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Talk:Barbarella (comics)

Devil May Cry
The information about the song "Barbarella as a Boy" is false, it never appeared in the Devil May Cry video game. The song was among others that Izzy Novak did in a group called Devil May Cry. I'll try and change it myself, but I don't edit on Wikipedia often. Serke (talk) 23:37, 26 June 2008 (UTC)

Duran Duran or Durand Durand?

 * Was the villain called Duran Duran or Durand Durand? I've always thought it was Duran Duran. Lee M 03:26, 22 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * Think about the French pronunciation.--xoddam 04:52, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * The booklet accompanying the Region 2 DVD clearly states that the villain is Duran Duran. Lee M 04:46, 28 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * The booklet is official then, I take it? Is the name in the credits spelled "Duran" or "Durand"?  (This keeps getting changed on the Duran Duran article so I'd like to have evidence one way or the other.)  IMDb, Amazon, Channel 4, ABC Network, and other such sites say "Durand" (although they could all be getting it from IMDb).  I can't find an official site for either the comic book or the movie; and Google tests are useless because the band biases the answers.  Please help me out on this!  Thanks — Catherine\talk 07:15, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * To answer CatherineMunro's questions, the Region 1 DVD booklet uses "Duran Duran". The opening credits of the Region 1 DVD only identifies the actors, not their roles. The closing credits of the Region 1 DVD does not give a cast list. There are no subtitles for the Region 1 DVD. So, unfortunately, there does not seem to be much evidence either way; that the DVD booklet uses "Duran Duran" is not totally conclusive since the DVD booklet was written years after the original making of the movie, by which time the band "Duran Duran" was already well-known, which might have led the booklet writers to use that spelling. —Lowellian (reply) 17:01, September 9, 2005 (UTC)

 * I'd still like more info on this, if anyone else has any sources or opinions to add. — Catherine\talk 20:20, 25 November 2005 (UTC)

 * I wrote to the owner of this Jean-Claude Forest site, who is apparently connected with the artist's estate. He says "In the French version it definitely is Durand-Durand with a "d". But the "d" is silent so it would sound just like Duran-Duran -- which it does in the movie."  So I think that's our definitive answer.  Thanks!  — Catherine\talk 06:44, 11 January 2006 (UTC)

Dub of Black Queen?

 * Was the Black Queen dubbed by Joan Greenwood? Coulda sworn it was Fenella Fielding, though I admit they both have extremely seductive voices! Lee M 02:16, 20 May 2004 (UTC)

 * The booklet accompanying the Region 2 DVD clearly states that the Black Queen "sounds like" Fenella Fielding. Lee M 04:46, 28 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * The Black Queen sounds so much like Fenella Fielding that it's either her, or someone doing a very good impression of her -- her voice is very distinctive. -- The Anome 23:32, May 6, 2005 (UTC)

It was not Fenella. I asked her a couple of years ago! I believed it was her for years also. Maybe Joan Greenwood. They sounded very similar.

Alan Butler

matmos
there is also a band named matmos, but much less popular. - Omegatron 21:50, Oct 20, 2004 (UTC)

Mathmos
The lava lamp company Mathmos also takes its name from the film.

Fair use rationale for Image:Barbarella-a1.jpg
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BetacommandBot (talk) 04:30, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

"chanteuse"
Is "chanteuse" different from "singer"? If so, is it standard enough English not to need a link to a wiki entry explaining it?--Richardson mcphillips (talk) 15:30, 15 February 2014 (UTC)
 * It's not really different, no. It's just a colorful (read: pretentious) French loan-word that means "female singer". (Pretentious in English, I mean.) No different than saying "songstress" or "crooner" instead of "singer". It is fairly common English, at least in some circles, but if people find it problematic or feel it needs to be explained then I'd suggest simply changing it to "singer" instead. — FeRD_NYC (talk) 09:23, 17 March 2014 (UTC)

Can't see the Forest (Who put all these trees in my way!?)
There's an entry on this article's Popular culture scrap pile that reads: "An aged Barbarella appeared in Forest's Mysterious Morning, Noon and Evening."

The item isn't merely uncited, it's completely devoid of WikiLinks, which makes it impossible to connect to... reality. That presents a bit of a conundrum for me, because honestly I have no idea what those words mean when arranged in that particular order. Is there anyone who can unpack that reference, for the rest of us? — FeRD_NYC (talk) 09:09, 17 March 2014 (UTC)
 * Now that I look at it, the last entry suffers from the same problem: "The character is mentioned in the MIA song, Bamboo Banga."

 * (I thought I could guess who "MIA" refers to, but as it turns out that's not true at all. There are at least three possibilities.) — FeRD_NYC (talk) 09:36, 17 March 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Barbarella (comics)


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Venus of Willendorf

The Venus of Willendorf is an 11.1 cm Venus figurine estimated to have been made around 29,500 years ago. It was recovered on 7 August 1908 from an archaeological dig conducted by Josef Szombathy, Hugo Obermaier, and Josef Bayer at a Paleolithic site near Willendorf, a village in Lower Austria. The figurine was found by a workman named either Johann Veran or Josef Veram and is carved from an oolitic limestone that is not local to the area, and tinted with red ochre. It is in the Natural History Museum in Vienna, Austria.

Dating
The figure is associated with the Upper Paleolithic Gravettian industry, which dates to between 33,000 and 20,000 years ago. The figure itself is estimated to have been left in the ground around 25,000 years ago, based on radiocarbon dates from the layers surrounding it.

Interpretation and purpose
Similar sculptures, first discovered in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, are traditionally referred to in archaeology as "Venus figurines", due to the widely held belief that depictions of nude women with exaggerated sexual features represented an early fertility deity, perhaps a mother goddess. The reference to Venus is metaphorical, since the figurines predate the mythological figure of Venus by many thousands of years. Some scholars reject this terminology, instead referring to the statuette as the "Woman of" or "Woman from Willendorf".

Very little is known about the Venus' origin, method of creation, or cultural significance; however, it is one of numerous "Venus figurines" surviving from Paleolithic Europe. The purpose of the carving is the subject of much speculation. Like other similar sculptures, it probably never had feet, and would not have stood on its own, although it might have been pegged into soft ground. Parts of the body associated with fertility and childbearing have been emphasized, leading some researchers to believe that the Venus of Willendorf and similar figurines may have been used as fertility goddesses. The figure has no visible face, her head being covered with circular horizontal bands of what might be rows of plaited hair, or perhaps a type of headdress.

Catherine McCoid and LeRoy McDermott hypothesize that the figurines may have been created as self-portraits by women. This theory stems from the correlation of the proportions of the statues to how the proportions of women's bodies would seem if they were looking down at themselves, which would have been the only way to view their bodies during this period. They speculate that the complete lack of facial features could be accounted for by the fact that sculptors did not own mirrors. This reasoning has been criticized by University of California anthropologist Michael S. Bisson, who notes that water pools and puddles would have been readily available natural mirrors for Paleolithic humans.

Stone's source
Research published in 2022 indicates that the closest and most likely source of the oolite used is on the other side of the Alps in northern Italy, near Lake Garda. A lesser possibility is that it came from a site in eastern Ukraine some 1600 km away.

While the former has the highest statistical probability, the latter is closer to sites in southern Russia where similarly styled figurines have been found. In either case, this raises questions regarding the mobility of ancient populations.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Venus of Willendorf


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Talk:Yabloko

The name
Isn't ya Russian for "I"? Does it also mean your? --Error 03:27, 22 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Several Russian dictionaries I've checked would indicate that you're right - ya (Я) does indeed mean "I" or "me". I can't find anything to suggest that it means "your", though - I believe that's Vash (Ваш). Perhaps we should remove that claim until someone can check it fully? -- Vardion 07:10, 22 Feb 2004 (UTC)

'Ya' means 'I' (or 'me'). 'Ty' is 'you' (singular), 'tvoy' is 'your' (singular). 'Vash' is 'your' (plural). Constanz 15:09, 24 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Yabloko means apple in Russian. If I recall correctly, the name is an acronym from 3 founding members' last names: Yavlinskiy, Boldyrev, and Lukin. This makes up YaBL part, which is the first letters of the russian word for apple. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 62.129.121.62 (talk • contribs).
 * The article already states that fact. If you look at the original question closer, you'll notice it was asked in 2004.  The first response came in 2005, after the article had been long corrected.—Ëzhiki (Igels Hérissonovich Ïzhakoff-Amursky) • (yo?); 20:15, 21 August 2006 (UTC)

true position Yabloko
true position Yabloko correct to name radical liberalism Gnomsovet (talk) 21:00, 1 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Any sources or just trying to express your opinion on that matter, too? -- Miacek and his crime-fighting dog ( woof! ) 22:01, 1 March 2009 (UTC)

Stress marks?
Why does letters such as "и́", "Я́" and "а́" have stress marks on them? I thought stress marks where only used to help people learn Russian. SaluteChciken (talk) 16:08, 26 September 2012 (UTC)

 * It seems to be convention to use them in Russian Wikipedia, too.Estlandia (Miacek) (dialogue) 16:16, 26 September 2012 (UTC)
 * Stress is routinely indicated in general reference materials, such as dictionaries and encyclopedias, not just in textbooks. Since Wikipedia is an encyclopedia, we show stress too (but only on the first occurrence). That said, when IPA is available, that makes including stress marks redundant (although there are some editors who disagree with that view as well).—Ëzhiki (Igels Hérissonovich Ïzhakoff-Amursky) • (yo?); September 26, 2012; 16:22 (UTC)

ЯБЛ
Quiz for Russian language learners: Which abbreviation was suggested by Zhirinovsky for «Явлинский — Болдырев — Лукин» bloc? - üser:Altenmann >t 06:29, 31 March 2016 (UTC)

Maybe add one governor to elected representatives list
As listed on list of heads of federal subjects of Russia, one of the governors in Russia is Dmitry Makhonin, who is a member of the Yabloko party. Would it then be worth adding one governor to the graphic of elected representatives in the summary box for the Yabloko party? Caretaker John (talk) 16:54, 13 February 2021 (UTC)

I think so. Will add unless any objections. Timeformetro (talk) 12:03, 5 June 2021 (UTC)
 * Makhonin is clearly not a member of Yabloko. He ran once on their lists, but that is in the past. 72.68.118.186 (talk) 02:37, 28 February 2022 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 23:38, 19 July 2021 (UTC)
 * Nikolai Rybakov.jpg

System opposition
This party is part of the so-called "System opposition". 2A02:3030:805:250C:1:0:32B5:245E (talk) 12:13, 20 September 2022 (UTC)

Position on the Invasion of Ukraine
What is the position of the party on the invasion of Ukraine that started in 2022? Has there been some news about the circumstances? Has the party been banned or is it publically for the war but privately against it? 166.62.226.9 (talk) 04:48, 4 October 2023 (UTC)

 * Oh, it was there all along, sorry guys, little oopsie. 166.62.226.9 (talk) 17:40, 4 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Yabloko


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Elections in Fiji

Since becoming independent of the United Kingdom in 1970, Fiji has had four constitutions, and the voting system has changed accordingly.

Suffrage and representation
The Legislative Council elected in 1963 had 37 members. There were 12 elected members, four from each of the Fijian, Indian and European groups chosen on a communal franchise. The Governor also nominated two from each of the communities. There were to be 19 official members. The Legislative Councillors of each race were permitted to select two from their fellows to the Executive Council. Qualifications to register as a voter were as follows: These definitions firstly disallowed an illiterate adult to vote, secondly permitted some people to choose between ethnic rolls and thirdly made no provision for Rotumans, non-Fijian Pacific Islanders and Chinese to vote.
 * 1) British subject
 * 2) Age of 21 years or over
 * 3) Resident in the colony for a period of, or periods amounting in the aggregate of, not less than twelve months out of the preceding three years.
 * 4) Ability to read and write a simple sentence and sign one’s name in the English language in the case of a European, in either English or Fijian in the case of a Fijian, and for an Indian either in English, Hindi, Urdu, Tamil, Telugu, Gurmukhi, Gujarati or Malayalam. "European" and "Indian" were defined as a person whose father or any of whose male progenitors in the male line was a European or Indian, respectively, while a "Fijian" was defined as "a person whose father or any of whose progenitors in the male line ... was an aboriginal native of the colony, excluding the island of Rotuma and its dependencies."

The Legislative Council elected in 1966 had 36 members. Twenty-five seats represented communal constituencies (nine indigenous Fijians, nine Indians, and seven General Electors (Europeans, Chinese, and other minorities), elected on closed electoral rolls by voters registered as members of their respective ethnic groups. A further nine members were elected from national constituencies – seats allocated ethnically (three for each ethnic constituency) but elected by universal suffrage. The remaining two members were nominated by the Great Council of Chiefs.

 * From 1972 through 1987, the House of Representatives had 52 members. Of these, 22 were allocated to indigenous Fijians and another 22 to Indo-Fijians; a further eight were allocated to General Electors (Europeans, Chinese, and other minorities). Of the 22 seats allocated each to indigenous Fijians and Indo-Fijians, 12 were elected from Communal constituencies and 10 from National constituencies. Of the eight seats allocated to General Electors, three were elected from a communal roll and 5 from national constituencies. All members represented single-member constituencies, and were elected by the First past the post system. In the same period, the newly established Senate had 22 members (eight nominated by the Great Council of Chiefs (of whom any three held the power of veto over changes to the country's land laws), seven by the Prime Minister, six by the Leader of the Opposition, and one by the Council of Rotuma).
 * In 1992 and 1994, the House of Representatives had 70 members. Thirty-seven seats were allocated to indigenous Fijians, 27 to Indo-Fijians, one to Rotuman Islanders, and 5 to General Electors. All were elected from communal rolls; that is, all members were elected only by voters registered as belonging to their own ethnic group. The First past the post system remained in effect. The Senate in this time had 34 members (24 nominated by the Great Council of Chiefs and 1 by the Council of Rotuma; a further 9 were appointed by the President to represent non-indigenous Fijians).
 * From 1999 onwards, the House of Representatives had 71 members. Twenty-five represented open electorates; these members were elected by universal suffrage and could belong to any race. The remaining 46 seats were communal, with 23 being allocated to indigenous Fijians, 19 to Indo-Fijians, one to Rotuman Islanders, and three to General Electors. Instant run-off voting was adopted for these elections. The Senate had 32 members (14 nominated by the Great Council of Chiefs, nine by the Prime Minister, eight by the Leader of the Opposition, and one by the Council of Rotuma).

1966–2006
Note: The following statistics show the number of seats in the House of Representatives won by particular political parties in general elections from 1966 to 2006. The Year at the top of each column links to a main article about the election held that year.

2014–2022
Note: The following statistics show the number of seats in the Parliament of Fiji won by particular political parties in general elections since 2014.

title: Elections in Fiji


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MediaWiki:Bureaucratlogentry

set rights for "$1"

title: MediaWiki:Bureaucratlogentry


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MediaWiki:Googlesearch

Google

        Wikipedia All web pages

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title: MediaWiki:Googlesearch


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Fiji mermaid

The Fiji mermaid (also Feejee mermaid) was an object composed of the torso and head of a juvenile monkey sewn to the back half of a fish. It was a common feature of sideshows where it was presented as the mummified body of a creature that was supposedly half mammal and half fish, a version of a mermaid. The original had fish scales with animal hair superimposed on its body and pendulous breasts on its chest. The mouth was wide open with its teeth bared. The right hand was against the right cheek, and the left tucked under its lower left jaw. This mermaid was supposedly caught near the Fiji Islands in the South Pacific. Several replicas and variations have also been made and exhibited under similar names and pretexts. P. T. Barnum exhibited the original in Barnum's American Museum in New York in 1842, but it then disappeared—likely destroyed in one of the many fires that destroyed parts of Barnum's collections.

History
Barnum, in his autobiography, described the mermaid as "an ugly dried-up, black-looking diminutive specimen, about 3 feet long. Its mouth was open, its tail turned over, and its arms thrown up, giving it the appearance of having died in great agony," a significant departure from traditional depictions of mermaids as attractive creatures.

American sea captain Samuel Barrett Edes bought Barnum's "mermaid" from Japanese sailors in 1822 for $6,000, using money from the ship's expense account. Other accounts say a captain of an American whaler bought it for $5,000 in Batavia, Dutch Indonesia. Either way, the mermaid is believed to be one of many being manufactured commercially in Japan, by fishermen with a sense of humor as well as profit-mindedness. It was possibly a composite of a "blue-faced monkey and a salmon" in this case.

The mermaid was displayed in London in 1822, advertised in a publication by J. Limbird in the Mirror, and displayed the Turf Coffee-house, St. James's Street. An etching of it was made by artist George Cruikshank in 1822.

Captain Edes' son took possession of the mermaid and sold it to Moses Kimball of the Boston Museum in 1842, and he brought it to New York City that summer to show it to P. T. Barnum. Barnum had a naturalist examine it who would not attest to its authenticity. Nevertheless, Barnum believed that the relic would draw the public to the museum. Kimball remained the creature's sole owner, while Barnum leased it for $12.50 a week. Barnum generated publicity for the object by having an agent send anonymous letters to New York newspapers from Montgomery, Alabama, and Charleston, South Carolina, contending that "Dr. J. Griffin" had an object which he had caught in South America. Griffin was actually being impersonated by Levi Lyman, one of Barnum's associates. To keep the plan working, Griffin checked in to a Philadelphia hotel, then showed the mermaid to the landlord as a thanks for his hospitality. The landlord was so intrigued that he begged Griffin to show it to some of his friends, many of whom were editors.

Griffin traveled to New York and displayed it to a small audience, then displayed it as the Fiji Mermaid in the concert hall for a week. It was actually only displayed for five days because Barnum had "convinced" Griffin to bring it to the American Museum of Natural History. Barnum printed 10,000 pamphlets which described general information about mermaids and stories about his specimen in particular.

Later incarnations
In his Secrets of the Sideshows, Joe Nickell documents several modern-day claimants to the title of Barnum's "true" original mermaid, or as he describes them, "fakes of Barnum's fake". Exhibits at Ripley's Believe It or Not!, Coney Island's Sideshow by the Seashore, and Bobby Reynolds' traveling sideshow all lay claim to the title, but according to Nickell's opinion, none of them are to be believed. He also describes an update of the tradition that uses an elaborate system to project the image of a live woman into a fishbowl, giving the appearance that she is only an inch or two long. He relates the story of a performer who was smoking a cigarette in her hidden chamber; the man outside was confronted by an angry patron who demanded to know how this was possible if the "mermaid" was underwater. A guide to constructing a Fiji mermaid appeared in the November 2009 issue of Fortean Times magazine, in an article written by special effects expert and stop-motion animator Alan Friswell. Rather than building the figure with fish and monkey parts, Friswell used papier mache and modelling putty, sealed with wallpaper paste, and with doll's hair glued to the scalp.

title: Fiji mermaid


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Lijiang

Lijiang, formerly romanized as Likiang, is a prefecture-level city in the northwest of Yunnan Province, China. It has an area of 21219 km2 and had a population of 1,253,878 at the 2020 census whom 288,787 lived in the built-up area (metro) made of Gucheng District. Lijiang is famous for its UNESCO Heritage Site, the Old Town of Lijiang, which contains a mixture of different historical architecture styles and a complex, ancient water-supply system. and borders Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture and Panzhihua City in Sichuan Province to the east. It has one municipality and four counties.

Lijiang City is located in Yungui Plateau and Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. It is one of the key forest areas in Yunnan Province and one of the west and east power transmission bases of China's hydropower industry. Lijiang City is a multi-ethnic settlement, except for the Han nationality, there are a total of 22 ethnic minorities.

Lijiang is the only prefecture-level city with three World Heritage Sites, rich in tourism resources, 104 tourist attractions, such as Lijiang Ancient City, Yulong Snow Mountain, Tiger Leaping Gorge, Laojun Mountain, and Shuhe Ancient Town.

History
As far back as 100,000 years ago, people of the late Paleolithic were active in what is now Lijiang. The discovery of cave paintings in the Jinsha River Valley along with numerous neolithic stone tools and later artifacts of Bronze and Iron Age provenance prove Lijiang to have been one of the most important centres of ancient human activity in southwest China.

Warring States period, it belonged to the Shu Prefecture of the Qin state. At the end of the Warring States period, it was part of the territory of the Dian Kingdom.

Han Dynasty, the Dian Kingdom submitted to the Han, and today's Lijiang City belonged to the Yuezhi Commandery, known as Suijiu County.

Three Kingdoms, it was part of the Yunnan Prefecture.

Northern and Southern Dynasties, Lijiang still belonged th the Yunnan Prefecture, known as Suijiu County, and it was aeound of the Naxi people migrated here.

Tang Dynasty, it was once the territory of the Yaozhou Governor's Office, later it became part of the Tibetan Empire, and the territory of Nanzhao,known as Sangchuan, under the jurisdiction of the Jianchuan Military Commission.

The Baisha Old Town was the political, commercial and cultural center for the local Naxi people and other ethnic groups for 450 years from the year 658 AD to 1107AD. The Dabaoji Palace of the Baisha Fresco, very close to the Baisha Naxi Hand-made Embroidery Institute, was built in the year 658 AD in the Tang dynasty (618 AD to 907 AD).

In ancient times, the Baisha Old Town used to be the center of silk embroidery in the southwest of China and the most important place of the Ancient Southern Silk Road, also called the Ancient Tea and Horse Road or Ancient tea route. The Ancient Southern Silk Road started from Burma, crossed Lijiang, Shangri-La County, Tibet, continued through Iran, the Fertile Crescent before finally reaching the Mediterranean Sea.

The Kingdom of Lijiang submitted to Khubilai Khan as he led his troops against the Dali kingdom in 1253. Though the kingdom was incorporated into the Mongol empire then the Yuan dynasty, it was given the status of tusi, or indigenous office, which gave autonomy to the local Naxi rulers. During the Ming dynasty, the Naxi were one of the few border peoples to support the Ming immediately. As the Naxi helped the Ming expand in Southwest China the ruler family was given the title of Mu. During this period the Kingdom of Lijiang was able to expand into Sichuan and Tibet bringing many Tibetan peoples into its territory as well as their cultural and religious influence. It was under the rule of the Naxi ruling house of the Mu family during the Yuan (not yet named Mu), Ming, and Qing dynasties. The Mu "held this position until 1723, when Lijiang became directly incorporated under the authority of the Qing central government."

15th year of the Ming Dynasty's Hongwu Emperor's reign(1382), A Jia A De, the local chief of Lijiang, "led the people to submit," and the Lijiang Lu XuanfuSi(Lijiang Road's pacification commissioner's office) was restrustured into the Lijiang Prefecture. By the 30th year of the Hongwu Emperor(1397), it was promoted to the Lijiang Junmin Fu(Lijiang Military and Civil Administration), which governed over four states, one county, and one patrol inspection office:Tong'an State, Baoshan State, Ju Jin State, Lin Xi county, and Shimen pass patrol Inspection office.

In the 17th year of the Qing Dynasty's Shunzhi Emperor's reign(1660), the Lijiang JunminFu was established again, with the Mu family continuing to hold the hereditary position of the chief. In the first year of the Yongzheng Emperor's reign(1723), the implemented the "reform of the native chieftain system" in Lijiang, replacing the hereditary chief with an appointed official from the court, and demoting the Mu family to the position of the Qianlong Emperor's reign(1770), Lijiang County was established.

In the second year of the Republic of China (1912), the Lijiang Prefecture was abolished, retaining only the county, and the county government moved into the former Lijiang Prefecture's office building.

In the 20th year of the Republic of China (1931), three counties were established within the current area of Lijiang: Lijiang, Yongbei, and Huaping.

In 2002 Lijiang City was established, replacing the former Lijiang Naxi Autonomous County.

Geography
Lijiang is located in the northwestern portion of Yunnan and borders Sichuan. It is within the region encompassed by the Hengduan Mountains, where the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau converge. It borders Sichuan Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture and Panzhihua City to the east, and Jianchuan, Heqing and Binchuan three of the Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture in the south. County and Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture Dayao and Yongren counties, west and north are adjacent to Lanping County of Nujiang Yi Autonomous Prefecture and Weixi County of Diqing Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture. The city has a total area of 20,600 square kilometers and governs the ancient city, Yulong Naxi Autonomous County, Yongsheng County, Huaping County and Ninglang Yi Autonomous County.

Lijiang City has a terrain that is higher in the northwest and lower in the southeast. The highest point is the main peak of Yulong Snow Mountain, with an elevation of 5,596 meters, and the lowest point is at the mouth of the Tangba River in Shilongba Township, Huaping County, with an elevation of 1,015 meters, resulting in a maximum elevation difference of 4,581 meters. To the west of Yulong Mountain lies the high mountain and gorge sub-region of the Hengduan Mountain Range, characterized by high mountains and deep valleys, with steep and towering mountain ranges and rivers cutting deeply through them. To the east of Yulong Mountain is part of the Dianxi Basin's mountainous plateau region, specifically the northwestern sub-region of the Dian Plateau, which has a higher elevation and more robust mountainous terrain. On both sides of the main mountain range, there are also extensive east-west oriented valleys, creating a complex and intricate landscape of landforms with undulating terrain and a significant difference in elevation. There are 111 large and small basins scattered among the mountain ranges, generally at an elevation of over 2,000 meters, with the Lijiang Basin being the largest, covering an area of about 200 square kilometers and an average elevation of 2,466 meters.

The Jinsha River, which flows through Lijiang City, along with the three major mountain ranges that rise abruptly on both sides—the Yunling Mountains' Laojun Mountain, Yulong Mountain, and Mianmian Mountain (commonly known as Xiao Liangshan), form the basic framework and backbone of the topography of Lijiang City. Laojun Mountain stretches like a barrier from north to south on the west side, with its main peak reaching an elevation of 4,247.4 meters. Yulong Snow Mountain, which is located 15 kilometers from the seat of the city government of Lijiang, features high mountain glacier landforms and is covered with snow all year round. Its 13 peaks are connected end to end, pointing towards the sky. To the east lies Mianmian Mountain. There are 12 high mountains in Lijiang City with an elevation ranging from 3,500 to 5,000 meters. Middle mountains with an elevation between 2,500 and 3,500 meters are distributed across all counties. The areas of Ninglang and Yongsheng have a particularly high number of these mountains, and low mountainous areas below 2,500 meters are widely distributed in the southeastern and southern parts of the city.

Climate
Owing to its low latitude and high elevation, the city centre of Lijiang experiences a mild subtropical highland climate (Köppen Cwb). Winters are mild and very dry and sunny (>70% possible sunshine), although average lows in December and January are just below the freezing mark; January, the coolest month, with 24-hour average temperature of 6.7 °C. Spring begins early and remains dry and sunny until late May, when there is a dramatic uptick in frequency and amount of rainfall that lasts until late September. Summers are warm, rainy (more so than it is sunny) and damp, with June, the warmest month, averaging 19.1 °C. Autumn sees an abrupt reduction in rainfall and return to sunniness. The annual mean temperature is 13.3 °C, while precipitation averages 968 mm, around 80% of which occurs from June to September. With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 29% in July to 80% in December, the city receives 2,412 hours of bright sunshine annually.

Hydrological
The rivers within Lijiang city are divided into two major river basins and three water systems, namely the Jinsha River system and the Yalong River system of the Yangtze River basin, and the Lancang River system of the Lancang-Mekong River basin. Among them, the Yangtze River basin covers an area of 20,799 square kilometers, accounting for 98% of the total area; the Lancang River basin covers an area of 420 square kilometers, accounting for 2% of the total area. There are a total of 93 second-order and above tributaries of the Jinsha River, Yalong River, and Lancang River within Lijiang city, of which there are 21 rivers with a basin area of more than 200 square kilometers.

In addition to Lugu Lake, there are two larger natural lakes in Lijiang city, Chenghai and Lashihai. Among them, Chenghai is located in Yongsheng County and is one of the three lakes in the world that are rich in natural spirulina. It is also the only lake in China where spirulina can grow naturally. It covers an area of 77.2 square kilometers, with a water storage capacity of 1.987 billion cubic meters, an average water depth of 25.74 meters, and is the fourth largest lake in Yunnan Province.

Lashihai is located in Lashi Town, Yulong County, 8 kilometers away from the urban area of Lijiang. The lake area is oval-shaped with an altitude of 2450 meters, a water depth of 2.5 to 4.5 meters, a water storage area of 241 square kilometers, and a lake surface area of 8.5 square kilometers. In 1998, it became the first highland wetland nature reserve and a migratory bird habitat in Yunnan Province, and in 2005, it was included in the list of Internationally Important Wetlands.

Land resources
By the end of 2022, Lijiang City had a total of 185,745.95 hectares (2,786,189 mu) of arable land. This includes:Paddy fields amounting to 29,283.03 hectares (439,245 mu), accounting for 15.77% of the tota. Irrigated land amounting to 5,857.66 hectares (88,765 mu), accounting for 3.15% of the total. Dry land amounting to 150,605.26 hectares (2,259,079 mu), accounting for 81.08% of the total.

Yongsheng County and Ninglang Yi Autonomous County have relatively larger areas of arable land, making up 64.28% of the total arable land in Lijiang City. All the arable land is located in regions with a double cropping system per year and in areas with an annual precipitation of 800-1200 millimeters (inclusive of 800 millimeters).

Biological resources
Lijiang City is home to a rich diversity of flora and fauna, with more than 13,000 species of animals and plants, making it one of the country's renowned bases for the protection of these species. It is also one of the key forested areas in Yunnan Province and has been identified by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) as one of the 25 global biodiversity hotspots in the Hengduan Mountains region of China. Within its borders, there are several national first-class protected wild animals, such as the Yunnan golden snub-nosed monkey, clouded leopard, and forest musk deer, as well as rare species of national first-class protected wild plants, including the Himalayan yew, high-altitude water plantain, and Yulong fern. The forest coverage rate in Lijiang City is 72.14%, which makes it one of the key areas for the protection of natural forests in the country.

Lijiang City has recorded a variety of animal species, including:Mammals: 112 species across 8 orders, 21 families. Birds: 446 species across 17 orders, 46 families. Amphibians and reptiles: 51 species across 3 orders, 14 families, and 35 genera. Fish: Over 70 species across 5 orders, 15 families. In terms of vascular plants, there are 4,163 species (subspecies), belonging to 224 families and 1,120 genera. The number of seed plants is over 3,200 species across 145 families and 758 genera, with more than 2,000 species of medicinal materials. There are 2,266 species that are endemic to China and 617 species endemic to Yunnan Province.

Yulong Snow Mountain within the city's boundaries is a world-renowned site for plant specimen typification. There are also over a hundred new species and varieties of plants named after Lijiang's landscapes and place names on the international stage. As a result, Lijiang City has been dubbed the "Kingdom of Alpine Plants" and the "Hometown of Medicinal Herbs."

Administrative divisions
The government of Lijiang City sits in Gucheng District.

Lijiang City comprises one district and four counties:

Demography
Lijiang is a multi-ethnic settlement. The Naxi (originally from northwestern China and with a Tibeto-Burman language and pictographic characters of their own) are mainly distributed in Lijiang, with a population of about 230,000 (including Mosuo, which is different from most Naxi people. They belong to a matrilineal clan, and the locals call it walking marriage). There are also Yi, Lisu, Hua Lisu and other nationalities. Lijiang has the only Naxi autonomous county in China. The residents in the county are mainly Naxi, and there are also Bai, Yi, Lisu, Pumi and other minorities. Among them, the Dongba of the Naxi nationality is known as the only "living pictograph" in the world that has been preserved intact.

Among the resident population in 2010, the Han population was 537,893, accounting for 43.21% of the total population; the ethnic minorities population was 706,876, accounting for 56.79% of the total population.

Minority ethnic culture
The Naxi people have their own language. The Naxi language belongs to the Tibetan-Burmese language branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family. It is roughly divided into two dialects by the Jinsha River. The dialects cannot talk to each other. The standard language of Naxi language is based on the dialect of the western dialect of Naxi language, and the voice of Dayan Town of Lijiang City is the standard sound. In the long history of the Naxi people, there have been Dongbawen and Gobawen characters. "Dongbawen" is a hieroglyph created by the Naxi people more than a thousand years ago (before the Tang dynasty). It consists of pictographic symbols, phonetic symbols and additional symbols. It is the only living hieroglyph in the world that is still circulating in the folk. The Naxi people generally live in dam areas, river valleys and half-mountain areas. The private housing in the dam area is mostly a tiled house with civil structures. The pattern is mostly "three rooms and one wall", and the mountainous areas are mostly low wooden raft houses, which are covered with wooden boards. The Naxi people love singing and dancing, and there are often mass songs and dances in production labor and national festivals. The "Three Festivals" at the beginning of the lunar calendar in early February is the most traditional festival of the people of Lijiang Naxi.
 * Naxi

Mosuo is used to living in the mountains and waters. The houses are all made of wood. The traditional festivals of the Mosuo people include the Spring Festival, the Dragon Boat Festival, the Chaoshan Festival, the Ancestor Festival, the Sacrifice God Festival, and the Festival of Land Festival. Among them, the Spring Festival and the Chaoshan Festival are the most solemn. Mosuo people can sing and dance.
 * Mosuo

The Yi people have a long history, and their ancestors are "Kunming" people who have a relationship with them. They were called "Wu Man" in the Tang and Song Dynasties. The Yi people have their own language and words. The language belongs to the Tibetan-Burmese language branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family. There are six dialects. The Xiaoliangshan Yi people belong to the northern dialect Shizha. Originally an ancient ideogram, some people think it is a pictographic syllable. In the history of the Yi people, they wrote historical, literary, astronomical and medical books, religious classics and so on. Most of the Yi villages are surrounded by mountains and waters, and the environment is beautiful. Generally, there are two or 30 households, and three or five households or single households are rare. The people living in Xiaoliangshan are generally low in order to avoid the cold of the mountains. Mostly, it is a timber frame with a multi-column landing structure. The four walls are made of wood or fenced with bamboo and wood. There are many festivals for the Yi people, such as the Lunar Festival, the 15th Festival, the February 8th, and the March 3rd Festival, especially the Torch Festival.
 * Yi

The Lisu language belongs to the Sino-Tibetan language family. The Lisu people live in a high-slope area. Due to the influence of the terrain and habits, there are no villages that live in dozens of houses. Generally, there are dozens of households on two or three hills as a village. The villages are far apart, and the houses are mainly wooden rafts. The Lisu people have oral songs and long poems, as well as many myths and legends. Every December, the people of Huaping and other places will hold a grand ceremony to celebrate the "Wide Season" (New Year's Day). There are also the Dragon Boat Festival "Hangshan Festival" and Lixia "Holy Water Festival" in Lijiang Dawn Township.
 * Lisu

The language of the Pumi people belongs to the Yi language branch of the Tibetan-Burmese language group of the Sino-Tibetan language family. The local dialects have little difference and generally can talk to each other. There are no words in the Pumi people. The Pumi people in Ninglang and Muli used to spell the Pumi language in Tibetan language to record historical legends and songs, but they are not popular and are now widely used in Chinese. The Pumi people live in a multi-clan, mostly on the mountainside, and the houses are mostly the layout of the wooden courtyard. The Pumi people have their own unique culture and art. Among them, the myths, legends and stories are the most numerous. The Pumi people can sing and dance. In the event of a wedding or funeral festival, a "song to the song" competition is held. Pumi men also like sports such as shooting, archery, wrestling, and martial arts. The most popular national traditional festival of the Pumi is the "Ohwa Festival" (the New Year) on the eighth day of the twelfth lunar month. In addition, there is the "Turning Sea Festival" on the 15th of the first month, and the "Taste of the New Festival" in the spring and autumn harvest season.
 * Pumi

Cuisine
Salad of Jidou pea jelly is a traditional food that Naxi loves. It is produced in Lijiangba and belongs to the yellow bean family. Because it is shaped like a chicken head, it is called chicken pea powder. The beans are milled into vermicelli, the color is gray-green, fried, the salad is very tasty, and the fragrance is delicious. It is a dish on the Naxi table.
 * Salad of Jidou Pea Jelly (鸡豆凉粉)

Lijiang Baba is the local fine wheat noodles, plus ham, chemical oil, sugar and other condiments, and mix thoroughly to form a layer. Eat a golden crisp, sweet and delicious, oily but not greasy.
 * Lijiang Baba (丽江粑粑)

Naxi barbecue is a traditional carbace dish popular on Lijiang Tea Horse Road. The main ingredient is pork belly. The skin is golden and crisp, fat but not greasy, thin and not firewood, and the taste is crisp.
 * Naxi Barbecue (纳西烧烤)

Crossing-the-Bridge Noodles is a rice noodle soup from the Yunnan province, it has over 100 years of history. The dish is served with a large bowl of boiling hot broth and the soup ingredients. The soup is made with chicken, pork bone and seasoning, such as Chinese star anise and ginger. Also, using a layer of chicken fat to insulate the soup and therefore keep it warm for longer.
 * Crossing-the-Bridge Noodles (过桥米线)

Erkuai is a type of rice cake, the name literally means "ear piece," a reference to the shape of one of its common forms. It is often served stir-fried with vegetables, and málà sauce, which is a mixture of dried red chilis, Sichuan pepper, and salt.
 * Erkuai (饵块)

Airport

 * Lijiang Sanyi International Airport (LJG): Lijiang Airport is located in the south of Lijiang city, 28 km away from downtown. There is an airport shuttle bus service in downtown Lijiang. The airport was opened in July 1995 and has flights to Kunming, Chengdu, Xishuangbanna, Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Wuhan, Shenzhen, Xiamen via Chongqing and Guiyang. It also offers chartered airplane service. There are flights from Kunming to Lijiang every day and is about 30 minutes flight time.

Road

 * G5611 Dali–Lijiang Expressway
 * There are bus services to, amongst others, Kunming (8 hrs), Dali (3 hrs), the Tiger Leaping Gorge and Shangri-La.
 * Lijiang has several bridges over the Jinsha River, including the Jinlong Bridge, built in 1936, the oldest over the Yangtze.

Railway
Lijiang railway station is currently the terminus of the Dali–Lijiang railway, which heads south. The Lijiang–Shangri-La railway, currently under construction, will extend this line north to Shangri-La.
 * There is a train service to Kunming with one overnight and two day trains, and one day train to Dali.
 * As of early 2019, a high speed train linking Lijiang to Kunming was introduced. Three pairs of high speed trains are operated between Lijiang railway station and Kunming railway station / Kunming South railway station. It takes around 3–3.5 hours and the ticket fare is CNY 197–220 for a second class seat.
 * There are over 5 pairs of conventional speed trains running between Lijiang and Kunming. The distance is about 517 km, requiring 8.5 – 9.5 hours for a one-way trip. A hard sleeper costs CNY 186.5.
 * The Lijiang–Shangri-La railway from Lijiang to Shangri-La is expected to open in late 2021.

Tram

 * Line 1 of Lijiang Tram started construction in October 2019.

Old Town of Lijiang

Old Town of Lijiang is a national historical and cultural city. It was built in the late Song dynasty (late 13th century AD). It is located in the middle of Lijiang Dam. It is the most preserved and most Naxi-style ancient town in China. It is located in the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau. At an altitude of 2,416 meters, the city covers an area of 3.8 square kilometers. In December 1997, it was included in the "World Cultural Heritage" list by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee.

Lugu Lake
Lugu Lake is 2,680 meters above sea level, with an area of more than 50 square kilometers. The average lake depth is 45 meters and the deepest is 93 meters. The lake is clear and blue, with a visibility of 12–14 meters. It is one of the deepest freshwater lakes in China.

Jade Dragon Snow Mountain
Jade Dragon Snow Mountain is located between 100°4′2"-100°16'30" east longitude and 27°3'2"-27°18'57" north latitude. The scenic area is 415 square kilometers. The main peak fan is 5,596 meters above sea level. It has snow all year round and develops the temperate maritime glaciers closest to the equator in the Eurasian continent. Jade Dragon Snow Mountain is called "Oulu" in Naxi, meaning silvery mountain rock. Its silver-packed, 13 snow peaks are endless, just like a "dragon" flying over the clouds, it is called "Jade Dragon." Because its lithology is mainly limestone and basalt, it is black and white, so it is also called "black and white snow mountain". She is the mountain of the hearts of the Naxi people. It is said that the Naxi people protect the gods of the "three more" incarnation.

Laojun Mountain
Laojun Mountain is a combination of the three national-level scenic spots in the Jade Dragon Snow Mountain, the Three Rivers Concurrent, and the Cangshan Erhai Lake. It is an important part of the Yulong Snow Mountain Scenic Area. This scenic spot is mainly composed of Laojunshan Jiujiu Longtan, Jinsi Factory Jinshan Yuhu, Dawn Meile Danxia Landform, New Main Natural Alpine Botanical Garden and other areas (attractions), with a total area of 715 square kilometers, which is under planning and development. Ecotourism resort. It echoes with the Jade Dragon Snow Mountain and forms the east and west wings of Lijiang's tourism resources.

Nearby
Some 35 kilometers north of Lijiang is the Baishui Terrace, an area where spring water flows over a sinter terrace, leaving behind travertine.

Fifteen kilometers north of Lijiang is the village of Baisha, famous for the Baisha Fresco and the Naxi Hand-made Embroidery Institute. The Fresco was built in the Ming dynasty 600 years ago, the Naxi Hand-made Embroidery Institute was built 800 years ago, it is the headquarters of the Naxi embroideries and also, a school for the Naxi embroiderers. There are many Naxi embroidery masters, teachers, students and local farmers there. Their embroidery arts can be found there.

Education
Lijiang Teachers College and Lijiang Culture and Tourism College  are located in Lijiang. The latter was a branch of Yunnan University (YNU). At one point the teacher's college merged into YNU.

Sister cities

 * 🇷🇺 Kazan, Tatarstan, Russia
 * 🇺🇸 Roanoke, Virginia, United States
 * 🇨🇦 New Westminster, British Columbia, Canada
 * 🇯🇵 Takayama, Gifu, Japan
 * 🇦🇺 Shepparton, Victoria, Australia
 * 🇳🇿 Whanganui, New Zealand
 * 🇰🇭 Preah Vihear Province, Cambodia

title: Lijiang


text:
Adiantum

Adiantum, the maidenhair fern (not to be confused with the similar-looking maidenhair spleenwort fern), is a genus of about 250 species of ferns in the subfamily Vittarioideae of the family Pteridaceae, though some researchers place it in its own family, Adiantaceae. The genus name comes from Greek, meaning "unwetted", referring to the fronds' ability to shed water without becoming wet.

Description
They are distinctive in appearance, with dark, often black stipes and rachises, and bright green, often delicately cut leaf tissue. The sori are borne submarginally, and are covered by reflexed flaps of leaf tissue which resemble indusia. Dimorphism between sterile and fertile fronds is generally subtle.

They generally prefer humus-rich, moist, well-drained sites, ranging from bottomland soils to vertical rock walls. Many species are especially known for growing on rock walls around waterfalls and water seepage areas.

The highest species diversity is in the Andes. Fairly high diversity also occurs in eastern Asia, with nearly 40 species in China.

Species native to North America include A. pedatum (five-fingered fern) and the closely related A. aleuticum, which are distinctive in having a bifurcating frond that radiates pinnae on one side only. The cosmopolitan A. capillus-veneris (Venus-hair fern) has a native distribution that extends into the eastern continent. A. jordanii (California Maidenhair) is native to the west coast.

There is a rich Adiantum flora in New Zealand with 3 endemic species (A. cunninghamii, A. viridescens and A. fulvum) in a total of 10 recorded species. Many of these are common especially in the west and south of the islands.

List of species

 * Adiantum abscissum
 * Adiantum aculeolatum—synonym of Adiantum mindanaense
 * Adiantum adiantoides
 * Adiantum aethiopicum – common maidenhair, true maidenhair
 * Adiantum alarconianum
 * Adiantum aleuticum – Aleutian maidenhair, western five-fingered Fern
 * Adiantum amazonicum
 * Adiantum amblyopteridium
 * Adiantum amelianum
 * Adiantum anceps – double edge maidenhair
 * Adiantum aneitense
 * Adiantum angustatum
 * Adiantum annamense
 * Adiantum atroviride
 * Adiantum bellum – Bermuda maidenhair
 * Adiantum bessoniae
 * Adiantum blumenavense
 * Adiantum boliviense
 * Adiantum bonatianum
 * Adiantum bonii
 * Adiantum brasiliense – Brazilian maidenhair
 * Adiantum breviserratum
 * Adiantum calcareum
 * Adiantum capillus-junonis
 * Adiantum capillus-veneris – black maidenhair, southern maidenhair, Venus' hair
 * Adiantum caudatum – walking maidenhair, tailed maidenhair, trailing maidenhair
 * Adiantum celebicum
 * Adiantum chilense
 * Adiantum christii
 * Adiantum comoroense
 * Adiantum concinnum – polished maidenhair, brittle maidenhair
 * Adiantum coreanum – Korean maidenhair fern
 * Adiantum crespianum
 * Adiantum cultratum
 * Adiantum cuneatiforme
 * Adiantum cuneatum (junior synonym of A. raddianum)
 * Adiantum cunninghamii
 * Adiantum cupreum
 * Adiantum curvatum
 * Adiantum davidii
 * Adiantum diaphanum – filmy maidenhair, small maidenhair.
 * Adiantum dioganum
 * Adiantum diphyllum
 * Adiantum discretodenticulatum
 * Adiantum dissimulatum
 * Adiantum edgeworthii
 * Adiantum elegantulum
 * Adiantum erylliae
 * Adiantum erythrochlamys
 * Adiantum excisum – Chilean maidenhair
 * Adiantum fengianum
 * Adiantum fimbriatum
 * Adiantum flabellulatum
 * Adiantum formosum – giant maidenhair, Australian maidenhair
 * Adiantum fossarum
 * Adiantum fragile – fragile maidenhair
 * Adiantum fragrans
 * Adiantum fructosum
 * Adiantum fulvum
 * Adiantum gertrudis
 * Adiantum gibbosum
 * Adiantum gingkoides
 * Adiantum glabrum
 * Adiantum glaureosum
 * Adiantum glaucescens
 * Adiantum glaucinum
 * Adiantum glaziovii
 * Adiantum gomphophyllum
 * Adiantum gracile
 * Adiantum gravesii
 * Adiantum grossum
 * Adiantum hispidulum – rough maidenhair, rosy maidenhair
 * Adiantum hollandiae
 * Adiantum hornei
 * Adiantum hosei
 * Adiantum imbricatum
 * Adiantum incertum
 * Adiantum incisum
 * Adiantum intermedium
 * Adiantum jordanii – California maidenhair
 * Adiantum juxtapositum
 * Adiantum kendalii
 * Adiantum kingii
 * Adiantum klossii
 * Adiantum lamrianum
 * Adiantum latifolium – broadleaf maidenhair
 * Adiantum lenvingei
 * †Adiantum lianxianense
 * Adiantum lindenii
 * Adiantum lonrentzii
 * Adiantum lucidum
 * Adiantum macrocladum
 * Adiantum macrophyllum – largeleaf maidenhair
 * Adiantum madagascariense
 * Adiantum malaliense
 * Adiantum malesianum
 * Adiantum mariesii
 * Adiantum mariposatum
 * Adiantum mcvaughii
 * Adiantum melanoleucum – fragrant maidenhair
 * Adiantum mendoncae
 * Adiantum menglianense
 * Adiantum mettenii
 * Adiantum mindanaense
 * Adiantum monochlamys
 * Adiantum monosorum
 * Adiantum multisorum
 * Adiantum myriosorum
 * Adiantum neoguineense
 * Adiantum novae-caledoniae
 * Adiantum nudum
 * Adiantum oaxacanum
 * Adiantum obliquum – oblique maidenhair
 * Adiantum ogasawarense
 * Adiantum opacum
 * Adiantum ornithopodum
 * Adiantum ovalescens
 * Adiantum palaoense
 * Adiantum papillosum
 * Adiantum paraense
 * Adiantum patens
 * Adiantum pearcei
 * Adiantum pedatum – northern maidenhair, five-fingered fern
 * Adiantum pentadactylon
 * Adiantum peruvianum – silver-dollar fern, Peruvian maidenhair
 * Adiantum petiolatum – stalked maidenhair
 * Adiantum philippense
 * Adiantum phyllitidis
 * Adiantum platyphyllum
 * Adiantum poiretti
 * Adiantum polyphyllum – giant maidenhair
 * Adiantum pseudotinctum
 * Adiantum pulchellum
 * Adiantum pulcherrimum
 * Adiantum pulverulentum – glossy maidenhair
 * Adiantum pumilum
 * Adiantum pyramidale – pyramid maidenhair
 * Adiantum raddianum – delta maidenhair
 * Adiantum rectangulare
 * Adiantum reniforme – lotus-leaved maidenhair fern
 * Adiantum rhizophorum
 * Adiantum robinsonii
 * Adiantum roborowskii
 * Adiantum rondoni
 * Adiantum rubellum
 * Adiantum rufopetalum
 * Adiantum scabrum
 * Adiantum schmalzii
 * Adiantum schmidtchenii
 * Adiantum schweinfurthii
 * Adiantum seemannii – Seeman's maidenhair
 * Adiantum semiorbiculatum
 * Adiantum senae
 * Adiantum serratifolium
 * Adiantum shastense
 * Adiantum siamense
 * Adiantum silvaticum
 * Adiantum sinicum
 * Adiantum soboliferum
 * Adiantum sordidum
 * Adiantum stenochlamys
 * Adiantum stolzii
 * Adiantum subcordatum – big maidenhair
 * Adiantum subpedatum
 * Adiantum tenerum – fan maidenhair, brittle maidenhair
 * Adiantum tenuissimum
 * Adiantum tetragonum
 * Adiantum tetraphyllum – fourleaf maidenhair
 * Adiantum thalictroides
 * Adiantum trapeziforme – diamond maidenhair
 * Adiantum tricholepis – fuzzy maidenhair
 * Adiantum trilobum
 * Adiantum tripteris
 * Adiantum venustum – evergreen maidenhair, Himalayan maidenhair.
 * Adiantum villosissimum
 * Adiantum villosum – woolly maidenhair
 * Adiantum viridescens
 * Adiantum viridimontanum – Green Mountain maidenhair
 * Adiantum vivesii – Puerto Rico maidenhair
 * Adiantum vogelii
 * Adiantum wattii
 * Adiantum wilsonii – Wilson's maidenhair
 * Adiantum zollingeri

Cultivation
Many species are grown in the horticultural trade. There are a number of tropical species, including A. raddianum and A. peruvianum. Both A. pedatum and A. aleuticum are hardy to zone 3, and are by far the most cold-hardy members of the genus. A. venustum is also cold-hardy to zone 5. A. capillus-veneris is hardy to zone 7. Hybrids, such as Adiantum × mairisii, are also popular.

title: Adiantum


text:
Kelis

Kelis Rogers (born August 21, 1979) is an American singer-songwriter and chef. She attended New York's Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School of Music & Art and Performing Arts, where she played saxophone and was selected for the Girls Choir of Harlem. Upon graduation, Rogers landed a role as a backing vocalist for the hip hop group Gravediggaz. She then began working with music producers Pharrell Williams and Chad Hugo—collectively known as the Neptunes—who led her to sign with Virgin Records in 1998.

Rogers' debut studio album, Kaleidoscope (1999) was inspired by jazz and disco music from the 1970s. Despite critical acclaim, the album was met with domestic commercial failure; it instead found moderate success on international charts. Supported by her first Billboard Hot 100 entry with its lead single "Caught Out There", the album peaked at number 43 on the UK Albums Chart and earned gold certification by the country's British Phonographic Industry (BPI). She parted ways with Virgin Records after her second album, Wanderland (2001) also received poor sales—not seeing a domestic release until 2019. After signing with the Neptunes' Star Trak Entertainment, Rogers third studio album, Tasty (2003), served as her commercial breakthrough and earning continued critical praise. Its lead single, "Milkshake" peaked at number three on the Billboard Hot 100; the song and its follow-up, "Trick Me", both peaked at number two on the UK singles chart. Her fourth album, Kelis Was Here (2006)—preceded by the US top 20 single "Bossy" (featuring Too Short)—peaked number ten on the Billboard 200. Following its release, she took a hiatus from recording and ventured into culinary arts at Le Cordon Bleu.

She later signed with will.i.am Music Group to release her fifth album, Flesh Tone (2010), which explored electronic music. Two of its singles, "Acapella" and "4th of July (Fireworks)" found success on the US Hot Dance Club Songs chart and the UK Dance Singles Chart. Tying-in with her culinary career, she released her sixth studio album Food (2014), which became her second top-20 album in the UK and spawned three singles: "Jerk Ribs", "Rumble" and "Friday Fish Fry". The album explored a neo soul recording style.

Rogers has been recognized at the Brit Awards, Q Awards, NME Awards, and Grammy Awards. Her musical output as a lead and featured artist encompasses various genres. She has collaborated with R&B and hip hop acts including Nas (whom she married in 2005), Busta Rhymes, Outkast, and Puff Daddy; electronic and dance producers such as Calvin Harris, Disclosure, Giorgio Moroder, Timo Maas, and Richard X; pop and rock acts Enrique Iglesias, Duran Duran, and No Doubt; and indie and alternative musicians including Björk and Dave Sitek. She has sold 6 million records worldwide and has had particular success in the United Kingdom, where ten of her singles have peaked within the top ten of the UK singles chart.

Early life
Rogers was born and raised in the Frederick Douglass Houses in the Harlem neighborhood of Manhattan. Her first name is a portmanteau of her father's name, Kenneth (1944–2000), and her mother's name, Eveliss. Her father Kenneth was an African-American jazz musician and Pentecostal minister and was formerly a professor at Wesleyan University. Her mother Eveliss is a Chinese-Puerto Rican fashion designer who inspired Rogers to pursue her singing career. She has three sisters, two older and one younger.

As a child, Rogers sang in church choirs and played violin, piano, and saxophone while attending Manhattan Country School, a private school. At 13, she shaved off all of her hair. In an interview, Rogers says she was kicked out of her parents' house at 16 for bad behavior, stating that she would sometimes clash with her mother, but continued her education at the Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School of Music & Art and Performing Arts, where she formed the R&B trio BLU (Black Ladies United). She was also a bartender and a sales associate at a clothing store before graduating high school.

1997–2002: Kaleidoscope and Wanderland
In 1997, Kelis provided background vocals on "Fairytalez", a track on hip hop group Gravediggaz's album The Pick, the Sickle and the Shovel. Afterward, a friend introduced Kelis to The Neptunes (Pharrell Williams and Chad Hugo); they formed a strong bond, and with their support she landed a record deal with Virgin Records. According to Kelis, Virgin Records advised her that publishing royalties would be split evenly among Williams, Hugo, and herself; however, Kelis made no money from sales of her first two albums on the label. Kelis has said that Williams was credited as a songwriter on songs of hers that he had not written.

Kelis began recording her debut album Kaleidoscope in mid-1998 and was finished within a year. Produced by The Neptunes and released by Virgin Records in 1999, Kaleidoscope peaked at number 144 on the U.S. Billboard 200 chart and reached the top five on the Top Heatseekers chart. As of 2006, the album has sold 249,000 copies, according to Nielsen SoundScan. Its lead and most notable single "Caught Out There" became a top 10 Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs hit and peaked at number 54 on the Billboard Hot 100. During this time, Kelis featured on Ol' Dirty Bastard's U.S. top 40 single "Got Your Money".

The album performed better in Europe, where "Caught Out There" was a moderate hit in most European countries except the United Kingdom, where the song saw massive success, peaking at number four on the UK Singles Chart. The single "Good Stuff" (featuring Terrar of Clipse) reached number 19; another single "Get Along with You" was less successful, reaching number 51. The British Phonographic Industry certified Kaleidoscope gold for sales of 100,000 copies in the United Kingdom, where it reached number 43 on the UK Albums Chart.

In 2001, Kelis won the Brit Award for International Breakthrough Act and the NME Award for Best R&B/Soul Act, then joined Moby and U2 on the Area:One and Elevation tours, respectively. Kelis and the Neptunes' output at this time was heralded as foreshadowing an innovation in contemporary R&B, but she later said "I was never an R&B artist. People coined me one but that's because, especially if you're in the States, if you're black and you sing, then you're R&B". Her colorful style in both clothing and hair received considerable attention.

Kelis's second album Wanderland was released in 2001 in Europe, Asia, and Latin America but did not receive a North American release until 2019. According to Kelis, Virgin Records, her U.S. record company at the time, had laid off those that worked on Kaleidoscope; their replacements did not understand or believe in Wanderland. Eventually, Kelis was dropped from Virgin around the time of the album's European release, but she remained on the label's roster in Europe. A commercial failure, Wanderland peaked at number 78 in the UK; its only single "Young, Fresh n' New" managed to crack the top 40 on the UK Singles Chart. The album, which was produced in its entirety by the Neptunes and features collaborations with members of Clipse and No Doubt, received a subdued critical response. NME wrote: "In our collective fantasies, Kelis Rogers is already the ghetto-fabulous sex-queen of discodelic future-funk pop-rock-soul...But beyond the initial shopping-and-funking dazzle, there is way too much filler here for a hotly hyped alterna-soul princess with her eyes on the big prize". The Fader later referred to Wanderland as "Kelis's long lost masterpiece".

In 2002, Kelis recorded "So Be It" for the Red Hot Organization's Fela Kuti tribute CD Red Hot and Riot, from which all proceeds were donated to AIDS-awareness charities. The same year, she had a top 20 U.S. club hit with a remix of "Young, Fresh 'n' New", produced by Timo Maas, who featured Kelis on his single "Help Me". She hosted the DanceStar USA Awards ceremony at that year's Winter Music Conference.

2003–2005: Tasty
In 2003, Kelis achieved a second top 10 hit in the UK as a featured artist on Richard X's "Finest Dreams", a reworking of the S.O.S. Band's 1986 single "The Finest", and a European club hit (and UK top 40 single) as a featured artist on "Let's Get Ill" by P. Diddy, her manager for a brief period. She found mainstream success in the U.S. later in 2003 with her Hot Dance Club Play number one, Billboard Hot 100 top three single "Milkshake"; this single helped to propel her third album Tasty to gold status in the U.S., where it peaked at number 27 on the Billboard 200 and has sold 533,000 copies, according to Nielsen SoundScan. "Milkshake" also went gold, selling over 500,000 copies, and earned Kelis a Grammy Award nomination in 2004 for Best Urban/Alternative Performance.

Although the Neptunes contributed several tracks to Tasty—the album was released by their label Star Trak Entertainment, a joint venture with Arista Records—Kelis also collaborated with other producers such as Dallas Austin, André 3000, Rockwilder, and Raphael Saadiq. She stated in an interview: "I felt like I had a lot to prove with this album. People had started messing with me along the lines of 'Is she REALLY any good without The Neptunes?' — which I knew was ridiculous. And so I was like 'I'll take that challenge'." The album was well-received critically; Entertainment Weekly wrote that Tasty is "Kelis' past—big beats, out-there imagery, and sex appeal—refined...much of the beauty of Tasty is in witnessing Kelis rise to the challenge of working with multiple imaginative maestros."

"Milkshake" and Tasty immediately found success in Europe. According to the BPI, Tasty went platinum in the United Kingdom, selling over 300,000 copies, and "Milkshake" went silver, selling over 200,000 units. The Dallas Austin-produced "Trick Me", the album's second single, went to the top 10 in many European countries during mid-2004; it did not, however, garner success in the U.S. in the absence of promotion by Jive Records, the label Kelis had been transferred to after Arista Records folded at the time of Tasty's release. Kelis' success grew in Australia, where Tasty went gold and where "Milkshake" and "Trick Me" went platinum. Kelis followed the success of the third Tasty single, the BPI silver-certified "Millionaire" (featuring André 3000), with the Rockwilder-produced track "In Public" (featuring Nas), which reached number 17 on the UK chart.

"Not in Love", Kelis's collaboration with Enrique Iglesias from his 2003 album 7, was released as a single the following year, reaching the UK top five. Although the single failed to chart on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100, it topped the country's Hot Dance Club Play chart. Also in 2004, Kelis collaborated with Björk on a remix of the latter's track "Oceania" (from Björk's album Medúlla), which appeared as a B-side to the single "Who Is It". Kelis toured as the opening act for fellow Jive artist Britney Spears's The Onyx Hotel Tour, then headlined her own tour of Australia and New Zealand. In 2005, she was featured on the soundtrack to the film Just Like Heaven with a cover version of The Pretenders' "Brass in Pocket".

2006–2008: Kelis Was Here
Kelis contributed a track titled "80's Joint" to the soundtrack of the 2006 dance film Step Up. She collaborated with Busta Rhymes and will.i.am on the track "I Love My Bitch", the second single from Rhymes's 2006 album The Big Bang. This was the second time Kelis collaborated with Rhymes, the first being his 2001 song "What It Is".

Kelis Was Here was released in 2006, and it debuted and peaked at number 10 on the Billboard 200. Despite the career-high debut, the album has sold only 157,000 copies in the United States as of 2007, according to Nielsen SoundScan. In the UK, Kelis Was Here charted at number 41 and has sold 60,000 copies, earning a silver certification from the BPI. The album was Kelis's first not to feature contributions from The Neptunes, as she had left Star Trak by this time; instead, she recorded with Cee-Lo Green, Max Martin, Raphael Saadiq, Scott Storch, and will.i.ams. According to Kelis, she received no support from Jive Records for the recording or promotion of Kelis Was Here and argued heavily with the label, later describing the period as "[not] the most creative atmosphere" and "the only time where I felt like I was being pulled in different directions. There were too many cooks in the kitchen". MTV characterised critical consensus of the album as "intriguingly intelligent, if unjustifiably disjointed and long" and wrote in 2016 that "it remains her most creatively anarchic project". Kelis Was Here was nominated for Best Contemporary R&B Album at the 2007 Grammy Awards.

"Bossy" (featuring Too Short), Kelis Was Here's lead single, was a moderate hit in the U.S., peaking at number 16; it additionally went multi-platinum as a mobile phone ringtone, according to the RIAA. The single "Blindfold Me" (featuring Nas) reached number 91 on the R&B chart and did not chart on the Billboard Hot 100. Kelis's European label, Virgin, instead released the Cee-Lo-featuring "Lil Star", which was another top 10 hit for Kelis in the United Kingdom (peaking at number three on the UK Singles Chart). During mid 2007, Kelis toured in Europe, appearing in numerous festivals across the United Kingdom, France, and Germany, such as Wireless, Rise and Gurtenfestival. Ford chose Kelis to help advertise the 2007 Ford Edge, and she recorded a theme song for the commercial, titled "Push It to the Edge", with help from producer Scott Storch.

Jive Records dropped Kelis in late 2007. Her manager at the time said that the singer was working with Cee-Lo Green on an alternative dance album and would be shopping a pop album produced by songwriter Guy Chambers. Scottish electronica producer Calvin Harris was said to be collaborating with her. Kelis took a hiatus from music: "I was like 'I will never put out another record again, I hate this business, I hate all these people.' I was in this race that I didn't even realise that I was in. I woke up and ten years had passed. That was never my plan".

After Kelis left Jive, the label released a 14-track greatest hits album titled The Hits in 2008. The album does not contain any previously unreleased songs; Ol' Dirty Bastard's "Got Your Money", N.E.R.D's "Truth or Dare", and Richard X's "Finest Dreams" appear on the album with every charted Kelis single to that date, with the exception of "Blindfold Me". Also in 2008, the Kelis Was Here album track "I Don't Think So" became a top 40 hit in Australia after being used in promotion for the 2008 season of the reality series Big Brother Australia.

2009–2011: Flesh Tone
In 2009, Kelis signed to Interscope Records via the will.i.am Music Group to release Flesh Tone, which included production from Ammo, Free School, Benny Benassi, Burns, Boys Noize, DJ Tocadisco, will.i.am, and David Guetta. Flesh Tone marked Kelis' transition into dance music. Kelis said she was hesitant to sign to another major label after her experiences with Jive Records but did not want the album to be "swept under the rug with a smaller label". Coinciding with her change in musical direction, Kelis appeared on Basement Jaxx's 2009 album Scars on the title track, on Benassi's 2010 single "Spaceship" (with apl.de.ap and Jean Baptiste)—a top 40 U.S. and UK club hit —and on the Crookers single "No Security" from their debut album Tons of Friends.

Critical reception to Flesh Tone was generally positive, with Pitchfork naming the album Kelis's best since her debut Kaleidoscope. "Acapella" (produced by David Guetta), the first single from Flesh Tone, debuted in the top five on the UK Singles Chart and reached number one on the U.S. Hot Dance Club Songs and the UK Dance Chart, eventually receiving a BPI silver certification. Flesh Tone peaked at number 48 on the Billboard 200 and at number five on the Dance/Electronic Albums. The single "4th of July (Fireworks)" was accompanied by a video co-directed by Kelis (with Rankin and Nicole Ehrlich) and became a top 10 club hit in America and Britain. The singles "Scream" and "Brave" made minimal chart impact.

During mid-2010, Kelis embarked on her first U.S. tour, titled All Hearts with Robyn, amid a selection of club, festival, and solo dates that continued through 2011 – these included Glastonbury, The Big Chill, Good Vibrations Festival, and Lovebox. Kelis appears on the Mark Ronson-produced track "The Man Who Stole a Leopard" from the 2010 Duran Duran album All You Need Is Now, a song she and the band performed in a concert directed by filmmaker David Lynch. She co-wrote the song "Waiting" for British pop singer Cheryl Cole's Messy Little Raindrops. Kelis then collaborated with Calvin Harris on the 2011 single "Bounce", the lead single from Harris' album 18 Months. "Bounce" debuted at number two on the UK Singles Chart, becoming Kelis's tenth UK top 10 single and her biggest selling in the country (as of 2017). It eventually received a platinum certification from the BPI.

2012–2017: Food
In 2012, Kelis's management firm at the time announced that her sixth studio album would be released in late 2012 and feature production from Skream, Burns, Tom Neville, Dan Black, and Caspa. The first single, the Skream-produced "Distance", received its UK radio premiere in mid 2012. Kelis said of the album, "I've been on a real 1990s vibe with this record, it's kind of trip-hoppish...it's more electro, it's a little deeper and darker". Kelis was featured on Dan Black's single "Hearts" and Skream's "Copy Cat" (both 2013), the latter of which led to a dispute after Kelis alleged that Skream refused to have her appear in the music video. She opted to move on from dance music: "when everyone else starts doing it, it's not as much fun...too much time went by. That [sound] wasn't a new idea any more". The rest of the material from these recording sessions remains unreleased.

By 2013, Kelis was working with producer Dave Sitek, and it was announced that she would release two albums via Sitek's label Federal Prism. The single "Jerk Ribs" premiered online. Kelis then signed to British independent label Ninja Tune for the release of the album Food in 2014. Produced entirely by Sitek, Food entered the UK Albums Chart at number 20, becoming Kelis' second highest-peaking album after Tasty in 2004. In the U.S., it reached number 73 on the Billboard 200 and the top 20 on the Independent Albums. Subsequent singles were "Rumble" (a top 40 hit on the UK Independent Singles Chart) and "Friday Fish Fry". Food received positive reviews from critics, including a five-star review in The Independent: "Kelis's sixth album is a moveable feast...If music be the food of love, Kelis has cooked up something tasty enough to satisfy all but the hungriest of hearts." Mic named Food the best album of 2014 and of Kelis's career, and Rolling Stone listed it as one of the year's best R&B albums.

A limited edition version of Food included remixes by electronic producers such as Actress, Mount Kimbie, Ben Pearce, Breach, Machinedrum, and Will Saul. Breach reworked his remix of "Rumble" into "The Key", a track featuring Kelis, released as a single later in 2014. Kelis' performance at London's Somerset House was recorded and released as the album Live in London in late 2014. In 2015, Kelis featured on veteran disco producer Giorgio Moroder's album Déjà Vu, singing on the track "Back and Forth". In 2017, she was featured with rapper Sage The Gemini on English house DJ TCTS' single "Do It Like Me (Icy Feet)" and on Dan Black's single "Farewell". Also in 2017, she released the song "Who's Lovin' You" (originally sung by The Miracles), on the Danger Mouse-produced compilation Resistance Radio: The Man in The High Castle for the television show The Man in the High Castle.

2018–present: Kaleidoscope anniversary tour and new music
Kelis contributed vocals to the dance track "My Milkshake", a rework of her 2003 single "Milkshake" by British producer Freejak, in 2018. Kelis embarked on the Kaleidoscope 20th Anniversary Tour, a UK and European tour celebrating the 20th-anniversary release of her debut album Kaleidoscope, in March 2020, though this was cut short due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Kelis was featured on a Disclosure song titled "Watch Your Step" in 2020 and on "Deal with It", a track on Demidevil, the debut mixtape by Ashnikko, in 2021. The former single, from Disclosure's Grammy Award-nominated album Energy, received frequent airplay on radio stations in the UK and reached the UK dance chart top 40. In October 2020, a biographical animated short about her life as a singer and chef was released on YouTube.

Kelis revealed to i-D magazine in 2019 that she was working on an EP that, at the time of the interview, was intended for release in 2020; in 2021, she said an album, Dirt, would be released in 2022. Kelis released the single "Midnight Snacks" in 2021 and "Feed Them" in 2022, the latter in collaboration with the meal delivery service Daily Harvest.

An interpolation of Kelis's "Milkshake" was used in the Beyoncé song "Energy" on her 2022 album Renaissance. The song was updated on some streaming services to remove the interpolation after Kelis said that she was not notified nor asked for approval for the song's use. Kelis said that Pharrell Williams and Chad Hugo of the Neptunes, the credited songwriters on "Milkshake", had "stolen" and "swindled" her publishing rights for the song.

In February 2023, Kelis appeared on a commercial to advertise that year's Super Bowl; the commercial also featured Diddy, Montell Jordan and Donna Lewis, among others. In March 2023, Kelis announced she would be performing on the West Holts stage at that year's Glastonbury Festival. That same month, she announced tour dates for a European-only tour. On June 3, 2023, Kelis performed at the Mighty Hoopla music festival in London. On September 12, 2023, Kelis released "Milkshake 20" (Alex Wann Remix), which she co-produced.

Culinary
From 2006 to 2010, Kelis trained part-time as a saucier, eventually graduating from Le Cordon Bleu. In 2013, Kelis debuted her sauce line, Feast, at the Beverly Hills Food & Wine Festival. Kelis has described sauce as "what accessories are to a woman's outfit. Sauce defines where the dish is from and who's making it...I think everything is better smothered, poured, or dipped." The line went on general sale in 2015 under the new name of Bounty & Full. Kelis's first cookbook, My Life on a Plate, was also released in 2015; Kelis describes it as "an exploration of tastes and cultures, and my experience as a chef, musician, mother and wife". Kelis had previously written an unreleased cookbook with Lauren Pesavento in 2006.

In March 2014, Kelis set up a food truck to cook for attendees of the American music festival SXSW. She promoted her 2014 album Food by sharing her recipes for apple farro, jerk ribs, New York vanilla bean cheesecake, and more on the Spotify app Supper. That same year, the Cooking Channel aired a cooking television series starring Kelis, titled Saucy and Sweet. In 2016, Kelis and cooking duo Le Bun opened a pop-up restaurant in London that she adapted as a food truck to tour around UK music festivals. In September 2017, she released a milkshake recipe in collaboration with Baileys. In 2019, Kelis developed an exclusive menu with a local street food vendor for Jam on Rye Festival in London. She also appears in Cooked with Cannabis, a competition cooking series that Netflix launched on April 20, 2020.

Fashion/TV
In 2006, Kelis designed her own line of fashion accessories, titled Cake. In 2007, she was in talks to host a Project Runway-esque show for VH1 and auditioned for various film and TV roles.

In 2017, Kelis joined BBC One's singing contest Pitch Battle as a judge of the competition with Gareth Malone. In 2020, Kelis competed as the Daisy in the British version of The Masked Singer, where she was eliminated in the fifth episode.

Personal life
Kelis met rapper Nas at an MTV Video Music Awards party in 2002; they dated for one year, became engaged in 2004, and married in January 2005. In April 2009, she filed for divorce, citing irreconcilable differences. She was seven months pregnant at the time. In July 2009, Kelis gave birth to her first son. The couple's divorce was finalized in May 2010. Kelis has described her relationship with Nas as physically and mentally abusive, crediting the anticipated birth of her child as a factor in her decision to end her marriage. Kelis also recalled that the domestic violence incident between Rihanna and Chris Brown influenced her decision to leave Nas. After she saw pictures of Rihanna battered, she felt embarrassed because she also had bruises all over her body, but she was hesitant to speak about it. Nas replied to the accusations on social media, accusing Kelis of attempting to slander him in the time of a custody battle and accusing Kelis of abusing his daughter. In addition to the domestic abuse claims, she alleged that Nas' drinking habit began to damage their relationship, and he had been having adulterous affairs for two years. They are involved in an ongoing custody battle over their son. In April 2018, Kelis claimed that until 2012, she had not seen "a single cent" from Nas in child support and he has not been an active parent. She said "He doesn't participate. He shows up when it's fun, he shows up when there's a good photo-op...I don't think it should be 50/50 just because you had sperm involved."

In March 2007, Kelis was detained by police in Miami Beach, Florida and charged with disorderly conduct. The arrest report said an operation in which officers posed as prostitutes in the South Beach nightclub district was disrupted when Kelis started screaming racial profanities at them. She was sent to Miami-Dade County Jail and was later released on a $1,500 bond. In September 2008, Kelis was acquitted of the charges. A spokesman for Kelis further commented that the singer would file a lawsuit against the Miami Beach Police, claiming unlawful arrest and the violation of her civil rights.

Kelis married photographer Mike Mora in 2014, and gave birth to her second son in November 2015. Since January 2020, Kelis has been living on a remote farm outside Los Angeles that she manages. In September 2020, she gave birth to her and Mora's second child, a daughter. In September 2021, Mora revealed publicly that he had stage IV stomach cancer. In an Instagram post, he stated he had been diagnosed with advanced gastric adenocarcinoma in September 2020 and given eighteen months to live. Mora died on March 14, 2022, at age 37.

Artistry
AXS called Kelis a "punky, rebellious" singer-songwriter. The New York Times considered Kelis's vocals "dynamic" and commended her for being "well schooled in the intricacies of heartache". IGN described Kelis as being "strange, weird, and eccentric". The Chicago Tribune stated that Kelis made the most of "a voice that lives in the basement".

Kelis's debut album Kaleidoscope took influence from a variety of 1970s genres, which included urban, rock, jazz, hip hop, R&B, soul, and disco music. Kelis cited early Sarah Vaughan, Ella Fitzgerald and Dinah Washington as major influences for the album. Several of the album's tracks were designed for clubs, and contained electro beats meant for dancing. Her second studio album Wanderland resembles musically its predecessor while exploring more modern funk sounds, dabbling heavily into genres such as soul and rap. It carried on the same themes developed in Kaleidoscope, and was criticized for doing so.

Food (2014) contains influences of soul, funk, gospel, and Afrobeat—Kelis said of the album "You know, those records in your life that your parents played and they resonate with who you are? They make you nostalgic. I wanted to find out how to get that feeling."

Discography

 * Studio albums
 * Kaleidoscope (1999)
 * Wanderland (2001)
 * Tasty (2003)
 * Kelis Was Here (2006)
 * Flesh Tone (2010)
 * Food (2014)

Tours
Headlining
 * Tasty Down Under Tour (2004)
 * All Hearts Tour (with Robyn) (2010)
 * Intimate Venues Tour (2014)
 * Kaleidoscope 20th Anniversary Tour (2020)

Supporting act
 * Area:One Tour (2001)
 * Elevation Tour (2001)
 * MTV2's Sisters for Hip-Hop & Soul Tour (2001)
 * The Onyx Hotel Tour (2004)
 * Hip Hop – Don't Stop (with Missy Elliott and Talib Kweli) (2004)
 * Sugar Water Festival (2006)

title: Kelis


text:
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Popular References
I don't know what, if anything, might be added regarding Li Bai's presence (under the spelling Li Po) in the Riverworld series of books by Philip Jose Farmer, or if it's even desirable. From the discussions above it looks like people have bigger fish to fry. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 50.35.40.205 (talk) 02:40, 18 November 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Li Bai


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Expo 2005

Expo 2005 was a world expo held for 185 days between Friday, March 25 and Sunday, September 25, 2005, in Aichi Prefecture, Japan, east of the city of Nagoya. Japan has also hosted Expo '70 Osaka (World Expo), Expo '75 Okinawa (Specialised Expo), Expo '85 Tsukuba (Specialised Expo), and Expo '90 Osaka (Horticultural Expo) and will host Expo 2025 Osaka (World Expo). The site of the expo would become the Expo 2005 Aichi Commemorative Park after it ended and is now the home of Ghibli Park.

Theme
The theme of the Expo was "Nature's Wisdom", with national and corporate pavilions expressing themes of ecological co-existence, renewable technology, and the wonders of nature. In Japanese, this is rendered as Ai-chikyūhaku (愛・地球博), which means (roughly) "Love the Earth Expo," as well as being a play on the name of the host prefecture, 愛知 (Aichi). According to the official website:
 * We must come together and share our experience and wisdom, in order to create a new direction for humanity which is both sustainable and harmonious with nature.

Location
The main site of the Expo was a forested area in Nagakute, east of Nagoya, covering an area of about 1.73 km2. A smaller area of 0.15 km2 nearby, accessible by gondola from the main site near Seto was also part of the Expo. Great care was taken to build the pavilions out of recycled or recyclable materials, to minimize environmental impact on the site, and to provide environmentally friendly transportation to and within the Expo area.

The cost of the Expo has been estimated at 340 billion yen ($3.3 billion). However, the recorded 22,049,544 visitors greatly exceeded the target of 15,000,000 and the Expo made a profit of over 10 billion yen.

The nearby city of Toyota also held some related events, although there was no special area set aside.

The area in Nagakute can be reached from Nagoya by subway (Higashiyama line) to the last stop in Fujigaoka, followed by a ride on the newly built Linimo magnetic levitation train.

Participants
121 Participants of countries set date for their own Pavilions. In regards to the companies & municipality, the ones who were present are as follows:

 * Wonder circus - Federation of Electric Power Companies.
 * Central Japan Railway Company
 * Wonder wheel - Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association.
 * Mitsubishi
 * Toyota
 * Hitachi
 * Mitsui&Toshiba
 * Mountain of Dreams - Chunichi Shimbun joint pavilion organizing committee.
 * Fire magic theater - The Japan Gas Association.
 * Japanese government
 * Aichi Prefecture
 * Earth Tower - City of Nagoya.
 * Chubu community for Millennial Symbiosis - Chubu regional exhibition executive committee.

Mascots

Morizo (モリゾー) and Kiccoro (キッコロ), collectively known as "Moricoro," (モリコロ) were created to be Aichi Banpaku's mascots. The popular fluffy green creatures are both from the forest of Seto.

Attractions

 * "Satsuki and Mei's House," was a recreation of the house from Hayao Miyazaki's movie My Neighbor Totoro, and located inside the “Forest Experience Zone”. It re-opened to the public on July 15, 2006 and would spark the creation of an entire Ghibli Park, which opened in 2022.
 * ASIMO, Honda's humanoid robot, was shown off at the Expo as one of its many public appearances.
 * The Toyota Partner Robots made their debut.
 * Chickens Suit a clothing range for chickens by Edgar Honetschläger made its debut with chickens on a runway.
 * The Growing Village Pavilion featured a variety of tree shaping art work.
 * The Franklin Spirit at the USA Pavilion, designed by award-winning experience designer Bob Rogers and the design team BRC Imagination Arts, presented the American statesman, Benjamin Franklin, using an innovative multi-plane 3D effect that suspended layered planes of digital media on stage, where Franklin visited the world of 2005 to celebrate his 300th birthday, as he discussed the pending advances in science, technology freedom and enterprise that will improve the lives of people worldwide.
 * The Forest Experience Zone contains three areas, the ‘Nature School Forest’, ‘Satsuki and Mei’s House’, and the ‘Japanese Garden’. This forest explores the relationship between people and nature.
 * The Street Art experience was performed in the park by multi artists, giants reproductions art exhibited open air. The French artist Gailord Bovrisse was one of them.

Theme songs
The official theme song of the Expo was "I'll Be Your Love," composed by Yoshiki, and performed by Dahlia, an Okinawan-American musician (then aged 24) from Honolulu, Hawaii. On March 24, 2005, Yoshiki conducted an orchestra and performed the song for the opening ceremony of the Expo. Pop singer Ayumi Hamasaki also performed a classical version of her single "A Song Is Born" on the event's opening day.

New transportation system

 * Linimo - magnetic levitation train using trains from Chubu HSST Development Corporation
 * Fuel Cell Hybrid Vehicle Bus (FCHV-Bus)
 * Intelligent Multimode Transit System (IMTS)

Holder
The holder was Japan Association for the 2005 World Exposition whose president was Shoichiro Toyoda, the honorary president of Toyota Motor Corporation.

title: Expo 2005