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Talk:Locally convex topological vector space

Started
Just started with the basics here (it was on Requested articles/mathematics). Most of the Topological vector space article is actually on LCTVSs, so I think rather than take this page much further on its own, some material be transferred. --AndrewKepert 03:30, 11 Mar 2004 (UTC)

I've merged in the locally convex page. This leaves a couple of problems.

(1) Slight conflict in definitions to resolve (one convex nhd versus a base of such.

(2) The phrasing about all examples at topological vector space being LC is obviously not a secure thing to do.

Charles Matthews 06:57, 4 May 2004 (UTC)

Hi Charles

Yes, I agree that rationalisation between the two pages is necessary, but didn't get around to it myself. However, LCTVSs require a base of convex neighbourhoods -- otherwise every TVS is locally convex (f'rinsance, the whole space is a convex nbhd of 0). Where did you pick up that only a single nbhd was necessary - the source will need fixing. I will fix the wording here, while keeping your informal/formal characterisation.

I also agree that my note that "all examples" is dangerous, especially as I then went on to add the non-locally-convex example to the TVS page ... oh well.

-- Andrew Kepert 07:16, 4 May 2004 (UTC)

 * PS. I had been considering moving chunks of stuff from the TVS article to here, but on second thoughts, I don't think it (the TVS article) should be gutted.  It is the most general class here, so to have an overview of everything that happens within it (all the way down to the most special, such as Hilbert spaces) is sensible.  It could do with a reorganise though.  -- Andrew Kepert 07:34, 4 May 2004 (UTC)

The bug with the defn was from the initial version of locally convex - a contributor only around for about a week. Charles Matthews 07:38, 4 May 2004 (UTC)

Ah sorry - I misread your original note as to what you were merging with (I thought TVS), and so my "I agree" above is talking crossed purposes. Not to worry - all moving forward. Andrew Kepert 08:13, 4 May 2004 (UTC)

I am not sure where to raise this, but this talk page has seen some recent activity. The link to semi-norm appearing in the article redirects to normed vector space, however, that article does not mention semi-norms anywhere (unless I've overlooked something). What is the reason for the redirect? -- Jitse Niesen 21:08, 10 May 2004 (UTC)
 * OK thanks for picking that up - you are right. When I wrote the page I didn't check that all links were appropriate.  I will fix.  -- Andrew Kepert 04:33, 11 May 2004 (UTC)
 * OK, created Seminorm -- Andrew Kepert 06:27, 11 May 2004 (UTC)

local basis from seminorms not clear
The second phrase of the "Definition" is a bit confusing, especially the "this" seems to refer to an already given local basis, while there is clearly no connection between the newly introduced family N and the existing topology of the TVS. I will try to clarify; please check if you agree to changes. — MFH: Talk 18:32, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I clarified the construction. Is it clearer now ? MathMartin 14:48, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

too specific category
I object somehow against changing to the "more specific category" of function spaces; even if this is the main application, nothing requires /a priori/ a LCTVS to be a function space (in the usual sense --- of course, one could say that even the real numbers are also a function space, when seen as quotient of sequence spaces...)  — MFH: Talk 22:45, 19 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes, I guess I was wondering if this objection might be raised. I can put it back, but need your help with one thing, then. The Category:Functional analysis has 120 articles in it, and I was hoping to create a subcategory into which some of these could be moved. I was thinking along the lines of "those articles having more of a topological slant than usual" as being the subcategory, but admit this is rather vague and poorly defined. Any suggestions for a better split? linas 23:58, 19 September 2005 (UTC)

 * OK I'll put it back. linas 03:17, 23 September 2005 (UTC)

Product spaces
Is the product of two LCTVS's also a LCTVS (assuming the product topology) ? Seems to be so for Frechet spaces, not clear if this is a general property. linas 03:17, 23 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Sure it is. Just take take the union of the two families of seminorms with  pα(x,y)=pα(x) and qβ(x,y)=qβ(y).  A seminorm is, after all just projection onto one component, and a product is just a space with extra components.  I expect that only countable products of Fréchet spaces will be Fréchet spaces.  An uncountable product might not have a countable family.  I'm not sure I can prove it doesn't though, so maybe you're right, and any product of Frechet is Frechet. -lethe talk 04:06, 8 January 2006 (UTC)

counter examples
It would be nice and instructive to have some counter-examples in addition to the omnipresent "almost all ... are ..." (e.g. LCTVS which are not semi-normable, TVS which are not LC,...). If s.o. has some (not too weird) ideas, I would appreciate. — MFH: Talk 12:53, 27 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Any vector space with the discrete topology is an example of a TVS which is not LC, since the "absorbent" property is not fulfilled. Or am I missing something? --Roentgenium111 (talk) 00:23, 9 April 2010 (UTC)

 * It is not a proper counterexample. To talk about convex subsets, the vector space needs to be over the real or complex field. But then the space is connected so cannot be discrete unless trivial.

large rewrite
I've just finished a pretty major rewrite of this article, and I welcome feedback and criticism. Since the diff between the versions would be hard to compare, you'll just have to read the new version, But let me enumerate points that were lost in my changes:

1
part of the definition of the convex base said

For all $$U$$ and $$V$$ in $$\mathcal{B}$$
 * $$\exists W \in \mathcal{B}$$ with $$W \subseteq U \cap V$$

I haven't replaced that in my text. I think this follows from saying you have a local base, right? I'm not sure why it was included in the first place, I'm hoping someone can clue me in if I'm missing something.

2
I didn't keep "Conversely for every non-empty family of subsets $$\mathcal{B}$$ of a vector space $$X$$ with the above properties, there exists exactly one topology $$\tau$$ so that $$(X,\tau)$$ is a locally convex topological vector space and $$\mathcal{B}$$ a locally convex basis."

There seems to be some theorem in there, like every base induces a unique topology or something. I can't see what that's doing here either.

Constructing a locally convex basis
This section was largely left out, because the new article puts much higher emphasis on seminorms, taking them as a definition of LCTVS. The way to construct a convex base is still mentioned, though perhaps with less length, with different notation, and different style.

Properties
I left out these two properties, but I would very much like to put them back in:

 * 1) A locally convex space is seminormable if and only if there exists a bounded neighbourhood for zero.
 * 2) A locally convex space is semimetrizeable if and only if the topology can be defined by a countable family of semi-norms.

The reason I took them out is that they contradict the definitions I'm using. For example, according to my definition, every LCTVS is seminormable, not just the ones with bounded base. And every LCTVS with countable family of seminorm is metrizable, not just semimetrizable. (Actually, I don't even know what semimetrizable means).

I'd love if someone could help me figure out what definitions those statements relied on.
 * Nevermind about the first one. I think author meant "normable". -lethe talk 11:26, 8 January 2006 (UTC)

 * (semi-) normable means the topology of the topological vector space can be given using a (semi-) norm. Not every LCTVS is (semi-) normable. Of course you can pick any of the (semi-) norms which are associated with a LCTVS to create a (semi-) normed vector space but this (semi-) normed vector space does not have the same topology as the LCTVS. MathMartin 14:24, 8 January 2006 (UTC)

 * OK, so seminormable means topology given by a single norm. I get it.  I assumed it allowed families, which explains my error.  And about assuming you meant normable, I guess that only applies in the Hausdorff case, which means I've made another error.  Lemme fix. -lethe talk
 * I gather the Hausdorffness is what's going on with semimetrisability as well. I fix that too. --lethe talk 19:43, 8 January 2006 (UTC)
 * No, I'm still confused. According to the article metric, a semimetric is a metric without the triangle inequality.  Without the triangle inequality, the topology is not convex.  I think maybe it was supposed to be pseudometric.  MathMartin, can you confirm? -lethe talk 19:58, 8 January 2006 (UTC)
 * I went ahead and changed the article, assuming pseudometric. -lethe talk 20:36, 8 January 2006 (UTC)

And OK, other than that, I didn't remove anyone's work from the article, though I did change the style and emphasis quite a lot. So what do you think? -lethe talk 04:00, 8 January 2006 (UTC)

Most of the material on the page was from a rewrite I did a few month ago. I am busy so I do not have time to work on the article so I will just give a few short notes on your rewrite. I answered you question above and fixed your error in the introduction of the article.

The definition section became clearer but is now too long and detailed. I think the subject is specialized enough so that we can assume the reader is familiar with the basic concepts which are now explained in detail in the definition.

MathMartin 14:44, 8 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I very quickly skimmed the current article. I don't quite agree with the statement "we can assume the reader is familiar with the basic concepts which are now explained in detail in the definition". While I'm familiar with the concepts, its handy to have a "precise" definition on the spot. While you may recommend that I then go and read the articles on convex or seminorm to get these, I note that those articles tend to provide general definitions, sometimes so general that they can be subtly inaccurate or misleading for the topic at hand. (This is a problem for a variety of articles, not just this one). I don't think it hurts to have a precise recap here, of defn's that are directly applicable to the LCTVS, using the terminology and notation specific to this topic. Or at least, that's my gut impression; I have not examined the article carefully. linas 16:50, 8 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm usually the guy who likes to keep unnecessary definitions out of related articles, but somehow it seemed appropriate to define convex, absorbent, balanced and seminorm here in the article, but I think including the definitions here is a good idea because there are two alternative versions. A person who knows topology may not be very familiar with seminorms, while a person who knows analysis may not be familiar with local bases and balanced sets.  If you think the definition is too long-winded, it can certainly be cut down.  I might have erred on the side of too many definitions. -lethe talk 01:12, 9 January 2006 (UTC)

misread edit
Elroch, you write "Revert. I think my edit was misread - the circle is specified as being the one *in* the 1-dimensional vector space generated by x". Right you are. Apologies. -lethe talk [ +] 02:28, 4 May 2006 (UTC)

Terminology
I prefer the definition of "balanced" that was previously in the article, as it is the most obvious use of the word, but a check of various sources indicates there is agreement on the modified definition I have added. The previous definition is now called "circled". Elroch 14:06, 4 May 2006 (UTC)

absorbent sets, examples of non-locally convex spaces
Two comments from someone who doesn't know enough to edit this article but read it hoping to learn from it:

1. The definition of "absorbent set" given in the article contradicts the definition given in the article on absorbent sets.

2. I was hoping to find some good examples of non-locally convex spaces. Unfortunately, the article didn't provide enough details about the two non-examples for me to see understand why they are non-examples. I know case of the Lp spaces for p<1 is discussed in some detail in Rudin's _Functional Analysis_, but I have not seen the second example elsewhere, and it looks non-trivial to work out the details based on the remarks in the article. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.237.251.63 (talk) 04:24, 2 October 2007 (UTC)

Initial topology of seminorms
Currently the section "Seminorms" contains the sentence "In other words, it is the coarsest topology for which all the seminorms are continuous." I think the phrase "for which all the seminorms are continuous" should be replaced with something like "for which all the pseudometrics induced by the seminorms are continuous".

For example, if we consider the set $$\mathbb{R}^2$$ with a one-element seminorm family consisting of the Euclidean norm then all points with equal distance from 0 would be topologically indistinguishable in the coarsest topology of $$\mathbb{R}^2$$ for which the Euclidean norm (as a map from $$\mathbb{R}^2$$ to $$\mathbb{R}$$) is continuous. But this is not the initial topology meant in this article, is it? --Jaan Vajakas (talk) 14:30, 10 February 2008 (UTC)

 * in this context, one is only interested in TVS topologies. so we take a basis of neighborhoods at 0 and then translate. with R^2 and the Euclidean norm, this results in the usual topology. Mct mht (talk) 09:23, 23 February 2008 (UTC)

 * All right, I understand. But I still think the sentence should be clarified. The next sentence ("That the vector space operations are continuous...") concludes that the topological space we get is a TVS, so before that the implicit assumption that one is only interested in TVS topologies should not be made. The referenced article Initial topology also does not mention the initial topology of a family of seminorms, so a novice (like me) might first try to apply the definition of initial topology of a family of functions literally, by regarding seminorm as a function from the topological space to $$\mathbb{R}$$.Jaan Vajakas (talk) 20:00, 24 February 2008 (UTC)

 * I totally agree with Jaan. As it stands in the article together with "In other words, it is the coarsest topology for which all the seminorms are continuous." is just wrong. It should be "In other words, it is the coarsest vector space topology for which all the seminorms are continuous." or something like that. The next sentence should then explain how to obtain this topology by the neighborhood at zero construction. Put in this way it is correct and understandable.
 * If someone wants to be more precise about the initial topology as such then the initial structure taken for the seminorms is taken in the category of pointed filtered spaces, i.e. tuples (X,*,U(*)) with * in X and a *-fixed Set-filter U(*) as objects and arrows the maps of pointed spaces continuous at the specific point. But I think it is not appropriate to discuss it like this in the article because it is a little bit too far off the introductory level. Filip --195.158.178.82 (talk) 13:50, 24 January 2009 (UTC)

 * I essentially agree with what you say, especially about not going into the category language here. But you loose a bit by requiring vector space topology; for example the next sentence in the former text (that we indeed define a TVS topology in this way) becomes meaningless. So I tried to simply say that one wants all translates of the semi-norms to be continuous. We'll see if there are some reactions. --Bdmy (talk) 15:12, 24 January 2009 (UTC)

Nonexamples of locally convex spaces
Shouldn't the quasinorm for the $$L^p(0,1)$$ spaces be $$||f||_p = \int_0^1 |f(x)|^p \,dx$$ (that is, shouldn't the pth root be removed)? Otherwise it would seem that $$||f||_p$$ is a true norm. Cpryby (talk) 06:27, 11 April 2009 (UTC)

 * Most authors have the quasi-norm homogenous, $$\|\lambda x\| = |\lambda| \, \|x\|$$ so they do have the $$1/p$$ power. If you take $$p = 1/2$$ (for example) and the $$\ell^p$$ norm on $$\mathbf{R}^2$$, you get for two basis vectors $$e_1 = (1, 0)$$ and $$e_2 = (0, 1)$$

 * $$\|e_1 + e_2\| = (1 + 1)^2 = 4 > \|e_1\| + \|e_2\| = 2,$$

 * so the triangle inequality fails. --Bdmy (talk) 08:00, 11 April 2009 (UTC)

Change the definition?
Given the terminology, it seems very strange not to give the "obvious" definition: a TVS with a base of convex sets. If desired, one can remark that the balanced and absorbent conditions can also be required (but are redundant). Am I missing something? 128.178.14.170 (talk) 08:45, 2 March 2010 (UTC)

 * I think so. Why do you think these properties are redundant? The "absorbent" property is needed to exclude e.g. the discrete topology on a C-vector space. As for "balanced", perhaps you made the same mistake I initially made, thinking that any convex set including the origin is automaticlaly balanced? This is not so, take e.g. the interval [-1,2] in R, which is not balanced. And the topology given on R by making the sets [0, 1/n] a basis of neighbourhoods of 0 is convex, but not balanced. (Neither is it absorbent.) I'm still thinking on an example of a convex absorbent, non-balanced space... --Roentgenium111 (talk) 00:18, 9 April 2010 (UTC)

 * Quoting Rudin, every open neigborhood of 0 contains a balanced neighborhood of 0 and every convex neighborhood of 0 contains a balanced convex neighborhood of 0 [Thm.1.14]. Also, every open neigborhood of 0 is absorbent [Thm.1.15a], so non-balanced or non-absorbent TVS or LCTVS make no sense. Lapasotka (talk) 18:53, 29 July 2011 (UTC)

Another improvement that should be made
Beside the general definition (see previous comment), I also find the following a bit misleading:

"Although in general such spaces are not necessarily normable, the existence of a convex local base for the zero vector is strong enough for the Hahn-Banach theorem to hold, yielding a sufficiently rich theory of continuous linear functionals."

Why not simply give it straight: local convexity is *equivalent* to the natural Hahn-Banach theorem. Normability is a distraction. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.178.14.170 (talk) 08:49, 2 March 2010 (UTC)

On completeness
I think there is something wrong with the following passages. The parts I have problem with are underlined.

A Cauchy net in a locally convex space is a net {xκ}κ such that for every ε > 0 and every seminorm pα, there exists a κ such that for every λ, μ > κ, pα(xλ–xμ) < ε. In other words, the net must be Cauchy in all the seminorms simultaneously. The definition of completeness is given here in terms of nets instead of the more familiar sequences because unlike Fréchet spaces which are metrisable, general spaces may be defined by an uncountable family of pseudometrics. Sequences, which are countable by definition, cannot suffice to characterize convergence in such spaces. A locally convex space is complete if and only if every Cauchy net converges.

 * An important function space in functional analysis is the space D(U) of smooth functions with compact support in U ⊆ Rn.   A more detailed construction is needed for the topology of this space because the space C∞0(U) is not complete in the uniform norm. The topology on D(U) is defined as follows: for any fixed compact set K ⊂ U, the space C∞0(K) of functions ƒ ∈ C∞0(U) with supp(ƒ) ⊂ K is a Fréchet space with countable family of seminorms ||ƒ||m = supx |Dmƒ(x)| (these are actually bona fide norms, and the space C∞0(K) with the ||·||m norm is a Banach space Dm(K)) .  Given any collection {Kλ}λ of compact sets, directed by inclusion and such that ∪λKλ = U, then the C∞0(Kλ) form a direct system, and D(U) is defined to be the limit of this system.  Such a limit of Fréchet spaces is known as an LF space.  More concretely, D(U) is the union of all the C∞0(Kλ) with the final topology which makes each inclusion map C∞0(Kλ)↪D(U) continuous.  This space is locally convex and sequentially complete, but not complete (this means that all Cauchy sequences converge, but not necessarily more general Cauchy nets).  The space is not metrisable, and so it is not a Fréchet space.  The dual space of D(Rn) is the space of distributions on Rn.

As far as I understand, D(U) is an example of a non-metrizable complete locally convex vector space. (Non-metrizability implies that the topology D(U) is not induced by a countable family of seminorms.) Furthermore, it seems that D(K) is a Frechét-Urysohn space, which means that closures of its subsets coincide with their sequential closures.

Proof. Let f be in the closure of A⊂D(U). Then f∈C∞0(K) for some compact set K⊂U. Since C∞0(K)⊂D(U) is closed, the C∞0(K)-closure of A∩C∞0(K) coincides with its D(U)-closure. Since C∞0(K) is metrizable, there exists {fj}undefined∞⊂C∞0(K)∩A such that fj→f in C∞0(K), and hence also in D(U). This proves that D(U) is Frechét-Urysohn.□

This indicates that the topology of D(U) is quite well characterized by convergent sequences. Note that we only used the fact that a sequence {fj}undefined∞ converges to f in D(U) if and only if there exists a compact K⊂U which contains the support of every fj and fj→f in C∞0(K). So how about the Cauchy-nets?

Assume that every Cauchy-sequence in a topological vector space X converges. If there exists a Cauchy-net {xκ} of X which does not converge, then there exists a neighborhood U⊂X of 0 such that for every κ there exists λ>κ with fλ∈X\U. Hence we can pick a Cauchy-sequence {xκ(j)}undefined∞⊂{xκ} which does not converge in X, a contradiction.

Am I missing something? If not, these passages should certainly be modified. Lapasotka (talk) 15:30, 27 July 2011 (UTC)

Corrected the issue of completeness. 18.111.56.150 (talk) 02:30, 24 February 2013 (UTC)

Redirect from Locally convex basis
I got redirected from locally convex basis to here but we do not have a single occurence of the word basis in the whole article... Should there be a new article about convex basis? At least we should kill the redirect, shouldn't we? IXhdBAH (talk) 12:37, 12 December 2011 (UTC)

Is the space of test functions complete?
"this means that all Cauchy sequences converge, but not necessarily more general Cauchy nets" But Treves, Topological Vector Spaces, Distributions and Kernels (Theorem 13.1) says that all (strict) LF spaces are complete, and in Example II that follows, it says that the space of test functions is LF space. 18.111.33.87 (talk) 04:51, 22 January 2013 (UTC)

Confused definition of "Locally convex topological vector space"
The article first gives one definition. Then it gives another. Then it establishes a partial relationship. Then it sort of finishes establishing the relationship.

But the phrasing is all wrong. The first definition is introduced as definitive. The second definition is introduced as if definitive. Then an implication is proven between them, without apology for previously treating the definitions as definitive. Then the bidirectional relationship is introduced for the first time.

The article does not have the clarity of any normal normal math text. Instead, it reads like a babble of different voices interrupting one another -- a collection of undergraduates sorting out the definitions!

Today's winner of Wikipedia's Caveat Lector award. 84.227.20.67 (talk) 09:58, 21 August 2015 (UTC)
 * Okay, it wasn't as bad as I said. And on top of that, I improved it (I hope). 84.227.20.67 (talk) 10:38, 21 August 2015 (UTC)

Non-standard definition of Cone
The article states, "A cone (when the underlying field is ordered) if for all $x$ in $C$ and $0 ≤ λ ≤ 1,$ $λx$ is in $C$."

I usually define a cone to be a subset $C$ that contains all positive linear combinations of elements of $C$? (and non-negative linear combinations for pointed cones). Is the definition given in the article another commonly used definition of cone? If so, should we not include a comment stating that there are other commonly used definitions of cone like the one on Convex cone Wikipedia page. (Irchans April 4, 2018)

absorbent set
The current definition assumes that the field is ordered without saying so, while some care is taken in the other properties to make clear that this isn't always the case. Shouldn't / can't the " > 0 " be omitted -- it does not change much for ordered fields [actually, the current definition of absorbent set implies this and more ! (see also earlier critics about "absorbing", above)], and the definition would becomes applicable and useful for non-ordered fields. I will tentatively make an edit in that sense. - — MFH:Talk 15:01, 27 June 2018 (UTC)

What is the point?
The first paragraph in the History section reads as follows:

"Metrizable topologies on vector spaces have been studied since their introduction in Maurice Fréchet's 1902 PhD thesis Sur quelques points du calcul fonctionnel (wherein the notion of a metric was first introduced). After the notion of a general topological space was defined by Felix Hausdorff in 1914 although locally convex topologies were implicitly used by some mathematicians, up to 1934 only John von Neumann would seem to have explicitly defined the weak topology on Hilbert spaces and strong operator topology on operators on Hilbert spaces. Finally, in 1935 von Neumann introduced the general definition of a locally convex space (called a convex space by him)."

Can someone please explain the point of this claim:

"[U]p to 1934 only John von Neumann would seem to have explicitly defined the weak topology on Hilbert spaces and strong operator topology on operators on Hilbert spaces."

Only one person defined those two mathematical concepts? How many people should it have been?

And von Neumann only "would seem to have" explicitly defined those things? Or is it established fact?

I do not understand what the point is.108.245.209.39 (talk) 22:46, 5 August 2018 (UTC)


text:
German destroyer Lütjens

The German destroyer Lütjens was the lead ship of her class, a modified version of the American Charles F. Adams class, built for the Bundesmarine (West German Navy) during the 1960s.

Design and description
The Charles F. Adams class was based on a stretched Forrest Sherman-class destroyer hull modified to accommodate an RUR-5 ASROC Launcher and all their associated equipment. The ships had an overall length of 134.4 m, a beam of 14.4 m and a deep draft of 4.5 m. They displaced 4526 t at full load. Their crew consisted of 333 officers and enlisted men.

The ships were equipped with two geared General Electric steam turbines, each driving one propeller shaft, using steam provided by four D-V2M water-tube boilers. The turbines were intended to produce 70000 shp to reach the designed speed of 36 kn. The Lütjens class had a range of 4500 nmi at a speed of 20 kn. Unlike their half-sisters, the ships had two macks.

They were armed with two 5"/54 caliber Mark 42 gun forward, one each forward and aft of the superstructure. The ships were fitted with an eight-round ASROC launcher between the funnels. Close-range anti-submarine defense was provided by two triple sets of 12.75 in Mk 32 torpedo tubes. The primary armament of the ships was the Tartar surface-to-air missile designed to defend the carrier battle group. They were fired via the single-arm Mk 13 missile launcher and the ships stowed a total of 40 missiles for the launcher.

Construction and career
The ship was named for Admiral Günther Lütjens, who commanded a battlegroup comprising the GERMAN BATTLESHIP Bismarck and the cruiser GERMAN CRUISER Prinz Eugen during Operation Rheinübung (Exercise Rhine). Lütjens was killed when Bismarck was surrounded by overwhelming British naval force on 27 May 1941 in the North Atlantic. She was laid down at Bath Iron Works in Bath, Maine on 1 March 1966 with the hull classification symbol DDG-28. She was launched on 11 August 1967 and commissioned on 22 March 1969.

On 14 September 2001, three days after the terrorist attacks on 11 September, the crew of Lütjens manned the rails, and as they approached the destroyers USS Winston S. Churchill (DDG-81) and USS Gonzalez (DDG-66), they displayed an American flag and a banner reading "We Stand By You."

After over 30 years of service and a travelled distance of 800000 nmi Lütjens was decommissioned on 18 December 2003. She was the last steam-powered vessel and the last ship classified as a destroyer of the German Navy.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: German destroyer Lütjens


text:
USS De Haven (DD-469)

USS De Haven (DD-469) was a Fletcher-class destroyer of the United States Navy, the first Navy ship named for Lieutenant Edwin J. De Haven USN (1819–1865). De Haven was the first Fletcher-class ship lost in World War II, having been in commission only 133 days.

De Haven was laid down by the Bath Iron Works Corporation at Bath, Maine on 27 September 1941 and launched on 28 June 1942 by Miss H. N. De Haven, granddaughter of Lieutenant De Haven. The ship was commissioned on 21 September 1942, Commander Charles E. Tolman in command.

Service history
De Haven sailed from Norfolk, Va. and reached Tongatapu, Tonga Islands, 28 November 1942 to escort a convoy of troopships to Guadalcanal to relieve the Marines who had been there since the invasion landings in August. De Haven screened the transports off Guadalcanal from 7 to 14 December, then sailed out of Espiritu Santo and Nouméa in the continuing Solomon Islands operations. She patrolled in the waters of the Southern Solomons to stop the "Tokyo Express", the nightly effort to supply the beleaguered Japanese troops still fighting on the invaded islands, and took part in two bombardments of Kolombangara island during January 1943.

On 1 February 1943, De Haven screened six LCTs and a seaplane tender establishing a beachhead at Maravovo on Guadalcanal. While escorting two of the landing craft back to their base in the afternoon, De Haven was warned of an impending air attack by Japanese aircraft supporting Operation Ke. She sighted nine unidentified planes and opened fire as six swung sharply toward her. She shot down three of these planes, but not before all six had dropped their bombs. De Haven was hit by three bombs and further damaged by a near miss. One bomb hit the superstructure squarely, killing the commanding officer instantly. All was lost after the first hit and the ship began to settle rapidly, sinking in Ironbottom Sound about 2 nmi east of Savo Island. One of the LCTs she had escorted rescued the survivors. De Haven lost 167 killed and 38 wounded.

Her wreck was discovered by Robert Ballard in 1992.

Honors
De Haven received one battle star for her World War II service.

title: USS De Haven (DD-469)


text:
Voiceless velar fricative

The voiceless velar fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. It was part of the consonant inventory of Old English and can still be found in some dialects of English, most notably in Scottish English, e.g. in loch, broch or saugh (willow).

The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨x⟩, the X|Latin letter x. It is also used in broad transcription instead of the symbol ⟨χ⟩, the Greek chi, for the voiceless uvular fricative.

There is also a voiceless post-velar fricative (also called pre-uvular) in some languages, which can be transcribed as [x̠] or [χ̟]. For voiceless pre-velar fricative (also called post-palatal), see voiceless palatal fricative.

Some scholars also posit the voiceless velar approximant distinct from the fricative, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɰ̊⟩, but this symbol is not suitable in case of the voiceless velar approximant that is unspecified for rounding (the sound represented by the symbol ⟨ɰ̊⟩ is specified as unrounded), which is best transcribed as ⟨x̞⟩, ⟨ɣ̞̊⟩ or ⟨ɣ̊˕⟩ - see voiced velar approximant. The velar approximant can in many cases be considered the semivocalic equivalent of the voiceless variant of the close back unrounded vowel ⟨ɯ̊⟩.

Features
Features of the voiceless velar fricative:

Occurrence
The voiceless velar fricative and its labialized variety are postulated to have occurred in Proto-Germanic, the ancestor of the Germanic languages, as the reflex of the Proto-Indo-European voiceless palatal and velar stops and the labialized voiceless velar stop. Thus Proto-Indo-European *ḱr̥nom "horn" and *kʷód "what" became Proto-Germanic *hurnan and *hwat, where *h and *hw were likely and. This sound change is part of Grimm's law.

In Modern Greek, the voiceless velar fricative (with its allophone, the voiceless palatal fricative, occurring before front vowels) originated from the Ancient Greek voiceless aspirated stop in a sound change that lenited Greek aspirated stops into fricatives.

title: Voiceless velar fricative


text:
Tokyo Express

The Tokyo Express was the name given by Allied forces to the use of Imperial Japanese Navy ships at night to deliver personnel, supplies, and equipment to Japanese forces operating in and around New Guinea and the Solomon Islands during the Pacific campaign of World War II. The operation involved loading personnel or supplies aboard fast warships (mainly destroyers), later submarines, and using the warships' speed to deliver the personnel or supplies to the desired location and return to the originating base all within one night so Allied aircraft could not intercept them by day.

Name
The original name of the resupply missions was "The Cactus Express", coined by Allied forces on Guadalcanal, who used the code name "Cactus" for the island. After the U.S. press began referring to it as the "Tokyo Express", apparently in order to preserve operational security for the code word, Allied forces also began to use the phrase. The Japanese themselves called the night resupply missions "Rat Transportation" (鼠輸送), because they took place at night.

Organization and history
Night transportation was necessary for Japanese forces due to Allied air superiority in the South Pacific, established soon after the Allied landings on Guadalcanal and the subsequent establishment of Henderson Field as a base for the "Cactus Air Force" in August 1942. Delivery of troops and material by slow transport ships to Japanese forces on Guadalcanal and New Guinea soon proved too vulnerable to daytime air attack. The Japanese Combined Fleet commander Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto therefore authorized the use of faster warships to make the deliveries at night when the threat of detection was much less and aerial attack minimal.

The Tokyo Express began soon after the Battle of Savo Island in August 1942 and continued until late in the Solomon Islands campaign when one of the last large Express runs was intercepted and almost completely destroyed in the Battle of Cape St. George on November 26, 1943. Because the destroyers typically used were not configured for cargo handling, many supplies were sealed inside steel drums lashed together and simply pushed into the water without the ships stopping; ideally, the drums would float ashore or were picked up by barge. However, many drums were lost or damaged; a typical night in December 1942 resulted in 1500 drums being rolled into the sea, with only 300 recovered.

Most of the warships used for Tokyo Express missions came from the Eighth Fleet, based at Rabaul and Bougainville, although ships from Combined Fleet units based at Truk were often temporarily attached for use in Express missions. The warship formations assigned to Express missions were often formally designated as the "Reinforcement Unit", but the size and composition of this unit varied from mission to mission.

Strategic implications
The Tokyo Express ended up being a lose-lose gambit for the Japanese, because many destroyers were lost during the fifteen months of the Tokyo Express, for no gain. These ships could not be replaced by the stressed Japanese shipyards, and were already in short supply. In addition, they were desperately needed for convoy duty to protect Japanese shipping supplying the Home Islands from the depredations of American submarines.

The Imperial Japanese Navy was caught in a Catch-22, since American airpower from Henderson Field denied the Japanese the use of slow cargo ships. Compared to destroyers, cargo ships were much more economical in fuel usage while having the capacity to carry full loads of troops plus sufficient equipment and supplies, and having efficient cargo loading and unloading equipment. However, they were slow and comparatively unmaneuverable, and thus easily sunk – not merely sending irreplaceable supplies and freighters to the bottom but leaving their increasingly desperate troops unprovisioned and ever less able to fight.

As a result, the Navy was in essence forced to "fight as uneconomical a campaign as could possibly be imagined", since in using destroyers they had to "expend much larger quantities of fuel than they wanted" considering Imperial Japan's disadvantage in oil supply, and this "fuel was used to place very valuable (and vulnerable) fleet destroyers in an exposed forward position while delivering an insufficient quantity of men and supplies to the American meatgrinder on the island". Even at its best (with only one-fifth of the supplies dropped ever making it to shore) the destroyer strategy amounted to waging a losing war of attrition on land and an extremely expensive rolling naval defeat.

Thereafter, the Japanese increasingly relied on convoys of barges escorted by armored boats to replenish or evacuate their forces. A typical configuration allowing for the transport of 1,000 men, 300 miles, would consist of 2 Soukoutei-class armored boats as escort for 2 special large landing barges (Toku Daihatsu), 40 large landing barges (Daihatsu), and 15 small landing barges (Shohatsu).

John F. Kennedy and PT-109
John F. Kennedy's PT-109 was lost on a "poorly planned and uncoordinated" attack on a Tokyo Express run on the night of 1-2 August 1943. Fifteen PT boats with sixty torpedoes fired over thirty and did not register a single hit, while PT-109 was rammed and sunk by the destroyer Amagiri, which was returning from her supply run, estimated to be traveling in excess of 30 kn with no running lights.

The end of the Tokyo Express on Guadalcanal
By early February of 1943 the Allies had triumphed on Guadalcanal and had effective control of the area of The Slot that had been used to man and provision it, preventing a highly stressed Japanese military from being able to wage an effort to retake it and its extremely valuable Henderson Airfield. To signify final victory over the Japanese on the island, General Alexander Patch, commander of the Allied land forces on the island, messaged his superior, Admiral William F. Halsey on February 9, 1943, "Tokyo Express no longer has terminus on Guadalcanal."

Other operations involving Japanese destroyers in transport roles

 * Battle of Tassafaronga
 * Operation Ke
 * Battle of the Bismarck Sea
 * Battle of Ormoc Bay

Books

 * Online views of selections of the book:
 * Online views of selections of the book:
 * Online views of selections of the book:
 * Online views of selections of the book:
 * Online views of selections of the book:
 * Online views of selections of the book:
 * Online views of selections of the book:

Web

 * - Translation of the official record by the Japanese Demobilization Bureaux detailing the Imperial Japanese Army and Navy's participation in the Southwest Pacific area of the Pacific War.
 * - Translation of the official record by the Japanese Demobilization Bureaux detailing the Imperial Japanese Army and Navy's participation in the Southwest Pacific area of the Pacific War.
 * - Translation of the official record by the Japanese Demobilization Bureaux detailing the Imperial Japanese Army and Navy's participation in the Southwest Pacific area of the Pacific War.
 * - Translation of the official record by the Japanese Demobilization Bureaux detailing the Imperial Japanese Army and Navy's participation in the Southwest Pacific area of the Pacific War.
 * - Translation of the official record by the Japanese Demobilization Bureaux detailing the Imperial Japanese Army and Navy's participation in the Southwest Pacific area of the Pacific War.

title: Tokyo Express


text:
German destroyer Mölders

D186 Mölders was one of three Lütjens-class destroyer guided-missile destroyers, a modified version of the American Charles F. Adams-class destroyer, built for the Bundesmarine (West German Navy) during the 1960s.

Design and description
The Charles F. Adams class was based on a stretched Forrest Sherman-class destroyer hull modified to accommodate an RUR-5 ASROC Launcher and all their associated equipment. The ships had an overall length of 134.4 m, a beam of 14.4 m and a deep draft of 4.5 m. They displaced 4526 t at full load. Their crew consisted of 333 officers and enlisted men.

The ships were equipped with two geared General Electric steam turbines, each driving one propeller shaft, using steam provided by four D-V2M water-tube boilers. The turbines were intended to produce 70000 shp to reach the designed speed of 36 kn. The Lütjens class had a range of 4500 nmi at a speed of 20 kn. Unlike their half-sisters, the ships had two macks.

They were armed with two 5"/54 caliber Mark 42 gun, one each forward and aft of the superstructure. The ships were fitted with an eight-round ASROC launcher between the funnels. Close-range anti-submarine defense was provided by two triple sets of 12.75 in Mk 32 torpedo tubes. The primary armament of the ships was the Tartar surface-to-air missile system designed to defend a carrier battle group. They were fired via the single-arm Mk 13 missile launcher and the ships stowed a total of 40 missiles for the launcher.

Construction and career
On 3 March 1965 Bath Iron Works got the order to build Mölders and her keel was laid down on 12 April 1966 with the hull number DDG-29. On 13 April 1967 Mölders was launched and christened for Luftwaffe Oberst (Colonel) Werner Mölders by his mother Anne-Marie Mölders. Mölders was commissioned on 23 February 1969 into the ''1. Zerstörergeschwader'' (first destroyer squadron) based in Kiel.

During her 33 years in commission 14,000 sailors served on her under 16 commanders, and she traveled 675,054.6 nmi. Mölders was decommissioned 28 May 2003 in Wilhelmshaven.

Unlike her sisters GERMAN DESTROYER Lütjens and GERMAN DESTROYER Rommel, Mölders was preserved and is now on display as museum ship at the Deutsches Marinemuseum at Wilhelmshaven, although she was never stationed in Wilhelmshaven during her active career. She is the sole surviving member of the Charles F Adams class destroyers.

title: German destroyer Mölders


text:
Sam Dolgoff

Sam Dolgoff (10 October 1902 – 15 October 1990) was an anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist from Russia who grew up, lived and was active in the United States.

Biography
Dolgoff was born in the shtetl of Ostrovno in Mogilev Governorate, Russian Empire (in present-day Beshankovichy Raion, Belarus), moving as a child to New York City in 1905 or 1906, where he lived in the Bronx and in Manhattan's Lower East Side where he died. His father was a house painter, and Dolgoff began house painting at the age of 11, a profession he remained in his entire life.

After being expelled from the Young People's Socialist League, Sam joined the Industrial Workers of the World in 1922 and remained an active member his entire life, playing an active role in the anarchist movement for much of the century. He was a co-founder of the Libertarian Labor Review magazine, which was later renamed Anarcho-Syndicalist Review to avoid confusion with America's Libertarian Party.

Dolgoff was a member of the Chicago Free Society Group in the 1920s, Vanguard Group member and editor of its publication Vanguard: A Journal of Libertarian Communism in the 1930s, and co-founded the Libertarian League in New York in 1954. He wrote articles for anarchist magazines as well as books as the editor of anthologies, some of which are listed below. He was active in many causes, and attended groups like New York's Libertarian Book Club regularly.

Dogloff died of congestive heart failure at the age of 88 in 1990.

Selected bibliography

 * Ethics and American Unionism (1958)
 * The Labor Party Illusion (1961)
 * Bakunin on Anarchy (1971; revised 1980)
 * The Anarchist Collectives: Workers' Self-Management in the Spanish Revolution, 1936–1939 (1974)
 * The Cuban Revolution: A Critical Perspective (1974)
 * "American Labor Movement: Rebellion in the Ranks" Interrogations No. 3, 1975.
 * The Relevance of Anarchism to Modern Society (1977)
 * A Critique of Marxism (1983)
 * "Modern Technology and Anarchism" (1986)
 * Fragments: A Memoir (1986, ISBN 0-946222-04-5).
 * Third World Nationalism and the State (Anarchist Communist Federation of North America) (1983)

title: Sam Dolgoff


text:
MC Serch

Michael Berrin (born May 6, 1967), best known by his stage name MC Serch, is an American rapper and music executive. He gained fame as a member of the group 3rd Bass, which was active in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Serch has also worked as a solo artist and as a producer for other artists. In 1994, Serch executive produced Nas' debut album, Illmatic.

Early life and education
Serch grew up in Far Rockaway, Queens, New York City. He attended Far Rockaway High School and graduated from Music & Art High School. He is of Jewish descent.

Career
After recording three albums with 3rd Bass—The Cactus Album (1989), The Cactus Revisited (1990), and Derelicts of Dialect (1991)—Serch launched a solo career with Return of the Product (1992, Def Jam). The album featured two hit singles: "Here It Comes" (which hit #1 on Billboard's Hot Rap Tracks chart); and "Back to the Grill" featuring Chubb Rock, Red Hot Lover Tone, and Nas. Serch was the executive producer of Nas’ Illmatic.

He also helped to cultivate the rapper O.C. after hearing him on the Organized Konfusion song "Fudge Pudge", helping him secure a record contract with Wild Pitch Records. In 1995, Serch also mentored the newly formed Non Phixion.

Since retiring from performing, Serch has run a promotions company (Serchlite Music). He appeared in Spike Lee's Bamboozled (2000) as a member of the fictitious hip-hop group Mau Maus (played by other real-life hip-hop performers such as Mos Def, Charli Baltimore and Canibus). His character was a white revolutionary who was supposed to be "1/16 black".

From 2003, he hosted Serch In The AM on Detroit urban radio station FM 98 WJLB; he was the first Jewish DJ at that station. MC Serch was dismissed from WJLB in March 2006, reportedly due to a dispute over a Super Bowl weekend party at the club Motor City Live.

Serch also hosted the VH1 reality series Ego Trip's The (White) Rapper Show which ended in March 2007. On the show he was known for his catchphrase "Woop-WOOP!". A follow-up show, Ego Trip's Miss Rap Supreme, debuted in 2008.

Serch has since returned to the radio airwaves in Detroit on the urban station Hot 102.7. Serch has also worked with Hot 102.7's youngest intern (The Black Intern) Daniel Berry, and Rucka Rucka Ali (Comedy Music Artist). Serch appeared in some of Rucka Rucka Ali's music videos.

In 2018 he gave an interview with DJ Vlad in which he claimed MC Hammer had once taken out a $50,000 contract on Serch's life, following a misunderstanding over lyrics.

In May 2021, MC Serch joined VidSig, a live global video platform, as Chief Creative Consultant.

Serch was an executive at HitPiece, a startup creating NFTs of songs that shut down in February 2022 under threat of action by Recording Industry Association of America, which labeled it a "scam operation" and after public criticism by major artists including Wolfgang Van Halen.

Solo

 * Return of the Product (1992, Def Jam)

with 3rd Bass

 * The Cactus Album (1989, Platinum)
 * The Cactus Revisited (1990)
 * Derelicts of Dialect (1991, Gold)

title: MC Serch


text:
German destroyer Rommel

The German destroyer D187 Rommel was one of three Lütjens-class destroyer guided-missile destroyers, a modified version of the American Charles F. Adams-class destroyer, built for the Bundesmarine (West German Navy) during the 1960s.

Design and description
The Charles F. Adams class was based on a stretched Forrest Sherman-class destroyer hull modified to accommodate smaller RIM-24 Tartar surface-to-air missiles and all their associated equipment. The ships had an overall length of 134.4 m, a beam of 14.4 m and a deep draft of 4.5 m. They displaced 4526 t at full load. Their crew consisted of 333 officers and enlisted men.

The ships were equipped with two geared General Electric steam turbines, each driving one propeller shaft, using steam provided by four D-V2M water-tube boilers. The turbines were intended to produce 70000 shp to reach the designed speed of 36 kn. The Lütjens class had a range of 4500 nmi at a speed of 20 kn. Unlike their half-sisters, the ships had two macks.

They were armed with two 5"/54 caliber Mark 42 gun forward, one each forward and aft of the superstructure. The ships were fitted with an eight-round ASROC launcher between the funnels. Close-range anti-submarine defense was provided by two triple sets of 12.75 in Mk 32 torpedo tubes. The primary armament of the ships was the Tartar surface-to-air missile designed to defend the carrier battle group. They were fired via the single-arm Mk 13 missile launcher and the ships stowed a total of 40 missiles for the launcher.

Construction and career
Rommel was laid down on 22 August 1967 by Bath Iron Works of Bath, Maine with the hull number DDG-30. She was launched on 1 February 1969, and christened Rommel by Lucie Maria Rommel, widow of Generalfeldmarschall Erwin Rommel. The vessel was commissioned on 2 May 1970, and was added to the ''1. Zerstörergeschwader'' (first destroyer squadron), based in Kiel. She operated for 28 years.

On 30 September 1998, Rommel was decommissioned. The operating licence for the boilers had expired and it was not considered efficient to refit her. She was towed to Wilhelmshaven to be cannibalised for spare parts to support her two sister ships, GERMAN DESTROYER Lütjens and GERMAN DESTROYER Mölders. These two vessels continued to serve for five more years. In 2004 the hull of Rommel was scrapped in Turkey.

title: German destroyer Rommel


text:
The Shadows of Knight

The Shadows of Knight were an American rock band from Chicago, Illinois, that played a version of British blues influenced by their native city. When they began recording in 1965, the band's self-description was "the Stones, Animals and the Yardbirds took the Chicago blues and gave it an English interpretation. We've taken the English version of the Blues and re-added a Chicago touch," to which rock critic Richie Unterberger commented: "The Shadows of Knight's self-description was fairly accurate."

1960s
The band was formed in 1964 as simply the Shadows. In the spring of 1965, the band learned of an already existing British group, the Shadows. Whiz Winters, a friend who worked for their manager, Paul Sampson, in his record shop, came up with the name "The Shadows of Knight" to tie into the British Invasion in music of that time, and because four of the band members attended Prospect High School in Mt. Prospect, Illinois, whose sports team had the name "The Knights".

Founding members included Jim Sohns (vocals; 1946–2022), Warren Rogers (lead guitar), Norm Gotsch (rhythm guitar), Wayne Pursell (bass guitar), and Tom Schiffour (drums). They released three albums in their first five years of existence. In early Fall 1965, Pursell left the band to attend college and Joe Kelley was recruited to play bass. Kelley would swap bass and lead duties with Rogers in late 1965 at the time of the "Gloria" recordings. Guitarist and vocalist Jerry McGeorge replaced Norm Gotsch in late 1965 after Gotsch joined the U.S. Navy, serving in Vietnam during his tour of duty. David "Hawk" Wolinski, who later worked with Rufus and Chaka Khan, replaced Rogers on bass in late 1966.

After performing in and around Chicago's northwest suburbs in 1964 and 1965, The Shadows of Knight became the house band at The Cellar in Arlington Heights, Illinois, owned by Sampson. They attracted more than 500 teenagers every Saturday and Sunday at the "Cellar" for more than six months until Sampson began booking other bands, giving them a break. (A recording of a Shadows of Knight performance at The Cellar was released in 2018 by Sundazed Records as "Alive in '65", showcasing the five original members of the band.)

A stellar performance in support of the Byrds at Chicago's McCormick Place in early summer 1965 attracted the attention of Dunwich Records record producers Bill Traut and George Badonski. During that show, they performed "Gloria" by Van Morrison's band Them. The band signed with Dunwich shortly thereafter and recorded "Gloria" as a first effort.

Released in December 1965, "Gloria" received regional airplay. The band had slightly altered the song's lyrics, replacing Morrison's original "she comes to my room, then she made me feel alright" with "she called out my name, that made me feel alright" after influential Chicago station WLS had banned Them's original version. This simple change overcame the prevalent AM radio censorship of the era and got The Shadows of Knight's cover version of the song onto the playlist of WLS.The History of Banned Rock and Roll; Classicbands.com. The single reached the No. 1 position on the radio station's countdown, as well as on local rival WCFL. On the Billboard national charts, "Gloria" rose to No. 10. The secondary publication Cashbox ranked "Gloria" as high as No. 7. In Canada the song reached No. 8 on the RPM Magazine charts. "Gloria" sold over one million copies, and was awarded a gold disc by the RIAA.

The Shadows of Knight soon released the Gloria album, followed by the Back Door Men LP, in the summer of 1966. Subsequent singles included their version of the Bo Diddley song "Oh Yeah" (which reached No. 39 nationally), "Bad Little Woman" (No. 91), and the powerhouse "I'm Gonna Make You Mine" (No. 90). However, none of these releases approached their initial commercial success. Failure to find a winning follow-up to "Gloria" handicapped the band's earning power and led to its disintegration. Tom Schiffour left the band in spring 1967, first to be replaced by a young local fan of the band, Bruce Bruscato. He was subsequently replaced by Tom Morris. The original band fragmented further when McGeorge departed for acid-rock band H.P. Lovecraft, while Kelley left to front his own blues band. Hawk Wolinski also left the band to form Bangor Flying Circus with Schiffour and guitarist Alan De Carlo.

By mid-1967, the only original member of the Shadows of Knight remaining was vocalist Jim Sohns, who trademarked the band name and inherited the groups's legacy. In the second generation of the band he was joined by Kenny Turkin on drums and vocals, Steve (Woody) Woodruff on lead guitar and vocals, Dan Baughman on rhythm guitar and vocals, and John Fisher on bass guitar and vocals. This generation of the band would perform together for the next 18 months. Sohns signed the band with Buddah Records in New York. Sohns had hoped to take the band in a British power-rock direction, but the Super K record label pulled them into a more commercial orientation, pairing the band with bubblegum groups such as the 1910 Fruitgum Company and the Ohio Express on tour. In 1969, the second generation Shadows of Knight released "Shake" on Buddha's short-lived subsidiary Team Records; the track eventually climbed to No. 46 (No. 37 Canada, December 1968). That same year, without the band's knowledge or consent, the unsuccessful update "Gloria '69" was released by Dunwich.

"Shake" and its B-side, "From Way Out to Way Under" were actually recorded by Sohns and a number of studio musicians, on the understanding that a Shadows of Knight reassembled by Sohns would record a follow-up album. That album, Shadows of Knight is today regarded as a distinct recording oddity, being an attempt to mix punk and bubblegum music. From 1960s to 1970s, Chicago jazz rock, blue-eyed soul, blues rock, garage rock scene that included the Shadows of Knight, Chicago, The Buckinghams, the Mauds and The Ides of March.

1970s–1980s
The four years after the breakup of the original Shadows were a dark creative period with little financial success. The band's repertoire consisted mostly of pop cover songs, which allowed them to survive by playing clubs. The second iteration of the band continued to evolve. Baughman left to pursue a career in metal sculpture. Turkin was replaced in early 1969 by Paul Scarpelli, and in 1970 Jack "Hawkeye" Daniels replaced Woodruff on guitar. The band's lineup remained the same for two years. During that time it recorded "I Am the Hunter." John Fisher was replaced by Jorge Gonzales on bass in 1971, who was subsequently replaced by John Hardy the next year. He was then replaced by studio bassist Don Ferrone.

In 1972, Nuggets was created by Lenny Kaye, and the album included the Shadows of Knight's 1966 "Oh Yeah". Over subsequent decades, Sohns fronted varying incarnations of the group on the oldies circuit. He also spent a period of time reflecting on his future in the music business, choosing to become the road manager of the band Skafish from 1978 to 1980. He would join the band to sing "Gloria" as the band's encore.

1990s
The Shadows of Knight enjoyed renewed public interest during the 1990s, significantly due to the 1998 release of their first two albums, remastered by Sundazed Records. In 1992, Performance Records (aka "Donewitch" Records) released The Shadows Of Knight – Live, Featuring "Gloria". This was a previously unreleased performance recorded live in Rockford, Illinois, in 1972. The album is also noted as containing "a wonderfully blistering guitar-laced extended version of Willie Dixon's 'I Just Want to Make Love to You'", which is nearly twelve minutes long. Also in 1992, another live recording, Raw 'n' Alive at The Cellar, 1966, was released by Sundazed Records. As noted by Richie Unterberger, "This is one of the very few live garage band tapes from the mid-'60s of relatively decent sound quality (considering the standards of the era). The song selection of this set should also please fans of one of the most famed '60s garage bands, captured here at a club in their home turf of Chicago in December 1966." In 1994, Rhino Records released Dark Sides: The Best of The Shadows of Knight. Unterberger had mixed feelings about this collection, particularly in view of the absence of "I Just Want to Make Love to You".

2000s
In 2006, the Shadows of Knight headlined Little Steven's cross-country "Underground Garage" tour with The Romantics. The Shadows also joined Cheap Trick's Halloween show ("Cheap Trick or Treat"), along with guest appearances by members of the Romantics and the Charms. This performance was subsequently televised on VH-1 Classic. At shows on the 2006 tour, they were joined onstage at various times by Rick Mullen (of Van Morrison, Commander Cody, Don McLean), Vince Martell (Vanilla Fudge), Mark Stein (Vanilla Fudge), and members of The Romantics. Also in 2006, a CD of new material, A Knight to Remember, was released co-produced by Bobby Messano and Lee Brovitz. Messano played all of the guitars and assisted with background vocals on the album.

In 2008, the band toured as part of "The Psychedelic Shack Tour", which also featured a re-formed Nazz, Vince Martell and, on occasion, Henry Gross. Also in 2008, a new CD was released, Rock 'n' Roll Survivors, containing a further reworking of "Gloria".

2010s–2022
Joe Kelley died on September 1, 2013, after a brief battle with lung cancer. He was 67.

On August 20, 2016, in celebration of Sohns' 70th birthday and the 50th anniversary of the release of "Gloria", a reunion concert took place in Arlington Heights, Illinois, reuniting Sohns with original band members Tom Schiffour, Jerry McGeorge and Hawk Wolinski. A recording of the performance was released in 2020 by Giving Shelter, Produced by Jeff Millar-Sax. On May 27, 2020, classic-era members Jimy Sohns and Jerry McGeorge teamed up with producer/musician Michael Weber to release their first new single together in 53 years, "Wild Man." On November 6, 2020, the record, along with its B-side remake of "I Ain't Got You", was released on Steven Van Zandt's Wicked Cool Records and debuted the following week on Sirius XM's Underground Garage. In March 2022, Jimy Sohns released his only solo single in collaboration with Jon Povey (ex-Pretty Things) and the Technicolour Dream, an Italian neo-psychedelic band active from the late 1970s, who released three albums with Twink in 2013–2019. The single includes two garage / psychedelic songs, "Born Again" and "Isis Calling", both written by Marco Conti and Fabio Porretti of the Technicolour Dream and Jon Povey.

Lead singer and original member James "Jimy" Sohns (born on August 23, 1946, in Chicago) died of complications from a stroke on July 29, 2022, at age 75.

Band members

 * Jim Sohns – vocals (1964–2022; died 2022)
 * Warren Rogers – bass, lead guitar, vocals (1964–1967)
 * Tom Schiffour – drums (1964–1967, 2016)
 * Jerry McGeorge – rhythm guitar, backing vocals (1965–1967, 2016, 2020–2022)
 * Joe Kelley – lead guitar (1965–1967; died 2013)
 * Hawk Wolinski – bass, keyboards (1966–1967, 2015, 2016)
 * Norm Gotsch – rhythm guitar (1964–1965)
 * Wayne Pursell – bass (1964–1965)
 * Michael Weber – lead guitar, backing vocals, drums, keyboard (2013–2022)
 * Jeff Millar Sax - percussion, keys, guitar, backing vocals (2012 - 2022)

title: The Shadows of Knight


text:
Redbridge Forest F.C.

Redbridge Forest Football Club was an English football club, founded in 1979 as Leytonstone & Ilford F.C., which in 1989 merged with Walthamstow Avenue and the following season adopted the name Redbridge Forest. In 1992 the club merged with Dagenham to form the present Dagenham & Redbridge.

History
Leytonstone/Ilford F.C. was founded in 1979 by a merger of Leytonstone F.C. (founded in 1886) and Ilford F.C. (founded in 1881). They were somewhat successful in non-league football, while under the name Leytonstone & Ilford, they were crowned Isthmian League champions during 1981–82. The following season the club finished as runners-up in the same league. At the end of the season, they changed their name to Leytonstone/Ilford F.C..

Another merger was incorporated in 1988 when Walthamstow Avenue were incorporated. Initially there was no name change, and the club won the Isthmian League that season; they were due to be promoted to the Football Conference, but were denied due to ground problems, as the Green Pond Road ground at Walthamstow had already been sold to developers so was not worth upgrading. The club moved to Victoria Road, home of Dagenham F.C., but found the same problem as their ground too was now not up to Conference standard. Leytonstone & Ilford remained in the Isthmian League Premier Division.

Under the Redbridge Forest name
For the 1989 season, the name of the club was changed to Redbridge Forest, in preparation for a move to a new site bordering both Redbridge and Waltham Forest borders. However, the move to a new site collapsed and the club remained at Victoria Road. Incidentally, Dagenham and Redbridge Forest were both in the Isthmian League Premier Division for that season and the two matches between landlord and tenant saw 2–2 and 1–1 draws between the clubs, clubs that now play as one. Redbridge Forest won the Isthmian League in 1990–91 and with the ground now passing Conference regulations, the club were now allowed to move up to the Conference for the 1991–92 season.

Redbridge Forest were in the Conference for one year and achieved a seventh-place finish during the 1991–92 season. For the 1992–93 season, they merged with Dagenham (the club whose ground they were sharing) and became Dagenham & Redbridge. The new club reached the English Football League at the end of the 2006–07 as Conference National champions, and won promotion to League One in 2010 via play-offs.

Honours
As Leytonstone/Ilford F.C
 * Isthmian League
 * Champions: 1981–82, 1988–89
 * Runners-up: 1982–83
 * Isthmian League Division One
 * Champions: 1979–80, 1986–87

As Redbridge Forest F.C
 * Isthmian League
 * Champions: 1990–91
 * FA Trophy
 * Quarter-finalists: 1991–92

title: Redbridge Forest F.C.


text:
Lue

Lue or LUE may refer to:

People

 * Andrew Lue (born 1992), Canadian retired football player
 * Lue Gim Gong (1860–1925), Chinese-American horticulturalist
 * Lee Lue (1935–1969), Laotian Hmong fighter-bomber pilot
 * Linlyn Lue, Canadian actress
 * Robert Lue (1964–2020), Jamaican-born American researcher and academic
 * Rufin Lué (born 1968), Ivorian footballer
 * Tyronn Lue (born 1977), American professional basketball player
 * Wang Lüe (born 1985), Chinese footballer
 * Tai Lue people, one of the 56 recognized ethnic groups of China

Places

 * Lue, New South Wales, a small town in Australia
 * Lue railway station
 * Lüe, a commune in Nouvelle-Aquitaine, France
 * Lue (Colunga), a parish in northern Spain

Other uses

 * Han Lue, a fictional character in the Fast & Furious franchise
 * Life, the Universe and Everything, a book by Douglas Adams
 * LUE, IATA airport code for Lučenec Airport

title: Lue


text:
User:Paso del Ebro

Ay Carmela

title: User:Paso del Ebro


text:
USS Waddell

USS Waddell (DDG-24) was a Charles F. Adams-class destroyer guided missile destroyer in the United States Navy. She was named for Captain James Iredell Waddell CSN (1824-1886) who famously captured several American whaling ships just below the Arctic circle and sailed the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans to disrupt American trade. He was the last Confederate officer to surrender which he did in Liverpool, England. The ship was commissioned in 1964 and saw service in the Vietnam War. Decommissioned in 1992, the destroyer was sold to Greece and renamed Nearchos. From 1992-2003, Nearchos served in the Hellenic Navy. In 2006, the ship was used as a target and sunk.

Construction and career
Waddell was laid down by Todd-Pacific Shipbuilding at Seattle, Washington on 6 February 1962. The ship was launched on 26 February 1963 by Mrs. Howard W. Cannon and commissioned on 28 August 1964.

Following trials from October 1964 to May 1965, the new guided missile destroyer conducted shakedown off the west coast into July, before she participated in anti-aircraft and electronic warfare Exercise "Hot Stove" from 26 August to 3 September. During this time, while serving as plane guard for the aircraft carrier USS Ticonderoga (CV-14), Waddell rescued Comdr. C. H. Peters, whose plane had ditched off the coast of southern California.

On 28 September 1965, Waddell—in company with Ticonderoga and three destroyers, and acting as flagship for Commander, Destroyer Division (DesDiv) 132—departed her home port, Long Beach, California, bound for her first tour of duty in the Western Pacific (WestPac). After stopping at Pearl Harbor, she proceeded on toward the Philippines.

While en route on 31 October, the American task group received a radio message reporting that Japanese merchantman Tokei Maru had suffered an explosion on board. Detached to render assistance, Waddell sped to the scene and lowered her motor whaleboat containing the squadron doctor. The ship's rescue party arrived on board to find three men of Tokei Maru's complement already dead and another seriously burned. After providing medical assistance which saved the man's life and having left Tokei Maru a supply of medicine to suffice until the Japanese ship could make port, Waddell rejoined her consorts.

Vietnam War
Only one day after reaching Subic Bay, Waddell got underway on 2 November for the coast of Vietnam and her first deployment to "Yankee Station" W-5, in the Tonkin Gulf. On station with Task Unit (TU) 77.0.2 until the 14th, the ship returned to Subic Bay for brief local operations before sailing back to the combat zone to take her post on the northern search and rescue station (SAR) from 29 November to 29 December.

On 7 December, Waddell steamed alongside USS Sacramento (AOE-1) conducting an underway replenishment on the oiler's port side; while the destroyer USS Brinkley Bass (DD-887) replenished to starboard of the oiler. During the operation, Brinkley Bass reported a man overboard; and Waddell executed an emergency break-away and doubled back to pick up the man.

Upon completion of this SAR tour, the destroyer sailed via Sasebo to Buckner Bay, Okinawa. She conducted a missile shoot in Ryūkyū waters and then visited Hong Kong. On 31 January 1966, she sailed for Da Nang, en route to a second deployment to the northern SAR area.

At 1410 on 3 February 1966, Waddell was notified that a pilot was possibly downed in their vicinity. While proceeding to investigate, the ship noted "surface action" to port and commenced shore bombardment at 1501. Communist guns replied 14 minutes later. Waddell then trained her guns on the communist batteries. At 1545, while still shelling the communist gun positions, Waddell was straddled by the enemy guns which had found the range. Radical maneuvers enabled the destroyer to retire without damage, and she emerged from the action unscathed.

The following day, after receiving fuel from Sacramento in an underway replenishment while on station, Waddell collided with Brinkley Bass. The damage which Waddell sustained forced her to return to the Philippines for repairs.

Back in Vietnamese waters in late February, Waddell provided gunfire support in the III Corps operating area from 27 February to 11 March, as part of Task Unit 70.8.9. She then returned—via Subic Bay, Guam, Midway, and Pearl Harbor—to her home port, Long Beach, where she arrived on 8 April.

Following a yard period—during which the ship underwent structural repairs—Waddell participated in various fleet and independent exercises off the California coast. Two days after Christmas of 1966, the ship got underway for another WestPac deployment.

Early in 1967, Waddell was again engaged off the Vietnamese coastline. From 2 March to 21 May 1967, the ship displayed "exceptional readiness and effectiveness in all tasks assigned," including gunfire support off South Vietnam; interdiction of North Vietnamese supply traffic along the coast; and gunfire against selected targets in North Vietnam. Coming under hostile fire from shore on one occasion, Waddell returned the fire and inflicted maximum damage on enemy shore batteries while emerging without harm. During her second WestPac deployment in Vietnamese waters, the destroyer fired some 2,000 rounds of ammunition while winning the reputation of being "the busiest ship in the Tonkin Gulf" before heading home.

Waddell made port at Long Beach on 29 May 1967 and operated briefly off the southern California coast. She entered the Long Beach Naval Shipyard on 4 August and commenced an extensive overhaul which lasted through the end of the year 1967 and into February 1968.

She returned to WestPac that summer—with logistics stops at Pearl Harbor and Midway en route—and arrived at her new home port of Yokosuka, Japan, on 1 August 1968. She conducted three tours on the "gun line" off North and South Vietnam into the fall, as well as one tour as plane guard for the attack carrier strike group based around the carriers USS Coral Sea (CV-43) and USS Ranger (CV-61).

On 22 September while operating off the demilitarized zone (DMZ) in company with the cruiser USS Saint Paul (CA-73), Waddell participated in a SAR operation. At 0145, an attack bomber splashed near the ship. Both crew members had previously ejected from their stricken jet and parachuted to the sea. Waddell closed to within 5,000 yd of the mouth of the Cua Vet River and rescued the navigator/bombardier, while St. Paul picked up the pilot.

After completing an overhaul at Yokosuka toward the end of December 1968, Waddell got underway on 7 January 1969, bound for the "gun line." Between 17 and 30 January, she fired two gunfire support missions in the I Corps area for the Army's 101st Airborne Division and one for the 7th and 9th Divisions of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) units. After a quick trip via Buckner Bay to Yokosuka, Waddell sped back to the "gun line" in late February and resumed her gunfire support duties on 1 March. There, in the II Corps area, she fired 12 support missions with Task Force "South." She subsequently conducted 79 more gunfire support missions including 12 for Australian units, 11 for ARVN units, and 15 in support of Operation "Sheridan"—in which the United States Army 101st Airborne and an ARVN regiment participated.

During the first week of April, the downing by North Koreans of a Navy EC-121 Connie early-warning intelligence aircraft in the Sea of Japan greatly increased tension in the Far East. Waddell departed the "gun line" at 22 knots, refueled at Buckner Bay, and arrived in the Strait of Tsushima to screen aircraft carriers Ticonderoga and Ranger. She operated in the Sea of Japan until the crisis abated enabling her to head for Yokosuka on the afternoon of 28 April.

Returning to the "gun line," Waddell then lobbed shells at Viet Cong (VC) camps and infiltration points from waters off Phu Quoc Island in the Gulf of Siam in support of Operation "Javelin," before she was assigned to the Mekong Delta region. There, supporting two ARVN divisions, she conducted 19 bombardments against VC structures, bunkers, rest sites, and supply routes.

Subsequently returning to "Yankee Station," she screened the carrier USS Enterprise (CVN-65) in June, as the big carrier conducted strike operations, and returned to waters near the DMZ in mid-July for gunnery support duties.

Greek service
Waddell was decommissioned and stricken from the Naval Vessel Register on 1 October 1992, sold to Greece and renamed Nearchos after the ancient Cretan admiral Nearchus.

Nearchos was decommissioned from the Greek Navy on 3 June 2003 and scuttled as a target on 29 May 2006.

Honors
Waddell received 11 engagement stars for her service in waters off Vietnam and two Navy Unit Commendations.

title: USS Waddell


text:
Ganong Bros.

Ganong Bros., Limited is a Canadian chocolate and confectionery company based in St. Stephen, New Brunswick. Founded in 1873 by brothers James and Gilbert Ganong, it is the oldest company in its industry in Canada. The family-owned company is in its fifth generation of ownership. Primarily a producer of boxed chocolates and the first to introduce heart-shaped boxes, it now provides many chocolates for Laura Secord stores.

History
Ganong Bros. Limited was founded on June 5, 1873, as G. W. Ganong, Commission Merchant, Etc. James H. Ganong had convinced his brother, a teacher and aspiring physician named Gilbert Ganong, to start a grocery store with him in St. Stephen. They advertised their opening in the Saint Croix Courier, though the business began failing. They then started selling candy goods, then began manufacturing it themselves after struggling to get suppliers to do business with them.

In 1884, the brothers' partnership was dissolved; Gilbert maintained this business, while James left to focus on the St. Croix Soap Manufacturing Company, a soap manufacturer based in the same town.

Ganong Bros. Limited has been one of the Canadian chocolate industry's most important companies. Arthur Ganong was the first to make any sort of a wrapped chocolate bar; Ganong began selling the first chocolate bars in 1910. In 1920 they began using the brand name "Pal-o-Mine" for their chocolate bar.

The company also was the first to introduce a heart-shaped box of chocolates in North America. The heart-shaped boxes were originally used for presents over the Christmas season before it also succeeded around Valentine's Day.

In 1911, Ganong Bros. purchased the bankrupt White Candy Company in Saint John, New Brunswick and operated a factory there until 1931. In 1988, due to the rising costs of production, a plant was built in Bangkok, Thailand, due to lower labor costs and the close proximity to raw ingredients, and equipment from the St. Stephen factory was shipped there. The majority of the products from this factory is shipped to Canada. In 1990, a new factory was opened on Chocolate Drive, St. Stephen and continues to produce to this day. The old factory eventually became the Chocolate Museum.

In 1997, the company acquired the manufacturing and marketing license for fruit snacks under the Sunkist brand in Canada from Sunkist as well as Lipton.

Today
In 2008, for the first time in its history, Ganong selected a president and CEO from outside the family. Doug Ettinger, who had been a senior executive in the food industry for 20 years, was approved by the Ganong board of directors as the top executive of Canada’s oldest candy company.

In 2015, the first female CEO was appointed: Bryana Ganong, part of the fifth generation of Ganongs. David Ganong maintains an advisory role on the company’s board and remains the controlling shareholder.

Company heads
 * James H. Ganong, co-founder
 * Gilbert W. Ganong, co-founder
 * Arthur D. Ganong, president 1917–1957
 * R. Whidden Ganong, president 1957–1977
 * David A. Ganong, president 1977–2008
 * Doug Ettinger, president 2008 to 2012
 * David A. Ganong, president 2012 –2014
 * Bryana Ganong, president 2014 to present

Chocolate Museum
Ganong's long history is showcased at its Chocolate Museum (Fr:Le Musée du Chocolat) which opened in 1999 in their old factory building in St. Stephen, New Brunswick. Exhibits describe the Ganong brothers and the company, and include hands-on and interactive displays about the process of making chocolate and candies historically and currently, and a display of historic chocolate boxes and antique candy-making equipment. Visitors can also taste chocolate samples. The building also houses the Ganong Chocolatier company store.

In conjunction with the community, the museum co-hosts the annual St. Stephen Chocolate Festival, which has been held since 1985. In 2000 the town was registered as "Canada's Chocolate Town".

Mints
Ganong Bros.'s "double-thick" wintergreen mints were, until being discontinued in 2019, manufactured by the company since around 1889. They came in white and pink colours, were particularly larger than the average mint candy, and were coated with a powder. Since the company used traditional "antiquated equipment," manufacturing the mints had grown to be too costly. In 2021, they were temporarily re-released for a limited time.

Fruitland Chews
Fruitland Chews were a line of jelly fruit snacks that Ganong Bros. began manufacturing in 1989, as a means of competing against the dominating Betty Crocker. They used fruit purée to make them. The line was merged in 1997 when Ganong Bros. acquired the rights for Sunkist in Canada.

title: Ganong Bros.


text:
User talk:RadioactiveYeti

Welcome
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title: User talk:RadioactiveYeti