text:
Talk:Irritable bowel syndrome

Blood test
This Wikipedia article says: "Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) or spastic colon is a symptom-based diagnosis….No specific laboratory or imaging test can be performed to diagnose irritable bowel syndrome."

However, this may need updating. See here.Anythingyouwant (talk) 00:35, 22 May 2015 (UTC)

 * Well, we would need to wait for this to appear in a review. Looking at the study itself, it doesn't really seem all that impressive. If you look at the results for Anti-vinculin (fig 3) you'll see all the results are overlapping. There would be no way to diagnose IBS from that. The Anti CdtB results are slightly more impressive, although it still doesn't distinguish between IBS and Celiac. As usual, this is another good example of science hyped by press release, and demonstrates precisely why we don't use primary studies (and news articles in particular) for medical claims. --sciencewatcher (talk) 00:45, 22 May 2015 (UTC)

 * For sure, science hyped press releases are not reliable sources for this Wikipedia article, but still it's worth keeping an eye on them, so that more reliable sources can be consulted later. As for celiac disease, that problem may be solved by testing for celiac disease antibodies alongside the new IBS tests, or at least so says this unreliable source.  You may want to consider simply removing the categorical statement that "No specific laboratory or imaging test can be performed to diagnose irritable bowel syndrome" without yet asserting the contrary.Anythingyouwant (talk) 00:52, 22 May 2015 (UTC)

 * Is there any update to this?
 * Not to my knowledge -- IBS remains a diagnosis of exclusion. DoctorJoeE review transgressions/ talk to me!  01:46, 14 June 2021 (UTC)
 * It is still a diagnosis of exclusion; there are no specific blood tests for IBS, other than to rule out other conditions like celiac disease.Rytyho usa (talk) 03:57, 14 June 2021 (UTC)
 * You're obviously not very familiar with ongoing research in this field. 79.201.168.182 (talk) 17:19, 16 October 2023 (UTC)

Chronic fatigue syndrome
The chronic fatigue syndrome onset is after 60 years and the IBS onset is before 45. Anyone can reliably reconcile this difference? AXO NOV (talk) ⚑ 10:36, 11 August 2021 (UTC)
 * "ME/CFS is most common in people between 40 and 60 years old.", but that doesn't mean ME/CFS does not occur at other ages. Nor have there been rigorous studies to explore what ages persons with ME/CFS exhibit the symptoms of IBS, that I know of anyway. As a further compounding factor, studies have used many different definitions to diagnose the patients, so there are many subgroups lumped in the umbrella term ME/CFS. In other words, the research has a lot of issues that would make it difficult to answer to your question with any certainty. Ward20 (talk) 20:00, 11 August 2021 (UTC)
 * Well, then I propose to clarify that the overlap is less significant and age should be taken into account. According to cited source (review) CFS is not the only accompanying disease and found only in 51% of IBS cases, so it shouldn't be taken like a major indicator (symptom) or a disease concomitant with IBS. Btw, one review claims that the age of onset of CFS is between 20 and 45 (38 years old on average per another source, see TABLE 4: ) and is prevalent in females (3:1 - female:male ratio).  AXO NOV  (talk) ⚑ 09:41, 12 August 2021 (UTC)
 * I'm not very familiar with this article, but where does it state ME/CFS is a major indicator of IBS? ME/CFS is not a symptom, it is a diagnosis of an illness, so I'm not sure what needs to be clarified in the article. Would you please be specific what sentence(s) need to be changed?

 * First, the 2002 Gastroenterology Review uses cites of ME/CFS defintions from 1988 and 1994, mostly studies from the 1990s, and even uses studies of Chronic fatigue in their data about ME/CFS. The premise in the Abstract Conclusions states that, "strong comorbidity suggests a common feature important to their expression, which is most likely psychological." The study basically conculudes IBS and other cormorbid conditions associated with it are psychological. This study is so biased and out of date it shouldn't be used as a reference.

 * The '40 to 60 year old' data is from the CDC guidance which is based on the diagnostic definition of the 2015 Institute of Medicine report on ME/CFS. The '38 years old' data mentioned in the WP:Primary Source Mayo Prevalence study was published in 2012, but the Fukuda criteria they used for the diagnosic definition is from 1994 and quite different from the newer CDC symptom criteria. The 2019 ME/CFS review is good but the definition of ages where it is most common is not necessarily the same as the definition for peak age of onset.

 * To sum up, the data and citations used here need to be carefully considered before use, and terminology and definitions agreed upon by the involved editors in order to have a good result. Ward20 (talk) 21:18, 12 August 2021 (UTC)
 * Well even though I tend to agree with you for now I propose to explicitly mention that materials backed up by are old (per WP:MEDDATE) until more WP:RS are provided.
 * I also propose to remove mentions of CFS from symptoms because it's confusing and certainly shouldn't be listed there. In the lead and § Comorbidities I'm going to explicitly mention that the source used is old by using H:RTAG. Any objections? AXO NOV  (talk) ⚑ 12:32, 13 August 2021 (UTC)
 * Sounds like a good start to me. Ward20 (talk) 21:47, 13 August 2021 (UTC)

Length of article
In my humble opinion, this article is way too long and because of this is less accessible. I would suggest dramatically reducing some of the sections and/or moving some areas (e.g. dietary management of IBS) to a separate page Y2k3000 (talk) 00:55, 28 October 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Health Psychology
— Assignment last updated by Nicoleschully (talk) 19:17, 25 April 2024 (UTC)

IBS and Sleep Disruptions
I am interested in adding more details to the page about the relationship between IBS and sleep irregularity. The current body of research establishes a correlative but not causal relationship between the two, specifically linking a higher frequency of sleep disorders, as well as higher rates of sleep disruption, to an IBS diagnosis. Moreover, much of the research hypothesizes the role of stress in this relationship, specifically emphasizing the role of the autonomic nervous system. I found a meta-analysis that found an significantly decreased ANS dysregulation and decreased GI symptoms following psychotherapeutic intervention  (which raised some questions for me about the current section on psychotherapeutic interventions) https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/14/16/3447

I would appreciate input on where would be the best place to add this information onto the current page. I also think it is important to stress the psychological factors underlying sleep irregularity and its relationship to IBS. I was thinking of adding a few sentences to the signs and symptoms section, or maybe to the section on stress? Charlottebaker1 (talk) 19:12, 30 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Irritable bowel syndrome


text:
Plan Nine Publishing

Plan Nine Publishing was a small press book publisher known for publishing webcomics in printed form. The first series published, and perhaps its most famous, was Kevin and Kell.

History
Plan Nine Publishing was named after the Ed Wood film Plan 9 from Outer Space. The publisher was owned by David Allen, who worked publishing alongside his day job as a systems engineer at Financial Computing in Winston-Salem. Plan nine was started in 1996, and in January 2000 Allen left his day job to concentrate full-time on the publishing business.

98% of Plan Nine's products were sold direct to customers through their website. With low print runs (typically less than 2000), the company were able to run with a profit with runs as low as 300. The low running costs meant that the company was able to have a 70% gross profit margin, and was able to give its artists a 20% royalty, more than 4 times the industrial average.

In April 2008, the Plan Nine main page was replaced by a message stating: ''Plan Nine has gone on hiatus for re-tooling and transition to new owners. Please check back with us Sept 1st, 2008. Thanks for your support!'' That page remained until the site finally went offline in 2010.

Publications
In addition to Kevin and Kell, Plan Nine published a number of other notable webcomics, including:
 * Bastard Operator From Hell
 * Buckles
 * Doctor Fun
 * Monty
 * On the Fastrack
 * Ozy and Millie
 * Safe Havens
 * Sluggy Freelance
 * The Suburban Jungle
 * User Friendly

Plan Nine also published Black Box Voting by Bev Harris, a nonfiction book discussing the issues involved in computer-based balloting. In 2004, the company published I Lived with My Parents and Other Tales of Terror, a collection of nonfiction and humor essays by Mary Jo Pehl.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Plan Nine Publishing


text: Template:Lars von Trier

title: Template:Lars von Trier


text:
Talk:Root locus analysis

Graphical procedure
Isn't a root locus more like a graphical procedure for determining the poles of a closed-loop system given the poles and zeros of a forward-loop system? Wetman 02:16, 15 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * No the root locus is a usefull tool for determining when the poles and zeros of our system are stable and from this we can determine what type of compensation would be needed on the system. minorproblem add missing date 12:20, 19 May 2006 (UTC)

 * I believe that Wetman is not incorrect. Root Locus does find the poles, starting from the open loop. I will try to improve this page, & yes, with some graphics. I am a huge fan of root locus, surprised at the small entry here! Markrkrebs (talk) 12:13, 29 November 2007 (UTC)

 * "the root locus is the locus of the poles and zeros of a transfer function as the system gain K is varied on some interval."
 * This is wrong. Like the name "root locus" implies, the locus of the poles only (not the zeros) is constructed. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 134.130.45.36 (talk) 13:40, 10 November 2008 (UTC)

Example
I think that the example in this article could really be improved if it included some visual aids (at the very least a diagram of the system) 205.166.66.2 13:27, 14 August 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree about adding visual aids. Also, the wording is pretty atrocious, too informal and excited.  A simpler, more straightforward approach would be preferred. 18.247.5.18 (talk) 18:00, 15 November 2009 (UTC)

More info
Here's more info on the spirule, with a picture: [redacted]. preceding was added by 71.146.103.58 (talk) 02:24, 7 January 2008 (UTC)

k values
does anyone have any idea how to plot the vector magnitudes if given a damping ratio (zeta) from the standard set of second order step responses, what is the correct procedure — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2.26.237.217 (talk) 16:11, 10 May 2013 (UTC)

Sketching section missing subtlety
When computing the asymptotes' real-axis intersection we need to use the sums of the _real-parts_ of zeros and poles. I will go ahead and change it for completeness. 87.214.162.181 (talk) 14:39, 15 September 2020 (UTC)

What is "roots"?
In the first line, "...examining how the roots of a system change..." what is "roots"? Please provide a definition and-or link to a definition or article.

"Spirule" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spirule&redirect=no Spirule] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at until a consensus is reached. D.Lazard (talk) 16:57, 11 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Root locus analysis


text: User talk:68.80.31.230

title: User talk:68.80.31.230


text:
Talk:The Wombles

Untitled
Steeleye span were not always the band, perhaps that should be clearer. All sorts of people filled in including well known musicians from bands like 10cc. A TV history program actually revealed that the smell issue was a big one. They only had one set of womble costumes and at times they smelt so bad they had an extra hotel room booked to keep them in.

This (TV history program) is available (as of September 27, 2010) on YouTube as Roobarb's Look At 1974, part 6 of 6. I'm not aware of a 10CC connection with the Wombles, though I wouldn't put it past Godley and/or Creme. Chris Spedding and Clem Cattini were regulars (as Wellington and Bungo respectively). Tim and Andy Renton and Robin LeMesurier also donned the costumes, the former two most likely for the Wombles TV appearances in Germany and the 1974 US promotional tour - might even have appeared on Captain Kangaroo. LeMesurier was kicked out of the "band" after being arrested for possession of pot following a Wombles appearance on Clapham Common.

Wearing a Womble costume made out of fake fur would be hot enough on its own, but the chubbiness of the characters required the insertion of partially inflated beach balls which would have held in the heat, especially under TV studio lighting.

I think the Steeleye Span story probably happened in December 1975, as that seems to be the only time Steeleye Span and the Wombles would have both been appearing on TOTP (promoting "All Around My Hat" and "Let's Womble To The Party Tonight" respectively) but I'm not keen to put that in unless someone can confirm my suspicion first. Bonalaw 12:33, 28 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Steeleye Span appeared in costume only once to promote "Superwomble". Tim Hart had a Steeleye Span web site that mentioned this appearance in response to my asking him the question, but with his demise it may no longer be available.

Sightings
Have removed the rubbish about womble sightings in Eastbourne. Is this a wind-up, or was an actor in a suit seen? Not really relevant. Tpacw (talk) 16:12, 12 April 2008 (UTC)

9/8?
I hate to admit this, but I've still got my old cassettes of Wombes music from when I was a kid... and there's no way Minuetto Allegretto is 9/8. 12/8 or 6/8, maybe, but not 9/8. 12:51, 23 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Picture?
Where is it?--Hraefen Talk 22:01, 18 August 2006 (UTC)

Number of books
Elizabeth's personal entry says "As well as writing 20 Wombles books," yet this section only lists a few.

Dimensions (size) of a Womble
Sadly not mentioned anywhere: how tall is a Womble?

In the old TV series, the Wombles had a door made of a car door. I seem to remeber that a Womble could comfortably use that door, indicating that a Womble should be around 1 meter tall. If the car door was a real car door, and not from a car model (toy car).

In the books it's mentioned that the Silver Womble (the Womble's car) is propelled by a clockwork. However, a typical clockwork which one might find in the junk might have a serious problem when used for automotive transport of a few Wombles (with the size of a small children).

Apart from the question of the size of the "real" Wombles, what was the size of the Womble stop motion puppets used in the TV series? Were they 1:1 scale models of real Wombles? --Klaws 09:02, 7 April 2007 (UTC)

 * In the movie they were described as "four feet tall, fat and furry". 59.167.55.160 (talk) 12:00, 9 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Wombles were certainly shorter than humans, but I don't think they could have been diminutive for a number of reasons. For one thing Bulgaria is capable of holding up a copy of the Times (which was a broadsheet in those days). Also I'm pretty sure the Silver Womble was not clockwork. (As I remember it ran on alcohol, which Tobermory distilled from nettle juice.) Also in the Wandering Wombles Orinoco and Tomsk managed to get from London to Loch Ness in 2 days, which would have been very difficult if their motor schooter had been toy-sized. Also Tomsk was able to masquerade as one of the guards at Buckingham Palace, wearing a bearskin. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 94.12.62.183 (talk) 12:48, 24 March 2011 (UTC)

Actually, it gets a brief mention in the article. In the books, wombles are bearlike creatures who stand between four and five feet high. (In the first book, Orinoco wears a long overcoat; other than being "strained around the middle buttons", it seems to fit him pretty well.) With the TV series, the wombles were made into smaller, rodent-like creatures who stood three to four feet high. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 137.118.253.101 (talk) 04:58, 28 April 2011 (UTC)

Recycling?
The Wombles didn't recycle, they reused. This is made clear from the lyrics to the Wombles Theme ...making good use of the things that they find. Timdownie 19:43, 1 May 2007 (UTC)

Fictional?
It' a bit much to say 'The Wombles are fictional characters' in the postmodern 21st Century, isn't it? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Dwlegg (talk • contribs) 16:04, 25 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Clarity is primary in an encyclopedia. Remember that some readers will come here based on an off-hand reference, unaware if wombles are fictional characters or a pack-rat-like rodent or an international environmentalism organization. --Tysto (talk) 20:03, 14 September 2009 (UTC)

Tomsk
I could have sworn there was a regular member of the Wimbledon Wombles called Tomsk. I think he was the handyman. Plutonium27 (talk) 20:54, 22 December 2007 (UTC)

The handyman womble is Tobermory, Tomsk is the athletic womble —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.176.157.69 (talk) 21:08, 5 March 2008 (UTC)

Also, in the first book (the first chapter of which is available from the official website... look for "Download Extract"), Tomsk is the burrow's gatekeeper, as he lets the newly-named Bungo out for work. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 137.118.253.101 (talk) 04:52, 28 April 2011 (UTC)

Wombles Infobox
I have recently updated The Wombles (band) and created Wombling Free and Wombling Songs. Would there be any merit in a genetic Wombles infobox for the bottom of any article related to the Wombles? McWomble (talk) 08:41, 9 March 2008 (UTC)

Age
Would wombles really be the oldest animals? A quick search on google proves this wrong - a clam was found to be over 400 years old, and was classed as an animal according to the articles. Tpacw (talk) 16:12, 12 April 2008 (UTC)

Vicar of Dibley
Were the Wombles constantly mentioned by Alice in the Vicar of Dibley? I think so... but I'm not sure (I'm american!).

Any brits who can answer my question? Intothewoods29 (talk) 23:24, 23 July 2008 (UTC)

I don't know about "constantly mentioned", but she does mention them more than once in the series. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 90.222.90.34 (talk) 18:46, 30 April 2011 (UTC)

Popular Culture Trimmed
Removed this from the In Popular Culture Section
 * In the works of author D.C. White, the character of Captain Doobie (who, much like Warren Ellis's The Captain, is not really the Captain of anything) estimates that one horsepower is equivalent to 1072.8 womblepower.

As far as I can tell via Google, Captain Doobie only exists in one person's blog entries (presumably the aforementioned Mr/Ms White), so is not really notable enough to include here, and the reference to Warren Ellis is completely off-topic.

If I'm wrong about the notability, perhaps someone would care to create a Captain Doobie or D. C. White page? Rojomoke (talk) 13:57, 31 July 2008 (UTC)

Daisy buns?
One fan site implies that Orinoco's favourite food was not actually cloud berries but daisy buns: see http://www.google.co.uk/search?q=site%3Acerise.f2s.com+%22daisy+buns%22

Anyone (re)watched enough episodes to be able to comment definitively? Ozaru (talk) 22:01, 5 September 2008 (UTC)

Rainbow Toys made an Orinoco Womble doll in the early 1980s which had a battery powered voice box inside activated by pressing the tummy of the doll. Several phrases spoken by Bernard Cribbins (who did the voices for the TV series) are recorded thereon. One of the phrases is "Daisy buns?!? My favourites!" —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.255.204.14 (talk) 04:39, 27 September 2010 (UTC)

Wellington
There appears to be some confusion over the origin of the name of the Womble named 'Wellington'. Is the origin Wellington in New Zealand or Wellington in Somerset? The previous link was to Wellington in NZ but I noticed the text claim that the origin was Wellington School in Somerset, so I changed the internal linking to route to Wellington School. Now it has been edited back to link to Wellington in NZ, but the editor has not removed the reference to Wellington School in Somerset. Dubmill (talk) 15:30, 11 January 2009 (UTC)

Beresford named Wellington after the school a nephew of hers attended. But in "The Wombles Go Round The World" in the chapter where Wellington and Tomsk visit New Zealand one reads the following: ""It sounds awfully nice," said Wellington, who felt that, as he had chosen a New Zealand name for himself, he had to be extra-polite..."(Chapter 12 Ah-roo-ah-roo-ah-roo). So what she used from reality as inspiration for the name was adapted to fit the narrative of her story. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.255.204.14 (talk) 04:31, 27 September 2010 (UTC)

Rating
Re-rated as C-class. Cdhaptomos  talk – contribs  10:43, 23 April 2009 (UTC)

Links
Removed overlinking, as well as "easter egg" links - ie when sentence talks about "Great Uncle Orinoco" then links from that should not go to "orinocco river".. however if it says "great uncle orinocco .... named after the river orinocco" then obviously a link to the geographic article is correct from the second use of the word.

Some of the origins of the names need to be shown.

Also please don't revert edits that attempt to correct errors such as these, when the reverts reintroduce the same errors eg this edit http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Wombles&action=historysubmit&diff=433917896&oldid=433909875 reintroduces overlinking as well as reintroducing "easter egg" links which could be original research. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Lorelorn (talk • contribs) 20:57, 17 June 2011 (UTC)

Another point is that of the musical intruments the wombles play - this is not explained in the article - is this something to do with The Wombles (band) ? if so it should be in that article. ie see the section The_Wombles - I have marked the points as needing clarification and reference.Lorelorn (talk) 21:00, 17 June 2011 (UTC)

1968?
The entry claims that Beresford had the inspiration for the Wombles on Boxing Day (26 December) 1968 - yet the first book was published in 1968. Turning the job round in under a week seems unlikely... CulturalSnow (talk) 23:15, 7 June 2016 (UTC)
 * Yes, there is a conflict in the references here. The ref following the Boxing Day event from the Telegraph ( describes the trip to the Common, but does not say 1968 for the trip. It also conflicts with another reference in the article by saying the first book was published in 1970, while the BBC ref  says the first book was 1968.  FlowerpotmaN ·( t ) 23:35, 7 June 2016 (UTC)
 * Had to check but 1968 is definitely the year for the first book and is multiply referenced in the Beresford article; as the Telegraph source doesn't say 1968 anyway - saying "In the mid-1960s", it's just a matter of tweaking the sentence "In 1968, Elisabeth Beresford took her young children..." to remove the specific year.  FlowerpotmaN ·( t ) 23:54, 7 June 2016 (UTC)
 * And I have done just that  FlowerpotmaN ·( t ) 23:59, 7 June 2016 (UTC)

Cousin Botany
Named after Botany Bay?

(Can't believe I'm typing on a talk page about a Wombles article.}

All best to all, Notreallydavid (talk) 16:56, 2 May 2018 (UTC)

Madame Cholet
This article describes Madame Cholet as "a very kind-hearted but short-tempered womble". It has been a long time since I last saw The Wombles, but I do not remember Madame Cholet being short-tempered. Vorbee (talk) 17:43, 12 June 2019 (UTC)

Origin of the name
The article refers to the charming mispronunciation of Wimbledon Common, but surely there's a connection with Dorset slang wamble, to wander? Hardy uses it in his The Dynasts. Shtove 20:22, 12 February 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Wombles


text:
Talk:Donegal fiddle tradition

Old comments
I recognize this text as being from my "Donegal fiddle pages" (google it):

 * Among the many younger players, the three fiddlers of the Donegal "supergroup" Altan, Mairéad Ní Mhaonaigh, Paul O'Shaughnessy, Dinny McLaughlin, and Ciarán Tourish, are commonly regarded as brilliant, as are Mick Brown, Martin McGinley, Dermot McLaughlin, and others too numerous to mention by name. Finally, although he is not known as a fiddle player, Dermot Byrne, the button accordion player currently with Altan, has a style and repertoire that is firmly within the Donegal instrumental tradition; he is widely regarded as one of the finest button accordion players in Ireland. Liz Doherty is the youngest member of this tradition. Her album "Last Orders" appeared in 1999.

While I don't mind that you use my work as part of a Wikipedia article, I most certainly do mind that you do not link to my website or give me credit for the text anywhere. That's simply unethical. --Larry Sanger (talk) 02:52, 6 December 2007 (UTC)

I looked into this to try to fix it and I got a little confused. The earliest version of the article available, copied from your article on Nupedia, includes pretty much the same text:

 * Among the many younger players, the three fiddlers of the Donegal "supergroup" Altan, Maireád Ní Mhaonaigh, Paul O'Shaughnessy, and Ciarán Tourish, are commonly regarded as brilliant, as are Mick Brown, Martin Mcginley, Dermot Mclaughlin, and others too numerous to mention by name. Finally, although he is not known as a fiddle player, Dermot Byrne, the button accordion player currently with Altan, has a style and repertoire that is firmly within the Donegal instrumental tradition; he is widely regarded as one of the finest button accordion players in Ireland.

On your Donegal fiddle pages here, it says something similar but not quite the same:

 * It was not until the 1990s, however, that Donegal fiddle music reached its widest audience, with the great artistic and commercial success of the band, Altan. Led by fiddler Mairéad Ní Mhaonaigh, they may be the most popular Irish traditional music group playing today--they have been in the first rank of Irish "supergroups" for over a decade. Other instruments in the current lineup are another fiddle (Ciaran Tourish), button accordian (Dermot Byrne), bouzouki (Ciaran Curran), and two guitars (Mark Kelly in Ireland and Dáithí Sproule in the U.S.)--all played to the very highest standards.

So this article sounds like it's copying from your work on Nupedia, not on your website...or am I more confused than I think I am? Dreamyshade (talk) 12:37, 14 December 2007 (UTC)

Unofficial review
I have been asked by a Wikipedian friend of mine to give some suggestions to improve this article which he improved substantially, especially with referencing and sourcing. Here is a list of 10 notes that I noticed:
 * 1. The lead section needs to be expanded to include one more paragraph per WP:MoS.Also of note was the fact that WP:LEAD requires the lead to summarize the whole of the article; here the problem was omitting any mention of the music's style in the lead. ✅
 * 2. "Description of style" was on the whole well-written, however take a look at a couple of phrases there and tell me what's wrong with them:

"though one also might plausibly identify several different, but related, styles within the county." "In general, however, the style is rather aggressive." "but relatively uncommon elsewhere, include barndances"

 * Weasel words! I'll try to fix them... Nousernamesleft copper, not wood 22:54, 28 January 2008 (UTC)

 * 3. I am a bit uneasy with the "Origins" and "History" Sections. The Origins section could well be named History, and the History section could be renamed to more reflect its content.✅
 * 4. Per WP:Guide to layout, should not the History/Origins section come first (you could of course disagree with me, but the layout is important)✅
 * 5. A bit rephrasing here could be helpful: "The historical connection between the west coast of Donegal and Scotland is an ancient one (many shared names) " (many shared names: ?, rephrasing there is important)and "Traditional music Seisiúns are still common place both in pubs and in houses" What's wrong with the second one? The first one was ✅.
 * 6. A bit of POV : "There are a number of different strands to the history of fiddle playing in County Donegal. Perhaps the best-known and, in the last half of the twentieth century, the most influential has been that of the Doherty family" more than one citation will be helpful.✅
 * 7. "international coverage of certain artists but because of local pride in the music", ok so where is this international coverage? many modern players are red-linked just the paragraph above! ✅
 * 8. Citations 12 to 21 except 17, need to be in the correct format, or rather a better format per WP:CITE and using citation templates.
 * Actually, they do. They use cite web in a format that, according to WP:CITE, is perfectly acceptable. Nousernamesleft copper, not wood 22:54, 28 January 2008 (UTC) ✅
 * 9. The origins section was "date-less", some dates other than the 200-years mentioned in the lead are need for this section.
 * Even after re-reading it several times, I'm not sure why one would need dates for this section

Nousernamesleft copper, not wood 22:54, 28 January 2008 (UTC) ✅
 * 10. I felt the article was not broad enough, perhaps other aspects of the music could be mentioned. I am not particularly familiar with the music, but how about mentioning its awards, films about it, a trivia section - although discouraged per WP:TRIVIA - might actually enrich the article.
 * I'll try to mention awards/movies, but an actual separate "trivia" section makes me slightly uncomfortable. Nousernamesleft copper, not wood 22:54, 28 January 2008 (UTC)

So that's it for my humble review, nothing very serious to address, but a couple of things here or there can be improved.

 * Λua∫ Wi  se  (talk) 11:33, 27 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Great job indeed...

The article might be ready for GAN now. Cheers. Λua∫ Wi  se  (talk) 11:29, 29 January 2008 (UTC)
 * I am not sure if point 2 was addressed, but somehow it looks better now, although the words are still there.
 * I mistakingly referred to this phrase "Traditional music Seisiúns are still common place both in pubs and in houses" which is correct.
 * Point 8, Yes they do use cite web, but almost none states the access date, which is important, because as you know, web sites change and url's will not be helpful then-even though you mentioned the title-. Well, I think this point is rather optional, but it will certainly help if you are going for a GA.
 * The Origins (history, now) section might use a couple of dates here or there. I mean any date would be more precise than "ancient Irish music". However, if acquiring dates is somewhat a difficult task, you can ignore this point. I stated it in the first place because an encyclopedia would not come with a date-less history section, do not you agree?
 * A trivia section could indeed be a bad idea per WP:TRIVIA, adding info about movies/rewards somewhere in the article could be better.
 * Finally, I detected this small problem here with this url : "http://www.efxstudio.com/studio/Music%20Articles/encyclopedic/donegal_fiddle.htm"; a bad request. Perhaps you can fix it.

&All right, I'll insert the input dates. Thanks! Nousernamesleft copper, not wood 22:43, 29 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Oops, I actually forgot about going back to do point two. :o I guess if it looks better now, it's okay...
 * If I can find some dates, I'll insert them.
 * Hm, that url works fine for me. Strange. What browser?

Well, I congratulate you on your praiseworthy effort, the article was kindda before you came and now it is sortta. ;) . Λua∫  Wi  se  (talk) 12:45, 30 January 2008 (UTC)
 * I checked the external links via the same tools used for that purpose with FAN. It worked fine with me on firefox but strangely enough, that tool kept telling me that it was a "bad request"....

Thanks! I nominated it at GAN. Nousernamesleft copper, not wood 01:39, 31 January 2008 (UTC)

GA review

 * GA review (see here for criteria)

 * 1) It is reasonably well written.
 * a (prose): b (MoS):
 * 1) It is factually accurate and verifiable.
 * a (references): b (citations to reliable sources):  c (OR):
 * 1) It is broad in its coverage.
 * a (major aspects): b (focused):
 * 1) It follows the neutral point of view policy.
 * Fair representation without bias:
 * 1) It is stable.
 * No edit wars etc.:
 * 1) It is illustrated by images, where possible and appropriate.
 * a (images are tagged and non-free images have fair use rationales): b (appropriate use with suitable captions):
 * 1) Overall:
 * Pass/Fail:
 * 1) It is illustrated by images, where possible and appropriate.
 * a (images are tagged and non-free images have fair use rationales): b (appropriate use with suitable captions):
 * 1) Overall:
 * Pass/Fail:
 * 1) Overall:
 * Pass/Fail:

Details:

 * The footnotes - the websites need information on who the publisher and author is so that judgement on whether the source is reliable or not can be made.
 * You can combine footnotes 6 and 15 by using the tag to reuse footnotes.
 * Sources - Footnotes 1 (& 19 which is to the same site) and 2 are to sources that are borderline reliable. 2 is sourcing something that could probably be sourced to a geography book pretty easy. 1 appears to be self-published. Numbers 7, 19, 27 & 28 are also suspect because they appear to be self-published. The sites for 6, 8, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18, 21, 22, 24, & 26 are probably okay, but the citations need to give publishers and authors. Please note I'm not saying that these sites aren't probably accurate, just that they probably wouldn't be considered reliable sources by Wikipedia.
 * I'd like to see a bit more on modern playing. Is it played in concerts or fairs or what?
 * Watch the use of "it is claimed", usually this is considered a "weasel word". If you've got a source that's reliable, just go ahead and drop the "claimed".
 * Maybe a BIT more on the lead, with at least one or two sentences on the history and current usage?
 * All in all a good start. My main concern is the self-published nature of the web sites, some probably do not pass Reliable sources, and others are going to need who published them in order to convince folks they are reliable.
 * It's a quibble, but usually the See also section comes right after the main text of the article and before the notes.
 * Another quibble, consider putting one of the pictures on the right side. The pictures are good themselves, staggering them left-right-left will make the article look better, at least in my opinion.

I've put the article on hold for seven days to allow folks to address the issues I've brought up. Feel free to contact me on my talk page, or here with any concerns, and let me know one of those places when the issues have been addressed. If I may suggest that you strike out, check mark, or otherwise mark the items I've detailed, that will make it possible for me to see what's been addressed, and you can keep track of what's been done and what still needs to be worked on. Ealdgyth | Talk 16:56, 8 March 2008 (UTC)

 * I've formatted the refs as you asked, as well as the other points. Judge which ones are reliable; I'll replace the ones that aren't. Nousernamesleft copper, not wood 17:39, 8 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Okay, I think we're looking at problems with the The Donegal Fiddle Pages site, the Musical Traditions site, the Ireland's last nomadic people project, the P. V. O'Donnell site and the Irish 'session' page (it's a transcription of a mailing list post which is not reliable, unfortunately). A few of the other sites might not pass muster at FA, but given the problems with finding obscure information and the fact that they are being published by at least some sort of magazine/company, they probably make it okay for GA status. Featured Article Candidates is real picky on websites, much pickier than I am for GA.

 * I do want to restate that I'm not thinking these sources are not good. Given the obscurity of the subject, I'm sure that these websites are actually maintained by folks who love the music and they are probably great resources, unfortunately, Wikipedia standards for reliable sources make using self-published sources really difficult.

 * And I really liked the article. It's a great little article about a neat tradition, and I want to make sure it makes GA (and FA if you're wanting to take it there). Ealdgyth | Talk 18:21, 8 March 2008 (UTC)

 * What I did is I replaced the refs with some of the books already present in the non-inline references section (I also added one). I own a few of these, and have read summaries of the others, so I think it's plausibly safe to reference the facts with them.

 * I don't intend to improve it to FA in the near future, but may consider it for a future project. Thanks for your encouragement. Nousernamesleft copper, not wood 18:50, 8 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Just need to format the new footnotes to match the others. Also footnote 14 is lacking any text, (I'm sure it's a typo). I'd like to see page numbers for the book citations also.... I know, being picky. Otherwise looks good! Ealdgyth | Talk 20:01, 8 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Actually, the full citations you can get from clicking on the refs. When citing books, that's the way to do it, so I don't need to change them at all. You can browse through some existing GAs (Islamic astronomy for example) to see such a standard. The empty ref seems to be a bug with the citation software; if you look at the source, you'll see that a ref is there. I'll ad the page numbers now... Nousernamesleft copper, not wood 20:09, 8 March 2008 (UTC)

(unindent) Just make them consistent, and stick with one style. Right now there are two styles in the footnotes. (Not as bad as another GA review I just did where there were I think four or five different styles across the page, including Harvard! Yikes!) Yeah, it's picky, but it's one of those things that has to be consistent to make the article look good. Ealdgyth | Talk 20:12, 8 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Okay, done. Nousernamesleft copper, not wood 20:21, 8 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Thanks! Looks good. Sorry to be picky aobut the consistency but it certainly makes the article look more professional. Passing it now! Ealdgyth | Talk 20:32, 8 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Thanks for your time and effort. Nousernamesleft copper, not wood 22:47, 8 March 2008 (UTC)

The statement that Liz Doherty is the youngest member of this tradition is simply not true, as i suggests that there are no more players after Liz Doherty. What about Damien and Roisin Harrigan, Derek McGinley, Merle Drost, Aoife Mclaughlin, Tara Connaghan, Stepehn and Claire Gallagher: the list goes much further. Most of the significant players under the age of thirty haven't recorded CDs, and CDs are not the standard by which significance in this area needs to be judged, but rather their contribution on the ground which is sadly not as common knowledge. The Donegal Fiddle tradition is a living, breathing tradition, with literally hundreds of young children actively participating in classes and workshops throughout the year. In my opinion, Doherty is fairly divorced from the Donegal 'scene', all of her albums being primarily comprised of music form outside Ireland. If you want to mention the younger famous generation making their way with the Donegal style, surely Ciaran O'Maonaigh and Aidan O'Donnell are too important to be left out. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Ambassadorfish (talk • contribs) 13:21, 26 March 2009 (UTC)

This Article is a Disaster from Beginning to End
This is a truly appalling article. It is inaccurate and amateurish throughout. Let’s for the present look at one of the final sections:

=Modern= “The three fiddlers of the Donegal "supergroup" Altan, Mairéad Ní Mhaonaigh, Paul O'Shaughnessy, Dinny McLaughlin, and Ciarán Tourish, are generally admired within Donegal.[16] Liz Doherty is the youngest member of this tradition.”

Okay, Footnote 16 refers to: "Feldman, Allen, and Eamonn O'Doherty. The Northern Fiddler: Music and Musicians of Donegal and Tyrone. Belfast: Blackstaff Press, 1979." Altan was not formed until 1987, Dinny McLaughlin was never a member of Altan, and none of these fiddlers were mentioned anywhere in "The Northern Fiddler: Music and Musicians of Donegal and Tyrone" by Feldman and Doherty. So This is a FALSE REFERENCE!

This fake reference has been deleted. The numpty who "composed" this article should be ashamed! So long as it remains in this sorry state people should simply remove the clearly fraudulent parts!

And “Liz Doherty is the youngest member of this tradition.” Seriously? This nonsense claim in what's meant to be an encyclopaedia article? If you’re going to download and steal an article on a subject, please make sure the original author has some idea what they’re writing about, rather than mere personal opinion and ignorant prejudice. This entire article on The Donegal Fiddle Tradition is totally unreliable and should be deleted in its entirety, so that someone with a clue about the subject can write one from scratch. This article cannot just be touched up; it is awful and needs to be removed completely and replaced by a genuine article written by someone with actual knowledge, not just some gullible nube with access to Google and a willingness to believe anything the internet throws up.

To top off this disaster of google-investigation and shoddy scholarship, the article inexplicably has a photo of a fiddler from Newfoundland. Please delete this rubbish article immediately! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.42.241.28 (talk) 03:29, 22 October 2011 (UTC)

This is a mess
I have to agree with the above anonymous commenter--this is really an appalling article. Paddy Moran of Newfoundland as the only pictured fiddler?! Liz Doherty, the "youngest member" of the tradition? Dinny McLaughlin, a member of Altan? And that only scratches the surface. My original was far better. I strongly recommend that you simply replace the present, extremely problematic text with the older, problem-free text. I'd edit it myself, but I have no stomach to actually touch Wikipedia articles anymore. --Larry Sanger (talk) 19:30, 1 December 2011 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Donegal fiddle tradition


text:
Talk:Jebtsundamba Khutuktu

Bold text
This lama has many names, the most common being Khalkha Jetsun Dampa and Jebtsundamba Khutught, at least per Google search. I have decided to make Khalkha Jetsun Damba the central name if for no other reason than that is the name he uses on his own personal website now that he exists in his 9th incarnation. You don't get that kind of help when you study European history. technopilgrim 02:20, 15 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * I prefer Jebtsundamba or Jebtsundamba Khutughtu, the Mongolian names, to "Jetsun Dampa" the Tibetan name in the Lhasa dialect. Although all but the first and the second were Tibetans, they are historic figures of Mongolian history. They were brought up in Mongolia and the eighth was a Mongolian nationalist. The ninth is the only exception. He spent most of his life in a Tibetan community. (Thank you for letting me know the nice page. I knew almost nothing but his existence.)

 * I'm always frustrated with the lack of consistency in Mongolian romanization. His title is [[Image:Jebtsundamba_mongol.png]] in the classical Mongolian script (the spelling has some variants.) and I romanize this into "Jebtsundamba Khutaghtu." This violates vowel harmony in favor of the original Tibetan word "rje btsun dam pa". My Mongolian dictionary transcribe this as "jabtsutamba hutuktu." The romanization system has many variants. Now, he is called "Жавзандамба хутагт" in Khalkha Mongolian and it is usually transliterated as "Javzandamba Hutagt."

 * Unfortunately the Mongols left a small number of documents in Mongolian, so we have to utilize foreign language including Persian, Tibetan, Russian, Classical Chinese, Chagatai and Manchu. It is sometimes difficult to reconstruct Mongolian spellings from these languages. This is another cause of romanization inconsistency.
 * --Nanshu 01:46, 16 Mar 2004 (UTC)

The strength of your argument is overwhelming. I was certain that you would agree to changing to "Jetsun Dampa" based on his current incarnation's guidance. When you point out that only 3 of his 9 incarnations have been Tibetan and you additionally produce a copy of his name in the classical Mongolian script and modern-day Khalkha — well what can I say??? I am happily moving the page back to Jebtsundamba, thank you for the delightful education. technopilgrim 04:15, 19 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Thank you. I don't put weight on googling for Mongolian romanization because there isn't yet enough information information in English on the Net. P.S. only 2 of 9 were Mongolian, but all but the ninth grew up in Mongolia. --Nanshu 02:13, 20 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Separate entry
separate entry for Bogda Khan? Like to put a bio on the 8th, esp since he was "Emperor of Mongolia; your redirects confound me, though. Any help? --nhrenton

 * Great idea. I encourage you to go forth and I will help as much as possible!—Nat Krause(Talk!·What have I done?)

move
I've been bold and moved the article to Jebtsundamba Khutuktu, since Jebtsundamba alone just doesn't seem to be right in Mongolian. Khutuktu is of course not a very correct romanization, but still seems popular enough on the web. Feel free to move it to some other romanization (but please of both words!) if you like. I also redirected the Bogd-Khan-like redirects to Bogd Khan, but kept the Bogd Gegeen redirects pointing to this page. Am I correct in assuming that Bogd Gegeen can also refer to reincarnations before the 8th one?Yaan 22:43, 11 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Do we know the spelling in classical Mongolian? Otherwise I would be inclined to transcribe the modern version for people who lived, or titles that still were in use in the 20th century (even if they used the old script themselfes). I can't give a really good reason for that inclination, though, so maybe that's just me... --Latebird 06:05, 12 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Judging from the Mongolian script article, to me the writing given by Nanshu above looks like Jebtsundamba Qutuγtu - not really sure about the the final letter of Jebtsundamba, though. But that may be a difference between normal and cursive letters. Some of the letters are ambigous, but not the γ. Also, i fail to see any 'a' in the second word. I am for using Jebtsundamba for the first word, as it is IMO more common in western literature. From what I have read, anyway. As for the second word, Khutuktu seems to be a bit off actually, although IMO it is still common enough to spare the effort of moving the article and re-directing all those redirects. Yaan 11:32, 12 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Choi. Lubsangjab et al. "Monggol Bichig un Hadamal Toli" (1992) spells Jibzun (2nd letter is "i" VS "e" and 4th letter is "z" VS "ts") for modern personal name Жавзан. But that might be more phonetical than traditional. Gantuya eng 17:03, 13 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Is there any convention on when the 'd/t' is transliterated to 'd', and when to 't'? In other words, why do we read Jebtsundamba and not Jebtsuntamba? Yaan 16:26, 14 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Perhaps, by context. This Tibetan name (T/D)amba (n/m; b/p/ph) is pronounced Damba in Khalha dialect. It's simpler with original (or earlier loaned) Mongolian words. But still there are dialectal differences. Gantuya eng 15:41, 15 November 2007 (UTC)

Reincarnations
The article is limited to the Jebtsundamba Qutuγtus of Khalha only, while www.zanabazar.mn lists many Jebtsundambas since Buddha Sakyamuni's visit. Gantuya eng 17:11, 13 November 2007 (UTC)

 * I guess the other incarnations did not really know that they were Jebtsundambas, or did they? I guess we could mention that formally Zanabazar was already the 16th Jebtsundamba. Or, if some previous incarnations are notable of their own, we should mention them by name. Yaan 17:43, 13 November 2007 (UTC)

 * We--ordinary humans don't know them. ;) The reincarnations are aware of themselves. This is actually one deity changing bodies as old dresses. Gantuya eng 01:30, 14 November 2007 (UTC)

 * OK. What I'm asking is: will this article be about the 8+1 Jebtsundamba Qutuγtus of Khalha only or could it be expanded to cover the entire aspect of this deity. Or is this article intended to cover the topic as part of Mongolian history and a parallel article could be written on this deity as part of category of Buddhism ? Gantuya eng 02:00, 14 November 2007 (UTC)

 * What do we actually know about the other 15 besides their names? I guess it doesn't hurt to mention them. The "Khalkha" can be moved from the introduction to where it talks about the newer incarnations. --Latebird 05:55, 14 November 2007 (UTC)

 * In my opinion, this article covers Jebtsundamba Khutugtu as part of Mongolian history. If notable, another article could be written on the role of the deity in Buddhism. But if the deity is only notable because it is connected to the Jebtsundamba Khutugtus in Mongolia, it would be better to create a section on the deity within this article. Yaan 16:29, 14 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Why make it unnecessarily complicated? The article isn't overly long to include a list of names giving some more historical context. A seperate article covering the same incarnation sequence would only confuse readers. --Latebird —Preceding comment was added at 17:44, 14 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Alright, this seems to be the way it is handled for other reincarnations .Yaan 17:53, 14 November 2007 (UTC)

Khutughtu, Khutukhtu, or something else?
I am now not particularly hapy whith the current name of the article anymore: It should either be Khutughtu, or the spelling that is most common in literature (and preferably the latter). I personally think that Khutughtu is more correct than Khutukhtu because a 'gh' before a consonant does not have any dots, and a 'kh' should not appear before consonants at all IIRC (plus it is Hutagt, not Hutaht, in khalkh mongolian). Yaan (talk) 13:16, 10 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Incidentally, I recently read Our Great Qing by Johan Everskog, which is mostly about Mongolian history. He has "Jebzundamba Khutugtu". In the notes, he says that he is using an Atwood system of romanization, which he says "reflects dialectical differences" (not sure what that means in practice).—Nat Krause(Talk!·What have I done?) 17:06, 15 March 2008 (UTC)

Fact checking needed
I read from the article, "In July 1999, while visiting Mongolia on a tourist visa, Jampal Namdol took part in an enthronement ceremony at the Ganden Monastery in Ulan Bataar. He continues to live in exile in India."

However, Ganden Monastery, as listed in Wikipedia, are either in Tibet or India, not in Mongolia. Can anyone help to correct this?-- Samuel di  Curtisi  di  Salvadori  18:15, 20 May 2008 (UTC)
 * I suspect the monastery is probably Gandantegchinlen Khiid Monastery, which also happened to also call Gandan.-- Samuel di  Curtisi  di  Salvadori  18:19, 20 May 2008 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Jebtsundamba Khutuktu


text: User talk:152.163.252.72

title: User talk:152.163.252.72


text:
Talk:Rising Up

Untitled
Not sure how noted the band is, but this article seems to be accurate: http://www.diamond-head.org/disc.html Niteowlneils 02:27, 15 Mar 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rising Up


text:
S6G reactor

The S6G reactor is a naval reactor used by the United States Navy to provide electricity generation and propulsion on Los Angeles-class submarine attack submarines. The S6G designation stands for:

 * S = Submarine platform
 * 6 = Sixth generation core designed by the contractor
 * G = General Electric was the contracted designer

Design
This nuclear reactor was designed by General Electric for use on the Los Angeles-class submarine attack submarines. The S6G reactor plant consists of the reactor coolant, steam generation, and other support systems that supply steam to the engine room. The S6G is a 165 megawatt (MW) reactor driving two 26 MW steam turbines.

The Los Angeles-class engine room also contains the steam turbines that generate electricity and drive the propeller shaft. While exact specifications are classified, the S6G reactor can propel a Los Angeles-class submarine at over 15 kn when surfaced and over 25 kn while submerged.

Design and operational support for the S6G is provided by Knolls Atomic Power Laboratory (KAPL). The S6G reactor plant was originally designed to use the D1G-2 core, similar to the D2G reactor used on the Bainbridge-class cruiser guided missile cruiser. All Los Angeles-class submarines from USS Providence (SSN-719) on were built with a D2W core. The D1G-2 cores are being replaced with D2W cores when the boats are refueled.

title: S6G reactor


text:
User:Rookkey

Randomness is a pill best swallowed graciously.

title: User:Rookkey


text:
Desert Land Act

The Desert Land Act is a United States federal law which was passed by the United States Congress on March 3, 1877, to encourage and promote the economic development of the arid and semiarid public lands within certain states of the Western states. Through the Act, United States citizens, or those declaring an intent to become a citizen, over the age of 21 may apply for a desert-land entry to irrigate and reclaim the land. This act amended the Homestead Act of 1862. Originally the act offered 640 acre, but that was subsequently limited to 320.

A precursor act in 1875, called the Lassen County Act, was pushed by Representative John K. Luttrell of the northeastern district of California, who wanted to speed up privatization of land east of the Sierra. This act enlarged the maximum allowable purchase for settlers from 160 acres to 640 acres. With the backing of Land Commissioner J. A. Williamson, Luttrell and Senator Aaron A. Sargent co-sponsored the Desert act which extended the Lassen County Act to cover several arid states and other regions of California.

Intentions
The original intent of the Desert Land Act was to instigate growth in the West by incentivizing people to move out West in the late 19th century and develop irrigation systems that would transform the land into usable space. While it encouraged growth, it also played a large role in water rights of the era. While settlers decided to move West to spread irrigation, rather than use the land solely for farming or cattle, it created a new dilemma for settlers as to how to use and share the water, be it on a communal or an individual basis. While many irrigation systems were set up communally, that eventually led to private water companies that owned large irrigation systems, which were built independently without consulting proper engineers.

Outcomes
Although the Desert Land Act was partly based on the Homestead Act and the Preemption Act (1841), it did not contain a key provision of those acts, the residence requirement. While the claimant had to improve the land, the claimant did not need to live on the land while the improvements were made. In the end, that led to a significant amount of fraud, and land speculation companies acquired tens of thousands of acres of California land by hiring "dummy entrymen" to make false claims of settlement.

Well known areas that began as land patented under the Desert Land Act include the Salt River in Arizona, the Imperial Valley in California, the Snake River in Idaho, Gallatin, Montana, and Yakima, Washington. Many of these communities facilitated further growth through the help of the Reclamation Act of 1902.

The peak of growth of these areas can be tracked by three separate eras prior to the current era: 1877–1887, 1888–1893, and 1893–1910.

1877–1887
The first decade after the Desert Land Act was passed was well known for fraudulent activity, especially by cattle producers. The era saw its end after a decline in the cattle industry.

1888–1893
The second era of the Desert Land Act saw a significant drop in fraudulent activity after an amendment to the Act that included stricter regulations and checks for irrigation systems, however was not entirely absent of fraudulent land ownership. The settlers were then required to submit maps and plans of irrigation to prevent violation of the act. Other amendatory acts to the law included encouraging communal placement of irrigation systems, and defined the progress of reclamation in the amount spent on the systems. The time period ended with the Panic of 1893.

1893–1910
The last era of the Desert Land Act began as the interest in irrigation and migration increased following the prosperity after the Depression of 1893. The last year of the era marks the peak of Desert Land Act original entries, over 15,000 in one year.

After 1910
By 1920, nearly all present irrigation systems had been in place in all lands grown in the West from the act.

title: Desert Land Act


text:
Stuart Damon

Stuart Damon (born Stuart Michael Zonis; February 5, 1937 – June 29, 2021) was an American actor and singer. He was best known for his 30-year portrayal of Dr. Alan Quartermaine on the American soap opera General Hospital, for which he won an Emmy Award in 1999. Outside the United States, he was known for the role of Craig Stirling in The Champions.

Early life
Damon was born in Brooklyn, New York, the son of Marvin Leonard Zonis, who was a manufacturer, and his wife, Eva (Sherer) Zonis. Damon's parents were Russian Jewish immigrants who made their home in America after fleeing the Bolshevik Revolution.

Career
After a series of roles on Broadway, Damon's appearance as the Prince in the 1965 version of Rodgers and Hammerstein's Cinderella starring Lesley Ann Warren helped pave the way to a long career in television soap opera. That same year, he had a prominent featured role in the Broadway musical Do I Hear a Waltz? written by Richard Rodgers (music) and Stephen Sondheim (lyrics). He had earlier appeared in an Off-Broadway revival of The Boys From Syracuse with music by Rodgers and lyrics by Lorenz Hart. Damon is prominently featured on the cast albums of these musicals, as well as the hit Irma La Douce (1960).

Moving to Great Britain, Damon starred in the hit West End musical Charlie Girl with Anna Neagle in 1965, and was selected to appear as American secret agent Craig Stirling, alongside British actors Alexandra Bastedo and William Gaunt, in the ITC series The Champions. He also appeared with Roger Moore in an episode of The Saint which has been credited as the inspiration for the later series The Persuaders!, with Damon's role being played by Tony Curtis. In 1968, he appeared in the BBC TV adaptation of The £1,000,000 Bank Note and played Henry Adams in the starring role. Damon also played magician Harry Houdini in a lavishly staged London musical, Man of Magic. In 1970 Damon released an LP called Stuart 'Champion' Damon recorded on Reflection records REF L7 which failed to chart.

In the 1970s, he was cast alongside Gene Barry and Catherine Schell for the series The Adventurer, appearing briefly in two episodes. Damon later spoke candidly about the fact that Barry did not want him in the series because of his height: at over six feet, he towered over the shorter Barry. After acting roles in several other British television series, including Thriller, The New Avengers, The Main Chance and children's series The Adventures of Black Beauty where he played a hypnotist, he returned to the United States.

In September 1974, he appeared as a solo singer in an episode of the UK TV variety programme The Wheeltappers and Shunters Social Club. The Champions theme tune was used as his walk-on music.

In 1977, he began his best known American role, as Dr. Alan Quartermaine Sr. on General Hospital. He also repeated the role on the short-lived GH spin-off Port Charles (1997–2003). In 1999, Damon won the Best Supporting Actor Emmy, for his portrayal of Alan, a physician addicted to the painkiller hydrocodone. In 2005, Damon was reunited with Alexandra Bastedo and William Gaunt for the first time in almost 40 years, to provide audio commentary on a DVD release of The Champions. In December 2006, it was reported that Damon had been fired from General Hospital by Jill Farren Phelps, on orders from Anne Sweeney and Brian Frons, and his last air date was scheduled for February 26, 2007, when his character died. The reason behind his release was not made public. The taping of the final scene occurred on February 5, coincidentally Damon's 70th birthday. Fellow actors on General Hospital spoke to the press about how upset they were over Damon's firing, with Damon's on-show wife, played by Leslie Charleson, saying, "This is the 30th anniversary for the two of us, in August. The timing leaves me very discouraged about the way soaps are going, the total disregard for history and the blatant disregard for the veterans."

Despite the death of the character, Damon had remained on the show, playing the ghost of Alan Quartermaine, haunting his sister Tracy about forging Alan's will. He remained with the show until December 23, 2008, when Alan appeared to Monica on Christmas to tell her that he loved her. On September 18, 2009, Damon began appearing on As the World Turns as Janet and Teri Ciccone's "Uncle" Ralph Manzo, a businessman most likely involved with the mob. He left the series on October 30, 2009, but returned August 23–25, 2010. From March 19–25, 2010, Damon played the role of Governor Jim Ford on Days of Our Lives.

Damon returned to General Hospital for two episodes (August 26, 2011, and August 29, 2011), in which Alan appears in a fantasy sequence of Monica's. He returned again in November 2012 as a ghost when son AJ was announced to be alive, after son Jason's disappearance. He appeared, along with Rick Webber (Chris Robinson) and Emily Quartermaine (Natalia Livingston), as a hallucination shared by Tracy and Monica, for the show's 50th anniversary episode, which aired on April 2, 2013.

Personal life
Damon married Deirdre Ann Ottewill, a former actress, singer, and dancer on March 12, 1961. They had two children, Christopher and Jennifer Zonis.

Stuart Damon died of kidney failure on June 29, 2021, aged 84, at the Motion Picture & Television Fund retirement community in Woodland Hills, Los Angeles, where he had lived for seven years. Deirdre Ottewill Damon died on December 25, 2019, from Alzheimer's disease.

Broadway

 * First Impressions – 1959
 * From A to Z – 1960
 * Irma La Douce – 1960
 * Do I Hear a Waltz? – 1965

Off-Broadway

 * Entertain a Ghost – 1962
 * The Boys from Syracuse – 1963

West End

 * Charlie Girl – 1965
 * Man of Magic (as Harry Houdini) – 1968

Film

 * A Touch of Class (1973) - Man Hailing Cab at End (uncredited)
 * Young Doctors in Love (1982) - Soap Cameos
 * Star 80 (1983) - Vince Roberts
 * Silent Assassins (1988) - General
 * Chairman of the Board (1998) - Doctor
 * Rain from Stars (2013) - Edward (final film role)

Television

 * Cinderella (1965, TV Movie) - Prince
 * Man in a Suitcase (1967) - Williams
 * The £1,000,000 Bank Note (1968) - Henry Adams
 * The Champions (1968-1969) - Craig Stirling
 * The Saint (1969) - Rod Huston
 * UFO (1971) - Howard Byrne
 * The Adventurer (1972-1973) - Vince
 * The Adventures of Black Beauty (1973) - Mr. Duncan
 * A Touch of the Casanovas (1975, TV Movie) - Casanova
 * The Main Chance (1975) episode "Payment by Result" - Allan Hartmann
 * Thriller: Nightmare for a Nightingale (1976)
 * Space: 1999 (1975-1977) - Guido Verdeschi / Parks
 * Yanks Go Home (1976-1977) - Cpl. Vince Rossi
 * The New Avengers (1977) - Marty Brine
 * General Hospital (1977–2013) - Dr. Alan Quartermaine
 * Fantasies (1982, TV Movie) - Hanson
 * Fantasy Island (1982-1983) - Richard Mallory / Dr. Randolph
 * Legend of the Champions (1983, TV Movie) - Craig Stirling
 * America (1985–1986) - Self - Host
 * Mike Hammer (1987) - Graham Richardson
 * Perry Mason: The Case of the Killer Kiss (1993, TV Movie) - Alex Straub
 * Me and My Hormones (1996) - Bill
 * Port Charles (1997–2001) - Dr. Alan Quartermaine
 * As the World Turns (2009–2010) - Ralph Manzo
 * Days of Our Lives (2010) - Governor Jim Ford

Recording

 * Stuart Champion Damon, Reflection Records 1970

title: Stuart Damon


text:
HMS Gloucester

Eleven vessels, and one planned, of the British Royal Navy have been named HMS Gloucester, after Gloucester, the city in England.

 * HMS Gloucester (1654) (also Glocester) was a 54-gun ship launched in 1654 and wrecked in 1682 off Great Yarmouth.
 * HMS Gloucester (1695) was a 60-gun fourth rate launched in 1695, on harbour service after 1706, and broken up in 1731.
 * HMS Gloucester (1709) was a 60-gun fourth rate launched in July 1709 and captured by the French in October of the same year.
 * HMS Gloucester (1711) was a 50-gun fourth rate in service from 1711 to 1724.
 * HMS Gloucester (1737) was a 50-gun fourth rate launched in 1737 and burned in 1742 to forestall capture.
 * HMS Gloucester (1745) was a 50-gun fourth rate in service from 1745 to 1764.
 * HMS Gloucester (1812) was a 74-gun third rate launched in 1812 and sold 1884.
 * HMS Gloucester (1909) was a Town-class cruiser (1910) light cruiser in service from 1909 to 1921.
 * HMS Gloucester (C62) was a Town-class cruiser (1936) cruiser launched in 1937 and sunk off Crete in 1941. The wreck site is a protected place under the Protection of Military Remains Act.
 * HMS Gloucester was intended as a Type 61 frigate, and was ordered from Portsmouth Dockyard in 1956 but later cancelled.
 * HMS Gloucester (D96) was a Type 42 destroyer launched in 1982, commissioned in September 1985, and retired from service on 30 June 2011.

Additionally, a 10-gun brig named HMS Duke of Gloucester (1807) was launched on Lake Erie in 1807, captured by the Americans in April 1813 and destroyed by the British a few weeks later.

Battle honours

 * Lowestoft 1665
 * Four Days' Battle 1666
 * Orfordness 1666
 * Sole Bay 1672
 * Schooneveld 1673
 * Battle of Texel 1673
 * Marbella 1705
 * Ushant 1747
 * Jutland 1916
 * Calabria 1940
 * Matapan 1941
 * Crete 1941
 * Malta Convoys 1941
 * Mediterranean 1941
 * Kuwait 1991

title: HMS Gloucester


text:
Blackletter

Blackletter (sometimes black letter or black-letter), also known as Gothic script, Gothic minuscule or Gothic type, was a script used throughout Western Europe from approximately 1150 until the 17th century. It continued to be commonly used for Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish until the 1870s, Finnish until the turn of the 20th century, Latvian until the 1930s, and for the German language until the 1940s, when Hitler officially discontinued it in 1941. Fraktur is a notable script of this type, and sometimes the entire group of blackletter faces is referred to as Fraktur. Blackletter is sometimes referred to as Old English, but it is not to be confused with the Old English language, which predates blackletter by many centuries and was written in the insular script or in Futhorc. Along with Italic type and Roman type, blackletter served as one of the major typefaces in the history of Western typography.

Origins
Carolingian minuscule was the direct ancestor of blackletter. Blackletter developed from Carolingian as an increasingly literate 12th-century Europe required new books in many different subjects. New universities were founded, each producing books for business, law, grammar, history and other pursuits, not solely religious works, for which earlier scripts typically had been used.

These books needed to be produced quickly to keep up with demand. Labor-intensive Carolingian, though legible, was unable to effectively keep up. Its large size consumed a lot of manuscript space in a time when writing materials were very costly. As early as the 11th century, different forms of Carolingian were already being used, and by the mid-12th century, a clearly distinguishable form, able to be written more quickly to meet the demand for new books, was being used in northeastern France and the Low Countries.

Etymology
The term Gothic was first used to describe this script in 15th-century Italy, in the midst of the Renaissance, because Renaissance humanists believed this style was barbaric, and Gothic was a synonym for barbaric. Flavio Biondo, in Italia Illustrata (1474), wrote that the Germanic Lombards invented this script after they invaded Italy in the 6th century.

Not only were blackletter forms called Gothic script, but any other seemingly barbarian script, such as Visigothic, Beneventan, and Merovingian, were also labeled Gothic. This in contrast to Carolingian minuscule, a highly legible script which the humanists called littera antiqua ("the ancient letter"), wrongly believing that it was the script used by the ancient Romans. It was in fact invented in the reign of Charlemagne, although only used significantly after that era, and actually formed the basis for the later development of blackletter.

Blackletter script should not be confused with either the ancient alphabet of the Gothic language nor with the sans-serif typefaces that are also sometimes called Gothic.

Early Gothic
It is difficult to be specific about the time at which Early Gothic (or Proto Gothic) was born and later died, because it was an interim script spanning Carolingian Minuscule and the Gothic textura scripts. It can generally be said that it was used in the 11th and 12th centuries, CE. As universities began to populate Europe a need for a more rapid writing technology led to the development of this script. The rounded forms of Carolingian became angular flicks of the quill, and both letters and words became compressed.

Early Gothic is characterized by a number of factors. There are no capital letters for this script. Instead Roman Rustic, Roman Square or Uncial letters were used. Versals were most often Lombardic Capitals usually painted in bright colors. Other features are split acenders, a storied 'a', both the standard 'r' and a half 'r' 〈ꝛ〉 used after letters with bowls. The long 's' 〈ſ〉 is used primarily, but there are examples of the short 's' in some manuscripts. Punctuation is limited, usually only full stops and commas, and they are usually rendered at the mid-line.

As the script continued to evolve and become ever more angular, vertical and compressed, it began its transition to the textura hands.

Textura
Textualis, also known as textura or "Gothic bookhand", was the most calligraphic form of blackletter, and today is the form most associated with "Gothic". Johannes Gutenberg carved a textualis typeface—including a large number of ligatures and common abbreviations—when he printed his 42-line Bible. However, textualis  was rarely used for typefaces after this.

According to Dutch scholar Gerard Lieftinck, the pinnacle of blackletter use was reached in the 14th and 15th centuries. For Lieftinck, the highest form of textualis was littera textualis formata, used for de luxe manuscripts. The usual form, simply littera textualis, was used for literary works and university texts. Lieftinck's third form, littera textualis currens, was the cursive form of blackletter, extremely difficult to read and used for textual glosses, and less important books.

Textualis was most widely used in France, the Low Countries, England, and Germany. Some characteristics of the script are:
 * Tall, narrow letters, as compared to their Carolingian counterparts.
 * Letters formed by sharp, straight, angular lines, unlike the typically round Carolingian; as a result, there is a high degree of "breaking", i.e. lines that do not necessarily connect with each other, especially in curved letters.
 * Ascenders (in letters such as $\langles\rangle$, $\langler\rangle$, $\langlex\rangle$) are vertical and often end in sharp finals.
 * When a letter with a bow (in $\langler\rangle$, $\langleb\rangle$, $\langled\rangle$, $\langleh\rangle$) is followed by another letter with a bow (such as $\langleb\rangle$ or $\langled\rangle$), the bows overlap and the letters are joined by a straight line (this is known as "biting").
 * A related characteristic is the half r (also called r rotunda), the shape of $\langlep\rangle$ when attached to other letters with bows; only the bow and tail were written, connected to the bow of the previous letter. In other scripts, this only occurred in a ligature with the letter $\langleq\rangle$.
 * Similarly related is the form of the letter $\langlebe\rangle$ when followed by a letter with a bow; its ascender is then curved to the left, like the uncial $\langlepo\rangle$. Otherwise the ascender is vertical.
 * The letters $\langler\rangle$, $\langleo\rangle$, $\langled\rangle$, $\langled\rangle$, $\langleg\rangle$, and the hook of $\langlej\rangle$ have descenders, but no other letters are written below the line.
 * The letter $\langlep\rangle$ has a straight back stroke, and the top loop eventually became closed, somewhat resembling the number $\langleq\rangle$. The letter $\langley\rangle$ often has a diagonal line connecting its two bows, also somewhat resembling an $\langleh\rangle$, but the long s is frequently used in the middle of words.
 * Minims, especially in the later period of the script, do not connect with each other. This makes it very difficult to distinguish between $\langlea\rangle$, $\langle8\rangle$, $\langles\rangle$, and $\langle8\rangle$. A 14th-century example of the difficulty that minims produced is: mimi numinum niuium minimi munium nimium uini muniminum imminui uiui minimum uolunt ("the smallest mimes of the gods of snow do not wish at all in their life that the great duty of the defenses of wine be diminished"). In blackletter, this would look like a series of single strokes. As a result, dotted $\langlei\rangle$ and $\langleu\rangle$ (and briefly  $\langlem\rangle$) were subsequently developed. Minims may also have finals of their own.
 * The script has many more scribal abbreviations than Carolingian, adding to the speed in which it could be written.

Schwabacher
Schwabacher was a blackletter form that was much used in early German print typefaces. It continued to be used occasionally until the 20th century. Characteristics of Schwabacher are:
 * The small letter $\langlen\rangle$ is rounded on both sides, though at the top and at the bottom, the two strokes join in an angle. Other small letters have analogous forms.
 * The small letter $\langlei\rangle$ has a horizontal stroke at its top that forms crosses with the two downward strokes.
 * The capital letter $\langlej\rangle$ has a peculiar form somewhat reminiscent of the small letter $\langley\rangle$.

Fraktur
Fraktur is a form of blackletter that became the most common German blackletter typeface by the mid-16th century. Its use was so common that often any blackletter form is called Fraktur in Germany. Characteristics of Fraktur are:

 * The left side of the small letter $\langleo\rangle$ is formed by an angular stroke, the right side by a rounded stroke. At the top and at the bottom, both strokes join in an angle. Other small letters have analogous forms.
 * The capital letters are compound of rounded $\langleg\rangle$-shaped or $\langleH\rangle$-shaped strokes.

Here is the entire alphabet in Fraktur (minus the long s and the ß|sharp s $\langleh\rangle$), using the AMS Euler Fraktur typeface:
 * $$\mathfrak{A} \mathfrak{B} \mathfrak{C} \mathfrak{D} \mathfrak{E} \mathfrak{F} \mathfrak{G} \mathfrak{H} \mathfrak{I} \mathfrak{J} \mathfrak{K} \mathfrak{L} \mathfrak{M} \mathfrak{N} \mathfrak{O} \mathfrak{P} \mathfrak{Q} \mathfrak{R} \mathfrak{S} \mathfrak{T} \mathfrak{U} \mathfrak{V} \mathfrak{W} \mathfrak{X} \mathfrak{Y} \mathfrak{Z} $$
 * $$\mathfrak{a} \mathfrak{b} \mathfrak{c} \mathfrak{d} \mathfrak{e} \mathfrak{f} \mathfrak{g} \mathfrak{h} \mathfrak{i} \mathfrak{j} \mathfrak{k} \mathfrak{l} \mathfrak{m} \mathfrak{n} \mathfrak{o} \mathfrak{p} \mathfrak{q} \mathfrak{r} \mathfrak{s} \mathfrak{t} \mathfrak{u} \mathfrak{v} \mathfrak{w} \mathfrak{x} \mathfrak{y} \mathfrak{z} $$

Cursiva
Cursiva refers to a very large variety of forms of blackletter; as with modern cursive writing, there is no real standard form. It developed in the 14th century as a simplified form of textualis, with influence from the form of textualis as used for writing charters. Cursiva developed partly because of the introduction of paper, which was smoother than parchment. It was therefore, easier to write quickly on paper in a cursive script.

In cursiva, descenders are more frequent, especially in the letters $\langleo\rangle$ and $\langlec\rangle$, and ascenders are curved and looped rather than vertical (seen especially in the letter $\langles\rangle$). The letters $\langleß\rangle$, $\langlef\rangle$ and $\langles\rangle$ (at the end of a word) are very similar to their Carolingian forms. However, not all of these features are found in every example of cursiva, which makes it difficult to determine whether or not a script may be called cursiva at all.

Lieftinck also divided cursiva into three styles: littera cursiva formata was the most legible and calligraphic style. Littera cursiva textualis (or libraria) was the usual form, used for writing standard books, and it generally was written with a larger pen, leading to larger letters. Littera cursiva currens was used for textbooks and other unimportant books and it had very little standardization in forms.

Hybrida
Hybrida is also called bastarda (especially in France), and as its name suggests, is a hybrid form of the script. It is a mixture of textualis and cursiva, developed in the early 15th century. From textualis, it borrowed vertical ascenders, while from cursiva, it borrowed long $\langled\rangle$ and $\langlea\rangle$, single-looped $\langleg\rangle$, and $\langles\rangle$ with an open descender (similar to Carolingian forms).

Donatus-Kalender
The Donatus-Kalender (also known as Donatus-und-Kalender or D-K) is the name for the metal type design that Gutenberg used in his earliest surviving printed works, dating from the early 1450s. The name is taken from two works: the Ars grammatica of Aelius Donatus, a Latin grammar, and the Kalender (calendar). It is a form of textura.

Blackletter typesetting
While an antiqua typeface is usually a compound of roman types and italic types since the 16th-century French typographers, the blackletter typefaces never developed a similar distinction. Instead, they use letterspacing (German Sperrung) for emphasis. When blackletter is letterspaced, ligatures like $\langlef\rangle$, $\langleſ\rangle$, $\langlea\rangle$ or $\langleg\rangle$ remain together without additional letterspacing ($\langlech\rangle$ is dissolved, though).

The use of bold text for emphasis is also alien to blackletter typefaces.

Words from other languages, especially from Romance languages including Latin, are usually typeset in antiqua instead of blackletter. The practice of setting foreign words or phrases in antiqua within a blackletter text does not apply to loanwords that have been incorporated into the language.

Textualis
English blackletter developed from the form of Carolingian minuscule used there after the Norman Conquest, sometimes called "Romanesque minuscule". Textualis forms developed after 1190 and were used most often until approximately 1300, after which it became used mainly for de luxe manuscripts. English forms of blackletter have been studied extensively and may be divided into many categories. Textualis formata ("Old English" or "blackletter"), textualis prescissa (or textualis sine pedibus, as it generally lacks feet on its minims), textualis quadrata (or psalterialis) and semi-quadrata, and textualis rotunda are various forms of high-grade formata styles of blackletter.

The University of Oxford borrowed the littera parisiensis in the 13th century and early 14th century, and the littera oxoniensis form is almost indistinguishable from its Parisian counterpart; however, there are a few differences, such as the round final $\langleck\rangle$ forms, resembling the number $\langletz\rangle$, rather than the long $\langleſt\rangle$ used in the final position in the Paris script.

Printers of the late 15th and early 16th centuries commonly used blackletter typefaces, but under the influence of Renaissance tastes, Roman typefaces grew in popularity, until by about 1590 most presses had converted to them. However, blackletter was considered to be more readily legible (especially by the less literate classes of society), and it therefore remained in use throughout the 17th century and into the 18th for documents intended for widespread dissemination, such as proclamations and Acts of Parliament, and for literature aimed at the common people, such as ballads, chivalric romances, and jokebooks.

Chaucer's works had been printed in blackletter in the late 15th century, but were subsequently more usually printed in Roman type. Horace Walpole wrote in 1781 that "I am too, though a Goth, so modern a Goth that I hate the black letter, and I love Chaucer better in Dryden and Baskerville than in his own language and dress."

Cursiva
English cursiva (Cursiva Anglicana) began to be used in the 13th century, and soon replaced littera oxoniensis as the standard university script. The earliest cursive blackletter form is Anglicana, a very round and looped script, which also had a squarer and angular counterpart, Anglicana formata. The formata form was used until the 15th century and also was used to write vernacular texts. An Anglicana bastarda form developed from a mixture of Anglicana and textualis, but by the 16th century, the principal cursive blackletter used in England was the Secretary script, which originated in Italy and came to England by way of France. Secretary script has a somewhat haphazard appearance and its forms of the letters $\langleſt\rangle$, $\langles\rangle$, $\langle8\rangle$, and $\langles\rangle$ are unique, unlike any forms in any other English script. The legacy of these English cursive Gothic forms survived in common use as late as the 18th century in the court hand used for some legal records.

Textualis
French textualis was tall and narrow compared to other national forms, and was most fully developed in the late 13th century in Paris. In the 13th century there also was an extremely small version of textualis used to write miniature Bibles, known as "pearl script". Another form of French textualis in this century was the script developed at the University of Paris, littera parisiensis, which also is small in size and designed to be written quickly, not calligraphically.

Cursiva
French cursiva was used from the 13th to the 16th century, when it became highly looped, messy, and slanted. Bastarda, the "hybrid" mixture of cursiva and textualis, developed in the 15th century and was used for vernacular texts as well as Latin. A more angular form of bastarda was used in Burgundy, the lettre de forme or lettre bourgouignonne, for books of hours such as the Très Riches Heures of John, Duke of Berry.

Germany
Despite the frequent association of blackletter with German, the script was actually very slow to develop in German-speaking areas. It developed first in those areas closest to France and then spread to the east and south in the 13th century. The German-speaking areas are, however, where blackletter remained in use the longest.

Schwabacher typefaces dominated in Germany from about 1480 to 1530, and the style continued in use occasionally until the 20th century. Most importantly, all of the works of Martin Luther, leading to the Protestant Reformation, as well as the Apocalypse of Albrecht Dürer (1498), used this typeface. Johann Bämler, a printer from Augsburg, probably first used it as early as 1472. The origins of the name remain unclear; some assume that a typeface-carver from the village of Schwabach—one who worked externally and who thus became known as the Schwabacher—designed the typeface.

Textualis
German-made Textualis type is usually very heavy and angular, and there are few characteristic features that are common to all occurrences of the script. One common feature is the use of the letter $\langlea\rangle$ for Latin $\langleg\rangle$ or $\langler\rangle$. Textualis was first used in the 13th and 14th centuries and subsequently became more elaborate and decorated, and it was generally reserved for liturgical works.

Johann Gutenberg used a textualis typeface for his famous Gutenberg Bible in 1455. Schwabacher, a blackletter with more rounded letters, soon became the usual printed typeface, but it was replaced by Fraktur in the early 17th century.

Fraktur came into use when Emperor Maximilian I (1493–1519) established a series of books and had a typeface created specifically for it. In the 19th century, the use of antiqua alongside Fraktur increased, leading to an Antiqua-Fraktur dispute which lasted until the Nazis mandated an end to the use of Fraktur in 1941. By then, Fraktur had been the most common and well-known blackletter style in Germany for a long time, and as a result all kinds of blackletter (including Schwabacher, Textualis, and so on) tend to be called Fraktur in German.

Cursiva
German cursiva is similar to the cursive scripts in other areas, but forms of $\langles\rangle$, $\langlew\rangle$ and other letters are more varied; here too, the letter $\langlevu\rangle$ is often used. A hybrida form, which was basically cursiva with fewer looped letters and with square proportions similar to textualis, was used in the 15th and 16th centuries.

In the 18th century, the pointed quill (in contrast to the quill with a wide flat tip) was adopted for blackletter handwriting. In the early 20th century, the Sütterlin script was introduced in the schools.

Rotunda
Italian blackletter also is known as rotunda, as it was less angular than those produced by northern printing centers. The most common form of Italian rotunda was littera bononiensis, used at the University of Bologna in the 13th century. Biting is a common feature in rotunda, but breaking is not.

Italian Rotunda also is characterized by unique abbreviations, such as $\langleuu\rangle$ with a line beneath the bow signifying qui, and unusual spellings, such as $\langlea\rangle$ for $\langles\rangle$ (milex rather than miles).

Cursiva
Italian cursive developed in the 13th century from scripts used by notaries. The more calligraphic form is known as minuscola cancelleresca italiana (or simply cancelleresca, chancery hand), which developed into a book hand, a script used for writing books rather than charters, in the 14th century. Cancelleresca influenced the development of bastarda in France and secretary hand in England.

Textualis
A textualis form, commonly known as Gotisch or "Gothic script", was used for general publications from the fifteenth century on, but became restricted to official documents and religious publications during the seventeenth century. Its use persisted into the nineteenth century for editions of the State Translation of the Bible, but otherwise became obsolete.

Unicode
Mathematical blackletter characters are separately encoded in Unicode in the Mathematical alphanumeric symbols range at U+1D504-1D537 and U+1D56C-1D59F (bold), except for individual letters already encoded in the Letterlike Symbols range (plus long s at U+017F). Fonts supporting the range include Code2001, Cambria Math, Noto Sans Math, and Quivira (textura style).

This block of characters is intended for use in setting mathematical texts, which contrast blackletter characters with other letter styles. Outside of mathematics, the character set has seen some limited decorative use, but it lacks punctuation and other characters necessary for running text, and the Unicode standard for setting non-mathematical material in blackletter is to use ordinary Latin code points with a dedicated blackletter font.

Mathematical Fraktur:

Mathematical Bold Fraktur:

Note: (The above may not render fully in all web browsers.)

title: Blackletter


text:
Talk:Peace Arch

Untitled
If someone wrote an article on the Peace Arch Park, which certainly deserves one, then this article would no longer be an orphan. heidimo 02:37, 15 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Now this article is no longer an orphan since it is linked from Sam Hill. heidimo 05:01, 6 May 2004 (UTC)
 * It's also linked from George Matheson Murray, who helped instigate its construction, and should anyone ever add mention of the various border demonstrations articles on Amchitka and various others will be linked.Skookum1 (talk) 14:41, 12 July 2008 (UTC)

Included better photo
Hopefully this works for everybody. :: Colin Keigher 07:58, 4 July 2006 (UTC)

Well, hm, CanEng vs USian....
Noting the reversion to the original Canadian English this article was written with, it's an interesting problem given the bi-national nature of this structure and its park....."first come gets to spell it" almost works as a principle...the clincher might be that its construction was instigated by Canadians....I just woke up gonna have to think about this but really needs a joint decision/input from WP:BC and WP:WA people, I think.....Skookum1 (talk) 19:01, 11 February 2011 (UTC)

 * Yeah, the general process as I read it on WP:ENGVAR is:

 * If the article is about a subject with strong ties to a particular nation, that nation's variety should be used.
 * If not, if a consistent style has emerged in the article, use that.
 * Failing that, use the first variety to have been used in the article.

 * Number 1 doesn't apply here, because the article's ties to Canada and the US are equally strong. #2 does not apply, because there seemed to be a mix of Canadian ("honour") and US ("meter") variety. That leaves #3, the first variety used. Looking back to the very first edit of the article in 2003,, it was using the Canadian variety ("metres"), so I went with that.

 * I personally am in the US and ordinarily use US spelling, but it looks like Canadian is the way to go on this one. TJRC (talk) 19:48, 11 February 2011 (UTC)

Category:Triumphal arches in the United States
The category Triumphal arches in the United States was removed from the article with the note Drop category not supported by article text. Isn't this supported by the text?

According to triumphal arch,
 * A triumphal arch is a monumental structure in the shape of an archway with one or more arched passageways, often designed to span a road.

The Peace Arch is a monumental structure ("The Peace Arch is a monument..."). Unless I misunderstand "passageway," it has a passageway and meets "has one or more arched passageways." It is not used to span a road, but as I read it that's not a requirement. So it seems to meet the requirement for a triumphal arch.

It's partially in the US, so it seems to meet "...in the United States" as well. True, it's not entirely in the U.S., but there are a number of other categories included based on its partial presence in a particular geography:
 * Category:Buildings and structures in Surrey, British Columbia
 * Category:Buildings and structures in Whatcom County, Washington
 * Category:Monuments and memorials in British Columbia
 * Category:Monuments and memorials in Washington (state)
 * Category:Buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Washington (state)
 * Category:Visitor attractions in Whatcom County, Washington.

On the other hand... Memorial gates and arches lists it as a memorial arch, and distinguishes the memorial arch from a triumphal arch (although allowing that a particular arch can be both). Is the triumphal arch definition not accurate? I am now not so clear on whether "triumphal arch" is an architectural term describing the architecture itself or the use of a simple adjective referring to the reason for the arch. TJRC (talk) 18:55, 26 January 2012 (UTC)

"built by Sam Hill"
I didn't know he actually built it himself, as that wording indicates. It's also not solely his instigation, BC politician George Matheson Murray was involved in its conception and execution, likely also the recruitment of Mr Hill to fund it (there were also Canadian industrialists who participated in the funding, as I recall, it was a joint project, not only by a USian); that's in his daughter's book about her parents The Newspapering Murrays" by Georgina Keddell. The actual contractor(s) who did'' build it are what the "built by" phrase should be about.Skookum1 (talk) 02:53, 18 June 2013 (UTC)

International Park?
I recommend removing this section from the article:

"The monument and surrounding park is considered an international park. As such, visitors do not require either a passport or visa to pass through their applicable border crossing so long as they stay within the boundaries of the park.[2]"

The site referenced no longer contains language to this effect. Also, I know from personal experience that it is incorrect, having driven to the Canadian side, parked, and walked back to the US. I had to show my passport to get back into Canada.

12.49.120.2 (talk) 18:17, 21 April 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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Customs implications

 * "visitors do not require either a passport or visa to pass through their applicable border crossing so long as they stay within the boundaries of the park and leave the park into the country from which they entered the park"

Does this mean people visiting from either side mix freely within the park? If passports are not checked on the way back into the country someone entered from, what is to stop someone during a busy period entering from one country and exiting into the other as if they had come in that way? What is to stop items being handed over between US and Canadian park visitors so they can be brought across the border without customs checks? Beorhtwulf (talk) 21:19, 5 April 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Peace Arch