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Lamina propria

The lamina propria is a thin layer of connective tissue that forms part of the moist linings known as mucous membranes or mucosae, which line various tubes in the body, such as the respiratory tract, the gastrointestinal tract, and the urogenital tract.

The lamina propria is a thin layer of loose (areolar) connective tissue, which lies beneath the epithelium, and together with the epithelium and basement membrane constitutes the mucosa. As its Latin name indicates, it is a characteristic component of the mucosa, or the mucosa's "own special layer." Thus, the term mucosa or mucous membrane refers to the combination of the epithelium and the lamina propria.

The connective tissue of the lamina propria is loose and rich in cells. The cells of the lamina propria are variable and can include fibroblasts, lymphocytes, plasma cells, macrophages, eosinophilic leukocytes, and mast cells. It provides support and nutrition to the epithelium, as well as the means to bind to the underlying tissue. Irregularities in the connective tissue surface, such as papillae found in the tongue, increase the area of contact of the lamina propria and the epithelium.

Structure
The lamina propria is a loose connective tissue, hence it is not as fibrous as the underlying connective tissue of the submucosa. The connective tissue and architecture of the lamina propria is very compressible and elastic, this can be seen in organs that require expansion such as the bladder. The collagen in the lamina propria of elastic organs has been shown to play a major role in mechanical function. In the bladder the collagen composition of its lamina propria allows for structure, tensile strength, and compliance, through complex coiling. It has been suggested that myofibroblasts also reside in the lamina propria of several organs. These cells have characteristics of both smooth muscle and fibroblasts. The lamina propria may also be rich in vascular networks, lymphatic vessels, elastic fibers, and smooth muscle fascicles from the muscularis mucosae. Afferent and efferent nerve endings can be found in the lamina propria as well. Immune cells as well as lymphoid tissue, including lymphoid nodules and capillaries, may be present. Smooth muscle fibers may be in the lamina propria, such as in the intestinal villi. It is practically void of fat cells. Lymphatics penetrate the mucosa and lie below the basement membrane of the epithelium, from there they drain the lamina propria. The fast rate of cell death and regeneration of the epithelium leaves behind many apoptotic cell bodies. These have been found to go into the lamina propria, most of which are inside its macrophages.

Role in the immune system
Because the epithelium is often under external stress and is somewhat delicate, the lamina propria hosts many immune cells. In the intestinal tract the immune system must have tolerance to the normal intestinal flora, yet respond to pathogenic microorganisms. Imbalance of this causes inflammation diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease. The lamina propria’s richness in macrophages and lymphoid cells makes it a key place for immune responses to occur. It forms part of the barrier that protects internal tissues from external pathogenic microorganisms, especially from the gastrointestinal tract.

Clinical significance
Progression of epithelial cancer often relies on deep and regional lymph node invasion. The lamina propria, being one of the barriers to the submucosa, is an area where epithelial cancer invasion is of significance since lymphatic invasion is an independent predictor of lymph node metastasis, especially in gastric cancer. As soon as the tumors breach the basement membrane and reach the lamina propria, they are exposed to lymphatics which may increase the rate of metastasis and cancer progression. Deeper invasion into the submucosa will increase the exposure to lymphatics.

Long-standing inflammation is a risk factor for the development of cancer. The lamina propria macrophages when under much stress release pro-inflammatory signals that may lead to increased probability of developing cancer. An example of this is the over activation of the IL-6/STAT3 pathway, which has been linked to colitis-associated cancer.

title: Lamina propria


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Kifissia

Kifisia or Kifissia (also Kephisia or Cephissia; Κηφισιά, ) is a municipality and one of the most affluent northern suburbs in the Athens agglomeration, Attica, Greece, mainly accessed via Kifissias Avenue, running all the way from central Athens up to Theseos Avenue in the suburb of Nea Erythraia. It has traditionally been home to rich Greek families and major Greek political families.

Municipality
The municipality Kifisia was formed during the 2011 local government reform by the merger of the following 3 former municipalities, that became municipal units:
 * Ekali
 * Kifisia
 * Nea Erythraia

The municipality has an area of 35.100 km2, the municipal unit 25.937 km2.

Geography
Kifisia is situated in central Attica, at the western end of the forested Penteli mountain range. The small river Kifisos forms the western border of the municipality. Kifisia is situated 12 km northeast of Athens city centre. The built-up area of Kifisia is continuous with those of the neighbouring suburbs Lykovrysi, Nea Erythraia, Marousi and Pefki. Kifisia consists of the following neighbourhoods: Adames, Ano Kifisia, Kato Kifisia, Kefalari, Nea Kifisia and Politeia (or Politia ). It is a green suburb with many parks and tree-lined streets.

The main thoroughfare is Kifisias Avenue, which connects Kifisia with central Athens and the northern beltway Motorway 6. The Kifisia station is the north terminus of Athens Metro Line 1.

Climate
Kifisia has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa) with hot, dry summers and cool, rainy winters. Owing to its higher elevation, Kifisia, like most of the northern part of Athens, has a significantly lower mean annual temperature than the center and the coastal parts of the city (16.1 °C) according to the 1956-2010 annual average of the adjacent weather station of Tatoi, though this has slightly increased in recent years.

Yearly precipitation totals around 450 mm, one of the highest values for the whole Athens basin, mostly due to the higher amounts of precipitation received caused by lake-effect rain or snow from the Aegean Sea to the north-east in the winter months and the somewhat more frequent occasional summer thunderstorms, when compared to the rest of the city. Snow in particular, though not excessively common, can cause heavy disruption to daily life as it occasionally falls in large amounts during short periods. Notably, snow accumulation had reached 80 cm during a severe snowstorm on 4–6 January 2002.

Antiquity
Cephisia was a deme of ancient Athens. It was the home of the famous dramatist Menander (circa 342-291 BC). Cephisia had become a famous retreat of philosophers during the reign of the Roman emperor Hadrian, when the wealthy Herodes Atticus of Marathon, Greece built the Villa Cephisia. In his Attic Nights, Aulus Gellius describes the unique ambiance of intellectual ferment and aristocratic leisure in an idyllic setting which he created there. It was also the practice of Herodes to provide free instruction in philosophy for selected youths from Athens. The remains of some of his family funeral monuments lie at the centre of the town in Platonas Square. He also beautified a sanctuary to the Nymphs in the ravine of Kokkinara, in the nearby district of Kefalari.

Medieval period
The history of Kifisia during the medieval period is obscure, but the remains of a monastery church dedicated to the Virgin of the Swallow (Panagia Chelidonas) is associated with a story about a battle fought there between local people and unspecified "invaders". This chapel is a rare example of a monastery church originally provided with a fireplace, for the chimney remains.

Ottoman Era
During Ottoman period, in 1667, Kifisia was visited by the Turkish traveler Evliya Çelebi. He described a small country town set in a fertile plain of paradisaic beauty, with three hundred tile-roofed houses. Half the inhabitants of the town were Muslims and half were Christians. He records that there was a single mosque, without a minaret, and many small Christian chapels - some of which survive today.

Post Greek Independence
The temperature in Kifisia tends to be significantly lower than that of the city, so following the independence of Greece, it quickly became a summer resort of the ruling class of the new state.

The village was home to an Arvanitika speaking community, however due to its proximity to Athens, it has undergone a language shift. The popularity of Kifissia faded somewhat during the middle of the nineteenth century when the danger of raids by brigands who infested the nearby mountains was very real. However, the suppression of brigandage, and the arrival of the railway in 1885, led to the dramatic development of the area.

It became the fashion for wealthy Athenian families to build summer houses in Kifisia, and keen social competition led to the creation of a unique architectural ambiance, as villas in ever more exotic styles proliferated. For those unable to afford a summer house, many hotels were built, where the slightly less affluent could spend the holiday months rubbing shoulders with their social betters.

The heyday of Kifisia was probably during the inter-war period, when the leaders of the two main rival political parties frequented different hotels in the town together with their most important supporters.

World War II and Civil War
Following the liberation of Greece from German occupation in 1944, the British Royal Air Force ill-advisedly made its headquarters in Kefalari, taking over several hotels. With the outbreak of the Greek Civil War, the RAF personnel were first besieged, then forced to surrender, and marched across the mountains into northern Greece; being released in Trikala only after a truce had been arranged.

Museums
The Goulandris Museum of Natural History is situated in the heart of Kifissia and has collections from the natural wildlife of the Greek territory.

Economy
Accenture, Aegean Airlines, Barcleys, BP, Eurobank Ergasias, Eltrak, Ellaktor, Kioleides, Ferrari Metaxa, Metro S.A., Volvo and others have their head office in Kifisia.

Sports
Kifissia has several sport clubs in different sports. From them, most notable are ZAON, club with many Panhellenic titles in Greek women volleyball, Kifissia AC that plays almost constantly in men volleyball first division (A1 Ethniki) and Nea Kifissia B.C. that plays in basketball first division (Greek Basket League). The football team of Kifissia is Kifissia F.C., and plays in Super League Greece (top division). Kifissia also is the seat of Athina 90 (most times winner in Futsal League), AOH Hymettus (most times winner in Field Hockey League), and Iraklis Kifissias Presence in A1 Womans Category, with more than 200 athletes in Iraklis Kifissias Volleyball Academy.

Historical population
The population grew fast between 1991-2001 by 18,3% while in 2001-2011 the percentage was lower, 7.13%

Notable people

 * Menander (circa 342-291 BC), dramatist, born in Kifisia
 * Emmanuel Benakis, merchant and politician, died in Kifisia
 * Andreas Empeirikos (1901 in Romania - August 3, 1975), poet, died in Kifisia
 * Penelope Delta (1874 Alexandria – 27 April 1941)
 * Theodoros Pangalos (1878–1952), general, died in Kifisia
 * Themistoklis Sophoulis (1860–1949), politician, died in Kifisia
 * Ioannis Metaxas (12 April 1871 – 29 January 1941), politician and major general of the Hellenic Army, died in Kifisia
 * Evgenios Spatharis (1924–2009), shadow theatre artist, born in Kifisia
 * Antonis Samaras (born 1951), politician and grandson of Penelope Delta

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Kifissia


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Chalandri

Chalandri (Χαλάνδρι, Ancient Greek: Φλύα, Phlya, also Halandri, Khalandri ) is a town and a suburb in the northern part of the Athens agglomeration, Greece. It is a municipality of the Attica region.

Geography
Chalandri is a suburb in Northern Athens, around 12 km from the centre; its location corresponds with one of the 10 ancient demes (boroughs) of Athens, known as Phlya (Φλύα). The municipality has an area of 10.805 km2. Chalandri was a small village until the rapid expansion of Athens during the 1960s and 1970s. Its built-up area is now continuous with those of the neighbouring suburbs Filothei, Marousi, Vrilissia, Agia Paraskevi, Cholargos, Neo Psychiko and Psychiko. Nevertheless, it has still a high ratio of open green areas per citizen in the Athens agglomeration. Several embassies are based in Chalandri. It is one of the largest suburbs in terms of population, with more than 70,000 residents. It holds an independent municipality status since 1944. Chalandri is served by the Chalandri, Agia Paraskevi, Doukissis Plakentias as well as Nomismatokopio and Cholargos metro station (the latter two being shared with Papagou-Cholargos).

According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Chalandri has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate, abbreviated "Csa" on climate maps.

Neighborhoods

 * Agia Varvara
 * Ano Chalandri
 * Doukissis Plakentias (Neo Chalandri)
 * Kato Chalandri
 * Patima
 * Metamorfosi
 * Polydroso
 * Rizarios
 * Toufa (or Fragoklisia)
 * Sidera
 * Synoikismos
 * Center Chalandri

Historical population
The village was historically Arvanitika speaking, with 3,000 Arvanites inhabiting it, however due to its proximity to Athens, it has undergone a language shift. After the 1922 Asia Minor Catastrophe and the 1923 Greco-Turkish population exchange, some Greek refugees settled in the town.

Education
American Community Schools is located in Chalandri.

Health care
Municipal Infirmary of Chalandri

Sports
Sport clubs of Chalandri with presence in Greek national divisions are AE Chalandriou (Athlitiki Enosi Chalandriou), GS Chalandriou (Gymnastikos Syllogos Chalandriou) and Nireas Chalandriou. The municipality of Chalandri has also created an extensive channel of sports installations such as tennis courts, football pitches, volleyball and basketball indoor and outdoor courts and also an indoor and outdoor olympic-size swimming pool in order to enhance the athletic spirit of the inhabitants.

Also, due to the geographical convenience of the area of Chalandri there is an extensive bike route, covering the neighbourhoods from Doukissis Plakentias metro station, to Vrilissia and Gearakas area, reaching until Chalandri downtown city centre, providing safe transportations for families and individuals improving the life level of the area.

title: Chalandri


text:
Talk:Montgomery, Illinois

History
Edited the history section, it could still use improvement. I noticed that the book listed as a reference is at the local library. I'll be checking it out to further flesh out the section. TANSTAAFL (talk) 17:41, 13 April 2011 (UTC)

External links modified (February 2018)
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Racial profiling
In regards to the 2009 racial profiling source by the Montgomery police. I'm obviously new at this and may still be going on about this in the wrong way.

How is this information from a town perspective relative. Police departments receive complaints, all the time, so do we need to publish every single one on the towns history now. This is the village history not the history of the police department. One man claiming a racist remark was made to him, and uses a video from the officers dash-cam that does NOT contain a racist remark. It's not relative to the history of the village. The reason it should be removed because it is not relevant, the complainant only added it because they had a personal grudge. I'm not sure how it got approved in the first place. Are we going to post every complaint, that gets published to the newspaper. its unnecessary, and bias C.O.D 02/26/19 1:18pm — Preceding unsigned comment added by 192.203.137.196 (talk) 19:18, 26 February 2019 (UTC)
 * I actually agree that this isn't important to the history. Removed. Jauerbackdude?/dude. 19:34, 26 February 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Montgomery, Illinois


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Talk:Tape delay (broadcasting)

So, the information at is not true? There was no "breast-baring incident"? --Vikingstad 02:32, 23 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * That looks like a spoof news story to me. What really happened was that Cherry commented that in hockey, helmet visors are worn by "Europeans and French", and the general Quebec public seems to have taken that as a slight against them. Or at least the media says they took offence, most of the people I've spoken to consider this to be a horrendously overblown tempest in a teapot. Bryan 02:39, 23 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Yeah the "breast-baring incident" story is obviously a spoof. I've already removed that part from the wikipedia. I don't think it was the general public of Quebec that took offense, but French language groups in Quebec. I wouldn't say it was necessary overblown either, there's been a number of incidents in the past as well. Take a look at http://www.cbc.ca/storyview/CBC/2004/02/06/cherry040206. There's a list of a few more incidents about half-way down the article. - sik0fewl 03:19, 23 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Oh well, Don Cherry doesn't have much to bare anyway. And a pig in lipstick is still a pig. Also turns out that CBC had to apologise to Cherry - someone actually checked on his comment about helmet visors, and he's right. Denni 04:37, 2004 Feb 23 (UTC)

 * Yeah, I remember reading about some lawyer checking it out and Don Cherry being correct. Didn't hear about the apology though. sik0fewl 04:45, 23 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Frequency
Does anyone know the frequency (in Hz) of the bleep tone? — Wins oddf | ✎  22:30, Feb 10, 2005 (UTC)

 * I doubt everybody uses exactly the same frequency, though it probably tends to be in a certain range. - furrykef (Talk at me) 05:58, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I don't know about Hertz, but when I hear the bleep it's normally at the musical note "B". Responsible? 16:32, 28 May 2007 (UTC)

Bleep
shouln't really redirect here... Rich Farmbrough 22:32, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Oh its "Bleep censor" which isn't quite as bad.... Rich Farmbrough 22:37, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

PTC link not NPOV
Considering who the Parents Television Council is, their views, and how they operate, I cannot see linking their website to any Wikipedia page regarding censoring as being a neutral point of view. AngelHedgie 23:28, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Surely it is necessary to represent all points of view in order to maintain a NPOV, the addition of a balancing link would be better than no link.

title: Talk:Tape delay (broadcasting)


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Agia Paraskevi

Agia Paraskevi (Αγία Παρασκευή, Agía Paraskeví) is a suburb and a municipality in the northeastern part of the Athens agglomeration, Greece. It is part of the North Athens regional unit. Agia Paraskevi was named after the main church of the town, which is dedicated to Saint Paraskevi of Rome.

Geography
Agia Paraskevi is situated near the northern edge of the forested Hymettus mountain range, 9 km northeast of Athens city center. The municipality has an area of 7.935 km2. The built-up area of Agia Paraskevi is continuous with those of the neighboring Cholargos, Chalandri and Gerakas. Besides the central area around the Agia Paraskevi Square, Agia Paraskevi consists of 7 districts: Kontopefko, Nea Zoi, Tsakos, Stavros, Aigiannis, Pefkakia and Paradeisos. The National Center of Scientific Research Demokritos, which hosts the sole nuclear reactor in Greece, is situated in Agia Paraskevi. It is also home of the Greek Ministry of Agriculture.

The main thoroughfare is Mesogeion Avenue, which connects Agia Paraskevi with central Athens. The eastern beltway Motorway 64 passes through the southeastern part of the municipality. The municipality is served by several metro stations and a suburban railway station, located in adjacent municipalities.

History
Agia Paraskevi was part of the community of Chalandri until 1931, when it became a separate community. It became a municipality in 1963. Formerly a farmers' village, it experienced much suburban development since the 1950s.

In 1993, there was considerable opposition from inhabitants of the suburb to the construction of the Hymettus ring road (Motorway 64). The ring road was to form a major highway on the mountainside linked directly to the Motorway 6, and the construction of both motorways were to commence immediately. The realization that this plan would demand the felling of a considerable number of trees, as well as spurring an increase in noise pollution, predictably aroused the opposition of the local population, who requested a different solution: a covered road. However, the government would not reverse the decision and, in fact, sent bulldozers to the mountainside. This led to a riot in April, 1993. Thousands of people traveled up the mountainside and faced the bulldozers, forcing the drivers to leave. At length police arrived and managed to force the demonstrators off the site; eventually the construction of the two highways began, and was completed in 2001. The road was covered only at a small section, that running over the Deree College.

Cultural clubs and activities
The following cultural clubs, activities and workshops are available in Agia Paraskevi:

Municipal Conservatory, Art Workshops, Choir, Philharmonic Orchestra, Theater Group & Drama Club, Dance Classes, Film Club and Open Air Cinema, Open University courses and various other cultural clubs that organize events throughout the year.

Sports
The football team of the city is Agia Paraskevi F.C., known as "Santa", attracting devoted fans. During the Olympic games in 2004, a part of the historical Marathon passed through Agia Paraskevi over Mesogeion avenue. Agia Paraskevi hosts also two basketball clubs with earlier presence in the higher national divisions, Basketball Agia Paraskevi and GS Agia Paraskevi.And P.A.O.D.A.P. city organization with individual sports like tennis, fighting sports and more.

Education
The Lycée Franco-Hellénique Eugène Delacroix (LFH), a French international school, is in the town and The American College of Greece.

In Agia Paraskevi, there are the following public educational institutes and schools: 13 kindergarten schools, 11 elementary schools, 6 junior high schools (including one for the hearing impaired) and 5 high schools (including one for the hearing impaired). There are also 3 vocational-technical high schools (including one for the hearing impaired).

Twin towns
Agia Paraskevi is twinned with:
 * 🇫🇷 Saint-Brieuc, France (May 1992)
 * 🇷🇸 Grocka, Serbia (May 1994)
 * 🇨🇾 Geroskipou, Cyprus (May 1998)

title: Agia Paraskevi


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Stephanocircidae

Stephanocircidae is a family of fleas native to South America and Australia, where they are found on rodents.

Genera

 * Subfamily Craneopsyllinae Wagner, 1939
 * Tribe Barreropsyllini Jordan, 1953
 * Genus Barreropsylla Jordan, 1953
 * Tribe Craneopsyllini Wagner, 1939
 * Genus Cleopsylla Rothschild, 1914
 * Genus Craneopsylla Rothschild, 1911
 * Genus Nonnapsylla Wagner, 1938
 * Genus Plocopsylla Jordan, 1931
 * Genus Sphinctopsylla Jordan, 1931
 * Genus Tiarapsylla Wagner, 1937
 * Subfamily Stephanocircinae Wagner, 1928
 * Genus Coronapsylla Traub et Dunnet, 1973
 * Genus Stephanocircus Skuse, 1893

title: Stephanocircidae


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Cholargos

Holargos (Χολαργός, also: Cholargos) is a town and a suburb in the Athens urban area, Greece, located northeast of the Athens city proper and about 6 km away from Syntagma Square. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Papagou-Cholargos, of which it is the seat and a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 3.950 km2. The main thoroughfare is Mesogeion Avenue, which connects Cholargos with central Athens and the northern beltway Motorway 6.

Cholargos was the name of a deme of ancient Attica. The most prominent citizen of ancient Cholargos was Pericles. Cholargos was part of the community of Chalandri until 1933, when it became a separate community. It became a municipality in 1963.

Climate
Cholargos, as most of Attica, features a typical Mediterranean climate with hot, dry summers and cool, wet winters. Because of its location at the base of mountain Hymettus, Cholargos is strongly influenced by cold air masses that travel down the mountain, hence it is cooler that most of Athens, like downtown Athens or seaside locations.

Below is the data for the Nomismatokpeio Station. The station is active since 1 July 2020, so 2021 is the only year which was registered whole.

The following chart is not highly accurate, since it features only one year of record, but can be used as a guideline.

Government and infrastructure
The headquarters of the Ministry of Infrastructure, Transport and Networks are in Cholargos.

title: Cholargos