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James Buchli

James Frederick Buchli (born June 20, 1945, in New Rockford, North Dakota) is a retired United States Marine aviator and former NASA astronaut who flew on four Space Shuttle missions.

Early life and education
Buchli graduated from Fargo Central High School, Fargo, North Dakota, in 1963 and received a Bachelor of Science degree in Aeronautical Engineering from the United States Naval Academy in 1967. He also earned a Master of Science degree in Aeronautical Engineering Systems from the University of West Florida in 1975.

Buchli is an associate member of Naval Academy Alumni, American Legion, Association of Space Explorers, and American Geophysical Union.

Military career
Buchli received his commission in the United States Marine Corps following graduation from the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis, Maryland in 1967. He graduated from Basic Infantry Officer's Course and was subsequently sent to the Republic of Vietnam for a 1-year tour of duty, where he served as a Platoon Commander with the 9th Marine Regiment, and then as Executive Officer and Company Commander for B Company, 3rd Reconnaissance Battalion. He returned to the United States in 1969 for naval flight officer training at Naval Air Station Pensacola, Florida. After earning his wings, he spent the next 2 years assigned to VMFA-122 at Marine Corps Air Station Kaneohe Bay, Hawaii, and Marine Corps Air Station Iwakuni, Japan. In 1973, he proceeded to duty with VMFA-115 at Royal Thai Air Base Nam Phong in Thailand, and again MCAS Iwakuni. Upon completing this tour of duty, he again returned to the United States and participated in the Marine Advanced Degree Program at the University of West Florida. He was assigned subsequently to VMFA-312 at Marine Corps Air Station Beaufort, South Carolina, and in 1977, to the U.S. Naval Test Pilot School at Naval Air Station Patuxent River, Maryland.

He has logged over 4,200 hours flying time: 4,000 hours in jet aircraft, including combat in the F-4 Phantom II.

NASA career
Buchli became a NASA astronaut in August 1979, selected as part of Group 8. He was a member of the support crew for STS-1 and STS-2, and On-Orbit CAPCOM for STS-2. A veteran of four space flights, Buchli has orbited the Earth 319 times, traveling 7.74 million miles in 20 days, 10 hours, 25 minutes, 32 seconds. He served as a mission specialist on STS-51-C, STS-61-A, STS-29, and STS-48. From March 1989 till May 1992 he also served as Deputy Chief of the Astronaut Office.

On September 1, 1992, Buchli retired from the Marine Corps and the NASA Astronaut Office to accept a position as manager of space station systems operations and requirements with Boeing Defense and Space Group, at Huntsville, Alabama. In April 1993, he was reassigned as Boeing deputy for payload operations, Space Station Freedom Program. Buchli currently serves as operations and utilization manager for space station, Boeing Defense and Space Group, at Houston, Texas.

Space flights

 * STS-51-C flew the Space Shuttle Discovery, and was the first dedicated Department of Defense mission. Launched January 24, 1985, from Kennedy Space Center, STS-51-C performed its mission to deploy a modified Inertial Upper Stage (IUS) vehicle from the Space Shuttle. Landing occurred on January 27, 1985, after slightly more than three days on orbit, ending a mission lasting 73 hours, 33 minutes, and 27 seconds.
 * STS-61-A, launched October 30, 1985, and landing November 6, saw the Space Shuttle Challenger perform a West German D-1 Spacelab mission. It was the first to carry eight crew members, then the largest crew to fly in space, and the first in which payload activities were controlled from outside the United States. More than 75 scientific experiments were completed in the areas of physiological sciences, materials processing, biology, and navigation, and the mission duration was 168 hours, 44 minutes, and 51 seconds.
 * STS-29, flew the Discovery from March 13, 1989, to March 18, a five-day mission during which the crew deployed a Tracking and Data Relay Satellite, and performed numerous secondary experiments, including a space station "heat pipe" radiator experiment, two student experiments, a protein crystal growth experiment, and a chromosome and plant cell division experiment. In addition, the crew took over 3,000 photographs of the Earth using several types of cameras, including the IMAX 70 mm movie camera, during the 119 hours, 39 minutes, 40 second mission.
 * STS-48, from September 12, to September 18, 1991, was a five-day mission during which the crew of the Discovery deployed the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) designed to provide scientists with their first complete data set on the upper atmosphere's chemistry, winds, and energy inputs. The crew also conducted numerous secondary experiments ranging from growing protein crystals, to studying how fluids and structures react in weightlessness. Mission duration was 128 hours, 27 minutes; 34 seconds.

Awards and decorations
Buchli is a recipient of the Defense Superior Service Medal, Legion of Merit, Purple Heart, Defense Meritorious Service Medal, Navy and Marine Corps Commendation Medal and Vietnam Gallantry Cross with silver star. He is a 2019 inductee into the United States Astronaut Hall of Fame. Buchli was announced as the 49th recipient of the Theodore Roosevelt Rough Rider Award on May 20, 2024.

title: James Buchli


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Artemisia vulgaris

Artemisia vulgaris, the common mugwort, is a species of flowering plant in the daisy family Asteraceae. It is one of several species in the genus Artemisia commonly known as mugwort, although Artemisia vulgaris is the species most often called mugwort. It is also occasionally known as riverside wormwood, felon herb, chrysanthemum weed, wild wormwood, old Uncle Henry, sailor's tobacco, naughty man, old man, or St. John's plant (not to be confused with St. John's wort). Mugworts have been used medicinally and as culinary herbs.

Distribution
A. vulgaris is native to temperate Europe, Asia, North Africa, and Alaska, and is naturalized in North America, where some consider it an invasive weed. It is a very common plant growing on low-nitrogen soils, such as waste places, roadsides and other weedy and uncultivated areas.

Uses
Traditionally, it has been used as one of the flavoring and bittering agents of gruit ales, a type of unhopped, fermented grain beverage. In Vietnam as well as in Germany, mugwort is used in cooking as an aromatic herb.

In China, the crunchy stalks of young shoots of A. vulgaris are a seasonal vegetable often used in stir fries.

In Nepal, the plant is used as an offering to the gods, for cleansing the environment (by sweeping floors or hanging a bundle outside the home), as incense, and also as a medicinal plant.

The dried leaves are often smoked or drunk as a tea to promote lucid dreaming. This supposed oneirogenic effect is reported to be due to the thujone contained in the plant.

Description
A. vulgaris is a tall, herbaceous, perennial plant growing 1 - 2 m (rarely 2.5 m) tall, with an extensive rhizome system. Rather than depending on seed dispersal, it spreads through vegetative expansion and the anthropogenic dispersal of root rhizome fragments. The leaves are 5–20 cm long, dark green, pinnate, and sessile, with dense, white, tomentose hairs on the underside. The erect stems are grooved and often have a red-purplish tinge. The Ukrainian name for mugwort, чорнобиль (chernobyl) transliterates as "black stalk", and the Ukrainian city of Chernobyl gets its name from the plant. The small yellow or brown rayless flower heads are 5 mm long, radially symmetrical and arranged in racemose panicles. The outer flowers in each capitulum are female and the inner ones bisexual. It flowers from midsummer to early autumn.

Several species of Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths) such as Ostrinia scapulalis feed on the leaves and flowers of the plant.

Pharmacological properties
Historically, A. vulgaris was referred to as the "mother of herbs" and has been widely used in the traditional Chinese, European, and Hindu medicine. It possesses a wide range of supposed pharmacological uses, including anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, antispasmolytic, antinociceptive, antibacterial, antihypertensive, antihyperlipidemic, and antifungal properties.

Phytochemical constituents
A. vulgaris houses a variety of phytochemicals which are responsible for its pharmacological properties. The phytochemicals belong to classes including flavonoids, essential oils, phenolic acids, coumarins, sterols, carotenoids, vitamins, and sesquiterpene lactones, among many others. Examples of the phytochemicals include vulgarin, artemisinin, scopoletin, camphene, camphor, sabinene, and some derivatives of quercetin and kaempferol.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Artemisia vulgaris


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La Chapelle station

La Chapelle is a station on Paris Métro Line 2, on the border of the 10th and 18th arrondissements above the Boulevard de la Chapelle. The station is connected to the Gare du Nord and the Gare du Nord Métro station on lines 4 and 5.

Location
The station is located above Boulevard de la Chapelle at the intersection with Rue du Faubourg-Saint-Denis and Rue Marx-Dormoy.

History
The elevated line 2 station was opened on 31 January 1903 as part of the extension of line 2 from Anvers to Bagnolet (now called Alexandre Dumas). It is named after the Place de la Chapelle, which was named after the Barrière de la Chapelle, a gate built for the collection of taxation as part of the Wall of the Farmers-General; the gate was built between 1784 and 1788 and demolished after 1859. The gate was named after a village that was annexed by Paris in 1860 and was named after a chapel to Saint Genevieve built in the 6th century.

Since 1993, a long connecting corridor has connected it to the underground part of the Gare du Nord.

During the summer of 2012, the station closed for two and a half months in order to replace the original canopies with identical ones, which protect passengers from the weather.

At the end of 2017, access to the station was known to be congested, the RATP agreed to launch preliminary studies to create a third access.

In 2019, 6,534,340 travelers entered this station which places it at the 48th position of the metro stations for its usage.

Project
In a study carried out by the l'Atelier Parisien d'Urbanisme (Parisian Urban Planning Workshop) during May 2012, it hypothesized the possibility of an extension of the tram tracks of the T8 line, southwest of Gare Rosa-Parks, towards the Gare de Paris-Est, using the tracks next to the RER E. It would be carried out as part of the redevelopment of an enlarged area of Paris northeast. It would run alongside the ZAC Pajol, serve the La Chapelle metro station on line 2 and therefore end at the Gare de l'Est.

Access
The station has two entrances to the west end of the station, located on the central reservation of Boulevard de la Chapelle, on either side of the metro viaduct.

There is a connection to Gare du Nord through a tunnel between the metro station and the RER station.

Platforms
The station platforms, overhead, located on a viaduct, are a standard configuration with two platforms separated by metro tracks. They are fitted with awnings, like all the elevated stations on the line. The lighting is carried out thanks to two unique light canopies of neon lights. The upper walls are made of transparent stained glass (unlike the other elevated stations of the line, which are frosted) surmounting the lower walls that covered with white and flat ceramic tiles. The platforms, devoid of advertising, are fitted with blue Motte style seats and the name of the station is inscribed in Parisine font on enameled plates.

Bus connections
The station is served by lines 35, 38, 45, 48, 302 and La Traverse Ney-Flandre (519) of the RATP Bus Network and, at night, by line N43 of the Noctilien.

Nearby
The Théâtre des Bouffes du Nord, located on Boulevard de la Chapelle, is opposite the station.

title: La Chapelle station


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Samuel Ashe (North Carolina governor)

Samuel Ashe (March 24, 1725 –February 3, 1813) was the ninth governor of the U.S. state of North Carolina from 1795 to 1798. He was also one of the first three judges of the North Carolina Superior Court in 1787.

Life story
Ashe was born in Beaufort in the Province of North Carolina. His father, John Baptista Ashe, and brother, John Ashe, both served as Speaker of the North Carolina Assembly, or House of Burgesses. Ashe became an orphan at the age of nine. He married Mary Porter in 1748; they had three children, including John Baptista Ashe, who would serve in the Continental Congress. After Mary died, Ashe remarried, this time to the former Elizabeth Merrik.

Ashe studied law and was named Assistant Attorney for the Crown in the Wilmington district of the colony.

He became involved in the revolutionary movement and served in the North Carolina Provincial Congress and as a member of the North Carolina militia. For a little more than one month in 1776, Ashe served as president of the Council of Safety, the state's executive authority. He was also appointed to the committee that drafted the first Constitution of North Carolina. In 1776, he was elected to the new North Carolina Senate and was elected its first speaker. The following year, Ashe was appointed presiding judge of the state Superior Court, a post he held until 1795.

During the American Revolution, Ashe served as lieutenant and paymaster of the 1st North Carolina Continental Regiment from September 1775 until he resigned on April 16, 1776. He later served as a captain of the First Troop of North Carolina Continental Dragoon Regiment from March 1777 until the regiment was disbanded on January 1, 1779.

In 1795, the General Assembly elected him governor at 70. He served three one-year terms, the maximum constitutional limit, before retiring in 1798. Ashe was active in politics after his term as governor, serving as a member of the United States Electoral College in 1804, when his fellow Democrat-Republican, Thomas Jefferson, was reelected over Federalist Charles C. Pinckney.

Namesakes and family
Ashe County and the cities of Asheville and Asheboro in North Carolina are named in his honor.

Ashe was a slave owner, and one such person, Amar, was a West African woman kidnapped and brought to America in 1735 aboard a ship called The Doddington. Legendary tennis player Arthur Ashe was a direct descendant of Amar.

Ashe's grandson, William Ashe, was a Confederate soldier in the American Civil War and a son of John B. and the former Eliza Hay. He was killed at Shiloh in Tennessee in 1862, a battle in which William's brother, Samuel Swann Ashe, also fought.

The Gov. Samuel Ashe Grave near Rocky Point, North Carolina was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.

title: Samuel Ashe (North Carolina governor)


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Suwon

Suwon is the largest city and capital of Gyeonggi Province, South Korea's most populous province. The city lies approximately 30 km south of the national capital, Seoul. With a population of 1.2 million, Suwon has more inhabitants than Ulsan Metropolitan City, though it enjoys a lesser degree of self-governance as a 'special case city'.

Traditionally known as the 'City of Filial Piety', modern Suwon retains a variety of historical landmarks. As a walled city, it is a popular destination for day-trippers from Seoul, with the wall itself—Hwaseong Fortress—receiving 1½ million visits in 2015.

Suwon plays an important economic role as it is home to Samsung Electronics, Korea's largest and most profitable company. The company's research and development centre is in Yeongtong-gu in eastern Suwon, where its headquarters have also been located since 2016. Samsung's prominence in Suwon is clear: the company is partnered with Sungkyunkwan University, which has a campus in the city; it also owns the professional football team Suwon Samsung Bluewings. This team has won the K League four times and the Asian Super Cup twice. The city is also home to the K League 1 team Suwon FC and the KBO League baseball team KT Wiz.

Suwon houses several well-known universities, most notably Sungkyunkwan University and Ajou University. It is served by three expressways, the national railway network, and three lines on the Seoul Metropolitan Subway.

Name
Suwon means literally "water source". The area has gone by different names since antiquity, but almost all of them have this meaning. The name originally comes from the name of the statelet Mosukuk, from around the Proto–Three Kingdoms period. Afterwards, the area and what is now Hwaseong were together called Maehol, Maetkol, or Mulgol. In 757 CE, the name was changed to Susŏng-gun, in order to disambiguate it from another territory with a similar-sounding name. In 940, its name was changed to Su-ju. In the 11th century, it went by either Susŏng (different Hanja: 隋城) or Hannam. In 1310, it received the name Suwon.

In English, the name was formerly often spelt 'Sou-wen'.

Early history
The area now corresponding to Suwon has been inhabited since at latest the early Bronze Age. Artifacts from that period to the early Iron Age have been found in the area, and include objects such as pottery, sculpture, and arrowheads. One location these materials have been found is at Yeogisan, which is now a Monuments of Gyeonggi Province.

During the Three Kingdoms of Korea period, the area was described as being of the territory of the statelet Mosukuk, part of the Mahan confederacy. The area came under the influence of Goguryeo in the late 5th century CE, and then later became part of Unified Silla (668–935).

It became part of Goryeo after a military campaign led by King Taejo. In the 13th and 14th centuries, the area was promoted, demoted, merged, and made part of various administrative districts. The area then became a part of Joseon upon its founding, and in 1395 was made an administrative center of Gyeonggi Province.

Until the late 18th century, Suwon’s administrative centre was in modern-day Annyeong-dong at the foot of Hwasan (a hill in Hwasan-dong, Hwaseong City). In 1796, King Jeongjo relocated it to its current location at the foot of Paldalsan. To protect this new city, he commanded the building of Hwaseong Fortress—a protective wall around the town.

An 1899 administrative report had the population at 49,708 people in 12,579 households.

Japanese colonial period
During the 1910–1945 Japanese colonial period, a number of prominent Korean independence activists came from or operated in Suwon. Kim Se-hwan and Yi Sŏn-gyŏng were both arrested for their activities.

Liberation to Korean War periods
On 15 August 1949, Suwon was promoted from a county to a city, with some of its former territory made into Hwaseong County.

When the Korean War began, the United States Air Force 49th Fighter Wing, then stationed in Japan, was sent to Korea with an initial mission of evacuating civilians from Suwon and Gimpo. While on this mission, on 27 June 1950, US planes in Suwon were attacked by North Korean fighters. The ensuing Battle of Suwon Airfield became the first aerial combat of the war. Suwon Airfield was attacked again two days later while General Douglas MacArthur was on site. Though the US repelled both attacks, Suwon fell to the advancing North Koreans one week later, on 4 July 1950. The following day saw the first land conflict between United States and North Korean forces, the Battle of Osan.

North Korean troops were not the only threat to life: in the early days of the war, southern authorities feared left-leaning civilians, and many were killed. Suwon was a site of such killings: eyewitness account from US intelligence officer Donald Nichols places Suwon as the location of a massacre of approximately 1,800 in late June 1950.

Suwon was retaken, fell again to the North, before being recaptured for the final time. In total, the city changed hands four times during the war.

While under southern authority, Suwon hosted forces from several countries. For example, on 16 December 1950, the Greek Expeditionary Force relocated from Busan to Suwon, attached to the US 1st Cavalry Division. The city also appeared strategically important, as in late 1951, the US Air Force's top fighter pilot Gabby Gabreski was placed in charge of Suwon Air Base.

A memorial to French forces was erected in 1974 near the Yeongdong Expressway's North Suwon exit. This was renovated in 2013.

Recent history
In 1964, the headquarters of Gyeonggi Province began a process of relocation from Seoul to Suwon. Seoul had left the province in 1949. When the construction of the headquarters was completed on 23 June 1967, the date was set as a new annual holiday: Suwon Citizen's Day. The Hwahong Cultural Festival (now Hwaseong Cultural Festival) was established to celebrate the occasion.

Suwon has experienced a number of administrative territory changes since the 1960s. In 1963, Suwon expanded greatly as 20 villages were incorporated from Hwaseong-gun. In 1983, two more villages were acquired from Yongin. In 1987, Suwon expanded westwards, acquiring another two villages from Hwaseong. Gwonseon-gu and Paldal-gu were established in 1988. It received more territory from Hwaseong and Yongin in 1994, and again from Hwaseong in 1995. It established Yeongtong-gu in 2003.

In preparation for the construction of a new planned city Gwanggyo, there were two-way exchanges of land between Suwon and Yongin in 2007 and 2019. Suwon’s most recent land exchange occurred in 2020, when it swapped some land parcels with Hwaseong.

Geography
Suwon lies in the north of the Gyeonggi plain, 30 km south of the national capital, Seoul. It is bordered by the cities of Uiwang to the north-west, Yongin to the east, Hwaseong to the south-west, and Ansan to the west. Suwon is near the Yellow Sea coast: at its closest point, on the 239 m Chilbosan ridge to the west, Suwon lies 18.2 km from Ueumdo in Sihwa Lake, a coastal inlet cordoned off to drive the world's largest tidal power station.

Geology and topography
Suwon is primarily composed of Precambrian metamorphic rock. It has amphibolites that intrude through these, and also granites from the Mesozoic Era.

Most of Suwon is composed of biotite granite (Jbgr) from the Jurassic period. This granite is centred on Paldalsan. A form of Daebo granite, this rock is distributed through Homaesil-dong, Geumgok-dong, Dangsu-dong, Seryu-dong, Seodun-dong, Gwonseon-dong, and other areas. Its main constituent minerals are quartz, plagioclase, orthotic, biotite, and amphibole.

Precambrian biotite gneiss (PCEbgn) is found in northern Suwon, specifically Pajang-dong, Gwanggyo-dong, Woncheon-dong, and Maetan-dong. Visible rocks here are composed of quartz, feldspar, biotite, amphibole, and muscovite; and are generally dark grey or dark green. Mesozoic biotite granite intrudes through these.

Precambrian quartzo-feldspathic gneiss (PCEqgn) is distributed in some mountainous areas in Hagwanggyo-dong and Sanggwanggyo-dong in northern Suwon. This gneiss has primarily undergone silicification, and is mainly composed of quartz, feldspar, biotite, and muscovite. It is grey, grey-brown, and white.

Suwon's single tectonic fault splits from the Singal Fault in Iui-dong, creating the Woncheonri Stream. The stream follows the fault through Ha-dong, Woncheon-dong, and Maetan-dong till it joins the Hwangguji Stream in Annyeong-dong, Hwaseong City. This is a 20 km-long vertical fault running SSW, eventually to the Yellow Sea. In Suwon, biotite gneiss and biotite granite are brought into contact by the fault.

While the low-lying fault sits in the south of Suwon, the north is hillier: the city's highest point is Gwanggyosan (582 m) on the border with Yongin.

Streams and lakes
Most of Suwon's streams originate on Gwanggyosan or other nearby peaks. Since the city is bounded to the north by Gwanggyosan, to the west by Chilbosan, and to the east by other hills, the streams, chiefly the Hwanggujicheon, Suwoncheon, Seohocheon, and Woncheollicheon, flow southwards. After merging, they eventually empty into the Yellow Sea at Asan Bay. The entirety of Suwon is drained in this manner.

Several of Suwon's streams feature lakes. Since there are few natural lakes on the Korean mainland, Suwon's lakes are in fact small reservoirs. These 11 reservoirs are Chungmanje, otherwise known as Seoho near Hwaseo Station; Irwol Reservoir  near Sungkyunkwan University; Bambat Reservoir  near Sungkyunkwan University Station; Manseokkeo, otherwise known as Irwang Reservoir  in Manseok Park; Pajang Reservoir  near the North Suwon exit of the Yeongdong Expressway; Gwanggyo Reservoir  and Hagwanggyo Reservoir  at the foot of Gwanggyosan; Woncheon and Sindae Reservoirs  in Gwanggyo Lake Park; and Geumgok Reservoir, a small lake at the foot of Chilbosan. Irwang Reservoir (Manseokkeo) has been designated a world heritage site for irrigation. Wangsong Reservoir, on the border with Uiwang, used to be partly in Suwon, but after controversial boundary changes, it is now entirely in Uiwang.

Climate
Suwon has both a humid continental climate (Köppen: Dfa), and a humid subtropical climate (Köppen: Cwa).

The city is prone to occasional flooding: the 1998 flood caused the death of a US soldier, and 145 mm of rain fell in 24 hours in 2010.

Administrative divisions

The city is composed of four gu (districts). Jangan-gu and Gwonseon-gu  were established on 1 July 1988. On 1 February 1993, parts of Jangan-gu and Gwonseon-gu became a new district, Paldal-gu. The newest district is Yeongtong-gu, which separated from Paldal-gu on 24 November 2003. These districts are in turn divided into 42 dong.

Suwon has several new 'towns', e.g., Homaesil and Gwanggyo. The latter is perhaps the most notable of these: the first stage of its construction was completed in 2011, and today its district, Yeongtong-gu, has Gyeonggi Province's seventh most expensive housing.

Demography
Suwon is 50.3% male (49.7% female), and 2.9% foreign. On average, there are 2.3 residents per household. Further details for each district are shown below (figures from 31 December 2023).

Religion
The Catholic Diocese of Suwon was created in 1963 by Pope Paul VI. The cathedral—St Joseph's—is at 39 Imok-ro, Jeongja-dong.

Suwon is the birthplace of the former president of the Baptist World Alliance, Kim Janghwan (Billy Kim). Mr founded the Suwon Central Baptist Church, though this is located in Yongin.

Mireukdang, a small shrine to Maitreya, is located in Pajang-dong. This has a religious basis fusing Buddhism and traditional local religions.

Crime
Illegal dumping of household waste has been a problem in Suwon, and the city council has addressed this by increasing urban greenery. This approach appears to have reduced the scale of the problem.

Education

There are several universities and colleges in Suwon. These include Sungkyunkwan University's Natural Sciences Campus, Kyonggi University, Ajou University, Dongnam Health University, Gukje Cyber University, Hapdong Theological Seminary, and Suwon Women's University. Despite their names, the University of Suwon and Suwon Science College are not actually in Suwon, but in neighbouring Hwaseong. Seoul National University's agriculture campus was located in Suwon until 2005; it is now in Seoul.

Suwon has 44 high schools, 57 middle schools, 100 primary schools, and 180 kindergartens. Three schools are dedicated to special education: Jahye School (47 Subong-ro, Tap-dong), Suwon Seokwang School (517 Jangan-ro, Imok-dong), and Areum School (32 Gwanggyo-ro, Iui-dong). Special education is also provided in some regular schools, e.g., Suwonbuk Middle School (37 Gwanggyosan-ro, Yeonghwa-dong). There is also a centre for lifelong learning at Kyemyung High School (88 Jangan-ro 496 beon-gil, Imok-dong), and there are two international schools in the city: Gyeonggi Suwon International School and Suwon Chinese International School

Environment
Throughout South Korea, water management is a challenge. Suwon is 11% self-sufficient in its use of water, and plans to increase this to 50% through rainwater harvesting, including building retention facilities; and by treating and reusing sewage.

Air pollution in Suwon appears to be from a range of industrial and other sources, with origins of coarse particulate matter (PM10) shown in the pie chart.

Industry
The largest employer in Suwon is Samsung Electronics, which was founded in the city in 1969. Its headquarters remain in Suwon, located today with the company's large R&D complex in Maetan-dong. Samsung's presence in the city can be seen through its sponsorship of local sports teams such as Suwon Samsung Bluewings Football Club and two of the oldest domestic basketball teams—Samsung Thunders and Samsung Life Blueminx—both of which have since left Suwon. Other major companies in Suwon include SK Chemical, Samsung SDI, and Samsung Electro-Mechanics.

Hwaseong Fortress
Hwaseong Fortress, built under the orders of King Jeongjo in 1796, is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The entire city used to be encircled by the fortress walls, but Suwon has long since expanded far beyond this boundary. There are four main gates in the walls, and Haenggung Palace lies in the centre of the fortress.

Hwaseong was built under the guidance of philosopher Jeong Yak-yong. Workers were paid for their labour for one of the first times in Korea’s history, corvée labour having been common previously. Construction details were meticulously recorded in the text Hwaseong Seongyeok Uigwe. This document was invaluable after the Korean War: reconstruction efforts from 1964 to the present day have relied heavily on this.

Hyanggyo
Suwon Hyanggyo was a government-run school and Confucian ceremonial centre during the Goryeo and Joseon periods. During the Joseon Dynasty, it was the largest and oldest state school in Gyeonggi Province. The school was originally built in 1291 beside Hwasan in Wau-ri, Hwaseong-gun. It was moved to its current location at 107–9 Hyanggyo-ro, Gyo-dong around 1795, when Hwaseong Fortress was built. The school houses memorial tablets to Confucius, Mencius, and 25 Korean figures noteworthy to Confucianism. It is open to the public on weekdays from 9 a.m. till 5 p.m., but it is closed at weekends.

Bugugwon

Bugugwon, also known as Suwon Gu Bugugwon, built prior to 1923, is a cultural centre at 130 Hyanggyo-ro, Gyo-dong. There is no record of the 85.95 m2 building's construction, but exterior photographs were published in 1923. Under Japanese rule, the building was the headquarters of Bugukwon Co., Ltd., which sold agricultural products such as fertilizers. After liberation, from 1952 to 1956, it temporarily housed the Suwon Court and the Public Prosecutor's Office. From 1957 to 1960, it was used as the Suwon City Education Support Office, and in 1974 the Republican Party used it as their Gyeonggi Province base. In 1979, the Suwon Arts Foundation was based here, and in 1981 it became an internal medicine clinic. Since 2018, it has been a public cultural space.

Adams Memorial Hall
Adams Memorial Hall served as a focal point for the independence movement. The building was constructed in 1923 under Pastor William Noble with funding from various sources, including a church in the United States, Suwon Jongno Church, and local residents. Here, independence activists including Park Seon-tae and Lee Deuk-su met weekly to discuss their activities.

Housing

As is typical of urban South Korea, Suwon has many apartment complexes. The city has been affected greatly by real estate price fluctuations, and Yeongtong-gu's housing is the seventh most expensive in the province.

Food
Suwon is known for Suwon galbi, a variation on beef ribs enjoyed throughout Korea.

Sport
Suwon World Cup Stadium was built for the 2002 FIFA World Cup. Today, it is home to the K League 2 team Suwon Samsung Bluewings. Local rivals Suwon FC and Suwon FC Women play in K League 1 and WK League respectively. They both play home matches at Suwon Sports Complex.

Since 2013, Suwon has been home to the professional baseball team KT Wiz. The team played at Sungkyunkwan University until Suwon Baseball Stadium remodelling was completed in time for their elevation to the KBO League in 2015. The stadium was previously the home of the Hyundai Unicorns, who folded after the 2007 season.

Two of the Korean Basketball League and Women's Korean Basketball League's oldest teams, Samsung Thunders and Samsung Life Blueminx respectively, used to be based in Suwon. Samsung Thunders relocated to Jamsil Arena in Seoul in 2001, while four years later, Samsung Life moved to Yongin. Top-flight men's basketball returned to Suwon in 2021, when KT Sonicboom relocated from Busan to the renamed Suwon KT Sonicboom Arena (formerly Seosuwon Chilbo Gymnasium).

The 5,145-capacity Suwon Gymnasium is home to the men's and women's V-League volleyball teams Suwon KEPCO Vixtorm and Suwon Hyundai Engineering & Construction Hillstate respectively. The gymnasium staged the handball events in the 1988 Summer Olympics. It also hosted handball and table tennis at the 2014 Asian Games and hosted the 2010 Judo World Cup.

Museums
Suwon has two national museums. The National Map Museum of Korea houses a collection of 33,598 maps. It is located at 92 Worldcup-ro, Woncheon-dong. Admission is free, and the museum opens daily from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Suwon's second national museum, the National Agricultural Museum of Korea, opened by Seoho Lake in December 2022. It is located at 154 Suin-ro, Seodun-dong, admission is free, and it is open daily from 10 a.m. till 6 p.m.

There are also a number of smaller museums in Suwon. For example, Suwon Hwaseong Museum, at 21 Changnyong-daero, Maehyang-dong, features exhibits contextualising and explaining the construction of Hwaseong. Another smaller museum, Haewoojae, has gathered some international attention. Built privately in 2007 at 463 Jangan-ro, Imok-dong, this museum is dedicated to the history of toilets. Ownership of Haewoojae was transferred to the city council in 2009.

Libraries
Suwon Central Library opened in 1980 at 318 Paldalsan-ro, Gyo-dong. Today, the city has 27 public libraries: seven in Gwonseon-gu, five in Jangan-gu, six in Paldal-gu, and nine in Yeongtong-gu. The council also plans to build another in Imok-dong.

Parks and gardens

Suwon has two municipal arboreta: Irwol Arboretum and Yeongheung Arboretum. These opened simultaneously on 19 May 2023 beside Irwol Reservoir and Yeongheung Park respectively. The 10.15 ha Irwol Arboretum features 429,000 plants of 52,000 species, while Yeongheung Arboretum hosts 118,000 plants of 42,000 species over 14.6 ha. There are also 338 parks scattered through the city. Some of these, e.g., Gwanggyo Lake Park, Seoho Park, Irwol Park, and Manseok Park, contain sizeable lakes.

Street art
Haenggung-dong and Ji-dong in central Suwon are known for their murals, while Haenggung-dong streets have a variety of other artistic features such as optical illusions.

Media
Newspapers based in Suwon include the Kyeonggi Ilbo in Jangan-gu, and the Kyeongin Ilbo  and Suwon Daily  in Paldal-gu.

National broadcaster KBS has a drama studio and art hall in Ingye-dong, Yeongtong-gu. These are open to visits by appointment.

Cinemas
Suwon has several multiplex cinemas: three branches of CGV (in Ha-dong, Ingye-dong, and Jowon-dong ); four branches of Lotte Cinema (in Cheoncheon-dong, Geumgok-dong, Iui-dong, and Seodun-dong ); and six branches of Megabox (in Gwonseon-dong, Haenggung-dong, Homaesil-dong, Ingye-dong, Jeongja-dong, and Maesan-dong ). Other smaller cinemas, which may show fewer foreign films, include Cinema Town, Taehan Theater, Piccadilly Theater, Jungang Theater, Royal Theater, Dano Theater, and Dano Art Hall.

Retail
There are several major shopping centres across Suwon, e.g., AK Plaza and Lotte Mall at Suwon Station, and Avenue France and Alleyway in Gwanggyo. Another large centre, Starfield—incorporating its own library and a Megabox cinema—opened beside Hwaseo Station in January 2024. Suwon Starfield is a shopping mall that bucks the trend and targets the younger MZ generation. Suwon Starfield also actively utilizes a pop-up store system that operates for a short period of time, allowing consumers to experience a variety of experiences. The first pop-up for the popular game 'Brawl Stars' was held after opening. In other branches, the warehouse-style discount store 'Traders' was established in a separate building from Starfield, but in Suwon, TRADERS is located in the basement of the Starfield building, making it more accessible to consumers.

Public toilets
In the early 2000s, Suwon City Council strove to improve the condition of its public lavatories, and afterwards ran guided tours of the municipal facilities. Suwon has hosted several international conferences on toilet management, and the World Toilet Association is based in the city.

Transport

Suwon Station is served by KTX and other trains on the Gyeongbu Line connecting Seoul to Busan. From 1930 till 1972, the Suryeo Line also connected Suwon to Yeoju, and from 1937 to 1996, the Suin Line ran from Suwon to Incheon. The Suin Line has since been reconstructed as part of the Seoul Metro. Today, three Seoul Metro lines (14 stations) serve Suwon, and there are plans for network expansion. Construction of an extension of the Sinbundang Line to Homaesil is scheduled to begin in 2024. Another planned line—the Dongtan–Indeogwon Line—should create several new stations in Suwon, but this has been delayed, prompting affected cities to call for urgent action.

Suwon is also served by two inter-city bus terminals with nationwide connections: Suwon Bus Terminal near Seryu Station, and West Suwon Bus Terminal in Guun-dong. Nevertheless, bus terminal passenger numbers are decreasing. Suwon is also connected to Seoul and other nearby cities by city and express buses with departure points across the city. In 2017, a new bank of bus stops opened at Suwon Station Transfer Center. This was built to alleviate pressure on existing bus and taxi stands across the tracks. Another transfer centre is incorporated into Gwanggyo Jungang Station; this is underground, and bus stands feature screen doors. Suwon has invested heavily in electric buses—in 2019, it built the country's largest bus charging station at 46 Gyeongsu-daero 1220beon-gil, Pajang-dong.

Suwon is served by several expressways. The Yeongdong Expressway (50) passes through the city, with two exits within the city limits: North Suwon and East Suwon. The Gwanggyo Sanghyeon exit on the Yongin–Seoul Expressway (171) is on Suwon's border with Yongin, and the Pyeongtaek–Paju Expressway (17) also has an exit in Suwon (Geumgok). The Suwon exit of the Gyeongbu Expressway (1) was renamed Suwon Singal in 2014 to reflect its actual location in Singal in neighbouring Yongin.

Suwon has invested in ecological transport. The city was the first place in Korea to introduce dockless public bicycles. Traversing Suwon by bicycle is facilitated by numerous cycle paths beside the streams that cut through the city. In 2013, Suwon hosted the EcoMobility World Festival. For one month, streets in Haenggung-dong were closed to cars as a car-free experiment. Residents used non-motorized vehicles provided by the festival organizers. The experiment was not unopposed.

Military
Suwon Air Base in Jangji-dong, Gwonseon-gu was used by the United States Air Force during the Korean War, when it was the scene of the conflict's first aerial combat. Today the base is under Republic of Korea Air Force jurisdiction, though it is still managed and maintained by the US military. The US military also maintains Madison Site—a small signals unit with nearby helipad on Gwanggyosan.

Fauna
While much of Suwon's wildlife can be expected to be similar to that in the surrounding province, two species are worth noting specifically in regard to the city. Firstly, an undisclosed location in Suwon appears to be Korea's first recorded breeding site of the white-breasted waterhen. Secondly, the Suwon tree frog—one of three tree frogs to inhabit the Korean peninsula— was discovered in Suwon around 1980, but due to urban sprawl it is no longer found in the city. It has, however, been found recently in Paju, Ansan, and Pyeongtaek (Gyeonggi Province); Eumseong (Chungcheongbuk-do); Gangwon-do; and North Korea. The species is considered endangered.

Notable people
Suwon was the birthplace of Choi Ru-baek (?–1205), famed for his filial piety, and of his noble wife Yŏm Kyŏng-ae (, 1100–1146). Also in ancient times, it was the home of Yi Ko (1341–1420), a Goryeo subject opposed to Joseon. More recently, the eminent Silhak scholar and agricultural pioneer Woo Ha-yŏng (1741–1812) was born in the city

Suwon was the birthplace of many independence activists during the Japanese colonial period. These include Lim Myŏn-su (, 13 June 1874–29 November 1930), Cha In-chae (, 1895–1971), Kim Se-hwan (1889–1945) Kim Hyang-hwa (1897–?), Park Sŏn-t'ae (, 1901–1938), Lee Sŏn-gyŏng (, 1902–1921), Choi Mun-sun (, 1903–?), Kim Chang-sŏng (, 7 February 1913–9 March 1932), and Hong Jong-ch'ŏl (, 26 March 1920–22 July 1989).

The influential feminist, painter, writer, poet, sculptor, and journalist Na Hye-sok (1896–1948) was also born in Suwon

Artists from Suwon include Yoon Han-hŭm (, 1923–22 August 2016). and Kim Sung-bae (, 1954–).

Sports players from Suwon include *Chung Hyeon (1996–, tennis), Dong Hyun Kim (1981–, MMA)  Oh Kyo-moon (1972–, archery), and Park Ji-sung (1981–, football). Park was born in Seoul but raised in Suwon, and in 2005, a city street was renamed after him.

Classical musicians from Suwon include Han-na Chang (1982–, conductor, cellist), Stella Hanbyul Jeung (, opera singer), and Seol Yoeun (, 2012–, violinist).

Suwon is also the birthplace of many popular musicians, e.g., Im Chang-kyun (stage name I.M, 1996–) Jeon Ji-yoon (1990–), Jo Kwon (1989–), Kim Myung-jun (stage name MJ, 1994–), Kim Yu-gwon (stage name U-Kwon, 1992–), Lee Chang-sub (1991–), Lee Dong-hun (, 28 February 1993–), Lee Jin-ki (stage name Onew, 1989–), Lee Ju-eun (1995–), Shin Dong-hee (stage name Shindong, 1985–), Yoo Jeongyeon (1996–), Yoo Ji-min (stage name Karina, 2000–), and Yoon Bo-mi (1993–).

Actors from Suwon include Joo Won (Mun Junwon, stage name Joo Won, 1987–), Lee Jong-suk (1989–) Park Hae-soo (1981–), Ryu Jun-yeol (1986–),  Song Kang (1994–), and Yoo Hyun Young (1976–).

Pastor Kim Jang Hwan (known as Billy Kim, 1934–) is also from Suwon. He is a former president of the Baptist World Alliance, and president of the Far East Broadcasting Company

The presenter and columnist Sam Oh (1980–) was also born in the city.

Sister cities
Suwon is twinned internationally with:
 * 🇯🇵 Asahikawa, Japan (1989)
 * 🇨🇳 Jinan, China (1993)
 * 🇦🇺 Townsville, Australia (1997)
 * 🇮🇩 Bandung, Indonesia (1997)
 * 🇹🇷 Yalova, Turkey (1999)
 * 🇷🇴 Cluj-Napoca, Romania (1999)
 * 🇲🇽 Toluca, Mexico (1999)
 * 🇲🇦 Fez, Morocco (2003)
 * 🇻🇳 Hải Dương Province, Vietnam (2004),
 * 🇰🇭 Siem Reap Province, Cambodia (2004)
 * 🇷🇺 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia (2005)
 * 🇧🇷 Curitiba, Brazil (2006) and
 * 🇩🇪 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany (2015)
 * 🇺🇸 Phoenix, United States (2021)
 * 🇫🇷 Toury, France (2023)
 * 🇨🇦 Mississauga, Canada (2023)

Suwon also twinned internationally with Jeju (1997), Pohang (2009), Jeonju (2016), and Nonsan (2021).

title: Suwon


text:
Richard Dobbs Spaight

Richard Dobbs Spaight (March 25, 1758 –September 6, 1802) was an American Founding Father, politician, planter, and signer of the United States Constitution, who served as a Democratic-Republican U.S. Representative for North Carolina's 10th congressional district from 1798 to 1801. Spaight was the eighth governor of North Carolina from 1792 to 1795. He ran for the North Carolina Senate in 1802, and Federalist U.S. Congressman John Stanly campaigned against him as unworthy. Taking offense, Stanly challenged him to a duel on September 5, 1802, in which Stanly shot and mortally wounded Spaight, who died the following day.

Biography
Spaight was the father of North Carolina Governor Richard Dobbs Spaight Jr. and the grandfather of U.S. Representative Richard Spaight Donnell.

Early life
Spaight was born in New Bern, North Carolina, the son of the secretary of the Crown in the colony and grand-nephew of North Carolina Governor Arthur Dobbs. Orphaned at the age of eight, he was sent to live with his Dobbs relatives at Carrickfergus in Northern Ireland and later followed his cousin Richard Dobbs to the University of Glasgow. During the American Revolutionary War Spaight returned to North Carolina, serving as aide-de-camp to Major General Richard Caswell at the Battle of Camden.

Political career
The North Carolina General Assembly elected Spaight a delegate to the Congress of the Confederation between 1782 and 1785; he then served in the North Carolina House of Commons from 1785 to 1787 and was named speaker of the House. In 1787, he was a delegate to the Philadelphia Convention that drafted the U.S. Constitution, and he signed the document when he was 29 years old.

Under the North Carolina Constitution of 1776, Spaight was nominated for governor in 1787 but was defeated by a majority in the General Assembly; he was nominated for the United States Senate in 1789 and was again defeated. In 1788, he was a member of the state convention, which voted not to ratify the Constitution, although Spaight supported ratification. On March 24, 1788, he married Mary Leach, who had the distinction of being the first lady to dance with George Washington at a ball in Washington's honor at the Governor's Palace, New Bern, in 1791.

Spaight retired from politics for several years because of ill health; he returned to the state House of Representatives in 1792. Also, in 1792, he was elected the first native-born governor of North Carolina and was re-elected by the General Assembly for two further one-year terms. During his term as governor, sites were chosen for the new state capital of Raleigh and the newly chartered University of North Carolina. Spaight was chair of the university's board of trustees during his term as governor. He stepped down as governor in 1795, having served the constitutional limit of three one-year terms.

Spaight was elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1798, filling the unexpired term of Nathan Bryan; he was elected to a two-year term in 1799, serving until 1801, and though elected as a Federalist, his views on states rights led him to become associated with the Democratic-Republican Party of Thomas Jefferson. He lost his bid for re-election to Congress but returned to state government, serving in the North Carolina Senate beginning in 1801.

Slavery
Spaight was part of the planter class and an extensive enslaver. According to census records, he enslaved 71 people in 1790 and 83 people in 1800. At the time of his death in 1802, he was enslaving 89 people. As a delegate to the Confederation Congress, Spaight led the successful effort to eliminate Thomas Jefferson's proposed ban on slavery from the Northwest Ordinance of 1784.

Death and legacy
Spaight died on September 6, 1802, following injuries sustained in a duel with John Stanly, the Federalist congressman who had defeated him in the election of 1800 for the House of Representatives. Spaight is buried at "Clermont," near New Bern, North Carolina. Spaight Street in Madison, Wisconsin, is named in his honor. Most of the main streets in downtown Madison are named after signers of the United States Constitution.

title: Richard Dobbs Spaight


text:
Petre Roman

Petre Roman (born 22 July 1946) is a Romanian engineer and politician who was Prime Minister of Romania from 1989 to 1991, when his government was overthrown by the intervention of the miners led by Miron Cozma in the September 1991 Mineriad. Although regarded as the first Romanian prime minister since 1945 who was not a communist or communist sympathiser, he was a socialist. He later self-identified as a liberal. He was also the president of the Senate from 1996 to 1999 and Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1999 to 2000.

He was the leader of the Democratic Force (FD) party, which he founded after leaving the Democratic Party (PD) in 2003. He had previously served as an MP in the Lower Chamber, elected in 2012, elected as a member of the National Liberal Party. He had been removed from his seat in 2015 after being charged by the National Integrity Agency with incompatibility, but restored to office in 2016 after the Court of Appeals overturned the ruling. He is also a member of the Club of Madrid, a group of more than 80 democratic former statesmen, which works to strengthen democratic governance and leadership. In the early 2020 he joined Ilan Laufer's Social Liberal Platform, but he left it shortly afterwards. He joined the Social Democratic Party and was elected in the General Council of Bucharest in 2020, but he resigned shortly afterwards.

In 2022, Petre Roman emigrated to Switzerland, in order to become the President of the Swiss UMEF (university of applied sciences institute).

Background
Petre Roman was born in Bucharest. His father, Valter Roman, born Ernst or Ernő Neuländer of Transylvanian Hungarian-Jewish descent, was a veteran of the Spanish Civil War, a Comintern activist, and a prominent member of the Romanian Communist Party (PCR). His mother Hortensia Vallejo was a Spaniard exiled who would become director of the Spanish section of Radio Romania International. The couple married in Moscow, and he has several siblings. In 1974 Roman married Mioara Georgescu, with whom he has a daughter, Oana. In February 2007, husband and wife confirmed that they were divorcing; the divorce was made final on Good Friday, 6 April 2007. In June 2009, he married a pregnant Silvia Chifiriuc (who is 26 years his junior) in a Romanian Orthodox wedding.

Roman first rose to prominence during the Romanian Revolution of 1989, when he was among the crowd occupying the National Television building, and broadcasting messages expressing revolutionary triumph. He became provisional prime minister after the overthrow of the Communist regime, and was confirmed in office in June 1990, three months after the country's first free election in 53 years.

During the Romanian Revolution

Petre Roman was heavily involved in the Romanian Revolution of 1989 as a member of the National Salvation Front (FSN), both as a revolutionary and as a leading political figure. Given that the revolution was led by politicians united not by a cohesive ideology, but by resentment towards the Ceaușescu regime, in-fighting soon began, especially between its leaders, namely, centre-left liberal Dumitru Mazilu, who wished to instill capitalism, and neo-communist Ion Iliescu, who wanted to keep communism/hard line socialism, but remove Ceaușescu.

As a left-wing socialist, Petre Roman was largely the middle ground between the world-views of his colleagues, as he wanted to replace the Marxist view of socialism as a transitory stage with a more democratic understanding of socialism.

Revolutionary activity
Petre Roman participated directly in the Romanian Revolution forming a barricade in the centre of Bucharest from the days of 21 and 22 December. On 22 December 1989, Petre Roman spoke from the balcony of the headquarters of the Central Committee against the Ceaușescu regime, the first public demonstration of its kind.

On 22 December, he became a member of the Provisional Council of the National Salvation Front (CPFSN) established for the coordination of the revolutionary process and the establishment of democracy once the revolution had concluded.

Prime Minister

On 26 December 1989, Roman was appointed as the acting/ad interim Prime Minister of the provisional FSN government. At the 20 May 1990 elections–the first free elections held in the country in 53 years and colloquially known as the "Blindman's Sunday" (Duminica orbului)–he was elected as a deputy from Bucharest on the FSN list.

Shortly afterwards, then President Iliescu designated him once more as Prime Minister on 20 June 1990. He was formally confirmed in office by the newly elected legislature of the parliament on 28 June 1990 and his governing program was subsequently approved unanimously. He was the head of government of three cabinets between 1989 and 1991, as follows: Roman I cabinet, Roman II cabinet, and Roman III cabinet. He was succeeded by Theodor Stolojan in October 1991, after the September 1991 Mineriad.

title: Petre Roman


text:
Alexander Martin

Alexander Martin (October 17, 1740 – November 2, 1807) was a Founding Father of the United States, framer of the U.S. Constitution, fourth and seventh Governor of North Carolina, and an infantry officer in the American Revolutionary War. In private life, Martin was a lawyer, merchant, planter, and slave owner.

Early life and education
Born in Hunterdon County in the Province of New Jersey in 1740 to James Hugh Martin and Jane Hunter of Ireland, Governor Alexander Martin was a North Carolinian politician and delegate to the Federal Constitutional Convention. Aside from his role in the Constitutional Convention, Martin witnessed several significant chapters in colonial and early U.S. history, including the Regulator Rebellion, the Revolutionary War, and the North Carolina ratification debates.

Martin held bachelor's and master's degrees from the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University), making him one of the most erudite delegates to the Constitutional Convention. After graduating from Princeton, Martin moved to Salisbury, North Carolina. There he worked first as a merchant and later as an attorney. As his legal career took shape, the Regulator Rebellion began. On September 24, 1770, angry Regulators took over the Hillsboro Court. When their demonstration spilled onto the streets of Hillsboro, several lawyers, including Martin, who likely was serving as a justice of the peace, were whipped and beaten.

Revolutionary War
By 1774, Martin had become a judge of the Salisbury District. When the American Revolutionary War began, he was commissioned as a lieutenant colonel (September 1, 1775) under Colonel Robert Howe. He was promoted to colonel (April 10, 1776) over the 2nd North Carolina Regiment when Colonel Howe was promoted to Brigadier General. The regiment was initially part of the North Carolina State troops and joined George Washington's Continental Army on November 28, 1775. In October 1777, at the Battle of Germantown, thick fog caused Martin and the soldiers under his command to mistake British troops for Continental soldiers. After this debacle, Martin faced a court-martial for cowardice. Though not convicted, Martin resigned from the army due to stress and poor health on November 22, 1777.

In 1778, Martin was elected to the North Carolina Senate while still recuperating from his military service. His tenure in the Senate was eventful: he served as president of the Senate's Board of War and, in 1781, became acting governor of North Carolina when the sitting governor, Thomas Burke, was kidnapped by Tories. In 1782, the General Assembly elected Martin governor of North Carolina. While the cessation of hostilities had eliminated the gravest threat to North Carolina, the end of the Revolution posed many challenges, the most pressing of which was how to treat Tory and Loyalist property. Martin resisted popular pressure to confiscate and redistribute this property, instead advocating its return to all except for North Carolina's more infamous Tories.

After Martin's gubernatorial term ended, he returned to the General Assembly, where he once again became the speaker of the Senate. In 1787, the General Assembly elected him as a delegate to the Federal Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia, where the difficulties of the U.S. government under the Articles of Confederation would be weighed. Martin arrived in Philadelphia before the start of the convention and stayed until late August, a few weeks before the convention's close. He played little public role in the debates there and was not appointed to any of the convention's committees. He seconded several minor motions, none of which profoundly affected the course of the convention. Because Martin left the Federal Convention early, he did not sign the Constitution.

In 1788, Martin sought election to the Hillsborough Constitutional Convention, where North Carolina would consider ratifying the Constitution. A proponent of the Federal Constitution, Martin was helpless in the face of a wave of Anti-Federalist sentiment in North Carolina. Delegates were selected county by county, and Martin, who lived in the predominantly Anti-Federalist Guilford County, ran at a disadvantage. His opponent in the election – the Anti-Federalist Presbyterian minister David Caldwell – won a seat, as did four of his congregation. Martin was the only delegate to the Federal Convention who sought election to a state convention and lost.

Later life
At some point in the early 1780s, Martin began a life-long affair with Elizabeth (Lewis) Strong, the widow of Thomas Strong of Virginia. After her husband's death, Elizabeth settled near her family in Guilford County. She became the mistress of Governor Martin sometime after. Their only known child, Alexander Strong Martin, was born July 1787, and by 1789 she and their natural son were residents in Martin's Danbury estate in Rockingham County, based on census records. Governor Martin recognized Alexander Strong Martin as his son in his will, his only known child.

In 1797, Martin was elected as a member of the American Philosophical Society.

Martin's failure in Guilford County did not reflect any loss of popularity in the General Assembly. He was again elected governor in 1789 and held office until 1792, when he reached the term limit. During his second gubernatorial tenure, a permanent seat of the North Carolina government, named Raleigh, was founded in Wake County. Moreover, Martin established the University of North Carolina in 1789.

Immediately after Martin left the governor's seat, he joined the U.S. Senate. His legislative record in the 1790s indicates that Martin's political views were nuanced. Though he had supported the ratification of the Federal Constitution and had always run for election as a Federalist, he repeatedly voted against the Federalists in the 1790s. His convictions appear to have become more Federalist amid the XYZ Affair, and he voted for all of the Alien and Sedition Acts.

In 1799, Martin, having lost the support of North Carolina Federalists, was voted out of the Senate. He returned to the North Carolina General Assembly in 1804, and in 1805 again became Speaker of the North Carolina Senate. He died in 1807.

title: Alexander Martin


text:
Greater Cleveland

The Cleveland metropolitan area, or Greater Cleveland as it is more commonly known, is the metropolitan area surrounding the city of Cleveland in Northeast Ohio, United States. According to the 2020 census results, the six-county Cleveland, OH Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) consists of Cuyahoga County, Ashtabula County, Geauga County, Lake County, Lorain County, and Medina County, and has a population of 2,185,825, making it the 33rd-most populous metropolitan area in the United States and the third largest metropolitan area in Ohio. The metro area is also part of the larger Cleveland–Akron–Canton Combined Statistical Area with a population of over 3.7 million people, the most populous statistical area in Ohio and the 17th most populous in the United States.

Northeast Ohio refers to a similar but substantially larger region that is home to over 4.5 million residents that also includes areas not part of Greater Cleveland. This article covers the area considered to be Greater Cleveland, but includes some information generally applicable to the larger region, which is itself part of what is known historically as the Connecticut Western Reserve.

Northeast Ohio
Northeast Ohio consists of 16 counties (Ashland, Ashtabula, Carroll, Columbiana, Cuyahoga, Geauga, Lake, Lorain, Mahoning, Medina, Portage, Richland, Stark, Summit, Trumbull and Wayne counties) and includes the cities of Akron, Ashland, Ashtabula, Brunswick, Canton, Cleveland, Elyria, Lorain, Mansfield, Medina, Wadsworth, Wooster, Warren, and Youngstown. Northeast Ohio is home to approximately 4 million people, has a labor force of almost 2 million, and a gross regional product of nearly $170 billion. Other counties are sometimes considered to be in Northeast Ohio. These include Erie, Holmes, Huron and Tuscarawas counties, and their inclusion makes the total population of the entire northeastern section of Ohio well over 4.5 million people.

Cuyahoga County

 * Bay Village
 * Beachwood
 * Bedford
 * Bedford Heights
 * Bentleyville
 * Berea
 * Bratenahl
 * Brecksville
 * Broadview Heights
 * Brook Park
 * Brooklyn
 * Brooklyn Heights
 * Chagrin Falls
 * Chagrin Falls Township
 * Cleveland
 * Cleveland Heights
 * Cuyahoga Heights
 * East Cleveland
 * Euclid
 * Fairview Park
 * Garfield Heights
 * Gates Mills
 * Glenwillow
 * Highland Heights
 * Highland Hills
 * Hunting Valley
 * Independence
 * Lakewood
 * Linndale
 * Lyndhurst
 * Maple Heights
 * Mayfield Heights
 * Mayfield Village
 * Middleburg Heights
 * Moreland Hills
 * Newburgh Heights
 * North Olmsted
 * North Randall
 * North Royalton
 * Oakwood Village
 * Olmsted Falls
 * Olmsted Township
 * Orange
 * Parma
 * Parma Heights
 * Pepper Pike
 * Richmond Heights
 * Rocky River
 * Seven Hills
 * Shaker Heights
 * Solon
 * South Euclid
 * Strongsville
 * University Heights
 * Valley View
 * Walton Hills
 * Warrensville Heights
 * Westlake
 * Woodmere

Ashtabula County

 * Andover
 * Andover Township
 * Ashtabula
 * Ashtabula Township
 * Austinburg Township
 * Cherry Valley Township
 * Colebrook Township
 * Conneaut
 * Conneaut Township
 * Denmark Township
 * Dorset Township
 * Geneva
 * Geneva-on-the-Lake
 * Geneva Township
 * Harpersfield Township
 * Hartsgrove Township
 * Jefferson
 * Jefferson Township
 * Kingsville Township
 * Lenox Township
 * Monroe Township
 * Morgan Township
 * New Lyme Township
 * North Kingsville
 * Orwell
 * Orwell Township
 * Pierpont Township
 * Plymouth Township
 * Richmond Township
 * Roaming Shores
 * Rock Creek
 * Rome Township
 * Saybrook Township
 * Sheffield Township
 * Trumbull Township
 * Wayne Township
 * Williamsfield Township
 * Windsor Township

Geauga County

 * Aquilla
 * Auburn Township
 * Bainbridge Township
 * Burton
 * Burton Township
 * Chardon
 * Chardon Township
 * Chester
 * Chesterland
 * Claridon Township
 * Hambden Township
 * Hunting Valley (part)
 * Huntsburg Township
 * Middlefield
 * Middlefield Township
 * Montville Township
 * Munson Township
 * Newbury Township
 * Parkman Township
 * Russell Township
 * South Russell
 * Thompson Township
 * Troy Township

Lake County

 * Concord Township
 * Eastlake
 * Fairport Harbor
 * Grand River
 * Kirtland
 * Kirtland Hills
 * Lakeline
 * LeRoy Township
 * Madison
 * Madison Township
 * Mentor
 * Mentor-on-the-Lake
 * North Madison
 * North Perry
 * Painesville
 * Painesville Township
 * Perry
 * Perry Township
 * Timberlake
 * Waite Hill
 * Wickliffe
 * Willoughby
 * Willoughby Hills
 * Willowick

Lorain County

 * Amherst
 * Amherst Township
 * Avon
 * Avon Lake
 * Brighton Township
 * Brownhelm Township
 * Camden Township
 * Carlisle Township
 * Columbia Township
 * Eaton Estates
 * Eaton Township
 * Elyria
 * Elyria Township
 * Grafton
 * Grafton Township
 * Henrietta Township
 * Huntington Township
 * Kipton
 * Lagrange
 * LaGrange Township
 * Lorain
 * New Russia Township
 * North Ridgeville
 * Oberlin
 * Penfield Township
 * Pittsfield Township
 * Rochester
 * Rochester Township
 * Sheffield
 * Sheffield Lake
 * Sheffield Township
 * South Amherst
 * Vermilion (portions in Erie and Lorain Counties)
 * Wellington
 * Wellington Township

Medina County

 * Brunswick
 * Brunswick Hills Township
 * Chatham Township
 * Chippewa Lake
 * Creston
 * Gloria Glens Park
 * Granger Township
 * Guilford Township
 * Harrisville Township
 * Hinckley Township
 * Homer Township
 * Lafayette Township
 * Litchfield Township
 * Liverpool Township
 * Lodi
 * Medina
 * Medina Township
 * Montville Township
 * Rittman
 * Seville
 * Sharon Township
 * Spencer
 * Spencer Township
 * Wadsworth
 * Wadsworth Township
 * Westfield Center
 * Westfield Township
 * York Township

Cities by population
These, in decreasing order of population, are the twelve largest cities in Greater Cleveland of (2020):

Demographics
According to the 2020 United States Census, the population was 2.186 million in the five-county MSA of the Greater Cleveland Area, making it the second largest metropolitan-statistical area entirely within the state of Ohio. Approximately 48.1% of the population was male and 51.9% were female. In 2010 the racial makeup of the five-county Area was 71.7% (1,490,074) Non-Hispanic Whites, 19.7% (409,582) Blacks or African Americans, 0.2% (4,056) American Indians and Alaskan Natives, 2.0% (40,522) Asian (0.7% Asian Indian 0.5% Chinese 0.2% Filipino, 0.1% Korean, 0.1% Vietnamese, 0.1% Japanese, 0.0% (398) Pacific Islander, 1.7% (35,224) from other races, and 2.0% (42,130) from two or more races. 4.7% (98,133) of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race (2.8% Puerto Rican, 1.0% Mexican, 0.1% Dominican, and 0.1% Cuban).

The median income for a household in Greater Cleveland was $46,231 and the median income for a family, $59,611. The per capita income was $25,668. Persons living below the poverty line was 15.1%. According to a study by Capgemini and the World Wealth Report by Merrill Lynch, the Cleveland area has nearly 54,000 millionaire households, and is expected to continue to grow at 17% over the next five years.

The Greater Cleveland area is the most diverse region in the state of Ohio and is becoming increasingly more diverse with new waves of immigration. As of 2010, both the Hispanic and Asian population in the Cleveland-Akron-Ashtabula area grew by almost 40%, Hispanics now number at 112,307 (up from 80,738 in 2000). The Asian population alone accounts for 55,087 (up from 39,586 in 2000) but people who cite Asian and other ethnicities enumerate 67,231. The Chinese Americans are the oldest Asian group residing in Northeast Ohio, most visible in Cleveland's Asiatown. Nevertheless, the area is also home to hundreds of Indians, Thais, Taiwanese, Pakistanis, Laotians, Cambodians, and Burmese peoples as well.

The Cleveland area has a substantial African American population with origins in the First and Second Great Migrations. It also boasts some of the nation's largest Irish, Italian (numbering over 205,000), Slavic, and Hungarian populations. At one time, the Hungarian population of Cleveland proper was so great that the city boasted of having the highest concentration of Hungarians in the world outside of Budapest. Today, the Greater Cleveland area is home to the largest Slovak, Slovene, and Hungarian communities in the world, outside of Slovakia, Slovenia, and Hungary respectively. The Slavic population of the Cleveland-Akron area comprises 17.2%, far higher than the nation's rate of 6%. There are 171,000 Poles, 38,000 Slovaks, 66,000 Slovenes, 38,000 Czechs, 31,000 Russians, and 23,000 Ukrainians in Greater Cleveland. Slavic Village and Tremont historically had some of the largest concentrations of Eastern Europeans within Cleveland proper. Today, both neighborhoods continue to be home to many Slavic Ohioans. In addition, Slovenia maintains a Consulate-General in Downtown Cleveland. The city of Cleveland has also received visits from the Presidents of Hungary and Poland.

Greater Cleveland is home to a sizable Jewish community. According to the North American Jewish Data Bank, the community comprises an estimated 86,600 people or 3.0% as of 2011, above the nation's 1.7%, and up from 81,500 in 1996. The highest proportion is in Cuyahoga County at 5.5% (of the county's total population). Today, 23% of Greater Cleveland's Jewish population is under the age of 17, and 27% reside in the Heights area (Cleveland Heights, Shaker Heights, and University Heights). In 2010 nearly 2,600 people spoke Hebrew and 1,100 Yiddish.

Ancestry
The top largest ancestries in the Greater Cleveland MSA, were the following:

 * German: 20.4%
 * Slavic: 18.9% (8.2% Polish, 3.2% Slovene, 1.8% Slovak, 1.5% Czech, 1.5% Russian, 1.1% Ukrainian, 1.0% Croatian, 0.4% Serbian, Rusyn, Yugoslav)
 * Irish: 14.5%
 * British: 11.3% (8.0% English, 1.8% Scottish, 0.8% Scot-Irish, 0.7% Welsh)
 * Italian: 9.9%
 * Hungarian: 3.7%
 * Puerto Rican: 2.8%
 * French and French Canadian: 1.9%
 * Scandinavian: 1.2% (0.7% Swedish, 0.3% Norwegian, and Danish)
 * Arab: 1.0%

Place of birth
Approximately 94.1% of the metropolitan area's population was native to the United States. Approximately 92.8% were born in the U.S. while 1.3% were born in Puerto Rico, a U.S. territory, or born abroad to American parents. The rest of the population (5.9%) were foreign-born. The highest percentages of immigrants came from Europe (46.2%), Asia (32.7%), Latin America (14.3%); smaller percentages of newcomers came from Africa (3.6%), other parts of North America (3.0%), and Oceania (0.3%).

According to the American Community Survey 2006–2010, the number of Greater Cleveland area residents born overseas was 119,136 and the leading countries of origin were India (10,067), China (7,756), Mexico (6,051), Ukraine (7,211), Germany (5,742), Italy (4,114), Canada (4,102), United Kingdom (4,048), Romania (3,947), Poland (3,834), Russia (3,826), and Yugoslavia (3,820).

Languages
English is by far the most commonly spoken language at home by residents in the Cleveland-Akron-Elyria area; approximately 91.2% of the population over the age of five spoke only English at home. Spanish speakers made up 2.8% of the population; speakers of Asian languages made up 1.1% of the population; speakers of other Indo-European languages made up 3.9% of the population. Individuals who spoke languages other than the ones above represented the remaining 1.0% of the populace. As of 2011, individually in addition to English, 2.7% spoke Spanish, 0.6% German, 0.5% Arabic, and 0.5% Chinese. 1.4% also spoke a Slavic language. In 2007, Cleveland area was home to the nation's 3rd highest proportion of Hungarian speakers.

Area codes
In the 1950s, AT&T assigned Greater Cleveland Area code 216, which included all of Northeast Ohio. In 1996, Area code 216 was reduced in size to cover the northern half of its prior area, centering on Cleveland and its lake shore suburbs. Area code 330 was introduced for the southern half of Greater Cleveland, including Medina County. The western half of the region, including Ashland and Richland counties, and parts of Huron, Wayne, and Erie counties, are assigned area codes 419 and 567.

In 1997, area code 216 was further split as the need for additional phone numbers grew. Area code 216 was reduced in geographical area to cover the city of Cleveland and its inner ring suburbs. Area code 440 was introduced to cover the remainder of was what previously area code 216, including all of Lorain, Geauga, and Lake counties, and parts of Cuyahoga County. Some communities, such as Parma, and Parma Heights were divided between the 216 and 440 area codes. In 1999, Congressman Dennis Kucinich introduced federal legislation to protect small and medium-sized cities from being split into two or more area codes.

In 2000, it was anticipated that the available phone numbers in area code 330 would be exhausted, and an overlay area code was introduced. Area code 234 was assigned to overlap existing area code 330. With the creation of area code 234, any new phone number in the geographical area formerly covered by area code 330 could be assigned a phone number in either the 234 or 330 area codes, with no change in local or long-distance toll status. This made necessary the use of ten-digit dialing within the 330/234 area code region. After the introduction of area code 234, assignments of new telephone numbers in the area did not continue at an accelerated pace, and new phone numbers for area code 234 were not assigned until 2003.

Economy
In 2011 the Greater Cleveland area had a GDP of $134.4 billion (up from $130.7 billion in 2008), which would rank 57th among countries. Cleveland also has the twelfth highest merchandise value at $109.2 billion.

Business and industry
More than 37% of Fortune 500 companies are present in Northeast Ohio, through corporate headquarters, major divisions, subsidiaries, and sales offices. In addition, more than 150 international companies have a presence there. , Northeast Ohio serves as the corporate headquarters of 22 Fortune 1000 firms (shown with 2017 rankings below):
 * (#86) Progressive Insurance (Mayfield Village, insurance)
 * (#180) Sherwin-Williams (Cleveland, paint)
 * (#216) Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company (Akron, rubber)
 * (#224) Parker-Hannifin (Cleveland, industrial manufacturer)
 * (#294) FirstEnergy (Akron, utilities)
 * (#407) J.M. Smucker Company (Orrville, food consumer products)
 * (#411) KeyCorp (Cleveland, banking)
 * (#467) Cliffs Natural Resources (Cleveland, iron ore mining)/AK Steel Holdings/Mittal
 * (#480) Travel Centers of America (Westlake, specialty retail)
 * (#508) RPM International (Medina, chemicals)
 * (#513) TransDigm Group (Cleveland, aerospace and defense)
 * (#607) Diebold (North Canton, electronics)
 * (#724) PolyOne Corporation (Avon Lake, chemicals)
 * (#762) Medical Mutual of Ohio (Cleveland, health insurance)
 * (#781) The Timken Company (North Canton, specialty steel)
 * (#782) Aleris International, Inc. (Cleveland, metals)
 * (#783) Lincoln Electric (Cleveland, arc welding equipment)
 * (#792) Hyster-Yale Materials Handling (Cleveland, industrial machinery)
 * (#806) Applied Industrial Technologies (Cleveland, bearings)
 * (#811) A. Schulman (Fairlawn, chemicals)
 * (#965) American Greetings (Cleveland, greeting cards)
 * (#996) Nordson (Westlake, industrial machinery)

Other large employers include:
 * Agilysis (Mayfield Heights, electronics)
 * Babcock & Wilcox (Barberton, engineering)
 * Cafaro Corp (Youngstown, mall management and properties)
 * Cleveland Clinic (Cleveland, health care)
 * DeBartolo-York Corp (Boardman Township, Youngstown, mall management and properties)
 * Eaton Corporation (North American HQ - Beachwood, electrical parts manufacturing)
 * Exal Corp Aluminum Production (Youngstown, metals)
 * Ferro Corporation (Cleveland, advanced material manufacturing)
 * Forest City Enterprises (Cleveland, real estate development)
 * Gojo (Akron, chemicals)
 * Home Savings and Loan (Youngstown, banking)
 * IMG (Cleveland, sports marketing and management)
 * Invacare (Elyria, medical products and equipment)
 * Jo Ann Stores (Hudson, specialty retailer)
 * Jones Day (Cleveland, legal services)
 * Lubrizol Corporation (Wickliffe, lubricants and chemicals)
 * Mayfran International (Cleveland, conveyors)
 * Nacco Industries (Cleveland, industrial equipment)
 * Nestlé USA (Solon, food processing)
 * Roadway Express (Akron, logistics)
 * Rockwell Automation (Mayfield Heights, industrial controls)
 * SITE Centers (Beachwood, real estate development)
 * Summa Health System (Akron, health care)
 * University Hospitals of Cleveland (Cleveland, health care)

Small businesses and startups
The Council of Smaller Enterprises coordinates and advocates for small businesses in the region. Many of the area's sustainability-oriented companies are tied into the network Entrepreneurs for Sustainability.

Colleges and universities
Greater Cleveland is home to a number of higher education institutions, including:
 * Baldwin Wallace University (Berea)
 * Case Western Reserve University (Cleveland)
 * Chamberlain School of Nursing (Cleveland)
 * Cleveland Institute of Art (Cleveland)
 * Cleveland Institute of Music (Cleveland)
 * Cleveland State University (Cleveland)
 * Cuyahoga Community College (Cleveland, Highland Hills, Parma and Brunswick)
 * DeVry University (Seven Hills)
 * John Carroll University (University Heights)
 * Kent State University at Geauga (Burton)
 * Kent State University College of Podiatric Medicine (Independence)
 * Lake Erie College (Painesville)
 * Lakeland Community College (Kirtland)
 * Lorain County Community College (Elyria)
 * Notre Dame College (South Euclid)
 * Oberlin College (Oberlin)
 * South University (Warrensville Heights, Ohio)
 * Stautzenberger College (Brecksville)
 * Ursuline College (Pepper Pike)

Airports
Greater Cleveland is served by international, regional and county airports, including:
 * Burke Lakefront Airport (Cleveland)
 * Concord Airpark Airport (Concord Township)
 * Cuyahoga County Airport
 * Cleveland Hopkins International Airport (Cleveland)
 * Lorain County Regional Airport (Russia Township)
 * Willoughby Lost Nation Municipal Airport (Willoughby)

Highways

 * I-71.svgstate 71
 * I-77.svgstate 77
 * I-80.svgOhioTurnpike.svg Interstate 80 (Ohio Turnpike)
 * I-90.svgstate 90
 * I-271.svgstate 271
 * I-277.svgstate 277
 * I-480.svgstate 480
 * I-490.svgstate 490
 * US 6.svg.S. Route 6
 * US 20.svg.S. Route 20
 * US 42.svg.S. Route 42
 * US 224.svg.S. Route 224
 * US 250.svg.S. Route 250
 * US 322.svg.S. Route 322
 * US 422.svg.S. Route 422
 * OH-2.svg State Route 2
 * OH-3.svg State Route 3
 * OH-8.svg State Route 8
 * OH-10.svg State Route 10
 * OH-11.svg State Route 11
 * OH-14.svg State Route 14
 * OH-17.svg State Route 17
 * OH-18.svg State Route 18
 * OH-21.svg State Route 21
 * OH-43.svg State Route 43
 * OH-44.svg State Route 44
 * OH-83.svg State Route 83
 * OH-88.svg State Route 88
 * OH-91.svg State Route 91
 * OH-113.svg State Route 113
 * OH-175.svg State Route 175
 * OH-176.svg State Route 176
 * OH-225.svg State Route 225
 * OH-254.svg State Route 254
 * OH-700.svg State Route 700
 * OH-711.svg State Route 711

Highway notes

 * I-271 and I-480 were the only two auxiliary Interstates in the nation that ran concurrently with each other for any distance until 2022, when a concurrency between I-587 and I-795 in North Carolina was established with the designation of I-587.

Public transit
The Greater Cleveland Regional Transit Authority operates a bus system and heavy and light rail in Cuyahoga County. Other transit agencies serve the surrounding counties and provide connections with RTA, including Laketran in Lake County, and Lorain County Transit in Lorain County. Cleveland's RTA Red Line which started in 1955, is the eighth oldest heavy rail rapid transit in the Country In 2007, RTA was named the best public transit system in North America by the American Public Transportation Association, for "demonstrating achievement in efficiency and effectiveness."

Theater
Playhouse Square Center is the epicenter of the Cleveland Theater District and the second largest theater district in the United States.

Playhouse Square Theaters

 * Allen Theatre
 * Hanna Theatre
 * Ohio Theatre
 * State Theatre
 * Palace Theatre
 * Kennedy's Cabaret
 * Second Stage
 * The Helen Rosenfeld Lewis Bialosky Lab Theatre
 * Westfield Insurance Studio Theatre

In addition, Greater Cleveland has additional theaters throughout the region.

Theaters

 * Beck Center (Lakewood)
 * Cabaret Dada (Cleveland)
 * Cassidy Theater (Parma Heights)
 * Cleveland Play House (Cleveland)
 * Cleveland Public Theater (Cleveland)
 * Dobama Theater (Cleveland Heights)
 * Euclid Avenue Opera House (destroyed)
 * Lorain Palace Theatre (Lorain)
 * Geauga Theater (Chardon)
 * Huntington Playhouse (Bay Village)
 * Karamu House (Cleveland)
 * Near West Theatre (Cleveland)
 * Olde Towne Hall Theatre (North Ridgeville)

Theatrical companies

 * The Bang and Clatter Theatre Company
 * Beck Center for the Arts
 * Bodwin Theater Company
 * Charenton Theatre Company
 * Cleveland Shakespeare Festival
 * Cleveland Signstage Theatre
 * Convergence-Continuum
 * Fairmount Center for the Arts (Mayfield Village Performing Arts Center)
 * Fourth Wall Productions
 * Great Lakes Theater Festival
 * The Group
 * Portage Lakes Players
 * The Public Squares
 * Red Hen Productions

Music
Cleveland is home to the Cleveland Orchestra, widely considered one of the finest orchestras in the world, and often referred to as the finest in the United States. It is one of the "Big Five" major orchestras in the United States. The Orchestra plays at Severance Hall in University Circle during the winter and at Blossom Music Center in Cuyahoga Falls during the summer. The city is also home to the Cleveland Pops Orchestra.

Art
There are two main art museums in Cleveland. The Cleveland Museum of Art is a major American art museum, with a collection that includes more than 40,000 works of art ranging over 6,000 years, from ancient masterpieces to contemporary pieces. Museum of Contemporary Art Cleveland showcases established and emerging artists, particularly from the Cleveland area, through hosting and producing temporary exhibitions.

Sports and recreation
Cleveland's professional sports teams include the Cleveland Guardians (Major League Baseball), Cleveland Browns (National Football League), and Cleveland Cavaliers (National Basketball Association). The Lake County Captains, a Single-A minor league affiliate of the Cleveland Guardians, play in Eastlake at Classic Park. Additionally, the Lake Erie Crushers of the Frontier League play at Sprenger Stadium in Avon.

Minor league hockey is represented in the area by the Cleveland Monsters of the American Hockey League. They began play in the 2007–08 AHL season at the Quicken Loans Arena. The team is the top minor league affiliate of the Columbus Blue Jackets of the National Hockey League.

The Cleveland Metroparks are a system of nature preserves that encircle the city, and the Cuyahoga Valley National Park encompasses the Cuyahoga River valley between Cleveland and Akron. The region is home to Mentor Headlands Beach, the longest natural beach on the Great Lakes.

Notable natives

 * Avant
 * Albert Ayler
 * Jim Backus
 * Kaye Ballard
 * LeCharles Bentley
 * Halle Berry
 * Chris Butler
 * Eric Carmen
 * Drew Carey
 * Mary Carey
 * Ray Cash
 * Drew Carter
 * Machine Gun Kelly
 * Gerald Casale
 * Chris Chambers
 * Tracy Chapman
 * Cheetah Chrome
 * Tim Conway
 * Wes Craven
 * Kid Cudi
 * Dorothy Dandridge
 * Cheri Dennis
 * Ruby Dee
 * Donald DeFreeze
 * Phil Donahue
 * Stephen R. Donaldson
 * Harlan Ellison
 * Lee Evans
 * James A. Garfield
 * Sonny Geraci
 * Donald A. Glaser
 * Ted Ginn Jr.
 * Bob Golic
 * Mike Golic
 * Anthony Gonzalez
 * Jim Graner
 * Joel Grey
 * Arsenio Hall
 * Roy Hall
 * Margaret Hamilton
 * Steve Harvey
 * Patricia Heaton
 * Anne Heche
 * Mike Hegan
 * John W. Heisman
 * Kim Herring
 * Hal Holbrook
 * Bob Hope
 * Langston Hughes
 * Chrissie Hynde
 * LeBron James
 * Philip Johnson
 * Joe Jurevicius
 * Sammy Kaye
 * Don King
 * Bobby Knight
 * Heather Kozar
 * Dennis Kucinich
 * Dante Lavelli
 * Mike Lebowitz
 * Gerald Levert
 * D. A. Levy
 * Bob Lewis
 * Peter B. Lewis
 * Jim Lovell
 * Henry Mancini
 * Scott Mescudi
 * Howard Metzenbaum
 * O.J. McDuffie
 * Burgess Meredith
 * Toni Morrison
 * Bob Mothersbaugh
 * Mark Mothersbaugh
 * Paul Newman
 * Urban Meyer
 * Chuck Noll
 * Andre Norton
 * Charles Oakley
 * Jesse Owens
 * Harvey Pekar
 * Scott Raab
 * Dave Ragone
 * John D. Rockefeller
 * Michael Ruhlman
 * Screamin' Jay Hawkins
 * Molly Shannon
 * Sam Sheppard
 * Don Shula
 * Jerry Siegel
 * Robert Smith
 * Troy Smith
 * Ruth Simpson
 * Steve Stone
 * George Steinbrenner
 * Carl B. Stokes
 * Michael Symon
 * David Thomas
 * Jim Tressel
 * George Voinovich
 * David Wain
 * Carl E. Walz
 * Lew Wasserman
 * Debra Winger
 * Archibald Willard
 * Fred Willard
 * Frank Yankovic
 * Roger Zelazny

title: Greater Cleveland


text:
Gary Payton (astronaut)

Colonel Gary Eugene Payton, USAF, (born June 20, 1948) is an American astronaut and USAF Manned Spaceflight Engineer. Payton flew on the STS-51-C mission aboard the Space Shuttle Discovery in January 1985. He later served as Deputy Undersecretary of the Air Force under the Bush and Obama Administrations.

Education
Payton graduated from high school in Rock Island, Illinois, in 1966. He went on to attend Bradley University, in Peoria, Illinois. After one year at Bradley, he entered the United States Air Force Academy, in Colorado Springs, Colorado, graduating with a Bachelor of Science degree in astronautical engineering in 1971. He continued with his graduate education at Purdue University School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, in West Lafayette, Indiana, earning a Master of Science degree in astronautical and aeronautical engineering in 1972. He graduated from pilot training at Craig AFB, in Alabama in 1973.

Career
From 1972 to 1976, Payton served as a U.S. Air Force pilot and instructor pilot, Craig AFB, Alabama. He has accumulated at least 1,080 hours in T-37, T-38, and T-39 aircraft.

Payton served as a spacecraft test controller from 1976 to 1980, at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, in Florida. He was selected for the USAF Manned Spaceflight Engineer Program in February 1980.

Payton flew on the STS-51-C mission aboard the Space Shuttle Discovery in January 1985 which launched and returned to land at the Kennedy Space Center, in Florida. STS-51C was the first dedicated Space Shuttle Department of Defense mission. The mission carried an Inertial Upper Stage and deployed a DoD satellite. This was the first shuttle mission that most on-orbit details were classified and not publicized. Payton traveled over 1.2 million miles in 48 Earth orbits, and logged more than 73 hours in space.

From 1997 to 2000, Payton also served as NASA's Deputy Associate Administrator for Space Transportation Technology where he initiated, planned and led the Reusable Launch Vehicle technology demonstration program, which included the X-33, X-34, X-37 and DC-XA flight test projects. Prior to this, he was the Director of NASA's Space Transportation Division from 1995 to 1997.

After leaving NASA, Payton joined the ORBIMAGE as its Vice President for Engineering and Operations.

Payton was Deputy Under Secretary of the Air Force for Space Programs from 2005 to 2010. Prior to this, he served as Deputy for Advanced Systems, Missile Defense Agency from 2002 to 2005.

He is currently distinguished visiting professor in the Schriever Chair in Astronautics at the United States Air Force Academy, teaching astronautical engineering.

Personal life
Gary Payton is married to Sue Payton and they have a daughter.

title: Gary Payton (astronaut)