text:
Talk:Vector graphics

Scaling Illustration
Added an illustration showing the effect of scaling on vector and bitmap images; this illustration demonstrates a key advantage of vector-based graphics (the ability to scale them to any size without degradation).

Agateller 06:21, 13 January 2006 (UTC)

Ice cream is not a translucent neon green liquid that comes in bottles. Where did you find an image that suggested it was? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.147.40.210 (talk) 11:24, 19 January 2012 (UTC)

The comparison image appears to be from a native JPEG, not bitmap, for results of zooming. Bitmap images retain sharp contrast and pixelate upon zooming in. A JPEG image has fuzzy edges due to the nature of the format, though it does also pixelate when zoomed. A JPEG resaved as a bitmap, would however have the same appearance with fuzzy edges zoomed in. JBaud00111 (talk) 23:27, 30 June 2019 (UTC)

Terms: Vector Graphics vs. Geometric Modeling
I have edited the first part. I think an explanation of the relationship between vector and bitmap/raster graphics is helpful since many people use tools inefficiently because they simply don't know there is a difference. The fact that vector and raster images might be mixed in particular applications is no reason for people not to get a basic understanding of the advantages and disadvantages of different file types and software. I would much rather students were taught the advantages of using say, Inkscape for illustrating their work over Paint even if they ended up generating a jpg from each to go on a web page. Ian Lynch (talk) 16:16, 19 April 2008 (UTC)

Please see my comments under the "raster graphics" page.

Presenting "raster graphics" and "vector graphics" as two alternative ways of doing 2D computer graphics made sense in the '70s, but that view is no longer valid or useful today. They are not alternative ways but succesive stages of 2D computer graphics.

What this page calls "vector graphics" is better called (2D) "geometric modeling", and what it means by "raster graphics" are nowadays called "digital images" (as mathematical objects) or "frame buffers" (as concrete data structures). Rendering a geometric model produces a digital image, and virtually all output devices today can only print/display digital images. (In fact, I believe that even large format plotters have been largely replaced by raster-based devices -- essentially wide-bodied printers, using inkjet, electrostatic, or laser technology).

Changing the name "vector graphics" to "geometric modeling" would also allow us to unify the 2D and 3D geometric modeling pages. After all, the basic idea is the same, and many primitives (polygons, splines, etc.) are the same.

 * Excuse my ignorance but is the following statement in the article not fully correct, "Virtually all modern 3D rendering is done using extensions of 2D vector graphics techniques." Aren't polygon mesh based 3D modelling software non-vector based? NURBS is vector based but not meshes. Any feedback would be appreciated. Machoopichoo74 (talk) 16:27, 22 August 2021 (UTC)

Moreover, it seems that many traditional applications of 2D graphics, such as commercial artwork, are being taken over by 3D graphics -- which provide effects like shadows and shading. At the very least, the boundary between 2D and 3D graphics seems to be getting blurred.

Rendering is still often called "rasterizing", both because of the original vector/raster nomenclature, and because the first algorithms did it in real time, by sweeping the "vector" representation with a horizontal line in sync with the CRT electron bean path ("raster"). That solution was imposed by the lack of a frame buffer. Presently, however, scanline-sweep is only one among many methods for converting the geometric description into an image. For instance, the popular Z-buffer method generates the pixels in random order. Thus "rasterizing", while still in wide use, is a rather old-fashioned word.

 * Recently I wrote Portable_Document_Format. I wonder how this would translate into your terminology.--Patrick 12:45, 5 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Well, what about this:

 * A PDF file often combines geometric primitives, text, and digital images. E.g., the general reference map of the US [1] uses:

 * polylines or splines for coastlines, administrative boundaries, rivers, highways;
 * polygons or circles for lakes, cities, and Interstate highway symbols;
 * text for labels;
 * digital images for mountain relief.

 * In the Postscript/PDF imaging model, these graphic primitives are sequentially painted on a "virtual canvas", in the order in which they occur in the file; so one can have arbitrarily many layers of text, geometric shapes, and images, interleaved in any order. Images can also be clipped to a boundary of arbitrary shape.

 * In zooming in, the outlines of geometric primitives and text remain sharp and smooth; whereas image data breaks up into separate pixels, rendered as uniformly colored rectangles. An example of a PDF map done entirely with geometric primitives is [2]. In map [3], the colors are provided by a single background image, while coastlines are represented as polylines; the mismatch between the two layers is noticeable when the map is highly zoomed in.

The PDF page still has plenty of room for improvement. The Postscript language and its imaging model certainly deserve a separate page and a better description, and part of this information belongs there. Also, for instance, images are not merely plopped down on to the canvas, but can be dithered according to a "dithering screen" -- which may be either the printer's default or a client-provided one. The Postscript model also allowed one to treat each pixel as a geometric object, and (e.g.) paint each pixel as a tiny hexagon rathr than a square. I don't know how much of that freedom is retained in the PDF model. I am not sure, but I bellieve that Postscript also could perform smooth interpolation of a given image; in that case your remark about zoomingin, above, would have to be qualified. Jorge Stolfi 21:38, 5 Mar 2004 (UTC)

41.43.109.125 (talk) 19:17, 1 February 2017 (UTC)|thumbعلنؤمؤوءت بءتبااالاللتلنعتءىتت]]

image!
Someone make a vector equivalent of this:

Show that it still holds the same shape at larger sizes, and somehow demonstrate the presence of discrete objects instead of pixels. - Omegatron 00:39, Apr 5, 2005 (UTC)

 * Why do you want this done? --InvaderJim42 00:58, 12 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Omegatron, judging by your user page. I'm completely convinced that this is something you're capable of doing yourself. So, what's this about? Whether you've posted this comment rhetorically or not, your point is impenetrable either way. 198.49.180.40 21:13, 24 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree more examples like this one should be used. Making vector graphics out of photos is mostly pretty useless (it isn't done in Wikipedia for example), but for smilies, arrows, flags and stuff like that, it's very useful (and this is done in Wikipedia). Cristan 15:47, 20 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Useless? See the caption on the photo. Oicumayberight 17:31, 20 October 2006 (UTC)

How's this? Althepal 07:29, 7 March 2007 (UTC)

How the "brain" and "eye" work?
The second paragraph relates vector/bitmap graphics to the way a human "brain" or "eye" works. Is there any source for this information? It certainly seems intriguing but I wonder exactly how much solid research it's based on. Especially when it refers to ""recent studies," which I don't see any link to.--Eraboin 03:52, 4 February 2006 (UTC)

I looked around on Google a bit, and found this, which may or may not be of help to you: http://www.kyb.mpg.de/publications/pdfs/pdf741.pdf Does the brain know the physics of specular reflection? A Blake, H Buelthoff - Nature, 1990 Homtail 21:49, 9 July 2006 (UTC)

The eye works around the rod and cone system, so that could be considered roughly equivalent to a raster image. The brain percieves things differently--it tends to take in the entire scene, grouping things together and processing images that way. If you see a 9x9 grid of black dots where the rows are spaced farther apart than the columns, you tend to think "three columns" rather than "nine dots." Also, seeing six dots form a triangle makes you think "triangle" before "six dots." There are several different concepts like that, and these kinds of things make up the psychological study of perception. I'm sorry I can't cite any handy sources; I just have what stuck with me after Intro to Psychology. 129.61.46.16 20:10, 18 July 2006 (UTC)

I have removed this section from the article, since it appears no citations are forthcoming. Wikipedia's verifiability policy prohibits us making claims which are neither supported by citations nor easily verifiable by non-specialist readers.

The text I have removed is as follows:
 * The human eye works as a bitmap picture: it catches the image in a mosaic raster of photon recipient nerves, a pixel image. But the brain — according to recent studies — handles it as a vector image. Perhaps because — like in computers — this is easier to store. It explains why humans can recognize simple drawings like cartoons with just outlines because this is so close to what the human brain makes of the visual world anyway. It also serves as an explanation for the fact that logos and signs with easy and geometric shapes are more easily remembered and recognized.

Naturally it could be restored to the article if citations are provided for these claims. I would note that should this occur, it should be placed in a subsection, not put back in the article introduction, which is supposed to be a basic overview of the article's subject, not a dumping ground for tangential issues (the nature of human vision is not a fundamental aspect of the nature of vector graphics). — Haeleth Talk 10:09, 17 August 2006 (UTC)

Programs Related
Rotoshop is the program used to create A_Scanner_Darkly_%28film%29. It uses a combination of rotoscope with vector graphics.

Punctuation
I think replacing hyphens with dashes in the second paragraph would be fair. Vadik wiki 00:19, 14 March 2006 (UTC)

"Vector graphicsaaaa" Is the "aaaa" bit on purpose ? Kristian Joensen 21:26, 2 July 2006 (UTC)

also theres some graffiti or somthing like that on the intro, i was going to fix it but i dont know what words went there

 * Fixed. You can retrieve what was once there from the page history. Oicumayberight 03:59, 24 March 2007 (UTC)

Example photos
I think both examples should remain. Readers should know that vector graphics are useful for more than information graphics. Oicumayberight 01:01, 19 October 2006 (UTC)

 * The camera diagram and the hand/tool picture are clearly useful, but I'm not convinced of the usefulness of the train example. In my experience pictures like that are normally produced by an illustrator drawing them from scratch, probably using raster graphics anyway, so vector graphics will (normally) not be involved. As for reducing bandwidth, note that the vectorised version is actually 1 kb larger in this case. Bandwidth reduction is normally accomplished using JPEG compression, not by converting photos to vectors.
 * Your experience is not the norm. Most modern illustrations for computer graphics are not from scratch, especially when realistic proportions are the goal. Adobe illustrator is the most popular vector graphic editing program. It allows vector tracing of photos either manually or automatically. The file size of the photo used in the caption is not relevant to the point about file sizes mentioned in the caption. That photo is a bit-mapped version of a vector file. The actual vector file would be much smaller, most-likely by a factor of 10. I don't have the original file. But anyone who uses vector graphics would tell you that this is the case. Oicumayberight 23:56, 20 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Personally I'd prefer to see it replaced with a real-world example of vector graphics -- perhaps a screenshot of an iconic game like Asteroids or something. Or with an example of the kind of thing that is nearly always done with vectors rather than pixels, like a map. But I won't change anything unilaterally. :) — Haeleth Talk 22:42, 20 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Asteroids? That was an example of vector graphics 30 years ago. There are plenty of examples of more complex uses of vector graphics today. Since wikipedia only displays bitmap graphics, a PDF file would need to be attached. The problem I have is with this whole premise that vector graphics are the exception and yet they are being used more and more since the advent of Macromedia Flash and Adobe PDFs. Vector graphics are used for aesthetic art much more than what is shown in the examples. Oicumayberight 23:56, 20 October 2006 (UTC)

More than one vector graphic example
This page IS about vector graphics, right? Then, should there not be more than one ACTUAL vector graphic on it? 84.70.112.198 17:31, 31 December 2006 (UTC)
 * SVG is the only vector graphic format that can be displayed in wikipedia. There only needs to be one example of a vector graphic per format. Unless you are looking for downloadable links or links on external HTML pages, the other vector formats (PDF, EPS, Flash, WMF, DXF, X3D, etc) cannot be displayed without converting them to a bitmap on this page. Oicumayberight 22:01, 31 December 2006 (UTC)

Vector display
Vector display redirects here, but unless I'm much mistaken, nothing on this page discusses vector displays. What's with that? Rawling 4851 00:14, 22 January 2007 (UTC)

All modern current computer video displays translate vector representations of an image to a raster format. The raster image, containing a value for every pixel on the screen, is stored in memory.

Starting in the earliest days of computing in the 1950s and into the 1980s, a different type of display, the vector graphics system, was used. In these systems the electron beam of the CRT display monitor was steered directly to trace out the shapes required, line segment by line segment, with the rest of the screen remaining black. This process was repeated many times a second to achieve a flicker-free or near flicker-free picture. These systems allowed very high-resolution line art and moving images to be displayed without the (for that time) unthinkably huge amounts of memory that an equivalent-resolution raster system would have needed. These vector-based monitors were also known as X-Y displays. One of the first uses of vector graphic displays was the US SAGE air defense system. Vector graphics systems were only retired from U.S. en route air traffic control in 1999, and are likely still in use in military and specialized systems. Vector graphics were also used on the TX-2 at the MIT Lincoln Laboratory by computer graphics pioneer Ivan Sutherland to run his program Sketchpad in 1963. Subsequent vector graphics systems include Digital's GT40 [1]. There was a home gaming system that used vector graphics called Vectrex as well as various arcade games like Asteroids and Space Wars. The Tektronix 4014 also deserves a mention even though the display was static.

 * What were you expecting besides this? Oicumayberight 01:26, 22 January 2007 (UTC)

 * ... ok, shoot me. How dumb do I feel right now? Rawling 4851 10:58, 22 January 2007 (UTC)

What was wrong with the original camera example?
I thought the original camera example showed a better contrast of pixelation than the bottle.

The bottle only shows a good contrast of the difference when the user looks at the larger version. The thumbnail is only "7x magnified" at the full 1000 × 1125 pixel size. If nobody bothers to click and enlarge the image, the point gets lost. Oicumayberight 03:33, 7 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Okay, I can make it more obvious smaller - soon. But the pixelation is still very obvious even as a thumbnail. The reason for the replacement is two-fold: One, the example with the camera is in jpeg, and that is not a good format for this type of picture. Two, the camera picture is fair use, and should not be used when there is a free alternative. Althepal 05:08, 7 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Understood. Oicumayberight 05:10, 7 March 2007 (UTC)

Suggestion. It would be more obvious with angular part of the bottle than the straight horizontal or vertical lines. There just isn't much close up detail in the bottle. Maybe us the bottle cap. Oicumayberight 05:13, 7 March 2007 (UTC)
 * I replaced the file with a smaller one, showing more magnification, and added text for detail. Althepal 05:29, 7 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Let me know if you think the magnification is too high, and if the sample area is too small, to show the raster up-sizing. Althepal 05:32, 7 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Looks good. Get's the point across. Oicumayberight 07:46, 7 March 2007 (UTC)
 * I like the bottle the best, but there is a problem with it, the black and white label elements aren't placed correctly, vector is only as good as the placement of the nodes, zoom in far enough with incorrectly placed nodes like in that picture and you see how it's off a little. Gigith (talk) 05:07, 13 February 2010 (UTC)
 * yuawi. 161.132.108.73 (talk) 17:05, 15 April 2023 (UTC)

Why is it a bottle of ice cream, by the way? Who thinks up something like that? An0nymous

What's wrong?
How come Wikipedia has so many problems with vector graphics? When downsized, they are not as smooth as pngs. In some pictures, the elements don't show up when a certain size. I've also noticed that Hebrew letters don't show up unless converted to path. Althepal 20:53, 9 March 2007 (UTC)

POV
This article is all about how great vector graphics are. It says that, special for vector graphics, you have control over color and elements in the image, and how you can zoom in without pixelation loss. However, this is not what it should say, because: You also have control on colors and inclusion of elements in raster graphics. And it doesn't say how you can't really show a photograph in vector graphics without vectorizing it, and vectorization removes much of the original details. This article focus should change. It should actually focus on how vector graphics work. Althepal 04:43, 5 June 2007 (UTC)

 * You do have better control over color, you can change a color by simply changing a single value or a few values in gradient(s), the AA is applied for you so it is lossless.

 * With raster you have to pick a threshold to change colors and it's lossy, or not have any AA, but that'd look horrible. As far as raster goes objects in an image are just a bunch of random pixels, the program doesn't know which pixels are a part of an object and which are the AA, you could layer an image but it still won't really know, and you can't AA a raster image, you can give an illusion of AA but it's not mathematically correct AA and the eye can tell.

 * You do have more control over elements in vector, you can change any vector in an SVG image with Javascript. You might be able to set up a program where you can smudge around raster graphics but once again that is lossy.

 * You don't have to lose any detail when vectorizing a photo, you can remake a photo in vector and once converted back to raster have the same pixel color values, it can be done, the problem is more in the power of computers.

 * I don't think vector and raster are in some kind of completion, most people don't know about vector, so for anyone to care it makes sense to explain it in how it's different from raster.

 * But what I pointed out above isn't very obvious in this article, and if it isn't explained it's possible somebody would get the wrong impression on how raster works compared to vector. Gigith (talk) 04:59, 13 February 2010 (UTC)

what's in a name?
Uh, does this have anything to do with Vector? Thanks in advance. --Jerome Potts (talk) 05:13, 4 October 2008 (UTC)
 * yes.
 * a vector graphic is painted using object(s). An object is defined using geometry vectors(shapes).
 * the simplest example is a fractal. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 134.88.159.103 (talk) 08:38, 3 March 2009 (UTC)
 * NO! The so called (2D) vector graphics are usually high-order polynomials! I'll try to find a source to clarify this in the article. 188.27.81.64 (talk) 11:10, 11 August 2014 (UTC)

CAD
Article needs an image of CAD software. On Autocad I can zoom in indefinitely and letters, like, symbols, arrows and other stuff are getting larger without losing detail. It's clearly vector graphics technology, if we consider a larger family. --AaThinker (talk) 10:17, 9 February 2009 (UTC)
 * What? No one is denying CAD software uses vector graphics. Indeed the CAD article says it Nil Einne (talk) 04:55, 15 February 2009 (UTC)
 * Yet not a single mention here. --AaThinker (talk) 09:43, 15 February 2009 (UTC)
 * Im sure many programs use vector graphics. They dont all have to be listed. --24.247.83.244 (talk) 04:21, 1 July 2009 (UTC)

Object-oriented graphics and vector graphics
Are both represented by the same mathematical formulas? What is the explanation for calling object-oriented graphics vector graphics? --Christopher Forster (talk) 21:25, 17 January 2012 (UTC)
 * Object-oriented graphics quadratic equations and Bézier curves; only circles, curves, lines and squares?
 * Vector graphics line (geometry); only lines?

 * Not 100% sure what you mean. There were some older devices, called "vector" at the time (such as Tektronix 4010 etc.) which could only display straight line segments, but nowadays curves are considered to be part of basic vector graphics.  It's not the 1970s anymore! AnonMoos (talk) 14:18, 19 January 2012 (UTC)

 * Hi AnonMoos,

 * Scroll down to: Here's what the Microsoft Press Computer Dictionary (3rd ed. 1997) has to say...

 * Talk:Raster graphics

 * --Regards--Christopher Forster (talk) 19:17, 19 January 2012 (UTC)

Some people have found the term "vector graphics" to be confusing because not all and in fact not most of the primitives used in "vector graphics" are vectors but rather they are poly-Bezier curves ("poly" as in polyline, also called a path in this context). I'll add a referenced comment in the article about that. So they proposed "object-oriented graphics" as more accurate, but the term as not caught in general. More recently Nvidia's Mark Kilgard has coined the term "path rendering" for the same reason. JMP EAX (talk) 12:09, 14 August 2014 (UTC)

"more than a straight line toward align."?
The lead says "Vector", in this context, implies more than a straight line toward align. I can't understand this sentence...-- Brainy J  ~ ✿ ~ ( talk ) 19:40, 8 September 2013 (UTC)
 * Neither can I. Can someone explain, please? Rumiton (talk) 15:10, 23 September 2013 (UTC)
 * I took it out. Anyone who can explain what it meant is welcome to restore it. Rumiton (talk) 12:18, 24 September 2013 (UTC)

Vector Based Video
There has recently been a technical article in Red Shark (a video forum associated with the Lightworks Editing program) suggesting that at some future point Vector Based Video will become possible or even inevitable. The Article is; Video Without Pixels-the debate by David Shapton. URL: http://www.redsharknews.com/technology/item/1289-video-without-pixels-the-debate This is Star Wars as far as current computing power is concerned but Moore's Law has held for decades now & we can anticipate that at some point the computers will be powerful enough to execute such a video technology. The primary advantage will be scalability. With Vector Based Video anything from a wristwatch screen to a giant outdoor screen could be driven by the same video file. Today's video has 2K as the standard High Definition video with 4K beginning to be used on major productions such as "Oblivion." There are usable 8K systems at the leading edge. All these are of course Raster or Bitmap based. There are some experiments in Vector Video being done now. The final point being that once the computers are powerful enough; Why bother with the limitations of the current standard. To be truly current this development in Vector Graphics should at least have a paragraph in the Vector Graphics article. Perhaps Mr Shapton would be good enough to write this for Wikipedia. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Tvsterling (talk • contribs) 17:01, 8 December 2013 (UTC)

So I don't forget
We need a diagram like this. JMP EAX (talk) 10:41, 18 August 2014 (UTC)

Metadata
There is no mention here of the metadata that can (or can not) be added to vector graphics files, or how that differs from metadata for raster files, eg identification of areas that are clickable. Obviously it depends on specific file type, so I'm looking for something generic here. This seems to be an omission.FreeFlow99 (talk) 13:02, 5 February 2018 (UTC)

Typography and bitmap fonts not relevant?
The fourth paragraph discusses bitmap fonts and discusses hinting in detail. I don't see the relevance to vector graphics and think this paragraph should be deleted. Any objections? KenShirriff (talk) 19:12, 26 October 2019 (UTC)

Is "vector graphics" singular or plural?
The article uses both. 2600:1008:B062:930A:F8FA:F49A:E7A5:37FF (talk) 21:58, 11 December 2022 (UTC)

 * As a general phenomenon or field of study, it's singular, but when referring to multiple images specified by means of vectors, it could be plural. AnonMoos (talk) 22:15, 11 December 2022 (UTC)

None of the text under the "four color swirl" image (in section File Formats) is true
This vector-based (SVG format) image of a round four-color swirl displays several unique features of vector graphics versus raster graphics: there is no aliasing along the rounded edge (which would result in digital artifacts in a raster graphic), the color gradients are all smooth, and the user can resize the image infinitely without losing any quality.

Taking those three points one by one:

 * There is no aliasing - this could also be true of a raster image, because you can make a raster image from a vector image. Strictly speaking there's no such thing as "a vector image" on a raster display, which includes every kind of display used to display images. So as soon as you see a vector image, it has already been rendered as a raster image.

 * The color gradients are all smooth - again, this is true of the equivalent raster image too.

 * Resize the image without losing any quality - this is a unique feature of vector graphics, but the image doesn't display this feature, because the image doesn't change size. It will display at the default thumbnail width of 220 pixels, except for those who have chosen a different default width in their preferences, who will see it at a different fixed size and thus it still doesn't serve as a demonstration of the potential for resizing a vector graphic.

The points about anti-aliasing and smooth gradients, as well as this one about quality, are only valid in the context of resizing, which is something a single static image can't demonstrate.

There are a couple of other problems with this text as well: aliasing does not "result in" digital artifacts, because aliasing and digital artifacts are the same thing, and the user can resize the image indefinitely, not infinitely, though I wouldn't recommend using either word. In practice resizing (in MS Paint or GIMP or via CSS or in any software less than about 25 years old) uses a sampling technique that prevents aliasing (but produces blurring instead). Resizing larger is the only issue, really, since resizing a raster smaller (discarding information) produces acceptable results. And what is quality really? Can't we be specific?

So what should it say instead? Maybe "If this vector-based (SVG format) image of a round four-color swirl could be resized larger, it would display several unique features of vector graphics versus raster graphics: even at increased sizes, there would be no aliasing or blurring along the rounded edge (aliasing means digital artifacts, also known as jaggies), the color gradients would all remain smooth, and all elements such as lines and curves would remain sharply defined."

Incidentally, every browser has a zoom function, so it's possible to resize the image larger - but it would be no use suggesting to the reader that they try it, because this only demonstrates that it's been rendered as a raster. Soon (blurry) aliasing artifacts become visible around the edge. So the image displays nothing of that it's useful to observe. Card Zero (talk) 06:31, 13 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Vector graphics


text:
NCC

NCC may refer to:

Biology

 * Neural correlates of consciousness, neuronal events and mechanisms relating to perception phenomena
 * Sodium-chloride symporter, abbreviated as NCC

Companies

 * National Certification Corporation, a nursing specialty certification company
 * National City Corporation, a leading US bank
 * NCC AB, a Swedish construction company
 * NCC Bank, a Bangladeshi bank
 * Nagasaki Culture Telecasting, a Japanese commercial broadcaster
 * NCC Group, a British information assurance and cyber security firm

Computers

 * National Computer Camps, United States
 * National Computer Conference, United States, 1970s and 1980s
 * National Computing Centre, in the United Kingdom

Broadcasting

 * National Communications Commission, an independent statutory agency in Taiwan
 * Nigerian Communications Commission, a telecommunication regulatory body for Nigeria

Fiction

 * Starfleet starship registry prefix in the Star Trek series

Sport

 * Nondescripts Cricket Club, Colombo, Sri Lanka
 * Nordic Challenge Cup, a sports car racing series
 * North Central Conference, a former college athletics conference in the United States
 * Norwood Cycling Club, Adelaide, South Australia

Video games

 * Nintendo Challenge Championship

United Kingdom

 * New City College in London, England
 * NCC Education, United Kingdom

United States

 * Nashua Community College in Nashua, New Hampshire
 * Nassau Community College in Nassau County, New York
 * Newport Central Catholic High School, Kentucky
 * North Central College, Naperville, Illinois
 * Norwalk Community College, Connecticut
 * Northampton Community College in Bethelehem, Pennsylvania

Elsewhere

 * Nicholson Catholic College, Belleville, Ontario, Canada
 * Northern Christian College, Laoag City, Ilocos Norte, Philippines
 * National Communications Coordinator on a university Residence Hall Association

Nature conservation

 * Nature Conservancy of Canada
 * Nature Conservancy Council, UK, 1973-1991
 * AUB Nature Conservation Center, American University of Beirut

Organizations

 * Israel National Council for the Child, Israeli children's rights advocacy organization
 * National Cadet Corps (disambiguation), Military Cadet Corps in various countries
 * National Chicken Council, in the United States
 * National Christian Council (disambiguation), in various countries
 * Nature Conservancy Council, a former public body in the United Kingdom
 * National Coordinating Center for Communications, a branch of the United States National Cybersecurity and Communications Integration Center

Politics and government

 * National Capital Commission, a Canadian federal crown corporation
 * National Citizens Coalition, a right-wing political organization in Canada
 * National Citizens' Coalition, Zambian political party
 * Newport City Council, a Welsh local government body
 * National Civic Council, an Australian political movement
 * National Coloured Congress, a South African political party
 * National Conservative Convention, a UK most senior body of the Conservative Party
 * National Constitution Center located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
 * National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change, a Syrian political bloc
 * National COVID-19 Commission Advisory Board, Australian Government board
 * Natural Capital Committee, an independent body advising England's government on valuing and managing nature
 * National Communications Centre, a South African intelligence agency
 * Nelson City Council, a New Zealand local government body

Religion

 * National Community Church, Washington DC, United States
 * National Council of Churches, USA, or the National Council of the Churches of Christ in the USA
 * New Creation Church, Singapore

Other uses

 * Nanocrystalline cellulose, a freeze-dried form of nanocellulose
 * National Certified Counselor, a class of psychotherapist
 * National Construction Code, publication of minimum requirements for buildings in Australia.
 * New Castle County, Delaware
 * New Clark City
 * Non-compete clause
 * North Crimean Canal
 * Northern Counties Committee, a former Northern Irish railway
 * Nederlandse Centrale Catalogus, the Central Catalog of the Netherlands National Library
 * North Coast Corridor, an infrastructure project in San Diego County, California
 * National Coursing Club, national registration association for British Bred greyhounds

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: NCC


text:
AgustaWestland CH-149 Cormorant

The AgustaWestland CH-149 Cormorant is the Canadian Forces designation for the AgustaWestland AW101 (formerly EH101), a helicopter used for air-sea rescue in Canada. Developed from AgustaWestland in Italy (now merged as part of Leonardo), the CH-149 is a medium-lift helicopter for military applications.

Design and development
In 1977, the British Ministry of Defence issued a requirement for an anti-submarine warfare (ASW) helicopter to replace the Royal Navy's Westland Sea Kings. Westland responded with design WG.34 that was approved for development. Meanwhile, the Marina Militare (Italian Navy) was also seeking a replacement for its Agusta-built Sea Kings, leading Agusta to discussions with Westland about the possibility of a joint development. This culminated in the joint venture being finalised in November 1979 and a new company called EH Industries was formed to manage the project the following year - EH being an abbreviation for Elicottero Helicopter, the Italian and English words for "helicopter." As the design studies progressed, EH became aware of a broader market for an aircraft with the same capabilities required by the British and Italian navies, leading to a more generalised design that could be customised. After a lengthy development, the first prototype flew on October 9, 1987.

Following the lead of the UK and Italy, the Canadian government placed a C$4.4 billion order in 1987 for 48 (later 42) EH101s to replace the Canadian Forces's Sikorsky CH-124 Sea Kings and Boeing Vertol CH-113 Labradors. These were to be assembled in Canada under the designations CH-148 Petrel (33 originally, reduced to 28) and CH-149 Chimo (15) in the anti-submarine warfare and air-sea rescue roles respectively. The replacement programme was cancelled, however, after a change of government in 1993, leading to the payment of $157.8 million in cancellation penalties.

In 1998, the Canadian government announced that the CH-113s would now be replaced by a new scaled down search-and-rescue variant of the EH101, carrying the designation CH-149 Cormorant. Unlike the Petrel/Chimo contract, these 15 aircraft were to be built entirely in Europe. The first two aircraft arrived in Canada in September 2001 and entered service the following year.

When it became obvious that the Sea Kings were in need of immediate replacement, the EH101 was again part of a Canadian competition (Maritime Helicopter Project), against a variant of the Sikorsky H-92, for a total price tag of C$5 billion. The Sikorsky entry won the competition on July 23, 2004, with the first six delivered June 2015.

Operational history

The first operational CH-149 flight occurred in 2002 when a Cormorant of 442 Squadron performed a medical evacuation from a merchant ship 200 km offshore in Hecate Strait. An even more dramatic demonstration of Cormorant capabilities occurred in January 2003 when a 103 Squadron CH-149 successfully flew a 1,200 km round-trip rescue mission to the Finnish container ship MS Camilla off Newfoundland. Two refuelling stops at the Hibernia oil platform were required. This rescue became the subject of an installment of the 2007 National Geographic Channel documentary series Trapped.

On October 25, 2006, a search and rescue crew from 442 Squadron in Comox, British Columbia, conducted a rescue from the side of a cliff in a box canyon with the CH-149 Cormorant which Canadian Forces Captain Sean Morris described as "pretty much the worst situation I've been in my entire life." Captain Morris and his colleagues received international recognition for the rescue as the first Canadian winner of the Prince Philip Helicopter Rescue Award issued by the Guild of Air Pilots and Air Navigators in the UK

In August 2010, the Canadian Forces fleet of 14 CH-149 Cormorants passed 40,000 operational hours. The fleet had a higher flying rate than any other AW101 fleet and Cormorant 901, currently stationed at Canadian Forces Base Comox with 442 Squadron, has the highest number of airframe hours on any of the AW101s anywhere in the world. The worldwide fleet of 190 AW101 helicopters had achieved in excess of 200,000 flight hours in Canada, UK, Italy, Denmark, Portugal, and Japan.

In June 2011, several former USN VH-71s, which are also based on the AW101, were purchased by Canada to be used as spare parts for the CH-149 fleet. In 2013, Canada was reportedly studying whether up to four of the VH-71s could be certified for operational use.

In 2017, the Liberal government announced funding for the mid-life upgrade of the fleet, to be led by 'Team Cormorant', a team composed of Leonardo Helicopters, IMP Aerospace and Defense, CAE, GE Canada and Collins Aerospace. Estimated at around C$1.5bn, the programmes would offer a common fleet featuring latest avionic and mission systems, advanced radars and sensors, vision enhancement and tracking systems as well as a new 3,000 hp GE CT7-8E engine. On May 10, 2017, a report by the Senate Standing Committee on National Security and Defence recommended the government move forward with a proposal to expand the Cormorant fleet by upgrading the 14 CH-149 aircraft and converting seven VH-71 airframes currently in storage to the same operational capability. This would expand the Cormorant fleet to 21 aircraft, and keep them operational until 2040. This recommendation was not adopted by the Liberal Government and instead, in August 2019, the Government announced that "at least" two additional Cormorant helicopters would be purchased while the other 14 would be modernized. Ostensibly this might have permitted some Cormorant helicopters to be based at CFB Trenton in central Canada, in addition to other bases on the East and West coasts. However, by 2021 it was reported that the entire acquisition had been put on hold, at least temporarily, as being "unaffordable".

In December 2022, the C$1.2 billion mid-life fleet upgrade was awarded to Leonardo U.K. Ltd. This contract will upgrade the existing fleet to the Model 612 standard, as well as add three new aircraft "produced with predominantly new parts and some used parts in inventory from the VH-71 and current CH-149 fleets which include transmissions, landing gears and control surfaces." A second, C$78 million contract with CAE Inc. was also announced for a domestic flight simulator to "address[...] the need for an improved training solution."

Operators

 * Royal Canadian Air Force
 * 103 Search and Rescue Squadron
 * 413 Transport and Rescue Squadron
 * 442 Transport and Rescue Squadron
 * 442 Transport and Rescue Squadron

Incidents and accidents

 * Upon its entry to service, the AW101 experienced tail rotor hub cracking issues; including one British Merlin crashing on 30 March 2004 which was caused by this issue. The CH-149 Cormorant has been grounded and been placed on limited flight status multiple times due to hub cracks; all 15 aircraft in Canadian inventory showed cracks of varying degrees shortly after entry to service in 2004. A subsequent redesign was issued in 2005; out of the six aircraft which had the new hubs installed, three showed cracking one month later. A new Articulated Tail Rotor (ATR) with elastomeric bearings has been adopted on the AW101, based on a proven design used on the AW139 medium-twin helicopter. The ATR is now standard issue on new AW101s and is offered for retrofit on existing fleets.
 * On 13 July 2006, a CH-149 of 413 Transport and Rescue Squadron crashed into the waters of Chedabucto Bay off the coast of Canso, Nova Scotia while flying in heavy fog during a search and rescue exercise with a Canadian Coast Guard Auxiliary vessel. Three Canadian Forces personnel were killed and four others were injured. Mechanical failure was formally ruled out as the cause of the crash. On 11 March 2008, the Directorate of Flight Safety for the Canadian Forces announced that pilot error was the cause, and that Canadian Forces officials were aware of a lack of training received by pilots. Preliminary reports indicate that pilots were unaware of the proper use of the autopilot, leading to a controlled flight into terrain.
 * A Cormorant crashed on March 10, 2022 during a training exercise at 9 Wing in Gander, Newfoundland. The tail boom broke off and the helicopter landed on its side. All six crewmen were brought to hospital, with four released very quickly while the other two remained under care.

title: AgustaWestland CH-149 Cormorant


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Khammam

Khammam (formally Khammam Mettu or Combamettu ) is the city in Khammam district of the Indian state of Telangana. It is the fourth largest city in the state. It is the headquarters of the Khammam district and Khammam mandal also. It is located about 193 km east of the state capital, Hyderabad, 61 km from Suryapet, 120 km from Warangal and also it is located about 121 km North of the Andhra Pradesh state capital, Amaravathi. The river Munneru flows on the western side of the city. census of India, Khammam urban agglomeration has a population of 313,504. However, on 19 October 2012, the civic body of Khammam was upgraded to a municipal corporation. Post- upgradation to corporation, the population of Khammam was approximated to be 3,07,000.

Etymology
Historical records show that the city has various names such as Stambhadri, Kambamettu, Khammammettu, Kama Mett, Gambambumettu, Kambamu Mettu, Khammam. It is named after the oldest pillar at Stambhadri Narasimhaswamy temple and "Kamma Mettu.". The name was also anglicized as "Comma Met" and "Khammammet".

History
The name Khammam, which means a pillar is named after lord Narasimha Swamy, the presiding deity of Narasimhaswamy Gutta, an important pilgrimage site for the locals. Because of the presence of Lord Narasimhaswami temple in Khammam, the city was named Sthambadri earlier. The city is located on the banks of a river called Munneru which is a tributary of the Krishna River. Khammam district has a lot of historical importance in Telangana.

From the year 1901 to 1981 Khammam town has grown from a small town of nine thousand population to a city of one hundred thousand inhabitants. In 1942 the town was constituted as Municipality. From the year 1952 to 1987 elections were held five times to elect its body.

Khammam City, which was the seat of the Taluk Administration, was part of the larger Warangal District, until 1 October 1953. Five taluks of the Warangal district viz., Khammam, Madhira, Yellandu, Burgampadu, and Paloncha (now Kothagudem) were carved out and a new district Khammam with Khammam as District Headquarters. In 1959 Bhadrachalam Revenue Division consisted of Bhadrachalam and Nuguru Venkatapuram Taluks of East Godawari district, which were on the other side of the river Godavari were merged into Khammam on grounds of geographical contiguity and administrative viability.

In 1973, a new taluk with Sathupalli as its headquarters was carved out from Madhira and Kothagudem taluks. In the year 1976 four new taluks were formed viz., Tirumalayapalem, Sudimalla, Aswaraopeta and Khammam district was initially a part of larger Warangal District.

History of Khammam shows that it has produced a number of leaders who were part of the Freedom struggle, such as first generation Communist leaders Peravelli Venkata Ramanaiah, Pendyala Satyanarayana Rao, Sarvadevabhatla Ramanatham, K.L. Narsimha Rao, Manchikanti Ramkishan Rao and Chirravuri Laxminarasaiah First Municipal Chairman of Khammam; Congress leaders Madapati Hanumantha Rao, Chepuri Nenkanna, Madapati Ramchander Rao, Sardar Jamalpuram Keshava Rao, Bommakanti Satyanarayana Rao, Hayagreeva Chary, and Nizam Rashtra Vimochanam Jalagam Vengala Rao, former Chief Minister of AP, Prof. K. Venkata Ramiah, Founder and Vice-Chancellor of KU.

Freedom movement
Some of the notable events in Khammam town during the freedom struggle:

 * 1915: First Iron and steel store established by the then freedom fighter Sri.Thavidisetty Sambaiah to cater the needs of Telangana
 * 1931 – First Independence movement in Khammam proper
 * 1935 – First Library established in Khammam town
 * 1945 – 12th State Andhra Mahasabha meeting at Khammam organized by Pendyala Satya Narayana Rao as general secretary, Aahvana sangham. Elected Baddam Ellareddy as president and Pendyala Satya Narayana Rao as vice-president to 13th State Andhra Mahasabha in that meeting. The meeting was held on 26–28 March. Puchalapalli Sundarayya participated in the meeting as a guest. Nearly 40,000 people attended the meeting.
 * 1946 – Mahathma Gandhi's visit to Khammam mett (Khammam town) on 5 August 1946
 * 1947 August, 7 – Satyagraham at Madhira and Khammam by Jamalapuram Kesava Rao, Kurapati Venkata Raju, Jagadeeswaraiah Neelakandan, Bachalakura Laxmaiah, Vattikonda Ramakotaiah, Heeralal Moriya, Teegala Hanumantha Rao, Kolipaka Kishan Rao, Gella Keshava Rao, Yadavalli Venkateswara Sharma, Pullabhotla Venkateswarlu (Hyderabad congress present), Vutukuru Kamala (Freedom Fighter – Telangana Vimochana)

Topography
Khammam is located at 17.25°N, 80.15°W. It has an average elevation of 108 metres (390 feet).

Climate
Climate for Khammam Average Weather in Khammam for January Sunlight 	9 hours a day Coldest January temperature	12 °C Coldest daily temperature	16 °C Warmest daily temperature	28 °C Warmest January temperature	38 °C Discomfort* 	Moderate Morning Humidity 	76% Evening Humidity 	45% Rain in January 4 mm

Average Weather in Khammam for February Sunlight 	10 hours a day Coldest February temperature	15 °C Coldest daily temperature	19 °C Warmest daily temperature	29 °C Warmest February temperature	40 °C Discomfort* 	Moderate Morning Humidity 	67% Evening Humidity 	39% Rain in February 9 mm Wet days for February	1 days

Khammam experiences typical Indian climatic conditions. The summer season is hot and the temperatures can climb rapidly during the day. The monsoon season brings a certain amount of rainfall and the temperatures gradually reduce during this period. After the onset of the monsoon, day temperatures are much lower and as the winter approaches, they reduce further.

The summer season is from March and lasts till the end of May. During this time of day temperatures are high and can reach 40 °C to 48 °C. Humidity is low as it is not located near the ocean. Conditions are generally dry during this period and the temperatures range from a minimum of 35 °C and can rise up to a maximum of 40 °C to 45 °C. Monsoon season brings much needed relief from the heat. Monsoon seasons are from the months of June to September. Temperatures average around 30 °C during this period. The place gets rain from the South West Monsoon. Some amount of rainfall can be experienced in October as well. The Winter season is from December to February. January is usually the coldest part of the year. Temperatures range from 28 °C to 34 °C during this time.
 * Winter: December To February
 * Summer: March to June
 * South West Monsoons –  July to September
 * North East Monsoons –  October to November

Rainstorms and cyclones are common in the region during the rainy season, which starts with the monsoons in early June. The cyclones could occur any time of the year, but commonly between August and November.

During the 2015 India heat wave, Khammam experienced a maximum temperature of 48 C.

Floods
Khammam has been receiving higher annual rainfall than the rest of the state. The annual rainfall is 175 cm during the monsoon season. Khammam was also affected by the floods of Munneru, the tributary of the Krishna River. In 2007, the floods struck by the River drowned the Bokkalagadda with heavy three-day rain. Again in 2009, floods struck and inundated the area. There has also been a proposal for the construction of a barricade. Food Corporation of India storage centers in Khammam regularly release food for the flood victims.

Demographics
census, population of Khammam (urban and rural areas combined) in 2011 is 313,504; of which male and female are 155,461 and 158,043 respectively—a sex ratio of 1017 females per 1000 males. Urban population of Khammam is 250,182 whereas, rural population of Khammam is 63,322. 32,172 children are in the age group of 0–6 years, of which 16,725 are boys and 15,447 are girls —a ratio of 924 per 1000. The average literacy rate stands at 79.40% (For ages 7 and above) with 223,380 literates, significantly higher than the state average of 67.41%.

Governance
The Khammam Municipal Corporation is the city's civic body.

Khammam is one of Telangana's historical cities, with nearly 1,000 years of traceable history. It is the headquarters of the Khammam District. The town was constituted into a Municipality on 24 March 1942 and upgraded to a special grade municipality in the year 2001. Administratively, Khammam is divided into 11 revenue wards and 41 election wards. On 19 October 2012 Khammam municipality was announced as a Municipal Corporation, with a further 9 gram panchayats added around it which developed in business with the town. Presently Khammam has 20 revenue wards and 60 election divisions. The Municipal Corporation has an area of 93.45 km2.

Culture
Bhakta Ramadasu Kala Kshetram, has been a prestigious National theatre, constructed by the State Government in the name of Sri. Bhakta Ramadasu ( Kancherla Gopanna ) was a devotee of Sri Rama and composer of Carnatic music.

Landmarks
Khammam Fort, constructed in 950 AD by the Kakatiya Dynasty, is situated on a hill overlooking the city. Lakaram lake is another tourist attraction. Apart from these there are many places surrounding the city, such as Bhadrachalam, Parnasala, Nelakondapalli, Kusumanchi.

Economy
In 2023 Godrej Agrovet, broke ground on an Integrated Palm Oil complex in Khammam. The investment in the facility is estimated to be close to Rs 300 crores.

Information technology

Minister for IT and Industries KT Rama Rao inaugurated IT Hub in Khammam city. Spread across 42,000 sq feet, the five-floor IT tower is constructed at a cost of Rs 27 crore. As many as 19 companies signed up to begin operations at the IT hub which provides employment opportunities to unemployed youth. The minister also said that the government will sanction Rs 20 crore soon for the phase II of IT Hub.

Transport

The city is connected to major cities and towns by means of road and railways. National and state highways that pass through the city are: Khammam serves as a crucial link in connecting various cities in the region. It provides an alternative route from Hyderabad to the Godavari districts, bypassing the busy Vijayawada-Eluru route. Khammam also plays a significant role in connecting other important cities like Warangal and Rajahmundry.
 * National Highway 365BB(Connects Khammam with Suryapet,Hyderabad and Rajahmundry),
 * National Highway 365A
 * National Highway 563
 * State Highway 3, and 42.

The proposed Khammam-Devarapalli Greenfield Highway, which is currently under construction, is expected to significantly reduce the travel time between Hyderabad to Rajahmundry and Hyderabad to Vishakhapatnam upon its completion.

Road
Khammam Telangana State Road Transport Corporation bus station is the second biggest and highly sophisticated bus station in the Telangana state with modern facilities. It has 40 platforms and serving Large fleet of buses are available to various destinations in Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Chhattisgarh and Odisha to the cities like Hyderabad, Warangal, Karimnagar, Nizamabad, Bangalore, Vizag, Vijayawada, Tirupathi, Nellore, Guntur, Eluru, Rajamundry, Kakinada, Srikakulam, Jagadalpur & Bailadilla (Chhattisgarh), Koraput and Jaipur (Odisha). City buses in the name of Khammam City Service run in various routes across the city and sub urban areas and soon TSRTC will establish new city bus depot to operate city services within the city and to surrounding villages. A fleet of 50 electrical buses will get by TSRTC Khammam region under FAME policy.

Railway
Khammam railway station provides rail connectivity to the city, located on the Kazipet–Vijayawada section of the New Delhi-Chennai main line. It is administered under Secunderabad railway division of the South Central Railway zone. The station is served by Indian Railways and is well connected by rail to all parts of India. 98 trains arrive at or depart from the station every day, transporting over one lakh sixty thousand (160,000) passengers daily to their destinations across the country. Khammam railway station was declared second cleanest in the 'NSG3' category stations.

Education
There are various pharmacy colleges such as Khammam College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Browns College of Pharmacy and MBA, MCA, and engineering colleges around Khammam, such as the Swarna Bharathi Institute of Science and Technology Engineering College, The Vazir Sultan College of Engineering. Mamata Medical College is also a teaching hospital located in the city. SR & BGNR Degree and KMDC Degree & PG College also conducts archaeological research on megalithic sites. For competitive exams like groups, police, and teacher jobs Right Choice IAS academy is the famous coaching center in the entire Khammam district. A Government Medical College received final approval to begin instruction in Khammam for the 2023-2024 school year. The government medical college was inaugurated in September, 2023.

Media
The major Telugu newspapers in city are Sakshi, Eenadu, Andhra Bhoomi, Andhra Prabha, Vaartha, Suryaa, Prajasakti, Nava telangana and Vishalandra. The major English newspapers in the city are The Hindu, Telangana Today, The Times of India, Deccan Chronicle, The Hindu Business Line, The New Indian Express and The Hans India. Electronic Media include HMTV, ETV, and Sakshi.

Sports

 * Sardar Patel Stadium – A stadium with all amenities including sports complex, indoor stadium, swimming pool, cricket net, skating rink, volleyball, basketball and tennis courts. There is a running track around the football pitch.

Festivals
Women in the city celebrate Bathukamma, a floral festival in which they worship the goddess with different flowers for nine days. The women carry their Bathukamma to the nearest temple of their locality, then they clap, sing and dance rhythmically around the Bathukamma. Along with Bathukamma, Bonalu was also declared a state festival on 15 June 2014.

Cuisine
The cuisine of the city is mainly South Indian. The famous breakfast items are idli, dosa, vada, Rava Bonda, Mysore Bonda, Parotha and Puri. Rice with variety of curries including curd is taken as main food and the most notable one is the Biryani. Special food items Harees and Haleem are traditional food items available in the season of Ramadan.

Notable people

 * N. V. Raghuram (born 1948), Indian yoga guru
 * Priyadarshi Pullikonda (born 1989), Telugu Actor
 * VJ Sunny (born 1989), Telugu Actor, winner of Bigg Boss (Telugu season 5)

title: Khammam


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User talk:Skenfrith

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title: User talk:Skenfrith


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Dyad symmetry

In genetics, dyad symmetry refers to two areas of a DNA strand whose base pair sequences are inverted repeats of each other. They are often described as palindromes.

For example, the following shows dyad symmetry between sequences GAATAC and GTATTC which are reverse complements of each other.

Involvement in transcription
Since the two reverse complementary sequences will fold and base-pair with each other, the sequence of bases between them form a hairpin loop. This structure is thought to destabilize the binding of RNA polymerase enzyme to DNA (hence terminating transcription). Dyad symmetry is known to have a role in the rho independent method of transcription termination in E. coli. Regions of dyad symmetry in the DNA sequence stall the RNA polymerase enzyme as it transcribes them.

Involvement in prophage integration
Temperate bacteriophages integrate into the host genome at specific interrupted dyad symmetry sequences using the phage encoded enzyme integrase (see prophage integration).

title: Dyad symmetry


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Left-handed specialist

In baseball, a left-handed specialist (also known as lefty specialist) is a relief pitcher who throws left-handed and specializes in pitching to left-handed batters, weak right-handed batters, and switch-hitters who bat poorly right-handed. Because baseball practices permanent substitution, these pitchers frequently pitch to a very small number of batters in any given game (historically, often only one), and rarely pitch to strictly right-handed batters. Most Major League Baseball (MLB) teams have several left-handed pitchers on their rosters, at least one of whom is a left-handed specialist. A left-handed specialist is sometimes called a LOOGY (or Lefty One-Out GuY), coined by John Sickels, and may be used pejoratively.

Pitching style
The pitcher generally has an advantage when his handedness is the same as the batter's, and the batter has an advantage when they are opposite. This is because a right-handed pitcher's breaking balls move to the left from the pitcher's perspective, which causes it to cross the plate with its lateral movement away from a right-handed batter but towards a left-handed batter (and vice versa for a left-handed pitcher), and because batters generally find it easier to hit a ball that is over the plate. Furthermore, since most pitchers are right-handed, left-handed batters generally have less experience with left-handed pitchers. A left-handed pitcher may also be brought in to face a switch-hitter who generally bats left-handed, forcing the batter to shift to his less-effective right-handed stance or to take the disadvantages of batting left-handed against a left-handed pitcher. Research from 2011 to 2013 has shown that a pinch hitter (usually right-handed) is often used when a left-handed reliever is inserted in the game, thereby reducing or negating the pitcher's platoon split advantage. Only a handful of left-handed relievers face a higher percentage of left-handed batters than right-handed batters over the course of a season.

History
In the MLB season, there were 28 left-handed relievers who were not their team's closer and pitched 45 or more games. Only four averaged fewer than an inning per appearance. From 2001 to 2004, over 75 percent of left handed relievers meeting those criteria averaged less than one inning. Left-handed reliever John Candelaria was one of the early specialists in 1991, pitching 59 games and averaged .571 innings. In 1992, he allowed no earned runs—excluding inherited runners—in 43 of the 50 games. Jesse Orosco became a left-handed specialist later in his 24-season career and retired at the age of 46. From 1991 to 2003, he never averaged more than an inning pitched per appearance.

During the MLB season, there were seven relief pitchers who averaged less than two outs recorded per appearance, all of whom were left-handed. Joe Thatcher, a left-handed specialist, appeared in 72 games with $39 2/3$ innings pitched, and had the fewest outs recorded per appearance, with 1.6.

Mike Myers is considered one of the most successful LOOGY pitcher of all time, having made 883 appearances for nine different teams over the span of a 13 year career, 1995–2007. During that time, he threw $541 2/3$ innings. Recognizing the limited skill and playing time of pitchers in the role, Myers has said "We were like the field goal kicker, but only when the kicker was called in when the game was on the line. It was their best against you, every time, and you couldn't mess up."

German-born Will Ohman discovered his talent by accident while playing catch as a walk-on player for Pepperdine University when he tried a different slider grip and noticed an extreme break on the ball. He went on to pitch in 483 major league games over 10 seasons between 2000 and 2012. Explaining the precarious nature of the position, Ohman said, "I was the last guy on the roster in every clubhouse I was in. You do your job and other people get the glory."

Three-batter minimum
Since the start of the MLB season, all pitchers, whether starters or relievers, have been required to face at least three batters, or pitch to the end of the half-inning in which they enter the game. Exceptions are allowed only for incapacitating injury or illness while pitching. Journalist Anthony Castrovince of MLB.com opined that the new rule would "effectively end the so-called "LOOGY" (left-handed one-out guy) and other specialist roles in which pitchers are brought in for one very specific matchup."

Right-handed specialist
The right-handed specialist (sometimes called a ROOGY, for Righty One-Out GuY) is the less common vice versa contrast to the left-handed specialist, due to there being a higher percentage of right-handed batters and pitchers in Major League Baseball, but they are occasionally featured.

title: Left-handed specialist


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SOCOM (disambiguation)

SOCOM is an abbreviation which refers to United States Special Operations Command.

SOCOM may also refer to:

Weapons

 * .458 SOCOM, a moderately large round designed for a specialized upper receiver that can be mounted on any AR-15 lower receiver
 * Firearms for USSOCOM's Offensive Sidearm Weapon System (OSWS) trials:
 * Colt OHWS
 * Heckler & Koch Mark 23 Mod 0
 * SOCOM 16 and SOCOM II, variants of the Springfield Armory M1A rifle

Video games

 * SOCOM U.S. Navy SEALs, a series of third-person shooter video games

title: SOCOM (disambiguation)


text: Talk:Lockheed S-3 Viking

title: Talk:Lockheed S-3 Viking


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Port Perry

Port Perry is a community located in Scugog, Ontario, Canada. The town is located 84 km northeast of central Toronto, north of Oshawa, and east of Whitby. Port Perry has a population of 9,553 as of 2021. Port Perry serves as the administrative and commercial centre for the township of Scugog. The town is home to a 24-bed hospital (Lakeridge Health Port Perry), Scugog Township's municipal offices and many retail establishments. Port Perry serves as a hub for many small communities in the Scugog area, such as Greenbank, Raglan, Caesarea, Blackstock and Nestleton/Nestleton Station. The Great Blue Heron Charitable Casino is a major employer. Located at the basin of the Trent-Severn Waterways is Lake Scugog, one of Ontario's largest man-made lakes.

History
The area around Port Perry was first surveyed as part of Reach Township by Major Samuel Street Wilmot in 1809. The first settler in the area was Reuben Crandell, a United Empire Loyalist who built a homestead with his wife in May 1821. Their original home is still in use and can be seen on King Street between Prince Albert and Manchester. In November 1821, Lucy Ann Crandell became the first child of European descent born in the area. In 1831, Crandell and his family moved to a homestead at what became Crandell's Corners (later called Borelia). It had its own Post Office, near the present-day junction of Queen Street and Highway 7A.

Settler Peter Perry laid out village lots on the shore of Lake Scugog in 1848 on the site of a former native village known as Scugog Village. The townsite was named Port Perry in 1852 and its first Postmaster was Joseph Bigelow. It was incorporated as a village in 1871. At the time there was an intense rivalry between Port Perry and two nearby towns, Prince Albert and Manchester. Expecting great things for "his" town, Peter Perry predicted that goats would eat grass off of Prince Albert's main street.

At the time, Prince Albert sat astride a planked toll road running south to Whitby. Grain and lumber from areas throughout the area south-east of Lake Simcoe fed through Prince Albert, which was a major grain trading area. Perry and others in Port Perry felt a railway was a much better option, and Perry's prediction would eventually come true.

A group of local businessmen started the process of bringing the railway to the town in 1867, and the first train on the Port Whitby and Port Perry Railway reached the terminus in Port Perry in 1872. In the following year the grain elevator was built, still standing today as Canada's oldest existing grain elevator. Cargo from all over northern Ontario was shipped via the Trent-Severn Waterway to Port Perry via Lake Scugog, and then via the railway to Whitby, where it could be loaded onto the CP or CN mainlines running along the shore of Lake Ontario, or onto ships in Port Whitby. Businesses quickly moved out of Prince Albert and moved to Port Perry, leaving Prince Albert effectively a suburb of Port Perry today. The Port Perry Granary still stands as a tall sentinel on the shores of Lake Scugog and proud of being Canada's oldest grain elevator outlasting numerous fires and modern day demolition.

The village was amalgamated with Cartwright, Reach and Scugog Townships to form the Township of Scugog in 1974 upon the creation of the Regional Municipality of Durham.

An Ontario Historical Plaque was erected at the Scugog Shores Museum by the province to commemorate cartoonist Jimmy Frise's role in Ontario's heritage.

Culture and recreation
Port Perry's Victorian-era downtown is a tourist destination, with clothing stores, restaurants, cafés, bookstores, galleries and antique shops. In the summer, the town features the festivals Mississauga First Nation Pow Wow, the Highland Games, the Dragon Boat Races and StreetFest. Port Perry is also home to the Theatre on The Ridge summer theatre festival featuring 6 shows performed at Townhall 1873 during July and August. Its annual fair, held every Labour Day weekend, has been running for over 150 years. There are also golf courses, both public and private. Other attractions in Port Perry and surrounding area include the Great Blue Heron Charity Casino, Scugog Memorial Library (featuring the Kent Farndale Art Gallery), the Scugog Shores Historical Museum and the Town Hall 1873 Centre for the Performing Arts.

At many local farms, visitors may pick their own seasonal fruit (strawberries, raspberries, apples). In the summer, bass tournaments and lakeside activities are also featured.

The Lake Scugog shoreline offers two popular lakeside parks, Palmer and Birdseye. There are active fishing seasons, both winter and summer. In the winter months, Lake Scugog is dotted with ice-fishing huts and is a destination for ice fishermen and snowmobilers.

Notable residents

 * Kate Beirness, TSN sports broadcaster and Port Perry native
 * George Burnett, hockey coach in National Hockey League, American Hockey League, Ontario Hockey League and Hockey Canada
 * George A. Cope, CEO, Bell Canada Enterprises
 * Gertrude Spurr Cutts, English-born painter spent latter part of her life in Port Perry
 * Ty Dellandrea, forward for the Dallas Stars of the National Hockey League
 * Brad Goreski, celebrity fashion stylist and TV personality born in Port Perry
 * Vladimir Hachinski, renowned clinical neurologist and researcher in stroke and dementia; born in Ukraine and raised in Port Perry
 * Bill Lishman, sculptor, filmmaker, inventor, naturalist and public speaker; lived in nearby Blackstock
 * James Howden MacBrien, Commander of the Canadian Army and RCMP; born in nearby Myrtle and raised in Port Perry
 * Jayde Nicole, Canadian Model, born in Scarborough and raised in Port Perry
 * Daniel David Palmer, the founder of Palmer School of Chiropractic; born in Port Perry
 * J. F. Paxton (1857–1936), Canadian ice hockey administrator
 * Thomas Paxton (1820–1887), Port Perry industrial businessman, politician and sheriff
 * Dan Petronijevic, television actor
 * John Ross Roach, NHL goalie of the 1930s and born in Port Perry
 * Craig Russell, female impersonator, best known for his lead role in the movie, Outrageous!; buried in Port Perry
 * Emily VanCamp, film and television actress; born and raised in Port Perry
 * Fred Whitcroft, amateur and NHA hockey player, inductee of Hockey Hall of Fame; born in Port Perry

In film
Port Perry has attracted many film crews over the years, both for feature film and television; it doubled as the fictional Maine town of Mooseport in the 2004 film Welcome to Mooseport and was used briefly as a small town in New Hampshire during the sixth season of The West Wing.

The town was the primary production location for the 1996 film, Fly Away Home, based on Port Perry inventor Bill Lishman's experiments in the 1980s and 1990s imprinting geese in order to alter and preserve migration routes. The film fictionalized Lishman's personal life, but used him as a consultant for its aerial and technical production.

Port Perry is also used as exteriors for the TV series Hemlock Grove which is set in Western Pennsylvania.

American TV Series "Jack Reacher" (Season 1) was shot around Downtown Port Perry in 2020–2021. The town's "Piano Inn & Cafe" was changed into a "JJ's Ale House" for the shoot.

Port Perry was used as a small town known as Lakeside for season three of the Amazon show American Gods (TV series). They painted the shop portion of the Mill black, and the "PORT PERRY" wording at the top of the Old Mill was changed to "LAKESIDE" for the duration of filming.

Outdoor scenes of the movie Thanksgiving were filmed in downtown Port Perry.

title: Port Perry


text:
User talk:Genyo

Hi there. Welcome to Wikipedia! Drop us a note at New user log to introduce yourself.

If you need editing help, visit How does one edit a page. For format questions, visit our manual of style. You can use the Show preview button before you save, to make sure your edits do what you intended.

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If you have any other questions about the project then check out Help or add a question to the Village pump. You can also drop me a question on my talk page.

Happy editing, Isomorphic 05:47, 5 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Rules of the game
Genyo, please visit Community Portal for guedelines about editing. In particular about the standard article layout. I noticed you often add unnecessary links at the end. (The subsection, for *extra* links, should be "Related articles") Mikkalai 17:10, 7 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Lemko
I noticed you removed a paragraph from Lemko as inaccurate. I have no opinion on the change, but it is considered good form to explain removals on an article's talk page. I suggest you put an explanation of your removal on Talk:Lemko.—Eloquence 04:05, Mar 24, 2004 (UTC)

Thanks - its nice to have some praise in the battle against what you accurately called "the red and white elephant". PMA 14:50, Mar 24, 2004 (UTC)

Russian language relations
You have been pushing the story that the closest relative of Russian is Bulgarian.

Putting politics aside (good grief, man, it's a linguistic article), please cite your sources by name. The theory is extremely unorthodox on linguistic grounds: the fall of the yers with the distinction between ь and ъ strongly maintained, the full-voicing of Comman Slavonic -tort-, -tert- mostly into -torot-, -teret-, and almost universally so in the spoken dialects (much more strongly than the "literary" style), the lack of nasals as far back as the 10th century in both Kievan/Kyivan (OR/OUk КіЕвъ, Е=yat) and Novgorod documents vs. their maintenance for quite a while longer in Bulgarian, the distinct lack of postpositional definite article, the kept softening of final -ть in the 3rd person of the present tense of the verb in the southern dialects...  Need I go on? All these have been accepted reasons why Russian is East Slavic, not South Slavic. The fact that the literary language has been influenced by OCS/CS is well known and freely acknowledged in the article.

I am not averse to putting in that "some" scholars maintain that R's closest relative is Bulgarian. However, the theory is so much in contradiction to the accepted norms for however many decades or centuries that it really should be dealt with, for now, as a special case, and I'd like to know who your sources are.

Also, your other edits about patriotism, etc., verge on POV. The sentence as it stands is the most neutral one I could come up with. You realize, I suppose, that the treatment of ethnic Russians in Latvia has provoked appeals to the European Court of Human Rights? Yet that whole point was omitted exactly because to say that the ex-Soviet republics/newly freed nations have discouraged Russian merely states a fact. You changed it to "encouraged their native languages" or domething of the sort. I think the two are equivalent, but since the article is about Russian, NOT Latvian, or Ukrainian, or whatever, the focus should have remained on Russian in this article. But have it your way, it doesn't matter so very much.

One last point: the inluence of Ukrainian. Whatever you may think, the Russians themselves consider Kievan Rus a part of their history. The Muscovite tsars were until 1598 descendants of Oleg/Olyh, Igor/Ihor... Рюриковичи. So whatever the date for the final divergence into distinct national languages (and notice I've only stated the consensus that it had already been achieved by the emergence of Muscovy as a political centre at the latest), ALL of the old monuments belong equally to both. You do realize that the earliest extant manuscripts of the Primary Chronicle and the Slovo o Polku were written down in non-Ukrainian territory? As for later influences (I suppose you mean Gogol, etc.), they are made very debatable by the fact it is not quite known to what extent writers whose vernacular language was a dialect of Ukrainian but who wrote in Russian actually thought of themselves not only as Ukrainians ("Malorossy", etc., I know the term is considered offensive today, so I don't use it), but also not Russians, i.e. members of a larger "Russian" family than that allowed by Ukrainian patriots today. Let's leave that topic out, it is contentious and barren.

Until then, I'm doing a revert. Please, cite your sources for Bulgarian. Look, I don't want an edit war with you. A. Shetsen 06:11, 22 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Mr. Shetsen.

 * Please calm down! You're overheating my computer! It can't take that much emotion! What kind of monastery are you in?

 * First of all, if you didn't wan't a revision war, as you claimed, why did you assert that you reverted before discussing the issue with me? Genyo 23:20, 22 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:A._Shetsen"

 * No emotion. Just a discussion of content, that's all. BTW, I'm still curious what your sources are. A. Shetsen 23:37, 22 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * as for Russian being closer to Ukrainian or Bulgarian, start with the alphabet; which two are closer? Genyo 23:41, 22 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:A._Shetsen"

 * Let's forget for a moment that the alphabet is just a set of symbols used to represent the language, and can be changed at whim. By your logic then, Serbian is closer to Ukrainian than to Croatian, since the first two use variants of Cyrillic, while the third is written in a different script altogether.  Is that what you are saying? A. Shetsen 00:02, 23 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * you sincerely want to know what I am saying, please read what I am saying: Once again:

 * as for Russian being closer to Ukrainian or Bulgarian, start with the alphabet; which two are closer?

 * Genyo 00:15, 23 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:A._Shetsen"
 * Obviously, the Russian alphabet is closer to the Bulgarian than to the Ukrainian. If that's your only reason, I reject it as per the above. If there's more, may I please ask you to state your entire argument in one message (length doesn't matter).  A. Shetsen 00:20, 23 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Genyo, you misunderstand. Alphabets are irrelevant for comparing languages. Look at Turkish. They started with Arabic and moved to a Latin script without any change to the language however it's not a semitic language like Arabic or an Indo-European one like Latin (or the Slavic languages). Russian, Ukrainian and Belarussian are all Eastern Slavic and more closely related to each other than to Bulgarian which, although Slavic, is from the Southern branch of the group. I can understand what you are saying but it is just not correct. Gest 09:50, 30 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Let's reformat Ukrainian regions
Hi Genyo. I found out we have some routine work to do. Have you seen the structure of "Ukraine" category, "Regions of Ukraine" and "Towns of Ukraine" articles? I think they are too confusing and complicated. May be we should reformat all region articles to oblast' pattern (like Odes'ka oblast')? BTW, do you know some way of automating such recursive task? Does everybody know? AlexPU

 * I'm glad you're in! Here is a plan of attack. I'm going to rewrite Regions of Ukraine to make some explanations for further changes. When finished, I'll let you know and will be expecting your proofreading and possible additions to that article. Having done that, I think we should change the pages for each oblast', first of all, the names of those. As you could see, some oblast's named in Russian version and most of them - in noun form (Poltava is a capital for Poltava). Which is definitely incorrect for either Ukrainian or many other languages. I suggest to split this job equally: I'll do Cherkasy to Luhans'k, you'll take the rest. Any other proper editing for oblast' pages are wellcomed. Deal?
 * What seems to be a problem, is a system of redirect pages and categories. I don't know yet how to make and change this stuff. May be you do?
 * Your idea regarding historical regions and extinct subdivisions is great. As being more historian than I am, you could do a special page on these with the link from the main page. The most important, of course, would be our historical lands such as Halychyna. But gubernias and Polish voivodstvas on Ukrainian territory are also important. But again, it needs a redirection changes too.
 * BTW, drop to see my latest edition on the history of Kiev. The last section (since the end of WWII) is coming soon (I hope soon). Best wishes, AlexPU 13:13, 2 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Hi Genyo, I've just added Subdivision of Ukraine. Would you look across it, may be change something? And I think you may start your historical page while we're busy on oblast's AlexPU

 * Hi Genyo. Your editing to Subdivision of Ukraine is great (except of the one minor thing which I'll discuss later). Sorry for delaying answer. I was busy with our f**** elections. Hope to continue cooperation with you. AlexPU

Hi Genyo, and Alex. I've been doing some categorizing in Ukrainian articles, and was thinking of attacking the oblasti myself. Glad to see some good heads on it, and I'd like to help out. Any open tasks for me? I'd be glad to work on categories, navboxes, and the maps. —Michael Z.

We've made some progress. Report at Talk:Subdivisions of Ukraine. —Michael Z. 22:21, 2004 Sep 23 (UTC)

List of cities in Ukraine
Hi Genyo.

Have a look at List of cities in Ukraine. Someone has done a good job updating all the Ukrainian names. I've found a couple of mistakes, and checked all of the English names, and put the results on the talk page. Please have a look, and correct/add/delete as necessary. When we're done, I'll merge the results into that page.

—Michael Z. 17:42, 2004 Oct 3 (UTC)

WikiProject Ukrainian subdivisions
Pryvit, Genyo. I've gone ahead and created WikiProject Ukrainian subdivisions. Now we can discuss this work in one place, instead of in our many user talk pages. I've taken the liberty of adding your name to the project page, and I'm going to move some of our discussion there. Please let me know what you think. На здоров’я! Michael Z. 04:12, 2004 Oct 4 (UTC)

UGCC
Hi Genyo,

I haven't heard back from you regarding the UGCC discussion. Ornil 20:03, 27 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Join RWNB!
Hello, Genyo! Though you might be interested in the Russian wikipedians' notice board. Come check it out! KNewman 04:28, Dec 10, 2004 (UTC)

Article Licensing
Hi, I've started a drive to get users to multi-license all of their contributions that they've made to either (1) all U.S. state, county, and city articles or (2) all articles, using the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike (CC-by-sa) v1.0 and v2.0 Licenses or into the public domain if they prefer. The CC-by-sa license is a true free documentation license that is similar to Wikipedia's license, the GFDL, but it allows other projects, such as WikiTravel, to use our articles. Since you are among the top 2000 Wikipedians by edits, I was wondering if you would be willing to multi-license all of your contributions or at minimum those on the geographic articles. Over 90% of people asked have agreed. For More Information:
 * Multi-Licensing FAQ - Lots of questions answered
 * Multi-Licensing Guide
 * Free the Rambot Articles Project

To allow us to track those users who muli-license their contributions, many users copy and paste the " " template into their user page, but there are other options at Template messages/User namespace. The following examples could also copied and pasted into your user page:

 * Option 1
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions, with the exception of my user pages, as described below:

OR
 * Option 2
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions to any U.S. state, county, or city article as described below:

Or if you wanted to place your work into the public domain, you could replace " " with "  ". If you only prefer using the GFDL, I would like to know that too. Please let me know what you think at my talk page. It's important to know either way so no one keeps asking. -- Ram-Man (comment| talk)

Old Ruthenian or Old Russian
Hi Genyo. I think you'll be interested in the debate about the English title for давноруська мова. Please have a look and contribute at Talk:Old_Ruthenian_language and Requested_moves. Thanks, Michael Z.

ArbCom elections are now open!
Hi, You appear to be eligible to vote in the current Arbitration Committee election. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to enact binding solutions for disputes between editors, primarily related to serious behavioural issues that the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the ability to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate, you are welcome to review the candidates' statements and submit your choices on the voting page. For the Election committee, MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 22:13, 30 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Genyo


text:
Zarma

Zarma оr Zerma may refer to:

 * Zarma people, an ethnic group of West Africa
 * Zarma language, a Songhai language
 * Marina Zarma, Cypriot swimmer

title: Zarma


text:
User talk:Eric22

Hello, welcome to Wikipedia. Here are some useful links in case you haven't already found them:

 * How to edit a page
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! If you feel like it, you may leave a note at the new user log too.

Tip: you can sign your name with ~

Dori | Talk 05:58, Mar 5, 2004 (UTC)

Good work on anticholinergic and other articles! ElBenevolente 20:59, 8 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Proposed Image Deletion
A deletion discussion has just been created at Category talk:Unclassified Chemical Structures, which may involve one or more orphaned chemical structures, that has you user name in the upload history. Please feel free to add your comments.  Ron h jones (Talk) 22:52, 10 June 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:Eric22


text:
User talk:Ooguy

Hello, welcome to Wikipedia. Here are some useful links in case you haven't already found them:

 * How to edit a page
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! If you feel like it, you may leave a note at the new user log too.

Tip: you can sign your name with ~

Dori | Talk 05:59, Mar 5, 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ooguy


text:
Glycine (plant)

Glycine (soybean or soya bean) is a genus in the bean family Fabaceae. The best known species is the cultivated soybean (Glycine max). While the majority of the species are found only in Australia, the soybean's native range is in East Asia. A few species extend from Australia to East Asia (e.g., G. tomentella and G. tabacina). Glycine species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species: the engrailed, nutmeg and turnip moths have all been recorded on soybean.

Species
28 species are accepted:

Subgenus Glycine

 * Glycine albicans Tindale & Craven
 * Glycine aphyonotos B.E.Pfeil
 * Glycine arenaria Tindale
 * Glycine argyrea Tindale
 * Glycine canescens F.J.Herm.
 * Glycine clandestina J.C.Wendl.
 * Glycine curvata Tindale
 * Glycine cyrtoloba Tindale
 * Glycine dolichocarpa Tateishi & H.Ohashi
 * Glycine falcata Benth.
 * Glycine gracei B.E.Pfeil & Craven
 * Glycine hirticaulis Tindale & Craven
 * Glycine hirticaulis subsp. leptosa B.E.Pfeil
 * Glycine koidzumii Ohwi
 * Glycine lactovirens Tindale & Craven
 * Glycine latifolia (Benth.) C.Newell & Hymowitz
 * Glycine latrobeana (Meissner) Benth.
 * Glycine microphylla (Benth.) Tindale
 * Glycine montis-douglas B.E.Pfeil & Craven
 * Glycine peratosa B.E.Pfeil & Tindale
 * Glycine pescadrensis Hayata
 * Glycine pindanica Tindale & Craven
 * Glycine pullenii B.E.Pfeil, Tindale & Craven
 * Glycine remota M.D.Barrett & R.L.Barrett
 * Glycine rubiginosa Tindale & B.E.Pfeil
 * Glycine stenophita B.E.Pfeil & Tindale
 * Glycine syndetika B.E.Pfeil & Craven
 * Glycine tabacina (Labill.) Benth.
 * Glycine tomentella Hayata

Subgenus Soja (Moench) F.J. Herm.
 * Glycine max (L.) Merr. (the soybean)
 * Glycine soja Sieb. & Zucc.

Recent taxonomic references

 * Barrett, R. L. and M. D. Barrett. (2015). Twenty-seven new species of vascular plants from Western Australia. Nuytsia 26, 21–87.
 * Pfeil, B. E., et al. (2006). Three new species of northern Australian Glycine (Fabaceae, Phaseolae), G. gracei, G. montis-douglas and G. syndetika. Australian Systematic Botany 19, 245–258.
 * Pfeil, B. E. and L. A. Craven. (2002). New taxa in Glycine (Fabaceae: Phaseoleae) from north-western Australia. Australian Systematic Botany 15, 565–573.
 * Pfeil, B. E., et al. (2001). A review of the Glycine clandestina species complex (Fabaceae, Phaseoleae) reveals two new species. Australian Systematic Botany 14, 891–900.
 * Pfeil, B. E. and M. D. Tindale. (2001). Glycine. in Flora of NSW, revised edition. Vol. 2. Harden, G. (ed.). Sydney, NSW University Press.
 * Doyle, J. J., et al. (2000). Confirmation of shared and divergent genomes in the Glycine tabacina polyploid complex (Leguminosae) using histone H3-D sequences. Systematic Botany 25, 437–448.
 * Tindale, M. D. and L. A. Craven. (1993). Glycine pindanica (Fabaceae: Phaseolae), a new species from west Kimberley, Western Australia. Australian Systematic Botany 6, 371–376.
 * Tindale, M. D. and L. A. Craven. (1988). Three new species of Glycine (Fabaceae: Phaseolae) from North-western Australia, with notes on amphicarpy in the genus. Australian Systematic Botany 1, 399–410.
 * Tindale, M. D. (1986). Taxonomic notes on three Australian and Norfolk Island species of Glycine Willd. (Fabaceae: Phaseolae) including the choice of a neotype for G. clandestina Wendl. Brunonia 9, 179–191.
 * Tindale, M. D. (1984). Two new eastern Australian species of Glycine Willd. (Fabaceae). Brunonia 7, 207–213.
 * Newell, C. A. and T. Hymowitz. (1980). A taxonomic revision on the genus Glycine subgenus Glycine (Leguminosae). Brittonia 32, 63–69.
 * Hermann, F. J. (1962). A revision of the genus Glycine and its immediate allies. Tech. Bull. U.S.D.A. 1268.

Older taxonomic references

 * Hayata. (1920). Ic. Pl. Formos. 9: 29.
 * Bentham, G. (1864). Glycine. Fl. Austral. 2: 242–245.

title: Glycine (plant)


text:
Kate Wilhelm

Kate Wilhelm (June 8, 1928 – March 8, 2018 ) was an American author. She wrote novels and stories in the science fiction, mystery, and suspense genres, including the Hugo Award–winning Where Late the Sweet Birds Sang. Wilhelm established the Clarion Workshop along with her husband Damon Knight and writer Robin Scott Wilson.

Life
Katie Gertrude Meredith was born in Toledo, Ohio, daughter of Jesse and Ann Meredith. She graduated from high school in Louisville, Kentucky, and worked as a model, telephone operator, sales clerk, switchboard operator, and underwriter for an insurance company.

She married Joseph Wilhelm in 1947 and had two sons. The couple divorced in 1962 and Wilhelm married Damon Knight in 1963. She and her husband lived in Eugene, Oregon, until his death in 2002 and she remained there until her own death in 2018.

Career
Her first published short fiction was "The Pint-Size Genie" in the October 1956 issue of Fantastic, edited by Paul W. Fairman (assisted by Cele Goldsmith, who was responsible for looking at unsolicited submissions to the magazine). The next year, her first accepted story, "The Mile-Long Spaceship", was published in John W. Campbell's Astounding Science Fiction, and ten of her speculative fiction stories were published during 1958 and 1959. Her debut novel was a murder mystery, More Bitter Than Death (Simon & Schuster, 1963), and her science fiction novel debut, The Clone (1965) by Wilhelm and Theodore L. Thomas, was a finalist for the annual Nebula Award.

Her work has been published in Quark/, Orbit, The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction, Locus, Amazing Stories, Asimov's Science Fiction, Ellery Queen's Mystery Magazine, Fantastic, Omni, Alfred Hitchcock's Mystery Magazine, Redbook and Cosmopolitan.

She and her second husband, Damon Knight, mentored many authors and helped to establish the Clarion Writers Workshop and the Milford Writer's Workshop. After his death in 2002, Wilhelm continued to host monthly workshops, as well as lecturing at other events, until her death.

Recognition
The Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame inducted Wilhelm in 2003, its eighth class of two deceased and two living writers.

In 2009, she received one of three inaugural Solstice Awards from the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America (founded by Knight in 1965), which recognize "significant impact on the science fiction or fantasy landscape".

The Nebula Award trophy was designed for the first awards by J. A. Lawrence, based on a sketch by Wilhelm.

She also won a few annual genre awards for particular works:

 * Nebula Award for Best Short Story, 1968, "The Planners"
 * Hugo Award for Best Novel and Locus Award for Best Novel, both 1977, Where Late the Sweet Birds Sang
 * Nebula Award for Best Novelette, 1986, "The Girl Who Fell into the Sky"
 * Nebula Award for Best Short Story, 1987, "Forever Yours, Anna"
 * Hugo Award (best related book) and Locus Award (best nonfiction), both 2006, Storyteller: Writing Lessons and More from 27 Years of the Clarion Writers' Workshop (Small Beer Press, 2005; ISBN 0-7394-5613-X)

The Hugo- and Locus Award-winning novel Where Late the Sweet Birds Sang was also a finalist for the Nebula Award, winner of the short-lived Jupiter Award from science fiction instructors, and third place for the academic John W. Campbell Memorial Award for Best Science Fiction Novel.

In 2016, the SFWA renamed the Solstice Award the Kate Wilhelm Solstice Award.

Barbara Holloway mysteries
Holloway is an attorney in Eugene, Oregon. She and her semi-retired lawyer father, Frank Holloway, solve mysteries that combine detective fiction with courtroom drama.

 * Death Qualified: A Mystery of Chaos (1991)
 * The Best Defense (1994)
 * For the Defense also named Malice Prepense in hardbound editions (1996)
 * Defense for the Devil (1999)
 * No Defense (2000)
 * Desperate Measures (2001)
 * Clear and Convincing Proof (2003)
 * The Unbidden Truth (2004)
 * Sleight of Hand (2006)
 * A Wrongful Death (2007)
 * Cold Case (2008)
 * Heaven Is High (2011)
 * By Stone, by Blade, by Fire (2012)
 * Mirror, Mirror (2017)

Constance Leidl and Charlie Meiklejohn mysteries
Meiklejohn is a former arson detective turned private investigator. His wife, Leidl, is a professional psychologist. Together they solve cases.

 * The Hamlet Trap (1987)
 * The Dark Door (1988)
 * Smart House (1989)
 * Sweet, Sweet Poison (1990)
 * Seven Kinds of Death (1992)
 * Whisper Her Name (2012)

Collections

 * A Flush of Shadows: Five Short Novels (1995) – includes "With Thimbles, With Forks, and Hope", "Torch Song", "All for One", "Sister Alice", and "Gorgon Fields"
 * The Casebook of Constance and Charlie Volume 1 (1999) – includes "The Hamlet Trap", "Smart House", and "Seven Kinds of Death"
 * The Casebook of Constance and Charlie Volume 2 (2000) – includes "Sweet, Sweet Poison" and "The Dark Door", plus shorter stories "Christ's Tears", "Torch Song", and "An Imperfect Gift"

Short stories in Ellery Queen Mystery Magazine

 * "Christ's Tears" April 1996
 * "An Imperfect Gift" Aug 1999
 * "His Deadliest Enemy" Mar/Apr2004

Standalone mystery/suspense novels

 * More Bitter Than Death (1962)
 * The Clewiston Test (1976)
 * Fault Lines (1977)
 * Oh, Susannah! (1982)
 * Justice for Some (1993)
 * The Good Children (1998)
 * The Deepest Water (2000)
 * Skeletons: A Novel of Suspense (2002)
 * The Price of Silence (2005)
 * Death of an Artist (2012)

Non-fiction

 * Storyteller: Writing Lessons & More from 27 Years of the Clarion Writers' Workshop (2005)

Poems

 * Alternatives (1980)
 * Four Seasons (1980)
 * No One Listens (1980)
 * The Eagle (1980)

Editor

 * Clarion SF – anthology of 15 short stories by authors such as Damon Knight, Robert Crais, and Vonda N. McIntyre
 * Nebula Award Stories 9: anthology of Nebula Award–winning and nominated stories

SF novels, noted stories and collections

 * The Mile-Long Spaceship (1963)
 * The Clone (1965) – 1966 Nebula Award nominee, Best Novel
 * The Nevermore Affair (1966)
 * Andover and the Android (1966)
 * Baby, You Were Great (1967) – 1968 Nebula Award nominee, Best Short Story
 * The Killer Thing (1967)
 * The Planners (1968) – 1969 Nebula Award winner, Best Short Story
 * The Downstairs Room (1968) – collection of 14 SF short stories (Dutch translation Het Anti-Verjaardagsfeest as by Kathleen Curran)
 * Let the Fire Fall (1969)
 * The Year of the Cloud (1970)
 * April Fool's Day Forever (1970) – 1971 Nebula Award nominee, Best Novella
 * A Cold Dark Night with Snow (1970) – 1971 Nebula Award nominee, Best Short Story
 * Abyss: Two Novellas (1971) – contains "The Plastic Abyss" (1992 Nebula Award nominee, Best Novella) and "Stranger in the House"
 * Margaret and I (1971) - 1972 Nebula Award nominee, Best Novel
 * City of Cain (1974)
 * The Infinity Box (1975) – collection of nine9 SF short stories, including 1992 Nebula Award nominee "The Infinity Box", for Best Novella
 * Where Late the Sweet Birds Sang (1976) – Hugo and Locus Award winner; Nebula nominee, Best Novel
 * Somerset Dreams and Other Fiction (1978) – collection of 8 shorter SF stories/novellas
 * Juniper Time (1979) – 1980 Nebula Award nominee, Best Novel
 * The Winter Beach (1981) – 1982 Nebula Award nominee, Best Novella
 * A Sense of Shadow (1981)
 * Listen, Listen (1981) – contains four novellas: "Julian", "With Thimbles, With Forks and Hope", "Moongate", and "The Uncertain Edge of Reality"
 * Welcome, Chaos (1983)
 * Huysman's Pets (1985)
 * Forever Yours, Anna (1987) – 1988 Nebula Award winner, Best Short Story
 * Crazy Time (1988)
 * Children of the Wind (1989) – contains "Children of the Wind", "The Gorgon Field" (1986 Nebula Award nominee, Best Novella), "A Brother to Dragons, A Companion of Owls", "The Blue Ladies", and "The Girl Who Fell into the Sky" (1987 Nebula Award winner, Best Novelette)
 * Cambio Bay (1990)
 * Naming the Flowers (1992) – 1994 Nebula Award nominee, Best Novella
 * And the Angels Sing (1992) – collection of 12 SF short stories
 * I Know What You're Thinking (1994) – 1995 Nebula Award nominee, Best Short Story
 * Fear is a Cold Black (2010) – collection of Wilhelm's early SF short stories
 * Music Makers (2012) – collection of five stories: "Music Makers", "Shadows on the Wall of the Cave", "Mockingbird", "The Late Night Train", and "An Ordinary Day with Jason"
 * The Bird Cage (2012) – collection of four stories: "The Bird Cage", "Changing the World", "The Fountain of Neptune", and "Rules of the Game"

title: Kate Wilhelm