text:
Jesús Gil

Gregorio Jesús Gil y Gil (12 March 1933 – 14 May 2004) was a Spanish businessman and politician. He served as Mayor of Marbella between 1991 and 2002, and presided for a 16-year tenure as president of the football club Atlético de Madrid. The Marbella city council had to be dissolved soon after his death, a legal but unprecedented movement in Spanish politics, to put an end to extreme corruption and dealings with international mafias, among other crimes.

Business
In the 1960s Gil ran a construction firm building gated communities. A complex he had built in San Rafael, near Segovia, collapsed in 1969, killing 58 people and injuring many others. A subsequent investigation showed that the cement in the new building had not yet set, and the whole project had been completed without use of architects, surveyors, or plans. Gil was sentenced to five years in prison, but was pardoned after 18 months by General Francisco Franco.

Football
In 1987, Gil was elected president at football side Atlético Madrid (his first signing was that of 21-year-old Portuguese winger Paulo Futre), where he initiated a volatile relationship with fans, reporters, players and head coaches. In 1992, he shut down Atlético's youth academy, which saw talented 15-year-old Raúl switch to crosstown rivals Real Madrid.

Most of Marbella's local police were recruited indirectly by Gil among legionnaires and members of other elite military forces throughout southern Spain and Northern Africa during the 1980s / 1990s, and some of these officers comprised Gil's own private garde de corps.

In a March 1997 incident, as the two teams met in the 1996–97 Champions League quarterfinals, Gil referred to Ajax Amsterdam, due to its many players of Surinamese origin, as FC Congo.

The English band Prolapse released a song called "Surreal Madrid" on their album Pointless Walks to Dismal Places, which lyrics detailing Gil's controversial tenure as Atlético Madrid's president.

Politics
In 1991, he founded and led the Grupo Independiente Liberal (GIL) as his political vehicle, and was elected as mayor of Marbella the same year. He installed a bust of Francisco Franco in the town hall and was known for walking the streets of the town shouting abuse at prostitutes and homeless people. His mayorship was popular enough for him to be re-elected three times.

In April 2002, he was banned for 28 years from holding public office, forced to stand down as mayor and briefly imprisoned.

In early 2008, a full, two-episode documentary appeared in Tele 5 explaining the highlights of his life and career.

Death
On 9 May 2004, he suffered a cerebral venous sinus thrombosis in his finca in Valdeolivas. He died in Madrid on 14 May at the age of 71. The funeral was attended by 20,000 people. He was cremated and his ashes were interred in the family mausoleum at the Cementerio de la Almudena.

Political reputation
Gil was infamous and controversial for his extreme social and political views, summed up in a unique brand of foulmouthed, low-brow populism punctuated by self-aggrandizing, homophobic, racist,  xenophobic and otherwise derogatory remarks and, occasionally, by pre-democratic nostalgia.

He publicly referred to former Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) town councilor Isabel García Marcos as a "whore" during town council meetings and, on one occasion, dubbed journalist Carmen Rigalt as "la jinetera del periodismo" ('prostitute of journalism').

The Málaga coastline, effectively under the area of economic and political influence of the Gil family, became a popular residence for British, Italian, and Russian gangsters while he was mayor, as well as a haven for former national socialists either awaiting or shirking extradition, such as Otto Remer and Léon Degrelle. At the same time, however, Gil instigated several crackdowns on drug users and prostitutes. He was involved in several criminal cases, including the so-called Caso de las camisetas and Caso Atlético.

Crime rates and open manifestations of poverty decreased dramatically during the first years of his administration. The improvements included the beatings of delinquents and prostitutes, relocation of foreigners with low incomes, and handouts of money to homeless people in exchange for leaving town. The subsequent improvement in the lifestyle of a segment of the population was cited as a major reason for his re-election.

title: Jesús Gil


text:
Vampire (disambiguation)

A vampire is a being from folklore who subsists by feeding on the life essence of the living.

(The) vampire(s) or vampyre may also refer to:

Fictional entities

 * Vampire (Marvel Comics), including a list of vampires in the Marvel universe
 * Vampire (Buffy the Vampire Slayer), in the fictional world of the TV series
 * Vampire (Doctor Who), several characters
 * Vampire (Dungeons & Dragons), in the fantasy role-playing game
 * Vampire (Twilight), several characters
 * Vampire (Underworld), several characters

Literature

 * The Vampyre, an 1819 short novel by John William Polidori
 * The Vampire (play), an 1820 drama by James Planché
 * The Vampire (novella), an 1841 Gothic novella by Aleksey Konstantinovich Tolstoy
 * Le Vampire, an 1851 drama by Alexandre Dumas and Auguste Maquet
 * The Vampire (Le Vampire), a 1852 novel Angelo de Sorr
 * "Le Vampire", a poem featured in the "Spleen et Idéal" section of the 1857 volume Les Fleurs du mal
 * La Vampire, an 1865 book by Paul Féval, père
 * The Vampire, a 1891 book by Henry Steel Olcott
 * "The Vampire", a 1897 poem by Rudyard Kipling
 * The Vampire (Wampir), a 1911 novel by Władysław Reymont
 * Vampire (Vampyr), a 1921 novel by Hanns Heinz Ewers
 * The Vampire, a 1935 novel by Sydney Horler
 * The Vampires (manga), a 1966 manga by Osamu Tezuka
 * The Vampires, a 1971 novel by John Rechy
 * Vampires, a 1973 non-fiction book by Nancy Garden, the first book in The Weird and Horrible Library series
 * Vampires, a 1991 short story collection edited by Martin H. Greenberg and Jane Yolen
 * Vampires (novel), a 1991 novel by John Steakley
 * Vampire, a 1991 novel by Richie Tankersley Cusick
 * Vampires: The World of the Undead, a 1993 non-fiction book by Jean Marigny
 * Vampire: Netherworld, a 1995 novel by Richard Lee Byers
 * The Vampires, a 1997 novella by Cameron Rogers and Anthony Short, the 21st installment of the After Dark series
 * Vampire: The Masquerade (Vault Comics), a monthly horror comic book series based on the tabletop role-playing game of the same name, running since 2020

Film and television

 * Vampire (2010 film), a horror-thriller drama film starring Jason Carter
 * The Vampire (1913 film)
 * The Vampire (1915 film), an American silent drama film
 * The Vampire (1957 film), a black and white 1957 horror film
 * Vampire (1979 film), an American made-for-television horror film
 * Vampire (2011 film), a horror-thriller drama by Shunji Iwai
 * Les Vampires, a 1915–16 French silent crime serial film
 * Vampires (1986 film), or Abandon, a horror film
 * Vampires (1998 film), a film adaptation of the novel Vampires
 * El vampiro (The Vampire), a 1957 Mexican horror film
 * Vampyr, a 1932 German horror film
 * Vampyres (film), a 1974 British horror film
 * Cuadecuc, vampir, a 1970 Spanish experimental feature film
 * Vampir (2021 film), a European arthouse horror film

Gaming

 * Vampire: The Dark Ages, a tabletop role-playing game
 * Vampire: The Eternal Struggle, a collectible card game
 * Vampire: The Masquerade, a tabletop roleplaying game
 * Vampire: The Requiem, a roleplaying game
 * Darkstalkers, known as Vampire in Japan, a fighting game series and media franchise
 * Vampire: Darkstalkers Collection, 2005
 * The Sims 4: Vampires, a 2017 game pack
 * Vampyr (video game), 2018

Albums

 * Vampire (album), by Akina Nakamori
 * Vampire, an album by 9mm Parabellum Bullet, 2008
 * Vampyre (album), by Midnight Syndicate, 2008

Songs

 * "Vampire" (2 Chainz song), 2020
 * "Vampire" (Dominic Fike song), 2020
 * "Vampire" (Iz*One song), 2019
 * "Vampire" (Olivia Rodrigo song), 2023
 * "Vampires", a song by Gucci Mane on the 2010 album The Appeal: Georgia's Most Wanted
 * "Vampires", a song by Pet Shop Boys from the 1999 album Nightlife
 * "Vampires" (Dukes song), 2009
 * "Vampires" (Godsmack song), 2000

Other uses in music

 * The Vampires (band), an Australian musical group formed in 2005
 * Vampires (soundtrack), for the 1998 film

Roller coasters

 * Vampire (roller coaster), at Chessington World of Adventures, England
 * Vampire (Walibi Belgium)
 * Le Vampire, at La Ronde amusement park in Montreal, Quebec, Canada

Visual art

 * Vampire (Edvard Munch), or Love and Pain, a painting

Transportation

 * de Havilland Vampire, a British jet fighter aircraft
 * Flying Machines FM250 Vampire, a Czech light aircraft
 * HMAS Vampire, the name of two Australian ships
 * HMS Vampire, the name of two British ships
 * "Vampire", a variant of Land Rover 101 Forward Control for electronic warfare
 * Vampire (car), a jet-propelled car, holder of the British land speed record
 * Vickers Vampire, a British single-seat pusher biplane fighter

Biology

 * Vampire bat, a bat that feeds on blood
 * Vampire fish (disambiguation), several uses
 * Vampire ground finch, a bird that occasionally feeds on blood
 * Vampire squid, a small deep-sea creature

Other uses

 * Vampire, multiservice tactical brevity code for hostile anti-ship missile
 * Vampire (theorem prover), an automated theorem prover for first-order classical logic
 * RPG-29 "Vampir", a Russian rocket-propelled grenade launcher
 * El Vampiro (Spanish, 'the Vampire'), nickname of Chilean tennis player Nicolás Massú
 * Zielgerät 1229, code name Vampir, an infra-red device for a German assault rifle

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Vampire (disambiguation)


text:
Chess engine

In computer chess, a chess engine is a computer program that analyzes chess or chess variant positions, and generates a move or list of moves that it regards as strongest.

A chess engine is usually a back end with a command-line interface with no graphics or windowing. Engines are usually used with a front end, a windowed graphical user interface such as Chessbase or WinBoard that the user can interact with via a keyboard, mouse or touchscreen. This allows the user to play against multiple engines without learning a new user interface for each, and allows different engines to play against each other.

Many chess engines are now available for mobile phones and tablets, making them even more accessible.

History
The meaning of the term "chess engine" has evolved over time. In 1986, Linda and Tony Scherzer entered their program Bebe into the 4th World Computer Chess Championship, running it on "Chess Engine," their brand name for the chess computer hardware made, and marketed by their company Sys-10, Inc. By 1990 the developers of Deep Blue, Feng-hsiung Hsu and Murray Campbell, were writing of giving their program a 'searching engine,' apparently referring to the software rather than the hardware. In December 1991, Computer-schach & Spiele referred to Chessbase's recently released Fritz as a 'Schach-motor,' the German translation for 'chess engine. By early 1993, Marty Hirsch was drawing a distinction between commercial chess programs such as Chessmaster 3000 or Battle Chess on the one hand, and 'chess engines' such as ChessGenius or his own MChess Pro on the other. In his characterization, commercial chess programs were low in price, had fancy graphics, but did not place high on the SSDF (Swedish Chess Computer Association) rating lists while engines were more expensive, and did have high ratings.

In 1994, Shay Bushinsky was working on an early version of his Junior program. He wanted to focus on the chess playing part rather than the graphics, and so asked Tim Mann how he could get Junior to communicate with Winboard. Tim's answer formed the basis for what became known as the Chess Engine Communication Protocol or Winboard engines, originally a subset of the GNU Chess command line interface.

Also in 1994, Stephen J. Edwards released the Portable Game Notation (PGN) specification. It mentions PGN reading programs not needing to have a "full chess engine." It also mentions three "graphical user interfaces" (GUI): XBoard, pgnRead and Slappy the database.

By the mid-2000s, engines had become so strong that they were able to beat even the best human players. Except for entertainment purposes, especially using engines with limited strength, matches between humans and engines are now rare; engines are increasingly regarded as tools for analysis rather than as opponents.

Interface protocol
Common Winboard engines would include Crafty, ProDeo (based on Rebel), Chenard, Zarkov and Phalanx.

In 1995, Chessbase released a version of their database program including Fritz 4 as a separate engine. This was the first appearance of the Chessbase protocol. Soon after, they added the engines Junior and Shredder to their product line up, including engines in CB protocol as separate programs which could be installed in the Chessbase program or one of the other Fritz style GUI's. Fritz 1-14 were only issued as Chessbase engines, while Hiarcs, Nimzo, Chess Tiger and Crafty have been ported to Chessbase format even though they were UCI or Winboard engines. Recently, Chessbase has begun to include Universal Chess Interface (UCI) engines in their playing programs such as Komodo, Houdini, Fritz 15–16 and Rybka rather than convert them to Chessbase engines.

In 2000, Stefan Meyer-Kahlen and Franz Huber released the Universal Chess Interface, a more detailed protocol that introduced a wider set of features. Chessbase soon after dropped support for Winboard engines, and added support for UCI to their engine GUI's and Chessbase programs. Most of the top engines are UCI these days: Stockfish, Komodo, Leela Chess Zero, Houdini, Fritz 15-16, Rybka, Shredder, Fruit, Critter, Ivanhoe and Ruffian.

From 1998, the German company Millenium 2000 briefly moved from dedicated chess computers into the software market, developing the Millennium Chess System (MCS) protocol for a series of CD's containing ChessGenius or Shredder, but after 2001 ceased releasing new software. A more longstanding engine protocol has been used by the Dutch company, Lokasoft, which eventually took over the marketing of Ed Schröder's Rebel.

Increasing strength
Chess engines increase in playing strength continually. This is partly due to the increase in processing power that enables calculations to be made to ever greater depths in a given time. In addition, programming techniques have improved, enabling the engines to be more selective in the lines that they analyze and to acquire a better positional understanding. A chess engine often uses a vast previously-computed opening "book" to increase its playing strength for the first several moves, up to possibly 20 moves or more in deeply analyzed lines. Some chess engines maintain a database of chess positions, along with previously-computed evaluations and best moves—in effect, a kind of "dictionary" of recurring chess positions. Since these positions are pre-computed, the engine merely plays one of the indicated moves in the database, thereby saving computing time, resulting in stronger, faster play.

Some chess engines use endgame tablebases to increase their playing strength during the endgame. An endgame tablebase includes all possible endgame positions with a small amount of material. Each position is conclusively determined as a win, loss, or draw for the player whose turn it is to move, and the number of moves to the end with best play by both sides. The tablebase identifies for every position the move which will win the fastest against an optimal defense, or the move that will lose the slowest against an optimal offense. Such tablebases are available for all chess endgames with seven pieces or fewer (trivial endgame positions are excluded, such as six white pieces versus a lone black king).

When the maneuvering in an ending to achieve an irreversible improvement takes more moves than the horizon of calculation of a chess engine, an engine is not guaranteed to find the best move without the use of an endgame tablebase, and in many cases can fall foul of the fifty-move rule as a result. Many engines use permanent brain (continuing to calculate during the opponent's turn) as a method to increase their strength.

Distributed computing is also used to improve the software code of chess engines. In 2013, the developers of the Stockfish chess playing program started using distributed computing to make improvements in the software code. , a total of more than 745 years of CPU time has been used to play more than 485 million chess games, with the results being used to make small and incremental improvements to the chess-playing software. In 2019, Ethereal author Andrew Grant started the distributed computing testing framework OpenBench, based upon Stockfish's testing framework, and it is now the most widely-used testing framework for chess engines.

Limiting an engine's strength
By the late 1990s, the top engines had become so strong that few players stood a chance of winning a game against them. To give players more of a chance, engines began to include settings to adjust or limit their strength. In 2000, when Stefan Meyer-Kahlen and Franz Huber released the Universal Chess Interface protocol they included the parameters uci_limitstrength and uci_elo allowing engine authors to offer a variety of levels rated in accordance with Elo rating, as calibrated by one of the rating lists. Most GUIs for UCI engines allow users to set this Elo rating within the menus. Even engines that have not adopted this parameter will sometimes have an adjustable strength parameter (e.g. Stockfish 11). Engines which have a uci_elo parameter include Houdini, Fritz 15–16, Rybka, Shredder, Hiarcs, Junior, Zappa, and Sjeng. GUIs such as Shredder, Chess Assistant, Convekta Aquarium, Hiarcs Chess Explorer, and Martin Blume's Arena have dropdown menus for setting the engine's uci_elo parameter. The Fritz family GUIs, Chess Assistant, and Aquarium also have independent means of limiting an engine's strength apparently based on an engine's ability to generate ranked lists of moves (called multipv for 'principle variation').

Tournaments
The results of computer tournaments give one view of the relative strengths of chess engines. However, tournaments do not play a statistically significant number of games for accurate strength determination. In fact, the number of games that need to be played between fairly evenly matched engines, in order to achieve significance, runs into the thousands and is, therefore, impractical within the framework of a tournament. Most tournaments also allow any types of hardware, so only engine/hardware combinations are being compared.

Historically, commercial programs have been the strongest engines. If an amateur engine wins a tournament or otherwise performs well (for example, Zappa in 2005), then it is quickly commercialized. Titles gained in these tournaments garner much prestige for the winning programs, and are thus used for marketing purposes. However, after the rise of volunteer distributed computing projects such as Leela Chess Zero and Stockfish and testing frameworks such as FishTest and OpenBench in the late 2010s, free and open source programs have largely displaced commercial programs as the strongest engines in tournaments.

List of tournaments
Current tournaments include:
 * Top Chess Engine Championship (TCEC)
 * World Computer Chess Championship (WCCC and WCSC)
 * World Computer Speed Chess Championship
 * Chess.com Computer Chess Championship (CCC)

Historic tournaments include:
 * Dutch Open Computer Chess Championship
 * Internet Computer Chess Tournament (CCT)
 * International Paderborn Computer Chess Championship
 * North American Computer Chess Championship

Ratings
Chess engine rating lists aim to provide statistically significant measures of relative engine strength. These lists play multiple games between engines. Some also standardize the opening books, the time controls, and the computer hardware the engines use, in an attempt to measure the strength differences of the engines only. These lists provide not only a ranking, but also margins of error on the given ratings.

The ratings on the rating lists, although calculated by using the Elo system (or similar rating methods), have no direct relation to FIDE Elo ratings or to other chess federation ratings of human players. Except for some man versus machine games which the SSDF had organized many years ago (when engines were far from today's strength), there is no calibration between any of these rating lists and player pools. Hence, the results which matter are the ranks and the differences between the ratings, and not the absolute values.

Missing from many rating lists are IPPOLIT and its derivatives. Although very strong and open source, there are allegations from commercial software interests that they were derived from a disassembled binary of Rybka. Due to the controversy, all these engines have been blacklisted from many tournaments and rating lists. Rybka in turn was accused of being based on Fruit, and in June 2011, the ICGA formally claimed Rybka was derived from Fruit and Crafty and banned Rybka from the International Computer Games Association World Computer Chess Championship, and revoked its previous victories (2007, 2008, 2009, and 2010). The ICGA received some criticism for this decision. Despite all this, Rybka is still included on many rating lists, such as CCRL and CEGT, in addition to Houdini, a derivative of the IPPOLIT derivative Robbolito, and Fire, a derivative of Houdini. In addition, Fat Fritz 2, a derivative of Stockfish, is also included on most of the rating lists.

Differences between rating lists
There are a number of factors that vary among the chess engine rating lists:
 * Number of games. More games when testing each engine result in higher statistical significance.
 * Formulae used to calculate the elo of each engine.
 * Time control:
 * Longer time controls are better suited for determining tournament play strength, but also either make testing more time-consuming or the results less statistically significant.
 * Increment time controls are better suited for determining tournament play strength since tournaments usually use increment time controls, but many rating lists use cyclic/repeating time controls instead.
 * Consistent time controls throughout the rating list vs different time controls for each test. The latter results in a smaller statistical significance than the former because different time controls is a potential confounder. This is particularly problematic for CCRL because CCRL uses both cyclic/repeating time controls (40/15) and increment time controls (15"+10') in its CCRL 40/15 list yet maintains both time controls on the same list.
 * Opponents used in testing engines.
 * Some rating lists only test an engine against the most recent version of each opponent engine, while other rating lists test an engine against the version(s) of each opponent engine closest in elo to the engine being tested.
 * Most rating lists do not test every engine on the rating list vs every other engine on the rating list in a round-robin tournament format. This causes distortions in the rating lists, especially for CCRL and CEGT.
 * Hardware used:
 * Faster hardware with more memory leads to stronger play.
 * 64-bit (vs. 32-bit) hardware and operating systems favor bitboard-based programs
 * Hardware using modern instruction sets such as AVX2 or AVX512 favor engines using vectors and vector intrinsics in their code, common in neural networks.
 * Graphics processing units favor programs with deep neural networks.
 * Multiprocessor vs. single processor hardware.
 * Consistent hardware throughout the rating list vs different hardware for every test. The latter results in a smaller statistical significance than the former because different hardware is a potential confounder. This is particularly problematic for CEGT because multiple testers each with their own unique hardware are involved in testing each engine in CEGT. The same issue arises in CCRL.
 * Ponder settings (speculative analysis while the opponent is thinking) aka Permanent Brain.
 * Transposition table sizes.
 * GUI settings.
 * Opening book settings.

These differences affect the results, and make direct comparisons between rating lists difficult.

List of rating lists
Current rating lists and rating list organizations include:

 * Computer Chess Rating Lists (CCRL)
 * CCRL Blitz 2+1
 * CCRL 40/15
 * CCRL FRC
 * Chess Engines Grand Tournament (CEGT)
 * CEGT Blitz
 * CEGT 40/20
 * CEGT 40/120
 * CEGT 3"+1'
 * CEGT 5"+3'
 * CEGT 25"+8'
 * Stefan Pohl Computer Chess (SPCC)
 * Mac Chess Engine Rating List (MCERL)
 * Anti Draw Rating List (ADRL)
 * ADRL Blitz
 * ADRL 40/120
 * Ipman Chess
 * Ipman Chess Intel i9 7980XE
 * Ipman Chess Intel i7 11800H
 * Ipman Chess i7 2670QM
 * Ipman Chess i7 5960x
 * Ipman Chess List i3 M380
 * SSDF

Historic rating lists and rating list organizations include:
 * Computer Chess Rating Lists (CCRL)
 * CCRL 40/2 Archive
 * FastGM's Rating List (FGRL)
 * FGRL 4"+2.4'
 * FGRL 30"
 * Ipman Chess
 * Ipman Chess i7 970
 * IPON
 * Gambit Rating List (GRL)
 * FastGM's Rating List (FGRL)
 * FGRL 1"+0.6'
 * FGRL 10"+6'
 * FGRL 60"+15'
 * FGRL 16 Cores vs RTX 2070

Test suites
Engines can be tested by measuring their performance on specific positions. Typical is the use of test suites where for each given position there is one best move to find. These positions can be geared towards positional, tactical or endgame play. The Nolot test suite, for instance, focuses on deep sacrifices. The BT2450 and BT2630 test suites measure the tactical capability of a chess engine and have been used by REBEL. There is also a general test suite called Brilliancy which was compiled mostly from How to Reassess Your Chess Workbook. The Strategic Test Suite (STS) tests an engine's strategical strength. Another modern test suite is Nightmare II which contains 30 chess puzzles.

Kasparov versus the World (chess game played with computer assistance)
In 1999, Garry Kasparov played a chess game called "Kasparov versus the World" over the Internet, hosted by the MSN Gaming Zone. Both sides used computer (chess engine) assistance. The "World Team" included the participation of over 50,000 people from more than 75 countries, deciding their moves by plurality vote. The game lasted four months, ending after Kasparov's 62nd move when he announced a forced checkmate in 28 moves found with the computer program Deep Junior. The World Team voters resigned on October 22. After the game, Kasparov said: "It is the greatest game in the history of chess. The sheer number of ideas, the complexity, and the contribution it has made to chess make it the most important game ever played."

Engines for chess variants
Some chess engines have been developed to play chess variants, adding the necessary code to simulate non-standard chess pieces, or to analyze play on non-standard boards. ChessV and Fairy-Max, for example, are both capable of playing variants on a chessboard up to 12×8 in size, such as Capablanca Chess (10×8 board).

For larger boards, however, there are few chess engines that can play effectively, and indeed chess games played on an unbounded chessboard (infinite chess) are virtually untouched by chess-playing software, although theoretically a program using a MuZero-derived algorithm could handle an unbounded state space.

Graphical user interfaces
XBoard/Winboard was one of the earliest graphical user interfaces (GUI). Tim Mann created it to provide a GUI for the GNU Chess engine, but after that, other engines such as Crafty appeared which used the Winboard protocol. Eventually, the program Chessmaster included the option to import other Winboard engines in addition to the King engine which was included.

In 1995, Chessbase began offering the Fritz engine as a separate program within the Chessbase database program and within the Fritz GUI. Soon after, they added the Junior and Shredder engines to their product line up, packaging them within the same GUI as was used for Fritz. In the late 1990s, the Fritz GUI was able to run Winboard engines via an adapter, but after 2000, Chessbase simply added support for UCI engines, and no longer invested much effort in Winboard.

In 2000, Stefan Meyer-Kahlen started selling Shredder in a separate UCI GUI of his own design, allowing UCI or Winboard engines to be imported into it.

Convekta's Chess Assistant and Lokasoft's ChessPartner also added the ability to import Winboard and UCI engines into their products. Shane Hudson developed Shane's Chess Information Database, a free GUI for Linux, Mac and Windows. Martin Blume developed Arena, another free GUI for Linux and Windows. Lucas Monge entered the field with the free Lucas Chess GUI. All three can handle both UCI and Winboard engines.

On Android, Aart Bik came out with Chess for Android, another free GUI, and Gerhard Kalab's Chess PGN Master and Peter Osterlund's Droidfish can also serve as GUIs for engines.

The Computer Chess Wiki lists many chess GUIs.

title: Chess engine


text:
Talk:AD 42

Article content
I deleted the following:
 * 42 is the answer to Life, The Universe, and Everything, as discovered by Deep Thought.

See 42 (number). RickK | Talk 02:48, 15 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Seems somebody put the Forty-Two thing back. I'll delete it. Veemonkamiya | Talk 18:56, 07 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Why do you delete this information? Was this a policy decision, or are you being arbitrary? Downstrike —Preceding comment was added at 01:26, 4 December 2007 (UTC)

Never mind that question. I finally noticed that this page is for the 'Year 42'. It may help if we can emphasize that more. I'll see if I can do that, without being obnoxious about it.

Wikipedia seems to take a person to this page by default, rather than to the primary '42' page, or even a disambiguation page. That wasn't a good choice the term, 42. Downstrike —Preceding comment was added at 01:48, 4 December 2007 (UTC)

I can see that Wikipedia isn't going to let me put bold or italic in: "This article is about the year 42. For other uses, see 42 (number)." I also now see that there is a comment at the top of the Edit page warning Hitchhikers that this isn't the page for that. Most of us will never see that, since the top of the page isn't where we would insert Hitchhiker-related information, if we're being reasonable. If we can't find a better solution, this page is going to continue receiving unusual amounts of inappropriate additions - including vandalism. Suggestions desired. Downstrike —Preceding comment was added at 02:04, 4 December 2007 (UTC)

Is there a way to make the Edit page title, Editing Year 42, instead of Editing 42? Downstrike —Preceding comment was added at 02:41, 4 December 2007 (UTC)

I've added a new otheruse template, to the disambig page rather than the number, as 42 refers to more other than just h2g2 now. Dingdongalistic

 * Why can't this article be called Year 42 instead? The title '42' should redirect to a disambiguation page.

Problem with the lead
I notice for this article, and others like 43, the lead sentence contains a misleading statement about how the year has some characteristic of the Julian calendar, such as the year 42 starting on Monday.

This is ridiculous. The Julian calendar didn't even exist until the year 46. What is the point of the lead sentence? =Axlq 03:30, 20 March 2009 (UTC)

 * You're slightly mistaken. The Julian calendar was adopted in the year 46 BC and this article concerns the year AD 42 - when the Julian calendar had existed for almost 90 years. Thus, there is no misleading statement. /Ludde23 Talk Contrib 09:12, 20 March 2009 (UTC)

 * Aha! Got it now. Got the BC/AD confused. Thanks. =Axlq 17:40, 20 March 2009 (UTC)

Page content
I think that it'd be more useful for the article '42' to be the disambiguation article... I'm sure less than half of people who type it in are after the year. Oliver beatson .talk  .cont  17:03, 17 November 2009 (UTC)
 * See Naming_conventions_(numbers_and_dates) on why it shouldn't. /Ludde23 Talk Contrib 22:14, 17 November 2009 (UTC)
 * Even so, I think 42 is important enough, being the answer to life, and Jackie Robinson's number, that it should be an exception from these conventions. Yankeesrule3 (talk) 19:25, 9 October 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:AD 42


text:
Talk:Prime Minister of Spain

The position is NOT Prime Minister
In Spain, there never has been a position called 'Prime Minister'. Since the first elected governments, the leading position has been a president, During the Cortes of Cadiz, there were a President ( José María Gutiérrez de Terán ) And under the first democratic monarchy, there were presidents Canovas del Castillo and Práxedes Mateo Sagasta. I need to know... who has decided that Spain's governor is called 'Prime Minister', while it's clearly called 'President'? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.136.7.161 (talk) 08:05, 29 June 2023 (UTC)

 * Thanks for your comment. As you can see in the article, it is widely explained that the official title in Spain is "president of the Government" but, internationally, heads of government who are not heads of state are known as "prime ministers". TheRichic Escudo de España (mazonado).svg  (Messages here)  12:59, 29 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Are we having this discussion again?
 * Zape82 (talk) 09:59, 30 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Link to the relevant discussions. Regards, Thinker78  (talk) 02:02, 12 August 2023 (UTC)

Position of columns
The name of the PM should be at the far left instead of the monarch, since we want to read about the main subject first. --Jiang 02:50, 15 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * What do you mean? The PM names are at the left for me, just next to the related pictures, while the monarch is at the far right. I tried to check whether this is a "unicode bi-di" issue, but clicking "switch page direction" in firefox did nothing. Habbit (talk) 19:37, 11 May 2008 (UTC)

President of Spain?
Is there no pisition of a president of Spain? RickK | Talk 05:45, 15 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * No. Spain is not a republic. --Wik 05:46, Mar 15, 2004 (UTC)
 * Per CIA Factbook, the Head of Government is called President of the Government (Spanish: Presidente del Gobierno), so yes, there is such a thing as President of Spain. --Cantus 05:54, 15 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * Can you grasp the difference between "President of the Government" and "President of Spain"? --Wik 05:56, Mar 15, 2004 (UTC)
 * The point being, it is still called a President. --Cantus
 * Wik is right that it is never "President of Spain". As far as I know there is no country that has both a "president" and a reigning monarch. Precisely because of this "presidente" is commonly used as shorthand for "presidente del gobierno", but he's no more the president of Spain than the president of the United States Senate is president of the United States. -- Jmabel 06:06, 15 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * OK, then ;) --Cantus 06:13, 15 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * Stop this idiocy please. "Governors"??? --Wik 23:56, Mar 15, 2004 (UTC)
 * Given that both the Chief of State and Head of Government are listed, it is appropriate to call it List of governors of Spain. The page Prime Minister of Spain should not be a list, only a definition of what the Prime Minister of Spain is. --Cantus 00:01, 16 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * Neither the king nor the prime minister is a "governor". A governor rules a subnational entity or a colony. And the list is mainly about the prime ministers, the kings have a separate article. --Wik 00:06, Mar 16, 2004 (UTC)

 * The Presidents of Spain ruled the First and Second Spanish Republics. --Error 02:58, 17 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Spain has a prime minister, in Spanish Presidente del Gobierno literally "Chairman of the Government". Spain does not have a president (a republican Head of State, which would be Presidente del Estado Español) but rather a King. — Chameleon 17:35, 19 May 2005 (UTC)

I'm Spanish, and i have to say that the definition of the word "President" depends from the Nation. So, the "President of Spain" has a diferent meaning than the "President of the USA". There isn't a general definition for "President". "Prime Minister of Spain" is an incorrect definition, it`s like if i called Tony Blair as "President of UK", or George Bush as "Prime Minister of the USA". This is not a correct definition. The only correct definition is "President of Spain".
 * Not at all. I'm Spanish too (hell, I could even post my DNI here to prove it), and the office is not named "Presidente de España", but "Presidente del Gobierno" (de España/la Nación/whatever). The literally translated title would be "President of the Government of Spain", as it has been argued here, but that very position (the chairman of a government council) has an English name by itself: Prime Minister. You argue that we call Gordon Brown (breaking news: Tony Blair resigned. Long ago) "Primer Ministro del RU" instead of "Presidente del Gobierno de RU". Well, that's true. So? There doesn't need to be reciprocity, so that's just non sequitur. The issue with a direct translation of the Spanish title is that in English "President" usually carries meanings beyond that of "head of executive", like "Head of State", and is usually associated with republican regimes. Both conditions are met with your Bush argument. However, you could say, that's the Spanish title! I'm fine with that, and "President of the Government of Spain" would also be a good title for this article, but "President of Spain" is definitely not. Neither in Spanish nor in English.Habbit (talk) 21:06, 21 March 2008 (UTC)

Ok... It's the same thing i want to say (better explained too (thanks, i forgot Gordon Brown XD)). The point that I wanted to emphasize was this: France and USA, both are Republics, but their Presidents have different political competitions, because the french President is the "Chief of State", and France also has a Prime Minister (Head of Government), but de President of the USA is "Chief of State", and "Head of Government" too. So, these two types of presidents are really different, although they are both called with the same name: "president". All the countries have different cultures, and differents names for "similar" things, all of us must respect this.

I'm spanish (another one) and I think the correct form of express the concept of "Presidente del Gobierno" is "President of Government" because, while Spain is not a republic, the difference between the spanish system and the english system is the Status Quo of the members of the government. British PM is a "first among equals" and Spanish President is the Head of the government (well, it colud be another form of express this), being the other members subordinates to him. sorry, my english isn't well. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Trancas3.0 (talk • contribs) 18:33, 11 May 2008 (UTC)

 * I think there are several different issues here. One is what the post is normally called in English and in my experience the term "Prime Minister" is always used by the British media (and not just for Spain but also Italy, Poland and indeed nearly every other country's head of government post bar Ireland, Germany, Austria and those countries where it's a combined state and government headship) and indeed by British ministers. I can't comment on other countries but I'd expect that if the governments of the countries had an issue with it they might discretely have a word, at least for when having joint press conferences and statements. As others have said, translation is not a one to one process. Whilst "President" traditionally meant just the "presiding officer" of a body and still survives in a few titles (e.g. Lord President of the [Privy] Council) in practice the term in English has come to mean the head of an organisation and in political terms it's used to mean the head of state. When Michael Heseltine opted to revive the title President of the Board of Trade there was much comment on what this said about his ambition and ego, something that wouldn't happen in a language where "President" still has a broader meaning.

 * I take your point about the UK Prime Minister traditionally being "first amongst equals" (although the phrase was originally an insult meaning "king's pet") but in de facto practice the UK Prime Minister is head of the government and the ministers-are-all-equals concept has long fallen away. That's even before we get to other Prime Minister posts that have been head of the government from day one. Timrollpickering (talk) 23:58, 28 June 2008 (UTC)

Well, Zapatero was received at the Pittsburgh G-20 summit as the "President of the Government of Spain".--Follgramm3006 (talk) 01:34, 26 September 2009 (UTC)

Okay, I know it could be confusing, but there is no such thing as a "Prime Minister of Spain", and as a spaniard it was very confusing when I started to read this page. There is no Prime Minister, and if you read the Spanish Constitution (Spanish: https://boe.es/legislacion/documentos/ConstitucionCASTELLANO.pdf; English: https://boe.es/legislacion/documentos/ConstitucionINGLES.pdf), it says, everytime, "The President of the Goverment of Spain" or just "The President". The King of Spain is the Head of the goverment, and has no power to rule the State of Spain, but to "arbitrate and moderate the regular functioning of the institutions and to assume the highest representation of the Spanish State in international relations", The Spanish Constitution, Section II, Chapter V, Article 56,1. It means that the power of the King has much more of a symbolic nature, and can't be compare, no even a bit, with the power that a President of a Republic as France has. Actually, the President of the Goverment of Spain has much more de facto power than the King, as the King can't even express his own political opinion. That said, this article should not be called "Prime Minister of Spain" nor "President of Spain", but "President of the Goverment of Spain", as the Spanish Constitution calle him, no matters the language in which you check it. If you are going to write about the goverment of a county, at least you should read the basics of its constitution. You can also check the Spanish Wikia. What really shocks me is that this article is that this discussion started like 16 years ago, when I was two years old, and nobody checked the Constitution before writing anything. --Osci_Tienal 21:50, 28 June 2020 (UTC)
 * Under WP:COMMONNAME, Article titles are based on how reliable English-language sources refer to the article's subject, and Wikipedia does not necessarily use the subject's "official" name as an article title; it generally prefers the name that is most commonly used (as determined by its prevalence in a significant majority of independent, reliable English-language sources) as such names will usually best fit the five criteria listed above.. A vast majority of English-reliable sources refers to the officeholder as "Prime Minister of Spain", not as "President of the Government of Spain". This is why the official name appearing in the Constitution is entirely irrelevant here, because English readers (and, you know, this is the English wikipedia) will recognize the guy holding this office as "Prime Minister", not as "President", because most media in English will typically refer to him like that. Plus the fact that, in English, the term "president" is typically reserved for heads of state, not heads of government, and will cause a lot of confusion.  Impru 20 talk 22:09, 28 June 2020 (UTC)

Title of page
I moved this page from Prime Minister of Spain to List of Presidents of Spain, hoping it would stay there, but user Wik moved it to List of prime ministers of Spain.

Then I tried moving the page to List of Prime Ministers of Spain, unsuccessfully. The title Prime Minister should be capitalized, so this page should be changed to List of Prime Ministers of Spain or List of Presidents of Spain

--Cantus 05:52, 15 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * Certainly not "Presidents of Spain". I couldn't move it back to the original title, so I had to choose a new one that made sense. --Wik 05:56, Mar 15, 2004 (UTC)
 * Well, isn't that sucky? Any admins that can do the trick? --Cantus 05:59, 15 Mar 2004 (UTC)

This article is not merely a list. Please make the move war between Prime Minister of Spain and President of the Government of Spain and not a "list of" title. --Jiang 09:08, 15 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Name/Date formats & Zapatero
Why are the earlier Prime Ministers in the format "Garcia, Juan" and the more recent ones in the format "Juan Garcia"? The earlier format is wrong and should be changed. And why is Zapatero here when he has not yet taken office? He could die tomorrow. The April 2 date is pure speculation. I will fix these errors. Adam 08:13, 19 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Well, now that you've most certainly looked at the source, you saw that there was a "TO BE DONE" message there to alert editors to change both name and date formats in first entries. I know it was wrong when I added them, but I didn't have the time to change them to the proper format. --Cantus 00:50, 20 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Removal of two military labels
Francoist presidents of the Government Torcuato Fernández-Miranda and Carlos Arias Navarro were NOT soldiers but civilian politicians. In addition, Arias Navarro was a INCUMBENT president, not an ACTING one

Requested move 2005
Contradictory information: the "move template" at the top of this page suggests a move to President of the Government of Spain; WP:RM suggests moving to Prime Minister of Spain. Either would be an improvement on where it is now, but my vote goes to Prime Minister of Spain as where it really should be. –Hajor 19:58, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)

This article has been renamed as the result of a move request. The vote below is no longer active. violet/riga (t) 17:43, 21 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Discussion

 * Comment - From CIA World Factbook:
 * chief of state: King JUAN CARLOS I (since 22 November 1975); Heir Apparent Prince FELIPE, son of the monarch, born 30 January 1968
 * head of government: President of the Government Jose Luis RODRIGUEZ ZAPATERO (since 17 April 2004); First Vice President (and Minister of the Presidency) Maria Teresa FERNANDEZ DE LA VEGA (since 18 April 2004) and Second Vice President (and Minister of Economy and Finance) Pedro SOLBES (since 18 April 2004) —Cantus… ☎   03:28, Jun 12, 2005 (UTC)

The article should not be renamed or moved
no votes

Propose that this article be renamed and moved to Prime Minister of Spain.

 * Support, –Hajor 19:58, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Support, of course. James F. (talk) 11:40, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. There are a lot of countries where the Head of Government is formally titled as "President of the..." but the position is best known in English as "Prime Minister". Certainly on the British media the office holder is never called anything but "Prime Minister". Timrollpickering 13:52, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Support -- the form most likely to be linked to and searched for. Jonathunder 16:11, 2005 Jun 19 (UTC)

Propose that this article be renamed and moved to President of the Government of Spain

 * Support - As per CIA World Factbook. After all, we use Taoiseach instead of Irish Prime Minister across Wikipedia. Plus the current name —Prime Minister of the Government of Spain— is an absurd hybrid. —Cantus… ☎   21:26, Jun 19, 2005 (UTC)

 * support. Prime Minister and President (as Presidente means in Spain) aren't the same concepts —Preceding unsigned comment added by Trancas3.0 (talk • contribs) 18:38, 11 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Support. The name is "Presidente del Gobierno", and english people cannot rename this title because is spanish, and the Spanish Constitution is the law of Spain. In french, italian, german and other wikipedias is "President of the Government" in his languages. Spain has not Prime Minister, has a lot of ministers, but not a Prime. President of the Government is not a Minister. --Hinzel 00:45, 8 February 2009 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Hinzel (talk • contribs)
 * Support. I can´t find the words 'Prime Minister of Ireland', but just 'Taoiseach', which is logical, considerating this is his speciffical post in Ireland. If somebody writes 'Prime Minister of Spain', he should be re-led to 'President of the Government' of Spain, and not inversely. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.0.179.190 (talk) 14:03, 19 April 2009 (UTC)
 * Support - I am Spanish, and in Spain everybody calls Zapatero "Presidente (President)", nobody calls him "Primer Ministro (Prime Minister)". Therefore, Zapatero is not a Minister neither legally nor in the street. It happens the same in Germany and Austria: Angela Merkel is also German Head of Government and NOBODY calls her "Prime Minister of Germany" but "Chancellor of Germany" or "German Chancellor". And Wikipedia respects that title. For the same reason, Zapatero should be called "President of the Spanish Government", "President of Spain" or "Spanish President". In Japan, nobody refers to Akihito as "king" but as "emperor", and Wikipedia respects that title too. Why are you respecting German and Japanese languages and not Spanish? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.221.132.42 (talk) 12:09, 19 August 2009 (UTC)

Requested move (2006)
President of the Government (Spain) → Prime Minister of Spain

Rationale: This debate was already held last year (see above), and it was decided the page should be at "Prime Minister of Spain" as this is the common usage in English. It has since been moved by User:Cantus with no accompanying debate, and a null edit made to the redirect page to prevent an ordinary user moving it back.
 * —SteveRwanda 10:05, 17 May 2006 (UTC)

Ok. I live in Spain and here we always says "El presidente Zapatero..." or "El presidente del gobierno". Calling it "Prime Minister" is a complete mistake! Actually, he's not he "prime minister" of Spain nor the government, and we never call him "El primer ministro Zapatero.." --62.57.162.108 19:05, 20 January 2007 (UTC)

Survey

 * Add *Support or *Oppose followed by an optional one-sentence explanation, then sign your opinion with  ~

 * Support - for reasons above. SteveRwanda 10:08, 17 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Support just move it back without discussion if it was a singular user and a vote was held about the issue before with clear consensus. Gryffindor  17:04, 17 May 2006 (UTC)

 * I've speedied this; no point in doing it again.
 * James F. (talk) 23:43, 17 May 2006 (UTC)

Discussion

 * Add any additional comments

Move the list away
I think this article should be expanded to include the role and powers of the Spanish PM, both in the current democratic Spain and in past regimes, the method of election and dismissal, etc. This would make it possible to move the (huge) PM list away to some article called List of Prime Ministers of Spain and keep just the last part (since the 1975 Constitution). By the way, I think the list should incorporate the First VP of the Government (i.e. First Deputy PM) below each PM because, whenever the PM leaves Spain or is somehow incapacitated/unreachable, the 1st DPM becomes Acting PM. Thus, María Teresa Fernández de la Vega has been "in power" several times. Habbit (talk) 00:22, 28 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Since no opposition has been voiced here, and since I've revamped List of Prime Ministers of Spain, I'm wiping the list here and leaving just the PMs since the democratic transition, with a link to the full list. Habbit (talk) 01:47, 4 February 2008 (UTC)

Prime minister vs. president of the government... update
As has been mentioned time and time again, British English references, which must necessarily prevail over translated terms at the English-language Wikipedia, invariably use the term prime minister (of Spain) when referring to Spain's presidente del gobierno, as per the following random example from the press (The Economist): http://www.economist.com/specialreports/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12581187 "Speaking to the prime minister of Spain" (Nov 6th 2008)

As for official uses, the updated English Style Guide (Fifth edition: 2005 Revised: March 2009) published by the European Commission Directorate-General for Translation http://ec.europa.eu/translation/writing/style_guides/english/style_guide_en.pdf

states the following: 19.29 Spain. Full name: Kingdom of Spain. The 17 political/administrative units into which Spain is divided are called Autonomous Communities in English. Translate Presidente del Gobierno as Prime Minister (of Spain).

I suspect, however, that this might not be considered conclusive enough... --Technopat (talk) 17:42, 21 April 2009 (UTC)

 * May I also point out that standard Wikipedia practice for several counterpart positions is to use the title normally used in English - thus "Prime Minister of Japan" not "Minister for the general administration of the Cabinet of Japan" or "Prime Minister of Italy" not "President of the Council of Ministers of Italy". Similarly we use "Prime Minister" not "President of the Government" for "Prime Minister of Croatia", "Prime Minister of Russia" and "Prime Minister of Serbia", again because that is the standard way the position is referred to in English. Timrollpickering (talk) 13:19, 3 May 2009 (UTC)
 * So, it's "standarisation" over factual accuracy, now? There is no such thing as a Spanish Prime Minister. It's a misnomer and the only arguments given to support the article having a title which doesn't match reality is the prevalence of a misconception (or purposeful oversimplification) in the British media. Are those the standards a supposedly encyclopaedic work is to adhere to?--84.77.155.153 (talk) 03:30, 14 June 2009 (UTC)
 * Translation is not a one-to-one process. Frequently one will use the relevant equivalent concept in the destination language rather than the literal translation of the source term because it more readily conveys the meaning. Note that even the English language section of the La Moncloa website uses both interchangeably:  Timrollpickering (talk) 10:55, 14 June 2009 (UTC)

 * I tend to favor President of the Government to Prime Minister myself. The examples given for other nations should... in my opinion... be corrected as well. But I defer to the consensus reached here. ♦Drachenfyre♦ · Talk 00:04, 2 July 2009 (UTC)

 * "Prime Minister" is a correct english translation, as the role of the President of the Government is the same as the role of a Prime Minister. However, I think in the infobox we should use "President of the Government", as it is the translation of the official tittle. In the articles about the Prime Minister of Italy, the Prime Minister of Croatia", and "Prime Minister of Serbia it works like that.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.61.198.89 (talk) 21:03, 31 January 2019 (UTC)

Well, Zapatero was received at the Pittsburgh G-20 summit as the "President of the Government of Spain".--Follgramm3006 (talk) 01:38, 26 September 2009 (UTC)

Aznar's peerage
None of the so-called controversies links mention the peerage. Unless a clear link is provided, I would consider this Original Research and remove it accordingly. --Phagopsych (talk) 23:44, 16 July 2011 (UTC)
 * I agree, and removed text. ♦Drachenfyre♦ · Talk 03:30, 16 December 2011 (UTC)

President of the Government of Spain, 2011 discussion
Hello all. Considering the general on-going consensus since 05 to rename the page President of the Government of Spain, I propose we actually do this! But the redirect page "President of the Government of Spain" needs to be deleted first so that the name opens up. Thoughts? ♦Drachenfyre♦ · Talk 03:48, 16 December 2011 (UTC)

It's been discussed already. He's a "prime minister" in English. It's like the Spanish refer to the British chancellor as "Ministro de Hacienda" or "Ministro de Finanzas", and not "Canciller". In any case, if anything I would translate "presidente" as "chairman", rather than president, since it's referring to him as being the chairman of the cabinet. --Timtranslates (talk) 14:51, 8 September 2013 (UTC)

Requested move (2011)

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: not moved. Favonian (talk) 13:42, 8 January 2012 (UTC)

– Correct form of the title of the office is 'President of the Government of Spain', and on-going favoritism towards the correct title for the office as expressed in the talk page. 68.106.153.175 (talk) 10:11, 30 December 2011 (UTC)
 * Prime Minister of Spain → President of the Government of Spain
 * President of the Government of Spain → Prime Minister of Spain

 * And Once again. DOnt ever bother in Discussing --Zape82 (talk) 10:39, 30 December 2011 (UTC)
 * Comment -- The BBC commonly referes to this office as "Prime Minister", probably because British people do not expect kingdoms to have a president. The Prime Minister articel should hawever be retained as a redirect.  Peterkingiron (talk) 12:48, 30 December 2011 (UTC)
 * The EU and the UN indicate that the head of government of Spain should be translated as Prime Minister of Spain. --Zape82 (talk) 00:07, 31 December 2011 (UTC)
 * Retain current name per WP:UE. The Spanish term may mean something different, but it is established in English that the office is called Prime Minister. Canuck My page 89 (talk), 04:16, 31 December 2011 (UTC)
 * Oppose since the title in English is usually given as prime minister, but there should of course be an explanation in the very beginning of the article that the title acctually would be president of the government if a literal translation would be made. Paved with good intentions (talk) 13:53, 31 December 2011 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Infobox
Can user:Zape82 please stop putting Prime Minister in the infobox whilst this may be the common title it is not the official one as per Prime Minister of Italy, Prime Minister of Russia. Please no not revet again without discussion. --81.106.240.67 (talk) 12:53, 19 July 2012 (UTC)

"Prime Minister" is a correct english translation, as the role of the President of the Government is the same as the role of a Prime Minister. However, we should use "President of the Government" in the infobox, as it is the translation of the official tittle. In the articles about the Prime Minister of Italy, the Prime Minister of Croatia, and Prime Minister of Serbia it works like that.
 * Several issues here: firsly, as per MOS:INFOBOX, the template should be named the common name of the article's subject, which in this case clearly is "Prime Minister of Spain". Other stuff may exist, but that doesn't mean that it is done correctly for those other articles or that consensus is similar in those situations. Secondly, this article covers not only the current office, but the historical position since its first inception in the 19th century. The office has had different names throughout history, all of them easily identifiable under the "Prime Minister of Spain" label but not as "President of the Government of Spain", a name which has only existed since 1938. Thirdly and finally, the post is overwhelmingly referred to in the article as "Prime Minister", so having the template named as "President of the Government" would only lead to confusion. Impru 20  talk 21:29, 31 January 2019 (UTC)

Use of the literal translation
I notice that this article uses the literal translation "President of the Government" a lot, as if it were the title of the article. All the discussions above seem to suggest a consensus around the more common English translation of "Prime Minister". Has something changed since these discussions? Or should we mostly use the phrase "Prime Minister"?

Yaris678 (talk) 05:21, 24 June 2014 (UTC)

Recent Presidents of the Government
Hi I'm from Spain and the grafic in Recent Presidents of the Government section it's wrong. Calvo-Sotelo and Aznar are from PP (blue), Gonzalez and Zapatero are from PSOE (red). Thank you. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.56.186.1 (talk • contribs) 15:46, 30 December 2015 (UTC)
 * Calvo-Sotelo was from UCD (green). All others are shown in their party's colours. Impru20 (talk) 14:30, 14 July 2016 (UTC)

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Presidente del Gobierno (possible solution)
I have followed this very interesting inter-cultural discussion. And despite the fact that as it can be seen in this televised debate the candidates refer themselves to the office as "el presidente" and "presidir el gobierno", or that as explained here, Trump actually refered to Rajoy as Mr. President because the Spanish embassy told him to, and instructed him that that was the right name (and believe me, I am by no mean a defender of Trump), I do undertand that the mental gynmnastic for English speakers of a President of a Kingdom is impossible to surpass.

However I do have a salomonic solution sort of speak. Why not to just use the original native language term? Just rename the article to Presidente del Gobierno or Presidente del Gobierno Español and that's it, inside the text the explanation can be the same. There are presedents for this for example Führer, Taioseach and Lehendakari. --Dereck Camacho (talk) 19:19, 26 October 2020 (UTC)
 * A solution to a non-existant problem as of currently, IMHO, since English sources overwhelmingly use "Prime Minister" to officially refer to this office. This means that this is very straightforward under WP:COMMONNAME and WP:NCGAL: When writing articles on government bodies or offices with native titles not in English, an English translation should be favored, except when reliable sources in the English language commonly use the native title. (the other articles you mention are examples of situations where those are the actual terms used in English sources, so not comparable).
 * Also, you do not seem to account for the fact that, for most of its history (almost uninterruptedly from 1834 to 1939), the office has been named as "President of the Council of Ministers" (Presidente del Consejo de Ministros), so "Prime Minister" fits WP:PRECISE better as a term that can be user to indistinctly refer to all the different variations of the office's name.  Impru 20 talk 19:53, 26 October 2020 (UTC)
 * I have my doubts on how you reach the conclusion that prime minister is the most used term in English (is there a source for that somewhere?) but lets say you can provide the source for such a statement, so if the same source shows that "president" is more commonly use than prime minister, that would mean that the article should be renamed due to WP:COMMONNAME correct? --Dereck Camacho (talk) 20:21, 26 October 2020 (UTC)
 * Enough sources are provided in the multiple RMs and discussions above, but if there is still any doubt, just check results in Google Trends. Even if you use the actual name in Spanish, you'd see that it only comes out on top in Spanish-speaking countries (which seems fairly obvious, IMO), whereas in English-speaking ones the use of "Prime Minister" is absolute (obvious as well).
 * "so if the same source shows that "president" is more commonly use than prime minister, that would mean that the article should be renamed due to WP:COMMONNAME correct?" You are not going to find that, basically because the term "president" in English has a different meaning that in Spanish (it refers to the head of state of a republican state, whereas in Spanish it has a broader meaning), which adds to the problem of attempting to move this to "President of the Government" or any such variations. In meaning, a more truthful translation would be "Chairman of the Government", since presidente in Presidente del Gobierno/Consejo de Ministros/etc. refers to the head of a given collegiate body.  Impru 20 talk 20:34, 26 October 2020 (UTC)
 * Alright but in a hypothetical situation that president became the most "trendy" term? --Dereck Camacho (talk) 20:38, 26 October 2020 (UTC)
 * In that hypothetical situation, then a serious discussion on that will surely ensue (and I could very well prompt it). As of now, majority use in English reliable sources is overwhelmingly in favour of "Prime Minister", so that's unlikely to arise any time soon.  Impru 20 talk 20:51, 26 October 2020 (UTC)
 * Am I missreading the data in Google Trends? Because if I'm not then Spanish President and President of Spain have much more common use than Spanish Prime Minister and Prime Minister of Spain according to it. --Dereck Camacho (talk) 16:42, 27 October 2020 (UTC)
 * President of Spain/Spanish President refers to a different (historical) office, with its own Wikipedia article. So yes, you are misreading it. Also, the "[Demonym] [office]" format does not abide to Wikipedia's naming convention on the topic of government offices.  Impru 20 talk 16:44, 27 October 2020 (UTC)
 * So Prime Minister of Spain compare with President of the Spanish Government would be a valid case? --Dereck Camacho (talk) 17:09, 27 October 2020 (UTC)
 * I do not understand why do you keep bringing unofficial, made-up terms (contrary to Wiki policy, as outlined above). "Prime Minister" is the official term overwhelmingly at use by a wide majority of English-language reliable sources and compliant with Wiki policies. You must realize that you are just prompting a non-existant problem here.  Impru 20 talk 17:34, 27 October 2020 (UTC)
 * You didn't answer my question. --Dereck Camacho (talk) 17:42, 27 October 2020 (UTC)
 * I did. You didn't answer mine, though, and this reply only confirms what I said.  Impru 20 talk 18:11, 27 October 2020 (UTC)

Ok, I will assume that your answer was a solid yes then. I don't see how my motivations are of any importance. If indeed the naming of an article is because of WP:COMMONNAME then we are on the same page. I do agree that "Prime Minister of Spain" was the most commn use until recently, I also see a trend that seem to be changing it. Obviously if that trend continuous WP:COMMONNAME still applies. --Dereck Camacho (talk) 18:16, 27 October 2020 (UTC)
 * Both WP:COMMONNAME (together with the rest of WP:AT criteria) and WP:NCGAL apply. Even in most of your search results (using cherry-picked choices, btw), "Prime Minister of Spain" is still the most favoured one under COMMONNAME. But then, NCGAL still applies: the article titles for government departments and offices must be official ones, or valid translations used in sources. Both "President of the Government of Spain" and "Prime Minister of Spain" would be valid translations, but the latter outperforms the former in English reliable sources by a great deal. You have cherry-picked the rest of the choices you have brought, proposing a new random name just as the previous one was contested. At this rate, you will be proposing "President of the Government of the Kingdom of the Country Named Spain" if you feel that suits your needs, but that's not how Wikipedia's policies on article titles work. Be serious, please, and don't create a problem where there is none just because you don't like the current title.
 * I tried to be nice but this is now being close to disruptive. This issue has been discussed over and over in the past, with multiple RMs on the issue all going the same way. If you feel this article should be moved, open a RM and bring up your evidence for your title pick there (though for that, you must first decide which one is the title you actually want). Otherwise, I please ask you to don't keep wasting everyone else's time. Cheers.  Impru 20 talk 18:27, 27 October 2020 (UTC)
 * You're getting kind of argumentative on this issue, I don't know if is a personal issue or what but you seem to be taking it against me personally. I did not cherry picked anything, I use the same tool you gave me. I'm applying WP:COMMONNAME as you invoked it, unless it only applies when is works for you. Probably what happened is that you didn't expected the term President of the Spanish Government to be more commonly use right now and thus your strange reaction to the subject. Because again, I'm only using the tool you provide to prove your point. Regarding WP:NCGAL the Spanish government already stablish President to be the correct translation, so again, the policy sustains the change.
 * Disregarding your feelings on the issue if in the coming months the clear evidence for the use of the term President over Prime Minister is there, I will request a renaming. If you feel that wastes your time feel free to use abstain to participate. --Dereck Camacho (talk) 18:37, 27 October 2020 (UTC)
 * You initially proposed "Presidente del Gobierno" (yes, in Spanish). You then proposed "Spanish President" and "President of Spain", which you were shown that referred to a different office. Then, it was "President of the Spanish Government". You keep bringing new terms every time the previous one is contested and refuted. That's cherry-picking. Your arguments on the issue have also changed depending on the term you picked, whereas I've not changed a little comma of my pleas to conform to COMMONNAME and NCGAL.
 * Probably what happened is that you didn't expected the term President of the Spanish Government to be more commonly use right now and thus your strange reaction to the subject. 1) It's not, as per your own source, which still clearly shows "Prime Minister" overwhelmingly preferred overall, but also in English-speaking countries. 2) I'd say it was you who didn't expect it; otherwise, you'd have proposed it as the first, rather than the fourth, alternative title. Right?
 * Regarding WP:NCGAL the Spanish government already stablish President to be the correct translation. Read NCGAL again: the translation must be the one that is the most used in English reliable sources. As said, "President" has a different meaning in English that it does in Spanish (don't blame me for that). But the fact is that "Spanish Government" is not even the official translation of the referred department (which is "Government of Spain"; Gobierno de España).
 * Open a RM now if you think the change is due; I'll obviously contest it. But refusing to do so now after all what you have said only backs up the belief that you are aware yourself that what you say is plainly wrong and that you know you won't get such a RM to succeed. Which is what I mean by asking you to please don't waste everyone else's time.  Impru 20 talk 19:06, 27 October 2020 (UTC)
 * I was suggesting an option for what is clearly a mistake (the Spanish head of government is not a prime minister). You have not contested or refuted anything, because I haven't suggested any new term. I was using the tool that you provide to check which is the most common term in Englsh and as of right now is "President of the Spanish Government" not Prime Minister of Spain. But don't you worry, I will open a RM for the most common name used in English according to both COMMONNAME and NCGAL.
 * It is interesting tho how you claim that I proposed several names and you refute them. I have only proposed one, the other names I mentioned were not proposals, I was asking something (for example asking if the comparision of Prime Minister of Spain with President of the Spanish Government using Google Trend is a valid comparision which you said yes). How asking if comparing two or more terms with Google Trends equals proposing such names for change in your mind, beats me.
 * So to be clear. I have only made one proposal. And in the future I will propose to use the most common name in English as of COMMONNAME and NCGAL. Greetings. --Dereck Camacho (talk) 20:23, 27 October 2020 (UTC)
 * Your words: the Spanish head of government is not a prime minister. Wikipedia's definition of prime minister: A prime minister is the head of the cabinet and the leader of the ministers in the executive branch of government, often in a parliamentary or semi-presidential system.
 * There's little point in keeping the discussion ongoing beyond this point. You have a clearly flawed misconception of what a prime minister is and what a president is in English language usage (there is even a specific sentence in the article pointing that even in the cases where heads of government are dubbed as "presidents" in their mother language, they are really prime ministers. This is said literally, man).
 * Really, if you want to have this moved so badly, propose a RM. It will be headed for certain defeat with these arguments, but at this point you probably need to get trounced through such a failure in order to get the point on how word usage in English does not correlate to that in Spanish. Cheers.  Impru 20 talk 21:25, 27 October 2020 (UTC)
 * I will in its due time, let see what Google Trends shows in a few months, thanks for the tool. I just hope you already have clear the difference between question and propposal which doesn't seem to be the case as of right now :D --Dereck Camacho (talk) 22:14, 27 October 2020 (UTC)
 * Hint: it'll show exactly the same than right now, as it has been doing for... years?
 * You have made four proposals. Otherwise, it was pointless for you to show results for different terms, since you must use the term that you want to become the new title. That, or you have indeed wasted my time by dragging me into a barrage of useless text-walling. Your call. :D
 * Cheers.  Impru 20 talk 06:31, 28 October 2020 (UTC)

Well you do tend to answer a lot, even after you say goodbye and/or say your time is been wasting. Maybe you have a problem not having the last word. In any case how you confuse asking question with making proposals certainly is baffling. --Dereck Camacho (talk) 13:11, 28 October 2020 (UTC)
 * Yeah, that's what happens when you make direct interpellations: that you usually get an answer. Also, so for you to know: when making questions, use a closing question mark. You did not use it for several of your proposals, so don't pretend to imply that it's anyone else's fault but yours. Cheers. ;)  Impru 20 talk 14:41, 28 October 2020 (UTC)
 * I did use a closing question mark on each and every one of my questions. And I'm not questioning that you answer when directly interpelled, just finding curious that for someone who complains about waisting time and says good bye always come back to answer even when it could ignore the issue perfectly fine, specially if the issue seems to be in his own word so time waisting. Unless of course such person has a problem letting things go and not having the last word.
 * In any case, just for clarification, I only made one proposal. What what seems to confuse you gravely was my probing of your only argument (or lack thereoff) that the reason why the article is named "Prime Minister of Spain" is because is the most used term on English according to Google Trends that you yourself provided. When I check it turns out twice that it wasn't true, so I check your argument (or lack thereoff) in both cases. First, checking which term was more common whether Spanish President or Spanish Prime Minister and turn out that Spanish President was more common according to Google Trends. Thus, you said that such search was invalid because denomyn plus office can't be use. Then I check Prime Minister of Spain and President of the Spanish Government and oh surprise, as of today the second is more common.
 * Obviously what should had happen there is that you should said: Ok, if President of the Spanish Government is more common then yes, is the one that should be use (as per your own argument, otherwise would be a contradiction). Of course, that is not what happened. Probably because you didn't expected that result finding yourself between a rock and a hard place: how can you justify a particular name if the argument you use for that justification no longer apply?
 * So when I asked if that search was a valid one, instead of responding, you started attacking me with a very argumentative group of ad hominems, which I ignored for obvious reasons. So yes, basically and again, according to your own words the most common term in English should be the one used. That things didn't went the way you wanted because you didn't expected that to have changed and that upseted you was another matter. You shouldn't take it on me that your own argument does not support your point. --Dereck Camacho (talk) 16:35, 28 October 2020 (UTC)
 * >2kB of text. Wow. So much for an user that just complained about someone else "answering a lot". Sorry, too long, didn't read. Fill a proper RM and I'll be glad to reply with proper arguments to the actual proposal that is made. I'll not be addressing walls of text that attempt to re-interpret my own arguments in a malicious way, nor be convinced than what was said was not said or vice versa. Cheers and bye.  Impru 20 talk 17:03, 28 October 2020 (UTC)
 * At no point I complained about you answering a lot, I just poited out your contradiction on complaining and doing it. It is interesting how you truly seem to have your own conversations in your own head that do not correspond with reality. No wonder that you don't read what you're discussing. It does shows. --Dereck Camacho (talk) 18:21, 28 October 2020 (UTC)
 * Welp. ¯\_(ツ)_/¯
 * Now seriously, if you are not going to open your RM now, I don't know why you keep insisting on replying. Doing so only to keep attacking me is unlikely to attract any support to your stance, tbh.  Impru 20 talk 21:32, 28 October 2020 (UTC)
 * Wow, the person that said goodbye answer again. No surprise there. I hasn't made any attack agains you. --Dereck Camacho (talk) 02:17, 29 October 2020 (UTC)

Emergency Powers
The article wrongly states that the constitution does not grant the government emergency powers in the light of the Franco dictatorship, but Art 116 constitution allows 3 different levels of a state of emergency. The first level (state of alarm) can be declared for up to 15 days by the government. The higher levels or a longer duration requires approval by the lower house of parliament. https://en.m.wikisource.org/wiki/Spanish_Constitution_of_1978_(unannotated)/Part_V The state of alarm was used for several months during the Covid pandemic, being the basis for most of the restrictions imposed in spring 2020 and Autumn - Spring 2020/2021. Not sure how to proceed, there is no source for the current statement, maybe it's partially valid as to the extend of the emergency powers and that they are subject to parliamentary and judicial control, but without a source in that direction it should probably be deleted and replaced by outlining Art 116. Manwe Sulimo1 (talk) 11:38, 17 June 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Prime Minister of Spain


text:
ChipTest

ChipTest was a 1985 chess playing computer built by Feng-hsiung Hsu, Thomas Anantharaman and Murray Campbell at Carnegie Mellon University. It is the predecessor of Deep Thought which in turn evolved into Deep Blue.

ChipTest was based on a special VLSI-technology move generator chip developed by Hsu. ChipTest was controlled by a Sun-3/160 workstation and capable of searching approximately 50,000 moves per second. Hsu and Anantharaman entered ChipTest in the 1986 North American Computer Chess Championship, and it was only partially tested when the tournament began. It lost its first two rounds, but finished with an even score.

In August 1987 ChipTest was overhauled and renamed ChipTest-M, M standing for microcode. The new version had eliminated ChipTest's bugs and was ten times faster, searching 500,000 moves per second and running on a Sun-4 workstation. ChipTest-M won the North American Computer Chess Championship in 1987 with a 4–0 sweep.

ChipTest was invited to play in the 1987 American Open, but the team did not enter due to an objection by the HiTech team, also from Carnegie Mellon University. HiTech and ChipTest shared some code, and Hitech was already playing in the tournament. The two teams became rivals.

Designing and implementing ChipTest revealed many possibilities for improvement, so the designers started on a new machine. Deep Thought 0.01 was created in May 1988 and the version 0.02 in November the same year. This new version had two customized VLSI chess processors and it was able to search 720,000 moves per second. With the "0.02" dropped from its name, Deep Thought won the World Computer Chess Championship with a perfect 5–0 score in 1989.

title: ChipTest


text:
USS Blandy

USS Blandy (DD-943) was a Forrest Sherman-class destroyer, named for Admiral William H. P. Blandy USN (1890–1954),

Blandy was built by the Bethlehem Steel Corporation's Fore River Shipyard in Quincy, Massachusetts, and was launched 19 December 1956, sponsored by Mrs. John M. (Hope "Toni" Blandy) Lee, daughter of Admiral Blandy; and commissioned 26 November 1957.

History

In 1958, Blandy bore the American Unknown Soldier of World War II's European Theater from Naples to a rendezvous off the Virginia Capes with Boston (CAG-1), which bore the Unknowns of the Pacific Theater and the Korean War, and Canberra (CAG-2). After the selection of the Unknown of World War II was made on board Canberra, the selected casket and the Korean Unknown were transferred to Blandy for transportation to Washington, D.C. Arriving at the U.S. Naval Gun Factory on 28 May, both caskets lay in state in the Capitol Rotunda until 30 May, after which they were interred in the Tomb of the Unknowns in Arlington National Cemetery.

In 1961, Blandy won the Marjorie Sterrett Battleship Fund Award for the Atlantic Fleet.

On October 30, 1962, Blandy tracked Soviet submarine B-130, dropping small charges and following the submarine in an attempt to bring it to the surface. After seventeen hours, the submarine's commander, Captain Nikolai Shumkov, ordered the submarine - at this point running with reduced diesel power and minimal oxygen - to surface.

In 1968, Blandy was awarded the Arleigh Burke fleet trophy award for all Atlantic Fleet.

On 7 December 1970 BLANDY was transiting the passage between the Dominican Republic and Puerto Rico, at 2118Z when the nuclear submarine USS JACK SSN 605 took her picture:

Fate
The ship was decommissioned on 5 November 1982 and struck from the Navy List on 27 July 1990.

She was sold for scrap to the Fore River Shipyard and Iron Works on 11 December 1992. When the shipyard went bankrupt in 1993, she was resold to N. R. Acquisition Incorporated of New York City by the Massachusetts Bankruptcy Court and scrapped by Wilmington Resources of Wilmington in North Carolina in 1996.

title: USS Blandy