text:
Paruresis

Paruresis, also known as shy bladder syndrome, is a type of phobia in which a person is unable to urinate in the real or imaginary presence of others, such as in a public restroom. The analogous condition that affects bowel movement is called parcopresis or shy bowel.

Signs and symptoms
Some people have brief, isolated episodes of urinary difficulty in situations where other people are in close proximity. Paruresis, however, goes beyond simple shyness, embarrassment, fear of exposure, or fear of being judged for not being able to urinate. Other people may find that they are unable to urinate while in moving vehicles, or are fixated on the sounds of their urination in quiet restrooms or residential settings. In severe cases, a person with paruresis can urinate only when alone at home or through the process of catheterization.

Causes
One possible cause of paruresis is undergoing a voiding cystourethrography (VCUG) in the past. "Complications that can occur in both sexes include UTI, hematuria, cystitis as well as urinary dysfunction following a catheterization, phobia of urination, nocturia, and stopping urination. In the literature, psychological trauma resulting from VCUG was considered the same as from a violent rape, especially in girls."

Pathophysiology
It appears that paruresis involves a tightening of the sphincter or bladder neck due to a sympathetic nervous system response. The adrenaline rush that produces the involuntary nervous system response probably has peripheral and central nervous system involvement. The internal urethral sphincter (smooth muscle tissue) or the external urethral sphincter (striated muscle), levator ani (especially the pubococcygeus) muscle area, or some combination of the above, may be involved. It is possible that there is an inhibition of the detrusor command through a reflex pathway as well. The pontine micturition center (Barrington's nucleus) also may be involved, as its inhibition results in relaxation of the detrusor and prevents the relaxation of the internal sphincter.

Diagnosis
The condition is catered for in the rules for mandatory urine testing for drugs in UK prisons, and UK Incapacity Benefit tribunals also recognise it. It is listed in the NHS on-line encyclopaedia of conditions and disorders. It is now reported to have been accepted as a valid reason for jury service excusal. From 1 August 2005, the guidance on the rules relating to the testing of those on probation in the UK cites paruresis as a valid reason for inability to produce a sample which is not to be construed as a refusal.

The condition is recognised by the American Urological Association, who include it in their on-line directory of conditions.

Paruresis was described in section 300.23 of the DSM-IV-TR as "performance fears ... using a public restroom" but it was not mentioned by name. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) mentions paruresis by name.

Kaplan & Sadock's Synopsis of Psychiatry states, "Persons with social phobias (also called social anxiety disorder) have excessive fears of humiliation or embarrassment in various social settings, such as in speaking in public, urinating in a public rest room (also called shy bladder), and speaking to a date." The Synopsis describes shy bladder as "inability to void in a public bathroom" and notes that relaxation exercises are an application of behavior therapy for dealing with this disorder. Some paruretics experience delayed urination and must wait for their need to void to overcome their anxiety, while others are unable to urinate at all.

Treatment
In terms of treating the mental aspect of paruresis, such treatment can be achieved by graduated exposure therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy. In graduated exposure therapy, the subject has a trusted person stand outside the restroom at first, and once the fear is overcome the observer is brought closer in, until step by step the phobia is vanquished. The International Paruresis Association provides a detailed discussion of this method on its website. In addition to gradual exposure therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy is used to change a patient's mental approach to the condition, from one of a person who cannot urinate, to a person who can urinate or is not overly fearful when they can't publicly urinate.

History
The term paruresis was coined by Williams and Degenhart (1954) in their paper "Paruresis: a survey of a disorder of micturition" in the Journal of General Psychology 51:19–29. They surveyed 1,419 college students and found 14.4% had experienced paruresis, either incidentally or continuously.

Other names
Paruresis is also known by many colloquial terms, including bashful bladder, bashful kidneys, stage fright, pee-shyness, and shy bladder syndrome.

Drug testing
Some drug testing authorities find paruresis a nuisance, and some implement "shy bladder procedures" which pay no more than lip service to the condition, and where there is no evidence that they have conducted any real research into the matter. In the U.S. Bureau of Prisons, the Code of Federal Regulations provides that "An inmate is presumed to be unwilling if the inmate fails to provide a urine sample within the allotted time period. An inmate may rebut this presumption during the disciplinary process." Although U.S. courts have ruled that failure to treat properly diagnosed paruresis might violate prisoner's constitutional rights, the courts have also "routinely rejected suspicious or unsubstantiated attempts to invoke it in defense of failure to complete drug testing," particularly when there were no medical record or physician testimony to back up the claim of paruresis.

The International Paruresis Association stresses the importance of medical documentation of one's condition since "[t]he person who is unable to produce a urine sample is presumed guilty in the absence of any evidence." Some prisons have offered the use of a "dry cell"—i.e., a cell with no toilet facilities, but only a container for the prisoner's waste—as an accommodation to inmates who are hindered by paruresis from providing an observed urine sample.

FBOP Program Statement 6060.08 states, "Ordinarily, an inmate is expected to provide a urine sample within two hours of the request, but the Captain (or Lieutenant) may extend the time if warranted by specific situations (for example, the inmate has a documented medical or psychological problem, is dehydrated, etc.). Staff may consider supervising indirectly an inmate who claims to be willing but unable to provide a urine sample under direct visual supervision. For example, this might be accomplished by allowing the inmate to provide the sample in a secure, dry room after a thorough search has been made of both the inmate and the room." At least six state prison systems—Florida, Massachusetts, Maryland, Michigan, New York and Tennessee —have modified their drug testing regulations to provide accommodations for prisoners with paruresis.

Per the Handbook of Correctional Mental Health, "No definitive or objective test is available to confirm or refute the presence of paruresis. The absence of prior treatment or the ability to void in some social situations but not in others does not rule it out. Although modalities associated with the treatment of social phobias help some individuals, no universally effective medication or other treatment exists. Coercive interventions, such as forcing fluids while observing a person with paruresis, are ineffective and can cause serious medical complications. Alternatives to observed urine specimen collection for individuals who self-report paruresis include unobserved collections in a dry room, testing of hair specimens, sweat testing with a patch, and blood testing ('Test for Drugs of Abuse' 2002). These alternatives preclude the need for futile attempts to differentiate inmates with true paruresis from those who fabricate complaints."

Popular culture
The condition has been occasionally portrayed in popular culture, sometimes for comedic effect or parody. Examples of this include:
 * In the 2005 comedy Waiting..., a nerdy character with paruresis is one of many bathroom jokes.
 * In 2015, the International Paruresis Association protested a DirecTV ad starring Rob Lowe that portrayed a paruretic as goofy, wearing a fanny pack, and having his hair parted in the middle.
 * In the American sitcom The Big Bang Theory, the character Penny is revealed to suffer from bladder shyness.

title: Paruresis


text:
De Havilland Canada DHC-4 Caribou

The de Havilland Canada DHC-4 Caribou (designated by the United States military as the CV-2 and later C-7 Caribou) is a Canadian specialized cargo aircraft with short takeoff and landing (STOL) capability. The Caribou was first flown in 1958 and although mainly retired from military operations, is still in use in small numbers as a rugged bush airplane.

The design was further developed as the de Havilland Canada DHC-5 Buffalo, adding turboprop engines and other changes that further improved its short-field performance to the point where it competes with light aircraft even with a full load.

Design and development

The De Havilland Canada (DHC) company's third short takeoff and landing (STOL) design was a big increase in size compared to its earlier DHC Beaver and DHC Otter, and was the first DHC design powered by two engines. The Caribou was similar in concept in that it was designed as a rugged STOL utility aircraft. The Caribou was primarily a military tactical transport that in commercial service found itself a small niche in cargo hauling. The United States Army ordered 173 in 1959 and took delivery in 1961 under the designation AC-1, which was changed to CV-2 Caribou in 1962.

The majority of Caribou production was destined for military operators, but the type's ruggedness and excellent STOL capabilities requiring runway lengths of only 1200 feet (365 metres) also appealed to some commercial users. U.S. certification was awarded on 23 December 1960. Ansett-MAL, which operated a single example in the New Guinea highlands, and Amoco Ecuador were early customers, as was Air America (a CIA front in South East Asia during the Vietnam War era for covert operations). Other civil Caribou aircraft entered commercial service after being retired from their military users.

Today only a handful are in civilian use.

The Turbo Caribou Program
PEN Turbo Aviation of Cape May, NJ, has undertaken the re-engineering of the DHC-4A Caribou to a turbine powered variant, designated DHC-4A Turbo Caribou. The conversion uses PT6A-67T engines and Hartzell 5 bladed HC-B5MA-3M Constant Speed/Reversing propellers. Overall performance has improved and "new" basic weight is reduced while maximum normal take-off weight remained at 28,500 lbs Maximum payload is 10,000 lbs. Both Transport Canada and the US Federal Aviation Administration have issued supplemental type certificates for the Turbo Caribou. As of September 17, 2014, only 3 air frames had been converted. PEN Turbo has stockpiled dozens of air frames at their facility in NJ for possible future conversion. PEN Turbo Aviation named their company after Perry E. Niforos, who died in the 1992 crash of an earlier turboprop Caribou converted by a different firm, NewCal Aviation.

Operational history
In response to a United States Army requirement for a tactical airlifter to supply the battlefront with troops and supplies and evacuate casualties on the return journey, de Havilland Canada designed the DHC-4. With assistance from Canada's Department of Defence Production, DHC built a prototype demonstrator that flew for the first time on 30 July 1958.

Impressed with the DHC4's STOL capabilities and potential, the U.S. Army ordered five for evaluation as YAC-1s and went on to become the largest Caribou operator. The AC-1 designation was changed in 1962 to CV-2, and then C-7 when the U.S. Army's CV-2s were transferred to the U.S. Air Force in 1967. U.S. and Australian Caribou saw extensive service during the Vietnam War.

The U.S. Army purchased 159 of the aircraft and they served their purpose well as a tactical transport during the Vietnam War, where larger cargo aircraft such as the Fairchild C-123 Provider and the Lockheed C-130 Hercules could not land on the shorter landing strips. The aircraft could carry 32 troops or two Jeeps or similar light vehicles. The rear loading ramp could also be used for parachute dropping (also, see Air America).

Under the Johnson-McConnell agreement of 1966, the Army relinquished the fixed wing Caribou to the United States Air Force in exchange for an end to restrictions on Army rotary wing operations. On 1 January 1967, the 17th, 57th, 61st Aviation Companies (12th Combat Aviation Group) and the 92nd, 134th, and 135th Aviation Companies of the U.S. Army were inactivated and their aircraft transferred respectively to the newly activated 537th, 535th, 536th, 459th, 457th, and 458th Troop Carrier Squadrons of the USAF (This was Operation "Red Leaf"). On 1 August 1967 the "troop carrier" designations were changed to "tactical airlift".

Some Republic of Vietnam Air Force Caribou were captured by North Vietnamese forces in 1975 and remained in service with that country through to the late 1970s. Following the war in Vietnam, all USAF Caribou were transferred to Air Force Reserve and Air National Guard airlift units pending their replacement by the C-130 Hercules in the 1980s. All C-7s have now been phased out of U.S. military service, with the last example serving again under U.S. Army control through 1985 in support of the U.S. Army's Golden Knights parachute demonstration team. Other notable military operators included Australia, Canada, India, Malaysia and Spain.

In September 1975, a group of 44 civilians, including armed supporters of the Timorese Democratic Union (UDT), commandeered a Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) Caribou, A4-140, on the ground at Baucau Airport in the then Portuguese Timor, which was in the middle of a civil war. The Caribou had landed at Baucau on a humanitarian mission for the International Committee of the Red Cross. The civilians demanded that the RAAF crew members fly them to Darwin Airport (also RAAF Base Darwin) in Australia, which they did. After the Caribou arrived there, the Australian government detained the civilians for a short period, and then granted refugee visas to all of them. The Guardian later described A4-140 as "the only RAAF plane ever hijacked", and the incident as "one of the more remarkable stories in Australia’s military and immigration history".

The RAAF retired A4-140, by then its last Caribou, on 27 November 2009. The aircraft, which was manufactured in 1964, was donated to the Australian War Memorial, Canberra.

Civilian operations
After retirement from military use, several examples of the Caribou have been purchased by civilian operators for deployment in areas with small airfields located in rugged country with few or poor surface transport links.

Variants

 * DHC-4 Caribou
 * STOL tactical transport, utility transport aircraft.
 * CC-108
 * Royal Canadian Air Force designation for the DHC-4 Caribou.
 * YAC-1
 * This designation was given to five DHC-4 Caribou, sold to the United States Army for evaluation.
 * AC-1
 * United States Army designation for the first production run of 56 DHC-4 Caribou. Later redesignated CV-2A in 1962.
 * CV-2A
 * United States Army AC-1 redesignated in 1962.

 * CV-2B
 * This designation was given to a second production run of 103 DHC-4 Caribou, which were sold to the U.S. Army, with reinforced internal ribbing.
 * C-7A/B
 * These designations were applied to all 144 Caribou transferred to the U.S. Air Force by the U.S. Army.

 * DHC-4A Caribou
 * Similar to the DHC-4, but this version had an increased takeoff weight.

 * DHC-4T Turbo Caribou
 * A conversion of the baseline DHC-4 Caribou powered by the PWC PT6A-67T turboprop engines designed, test flown and certified by the Pen Turbo Aviation company.

Military operators

 * Abu Dhabi/
 * Abu Dhabi Defence Forces Air Wing – Abu Dhabi operated five Caribou.
 * United Arab Emirates Air Force
 * Royal Australian Air Force – 18 ordered in 1963, with further orders for seven in 1964 and four more aircraft ordered individually between 1968 and 1971. Retired 2009.
 * RAAF Transport Flight Vietnam 1964-1966, redesignated as No. 35 Squadron - seven operated
 * No. 35 Squadron RAAF 1966–2000 – transferred to No 38 Squadron RAAF.
 * No. 38 Squadron RAAF 1964–2009 – all retired.
 * Royal Canadian Air Force – nine delivered; retired from Canadian Forces in 1971.
 * 424 Transport and Rescue Squadron
 * Cameroon Air Force – two delivered in 1971. The surviving Caribou was sold in 1987.
 * Air Surveillance Service – Two ex-USAF C-7As delivered in the 1980s. Refurbished in July 2010 for the Fuerza Publica.
 * Ghana Air Force – Ghana acquired eight new-build Caribou in 1963, which were operated until replaced by Fokker F.27-400Ms in 1975.
 * Indian Air Force – India received 20 new build Caribou, supplementing them with four ex-Ghanaian Caribou in 1975.
 * Air Surveillance Service – Two ex-USAF C-7As delivered in the 1980s. Refurbished in July 2010 for the Fuerza Publica.
 * Ghana Air Force – Ghana acquired eight new-build Caribou in 1963, which were operated until replaced by Fokker F.27-400Ms in 1975.
 * Indian Air Force – India received 20 new build Caribou, supplementing them with four ex-Ghanaian Caribou in 1975.
 * Indian Air Force – India received 20 new build Caribou, supplementing them with four ex-Ghanaian Caribou in 1975.
 * Indian Air Force – India received 20 new build Caribou, supplementing them with four ex-Ghanaian Caribou in 1975.
 * Pahlavi Iran
 * Imperial Iranian Air Force – One aircraft delivered to Iran. It was retired after Iran–Iraq War.
 * Kenya Air Force – received six DHC-4As, operating the type from 1966 to 1987.
 * Kuwait Air Force – received two aircraft in 1963.
 * Liberian Army – Two refurbished aircraft were delivered to the Air Reconnaissance Unit in 1989. The aircraft were destroyed during the civil war.
 * Kuwait Air Force – received two aircraft in 1963.
 * Liberian Army – Two refurbished aircraft were delivered to the Air Reconnaissance Unit in 1989. The aircraft were destroyed during the civil war.
 * Liberian Army – Two refurbished aircraft were delivered to the Air Reconnaissance Unit in 1989. The aircraft were destroyed during the civil war.
 * Royal Malaysian Air Force – retired their Caribou from active service.
 * Sultanate of Oman Air Force
 * Spanish Air Force – received 12 new Caribou later supplemented by 24 former United States Air Force C-7As. Final retirement 12 June 1991.
 * South Vietnam
 * Republic of Vietnam Air Force - at least 55 transferred from USAF stocks and operated by:
 * 427th Transport Squadron
 * 429th Transport Squadron
 * 431st Transport Squadron
 * Swedish Air Force – operated one DHC-4 Caribou designated Tp 55 between 1962 and 1965 for evaluation purposes at Skaraborg Wing (F 7).
 * Tanzanian Air Force
 * Royal Thai Police – used three DHC-4A from 1966 to 2005.
 * Uganda Police Force Air Wing
 * United States Army
 * United States Air Force
 * Vietnam People's Air Force – captured several ex-VNAF airplanes.
 * Zambian Air Force – operated four Caribou.
 * Royal Thai Police – used three DHC-4A from 1966 to 2005.
 * Uganda Police Force Air Wing
 * United States Army
 * United States Air Force
 * Vietnam People's Air Force – captured several ex-VNAF airplanes.
 * Zambian Air Force – operated four Caribou.
 * Vietnam People's Air Force – captured several ex-VNAF airplanes.
 * Zambian Air Force – operated four Caribou.
 * Zambian Air Force – operated four Caribou.
 * Zambian Air Force – operated four Caribou.

Civil operators

 * Ansett-MAL – operated one aircraft in the New Guinea highlands.
 * La Sarre Air Services
 * acquired C-GVGX in 1977 (delivered 1961) and unknown status after 1981 when Propair formed from merger of La Sarre Air Services (used in El Salvador to Nicaragua 1986)
 * Air Vigillance Service
 * Amoco Ecuador
 * Anglo-Ecuador Oilfields
 * Aerolíneas Cóndor of SA
 * Air Inter Gabon
 * Municipal Government of Puncak Regency
 * Trigana Air
 * New Cal Aviation
 * Garamut Exploration Services
 * Vanimo Trading
 * Air Asia
 * Air America
 * Bannock Aerospace
 * Chieftain Air
 * Deutsche Aviation
 * Environmental Research Institute of Michigan
 * Fowler Aeronautical Service
 * HAT Aviation
 * John Woods Inc
 * New Cal Aviation
 * Pen Turbo Aviation
 * Flightworks
 * Bannock Aerospace
 * Chieftain Air
 * Deutsche Aviation
 * Environmental Research Institute of Michigan
 * Fowler Aeronautical Service
 * HAT Aviation
 * John Woods Inc
 * New Cal Aviation
 * Pen Turbo Aviation
 * Flightworks

Australia

 * Airworthy
 * A4-210 – DHC-4 airworthy with the Historical Aircraft Restoration Society, Shellharbour Airport, Albion Park, New South Wales. Now carries civil registration.
 * A4-234 – DHC-4 airworthy with the Historical Aircraft Restoration Society, Shellharbour Airport, Albion Park, New South Wales. Now carries civil registration.
 * On display
 * A4-134 - DHC-4 on display at The Army Museum Bandiana, Bandiana, Victoria.
 * A4-140 – DHC-4 in storage at the Treloar Technology Centre of the Australian War Memorial in Mitchell, Australian Capital Territory. This airframe was gifted to the museum in November 2009.
 * A4-152 – DHC-4 on static display at the RAAF Museum in Point Cook, Victoria. This airframe was gifted to the museum in November 2009.
 * A4-159 - DHC-4 forward section at the Queensland Air Museum in Caloundra, Queensland.
 * A4-173 – DHC-4 on static display at the Queensland Air Museum in Caloundra, Queensland (fitted with the wings and tail off A4-164).
 * A4-195 – DHC-4 with the Australian Army Flying Museum in Oakey, Queensland.
 * A4-199 – DHC-4 gate guard at RAAF Base Townsville in Townsville, Queensland
 * A4-204 - DHC-4 on display at National Vietnam Veterans Museum, Phillip Island, Victoria
 * A4-225 - DHC-4 on display at South Australian Aviation Museum, Port Adelaide, South Australia.
 * A4-228 - DHC-4 on display at Caboolture Warplane and Flight Heritage Museum, Caboolture Airfield, Caboolture, Queensland.
 * A4-231 - DHC-4 on display at National Vietnam Veterans Museum, Phillip Island, Victoria.
 * A4-236 – DHC-4 on static display at the Aviation Heritage Center, RAAF Base Amberley, Queensland.
 * A4-275 - DHC-4 stored at Historical Aircraft Restoration Society, Albion Park, New South Wales.
 * A4-299 - DHC-4 on static display at Evans Head Memorial Aerodrome Heritage Aviation Association Museum at Evans Head, New South Wales.

Costa Rica

 * On display
 * MSP002 - DHC-4 on static display at Daniel Oduber Quiros International Airport, Liberia, Costa Rica

India

 * On display
 * BM769 – DHC-4 on static display at the Eastern Air Command Headquarters in Shillong, Meghalaya
 * BM774 – DHC-4 on static display at the Indian Air Force Museum in Palam, Delhi.

Malaysia

 * On display
 * M21-04 – DHC-4A on static display at the Royal Malaysian Air Force Museum in Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur.
 * A ex-RMAF DHC-4A on static display at the Malaysian Army Museum at Port Dickson, Negeri Sembilan.

Spain

 * On display
 * T.9-9 – DHC-4A on display in San Torcuato, La Rioja.
 * T.9-10 – DHC-4A on display in Fuenlabrada, Madrid.
 * T.9-23 – C-7A on static display at the Villanubla Air Base in Villanubla, Castile and León. This airframe was previously operated by the 37th Transport Wing.
 * T.9-25 – C-7A on static display at the Museo del Aire in Madrid. This airframe was previously operated by the former 37th Transport Wing.

Thailand

 * On display
 * 12271 – DHC-4A on display at Camp Naresuan, Hua Hin District, Thailand.

United States

 * Airworthy
 * 2 – DHC-2 airworthy with John K. Bagley of Rexburg, Idaho.
 * 62-4149 – CV-2B airworthy at the Cavanaugh Flight Museum in Addison, Texas. Removed from public display when the museum indefinitely closed on 1 January 2024. To be moved to North Texas Regional Airport in Denison, Texas.

 * On display
 * 57-3079 – YC-7A on static display at the U.S. Army Transportation Museum at Joint Base Langley–Eustis near Newport News, Virginia.
 * 57-3080 – YC-7A on static display at the United States Army Aviation Museum at Fort Novosel near Daleville, Alabama.
 * 57-3082 – YC-7A (4th of original 5 on order) on static display at Dyess Air Force Base, Abilene, TX Linear Air Park. The U.S.Army accepted delivery at the DeHavilland plant in Toronto, Ontario during late November, early December 1959. On 31 December 1966 this aircraft and equipment was transferred from U.S. Army ownership to U.S. Air Force ownership. The aircraft served the U.S. Air Force at headquarters, U.S.Air Force Logistics Command at Wright Petterson AFB, Dayton, Ohio. until 1975. It was then transferred to Pope AF at Fayetteville, NC to serve the "Golden Knights" parachute team as a jump aircraft. Later, when Dyess was seeking a C-7 for display, they sent a team down to Pope AFB and secured this particular machine in 1992. The 463rd Maintenance Squadron deployed to Pope AFB to break this aircraft down so it could be brought to Dyess by a C5B Galaxy. It was officially dedicated here 2 May 1992.
 * 57-3083 – YC-7A on static display at the 82nd Airborne Division War Memorial Museum at Fort Bragg near Fayetteville, North Carolina.
 * 60-3767 – C-7A on static display at the Travis Air Force Base Heritage Center at Travis Air Force Base near Fairfield, California.
 * 62-4188 – C-7A on static display at the New England Air Museum in Windsor Locks, Connecticut.
 * 62-4193 – C-7A on static display at the National Museum of the United States Air Force in Dayton, Ohio.
 * 63-9756 – C-7B on static display at the Museum of Aviation in Warner Robins, Georgia.
 * 63-9757 – C-7B being taken apart at the Hill Aerospace Museum at Hill Air Force Base near Ogden, Utah to be moved to the March Field Air Museum near Riverside, California.
 * 63-9760 – C-7A on static display at the Air Mobility Command Museum at Dover Air Force Base near Dover, Delaware.
 * 63-9719 – C-7B stored at the Texas Air & Space Museum in Amarillo, Texas.
 * 63-9765 – C-7B in storage at the Air Force Flight Test Center Museum at Edwards Air Force Base near Edwards, California. Last known Caribou delivered to U.S. Army, in U.S. Army Golden Knights markings.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: De Havilland Canada DHC-4 Caribou


text:
All Good Things

All Good Things may refer to:

Music

 * All Good Things (band), an American musical group

Albums

 * All Good Things (album), a 2002 album by Sissel
 * All Good Things: Jerry Garcia Studio Sessions, a box set by Jerry Garcia
 * All Good Things, an album by Pacha Massive

Songs

 * "All Good Things (Come to an End)", a 2006 song by Nelly Furtado
 * "All Good Things", a song by Mandy Moore from Wild Hope (2007)
 * Also recorded by co-writers The Weepies, from Hideaway (2008)

Theatre

 * All Good Things, a 2004 stage musical based on the story of the American rock band the Remains

Television and film

 * All Good Things (film), a 2010 film starring Ryan Gosling and Kirsten Dunst
 * All Good Things (TV series), a 1991 BBC TV programme
 * "All Good Things..." (The Hills), the final episode of The Hills
 * "All Good Things..." (Star Trek: The Next Generation), the final episode of Star Trek: The Next Generation
 * All Good Things, a 2018 film starring Morgan Fairchild
 * "All Good Things...", the first part of the two-part final episode of Dawson's Creek

title: All Good Things


text:
CV-2

CV-2 may refer to:

 * USS Lexington (CV-2), a U.S. Navy aircraft carrier that served after World War I and during World War II, until she was sunk in the Battle of the Coral Sea.
 * de Havilland Canada DHC-4 Caribou, a specialized cargo aircraft with short takeoff and landing (STOL) capability.
 * Castlevania II: Simon's Quest, a 1987 action-adventure game produced by Konami
 * Card Verification Value (CV2), a security feature for credit or debit card transactions
 * Capability Taxonomy, a type of Capability View in the Department of Defense Architecture Framework

 * See also
 * Citroën 2CV

title: CV-2


text:
User:HarpyHumming

I'm interested in polarized light.

I'm Japanese. You can CorrectMyEnglish.

Home at ja.Wikipedia (in Japanese)

title: User:HarpyHumming


text:
John White

John White may refer to:

Actors

 * John White (actor) (born 1981), Canadian actor
 * John Sylvester White (1919–1988), American actor

Artists and photographers

 * John White (colonist and artist) (c. 1540–c. 1590), governor of the Roanoke Colony
 * John White (photographer) (1850–1932), British photographer
 * John White (South Australian painter) (1854–1943), painter and pharmacist
 * John H. White (photojournalist) (born 1945), American photographer
 * John M. White (born 1937), American performance artist, sculptor and painter

Educators

 * John A. White (born 1939), American professor and University of Arkansas chancellor emeritus
 * John F. White (1917–2005), American academic administrator
 * John T. White (1856–1924), Maryland school administrator; author of proposed alternate lyrics to Maryland state song

Musicians

 * John White (composer) (1936–2024), English composer and musician
 * John White (singer) (1902–1992), American country music singer, writer on the genre of western music
 * John Clifford White, Australian composer
 * John Paul White (born 1972), American singer-songwriter and member of The Civil Wars
 * John Simon White (1910–2001), American vocal coach and opera director

Canada

 * John White (Conservative MP) (1833–1894), Canadian politician
 * John White (Frontenac County) (c. 1760–1800), Canadian politician
 * John White (Liberal MP) (1811–1897), Canadian politician
 * John White (Nova Scotia politician), Canadian politician
 * John White (Ontario politician) (1925–1996), provincial cabinet minister
 * John Franklin White (1873–1961), Conservative member of the Canadian House of Commons

United Kingdom

 * John White (died 1407), in 1388 MP for Norfolk
 * John White (fl.1406), MP for Dartmouth (UK Parliament constituency)
 * John White (fl.1397–1410), MP for Reading (UK Parliament constituency)
 * John White, Member of the English Parliament for the City of London, 1566–1571
 * John White (died 1573) of Aldershot, Lord Mayor of London 1563-4
 * John White (died 1597), MP for Clitheroe
 * John White (Welsh lawyer) (1590–1645), lawyer and MP for Southwark, 1640–1645
 * John White (1634–1713), Member of Parliament for Nottinghamshire
 * John White (1699–1769), Member of Parliament for East Retford
 * John White (1748–1813), surveyor and builder in Marylebone for the Duke of Portland
 * John Bazley White (1848–1927), Member of Parliament for Gravesend, 1886–1892
 * John Baker White (British politician) (1902–1988)
 * John White (loyalist) (born 1950), convicted murderer, Northern Ireland
 * Robert John White, known as John White, president of the Ulster Unionist Party and former mayor of Coleraine
 * John White, 1st Baron Overtoun (1843–1908), Scottish chemical manufacturer, supporter of religious causes, philanthropist and Liberal politician
 * Sir John White (1558–1625), High Sheriff of Nottinghamshire

United States

 * John White (Kentucky politician) (1802–1845), speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives
 * John Barber White (1847–1923), American lumber businessman and politician in Pennsylvania
 * John D. White (1849–1920), American politician from Kentucky
 * John Phillip White (1870–1934), president of the United Mine Workers of America
 * John E. White (1873–1943), American politician in Massachusetts
 * John Coyle White (1924–1995), chairman of the U.S. Democratic National Committee
 * John White (Ohio politician) (born 1959), member of the Ohio House of Representatives
 * John F. White Jr. (born 1949), Pennsylvania politician
 * John Hannibal White (1828–1878), South Carolina politician
 * John L. White (1930–2001), New Jersey politician
 * John P. White (1937–2017), United States Deputy Secretary of Defense, 1995–1997
 * John W. White (politician) (1863–1921), American politician from Mississippi
 * John White (Georgia politician) (born 1940), member of the Georgia House of Representatives
 * John White (Louisiana politician) (born 1975), Louisiana state superintendent of education since 2012
 * John White (Maryland politician), U.S. congressional candidate in Maryland
 * John White (diplomat) (1884–1967), US Ambassador to Haiti, Peru, on List of high commissioners of the United Kingdom to Barbados
 * John Baker White (clerk of court) (1794–1862), American military officer, lawyer, court clerk, and civil servant
 * John Baker White (West Virginia politician) (1868–1944), American military officer, lawyer, and politician in West Virginia
 * John B. White, Oklahoma politician

Other places

 * John White (Australian politician) (1942–2020), Australian politician, member of Tasmanian state parliament, 1986–1998
 * John White (colonial administrator) (died 1692), acting governor of Jamaica, 1691–1692
 * John White (Irish politician), Irish Farmers' Party / Cumann na nGaedhael politician, TD for Donegal, 1923–1933
 * John White (New Zealand politician) (1830–1876), New Zealand politician
 * John White (Queensland politician) (1853–1922), member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly for Musgrave

Scientists and medical professionals

 * John White (chemist) (1937–2023), professor of physical and theoretical chemistry
 * John White (surgeon) (1756–1832), Surgeon-General of New South Wales
 * John G. White (biologist) (born 1943), co-developed confocal microscopy and mapped the complete nervous system of C. elegans

Religious figures

 * John White (archdeacon of Meath) (fl. 1432–1478), Irish priest
 * John White (bishop) (1510–1560), English bishop
 * John White (chaplain) (1570–1615), English clergyman
 * John White (colonist priest) (1575–1648), English Puritan clergyman
 * John White, alias of Augustine Bradshaw (1575–1618), Benedictine monk
 * John White (minister) (1867–1951), Moderator of the General Assembly in 1925 and 1929
 * John White (provost of St Edmundsbury) (1895–1958), Anglican priest
 * John Chanler White (1867–1956), Episcopal bishop of Springfield
 * John Hazen White (1849–1925), Episcopal bishop in Indiana

Sportsmen

 * J. T. White (1920–2005), American football player and coach
 * Jock White (1897–1986), Scottish footballer, born John White
 * John White (cricketer, born 1855), English cricketer, played as a wicket-keeper
 * John White (footballer, born 1887) (1887–1950), Australian rules footballer for Richmond
 * John White (footballer, born 1937) (1937–1964), Scottish international footballer for Falkirk and Tottenham Hotspur
 * John White (footballer, born 1955), Australian footballer for North Melbourne
 * John White (footballer, born 1986), English football player
 * John White (New Zealand footballer), football (soccer) player for New Zealand
 * John White (rower) (1916–1997), American rower
 * John White (running back, born 1991), American player of Canadian football
 * John White (sportsman) (1877–1958), English cricketer and footballer
 * John White (squash player) (born 1973), Scottish squash player
 * John White (tight end) (1935–1988), American football player
 * John White, Irish steeplechase rider who was first past the post in the void 1993 Grand National
 * John Henry White (born 1955), Canadian football player

Writers

 * John White (Christian author) (1924–2002), author of The Archives of Anthropos series
 * John White (ethnographer) (1826–1891), New Zealand public servant and historian
 * John Herbert White (1880–1920), co-author of Modern Chess Openings
 * John Talbot White (1925–1983), British lecturer, naturalist and writer

Others

 * John White (art historian) (1924–2021), English art historian
 * John White (jurist) (1911–2007), New Zealand Queen's Counsel
 * John White (major), native Irish soldier in the American Revolutionary War
 * John Berry White (1833/1834–1896), British philanthropist and British Army officer
 * John Campbell White (diplomat) (1884–1967), American diplomat, US ambassador to Haiti and Peru
 * John Campbell White (United Irishman) (1757–1847), executive member of the Society of United Irishmen
 * John Chambers White (c. 1770–1845), Royal Navy admiral
 * John Claude White (1853–1918), engineer, photographer, author and civil servant in British India
 * John Griswold White (1845–1928), Cleveland attorney and collector of books about chess, folklore, and Orientalia
 * John H. White (Medal of Honor) (1835–1912), American soldier and Medal of Honor recipient
 * John H. White Jr. (born 1933), American historian and museum curator
 * John R. White (c. 1799–1872), American slave trader
 * John Tahourdin White (1809–1893), English classical scholar
 * John W. White (general) (1910–1992), United States Air Force general

title: John White


text: Template:Pier Paolo Pasolini

title: Template:Pier Paolo Pasolini


text:
Barry Jones, Baron Jones

Stephen Barry, Baron Jones (born 26 June 1938) is a British Labour Party politician who served as a Member of Parliament (MP) from 1970 to 2001, and since then as a life peer.

Early life
Jones was educated at Hawarden Grammar School and Bangor College of Education. A teacher, he was president of the Flint County National Union of Teachers. He also served for two years in the Royal Welsh Fusiliers.

Political career
Jones first stood for Parliament in Northwich in 1966, without success, although he reduced the Conservative majority from 4,385 to 703. He was the Member of Parliament (MP) for East Flintshire from 1970 to 1983.

He was a parliamentary under-secretary of state for Wales from 1974 to 1979, and became MP for Alyn and Deeside in 1983.

In 1994, Jones was appointed by the Prime Minister as a member of the then new Intelligence and Security Committee, on which he served until 2001; when the Committee was dissolved at that year's general election, Jones retired from the House of Commons and was made a life peer with the title Baron Jones, of Deeside in the County of Clwyd, as was Dale Campbell-Savours, who had served on the Committee since 1997. Jones was replaced as Alyn and Deeside MP by Mark Tami.

In the 1999 Queen's Birthday Honours, Jones was made a member of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom.

Other positions
In 2007 he was elected as President of NEWI (Glyndŵr University). He was installed as Chancellor of the university in 2009.

Lord Jones was elected vice president of the charity Attend in 2013 and currently holds this position.

He was also appointed and currently holds the title of President of the Deeside Business Forum, a business advocacy forum for companies based on Deeside Industrial Park.

Lord Jones currently holds the title of President of the Army Cadet Force Association Wales, and is an avid supporter of the Army Cadet Force

As of 2023, Lord Jones was also appointed President to 2247 (Hawarden) Squadron, Air Training Corps.

Personal life
Jones is a lifelong fan of Everton Football Club.

title: Barry Jones, Baron Jones


text:
Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment and Energy

The Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment and Energy (official German name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie gGmbH) is a German research institution for sustainability research, focusing on impacts and practical application. It explores and develops models, strategies, and instruments to support sustainable development at local, national, and international levels. Research at the Wuppertal Institute focuses on ecology and its relation to economy and society. Special emphasis is put on analyzing and supporting technological and social innovations that decouple the prosperity of economic growth from the use of natural resources. The organization's activities focus on developing transformation processes aimed at shaping a climate-friendly and resource-efficient world.

The institute was founded by politician Johannes Rau (SPD) and scientist Ernst Ulrich von Weizsäcker (SPD) in 1990 and 1991 and is mainly financed by the state of North Rhine-Westphalia.

Organization and networks
The Wuppertal Institute collaborates with universities and institutes in Germany and abroad. It has formal cooperation agreements with the Lund University, the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering of the Tsinghua University Beijing, the University of Osnabrück, the HafenCity University Hamburg, the Center for Environment and Energy Research and Studies (CEERS) in Teheran and the Bergische Universität Wuppertal. A cooperation agreement was also reached with the University of Kassel. Joint research projects with the Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES) in Japan and The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) in India are regularly conducted. The institute is also a member of the Johannes Rau Research Association and the Ecological Research Network (Ecornet).

The Wuppertal Institute describes itself as an intermediary between science, economy and politics, meaning that its sustainability research design is application-oriented. It has the legal status of a non-profit limited company (gemeinnützige Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung, according to German law). It receives basic funding from the Federal State of North Rhine-Westphalia, the sole owner of the Wuppertal Institute. The major part of its funding derives from third-party research projects. The Wuppertal Institute's clients cover governmental organizations ranging from local authorities to ministries at both state and national levels, business and industry ranging from medium-sized companies to corporate groups and industrial associations, civil society ranging from environmental associations to churches, and trade unions and foundations.

The Wuppertal Institute is based in Wuppertal and employs approximately 250 workers. Two-thirds are research staff and come from a wide variety of background disciplines: natural and environmental sciences, geography, systems sciences, engineering, planning, law, economics, and political and social science. The staff consists of roughly as many men as women. The Berlin office promotes cooperation with scientific institutes and research partners in the capital.

An International Advisory Board stands for the independence and the Institute's scientific quality and provides advice concerning strategic basic research issues.

Financing of the Wuppertal Institute
The institute is financed by third-party funds (Drittmittel) and core funding from the state of North Rhine-Westphalia. The Wuppertal Institute is a non-profit GmbH whose sole owner is the state of North Rhine-Westphalia. The chairman of the supervisory board is a state secretary of the respective government.

History
The Wuppertal Institute started its research work in 1991, headed by Ernst Ulrich von Weizsäcker. The later Federal President Johannes Rau (SPD) gave significant support to the founding when he was still Prime Minister of North Rhine-Westphalia. He ensured that the Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment and Energy was established in his hometown. The Institute's mission – formulated in its partnership agreement – was, first of all, to "promote measures and initiatives to secure the climate situation, to improve the environment and to save energy, as an interface between the scientific pursuit of knowledge and its practical application”. Founding President Ernst Ulrich von Weizsäcker advocated a resource strategy founded on reducing resource use by means of what he called an "efficiency revolution" pointing the way towards new models of prosperity. Efficiency is the cornerstone of the book Factor Four - Doubling Wealth, Halving Resource Use by Ernst Ulrich von Weizsäcker, Amory and Hunter Lovins (Rocky Mountain Institute, US). They assembled fifty examples of successful products using half the usual amount of natural resources, including hypercars, "Passivhaus", superwindows, long-lasting furniture, and a summer holiday in the Austrian Alps. The book was accepted as a report to the Club of Rome, and was on the best-seller lists for several months. It has been translated into more than ten languages.

Peter Hennicke studied and worked on using efficiency potentials in the field of energy use before he came to the Wuppertal Institute. He intensified research in this area as head of the Energy Division; later on, he succeeded Ernst Ulrich von Weizsäcker as president from 2000 to 2008. Friedrich Schmidt-Bleek, the vice-president at that time, found a large audience proposing his MIPS concept for gauging material input per service unit and identifying "ecological rucksacks" that "carry" products and services when they arrive at the consumer. He was aware of the fact that the then prevailing environmental policy was not paying enough attention to the great material flows; he advocated that besides already existing successful legal measures for pollutant emissions limitation, it would be necessary to reduce the material flows to conserve the finite material, energy, and natural resources. With his concept of the “Ecological rucksack” he introduced his ideas into scientific and political debates.

In 2001, the Tokyo-based Takeda Foundation awarded Ernst Ulrich von Weizsäcker and Friedrich Schmidt-Bleek a price worth one hundred million Japanese yen for their concepts "Factor Four", "MIPS" and "ecological rucksack", an expression of the Wuppertal Institute's international recognition.

Following the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, the implementation of Agenda 21 was high on the (environmental) policy agenda in many countries. The first attempts were very timid and showed a lack of experience in implementing the new leading principle called sustainable development. The 1995 report Zukunftsfähiges Deutschland (published as “Greening the North”), commissioned by BUND and Misereor, was to remedy this: The Wuppertal Institute team, headed by Reinhard Loske and Raimund Bleischwitz, pioneered a new methodology. Beginning with an estimate of the Earth's carrying capacity, the "environmental space", the study developed leading principles to help Germans avoid overusing the environmental space to which they are "entitled". The principles are based on concepts such as efficiency and sufficiency.

Prof. Dr. Wolfang Sachs, a scientist of the Wuppertal Institute, member of the Club of Rome, and lead author at the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), directed the study “Sustainable Germany in a Globalized World”. It was published as a book in October 2008 by Friends of the Earth Germany (BUND), Church Development Service (Evangelischer Entwicklungsdienst - EED) and "Friends of the Earth" to stimulate the social discussion on globally sustainable development.

Agreed in 1997, the Kyoto Protocol took the global nature of the climate change into account, even if it was ratified only many years later. The Kyoto Protocol was the first international agreement to limit greenhouse gas emissions. The Wuppertal Institute's Climate Policy Division was closely involved in setting this milestone in the international climate debate.

In 2002, the state of North Rhine-Westphalia decided to no longer support the institute. The Wuppertal Institute examined the matter on the recommendation of the respected Science Council, which advises the federal and state governments on research policy matters.

The institute's environmental policy tasks are still important and worthy of support, but the concrete work suffers from serious conceptual deficiencies, said the council. Qualified research is particularly lacking in the fields of transport and climate development.

In August 2005, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the Wuppertal Institute jointly founded the Center on Sustainable Consumption and Production (CSCP). As a member of the globally cooperating UNEP Centers, its mission is to develop practically oriented contributions to the ten-year Sustainable Consumption and Production program that was agreed upon at the World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg in 2002.

In September 2004, the Wuppertal Institute's Berlin office was established under the direction of Hermann E. Ott. Wolfgang Sachs took over the management in 2009, Maja Göpel in 2013, and Daniel Vallentin and Timon Wehnert in 2017. Since 2019 Timon Wehnert and Stefan Werland are heading the Berlin office.

Since its foundation, the Wuppertal Institute has been working on visions for a sustainable, low-CO2 society. Based on the goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions in Germany by 80 percent by 2050, the Wuppertal Institute has developed various long-term scenarios for the German energy system. They serve as a basis for the long-term energy study of the German government and also the climate protection policies of municipalities' strategies towards the long-term goal of a low-carbon society. A study commissioned by Siemens AG for the city of Munich shows what this could look like. Long-term energy scenarios, such as those developed by the Wuppertal Institute together with research partners for the German Federal Ministry of the Environment, contributed to the German government's decision after the Fukushima reactor accident to abandon nuclear power generation and initiate the energy turnaround.

Uwe Schneidewind became the third president of the institute on March 1, 2010. He took over as successor to Peter Hennicke after he had retired for more than two years. Schneidewind holds a professorship at the Bergische Universität Wuppertal. At the Wuppertal Institute, Schneidewind placed the transdisciplinary understanding of science within the conceptual framework of transition research. In 2011 the German Advisory Council on Global Change (WBGU) published its main report "World in Transition – A Social Contract for Sustainability", which calls for a fundamental change: a shift from a fossil to a post-fossil society. The task of research, it states, is to examine these transition processes and to support the transformation through specific innovations in the relevant sectors. This approach characterizes the scientific work at the institute. It also includes the question of securing prosperity, the "good life", beyond unrestrained economic growth. In the sustainability discourse, it is becoming increasingly clear that more efficient use of resources is eminently important, but it is not enough because rebound effects often reduce efficiency gains. The Wuppertal Institute is conducting ever more concrete research into how sufficiency strategies can be effective and how they can be used politically, in fields such as construction, energy or local politics.

In summer 2018, the book "Die Große Transformation – Eine Einführung in die Kunst gesellschaftlichen Wandels" by Uwe Schneidewind was published. The book aims to find answers to the question of how the transformation to a socially and ecologically just world can succeed. For this, it needs “Zukunftskunst” ("future art"), writes Schneidewind. It refers to the ability to combine cultural change, smart politics, new economic activity, and innovative technologies, and on this basis to make creative contributions to the implementation of the energy turnaround, mobility turnaround, food turnaround or sustainable change in cities.

Uwe Schneidewind left the Wuppertal Institute on 30 April 2020. Since May 1, 2020, Manfred Fischedick has been leading the Institute as Scientific Managing Director. Manfred Fischedick, who studied engineering and is a Professor of Economics at the Schumpeter School of Business and Economics at the Bergische Universität Wuppertal, deals in his work with system analytical questions, aspects of innovation dynamics and the market introduction of new technologies.

Research
Conceiving strategies for sustainable development requires an integrated approach both to policy and to scientific research. The quest to live and work in a way that conserves resources often raises questions that cannot be answered by one area of policy alone or by a single scientific discipline. This is the Wuppertal Institute's starting point. Its interdisciplinary research teams bring together the expertise of scientists and economists as well as geographers and spatial planners, engineers, philosophers, and historians.

The Wuppertal Institute conducts research at an international level. The Institute's international research activities follow a transformative approach, where researchers work in transdisciplinary and multicultural teams that address global and context-specific sustainability challenges.

The Institute's main research areas at the international level include the energy and industry system transitions, global climate governance, the low-carbon urban transformation (incl. mobility), sustainable production and consumption, and the circular economy.

In 2019, structural changes were implemented as the institute grew in size. 13 new Research Units organized within the four divisions began their work. With the new structure, the institute intends to take into account the higher management complexity and also to position the research fields more clearly.

In its scientific activities, the Institute advises ministries at the federal and state level as well as the European Union and is thus frequently in the public eye. On 2 March 2020, Svenja Schulze (German Federal Minister of the Environment) and Manfred Fischedick presented the federal government's first "Digital Policy Agenda for the Environment" at a federal press conference. It contains 70 concrete measures that combine digitalization and climate protection, such as The Federal Environment Agency, to create a registry for data centers as a data basis for future efficiency targets. Smartphones and tablets are to be given a longer life through new rules at EU level, thereby saving resources. Under the European Union's Ecodesign Directive, manufacturers will be required to make batteries and display replaceable and offer spare parts or updates for a minimum period. The Wuppertal Institute intensively accompanied the Federal Ministry of the Environment in the preparation of the environmental digital agenda and provided scientific advice.

The scientific work of the institute is mainly conducted in four divisions, which are divided into Research Units.

The Division Future Energy and Mobility Systems examines questions of technology and infrastructure, taking a systems analysis approach. In the fields of energy and mobility, it explores what technical and social innovations will facilitate the transition to sustainable structures, what implications this process has and what chances it offers. It sees key challenges in the decarbonization of energy systems, the climate-friendly restructuring of energy-intensive industries, and the sustainable modernization of our cities. The following Research Units belong to the division:

 * International Energy Transitions This Research Unit develops solution paths for sustainable energy systems and industrial transformation in developing regions - especially in Southeast Asia, Latin America and the MENA region.
 * Sectors and Technologies This research team develops strategies for the climate neutrality of the energy, transport and industrial sectors, taking into account their energy and resource impacts.
 * Structural Change and Innovation This Research Unit shapes sustainable structural change, contributes to increasing the innovative capacity of industrial regions and evaluates opportunities from climate change and resource conservation.
 * Systems and Infrastructures This Research Unit analyses the interaction of technologies, infrastructures and energy sources for the transformation to a sustainable energy system.

The Division Energy-, Transport- and Climate-Policy focuses on strategies and instruments for effective and integrated energy, transport and climate policies at the local, regional, national and international level. Central themes are the synergy effects of policy strategies that support the sustainable development of energy and transport systems as well as climate protection generally as well as policy instruments in the field of energy end-use efficiency. The following Research Units belong to the division:

 * Global Climate Governance The unit sees itself as a navigator of international governance processes and, as an architect of transformative solutions on a global level, develops integrated strategies and instruments for the transformation to sustainability.
 * Energy Policy This Research Unit analyses policy packages and instruments for the transition to a sustainable, largely carbon-free, energy-efficient and renewable energy system.
 * Mobility and International Cooperation The research team develops implementation-oriented global concepts that combine local demand, expertise and policy advice with financing institutions.
 * Mobility and Transport Policy The researchers investigate which policies and actors can shape the transformation of the transport system towards sustainable mobility in Germany.
 * Urban Transitions The Research Unit develops innovative concepts and instruments that enable sustainable transformations in cities and regions.

The Division Sustainable Production and Consumption develops instruments, concepts and strategies to promote the transition to more sustainable patterns of production and consumption. The division explores opportunities for creating a sustainable, resource-light society, and a socio-ecological market economy in which products and services offer a high quality of life and are produced sustainably, globally and locally. One of the main elements is the development and market launch of products considered sustainable in terms of their entire life cycle as well as production processes optimized right the way along the added value chain. The research focuses on the social-ecological balance of entrepreneurial, social, and technological changes and innovations in line with the implementation of the United Nations' international Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The following Research Units belong to the division:

 * Innovation Labs This Research Unit develops open innovation processes for sustainable production and consumption patterns in companies and municipalities, politics and society.
 * Production and Consumption Systems. The research team analyses and evaluates production and consumption structures from the perspective of resource efficiency and sustainability.

The Division Circular Economy focuses its research on how to succeed in transforming the resource-intensive, linear economy into a circular economy in which the value and the raw materials contained in products are preserved in the best way possible after their usage phase. The division develops targets and instruments for environmental services and digitalization, which enables closed material cycles and creates the conditions for sustainable digitalization. Germany and the European Union target a comprehensive transition towards a circular economy, in which waste should be avoided, products and their components should be used as long as possible, and waste is regarded as a potential resource. Related challenges and questions focuses on the design of infrastructures, policy mixes and governance structures. Necessary innovation processes are the starting point for the institute's research. The following Research Units belong to the division:

 * Digital Transformation The Research Unit examines the perspectives of digitalization and how it can be used for sustainability transformation and to achieve a sustainable digital transformation.
 * Material Loops The focus of this Research Unit is the closing of material cycles as a central prerequisite for a sustainable, globally viable level of resource consumption.

Berlin Office As a branch of the Wuppertal Institute, the Berlin office promotes cooperation between the Wuppertal Institute and other academic and research institutions in Berlin.


text:
Andrew Welsh

Andrew or Andy Welsh may refer to:

 * Andrew Welsh (politician) (1944–2021), Scottish politician
 * Andrew Welsh (footballer) (born 1983), Australian rules footballer
 * Andy Welsh (born 1983), English footballer
 * Andy Welsh (footballer, born 1917) (1917–1990), English footballer

title: Andrew Welsh


text:
Ray Michie

Janet Ray Michie, Baroness Michie of Gallanach (née Bannerman; 4 February 1934 – 6 May 2008) was a Scottish speech therapist and Liberal Democrat politician. She served as the Member of Parliament for Argyll and Bute for fourteen years, from 1987-2001, and then became a life peer in the House of Lords. She was the first peer to pledge the oath of allegiance in the House of Lords in Gaelic.

Early life
Janet Ray Bannerman was born in the Old Manse, Balmaha, on the eastern shore of Loch Lomond in Stirlingshire, the second of four children of Jenny Murray (Ray) (née Mundell) and John Bannerman (later Lord Bannerman of Kildonan).

Her father was a farm manager to the Duke of Montrose, a former Scotland rugby player and Liberal politician. In her youth, she spoke at political meetings while waiting for her father to arrive. He contested Argyll at the 1945 general election, and Inverness at the 1950 general election. He surprised many by narrowly losing the 1954 Inverness by-election, coming close again at the general elections in 1951 and 1955. He narrowly lost the 1961 Paisley by-election, and contested Paisley again at the 1964 general election, before becoming a life peer in December 1967.

Michie was educated at Aberdeen High School for Girls, Lansdowne House School (Edinburgh), and the Edinburgh College of Speech Therapy. She married Iain Michie in 1957, and she followed his work with the Royal Army Medical Corps for 16 years in the UK and overseas. They had three daughters. She continued as a speech therapist after they settled in Oban, working at the county hospital and becoming Area Speech Therapist for the Argyll and Clyde Health Board in 1977.

Political career
Following in the footsteps of her father, she entered politics and became Chairman of Argyll Liberal Association from 1973–76, and then vice-Chairman of the Scottish Liberal Party from 1977-79. She was the Liberal Party candidate for Argyll and Bute on three occasions, losing in 1979 and 1983, but ultimately defeating Conservative minister John Mackay to secure election as Member of Parliament at the 1987 general election, becoming the sole female Liberal MP.

She took the oath of allegiance in the House of Commons in Gaelic, and joined the Liberal Democrats upon the party's formation in 1988. She increased her majority at the next two general elections, gaining the confidence of the voters in her scattered constituency of peninsulas and islands.

She was a Liberal Democrat spokesman on Transport and Rural Development from 1987–88, on Women's Issues from 1988–94, and on Scotland from 1988-97. She was an advocate of home rule for Scotland and the promotion of and development of the Scottish Gaelic language. She was also chair of the Scottish Liberal Democrats from 1992-93. She was appointed a member of the panel of chairmen by Speaker Betty Boothroyd in her last term in the Commons; from 1997-2001. She supported the campaigns to end submarine operations of the Royal Navy and United States Navy in the Firth of Clyde, to hold another inquiry into the Chinook crash on the Mull of Kintyre in 1994 in her constituency, and the successful bid for the residents of Gigha to buy their own island.

In 1992, Michie became a member of the House of Commons Select Committee on Scottish Affairs. Later, she also became a joint Vice-Chairperson of the Parliamentary Group on the Whisky Industry. She stood down from Parliament at the 2001 general election, being replaced by Alan Reid. She was made a life peer as Baroness Michie of Gallanach, of Oban in Argyll and Bute on 14 July 2001. She was the first peer to pledge the oath of allegiance in Gaelic when being introduced to the Lords.

At different points in her career, she was Vice-President of the Royal College of Speech and Language Therapists, Honorary Associate of the National Council of Women of Great Britain, and Honorary President of the Clyde Fishermen's Association, and also held honorary positions in the An Comunn Gàidhealach, the Scottish National Farmers' Union and the Scottish Crofting Foundation, and was a participant in the early days of the Scottish Constitutional Convention. She chaired the West Highland Health Services Solutions Group.

In August 2007, she was appointed to the Scottish Broadcasting Commission established by the Scottish Government. Before the Commission was able to report, Michie died at her home in Oban after receiving treatment for cancer. She died two days after her Liberal Democrat colleague in the House of Lords, Richard Holme. She was survived by two daughters, having been predeceased by her husband and a third daughter.

title: Ray Michie


text:
Salt water aspiration syndrome

Salt water aspiration syndrome is a rare diving disorder suffered by scuba divers who inhale a mist of seawater, usually from a faulty demand valve, causing irritation of the lungs. It is not the same thing as aspiration of salt water as a bulk liquid, i.e. drowning. It can usually be treated by rest for several hours. If severe, medical assessment is required. First described by Carl Edmonds.

Signs and symptoms
Symptoms of salt water aspiration syndrome include:
 * Post-dive cough, with or without sputum, usually suppressed during the dive.
 * In serious cases the sputum may be bloodstained, frothy and copious.
 * Over time further symptoms may develop, including:
 * rigors, tremors or shivering;
 * nausea or vomiting;
 * hot or cold sensations;
 * dyspnea; cough; sputum; shortness of breath;
 * headaches; malaise; and generalised aches.
 * Cyanosis
 * Mild fever
 * retrosternal chest pain.

Diagnosis
The condition follows an exposure to breathing through apparatus that could allow aspiration of small quantities of salt water as an aerosol. An immediate cough with sputum followed by a latent period of about two hours average, respiratory symptoms and signs, reduction in forced expiration volume and vital capacity, possible radiographic changes and generalised symptoms of malaise, rigors, generalised aches and headaches, tachypnea and tachycardia.

Differential diagnosis should consider decompression sickness, which can be indicated by the dive profile and breathing gas mixtures, and the presence of other symptoms of decompression sickness. Treatment for DCS is appropriate if any of these indications exist.

A rapid beneficial response to breathing 100% oxygen is likely in the salt water aspiration syndrome, response to normobaric oxygen is likely to be slower for DCS, which may respond rapidly to recompression.

Pulmonary barotrauma is also possible and should be considered. Serious cases of pulmonary barotrauma with pneumothorax, air emboli and surgical emphysema occurring suddenly after a dive, are indicative of barotrauma, and may require recompression. Milder cases of pulmonary barotrauma may be confused with salt water aspiration syndrome, and treatment for barotrauma takes precedence until it can be eliminated by further tests.

The effects of cold and immersion are usually most pronounced immediately after leaving the water and tend to resolve on rewarming, and the clinical features are not very likely to be confused with salt water aspiration unless both conditions exist.

Causes
Possible mechanisms include:
 * a mild form of near drowning,
 * a reaction to the inhalation of irritants or micro-organisms,
 * occult nebulisation of salt water.

Treatment
Treatment would be similar to that for mild cases of near-drowning. Many cases are not sufficiently severe for the person to seek medical care and resolve spontaneously within a few hours.

When severe cough or bronchospasm occur assistance may be required. When symptoms are mild and oxygen saturation is normal, observation for 24 hours may be sufficient.

Intensive care may be indicated for severe respiratory distress, with chest X-rays, auscultation analysis of blood gases, electrolytes and urinary outpu, and continuous monitoring of oxygen saturation. Pulmonary oedema may develop over several hours.

Bronchospasm can be treated with inhaled beta agonists (bronchial dilators). In the rare cases where ARDS develops. continuous positive airway pressure, and possibly mechanical ventilation, may be necessary for adequate oxygen saturation.

Complications
As salt water is hypertonic it can cause a shift of fluid from the circulation into the lung and pleural space, which might explain the productive cough, and may cause hemoconcentration. Contaminated water can cause pneumonia and lung abscess.

Prevention
Some regulators tend to produce more atomised water in unusual positions, This is often due to water being trapped where it does not easily reach the exhaust valve. Returning to a position where the exhaust valve works properly can drain this water. A worn or poorly seating exhaust valve can let water in. This seal can be tested before diving by sucking on the regulator with the air supply turned off, which is one of the standard pre-dive checks, but often omitted. If the regulator is removed from the mouth in the water for any reason, it should be thoroughly purged by forceful exhalation when returned. Placing the tongue in the direct path of airflow into the mouth will defect the airflow around the sides. Water particles impinging on the tongue will tend to be stopped and build up in the saliva rather than being inhaled. Maintaining a proper seal on the mouthpiece with the lips can prevent leakage around the outside.

Outcomes
In most cases a full recovery can be expected over a few days

title: Salt water aspiration syndrome


text:
Bell 212

The Bell 212 (also known as the Bell Two-Twelve) is a two-blade, twin-engine, medium helicopter that first flew in 1968. Originally manufactured by Bell Helicopter in Fort Worth, Texas, United States, production was moved to Mirabel, Quebec, Canada in 1988, along with all Bell commercial helicopter production after that plant opened in 1986.

The 212 was marketed to civilian operators and has up to a 15-seat capacity, with one pilot and fourteen passengers. In cargo-carrying configuration, the 212 has an internal capacity of 220 ft3 (6.23 m3). An external load of up to 5,000 lb (2,268 kg) can be carried.

Development
Based on the stretched fuselage Bell 205, the Bell 212 was originally developed for the Canadian Forces as the CUH-1N and later redesignated as the CH-135. The Canadian Forces took delivery of 50 starting in May 1971. At the same time the United States military services ordered 294 Bell 212s under the designation UH-1N.

By 1971, the Bell 212 had been developed for commercial applications. Among the earliest uses of the type in civil aviation was by Helicopter Service AS of Norway to be used in support of offshore drilling; it proved popular across the offshore sector in particular as it had been certified for operating under marginal weather conditions. Today, the 212 can be found used in logging operations, maritime rescue and resupply in the Arctic on the Distant Early Warning Line or North Warning System.

The 212 is powered by a Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6T-3 Twin-Pac made up of two coupled PT6 power turbines driving a common gearbox. They are capable of producing up to 1,800 shp (1,342 kW). Should one power section fail the remaining section can deliver 900 shp (671 kW) for 30 minutes, or 765 shp (571 kW) continuously, enabling the 212 to maintain cruise performance at maximum weight.

Early 212s configured with an Instrument Flight Rules (IFR) package were required to have a large and very obvious fin attached to the roof of the aircraft, above and slightly behind the cockpit. This fin was initially determined necessary to alter the turning performance of the aircraft during complex instrument flight maneuvers, but is no longer required due to revised stipulations of the type certificate. Many aircraft still fly with the modification.

In 1979, with the purchase of eight by the Civil Air Authority, the 212 became the first U.S. helicopter sold in the People's Republic of China.

The ICAO designator for this aircraft as used in a flight plan is "B212". Bell developed the Model 212 further with the Bell 412; the major difference being the composite four-blade main rotor. The last Bell 212 was delivered in 1998.

Variants

 * Bell Model 212 - Bell Helicopters company designation for the UH-1N.
 * Twin Two-Twelve - Civil utility transport version. It can carry up to 14 passengers.
 * Agusta-Bell AB 212 - Civil or military utility transport version. Built under license in Italy by Agusta.
 * Agusta-Bell AB.212ASW - Anti-Submarine Warfare variant of AB.212
 * Bell Model 412 - Bell 212 with a four-bladed semi-rigid rotor system.
 * Eagle Single - Bell 212 converted to a single-engine configuration. Produced by Eagle Copters of Calgary, Alberta, Canada, using a Lycoming T5317A, T5317B, or T5317BCV engine.

Civil and government operators
The Bell 212 is used by many private and commercial operators, it is particularly popular in the oil industries and for law enforcement use.

 * Canadian Coast Guard - former operator of six 212s
 * Bangladesh Air Force operates 14 Bell 212
 * State Investigation and Protection Agency
 * Croatian Police
 * Policía Nacional de Colombia
 * Air Greenland
 * Iranian state
 * Japan Coast Guard
 * Police of North Macedonia
 * Serbian Police
 * Air Greenland
 * Iranian state
 * Japan Coast Guard
 * Police of North Macedonia
 * Serbian Police
 * Japan Coast Guard
 * Police of North Macedonia
 * Serbian Police
 * Serbian Police
 * Serbian Police

 * Slovenian National Police
 * Royal Thai Police
 * San Bernardino County Sheriff's Department
 * San Diego Fire Department
 * San Bernardino County Sheriff's Department
 * San Diego Fire Department
 * San Diego Fire Department

Notable accidents

 * 1982 Bristow Helicopters Bell 212 crash: On 14 September 1982, a medical evacuation helicopter flight operated by Bristow Helicopters crashed during the early hours of the morning in driving rain and poor visibility over the North Sea. All six crew members on board died when their aircraft plunged into the sea near the Murchison platform while trying to locate the Baffin Seal seismic survey vessel.
 * 2024 Varzaqan helicopter crash: On 19 May 2024, a Bell 212 helicopter operated by the Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force carrying Iranian President Ebrahim Raisi, Foreign Minister Hossein Amir-Abdollahian, Governor of East Azerbaijan Malek Rahmati, and the Supreme Leader's representative in East Azerbaijan Mohammad Ali Ale-Hashem crashed near the Iranian city of Varzaqan, East Azerbaijan, killing all 8 people on board.

title: Bell 212


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Juan de Fuca Plate

The Juan de Fuca Plate is a small tectonic plate (microplate) generated from the Juan de Fuca Ridge that is subducting beneath the northerly portion of the western side of the North American Plate at the Cascadia subduction zone. It is named after the explorer of the same name. One of the smallest of Earth's tectonic plates, the Juan de Fuca Plate is a remnant part of the once-vast Farallon Plate, which is now largely subducted underneath the North American Plate.

In plate tectonic reconstructions, the Juan de Fuca Plate is referred to as the Vancouver Plate between the break-up of the Farallon Plate c. 55–52 Ma and the activation of the San Andreas Fault c. 30 Ma.

Origins
The Juan de Fuca Plate system has its origins with Panthalassa's oceanic basin and crust. This oceanic crust has primarily been subducted under the North American Plate, and the Eurasian Plate. Panthalassa's oceanic plate remnants are understood to be the Juan de Fuca, Gorda, Cocos and the Nazca plates, all four of which were part of the Farallon Plate.

Extent

The Juan de Fuca Plate is bounded on the south by the Blanco Fracture Zone (running northwest off the coast of Oregon), on the north by the Nootka Fault (running southwest off Nootka Island, near Vancouver Island, British Columbia) and along the west by the Pacific Plate (which covers most of the Pacific Ocean and is the largest of Earth's tectonic plates). The Juan de Fuca Plate itself has since fractured into three pieces, and the name is applied to the entire plate in some references, but in others only to the central portion. The three fragments are differentiated as such: the piece to the south is known as the Gorda Plate and the piece to the north is known as the Explorer Plate. The separate pieces are demarcated by the large offsets of the undersea spreading zone.

Volcanism
This subducting plate system has formed the Cascade Range, the Cascade Volcanic Arc, and the Pacific Ranges, along the west coast of North America from southern British Columbia to northern California. These in turn are part of the Pacific Ring of Fire, a much larger-scale volcanic feature that extends around much of the rim of the Pacific Ocean.

Earthquakes
The last megathrust earthquake at the Cascadia subduction zone was the 1700 Cascadia earthquake, estimated to have a moment magnitude of 8.7 to 9.2. Based on carbon dating of local tsunami deposits, it is inferred to have occurred around 1700. Evidence of this earthquake is also seen in the ghost forest along the bank of the Copalis River in Washington. The rings of the dead trees indicate that they died around 1700, and it is believed that they were killed when the earthquake occurred and sank the ground beneath them causing the trees to be flooded by saltwater. Japanese records indicate that a tsunami occurred in Japan on 26 January 1700, which was likely caused by this earthquake.

In 2008, small earthquakes were observed within the Juan de Fuca Plate. The unusual quakes were described as "more than 600 quakes over the past 10 days in a basin 150 miles [240 km] southwest of Newport". The quakes were unlike most quakes in that they did not follow the pattern of a large quake, followed by smaller aftershocks; rather, they were simply a continual deluge of small quakes. Furthermore, they did not occur on the tectonic plate boundary, but rather in the middle of the plate. The subterranean quakes were detected on hydrophones, and scientists described the sounds as similar to thunder, and unlike anything previously recorded.

Carbon sequestration potential
The basaltic formations of the Juan de Fuca Plate could potentially be suitable for long-term CO2 sequestration as part of a carbon capture and storage (CCS) system. Injection of CO2 would lead to the formation of stable carbonates. It is estimated that 100 years of US carbon emissions (at current rate) could be stored securely, without risk of leakage back into the atmosphere.

Tearing
In 2019, scientists from the University of California, Berkeley, published a study in Geophysical Research Letters in which they reported that by utilizing data from over 30,000 seismic waves and 217 earthquakes to create a three-dimensional map, they had revealed the existence of a hole in the subducted part of the Juan de Fuca Plate, and speculated that the hole is an indication of a 150 km deep tear in the plate along a "preexisting zone of weakness". According to William B. Hawley and Richard M. Allen, the authors of the study, the hole may be the cause of volcanism and earthquakes on the plate, and is causing deformation of the offshore part of the plate. The deformation may cause the plate to fragment, with the remaining un-subducted small pieces becoming attached to other plates nearby.

Lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary beneath Juan de Fuca
In 2016, a geophysical study was published on the possible presence of a layer of buoyant material between the Earth's lithosphere and the asthenosphere under the Juan de Fuca Plate. The study extends the theory of partial melt in the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary to subduction zones, specifically in the convergent margins.

Using teleseismic body-wave tomography, a low-velocity zone of thickness 50~100 km in the sublithospheric region beneath the Juan de Fuca plate was detected. The observation, along with fluid-mechanical calculations that factor in Couette and Poiseuille flows, support the hypothesis of the accumulation of a buoyant material, characterized by low viscosity. The exact source of this anomaly remains unknown, although its highly-conductive nature and low-seismic wave velocity are well observed.

title: Juan de Fuca Plate