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John Armstrong Jr.

John Armstrong Jr. (November 25, 1758 – April 1, 1843) was an American soldier, diplomat and statesman who was a delegate to the Continental Congress, U.S. Senator from New York, and United States Secretary of War under President James Madison. A member of the Democratic-Republican Party, Armstrong was United States Minister to France from 1804 to 1810.

Early life
Armstrong was born in Carlisle, Pennsylvania, the younger son of General John Armstrong Sr. and Rebecca (Lyon) Armstrong. John Sr. was a renowned Pennsylvania soldier born in Ireland of Scottish descent. John Jr.'s older brother was James Armstrong, who became a physician and U.S. Congressman.

After early education in Carlisle, John Jr. studied at the College of New Jersey, now Princeton University. He broke off his studies in Princeton in 1775 to return to Pennsylvania and join the fight in the Revolutionary War.

Revolutionary War
The young Armstrong initially joined a Pennsylvania militia regiment and the following year he was appointed as aide-de-camp to General Hugh Mercer of the Continental Army. In this role, he carried the wounded and dying General Mercer from the field at the Battle of Princeton. After the general died on January 12, 1777, Armstrong became an aide to General Horatio Gates. He stayed with Gates through the Battle of Saratoga then resigned due to problems with his health. In 1782 Gates asked him to return. Armstrong joined General Gates' staff as an aide with the rank of major, which he held through the rest of the war.

Newburgh letters
While in camp with Gates at Newburgh, New York, Armstrong became involved in the Newburgh Conspiracy. He is generally acknowledged as the author of the two anonymous letters directed at the officers in the camp. The first, titled "An Address to the Officers" (dated March 10, 1783), called for a meeting to discuss back pay and other grievances with the Congress and form a plan of action. After George Washington ordered the meeting canceled and called for a milder meeting on March 15, a second address appeared that claimed that this showed that Washington supported their actions.

Washington successfully defused this protest without a mutiny. While some of Armstrong's later correspondence acknowledged his role, there was never any official action that connected him with the anonymous letters.

After the revolution
Later in 1783 Armstrong returned home to Carlisle and became an Original Member of the Pennsylvania Society of the Cincinnati. He was named the Adjutant General of Pennsylvania's militia and also served as Secretary of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania under Presidents Dickinson and Franklin. In 1784, he led a military force of four hundred militiamen into a controversy with Connecticut settlers in the Wyoming Valley of Pennsylvania. His tactics enraged the nearby states of Vermont and Connecticut, which sent their own militia into the area. Timothy Pickering was dispatched to forge a solution to the difficulty, and the settlers were able to keep title to the land they had tamed. In 1787 and 1788 Armstrong was sent as a delegate for Pennsylvania to the Congress of the Confederation. The Congress offered to make him chief justice of the Northwest Territory. He declined this, as well as all other public offices for the next dozen years.

Armstrong resumed public life after the resignation of John Laurance as U.S. Senator from New York. As a Jeffersonian Republican he was elected in November 1800 to a term ending in March 1801. He took his seat on November 6, and was re-elected on January 27 for a full term (1801–1807), but resigned on February 5, 1802. DeWitt Clinton was elected to fill the vacancy, but resigned in 1803, and Armstrong was appointed temporarily to his old seat.

In February 1804, Armstrong was elected again to the U.S. Senate to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Theodorus Bailey, thus moving from the Class 3 to the Class 1 seat on February 25, but served only four months before President Jefferson appointed him U.S. Minister to France.

To Paris Armstrong brought as his private secretary the United-Irish exile, David Bailie Warden. After serving as Consul, Warden was to author the first major work of reference for the diplomatic corps; a "pioneering" contribution to "the emergence of doctrinal views and a specialist literature on international law".

Armstrong served as Minister in Paris until September 1810. In 1806 he had also briefly also represented the United States at the court of Spain.

When the War of 1812 broke out, Armstrong was called to military service. He was commissioned as a Brigadier General, and placed in charge of the defenses for the port of New York. Then in 1813 President Madison named him Secretary of War.

Henry Adams wrote of him:

"In spite of Armstrong's services, abilities, and experience, something in his character always created distrust. He had every advantage of education, social and political connection, ability and self-confidence; he was only fifty-four years old, which was also the age of Monroe; but he suffered from the reputation of indolence and intrigue. So strong was the prejudice against him that he obtained only eighteen votes against fifteen in the Senate on his confirmation; and while the two senators from Virginia did not vote at all, the two from Kentucky voted in the negative. Under such circumstances, nothing but military success of the first order could secure a fair field for Monroe's rival."

Armstrong made a number of valuable changes to the armed forces but was so convinced that the British would 'not' attack Washington D.C. that he did nothing to defend the city even when it became clear it was the objective of the invasion force. After the American defeat at the Battle of Bladensburg and the subsequent burning of Washington, Madison, usually a forgiving man, forced him to resign in September 1814.

Later life
Armstrong returned to his farm and resumed a quiet life. He published a number of histories, biographies, and some works on agriculture. He died at La Bergerie (later renamed Rokeby), the farm estate he built in Red Hook, New York in 1843 and is buried in the cemetery in Rhinebeck. Following the death of Paine Wingate in 1838, he became the last surviving delegate to the Continental Congress, and the only one to be photographed.

Personal life
In 1789, Armstrong married Alida Livingston (1761–1822), the youngest child of Judge Robert Livingston (1718–1775) and Margaret (née Beekman) Livingston. Alida was also the sister of Chancellor Robert R. Livingston and Edward Livingston. Together they had seven children:

 * Maj Horatio Gates Armstrong (1790–1858), soldier in the War of 1812.
 * Henry Beekman Armstrong (1791–1854), also a soldier in the War of 1812.
 * John Armstrong (1794–1852), who moved to New York and took up life as a gentleman farmer at La Bergerie, a farm purchased from Alida's family in Dutchess County
 * Robert Livingston Armstrong (1797–1834)
 * Margaret Rebecca Armstrong (1800–1872), who married William Backhouse Astor Sr. (1792–1875) of the prominent Astor family.
 * James Kosciuszko Armstrong (1801–1868)
 * William Armstrong (1814–1902), who married Lucy A. Hickernell (1816–1894).

Armstrong died in Red Hook, New York on April 1, 1843. He was buried at the Rhinebeck Cemetery in Rhinebeck, New York.

Almont
Armstrong's initial farm in Dutchess County, called "Altmont" (also known as "The Meadows"), was originally part of the Schuyler patent. In 1795, he purchased a part of the farm from the Van Benthuysen family, and converted an existing barn into a two-story Federal style dwelling with twelve rooms. Around 1800, Armstrong sold "Almont" to Andrew and Anna Verplanck Deveaux. Deveaux died in 1812; in 1816 his widow sold "Deveaux Park" to John Stevens. The mansion burned down around 1879. In 1908, lumber rights to the white oak and chestnut forests were sold for timber for the New York market.

La Bergerie
After the death of Margaret Beekman Livingston, widow of Judge Robert Livingston, much of the Clermont land was distributed among the heirs. John R. Livingston received the land that would become the "Messena" estate. His sister Alida Livingston Armstrong inherited the property just to the south. There the Armstrong's created "La Bergerie", in English "the sheepfold" – an estate where they raised Merino sheep. The Merino sheep were a gift from the French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte on Armstrong's departure after being Minister. The Astors purchased it for a summer home and renamed it Rokeby. Margaret Chanler Aldrich, great-granddaughter of Margaret Armstrong Astor, married Richard Aldrich. Rokeby remains in the Aldrich family.

title: John Armstrong Jr.


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Protiviti

Protiviti Inc. (Protiviti) is a global consulting firm headquartered in Menlo Park and San Ramon, California, that provides consulting in internal audit, risk and compliance, technology, business processes, data analytics and finance. It is a subsidiary under Robert Half. Protiviti and its independently and locally owned Member Firms serve clients through a network of more than 85 locations in over 27 countries.

Protiviti has served more than 80 percent of Fortune 100, nearly 80 percent of Fortune 500 and 70 percent of Fortune 1000 companies. From 2018 to 2022, the firm has been consistently listed by Forbes as being one of the world's best management consulting firms. Protiviti has also been listed as one of the 100 Best Companies to Work For by Fortune Magazine for 8 consecutive years from 2015 to 2022.

History
Protiviti was formed in 2002 when the Company hired more than 700 professionals who had been affiliated with the internal audit, business and technology risk consulting practice of Arthur Andersen, including more than 50 individuals who had been partners of that firm. These professionals formed the base of Protiviti.

In 2006, Protiviti acquired the assets of PG Lewis & Associates, a leading national provider of Data Forensics and Cybersecurity services founded in 2003 by serial technology entrepreneur, Paul G. Lewis. Financial terms were not disclosed.

The following year Protiviti acquired the bankruptcy consulting firm PENTA Advisory Services, LLC with locations in Baltimore, Maryland and Richmond, Virginia. PENTA provided restructuring and insolvency services, litigation services and US bankruptcy trustee services. Financial details regarding the transaction were not disclosed.

In January 2019, Protiviti expanded its Middle East & North African presence by launching an office in Cairo, Egypt. The new location is the first Member Firm in North Africa, and is led by Managing Director Ashraf Fahmy, a former Deloitte partner in Egypt and with the firm's enterprise risk practice in Abu Dhabi.

In February 2019, Protiviti added Gauteng-based internal audit and forensic services firm SekelaXabiso CA (SkX) as its first member firm in South Africa. The new firm will serve domestic firms as well as international firms looking for support to enter the South African market. The firm houses over 200 consultants, and has offices in the major financial centres of Gauteng and Durban.

For fiscal year 2019, Protiviti's revenue exceeded US$1 billion for the first time in its 18-year history.

In March 2020, Protiviti expanded its European footprint by opening 3 new offices in Zürich, Switzerland, and Berlin and Düsseldorf, Germany. Protiviti's global network of member firms operate as independently owned and operated entities, but have access to the firm's resources despite not possessing agency to act on Protiviti's behalf.

Service Expansion
In March 2022, Protiviti formed a new service line, "Protiviti Digital", which serves as a digital marketing agency. Protiviti Digital serves clients seeking to execute complex digital and marketing strategies, as well as transform customer experiences.

In April 2022, Robert Half moved its legal consulting service line to Protiviti, which allows Protiviti to expand its legal consulting practice. The service line supports clients with a broader range of legal, compliance, governance, technology, investigation and transaction-related business needs.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Protiviti


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Ewe language

Ewe (Eʋe or Eʋegbe ) is a language spoken by approximately 5 million people in West Africa, mainly in Ghana and Togo. Ewe is part of a group of related languages commonly called the Gbe languages. The other major Gbe language is Fon, which is mainly spoken in Benin. Like many African languages, Ewe is tonal as well as a possible member of the Niger-Congo family.

The German Africanist Diedrich Hermann Westermann published many dictionaries and grammars of Ewe and several other Gbe languages. Other linguists who have worked on Ewe and closely related languages include Gilbert Ansre (tone, syntax), Herbert Stahlke (morphology, tone), Nick Clements (tone, syntax), Roberto Pazzi (anthropology, lexicography), Felix K. Ameka (semantics, cognitive linguistics), Alan Stewart Duthie (semantics, phonetics), Hounkpati B. Capo (phonology, phonetics), Enoch Aboh (syntax), and Chris Collins (syntax).

Dialects
Some of the commonly named Ewe ('Vhe') dialects are Aŋlɔ, Tɔŋu (Tɔŋgu), Avenor, Agave people, Evedome, Awlan, Gbín, Pekí, Kpándo, Vhlin, Hó, Avɛ́no, Vo, Kpelen, Vɛ́, Danyi, Agu, Fodome, Wancé, Wací, Adángbe (Capo).

Ethnologue 16 considers Waci and Kpesi (Kpessi) to be distinct enough to be considered separate languages. They form a dialect continuum with Ewe and Gen (Mina), which share a mutual intelligibility level of 85%; the Ewe varieties Gbin, Ho, Kpelen, Kpesi, and Vhlin might be considered a third cluster of Western Gbe dialects between Ewe and Gen, but Kpesi is as close or closer to the Waci and Vo dialects, which remain in Ewe in that scenario. Waci intervenes geographically between Ewe proper and Gen; Kpesi forms a Gbe island in the Kabye area.

Ewe is itself a dialect cluster of the Gbe languages, which include Gen, Aja, and Xwla and are spoken from the southern part of Ghana to Togo, Benin and Western Nigeria. All Gbe languages share at least some intelligibility with one another. Some coastal and southern dialects of Ewe include Aŋlɔ, Tongu (Tɔŋu), Avenor, Dzodze, and Watsyi. Some inland dialects indigenously characterized as Ewedomegbe include: Ho, Kpedze, Hohoe, Peki, Kpando, Aveme, Liati, Fódome, Danyi, and Kpele. Though there are many classifications, distinct variations exist between towns that are just miles away from one another.

Consonants
H is a voiced fricative, which has also been described as uvular,, pharyngeal, , or glottal.

is typically alveolar as, but can also be dental as.

The nasal consonants are not distinctive since they appear before only nasal vowels; therefore, Ewe is sometimes said to have no nasal consonants. However, it is more economical to argue that nasal are the underlying form and so are denasalized before oral vowels.

occurs before unrounded (non-back) vowels and before rounded (back) vowels.

Palatalization of alveolar consonants before a high-front vowel  occur in the Southern dialect, and are heard as.

Ewe is one of the few languages known to contrast vs. and vs. . The f and v are stronger than in most languages,  and, with the upper lip noticeably raised, and thus more distinctive from the rather weak  and.

may occur in consonant clusters. It becomes (or ) after coronals.

Vowels
The tilde (˜) marks nasal vowels, though the Peki dialect lacks. Many varieties of Ewe lack one or another of the front mid vowels, and some varieties in Ghana have the additional vowels and.

Ewe does not have a nasal–oral contrast in consonants. It does, however, have a syllabic nasal, which varies as, depending on the following consonant, and carries tone. Some authors treat it as a vowel, with the odd result that Ewe would have more nasal than oral vowels, and one of these vowels has no set place of articulation. If it is taken to be a consonant, there is the odd result of a single nasal consonant that cannot appear before vowels. If nasal consonants are taken to underlie, however, there is no such odd restriction, and the only difference from other consonants is that only nasal stops may be syllabic, a common pattern cross-linguistically.

Tones
Ewe is a tonal language. In a tonal language, pitch differences are used to distinguish one word from another. For example, in Ewe the following three words differ only by tone:

 * to ‘ ear’ (High tone)
 * to ‘report/gossip’(High tone)
 * to. ‘pound’ ( High tone)
 * tó 'mountain' (High tone)
 * tǒ 'mortar'   (Rising tone)
 * tò 'buffalo'  (Low tone)

Phonetically, there are three tone registers, High, Mid, and Low, and three rising and falling contour tones. However, most Ewe dialects have only two distinctive registers, High and Mid. These are depressed in nouns after voiced obstruents: High becomes Mid (or Rising), and Mid becomes Low. Mid is also realized as Low at the end of a phrase or utterance, as in the example 'buffalo' above.

In writing, tones are marked by acute accent, grave accent, caron, and circumflex. They may be used along with the tilde that marks nasal vowels.

Pragmatics
Ewe has phrases of overt politeness, such as meɖekuku (meaning "please") and akpe (meaning "thank you").

Orthography
The African Reference Alphabet is used when Ewe is represented orthographically, so the written version is somewhat like a combination of the Latin alphabet and the International Phonetic Alphabet.

An "n" is placed after vowels to mark nasalization. Tone is generally unmarked, except in some common cases, which require disambiguation: the first person plural pronoun mí 'we' is marked high to distinguish it from the second person plural mi 'you', and the second person singular pronoun wò 'you' is marked low to distinguish it from the third person plural pronoun wó 'they/them'
 * ekpɔ wò — 'he saw you'
 * ekpɔ wo — 'he saw them'

Naming system
The Ewe use a system of giving the first name to a child, based on the day of the week that the child was born. That arises from a belief that the real name of a child can be determined only after the child has shown its character. However, as a child is a person, not an object, the child must be referred to by some name in the interim and so a name is provided based on the day of birth. A final name is given at a naming ceremony, seven days after the date of birth.

As a matter of pride in their heritage, especially since the 1970s, many educated Ewe, who were given Western names, have dropped those names formally/legally or informally and use their birthday name as their official name.

The Ewe birthday-naming system is as follows:

Often, people are called by their birthday name most of the time; the given name being used only on formal documents. In such cases, children with the same birth name are delineated by suffixes: -gã meaning big, -vi meaning little. So for example, after the birth of another Kofi, the first child called Kofi becomes Kofigã, and the new child Kofi. A subsequent Kofi, would be Kofivi, or Kofitse, mostly among Wedome and Tɔngu Ewes. Sometimes, the renaming happens twice, as the second Kofi might have originally been called Kofivi, while the eldest retained Kofi, thereby necessitating that they both be renamed on the birth of a third Kofi.

Grammar
Ewe is a subject–verb–object language. The possessive precedes the head noun. Adjectives, numerals, demonstratives and relative clauses follow the head noun. Ewe also has postpositions rather than prepositions.

Ewe is well known as a language having logophoric pronouns. Such pronouns are used to refer to the source of a reported statement or thought in indirect discourse, and can disambiguate sentences that are ambiguous in most other languages. The following examples illustrate:

 * Kofi be e-dzo 'Kofi said he left' (he ≠ Kofi)
 * Kofi be yè-dzo 'Kofi said he left' (he = Kofi)

In the second sentence, yè is the logophoric pronoun.

Ewe also has a rich system of serial verb constructions.

There are also said to be tenses by Warburton (et al. 1968), though most linguists stated that Ewe is an "aspect-prominent language".

Status
Ewe is a national language in Togo and Ghana.

Literature
Scholars have identified Amegbetoa alo Agbezuge fe nutinya by Sam J. Obianim as the first novel written in Ewe.

General sources

 * Ansre, Gilbert (1961) The Tonal Structure of Ewe. MA thesis, Kennedy School of Missions of Hartford Seminary Foundation.
 * Ameka, Felix Kofi (2001). "Ewe". In Garry and Rubino (eds.), Fact About the World's Languages: An Encyclopedia of the World's Major Languages, Past and Present. New York/Dublin: The H. W. Wilson Company. pp. 207–213.
 * Clements, George N. (1975). "The logophoric pronoun in Ewe: Its role in discourse". Journal of West African Languages. 10(2): 141–177.
 * Collins, Chris. (1993) Topics in Ewe Syntax. Doctoral Dissertation, MIT.
 * Capo, Hounkpati B. C. (1991). A Comparative Phonology of Gbe, Publications in African Languages and Linguistics, 14. Berlin/New York: Foris Publications & Garome, Bénin: Labo Gbe (Int).
 * Pasch, Helma (1995). Kurzgrammatik des Ewe. Köln: Köppe.
 * Westermann, Diedrich Hermann (1930). A Study of the Ewe Language. London: Oxford University Press.

title: Ewe language


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Elias Carr

Elias Carr (February 25, 1839 – July 22, 1900) was an American planter, lawyer, and politician who served as the 48th governor of the U.S. state of North Carolina from 1893 to 1897.

Biography
Carr was born in Edgecombe County, North Carolina on February 25, 1839, to Jonas Johnston Carr and Elizabeth Jane Hilliard. He was a cousin of the industrialist Julian Carr and an uncle of the anti-suffragist Mary Hilliard Hinton. Carr's great-grandfather, Colonel Jonas Johnston, fought in the American Revolutionary War. Carr grew up at Bracebridge Hall, his family's plantation. He was raised in the Episcopal faith.

He graduated from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (1855–1859) and also attained a law degree from the University of Virginia and then returned to Bracebridge Hall. He married Eleanor Kearny, the youngest daughter of William Kinchen Kearny and Benjamin Hardee James Marie Alston Kearny, in 1860 and was the father of six children: Dr. William Kearny Carr, John Buxton Carr, Mary Elizabeth Carr, Elias Carr, Eleanor Kearny Carr, and Annie Bruce Carr. Carr was a member of the board of directors of Rocky Mount Mills, trustee of N.C. College of Agriculture and Mechanical Arts (today known as North Carolina State University), commissioner of the N.C. Geological Survey, agriculturist, and businessman. He was an active member of the Sons of the American Revolution and chartered his chapter in North Carolina. Carr became prominent as head of the state Farmers Alliance and Industrial Union (1889–1892). He was part of a more moderate or conservative faction of the Alliance that opposed splitting from Democrats to form a third party. In 1892, he defeated incumbent Gov. Thomas Michael Holt for the Democratic gubernatorial nomination. Carr then won the three-way race over the Republican candidate, Judge David M. Furches, and the Populist candidate, Dr. Wyatt P. Exum. Carr did not win an absolute majority of the vote, perhaps foreshadowing the 1894 election, in which Democrats lost control of the legislature to an electoral fusion of Populists and Republicans, and the 1896 election, in which Democrats lost the governor's race for the first time since 1872. During his term in office, Carr promoted better school facilities and regulation of railroads. After his governorship, he returned to Bracebridge Hall where he died of a 'thyroid condition' in July 1900. He is buried in the Carr Cemetery at Bracebridge Hall.

title: Elias Carr


text:
Thomas Michael Holt

Thomas Michael Holt (July 15, 1831 – April 11, 1896) was an American industrialist who served as the 47th governor of North Carolina from 1891 to 1893. Formerly a North Carolina State Senator and Speaker of the House of the North Carolina General Assembly, Holt was instrumental in the founding of North Carolina State University, as well as in establishing several railroads within the state and the state's department of agriculture. Holt was also responsible for the technology behind the family's Holt Mills "Alamance Plaids", the first colored cotton goods produced in the South – a development that revolutionized the Southern textile industry.

Thomas M. Holt AF & AM Masonic Lodge, located in Graham, NC, is named in honor of the former governor.

Life and career
Holt was born in Alamance County, North Carolina, on July 15, 1831, the son of Emily Virginia (Farish) and Edwin Michael Holt. Holt was a descendant of Michael Holt or Holdt, one of the earliest settlers of the Germanna Colony in Virginia in the early 18th century. Holt studied at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill for one year before briefly moving to work in a Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, dry goods store.

In 1858, Thomas and his father acquired Benjamin Trollinger's bankrupt textile-manufacturing mill later known as the "Granite Mill" (located in Haw River, North Carolina). In 1861, Thomas acquired his father's interest in the mill and moved to Haw River to oversee the mill's operations. (Edwin Michael Holt had formerly manufactured the so-called Alamance Plaids, the first cotton goods produced in the South on power looms. Edwin M. Holt established his Alamance Cotton Mill in 1837, thus beginning the Southern textile industry.)

In 1868, Thomas's brother-in-law, Adolphus "Dolph" Moore, became business partners with Thomas and the operation was renamed Holt & Moore. In 1876, Moore was murdered, and the mills were consolidated as the Thomas M. Holt Manufacturing Company. (Other members of the Holt family were operating the Haw River Mills, Glencoe Mills, Carolina Mill, Lafayette Mill, the Pilot Mill of Raleigh, and others in their expanding family empire.)

After Thomas's death in 1896, his son, Thomas Jr., took over operations of the mills and expanded them. In 1900, the mills were organized by a local labor union, which sponsored a strike that was eventually broken by lockouts and mill housing evictions by the mill management.

Thomas's party affiliation was Democratic, and he served as a local magistrate, a county commissioner, as a member of North Carolina's state senate (24th District) in 1876, as a member of North Carolina's state house of representatives from Alamance County, 1883–87, as the sixth lieutenant governor of North Carolina, 1889–91, and upon the death of governor (Daniel G. Fowle), as 47th governor of North Carolina, 1891–93.

As governor, he was actively involved in establishing a new system of county government, in the construction of the Western North Carolina Railroad and the Cape Fear and Yadkin Valley Railway as well as the North Carolina Railroad, which Holt served as president, as well as in increasing the funding for public schools, the university, and the state hospitals. He pushed for the establishment of an institution for the deaf at Morganton. An outstanding accomplishment was his getting the holders of bonds for the North Carolina Railroad to release the State from the lien on the State's shares. This saved the State money as the property was valued at more than $5 million. The Holt family had long ties to the railroad company, and these were undoubtedly useful in Holt's striking a deal with the bondholders. Following his service as governor, Holt sat on the boards of both the University of North Carolina and Davidson College.

In 1892, he was defeated by Elias Carr for the Democratic nomination for governor.

Holt was aided in the burgeoning Holt family mill empire by his brother-in-law, James Nathaniel Williamson, who had married Thomas Michael Holt's sister Mary. The Holt family eventually became the largest textile barons in the state, running scores of different mills, under various names, and as various Holt heirs and their in-laws broke off from the main enterprise and founded their own companies. Ultimately, however, the Holt mills were sold by the family and became the backbone of the emerging Burlington Mills (later Burlington Industries), overseen by rival industrialist Spencer Love.

Thomas Holt died in Haw River on April 11, 1896.

title: Thomas Michael Holt


text:
Dom

Dom or DOM may refer to:

People and fictional characters

 * Dom (given name), including fictional characters
 * Dom (surname)
 * Dom La Nena (born 1989), stage name of Brazilian-born cellist, singer and songwriter Dominique Pinto
 * Dom people, an ethnic group in the Middle East and North Africa
 * Dom (caste) or Domba, an ethnic group in India

Arts and entertainment

 * Dom (film), a 1958 Polish film
 * DOM (album), a 2012 album by German singer Joachim Witt
 * DOM (band), a pop/electronic solo musical project by Dominic Cournoyer
 * "Dom", a song by Doda (featuring Bedoes) from Aquaria, 2022

Linguistics

 * Differential object marking, a linguistic feature
 * Dom language, spoken in Papua New Guinea

Places

 * Dom (mountain), Switzerland, the third highest mountain in the Alps
 * Overseas department, (Département d'outre-mer), a department of France that is outside metropolitan France
 * Dóm Square, a large town square in Szeged, Hungary
 * Dominican Republic (ISO 3166-1 country code)
 * Douglas–Charles Airport (IATA airport code), Dominica
 * Dominion of Melchizedek, a micronation known largely for facilitating large scale banking fraud in many parts of the world

Buildings

 * Dom Tower of Utrecht, a tower in Utrecht, the Netherlands
 * Dom-Hotel, a five-star hotel in Cologne, Germany
 * D.O.M. (restaurant), a restaurant in São Paulo, Brazil

Science and technology

 * Digital optical monitoring, a function in a small form-factor pluggable transceiver
 * 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine or DOM/STP, a psychedelic phenethylamine
 * Dioctyl maleate, a chemical compound used in the manufacture of surfactants
 * Directed ortho metalation, a chemical reaction mechanism
 * Disk-on-a-module, an alternative to traditional computer hard disk drives
 * Dissolved organic matter, a central nutrient in aquatic ecosystems
 * Document Object Model, a cross-platform and language-independent application programming interface
 * $$\operatorname{dom}$$, the domain of a function

Other uses

 * Dom (church), cognate with the Italian term duomo, meaning a collegiate church or cathedral
 * Dom (title), a title of respect, derived from the Latin Dominus
 * Deo optimo maximo, abbreviated D.O.M., Latin for "to the Greatest and Best God", originally Jove, later the Christian God
 * Dóm, Old English word meaning "judgment", "law"; see Anglo-Saxon law
 * Days on market, how many days since a piece of real estate was listed for sale
 * Drawn-over-mandrel, a class of manufactured tubing
 * Dominant partner, in BDSM

title: Dom


text:
Daniel Gould Fowle

Daniel Gould Fowle (March 3, 1831 – April 7, 1891) was the 46th governor of the U.S. state of North Carolina from 1889 until his death in 1891. He had served as a state superior court judge from 1865 to 1867.

Fowle was the first governor to live in the governor's official residence, and ultimately died. According to popular legend, the ghost of Gov. Fowle has haunted the North Carolina Executive Mansion from time to time.

Early life
Fowle was born in Washington, North Carolina to Samuel and Martha March Fowle. Samuel Fowle had moved to North Carolina from Massachusetts in 1815 and was a wealthy merchant. Daniel Fowle attended Bingham Academy, where he finished first in his class, and Princeton University. Upon graduating from Princeton in 1851 he studied law at Richmond Hill Law School and began a practice in Raleigh, North Carolina.

Civil War
Fowle was opposed to secession, but he still volunteered as a private in the North Carolina Militia. He was soon appointed major in the commissary branch. He resigned that post and helped to raise the 31st North Carolina Infantry regiment. On September 9, 1861, Fowle was appointed lieutenant colonel of the regiment. In February 1862, Fowle and the 31st NC were captured on Roanoke Island. He was paroled two weeks later. In September 1862, he was defeated in the election for colonel of the regiment and left the Confederate States Army. In October, he was elected to the state legislature representing Wake County, North Carolina. In March 1863, Governor Zebulon B. Vance appointed Fowle adjutant general of North Carolina with the rank of major general. Fowle resigned the post in the fall of 1863 after a disagreement with Vance. Fowle was reelected to the legislature in 1864.

Post-War
Fowle returned to his law practice and made a name for himself in the state Democratic Party. In 1868, he was elected as the state chairman of the Democratic Party. In 1880 he was defeated in the gubernatorial election and in 1884 he lost a race for Congress.

Governor
Fowle was nominated by the "liberal" faction of the Democratic Party in 1888 and he won the general election. As he was widowed when elected, his daughter Helen Whitaker Fowle Knight served as his first lady. He created a state railroad commission to protect farmers and advocated for education for women. He died while in office and is buried in Oakwood Cemetery in Raleigh.

title: Daniel Gould Fowle


text:
FFF

FFF may refer to:

Film festivals

 * Fantasy Filmfest, annual genre film festival in Germany
 * Fashion in Film Festival, a biennial festival in London and New York City
 * FreedomFilmFest, an annual documentary film festival in Malaysia
 * Lund International Fantastic Film Festival, a fantastique film festival in Sweden

Music

 * Fun Fun Fun Fest, an annual music festival held in Austin, Texas
 * "FFF", a song from the album Cryptic Writings by American thrash metal band Megadeth
 * "FFF", a song from the album Album by Public Image Ltd
 * "FFF", a song from the album Född förlorare by Swedish black metal group Shining
 * "FFF", a song from the album Poster Girl by Swedish singer Zara Larsson
 * "F.F.F.", a song from the EP All Your Fault: Pt. 1 by American singer Bebe Rexha
 * fff, in music dynamics, forte fortissimo or fortississimo—as loud as can be played
 * F.F.F. (musical), a 1920 Australian musical comedy

Television

 * FFF, the production code for the 1971 Doctor Who serial The Mind of Evil
 * Family Food Fight (Australian TV series), a cooking show that is frequently abbreviated to FFF
 * Family Food Fight (American TV series), a cooking reality competition television series based on the Australian television series
 * Fastest Finger First, the preliminary round on Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?, an international game show franchise originated in Britain.

Organisations

 * Fridays For Future, a youth-led climate justice movement
 * FFF (gang), a gang active in the San Fernando Valley during the 1980s
 * Federation of Free Farmers, an agricultural organization in the Philippines
 * FFF, ICAO code for Freedom Air Services a defunct Nigerian airline
 * Fuck for Forest, an environmental group that raises money through the production of pornography
 * Fédération Française de Football (French Football Federation), the governing body of football in France

Breweries

 * Triple fff Brewery, a brewery in Alton, Hampshire, England
 * Three Floyds Brewing, a microbrewery in Munster, Indiana, U.S.

Science and technology

 * Fused filament fabrication, a 3D printing process making use of thermoplastic material
 * FFF system, a humorous system of measurement
 * Field flow fractionation, a fluid separation technique
 * Feed-forward filter, the forward part of decision feedback equalizer
 * Parafluorofuranylfentanyl, an opioid designer drug

Sport

 * Falkenbergs FF, a Swedish football team
 * French Football Federation (French: Fédération Française de Football)
 * Full Force Fighting, an American mixed martial arts promotion
 * FFF Racing Team, a Chinese auto racing team

title: FFF


text:
List of governors of Newfoundland and Labrador

The following is a list of governors, commodore-governors, and lieutenant governors of Newfoundland and Labrador. Though the present day office of the lieutenant governor in Newfoundland and Labrador came into being only upon the province's entry into Canadian Confederation in 1949, the post is a continuation from the first governorship of Newfoundland in 1610.

Commodore-governors of Newfoundland, 1729–1825
The Commodore-Governor was a British Royal Navy official who was commander of the annual fishing convoy which left England each spring to fish off Newfoundland and was charged with protecting the convoys from harm. He was also responsible for various administrative and judicial functions, including assisting the fishing admirals in maintaining law and order and compiling the annual report on the fishery for the English government. By 1818, the colony had a significant enough permanent population to justify having a resident governor.


text:
Talk:Temple Street, Hong Kong

Incomplete sentence
I'm really not sure what this incomplete sentence means: >Since the traditional Chinese culture treat the medical knowledge as something like 'Kung Fu'.

Do you mean that Chinese culture treats medicine like martial arts? Or are you using "Kung Fu" as a symbol for something else?

Also, if you all are doing this for a class, do pay attention to grammatical forms. I'm still not clear on the meaning of the sentence, but gramatically it should read:

Since [no "the"] traditional Chinese culture treats the medical knowledge as something like 'Kung Fu'.

Also, it's an incomplete sentence. You begin it with "since" but provide no dependent clause to justify the "since." Please fix it. Thanks. Moncrief

title: Talk:Temple Street, Hong Kong


text:
Alfred Moore Scales

Alfred Moore Scales (November 26, 1827 – February 9, 1892) was a North Carolina state legislator, Confederate general in the American Civil War, and the 45th Governor of North Carolina from 1885 to 1889.

Early life
Scales was born at Reidsville, in Rockingham County, North Carolina. He lived on Mulberry Island Plantation. After attending a Presbyterian school, the Caldwell institute and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Scales entered teaching for a time. Later, he studied law with Judge William H. Battle and Judge Settle and then opened a law office in Madison, North Carolina. While at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, he was a member of the Dialectic and Philanthropic Societies.

Pre-War public service
Scales was elected county solicitor in 1852. He was elected four times to the North Carolina state legislature and served as chairman of the Finance Committee. In 1854 he ran a close but unsuccessful race as the Democratic candidate for United States Congress in a Whig district. In 1857 he was elected to Congress but was defeated for re-election two years later. From 1858 until the spring of 1861 he held the office of clerk and master of the court of equity of Rockingham County. In 1860 he was an elector for the Breckinridge ticket and subsequently involved in the debate over North Carolina's secession.

Early military service
All of Alfred Scales's Civil War service was with Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia. Soon after the call for troops from Washington he volunteered as a private in the North Carolina service, but was at once elected captain of his company, H of the 13th North Carolina Infantry Regiment, and was elected to succeed General William Dorsey Pender as colonel on November 14, 1862. He was engaged at Yorktown and the Battle of Williamsburg in the Peninsula Campaign, and in the Seven Days Battles near Richmond. After Malvern Hill, he collapsed from exhaustion and came near to death. His superior, Brig. Gen. Samuel Garland, Jr., said in his report that Scales was "conspicuous for his fine bearing. Seizing the colors of his regiment at a critical moment at Cold Harbor and advancing to the front, he called on the 13th to stand to them, thus restoring confidence and keeping his men in position." It took him until November to recuperate so he missed the battles of both Second Manassas and Antietam, but returned in time for the battles of Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville.

During the winter of 1862–63, the 35-year-old colonel married 18-year-old Kate Henderson. She was the daughter of a prominent family from Gaston County, North Carolina.

At Fredericksburg, in December 1862, Scales temporarily took command of the brigade after General Pender fell wounded. Pender turned over the command during a Federal assault, saying to him, "Drive those scoundrels out". Scales promptly ordered Major C. C. Cole of the 22nd North Carolina to dislodge the enemy, which A.P. Hill reported was "handsomely done."

Scales again served with distinction during the Battle of Chancellorsville in May 1863, where he was wounded in the thigh, continuing on the field until loss of blood forced him to leave. It was to his regiment that General Pender said, "I have nothing to say to you but to hold you all up as models in duty, courage and daring." In his official report Pender referred to Colonel Scales as "a man as gallant as is to be found in the service."

Gettysburg Campaign
While at home recovering from his wound, he was promoted to brigadier general on June 13, 1863, and upon his return was assigned to the command of Pender's old brigade when Pender was promoted to the command of A.P. Hill's Light Division. In the first day's fight at Gettysburg with Pender's Division, it was the attack of his brigade that helped pave the way for Abner M. Perrin's brigade to break through the Union line on Seminary Ridge and force the enemy to retreat toward Cemetery Hill.

During this attack, Scales's Brigade suffered heavy casualties. He personally fought with gallantry, and was severely wounded in the leg by a shell fragment on Seminary Ridge. Every field officer of his brigade was killed or wounded except two, and his brigade, already reduced by its losses at Chancellorsville, lost nearly 550 men out of the 1,350 engaged.

On the second day at Gettysburg, the brigade was only engaged in skirmishing, but on the third day of battle it participated in Pickett's Charge. Half of General Pender's division, James Lane's and Scales's brigades advanced in the charge with Pickett's and Pettigrew's divisions. Since Pender had been wounded, his two brigades in the charge were placed under the command of Major General Isaac R. Trimble. Due to Scales's wounding, his brigade was commanded during the charge by Colonel William Lee J. Lowrance. Elements of this brigade were among the Confederates to advance farthest in the unsuccessful charge.

With General Pender at his side, Scales rode back to Virginia in an ambulance, and after being left at Winchester, he recovered enough from his wounds to be returned to service; however, General Pender died from his wounds.

Military service after Gettysburg
After returning to service upon the apparent recovery from his wound, Scales participated in the campaigns of the Army of Northern Virginia during 1864 including the Wilderness, Spotsylvania Court House, and the Siege of Petersburg. Due to his previous wounds being unhealed, Scales took a leave of absence late in the war, and was at home in North Carolina when the army surrendered at Appomattox Court House. There is no record that the general was ever formally paroled, but he applied for amnesty at Raleigh on June 22, 1865, and was pardoned on June 18, 1866.

Post-War public service

After the war, Scales returned to the practice of law, a profession in which he gained great distinction. In 1874 he was elected to the Forty-fourth Congress, and was re-elected to the four succeeding congresses. In 1884, he was elected Governor of North Carolina by a majority of over twenty thousand votes. Upon the expiration of his term as governor in 1888 he retired permanently from political life, repeatedly refusing to run again for Congress. In 1888 Scales left the governorship and was elected president of the Piedmont Bank at Greensboro, and served as its president until he died.

Scales was never in good health after leaving the governorship in 1888. His condition was diagnosed as Bright's disease, causing his brain to become so affected that during the last months of his life, he was only conscious for short intervals. He died in Greensboro and was buried there at the Green Hill Cemetery.

Alfred Scales was greatly beloved and respected by all. Noted historian Douglas S. Freeman, in discussing eight promotions to brigadier general Lee needed to make after Chancellorsville said, "One promotion was a matter of course. ..." and then mentioned Scales first of the eight. At the time of his death all the businesses in Greensboro closed and the entire city turned out to attend his funeral. His family life was always pleasant. He was survived by his wife, Kate, and his daughter, Mrs. John Noble Wyllie.

The Alfred Moore Scales Law Office at Madison was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.

title: Alfred Moore Scales


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Louis Armstrong and His Hot Five

The Hot Five was Louis Armstrong's first jazz recording band led under his own name.

It was a typical New Orleans jazz band in instrumentation, consisting of trumpet, clarinet, and trombone backed by a rhythm section. The original New Orleans jazz style leaned heavily on collective improvisation, in which the three horns together played the lead: the trumpet played the main melody, and the clarinet and trombone played improvised accompaniments to the melody. This tradition was continued in the Hot Five, but because of Armstrong's creative gifts as a trumpet player, solo passages by the trumpet alone began to appear more frequently. In these solos, Armstrong laid down the basic vocabulary of jazz improvisation and became its founding and most influential exponent.

The Hot Five was organized at the suggestion of Richard M. Jones for Okeh Records. All their records were made in Okeh's recording studio in Chicago, Illinois. The same personnel recorded a session made under the pseudonym "Lil's Hot Shots" for Vocalion/Brunswick (their first electrically recorded session). While the musicians in the Hot Five played together in other contexts, as the Hot Five they were a recording studio band that performed live only for two parties organized by Okeh.

There were two different groups called "Louis Armstrong and his Hot Five", the first recording from 1925 through 1927 and the second in 1928; Armstrong was the only musician in both groups. After 1925, the Hot Five maintained a recording schedule of about three sessions per year.

The first Hot Five
The original Hot Five were Armstrong's wife, pianist Lil Hardin Armstrong, as well as New Orleans musicians who Armstrong had worked with in that city in the 1910s: Kid Ory on trombone, Johnny Dodds on clarinet, and Johnny St. Cyr on guitar and banjo. For some or all of the Louis Armstrong and His Hot Seven sides, Ory was in New York City working with King Oliver's band, and was replaced, probably by John Thomas. The first Hot Five sides, "Yes! I'm in the Barrel" composed by Armstrong, "My Heart" composed by Hardin Armstrong, and "Gut Bucket Blues" attributed to Armstrong, were recorded on November 12, 1925, with little rehearsal. The next session occurred on February 22, 1926, with the recording of "Come Back, Sweet Papa," composed by New Orleanian Paul Barbarin and Panamanian Luis Russell. The Hot Five's success was solidified as a result of the third session on February 26, 1926, which produced "Oriental Strut," "Georgia Grind," "Cornet Chop Suey," "Muskrat Ramble," "Heebie Jeebies," and "You're Next." In particular, "Heebie Jeebies," featuring Armstrong's famous scat chorus, made Armstrong a local celebrity in Chicago; it also became featured and advertised for Chicago's white market. As a result of the Hot Five's new fame, Okeh offered a five-year contract and brought them back into the studio on June 16, 1926, and June 23, 1926. The next highly successful session occurred in December 1927, producing the famous "Struttin' With Some Barbeque." In this session, Lonnie Johnson was added on guitar and vocals for the songs "I'm Not Rough," "Savoy Blues," and "Hotter Than That." "Hotter Than That," in the words of Thomas Brothers, is a piece turned "into a vehicle for their hometown bag of heartfelt musical tricks — a stunning passage of polymetric tension, rigorous commitment to the fixed and variable model, microphone-aided scat, vehement attack, vocal inflections on the guitar, plaintive dialogue, timbral diversity, and ... collective improvisation."

The ensemble passages are frequently effective, and the genius of Armstrong's cornet or trumpet playing touch virtually every recording. Some of the more important examples are "Cornet Chop Suey", "Muskrat Ramble", "Hotter Than That" and "Struttin' with Some Barbecue".

The 1928 Hot Five
In 1928, Armstrong revamped the recording band, replacing everyone but himself with members of the Carroll Dickerson Orchestra, in which Armstrong was playing: Fred Robinson on trombone, Jimmy Strong on clarinet and tenor saxophone, Earl Hines on piano, Mancy Carr (not "Cara" as has often been misprinted) on banjo, and Zutty Singleton on drums.

The 1928 Hot Five played music that was specifically arranged as opposed to the more freewheeling improvised passages of the earlier Hot Five. A tentative movement toward the kind of fully arranged horn sections that would dominate swing music a decade later was starting to become fashionable, and this second Armstrong group embraced a rudimentary version of it, with Don Redman as arranger providing some written-out section parts. Strong on clarinet and Robinson on trombone were not as strong soloists as Dodds and Ory had been with the earlier band, but Hines was more nearly Armstong's equal technically and creatively than any other in either band.

Thus, these sessions resulted in some of the most important masterpieces of early jazz, of which "West End Blues" is arguably the best known. Other important recordings include "Basin Street Blues", "Tight Like This", "Saint James Infirmary", and "Weather Bird". In the last named, only Armstrong and Hines are present, turning an old rag number into a tour-de-force duet.

title: Louis Armstrong and His Hot Five


text:
Thomas J. Jarvis

Thomas Jordan Jarvis (January 18, 1836 – June 17, 1915) was the 44th governor of the U.S. state of North Carolina from 1879 to 1885. Jarvis later served as a U.S. Senator from 1894 to 1895, and helped establish East Carolina Teachers Training School, now known as East Carolina University, in 1907.

Early years
Born in Jarvisburg, North Carolina, in Currituck County, he was the son of Elizabeth Daley and Bannister Hardy Jarvis, a Methodist minister and farmer and brother of George, Ann, Margaret, and Elizabeth. His family was of English descent and some of its members highlighted at various points in the history of North Carolina. So, Thomas Jarvis was lieutenant governor of Albemarle during the government of Philip Ludwell, between 1691 and 1697, and Samuel Jarvis led the militia of Albemarle during his fight in the Revolutionary War. Raised in a poor family, although he had the necessities of life, Jarvis worked when he was young in three hundred acre farm owned by his father, while he was studying about the common schools. Jarvis was educated locally and at nineteen went on to attend Randolph-Macon College, earning an M.A. in 1861. He had to exercise as teacher during the summer to pay for college tuition. An educator by training, Jarvis opened a school in Pasquotank County and would later be one of the founders of East Carolina University.

Career
Jarvis enlisted in the military at the beginning of the American Civil War and served in the Eighth North Carolina Regiment. On April 22, 1863, he was named Captain. Captured and exchanged in 1862, Jarvis was injured and permanently disabled at the Battle of Drewry's Bluff in 1864. After the war ended, he was on sick leave in Norfolk and in May 1865, he got probation, returning to Jarvisburg.

In 1865, Jarvis returned home and opened a general store before being named a delegate to the 1865 state constitutional convention. In 1867 Jarvis bought entrepreneur William H. Happer's share of their small general store. After getting a license to practice law in June of that year, he abandoned the store and moved to Columbia.

Active in the Democratic Party, Jarvis was elected to the State House in 1868 and served there for four years, two of them (1870–1872) as Speaker of the House. In 1872, he was a Democratic elector-at-large on the Horace Greeley ticket. Jarvis also married Mary Woodson in December 1874.

An opponent of federal Reconstruction policy, Jarvis was elected the third lieutenant governor in 1876 on a ticket with Zebulon Vance. In 1879, Vance resigned the governorship to serve in the United States Senate, and Jarvis filled the vacant position. As governor, he fought against government corruption and attempted to cut taxes, the state's debt, and government control. He also completed the sale of various state railways to private companies. He established mental health services in Morganton and Goldsboro, managed the establishment of normal schools for teachers in North Carolina and helped develop the State Board of Health.

He won election in his own right in 1880, defeating Daniel G. Fowle for the Democratic nomination and narrowly winning over Republican challenger Ralph Buxton. In office, Jarvis convinced the legislature to authorize construction of the North Carolina Executive Mansion, although it was not completed until 1891. He "supported establishing a system of county superintendents of education elected by boards of education, grades of teacher certification, standards of examinations for public school teachers, and lists of recommended textbooks. Also, Funds for the mental institutions continued to increase, and the laws of North Carolina were for the first time codified and state insurance laws fully defined. Also, was built a governor's mansion".

Term limited, Jarvis stepped down as governor in 1885, but was appointed United States Minister to Brazil by President Grover Cleveland. Jarvis held this post for four years, after which he practiced law in Greenville, North Carolina. Following Senator Vance's death in 1894, Jarvis again succeeded him in office, serving as a U.S. Senator through an appointment by Gov. Elias Carr. In 1895, the state legislature, now under the control of Republicans and Populists, would not elect Jarvis to a term of his own.

In 1896, Jarvis was a delegate to the Democratic National Convention, where he supported William Jennings Bryan in his last major political act. He was instrumental in the founding of what is now East Carolina University in Greenville, where the oldest residential hall on campus is named in his memory.

In 1898, while not directly involved, Jarvis's political rhetoric may have contributed to the Wilmington insurrection of 1898, a violent coup d'état by a group of white supremacists. They expelled opposition black and white political leaders from the city, destroyed the property and businesses of black citizens built up since the Civil War, including the only black newspaper in the city, and killed an estimated 60 to more than 300 people.

Jarvis reopened his law firm and in 1912, he founded a partnership with Frank Wooten. In November 1914, Jarvis presided over the unveiling of the Pitt County Confederate Soldiers' Monument.

He died at his home in Greenville on June 17, 1915.

Legacy

 * In addition to the ECU residence hall, a local United Methodist church and a street in Greenville are named in his memory.
 * At one time, several personal artifacts were on display at the church.

Personal life
Jarvis married Mary Woodson in December 1874.

title: Thomas J. Jarvis


text:
Saint Joseph's

Saint Joseph's may refer to:

Places

 * St. Joseph's, Newfoundland and Labrador, a Canadian town
 * St. Joseph's, Saskatchewan, a Canadian hamlet
 * Saint Joseph's Oratory, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

Education

 * Saint Joseph's University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
 * Saint Joseph's Hawks, the athletic teams at Saint Joseph's University
 * St. Joseph's School (disambiguation)
 * Saint Joseph's College (disambiguation)
 * Saint Joseph Academy (disambiguation)
 * St. Joseph's Convent School, Sagar
 * Saint Joseph's Institution, a secondary school in Singapore
 * Former Saint Joseph's Institution, now a museum in Singapore
 * Collège Saint-Joseph de Hull, a private secondary school for girls in Gatineau, Quebec
 * St Joseph Higher Secondary School, Dhaka

Churches

 * List of churches named after Saint Joseph
 * St. Joseph's Cathedral (disambiguation)

title: Saint Joseph's


text:
Hereditary spherocytosis

Hereditary spherocytosis (HS) is a congenital hemolytic disorder wherein a genetic mutation coding for a structural membrane protein phenotype causes the red blood cells to be sphere-shaped (spherocytosis), rather than the normal biconcave disk shape. This abnormal shape interferes with the cells' ability to flex during blood circulation, and also makes them more prone to rupture under osmotic stress, mechanical stress, or both. Cells with the dysfunctional proteins are degraded in the spleen, which leads to a shortage of erythrocytes and results in hemolytic anemia.

HS was first described in 1871, and is the most common cause of inherited hemolysis in populations of northern European descent, with an incidence of 1 in 5000 births. The clinical severity of HS varies from mild (symptom-free carrier), to moderate (anemic, jaundiced, and with splenomegaly), to severe (hemolytic crisis, in-utero hydrops fetalis), because HS is caused by genetic mutations in a multitude of structural membrane proteins and exhibits incomplete penetrance in its expression.

Early symptoms include anemia, jaundice, splenomegaly, and fatigue. Acute cases can threaten to cause hypoxia secondary to anemia and acute kernicterus through high blood levels of bilirubin, particularly in newborns. Most cases can be detected soon after birth. Testing for HS is available for the children of affected adults. Occasionally, the disease will go unnoticed until the child is about 4 or 5 years of age. A person may also be a carrier of the disease and show no signs or symptoms of the disease. Late complications may result in the development of pigmented gallstones, which is secondary to the detritus of the broken-down blood cells (unconjugated or indirect bilirubin) accumulating within the gallbladder. Also, patients who are heterozygous for a hemochromatosis gene may exhibit iron overload, despite the hemochromatosis genes being recessive. In chronic patients, an infection or other illness can cause an increase in the destruction of red blood cells, resulting in the appearance of acute symptoms, a hemolytic crisis. On a blood smear, Howell-Jolly bodies may be seen within red blood cells. Primary treatment for patients with symptomatic HS has been total splenectomy, which eliminates the hemolytic process, allowing normal hemoglobin, reticulocyte and bilirubin levels. The resultant asplenic patient is susceptible to encapsulated bacterial infection, and prevented with vaccination. If other symptoms, such as abdominal pain persist, the removal of the gallbladder may be warranted for symptomatic cholelithiasis.

Epidemiology
Hereditary spherocytosis is the heritable hemolytic disorder, affecting 1 in 2,000 people of Northern European ancestry. According to Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, the frequency is at least 1 in 5,000 within the United States of America. While HS is most commonly (though not exclusively) found in Northern European and Japanese families, an estimated 25% of cases are due to spontaneous mutations.

Etiology
Hereditary spherocytosis is an erythrocytic disorder of that affects the following red cell membrane proteins in a congenital fashion:

 * Spectrin (alpha and beta)
 * Ankyrin
 * Band-3 protein
 * Protein-4.2
 * Lesser proteins of significance

Hereditary spherocytosis can be an autosomal recessive or autosomal dominant trait. The autosomal recessive inheritance pattern accounts for close to 25% of the clinical cases. The autosomal dominant inheritance pattern accounts for over 75% of the clinical cases. Many positive individuals will not present clinically, thus the etiologic data may be artificially skewed towards the more prominent dominant forms. These dominant forms tend to leave a family history that yields generational splenectomies and black gallstones cholelithiasis. Lastly, an estimated 25% of cases are due to spontaneous mutations.

Causative genetic mutations and phenotypic expressions
Hereditary spherocytosis is caused by a variety of molecular defects in the genes that code for the red blood cell proteins spectrin (alpha and beta), ankyrin, band 3 protein, protein 4.2, and other red blood cell membrane proteins:

'' * Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM). The Alpha-1 refers the alpha-1 subunit of the spectrin protein. The Beta refers the beta subunit of the spectrin protein.''

These genetic mutations are acted upon and executed by erythrocyte progenitor cells within the bone marrow, where red blood cells are normally produced in the non-pathological state (see Extramedullary hematopoiesis for pathological production outside of the bone marrow).

Pathophysiology of mutated erythrocytic membrane proteins
These proteins are necessary to maintain the normal shape of a red blood cell, which is a biconcave disk. The integrating protein that is most commonly defective is spectrin which is responsible for incorporation and binding of spectrin to the greater actin cytoskeleton. This dysfunction of cytoskeletal instabilities ensue, and leave the plasma membrane of the cell less supported and/or weakened.

Cellular implications
A secondary defect in hereditary spherocytosis is a deficiency of membrane surface area. The decrease in surface area leads to less efficient gas exchange of the erythrocyte at the alveoli of the lungs and throughout circulation. Decreased surface area may be produced by two different mechanisms:

 * 1) Defects of spectrin, ankyrin (most commonly), or PROTEIN 4.2 lead to reduced structural integrity of the plasma membrane, destabilizing the overlying lipid bilayer, and releasing band 3-containing microvesicles. Band-3 is important for gas exchange (as seen above).
 * 2) Defects of band 3 lead to band 3 deficiency and loss of its lipid-stabilizing effect within the plasma membrane lipid bilayer. This results in the release of band 3-free microvesicles.

Both pathways result in compromised plasma membrane integrity, decreased surface area, and formation of spherocytes with decreased mechanical compliance during circulation.

Cardiovascular and organ sequelae
Spherocytes have less plasma membrane compliance and fluidity, and this has implications throughout the entirety of circulation within the body, i.e. arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins, and organs. The lack of compliance and fluidity lead to a higher viscosity value for blood (thickened blood), which can have implications for both larger and smaller diameter vasculature. However, the most pronounced issues with the lack of compliance and fluidity declare themselves in the failure of the erythrocyte to deform itself when transiting arterioles, capillary beds, and venules. These vessels are smaller, and can become congested or blocked altogether. Studies have demonstrated that HS is related to deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and arterial cardiovascular disease for this reason.

The spleen typically acts as a filter for blood, and targets pathogens and other damaged cells within circulation. Removing blood contaminants promotes entire-body homeostasis. The following facts about the spleen's role in normal body functioning are crucial to understanding the implications of HS on the overall health of the individual:

 * Removal of pathogens includes encapsulated bacteria, which reduces sepsis risk (see § Complications below).
 * Removal of damaged erythrocytes reduces iron burden from heme via hepatosplenic recycling, which reduces sepsis risk (see Complications below).
 * Removal of damaged erythrocytes continues healthy signaling to bone marrow, where erythropoiesis replaces red blood cells lost to wear and tear.

In relation to the three facts above, the spleen misguidedly filters spherocytes – regardless of the age or functional status of the cell. The spleen is not dysfunctional itself when selecting spherocytes for destruction, as this is the regular function of the spleen both at an anatomic structure level, and at the molecular cellular level. At the anatomic level, the passage from the cords of Billroth into the sinusoids may be seen as a "bottleneck", where red blood cells need to be flexible in order to pass through. In HS, the erythrocytes fail to pass through fenestrations, and this is where resident splenic macrophages sample, or "bite", part of the stuck spherocytes' plasma membranes. The macrophages recognize that the spherocyte is not normal, and the macrophage is "programmed" to destroy irregularities filtered at the spleen from the blood. The resident splenic macrophages therefore phagocytose the spherocytes, causing extravascular hemolysis. This leads to both splenomegaly and anemia. Should this process continue unchecked chronically, inappropriate regulation of erythropoeisis leads to extramedullary hematopoiesis.

Clinical presentation
HS patients present in a vast array of presentations, from being asymptomatic to the extreme situations of splenic rupture, hemolytic crisis, or in-utero demise.

 * Asymptomatic HS (mild): 20–30% of patients.
 * Infantile-onset HS (moderate): 60–75% of patients.
 * Neonatal or in-utero onset HS (severe): <5% of patients.

The most common presentation will demonstrate jaundice (due to increased unconjugated bilirubin), anemia (with secondary pallor), and a palpable spleen sometimes with concomitant tenderness (due to splenic congestion and splenomegaly). Its worth noting that a subsection of HS patients will also have incidental black pigmented gallstones (made of calcium bilirubinate consequence of the extravascular hemolysis), and some of these patients will develop cholelithiasis or the potential complex sequelae of this condition, i.e. cholecystitis, choledocholithiasis, etc.

Laboratory testing
Available lab testing that may aid in the diagnosis of HS is as follows:

 * Peripheral blood smear
 * Supportive blood work: mean cell volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), red blood cell distribution width (RDW), red blood cell count (RBC), reticulocytes, unconjugated bilirubin, haptoglobin, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH).
 * Eosin-5-maleimide binding test
 * Osmotic fragility test
 * Acidified glycerol lysis test
 * A negative direct antiglobin test (Coombs test)

Common laboratory findings
The common findings of lab testing in setting of a patient with hereditary spherocytosis:

In chronic cases, patients who have taken iron supplementation, have heterozygous hemochromatosis, or received numerous blood transfusions, iron overload may cause additional health issues. Measuring iron stores is sometimes considered part of the diagnostic approach to hereditary spherocytosis in older patients presenting with heart muscle damage of unknown etiology or liver disease without apparent cause.
 * Coombs test: Negative (rules-out autoimmune hemolytic anemia)
 * Osmotic fragility test: Positive (Spherocytes will rupture in liquid solutions less concentrated than the inside of the red blood cell. This is due to increased permeability of the spherocyte membrane to salt and water, which enters the concentrated inner environment of the RBC and leads to its rupture. The osmotic fragility test is no longer considered the gold standard for diagnosing hereditary spherocytosis, as it misses ~25% of cases).
 * Acidified glycerol lysis test: Positive (A newer version of the osmotic fragility test that adds glycerol to a hypotonic solution. This produces lysis, a positive test, quicker that the traditional saline version).
 * Supportive blood work:
 * Mean cell volume (MCV): Normocytic (normal range: 80–100 fL), or slightly lower. Spherocytes are slightly smaller than normal biconcave red blood cells.
 * Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC): Increased (normal range: 31–36% Hb/cell). This is secondary to less water being in the cell.
 * Red blood cell distribution width (RDW): Increased (normal range: 11–15%). The spherocytes create variation in the size of the red blood cells on average, thus expanding the distribution.
 * Red blood cell count (RBC): Sometimes increased early (normal range males: 4.3–5.9 million/mm3; normal range females: 3.5–5.5 million/mm3). The loss of surface area per cells cause the body to mass produce red blood cells. The spleen will filter spherocytes out and change this value.
 * Reticulocytes: Increased (normal range: 0.5–1.5% of the RBC listed above). The body to mass produces red blood cells (reticulocytes being young erythrocytes) even as the spleen filters spherocytes out. This is known as reticulocytosis.
 * Unconjugated bilirubin: Increased (normal range: 0.2–1.2 mg/dL). This is caused by heme released into the hepatosplenic circulation by macrophages that have phagocytosed erythrocytes. The unconjugated bilirubin is not soluble in water (blood), so it binds to albumin, and is processed in the liver.
 * Haptoglobin (free): Decreased (normal range: 41–165 mg/dL). This is caused by hemoglobin binding to haptoglobin, thus making it no longer "free".
 * Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH): Increased (normal range: 110–295 U/L in children). This is due to extravascular hemolysis.
 * Peripheral blood smear: Directly shows spherocytes on microscope.
 * Eosin-5-maleimide binding test: Positive (reduced mean fluorescence), as the test will demonstrate a reduced ability of the eosin-5-maleimide dye to bind to erythrocyte plasma membrane proteins. The process relies upon flow cytometry. Gold standard test that produces results at low cost within ~2 hours.

Imaging
Ultrasound is often used to evaluate the dimensions of the spleen, and also the gallbladder in preparation for functionally curative splenectomy with or without cholecystectomy.

Treatment
Although research is ongoing, currently there is no genetic-level cure for the myriad of mutations that cause the various presentations of hereditary spherocytosis. Common current management focuses on interventions prevent the body from inappropriately destroying the functional spherocytes produced by erythrocyte progenitor cells within the bone marrow.

Typical treatment options include: All operative and interventional treatments require the immunization of HS patients against the influenza virus, SARS-CoV-2, and encapsulated bacteria such as Streptococcus pneumoniae and meningococcus. Antibiotics are no longer recommended for maintenance use, even in post-splenectomy HS patients. Since the spleen is important for protecting against encapsulated organisms, sepsis caused by encapsulated organisms is a possible complication of splenectomy.
 * Splenectomy (operative): This is the operative removal of the entire spleen by a surgeon, thus stopping the extravascular hemolysis, but also removing the immune functions the spleen naturally provide to the body.
 * Partial splenectomy (operative): This is when only a section of the spleen is removed, instead of the entire organ. The goal is to lower the extravascular hemolysis to a level compatible with homeostasis of the patient, while preserving the immune function of the spleen's presence. Research on outcomes is currently ongoing, and is routine at children's hospitals within the United States of America.
 * Splenic ablation (interventional radiology): This option is non-operative, and is when an interventional radiologist (instead of a surgeon) uses radiologic techniques to coil or cauterize vasculature within the splenic circulation. There are various points in the circulatory pathway where the treatment can be applied to produces varying amounts of retained viability of the spleen, thus giving the option to attempt to preserve splenic immune function.

Additional elective treatments offered: Experimental treatment:
 * Surgical removal of the gallbladder.

 * Bone marrow transplant (heme-oncology intervention): The replacement of the bone marrow with bone marrow from an individual without spherocytosis. The transplanted progenitor cells do not have the genetic mutations found in individuals with hereditary spherocytosis, and therefore do not produce spherocytes. This results in an individual with biconcave-disc-shaped erythrocytes. This treatment is not standard of care, and is not offered as it has only been documented incidentally during treatment for other diseases, such as myelodysplastic syndrome.

Symptomatic treatments:

 * Folic acid supplementation.

Common complications

 * Hemolytic crisis, with more pronounced jaundice due to accelerated hemolysis (may be precipitated by infection).
 * Aplastic crisis with dramatic fall in hemoglobin level and (reticulocyte count)-decompensation, usually due to maturation arrest and often associated with megaloblastic changes; may be precipitated by infection, such as influenza, notably with parvovirus B19.
 * Folate deficiency caused by increased bone marrow requirement.
 * Pigmented gallstones occur in approximately half of untreated patients. Increased hemolysis of red blood cells leads to increased bilirubin levels, because bilirubin is a breakdown product of heme. The high levels of bilirubin must be excreted into the bile by the liver, which may cause the formation of a pigmented gallstone, which is composed of calcium bilirubinate. Since these stones contain high levels of calcium carbonates and phosphate, they are radiopaque and are visible on x-ray.
 * Hyperglycemia with concomitant low hemoglobin A1C levels.
 * Hemoglobin A1C (glycated hemoglobin) is a test for determining the average blood glucose levels over an extended period of time, and is often used to evaluate glucose control in diabetics. The hemoglobin A1C levels are abnormally low because the life span of the red blood cells is decreased - providing less time for the non-enzymatic glycosylation of hemoglobin. Thus, even with high overall blood sugar, the A1C will be lower than expected.
 * Iron overload.
 * Leg ulcer.
 * Deep vein thrombosis (DVT).
 * Cardiovascular disease.

Research
Modern ongoing research interests:

 * Experimental gene therapy exists to treat hereditary spherocytosis in lab mice; however, this treatment has not yet been tried on humans due to all of the risks involved in human gene therapy.
 * Bone marrow transplant.
 * Paradoxical endurance-based athleticism associated with hereditary spherocytosis.
 * Evolution of spherocytic erythrocyte adaptation in those of Northern European and Japanese descent.
 * Increased ability to defend against viral infections in hereditary spherocytosis patients.

title: Hereditary spherocytosis


text:
Talk:Jarosite

Translation
Maybe someone would like to translate this:

http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2004/03/03/ciencia/1078313962.html

ENCONTRADA EN 1852 EN EL BARRANCO DE EL JAROSO La NASA prueba que corrió agua por Marte gracias a la jarosita, un mineral descubierto en Almería

OLALLA CERNUDA

MADRID.- La clave del anuncio de la NASA de que Marte tuvo un día lagos está en la jarosita, un mineral casi desconocido y originario del barranco de El Jaroso (Almería) que demuestra de manera irrefutable que por las rocas marcianas pasó el agua. Para que este material se forme, es absolutamente necesaria e imprescindible una alteración acuosa. Si hay jarosita, hubo agua.

La jarosita es un mineral que fue descubierto en 1852 por el geólogo Breithaupt en el barranco andaluz de El Jaroso, un paraje situado en la Sierra Almagrera, en Almería. Los geólogos han encontrado jarosita en parajes como Río Tinto (Huelva), Mazarrón (Murcia), Sierro Gordo (Chile) o Burra Burra (Australia), pero la mina almeriense es la localidad tipo de este material.

Ya las misiones Mars Pathfinder y Mars Global Surveyor detectaron sobre Marte la posible presencia de este mineral en el planeta rojo, y los científicos aventuraron que sería uno de los principales minerales de alteración superficial de las rocas vulcánicas en Marte.

Ahora, el Opportunity ha podido analizar la roca ‘El Capitán’ exactamente igual que lo habría hecho un geólogo, y sus conclusiones permiten a la NASA afirmar con rotundidad que, dado que hay jarosita, por el planeta rojo corrió un día el agua.

La jarosita es un mineral difícil de identificar, porque se puede confundir fácilmente con la limonita y la goethita. Es de un color amarillo pardo y lo más frecuente es que se presente en masas granulares, pulverulento o terroso, aunque a veces forma pequeños cristales tabulares. Entre sus propiedades destaca que es insoluble al agua. Es un sulfato de potasio y de hierro hidratado, es decir, que tiene oxígeno e hidrógeno y su formula es "KFE3 ((SO4) 2 (OH) 6)".

Según el doctor Jesús Martínez Frías, director del Laboratorio de Geología Planetaria del Centro de Astrobiología, la mineralogía espacial “es ahora mismo uno de los campos más importantes de la investigación, porque los minerales son los mejores testigos de la evolución de un planeta”.

Lo más importante de este descubrimiento –recuerda Martínez Frías- es que “los científicos vamos teniendo un paisaje informativo muy claro. Ya hemos visto antes huellas de torrenteras, y gracias a las sondas espaciales ya sabíamos que podía haber agua en el subsuelo -por el hidrógeno que se había detectado- y agua helada en el polo Sur”.

Martínez Frías asegura que estos indicios “parecen indicar que hay agua en el subsuelo marciano en forma de ‘permafrost’”, una mezcla de agua y hielo como la que se puede encontrar en zonas como Siberia. De ser así, establecer colonias humanas en el planeta rojo sería mucho más sencillo, puesto que se podría sacar agua mediante sistemas de perforación y lograr la humidificación del ambiente.

Algunos científicos también sostienen la teoría de que en el subsuelo de Marte podría haber en estos momentos agua en circulación, que sería posible por la actividad vulcánica que tiene el planeta.

A pesar de la euforia que reina en los centros de la NASA, los estudios científicos están todavía por desarrollar. Durante los seis primeros meses, sólo los investigadores de la agencia estadounidense tendrán acceso a los datos, luego toda la comunidad científica podrá trabajar con ellos.

De momento, la agencia ya ha cubierto el expediente. “La NASA puso en marcha esta misión específicamente para determinar si al menos en parte del planeta hubo un ambiente húmedo que pudo haber albergado algún tipo de vida", aseguró James Garvin, director del equipo científico de la NASA. Misión cumplida. Todo lo que venga después, será 'de regalo'.

Result of automatic translation with Google Language Tools
FOUND IN 1852 IN THE EL BARRANCO Jaros NASA test that ran water through the Martian jarosite, a mineral found in Almería  OLALLA Cernuda   MADRID .- The key to NASA's announcement that Mars had lakes is one days in jarosite, a mineral almost unknown and the origin of the ravine Jaros (Almería), which demonstrates irrefutably that Martian rocks rose water. For this material is formed, it is absolutely necessary and essential aqueous alteration. If there is jarosite, there was water. Jarosite is a mineral that was discovered in 1852 by the geologist Breithaupt in the Andalusian Jaros gully, a spot located in the Sierra Almagrera in Almeria. Geologists have found jarosite in places such as Rio Tinto (Huelva), Mazarrón (Murcia), Sierra Gorda (Chile) or Burra Burra (Australia), but mine is the type locality almeriense this material. Mars missions and the Mars Pathfinder and Mars Global Surveyor detected the possible presence of this mineral in the red planet, scientists suggested that it would be a major mineral surface alteration of volcanic rocks on Mars. Now, Opportunity has been able to analyze the rock 'Captain' just like a geologist would have done, and let their findings to NASA stating emphatically that, as there is jarosite, on the Red Planet one day the water ran. The jarosite is a mineral difficult to identify, because it can be easily confused with limonite and goethite. It is a yellow-brown and more often being present in granular masses, powdery or earthy, sometimes forms small tabular crystals. One of its noticed properties is that it is water-insoluble. It is a potassium sulphate and iron hydrate, ie oxygen and hydrogen and has made it his "KFE3 ((SO4) 2 (OH) 6). According to Dr. Jesús Martínez Frías, director of the Planetary Geology Laboratory of the Center for Astrobiology, mineralogy space "is now one of the most important fields of research, because the minerals are the best witnesses of the evolution of a planet."  The most important aspect of this discovery reminds Martínez-Frías, is that "scientists are going to have a clear informational landscape. We have already seen signs of gullies, and through space probes already knew that there could be water in the subsoil, by the detection of hydrogen and water ice at the South Pole. "  Martínez Frías ensures that these indications "suggest that there is water in the Martian subsurface in the form of 'permafrost', a mixture of water and ice which can be found in areas like Siberia. If so, to establish human colonies on the red planet would be much easier since they could draw water through drill and secure the humidification of the environment. Some scientists also argue that the theory in the subsurface of Mars could have water right now in circulation, it would be possible by the volcanic activity that has the planet. Despite the euphoria that reigned in the centers of NASA, scientific studies are yet to be developed. During the first six months, only investigators from the agency will have access to data, then the entire scientific community can work with them. Currently, the agency has already covered the case. "NASA launched the mission specifically to determine whether at least part of the planet had a wet environment that could have harbored some kind of life," said James Garvin, chief scientist of the team of NASA. Mission accomplished. Everything come later, will be 'free'.

 * Raw but still understandable text, however, this result of an automatic translation with Google Language Tools remains to be carefully rephrased before to extract some citations for possible use in the main article. ;-) Shinkolobwe (talk) 17:30, 28 May 2009 (UTC)

Crandallite group - not anymore...
The correct group name is PLUMBOGUMMITE group. It was changed in 2010 (See www.mindat.org).Eudialytos (talk) 17:29, 18 October 2017 (UTC)

"Basic"
The word "basic" in the first line of the article is ambigous. Does this mean "simple" or does it mean basic as in the pH scale?** — Preceding unsigned comment added by HodgeBrad (talk • contribs) 18:51, 27 January 2021 (UTC)

 * My guess is that it means the mineral contains hydroxyl groups. However, that does not strike me as common terminology. I'll dig a little into what the terminology ought to be, but if I can't support that description with a reliable source, it has to go. --Kent G. Budge (talk) 19:01, 27 January 2021 (UTC)

 * In chemistry, "basic" salts commonly refer to hydroxyl groups (hydroxide anions, OH–). Hydroxyl groups are the result of the hydrolysis of ferric ions in contact with water. Protons (H+, or H3O+) are released in water, making water more acid, while poorly soluble ferric hydroxides (a base, a basic salt) precipitate. See the hydrolysis reaction hereafter:

 * Fe(3+) + 3 H2O → Fe(OH)3 + 3 H+

 * Shinkolobwe (talk) 01:50, 1 February 2021 (UTC)
 * See, for example, the site of the European Chemical Agency (ECHA): Aluminum chloride, basic used in water purification processes. Shinkolobwe (talk) 01:50, 1 February 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jarosite


text:
Evisceration (ophthalmology)

An evisceration is the removal of the eye's contents, leaving the scleral shell and extraocular muscles intact. The procedure is usually performed to reduce pain or improve cosmesis in a blind eye, as in cases of endophthalmitis unresponsive to antibiotics. An ocular prosthetic can be fitted over the eviscerated eye in order to improve cosmesis.

Either general or local anesthetics may be used during eviscerations, with antibiotics and anti-inflammatory agents injected intravenously.

title: Evisceration (ophthalmology)


text:
Stresemann's bushcrow

Stresemann's bushcrow (Zavattariornis stresemanni), also known as the Abyssinian pie, bush crow, Ethiopian bushcrow, or by its generic name Zavattariornis, is a rather starling-like bird, which is a member of the crow family, Corvidae. It is slightly larger than the North American blue jay and is a bluish-grey in overall colour which becomes almost white on the forehead. The throat and chest are creamy-white with the tail and wings a glossy black. The black feathers have a tendency to bleach to brown at their tips. The iris of the bird is brown and the eye is surrounded by a band of naked bright blue skin. The bill, legs, and feet are black.

Feeding is usually in small groups and the bird takes mainly insects. Breeding usually starts in March, with the birds building their nest high in an acacia tree. The birds usually lay five to six cream eggs with lilac blotches. The nest itself is globular in shape with a tubular entrance on top. It is possible that more than just the breeding pair visit the nest and that the young of previous years help in rearing the young.

The range of this species is quite restricted, it being confined to thorn acacia country in southern Ethiopia near Yavello (Javello), Mega, and Arero. It can be curiously absent from apparently suitable country near these areas; the reasons for this were formerly unclear, but are now thought to be related to the species requiring a "bubble" of lower temperature for proper foraging, which is only present within its small range, making it one of the few warm-blooded animals whose survival is wholly dependent on temperature (along with the sympatric white-tailed swallow). This requirement makes it extremely vulnerable to climate change, and massive declines and even potential extinction in the wild are projected in the future, making it one of the birds most threatened by climate change.

Taxonomy
Stresemann's bushcrow was formally described in 1938 by the Italian ornithologist Edgardo Moltoni. The species has been placed in several bird families since its description. It has long been considered a member of the crow family Corvidae; however, several atypical features, such as its lice being from the suborder Mallophaga, its bare facial skin being capable of movement, and the structure of its palate, have suggested that it may belong in another family. Some authors placed the species within the starling family Sturnidae due to the bushcrow's similarities in behavior and size with the wattled starling. Other authors have placed it in its own monotypic family, Zavattariornithidae. DNA-sequencing analysis supports its placement in the corvids, with its closest relatives being the ground jays, and the piapiac. It has been suggested that the bushcrow is a surviving relict ancestor to several of these relatives.

This species has numerous common names, including Stresemann's bushcrow, bush-crow, Ethiopian bushcrow, Abyssinian bushcrow, and Zavattariornis.

The genus name Zavattariornis commemorates Edoardo Zavattari, an Italian zoologist and explorer who served as the director of Rome University's Zoological Institute between 1935 and 1958. Its name commemorates Erwin Stresemann, a German ornithologist.

Description
The Stresemann's bushcrow is about 28 cm long and weighs 130 g. The genders look similar and are not sexually dimorphic. Overall it is pale grey with a black tail and wings. The head, mantle, scapulars, back, rump, and uppertail coverts are all a pale grey. The feathers on the forehead, upper ear-coverts, and throat fade into white. The bright azure skin around the bushcrow's eye is featherless and can be inflated, narrowing the blackish-brown eye into a slit. The feathers behind the eye are capable of moving to reveal an oblong pink patch of skin. The bird's black beak decurves into a sharply pointed tip and is relatively small for a corvid. This beak is 33 to 39 mm long. The feathers on the bird's chin are fine and can form a small tuft when erected. The bushcrow's breast and flanks are pale grey, fading into white on the rear flanks, belly, and undertail. On the wings, the lesser and median upper-wing coverts are grey, while the rest of the wing is a slightly glossy blue-black. Its blue-black tail is relatively long and square-ended. Its legs are black. When the plumage becomes worn, the upperparts appear to have a brownish tinge. The juvenile Stresemann's bushcrow is slightly duller than the adult, and the feathers of the body and upperwings are fringed with creamy-fawn. The facial skin, bill, and legs are also a dull grey.

The bushcrow is a very vocal species, particularly when foraging. Its main contact call has been described as a single metallic "kej". While flying, the species frequently calls out a nasal, rapid "kerr kerr kerr". While these are the most frequent vocalizations, several others are known. Allopreening adults utter a metallic "kaw, kaw, kaw". Foraging birds call out "how, how, how", a single, quiet "quak", and a soft, repeated "guw". While building its nest, the bushcrow is known to utter a low "keh" sound, and adults utter a deep "waw" while rubbing their bills together.

Distribution and habitat
This species is endemic to central-southern Ethiopia. It lives in a small area circumscribed by the towns of Yabelo, Borena, Mega, and Arero in Sidamo Province, and settles in wildlife under protection within Yabelo Wildlife Sanctuary and Borana National Park. Its total range covers about 2400 km2.

The Stresemann's bushcrow lives in flat savanna covered with mature acacia and Commiphora thornbushes. The bird prefers open short-grass savannas with scattered stands of these mature thornbushes. The soil must be deep and rich to support the bushcrow. It is most numerous when these stands are next to agricultural fields. For many years it was unknown why the species could be completely absent from areas of suitable habitat near seemingly identical but inhabited land. However recent research has revealed that the bird appears to inhabit an area with a very precise average temperature extreme, all of the seemingly suitable but uninhabited surrounding lands actually have a slightly higher average temperature that appears to prevent the birds from successfully colonizing. It is also not found near the scattered broadleaf woodland made up of Combretum and Terminalia. Its habitat is between 1300 and 1800 m above sea level.

Ecology and behavior
The Stresemann's bushcrow is normally found in groups of about six birds. This species does not migrate.

Diet
The bushcrow feeds both on the ground and in trees. It begins foraging at sunrise. While foraging, a bushcrow can be alone, in a pair, or in a group of six or seven other bushcrows. A foraging bushcrow digs vigorously in the soil while its beak is held slightly open to catch any insects it unearths. When it catches something, it carries it to the nearest tree or bush, pins it down with its foot, and kills and eats the prey. This species has also been seen using its beak to tear apart rotten wood and inspecting cattle dung in the search for food. It may also land on the backs of cattle to search for parasites. It can also chase flying insects, which it does on foot, abruptly changing direction and taking flying leaps after its prey. It often mixes with white-crowned starlings, red-billed hornbills, red-billed buffalo weavers, and superb starlings while foraging. When hunting in the trees, it is capable of walking atop horizontal branches and jumping upwards towards the crown, then descending in a glide from the crown to the ground.

It eats primarily invertebrates and specifically insects, including termites. Larvae and pupae, especially of Coeloptera moths, are eaten as well as the adults.

Reproduction
The Stresemann's bushcrow nests either alone or in a small, loosely connected colony of three to five nests. It is monogamous and may form a lifelong pair bond. The bushcrow occasionally has a third bird, or in rare cases two to four more, help the breeding couple both build the nest and care for the young. The helpers may also not be restricted to helping one nest at a time, as they have been seen at nests across the loose colonies. Allofeeding and allopreening, where the birds feed or preen each other, takes place both between the pair and with the other bushcrows in the colony. The bushcrow lays its eggs shortly after the first rains, which normally occur in late February and early March, leading to its eggs being laid in late March and early April.

The nest is an untidy globular structure, on which the roof tapers to a point that has an opening into the interior chamber. The nest is 60 cm in diameter while the interior chamber is 30 cm across. To start constructing the nest, a single twig is inserted into the top of an acacia tree 5 to 6 m above the ground. This leads to the paired bushcrows becoming excited, engorging their blue facial skin. Almost ritualistically the pair then pick the acacia's leaves and twigs, dropping them to the ground. The pair end this display by chasing each other through the trees before continuing construction. The nest is made out of thorny twigs while the interior chamber is lined with dry grass and dried cattle dung. Damp soil is used to keep the initial twigs connected. Old nests are repaired and reused.

Up to six eggs are laid in the nest. The bushcrow's eggs are cream-colored with pale lilac blotches that concentrate into a ring at the wider end.

Relationship with humans
Prior to modern settlement in villages, the nomadic indigenous peoples of Ethiopia provided easy hunting grounds for the bushcrow as they left loose, dung-covered soil behind as they moved their cattle. This provided a rich abundance of beetle larvae for the bushcrow to feed upon.

Conservation
Changes in the grazing habits of Ethiopia's indigenous peoples following the recent trend of settling in permanent villages have negatively impacted the Stresemann's bushcrow. While previously grazers left the soil loose and covered in dung to support the bushcrow's prey, this new lifestyle has resulted in overgrazing and soil compaction in some areas. The idea of private land ownership has also led to intensive planting of cash crops such as maize. The rich soil that the species needs to forage is also prime farming land. In the Yabello Wildlife Sanctuary, acacia trees are being collected for firewood, removing the bushcrow's nesting site. While protected under law, this sanctuary has difficulties enforcing the law. It is believed that between 1999 and 2003 the population of the bushcrow declined by 80%.

The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species lists the Stresemann's bushcrow as endangered because of its very restricted range and loss of suitable habitat. The population seems to be declining rapidly and in 2007 it was estimated that there might be fewer than 10,000 birds remaining.

Climate change
Due to its extremely unusual and specific temperature requirements, the Stresemann's bushcrow is considered one of the most threatened birds by climate change; climate change is predicted to reduced its range by 90% by 2070 in even the best-case scenarios (occupied range can often overestimate the number of individuals occupying the range, so the estimated population reduction may be even more than 90%), dramatically increasing the risk of extinction, with worse scenarios leading to total extinction in the wild. A similar outcome is predicted for the white-tailed swallow (Hirundo megaensis), which shares the same habitat and likely similar requirements, although the estimated range reduction is much lower for the swallow. Both species may be the only examples of warm-blooded animals whose range is fully driven by the climate. Intensive conservation such as captive breeding and assisted migration may be necessary to preserve the Stresemann's bushcrow. The birds and their projected decline may be used as indicator species for climate change, allowing them to test the reliability of habitat models for other threatened animals. Both may also serve as flagship species for the impacts of climate change on avian diversity in Africa.

title: Stresemann's bushcrow