variant of the picture Water system with cistern, where the pressure vessel is removed and the cistern itself works as a pressure vessel. This would allow the system to be build DIY (rather than needing to buy a pressure vessel or weld your own pressure vessel casing. Please include in article. Perhaps diy water towers can also be included, as they allow multiple users to take advantage of a single system (reduces cost). However, the downside would be that if the tower fails, part of or the entire village would be affected. If this happens (especially in remote arid/desert-like locations, repairs will go slow aswell (water being important to work in order to make repairs) and replacement parts may not always be available. Also, another thing is dislike in water towers is that they are outdated and somewhat inefficient (a pump is required too to pump the water up, its only after the elevation that it can works without electricity or extra pumps). 81.246.161.76 (talk) 12:21, 23 January 2009 (UTC)

Also, the waterpumping windmill described in NGC is a useful piece of material. A picture schould be made and uploaded to wikimedia commons.

Water tower conversions
Water towers in the developing world may be used as a energy storage device. This can be done by adding a hydropower generator on the tube. This allows the height difference to be used as a energy source. Conversions of regular towers are theoretically also possible —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.245.163.19 (talk) 12:05, 22 April 2009 (UTC)

Hair removal machine
Perhaps hair removal and laser hair removal machines can be presented as appropriate technology (increase hygiene and thus decrease disease, ...) see for example the Rio Salon Laser Scanning Hair Remover. This machine or a low-cost derivated machine can be proposed (home-use, 200£). 81.246.183.119 (talk) 12:34, 18 February 2009 (UTC)

Telepresence robot with Multimachine
Perhaps a telepresence robot (eg Sparky) fitted with the multimachine (see Open-source robotics) could be useful for closing the technical inexpertise in workshops of developing countries. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.246.183.119 (talk) 13:01, 18 February 2009 (UTC)

Direction where AT should move towards
A section can be included with the section in which the recycling of materials is explained. This section can include references to shows as the Salvage Squad, Scrapheap_Challenge and Junkyard Wars. Also, a reference to Burning Man festival can be made. Ideally, cities will need to be constructed entirely from waste material, similar to what Biotecture does. Perhaps for some visual impressions, references to Flushed away (see http://kids.nationalgeographic.com/Stories/MoreStories/Flushedaway ) and The Fifth Element can be made.

Appropriate technology founders
M K Ghosh, Chaman Lal Gupta, Sen Kapadia, B.V. Doshi (see http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/node/5799 and http://www.auroville.org/thecity/architecture/two_at_once.htm and Mahatma Gandhi (1869-1948), E.F. Schumacher (1911-1977), Buckminster Fuller, William Moyer (1933-2002), Satish Kumar (1936-present), Amy B. Smith,Amory Lovins, Sanoussi Diakité,Anil K. Rajvanshi Victor Papanek, Johan Van Lengen and Arne_Næss (1912-present) should be added in extra sections and hailed as the founders of AT. Also add them in the category appropriate technology or subcategory Perhaps include the tinytech machines (see here, supposedly a AT factory) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.245.168.190 (talk) 08:54, 12 February 2009 (UTC)

 * These people are not appropriate technology founders. At most two of them Mahatma Gandhi and E.F. Schumacher can be called as such. The others are well known practioners. Hence I have made the necessary changes in the heading.

Phniwasi (talk) 04:25, 20 April 2009 (UTC)

International language and electricity system
A simplified english as the only spoken language is an appropriate technology and can be implemented in appropriate technology documents and books. Also, standards and rules to only use one type of mains electricity system (amount of volt & frequency) is best used to allow the building of internationally invariable electric devices and machines. see http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Juridical_national_measures_on_climate_change#Optional_digitalisation_of_city_communal_services and Thanks, 81.246.130.16 (talk) 13:29, 22 February 2009 (UTC)
 * Mains_power_systems
 * Mains_electricity
 * International_English
 * Simplified_English
 * Simple_English

Chainless bike with airless tires
Perhaps bikes without chains (eg shaft-driven or hydraulic bicycles) and Airless tires are more appropriate bicycles. Would reduce malfuntionings and more difficult bike repair trainings required today. Perhaps tubeless wheels can be used as a basis in which latex can be poured. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.246.163.71 (talk) 10:55, 27 February 2009 (UTC)

Electronics
I was wondering whether anyone knows whether there are ecological and simpler alternatives to PCB boards. I was thinking about Wire_wrap, Stripboard and the like yet am not sure whether environmental and whether any difficult circuits can be made with this. Wafer-level packaging (this is I believe only used with certain components) can also sometimes? be used. Also not sure whether very environmental (presence of glues, and hazardous materials as certain plastics, ...). I also heard about the Tin-Lead ban, see leadfree soldering which has introduced the creation of alternatives (eg SnAgCu, SnCu and Sn alone). I also heard about anisothropically conductive glues (these are not environmental) and isothropically conductive glues (respectively ACA and ICA), glues for flip-chip assembly... yet not sure whether truly ecologic and whether its any durable. Perhaps Sn alone is most appropriate? This will need to be checked and further compared dough. See http://www.europeanleadfree.net, http://www.imec.be/IMECAT/, http://www.imec.be/IMECAT/documents/16_2004_IPC_Frankfurt_Vandevelde_paper.pdf A appropriate solder and soldering method should be the following: An alternative is the use of organic materials (which are thus consistent to cradle-to-cradle design). Certain (not all!) smart plastics can be used. Examples are PEDOT:PSS. However, this approach is not yet suited today to make any durable or more advanced circuits. Also, could any other techniques as flow soldering, E-blocks, FPGA, EasyControl I/O, ... be used. E-blocks also uses flowcode as a coding language. Not sure whether this is easy to learn (aldough most coding can be simply downloaded if open-source). In addition, a suggestion on the LED-lamps. These are I believe quite expensive. In order to decrease price, I was wondering whether LED's may be made DIY (they are composed of a die, lens, cooling body and connection wires. Compounds used include aluminum, indium, gallium, phosphor, nitrogen. Especially low-power leds seem easy to build, high power ones may?? be achievable using techniques as Lumiramica (uses phosphor plates instead of powder). An alternative is the procuring of mere high-power LEDs (eg Lumileds Rebel Led, Osram Opto Semiconductors Golden Dragon, Cree X-lamp, ...)and installing them yourself with the open source LEDbus system. This may be cheaper than buying LED lamps with imbedded electronics. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.246.131.67 (talk) 09:59, 6 March 2009 (UTC)
 * easy assembly and disassembly of board, components and solder (so best no alloys as this reduces options with melting the parts off)
 * no etching (this would promote loss of soldering material); instead direct application of paste eg by hand soldering as in reflow soldering or automated (with workshop pick&place robots)

Synthetic biology
Synthetic biology could make cheap generators for hydrogen gas and could provide a cheap and easy way to make electronic boards. See Angela Belchers project 81.245.168.62 (talk) 14:27, 13 April 2009 (UTC)

Open-design circuit board oven and solder robot
The Elector SMT reflow oven may be used as is (or after modification) with the Sn solder (or other soldering method) noted above to solder boards ecologically and appropriate.
 * Note that this open-source project demonstrated how easy it is to implement controlling the temperature of ovens. Perhaps that a similar temperature control may be integrated in the recasting of materials. In the document made by Ingénieurs Sans Frontières it was described that casting was done "on sight". To make solder for these sensitive equipments, perhaps controlled temperature casting is better as it may allow a better purity of metal (improving the performance of these sensitive devices)

for the soldering itself, I was thinking about a open-source soldering robot (which can be probably made with a diy embedded (low-cost) microcontroller (to make a embedded computer with output devices (movable soldering syringes. This primarily as I have doubts about the local workers performing this very precise and difficult job. The local workers are probably more suited to gathering the source materials (metals, ...)

Component tester
As described above, with component boards as strip boards, easy replacing/repairs of devices are possible (allowing the repair of broken boards by replacing certain components, rather than trowing away the entire board alltogether). For this, a simple? voltage meter is needed to test the components individually (eg whether they still let the power trough). This open-source elektor meter may be used herefore

Disassembler device
Besides an oven and solder robot, an easy open-source board disassembly device would be appropriate. This would allow boards found on the junkyard (which are thus completely broken; having no more working components) of being effciently disassembled. The solder, board and components can then be easily seperated and reused (solder and metals can be recast, chemical components may be derived from large amounts of diodes, and other known components). The chemical substances and amounts are known to be in each type of component (eg diodes, leds, ...) and may therefore still be recovered if they are all seperatly detached and sorted together.

Open-design washing machine
A open-source washing machine should be created. The washing machine is to have a induction engine for the drum and a brushless DC engine for pumping the machine dry after the wash. It probably best uses (the technology of; buying the modules from the company directly may be expensive) the Motion SPM in SMD or Tuny DIP housing. see Energy Saving through Motor Control and Motor app gains efficiency with electronic control Perhaps water-saving features may be added (see Washing_machine) Cleaning agents used should be eco-friendly; see Natural cleaning product

Use of alternative currency
After some research (see updates at Alternative currency), the use of a specific alternative currency (not devaluating in time; eg no "schwundgeld") could be useful. This currency would be a currency specific for trading between villages (thus not between individuals). It would be a city gift currency; and the working would be as follows: each city is given at the start a same negative amount of credits. If a certain city requests the ordering of eg a set of windturbines, casted metals, tools, ... the product is made and delivered abd at the same time, the giving partner is given a same amount of negative points which they can use to ask another product in return (of a same value of negative points). The negative value of a product depends on the amount of workhours and the type/amount of source material used. The current amount of negative (good) or positive (bad) credits can be shown in the cities townhall (preferably on a electronic billboard together with other information; supplied via RSS) The system would encourage city trade of autonomous energy products, and other products required for ecologic, autonomous functioning of the city. As such, it would increases economy, employment and promote healthy rivalry/competitions (building new systems and trading them, ...). it would increase specialisation of each system, dividing the production of different autonomous systems (eg water harvesting, energy generation systems, ...)? This would decrease the costs as less workshops would be needed for the cities of a certain area (one area should have several cities; each specialising in the essential systems and located at a manageable/transportable distance) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.246.146.11 (talk) 15:17, 13 March 2009 (UTC)

Improved solar heater
I just added another design for a low-cost village. See here. This design has some new features including the seperation of rooms and making them communal (reduces cost, decreases cleaning, ...) This design makes use of a solar batch heater for heating the water for the showers. This batch heater would be a heater like, but automatic temperature control (set to eg 40°C) should be added. As such a open-source design for this temperature controller should be made. The automatic control can be created in practice by 2 tanks --> 1 with cold(er) water (eg 20° or so; ambient temperature) and 1 with warm water (this tank can be the batch heater itself). The tank with colder water needs to be shielded from the sun (eg by underground placement, ...). The 2 tanks can be connected to 1 large(r) tank that will be the primary buffer for the shower (here the water needs to be 40°). The valves of the (hot&cold) tanks will be automatically controlled by the temperature controller. The batch heater itself may be fitted with a electric coil for heating when the water cannot be heated enough by the sun; in not so sunny areas the batch heater can be improved by targeting light at it with parabolic dishes. The 40° water generated by the solar/electrical heating system can also be used for the laundry center/washing machines noted in the design. The piping may be merely extended (1 branch offcourse already going to showers; another continuing to washing machines/laundry center) and the 40° water inmediatelly enters the (open-source design; see above) laundry center. Here the water may be used as is, or be heated again in the washing machines (depends on washing program; imbedded machine thermostat will determine this) Note that instead of the batch heater, the Concentrating Solar Power plant itself (noted in the design) can also function as a batch heater. However, the CSP would then require 2 piping circuits (one for heating the shower water and 1 for the energy generation; the latter runs on chemical fluids and not water). Nonetheless the 2 circuits can be integrated into the same tower and make use of the same solar power. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.245.166.227 (talk) 07:54, 18 March 2009 (UTC)

Fraction 1 protein
Does anyone know fraction 1 protein; which can be made by making a paste from tabacco leaves ? It was invented by Shuh Sheen of the Kentucky University see here I was wondering about whether this crop may be used as an easy food source (contains high amounts of protein). This would physically strengthen population and tobacco is easy to grow in tropical/subtropical areas. Not sure whether tasty, ... dough. Also not completely sure about potential toxic substances (eg nicotine). Let me know. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.245.166.227 (talk) 08:04, 18 March 2009 (UTC)

The agriculture simulator proposal sent before, could be made using the 3d models from Jochem Evers/Virtualplant.nl. See www.virtualplant.nl, http://www.cwe.wur.nl/UK/Staff/Dr+Jochem+B.+Evers/ —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.246.180.114 (talk) 18:01, 29 March 2009 (UTC)

Irrigation
The Nabataeans had ceramic pipeline irrigation in the old days, which I believe could be an appropriate irrigation system. The Jacob Blaustein Institute conducts research to these nabataeans irrigation techniques. This in order to make low-cost irrigation systems to cope with the flooding periods (strange but true). It will help in preserving the rain that falls in these periods to water the crops for a great amount of time. Eg ceramic pipelines/terracotta canals can be a low cost solution see http://desert.bgu.ac.il/desert/EngSite.aspx?SiteId=3327&ItemId=4945 http://www.hackwriters.com/Nabataeans.htm http://www.amnh.org/education/resources/rfl/pdf/petra_guide.pdf —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.246.180.114 (talk) 18:37, 29 March 2009 (UTC)

Perhaps this terracotta irrigation should be mentioned in article ? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.246.171.164 (talk) 07:38, 30 March 2009 (UTC)

Finally, there is also a new system described by agrivision (see irrigation:talk), yet this probably also has the same problems as drip irrigation (eg plastic corrugates, not easily reachable/hard to repair, ...) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.246.171.164 (talk) 08:09, 30 March 2009 (UTC)

Improved MayaPedal
I recenently take a look at the mayapedal (http://www.appropedia.org/MayaPedal). Seems to me that a open-sourced version of the Pedal-A-Watt (see http://www.econvergence.net/electro.htm) would be more approriate as the bike can still be used for transport. Also, should Nanosolar best be added to article, according to time magazine (50 greatest inventions) their solar panels are way cheaper made and sold. However, there are a great number of other panels (see peswiki) that may be cheap and/or have greater energy output (making price perhaps competetive if they are compared per watt produced). However, not all produced energy is always stored on the other hand in developing countries, making a cheaper panel perhaps cheaper in all. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.246.148.68 (talk) 14:42, 22 March 2009 (UTC)

Hydrogen and oxyhydrogen generator
A DIY hydrogen and oxyhydrogen generator should also be added. It allows to generate hydrogen which can fuel converted internal combustion engines (eg of old fixed-up cars/vehicles; found abundantly in the developed world).

DIY shematics/documents for electrolysis can be made from instructions such as in the following book: http://www.goodideacreative.com/h2_sys2.html, aswell as many other DIY low-cost generators can be found online; eg http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NX-vbcaEEWA http://www.instructables.com/id/SODA-CAN-HYDROGEN-GENERATOR/ water4gas HHO generator

however, the best generator would be made using bacteria. Synthetic biology can be used to create a generator that uses no initial power (which is the major problem with hydrogen; more power needs to be generated than what is produced in hydrogen). However, at present it has not yet produced a viable organic hydrogen generator.

81.246.176.42 (talk) 08:45, 10 April 2009 (UTC)

 * I recently read about liquid nitrogen. Apparently, this "fuel" can also be burnt in a ICe engine. If so (and if liquid nitrogen generation is possible at home), a liquid nitrogen generator too should be added. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.245.167.2 (talk) 14:46, 12 April 2009 (UTC)

Soil survey using satellite-images
I recently looked at a project of Agro Vision, and it seems that satellite images can be used to determine moisture, nitrogen, co²-intake, ... They are working on localized fertilisation (eg by gps-controlled fertilisermachine) were the input data (nutrient content of soil) comes from satellite data.

If this approach allows enough minerals (nitrogen, potassium, ...) to be recorded it may be very useful. See http://www.articlesbase.com/environment-articles/agriculture-crop-management-and-production-improved-by-satellite-remote-sensing-technology-and-geographic-information-systems-gis-463274.html

and the AgriVision-project at http://www.agrivision.net.au/variable-rate.php

This approach could be used to replace the more expensive sampling of the soil (by hand) in remote areas. In one of my designs sent earlier, I also mentioned a "farming-manual (telling people in developing world how they may farm more productively and without non-biodegradable pesticides). This approach should be mentioned herein.

Besides checking whether enough parameters can be recorded, it should be checked whether UAV's can also perform this "remote sensing". —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.246.142.167 (talk) 14:16, 25 March 2009 (UTC)

TerraCottem
Not sure whether its worth mentioning: http://www.terracottem.com/pages/en/home.htm it is somewhat similar to terra preta, yet retains moisture better; not sure how its made (DIY?)and whether it is thus appropriate in developing world (remote) locations

Purushotham Reddy
http://www.flipkart.com/environmental-education-prof-purushotham-reddy/8183161219-9v23frh15b Not sure whether it is a appropriate technology advocate and whether he may be included to list. May have some ideas in book the AT community may use —Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.182.176.136 (talk) 12:21, 21 June 2009 (UTC)

Workshop tools
I propose to make a article called workshop tools mentioning the most important (multifunctional tools). Also, i'm not sure whether it is most useful to use molds or use stuff like a 3D CNC milling machine to make stuff like gears, ... Anyone knows what a 3D printer is? the article isnt that clear, it appears that wooden, ... objects can be made with it but not sure. Some of the tools (eg screwdrivers) need to be simplified; meaning that the amount of different types of screws, ... needs to be limited to keep the amount of different workshop tools, ... low —Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.176.1.77 (talk) 17:09, 4 July 2009 (UTC)

POV
This term seems like a POV smear. Those who use it are characterizing others as advocating "inappropriate technology". That is of course a straw man. I challenge anyone to point to one person who says "I think people should use inappropriate technology". Michael Hardy (talk) 21:15, 5 August 2009 (UTC)

 * This wikipedia article should be neutral, but the term 'Appropriate Technology' is not! It is supposed to highlight the inappropriate nature of high-tech industry that is driven by profit rather than ecological concerns.  You can't complain if they chose a name you find objectionable any more than you can object to the Democratic People's Republic of Korea. Jambaltine (talk) 03:10, 12 August 2009 (UTC)

 * I just removed two POV tags in the opening para. There's a confusion: There's a difference between a term that has a strong "politically correct" connotation, and mis-defining that concept so that it distorts the meaning of the term. I.e., if someone wrote that "appropriate technology is the work of luddites" or "appropriate technology is the only hope for mankind", then THAT would demonstrate a non-neutral statement.

 * This is NOT what is going on with the opening sentence as it stands ("Appropriate technology (AT) is technology that is designed with special consideration to the environmental, ethical, cultural, social, political, and economical aspects of the community it is intended for.")

 * Notice also, Michael Hardy, that a slur is not implied in the definition. One could design a product to be "cost effective" or "supporting national industry" or "user friendly" or "advancing technology" or "energy efficient" ... or any combination. "Appropriate technology" is simply that which emphasizes a broad spectum that places special emphasis on cultural and environmental factors. That there is some business -- some potentially displaced business -- that has their priorities differently organized does not mean that the fault lies in the concept of appropriate technology. After all, any viable business rival is going to have a business plan that is in conflict with established businesses. That doesn't make the rival's business plan somehow dishonest, biased or in any remarkable way POV. Regards, Piano non troppo (talk) 11:14, 4 February 2010 (UTC)

 * I do not see a POV problem here. I suggest removal of the POV tag (and the other tags too).  Rlsheehan (talk) 23:03, 17 February 2010 (UTC)

 * The term "appropriate" is not POV and is not inappropriate. The term "appropriate" as used does not suggest that other technology is innately wrong in any way.  Most technology which is developed using expensive engineering design tools is optimized based on the assumed resources, manufacturing, and tooling of a generally technologically advanced and well infrastructured society.  These technologies aren't appropriate for a society which doesn't have the resources, manufacturing, or tooling in place to build or maintain it.  That doesn't mean that expensive engineering design techniques (computer simulation, prototyping, automated optimization) can't be applied to create a technology which is optimized for the particular resources and manufacturing ability of a society which isn't as well infrastructured.  There is no value judgment being made by the term "appropriate", it is really indicative of using the right design assumptions for the right end user environment. -CVDon

 * I recently added the POV tag. However it is not in reference to this discussion. I too agree that "appropriate technology" is a recognized term and not a POV issues. However, per this section I started on the talk page, I believe the second paragraph of the lede (summary) is clearly biased and I am recommending it be rewritten. EstellaGr8 (talk) 01:06, 20 March 2011 (UTC)

 * Concur with EstellaGr8. This older (circa 2009 to early 2010) "POV" discussion is on a rather different topic than the question of some bias in the lede of the article.  The discussion on bias in the lede is below, in section entitled "Bias?".  N2e (talk) 12:42, 21 March 2011 (UTC)

Health care
Would it be useful to mention the Talk:Stethoscope ? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.182.227.212 (talk) 12:34, 6 September 2010 (UTC)

Bias?
Though cited, I wonder if the second paragraph of this article summary is too biased in nature?

"With environmental and ethical goals in mind, AT proponents claim their methods require fewer resources, are easier to maintain, and have less of an impact on the environment compared to techniques from mainstream technology, which they contend is wasteful and environmentally polluting."

With the community's approval I would like to suggest it be revisited and most likely rewritten or removed. I believe it is possible to convey the tenets of appropriate technology with out directly criticizing other forms of technology. Though this difference between appropriate technology and other forms is clearly something to include in the article, I question the placement in the summary and as the second paragraph.

EstellaGr8 (talk) 12:56, 16 March 2011 (UTC)

 * I concur, and would support your proposed change. You may want to consider placing an article-level tag such as lead rewrite or POV-lead at the top of the article while this discussion is going on.  It let's other readers and editors of the article know that a discussion is going on and invites them to weigh in.  Generally, these sorts of article-level tags are best if used only for a short period of time while active work is going on to improve an article, or gain consensus in the wikicommunity who frequent a given article, and then remove it as the issue is addressed.  Cheers.  N2e (talk) 16:37, 16 March 2011 (UTC)

Proposed WikiProject Edits
As part of the Public Policy WikiProject, I plan to work on the following edits:
 * 1) Edit the lede to remove possible biased information. I have created a rough draft of my proposed lede in my sandbox and would appreciate any comments from the the Wiki community. With the community's approval I would like to replace the existing lede with this proposed lede before April 10, the course deadline for these changes.
 * 2) Expand the background section to includes greater detail and a history of appropriate technology (possibly incorporating the founders section).I am working on the rough draft of my history section in my sandbox and would appreciate any comments from the the Wiki community. I am also suggesting a slightly new organization to the article which is reflected in my sandbox as well.
 * 3) Expand the appropriate technology in developing areas section to include more detail.

As part of these edits, I plan to consult the following sources:
 * Hazeltine, B. & Bull, C. (1999). Appropriate Technology: Tools, Choices, and Implications. San Diego: Academic Press.
 * Ghosh, P.K. (1984). Appropriate Technology in Third World Development. Center for International Development. London: Greenwood Press.
 * Willoughby, K.W. (1990). Technology Choice: A Critique of the Appropriate Technology Movement. London: Intermediate Technology Publications.
 * National Research Council. (2006). The Fundamental Role of Science and Technology in International Development. Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press.
 * Pursell, C.W. (2007). Technology in Postwar America: A History. New York: Columbia University Press.
 * McRobie, G. (1981). Small is Possible. New York: Harper & Row.
 * Akubue, A. (2000). "Appropriate Technology for Socioeconomic Development in Third World Countries." The Journal of Technology Studies. Vol. 26, No. 1 (pp.33-43). Bowling Green, Ohio: Epsilon Pi Tau.
 * Montgomery, J.D. (1979, March). "Beyond Appropriate Technology." Bulletin of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Vol. 32, No. 6 (pp.19-37).
 * The Cooper Hewitt Design for the other 90% Exhibit.
 * Village Earth.
 * Practical Action.

I appreciate any comments/suggestions/encouragement/assistance from the wiki community.

EstellaGr8 (talk) 02:16, 26 March 2011 (UTC)

American vs. British English
I recently undid an edit that changed "industrialized" to "industrialised." My logic for this is that the article appears to use American English throughout. Other examples, such as "utilizing" and "practice" are spelled in the American way and not the British way ("utilising" and "practise"). As far as I can tell the Wikipedia Manual of Style does not have a preference for either usage, but it does indicate a preference for internal consistency. Thoughts? EstellaGr8 (talk) 11:40, 25 March 2011 (UTC)

 * I support the internal article consistency. And it appears that the article is/was already utilizing the American variation of English.  N2e (talk) 04:56, 26 March 2011 (UTC)

The "appropriate technology practitioners" section should be expanded and cited or removed
In its current form, the "appropriate technology practitioners" section contains an un-cited list of supposed appropriate technology practitioners. Though the links provided for some of the names clearly indicate the person had either developed technology widely considered as an example of appropriate technology or has promoted appropriate technological choice, several of the names have no supporting materials in the link provided. Furthermore, I believe the supporting materials should be clearly indicated in this article either through mentions of their appropriate technology work or through in-line citation to reputable materials naming them as appropriate technology practitioners. EstellaGr8 (talk) 13:35, 24 April 2011 (UTC)
 * Please see WP:BOLD (Go for it!) Steve Quinn (talk) 04:24, 25 April 2011 (UTC)

Substantive changes
As mentioned here I planned to make several changes to this article. I have since rewritten the lede, created a history and terminology section, expanded and renamed the section on appropriate technology in developing countries, and moved the extensive examples to a new section called "Applications." I welcome any comments. EstellaGr8 (talk) 21:21, 24 April 2011 (UTC)
 * Please see WP:BOLD (Go for it!) Steve Quinn (talk) 04:23, 25 April 2011 (UTC)

"Appropriate technology in developed countries" section
It its current form this section is redundant to existing information in the article and does not address the topic the section lable indicates it will. I recommend it be entirely rewritten to include information on the energy crisis of the 1970s, appropriate technology groups in countries such as the US, UK and Japan, and the current use of appropriate technology in these countries. EstellaGr8 (talk) 21:23, 24 April 2011 (UTC)
 * Please see WP:BOLD (Go for it!) Steve Quinn (talk) 04:25, 25 April 2011 (UTC)

Applications section
The information in the sub-sections under "applications" seems like an information dump. There is little structure or substantive information. I recommend a extensive edit of this information. EstellaGr8 (talk) 21:41, 24 April 2011 (UTC)
 * Please see WP:BOLD (Go for it!) Thank you for your contributions. Steve Quinn (talk) 04:27, 25 April 2011 (UTC)

"Beating around the bush"
having just arrived at this article i found it incredibly hard to discern what it was that appropriate technology entailed. i feel that this article could go a very long way to include a simple, single sentence summary of what appropriate technology actually is. The following line from http://lsa.colorado.edu/essence/texts/appropriate.htm was far more useful to me than the existing background, and i suggest that someone find a means to incorporate it, or something similarly "to the point" into the beginning of the article. I would do it myself, however as an unregistered user i do not have the confidence to go about editing the article.

"Appropriate technology is small-scale technology. It is simple enough that people can manage it directly and on a local level. Appropriate technology makes use of skills and technology that are available in a local community to supply basic human needs, such as gas and electricity, water, food, and waste disposal. "  Anonymous (talk) 01:02, 07 April 2012 (GMT-5)

Mokshda green cremation system
Perhaps the Mokshda Green Cremation System (MGCS) can be mentioned ? 91.182.27.70 (talk)

Cleaning up Alternative technology
You guys did a great job here and hope some of you are still watching the page. Since many people get appropriate technology and alternate technology confused, and the alternative technology article is very poor and doesn't define the differences, it's an article some of you might want to beef up. I'll try to at least fix the definition aspect. Thanks. CarolMooreDC 18:48, 26 February 2013 (UTC)

Intermediate technology
Is intermediate technology really the same thing? Surely that refers to technology that is neither low technology nor high technology? Whether such technology is 'appropriate' or not is another matter. The article isn't completely clear on this point - first saying that the two terms are synonymous, and later saying that intermediate technology is a subset of appropriate technology. Ben Finn (talk) 10:42, 15 January 2014 (UTC)
 * When the terms first came into use, they were very close. However this has since shifted.
 * One of the major shifts in recent years has been the result of telecommunications and cheap globalisation. Mobile phones are now cheap and they're also relatively cheap in much of the 3rd world. It is still difficult to obtain a wired phone line (poles and cables still cost serious investment) but it is now affordable to obtain mobile phones and even an internet connection (the cost is high relative to basic food and shelter, but low in relation to a wired phone). This gives access to information such as weather forecasting and market prices, information that can make a "knowledgeable" fishing village a more efficient and competitive vendor than a similar village without such information. The smartphone is appropriate technology (it delivers a benefit in relation to its cost) even though it is not intermediate technology (it's made in the same Chinese mega-factory that other such phones are made in). Andy Dingley (talk) 11:55, 15 January 2014 (UTC)

Exchange the words "recent" with an indication of a year
It's never good to use the word "recent" in Wikipedia articles... Can someone replace the "recents" with a year indication? In particular in this sentence: In more recent years, the appropriate technology movement has continued to decline in prominence. - For that one, as it talks about the German GATE project which ended in early 2000 I think, if not earlier, we could perhaps say "Since the late 1990s..." ? Unless people disagree about this statement regarding the decline? Perhaps it only relates to AT in development cooperation? EvM-Susana (talk) 07:47, 3 June 2015 (UTC)

Honey Bee Network
Perhaps the National_Innovation_Foundation_-_India can be mentioned somewhere on the page ? 109.130.161.237 (talk) 15:59, 8 August 2015 (UTC)

Intermediate technology
Needs its own page -- you can certainly have inappropriate intermediate technology -- this needs to be slit off. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.106.36.109 (talk) 00:59, 24 August 2015 (UTC)

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Health care
I'm not sure the use of "overpopulating certain areas" is true in the "Health care" subhead under "Applications". It's not clear whether that quote is properly sourced. Perhaps a citation could be added? –HannahLH (talk) 03:57, 11 April 2021 (UTC)

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text:
Pursuit of Nazi collaborators

The pursuit of Nazi collaborators refers to the post-World War II pursuit and apprehension of individuals who were not citizens of the Third Reich at the outbreak of World War II but collaborated with the Nazi regime during the war. Hence, this article does not cover former members of the NSDAP and their fates after the war.

Background
There were a number of motives for the apprehension of suspected collaborators. The main motives were: revenge for those murdered, especially those murdered on ethnic grounds in the Holocaust (principally among Jews, Poles, and Russians); a desire after the war to see those responsible face justice, and be categorised as criminals by a court of law (See Nuremberg Trials); a means of ensuring that criminal acts done were brought to light and placed on the official record, with evidence, so that they could never be disproven (some of the acts being so unthinkable that denial was plausible); widespread sense that genocide of whole communities and cultures on such a scale was intolerable and must not be left unprosecuted even despite the inadequacy of existing laws; and fear that a "Nazi underground" of some kind existed, such as the mythical ODESSA, which could allow the enemy to somehow regroup for their proclaimed Fourth Reich.

Means of pursuit
The pursuit took many forms, both individual and organised. Several organisations and individuals (famous Nazi hunters) pursued ex-Nazis or Nazi collaborators who allegedly engaged in war crimes or crimes against humanity. Individuals reported seeing someone they recognised, now living under a false identity. Specific individuals were named and sought by groups or governments for their crimes during the war.

Others were subject to after-war spontaneous retaliation in occupied countries, which in some areas led to "witch hunts" for those suspected of having been collaborators, in which vigilantism and summary justice were common. After a first period of spontaneous pursuit, provisional governments took the matter into their own hands and brought suspected criminals to court. The Nuremberg Trial in Germany judged only the highest German Nazi authorities, and each country prosecuted and sentenced their own collaborationists. Pierre Laval in France was judged and sentenced to death, while Philippe Pétain was also sentenced to death, but Charles de Gaulle later commuted that to a life sentence. Governments investigated and interrogated people suspected of collaboration, for example the U.S. DOJ Office of Special Investigations.

Nazi support and escape organisations were infiltrated; the most famous was the ODESSA network, its various "ratlines" and those believed to have aided and abetted them. However, many suspected war criminals were also given amnesty, and some reached high positions in post-war administrations (e.g. Maurice Papon, who became Police Prefect of Paris in charge during the Algerian War (1954–62); he was blamed for the 1961 Paris massacre). Others were never even tried, such as Robert de Foy who resumed his position as head of the Belgian State Security Service 1945–1958.

Argentina
In March 1998, Ustasha Dinko Šakić, the former commandant of Jasenovac concentration camp (nicknamed the "Auschwitz of the Balkans"), was interviewed on national television in Argentina, where he had lived for over 50 years. During the interview, he admitted to his leadership position, but denied killing anyone. The interview caused a public uproar. In May 1998, Šakić was arrested by Argentine police. The following month, he was extradited to Croatia. In 1999, a Zagreb court sentenced him to 20 years in prison for his crimes. Šakić died in prison in 2008.

Australia
Latvia applied to Australia to extradite Konrāds Kalējs, allegedly a senior officer in the pro-Nazi Arajs Commando, but he died on 8 November 2001 before he could be extradited. Kalējs migrated to Australia in 1950 and took citizenship. Hungary applied for the extradition of Charles Zentai from Australia. He was accused of the murder of Peter Balazs, an 18-year-old Jewish man, in Budapest in November 1944, while serving in the Hungarian Army.

Belgium
Belgium imprisoned Belgian nationals who had collaborated with the Nazis and executed some. One Belgian to be sentenced to execution was Pierre Daye; however, he was one of the first Nazi collaborators to escape Europe, and unusually by plane. He fled to Argentina with the help of Charles Lescat, also collaborator of Je suis partout. Once in Argentina he attended a meeting organised by Juan Perón in the Casa Rosada during which a network (colloquially called ratlines) was created, to organise the escape of collaborators and former Nazis. On 17 June 1947, Belgium requested his extradition from Argentina; however, the Argentine Government ignored this request. Now secure in his freedom, Pierre Daye resumed his writing activities, becoming the editor of an official Perónist review.

Henri de Man was one of the leading Belgian socialist theoreticians of his period, who collaborated with Nazi Germany during World War II. After the liberation of Belgium, he crossed the border to Switzerland. He was convicted in absentia of treason after the war. He died on 20 June 1953, together with his wife, in a collision with a train in Murten, Switzerland.

Albert Luykx fled to the Republic of Ireland in 1948 and became an Irish citizen in 1954.

Czechoslovakia
Actions against Nazi collaborators in Czechoslovakia, real or alleged, had two significant forms, by judiciary or by mob action. Immediately after the liberation of Czechoslovakia by Soviet and American armies, in an atmosphere of chaos, wild chases began. Individual acts of revenge, mob violence, and simply criminal acts motivated by the possibility to rob or loot targets, occurred. In some places were conducted, by organised groups of self-styled partisans, violence which resembled what is today known as ethnic cleansing. In most places this stopped when the provisional Czech government and local authorities took power. Other forms included legal action, undertaken by the state administration, after the war, until the regular Czech parliament was established. President Beneš ruled by issuing decrees, which were later ratified by parliament.

By decree 5/1945, property of untrustworthy persons was put under national administration. Untrustworthy were considered German and Hungarian nationals, and people who were active in destruction of the Czechoslovak state and its democratic government, supported Nazi occupation by any means, or were members of organisations considered fascist or collaborator. By the same decree, property of people of German and Hungarian nationality, who could prove they were anti-Nazi, could be returned to them.

By decree 12/1945 Sb., farm property of German and Hungarian nationals or citizens was confiscated, unless they could prove active resistance against Nazism. Property of traitors, and enemies of the republic was confiscated, regardless of nationality or citizenship. By decree 16/1945 Sb., special tribunals were started. These people's courts had right to sentence to long term imprisonment, life sentence or death. Prosecutions varied from verbal support to those who had committed crimes against humanity, no prosecution was based on ethnicity. By 33/1945 Sb. people of German and Hungarian nationality or ethnicity lost their Czechoslovakian citizenship. However, they had right to apply for renewal.

Most problematic was the law 115/1946, concerning resistance to the Nazi regime, which shifted limit of immunity to the year 1946, effectively amnestying all crimes, acts of individual revenge and atrocities against Germans and Hungarians long after the war.

People who lost Czechoslovakian citizenship and failed to apply or did not get it were transferred to Germany, many through the transfer camp established at Terezín, near the Theresienstadt concentration camp.

Estonia
In the Estonian war crimes trials of 1961 and 1962, several collaborators were sentenced for participation in the Estonian holocaust. Many of the accused escaped punishment by escaping into exile or by suicide. The infamous Karl Linnas, who had been sentenced to death in absentia, was finally deported by the United States in 1987, and died in a prison hospital shortly after.

France

After the liberation, France was briefly swept by a wave of executions of suspected collaborators. At least some of the women suspected of having romantic liaisons with Germans were publicly humiliated by having their heads shaved. Those who had engaged in the black market were also stigmatised as "war profiteers" (profiteurs de guerre). However, the Provisional Government of the French Republic (GPRF, 1944–46) quickly reestablished order and brought collaborators before the courts. Many of the convicted were later granted amnesty under the Fourth Republic (1946–1954), while some prominent civil servants, such as Maurice Papon, escaped prosecution altogether and succeeded in holding important positions even under Charles de Gaulle and the Fifth Republic (1958 and afterward).

Three periods have been identified: The first phase (épuration sauvage) consisted of popular convictions, summary executions, and the shaving of women's heads. Estimates by police prefects made in 1948 and 1952 were that as many as six thousand executions occurred before the liberation of France, and four thousand thereafter. The second phase, épuration légale (legal purge), began on 26 and 27 June 1944 with Charles de Gaulle's ordinances on the judgment of collaborators by the commissions d'épuration; the commissions sentenced approximately 120,000 persons. Charles Maurras, the leader of the royalist Action française, was, for example, sentenced to life imprisonment on 25 January 1945. The third phase was more lenient towards collaborators; the trials of Philippe Pétain and the writer Louis-Ferdinand Céline are examples of actions taken during this phase.

Between 1944 and 1951, official courts in France sentenced 6,763 people to death (3,910 in absentia) for treason and other offences, and 791 executions were actually carried out. More common was "national degradation," a loss of face and civil rights, which was meted out to 49,723 people.

Philippe Pétain, the former head of Vichy France, was charged with treason in July 1945. He was convicted and sentenced to death by firing squad, but Charles de Gaulle commuted the sentence to life imprisonment. Pierre Laval was however, executed after his trial. Most convicted people were given amnesty a few years later. In the police, collaborators often resumed official responsibilities. For example, Maurice Papon, who would be convicted in the 1990s for his role in the Vichy collaborationist government, was in the position of giving orders for the Paris massacre of 1961 as the head of the Parisian police.

The French members of the Waffen-SS Charlemagne Division who survived the war were regarded as traitors. Some of the more prominent officers were executed, while the rank-and-file were given prison terms; some of them were given the option of serving time in Indochina (1946–54) with the Foreign Legion instead of prison.

Many war criminals were judged only in the 1980s, including Paul Touvier, Klaus Barbie, Maurice Papon and his deputy Jean Leguay. The last two were both convicted for their roles in the July 1942 Rafle du Vel' d'Hiv, or Vel' d'Hiv Roundup. Famous Nazi hunters Serge and Beate Klarsfeld spent decades trying to bring them to justice. A fair number of collaborationists joined the OAS terrorist movement during the Algerian War (1954–62). Jacques de Bernonville escaped to Quebec, then Brazil. Jacques Ploncard d'Assac became a counselor of Salazar in Portugal.

Reliable statistics of the death toll do not exist. At the low end, one estimate is that approximately 10,500 were executed, before and after liberation. "The courts of Justice pronounced about 6,760 death sentences, 3,910 in absentia and 2,853 in the presence of the accused. Of these 2,853, 73 percent were commuted by de Gaulle, and 767 carried out. In addition, about 770 executions were ordered by the military tribunals. Thus the total number of people executed before and after the Liberation was approximately 10,500, including those killed in the épuration sauvage", notably including members and leaders of the milices. US forces put the number of "summary executions" following liberation at 80,000. The French Minister of the Interior at the time, March 1945, reported that the number executed was 105,000. Modern scholarship estimates a total number of summary executions between 10,000 and 15,000.

Greece
Greece was under the control of the Third Reich from 1941 to 1944. After the liberation, the country followed a controversial period of denazification. Many collaborators and especially former leaders of the Nazi-held puppet regime in Athens were sentenced to death. General Georgios Tsolakoglou, the first collaborationist prime minister, was tried by the Greek Special Collaborators Court in 1945 and sentenced to death, but his penalty, like most death sentences, was commuted to life imprisonment. The second collaborationist leader, Konstantinos Logothetopoulos, who had fled to Germany after the Wehrmacht's withdrawal, was caught by the US military and was condemned to life imprisonment. In 1951, he was given parole and thus died outside prison. Ioannis Rallis, the third collaborationist prime minister, was tried on a treason charge; the court sentenced him to life imprisonment. However, several lower and middle figures that had collaborated with the Germans, especially members of the Security Battalions and the gendarmerie, were soon released and reinstated in their posts; in the developing Greek Civil War, their anti-Communist credentials were more important than their collaboration. Indeed, in many cases the same people who had collaborated with the Germans and staffed the post-war security establishment persecuted leftist former Resistance members.

Furthermore, during 1945, a Special Court on Collaborators in Ioannina condemned, in absentia, 1,930 Cham collaborators of the Axis to death (decision no. 344/1945). The next year the same court condemned an additional 179. However, the war crimes remained unpunished since the criminals had already fled abroad.

Israel
Israel enacted the Nazis and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law on 1 August 1950. Between 1950 and 1961, this law was used to prosecute around 40 Jewish Kapos proven to have been Nazi collaborators. In 1988, John Demjanjuk was sentenced to death as well, but the guilty verdict was later overturned by the Supreme Court on 29 July 1993.

On 23 February 1965, Latvian aviator and Nazi collaborator Herberts Cukurs was assassinated by the Mossad, the Israeli foreign intelligence service, after being lured to Uruguay under the pretense of starting an aviation business.

Norway
Vidkun Quisling, the war time Norwegian "Minister President", and, among others, Nasjonal Samling leaders Albert Viljam Hagelin and Ragnar Skancke, were convicted and executed by firing squad. A total of 45 people were sentenced to death and 37 were executed (25 Norwegians and 12 Germans). Both at the time and later these sentences were the subject of some debate, since the decision to reintroduce capital punishment to the Norwegian legal system for the post war trials was based on clauses in military law. Capital punishment in the Criminal Code had been abolished in 1904. The decision was made by the exiled Norwegian government in London in 1944, later to be debated three times in the Parliament during the trials, and to be confirmed by the Supreme Court.

Poland
In occupied Poland the status of Volksdeutsche had many privileges but one big disadvantage: Volksdeutsche were conscripted into the German Army. The Volksliste had 4 categories. No. 1 and No. 2 were considered ethnic Germans, while No. 3 and No. 4 were ethnic Poles that signed the Volksliste. No. 1 and No. 2 in the Polish areas re-annexed by Germany numbered ~1,000,000 and No. 3 and No. 4 ~1,700,000. In the General Government there were ~120,000 Volksdeutsche.

After the war, Volksdeutsche of Polish origins were treated by Poles with special contempt, and also considered traitors according to Polish law. German citizens that remained on territory of Poland became as a group personae non gratae. They had a choice of applying for Polish citizenship or being expelled to Germany. The property that belonged to Germans, German companies and German states, was confiscated by the Polish state along with many other properties in Communist Poland.

German owners, as explicitly stated by the law, were not eligible for any compensation. Those who decided to apply became subject to a verification process. At the beginning of the process, many acts of violence against Volksdeutsche took place. However, soon the verification of Volksdeutsche became controlled by the juridical process and was completed in a more controlled manner.

Soviet Union
Russian and other Soviet members of the Russian Liberation Army and the Committee for the Liberation of the Peoples of Russia, such as Andrey Vlasov, were pursued, tried, and were either sent to Gulag prison camps or executed.

Many Soviet prisoners of war were seen to have collaborated with the Nazis, even if they had done no more than been captured by the Wehrmacht, and spent the war in a camp. Many such unfortunate Soviet citizens were persecuted upon their repatriation to the Soviet Union. In general, after a short trial, if they were not executed, Nazi collaborators were imprisoned in Gulag forced labour camps.

The Volga German Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was abolished and Volga Germans were banished from their settlements on the Volga River with many being deported to Kazakhstan or Siberia.

United Kingdom

At the end of the war a number of individuals were tried by the British government for high treason. These included members of the Waffen-SS British Free Corps and William Joyce, better known as Lord Haw-Haw. As agreed at the Yalta Conference, the British handed back many Soviet citizens to the Soviet authorities for trial. Some of these were collaborators who had served in the pro-Nazi Russian Liberation Army. A controversy would emerge years later, as some of those handed over were White Russians and Cossacks who had never been Soviet citizens, and who were subsequently murdered by the Soviet authorities. Yugoslav collaborators were handed over to Josip Broz Tito's forces in the Bleiburg repatriations, with many being imprisoned while some killed as a result.

Viktors Arājs, who was the leader of the eponymous commando unit which helped the Nazis murder the Jews of Latvia and Belarus, had been captured in the British zone of occupied Germany after the war, and was released in 1949 after spending several years in a prisoner-of-war camp, the British being ignorant to his true identity. He remained at large until 1979 when the West German government put him on trial. One of Arajs's deputies, Harijs Svikeris, settled in Britain after the war and in the 1990s was thought to be a strong candidate to be prosecuted under the War Crimes Act, but he died before being prosecuted.

In 1961 Ain-Ervin Mere was put on trial in the Soviet Union for his role in the murder of 5,000 foreign Jews in Estonia, but the request for extradition was refused by the British government, claiming that the Soviet government had insufficient evidence. On 1 April 1999, Anthony Sawoniuk was sentenced to life in prison after being found guilty of murdering 18 Jews in Britain's first Nazi war crimes trial. Sawoniuk had led "search-and-kill" police squads to hunt down Jews trying to escape after nearly 3,000 were massacred at Domachevo in Nazi-occupied Belarus during September 1942. He died in prison on 7 November 2005 at the age of 84.

Yugoslavia
The reprisals for collaboration with the Nazis were particularly harsh in Yugoslavia, because collaborators were also on the losing side of a de facto civil war fought on the Yugoslav territory during the war. The Communists executed many Ustashe, as well as their collaborators, particularly in the Bleiburg death marches.

After the war, the UDBA, Yugoslavia's secret police, was sent overseas to find and eliminate several former Ustashe who fled the country, including the leader of the Ustashe and their pro-Nazi government, Ante Pavelić. They conducted a successful assassination of Vjekoslav Luburić and others, and the extradition of Zdenko Blažeković, Andrija Artuković, and others.

title: Pursuit of Nazi collaborators