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Lady Charlotte Guest

Lady Charlotte Elizabeth Guest (née Bertie; 19 May 1812 – 15 January 1895), later Lady Charlotte Schreiber, was an English aristocrat who is best known as the first publisher in modern print format of the Mabinogion, the earliest prose literature of Britain. Guest established the Mabinogion as a source literary text of Europe, claiming this recognition among literati in the context of contemporary passions for the chivalric romance of King Arthur and the Gothic movement. The name Guest used for the book was derived from a mediaeval copyist's error, already established in the 18th century by William Owen Pughe and the London Welsh societies.

As an accomplished linguist and the wife of a foremost Welsh ironmaster John Josiah Guest, she became a leading figure in the study of literature and the wider Welsh Renaissance of the 19th century. With her second husband, Charles Schreiber, she became a well known Victorian collector of porcelain; their collection is held in the Victoria and Albert Museum. She also created major collections of fans, games, and playing cards, which she gave to the British Museum. She was noted as an international industrialist, pioneering liberal educator, philanthropist and elite society hostess.

Early life
Lady Charlotte was born on 19 May 1812 at Uffington House in Uffington, Lincolnshire, the daughter of Albemarle Bertie, 9th Earl of Lindsey (1744–1818), and his second wife Charlotte Susanna Elizabeth Layard. She was christened Lady Charlotte Elizabeth Bertie. When she was six years old she suffered the loss of her father and during this year she was also caught in a house fire, from which she escaped. Her mother later remarried the Reverend Peter William Pegus (her first cousin), whom Charlotte reportedly disliked. She had two younger brothers and half-sisters. With time her mother slowly began to change from being an active woman to someone who retreated with illness. It is during this time that Charlotte began to take over for her mother in the running of the house.

It appears that she particularly enjoyed the refuge of the garden and with time she developed a dislike for being kept inside. Furthermore, at the age of nineteen she had continually to apologise for her family's actions. Ever since she was young she had a keen interest in politics and keenly expressed her views on topics that she had formed an opinion on. Charlotte showed a great aptitude for languages and literature. She taught herself Arabic, Hebrew, and Persian as well as studying Latin, Greek, French and Italian with her brothers' tutor. From looking at Lady Charlotte's life it is clear that her life was structured, as she was someone who rose early and apparently despised laziness.

Lady Charlotte's upbringing met the standards that society had held for her class. She learnt various skills, such as singing and dancing. As she came from an aristocratic family, the Berties, attending public school was not a success; some members of the family were bullied, for example Lindsey, who was swiftly removed from school, his education thenceforth being supplied by a tutor. Lady Charlotte did not have any close friends and if any she was closest to the O’Brien sisters.

Dedication to education
The first national working-class movement in the world, Chartism, helped Lady Charlotte understand that there was a need for "closer involvement in practical work for the people of Dowlais". Many of the wealthier people during the 19th century helped develop educational and leisure facilities for the people who worked for them: this is something that the Guests also did. With the backing of her cousin, Henry Layard, Lady Charlotte eventually focused her efforts on providing education in Dowlais. Despite her sex, a great disadvantage in that day in public affairs, Lady Charlotte managed to propagate her ideas and implement many of her educational developments.

Lady Charlotte was very dedicated in her work and routinely visited schools. In addition, she used to give out prizes and otherwise encourage students. She also supplied schools with materials for needlework and arranged for the purchase of requisite teaching supplies. She supported schools in Swansea and Llandaff, as well as Dowlais. The Dowlais school is described as "probably the most important and most progressive not only in the industrial history of South Wales, but of the whole of Britain during the nineteenth century." Her dedication to trying to improve education can also be seen in the library that was constructed in the mid-1840s. Originally there was a subscription fee of 1s 6d, however this was later changed in 1853 and it became a public library.

Dowlais Ironworks
Dowlais Ironworks was a major 19th-century ironworks located near Merthyr Tydfil, one of the four main ironworks around Merthyr, the other three being Cyfarthfa, Plymouth and Penydarren Ironworks.

Charlotte Guest took assisted management of Dowlais Ironworks after the death of her husband in 1852. She along with G. T. Clark and Edward Divett would become executors and trustees of the Ironworks. As a result of this Guest would be sole trustee while a widow but she remarried in 1855 to Charles Schreiber and de facto control fell to Clark although there are reports that she gave up running the iron works, and instead travelled and assembled an impressive ceramics collection.

Publications
Guest arrived in Wales already expert in seven languages. She learnt Welsh, and associated with leading literary scholars of the Abergavenny Welsh Society Cymdeithas Cymreigyddion y Fenni, notably including Thomas Price, and John Jones (Tegid) who supported and encouraged her in her work. Villemarqué had an initially cordial relationship with her about Breton sources, but then plagiarised her work. She translated several mediaeval songs and poems, then in 1837 she began on the Mabinogion. John Jones (Tegid) borrowed a copy of the Llyfr Coch Hergest manuscript for her from Judge Bosanquet, who had originally commissioned him to transcribe a copy when Tegid was a young scholar at Oxford. The first tale Charlotte translated from Tegid's transcription was "The Lady of the Fountain" or "Owain," which was well received when published in 1838.

Some characters from the tales had been profiled in William Owen Pughe's Myvyrian Archaiology of Wales. Pughe published a translation of the first episode of Pwyll, from the First Branch, in 1795, and again in 1821. He made a complete translation of all the tales, but the work was unpublished at his death in 1835. Guest did not rely on Pughe's translations, though she did use a Welsh dictionary Pughe had completed in 1803.

The Charlotte Guest Mabinogion became the first translation of the material to be published in modern print format. It was published in seven volumes between 1838 and 1845, with the first volumes dedicated to Guest's favourite Arthurian material. In 1849 the work was republished in three volumes: Volume I contained the Welsh Romances Owain, Peredur, and Geraint and Enid; Volume II contained Culhwch ac Olwen and The Dream of Rhonabwy. Volume III contained the Four Branches of the Mabinogi and Taliesin. Geraint and Enid in Volume I was the basis for Alfred, Lord Tennyson's two poems about Geraint in the Idylls of the King.

The seven volume series 1838–45, and the three volume set 1849, were all bilingual, presenting Tegid's transcribed Welsh text, and Guest's English translation. They included copious scholarly footnotes, mainly in English, totalling 145 pages in all. They were lavishly produced, with full illustrations, and gold tooled, leather covers. All volumes were published simultaneously in Llandovery, Wales by the Tonn Press, and by Longmans of London.

The next edition in 1877 was the English translation only, and this became the standard edition which was to become so very well known.

The name 'Mabinogion'
The name Mabinogion for these stories is often incorrectly thought to begin with Guest but it was already in use in the late 18th century cf. Pughe 1795 and his circle in the London Welsh Societies. The name was derived from a mediaeval copyist mistake where a single instance of the word mabynnogyon looks like a plural for the term 'mabinogi;' but 'mabinogi' is already a Welsh plural.

The meaning Mabinogi is obscure, but it clearly roots in the word 'mab' for son, child, young person: this is to be seen in the naming convention 'son of' in genealogies. Beyond that scholars have no consensus. As a title the 'Mabinogi' properly applies to only the Four Branches of the Mabinogi. These are not just four stories, as each contains at least three tales, but they are formally referred to as four tales out of the eleven which comprise the standardised Mabinogion collection, post-Guest. Guest's own collection included twelve stories, adding in the Hanes Taliesin which is subsequently omitted by other scholars, as it is not found in the Llyfr Coch Hergest, or the Llyfr Gwyn Rhydderch, like the rest.

In 2007 the leading modern scholar of the field, John Bollard, challenged the validity of the Mabinogion collection, saying that apart from the Four Branches of the Mabinogi which are coherent, the stories have little in common with each other except that they are prose fictions surviving in the same mediaeval manuscripts.

Personal life
During her life she had many suitors. At one point Herbert Marsh was considered as a possible suitor. She made friends with the learned men of the time and almost married the future Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli (1804–1881), who was attracted to her intelligence. Her first love is believed to have been Augustus O’Brien whom she had met at the age of fourteen, something which was later described as the best day of her life. However, this relationship was doomed as her mother was entirely against her daughter being bound to the son of a local squire, even going as far as to claim that she would sooner see her daughter in a grave than married to Augustus.

First marriage
After the brief flirtation with Disraeli, she escaped her unhappy home life through marriage in 1833, at the age of twenty-one. Her husband, John Josiah Guest, was a prominent industrialist and ironmaster (owner of the Dowlais Iron Company, the largest of its day) and the first Member of Parliament from the town of Merthyr Tydfil, Wales. He was much older than she was; 49 to her 21. The couple married on 29 July 1833 and moved to a newly built mansion in Dowlais in Merthyr Tydfil. Though Guest was Member of Parliament for Merthyr, extremely wealthy, and of good family, he was much lower in status than his aristocratic wife, which caused her significant social strain. Despite this they remained married until his death in 1852, and Charlotte was mainly very happy in her marriage. She bore ten children:
 * Charlotte Maria Guest (1834–1902), who married Richard Du Cane (d. 1904), brother of Edmund Frederick Du Cane.
 * Ivor Bertie Guest (1835–1914), who married Lady Cornelia Henrietta Maria Spencer-Churchill (1847–1927), daughter of John Spencer-Churchill, 7th Duke of Marlborough
 * Katharine Gwladys Guest (1837–1926), who married the Reverend Frederick Cecil Alderson (d. 1907), son of Sir Edward Hall Alderson
 * Thomas Merthyr Guest (1838–1904), who married the writer and philanthropist Lady Theodora Grosvenor (1840–1924), daughter of Richard Grosvenor, 2nd Marquess of Westminster
 * Montague John Guest (1839–1909), a Liberal politician, who never married.
 * Augustus Frederick Guest (1840–1862), who died aged 21.
 * Arthur Edward Guest (1841–1898), a Conservative politician, who married Adeline Mary Chapman (d. 1931)
 * Mary Enid Evelyn Guest (1843–1912), who married Sir Austen Henry Layard (1817–1894).
 * Constance Rhiannon Guest (1844–1916), who married Hon. Charles George Cornwallis Eliot (1839–1901), youngest son of Edward Eliot, 3rd Earl of St Germans
 * Blanche Vere Guest (1847–1919), who married Edward Ponsonby, 8th Earl of Bessborough (1851–1920).

She took an enthusiastic interest in her husband's philanthropic activities on behalf of the local community, and they built pioneering schools for their workers, as well as piping in clean water for their cottages when this was still a very new technology. She was increasingly trusted by her husband as his assistant at the ironworks, and she acted as his representative for the company. She translated technical documents from French. John Guest was created a baronet in 1838, due in no small part to his wife's social engineering. The decline of Josiah's health meant that Charlotte spent more time administering the business and took it over completely following his death in 1852. She negotiated strikes and a slump, and stood up to other foundry owners, stabilising the business until in 1855 she could hand on the business to her eldest son, Ivor, and the manager G. T. Clark.

Guest, with her contemporary and friend Lady Llanover, was a patron of the arts in Wales. Her Enid was a literary influence on Tennyson, and her theories and sources influenced European artists, poets and writers. She published, promoted and translated of the books of The Mabinogion, with her 1877 single volume edition of the English translation being adopted as part of the Everyman series in 1902. Further editions were published during the 20th century. In 2004 the work was published online by the Gutenberg project, and in 2008 Colin Jones published recordings with music. Modern translations of The Mabinogion include John Bollard's series (2007–2010) and that of Sioned Davies (2008).

Second marriage
Charlotte then married Charles Schreiber (10 May 1826 – 31 March 1884) a classical scholar who had recently been her sons' tutor, and who was 14 years her junior. The difference in status and age created a major social scandal and set her apart from many of her former close friends such as Augusta Hall. However, with her experienced political support, her new husband became a member of parliament for Cheltenham and later Poole. They spent many years travelling in Europe collecting ceramics which she bequeathed to the Victoria and Albert Museum. She also collected fans, board games and playing cards, which were later donated to the British Museum.

In 1884, Guest was again widowed, but lived on to an advanced age. In her last few years, she became blind, but used the last of her eyesight to knit scarves for cabbies. She was finally unable to continue the journal she had written almost without a break since she was 10 years old. On 15 January 1895, she died at the age of 82 at Canford Manor in Dorset.

Descendants
Among her many grandchildren were: Edward Ponsonby, the 8th Earl of Bessborough, Granville Eliot (1867–1942) and Montague Eliot (1870–1960), who became the 7th and 8th Earls of St Germans, respectively. There was also Frances Guest (1869–1957), known as Lady Chelmsford, who married Frederic Thesiger, 1st Viscount Chelmsford, who served as Viceroy of India, Ivor Churchill Guest (1873–1939), who became 1st Viscount Wimborne, Christian Henry Charles Guest (1874–1957), a Liberal Member of Parliament "MP", Frederick "Freddie" Edward Guest (1875–1937), another Liberal MP, and Oscar Montague Guest (1888–1958), who was both a Liberal, and later, a Conservative MP. Among her other descendants are the American Guests (the late socialite C. Z. Guest was the wife of one of these), the Earls of Bessborough, the Viscounts Chelmsford, and others.

Publications

 * Schreiber, Charlotte, Lady. Playing Cards of Various Ages and Countries Volume III Swiss, Swedish, Russian, Polish, Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese (London, England; John Murray, 1895)
 * Schreiber, Charlotte. Lady Charlotte Schreiber's Journals: Confidences of a Collector of Ceramics and Antiques throughout Britain, France, Holland, Belgium, Spain, Portugal, Turkey, Austria and Germany from the year 1869–1885. (London and New York: John Lane, 1911), edited by Montague John Guest.
 * Guest, R. and John, A. (1989), Lady Charlotte: A Biography of the 19th Century, United Kingdom: Weidenfeld and Nicolson

title: Lady Charlotte Guest


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Talk:Second Barbary War

October 2005

 * That's a crock. This page was never created by that project, and it's not under any particular clique's protection. Where did this come from? What's the value in this tag? --ESP 17:49, 19 October 2005 (UTC)

Warbox
I removed the big warbox from this page. See Talk:First Barbary War for my reasons. Please don't add it in without at least some discussion or rebuttal. --ESP 09:58, 16 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Morocco
Was Morocco involved in this war? They were involved in the first one, but are left out of this article entirely. Were they no longer a Barbary State? Scott Ritchie 2 July 2005 23:59 (UTC)

Plagiarized?
While looking at this page and a section in Italic textAlgeria: a country studyItalic text (LOC, 1994), the last paragraph is lifted entirely from it. No credit in the article, either. What gives?

Bainbridge - hero of the First Barbary War?
William Bainbridge is called, here, one of the "heroes of the first barbary war"

In what way is being captured by a vastly inferior enemy, having not fired a shot in self-defense, having not even been HIT by enemy fire...in what way is all that deserving of the title "Hero"

William Bainbridge, who was a brutal captain (demeaning and punishing his common and able seamen freely) and who had been disgraced by both the French and the lord of Tripoli, deserves to be called an inept bungling fool who spent the better part of the First Barbary War in polite house arrest in Tripoli.

IMNSHO, of course...

''Revisiting my comment: I should note that Captain Bainbridge DID have some spectacular successes in the War of 1812 (namely, NOT being captured by the British and taking at least one British man-o-war in direct action)... my objection here is in the phrasing which implies that his actions in the FIRST Barbary War made him "hero-material"''

---

It's clear to me that a significant portion of the article itself is vastly flawed anyway in the area of historical accuracy, not counting POV. However, the characterization of Decatur as a hero of the First Barbary War is deserved, and on that count it would be truly difficult to contest. I do intend to make some needed alterations within the article to eliminate the inaccurate course of the conflict it presents. Auror

"Victory" in the first War?
How did signing a treaty and paying a $60,000 ransom (alot of money then) a victory?MPA 14:17, 23 September 2007 (UTC)

 * The United States won most of the naval battles, inflicted the heaviest casualties and conquered enemy territory, thus cleary the strategic initiative was held by the US at the end of the war. Finally, they refused to pay tribute and from then onwards, the United States made it clear that tribute would not be paid. The $60,000 was explicitly explained as not tribute but ransom - and the US government at the time made it clear. Therefore, it was a vitory in military terms and the end results. Tourskin 07:07, 24 September 2007 (UTC)

 * But this issue should really be raise here. Thank you. Tourskin 07:07, 24 September 2007 (UTC)

Decisive American victory and de facto British and Dutch victory
This article seems very biased re: "Decisive American victory and de facto British and Dutch victory".

The American role appears to have been confined to a surprise attack on the Algerian forces, the extraction of 10 of their countrymen and the payment of what looks to have been a bribe.

The Dutch and the British on the other hand took on the task of liberating all slaves & had a decisive victory over the forces of the Dey (and due to their direct action - took many casualties).

I appreciate this 'war' is of importance to the US - one of the first out of area actions it took, but the nations role should not be overplayed to the detriment of it's then allies. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.107.194.166 (talk) 16:57, 1 October 2009 (UTC)

Bombardment of Algiers
Is not the Bombardment of Algiers a seperate conflict from the Second Barbary War? The United States was no longer at war with Algiers after the treaty signed in 1815.XavierGreen (talk) 19:29, 21 December 2009 (UTC)

 * Yes it is - but it's a constant battle to keep the events seperate - every few days it seems like someone adds the British / Dutch action as part of the this war!216.107.194.166 (talk) 14:24, 1 April 2010 (UTC)

Merge of Decatur's Squadron in the Second Barbary War
Someone has previously suggested a WP:MERGE of Decatur's Squadron in the Second Barbary War into this article, Second Barbary War. Clicking on the Discuss link leads here, but I find no discussion of the topic to date. So I'll start the discussion section.N2e (talk) 01:53, 15 July 2010 (UTC)

SUPPORT the merge

 * SUPPPORT — With no sources for any of the (few) claims made in the Decatur's Squadron in the Second Barbary War article, I support the merge. If Decatur's Squadron is notable, it could be mentioned here if there are any verifiable, reliable secondary source citations for the facts and the notability. N2e (talk) 01:53, 15 July 2010 (UTC)

Merge complete?
So I put some time into integrating this into a decent article and Tahert14 reverts that without explanation? I see he is doing this kind of editing everywhere.. why is he still able to do that? --DeVerm (talk) 02:55, 3 August 2011 (UTC).

Location of Decatur's Squadron
In the section entitled "United States' response," it is said that Decatur's squadron was at New York, and left May 20, 1815. In the very next section, "Negotiations," it is said that his squadron left Gibraltar. It is not explained why the squadron went to Gibraltar, when they went there, or when they left. Indeed, it is the first instance of "Gibraltar" in the article. Could this be cleared up a little bit? It is very confusing. – 174.45.197.169 (talk) 00:13, 16 April 2013 (UTC)

 * I just realized that the wording implies that the squadron was on its way to Algiers. However, I still think it vague and wanting explicitness. – 174.45.197.169 (talk) 00:36, 16 April 2013 (UTC)

How exactly was it a bluff?
I mean seriously, it's not like he couldn't come back with even more ships and ammunition... Granted, that would take weeks that they could try to fortify. It's kind of hard to defend against bombardment, regardless of your attempts at entoughening. Only a fool would want to deal with escalation and it would take an even bigger fool to think that he wouldn't. 2601:1:9280:155:214:85FF:FE15:4B0D (talk) 06:36, 27 May 2014 (UTC)

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Prompting by Britain
While studying the history of Algeria, I found myself reading the current article. My attention fell upon the statement “At the prompting of Britain, the Barbary pirates returned to their practice of attacking American merchant vessels…” I thought “the prompting of Britain” needed a specific citation, so I began digging.

The statement in the Wikipedia article is based on a sentence of the book by Joshua E London, the reference given for the paragraph. However, what it actually says on page 235 is: “The favourable favourable disposition Algiers exhibited towards the United States changed in July 1812. “The Dey had grown annoyed because some of the American naval and military stores have been arriving behind schedule. With further promptings from the Prince Regent of Great Britain, the Dey sent his cruisers out looking for American ships and after accepting additional bribes from Tobías Lear, expelled him from the Regency.” This is not the same as “at the prompting of Britain“. The Prince Regent was not an absolute monarch (and in fact was not king at all). His “promptings“ are not the same as policy of the British government, though I have no doubt that in the middle of a world war Britain would have welcomed any allies.

I have been unable to verify London’s statement via an Internet search. That doesn’t mean it is untrue. However, at the beginning of his bibliography, London says: “As this book was written for a general audience rather than for academics, specialists, or naval and military scholars, I have refrained from using footnotes or otherwise littering the text with source citations and references. Academics and scholars, or those who are interested in further study of the subject, may want to know something of my sources.” He then lists 10 books which were most useful to him.

In this case, some “litter“ would be welcome. Its absence means is that short of reading, or at least searching a digitized version (if available) of every one of them, I cannot find his source. Again this doesn’t mean it is untrue. (I am presuming good faith authorship.) But my Internet search already didn’t turn up any support for what the book says.

Not wanting to act rashly, I sought more information about Joshua London and his book. He is not a historian and this is apparently his only book. That does not mean he is unqualified but neither did it increase my confidence in the statement. Since I haven’t read the book, I rely on three short reviews on the Goodreads website: Hmmm.
 * “It opened my eyes to the long-term nature of the Islamic terrorist campaign against the United States and the western world.”
 * “Not too scholarly, but went into sufficient detail where warranted.”
 * “Good book on the Barbary Wars. gives you enough desert adventure, exploding ships, and, yes, even swashbuckling to get you through the lulls and hand wringing back in Washington, without completely abandoning those important facets of the story.”

I have reviewed the talk entries for this article. Other editors several years ago commented on inaccuracy, bias, and lack of clarity in the article. Even so, those opinions are several years old. In a quick scan of the history, I couldn’t find anything related to the phrase that caught my eye.

To summarize, then, the statement in the Wikipedia article is inaccurate, and the source statement in the book lacks support. I think this is sufficient evidence to make a decision, so on the basis of the Wikipedia encouragement to “be bold“, I have deleted the phrase. I welcome anyone to provide a supporting reference. Humphrey Tribble (talk) 22:14, 7 September 2021 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Second Barbary War


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Ivor Guest, 1st Baron Wimborne

Ivor Bertie Guest, 1st Baron Wimborne, 2nd Baronet, DL (29 August 1835 – 22 February 1914) was a British industrialist and a member of the prominent Guest family.

Early life
Ivor Bertie Guest was born at Dowlais, near Merthyr Tydfil, the son of Lady Charlotte Guest, translator of the Mabinogion, and Sir John Josiah Guest, 1st Baronet, owner of the world's largest iron foundry, Dowlais Ironworks. His middle name (Bertie) was from his mother's family, the Earls of Abingdon, descended from a Tudor courtier who married the Dowager Duchess of Suffolk (herself suo jure Baroness Willoughby de Eresby).

His siblings included Montague Guest (1839–1909), a Liberal politician, Arthur Edward Guest (1841–1898), a Conservative politician, Charlotte Maria Guest (d. 1902), Mary Enid Evelyn Guest, who married Austen Henry Layard, and Blanche Guest, who married Edward Ponsonby, 8th Earl of Bessborough.

Guest was educated at Harrow School in Middlesex, and he went on to gain a Master of Arts degree in 1856 from Trinity College, Cambridge.

Titles
Following his father's death in 1852, Guest succeeded to his father's baronetcy. In 1880, he was elevated to the peerage as Baron Wimborne, of Canford Magna in the County of Dorset, on Disraeli's initiative.

Career
Guest was commissioned a cornet in the Dorsetshire Yeomanry on 20 April 1858 and was promoted to lieutenant on 11 March 1867.

He held the office of High Sheriff of Glamorgan in 1862 and was the mayor of Poole from 1896 to 1897. In 1879, he rebuilt the real tennis court at Canford. He was lampooned in Vanity Fair as "the paying Guest".

From 1874 on, he stood unsuccessfully for election to the House of Commons as a Conservative, contesting Glamorganshire at the 1874 general election, Poole at a by-election in May 1874, and Bristol at a by-election in 1878 and at the 1880 general election. However, following the tariff reform by Chamberlain, he seceded from the Conservative party and sat in the House of Lords as a Liberal.

He was President of the Dean Close Memorial School from 1902, and a Deputy Lieutenant of Dorset.

Marriage and issue
On 25 May 1868, Guest married Lady Cornelia Henrietta Maria Spencer-Churchill (1847–1927). She was the daughter of John Spencer-Churchill, 7th Duke of Marlborough, thus making Guest an uncle-by-marriage of Winston Churchill, later the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.

Their children included the following:
 * Frances Guest (1869–1957), later known as Lady Chelmsford, who married Frederic Thesiger, 1st Viscount Chelmsford, who served as Viceroy of India.
 * Ivor Churchill Guest (1873–1939), who married the Hon. Alice Grosvenor (1880–1948).
 * Christian Henry Charles Guest (1874–1957), who married the Hon. Frances Lyttelton (1885–1918).
 * Frederick "Freddie" Edward Guest (1875–1937), who married Amy Phipps (1873–1959), daughter of American industrialist Henry Phipps.
 * Lionel George William Guest (1880–1935), who married Flora Bigelow (former wife of Charles S. Dodge), daughter of U.S. Ambassador John Bigelow.
 * Oscar Montague Guest (1888–1958), who married Kathleen Paterson (b. 1903).

He died on 22 February 1914 at Canford Manor in Dorset and was succeeded by his eldest son, Ivor Churchill Guest, 2nd Baron Wimborne, 1st Baron Ashby St Ledgers, who was later created Viscount Wimborne. His will was proved in April 1914, provisionally at £250,000.

Residences
In 1867, Guest bought at auction "Hamilton House", located at 22 Arlington Street in the St. James's district of the City of Westminster in central London, from the widow of William Hamilton, 11th Duke of Hamilton. As the house had traditionally been renamed with the title of each peer who owned it, upon receiving his title in 1880, Guest renamed the house as "Wimborne House".

Wimborne acquired the Highland sporting estate of Glencarron (Ross-shire) in the 1860s, building a Lodge (Alexander Ross / William Joass, c. 1868 ). He extended it with Glenuaig Estate, possibly 1871, together comprising 15,000 acres. On the opening of the "Dingwall and Kyle Railway" in 1870, Glencarron Lodge was provided with a private platform.

title: Ivor Guest, 1st Baron Wimborne


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Grimbledon Down

Grimbledon Down is a comic strip by British cartoonist Bill Tidy. It ran in New Scientist magazine from 26 March 1970 until 26 March 1994.

Description
The strip was set in a fictitious UK government research laboratory, satirising the secret Porton Down chemical and biological warfare establishment. (New Scientist wanted 'some straight talking about the scope and purpose of research on Porton Down'. ) Grimbledon Down's scientists engaged in all sorts of questionable research, such as the production of antipornography – grossly disgusting pornographic films which were intended to turn off the audience's sexual drive and thus save the world from catastrophic overpopulation. Another frequent feature was attempts to create or distribute Nu-Food, an artificial foodstuff made with processed human waste.

Very little of Grimbledon Down's internal organisation was ever revealed, although "BioWar" and "ChemWar" divisions were mentioned from time to time in the characters' dialogue. The man in charge was a recurring character – Director Treem (no first name given) – a moustachioed dark-haired man in a chalk pinstripe business suit. Treem was apparently not a scientist, as the scientists were drawn wearing white lab coats, but he once described himself as a former potential Nobel Prize candidate, was scientifically literate, and often got into detailed technical discussions with his staff.

title: Grimbledon Down


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Moriz Rosenthal

Moriz Rosenthal (17 December 1862 – 3 September 1946) was a Polish pianist and composer. He was an outstanding pupil of Franz Liszt and a friend and colleague of some of the greatest musicians of his age, including Johannes Brahms, Johann Strauss, Anton Rubinstein, Hans von Bülow, Camille Saint-Saëns, Jules Massenet and Isaac Albéniz.

Biography
Rosenthal was born in Lemberg, Austrian Empire into a Jewish family, where his father was professor at the chief academy. At eight years of age he commenced his piano studies under Galoth (1869–1872).

In 1872, Rosenthal became a pupil of Karol Mikuli, Chopin's pupil and editor, who trained him along more academic lines at Lviv Conservatory. At the age of twelve he became a pupil of Rafael Joseffy in Vienna. His debut occurred in Vienna in 1876. He had immediate success and after a tour of Romania he was made Court Pianist of Romania when he was fourteen years of age. From 1878 to 1879 he studied with Liszt at Weimar and Rome. He was associated with the great Hungarian master until 1886, when Liszt died in Bayreuth. Having the conviction that a well-rounded classical education was necessary in his work as an interpreter, he studied at the Staats Gymnasium in Vienna and at the University, where he was a pupil in philosophy under Von Zimmerman and Franz Brentano and in esthetics under Eduard Hanslick. His virtuosity guided by a probing intellect was nonpareil. In 1912 he was made Kammervirtuoso for the Emperor of Austria.

As Liszt's pupil, Rosenthal made appearances in St. Petersburg, Paris, and elsewhere. His general education, however, was not neglected, and in 1880 Rosenthal qualified to take the philosophical course at the University of Vienna. Six years later he resumed his career with the piano, achieving brilliant success in Leipzig, and in Boston, where he made his U.S. debut in 1888, and subsequently in England in 1895. He taught at the Curtis Institute of Music from 1926-1928. From 1939, he taught in his own piano school in New York City, where he died in 1946. Rosenthal recorded around three hours' worth of music between 1928 and 1942, for Columbia, Edison, Ultraphon, EMI, and RCA Victor. Several of the discs are often regarded as among the finest piano recordings from his time. In addition to 78-rpm records, a number of American Piano Company (Ampico) piano rolls also exist.

Rosenthal's usually malicious wit was legendary. When he heard Vladimir Horowitz blaze through the octave passages of Tchaikovsky's First Piano Concerto at his Vienna debut, he remarked: "He is an Octavian, but not Caesar." In similar vein, after hearing Ignacy Jan Paderewski, whose reputation had preceded him, Rosenthal said: "Yes, he plays well, I suppose, but he's no Paderewski". A colleague once played Rosenthal's arrangement of Chopin's Minute Waltz in thirds at a recital, after which Rosenthal thanked the pianist "for the most enjoyable quarter of an hour of my life". Towards the end of his life Rosenthal lived at the Great Northern Hotel in New York, which he referred to as "more Northern than Great".

His pupils included Charles Rosen, Robert Goldsand, and Jorge Bolet. An anthology of Rosenthal's autobiographical writings was published as Moriz Rosenthal: In Word and Music (ed. Mark Mitchell, Allan Evans. Indiana University Press, 2006), which also contains a CD of representative and unpublished recordings.

title: Moriz Rosenthal


text:
Montenegrin

Montenegrin may refer to:

 * Adjective for anything related to Montenegro
 * Demonym referring to the people of Montenegro, see Demographics of Montenegro
 * Ethnonym, referring to Montenegrins, the ethnic group associated with Montenegro
 * Montenegrin language, a variety of Serbo-Croatian spoken by ethnic Montenegrins
 * Montenegrin (party), a liberal political party in Montenegro

title: Montenegrin


text:
Henry Schradieck

Henry Schradieck (29 April 1846 – 25 May 1918) was a German violinist, music pedagogue and composer. He was one of the foremost violin teachers of his day. He wrote a series of etude books for the violin which are still in common use today.

Biography
Born in Hamburg, he received his first violin lessons from his father, and made his first public appearance at the age of six. He studied under Hubert Léonard, at Royal Conservatory of Brussels, where he gained first prize. Afterwards he went to Leipzig, where he became a pupil of Ferdinand David. In 1863 he became a soloist at the Reinthaler concerts at Bremen. The following year he went to Moscow as Professor of the violin. In 1868 Schradieck returned to Hamburg, to take up the position of conductor of the Philharmonic Society, vacated by Leopold Auer. After six years he became concertmaster at the Gewandhaus Orchestra in Leipzig, professor at the Leipzig Conservatory, and leader of the theater orchestra.

In need of a complete change, he left Leipzig for Cincinnati, Ohio, where he taught at the College of Music of Cincinnati, and also organized a symphony orchestra. In 1889 he took up his old position at Hamburg, besides teaching at the Hamburg Conservatory. Subsequently he returned to America, becoming a teacher in New York City, and in Philadelphia. He was a member of the Beta chapter of Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia Fraternity at Combs College of Music, initiated in either 1900 or 1906, and was active in the Fraternity's New York Alumni Club. In addition to writing pedagogic material for the violin in the way of studies and finger exercises, and earning the reputation of being one of the foremost violin teachers of that day, he also interested himself in matters connected with the making of violins.

Schradieck's notable students include Maud Powell, Ottokar Nováček, Walter B. Rogers, Max Donner, Norman Black, and Theodore Spiering.

title: Henry Schradieck


text:
User:Pavlvsrex

Background:
Law Enforcer/Investigator; Traveller; Misanthropist

Interests:
History; Law (International criminal, economic and trade); Law Enforcement (chosen profession); Money (the physical sort - notes and coins, preferably in uncirculated condition).

Likes:
(off the top of my head in 2 minutes - I will add to these as I see fit)

Objectivity; The Hague Tribunal; The ICC; Hans Blix (champion); BBC World (thanks guys); The ABC (in Australia); South Park (pure genius); Icelandic women; France; Turkish/Greek food; UNCLOS (at least the intention); The RSPCAs/SPCAs of the world; and last but certainly not least, my lecturer in international law from some years back Professor Katrin Cutbush-Sabine (champion of champions).

Dislikes:
(as per above - I will add more later)

John Winston Howard (just go!); Tony Blair (just go!); Jose Maria Aznar (good riddance); Lezsek Miller (good riddance); Donald Rumsfeld (going...going....); Paul Wolfowitz; Richard Perle; Ariel Sharon; Yasser Arafat; Maoism; Mao; Extremists of any denomination, race or nationality; "Compassionate Conservatives"; People (the mob); Talkback radio; Fox News; CNN; Monsanto; Reality Television; Ralph Nader (your ego has betrayed you); Michael Moore (tone it down - get some cred); Bubblegum Pop; Bubblegum Pop trying to be riske; Flag waving (a l'Americaine); Theocrats (they're in twice); Salafists (they get their own exclusive mention); Sydney Taxidrivers; Chardonnay socialism; Student politicians; Student socialists;

(For those of you wondering, no I did not forget to mention George Walker Bush. He is a historical anomaly and shouldn't rate a mention anywhere)

title: User:Pavlvsrex


text:
The Jeevas

The Jeevas were an English rock supergroup. Its members were Crispian Mills (vocals, guitar), Andy Nixon (drums), and Dan McKinna (bass). Mills was previously the vocalist of Kula Shaker. Nixon and McKinna were previous members of Straw and a third member of Straw, Mark "Duck" Blackwell, produced both The Jeevas' albums. Mills rejoined Kula Shaker in late 2005, and The Jeevas disbanded.

Nixon and McKinna formed The Magic Bullet Band, and they toured in support of the Kula Shaker reunion tour in early 2006, but did not release any material.

Track listing (UK version)

 * 1) "Virginia" (C.Mills) – 3:31
 * 2) "Ghost (Cowboys in the Movies)" (C. Mills, S. Roberts, J. Winter-Hart) – 3:00
 * 3) "You Got My Number" (J. O'Neill) – 3:02
 * 4) "What Is It For?" (C. Mills) – 4:00
 * 5) "Once Upon a Time in America" (C. Mills) – 3:24
 * 6) "Don't Say The Good Times Are Over" (C. Mills) – 3:08
 * 7) "Scary Parents" (C. Mills) – 3:24
 * 8) "Teenage Breakdown" (C. Mills) – 4:01
 * 9) "Silver Apples"  (C. Mills, M. Pritchard) – 3:04
 * 10) "Edge of the World" (C. Mills) – 4:53

Track listing (Japanese version)

 * 1) "Virginia" (C.Mills) – 3:30
 * 2) "Ghost (Cowboys in the Movies)" (C. Mills, S. Roberts, J. Winter-Hart) – 2:58
 * 3) "You Got My Number" (J. O'Neill) – 3:00
 * 4) "What Is It For?" (C. Mills) – 3:59
 * 5) "Once Upon a Time in America" (C. Mills) – 3:23
 * 6) "Don't Say The Good Times Are Over" (C. Mills) – 3:08
 * 7) "Scary Parents" (C. Mills) – 3:23
 * 8) "Teenage Breakdown" (C. Mills) – 4:01
 * 9) "Silver Apples" (C. Mills, M. Pritchard) – 2:53
 * 10) "She Speaks" (C. Mills) - 4:16 Bonus Track
 * 11) "Edge of the World" (C. Mills) – 4:50
 * 12) "America" (C. Mills) - 2:37 Demo Bonus Track

Track listing
All songs by Crispian Mills, unless otherwise noted. Japanese Bonus Tracks:
 * 1) "Black & Blue" - 2:43
 * 2) "Have You Ever Seen the Rain?" (John Fogerty) - 3:23
 * 3) "Healing Hands" - 3:40
 * 4) "The Way You Carry On" - 3:39
 * 5) "I Can't Help Myself" - 3:17
 * 6) "Back Home" - 3:13
 * 7) "Que Pasa (con tu culo)?" - 2:33
 * 8) "How Much Do You Suck?" - 2:33
 * 9) "Masters of War" (Bob Dylan) - 6:05
 * 10) "Stoned Love" - 4:50
 * 11) "Girl Without a Name" - 3:07
 * 12) "Good Man Down" - 4:39
 * 13) "Rio Grande" - 15:18
 * 1) "Stop" - 3:41
 * 2) "How Much Do You Suck?" (Hank Williams version) - 3:10

Singles

 * "Scary Parents" (2002)
 * "One Louder" (2002) - Japan only
 * "Virginia" (2002) - UK #97
 * "Ghost (Cowboys In The Movies)" (2002)
 * "Once Upon a Time in America" (2003) - UK #61
 * "The Way You Carry On" (2003) - UK #78
 * "Have You Ever Seen the Rain?" (2004) - UK #70

title: The Jeevas


text:
Porton Down

Porton Down is a science and defence technology campus in Wiltshire, England, just north-east of the village of Porton, near Salisbury. It is home to two British government facilities: a site of the Ministry of Defence's Defence Science and Technology Laboratory – known for over 100 years as one of the UK's most secretive and controversial military research facilities, occupying 7000 acre – and a site of the UK Health Security Agency. Since 2018, part of the campus has housed Porton Science Park, which is owned and operated by Wiltshire Council and has private sector companies in the health, life science and defence and security sectors.

Location
Porton Down is just north-east of the village of Porton, near Salisbury, in Wiltshire, England. To the north-west lies the MoD Boscombe Down airfield operated by Qinetiq. On some maps, the land surrounding the complex is identified as a "Danger Area".

History of government use
Porton Down opened in 1916 as the War Department Experimental Station, shortly thereafter renamed the Royal Engineers Experimental Station, for testing chemical weapons in response to German use of this means of war in 1915. The laboratory's remit was to conduct research and development regarding chemical weapons agents used by the British armed forces in the First World War, such as chlorine, mustard gas, and phosgene.

Work at Porton started in March 1916. At the time, only a few cottages and farm buildings were scattered on the downs at Porton and Idmiston. By May 1917, the focus for anti-gas defence and respirator development had moved from London to Porton Down, and by 1918, the original two huts had become a large hutted camp with 50 officers and 1,100 other ranks. After the Armistice in 1918, Porton Down was reduced to a skeleton staff.

Post First World War
In 1919, the War Office set up the Holland Committee to consider the future of chemical warfare and defence. By 1920, the Cabinet agreed to the committee's recommendation that work would continue at Porton Down. From that date a slow permanent building programme began, coupled with the gradual recruitment of civilian scientists. By 1922, there were 380 servicemen, 23 scientific and technical civil servants, and 25 "civilian subordinates". In 1923 the newly formed Silver Star Motor Services started a bus service to link Salisbury and Porton Down. By 1925, the civilian staff had doubled.

By 1926, the chemical defence aspects of Air Raid Precautions (ARP) for the civilian population was added to the Station's responsibilities. In 1929 the Royal Engineers Experimental Station became the Chemical Warfare Experimental Station (CWES) (1929–1930), and in 1930 the Chemical Defence Experimental Station (CDES) (1930–1948). In 1930, Britain ratified the 1925 Geneva Protocol with reservations, which permitted the use of chemical warfare agents only in retaliation. By 1938, the international situation was such that the Cabinet authorised offensive chemical warfare research and development and the production of war reserve stocks of chemical warfare agents by the chemical industry. This included conducting chemical warfare trials, known as the Rawalpindi experiments, on servicemen in the British Indian Army to test the effects of mustard gas.

Second World War
During the Second World War, research at CDES concentrated on chemical weapons such as nitrogen mustard. As Allied armies penetrated Germany, they discovered operational stockpiles of munitions and weapons that contained new chemical warfare agents, including highly toxic organophosphorous nerve agents such as sarin, unknown to Britain and the Allies at the time.

To examine biological weapons, a highly secret separate department, called the Biology Department, Porton (BDP), was established within CDES in 1940, under veteran microbiologist Paul Fildes. Its focus included anthrax and botulinum toxin, and in 1942 it infamously carried out tests of an anthrax bio-weapon at Gruinard Island. In 1946, it was renamed the Microbiological Research Department (MRD) and, in 1957, the Microbiological Research Establishment (MRE).

The Common Cold Unit (CCU) was sometimes confused with the MRE, with which it occasionally collaborated but was not officially connected. The CCU was at Harvard Hospital, Harnham Down, on the west side of Salisbury.

Post-war period
When the Second World War ended, the advanced state of German technology regarding organophosphorus nerve agents such as tabun, sarin and soman, had surprised the Allies, who were eager to capitalise on it. Subsequent research took the newly discovered German nerve agents as a starting point, and eventually VX nerve agent was developed at Porton Down in 1952.

In the late 1940s and early 1950s, research and development at Porton Down was aimed at providing Britain with the means to arm itself with a modern nerve agent-based capability and to develop specific means of defence against these agents. In the end these aims came to nothing on the offensive side because of the decision to abandon any sort of British chemical warfare capability in favour of nuclear weapons. On the defensive side there were years of difficult work to develop the means of prophylaxis, therapy, rapid detection and identification, decontamination, and more effective protection of the body against nerve agents, capable of exerting effects through the skin, the eyes and respiratory tract.

Tests were carried out on servicemen to determine the effects of nerve agents on human subjects, with one recorded death due to a nerve gas experiment. There have been persistent allegations of unethical human experimentation at Porton Down, such as those relating to the death of Leading Aircraftman Ronald Maddison, aged 20, in 1953. Maddison was taking part in sarin nerve agent toxicity tests; sarin was dripped onto his arm and he died shortly afterwards.

In the 1950s, the station, now renamed the Chemical Defence Experimental Establishment (CDEE), became involved with the development of CS, a riot-control agent, and took an increasing role in trauma and wound ballistics work. Both these facets of Porton Down's work had become more important because of the unrest and increasing violence in Northern Ireland.

On 1 August 1962, Geoffrey Bacon, a scientist at the Microbiological Research Establishment, died from an accidental infection of the plague bacterium Yersinia pestis. In the same month an autoclave exploded, shattering two windows. Both incidents generated considerable media coverage at the time.

In 1970, the senior establishment at Porton Down was renamed the Chemical Defence Establishment (CDE) for the next 21 years. Preoccupation with defence against nerve agents continued, but in the 1970s and 1980s, the Establishment was also concerned with studying reported chemical warfare by Iraq against Iran and against its own Kurdish population.

Porton Down was the laboratory where initial samples of the Ebola virus were sent in 1976 during the first confirmed outbreak of the disease in Africa. The laboratory now contains samples of some of the world's most aggressive pathogens, including Ebola, anthrax and the plague, and is leading the UK's current research into viral inoculations.

21st century
Until 2001, the military installations based at Porton Down were part of the UK government's Defence Evaluation and Research Agency (DERA). DERA was to be split into two parts: QinetiQ, initially a government-owned company; and, the Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (Dstl), created to incorporate the activities of DERA deemed unsuitable for the privatisation planned for QinetiQ; particularly the Porton Down site.

In 2013, Dstl scientists tested samples from Syria for sarin, which is still manufactured there, to assess soldiers' equipment.

In April 2018, Porton Down was responsible for analysis of the substance used in the nearby Salisbury poisonings, which was ultimately identified by Dstl as a Novichok nerve agent.

Site names
The location's government use has been split into two separately controlled locations since 1979: the original military establishment under the Ministry of Defence, and the site to the south under the Department of Health, which had been opened in 1951 for the Microbiological Research Establishment, then in 1979 transferred to the Ministry of Health to focus on public health research, with the Defence aspects returning to the then-titled Chemical Defence Establishment.

Sutton Oak, Merseyside
A factory in Sutton Oak, St Helens was requisitioned in 1917 by the War Department, renamed HM Factory, Sutton Oak and started producing the chemical warfare agent diphenyl chloroarsine. The site switched to producing Adamsite in 1922. In 1923 the War Office halted the requisition and purchased the site, renaming it the War Office Research Establishment, a.k.a. Chemical Warfare Research Establishment, and later the Chemical Defence Research Establishment Sutton Oak. During the 1920s, the site switched to producing mustard gas products, starting with the HS variant and adding the HT variant in the 1930s, and also filling armaments. After WW2, the site also produced the nerve agent sarin for experimental purposes. The site closed in 1957, with much of the work transferring to Chemical Defence Establishment Nancekuke.

RRH Portreath, Cornwall
This Royal Air Force site, built in 1940, was renamed Chemical Defence Establishment Nancekuke in July 1949. Manufacture of sarin in a pilot production facility commenced there in the early 1950s, producing about 20 tons from 1954 until 1956. It was intended as a stockpile and production facility for the UK's chemical defences during the Cold War, focussed on nerve agents, including small amounts of VX intended mainly for laboratory test purposes and to validate plant designs and optimise chemical processes for potential mass-production; full-scale production of VX agent never took place. In the late 1950s, the chemical weapons production plant was mothballed, but was maintained through the 1960s and 1970s in a state whereby production could easily re-commence if required.

Non-government use
A few small scientific start-ups were allowed to use buildings on the Porton Down campus from the mid-1990s. Tetricus Science Park has housed companies including and GW Pharmaceuticals.

In 2014, an expansion plan was predicted to create 2,000 jobs. Creation of Porton Science Park started in 2016, with £9.5m in funding from Wiltshire Council, the Swindon and Wiltshire Local Enterprise Partnership and the European Regional Development Fund. The first building opened in 2018, with Ploughshare Innovations, Dstl's technology transfer company, among the tenants. Further expansion began in 2022.

Open air
In 1942, Gruinard Island was dangerously contaminated with anthrax after a cloud of anthrax spores was released over the island during a trial. In 1981, a team of activists landed on the island and collected soil samples, a bag of which was left at the door at Porton Down. Testing showed that it still contained anthrax spores and in 1986 the Government felt obliged to take necessary steps to successfully decontaminate the island.

Between 1963 and 1975 the MRE carried out trials in Lyme Bay in which live bacteria were sprayed from a ship to be carried ashore by the wind to simulate an anthrax attack. The bacteria sprayed were Bacillus globigii and Escherichia coli; these were originally considered to be less dangerous than other bacterial strains, but it was later admitted that the bacteria could adversely affect some vulnerable people. The town of Weymouth lay downwind of the spraying. When the trials became public knowledge in the late 1990s, Dorset County Council, Weymouth and Portland Borough Council and Purbeck District Council demanded a public inquiry to investigate the experiments. The Government refused a Public Inquiry but instead commissioned Professor Brian Spratt, to conduct an Independent Review of the possible adverse health effects. He concluded that individuals with certain chronic conditions may have been affected.

In 1954 the British Government sent biological warfare scientists to the Bahamas to release Venezuelan equine encephalitis viruses near an uninhabited island.

Other research showed that, in the Obanaghoro region of southern Nigeria, four British scientific missions dispersed, and assessed the effect of, experimental nerve gases over a fifteen-month period. Historians were unable to determine who did the extremely hazardous work of "hand-charging" weapons containing the nerve agents, while the effects on the local population and the extent of soil contamination are also unknown.

Human trials
Porton Down has been involved in human testing at various points throughout the Ministry of Defence's use of the site. Up to 20,000 people took part in various trials from 1949 up to 1989: From 1999 until 2006, it was investigated under Operation Antler. In 2002 a first inquest and in May 2004, a second inquest into the death of Ronald Maddison during testing of the nerve agent sarin commenced after his relatives and their supporters had lobbied for many years, which found his death to have been unlawful. The Ministry of Defence challenged the verdict which was upheld and the government settled the case in 2006. In 2006, 500 veterans claimed they suffered from the experiments.

In February 2006, three ex-servicemen were awarded compensation in an out-of-court settlement after they had claimed they were given LSD without their consent during the 1950s. In 2008, the MoD paid 360 veterans of the tests £3m without admitting liability.

Secrecy
Most of the work carried out at Porton Down has to date remained secret. Bruce George, Member of Parliament and Chairman of the Defence Select Committee, told BBC News on 20 August 1999 that: "I would not say that the Defence Committee is micro-managing either DERA or Porton Down. We visit it, but, with eleven members of Parliament and five staff covering a labyrinthine department like the Ministry of Defence and the Armed Forces, it would be quite erroneous of me and misleading for me to say that we know everything that's going on in Porton Down. It's too big for us to know, and secondly, there are many things happening there that I'm not even certain Ministers are fully aware of, let alone Parliamentarians."

Use of animals
Dstl's Porton Down site conducts animal testing. The "three Rs" of "reduce" (the number of animals used), "refine" (animal procedures) and "replace" (animal tests with non-animal tests) are used as the basic code of practice. There has been a decrease in animal experimentation in recent years. Dstl complies with all UK legislation relating to animals. Animals used include mice, guinea pigs, rats, pigs, ferrets, sheep, and non-human primates (believed to be marmosets and rhesus macaque). Publicly released figures are detailed below:

Different departments at Porton Down use animal experiments in different ways. Dstl's Biomedical Sciences department is involved with drug evaluation and efficacy testing (toxicology, pharmacology, physiology, behavioural science, human science), trauma and surgery studies, and animal breeding. The Physical Sciences department also uses animals in its "Armour Physics" research.

Like other aspects of research at Porton Down, precise details of animal experiments are generally kept secret. Media reports have suggested they include exposing monkeys to anthrax, draining the blood of pigs and injecting them with E. coli bacteria, and exposing animals to a variety of lethal, toxic nerve agents. Different animals are used for very different purposes. According to a 2002 report from the Animal Welfare Advisory Committee of the Ministry of Defence, mice are used mainly to research "the development of vaccines and treatments for microbial and viral infections", while pigs are used to "develop personal protective equipment to protect against blast injury to the thorax".

Novels
An institute similar to Porton Down, the Mordon Microbiological Research Establishment, features in the 1962 novel The Satan Bug by Alistair MacLean. Porton Down features in the 1977 novel The Enemy by Desmond Bagley, the 2010 mystery novel Before the Poison by Peter Robinson, and the 2022 novel Tick Tock by Simon Mayo.

Movies
Porton Down is featured in the 2022 psychological horror film The Sleep Experiment directed by John Farrelly. Two detectives begin an investigation into a disastrous secret military experiment where five prisoners were kept awake for thirty days in the facility.

Television
Porton Down and activities there during the 1940s and early 1950s were a significant plot point in Episodes One and Two of the second season of ITV's mystery series The Bletchley Circle. Experiments conducted at Porton Down also appear in the BBC detective drama Spooks, including the development of the VX Nerve Agent and other potentially deadly biological weapons.

Porton Down is referenced frequently in the 2020 BBC TV drama The Salisbury Poisonings, portraying its role in testing substances linked to the 2018 poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal.

Porton Down is referenced frequently in the ITV Trigger Point series, as the origin of a military grade explosive compound HMX-319 which is nicknamed "Her Majesty's Explosive".

Comics
Grimbledon Down was a comic strip by British cartoonist Bill Tidy, published for many years by New Scientist. The strip was set in an ostensibly fictitious UK government research lab, referring to the controversial Porton Down biochemical research facility.

Music
"Porton Down" is the name of a song by Peter Hammill. The song "Jeopardy" by Skyclad is about the experiments developed in Porton Down.

title: Porton Down


text:
Everolimus

Everolimus, sold under the brand name Afinitor among others, is a medication used as an immunosuppressant to prevent rejection of organ transplants and as a targeted therapy in the treatment of renal cell cancer and other tumours.

This compound also has a use in cardiovascular drug-eluting stent technologies to inhibit restenosis.

It is the 40-O-(2-hydroxyethyl) derivative of sirolimus and works similarly to sirolimus as an inhibitor of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR).

It is marketed by Novartis under the trade names Zortress (US) and Certican (European Union and other countries) in transplantation medicine, and as Afinitor (general tumours) and Votubia (tumours as a result of Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC)) in oncology.

It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. It is available as a generic medication.

Medical uses
Everolimus is approved for various conditions:
 * Advanced kidney cancer (US FDA approved in March 2009)
 * Prevention of organ rejection after renal transplant(US FDA April 2010)
 * Subependymal giant cell astrocytoma (SEGA) associated with tuberous sclerosis (TS) in patients who are not suitable for surgical intervention (US FDA October 2010)
 * Progressive or metastatic pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors not surgically removable (May 2011)
 * Breast cancer in post-menopausal women with advanced hormone-receptor positive, HER2-negative type cancer, in conjunction with exemestane (US FDA July 2012)
 * Prevention of organ rejection after liver transplant(Feb 2013)
 * Progressive, well-differentiated non-functional, neuroendocrine tumors (NET) of gastrointestinal (GI) or lung origin with unresectable, locally advanced or metastatic disease (US FDA February 2016).
 * Tuberous sclerosis complex-associated partial-onset seizures for adult and pediatric patients aged 2 years and older. (US FDA April 2018).

UK National Health Service
NHS England has been criticised for delays in deciding on a policy for the prescription of everolimus in the treatment of Tuberous Sclerosis. 20 doctors addressed a letter to the board in support of the charity Tuberous Sclerosis Association saying " around 32 patients with critical need, whose doctors believe everolimus treatment is their best or only option, have no hope of access to funding. Most have been waiting many months. Approximately half of these patients are at imminent risk of a catastrophic event (renal bleed or kidney failure) with a high risk of preventable death." In May 2015 it was reported that Luke Henry and Stephanie Rudwick, the parents of a child suffering from Tuberous Sclerosis were trying to sell their home in Brighton to raise £30,000 to pay for treatment for their daughter Bethany who has tumours on her brain, kidneys and liver and suffers from up to 50 epileptic fits a day.

Clinical trials
, Phase III trials are under way in gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, and lymphoma. The experimental use of everolimus in refractory chronic graft-versus-host disease was reported in 2012.

Interim phase III trial results in 2011, showed that adding Afinitor (everolimus) to exemestane therapy against advanced breast cancer can significantly improve progression-free survival compared with exemestane therapy alone.

A study published in 2012, shows that everolimus sensitivity varies between patients depending on their tumor genomes. A group of patients with advanced metastasic bladder carcinoma treated with everolimus revealed a single patient who had a complete response to everolimus treatment for 26 months. The researchers sequenced the genome of this patient and compared it to different reference genomes and to other patients' genomes. They found that mutations in TSC1 led to a lengthened duration of response to everolimus and to an increase in the time to cancer recurrence. The mutated TSC1 apparently had made these tumors vulnerable to treatment with everolimus.

A phase IIa randomized, placebo-controlled everolimus clinical trial published in 2014 showed that everolimus improved the response to an influenza vaccine by 20% in healthy elderly volunteers. A phase IIa randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial published in 2018 showed that everolimus in combination with dactolisib decreased the rate of reported infections in an elderly population.

Mechanism
Compared with the parent compound rapamycin, everolimus is more water-soluble. Compared to rapamycin, everolimus is more selective for the mTORC1 protein complex, with little impact on the mTORC2 complex. This can lead to a hyper-activation of the kinase AKT via inhibition on the mTORC1 negative feedback loop, while not inhibiting the mTORC2 positive feedback to AKT. This AKT elevation can lead to longer survival in some cell types. Thus, everolimus has important effects on cell growth, cell proliferation and cell survival.

mTORC1 inhibition by everolimus has been shown to normalize tumor blood vessels, to increase tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, and to improve adoptive cell transfer therapy.

Additionally, mTORC2 is believed to play an important role in glucose metabolism and the immune system, suggesting that selective inhibition of mTORC1 by drugs such as everolimus could achieve many of the benefits of rapamycin without the associated glucose intolerance and immunosuppression.

TSC1 and TSC2, the genes involved in tuberous sclerosis, act as tumor suppressor genes by regulating mTORC1 activity. Thus, either the loss or inactivation of one of these genes lead to the activation of mTORC1.

Everolimus binds to its protein receptor FKBP12, which directly interacts with mTORC1, inhibiting its downstream signaling. As a consequence, mRNAs that code for proteins implicated in the cell cycle and in the glycolysis process are impaired or altered, and tumor growth is inhibited.

Adverse reactions
A trial using 10 mg/day in patients with NETs of GI or lung origin reported "Everolimus was discontinued for adverse reactions in 29% of patients and dose reduction or delay was required in 70% of everolimus-treated patients. Serious adverse reactions occurred in 42% of everolimus-treated patients and included 3 fatal events (cardiac failure, respiratory failure, and septic shock). The most common adverse reactions (incidence greater than or equal to 30%) were stomatitis, infections, diarrhea, peripheral edema, fatigue and rash. The most common blood abnormalities found (incidence greater than or equal to 50%) were anemia, hypercholesterolemia, lymphopenia, elevated aspartate transaminase (AST) and fasting hyperglycemia.".

Role in heart transplantation
Everolimus may have a role in heart transplantation, as it has been shown to reduce chronic allograft vasculopathy in such transplants. It also may have a similar role to sirolimus in kidney and other transplants.

Role in liver transplantation
Although, sirolimus had generated fears over use of m-TOR inhibitors in liver transplantation recipients, due to possible early hepatic artery thrombosis and graft loss, use of everolimus in the setting of liver transplantation is promising. Jeng et al., in their study of 43 patients, concluded the safety of everolimus in the early phase after living donor liver transplantation. In their study, no hepatic artery thrombosis or wound infection was noted. Also, a possible role of everolimus in reducing the recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after liver transplantation was correlated. A target trough level of 3 ng/mL at 3 months was shown to be beneficial in recipients with pre-transplant renal dysfunction. In their study, 6 of 9 renal failure patients showed significant recovery of renal function, whereas 3 showed further deterioration, one of whom required hemodialysis. A positive impact on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) was observed when everolimus was used as primary immunosuppression starting as early as first week after living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) surgery.

Use in vascular stents
Everolimus is used in drug-eluting coronary stents as an immunosuppressant to prevent restenosis. Abbott Vascular produce an everolimus-eluting stent (EES) called Xience Alpine. It utilizes the Multi-Link Vision cobalt chromium stent platform and Novartis' everolimus. The product is widely available globally including the US, the European Union, and Asia-Pacific (APAC) countries. Boston Scientific also market EESes, recent offerings being Promus Elite and Synergy.

Use in aging
Inhibition of mTOR, the molecular target of everolimus, extends the lifespan of model organisms including mice, and mTOR inhibition has been suggested as an anti-aging therapy. Everolimus was used in a clinical trial by Novartis, and short-term treatment was shown to enhance the response to the influenza vaccine in the elderly, possible by reversing immunosenescence. Everolimus treatment of mice results in reduced metabolic side effects compared to sirolimus.

title: Everolimus


text:
The Cloggies

The Cloggies, an Everyday Saga in the Life of Clog Dancing Folk, is a cartoon strip created by Bill Tidy. It ran in the satirical magazine Private Eye from 1967 to 1981, and later in The Listener from 1985 to 1986.

The strip served as a satire of northern English male culture and focused on a team of men who took part in what the group called Lancashire clog-dancing. This version of clog-dancing involved two teams dancing towards each other in formation, followed by each attempting to cripple their opponents with gracefully executed knee and foot moves.

The strip has been credited with popularizing the word "cloggies", a slang term for clog dancers.

Publication history
The Cloggies began as a single standalone cartoon published in the British satirical magazine Private Eye during 1967, which depicted a group in the midst of a morris dance as an army jeep tries to warn that they should remain still, as they were in a minefield. The cartoon was noticed by Private Eye co-founder Richard Ingrams, who believed that it could be expanded into a regular series. Tidy agreed and the strip ran in the magazine until 1981. It was later picked up by the weekly magazine The Listener, where it was published from 1985 to 1986.

The strip was published in two formats, one a single panel cartoon and the other made of multiple panels.

Three retrospective collections of the cartoons were published between 1969 and 1977, with titles The Cloggies (1969), The Cloggies Dance Again (1973) and The Cloggies Are Back (1977).

Influences
The strip was sub-titled an Everyday Saga in the Life of Clog Dancing Folk, which Tidy intended as a parody of the long-running BBC radio series, The Archers, which was subtitled an Everyday Story of Country Folk. The strip also lampooned contemporary British sports culture and introduced an entire sub-culture of fictitious dance leagues, a governing body for the sport of clog dancing, and a deeply arcane and complex scoring system.

Similarities with Brass
In 1983 Granada Television began televising Brass, a comedy drama that satirized working-class period dramas of the 1970s. Tidy was critical of the series, noting that it bore several similarities to his work, specifically The Cloggies. In an interview with the Liverpool Echo Tidy mentioned that he was not the first to see the similarities, as he had learned about them after reading a magazine article asking if he was going to pursue legal action.

Synopsis
The strip focused on a team of clogdancers made up of seven men, who were described as undisputed champions of their ‘sport’, usually inflicting severe clog dance-related injuries on their opponents before repairing to the nearest pub. The characters were portrayed as heavy and enthusiastic drinkers.

The team consisted of:
 * Stan Postlethwaite (captain), later ennobled as Lord Stan of Blagdon
 * Albert Postlethwaite (second boot, with his false teeth)
 * Neville (third boot; trilby and glasses) (or Wilfrid, trilby, glasses and moustache)
 * Arnold (fourth boot)
 * Ted (fifth boot, with the grey socks)
 * Wally (sixth boot, later deceased, replaced by Norman).
 * Norman (bearded).

Other local residents included Reginald ('Reg') Thrumper, the "Blagdon Amateur Rapist" and the unnamed 'Blagdon Groper and Nuisance'.

Student Drama Festival
The 1971/2 National Student Drama Festival in Southampton included a performance of John Milton’s ‘Comus’ by University Hall, Buckland. Their own Cloggies team, closely based on Tidy’s cartoon in both appearance and behaviour, added a rousing finale.

Stage musical
A stage musical based on the series, entitled The Cloggies, ran at the Theatr Clwyd in Mold, Wales. The production was given a limited run from 24 October until 12 November 1983. The Cloggies experienced several issues with special effects and sound during its opening performance, prompting complaints from the audience. The play was later described as a failure by the Evening Post in 1995.

Critical reception at the time was negative, with journalists criticizing the musical for its humor. A journalist for The Chester Chronicle panned the portrayals of the titular Cloggies while citing Stephen Nallon's impression of Margaret Thatcher as a highlight. The Liverpool Echo 's Walter Huntley also reviewed the musical, criticizing it for its poor sound quality and humor.

Exhibitions
Strips from The Cloggies, along with several of Tidy's other works, were displayed at the Walker Art Gallery in Liverpool during 1986.

Other works
During the 1990s Tidy announced that there was interest in an animated series based on The Cloggies and that he had written a few scripts for an unnamed Yorkshire television station. No series was produced.

title: The Cloggies


text:
Cowboys and Indians (album)

Cowboys and Indians is an album by The Jeevas, released October 6, 2003.

Track listing
All songs by Crispian Mills, unless otherwise noted.

 * 1) "Black & Blue"
 * 2) "Have You Ever Seen the Rain?" (John Fogerty)
 * 3) "Healing Hands"
 * 4) "The Way You Carry On"
 * 5) "I Can't Help Myself"
 * 6) "Back Home"
 * 7) "Que Pasa (con tu culo)?"
 * 8) "How Much Do You Suck?"
 * 9) "Masters of War" (Bob Dylan)
 * 10) "Stoned Love"
 * 11) "Girl Without a Name"
 * 12) "Good Man Down"
 * 13) "Rio Grande"

title: Cowboys and Indians (album)


text:
The Dissociatives

The Dissociatives were an Australian alternative rock band consisting of Daniel Johns of Silverchair and dance producer and DJ Paul Mac (of Itch-E and Scratch-E), which formed in mid-2003. They were supported by touring members, Julian Hamilton and Kim Moyes (both from the Presets), and James Haselwood. Their first single "Somewhere Down the Barrel" (March 2004) peaked at No. 25 on the ARIA Singles Chart. The duo's debut album The Dissociatives (4 April 2004) reached No. 12 on the ARIA Albums Chart. At the ARIA Music Awards of 2004 they won two trophies; Best Cover Art for James Hackett's work on The Dissociatives and Best Video for Hackett's direction of "Somewhere Down the Barrel".

1997-2002: I Can't Believe It's not Rock
The Dissociatives' founders, Daniel Johns of Silverchair and Paul Mac of Itch-E and Scratch-E met in 1997 when Mac remixed Silverchair's track, "Freak". Later that year Mac appeared on-stage with Johns' group in Sydney as a guest DJ. In the following year Mac contributed keyboards to Silverchair's album Neon Ballroom. In 2000, during their respective bands' hiatus, Johns and Mac recorded a track at Mac's home studio in Blue Mountains. Later Mac travelled to Merewether to help Johns install an eight-track home studio, where they recorded more tracks.

I Can't Believe It's not Rock is the self-titled debut extended play of Johns and Mac's experimental project of the same name. It was released on 1 December 2000 and contains five tracks written and recorded by Johns and Mac for their own amusement. After the tracks were completed, the duo decided to issue the work. Mac later explained, "When we were making this music we never thought anybody else would ever hear it. It was just stuff we were doing for ourselves. Once it was done though we liked how it had turned out so we started talking about releasing it even though, as the name suggests, it probably isn't what people expect from either of us."

Both Johns and Mac were signed to Eleven: A Music Company, which issued, I Can't Believe It's not Rock online. It is the first release by the new label and was co-produced by Johns and Mac. The five tracks were streamed for free from their website, icantbelieveitsnotrock.com and were available for paid download. A limited number of CDs were available through Silverchair's fan club, the LAS. The group appeared in ABC-TV's drama series, Love Is a Four Letter Word (2001), as a pub band in "Episode 13" and performed material from the EP.

I Can't Believe Its not Rock
All songs written by Daniel Johns and Paul Mac.
 * 1)  "Rain" – 4:47
 * 2)  "Take Her Out" – 3:02
 * 3)  "3" – 2:39
 * 4)  "Staging a Traffic Jam" – 6:32
 * 5)  "Home" – 6:48

2003–2005: The making of The Dissociatives album and hiatus
In mid-2003, Johns and Mac formed the Dissociatives as an alternative rock duo, and they issued a self-titled album on 5 April 2004. They recorded basic tracks in London, finishing them off in Sydney and Newcastle. The pair produced all the instrumental tracks and vocals themselves with Johns writing lyrics and recording them in Newcastle. Johns described its music and lyrics in the Australian edition of Rolling Stone (April 2004): "The music is, for me, a combination of excitement, happiness, rambunctiousness and viciousness, done to whimsy." "I'd add with a hint of melancholy, but it's more outweighed by joy," added Mac.

This duo's first single "Somewhere Down the Barrel" appeared ahead of the album in March 2004 and peaked at No. 25 on the ARIA Singles Chart. The album reached No. 12 on the related ARIA Albums Chart. "Young Man, Old Man (You Ain't Better Than the Rest)", its second single followed in May, which reached the ARIA top 50. A video album, Sydney Circa 2004/08, appeared in October.

At the ARIA Music Awards of 2004 they won two trophies; Best Cover Art for James Hackett's work on The Dissociatives and Best Video for Hackett's direction of "Somewhere Down the Barrel". The group were also nominated for Album of the Year, Best Group, Best Pop Release and for Johns and Mac's work as Producer of the Year. In 2005 their sole nomination was for Best Music DVD for Sydney Circa 2004/08.

The pair, in an interview on Rove Live in 2004, described the musical journey of the Dissociatives, as "definitely not a side project" and that they plan to release more music in the future. However, the band have been on hiatus since 2005 due to focussing on their main projects (Silverchair, the Presets, Johns' solo work), and they have not provided plans for future recordings or performances.

Other Appearances

 * Spicks and Specks (2005); performed and produced the title music for this Australian TV show, which is a cover version of the Bee Gees' single of the same name.

ARIA Awards
The Australian Recording Industry Association Music Awards (commonly known as ARIA Music Awards or ARIA Awards) is an annual series of awards nights celebrating the Australian music industry, presented by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA).

!Ref.
 * rowspan="6"|2004 ||rowspan="5"| The Dissociatives || Album of the Year || ||rowspan="6" |
 * Best Group ||
 * Best Pop Release ||
 * Best Cover Art || Won
 * Daniel Johns & Paul Mac for The Dissociatives | Producer of the Year ||
 * James Hackett for "Somewhere Down the Barrel" || Best Video || Won
 * 2005 || Sydney Circa 2004/08 || Best Music DVD || Nominated ||
 * Best Cover Art || Won
 * Daniel Johns & Paul Mac for The Dissociatives | Producer of the Year ||
 * James Hackett for "Somewhere Down the Barrel" || Best Video || Won
 * 2005 || Sydney Circa 2004/08 || Best Music DVD || Nominated ||
 * James Hackett for "Somewhere Down the Barrel" || Best Video || Won
 * 2005 || Sydney Circa 2004/08 || Best Music DVD || Nominated ||
 * 2005 || Sydney Circa 2004/08 || Best Music DVD || Nominated ||

APRA Awards
The APRA Music Awards are several award ceremonies run in Australia by Australasian Performing Right Association to recognise songwriting skills, sales and airplay performance by its members annually. Songwriter of the Year is voted by APRA's Board of Writer and Publisher Directors rewarding the songwriter who has recorded the most impressive body of work in the previous year.

 * 2005 || "Young Man Old Man (You Ain't Better Than the Rest)" || Song of the Year ||
 * }
 * }

title: The Dissociatives


text:
Talk:Lorena Bobbitt

Untitled
This article has a paragraph beginning, "Ten years after the conviction", yet according to an earlier paragraph Bobbitt was acquitted. So which was it? —Psychonaut 10:21, 16 Mar 2004 (UTC)

This was once considered for deletion, but here is the discussion that decided to keep it:

- This isn't encyclopedia material. This is something that belongs in a travel guide or newspaper, but not an encyclopedia.
 * Keep. Yes, it really happened, and it achieved enough national prominence that, I would argue, it belongs. I think it would be a mistake to, umm, sever that piece of information from Wikipedia. Mike Church 20:09, 14 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Still going strong as a staple of late night comedians. More people in the U.S. probably know who she is than know who the First Lady is. -- Decumanus 20:11, 14 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. This made headlines around here. -- Matty j 20:19, Mar 14, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, quite famous. Everyking 20:30, 14 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. The event is quite notable--major headlines, and widely discussed at the time. Probably needs some clean-up, tho': A) has red link to John Wayne Bobbitt--I don't think they both need separate articles--probably could move this content to something like John and Lorena Bobbitt, and have all variations of both names redir there. B) the last two paragraphs need help--the theory is probably worth mentioning, but the author is pretty POV, so it should probably be more "qualified" in it's presentation--I've made a start in this direction, and have added context so readers will know the view of the author, so they can decide how much to buy into it, but it could probably still be improved. Niteowlneils 21:13, 14 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, absolutely! Quite well known case! Moncrief 22:37, Mar 14, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. She is not a historically significant figure. Her actions add nothing of value to history, science, education, law, psychology, or even domestic violence. The media was just having a slow news day at the time and followed the idea that 'sex sells'. Her biography or the facts of the case belong in a newspaper achive or some other repository, but definitely not an encyclopedia.
 * Your criteria is overly limiting for a project like Wikipedia, in my opinion. Moncrief 00:10, Mar 15, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Part of a "compendium of human knowledge". But so is a List of severed penises... - Nunh-huh 23:23, 14 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, though it could use some NPOVing. RickK | Talk 23:25, 14 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep! Why is this on VfD? If there are problems with the article, send it to Cleanup, but that is no reason to delete an article about a very well-known person. Darkcore 03:31, 15 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep! Lets face it, if there were more women like her, there'd be less men that rape. She's a hero of mine. Antonio Sexobotic Martin 1:14, 15 Mar 2004 (MTC)
 * Or give them incentive to kill their victims. Mutilation is a haphazard punishment.

Dr. David Reardon? Who?
Who was this Dr. David Reardon? This article, IMHO, could use some house-cleaning. Dr. David Reardon's theory, looks to me, is more or less anti-abortion propaganda. Millions of women aborted. Few of them end-up to become dick-slashers. Even if Dr. David Reardon's story is true to Lorena's mental condition, it only dipicts a seriously distorted mind. Lorena's sickness is surely not caused by abortion itself, but by other people.

If Lorena Bobbitt did not want the baby, but John Wayne Bobbitt asked her to keep the baby and abused her, could Lorena develop some kind of mental illness and chop off John's dick? Dr. David Reardon's theory, IMHO, is biased. Unless he was an important participant of Lorena's criminal case, I don't see the need to keep his story in this article. There are thousands of professors or doctors writing Lorena-this and Lorena-that. Most of their theories are just worthless and quickly be forgotten. -- Toytoy 18:15, Aug 3, 2004 (UTC)

The image of the severed penis
I removed the recent thumbnail of the penis in question as it was a bit "in your face" for the casual reader. It certainly put me off my breakfast. It is of course entirely relevant, so I kept a link in "See also". While having no wish to nanny visitors to the page, we have no cause to be flagrant and prurient. Dizzley (Peter H) 11:28, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Venezuela?
Are you sure she was born in Venezuela? I have always thought she was from Ecuador. --200.93.196.236 19:25, 5 May 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lorena Bobbitt


text:
Buchmendel

"Buchmendel" is a 1929 short story by the Austrian writer Stefan Zweig. It tells the tragic story of an eccentric but brilliant book peddler, Jakob Mendel, who spends his days trading in one of Vienna's many coffeehouses. With his encyclopaedic mind and devotion to literature, the Poland-born Russian-Jewish immigrant is not only tolerated but liked and admired by both the owner of his local Café Gluck and the cultured Viennese clients with whom he interacts in the pre-war period. In 1915, however, he is falsely accused of collaborating with Austria's enemies and is dispatched to a concentration camp. On his return, towards the end of the war, everything has changed. His mind no longer remembers, his eyes can no longer read, the café undergoes new, brittle ownership, and his clientele have disappeared. Jacob Mendel finally dies, destitute, incapacitated and forgotten.

What initially reads as another of the many modest human dramas that Zweig made his speciality, this small tale actually has a far more panoramic subplot, for it is a metaphor of World War I's impact on Viennese life and culture. It is also particularly interesting to the historian for understanding the strategies by which postwar writers reimagined prewar Vienna, how they conceptualised the war itself, and how memory and myth deeply influenced their conception of history.

"Buchmendel" was also translated as ""The Old-Book Peddler; A Viennese Tale for Bibliophiles", published in The Old-Book Peddler and Other Tales for Bibliophiles, 1937, translated by Theodore W. Koch, published by Northwestern University, The Charles Deering Library, Evanston, Illinois.

title: Buchmendel


text:
People's Justice Party (UK)

The People's Justice Party (PJP) was a political party in the United Kingdom from 1998 to 2006. It began in 1998 growing out of a protest movement Justice for Kashmir, which first gave rise to the Justice Party and then the People's Justice Party.

The PJP was centered in Birmingham, where it took City Council seats from the long-dominant Labour Party, drawing its support from Birmingham's Kashmiri population; there were some 90,000 residents of Azad Kashmiri descent in Birmingham in this period.

History
The Party originated in a Free Riaz and Quayyam Campaign to obtain the release of two Kashmiri militants (Mohammed Riaz and Quayyam Raja) belonging to the Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front. The two were imprisoned in 1984 for their role in the kidnapping and killing of Indian diplomat Ravindra Mhatre in Birmingham. The group was renamed Justice for Kashmir, then renamed People's Justice Party.

On 18 November 2001, the PJP worked with Stop the War Coalition and the loosely organized Islamic Network UK to turn out a large crowd for a rally opposing military response to the 11 September attacks. Success peaked in the 2001 United Kingdom general election, when PJP garnered 13% of the votes in the neighborhoods of Small Heath and Sparkbrook, and held 5 seats on the Birmingham city council.

In July 2002 the PJP suffered a heavy setback when a leading member, Khalid Mahmood (no relationship to MP for Perry Barr, Khalid Mahmood,) left to join the Labour Party. In 2003 the PJP ran as a "single-issue" party demanding that the British government pressure India in support of Muslims in Kashmir.

The party platform was based on an appeal for votes on two fronts: local and international. It promised single-sex schools, changes to housing grants, and improved street lighting beside commitments to campaign for self-determination for Kashmir, the formation of a Palestinian state.

In 2002 the PJP City Council member Mohammed Nazam was accused of taking part in a rowdy demonstration in which eggs were thrown at the visiting Pakistani High Commissioner.

In the wake of the 7 July 2005 London bombings, PJP treasurer Asrar Ahmad complained to the press that "Muslim people" were being blamed for the attacks without "proof."

The PJP was also active in the anti-war activity at the time of the American-led campaign against the Taliban regime in Afghanistan.

The PJP in the Birmingham City Council was led by Shaukat Ali Khan. Ali Khan had earlier been a member of the Labour Party, as had other PJP members. These ex-Labour members formed PJP in response to what they felt was a failure by the Labour government in the UK to deal adequately with ongoing Indian and Pakistani tensions concerning Kashmir, and what they perceived as a failure to improve the lives of the Kashmiri population in Birmingham.

Some people criticised the party for being focused on only one ethnic group to the exclusion of others, although the PJP itself admitted that at least half their votes come from the Birmingham Kashmiri population, it claimed to be a secular organisation.

The PJP lost all of its seats in the 2004 Birmingham City Council election, but following the finding of postal vote fraud in Aston and Bordesley Green, by-elections were held in both the wards in July 2005 with the PJP seeing two of its three candidates—Shaukat Ali Khan and Mohammed Saeed—elected in Bordesley Green.

The party was dissolved in March 2006, with many of its members, including both Councillors, joining the Liberal Democrats. The PJP group leader Shaukat Ali Khan said talks about disbanding the party began when members worked closely with the Liberal Democrats to expose New Labour's postal vote fraud in Aston and Bordesley Green.

The founder members were Allah Ditta, Raja Skintaj and Rajasab Ali of Azad Kashmir.

The idea of a new party that appealed to the foreign policy concerns of Muslim voters was replicated by the Respect Party, founded in 2004.

title: People's Justice Party (UK)