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Talk:List of amphibious assault operations

Incomplete list
Dave-

There is certainly no harm is this page. As The Great Helmsman said 'Let a Thousand Flowers Bloom,'

On the other hand, it is simply a subset of the Military Operations list. Do we need this one too?

At the least, this page should be linked to the other one. Is there an article on Alligator Warfare? Could you provide one as a header to this list? Are all these operations listed on the Military Operation list.

I have an entry for all these operations on my Mac and will add them to the Vast Database as the Muse strikes me.

 * Should Axis and Allied assults be listed cronologically or should there be seperate lists under the Theatres? --Philip Baird Shearer 11:20, 18 December 2005 (UTC)

World War I
Would Gallipoli qualify as a WWI amphibious assault operation? I seem to recall there was also an amphibious landing planned in support of Third Battle of Ypres -- involved landing tanks on barges somewhere beyond Nieuport. I think they got as far as practicing to climb sea-walls in the tanks. I don't know if it had a codename. Geoff 07:01, 4 Mar 2004 (UTC)

No, it did not have a codename. Trust me, I know. This page would make me get off my dead butt and make entries for all the names mentioned. Of course that would involve me snapping out of my lethargy. PaulinSaudi 11:49, 16 Sep 2004 (UTC)]]

Amphibious assault operations
What is an "Amphibious assault"? A definitionis needed.

 * Is it the crossing of a sea or the crossing of a river. If the latter how big does the river have to be?
 * Does an unopposed landing count as an assault?
 * etc --Philip Baird Shearer 11:20, 18 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Philip,
 * As with many Wikipedia articles, this one is nonsense.
 * 'Amphibious warfare' seems to have been coined in the late 19th century without regard for Biology, which at the time I think classified Amphibian species to include the order Crocodilia. Careful reading of Churchill's The Great Amphibian would suggest that the military officers intended the warfare to be modelled on an apex predator rather than frogs and salamanders.

 * Having said this, 'amphibious' demands a capability to self-propel in water and on land. As such, any landings carried out before the invention of the Landing Vehicle Trackeds were naval landings, and not 'amphibious assaults'. Given the very different doctrinal underpinnings, this type of mission/operation would require a separate list.

 * It seems to me that crossing major rivers as part of military operations during the Second World War qualifies for an 'amphibious assault' because the doctrinal methods were not much different, e.g. Volga, Oder & Rhine.

 * Naval landings were desireably unopposed. 'Amphibious assaults' during the Second World war, and since, are expected to be opposed.
 * Even when not opposed, by the virtue of planinng and execution they follow methodology largely similar to the opposed assaults, so it seems to me still qualify for an 'assualt', requiring same resources and training.

 * It would be good to expand existing list and creeate the List of naval landings which would include invasion of Egypt by the Hyksos, Trojan War, Battle of Marathon, expansion of the Greeks on Asia Minor, Carthage expansion and that of the Roman Empire, Scandinavian viking raids and the Normans, European colonialism and imperialism, and of course the similar processes in India and Asia.KlevaAstro (talk) 01:46, 8 August 2017 (UTC)

WikiPedia Templates
The only Wikipedia template for a nation is for Australia. Should there be templates for the national forces participating, or for the landing places, both, or none? Beyond that, the list itself is not in a table, and does not show the forces or landing places or even, in most cases, the date, just the war, and the names of the battles or landing places. I do not object to this list, but I am doubtful about its utility in its present form.

Any editor who decides to remove the Australia template, rather than add the long series of nations that might be added, please feel free to do so. --DThomsen8 (talk) 01:05, 14 May 2012 (UTC)


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Diophantine geometry

In mathematics, Diophantine geometry is the study of Diophantine equations by means of powerful methods in algebraic geometry. By the 20th century it became clear for some mathematicians that methods of algebraic geometry are ideal tools to study these equations. Diophantine geometry is part of the broader field of arithmetic geometry.

Four theorems in Diophantine geometry that are of fundamental importance include:

 * Mordell–Weil theorem
 * Roth's theorem
 * Siegel's theorem
 * Faltings's theorem

Background
Serge Lang published a book Diophantine Geometry in the area in 1962, and by this book he coined the term "Diophantine geometry". The traditional arrangement of material on Diophantine equations was by degree and number of variables, as in Mordell's Diophantine Equations (1969). Mordell's book starts with a remark on homogeneous equations f = 0 over the rational field, attributed to C. F. Gauss, that non-zero solutions in integers (even primitive lattice points) exist if non-zero rational solutions do, and notes a caveat of L. E. Dickson, which is about parametric solutions. The Hilbert–Hurwitz result from 1890 reducing the Diophantine geometry of curves of genus 0 to degrees 1 and 2 (conic sections) occurs in Chapter 17, as does Mordell's conjecture. Siegel's theorem on integral points occurs in Chapter 28. Mordell's theorem on the finite generation of the group of rational points on an elliptic curve is in Chapter 16, and integer points on the Mordell curve in Chapter 26.

In a hostile review of Lang's book, Mordell wrote:

"In recent times, powerful new geometric ideas and methods have been developed by means of which important new arithmetical theorems and related results have been found and proved and some of these are not easily proved otherwise. Further, there has been a tendency to clothe the old results, their extensions, and proofs in the new geometrical language. Sometimes, however, the full implications of results are best described in a geometrical setting. Lang has these aspects very much in mind in this book, and seems to miss no opportunity for geometric presentation. This accounts for his title 'Diophantine Geometry.'"

He notes that the content of the book is largely versions of the Mordell–Weil theorem, Thue–Siegel–Roth theorem, Siegel's theorem, with a treatment of Hilbert's irreducibility theorem and applications (in the style of Siegel). Leaving aside issues of generality, and a completely different style, the major mathematical difference between the two books is that Lang used abelian varieties and offered a proof of Siegel's theorem, while Mordell noted that the proof "is of a very advanced character" (p. 263).

Despite a bad press initially, Lang's conception has been sufficiently widely accepted for a 2006 tribute to call the book "visionary". A larger field sometimes called arithmetic of abelian varieties now includes Diophantine geometry along with class field theory, complex multiplication, local zeta-functions and L-functions. Paul Vojta wrote:

 * While others at the time shared this viewpoint (e.g., Weil, Tate, Serre), it is easy to forget that others did not, as Mordell's review of Diophantine Geometry attests.

Approaches
A single equation defines a hypersurface, and simultaneous Diophantine equations give rise to a general algebraic variety V over K; the typical question is about the nature of the set V(K) of points on V with co-ordinates in K, and by means of height functions, quantitative questions about the "size" of these solutions may be posed, as well as the qualitative issues of whether any points exist, and if so whether there are an infinite number. Given the geometric approach, the consideration of homogeneous equations and homogeneous co-ordinates is fundamental, for the same reasons that projective geometry is the dominant approach in algebraic geometry. Rational number solutions therefore are the primary consideration; but integral solutions (i.e. lattice points) can be treated in the same way as an affine variety may be considered inside a projective variety that has extra points at infinity.

The general approach of Diophantine geometry is illustrated by Faltings's theorem (a conjecture of L. J. Mordell) stating that an algebraic curve C of genus g > 1 over the rational numbers has only finitely many rational points. The first result of this kind may have been the theorem of Hilbert and Hurwitz dealing with the case g = 0. The theory consists both of theorems and many conjectures and open questions.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Diophantine geometry


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Michael Steele

Michael Stephen Steele (born October 19, 1958) is an American politician, attorney, and political commentator who served as the seventh lieutenant governor of Maryland from 2003 to 2007 and as chair of the Republican National Committee (RNC) from 2009 until 2011; he was the first African-American to hold either office.

In the 1990s, Steele worked as a partner at the international law firm of LeBoeuf, Lamb, Greene & MacRae and co-founded the Republican Leadership Council, a "fiscally conservative and socially inclusive" political action committee. Steele also made numerous appearances as a political pundit on Fox News and other media outlets prior to running for public office. As lieutenant governor, Steele chaired the Minority Business Enterprise task force, actively promoting an expansion of affirmative action in the corporate world. He made an unsuccessful run in the 2006 U.S. Senate election in Maryland, losing to Democrat Ben Cardin. From 2007 to 2009, Steele was chairman of GOPAC, a 527 organization that trains and supports Republican candidates in state and local elections. After serving one term as RNC Chair from 2009 to 2011, he lost his bid for a second term and was succeeded by Reince Priebus. Since 2011, Steele has contributed as a regular columnist for online magazine The Root and as a political analyst for MSNBC. In 2018, he became a Senior Fellow at Brown University's Watson Institute for International and Public Affairs.

In 2020, he formally endorsed Joe Biden for the presidency, after previously starring in an advertisement aired by The Lincoln Project.

Early life and education
Steele was born on October 19, 1958, at Andrews Air Force Base in Prince George's County, Maryland, and was adopted as an infant by William and Maebell Steele. His father died in 1962. His mother, who had been born into a sharecropping family in South Carolina, worked for minimum wage as a laundress to raise her children. After Steele's father died, she ignored her friends' appeals to apply for public assistance, later telling Steele, "I didn't want the government raising my children." She later married John Turner, a truck driver. Michael and his sister, Monica Turner, were raised in the Petworth neighborhood of Northwest, Washington, D.C., which Steele has described as a small, stable and racially integrated community that insulated him from some of the problems elsewhere in the city. Steele's sister later married and divorced former heavyweight boxing champion Mike Tyson.

Steele attended Archbishop Carroll High School in Washington, D.C., participating in the glee club, the National Honor Society and many of the school's drama productions. During his senior year, he was elected student council president.

In 1981, Steele received a BA degree in international studies from the Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore City, Maryland.

After graduating from Hopkins, Steele worked for one year as a high school teacher at Malvern Preparatory School in Pennsylvania, teaching classes in world history and economics. He spent three years preparing for the Catholic priesthood at the Augustinian Friars Seminary at Villanova University, which he left prior to ordination to enter civil service.

Steele subsequently attended Georgetown Law School where he graduated with a JD degree in 1991. He failed the Maryland bar exam, but passed the Pennsylvania exam.

From 1991 to 1997, Steele worked in Washington, D.C., as a corporate securities associate for the Cleary, Gottlieb, Steen & Hamilton international law firm, where he specialized in financial investments for Wall Street underwriters. He left the firm to found the Steele Group, a business and legal consulting firm.

Political development
After joining the Republican Party, he became chairman of the Prince George's County Republican Central Committee. He was a founding member of the centrist, fiscally conservative and socially inclusive Republican Leadership Council in 1993 but left in 2008, citing disagreements over endorsing primary candidates. In 1995, the Maryland Republican Party selected him as their Republican Man of the Year. He worked on several political campaigns, was an alternate delegate to the 1996 Republican National Convention and a delegate to the 2000 Republican National Convention. Steele's Maryland biography identifies him as a member of the Tau Epsilon Phi fraternity.

In December 2000, he was elected chairman of the Maryland Republican Party, becoming the first African-American ever to be elected chairman of any state Republican Party.

Lieutenant Governor of Maryland
In 2002, Robert Ehrlich, who was running for Maryland governor, selected Steele as his running mate for lieutenant governor. The campaign was waged against Democrat Kathleen Kennedy Townsend, who was running for governor, and Charles R. Larson who was running for lieutenant governor.

In the September primary election, Ehrlich and Steele had no serious opposition. In the November 2002 general election, the Republican Ehrlich-Steele ticket won, 51 percent to 48 percent, even though Maryland traditionally votes Democratic and had not elected a Republican Governor in almost 40 years. The Townsend-Larson campaign had been tainted by outgoing Democratic governor Parris Glendening's marital problems and backlash due to his strict enforcement of environmental regulations.

Steele's most prominent efforts for the Ehrlich administration were reforming the state's Minority Business Enterprise program and chairing the Governor's Commission on Quality Education in Maryland. Steele garnered criticism for his failure to oppose Ehrlich's reinstitution of the death penalty, despite claims of racial inequities in the use of the death penalty, Steele's own religious beliefs and his prior anti-death penalty pronouncements.

In 2005, Steele was named an Aspen Institute Rodel Fellow in Public Leadership and was awarded the Bethune-DuBois Institute Award for his continuing efforts to improve the quality education in Maryland.

At the 2004 Republican National Convention, Steele gave the Republican counterpoint to Barack Obama's 2004 Democratic National Convention keynote address; it was Steele's first major national exposure. In April 2005, President Bush chose him to be a member of the U.S. delegation at the investiture of Pope Benedict XVI in Vatican City.

2006 campaign for U.S. Senate
When Paul Sarbanes, Maryland's longest-serving United States Senator, announced in March 2005 that he would not be a candidate for re-election in 2006, top state and national Republican officials began pressing Steele to become their party's nominee for the seat. In April 2005, The Baltimore Sun announced the results of a poll it conducted, stating that Steele would run statistically neck and neck against either former NAACP head Kweisi Mfume, or Rep. Benjamin L. Cardin of Baltimore County. Steele formally announced his candidacy for the U.S. Senate on October 25, 2005.

Steele won the Republican nomination after facing little opposition in the primary. His opponents were Democrat Ben Cardin and Independent Kevin Zeese (who was endorsed by the Green and Libertarian parties). The three candidates participated in three debates. Cardin primarily attacked Steele over his close relations with President Bush. Steele focused on low taxes, less government spending, free markets and national security.

Steele lost the general election to Cardin on November 7, 2006, 44 percent to Cardin's 55 percent. Steele's former campaign finance chairman later alleged improprieties in Steele's handling of campaign funds, which Steele denied.

After the senate race
One day after Steele conceded defeat in the senate election, Chris Cillizza of The Washington Post reported that Steele was hoping to succeed Ken Mehlman as the chairman of the Republican National Committee. Senator Mel Martinez of Florida, who had the endorsement of President George W. Bush, got the position.

In February 2007, Steele became chairman of GOPAC, a political action committee that helps fund state and local Republican campaigns around the country and is responsible for training future Republican candidates. He succeeded former U.S. Congressman J.C. Watts, a fellow black Republican. In April 2007, Steele joined the international law firm of Dewey & LeBoeuf, as a partner in the firm's Washington, D.C. office.

At a speech given at the Media Research Center's 2007 DisHonors Awards Gala, Steele said:

"I get a question all the time, 'Are you going to run again for office?' And I've thought about that, and I've come to realize that there's still some Democrats out there that I haven't ticked off yet. So, yeah, we're gonna do it again. We're gonna do it again, and all I have to say is, they haven't seen anything yet."

Steele is considered a possible candidate for Governor of Maryland in the future and said he was "intrigued by the idea" for 2010. He said that he would not run for president in 2012.

Steele appeared several times on HBO's political show Real Time with Bill Maher, and was on Comedy Central's talk show The Colbert Report on January 23, 2007. He also hosted a PBS Republican Primary debate in Baltimore, Maryland on September 27, 2007.

He coined the phrase "Drill Baby Drill" during the 2008 Republican National Convention in Minnesota, where he promoted offshore drilling as an alternative to dependency on foreign oil.

2009 election
On November 24, 2008, Steele kicked off his campaign for the RNC chairmanship by launching his website. On January 30, 2009, Steele won the chairmanship of the RNC in the sixth round, with 91 votes to Katon Dawson's 77. Steele, the RNC's first African American chairman, was selected in the aftermath of President Obama's election; many in the GOP saw him as a charismatic counter to the nation's first Black president.

Source: CQPolitics and Poll Pundit
 * Candidate won that Round of voting
 * Candidate withdrew
 * Candidate won RNC Chairmanship

Leadership dispute with Rush Limbaugh
On March 1, 2009, in response to a question on CBS's Face the Nation as to who spoke for the Republican Party, White House Chief of Staff Rahm Emanuel opined that Rush Limbaugh spoke for the Party; Emanuel asserted that "whenever a Republican criticizes [Limbaugh], they have to run back and apologize to him, and say they were misunderstood. He is the voice and the intellectual force and energy behind the Republican Party. And he has been upfront about what he views, and hasn't stepped back from that, which is he hopes for [President Obama's] failure. He said it. And I compliment him for his honesty, but that's their philosophy that is enunciated by Rush Limbaugh."

In remarks aired by the CNN program D.L. Hughley Breaks the News on March 1, 2009, Steele said he, rather than Limbaugh, was "the de facto leader of the Republican Party. Rush Limbaugh is an entertainer. Rush Limbaugh's whole thing is entertainment. Yes, it is incendiary. Yes, it is ugly." On March 2, 2009, Limbaugh said on his radio show that Steele was not fit to lead the Republican Party, asking why Steele claimed "to lead the Republican Party when [he seemed] obsessed with seeing to it President Obama succeeds?" After the show, Steele called Limbaugh to apologize, saying "I have enormous respect for Rush Limbaugh. I was maybe a little bit inarticulate. There was no attempt on my part to diminish his voice or his leadership. I went back at that tape and I realized words that I said weren't what I was thinking. It was one of those things where I thinking I was saying one thing, and it came out differently. What I was trying to say was a lot of people want to make Rush the scapegoat, the bogeyman, and he's not." Steele later issued another statement to say that Limbaugh "is a national conservative leader, and in no way do I want to diminish his voice. I truly apologize."

Fire Pelosi Bus Tour
In the fall of 2010, Steele launched the "Fire Pelosi Bus Tour", with the goal of "firing" Speaker Pelosi from her position as Speaker of the House of Representatives by re-establishing a Republican majority in the United States House of Representatives. The tour began on September 15 and lasted six weeks, visiting 48 states in the Continental U.S. and more than 100 cities while covering 14,000 miles. The Tour's purpose was to "encourage votes for Republicans in districts across the nation". The stops in individual districts gave Steele, "known for his bomb-throwing speaking style", an opportunity to fire up local GOP activists. During the tour, "Steele urged party unity" as the Republicans attempted to take over the House of Representatives and end Representative Pelosi's tenure as Speaker of the House.

The RNC broke fundraising records by raising over $198 million during the 2010 congressional cycle; in November 2010, Republicans won 63 House seats (the biggest pickup since 1938) and retook control of the House. The 2010 midterm elections were successful for Steele and the Republicans, as they also took back six Senate seats, seven governorships, and the greatest share of state legislative seats since 1928 (over 600 seats).

2011 election
In December 2010, Steele declared that he would run for re-election as RNC chairman. The 2011 Republican National Committee (RNC) chairmanship election was held on January 14, 2011. Steele withdrew from the race after the fourth ballot, urging his supporters to vote for Maria Cino. After seven rounds of balloting, Reince Priebus was elected over Steele, Saul Anuzis, Ann Wagner and Maria Cino.

 * Candidate won majority of votes in the round
 * Candidate secured a plurality of votes in the round
 * Candidate withdrew

After the chairmanship
After his loss in the chairmanship election, Steele was hired by MSNBC to be a regular political analyst as of May 2011. He also was hired to be a columnist for the online magazine The Root, an African-American news and commentary site owned by The Washington Post Company.

On C-SPAN's Washington Journal on the Sunday after the 2012 Obama reelection victory, Steele expressed some interest in running for RNC Chairman again. Steele emphasized the need to make conservative minorities feel comfortable and welcome in a party that offered them opportunities to launch political careers in counties and statehouses.

In 2018, Steele was named a faculty fellow at Brown University's Watson Institute for International and Public Affairs, where he leads seminars.

In August 2020, Steele joined the Lincoln Project PAC and endorsed Joe Biden for president. In April 2021, Steele expressed interest in running in the Republican primary for governor of Maryland, later forming an exploratory committee in July 2021. Later that month, state delegate Lauren Arikan filed a campaign finance complaint against Steele, alleging that he was illegally using a 527 committee to coordinate campaign activities. In a formal response, Steele rejected these claims, citing that the committee had not made any expenditures and was not in violation of Maryland campaign finance law. In January 2022, he announced that he would not run for governor. Steele later attended the inauguration of Governor-elect Wes Moore on January 18, 2023. On November 30, 2023, MSNBC announced that Steele would be co-hosting a new weekend morning show, alongside Alicia Menendez and Symone Sanders-Townsend.

Economic views
As Lieutenant Governor of Maryland, Steele chaired the Governor's Commission on Minority Business Enterprise Reform.

Steele criticized the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (stimulus bill).

Environment and energy
Steele rejects the scientific consensus on climate change, claiming in 2009 that the Earth is "cooling" rather than "the supposed warming".

Opposition to President Donald Trump
Steele was openly critical of Donald Trump during his 2016 presidential campaign and has continued to oppose President Trump during his subsequent administration. In a January 2018 interview on MSNBC, in response to an accusation that President Trump had referred to El Salvador and Haiti as "shithole countries", Steele expressed his belief that the President was "racist". Steele reiterated his frustration with Trump and his supporters during the COVID-19 pandemic by saying "I've talked to enough of them over the last few days. I'm exhausted, I'm exasperated. You know, at this point, it's like, save who you can save. Because there's only so much you can do, there's only so much you can say. The fact that we have to literally beg people to wear a mask to save their own dumb ass from getting sick, I'm sorry. To me, it is beyond the imagination... I am just so exhausted with this president."

Social views
In 2008, Steele said he was opposed to abortion and thought Roe v. Wade was "wrongly decided". In a March 2009 interview with GQ, Steele suggested that abortion restrictions should be left to state governments, and stated that he "absolutely" believed there was room for a "pro-choice" candidate in the GOP. This statement prompted criticism from socially conservative Republicans such as Arkansas Governor Mike Huckabee and former Ohio Secretary of State Ken Blackwell, as well as the Christian Coalition, and Tony Perkins of the Family Research Council. In response to these critics, Steele suggested that he asked God for patience "so I absolutely don't go out and kick this person's ass".

In 2008, Steele said that he personally opposes a constitutional amendment to ban same-sex marriage, saying that he believes states should decide the issue for themselves. Steele, however, has indicated he would uphold the Republican Party platform and support the amendment. He rates the issue of banning same-sex marriage low in importance. In 2009, Steele opposed same-sex civil unions. However, in 2012, Steele said that LGBT couples deserve full privileges and benefits under the law.

In a 2006 interview with The Washington Post, Steele commented on gun control: "Society should draw lines. What do you need an assault weapon for, if you're going hunting? That's overkill. But I don't think that means you go to a total ban for those who want to use guns for skeet shooting or hunting or things like that. But what's the point of passing gun laws if we're not going to enforce them? If you want to talk about gun control, that's where you need to start. We've got 300 gun laws on the books right now. At the end of the day, it's about how we enforce the law."

In 2009, speaking on illegal immigration, Steele called for the U.S. to "secure our borders first", saying, "you cannot begin to address the concerns of the people who are already here unless and until you have made certain that no more are coming in behind them."

During his 2006 campaign, Steele said that he only supported stem cell research if it did not result in the destruction of the embryo. In February 2006, Steele compared embryonic stem cell research to medical experiments performed by the Nazis during the Holocaust, remarks for which he later apologized.

Wars in Afghanistan and Iraq
In July 2010, video footage of Steele was released in which he stated that the Afghan war was "a war of Obama's choosing. If he's such a student of history has he not understood that, you know, that's the one thing you don't do – is engage in a land war in Afghanistan? Everyone who has tried, over a thousand years of history has failed." He also said the war was "not something the United States had actively prosecuted or wanted to engage in". However, the war in Afghanistan was initiated by George W. Bush in October 2001 in retaliation for the September 11 attacks on New York City and Washington D.C.; Barack Obama increased troop levels there.

Steele's comments drew criticism, with neoconservative commentator William Kristol calling for Steele's resignation and former George W. Bush adviser Karl Rove calling Steele's comment "boneheaded." U.S. Senator John McCain of Arizona, the Republican nominee for president in the 2008 election, withdrew his support from Steele, calling Steele's comments "wildly inaccurate ... there is no excuse for them" and saying "I think that Mr. Steele is going to have to assess as to whether he can still lead the Republican Party as chairman of the Republican National Committee." Senator Jim DeMint called upon Steele to apologize and Senator Lindsey Graham said, "It was an uninformed, unnecessary, unwise, untimely comment. This is not President Obama's war, this is America's war. We need to stand behind the president." Former Vice President Dick Cheney's daughter Elizabeth Cheney also called for Steele to resign. However, Congressman Ron Paul, who is known for his generally antiwar stance, in support of Steele said, "Michael Steele has it right, and Republicans should stick by him."

In contrast to his position on Afghanistan, Steele has been a supporter of the Iraq War and President George W. Bush's war strategy. During his 2006 campaign, Steele opposed setting a timetable for U.S. withdrawal from Iraq. Steele criticized President Obama on the issue, complaining that he had "demonized" the Iraq War.

National Popular Vote Interstate Compact
Steele is a supporter of the National Popular Vote Interstate Compact. In a piece co-authored with former Michigan Republican Party Chairman Saul Anuzis, Steele states that "the good news is that under a national popular vote, a Republican could probably survive a narrow popular vote loss in Texas or Florida and still win the presidency, because every GOP vote in those states would still count toward a national popular vote majority."

Right Now
Steele's book, Right Now: A 12-Step Program for Defeating the Obama Agenda, was released on January 4, 2010; it was published by Regnery Publishing, ISBN 978-1-59698-108-9. The Associated Press reported that, "Steele focuses much of the book on familiar GOP denunciations of President Barack Obama's overall policies ('a roadmap to failure'), the $787 billion stimulus bill ('a reckless, wasteful, pork-laden spending spree'), liberal views on man-made global warming ('A threat to life on Earth? Depends on whom you ask') and other issues. To regain the public confidence, Steele says the GOP should, among other things, expose the 'reign of error' inherent in liberal policies, contrast conservative and liberal principles, and highlight the damage caused by Obama's policies while explaining conservative solutions."

Honors and awards
Michael Steele has been awarded honors and awards in recognition of his political career. These include:

 * 2003 Honorary degree of Doctor of Laws (LL.D) from Morgan State University

title: Michael Steele


text:
Soviet submarine K-27

K-27 was the only nuclear submarine of the Soviet Navy's Project 645. It was constructed by placing a pair of experimental VT-1 nuclear reactors that used a liquid-metal coolant (lead-bismuth eutectic) into the modified hull of a Project 627A (November-class submarine) vessel. A unique NATO reporting name was not assigned.

Launch and operations
The keel of K-27 was laid down on 15 June 1958 at Severodvinsk Shipyard No. 402. It was launched on 1 April 1962, and went into service as an experimental "attack submarine" on 30 October 1963. K-27 was officially commissioned into the Soviet Northern Fleet on 7 September 1965. K-27 was assigned to the 17th submarine division, headquartered at Gremikha.

The nuclear reactors of K-27 were troublesome from their first criticality, but the K-27 was able to engage in test operations for about five years. On 24 May 1968, the power output of one of her reactors suddenly dropped sharply; radioactive gases were released into her engine room; and the radiation levels throughout K-27 increased dangerously – by 1.5 grays per hour. This radiation consisted mostly of gamma rays and thermal neutrons, with some alpha radiation and beta radiation in addition – generated by the released radioactive gases such as xenon and krypton in her reactor compartment.

The training of the crew by the Soviet Navy had been inadequate, and these sailors did not recognize that their nuclear reactor had suffered from extensive fuel element failures. By the time they gave up their attempts to repair the reactor at sea, nine of the crewmen had accumulated fatal radioactive exposures.

About one-fifth of the reactor core had experienced inadequate cooling caused by uneven coolant flows. Hot spots in the reactor had ruptured, releasing nuclear fuel and nuclear fission products into the liquid-metal coolant, which circulated them throughout her reactor compartment.

K-27 was laid up in Gremikha Bay starting on 20 June 1968. The cooling-off of the reactors and various experimental projects were carried out aboard the submarine through 1973. These included the successful restarting of the starboard reactor up to 40% of maximal power production. Plans were considered to slice off the reactor compartment and replace it with a new one containing standard VM-A water-cooled reactors. The rebuilding or replacement of the nuclear reactor was considered to be too expensive, and also to be inappropriate because more modern nuclear submarines had already entered service in the Soviet Navy.

Disposal
K-27 was officially decommissioned on 1 February 1979. During the summer of 1981 her reactor compartment was filled with a special solidifying mixture of furfuryl alcohol and bitumen, at Severodvinsk shipyard No. 893 "Zvezdochka", to seal the compartment and avoid pollution of the ocean with radioactive products.

K-27 was then towed to a special training area in the western Kara Sea, and scuttled on 6 September 1982, in a fjord at Stepovoy Bay at a depth of just 33 m, near position 72°31'28"N., 55°30'09"E. off the northeastern coast of Novaya Zemlya. The bow sank, reaching the sea floor, while the stern remained afloat; a naval salvage tug rammed it to pierce the aft ballast tanks and complete the sinking. This scuttling was performed contrary to the International Atomic Energy Agency's requirement that nuclear-powered submarines and surface ships must be scuttled at depths not less than 3000 m.

The last scientific expedition of the Russian Ministry of Emergencies to the Kara Sea examined the site of the scuttling in September 2006. Numerous samples of the seawater, the seafloor, and the sealife were gathered and then analyzed. The final report stated that the radiation levels of the area were stable.

Lessons in nuclear submarine construction and safety learned from Project 645 were applied in Projects 705 and 705K – that produced the Soviet Alfa-class submarines. These were equipped with similar liquid-metal-cooled reactors.

Recovery plans
Although a joint Russian and Norwegian mission in 2012 did not find alarming levels of radioactivity in the water and soil surrounding the submarine, an urgent consideration pertains to the dismantling of the nuclear reactors should the submarine be raised. Because the reactors were cooled by liquid metals, the nuclear rods became fused with the coolant when the reactors were stopped and conventional methods cannot be used for disassembling the reactors. However, France's Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission designed and donated special equipment for a dedicated dry-dock (SD-10) in Gremikha, which was used to dismantle the Alfa-class submarines that shared this design feature. However, since the last Alfa reactor was dismantled in 2011, this equipment is at risk.

In 2017, plans were again mooted to raise the submarine, by 2022. The Krylov State Research Center of Saint Petersburg announced that it was working on plans for a catamaran floating dock, capable of such heavy lifts from the seabed.

In March 2020, Russian President Vladimir Putin issued a draft decree for an initiative to lift the K-27 and SOVIET SUBMARINE K-159 and four reactor compartments from the Barents Sea.

General

 * Le K27: un Tchernobyl sous-marin qui sommeille

title: Soviet submarine K-27


text:
User:Leonard G.

$$\mathbb{WELCOME} $$ - $$\mathbb{ARE}$$ $$\mathbb{WE}$$ $$\mathbb{HAVING}$$ $$\mathbb{FUN}$$ $$\mathbb{YET?}$$

Note: any images that I have uploaded under license, , or may be uploaded to the creative commons without further permission - hereby granted explicitly. Please include textual information with the upload.

Favorite quotes:

 * "The best defense against usurpatory government is an assertive citizenry"[1]
 * "[Leonard], you worry too much! " [2]
 * "Don't worry - be happy." [3]
 * "What, me worry? "[4]
 * "Don't worry, my dog found the chainsaw "[5]

 * 1) William F. Buckley, Jr.
 * 2) Grandmaster Byong Hong Yu, my taekwando master.
 * 3) Meher Baba - spiritual leader of my late and beloved next door neighbors.
 * 4) Alfred E. Neuman - the gapped toothed mascot of Mad Magazine, a periodical reflective of (and reenforcing) the cultural reaction against post-war conformity that ultimately enabled the massive protests against the Viet Nam War and the downfall of United States Presidents Lyndon Baines Johnson and (as a consequence of the Watergate scandal and the bombing of Cambodia) Richard Millhouse Nixon.
 * 5) From the animated film Lilo & Stitch

Did you know... main page featured new articles

Concerning Deletionists
Deletionists not only want to delete articles, now they want to hide the remnants of evidence of the inappropriateness of such deletions, as evidenced by their attempts to delete the article Deletionpedia (see Talk:Deletionpedia. I have little understanding of what motivates deletionists but I have seen indications of their personalities (masked in high mindedness) that are somewhat disturbing, and even often reflected in their self-important or threatening user names. My personal opinion is that they do it for the sport of it, not for any realistic sense of "improvement" to WP. If they were at all consistent they would go after the hundreds of Pokemon articles, but probably would not want to stir up that hornets' nest. Instead they pick on minor but difficult to substantiate articles such as Chinese copy method.

Topics of interest and some knowledge

 * Aviation - light aircraft and sailplanes.
 * Battery electric automobiles and light trucks and their construction and conversion from ICE vehicles.
 * Energy conservation and alternative sources.
 * Mount Diablo (in central CA).
 * Photovoltaic on-grid (net metering) household solar power.
 * Roof water recovery and storage for two season climate regions.
 * Top bar hives for beekeeping in developed countries.
 * U.S. Naval aircraft of the 1950's and 1960's. Have historic info and pictures.

I am willing to take and submit requested photographs in my area (greater San Francisco Bay area and Contra Costa county).

Major articles created or with substantial expansion or rewrite

 * Bridge (most of my contributed content is now in derived articles - this is now a master index)
 * Cyclotron
 * Electric vehicle conversion - Almost all of the article content has been moved to this Wikibook
 * Ford Ranger EV
 * Haptic
 * Hayward Fault Zone
 * Hydrogen economy
 * Movie projector
 * Projection booth
 * Riverboat
 * Sand casting (started and subsequently substantially expanded by other editors)
 * Secular icon
 * Stereography (subsequently divided by others, creating also Anaglyph image and content for Stereoscope)
 * Synchrotron
 * San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge (Western span retrofit)
 * Eastern span replacement of the San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge, a division by others of content from San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge

Minor articles created or enhanced with substantial expansion or rewrite

 * Africanized bee
 * Alluvial plain
 * Anchor windlass
 * Art game
 * Athabasca Glacier
 * Bell tower
 * Bi-metal (now largely in Bi-metallic strip)
 * Box truss
 * Break action
 * Campanile
 * Centrifugal casting
 * City car
 * Cloisonné
 * Contact print
 * Continuous-rod warhead
 * Cottonwood Canyon, Utah
 * Crookes tube
 * Diorama
 * Diving bell
 * Dry dock
 * Earthquake warning system
 * Enlarger
 * Eyebar
 * Ferry slip (Barge slip)
 * Fireboat
 * Gigapixel image
 * Grosvenor Arch
 * Grape joke
 * Horses in art
 * Hummer H2
 * Template:HoneybeeArticles
 * Imperial guardian lions
 * Imperial roof decoration
 * Isochron dating
 * Kinder Morgan Energy Partners
 * Kinoscope
 * Locomotives in art
 * Linear particle accelerator
 * Linoleum
 * List of honeybee articles and its associated template
 * Machine Age
 * Pipeline video inspection
 * Polygraph (duplicating device)
 * Pontoon
 * Radar
 * Reflector sight
 * Magnetron
 * Mascaron (architecture)
 * Mass flow sensor
 * Meridian Gate
 * Model yachting
 * Neighborhood electric vehicle
 * Oil refinery
 * Orgasmatron
 * Parkfield, California
 * Parkfield earthquake (an article split from the above)
 * Partial zero-emissions vehicle
 * Personal weapon
 * Pressure gauge
 * Radiation damage
 * Repeating rifle
 * Samuel Beckett Bridge
 * San Francisco War Memorial Opera House (with composite image)
 * Savo Island
 * Side-spar cable-stayed bridge
 * Semi-submersible
 * Sensor
 * Slotted waveguide
 * Slow search
 * Snow coach
 * Stairway
 * Steam clock
 * Stressed ribbon bridge
 * Suisun Bay
 * Sundowner (three meanings added)
 * Super Ultra Low Emission Vehicle
 * Superstate
 * Temple of Bel
 * Template:HoneybeeArticles
 * The Immoral Mr. Teas
 * Thermostat
 * Torque converter
 * Top bar hive
 * Trim package (automobile)
 * Vacuum casting
 * Vierendeel bridge
 * Worker bee
 * Weigh lock
 * Wet sub
 * Wrench

Works in progress:

 * Offline translation of french WP barometer article to replace barometer
 * Household seismic safety
 * Seismic retrofit

Major contributions:

 * Grand Staircase, with images
 * Haptic
 * Mount Diablo
 * Naval architecture (add sections: Seakeeping, Habitability, Range, Style)
 * Perpetual war
 * San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge (seismic refits and rebuilding)
 * Silver Bridge (extensive copyedit and added material)
 * Suspension bridge
 * Tripartite Pact
 * Unicameralism

Substantial article enhancements:

 * Balboa Park Station (Architecture noted)
 * California government and politics
 * California mission
 * Die (manufacturing)
 * For Whom the Bell Tolls
 * Forbidden Planet
 * Hummer H2
 * Klystron
 * Loge (Theater seating)
 * Luck
 * Military engineer
 * Petard
 * Prius
 * Regulatory capture
 * Regulatory capture
 * Reamer
 * Reflux
 * San Francisco Bay Area (Terrains, Landforms, Earthquake Faults, Earthquakes, Living expenses)
 * Seismometer
 * Slip (aerodynamic)
 * Transamerica Pyramid
 * DaimlerChrysler smart
 * Qilin

Disambiguation enhancements:

 * Loge (theater seating)
 * Slip (woman's clothing, ceramics, aeronautics)
 * Sundowner (vehicle, herder, resthome resident)

Image with associated text contributions to the following articles:

 * 9 O'Clock Gun
 * Anchor windlass
 * Ariel Atom
 * Beaux Arts (architecture)
 * Beijing opera
 * Bridge
 * Brooklyn Bridge
 * Bucksport (town), Maine
 * Caboose
 * Caisson (engineering)
 * Capstan (nautical)
 * Catherine Palace
 * Carex (commons image references)
 * Central Park
 * Chongqing
 * Cloisonné
 * Crookes tube
 * Diana (goddess)
 * Francis P. Duffy
 * De Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter (floatplane image)
 * Dragon dance
 * Electric vehicle conversion
 * Enlarger
 * Erie canal Locks and bridges
 * Ferris wheel
 * Ferry slip
 * Filoli (Garden image)
 * Fireboat
 * Forbidden City
 * Fort Knox, Maine
 * Funicular
 * Gerrymander (PD map)
 * Golden Gate Park (North windmill)
 * Great Hall of the People
 * Great Wall of China
 * Greek Revival
 * Great Wall of China
 * Hydrofoil
 * Imperial roof decoration
 * Jin Mao Building
 * Kiel canal
 * Kodachrome Basin State Park
 * Library
 * Lift bridge
 * Manhattan Bridge
 * Marble sculpture (Origin and qualities, The West Wind by Gould)
 * Masonry
 * Meridian Gate
 * Movie projector
 * Monument to the People's Heroes
 * Monterey, California
 * Monterey Bay Aquarium
 * Moon bridge
 * Mystic Seaport
 * Navajo Bridge
 * Nian
 * Oriental Pearl Tower
 * Painted Desert, Arizona
 * Parkfield earthquake (PD maps)
 * Peace Hotel
 * Personal weapon (reproduction weapons at the Great Wall)
 * Peterhof
 * Plate girder bridge
 * Platybelodon
 * Poison Oak
 * Pomona
 * Postmodern architecture (A too eclectic example)
 * Prenocephale
 * Pudong
 * Qilin
 * Riverboat (Six types of river craft and a cruise ship diagram)
 * Robert Fleming Gourlay
 * Rocky Mountaineer (coach and train images)
 * San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge (various images)
 * San Francisco War Memorial Opera House
 * Seismic retrofit
 * Shanghai
 * Shay locomotive
 * Simple suspension bridge
 * Solar tracker
 * Stainless steel
 * Stereoscopy
 * Streamline Moderne (S.F. Maritime Museum, 1937)
 * Sundial Bridge (using third party contributed pictures)
 * Sulfur (Pile prepared for loading aboard ship)
 * Surface supplied diving
 * Tachymeter (enhanced existing image)
 * Three Gorges Dam
 * Tiananmen Square
 * Tiananmen Gate
 * USS Arizona Memorial (PD image)
 * Valkyrie (equestrian statue of a valkyrie)
 * Vancouver
 * Vermilion Cliffs
 * VIA Rail (Locomotives, dining car interior)
 * Western Skunk Cabbage
 * Whaleboat
 * Williamsburg Bridge
 * Wind farm
 * Wrightspeed X1
 * Wuhan
 * Zen garden

Minor contributions

 * Adjustable spanner (Proper use)
 * Beekeeping leading practices (Fall requeening, managing in africanized areas)
 * Coalinga, California (etemology)
 * Disruptive technology (High performance replacement examples)
 * Golden Gate Bridge (Fort Point, movies)
 * Helper, Utah (etemology, map)
 * Mazda B-Series (North America) (Sundowner model noted)
 * Parachute, Colorado (etemology)
 * Santa Barbara Channel (Get Oil Out)
 * Sutro tower (functionality, aesthetics)

Text added to image descriptions
Image:Forbidden_Planet_poster.jpg

Quotation contributions:

 * Luck
 * Jesse Unruh
 * Bill Clinton

Featured selected images gallery by week
 (Images include those uploaded directly to Commons, but all have been incorporated into English Wikipedia articles)

title: User:Leonard G.


text:
Lake Biel

Lake Biel or Lake Bienne (Bielersee; Lac de Bienne ) is a lake in western Switzerland. Together with Lake Morat and Lake Neuchâtel, it is one of the three large lakes in the Jura region of Switzerland. It lies on the language boundary between German and French speaking areas.

Geography
The lake is 15 km long and up to 4.1 km wide. Its surface area is 39.3 km2, the maximum depth 74 m. The lake is located at 429 metres above sea level.

Lake Biel/Bienne has a catchment area of about 8,305 km2. Water remains in the lake for an average of 58 days. The rivers Aare and Zihl/Thielle flowing from Lake Neuchâtel, the Twannbach draining water down from the surplombing first Jura mountain range and the Suze draining water down from the Vallon de St. Imier, are the main tributaries. The Aare was redirected into the lake in 1878, in order to prevent the flooding of the nearby area called "Seeland", and drains the water out of the lake down to Büren through a simultaneously man-made channel. The level of all three lakes is being controlled by a dam built across the channel, in Port.

The largest settlement along the shores of Lake Biel are the bilingual city of Biel/Bienne and its sister city Nidau, both located on the northern end. The St. Peter's Island attracts tourists. The island is located near Erlach/Cerlier. Jean-Jacques Rousseau once spent a few months on the island.

One of the main business in the area is the watch and affiliated microtechnic industries. World famous watch brands have their sites and headquarters in the area, including the Swatch Group and Rolex movements manufacture.

The lake's surface is the lowest point of the canton of Neuchâtel.

Towns and villages by the lake
As the lake is located on the border of the French and German language regions, most places have names in both languages, though not all versions are still in use.

 * Alfermée
 * Bipschal - Bévesier
 * Erlach - Cerlier
 * Gaicht - Jugy
 * Gerolfingen
 * Hagneck
 * Im Rusel
 * Ipsach
 * Le Landeron (canton of Neuchâtel) - Landern
 * Ligerz - Gléresse
 * Lüscherz - Locras
 * Mörigen - Morenges
 * Neuenstadt - La Neuveville
 * Nidau
 * Sankt-Petersinsel
 * Schafis - Chavanne
 * Schernelz - Cernaux
 * Sutz-Lattrigen
 * Täuffelen - Choufaille
 * Tüscherz - Daucher
 * Twann - Douanne
 * Vinelz - Fénil
 * Vingelz - Vigneules
 * Wingreis - Vingras

title: Lake Biel


text:
Magnolia stellata

Magnolia stellata, the star magnolia, is a slow-growing deciduous shrub or small tree native to Japan. It bears large, showy white or pink flowers in early spring, before its leaves open. This species is closely related to the Kobushi magnolia (Magnolia kobus), and is treated by many botanists as a variety or even a cultivar of that. However, Magnolia stellata was accepted as a distinct species in the 1998 monograph by Hunt.

Description
This shrub grows 1.5 to 2.5 m in height, spreading to 4.6 m in width at maturity. Young plants display upright oval growth, but the plants spread and mound with age.

M. stellata blooms at a young age, with the slightly fragrant 7 – wide flowers covering the bare plant in late winter or early spring before the leaves appear. There is natural variation within the flower color, from white to rich pink; the pink also changes from year to year. The flowers are star-shaped, with at least 12 thin, delicate petal-like tepals, some cultivars having more than 30.

The leaves open bronze-green, turning to deep green as they mature, and yellow before dropping in autumn. They are oblong and about 10 cm long by about 4 cm wide.

M. stellata produces a reddish-green, knobby aggregate fruit about 5 cm long that matures in early autumn. Mature fruit opens by slits to reveal orange-red seeds, but the fruits often drop before developing fully.

Young twigs have smooth, shiny chestnut brown bark, while the main trunks have smooth, silvery gray bark. Like the saucer magnolia (Magnolia × soulangeana), it is deciduous, revealing a twiggy, naked frame in winter. Plants have thick, fleshy roots which are found fairly close to the surface and do not tolerate much disturbance.

Origins
The species Magnolia stellata may be found growing wild in certain parts of the Ise Bay area of central Honshū, Japan’s largest island, at elevations of 50 to 600 m. It grows by streamsides and in moist, boggy areas with such other woody plants as Enkianthus cernuus, Corylopsis glabrescens var. gotoana and Berberis sieboldii.

Hybrids
This hybrid was first obtained by Max Loebner of Pillnitz, Germany. Paul M. Kache designated the new hybrid in 1920, to honour Max Löbner. Numerous other varieties are produced by these parents as 'Leonard Messel' and 'Merrill'. The selection, 'Leonard Messel' was a chance hybrid that was developed at Messel's garden in Sussex, UK, Nymans. Also on the market are white 'Ballerina' and the late-flowering white 'Merrill' that extend the loebneri season.
 * Magnolia × loebneri = Magnolia kobus × Magnolia stellata.

 * Magnolia × proctoriana = Magnolia salicifolia × Magnolia stellata. The hybrid of these closely related species was first obtained in 1925 at the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University.
 * Magnolia liliiflora × Magnolia stellata, hybrid obtained at the U.S. National Arboretum by Francis DeVos and William Corsair. There are in the trade eight varieties with women's names, the "Eight Little Girls".

Cultivation
After it was introduced to the United States in 1862 by Dr. George Robert Hall (1820-1899), Magnolia stellata has been widely cultivated in much of North America, and has been recorded as an established escape in a few places. It is also a commonly grown ornamental in Europe, and was first introduced to the United Kingdom in 1877 or 1878, most likely by Charles Maries, while he was collecting for Veitch Nurseries.

Its compact size makes it an ideal subject for smaller gardens, where its flowers - appearing initially on bare stems - provide some much needed colour in early Spring. The cultivars 'Centennial', 'Jane Platt', and 'Royal Star' have all gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

Spring frosts can damage the flowers. The shrub prefers deep, acidic soil. It may be propagated by seed, or more easily by rooting cuttings taken after the flower buds have formed.

title: Magnolia stellata


text:
User talk:Peterak

Question
Hey there, I am just wondering about what you mean when you say on your user page "Currently I am working on my masters degree in the History of Religion, my topic is the Armenian G. I. Gurdjieff and Gurdjieffian groups." Could you clarify it for me please. Thanks Aeuio 19:57, 25 September 2007 (UTC)

 * That's an interesting situation you are in. You probably know more about these groups than me.:) If you think that something should be changed on the G. page then I guess you'd be a good person for that. (There are some sections that could be better).

 * Concerning my sentence on my user page, to sum it up the main 2 points for you: 1) I tend to read and focus on books about Gurdjieff's ideas and not on documentaries and other wiseacrings on what is/did happen. and 2) I am not representing myself as some Gurdjieff expert (i got tired of being accused of this - I don't know where people get that from).

 * Anyhow, good luck with your thesis. Aeuio 20:17, 26 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Your suggestion about incorporating the criticism into the article sounds good but I don't think it can be done (especially with the "other views" section that's there). The criticism section creates a sort of a balance for the different views; and since no one is throwing a commotion about npov I'd rather just leave it alone. Aeuio 19:42, 27 September 2007 (UTC)

Articles_for_deletion/Red_Wheel_Weiser_Conari
This is an article you worked on, it is now up for deletion. Ikip (talk) 18:43, 13 September 2009 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Peterak. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Peterak~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 02:22, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
Hi, You appear to be eligible to vote in the current Arbitration Committee election. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to enact binding solutions for disputes between editors, primarily related to serious behavioural issues that the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the ability to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate, you are welcome to review the candidates' statements and submit your choices on the voting page. For the Election committee, MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 22:14, 30 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Peterak


text:
Argentine station

Argentine is a station on Line 1 of the Paris Métro, located on the boundary between the 16th arrondissement and the 17th arrondissement, in the western part of the city.

Location
Like most stations on Line 1, Argentine station lies on an east–west route through Paris from Vincennes in the east to La Défense in the west. Specifically, the station is underneath Avenue de la Grande Armée, the extension of the Champs-Élysées west of the Arc de Triomphe, at its intersection with Rue d'Argentine. In relation to the rest of the city, Argentine straddles the border between the 16th and 17th arrondissements of Paris.

History
Argentine station opened on 1 September 1900, six weeks after the opening of the initial segment of Line 1 between Porte de Vincennes and Porte Maillot, as part of the gradual opening of stations on the inaugural line of the Métro.

Upon its opening, the station was known as Obligado, the name of the nearby cross-street at the time, in turn named after the Battle of Vuelta de Obligado, a Pyrhic Anglo-French victory over the Argentine Confederation in 1845 commanded by Juan Manuel de Rosas.

The name remained until 25 May 1948, when Rue Obligado was renamed Rue d'Argentine, as a good-will gesture after the visit of Eva Perón to France and as a mark of respect to Argentina, which was a source of aid to the French during World War II; large shipments of grain and beef arrived from Argentina to feed the population struggling to get their fields and livestock back in order.

In the 1960s, the platform were covered with a metallic panels with yellow horizontal uprights and with golden, illuminated advertising frames. This arrangement was completed by yellow benches attached to the panels. In the same period, a crypt was created at the end of the two platforms towards Château de Vincennes to allow the passage of five to six cars. The station lost the tiling of the tunnel exit towards Vincennes and the vault.

At the end of the 1990s, the metallic panels were renewed. The horizontal uprights changed from yellow to blue, they were completed with blue Motte style seats to replace the old yellow benches attached to the camber and the old enamelled plates indicating the station name have been replaced by Parisine font plates.

On March 24, 2006, a commemorative plaque was inaugurated on the western tunnel exit of the platforms towards La Défense, bearing the words in Spanish Nunca más (literally meaning: "Never again"), "in homage to Argentine citizens and French kidnapped, detained and disappeared in Argentina under the military dictatorship (1976-1983) ”and“ to all the victims of repression ”. A small exhibition on Argentina was also opened in the middle of the platform towards Château De Vincennes.

As part of the automation of line 1, the platforms were completely renovated in 2008, resulting in the removal of the bodywork and the exposures. They were raised on the weekend of 20 and 21 September 2008 to platform screen doors, which were installed in February 2010.

In 2019, 3,026,210 travelers entered this station, which places it at the 172nd position of metro stations for its use out of 302.

In 2020, with the COVID-19 crisis, 1,603,572 travelers entered this station, which places it 160th among metro stations in terms of attendance.

On 18 December 2022, the station was temporarily renamed France ahead of 2022 FIFA World Cup final, which was played by France and Argentina.

Access
The station has two entrances made up of fixed stairs:
 * access 1 Rue des Acacias, adorned with a Dervaux candelabra, located to the right of no. 36 of the avenue;
 * access 2 Avenue de la Grande-Armée located opposite no 37.

Platforms
As the Paris Métro runs inversely to normal railways in the rest of France (save for in Alsace-Moselle), the southern track is used by trains heading east to Château de Vincennes and the northern to La Défense – Grand Arche. Argentine is a station of standard configuration. It has two platforms separated by the metro tracks and the vault is elliptical. A 15-meter-long crypt, whose ceiling rests on pillars very close together has been extended it at its eastern end due to increasing the service to six-car trains in the 1960s.

Since 2008, as part of the automation of line 1, the platforms have been decorated on a theme dedicated to Argentina, mainly composed of eight large backlit panels of different colours each representing a landscape of that country, to which is incorporated the name of the station in Parisine font. The inauguration of these facilities took place on 15 June 2011 in the presence of Pierre Mongin, Chairman and CEO of RATP, Aldo Ferrer, Ambassador of Argentina and Enrique Meyer, Minister Argentine Tourism. The station's Akiko style seats are in the emblematic colour of that country, blue.

The rest of the decoration is classic according to the style used for the majority of the metro stations. The lighting canopies are white and rounded in the Gaudin style of the metro revival of the 2000s, and the bevelled white ceramic tiles cover the wall, the tunnel exits towards La Défense and the outlets of the corridors. The vault and the tunnel exit towards Vincennes are painted white, while the columns of the crypt are covered with small tiles of a dark shade. The advertising frames are in white ceramic and the platforms are equipped with platform screen doors.

Bus connections
The station is served by bus line 73 of the RATP Bus Network and, at night, by lines N11 and N24 of the Noctilien bus network.

title: Argentine station


text:
Vallay

Vallay (Bhàlaigh) is an uninhabited tidal island in the Scottish Outer Hebrides. It can be reached from North Uist by a long beach at low tide.

Once the island supported a population of nearly sixty people. Its best-known inhabitant was the archaeologist Erskine Beveridge. The island is also known for its sea birds and for prehistoric monuments.

title: Vallay


text:
Talk:Junker (Prussia)

General comments
Should the phrase ex post be ex post facto? — dino

"ex post", I should think as in, "with hindsight" Max

---
 * "their peasants worked for starvation wages, with nearly no rights."
 * "Regarded as reactionary"
 * "they were ferociously anti- liberal"

These statements are highly POV and quite unfair.

 * "who awarded the chancellorship to Adolf Hitler in 1933"

It should be noted that most Junkers, including president Hindenburg, were anti-nazis, and had little sympathy with Hitler and his South German/Austrian gang. Nico 20:47, 3 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Hindenburg, in 1933 was much too senile to be able to grasp what's going on. He wanted anyone non-republican. And he did make Hitler chancellor, by the recommendation of von Schleicher and Papen. As for the first one, you're right. Should read: "...for no wages at all". They were reactionary. They hated all forms of liberalism. Heck, they didn't even like Bismarck! Why do you keep defending this particular kind of people?

Max

Why not? I'm a Junker myself, at least on my mother's side. And I'm proud of it, of our culture and our glorious Kingdom of Prussia. Nico 22:16, 3 Mar 2004 (UTC)

<mumbles to himself: Washington kept quasi-serfs too, and he's considered to be the founder of the free world, and you've always liked the color blue, and red, especially gushing out of French youngster's chests. and Fritz II wasn't as bad as his many bloody and unjustified wars may seem and the idea that would-be Prussian behavior lead directly to Hitler is all a modern whim, and Mrs. Steinbach is a very modest woman, and we were actually quite nice to the Polish 39-45, and the Order didn't kill thousands of Lithuanians, that's a conspiracy theory maintained by communists...> : Yup, Prussia And Everything That Went With It (tm) rocked. - German nazi bandit "were actually quite nice to the Polish 39-45"; - chauvinistic German nazi mind in bloom — Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.186.219.233 (talk) 23:24, 4 March 2012 (UTC)

'Von'
The word 'von' is never capitalized in German names. Moreover, it's not an "appellation". It's simply the German equivalent of French "de". In linguistic terms, it belongs to the word after it, eg Otto von Bismarck literally means 'Otto from Bismarck'. It also quite meaningless to say someone was a 'von': it's like saying De Gaulle was a 'de'.

 * I am not sure if this is true.
 * In the Dutch language it works like this:
 * Otto van Bismarck   [normal]
 * Bismarck, van, Otto [as in phonebook]
 * Dr. Van Bismarck    [when omitting first name]
 * So, only in the last example, 'Van' or 'Von' is capitalized.
 * And I assume it works the same way in German.
 * --Tristan Laurillard 17:31, 2 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Good point, except it's "von Bismarck," not "van Bismarck."--Mcattell 19:41, 7 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Good point, except it's "von Bismarck," not "van Bismarck."--Mcattell 19:41, 7 July 2007 (UTC)

There is a difference between Dutch and German. The Dutch "van", which indeed in circumstances is capitalized, means usually "from". So "Van Oirschot" means that the forebear who took that name (often during the Napoleontic period) came from Oirschot, a village in Brabant. But noble families quite often also have "van" in their (double barreled) names: Van Nispen tot Sevenaer, Van der Duyn van Maasdam, Van den Bosch (which is also a 'commoner's' name). Often, not always: e.g. Bentinck is definitely a noble family, but has no 'van' to it. The German 'von' is, as far as I know, only used in names of the nobility. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 212.204.178.214 (talk) 15:13, 26 August 2012 (UTC)

Other Famous Junkers
Michael von Faulhaber was not a Junker. (He was Bavarian, and born a 'commoner') see http://www.bautz.de/bbkl/f/faulhaber_m1.shtml

Ludendorff
This is a discussion that was carried on User:Talk pages of wheeler and andyL. I (Wheeler) moved them here for cataloguing.

Cite your sources is a Wikipedia policy Please do so on your revert on Junkers please. Book and page number Please.WHEELER 17:04, 5 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * The Encyclopedia Britannica article on Ludendorff states "Ludendorff was the son of an impoverished landowner and cavalry captain. His mother was a member of an aristocratic military family"AndyL 19:42, 5 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Ludendorff's mother was a "von". AndyL 19:49, 5 Jun 2004 (UTC)

I put the quote back in BUT CHANGED IT TO SOLELY THE VON word. His father was a landowner put only large estate landowners in Prussia were given the title Von. I do not much know about German titles or how they are passed but he could not be a Junker without the title Von. WHEELER 17:04, 5 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * According to Encyclopedia Britnnica's article on Ludendorff "His mother was a member of an aristocratic military family."

Landowner does not mean Junker. Only the holders of the Largest estates were, And I do believe that also the title must be given. He refused that title. I also read the article. Von Kuehnelt-Leddihn is an Austrian and a "Von" and he should now what he is talking about.WHEELER 19:47, 5 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * Other sources state "His mother was the aunt of Empress Alexandra"AndyL 19:55, 5 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Ludendorff's mother was Clara von Tempelhoff, the daughter of a prominent Junker family. I know you have a lot emotionally invested in the premise that no Junker supported Hilter but you really should not let your emotions interfere with the facts. AndyL 20:00, 5 Jun 2004 (UTC)

I've already cited one source, Encyclopedia Britannica, and now I'll cite a second [url]http://www.theatlantic.com/issues/17jun/mencken.htm[/url] a biography of Ludendorff in the Atlantic Monthly. Again don't let your wishful thinking interfere with the facts, WHEELER. AndyL 20:10, 5 Jun 2004 (UTC)

WHEELER, I've told you that Ludendorff's mother was Clara von Tempelhoff and cited my source. What is your evidence to the contrary? If you can disprove the fact that Ludendorff's mother was a Junker than do so by telling me who his mother was. AndyL 20:12, 5 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * Neither one of us is an expert on German titles, nobility or Junkers. But it does remain that he was not a "von" as most American and English books have him and that is NPOV historical fact. Von Kuenhelt said he wasn't a Junker but we can wait on this until further confirmation from an expert.WHEELER 19:51, 5 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Here's another source;
 * Erich Ludendorff wurde am 9. April 1865 in Kruschewnia bei Posen geboren, als drittes von sechs Kindern des Gutsbesitzers August Wilhelm Ludendorff und dessen Ehefrau Klara Jeanette Henriette von Tempelhoff.

http://www.hohewarte.de/MuM/Jahr2000/ELudendorff0007.html AndyL 20:15, 5 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * genius, perhaps, but not a Junker. Das Junkertum, indeed, is on its last legs in Germany—not by revolution, as our newspapers would have us believe, but by natural processes. The war, in its first months, well nigh exterminated the Junkers of to-morrow; to-day you will find thousands of architects, professors, lawyers, business men, in officers' boots. And in every other direction they yield to the pressure of the advancing commonalty—even in the Foreign Office. Hindenburg, true enough, belongs to the old clan,—the Beneckendorffs were officers in the fifteenth century,—but the two leaders next in rank to him, namely Mackensen and Ludendorff, are both commoners, Mackensen's grandfather, it is said, was a butcher; Ludendorff's was a merchant in Stettin. Mackensen did not get the right to put 'von' before his name until the Kaiser began to admire him, nine or ten years ago. As for Ludendorff, he has not got it yet. All the bulletins from Great Headquarters are signed simply,—

 * This is from section IV of the site you mentioned. It looks like one is not a Junker if you don't have the Von. Maybe German nobility does not pass from Mother to son only Father to son, I don't know.WHEELER 20:19, 5 Jun 2004 (UTC)

The fact remains his mother was a von and a Junker. Ludendorff would have been a "commoner" in the same sense that the children of Princess Anne are "commoners". IE in a strict sense only, as far as class politics are concerend however the royal family considers Princess Anne's children "one of them" and the Junkers thought of Ludendorff as "one of them" otherwise he would not have achieved his position in the general staff. AndyL 20:34, 5 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * I am going with what I read. At least I cite sources.WHEELER 20:06, 5 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Stauffenberg, as a South German, was definitely not a Junker; nor was Kuehnelt-Leddihn.

. . . probably derived from
I read : "'It is probably derived from the German words Junger Herr [...]'" Yes, but to not confuse things, let's say: derived from [ jung / jong / jonk / young ] That -er in Junger, is a grammer addition that has nothing to do with the root of various versions of young. Furthermore, the word Junger does not need to be capitalized. German capitalizes all nouns. And junger here is an adjective.

Pruserania?
"From Brandenburg eastward, however, — and especially in the Pruserania, — practically all of the land was long ago gathered into great estates"

Is "Pruserania" some hodge-podge of Prussia and Pomerania? Olessi 17:22, 6 February 2007 (UTC)

WikiProject Military history/Assessment/Tag & Assess 2008
Removed Military History Tag as article is not within project's scope. --dashiellx (talk) 10:57, 13 May 2008 (UTC)

Not "often" called "Eastelbia"
Moving this to Talk for now: "- lands which are often also called "Eastelbia" (Ostelbien in German - the land east of river Elbe)." -- Only 75 Google hits for "Eastelbia [minus]Wikipedia"; thus not "often called" this. "Ostelbien" may be a common expression in German, but that is a different discussion. -- 201.37.229.117 (talk) 12:04, 6 June 2008 (UTC)

Junker?
Why are von Lossow and von Kahr being mentioned. They came from the (Kingdom of) Bavaria. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.176.206.15 (talk) 18:54, 18 July 2008 (UTC)

Overhaul
Back to the drawing board on this one.

Major problems result from a lack of precision and focus in much of the material. The last paragraph, for example, comes out of nowhere; it should either be scrapped, or reworked & absorbed earlier in the article. There is too much the author assumes we already know, or will infer, resulting in much confusion and misinterpretation.Drichter53 (talk) 21:46, 19 August 2009 (UTC)

Hitler ignored the Junkers?
"However, Hitler mostly ignored the Junkers as a whole during his time in power, taking no action against them and no action in their favour."

This statement does not make sense to me. Hitler had extensive dealings with many Junkers, most notably Field Marshall Hindenburg and his son, Oskar just to name two. Oskar directly benefited from a January 1933 meeting with Hitler (who is widely believed to have blackmailed him with divulging his family's estate tax evasion problems and the Hindenburg's involvement in the Osthilfe scandal.) Hitler came to power through manipulating an old Junkers. Aside from that, I guess, he mostly ignored them. Nickrz (talk) 21:41, 12 November 2012 (UTC)

Hitler ignored the Junkers?
"However, Hitler mostly ignored the Junkers as a whole during his time in power, taking no action against them and no action in their favour."

This statement does not make sense to me. (lengthier prior statement retracted)Nickrz (talk) 21:44, 12 November 2012 (UTC)

"The expression descending from the disputes ... was perpetuated as a general denotation..."
Can someone tell me what this means??? "The expression descending from the disputes over the domestic policies of the German Empire was perpetuated as a general denotation by sociologists like Max Weber and even adopted by members of the landed class themselves."

It seems like gibberish.Shemp Howard, Jr. (talk) 18:58, 31 December 2013 (UTC)

Geographic error in picture caption
The location of Ogrodzieniec is cited in the caption. If you go to the contemporary site you see that this area is in the historic area of East Prussia. Actual West Prussia is the Posen territory to the west. I have changed West Prussia to East Prussia in the caption.Dogru144 (talk) 20:26, 17 February 2014 (UTC)
 * You're right that West Prussia is west of East Prussia, but Posen Province was south and west of West Prussia. RogerLustig (talk) 20:25, 12 May 2017 (UTC)
 * The above town is in the modern Polish voivodeship of Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, whose borders are contiguous with historic East Prussia.Dogru144 (talk) 20:34, 17 February 2014 (UTC)

"equivalent of the French valet de chambre" - if true, so what?
Are we going to list all the world's equivalents?

Doesn't relate to Junkers anymore then say the Spanish or Polish equivalents.

"valet de chambre" is meaningless to English-speaking readers.

French love spiking English-language wikis and needlessly throw in some kind of concocted French angle.

"The term was also used in several countries in the title Kammerjunker, the German and Scandinavian (Danish, Norwegian and Swedish) equivalent of the French valet de chambre" — Preceding unsigned comment added by 5.68.32.34 (talk) 03:50, 13 October 2015 (UTC)

Translation
Instead of comradeship better use cooperatives. Hence the LPG becomes a co-op. http://dict.leo.org/englisch-deutsch/cooperative — Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.47.214.68 (talk) 15:22, 30 August 2017 (UTC)

Problems with the list of Notable Junkers
I think there is a common mistake here between this kind of old noble families with the rest of the german nobility - ie not from the historical lands of the Kingdom of Prussia). It's not because they served in the army (WW1 and WW2) that people with the von, zu and or zum were Junkers. Most of the Junkers were lutherian and had their historical lands east of the Elbe river. Here is a few examples of mistaken people seen as Junker from this list : 2A01:CB15:806A:1E00:C051:B95D:B0E9:4CF5 (talk) 18:54, 22 August 2019 (UTC)
 * The Stauffenberg family came from Swabia, it's between Bavaria and France, that's a hardly Junker land.
 * Franz Ritter von Hipper (admiral from WW1) was born Franz Hipper in the south of Munich, his father was a shop-keeper, he was a catholic, and was awarded a personal title of nobility by the kingdom of Bavaria, doesn't sound very Junker to me.
 * Robert Ritter von Greim (last commander in chief of the Luftwaffe) was born Robert Greim in the north of Bavaria, his father was a police captain, was a catholic and was also awarded a personal title of nobility by the kingdom of Bavaria, bad choice again here.
 * Baldur von Schirach (first youth leader of the NSDAP, convicted of crimes against humanity in the Nuremberg trials), was from a Sorbian (West Slavic, I know that's pretty ironic for a nazi) family raised to hereditary nobility in Austria in the 18th century, again that's not a Junker.
 * Franz von Papen, Erbsälzer zu Werl und Neuwerk was from a westphalian catholic family, that's not east of the Elbe.
 * Erich von Drygalski as his name indicates, was from an old Polish family, doubtful others Junkers saw him as one of them.
 * Wessel and Bernd Freiherr Freytag von Loringhoven were from a Baltic-German family established in Courland (today Latvia) their lands were outside of the kingdom of Prussia, they were not Junkers.
 * Johann von Goethe was from a family from Frankfurt am Main and made a noble in the Duchy of Saxe-Weimar in 1782, that's not even part of Prussia.
 * Hans von Seeckt was from a Pomeranian family which had lost all their lands.
 * August von Mackensen (colorful field-marshal of WW1 always with his Hussar of Death uniform) was born Mackensen and made a noble only in 1899.

title: Talk:Junker (Prussia)


text:
Lake Morat

Lake Morat or Lake Murten (Lac de Morat ; Murtensee) is a lake located in the cantons of Fribourg and Vaud in the west of Switzerland. It is named after the small bilingual town of Murten/Morat on its southern shore.

It is the smallest of the three lakes in the Seeland or Pays des trois lacs area of the Swiss plateau located at the foot of the first chain of the Jura mountains. The main tributary is the river Broye.

Since the Jura water correction its water leaves the lake through the Broye Canal (Canal de la Broye) into nearby Lake Neuchâtel that is connected to Lake Bienne/Lake Biel through the Thielle canal. Thus all three lakes form a natural reservoir in order to retain overflow water from the river Aare that flows into Lake Bienne/Biel: in times of combined heavy rainfalls and glacier melting in the Alps, the peculiar situation arises that the water flows backwards through the Thielle and Broye canals, preventing an overflow of the Grand Marais (Grosses Moos).

title: Lake Morat


text:
George V station

George V is a station on Line 1 of the Paris Métro, under the Champs-Élysées.

History
The station was opened on 13 August 1900, almost a month after trains began running on the original section of Line 1 between Porte de Vincennes and Porte Maillot on 19 July 1900. It was originally called Alma, after the nearby street named in honour of the Battle of Alma in the Crimean War.

On 27 May 1920 the street and station were renamed after George V of the United Kingdom in appreciation of the United Kingdom's support for France during World War I. The station entrance is located between Rue de Bassano and Avenue George V on the Champs-Élysées.

Like most of the stations on the line, between May 1963 and December 1964, the platforms were extended to 90 metres to accommodate trains of six cars with pneumatic bearings, intended to cope with severe chronic overloads. This extension is carried out by means of a crypt, as in five other stations, at the western end of the platforms in case. At the time, walls were clad in metal panels with white horizontal pillars and illuminated gilded advertising frames, later supplemented by yellow Motte style seats.

On November 21, 2003, to celebrate U.S. President George W. Bush's visit to Buckingham Palace, Bush's "admirers" renamed the station George W - Sovereign of Great Britain with name plate stickers.

As part of the automation of Line 1, the stopping point was renovated with the removal of the metalwork from the piers, and the platforms were raised between 29 October to 2 November 2008 to accommodate screen doors, which were installed by February 2011.

On September 19, 2022, the RATP replaced half of the nameplates on the platforms, for one day, to pay tribute to Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom, whose funeral took place on the same day. The station was renamed "Elizabeth II", the British sovereign being the granddaughter of King George V honoured at the station. The Queen's name appears in capital letters with the words "1926 - 2022" written below in smaller characters, all on a black background as a sign of mourning instead of the usual midnight blue of the RATP name signs.

Access
The station has two entrances on either side of the Avenue des Champs-Élysées:
 * Access 1 - Champs-Élysées, consisting of a fixed staircase adorned with a stone balustrade by the architect Joseph Cassien-Bernard, located to the right of no. 118 of the said avenue;
 * Access 2 - Avenue George-V, consisting of a fixed staircase doubled by an escalator, located opposite no. 101, between Avenue George-V and Rue de Bassano.

In the access corridors to the platforms, some signs indicating the list of stations on the line to each terminus have the particularity of using the Helvetica font, tested in some stations of the network in the 1990s before the creation of the Parisine typography, which would later be generalized to all RATP signage.

Platforms
George V is a standard station: it has two platforms 90 metres long separated by the metro tracks located in the centre and the vault is elliptical. A 15-metre-long crypt, whose ceiling rests on closely spaced pillars, has extended the stations length at its western end since the line was switched to six-car trains in the 1960s. The decoration is in the style used for the majority of metro stations, combined with the specific layouts of this line since its automation. The lighting canopies are white and rounded in the Gaudin style of the Metro Renewal of the 2000s, and the bevelled white ceramic tiles cover the walls, the vault and the tunnel exits and corridor outlets. The vault of the crypt is painted white, while its columns are covered with small dark tiles. The advertising frames are made of white ceramic and the name of the station is inscribed in Parisine font on backlit panels, most of which are incorporated into wooden boxes. The platforms are equipped with green Akiko seats and have half-height screen doors.

Bus connections
The station is served by line 73 of the RATP Bus Network and, at night, by lines N11 and N24 of the Noctilien bus network.

Nearby

 * Avenue des Champs-Élysées
 * Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Paris - Île-de-France region
 * Hôtel Barrière Le Fouquet's
 * Hotel George V, Paris
 * Hotel Prince de Galles
 * Le Lido (cabaret)
 * Jardin de l'Hôtel-Salomon-de-Rothschild

title: George V station


text:
Magnolia liliiflora

Magnolia liliiflora is a small tree native to southwest China (in Sichuan and Yunnan), but cultivated for centuries elsewhere in China and also Japan. Variously known by many names, including Mulan magnolia, purple magnolia, red magnolia, lily magnolia, tulip magnolia and woody-orchid, it was first introduced to English-speaking countries from cultivated Japanese origins, and is thus also sometimes called Japanese magnolia, though it is not native to Japan. It is now also planted as an ornamental in North America and Europe, though rather less often than its popular hybrid (see below).

It is a deciduous shrub, exceptionally a small tree, to 4m tall (smaller than most other magnolias), and blooms profusely in early spring with large pink to purple showy flowers, before the leaf buds open. It is one of the slowest-growing trees, with a growth rate of 15 - 30 centimeters (6–12 in) when young.

The cultivar 'Nigra', with flowers much deeper in colour than the species, has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit. It prefers an acid or neutral soil, in full sun or light shade.

This species is one of the parents of the popular hybrid saucer magnolia, M. × soulangeana, the other parent being the Yulan magnolia, M. denudata.

title: Magnolia liliiflora


text:
Franklin D. Roosevelt station

Franklin D. Roosevelt is a station on Line 1 and Line 9 of the Paris Métro. With more than nine million passengers annually (2019), it is the nineteenth busiest station in the Paris Métro system.

History
Originally, the stations on the two lines were separate. The Line 1 station opened as part of the first stage of the line between Porte de Vincennes and Porte Maillot on 19 July 1900 and was called Marbeuf. It was named after the Rue Marbeuf, which in turn was named after the Marquise de Marbeuf, who had developed the area in the 1770s and was guillotined during the Reign of Terror.

The Line 9 station opened when the line was extended from Trocadéro to Saint-Augustin on 27 May 1923 and was called Rond-Point des Champs-Élysées or just Rond-Point. On 6 October 1942 a connection between the two stations was opened and the new station was renamed Marbeuf–Rond-Point des Champs-Élysées (or more often Champs-Élysées–Marbeuf). This new station became Franklin D. Roosevelt station in 1946 when the nearby Avenue Victor-Emmanuel III was renamed Franklin D. Roosevelt Avenue, in honour of US President Franklin D. Roosevelt who had been an ally of France during World War II, as opposed to Victor Emmanuel III, the king of Italy who, although allied with France during the First World War, had fought against France as king of Fascist Italy during the Second World War.

The station was renovated after the Second World War and the work introduced a new artistic technique known as "gemmail", which is often called "block glass" or "glass brick" in English. Sometimes it is also called a "station musée" (station-museum). While one can find some of the glass brick along the platform for Line 9, more of it can be found in along the platform serving Line 1. The inauguration of the finished station involved a large ceremony on the night of 1 March 1957, with two ramps equipped with tables of food for the invited guests.

As part of the automation project on Line 1, its platforms were completely renovated in 2008.

Attractions

 * Access to the Petit and Grand Palais
 * Beginning of the large amount of department stores on the Champs-Élysées (Virgin, Cartes IGN, etc.)
 * Access to the tree-lined part of the Champs-Élysées

Access
The station has seven entrances, the first two of which are only accessible from the platforms of Line 1, given that its stopping point was originally independent of that of Line 9.
 * Access 1 - 27, Avenue des Champs-Élysées;
 * Access 2 - 35, Avenue des Champs-Élysées;
 * Access 3 - 40, avenue des Champs-Élysées;
 * Access 4 - 44, Avenue des Champs-Élysées;
 * Access 5 - 3, rond-point des Champs-Élysées;
 * Access 6 - 7, rond-point des Champs-Élysées;
 * Access 7 - 60, Avenue Montaigne.

Platforms
The platforms of the two lines are of standard configuration: there are two per stopping point, they are separated by the tracks located in the centre and the vault is elliptical. On the other hand, they are distinguished by their cultural layout, which itself differs between the two lines.

In line 1, the walls are clad in illuminated gilded metal panels, while the vault, as well as the tunnel exits, are clad in bevelled champagne-coloured tiles and fitted with cylindrical ceiling lamps decorated with bubble motifs. The platforms are tiled in anthracite grey and fitted with landing doors partially painted black. The name of the station is written directly on the metal panels in five different languages. On each platform, three touch screens display maps of the network, a map of the neighbourhood and a route finder. Five additional screens present advertising campaigns as well as cultural programmes. They will screen four two-minute films, produced by the French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) as part of the International Year of Chemistry, and three films made by the artist Marko Echeverria as part of his work Passenger Landscapes. These amenities are complemented by black Akiko style seats.

On line 9, the metalwork is in the form of honey-coloured aluminium panelling comprising a set of brass-rimmed display cases. Many of them are now empty. Their partial closure reveals the old wall of the station still covered with its original bevelled white tiles, which also covers the vault while the tunnel exits are treated with metal wall facings. The name of the station appears in raised honey-coloured capital letters above the display windows. This layout is complemented by yellow Motte style seats and specific lighting canopies with metal slats in a shape close to a semicircle.

Bus connections
The station is served by lines 28, 32 (in the direction of Gare de l'Est only), 42, 73, 80 and 93 of the RATP Bus Network and, at night, by lines N11 and N24 of the Noctilien bus network.

title: Franklin D. Roosevelt station


text:
AAM

AAM may refer to:

 * Aam, a hamlet in the Netherlands
 * Academy of Ancient Music, a period-instrument orchestra based in Cambridge, England
 * Accademia di Architettura di Mendrisio
 * Active appearance model, a method for image detection, using statistical models
 * Advanced Air Mobility, a system of air-based transportation
 * Air-to-air missile, a missile fired from an aircraft to attack another aircraft
 * Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers
 * Alliance for Audited Media
 * American Alliance of Museums, an organization for museums and associated individuals
 * American Axle & Manufacturing, a supplier of automotive components
 * Anti-Apartheid Movement
 * Aramanik language, an extinct language of Tanzania, ISO 639-3 designation
 * ASCII Adjust after Multiplication, computer instruction in Intel BCD opcodes
 * Association for Accessible Medicines, formerly known as the Generic Pharmaceutical Association (GPhA)
 * Association of Assistant Mistresses, a former British trade union
 * Atmospheric angular momentum, the measure of the rotation of the atmosphere around the north–south axis of the Earth; see Day length fluctuations
 * Author Accepted Manuscript
 * Automatic acoustic management, a technology to reduce hard drive seek noise
 * Mala Mala Airport (IATA: AAM), South Africa
 * US Army Achievement Medal, awarded for meritorious service or achievement

title: AAM