text:
A Rush of Blood to the Head

A Rush of Blood to the Head is the second studio album by British rock band Coldplay. It was released on 26 August 2002 by Parlophone in the United Kingdom, and a day later by Capitol Records in the United States. The album was produced by the band and Ken Nelson, and makes greater use of the electric guitar and piano than the band's debut album, Parachutes (2000).

Recording of the album began after the band achieved worldwide popularity with Parachutes and the single "Yellow". A Rush of Blood to the Head topped the UK Albums Chart upon its first week of release in the United Kingdom, and became the eighth biggest-selling album of the 21st century in the UK. The British Phonographic Industry (BPI) has since certified the album 10× Platinum for its accumulated sales of over 3 million units in the UK, while over 17 million copies have been sold worldwide. The album spawned the hit singles "In My Place", "The Scientist", and "Clocks". "God Put a Smile upon Your Face" was also released, but was significantly less successful.

A Rush of Blood to the Head has been critically acclaimed, and the band received three Grammy Awards for the album; the 2003 Grammy for Best Alternative Album, which was the band's second win in a row, the 2003 Grammy for Best Rock Performance with the song "In My Place", and the 2004 Grammy for Record of the Year with the song "Clocks". In 2007, Rock and Roll Hall of Fame included it on their 200 Definitive Albums list. In 2010, it was among ten albums nominated for the best British album of the previous 30 years by the Brit Awards, and one of ten classic album covers from British artists commemorated on a UK postage stamp issued by the Royal Mail. It has appeared on several editions of Rolling Stone's "500 Greatest Albums of All Time" list. Authors and reviewers have praised A Rush of Blood to the Head as one of the best albums of the 21st century.

Recording
Coldplay started recording A Rush of Blood to the Head in London on 13 September 2001, but later relocated to Liverpool, where they had recorded some of the songs on their debut album Parachutes (2000). Lead singer Chris Martin said that once there they "became obsessed with recording". "In My Place" was among the first songs recorded for the album during this period, and the one that the band released as the album's lead single because it was the song that made them want to do a second album. It kept them going and made them think they could still write songs, following a strange period of not really knowing what they were doing three months after the success of Parachutes.

The opening track "Politik" was recorded two days following the September 11 attacks in 2001. According to an interview with lead singer Chris Martin, "I wrote the song on 9/11 and we recorded it on 9/13. We were all, like everyone else, I suppose, a little confused and frightened. I get off tour and had a rest for one or two days. But then I get antsy again. I want to write songs and do things, 'cause you never know what might happen." The band wrote more than twenty songs in the months following for the album and some of those, including "In My Place" and "Animals", were performed live during the tours promoting Parachutes. The album's title was revealed through a post on the band's official website.

During initial recording sessions in Liverpool, Martin and guitarist Jonny Buckland worked alone, and only on weekends. Each Monday, they would present the song ideas that they had developed to their bandmates. With A Rush of Blood to the Head nearly completed, Martin went into the studio late one night and wrote a piano riff that he has stated "just came out". The band recognised that this early version of the song, that would become "Clocks", was special the first time Martin played it to them. Reasoning that it was too late to include the song on the album, they recorded a demo version and included it on a CD marked "Songs for #3", featuring unfinished tracks they intended to work on for their third studio album.

By June 2002, the band had completed A Rush of Blood to the Head, but thought their output sounded "rubbish" and reached an agreement with record label Parlophone to postpone the release of the album until they were completely satisfied. Subsequently, many songs were discarded because they sounded like they could have been on Parachutes. Martin has claimed that it would have been uninteresting: "It would have shown that we're happy to sit back on what we'd done, and we're not. For us, it was important to progress and try to improve upon our abilities as musicians." Such ambitions put the band under strain: "sometimes practice sessions ended abruptly with one or more members of Coldplay threatening to quit".

After headlining the 2002 Glastonbury Festival, Coldplay returned to the studio and worked on some tracks from the "Songs for #3" CD they had produced earlier. Phil Harvey, the band's manager, heard "Clocks" and urged them to rework it immediately: "No, you must do that song now 'cause you're going on [in the lyrics] about urgency, and you're talking about keeping this song back. That doesn't make sense."

Composition
Production of the album began quickly with the writing of the track "Politik", which was a song seen as a reflection of the world at the time, giving the band a renewed perspective on their lives and society. Many of the song lyrics on the album relate strongly to the theme of urgency. Martin has commented that previous songs were more relaxed since they were in a comfortable state of mind: "Perhaps there's a bit more urgency on some of these songs. And that's born from all the places we've been and the things we've experienced." Martin has explained. In relation to the theme of urgency, Martin has also stated that the album's title means "doing something on impulse".

Several songs on the album are about the themes of love and relationships. These tracks are based on reality, but according to Martin, they were written with a fictional twist: "Songs are like fairy tales: they have a beginning and an end and you can make it all work perfectly. Real life doesn't work like that".

The album includes ballads and acoustic songs featuring extensive use of guitar and piano. The U2-esque "epic rock" of the album's opening track "Politik", the piano-driven "Clocks", the loud guitars of "A Whisper", and the country rock-inspired guitar in "Warning Sign" were seen as an extension of the band's musical range. Chris Martin has also stated that the album's title track is an homage to American singer-songwriter Johnny Cash, whom he considered one of "the greatest ... men with just guitars". The title track is about uncertainties faced in life.

According to Martin, the song "Green Eyes" was composed for two individuals: An "American friend" (speculated to be a woman of Chris' romantic desire), and bandmate Jonny Buckland.

Artwork
The album cover for A Rush of Blood to the Head was designed by photographer Sølve Sundsbø. Sundsbø had been hired by fashion magazine Dazed & Confused in the late 1990s to produce a shot with a "technological feel, something all white", according to himself. As an artist, Sundsbø attempted to do a unique original piece, creating a shot that had never been seen before; He suggested taking shots using a three-dimensional scanning machine – used to measure head sizes for USAF fighter jet helmets – to fulfil his vision.

The model for the shots, named Mim, wore all-white cosmetic makeup, along with a coloured twill cape, to aesthetically produce optimal and desired results. The scanner could not properly identify some of the colors on the cape, so they were replaced with digital spikes, and the head in the image was chopped as the machine was unable to scan more than about thirty centimeters in height at a time. At first, Sundsbø had mixed feelings about the image, stating that when he first saw the result, he was terrified. "I thought it was so beautiful, but I was sure the magazine was never going to run it." The editor of the magazine, however, absolutely loved the image, and eventually featured it in one of their publications. After seeing the image in a publication of the magazine, Chris Martin approached Sundsbø for proper permission to use the image as the cover of A Rush of Blood to the Head. For the album's singles, Martin asked Sundsbø for any ideas; Sundsbø suggested scanning the head of each member of the band.

The album booklet contains only two photos; One with Coldplay in a location that was rumoured to be a forest, and one with the band in a recording studio. The album cover was among the ten chosen by the Royal Mail for a set of "Classic Album Cover" postage stamps issued in January 2010.

Release
A Rush of Blood to the Head was released on 26 August 2002 by Parlophone in the United Kingdom, and a day later 27 August 2002 by Capitol Records in the United States. The album was completed and originally ready to hand over to the record company and released in June 2002, however, after recording a demo of "Clocks" intended for the third album, the band delayed release by two months to allow them to work it into a finished track and include it on A Rush of Blood to the Head. Capitol released a remastered version of the album in 2008 on a 180-gram vinyl record as part of its "From the Capitol Vaults" series.

Reviews
Upon release, A Rush of Blood to the Head received positive reviews from contemporary critics. Review aggregating website Metacritic reports a normalised score of 80 out of 100 based on 25 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews". This makes A Rush of Blood to the Head Coldplay's highest-scoring album on the website as of 2023. Many reviewers felt that it built upon Parachutes. Alexis Petridis of the newspaper The Guardian wrote that the band's "new assurance is everywhere ... the timidity of Parachutes is nowhere to be found". He concludes, "It sounds like an album ready to take on the world, and win."

Kelefa Sanneh of The New York Times praised the album, commenting that it is "one of the year's best albums" and describing it as "sparser, stranger and even catchier than its predecessor". Rolling Stone's Rob Sheffield said that "A Rush of Blood to the Head is a nervier, edgier, thoroughly surprising album", adding, "where Parachutes was the clumsy diary of a high-strung kid, A Rush of Blood sounds more like a band with the confidence to test its own limits." Ted Kessler of NME lauded the album, calling it "an album of outstanding natural beauty, an organic, wholesome work." MacKenzie Wilson of AllMusic echoed the above comments, saying that it is a "strong album". Wilson, who compliments Martin for his "sharpened" falsetto and refined "haunting delivery" and Buckland for his "riveting guitar work", notes that "regardless of the band still being in their mid-twenties, they've made an amazing record". Emma Pearse of the American newspaper The Village Voice has the same sentiments, stating that it is "a little edgier, trancier, and more conversational" compared to Parachutes. Conversely, Robert Christgau gave the album a one-star honorable mention and quipped "Let Green Eyes dump him for real and we'll see how long he hums in the void."

In 2012, it was ranked number 466 on Rolling Stone's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time, with its ranking climbing to number 324 in the 2020 update. In 2013, the album topped a BBC Radio poll ahead of Hopes and Fears by Keane, Rio by Duran Duran and The Dark Side of the Moon by Pink Floyd. It was also included in 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die. Billboard listed "Green Eyes" among the best deep cuts from the 21st century.

Commercial performance
A Rush of Blood to the Head topped the charts of 11 countries around the world. It debuted at number-one on the UK Albums Chart selling 273,924 copies. The British Phonographic Industry has since certified the album 10× Platinum for accumulated sales of over 3 million copies. With the subsequent release of "Clocks" and "The Scientist", the album spent over one year on the chart. A Rush of Blood to the Head has been placed at number seven on the list of United Kingdom's 20 biggest-selling albums of the 21st century, published by the British trade paper Music Week. In July 2011, A Rush of Blood to the Head climbed from No. 176 back to No. 44 in the album's 250th charting week there. As of October 2021, the album has sold over 3 million copies in the UK, making it Coldplay's best-selling studio album. It is the tenth best-selling album of the 21st century.

In the United States, A Rush of Blood was Coldplay's first venture into the top 5 with 144,000 copies sold initially, stronger than its predecessor, Parachutes, which debuted at number 189 in December 2000. A Rush of Blood debuted at number-one on the Canadian Albums Chart, selling 28,200 copies in its first week. The album has been certified 4x times platinum by the Canadian Recording Industry Association for shipments of over 400,000. It has been certified 7× platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association, having accumulated shipments of over 490,000 units.

Track listing
All tracks written and co-produced by Coldplay (Guy Berryman, Jonny Buckland, Will Champion, and Chris Martin). All tracks produced by Ken Nelson.

Personnel
Credits adapted from AllMusic.

 * Chris Martin – lead vocals, piano, acoustic guitar, rhythm guitar (tracks 8–9)
 * Jonny Buckland – lead electric guitar, backing vocals (tracks 1 and 6), acoustic guitar (track 4), twelve-string slide guitar (track 6)
 * Guy Berryman – bass guitar
 * Will Champion – drums, percussion, backing vocals

Technical and additional personnel
 * Coldplay – producer, string arranger, mixer, art direction
 * Andrea Wright – assistant engineer
 * Ann Lines – string performer
 * Audrey Riley – string arranger and performer
 * Ben Thackeray – assistant engineer
 * Blue Source – art direction
 * Chris Tombling – string performer
 * Dan Green – string performer
 * Dan Keeling – century, published by the British trade paper Music Week. A&R
 * Danton Supple – mixer (track 2, 3, 6, 8, 10)
 * Dave Holmes – manager
 * Estelle Wilkinson – manager
 * George Marino – mastering
 * Jon Bailey – assistant engineer
 * Jon Withnal – assistant engineer
 * Ken Nelson – producer, engineer, mixer
 * Laura Melhewish – string performer
 * Leo Payne – string performer
 * Mark Phythian – additional production, mixer
 * Nettwerk – management
 * Peter Lale – string performer
 * Richard George – string performer
 * Rik Simpson – additional engineering
 * Sølve Sundsbø – cover art
 * Susan Dench – string performer
 * Tom Sheehan – photographer
 * Zed Nelson – photographer

title: A Rush of Blood to the Head


text:
Saint-Lazare station (Paris Métro)

Saint-Lazare station is a station on Line 3, Line 12, Line 13 and Line 14 of the Paris Métro. Line 9 also stops at Saint Augustin and RER E stops at Haussmann–Saint-Lazare. A tunnel connects both of these stations. Located on the border of the 8th and 9th arrondissements, it is the second busiest station of the Métro system after Gare du Nord with 39 million passengers annually.

The station offers connections to the following other stations: Gare Saint-Lazare (SNCF), Haussmann–Saint-Lazare on RER E, Havre–Caumartin on Line 3 and Line 9, in addition to Saint-Augustin on Line 9. The station is named after the mainline railway station, which is situated in Rue Saint-Lazare. It is in the commercial centre of Paris, near the major department stores.

Location
The station is located near the Paris-Saint-Lazare station, with eight platforms serving four lines.

 * The platforms for Line 3 are located under the Cour de Rome, along the northeast / southeast axis of Rue de Rome, just above the tunnel for Line 13.
 * The platforms for Line 12 are located on an east–west axis under Rue Saint-Lazare, between Place du Havre and Rue de Caumartin.
 * The platforms for Line 13 are aligned with the station on line 12 under the same street, between the Cour du Havre and the Cour de Rome, along the Hilton Paris Opéra hotel.
 * The platforms for Line 14 are located deep below the Cour de Rome, along a northeast / southwest axis.

History
The station opened on 14 October 1904, four days after the opening of the first section of Line 3 between Père Lachaise and Villiers.

The Line 12 platforms opened on 5 November 1910 as part of the Nord-Sud Company's Line A from Porte de Versailles to Notre-Dame-de-Lorette. The Line 13 platforms opened on 26 February 1911 as part of the same company's Line B from Saint-Lazare to Porte de Saint-Ouen. It was the southern terminus of the line until 27 June 1973 when it was extended to Miromesnil. On 27 March 1931, the Nord-Sud Company was taken over by the Compagnie du chemin de fer métropolitain de Paris and Line A became Line 12 of the Métro and Line B became Line 13.

On 12 July 1999, the RER station of Haussmann–Saint-Lazare was opened. On 16 December 2003, the Line 14 platforms were opened with the extension of the line from Madeleine. On the same day a corridor opened connecting to the station of Saint-Augustin on Line 9.

Access
The station has 11 entrances:

 * Entrance 1: Cour de Rome: escalators (entry and exit), staircase to the Cour de Rome. The access is equipped with a glass entrance (La Lentille) whose creator was Jean-Marie Charpentier;
 * Entrance 2: Place du Havre: two staircases at 13 Place du Havre;
 * Entrance 3: Passage du Havre: two staircases at 14 Place du Havre and direct access to the Passage du Havre shopping center;
 * Entrance 4: Galerie des Marchands: escalators (entrance and exit) to the shopping mall in connecting with the SNCF station;
 * Entrance 5: Rue Intérieur: Rue Intérieur (access to the SNCF station);
 * Entrance 6: Place Gabriel-Péri: Place Gabriel-Péri;
 * Entrance 7: Rue de l'Arcade: 62 Rue de l'Arcade (corner Rue de Rome);
 * Entrance 8: Rue d'Amsterdam: a staircase opposite 2 Rue d'Amsterdam;
 * Entrance 9: Cour du Havre: an escalator at the Cour du Havre exit;
 * Entrance 10: Rue Caumartin: a staircase at 95-97 Rue Saint-Lazare;
 * Entrance 11: Rue Saint-Lazare: 92 Rue Saint-Lazare.

Station layout
The platforms are connected by a mezzanine, which has entrances/exits to street level. The platforms are listed by line number.

Corridors
The ticket hall, or rotunda, located under the Place du Havre between the stations of lines 12 and 13 has been called "one of the architectural masterpieces of the Métro". It was designed by the architect Lucien Bechmann in the form of a large rotunda, a legacy of the former Nord-Sud company. Its metallic vault, comprises eight interlocking pillars, is adorned with mouldings and ceramic tiles with light brown and green motifs, while the vault is tiled in white with green friezes. Pillars regularly receive backlit advertising posters during certain event campaigns. Following a 2004 restoration of the pillars, only the vault itself is original.

A corridor connects Saint-Augustin on Line 9 to the southwest end of Line 14 Saint-Lazare metro station and, as a result, to Gare Saint-Lazare. In addition, it is possible through other corridors to reach the Opera station via the platforms of Haussmann–Saint-Lazare (RER E), then to Havre–Caumartin, the hall of Auber of the RER A line and finally the corridor leading to Line 7 and 8 at Opera station. This continuity, putting together several connections from the Saint-Augustin station to the Opera station, is the longest of the Paris metro.

Since 2011, the La Voix lactée mosaic by Quebec artist Geneviève Cadieux has been installed in the connecting corridor connecting line 14 to line 9 (Saint-Augustin station).

One of the main accesses is located on the "Cour de Rome". This access is called "La lentille" (the Lens) and consists of a glass bubble to protect passengers from bad weather during the ascent, and to allow light to enter the station. Underneath there is a large circular access shaft, with many escalators, which is the old TBM (Tunnel Boring Machine) access shaft for the construction of the extension to St Lazare. This access shaft allows direct access to the lines 3/13/14, the other lines being further away.

Platforms
The platforms of the four lines are standard configuration. Two per stop, they are separated by the metro tracks located in the center.

The platforms of Line 3 are built flush with the wall. The ceiling consists of a metal deck whose beams, silver in colour, are supported by vertical pillars. They are laid out in the Andreu-Motte style in neutral tones with two bright grey-green light canopies, the walls and tunnel exits are covered with large white flat tiles as well as grey tiled benches deprived of seats. The advertisements are devoid of frames and the station's name is inscribed in Parisine font on enamelled plates.

On lines 12 and 13, the vault is elliptical, and the lower part of the walls are vertical, a shape specific to the old Nord-Sud stations. They are among the rare stations of this company not to have found their original style, only the green earthenware advertising frames being renewed. Their decoration is quite similar, approaching the style used for most metro stations, with white and rounded lighting canopies in the Gaudin style of the renouveau du métro des années 2000 renovations and bevelled white ceramic tiles covering the walls, the vault and the tympans, on line 12, while the vault of line 13, lower, is painted white. The station on line 13 is also distinguished by the presence of platform screen doors and the absence of seats due to its frequent usage, unlike the platforms of line 12 equipped with white Motte style seats. The name of the station is written in Parisine font on enamelled plates in both cases.

The station of line 14 is established at great depth under the well of the Cour de Rome, which disrupts the elliptical vault in the form of a large glass footbridge and brings a little natural light on the platforms. Like the other stations on the line, it has a modern and sober decoration with light concrete as well as glass planks on the walls, platforms tiled in light grey, equipped with wooden seats and platform doors. The name of the station appears in Parisine script on backlit panels embedded in the sidewalls and on stickers affixed to the platform facades. The platforms are designed to accommodate trains of 120 meters long, but are only fitted out over 90 meters because the lack of space in the turnaround loop (very rare situation that the station shares with Place Monge on line 7). This was fixed towards the end of 2019, when the platforms were extended to be able to accommodate the MP 14 trainsets with eight cars.

Other connections
The station has, since 14 July 1999, a direct connection, with the Haussmann – Saint-Lazare station on line E of the RER.

It is also served by lines 20, 21, 22, 26, 27, 28, 29, 32, 42, 43, 66, 80, 94, 95 and 528 of the RATP Bus Network and, by night, by lines N01, N02, N15, N16, N51, N52, N53, N150, N151, N152, N153 and N154 from the Noctilien network.

Nearby

 * Gare Saint-Lazare
 * Hilton Paris Opéra
 * Passage du Havre

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Saint-Lazare station (Paris Métro)


text:
User:DcJohn

Doctoral candidate in conflict resolution. Adjunct professor at George Mason University. Teach courses related to conflict resolution and broader topics under the umbrella of applied anthropology.

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text:
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text:
Michael Watson

Michael Watson (born 15 March 1965) is a British former professional boxer who competed from 1984 to 1991. He held the Commonwealth middleweight title from 1989 to 1991, and challenged three times for a world title between 1990 and 1991. Watson's career was cut short as a result of a near-fatal injury sustained during a loss to Chris Eubank for the WBO super-middleweight title in 1991.

Amateur career
Watson took up boxing at the age of fourteen at the Crown and Manor boxing club, where he proved to be a quick learner, winning an under-71 kg London Schools title in 1980.

He had an impressive 20–2 record at the Crown and Manor Club. He transferred to the Colvestone Boxing Club where he trained and sparred for over a year with Kirkland Laing, Dennis Andries, and Darren Dyer. He entered the 1983/84 Nationals at under 75 kg and won the title. On his 19th birthday he fought John Beckles during the 1984 London ABAs, both being national champions. Watson, initially seen as the underdog, won the fight in just over 30 seconds, and was seen as a hope for a boxing medal at the 1984 Los Angeles Olympic Games. However, that place on the Olympic team was taken by Liverpool's Brian Schumacher.

Professional career
Watson's professional career lasted from 1984 to 1991. The highlight was his May 1989 victory over Nigel Benn to secure the British Commonwealth middleweight title. This led to a world title clash with Jamaican Mike McCallum, who defeated Watson by a knockout in the eleventh round.

On 22 June 1991 at Earl's Court, he met Chris Eubank in another opportunity for the world middleweight title. Eubank won by a majority decision of 116–113, 115–113 and 114–114, close enough to support dissension by some commentators and supporters.

Rematch with Eubank and career-ending injury
A rematch was arranged on 21 September 1991 at White Hart Lane, this time for the vacant WBO super middleweight title. In round 11, with Watson ahead on points and seemingly on the verge of a stoppage victory, he knocked Eubank down with an overhand right. Moments later, Eubank was back on his feet and connected with a devastating uppercut, which caused Watson to fall back and hit the back of his head against the ropes.

Referee Roy Francis stopped the fight in round 12, after which Watson collapsed in the ring. There was no ambulance or paramedic at the event. Doctors wearing dinner jackets arrived but after more than eight minutes had elapsed, during which time the fallen fighter received no oxygen. A total of 28 minutes elapsed before Watson received treatment in a hospital neurosurgical unit. He spent 40 days in a coma and had six brain operations to remove a blood clot.

After regaining consciousness, he spent over a year in intensive care and rehabilitation and six more years confined to a wheelchair while he slowly recovered some movement and regained the ability to speak and write. Peter Hamlyn, the consultant neurosurgeon who operated on Watson, said in 2010, "I think back to those first days, and the milestone moments. The first eight months were so depressing. He couldn't hear, couldn't speak, couldn't walk. Slowly, he clawed it all back. So extraordinary".

Life after boxing
Watson sued the British Boxing Board of Control (BBBoC) for negligence and won damages reputedly of around £1 million. The High Court ruled that the BBBoC was responsible for medical provision at a fight and that administering oxygen and resuscitation on site would have made a considerable difference to Watson's outcome. Mr Justice Kennedy said that the board was "in breach of its duty to Mr Watson". This decision was upheld at the Court of Appeal, and the BBBoC did not appeal to the House of Lords, selling their London headquarters to pay out a £400,000 compensation settlement. The judge said that this was "sadly a long way short of the damages that [Watson] would have received had the defendants had the money or had they been insured".

On 19 April 2003 Watson completed the London Marathon, walking two hours each morning and afternoon for six days. Raising money for the Brain and Spine Foundation, Watson slept overnight in a support bus. Finishing the race by his side were Chris Eubank and his neurosurgeon Peter Hamlyn, both of whom had become his personal friends. On 4 February 2004 Watson was awarded the MBE by Queen Elizabeth II for his services to disability sport. Watson was announced as a torchbearer in the 2012 Paralympic relay.

In February 2017 Watson and his carer, Lennard Ballack, were victims of a carjacking in Chingford, London. During the attack, Ballack had ammonia sprayed in his face and was beaten, whilst Watson was dragged along the road when the car was driven off, unable to escape. Watson suffered flashbacks and seizures after the event. The two attackers were later sentenced to 16 years for their part in the attack and other crimes.

title: Michael Watson


text:
Humber River (Newfoundland and Labrador)

The Humber River is a river on Newfoundland in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. It is approximately 120 kilometres long; it flows through the Long Range Mountains, southeast then southwest, through Deer Lake, to the Bay of Islands at Corner Brook. It begins near the town of Hampden. Taylor's Brook, Aidies Stream and Dead Water Brook run into the upper Humber. The Humber is one of Newfoundland's longest rivers.

James Cook first charted the Humber in the summer of 1767. It was named for its English counterpart the Humber (estuary).

The Humber is rich in Atlantic salmon. From the 1800s, the river was used as a waterway for European trappers and loggers. It is one of the world's best recreational salmon fishing rivers.


text:
Talk:Philip Melanchthon

Photo of Loci Communes
I'm a little bothered by this photo of the title page of Loci Communes. The caption says that it is the 1521 edition, but the Roman numeral date gives 1552. This bothers me a bit more, because following the link to the Loci Communes article itself lists several editions of this work but does not include 1552 among them. Maybe I'm just too picky? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.209.43.228 (talk) 06:44, 11 January 2014 (UTC)

Tone

 * In Melanchthon is found not a great, impressive personality, winning its way by massive strength of resolution and energy, but a noble character hard to study without loving and respecting.

Is this really the right tone for an encyclopedia? --Unverbluemt (talk) 17:23, 29 June 2014 (UTC)

oh my gawd .. is this WP, or PWP ?
"The only care that occupied him until his last moment was the desolate condition of the Church. He strengthened himself in almost uninterrupted prayer, and in listening to passages of Scripture."

reference, please ... or should I take this by that gift of grace that is faith ? Or did I get that mantra/credo wrong ?

Try, "Some devout Lutherans believe that ..." and add a ref for THAT. 142.162.21.54 (talk) 13:48, 18 October 2014 (UTC)

pov
I am setting this as "start" level, as the pov pushing is really extreme, and mostly unsourced. this wont qualify as C class until its basically complete in its factual assertions, without the dross. Mercurywoodrose (talk) 18:01, 8 May 2016 (UTC)

Luther's simplistic views
That's just crazy. Heidegger is giving lectures on Luther's Heidelberg Disputation 400 years later! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 198.109.220.252 (talk) 12:38, 13 October 2017 (UTC)

First name / lemma
Shouldn't the first name (and therefore lemma) be Philipp with 2 "p"s at the end? MahneLV (talk) 12:43, 17 September 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Philip Melanchthon


text:
Vanessa Kerry

Vanessa Bradford Kerry (born December 31, 1976) is an American physician, public health expert, and advocate. She is a founder of the non-profit Seed Global Health, director of the Program in Global Public Policy and Social Change at Harvard Medical School, and serves as the Special Envoy for Climate Change and Health for the World Health Organization (WHO).

Early life and education
Kerry was born in Boston, Massachusetts, on December 31, 1976. She is the younger daughter of politician John Forbes Kerry and writer Julia Stimson Thorne. Her older sister Alexandra is an actress, filmmaker, director and producer. After her parents divorced, she moved with her mother to Bozeman, Montana. She attended Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts for high school.

Kerry graduated from Phillips Academy, Andover and summa cum laude from Yale University with a major in biology. While a student at Yale, she played for the varsity lacrosse team for four years. After graduating with her bachelor's degree, she went to Harvard Medical School where she graduated with honors. She took a year off from Harvard to attend the London School of Economics and the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, earning her master's of science in health policy, planning and financing. While in London, she was a Fulbright Scholar.

While in medical school, she interned with the Vaccine Fund of the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization and conducted a study on immunization in Ghana. She later studied and advised on government relations for health and development in Rwanda in partnership with Partners in Health.

Career
Kerry completed her internal medicine residency and critical care fellowship at the Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston. She is now a physician specializing in critical care. Kerry has continued work in global health and has collaborated on projects in Haiti and Rwanda through the Harvard Medical School Department of Global Health and Social Medicine. She has worked on public sector partnerships in Uganda, Malawi, Zambia and Sierra Leone through Seed Global Health and supports education and public policy at the MGH Center for Global Health. Kerry also serves as director of the Program in Global Public Policy and Social Change and is an associate professor at Harvard Medical School.

Seed Global Health
Active in global health for many years, in 2011 Kerry started the non-profit Seed Global Health. Seed's flagship program was the Global Health Service Partnership (GHSP), a partnership with the Peace Corps. The Partnership sent health professionals abroad to work as medical and nursing educators and to help build capacity. With the Peace Corps through GHSP, Seed helped send over 191 physician and nurse educators to train more than 16,000 health professionals in sub-Saharan Africa. In 2018, Seed launched a new strategy, Sharing Knowledge, Saving Lives. The program is currently active in Malawi, Uganda, Sierra-Leone, and Zambia and has trained almost 40,000 health workers in seven countries in Sub-Saharan Africa in total.

In 2010, Kerry wrote an op-ed on the idea of sending American health professionals to teach for The New York Times. She has also published in the New England Journal of Medicine and The Lancet on the topic. The program also partners with academic medical centers such as the Massachusetts General Hospital and the MGH Center for Global Health. In 2013, Kerry, as CEO was named a Draper Richards Kaplan Social Entrepreneur. In 2014, she was featured in Boston Magazine's Power of Ideas for her work with the organization. In 2015, she earned an Honorary Doctor of Public Service degree from Northeastern University. In 2016, she was named a World Economic Forum Young Global Leader.

Seed's work has promoted the need for a strong workforce and health systems for better health, economic growth, security and wellbeing. In 2021, Seed started promoting the connection between and health and climate change at the Conference of the parties 26.

Kerry is the Director of the Program in Global Public Policy at the Mass General Center for Global Health and spearheads the program in Global Public Policy and Social Change at the Department of Global Health and Social Medicine. She is an Associate Professor of Medicine at Harvard Medical School and serves on its faculty.

World Health Organization
In June 2023, Kerry was appointed as the first Special Envoy for Climate Change and Health at the World Health Organization (WHO). At WHO, Kerry's responsibilities include raising awareness of the impact of climate change on health, helping to mobilize resources to advance the work of WHO, and to advance high-level advocacy.

Personal life
On October 10, 2009 in Boston, Kerry married neurosurgeon Brian Vala Nahed, who specializes in brain tumors and spinal disorders. As a surgeon and scientist, Nahed leads a research lab, which aims to develop the first blood test for brain tumors. They have a son born in 2012 and a daughter born in 2015.

Advocacy
Kerry took a leave from her medical studies in order to campaign for her father's, then Senator John Kerry, presidential bid in 2004, even introducing him at that year's Democratic National Convention. She campaigned by herself and with her sister, mostly focusing on campaign stops at university campuses. She made speeches in support of her father and focused on health care issues and tuition costs for students, two Democratic campaign issues she felt personally attached to. She also appeared with Alexandra on the MTV Music Video Awards show in Miami where she joined George W. Bush's daughters Barbara and Jenna, who were campaigning for their father George W. Bush, to encourage youth and citizen voting. Jenna later confirmed that Barbara and Jenna also developed a friendship with John Kerry's daughters, Alexandra and Vanessa. Through her work with her father and her public health policy education, she has not ruled out running for political office in the future.

She has also spoken at a number of venues around the globe including World Health Assembly, United Nations,Aspen Ideas Festival, Millennium Campus Network Conferences, TedX Boston, San Diego State University, UCLA, APHA and other venues.

title: Vanessa Kerry


text:
Parachutes (Coldplay album)

Parachutes is the debut studio album by British rock band Coldplay. It was released on 10 July 2000 by Parlophone in the United Kingdom. The album was produced by the band and British record producer Ken Nelson, except for one track, "High Speed", which was produced by Chris Allison. Parachutes spawned the singles "Shiver", "Yellow", "Trouble", and "Don't Panic". The album was also supported by the Parachutes Tour, which saw the band performing 131 shows in their first world tour.

The album was a commercial success and was met with positive reviews from critics. Upon release, it quickly reached number one in the United Kingdom and has since been certified 9× Platinum. In the United States, the album peaked at number 51 on the Billboard 200 and eventually was certified double platinum. It won the Grammy Award for Best Alternative Music Album in 2002, the British Album of the Year award at the 2001 Brit Awards, and many other accolades. Parachutes is also the 22nd-best-selling album of the 21st century in the United Kingdom. As of 2020, it has sold over 13 million copies worldwide.

Recording and production
The band began production on Parachutes in late 1999, after producing & releasing The Blue Room EP with British record producer Chris Allison. Allison was asked to assist with production, and the band's musical direction, which was desired by both the band & the A&R department. Production started with the track 'High Speed', which was part of the EP and was later re-released as a part of Parachutes. Allison describes 'High Speed' as thus: 'You'll notice it is quite a bit different to the other tracks, because there are other sounds going on in it: we wanted to mix a soundscape in with the classic rock sound on that particular track. I thought 'High Speed' was a really good marriage between the classic rock sound and the new sound that was developing out of it, something that was more atmospheric'. Seven tracks in all were recorded during the sessions at Orinoco studios in London, with three of them ending up on The Blue Room EP.

The band then took a lengthy break to compose more tracks for Parachutes. A few months later, it was arranged that Allison and the band meet at a rehearsal room to finally begin production on the band's debut album. "They started up playing in the rehearsal room and they really weren't together at all. And I was very honest with them, I just sort of said 'Look, this simply isn't good enough'". Allison adds, "The interesting, the most significant thing that did occur out of the fact that we didn't end up starting the album on that day of the rehearsal was that Chris Martin had not written "Yellow" by that time".

A couple of months later, British record producer Ken Nelson was chosen, producing all but one song on Parachutes. He was introduced to Coldplay by his manager Pete Byrne (who gave him a copy of the band's Fierce Panda-distributed debut single in 1999). Nelson has claimed that, as soon as he heard vocalist Chris Martin's voice on the song "Bigger Stronger", he "realised that he was something special". Nelson was offered the job while Coldplay were performing in Liverpool with English indie rock band Gomez (whose debut album, Bring It On, was what he had produced at the time).

Coldplay initially planned to record Parachutes in the space of two weeks. However, tours and other live performances caused the recording to spread out between September 1999 and May 2000. The band began work on the album at Rockfield Studios in Wales, continuing with sessions at Liverpool's Parr Street Studios. The band worked in three studio rooms at Parr Street, mostly in the project studio which producer Ken Nelson describes as "basically a demo room". The Chris Allison-produced track "High Speed" was also included on the album, and originates from earlier sessions at Orinoco Studios in London. The album was mixed by American engineer Michael Brauer in New York. Coldplay's record label, Parlophone, had originally intended to use a mixing engineer for the tracks they picked as singles, but eventually hired Brauer to work on all songs on Parachutes except the song "High Speed" which was mixed by Chris Allison.

At the Liverpool concert where he was offered the production job, Nelson had noted that Coldplay's performance was "very very uptight [...] they rushed through the set and it was quite difficult to listen to". Once in the studio Nelson and the band went through each song, learning how to play the piece live and deciding what tempo to play it at in an attempt to get the group to "calm down" ("Trouble", for example, had to be reworked to eliminate the cacophony included in its early versions).

The album's cover features a photograph of a yellow globe taken with a disposable Kodak camera. The globe had been purchased from W H Smith for £10; it was featured in the music videos for "Shiver" and "Don't Panic", and also accompanied the band on their tours. The album was dedicated to drummer Will Champion's mother, Sara Champion, who died of cancer in May 2000, two months before the release of Parachutes.

Music and style
Champion has explained that Nelson's production style was liberating and allowed the band to feel at ease during the recording of Parachutes (many songs from the album often featured slow tempos). The ensuing album was "a record's worth of moody and atmospheric tunes". As a nod to the moods created by the album, Champion has compared the song lyrics to the 1972 song "Perfect Day" by American rock singer-songwriter Lou Reed, stating that the "lyrics are beautiful and they're really, really happy, but the music is really, really sad. It's that kind of thing, where you can create [differing] moods through the music and lyrics."

Parachutes was recognised to have an alternative rock, indie rock and post-Britpop, with some stylistic comparisons being made to contemporaries such as Radiohead and Travis. In fact, a few critics have suggested that the album's commercial success was due in part to a portion of Radiohead's audience being alienated by the band's experimental and more electronic-influenced Kid A album.

Release and promotion
Parachutes was released on 10 July 2000 in the United Kingdom by Parlophone. In the United States, it was released on 7 November 2000 by Nettwerk. The album has been made available in various formats since its release: both Parlophone and Nettwerk released it as a CD in 2000, while in the next year Parachutes enjoyed a cassette release made by newfound label Capitol Records. In China, the album's commercial release was forbidden due to "inflammatory political content", with the track "Spies" being singled out as the prime offender. In 2002, Parlophone issued the album as an LP. In November 2020, Coldplay released a 20th anniversary version in transparent yellow vinyl.

The main version of the record contains 10 tracks, with "Everything's Not Lost", the last of them, having a hidden song called "Life Is for Living", clocking in for a total of 7:15. The Japanese version contains all main tracks, plus "Careful Where You Stand" and "For You", which were originally released as the B-sides of "Shiver", the hidden song is on the pre-gap of track 11.

Four singles were released in total: "Shiver", "Yellow", "Trouble", and "Don't Panic". The first served as lead single in the United Kingdom while "Yellow" was used in the United States. Upon the release of "Trouble", Coldplay abandoned their initial plan of releasing "Don't Panic" as the album's fourth effort, since they deemed three singles were enough for an album. Despite this, however, it was released as a single in some European regions.

Reviews
Parachutes was released to generally favorable reviews from music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album received an average score of 72, based on 20 reviews. In a contemporary review of the album, Michael Hubbard of musicOMH called it "an album of remarkable depth, especially when one considers the youthful ages of the band members." Siobhan Grogan of NME stated that "all told, it's incredible this is a debut album" and concluded that "accomplished, yet subtle, it works perfectly as a whole in a way all the production skills in the world couldn't replicate." Melody Maker hailed Parachutes as a "masterpiece" and "a defining musical statement of 2000", while James Oldham of Uncut felt that the album "more than justifies the plaudits heaped upon [the band] by the weekly music press". The Guardian described the album as "one of the year's most uplifting albums", adding that it features "elegant songs, classic guitars and gorgeous singing".

While noting that Parachutes "brings nothing new to the table" and that its "musical reference points are immediately recognizable and difficult to overlook", Billboard stated that the band "seems talented enough to transcend this early identity crisis." Matt Diehl of Rolling Stone opined that the album "ultimately rises above its influences to become a work of real transcendence". In a retrospective write-up, MacKenzie Wilson of AllMusic commented that Parachutes introduced the band as "young musicians still honing their sweet harmonies", adding that the album "deserved the accolades it received because it followed the general rule when introducing decent pop songs: keep the emotion genuine and real."

In a less-enthusiastic review, Pitchfork called the album "harmless and pretty... [but] nothing else". Barry Walters, writing in The Village Voice, similarly writes that "there's little on Parachutes that demands attention or punctures the pensive spell, and, unlike Travis's, Coldplay's hooks are slight." In his Consumer Guide column for The Village Voice, Robert Christgau selected "Yellow" and "Don't Panic" as "choice cuts", indicating good songs on "an album that isn't worth your time or money." Setareh Yousefi of Stylus Magazine felt that "the finer moments of Parachutes are blended with some boring sappy songs", with Martin's "powerful voice" ultimately being "in many ways wasted on songs that are alright but not bewildering."

Commercial performance
The popularity of the songs in British clubs, pubs and sporting events led Parachutes to debut at number-one in the UK Albums Chart with 70,935 copies sold. Its biggest sales period, however, was during the penultimate week of 2000, when the album sold 170,642 copies and surpassed one million total sales. The record is certified 9× Platinum by the British Phonographic Industry for selling over 2,700,000 copies. In July 2011, it climbed from number 184 to number 48 for a 318th charting week. As of January 2018, the album remains Coldplay's third biggest in the country, behind A Rush of Blood to the Head (2.9 million) and X&Y (2.7 million). In 2022 Parachutes was named as the 10th most successful debut album in UK chart history.

In the United States, Parachutes debuted at number 189 on the Billboard 200 five weeks after its release. It later peaked at number 51 and reached number one on the Billboard Heatseekers. Over two million copies have been shipped to the United States, leading to being certified 2× Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America. It was also certified 3× Platinum in Australia by the Australian Recording Industry Association, and 2× Platinum in Canada by the Canadian Recording Industry Association. As of July 2020, Parachutes has sold 31,922 copies on cassette in UK, making it the 33rd best-selling cassette since 2000.

Legacy
With nearly 2.7 million units sold in the United Kingdom, Parachutes is the 22nd best-selling album of the 21st century and 45th of all time in the country. It was also shortlisted for the 2000 Mercury Music Prize and the overall era earned the band many awards, including British Album of the Year at the Brit Awards, Best Album at the Q Awards and Best Alternative Music Album at the Grammy Awards.

British trade paper Music Week, praised it as one of the most-impressive debut albums ever, spawning the hit singles "Shiver", "Trouble" and "Yellow", with the latter getting included in Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's "Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll" list for being one of the most successful and important recordings in music. In 2010, Parachutes was placed in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die. In 2013, NME ranked it at number 272 on their "The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time" list.

While making a 20th anniversary review, Jon O' Brien from the Recording Academy labeled it as Coldplay's most influential album to date, impacting on the work of artists such as The Fray, Snow Patrol and OneRepublic. He also mentioned that Parachutes "ushered in a new wave of mild-mannered guitar bands". Despite the album's success, in a 2006 interview Chris Martin said that the band doesn't like it. He also commented that they look beyond: "We know that's terrible music and we always try to think about what we can do next."

Personnel
Coldplay
 * Chris Martin – lead vocals, acoustic guitar, piano, keyboards
 * Jonny Buckland – electric guitar, piano (track 4), backing vocals (track 1)
 * Guy Berryman – bass guitar
 * Will Champion – drums, percussion, backing vocals

Technical
 * Ken Nelson – production (except track 8), engineering
 * Coldplay – production (except track 8)
 * Chris Allison – production (track 8), engineering (track 8), mixing (track 8)
 * Andrea Wright – engineering assistant
 * Jon Coles – engineering assistant
 * Paul Read – engineering assistant
 * Simon Barnicott – engineering assistant
 * Mark Phythian – computer magic
 * Michael H. Brauer – mixing
 * George Marino – mastering (at Sterling Sound)

Additional personnel
 * Phil Harvey – management
 * Dan Keeling – A&R
 * Coldplay – design, cover photograph
 * Mark Tappin – design assistant (at Blue Source)
 * Tom Sheehan – photography
 * Sarah Lee – photography

title: Parachutes (Coldplay album)


text:
Gare Saint-Lazare

The Gare Saint-Lazare (lit. 'Saint Lazarus station'), officially Paris Saint Lazare, is one of the seven large mainline railway station terminals in Paris, France. It was the first train station built in Paris, opening in 1837. It mostly serves train services to western suburbs, as well as intercity services toward Normandy using the Paris–Le Havre railway. Saint-Lazare is the third busiest station in France, after the Gare du Nord and Gare de Lyon. It handles 290,000 passengers each day. The current station building opened in 1889 and was designed by architect Juste Lisch; the maître d'œuvre (general contractor) was Eugène Flachat.

History
The first station at Saint Lazare was 200 m northwest of its current position, called Embarcadère des Batignolles. The station was opened by Marie-Amélie (wife of Louis-Philippe of France) on 24 August 1837. The first line served was the single track line to Le Pecq. In 1843 St-Lazare was the terminus for three lines; by 1900 this number had tripled. The station had 14 platforms in 1854 after several enlargements, and now has 27 platforms sorted in six destination groups.

On 27 April 1924 the inner suburban lines were electrified with third rail. The same lines were re-electrified at overhead wires in the 1960s.

On 21 March 2012, a new three-level shopping mall with 80 shops opened inside the passenger hall.

Geography
The Gare Saint-Lazare is situated in the 8th arrondissement, in a very dense business and shopping area of Paris.

Gare Saint-Lazare in art and literature

The Gare Saint-Lazare has been represented in a number of artworks. It attracted artists during the Impressionist period and many of them lived very close to the Gare St-Lazare during the 1870s and 1880s.

Édouard Manet lived close by, at 4 rue de Saint-Pétersbourg. Two years after moving to the area he showed his painting The Railway, (also known as Gare Saint-Lazare) at the Paris Salon in 1874. Painted from the backyard of a friend's house on the nearby rue de Rome, this canvas, now in the National Gallery of Art at Washington D.C., portrays a woman with a small dog and a book as she sits facing us in front of an iron fence; a young girl to her left views the railroad track and steam beyond it. At the time of its first exhibition it was caricatured and the subject of ridicule.

Gustave Caillebotte also lived just a short walk away from the station. He painted Le Pont de l’Europe (The Bridge of Europe) in 1876 (now in the Petit Palais, Musée d’Art Moderne in Geneva, Switzerland) and On the Pont de l'Europe in 1876-80 (Kimbell Art Museum, Fort Worth). While the former picture looks across the bridge with the ironworks diagonally crossing the picture to the right, with a scene of partially interacting figures on the bridge to the left, the latter depicts the iron structure of the bridge face-on in a strong close-up of its industrial geometry, with three male figures to the left side of the painting all looking in different directions (the Pont de l'Europe is a massive bridge spanning the railyard of the newly expanded station, which at that time had an iron-work trellis).

In 1877, painter Claude Monet rented a studio near the Gare Saint Lazare. That same year he exhibited seven paintings of the railway station in an impressionist painting exhibition. He completed 12 paintings of this subject. Oscar-Claude Monet's series of the Gare Saint-Lazare train station was one of his most famous series in his lifetime. Monet was one of the most important and influential painters in the Impressionist movement in the 19th century. He was a strong proponent of plein-air landscape painting. Artists such as Gustave Caillebotte, Edgar Degas and Berthe Morisot, do this in order to accurately portray the scene in the moment instead of creating the painting from what they could remember. Monet and others who followed the Impressionism Movement were not accepted in the Salon de Paris, because of their rejection of the academies' teachings of form, style, subject matter etc., so instead they decided to open a new exhibition on their own Impressionist Exhibition in April 1874.

Claude Monet's depiction of this train station is an astonishing composition in which the hard-edged discs of the railroad signals hover above a rapidly scribbled swirl of blue and rose clouds of steam, with scrolled white edges, while the sketchy, angular drawing of the tracks and buildings provides contrast. The flat, opaque circle of the largest signal, placed dead center and thickly painted, is so insistent that it turns the picture into a near-abstraction. The Gare Saint-Lazare piece was shown at the Third Impressionist Exhibition. The Gare Saint-Lazare is very different from Monet's previous paintings of harbors, boats and oceans that viewers had seen before. The Gare Saint-Lazare series of paintings lead the viewers through a tour of the train station in different points of the day. "Monet exemplifies the modern life, in all its chaos and instability", The steam coming from the trains creates a way of dissolving the train and showing the impressionistic style of blending colors and light. Everything dissipates with the steam of the train and turns into a flurry of blended colors. As said by Émile Zola, "Monet is able to turn a normally dirty and gritty place into a peaceful and beautiful scene…You can hear the trains rumbling in, see the smoke billow up under the huge roofs…that is where painting is today…our artists have to find the poetry in train station, the way their fathers found the poetry in forests and rivers". "Monet’s work on the Gare Saint-Lazare is unparalleled in its evocation of steam and the smoke-filled station. In spite of the impressionist style, the work reproduces accurately the topography of the area, even allowing one to deduce the precise point where the artist was standing while painting. This is the first time an artist had showed a single theme through a series of variations"

The Gare Saint-Lazare itself, a monument to the last word in state-of-the-art transportation, the railroad. Le Quartier de l'Europe, where artists like Claude Monet and Gustave Caillebotte spent a lot of time and painted was, in short, a paradigm of modern Paris; the forward-looking young artists who called it home, and who had consciously dedicated themselves to the interpretation of modern life, included in their work recognizable references to their neighborhood as a sign of both their commitment to the present, with all its irregularities and "unaesthetic" components, and their rejection of the past, with its Academy-sanctioned conventions.

Lesser-known artists who depicted the Gare Saint Lazare were Jean Béraud, who painted The Place and Pont de l'Europe in 1876-78 and Norbert Goeneutte (1854–1894), with a studio providing a very good view of the Pont de l'Europe, who painted this scene many times in the late 1880s. One of these is The Pont de l'Europe and Gare Saint-Lazare from circa 1888 (in the Baltimore Museum).

An engraving showing the Place de l'Europe bridge at the time of its opening in 1868 was made by Auguste Lamy.

In 1932, the wasteland behind the station became the subject of one of the most celebrated photographs of all time, Henri Cartier-Bresson's Derrière la gare de Saint-Lazare. In Raymond Queneau's 1947 book Exercises in Style, the Gare Saint-Lazare serves as the backdrop to much of the story's action. In 1998 the Musée d'Orsay and the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C., put on an exhibition called "Manet, Monet, and the Gare Saint-Lazare".

The Gare Saint-Lazare is mentioned or plays a role in Émile Zola's La Bête humaine and Roland Sadaune's Terminus St-Lazare.

The Gare Saint-Lazare is seen in the 1995 film French Kiss with Kevin Kline and Meg Ryan. It is the last scene in Paris where Kevin Kline's character is being chased by Police Inspector Jean-Paul Cardon (Jean Reno) while trying to board a train south to Cannes (which is an inaccuracy since the Gare Saint-Lazare serves the North-West of France; trains for Cannes depart from the Gare de Lyon).

Services
The Gare Saint-Lazare is served by regional TER Normandie trains toward Normandy, as well as regional Transilien trains to the western suburbs of Paris.

1,600 trains serve Gare Saint-Lazare every day.

TER Normandie
The following regional train services operate out of Saint-Lazare:

 * Paris – Vernon – Rouen – Le Havre
 * Paris – Évreux – Lisieux – Caen – Cherbourg
 * Paris – Évreux – Lisieux – Trouville-Deauville

Suburban (Transilien)
The following Transilien lines depart from Saint-Lazare:
 * J
 * Saint-Lazare – Conflans – Gisors
 * Saint-Lazare – Ermont-Eaubonne
 * Saint-Lazare – Conflans – Mantes-la-Jolie
 * Saint-Lazare – Poissy – Mantes-la-Jolie – Vernon
 * L
 * Saint-Lazare – Cergy-le-Haut
 * Saint-Lazare – Saint-Nom-la-Bretèche
 * Saint-Lazare – Versailles-Rive-Droite

title: Gare Saint-Lazare


text:
The Adventure of the Greek Interpreter

"The Adventure of the Greek Interpreter", one of the 56 Sherlock Holmes short stories written by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, is one of 12 stories in the cycle collected as The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes. The story was originally published in The Strand Magazine (UK) and Harper's Weekly (US) in September 1893. This story introduces Holmes's elder brother Mycroft. Doyle ranked "The Greek Interpreter" seventeenth in a list of his nineteen favourite Sherlock Holmes stories.

Plot
One summer evening, while engaged in an aimless conversation that has come round to the topic of hereditary attributes, Doctor Watson learns that Sherlock Holmes, far from being a one-off in his powers of observation and deductive reasoning, in fact has an elder brother whose skills Holmes claims outstrip even his own. As a consequence of this, Watson becomes acquainted with the Diogenes Club and his friend's brother, Mycroft. Mycroft, as Watson learns, does not have the energy of his younger brother and as a consequence is uninterested in using his great skills for detective work:

In spite of his inertia, the elder Holmes has often delivered the correct answer to a problem that Sherlock has brought to him. On this occasion, however, it is Mycroft who has need to consult Sherlock. Mr. Melas, a Greek interpreter and neighbour of Mycroft, tells of a rather unnerving experience he has recently gone through.

Melas was called upon one evening by a man named Harold Latimer to go to a house, supposedly in Kensington, to translate on a business matter. On the way there in Latimer's coach, Melas noticed that the windows were papered over so that he could not see where he was. Latimer also produced a bludgeon, laying it beside him as an implied threat. Melas protested, saying that what Latimer was doing was unlawful. The kidnapper replied that he would make it up to Melas, but threatened him with unspecified retribution should the evening's business ever be made public.

For approximately two hours they drove, at last arriving at a house. It was dark, and Melas got only a general impression of a large property as he was hustled out of the coach and into the house. The house itself was poorly lit, but Melas made out that it was quite big. In the room into which he was led by Latimer and another, nervous, giggling gentleman—whose name is later discovered to be Wilson Kemp—Melas noticed a deep-pile carpet, a high marble mantel, and a suit of Japanese armour.

Another man was brought into the room. He was thin and emaciated and had sticking plaster all over his face, and a bandage sealing his mouth. Melas was sly enough to observe that his kidnappers were utterly ignorant of Greek, and used this to find out some information. While Latimer and his companion have Melas translate demands that the man sign some papers, Melas added his own short questions to the dialogue. The man not only answered Latimer that he would never sign these papers, but he also answered Melas that his name was Kratides, that he had been in London for three weeks, that he had no idea what house he was in, and that his captors at the house were starving him. He wrote all his answers, unable as he was to speak through the sticking plaster.

Much could be inferred from Kratides's answers to Latimer, too. Evidently, Latimer was trying to coerce Kratides into signing over property to him, and a woman was also involved. Latimer had warned Kratides that his obstinacy would do her no good. Melas would have extracted the whole story from the stranger had the woman herself not burst in unexpectedly, but even that event furnished new information. She recognised Kratides as "Paul", whereupon he managed to get the bandage off his mouth and he called her "Sophy". They both behaved as though neither had expected to see the other.

Melas was ushered back into the coach for another interminable ride and was deposited far from his home on Wandsworth Common. He made it to Clapham Junction just in time for the last train to Victoria. He had presented his story at the Diogenes Club to Mycroft, who asks his brother Sherlock to look into it.

An advertisement has been placed begging the public for information. It yields a result. A Mr. Davenport knows the woman in question, and she is currently residing at The Myrtles, a house in Beckenham. Sherlock Holmes and his brother Mycroft, who received the message from Davenport, decide that they must go to Beckenham to see about this. Watson comes, too, and they decide to pick up Inspector Gregson, and Melas as well in case some translating needs to be done. They find, however, that he has already been picked up, by a nervous, giggling man brandishing a bludgeon. Holmes knows that this means the thugs know that Melas has betrayed them.

After the necessary legal procedures for securing a search warrant have been completed, the group proceeds to Beckenham only to discover that the house has been abandoned. Tracks indicate that a fully loaded coach has recently pulled out of the drive. Breaking in, they discover Melas and Kratides bound in a closed room where some charcoal has been lit to gas the two of them: Melas recovers thanks to Watson's timely intervention, but Kratides is already dead.

Apparently, Kratides never signed any papers. It turns out that Sophy's friends contacted Kratides, who was Sophy's brother, in Greece to tell of what they thought was a bad situation for her with Latimer. He then came to England and wound up in Latimer's power. Latimer tried to force Kratides to sign over his sister's property, but he refused absolutely.

All that is ever again heard of the thugs Latimer and Kemp is a news story from Hungary describing the deaths of "two Englishmen who had been travelling with a woman". The official report attributes their deaths to a fight between the two of them; however, Watson notes in closing that Holmes believes Sophy to have avenged the abuse of Kratides and herself by stabbing both Latimer and Kemp.

Publication history
"The Adventure of the Greek Interpreter" was first published in the UK in The Strand Magazine in September 1893, and in the US in Harper's Weekly (under the title "The Greek Interpreter" ) on 16 September 1893. It was also published in the US edition of The Strand Magazine in October 1893. The story was published with eight illustrations by Sidney Paget in the Strand, and with two illustrations by W. H. Hyde in Harper's Weekly. It was included in The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes, which was published in December 1893 in the UK and February 1894 in the US.

Film and television
The story was adapted as a 1922 silent short film as part of the Stoll film series. It starred Eille Norwood as Holmes and Hubert Willis as Watson, and featured J. R. Tozer as Harold Latimer and Robert Vallis as Wilson Kemp.

The story was adapted for Sherlock Holmes (1954 TV series), starring Ronald Howard as Holmes and Howard Marion Crawford as Watson. However, a number of changes were made. For one, Mycroft Holmes does not appear in this episode. For another, the episode is renamed "The Adventure of the French Interpreter", and thus Melas and Kratides are made Frenchmen instead of Greek. The French version of Kratides is also eventually made to sign the papers, rather than refusing, and he survives the story, pushing Kemp down a staircase and killing him, while Latimer is taken under arrest. The fate of Latimer's former fiancée is left up to the viewer's imagination.

The story was adapted for the 1968 BBC series with Peter Cushing. The episode is now lost.

The third episode of The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson is based upon "The Adventure of Charles Augustus Milverton", but the beginning has a meeting between the heroes and Mycroft, with the scene being adapted from the story. The billiard-maker they analyze through the window turns out, unknown to them, to be Milverton's informer and Moriarty's henchman.

The story was adapted for television in 1985 as part of The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes series, starring Jeremy Brett as Holmes, David Burke as Dr. Watson and Charles Gray as Mycroft Holmes. The episode is largely faithful to the original short story, but certain changes are made; in particular, Kratides is eventually compelled to sign the paper and the ending is amended to have Holmes, Watson and Mycroft confront the villains on board a train as they attempt to escape to Greece, during which Latimer is killed as he attempts to escape and both Kemp and Sophia are taken into custody.

"Art in the blood, Watson. It is liable to take the strangest forms." Sherlock Holmes clarifies to Dr. Joan Watson in the first episode of the second season of the CBS TV series Elementary, which refers to the assertion in the story, that "Art in the blood is liable to take the strangest forms." "Art in the blood", twenty third episode of the second season of Elementary, which is named after an allusion from this story, updates many elements of the original story to the contemporary era. In the 24th episode, Sherlock describes Mycroft as a man who "has no ambition and no energy" and "would rather be considered wrong than take the trouble to prove himself right", which is directly quoted from the story.

In the 2012 Sherlock episode "A Scandal in Belgravia", Watson is seen writing a story in his blog titled "The Geek Interpreter". In the 2014 episode "The Empty Hearse", Sherlock and his brother Mycroft have a casual competition over analyzing a certain knitted hat, a reference to the discussion in this short story on analyzing a man they see on the street through the window of the Diogenes Club. In the 2015 special, The Abominable Bride, a Mr Melas is also referenced as waiting to see Mycroft after he has discussed a case with his brother and Dr. Watson.

In the seventh episode of the NHK puppetry television series Sherlock Holmes, Sherman, a female pupil of Beeton School who can communicate with animals is kidnapped. She is made to interpret dog's language to find a bone of Neanderthal stolen from a laboratory and taken away by a dog but no clue is found. Holmes decides to solve the case with the help of his elder brother Mycroft and visits him in the Diogenes Club in Dealer house where he lives. Though Holmes is estranged from Mycroft, the brothers and Watson discover the bone and find out that it's Wilson Kemp, a pupil who lives in Dealer house stole it but Mycroft tries to hush up the truth.

Radio
A radio adaptation of "The Greek Interpreter", dramatised by Edith Meiser, aired on 26 January 1931 in the American radio series The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes, starring Richard Gordon as Sherlock Holmes and Leigh Lovell as Dr. Watson.

Edith Meiser also adapted the story as an episode of the American radio series The New Adventures of Sherlock Holmes, with Basil Rathbone as Holmes and Nigel Bruce as Watson, that aired on 15 January 1940. Another episode in the same series that was adapted from the story aired in July 1943.

Michael Hardwick adapted the story as a radio adaptation which aired on the BBC Light Programme in April 1960, as part of the 1952–1969 radio series starring Carleton Hobbs as Holmes and Norman Shelley as Watson, with Jeffrey Segal as Melas and Michael Turner as Inspector Gregson.

"The Greek Interpreter" was dramatised for BBC Radio 4 in 1992 by Gerry Jones as part of the 1989–1998 radio series starring Clive Merrison as Holmes and Michael Williams as Watson. It featured Peter Polycarpou as Melas and Gordon Reid as the Laughing Man.

The story was adapted as a 2010 episode of The Classic Adventures of Sherlock Holmes, a series on the American radio show Imagination Theatre, starring John Patrick Lowrie as Holmes and Lawrence Albert as Watson.

title: The Adventure of the Greek Interpreter


text:
Wikipedia talk:Selected anniversaries/March 4

This is terrible. 5 events, 4 of them are USA-centric!!! -- Kaihsu 09:01, 2004 Mar 4 (UTC)
 * Please feel free to search March 4 for items that have reasonably full articles and the possibility of pictures, and update at will. We try very hard to be non-Amerocentric, but sometimes the material Wikipedia makes available means that's impossible. Your assistance on the selected anniversaries project would be appreciated. jengod 09:07, Mar 4, 2004 (UTC)

 * I've already done that. Somebody needs to add non-US qualifying items to that page. --mav
 * No, Mav, honey, I know you have. I'm saying just that. If the pages aren't updated with non-American stuff, we don't have non-American stuff to update with period. It's not part of our gigantic bias for the U.S. :) jengod 19:13, Mar 4, 2004 (UTC)

 * How about the election in Zimbabwe Rhodesia, making Robert Mugabe the first PM of the soon-to-come-into-existense Republic of Zimbabwe ? I'll put that in later...-- PFHLai 21:37, 2005 Feb 27 (UTC) --(Correction) PFHLai 14:14, 2005 Feb 28 (UTC)

moved from Talk:Main Page
Forget some urban legend about the US Presidency. This should really be on the main page:

 * 1789 - In New York City, the first United States Congress meets, putting the Constitution of the United States into effect.

Thanks, Mdiamante (talk) 12:12, 4 March 2008 (UTC)

 * The switch from Congress of the Confederation to United States Congress appears to be a boring paperwork procedure to me. For United States Constitution, I'd rather save this for Constitution Day (United States) on September 17. That's the day people remember these days. --PFHLai (talk) 17:28, 4 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Re-iterating what I wrote last year.
 * 1681 – King Charles II of England granted Quaker William Penn a charter for the Pennsylvania Colony.
 * Is all well and good, but this is more important. And it's much more than "paperwork procedure", it's the difference between a failed government and one that turns 220 today. Without the new government, there'd be no Constitution, no President Washington, etc. The mind boggles.
 * So, please consider including. Best, Mdiamante (talk) 04:53, 4 March 2009 (UTC).

 * As stated on WP:OTD, "Ideally, any particular selected article should only be listed (be an emboldened entry) once in this queue". The United States Constitution article is already an emboldened entry on Selected anniversaries/September 17 because, as PFHLai stated, it coincides with Constitution Day (United States). Therefore do you know any alternative article to bold for that 1789 event? Also, as implied on the first question of the FAQ post above this talk page, we do not automatically fulfill requests to switch entries just because a user says that an event is "more important and significant" than all the others that are currently listed. Cheers. Zzyzx11 (Talk) 05:22, 4 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Probably we can bold United States Congress and/or Congress of the Confederation. I can probably list it in the hidden, backup list for now so it is available, especially when we need to "unhide one to balance the text of the Main Page". Cheers. Zzyzx11 (Talk) 05:33, 4 March 2009 (UTC)

 * Maybe I've been trumpeting the wrong emphasis. How's this:
 * 1789- The First United States Congress opens in New York City, marking the start of the current government under the Constitution.
 * ? This gets the important event across without doubling the Constitution event. Cheers, Mdiamante (talk) 18:52, 4 March 2009 (UTC)

2012 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 00:50, 4 March 2012 (UTC)
 * Moved to Ineligible: History of Chicago (Chicago is POTD this year), David Rice Atchison (maintenance), Omar al-Bashir (maintenance)
 * Omitted: Adrian and Natalia of Nicomedia, Mahina Cyclone of 1899, 1918 flu pandemic, Robert Mugabe
 * Included: Orion Nebula (4th appearance, last in 2010), Swan Lake (3rd appearance, last in 2006), USS Cyclops (AC-4) (first appearance), Iran–Contra affair (first appearance)
 * Repeats: Jogaila (2nd consecutive appearance, 2 total)

2013 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 20:06, 3 March 2013 (UTC) The Frances Perkins item should read "1933 – Frances Perkins (pictured) was appointed United States Secretary of Labor, making her the first female member of the Cabinet. Today is also the 100th anniversary of the Department's founding."
 * Rescued from Ineligible (unused): Forth Bridge; Omar al-Bashir
 * New articles (unused): Battle of Longwoods
 * Omitted: Jogaila; Orion Nebula; Swan Lake; USS Cyclops (AC-4); Iran–Contra affair
 * Included: Saint Casimir (6th appearance, last in 2010; rescued from Ineligible); History of the United States Congress (first appearance); Cyclone Mahina (2nd appearance, last in 2011); Frances Perkins (first appearance; 80th anniversary); Robert Mugabe (6th appearance, last in 2011); Death of Charlotte Shaw (first appearance)

--evrik (talk) 19:09, 4 March 2013 (UTC)
 * Sorry, that doesn't work. Although we frequently have blurbs with multiple articles in bold, those are for when those articles are both related to the event in question (or in at least one case there were two battles in the same war on the same day). In this case, you actually want to put two different events for two different things that happened in two different years (Perkins' appointment in 1933, plus department's founding in 1913). There's no way to squeeze those two together without it being awkward. Furthermore, the United States Department of Labor article is tagged for expansion, so it's not eligible to be a bold article anyway. — howcheng  {chat} 21:52, 4 March 2013 (UTC)

 * Thanks! --evrik (talk) 15:43, 5 March 2013 (UTC)

2014 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 07:04, 3 March 2014 (UTC)
 * Deleted: Microphone (date not in article, and blurb is also factually incorrect); Saxbe fix (too obscure)
 * Moved to Ineligible: Swan Lake (maintenance)
 * Rescued from Ineligible (unused): Chicago (blurb previously featured History of Chicago, which is currently ineligible); David Rice Atchison
 * Omitted: History of the United States Congress; Cyclone Mahina; Frances Perkins; Robert Mugabe; Death of Charlotte Shaw
 * Included: Władysław II Jagiełło (3rd appearance, last in 2012); Battle of Longwoods (first appearance; 200th anniversary); Forth Bridge (2nd appearance, last in 2009); Louis Buchalter (2nd appearance, last in 2004; rescued from Ineligible; 70th anniversary); Omar al-Bashir (2nd appearance, last in 2010)

2015 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 08:31, 2 March 2015 (UTC)
 * Omitted: Władysław II Jagiełło; Battle of Longwoods; Forth Bridge; Louis Buchalter; Omar al-Bashir
 * Included: Adrian and Natalia of Nicomedia (2nd appearance, last in 2011); William Penn (4th appearance, last in 2007); Cyclone Mahina (3rd appearance, last in 2013); 1918 flu pandemic (2nd appearance, last in 2011); Robert Mugabe (7th appearance, last in 2013)

2016 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 07:47, 2 March 2016 (UTC)
 * Deleted: David Rice Atchison (blurb fact is not really true)
 * Omitted: William Penn; Cyclone Mahina; 1918 flu pandemic; Robert Mugabe
 * Included: Edward IV of England (7th appearance, last in 2010; rescued from Ineligible); Orion Nebula (5th appearance, last in 2012); Operation Claymore (first appearance; 75th anniversary); Omar al-Bashir (3rd appearance, last in 2014)
 * Repeats: Adrian and Natalia of Nicomedia (2nd consecutive appearance, 3 total)

Inclusion of bios in birth/death section
TRM and I seem to differ on the criteria for including biographies in the birth/death slot. I think it's anyone who has a WP article and hence added Bobbi Brown, however TRM has removed this twice on the grounds that she hasn't achieved anything, isn't encyclopedic and doesn't do anything for women. Can we have a discussion about this as this sets a precedent for other biographies to be excluded on similar grounds. Or do the guidelines need to be adapted to include TRM's criteria, in which case every nomination is going to be up for subjective discussion. Why can't we include all 3 biographies nominated for this day? MurielMary (talk)

2017 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 06:56, 5 March 2017 (UTC)
 * Moved to Ineligible: History of the United States Congress (maintenance)
 * Rescued from Ineligible (unused): Castle Hill convict rebellion
 * Omitted: Adrian and Natalia of Nicomedia; Edward IV of England (ineligible—maintenance); Orion Nebula; Operation Claymore; Omar al-Bashir
 * Included: Władysław II Jagiełło (4th appearance, last in 2014); Forth Bridge (3rd appearance, last in 2014); 1918 flu pandemic (3rd appearance, last in 2015); Iran–Contra affair (2nd appearance, last in 2012; 30th anniversary); Death of Charlotte Shaw (2nd appearance, last in 2013; 10th anniversary); Miriam Makeba (first appearance); Bobbi Kristina Brown (first appearance); Saladin (3rd appearance, last in 2014; shouldn't have been included as article already appears on March 26)

2018 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 01:42, 5 March 2018 (UTC)
 * Moved to Ineligible: Chicago (maintenance)
 * New articles (unused): John Flamsteed
 * Rescued from Ineligible (unused): Royal National Lifeboat Institution
 * Omitted: Saint Casimir (ineligible—maintenance); Władysław II Jagiełło; Forth Bridge; Iran–Contra affair; Death of Charlotte Shaw; Saladin (deleted; normally appears on March 26); Miriam Makeba; Bobbi Kristina Brown
 * Included: Adrian and Natalia of Nicomedia (4th appearance, last in 2016); Castle Hill convict rebellion (first appearance; rescued from Ineligible); Self-elimination of the Austrian Parliament (first appearance); Brazzaville arms dump blasts (first appearance); Hindal Mirza (first appearance); Mariano Moreno (first appearance); Harold Barrowclough (first appearance)
 * Repeats: 1918 flu pandemic (2nd consecutive appearance, 5 total; 100th anniversary)

2019 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 17:30, 4 March 2019 (UTC)
 * Rescued from Ineligible (unused): Chicago
 * Omitted: Adrian and Natalia of Nicomedia; Castle Hill convict rebellion; 1918 flu pandemic; Self-elimination of the Austrian Parliament; Brazzaville arms dump blasts; Mariano Moreno; Harold Barrowclough
 * Included: Trpimir I of Croatia (first appearance); Orion Nebula (6th appearance, last in 2016; 250th anniversary); Cyclone Mahina (4th appearance, last in 2015); Louis Buchalter (3rd appearance, last in 2014); Omar al-Bashir (4th appearance, last in 2016); Edwards Pierrepont (first appearance); Izaak Kolthoff (first appearance)
 * Repeats: Hindal Mirza (2nd consecutive appearance, 2 total; 500th birthday)

2020 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 16:41, 5 March 2020 (UTC)
 * Deleted: Robert Mugabe (moved to April 18)
 * Omitted: Trpimir I of Croatia; Orion Nebula (deleted—not a good date for this); Cyclone Mahina; Lepke Buchalter; Omar al-Bashir; Hindal Mirza; Edwards Pierrepont; Izaak Kolthoff
 * Included: Saint Casimir (rescued from Ineligible); Edward IV of England (8th appearance, last in 2016; rescued from Ineligible); Forth Bridge (4th appearance, last in 2017); More popular than Jesus (first appearance); Hank Gathers (first appearance); Hans von Aachen (first appearance); Paul Lacôme (first appearance); Gary Gygax (first appearance)

2021 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 18:37, 6 March 2021 (UTC)
 * New articles (ineligible): Rosalind Pitt-Rivers (POTD for 2021-02-16)
 * New articles (unused): Ernest Titterton
 * Omitted: Edward IV of England; Forth Bridge; More popular than Jesus; Hank Gathers; Hans von Aachen; Paul Lacôme; Gary Gygax
 * Included: Władysław II Jagiełło (5th appearance, last in 2017); Fortification of Dorchester Heights (first appearance); Spanish flu (5th appearance, last in 2018); Operation Claymore (2nd appearance, last in 2016; 80th anniversary); Omar al-Bashir (5th appearance, last in 2019); Stephen III of Hungary (first appearance); Robert Emden (first appearance); Jane Fawcett (first appearance; 100th birthday)

2022 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 19:45, 5 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Rescued from Ineligible (unused): Rosalind Pitt-Rivers
 * Omitted: Władysław II Jagiełło; Fortification of Dorchester Heights; Spanish flu; Operation Claymore; Omar al-Bashir; Robert Emden; Jane Fawcett
 * Included: John Flamsteed (first appearance); Castle Hill convict rebellion (2nd appearance, last in 2018); Chicago (first appearance); The Holocaust in Bulgarian-occupied Greece (first appearance); Brazzaville arms dump blasts (2nd appearance, last in 2018; 10th anniversary); Miriam Makeba (3rd appearance, last in 2021; also appeared on November 9, her death anniversary; 90th birthday); Harold Barrowclough (2nd appearance, last in 2018; 50th anniversary)
 * Repeats: Stephen III of Hungary (2nd consecutive appearance, 2 total; 850th anniversary)


text:
Talk:Bernhard Horwitz

old talk
My source for changes is the Oxford Companion to Chess, 2d ed. 1992. It lists Horwitz's date of birth as 1808.

Horwitz was German in nationality, so I changed the statement that he was a leading English player, as that was misleading, he wasn't English. The article makes it clear that he played in England. Horwitz was not all that strong, and even if he beaten Staunton, nobody would have called him World Champion. ChessPlayer 09:02, 4 Mar 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bernhard Horwitz