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Marv Wolfman

Marvin Arthur Wolfman (born May 13, 1946) is an American comic book and novelization writer. He worked on Marvel Comics's The Tomb of Dracula, for which he and artist Gene Colan created the vampire-slayer Blade, and DC Comics's The New Teen Titans and the Crisis on Infinite Earths limited series with George Pérez.

Among the many characters Wolfman created or co-created are Cyborg, Raven, Starfire, Deathstroke, Tim Drake, Rose Wilson, Nova, Black Cat, Phobia, Bullseye, Vigilante (Adrian Chase) and the Omega Men.

Early life
Marv Wolfman was born in Brooklyn, New York City, the son of police officer Abe and housewife Fay. He has a sister, Harriet, 12 years older. When Wolfman was 13, his family moved to Flushing, Queens, in New York City, where he attended junior high school. He went on to New York's High School of Art and Design, in Manhattan, hoping to become a cartoonist. Wolfman is Jewish.

1960s
Marvin Wolfman was active in fandom before he began his professional comics career at DC Comics in 1968. Wolfman was one of the first to publish Stephen King, with "In A Half-World of Terror" in Wolfman's horror fanzine Stories of Suspense No. 2 (1965). This was a revised version of King's first published story, "I Was a Teenage Grave Robber", which had been serialized over four issues (three published and one unpublished) of the fanzine Comics Review that same year.

Wolfman's first published work for DC Comics appeared in Blackhawk No. 242 (Aug.–Sept. 1968). He and longtime friend Len Wein created the character Jonny Double in Showcase No. 78 (November 1968) plotted by Wolfman and scripted by Joe Gill. The two co-wrote "Eye of the Beholder" in Teen Titans No. 18 (Dec. 1968), which would be Wein's first professional comics credit. Neal Adams was called upon to rewrite and redraw a Teen Titans story which had been written by Wein and Wolfman. The story, titled "Titans Fit the Battle of Jericho!", would have introduced DC's first African American superhero, but was rejected by publisher Carmine Infantino. The revised story appeared in Teen Titans No. 20 (March–April 1969). Wolfman and Gil Kane created an origin for Wonder Girl in Teen Titans No. 22 (July–Aug. 1969) which introduced the character's new costume.

1970s
He and artist Bernie Wrightson co-created Destiny in Weird Mystery Tales No. 1 (July–Aug. 1972), a character which would later be used in the work of Neil Gaiman.

In 1972, Wolfman moved to Marvel Comics as a protégé of then-editor Roy Thomas. When Thomas stepped down, Wolfman eventually took over as editor, initially in charge of the publisher's black-and-white magazines, then finally the color line of comics. Wolfman said in 1981 that, "Marvel never gave [its] full commitment to" the black-and-white line. "No one wanted to commit themselves to the staff." He added, "We used to farm the books out to Harry Chester Studios [sic] and whatever they pasted up, they pasted up. I formed the first production staff, hired the first layout people, paste-up people." Wolfman stepped down as editor-in-chief to spend more time writing.

He and artist Gene Colan crafted The Tomb of Dracula, a horror comic that became "one of the most critically- [sic]acclaimed horror-themed comic books ever". During their run on this series, they created Blade, a character who would later be portrayed by actor Wesley Snipes in a film trilogy. In addition, the editorship of Marvel could not resist the opportunity to assign a writer with such a surname to contribute a few stories to their concurrent monster title, Werewolf by Night, with a playful editor's comment: "At last -- WEREWOLF -- written by a WOLFMAN."

Wolfman co-created Bullseye in Daredevil No. 131 (March 1976). He and artist John Buscema created Nova in that character's eponymous first issue. Wolfman and Gil Kane adapted Edgar Rice Burroughs' Barsoom concepts into comics in Marvel's John Carter, Warlord of Mars series. Wolfman wrote 14 issues of Marvel Two-in-One starting with issue No. 25 (March 1977). The Spider-Woman series was launched in April 1978 by Wolfman and artist Carmine Infantino. As the first regular writer on Spider-Woman, he redesigned the character, giving her a human identity as Jessica Drew. Wolfman succeeded Len Wein as writer of The Amazing Spider-Man and in his first issue, No. 182 (July 1978), had Peter Parker propose marriage to Mary Jane Watson who refused, in the following issue. Wolfman and Keith Pollard introduced the likable rogue the Black Cat (Felicia Hardy) in The Amazing Spider-Man No. 194 (July 1979).

In 1978, Wolfman and artist Alan Kupperberg took over the Howard the Duck syndicated newspaper comic strip. While writing the Fantastic Four (which Wolfman stated to be his favorite comic), Wolfman and John Byrne introduced a new herald for Galactus named Terrax in No. 211 (Oct. 1979). A Godzilla story by Wolfman and Steve Ditko was changed into a Dragon Lord story published in Marvel Spotlight vol. 2 No. 5 (March 1980). The creature that the Dragon Lord battled was intended to be Godzilla but since Marvel no longer had the rights to the character (which lapsed the previous year) the creature was modified to a dragon called The Wani.

The New Teen Titans
In 1980, Wolfman returned to DC after a dispute with Marvel. Teaming with penciller George Pérez, Wolfman relaunched DC's Teen Titans in a special preview in DC Comics Presents No. 26 (October 1980). The New Teen Titans added the Wolfman-Pérez creations Raven, Starfire and Cyborg to the old team's Robin, Wonder Girl, Kid Flash, and Beast Boy (renamed Changeling). The series became DC's first new hit in years; Christopher J. Priest called Deathstroke, another new character, "the first modern supervillain". Wolfman wrote a series of New Teen Titans drug awareness comic books which were published in cooperation with The President's Drug Awareness Campaign in 1983–1984. The first was pencilled by Pérez and sponsored by the Keebler Company, the second was illustrated by Ross Andru and underwritten by the American Soft Drink Industry, and the third was drawn by Adrian Gonzales and financed by IBM. In August 1984, a second series of The New Teen Titans was launched by Wolfman and Pérez.

Other projects by Wolfman for DC during the early 1980s included collaborating with artist Gil Kane on a run on the Superman feature in Action Comics; a revival of Dial H for Hero with Carmine Infantino; launching Night Force, a supernatural series drawn by Gene Colan; and a nearly two-year run on Green Lantern with Joe Staton. During their collaboration on that series, Wolfman and Staton created the Omega Men in Green Lantern No. 141 (June 1981). Wolfman briefly wrote Batman and co-created the Electrocutioner in issue No. 331 (Jan. 1981). Wolfman was one of the contributors to the DC Challenge limited series in 1986.

After Pérez left The New Teen Titans in 1985, Wolfman continued for many years with other collaborators – including pencillers José Luis García-López, Eduardo Barreto and Tom Grummett. In December 1986, Wolfman was informed by Marvel writer Chris Claremont that a DC executive had approached Claremont at a holiday party and offered him the position of writer on The New Teen Titans. Claremont immediately declined the offer and told Wolfman that apparently the publisher was looking to replace him on the title. When Wolfman confronted DC executives about this, he was told it was "just a joke", although Claremont reiterated that he took it to be a credible and official offer.

Crisis on Infinite Earths
In 1985, Wolfman and Pérez launched Crisis on Infinite Earths, a 12-issue limited series celebrating DC's 50th anniversary. Featuring a cast of thousands and a timeline that ranged from the beginning of the universe to the end of time, it killed scores of characters, integrated a number of heroes from other companies to DC continuity, and re-wrote 50 years of DC universe history to streamline it. After finishing Crisis, Wolfman and Pérez produced the History of the DC Universe limited series to summarize the company's new history.

Wolfman was involved in the relaunch of the Superman line as well, reinventing nemesis Lex Luthor and initially scripting the Adventures of Superman title with Jerry Ordway as the artist. During this period they introduced Bibbo Bibbowski and Professor Emil Hamilton.

Ratings dispute
Wolfman got into a public dispute with DC over a proposed ratings system, which led to his being relieved of his editorial duties by the company. DC offered to reinstate Wolfman as an editor provided he apologize for making his criticism of the ratings system public, rather than keeping them internal to the company, but he declined to do so.

1990s
Wolfman returned to the Dark Knight for another brief run on Batman and Detective Comics, writing "Batman: Year Three", creating Robin III Tim Drake as well as Abattoir and a new version of the Electrocutioner, and writing an anniversary adaptation of the first ever Batman story, which was printed along with two other adaptations and the original. He continued as The New Titans writer and revitalized the series with artist Tom Grummett. Wolfman wrote the series until the title's last issue. Wolfman's writing for comics decreased as he turned to animation and television, though he wrote the mid-1990s DC series The Man Called A-X.

Disney career
In the early-1990s, Wolfman worked at Disney Comics. He wrote scripts for a seven part DuckTales story ("Scrooge's Quest"), as well as several others – with the characters from the Mickey Mouse universe – that appeared in Mickey Mouse Adventures. He was editor of the comics section on the Disney Adventures magazine for the early years of the publication.

Marvel lawsuit
In 1997, on the eve of the impending release of the Blade motion picture, Wolfman sued Marvel Characters Inc. over ownership of all characters he had created for Marvel Comics. A ruling in Marvel's favor was handed down on November 6, 2000. Wolfman's stance was that he had not signed work-for-hire contracts when he created characters including Blade and Nova. In a nonjury trial, the judge ruled that Marvel's later use of the characters was sufficiently different to protect it from Wolfman's claim of copyright ownership.

Beast Machines
In the late 1990s, Wolfman developed the Transformers TV series Beast Machines, which aired on Fox Kids for two seasons from 1999 to 2000. The program was a direct continuation of the Beast Wars series, which itself was a continuation of the original Generation One Transformers show. Beast Machines was met with mixed reviews, as the show was praised for its story, but was criticized for its focus on spirituality. Previously, in the 1980s, Wolfman wrote the story for Optimus Prime's return in "The Return of Optimus Prime" of the third season of Transformers.

2000s
A decade later, Wolfman began writing in comics again, scripting Defex, the flagship title of Devil's Due Productions' Aftermath line. He wrote an "Infinite Crisis" issue of DC's "Secret Files", and consulted with writer Geoff Johns on several issues of The Teen Titans. Wolfman wrote a novel based on Crisis on Infinite Earths, but rather than following the original plot, he created a new story starring the Barry Allen Flash that takes place during the original Crisis story. Wolfman wrote the novelization of the film Superman Returns, and worked on a direct-to-video animated film, The Condor, for Stan Lee's Pow Entertainment.

In 2006, Wolfman was editorial director of Impact Comics (no relation to the DC Comics imprint), publisher of educational manga-style comics for high school students. That same year, starting with issue No. 125, Wolfman began writing DC's Nightwing series. Initially scheduled for a four-issue run, Wolfman's run was expanded to 13 issues, and finished with No. 137. During the course of his run, Wolfman introduced a new Vigilante character. Following Wolfman's departure from the pages of Nightwing, the Vigilante was spun off into his own short-lived title, which Wolfman wrote. He wrote a miniseries starring the Teen Titan Raven, a character he and George Pérez co-created during their run on The New Teen Titans, helping to revamp and update the character. He worked with Pérez on a direct-to-DVD movie adaptation of the popular "Judas Contract" storyline from their tenure on Teen Titans.

2010s
In 2011, he and Pérez completed the New Teen Titans: Games graphic novel, which they had begun working on in the late 1980s. Wolfman revived his Night Force series with artist Tom Mandrake in 2012. He served as writing consultant on the video game Epic Mickey 2: The Power of Two, which he was nominated for a Writers Guild of America Award for Outstanding Achievement in Videogame Writing. In 2015, Wolfman wrote a novelization of the videogame Batman: Arkham Knight. And in 2016 he published the novelization of the Suicide Squad film through Titan Books. He received the Hero Initiative Lifetime Achievement Award in 2017. That year also marked Wolfman's first work for Marvel since 1998: a backup story for Bullseye #1, starring the titular character that he had co-created in 1976. In 2019, he wrote the main story for the DC Primal Age 100-Page Giant. Also in 2019, DC published the oversized, 100-page comic book Man and Superman, Marv Wolfman's retelling of Superman's origin story, to high acclaim.

2020s
On the occasion of the Crisis on Infinite Earths Arrowverse crossover, Marv Wolfman co-wrote an episode of The CW series Arrow with Marc Guggenheim that aired in January 2020. He also made a cameo appearance in the crossover finale in an episode of Legends of Tomorrow. In 2021, he and George Perez voiced cartoon versions of themselves on two episodes of Teen Titans GO!.

In 2023, Wolfman returned to Marvel Comics for the oneshot ''What If…? Dark: Tomb of Dracula'' featuring his character Blade. In April 2024, Wolfman co-wrote the final two pages of the landmark 300th issue of Nightwing alongside Tom Taylor.

Writing credit pioneer
Wolfman, on the panel "Marvel Comics: The Method and the Madness" at the 1974 New York City Comic Art Convention, told the audience that when he first began working for DC Comics, he received DC's first writing credit on its mystery magazines. Gerry Conway, who wrote the horror-host interstitial pages between stories, wrote in one issue, House of Secrets Vol. 1 Issue 83, that the following story, "The Stuff that Dreams are Made of" was told to him by a "wandering Wolfman." The Comics Code Authority, which did not permit the mention of werewolves or wolfmen at that time, demanded it be removed. DC informed the Authority that "Wolfman" was the writer's last name, so the Authority insisted he be given a credit to show the "Wolfman" was a real person. Once Wolfman was given a credit, other writers demanded them as well. Shortly, credits were given to all writers and artists.

Personal life
Wolfman is married to Noel Watkins. Wolfman was previously married to Michele Wolfman, for many years a colorist in the comics industry. They have a daughter, Jessica Morgan.

Awards

 * Inkpot Award in 1979.
 * 1982 Eagle Award for "Best New Book" and 1984 and 1985 Eagle Awards for "Best Group Book" for New Teen Titans.
 * Wolfman and artist George Pérez' Crisis on Infinite Earths won the 1985 and 1986 Jack Kirby Awards for Best Finite Series.
 * In 1985, DC Comics named Wolfman as one of the honorees in the company's 50th anniversary publication Fifty Who Made DC Great.
 * 1986 Nominated for the Comics Buyer's Guide Award for Favorite Writer in 1986, and his work on the "Batman: Year Three" story arc in Batman #436–439 was nominated Comics Buyer's Guide Favorite Writer Award in 1990.
 * 2007 Scribe Award for "Adapted Speculative Fiction Novel", given by writers of novelization and tie-in fiction for his novel based on Superman Returns.
 * 2007 National Jewish Book Award for "Children's and Young Adult Literature", for Homeland: The Illustrated History of the State of Israel
 * 2011 induction into the Will Eisner Hall of Fame
 * Hero Initiative Lifetime Achievement Award in 2017

Screenwriting credits
(series head writer denoted in bold)
 * G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero (1986)
 * Jem (1986–1987)
 * Captain Power and the Soldiers of the Future (1987)
 * Fraggle Rock: The Animated Series (1987)
 * Starcom: The U.S. Space Force (1987)
 * The Transformers (1987) (season 3 head writer)
 * Garbage Pail Kids (1988)
 * RoboCop (1988)
 * Superman (1988)
 * G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero (1991)
 * Batman: The Animated Series (1992)
 * My Little Pony Tales (1992)
 * Cadillacs and Dinosaurs (1993)
 * Conan the Adventurer (1993)
 * Monster Force (1994)
 * Spider-Man: The Animated Series (1995)
 * Tenko and the Guardians of the Magic (1995)
 * Beast Wars: Transformers (1996)
 * G.I. Joe Extreme (1996)
 * Street Fighter (1996)
 * ReBoot (1997–1999)
 * Pocket Dragon Adventures (1998)
 * Godzilla: The Series (1998)
 * Shadow Raiders (1998–1999)
 * Beast Machines: Transformers (1999)
 * Sherlock Holmes in the 22nd Century (1999)
 * The Legend of Tarzan (2001)
 * Teen Titans (2003, 2005)
 * Speed Racer: The Next Generation (2008)
 * Sym-Bionic Titan (2010)
 * Arrow (2020)

Video games

 * Superman Returns (2006)

Bongo Comics

 * Treehouse of Horror #11 (2005)

Chaos Comics

 * The Mummy: Valley of the Gods #1 (2001)

Dark Horse Comics

 * The Curse of Dracula #1–3 (1998)
 * Michael Chabon Presents the Amazing Adventures of the Escapist #3 (2004)

DC Comics

 * 9–11: The World's Finest Comic Book Writers & Artists Tell Stories to Remember, Volume Two (2002)
 * Action Comics #513–516, 525–536, 539–546, 551–554, 556, 613–618, 627–628, 778, 1000 (1980–2018)
 * Adventure Comics #417, 421, 424, 474, 479–487 (1972–1981)
 * Adventures of Superman #424–435, 591 (1987–2001)
 * Aquaman Giant #1 (2019)
 * Batman #328–335, 436–451 (1980–1990)
 * Batman and the Outsiders #5 (1983)
 * Batman Black and White vol. 2 #3 (2014)
 * The Best of DC #18 (New Teen Titans) (1981)
 * Blackhawk #242 (1968)
 * The Brave and the Bold #167 (1980)
 * The Brave and the Bold vol. 3 #17–18 (2008)
 * Convergence: Adventures of Superman #1–2 (2015)
 * Convergence: New Teen Titans #1–2 (2015)
 * Crisis on Infinite Earths #1–12 (1985–1986)
 * Crisis on Infinite Earths Giant #1–2 (with Marc Guggenheim) (2019)
 * Cyborg #10–12, 21–23 (2016–2018)
 * DC Challenge #11–12 (1986)
 * DC Comics Presents No. 26, 77–78 Annual #1 (1980–1985)
 * DC Comics Presents: Justice League of America #1 (2004)
 * DC Primal Age #1 (2019)
 * DC Retroactive: Superman – The '80s #1 (2011)
 * DC Special: Raven #1–5 (2008)
 * DC: The Doomned and the Damned #1 (2020)
 * DC Universe Online: Legends #1, 3, 5, 7, 9–11, 13, 15, 18–26 (2011–2012)
 * Deathstroke the Terminator/Deathstroke the Hunted/Deathstroke #1–11, 13–21, 26–39, 41–60, 0, Annual #1, 3–4 (1991–1996)
 * Detective Comics No. 408, 615, 625–628, 1027 (1971, 1990–1991, 2020)
 * Eight Legged Freaks #1 (2002)
 * Flash #750 (2020)
 * Green Lantern vol. 2 #133–153 (1980–1982)
 * Green Lantern 80-Page Giant #2 (1999)
 * Green Lantern/Plastic Man: Weapons of Mass Deception #1 (2011)
 * History of the DC Universe #1–2 (1987)
 * House of Mystery #176, 179–180, 182–183, 300 (1968–1982)
 * House of Secrets #82–84, 87–88, 90, 127 (1969–1975)
 * Infinite Crisis Secret Files and Origins #1 (2006)
 * Legends of the DC Universe #18 (1999)
 * Legends of the DC Universe 80-Page Giant #1 (1998)
 * Legends of the DC Universe: Crisis on Infinite Earths #1 (1999)
 * Legion of Super-Heroes vol. 2 #272 (1981)
 * Looney Tunes #218 (2014)
 * Man and Superman #1 (2019)
 * Man Called A-X vol. 2 #1–8 (1997–1998)
 * Mystery in Space #116 (1981)
 * The New Teen Titans #1–40, Annual #1–2 (1980–1984)
 * The New Teen Titans vol. 2 #1–49, Annual #1–4 (1984–1988)
 * The New Teen Titans Drug Awareness Special #1–3 (1983)
 * The New Teen Titans: Games GN (2011)
 * The New Titans #50–86, 88–93, 97–130, #0, Annual #5–11 (1988–1995)
 * Night Force #1–14 (1982–1983)
 * Night Force vol. 2 #1–12 (1996–1997)
 * Night Force vol. 3 #1–7 (2012)
 * Nightwing vol. 2 #125–137 (2006–2007)
 * Omega Men #24 (1985)
 * Phantom Stranger vol. 2 #23–26 (1973)
 * Plop! #14 (1975)
 * Raven #1–6 (2016–2017)
 * Raven: Daughter of Darkness #1–12 (2018–2019)
 * Robin 80th Anniversary 100-Page Super Spectacular #1 (2020)
 * Secret Origins vol. 2 #46 (1989)
 * Secret Origins vol. 3 #5 (2014)
 * Showcase #78 (1968)
 * Showcase '94 #11 (1994)
 * Silver Age: Teen Titans #1 (2000)
 * Spirit #4 (2010)
 * Superboy vol. 5 #26–29 (2014)
 * Supergirl #1–2 (1972–1973)
 * Superman #248, 352, 422 (1972–1986)
 * Superman vol. 2 #169 (2001)
 * The Superman Family #203–206, 209 (1980–1981)
 * Superman: Kal-El Returns Special #1 (2022)
 * Superman: Our Worlds at War Secret Files and Origins #1 (2001)
 * Superman: The Man of Steel #113 (2001)
 * Tales of the New Teen Titans #1–4 (1982)
 * Tales of the Teen Titans #41–58, Annual #3 (1984–1985)
 * Tarzan #207–209, 213–216 (1972–1973)
 * Team Titans #1–12, Annual #1 (1992–1993)
 * Teen Titans #18, 22 (1968–1969)
 * Teen Titans vol. 3 #33, 50, Annual #1 (2006–2007)
 * Teen Titans vol. 4 #23.1 (Trigon) (2013)
 * Teen Titans vol. 6 #16 (2018)
 * Teen Titans Spotlight #1–6 (1986–1987)
 * Titans #25 (2001)
 * Titans Secret Files and Origins #1 (1999)
 * Titans Sell-Out Special #1 (1992)
 * Vigilante #1–15, 19–20 (1983–1985)
 * Vigilante vol. 3 #1–12 (2009–2010)
 * Weird War Tales #3, 6 (1972)
 * Weird Worlds #1–7 (1972–1973)
 * The Witching Hour #13 (1971)
 * Wonder Woman #287, 294 (1982)
 * Wonder Woman: Agent of Peace #10 (digital) (2020)
 * World's Finest Comics #288, 300 (1983–1984)

WildStorm

 * Farscape: War Torn #1–2 (2002)
 * God of War #1–6 (2010–2011)
 * Robo Dojo #1–6 (2002)
 * The X-Files vol. 2 #3–4 (2009)

Devil's Due Publications

 * Defex #1–6 (2004–2005)

Disney Comics

 * Disney Adventures Digest Special Edition (1990)
 * Goofy Adventures #17 (1991)
 * Mickey Mouse Adventures #5, 9, 11, 14 (1990–1991)

Eclipse Comics

 * Total Eclipse (1988)

First Comics

 * Sable #1–7, 9–10, 12–23 (1988–1990)

Gladstone Publishing

 * Duck Tales ("Scrooge's Quest") (1990)

IDW Publishing

 * Gene Pool OGN (with Len Wein) (2003)

Image Comics

 * 10th Muse #1–9 (2000–2002)
 * Brigade #17–22 (1995)

Malibu Comics

 * Codename: Firearm #0, 2, 4–5 (1995)
 * Man Called A-X #1–4, #0 (1994–1995)
 * Ultraforce #8–9 (1995)
 * Ultraforce/Spider-Man #1A-B (1996)
 * Witch #1 (1989)

Marvel Comics

 * Amazing Adventures #20 (1973)
 * The Amazing Spider-Man #182–204, Annual #13 (1978–1980)
 * Avengers #169 (1978)
 * Bullseye #1 (2017)
 * Captain America #192 (1975)
 * Captain Marvel #23 (1972)
 * Crazy Magazine #2, 11 (1974–1975)
 * Daredevil #125–139, 141–143, Annual #4 (1975–1977)
 * Doctor Strange #19–20, 22–23, Annual #1 (1976–1977)
 * Dracula Lives #2–5 (1973–1974)
 * Fantastic Four #190, 195–215, Annual #12, 14 (1978–1980)
 * Ghost Rider #20 (1976)
 * Giant-Size Chillers Featuring Curse of Dracula #1 (1974)
 * Giant-Size Fantastic Four #3 (1974)
 * Giant-Size Man-Thing #5 (1975)
 * Howard the Duck #28 (1978)
 * John Carter, Warlord of Mars #1–15, Annual #1, 3 (1977–1979)
 * Journey into Mystery #520–521 (1998)
 * Legion of Monsters #1 (1975)
 * Machine Man #10–14 (1979–1980)
 * Marvel Comics Presents #38–47 (1989–1990)
 * Marvel Fanfare #16–17 (1984)
 * Marvel Movie Premiere #1 (The Land That Time Forgot adaptation) (1975)
 * Marvel Premiere #39–40 (1977–1978)
 * Marvel Preview #1, 8, 16 (1975–1978)
 * Marvel Spotlight vol. 2 #5 (1980)
 * Marvel Super Special #15 (Star Trek: The Motion Picture adaptation) (1979)
 * Marvel Team-Up #98 (1980)
 * Marvel Team-Up vol. 2 #7 (1998)
 * Marvel Two-in-One #13, 25–37, 44, 59, Annual #3 (1976–1980)
 * Mission Impossible #1 (1996)
 * Monsters Unleashed #1 (1973)
 * Nova #1–25 (1976–1979)
 * Power Man #37–46 (1976–1977)
 * Shadows & Light #2 (1998)
 * Skull the Slayer #1–3 (1975–1976)
 * The Spectacular Spider-Man #44 (1980)
 * Spider-Woman #1–8 (1978)
 * Spoof #2–5 (1972–1973)
 * Star Trek #4 (1980)
 * Sub-Mariner #70–71 (1974)
 * Tales of the Zombie #1 (1973)
 * The Tomb of Dracula #7–70 (1973–1979)
 * The Tomb of Dracula vol. 2 #1–3 (1979–1980)
 * Tower of Shadows #4 (1970)
 * Two-Gun Kid #104 (1972)
 * Vampire Tales #8–9 (1974–1975)
 * Venom: Sinner Takes All #5 (1995)
 * Werewolf by Night #11–15 (1973–1974)
 * What If...? #5 (1979)
 * What If…? Dark: Tomb of Dracula oneshot (2023)

Epic Comics

 * The Tomb of Dracula vol. 3 #1–4 (1991–1992)

Moonstone

 * Captain Action Comics #2–3 (with Fabian Nicieza) (2009)

Nachshon Press

 * Homeland OGN (2007)

Now Comics

 * Mirror Walker #1 (1989)

Renaissance Press

 * The Forbidden Book Vol. 1 (2001)

S.Q.P. Inc.

 * Phase #1 (1971)

Skywald Publications

 * Nightmare #2 (1971)
 * Psycho #2 (1971)

TSR, Inc.

 * R.I.P. #1–2, 4 (1990)

Zenescope

 * Mankind: The Story of All of Us Vol. 1 (2012)

title: Marv Wolfman


text:
Citrus College

Citrus College is a public community college in Glendora, California. The Citrus Community College District, which supports the institution, includes the communities of Azusa, Claremont, Duarte, Glendora, and Monrovia. Founded in 1915 by educator Floyd S. Hayden, Citrus College is the oldest community college in Los Angeles County, California, and the fifth oldest in the state of California. Until 1961, the school was operated by the Citrus Union High School District and served the local area as both a high school and a junior college.

During the 2019-2020 academic year, Citrus College enrolled 19,626 students. It conferred 2,444 degrees and awarded 2,175 certificates. 531 students graduated with honors (GPAs of 3.3 to 4.0). Citrus College currently offers 65 associate degrees, 88 certificates and skill awards in career technical education programs, and 29 associate degrees for transfer (ADTs). Its operating budget for 2020-2021 is $78 million.

Campus
Citrus College has a 104-acre (42 ha) campus, which includes 44 buildings and seven outdoor athletics facilities.

The Haugh Performing Arts Center (HPAC) is a 1,440-seat proscenium venue and is host to over 140 performances annually, with over 100,000 patrons in attendance. Seats are no more than 90 ft from the stage.

The campus also holds a larger herbarium.

The campus is also served by a nearby rail station for the Metro A Line as of March 5, 2016.

Athletics
The college's athletic teams are known as the Owls. The college currently fields eight men's and eight women's varsity teams. It competes as a member of the California Community College Athletic Association (CCCAA) in the Western State Conference (WSC) for all sports except football, which competes in Southern California Football Association (SCFA). The football and soccer team play at the 10,000-seat-capacity Citrus Stadium.

Academics
The college runs the Citrus Singers program. The program started in the 1960s and has provided a foundation for students to learn and perform music. Many of its alumni have gone on to be performers on Broadway and Television.

Accreditation
The college has accreditation from the Western Association of Schools and Colleges (WASC). Its professional memberships include the American Association of Community Colleges (AACC) and the Community College League of California (CCLC).

Notable faculty

 * John Boylan, Professor of Critical Listening Skills, and Music Business/Audio Careers
 * Dale Salwak, Professor of English. Author of numerous books, including Teaching Life, a memoir of over 35 years of teaching.

Notable alumni

 * Carlos Fisher, professional baseball player
 * Chris Limahelu, college football player
 * Lionel Manuel, professional football player

Free speech lawsuits
In 2003, at California's Citrus College, under the pressure of litigation and FIRE's national campaign for campus constitutional rights, the Board of Trustees voted to rescind most of the speech codes at the public institution. This was the first victory in FIRE's declared war on speech codes at public colleges and universities.

The following year, Citrus College was sued again by FIRE when Citrus College reinstated its policy in the early 2010s, when a Young Americans for Liberty chapter, led by Gabriel Nadales and Vincenzo Sinapi-Riddle, was threatened with sanctions for not staying inside the "Free Speech Zone." In an interview to the San Gabriel Valley Tribune, Greg Lukianoff, the president of Foundation for Individual Rights in Education, said, "'Citrus College agreed to eliminate its restrictive 'free speech zone' in the face of a FIRE lawsuit back in 2003, but later reinstated its speech quarantine when it thought no one was watching'...'But FIRE was watching, and we'll continue to do so. If the speech codes come back again, so will we.'"

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Citrus College


text:
La Faute de l'Abbé Mouret

La Faute de l'Abbé Mouret (1875) is the fifth novel in Émile Zola's twenty-volume series Les Rougon-Macquart. Viciously anticlerical in tone, it follows on from the horrific events at the end of La Conquête de Plassans, focussing this time on a remote Provençal backwater village.

Unusually for Zola, the novel contains very few characters and locations, and its use of amnesia as a plot device gives it an unusually fantastical tone.

Plot summary
The plot centres on the neurotic young priest Serge Mouret, first seen in La Conquête de Plassans, as he takes his orders and becomes the parish priest for the uninterested village of Artauds. The inbred villagers have no interest in religion and Serge is portrayed giving several wildly enthusiastic Masses to his completely empty, near-derelict church. Serge not only seems unperturbed by this state of affairs but actually appears to have positively sought it out especially, for it gives him time to contemplate religious affairs and to fully experience the fervour of his faith. Eventually he has a complete nervous breakdown and collapses into a near-comatose state, whereupon his distant relative, the unconventional doctor Pascal Rougon (the central character of the last novel in the series, 1893's Le Docteur Pascal), places him in the care of the inhabitants of a nearby derelict stately home, Le Paradou.

The novel then takes a complete new direction in terms of both tone and style, as Serge — suffering from amnesia and total long-term memory loss, with no idea who or where he is beyond his first name — is doted upon by Albine, the whimsical, innocent and entirely uneducated girl who has been left to grow up practically alone and wild in the vast, sprawling, overgrown grounds of Le Paradou. The two of them live a life of idyllic bliss with many biblical parallels and over, the course of a number of months, they fall deeply in love with one another; however, at the moment they consummate their relationship, they are discovered by Serge's monstrous former monsignor and his memory is instantly returned to him. Wracked with guilt at his unwitting sins, Serge is plunged into a deeper religious fervour than ever before, and Albine is left bewildered at the loss of her lover. As with many of Zola's earlier works, the novel then builds to a tragic climax where Albine takes her own life by poisoning herself with flower fumes.

Translations
The novel was translated into English by Vizetelly & Co. in the 1880s as Abbé Mouret's Transgression, but this text must be considered faulty due to its many omissions and bowdlerisations, as well as its rendering of Zola's language in one of his most technically complex novels into a prolix and flat style of Victorian English bearing little resemblance to the original text. Two more faithful translations emerged in the 1950s and 1960s under the titles The Sinful Priest and The Sin of Father Mouret.

 * Abbé Mouret's Transgression (1886, tr. unknown for H. Vizetelly, Vizetelly & Co.)
 * Abbé Mouret's Transgression (1900, tr. unknown edited by E. A. Vizetelly, Chatto & Windus)
 * The Sin of the Abbé Mouret (1904, tr. M. Smyth, McLaren & Co.)
 * The Abbé Mouret's Sin (1957, tr. Alec Brown, Elek Books, republished as The Sinful Priest in 1960)
 * The Sin of Father Mouret (1969, tr. Sandy Petrey, Prentice-Hall)
 * The Sin of Father Mouret (2017, tr. Valerie Minogue, Oxford University Press)

Adaptations
The novel was adapted as the 1970 French film The Demise of Father Mouret, directed by Georges Franju, starring Gillian Hills and Francis Huster. The Austrian composer Gerhard Wimberger has based his opera Paradou (1981/1985) on this novel.

Influence
The novel inspired a now lost painting by John Collier (1850—1934), exhibited in 1895 at the Royal Academy of Arts in London, under the title The death of Albine. The painting was reproduced in the weekly The Graphic on 31 August 1895 (example in the British Museum, London). It also inspired Joseph Edouard Dantan for his painting Le Paradou (1883; Museum of Fine Arts, Ghent).

title: La Faute de l'Abbé Mouret


text:
Soqotri language

Soqotri (also spelt Socotri, Sokotri, or Suqutri; autonym: ماتڸ دسقطري, mɛ́taḷ di-saḳɔ́ṭri; اللغة السقطرية, al-luḡah al-suquṭriyyah) is a South Semitic language spoken by the Soqotri people on the island of Socotra and the two nearby islands of Abd al Kuri and Samhah, in the Socotra archipelago, in the Guardafui Channel. Soqotri is one of six languages that form a group called Modern South Arabian languages (MSAL). These additional languages include Mehri, Shehri, Bathari, Harsusi and Hobyot. All are spoken in different regions of Southern Arabia.

Classification
Soqotri is often mistaken as a variety of Arabic but is officially classified as an Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, South Semitic and South Arabian language.

Endangerment
The language is under immense influence of the dominant Arabic language and culture because many Arabic-speaking Yemenis have settled in the Soqotri region permanently, resulting in Arabic becoming the official language of the island. Soqotri is now replaced with Arabic as a means of education in schools. Students are prohibited from using their mother tongue while at school and job seeking Soqotrans must be able to speak Arabic before getting employed. Young Soqotrans even prefer Arabic to Soqotri and now have a difficult time learning it. Oftentimes they mix Arabic in it and cannot recite or understand any piece of Soqotri oral literature.

Arabic is now the symbolic, or more ideological, articulation of the nation's identity, making it the privileged lingua franca of the nation. The government has also taken up an inclination of neglect toward the Soqotri language. This seems to based on the view that Soqotri is only a dialect rather than a language itself. There is also no cultural policy on what should be done about the remaining oral non-Arabic languages of Yemen, include Soqotri and Mehri. The language is seen as an impediment to progress because of the new generation's judgement of it as being irrelevant in helping to improve the socio-economic status of the island. Limitations to Soqotri, such as not being able to communicate through writing, are also viewed as obstacles by the youth that makes up 60% of the population. There seems to be cultural sentiments toward the language but yet an indifference due to neglect and the notion of hindrance associated with it.

Hence, Soqotri is regarded as a severely endangered language and a main concern toward the lack of research in Soqotri language field is not only related to the semitics, but to the Soqotri folklore heritage conservation. This isolated island has high pressures of modernization and with a rapidly changing cultural environment, there is a possibility of losing valuable strata of the Soqotran folklore heritage.

Poetry and song used to be a normal part of everyday life for people on the island, a way of communicating with others, no matter if they were human, animal, spirits of the dead, jinn sorcerers, or the divine. However, Soqotri poetry has been overlooked and the skill of the island's poets ignored.

The European Union has also expressed serious concerns on the issue of preserving cultural precepts of the archipelago's population.

Geographic distribution
The total population of Soqotri users throughout Yemen is 57,000 (1990 census) and total users in all countries is 71,400

Official status
Soqotri has no official status. It is a language of Yemen where it is spoken mainly on the islands of the Socotra Governorate: 'Abd al Kuri, Darsah, Samha, and Soqotra islands in the Gulf of Aden.

Dialects/Varieties
The Soqotri dialectology is very rich, especially considering the surface of the island and number of inhabitants. Soqotri speakers live on their islands, but rarely on the Yemeni mainland. The language was, through its history, isolated from the Arabian mainland. Arabic is also spoken in a dialectal form on Socotra.

There are four dialect groups: the dialects spoken on the north coast, the dialects spoken on the south coast, the dialects spoken by Bedouins in the mountains in the centre of the island and the dialect spoken on Abd al Kuri. The dialect that is spoken on this island Samhah appears to be the same as the one spoken on the west coast of Socotra.

These dialects include Abd Al-Kuri, Southern Soqotri, Northern Soqotri, Central Soqotri, and Western Soqotri.

Scholars believe there are no longer any grounds for associating the Modern South Arabian languages so directly with Arabic. They consider these dialects to be not Arabic, but Semitic languages in their own right.

Phonology
The isolation of the island of Socotra has led to the Soqotri language independently developing certain phonetic characteristics absent in even the closely related languages of the mainland. Soqotri lost interdentals θ, ð, and θʼ and merged them with t, d and tˤ: e.g. Soqotri has dor "blood" where Shehri has ðɔhr and Mehri has ðōrə; Soqotri has tˤarb (a piece of wood), where Shehri and Mehri have θʼarb; Soqotri tri/trɔ (two) where Shehri has θroh and Mehri has θərō.

Soqotri emphatics (except /lˠ/) used to be ejective consonants. However, ejectives have largely become pharyngealized consonants as in Arabic, with the exception of /kʼ/.

Grammar
Soqotri grammar and vocabulary is very poorly documented and distributed. There have been many proposals on the collection of linguistic data. This will allow a deeper understanding of the Soqotran scientific, literary, spiritual, and so on, culture native speakers. Preservation of the Soqotri language will give future generations access to this education as well.

Independent pronouns
Independent personal pronouns for the 2nd person singular, ē (m.) and ī (f.), are more widespread than het and hit. In research done by Marie-Claude Simeone-Senelle, het and hit actually specific to some of the dialects spoken in Diksam, and the far-western areas of Qalansiya, Qafiz. She found that in other places, the 2nd singular m. and f., are ē and ī. In the latest system, the subject pronouns are the full form.

Connective particle
Another linguistic uniqueness in the far-western dialect of Qafiz is the possessive construction. This dialect, like all other Soqotri dialects, is based in the connective d-, followed by a pronoun. However, in this dialect, the connective is variable (like the relative pronoun): d- with a singular, and l- with a plural:

dihet férham/ girl>'your (msg.) girl', des 'her'..., but lḥan, 'our', ltan 'your (pl.)', lyihan 'their (m.)', lisan 'their (f.)'.

This variation highlights the link between connective, deictic and relative pronoun. In other dialects, a grammaticalization process took place and the singular form was frozen as a connecting invariable particle d-.

Agreement
In some dialects, the relative pronoun does not agree with plural:

le-ēfœ d- izeˤem b-fídəhɔn

DEI(PL)-people/ REL(SG)-that sit/ in-mountain

'this people that stay in the mountain' (Rujed).

In remote places, old people use the verbal, nominal and pronominal dual:

eṭahérö ho w-d-ho ḳaḳa ḳalansíye

we {go (1DU)/I-and-of-me/} younger brother/ Qalansiya

'I and my younger brother, we two go to Qalansiya'

but many native speakers (young people or people in contact with Arabic) do not use verbal dual regularly:

ˤeğébö təṭhár

{they want (3DU)} {go (SUBJ.3F.SG)}

'They (both) want to go'

and they use plural pronouns instead of the dual form:

tten férhem 'your girl' for /tti férhem/ 'your girl' (to you both).

Many people in contact with Arabic tend to use plural in all cases (verb or pronoun). Only the nominal dual occurs regularly.

Negation
Cf. above, about the phono-morphological explanation for the two forms of negation. In many dialects, the verbal negation is the same with indicative and prohibitive.

Vocabulary
Lieutenant Wellstedt, who was part of a surveying mission in 1835, was the first to collect toponyms, tribe names, plant names, figures, and in total was able to put together a list of 236 Soqotri words. The words have no characteristics of the Western dialects and 41 words out of the 236 were noted as Arabic loans by Wellstedt. Some are really Arabic as beïdh (bayḍ) 'eggs' (ḳehélihen in Soqotri) or ˤajúz 'old woman' (Soqotri śíbīb), thob (tob) 'a shirt' (with interdental, absent from the Soqotri consonant system; tob in Soqotri means 'cloth'); many words belong to the old common Semitic vocabulary and are attested in both Arabic and Soqotri: edahn 'ears' (exactly ˤídəhen), ˤaṣábi 'fingers' (ˤəṣābe) etc. Religious poems show influence of Arabic with borrowings from classical Arabic vocabulary and Quranic expressions.

Writing system
A writing system for the Soqotri language was developed in 2014 by a Russian team led by Dr. Vitaly Naumkin following five years of work. This writing system can be read in his book Corpus of Soqotri Oral Literature. The script is Arabic-based and transcriptions of the text appear in translated English and Arabic. This Arabic based orthography has helped passive narrators of oral lore collaborate with researchers in order to compose literature truthful to its origins.

Examples
The following examples are couplets, which is the basic building block of Soqotri poetry and song. This is a straightforward humorous piece about a stingy fisherman with easy language usage that anyone on the island could easily understand. Translation:
 * 1) ber tībeb di-ģašonten / Abdullah di-halēhn
 * 2) d-iķor di-hi sode / af teķolemen ٚeyh il-ārhen
 * 1) Everyone knows for certain that Abdullah is quite idiotic, walking here and there:
 * 2) He's concealed his fish for so long that the bluebottles are swarming all around him!

The next example is a line that most Soqotrans would not find too difficult to understand either:
 * 1) selleman enhe we-mātA / le-ha le-di-ol yahtite
 * 2) di-ol ināsah ki-yiķtīni / lot erehon ki-gizol šeber

Literal translation:
 * 1) Greet on my behalf and make certain my greetings reach the one over there who is quite without shame.
 * 2) Who does not wipe his face clean when he has eaten, just like goats when they are feeding on the šeber plants

In order to understand this piece however, the listener has to know of the significance of the šeber plants. These plants, part of the Euphorbia plant group, survive long months of dry seasons and have a milky latex which goats often feed on in times of shortage. There is no nutritious benefit to it but, it helps rid of the goats' thirst. However, when goats feed on the latex from damaged plants, it stains their muzzles and causes sores in and around the mouth. The lines were made by a woman who had found out that her lover was bragging to others of his victories (he is being compared to the feeding goats). She is calling this out and warning other women to be careful of men of his like.

title: Soqotri language


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Talk:Harvey v. Horan

Untitled
''This page was placed on Votes for Deletion in June 2004. Consensus was to keep; view discussion at /Delete.''

I changed the name to be more specific. I mimicked the syntax of US constitutional right to medical treatment. Kingturtle 05:05, 26 Feb 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Harvey v. Horan


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Ryu

Ryū (龍/竜, 隆, 流, りゅう, リュウ) is a Japanese masculine given name and family name meaning "dragon", "noble", "prosperous", or "flow". Ryū, Ryu, or ryu may also refer to:

Fiction

 * Ryū (manga), a 1986 series by Masao Yajima and Akira Oze
 * Dragon: the Old Potter's Tale (龍), a 1919 book by Ryūnosuke Akutagawa
 * Monthly Comic Ryū, a manga magazine in Japan

Characters

 * Ryu (Breath of Fire), the protagonist in the Breath of Fire series
 * Ryu (Street Fighter), a leading character in the Street Fighter franchise
 * Ryu Hayabusa, the protagonist in the Ninja Gaiden series
 * Ryu Higashi, a character from J.A.K.Q. Dengekitai
 * Ryu Jose, a character from Mobile Suit Gundam
 * Ryu Kumon, a minor character in Ranma 1/2
 * Ryu Nakanishi, Science Ninja Team member G-5
 * Ryu Tanaka, a character from Haikyuu!!
 * Ryu Tendoh, a character from Choujin Sentai Jetman
 * Ryū Tsuji, a character from Special A
 * "Wooden Sword" Ryu, a Shaman King character
 * A character from Fist of the North Star

People

 * Chishū Ryū (笠 智衆, 1904–1993), Japanese actor
 * Hirofumi Ryu (笠 浩史, born 1965), Japanese politician
 * Ryu Fujisaki (藤崎 竜, born 1971), Japanese manga artist
 * Ryu Lee, an alternate ring name of the Mexican wrestler Dragon Lee
 * Ryu Matsumoto (松本 龍, born 1951), Japanese politician
 * Ryu Shionoya (塩谷 立, born 1950), Japanese politician
 * Ryu, a member of the musical group Styles of Beyond
 * Ryutaro Nakahara (Ryu☆), Japanese musician and DJ
 * ryukahr, American streamer and YouTuber

Other uses

 * Ryū, the word for a Japanese dragon
 * Ryū (school), a school of thought or discipline (for example a fighting school)
 * ryu, the ISO 639-3 code for the Okinawan language
 * Ryu SDN, an open source component-based Software-defined networking framework

title: Ryu


text:
George Weston

George Weston (March 23, 1865 – April 6, 1924) was an American-born Canadian businessman and the founder of George Weston Limited. He became Toronto's biggest baker with Canada's largest bread factory. Weston began his career at the age of 12 as a baker's apprentice and went on to become a bread route salesman. By the turn of the century, he was known throughout the city for his "Weston’s Home-Made Bread" and years later for "Weston’s Biscuits." In addition to being a successful local businessman, he was also a prominent Methodist, as well as a municipal politician who served four years as alderman on Toronto City Council.

Early years
George Weston was born to Ann and William Weston at Oswego, New York, in 1864. By the time George turned four, the family, British immigrants who first settled in Canada, had returned to Toronto after some time in the United States. As one of eight children, George aspired to be a "minister of the Gospel" from an early age and, in fact, remained a devout Methodist throughout his life. But the family continued to struggle and funding any kind of higher education was beyond its means. On completing public school, George was sent out into the workforce, apparently to help supplement the family income.

Baker’s apprentice
Young George was apprenticed to C.J. Frogley, a baker with a small shop at 850 Yonge Street, north of Bloor Street, then on the outskirts of Toronto in 1876. After a number of years, Frogley abandoned the location and another baker by the name of G.H. Bowen eventually set-up shop there. After a year or so, Bowen moved the bakery to Sullivan Street, not far from today's Art Gallery of Ontario. George found employment with Bowen, who is said to have taken enough interest in the lad to see that he "learned the business the way it should be learned." Over the course of his young career, George did everything from baking bread, to making deliveries, to keeping the books.

Sullivan Street bakery
Eventually, George became a bread salesman and in 1882 went into business for himself, buying a bread route from Bowen. Two years later, with his business prospering, he bought out the bakery of his former employer. Years later, George Weston recalled those early days: "I baked 250 loaves the first day. I delivered them — drove my own waggon — called on every customer myself."

It was on Sullivan Street where George Weston, with one wood-burning oven and two journeymen bakers, developed his "Home-Made Bread." Made from a combination of the best Manitoba No. 1 Hard Wheat and Ontario Fall Wheat, "in about equal proportions," its popularity grew. In 1889, the bakery was still a small operation with two bread wagons but by 1894 it had undergone four expansions. He also began introducing the latest in technology, such as mechanical mixers, to make the process less labour-intensive. By the 1890s, he had renamed his bakery "G. Weston’s Bread Factory." Technological advances aside, Weston attributed the growth of his business to the quality of his bread. "Merit did it — the merit of my bread. You won't find any better bread than mine. Folks all like it. Every year adds new customers."

Model Bakery
In the Fall of 1897, George Weston unveiled his new state-of-the-art "Model Bakery" bread factory at the corner of Soho and Phoebe streets in Toronto. The two-story structure, with the latest in baking technology, had an initial production that averaged 3,200 loaves a day, and a capacity of 6,500 loaves. The press quickly hailed the operation for its efficiency and cleanliness, as well as gave credit to its proprietor: Perseverance and pluck combined with brains have brought many a man out of the rut. Such a man is Mr. George Weston, who a few years ago, with a capital of two hundreds dollars, began a small baking business, and who to-day has the largest bakery in Canada, and does the largest bread business in the city. His quarters, being too small for his rapidly growing business, he decided to erect the largest, and at the same time the model, bakery in Canada. He spared no money, and let it be said to his credit, that the building was designed and built by Canadians, and is composed of and equipped with Canadian material and machinery. The fault of many bakers was that their surroundings were not clean enough, and Mr. Weston decided that the fame of his genuine home-made bread should not suffer through any lack of cleanliness. Though bakery, house and stables are under one roof, the building is so constructed that one does not affect the others.

But no sooner had the Model Bakery gone into production than George Weston began hearing reports from his salesmen that the competition was undercutting his prices, contrary to a local Bakers’ Association agreement that set a standard price for bread of 12 cents a loaf. As Weston parted company with his fellow bakers he lowered his prices for both his route and wholesale customers, as the competition attempted to fill the store shelves of Toronto with their bread: Bakers have fallen out with one another since Mr. Geo Weston has left their ASSOCIATION and the outcome will be the bakers' loss and the citizens' gain. Mr. Geo. Weston has lowered his bread to 10 cents retail, CASH, and he promises to continue such prices all through the winter, no matter what the other BAKERS do. His aim is to satisfy the public that his drop in price is genuine, and not a BLUFF on the public which is being introduced by many of the leading bakers in the city, charging their private customers 11 and 12 cents and selling to the stores at 6 cents per loaf. Mr. Weston does not intend to be governed by any ring or association in the future, but will attend strictly to his own business. which has made Mr. G. WESTON'S name a household word with the citizens of Toronto for his SUPERIOR REAL HOME MADE BREAD. He promises to treat all classes alike, one quality for the rich, the same for the poor. No half dozen prices with Mr. Geo. Weston. His wholesale price will be from day to day 9 cents to stores, 10 cents to privates, CASH.

In the end, the price war did not hurt business. By 1899, in a single month, the Model Bakery delivered 231,650 three pound loafs, more than double the factory's original output, with bread now shipped to 38 cities and towns outside of Toronto. Two years later, the Model Bakery was supplying over 100 towns across Ontario with its bread, "as far east as Prescott, as far west as Windsor, and up to North Bay."

Amalgamation
In 1901, George Weston merged his operations with those of flour mill owner J.L. Spink of Pickering, Ontario, to form the Model Bakery Company, Limited.

In a letter to the editor, Weston addressed rumors concerning a "bread trust" designed to control the bread business of Toronto, saying they were baseless and that the amalgamation was intended to do away with "the middle man's profits" in order to give the public better value for their money, while ensuring that the Model Bakery received "nothing but the very choicest flour with which to make our bread." By late 1902, the Pickering News gave every indication that the merger had been a success:

Those of our readers who have not paid a visit to The Model Bakery at Toronto, should do so at the first opportunity, as there they see the manufacturing of bread done on a collossal scale, can you imagine for a minute what it means to bake a million pounds, (1,000,000) of bread each month, which is 12,000,000 lbs. a year. This is what The Model Bakery has done this year, and their trade is increasing to such an extent, that they are building three more ovens of the most improved kind, as well as extending their cake department. 'Weston's Bread' is delivered daily to all parts of the city and surrounding country, also shipped all over Ontario, as well as to points in Quebec. Their Bakery is supplied by flour entirely from the company's own mill, better known as Spink Mill's, which is located at Pickering, on the main line of the Grand Trunk Railway. Their Mills are kept running night and day to keep the Bakery and their other trade supplied, the Bakery taking some 40,000 barrels of flour a year.

But the partnership, for reasons unknown, did not last. After a few years, the mill assets were returned to Spink, and Weston and his business partner went their separate ways.

During this time, George Weston was also active in terms of professional associations. At the first annual Canadian Master Bakers' Association, held September 1902 in Toronto, he delivered the concluding address on the topic of 'Bookkeeping methods as applied to the baking trade,' in which he "introduced several new ideas," illustrated by a chart.

From bread to biscuits
Early in the new century, Weston began moving beyond bread into biscuits. The bread business had always been very competitive and margins were low, while biscuits offered higher margins. In addition to 'fancy biscuits,' or what today would be called cookies, the company made sodas. A 1904 advertisement boasted that the new Weston's Royal Cream Soda Biscuits were the only ones in Canada sold in air-tight packaging. Within a few years, the Model Bakery Co., Limited, had a dozen "Ontario biscuit travellers" or salesman, offering Weston's Biscuits to merchants.

In 1911, George Weston's bread business underwent another amalgamation, this time on a larger scale, joining with other manufacturers in Toronto, Montreal and Winnipeg, to form the Canada Bread Company. In merging their businesses the Canada Bread partners agreed not to compete with the new company they had created by refraining from making bread for a ten-year period. The Model Bakery became part of the assets of Canada Bread and George Weston became a company director. Meantime, a new "Weston's Biscuit Factory," at the corner of Peter and Richmond streets in Toronto, went into production.

Municipal politics
In addition to being a prominent business figure churchman, and "a liberal contributor to worthy charities," George Weston also became a municipal politician, winning election as alderman on Toronto city council. Weston, who in one campaign ad promoted himself as "The Businessman's Candidate," served four successive one-year terms representing Ward Four from 1910 to 1913. Described as a "progressive legislator" by the press, who voiced his support for a proposed "tubes" or subway system, he each year received the endorsement of the city's newspapers. One such endorsement noted that "Alderman Weston is not a noisy member of council but a useful one." While urged to run for mayor he turned down the idea in favour of one last term on council. In 1914, he returned full-time to his business, which had apparently suffered in his absence.

World war
With World War I being fought in Europe, supply shortages forced the company to discontinue some lines of biscuits but George Weston Limited struggled through and remained profitable. The company also played a part in the war effort, supplying biscuits to Canadian troops overseas. One photograph, taken in front of the Weston's Biscuit Factory, showed delivery wagons with banners that read, "For Our Soldier Boys Fighting in France." The war also personally touched George Weston and family, with eldest son Garfield Weston volunteering for overseas duty as a "Sapper" in the Canadian Expeditionary Force from 1917 to 1919. While in uniform Garfield toured the world-famous British biscuit factories and came away convinced that a similar, high quality product could be successfully manufactured and marketed in Canada. It was also during this time that George Weston considered selling the company. Distraught over the death of his youngest son in a tragic accident and not sure his eldest son would return from the trenches of France, he received an offer from competitor Christie, Brown and Company to buy George Weston Limited. Not knowing what to do, he wrote to Garfield asking for his advice. Garfield wrote back, asking his father not to sell and telling him to hold on until his return from the war.

English Quality Biscuits
On his return from war in 1919, Garfield Weston rejoined his father's firm and he soon began taking on managerial responsibilities, first promoted to company vice president and then general manager. In 1921, with the ten-year agreement barring the company from manufacturing bread having expired, and at the urging of former customers of his, George Weston went back to baking bread. It was around this time that Garfield convinced his father to import biscuit ovens and machinery from England. The result was the successful launch of "Weston’s English Quality Biscuits" in 1922. The new line sold for about half of the price of imported English biscuits. Two months later, the company reported its production line working 24 hours a day, trying to keep up with demand. It soon began adding additional varieties of biscuits to the new line, promoted with the slogan, "Biscuits as They Are Made in England."

Death
George Weston died from a stroke in April 1924, when he was 59.

With the death of George Weston, W. Garfield Weston became president of George Weston Limited. He soon began a program of expansion and acquisition.

In October 2008, the Ontario Heritage Trust unveiled a provincial plaque commemorating George Weston at the site of his former Model Bakery bread factory in Toronto.

title: George Weston


text:
Börte

Börte, also known as Börte Üjin (Mongolian: ; Cyrillic: Бөртэ үжин; c. 1161–1230), was the first wife of Temüjin, who became Genghis Khan, the founder of the Mongol Empire. Börte became the head of the first Court of Genghis Khan, and Grand Empress of his Empire. She was betrothed to Genghis at a young age, married at seventeen, and then kidnapped by a rival tribe. Her husband's rescue of her is considered one of the key events that started him on his path to becoming a conqueror. She gave birth to four sons and five daughters, who, along with their own descendants, were the primary bloodline in the expansion of the Mongol Empire.

Early life
Few historical facts are known about her early life, though she is a subject of a number of Mongolian legends. What little is known is generally from The Secret History of the Mongols.

Börte was born c.1161 into the Olkhonud of Khongirad. This tribe was friendly to the Borjigin tribe, into which Temüjin was born. She was the daughter of Dei-Sechen and Chotan. She was described as having a "fair complexion", with "light in her face and fire in her eyes", a term signifying intelligence. The girls that came from the Olkhonud tribe were known for being particularly beautiful.

Marriage
Börte was the first wife of Temüjin. When Temüjin was nine years old his father, Yesügei, went in search of a wife for him. He set out to find a girl from Temüjin's mother's people, the Olqunu'ut, but along the way ran into Dei-Sechen, Börte's father. Dei-Sechen explained he had a dream the previous night about Yesügei arriving with his son and believed this was a good omen. He explained that the women of his people, the Onggirat, were known for having beautiful girls; and stated that his daughter Börte, who was ten, would make a good wife for Temüjin. Upon meeting Börte, Yesügei described her as a girl "who had light in her face, who had fire in her eyes", and after spending the night asked Dei-Sechen for Börte’s hand in marriage for his son. Dei-Sechen agreed, under the condition that Temüjin stay with Börte's family as his bride price.

Unfortunately, on his return from this trip, Yesügei encountered some Tatars having a feast and decided to join them, whereupon they poisoned his food. He completed his journey back home before collapsing and ultimately passing away. Before he died, Yesügei insisted Temüjin be called back home to take care of his siblings in the absence of their father. Dei-Sechen agreed to allow Temüjin to return to his family, and so Börte and Temüjin were separated quickly after their betrothal.

In 1178, after seven years apart, Temüjin set out to be reunited with Börte. After finding her in the same village in which she lived before, he married her, and the two left for a new home on the Senggür Stream, located in the Gürelgü Mountains. Soon after, they moved to set up a new homestead on the Burgi Escarpment near the Keuren River. Here, Börte's dowry, a black sable coat, was gifted to Yesügei's old friend Ong Qan, reestablishing a friendship between the two families.

Abduction
Soon after her marriage to Temüjin was made official, the Burgi Escarpment was attacked by the Three Merkit, or Mergeds, who were a confederation of three tribes inhabiting the basin of the Selenga and Orkhon Rivers. Temüjin and his family were able to escape on horses, but there were no horses left for Börte. A servant at the camp tried to hide Börte in an old cart, which he harnessed to an ox to try to escape upstream with her. The cart eventually broke and when the servant tried to keep moving Börte on foot, they were surrounded by soldiers who discovered her within the cart. The Three Merkit believed their raid victorious as they had planned it in retaliation for the abduction of Hoelun, Temüjin's mother, from their people many years before.

Temüjin was deeply distressed by the abduction of his wife and remarked that his bed "was made empty" and his breast was "torn apart". Ong Qan, who had been gifted Börte's dowry, promised to help Temüjin recover Börte from the Three Merkit, and together they came up with a plan to return her. Eight months later the pair led a charge into the Barqujin territory, and upon their arrival the Merkit people fled in numbers down the Selengge River. Börte and Temüjin were finally reunited, as described in The Secret History of the Mongols:

"As the pillaging and plundering went on, Temüjin moved among the people that were hurriedly escaping, calling, 'Börte, Börte!' And so he came upon her, for Lady Börte was among those fleeing people. She heard the voice of Temüjin and, recognizing it, she got off the cart and came running towards him. Although it was still night, Lady Börte and Qo'aqčin both recognized Temüjin's reins and tether and grabbed them. It was moonlight; he looked at them, recognized Lady Börte, and they fell into each other's arms."

Later, as Khan, Temüjin exterminated the Merkit people and enslaved their women.

Rule
Börte brought with her independent wealth, based on her dowry, and a shrewd and intelligent mind. She shared some responsibilities with her mother-in-law Hö'elün, including the management of human and animal resources and the economy of the camp overall.

Around 1179, the first of Börte's children, Qojin, was born. Börte's nine children were integral to Temüjin's rule; her five daughters would go on to marry key political allies to cement diplomatic relationships, while her four sons aided in Temüjin's conquests throughout Asia.

Additionally, Börte managed pan-Asian trade routes, and acted as advisor to officials and merchants traveling these roads. She maintained considerable power in this position as detailed by multiple documented events. In one particular instance, she had successfully advised Temüjin to cut ties with Jamqua, a military leader, once she had deemed that the alliance was no longer mutually beneficial. Additionally, she insisted that a shaman, Teb Tenggeri, should be challenged for his insolence, as he was acting in an insulting manner towards Temüjin's family. Both of these requests were dutifully followed by Temüjin.

She was revered by the Mongols after Temüjin became Genghis Khan, and she was crowned the Grand Empress.

Börte, on several occasions, heavily influenced her husband's decisions, as Genghis both respected and appreciated Börte's insight on political relationships. One such incident was when Otčigin came into Genghis Khan's tent while he was still in bed with Börte, and asked for help against the Qongqotan tribe. Before Genghis Khan could say anything, Börte "sat up in bed, covering her breasts with the edge of the blanket" and described the cruelty of the Qongqotan. After listening to his wife speak, Genghis Khan decided to help Otčigin. There is also evidence of Börte influencing how strict Genghis was with members of his cabinet. In one instance, Börte told Genghis to separate from his friend Jamqua after the alliance went bad, in order to maintain his authority within the court. On another instance Börte insisted shaman Teb Tenggeri should be challenged for his insolence, and resultantly his back was broken for insulting Genghis' youngest brother Temuge Otchigin.

As Genghis Khan continued to expand his influence and empire, Börte remained behind and assisted Genghis' brother Temüge in ruling the Mongol homeland. Other wives accompanied Genghis Khan on his campaigns, while she ruled her own territory and managed her own court. Most of the Kherlen River was assigned to her, land that had before belonged to the Tatars. Only her sons were considered to be candidates to succeed Temüjin as Khans. Meanwhile, she also adopted multiple orphans, including Qutqu Noyan and Buda Noyan, and raised them as her own – greatly improving her reputation and social status as a mother.

Family
Börte's sons:
 * Jochi
 * Chagatai
 * Ögedei
 * Tolui TuluiWithQueenSorgaqtani.jpg

Daughters: Börte and Temüjin placed great faith (and territory) unto their children, also supplying them with considerable wealth and positions to inherit. There was some family conflict over succession; there were doubts about the true father of Jochi, as it is feasible that Börte was raped during her kidnapping and, therefore, that Jochi’s father may be one of her captors. Chagatai, Jochi’s brother, often chided Jochi for these claims, which often led to quarrels between the two brothers. Temüjin reportedly wholeheartedly denied this accusation, calling them disrespectful and claiming Jochi as his son. As a result of this infighting, Ghengis Khan opted for neither Jochi nor Chagatai to take over his legacy as Khan. Instead, Ogodei was selected to rule because he was a peacemaker between his two brothers. Ogodei and Tolui took the reins of their parents’ legacies and their children continued to rule as Khan in many later generations. Both Jochi and Chagatai would also go on to become rulers of territorial divisions, although not the entire empire. Jochi’s descendants, for example, would found and rule over the Golden Horde in the west.
 * Kua Ujin Bekhi, the eldest, was betrothed to Tusakha, son of Senggum, and grandson of Wang Khan, ruler of the Keraite tribe; she eventually married Botu, of the Ikires tribe, and widower of her paternal aunt Temulun.
 * Alakhai Bekhi, married first to Alaqush Digit Quri, chieftain of the Ongüt tribe; then to his nephew and heir Jingue; and finally to her stepson Boyaohe
 * Tümelün, married to Chigu, son of Alchi, son of Dei Seichen, Börte's father
 * Al Altan, married the powerful Uyghur ruler Barchuk.Shortly after the accession of Güyük Khan in the 1240s, she was tried and executed on charges that were later suppressed
 * Checheikhen, married to Törölchi, son of Quduka beki, of the Oirat tribe.

Legacy and modern representations
Börte died in 1230 after her husband passed away. Ultimately, throughout her life, Börte earned reverence and respect from the Mongol people. She was a highly admired mother figure for the whole empire, an image which was bolstered by her relationships with both her biological and adopted children. She also deftly cultivated political marriages for her daughters, solidifying diplomatic relations. Throughout history, the Onggiard would use political marriages to ensure friendly relations between the parties involved, with the daughters acting as "intercessors". In this manner, Börte acted both as an advisor to her husband and as a trainer to her daughters, cultivating them to believe in their mission as "representatives, diplomats, and active participants in affairs of state".

Given her significant role in Genghis Khan's life, Börte has appeared as a prominent character in the many films and television series based on her husband's life and conquests. The actresses who have portrayed her include Susan Hayward in The Conqueror, Françoise Dorléac in Genghis Khan and Chuluuny Khulan in the 2007 Oscar nominated Russian film Mongol. She has also appeared as a playable character in the video game Iron Maiden: Legacy of the Beast, created by the popular metal band of the same name.

title: Börte


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Makoto Shinkai

Makoto Niitsu (新津 誠), known as Makoto Shinkai (新海 誠), is a Japanese filmmaker and novelist. He is known for his anime feature films produced with studio CoMix Wave Films.

Shinkai began his career as a video game animator with Nihon Falcom in 1996, and gained recognition as a filmmaker with the release of the original video animation (OVA) She and Her Cat (1999). Shinkai then released the science-fiction OVA Voices of a Distant Star in 2002 as his first feature with CoMix Wave, and followed this with his debut feature film The Place Promised in Our Early Days (2004).

Shinkai's films have consistently received highly positive reviews from both critics and audiences, and he is considered to be one of Japan's most commercially successful filmmakers. His three most recent films Your Name (2016), Weathering with You (2019), and Suzume (2022) are all among the highest-grossing Japanese films of all time both in Japan and worldwide at the time of their release.

Early life
A native of Nagano Prefecture, Shinkai studied Japanese literature at Chuo University, where he was a member of the juvenile literature club and drew picture books. He traces his passion for creation to the manga, anime and novels he was exposed to in middle school. His favorite anime films are Laputa: Castle in the Sky, Nausicaä and The Castle of Cagliostro by Hayao Miyazaki, The End of Evangelion by Hideaki Anno and Patlabor 2 by Mamoru Oshii.

Career
After graduating from Chuo University Faculty of Literature in March 1996, he got a job at Falcom, a video game company. He worked there for 5 years, making video clips for games and graphic design including web content. During this time he met musician Tenmon, who later scored many of his movies.

In 1999, Shinkai released She and Her Cat, a five-minute short piece done in monochrome. It won several awards, including the grand prize at the 12th DoGA CG Animation contest (2000). DoGA is an independent nonprofit company set up to encourage entry-level animators with software and advice. The short details the life of a cat, entirely from the cat's perspective, as it passes time with its owner, a young woman.

After winning the grand prize, Shinkai began thinking about a follow-up while he continued working for Falcom. In June 2000, Shinkai was inspired to begin Voices of a Distant Star by drawing a picture of a girl in a cockpit grasping a cell phone. Some time later, he was contacted by Manga Zoo (today a smartphone app), which offered to work with him, giving him a grant to turn his idea into an anime they could sell. In May 2001, he quit his job at Falcom and began to work on Voices. In an interview, Shinkai noted that production took around seven months of "real work".

Voices of a Distant Star was followed by the 90-minute The Place Promised in Our Early Days, which was released nationwide in Japan on November 20, 2004. It was critically acclaimed, winning many honors. Shinkai's next project was 5 Centimeters per Second and premiered on 3 March 2007. It consists of three short films: Cherry Blossom, Cosmonaut, and 5 Centimeters per Second. In September 2007, Nagano's leading newspaper, Shinano Mainichi Shinbun, released a TV commercial animated by Shinkai. Shinkai spent 2008 in London, resting since the completion of 5 Centimeters per Second. He returned to Japan in 2009 to start work on his next project. He released two concept drawings for this film in December 2009. Shinkai noted that it would be his longest animation film to date and described the story as a "lively" animated film with adventure, action, and romance centered on a cheerful and spirited girl on a journey to say "farewell". In November 2010, he revealed that his next work would be titled Children Who Chase Lost Voices from Deep Below. A teaser trailer was released on November 9, and the film was released on May 7, 2011. His next feature, The Garden of Words, was released on May 31, 2013.

On August 26, 2016, Shinkai released Your Name. The film received widespread acclaim from audiences and critics, praising the film for its narrative, imagery, animation, music, emotional weight, and skillful use of post-postmodernist themes. The film was also a commercial success, becoming the fifth-highest-grossing film of all time in Japan. Then by 2019, the film became the highest-grossing anime film of all time worldwide, overtaking Miyazaki's Spirited Away.

Shinkai's next project Weathering with You was released on July 19, 2019 in Japan. The film was also a commercial success, grossing $192.9 million worldwide and making it the tenth highest grossing Japanese film of all time.

Suzume, Shinkai's seventh feature-length film, was released in Japan on November 11, 2022. The film was a further critical and commercial success, grossing over $300 million worldwide.

Personal life
Shinkai has been called "The New Miyazaki" in several reviews, including those by Anime Advocates and ActiveAnime—comparisons that Shinkai brushed off as "overestimation".

Shinkai is married to retired actress and producer Misaka Chieko who is best known for starring in Versus by Ryuhei Kitamura; the couple has a daughter, child actress Chise Niitsu (born 2010).

An asteroid, 55222 Makotoshinkai, is named after him.

Illustrations

 * I Dream to Protect You (きみを守るためにぼくは夢をみる) — Illustrator (2003–2011)

title: Makoto Shinkai