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Terry Bogard

Terry Bogard (テリー・ボガード) is a fictional character created by SNK as the protagonist of their Fatal Fury series. Introduced in Fatal Fury: King of Fighters in 1991, he is an American fighter who enters the worldwide "The King of Fighters" tournaments to combat his father's murderer, Geese Howard. Following Geese's defeat, Terry becomes the guardian of Geese's son Rock Howard. He is also a regular character in the crossover video game series The King of Fighters, where he continues participating in tournaments. He has also been a guest character in other games, including the Capcom vs. SNK series, Arika’s Fighting EX Layer, Street Fighter 6 and Nintendo's crossover fighting game Super Smash Bros. Ultimate. In addition to video games, Terry has appeared in anime films based on Fatal Fury, and manga serialized in Comic Bom Bom.

SNK created Terry with the idea of a macho fighter which is reflected in his design. After several games, Terry was redesigned for Garou: Mark of the Wolves, where he is a more peaceful person. This had an impact on his design which was also altered for The King of Fighters games. Terry's popularity led SNK to create a female version of him for the 2018 game SNK Heroines: Tag Team Frenzy. The character has been well received, and is ranked highly in popularity polls. Publications have praised the character's personality and movesets and how he was developed from Fatal Fury to The King of Fighters, although the female Terry saw mixed reception. Terry has become an icon for not just SNK, but fighting games in general, appearing prominently on SNK and non-SNK merchandise.

Origin
Terry Bogard originates in the development of Capcom's fighting game Street Fighter (1987), for which developers Hiroshi Matsumoto and Takashi Nishiyama created a concept for a Caucasian man wearing a leather jacket; the concept was not used in Street Fighter, as they decided to make the main playable character a dougi-clad karateka name Ryu instead. They still wanted to use this concept in a game; after their move to SNK, they implemented him in Fatal Fury: King of Fighters (1991) as a playable character. The SNK staff described his character design in the first Fatal Fury as "the most macho, stand-out, original Terry". Youchiro Soeda was in charge of the animation of most of the characters in the first Fatal Fury.

In the making of the series, Terry and his brother Andy were characterized as the heroic leads, contrasting with the comical Joe Higashi. For the release of the Fatal Fury 3 game, Terry was quickly added because of his popularity with fans. When it came to his moves, SNK had different ideas and altered the special moves he could perform. The fourth title, Real Bout Fatal Fury, was made to end the conflict between Terry and his nemesis, Geese Howard. Terry has been popular with the SNK staff to the point multiple individuals worked on his character's movesets during location tests of Real Bout Fatal Fury 2. Although the story of Garou ends on a cliffhanger, one of SNK's staff members hinted that in a possible sequel Terry and Rock would be enemies.

Designs
His appearance evolves across Fatal Fury; there were two rejected sketches. One involved a design with cowboy boots, a tattoo, and a pendant he had received from an unidentified woman. Nobyuki Kuroki handled Terry's design in the Real Bout titled games. In Mark of the Wolves, Terry was redesigned with a "cool" look by the SNK staff because they thought his previous appearance had become outdated. Yasuyuki Oda was in charge of this version of Terry with respect to the game design. Artist Falcoon considered this one of his favorite designs before he began working. He was pleased when he got the opportunity to work on the character's redesign. Falcoon said that both Terry and Mai Shiranui are his favourite SNK characters. Another reason for the change of clothing was to symbolize Terry's more peaceful personality now displayed in Mark of the Wolves.

The King of Fighters game was created with the idea of having Terry fighting against Ryo Sakazaki, the lead character from the Art of Fighting series. The King of Fighters protagonist Kyo Kusanagi was also created with this in mind. SNK said that Terry's great popularity among players made him one of the most used characters for every installment of the series.

All of the main King of Fighters games up to The King of Fighters 2002 feature Terry in his Fatal Fury 2 outfit, whereas The King of Fighters 2003 and The King of Fighters XI feature the "Mark of the Wolves" design. In the following game his classic outfit was used to remain true to his origins. For The King of Fighters XIV, the artists found Terry's new appearance challenging to the point it was remade four times along with changes by his motion actor. Yusuke Amano was the character designer for Terry in this title which he enjoyed due to his personal experience with Terry ever since he played as him in his childhood.

Female re-designs

While making SNK Heroines: Tag Team Frenzy, SNK staff noted that because Terry was one of the company's most popular characters, his inclusion in the game was necessary even if he had to be redesigned as a woman; this incarnation has feminine clothing options including a variant of his original outfit wherein the FATAL FURY logo on his cap is changed to read "FATAL CUTiE", a cheerleader outfit, and steampunk-inspired clothes. This was not the first time SNK had featured a female version of Terry in a game: in 2003's SNK vs. Capcom: SVC Chaos, he is magically transformed by the Darkstalkers character Demitri Maximoff.

Early in SNK Heroines development, the female Terry was meant to still have a masculine voice, but the decision was reversed following disapproval from the game's sound designers. Despite fears over the voice actresses' deliveries, in the end SNK felt Terry managed to fit in with the cast. Amano believed that SNK was able to explore a more humanistic take on the character through SNK Heroines.

Voice actors
Starting with Fatal Fury: The King of Fighters until Neo Geo Heroes: Ultimate Shooting Terry was voiced by Satoshi Hashimoto who also voiced fellow playable character Kim Kaphwan. When he was replaced, Hashimoto said he was happy that his roles were widely recognized by fans and that he highly enjoyed Terry's character. Takashi Kondō replaced Hashimoto for The King of Fighters XIV onward and was very aware of his character's popularity. Kondo first met the character through his childhood when playing the video games that feature him. He described his character as cool due to his demeanor.

For the three animated adaptations of Fatal Fury, the character's role was left to Kazuyoshi Nishikori. In the English dubs of the three works, Terry is voiced by Mark Hildreth.

Fighting style
For the release of Fatal Fury 3 Terry's air move Rising Tackle was removed in exchange for the Power Dunk. The Power Dunk was better for the team even though it closely resembled the Rising Tackle. Another of Terry's most iconic early moves is called the Power Geyser, where he generates a massive geyser of energy by punching the ground. Designer Nobuyuki Kuroki said there were several rejected versions of this move, but one of them was used in a later Fatal Fury game, Real Bout Fatal Fury Special. In Garou, Terry has a new move called the Buster Wolf. Designer Yasuyuki Oda said its original name was actually "God Geyser Twin", but he did not find it fitting for the Showa period when the move was added. In 2019, Oda noted that one of Terry's most popular techniques is the Buster Wolf.

When The King of Fighters was announced, Terry was quickly added into the franchise by the SNK staff, who noted "his popularity skyrocketed!" His development was overseen by many designers who "fretted over various aspects of his character". In retrospect the SNK staff noted he "became the powerhouse, getting a super punch cancel move added to his arsenal and becoming the fearsome character he is today". The ability to cancel the second hit of his standing punch move was added by one of the game's designers two hours before submitting the game's mask ROM. There were also arguments about the character's winpose, but in the end they decided on something new.

Game designer Masahiro Sakurai said he wanted to show the original appeal of Terry in Super Smash Bros. when including him in the game. Sakurai preferred using his Fatal Fury 2 design in Smash as he believes it is one of the most recognizable ones, most notably in the 1990s. In doing so, Terry was made to automatically look at his opponents in one-on-one fights, including jumps where the character spins. He was designed to be slower than most characters. A new move known as the Somersault Kick was created for Smash although the original moves were also retained. An airbased variation of his original projectile technique, the Power Wave, was also used to balance the character. In order to accommodate his full moveset, Terry is the only character who has different side special moves depending on whether the player inputs left or right, and can use Desperation Moves if his health reaches a critical point rather than as his Final Smash, which is a completely new move melding together his different Desperation Moves.

In video games
Terry has served as the lead character of the Fatal Fury series since his debut in the first game. The original Fatal Fury centers around Terry and his younger brother Andy who enter the King of Fighters tournament to avenge their adoptive father Jeff Bogard's death. He was murdered a decade before by the tournament's sponsor, Geese Howard. Along with their friend Joe Higashi, they manage to defeat Geese who dies falling from a tower after fighting one of the three main characters. The numerous Fatal Fury sequels released later feature Terry and his friends competing in new tournaments. The first sequel, Fatal Fury 2, introduced a new antagonist for Terry to defeat named Wolfgang Krauser who tries to conquer Southtown. By Fatal Fury 3: Road to the Final Victory, Terry continues his fight against Geese (who survived his apparent death) and now seeks revenge against Terry and other rivals. Real Bout Fatal Fury concludes the Bogard and Howard rivalry by killing off Geese at the end of the game. Two subsequent Real Bout sequels featuring Terry were produced - Real Bout Fatal Fury Special and Real Bout Fatal Fury 2: The Newcomers (although neither game contains a storyline), along with Fatal Fury: Wild Ambition, a 3D game which retells the plot of the first game. Terry Bogard's character was reinvented for Garou: Mark of the Wolves, which features an older Terry as the mentor of Geese Howard's son, Rock Howard. During this time, Terry and Rock enter a new King of Fighters tournament dubbed Maximum Mayhem.

After the release of Fatal Fury 2, Terry appeared in The King of Fighters '94, where he serves as the leader of the game's "Fatal Fury" team alongside Andy and Joe. The King of Fighters series, which was originally conceived as a crossover of SNK's previous video game franchises, eventually established their own self-contained continuity set apart from the earlier Fatal Fury series. Terry became a staple of both franchises. While the Fatal Fury Team's members change various times across the series, Terry remains the team's leader. In NESTS Saga storyline, depicted in The King of Fighters '99 up to The King of Fighters 2001, Terry plays much larger role on helping Mary to take down NESTS's hidden agents, mainly outside the tournaments. The King of Fighters XII and The King of Fighters XIII, including The King of Fighters XV bring back the character in his Fatal Fury 2 outfit. Terry returns in The King of Fighters XIV and XV mainly to oversee his nemesis, Geese.

The Fatal Fury Team remains as in the first KOF in the games without a storyline. They include: The King of Fighters '98, The King of Fighters 2002 and Neowave. In The King of Fighters: Kyo, a role-playing game (RPG) centered on Kyo Kusanagi, Terry appears when Kyo goes to South Town and helps him fight Geese Howard. In the two games for the Game Boy Advance titled EX: Neo Blood and EX2, the Fatal Fury Team participates in the new tournaments. Terry also appears in the KOF: Maximum Impact sub-series in both his Fatal Fury 2 and Mark of the Wolves outfits, with the latter being labelled as "Wild Wolf" (ワイルドウルフ). The character is also present in The King of Fighters All Star in his Fatal Fury 2 and Garou personas and KOF 98: Ultimate Match Online.

He is also playable in the shooter game Sky Stage, and stars in the crossover video games NeoGeo Battle Coliseum in his Mark of the Wolves outfit and the SNK vs. Capcom series in his Fatal Fury 2 outfit. The shooting game Neo Geo Heroes: Ultimate Shooting uses him as a playable character. An alternate female version of Terry is featured in the game SNK Heroines: Tag Team Frenzy. Terry's ending is a dream that revisits the events of Geese's death, but an older Rock also throws him from a cliff before he awakes in the present where Rock had been trying to wake him up after finished cooking their breakfasts. Terry appears as a guest character in the Arika fighting game Fighting EX Layer. He is available in the King of Fighters X Fatal Fury mobile phone game, the Chinese mobile phone game called KOF: WORLD, Metal Slug Defense, the dating sim Days of Memories and the otome game King of Fighters for Girls. A pachinko based on the Orochi storyline of the series was released by SNK featuring Terry, while The Rhythm of Fighters has the character. Terry appears as a playable fighter in Super Smash Bros. Ultimate. He was released as downloadable content in November 2019, along with a stage based on Fatal Fury and The King of Fighters known as King of Fighters Stadium. Terry is set to appear as a playable character in Street Fighter 6 as part of its second season of downloadable content.

In other media
Terry Bogard is the central character in a trilogy of Japanese animated Fatal Fury films. Two of them were original video animations (OVA) while the third was a theatrical release where his character is voiced by Shōnentai lead singer Nishikiori Kazukiyo in the Japanese originals and Mark Hildreth in the English dubs. The first two OVAs, 1992's Fatal Fury: Legend of the Hungry Wolf and 1993's Fatal Fury 2: The New Battle loosely follow the storylines of their respective games, while the third theatrical film, 1994's Fatal Fury: The Motion Picture, features an original storyline. The first OVA introduces a new love interest for Terry named Lily McGuire, an orphan raised by Geese Howard. Lily is killed by Geese during the first OVA, but she appears in both sequels as a spirit who guides Terry. The theatrical film introduced a new love interest for Terry named Sulia. She is the younger sister of the antagonist, Laocorn Gaudeamus, who sacrifices herself near the end of the film to help Terry defeat her brother. He is also present into the novelizations of The King of Fighters.

Terry plays a supporting role in the 2006 original internet animation The King of Fighters: Another Day. He appears in the episode Accede voiced in the Japanese version by his video game voice actor, Satoshi Hashimoto, and by Tony Carroll in the English dub. Satoshi Hashimoto also voiced Terry in Memories of Stray Wolves, a twenty-minute featurette which serves as a retrospective of the Fatal Fury series, with Terry narrating the games' events to Rock. Terry is featured in volume 3 of the soundtracks series SNK Character Sounds Collection released by Pony Canyon. The CD features several songs based on his character. He appears in several manhua, including the Fatal Fury series, The King of Fighters and SNK Vs. Capcom: SVC Chaos, which retell the stories of their respective games. The first seven chapters of the manhua The King of Fighters 2003 by Wing Yen feature a short chapter from Garou: Mark of the Wolves that tells of Rock's training with Terry. His character is part of a social action program created by SNK Playmore named the "Nakoruru & Terry Club". The organization supports children to guide them to a better future. David Leitch portrays Terry in the live-action 2010 film The King of Fighters, where his role is that of a CIA agent who serves as the supporting side-kick and comic-relief of Iori, Kyo, and Mai's team.

Terry is also one of the characters featured in The King of Fighters: Destiny, an animated retelling of the first game in the series, voiced by his new voice actor in the games Takashi Kondo. In this story, Terry enters a tournament with Andy and Joe to avenge Jeff like the first Fatal Fury. He begins a romantic relationship with a woman named Angelina who is an agent from Geese. As Geese is about to kill Terry, Angelina sacrifices herself to protect him and he takes down Geese. After the battle, Heidern takes Terry and Kyo to meet the real mastermind behind Geese's power, Rugal Bernstein. Although Terry is defeated, Kyo manages to overpower Rugal. Terry plays a minor role in the manga The King of Fighters G where he faces Iori Yagami during the tournament and is nearly killed in combat by his enemy. However, when the tournament is interrupted, the Bogard brothers engage in a fight against Geese and Billy Kane.

Popularity
Terry is frequently used to represent the company in crossover games, merchandise and publicity. During the KOF Year-End Party in 2005, a fan event held by SNK, the character's cap was given to every fan in attendance. His character has been well received by fans, appearing in several video games popularity polls. In Gamest's 1997 Heroes Collection, Terry was voted the staff's eighth favorite character. In a popularity poll by SNK for the release of Garou: Mark of the Wolves, Terry ranked second. SNK staff commented that "Terry's the eternal hero". A character popularity poll on the Neo Geo Freak website resulted in Terry as the fourth favorite character from the series with a total of 2,479 votes.

He was voted the number one fan favorite character with a total of 10,014 votes in a 2005 poll conducted by SNK-Playmore USA, which lead to his placement in the North American release of The King of Fighters: Maximum Impact to appeal to the Western gamers. For the Japanese special endings in The King of Fighters '97, three video game publications, Gamest, Famitsu and Neo Geo Freak, had to create a team composed of three characters for a special illustration. Gamest created a team composed of Terry, Blue Mary and Joe Higashi. In 2018, Terry was voted the most popular Neo Geo character. In his official blog, Falcoon reveals that both Meira brothers were initially conceptualized as the KOF counterparts to Fatal Fury stars given the game's setting is the same as their predecessors. In late 2018, Terry and other characters created by SNK appeared as part of a collaboration between other companies in Harajuku Japan involving new merchandising.

Critical response
The character has received both praise and criticism from several media publications. GameSpot reviewer Frank Provo commented that one of Fatal Fury's biggest accomplishments is the creation of Terry Bogard and their use of him in later sequels. Damien McFerran praised Terry's design, saying that he is "emanating so much coolness it's little wonder that SNK otaku can always be seen wearing his trademark red cap". Dale Nardozzi of TeamXbox also praised Terry's distinct appearance. He also commented that Terry's clothes are some of the most common cosplays at every convention featuring video games. GamingExcellence's Andrew Sztein commented that Terry was one of his favorite series' character. He mentioned that he liked his design because "he should be working at Petro Canada part time" and added that his mispronunciation of English quotes is quite funny. IGN reviewer Ryan Clements also preferred Terry over all the other characters in the Fatal Fury series, commenting that he liked the way the character played in each game. Dan Whitehead from Eurogamer praised each part of Terry's appearance that makes him look cool. He noted that Terry is one of the most popular characters from Fatal Fury although he is "rather bland". UGO.com listed Terry's baseball cap thirteenth on their list of "The Coolest Helmets and Headgear in Video Games", calling it "completely badass", despite having "Fatal Fury" stitched on the front. Den of Geek placed Terry third on their "best fighting game characters" list. Editor Harry Slater commented that "Bogard is a stark reminder of the glory days of the two dimensional fighter". The English actor's voice in Maximum Impact received a good review in Hardcore Gamer magazine for fitting Terry so well.

GamesRadar called Terry "one of SNK's most memorable characters", ranking him the 86th "most memorable, influential, and badass" protagonist in games. They also listed him as the second best fighting character because of the appeal of his techniques. His role in the story, for example his adoption of Rock Howard, was also praised. In 2012, Complex ranked Terry the 11th "Most Dominant Fighting Game Character" commenting that his appearance in the least would be predictable based on his fame. 4thletter listed Terry's ending in Real Bout Fatal Fury as the best one in gaming as it not only ends his rivalry with Geese but also shows more of his relationship with Rock Howard. Arcade Sushi ranked him as the "4th best fighting game good guy" noted for more than "his hilarious English butchery". They praised his outfit and cited his moves as entertaining. Den of Geek listed him as the third best The King of Fighters character with the writer commenting on his "overthetop" moves as well as comparing him positively with Street Fighter characters Ryu and Ken Masters based on their personalities. The same site listed him as the third best fighting game character, remarking on his figure within SNK's games and his impact within gamers. TeamXbox referred to Terry as one of SNK's most popular characters due to the number of cosplayers based on him.

Several sites have commented on Terry's gameplay moves. Gaming Age writer Jeff Keely criticized how overpowered Terry became in The King of Fighters '99 because of his new special moves. Prima Games listed his "Burn Knuckle" as one of the 50 greatest fighting moves in video game history because Terry dashes towards his enemies in the process. Terry was given a move known as the "Buster Wolf" which was listed as one of the best techniques in fighting games by Arcade Sushi not only because of its impact, but also before landing the attack, the character ironically says "Are you okay?" Polygon recommended that newcomers to The King of Fighters XIV try Terry's movesets, despite some difficulties with mastering certain moves.

The female portrayal of Terry in SNK Heroines: Tag Team Frenzy was met with surprise. Push Square joked about the implications of the developers changing Terry's gender while Nintendo Life wondered why they did not use Alice Nakata, a female fighter who has some of Terry's moves. Nevertheless, the site found Terry's fighting style in the crossover to be promising. Despite also finding the fighter's appearance confusing, Game Informer commented that every SNK game might need Terry regardless of gender. Destructoid noted that while Terry retained his original moves, most fans were unaware that the female Terry appeared for the first time in a Japanese mobile game. Daily World News agreed with Nintendo Life questioning why SNK did not use Alice instead. They noted the most common response had been mixed and wondered if this was meant to be a joke similar to Iori Yagami's cross-dressing alter-ego, Miss X, from SNK Gals' Fighters.

Anime News Network Bamboo Dong praised Terry's character development in the Fatal Fury original video animations because they portrayed his insecurities, something rarely seen in other adaptations. Chris Beveridge of Mania Beyond Entertainment also praised the characters' development citing Terry's grief over the loss of his love interest. In contrast THEM Anime Reviews' Raphael criticized Terry's story for being told several times already in other series and also panned his final fight against Geese Howard because of the lack of regular martial arts and the use of chi-like energy instead. For The Motion Picture, Anime News Network found Terry's tragic characterization and fate sad enough to make him sensitive as it contrasted his views on fighting game characters in general with Terry losing for the second time a woman he loves despite having the power to defeat the villain. Although the live-action film of The King of Fighters has been panned, Beyond Hollywood said that KOF's "only saving grace ... is David Leitch, who is flat-out hilarious as world-weary CIA agent Terry Bogard. Yeah, the character doesn't make a lick of sense, but in this film, it borders on genius". Felix Vasquez of Cinema Crazed, however, criticized Terry's character in the movie calling him a "nuisance". Tyler Treese of GameRevolution has praised Terry's addition in Super Smash Bros. Ultimate by stating that "There are so many ridiculous possibilities for him to battle, and that’s exactly what makes Smash Bros. such a fun series."

title: Terry Bogard


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1859 in Canada

Events from the year 1859 in Canada.

Incumbents

 * Monarch — Victoria

Federal government

 * Parliament — 6th

Governors

 * Governor General of the Province of Canada — Edmund Walker Head
 * Colonial Governor of Newfoundland — Alexander Bannerman
 * Governor of New Brunswick — Arthur Charles Hamilton-Gordon
 * Governor of Nova Scotia — George Phipps, 2nd Marquess of Normanby
 * Governor of Prince Edward Island — Dominick Daly

Premiers

 * Joint Premiers of the Province of Canada —
 * George-Étienne Cartier, Canada West Premier
 * Antoine-Aimé Dorion, Canada East Premier
 * Premier of Newfoundland — John Kent
 * Premier of New Brunswick — Samuel Leonard Tilley
 * Premier of Nova Scotia — James William Johnston
 * Premier of Prince Edward Island — Edward Palmer

Events

 * Abraham Shadd is elected to the town council in Raleigh, Ontario and becomes the first Black elected to public office.
 * William Hall, becomes the first Nova Scotian and the first Black person to win the Victoria Cross.
 * The all-Black Victoria Pioneer Rifle Company is formed to defend British Columbia.
 * De Stoeckl returns to U.S. from Saint Petersburg with authority to negotiate the sale of Alaska.
 * McGowan's War, a juridical and political crisis in the Fraser River goldfields involving a spillover of San Francisco politics into British territory, has the potential to escalate into an annexationist uprising but is settled peaceably. Marines and Royal Engineers are dispatched to Yale, led by Colonel Clement Francis Moody and escorting Justice Matthew Baillie Begbie to resolve the matter, which ends amicably, and reassert British sovereignty over the fledgling Mainland Colony.
 * Lyman Cutlar, an American settler, homesteads on San Juan Island in defiance of British claims and triggers off the Pig War.

Full date unknown

 * Black Rock, Montreal completed
 * 1859 Newfoundland general election

January to June

 * January 6 – Henry Pellatt, financier and soldier (died 1939)
 * January 17 – Joseph Ovide Brouillard, politician and businessman (died 1940)
 * January 18 – Elizabeth Shortt, politician
 * February 21 – William Proudfoot, politician and barrister (died 1922)
 * April 5 – Robert Franklin Sutherland, politician and Speaker of the House of Commons of Canada (died 1922)
 * May 8 – Edward Morris, 1st Baron Morris, politician and 2nd Prime Minister of Newfoundland (died 1935)
 * June 25 – George Henry Bradbury, politician (died 1925)

July to December

 * July 12 – Peter Vasilevich Verigin, philosopher, activist and leader and preacher of the Doukhobors (died 1924)
 * July 20 – Lionel Herbert Clarke, businessman and Lieutenant Governor of Ontario (died 1921)
 * August 4 – Louis-Adolphe Paquet, theologian (died 1942)
 * August 10 – Wellington Willoughby, politician and lawyer (died 1932)
 * September 17 – Frank Dawson Adams, geologist (died 1942)
 * November 8 – Paul-Eugène Roy, Roman Catholic priest, and Archbishop of Quebec (died 1926)

Deaths

 * February 22 – Edmond Baird, cabinet-maker and upholsterer (born 1802)
 * March 2 – Hugh Cossart Baker, Sr., banker, businessman and mathematician (born 1818)
 * March 23 – Jacob De Witt, businessman, politician, and justice of the peace (born 1785)
 * December 30 – Bernard Donald Macdonald, Roman Catholic priest, bishop, and school administrator (born 1797)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: 1859 in Canada


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Morinoideae

Morinoideae is a subfamily of plants in the family Caprifoliaceae, order Dipsacales. It was at one time recognized as the separate family Morinaceae. The genus Morina has also been included in a separate family Dipsacaceae, currently included in Caprifoliaceae. Three genera have been included in this subfamily:

 * Acanthocalyx
 * A. alba, A. albus, A. delavayi, A. nepalensis.

 * Cryptothladia
 * C. chinensis, C. chlorantha, C. kokonorica, C. polyphylla

 * Morina
 * M. couteriana, M. longifolia, M. persica
 * M. longifolia has the common names "whorl flower" and "Persian steppe flower." This species has cultivars: M. delavaya and M. wallichii.

title: Morinoideae


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List of Neo Geo games

The Neo Geo is a video game platform developed and designed by SNK and supported from 1990 to 2004. It was released in three different iterations: a ROM cartridge-based arcade system board called the Multi Video System (MVS), a cartridge-based home video game console called the Advanced Entertainment System (AES), and a CD-ROM-based home console called the Neo Geo CD. Each system features similar hardware and runs the same library of games through different media formats. Most games were first released on the MVS then rereleased for the home consoles, however some never saw a home console release and eight games were released exclusively for the Neo Geo CD. This page lists every game released for all three Neo Geo formats.

Games
Listed here are all  officially licensed Neo Geo games, including all 150 MVS games, all 118 AES games, and all 98 Neo Geo CD games. Not included are unlicensed games, prototypes, Neo Geo Pocket Color games, or Hyper Neo Geo 64 games.

title: List of Neo Geo games


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Double stop

In music, a double stop is the technique of playing two notes simultaneously on a stringed instrument such as a violin, a viola, a cello, or a double bass. On instruments such as the Hardanger fiddle it is common and often employed. In performing a double stop, two separate strings are bowed or plucked simultaneously. Although the term itself suggests these strings are to be fingered (stopped), in practice one or both strings may be open.

A triple stop is the same technique applied to three strings; a quadruple stop applies to four strings. Double, triple, and quadruple stopping are collectively known as multiple stopping.

Early extensive examples of the double stop and string chords appear in Carlo Farina's Capriccio Stravagante from 1627, and in certain of the sonatas of Biagio Marini's Op. 8 of 1629.

Bowing
On instruments with a curved bridge, it is difficult to bow more than two strings simultaneously. Early treatises make it clear that composers did not expect three notes to be played at once, even though the notes may be written in a way as to suggest this. Playing four notes at once is almost impossible. The normal way of playing three or four note chords is to sound the lower notes briefly and allow them to ring while the bow plays the upper notes (a broken chord). This gives the illusion of a true triple or quadruple stop. In forte, however, it is possible to play three notes at once, especially when bowed toward the fingerboard. With this technique more pressure than usual is needed on the bow, so this cannot be practiced in softer passages. This technique is mainly used in music with great force, such as the cadenza-like solo at the beginning of the last movement of Tchaikovsky's violin concerto.

Bach bow
The "Bach bow" with its arched back uses a system of levers to slacken or tighten bow hair immediately while playing so as to (according to its advocates) facilitate the performance of polyphonic music. Such a bow was conceived early in the 20th century by Arnold Schering and Albert Schweitzer and constructed by Rolf Schröder in 1933. A similar device called the "Vega bow" was built in 1954 under the sponsorship of the violinist Emil Telmányi. Neither of these bows bears any particular relation to historical Baroque bows and neither has ever been widely employed. In 1990, German cellist Michael Bach invented a curved bow for cello, violin, viola and bass. He named it "BACH.Bogen" (BACH.Bow) after his own name.

Notation
In longer three-note or four-note chords, either the top note or the top two notes are sustained after the lower notes have been played as grace notes. Sometimes the noteheads for the lower notes are filled in to show they are of short duration while the noteheads for the notes to be held are left open. This notation occurs, for example, at the beginning of the fourth movement of Beethoven's fifth symphony.

Simultaneous notes in a single part for an orchestral string section may be played as multiple stops or the individual notes may be distributed among the players within the section. Where the latter is intended, divisi or div. is written above the staff.

Plucking
Guitar double stops are commonly used in rock, blues, metal, and jazz music. They are often played by fingerpicking or hybrid picking, but can also be strummed, or executed with hammer-ons or pull-offs. Jimi Hendrix was especially known for utilizing double stops on the guitar.

When three or more notes are played simultaneously on a plucked string instrument, it is simply called a chord rather than a triple stop or quadruple stop.

Marching Percussion
Double stops are commonly used in marching percussion writing. In the case of the snare, a double stop is when a drummer hits the drum with both hands at the same time, while the tenors hit 2 drums at once. These are usually notated with either single note or a stacked note. A double stop will have the letter B written under the note for sticking.

title: Double stop


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Ulrich Wegener

Ulrich Klaus "Ricky" Wegener (22 August 1929 – 28 December 2017) was a German police officer of the Federal Border Guard (Brigadier General, official title: Commander of the Federal Border Guard, Border Guard Command West) and founding member of the counter-terrorist force GSG 9.

Early life
Wegener was born in Jüterbog, Brandenburg. He was conscripted into the Luftwaffe as a 15-year-old during the final days of World War II and spent a brief period as a prisoner in a US POW camp at the end of the war. After 1945 Brandenburg, Wegener's home state, fell within the borders of Communist East Germany. In the early 1950s Wegener was arrested for the illegal distribution of dissident pamphlets within East Germany and was imprisoned for one year. In 1952 Wegener moved to West Germany and participated in entrance examinations for the Officer Candidate School of the German Armed Forces.

Career
Colonel Wegener was the Bundesgrenzschutz (Federal Border Protection) liaison officer for German Interior Minister Hans-Dietrich Genscher at the time of the Munich Olympics. Wegener witnessed the botched attempt to rescue the Israeli hostages held by Palestinian terrorists at Munich in 1972 and was subsequently assigned to create an elite counter-terrorist unit by the West German government after the disaster.

GSG 9
Counter-terrorist units were still a relatively unheard-of form of combating terrorism and the only truly established groups at the time were Britain's Special Air Service and Israel's Sayeret Matkal. To this end, Colonel Wegener trained with both groups, assimilating many of their methods into the doctrine he would establish for the GSG 9. Wegener’s time with the SAS is well documented, but his training with the Sayeret (and alleged participation in the rescue of the Israeli hostages in the Operation Entebbe) is less publicized.

Raid on Mogadishu
Wegener was the GSG 9 commander at the liberation of the hostages of the PFLP on the Boeing 737 Landshut, operated by Lufthansa as flight 181, in Mogadishu, Somalia, in the night from 17 to 18 October 1977. Wegener, at the head of one group, blew open the front door of the aircraft as the German commandos stormed the plane. Two terrorists were killed, one was fatally wounded and the fourth was captured alive. Having both planned and led the successful operation to liberate the hostages of the Lufthansa 181 hijacking Wegener was awarded the German Commander's Cross of the Federal Cross of Merit (Großes Bundesverdienstkreuz).

Later life
After his retirement from GSG 9 in 1979, Wegener worked as an advisor for the creation of counter-terrorism units of foreign countries, e.g. in Saudi Arabia. Wegener was a member of the Security Committee until he retired in 1988.

Married to Magda, he is survived by his daughters Simone and Susanne. Aged 88, Wegener died on 28 December 2017.

Awards
1977, Commander's Cross of the Federal Cross of Merit

1978, Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement

title: Ulrich Wegener


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User:Syed Atif Nazir

סיאד אטיף נזיר • Syed Atif Nazir • सयेद आितफ नािज़र

title: User:Syed Atif Nazir


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Talk:Gift

Wiki Education assignment: Introduction to Community Economic and Social Development II
— Assignment last updated by Michelle312 (talk) 02:32, 4 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gift


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Talk:Symplectic manifold

Expansion
The following is an excerpt from the last version of this page which I thought would be better moved to the talk page. -- Fropuff 06:27, 2004 Feb 24 (UTC)

 * The relation between symplectic geometry and Hamiltonian mechanics should explained in more detail.

 * Symplectic capcities should be mentioned.

 * Examples would be nice. Why are these things studied? I suspect because of physics?

-

Moved this here from the article, and wikified it, for more convenient discussion:

''Note that Emil Artin (founder of a german school of mathematicians in the Bourbaki style) already very early contributed to symplectic structures, which should be given in a more modern version than that at the top of this article. A symplectic vector space is a real vectorspace with a nondegenerate bilinear form, which is skew. This implies even-dimensionality. There are implications for multilinear algebra, (Weyl algebras, as opposed to Clifford algebras, where the bilinear form is symmetric), differential geometry (symplectic manifolds) and Physics (Poisson brackets in classical mechanics, canonical commutation relations in quantum mechanics). Look at http://www.EarningCharts.NET/ipm/ipmSympl.htm for more information. Hannes Tilgner''

So, Artin was actually Austrian ... he wrote on geometric algebra in a quite broad sense. How much of this belongs here? User:Fropuff and I have already chewed the fat about linear symplectic space = symplectic vector space. Symplectic manifold could contain allusions to many of the mentioned things. Perhaps a bigger Related Articles section?

Charles Matthews 08:46, 5 May 2004 (UTC)

Hamiltonian Mechanics
We are told (in the section on Hamiltonian Mechanics IIRC) that it is possible to reach Hamiltonian mechanics from symplectic spaces directly, without going through Lagrangian methods.

This article (and several others in related areas of symplectic topology) does not indicate (to me!) how this is possible - at some stage a physicist needs to see some correspondence with forces and particles however abstract, since at the last Newton's Laws or their generalisation are experimental.

Bob aka Linuxlad 14:01, 9 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Basically with the background 2-form in place, the Hamiltonian H gives rise to a vector field and so the dynamics. Not really done with mirrors - the geometry is relatively simple. There is a sense in which the Lagrangian and Hamiltonian approaches are dual (not that I'd want to be pinned down, but the words Legendre transformation come to mind). So there ought to be an alternate way of looking at it. I suppose, roughly speaking, it's whether conservation of energy is expressed by a family of contours, or a family of orthogonal contours which expresses how your toboggan goes downhill. Charles Matthews 16:00, 9 Nov 2004 (UTC)

nondegenerate
For non-experts it might not be clear that a 2-form is nondegenerate iff it is seen as a bilinear form $$\omega_x:T_xM\times T_xM\to\mathbb{R}$$ pointwise. The reference explains only nondegeneracy in the linear setting. Hottiger 22:29, 14 April 2006 (UTC)

Is this why it is antisymmetric? The definition employs skew symmetry without transparently requiring skew symmetry, it would be great if that could be fixed. 150.203.48.23 (talk) 05:19, 10 September 2008 (UTC)
 * The requirement appears in the fact that a symplectic structure is a differential 2-form, and these are always antisymmetric. Orthografer (talk) 12:53, 10 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Why is that part of the definition not simply omitted? --pred (talk) 23:09, 3 December 2009 (UTC)

Kahler manifold
The sentence "A symplectic manifold endowed with a metric that is compatible with the symplectic form is a Kähler manifold" in the "Special cases and generalizations" section is not exactly correct; a Kahler manifold requires that the almost complex structure obtained from the metric and symplectic form be integrable. This should be stated somewhere, somehow, or Kahler should be changed to almost-Kahler. What sounds like the best course of action? 136.152.180.51 23:16, 19 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Hope this satisfies. Orthografer 06:30, 20 April 2007 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as start, and the rating on other projects was brought up to start class. BetacommandBot 10:04, 10 November 2007 (UTC)

Recent additive descriptions
I appreciate the recent descriptions, in particular, about motivation. Thanks!--Enyokoyama (talk) 11:31, 24 March 2013 (UTC)

A symbol needs to be defined
In the article section titled Motivation, I see the following sentence:

"So we require a linear map TM → T*M, or equivalently, an element of T*M ⊗ T*M."

The (operator?) T is not defined or described. Is that the symplectic 2-form alluded to above? I'm hoping someone can prepend something like, "Given a real manifold M and a symplectic form T..." (or whatever T actually is!)

Thank you. Dratman (talk) 05:31, 14 March 2017 (UTC)

 * Done. Its the tangent manifold. 172.58.187.254 (talk) 01:07, 15 August 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Symplectic manifold