text:
1784 in music

Events

 * January 5 – In Paris, Antonio Salieri signs a contract with the Opéra for a work entitled Les Danaïdes.
 * January 7 – Composer Pierre-Alexandre Monsigny marries Amélie de Villemagne.
 * February 9 – The Piano Concerto No. 14 becomes the first entry in the catalogue of works by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.
 * March – 28-year-old Mozart gives the first performances of his Piano Concerto No. 15 at the Trattnerhof and Burgtheater in Vienna.
 * April 24 – Mozart writes to his father Leopold, recommending the work of newcomer Ignaz Pleyel.
 * April 29 – Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and violinist Regina Strinasacchi perform Mozart's Sonata in B-flat for Violin and Keyboard (K.454) for the first time, in the presence of Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor.
 * May 27 – June 5 – Handel Commemoration concerts in Westminster Abbey, London.
 * June 13 – Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's Piano Concerto No. 17 is performed for the first time, by his student, Barbara von Ployer. Giovanni Paisiello is in the audience.
 * August 17 – Luigi Boccherini is given a pay rise of 12000 reals by his employer, the Infante Luis, Count of Chinchón.
 * August 28 – In Vienna, Johann Georg Albrechtsberger's Mass in E flat is performed for the first time, with the orchestral arrangement replaced by organ accompaniment, in accordance with the preferences of Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor.
 * December 11 – Mozart is received into the Masonic lodge "Beneficence".
 * The first opera is mounted at the unfinished Teatro Nuovo in Bergamo, Lombardy, Giuseppe Sarti's Medonte, re di Epiro.

Classical music

 * Ludwig van Beethoven - Piano Concerto No. 0
 * Jean-Jacques Beauvarlet-Charpentier – Journal d'orgue 1–9

 * Niel Gow – A Collection of Strathspey Reels, etc.
 * Joseph Haydn
 * 6 Divertimentos, Hob.IV:6–11
 * Keyboard Sonata in G major, Hob.XVI:40 (no. 54)
 * Keyboard Sonata in B-flat major, Hob.XVI:41 (no. 55)
 * Keyboard Sonata in D major, Hob.XVI:42 (no. 56)
 * 24 Lieder, Hob.XXVIa:13–24 (second book)
 * Michael Haydn – Symphony in B-flat major; Symphony in C major
 * Sabine Hitzelberger – Für fülende Seelen am Klavier
 * Edward Jones – Musical and Poetical Relicks of the Welsh Bards, including "Deck the Halls"
 * Leopold Kozeluch – Keyboard Concerto in F major, P.IV:1
 * Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
 * Piano Concerto No. 14
 * Piano Concerto No. 15
 * Giovanni Paisiello – Six quartets, Op. 1
 * Joseph Reicha – Cello Concerto in D major
 * Giovanni Battista Viotti – Duetto concertante for 2 Violins in D major; Duetto concertante for 2 Violins in D minor

Opera

 * Pasquale Anfossi – Issipile, May 8, King's Theatre, London.
 * Luigi Cherubini – L'Idalide
 * Domenico Cimarosa
 * L'apparenza inganna
 * Artaserse
 * I due supposti conti
 * I matrimoni impensati
 * L'Olimpiade, July 10, Teatro Eretenio, Vicenza.
 * La vanità delusa
 * André Grétry
 * L'épreuve villageoise
 * Richard Coeur de Lion
 * Joseph Haydn – Armida
 * Thomas Linley – The Spanish Rivals
 * Antonio Salieri
 * Les Danaïdes
 * Il ricco d'un giorno (libretto by Lorenzo Da Ponte)
 * Andrea Luchesi – Ademira
 * Giovanni Paisiello – Il Re Teodoro
 * Niccolò Piccinni – Diane et Endymion
 * Antonio Sacchini – Dardanus

Births

 * January 1 – William Beale, composer and organist (died 1854)
 * January 27 – Martin-Joseph Mengal, composer (died 1851)
 * January 29 – Ferdinand Ries, composer
 * February 3 – John Fane, composer and diplomat
 * February 27 – Job Plimpton, composer (died 1864)
 * March 25 – François-Joseph Fétis, Belgian musicologist, composer, critic and teacher (died 1871)
 * April 8 – Dionisio Aguado, guitarist and composer (died 1849)
 * June 14 – Francesco Morlacchi, opera composer (died 1841)
 * July 27 – George Onslow, composer (died 1853)
 * August 5 – Louis Spohr, composer, violinist and conductor (died 1859)
 * August 23
 * Jeanette Wässelius, operatic soprano (died 1853)
 * Henriette Löfman, composer (died 1836)
 * October 15 – Thomas Hastings, composer (died 1872)
 * October 16 – Karl Keller, composer and flautist (died 1855)
 * November 7 – Friedrich Wilhelm Kalkbrenner, German pianist and composer
 * date unknown – Samuel Simms, organist and composer (died 1868)
 * November 28 – Ferdinand Ries, composer and friend of Beethoven (died 1838)

Deaths

 * March 4 – Ann Cargill, opera singer (born 1760) (drowned)
 * July 1 – Wilhelm Friedemann Bach, composer (born 1710)
 * August – Louis Anseaume, opera librettist
 * August 6 – Karl Kohaut, lutenist and composer (born 1726)
 * August 4 – Giovanni Battista Martini, composer (born 1706)
 * September
 * John Bennett, organist and composer (born c.1735)
 * Maria Linley, singer (born 1763)
 * September 12 – Manuel Blasco de Nebra, organist and composer (born 1750)
 * October 5 (or 1785) – Antonín Kammel, violinist and composer (born 1730)
 * November 6 – Anine Frölich, ballet dancer (born 1762)
 * date unknown
 * John Pixell, poet and composer (born 1725)
 * Yekaterina Sinyavina, pianist and composer (date of birth unknown)

title: 1784 in music


text:
User talk:Mechos

Please don't insert copyrighted information from this site into Wikipedia. Thank you. -- Decumanus 21:49, 21 Feb 2004 (UTC)~

Please knock it off or you will be banned. -- Decumanus 22:02, 21 Feb 2004 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Mechos


text:
Murmansk Oblast

Murmansk Oblast is a federal subject (an oblast) of Russia, located in the northwestern part of the country, with a total land area of 144,900 km2. Its only internal border is the Republic of Karelia to the south, and it is bordered internationally by Finland to the west and Norway to the northwest and the Barents Sea lies to the north and White Sea lies to the south and east. Its administrative center is the city of Murmansk. As of the 2010 Census, its population was 795,409, but at the 2021 Census this had declined to 667,744.

Geography
Geographically, Murmansk Oblast is located mainly on the Kola Peninsula almost completely north of the Arctic Circle and is a part of the larger Sápmi (Lapland) region that spans over four countries. The oblast borders with the Republic of Karelia in Russia in the south, Lapland Region in Finland in the west, Finnmark County in Norway in the northwest, and is bounded by the Barents Sea in the north and the White Sea in the south and east. Arkhangelsk Oblast of Russia lies across the White Sea.

Much of the oblast's relief is hilly, with the Khibiny and Lovozero ranges rising as high as 1200 m above sea level and stretching from west to east. The highest point of Murmansk Oblast is Yudychvumchorr, a flat-topped peak of the Khibiny. The north of the oblast is mostly covered by tundra; forest tundra prevails further south, while the southern regions are in the taiga zone. There are over 100,000 lakes and 18,000 rivers in the oblast. The coast contains the Rybachy Peninsula and the Cape Svyatoy Nos peninsulas.

The climate is harsh and unstable, due to the proximity of the Gulf Stream on one side and Arctic cold fronts on the other. Sharp temperature changes, high winds, and abundant precipitation are common throughout the year, with the heating season lasting for ten straight months. However, the waters of the Murman Coast in the south remain warm enough to remain ice-free even in winter.

There is also a large number of islands belonging to the oblast, the main ones being (west to east) the Aynovy Islands, Bolshoy Oleny Island, Kildin Island Malyy Oleniy Island, Kharlov Island, Vesknyak Island, Litskiye Island, Nokuyev Island, Vitte Island, Lumbovskiy Island, Goryainov Island and Sosnovets Island.

Lakes

 * Lake Yurkhyamyayarvi

Climate
Most areas of the Kola Peninsula are subarctic climate (Köppen climate classification: Dfc). The nearby islands usually belong to tundra (Köppen climate classification: ET).

History
The Saami, now a very small minority, are the indigenous people of the region. Russians started exploring the shores of the White Sea as early as in the 12th century, and in 1916 during World War I founded the Russian city of Murmansk as an ice-free supply port. As of 2010 Murmansk had people - nearly 40% of the oblast's population. Many Finns also immigrated to Murmansk during the Finnish famine, around the year 1860.

The oblast was established on May 28, 1938 from Murmansk Okrug of Leningrad Oblast (comprising the city of Murmansk, Kirovsky, Kolsky, Lovozersky, Polyarny, Saamsky, Teribersky, and Tersky Districts) and Kandalakshsky District of the Karelian ASSR.

The area of Pechengsky District (Petsamo in Finnish), which was ceded to Finland by the 1920 Treaty of Tartu and gave Finland access to the Barents Sea, became once again part of the RSFSR in 1940. After the Paris Peace Treaties of 1947, the local Saami population was given the choice either of staying in Soviet Russia or resettling in Finland. Most of them chose the second option. On 30 October 1997, Murmansk, alongside Astrakhan, Kirov, Ulyanovsk, and Yaroslavl signed a power-sharing agreement with the government of Russia, gaining autonomy. The autonomous status operated until 31 May 2003.

Politics

During the Soviet period, the high authority in the oblast was shared between three persons: The first secretary of the Murmansk CPSU Committee (who in reality had the biggest authority), the chairman of the oblast Soviet (legislative power), and the Chairman of the oblast Executive Committee (executive power). Since 1991, CPSU lost all the power, and the head of the Oblast administration, and eventually the governor was appointed/elected alongside elected regional parliament.

The Charter of Murmansk Oblast is the fundamental law of the region. The Legislative Assembly of Murmansk Oblast is the province's standing legislative (representative) body. The Legislative Assembly exercises its authority by passing laws, resolutions, and other legal acts and by supervising the implementation and observance of the laws and other legal acts passed by it. The highest executive body is the Oblast Government, which includes territorial executive bodies such as district administrations, committees, and commissions that facilitate development and run the day to day matters of the province. The Oblast administration supports the activities of the Governor who is the highest official and acts as guarantor of the observance of the oblast Charter in accordance with the Constitution of Russia.

Chairmen of the Murmansk Oblast Duma
Source:

Demographics
Population:

The indigenous people of the area, the Saami, are only a tiny minority today. As of the 2002 Census, 92.2% of the oblast's population live in urban areas. The most populous city is the Oblast's administrative center, Murmansk, with 270,000 inhabitants in 2021. Other large cities and towns include Severomorsk, Apatity, Kandalaksha, Monchegorsk, and Kirovsk.

According to the 2010 Census, the ethnic composition of the oblast was as follows:
 * Russians: 89%
 * Ukrainians: 4.8%
 * Belarusians: 1.7%
 * Tatars: 0.8%
 * Finns: 0.5%
 * Karelians: 0.2%
 * Norwegians: 0.2%
 * Komi: 0.2%
 * Saami: 0.2%
 * others: 2.4%
 * 73,484 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group.

Vital statistics for 2022:
 * Births: 5,682 (7.9 per 1,000)
 * Deaths: 8,777 (12.1 per 1,000)

Total fertility rate (2022):

1.47 children per woman

Life expectancy (2021):

Total — 68.29 years (male — 63.72, female — 72.85)

In 2009, the urban areas were marked by natural population decline (−0.16% per year) and the rural areas were marked by natural population growth (+0.35% per year).

Religion
According to a 2012 survey 41.7% of the population of Murmansk Oblast adheres to the Russian Orthodox Church, 3% are unaffiliated generic Christians, 1% are Orthodox Christian believers who do not belong to any church or are members of other (non-Russian) Orthodox churches, 1% are adherents of Islam, 0.4% are adherents of Rodnovery (Slavic native faith) and other indigenous folk religions, and 1% are members of the Catholic Church. In addition, 28% of the population declares to be "spiritual but not religious", 12% is atheist, and 12.5% follows other religions or did not give an answer to the question.

Economy
The Murmansk Oblast is very rich in natural resources and has deposits of over 700 minerals. The main industries of the region are in the sphere of raw material extraction and basic processing. The largest industries are metallurgy (36,6%), electric power-production (22,9%) and food-industry, including fishing (13,7%). The icefree port of Murmansk plays an important role in marine transportation in Russia, and the oblast has a 41% share of the total Russian marine transport market. The fishing industry is among the most profitable in the region, supplying 16% of Russia's total fish production. Murmansk is a key base for three fishing fleets, including Russia's largest, the Murmansk Trawl Fleet.

The economy of the region is export-oriented. Main export items are nickel products, apatite concentrate, copper and copper products, aluminium and ferrous metals. The Murmansk Region produces almost 100 percent of Russia's apatite concentrate (3.7 million tons in 1998), 43 percent of nickel, 15 percent of copper, 12 percent of iron ore and iron ore concentrate (17.7 million and 6.4 million tons in 1998), and 40 percent of cobalt.

The largest companies of the region – constituting 90% of the oblast's production – are Pechenganickel, Olcon, the Kola Nuclear Power Plant, Sevrybkholodflot, Murmanrybprom, Murmansk Trawl Fleet and Murmansk Shipping Company.

Large oil and gas resources have been discovered on the shelf of the Barents sea, including the massive Shtokman field – one of the world's largest gas fields with estimated reserves of 3.8 trillion cubic meters. Prospective oil fields could potentially yield up to 40 million tons in the next 10–15 years. However, the development of the oil and gas resources will require considerable investment.

In 2006, the Murmansk Oblast's gross regional product was 141.9 billion rubles, which amounts to about 0.4% of the Russian GDP. Unemployment in 2006 was 3,4%. GRP pro capita in 2007 was 225 044 rubles. Regional automobile code is 51.

Transport

 * Airports in Murmansk (international), Kirovsk, Kandalaksha, Severomorsk (military), Lovozero (military), Ponoy, and Krasnoshchelye (small planes and choppers).
 * Strategic Oktyabrskaya Railway which connects Murmansk with Saint-Petersburg and central Russia. Main stations are Murmansk, Olenegorsk, Kandalaksha. There is also important shoulder to Nikel, the Murmansk-Nikel Railway.
 * Local one-way railways
 * Sea routes to small military towns and naval bases on Murman Coast (Ostrovnoy, Svyatoy Nos).
 * Automobile roads

Military
The Murmansk Oblast plays an important role for the Russian Navy, the Northern Fleet having its headquarters in Severomorsk, 25 km north of Murmansk. The Navy has several other bases and shipyards in the Murmansk Oblast.

The 200th Separate Motor Rifle Brigade is stationed at Pechenga.

title: Murmansk Oblast


text:
Insula

Insula is the Latin word for "island" and may refer to:
 * Insula (Roman city), a block in a Roman city plan surrounded by four streets
 * Insula (building), a kind of apartment building in ancient Rome that provided housing for all but the elite
 * Ínsula Barataria, the governorship assigned to Sancho Panza as a prank in the novel Don Quixote
 * Insular cortex, a brain structure
 * "Insula", a 2020 song by Moses Sumney from Græ

title: Insula


text:
Talk:Lobsang Rampa

Buttercup
Who is the Buttercup (Shelagh Rouse) referred to in the text? She is referred to as if she were a "conected person" of the article's subject matter - eg: a child or a follower - but the name only appears the once & so there is no obvious context. Sitush (talk) 04:27, 9 December 2008 (UTC)

 * Some info about Sheelagh Rouse and a photo are here. She is described as "Lobsang Rampa's devoted secretary, companion and friend for the entire span of his writing career. Referring to her by the nickname 'Buttercup', Rampa considered Sheelagh to be his adopted daughter." Some more detail could be added to the article here.-- ♦Ian Ma c  M♦  (talk to me) 15:17, 9 December 2008 (UTC)

Obviously you haven’t even bothered reading the books of Dr. Rampa; else you wouldn’t make such a crass remark. Buttercup was her nickname and she was Dr. Rampa’s secretary and companion for many years, later adopted as his daughter. Buttercup is the only family member alive today. user:tlrampa —Preceding undated comment added 09:27, 28 March 2009 (UTC).
 * Bewildering blind oversensitivity and touchiness in your response, by virtue of the fact no "crass" element is present in either of the preceding comments. Given that your username incorporates "rampa" one concludes a connection/ investment on your part. Possibly you are the aforementioned Sheelagh Rouse. Ho hum. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.24.232.60 (talk) 17:54, 28 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Interestingly, all references to Sheelagh Rouse in connection to Rampa appear to originate in connection with a book written by Rouse, a memoir of her time with Rampa. Is there any reliable and unbiased source which makes reference to her prior to this? No mention of "Sheelagh Rouse" nor "Buttercup" appears in connection with Rampa per Google books, nor a general search, so even if she had been his secretary and had lived with Rampa and his wife, there may be an element of over-egging the pudding here, particularly, one hesitates to observe, when selling a memoir is involved... — Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.24.232.60 (talk) 18:00, 28 March 2024 (UTC)
 * A great start'd be read all hus books if y really want more truth! 47.205.143.142 (talk) 13:03, 16 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Truth, strewth! 109.148.80.241 (talk) 15:24, 6 June 2024 (UTC)

Recording
I have found a 33rpm long-playing record entitled "Dr T. Lobsang Rampa instructs the listener in the art of Meditation", copyrighted to The Henderson Co, 1969, and published by A. Touchstones Ltd, 33 Ashby Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire, England. The aides are labelled AR887A and AR887B and there is a note the "A. Touchstones Ltd have world rights for the distribution of Dr Rampa's Tranquiliser Touch-Stones"

Did he often refer to himself as "Dr"? Was he the holder of a doctorate of some type from a recognised educational institution. Did he have any connection with Henderson or with A Touchstones Ltd? Should there be a reference to the fact that he apparently recorded at least one record for sale? Sitush (talk) 04:27, 9 December 2008 (UTC) Dr. Rampa held many recognised educational doctorates; which are detailed within his many books, and goes on to explain he designed the TouchStones but has nothing to do with sales. (User May)

 * Thanks for the detailed info on the record. The audio clip in the article comes from a record that Rampa made. Off the top of my head I cannot say for sure it is the one that you have described, although it seems to be. Rampa is described as a medical doctor in his books and at his "official" site at .  His "alter ego", Cyril Hoskin, had no such qualifications.-- ♦Ian Ma c  M♦  (talk to me) 15:17, 9 December 2008 (UTC) I don't recall him ever mentioning an "official" website, all website have been created by followers of Dr. Rampa and certainly none are endorsed by him. (User May)

 * Cheers for the additional info in this section & also re: Buttercup. I'm deaf so I think the record is heading towards EBay or similar! Sitush (talk) 02:33, 15 December 2008 (UTC)

 * I don't recall him ever mentioning an "official" website, all website have been created by followers of Dr. Rampa and certainly none are endorsed by him. (User May)

 * Since he died in 1981 there is no "official" or personally endorsed website. The largest fansite is http://www.lobsangrampa.net/, and it may have some endorsement from his followers.-- ♦Ian Ma c M♦  (talk to me) 14:09, 14 September 2010 (UTC)

My Visit to Venus/Agharta
Lobsang Rampa - New Age Trailblazer says "My Visit to Venus, an anthology of Rampa chapters which had been rejected from earlier books, was published without authorization in late 1958 or early 1959 by Gray Barker, an American who ran Saucerian Bulletin." In Feeding the Flame (1971) Rampa writes "I definitely, definitely, definitely do not recommend that 'book'. It is just a few pages containing some articles which I wrote years ago, and it contains some -well-, I consider them offbeat illustrations not done by me. This book containing parts of my work and filled out with a lot of blurb was published entirely without my permission and entirely against my wishes." My Visit to Agharta, based on the hollow earth theory, does not seem to have been published until 2003 and is said to be based on newly discovered out-takes from Rampa's work.-- ♦Ian Ma c M♦  (talk to me) 06:53, 19 May 2014 (UTC)

Hoskin or Hoskins?
Re this edit: His birth name is definitely Hoskin and the sources that say Hoskins have got it wrong. Hoskins would be the more common English spelling, eg Bob Hoskins, but Cyril Henry Hoskin is correct.-- ♦Ian Ma c M♦  (talk to me) 05:46, 10 February 2016 (UTC)
 * Here is the birth certificate of Cyril Henry Hoskin. Scholars such as Donald S. Lopez, Jr. have got it right but numerous online sources have muddied the waters by saying Hoskins.-- ♦Ian Ma c  M♦  (talk to me) 09:03, 10 February 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lobsang Rampa


text:
Eala Frya Fresena

Eala Frya Fresena (East Frisian Low Saxon ) is the motto for the coat of arms of East Frisia in northern Germany. The motto is often mistranslated as "Hail, free Frisians!", but it was the reversal of the feudal prostration and is better translated as "Stand up, free Frisians!". According to 16th century sources, it was spoken at the Upstalsboom in Aurich where Frisian judges meet on Pentecost and it is traditionally answered with Lever dood as Slaav, or in English, rather dead than slaves.

The motto refers to the legendary "Frisian Freedom", a polity and right to accept no rule besides the Holy Roman Emperor and the Christian God. The right was in the Middle Ages supposed to have been granted by Charlemagne for Frisian support of Pope Leo IV (who was not contemporary with Charlemagne). It was said to have been renewed by Charles the Fat in 885 for saving him from Normans. The Frisian freedom basically meant a claim of freedom from tax and fief, to defend themselves against the Normans, Vikings and the northern sea. Friesland offered unclaimed land for everyone, however the unclaimed land of the country was under water half of the day. The daily fight against the northern sea ensured equality of the people who were living on warfs during this time. Tax and fief was therefore replaced by the duty to build dikes.

Motto
For the interjection eala compare Old English éala in Crist A (104),
 * éala éarendel engla beorhtast "hail Earendel, brightest of angels!"

History
The number of Frisian sealands grew from the original seven up to 27 at their height in the early 14th century. Each Frisian sealand sent two seajudges during Pentecost to an annual meeting at Upstalsboom, to discuss disputes between the tribes. Friesland had a nearly democratic government, unlike most of Europe during Middle Ages. While the seajudges had been delegated to rule legally, the hovedlinge had been self-elected by their wealth to rule the military. Several of them became known for supporting pirates to refinance their wealth. For example, the hoveling Keno ten Broke hosted the famous Klaus Störtebeker.

In the late Middle Ages, Friesland had no central government, but was ruled by either their local chieftains or changing foreign powers. The Frisians revolted often against the foreigners. The Stedinger revolt of 1233–34 caused Pope Gregory IX to call a crusade against them, marking the decline of Frisian freedom. Frisian freedom officially ended in 1498 when Emperor Maximilian I gave Friesland as a fief to Albert, Duke of Saxony to pay a 300,000-guilder debt, but Albert had to conquer Friesland himself first.

In popular culture
The band Eastfrisian Terror, from Emden, Germany, released their debut EP "Lever Dood As Slav", the third song of which was titled Eala Frya Fresena.

Additional links

 * Frisia

frr:Leewer duad üs Slaaw

title: Eala Frya Fresena


text:
Write-in candidate

A write-in candidate is a candidate whose name does not appear on the ballot but seeks election by asking voters to cast a vote for the candidate by physically writing in the person's name on the ballot. Depending on electoral law it may be possible to win an election by winning a sufficient number of such write-in votes, which count equally as if the person were formally listed on the ballot.

Writing in a name that is not already on the election ballot is considered a practice of the United States. However, some other jurisdictions have allowed this practice. In the United States, there are variations in laws governing write-in candidates, depending on the office (federal or local) and whether the election is a primary election or the general election; general practice is an empty field close by annotated to explain its purpose on the ballot if it applies. In five U.S. states there are no elections to which it can apply, under their present laws. Election laws are enacted by each state and in the District of Columbia, to apply to their voters.

How to write in the name
Some U.S. states and local jurisdictions allow a voter to affix a sticker, with the write-in candidate's name, to the ballot in lieu of actually writing in the candidate's name.

Write-in candidacies are sometimes a result of a candidate being legally or procedurally ineligible to run under their own name or party; write-in candidacies may be permitted where term limits bar an incumbent candidate from being officially nominated for, or being listed on the ballot for, re-election. They are also typically used when a candidate, often an incumbent has lost a primary election but still wishes to contest the general election.

In some cases, write-in campaigns have been organized to support a candidate who is not personally involved in running; this may be a form of draft campaign.

Write-in candidates may have to register as candidates
Write-in candidates have won elections on rare occasions. Also, write-in votes are sometimes cast for ineligible people or fictional characters.

Some jurisdictions require write-in candidates be registered as official candidates before the election. This is standard in elections with a large pool of potential candidates, as there may be multiple candidates with the same name that could be written in.

The spoiler effect
In some cases, the number of write-in votes cast in an election is greater than the entire margin of victory, suggesting that the write-ins may have been sufficient to tip the balance and change the outcome of the election by creating a spoiler effect.

Primary elections in the United States
Many U.S. states and municipalities allow for write-in votes in a partisan primary election where no candidate is listed on the ballot to have the same functional effect as nominating petitions: for example, if there are no Reform Party members on the ballot for state general assembly and a candidate receives more than 200 write-in votes when the primary election is held (or the other number of signatures that were required for ballot access), the candidate will be placed on the ballot on that ballot line for the general election. In most places, this provision is in place for non-partisan elections as well.

Write-in option in a referendum
A write-in option may occasionally be available in a multiple-choice referendum; for example in the January 1982 Guamanian status referendum.

Contrast from a blank ballot election system
The term "write-in candidate" is used in elections in which names of candidates or parties are preprinted on a paper ballot or displayed on an electronic voting machine. The term is not generally used in elections in which all ballots are blank and thus all voters must write in the names of their preferred candidates. Blank ballot election systems reduce the cost of printing the ballots, but increase the complexity of casting and counting votes. Such systems are used in Japan, and were used in the past in the French Second Republic and in elections in the Philippines from World War II until the 2010 general election. Some systems use a semi-blank ballot, such as Finland, where the voter must fill in a candidate's given number or letter from a separate ballot, but where there is a clear-cut arrangement with a circle or box with a description of how to vote for a given candidate. Blank-ballot systems typically require candidates to be nominated in advance.

United States

The requirements to appear on the general election ballot as an independent candidate or to have write-in votes counted vary by state and by political office sought.

As of 2024, 40 states and the District of Columbia allow write-in votes on their ballots, including for president; Alaska, New Mexico and South Carolina allow write-in candidates for some offices but not for president; Mississippi allows write-in votes only to substitute a candidate listed on the ballot who was removed, withdrew or died; Arkansas, Hawaii, Louisiana, Nevada, Oklahoma and South Dakota do not allow any write-in votes. Most of the jurisdictions allowing write-in votes require that the write-in candidates register by a certain date for their votes to be counted. Typically this registration consists only of a declaration of candidacy, but some states also require signatures of a certain number of voters, additional paperwork or fees. The deadline to register as a write-in candidate is usually later than to petition to be listed on the ballot.

2024 presidential general election

 * Notes

Presidential primary

 * In the 1968 Democratic presidential primary in New Hampshire, incumbent President Lyndon Johnson did not file, but received write-ins totaling 50% of all Democratic votes cast. Senator Eugene McCarthy, who campaigned actively against Johnson's Vietnam War policies, was on the ballot. He received 41% of the vote and gained more delegates than the President, who was reportedly "so stunned that he did not run for reelection".
 * In the 1992 Democratic presidential primary and the 1992 Republican presidential primary, consumer advocate Ralph Nader ran a write-in campaign during the New Hampshire primary for the presidential nomination of both parties. Declaring himself the "none of the above candidate" and using his Concord Principles as his platform, Nader received 3,054 votes from Democrats and 3,258 votes from Republicans.
 * In the 2024 New Hampshire Democratic presidential primary, incumbent president Joe Biden received 79,100 write-in votes, more than any listed candidate. Biden did not run in primary because of a dispute between the Democratic National Committee and the New Hampshire Democratic Party regarding the scheduling of that year's Democratic presidential primary. Biden did not support the write-in effort mounted by his supporters.

U.S. Senate

 * Republican William Knowland was elected in 1946 to the U.S. Senate from California, for a two-month term. The special election for the two-month term featured a November ballot with no names printed on it, and all candidates in that special election were write-in candidates.
 * Democrat Strom Thurmond was elected in 1954 to the United States Senate in South Carolina as a write-in candidate, after state Democratic leaders had blocked him from receiving the party's nomination.
 * In 2010 incumbent Alaska Senator Lisa Murkowski lost the Republican primary to Joe Miller. Following her defeat she ran in the general election as a write-in candidate. Murkowski had filed, and won, a lawsuit requiring election officials to have the list of names of write-in candidates distributed at the polls, and subsequently won the election with a wide enough margin over both Miller, and Democratic Party candidate Scott T. McAdams, to make moot the write-in ballots that had been challenged by Miller.
 * In 2020, Chris Janicek won the Democratic Senatorial nomination, but during the campaign he sent out sexually inappropriate text messages to staffers causing the Nebraska Democratic Party to withdraw its support from him. The Nebraska Democratic Party attempted to replace Janicek with Alisha Shelton, but Janicek refused to drop out preventing the replacement. Preston Love Jr. later announced his intention to run a write-in senatorial campaign and received the support of the Nebraska Democratic Party, making him the first black person to receive the support of a major party for United States Senate in Nebraska. They lost to Republican incumbent Ben Sasse.

U.S. House of Representatives

 * In 1918, Peter F. Tague was elected to the U.S. House as a write-in independent Democrat, defeating the Democratic nominee, John F. Fitzgerald.
 * In 1930 Republican Charles F. Curry Jr. was elected to the House as a write-in from Sacramento, California. His father, Congressman Charles F. Curry Sr., would have been listed on the ballot unopposed but, due to his untimely death, his name was removed and no candidate's name was listed on the ballot.
 * In 1958, Democrat Dale Alford was elected as a write-in candidate to the United States House of Representatives in Arkansas. As member of the Little Rock school board, Alford launched his write-in campaign a week before the election because the incumbent, Brooks Hays, was involved in the incident in which president Eisenhower sent federal troops to enforce racial integration at Little Rock Central High School. Racial integration was unpopular at the time, and Alford won by approximately 1,200 votes, a 2% margin.
 * In 1964 Democrat Gale Schisler was nominated for Congress in Illinois as a write-in candidate when no Democrat filed to run in the primary election. He defeated incumbent Robert McLoskey in the November General Election.
 * In November 1980, Republican Joe Skeen was elected to Congress in New Mexico as a write-in candidate, because of a spoiler candidate who also happened to be a write-in. No Republican had filed to run against the incumbent Democrat, Harold L. Runnels, before the close of filing. Runnels died on August 5, 1980, and the Democrats requested a special primary to pick a replacement candidate. The New Mexico Secretary of State allowed the Democrats to have a special primary, but did not allow the Republicans to have a special primary, because they had already gone with no candidate. So Skeen ran as a write-in candidate. After Runnels' widow lost the Democratic special primary, she launched her own write-in candidacy, which split the Democratic vote, taking enough votes from the Democratic nominee to give the election to the Republican, Skeen, who won with a 38% plurality.
 * Ron Packard of California finished in second place in the 18-candidate Republican primary to replace the retiring Clair Burgener. Packard lost the primary by 92 votes in 1982, and then mounted a write-in campaign as an independent. He won the election with a 37% plurality against both a Republican and a Democratic candidate. Following the elections, he re-aligned himself as a Republican.
 * Democrat Charlie Wilson was the endorsed candidate of the Democratic Party for Ohio's 6th congressional district in Ohio to replace Ted Strickland in 2006. Strickland was running for Governor, and had to give up his congressional seat. Wilson, though, did not qualify for the ballot because only 46 of the 96 signatures on his candidacy petition were deemed valid, while 50 valid signatures were required for ballot placement. The Democratic Party continued to support Wilson, and an expensive primary campaign ensued – over $1 million was spent by both parties. Wilson overwhelmingly won the Democratic primary as a write-in candidate on May 2, 2006, against two Democratic candidates whose names were on the ballot, with Wilson collecting 44,367 votes, 67% of the Democratic votes cast. Wilson faced Republican Chuck Blasdel in the general election on November 7, 2006, and won, receiving 61% of the votes.
 * Democrat Dave Loebsack entered the 2006 Democratic primary in Iowa's second congressional district as a write-in candidate after failing to get the required number of signatures. He won the primary and in the general election he defeated 15-term incumbent Jim Leach by a 51% to 49% margin.
 * Jerry McNerney ran as a write-in candidate in the March 2004 Democratic Primary in California's 11th congressional district. He received 1,667 votes (3% of the votes cast), and, having no opposition (no candidates were listed on the Democratic primary ballot), won the primary. Although he lost the November 2004 general election to Republican Richard Pombo, McNerney ran again in 2006 (as a candidate listed on the ballot) and won the Democratic Primary in June, and then the rematch against Pombo in November.
 * Shelley Sekula-Gibbs failed as a write-in candidate in the November 7, 2006, election to represent the 22nd Texas congressional district in the 110th Congress (for the full term commencing January 3, 2007). The seat had been vacant since June 9, 2006, due to the resignation of the then representative Tom DeLay. Therefore, on the same ballot, there were two races: one for the 110th Congress, as well as a race for the unexpired portion of the term during the 109th Congress (until January 3, 2007). Sekula-Gibbs won the race for the unexpired portion of the term during the 109th Congress as a candidate listed on the ballot. She could not be listed on the ballot for the full term because Texas law did not allow a replacement candidate to be listed on the ballot after the winner of the primary (Tom DeLay) has resigned.
 * Peter Welch, a Democrat representing Vermont's sole congressional district, became both the Democratic and Republican nominee for the House when he ran for re-election in 2008 and 2016. Because the Republicans did not field any candidate on the primary ballot in those elections, Welch won enough write-in votes to win the Republican nomination.

State legislatures

 * Several members of the Alaska House of Representatives were elected as write-in candidates during the 1960s and 1970s, particularly from rural districts in the northern and western portions of the state. Factors in play at the time include the newness of Alaska as a state and the previous absence of electoral politics in many of the rural communities, creating an environment which made it hard to attract candidates to file for office during the official filing period. Most of the areas in question were largely populated by Alaska natives, who held little political power in Alaska at the time. This only began to change following the formation of the Alaska Federation of Natives and the passage of the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act. Known examples of successful write-in candidates include Kenneth A. Garrison and Father Segundo Llorente (1960), Frank R. Ferguson (1972), James H. "Jimmy" Huntington (1974), and Nels A. Anderson Jr. (1976). The incumbent in Llorente's election, Axel C. Johnson, ran for re-election as a write-in candidate after failing to formally file his candidacy paperwork. Johnson and Llorente, as write-in candidates, both outpolled the one candidate who did appear on the ballot. Ferguson and Anderson were both incumbents who launched their write-in campaigns after being defeated in the primary election. Anderson's main opponent, Joseph McGill, had himself won election to the House in 1970 against a write-in candidate by only five votes.
 * Carl Hawkinson of Galesburg, Illinois won the Republican primary for the Illinois Senate from Illinois's 47th District in 1986 as a write-in candidate. He went on to be elected in the general election and served until 2003. Hawkinson defeated another write-in, David Leitch, in the primary. Incumbent State Senator Prescott Bloom died in a home fire after the filing date for the primary had passed.
 * Arizona state senator Don Shooter won the 2010 primary as a write-in and went on to win the general election.
 * After failing to receive the Republican Party's 1990 Wilson Pakula nomination, incumbent and registered Conservative New York State Senator Serphin Maltese won the party's nomination as a write-in candidate.
 * Charlotte Burks won as a Democratic write-in candidate for the Tennessee Senate seat left vacant when the incumbent, her husband Tommy, was assassinated by his opponent, Byron Looper, two weeks before the elections of November 2, 1998. The assassin was the only name on the ballot, so Charlotte ran as a write-in candidate.
 * Winnie Brinks was elected to the Michigan House of Representatives in 2012 after a series of unusual events. In May of that year, State Representative Roy Schmidt – who had previously filed to run for re-election as a Democrat – withdrew from the Democratic primary and re-filed as a Republican. A friend of Schmidt's nephew filed to run as a Democrat, but withdrew two days later amid anger among local Democrats. This left Democrats without a candidate. Brinks ran as a write-in to be the Democratic nominee. She won the primary and was listed on the ballot in the general election, which she also won. Coincidentally, the general election also saw a write-in candidate, Bing Goei, receive significant support.
 * Scott Wagner was elected as an anti-establishment Republican write-in candidate to the Pennsylvania Senate in a March 2014 special election over endorsed Republican nominee Ron Miller and Democrat Linda Small.
 * Nick Freitas was re-elected as a write-in candidate after missing a filing deadline to appear on the ballot in the Virginia House of Delegates.

Local government

 * Angela Allen was elected Mayor of Tar Heel, North Carolina (population 115), as a write-in candidate in 2003.
 * Julia Allen of Readington, New Jersey, won a write-in campaign in the November 2005 elections for the Township Committee, after a candidate accused of corruption had won the primary.
 * Tom Ammiano, President of the San Francisco Board of Supervisors, entered the race for Mayor of San Francisco as a write-in candidate two weeks before the 1999 general election. He received 25% of the vote, coming in second place and forcing incumbent Mayor Willie Brown into a runoff election, which Brown won by margin of 59% to 40%. In 2001, the campaign was immortalized in the award-winning documentary film See How They Run.
 * John R. Brinkley ran as a write-in candidate for governor of Kansas in 1930. He was motivated at least in part by the state's revocation of his medical license and attempts to shut down his clinic, where he performed alternative medical procedures including transplantation of goat glands into humans. He won 29.5% of the vote in a three-way race. Brinkley's medical and political career are documented in Pope Brock's book Charlatan.
 * Mike Duggan filed petition to run for mayor of Detroit in 2013; however, following a court challenge, Duggan's name was removed from the ballot. Duggan then campaigned as a write-in in the August 2013 primary, with the intent of being one of the top two vote-getters and thus advancing to the general election in November. Duggan received the highest number of votes in the primary, and advanced to the runoff in November. He eventually defeated challenger Sheriff Benny Napoleon and became the Mayor of Detroit.
 * Donna Frye ran as a write-in candidate for Mayor of San Diego in 2004. A controversy erupted when several thousand votes for her were not counted because the voters had failed to fill in the bubble next to the write-in line. Had those votes been counted, she would have won the election.
 * Michael Jarjura was re-elected Mayor of Waterbury, Connecticut, in 2005 as a write-in candidate after losing the Democratic party primary to Karen Mulcahy, who used to serve as Waterbury's tax collector before Jarjura fired her in 2004 "for what he claimed was her rude and abusive conduct toward citizens". After spending $100,000 on a general elections write-in campaign, Jarjura received 7,907 votes, enough for a plurality of 39%.
 * James Maher won the mayorship of Baxter Estates, New York, on March 15, 2005, as a write-in candidate with 29 votes. Being the only one on the ballot, the incumbent mayor, James Neville, did not campaign, as he did not realize that there was a write-in campaign going on. Neville received only 13 votes.
 * Beverly O'Neil won a third term as Mayor of Long Beach, California, as a write-in candidate in 2002. The Long Beach City City Charter has a term limit amendment that says a candidate cannot be on the ballot after two full terms, but does not prevent the person from running as a write-in candidate. She finished first in a seven-candidate primary, but did not receive more than 50% of the vote, forcing a runoff contest. In the runoff, still restricted from the ballot, she got roughly 47% of the vote in a three-way election that included a second write-in candidate.
 * Michael Sessions, an 18-year-old high school senior, won as a write-in candidate for Mayor of Hillsdale, Michigan, in 2005. He was too young to qualify for the ballot.
 * In 2021, Byron Brown, the incumbent mayor of Buffalo, New York, defeated Democratic challenger India Walton in the general election, by running a successful write-in campaign after losing the Democratic primary to Walton.
 * In Galesburg, Illinois, an error by the Galesburg Election Commission in late 2010 gave city council candidate Chuck Reynolds the wrong number of signatures he required to be on the ballot for the April 2011 city council election, resulting in his removal from the ballot when challenged by incumbent Russell Fleming. Reynolds ran as a write-in vote in the April 2011 election, and lost by nine votes.
 * Anthony A. Williams, then incumbent Mayor of Washington, D.C., was forced to run as a write-in candidate in the 2002 Democratic primary, because he had too many invalid signatures for his petition. He won the Democratic primary, and went on to win re-election.
 * In the November 8, 2011, election for Commonwealth's Attorney of Richmond County, Virginia, 16-year incumbent Wayne Emery was certified the winner as a write-in candidate over challenger James Monroe by a margin of 53 votes (2.4%) out of 2,230 votes cast, after his petitions were challenged and his name was removed from the ballot.
 * In the August 4, 2020, primary election of Ypsilanti Township, Michigan, Monica Ross-Williams, a then Ypsilanti Township Trustee, received 3,478 write-in votes for Ypsilanti Township Clerk, for the highest number of write-in votes in any election in Washtenaw County, Michigan history.
 * In the 1997 election for Mayor of Talkeetna, Alaska, Stubbs the Cat won over the two human candidates. He was re-elected every mayoral election thereafter, and served until his death on July 2, 2017.
 * In 2011, in Pacific, Washington, Marine veteran Cy Sun ousted incumbent mayor Rich Hildreth as a write-in candidate, using a comprehensive ground game in the small town to convince locals to support him over Hildreth, whom he accused of corruption. After the election, the county elections office reported that a sufficient number of write-ins votes had made it possible that a write-in could win, and after a count of the write-ins, Sun beat Hildreth by 464 to 401. Sun's mayorship was plagued by political and physical challenges, and Sun would be recalled in 2013.
 * Eau Claire County, Wisconsin sheriff Ron Cramer, formerly a sheriff's deputy, won election as Eau Claire County's 47th sheriff, defeating disgraced 10-year incumbent sheriff Richard M. Hewitt in a write-in campaign hastily organized just weeks before the election in 1996. He has handily won reelection every four years since, usually running unopposed.
 * Lynda Neuwirth defeated the lone candidate on the ballot, Joseph DiPasquale, for the Ellicottville, New York village justice position on March 19, 2019; Neuwirth received three votes to DiPasquale's two. Neuwirth was ousted after only two months in the position, as voters had approved a referendum abolishing the court the previous November; when the abolition was delayed two months, Neuwirth was not allowed to retain her seat and was replaced by a justice from the surrounding town, which will absorb the village court's jurisdiction.
 * Lon Lafferty won as a write-in for the Martin County, Kentucky Judge Executive election in 2022, defeating four other write-in candidates—Marlena Slone, Jimmy Don Kerr, Benjamin York and Mitchell Crum—with approximately 60% of the vote. This election was solely decided by write-in—the first election in Martin County's history in which all of the candidates were write-ins—after the previous Judge Executive, Colby Kirk, resigned from office and withdrew his candidacy three weeks before the election to take over as President/CEO of economic development organization One East Kentucky. (Governor Andy Beshear had appointed Lafferty to fill the seat for the remaining two months of Kirk's term.)

Other elections

 * Aaron Schock was elected to the District 150 School Board in Peoria, Illinois, in 2001 by a write-in vote, after his petitions were challenged and his name was removed from the ballot. He defeated the incumbent by over 2,000 votes, approximately 6,400 to 4,300 votes. He went on to serve in the Illinois House of Representatives, and was elected to the United States House of Representatives in 2008. He was later forced to resign in an expenses scandal.
 * John Adams became an Orange County, California judge in November 2002 after running along with 10 other write-in candidates in the primaries on March 5, 2002, against incumbent Judge Ronald Kline. After the filing deadline in which no candidate filed to run against Kline, a computer hacker discovered that Judge Kline had child pornography on his home computer. Kline got less than 50% of the vote in the primaries, requiring a runoff between him and write-in candidate John Adams (who actually received more votes than Kline). After some legal maneuvers, Kline's name was removed from the general elections, leaving the general election a runoff between Adams and Gay Sandoval, who was the second highest write-in vote getter. Charges against Kline were eventually thrown out.
 * On September 15, 2009, four write-in candidates in the Independence Party primaries for various offices in Putnam County, New York, defeated their on-ballot opponents.
 * In a May 2011 school board election for the Bentley School Board in Michigan, Lisa Osborn ran as a write-in candidate and needed just one vote to win a seat. However, she did not receive any votes, even from herself. She explained herself by saying that she was at her son's baseball game and did not have time to go to the polls.

California's Proposition 14 impact on write-in candidates
In 2010, California voters passed Proposition 14 which set up a new election system for the United States Senate, United States House of Representatives, all statewide offices (governor, lieutenant governor, secretary of state, state treasurer, state controller, attorney general, insurance commissioner, and superintendent of public instruction), California Board of Equalization, and for the California State Legislature. In the system set up by Proposition 14, there are two rounds of voting, and the top two vote-getters for each race in the first round (the primary, held in June 2004 – 2018 and March 2020–present) advance to a second round (the general election, held in November). Proposition 14 specifically prohibits write-in candidates in the second round, and this prohibition was upheld in a court challenge. Another court challenge to the prohibition on write-in candidates in the second round was filed in July 2014.

Although Proposition 14 prohibits write-in candidates in the second round of voting, it has created conditions that can make it easier for write-in candidates in the first round to advance to the second round. This generally happens in elections where only one candidate is listed on the ballot. Since in each race the top two vote-getters from the first round are guaranteed to advance to the second round, if only one candidate is listed on the ballot, a write-in candidate can easily advance to the second round, as the write-in candidate would only have to compete with other write-in candidates for the second spot, not with any listed candidates. In some jungle primary systems, if the winner in the first round wins by more than 50% of the vote, then the second (runoff) round gets cancelled, but in the system set up by Proposition 14, a second (runoff) round is required regardless of the percent of the vote that the winner of the first round received. Proposition 14 therefore guarantees that if only one candidate is listed on the ballot in the first round, a write-in candidate running against the one listed candidate can earn a spot for the second round with as little as one vote.

The first election in which Proposition 14 went into effect was the 2012 elections.

Other countries
With a few exceptions, the practice of recognizing write-in candidates is typically viewed internationally as a tradition in the United States.

 * A bizarre incident involving a fictitious write-in candidacy occurred in the small town of Picoazá, Ecuador, in 1967. A company ran a series of campaign-themed advertisements for a foot powder called Pulvapies. Some of the slogans used included "Vote for any candidate, but if you want well-being and hygiene, vote for Pulvapies", and "For Mayor: Honorable Pulvapies". The foot powder Pulvapies ended up receiving the most votes in the election.
 * In Brazil, until the introduction of electronic voting in 1994, the ballot had no names written for legislative candidates, so many voters would protest by voting on fictional characters or religious figures. In a famous case, the São Paulo city zoo rhinoceros Cacareco got around 100,000 votes in the 1959 elections for the municipal council, more than any candidate. However, those votes were not considered because Brazilian law stipulates that a candidate must be affiliated to a political party to take office.
 * Until 2013, write-in candidates were permitted at municipal elections in France for councils of communes with a population of less than 2500.
 * Elections in Sweden are open list, with voters placing into the ballot box an envelope containing their choice of either a ballot preprinted with the name of a registered party or else a blank ballot on which they write the name of a party (registered or unregistered) and optionally that of a candidate. A person must consent to being a candidate listed on a preprinted ballot, but there was no such obligation for write-in names until the 2018 general election. In the 2006 municipal elections, the Sweden Democrats (SD) won seats on several councils where they had no nominee or preprinted ballots; most SD voters wrote the party name but no candidate name. The seats were filled by the name most often written, if any, and left empty if no voter wrote in a name. One example was Vårgårda Municipality, where only 3 of 143 SD voters wrote in names, of which two were for an ineligible non-resident; the winner resigned his seat as he opposed the SD and his sole vote was cast by his father as a joke. In 2010 one Jimmy Åkesson was elected to Staffanstorp Municipality council after a single SD voter wrote his name. The voter apparently intended SD leader Jimmie Åkesson, not resident in Staffanstorp.
 * In elections in Austria, writing on a ballot paper does not invalidate a vote provided the voter's preference is clear. In the 1990 legislative election the unpopular SPÖ, worried that voters would not select it on the party-list ballot, advised them to write in the name of Franz Vranitzky, its popular leader. Such ballots would be interpreted as SPÖ votes.

Protest

 * Mad magazine satirically called to vote for Alfred E. Neuman as a write-in candidate for every U.S. presidential election from 1956 to 1980 with slogans like "You could do worse– you always have!" and "There are bigger idiots running for office!".
 * In the 1980 U.S. presidential election, guitarist Joe Walsh ran a mock write-in campaign, promising to make his song "Life's Been Good" the new national anthem if he won, and running on a platform of "Free Gas for Everyone". Though Walsh (then aged 33) was not old enough to actually assume the office, he wanted to raise public awareness of the election. (In 1992, Walsh purportedly ran for vice-president, in his song "Vote For Me", a track on his album Songs for a Dying Planet, which was released that year.)
 * During the 2000 United States Congress Elections, film-maker Michael Moore led a campaign for voters to submit a ficus tree as a write-in candidate. This campaign was replicated across the country and was recounted in an episode of The Awful Truth.
 * In 2012, a campaign was waged to write in Charles Darwin against Georgia congressman Paul Broun (who was running unopposed) after Broun "called evolution and other areas of science 'lies straight from the pit of hell. Darwin received approximately 4,000 votes. However, because Darwin was not registered as an official candidate (some states require even write-ins to be pre-registered), the Georgia Secretary of State did not tabulate those votes.
 * In 2016, several grassroots campaigns to elect Bernie Sanders President as a write-in candidate were established on social media in the run-up to the United States presidential election. Though Sanders continued to campaign for Democrat nominee Hillary Clinton, supporters pointed to alleged DNC bias in the Democratic Party's presidential primaries against Sanders, and Clinton's email scandal, and continued to support him. Both Clinton and Donald Trump would have had to win less than the required 270 electoral college votes for Sanders to have denied either candidate the presidency, and for the election to be passed to the House of Representatives – thus the initial write-in campaign around Vermont, offering only three college votes, was not successful, but Sanders did receive almost six percent of the vote there. The campaign expanded to include all 12 eligible states (one of which listed Sanders as an official write-in candidate), and relied on states such as California, with a high electoral college vote count and large support for Sanders, to be successful in denying both Trump and Clinton.
 * In Sweden, all handwritten votes are scanned by computer and the results published online, although only votes for valid parties count towards determining successful candidates. In the 2010 general election, ineffective votes included 120 for Donald Duck and 2 for "myself", as well as several computer code snippets apparently intended as code injection attacks aimed at either the program which tallied the votes or the browsers of users who accessed the results website.
 * In the 2018 Egyptian presidential election, owing to a large number of candidates being arrested or barred from running, Egyptian football star Mohamed Salah received over a million votes, as many Egyptians cancelled out the names of both candidates and wrote his instead. This was higher than the number of votes received by the second place candidate, Moussa Mostafa Moussa. Write-in votes are not deemed valid in Egypt.

title: Write-in candidate


text:
Netanyahu (surname)

Netanyahu (נְתַנְיָהוּ, "Yah/God has given") is a surname.

 * Benjamin Netanyahu (born 1949), Prime Minister of Israel 1996–1999, 2009–2021, and 2022–present
 * Benzion Netanyahu (1910–2012), Israeli historian, father of Benjamin
 * Elisha Netanyahu (1912–1986), Israeli mathematician at the Technion, uncle of Benjamin
 * Iddo Netanyahu (born 1952), Israeli physician and author, brother of Benjamin
 * Nathan Netanyahu (born 1951), professor of computer science at Bar-Ilan University, cousin of Benjamin
 * Sara Netanyahu (born 1958), wife of Benjamin
 * Shoshana Netanyahu (1923-2022), former Israel Supreme Court justice, aunt (by marriage) of Benjamin
 * Yair Netanyahu (born 1991), son of Benjamin
 * Yonatan Netanyahu (1946–1976), Israeli special forces commander killed in Operation Entebbe, brother of Benjamin

Variations of the name include Netanyah and Netanya.

title: Netanyahu (surname)


text:
Joseph Fielding Smith

Joseph Fielding Smith Jr. (July 19, 1876 – July 2, 1972) was an American religious leader and writer who served as the tenth president of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1970 until his death in 1972. He was the son of former church president Joseph F. Smith and the great-nephew of Church founder Joseph Smith.

Smith was named to the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles in 1910, when his father was the church's president. When Smith became president of the Church, he was 93 years and 6 months old; he began his presidential term at an older age than any other president in church history. Smith's tenure as President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles from 1951 to 1970 is the third-longest in church history; he served in that capacity during the entire presidency of David O. McKay.

Smith spent some of his years among the Twelve Apostles as the Church Historian and Recorder. He was a religious scholar and a prolific writer. Many of his works are used as references for church members. Doctrinally, Smith was known for rigid orthodoxy and as an arch-conservative in his views on evolution and race, although it has been said that age had softened him and as a result he put up less resistance to reforms by the time he had become president.

Early life
Smith was born in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, on July 19, 1876, as the first son of Julina Lambson Smith, the second wife and first plural wife of Joseph F. Smith, then a member of the Quorum of the Twelve. By agreement between his parents, Smith was given his father's name, even though Joseph F. Smith's third and fourth wives had previously had sons. Growing up, Smith lived in his father's large family home at 333 West 100 North in Salt Lake City. The house was opposite the original campus of the University of Deseret (modern University of Utah), on a site now occupied by Ensign College. He also often worked on the family farm in Taylorsville, Utah, as a child.

In January 1879, when Smith was two years old, the U.S. Supreme Court in Reynolds v. United States upheld the constitutionality of the Morrill Anti-Bigamy Act of 1862, which had criminalized the Mormon practice of plural marriage. Due to aggressive federal enforcement of this ruling, as well as the Edmunds Act of 1882 and the Edmunds–Tucker Act of 1887, many LDS Church leaders, including Smith's father, were either imprisoned or forced into hiding and exile during most of the 1880s. Smith's father, as the keeper of the records of the Endowment House, felt a special need to avoid capture since the records could allow the federal authorities to easily prove polygamy charges against certain Latter-day Saint men. In January 1885, Smith's parents and his younger sister, Julina, left for the Sandwich Islands (modern Hawaii), where Smith's father had served a mission as a teenager in the 1850s. In their absence, Smith continued to live in the family home with his brothers and sisters and his father's other wives, whom he "lovingly called 'aunties'". Smith's mother returned to Salt Lake City in 1887, followed later by his father. Even after his return, Joseph F. Smith was unable to openly visit and care for his wives and children until receiving a presidential pardon from U.S. President Benjamin Harrison in September 1891.

Smith's mother worked as a midwife to help provide for the family, and delivered nearly 1000 babies in her career without ever having a mother or infant die in childbirth. As a boy, Smith often drove his mother by wagon to the various deliveries that she attended in Salt Lake City. Smith's primary schooling took place in "ward schools", which in the 19th century were semi-formal schools run by members of each ward which taught the traditional "three R's": reading, writing, and arithmetic. As a teenager Smith completed two years of study at the Latter-day Saint College, an institution equivalent to the modern U.S. high school, which provided courses in the basic areas of mathematics, geography, history, basic science, and penmanship. After leaving the college, Smith began working as a stock clerk doing manual labor at ZCMI to supplement the family's income. Smith was present in the large assembly room of the Salt Lake Temple for its dedication on April 6, 1893, by church president Wilford Woodruff.

Family and personal life
Smith married his first wife, Louie Emily "Emyla" Shurtliff (born June 16, 1876) on April 26, 1898. In March 1899, church president Lorenzo Snow called him on a mission to Great Britain, which he completed (May 1899 - July 1901), leaving Louie in Salt Lake City. On May 12, 1899, Smith was set apart as a missionary and ordained a seventy by his father. A small group of missionaries, including Smith and his older brother, Joseph Richards Smith, left the next day for England. After his return from the British mission, Smith and his wife had two daughters, Josephine and Julina. Louie died of complications of a third pregnancy on March 28, 1908. For part of this time Smith was a member of the Mormon Tabernacle Choir for part of the time that Evan Stephens was the conductor.

Smith married Ethel Georgina Reynolds (born October 23, 1889), the daughter of prominent LDS Church leader George Reynolds, on November 2, 1908. They had four girls (Emily, Naomi, Lois, and Amelia) and five boys (Joseph Fielding (often called Joseph Fielding Smith, Jr.), Lewis Warren, George Reynolds, Douglas Allan, and Milton Edmund). Their youngest daughter, Amelia, married Bruce R. McConkie, who was named to the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles shortly after Smith's death. Ethel died of a cerebral hemorrhage on August 26, 1937, at age 47.

Ethel had specifically requested that Jessie Ella Evans (December 29, 1902 – August 2, 1971) sing at her funeral. Evans, born to Jonathan Evans and Janet Buchanan Evans, had joined the Mormon Tabernacle Choir in 1918, was a member of the American Light Opera Company (1923–27), and was the Salt Lake County Recorder. In November 1937, Evans and Smith were engaged to be married.

In April 12, 1938, Smith married Evans in the Salt Lake Temple. The marriage was performed by Heber J. Grant. The couple had no children and Jessie died on August 2, 1971.

Church service
After completing his mission in 1901, Smith began working in the office of the Church Historian and Recorder. In 1906, he was given the position of Assistant Church Historian. He wrote his first doctrinal book, The Origins of the Reorganized Church and the Question of Succession in 1909, to defend the LDS Church against the recent proselytizing by missionaries for the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (RLDS Church) in Utah. He was the acting recorder of the 1910 general conference when he was called as an apostle. Prior to his call as a general authority, Smith served as the secretary and treasurer of the Genealogical Society of Utah. In 1921, Smith assumed the office of Church Historian and Recorder, which he held until 1970.

Before 1910, Smith was a member of a stake high council and a home missionary (somewhat similar to a modern ward missionary). He also served on the Young Men's Mutual Improvement Association General Board.

Early in his apostleship, his creationist  views on the dispute between Mormonism's Biblical teachings and the theory of evolution brought him attention. (See Mormonism and evolution.) Smith authored the book Man, His Origin and Destiny on the subject and unsuccessfully tried to make it the basis of a course of study at the church seminaries. The book was met with disapproval from church president David O. McKay, who made it clear that the book was unauthorized by the church and was not to be taken as reflecting church doctrine. However, because Smith was the Acting President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles at the time of publication and later became president of the church, his views carried substantial weight with the general church membership and grew to be accepted by a significant portion.

Smith lived most of his time as an apostle in Salt Lake City. He also was president of the Salt Lake Temple from 1945 to 1949. During this time, Smith was sent on a tour of the church's Spanish-American Mission. Before his return to Salt Lake City, he informed the president of the Arizona Temple that he would recommend to the First Presidency that the temple ceremonies be translated into Spanish.

Smith served as president of the Genealogical Society of Utah and its successor the Genealogical Society of the LDS Church from 1934 to 1961. At the time of his release from this position, he had been President of the Quorum of the Twelve for over a decade. During the late 1950s, Smith attempted to reduce staff turnover at the Society by trying to convince the First Presidency that women should be permitted to stay on as employees after they married. However, Smith was only able to get a change to allow them to work six months past marriage.

In early 1961, Smith preached to a stake conference congregation in Hawaii: "We will never get a man into space. This earth is man's sphere and it was never intended that he should get away from it. The moon is a superior planet to the earth and it was never intended that man should go there. You can write it down in your books that this will never happen."

Earlier, Smith had written that "it is doubtful that man will ever be permitted to make any instrument or ship to travel through space and visit the moon or any distant planet". At the 1970 press conference where Smith was introduced as President of the LDS Church, he was asked about these statements; Smith reportedly responded, "Well, I was wrong, wasn't I?"

Smith's teachings as an apostle were the 2014 course of study in the LDS Church's Sunday Relief Society and Melchizedek priesthood classes.

Service abroad
Smith did at times take church assignments abroad. In 1939, he toured the missions in Europe and supervised the withdrawal of missionaries as World War II began. In 1950 Smith toured the church's Mexican Mission. In July and August 1955 he made an extensive tour of Asia, during which he dedicated Korea and the Philippines for the preaching of the gospel. In 1957 he went to Europe for the dedication of the London Temple and also presided over the excommunication of several missionaries in the French mission who had apostatized. From October 1960 to January 1961 he and Jessie toured the church missions in Central and South America.

Writings
The first book Smith published was Asael Smith of Topsfield, Massachusetts, with some Account of the Smith Family (1902). In all, Smith published 25 books.

Church president
Smith became LDS Church's president on January 23, 1970, following the death of David O. McKay. He chose Harold B. Lee and N. Eldon Tanner as his counselors. Smith elected not to retain Hugh B. Brown in the First Presidency. According to Church Historian Leonard J. Arrington, Smith's age and health prevented him from having much of a supervising role during his presidency; most work was done by his two counselors.

Although he served as church president for less than three years, Smith's administration introduced several new initiatives: Area conferences were introduced, significant organizational restructuring in the church's Sunday School system and the church's Department of Social Services occurred, and the church magazines were consolidated into the Ensign, New Era and Friend in English, with centralized planning for all publications. His tenure was also marked by steady growth in the number of missionaries, and the dedication of temples in Ogden and Provo, Utah.

Death
Smith died at his home in Salt Lake City on July 2, 1972, at age 95. He attended church services with his ward that day, and while visiting with one of his daughters that evening he quietly died while sitting in his favorite chair. He was buried in the Salt Lake City Cemetery.

Works

 * Books

Smith wrote the text of the hymn "Does the Journey Seem Long?", which appears as hymn number 127 in the current English-language edition of the LDS Church hymnal.
 * Other

title: Joseph Fielding Smith


text:
Chita

Chita may refer to:

People

 * Alin Chița (born 1977), Romanian footballer
 * Oussama Chita (born 1996), Algerian footballer
 * Chita Foras, Italian-Argentine actress born Josefína Foras Cossini (1900–1986)
 * Chita Rivera, stage name of American actress and singer Dolores Conchita Figueroa del Rivero (1933–2024)
 * Chita Smedberg (born 1971), Finnish sailor

Japan

 * Chita, Aichi
 * Chita District, Aichi
 * Chita Peninsula, a peninsula on central Honshu, Japan

Russia

 * Chita, Zabaykalsky Krai, a city in Zabaykalsky Krai, Russia
 * Chita constituency
 * Chita Oblast, a former federal subject of Russia
 * Chita railway station
 * Chita Republic (1905–1906), a worker's republic
 * Chita, another name for the river Chitinka
 * Chita, Republic of Tatarstan

Other countries

 * Chita, Boyacá, Colombia
 * Chita, Texas, United States

Other uses

 * Chita (film), an Indian Bengali-language action film
 * Chita (tug), a Spanish salvage tug, formerly HMS Seahorse
 * FC Chita, a Russian football club
 * Chita Noriai (Chita Bus), Japanese bus company
 * Cheeta, or Chita, a chimpanzee character

title: Chita


text:
Kursk Oblast

Kursk Oblast (Курская область, ) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast). Its administrative center is the city of Kursk. As of the 2021 Census, Kursk Oblast has a population of 1,082,458.

Geography
The oblast, with an average elevation of 177 - 225 m, occupies the southern slopes of the middle-Russian plateau. The surface is hilly and intersected by ravines. The central part of Kursk oblast is more elevated than the Seym Valley to the west. The Timsko-Shchigrinsky ridge contains the highest point in the oblast at 288 m above the sea level. The low relief, gentle slopes, and mild winters make the area suitable for farming, and much of the forest has been cleared.

Chernozem soils cover around 70% of the oblast's territory; podsol soils cover 26%.

 * Borders:

Internal: Bryansk Oblast (NW) (border length: 120 km), Oryol Oblast (N, 325 km), Lipetsk Oblast (NE, 65 km), Voronezh Oblast (E, 145 km), Belgorod Oblast (S, 335 km).

International: Sumy Oblast of Ukraine (W, 245 km).

Rivers
Kursk Oblast contributes to two major drainage areas: the Dnieper River and the Don River (78% and 22% respectively). There are 902 rivers and streams in the oblast, with a total length of approximately 8000 km. Major rivers include the Seym and the Psyol.

Lakes
The inland waters of Kursk oblast consist of 145 artificial lakes and about 550 small ponds.

Natural resources

Kursk Oblast is one of Russia's major producers of iron ore. The area of the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly has one of the richest iron-ore deposits in the world. Rare earths and base metals also occur in commercial quantities in several locations. Refractory loam, mineral sands, and chalk are quarried and processed in the region. The oblast's reserves of artesian-well water are proving useful for medical purposes.

Climate
The oblast's location at the center of the European part of Russia gives the region a medium continental climate: warm summers and relatively mild winters. In July the average daytime high temperature is +19.3 C. In January the average high is -8.6 C. The average number of frost-free days ranges from 150 in the north to 160 in the south. The growing season in Kursk Oblast varies, from 180 days in the north to 195 days in the southwest. The average annual precipitation for the oblast is 584 mm, but it ranges from 634 mm in the northwest to about 500 mm or less in the southeastern corner. Rainfall peaks during June and July. The snow depth in Kursk Oblast differs considerably, from 300 - 400 mm in the north of the oblast, to 150 - 250 mm in the south. Annual sunshine is 1775 hours.

Flora and fauna
Kursk Oblast forms a part of the Eastern European forest-steppe. One-quarter of Kursk oblast was once heavily wooded. Hardwood timbers included oak, ash, and elm. Now forests cover only 10% of the oblast. Animals native to the area are numerous. Pike, bleak, and perch abound in local rivers. Otter and badger, as well as wild boar, red deer, and roe deer remain numerous in many parts of the area.

Demographics
Population:

Vital statistics for 2022:
 * Births: 8,019 (7.4 per 1,000)
 * Deaths: 17,717 (16.4 per 1,000)

Total fertility rate (2022):

1.29 children per woman

Life expectancy (2021):

Total — 68.56 years (male — 64.09, female — 72.94)

 * Ethnic composition (2010):
 * Russians - 96.5%
 * Ukrainians - 1.3%
 * Armenians - 0.5%
 * Others - 1.7%
 * 52,722 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group.

According to the 1897 census, there were 77.3% Russians and 22.3% Ukrainians in the Kursk Governorate. The 1932 forced end to Ukrainization in southern Russia (Soviet Republic) led to a massive decline of reported Ukrainians in these regions in the 1937 Soviet Census compared to the 1926 First All-Union Census of the Soviet Union.

The annual growth rate of the oblast's population is negative; death rate exceeds overall birth rates and immigration.

 * Religion

According to a 2012 survey 68.7% of the population of Kursk Oblast adheres to the Russian Orthodox Church. In addition, 24% of the population declares to be "spiritual but not religious", 4% is atheist, and 3.3% follows other religions or did not give an answer to the question.

Education

The largest universities of Kursk Oblast is Kursk State University, Kursk State Technical University, Kursk State Medical University and Kursk State Agricultural Academy which are located in the city of Kursk. There are also 19 other higher education facilities in Kursk Oblast.

History

Slavic tribes of the Severians inhabited the area. From 830 the Kursk was part of the Rus' Khaganate and Kievan Rus' states. Although territory of Kursk Oblast had been populated since the end of the last ice age, information about the cities was scant until 1596 when the Kursk stronghold was built. Later it was part of Grand Duchy of Lithuania under the Jagiellonian dynasty. It was lost in the Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars to the Muscovite Rus'. A real growth of the area around Kursk began soon after that, with a large migration from Central Russia after famine in the beginning of the 17th century. Between 1708 and 1719, Kursk was a part of the newly created Kiev Governorate. From 1719 to 1727 it was a part of Belgorod province of Kiev Governorate. Later Kursk uyezd was a part of Belgorod Governorate. On 23 May 1779, Kursk Governorate was established. The latter subdivision existed until 1928, when the territory of Kursk Governorate became a part of Central Black Earth Oblast. As Central Chernozem Oblast was very large its administration was very difficult, on 13 June 1934 it was divided into two oblasts: Kursk Oblast and Voronezh Oblast. In the period between 1934 and 1954, oblasts' borders were frequently adjusted. However, the area and borders of the oblast have remained stable from 1954.

During World War II, the territory of Kursk Oblast was occupied by the German troops from fall of 1941 until summer of 1943. The Battle of Kursk, which was one of the major battles of World War II, took place in the region between 5 July 1943 and 23 August 1943.

The territory of Kursk Oblast was the region in which the 4th leader of the USSR, Nikita Khrushchev, was born.

Politics

During the Soviet period, the high authority in the oblast was shared between three persons: The first secretary of the Kursk CPSU Committee (who in reality had the biggest authority), the chairman of the oblast Soviet (legislative power), and the Chairman of the oblast Executive Committee (executive power). In 1991, CPSU lost power, and the head of the Oblast administration, and eventually the governor was appointed/elected alongside elected regional parliament.

The Charter of Kursk Oblast is the fundamental law of the region. The Kursk Oblast Duma is the province's standing legislative (representative) body. The Legislative Assembly exercises its authority by passing laws, resolutions, and other legal acts and by supervising the implementation and observance of the laws and other legal acts passed by it. The highest executive body is the Oblast Government, which includes territorial executive bodies such as district administrations, committees, and commissions that facilitate development and run the day to day matters of the province. The Oblast administration supports the activities of the Governor who is the highest official and acts as guarantor of the observance of the oblast Charter in accordance with the Constitution of Russia. The center-right pro-government United Russia Party and the left Communist Party of the Russian Federation are Kursk Oblast's major political parties. Traditionally, the Communist Party is the strongest in the Oblast's rural area.

Industry
The oblast's industrial production dropped rapidly during the 1990s, as an industrial crisis was stimulated by the nationwide economic crisis which followed the collapse of the Soviet Union. However, by the end of the decade output was increasing. Moreover, the manufacturing sector, despite a sagging economy in the late 20th century, continues to account for about 40% of the oblast's GDP. The engineering, electric-power, metal-working, chemicals, and food processing are the dominant industries.

Agriculture
Most of the main farming areas are used for natural pastures or cultivation, which involves mainly wheat, sugar beet, and fodder crops. The main categories of productive holdings are wheat farms, dairy farms, poultry farms, and beef cattle. Agricultural lands cover 23000 km2, or 77% of the oblast's territory.

Transportation
The transportation industry of Kursk Oblast, with easy access to national and international markets, is the basis for the oblast's development. The most important modes of transport throughout the oblast are by railway and road. Total length of railway network is 1100 km. Two major rail links pass through Kursk Oblast: Moscow–Kharkiv and Kyiv–Voronezh. Region roads serve all towns and rural settlements through 5600 km road network. In addition, there is an airport in the oblast which was opened to international flights in July 1997.

Railroads
Railroads are one of the most important component parts of the transportation system in the oblast. There is a total of sixty-five railway stations in the oblast. The operational length of the railways is 1561.2 km, of which 500 km are access roads. The length of the electrified lines is 242 km. The density of the railroads in Kursk Oblast is one of the highest in Russia. The largest railway junctions are Kursk, Lgov, and Kastornoye. Oblast's railroads are a part of the Moscow and South Eastern Railway systems.

Tourism
Kursk Oblast's natural attraction is the Central Black Earth Nature Reserve, which offers great opportunity for hiking. Oblast's forests and others undeveloped areas are ideal for hunting, fishing, and camping. Traditional art and architecture are preserved in the town-museum of Rylsk and others historical towns of Kursk Oblast.

title: Kursk Oblast


text:
Lipetsk Oblast

Lipetsk Oblast (Липецкая область) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast). Its administrative center is the city of Lipetsk. As of the 2021 Census, its population was 1,143,224.

Geography
Lipetsk Oblast borders with Ryazan Oblast (NE), Tambov Oblast (E), Voronezh Oblast (S), Kursk Oblast (SW), Oryol Oblast (W), and Tula Oblast (NW).

History
According to archaeologists and historians, the territory of the modern Lipetsk Oblast has been inhabited since ancient times. Even before the arrival of the Mongol-Tatar troops, the area had the following settlements: Yelets, Dobrinsk (presumed to be the village of Dobroye) Dubok (presumed to be the village Dubki) (Dankovsky District), Staroye Gorodische (presumably Bogorodskoye of the Dankovsky district) Vorgol (destroyed), Onuza (destroyed), Voronozh (destroyed), Lipets (destroyed) and others. During the Mongol invasion of Rus', many fortified cities were destroyed.

At the beginning of the period belonged to the disintegration of the Principality of Chernigov. After 1202, after the fall of Chernigov, Prince Igor Svyatoslavich Yelets arose, Lipetsk and Vorgolskoe fiefdoms. Taking advantage of the weakness of the Principality of Chernigov, Ryazan princes seized all the lands of the upper Don, Voronezh River and annexed them. The newly acquired territories in the south of the Ryazan principality subsequently used the name "Ryazan Ukraine."

The revival of the territory began after the expulsion of the nomads. In a relatively short period of time (end of the 16th and early 17th centuries) were built fortified city: Duncan Talitskii jail, Eletskaya fortress Lebedian. In 1635, construction began on a strong fortified line - Belgorod defense line, which in the Lipetsk region within a modern fortress stood out: Good, Sokolsk and Usman.

Near the plants have populations of workers. One of these settlements was working Lipetsk settlement that gave rise to the city of Lipetsk.

At this time, because of the creation of the Navy and the regular army increased the need for flax, hemp and wool. So begins to actively develop agriculture.

The 18th century saw the continued growth of large land estates. Lipetsk region, with its rich black earth, was the breadbasket of the Russian state. Subsequently, it became widely known as a resort town, mainly because of its mineral waters.

During the February Revolution, the October Revolution of 1917 and the Russian Civil War, the lives of many cultural values, private collections of art and literature, but because of the ensuing repression against the church and the "bourgeois past" seriously affected the architectural ensembles of the estates of the nobility, monasteries and churches.

The modern oblast was formed by the decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on January 6, 1954 from parts of Voronezh, Ryazan, Tambov, Tula and Oryol Oblasts.

Politics

During the Soviet period, the high authority in the oblast was shared between three persons: The first secretary of the Lipetsk CPSU Committee (who in reality had the biggest authority), the chairman of the oblast Soviet (legislative power), and the chairman of the oblast Executive Committee (executive power). Since 1991, CPSU lost all the power, and the head of the Oblast administration, and eventually the governor was appointed/elected alongside elected regional parliament.

The Charter of Lipetsk Oblast is the fundamental law of the region. The current charter was adopted on 27 March, 2003. The Lipetsk Oblast Council of Deputies is the province's standing legislative (representative) body. The Council of Deputies consists of 56 deputies elected for a five-year term by the Oblast's inhabitants and exercises its authority by passing laws, resolutions, and other legal acts and by supervising the implementation and observance of the laws and other legal acts passed by it. The current head of the Council of Deputies is Pavel Putilin.

The highest executive body is the Oblast Government, which includes territorial executive bodies such as district administrations, committees, and commissions that facilitate development and run the day to day matters of the province. The Oblast administration supports the activities of the Governor who is the highest official, who is elected by the Oblast's inhabitants for a five year term and acts as guarantor of the observance of the oblast Charter in accordance with the Constitution of Russia.

Since 2019, the Governor is Igor Artamonov.

Representatives of the Lipetsk Oblast in the Federation Council of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation are:
 * Maksim Kavdzharadze — a representative of the legislative (representative) body of state power of the Lipetsk Oblast;
 * Oksana Khlyakina — representative from the executive body of state power of the Lipetsk Oblast.

Representatives of the Lipetsk Oblast in the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation are:
 * Nikolay Bortsov (United Russia);
 * Mikhail Tarasenko (United Russia);
 * Darya Lukina (United Russia);
 * Mikhail Gulevsky (United Russia).

Economy
The most important industrial branches are the iron processing and the mechanical engineering. The most industrialized cities are Lipetsk, the administrative center, and Yelets. The region's fuel and energy complex is represented by petroleum product marketing companies, a network of consumer gas pipelines, and a power grid.

The largest companies in the region include NLMK (revenues of $ billion in 2017), Cherkizovo Pig Farming ($ million), JSC Progress (baby food manufacturer$, million), and the local branch of Indesit Company ($ million).

Agriculture
Crop cultivation and horticulture form the basis of the region's agriculture. Livestock farming specializes in cattle, pigs, goats, sheep, and poultry. The processing industry is also well developed.

Demographics
Population:

Vital statistics for 2022:
 * Births: 8,147 (7.3 per 1,000)
 * Deaths: 17,243 (15.5 per 1,000)

Total fertility rate (2022):

1.20 children per woman

Life expectancy (2021):

Total — 68.58 years (male — 63.89, female — 73.30)

Ethnic composition (2010):
 * Russians: 96.3%
 * Ukrainians: 0.9%
 * Armenians: 0.6%
 * Azerbaijanis: 0.3%
 * Others: 1.9%
 * 45,268 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group.

Religion
According to a 2012 survey 71.3% of the population of Lipetsk Oblast adheres to the Russian Orthodox Church, 3% are unaffiliated generic Christians, 1% are Muslims, and 1% of the population adheres to the Slavic native faith (Rodnovery) movement. In addition, 15% of the population declares to be "spiritual but not religious", 6% is atheist, and 2.7% follows other religions or did not give an answer to the question.

Attractions

The world's first hyperboloid structure—a steel open-work lattice tower—is located in Polibino, Dankovsky District of Lipetsk Oblast. The hyperboloid tower was built and patented in 1896 by the famous Russian engineer and scientist Vladimir Shukhov. The hyperboloid structures were subsequently built by other architects, such as Antoni Gaudí, Le Corbusier, and Oscar Niemeyer.

title: Lipetsk Oblast


text:
Baron Lisle

Baron Lisle was a title which was created five times in the Peerage of England during the Middle Ages and Tudor period, and once in the Peerage of Ireland in the 18th century.

First creation (of Wootton), (1299–1311/14)
The earliest creation was in 1299 for Sir John I Lisle, of Wootton on the Isle of Wight, then in Hampshire. The family's name in French was de l'Isle and in Latin de Insula, both meaning "of the Island", though some texts refer to them as de Bosco from their home at Wootton. They are assumed to have arrived on the Isle of Wight as followers of the magnate Richard de Redvers (died 1107), who was Lord of the Isle of Wight and father of Baldwin de Redvers, 1st Earl of Devon. After the de Redvers family, that of Lisle was the most important on the Island.

Sir John I Lisle was summoned to Parliament by writs from 29 December 1299 to 13 September 1302 and died shortly before 10 June 1304. His son and heir Sir John II Lisle was summoned from 12 November 1304 to 19 December 1311 (or possibly 29 July 1314). As no further summons arrived for the rest of his life, and no lawful descendant was ever summoned, the barony expired.

Second creation (of Rougemont), (1311)
The barony of 1311 was created for De Lisle "of Rougemont", another unrelated family, thought to have originated on the Isle of Ely in Cambridgeshire, East Anglia, where they were feudal tenants of the Bishop of Ely, They were seated at Rougemont Castle in the parish of Weeton, North Yorkshire and bore arms: Or, a fess between two chevrons sable.

Third creation (of Kingston Lisle), (1357)
The barony of 1357 was for Lisle "of Kingston Lisle" in the parish of Sparsholt in Berkshire (now in Oxfordshire), a junior branch of Lisle of Rougemont. Robert de Lisle of Rougemont married Alice FitzGerold (granddaughter of Henry FitzGerold I (d.1173/4)), the heiress of Kingston, Sparsholt. In 1269 Alice granted the manor of Kingston to her younger son Gerard I de Lisle, whose family adopted the arms of FitzGerold: Gules, a lion statant guardant argent crowned or. Gerard I's grandson was Gerard II de Lisle (1305–1360), created Baron Lisle in 1357.

Sixth creation (1758)
The most recent creation came in the Peerage of Ireland in 1758, when John Lysaght was made Baron Lisle, of Mountnorth in the County of Cork. He had previously represented Charleville in the Irish House of Commons. the title is held by his descendant, the ninth Baron, who succeeded his father in 2003. The barony is pronounced "Lyle", the family surname of Lysaght "Lycett".

Barons Lisle, first creation (1299)

 * John Lisle, 1st Baron Lisle (died 1304)
 * John Lisle, 2nd Baron Lisle (1281–1337)

Barons Lisle (of Rougemont), second creation (1311)
"[T]he barony presumably fell into abeyance between the issue of the daughters of Robert, 1st Lord Lisle [1311]."
 * Robert Lisle, 1st Baron Lisle of Rougemont (1288–1344)
 * John Lisle, 2nd Baron Lisle of Rougemont (c. 1318–1355)
 * Robert Lisle, 3rd Baron Lisle of Rougemont (1334–1399)
 * William de Lisle, 4th Baron Lisle of Rougemont (? - before June 1428)

Barons Lisle (of Kingston Lisle), third creation (1357)

 * Gerard Lisle, 1st Baron Lisle (1305–1360)
 * Warin Lisle, 2nd Baron Lisle (1333–1382), son
 * Margaret Lisle, 3rd Baroness Lisle (1360–1392), daughter
 * Elizabeth Berkeley, 4th Baroness Lisle (c.1386–1422) (abeyant 1422), daughter

Barons Lisle, fourth creation (1444)

 * John Talbot, 1st Viscount Lisle (1426–1453) (created Viscount Lisle 1451), grandson
 * Thomas Talbot, 2nd Viscount Lisle (1443–1470), son; (viscountcy extinct, barony abeyant 1470)
 * Elizabeth Talbot, 3rd Baroness Lisle (died 1487), sister; (abeyance terminated 1475)
 * Edward Grey, 1st Viscount Lisle (died 1492), husband
 * John Grey, 4th Baron Lisle (1480–1504), son
 * Elizabeth Grey, 5th Baroness Lisle (1505–1519), daughter
 * Elizabeth Grey, 6th Baroness Lisle (c. 1483-c. 1525), aunt

Attainder of heirs from 1st marriage of the 6th Baroness Lisle and abeyance of heirs from her 2nd marriage.

Barons Lisle, fifth creation (1561)

 * Ambrose Dudley, 1st Baron Lisle and 3rd Earl of Warwick (1528–1590) (extinct)

Barons Lisle, sixth creation (1758)
John Lysaght was created the first Baron Lisle of Mountnorth in the County of Cork in the Peerage of Ireland on 18 September 1758. Arms: Argent, three spears erect gules, on a chief azure a lion passant guardant or. Crest: A dexter arm embowed in armour, the hand holding a sword, all ppr. Supporters: Two lions or. Motto: Bella! horrida bella! Creation: B. (I) 18 Sept 1758.

 * John Lysaght, 1st Baron Lisle (1702–1781)
 * John Lysaght, 2nd Baron Lisle (1729–1798)
 * John Lysaght, 3rd Baron Lisle (1781–1834)
 * George Lysaght, 4th Baron Lisle (1783–1868)
 * John Arthur Lysaght, 5th Baron Lisle (1811–1898)
 * George William James Lysaght, 6th Baron Lisle (1840–1919)
 * John Nicholas Horace Lysaght, 7th Baron Lisle (1903–1997)
 * Patrick James Lysaght, 8th Baron Lisle (1931–2003)
 * Nicholas Geoffrey Lysaght, 9th Baron Lisle (born 1960)

The heir presumptive is the present holder's brother David James Lysaght (born 1963). The heir presumptive's heir apparent is his son George Gabriel Abbott Lysaght (born 1997).

title: Baron Lisle


text:
User talk:80.222.7.236

Please don't vandalize Wikipedia articles. RickK 22:05, 21 Feb 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:80.222.7.236