text:
Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute

The Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute is an institute under the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) with the mandate for developing new techniques for the design of agricultural experiments as well as to analyze data in agriculture. The institute is affiliated with and is located in the campus of the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, a deemed university, at Pusa in New Delhi. The institute includes sections that specialize in statistical techniques for animal and plant breeding, bioinformatics, sampling, experimental design, modelling and forecasting.

Origin and history
In 1930 the, then, Imperial Council of Agricultural Research, started a statistical unit to assist the State Departments of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry in planning their experiments, analysis of experimental data, interpretation of results and rendering advice on the formulation of the technical programmes of the Council. This unit was established on the recommendation of Leslie Coleman. This unit was headed from 1940 by the statistician Dr. P.V.Sukhatme who had studied with Jerzy Neyman in London. The early research was on reliable methods for collecting yield statistics of principal food crops.

Further research in sampling and statistics was initiated and this became a Statistical Branch in 1945. The branch soon acquired international recognition as a centre for research and training in the field of Agricultural Statistics. In 1949 it was named as Statistical Wing of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR). In 1952, at the recommendations of Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) experts Dr Frank Yates and Dr D. J. Finney it was expanded and in 1955 it moved to the Pusa campus. On 2 July 1959 it was renamed as the Institute of Agricultural Research Statistics (IARS).

In 1964, a Memorandum of Understanding was signed with the Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi and courses in M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees were offered.

In 1964, it was one of the few institutes with a computer, an IBM 1620 Model-II Electronic Computer. In 1970, it became a full institute under the ICAR and the name was changed to Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute (IASRI) on 1 January 1978.

In 1977, a third generation computer Burroughs B-4700 system was installed in a new building. In 1991–95, the old computers were replaced by new networked PC systems.


text:
Talk:Carl Orff

Catullus etc
There should be a link from this entry to http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catullus, where the roman poet who inspired Carmina Catulli is presented. Or perhaps from the page about Carmina Catulli, although that is just a stub.

necesito el texto en español Ich hatte gern das text auf deustch Ineed the scrip iin english

you speak multiple languages. good for you. you want a cookie or a medal?

His connections to the Nazis were most likely not as strong as suggested in the article. According to the German version of Wikipedia and other sources he went on to win the Bundesverdienstkreuz (1971), was buried in a semi-royal graveyard.... honours I'm sure a Nazi composer would not have recieved in modern Germany.

Like many in Germany (and trust me, I'm NOT trying to find excuses) he hardly had a choice but to do as he was told. The fate of his close friend shows what may have happened to him had he simply (for fear of his own life) refused to comply. I strongly doubt he had much in common with the ideology of the Nazis at all. Call him an opportunist or a coward but it is wrong to brand him a supporter of the Nazis as this suggests many, many evil things.

=>In this german text he is not described as a nazi, but very well as someone who cooperates to push his carrier. which means he had the choice of not doing so. (but then I must confess I'm not an expert, so I cannot judge about the quality of the linked article.) There it is also said that when he claimed to have participated in the Weiße Rose after the war, it was because before this the Americans wouldn't allow his music to be played, which means again, to cleanse his image and push his carrier.

I think you are right. The linked article refers to the work of Michael H. Kater, who wrote two articles on the subject ("Carl Orff im dritten Reich" in Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte vol. 43, 1995; "Carl Orff. Man of Legend" in Kater, Composers of the Nazi Era, Oxford University Press, 2000). Kater tends to push his conclusions a bit over the top, but his research is thorough and his view on Orff's role in the Nazi-Germany is hard to invalidate. Gerrit Maas 15:01, 18 August 2006 (UTC)

My question is whether Wikipedia should reference such a badly written, internet article which doesn't even show its sources. Would it not be better to reference something like this - http://www.orff-zentrum.de/carlorff_biographie_uk.asp Hew 03:59, 15 October 2006 (UTC)

 * As to Carl Orff's sympathies, I have yet to see one single person who's done any research at all adduce a single piece of evidence that he was sympathetic to Nazism. Michael Kater and Fred K. Prieberg have been very critical of Orff, and they both said he was not sympathetic to Nazism (e.g., Prieberg 2009, 5396–97; Kater 2000, 119; Kater, The Twisted Muse (Oxford University Press, 1997), 192). As early as 15 he was writing works in which militarism, authority, religious dogma, etc. are portrayed as cruel, capricious, and harmful, which suggests a world view incompatible with totalitarianism.
 * Regarding Michael H. Kater's research more generally, there's been a thorough response just published by Oliver Rathkolb, which I've added to the references. Unfortunately, in my own work on Carl Orff I've found that there were numerous problems with Kater's. For example, Kater 2000, 142–43 claims that Orff "made no attempt to resume the relationship" with Erich Katz after WWII, but see Davenport 1995 and the finding aid for the Katz collection at Regis University: not only did Orff and Katz have an extensive correspondence from 1952 to Katz's death in 1973, but Orff is the one who initiated it (letter dated 26 June 1952).
 * This brings me to: "There it is also said that when he claimed to have participated in the Weiße Rose after the war, it was because before this the Americans wouldn't allow his music to be played, which means again, to cleanse his image and push his carrier." — This is flat-out untrue. Carl Orff was not blacklisted, certainly not at the time Jenkins was trying to help him/convince him to help the Americans. See Rathkolb 2021, 132–136. Here Rathkolb quotes a letter dated 7 January 1946, a couple months before Orff had undergone the psychological evaluation at the ICD screening center. Here's my translation of the first part: "Since you presently have no interest in appearing in public, neither as conductor nor to speak [publicly] in any way, and you have not yet decided whether or not you want to accept a teaching [position], i.e. [if] you want to dedicate yourself only to your compositions, you really do not need a license."
 * Kater quoted a later portion of this letter, in which Jenkins was encouraging Orff to find a way to say that he'd been an active resister of the Nazis (furthering Kater's narrative that Orff needed to lie to save himself). He did not quote the portion in which Jenkins told Orff that he actually didn't need to do anything at all. Jenkins wanted him to get the further clearance since he was hoping Orff would take an Intendant position that he didn't want; Orff's official denazification report notes he'd already turned it down. Also, Kater mentioned a 1960 interview in which Orff discussed Huber and the Scholl siblings, but didn't mention that the article very explicitly states that Orff was never himself a member of the resistance. I regret to say that I've heard others find similar distortions elsewhere in Kater's work. AskohlerOpus111 (talk) 08:17, 14 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Postscript: I just read in Oliver Rathkolb's book that Orff had not yet turned down the Intendant position when Jenkins sent the aforementioned letter, but in my opinion such a job was sufficiently unappealing to him (he initially said no before reconsidering) that he would have felt the need to concoct an elaborate story for the sake of getting it. AskohlerOpus111 (talk) 05:26, 26 August 2022 (UTC)

Did Orff suck?
This article seems to have been sabotaged: "Carl Orff who sucked real bad refused to speak about his past. What is known is that"  These words appear in the biography section, but do not appear when I try to edit the page. Someone may want to do something about this. :) —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 205.250.121.116 (talk) 20:55, 30 January 2007 (UTC).

Pedagogical Work
"Schulwerk" translates to "school work." "Musik für Kinder" translates to "music for children."

yea...of course...

Plagiarized?
There's this Nobuo Uematsu song in Final Fantasy VIII called (I think) Tears of the Moon that sounds A LOT like Orff's O Fortuna. I'd be surprised if Nobuo didn't do a little stealing. Anyone agree? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 160.39.157.110 (talk) 21:34, 6 October 2007 (UTC)

If you find out, put it on the article O Fortuna.Polypipe Wrangler (talk) 15:53, 11 November 2008 (UTC) Even worse is what Aaron Copeland is alleged to have done. -- Brothernight (talk) 06:25, 22 December 2011 (UTC)

Military service in WWI?
I added the category "German military personnel of World War I" yesterday, then saw this:

 02:32, 31 March 2008 FordPrefect42 (Talk | contribs) (10,983 bytes) (revert - certainly not _military_ personnel, read the article)

I did read the article, and it states the following: ''Moser's Musik Lexicon states that Orff studied at the Munich Academy of Music until 1914. He then served in the military during World War I.''

His WWI military service is referred to here and here.

It looks like he didn't join the German army immediately upon the outbreak of the war, but obv. that does not mean he wasn't in the army at all.

Was this revert made in error? KConWiki (talk) 12:13, 31 March 2008 (UTC)

 * I admit that I misread the category as "... of World War II" in the first place. On the other hand, I think adding this cetegory would be somewhat misleading. Neither did Orff notably contribute to warfare, nor was he a volunteer member of the army. He simply fulfilled his military service, which was (and still is) mandatory in Germany, so practically every male German living at that time would have to be added to that category. Orff's short-term military service did not exceed the year of 1914 due to serious health problems. --FordPrefect42 (talk) 23:49, 31 March 2008 (UTC)

 * However, there are plenty of American baseball players (Bill Conroy (catcher)) and actors (Jack Klugman) and congressmen (Henry Hyde) whose WWII service has gotten them put into such categories, even if they didn't make out-of-the-ordinary military contributions. I'd like to put the category back. KConWiki (talk) 01:55, 1 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Orff was forced into military servitude in August 1917, and was only in the battlefield a short time before the horrendous injury. I've updated the citations, and I'll make a change to give that date. AskohlerOpus111 (talk) 09:55, 14 August 2022 (UTC)

Jewish Grandparent, Fascist Aesthetics, Role as Educator, Continuing Influence
I strongly wish that Phaidon would have produced a biography of Orff along the lines of their excellent treatments of other 20th century composers. Until then, it seems that Michael Kater's "The Twisted Muse"(Oxford) seems to be the best english-language resource I've found. It would be a shame if the chance to interview Orff's contemporaries has expired along with the composer.

Much of the controversy over Orff's relationship with the NSDAP seems to be answered by Kamen's assertion that he had a Jewish grandmother (mentioned in the first paragraph of "Jewish Flight and Exile" on page 105 of the softcover edition of "The Twisted Muse"). Kamen doesn't address the degree to which this was known at the time, but it seems to explain a great deal of why he would face the same "gray" categorization from both the NSDAP and, later, the occupying Allies.

Also key to Orff's legacy is the unique role his music holds in what might be called Fascist aesthetics. Of course, this is incredibly subjective, and not without its contradictions. But, in my opinion, his music has more than a few parallels to the massive scale and clean lines of Albert Speer, the epic cinematography of Riefenstahl (sp?), the neo-classical pretensions of the Italian supremacists, and other touchstones of what may be very broadly considered to be Fascist aesthetics. The degree to which these aesthetics contrasted with the anti-modern bent of NSDAP authorities also makes for an interesting discussion on its own. .

Additionally, it would be nice to see his role as an educator given more attention. Orff didn't just help establish an entirely new approach to musical education - he developed an entirely original system of modular percussion instruments and a revolutionary approach to education of the very young. Also seldom mentioned is the degree to which these two roles overlapped - the same man who created an approachable system for the young to experience music and dance also used a completely original syntax in his scoring, with use of exotic percussion instruments almost never seen in any other score. A revolutionary approach to the orchestra itself - the likes of which are possibly only found in the operas of Wagner, who takes the brass section to similar extremes as Orff takes percussion - makes for an interesting counterpart to his revolutionary approach to education.

I would also posit that the fact that the opening notes of "Carmina" have been rewritten countless times for promotional spots, films, etc, speaks to the resonance of these aesthetics in our contemporary world - one might suggest that the promotional presentations of uniforms, choreographed violence and manufactured epic quality of professional sports owes more than a little to the Fascists of the thirties, and that the fact that rewrites (or the occasional actual use of a clip) of "O Fortuna" are frequently used for this kind of subject matter is, in my opinion, interesting, even if it goes far, far beyond the appropriate subject matter for a biographical excerpt. 71.106.176.234 (talk) 07:43, 21 April 2008 (UTC)

New film from Tony Palmer
I don't know how wide the distribution is yet, but I saw Tony Palmer's "O Fortuna! - The true story of Carl Orff and Carmina Burana" at the Barbican Centre and it's got a decent amount of information regarding his life, including interviews with 3 of his wives and his biographer. Not to editorialize too much, but the impression given in the film was that his relationship with the Nazi party was merely one of convenience (in the sense that he didn't care enough about politics to be morally for or against them). He seemed to want to avoid rocking the boat (probably especially due to his part-Jewish ancestry). - IstvanWolf (talk) 22:17, 7 December 2008 (UTC)

Composer project review
I've reviewed this article as part of the Composers project review of its B-class articles. This article doesn't merit a B rating; it has too many basic facts about Orff missing, or sketchily covered, and is unduly focused on Carmina and his alleged Nazi connections. My full review is on the comments page; questions and comments should be left here or on my talk page.

Two abbeys confused here
The article refers to the 'Benedictine monastery of Beuron'. Beuron is a famous Augustinian monastery near Sigmaringen, but surely the original manuscript of the Carmina burana was found in the library of Benediktbeuern, Bavaria. Norvo (talk) 17:15, 22 July 2009 (UTC)
 * You are right. Beuron and Beuern (short for Benediktbeuern) are quite different locations. I have corrected this. --FordPrefect42 (talk) 10:07, 15 August 2009 (UTC)
 * Great example of successful use of the wiki process! (I'd never heard of Beuron nor Beuern, and would not likely have caught that, even tho my German is good enuf for me to speculate that [B]euern is also the medieval ancestor of modern German Bayern; my sloppy Yank pronunciation may well have better matched -ron than -ern for decade after decade.) --Jerzy•t 04:12, 10 March 2014 (UTC)

Military history
Why does someone think this is within the scope of the Military history WikiProject? Deipnosophista (talk) 15:32, 15 August 2009 (UTC)

Also sprach Zarathustra
This article asserts that Orff wrote this piece, while all other references I have found so far within WP appear to point to Richard Strauss including the disambiguation page for Also sprach Zarathustra. I am pretty sure the record label on my old Star Wars album credited Strauss. And supposedly it was written in 1896, when Orff would have been one-year old.

Perhaps the reference to Also sprach Zarathustra ought to be removed from the Orff bio? --Grandpa jlc (talk) 06:30, 30 July 2011 (UTC)

 * The famous Also sprach Zarathustra is indeed by R. Strauss. Orff also wrote a piece with that name, as did a few others; see Thus Spoke Zarathustra. -- Michael Bednarek (talk) 07:01, 30 July 2011 (UTC)
 * Orff's is actually just called Zarathustra (though it took me a while to notice that...). The manuscript is digitized at the Bayerische Staatsbibliothek in Munich; unfortunately, one has to go there to see it, even so. AskohlerOpus111 (talk) 10:20, 14 August 2022 (UTC)

Late then or later late
Explain, please, this sentence: "Wracked by guilt, Orff would later write a letter to his late friend Huber, imploring him for forgiveness." Did Orff not know Huber was dead? If Huber wasn't dead yet, then he wasn't "late"--unless we really mean Huber had been Orff's friend of late (or maybe that Huber never arrived on time). TheScotch (talk) 11:37, 3 May 2013 (UTC)
 * Now . -- Michael Bednarek (talk) 07:28, 4 May 2013 (UTC)

Still unclear! He wrote to Huber when H was in prison or what??David Couch (talk) 05:45, 20 June 2014 (UTC)
 * By the implicit chronology, yes, this must have been the case. Unfortunately, both of the cited sources appear to have evaporated into hyperspace. Unless a fresh source can be found, this sentence will have to be deleted.—Jerome Kohl (talk) 17:24, 20 June 2014 (UTC)
 * I have found a reasonably well-documented source and amended the text accordingly. There is a link to a PDF of that (German) source for anyone who wants more details. FWIW, I have also found several other sources reporting on Tony Palmer's biopic, which appears to have been the catalyst for some (possibly unjustified) extrapolations made by journalists reviewing the film. I suspect that the now-evaporated items from the Sunday Times and the Independent may have been of that same stripe.—Jerome Kohl (talk) 22:28, 20 June 2014 (UTC)
 * I've edited the page giving new sources. Jerome Kohl is spot-on in saying that the extrapolations are unjustified (and I don't just say that in solidarity due to our similar surnames :-) ). As I commented in the section below this one, the confusion is the result of Tony Palmer's film being entirely unclear on this point. Orff wrote the letter because Clara Huber, Kurt's widow, asked him to contribute to a memorial book to her husband. I remember at least one review of the Palmer film treating the letter like a private confession, which is how Michael Kater incorrectly framed it. Kater was also operating under the assumption that Orff had lied about being part of the resistance, which in fact is quite unlikely (see my comment above under "Catullus etc."). At no point does Orff actually ask for forgiveness in the letter, so I removed that part entirely — although I concede one may read it between the lines. My citations include where you can find the text of the letter. Alas, the only English translation of which I'm aware is in my own dissertation, which I feel gauche in citing, but at the same time I'm hoping it will be helpful for people to be able to read it themselves:
 * https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/handle/2027.42/111359 (it's in the third PDF, pages 436–438). AskohlerOpus111 (talk) 10:19, 14 August 2022 (UTC)

Carl Orf as a Nazi and SS-officer
To:, pleae see:
 * Composers of the Nazi Era by Michael H. Kater, and Who's Who in Nazi Germany by Robert S. Wistrich for more on this. (Here's some background on Rosenberg from the transcript of his trial for crimes against humanity).

 * Carl Orff, the composer who lived a monstrous lie - Times Online http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/article5366154.ece

 * Dark heart of a masterpiece: Carmina Burana's famous chorus hides a murky Nazi past - Features, Theatre & Dance - The Independent, http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/theatre-dance/features/dark-heart-of-a-masterpiece-carmina-buranas-famous-chorus-hides-a-murky-nazi-past-1050503.html

 * Warwick Thompson (from Bloomberg.com:Arts and Culture: Nazi Lies, Hate Emerge in Film About ‘Carmina Burana’ Composer (review by Warwick Thompson), Wednesday, January 28, 2009}:

"Orff in the Gray Zone" A new documentary on the subject of Orff's connections to the Nazis has come out, and this subject deserves some attention...

Tony Palmer has a new documentary about Orff's Nazi connection: "At the end of the war, a sympathetic de-Nazification officer from the U.S. told Orff that if he could prove he had actively helped to overthrow the Nazi regime and not just privately despised it, his name would be cleared as a Nazi sympathizer. He would then be allowed to collect royalties from his masterpiece.

Orff told the man he’d been a member of the White Rose underground resistance group, founded by his friend Kurt Huber. The core members of the group were executed in 1943. Orff’s de- Nazification status was changed from “gray unacceptable” to “gray acceptable,” and he was permitted to compose for public presentation.

Orff’s claim was a lie, as was his later statement that the Nazis had tried to ban “Carmina Burana.”

 * SS-Obersturmführer Karl Orf. in http://www.defendingarnhem.com/Awardwinners.htm --Alex F. (talk) 12:19, 2 March 2015 (UTC)
 * Starting at the end: which source claims that the "SS-Obersturmführer Karl Orf" in your link is the subject of this article, Carl Orff?
 * Kater's writings and its reviews are cited in the article; apparently, his assertion that Orff claimed to have been involved in the foundation of the Weiße Rose have not been verified and Kater no longer holds that view. The review of Palmer's work states, "Orff himself was never a paid-up Nazi."
 * As Alex Ross and others have written, Orff was certainly an opportunist and duplicitious, but more reliable sources are needed to apply the Category:Nazis to him. The other category you added, Category:SS officers, is entirely unsupported. Until you provide reliably sourced material supporting these categories, I suggest you remove them. -- Michael Bednarek (talk) 12:55, 2 March 2015 (UTC)
 * PS: Following the principles of WP:BRD, I'm going to remove those categories until this discussion resolves the matter. -- Michael Bednarek (talk) 12:57, 2 March 2015 (UTC)

 * No to Nazi, and absolutely no to SS. Here's Richard Taruskin's take, and an interesting piece for its own sake:  http://www.nytimes.com/2001/05/06/arts/music-orff-s-musical-and-moral-failings.html  Opportunist and a bit of a liar, when it suited him, but he certainly wasn't a party member. Antandrus  (talk) 17:37, 2 March 2015 (UTC)
 * P. S. Taruskin certainly has interesting points worth serious discussion, but his comment about "primitive, unreflective enthusiasm" (quoting a dubious statement by Alex Ross) aroused "in millions" leading to the Holocaust is both embarrassingly reductive and an absurd exaggeration of the role of Carl Orff's music in the Third Reich (see Rathkolb 2021, S. 158). It's up there with J. Mark Searce to saying Carmina Burana "became the backbeat to Hitler's rise to power" despite the fact the premiere was 8 June 1937 and Hitler became chancellor on 30 January 1933.
 * AskohlerOpus111 (talk) 18:16, 16 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Take the newspaper articles linked above with a grain of salt. They're reviews of Tony Palmer's film, which has some excellent things but also is far too uncritical of the White Rose lie claim, which doesn't hold up to scrutiny (see Rathkolb 2021; I also am speaking here as one who's researched the whole mess extensively). Orff also never said the Nazis straight-up banned Carmina Burana, although he misrepresented his reception in the Third Reich by only mentioning the people who were against him, and although he did say that the Schulwerk had been banned (see Dokumentation, Vol. 3, p. 203; Prieberg 2009, 5390). Palmer's film was also spectacularly unclear about the letter to Huber, which was in fact to be a published tribute, as a result of which some of those reviewing the film mischaracterized it. Michael H. Kater in that film also referred to Kurt Huber as a co-founder of the White Rose, which is why Jessica Duchen's article makes that same mistake (Huber was not involved until the last couple months that the White Rose was operational).
 * I have another comment up above going into the allegation that Orff lied about being in the resistance, under the "Catullus etc" section, so I'll refer people up there rather than going on further. I'm about to leave a comment in the preceding section regarding the Huber letter as well.
 * AskohlerOpus111 (talk) 10:07, 14 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Regarding some of the older allegations: Eleonore Büning actually wrote in article currently cited on the Wikipedia page (Die Zeit, 7 July 1995) that Orff joined the NSDAP in 1940, but this is untrue. Fred Prieberg noted that she could have figured that information out easily, but slanderers don't need to do homework (Prieberg 2009, 5394). The accusation that Carl Orff was in the SS is a new one on me. AskohlerOpus111 (talk) 10:24, 14 August 2022 (UTC)

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Roman Catholicism
The section entitled Personal Life begins: "Orff was an observant and active Roman Catholic.[19][20]" Yet the very next sentence is: "Orff was married four times: to Alice Solscher (m. 1920, div. 1925), Gertrud Willert (m. 1939, div. 1953), Luise Rinser (m. 1954, div. 1959) and Liselotte Schmitz (m. 1960)" I'd like to point out that, especially in the days before Vatican II, it was impossible to be an "observant Roman Catholic" and be divorced even once, never mind three times.2602:306:CC3A:6860:993C:CEC4:729B:6EB2 (talk) 02:43, 12 February 2016 (UTC)

 * Good pick-up. ;-) While by the time I got to the page, "observant and active" had been deleted, I've added a bit more on this, with citation.
 * AskohlerOpus111 (talk) 09:57, 14 August 2022 (UTC)
 * P.S.: I found the culprit! The following page was cited: http://www.classical.net/music/comp.lst/works/orff-cb/carbur2.php
 * "Orff was a devout active Roman Catholic and included bells in "Ave formosissima" (Song 24). One wonders if the Roman Catholic Church would have officially endorsed Carl Orff's works, particularly Carmina Burana."
 * Three glockenspiels (the actual scoring in question; many of the other numbers in Carmina Burana use various bells) imitating sacring bells is hardly evidence of someone being a "devout active Roman Catholic." Werner Egk uses actual sacring bells in his ballet Abraxas, which was banned in Bavaria by a right-wing Catholic named Alois Hundhammer (I'm not making that up) a few years after WWII for being sacrilegious (they are used in a Satanic mass in hell, after all). I have a feeling the Church would not have endorsed anything that Orff wrote other than his early Ave Maria, which is very nice (probably a student work from the Akademie der Tonkunst).
 * As an addendum, the New York Times reviewer of the most recent production of De temporum fine comoedia, which I saw in Salzburg, "aggressively Christian," much to my irritation. The interminable stretches of music that obscured what was going on probably didn't help....
 * AskohlerOpus111 (talk) 06:01, 16 August 2022 (UTC)

Assessment comment
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Jewish grandparent?
There seems to be some definite conflict on this. When I simply google a biography of Orff, virtually all sources say that he came from an old Bavarian family of officers and academics but nothing about having a Jewish grandmother. Seemingly, all sources on him having a Jewish grand parent stem from one guy on the "O Fortuna" documentary who claims his daughter once told him privately that his paternal grandmother was born to a Jewish family that converted to Christianity yet "mysteriously" did not mention it in her memoirs and that Orff himself never said anything about it in his writings.

And by "his daughter" I mean Orff's daughter of course.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Carl Orff


text:
Parasite single

A parasite single (パラサイトシングル) is a single person who lives with their parents beyond their late 20s or early 30s to enjoy a more carefree and comfortable life. In Japanese culture, the term is especially used when negatively describing young unmarried women.

Etymology
The expression parasaito shinguru was first used by Masahiro Yamada of Tokyo Gakugei University in his bestselling book The Age of Parasite Singles (パラサイトシングルの時代), published in October 1999. The catchy phrase quickly found its way into the media and is now a well-known expression in Japan.

Yamada subsequently coined the related term parasite couple to refer to married children living with the parents of one partner. However, this situation occurs less frequently and the term parasite couples is less well known. This is a traditional Japanese living arrangement, though its prevalence has decreased in recent years.

Dynamics
This situation allows the children to live in considerable comfort, and while many save money, others spend all their income on luxury items, traveling, and other non-essential expenses. Many children wish to live with their parents until they marry.

The parents, for their part, often enjoy living with their children. Many parents want to protect their children and offer them the best possible start in life. Parents also enjoy the company and the social interaction and try to maintain the relationship. The additional expenses for the parents due to the additional household member are usually small, as the fixed costs such as rent must be paid regardless, and the additional cost for food and other consumables is sometimes negligible. Many parents also see this as an investment in their future, as the children will be more obliged to take care of their parents in their old age (in Japan, it is traditional that children care for their elderly and disabled parents).

Japanese women
A growing number of young women are remaining unmarried in Japan today, a development often viewed as a rebellion against the traditional confines of women's restrictive roles as wives and mothers. The percent of Japanese women still single in their twenties was 30.6% in 1985 and 54% in 2004.

Young women's lifestyles instead center on friends, work, and spending disposable income; unmarried Japanese adults typically live with their parents, thus saving on household expenses and increasing the amount of money available to spend on their own entertainment. Sociologist Masahiro Yamada gave these young adults the label "parasitic singles." Some young women reacted by creating business cards with their names and the title "Parasite Single" on them. Japanese media has given heavy coverage to the decline in Japan's birthrate, but the trend continues.

Causes
There is a sense of community to sharing a home with other people in general. Life in modern societies has become more physically isolated. Japan is at the extreme of this spectrum, with much of life revolving around workplace interactions. The multi-generation home living arrangement is only considered unusual relative to the standards of the late 20th century and early 21st century. Many view this as a result of consumer-economics stigma which favors economic competition above personal enrichment, enjoyment and appreciation of life. The aspect of young people not working mirrors other things that are often considered economic parasitism in some ways. People who make a distinction between this and the types of things often labeled as economic parasitism point out that in Japan and the United States, the older generations currently dominate the mid and high level work positions. Supporters of this view argue that the phenomenon as the inevitable result of a rebellion in reaction to a rapidly changing world in which the powerful forces of society simultaneously condemn young people for lacking ambition, while seeking to limit their freedom without much prospect for fulfilling, balanced lives, nor even physical security in the intermediate future.

A "parasite single" who lived alone would also have to do cleaning and cooking for themselves. Also, establishing a household has a large up-front cost for durable items, e.g. a refrigerator, furniture, washing machine, and other items. The security deposit, traditional monetary gift for the landlord ("key money"), and the housing agent fee can also easily reach six months' rent; this is non-refundable and must be paid in advance. In summary, becoming independent involves large expenses, work, and a significant drop in living standard. Furthermore, as the vast majority of the Japanese population is concentrated in cities, all the employment and entertainment options desired are within reach from the parental home.

The economic advantages are enjoyed by all types of parasite singles, although there are different subgroups. Career oriented young salarymen, career women, and office ladies could afford to live on their own, but prefer the financial benefits, and perhaps the company and security, of living at home.

Often, they can only find part-time and low-paid jobs, turning into underemployed, so-called freeters, who cannot afford to live independently, regardless of whether they would like to or not. Finally, some do not want to face the competition of the outside world at all, and so, do not seek work, and, in extreme situations, try to not even leave their parents' house. These people are referred to as hikikomori (people who withdraw from society, literally to "withdraw into seclusion").

Genda Yuji, associate Professor of the Institute of Social Science (University of Tokyo), widened the perspective from the rise of so-called "parasite singles" through proposing a socioeconomic-driven view, strongly connected to the collapse of bubble economy, and the inability of the country's employment system to react after the crisis:

Social impact
One possible side-effect of the parasite single phenomenon is the increase of the average age of the first marriage (though this is also attributable to other factors, such as career prospects and education). While in 1970, Japanese women married on average at age 24 and men at age 27, by 2002, this had increased to 27.4 years for women and 29 years for men. This has also resulted in women having children later in life, and fewer children overall due to the decline in fertility after age 30. Subsequently, while in 1983 there were on average 1.8 children born to every woman over her lifetime, this has decreased to 1.22 children per woman in 2008.

Similar arrangements outside Japan
These lifestyles are not confined to Japanese society; similar arrangements can also be found in other cultures. In Italy, parasite singles were offensively called bamboccioni ("grown-up big spoiled babies") in 2007 by former minister Tommaso Padoa-Schioppa, voluntarily ignoring the situation of a considerable part of the 20- to 30-year-old population. In post-communist Central Europe, the phenomenon is more accepted, possibly due to socio-economic reasons and soaring housing prices. In English-speaking nations, the term "basement dweller" has connotations that imply a person lives with their parents because they do not have enough money to move out, and if they had enough money would be living on their own.

A different concept of parasite single is found in Brazil, where some individuals are said to have a Paitrocínio (a wordplay between the words pai/father and patrocínio/sponsorship). This word is used not for the ones living in their parents' homes, but for the ones who did leave home, but still rely solely, or majorly, on their parents' financial support. The reasons for leaving home before achieving financial independence vary, but mostly it is due to college or to start a career with small or uncertain initial incomes, such as in arts and sports.

title: Parasite single


text:
Lunch meat

Lunch meats—also known as cold cuts, luncheon meats, cooked meats, sliced meats, cold meats, sandwich meats, delicatessens, and deli meats—are precooked or cured meats that are sliced and served cold or hot. They are typically served in sandwiches or on a tray. They can be purchased pre-sliced, usually in vacuum packs, or they can be sliced to order.

Types

 * Bresaola
 * Chicken breast
 * Chicken loaf (also known as chicken roll)
 * Corned beef
 * Cotechino
 * Dutch loaf
 * Ham
 * Baked
 * Boiled
 * Chipped chopped
 * Cooked
 * Éisleker
 * Jamón: serrano or ibérico
 * Presunto
 * Prosciutto
 * Smoked
 * Head cheese
 * Salceson
 * Meatloaf
 * Ham and cheese loaf
 * Olive loaf
 * Pepper loaf
 * Pimento loaf
 * Spiced luncheon loaf
 * Veal loaf
 * Mortadella
 * Pork roll
 * Roast beef
 * Roast lamb
 * Roast pork
 * Sausages
 *  Bierwurst or beerwurst
 * Blood tongue (Zungenwurst)
 * Bologna, Polony
 * Lebanon
 * Braunschweiger
 * Brühwurst
 * Mettwurst
 * Chorizo
 * Devon
 * Extrawurst
 * Gelbwurst
 * Jagdwurst
 * Krakowska (Kraków-style pork sausage)
 * Kabanos
 * Myśliwska
 * Liverwurst
 * Prasky
 * Morcilla
 * Salami
 * Alpino
 * Capocollo
 * Finocchiona
 * Italian-style
 * Jewish-style
 * Pepperoni
 * Soppressata
 * Salchichón
 * Saucisson sec (dry, maturing, salty, savoury-tasting French salami)
 * Sausagemeat stuffing
 * Summer sausage
 * Teewurst
 * Smoked meat
 * Montreal-style smoked meat
 * Pastrami
 * Tongue
 * Turkey breast
 * Spam and Treet

Health
Most pre-sliced lunch meats are higher in fat, nitrates, and sodium than those that are sliced to order, as a larger exposed surface requires stronger preservatives. As a result, processed meats may significantly contribute to incidence of heart disease and diabetes, even more so than red meat.

A prospective study following 448,568 people across Europe, showed a positive association between processed meat consumption and mortality caused by cardiovascular disease and cancer. Similarly, a prospective study in the US following half a million people flagged a similar association between death and increased processed meat consumption. The World Cancer Research Fund International guidelines on cancer prevention recommend avoiding all processed meats.

Safety
Deli lunch meat is occasionally infected by Listeria. In 2011, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US CDC) advises that those over age 50 reheat lunch meats to "steaming hot" 165 °F and use them within four days. In 2021, the US CDC reported another wave of Listeria outbreak. The final investigation notice from 2023 advises that "people who are pregnant, aged 65 or older, or have a weakened immune system" reheat deli products to the aforementioned temperature in order to "kill any germs", even when there is no outgoing outbreak.

title: Lunch meat


text:
Fred Ford (programmer)

Robert Frederick Ford is an American video game programmer. He is the son of mathematician L. R. Ford Jr. A co-founder of the video game studio Toys for Bob, he led the company from its inception until late 2020 with his co-founder Paul Reiche III. Ford is the co-creator, with Reiche III, of the Star Control universe. Ford did the programming, while Reiche was responsible for the game design and fiction. Ford was also the lead programmer on The Horde and Pandemonium.

Beginnings and Star Control
Ford attended the University of California, Berkeley. In the early 1980s, Ford began his game career while in college, creating games exclusively for the Japanese market. Working for a company called Unison World (later Magicsoft), he worked on his first games for a Japanese monochrome handheld, including a bowling game, a bi-plane flight game, and a tank game. Soon after, he moved onto developing for the NEC PC-6000 series, the MSX, and Fujitsu systems, with titles such as Pillbox, Sea Bomber, and ''Ground Support. ''

Ford was working on an unreleased title, when Magicsoft ran out of money. This led Ford to transition to more corporate employment. He worked for graphics companies in Silicon Valley, until he realized he missed working in the game industry. Ford told friends he was seeking a designer-artist to collaborate with, and his friends knew Paul Reiche III was seeking a programmer-engineer. Ford and Reiche had actually attended college together, and their friends arranged to re-introduce them at a game night hosted by game designer Greg Johnson. One of the friends who encouraged the get-together was fantasy artist Erol Otus

Reiche and Ford's first collaboration was Star Control, with Ford focused on programming, and Reiche focused on the game design and fiction. Originally called Starcon, the game began as an evolution of the concepts that Reiche first created in Archon: The Light and the Dark. Archon's strategic elements were adapted for Star Control into a space setting, with one-on-one ship combat inspired by the classic 1962 game Spacewar!. As Ford and Reiche's workflow as a team was developing, the game took on a more limited scope compared to the sequel. Upon its release in 1990, Star Control was voted the "Best Science Fiction Game" by Video Games and Computer Entertainment. Decades later, it is remembered as one of the greatest games of all time. "[A]s a melee or strategic game, it helped define the idea that games can be malleable and dynamic and players can make an experience wholly their own."

The success of their first game led to a more ambitious sequel in Star Control II. Reiche and Ford aimed to go beyond ship combat to develop a "science fiction adventure role-playing game". Their goal of creating a dynamic space adventure was largely inspired by Starflight, created by Greg Johnson. A few years earlier, Reiche had been friends with Johnson. During the game's creation, Reiche was inspired to offer creative input for Johnson's expansive science fiction game. This friendship and mutual admiration led Reiche and Ford to hire Johnson for Star Control II. The duo later credited Johnson as one of the game's most significant contributors. Star Control's story and characters were vastly expanded from the story and characters in the first game. As Reiche and Ford worked on the first version of the game's dialog, they recognized they needed help with the writing and art and were forced to enlist the help of friends and family. In addition to Johnson, they recruited long-time friend Erol Otus, who contributed music, text, art, and illustrations for the game's manual, and (later) voice-acting. Through mutual friends, they acquired the talents of famed fantasy artist George Barr. The project eventually ran over schedule, and the budget from publisher Accolade ran out. During the final months of development, Fred Ford supported the team financially.

Star Control II became one of the best games of all time, according to numerous publications in the 1990s, 2000s, and 2010s. It is also ranked among the best games in several specific areas, including: writing, world design, character design, and music. The game also influenced other titles, most notably the open-ended gameplay of Tim Cain's Fallout, the world design of Mass Effect, and the story events of Stellaris.

Toys for Bob
Ford and Reiche began branding themselves as Toys for Bob, with The Horde as the studio's first official title. By this point, Reiche and Ford were doing contract work for game publisher Crystal Dynamics, with their three-person studio recruiting Fred Ford's brother, Ken. The Horde was a fantasy action-strategy hybrid game comparable to Star Control II, and was notable for including performances from actors Kirk Cameron and Michael Gregory.

Acquisition by Activision and Skylanders breakthrough
Toys for Bob secured Activision as their new publisher, thanks to an introduction from former Toys for Bob staff who had founded Shaba Games and been acquired by Activision. The publisher offered Toys for Bob the Disney license for Disney's Extreme Skate Adventure, which led to a 2003 game release. This successful relationship led to Toys for Bob being acquired by Activision in May 2005. The company became a wholly owned subsidiary, and the management team and employees signed long-term contracts under the new corporate structure. Working with Activision, Toys for Bob continued to focus on licensed video games, such as Madagascar. However, the market for these types of games began to dry up, in part due to the negative reputation created by other licensed games.

The company searched for new opportunities. One such idea came from Toys for Bob character designer I-Wei Huang, who had been creating toys and robots in his spare time. The company saw the potential to adopt these toys and character designs into a game, with technical engineer Robert Leyland applying his hobby in building electronics. Coincidentally, Activision merged with Vivendi Games in 2008, and asked Toys for Bob to create a new game around Vivendi's Spyro franchise. The team saw the potential for toy-game interaction and suggested to Activision that it would be ideal for Spyro's rich universe of characters. Activision CEO Bobby Kotick responded well to the idea, and gave the team an additional year of development to better refine the technology, the manufacturing process, and the gameplay. Ford credits Activision for funding the expensive and risky development, "we could have thought of this idea as independents and never got it made." This culminated in the 2011 release of Skylanders: Spyro's Adventure, which became a breakthrough success for the developer, their most notable game since Star Control.

In October 2017 Fred Ford and Paul Reiche III announced they would be working on a direct sequel to Star Control II called Ghosts of the Precursors.

Star Control intellectual property split
In 2018, Stardock sued Paul Reiche III along with Fred Ford in Stardock Systems, Inc. v. Reiche, for trademark infringement of the "Star Control" trademark. During the course of the lawsuit, Stardock trademarked numerous alien names from Star Control 1 and 2. Reiche and Ford asserted that Atari only owned the game name, marketing content and the new aliens in Star Control 3, and that the in-game alien names to the first two games were never Atari's to sell. Litigation ended at June 2019 when both sides reached a settlement that involved the parties exchanging honey for mead and the parties agreeing that Stardock has exclusive rights of the Star Control name with a list of alien names from the first two games being for the exclusive use for Reiche and Ford.

title: Fred Ford (programmer)


text:
Gas gun

A gas gun may refer to:
 * A projectile-firing gun powered by compressed air:
 * Air gun
 * Airsoft gun (in particular a gas blowback airsoft gun)
 * Devices described as pneumatic cannons:
 * Dynamite gun
 * Holman Projector
 * M61 Vulcan (also hydraulically operated)
 * Potato cannon
 * Certain non-lethal or less-lethal firearms:
 * Gas pistol
 * Riot gun, especially when loaded with CS gas grenades
 * Vortex ring gun
 * A gun that fires a stream of gas. This can be for these purposes among others:
 * To generate a loud noise as a bird scarer
 * For astronaut propulsion in outer space
 * Light-gas gun, a velocity-generating device used in physics experiments
 * A gas-operated firearm mechanism

title: Gas gun


text:
Paul Reiche III

Paul Reiche III is an American game designer. His career started in the pen and paper RPG industry, where he collaborated with artist Erol Otus on games such as Dungeons & Dragons and Gamma World. He then transitioned into video games, working with Jon Freeman to establish Free Fall Associates and developed titles like Mail Order Monsters, World Tour Golf, and Archon. Later, he left Free Fall to establish Toys for Bob with Fred Ford. Their first collaboration resulted in Star Control. After a successful sequel, they declined to make a third installment, instead focusing on other projects including the successful Skylanders franchise.

Pen and paper RPGs
Reiche was a childhood friend of artist Erol Otus, before either of them worked in the role-playing game industry. He and Otus played role-playing games together and released a few small games in the genre. After Otus joined TSR, the then-publisher of Dungeons & Dragons (D&D), Reiche was able to eventually find employment there as a writer.

They made contributions to the evolving game and other games by TSR—Otus with artwork, Reiche with game design (primarily on D&D and Gamma World ). Reiche's credits as developer include Isle of Dread, Slave Pits of the Undercity and Assault on the Aerie of the Slave Lords, and The Ghost Tower of Inverness, and he also contributed to Gary Gygax's Legion of Gold for Gamma World. Reiche also invented the race of Thri-kreen mantis warriors for Advanced Dungeons & Dragons, which debuted in the second set of Monster Cards.

Video games
Through his work at TSR, he met Jon Freeman, co-founder of computer game company Automated Systems (later Epyx), and together they decided to start a new gaming studio called Free Fall Associates. During this time, Reiche worked on Mail Order Monsters, World Tour Golf, and Archon, which were released with Electronic Arts. Around this time, Reiche also befriended Greg Johnson and became fascinated with his expansive science fiction game Starflight. Johnson had many conversations with Reiche, who advised him to draft a "story network" that would highlight all the most important points of the story and list the in-game objects necessary to advance from one to the next. Reiche's work on Starflight lasted a few weeks, while he was "supposed to be working on Mail Order Monsters".

Toys for Bob
After several successful releases, Reiche left Free Fall to form Toys for Bob with Fred Ford. Though they had previously attended the same school, they had never met until a games night arranged by friends, both seeking a partner to work on a new project. One of the mutual friends who helped introduce them was fantasy artist Erol Otus. This led to their first collaboration, the game Star Control. Reiche and Ford both shared a love of Jack Vance in both their formative years, and took inspiration from exaggerated societies taken to their extremes, and intelligent characters committed to an interesting agenda. While Reiche focused on the game design and fiction, Ford was responsible for the programming.

After publishing the game, Accolade contracted with Reiche and Ford to develop the sequel, Star Control II. As the project developed, he hired longtime friend Greg Johnson, who is credited as "one of the most significant contributors to Star Control II". The project would draw inspiration from Starflight, which Reiche had helped with just a few years prior. Another friend, Erol Otus, is described as one of the broadest contributors in terms of different aspects of Star Control II, including illustrations for the game manual, in-game art, music, text, and even voice-acting. Reiche himself voiced the Mycon and the neo-Dnyarri (also known as the Talking Pet).

After the success of Star Control II, Accolade offered Reiche and Ford the same budget to produce another sequel, which they turned down to pursue other projects. Toys for Bob proceeded to release Pandemonium! and The Unholy War, and eventually took on a series of contracts for licensed work through the early 2000s. By 2002, Toys for Bob parted ways with Crystal Dynamics and Eidos Interactive, and began seeking a new publisher. After completing Disney's Extreme Skate Adventure (under the Tony Hawk's Pro Skater license), Reiche had all-but released Madagascar when publisher Activision fully acquired his company, in May 2005. What had begun as a partnership had evolved into a division of Crystal Dynamics, then a corporation, and finally a studio within Activision.

Under Activision
Reiche would continue to work on licensed properties such as Tony Hawk's Downhill Jam. In that time, Activision gained the Spyro license, and suggested that Toys for Bob come up with something. This culminated in the release of Skylanders: Spyro's Adventure in 2011, with Reiche as Toys for Bob's Creative Director. The game became a surprise success, and his most notable game since Star Control. The next year, they followed up with the successful release of Skylanders: Giants, building a new franchise with one billion dollars in sales just 15 months after the first game. The series was one of the first and most successful to utilize the toys-to-life feature, and the soaring demand would challenge Reiche to release Skylanders: Trap Team on 10 platforms simultaneously, in 2014.

After years of requests from fans, Fred Ford and Paul Reiche III announced they would be working on a direct sequel to the story of Star Control II.

Star Control intellectual property split
In 2018, Stardock sued Paul Reiche III along with Fred Ford in Stardock Systems, Inc. v. Reiche, for trademark infringement of the "Star Control" trademark. During the course of the lawsuit, Stardock trademarked numerous alien names from Star Control 1 and 2. Reiche and Ford asserted that Atari only owned the game name, marketing content and the new aliens in Star Control 3, and that the in-game alien names to the first two games were never Atari's to sell. Litigation ended at June 2019 when both sides reached a settlement agreeing that Stardock has exclusive rights of the Star Control name with a list of alien names from the first two games being for the exclusive use for Reiche and Ford.

title: Paul Reiche III


text:
Communes of the Mayenne department

The following is a list of the 240 communes of the Mayenne department of France.

The communes cooperate in the following intercommunalities (as of 2020):
 * Communauté d'agglomération Laval Agglomération
 * Communauté de communes du Bocage Mayennais
 * Communauté de communes des Coëvrons
 * Communauté de communes de l'Ernée
 * Communauté de communes Mayenne Communauté
 * Communauté de communes du Mont des Avaloirs
 * Communauté de communes du Pays de Château-Gontier
 * Communauté de communes du Pays de Craon
 * Communauté de communes du Pays de Meslay-Grez
 * Communauté de communes de Sablé-sur-Sarthe (partly)

title: Communes of the Mayenne department


text:
Wotton

Wotton may refer to:

Places

 * Wotton, Barbados
 * Wotton, Gloucester, Gloucestershire, England
 * Wotton, Quebec, Canada
 * Wotton, Surrey, England
 * Wotton House, Surrey, Grade II listed building
 * Wotton-under-Edge, town in Gloucestershire, England
 * Wotton Underwood, village in Buckinghamshire, England
 * Wotton House, Grade I listed country house

People

 * Anthony Wotton (c.1561–1626), English clergyman and controversialist
 * David Wotton (born 1942), Australian politician
 * Sir Edward Wotton (1489–1551), English public official, treasurer of Calais
 * Edward Wotton (zoologist) (1492–1552), English zoologist
 * Edward Wotton, 1st Baron Wotton (1548–1628), English diplomat
 * Sir Henry Wotton (1568–1639), English author and diplomat
 * Henry Wotton (poet) (16th century), English poet and translator
 * John Wotton (16th century), English politician
 * Lex Wotton (born c.1968), Aboriginal Australian elder and political activist
 * Lou Wotton (born 1983), Australian rules footballer
 * Mabel Wotton (1863–1927), English writer
 * Margaret Wotton, Marchioness of Dorset (1485–1539)
 * Mark Wotton (born 1973), Canadian ice hockey player
 * Nicholas Wotton (mayor) (or Wootton; d.1448), English merchant and official, Lord Mayor of London
 * Nicholas Wotton (c.1497–1567), English diplomat
 * Paul Wotton (born 1977), English football player and manager
 * Rob Wotton, British sports news presenter/reporter
 * Roger Wotton (1919–2012), Australian politician
 * Thomas Wotton (disambiguation), several people
 * William Wotton (1666–1727), English theologian, classical scholar and linguist

Other

 * Lord Henry Wotton, fictional character in Oscar Wilde's The Picture of Dorian Gray
 * Wotton Hundred, ancient subdivision of the county of Surrey, England
 * Wotton Tramway, rail line in Buckinghamshire, England

title: Wotton


text:
Add N to (X)

Add N to (X) were an English electronic music band formed in London in 1994. The original members were Andrew Aveling, Barry Smith (aka Barry 7) and Ann Shenton. Steven Claydon replaced Aveling in 1997.

After several releases on small labels, they signed to the independent label Mute Records in 1998, and achieved modest commercial success before splitting in 2003.

Several of their songs and music videos are adult/sex-related: the video for "Metal Fingers in My Body" is an animated short featuring a woman having sex with a robot, and their video for "Plug Me In" features porn actresses playing with sex toys.

Biography
In 1994, Andrew Aveling met Justin Anderson from Freaky Realistic, and together they started a band named Radix Couplment. Andrew was dating Ann Shenton at this time, and got her involved on the project. Andrew then asked his friend Barry Smith (a former Radio Prague DJ) if he too would be interested in joining. They then spent some time gigging under this name before a fall out which led to Anderson's departure from the band. There being only three remaining Andrew then renamed the group Add N to X, based upon a mathematical formula. They kept the name but placed brackets around the X for legal reasons. They then enlisted Steven Claydon, who remained with the group until its dissolution. The band released Vero Electronics (1996) on the Blow Up label.

1997 saw the band twice awarded 'Single of the Week' by the NME (for "The Black Regent" and "King Wasp").

Second album On the Wires of Our Nerves was released in 1998, and was described as "like Stereolab/Suicide with a rocket shoved up their rectum". The album was played heavily by BBC Radio 1 DJ Mary Anne Hobbs on her show, The Breezeblock.

The group performed live regularly, often augmenting their core three-piece line up with either one or two acoustic drummers, and sometimes additional musicians playing extra synths and/or electric guitar. Equipment used live included EMS Synthi AKS (usually thrown around by Barry 7), Korg MS-20, Moog Rogue, EDP Wasp, Omnichord, and ARP 2600.

They often utilized distinctive artwork for the videos and record sleeves, a fetishistic collage of sexual imagery with analogue electronic equipment, based in part on the movie and book Demon Seed.

The band signed to Mute Records and released three more albums, Avant Hard, Add Insult to Injury and Loud Like Nature. They also released the single "Little Black Rocks in the Sun", which was issued on 10 inch hexagonal vinyl. Shenton was reportedly overwhelmed by the pressures of the Loud Like Nature tour, and either left the group or was fired. In 2003, Smith and Claydon continued touring the United States without Shenton. The band broke up shortly thereafter. Barry Smith runs the Horseglue Records store and label with his partner Ethan Reid. Ann Shenton has formed a new group, Large Number, and record label, White Label Music. Steven Claydon is now known for his artwork and in 2006 was included in a group show at Tate Modern. Aveling now plays in Littl'ans.

Albums

 * Vero Electronics (1996)
 * On the Wires of Our Nerves (1998)
 * Avant Hard (1999)
 * Add Insult to Injury (2000)
 * Loud Like Nature (2002)

title: Add N to (X)


text:
Talk:Wootton

Please keep the link to Wotton on the page: it is pronounced exactly the same. -- Graham :) | Talk 11:52, 15 Mar 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Wootton


text:
Talk:Aftermath of the 11 March 2004 Madrid train bombings

Some of the material in this article originally appeared at March 11, 2004 Madrid attacks. See the page history of that article and the archives of that page's talk page for details.

Post war election
The article claims:

 * It was the first time a government that backed the Iraq war has been voted out of office.

Was this the first election involving a government backing the Iraq war? Is this one government voted out of office out of many, or one out of one so far? Miguel 17:08, 2004 Mar 15 (UTC)

 * I think this was the first time a government which took part in the occupation of Iraq faced re-election. The US, UK, Australia, Poland have not had elections since last April. Adam 14:02, 16 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Pamplona death
Is the Pamplona baker shot dead a pending edit or is there some reason to not include the case here?

 * I had to draw a direct relevance line somewhere. We are not writing a chronicle of everything that has happened in Spain this week. Adam 00:44, 16 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * The shot happened after a discussion over a poster condemning the attacks. 1 person died.
 * Batasuna leaders point to the People's Party as (indirect) guilty of the murder. It could be constructed that the focus given by the Government to the ETA hypothesis fueled anger to the point of murder. --Error 02:33, 17 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * While I do not sympathise with Batasuna, I do think the event is important enough in the political aftermath (within Spain). Just as I would expect the articles surrounding 9-11 to include references to the few deaths of muslim or south-asian immigrants in the USA immediately after 9-11, I would expect a mention of this incident in the "aftermath of 11-M" page. Moreover, NPOV requres us to include references to all POVs, and from the POV of Batasuna, the dead baker, and a woman who died at a demonstration to protest his death, are "victims of 11-M", as this article in Gara suggests when it says "202 people dead already". Miguel 19:58, 2004 Mar 17 (UTC)

 * It should be included. (As an aside, Balbir Singh Sodhi even has his own article.) –Hajor 20:05, 17 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Restored. I trimmed the final part and maybe it's not the last version. I don't remember about that woman and don't feel like searching. --Error 01:00, 30 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Passive voice

 * Following the attacks, initial suspicions focussed on the Basque armed separatist group Euskadi Ta Askatasuna ("Basque Fatherland and Liberty") or ETA, although suggestions that the Islamist organisation al-Qaida was responsible were also immediately raised.

Considering how politically important the question of blame seems to be, I think we really really must avoid the passive voice here. Who initially suspected ETA? Who suggested that al-Qaida was responsible? When? DanKeshet 07:40, Mar 16, 2004 (UTC)

 * I agree that this is an important question. But attributing these suggestions to individuals will not be easy, because my recollection is that both groups were immediately named as possible suspects by just about everbody, at least in the English-language media such as the BBC and CNN which I was following. Adam 08:42, 16 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * 'Mainstream media & government.' --Cantus 08:54, 16 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * This type of issue is at the heart of "NPOV: A second course" as opposed to NPOV 101 that newbies learn every day. At first glance it appears like the paragraph is failing the Avoid weasel words test of writing a decent article. But then you think about it a bit more and realize to assign that opinion (implicitly, even) to one organisation by quoting just that organisation, you are marginalizing an opinion that is held by "just about everybody". In fact this sort of thing is covered by the "weasel words can be a legitmate rhetorical device to deliver widely-held opinions" clause of Avoid weasel words. Anyway enough general pontificating, in this specific case, they are several (now former) government ministers to quote, as well as saying that news organisations agreed - Though it is quite shocking how little original thought goes on on some of these TV new programmes... I don't think the Casablanca bombings were mentioned by anyone until the guys got arrested, for example. Pete/Pcb21 (talk) 10:17, 16 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * To be fair to the ministers (who are not ex-ministers yet, by the way) I think it is not unreasonable for ETA to be the first suspect for any bombing atrocity in Spain. Obviously they had strong political desire that this be so, but in the absence of any hard evidence in the first few hours it was a fair call. Adam

 * The first few hours, yes, but they kept it up well into the Saturday. Here's a very interesting article on how the PP handled the information as it arose. –Hajor 20:10, 17 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Page title
I do not like the title of this page. It should be changed to something other than "Responses to...". "Responses" does not reflect the content of the article. Maybe "Aftermath" is more suitable. dave 21:43, Mar 16, 2004 (UTC)

 * I agree on this. Aftermath would be better, and would include *everything* that happens after the actual March 11 attack. --Vikingstad 23:50, Mar 16, 2004 (UTC)

 * It's also funny that the main Madrid attacks article has a long section called "Reactions". Reactions is almost a synonym of Responses I think...  dave 00:21, Mar 17, 2004 (UTC)

 * I got rid of the old page and changed all links to this one Aftermath of...

 * It should also be in European date format, i.e., "Aftermath of the 11 March, 2004 Madrid attacks" - MPF 02:28, 21 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Passeig de Gràcia
As an illustration of the correct use of Google, 7920 catalan pages spell it with an accent, against 580 that spell it without. ;-) Miguel 02:38, 2004 Mar 18 (UTC)

 * Besides which, I have a map on my wall that has it with an accent. Montrealais

Move page
Based on evidence in Talk:11_March_2004_Madrid_attacks (see Usage figures), I believe the name of this article should be changed (yet again) to Aftermath of the 11 March 2004 Madrid bombings, to reflect more accurately on how people identify the events. The more vague term attacks is used more correctly in the 9/11 article, because of the nature of those events. --Cantus 22:43, 23 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Oppose:
 * Texture 22:50, 23 Mar 2004 (UTC) - But I support it as a redirect.

 * Support:

Latest news: three alleged terrorists avoided arrest by blowing up an apartment building. I don't have time to follow this up to the minute, but if you speak Spanish you can try to start with — {[User:Miguel|Miguel]]

What role did the bombing play in Spain's withdrawal from the 'Coalition of the Willing'?
I can't believe that neither this article, or the one on the bombing, or the main article on Spain addresses this question. Was it removed because it seemed too POV? I think that would have been a mistake. Even if the discussion stirs people emotions, people still want to read an informed discussion of it. -- Geo Swan 01:58, 9 August 2005 (UTC)

 * You may find some mention of this in the article on José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero. The gist of it is this: Zapatero had opposed the invasion of Iraq (like 90% of the spanish people) and made the campaign pledge that he would withdraw troops were he to become Prime Minister, which he promptly did. Miguel 20:56, 2005 September 8 (UTC)

 * Technically, the bombing had no effect whatsoever. Zapatero had promised as part of his electoral program to withdraw the troops from Iraq long before the Madrid attack took place. He just kept his word, and didn't let the attack change his decission. Raystorm 17:20, 12 January 2007 (UTC)

March 13
The undeleted paragraphs (see the source!) were out of order in a way that made it look as if the March 13 demonstrations in fact took part on March 12. I encourage you to look at the following diff:

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aftermath_of_the_11_March_2004_Madrid_train_bombings&diff=22864228&oldid=22381212

Miguel 20:56, 2005 September 8 (UTC)

By the way, looking at the article again, the last two paragraphs referring to the March 13 demonstrations should be merged into the previous "political" section. They are clearly not "observances". Miguel 21:02, 2005 September 8 (UTC)

Edition Of Main Account
I have changed the status of this article to disputed, not because of anything in particular that is happening here, more because of disputes over the content of the main article 11 March 2004 Madrid train bombings. There is an editing process going on with this main article that could easily affect the content of this one, and I would like to see all changes made on either article to be done by discussion and consensus. Apart from this 'light' level of protection I have made no changes here. Southofwatford 21:00, 12 September 2006 (UTC)

General complaints. I ask for a general fix
Randroide 15:58, 12 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Following the attacks, initial suspicions focused on the Basque armed separatist group Euskadi Ta Askatasuna ("Basque Fatherland and Liberty") or ETA, although suggestions that the Islamist organisation al-Qaida was responsible were also immediately' advanced.''

Immediately?. If I remember well the "Islamist" trail appeared at least 24 hours after the bombings.

And what about the famous Ibarretxe´s line "When Eta attacks, the Basque heart breaks into a thousand pieces". Not compatible at all with that immediately.

Where is the reference for this immediately, please?.

 * Furthermore, forensic analysis of an undetonated bomb found in a backpack outside El Pozo indicated that neither the explosives nor the detonators used in the attacks were of the type normally used by ETA

We have no idea about what kind of explosives went off in the trains, that´s even an official position of part of the Spanish Judiciary "El Mundo" article, The prosecutor for the Madrid 2004 train attacks say that it is impossible to know what kind of dynamite exploded in the trains.

Use of Titadine (used by ETA) was reported

 * El análisis de un artefacto colocado junto a una valla de la estación de El Pozo y explosionado por la Policía ha podido determinar que el explosivo estaba compuesto por una mezcla de unos cinco kilos de titadine y nitroglicerina considerada "típica de ETA"..

This line must be changed.

Randroide 13:30, 14 January 2007 (UTC)

 * According to police sources, the attacks were carried out by a group of six Moroccans

Incomplete, therefore false. Unsourced, therefore must go out.

Please compare with this line from the main article:

 * The perpetrators were local islamic extremists with possible links with al-Qaeda and two Guardia Civil and Spanish police informants.  Direct al-Qaeda involvement has been discarded

The article is as unsourced assertions festival
Randroide 12:47, 14 January 2007 (UTC)

+50 Fact tags. This is a mess, and in an article tagged by User:Southofwatford as a "Controversial issue", i.e., a tag that ask you to Make sure you supply full citations when adding information to highly controversial articles.

But, as Southwatford wrote:

 * I would like to see all changes made on either article to be done by discussion and consensus. Apart from this 'light' level of protection I have made no changes here.

Sure, you made no changes. You simply "protected" a collection of 48 unsourced blocks of text.

Now is time to fix this mess of article. Please come here to have a discussion, reach a consensus and fix this mess, Southofwatford.

Southofwatford 06:54, 16 January 2007 (UTC) I have protected it because otherwise you would simply go in there and use the lack of sources as a pretext for removing that information which does not suit your political stance - as you have done recently with the main article. You have shown in that case that you remove information that can easily be sourced - except of course where it backs up the claims made by the conspiracy theorists. Dispute protection is necessary to prevent partisan abuse of this page. If you want this article to be sourced properly then do it by consensus Randroide, not by imposition. Don't use the word consensus until your actions start to match your words, you are currently actively avoiding consensus on the main article by imposing contested changes and ignoring other users objections.

Randroide 08:42, 16 January 2007 (UTC) OK. Lets fix the text then.

 * ...you remove information that can easily be sourced

Really?. Then, the only thing you have to do is to source that information. I am not so optimistic as you about the easiness of that task.

 * ...you would simply go in there and use the lack of sources as a pretext for removing that information...

It´s not an "excuse", Southofwhatford, it´s a simple "sanitary" measure: Unsourced text must go out.

 * There seems to be a terrible bias among some editors that some sort of random speculative "I heard it somewhere" pseudo information is to be tagged with a "needs a cite" tag. Wrong. It should be removed, aggressively, unless it can be sourced. This is true of all information, but it is particularly true of negative information about living persons.

...OR...

 * Articles should contain only material that has been published by reliable sources...Editors adding new material should cite a reliable source, or it may be challenged or removed by any editor...The obligation to provide a reliable source lies with the editors wishing to include the material, not with those seeking to remove it. Verifiability.

You have a backlog of unanswered questions above, Southofwhatford. Let´s start the work.

Southofwatford 18:35, 16 January 2007 (UTC) See the talk page on the main article - everything is connected and while you continue to reject consensus and dispute resolution guidelines then you are not entitled to unilaterally edit this page or any other that is under dispute [].

Randroide 09:50, 17 January 2007 (UTC) This is the talk page for Aftermath of the 11 March 2004 Madrid train bombings NOT the talk page for 2004 Madrid train bombings.

This is a different article with totally different problems, so, please, lets do something to fix the problems in this article.

You have a lot questions about this article above in this page.

If you have no time now, I suggest (as an emergency temporary measure) to start hiding (not deleting) unsourced statements in the article.

This mess of article is a shame for us, Southofwatford. Please pay some attention to this page.

Southofwatford 18:55, 17 January 2007 (UTC) I know which page this is, and I know that it has disputed status - when you respect consensus and dispute resolution procedures we can start to talk about what to do with this page. You are currently openly breaking those guidelines and ignoring other user's objections. Do not demand attention for your point of view if you are not to accept the point of view of others.

Randroide 20:15, 17 January 2007 (UTC) Yo are refusing to pay attention to a mess of a page you "protected", Southofwatford.

Please come here to fix this mess or I will have to call for admin attention.

Southofwatford 22:27, 17 January 2007 (UTC) I stand by my previous statement, if you are not prepared to respect the disputed nature of this page then go ahead and make your complaint. No threats please, just do it, I am more than prepared to defend my position.

Randroide 15:45, 20 January 2007 (UTC) O.K. An admin has been approached and spoke about the issue.

Now, lets try your approach, Southofwatford. Please come here and help fixing this mess of article.

Randroide, Durova's response to your poisonous personal attack on me makes absolutely no mention of this article and merely states that arbitration is an appropriate solution after months of dispute. Do not misprepresent administrators conclusions. At the moment you are refusing to recognise the dispute, and are refusing to abide by Wikipedia dispute resolution procedures. Thats's the key point; solving this dispute by consensus is not my approach - it is Wikipedia policy.

Why you are suddenly so concerned about this article is a mystery, have you only just read it? I raised the issue of this article more than once last summer when I was making proposals for restructuring the main article. Neither you nor any other user responded on that. The solution for this article forms part of the solution to the dispute on the main article, a dispute which your recent unilateral and partisan actions have made worse. Solve one, and you solve the other.Southofwatford 07:50, 21 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Any edit lacking a source may be removed, but editors may object if you remove material without giving them a chance to provide references. If you want to request a source for an unsourced statement, consider moving it to the talk page. Alternatively, you may tag the sentence by adding the Fact template...[]...You can also make unsourced sentences invisible in the article by adding after it, until reliable sources have been provided. Leave a note on the talk page or edit summary explaining what you have done. Be careful not to go too far on the side of not upsetting editors by leaving unsourced information in articles for too long WP:V Randroide 20:33, 22 January 2007 (UTC)

Randroide, Wikipedia policies are not like a menu in a restaurant - you cannot just pick the parts that suit you at any given time and ignore the rest. You have been acting outside of dispute resolution guidelines for almost 1 month now - what is it that makes you think you can ignore objections or arguments of other users whilst at the same time demanding that they attend to whatever issues you choose to raise? This article forms part of the more general dispute on the Madrid bombings and while you refuse to respect that dispute it is hard to see what we can do to solve the problems of any part of it.

 * Be careful not to go too far on the side of not upsetting editors by leaving unsourced information in articles for too long'' WP:V

I´ll be careful Randroide 09:11, 23 January 2007 (UTC)

The small fragments of Wikipedia policies that you highlight in bold are not the only ones you are bound to observe - dispute resolution guidelines do not disappear just because you ignore them. Southofwatford 09:51, 23 January 2007 (UTC)

WP:NOT Randroide 10:10, 23 January 2007 (UTC)

WP:DR Southofwatford 10:15, 23 January 2007 (UTC)

There´s no DR procedure going on. Randroide 11:23, 23 January 2007 (UTC)

Really? When did it finish? When a page is disputed then there has to be a process of resolving that dispute. Just because you have freely chosen to ignore attempts to resolve the dispute doesn't mean they don't exist. Southofwatford 11:31, 23 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Just because you have freely chosen to ignore attempts to resolve the dispute...

XD XD XD

Sorry, I was unable to avoid LOL.

Read the page again, man, if you are not joking.Randroide 11:44, 23 January 2007 (UTC)

It's good to laugh, but it still doesn't permit you to avoid dispute resolution. It's not your words that I base my judgement on, its your actions over the last month. Southofwatford 11:57, 23 January 2007 (UTC)

Randroide, your latest changes to this page are absolutely contested because of your refusal to deal with the problems of this page via Wikipedia dispute resolution procedures. As far as I am concerned you are acting, yet again, as a rogue user attempting to impose your will on those who disagree with you. Southofwatford 15:31, 23 February 2007 (UTC)

The (former) problems with this page are treated in WP:V. No consensus needed to remove unsourced assertions. In fact, I waited too much (the page was tagged as unsourced since August 2006). You are free to add sources and thus reintroduce blocks of text.

You are the rogue user, Southofwatford: You are the one who added unsourced statements, though you were wise enough to stop. Congratulations. Randroide 16:27, 23 February 2007 (UTC)

Arbitration Request
I have submitted a request for arbitration on the dispute affecting this article []. Southofwatford 20:27, 27 February 2007 (UTC)

Totally disputed ?
What is totally disputed here? I am not seeing the issue and can't make out what you are talking about above. Can someone explain this to me?-- Birgitte SB  22:36, 9 November 2007 (UTC)

Some conspirationists considered that the bombing was done by Spanish police and the socialdemocrat party. They elaborated a very sophisticated theory and kept insisting on it for years. It is the same that happens in 9/11.--Igor21 11:14, 12 November 2007 (UTC)

 * The article doesn't say anything about this. What is totally disputed in the current article?  Or are you saying that the omission of these ideas is what is disputed?-- Birgitte  SB  14:09, 12 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Exactly. It took several months to erase conspirationism from the text of this and other related articles. Conspirationists think that their disagreement with the current text makes the article "totally disputed". For me the "disputed" template should be removed but then probably these guys will appear again with their fringe ideas and their reckless insistence. --Igor21 16:35, 12 November 2007 (UTC)

 * What do you think about all the hidden text?-- Birgitte SB  16:57, 13 November 2007 (UTC)
 * It is mainly good but there are some conspirationist details. I think we should contact Southofwatford who was the one who started the article. I do not know why all this text is hidden. Perhaps it was agree with the main conspirationist -Randroide- as part of some exchange. --Igor21 18:16, 13 November 2007 (UTC)

 * There was no agreement to hide anything - Randroide used the absence of sources in some parts of it as a pretext for hiding text which didn't fit with his political viewpoint. As an example of how to misuse Wikipedia guidelines to achieve personal objectives it's almost perfect. Southofwatford 09:20, 14 November 2007 (UTC)
 * So perhaps now we can un-hidden all this, once there is a judiciary resolution that backs up the text?--Igor21 19:06, 14 November 2007 (UTC)
 * If it's possible to work on it without being involved in endless circular disagreements with conspiracy theorists then I'm happy to help, otherwise life is just too short. Southofwatford 11:06, 15 November 2007 (UTC)

No mention of Spains withdrawal from Iraq in ANY of the articles on Spains modern history
Not a word about Spain withdrawing their troops from Iraq as a consequence? On 18 April, 2004 "Spain's new prime minister Jose Luis Rodriguez Zapatero has given orders for Spanish troops in Iraq to be brought home in "as short a time as possible". (BBC) http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/3637523.stm and stating so already in March: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3518826.stm Nunamiut (talk) 18:58, 13 December 2010 (UTC)


text:
La Boissière, Calvados

La Boissière is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

Personalities

 * Pierre Lambert de la Motte

title: La Boissière, Calvados