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Talk:A few acres of snow

Untitled
I really enjoy a juicy bit of historical disambiguation, well told! This brief entry has perfect form. Wetman 20:01, 8 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * I think people here are confusing what Voltaire thought with what the characters in his novel thought. What the characters say or think doesn't necesarily reflect what the author thinks. If Voltaire had written a novel about the colonies, and one of the characters said that "killing a negro is a light matter not even worth thinking twice over after it's done", would we conclude that Voltaire was racist?!! Hardouin 00:16, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Hi to anyone who might question my re-insertion (my first, I believe). I wish to state my reasons. In my original edit, I wrote "The Québécois have had a well-deserved revenge by punningly calling the French language edition of Trivial Pursuit "Quleques arpents de pieges" - a few acres of traps. One of the best selling board games of the 1980s, endlessly reinvented with new specialist editions, was invented in Montreal by anglo journalists." This was removed. On reconsideration, I can see that the second sentence is unnecessary, since the info can be conveyed by linking to the Trivial Pursuit page. However, I believe the first sentence does add something new to the Wikipedia page about this phrase of Voltaire's. It confirms its continued cultural and linguistic relevance, and Quebec (and indeed Canada's) sensitivity to being overlooked or undervalued. I hope we can agree to let this re-edit stand. If not, it would be interesting to discuss your reasons here. BrainyBabe 16:41, 29 May 2005 (UTC)

I'm not sure I completely agree with the statement that it is regularly quoted by Canadians. I happen to be one, and this is the first I have ever heard of it. Then again, it may not be a Western Canadian thing as much as an Eastern Canadian one. Dalef 05:03, 6 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree that this is not as common a phrase in Canada as the first paragraph makes it seem, and it's not just people from the west who don't use it. I grew up in southern Ontario, have followed Canadian politics fairly closely since the early seventies, and even lived in Quebec for a short time and speak a little french, and I'm not sure I ever heard the phrase before today.--Tedd 22:04, 14 September 2007 (UTC)

I'd like to add a comment -- and I'm not sure whether this may, in fact, need a disambiguation (that's a bit above my skill level): Quelques Arpents de Neige is also an environmental history network in Eastern Canada (it is an eastern Canada thing, I think, potentially even a Quebec-and-surrounds centred thing, at least mostly) and including New England. (They distinctly are using the amused tone in evoking this quote.) Their webpage can be found at http://www.arpents.ca. They've been in existence for several years now, with a reasonably large number of distinguished participants, so if anyone expresses interest in this alternate explanation of the phrase, I'll add something more specific when I have the time. Kvcad 17:40, 22 October 2006 (UTC)

 * No it does not need a disambiguation unless there exists another Wikipedia page named after the organization. There are several options you can use, depending if you want to write about the organization itself, or if you only want to mention its name as an additional example of a use of Voltaire's phrase. In the latter case, you can add the additional example to the list with the other examples in the appropriate section of the article. However, if you want to write something about the organization, then you would not be writing about the topic of this page but about a different topic and therefore this page would not be the appropriate place.  In this case, if you come to the conclusion that the organization meets the Wikipedia notoriety criteria for deserving its own article, you can create such an article. (And then you would need to also create a disambiguation because Wikipedia would now have two articles about two different topics but with similar names.)  If you come to the conclusion that the organization does not pass the Wikipedia notoriety test for having its own article, you can still write about it by adding your text to a more general article about that topic, such as an article about North-American environmental history, or an article about environmental history organizations, etc.  You can, of course, do both, i.e. write something about the organization itself in the other article and include a mention of its name here in the list of examples. Asclepias 23:54, 8 September 2006 (UTC)

The introduction reads like an undergraduate essay, not an encyclopedia entry — and a mediocre one at that. Rewrite, anyone?--Spudstud 21:05, 26 November 2006 (UTC)

Arpents
I jus added a new entry to the Trivia section of this article: "Although generally translated as "Acres", the term "Arpent" literally refers to an old French unit of land measurement, approximately 85% of the size of an acre. See Arpent." I don't know how important this delineation is to the article, but perhaps it should be included in the general article rather than only appear in the trivia? I leave the decision to those more well acquainted with wiki-editing. Simonus 13:20, 6 October 2006 (UTC)

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title: Talk:A few acres of snow


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Warner Village Cinemas

Warner Village Cinemas was a chain of multiplex cinemas operated by Warner Bros. in the various locations throughout Europe. Created in the late 1980s in the UK as Warner Bros. Cinemas, these locations acted as a rival to Paramount and Universal's UCI Cinemas chain. This Warner brand of theatre debuted as the multiplex theatre format location was beginning to replace the traditional in-town style of cinema in the UK. In November 1996, a joint venture between Warner Bros. International Theatres and Village Roadshow Australia was established where the locations would start to share the prospective company names, leading to the title "Warner Village". The chain expanded by building more sites from 1997 to November 2002, with 40 sites open. The Warner Village chain is considered a continuation of the former UK cinema chain Warner Cinemas, which had operated for many decades prior to the formation.

United Kingdom
Its first in the UK was in Bury, Greater Manchester. The grand opening was in June 1989, the opening film was Police Academy 6: City Under Siege with stars of the film flown over for the event, in which Bruce Willis was also at the event with Liza Minnelli cutting the opening ribbon. The chain had 36 cinemas with 354 screens including the flagship in Leicester Square when it was purchased by SBC International Cinemas in May 2003. SBC rebranded all the cinemas as Vue Cinemas starting in March 2004, including the refurbishment of the foyers, the lighting and replacing screen numbers in some cinemas. During the transition, some Warner Village locations retained the branding until early 2006 as some certain cinemas were owned and operated solely by Village Roadshow Australia.

Warner West End
The flagship and arguably most notable Warner Village Cinema was the Warner West End in Leicester Square, London, a multiplex that used to host Warner film premieres. This theatre features two bas-relief sculptures, Sight and Sound, sculpted by Edward Bainbridge Copnall. This location had a history way back to the early days of motion pictures, with it being an original Warner Theatre from the early 20th Century. A notable event for this location was the 1993 premiere of the film The Fugitive, this was a reopening of the location after a lengthy renovation to bring the location in line with the design of the 'Warner Cinemas' multiplex chain. The star of The Fugitive, Harrison Ford, attended to place a time capsule to commemorate the event. In 2003, during the Vue rebrand, this location became Vue West End. The interior formed in the 1993 reopening (aside from Warner logos) was maintained up until 2017, when Vue performed an overhaul renovation to the location to update the tired design and renew interest.

Other territories
The cinema chain also operated in Taiwan, opening a cinema in a shopping mall named Warner Village Cinema Centre in Taipei. In 2005 it was bought out and renamed 威秀影城.

In October 2009, the Italian franchise of Warner Village was bought by the Benetton Group and merged with Mediaset's Medusa Cinema to create The Space Cinema. It was originally a joint venture between Warner Bros. International Theatres, Village Roadshow Australia and Focus Srl., the local Italian partner. This was the last surviving branch of the Warner Village Cinema franchise.

Sponsorship
From March 2, 2001 until December 2003, Warner Village Cinemas was the sponsor of ITV LWT's weather forecasts (or simply London Weekend Weather / London Weather at the Weekend as from 2 November 2002), as well as being advertised on some British Warner Home Videos. On the 2002 video game The Getaway, Warner Village was promoted through advertising billboards which could be found on London Taxis throughout the game.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Warner Village Cinemas


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Mågerø

Mågerø is a small peninsula in Færder Municipality in Vestfold county, Norway. The peninsula is located on the northeast shore of the large island of Tjøme, about 15 km south of the city of Tønsberg.

The peninsula is a part of a popular Norwegian summer vacation area and the location of the Royal Norwegian Air Force control and alert station for the southern part of Norway. The Norwegian royal family have their private summer residence, also known as Mågerø, located on the peninsula. The royal home is entirely located in a restricted military area.

title: Mågerø


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Odeon Luxe West End

The Odeon Luxe West End is a two-screen cinema on the south side of Leicester Square, London. It has historically been used for smaller film premieres and hosting the annual BFI London Film Festival. The site is on an adjacent side of the square to the much larger flagship Odeon Luxe Leicester Square.

Odeon Cinemas sold the building to three Irish investors in 2006, who continued to lease it. In 2012, it was bought by the Radisson Edwardian hotel group. It closed as a cinema on 1 January 2015. After extensive asbestos removal, the entire site was demolished the same year.

It reopened in September 2021 as an Odeon Luxe cinema, following a £300 million redevelopment of the site that also includes a luxury hotel. It is London's second Dolby Cinema.

1930–1940
The Leicester Square Theatre was built for actor/film star Jack Buchanan and impresario Walter Gibbons. Buchanan had a large two-storey apartment built on top of the theatre, which he occupied until it was damaged by bombing in late October 1940. NatWest later occupied this as their main London offices spread over two floors, but vacated it in the early 2000s and was damaged by squatters a few years later with graffiti everywhere, ceiling tiles punched out and carpet ripped up.

Designed by architect Andrew Mather, the Leicester Square Theatre was intended as a live theatre, but there were problems acquiring adjacent properties and the stage space proved insufficient. It opened on 19 December 1930 as a dual-purpose live theatre/cinema with 1,760 seats in stalls, dress circle and balcony levels. There were three boxes adjacent to each side of the proscenium at dress circle level, but these were only used during live performances. The foyer walls were decorated with polished black marble. The first operators were Warner Brothers and the opening programme was the Warner Brothers two-tone Technicolor film Viennese Nights starring Vivienne Segal supported by a stage dance production including Balliol and Merton and the Victoria Girls. It was equipped with a Wurlitzer 3 Manual/10 Rank theatre organ.

It was taken over in March 1931 by RKO Radio Pictures. In July 1931, Gracie Fields appeared for a week 'twice-nightly' as a prelude to her film Sally in Our Alley. Jack Hulbert song and dance show 'The R.K.O. Loudspeakers' was staged as part of the film programme in August 1931. It was taken over by County Cinemas and renamed Olympic Theatre from 21 March 1932, re-opening with John Stuart in In a Monastery Garden. County Cinemas had commissioned architect Alister G. MacDonald to re-design the entrance and the interior was re-designed by Edward Carrick. A revolve was installed in the centre of the stage at this time. It closed in July 1932 and Jack Buchanan took control again. In August 1932, films were dropped in favour of non-stop variety, which began with Non-Stop Revels live on stage, non-stop from two 'til midnight daily. Marie Kendall, singing "Just Like the Ivy", was one of the artistes appearing. This policy lasted for almost a year.

The theatre was then taken over again by United Artists and on 27 September 1933 re-opened as a full-time cinema, once more re-named the Leicester Square Theatre, with Jack Buchanan's own film for United Artists That's a Good Girl. It played United Artists pictures first run in London until it was closed again on 18 July 1937 for redecoration. It re-opened on 16 September 1937 with Victoria the Great, starring Anna Neagle.

In 1938, General Film Distributors took control (J. Arthur Rank was one of the directors) and it became the first West End Cinema to be controlled by what would become the Rank Organisation in later years.

1940–1967
The cinema was closed for almost a year from late-October 1940 when it suffered bomb damage. It re-opened on 11 July 1941 with The Flame of New Orleans. Oscar Deutsch Odeon Theatres Ltd. took over in July 1946, and they closed it in July 1950 for some repairs to be carried out to the war damage.

The UK premiere of Walt Disney's Alice in Wonderland was held here on 26 July 1951. Further repairs were carried out in 1955. The UK premiere of Laurence Olivier's production of Richard III took place in August 1955, and it ran here for thirteen weeks. The Longest Day played as a 'roadshow' presentation from 11 October 1962 until 4 September 1963. The UK premiere of Mary Poppins opened here on 17 December 1964 and played for several weeks before transferring to the Odeon Haymarket. The European Gala Premiere of The Happiest Millionaire starring Tommy Steele was held here on 26 October 1967. The Leicester Square Theatre was closed on 3 April 1968 with Carry On Doctor. The cinema was to undergo a complete interior refurbishment. The Wurlitzer organ, which was played at special organ concerts right up to closing, was also removed from the building.

1968–1988
Architects Arnold Dick Associates designed a new ‘modern style’ single screen cinema within the shell of the building, with a stalls and circle seating areas (removing the upper balcony) and the interior design was by Cassidy, Farrington and Dennys. Seating was provided for 1,407: 900 in the stalls and 507 in the circle.

Most of the detailed French Renaissance style interior was stripped out, with only the ceiling in particular retained, albeit punctured by steelwork and hidden from view by a new lower ceiling, ultimately falling into a state of disrepair with sections of moulded plasterwork coming away.

The Leicester Square Theatre re-opened on 12 December 1968 with a Royal Charity Premiere attended by Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon and Lord Snowdon of Shalako, starring Sean Connery. It was equipped for 70mm presentations. Over the following 48 years it hosted many film premieres, including Papillon in March 1974, Tommy in March 1975, and Crocodile Dundee in 1986.

1988–2015
It was renamed Odeon West End from 22 July 1988 with the opening of the comedy film The Couch Trip. It closed for twinning on 11 July 1991 with The Pope Must Die. The Odeon West End re-opened on 11 October 1991 with screen 1 upstairs seating 503 playing Toy Soldiers and screen 2 downstairs opening on 1 November 1991 with 848 seats playing Twenty-One. In 2008, the UK premiere of Sex and the City saw the film play in both auditoriums with every single session selling out. Sometimes, the film distributors would force the Odeon film bookings department to play less than popular movies as they were contracted to play a certain number of films at Odeon West End each year. Quite often, shows were run with less than 10 people attending each screening.

The Odeon West End had an exclusive run of The Master from 2 November 2012, playing a 70mm print of the film. The cinema, in its later years, was also the West End base for the annual London Film Festival.

The site was sold by Odeon Cinemas to three Irish investors in February 2006, though continued to operate as part of the Odeon chain. Ownership subsequently passed to the Irish National Asset Management Agency and in 2012 it was sold to the Radisson Hotels company.

A new set of plans for a hotel were approved by Westminster Council on 21 January 2014, and the Odeon West End closed on 1 January 2015. The final films were The Hunger Games: Mockingjay - Part 1, showing in screen 1 upstairs (489-seats) and Interstellar, showing in screen 2 downstairs (814-seats). Interstellar had been screened in a 70mm print until 24 December, and was replaced by a digital copy for its final seven days.

Demolition
In January 2014, Westminster City Council approved a plan by Radisson Hotels to demolish the building and replace it with an eight-storey 360-room hotel, which would also include a two-screen Odeon cinema in the basement.

Odeon cinema staff had four days to remove their equipment from the building, which was handed over to the demolition contractors on 5 January 2015, and demolition began in April 2015 and was completed in September 2015.

Reopening

The cinema reopened in September 2021 as the Odeon Luxe West End, occupying the basement of The Londoner, a new boutique hotel with six underground floors as well as nine above-ground. The redevelopment was undertaken by Arup.

The cinema has two screens. The main auditorium features a Dolby Vision laser projector and Dolby Atmos audio.

The Odeon Luxe West End was one of seven London venues that hosted the BFI London Film Festival 2021. The theater also hosted the premiere of the 2024 Dolby Cinema remaster of Tom Hooper's 2012 film adaptation of the musical Les Miserables.

title: Odeon Luxe West End


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Paris, Yukon

Paris was a small community in the Klondike region of Yukon, Canada on Dominion Creek during the Klondike Gold Rush (1898). Postal contract documents showed that it still existed in 1911, but all traces have disappeared today. It owed its name to its large proportion of French speakers and the fact that its postmaster was born in Paris, France.

title: Paris, Yukon


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George Graham (disambiguation)

George Graham (born 1944) is a Scottish former football player and manager.

George Graham may also refer to:

Politics

 * Lord George Graham (1715–1747), naval officer, MP for Stirlingshire
 * George Graham (Northern Ireland politician) (1945–2012), Northern Ireland Democratic Unionist Party politician
 * George Graham (Scottish MP) (1730–1801), MP for Clackmannanshire and Kinross-shire, Lord Lieutenant of Kinross-shire
 * George Graham (soldier) (1772–1830), Virginia lawyer and legislator, interim U.S. Secretary of War and commissioner of the General Land Office
 * George Graham (New Zealand politician) (1812–1901), New Zealand politician
 * George Graham (Victorian politician) (1838–1922), member of the Victorian Legislative Assembly
 * George Graham (New South Wales politician) (fl. 1861), member of the New South Wales Legislative Council
 * George Scott Graham (1850–1931), U.S. Representative from Pennsylvania
 * George Perry Graham (1859–1943), Canadian MP from Ontario
 * George G. Graham (born 1931), former Chairman of the South Carolina Republican Party
 * George J. Graham Jr. (1938–2006), political theorist
 * George Graham (North Carolina politician) (born 1949), member of the North Carolina General Assembly
 * George Graham (Georgia politician), member of the Atlanta Board of Aldermen

Sports

 * George Graham (Australian footballer) (1903–1983), Australian rules footballer
 * George Graham (mountaineer), first ascent of Aoraki / Mount Cook
 * George Graham (rugby) (born 1966), rugby player for Scotland and Newcastle Falcons
 * George Graham (soccer, born 1902) (1902–1966), Irish-Canadian soccer player

Others

 * George Graham (bishop) (died 1643), Scottish bishop
 * George Graham (clockmaker) (1673–1751), English clockmaker, geophysicist, and inventor
 * George Graham (ethnographer) (1874–1952), New Zealand accountant, lawyer and ethnographer
 * George Graham (monologist) (1866–1903), American monologist, patent medicine salesman, and recording artist
 * George Graham (physician) (1882–1971), English physician and physiologist
 * George Graham (Registrar General), Registrar General of England and Wales (1842–1880)
 * George Farquhar Graham (1789–1867), Scottish musicologist
 * George Mason Graham (1807–1891), first chairman of the board of trustees of the Louisiana State Seminary of Learning, forerunner of Louisiana State University
 * George Rex Graham (1813–1894), founder of Graham's Magazine in Philadelphia
 * George Augustus Graham, British soldier, historian and dog breeder

title: George Graham (disambiguation)


text:
Maggie Walsh

Professor Maggie Walsh is a fictional character in the television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer. The character is portrayed by Lindsay Crouse.

History
Professor Maggie Walsh is introduced in Season Four, as Buffy's Psychology professor at the University of California, Sunnydale, but is later revealed as the leader of the government-controlled Initiative, a military project intent on capturing, studying, and modifying the behavior of various demons. Unknown to many in the Initiative, Walsh is also involved in Project 314, a secret program within the Initiative that is creating a hybrid demon-humanoid-mechanoid (demonoid) known as Adam. Various creatures captured by the Initiative were dissected to provide the parts for Adam.

Maggie maintains a close relationship with Riley Finn (Marc Blucas), who is her favorite soldier; she appears to think of him as a son. After Riley learns that Buffy is the Slayer, they inform Walsh of her role. Walsh initially thinks that Buffy can be a useful ally to the Initiative, but soon takes a dislike to her unpredictability and unwelcome curiosity, especially regarding the "314 Project". Cameras installed in Riley's room allow her to spy on Buffy and Riley while they have sex, and later to hear Buffy ask Riley about the 314 Project. Perceiving that Buffy poses a risk to the project, Walsh tries to kill Buffy by sending her on a mission on which she is ambushed by two demons released from the Initiative's holding cells. Buffy defeats the demons and appears on the monitors after Walsh has prematurely announced Buffy's death to Riley, who walks out. Walsh retreats to the labs of Project 314, where she plots how to use Adam to defeat Buffy. However, Adam awakens and impales Walsh, killing her, and escapes from the Initiative.

Walsh appears in the penultimate episode of Season Four, "Primeval," as a zombie, working under Adam along with others Adam has killed. Attempting to finish off Project 314, begun by Walsh, Adam has his workers manufacturing more creatures like himself; part demon, human, and machine combined. Adam activates the chip Walsh had inserted into Riley's heart, making him biddable to Adam's command. Zombie Walsh attacks Buffy when she comes to Riley's rescue, but Buffy knocks her down and defeats her, and with some help from the Scooby-Gang of Willow, Xander, and Giles, she defeats Adam as well. The Initiative project is shut down permanently.

Writing and acting
Crouse viewed her character "no nonsense, and she seems to be a real teacher. She's like a President. She really would like to fashion the world in her image. She's not a mean person, she's just a straight-out scientist."

In a gender studies text, Jowett includes a section on the character, and argues the character is "masculinized by her roles as professor, scientist and leader."

Crouse has explained how her character was initially explained to her, "Joss tried to explain to me who this character was. He said that she was a scientist, and that she was going to be doing research and eventually, she might hatch an evil plot, but her front was being a psychology teacher."

Crouse gave some insight into her view on her character, "She's such an extremist. She has a vision of what she wants to do. She feels like she's testing the boundaries of something, and any human being always feels important no matter who they are. I'm sure she admires Dr. Frankenstein - or Einstein. She's probably a mix of those two. I like her caustic nature, because she's not a mean person. I have always imagined that Maggie treats people like grown-ups. That she doesn't want to live in a world of babies. She doesn't have the time for it. The Initiative is her baby."

Crouse outlined her view of Maggie's relationships with Riley and Buffy, "Her teaching assistant Riley is really the child she never had, and there's probably confusion there that he's a potential something for her that's slightly out of her reach, but she's willing to prevent anyone else from being interested in him. I think she feels she's in direct competition with Buffy. The most complicated situation for her is having Riley fall in love with Buffy. Finding out that Buffy is the Slayer is a kind of a gas, and it's nervous-making and exciting to have good people on her team; she's like a president - she wants a great cabinet underneath her. I think she'd like to fashion the world in her image, but Buffy puts a wrench in the works".

Buffy writer David Fury said in an interview, "I don't think Joss had envisioned Maggie Walsh as being entirely villainous. As opposed to just sort of misguided."

title: Maggie Walsh


text:
User talk:Xwu

2006 Winter Olympics
Thanks for your message regarding the Olympics page. I was simply trying to follow WP:MOS, which is typically pretty authoritative. However, if there is precedent for using the "official" name rather than the most common English name in the header, then perhaps the change should be made. However, to avoid confusion and gain consensus, I think you should start a thread at Talk:2006 Winter Olympics that basically says what you left on my talk page, and we'll figure it out from there. Thanks again for your help, and I apologize for any confusion. E WS23 | (Leave me a message!) 20:48, 26 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Update: Your comments about this page combined with other discussions have led us to change all of the Olympics introductions to include both the "common name" and the official name. Thanks for your comments, and keep up the good work! E WS23 | (Leave me a message!) 03:42, 1 March 2006 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
Hi, You appear to be eligible to vote in the current Arbitration Committee election. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to enact binding solutions for disputes between editors, primarily related to serious behavioural issues that the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the ability to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate, you are welcome to review the candidates' statements and submit your choices on the voting page. For the Election committee, MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 22:15, 30 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Xwu


text:
Mazda MX-3

The Mazda MX-3 is a 2+2-seat, front-wheel drive coupé of a kammback design, manufactured and marketed by Mazda. It was introduced at the Geneva Auto Show in March 1991 and marketed until 1998.

The MX-3 was also marketed as the Mazda MX-3 Precidia in Canada and as the Eunos Presso, Autozam AZ-3 and Mazda AZ-3 in Japan. In Australia it was marketed as the Eunos 30X until late 1996 when it became the Mazda-Eunos 30X.

History
The MX-3's platform is called the EC platform, and shares much with the BG platform of the contemporary Familia/323/Protegé. The first model year was available in Japan, Europe, Australia, and North America where it went on sale in September 1991, as a 1992. Originally available with a single-cam 1.6-liter inline-four or the 1.8-liter twin-cam V6, a few more engines were available as development continued. In the summer of 1991, the Autozam AZ-3 was added to the Japanese market lineup. It was known by two names;"Autozam" was meant to be Mazda's more youthful brand, so it combined a somewhat lower price with a sportier (but smaller) twin-cam 1.5-liter four-cylinder engine, and also sold as the Eunos Presso, a companion, affordable sports hatchback to the Eunos Roadster.

The small displacement V6 was offered to set the small coupé apart in the marketplace, while providing a balanced, smooth running engine. Project Manager Tadayuki Hayashi had also used to be an avid motorcyclist and enjoyed engines with a peaky power delivery - the little V6 delivered its peak torque at an unusually high 5,300 rpm.

In January 1994, a DOHC version of the familiar B6 engine, the B6D, replaced the previous version. This provided a useful power increase but conversely also made the considerably more expensive V6 version less desirable. Sales of the V6 in the United States market came to an end after the 1994 model year, although they continued in Canada, Japan and many other export markets. While called K8-DE in North American specs, Japanese and other markets received an engine called the K8-ZE. Aside from emissions equipment and varying power claims due to myriad ratings methods, the differences are negligible.

Mazda referred to the car as a four-seater, but the rear seats were ostensibly designed to hold people of "AF 50" dimensions (50th percentile, Asian Female) and the car was a de facto 2+2 design. The MX-3 was only manufactured for one generation as the MX-5 proved more popular. As the Japanese asset price bubble effects became noticeable, Mazda had to cut back models that weren't selling well and the MX-3 was cancelled.

Performance
The V6 MX-3 has a factory claimed top speed of 202 km/h in European trim. The US-spec MX-3 GS can accelerate from 0 to 60 mph in 8.4 seconds, and can travel a quarter mile in 16.4 seconds. With a turning rate of 0.89 g (8.7 m/s²), its handling capabilities were among the best in its class.

The V6 engine belonged to the Mazda K-series, which were used in a range of Mazda vehicles. These engines use a Variable Length Intake Manifold (VLIM), in order to provide optimal torque using intake resonance. Mazda called their system on the MX-3 the "Variable Resonance Induction System" (VRIS). This engine had a 7,000 rpm redline, and a 7,800 rpm fuel cutoff.

For the rear suspension of the MX-3, Mazda used its proprietary Twin-Trapezoidal Link (TTL) technology, delivering benefits associated with active four-wheel steering systems while lighter and less mechanically complicated. Twin-Trapezoidal Link technology has been used on a range of other Mazda vehicles before and since the MX-3.

Models and specifications

 * Models (North America):
 * RS • 1992-1996
 * GS • 1992–1994 (Canada until 1995)

 * Engines:

Special editions
In 1993, Mazda Canada offered a limited special edition model of its Mazda MX-3 GS to celebrate the company's 25th year in Canada. At the same time, Mazda USA offered a similar model in a special edition as well. Only a total of 2,000 were supposedly made. The special edition MX-3 featured the V6 engine, leather interior (including seats, steering wheel and shift knob), heated seats (Canada only), and custom Enkei manufactured 15 inch alloy wheels. Most special edition models came in the color "raspberry metallic"; however, there was also "blaze" red, "brilliant" black, and "laguna" blue.

In 1993, Mazda Europe produced 100 Mazda MX-3 V6 SEs. These had a leather and suede interior, and all had the clear white body color. There were also a limited number of Mazda MX-3 V6 Equipes, with "sparkle green metallic" or "noble" green exteriors.

Modifications

The MX-3 is becoming a rare car, so modifications for it can be difficult to find unless one knows where to look, since it has not been sold in North America since 1997. Since the MX-3 has two engine classes, I4 and V6, many of the engine performance modifications are dependent upon what platform is installed.

There is now a decent range of body modifications for the MX-3 along with performance brakes and suspension. Most extensive modification must be entirely custom fabricated due to limited availability.

RS
The MX-3 RS with the four-cylinder engine can upgrade to the BP 132 hp, B6-T 147 hp, BP-T 179 hp and BPD-T 206 hp engines.

Swapping of the four-cylinder RS engines is slightly more complicated than the V6 GS mainly due to ECU, wiring harness, and MAF combinations as well as motor mounts. The V6 swaps require specific ECU, intake manifold, and VAF sensor combinations, but there are far fewer variables to deal with. Many improvements can be made after the engine swap and during the engine tuning process to find the best combination of engine peripherals.

GS
The most common engine swap for MX-3 GS owners with the V6 engine is a 2.5 L V6, either a North American-spec KL-DE 168 hp, found most commonly in the 1993–1997 Ford Probe GT, the 1993–1997 Mazda MX-6 LS, or the 1993–2002 Mazda 626 LX or ES, and the Japanese-spec KL-ZE 200 hp, found in such vehicles as the Efini MS-8, Xedos 9, and Eunos 800. A 2.0 L V6 KF-ZE is also available, but this swap is quite difficult due to the unavailability of required components. For this reason, this particular engine swap is not often attempted. The GS, apart from the engine has dual tip exhaust, a tighter steering ratio, four disc brakes and front and rear spoiler.

title: Mazda MX-3


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List of English words from Indigenous languages of the Americas

This is a list of English language words borrowed from Indigenous languages of the Americas, either directly or through intermediate European languages such as Spanish or French. It does not cover names of ethnic groups or place names derived from Indigenous languages.

Most words of Native American/First Nations language origin are the common names for indigenous flora and fauna, or describe items of Native American or First Nations life and culture. Some few are names applied in honor of Native Americans or First Nations peoples or due to a vague similarity to the original object of the word. For instance, sequoias are named in honor of the Cherokee leader Sequoyah, who lived 2,000 miles (3,200 km) east of that tree's range, while the kinkajou of South America was given a name from the unrelated North American wolverine.

Words from Algonquian languages
Since Native Americans and First Nations peoples speaking a language of the Algonquian group were generally the first to meet English explorers and settlers along the Eastern Seaboard, many words from these languages made their way into English.

In addition, many place names in North America are of Algonquian origin, for example: Mississippi (cf. and misiziibi, "great river," referring to the Mississippi River) and Michigan (cf., Mishigami, "great sea," referring to Lake Michigan). Canadian provinces and U.S. states, districts, counties and municipalities bear Algonquian names, such as Québec, Ottawa, Saskatchewan, Nantucket, Massachusetts, Naugatuck, Connecticut, Wyoming, District of Keewatin, Outagamie County, Wisconsin and Chicago, Illinois, or Algonquian-derived names, such as Algoma.

Furthermore, some indigenous peoples of the Americas groups are known better by their Algonquian exonyms, rather than by their endonym, such as the Eskimo (see below), Winnebago (perhaps from ), Sioux (ultimately from ), Assiniboine (asiniibwaan) and Chipewyan (čīpwayān).

 * Apishamore (definition) : From a word in an Algonquian language meaning "something to lie down upon" (c.f. Ojibwe apishimon).
 * Atamasco lily (definition) : Earlier "attamusca", from Powhatan.
 * Babiche (definition) : From Míkmaq ápapíj (from ápapi, "cord, thread", Proto-Algonquian *aʔrapa·pyi, from *aʔrapy-, "net" + *-a·by-, "string".
 * Caribou (definition) : From Míkmaq qalipu, "snow-shoveler" (from qalipi, "shovel snow", Proto-Algonquian *maka·ripi-).
 * Caucus (definition) : The etymology is disputed: two possible sources are an Algonquian word for "counsel", 'cau´-cau-as´u'; or the Algonquian cawaassough, meaning an advisor, talker, or orator.
 * Chinkapin (definition) : From Powhatan chechinquamins, reconstituted as, the plural form.
 * Chipmunk (definition) : Originally "chitmunk," from Odawa jidmoonh (c.f. Ojibwe ajidamoo(nh)), "American red squirrel".
 * Cisco (definition) : Originally "siscowet," from Ojibwe language bemidewiskaawed "greasy-bodied [fish]".
 * Eskimo (definition) : From Old Montagnais aiachkimeou (modern ayassimēw), meaning "snowshoe-netter" (often incorrectly claimed to be from an Ojibwe word meaning "eaters of raw [meat]"), and originally used to refer to the Mikmaq.
 * Hackmatack (definition) : From an Algonquian language akemantak (c.f. Ojibwe aagimaandag), "snowshoe boughs".
 * Hickory (definition) : From Powhatan, "milky drink made with hickory nuts".
 * Hominy (definition) : From Powhatan /, literally "that which is treated", in this case "that which is ground/beaten".
 * Husky (definition) : Ultimately from a variant form of the word "Eskimo" (see above).
 * Kinkajou (definition) : From an Algonquian word meaning "wolverine" (c.f. Algonquin kwingwaage, Ojibwe gwiingwa'aage), through French quincajou.
 * Kinnikinnick (definition) : From Unami Delaware, "mixture" (c.f. Ojibwe giniginige "to mix something animate with something inanimate"), from Proto-Algonquian *kereken-, "mix (it) with something different by hand".
 * Mackinaw (definition) : From michilmackinac, from Menomini mishilimaqkināhkw, "be large like a snapping turtle", or from Ojibwe mishi-makinaak, "large snapping turtle" with French -ile-, "island".
 * Moccasin <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : From an Algonquian language, perhaps Powhatan, reconstituted as (c.f. Ojibwe makizin, Míkmaq mɨkusun, from Proto-Algonquian *maxkeseni).
 * Moose <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : From Eastern Abenaki moz, reinforced by cognates from other Algonquian languages (e.g. Massachusett/Narragansett moos, Ojibwe moo(n)z, Lenape mus 'elk' ), from Proto-Algonquian *mo·swa.
 * Mugwump <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : From "mugquomp", a shortening of Massachusett, "war chief" (Proto-Algonquian *memekwa·pe·wa, from *memekw-, "swift" + *-a·pe·, "man").
 * Muskellunge <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : Ultimately from Ojibwe maashkinoozhe, "ugly pike" (c.f. ginoozhe, "pike").
 * Muskeg <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : From Cree maskēk, "swamp" (Proto-Algonquian *maškye·kwi).
 * Muskrat <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : A folk-etymologized reshaping of earlier "musquash", from Massachusett (c.f. Western Abenaki mòskwas), apparently from Proto-Algonquian *mo·šk, "bob (at the surface of the water)" + *-exkwe·-, "head" + a derivational ending).
 * Opossum <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : From Powhatan / /, "white dog-like animal", reconstituted as (c.f. Proto-Algonquian , "white dog").
 * Papoose <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : From Narragansett <papoòs> or Massachusett, "baby".
 * Pecan <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : From Illinois pakani (c.f. Ojibwe bagaan), "nut", from Proto-Algonquian *paka·ni.
 * Pemmican <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : From Cree pimihkān, from pimihkēw, "to make grease" (Proto-Algonquian *pemihke·wa, from *pemy-, "grease" + -ehke·, "to make").
 * Persimmon <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : From Powhatan /, reconstituted as . While the final element reflects Proto-Algonquian *-min, "fruit, berry", the initial is unknown.
 * Pipsissewa <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : From Abenaki kpipskwáhsawe, "flower of the woods".
 * Pokeweed <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : Probably from "puccoon" (see below) + "weed".
 * Pone <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : From Powhatan /, "something roasted" (reconstituted as ) (c.f. Ojibwe abwaan), from Proto-Algonquian *apwa·n.
 * Powwow <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : From Narragansett powwaw, "shaman" (Proto-Algonquian *pawe·wa, "to dream, to have a vision").
 * Puccoon <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : From Powhatan, reconstituted as (c.f. Unami Delaware , 'red dye; the plant from which dye is made').
 * Pung: A low box-like sleigh designed for one horse. Shortened form of "tom-pung" (from the same etymon as "toboggan") from an Algonquian language of Southern New England.
 * Punkie <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : Via Dutch, from Munsee (Proto-Algonquian *penkwehsa, from *penkw-, "dust, ashes" + *-ehs, a diminutive suffix).
 * Quahog <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : From Narragansett <poquaûhock>.
 * Quonset hut <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : From an Algonquian language of southern New England, possibly meaning "small long place" (with <qunni->, "long" + <-s->, diminutive + <-et>, locative).
 * Raccoon <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : From Powhatan /, tentatively reconstituted as.
 * Sachem <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : From an Algonquian language of southern New England, c.f. Narragansett <sâchim> (Proto-Eastern Algonquian *sākimāw, "chief").
 * Sagamore <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : From Eastern Abenaki sakəma (c.f. Narragansett <sâchim> ), "chief", from Proto-Eastern Algonquian *sākimāw.
 * Scup <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : Shortened from scuppaug, which is from Narragansett mishcùppaûog.
 * Shoepac <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : From Unami Delaware "shoes" (singular ), altered on analogy with English "shoe".
 * Skunk <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : From Massachusett (Proto-Algonquian *šeka·kwa, from *šek-, "to urinate" + *-a·kw, "fox").
 * Squash (fruit) <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : From Narragansett <askútasquash>.
 * Squaw <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : From Massachusett (c.f. Cree iskwē, Ojibwe ikwe), "woman", from Proto-Algonquian *eθkwe·wa.
 * Succotash <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : From Narragansett <msíckquatash>, "boiled whole kernels of corn" (Proto-Algonquian *mesi·nkwete·wari, singular *mesi·nkwete·, from *mes-, "whole" + *-i·nkw-, "eye [=kernel]" + -ete·, "to cook").
 * Tabagie <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : From Algonquin tabaguia.
 * Tautog <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : From Narragansett tautaũog.
 * Terrapin <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : Originally "torope," from an Eastern Algonquian language, perhaps Powhatan (reconstituted as ) (c.f. Munsee Delaware ), from Proto-Eastern Algonquian *tōrəpēw.
 * Toboggan <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : From Míkmaq topaqan or Maliseet-Passamaquoddy (Proto-Algonquian *weta·pye·kani, from *wet-, "to drag" + *-a·pye·-, "cordlike object" + *-kan, "instrument for").
 * Tomahawk <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : From Powhatan (Proto-Algonquian *temaha·kani, from *temah-, "to cut" + *-a·kan, "instrument for").
 * Totem <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : From Ojibwe nindoodem, "my totem" or odoodeman, "his totem," referring to a kin group.
 * Tuckahoe <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : From Powhatan / /, "root used for bread", reconstituted as (perhaps from Proto-Algonquian *takwah-, "pound (it)/reduce (it) to flour").
 * Tullibee <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : From Old Ojibwe (modern odoonibii).
 * Wampum <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : Earlier "wampumpeag", from Massachusett, and meaning "white strings [of beads]" (c.f. Maliseet: wapapiyik, Eastern Abenaki wápapəyak, Ojibwe waabaabiinyag), from Proto-Algonquian *wa·p-, "white" + *-a·py-, "string-like object" + *-aki, plural.
 * Wanigan <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : From Ojibwa waanikaan, "storage pit".
 * Wapiti (elk) <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : From Shawnee waapiti, "white rump" (c.f. Ojibwe waabidiy), from Proto-Algonquian *wa·petwiya, from *wa·p-, "white" + *-etwiy, "rump".
 * Wickiup <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : From Fox wiikiyaapi, from the same Proto-Algonquian etymon as "wigwam" (see below).
 * Wigwam <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : From Eastern Abenaki wìkəwam (c.f. Ojibwe wiigiwaam), from Proto-Algonquian *wi·kiwa·Hmi.
 * Woodchuck <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : Reshaped on analogy with "wood" and "chuck", from an Algonquian language of southern New England (c.f. Narragansett, "woodchuck").

Words from Nahuatl

 * Unless otherwise specified, Dictionnaire de la langue nahuatl classique is among the sources used for each etymology

Words of Nahuatl origin have entered many European languages. Mainly they have done so via Spanish. Most words of Nahuatl origin end in a form of the Nahuatl "absolutive suffix" (-tl, -tli, or -li, or the Spanish adaptation -te), which marked unpossessed nouns.

 * Achiote <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from āchiotl
 * Atlatl <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from ahtlatl
 * Atole <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from atōlli
 * Avocado <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from āhuacatl, 'avocado' or 'testicle', via Spanish aguacate and later avocado (influenced by early Spanish abogado 'lawyer')
 * Axolotl <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : āxōlōtl, via Spanish, ultimately from ā-, 'water' + xōlōtl, 'male servant'
 * Aztec <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from aztecatl 'coming from Aztlan', via Spanish Azteca
 * Cacao <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) and Cocoa <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from cacahuatl
 * Chayote <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from chayohtli
 * Chia <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from chiyan
 * Chicle <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from tzictli
 * Chili <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from chīlli
 * Chipotle <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from chilpoctli 'smoked chili', from chili + poctli 'smoke'
 * Chocolate <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : Often said to be from Nahuatl xocolātl or chocolātl, which would be derived from xococ 'bitter' and ātl 'water' (with an irregular change of x to ch). However, the form xocolātl is not directly attested, and chocolatl does not appear in Nahuatl until the mid-18th century. Some researchers have recently proposed that the chocol- element was originally chicol-, and referred to a special wooden stick used to prepare chocolate.
 * Copal <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from copalli
 * Coyote <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from coyōtl via Spanish
 * Epazote <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from epazōtl
 * Guacamole <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from āhuacamōlli, from āhuaca-, 'avocado', and mōlli, 'sauce', via Mexican Spanish
 * Hoatzin <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from huāctzin
 * Jicama <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from xicamatl
 * Mesquite <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from mizquitl, via Spanish mezquite
 * Mezcal <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from mexcalli metl   and ixcalli   which mean 'oven cooked agave.'
 * Mole <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from mōlli, 'sauce'
 * Nixtamalization <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from nixtamalli
 * Nopal <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from nohpalli, 'prickly pear cactus', via American Spanish
 * Ocelot <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from ocēlōtl 'jaguar', via French
 * Ocotillo <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from ocotl 'pine, torch made of pine', via Mexican Spanish ocote + diminutive -illo
 * Peyote <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from peyōtl . Nahuatl probably borrowed the root peyō- from another language, but the source is not known.
 * Pinole <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from pinolli, via Spanish
 * Quetzal <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from quetzalli, 'quetzal feather'.
 * Sapodilla <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from tzapocuahuitl
 * Sapota <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from tzapotl
 * Shack <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : possibly from xahcalli, 'grass hut', by way of Mexican Spanish.
 * Sotol <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from tzotolli
 * Tamale <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from tamalli, via Spanish tamal. The Spanish plural is tamales, and the English derives from a false singular tamale.
 * Tequila: from téquitl 'work' + tlan 'place'
 * Tlacoyo <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from tlahtlaōyoh
 * Tomato <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from tomatl, via Spanish tomate. The change from tomate to tomato was likely influenced by the spelling of potato
 * Tule <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from tōllin, 'reed, bulrush'

Words from Quechua

 * Unless otherwise specified, Words in English from Amerindian Languages is among the sources used for each etymology

A number of words from Quechua have entered English, mostly via Spanish, adopting Hispanicized spellings.

 * Ayahuasca <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from aya "corpse" and waska "rope", via Spanish ayahuasca
 * Cachua <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from qhachwa
 * Chinchilla<small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : possibly from Quechua. May be from Spanish chinche
 * Chuño <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from ch'uñu
 * Coca <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from kuka, via Spanish coca
 * Cocaine <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from kuka (see above), probably via French cocaïne
 * Condor <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from kuntur, via Spanish cóndor
 * Gran Chaco <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from chaku, "hunt"
 * Guanaco <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from wanaku
 * Guano <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from wanu via Spanish guano
 * Inca <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from Inka "lord, king"
 * Jerky <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from ch'arki, via Spanish charquí
 * Lagniappe <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from yapay, "add, addition", via Spanish la yapa (with the definite article la).
 * Lima <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from rimay, "speak" (from the name of the city, named for the Rimaq river ("speaking river"))
 * Llama <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from llama, via Spanish
 * Lucuma <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from lukuma, via Spanish
 * Mashua <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from maswa
 * Pampa <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from pampa, "a large plain", via Spanish
 * Pisco <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from pisqu, "bird"
 * Puma <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from puma, via Spanish
 * Quinine <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from kinakina, via Spanish quina
 * Quinoa <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from kinwa, via Spanish quinoa
 * Quipu <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from khipu, via Spanish quipo
 * Soroche <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from suruqchi or suruqch'i, "Altitude sickness"
 * Vicuña <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from wik'uña, via Spanish vicuña
 * Viscacha <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from wisk'acha, via Spanish vizcacha

Words from Eskaleut languages

 * Anorak <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from Greenlandic Inuit annoraaq
 * Chimo <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from the Inuktitut word saimo (ᓴᐃᒧ, a word of greeting, farewell, and toast before drinking. Used as a greeting and cheer by the Canadian Military Engineers, and more widely in some parts of Southern Ontario and Western Canada, particularly in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan
 * Igloo <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from Inuktitut iglu (ᐃᒡᓗ )
 * Ilanaaq <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : Inuktitut ilanaaq (ᐃᓚᓈᒃ ), "friend". Name of the logo for the 2010 Winter Olympics
 * Inuksuk <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from Inuktitut inuksuk (ᐃᓄᒃᓱᒃ )
 * Kayak <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from Inuktitut qajaq (ᖃᔭᖅ )
 * Malamute <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from Inupiaq Malimiut, the name of an Inupiaq subgroup
 * Mukluk <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from Yupik maklak, "bearded seal"
 * Nanook <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from Inuktitut word for polar bear Nanuq (ᓇᓄᒃ ), "polar bear", made famous in English due to a 1922 documentary Nanook of the North, featuring a man with this name.
 * Nunatak <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from Greenlandic Inuit  nunataq
 * Tiktaalik <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from Inuktitut tiktaalik (ᑎᒃᑖᓕᒃ ), "large freshwater fish"
 * Umiaq <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition)

Words from Arawakan languages

 * Anole <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from an Arawakan language, or possibly Cariban, via French anolis.
 * Barbecue <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from an Arawakan language of Haiti barbakoa, "framework of sticks", via Spanish barbacoa.
 * Buccaneer <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from an Arawakan language buccan, "a wooden frame on which Taínos and Caribs slowly roasted or smoked meat", via French boucane.
 * Cacique or cassique <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from Taíno cacike or Arawak kassequa "chieftain"
 * Caiman <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from a Ta-Maipurean language, "water spirit" (c.f. Garifuna ),  though possibly ultimately of African origin.
 * Canoe <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from Taíno via Spanish canoa.
 * Cassava <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from Taíno caçabi, "manioc meal", via Spanish or Portuguese.
 * Cay <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from Taíno, via Spanish cayo.
 * Guaiac <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from Taíno guayacan via Spanish and Latin.
 * Guava <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from an Arawakan language, by way of Spanish guayaba.
 * Hammock <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from Taíno, via Spanish hamaca.
 * Hurricane <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from Taíno hurakán, via Spanish.
 * Iguana <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from an Arawakan language iwana.
 * Macana <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from Taíno macana via Spanish.
 * Maize <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from Taíno mahís, via Spanish.
 * Mangrove <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from Taíno, via Spanish mangle or Portuguese mangue.
 * Papaya <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from Taíno.
 * Potato <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from Taíno or Haitian Carib batata 'sweet potato', via Spanish patata.
 * Savanna <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from Taíno zabana, via Spanish.
 * Tobacco <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : probably from an Arawakan language, via tabaco.
 * Yuca <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from Taíno, via Spanish.

Words from Tupi-Guaraní

 * Acai <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from Tupi *ɨβasaí, via Brazilian Portuguese assaí, uaçaí, açaí.
 * Ani <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from Tupi *anúʔí.
 * Agouti <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from Tupi–Guaraní akutí, via Portuguese aguti through French.
 * Cashew <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from Tupí acaîu, via Portuguese caju.
 * Capybara <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from Guaraní kapibári 'the grass eater ' via Portuguese capivara through French.
 * Catupiry <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from Guaraní katupyry via Brazilian Portuguese.
 * Cayenne <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from Tupí kyinha via French.
 * Cougar <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : ultimately corrupted from Guaraní guaçu ara.
 * Jaguar <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from Tupinambá via Portuguese jaguar through French ,.
 * Jaguarundi <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from Guaraní via Portuguese.
 * Maraca <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from Tupí maraka via Portuguese.
 * Macaw <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : via Portuguese Macau from Tupi macavuana, which may be the name of a type of palm tree the fruit of which the birds eat.
 * Manioc <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from Tupinambá via Portuguese man(d)ioca through French.
 * Petunia <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from Tupí petun 'smoke' via Portuguese.
 * Piranha <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from Tupí pirã́ja, pirã́nʸa, from pirá 'fish' + ã́ja, ã́nʸa 'tooth', via Portuguese.
 * Seriema <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) :from Tupinambá siriema 'the crested one' via Portuguese
 * Tapioca <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from Tupinambá 'juice squeezed out', from tipi 'residue, dregs' + og, ok 'to squeeze out', via Portuguese.
 * Tapir <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from Tupinambá via Portuguese tapir through French.
 * Tegu <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from Tupinambá teiú-guaçú 'big lizard' via Portuguese teiú
 * Toucan <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from Tupinambá via Portuguese tucano through French, via Portuguese and French.

Words from other indigenous languages of the Americas

 * Abalone <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from Rumsen awlun and Ohlone aluan, via Spanish abulón.
 * Alpaca <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from Aymara allpaka, via Spanish.
 * Appaloosa <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : Either named for the Palouse River, whose name comes from Sahaptin palú:s, "what is standing up in the water"; or for Opelousas, Louisiana, which may come from Choctaw api losa, "black body".
 * Barracuda <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from Spanish, perhaps originally from Carib.
 * Bayou <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from early Choctaw bayuk, "creek, river", via French.
 * Camas <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from Nez Perce .
 * Cannibal <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : via Spanish Caníbalis, from a Cariban language, meaning "person, Indian", (Proto-Cariban *karípona), based on the Spaniards' belief that the Caribs ate human flesh.
 * Catalpa <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from Creek katałpa "head-wing", with (i)ká, "head" + (i)táłpa, "wing".
 * Cenote <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from Yucatec Maya dzonot or ts'onot meaning "well".
 * Cheechako <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from Chinook Jargon chee + chako, "new come". Chee comes from Lower Chinook čxi, "straightaway", and for chako c.f. Nuuchahnulth čokwaa, "come!"
 * Chicha: via Spanish from Kuna chichab, "maize" or from Nahuatl chichiatl, "fermented water."
 * Chinook <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from Lower Chehalis, the name of a village, via Chinook Trade Jargon.

 * Chuckwalla <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from Cahuilla čáxwal.
 * Coho <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from Halkomelem k̉ʷə́xʷəθ.
 * Coontie <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from Creek conti hetaka.
 * Coypu <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from Mapudungun coipu, via American Spanish coipú.
 * Degu <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from Mapudungun deuñ, via Spanish.
 * Divi-divi <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from Cumanagoto.
 * Dory <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from Miskito dóri, dúri.
 * Eulachon <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from a Cree adaptation of Chinook Trade Jargon ulâkân, itself a borrowing of Clatsap u-tlalxwə(n), "brook trout".
 * Gaucho <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : via Spanish, probably from a South American indigenous language, cf. Araucanian cauchu 'wanderer'.
 * Geoduck <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from Lushootseed (Nisqually) gʷídəq.
 * Guan <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from Kuna kwama.
 * High muckamuck <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from Chinook Jargon, "eat, food, drink", of unknown origin.
 * Hogan <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from Navajo hooghan.
 * Hooch <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : a shortening of "Hoochinoo", the name of a Tlingit village, from Tlingit xutsnuuwú, "brown bear fort".

 * Kachina <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from Hopi katsína, "spirit being".
 * Jojoba <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : via Spanish, from some Uto-Aztecan language, cf. O'odham hohowai and Yaqui hohoovam.
 * Kiva <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from Hopi kíva (containing ki-, "house").
 * Kokanee <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : perhaps from Twana kəknǽxw.
 * Manatee <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : via Spanish manatí, from a word in a Cariban language meaning "(woman's) breast".
 * Ohunka: from Lakota "false", "untrue".
 * Peccary <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from Galilbi Carib pakira.
 * Piki <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from Hopi.
 * Pogonip <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from Shoshone, "fog".
 * Poncho <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from Mapudungun pontho "woolen fabric", via Spanish.
 * Potlatch <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from Nuuchahnulth (Nootka) p̉aƛp̉ač (, reduplication of p̉a, "to make ceremonial gifts in potlatch", with the iterative suffix -č) via Chinook Jargon.

 * Salal <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from Chinook Trade Jargon, from Lower Chinook salál.
 * Saguaro <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : via Spanish, from some indigenous language, possibly Opata.
 * Sasquatch <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : From Halkomelem.
 * Sego <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from Ute-Southern Paiute.
 * Sequoia <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from a Cherokee personal name, <Sikwayi>, with no further known etymology.
 * Sockeye <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from Halkomelem.
 * Skookum <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from Chinook Jargon, "powerful, supernaturally dangerous", from Lower Chehalis skʷəkʷə́m, "devil, anything evil, spirit monster".
 * Tamarin <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from a Cariban language, via French.
 * Tipi <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from Lakota thípi, "house".
 * Tupelo <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : Perhaps from Creek ’topilwa, "swamp-tree", from íto, "tree" + opílwa, "swamp".
 * Wapatoo <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from Chinook Jargon, "arrowroot, wild potato", from Upper Chinook , a noun prefix + , which comes from Kalapuyan , "wild potato".
 * Wakinyan <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from Lakota wa, "people/things" + kiŋyaŋ, "to fly".
 * Yaupon <small style="font-weight:normal">(definition) : from Catawba yąpą, from yą, "wood/tree" + pą, "leaf".


text:
Talk:Ibn Juzayy

Untitled
I notice the guesses of his birth and death have now been removed, by the same author who added them. It's now marginally a sub-stub. Is the other material guesswork too? Do we know anything about this person except what is already recorded in the Ibn Battuta article?

In particular, do we have any other works of his, or other authors who cite them? If so, they should be added. If not, what is the evidence that he did write other works?

As I said on VfD, if we know nothing else about this person, then the appropriate course of action is a redirect. Andrewa 20:28, 8 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * There is a lot known about this person. It just isn't all available online.  The information I've added is from various sources online.  There were conflicts with regard to the years, though (one source claimed he died 1355, while another claimed he wrote something in 1356).  The facts that I kept seem to be well supported, though (except for the "dictated" part, which is from a previous version).  Of course, dead tree research will likely be necessary to confirm the dates and other information. Anthony DiPierro 20:49, 8 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Fair enough. Unless you are going to incorporate this material yourself, please add an "External links" section to the stub telling us what these "various sources" are. I had a quick look at Google, and it's not obvious to me. As it stands, much of your research is wasted. Andrewa 00:29, 9 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Indeed. It was the father wo died in 1340. The son in 1357.

The family relations in Spanish: http://64.233.183.104/search?q=cache:gWqffaQmIm8J:www.islamyal-andalus.org/control/noticia.php%3Fid%3D1423+Ibn+Yuzayy&hl=nl&ct=clnk&cd=12&gl=nl&client=firefox-a

Personajes de la corte granadina relacionados con Ibn Játima, que fueron sus amigos y contertulios, hay muchos. A parte de Ibn al Jatib, cuyas muestras y testimonios de amistad señalaremos, y de Abú-l-Barakát b. al-Haŷŷ, de cuya biografía recogí en mi artículo a él dedicado, la mayor parte de las anécdotas relacionadas con ambos en muchos momentos de su vida, citaremos a Abú 'Abd Alláh Muhammad b. Yuzayy al-Kalbi, (18) uno de los más famosos miembros de la ilustre familia de los Banú Yuzayy, hijo de Abú-l-Qásim Muhammad, el panegirista de Abú-l-Hayyáy Yúsuf, muerto en la batalla del Salado el año 741 = 1340. (19) Abú 'Abd Alláh Muhammad b. Yuzayy, granadino y panegirista en la corte granadina, primero, y más tarde en la del sultán marini Abú 'Inán de Fez, murió en esta ciudad el año 758 = 1357. Fue el que redactó los viajes de Ibn Battúta, m. 770 = 1368-69, y terminó esta redacción, dirigida por el propio Ibn Battúta, el año 756 = 1356, dos años antes de su muerte. No es este lugar para extenderme en noticias detalladas de Muhammad Ibn Yuzayy, personaje sumamente interesante, que junto a sus hermanos 'Abd Alláh (20) y Ahmad (21) desempeñaron un brillante papel en el mundo literario del reino .de Granada.

Su amistad con Ibn Játima la señala al-Maqqari, (22) que recoge una carta dirigida por Ibn Játima a Ibn Yuzayy, envuelta en artificios retóricos y en frases de doble sentido, siguiendo un estilo empleado por los literatos árabes de todo tiempo, pero que encontró entre los de esta época una especial aceptación. En esta carta, nos dice al-Maqqari, contesta a una qasida en zay, con la que Ibn Yuzayy había contestado a su vez a otra qasida en rá' que le dirigió Ibn Játima. Ibn Yuzayy evitaba deliberadamente el empleo del ra porque no sabía pronunciarlo y lo cambiaba por el gayn. Otra qasida de Ibn Yuzayy dedicada a Abú-l-Hayyáy Yusuf (23) viene a confirmar esta aversión por la letra ra', va que ninguna de las palabras empleadas en los 34 versos tiene entre sus consonantes el ra.

Footnotes 18. Para su biografía, véase Nafh al-Tib, 8, PP. 40-54; Azhdr al-Riydd, 3, PP. 189-204; Durrat al-Híjál, n.° 751; al-Katiba al-Kamina, PP. 223-28; Natir' fi fara'id al- Yumdn, PP. 292306; Nayl, p. 105; Brockelman, G.A.L., 233; Pons, Ensáyo biobibliográfico, n.° 284. 19. Durrat al-Hiycil, n.° 553; Nath al-Tib, 8, P. 28; Azhdr al-Riydd, 2, P. 184; al-Katiba al-Kdmina, PP. 46-48; Dibd~, P. 295; Nayl, P. 235; IAdia, Ms. París, iols. 61 b y 62 a. 20. Nafh al-Tib, 8, PP. 54; al-Katiba al-Iftimina, p. 96-99; Nayl, P. 129. 21. Nafh, 8, p. I3I; Azhdr al-Riydd, 2, P. 187; Durrat al-Hiyd1, n.° 8o; Ihdta, 168; al-Katiba al Kdmina, 138-143. 22. Nafh al-Tib, 8, p. 144 77.250.125.20 (talk) 10:48, 5 April 2008 (UTC)

Averoes?
No, indeed he teacher was Ibn Rushd al-Saghir (who wrote many fiqh books like Bidayah al-Mujtahid) This incidentally was the biological grandson of Ibn Rushd al-Kabir (Averroes).S711 (talk) 14:06, 21 August 2008 (UTC)

Confusion
Both the English and Arabic versions of this article appear to be talking about Ibn Juzayy the Elder, a renowned Islamic polymath, and Ibn Juzayy the younger, who was Ibn Battuta's biographer. The former is the main subject in the Arabic, the latter in the English; I haven't checked other languages.

At the very least, these two pages are to be separated, though I feel that both father and son are notable enough to deserve separate pages in both English and Arabic.

--Moonlight2001 (talk) 14:31, 29 January 2020 (UTC)
 * Change this page into a disambig page? Google Translate of Arabic Wikipedia: Ibn Jazi al-Kalbi JorgeLaArdilla (talk) 17:06, 29 January 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ibn Juzayy


text:
5th Golden Raspberry Awards

The 5th Golden Raspberry Awards were held on March 24, 1985, at Vine Street Elementary School in Hollywood, California, to recognize the worst the movie industry had to offer in 1984. Classic German silent film Metropolis was nominated for two Razzies, both for Giorgio Moroder's new score for the 1984 re-release.

Films with multiple nominations
The following films received multiple nominations:

title: 5th Golden Raspberry Awards


text:
Edward Whittemore

Edward Payson Whittemore (May 26, 1933 – August 3, 1995) was an American novelist, the author of five novels written between 1974 and 1987, including the highly praised series Jerusalem Quartet. He had started his career as a case officer in the Central Intelligence Agency's Directorate of Operations (Asia, Middle East and Europe) between 1958 and 1967.

Biography and writing career
The youngest of five children, Whittemore was born on May 26, 1933, in Manchester, New Hampshire, US to John Cambridge Whittemore (1889–1958), a commercial district manager for the New England Telephone and Telegraph Company, and his wife Elizabeth Payson Whittemore (née Prentiss; 1894–1985). He graduated from Deering High School, Portland, Maine, in 1951, and went to Yale shortly after, where he obtained a degree in history.

He joined the Marines and served as an officer on a tour of duty in Japan. Approached by the relatively recently established CIA, he was recruited into the service, when it had many men from the Ivy League universities. Working undercover as a reporter for The Japan Times from 1958 until 1967, Whittemore traveled throughout the Far East, Europe and the Middle East.

It was during this time that Whittemore began working on the novels for which he is probably best known. These constitute the Jerusalem Quartet. His earlier book, Quin's Shanghai Circus (1974), contains the seeds of his series.

His books received mixed reviews. Reviewing Quin's Shanghai Circus (1974), Jerome Charyn of New York Times Book Review praised Whittemore's "ability to mythologize our recent past, to turn history into a mode of fiction …" J.S. in Time said that he introduced "freakish impossibility" and that his book "lurched."

Whittemore's Sinai Tapestry (1977) also received mixed reviews. Anthony Heilbut of The Nation compared him favorably to Pynchon, Nabokov and Fuentes, but argued that his writing was more "lucid" and that he achieved "the solidity of history itself." Erik Korn of Times Literary Supplement was much more critical. The second book of The Jerusalem Quartet, Jerusalem Poker, was also roughly received by some. Harper's Magazine praised this novel as well as its "amplification" of the previous one. On the other hand, science fiction author and critic Thomas M. Disch gave Jerusalem Poker a very negative review in the Times Literary Supplement, describing Whittemore as a Reader's Digest version of Pynchon. He said that more enthusiastic appreciations were a "litany of avant-garde hype." He described Whittemore as an "anti-writer" with a "genteel poverty of imagination."

Many writers and critics have lauded the novels' breadth and imaginative intensity in publications such as The New York Times Book Review, Harper's Magazine, The Nation, The Village Voice, Locus Magazine and The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction.

The original editions failed to achieve commercial success; about 3,000 hardcover and 10,000 paperback copies of each novel were sold. Whittemore was jealous of his privacy and refused to give interviews to "unknown correspondents," an attitude that hampered his publisher's promotion effort.

Edward Whittemore spent the final years of his life in poverty. He died on August 3, 1995, in New York City, shortly after being diagnosed with prostate cancer.

Reissues
Out of print for many years, all five books were reissued in 2002 by Old Earth Books. The Old Earth Books editions are now out of print, but Open Road Media announced plans to publish eBook editions of all five novels in July 2013.

Works

 * Quin's Shanghai Circus (1974)

The Jerusalem Quartet

 * Sinai Tapestry (1977)
 * Jerusalem Poker (1978)
 * Nile Shadows (1983)
 * Jericho Mosaic (1987)

title: Edward Whittemore


text:
Cooper Car Company

The Cooper Car Company is a British car manufacturer founded in December 1947 by Charles Cooper and his son John Cooper. Together with John's boyhood friend, Eric Brandon, they began by building racing cars in Charles's small garage in Surbiton, Surrey, England, in 1946. Through the 1950s and early 1960s they reached motor racing's highest levels as their mid-engined, single-seat cars competed in both Formula One and the Indianapolis 500, and their Mini Cooper dominated rally racing. The Cooper name lives on in the Cooper versions of the Mini production cars that are built in England, but is now owned and marketed by BMW.

Origins
The first cars built by the Coopers were single-seat 500-cc Formula Three racing cars driven by John Cooper and Eric Brandon, and powered by a JAP motorcycle engine. Since materials were in short supply immediately after World War II, the prototypes were constructed by joining two old Fiat Topolino front-ends together. According to John Cooper, the stroke of genius that would make the Coopers an automotive legend—the location of the engine behind the driver—was merely a practical matter at the time. As the car was powered by a motorcycle engine, they believed it was more convenient to have the engine in the back, driving a chain. In fact there was nothing new about 'mid' engined racing cars but there is no doubt Coopers led the way in popularising what was to become the dominant arrangement for racing cars. Called the Cooper 500, this car's success in hillclimbs and on track, including Eric winning the 500 race at one of the first postwar meetings at Gransden Lodge Airfield, quickly created demand from other drivers (including, over the years, Stirling Moss, Peter Collins, Jim Russell, Ivor Bueb, Ken Tyrrell, and Bernie Ecclestone) and led to the establishment of the Cooper Car Company to build more. The business grew by providing an inexpensive entry to motorsport for seemingly every aspiring young British driver, and the company became the world's first and largest postwar, specialist manufacturer of racing cars for sale to privateers.

Cooper built up to 300 single-and twin-cylinder cars during the 1940s and 1950s, and dominated the F3 category, winning 64 of 78 major races between 1951 and 1954. This volume of construction was unique and enabled the company to grow into the senior categories; With a modified Cooper 500 chassis, a T12 model, Cooper had its first taste of top-tier racing when Harry Schell qualified for the 1950 Monaco Grand Prix. Though Schell retired in the first lap, this marked the first appearance of a rear-engined racer at a Grand Prix event since the end of WWII.

The front-engined Formula Two Cooper Bristol model was introduced in 1952. Various iterations of this design were driven by a number of legendary drivers – among them Juan Manuel Fangio and Mike Hawthorn – and furthered the company's growing reputation by appearing in Grand Prix races, which at the time were run to F2 regulations. Until the company began building rear-engined sports cars in 1955, they really had not become aware of the benefits of having the engine behind the driver. Based on the 500-cc cars and powered by a modified Coventry Climax fire-pump engine, these cars were called "Bobtails". With the centre of gravity closer to the middle of the car, they found it was less liable to spins and much more effective at putting the power down to the road, so they decided to build a single-seater version and began entering it in Formula 2 races.

Rear-engined revolution
Jack Brabham raised some eyebrows when he took sixth place at the 1957 Monaco Grand Prix in a rear-engined Formula 1 Cooper. When Stirling Moss won the 1958 Argentine Grand Prix in Rob Walker's privately entered Cooper and Maurice Trintignant duplicated the feat in the next race at Monaco, the racing world was stunned and a rear-engined revolution had begun. The next year,, Brabham and the Cooper works team became the first to win the Formula One World Championship in a rear-engined car. Both team and driver repeated the feat in, and every World Champion since has been sitting in front of the engine.

The little-known designer behind the car was Owen Maddock, who was employed by Cooper Car Company. Maddock was known as 'The Beard' by his workmates, and 'Whiskers' to Charles Cooper. Maddock was a familiar figure in the drivers' paddock of the 1950s in open-neck shirt and woolly jumper and a prime force behind the rise of British racing cars to their dominant position in the 1960s. Describing how the revolutionary rear-engined Cooper chassis came to be, Maddock explained, "I'd done various schemes for the new car which I'd shown to Charlie Cooper. He kept saying 'Nah, Whiskers, that's not it, try again.' Finally, I got so fed up I sketched a frame in which every tube was bent, meant just as a joke. I showed it to Charlie and to my astonishment he grabbed it and said: 'That's it!' " Maddock later pioneered one of the first designs for a honeycomb monocoque stressed skin composite chassis, and helped develop Cooper's C5S racing gearbox.

Brabham took one of the championship-winning Cooper T53 "Lowlines" to Indianapolis Motor Speedway for a test in 1960, then entered the famous 500-mile race in a larger, longer, and offset car based on the 1960 F1 design, the unique Type T54. Arriving at the Speedway 5 May 1961, the "funny" little car from Europe was mocked by the other teams, but it ran as high as third and finished ninth. It took a few years, but the Indianapolis establishment gradually realized the writing was on the wall and the days of their front-engined roadsters were numbered. Beginning with Jim Clark, who drove a rear-engined Lotus in 1965, every winner of the Indianapolis 500 since has had the engine in the back. The revolution begun by the little chain-driven Cooper 500 was complete.

Once every Formula car manufacturer began building mid-engined racers, the practicality and intelligent construction of Cooper's single-seaters was overtaken by more sophisticated technology from Lola, Lotus, BRM, and Ferrari. The Cooper team's decline was accelerated when John Cooper was seriously injured in a road accident in 1963 driving a twin-engined Mini, and Charles Cooper died in 1964.

Final years
After the death of his father, John Cooper sold the Cooper Formula One team to the Chipstead Motor Group in April 1965. The same year, the Formula One team moved from Surbiton to a modern factory unit at Canada Road, Oyster Lane in Byfleet, just along the road from Brabham in New Haw and close to Alan Mann Racing. Cooper's 1965 season petered out and at the end of the year, number one driver Bruce McLaren left to build his own F1 car for the new for 1966 3-litre formula. Cooper's new owners held the Maserati concession for the UK and arrangements were made for Cooper to build a new 3-litre Cooper-Maserati car which would be available for sale as well being raced by the works team. The Maserati engine was an updated and enlarged version of the 2.5-litre V-12 which had made sporadic appearances in the works 250Fs in 1957. It was an old design, heavy and thirsty and the new Cooper T81 chassis built to take it was necessarily on the large side, in spite of which the bulky V-12 always looked as though it was spilling out of the back. Three cars were sold to private owners, one each to Rob Walker for Jo Siffert to drive, Jo Bonnier's Anglo Swiss Racing Team, and French privateer Guy Ligier. None of these cars achieved much success.

Jochen Rindt was entering the second year of his three-year contract, but with the departure of McLaren, Cooper had a seat to fill in the second car and with the team's recent lack of success, understandably, a large queue of potential drivers was not forming at Canada Road. In the circumstances, Cooper were fortunate to acquire the services of Honda's Richie Ginther, who was temporarily unemployed due to the Japanese company's late development of their new 3-litre car. After a couple of races, Ginther was recalled by Honda to commence testing of their new car and the American was no doubt more than somewhat chagrined to discover that it was even bigger and heavier than the Cooper. After making a one-off arrangement with Chris Amon (unemployed due to the McLaren team's engine problems) to drive in the French Grand Prix, Cooper had an enormous stroke of luck when John Surtees became available after falling out with Ferrari. Once conflicting fuel contract issues were resolved (Surtees was with Shell, Cooper with BP), Surtees joined the team. Cooper honoured its commitment to Amon, so three cars were run in the French GP. Subsequently, the team reverted to two entries for Surtees and Rindt and with the former Ferrari driver's development skills and a switch to Firestone tyres, the car was improved to the point that Surtees was able to win the final race of the year in Mexico.

Surtees left to join Honda for 1967 and Pedro Rodríguez joined Rindt in the team and immediately won the opening race of 1967 in South Africa in an unlikely Cooper one-two. This was a fortuitous win for Rodríguez, as he was being outpaced by Rhodesian John Love in his three-year-old ex McLaren Tasman Cooper powered by a 2.7-litre Coventry Climax FPF. Unfortunately, Love had to make a late pit stop for fuel and could only finish second. This was to be Cooper's last Grand Prix victory. The rest of the 1967 season had the team's fortunes steadily decline and the midseason appearance of the lighter and slimmer T86 chassis failed to improve things. Rindt, impatiently seeing out his Cooper contract, deliberately blew up his increasingly antiquated Maserati engine in the US Grand Prix and was fired before the season finale in Mexico.

For 1968, Cooper would have liked to have joined the queue for the Cosworth-Ford DFV, but felt that its connections to British Leyland with the Mini-Coopers made this inadvisable. Instead, a deal was done with BRM for the use of its 3-litre V-12, originally conceived as a sports car unit, but which BRM themselves would be using in 1968. A slightly modified version of the T86 was built for the new engine, dubbed T86B and Italian ex-Ferrari driver Ludovico Scarfiotti and young Englishman Brian Redman were employed to drive it. The cars managed three-four finishes in the Spanish and Monaco Grands Prix, largely thanks to the unreliability of the competition, but then Scarfiotti was killed driving a Porsche in the Rossfeld hill climb and Redman had a big accident in the Belgian Grand Prix which put him out of action for several months. Cooper continued the season with a motley collection of drivers, none of whom could make anything of the outclassed T86B. During the season, Cooper built a modified chassis, the T86C, intended to take an Alfa Romeo 3-litre V-8 but the project was stillborn.

The beginning of the end for the Cooper Car Company was in 1969, as it tried, and failed, to find sponsorship for a new Cosworth DFV-powered car and there were many redundancies. Frank Boyles was the last to leave, since he was in charge of building customer cars and it had been hoped that some more F2 cars would be sold. Frank went on to design and build a Formula Ford car called the Oscar and also a series of Oval Circuit cars known as Fireballs. Driving the rear-engine version of this car, Frank won more than 200 races during a period up until 1975 in a car he had designed and raced himself. This record is believed to have never been beaten.

In all, Coopers participated in 129 Formula One World Championship events in nine years, winning 16 races.

Besides Formula One cars, Cooper offered a series of Formula Junior cars. These were the T52, T56, T59, and T67 models. Ken Tyrrell ran a very successful team with John Love and Tony Maggs as his drivers. Following the demise of Formula Junior, Ken Tyrrell tested Jackie Stewart in a Formula Three car, a Cooper T72. This test at the Goodwood Circuit marked the start of partnership which dominated motorsport later on.

John Cooper retired to the Sussex coast, where in 1971, he founded the garage business at Ferring, near Worthing. The garage sold Mini Cooper engine-tuning kits and performance parts.

The garage was sold to Honda in 1986 and the business was moved to East Preston to convert Mini Coopers into race cars.

In October 2009, Mike Cooper, the son of John Cooper, launched Cooper Bikes, the bicycle division of the Cooper Car Company.

Mini legacy
As the company's fortunes in Formula One declined, however, the John Cooper-conceived Mini – introduced in 1961 as a development of the Alec Issigonis-designed British Motor Corporation Mini with a more powerful engine, new brakes, and a distinctive livery – continued to dominate in saloon car and rally races throughout the 1960s, winning many championships and the 1964, 1965, and 1967 Monte Carlo rallies.

Several different Cooper-marked versions of the Mini and various Cooper conversion kits have been, and continue to be, marketed by various companies. The current BMW MINI, in production since 2001, has Cooper and Cooper S models and a number of John Cooper Works tuner packages.

Cooper garage
On 1 April 1968, John Cooper leased the building, 243 Ewell Road, to the Metropolitan Police and the local Traffic Division (V Victor) moved in. They would stay there for the next 25 years and 'TDV' would become one of the busier police garages. In August 1968, they were supplied with two Mini Coopers, index numbers PYT767F and PYT768F. The centre boss of the steering wheel was replaced by a speaker and microphone and a PTT transmitter switch, was added to the steering column. The vehicles were trialled for a number of months, but no orders were placed for other garages. The police subsequently moved out, and the building became a Porsche dealership.

title: Cooper Car Company